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ADVERTISEMENT. 


I  {^^^ 

Tx  submitting  a  new  and  greatly-enlarged  Edition  of  Dr.  Webster's  celebrated  Dictionaiy  to  tbe  English 
public,  the  proprietors  beg  to  state  that  very  considerable  and  important  additions  have  been  made.  They 
consist  of — I.  A  copious  Table  of  Quotations  from  the  Latin,  French,  Italian,  and  Spanish  Languages. 
IL  A  Compiled  Dictionai-y  of  Synonymes,  by  the  Editor,  Dr.  Goodrich,  containing  brief,  but  lucid 
discrimination  between  many  hundreds  of  important  words  which  are  closely  allied  in  meaning.  IIL  Abbre- 
viations Explained.  IV.  Signification  of  Scripture  Names.  V.  Arbitrary  Signs  used  in  Science,  Grammar, 
Printing,  &c.  VI.  Peculiar  Use  of  Words  and  Terms  in  the  Bible.  VII.  An  Appendix  of  more  than  Nine 
Thousand  new  Words  and  Meanings,  collected  by  the  Editor  since  the  issue  of  the  revised  Edition  of  1847. 
In  this  portion  of  the  Work  he  has  been  largely  aided  by  gentlemen  familiar  with  various  special  depart- 
ments of  Science.  No  less  than  One  Hundred  and  Seventy  closely-printed  Pages  have  thus  been  added 
to  this  remarkable  and  celebrated  Work,  without  any  augmentation  of  the  Price.  Eveiy  year  has  increased 
the  circulation  and  popularity  of  Dr.  Webster's  Dictionary.  Those  only  who  have  used  it  for  some  time  as 
a  book  of  reference  can  appreciate  its  completeness  and  merit.  In  the  United  States  its  sale  has  been 
enormous,  and  hitherto  all  attempts  to  copy  or  rival  it  have  signally  failed. 


CONTENTS. 


PAGE 

Preface  to  Revised  Edition     ...  iii 

Authob's  Preface xi 

Memoir  of  the  Author  (with  Portrait)  .  xv 

Introduction xxiii 

Alphabets — Hebrew  and  Chaldee,  Ara- 
bic, Striac,  Ethiopian  .         .         .  Ixxxii 

Directions  and  Explanations  .  Ixxxiv 

Dictionary  of  the  English  Language      .  1 

Pronouncing  Vocabulary  of   Scripture 

Proper  Names 1283 

Pronouncing  Vocabulary  of  Greek  and 

Latin  Proper  Names     ....     1299 


Pronouncing    Vocabulary     of     Modern 

Geographical  Names  .         .         .     1329 

Dictionary    of    Quotations   from   Latin, 

French,  Italian,  and  Spanish       .         .     1369 

Abbreviations  Explained  .         .         .     1376 

Scripture  Names,  Signification  OF   .         .     1381 

Arbitrary  Signs  used  in  Science,  Gram- 
mar, Printing,  etc.       ....     1383 

Peculiar  Use  of  Words  and  Terms  in  the 

Bible 1385 

Synonymes,  Table  of  ....     1387 

Appendix  of  New  Words,  and  new  appli- 
cation of  Words 1456 


11 


PREFACE  TO  THE  REVISED  EDITION. 

BY    THE    EDITOE. 


The  demand  for  The  American  Dictionary  of  the  English  Language  has  increased  so 
rapidly  within  a  few  years  past,  that  the  publishers  have  felt  the  necessity  of  its  being  stereotyped,  for 
the  greater  convenience  of  the  public,  in  a  single  quarto  volume.  In  deciding  upon  this  measure, 
they  were  desirous  that  the  work  should  be  thoroughly  revised  anew,  and  that  each  department 
which  it  embraces,  should  be  brought  down,  as  far  as  possible,  to  the  latest  advances  of  science, 
literature,  and  the  arts,  at  the  present  day.  With  this  view,  it  was  placed  in  the  hands  of  Rev. 
Chauncey  a.  Goodrich,  Professor  in  Yale  College,  as  one  of  the  members  of  Dr.  Webster's  family, 
in  the  expectation  of  his  obtaining  such  additional  aid  as  might  be  necessary  for  the  accomplishment 
of  this  design.  The  Editor  has  not  acted,  however,  upon  his  own  personal  responsibility  in 
executing  this  trust.  He  has,  from  time  to  time,  laid  open  the  sheets  to  the  inspection  of  the  other 
members  of  the  family ;  and  no  important  alterations  have  been  made,  especially  in  any  of  the  lead- 
ing characteristics  of  the  work,  except  with  the  concurrence,  or  at  the  request,  of  Dr.  Webster's  legal 
representatives.  In  laying  before  the  public  an  edition  thus  prepared,  the  fruit  of  nearly  three  years 
of  care  and  attention,  the  Editor  will  be  expected  to  make  some  brief  statement  of  the  principles  on 
which  he  has  conducted  the  revision,  and  the  results  of  his  labors  as  exhibited  in  the  present  volume. 

This  work  was  first  published,  in  two  quarto  volumes,  in  the  year  1828.  At  the  expiration  of 
twelve  years,  or  in  the  year  1840,  a  second  edition  was  published  by  the  Author,  in  two  royal  octavo 
volumes.  Of  this  he  thus  speaks  in  the  Advertisement  prefixed :  "  The  improvements  in  this 
edition  of  the  Ajierican  Dictionary  consist  chiefly  in  the  addition  of  several  thousand  words  to  the 
vocabulary,  the  division  of  words  into  syllables,  and  the  correction  of  definitions  in  several  of  the 
sciences,  which  are  made  conformable  to  recent  discoveries  and  classifications.  For  the  latter 
improvements,  the  Author  is  indebted  chiefly  to  Professor  Tully,  of  the  Medical  College  in  New 
Haven.  To  these  improvements  may  be  added  the  introduction  and  explanation  of  many  phrases 
from  foreign  languages,  frequently  used  by  English  authors,  and  in  conversation  ;  and  also  of  many 
foreign  terms  used  in  books  of  music."  In  conducting  this  revision,  Dr.  Webster  was  aided  in  some 
part  of  his  labors  by  his  son,  William  G.  Wxjbster,  Esq.,  of  New  Haven ;  who,  also,  at  a  subse- 
quent period,  prepared  the  revised  Addenda,  under  the  direction  of  his  father.  The  later  im- 
provements of  the  Author,  down  to  the  peroi  of  his  death,  are  here  inserted  under  their  proper 
heads,  from  the  manuscripts  which  he  left.  By  these  successive  revisions,  and  the  one  which  has 
now  been  made,  new  matter,  to  the  amount  of  more  than  three  hundred  pages,  has  been  added  to  the 


PREFACE    TO    THE    REVISED    EDITION. 


work  ;  all  of  which,  by  the  use  of  a  smaller  type,  and  by  careful  compression,  is  now  brought 
within  the  compass  of  this  volume.  Of  the  course  pursued  in  the  revision,  it  will  now  be  proper 
briefly  to  speak. 

In  respect  to  the  Etymologies,  the  Editor  has  not  considered  it  as  lying  within  his  province,  to 
make  any  material  alterations.  In  a  very  few  cases  of  obvious  necessity,  some  slight  change  has 
been  made.  But  the  chief  labor,  in  reference  to  this  part  of  the  work,  has  been  bestowed  on  the 
dillicult  task  of  giving  with  accuracy  the  numerous  words  from  Oriental  and  foreign  languages,  which 
are  used  in  tracing  the  origin  of  our  own. 

The  chief  value  of  a  dictionary  consists  in  its  Definitions  ;  —  in  giving  a  clear,  full,  and  accurate 
exhibition  of  all  the  various  shades  of  meaning  which  belong,  by  established  usage,  to  the  words  of 
a  language.  It  is  in  this  respect,  especially,  that  Dr.  Webster's  Dictionary  has  been  generally  con- 
sidered superior  to  every  other,  both  of  this  country  and  of  England.  -  To  this  point,  therefore,  the 
labors  of  the  Editor  have  been  mainly  directed.  No  efforts  have  been  spared  to  obtain  the  most 
recent  and  valuable  works,  not  only  in  lexicography,  but  in  the  various  departments  of  science  and 
the  arts  embraced  in  the  American  Dictionary.  As  these  subjects  are  in  a  state  of  continual  progress, 
every  impoitfwit  word,  in  its  various  applications,  has  been  diligently  examined  and  compared  with 
the  statements  made  on  each  topic,  by  the  latest  and  most  approved  authorities.  Smart's  English 
Dictionary,  in  the  edition  of  1846,  has  been  carefully  collated  with  this  work,  and  also  the  unfinished 
one,  in  a  course  of  publication,  by  Gilbert,  so  far  as  the  numbers  have  appeared.  Reference  has 
likewise  constantly  been  made  to  Richardson's  Dictionary,  —  although  this  had  been  previously 
examined  by  Dr.  AVebster,  —  and  also  to  the  Analytical  Dictionary  of  Booth.  Each  of  the  articles 
in  Brande's  Encyclopedia  of  Science,  Literature,  and  Art,  has  been  collated  with  the  corresponding 
portions  of  this  Dictionary,  as  the  starting-point,  when  necessary,  of  investigation  in  larger  treatises. 
The  Penny  Cyclopedia  has  been  consulted  at  every  step,  especially  in  matters  of  science  ;  and  the 
Encyclopedia  Americana  (based  on  the  German  Conversations-Lexikon)  has  been  relied  upon,  partic- 
ularly on  subjects  of  continental  literature,  philosophy,  history,  art,  (fee.  In  order  to  secure  greater 
accuracy,  numerous  special  dictionaries,  or  vocabularies  confined  to  some  single  department,  have 
also  been  collated  with  this  work  ;  and  the  ablest  treatises  on  important  branches  of  science  and 
art  have  been  diligently  examined.  In  architecture,  the  chief  reliance  has  been  placed  on  the 
Oxford  Glossary  of  Architecture,  (1845,)  and  the  Encyclopedia  of  Architecture,  (1842,)  by  Gwilt, 
author  of  the  articles  on  this  subject  in  Brande's  Encyclopedia.  In  agriculture,  Johnson's  Farmer's 
Encyclopedia,  (1844,)  and  Gardner's  Farmer's  Dictionary,  (1846,)  have  been  chiefly  used.  In 
general  antiquities,  the  large  treatise  of  Fosbroke  has  been  frequently  consulted,  while  in  classical 
antiquities,  the  principal  reliance  has  been  placed  on  the  recent  dictionary  of  Smith,  (1846.)  as  a 
work  of  the  highest  authority.  In  respect  to  the  antiquities  of  the  church,  the  elaborate  work  of 
Coleman  (1841)  has  been  frequently  consulted;  and  Hook's  Church  Dictionary  (1844)  has  been 
collated   throughout,  with    reference    to    the    rites,    ceremonies,    vestments,    &c.,    of   the    Church    of 


PREFACE    TO    THE    REVISED    EDITION. 


England,  and  also  of  the  Roman  Catholic  aud  Greek  Churches.  In  botany,  use  has  principally- 
been  made  of  the  writings  of  Lindley  and  Loudon.  In  natural  history,  Partington's  British  Cyclo- 
pedia of  Natural  History,  (1835-7,)  and  Jardiue's  Naturalist's  Lilirary,  (1834-43,)  have  been  much 
consulted,  in  connection  with  the  articles  on  these  subjects  iu  the  Penny  Cyclopedia  and  similar 
works.  In  geology,  mineralogy,  and  some  associated  branches  of  natural  history,  Rumble's  Dic- 
tionary of  terms  in  these  departments  (1840)  has  been  compared  with  this  work  throughout.  In 
respect  to  mercantile  subjects,  banking,  coins,  weights,  measures,  &c.,  McCulloch's  Commercial 
Dictionary  (1845)  has  been  collated  at  every  step,  as  the  standard  work  on  these  subjects.  In 
manufactures  and  the  arts.  Dr.  Urc's  Dictionary  of  Manufactures,  Arts,  and  Mines,  with  its  Supple- 
ment, (1845,)  has  been  relied  upon  as  of  the  highest  antliorit5\  In  engineering  and  mechanical 
philosophy,  Hebert's  Engineer's  and  Mechanic's  Cyclopedia  (1842)  has  been  carefully  collated, 
with  a  constant  reference  to  the  more  popular  and  recent  dictionaries  of  Francis,  Grier,  and 
Buchanan,  in  the  editions  of  1846.  In  seamanship,  the  Dictionary  of  Marine  Terms,  in  Lieutenant 
Totten's  Naval  Text-Book,  (1841,)  has  been  taken  as  a  guide.  In  military  affairs,  the  dictionary 
of  Campbell  (1844)  has  been  followed,  in  connection  witli  the  more  extended  articles  contained  in 
Brande  and  the  Penny  Cyclopedia,  on  the  kindred  topics.  In  the  fine  arts,  much  use  has  been 
made  of  the  dictionary  of  Elmes.  In  domestic  economy,  the  Encyclopedia  of  Webster  and  Parkes 
on  this  subject  (1844)  has  furnished  many  imjiortant  statements,  on  a  great  variety  of  topics, 
presented  lor  the  first  time  in  a  scientific  form ;  and  to  this  has  been  added  Coolcy's  Cyclopedia  of 
Practical  Receipts,  (1846,)  as  exhibiting  iiuich  collateral  information,  in  respect  to  the  arts,  manufac- 
tures, and  trades.  Such,  in  general,  arc  the  authorities  which  have  been  relied  on  in  this  revision. 
But  it  is  obviously  impossible  for  any  one  mind  to  embrace  with  accuracy  all  the  various 
departments  of  knowledge  which  are  now  brought  within  the  compass  of  a  dictionary.  Hence  arise 
most  of  the  errors  and  inconsistencies  which  abound  in  works  of  this  kind.  To  avoid  these  as  far 
as  possible,  especially  in  matters  of  science,  the  Editor  at  first  made  an  arrangement  with  Dr.  James 
G.  Percival,  who  had  rendered  important  assistance  to  Dr.  Webster  in  the  edition  of  1828,  to 
take  the  entire  charge  of  revising  the  scientific  articles  embraced  in  this  work.  This  revision, 
however,  owing  to  causes  beyond  the  control  of  either  party,  was  extended  to  but  little  more  than 
two  letters  of  the  alphabet ;  and  the  Editor  then  obtained  the  assistance  of  his  associates  in  office, 
and  of  other  gentlemen  in  various  professional  employments.  To  these  he  would  now  return  his 
acknowledgments,  for  the  aid  they  have  afl!brded.  The  articles  on  law  have  been  collated  with 
Blackstone  and  Bouvier's  Law  Dictionary,  by  the  Hon.  Elizur  Goodrich,  formerly  Professor  of 
Law  in  Yale  College,  and  the  errors  discovered,  which  were  few  iu  number,  have  been  carefully 
corrected.  The  departments  of  ecclesiastical  history  and  ancient  philosophy  have  been  thoroughly 
revised  by  the  Rev.  James  Murdock,  D.  D.,  late  Professor  in  tlie  Andovcr  Theological  Seminary, 
who  has  furnished,  in  many  instances,  new  and  valuable  definitions.  Tiic  terms  in  chemistry 
have  been  submitted  to  Professor  Silliman,  of  Yale  College  ;    and  Avhatcrer   changes  were  requisite 


vi  PREFACE   TO    THE    REVISED    EDITION. 

in  the  explanations,  have  been  made  under  his  direction.  In  the  departments  of  botany,  anatomy, 
physiology,  medicine,  and  some  branches  of  natural  history,  Dr.  Webster  received  assistance,  in  the 
revision  of  1840,  as  mentioned  above,  from  Dr.  Williaji  Tully,  late  Professor  in  the  Medical 
Institution  of  Yale  College.  Still  further  aid  has  been  received  from  tlie  same  source  in  the 
present  revision,  and  much  of  the  accuracy  of  this  work,  in  these  branches,  will  be  found  owing 
to  the  valuable  assistance  he  has  thus  afforded.  On  topics  comiected  with  Oriental  literature,  aid 
has  frequently  been  obtained  from  Professor  Gibbs,  of  Yale  College.  A  part  of  the  articles  on 
astronomy,  meteorology,  and  natural  philosophy,  in  the  edition  of  1828,  passed  under  the  revision 
of  Professor  Olmsted,  of  Yale  College.  This  revision  has  now  been  extended  to  all  the  articles 
on  these  subjects  tin-oughout  the  work,  and  new  definitions  have  been  furnished  in  numerous 
instances.  The  definitions  in  mathematics,  after  having  been  compared  with  those  given  in  the 
dictionaries  of  Hutton,  or  Barlow,  have  been  submitted  to  Professor '  Stanley,  of  Yale  College,  and 
the  alterations  have,  in  all  cases,  been  made  under  his  direction.  In  the  sciences  of  geology  and 
mmeralogy,  a  thorough  revision  of  the  whole  volume  has  been  made  by  James  D.  Dana,  Esq., 
Geologist  and  Mineralogist  of  the  United  States  Exploring  Expedition,  and  associate  editor  of  the 
American  Journal  of  Science  and  Arts,  to  v/hom  the  Editor  is  likewise  indebted  for  assistance  on 
various  other  subjects,  which  has  greatly  enhanced  the  value  of  the  work.  In  practical  astronomy  and 
the  science  of  entomology,  aid  has  been  frequently  received  from  Edward  C.  Herrick,  Esq.,  Librarian 
of  Yale  College.  The  articles  on  painting  and  the  fine  arts  have,  to  a  great  extent,  passed  under 
the  inspection  of  Nathaniel  Jocelyn,  Esq.,  Painter,  of  New  Haven,  and  new  definitions  have  in 
many  cases  been  furnished. 

A  correspondence  has  likewise  been  carried  on  with  literary  friends  in  England,  and  especially 
with  one  of  the  contributors  to  the  Penny  Cyclopedia,  with  a  view  to  obtain  information  on  certain 
points,  in  respect  to  which  nothing  definite  could  be  learned  from  any  books  within  the  reach  of 
the  Editor.  Extended  lists  of  words  have  been  transmitted  for  examination,  and  returned  with 
ample  notes  and  explanations.  Much  obscurity  has  thus  been  removed  in  respect  to  the  use  of  terms 
which  have  a  peculiar  sense  in  England,  especially  some  of  frequent  occurrence  at  the  imiversities,  in 
the  circles  of  trade,  and  in  the  familiar  intercourse  of  life.  To  the  friends  who  have  given  their 
assistance  in  these  various  departments,  the  Editor  would  return  his  cordial  thanks.  Whatever  im- 
provement the  work  may  have  gained  from  this  revision,  in  respect  to  clearness,  accuracy,  and  fullness 
of  definition,  will    be    found    owmg,  in  a  great   degree,  to  the  aid  which   they  have  thus  afforded. 

With  regard  to  the  insertion  of  new  words,  the  Editor  has  felt  much  hesitation  and  embarrassment. 
Some  thousands  have  been  added  in  the  course  of  this  revision,  and  the  number  might  have  been 
swelled  to  many  thousands  more,  without  the  slightest  difficulty.  There  is,  at  the  present  day, 
especially  in  England,  a  boldness  of  innovation  on  this  subject,  which  amounts  to  absolute  licen- 
tiousness. A  hasty  introduction  into  our  dictionaries,  of  new  terms,  under  such  circumstances,  is 
greatly  to  be  dejuecated.     Our  vocabulary  is  already  encumbered  with  a  multitude  of  words,  which 


PREFACE    TO    THE    REVISED    EDITION. 


have  never  formed  a  pemianent  part  of  English  literature,  and  it  is  a  serious  evil  to  add  to 
tlieir  number.  Nothing,  on  the  contrary,  is  so  much  needed  as  a  thorough  expurgation  of  our 
dictionaries  in  this  respect, — the  rejection  of  many  thousands  of  words  which  may  properly  find 
a  place  in  the  glossaries  of  antiquarians,  as  a  curious  exhibition  of  wiiat  has  been  proposed,  but 
never  adopted,  as  a  part  of  our  language,  but  which,  for  that  reason,  can  have  no  claim  to  stand 
in  a  dictionary  designed  for  general  use.  All  words,  Indeed,  which  are  necessary  to  an  under- 
standing of  our  great  writers,  such  as  Bacon,  Spenser,  Shakspeare,  &c.,  ought,  though  now  obsolete, 
to  be  carefully  retained  ;  and  in  the  present  revision  a  considerable  number  of  this  class  have  been 
introduced  for  the  first  time.  Other  words  have  likewise  been  admitted  to  a  limited  extent, 
nameh^,  the  familiar  terms  of  common  life  in  England,  which  have  been  much  used  of  late  by 
popular  writers  in  Great  Britain.  Many  of  these  need  to  be  explained  for  the  benefit  of  readers  iii 
this  coimtry ;  and,  if  marked  as  "familiar,"  "r'^Uoijuial,"  or  "low,"  according  to  their  true  char- 
acter, they  may  be  safely  inserted  in  oiu"  dictionaries,  and  are  entitled  to  a  place  there,  as  forming  a 
eonstituent  part  of  our  written  and  spoken  language.  One  of  the  most  difficult  questions  on  this 
subject,  relates  to  the  introduction  of  technical  and  scientific  terms.  Most  of  our  general  diction- 
aries are,  at  present,  without  any  plan  as  to  the  extent  and  proportion  in  which  such  words 
should  be  inserted  ;  nor  can  they  ever  be  red'T^^d  to  order  mitil  each  department  is  revised  by 
men  of  science  who  are  intimately  acquainted  with  the  subjects,  and  who  are  competent  to  decide 
what  terms  ought  to  be  admitted  into  a  general  dictionary,  and  what  terms  should  be  reserved  for 
special  dictionaries  devoted  to  distinct  branches  of  science.  Something  of  this  kind,  on  a  limited 
scale,  hag  been  attempted  in  the  progress  of  this  revision.  Lists  of  words  have  been  obtained  from 
the  gentlemen  mentioned  above,  which  might  properly  be  inserted  in  this  volume ;  and  very  few 
terms  of  this  class  have  been  adm.itted  except  under  their  direction.  In  accordance  with  their 
advice,  a  small  number  have  been  excluded  ;  but  in  this  respect  the  Editor  has  not  felt  at  liberty 
to  carry  out  his  views  in  their  full  extent. 

In  respect  to  Americanisms,  properly  so  called,  it  is  known  to  those  who  are  conversant  with 
the  subject,  that  they  are  less  numerous  than  has  been  generally  supposed.  Most  of  those  familiar 
words,  especially  of  our  older  states,  which  have  been  considered  as  peculiar  to  our  country,  were 
brought  by  our  ancestors  from  Great  Britain,  and  are  still  in  constant  use  there  as  local  terms. 
The  recent  investigations  of  Forby,  Hoilowaj',  and  Halliwell,  have  thrown  much  light  on  this 
subject ;  and  the  names  of  these  authors  are,  therefore,  frequently  placed  under  the  words  in  question, 
to  indicate  their  origin  and  their  present  use  in  England.  Notes  have  also  been  added  to  some 
words  which  are  peculiar  to  our  country  ;    but  their  number  is  comparatively  small. 

In  reference  to  Orthography,  some  important  alterations  have  been  made,  but  in  strict  conform- 
ity, it  is  believed,  with  the  Author's  principles  on  this  subject.  The  changes  in  our  orthography 
recommended  by  Dr.  Webster,  are  of  two  distinct  kinds,  and  rest  on  very  different  grounds. 
These  it  may  be  proper  for  a  moment  to  consider.     His  main  principle  was,  that  the  tendencies  of 


PREFACE    TO    THK    REVISED    EDITION. 


our  language  to  greater  simplicity  and  broader  analogies,  ought  to  be  watched  and  cherished  with 
the  utmost  care.  He  felt,  therefore,  that  whenever  rx  movement  toward  wider  analogies  and  more 
general  rules,  had  advanced  so  far  as  to  leave  but  few  exceptions  to  impede  its  progress,  those 
exceptions  ought  to  be  set  aside  at  once,  and  the  analogy  rendered  complete.  On  this  ground,  he 
rejected  the  u  from  such  words  as  favour,  labour,  <fcc.  Of  these  we  have  a  large  number,  which 
came  to  us,  in  most  cases,  from  Latin  terminations  in  or,  through  the  Norman  French,  but  encum- 
bered with  a  silent  u,  as  in  cmpcrour,  authour,  editour,  &c.  From  this  entire  class,  except  about 
twenty  words,  the  u  has  been  gradually  dropped ;  and  in  respect  to  these,  scarcely  any  two  persons 
can  be  found,  however  strenuous  for  retaining  it,  who  are  in  practice  consistent  with  each  other, 
or  with  themselves,  as  to  the  words  in  which  this  letter  is  used.  In  fact,  we  have  reached 
a  point  where,  unless  we  take  Webster  and  the  dictionaries  which  agree  with  him  as  our  guide, 
we  have  no  standard  on  the  subject ;  for  Johnson,  Walker,  and  others,  retain  the  u  in  numerous 
words,  into  which  no  one  would  think  of  introducing  it  at  the  present  day.  Public  convenience, 
therefore,  demands  that  we  do  at  once  what  must  ultimately  be  done.  No  one  can  believe  that  the 
progress  of  our  language  will  be  arrested  on  this  subject.  The  u  will  speedily  be  omitted  in  all 
words  of  this  class,  imless,  from  the  sacredness  of  its  associations,  it  be  retained  in  Saviour,  which 
may  stand  for  a  time  as  a  solitary  exception.  Nor  is  it  Dr.  Webster  who  is  the  innovator  in  this 
case,  but  the  English  mind,  which  has  for  two  centuries  been  throwing  off  a  useless  encmnbrance, 
and  moving  steadily  on  toward  greater  simplicity  in  the  structure  of  our  language.  Such,  too,  is  the 
case  with  certain  terminations  in  re,  pronounced  like  er ;  as,  centre,  tnetre,  &c.  We  have  numerous 
words  of  this  class  derived  from  the  French,  all  of  which  originally  ended  in  I'e ;  as,  cider,  (cidre,) 
chamber,  (chambre,)  &c.  These  have  been  gradually  conformed  to  the  English  spelling  and  pronun- 
ciation, till  the  number  in  re  is  reduced  to  not  far  from  twenty  words  with  their  derivatives  ;  and  iu 
respect  to  them  also  the  process  is  still  going  on.  Center  is,  to  a  considerable  extent,  the  spelling 
of  the  best  mathematical  writers.  Meter  is  the  word  given  by  Walker  in  his  Rhyming  Dictionary, 
from  a  sense  of  the  gross  inconsistency  of  attaching  to  this  word  and  its  derivative  diameter  a 
different  termination.  Others  are  gradually  undergoing  the  same  change.  Dr.  Webster  proposes, 
therefore,  to  complete  the  analogy  at  once,  and  conform  the  spelling  of  the  few  that  remain  to  the 
general  principles  of  our  language.  Acre,  lucre,  and  massacre,  present  the  only  difficulty,  from  their 
liability,  if  changed,  to  be  mispronoimced,  and  may  therefore  be  suffered  to  stand  as  necessary 
exceptions.  Another  departure  from  the  principles  of  English  orthography  which  Dr.  Webster  has 
endeavored  to  correct,  is  one  that  was  pointed  out  by  Walker,  in  very  emphatic  terms,  nearly  fifty 
years  ago.  The  principle  in  question  is  this,  —  that,  in  adding  to  a  word  the  formatives  ing,  ed,  er, 
(kc,  a  single  consonant  (if  ono  precedes)  is  doubled  when  the  accent  falls  on  the  last  syllable,  as 
in  forgetting,  beginning,  &c.,  but  is  not  doubled  when  the  accent  falls  on  any  of  the  precedijig  syl- 
lables, as  in  benefiting,  gardening,  &c.  Walker,  in  his  fifth  Aphorism,  says,  "  Dr.  Lowth  justly  re- 
marks that  an  error  frequently  takes  place  in  the  words  worshipping,  counselling,  &c.,  which,  having 


PREFACE   TO    THE    REVISED    EDITION. 


the  accent  on  the  first  syllable,  ought  to  be  written  woi'shiping,  counseling.  An  ignorance  of  this 
rule  has  led  many  to  write  bigotted  for  bigoted ;  and  from  this  spelling  has  frequently  arisen  a  false 
pronunciation.  But  no  letter  seems  to  be  more  frequently  doubled  improperly  than  I.  Why  we  should 
write  libelling,  levelling,  revelling,  and  yet  offering,  suffering,  reasoning,  I  am  totally  at  a  loss  to 
determine  ;  and  unless  I  can  give  a  better  plea  than  any  other  letter  of  the  alphabet  for  being  doubled 
in  this  situation,  I  must,  in  the  style  of  Lucian  in  his  trial  of  the  letter  T,  declare  for  an  expul- 
sion." These  were  the  deliberate  and  latest  opinions  of  Walker.  If  he  had  taken  the  trouble  to 
carry  them  into  his  vocabulary,  instead  of  relying  on  a  mere  remark  of  this  kind  for  the  correction 
of  the  error,  —  if  he  had  simply  stated,  under  about  forty  verbs,  how  the  participle  should  be 
spelt,  (for  he  did  not  give  participles  iu  his  Dictionary,)  and  had  altered  six  or  eight  words, 
as  worshipper  into  worshiper,  traveller  into  traveler,  &c.,  the  error  Avould  probably,  by  this 
time,  have  been  wholly  eradicated  from  our  orthography  ;  and  Dr.  Webster  would  have  escaped 
much  ignorant  vituperation,  for  following  in  the  footsteps  of  Walker  and  of  Lowth.  Walker 
also  says  in  his  Aphorisms,  "  Why  should  we  not  write  dullness,  fullness,  skillful,  willful,  as 
well  as  stiffness  and  gruffncss  7  "  The  principles  of  our  language  plainly  require  us  to  do  so ; 
and  Dr.  Webster  felt  that  the  change  might  easily  be  made.  The  words  which  need  to  be  reduced 
to  this  analogy  are  only  about  eight  in  number,  including  insiallnicnt  and  inthrallmcut,  which,  if 
spelt  with  a  single  I,  are  liable  to  be  mispronounced,  instal'ment,  «fcc.  Again,  the  words  expense, 
license,  recompense,  which  formerly  had  a  c  in  the  last  syllable,  liave  now  taken  an  s,  because  the 
latter  consonant  is  the  only  one  used  in  the  derivatives ;  as,  expensive,  &c.  A  similar  change  is 
needed  in  only  three  words  more  to  complete  the  analogy,  namely,  defense,  offense,  and  pretense ; 
and  these  Dr.  Webster  has  changed.  It  is  sometimes  asked,  "  Why  not  change  fence  also  ?  " 
For  the  simple  reason,  that  its  derivatives  are  spelt  with  a  c,  as  fenced,  fencing ;  and  the  word 
therefore  stands  regularly  with  others  of  its  own  class.  Finally,  Dr.  Webster  proposes  to  drop 
the  u  in  mould  and  moult,  because  it  has  been  dropped  from  gold,  and  all  other  words  of  the 
same  ending.  —  Such  are  the  principal  changes  under  this  head,  introduced  by  Dr.  Webster  into  his 
Dictionary.  In  the  present  edition,  the  words  are  spelt  in  both  ways,  for  the  convenience  of  the 
public,  except  in  cases  where  this  seemed  to  be  unnecessary  or  was  found  to  be  inconvenient. 
These  changes,  considering  the  difficulty  that  always  belongs  to  such  a  subject,  have  met  with  lar 
more  favor  from  the  public,  than  was  reasonably  to  be  expected.  Most  of  them  have  been  exten- 
sively adopted  in  our  country.  They  are  gaining  ground  daily,  as  the  reasons  by  Avhich  they 
are  supported  are  more  generally  understood  ;  and  it  is  confidently  believed  that,  being  founded 
in  established  analogies,  and  intended  merely  to  repress  irregularities  and  remove  petty  exceptions, 
they  must  ultimately  prevail. 

The  other  class  of  changes  mentioned  above  rests  on  a  diflerent  basis,  —  that  of  Etymology. 
These  will  be  estimated  very  diff"erently,  according  to  the  acquaintance  of  different  persons  with 
the  languages  from  which    the  words  are    derived.       When  Dr.   Webster  substituted  bridcgoom.  for 


PREFACE    TO    THE    REVISED    EDITION. 


bridegroom,  fether  for  feather,  &c.,  the  German  critics  highly  applauded  the  change.  They  pre- 
dicted its  speedy  and  universal  reception,  because  similar  improvements,  on  a  much  broader  scale, 
had  been  easily  made  in  their  language.  But  Dr.  Webster  found  the  case  to  be  widely  different 
among  us.  After  an  experiment  of  twelve  years,  he  restored  the  old  orthography  to  a  considerable 
number  of  such  words.  In  the  present  edition,  it  is  restored  in  respect  to  nearly  all  tliat  remain, 
from  the  full  conviction,  that,  however  desirable  these  changes  may  be,  in  themselves  considered, 
as  thoy  do  not  relate  to  the  general  analogies  of  the  language,  and  can  not  be  duly  appreciated  by 
the  body  of  the  people,  they  will  never  be  generally  received.* 

(In  the  subject  of  Pronunciation,  much  labor  has  been  bestoAved  in  the  progress  of  this  revision. 
A  careful  compai'isou  has  been  made  witii  the  latest  authorities,  and  wherever  changes  seemed 
desirable,  and  could  be  made  in  consistency  with  the  Author's  principles,  they  have  been  here 
introduced.  The  key  to  pronunciation  has  been  somewhat  enlarged,'  and  placed  at  the  bottom  of 
each  page  for  greater  ease  of  reference,  and  the  pointed  letters  have  been  used  to  a  still  greater  ex- 
tent. Many  thousand  words  have  been  re-spelled,  and  no  efforts  have  been  spared  to  render  tlie  work, 
in  all  respects,  a  complete  Pronouncing  Dictionary.  In  the  progress  of  these  labors,  the  Editor 
has  been  frequently  struck  with  the  wisdom  of  Dr.  Webster  in  not  attempting  too  much  as  to 
marking  the  pronunciation.  Most  of  the  later  orthoepists,  as  Knowles,  Smart,  &c.,  have  made 
their  system  of  notation  so  extensive  and  complicated,  and  have  aimed  to  exhibit  so  many  nice 
shades  of  distinction,  as  in  many  cases  to  perplex  rather  than  aid. 

The  Publishers,  being  desirous  to  make  this,  in  all  respects,  a  complete  work  of  reference,  have 
introduced,  at  the  close  of  the  volume,  a  list  of  Greek  and  Latin  Proper  Names,  with  their  pronun- 
ciation, prepared  by  Professor  Thachek,  of  Yale  College  ;  a  list  of  Scripture  Proper  Names,  pre- 
pared by  Professor  Porter,  of  Yale  College ;  and  a  Pronouncing  Vocabulary  of  Modern  Geographical 
Names,  prepared  also  under  the  superintendence  of  Professor  Porter.  Of  these  a  full  account  will 
bo  found  in  the  several  prefaces  by  which  they  are  accompanied. 

In  conclusion,  the  Editor  would  acknowledge  his  obligations  to  the  gentlemen  who  have  aided 
him,  for  more  than  two  years,  in  these  labors, —  Mr.  Sajiuel  W.  Barnum,  M.  A.,  of  Yale  College,  and 
William  G.  Webster,  Esq.,  of  New  Haven.  The  intimate  acquaintance  of  the  latter  with  his 
father's  views,  has  made  his  counsel  and  cooperation  of  great  value  in  the  progress  of  this  revision. 

To  the  overseers  of  the  mechanical  execution  of  this  work,  at  the  Boston  Type  and  Stereo- 
type Foundry,  the  Editor  would  likewise  make  his  acknowledgments  for  many  valuable  suggestions 
diuring  the  progress  of  the  revision,  and  for  the  watchful  care  and  assiduity  with  which  they  have 
performed  the  dillicult  task  of  giving  accuracy  to  the  details  of  this  volume. 

New  Haven,  September,  1847. 


"  For  a  more  full  and  detailed  account  of  Dr.   VVi-bstor's  orthography,  as  exhibited  in  this  volume,  eee  page  Ixxxi. 


AUTHOR'S    PllEFACE. 


I^f  tlie  year  1783,  just  at  the  close  of  the  Revolution,  I  published  an  elementary  book  for 
facilitating  the  acquisition  of  our  vernacular  tongue,  and  for  correcting  a  vicious  pronunciation, 
which  prevailed  extensively  among  the  common  people  of  this  country.  Soon  after  the  publication 
of  that  -n-ork,  I  believe  in  the  following  year,  that  learned  and  respectable  scholar,  the  Rev.  Dr. 
Goodrich,  of  Durham,  one  of  the  trustees  of  Yale  College,  suggested  to  me  the  propriety  and 
expediency  of  my  compiling  a  Dictionary,  which  should  complete  a  system  for  the  instruction  of 
the  citizens  of  this  country  in  the  language.  At  that  time,  I  could  not  indulge  the  thought,  much 
less  the  hope,  of  undertaking  such  a  work  ;  as  I  was  neither  qualified  by  research,  nor  had  I  the 
means  of  support,  during  the  execution  of  the  work,  had  I  been  disposed  to  undertake  it.  For 
many  years,  therefore,  though  I  considered  such  a  work  as  very  desirable,  yet  it  appeared  to  rae 
impracticable ;  as  I  was  under  the  necessity  of  devoting  my  time  to  other  occupations  for  obtaining 
subsistence. 

About  thirty-five  years  ago,  I  began  to  think  of  attempting  the  compilation  of  a  Dictionary. 
I  was  induced  to  this  undertaking,  not  more  by  the  suggestion  of  friends,  than  by  my  own  ex- 
perience of  the  want  of  such  a  work,  while  reading  modern  books  of  science.  In  this  pursuit,  I 
found  almost  insuperable  difBculties,  from  the  want  of  a  dictionary,  for  explaining  many  new  words, 
which  recent  discoveries  in  the  physical  sciences  had  introduced  into  use.  To  remedy  this  defect 
in  part,  I  published  my  Compendious  Dictionary  in  1806 ;  and  soon  after  made  preparations  for 
undertaking  a  larger  work.  "'^   ^'•'' 

My  original  design  did  not  extend  to  an  investigation  of  the  origin  and  progress  of  our  lan- 
guage, much  less  of  other  languages.  I  limited  my  views  to  the  correcting  of  certain  errors  in 
the  best  English  dictionaries,  and  to  the  supplying  of  words  in  which  they  are  deficient.  But 
after  -wnriting  through  two  letters  of  tiae  alphabet,  I  determined  to  change  my  plan.  I  found 
myself  embarrassed  at  every  step,  for  want  of  a  knowledge  of  the  origin  of  words,  which  Johnson, 
Bailey,  Junius,  Skinner,  and  some  other  authors,  do  not  alibrd  the  means  of  obtaining.  Then, 
laying  aside  my  manuscripts,  and  all  books  treating  of  language,  except  lexicons  and  dictionaries,  I 
endeavored,  by  a  diligent  comparison  of  words  having  the  same  or  cognate  radical  letters,  in  about 
twenty  languages,  to  obtain  a  more  correct  knowledge  of  the  primary  sense  of  original  words,  of 
the  affinities  between  the  English  and  many  other  languages,  and  thus  to  enable  myself  to  trace 
words  to  their  source. 

I  had  not  pursued  this  course  more  than  three  or  four  years,  before  I  discovered  that  I  had  to 
unlearn  a  great  deal  that  I  had  spent  years  in  learning,  and  that  it  was  necessary  for  mc  to  go 
back  to  the  first  rudiments  of  a  branch  of  erudition  which  I  had  before  cultivated,  as  I  had 
supposed,  with  success. 

I  spent  ten  years  in  this  comparison  of  radical  words,  and  in  forming  a  Synopsis  of  the  principal 
Words  in  twenty  Languages,  arranged  in  Classes  under  their  primary  Eleonents  or  Letters.  The 
result  has  been  to  open  what  ai'e  to  me  new  views  of  language,  and  to  unfold  what  appear  to  be 
the  genuine  principles  on  which  these  languages  are  constructed. 

After  completing  this  Synopsis,  I  proceeded  to  correct  what  1  had  written  of  the  Dictionary, 
and  to   complete  the  remaining  part  of  the  work.       But  before  i  had  finished  it,  I  determined  on 


AUTHOR'S   PREFACE. 


a  voyage  to  Europe,  with  the  view  of  obtaining  some  books  and  some  assistance  wliich  I  wanted  ; 
of  learning  the  real  state  of  the  ])ronunciation  of  our  language  in  England,  as  well  as  the  general 
state  of  philology  in  that  country;  and  of  attempting  to  bring  about  some  agreement  or  coincidence 
of  opinions,  in  regard  to  unsettled  points  in  pronunciation  and  grammatical  construction.  In  some 
of  these  objects  I  failed  ;  m  others,  my  designs  were  answered. 

It  is  not  only  important,  but  in  a  degree  necessary,  that  the  people  of  this  country 
should  have  an  Amarirun  Dirtiontinj  of  the  Englisli  Laiignage ;  for,  although  the  body  of  the 
language  is  the  same  as  in  l^ngland,  and  it  is  desu'ablc  to  perpetuate  that  sameness,  yet  some 
differences  must  exist.  Language  is  tlio  expression  of  ideas  ;  and  if  the  people  of  one  country  can 
not  preserve  an  identity  of  ideas,  they  can  not  retain  an  identity  of  language.  Now,  an  identity 
of  ideas  depends  materially  upon  a  sameness  of  things  or  objects  with  which  the  people  of  the  two 
countries  are  conversant.  15ut  in  no  two  jiortions  of  the  earth,  remote  from  each  other,  can  such 
identity  be  found.  Even  physical  objects  must  be  diiferent.  But  the  principal  differences  between 
the  people  of  this  country  and  of  all  others,  arise  from  ditierent  forms  of  government,  different 
laws,  institutions,  and  customs.  Thus  the  practice  of  hawking  and  hunting,  the  institution  of 
heraldry,  and  the  feudal  sijslcni  of  England  originated  terms  which  formed,  and  some  of  which 
now  form,  a  necessary  part  of  the  language  of  that  country  ;  but,  in  the  United  States,  many  of 
these  terms  are  no  part  of  our  present  language,  —  and  they  can  not  be,  for  the  things  which  they 
express  do  not  exist  in  this  country.  They  can  be  known  to  us  only  as  obsolete  or  as  foreign 
words.  On  the  other  hand,  the  institutions  in  this  country  which  are  new  and  peculiar,  give  rise 
to  new  terms  or  to  new  applications  of  old  terms,  unknown  to  the  people  of  England  ;  which  can 
not  be  explained  by  them,  and  which  will  not  be  inserted  in  their  dictionaries,  unless  copied  from 
ours.  Thus  the  terms  land-office;  land-ioari-ant ;  location  of  land ;  consociation  oi  c\\w:c\\es  ;  regent 
of  a  university:  intcndant  of  a  city;  plantation,  selectmen,  senate,  congress,  court,  asscntbly,  escheat, 
&c.,  are  either  words  not  belonging  to  the  language  of  England,  or  they  are  applied  to  things  iu 
this  country  which  do  not  exist  in  that.  No  person  in  this  country  will  be  satisfied  with  the 
English  definitions  of  the  words  congress,  senate,  and  assembli/,  court,  &c. ;  for  although  these  are 
words  used  in  England,  yet  they  are  applied  in  this  country  to  express  ideas  which  they  do  not 
express  in  that  country.  With  our  present  constitutions  of  government,  escheat  can  never  have 
its  feudal  sense  in  the  United  States. 

But  this  is  not  all.  In  many  cases,  the  nature  of  our  governments,  and  of  om-  civil  insti- 
tutions, requu-es  an  appropriate  language  in  the  definition  of  words,  even  when  the  words  express 
the  same  thing  as  in  England.  Thus  the  English  dictionaries  inform  us  that  a  justice  is  one 
deputed  by  the  Icing  to  do  right  by  way  of  judgment — he  is  a  lord  by  his  office — justices  of 
the  peace  are  appointed  by  the  k-ing''s  commission — language  which  is  inaccurate  in  respect  to 
this  officer  in  the  United  States.  So  constitutionally  is  defined,  by  Chalmers,  legally;  but  in  this 
country  the  distinction  between  constitution  and  law  requires  a  different  definition.  In  the  United 
States,  a  plantation  is  a  very  different  thing  from  what  it  is  in  England.  The  word  marshal, 
in  this  country,  has  one  important  application  unknown  ui  England,  or  in  Euroije. 

A  great  number  of  words  in  our  language  require  to  be  defined  in  a  phraseology  accommodated 
to  the  condition  and  institutions  of  the  people  in  these  States,  and  the  people  of  England  must 
look  to  an  American  Dictionary  for  a  correct  understanding  of  such  terms. 

The  necessity,  therefore,  of  a  dictionary  suited  to  the  people  of  the  United  States  is  obvious; 
and  1  should  suppose  that,  this  fact  being  admitted,  there  could  be  no  difference  of  opinion  as  to 
the  time  when  such  a  work  ought  to  be  substituted  for  English  dictionaries. 

There  are  many  other  considerations  of  a  public  nature,  which  serve  to  justify  this  attempt  to 
furnish  an  American  work  which  shall  be  a  guide  to  the  youth  of  the  United  States.  Most  of 
these  are  too  obvious  to  require  illustration. 

One  consideration,  however,  which  is  dictated  by  my  (nvn  feelings,  but  which,  I  trust,  will  meet 


AUTHOR'S    PREFACE. 


with  approbation  in  correspondent  feelings  in  my  fellow-citizens,  ought  not  to  be  passed  in  silence ; 
it  is  this:  —  "The  chief  glory  of  a  nation,"  says  Dr.  Johnson,  "arises  from  its  authors."  Witli 
this  opinion  deeply  impressed  on  my  mind,  I  have  the  same  ambition  which  actuated  that  great 
man,  when  he  expressed  a  wish  to  give  celebrity  to  Bacon,  to  Hooker,  to  Milton,  and  to  Boyle. 
I  do  not  indeed  expect  to  add  celebrity  to  the  names  of  Franklin,  Washington,  Adams,  Jay, 
Madison,  Makshall,  Ramsay,  Dwight,  Smith,  Trumbull,  Hamilton,  Belknap,  Ames,  Mason,  Kent, 
Hare,  Silliman,  Cleaveland,  Walsh,  Irving,  and  many  other  Americans  distinguished  by  their 
writings  or  by  then  science ;  but  it  is  with  pride  and  satisfaction  that  I  can  place  them,  as 
authorities,  on  the  same  page  with  those  of  Boyle,  Hooker,  Milton,  Dryden,  Addison,  Ray, 
Mtlner,  Cowper,  Davy,  Thomson,  and  Jameson. 

A  life  devoted  to  reading  and  to  an  investigation  of  the  origin  and  principles  of  our  vernacular 
language,  and  especially  a  particular  examination  of  the  best  English  writers,  with  a  view  to  a 
comparison  of  their  style  and  phraseology  with  those  of  the  best  American  writers,  and  with 
oiur  colloquial  usage,  enables  me  to  affirm,  with  confidence,  that  the  genuine  English  idiora 
is  as  well  preserved  by  the  unmixed  English  of  this  country,  as  it  is  by  the  best  English  writers. 
Examples  to  prove  this  fact  will  be  found  in  the  Litroduction  to  this  work.  It  is  true  that 
many  of  our  writers  have  neglected  to  cultivate  taste,  and  the  embellishments  of  style  ;  but  even 
these  have  written  the  language  in  its  genuine  idiom.  In  this  respect,  Franklin  and  Washington, 
whose  language  is  their  hereditary  mother  tongue,  unsophisticated  by  modern  grammar,  present  as 
pure  models  of  genuine  English  as  Addison  or  Swift.  But  I  may  go  further,  and  affirm,  Avith 
truth,  that  our  country  has  produced  some  of  the  best  models  of  composition.  The  style  of 
President  Smith  ;  of  the  authors  of  the  Federalist  ;  of  Mr.  Ames  ;  of  Dr.  Mason  ;  of  Mr.  Har- 
per ;  of  Chancellor  Kent  ;  [the  prosej  of  Mr.  Barlow  ;  of  Dr.  Channing  ;  of  Washington  Irving  ; 
of  the  legal  decisions  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States  ;  of  the  reports  of  legal  decisions 
in  some  of  the  particular  states  ;  and  many  other  writings  ;  in  pm-ity,  in  elegance,  and  in  technical 
precision,  is  equaled  only  by  that  of  the  best  British  authors,  and  surpassed  by  that  of  no  English 
compositions  of  a  similar  kind. 

The  United  States  commenced  their  existence  under  circumstances  wholly  novel  and  unex- 
ampled in  the  history  of  nations.  They  commenced  with  civilization,  with  learning,  with  science, 
with  constitutions  of  free  government,  and  with  that  best  gift  of  God  to  man,  the  Christian 
religion.  Their  population  is  now  equal  to  that  of  England  ;  in  arts  and  sciences,  om-  citizens  are 
very  little  behind  the  most  enlightened  people  on  earth ;  in  some  respects,  they  have  no  superiors  ; 
and  our  language,  within  two  centuries,  will  be  spoken  by  more  people  in  this  country  than  any 
other  language  on  earth,  except  the  Chinese,  in  Asia ;  and  even  that  may  not  be  an  exception. 

It  has  been  my  aim  in  this  work,  now  offered  to  my  fellow-citizens,  to  ascertain  the  true 
principles  of  the  language,  in  its  orthography  and  structme ;  to  purify  it  from  some  palpable  errors, 
and  reduce  the  number  of  its  anomalies,  thus  giving  it  more  regularity  and  consistency  in  its 
forms,  both  of  words  and  sentences  ;  and  in  this  manner  to  fmnish  a  standard  of  our  vernacular 
tongue,  which  we  shall  not  be  ashamed  to  bequeath  to  five  hundred  millions  of  people,  who  are 
destined  to  occupy,  and  I  hope  to  adorn,  the  vast  territory  within  our  jurisdiction. 

If  the  language  can  be  improved  in  regulaiity,  so  as  to  be  more  easily  acquired  by  our  own 
citizens  and  by  foreigners,  and  thus  be  rendered  a  more  useful  instrument  for  the  propagation  of 
science,  arts,  civilization,  and  Christianity  ;  —  if  it  can  be  rescued  from  the  mischievous  influence 
of  sciolists,  and  that  dabbling  spirit  of  innovation,  Avhich  is  perpetually  distmbing  its  settled  usages 
and  filling  it  with  anomalies ;  —  if,  in  short,  our  vernacular  language  can  be  redeemed  from  corrup- 
tions, and  our  philology  and  literature  from  degradation  ;  it  would  be  a  source  of  great  sati.sfaction 
to  me  to  be  one  among  the  instruments  of  promoting  these  valuable  objects.  If  this  object  can 
not  be  effected,  and  my  wishes  and  hopes  are  to  be  frustrated,  my  labor  will  be  lost,  and  this 
work  must  sink  into  oblivion. 


c 


ADVERTISEMENT    TO    THE    EDITION    OP    1840. 


This  Dictionary,  like  all  others  of  the  kind,  must  be  left,  in  some  degree,  imperfect ;  for  what 
nidividual  is  competent  to  trace  to  their  source,  and  define  in  all  their  various  applications,  pop- 
ular, scientific,  and  technical,  seventy  or  eighty  thousand  words !  It  satisfies  my  mind  that  I  have 
done  all  that  my  health,  my  talents,  and  my  pecuniary  means,  would  enable  me  to  accomplish. 
1  present  it  to  my  fellow-citizens,  not  with  frigid  indifference,  but  with  my  ardent  wishes  for 
their  improvement  and  their  happiness  ;  and  for  the  continued  increase  of  the  wealth,  the  learning, 
the  moral  and  religious  elevation  of  character,  and  the  glory,  of  my  country. 

To  that  great  and  benevolent  Being,  Avho,  during  the  preparation  of  this  work,  has  sustained 
a  ieeble  constitution,  amidst  obstacles  and  toils,  disappointments,  infirmities,  and  depression  ;  who 
has  borne  me  and  my  manuscripts  in  safety  across  the  Atlantic,  and  given  me  strength  and  reso- 
lution to  bring  the  work  to  a  close,  I  would  present  the  '  tribute  of  my  most  grateful  acknowl- 
edgments. i!uid  if  the  talent  which  he  intrusted  to  my  care,  has  not  been  put  to  the  most 
M.ifitable  use  in  his  service,  I  hope  it  has  not  been  "kept  laid  up  in  a  napkin,"  and  that  any 
iiusapplication  of  it  may  be  graciously  forgiven. 

NOAH   WEBSTER. 

New  Haven 


ADVEETISEMENT  TO  THE  EDITION  OF  1840. 


The  improvements  ni  this  edition  of  the  American  Dictionary  consist  chieliy  in  the  addition 
of  several  thousand  words  to  the  vocabulary,  the  division  of  words  into  syllables,  and  in  the 
correction  of  definitions  in  several  of  the  sciences,  which  ai-e  made  conformable  to  recent  discov- 
eries and  classifications.  For  the  latter  improvements,  the  author  is  indebted  chiefly  to  Professor 
Tdlly,  of  the  Medical  College  in  New  Haven. 

To  these  improvements  may  be  added  the  introduction  and  explanation  of  many  phrases  from 
foreign  languages,  frequently  used  by  English  authors  and  in  conversation  ;  and  also  of  many 
foreign  terms  used  in  books  of  music. 


MEMOIR    OF    THE    AUTIIOE. 


BY    THE    EDITOR. 


It  is  natural  for  those  who  make  frequent  use  of  a  work  like 
this,  to  desire  some  knowledge  of  the  author's  life,  and  especially 
of  that  long  course  of  intellectual  labor,  by  which  he  contributed 
so  largely  to  the  literary  treasures  of  our  language.  To  gratify 
this  desire  is  the  object  of  the  present  Memoir.  A  brief  outline 
will  be  given  of  the  leading  occurrences  of  his  life,  with  particu- 
lar reference  to  the  occasions  wliich  called  forth  the  principal 
productions  of  his  pen.  The  materials  of  this  sketch  were 
obtained  from  Dr.  Webster  himself,  about  ten  years  before  his 
death,  and  were  first  used  in  the  preparation  of  a  memoir  inserted 
in  the  "iNational  Portrait  Gallery  of  Distinguished  Americans," 
in  the  year  1833.  That  memoir  has  been  re-written,  with  large 
additions,  and  is  now  brought  down  to  tlie  period  of  the  author's 
death. 

Noah  Webster  was  born  in  Hartford,  Connecticut,  about 
throe  miles  from  the  center  of  the  city,  on  tlie  ICtli  of  October, 
'  1758.  His  father  was  a  respectable  farmer  and  justice  of  tlie 
peace,  and  was  a  descendant,  in  the  fourth  generation,  of  John 
Webster,  one  of  the  first  settlers  of  Hartford,  who  was  a  magis- 
trate, or  member  of  the  colonial  council  from  its  first  formation, 
and,  at  a  subsequent  period,  governor  of  Connecticut  His 
mother  was  a  descendant  of  William  Bradford,  tlie  second 
governor  of  the  Plymouth  colony.  The  family  was  remarkable 
for  longevity.  His  father  died  at  the  advanced  age  of  nearly 
ninet)-two.  He  and  one  of  his  brothers  lived  considerably 
beyond  tlie  age  of  eighty.  His  remaining  brother  died  in  his 
eightieth  year ;  and  of  his  two  sisters,  one  was  advanced  beyond 
seventy,  and  the  other  had  nearly  reached  the  same  age,  at  the 
period  of  their  death. 

Mr.  Webster  commenced  the  study  of  the  classics,  in  the  year 
1772,  under  the  instruction  of  the  clergj'man  of  the  parish,  the 
Kev.  Nathan  Perkins,  D.  D.,  and  in  1774  was  admitted  a  member 
of  Yale  College.  The  war  of  the  revolution,  commencing  the 
next  year,  interrupted  the  regular  attendance  of  the  students  on 
their  usual  exercises,  and  deprived  them  of  no  small  part  of  the 
advantages  of  a  collegiate  course  of  instruction.  In  his  Junior 
year,  when  the  western  part  of  New  England  was  thrown  into 
confusion  by  General  Burgoyne's  expedition  from  Canada,  Mr. 
Webster  volunteered  his  services  under  the  command  of  his 
father,  who  was  captain  in  the  alarm  list,  a  body  comprising  those 
of  the  militia  who  were  above  forty-five  years  of  age,  and  who 
were  called  into  the  field  only  on  pressing  emergencies.  In  that 
campaign,  all  the  males  of  the  family,  four  in  number,  were  in 
the  army  at  the  same  time.  Notwithstanding  tlie  interruption  of 
his  studies  by  these  causes,  Mr.  Webster  graduated  witli  rep- 
utation in  1778. 

The  class  to  which  he  belonged  produced  an  unusual  num- 
ber of  men  who  were  afterward  distinguished  in  public  life. 
Among  these  may  be  mentioned  Joel  Barlow,  author  of    the 


Columbiad,  and  minister  of  the  United  States  to  the  court  of 
France ;  Oliver  Wolcott,  secretary  of  the  treasury  of  the  United 
Slates  under  the  administration  of  Washington,  and  subsequently 
governor  of  the  State  of  Connecticut;  Uriah  Tracy,  a  distin- 
guished member  of  the  senate  of  tlie  United  States ;  Steplicn 
Jacob,  chief  justice,  and  Noah  Smith,  associate  judge,  of  tlie 
Supreme  Court  of  Vermont ;  Zephaniah  Swift,  chief  justice,  and 
Ashur  Miller,  associate  judge,  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Con- 
necticut ;  besides  a  number  of  otiiers  who  were  either  members 
of  Congress,  or  among  tlie  leaders  of  our  great  political  parties, 
at  the  commencement  of  the  present  century. 

The  period  at  which  Mr.  Webster  entered  upon  life,  was  an 
unpropitious  one  for  a  young  man  to  be  cast  upon  the  world 
without  property.  The  country  was  impoverished  by  tlie  war  to 
a  degree  of  which  it  is  difficult,  at  the  present  day,  to  form  any 
just  conception ;  there  was  no  prospect  of  peace ;  the  issue  of 
the  contest  was  felt,  by  the  most  sanguine,  to  be  extremely 
doubtful;  and  the  practice  of  the  law,  which  Mr.  Webster 
intended  to  pursue,  was  in  a  great  measure  set  aside  by  tlie 
general  calamity.  It  was  under  tliese  circumstances  that,  on  his 
return  from  tlie  Commencement  when  he  graduated,  his  father  gave 
him  an  eight  dollar  bill  of  the  Continental  currency,  (then  worth 
about  four  dollars  in  silver,)  and  told  him  that  he  must  tlience- 
forth  rely  on  his  own  exertions  for  support.  As  a  means  of 
immediate  subsistence,  he  resorted  to  the  instruction  of  a  school, 
and,  during  the  summer  of  1779,  resided  at  Hartford,  Connecticut, 
in  tlie  family  of  Mr.,  afterward  Ouof  Justice,  Ellsworth.  An 
intimate  friendsiiip  was  tlius  formed  between  these  two  gentlemen, 
which  was  interrupted  only  by  the  death  of  the  chief  justice. 

Not  having  the  means  of  obtaining  a  regular  education  for  the 
bar,  Mr.  Webster,  at  the  suggestion  of  a  distinguished  counselor 
of  his  acquaintance,  determined  to  pursue  the  study  of  the  law  in 
the  intervals  of  his  regular  employment,  without  the  aid  of  an 
instructor ;  and,  having  presented  himself  for  examination,  at  the 
expuration  of  two  years,  was  admitted  to  practice  in  tlie  year  1781. 
As  he  had  no  encouragement  to  open  an  office,  in  the  existing 
state  of  the  country,  he  resumed  the  business  of  instruction,  and 
tought  a  classical  school,  in  1782,  at  Goshen,  in  Orange  county. 
New  York.  Here,  in  a  desponding  state  of  mind,  created  by  the 
unsettled  condition  of  things  at  the  close  of  the  war,  and  the 
gloomy  prospects  for  business,  he  undertook  an  employment 
which  gav»a  complexion  to  his  whole  future  life.  This  was  tlie 
compilation  of  books  for  the  instruction  of  youth  in  schools. 
Having  prepared  the  first  draught  of  an  elementary  treatise  of 
this  kind,  he  made  a  journey  to  Philadelphia  in  the  autumn  of  the 
same  year,  and,  after  exhibiting  a  specimen  of  the  work  to  several 
members  of  Congress,  among  whom  was  Mr.  Madison,  and  to  the 
Rev.  S.  S.  Smith,  D.  D.,  at  tliat  time  a  professor,  and  afterward 
president,  of  the  college  at  Princeton,  he  was  encouraged  by  tlieir 


MEMOIR    OF   THE    AUTHOR. 


approbation  to  prosecute  liis  design.  Accordingly,  in  the  winter 
following,  he  revised  what  he  hud  written,  and,  leaving  Goshen  in 
17S3,  he  returned  to  narttbrd,  wliere  he  published  his  "  First  Part 
of  a  Grammatical  Institute  of  the  English  Language."  The 
second  and  third  parts  wore  published  in  the  years  immediately 
following.  These  works,  comprising  a  Spelling  Book,  an  English 
Grammar,  and  a  compilation  for  reading,  were  the  first  books  of 
the  kind  publislied  in  the  United  States.  They  were  gradually 
introduced  into  most  of  the  schools  of  our  country ;  and  to  so 
great  an  extent  lias  the  Spelling  Book  been  used,  that,  during  the 
twenty  years  in  which  he  was  employed  in  compiling  his  Ameri- 
can Dictionary,  tlie  entire  support  of  his  family  was  derived  from 
the  profits  of  this  work,  at  a  premium  for  copyright  of  less  than 
a  cent  a  copy.  About  twenty-four  millions  of  this  book  have 
been  published,  down  to  the  present  year,  1847,  in  tlie  difierent 
forms  which  it  assumed  under  the  revision  of  the  author;  and  its 
popularity  has  gone  on  continually  increasing.  The  demand  for 
some  years  past,  has  averaged  about  one  million  copies  a  year. 
To  its  influence,  probably,  more  than  to  any  otlier  cause,  are  we 
indebted  for  that  remarkable  uniformity  of  pronunciation  in  our 
country,  which  is  so  often  spoken  of  with  surprise  by  English 
travelers. 

In  entering  thus  early  on  his  literary  career,  Mr.  Webster  did 
not  confine  himself  to  the  publication  of  his  own  works.  At  a 
period  when  notliing  had  as  yet  been  done  to  perpetuate  the 
memorials  of  our  early  history,  he  led  the  way  in  this  important 
branch  of  literary  effort,  by  the  publication  of  that  highly  valuable 
and  characteristic  work.  Governor  Winthrop's  Journal.  Having 
learnt  that  a  manuscript  copy  was  in  possession  of  Governor 
Trumbull,  of  Connecticut,  he  caused  it  to  be  transcribed,  at  his 
own  expense,  by  the  governor's  private  secretary,  and  risked 
more  than  tlie  amount  of  his  whole  property  in  its  publication. 
The  sale  never  remunerated  him  for  the  expenses  tlius  incurred. 

At  the  period  of  Mr.  Webster's  return  to  Hartford,  in  178.3,  the 
state  was  agitated  by  violent  dissensions,  on  the  subject  of  a  grant 
made  by  Congress  to  the  army,  of  half  pay  for  life,  which  was 
afterward  commuted  for  a  grant  of  full  pay  for  five  years  beyond 
their  term  of  service.  To  this  grant  it  was  strongly  objected, 
that,  if  the  army  had  suffered  by  tlie  reduced  value  of  the  bills  in 
which  they  were  paid,  the  country  at  large  had  sustained  an 
equal  loss  hy  the  depreciation  of  the  currency,  and  by  other 
causes.  So  strong  was  the  excitement  on  this  subject,  that  public 
meetings  were  held  throughout  the  state,  to  prevent  the  laws  of 
Congress  from  being  carried  into  effect;  and  at  length  a  conven- 
tion met  at  Middletown  with  tlie  same  design,  at  which  two  thirds 
of  the  towns  in  Connecticut  were  represented.  In  this  state  of 
things,  Mr.  Webster,  though  only  twenty-five  years  of  age,  came 
forward  to  vindicate  the  measures  of  Congress,  and  wrote  a  series 
of  papers  on  the  subject,  under  the  signature  of  Ho.noribs,  which 
were  published  in  the  Connecticut  Courant,  and  read  extensively 
throughout  the  state.  The  effect  was  great.  At  the  next  election, 
in  April,  1784,  a  large  majority  of  the  legislature  were  supporters 
of  Congress  in  their  measures.  So  highly  were  Mr.  Webster's 
services  appreciated  on  this  occasion,  tliat  he  received 'the  thanks 
of  Govcnior  Trumbull  in  person,  and  was  publicly  declared,  by  a 
member  of  the  council,  to  have  "  done  more  to  allay  popular 
discontent,  and  support  the  authority  of  Congress  at  this  crisis, 
than  any  other  man." 

These  occurrences  in  his  native  state,  together  with  the  distress 
and  stagnation  of  business  in  the  whole  country,  resulting  from 
the  want  of  power  in  Congress  to  carry  its  measures  into  effect, 


and  to  secure  to  the  people  the  benefits  of  a  stable  government, 
convinced  Mr.  Webster,  that  the  old  confederation,  after  tJie 
dangers  of  tlie  war  were  past,  was  utterly  inadequate  to  the  ne- 
cessities of  the  people.  He  therefore  published  a  pamphlet,  in 
the  winter  of  1784-5,  entitled  "  Sketches  of  Amencan  Policy" 
in  which,  after  treating  of  tlio  general  principles  of  government, 
he  endeavored  to  prove  that  it  was  absolutely  necessary,  for  tlie 
welfare  and  safety  of  the  United  States,  to  establish  a  new  system 
of  government,  ivhich  should  act  not  on  the  states,  biU  directly  oji 
individuals,  and  vest  m  Congress  full  power  to  carry  its  laivs  into 
effect.  Being  on  a  journey  to  the  Southern  States,  in  May,  1785, 
he  went  to  Mount  Vernon,  and  presented  a  copy  of  this  pamphlet 
to  General  Washington.  It  contained,  the  writer  believes,  tJie 
first  distinct  proposal,  made  through  the  medium  of  the  press,  for 
a  new  constitution  of  the  United  States. 

One  object  of  Mr.  Webster's  journey  to  the  south  was,  to  peti- 
tion the  state  legislatures  for  the  enactment  of  a  law  securing  to 
authors  an  exclusive  right  to  the  publication  of  their  writings. 
In  this  ho  succeeded  to  a  considerable  extent;  and  the  public 
attention  was  thus  called  to  a  provision  for  the  support  of  Ameri- 
can literature,  which  was  rendered  more  effectual  by  a  general 
copyright  law,  enacted  by  Congress  soon  after  tlie  formation  of 
our  government.  At  a  much  later  period,  (in  the  years  18.30-31,) 
Mr.  Webster  passed  a  winter  at  Washington,  with  the  single 
view  of  endeavoring  to  procure  an  alteration  of  the  existing  law, 
which  should  extend  the  term  of  copyright,  and  thus  give  a  more 
ample  reward  to  tlie  labors  of  our  artists  and  literary  men.  In 
this  design  he  succeeded ;  and  an  act  was  passed  more  liberal  in 
its  provisions  than  tlie  former  law,  though  less  so  than  the  laws  of 
some  European  governments  on  this  subject. 

On  his  return  from  the  south,  Mr.  Webster  spent  the  summer 
of  1785  at  Baltimore,  and  employed  his  time  in  preparing  a  course 
of  lectures  on  the  English  language,  which  were  delivered,  during 
the  year  1786,  in  the  principal  Atlantic  cities,  and  were  published 
in  1789,  in  an  octavo  volume,  with  the  title  of  "  Dissertations  on 
the  English  Language." 

Tlie  year  1787  was  spent  by  Mr.  Webster  at  Philadelphia,  as 
superintendent  of  an  Episcopal  academy.  The  convention  which 
framed  the  present  constitution  of  the  United  States  were  in 
session  at  Philadelphia  during  a  part  of  this  year;  and  when 
their  labors  were  closed,  Mr.  Webster  was  solicited  by  Mr. 
Fitzsimmons,  one  of  the  members,  to  give  tlie  aid  of  his  pen  in 
recommending  the  new  system  of  government  to  the  people.  He 
accordingly  wrote  a  pamphlet  on  this  subject,  entitled  an  "  Ex- 
amination of  the  Leading  Principles  of  the  Federal  Conslilution." 

In  1788,  Mr.  Webster  attempted  to  establish  a  periodical  in 
New  York,  and  ibr  one  year  published  the  '<■  American  Magazine" 
which,  however,  failed  of  success;  as  did  also  an  attempt  to 
combine  the  efforts  of  other  gentlemen  in  a  similar  undertaking. 
The  country  was  not  yet  prepared  for  such  a  work. 

In  1789,  when  tlie  prospects  of  business  became  more  encour- 
aging, after  the  adoption  of  the  new  constitution,  Mr.  Webster 
settled  himself  at  Hartford  in  the  practice  of  the  law.  Here  he 
formed  or  renewed  an  acquaintance  with  a  number  of  young  men 
just  entering  upon  life,  who  were  ardently  devoted,  lilie  himself, 
to  literary  pursuits.  Among  these  may  be  mentioned  his  two 
classmates,  Barlow  and  Wolcott ;  Trumbull,  author  of  McFingal ; 
Richard  Alsop ;  Dr.  Lemuel  Hopkins ;  and,  though  somewhat 
older,  the  Rev.  Nathan  Strong,  pastor  of  the  First  Congregational 
Church,  who,  in  common  with  the  three  last  mentioned,  was  highly 
distinguished  for  the  penetration  of  his  intellect  and  the  keenness 


MEMOIR    OP    THE    AUTHOR. 


of  his  wit.  The  incessant  contact  of  such  minds,  at  the  forming 
period  of  their  process,  had  great  influence  on  the  literary  habits 
of  them  all,  in  after  life.  It  gave  them  a  solid  and  manly  cast  of 
thought,  a  simplicity  of  taste,  a  directness  of  statement,  a  freedom 
from  all  affectation  and  exuberance  of  imagery  or  diction,  which 
are  often  best  acquired  by  the  salutary  use  of  ridicule,  in  the 
action  and  reaction  on  each  otlier  of  keen  and  penetrating 
minds.  It  had,  likewise,  a  powerful  influence  on  the  social  circles 
in  which  they  moved  ;  and  tlie  biographer  of  Governor  Wolcott 
has  justly  remarked,  that  at  this  time  "  few  cities  in  the  Union 
could  boast  of  a  more  cultivated  or  intelligent  society  than  Hart- 
ford, whether  men  or  women." 

In  the  autumn  of  tlie  same  year,  encouraged  by  the  prospect  of 
increasing  business,  Mr.  Webster  married  the  daughter  of 
William  Greenleaf,  Esq.,  of  Boston,  a  lady  of  a  liigldy  cultivated 
intellect,  and  of  great  elegance  and  grace  of  manners.  His 
friend  Trumbull  speaks  of  this  event  in  one  of  his  letters  to 
Wolcott,  who  was  then  at  New  York,  in  his  characteristic  vein  of 
humor.  "Webster  has  returned,  and  brought  with  him  a  very 
pretty  wife.  I  wish  him  success ;  but  1  doubt,  in  the  present 
decay  of  business  in  our  profession,  whether  his  profits  will  en- 
able  him  to  keep  up  the  style  he  sets  out  with.  I  feai-  he  will 
breakfast  upon  Institutes,  dine  upon  Dissertations,  and  go  to  bed 
supperless."  The  result,  however,  was  more  favorable  tlian  it 
appeared  in  the  sportive  anticipations  of  Trumbull.  Mr.  Webster 
found  his  business  profitable,  and  continually  increasing,  during 
his  residence  of  some  years  in  the  practice  of  the  law  at  Hartford. 

This  employment  he  was  induced  to  relinquish,  in  1793,  by  an 
interesting  crisis  in  public  affairs.  General  Washington's  cele- 
brated proclamation  of  TieutralUy,  rendered  necessary  by  tlie 
efforts  of  the  French  minister.  Genet,  to  raise  troops  in  our 
country  for  the  invasion  of  Louisiana,  and  to  fit  out  privateers 
against  nations  at  peace  witli  the  United  States,  had  called  forth 
the  most  bitter  reproaches  of  the  partisans  of  France ;  and  it  was 
even  doubtful,  for  a  time,  whether  the  unbounded  popularity  of 
the  Father  of  his  Country  could  repress  tiie  pubhc  efferves- 
cence in  favor  of  embarking  in  the  wars  of  the  French  revolution. 
In  this  state  of  things,  Mr.  Webster  was  strongly  solicited  to  give 
the  support  of  his  pen  to  the  measures  of  tlie  administration,  by 
establishing  a  daily  paper  in  the  city  of  New  York.  Though 
conscious  of  the  sacrifice  of  personal  ease  which  he  was  called 
upon  to  make,  he  was  so  strongly  impressed  with  the  dangers  of 
the  crisis,  and  so  entirely  devoted  to  the  principles  of  Washing- 
ton, that  he  did  not  hesitate  to  accede  to  the  proposal.  Removing 
his  family  to  New  York,  in  November,  1793,  he  commenced  a 
daily  paper,  under  the  title  of  the  Minerva,  and  afterward  a  semi- 
weekly  paper,  with  that  of  the  Herald,  names  which  were 
subsequently  changed  to  those  of  the  Commercial  Advertiser,  and 
JVew  York  Spectator.  This  was  the  first  e.'cample  of  a  paper  for 
tlie  country,  composed  of  the  columns  of  a  daily  paper,  without 
recomposition  —  a  practice  which  has  now  become  very  common. 
In  addition  to  his  labors  as  sole  editor  of  these  papers,  Mr. 
Webster  published,  in  the  year  1794,  a  pamphlet  which  had  a 
very  extensive  circulation,  entitled  "  77i«  Revolution  in  France." 

The  publication  of  the  treaty  negotiated  with  Great  Britain  by 
Mr.  Jay,  in  1795,  aroused  an  opposition  to  its  ratification  of  so 
violent  a  nature,  as  to  stagger  for  a  time  the  firmness  of  Washing- 
ton, and  to  threaten  civil  commotions.  Mr.  Webster,  in  common 
with  General  Hamilton  and  some  of  the  ablest  men  of  the 
country,  came  out  in  vindication  of  the  treaty.  Under  the  signa- 
ture of  CuRTits,  he  published  a  series  of  papers,  which  were 


very  extensively  reprinted  tliroughout  the  country,  and  afterward 
collected  by  a  bookseller  of  Philadelphia  in  a  pamphlet  form. 
Of  these,  ten  were  contributed  by  himself,  and  two  by  Mr., 
afterward  Chancellor,  Kent.  As  an  evidence  of  tlieir  effect,  it 
may  not  be  improper  to  state,  tliat  Mr.  Rufus  King  expressed  his 
opinion  to  Mr.  Jay,  tliat  tlie  essays  of  CuRTins  had  contributed 
more  than  any  otlier  papers  of  the  same  kind,  to  allay  the  discontent 
and  opposition  to  the  treaty  ;  assigning  as  a  reason,  that  they  were 
peculiarly  well  adapted  to  tlie  understanding  of  the  people  at 
large. 

When  Mr.  Webster  resided  in  New  York,  the  yellow  fever 
prevailed  at  different  times  in  most  of  our  large  Atlantic  cities ; 
and  a  controversy  arose  among  the  physicians  of  Philadelphia  and 
New  York,  on  the  question  v/hetlier  it  was  introduced  by  in- 
fection, or  generated  on  the  spot.  The  subject  interested  Mr. 
Webster  deeply,  and  led  him  into  a  laborious  investigation  of  the 
history  of  pestilential  diseases  at  every  period  of  the  world.  The 
facts  which  he  collected,  with  the  inferences  to  which  he  was  led, 
were  embodied  in  a  work  of  two  volumes,  octavo,  which,  in  1799, 
was  published  both  in  this  country  and  in  England.  This  work 
has  always  been  considered  as  a  valuable  repository  of  facts ;  and 
during  the  prevalence  of  the  Asiatic  cholera  in  tlie  year  1832,  tlic 
theories  of  the  autlior  seemed  to  receive  so  much  confinnation, 
as  to  excite  a  more  than  ordinary  interest  in  the  work,  both  in 
Em'ope  and  America. 

During  tlie  wars  which  were  excited  by  tlio  French  revolution, 
the  power  assumed  by  tlie  belligerents  to  blockade  their  enemies' 
ports  by  proclamation,  and  the  multiplied  seizures  of  ."Vmerican 
vessels  bound  to  such  ports,  produced  various  discussions  re- 
specting tlie  rights  of  neuti-al  nations  in  time  of  war.  These 
discussions  induced  Mr.  Webster  to  examine  the  subject  histori- 
cally ;  and,  in  1802,  he  published  a  treatise  full  of  minute  infor- 
mation and  able  reasoning  on  the  subject.  A  gentleman  of 
competent  abilities,  who  said  he  had  read  all  that  he  could  find  on 
that  subject,  in  tlie  English,  French,  German,  and  Italian  lan- 
guages, declared  that  he  considered  this  treatise  as  the  best  he 
had  seen.  The  same  year,  he  also  published  "  Historical  jYotices 
of  tlie  Or^in  and  State  of  Banking  Institidioyis  and  Insurance 
Offices"  which  was  republished  in  Philadelpliia  by  one  Humphrey, 
without  giving  credit  to  the  autlior;  and  a  part  of  which,  taken 
from  this  reprint,  was  incorporated  into  the  Philadelphia  edition 
of  Rees's  Cyclopedia. 

At  this  time,  Mr.  Webster  resided  at  New  Haven,  to  which 
place  he  had  removed  in  the  spring  of  1798.  For  a  short  period 
after  his  departure  from  New  York,  he  wrote  for  the  papers 
mentioned  above,  which,  although  placed  under  the  care  of 
another  editor,  continued  for  a  tioie  to  be  his  property.  He  very 
soon  succeeded,  however,  in  disposing  of  his  interest  in  diem, 
and  from  that  tune  devoted  himself  entirely  to  literary  pursuits. 

In  the  year  1807,  Mr.  Webster  published  ".S  Philosophical  and 
Practical  Grammar  of  Hie  English  Language."  This  was  a  highly 
original  work,  tlie  result  of  many  years  of  diligent  investigation. 
The  autliors  views  may  be  gatliered  from  the  motto  on  flie  title 
page,  taken  from  Lord  Bacon's  Aphorisms,  —  "  Antistlienes,  being 
asked  what  learning  ^vas  most  necessary,  replied,  '  To  unlearn 
that  which  is  naught.'"  He  considered  our  English  Grammars  as 
objectionable  in  one  important  respect,  namely,  that  of  being  too 
much  conformed  to  those  of  the  Latin  and  Greek  languages  in 
their  nomenclature  and  classification.  True  philosophy,  he  main- 
tained, requires  us  to  arrange  things,  and  give  tliem  names,  accord- 
ing to  their  real  nature.     But  our  language  is  rude  and  irregular, 


MEMOIR    OF   THE    AUTHOR. 


in  comparison  with  tliose  of  the  ancients.  It  can  not  be  reduced 
to  the  same  orderly  system.  Tlie  several  parts  of  it  can  not  be 
broiiijht  under  the  same  names  and  classifications.  We  need, 
therefore,  a  nomenclature  of  our  own,  in  some  important  particu- 
lars. Tluis  the  word  proiwiin  properly  denotes  a  substitute  for  a 
noun.  But,  in  many  cases,  words  of  tliis  class  are  sul)stitutcs  for 
clauses,  or  parts  of  sentences,  and  not  for  single  nouns.  Tliere 
are  al.^o  other  words,  not  ordinarily  ranged  among  pronouns,  wliich 
act  equally  as  substitutes,  lliat  is,  perform  the  office  of  pronouns. 
Mr.  Webster,  therefore,  proposed  to  lay  aside  the  word  pronoun, 
and  apply  the  term  subslilule  to  tliis  whole  class,  as  describing 
their  true  office.  Otiier  changes  were  proposed,  of  the  sauie 
nature,  and  for  the  same  reasons.  No  one,  wlio  examines  the 
subject  with  attention,  can  doubt  the  advantages  of  Mr.  Webster's 
nomenclature,  in  itself  considered.  It  enabled  him  to  give  an 
analysis  of  sentences,  and  to  explain  constructions,  in  a  manner  in- 
comparably superior  to  that  of  tiie  ordinary  systems.  His  intimate 
ac(|uaintance  with  the  sources  of  our  language  prepared  him  to 
account,  in  tJie  most  satisfactory  manner,  for  many  puzzling  forms 
of  expression.  Still,  the  prejudice  against  a  cliange  of  no- 
mimclature  is  so  great,  that  tliis  work  has  been  far  less  kriown 
than  it  ought  to  be.  It  contains  much  valuable  matter  found  in  no 
other  work,  and  is  believed  to  be  the  most  truly  philosophical 
Grammar  which  we  have  of  the  English  language. 

.\fter  publishing  his  Grammar,  Mr.  Webster  entered,  in  the'Bame 
year,  ( 1807,)  on  the  great  work  of  his  life,  which  he  had  contemplated 
for  a  long  period,  —  that  of  preparing  a  new  and  complete  Dictionary 
of  the  English  language.  As  preliminary  to  this,  he  had  pub- 
lished, in  1806,  a  dictionary  in  the  octavo  form,  containing  a  large 
number  of  words  not  to  be  foimd  in  any  similar  work,  with  the 
definitions  corrected  throughout,  though  necessarily  expressed  in 
very  brief  terms.  Prom  this  time,  his  reading  was  turned  more 
or  less  directly  to  this  object.  A  number  of  years  were  spent  in 
collecting  words  which  had  not  been  introduced  into  the  English 
dictionaries  ;  in  discriminating  with  exactness  the  various  senses 
of  all  the  words  in  our  language,"and  adding  those  significations 
which  they  had  recently  received.  Some  estimate  may  be  formed 
of  the  labor  bestowed  on  this  part  of  the  work,  from  the  fact  that 
"  The  .American  Didionari/  nf  the  English  Language"  contained, 
in  the  first  edition,  twelve  thousand  words,  and  between  thirty  and 
forty  thousand  definitions,  which  are  not  to  be  found  in  any  pre- 
ceding work.  The  number  has  boon  swelled,  by  subsequent 
additions,  to  about  thirty  thousand  new  words.  Seventy  years 
had  elapsed  since  the  first  publication  of  Johnson's  Dictionary ; 
and  scarcely  a  single  improvement  had  been  attempted  in  the 
various  editions  through  which  it  had  passed,  or  the  numerous 
compilations  to  which  it  had  given  rise,  except  by  the  addition  of 
a  few  words  to  the  vocabulary.  Yet  in  this  period  the  English 
mind  was  putting  itself  forth  in  every  direction,  with  an  accuracy 
of  research  and  a  fertility  of  invention  which  are  without  a  par- 
allel in  any  other  stage  of  its  history.  A  complete  revolution  had 
taken  place  in  almost  every  branch  of  physical  science ;  new 
departments  had  been  created,  new  principles  developed,  nev/ 
modes  of  classification  and  description  adapted.  The  political 
changes  which  so  signally  marked  that  period,  the  excitement  of 
feeling  and  conflict  of  opinion  resulting  from  the  American  and 
French  revolutions,  and  the  numerous  modifications  which  fol- 
lowed in  the  institutions  of  society,  had  also  left  a  deep  impress 
on  the  language  of  politics,  law,  and  general  literature.  Under 
tlieso  circumstances,  to  make  a  defining  dictionary  adapted  to  the 
present  state  of  our  language,  was  to  produce  an  entirely  new 


toork;  and  how  well  Mr.  Webster  executed  tlie  task,  will  appear 
from  tlie  decision  of  men  best  qualified  to  judge,  both  in  tliis 
country  and  in  Europe,  who  have  declared  tliat  his  improvements 
upon  Johnson,  are  oven  greater  tlian  Johnson  himself  made  on 
those  who  preceded  him.  Still  more  labor,  however,  was  bestowed 
on  another  part  of  the  ivork,  viz.,  the  etymology  of  our  leading 
terms.  In  this  subject,  JMr.  Webster  had  always  felt  a  Jiveiy 
interest,  as  presenting  one  of  the  most  curious  exhibitions  of  the 
progres/3  of  the  human  mind.  But  it  was  not  till  he,  had  advanced 
considerably  in  the  work  as  originally  commenced,  that  he  found 
how  indispensable  a  knowledge  of  the  true  derivation  of  ^^'ords 
is,  to  an  exact  development  of  their  various  meanings.  At  this 
point,  therefore,  he  suspended  his  labors  on  the  defining  part  of 
the  Dictionary,  and  devoted  a  number  of  years  to  an  inquiry  into 
the  origin  of  our  language,  and  its  connection  with  those  of  other 
countries.  In  the  course  of  these  researches,  he  examined  the 
vocabtdariesof  twenty  of  the  principal  languages  of  the  world,  and 
made  a  synopsis  of  the  most  important  words  in  each  ;  arranging 
tliem  under  the  same  radical  letters,  with  a  translation  of  Uieir 
significations,  and  references  from  one  to  another,  when  the 
senses  are  the  same  or  similar.  He  was  thus  enabled  to  discover 
the  real  or  probable  affinities  between  the  different  languages, 
and,  in  many  instances,  to  discover  the  primary,  physical  idea  of 
an  original  word,  from  which  the  secondary  senses  have  branched 
fortli.  Being  thus  furnished  with  a  clew  to  guide  him  among  tlie 
numerous,  and  often  apparently  inconsistent,  significations  of  our 
most  important  words,  he  resumed  his  labors  on  the  defining  part 
of  the  Dictionary,  and  was  able  to  give  order  and  consistency  to 
much  tliat  had  before  appeared  confused  and  contradictory.  The 
results  of  his  inquiries  into  the  origin  and  filiation  of  languages, 
were  embodied  in  a  work,  about  half  the  size  of  the  American 
Dictionary,  entitled  "  A  Synopsis  of  Words  in  Twenty  Lan- 
guages." This,  owing  to  the  expense  of  the  undertaking,  ha."?  not 
yet  been  published ;  though  its  principal  results,  so  far  as  our 
language  is  concerned,  are  briefly  given  in  tracing  the  etymology 
of  our  leading  terms. 

During  the  progress  of  these  labors,  Mr.  Webster,  finding  his 
resources  inadequate  to  the  support  of  his  family  at  New  Haven, 
removed,  in  1812,  to  Amherst,  a  pleasant  country  town  within  eight 
miles  of  Northampton,  Massachusetts.  Here  he  entered,  with  his 
characteristic  ardor,  into  the  literary  and  social  interests  of  the 
people  among  whom  he  was  placed.  His  extensive  library,  which 
was  open  to  all,  and  his  elevated  tone  of  thought  and  conversa- 
tion, had  naturally  a  powerful  influence  on  the  habits  and  feelings 
of  a  small  and  secluded  population.  It  was  owing,  in  part,  prob- 
ably, to  his  removal  to  tliis  town,  that  an  academy  was  there 
established,  which  is  now  among  the  most  flouris^hing  seminaries 
of  our  land.  A  question  having  soon  after  arisen  respecting  the 
removal  of  Williams  College  from  a  remote  part  of  tiie  state  to 
some  more  central  position,  Mr.  Webster  entered  warmly  into  the 
design  of  procuring  its  establishment  at  Amherst,  as  one  of  the 
most  beautiful  and  appropriate  locations  in  New  England. 
Though  the  removal  did  not  ta!;e  place,  so  strong  an  interest  on 
the  subject  was  awakened  in  Amherst  and  the  neighboring  towns, 
that  a  new  college  was  soon  after  founded  there,  in  the  establish- 
ment of  which  Mr.  Webster,  as  president  of  its  first  board  of  trus- 
tees, had  great  influence,  both  by  his  direct  exertions  to  secure  it 
patronage,  and  by  the  impulse  which  he  had  given  to  the  cause  of 
education  in   that  part  of  the  state. 

In  1822,  Mr.  Webster  returned  with  his  family  to  New  Haven, 
and,  in  18S.3,  received  the  degree  of  LL.  D.  from  Yale  College. 


J 


MEMOIR    OF   THE    AUTHOR. 


Having  nearly  completed  his  Dictionary,  he  resolved  on  a  voyage 
to  Europe,  «-itli  a  view  to  perfect  the  work  by  consuUing  literary 
men  abroad,  and  by  examining  some  standard  authors,  to  which 
he  could  not  gain  access  in  this  country.  He  accordingly  sailed 
for  France  in  June,  18"24,  and  spent  t\vo  montlis  at  Paris  in  con- 
sulting several  rare  works  in  the  Bibl'.olhlque  du  Roi,  and  then 
went  to  England,  where  he  remained  till  May,  1825.  He  spent 
about  eight  montiis  at  the  University  of  Cambridge,  where  he  had 
free  access  to  the  public  libraries ;  and  there  he  finished  "  The 
America.v  DiCTioyARV."  He  attorward  visited  London,  Oxford, 
and  some  of  tlie  other  principal  cities  of  England,  and  in  June 
returned  to  this  country.  This  visit  to  England  gave  him  an 
opportunity  to  become  acquainted  with  literary  men  and  literary 
institutions  in  that  country,  and  to  learn  the  real  state  of  the 
English  language  there. 

Soon  after  Dr.  Webster  returned  to  this  country,  tlie  necessaiy 
arrangements  were  made  for  the  publication  of  the  work.  An 
edition  of  twenty-five  hundred  copies  was  printed  in  this  country, 
at  tiie  close  of  1828,  which  was  followed  by  an  edition  of  three 
thousand  in  England,  under  the  superintendence  of  E.  H.  Barker, 
Esq.,  editor  of  the  Thesaurus  GriBcm  Lingure  of  Henry  Stephens. 
With  the  pfiblication  of  the  American  Dictionar}',  at  tlie  age  of 
seventy,  Dr.  Webster  considered  the  labors  of  iiis  literary  life  as 
brought,  in  a  great  measure,  to  a  close.  He  revised  a  few  of  his 
earlier  works  for  publication,  and  particularly  his  "  Histo)y  of  the 
Untied  States,"  a  book  designed  for  the  higher  classes  of  schools, 
fir  youth  who  are  acquiring  a  taste  for  history,  and  for  men  of 
business  who  have  not  time  to  peruse  larger  treatises. 

In  1840,  Dr.  Webster  published  a  second  edition  of  tlio  Ameri- 
can Dictionary,  consisting  of  three  tliousand  copies,  in  two  vol- 
umes, royal  octavo.  The  improvements  consisted  chiefly  in  the 
addition  of  a  number  of  thousand  words  to  the  vocabulary,  the 
con-ection  of  definitions  in  several  of  tlie  sciences,  in  conformity 
with  later  discoveries  and  classifications,  and  the  introduction  and 
e.xplanation  of  many  phrases  from  foreign  language?,  and  of  foreign 
terms  used  in  books  of  music. 

i  In  1843,  he  published  "A  Collection  of  Fajicrs  on  Political, 
Literary,  and  Moral  Stibjects,"  in  one  volume,  octavo.  Tliis  was 
composed  chiefly  of  tracts  and  disquisitions,  v/hich  had  been  pub- 
lished at  an  earlier  period  of  his  life,  either  in  tlie  form  of  pam- 
phlets, or  of  papers  read  before  literary  and  pliilosophical  societies, 

I  and  printed  among  their  Transactions.  It  contains  his  "  Observa- 
tions on  the  iyetich  Revolution,"  his  " Essai)  on  the  Rights  of  JSi'iu- 
tral  JVutions,"  and  the  papers  signed  Clrtius,  in  vindication  of 
Mr.  Jay's  treaty  with  Great  Britain.  To  these  is  added  an  elabo- 
rate dissertation  "  On  the  supposed  Change  in  the  Temperature  of 
JVinler,"  which  was  read  before  the  Connecticut  Academy  of  Arts 
and  Sciences,  in  tlie  year  1709.  In  tliis  he  coiitioveits  the  opinion 
which  has  generally  prevailed,  that  tlio  temperature  of  the  wmter 
season,  in  northern  latitudes,  lias  suffered  a  material  change,  and 
become  warmer  in  modern  than  it  was  in  ancient  times.  The 
subject  was  one  which  required  very  great  minuteness  and  extent 
of  historical  research,  and  this  paper  contains  the  result  of  a  series 
of  investigations,  which  had  been  carried  on,  in  conjunction  with 
the  author's  other  pursuits,  for  a  period  of  more  than  ten  years. 
Many  of  the  facts  which  it  presents  are  of  a  very  curious  and 
striking  nature.  There  k,  probably,  no  otiicr  treatise  which  ex- 
hibits the  historical  evidence  on  this  subject  with  so  much  fullness 
and  accuracy.  In  addition  to  this,  the  volume  contains  a  num- 
ber of  other  papers  of  an  interesting  character,  and  tlie  whole  col- 
lection forms  a  truly  valuable  record  of  the  author's  earlier  labors. 


In  thus  tiacing  the  principal  events  of  Dr.  Webster's  life,  we 
have  readied  the  commencement  of  the  year  in  which  he  died ; 
and  it  may  liere  be  proper  to  pause  for  a  moment,  and  consider 
some  of  those  qualities  and  iiabits  of  mind,  which  prepared  him  for 
tliis  long  course  of  public  service  and  literary  labor.  The  lead- 
ing traits  in  tlie  character  of  Dr.  Webster  were  enterprise,  self- 
reliance,  and  indomitable  perseverance.  He  was  naturally  of  a 
sanguine  temperament ;  and  tlie  circumstances  under  which  he 
entered  on  the  active  duties  of  life,  were  eminently  suited  to 
strengthen  the  original  tendencies  of  his  nature.  Our  country 
was  just  struggling  into  national  existence.  The  public  mind 
was  full  of  ardor,  energy,  and  expectation.  His  early  associates 
were  men  of  powerful  intellect,  who  were  engaged,  to  a  great 
extent,  in  laying  the  foundations  of  our  government,  and  who 
have  stamped  the  impress  of  their  genius  on  the  institutions  of 
their  country.  As  the  advocate  of  the  Federal  Constitution,  and 
a  strenuous  supporter  of  Washington's  administration,  he  was 
brought  into  habits  of  the  closest  intimacy  with  Alexander  Ham- 
ilton, John  Jay,  Oliver  Wolcott,  Timothy  Pickering,  and  the  other 
great  men  on  whom  Washington  relied  for  counsel  and  aid  in 
organizing  the  new  government.  The  journal  which  he  estab- 
lislied  at  New  York  was  their  organ  of  communication  with  the 
public,  in  the  great  commercial  emporium  of  tlie  United  States. 
He  was  thus  placed  on  terms  of  constant  and  confidential  inter- 
course with  the  leading  members  of  the  cabinet,  and  tlie  prominent 
supporters  of  Washington  throughout  the  country.  While  he  had 
their  respect  as  a  ready  and  energetic  writer,  he  enjoyed  their 
counsel,  imparted  with  the  utmost  freedom,  as  to  the  manner  in 
which  he  might  best  conduct  the  defense  of  their  common  princi- 
ples. The  natural  result,  especially  on  a  mind  constituted  like 
his,  was  the  formation  of  all  his  habits  of  thought  and  action,  into 
a  resemblance  to  theirs.  Energy,  self-reliance,  fearlessness,  tlie 
resolute  defense  of  whatever  he  thought  right  and  useful,  the 
strong  hope  of  ultimate  success, —  these  became  tlie  great  ele- 
ments of  his  intellectual  character.  He  carried  them  with  him,  at 
a  subsequent  period,  into  all  his  literary  pursuits,  and  they  sus- 
tained him  under  tlie  pressure  of  (hfiiculties  wliich  would  liave 
crushed  the  spirit  of  almost  any  otlier  man. 

One  of  the  habits  which  Dr.  Webster  formed  in  this  early  course 
of  training,  was  that  of  aiTanging  all  his  acquired  knowledge  in 
the  most  exact  order,  and  keeping  the  elements  of  progressive 
thought  continually  v.-ithin  his  reach.  Although  his  memory  was 
uncommonly  quick  and  tenacious,  he  saw,  as  the  editor  of  a  daily 
journal,  how  idle  and  unsafe  it  is,  (o  rely  on  mere  recollection  lor 
the  immense  mass  of  materials  which  a  public  writer  must  have 
ever  at  command.  He  learnt,  therefore,  to  preserve  documents  of 
all  kinds  with  the  utmost  care.  All  that  he  had  ever  written,  all 
that  had  been  written  against  him,  every  thing  that  he  met  v^ith 
in  newspapers  or  periodicnls  which  seemed  likely  to  be  of  use  at 
any  future  period,  was  carefully  laid  aside  in  its  appropriate  place, 
and  was  ready  at  a  moment's  warning.  He  hnd  also  a  particular 
mark  by  which  he  denoted,  in  every  work  he  read,  all  the  new 
words,  or  new  senses  of  words,  which  came  under  his  observation. 
He  filled  the  margin  of  his  books  with  notes  and  comments  con- 
taining corrections  of  errors,  a  comparison  of  dates,  or  references 
to  corresponding  passages  in  other  works,  until  his  whole  library 
became  a  kind  oi  Index  Rerum,  to  which  he  could  refer  at  once 
for  every  tiling  he  had  read. 

Anotlior  habit  which  resulted  in  part  from  his  early  pureuits, 
was  that  of  carrying  on  numerous  and  diversified  employments  at 
the  same  time.     To  men  of  the  present  generation,  Dr.  Webster 


XX 


MEMOIR    OP   THE    AUTHOR. 


is  known  chiefly  as  a  learned  philologist ;  and  tlie  natural  infer- 
ence would  bo,  that  lie  swiit  liis  whole  lite  among  his  books,  and 
cliiefly  in  devotion  to  a  single  class  of  studies.  The  fact,  liow- 
ever,  was  fur  otiierwise.  Though  he  was  always  a  close  student,  — 
reading,  tJiinking,  and  writing  at  every  period  of  his  life,  —  he  never 
witlidrew  himself  from  llie  active  employments  of  society.  After 
liis  first  removal  to  New  Haven,  he  was  for  a  number  of  years  one 
of  the  aldermen  of  tlie  city,  and  judge  of  one  of  tlie  state  courts. 
He  also  frequently  represented  that  town  in  the  legislature  of 
tlie  state.  During  his  residence  at  Amherst,  he  was  called, 
in  repeated  instances,  to  discharge  similar  duties,  and  spent  a 
part  of  several  winters  at  Boston  as  a  member  of  the  General 
Court  He  entered  witli  zeal  into  all  the  interests  of  the  town 
and  county  where  he  lived,  its  schools  and  academies,  its  agricul- 
ture and  mechanic  arts,  its  advance  in  taste  and  refinement.  He 
trave  freely  of  )iis  time,  his  counsel,  and  tlie  efforts  of  his  pen, 
when  requested,  in  public  addresses,  or  through  the  medium  of 
tlio  press,  for  the  promotion  of  every  kind  of  social  improvement. 
Equally  large  and  diversified  was  tlie  range  of  his  intellectual 
pursuits.  There  wiis  hardly  any  department  of  literature  which 
he  had  not  explored  with  lively  interest,  at  some  period  of  his  life. 
He  wrote  on  a  greater  variety  of  topics  than  perhaps  any  otlier 
author  of  the  United  States ;  —  on  the  foundations  of  government, 
the  laws  of  nations,  the  riglits  of  neutrals,  the  science  of  banking, 
the  history  of  his  country,  the  progress  of  diseases,  and  the  varia- 
tions of  climate ;  on  agriculture,  commerce,  education,  morals, 
religion,  and  the  great  means  of  national  advancement,  in  addition 
to  tlie  principal  theme  of  his  life,  philology  and  grammar.  Such 
was  the  activity  of  his  mind,  and  the  delight  he  found  in  new 
acquisitions,  tliat  a  change  of  employment  was  ail  tlic  relief  he 
needed  from  the  weariness  of  protracted  study.  Tiie  refreshment 
whicli  others  seek  in  journeys,  or  the  entire  suspension  of  intellec- 
tual eflbrt,  he  found,  during  most  of  his  life,  in  tlie  stimulus 
afforded  by  some  new  and  exciting  object  of  pursuit.  Mental 
exertion  was  the  native  element  of  his  soul ;  ajid  it  is  not  too 
much  to  say,  tliat  another  instance  of  such  long-continued  literary 
toil,  such  steady,  unfaltering  industry,  can  hardly  be  found  in  the 
annals  of  our  country. 

The  last  of  tiiose  mental  habits  whicli  will  now  be  traced,  was 
that  of  original  investigation,  of  thorough  and  penetrating  research. 
The  period  at  which  Dr.  Webster  came  forward  in  public  life  was 
one,  to  an  uncommon  extent,  in  which  every  important  subject 
was  discussed  in  its  priiiciples.  It  was  a  period  when  the  founda- 
tions of  our  civil  polity  were  laid,  and  when  such  men  as  Hamilton, 
Madison,  and  Jay,  became  "  the  expounders  of  the  constitution," 
and  tlie  advocates  of  the  new  government.  All  things  conspired 
to  make  the  discussions  of  that  day  masterly  exhibitions  of  rea- 
soning and  profound  investigation,  —  the  character  of  the  men 
engaged,  the  conflict  of  great  principles,  and  tJie  weighty  interests 
suspended  on  tlie  issue.  Dr.  Webster  for  some  years  took  a  large 
share  in  tliose  discussions,  both  in  pamplilets  and  through  tlie 
journal  which  he  conducted.  Tlie  liabits  which  he  thus  formed 
went  with  him  into  all  the  literary  pursuits  of  his  subsequent  life. 
They  made  him  a  bold,  original  thinker,  —  thorough  in  all  his  in- 
vestigations, and  fearless  in  proclaiming  the  results.  He  had  no 
deference  for  authority,  except  as  sustained  by  argument.  He 
was  no  copyist,  no  mere  compiler.  Every  tiling  he  wrote,  from  a 
chapter  in  "  The  Prompter,"  to  his  "  Introduction  to  the  American 
Dictionary,"  bore  the  same  impress  of  original  thought,  personal 
observation,  and  independent  inquiry. 

It  is  unnecessary  to  say  how  perfectly  these  habits  were  adapted 


to  prepare  Dr.  Webster  for  the  leading  employment  of  his  life, 
tlie  production  of  tlie  American  Dictionary.  Notliing  but  his 
eager  pursuit  of  every  kind  of  knowledge,  and  nis  exact  system  in 
bringing  all  that  ho  had  ever  read  completely  under  his  command, 
could  have  enabled  him  to  give  in  his  first  edition  more  than 
twelve  thousand  words  and  forty  thousand  definitions,  which  could 
tlien  be  found  in  no  otlier  similar  work.  Notliing  but  his  passion 
for  original  investigation  prevented  him  from  building,  like  Todd, 
on  tire  foundation  of  Johnson,  or  arranging  Home  Tooke's  etymol- 
ogies, like  Richardson,  with  some  additions  and  improvements, 
under  their  proper  heads  in  a  dictionary.  But,  commencing  with 
the  Diversions  of  Purley  as  the  starting-point  of  his  researches, 
he  was  led  by  the  chai'acter  of  his  mind  to  widen  continually  the 
field  of  his  inquiries.  He  passed  from  the  western  languages  to 
tlie  eastern,  in  tracing  the  affinities  of  his  native  tongue.  He 
established  some  of  those  great  principles  which  have  made  ety- 
mology a  science,  and  led  the  way  in  that  brilliant  career  of  in- 
vestigation, by  wiiich  the  German  philologists  are  throwing  so 
clear  a  light  on  tlie  origin  and  filiation  of  the  principal  languages 
of  the  globe.  But  into  these  studies  he  would  never  liave  entered, 
nor  even  tliought  of  attempting  such  a  work  as  an  original  diction- 
ary of  the  English  language,  except  under  the  impfllse  of  those 
other  trails,  —  that  sanguine  temperament,  that  spirit  of  self-reli- 
ance, that  fearless  determination  to  carry  out  every  thing  that  he 
thought  useful  and  true,  to  its  utmost  limits,  —  which  were  spoken 
of  above,  as  forming  the  master  principle  of  his  character.  It  is 
difficult  to  conceive,  at  the  present  day,  how  rash  and  hopeless 
such  an  undertaking  then  appeared,  on  the  part  of  any  citizen  of 
the  United  States.  It  was  much  as  though  we  should  now  hoar 
of  a  similar  design  by  one  of  the  settlers  of  New  Holland.  He 
was  assailed  ivith  a  storm  of  ridicule  at  home  and  abroad  ;  and  even 
his  best  friends,  while  they  admired  his  constancy,  and  were  fully 
convinced  of  his  erudition,  had  strong  fears  that  ho  was  engaged 
in  a  fruitless  effort,  —  that  he  would  never  have  justice  done  him,  in 
bringing  his  work  before  tlie  world  under  such  adverse  circum- 
stances. Notliing,  plainly,  but  uncommon  ardor,  boldness,  and 
self-confidence,  could  Jiave  sustained  him  under  the  pressure  of 
these  difficulties.  But  such  qualities,  it  must  be  confessed,  not- 
withstanding all  tlie  support  they  afibrd,  are  not  without  their  dis- 
advantages. They  often  lead  to  tlie  adoption  of  hasty  opinions, 
especially  in  new  and  intricate  inquiries.  Of  this  Dr.  W^ebster 
was  aware.  He  saw  reason  to  change  his  views  on  many  points, 
as  he  widened  the  sphere  of  his  knowledge.  In  such  cases,  he 
retracted  his  former  statements  with  tlie  utmost  frankness  ;  for  lie 
had  not  a  particle  of  tliat  pride  of  opinion  which  makes  men  so 
often  ashamed  to  confess  an  error,  even  when  they  have  seen  and 
abandoned  it.  This  ardor  of  mind  is  apt,  also,  to  lead  men  into  a 
strength  and  confidence  of  statement  which  may  wear  at  times 
tlie  aspect  of  dogmatism.  If  Dr.  Webster  should  be  thought  by 
any  one  to  have  erred  in  tliis  respect,  tlie  error,  it  should  be 
remembered,  v,-as  one  of  temperament,  —  the  almost  necessary 
result  of  that  bold,  solf-rclying  spirit,  without  which  no  man  could 
have  undertaken,  much  less  have  carried  Uirough,  the  Herculean 
task  of  preparing  the  American  Dictionary.  Those,  however, 
who  knew  hun  best,  can  testify,  that  his  strength  of  statement, 
however  great  it  might  be,  was  never  the  result  of  arrogance  or 
presumption.  He  spoke  from  tlio  mere  frankness  of  his  nature ;  he 
practiced  no  reserve ;  he  used  none  of  that  cautious  phraseology 
with  which  most  men  conceal  their  feelings,  or  guard  against  mis- 
consbuction.  He  was  an  ardent  lover  of  truth,  and  he  spoke  of 
tlie  discoveries  which  he  believed  liimself  to  have  made,  much  as 


MEMOIR    OF    THE    AUTHOR. 


he  would  have  spoken  of  the  same  discoveries  wlien  made  by 
others.  He  was  aware  that  there  must  be  many  things  in  a  book 
like  tliis,  especially  on  a  science  so  miperfcct  in  its  development 
as  etymology,  which  would  not  stand  tlie  test  of  time.  But  he 
never  doubted,  even  in  the  darkest  seasons  of  discouragement  and 
obloquy,  that  he  could  at  last  produce  such  a  work,  tliat  the  world 
"  should  not  willingly  let  it  die."  The  decision  of  tiic  public  verified 
his  anticipations,  and  freed  liim  from  the  charge  of  presumption. 
Tliree  very  large  editions,  at  a  high  price,  have  already  been 
e.xhausted  in  tliis  country  and  England.  The  demand  is  still 
increasing  on  both  sides  of  the  Atlantic ;  and  the  author  miglit 
well  be  gratified  to  learn,  tliat  a  gentleman  who  asked,  some  years 
since,  at  one  of  tlie  principal  bookselling  establishments  of  London, 
for  the  best  English  dictionary  ou  their  slielves,  had  this  work 
handed  to  him,  with  the  remark,  "That,  sir,  is  the  only  real  dic- 
tionary which  we  have  of  our  language,  though  it  was  prepared  by 
an  American." 

In  his  social  habits.  Dr.  Webster  was  distinguished  by  dignified 
-e,  atfability,  and  politeness.  He  was  punctilious  in  his  obser- 
vance of  all  tiie  nicer  proprieties  of  life.  There  was  nothing  that 
:ii!noyed  him  more,  or  on  which  he  remarited  \vith  greater  keen- 
's, than  any  violation  of  the  established  rules  of  decorum,  any 
u.^position  to  meddle  with  the  concerns  of  others,  or  to  encroach 
on  the  sanctity  of  those  rights  and  feelings,  which,  as  they  can  not 
be  protected  by  law,  must  owe  their  security  to  delicacy  of  senti- 
ment in  an  enlightened  community.  He  had  an  uncommon  degree 
of  refinement  in  all  his  thoughts  and  feelings.  Never,  in  his  most 
sportive  or  unguarded  moments,  did  any  sentiment  escape  him 
which  was  coarse  or  vulgar.  He  had,  in  this  respect,  almost  a 
feminine  purity  of  mind.  It  might  be  truly  said  of  him,  as  was 
remarked  concerning  one  of  his  distinguished  cotemporaries  in 
public  life,  that  he  was  never  known  to  utter  an  expression  which 
might  not  have  been  used  v.itli  entire  freedom  in  the  most  refined 
female  society.  In  his  pecuniary  transactions,  he  was  acknowl- 
edirod  by  all  to  be  not  only  just,  but  liberal.  It  was  a  principle  with 
.1,  for  life,  never  to  be  in  debt  Every  thing  was  paid  for  at  tlie 
ic  of  purchase.  In  all  his  dealings  and  social  intercourse,  he  was 
iirkably  direct,  frank,  and  open.  He  had  but  one  character,  and 
:.iit  was  "  known  and  read  of  all  men."  Whatever  faults  might  be 
miputed  to  him,  no  one  ever  suspected  him  of  double  dealing ;  no 
one  ever  thought  he  was  capable  of  a  mean  or  dishonorable  action. 
In  the  discharge  of  his  domestic  duties,  Dr.  Webster  was 
watchful,  consistent,  and  finn.  Though  immersed  in  study,  he 
kept  in  his  hands  tlie  entire  control  of  his  family  arrangements, 
down  to  the  minutest  particulars.  Every  thing  was  reduced  to 
exact  system ;  all  moved  on  with  perfect  regularity  and  order,  for 
method  was  tlie  presiding  principle  of  his  life.  In  the  government 
of  his  children  there  was  but  one  rule,  and  that  was  instantaneous 
and  entire  obedience.  This  was  insisted  upon  as  right,  —  as, 
in  the  nature  of  things,  due  by  a  child  to  a  parent.  He  did  not 
rest  his  claim  on  any  explanations,  or  on  showing  that  tlie  thing 
required  was  reasonable  or  beneficial.  While  he  endeavored  to 
make  it  clear  to  his  children  that  he  sought  their  happiness  in 
whatever  he  required,  he  commanded  as  one  having  authority,  and 
he  enforced  his  commands  to  the  utmost,  as  a  duty  which  he  owed 
equally  to  his  children  and  to  God,  who  had  placed  tliem  under 
his  control.  He  felt  that,  on  this  subject,  there  had  been  a  gradual 
letting  down  of  the  tone  of  public  sentiment,  which  was  much  to 
be  deplored.  Many,  in  breaking  away  from  the  sternness  of 
Puritan  discipline,  have  gone  to  the  opposite  extreme.  They 
have  virtually  abandoned  the  exercise  of  parental  authority,  and 


endeavored  to  regulate  the  conduct  of  their  children  by  reasoning 
and  persuxsion,  —  by  the  mere  presentation  of  motives,  and  not 
by  the  enforcfiiiont  of  commands.  If  such  persons  succeed,  as 
they  rarely  do,  in  preserving  any  thing  like  a  comfortable  state  of 
subordmation  in  their  families,  tliey  fail  at  least  in  the  accomplish- 
ment of  one  great  end  for  which  their  offspring  were  committed  to 
tlieir  care.  They  send  forth  their  children  into  life,  without  any  of 
tliose  habits  of  submission  to  lawful  autliority  which  are  essential 
to  the  character  of  a  good  citizen  and  a  useful  member  of  society. 
In  the  intellectual  training  of  his  children,  on  Uie  other  hand,  Dr. 
Webster  had  much  less  of  system  and  complicated  machinery, 
than  many  are  disposed  to  adopt  His  great  principle  was  not  to 
overdo, — to  let  nature  have  free  scope,  and  to  leave  the  development 
of  the  mind,  within  certain  limits,  to  tlie  operation  of  awakened 
curiosity  directed  to  its  proper  objects.  He  therefore  threw  oj;en 
his  extensive  library  to  his  children  at  an  early  period  of  their 
lives,  and  said,  in  tlie  words  of  Cotton  Mather,  "  Read,  and  you 
will  know."  He  felt  that  children  should  learn  to  acquire 
knowledge  by  severe  effort;  that  the  prevailing  disposition  to 
make  every  thing  easy  is  unphilosophical  and  wrong ;  tliat  the 
great  object  of  early  training  is  to  form  tlie  mind  into  a  capacity 
of  surmounting  intellectual  diificultios  of  any  and  every  kind.  In 
his  view,  also,  the  young  have  nmch  to  learn  in  early  life,  tiie  use 
of  which  tliey  can  not  then  comprehend.  They  must  learn  it  by 
rote,  particularly  the  spelling  of  so  complicated  a  language  as  ours; 
and  all  those  systems  which  lead  forward  children  no  faster  than 
they  can  understand  and  apply  every  word  they  spell,  he  consid- 
ered as  radically  erroneous.  He  wished,  on  tiie  contrary,  at  this 
early  period  of  ready  memory  and  limited  comprehension,  to  store 
tlie  mind  with  many  things  which  would  afterv.-ard  be  found  of 
indispensable  use ;  things  which  are  learnt  with  the  utmost  reluc- 
tance, or  rather,  in  most  cases,  are  not  learnt  vX  all,  in  the  more 
advanced  stages  of  intellectual  progress.  He  fc-it  tliat  tliere  must 
necessarily  be  much  of  drudgery  in  tlie  formation  of  a  thoroughly 
educated  mind.  Ho  thought  it  wise,  therefore,  to  comir.ence 
those  tasks  which  it  involves,  from  the  earliest  period  at  which 
tlie  youthful  intellect  can  endure  tliem.  Upon  these  principles 
he  constructed  his  Spelling  Book,  and  other  works  for  tlie  use 
of  children.  He  designed  to  make  them  instructive,  and  not  mere 
books  of  amusement.  Whether  his  views  were  incorrect  or  unphil- 
osophical, the  public  will  judge. 

In  lespect  to  religion,  Dr.  Webster  was  a  firm  believer,  during 
a  large  part  of  his  life,  in  the  great  distinctive  doctrines  of  our 
Puritan  ancestors,  whose  character  he  always  regarded  witli  tlie 
highest  veneration.  There  was  a  period,  however,  from  tlie  time 
of  his  leaving  college  to  the  age  of  forty,  when  he  hud  doubts  as 
to  seme  of  those  doctrines,  and  rested  in  a  different  systCTn.  Soon 
after  he  graduated,  being  uncertain  what  business  to  attempt  or 
by  what  means  he  could  obtain  subsistence,  he  felt  his  mind 
greatly  perplexed,  and  almost  overwhelmed  with  gloomy  nppre- 
hensioas.  In  this  state,  as  he  afterward  informed  a  friend,  ho 
read  Johnson's  Rambler  with  unusual  iiit:TCst;  and,  in  closing  the 
last  vciume,  he  made  a  firm  resolution  to  pursue  a  course  of  virtue 
through  life,  and  to  perform  every  moral  and  social  duty  with 
scrupulous  exactness.  To  this  he  added  a  settled  belief  in  the 
inspiration  of  the  Scriptures  and  the  governing  providence  of 
God,  connected  with  highly  reverential  views  of  the  divine 
charicter  and  perfections.  Here  he  rested,  placing  his  chief 
reliarice  for  salvation  on  a  faithful  di-charge  of  all  tlie  nlative 
duties  of  life,  thon;;h  not  to  the  entire  o.vchu^inn  of  depenilcnce  oil 
the  merits  of  \he  Redeemer.     In  this  state  of  mind  he  roinainrd. 


MEMOIR    OF   THE    AUTHOR. 


though  with  some  misgiviug  and  frequent  fluctuations  of 
fueling,  to  tlie  winter  of  1S07-8.  At  Uiat  time,  tliere  was  a 
Bcasoii  of  general  religious  interest  at  JNew  Haven,  under  the 
ministry  of  the  Rev.  Moses  Stuart,  now  a  professor  in  tlie  Andover 
Theological  Seminaiy.  To  this  Dr.  Webster's  attention  was  first 
directed,  by  observing  an  unusual  degree  of  tenderness  and  so- 
lemnity of  feeling  in  all  tlie  adult  members  of  his  family.  He 
was  tlms  led  to  reconsider  liis  former  views,  and  inquire,  with  an 
earnestness  which  he  had  never  felt  before,  into  tlio  nature  oi'  per- 
sonal religion,  and  tlie  true  ground  of  man's  acceptance  with  God. 
He  had  now  to  decide  not  for  himself  only,  but,  to  a  certain 
e.\tcnt,  for  otliers,  whose  spiritual  interests  were  committed  to  his 
charge.  Under  a  sense  of  this  responsibility,  he  took  up  the 
study  of  tlie  Bible  with  painful  solicitude.  As  he  advanced,  the 
objections  wliich  he  had  formerly  entertained  against  tlie  humbling 
doctrines  of  tlio  gospel,  were  wholly  removed.  He  felt  tlioir  truth 
in  his  own  experience.  He  felt  tliat  salvation  must  be  wholly  of 
grace.  He  felt  constrained,  as  lie  afterward  told  a  friend,  to  cast 
himself  down  before  God,  confess  his  sins,  implore  pardon  tlirough 
tiie  merits  of  the  Redeemer,  and  tliere  to  make  his  vows  of  entire 
obedience  to  the  commands  and  devotion  to  the  service  of  his 
Maker.  Witli  his  characterLstic  promptitude,  he  instantly  made 
known  to  his  family  the  feelings  which  he  entertained.  He  called 
them  together  the  next  morning,  and  told  tliem,  with  deep  emotion, 
tliat,  while  he  had  aimed  at  the  faitliful  discharge  of  all  his  duties 
as  their  parent  and  head,  he  had  neglected  one  of  the  most  impor- 
tant, that  of  family  prayer.  After  reading  tlie  Scriptures,  he 
led  them,  witli  deep  solemnity,  to  the  throne  of  grace,  and  from 
tliat  time  continued  tlie  practice,  witli  the  liveliest  interest,  to  the 
period  of  his  death.  He  made  a  public  profession  of  religion  in 
April,  1808.  His  two  oldest  daughters  united  with  him  in  tiie  act, 
and  another,  only  twelve  years  of  age,  was  soon  added  to  the 
number. 

In  his  religious  feelings.  Dr.  Webster  was  remarkably  equable 
and  cheerful.  He  had  a  very  sh-ong  sense  of  Uie  providence  of 
God,  as  extending  to  tiie  minutest  concerns  of  life.  In  this  he 
found  a  source  of  continual  support  and  consolation,  under  the 
severe  labors  and  numerous  trials  which  he  had  to  endure.  To  the 
same  divine  hand  he  habitually  referred  all  his  enjoyments ;  and  it 
was  known  to  his  family,  that  he  i-arely,  if  ever,  took  the  slightest  re- 
freshment, of  any  kind,  even  between  meals,  without  a  momentary 
pause,  and  a  silent  tribute  of  thanks  to  God  as  the  giver.  He 
made  the  Scriptures  his  daily  study.  After  the  completion  of  his 
Dictionary,  especially,  tlicy  were  always  lying  on  his  table,  and 
lie  probably  read  them  more  tlian  all  other  books.  He  felt,  from 
that  time,  that  the  labors  of  his  life  were  ended,  and  that  little 
else  remained  but  to  prepare  for  death.  With  a  grateful  sense 
of  past  mercies,  a  cheering  consciousness  of  present  support, 
and  an  animating  hope  of  future  blessedness,  he  waited  with 
patience  until  his  appoint'd  change  should  come. 

During  the  spring  of  iS4-i,  Dr.  Webster  revised  the  Appendix 
of  his  Dictionary,  and  added  some  hundreds  of  words.  He  com- 
pleted tlie  printing  of  it  about  the  middle  of  May.  It  was  the 
closing  act  of  his  life.  His  hand  rested,  in  its  last  labors,  on  the 
volume  which  he  had  commenced  thirty-six  years  before.  Within 
a  few  days,  in  calling  on  a  number  of  friends  in  diiferent  parts  of 
the  town,  ho  walked,  during  one  afternoon,  between  two  and 
three  miles.  The  day  was  chilly,  and  immediately  after  his 
return,  he  was  seized  with  faintness  and  a  severe  oppression  on 


his  lungs.  An  attack  of  peripneumony  followed,  which.,  though 
not  alarming  at  first,  took  a  sudden  turn  after  four  or  live  days, 
with  fearful  indications  of  a  fatal  result.  It  soon  became 
necessary  to  infbnn  him  that  he  was  in  imminent  danger.  He 
received  the  communication  with  surprise,  but  wills,  entire  com- 
posure. His  health  had  been  so  good,  and  eveiy  bodily  function 
so  perfect  in  its  exercise,  tint  he  undoubtedly  expected  to  live 
some  years  longer.  But  though  suddenly  called,  he  was  com- 
pletely ready.  He  gave  some  characteristic  directions  as  to  the 
disposal  of  his  body  after  death.  He  spoke  of  his  long  life 
as  one  of  uniform  enjoyment,  because  filled  up  at  every  stage 
witli  active  labors  for  some  valuable  end.  He  expressed  hw  entire 
resignation  to  the  will  of  God,  and  his  unshaken  trust  in  the 
atoning  blood  of  the  Redeemer.  It  was  aa- interesting  coinci- 
dence, that  his  former  pastor,  the  Rev.  Mr.  Stuart,  who  received 
him  to  the  church  thirty -five  years  before,  had  just  arrived  at  New 
Haven  on  a  visit  to  his  friends.  He  called  immediately  ;  and  the 
interview  brought  into  affiscting  comparison  the  begiiming  and 
the  end  of  that  long  period  of  consecration  to  tlie  service  of 
Christ.  The  same  hopes  which  had  cheered  the  vigor  of  man- 
hood, were  now  shedding  a  softened  light  over  the  decay  and 
sufferings  of  age.  "  I  know  in  whom,  I  have  believed,"  —  such 
was  the  solemn  and  affecting  testimony  which  he  gave  to  his 
friend,  while  tlie  hand  of  deatli  was  upon  him,  —  "I  kiioio  in  whom 
I  have  believed,  and  tliat  He  is  able  to  keep  tliat  which  I  have 
committed  to  him  against  that  day."  Thus,  without  one  doubt,  one 
fear,  he  resigned  his  soul  into  the  hands  of  his  Malcer,  and  died 
on  tlie  2oth  day  of  Blay,  1843,  in  the  eighty-fifth  year  of  his  age. 

In  his  person,  Dr.  Webster  was  tall,  and  somewhat  slender, 
remarkably  erect  throaghout  life,  and  moving,  even  in  his  ad- 
vanced years,  with  a  light  and  elastic  step. 

Dr.  Webster's,  widow  survived  hun  more  than  four  years,  and 
died  on  the  25th  day  of  June,  1847,  m  the  eighty-second  year  of 
her  age.  He  had  seven  childi-en  who  arrived  at  matimty,  —  one 
son,  William  G.  Webster,  Esq.,  who  resides  at  New  Haven,  and 
SLX  daughters.  Of  these,  the  oldest  is  married  to  the  Hon. 
William  W.  Ellsworth,  of  Hartford,  late  governor,  and  now  judge 
of  tlie  Supreme  Court  of  Connecticut ;  the  second  to  the  author 
of  this  sketch ;  the  third,  now  deceased,  was  first  married  to 
Edward  Cobb,  Esq.,  of  Portland,  Maine,  and  afterward  to  the 
Rev.  Professor  Fowler,  of  Anrlierst,  Mass. ;  the  fourth,  also 
deceased,  was  married  to  Horatio  Southgate,  Esq.,  of  Portlan^I, 
Maine,  and  left  at  her  death  a  daughter,  v.'ho  was  adopted  by  Dr. 
Webster,  and  is  now  married  to  Henry  Trov.bridge,  Jun.,  Esq., 
of  New  Haven ;  the  fifth  is  manied  to  the  Rev.  Henry  Jones,  of 
Bridgeport,  Conn. ;  and  the  sixth  remains  unmarried,  in  the  family 
of  her  brother. 

In  conclusion,  it  may  be  said  that  the  name  of  Noah  Web- 
ster, from  the  wide  circulation  of  some  of  his  works,  is  known 
familiarly  to  a  greater  number  of  tlie  inliabit:mts  of  the  United 
States,  than  the  name,  probably,  of  any  other  individual  except 
tlie  Father  op  his  Country.  Whatever  influence  he  thus 
acquired  was  used  at  all  times  to  promote  the  best  interests  of 
his  fellow-men.  His  books,  though  read  by  millions,  have  made 
no  man  worse.  To  multitudes  they  have  been  of  lasting  benefit, 
nor  only  by  the  course  of  early  training  tliey  have  furnished,  but 
by  those  precepts  of  wisdom  nnd  virtue  witli  which  almost  every 
page  is  stored. 

August,  1847. 


INTEODUGTION. 


DEFINITION  OF  LANGUAGE. 

Language  or  Speech  is  the  utterance  of  articulate  sounds  or 
voices,  tendered  significant  by  usage,  for  the  expression  and 
communication  of  tlioujrlits. 

According  to  tliis  definitioUj  language  belongs  exclusively  to 
intellectual  and  intelligent  beings,  and,  among  terrestrial  beings, 
to  man  only  ;  for  no  animal  on  earth,  except  man,  can  pro- 
nounce words.  The  word  language  is  sometimes  used  in  a  more 
comprehensive  sense,  and  applied  to  the  sounds  by  which  irra- 
tional animals  express  their  feelings  or  affections ;  as  to  the 
neighing  of  the  horse,  the  lowing  of  the  ox,  the  barking  of  the 
dog,  and  to  the  cackling  and  chirping  of  fowls ;  for  the  sounds 
uttered  by  these  animals  are  perfectly  understood  by  the  re- 
spective species.  So  also  language  is  figuratively  applied  to  the 
signs  by  which  deaf  and  dumb  persons  manifest  their  ideas  ;  for 
these  are  instruments  of  communicating  thoughts. 

But  language  in  its  proper  sense,  as  the  medium  of  intercourse 
between  men,  ox  rational  beings,  endowed  with  the  faculty  of 
uttering  articulate  sounds,  is  tlie  subject  now  to  be  considered. 

Wriltcii  language  is  the  representation  of  significant  sounds  by 
letters,  or  characters,  single  or  combined  in  v/orda,  arranged  in 
due  order,  aocordinff  to  usage. 


ORIGIN  OF  LANGUAGE. 

We  read  in  the  Scriptures,  that  God,  when  he  had  created 
man,  "blessed  them;  and  said  to  them.  Be  fruitfVil  and  multi- 
ply, and  replenish  the  earth,  and  subdue  it:  and  have  dominion 
over  tte  risli  of  She  sea,"  &c.  God  afterward  planted  a  garden, 
and  placed  in  it  the  man  he  had  made,  with  a  command  to  keep 
it,  and  to  dress  it ;  and  he  gave  him  a  rule  of  moral  conduct,  in 
permitting  him  to  eat  the  fruit  of  every  tree  in  the  garden,  except 
one,  the  eating  of  which  was  prohibited.  We  further  read,  that 
God  brought  to  Adam  the  fowls  and  beasts  he  had  made,  and  tii  it 
Adam  gave  them  names ;  and  that  when  his  female  companion 
was  made,  he  gave  her  a  name.  After  the  eating  of  the  for- 
bidden fruit,  it  is  stated  that  God  addressed  Adam  and  Eve, 
reproving  them  for  their  disobedience,  and  pronouncing  the  pen- 
alties which  they  had  incurred.  In  the  account  of  these  trans- 
actions, it  is  further  related  that  Adam  and  Eve  both  replied  to 
tlieir  Maker,  and  excused  their  disobedience. 

If  ws  admit,  what  is  the  literal  and  obvious  interpretation  of 
this  narrative,  that  vocal  sounds  or  words  were  used  in  these  com- 
munications between  God  and  the  progenitors  of  the  human  race, 
it  results  that  Adam  was  not  only  endowed  with  intellect  for 
understanding  his  Maker,  or  the  signification  of  words,  but  was 
furnished  both  with  the  faculty  of  speech  and  witli  speech  itself, 
or  the  knowledge  and  use  of  words  as  signs  of  ideas,  and  this 
before  the  formation  of  the  woman.  Hence  we  may  infer  that 
language  was  bestowed  on  Adam,  in  the  same  manner  as  all  his 
other  faculties  and  knowledge,  by  supernatural  power;  or,  in 
other  words,  was  of  divine  origin  :  for,  supposing  Adam  to  have 
had  all  the  intellectual  powers  of  any  adult  individual  of  the 
species  who  has  since  lived,  we  can  not  admit  as  probable,  or 
even  possible,  that  he  should  have  invented  and  constructed  even 
a  barren  language,  as  soon  as  he  was  created,  witliout  super- 
natural aid.  It  may  indeed  be  doubted  whether,  without  such 
aid,  men  would  ever  have  learned  the  use  of  tlie  organs  of 
speech,  so  far  as  to  form  a  language.  At  any  rate,  the  invention 
of  words  and  the  construction  of  a  language  must  have  been  by 
a  slow  process,  and  must  have  required  a  much  longer  time  than 

*  Celebrant,  carminibus  antiquiii,  Tuistonem  deum  terri  eiliiuni,  ct  filuim 
M.iniiuin,  oi-igiiieni  genibs  coM<iiiorcsqiie.  Maano  tres  filios  assignaut.  —Dc  Mor. 
Germ,  2. 

"  In  ancient  songs  they  celebrate  Tiiisto,  a  god  sprung  from  the  earth,  and  his 


that  which  passed  between  the  creation  of  Adam  and  of  Eve.  ^t 
is,  therefore,  probable,  that  language,  as  well  as  the  faculty  of 
speech,  was  the  hnmcdiatc  gift  of  God.  We  are  not,  however,  to 
suppose  the  language  of  our  first  parents  in  paradise  to  have  b.e^a 
copious,  like  most  modern  languages;  or  tlie  identical  language 
they  used,  to  be  now  in  existence.  Many  of  the  primitive  radi 
cal  words  may  and  probably  do  exist  in  various  languages ;  b.ut 
observation  teaches  that  languages  must  improve  and  undergo 
great  changes  as  knowledge  increases,  and  be  subject  to  cv.u,- 
tinual  alterations,  from  other  causes  incident  to  men  in  society. 


^   Bi.iZF  Account  of  the    Origin  and    Progress  of  tue 
iiiiNciFAL  Languages,  ancient  and  modern,  that  have 

BEEN     SPOKEN     BV    NaTIONS     BETWEEN     THE    GaNGES     AND 

THE    Atlantic    Ocean. 

We  learn  from  the  Scriptures  that  Noah,  who,  with  his  family, 
was  preserved  from  destruction  by  the  Deluge,  for  the  purpose 
of  re-peopling  the  earth,  had  three  sons,  Shem,  Ham,  and  Ja- 
pheth.  This  fact,  a  little  obscured  by  tradition,  v.'as  retained  by 
our  rude  German  ancestors,  to  tlie  age  of  Tacitus.* 

Japheth  was  the  eldest  son  ;  but  Shem,  the  ancestor  of  the 
T='-nelites  and  of  the  writers  of  the  Scriptures,  is  named  first  in 

Tile  descendants  of  Shem  and  Ham  peopled  all  the  great  plain 
situated  nortli  and  west  of  the  Persian  Gulf,  between  that  Gulf 
and  the  Indian  Ocean  on  the  east,  and  the  Arabic  Gulf  and  the 
Mediterranean  Sea  on  the  west,  with  the  northern  coast  of 
Africa ;  comprehending  Assyria,  Babylonia  or  Chaldea,  Syria, 
Palestine,  .Vrabia,  Egypt,  and  Libya.  The  principal  languages  or 
dialects  used  by  these  descendants,  are  known  to  us  under  the 
names  of  Chaldee,  or  Chaldaic,  which  is  called  also  Aramean, 
Syriae,  Hebrew,  Arabic,  Ethioplc,  Samaritan,  and  Coptic.  Of 
these,  the  Chaldee  and  Hebrew  are  no  longer  living  languages, 
but  they  have  come  down  to  us  in  books ;  the  Samaritan  is  prob- 
ably extinct  or  lost  in  the  modern  langu.-.ges  of  the  country,  but 
the  lano-uage  survives  in  a  copy  of  the  Pentateuch;  tlie  Coptic  is 
nearly  or  quite  extinct,  and  little  of  it  remains  ;  the  Syriae,  Ara- 
bic, and  Etliiopic  are  yet  living  languages,  but  they  have  suffered 
and  are  continually  suffering  alterations,  from  v.-hioh  no  living 
language  is  exempt. 

These  languages,  except  the  Coptic,  being  used  by  the  de- 
scendants of  Shem,  I  call  Shemitic,  or  .issyrian,  in  distinction 
from  the  Japhetic.  As  the  descendants  of  Japheth  peopled  Asia 
Minor,  the  northern  parts  of  Asia,  about  the  Euxine  and  Cas- 
pian, and  all  Europe,  their  languages  have,  in  tiie  long  period 
that  has  elapsed  since  their  dispersion,  become  very  numerous. 

All  languages  having  sprung  from  one  source,  the  original 
words  from  which  they  have  been  formed  must  have  been  of 
equal  antiquity.  That  the  Celtic  and  Teutonic  languages  in 
Europe  are,  in  this  sense,  as  old  as  the  Chaldee  and  Hebrew,  is  a 
fact  not  only  warranted  by  history  and  the  common  origin  of 
Japheth  and  Shem,  but  susceptible  of  proof  from  the  identity  of 
many  words  yet  existing  in  both  stocks.  But  there  is  a  marked 
difference  between  the  Shemitic  and  Japhetic  languages ;  for 
even  when  the  radical  words  are  unquestionably  the  same,  the 
modifications,  or  inflections  and  combinations  which  form  the 
compounds,  are,  for  the  most  part,  different. 

As  it  has  been  made  a  question  wliicli  of  the  Shemitic  lan- 
guages is  the  most  ancient,  and  much  has  been  written  to  prove 
it  to  be  the  Hebrew,  I  will  state  briefly  my  opinion  on  wliat 
appears  to  me  to  be  one  of  the  plainest  questions  in  the  history 
of  nations.     We  have  for  our  certain  guides,  in  determining  this 

son  Mannus,  [Man,]  the  origin  and  founders  of  their  nation.    To  Mannus  Ihey 
assign  Uiree  so/w." 
Noah  is  here  called  Man. 


INTRODUCTION. 


question  —  1st,  The  historical  narrative  of  facts  in  tlie  Book  of 
Genesis ;  and  iid.  The  known  and  uniform  progress  of  languages, 
within  the  period  of  autiientic  profane  history. 

1.  The  Scripture  informs  us  th.at,  before  the  dispersion,  the 
whole  earth  was  of  one  language  and  of  one  or  the  same  speech  ; 
and  that  the  descendants  of  .Noah  journevcd  from  the  east,  and 
settled  on  the  plain  of  Siiinar,  or  in  Chaldea.  The  language 
used  at  that  time,  by  the  inhabitants  of  that  plain,  must  tlicn 
have  been  the  oldest  or  the  primitive  language  of  man.  This 
must  have  been  the  original  Chaldee. 

2.  The  Scripture  informs  us,  that  in  consequence  of  the  im- 
pious attempts  of  the  people  to  build  a  city,  and  a  tower  whose 
lop  might  reach  to  heaven,  with  a  view  to  make  themselves  a 
name  and  prevent  their  disper.'sion,  God  interposed  and  con- 
founded their  language,  so  that  they  could  not  understand  each 
other ;  in  cons-quence  of  which,  they  were  dispersed  "  from 
thence  over  me  face  of  all  the  earth." 

3.  If  the  confusion  of  languages  at  Babel  originated  the  differ- 
ences which  gave  rise  to  the  various  languages  of  the  families 
which  separated  .at  the  dispersion,  then  those  several  languages 
are  all  of  equal  antiquity.  Of  these  the  Hebrew,  as  a  distinct 
language,  was  not  one ;  for  the  Hebrew  nation  was  of  posterior 
origin. 

4.  All  the  words  of  the  several  great  races  of  men,  both  in 
Asia  and  Europe,  which  are  vernacular  in  tlieir  several  lan- 
guages, and  unequivocally  tlie  same,  are  of  equal  antiquity,  as 
they  must  Ir  ve  been  derived  from  tiic  common  Chaldee  stock 
which  exis'ed  before  the  dispersion.  The  words  common  to  tlio 
Syrians  and  Hebrews  could  not  have  been  borrov.'cd  from  the 
Hebrew ;  for  the  Hebrews  originated  from  Heber  and  Abram, 
several  centuries  after  Syria  and  Egypt  were  populous  countries. 
This  fact  is  attested  by  the  Scripture  history,  which  declares  that 
when  Abram  migrated  from  Chaldea,  and  came  into  Canaan  or 
Palestine,  "  the  Canaanite  was  then  in  the  land  ;  "  and  when  he 
returned  from  Egypt,  "  the  Perizzite  dwelt  in  tlie  land."  These 
declarations,  and  the  history  of  Abiraelech,  and  of  the  war  of  four 
kings  or  chieftains  witli  five,  as  also  of  the  cities  of  Sodom  and 
Gomorrah,  prove  Syria  to  have  been  at  that  time  well  peopled. 
The  language  of  the  inhabitants,  then,  must  have  been  coeval 
with  the  nation,  and  long  anterior  to  the  Hebrew  as  a  distinct 
dialect.  It  may  be  added,  that  in  the  early  periods  of  the  world, 
when  no  books  existed,  nations,  living  remote  or  distinct,  never 
borrowed  words  from  each  other.  One  nation  living  in  the  midst 
of  another,  as  the  Hebrews  did  among  the  Egyptians,  may  adopt 
a  s'mgle  word,  or  a  few  words ;  but  a  family  of  words  thus  adopted, 
is  an  occurrence  rarely  or  never  known.  The  borrowing  of  words, 
in  modern  times,  is  almost  wholly  from  the  use  of  books. 

5.  It  is  probable  that  some  differences  of  language  were  pro- 
duced by  the  confusion ;  but  neither  that  event  nor  any  super- 
natural event  is  necessary  to  account  for  the  differences  of  dialect 
or  of  languages  now  existing.  The  different  modern  languages 
of  the  Gothic  or  Teutonic  stock  all  originated  in  the  natural 
course  of  events ;  and  the  differences  are  as  great  between  them 
as  they  are  between  the  languages  of  the  Shemitic  stock. 

6.  Soon  after  two  races  of  men  of  a  common  stock  have  sepa- 
rated and  placed  themselves  in  distant  countries,  the  language 
of  each  begins  to   diverge  from  that  of  the    other,   by  various 

means 1.  One  tribe  or  nation  will  suffer  one  word  to  become 

obsolete  and  be  forgotten  ;  another  will  suffer  the  loss  of  another ; 
sometimes  a  whole  family  of  words  will  be  lost;  at  other  times,  a 
part  only  ;  at  other  times,  a  single  word  only  of  a  numerous  fam- 
ily will  be  retained  by  one  nation,  while  another  nation  will  re- 
tain the  whole.  2.  The  same  word  will  be  differently  applied 
by  two  distant  races  of  men,  and  the  difference  will  be  so  great 
as  to  obscure  the  original  affinity.  3.  Words  will  be  compounded 
by  two  nations  in  a  different  manner,  the  same  radical  words 
taking  a  different  prefix  or  suffi.\,  in  different  languages.  Thus 
wis  Join  in  English  is  in  German  tceislieit,  [wiseheadi^wisehood,] 
from  icUe,  weis.  The  English  mislead  is  in  Danish /ar/ef/er  »:ora 
Uail,  ledcr.  •}.  The  pronunciation  and  orthography  of  wc  rds  will 
often  be  so  much  changed,  that  tlie  same  word  in  two  languages 
can  not,  without  difficulty,  be  recognized  as  identical.  No  per- 
son, without  a  considerable  attention  to  the  changes  which  letters 
have  suffered,  would  at  once  suspect  or  believe  the  English  let 
and  the  French  laisser  to  be  the  same  word. 

7.  As  Abram  migrated  from  Chaldea,  he  must  have  spoken 
the  Chaldee  language;  and  probably,  at  that  time,  the  Syriac, 


»  Welsh  etU,  a  cover  or  shelter,  a  Celt ;  cdtiad,  on  inhabitant  of  the  covert  or 
wood ;  cclu,  to  conceal,  Lat.  ctlo.    In  Gaelic  the  word  Is  caitt  or  mil.    Tlio  Celts 


Arabic,  and  Egy|)tian,  had  not  become  so  different,  as  to  render 
it  iiniiracticable  tor  him  to  converse  with  the  inhabitants  of  Pal- 
estine and  Egypt.  But  the  language  of  Abrain's  descendants, 
and  that  of  the  land  of  Shinar  or  the  Chaldee,  must,  in  the  natu- 
ral course  of  things,  have  begun  to  diverge  soon  after  tlie  separa- 
tion ;  and  the  changes  in  each  language,  being  different,  would, 
in  the  course  of  a  few  centuries,  form  somewhat  different  lan- 
guages. So  in  the  days  of  Hezekiah,  the  Syriac  and  Hebrew 
had  become,  in  a  degree,  distinct  languages.  2  Kings  xviii.  In 
which  ofthe.se  languages  the  greatest  number  of  alterations  were 
produced,  we  do  not  know  ;  but,  Irom  the  general  observations  1 
have  made  in  my  researches,  it  appears  that  the  Chaldee  dialect, 
in  the  use  of  dental  letters  instead  of  sibilants,  is  much  the  most 
general  in  the  Celtic  and  Teutonic  languages  of  Europe.  Thus 
the  German  only  has  a  sibilant  in  wasscr,  when  the  other  Teu- 
tonic languages  have  a  dental,  iciitcr.  1  think  also  that  there  are 
far  more  words  in  the  European  languages  which  accord  with  the 
Chaldee  or  Arabic,  than  there  are  words  which  accord  with  the 
Hebrew.  If  this  observation  is  well  founded,  the  Hebrew  must 
have  suffered  the  loss  of  more  primitive  w-ords  than  the  other 
languages  of  the  Shemitic  family.  This,  however,  is  true,  that 
all  of  them  have  lost  some  words,  and  in  some  cases  the  Hebrew 
retains  what  the  others  have  lost. 

8.  The  Hebrew  Scriptures  are,  by  many  centuries,  the  most 
ancient  writings  extant.  Hence  probably  the  strange  inference, 
that  the  Hebrew  is  the  oldest  language  ;  as  if  the  inhabitants  of 
Chaldea  and  Syria  had  had  no  language  for  ages  before  the  pro- 
genitor of  the  Hebrews  was  born. 

9.  The  vernacular  words  in  the  Celtic  and  Teutonic  languages 
of  modern  Europe,  which  are  evidently  the  same  words  as  still 
exist  in  the  Shemitic  languages,  are  of  the  same  antiquity  ;  being 
a  part  of  the  common  language  which  was  used  on  the  plain  of 
Shinar,  before  the  dispersion. 

The  descendants  of  Japheth  peopled  the  northern  part  of  Asia, 
and  all  Europe ;  or,  if  some  colonies  from  Egypt  planted  them- 
selves in  Greece  at  an  early  period,  they  or  their  descendants 
must  have  been  merged  in  the  mass  of  Japhetic  population. 
Certain  it  is,  that  the  Greek  language  is  chiefly  formed  on  the 
same  radical  words  as  the  Celtic  and  Teutonic  languages. 

The  Japhetic  tribes  of  men,  whose  descendants  peopled  the 
south  and  west  of  Europe,  were  first  established  in  the  country 
now  called  Persia,  or,  by  the  natives  themselves,  Iran.  Of  this 
fact,  the  evidence  now  existing  is  decisive.  The  numerous  words 
found  in  the  Greek,  Latin,  Gaelic,  English,  and  the  kindred 
tongues,  which  are  still  used  in  Persia,  prove,  beyond  all  ques- 
tion, that  Persia  must  have  been  the  residence  of  the  people 
whose  descendants  introduced  into  Europe  the  languages  from 
which  the  modern  languages  are  derived.  The  fact  proves  fur- 
ther, that  a  great  body  of  the  original  Persians  remained  in  their 
own  country,  and  their  descendants  constitute  the  mass  of  the 
population  at  this  day. 

In  the  early  stages  of  societ}-,  men  dwelt  or  migrated  in  fami- 
lies, tribes,  or  clans.  The  family  of  Abraham  and  Jacob  in  Asia, 
and  the  clans  of  the  Gaels  in  Scotland,  exhibit  to  us  the  manner 
in  which  societies  and  nations  were  originally  formed.  The 
descendants  of  a  man  settled  around  him,  and  formed  a  clan,  or 
tribe,  of  which  the  government  was  patriarchal.  Such  families 
often  migrated  in  a  body,  and  often  the  personal  characteristics 
of  the  progenitor  might  be  distinctly  traced  in  his  descendants 
for  many  generations.  In  process  of  time,  some  of  these  families 
became  nations ;  more  generally,  by  means  of  wars  and  migra- 
tions, different  tribes  became  blended,  and  the  distinction  of 
families  was  lost. 

In  rude  ages,  the  families  or  tribes  of  men  are  gained  from 
some  characteristic  of  the  people  ;  or,  more  generally,  from  the 
place  of  their  residence.  The  Greeks  gave  the  name  of  Scijlhiu 
to  the  north  of  Europe  and  Asia,  but  the  primitive  inhabitants  of 
the  west  of  Europe  they  called  Kc/.i oi,  Kelts,  Celts,  a  word  signi- 
fying woods  men*  These  were  descendants  from  the  same 
ancestors  as  the  Greeks  and  Rom.ans  themselves,  but  they  had 
pushed  their  migrations  into  Gaul,  Spain,  and  Britain.  The  first 
settlers  or  occupiers  of  these  countries  were  driven  forv.'ard  by 
successive  hordes,  until  they  were  checked  by  the  ocean  ;  there 
they  made  tlieir  stand,  and  there  we  find  their  descendants  at 
this  day.  These  may  be  considered  as  the  descendants  of  the 
earliest  settlers  or  first  inhabitants  of  the  countries  where  they 
are  found.     Among  these  are  the  inhabitants  of  France,  south  of 

were  orisinally  a  tribo  or  nation  inhabiting  tlic  nortli  of  Italv,  or  the  still  more 
northern  territory. 


INTRODUCTION, 


tlie  Garonne,  and  those  of  the  north  of  Spain,  called  by  the  Ro- 
mans Aquitani  and  Cantabri,  in  more  modern  times  Gascoigns, 
Basques,  and  Cantabrians,  who  still  retain  their  native  language  ; 
and  in  Great  Britain,  the  Gaels  in  Scotland,  and  the  natives  of 
the  north  and  west  of  Ireland,  who  also  retain  tiieir  primitive 
lanCTuacre.* 

The  iirst  inhabitants  of  the  north  and  west  of  Europe,  known 
to  the  Greeks  and  Romans,  to  whom  we  are  indebted  for  our 
earliest  accounts  of  that  region,  were  the  Cimbri,  who  inhabited 
the  peninsula  of  Denmark,  now  called  Jutland,  and  the  tribes 
which  belonged  to  the  Teutonic  and  Gothic  races  whicli  were 
established  in  Germany  and  on  both  sides  of  the  Baltic.  Whether 
tribes  of  Celtic  origin  had  overspread  the  latter  countries  before 
the  arrival  of  the  Gothic  and  Teutonic  races,  and  all  Europe  had 
been  inhabited  by  the  Celts  even  to  the  borders  of  Sarmatia,  has 
been  a  question  much  disputed  by  historians  and  antiquaries. 
The  German  and  Frencii  writers  generally  contend  that  the 
Celts  inhabited  all  the  north  of  Europe,  as  far  at  least  as  Sarma- 
tia ;  but  some  respectable  English  writers  are  of  a  different  opin- 
ion. Now,  it  is  agreed  that  the  Welsh  are  descendants  of  the 
Cimbri,  inhabitants  of  Jutland  ;  and  their  language  bears  a  strong 
affinity  to  the  Celtic  languages  which  still  exist  —  a  fact  that 
countenances  the  opinion  of  the  German  and  French  writers. 
But  the  dispute  is  of  little  moment ;  the  Celtic,  Teutonic  and 
Gothic  races  being  all  of  the  Japhetic  stock,  migrating  from  Asia 
through  Asia  Minor  at  different  times,  and  pursuing  different 
courses  westward.  The  first  tribes  probably  sought  the  warm 
climates  along  the  north  coast  of  the  Mediterranean,  and  estab- 
lished themselves  in  Greece  and  Italy.  Others  followed  the 
course  of  the  Dan  iibe  and  its  subsidiary  streams,  till  tliey  fell 
upon  the  rivers  that  conducted  them  to  the  Baltic.  The  first 
inhabitants  of  Greece  and  Italy  were  probably  of  the  Celtic  race  ; 
but  if  they  were,  it  is  very  evident  that  tribes  of  the  Teutonic  or 
Gothic  races  invaded  those  countries  before  they  were  civilized, 
and  intermingled  with  the  original  inhabitants.  The  Pelasgi 
may  have  been  among  the  number.  This  is  an  inference  which 
I  draw  from  the  affinities  of  the  Greek  and  Latin  languages  with 
those  of  Teutonic  origin.  The  Teutonic  and  Gothic  races  im- 
pressed their  language  upon  all  the  continent  of  Europe  west  of 
the  Vistula,  and  from  that  river  to  the  Rhine,  or  rather  to  the 
Seine,  anterior  to  the  conquest  of  Gaul  b\-  Julius  Cesar.  The 
same  races,  invading  and  conquering  the  south  of  Europe,  in  the 
fourth  and  fifth  centuries,  on  the  downfall  of  the  Roman  empire, 
infused  a  portion  of  their  language  into  the  Italian  and  Spanish, 
which  is  still  distinguishable. 

The  ancient  Sarmatia,  including  Poland  and  Russia,  was  prob- 
ably peopled  originally  by  races  of  men  who  passed  into  Europe 
by  the  country  north  of  the  Euxine.  Their  original  residence 
was  along  the  Rivers  Kur  and  Arases,  or  on  the  mountains  be- 
tween the  Eu.Tine  and  Caspian.  The  name  of  the  Russ  or  Rus- 
sians is  clearly  recognized  in  tlie  Rozolani  of  Pliuy  and  Ptolemy, 
and  possibly  the  ancestors  of  this  race  may  have  entered  Europe 
by  Asia  Minor.  That  the  Teutonic  races,  originally  from  Persia, 
inhabited  Asia  ilinor,  and  migrated  westward  by  that  course,  is 
evident  from  the  names  which  they  impressed  on  mountains, 
rivers,  and  places.  Such  are  the  Cragus  of  Pliny,  the  Welsh  and 
English  crag ;\  Pcrga  in  Pamphylia,  now  burg  or  hcrgen;  Tftym- 
breck,  the  name  of  a  small  stream  near  the  site  of  Troy,  a  word 
in  which  we  recognize  the  English  brook ;  it  was  contracted  by 
the  Greeks  into  Thyjnbrius-X 

It  is  admitted  by  all  gentlemen  acquainted  with  Oriental  litera- 
ture, that  the  Sanscrit,  or  ancient  language  of  India,  the  parent 
of  all  the  dialects  of  that  great  peninsula,  is  radically  the  same 
language  or  from  the  same  stock  as  the  Greek  and  Latin ;  the 
affinities  between  them  being  remarkably  clear  and  decisive.  If 
so,  the  inhabitants  of  India  and  the  descendants  of  the  Celtic  and 
Teutonic  nations  are  all  of  one  family,  and  must  have  all  migrated 

*  I  purposely  omit  all  considemtion  of  the  dilTerent  families,  tribes,  or  nations, 
which  first  p'jopled  Greece  and  Italy.  In  Greece  we  read  of  the  Vpaiot  or 
r^aiifai,  the  HeUcne.s,  the  .^ch^ans,  the  Dorians,  the  yEoIians,  the  lonians,  the 
Pelasgi,  &c. ;  in  Italy,  of  the  lllyrians,  the  Libnmi,  the  Siculi,  the  Veneti  or 
Heneti,  the  iWri,  Lignres,  Sicani,  Etrusci,  Insubres,  Sabini,  Latini,  Satnnilcs, 
and  many  others.  Btit  as  these  nations  or  their  descendants  gave  the  name  ot^ 
Celts  to  the  Umbri,  or  nations  that  dwelt  in  the  north,  in  the  less  cultivated 
parts  of  Europe,  and  to  the  inh.ibitants  of  Gaul ;  and  as  all  the  tribes,  under 
whatever  denomination  they  were  known,  were  iiranches  of  the  great  Japhetic 
stock,  I  shall  call  them  by  that  general  name,  Celts;  and  under  the  general 
name  of  Goths  or  Teutons,  shall  comprehend  the  various  tribes  that  inhabited 
the  north  of  Germany,  and  the  countr>'  north  of  the  liallie,  or  Scandinavia. 

A  late  writer  seems  to  conc^ider  the  Teutonic  races  as  tlie  only  ancestors  of  the 
Greeks  and  Romans.  But  from  Celtic  words  still  found  in  the  Greek  and  Latin, 
words  not  belonging  to  any  of  the  Gothic  or  Teutonic  languages,  it  is  demon- 


from  one  country  after  the  separation  of  the  nations  of  the  She- 
mitic  stock  from  those  of  th.'  Japhetic  race.§ 

Whether  that  country  was  Persia,  or  Cashmir,  or  a  country 
farther  east,  is  a  point  not  easily  determined.  One  important 
inference  results  from  this  fact — -that  the  white  men  of  Europe, 
and  the  black  or  tawny  men  of  India,  are  direct  descendants 
from  a  common  ancestor. 

Of  the  languages  of  Europe,  the  Greek  was  first  improved  and 
refined,  and  next  to  that  the  Latin.  The  affinity  between  these 
languages  and  those  of  the  west  and  north  of  Europe  is  very 
striking,  and  demonstrates  their  common  origin.  It  is  probable, 
however,  that  there  are  some  words  in  the  Greek  derived  from 
Africa,  if  Egyptian  colonies  were  established  in  Greece,  as  his- 
torians  inform  tis. 

Tlie  modern  Italian,  Spanish,  French,  and  Portuguese,  are 
composed  chiefly  of  Latin  v.'ords,  much  altered,  however,  both  in 
orthographj-  and  inflections.  Perhaps  nine  tenths  of  all  the  words 
now  found  in  those  languages  are  of  Latin  origin  ;  being  intro- 
duced by  the  Romans,  who  held  Gaul  in  subjection  five  or  six 
centuries,  and  Spain  much  longer  ;  or  being  borrowed  from  Latin 
authors  since  the  revival  of  letters.  .Ml  these  languages,  how- 
ever, retain  many  words  of  Celtic  origin;  the  primitive  la.iguage 
not  having  been  entirely  extirpated.  I;;  some  instances,  the 
same  word  has  been  transmitted  through  both  channels,  the  Cel- 
tic and  the  Latin,  and  is  yet  retained.  Thus  in  French  cider, 
and  in  Italian  ccdcre,  is  directly  from  the  Latin  ccdo ;  wiiiie  the 
French  copgedicr  and  Italian  fOTt^-crfn re  are  composed  of  the  same 
word,  with  a  prefix,  derived  from  the  Celtic,  and  retained  in  the 
"Welsh  gadmc,  to  quit,  to  leave,  [L.  conccdo-l  And  this  same  verb 
probably  appears  also  in  quit,  a  word  common  to  the  Teutonic 
and  to  the  Celtic  languages.  —  See  Coxce,  in  the  Dictionary. 

It  must  be  observed  further,  that  the  Spanish  language  con- 
tains some  words  of  African  origin,  introduced  by  the  Carthagin- 
ians before  the  Roman  conquest  of  Spain,  or  afterward  by  the 
Moors,  who  for  several  centuries  were  masters  of  that  countrv- 
It  contains  also  some  words  of  Gothic  origin,  introduced  by  tiie 
Goths,  who  conquered  that  country,  at  the  downfall  of  the  Ro- 
man empire.  The  French  also  contains  some  words  of  Teutonic 
origin,  either  from  the  Belgic  tribes,  who  occupied  the  country 
to  the  Seine  at  the  time  of  Cesar's  invasion,  or  from  the  Franks, 
who  established  the  dynasty  of  the  Merovingian  kings  in  the  fifth 
century,  or  from  the  Normans,  who  obtained  possession  of  the 
northern  part  of  that  kingdom  in  the  tenth  century,  or  from  all 
these  sources. 

The  German,  Dutch  or  Belgic,  Anglo-Saxon,  Danish,  and 
Swedish  languages  are  of  Teutonic  or  Gothic  origin. ||  They 
are  all  closely  allied ;  a  great  part  of  the  words  in  them  all  being 
the  same  or  from  the  same  roots,  with  different  prefi.xes  or  affixes. 
There  is,  however,  a  greater  difference  between  the  Danish  and 
Swedish,  which  are  of  tlie  Gothic  stock,  and  the  German  and 
Dutch,  which  are  of  Teutonic  origin,  than  between  two  lan- 
guages of  the  same  stock,  as  between  the  Danish  and  Swedish. 
The  Norwegian,  Icelandic,  and  some  of  the  languages  or  dialects 
of  Switzerland,  belong  to  the  same  stock  :  but  of  these  I  have  no 
particular  knowledge. 

The  Basque  or  Cantabrian  in  Spain,  the  Gaelic  in  the  north 
of  Scotland,  and  the  Hiberno-Celtic  or  native  language  of  Ire- 
land, are  the  purest  remains  of  the  ancient  Celtic.  From  a  com- 
parison of  a  vocabulary  of  the  Gaelic  and  Hiberno-Celtic,  I  find 
little  or  no  difference  between  them ;  and  from  a  long  and  atten- 
tive examination  of  this  language,  and  of  the  languages  of  Teu- 
tonic origin,  I  find  less  difference  between  them  than  most  authors 
have  supposed  to  exist. 

The  Armoric  or  language  of  Brittany,  in  the  north-west  angle 
of  France,  and  the  Cornish,  in  the  south-west  of  England,  are 
also  of  Celtic  origin.  The  Cornish  is  now  extinct;  but  the  -Ar- 
moric is  a  living  language. 

strably  certain  that  the  primitive  settlers  in  Greece  and  Italy  belonged  to  the 
Celtic  races.  Thtis  the  Greek  finaxitov,  Lat.  brachium^  the  arm,  is  formed  on  the 
Gaelic  brai^h,  rai^h^  W.  brai^.^  a  word  not  found  among  the  Teutonic  nations. 
f?o  the  Welsh  mociair,  to  mock,  is  found  in  the  Greek  (i-jvaw,  and  French  mo~ 
tfiicr^  to  mock,  and  Ir.  mogadh,  a  mocking  ;  but  not  In  any  of  the  Gothic  or  Teu- 
tonic languages,  fllany  similar  facts  prove  that  the  Celtic  races  were  among 
the  earliest  inhabitants  of  Greece. 

t  Plin.  H.  N.  lib.  5,  cap.  27.  Strabo,  lib.  7.  6,  informs  us  that  the  Dalmatians 
had  the  singular  practice  of  making  a  division  of  their  fields  every  eighth  year 
Hence  perhaps  the  name,  from  dcaX,  and  math  or  madh^  counlrj'. 

I  Clarke's  Travels. 

^  See  the  word  Chuk,  in  the  Dictionary. 

(fin  strictness,  the  Swedish  and  Danish  are  of  Gothic  origin,  and  the  German 
and  Sa.ton,  of  Teutonic  origin. 


J 


INTRODUCTION. 


The  English,  na  now  spoken,  is  a  language  composed  of  words 
from  several  others.  The  basis  of  the  lani^nagc  is  Anglo-Saxon, 
or,  as  I  shall,  for  the  sake  of  brevity,  call  it,  Saxon,  by  which  it 
is  closely  allied  to  the  languages  of  Teutonic  and  Gothic  origin 
on  the  continent.  But  it  retains  a  great  number  of  words  from 
the  ancient  languages  of  Britain,  the  Belgic  or  Llocgrian,  and 
the  Cymraeg  or  VVelsh,  particularly  from  the  latter,  and  some 
from  the  Cornish.  Cesar  informs  u,<i,  that  before  he  invaded 
Britain,  Belgic  colonics  had  occupied  the  southern  coast  of  Eng- 
land ;  and  the  inhabitants  of  the  interior,  northern  and  western 
parts,  were  the  ancestors  of  the  present  Welsh,  who  call  them- 
selves Cijmrij,  and  their  country  Cymni,  a  name  which  indicates 
their  origin  from  the  Cimbri,  inhabitants  of  the  modern  Denmark, 
or  Cinibric  Chersonese,  now  Jutland. 

The  modern  Welsii  contains  many  Latin  words  introduced  by 
the  Romans,  who  had  possession  of  Britain  for  five  hundred  years. 
But  the  body  of  the  language  is  probably  their  vernacular  tongue. 
It  is  more  nearly  allied  to  the  languages  of  Celtic  origin  than  to 
those  of  the  Teutonic  and  Gothic  stock ;  and  of  this  British  lan- 
guage, the  Cornish  and  Armoric  are  dialects. 

It  has  been  commonly  supposed  that  the  Britons  were  nearly 
exterminated  by  the  Saxons,  and  that  the  few  that  survived 
escaped  iiito  the  west  of  England,  now  Wales.  It  is  true  that 
many  took  refuge  in  Wales,  which  their  descendants  still  retain; 
but  it  can  not  be  true  that  the  other  parts  of  England  were 
entirely  depopulated.  On  the  other  hand,  great  numbers  must 
have  escaped  slaughter,  and  been  intermixed  with  their  Saxon 
conquerors.  The  Welsh  words,  v.-hich  now  form  no  unimportant 
part  of  he  Englisli  language,  afford  decisive  evidence  of  this  fact. 
It  is  p  obable,  however,  that  these  words  were  for  a  long  time 
used  o  .ly  by  the  common  people,  for  few  of  them  appear  in  the 
early  IJaxon  writers. 

The  English  contains  also  many  words  introduced  by  the 
Danes,  who  were  for  some  time  masters  of  England  ;  which  words 
arc  not  found  in  the  Saxon.  These  words  prevail  most  in  the 
northern  counties  of  England;  but  many  of  them  are  incorpo- 
rated into  the  body  of  the  languan-e. 

Aflcr  the  Conquest,  the  Norman  kings  endeavored  to  extirpate 
the  English  language,  and  substitute  the  Norman.  For  this  pur- 
pose, it  was  ordained  that  all  la%v  proceedings  and  records  should 
be  in  the  Norman  language ;  and  hence  the  early  records  and 
reports  of  law  cases  came  to  be  written  in  Norman.  But  neither 
royal  authority,  nor  the  influence  of  courts,  could  change  the 
vernacular  language.  After  an  experiment  of  three  hundred 
years,  the  law  was  repealed ;  and  since  that  period,  the  English 
has  been,  for  the  most  part,  the  official,  as  well  as  the  common 
language  of  tlic  nation.  A  few  Norman  words,  however,  remain 
in  the  English  ;  most  of  them  in  law  language. 

Since  the  Conquest,  the  English  has  not  suffered  anv  shock 
from  the  inter?nixture  of  conquerors  with  the  natives  of  England  ; 
but  the  language  has  undergone  great  alterations,  by  the  disuse 
of  a  large  portion  of  Saxon  words,  and  the  introduction  of  words 
from^lhe  Latin  and  Greek  languages,  with  some  French,  Italian, 
and  Spanish  words.  These  words  have,  in  some  instances,  been 
borrowed  by  authors  directly  from  the  Latin  and  Greek;  but 
most  of  the  Latin  words  have  been  received  through  the  medium 
of  the  French  and  Italian.  For  terms  in  the  sciences,  authors 
have  generally  resorted  to  the  Greek;  and  from  this  source,  as 
discoveries  in  science  demand  new  terms,  the  vocabulary  of  the 
English  language  is  receiving  continual  augmentation.  We 
have  also  a  few  words  from  the  German  and  Swedish,  mostly 
terms  in  mineralogy  ;  and  commerce  has  introduced  new  com- 
modities of  foreign  growth  or  manufacture,  with  their  foreign 
names,  which  now  make  a  part  of  our  language.  Such  are 
eamplior,  timber,  arsenic,  and  many  others. 

The  English,  then,  is  composed  of, 

1st,    S.n.Y'n  and  Danish  words  of  Teutonic  and  Gothic  origin. 

ad,  British  or  Welsh,  Cornish  and  Armoric,  which  may  be 
considered  .as  of  Celtic  origin. 

3d,    Norman,  a  mixture  of  French  and  Gothic. 

<lth,    Latin,  a  language  formed  on  the  Celtic  and  Teutonic. 

5th,  French,  chiefly  Latin  corrupted,  but  with  a  mixture  of 
Celtic. 

6th,  Greek,  formed  on  the  Celtic  and  Teutonic,  with  some 
Coptic. 

Till,  A  few  words  directly  from  the  Italian,  Spanish,  German, 
and  other  languages  of  the  continent. 


,  *  .ArriTiIin?  to  Dr  EJw.irds,  there  is  a  remarkable  resemlilancc  hctwcen  the 
I  Shemitic  languages  and  the  Muhhekaneev/,  or  Jlohegan,  ons  of  the  native  lan- 
'! . 


8th,  A  few  foreign  words,  introduced  by  commorce,  or  by 
political  and  literary  intercourse. 

Of  these,  the  Saxon  words  constitute  our  mother  tongue ; 
being  words  which  our  ancestors  brought  with  them  from  Asia. 
The  Danish  and  Welsli  also  are  primitive  words,  and  may  be 
considered  as  a  part  of  our  vernacular  language.  They  are  of 
equal  antiquity  with  the  Chaldee  and  Syriac 


AFFINITY  OF  LANGUAGES 

On  comparing  the  structure  of  the  different  languages  of  the 
Shemitic  and  Japhetic  stocks,  we  can  not  but  bo  struck  with  the 
fact,  that  although  a  great  number  of  words  consisting  of  the 
same  or  of  cognate  letters,  and  conveying  the  same  ideas,  are 
found  in  them  all,  yet  in  the  inflections,  and  in  the  manner  of 
forming  compounds  and  derivatives,  there  are  remarkable  differ- 
ences between  the  two  great  families.  In  the  modifications  of 
the  verb,  for  expressing  person,  time,  and  mode,  very  little  re- 
semblance is  observable  between  them.  If  we  could  prove  that 
the  personal  terminations  of  the  verb,  in  the  Japhetic  languages, 
were  originally  pronotins,  expressive  of  the  persons,  we  should 
prove  an  affinity  between  the  words  of  the  two  races  in  a  most 
important  particular.  Some  attempts  of  this  kind  have  been 
made,  but  not  with  very  satisfactory  results.* 

In  the  formatioii  of  nouns,  we  recognize  a  resemblance  be- 
tween the  English  termination  th,  in  birth,  trvtit,  drouili,  [Saxon 
drugothe,]  tcarmlh,  &c.,  and  the  Shemitic  t<  rmlnations  ""^  and 
m  ;  and  the  old  plural  termination  en,  retained  in  oxen,  and  the 
Welsh  plural  ending  ion,  coincide  nearly  with  the  Arabic  termi- 
nation of  the    dual    number  (j'  an,  and  the  regular  masculine 

plural  termination  j^j  on,  as  well  as  with  tlie  Chaldee,  Hebrew, 

and  Syriac ")''  in.  And  it  is  justly  remarked  by  Mitford,  that  in 
the  variety  of  plural  terminations  of  nouns,  there  is  a  striking 
resemblance  between  the  Arabic  and  the  Welsli.  There  is  one 
instance,  in  the  modern  languages  of  Teutonic  origin,  in  which 
we  find  the  Arabic  nunnation  ;  —  this  is  the  German  and  Dutch 
binnen,  the  Saxon  binnan  or  binnon,  signifying  within,  Hebrew 

and  Chaldee  "^T:,  Ar.  i^'^r'.  bin,  without  the  mark  of  nunnation 
when  it  signifies  within  ;  but  when  it  signifies  separation,  space, 

interval,  the  original  sense,  it  is  written  j^r^,  and  pronounced, 
with  the  nunnation,  like  the  Teutonic  word  binnon. 

One  mode  of  forming  nouns  from  verbs  in  the  Shemitic  lan- 
guages is  by  prefixing  m.  I  know  of  no  instance  of  this  manner 
of  formation  in  the  Japhetic  languages,  except  in  some  names 
which  are  of  Oriental  origin.  Mars  is  said  to  be  from  aoi;c,  but  if 
so,  the  word  was  undoubtedly  formed  in  the  East.  So  we  find 
Morpheus,  the  god  of  sleep,  to  be  probably  formed  with  the  pre- 

fi.x  m,  from  the  Ethiopic  n04d^  "-"Kfi  '"  rest,  to  fall  asleep : 
whence  we  infer  that  Morpheus  is  sleep  deified. f 

But  as  many  words  in  all  the  languages  of  Europe  and  Asia 
are  formed  with  prepositions,  perhaps  it  may  be  found,  on  exami- 
nation, that  some  of  these  prefixes  may  be  common  to  the  fami- 
lies of  both  stocks,  the  Japhetic  and  the  Shemitic.  We  find  in 
German  gcmiith,  in  Dutch  gemoed,  from  muth,  mocd,  mind,  moo;/. 
We  find  mud  in  Saxon  is  gcmaad  ;  polish,  the  Latin  polio,  is  in 
Welsh  caboli  ;  wail  in  Italian  is  both  maglia  and  comaglia  ;  belief 
in  Saxon  is  geleaf,  and  in  German  glaube.  We  find  that  in  the 
Shemitic  languages,  siJa  signifies  to  fill  or  be  full,  and  we  find 

in   the    Arabic    V^.^,  kamala,  has  the  same   signification.     In 

Syriac,  '4,^v  .?«',  signifies  to  remove ;  and  '^  ,_p  hagal,  signifies 

to  wander  in  mind,  to  be  delirious.  In  Chaldee  and  Syriac,  IS" 
is  to  wonder,  precisely  the  Latin  demiror,  which  is  a  compound 
of  dc  and  miror. 

We  find  also  that  nations  differ  in  the  orthography  of  some  in- 
itial sounds,  where  the  words  are  the  s.ame.     Thus  tlie  Spanish  hao 

gilages  of  New  England,  in  the  use  of  the  pronouns  as  prefixes  and  affixes  l- 
verbs —  Observations,  ^-c.  p.  13.  f  Ludcilf,  Col.  446,  447. 


I N  T II O  D  U  C  T I O  N  , 


Hainar,  llorar,  for  tlis  Latin  clanw,  ploro ;  and  tlie  Welsh  has 
Hater,  for  the  English  floor,  ihibi,  a  tall,  lank  person,  coinciding 
■v/illi  flabby,  llac  for  slack,  and  the  like 

As  the  prepositions  and  prefixes,  in  all  languages,  constitute  an 
important  class  of  words,  being  used  in  composition  to  vary  the 
sense  of  other  parts  of  speech,  to  an  almost  unlimited  extent,  it 
may  be  useful  to  give  them  a  particular  consideration. 

The  simple  prepositions  are,  for  the  most  part,  verbs  or  parti- 
ciples, or  derived  from  them ;  when  verbs,  they  are  the  radical  or 
primary  word,  sometimes  varied  in  orthography  by  the  addition 
or  alteration  of  a  single  vowel,  or  perhaps,  in  some  cases,  by  the 
loss  of  the  initial  consonant,  or  aspirate.  Such  are  the  Greek 
Tranu,  Tzfot,  xara  ;  the  Latin  con  and  per  ;  the  English /or,  which 
retain  their  original  consonants.  The  following,  of,  by,  jn,  on, 
uii;  the  Latin  ah,  ad, pro, pm,  re;  the  Greek  ano,  i:tt,  Ttoo,  may 
have  lost  the  initial  or  final  consonants ;  of  for  Iwf;  in  for  hin ; 
lib  for  hab ;  pro  for  prod.  In  some  words  this  loss  can  only  be 
conjectured ;  in  others,  it  is  known  or  obvious.  Thus  the  Eng- 
lish by  and  be  was  originally  big,  as  it  is  in  the  Saxon ;  and  the 
Latin  re  is  written  aJso  red,  evidently  a  derivative  of  an  Arabic 
verb  still  existing ;  the  Latin  sub  and  super  are  formed  probably 
from  the  Greek  vtio,  vttiq,  by  the  change  of  an  aspirate  into  g, 
or  the  Greek  words  have  lost  that  letter.  The  English  but  in  the 
phrase  "They  are  all  here  but  one,"  is  a  participle;  the  Saxon 
butan,  or  buton;  Dutch  buiten,  from  buiten,  to  rove.  Among  is  the 
Saxon  gejnang  the  verb,  or  the  participle  of  gcmengaji,  to  mifigle. 

In  general,  the  primary  sense  of  the  preposition  is  moving,  or 
moved.  Thus  to  in  English,  and  ad  in  Latin,  primarily  denote 
advancing  toward  a  place  or  object ;  as  in  the  sentence,  "  We 
are  going  to  town."  From,  of,  Lat.  ab,  Gr.  uno,  denote  motion 
from  a  olace  or  object.  The  French  pris  is  from  the  Italian 
presso,  and  this  is  the  Latin  participle  pressus,  pressed ;  hence  it 
denotes  near,  close. 

In  some  instances  prepositions  are  compounds,  as  the  English 
before;  that  is,  be  or  bij  fore,  by  the  front;  and  the  French 
auprcs,  at  or  near. 

Prepositions,  from  their  frequent  use,  and  from  the  ease  with 
which  their  primary  signification  is  modified  to  express  dift'er- 
ences  of  position,  motion,  or  relation,  as  occasions  demand,  have, 
in  many  instances,  a  great  variety  of  applications ;  not,  indeed,  as 
many  as  lexicographers  sometimes  assign  to  them,  but  several 
different,  and  sometimes  opposite  significations  ;  as,  for  examples, 
the  English /or,  with,  the  Latin  con,  and  the  Greek  naoa.  For, 
which  is  from  the  root  of  the  Saxon  faran,  Greek  nimvoutii,  to 
pass,  denotes  toward,  as  in  the  phrase  "A  ship  bound /or  Jamai- 
ca;" or  it  denotes  in  favor  of,  as,  "This  moasiire  is /or  the 
public  benefit;  "  or,  "The  present  is  for  a  friend."  But  it  de- 
notes also  opposition  or  negation,  as  m  forbear,  forgive,  forbid. 

Willi  is  a  verb,  but  has  rather  the  sense  of  a  participle.  It  is 
found  in  the  Gothic  with  a  prefix,  ga-withan,  to  join  or  unite. 
Its  primary  sense,  then,  is  joined,  close ;  hence,  in  company  ;  as  in 
the  sentences  —  "Go  rcithhxva,"  "  Come  tfrs^A  me."  It  has  the 
sense  also  of  from,  against,  contrariety,  opposition,  as  imcithdraw, 
withstand,  without.  In  Saxon  it  had  also  the  sense  of  tovmrd,  as 
''■with  eorthan,"  toward  the  earth;  also  of  for,  denoting  substitu- 
tion or  equivalent  in  exchange,  as,  "  sylan  with  daiges  wcorce,"  to 
give  for  a  day's  work ;  also  of  opposite,  over  against,  as,  "  "''.'. 
Iha  sie,"  opposite  the  sea. 

Co7i,  in  Latin,  generally  signifies  with,  totcard  or  to,  denoting 
closeness  or  union,  approach,  joint  operation,  and  the  like,  as 
in  concurro,  conjungo,  congredior  ;  but  it  has  also  the  sense  of 
against  or  opposition,  as  in  conXendo. 

The  Greek  nuQa  is  doubtless  from  the  root  of  the  English /nrc, 
Saxon  faran,  to  go,  to  pass.  It  signifies  from,  that  is,  departure 
— ^also  at,  to,  Latin  ad;  near,  rcith,  beyond,  and  against. 

To  understand  the  cause  of  the  different  and  apparently  con- 
trary significations,  we  are  to  attend  to  the  primary  sense.  The 
effect  of  passing  to  a  place  is  nearness,  at,  presso,  prUs,  and  this 
may  be  expressed  by  the  participle,  or,  in  a  contracted  form,  by 
the  verb.  The  act  of  passing  or  moving  toward  a  place,  readily 
gives  the  sense  of  such  prepositions  as  to,  and  the  Latin  ad,  and 
this  advance  may  be  in  favor  or  for  the  benefit  of  a  person  or 
thing,  the  primary  sense  of  which  may  perhaps  be  best  expressed 
by  toward;  "A  present  or  a  measure  \s  toward  him."  But 
when  the  advance  of  one  thing  toward  another  is  in  enmity  or 
opposition,  we  express  the  sense  by  against ;  and  this  sense  is 
especially  expressed  when  the  motion  or  approach  is  in  front  of  a 
person,  or  intended  to  meet  or  counteract  another  motion.  Hence 
the  same  word  is  often  used  to  express  both  senses,  the  context 
determining  which  signification  is  intended.     Thus /or  in  Eng- 


lish, in  tlio  sentence,  "He  that  is  not  for  us  is  against  us,"  de- 
notes in  favor  of.  IJut  in  the  phrase  "for  all  tliat, "  it  denotes 
opposition.  "  It  rains  ;  but /or  all  that,  we  will  take  a  ride,"  that 
is,  in  opposition  to  that,  or  notwithstanding  the  rain,  we  will 
ride. 

The  Greek  naQa,  among  other  senses,  signifies  beyond,  iliat  is, 
past,  and  over,  Hebrew  '^~^, 

The  prepositions  which  are  used  as  distinct  words,  are  called 
separable  prepositions,  or  more  generally  prepositions :  —  those 
which  are  used  only  in  composition,  are  called  inseparable  prep- 
ositions. For  the  sake  of  brevity,  I  give  to  all  words  or  single 
letters,  prefixed  to  other  words  in  composition,  the  general  name 
of  preflxes. 

One  of  the  best  modes  of  ascertaining  the  true  sense  of  a  prep- 
osition, is,  to  examine  its  various  uses  in  composition,  and  dis- 
cover what  eft'ect  it  has  in  modifying  the  signification  of  the  word 
to  which  it  is  prefixed. 

Prepositions,  used  in  compounds,  oflen  suffer  the  loss  or  change 
of  a  letter,  for  the  sake  of  euphony,  or  the  ease  of  pronunciation. 
Thus  ad  in  Latin  becomes  af  in  affero  ;  con  becomes  col  in  culUgo  ; 
the  Greek  naoa  loses  a  letter  in  TcaQiiut,  as  does  con  in  many 
words. 

The  following  sketch  of  the  principal  prepositions  and  prefixes 
in  several  languages  of  Europe,  will  exhibit  some  of  the  affinities 
of  these  languages,  and,  in  a  degree,  illustrate  the  uses  of  this 
class  of  words. 

SAXON   AND   GOTHIC. 

And,  Saxon  and  Gothic,  signifies  against,  opposite.  This  is 
the  Greek  am,  and  Latin  ante,  not  borrowed  from  the  Greek  or 
Latin,  hut  a  native  word.  E.xamples,  andstandan,  to  stand 
against,  to  resist;  andswarlan,  ansicarian,  to  answer;  that  is,  to 
spe»k  again,  against,  or  in  return. 

Ainh,  emb,  ymb,  usually  cmh,  Saxon,  signifying  about,  around; 
coinciding  with  the  Latin  avib,  and  Greek  uuifi.  Example,  cmb- 
farrin,  to  go  around,  to  walk  about ;  cmbutan,  about ;  cmh,  about, 
and  butim,  without.  See  But.  Ambcht,  cmbeht,  ymbcht,  office, 
duty ;  whence  we  have  embassador.  This  in  Gothic  is  und- 
bahlti;  and  a  bailiff,  minister,  or  servant,  is  ff7irfu«/)te.  The  Ger- 
mans have  the  word  contracted  in  amt,  charge,  office,  Dutch 
am.pt,  Danish  ambt.  The  Gothic  orthography  gives  rise  to  the 
question,  whether  amb,  emb,  and  am,  Saxon  and  Gothic  and,  are 
not  radically  the  same  word ;  and  it  is  very  certain  tji.tt  the 
Gothic  and  Saxon  and  is  radically  the  same  word  as  the  Latin 
in,  Danish  ind.  So  in  Gothic,  "and  wigans,"  in  the  wa^-s,  into 
the  highways,  Luke  xiv.  23;  "and  haimos,"  per  vices,  through 
the  towns,  Luke  ix.  6. 

This  preposition,  amh,  is  in  Dutch  om ;  in  German  uin ;  in 
Swedish  and  Danish  om. 

M  is  a  Gothic  preposition  and  prefix,  coinciding  with  English 
at,  Latin  ad,. 

Be,  in  Saxon,  as  a  preposition  and  prefix,  is  always  written  be, 
or  big,  answering  to  the  English  by,  a  preposition,  and  be  in  beset. 
In  Gothic,  it  is  written  bi,  by,  and  be,  being  contractions  of  big. 
The  primary  and  principal  signification  is  near,  close  ;  as,  "  Stand 
or  sit  by  me."  So  in  the  word  bystander.  It  is  a  prefix  of  ex- 
tensive use  in  the  Saxon,  German,  Dutch,  Danish,  and  Swedish. 
Its  use  in  denoting  instrumentality,  may  be  from  the  sense  of 
nearness ;  but  more  probably  it  is  from  passing,  Wke  j'er,  through; 
or  it  denotes  proceeding  from,,  like  of;  as,  "  Salvation  is  of  the 
Lord." 

For,  in  Saxon,  as  in  English,  is  a  preposition  and  prefi.x  of  ex- 
tensive use.  In  Saxon, /or  signifies  a-going,  from  faran,  to  go, 
to  fare.  It  is  radically  the  same  word  as  fore,  in  the  sense  of  in 
front,  before.  Its  primary  sense  is  advancing ;  hence  moving 
toward;  hence  the  sense  of  in  favor  of,  and  that  of  opposition,  or 
negation.     See  the  preceding  remarks. 

This  word  in  German  is  far,  but,  with  this  orthography,  the 
word  is  little  used  in  composition.  Yet  the  German  ha.s  fiirbitte, 
intercession,  or  praying  for  ;  furwort,  intercession,  recominonda- 
tion,  and  a  pronoun,  \_for-word ;'\  a.nA  fur-wahr,  forsooth. 

In  the  sense  of  fore,  the  German  has  vor,  a  word  of  extensive 
use  as  a  prefix.  Thus  in  Saxon/orcseo«,  to  foresee,  is  in  German 
vorsehen.  The  identity  of  these  words  will  not  be  questioned. 
But  in  German,  as  in  Dutch,  the  preposition  ver,  which  is  the 
English  far,  and  Saxon  fyr,  is  used  in  composition,  in  words  in 
which  the  Saxon  and  English  have  for.  Thus  forgifan,  to  for- 
give, is  in  German  vergebcn,  :trA  in  Dutch  vergcccen  —  Saxon., 
/oro'itoii,  to  forget ;   Gurmtin  vergcssen;  Dutch  scr^ceicn.    Hence 


J 


INTRODUCTION. 


wo  see  that  llie  Snxon  for,  fore,  fijr,   the  En^lisli /or, /wrc./i/r, 
and  the  Gorinan/<ir,  ror,  and  vcr,  are  from  the  name  radix. 

In  Dutch, /or  and  furc  are  represented  by  voor,  and  rcr  repre- 
sents/or and/rtr. 

The  Danish  also  unitc9/«r  and  fore,  as  docs  the  Swedish. 

The  French  has  this  word  in  ^)OJ(r,  and  the  Spanish  and  Portu- 
guese in  por.  The  latter  signihes  not  only  for,  but  throusrk,  as 
in  Portuguese,  "  Eu  passarei  poT  Frauija,"  1  will  pass  ihrniiali 
France.  Here  we  see  the  sense  of  moving,  lu  Spanish  and 
Portuguese,  this  word  is  written  also  piira,  as  if  from  the  Greek. 
It  is  evidently  the  same  word,  probalily  received  through  a  diUer- 
cnt  channel  from  tliat  of  por.  Now,  thnni!;h  is  the  e.xact  .sense 
of  the  Latin /^cr;  and  per  is  the  Italian  prepo.sition  answering  to 
for  and  por.  But,  what  is  more  to  tlie  purpose,  the  Spanish, 
Italian,  and  Portuguese  word,  equivalent  to  the  English  forgii-e, 
is  in  Spanish  perilnnur,  in  Italian  pcnhnnrr,  and  in  Portuguese 
prrdoar :  and  the  French  is  iiardonnrr.  Here,  then,  we  have 
strong  if  not  conclusive  evidence,  that /or,  pour,  por,  per,  par, 
and  paru,  in  different  languages,  are  all  from  one  stock,  the 
word  being  varied  in  dialect,  or  by  the  different  families;  just  as 
we  have  fur,  as  well  as  the  Saxon  ftjr,  and  the  English  forlh, 
further,  from  the  same  primitive  word.  We  have  the  same  word 
in  pursue  and  pureliase,  from  the  French  pour. 

The  Greek  has  .Ttjai,  and  jiaou,  probably  from  the  same  root, 
as  well  as  .Tooft-uuai.  nonoc. 

Ga,  in  Gothic,  which  is  ge  in  Saxon,  is  a  prefix  of  very  exten- 
sive use.  In  Saxon,  it  is  prefixed  to  a  large  portion  of  all  the 
verbs  in  the  language.  According  to  Lye,  it  has  sometimes  the 
sense  of  the  Latin  cum:  but  in  most  words  I  can  not  discern  any 
effect  of  this  prefix  on  tlie  signification  of  the  simple  verb.  It  is 
retained  in  the  Danish  and  in  some  German  and  Dutch  words, 
especiallv  in  the  participles  of  verbs,  and  in  nouns  formed  from 
thcra.  But  it  is  remarkable  that,  although  the  Saxon  is  our 
mother  tongue,  we  have  not  remaining  in  the  language  a  sipgle 
instance  of  this  prefix,  with  the  original  orthography.  The  only 
remains  of  it  are  in  the  contraction  a,  as  in  awake,  adrift,  ashamed, 
&c.,  from  setctrran,  au:a;can. ;  gedrifan,  adrifan ;  gesceamian, 
aseamian.  The  letter  y  prefixed  to  verbs  and  participles  used  by 
Chaucer,  as  yhcricd,  i:''lrnt,  tjbore,  ydight,  and  a  few  others,  is  the 
remnant  of  tlie  ge.  The  words  yeliid  and  ycleped  are  the  last 
English  words  used  in  which  this  letter  appears. 

It  is  possible  that  the  first  syllable  of  govern,  from  Latin  gu- 
brrno,  Greek  xv^eQtato.  may  be  the  same  prefi.x ;  or  it  may  be  Uie 
Welsli  prefix  go,  which  occurs  in  goheru,  to  work,  which  the 
Konians  wrote  operor.  But  I  know  not  whether  the  first  syllable 
of  gorerti  is  a  prefix  or  not. 

There  is  another  word  which  retains  this  prefix  corrupted,  or 
its  equivalent;  this  is  rommon,  which  we  have  received  from  the 
Latin  rommunis.  This  word  in  the  Teutonic  dialects  is,  Saxon 
gemane ;  German  gcmein ;  Dutch  gcmecn  ;  Danish  gemeen  ; 
Swedish  gemcn.  Now,  if  this  is  the  Latin  communis,  —  and  of  the 
identity  of  the  last  component  part  of  the  word  there  can,  I 
think,  be  no  doubt,  —  then  the  first  part  of  the  word  is  the  Teu- 
tonic ge  altered  to  fo»t ;  or,  what  is  more  probable,  com  is  the 
equivalent  of  ge,  or  ge  may  be  a  contracted  and  corrupted  form 
of  cum,  fom.  In  either  case,  we  arrive  at  the  conclusion  that  the 
Teutonic  gc  and  the  Latin  cuin  are  equivalent  in  signification. 

Jn  is  used  in  the  Saxon  and  Gothic,  as  in  modern  English. 
It  is  in  Gorman  tin,  Dutch  and  Swedish  /;!,  Danish  ind,  Greek 
av,  Latin  in,  French  <n.  This  is  radically  the  same  word  as  071 
and  un,  the  German  an,  Dutch  aan,  and  Welsh  an.  In  its  orio-i- 
nal  sense,  it  implies  moving,  advancing  toward  ;  and  hence  its 
use  as  a  particle  of  negation  or  contrariety.  "  Eunt  in  urbem," 
They  are  going  to  the  city.  "  Ha:c  audio  in  to  dici,"  I  hear  these 
things  said  agaijist  you.  In  modern  military  usage,  on  is  used  in 
the  same  sense  of  advancing;  "  The  army  is  mareliing  on  Lieo-e." 

Mid,  in  Saxon,  signifies  tcilh.  It  is  the  Gothic  mith,  German 
mil,  Dutch  rnrde  or  met,  and  the  Greek  fisTa  ;  but  not  retained  in 
English.  It  seems  to  have  the  same  origin  as  mid,  middle,  amidst. 
(n  the  Gothic  it  is  used  as  a  prefix. 

Mis,  a  prefix,  is  the  verb  miss,  to  deviate.  It  is  used  in 
Saxon,  German,  Dutch,  Swedish,  and  Danish,  in  nearly  the  same 
sense  as  in  English.     Its  radical  sense  is  to  depari,  or  wander. 

Of  is  a  preposition  and  prefix  of  extensive  usc>  in  the  Saxon, 
as  in  English.  It  denotes,  primarily,  issuing  or  i)roceeding  from  ; 
hence  separation,  departure,  and  distance:  in  tlie  latter  sense,  it 
is  written  off.  It  is  the  Latin  ab,  written  by  the  early  Romans 
af;  the  Greek  «,to,  the  German  ab,  the  Dutch  nf,  Danish  and 
Swedish  af.  The  Saxons  often  prefixed  this  word  in  cases  where 
we  use  it  after  the  verb  as  a  modifier ;  as,  of-drifan,  to  drire  off ; 


as  it  is  still  used  by  the  Germans,  Dutch,  Swedes,  and  Danes. 
We  r(;tain  it,  j'.s  a  prefix,  in  offset  and  offsjning,  Saxon  of-s/tring. 
As  it  denotes  procei  ding  from,  it  is  file  proper  sign  of"  the  genitive 
case  ;  the  case  expressing  jjroduction. 

Ofcr,  English  over,  Gothic  vfar,  German  uher,  Dutch  over, 
Danish  over,  Swedish  after,  is  a  preposition  and  prefix,  in  all  the 
Teutonic  and  Gothic  languages  which  1  have  examined  ;  and  in 
the  same  or  similar  senses.  This  seems  to  be  the  Greek  ^7rf',>, 
from  which  tlie  Latins  formed  super  hy  converting  the  aspirate 
of  the  Greek  vowel  into  .s.  This  is  probably  the  lleb.  Ch.  Syr. 
Ar.  "1251  to  pass,  a  passing,  beyond. 

On  is  a  Saxon  preposition  and  prefix,  of  very  extensive  use. 
It  is  obviously  a  different  orthogra])iiy  of  in,  and  it  is  used  for  in 
in  the  Saxon  ;  as,  "  07t  onginn,"  m  the  beginning.  It  has  also  the 
sense  we  now  give  to  on  and  vjion,  with  other  modifications  of 
signification. 

In  composition,  on  signifies  iuto,  or  toirard  \  as,  on-blaica.ii,  to 
blow  in;  onclifiin,  to  adhere,  to  e.lrare  tn  ;  and  it  is  also  a  parti- 
cle of  negation,  like  vn  ;  as,  onhindaa,  to  unbind.  This  oh  is  only 
a  different  spelling  of  un,  in  Dutch  on,  German  n»,  used  as  a 
word  of  negation.  The  Gothic  has  nn  and  und,  in  the  like  sense, 
as  the  Danish  has  nn;  the  Dutch  ont.  In  this  sense,  vn  answers 
precisely  to  the  Greek  aiTi,  and  as  this  is  sometimes  written  and 
in  Gothic,  as  iji  is  written  ind  in  Danish,  there  can  be  little  doubt 
that  //;.,  on,  nn,  am,  are  all  from  one  stock.  The  original  word 
may  have  been  han,  liin,  or  hon;  such  Joss  of  the  first  letter  is 
very  common ;  and  inn,  from  the  Ch.  and  Heb.  n;n,  presents  us 
with  an  example.     See  I.n"  and  In.v,  in  the  Dictionary. 

The  German  has  an,  and  the  Dutch  aan,  in  tlie  sense  of  in 
and  on. 

Otli  is  a  Saxon  preposition  and  prefix,  sometimes  written  atk 
and  ed,  and  answering  nearly  to  the  Latin  ad  and  re ;  as  in  otk- 
witnn,  contracted,  to  tioit,  to  throw  in  the  teeth.  It  has  also  the 
sense  of  from,  or  away,  or  against,  as  in  othswcriav,  to  abjur(\ 
This  preposition  is  obsolete,  but  we  have  the  remains  of  it  in 
treit,  and  perhaps  in  a  fe-w  other  words. 

Sam,  samod,  a  prefix.     See  the  Danish  and  Swedish,  infra. 

To  is  a  preposition  and  prefix,  of  extensive  use  in  our  mother 
tongue.  It  occurs  as  a  prefix  in  such  words  as  to-br<eean,  tn 
break  ;  to-beran,  to  bring  or  bear,  [^ad-ferre.'\  We  retain  it  in  (0- 
gctlier,  Saxon  togicdere  ;  and  in  toward,  Saxon  toward,  towardes  ; 
and  in  tomorrow,  today,  tonight.  The  Dutcli  write  it  toe,  and  the 
Germans  zu,  and  both  nations  use  it  extensively  as  a  prefix.  In 
Gothic  it  is  written  du,  as  in  dn-ginnan,  to  gin,  that  is,  to  begin. 

It  would  he  gratifying  to  learn  whether  the  Ethiopic  T";  which 
is  prefixed  to  many  verbs,  is  not  the  remains  of  tlie  same  prep- 
osition. 

Un  is  a  Saxon  prefix,  of  extensive  nse  as  a  privative  or  parti- 
cle of  negation.     See  On  and  In. 

Under  is  a  Saxon  preposition  and  prefix,  of  considerable  use  in 
the  present  English  sense.  The  Germans  write  it  unter,  and  the 
Dutch  ondtr,  and  use  it  in  like  manner.  The  Danes  and  Swedes 
write  it  under,  and  use  it  in  the  same  sense. 

Up,  uppe,  is  a  S;i  ■:  ■!  preposition  and  prefix,  of  considerable  use 
in  the  present  English  sense.  The  Gothic  has  uf,  in  the  sense 
of  tlie  Latin  s?(A.  The  Germans  write  it  aw/,  and  the  Dutch  op, 
the  Danes  op,  and  the  Swedes  up,  and  all  use  it  as  a  prefix. 

Us,  in  Gothic,  is  a  preposition  and  prefix.  This  is  the  German 
ans,  and  equivalent  to  the  Latin  ex.  It  is  the  Saxon  nt,  the  Eng- 
lish out,  Dutch  vit,  Swedish  )/(,  and  Danish  tut,  dialeetically 
varied.  To  this  answers  the  Welsh  ys,  used  in  composition;  but 
ys  seems  rather  to  be  a  change  of  the  Latin  ex,  for  the  Latin 
expello  is  written  in  Welsh  yspeliaic,  and  cxtendo  is  estyn. 

IVither,  in  Saxon,  from  the  root  of  with,  denotes  against,  or 
opposition.  It  is  a  prefix  in  Saxon,  written  in  German  wider,  in 
Dutch  weder ;  Danish  and  Swedish  vedcr.  It  is  obsolete,  but 
retained  in  the  old  law  term  icithernam,  a  counter-taking  or 
distress. 

In  the  German  language,  there  are  some  prepositions  and  pre- 
fixes not  found  in  the  Saxon ;  as, 

Ent,  denoting  from,  out,  away. 

Er,  without,  out  or  to.     Danish  er. 

JVach,  properly  nigh,  as  in  naehbar,  neighbor ;  but  its  most 
common  signification  in  composition  is  after  ;  as  in  naehgehen,  to 
go  aft.er.  This  sense  is  easily  dediicilile  from  its  primary  sense, 
which  is  close,  near,  from  urging,  pressing,  or  following.  In 
Dutch,  this  word  is  contracted  to  nn,  as  in  nabunr,  neighbor; 
nugaan,  to  follow.  The  Russ  has  71a  also,  a  prefix  of  extensive 
use,  and  probably  the  same  word.     This  fact  suggests  the  ques- 


INTRODUCTION. 


tion,  whether  the  ancestors  of  these  great  families  of  men  had  not 
tlicir  residence  in  the  same  or  an  adjoining  territory.  It  desencs 
also  to  be  considered  whether  tliis  ««  is  not  the  Shemitic  :>  oc- 
curring as  a  prclix  to  verbs. 

li'eg  is  a  prefi.x  used  in  the  German  and  Dutch.  It  is  tiie 
Saxon,  German,  and  D""'h  veg,  wnij ;  in  the  sense  of  mray,  or 
passing  from,  from  the  ve-t>,  m  Sa-xon  tasgnn,  xnegan,  to  carry,  to 
weigh,  English  to  xcorr^  the  sense  of  whicli  is  to  move  or;  pass ;  as 
German  iccgfailen,  to  fall  oif  or  away.  '         "      '     ! 

Zcr,  in  German,  denotes  separation. 

In  the  Gothic  dialects,  Danish  and  Swedish,  frfi  is  used  as  a 
prefix.  This  is  the  Scottish  fra,  English  frcin,  of  -which  it  may 
be  a  contraction.  ;  i<-hj\  ■"■-'  -,'  i- 

Fram  in  Swedish,  and /rew  in  Danish,  is  .ilso  a  prefix;'^  'The 
primary  sense  is  to  go,  or  proceed,  and  hence  it  denotes  moving 
to  or  toward,  forth,  &.C.,  as  in  Danish  frrmforcTy  to  bring  forth  ; 
fremkatdcr,  to  call  for.  But  in  Danisli,  fremnied  is  strange, 
foreign,  and  it  is  probable  that  the  English /rorre  is  f-oin  the  same 
root,  with  a  different  application.  It  may  be  from  the  same  stock 
as  the  Gothic  J'rum,  origin,  beginning,  Latin  prtmus,  signiiying 
to  shoot  forth,  to  extend,  to  pass  along. 

Gicn,  igien,  in  Danish,  and  igcn,  in  Swedish,  is  the  English 
gain  in  again,  against.  This  is  a  prefix  in  both  these  Gothic 
languages.  It  has  the  sense  of  tlie  Latin  re,  as  in  igitnkummcr, 
to  come  back,  to  return  ;  of  against,  as  in  igicjikaldcr,  tf>  counter- 
mand, or  recall ;  of  again,  as  gienbindcr,  to  bind  again.  This 
may  be  the  Latin  con. 

Mod,  in  Danish,  and  mot,  cmot,  in  Swedish,  is  a  preposition, 
signifying  to,  toward,  against,  conlrary,  for,  by,  upon,  out,  &c. ; 
as  "mod  stnden,"  toward  the  city;  modstridcr,  to  resist;  mod- 
gift,  an  antidote ;  modhor,  a  contrary  wind  ;  modvind,  the  same. 
This  is  the  English  meet,  in  the  Gothic  orthography,  mntynn,  to 
meet,  whence  to  moot. 

O,  in  Swedish,  is  a  negative  or  privative  prefix,  as  in  otidig, 
immature,  in  English,  not  tidy.  It  is  probably  a  contracted 
word.  ^ 

Paa  in  Danish,  pa  in  Swedish,  is  a  preposition  and  prefix, 
signifying  on,  in,  upon.  Whether  this  is  allied  to  be,  by,  and  the 
Russ. po,  I  shall  not  undertake  to  determine  with  confidence; 
but  it  probably  is  the  same,  or  from  the  same  source. 

Samman,  signifying  together,  and  from  the  root  of  assemble,  is 
a  prefi.x  of  considerable  use  in  both  languages.  It  answers  to 
the  Sa.xon  srnri,  sumod,  equivalent  to  tlie  Latin  con  or  cum.  It 
seems  to  be  allied  to  stiine  and  the  Latin  similis. 

Til,  both  in  Danish  and  Swedish,  is  a  prefix,  and  in  Danish,  of 
very  extensive  use.  It  is  equivalent  to  the  English  to  or  toward, 
and  signifies  also  at,  in,  on,  by,  and  about,  and  in  composition 
ot1.en  has  the  sense  of  back  or  re,  as  in  ti'ihagc,  backward,  that  is, 
to  hack  ;  but  generally  it  retains  the  sense  of  to  or  onward;  as  in 
tilbydcr,  to  offer,  that  is,  to  speak  or  order  to ;  tildrivcr,  to  drive 
on  ;  tilgiver,  to  allow,  to  pardon,  that  is,  to  give  to,  and  hence  to 
give  back,  to  remit.  This  is  the  English  till,  which  we  use  in  the 
same  sense  as  the  Danes;  but  in  English  it  always  refers  to  time, 
whereas  in  Danish  and  Swedish  it  refers  to  place.  Thus  we 
can  not  say,  "  We  are  going  till  town ;  "  but  we  say,  "  Wait  till 
I  come,  till  my  arrival;"  literally,  "Wait  to  I  come,  to  my  arri- 
val ;  "  that  is,  to  the  time  of  arrival.  The  difference  is  not  in  the 
sense  of  the  preposition,  but  in  its  application. 

The  Scotch  retain  the  Danish  and  Swedish  use  of  this  word  ; 
no  slight  evidence  of  their  origin. 

U  in  Danish,  the  Swedish  O,  is  a  prefix,  equivalent  to  in,  and 
is  used  as  a  privative  or  negative ;  as  in  iiaar,  an  unseasonable 
year;  uartig,  uncivil. 

RUSSIAN 

Vo,  or  re,  signifies  in,  at,  by,  and  may  possibly  be  from  the 
same  root  as  the  English  be,  by.     But  see  Po. 

7,a  is  a  prefix  signifying /or,  on  account  of,  by  reason  of,  after  ; 
as  in  zaviduyu,  to  envy,  from  rid,  visage ;  vijii,  to  see,  Latin 
video;  zadirayu,  from  dcru,  to  tear ;  zamirayu,  to  be  astonished 
or  stupefied,  from  the  root  of  Latin  miror,  and  Russian  mir, 
peace  ;  miryu,  to  pacify,  to  reconcile  ;  mirnie,  pacific  ;  znmirenie, 
peace,  pacification  ;  za-m-iriayu,  to  make  peace  ;  Arm.  m,irct,  to  hold, 
to  stop  ;  the  radical  sense  of  wonder,  astonishment,  and  of  peace. 

h'n,  a  preposition,  signifying  to,  toward,  for. 

.\"«,  a  preposition  and  prefix,  signifying  on,  upon,  at,  for,  to, 
seems  to  be  the  (Jerman  nach,  Dutch  na ;  as  in  nagradii,  rec- 
ompense ;  na,  and  the  root  of  Latin  gratia ;  nasidayu,  to  sit 
dovvn,  &c. 


£ 


.Xad,  a  preposition,  signifying  above  or  upnn. 

0,  a  preposition,  signifying  of  or  from,  and /or. 

Oil,  a  preposition  and  prefix,  signifying  /",  un,  against,  aht  ?!t ; 
as,  obnemayu,  to  surround,  to  embrace;  vh  and  Saxon  neman,  lo 
take. 

Ol  ij  a  preposition,  signifying  from,  and  it  may  be  the  English 
out. 

Po  is  a  preposition  and  prefix  of  extensive  use,  signifying  in, 
by,  after,  from,  &c.;  as,  podayu,  to  give  to;  polugnyu,  to  lay,  to 
expend,  employ,  lay  out;  to  tax  or  assess;  to  establish  or  fix; 
to  believe  or  suppose ;  po  and  lay.  This  corresponds  with  Eng- 
lish b>i,  and  the  Latin  has  it  in  possidco,  and  a  few  other  words. 
[Saxon  besittnn.']     Pov:en,  remembrance,  po  and  mens,  mind. 

Rnd,  a  preposition,  signifying /or,  or  for  the  love  of. 

So,  a  preposition  and  prefix  of  extensive  use,  signifying  with, 
of,  from;  and  as  a  mark  of  comparison,  it  answers  nearly  to  the 
English  so  or  as. 

Y,  with  the  sound  of  «,  is  a  preposition  and  prefix  of  extensive 
use.  It  signifies  near,  by,  at,  with,  as  vbcrayu,  to  put  in  order,  to 
adjust,  to  cut,  to  reap,  to  mow,  to  dress,  French  parcr,  Latin 
paro ;  7tgyda,  satisfaction;  ugodnci,  good,  useful,  English  good ; 
udol,  a  dale,  from  dol. 

WELSH. 

The  prefixes  in  the  Welsh  language  arc  numerous.  Tlie  fol- 
lowing are  the  principal. 

.im,  about,  encompassing;  Saxon  nmh,  Greek  auifi. 

.'In.     See  Saxon  In. 

Cy,  cyd,  cyr,  cym,  implying  union,  and  answering  to  cum,  con, 
and  CO  in  Latin.  Indeed  cym,  written  also  cyr,  seems  to  be  the 
Latin  cam,  and  cy  may  be  a  contraction  of  it,  like  co  in  Latin. 
Ca  seems  also  to  be  a  prefix,  as  in  cahuli,  to  polish,  Latin  polio. 

Cyn,  eynt,  former,  first,  as  if  allied  to  begin. 

Di,  negative  and  privative. 

Dis,  negative  and  precise. 

Dy,  iterat've. 

£  and  ec,  adversative. 

Ed  and  eit,  denoting  repetition,  like  re,  Saxon  cii,  otk. 

Es,  sejiarating,  like  Latin  ex.     See  1'.'. 

Go,  extenuating,  inchoative,  approaching,  going,  denotes  dim- 
inution or  a  less  degree,  like  the  Latin  sub  :  as  in  golirid,  some- 
what dear.     This  seems  to  be  from  the  root  of  English  gi. 

Han,  expressive  of  origination. 

Lied,  partly,  half. 

on,  all. 

Hhog,  before. 

Rhy,  over,  excessive. 

Tra,  over,  beyond;  Latin  trans 

Try,  tjirough. 

Ym,  mutual,  reflective. 

Ys,  Joooting  from,  out  of,  separation,  proceeding  from,  answer- 
ing to  tne  Latin  cz ;  as,  yspeliaw,  to  expel.  So  es,  Welsh,  estijn, 
to  extend. 

Mo^t  rf  these  prepositions,  when  used  as  prefixes,  are  so  dis- 
tinct as  to  be  known  to  be  prefixes. 

But  in  some  instances,  the  original  preposition  is  so  obsctired 
by  a  lo3s  or  change  of  letters,  as  not  to  be  obvious,  nor  indeed 
discoverable,  without  resorting  to  an  ancient  orthography.  Thus, 
without  the  aid  of  the  Saxon  orthography,  we  should  probably 
not  be  able  to  detect  the  component  parts  of  the  English  twit. 
But  in  Saxon  it  is  written  edwitan  and  othwitan  ;  the  preposition 
or  preiix  oth,  with  xcitan,  to  disallow,  reproach,  or  cast  in  the 
teeth. 

It  has  been  above  suggested  to  be  possible,  that  in  the  Shemit- 
ic languages,  the  3  in  triliteral  roots  may  be  the  same  prefix  as 
the  Russian  na,  the  Dutch  na,  and  the  German  nach.  Let  tlie 
reader  attend  to  the  following  words. 

Hebrew  tj2:,  to  look,  to  behold,  to  regard.  The  primary  sense 
odook  ia,  to  reach,  extend,  or  throw. 

Ch  ,  tj  look  ;  also  to  bud  or  sprout. 

j^r.  •      •   nabata,  to  spring,  or  issue  as  water;  to  flow  out;  to 

devise  or  strike  out;  to  draw  out. 

Jf  the  first  letter  is  a  prefix,  the  Hebrew  word  would  accord 
with  L;ilin  ridcv;  t'le  Chaldee,  with  ridco  and  with  bad,  Spanish 
bolar,  French  bo-uton,  hnitcr,  to  piit,  and  English  to  pout,  and 
Fren'.h  bout,  end,  from  shooting,  extending. 


INTRODUCTION. 


Ar.  i^Xo  nal/atha,  to  4«rf;  to  germinate.     See  Ch.  supra. 

Heb.  ia;  naval,  to  full :  to  sink  down  ;  to  \\-ither ;  to  fall  off,  as 
leaves  and  flowers;  to  act  foolishly;  to  disirrace.  Derivative, 
foolish;  a  fool;  bE3  naful,  Heb.  Ch.  Sj-r.  Sam.,  to/«W. 

Ch.  ':::  nabal,  to  make  foul;  to  ilefilr;  that  is,  to  throw  or 
put  on. 

Ar.  y.\j  nabala,  to  shoot,  as  an  arrow;  to  drive,  as  camels;  to 

eicel ;  also  to  die;  that  is,  probably,  to  fall. 

Can  there  be  any  question,  th?.t  fall,  foul,  awdfvnl  are  this  very 
word,  without  the  first  consonant.'  The  Arabic,  without  the  first 
consonant,  agrees  with  Gt.  ^la/./.a,  and  the  sense  of  falling,  then, 
is  to  throw  one's  self  down. 

Heb.  "132  natar,  to  keep,  guard,  preserve,  retain,  observe. 

Ch.  to  observe  ;  to  keep ;  to  lay  up. 

Syr.  and  Sam.  id. 

Eth.  hiWl.  natar,  to  shine. 

Ar.    t->'<  natara,  to  keep;  to  see;  to  look  ;  to  attend. 

Remove  the  first  letter,  and  this  coincides  with  tlie  Greek 
Tf/^if  ty. 

No  person  will  doubt  whether  i'lJ  vnmal,  to  circumcise,  is 
formed  on  ;T'2  mul. 

Ch.  "1D3  nasar,  to  cut ;  to  saw.     Syr.  id.     Lat.  serra,  scrro. 

.'\r.  iJ\JU  najida,  to  fade,  to  vanish,  to  perish,  to  be  empty,  to 

fail. 

Heb.  (15!;  nafach,  to  blow,  to  breathe.  Ch.  Syr.  Eth.  Ar.  id. 
from  m?,  puarli,  to  blow. 

If  the  Shemitic  ;  in  these  and  similar  words  is  a  prefix  or  the 
remains  of  a  preposition,  it  coincides  very  closely  with  the  Russ. 
and  Dutch  na,  and  the  latter  we  know  to  be  a  contraction  of  the 
German  naeh.  Now,  the  German  nack  is  the  English  nigh  ;  for 
no  person  can  doubt  the  identity  of  the  German  Kachhar  and  the 
English  neighbor. 

In  the  course  of  my  investigations,  1  very  early  began  to  sus- 
pect tb:tt  b,  f,  p,  e,  g,  and  k,  before  I  and  )-,  are  either  casual 
letters,  introduced  by  peculiar  modes  of  pronunciation,  or  the 
remains  of  prepositions ;  most  probably  the  latter.  I  had  ad- 
vanced far  in  my  Dictionary,  with  increasing  evidence  of  the 
truth  of  this  conjecture,  before  I  had  received  Owen's  Dictionary 
of  the  Welsh  language.  An  examination  of  this  work  has  con- 
firmed my  suspicions,  or  rather  c'n.inged  them  into  certainty. 

If  we  attend  to  the  manner  of  articulating  the  letters,  and  the 
ease  with  which  bl,  br,ft,fr,  pi,  pr,  el,  cr,  gl,  gr,  are  pronounced, 
without  an  intervening  vowel,  even  without  a  sheva,  we  shall 
not  be  surprised  that  a  preposition  or  prefix,  like  be,  pc,  pa,  po.  or 
gc,  should,  in  a  rapid  pronunciation,  lose  its  vowel,  and  the  con- 
sonant coalesce  closely  with  the  first  letter  of  the  principal  word. 
Thus  blank, prank,  might  naturally  be  formed  from  belank,pcranh. 
That  these  words  are  thus  formed,  I  do  not  know ;  but  there  is 
nothing  in  the  composition  of  the  words  to  render  it  improbable. 
Certain  it  is,  that  a  vast  number  of  words  are  formed  with  these 
prefixes,  on  other  words,  or  the  first  consonant  is  a  mere  adven- 
titious addition ;  for  they  are  used  with  or  without  the  first  con- 
sonant.    Take  the  following  examples  :  — 

Hiberno-Celtic,  or  Irish,  brae  or  braeh,  the  arm,  is  written  also 
rai^li,  Welsh  braii;,  whence  finaxmr,  brachium.  Braigh,  the 
neck.  Sax.  hraca,  Eng.  rack,  Gr.  oa/t^.  Fraoch,  heath,  ling, 
brake,  L.  erica. 


»  ffhcfnre  I  and  r  in  Sa.Ton  correspones  to  the  Greek  k,  and  Latin  c,  bcfor=  the 
same  letters. 

t  I  'In  not  follow  Owen  to  the  Inst  stop  of  his  analysis,  as  I  am  of  opinion 
that,  in  mak:n»  monosyllabic  words  to  he  compound,  he  often  ens.  For  e.t- 
ample,  he  supposes  hroc,  a  tumult,  to  be  from  rfcif,  a  broken  or  nmsh  utterance  ; 
a  cnint  or  croan ;  and  this,  to  be  a  compound  of  r>'/,  excess,  what  is  over  or 
beyond,  and  or,  a  forcible  utterance,  a  sroan.  1  believe  rlwc  to  be  a  primitive 
uncompounded  word,  coincidius  willi  tlie  Kn;?li-'.li  ronyfu 

Owen  supposes  jthid,  a  flat  Ihiu:,  a  pfete,  to  be  from  UaJ,  with  ji-j.  T.'ad  he 
eitplains,  'vhat  is  given,  a  eift,  lond  thinis,  and  p:i,  what  is  inward  or  involvec'. 
I  have  no  doubt  that  the  first  letter  is  a  prefix  in  ptorf,  but,  beyond  all  nuestion 
/.'.!<;  is  from  the  same  root  as  Ual,  breadth,  rojneidin;;  v.itli  Lat.  teiw :  bcth  from 
a  common  root  signifying  to  extend.  But  I  do  not  believe  Had  or  lied  to  be  com- 
pound words. 

Cuj,  a  duke,  Ov.'en  supposes  to  be  formed  on  ug,  over ;  xv'hich  can  not  be 


Welsh  llaicr,  Basque  lurra,  "Eng.  floor. 

Lit.  floccus,  ^ng.fvcii  or  lock. 

Sax.  hraccnn,  Eng.  to  reach,  in  vomiting.* 

Sax.  hracod,  Eng.  ragged. 

Gcr.  rock,  Ting,  frock. 

Dutch  geluh,  Ger.  gluck,  Eng.  Inck. 

Greek,  Eolio  dialect,  isnaSor,  for  /i..(W,  a  rose. 

Latin  chillis,  Eng.  loin,  G.  le.ndc,  W.  dun,  from  llun. 

Eng.  cream,  Ger.  rnhin,  Dutch  room. 

Sax.  hiaf,  Polisli  chlicb,  G.  Icib,  Eng.  loaf. 

Sax.  Madim,  Eng.  to  lade  or  load,,  Russ.  kladu,  to  lay. 

Greek  xlirm,  Lat.  clino.  Sax.  Iilinian,  hleonan,  Russ.  hlomju, 
Eng.  to  lean. 

Greek  Aoyijvoc,  Lat.  lagcna,  Eng.  flagon. 

Sax.  hrtjsan,  Eng.  to  rjtsh. 

Trench  frapprr,  Eng.  to  rap. 

Sax.  gerwdian,  to  make  ready;  in  Chaucer,  greith,  to  make 
ready.  Sax.  hried,  quick;  hradian,  to  hasten;  hrccdncs,  Eng 
readiness. 

Spanish  frisar,  to  curl  or  frizzle ;  ri::ar,  the  same. 

Sax.  gercfa,  Eng.  reeve,  G.  graf,  D  granf. 

Lat.  ghjcyrrhiza,  from  the  Greek  ;  Eng.  liquorice. 

But  in  no  language  have  xve  such  decisive  evidence  of  the 
formation  of  words  by  prefixes,  as  in  the  Welsh. 

Take  the  following  instances,  from  a  much  greater  number 
that  might  bo  produced,"'  from  Owen's  Welsh  Dictionary. 

Blanc,  a  colt,  from  llanc. 

Blith,  milk,  from  liOi. 

Bliant,  fine  linen,  from  llia-nt. 

Plad,  a  flat  piece  or  plate,  from  Had. 

Pled,  a  principle  of  extension,  from  lied. 

Pledrcn,  a  bladder,  from  pledyr,  that  distends,  from  lied 

Pleth,  a  braid,  from  Ucth,  Eng.  plait 

Plieciaw,  to  pluck,  from  llig. 

Ploc,  a  block,  from  Hoc ;  plociaw,  to  block,  to  plug. 

Plwng,  a  plunge,  from  Ihcng,  our  vulgar  lunge. 

Glwth.,  a  gl-utton,  from  lluth. 

Glas,  a  blue  color,  verdancj',  a  green  plat,  w"hence  Eng.  glass, 
from  lias. 

Glyd,  ghttrn,  give,  from  Ihjd. 

Claer,  clear,  from  llacr. 

Clav,  sick,  from  llav. 

Cltcpa,  a  chib,  a  knob,  from  Ihcb. 

Clwt,  a  piece,  a  clout,  from  llwd,  llwt 

Clamp,  a  mass,  a  lump. 

Clawd,  a  tliin  board,  from  llawd. 

Clcdyr,  a  board  or  shingle,  xvhence  elcdrtcy,  lattice,  from  lied. 

Bran,  Eng.  brnn,  from  rhan;  rhami,  to  rend. 

Brid,  a  breaking  out,  from  rhid. 

Broi^,  noise,  tumult,  a  brock,  from  rlw^. 

Bni{',  froth,  foam,  anger,  broi;i,  to  chafe  or  fret,  from  Inac,  a 
boiling  6r  ferment,  from  rhicc,  something  rough,  a  grunt,   Gr. 

Bryd,  what  moves,  imptilse,  mind,  thought,  from  rhyd. 

Brys,  quickness,  f.?-i,'s««i^,  to  iiasten,  to  shoot  along,  from  rliys, 
Ennr.  to  rush,  and  crysiaic,  to  hasten,  from  rhys,  to  rush.  [Here 
is  the  same  word  rhys,  with  diJTerent  prefixes,  forming  brusiaw 
and  erysiaw.     Hence  W.  brysg,  Eng.  brisk,'] 

Graz,  [pronounced  grath,]  a  step,  a  degree,  from  rhaz,  Lat. 
gradus,  gradior. 

Greg,  a  cackling,  from  rheg. 

Grcm,   a  crashing,    gnash,  a.  murmur,  gremiaw,  to  crash  or  ; 
gnash,  from  rkcm..     Hence  Lat.  frerr.o,  Gr.  ^tncuw.t 

We  have  some  instances  of  similar  v.'ords  in  our  own  language  ; 
such  are  flag  and  lag  ;  fap  and  lap  ;  chimp  and  lump. 

There  is  another  class  of  words  which  are  probably  formed  witii 
a  prefix  of  a  different  kind.     I  refer  to  words  in  which  s  precedes 

tnic,  unle.ss  the  Latin  if'it^  d:iro,  arc  compounds.    Ditr,  steel,  he  derives  frtnn 
fir,  extreme,  over  ;  but  doubtless  it  is  from  the  root  of  the  Latin  ifimuf. 

?o  jjnr,  sijrnifyinc  what  is  conticuous,  a  state  of  readiness  or  preparation,  a 
pfiir,  fellow,  or  "match,  OWf^  mrtfces  a  eom;)r;ind  rif  py,  antl  or;  jtij,  as  above 
explained,  and  nr,  a  word  *rtf  varions  sit^nfficitions,  on,  uprnt,  .■rttrfiv'e,  &c.  But 
there  can  be  no  doubt  that  -par  is  iVom  the  root  of  the  Latin  ri/i.-e,  to  prepare, 
hein;i  the  Latin  par,  equal ;  the  root  of  a  numer.nus  family  of  words  not  only  in 
the  .Tapbetic  languages  of  "nurope,  "br't  in  the  Shemitic  ianruaircs  of  Asia.  Tl 
certainly  is  not  a  Welsh  compounfl,'nor  isthtrre  the  lensi  evidence  to  induce  a 
belief  that  it  is  not  an  nncoiiipounded  word.  Had  the  learned  author  of  the 
Welsh  Dictionary  extended  iiis  resero'chcs  to  a  variety  of  other  lan^iaces,  and 
compared  the  monosylla'hic  roots  in  Xhem  with  each  other,!  think  he  '.viuld 
have  formed  a  verj'  rlifferent  opinion  as  to  their  origin.  I  am  very  well  Mn- 
vinced  that  many  of  the  words  which  he  supposes  to  be  primitive  or  radical,  arc 
contractions,  such  .as  rfty.  He,  thi,  the  last  consonant  being  lost. 


INTRODUCTION. 


another  consonant,  as  scafp,' skvJl,  slip,  slide,  sluggish,  smoke, 
smooth,  speed,  spire,  spin,  stage,  steep,  stejn,  sjcell,  spout.  We 
find  that  tego,  to  cover,  in  Latin,  is  in  Greek  artyia  ;  the  Latin 
J'lllo  is  in  Greek  aifa/.f-at.  We  find  uunaySas  is  ■written  also 
ouccnaySag;  and  it  may  be  inquired  whetiier  the  English  spin  is 
not  from  the  same  root  as  .ti.i!;,  web  or  woof,  rrijiiov,  a  spindle, 
Tirritii.  to  spin.     Sprout  in  English  is  in  Spanish  brota. 

We  find  the  Welsh  ijslrrig,  the  English  sprig,  is  a  compound  of 
ys,  a  prefix  denoting  issuing  or  proceeding  from,  like  the  Lat.  ex, 
and  l^rig,  top,  sununit, 

Ysgar,  a  separate  part,  a  share;  ysgar,  ysgaru,  to  divide; 
ysgariaw,  to  separate,  is  composed  of  ijs  and  car,  according  to 
Owen  ;  but  the  real  root  appears  distinctly  in  the  Gr.  xstom. 
This  is  the  English  shecir,  shire. 

Ysgegiaic,  to  shake,  by  laying  hold  of  the  throat,  to  shake 
roughly,  is  a  compound  of  ys  and  cegiaw,  to  choke,  from  ceg,  the 
mouth,  an  entrance,  a  choking.  This  may  be  the  English  shake; 
Sax.  sceacan. 

Ysgin,  a  robe  made  of  skin;  ys  and  cin,  a  spread  or  covering. 

Ysgodi,  to  shade;  ysgawd,  a  shade  ;  tjs  and  caicd. 

Ysgrab,  what  is  drawn  up  or  puckered,  a  scrip;  ys  and  crak, 
what  shrinks.     See  Eng.  crab,  crabbed. 

Ysgrazu,  to  scrape  ;  ys  and  crav,  claws,  from  rkav. 

Ysgref,  a  scream,  a  shriek,  ysgrcgiaw,  to  shriek,  from  ere:;, 
a  shriek,  cre.-ian,  to  shriel:,  from  creg,  cryg,  hoarse,  rough,  from 
rhi/g,  rye,  that  is,  rough;  the  grain  so  named  from  its  roughness. 
This  is  the  English  rough,  Lat.  raucus.  Here  we  hare  the  whole 
process  of  formation,  &om  the  root  of  rough.  We  retain  the 
Welsh  cre.;ian,  to  shriek,  in  our  common  word  to  creak,  and  with 
a  formative  prefix,  we  have  shriek,  and  our  vulgar  screak.  The 
Latin  ruga,  a  wrinkle,  Eng.  rug,  shrug,  are  probably  from  the 
same  source. 

Ysgrirenu,  to  write,  Lat.  scribo,  from  ysgrir,  a  writing,  from 
criv,  a  mark  cut,  a  row  of  notches;  criviaw,  to  cut,  to  grave; 
from  rhir,  something  that  divides.     Hence  scrivener. 

Ysgub,  a  sheaf  or  besom,  ysgubaw,  to  sweep,  Lat.  scopiE,  from 
cub,  a  collection,  a  heap,  a  cube. 

Ysgud,  something  that  whirls ;  ysgudaw,  to  whisk  or  scud ;  from 
cud,  celerity,  flight ;  ysguth,  ysguXhaw,  the  same. 

Ysgwth,  a  push ;  ysgicthiaic,  to  push  or  thrust ;  from  gwlh, 
gicthiaw,  the  same ;  probablj'  allied  to  Eng.  shoot.  The  Welsh 
has  ysgythu,  to  jet  or  spout,  from  the  same  root. 

Ysiac,  slack,  loose ;  yslaciaw,  to  slacken ;  from  Uac,  loose,  slack, 
Uaeiaic,  to  slacken,  from  Uag,  slack,  sluggish;  allied  to  Eng. 
lag  and  slow. 

Yslapiaw,  to  slap,  to  flap,  from  yslab,  what  is  lengthened  or 
distended,  fi-om  Ihib,  a  fllag,  a  strip,  a  stroke.  Llabi,  a  tall,  lank 
person,  a  stripling,  a  looby,  a  lubber,  is  from  the  same  root ; 
Uabiaw,  to  slap. 

Ysled,  a  sled,  from  lied,  says  Owen,  which  denotes  breadth ; 
but  it  is  probably  from  the  root  of  slide,  a  word  probably  from  the 
same  root  as  lied,  that  is,  to  extend,  to  stretch  along. 

Y'smot,  a  patch,  a  spot ;  ysinotiaio,  to  spot,  to  dapple,  from 
mod,  Eng.  mote. 

Ysmicriatn,  ysmygu,  to  dim  with  smoke,  from  mwg,  smoke. 
So  smooth,  from  Welsh  mioyth. 

Yspaii,  spoil,  from  pail,  farina,  says  Owen.  I  should  say  from 
the  root  of  palea,  straw,  refuse,  that  is,  from  the  root  of  peel,  to 
strip.      Yspeiliota,  to  be  pilfering. 

Yspeliain,  to  expel,  from  pel,  a  ball,  says  Owen  ;  but  this  is  the 
Latin  expello,  from  pa'lo.     Ball  may  he  from  the  same  root. 

Yspig,  a  spike,  a  spine  ;  yspigaic,  to  spike  ;  from  pig,  a  sharp 
point,  a.  pike.     Hence  Eng.  spigot. 

Yspin,  a  spine,  from  pin,  pen. 

Ysgynu,  to  ascend,  Lat.  ascendo,  from  cyn,  first,  chief,  fore- 
most.    The  radical  sense  is  to  shoot  up. 

Yslwr,  a  slough,  from  Ihcc,  a  collection  of  water,  a  lake. 

Yspar,  a  spear,  from  par,  a  cause  or  principle  of  producing,  the 
germ  or  seed  of  a  thing,  a  spear.  This  consists  of  the  same  ele- 
ments as  ber,  a  spit,  and  Eng.  uu.r ;  and  in  Italian  bar  is  sbarra. 
The  primary  sense  is  to  shoot,  thrust,  drive. 

Yspinc,  a, finch,  frnmpinc,  g^.y,  fine,  hrisk  ;  a  sprig,  a.  finch. 

Ysplan,  clear,  bright ;  yspiana,,  to  expla'n  ;  from  plan,  that  is 
parted  off,  a  ray,  a  shoot,  a  pUntlng.,  a  plane;  whence  plant,  a 
child;  Eng.  a  plant;  plartu,  to  :ihoot,  iS  a.  plant.  Hence  splen- 
dor, W.  ysplander. 

Ysporthi,  to  .support,  from  porth,  a  OPtir.ig,  a  port,  passage,  &c. 
Lat.  porta,  porto. 

Ystac,  a  stark,  a  heap  ;  y.itaca,  i  star-lard  ;  from  tag,  a  state  of 
being  stuffed  or  clogged 


Ystad,  a  state;  ystadu,  to  stay;  from  tad,  that  spreads,  a  con- 
tinuity.    The  primary  sense  is  to  set. 

Ystain,  that  is  spread;  a  stain;  tin,  Lat.  stannum;  ystacniaw, 
to  spread  over,  to  stain ;  ystacjiu,  to  tin,  or  cover  with  tin  ;  from 
taen,  a  spread,  a  layer.     Qu.  is  tin  from  spreading.' 

Ystawl,  a  stool,  from  tawl,  a  cast  or  throw.  The  sense  is  to  set, 
to  throw  down.     Taicl  is  the  root  of  deal. 

Ystor,  a  store,  that  fonns  a  bulk,  from  tor,  a  swell,  a  promi- 
nence. 

Ystorm,  a  storm,  from  torm,  that  is  stretched,  but  the  sense  is  a 
rushing. 

Ystrym,  a  stream,  from  trym,  compact,  trim,  that  is,  stretched, 
straight,  from  extending. 

Ystwmp,  a  stump,  from  twnip,  a  round  mass,  a  tump. 

Ysicatiaio,  to  squat,  from  yswad,  a  throw,  or  faliing  down,  from 
gicai,  a  denial ;  gicadu,  to  deny  or  disown.  If  this  deduction  is 
correct,  the  sense  of  denial  is  a  llirowing  or  thrusting  back,  a 
repelling.     It  is  so  in  other  words. 

Ysicitiaw,  to  chirp,  twitter,  from  ysuiid,  that  makes  a  quick 
turn.     Qu.  twitter. 

In  some  of  the  foregoing  words,  it  appears  evident  that  t!ic 
Welsh  prefi.x  ys  is  an  alteration  of  the  Latin  ex,  and  the  words  in 
which  this  is  the  case  were  probably  borrowed  from  the  Latin, 
while  the  Roman  armies  had  possession  of  England.  But  there 
is  a  vast  number  of  words,  with  this  prefix,  which  are  not  of 
Latin  origin ;  and  whether  ys  is  a  native  prefix  in  the  Welsh, 
may  be  a  question.  One  thing  is  certain,  that  s  before  another 
consonant,  and  coalescing  with  it,  is,  in  a  great  number  of  words, 
a  prefix. 

The  modern  Italian  affords  abundant  proof  of  the  extensive  use 
of  s,  as  the  remains  or  representative  of  ex ;  as,  sbailare,  to  un- 
pack, unbalc;  sbarbato,  beardless;  sbattere,  to  abate;  sbrancare, 
to  pluck  off  branches ;  scaricare,  to  discharge ;  scommodare,  to 
incommode;  sconcordia,  discord;  scornare,  to  break  the  horns; 
scrostare,  to  pull  olT  the  crust;  and  a  great  number  of  others. 

JN'ow,  if  the  same  manner  of  forming  words  with  tills  prefix  has 
actually  prevailed  among  the  northern  nations  of  Europe,  we  may 
rationally  suppose  that  many  English  words,  and  perhaps  all  of 
this  class,  are  thus  formed.  Thus  scatter  may  be  formed  from  a 
root  in  Cd;  shape,  from  Cb,  Cf,  or  Cp  ;  skill,  from  the  root  of  Lat. 
calico;  slip,  from  the  root  of  Lat.  labor;  sjniirt,  from  tl:e  root  of 
Lat.  amarus,  bitter,  Heb.  ")?:  ;  smite,  from  the  root  of  Latin  mitto; 
span,  from  the  root  of  pan,  to  stretch;  spar,  from  the  root  of  bar; 
speak,  from  the  root  of  Lat.  voco;  speed,  from  a  root  in  Pd,  per- 
haps Lat.  pctOf  steal,  from  the  root  of  Lat.  tollo  ;  steep,  from  tiie 
root  of  deep  ;  stretch,  from  the  root  of  reach  ;  sicecp,  from  the  root 
of  wipe  ;  sicaii,  from  ican,  white  ;  sicell,  from  the  root  of  to  icell. 
Sax.  wellan,  to  boil,  &c.  That  many  English  and  other  Teutonic 
and  Gothic  words  are  thus  formed,  appears  to  be  certain. 

These  facts  being  admitted,  let  us  examine  a  lillJe  further.  In 
Russ.  svadiba  is  a  wedding.  Is  not  this  formed  on  the  root  of 
wed,  with  s  for  a  prefix .'  Svara  is  a  quarrel.  Is  not  this  formed 
on  the  root  of  vary,  variance,  or  of  spar?  Sverlo  is  a  borer  ;  qu. 
bore  and  vera;  svertivayu,  to  roll;  qu.  Lat.  verto ;  skora,  furs, 
peltry;  qu.  Fr.  cuir ;  skot,  a  beast;  qu.  cattle;  skupayu,  to  pur- 
chase in  gross ;  qu.  cheap,  Dan.  kioben,  and  its  root ;  slabei, 
weak;  qu.  Lat.  labor,  lapsus;  slagayu,  to  fold;  qu.  lay,aadplico ; 
slivayu,  to  pour  out  liquors ;  qu.  Lat.  libo ;  slupayu,  to  peel  off 
bark  or  skin;  qu.  Lat.  liber;  snimayu,  to  take  away;  qu.  Sax. 
neman,  to  take ;  snova,  new ;  qu.  Lat.  novus ;  snig,  sneig,  snow, 
Fr.  neige.  The  Lat.  nivis  is  from  this  root,  with  g  opened  to  v. 
Russ.  sphlaiju,  to  p'uit,  Sz.c. 

The  Russ.  prefix  so  occurs  in  a  great  number  of  words; 
sohirayu,  to  collect  or  assemble,  precisely  the  Heb.  and  Ch.  "^S- 

It  now  becomes  an  interesting  question,  to  determine  how  far 
any  "analogy  exists  between  the  languages  of  the  Japhetic  and 
Shemitic  families  in  regard  to  prefixes.  For  example,  in  the 
Shemitic  languages,  S  is  a  prefix  of  extensive  use,  corresponding 
almost  exactly  with  the  English  and  Dutch  by,  the  Saxon  be,  and 
German  bei.  This  preposition  and  prefix  has  several  senses  in 
the  Saxon  which  are  now  obsolete  ;  but  its  present  prevailing 
sense  occurs  in  all  the  Shemitic  languages,  n""  S"";J;  """'i::,  by 
a  strong  east  wind.  Ex.  xiv.  21.  Compare  the  following  defini- 
tions of  this  preposition  ;  the  Sax.  from  Lye,  and  the  Shemitic 
from  Castle. 

Sax.  dc,  e,  ex,  in,  seais,  id,  juxta,  scctmdum,  pro,  per,  super, 
propter,  circa. 

Heb.  Ch.  Syr.  in,  e,  ex,  cum,  propter,  7tsquc  ad,  adeo  itt,  ad, 
super,  per,  contra,  ante. 


INTRODUCTION. 


r.th.  in,  ])cr,  pro,  propter,  cum,  secundum,  apud. 

Ar.  in,  cum,  propter,  per,  ad,  crga. 

Ill  Numbers  xiv.  3-1,  it  signifies  according  to,  or  after;  'lt0>;2 
f  ?3'^n,  according  to  tlic  luimbcr  of  dnys.  Tliis  sigiiifica'.ion  is 
now  jHTliaps  obsolete  in  English,  but  was  comnion  in  thp  tSaxon  ; 
as,  "  lie  his  magnum,"  accorclinir  to  his  strenjjth  ;  pro  ririims  siiis. 
So  "4r  Mum  mxstan,"  bij  the  most,  is  now  expressed  by,  at  the 
most. 

Now,  it  is  remarkable  that  this  word  in  Hebrew,  Arabic,  and 
Persic,  is  the  preposition  used  in  oaths,  precisely  as  it  is  iu  Kn;;- 
lish.     Gen.  xxii.  lU,  '^2,  Ihj  mijscif  have  1  sworn.     Arabic,  lull- 

3 

tall,  or  dy  AHuk  ;  Persic,  liXa£\j  bechoda,  or  begoda,  by  God,  tlio 

very  words  now  used  in  English.  The  evidence,  then,  is  de- 
cisive, that  the  Sliemitic  prefix  D  is  the  Teutonic  he,  by,  bci,  con- 
tracted, and  this  Teutonic  word  is  certainly  a  contraction  of  big, 
which  is  used  in  the  S.ixon,  especially  in  compound  word?,  as  in 
bigspcll,  [b!j-fjidl,]  a  fable  ;  liigstiindan,  to  stand  by.  This  prefix, 
then,  was  in  universal  use  by  tiie  original  slock  of  mankind,  be- 
fore the  dispersion;  and  this  word  alone  is  demonstrati', e  proof 
of  the  conunon  origin  of  the  Sheniitic  and  Teutonic  langungcs. 
Now,  it  is  equally  certain  that  this  is  the  prefix  b,  and  probably//, 
before  (  and  r,  in  block,  liraigli,  and  a  multitude  of  words  in  all 
the  modern  languages ;  and,  probably,  the  same  letter  is  a  prefix 
in  many  Shemilic  words. 

We  know  that  he  in  the  Saxon  bedmJan,  and  Dutch  hcdech.n,  is 
a  prefix,  as  the  simple  verb  is  found  in  all  the  Teutonic  and 
Gothic  languages.  The  Hebrew  and  Chaldee  bn3  corrpdponds 
exactly,  in  elements  and  in  signification,  with  the  Saxon  and 
Dutch.  Whether  the  first  letter  is  a  prefix  in  the  latter  lan- 
guages, let  the  reader  judge.  See  the  word  Deal,  whicU,  when 
traced,  terminates  in  the  Welsh  tawl,  a  cast  off,  a  throw  ;  separa- 
tion ;  taiclu,  to  cast  or  throw  oft',  to  separate. 

Jn  Chaldee,  Ti2  badar,  signifies  to  scatter,  to  disperse.  Tlie 
word  has  the  same  signification  in  the  Syriac  and  Samaritan. 

In  Kthiopic,  the  word,  with  h  prefixed,  signifies  to  wish,  love, 

desire;  and  with  T  prefixed, to  strive,  to  endeavor;  and  without 
a  prefix,  strife,  course,  race.  Both  these  significations  ate  from 
stretching,  straining. 

In  Arabic,  j>^  badara,  signifies  generally  to  hasten,  to  run  to ; 

but  j'^  bathara,  signifies  to  disperse,  to  sow  or  scatter  sre'J. 

This  verb  is  written  in  Hebrew  ITS.  with  precisely  the  game 
signification.  The  .\rabic,  also,  lias  the  verb  with  this  orthogra- 
phy, signifying  to  sow,  and  also  to  beat  or  strike  with  a  s'.ic's. 

Now,  in  Syriac,  ;»  dar,  signifies  to  strive  or  struggle.      Here 

we  have  the  simple  verb,  xcithout  the  prefix,  with  the  senae  of  the 
hthiopic  vith  a  prefix.     Supra. 

We  find  also  the  Arabic  ji  tharra,  the  simple  verb,  sitmifies 
to  sprinkle. 

We  find  in  Chaldee  S^in,  nil,  and  l^n,  the  simple  verb,  signi- 

5 — 
fies  to  disperse;  in  Syriac,  the  same.  In  Arabic  <ji  tharaa, 
signifies  to  sow,  like  the  foregoing  verb,  and  hence  to  procreate. 
Uoth  this  and  the  former  verb  signify  also  to  whiten,  as  the  hair 
of  the  head;  as  we  say,  to  sprinkle  with  gray  hairs.  The  Arabic 
i — 

]ji  dnraa,  signifies  to  drive,  to  impel,  to  repel,  to  conte:id,  to 
strive  ;  to  shine,  to  sparkle.  And  here  we  have  the  literal  signi- 
fication  of  this  whole  class  of  verbs  ;  to  drive,  urge,  throw,  send  • 
hence  to  scatter,  to  strive,  to  shoot  as  r.ays  of  light,  procreate,  &c'. 

The  Hebrew  corresponding  verb  is  n";T  or  5^?,  to  scat'er  to 
sow  ;  and  the  word  with  the  like  orthography  occurs  in  Cli.  Syr. 
and  Ar.  This  is  the  Latin  sr.ro.  And  who  can  doubt  that  3  is  a 
prefix  in  the  verb  "nr  above  mentioned  .' 

In  Welsh,  golieru  signifies  to  work,  to  operate  ;  gober.  work 
operation  ;  formed  by  the  prefix  go  and  per  ;  go  dcnot'ino-  proirress 
toward,  approach  ;  and  per  rendered  by  Owen,  that  pervad"es,  a 


fruit,  a  pear;  but  the  real  sense  is  to  strain,  to  bring  fortli ;  to 
drive,  thrust,  urge,  &c. 

This  word,  in  the  Armoric  dialect,  is  written  cither  gobcr  or 
ober ;  in  Latin  opcror,  wlience  Eng.  operate.     The  same  word  is 

in  the  Ethiopic,  ^'^4  gabcr,  to  make,  to  do;  ^Tfl'i  agabar,  to 

cause  to  be  made  ;  TTtK  tagabar,  to  work,  operate,  negotiate  ; 

T14  gabar,  a  maker. 

This  is  the  Heb.  and  Ch.  133>  to  be  strong,  to  prevail,  to  estab- 
lish; and  as  a  noun,  a  man;  Ar.  >*-=•  jahara,  (o  make  strong, 
to  heal,  as  a  broken  bone  ;  to  strengthen. 

That  this  Sliemitic  word  and  the  Welsh  and  Ethiopic  are  all 
radically  one,  there  can  not  be  a  ()uestion  ;  and  the  Welsh  proves, 
indisputably,  that  n-o  is  a  jirefix.  This,  then,  is  a  word  formed  on 
"la  or  5$n2.     The  Heb.  liaN,  strong,  that  is,  strained,  and  1-S,  a 

.--5 
wing,  that  is,  a  shoot,  are  from  the  same  root;  and  in  Arabic  ^\ 

ubara,  signifies  to  prick,  to  sting,  and  its  derivatives,  the  extrem- 
ity of  a  thing,  a  point,  a  needle,  corresponding  witli  the  Welsh 
bur,  a  summit,  a  tuft,  a  branch,  a  bar,  and  the  Welsh  bcr,  a  pike, 
a  lance,  a  spit,  a  spear,  Lat.  rcrn ;  in  Welsh,  also,  pdr,  a  spear, 
and  per,  a  spit,  are  all  doubtless  of  the  same  origin. 

In  Syriac,  \0  ,  tsabar,  signifies  to  make,  to  work  or  op"rate. 
Is  this  the  same  root  with  a  different  prefix  ' 

The  same  word  in  Arabic,  j-^**'  tsaharu,  signifies  to  be  patient, 
to  bear,  to  sustain. 

We  observe,  that  in  the  Teutonic  and  Gothic  languages,  tlie 
same  word  is  used  with  different  prefi.xes.  Thus,  in  our  mother 
tongue,  begin  is  written  gynmin,  the  simple  radical  word,  and 
aginnan,  hrginnan,  and  ongynnav  ;  and  in  the  Gothic,  duginnan, 
which,  in  English,  would  be  togin. 

Should  it  appear,  upon  investigation,  that  verbs  in  the  Ass^-ri- 
an  languages  have  the  same  prefixes  which  occur  in  the  European 
languages,  the  fact  will  evidence  more  affinity  between  the  lan- 
guages of  these  two  stocks  than  has  yet  been  known  to  exist. 

Let  us  now  attend  to  the  natural  causes  which  may  be  sup- 
posed to  have  obscured  or  destroyed  the  identity  or  resemblance 
of  languages  which  had  a  common  origin. 

The  affinity  of  words,  in  two  or  more  different  Languages,  is 
known  by  identity  of  letters  and  identity  of  signification ;  or  by 
letters  of  the  same  organ,  and  a  signification  obviously  deducible 
from  the  same  sense.  Letters  of  the  same  organ,  as,  for  example, 
i',f,  p,  and  V,  are  so  ea.sily  converted,  the  one  into  the  other,  and 
the  change  is  so  frequent,  that  this  circumstance  seldom  occasions 
much  obscurity.  The  changes  of  signification  occasion  more 
difficulty,  not  so  much  by  necessity,  as  because  this  branch  of 
philology  is  less  understood. 

1.  CHANGE  OF  CONSONANTS  WHICH  REPRESENT 
THE  ARTICULATIONS  OF  THE  ORGANS  OF 
SPEECH. 

Consonants  are  the  stamina  of  words.  They  are  convertible 
and  frequently  converted  into  tlieir  cognates.  The  English  word 
bear  represents  the  Latin  fcro  and  pario,  and  fero  is  the  Greek 
(fsniii.  The  Latin  venlus  is  icind  in  English ;  and  babeo  is  bare. 
Tlie  Latin  dens,  in  Dutch,  Danish,  and  Swedish,  is  ia7id ;  and 
dance  in  English  is  in  German  tavz. 

These  changes  are  too  familiar  to  require  a  multiplic.ition  of 
examples.  But  there  are  others  less  common  and  obvious,  which 
are  yet  equally  certain.  Thus  in  the  Gaelic  or  Hiberno-Celtic, 
VI  and  7n6  are  convertible  with  v;  and  in  Welsh,  m  and  v  are 
changed,  even  in  different  cases  of  the  same  word.  Thus,  in  Irisli, 
the  name  of  the  hand  is  written  either  lamb  or  Inr,  and  in  Welsh 
macrt,  a  stone,  is  written  also  raen.  The  Greek  ^  is  always  pro- 
nounced as  the  English  r,  as  flovXouai,  Lat.  coin,  English  will, 
German  wollen  ;  and  the  sound  of  b  the  Greeks  express  b}'  fi^. 

In  the  Chaldee  and  Hebrew,  one  remarkable  distinction  is  the 
use  of  a  dental  letter  in  the  former,  where  the  latter  has  a  sibi- 
lant. As  £113  cnth  in  Chaldee  is  "iL'l^  rush  in  Hebrew ;  imi 
gold,inChaldaic  is  Sfl"  in  Hebrew.  The  like  change  appears  in 
the  modern  languages;  for  irater,  which  in  most  of  the  northern 
languages  is  written  with  a  dental,  is  in  German  written  wasser ; 


INTRODUCTION. 


and  the  Latin  dens,  W.  dant,  Dutch  tand,  Swedish  and  Danish 
land,  is  in  German  zakn.  The  like  change  is  frequent  in  the 
Greek  and  Latin.  'J'qaTra,  in  one  dialect,  is  (foaaata,  in  another; 
and  the  Latins  often  changed  t  of  the  indicative  present,  or  in- 
finitive, into  s  in  the  preterit  and  participle ;  as,  initio,  mittcre, 
misi,  missus. 

L  and  r,  though  not  considered  as  letters  of  the  same  organ, 
are  really  such,  and  changed  the  one  into  the  other.  Thus  the 
Spaniards  write  hlandir  for  brandish,  and  cscolta  for  escort.  The 
Portuguese  write  brando  for  bland,  and  hranquear,  to  whiten,  for 
blanch.  The  Greek  has  ifn^yi'/.Xwv  for  the  Latin  flugellum.  In 
Europe,  however,  this  change  seems  to  be  limited  chiefly  to  two 
or  three  nations  on  th.e  coast  of  the  Mediterranean.  L  is  some- 
times commutable  with  d. 

We  have  a  few  instances  of  the  change  of  g  or  gh  into  /. 
Thus  rough  is  pronounced  ruf,  and  trough,  truvf. 

The  Russians  often  change  the  d  of  a  noun  into  the  sound  of  j, 
or  the  compound  g,  in  the  verb  formed  from  that  noun ;  as,  lad, 
accord,  harmony ;  loju,  to  accord  or  agree ;  bred,  damage,  loss ; 
breju,  to  injure. 

The  Italians  and  French  have  also  changed  a  dental  into  a 
palatal  letter,  in  many  words  ;  as,  Italian  raggio,  a  ray,  from  Lat. 
radius  ;  and  ragione,  reason,  from  ratio  ;  Fr.  manger,  to  eat,  from 
Lat.  mundo,  or  manduco. 

In  the  south  of  Lurope,  the  Greek  x  has  been  changed,  in 
some  instances,  into  the  Italian  or  Spanish  z,  and  then  by  the 
French  into  s.  It  seems  that  tlie  Spanish  z  has,  at  some  former 
period,  been  pronounced  as  a  guttural.  TIius  the  Gr.  (iotc^tviv, 
Lat.  brachium,  the  arm,  is  in  Spanish  hrnzo,  and  the  Spaniards 
have  the  word  from  the  Latin,  or  from  the  same  source  as  tlte 
Latin  and  Greek,  the  Celtic  braiQ.  Tliis  word  brazo  the  French 
changed  into  bras,  and  from  that  we  have  brace  and  embrace.  A 
similar  change  occurs  in  Z)ura:;o,,  from  Dyrrachium,  and  in  the 
Spanish /u:,  light.  .  ,v. - 

The  Teutonic  nations  often  used  A  to  express  the  power  of  the 
Greek  x,  and  the  Lat'm  c;  as,  heart  for  xamfta,  horn  for  cornu. 
Hence  we  find  that  the  Sa.'son  hlinitm,  hleunian,  or  hlynian,  to 
lean,  is  the  Greek  xina,  Latin  clino.  The  letter  h  is  now 
dropped,  and  we  write  the  word  lean. 

In  like  manner,  the  Saxon  hlid,  which  we  now  write  lid,  is 
from  the  same  root  as  the  Latin  claudo,  cludo,  the  Greek  z-U(5ow, 
which  is  contracted  into  x^no}.  And  in  this  word  we  may  notice 
another  fact,  that  the  word  signifies  not  only  to  shut,  but  to  praise 
or  celebrate  ;  proving  that  this  word  and  the  Latin  plaudo  are  the 
same,  with  different  prefixes,  as  laudo;  and  that  the  primary  sense 
is,  to  strain.  This  in  Saxon  appears  in  hlud,  loud,  hlydan,  to  cry 
out. 

In  Latin,/and  A  have  been  converted ;  as,  hordeuin  for  furdeum  ; 
and  the  Spaniards  now  write  h  for/y  as,  hacer  for  tlte  Latin/rtcere; 
kilo  foTJilujn;  hcrir  for  ferire,  &c. 

The  letters  r  and  5  are  commutable.  Thus  iron  in  German  is 
eisen;  in  D.  yzer. 

The  letters  n  and  s  seem  also  to  ha  commutable ;  as  in  Latin 
pono,  posui. 

The  letters  /  and  r  are  convertible ;  for  tlie  English  colonel  is 
in  Spanish  and  Portuguese  coronel,  and  in  Armoric  coronal. 

The  cause  of  these  differences  is  in  the  position  of  the  organs 
in  the  articulations ;  the  position  being  nearly  but  not  exactly 
the  same. 

2.   CHANGE   OF   VOWELS. 

The  change  of  vowels  is  so  common,  as  to  occasion  no  difficulty 
in  determining  the  sameness  of  words ;  indeed,  little  or  no  regard 
is  to  be  had  to  them,  in  ascertaining  the  origin  and  aftinity  of  lan- 
guages. In  this  opinion  I  accord  with  almost  all  writers  on  this 
subject;  but  I  have  to  combat  the  opinion  of  tliat elegant  scholar. 
Sir  William  Jones,  who  protests  against  the  licentiousness  of  ety- 
mologists, not  only  in  transposing  letters,  but  in  totally  disrcu-ard- 
ing  the  vowels,  and  who  seems  to  admit  the  common  origin  of 
words  only  when  written  with  the  same  letters,  and  used  in  a 
sense  precisely  the  same.* 

I  ai;i  not  at  all  surprised  at  the  common  prejudice  existing 
against  etymology.  As  the  subject  has  been  treated,  it  is  justly 
liable  to  all  the  objections  urged  against  it.  But  it  is  obvious 
that  Sir  W.  Jones  had  given  very  little  attention  to  the  sub- 
ject, and  that  some  of  its  most  common  and  obvious  principles 
had  escaped  his  observation.  His  opinion,  with  regard  to  both 
articulations    and   vowels,   is  unequivocally    erroneous,    as   will 

•  Aaiatic  E«Marche8,  vol.  3,  p.  439. 


appear  from  the  following  list  of  words,  taken  from  modern  lan- 
guages, and  respecting  the  identity  of  which,  that  gentleman 
himself,  if  living,  could  not  have  the  slightest  doubt. 


English. 

Saio7i. 

Dutch. 

German. 

Swedish.    Latin. 

draw,  ) 
drag,  3 

dragan, 

trekken. 

tragen, 

draga,         traho. 

give, 

gifan. 

geeven. 

geben, 

gifva. 

foot,  ) 
feet,  5 

ibt,  fet. 

voet. 

fuss. 

fot,    rr    ■"'' 

Gr.  Tiof;. 

hook, 

hoc, 

haak. 

haken, 

hake. 

day, 

dag,  dteg, 

daag. 

tag, 

dag. 

have, 

habban. 

hebben, 

haben. 

Iiafva,         habeo. 

[Fr.  .avoir 

;  ai,  as,  a. 

avons,  avez 

,  ont.] 

leap. 

hleapan. 

loopen, 

laufen. 

lijpa. 

burn. 

byrnan. 

branden. 

brennen. 

brinna. 

will, 

wiUan, 

willen, 

v.-oilen. 

wiUja,  volo,  vcUe 

stone. 

stun. 

steen. 

stein. 

stcn. 

broad, 

bred. 

breed, 

breit. 

bred. 

earth. 

eorth. 

aarde. 

erde, 

jord,  Dan.  lord. 

who. 

hwa. 

wie, 

ho,   Dan.  hvo. 

seek. 

secan. 

zoeken. 

suchen, 

sokia,          sequor. 

bean. 

bean. 

boon. 

bohne, 

bona,  Dan.  bonne 

Here  are  scarcely  two  words  written  with  the  same  letters  in 
two  languages  ;  and  yet  no  man  ever  called  in  question  their 
identity,  on  account  of  the  difference  of  orthography.  The  diver- 
sity is  equally  great  in  almost  all  other  words  of  the  same  original. 
So  in  the  same  words  we  often  find  the  vowel  changed,  as  in  the 
Lo.t.facio,fcci;  ago,egi;  sto,steti;  vcllo,  vulsi.  Nothing  is  more 
certain  than  that  the  Welsh  gicyz  and  the  English  icood  are  the 
same  word,  although  there  is  one  letter  only  common  to  them  both. 
It  is  pronounced  gooyth,  that  is,  g  and  wyth ;  as, guard  for  ward. 
This  prefixing  of  g  to  words  which  in  English  begin  with  w,  is 
very  common  in  Spanish  and  French.  The  word  loar  in  French 
IS  guerre ;  Sp.  guerra. 

3.   CHANGE   OR  LOSS   OF  RADICAL  LETTERS. 

There  arc  some  words  which,  in  certain  languages,  have 
suffered  a  ch.inge  of  a  radical  letter;  while  in  others  it  i.s  wholly 
lost.  For  e-\.niip!e,  word,  in  Danish  and  Swedish,  is  ord  :  ircrt,  a 
plant,  is  urt;  the  Saxon  gear,  or  ger,  English  year,  in  Danish  is 
aar,  in  Swedish  is  ur,  in  Dutch  j«ar,  and  in  German  ja/ir. 

In  the  word  yoke,  and  its  aflinities,  we  have  a  clear  and  deci. 
sive  example  of  changes  in  orthography.  Yoke,  the  L&t'm  jugmn, 
is  from  the  Chaldee,  Syriac,  and  Arabic  31T  zng,  to  join,  to  couple  ; 
a  word  not  found  in  the  Hebrew.  The  Greeks  retained  the  ori- 
ginal letters  in  tvyug,  Ivyoa;  the  Latins  changed  the  first  letter  to 
j  in  juguvi,  and  inserted  a  casual  n  in  jungo.  From  the  Latin 
the  Italians  formed  giogo,  a  yoke,  and  giugnare,  to  join ;  the 
Spaniards,  yugo,  a  yoke,  and  juntar,  to  join ;  the  French,  joug, 
a  yoke,  and  Joindrc,  to  join.  In  Saxon,  yoke  is  geoc  or  ioc;  in 
Dutch,  ju/i;  G.joch;  S\v.  ok. 

One  of  the  most  general  changes  that  words  have  undergone, 
is  the  entire  loss  of  the  palatal  letter  g,  when  it  is  radical  and 
final  in  verbs,  or  the  opening  of  that  articulation  to  a  vowel  or 
diphthong.  We  have  examples  in  tiie  English  bow,  from  Saxon 
lagan,  to  bend;  buy,  from  bycgan ;  brow,  from  breg ;  lay,  from 
Itegan,  or  Iccgan  ;  say,  from  sa^gan  ;  fair,  from  fieger  ;  Jlail,  from 
the  German  flegel,  hai.  flagellurn ;  French  nicr,  from  Lat.  nego, 
negare. 

The  same  or  similar  changes  have  taken  place  in  all  the  modern 
languages  of  which  I  have  any  knowledge. 

The  loss  and  changes  of  radical  letters  in  many  Greek  verbs 
deserve  particular  notice.  We  find,  in  the  Lexicons,  Ttoayua, 
Tinayoc,  Tiou/.xixoq,  are  referred  to  jrnuonio,  nit^errut,  as  tile  theme 
or  root ;  Xi.iyuu,  to  Taaaoi,"  tnixwo,  to  ptw  ;  and  tpouytuc.  to  (fou<^tHi>. 
This  reference,  so  far  as  it  operates  as  a  direction  to  the  student 
where  to  find  the  verb  to  which  tlie  word  belongs,  and  its  expla- 
nation, is  useful  and  necessary.  But  if  tlie  student  suppo.-^es  that 
these  v.'ords  are  formed  from  the  theme,  so  called,  or  the  first  per- 
son of  the  indicative  mode,  present  tense,  he  is  deceived.  1  am 
confident  no  example  can  be  found,  in  any  language,  of  the  pal- 
atals Y  and  X,  formed  from  tiie  dentals  and  sibilants  t  and  a  ;  nor 
is  rj»/Ttoo,  or  any  similar  word,  formed  by  the  addition  of  the  dental 
to  a  verb  ending  in  .a  vowel.  The  truth  is,  the  last  radical  in 
Ittto  11*  !ost,  in  the  indicative  mode  ;  and  in  rroaijaw,  TZQaTTw,  it  is 
changed.  Tlio  radical  lost  in  (jiu  iS  •!  or  d  ;  the  original  word  was 
^idci)  or  6«3ci),  and  the  derivatives  j3i;rwo,  ^ijtojizi;,  were  formed 


INTKODUCTION. 


before  the  radical  letter  was  dropped  in  the  verb.  No  sooner  is 
the  verb  restored  to  its  primitive  form,  than  we  recognize  its  con- 
nection with  the  Irish  raidham,  to  speak ;  Saxon  ned,  speech ; 
r(C(/flM,  to  read;  German  rcdm,  rcdc ;  Dutch  raud,  &c. 

The  original  root  of  nnaaau}  was  nauym,  ti'^u/oi,  or  jinoxw,  and 
from  this  were  formed  nquyfiu,  Trjuznzo;,  before  the  last  radical 
was  changed.  No  sooner  is  the  original  orthography  restored, 
than  we  see  this  to  be  the  Teutonic  verb,  German  brauckcu, 
Dutch  geliruikcn,  Danish  Orugcr,  Sw.  hruka.  Sax.  brucaii,  to  use, 
to  practice,  and  hence  the  English  broker. 

Tlie  same  remarks  are  applicable  to  rayna  and  raaam;  ipiiayfia 
and  ifftaoaci ;  {u./.ayi]  and  af.!.u(i(tu) ;  /wtuy.Tr^fi  and  /uoaacfoi,  and 
many  other  words  of  like  formation.  In  all  these  cases,  tlie  last 
radical  letter  is  to  be  souglit  in  the  derivatices  of  the  verb,  and  in 
one  of  the  past  tenses,  particularly  in  an  aorist.  This  fact  affords 
no  feeble  evidence  that  in  Greek,  as  in  the  Shemitic  languages, 
the  preterit  tense  or  an  aorist  was  the  radix- of  the  verb.  /C^io'oj, 
in  Greek,  is  to  cry  like  a  crow  or  rook ;  but  the  last  radical  is 
changed  from  y,  as,  in  the  second  aorist,  it  forms  xijaytiq.  Now, 
in  Danish,  crow  is  krage,  in  Ger.  krahc,  in  D.  kraai,  in  Sw. 
krnka ;  a  fact  that  demonstrates  the  last  radical  letter  to  be  a  pal- 
atal, v.-hich  in  English  is  opened  to  o,  in  crow. 

But  it  is  not  in  the  Greek  language  only  that  we  are  to  seek 
for  the  primitive  radical  letters,  not  in  what  is  now  called  the 
root  of  the  verb,  but  in  the  derivatives.  Tlie  fact  is  the  same  in 
the  Latin  and  in  the  English.  The  Latin  jiurtus  and  jluxi  can 
not  be  deduced  frc-n_^«o;  but  the  orthography  of  these  v/ords 
proves  demonstrably  that  the  original  root  was  Jingo,  or  Jluco.  So, 
in  English,  siglit  cau  not  be  deduced  from  sec,  for  no  example 
can  be  found  of  the  letter  g  introduced  to  form  the  participles  of 
verbs.  Siglit,  in  Saxon  gcsic/it,  D.  zigt,  G.  sicht,  Dan.  sigt,  Sw. 
sickt,  is  a  participle  ;  but  the  verb  in  the  infinitive,  in  Saxon  is 
scon,  gcseon,  Ger.  sehcn,  D.  zicii,  Dan.  seer,  Sw.  sc;  in  which 
no  palatal  letter  is  found,  from  which  g  or  ch  can  be  deduced. 
The  truth,  then,  is,  that  the  original  verb  was  segiin,  or  in  Dutch 
zegcn ;  the  g  being  lost,  as  it  is  in  the  French  nier,  from  the 
Lat.  ncgo. 

In  the  change  of  letter.?  in  the  Greek  verbs  before  mentioned, 
the  process  seems  to  have  been  from  y  or  z  to  J,  and  then  to  a  and 
T  ;  ::[iHiyoi,  TiQuiio,  TiQaaau,  ttjjuttw.  This  is  certainly  a  process 
which  is  natural  and  common.  The  Latin  brachium  thus  be- 
came in  Spanish  braze,  and  then  in  French  bras ;  and  thus  in 
the  Italian,  Alexandria  has  become  Alessandria. 

Wlien  the  last  radical  of  a  Greek  verb  is  a  dental,  it  may  not  be 
certain  whether  the  original  letter  was  rf,  or  th,  or  t.  We  find  the 
Greek  verb  o.tkw,  to  draw,  forms  its  derivatives  with  a,  anunua, 
anaaif  ;  and  this  is  probably  the  Armoric  sjmza,  from  which  we 
have  spay.  So  <fouZu>,  ((■.oam;,  and  i/','a!i;,  are  evidently  of  the 
same  family.  It  is  not  improbable  that  the  original  letter  might 
have  a  compound  sound,  or  it  might  correspond  nearly  to  the 

Arabic  ii  or  ^ji,  or  the  English  dh  or  th,  or  ds,  so  as  easily  to 
pass  into  d  or  into  s. 

It  is  equally  clear  that  many  Greek  words  have  lost  an  initial 
consonant.  The  letter  most  generally  lost  is  probably  the  Ori- 
ental ri,  but  obviously  the  palatals  y  and  z  have,  in  many  in- 
stances, been  dropped.  There  seems  to  be  no  question  that  the 
Greek  6>.of  is  the  English  whole,  and  perhaps  all.  This  in  Welsh 
is  oil  or  holl,  in  Saxon  al  or  geall;  and  this  is  undoubtedly  the 
Shemitic  ^2-  So  the  Greek  o7.>.vfii  is  the  Welsh  colli,  to  "lose ; 
and  ei/.to)  may  be  the  English  coil,  Fr.  cueillir. 

In  like  manner  the  Greek  has,  in  many  words,  lost  a  labial 
initial,  answering  to  the  English  b,  f,  or  v.  The  Greek  eiJcu  is 
undoubtedly  the  Latin  video ;  tnyi,v  is  from  the  same  root  as  work  ; 
\Sioi  is  from  the  root  of  vid,  in  the  Latin  dicido,  and  individuus, 

that  is,  separate,  and  from  the  Arabic  iNj  budda,  to  separate. 

In  many  instances,  the  Latin  retained  or  restored  the  lost  let- 
ter; thus  hamaxa  for  uuatu  ,  hurpago  for  unnuy>i ;  harmonia  {or 
unuotia  ;  video  for  eiijm. 

If  the  marks  of  breathing,  called  spiritus  aaper  and  spiritus 
le.nis,  now  prefixed  to  Greek  words,  were  intended  to  represent 
the  letters  lost,  or  to  stand  in  the  place  of  them,  they  answer  this 
purpose  very  imperfectly.  The  spiritus  asper  may  stand  for  a 
palatal  or  guttural  letter,  but  it  does  not  designate  which  letter, 
the  n,  or  the  "  ;  much  less  does  this  or  the  other  spiritus  justly 
represent  the  labials,  b,f,  v,  or  w.  Whenever  the  Latins  wrote 
h  in  the  place  of  the  Greek  spiritus,  we  may  conclude  that  the 
original  letter  was  Hi  or  a  cognate  letter  ;  and  we  may  conclude 


also  that  the  v  in  video,  and  in  divide,  viduus,  individuus,  stands 
for  the  original  labial  lost  in  eu^w  and  kSioc.  But  there  are  many 
words,  I  apprehend,  in  which  the  lost  letter  is  unknown,  and  in 
which  the  loss  can  not  be  recovered  by  any  marks  prefixed  to  the 
words.  ^Ve  may  well  suppose  that  hymnus  exhibits  the  correct 
written  form  of  runic;  but  what  is  there  in  the  Greek  vqit/  to  lead 
us  to  consider  this  word  as  the  English  icoof,  and  vi^utiy  to  be  the 
same  as  weave,  f    Both  the  Greek  words  have  the  spiritus  asper. 

What  proportion  of  Greek  words  have  been  contracted  by  the 
loss  of  an  initial  or  final  consonant,  can  not,  I  apprehend,  be  de- 
termined with  any  precision  ;  at  least,  not  in  tlie  present  slate  of 
philological  knowledge.  It  is  probable  the  number  of  contracted 
words  amounts  to  one  fourth  of  all  the  verbs,  and  it  may  be 
more. 

Similar  contractions  have  taken  place  in  all  other  languages ; 
a  circumstance  that  embarrasses  the  philologist  and  lexicographer 
at  every  step  of  his  researches,  and  which  has  led  to  innumer- 
able mistakes  in  etymology.  We  know  that  the  Swedish  ur, 
and  Danish  aar,  a  year,  have  lost  the  articulation  g,  and  that  the 
English  y  in  year  is  the  representative  of  g,  asj  is  in  the  Dutch 
jaar,  and  German  juhr :  for  the  g  is  found  in  our  mother  tongue  ; 
and  in  a  multitude  of  words,  one  language  will  supply  the  lueaiis 
of  determining  the  real  origin  or  true  orthography,  which  can  not 
be  ascertained  by  another.  But  doubtless  many  changes  have 
taken  place,  of  which  the  evidence  is  uncertain  ;  the  chain  which 
might  conduct  us  to  the'  original  orthography  being  broken,  and 
no  means  now  remain  of  repairing  the  loss. 

In  no  language  has  the  rejection  or  change  of  consonants 
served  so  effectually  to  obscure  the  original  words  as  in  the 
French.  So  extensive  have  been  the  changes  of  orthography 
in  that  language,  that,  had  not  the  early  lexicographers  indicated 
the  loss  of  letters  by  a  mark,  it  would  be  impossible  now  to  dis- 
cover the  original  orthography,  or  to  trace  the  connection  of 
words  with  other  languages,  in  a  large  portion  of  them.  And  it 
is  with  regret  we  observe  the  influence  of  the  French  practice 
of  suppressing  consonants  extending  itself  to  other  countries. 
It  is  owing  to  the  most  servile  obsequiousness  of  nations,  that 
Basil  or  Basilca,  the  elegant  name  of  a  town  in  Switzerland,  has 
been  corrupted  to  Basle,  and  pronounced  most  barbarously  Bale. 
The  Germans  are  pursuing  a  like  course  in  suppressing  the  pala- 
tal letters ;  a  most  unfortunate  circumstance  for  the  strength  of 
the  language. 

The  Italians  also  have  a  disposition  to  reject  letters  when  they 
interfere  with  their  habits  of  pronunciation ;  and  hence  we  see, 
in  their  language,  piano,  written  for  piano  ;  fiore  for  ftore;  fcocco 
for  flocco ;  a  change  that  has  removed  a  radical  consonant,  and 
thus  obscured,  or  rather  destroyed,  the  affinity  between  the  Italian 
and  the  Latin  words. 

Another  difference  of  writing  and  pronouncing  has  been  pro- 
duced by  the  change  of  a  sibilant  letter  into  an  aspirate ;  or,  c 
convcrso,  by  the  change  of  an  aspirate  into  a  sibilant.  No  person 
doubts  v.'hether  the  Latin  super  is  the  Greek  r/c£'^  ;  or  oitu^.ug  is 
similis  ;  or  ulc  is  sal,  salt.  The  latter  in  Welsh  is  halcn,  hal.  So 
helyg,  a  willow,  in  Welsh,  is  in  Latin  salix.     The  Greek  inru  is 

the  Latin  septcm,  English  seven.  This  in  Persic  is  i^^J^  kcj'l  or 
haft,  which  approaches  the  Greek  I.ttk.  It  has  been  commonly 
supposed  that,  in  this  case,  the  aspirate  in  Greek  has  been  con- 
verted into  an  6-.  There  are,  however,  strong  reasons  for  be- 
lieving that  the  change  has  been  the  reverse,  and  that  s  has  been 
dropped,  and  its  place  supplied  by  an  aspirate.     The  word  seven 

is,  beyond  a  question,  the  Shemitic  %.kjM,  5323,  whence  tl^Ci 
Eng.  sabbath ;  and  the  Gaelic  sean,  old,  whence  Latin  sencx,  in 

WelsJi  hen,  seems  clearly  to  be  the  Ar.  (j^  tanna,  to  be  old.     It 

is  then  clear  that  in  these  words  s  is  radical.  It  is  probable,  how- 
ever, that  the  aspirate,  in  some  cases,  has  been  changed  into  «. 

It  deserves  to  be  noticed  that  the  radix  of  a  word  is  sometimes 
obscured,  in  Greek  and  Latin,  by  the  loss  or  change  of  a  radical 
letter  in  the  nominative  case.  We  find  in  Latin  nepos,  in  the 
nominative,  is  nepotis  in  the  genitive;  honos,  honoris,  &.C.  In 
these  changes,  I  suppose  the  letter  restored  in  the  oblique  cases 
to  be  the  true  radical  letter.  Thus  adamant  has  been  deduced  by 
our  etymologists  from  the  Greek  u  negative  and  iutif-v,  to  sub- 
due, on  the  supposition  that  the  stone  was  named  from  its  hard- 
ness. This  is  a  good  example  of  a  great  part  of  all  etymologieil 
deductions ;  they  art  mere  conjectures.     It  did  not  occur  to  the 


INTRODUCTION. 


inquirer  that  adamas,  in  the  nominative,  becomes  in  the  genitive 
aiLiiitaidis  ;  that  ti  is  radical,  and  that  tiiis  word  can  not  be  reg- 
ularly deduced  from  the  Greek  verb.  Any  person,  by  looking 
into  a  Welsh  dictionary,  may  see  the  originj  word. 

In  some  words,  it  is  not  easy  to  determine  whether  n  before  d 
is  casual  or  radical.  In  such  words  as  the  Latin  funda,  to  pour, 
and  tu^idOy  to  beat,  there  is  reason  to  think  the  7t  is  casual,  for  the 
preterit  is  formed  v/ithout  it,  fiidi,  iutudi.  Cut  in  other  words 
n  before  d  seems  to  be  radical,  and  the  d  casual ;  as  in  fuiulo^ 
fiindtire,  to  found.  For  tliis  word  coincides  with  the  Irish  bun, 
foundation,  and  with  tlie  Sliemitic  T!—  haiuih,  to  build.  So  the 
English  ^n(Z  is  in  Swedish  JiM;«t,  and  in  is  in  Danish  ind. 

Another  fact,  of  considerable  consequence,  is  the  casual  sound 
of  n  given  to  g,  which  produced  tlie  effect  of  doubling  the  y  in 
Greek,  and  of  occasioning  tlie  insertion  of  n  before  g  in  the  Latin, 
as  also  in  the  Teutonic  and  Gothic  languages.  Thus  we  see  tlie 
y  is  doubled  in  the  Greek  ti;yB}.>.m,  and  we  know,  in  this  cas_', 
how  tlie  change  originated ;  for  the  original  word  is  in  the  Gaelic 
and  Irish,  agalla.  So  ■/  is  prefixed  to  another  palatal  or  guttural 
letter  in  ay/w.,  oy;ro$,  tyyi'iiii. 

A  similar  nasal  sound  of  g  probably  introduced  the  n  before  g 
in  lingo,  to  lick  ;  linquo,  to  leave. 

We  may  be  confident,  in  all  cases,  that  n  is  not  radical,  when 
it  is  dropped  in  tiie  supine  and  participle,  as  in  lictmn,  lictus, 
from  linquo.  V/hen  n  is  retained  in  the  supine  and  participle, 
there  may  be  more  reason  for  doubt ;  but  in  tliis  case,  the  ques- 
tion may  often  be  determined  by  the  corresponding  word  in 
another  language,  or  by  some  other  v.  ord  evidently  of  the  same 
family.  Tlius  we  can  have  little  doubt  that  lingo  and  the  Eng- 
lish lich  are  the  same  word,  or  that  the  Lat.  lingua  and  ligula  are 
of  one  family. 

This  casual  insertion  of  n  in  words  of  this  class  must  be  care- 
fully noticed  by  the  etymologist,  or  he  will  overlook  the  affinity 
of  words  which  are  evidently  the  same.  We  have  many  words 
in  Enghsh  which  are  written  with  Jt  before  a  o^  or  a  /;,  v/hen  the 
ancient  words  in  the  Gothic  and  Teutonic  languages,  and  some 
of  them  in  the  modern  Danish  and  Swedish,  are  written  without 
n.  Thus  sinh,  in  Gothic,  is  sigcwan  ;  to  think,  is  thagkyan.  It 
is  not  improbable  that  the  Gotliic  word  was  pronounced  witli  tlie 
sound  of  n  or  ng,  as  in  English.  So  also  in  sigguan,  to  sing ; 
Inggs,  long.  In  a  few  instances  we  find  the  Swedes  and  Danes 
have  the  word  written  in  both  ways,  as  tanhri,tiEnker,  and  tycka, 
tykker,  to  think.  But,  in  general,  the  Germans,  Danes,  Swedes, 
and  Dutch,  write  words  of  this  sort  with  ng. 

To  show  how  important  it  is  to  know  tlie  true  original  orthog- 
raphy, I  will  mention  one  instance.  In  our  mother  tongue,  the 
word  to  dye,  or  color,  is  written  deagan;  the  elements  or  radical 
letters  are  dg.  To  determine  whetlier  this  and  the  Latin  tingo 
are  the  same  words,  we  must  first  know  whether  n  in  tingo  is 
radical  or  casual.  This  wo  can  not  know  with  certainty,  by  the 
form  of  the  word  itself,  for  the  j»  is  carried  through  all  the  tenses 
and  forms  of  tlie  verb.  But  by  looking  into  the  Greek,  we  find 
the  word  written  with  y,  rsyyt)/  and  this  ciuarly  proves  the 
alliance  of  the  word  with  deagnn.  —  See  Dve,  in  the  Dictionary. 

We  have  many  English  words,  in  which  a  d  has  been  inserted 
before  g,  as  in  badge,  budge,  lodge,  plcilge,  wedge.  In  all  words, 
I  beheve,  of  this  class,  the  d  is  casual,  and  the  g  following  is  the 
radical  letter,  as  pledge,  from  the  Frencli  pUige  ;  icedge  from  the 
Saxon  wecg.  The  practice  of  inserting  d  in  words  of  this  sort 
seems  to  have  originated  in  the  necessity  of  some  mode  of 
preserving  the  English  sound  of  "-,  whicli  might  otherwise  be 
sounded  as  the  French  g  before  e.  And  it  is  for  tliis  reason 
we  still  retain,  and  ouglit  to  retain,  d  in  judge,  abridge.  In  like 
manner,  the  Teutonic  c  has  been  changed  into  the  sound  of  ch, 
as  Sax.  waeian,  wtecian,  to  wake,  to  wiUc.h;  Sax.  ttiae,  thatch. 

There  are  some  nations  which,  in  many  words,  pronounce  and 
write  g  before  u  or  v; ;  as  in  the  French  guerre,  for  war  ;  guede, 
for  wood;  guetter,  for  wait ;  in  Welsh, ^woZ,  for  wall ;  gwain,  for 
wain;  gwared,  for  guard,  which  in  English  is  ward,  Sp.  guarda. 
In  some  instances,  the  u  or  7"  is  dropped  in  modem  writing,  as  in 
the  French  garcnne,  a  warren;  garde,  for  guard.  This  difliT- 
ence  of  orthography  makes  it  difficult,  in  some  cases,  to  ascertain 
the  true  radical  letters. 


CHANGE   OF   SIGNIFICATION. 

Another  cause  of  obscurity  in  the  affinity  of  languages,  and 
one  that  seems  to  have  been  mostly  overlooked,  is,  the  change  of 
the  primary  sense  of  the  radical  verb.     In  most  cases,  this  change 


consists  in  a  slight  deflection,  or  difference  of  application,  which 
has  obtained  among  different  families  of  the  same  stock.  In 
some  cases,  the  Uteral  sense  is  lost  or  obscured,  and  the  figura- 
tive only  is  retained.  The  first  object,  in  such  cases,  is  to  find 
the  primary  or  literal  sense,  from  which  tlie  various  particular 
applications  may  be  easily  deduced.  Thus  we  find,  in  Latin, 
libco,  libet,  or  lubeo,  lubet,  is  rendered,  to  please,  to  like ;  bibens, 
willing,  glad,  cheerful,  pleased ;  libenter,  bubenter,  willingly, 
gladly,  readily.  What  is  the  primary  sense,  the  visible  or  physi- 
cal action,  from  whicli  the  idea  of  willing  is  taken  .■■  I  find,  either 
by  knowing  the  radical  sense  of  willing,  ready,  in  other  cases,  or 
by  the  predominant  sense  of  the  elements  Lb,  as  in  Lat.  labor,  to 
slide,  liber,  free,  &c.,  that  the  primary  sense  is  to  move,  incline 
or  advance  toward  an  object ;  and  hence  tlie  sense  of  willing, 
ready,  prompt.  Now,  this  Latin  word  is  the  English  lore,  Ger- 
man lichen,  liebe.  "Lubet  me  ire,"  I  lore  to  go;  I  am  inclined 
to  go  ;  I  go  with  cheerfulness ;  but  the  alHuity  between  loze  and 
lubco  has  been  obscured  by  a  slight  difference  of  application, 
among  the  Romans  and  the  Teutonic  nations. 

Perhaps  no  person  has  suspected  that  the  English  words  heat, 
hate,  and  hest  in  behest,  are  all  radically  the  same  word.  But  tliis 
is  the  fact.  Sax.  hatian,  to  heat,  or  be  hot,  and  to  hate  ;  hcetan,  to 
heat  and  to  call;  hatan,  to  call,  to  order,  to  command;  ge-hczian 
or  ge-hatan,  to  grow  warm,  to  promise,  to  vov.' ;  Gotliic  gahaitan, 
to  call,  to  promise ;  Dutch  heeten,  to  heat,  to  name,  to  call,  bid  or 
command;  German  heitzen,  to  heat;  hcissc?i,  to  call;  hitzcn,  to 
heat,  to  hoist ;  Swedish  hctsa,  to  inflame,  to  provoke ;  Danish 
hcder,  to  heat,  to  be  called.  ISehest  we  have  from  the  German 
or  Swedish  dialect.  Heat  coincides  with  the  Latin  (Estus,  for 
hcestus,  which  is  written  with  5,  like  the  German.  Hate  coin- 
cides with  the  Latin  odi,  osus,  so  written  for  hodi,  hosus;  and  as 
the  Teutonic  h  often  represents  the  Latin  c,  as  in  horn,  cornii, 
the  Danish  orthography,  hcder,  coincides  with  the  Latin  cito,  to 
call.  Now,  what  is  the  radical  sense .'  Most  obviously  to  stir, 
agitate,  rouse,  raise,  implying  a  driving  or  impulse ;  and  lience 
in  Latin  a:stuo,  to  be  hot,  and  to  rage  or  storm ;  hence  to  excite, 
and  hence  the  sense  of  the  Latin  cito,  quickly,  from  stirring, 
rousing  to  action.  In  this  case,  hatred,  as  well  as  heat,  is  violent 
excitement.  We  find  also  in  the  Saxon  and  Gothic  the  sense  of 
vowing,  that  is,  of  driving  out  the  voice,  uttering,  declaring,  a 
sense  allied  to  calling  and  commanding ;  and  to  this  is  allied  the 
sense  of  the  Latin  rccito,  to  recite. 

In  English,  befall  signifies  to  fall  on,  to  happen  to ;  in  German, 
the  same  word,  befallen,  has  the  like  signification.  But  in  Saxon, 
gefeallan  signifies  to  fall,  to  rush  on ;  wliile  in  German,  gcfallcn 
signifies  to  please,  that  is,  to  suit,  to  come  to  one's  mind,  to  be 
agreeable.  The  Danish  gefalder  has  the  same  signification  as  the 
German. 

We  find  by  the  Saxon,  that  the  English  reck,  to  care,  and 
reckon,  and  the  Latin  rego,  to  rule,  are  all  the  same  word,  varied 
in  orthography  and  application.  To  find  the  primary  sense  of 
reck,  to  care,  we  are  then  to  examine  the  various  derivative 
senses.  And  we  need  go  no  furtlicr  than  to  the  Latin  rectus  and 
English  right,  the  sense  of  which  is  straight,  for  this  sense  is 
derived  from  straining,  stretching.  Care,  then,  is  a  straining  of 
the  mind,  a  stretching  toward  an  object,  coinciding  with  the 
primary  sense  of  attention.  The  primary  sense  of  reckon  is  to 
strain  out  sounds,  to  sp':ak,  tell,  relate ;  a  sense  now  disused. 

The  Saxon  care,  can-,  ccercian,  to  care,  to  cark,  is  connected  in 
origin  with  the  Latin  career,  a  prison ;  both  from  the  sense  of 
straining,  whence  holding  or  restraint. 

To  prove  how  the  primary  general  sense  of  a  word  may  ramify 
into  different  senses,  by  special  appropriation  of  tlie  word  among 
separate  families  of  men  proceeding  from  the  same  stock,  let  us 
observe  the  different  senses  in  whicli  leap  is  used  by  the  English, 
and  by  the  nations  on  the  continent.  In  English,  to  leap  is  simply 
to  spring ;  as,  to  leap  a  yard ;  to  leap  over  a  fence.  But  on  the 
continent  it  signifies  to  run.  Now,  it  will  be  seen  that  tliis  word, 
as  used  by  the  Germans,  can  not  always  be  translated  by  itself, 
that  is,  by  the  same  word,  into  English.  Take,  for  illustration, 
the  following  passage  from  Luther's  Version  of  the  Scriptures : 
1  Sam.  xvii.  17.  — "  Nimm  far  deine  brader  diese  epha  sangcn, 
und  diese  zehen  brod,  und  Umf  ins  heer  zu  deinen  brudern ;  " 
"  Take  now  for  thy  brethren  an  epha  of  this  parched  corn,  and 
these  ten  loaves,  and  leap  to  the  camp  of  thy  brethren."  Lcaji, 
instead  of  run,  is  good  German,  but  bad  English.*  There  are 
two  otiier  words  in  this  passage,  of  which  a  like  remark  may  be 
made.     The  German  brod,  loaves,  is  our  bread,  wiiich  admits  of 

*  "  He  walks,  lie  leaps,  he  runs." —  Cowper. 


INTRODUCTION. 


no  plural ;  and  sangen  is  our  singed,  which  we  can  not  apply  to 
panhcil  corn. 

So,  in  some  of  the  Teutonic  languages,  to  warp  kittens  or 
puppies,  to  irarp  eggs,  is  correct  language,  though  to  our  cars 
very  odd;  but  this  is  only  a  particular  application  of  the  primary 
sense,  to  throin.     We  say,  to  lutj  eggs  ;  but  to  liiij  is  to  throw  ilown. 

By  this  comparison  of  the  ditVereut  uses  and  apj)lications  of  a 
word,  we  are  able,  in  most  cases,  to  detect  its  original  significa- 
tion. And  it  is  by  this  means,  I  apprehend,  that  we  may  arrive  at 
a  satisfactory  explanation  of  the  manner  in  which  the  same  word 
came  to  have  ditfercnt  and  even  opposite  significations. 

It  is  well  known,  for  c.\ample,  that  the  Hebrew  word  "^13 
bnnil;,  is  rendered,  in  our  version  of  the  Scriptures,  both  to  bless 
and  to  curse.  The  propriety  of  the  latter  rendering  is  contro- 
verted by  Parkhurst,  who  labors  to  prove,  that  in  Kings  and  in 
Jol»,  where  it  is  rendered  to  curse,  it  ought  to  be  rendered  to 
Olcss ;  and  he  cites,  as  authorities,  the  ancient  versions.  It  is 
true,  that  in  1  Kings  xxi.  10,  13,  and  in  Job  i.  11,  and  ii.  5,  the 
Seventy  have  rendered  the  word  by  tvJ.uYtio,  to  bless  ;  and  other 
ancient  versions  agree  with  the  Septuagint.  But  let  the  word 
be  rendered  by  Mess  in  the  following  passages  :  "  Put  forth  thy 
hand  now,  and  touch  his  bone,  and  his  flesh,  and  he  will  hUss  thee 
to  thy  face."  "  Bless  God  and  die."  How  very  absurd  does 
such  a  translation  appear  !  It  shows  the  immense  importance  of 
understanding  the  true  theory  of  language,  and  the  primary  sense 
of  radical  words.  Let  us,  then,  endeavor  to  discover,  if  possible, 
the  source  of  the  ditliculty  in  the  case  here  mentioned.  To  be 
enabled  to  arrive  at  tlic  primary  sense,  let  us  examine  the  word 
in  the  several  languages,  first  of  the  Sheraitic,  and  then  of  the 
Japhetic  stock. 

lleb.  "I"l-,  to  bless;  to  salute,  or  wish  a  blessing  to. 

2.  To  curse  ;  to  blaspheme. 

3.  To  couch  or  bend  the  knee,  to  kneel. 
Deriv.     A  blessing,  and  the  knee. 

Chaldee,  "1"-,  to  bless ;  to  salute  at  meeting,  and  to  bid  fare- 
well at  parting. 

2.  To  bend  the  knee. 

3.  To  dig ;  to  plow  ;  to  set  slips  of  a  vine  or  plant  for  propa- 
gation.—  Taim.  and  Rabbin 

Deriv. 
of  fowls 

Syriac,  »o^,  to  fall  on  the  knees;  to  fall  or  bow  down. 
Judg.  v.  27. 

2.  To  issue  or  proceed  from.     Matth.  xv.  19 

3.  To  bless. 

Samaritan,  iJ'SS,  to  bless 

Ethiopic,  114^1,  to  bless.     Deriv.  the  knee. 

Arabic,  ^^  baraka,  to  bend  the  knee ;  to  full  on  the  breast, 
as  a  camel. 

2.  To  be  firm,  or  fixed. 

3.  To  rain  violently ;  to  pour  forth  rain,  as  the  clouds.     Gr. 

4.  To  detract  from ;  to  traduce ;  to  reproach  or  pursue  with 
reproaches ;  to  revile. 

5.  To  bless;  to  pray  for  a  blessing  on;  to  prosper;  to  be 
blessed. 

6.  To  hasten  ;  to  rush,  as  on  an  enemy  ;  to  assail. 

Deriv.  The  breast;  the  basin  of  a  fountain;  a  fishpond,  or 
receptacle  of  water,  as  in  Ileb.  and  Ch. ;  akso,  increase ;  abun- 
dance ;  constancy  ;  splendor ;  a  flash  of  lio-ht. 

In  the  latter  sense,  usually  from  JJ^  baraka,  Ileb.  and  Ch. 
p"a  barak. 

The  Arabic  word  supplies  us  with  the  certain  means  of  deter- 
mining the  radical  sense  ;  for  among  other  significations,  it  has 
the  sense  of  pouring  forth  rain  ;  and  this  is  precisely  the  Greek 
,*M.;^ci.  The  primary  sense,  then,  is  to  send,  throw,  or  drive,  in  a 
transitive  sense  ;  or  in  an  intransitive  sense,  to  rush,  to  break  liirth. 

To  bless  and  to  curse  have  the  same  radical  sense,  which  is,  to 
send  or  pour  out  words,  to  drive  or  to  strain  out  the  voice,  pre- 
cisely as  in  the  Latin  appello,  from  pello,  whence  peal,  as  of 
thunder  or  of  a  bell.  The  two  sensc^s  spring  from  the  appropria- 
tion of  loud  words  to  express  particular  acts.  This  depends  on 
usage,  like  all  other  particular  applications  of  one  general  signi- 
fication.    The  sense  in  Scripture  is  to  utter  words  eitlier  in  a 


The  knee ;  a  blessing ;  a  cursing ;  a  cion  ;  the  yournr 


good  or  bad  sense  ;  to  bless,  to  salute  ;  or  to  rail,  to  scold,  to  re- 
proacli ;  and  this  very  word  is  probably  tlie  root  of  reproach,  as  it 
certainly  is  of  the  Latin  prccor,  used,  like  the  bhoniitic  word,  in 
both  senses,  praying  antl  carsing,  or  deprecating.*  It  is  also  the 
same  word  as  the  English  y^rrty.  It.  pregarc,  L.  prccor,  the  same 
as  preach,  D.  precken,  W.  prcgcthu.  To  the  same  family  belong 
the  Gr.  (ioayoi,  ^ov/ut,  (i<*v/uo^tut,  to  bray,  to  roar,  to  low,  Lat. 
rugio.  Here  we  see  that  bray  is  the  same  word,  applied  to  the 
voice  of  the  ass  and  to  breaking  in  a  mortar,  and  both  are  radi- 
cally the  same  word  as  break. 

The  sense  of  kneeling,  if  radical,  is  to  throw,  and  if  from  the 
noun,  the  sense  of  the  noun  is  a  throwing,  a  bending. 

The  Chaldee  sense  of  digging,  if  radical,  is  from  thrusting  in 
an  instrument,  or  breaking  the  ground  ;  but  perhaps  it  is  a  sense 
derived  from  tlie  name  of  a  shoot  or  cion,  and  in  reality,  to  set  a 
shoot,  to  plant. 

The  Syriac  use  of  this  word  in  Matth.  xv.  1!*,  is  intransitive, 
to  issue,  to  shoot,  or  break  forth.  So  in  Arabic,  to  rush  on,  to 
assault.  The  sense  of  firmness  in  Arabic  is  from  setting,  throw- 
ing down,  as  in  kneeling;  and  hence  the  sense  of  breast,  the 
li.\ed,  firm  part. 

That  this  v>-ord  h^s  the  sense  botli  of  blessing  and  of  cursing, 
or  reproaching,  we  have  demonstrative  evidence  in  the  Welsh 
language.  Rheg,  in  Welsh,  is  "113,  without  the  prefix.  It  signi- 
fies a  sending  out ;  utterance ;  a  gii\  or  present ;  a  consigning  ; 
a  ban,  a  curse  or  imprecation.  Rhegu,  to  give  ;  to  consign  ;  to 
curse.  From  rhcg  is  formed  preg,  a  greeting,  or  salutation,  [the 
very  Hebrew  and  Chaldee  word,]  pregcth,  a  sermon,  n.nd  prcgcthu, 
to  preach.  Here  we  have  not  only  the  origin  of  preach,  but 
another  important  fact,  that  preg,  and  of  course  '11-,  is  a  com- 
pound word,  composed  of  a  prefix,  p  or  b,  and  rhcg.  But  this  is 
not  all ;  the  Welsh  greg,  a  cackling,  gregar,  to  cackle,  is  formed 
with  the  prefix  g  on  this  same  rhig.     [Dan.  krage,  a  crov>'.] 

In  Welsh,  bregu  signifies  to  break;  brig,  a  breach,  a  rupture. 
This  Owen  deduces  from  bar,  but  no  doubt  erroneously.  It  is 
from  rhegu;  and  there  is  some  reason  to  think  that  break  is  from 
'V^-,  rather  than  from  jJ12 ;  but  probably  both  are  from  one  radix, 
v/ith  diflerent  prefixes. 

We  observe  one  prominent  sense  of  the  Arabic  ^^.j  baraka,  is 

to  rain  violently ;  to  pour  forth  water,  as  clouds.  This  is  pre- 
cisely the  Greek  [iitB/ut;  a  word  found  in  all  the  Teutonic  and 
Gothic  languages,  but  written  either  with  or  without  its  prefix. 

Saxon,  rtegn  or  rcgn,  rain ;  rcgnan,  to  rain. 

Dutch,  rcgcn,  rain;  rcgcncn,  beregencn,  to  rain  uj)on. 

German,  ?co-cn,  rain;  regncn,  to  rain;  beregncn,  to  rain  on. 

Swedish,  regno,  to  rain. 

Danish,  regn,  rain ;  regner,  to  rain. 

Saxon,  racu,  rain ;  Cimbric,  rakia,  id. 

Here  we  find  that  the  English  rain  is  from  the  same  root  as 
the  Welsh  rhig,  rhegu,  and  the  Sliemitic  "II-- 

Pursuing  the  inquiry  further,  we  find  that  the  Saxon  ream,  or 
reccau,  [W.  rhegu,]  signifies  to  speak,  to  tell,  to  relate,  to  reckon, 
the  primary  sense  of  which  last  is  to  speak  or  tell ;  also  to  rule, 
which  shows  this  to  be  the  Latin  rego  ;  also  to  care,  which  is  the 
English  reck.  That  this  is  the  same  word  as  rain,  we  know  from 
the  Danish,  in  which  language  rcgncr  signifies  both  to  ruin  and 
to  reckon,  to  tell,  to  count  or  compute.  In  the  Gerinan,  the  words 
are  written  a  little  differently ;  rcchncn,  to  reckon,  and  regncn,  to 
rain.  So  in  Dutch,  reckcncn  and  regenen;  but  this  is  a  fact  by 
no  means  uncommon. 

Here  we  find  that  the  English  reckon  and  reck,  and  the  Latin 
rego,  are  the  same  word.  The  primary  sense  is  to  strain,  to  reach, 
to  stretch.  Care,  is  a  stretching  of  the  mind,  like  attention,  from 
the  Latin  tcndo,  and  restraint  is  the  radical  sense  of  governing. 
Hence  rectus,  right,  that  is,  straight,  stretclicd. 

Hence  wc  find  that  rain  and  the  Latin  regaum,  reign,  are  radi- 
cally the  same  word. 

Now,  in  Saxon,  racan,  or  rtBcan,  is  the  English  reach,  to  stretch 
or  extend,  from  the  same  root,  and  probably  red:,  Saxon  recun, 
reocan,  to  fume  or  smoke  ;  for  this  is  to  send  oS. 

I  might  have  mentioned  before,  that  the  Chaldee  "-"'13,  a  cion 
or  branch,  is  precisely  the  Celtic  word  for  arm;  Irish,  braic,  or 
raigh;  Welsh  braii; ;  whence  the  Greek  ,*i«^iw)',  the  Latin  bra- 
chium,  whence  the  Spanish  brazo,  whence  the  French  bras, 
whence  the  English  brace      Tlie  arm  is  a  shoot,  a  biaiioh,  and 


'  Improbus  urgot  iralis  predlnu."  ~  Horace 


I^JTUODUCTION. 


xxxvii  ] 


briuii-k  U  i'rom   this  root  or  one   of  tlie  family,   n  ItL-iiisj  casu:il ; 
hi\iiiclt  for  hrach. 

Oil  tliis  word  let  it  bi>  fiirtlu-r  observed,  or  on  j;"l£  or  'i:'~Z,  if 
radic.nlly  citt'ertJit,  are  forincil,  with  the  pref'X  x,  tlie  Gcriiiuii 
sfinrlien,  to  speak,  sprachc,  speech;  Duteii  s/jrcrLut,  sjiriial; ; 
Swedish  spruka,  spruh :  Danish  sprog,  speech;  and  Swedlsli 
sprichci,  to  break  ;  Danisli  sprcliker.  The  same  word  witli  n  cas- 
ual is  seen  in  spring-,  the  hrcahins  or  opening  of  the  winter  ;  and 
here  we  see  the  origin  of  the  marine  phrase,  to  spring  a  mast, 
Danisli  springer,  to  burst,  crack,  or  spring.  This  in  Swedish  is 
written  witliout  71,  sprirla,  to  break,  burst,  split ;  but  a  noun  of 
this  family  has  11,  springa,  a  crack,  and  spring,  a  sprino-,  a 
running. 

Xow  let  us  attend  to  otiier  Shemitic  words  consisting  of  cog- 
nate elements. 

Chaldee,  'l^.tjrrak,  to  rub  or  scrape ;  to  rub  out  or  tread  out,  as 
(frain  from  tlie  ear  or  sheaf;  LaOn  frico,  frio. 

2.    To  collect  and  bind,  as  sheaves;  perhaps  English,  to  rul.c. 

*5.    To  break  or  break  down. 

4.  To  question;  to  doubt.  In  Sa.\on  and  Gothic, /;(iirn««, 
frasun,  signifies  to  ask. 

Deriv.  Froward;  perverse.  Prov.  ii.  12.  So  in  English  rc- 
frnrtorij. 

This  verb  is  not  in  the  Hebrew ;  but  there  are  two  derivatives, 
one  siguifj-iag  the  inner  vail  of  the  temple  ;  so  called  probably 
from  its  use  in  breiikinir,  titat  is,  interrupting  access,  or  separa- 
tion, like  diiiphriiirnt  in  English.  The  other  derivative  is  ren- 
dered rigor,  or  cruelty  ;  that  which  strains,  oppresses,  breaks 
down,  or  rakes,   harasses. 

With  this  verb  coincides  the  Irish  bracaim,  to  break,  to  harrow, 
that  is,  to  rnhe. 

Syr.  t-OfySi,  to  rub;  so  rendered,  Luke  vi.  1.  Lat./nVo.  X 
derivative  signifies  to  comminute. 

Deriv.     Distortion  ;  winding  ;  twisting.     Let  this  be  noted. 

Ar.  ^^/ur«/;a,  torub,  Lat./Wco. 

2.  To  hate,  as  a  husband  or  wife  ;  to  be  languid,  or  rela.\ed. 
Deriv.     La.vity  ;  frangibility  ;  friability. 

Heb.  f.S,  to  break,  burst,  or  rend  ;  to  break  oft";  to  separate. 
Deriv.     A  breahinn  or  parting  of  a  road. 
Ch.  ji;iS;,  to  break, 

3.  To  redeem;  that  is,  to  free,  separate,  or  deliver. 
3.    To  explain,  as  a  doubtful  question. 

Deriv.  One  who  ransoms  or  delivers  ;  a  rupture  ;  the  neck  or 
its  juncture  ;  a  joint  of  the  fingers,  &c. ;  the  ankle  ;  the  joint  of 
a  reed  ;  a  chapter  or  section  of  a  book  ;  explanation  ;  exposition. 
p"T-:,  a  rupture,  coinciding  with  the  English  broke. 

Syr.  .  ^^;  <^,  to  redeem. 

2.    To  depart ;  to  remove  ;  to  separate. 

Deriv.  A  recess,  or  withdrawing;  separation;  liberation; 
redemption  ;  safety  ;  vertebra. 

Sam.     The  same  as  the  Syriac  verb. 

Ar.  0^5  faruka,  to  separate;  to  divide;  to  withdraw;  to  dis- 
perse; [qu.  Lat.  spargo;J  to  lay  open;  to  disclose;  to  cast  out; 
to  immerse. 

Deriv.  Separation;  distinction;  distance;  interval;  disper- 
sion ;  aurora,  as  we  say,  the  break  of  day  ;  also,  a  garment  reach- 
ing to  the  middle  of  the  thigh,  qu.  frock  ;  also  breech. 

I  have  placed  these  two  words  together,  because  I  am  con- 
vinced they  are  both  of  one  family,  or  formed  on  the  same  radical 
word.  The  latter  coincides  exactly  with  the  hatin  frartgo,  fregi, 
fraclma  :  fur  11  mfraiigo  is  undoubtedly  casual.  Now,  in  Welsh, 
bregu,  to  break,  would  seem  to  be  directly  connected  with  "["-, 
yet  doubtless  bregu  is  the  English  break,  the  German  brechcii,  the 
Dntch  breeken,  &c.  In  truth,  the  three  words  "I"!-,  "|~~,  and 
J;"l",  are  probably  all  from  one  primitive  root,  formed  with  dif- 
ferent prefixes,  or  rather  with  the  same  prefix,  differently  written  ; 
the  different  words  bearing  appropriate  senses,  among  different 
tribes  of  men. 

We  observe  in  the  Chaldee  word  the  sense  of  questioninor. 
r<  r!i:ips  this  may  be  the  Gothic /r«/>'«n,  to  ask  ;  and  if  so,  it  coin- 
cides with  the  I.ritiri  rogn,  the  latter  without  the  prefix.  In  the 
sense  of  break,  we   liiid,  in  the  (ireek,  /.i;;ii  ci,  without  a  prefi.x 

Most  of  the  significations  of  these  verbs  are  too  obvious  to 


need  illustration.  But  we  find  in  the  Syriac  the  sense  of  dis'.or- 
tion,  a  sen.se  which  at  first  appears  to  bo  remote  from  that  of 
breaking  or  bursting  asaniler.  But  tliis  is  probablv  the  |)rimarv 
sense,  to  strain,  to  stretch;  a  sense  we  retain  in  tlie  pbrnse,  to 
break  npon  the  wheel ;  and  by  dropping  the  prefix,  we  have  the 
precise  word  in  the  verb,  to  rack. 

Now,  if  this  is  the  genuine  sense,  we  find  it  gives  the  Engli.^ili 
jrreek  and  wrack,  the  Danish  rrag,  Sw.  crak,  a  wreck.  In  Saxon, 
loreccan,  icrecan,  is  the  English  {creak;  that  is,  to  drive,  or  throw 
on ;  vrace,  is  an  exile,  a  wretch.  In  Dan.  xrairer  signifies  to 
reject;  Sw.  zraka,  to  throw  away  :  all  implying  a  driving  force; 
and  that  n-rerk  is  connected  with  break,  is  probable  for  another 
reason,  that  the  hn.t'mfractus,frango,  forms  a  constituent  part  of 
navfragium,  the  English  shipwrcrh,  which  in  Danish  is  si:nply 
rrag. 

Now,  if  straining,  distortion,  is  one  of  the  senses  of  this  root, 
the  English  wring,  wrong,  Danish  xrang,  Sw.  xrang,  may  be 
deduced  from  it,  for  undoubtedly  n  is  not  radical  in  tliese  words. 
The  Dutch  has  wringen  :  but  the  German  drojjs  the  first  letter,  and 
has  ringen,  both  to  twist  or  wind,  and  to  rin^  or  sound  :  the  latter 
sense  from  straining  or  throwing,  as  in  other  cases.  Without  71, 
wring  would  be  wrig,  and  wrong,  wrog ;  wrang,  wrag,  Danish 
rrag. 

In  Greek,  /n/yuc  is  a  blanket  or  coverlet,  and  connected  with 
oijvvui  ;   that  is,  a  spread  ;  from  stretching,  or  throwinn-  over. 

We  find  also  among  the  Chaldee  derivatives  the  sense  of  a 
neck,  and  a  joint.  Now,  we  find  this  word  in  Irish,  braigh,  the 
neck  ;  in  Greek,  without  the  prefix,  nuyi:,  the  spine  of  the  back; 
Saxon,  liracca;  English,  the  riicl:,  and,  from  the  Greek,  the  rick- 
ets, from  distortion. 

Coinciding  with  the  Greek  nijno,  to  break,  we  find  in  Welsh 
rhwgaw,  to  rend;  and  coinciding  with  nu/ta,  a  rock,  a  c.ruf, 
Welsh  craig ;  and  connected  with  these,  the  Saxon  hracod,  Eng- 
lish ragged,  that  is,  broken  ;  evidently  the  participle  of  a  verb  of 
this  family. 

Hence  we  find  the  senses  of  distortioji  and  iircahin*f  connected 
in  this  root,  in  a  great  variety  of  instances. 

The  Shemitic  p"*;!!  to  lighten,  to  shine  or  flash,  is  one  of  this 
family.  The  sense  is,  to  shoot  or  dart,  to  throw,  as  in  all  like 
cases.  And  under  this  root  the  Arabic  has  the  si.-nse,  to  adorn, 
as  a  female  ;  to  make  bright  or  shining  ;  which  gives  the  En"'lish 
prank  and  prink,  D.  prugt,  G.  pracht.  Prance  is  of  the  same 
family,  from  leaping,  starting,  darting  up. 

In  Greek,  linityrt:,  short,  stands  in  the  Lexicons  as  a  priniarv 
word  or  root.  But  this  is  from  the  root  of  break,  which  is  lost  iii 
Greek,  unless  in  nt^ynin,  without  the  prefix.  From  i'ju/i;,  or 
the  root  of  this  word,  the  French  language  has  abrcgi  r,  to  abridirc  ; 
and  what  is  less  obvious,  but  equally  certain,  is,  that  frf)m  tiu^ 
same  root  the  Latin  has  brecls,  b}-  sinking  the  palatal  letter,  as 
we  do  in  bow,  from  bngan,  and  in  hnj,  from  hcgan  ;  so  that  abridge 
and  abbrcciute,  brief,  are  from  one  root. 

It  should  have  been  befiue  mentioned  that  the  Latin  rcfragor 
signifies  to  resist,  to  strive  against,  to  deny,  whence  rtfractorij ; 
a  sense  that  demonstrates  the  primary  sense  to  be,  to  strain,  urge, 
press;  and  refraction,  in  ojitics,  is  a  breaking  of  the  direct  course 
of  rays  of  light  by  turning  them;  a  sense  coinciding  with  that  of 
distortion. 

We  sec,  then,  that  one  predominant  sense  o{ break,  is,  to  strain, 
to  distort.  Let  ns  now  examine  some  of  the  biliteral  roots  in  rir 
and  rk,  which,  if  b  is  a  preli.x,  must  be  the  primary  elements  of 
all  the  words  above  mentioned. 

Ch.  35*^  ''",4^1  xegag,  to  desire,  to  long  for.  This  is  the  Greek 
r.»t;'ii,  and  English  to  reach;  for  desire  is  expressed  by  reaching 
forward,  stretching  the  miml  toward  the  object.  So  in  Latin 
appeto  and  c.c/nto,  from  /*(/(',  to  move  toward.  This  cotnirides 
nearly  with  the  l..atin  roga,  to  ask,  and  the  Goth,  frngnan.  Sax. 
frtEgnan. 

Syr.  t  vji  to  desire;  and  with  olaph  prefixed,  4.^j,  to  desire, 
or  long;    also  to  wet,  or  moisten;    also   f,»i,  to  moisteMi  —  Latin 

rigo,    irrigo,   to   irrigate. 

Deriv.  Tender,  soft,  fresh,  from  moisture  or  greenness.  Qu. 
Lat.  rcccns,  a  derivative. 

Here  desire  and  irrigation  are  both  from  one  root;  desire  is  a 
reachiii'r  forward,  and  irrigation  is  a  spreading  of  water. 

This  root,  in  Hebrew  3~.S,  signifies  to  weave,  or  connect,  as  in 
texture  ami  ni't-work  ;  hut  the  primary  sense  is  to  stretch  or 
strain. 


INTRODUCTION. 


In  Arabic,  t.ie  same  verb  _.  ,1  signifies  to  emit  an  agreeable 

smell ;  to  breathe  fragrance  ;  radically,  to  throw  or  send  out ;  to 
eject;  a  mere  modification  of  the  name  sense.  This  is  tlie  Latin 
J'ragro,  whence  J'nifp-ant,  with  a  prefix ;  but  according  exactly 
with  the  Englisli  reek. 

"Iim  in  Ch.  Heb.  Syr.  and  Sam.,  signifies  to  prolong,  to  extend. 
In  Ar.  as  in  Heb.  in  Hiph.  to  delay,  or  retard  ;  that  is,  to  draw 
out  in  time. 

SJI  in  Heb.  has  been  differently  interpreted ;  indeed,  it  has 
been  rendered  bj'  words  of  directly  contrary  signification.  The 
more  modern  interpreters,  says  CastcU,  render  it,  to  split,  divide, 
separate,  or  break  ;  the  ancient  interpreters  rendered  it,  to  stiffen, 
to  make  rigid  or  rough,  to  wrinkle  or  corrugate.  Castell  and 
I'arkluirst,  liowever,  agree  in  rendering  it,  in  some  passages,  to 
quiet,  still,  allay.  Jer.  xlvii.  6,  1.  34.  In  Job  vii.  5,  our  trans- 
lators have  rendered  it  hrohen,  "My  skin  is  broken,"  [rough,  or 
rigid.]  In  Job  .xxvi.  Vi,  it  is  rendered  by  divide,  "  He  dividcth 
the  sea  by  his  power."  In  Vanderhooght's  Bible  it  is  in  this 
place  rendered  by  commovcl,  he  agitates  the  sea.  The  Seventj' 
render  it  by  x^Tinuvoe,  he  stilled ;  and  this  is  the  sense  which 
ParUhurst  gives  it. 

In  Isaiah  li.  1.5,  and  Jer.  xxxi.  3.5,  it  is  rendered  in  our  version 
by  divide.  "  But  I  am  the  Lord  thy  God,  that  divided  the  sea, 
whose  waves  roared." 

In  Vanderhooght's  Bible  it  is  rendered  in  Isaiah  li.  15,  "  I  am 
Jehovah  thy  God,  qui  commovens  mare,  ut  perstrepant  fluctus 
ejus."  In  Jer.  xxxi.  35,  "  commovens  mare,  ut  tumultuentur  fluc- 
tus " —  agitating  or  moving  the  sea,  that  the  waves  roar,  or  may 
roar.  The  passage  in  Isaiah  is  rendered  by  the  Seventy,  on  d 
0fo?  Hut',  0  lai^itoaoiv  ti/v  ^aluooav,  y.ut  rj/wv  Ta  y.vuara  aVTf;c, 
"agitating  the  sea,  and  causing  its  waves  to  roar  and  resound." 
In  the  French  translation,  the  passage  in  Isaiah  is,  "  qui  fend  la 
mer,  etses  (lots  bruient :  "  [I]  who  divide  the  sea,  and  the  waves 
roar.  In  Jeremiah  the  passage  is,  "qui  agite  la  mer,  et  les  flots 
en  bruient:  "  who  agitates  the  sea,  and  therefore  the  waves  roar. 
In  Italian,  the  passage  in  Isaiah  is  rendered,  "  clie  muovo  il  mare, 
e  Ic  sue  onde  romoreggiano."  In  Jeremiah,  "  clie  commuove  il 
mare,  onde  le  sue  onde  romoreggiano:"  who  moveth  the  sea, 
wherefore  its  waves  roar,  or  become  tumultuous. 

These  diflerent  renderings  show  the  importance  of  under- 
standing the  literal  or  primary  sense  of  words ;  for  whatever  may 
be  the  real  sense  in  the  passages  above  mentioned,  it  can  not  be 
to  divide.  If  we  are  to  give  to  vau  in  the  following  word  its 
usual  sense  of  and,  it  is  difficult  to  make  sense  of  the  word  531, 
by  translating  it,  he  stilhth  :  He  stilleth  the  sea,  and  its  waves  are 
tumultuous,  or  He  stilleth  the  sea  that  the  waves  may  roar  or  be 
agitated  !  This  will  not  answer.  The  more  rational  version 
would  be.  He  rowhens  the  sea, and  its  w.aters  roar;  or  he  drives, 
mipels  it  into  agitation.  In  Ethiopic,  the  same  word  signifies  to 
coagulate,  to  freeze,  to  become  rigid  ;  and  this  is  undoubtedly  the 
Latm  T-i'^-co,  and  with  a  prefix /rio-co,  and  this  signification  is  per- 
haps allied  to  the  Lat.  rugo,  to  wrinkle ;  for,  as  a  general  rule, 
the  radical  sense  of  wrinkle  is  to  draw,  as  in  contract,  contraho, 
and  this  seems  to  be  tlie  sense  of  rigeo.  Both  these  words  are 
allied  to  rough,  wliich  is  from  breaking  or  wrinkling.  This  sense 
would  perhaps  well  suit  the  context  in  these  two  "passages,  as  it 
would  also  that  in  Job  vii.  5  :  My  skin  is  rough. 

Now,  in  Arabic,  the  general  signification  of  S3"i  is  to  return,  to 
repeat,  to  withdraw,  which  may  be  from  drawing  back  ;  a  difler- 
ent  application  of  the  original  sense,  to  strain,  stretch,  or  extend. 

The  root  pTi  in  Chaldee  signifies  to  spit,  and  this  is  probably 
the  Latin  ructo,  somewhat  varied  in  application.     The  same  verb 

in  Ar.nliie  o]j  rauka,  signifies  to  drive  off,  to  reject;  to  shoot  or 
grow  l.ing,  as  teeth ;  to  strain,  purify  or  make  clear,  as  wine  ; 
precisely  the  English  to  rack;  also,  to  spread,  and  to  pour  out. 
Hebrew  pi,  to  empty,  to  draw  out,  to  attenuate  or  make  thin  ; 
and  as  a  noun,  spittle ;  Syriac,  to  spit,  to  draw  out,  to  attenuate  ; 
Samaritan,  to  pour  out,  to  draw  out,  to  extend ;  Ethiopic,  to  be 
fine,  slender,  or  thin  ;  Arabic,  to  be  soft,  tender,  thin.  The  verb 
-jlhas  a  like  signification,  and  is  perhaps  from  the  same  original 
ro.it ;  rp-,,  Hebrew,  to  spread,  stretch,  extend.  But,  says  Castell, 
all  the  ancient  interpreters  rendered  the  word,  to  ordain,  estab- 
lish, make  firm;  to  .nrike,  to  beat,  as  plates  of  metal.  But  the 
sense  is  to  stretch,  to  spread,  and  the  beating  is  only  the  means 


of  extending.  Hence  S^iPl,  the  firmament,  which  agrees  well 
with  Lat.  rcgio,  an  extent;  in  Hebrew,  properly,  an  ?xpanse. 
And  to  reconcile  the  ancient  and  modern  interpretations  of  this 
word,  let  it  bo  remembered  that  strength  and  firmness  are  usually 
or  always  from  strc'r.hing,  tension. 

Now  let  us  hear  Ainsworth  on  the  word  regio.  "  Regie  a  rego 
quod  priusquam  provincia;  ficrent,  regionea  sub  regibus  erant 
atque  ab  his  regebantur."  How  much  more  natural  is  it  to  de- 
duce rcgio  from  the  primary  sense  ot  rego,  which  is  to  stretch,  to 
strain,  to  extend  !  Regie  is  an  extent,  a  word  of  indefinite  signi- 
fication. 

In  Chaldee  and  Arabic  this  verb  signifies  to  mend,  to  repair,  to 
make  whole  ;  from  extending,  spreading  over,  or  making  strong. 
See  the  root  )j!3,  infra. 

We  observe  tliat  701  and  ;>'p1  agree,  in  original  signification, 
with  the  English  rertcA,  on  the  root  of  which,  or  some  of  its  deriv- 
atives,_was  formed  stretch.  That  "112,  "TIDi  and  pIS  were  formed 
on  any  of  the  foregoing  biliteral  roots,  we  may  not  be  able  to 
affirm  ;  but  it  is  certain  from  the  Welsh,  that  the  first  consonant 
of  the  triliteral  root  is  a  prefi.x,  and  it  is  certain  from  the  Shemitic 
languages,  that  the  primary  sense  is  the  same  in  the  biliteral  and 
triliteral  roots,  or  that  all  the  applications  or  particular  significa- 
tions may  readily  be  deduced  from  one  general  signification. 

To  illustrate  this  subject  more  fully,  let  us  attend  to  the  various 
applications  of  some  other  Shemitic  words  of  extensive  use. 


Heb.  !S13  bara,  to  create.  This,  by  most  lexicographers,  is 
given  as  the  first  signification,  in  all  the  Shemitic  languages. 
Parkhurst  says,  to  create;  to  produce  into  being.     Gen.  i.  1. 

2.  To  form  by  accretion  or  concretion  of  matter.     Gen.  i.  21. 

3.  In  Hiph.  to  make  fat;  to  fatten  or  batten.     1  Sam.  ii.  29. 

4.  To  do  or  perforin  something  wonderful.     Num.  xvi.  30. 

5.  In  Niph.  to  be  renewed.  In  Kal.  to  renew,  in  a  spiritual 
sense.     Ps.  li.  12. 

Castell  says, 

1.  To  create  from  nothing,  or  to  produce  something  new  or 
excellent  from  another  thing.     Gen.  i.  Is.  xlii.  5. 

2.  In  Niph.  to  be  renewed  or  recreated.  Is.  xlviii.  7.  Ps. 
cii.  19. 

3.  To  cut  off;  to  take  away  ;  to  bear  away,  or  remove  ;  also,  to 
select;  to  prepare.     Josh.  xvii.  15,  18.     Ezek.  xxiii.  47. 

Gesenius  says, 

1.  Strictly,  to  hew,  to  hew  out.  [Ar.  to  cut,  to  cut  out,  to 
plane.] 

2.  To  form;  to   make;  to  produce.     Ar.   'jJ.     The    order  of 

significations  is,  as  in  the  Ar.  i.JU-=i  galaka,  to  be  smooth,  to 
make  smooth.  2.  To  plane.  3.  To  form,  make.  Gen.  i.  1, 
21,  27. 

1.  Niph.  passive  of  Kal.  No.  2.     Gen.  ii.  4. 

2.  To  be  born.     Ezek.  xxi.  30.     Ps.  cii.  18. 

Pi.  5413,  the  verb  differently  pointed;  to  hew,  to  cut  down. 
Josh.  xvii.  15,  18. 

2.  To  cut  down  with  the  sword;  to  kill.     Ezek.  xxiii.  47. 

3.  To  make  fat.     1  Sam.  ii.  29. 
Thus  far  the  Hebrew. 

Chal.  t^i::,  to  create.     Gen.  i.  I. 

2.  To  cut  off.     Is.  xl.  20. 

3.  To  make  fat ;  to  grow  sound  or  strong.     Talm. 
Deriv.     Fat ;  whole  ;  sound  ;  strong.     Castell. 
Syr.  j^,  to  create.     Gen.  i.  1.     Mark  xiii.  19. 

2.    To    remove    to   a   distance ;  and    Deriv.    distance,   distant. 

Castell. 

Sam.  ^^%  to  create.     Gen.  i.  22.     Deut.  iv.  32.     Castell. 

c  — 
Ar.  ijj,  to  create.     Job  xxxviii.  7.  [qu.  4  and  6.] 

2.  To  be  free,  or  guiltless,  not  obnoxious  to  punishment. 
Num.  V.  23,  31 ;  and  xxxii.  22.     Rom.  vii.  6. 

3.  To  free  ;  to  absolve  from  a  crime ;  to  liberate ;  to  dismiss  ; 
to  justify.     Ex.  XX.  7.     Num.  xiv.  18. 

4.  To  escape  ;  to  forsake. 

5.  To  recover  from  disease  ;  to  be  healed;  to  restore  to  health 
Lev.  xiii.  18.     Josh.  v.  8.     Matth.  iv.  23 


INTRODUCTION. 


6.  To  cleanse  ;  to  free  from  impurities. 

7.  To  abstain  from. 

Deriv.     Creator;  free;  unobnoxious;  clean;  empty. 

Ar.  |»j,  to  create. 

2.  To  cut  off;  to  hovr  OT  pare. 

3.  To  separate  ;  to  distinguish. 

4.  To  make  thin. 

5.  To  oppose  ;  to  strive  ;  to  resist. 

6.  To  provoke ;  to  boast,  or  make  a  parade. 

7.  To  distribute  ;  to  disperse.  Castell. 
According  to  Gesenius,  the  primary  sense  of  tl.e  verb  is  to  hew, 

to  nit  out,  and  thus  to  make  smooth,  and  thus  to  create  ;  and  he 
deduces  these  senses  in  the  same  order  as  he  does  those  of  the 
Arabic  verb,  ^vhich  gives  the  wx)rd  like.  But  there  is  no  ground 
for  this  opinion ;  and  doubtless  the  verb  originated  before  the  use 
of  edge  tools. 

The  predominant  senses  of  this  word  are,  to  separate,  to  free, 
to  remove ;  as  we  see  by  the  Arabic  and  Syriac. 

Now,  hewing  is  indeed  separating,  and  we  have  the  English 
word  ■pare  from  this  root;  but  we  must  seek  for  a  signification 
which  is  more  general  than  that  of  paring,  or  we  shall  not  be 
able  to  account  for  the  sense  of  making  fat,  sound,  entire,  and 
strone,  nor  for  that  of  being  born. 

The  truth  undoubtedly  is,  this  word  is  of  the  same  family  with 
the  English  bear,  the  Latin  pario,  and  the  radical  sense  is  to 
throtc,  to  thrust,  to  send,  to  drive,  to  extend ;  hence  to  throw  out, 
to  produce,  as  applied  to  the  birth  of  children  or  of  the  world. 
To  throw  or  drive  is  the  primary  sense  of  separation  and  division, 
that  is,  to  drive  off.  The  English  word  deal,  when  traced  to  its 
root,  presents  the  same  fact.  See  Deal.  To  create  is  to  produce 
or  bring  forth,  the  same  sense  as  that  of  birth,  applied  to  a  differ- 
ent object.  The  sense  of  kcuing  and  paring  is  from  driving  off, 
separation.  In  Syriac,  we  observe  the  general  application,  in 
removal,  or  departure  to  a  distance.  The  sense  of  fattening  is 
derivative,  and  allied  to  that  of  healing  or  making  whole,  sound, 
strong,  in  the  Arabic  ;  that  is,  preparing,  bringing  to  a  good  state, 
or  from  tension,  the  usual  primary  sense  of  strength  and  power. 

To  obtain  a  more  full  and  satisfactory  view  of  this  subject,  let 
us  attend  to  the  same  word  in  the  modern  languages  of  Europe. 


LATIN. 

Para,  to  prepare,  make  ready,  procure,  design,  &c.  The  radi- 
cal sense  of  paro  is  probably  the  same  as  in  the  Shemitic  lan- 
guages ;  to  produce,  to  bring  forward.  So  also  ready  implies  an 
advancing,  and  so  does  promptness.  But  the  various  ways  of 
preparing  a  thing  for  use  naturally  give  to  the  word,  in  process 
of  time,  a  variety  of  partioular  significations  ;  each  of  which  re- 
sults in  bringing  the  thing  to  the  state  desired.  The  compounds 
of  paro  are  apparo,  to  prepare,  to  furnish,  accouter  or  set  out ; 
compnro,  to  prepare  or  procure,  to  make  equal,  to  compare,  to 
join,  to  dress  or  make  ready  ;  prtsparo,  to  prepare  ;  reparo,  to  re- 
pair, to  create  anew,  to  regain,  to  compensate ;  scpa.ro,  to  sepa- 
rate. Let  the  Latin  uses  of  this  word  be  compared  with  the  same 
Hebrew  word  in  Joshua  xvii.  15,  where  it  is  rendered  cut  down. 
"  Ascend  to  the  wood  country  and  cut  down  for  thyself;  "  Sep- 
tuagint,  EZKaiSc-oov  aiavrm,  clear  for  thyself.  This  is  one  mode  of 
preparation  for  use.  In  Ezek.  xxi.  19,  it  is  rendered  choose ; 
Septuagiut,  diaralBig,  appoint. 


ITALIAN. 

Parare,  to  prepare  ;  to  garnish ;  to  adorn  ;  to  propose  an  occa- 
sion ;  to  parry,  or  ward  off,  as  a  blow ;  to  defend  ;  to  cover  from 
or  shelter  ;  to  repair ;  to  teach  a  horse  to  stop,  and  in  horseman- 
ship, to  stop  ;  parata,  a  warding  off,  a  garnishing ;  parato,  pre- 
pared, ready,  prompt,  warded  off  or  parried,  shielded,  defended. 

J^pparare,  to  learn ;  apparato,  learned,  prepared ;  apparato, 
preparation,  garnishment. 

Paruchio,  a  preparation ;  also  equal,  even  [L. par;]  parecr.hiare, 
to  prepare ;  parcggiare,  to  make  equal,  to  compare  ,  apparccchiare, 
to  prepare,  to  ornament  or  garnish,  to  set  in  order ;  appareggiare, 
to  put  in  competition,  to  match,  to  equal 

Comparare,  to  compare. 

Disparare,  to  forget ;  disparare,  sparare,  to  unfurnish,  disgar- 
nish,  to  make  unready,  to  disbowel,  to  separate,  disjoin,  unpair  ; 
to  discharge,  as  artillery. 


Impararc,  to  learn. 

Ripararr,  to  repair,  to  restore  to  the  first  state ;  to  repair,  or 
resort  to,  or  have  access  to ;  to  parry,  or  ward  off;  riparo,  repa- 
ration, a  fort,  a  bank,  fence,  mound,  remedy,  shelter. 


SPANISH. 

Parar,  to  prepare;  to  stop,  detain,  prevent;  to  end;  to 
treat  or  use  ill ;  to  stake  at  cards ;  to  point  out  the  game,  as 
pointers. 

Paradu,  a  halt  or  stopping,  end,  pause ;  a  fold  for  cattle ;  a 
relay,  as  of  horses  ;  a  dam  or  bank  ;  a  stake  or  bet ;  a  parade,  or 
a  place  where  troops  are  assembled  to  exercise ;  parado,  reiuiss, 
careless,  unemployed. 

Par,  a  pair;  a  peer;  afterbirth;  the  handle  of  a  bell. 

Aparar,  to  stretch  out  the  hands  or  skirts  of  a  garment  for 
receiving  any  thing  ;  to  dig  and  heap  earth  round  plants ;  to  close 
the  upper  and  hind  quarter  of  a  shoe  to  the  sole  ;  to  couple  male 
and  female  animals ;  to  dub,  as  a  ship. 

Aparador,  a  sideboard,  a  dresser  in  a  kitchen,  a  workshop,  a 
wardrobe  ;  aparato,  preparation,  pomp,  show. 

Aparear,  to  match  ;  to  suit  one  thing  to  another,  [pair.] 

Aparejo,  preparation,  harness,  sizing  of  a  piece  of  linen  or 
board  on  which  something  is  to  be  painted ;  tackle,  rigging  em- 
"'ovei  on  board  of  a  ship.     [Apparel,  parrel-l 

Cumparar,  to  compare. 

Despurejar,  to  make  unequal. 

Disparitr,  to  discharge,  as  fire-arms. 

Amparar,  to  shelter ;  to  protect.  [Aragon,  to  sequester,  as 
goods.] 

Emparedar,  to  confine  or  shut  up. 

Repnrar,  to  repair ;  to  observe  carefully,  to  consider ;  to  mend 
or  correct;  to  suspend  or  detain;  to  guard,  defend,  protect;  to 
regain  strength,  or  recover  from  sickness;  to  right  the  helm. 

Separar,  to  separate. 

PORTUGUESE. 

Parar,  v.  i.  to  stop,  to  cease  to  go  forward ;  to  confine  upon,  to 
meet  at  the  end,  to  touch,  to  be  bounded ;  to  tend,  to  drive  at 
something,  to  aim  at,  to  come  to ;  to  imply,  involve,  or  comprise  : 
"  Nao  posso  parar  com  fome,"  I  can  not  bear  hunger.  "  Ninguem 
pode  aqui  parar,"  Nobody  can  live  or  stay  here.     [Eng.  kear.'\ 

Parar,  v.  t.  to  stop,  to  hinder  from  proceeding  ;  to  parry  or 
ward  off;  to  turn  or  change  with  regard  to  inclination  or  morals ; 
to  lay  or  stake,  as  a  wager.  Parada,  a  stopping,  or  place  of  stop- 
ping ;  a  bet  or  wager. 

Amparar,  to  protect,  shelter,  defend,  abet. 

Comparar,  to  compare  ;  coinprar,  to  buy,  to  procure. 

Aparar,  to  pare,  as  an  apple ;  to  mend  or  make  a  pen ;  to 
parry  a  blow. 

ApareUiar,  to  prepare,  to  fit,  to  cut  out  or  rough  hew ;  aparelho, 
tackle  in  a  ship  for  hoisting  things,  Eng.  a. parrel. 

Disparar,  to  shoot,  to  discharge,  as  fire-arras. 

Reparar,  to  repair  ;  to  parry  in  fencing  ;  to  advert ;  to  observe  ; 
to  make  amends ;  to  retrieve  ;  to  recover ;  to  recruit ;  to  shelter ; 
reparo,  in  fortification,  defense. 

FRENCH. 

Parer.  to  deck,  adorn,  trim,  set  off,  embellish  ;  to  parry  or  w.ird 
off.  "Parer  des  cuirs,"  to  dress  leather;  "Parer  le  pied  dun 
cheval,"  to  pare  a  horse's  hoof. 

Parer,  v.  i.  to  stop;  parcsse,  idleness. 

Pari,  a  lay,  bet,  or  wager  ;  parier,  to  bet  or  lay  a  wager. 

Appareil,  preparation,  furniture,  train,  retinue,  [Eng.  apparel.} 
Apparaux,  tackle,  sails  and  rigging,  [Eng.  parrel.} 

Pair,  a  peer,  an  equal ;  paire,  a  pair ;  apparier,  to  pair,  to  match. 

S'emparcr,  to  seize,  to  invade. 

Repurer,  to  repair. 

Separer,  to  separate. 

ARMORIC. 
Pnra,  to  dress,  to  trim,  to  stop,  io  parry,  to  pre  varc. 

RUSSIAN. 

Vberayu,  to  put  In  order,  to  adjust,  to  mow  or  reap,  to  cut,  to 
dress,  as  the  hair.     This  word  has  the  common  prefix  u. 


1 


xl 


INTRODUCTION. 


PERSIC. 
AtXjw  poridiin,  to  cut  off. 

WELSH. 

Pur,  aoinethiiiij  contiguous,  or  that  is  m  continuity ;  a  state  of 
readiness  or  preparedness;  a  pair  or  couple.  ;  a  fellow,  niatcli. 
Par,  a  cause  ;  the  essence,  germ,  or  seed  of  a  tiling  ;   a  ^jiear. 
Para,  to  continue,  to  endure,  to  persevere. 
Piiruil,  a  causing;  jiunil,  tliat  causes  to  be. 
Piiraicdj  prepared,  ready  ;  -jmrnili,  to  prepare. 

Tiiat  all  the  foregoing  words  in  the  jjresent  European  lan- 
guages [and  several  others  might  have  been  added]  are  formed 
from  one  stock  or  radi.x,  coinciding  with  the  Ijatiii  paro,  i.s  a  fact 
tliat  admits  of  no  question.  The  only  doubt  ri'specting  the  cor- 
rectness of  the  whole  preceding  statement,  is,  whether  llie  Latin 
ptiro  is  radicN'ilIy  the  sami;  as  the  Oriental  i^^H  ;  and  with  regard 
to  this  ])oint,  i  should  suppose  the  evidence  to  bo  convincing. 
Indeed,  there  is  good  reason  to  believe  that  the  Oriental  verbs 
&<^i2,  ^"^C,  ^in,  and  ""y,  are  all  formed  from  onit  ])riniitive  radix. 
Certain  it  is,  tliat  the  English  hear  comprehends  both  tlie  Latin 
Jcro  and  jmrio,  and  the  latter  corresponds  nearly  witli  n"l5  and 

Etii.  <|,4r  /"'■',  to  bear. 

Hut  admitting  only  what  is  certain,  that  all  the  foregoing- 
European  words  are  from  one  radi.v,  vi'e  are  then  to  seek  for  a 
primary  meaning  from  whicli  may  be  deduced  the  following 
significations;  Lat.  to  prcpiira;  Ital.  to  adorn,  to  pirnj,  to  stop, 
to  defend,  to  repair,  to  learn  ;  Span,  to  prepare,  to  stop,  to  lay  or 
stake  as  a  wager,  a  pair  or  couple  ;  Port,  to  stop,  to  confine  upon 
or  be  contiguous,  to  drive  or  aim  at,  to  parry,  to  jiarc ;  Fr.  to 
deck,  to  parry,  to  stoj),  to  pare;  Ann.  to  dress,  to  prepare,  to 
parry;  Russ.  to  adjust,  to  dress,  to  mow  or  reap;  Welsh,  pre- 
paredness, contiguity,  a  pair,  a  cause,  to  continue  or  endure  ; 
and  several  other  significations. 

The  various  significations  result  from  tlirowing,  sending,  driv- 
ing. To  sejiarate  or  remove  is  to  drive  or  force  apart;  hence  to 
parry,  and  lience  to  defend.  Separation  implies  extension,  a 
drawing  out  in  length  or  lime  ;  hence  the  Portuguese  senses  of 
confining  upon,  reaching  to  tlie  limit.  Tliis  gives  the  sense  of 
par,  ecpial,  tliat  is,  of  the  same  ext.'iit ;  and  lience  coining  to,  and 
suiting,  as  in  Latin  convcnio. 

Here  hit  it  be  observed  that,  admitting  the  word  par,  equal,  to 
belong  to  this  (iimily,  as  in  the  Welsh,  we  have  strong  reason  to 
believe  that  the  Sliemitic  -]Zr\>  to  join,  or  fit  together,  to  asso- 
ciate, whence  as  a  noun,  an  associate,  is  formiHrfrom  the  same 
root,  or  5<"13;  for  in  the  Saxon  we  find  not  only  f era,  hut  gef era, 
a  companion,  fellow,  or  peer;  gefcra  answering  precisely°to  the 
Oriental  word. 

The  sense  of  betting  is  from  throwing  down,  as  we  say,  to  laq 
a  wager.  The  sense  of  stopping  is  froin  setting,  fixing,  or  froin 
parrying.  The  sense  of  adorning  is  from  jiutting  on,°  which  is 
from  sending,  or  from  extension,  enlargement,  as°we  say,  to  set 
off,  and  hence  it  is  allied  to  the  sense  of  show,  displav,  parade. 
Preparation  is  from  iiroducing,  bringing  forward,  or  'adjusting, 
making  right;  and  oft. 'U  implies  advancing,  like  read//,  prnaipi] 
and  the  latter  word,  priiaipt,  frnm  prnaw,  to  bring  forth,  affords  a 
good  illustration  of  the  words  derived  i'miapiira. 

The  senses  of  cutting  off,  paring,  and  the  like,  require  no 
explanation. 

The  Italian  dispnrare,  and  the  Spanish  and  Portuguese  dis. 
parar,  to  discharge  fir<'-arms,  pn-sent  the  original  sense  of  the 
root,  to  send  or  drive.  This  sense  gives  that  of  the  Welsh  pdr,  a 
s|)i.'ar,  as  well  as  a  cause,  or  that  wliich  impels.  ,\  sprar  is'  a 
shoot,  from  the  sense  of  thrusting;  and  our  word  spear  is  proba- 
bly formed  from  the  root  of  //«r^and  Welsh  her,  a  spit,  a  jiike 
a  lance,  a  spear,  Lat.  rem.  Now,  in  Chaldec,  a  har  is  5*15si 
from  l-S,  to  pass;  a  verb  which  is  probably  of  the  same  funily 
with  Sin.  It  is  further  to  be  observed  that,  in  Italian,  har  is 
written  both  harra  and  sharra. 

It  is  observed  above  that  Kin  is  the  English  hearuad  the  Latin 
pario  :  hut  pario  would  seem  to  be  the  Hebrew  n^i  paraJt,  to  be 
fruitful,  to  bear  fruit,  ajiplied  to  jilants  and  animals.  But  this 
word  seems  to  denote  producing  in  general,  rather  than  the  pro- 
duction of  children.  However  this  may  be,  it  is  certain  that  hear 
in  tnglisli,  as  well  as  in  Saxon,  expresses  the  sense  of  both  pano 


and  feru  in  Latin.  The  Latin  feru,  and  the  Greek  <)  tof>,  signify 
both  to  carry  and  to  produce,  as  young  or  fruit.  Pario  docs  not. 
So  in  the  Gothic,  hairan  is  to  carry,  gahairua  is  to  carry  and  to 
pri^duce  3'ouug.  In  German,  filhren  is  to  carry,  and  trehnreu,  to 
bring  forth,  to  bear  a  child.  In  l}nU:h,  hearen  is  to  lift ;  ruerea, 
to  carry  ;  and  hnaren,  to  bring  fiartli,  as  children  ;  to  bear,  to  be- 
get, to  cause.  Oaiiish,  hecrer,  to  carry,  to  support,  and  to  yield 
or  produce.  Sw.  hara,  to  carry ;  ham,  a  son.  Irish  heirini,  to 
bear  or  bring  forth,  and  to  tell  or  relate,  like  the  L:itin  feru, 
whence  Fr.  parler,  to  speak. 

It  ajipears,  then,  that  the  Engli.",li  hear,  and  the  Saxon  from 
wliich  we  liave  received  it,  and  tlie  Gothic  and  the  Danish  tor- 
responding  v/ords  unite,  in  the  same  orthography,  the  senses 
of  two  words  of  different  orthography  in  other  languages.  I 
have  found  other  examples  of  a  similar  kind.  There  is,  there- 
fore, solid  ground  to  believe  that  all  these  words  are  from  one 
jirimitive  root  ;  tlie  diffi'rent  modes  of  writing  tin'  word,  and  the 
several  appropriations,  having  originated  in  different  families  of 
tlui  great  races  of  men,  before  languages  were  reduced  to  writing; 
and  when  they  came  to  be  written,  each  word  was  written 
according  to  its  usual  jjronunciation,  and  defined  according  to 
its  use  in  each  family.  And  by  the  intermixture  of  tribes,  two 
or  three  derivatives  of  the  same  stock  might  have  become  a 
part  of  the  same  national  language.  Unquestionably  the  Greek 
i;  j'jfi,  and  ifjntfi,  are  iiranches  of  the  same  stock. 

We  have,  in  the  modern  languages,  decisive  evidence  that 
different  verbs  may  have,  and  in  fact  have,  a  common  radix. 
Thus,  in  English,  list  and  last  are  different  modes  of  writing  the 
same  word  ;  both  are  united  in  the  other  Teutonic  dialects.  So, 
in  Latin, ///fc^  and  lahet;  and  similar  instances  I  liave  fi'miid  in 
almost  every  language  which  1  hiive  examined. 

The  Latin  ^rtrco,  to  appear,  to  come  to  light,  if  not  a  compound 
word,  may  be  of  this  family.  Paries,  a  wall,  if  jirimarily  a  par- 
tition wall,  is  of  till*  same  stock.  Per  belonos  to  this  family,  as 
its  signification  ispassiag.  The  Sax.faraa,  to  fare,  Gr.  .loijivniiui, 
sceins  to  be  from  one  branch  of  this  stock,  probably  135).  See 
the  word  Pass,  in  the  Dictionary,  in  the  derivative  senses  of 
which  there  are  some  resemblances  to  those  of  SIS. 


-13D  tf//ar. 

Tills  verb,  says  Lowtli,  means  to  cuccr^  to  cover  sin,  and  so  to 
ex])iato  ;  and  it  is  never  nscd  in  tlu^  sense  of  hrcahlng  or  dissolv- 
ing' a  covenant,  thou»4'h  that  notion  occurs  so  often  in  the  Scrip- 
tures ;  nor  can  it  be  forced  into  this  sense,  but  by  ;i  great  deal  of 
far-fetched  reasoninjr.  See  Isaiah  xxviii.  18.  Loicth  on  Isaiah.^ 
Prelim.  Diss. 

^?^,  says  Castell,  "  texuit,  operuit,  Anglice,  to  cover;  per  nie- 
tatliosin,  xnvTTVin,  xoim/>;,  peculiarlter  bitumine,  sive  glntinosa 
aliqua  materia  obduxit;  picavit."      Gen.  vi.  14. 

Parkiiurst  gives  to  this  verb  tiie  sense  of  covering  or  oovr- 
sprcadifig,  as  primary,  and  deduces  from  it  the  Greek  xorjino, 
and  Eng-hsli  cover  and  cofcr.  He,  however,  admits,  that,  in 
Isaiah  xxviii.  18,  it  signilies  to  annul,  as  a  covenant.  He  also 
considers  tlie  sense  of  atonement  or  expiation  to  be  radically  that 
of  covering, 

Gesenius  agrees  with  the  Englisli  lexicog-raphcrs,  in  assigning 
to  this  verb  the  primary  sense  of  covering  or  overlaying,  as  in 
Gen.  vi.  14.  He  admits  tluit  tliis  word  has  the  .sense,  in  Isaiah 
xxviii.  18,  of  liluttlng  out,  obliterating.  But  he  gives  to  it  the 
sense  of  forgicl/ig,  in  some  passages,  in  which  our  version  has 
that  of  purging  atcntj.  Ps.  Ixv.  3,  and  Ixxix.  0.  In  these  pas- 
sages, Castell  renders  the  word,  to  be  nurcifal  or  itropltlous. 

h\  all  tlu'sc  autiiors  there  is,  I  conceive,  a  radical  juistake,  in 
supposing  the  priimiry  sense  to  he  to  cover,  and  in  the  opinion 
that  tliis  lleiircw  wcn-d  is  tlie  English  verb  to  rover.  A  still 
greater  mistake  is  in  tin-  supposition  of  Castell  and  Farkhur:;!, 
that  tills,  by  a  metathesis,  gives  the  Greek  y.nv.in^i. 

Tlie  English  word  cover  comes  to  us  through  tiie  French  cou- 
vrlr,  from  the  Italian  roprire,a.  contraction  of  tiie  Jjalln  co-opcrio, 
whence  cu-oprrtas,  Italian  ropcrto,  covered,  Eng.  corcrt.*  The 
Latin  nperio  Is  to  open,  ;ind  opvrlo  is  to  cover,  both  iVom  pario  or 
one  of  ilu>  roots  in  Br,  wliicli  luts  just  been  exjdii.lned.  The  root 
in  tiiese  words  is  par  or  par,  and  the  sense  is  varied  b}'  prefixes  ; 
perhaps  ad-^tario  or  ab-jmrio  and  oh-pario.     Now,  cover  can  have 

*  In  this  di;iiuclioii  of  caver  frniu  the  fiatin,  I  am  supporti  d  hy  I-utiicr,  Uic 
nbU'st  FreiKli  etymolo;;!.-:  wht'sc  uorks  I  have  soi-n. 


INTRODUCTION. 


xli 


no  couucction  with  1i;~,  unless  tliis  laltof  word  is  a  compouiul, 
witli  3  for  a  prolix.  This  may  be  the  foct,  but  tlio  connection, 
even  in  that  case,  is  very  remote. 

Let  us  sec  if  we  can  gain  any  liglit  upon  the  subject  of  tlie 
primary  sense  of  "lS2  from  the  cognate  languages. 

Chiildcc,  122,  to  deny,  to  reject.     Prov.  xx.\.  1). 

2.  To  wipe  ;"  She  eateth  aud  ?etpff/j  her  mouth."  Prov.  xxx. 
20. 

3.  To  wasli  or  cleanse.     Mattli.  xxvii.  24.  Castcll. 
Si/rluc,  j.2Lii  kcfar,  to  deny.     Gen.  xviii.  13.     Luke  xli.  9. 

2.  To  wipe,  to  wipe  away,  to  annul,  to  abolisli.  Prov.  xxx. 
20.  Is.  x.\viii.  IS.  CastcU. 

.'irabic,  yX^^  hnfara^  to  den}' ;  to  disbelieve  ;  to  be  an  intidel ; 

to  be  impious;  to  bliispheme.  Acts  ill.  IS,  14.  2  Pet.  ii.  1,  .5. 
Jude  15. 

2.  To  cover ;  to  conceal. 

3.  To  e-xpiate;  to  make  expiation  for  one,  and  free  him  from 
crime.  CaalcU. 

Now,  the  senses  of  the  Chaldee,  Syriac,  and  Ar.abic,  to  ilcnij,  to 
reject,  to  annul,  to  wipe,  icash,  or  to  cleanse  by  tiiese  acts,  can  not 
be  deduced  from  covering. 

In  Hebrew,  the  word  has  tlie  sense  of  covering^  as  tlie  ark,  with 
bitumen  or  pitch,  in  Gen.  vi.  14;  that  is,  to  sniriir,oT  pay  orrr, 
as  our  seamen  now  exprt-.^s  it.  But  it  should  he  considered  that 
the  sense  of  covering  is  rarely  or  never  printanj;  it  is  usually 
from  the  sense  of  putting  vti,  which  is  from  the  sense  of  throwing 
or  pressing,  or  it  is  from  overspreading,  which  is  a  spreading, 
stretching,  or  throicing  over  ;  heuce  the  derivative  senses  of  cov- 
ering and  hiding.  These  latter  senses  are  sometimes  derived 
from  others;  but  these  are  the  most  general.  And  in  this  pas- 
sage of  Genesis,  the  literal  sense  is  probal>ly  to  ]tut  on,  nr  to  rah 
or  spread  over,  a  sense  which  coincides  with  that  of  the  Chaldee 
and  Syriac,  Prov.  xx.x.  20,  tliough  differently  applied;  or  what  is 
more  probable,  the  verb,  in  Gen.  vi.  14,  is  from  the  noun,  which 
is  the  name  of  the  substance  used^  as  we  should  say,  to  pitch 
with  pitch. 

The  real  original  sense  of  this  Shemitic  verb  is  to  remove,  to 
separate,  by  tlirusting  awa}-  or  driving  off.  Hence  its  application, 
in  the  Chaldee,  Sj'riac,  and  Arabic,  to  denial,  the  rejection  of 
God  or  truth.  To  deny  or  reject  is  to  thrust  aw:iy.  Hence  from 
the  Arabic  coffer,  an  infidel,  one  who  denies  and  rejects  the  ISIo- 
hammedan  religion  ;  hence  Caffrarin,  the  southern  part  of  Africa, 
the  country  of  infidels  ;  so  called  by  the  followers  of  Molianimed, 
just  as  the  Christians  gave  the  name  of  pagans  to  the  inhabitants 
of  villages  [pagusl  "'''"  rejected  the  Christian  religion. 

This  signification  explains  tiie  Hebrew  uses  of  this  word. 
Its  literal  sense  is  applied  to  the  cleansing  or  purification  of 
sacred  things,  as  the  altar.  Lev.  .xvi.  13.  In  a  spiritual  sense, 
to  the  purification  of  the  soul,  a  type  of  tlie  purification  by  llie 
blood  of  Christ;  hence  it  is  rendered  atonement,  or  erpintiati. 
Hence,  probably,  the  sense  of  appeasing,  Gen.  xxxii.  21,  Prov. 
xvi.  14,  though  this  may  be  from  removing  or  smoothing. 

The  sense  of  forgiveness  is  from  thrusting  av.'ay  or  giving  back, 
precisely  as  in  the  modem  languages  ;  Lat.  rcmitto,  to  send  back  or 
away  ;  forgive,  to  give  back  or  away  ;  jianlun,  in  Frencli,  Spanish, 
and  Italian,  has  a  like  sense,  which  is  more  clearly  exliibited  by 
the  Dutch  vergeeven,  German  rcrgeben;  ver  being  the  Englisli 
far,  to  give  far,  to  give  atcay ;  hence  to  reject,  and  remember  no 
more.  The  sense  of  o-Zbc,  and  of  the  French  (/ohhi;;-,  is  nearly  the 
same  as  that  of  liTi.  To  give  is  to  send,  to  cause  to  pass;  and 
so  of  donner. 

Now,  it  is  a  question  of  some  moment,  whether  the  opinion  that 
"1S3  is  the  same  as  the  English  cover,  has  not  inclined  lexicon-- 
raphers  and  commentators  to  render  it  by  this  word,  in  several 
passages,  where  the  true  sense  is  to  forgive,  or  to  purify  by 
cleansing  from  sin. 

However  this  may  be,  the  interpret;ition  given  above  will  fully 
disprove  Lowth's  assertion,  that  this  word  is  never  used  in  tlie 
sense  of  hreaking  or  annaViag  a  covenant.  So  confident  is  the 
learned  bishop  on  this  point,  that  he  ventures  to  call  in  question 
the  reading,  Isaiah  xxviii.  18,  and  to  suppose  the  true  word  to 
be  12ri,  from  "n-;,  to  break.  With  respect  to  the  reading,  I  shall 
offer  no  opinion  ;  but  if  the  present  reading  is  correct,  I  am 
confident  tliat  no  word  in  the  Hebrew  language  is  better  fitted  to 
express  the  sense.  Your  covenant  with  death  shall  be  wiped 
away,  abolished,  or,  as  in  the  version,  annulled.  And  so  is  the 
rendering  in  the  Syriac. 


If  1S5  is  a  conipuuiul  word,  and  the  first  letter  a  prefix,  it  may 

be  from  the  same  root  as  the  Arabic  yXx  gafara,  whose  signifi- 
cation is  to  cover.  But  the  primary  sense  is,  to  throw  or  put  on. 
It  signifies,  also,  to  forgive ;  but  to  forgive  is  to  send  back  or 
away,  rcmitto,  and  not  to  cover.  And  I  apprehend  that  for  want 
of  knowing  the  jiriniary  sense  of  such  verbs,  the  word  cover  has 
been  often  substituted  for  forgive,  in  the  translating  of  this  verb. 


73  kal  or  kol. 


No.  1.  Heb.  '^^'Z,  'Z-,  to  hold,  to  contain;  Sw.  kalla.  bsi^,  to 
hold,  to  sustain,  to  maintain,  to  comprehend. 

Cli.  bl2i  to  measure ;  that  is,  to  ascertain  the  contents,  or  to 
stretch,  and  compreiiend  the  whole. 

Pah.     To  feed,  to  nourish.     See  ;rs. 

Deriv.  A  measure  ;  also  custom,  rite,  manner ;  probably  from 
holding  or  continued  practice. 

Syr.     In  Aph.  to  measure.     Deriv.     .\  measure. 

Eth.  Tl®n,  to  follow;  to  go  behind;  Gv .  uxMuviltM  ;  that  is, 
to  hold  to,  or  to  press  after. 

Deriv.  Tlie  hinder  part;  tlie  poop  of  a  ship;  behind.  French  c«/. 

No.  2.  Heb.  ;;r,  to  finish;  to  complete;  to  make  perfect. 
Gr.  xK/.oc. 

b:,  aH;  the  whole;  Gr.  .i/.uf,  Eng.  all,  by  the  loss  of  the  first 
letter;  but  in  Welsh  holl,  or  oil;  and  in  Saxon  al,  ail,  and  gcall. 

Ch.  ;;i,  to  crown ;  to  adorn. 

Pih.     To  perfect;  to  complete  ;  to  coinpreliend  ;  to  embrace. 

Deriv.     Comprehending;  universality;  a  general  rule,  &c. 

Syr.  ^_\ri,  to  crown.     Deriv.    A  crown;  all;  every  one. 

Sam.  ZZi3,  as  the  Chaldee. 

Efli.  (IAm,  the  same  ;  also,  to  cover. 

Ar.  J..S5  hallo,  to  be  weary  or  dull;  to  be  languid;  to  tire; 
also,  to  crown  ;  to  shine.     Deriv.     All ;  dullness  ;  heaviness. 

No.  3.  Heb.  iiiz^,  to  hold. ;  to  restrain;  to  shut  or  confine;  to 
check;   Gr.  xoif.va  ;  Sw.  hnlla. 

Deriv.     A  place  of  confinement ;   hat.  caiila. 

Ch.  5i;ll,  n~2,  '^b^,  to  hold;  to  restrain;  also,  to  trust;  to  con- 
fide in,  or  rely  on;  to  hope.  (See  No.  6.)  Also,  to  finish;  to 
perfect;  also,  to  consume;  to  cause  to  fiiil. 

In  Aph.  To  call;  to  cry  out;  to  thunder;  Gr.  zn/tci  .•  Lat. 
calo  ;  W.  galm ;  Eng.  to  call;  Lat.  gall  as,  from  crowing. 

Sj-r.  ''\o,  to  hold;  to  restrain  ;  to  forbid;  to  deny. 

Deriv.  all;  a  cork,  bar,  or  bolt. 

Sam.  A-Zii,  to  hold,  or  restrain. 

Eth.  'nAA,  to  liold,  restrain,  or  prohibit. 

Deriv.     Lat.  alius;  a  fellow,  or  companion. 

Ar.  >H.f^  hala,  to  keep;  to  preserve;  to  turn  the  face  toward 

a  thing  and  look  repeatedly.  So  in  English,  to  behold.  Also,  to 
come  to  the  end,  as  of  life  ;  also,  to  feed,  to  devour  food  ;  also,  to 
abound  in  pasture  ;  also,  to  hinder,  or  detain  ;  also,  to  look  atlen- 
tively  ;  also,  to  sprout;  also,  to  take  upon  a  plr'dge,  or  upon 
trust;  supra,  Clialdee.     (See  No.  6.) 

No.  4.  Heb.  ~'z-t  t"  finish  ;  to  consume  ;  to  bring  to  naught ; 
to  waste;  to  fail.     (See  No.  8.) 

No.  5.  Ch.  bSi*,  to  cat ;  to  consume  ;  also,  to  take  ;  to  luild  ;  to 
contain,  in  .\ph.  to  feed;  to  give  food;  also,  to  call ;  to  thunder; 
to  roar,  or  bellow  ;  also,  to  publish  ;  to  accuse  ;  to  defame. 

Heb.  to  ent ;  to  consume. 

Sam.  Zi5A^,  to  eat. 

Syr.  ''\oj,  to  publish  ;  to  divulge,  as  a  crime  :  to  accu.se. 

Eth.  ATlA,  to  suffice;  as  we  say,  it  is  well,  Lat.  valeo:  also,  to 
be  or  exist ;  that  is,  to  be  held,  or  to  be  fixed  or  permanent,  to 
continue. 

Ar.  toeat;   to  devour  ;  to  corrode  ;   L-.it.  hrllno. 

No.  a.  Ar.  ASsj  wakala,  to  trust;  to  commit  to  auotlier  in 
confidence.     (See  No.  3.) 


xlii 


INTRODUCTION. 


Eth.  (DlTlA  icakal,  with  a  prefix ;  to  trust,  as  above. 
No.  7.  Heb.  ba"^,  to  be  able  ;  to  prevail;  Lat.  culleo  ;  W.gallu; 
Eiig.  could. 

No.  8.  Ch.  isy,  to  digest;  to  consume.     (No.  5.) 

Ar.  yXs,  to  collect;  to  tie;  to  bind;  to  unite ;  also,  to  divide, 
impel,  or  compel.  This  is  the  primary  sense  of  the  word,  or 
rather  of  this  root ;  to  press ;  to  strain ;  to  urge,  or  impel ;  also, 
to  extend.  These  verbs  are  different  modifications  of  one  radi.x ; 
and  hence  the  English  hold,  call,  hollow,  heal,  hale ;  the  Latin 
cah,  canlis,  calico,  callus ;  Greek  y.n'O.a,  y.aiog,  or  xu'f.Xos  ;  and  a 
multitude  of  words  in  all  the  modern  languages  of  Europe. 

The  sense  of  holding,  restraining,  forbidding,  hindering,  and 
keeping,  are  too  obvious  to  need  any  explanation.  They  are 
from  straining.  To  this  sense  is  nearly  allied  the  sense  of  meas- 
uring, or  ascertaining  what  is  held  or  contained.  That  which  is 
contained  is  all,  the  whole  that  is  comprehended,  from  the  sense 
of  extension. 

The  signification  of  finishing  or  perfecting  seems  in  a  good 
sense,  to  be  from  that  of  soundness :  a  sense  which  is  from 
stretching  or  strength.  Or  it  may  be  from  coming  to  the  end, 
like^nisA  and  achicic,  or  from  skulling,  closing.  And  the  sense 
of  consuming,  wasting,  failing,  may  be  from  bringing  to  an  end. 
In  Latin,  to  co7isume  is  to  take  all ;  and  possibly  this  may  be  the 
sense  of  this  verb.  But  the  Arabic  sense  of  failure  would  seem 
rather  to  be  from  holding,  stopping,  or  coming  to  an  end. 

The  sense  of  eating  may  be  from  consuming,  or  taking  apart ; 
but  from  some  of  the  derivatives  of  No.  5,  I  am  inclined  to  think 
the  primary  sense  is  to  feed,  to  crowd,  to  stuff;  the  primary  sense 
of  the  root  applied  to  this  particular  act ;  for  under  the  Chaldee 
root  we  find  words  v.liich  signify  the  nut  of  a  species  of  oak,  the 
Gr.  aj^'i'/ioc,  and  a  collection  or  crowd  of  people,  [Gr.  o/io;,]  both 
of  which  are  from  collecting  or  pressing  together. 

The  sense  oi  scciiig  z.nA  looking  is  from  reaching  or  casting  a,ni 
striking,  or  from  lioliliug  ax  fixing  the  eyes  on. 

The  sense  of  trusting  seems  also  to  be  that  of  holding  to  or 
resting  oji.     The  English  hold  in  behold  is  from  this  root. 

The  sense  of  calling,  roaring,  and  thunder,  is  from  impelling 
the  voice  or  sound ;  a  pressing,  driving,  or  straining,  applied  to 
sound ;  like  the  Latin  oppcllo,  from  pello.  Hence  the  sense  of 
publishing,  accusing,  and  defaming. 

The  sense  of  sprouting,  in  the  Arabic,  is  a  shooting  or  pushing 
out,  as  in  other  ciises ;  Lat.  caulis. 

The  sense  of  ability,  power,  strength,  in  No.  7,  is  from  strain- 
ing, stretching,  or  holding,  as  in  other  words  of  the  like  sense. 
Hence  Lat.  calleo,  to  be  skilled,  and  to  be  hard,  callus. 

On  this  root  ;~  is  probably  formed  ;23i  a  word  differently 
pointed  in  the  Hebrew  and  Chaldee.  This  word  signifies,  in 
Hebrew,  to  pervert,  to  err,  to  be  foolish  or  infatuated,  to  act 
foolishly. 

In  Chaldee,  to  understand,  know,  or  consider;  to  look  or  be- 
hold ;  to  cause  to  understand  ;  Rabbinic,  to  be  ignorant ;  whence 
its  derivatives,  knowledge,  wisdom,  ignorance.  These  different 
significations  may  result  from  the  different  effects  of  the  prefix 
on  the  original  verb. 

In  Syr.  ^^^.cvo;  (the  same  word)  signifies  to  be  foolish,  or  mad ; 
to  cause  to  know,  or  to  give  understanding ;  to  observe ;  to 
search  or  know  thoroughly ;  to  ask  or  seek  to  understand  ;  to 
discern  or  distinguish;  also  to  err,  to  sin,  to  be  foolish  or 
perverse. 

In  Sam.  the  same  word  signifies  to  look,  and  to  be  accustomed. 
See  Castell,  col.  2523. 

That  jrr  is  formed  on  the  same  root  with  a  different  prefix,  is 
obvious  and  certain,  from  the  correspondence  of  significations. 
This  word  in  Hebrew  signifies  to  understand,  or  know;  to  cause 
to  understand;  to  be  wise,  or  to  act  wisely;  correspondimf  with 
the  Ch.  i:s  above  ;  and  being  a  mere  dialectical  orthography  of 
the  word.  It  signifies,  also,  to  deprive,  strip,  bereave ;  and  to 
waste,  scatter,  and  destroy  ;  also,  to  cast,  as  fruit  or  offspring ; 
also,  to  prosper. 

Ch.  to  understand,  and  Ch.  ;r3'-,  to  complete,  to  finish ;  also, 
to  found,  to  lay  the  foundation.     This  is  5};3  with  "  prefixed. 

Syr.  to  found,  to  finish,  to  adorn. 

Ar.  y^sJJI,  sliahala,  to  bind  under  the  belly;  to  gird;  to 
bind  the  feet;  to  fetter;  to  shackle;  to  form,  or  fashion;  to  be 
dubious,  obscure,  and  intricate ;  to  agree,  suit,  or  answer  to ;  to 


be  like;  to  have  a  beautiful  form;  to  know,  perceive,  or  compre- 
hend ;  to  hesitate ;  to  be  ignorant.  Derivative,  a  shackle.  See 
Castell,  col.  3750. 

To  this  root  Castell  refers  the  English  skill ;  and  it  is  certain 
the  words  correspond  both  in  elements  and  in  sense.  Now,  in 
the  Gothic  and  Teutonic  langiiages,  the  verbs  corresponding  to 
these  Shemitic  verbs,  signify,  in  Saxon,  seylau,  to  separate,  to 
distinguish;  Icelandic  and  Swedish,  skilia,  to  divide,  separate, 
sever;  whence  shield,  that  which  separates,  and  lience  defends; 
D.  scheclen,  to  differ;  schillcn,  to  peel,  or  pare  ;  whence  scale  and 
.«//f//.  To  this  root  our  lexicograjihers  refer  skill.  The  prefix  in 
this  word  would  seem  to  have  the  force  of  a  negative,  like  L.  ex. 
Now,  is  it  possible  to  suppose  that  these  words  can  be  formed 
from  a  common  root .-' 

The  sense  of  sin  and  folly  is  probably  from  wandering,  devi- 
ating, as  in  delirium ;  and  this  is  only  a  modification  of  the  pri- 
mary sense  of  ;3,  to  stretch  or  e.\teud;  that  is,  departure,  sepa- 
ration.    Or  the  'J  has,  in  these  senses,  the  force  of  a  negative. 

The  sense  of  knoicing,  understanding,  is  usually  or  always 
from  taking,  holding,  or  extending  to;  as  we  say,  I  take  your 
meaning.  In  this  application,  these  words  would  seem  to  be 
directly  from  the  Eth.  and  Ch.  inS,  to  be  able ;  the  Latin  calleo, 
to  be  hard,  and  to  know  or  be  well  skilled.  That  this  word  bnS 
is  from  the  same  root  as  bp5,  N313,  rtiS,  we  know  by  the  Samari- 
tan 2i^i5  which  signifies  all,  and  which  is  a  mere  dialectical 
spelling  of  the  Heb.  and  Ch.  ;3. 

The  sense  of  depriving  and  wasting,  in  the  Hebrew,  is  from 
separation,  the  sense  of  the  Gothic  and  Teutonic  words ;  but  it 
is  to  be  noticed  that  this  sense  seems  to  imply  throwing,  as  one 
mode  of  parting,  and  tliis  is  also  the  direct  act  of  founding,  laying 
the  foundation. 

When  we  turn  our  attention  to  the  Arabic,  new  affinities  are 
disclosed.  The  first  definition  is,  to  hind,  to  gird,  to  shackle,  and 
hence  the  English  word.  The  radical  sense  of  hind  is  to  strain, 
the  sense  o^  hold.  Aud  hci-e  we  arrive  at  the  origin  and  primary 
sense  o^  shall,  should;  Saxon  scealaji,  to  be  obliged;  that  is,  to 
be  bound  or  constrained.  Hence  we  see  why  the  words  scale, 
shell,  and  shall,  are  all  written  alike  in  Sa.xon,  sceal  ;  for  scale  and 
shell  are  from  peeling,  or  covering,  binding. 

From  this  verb  the  Saxon  has  scyld,  a  crime,  or  guilt,  Lat. 
scelus,  and  scyht.^  a  shield.  The  German  has  the  same  word  in 
schuld,  guilt,  culpability,  debt :  Dutch,  schuld ;  Danish  skuldc, 
should,  and  scyld.,  a  debt,  a  fault,  a  crime;  Sw.  skuld,  the  same. 
This  word  scyld,  skuld,  and  schuld,  is  the  Englisli  should,  the 
preterit  of  the  verb  shall;  and  it  is  the  word  used  in  the  Saxon, 
German,  Dutch,  Danish,  Swedish,  Norwegian,  Icelandic,  and 
Swiss  Lord's  Prayer,  to  express  what  is  rendered  in  English 
debts;  forgive  us  our  debts.  Here  we  see  the  primary  sense  of 
the  word  is  to  be  held,  or  bound ;  hence,  liable.  The  English 
word  guilt  may  be  from  the  same  root,  without  a  prefix ;  but 
whether  it  is  or  not,  we  observe  the  word  expresses  more  than 
the  English  word  debt,  trespass,  or  offense ;  it  comprehends  the 
sense  of  fault,  or  sin,  with  that  of  being  held  or  liable  to  answer 
or  to  punishment.  Debt,  in  the  modern  use  of  the  word,  implies 
the  latter,  but  not  the  former;  trespass  and  offense  imply  the  sin, 
but  not  the  liability  to  answer.  We  have  no  English  v/ord  that 
includes  both  senses  except  guilt,  and  this  seems  to  be  hardly 
adequate  to  express  the  full  sense  of  scyld. 

To  account  for  the  various  significations  of  the  same  word,  in 
difterent  languages,  and  often  in  the  same  language,  it  is  neces- 
sary to  find  the  primary  action  expressed  by  the  root;  and  in 
compound  words  it  is  necessary  to  observe  or  ascertain  the  difter- 
ent effects  produced  on  the  original  word  by  the  prefi.xcs.  Thus 
the  verb  inculpo,  in  Low  Latin,  signifies  to  excuse;  but  some 
modern  writers  use  inculpate  in  a  directly  different  sense ;  that 
is,  to  blame. 

In  like  manner  impartible  has  two  different  significations;  that 
■may  be  imparted;  and  in  law,  not  partible,  or  divisible.  Such  is 
the  fact  also  with  impassionate.  I  am  persuaded  a  vast  number 
of  instances  of  similar  diversities  in  the  application  of  prefi.xes, 
may  be  found  in  the  Shemitic  languages ;  and  this  will  account 
for  differences  which  otherwise  seem  utterly  irreconcilable.  - 

We  find  in  our  mother  tongue,  that  the  same  word  signifies  to 
heal  and  to  conceal,  Lat.  celo ;  Saxon  hail,  health ;  hcBlan,  helan, 
to  heal,  to  conceal ;  gc-hiclan,  and  ge-helan,  to  henl,  and  to  con- 
ceal; Old  English  hcle.  Hence  we  see  that  the  Engl'?'",  heal  and 
the  Latin  celo  are  the  same  word  differently  applied,  but  from  a 
common  signification,  which  is,  to  make  strong  or  fast,  or  to  hold, 
from  the  sense  of  pressing.     Or  perhaps  the  Latin  celo  may  have 


INTRODUCTION. 


xliii 


this  sense  of  holding,  restraining ;  and  htal  may  rather  be  from 
making  perfect.     iSo.  2,  supra. 

We  may  now  also  see  the  radical  sense  oihohj  ;  Sa.^on  hal  and 
Se-luil,  w'hule,  sound,  safe ;  liaiig,  holy  ;  halg-ian,  to  hallow.  If 
this  word  contains  the  sense  of  separation,  or  driving  off,  like 
Latin  sneer,  as  it  may,  it  is  from  shutting-,  confining,  or  restrain- 
ing intercourse.  But  I  am  inclined  to  believe  the  primary  sense 
of  holy  is  sound,  entire,  coinciding  with  the  radical  sense  of  heal. 

CLOD,   LAUDO,   CLAUDO. 

In  Welsh,  clod  is  praise,  from  Hod,  a  forcible  utterance.  This 
is  the  English  loud,  and  Lat.  laudo,  which,  with  a  prefix,  becomes 
plaudo.  In  Welsh,  Uodi  signifies  to  reach  out,  to  crave,  from 
the  radical  sense  of  Hod,  to  thrust  out  or  extend ;  but  according 
to  Owen,  Uodi  is  from  llawd,  which  signifies  a  shooting  out,  or  a 
going  onward,  productiveness,  a  lad;  and  as  an  adjective,  tending 
forward,  craving,  lewd ;  llodig,  craving,  brimming ;  llodineh, 
lewdness.  Now,  beyond  all  question,  these  words  are  the  Chal- 
dee,  Syriac,  Hebrew,  and  Samaritan  -;3"i,  to  beget;  to  bring 
forth  ;  to  cause  to  be  born  ;  and  as  a  noun,  a  child  of  either  sex, 
a  lad.     The  Arabians  and  Ethiopians  use  vav  or  wato,  where  the 

Hebrews  use  yod.     The  Arabic  corresponding  word  is  Jvij  wa- 

lada,  the  Ethiopic  ©A,?  walada,  to  beget,  to  bring  forth. 

But  this  is  not  all.  In  Greek,  the  verb  z/.tiw,  a  contraction 
of  zAekJou),  signifies  to  praise,  to  celebrate.  Here  we  have  pre- 
cisely the  Welsh  Uod  above,  corresponding  with  the  Latin  laudo 
and  plaudo.  But  the  same  Greek  word  xJ.tim,  xf.tdct:!,  signifies  to 
shut  or  make  fast.  This  is  the  Latin  c?urfo,  c/aarfo.  The  Saxons 
used  /i  for  the  Greek  x  and  the  Latin  c;  and  with  these  words 
accords  the  Saxon  Mid,  a  cover;  English,  a  lid;  that  which 
shuts  or  makes  fast.  That  these  words  are  all  from  one  root,  is 
a  fact  apparent  beyond  any  reasonable  doubt ;  nor  is  there  the 
least  difficulty  in  ascertaining  the  affinity,  for  the  radical  sense, 
to  reach  forward,  to  thrust,  to  strain,  solves  the  whole  mystery. 
To  thrust,  gives  the  sense  of  begetting  and  producing;  to  strain 
or  throw  out  the  voice,  gives  the  sense  of  praise  ;  and  to  thrust 
or  press  together,  gives  the  sense  of  closing  and  making  fast.  In 
this  manner,  words,  which  at  first  view  appear  to  have  no  con- 
nection, will,  when  pursued  through  different  languages,  assimi- 
late and  unite,  not  only  without  forced  analogies,  but  in  defiance 
of  all  preconceived  opinions ;  and  the  reluctant  mind  is  at  last 
compelled  to  admit  their  identity. 

There  is  another  set  of  words  whose  derivation  from  the  same 
root  is  very  certain,  though  perhaps  less  obvious.  These  are  the 
Danish  slulter,  to  shut,  close,  conclude,  finish,  determine  ;  stutter, 
a  key-keeper,  a  jailer ;  Swedish  sluta,  claudere,  obserare,  to  shut, 
or  shut  up,  or  end  ;  slott,  a  castle ;  D.  sleutel,  a  key  ;  slot,  a  lock, 
a  castle,  a  conclusion ;  sluiten,  to  shut,  lock,  close,  stop,  con- 
clude ;  G.  schloss,  a.  lock;  schhessen,  to  close,  conclude,  finish, 
fetter,  shackle ;  schleuse,  a  sluice ;  D.  sluis,  id.  Eng.  sluice,  that 
is,  which  shuts  or  fastens;  Low  Latin,  exchisa.  See  Spelman's 
Glossary.  These  words  are  unequivocally  formed  from  the  root 
of  claudo,  clausi,  by  the  prefix  s,  just  as  the  Welsh  yslac,  slack, 
loose,  is  formed  on  Hoc,  and  yspeiliaw  on  yspail,  spoil,  and  this 
on  the  root  of  peel.  We  observe  all  the  Teutonic  dialects  use 
the  dental  t,  as  the  final  radical,  except  the  German.  The  Latins 
use  both  the  dental  and  a  sibilant,  claudo,  clau.^,  clausus. 

If  the  Danish  lyd,  sound,  Sw.  lyda,  to  sound,  is  the  same  word 
as  English  loud,  these  words  belong  to  this  family. 

CRADLE. 

Another  example.  The  English  word  cradle,  Saxon  cradel,  is 
in  Welsh  cryd,  a  rocking,  a  shaking,  a  cradle.  In  Welsh,  the 
verbs  crydu,  crydiaw,  crydian,  signify  to  shake,  to  tremble. 
These  correspond  to  the  Irish  creatham,  to  shake  ;  Greek  xoaSaui, 
to  shake,  to  swing.  The  Welsh  verbs  are  by  Owen  deduced 
from  rhyd,  which  signifies  a  moving.  Now  "Sli  in  Hebrew, 
Chaldec,  and  Ethiopic,  signifies  to  shake  or  tremble.     The  same 

word  in  Arabic,  <XCj,  signifies  to  thunder ;  to  impress  terror ;  to 
tremble ;  to  shake.  This  coincides  with  the  Latin  rudo,  to  roar, 
to  bray ;  and  we  know  from  the  voice  of  the  ass,  that  roughness 
or  shaking  is  an  ingredient  in  the  sense  of  this  word.  We  know 
it  also  from  rudis,  one  of  the  affinities  of  rudo.     There  is  also  in 


Arabic,  il,,  which  is  rendered  to  run  hither  and  thither;  to 
move  one  way  and  the  other ;  to  tremble ;  to  shake.  In  Hebrew 
inn  signifies  to  tremble  or  shake,  and  to  palpitate  ;  in  Syriac 
and  Eth.  to  rub  or  scrape.  This  connects  the  word  directly  v/ith 
crudh,  through  the  Hebrew ;  and  through  the  Syriac,  with  the 
Latin  rado.  Here  again  we  find  the  sense  of  roughness  or 
grating.  Then  turning  to  the  Welsh,  we  find  grydiaw,  v.'hich 
signifies  to  utter  a  rough  sound  ;  to  shout,  whoop,  or  scream ; 
grydtcst,  a  murmur,  from  gryd,  a  shout,  or  whoop,  and  this  from 
rhyd,  the  word  above  mentioned  ;  so  that  crydu,  to  shake,  whence 
cradle,  is  from  the  same  root  as  grydiaw,  to  shout,  and  this  is  the 
Italian  gridarc ;  Sp.  and  Vort.  gritur  ;  Saxon  gradun;  Swedish 
grata ;  Danish  grader  ;  Dutch  krytcti ;  German  greitcn.  This 
word  in  French  is  contracted,  by  the  omission  of  the  last  radical, 
into  crier  for  cridcr ;  whence,  probably,  we  have  cry,  W.  cri. 
Hence  wo  find  that  the  sense  of  cry  is  to  utter  a  rough  sound; 
and  this  is  connected  with  the  braying  of  the  ass,  with  shaking, 
trembling,  and  with  roaring,  murmuring,  and  thunder.  The 
connection,  in  this  example,  is  so  marked  as  to  preclude  all  hesi- 
tation as  to  the  identity  of  the  words. 

The  Shemitic  roots  nna,  tsin.  Tin,  and  inp,  all,  in  some  of 
the  languages  of  that  stock,  coincide  in  sense  and  elements  with 
the  English  grate,  French  grattcr  ;  and  if  the  first  letter  is  a  pre- 
fix, they  would  seem  to  unite  with  the  Latin  rado.  But  this  is  a 
point  I  would  not  undertake  to  determine. 

One  fact  more.  The  Welsh  cri,  above  mentioned,  signifies  a 
cry ;  and  as  an  adjective,  rough,  raw.  Now,  this  coincides  with 
the  Latin  crudtts,  in  sense ;  and  crudus  with  the  Welsh  cryd, 
above  mentioned. 

The  Dan.  brygger,  Eng.  to  brew,  are  probably  connected  with 
break,  with  freckle,  and  with  rough.  So,  under  this  root,  the 
Welsh  grediaw,  signifies  to  heat,  scorch,  parch ;  whence  grcidyU, 
a  griddle,  from  graid,  that  shoots  in  rays;  heat,  ardency,  from 
gra,  that  shoots,  or  rises,  as  the  nap  or  frieze  of  cloth.  The  latter 
fs  probably  a  contracted  word,  of  the  same  family,  but  not  the 
root,  as  Ovven  supposes.  But  the  radical  sense  implies  a  shaking 
agitation,  and  roughness. 

MEET,   METE,  MEASURE. 

Saxon. —Jtfisfon,  to  put,  to  place;  Fr.  metlre.  It.  mcttr.rc,  Sp. 
and  Fort,  meter,  Lat.  milto. 

Meetan,  metan,  to  find,  to  meet,  or  meet  with;  to  paint;  to 
dream ;  to  measure,  to  mete,  Lat.  metier,  meter,  Gr.  ketjsot,  f<£- 
T'jor,  Lat.  mens7is,  with  a  casual  n,  that  is,  mesus,  Fr.  mesure. 

Avietan,  gemctan,  to  vieet,  to  find,  to  measure. 

Gemeting,  gemetvng,-a.  meeting. 

Gemet,  gemete,  fit,  suitable,  Eng.  meet;  also,  painted  or  por- 
trayed. 

Gemetegan,  gemetian,  to  moderate;  gcmetlic,  moderate,  modest. 

Mete,  measure,  mode,  Lat.  modius,  modus. 

Meter,  measure  in  verse,  meter  [not  metre.'] 

Metere,  an  inventor,  a  painter. 

Maitc,  middling,  [mediocris,]  modest,  moderate. 

Mot,  geviot,  a  meeting,  a  council. 

IVitena-gemot,  a  council  of  wise  men. 

Motion,  to  meet,  especially  for  debate.     Eng.  to  7noot 

Gothic  —  Motyan,  gamotyan,  to  meet,  to  find. 

Mota,  a  place  for  the  receipt  of  toll  or  customs. 

DcTCH. —  Ontmoeten,  to  ineet,  to  encounter. 

Meeten,  and  toemeeten,  to  measure. 

Meeter,  a  measurer. 

Gemoeten,  to  meet;  gemoet,  a  meeting. 

German.  —  Mass,  measure,  meter ;  masse,  moderation. 

Messen,  vcrmessen,  to  measure ;  vicsser,  a  measurer. 

Gemf.'ss,  measure;  also,  conformable,  suftable ;  Eng.  meet,  suit- 
able ;  German  gemassigt,  temperate,  moderate. 

Swedish.  —  Mata,  to  meet,  to  fall  on,  to  come  to,  to  happen 
[This  is  the  sense  of  finding.'] 

Mate,  a  meeting.  „ 

Mot,  and  emot,  toward,  against;  as  in  motsta,  to  stand  agamsl, 
to  resist. 

Mata,  to  measure;  matt,  measure,  meter,  mode. 

Mattelig,  moderate,  middling,  frugal,  temperate. 
Matta,'' to  be  sufiicient,  to  satisfy,  to  cloy. 

Danish.  —  Moder,  to  meet,  to  convene  ;  mode  or  mode,  a  meet- 
inir;  mod,  contrary,   opposite,  against,   to,  toward,  for,  on,  by, 


xliv 


INTRODUCTION. 


aside,  aliri-ast,  as  in  vinil.-clirr,  to  set  airaiiist,  to  upiioso  ;  mml- 
siifrr,  to  say  ngaiii.st,  to  contradict;  iiiiiilrivil,  a  cnntraiy  winil. 

Mnal,  inoiliii,  ripf,  mallow,  m/itiirc.     [Qu.  l.at.  (»/('.-■] 

Moilr,  niannrr,  fashion.      [Piolialily  fii>ni  tlic:  Latin.] 

Maude,  mni.iiire,  linin,  style  of  wiit'.ng,  way,  inodo,  iiianm-r, 
fashion.  [Tliis  is  tlie  native  Danish  word  corrcsprmdin^j  to  the 
Lat.  •modus.] 

Miitittch'tr,  vwdrnitc,  temperate. 

Mirt,  enon;;h,sullieient :   iiitctlcr,  to  satisfy,  or  sate,  to  crlut. 

From  the  same  roi^t  are  the  G.  mil,  D.  vicl,  nicilr.,  Sw.  and  Dan. 
villi.  Or.  ii!i,j.  si^nifyin^r  irilli. 

By  tile  first  signilieation  of  tlio  Sa.xon  miitiiH,  ntmctiiii,  wc  llnd 
that"  this  word,  whiuli  is  the  Englisli  mr.cl,  is  also  the  French 
inillrc,  and  Lat.  millii,  the  sense  of  which  is  to  throw  or  send,  to 
pnt,  to  lay.  Mrd  is  only  a  modification  of  the  sami'  sense,  to 
come  to,  to  fall,  to  ri'acli,  hence  to  find  ;  as  we  say,  to  full  on. 

The  SiMise  of  jtainlinir  or  portra^'iiiir  is  peenliar  to  the  Sa.\^m. 
I  am  not  eonliilent  Ih.jt  this  .si'iise  is  from  finding;  hnt  we  ob- 
serve that  vuirrc  is  rendered  an  inventor  and  a  painter.  The 
sense  otjmiiil,  then,  may  be,  to  find  out,  to  devise  or  contrive. 

The  sense  of  dreaming  is  also  peenliar  to  the  Saxon.  The 
sense  may  be  to  devise  or  imagine,  or  it  maj'  be  to  rove,  as  in 
some  other  words  of  like  signification.  If  so,  this  sense  will 
accord  with  the  Syriac  ,^,  infra. 

The  other  significations  present  no  dlfilciilty.  To  7iicet  is  to 
come  to,  to  reach  in  proceeding  or  in  extending;  hence  to  find. 
The  primarv  sense  of  viriisnre  is  to  extend,  to  strctcll  to  the  t\ill 
length  or  size  of  a  thing. 

Meet,  fit,  suitable,  like  Jiiir,  peer,  pair,  is  from  extending  or 
reaching  to.  So  suit  is  from  the  Latin  seqiior,  througli  the 
French,  to  follow,  to  press  or  reach  toward.  Sei-  par,  mider  !>*n;;i 
su]>ra. 

The  Knglish  vieet  and  vxete  appear  to  be  from  tlie  Saxon  dia- 
lect, but  moot  from  tlie  Gotliic. 

Let  it  be  remarked  that  the  Saxon  mrrt  and  iiietc  arc  united  in 
the  sanu!  orthography;  and  in  the  Dutch  the  orthography  is  not 
\'vvy  ditferent;  oiifiiwetni,  geinoetrn,  to  meet,  and  meeten,  to 
measnr(!.     Not  so  in   the  other  languages. 

In  CJennan,  mass  is  measure,  and  missrn,  to  measure  ;  but  the 
sense  of  inert  iloes  not  occur.  Yet  that  muss  is  tlie  same  word  as 
Vint,  fit,  varied  only  in  dialect,  appears  from  tliis,  that  i;rmflss, 
with  a  prefix,  is  suitable,  answering  to  the  Kniilish  meet. 

The  Swedish  and  Danish  words  follow  the  Gothic  orthography  ; 
Swedish  inuta,  to  meet,  to  fall  on,  to  conn-  to,  to  happen.  Tliese 
significations  give  the  sense  of  finding,  and  are  closely  allied  to 

the  sen.ses  of  the  .\rabic  verb  ,X<  niaihlii,  infra. 

Tliir  Danish  verb  is  viude.r,  to  meet ;  but  in  both  the  Swedish 
and  Danish,  the  sense  of  measure  is  expressed  by  a  ditt'erent 
orthography.  Sw.  viutn,  to  measure;  viutl,  measure;  Dan. 
maiidr,  measure,  mode.     In  these  two  languagi-s  we  find  also  the 

sense  of  sulficiency,  and  to  satisfy.  Sei!  infra,  the  Ar,  S^  and 
Hcb.  and  Ch.  s::;:. 

But  in  these  Gothic  dialects,  there  is  one  application  of  ined- 
imj,  which  deserves  more  particular  notice.  In  Swedi.sh,  7/10/ 
and  raiot  is  a  preposition  of  the  same  signification  as  the  Enn-lish 
a:<a'nist.  It  is  rendered  toward,  against.  So  in  Danish,  mml  is 
contrary,  opposite,  against,  to,  toward,  by,  aside,  abreast.  This 
preposition  is  the  simple  verb,  without  any  addition  of  letters, 
prefix  or  suffix.  We  hence  learn  that  the  sense  of  such  prepo- 
sitions is  a  meeting  or  coming  to,  which  gives  the  sense  of  to  or 
tnirard  ;  but  when  one  mei'ts  another  in  front,  it  gives  the  sense 
of  opposition,  or  contrary  direction.  This  coining"to  or  ineetin<r 
inay  be  for  a  friendly  pnrpo.se,  and  hence  in  one's  favor,  like  foT- 
in  Knglisii.  Thus  in  Danish,  "  Guds  godlied  mod  r,s,"  Cr'xl's 
goodness  or  mercy  toicard.  us.  In  other  cases,  mod  signifies 
against,  and  implies  counteraction  or  opposition  ;  as  mod ifi ft,  tin 
antidote;  mudaansr,  adversity.  So /«;-,  in  F.uglisli,  signifii's  to. 
ward,  or  in  favor  of;  and  al.so  opposition  and  negation,  as  in 
forliid. 

In  the  Danish  we  find  moed,  moden,  ripe,  mature,.  Wc  shall 
see  this  sense  in  the  Chaldee  N^a.  Tlie  sense  is,  to  reach,  ex- 
tend, or  come  to. 

T:io  Latin  modus  is  from  this  root,  and,  by  its  orthogia])hy,  it 
seeiiLs  to  have  been  received  from  the  Gothic  race.  Tile  sense  is 
measure,  limit,  from  extending,  or  comprehending.     This,  then. 


becomes  the  radix  of  many  words  which  express  limitation  or 
restraint,  as  modenite,  modi  si,  inndifij;  a  sense  diri'ctly  contrary 
to  that  of' the  radical  verb. 

This  leads  us  a  step  further.  In  Saxmi,  Gothic,  and  other 
northern  languages,  mod,  vioed,  signifies  mind,  courage,  spirit, 
anger,  whence  .I'innlish  miaidif.  Tlie  primary  sense  is  an  ad- 
vancing or  nisiiing  fV>rwar(l,  whieii  expresses  mind,  or  int<'ntion  ; 
that  is,  a  setting  or  stretching  forward,  and  also  spirit,  anima- 
tion, heat,  anrl,  lastly,  anger.  So  the  Jjatiu  animus  gives  rise  to 
anlmosiltj ;  and  the  Greek  timi;,  mind,  signifies  also  strength, 
force,  vcdicmence,  and  anger.  Mania  is  from  the  same  radical 
sense. 

Let  ns  now  eonnert  this  root,  or  these  roots,  with  the  Sliemitie 
languages. 

In  Hebrew  and  Chaldee,  "l";*^  signifies  to  measure ;  "!^,  a 
measure.  'I'his  coincides  with  the  Latin  inrtior,  -awX  Gr.  unnii'u 
as  well  as  with  the  Saxon,  Oiiteli,  Danish,  and  Sv/etlish,  whieli 
all  write  the  word  with  a  dental,  but  the  German  is  muss. 

In  Syriac,  ^^  mud,  signifies  to  escape,  to  get  free  ;  that  is,  to 

depart,  a  modification  of  the  sense  of  extending  in  the  Arabic. 
A  derivative  in  Syriac  signifies  a  duty,  toll,  or  tribute  ;  and  we 
have  seen  in  the  Gothic,  that  viola  is  a  toll-house.  It  may  be 
from  measnriufr,  that  is,  a  portion,  or  perhaps  income. 

This  word  in  Arabic"",  ,S^  madilii,  signifies, 

1.  To  stretch  or  extend,  to  draw  out,  to  make  or  be  long,  to 
delay  or  give  time,  to  forbear,  to  bring  forth.  To  extend  is  the 
radical  sense  oi^ measure. 

2.  To  separate,  or  throw  off  or  out;  to  secern,  secrete,  or  dis- 
charge. Hence  to  become  ^natter  or  sanies,  to  produce  pus,  to 
miilarale.  Here  wo  have  the  origin  of  the  word  viatter,  in  the 
sense  of  pus.  It  is  an  excretion,  from  throwing  out,  separatinrr, 
freeing,  discharging.  Here  we  have  the  sense  of  the  Latin 
initto,  cviitto. 

3.  To  assist,  to  supply.  This  sense  is  probabl3'  from  coining 
to,  that  is,  to  apjiroach  or  visit.  "I  was  sick,  and  3^e  visited  me. 
I  was  in  prison,  and  ye  came  to  me."      Matth.  xxv. 

Tliis  application  coincides  with  the  English  vteet,  but  particu- 
larly with  the  Swedish  and  Danish  sense  of  the  word. 

■1.    To  make  thin,  to  attenuate  ;  probably  from  stretching. 

Among  the  Arabic  nouns  formed  under  this  root,  we  find  a 
measure,  or  modiu.^,  showing  that  this  verb  is  the  sann;  as  the 
Chaldee  andH(d>rew;  we  find  h]ho -utatter,  or  pus,  and  lenity'. 
Qu.  Lat.  initis. 

In  Chaldee,  t^w?2  or  ^'.1^2  signifies  to  come  to,  to  hajipen,  to 
reach,  [to  meet,']  to  be  ripe  or  mature,  to  cause  to  come,  to  bring 
or  produce.  The  first  sense  gives  that  of  finding,  and  the  latter 
gives  that  of  maturing,  and  wc  observe  that  viatter,  or  pus,  is 

from  the  Arabic  tX.^  vnidda,  and  the  sense  of  mature,  from  the 
Chaldee  sua  virja.  Yet  in  the  use  of  maturate,  from  the  Latin 
malum,  we  Conner!  the  words;  for  to  maturate  is  to  ripen, and  to 
generate  vw.tter. 

In  Syriac,  this  verb  signifies  the  same  as  the  Chaldee,  to 
come  to;  and  also  to  be  strong,  to  prevail  ;  that  is,  to  strain  or 
stretch,  the  radical  sense  of  power. 

In  Hebrew,  i^lil^  has  the  sense  of  the  foregoinrr  verb  in  tin^ 
Chaldee  ;  to  find,  to  come  to,  to  liajipeii. 

In  Chaldee,  this  verb  sin-nifies  to  find,  and  to  be  strong,  to 
prevail;  hence,  both  in  Hebrew  and  Chaldee,  to  be  sufBcient. 
Here  we  see  the  Danish  and  Swedish  vnctter,  and  vifttta,  to  lie 
sufficient.     This  is  also  vieet,  dialectically  varied. 

\n  Syriac,  also,  this  verb  signifies  to  be  strong  or  pov.'erful ; 
also  in  Pah.  to  bring  or  press  out,  to  defecate,  which  sense  unites 
this  word  with  the  Heb.  f'Z^,  to  press,  to  squeeze.  In  Ethiopic, 
this  verb  signifies  to  come,  to  happen,  to  cause  to  come,  to  bring 
in,  to  bring  forth.  Now,  it  is  evident  that  K-^,  and  the  Chaldee 
>?t;^i  are  dialectical  forms  of  the  same  word;  the  former  coin- 
ciding with  the  German  viuss  in  orthography,  but  with  the  otlu'r 
languages  in  signification. 

In  Chaldee,  ^'If^  signifies  the  middle,  and,  ns  a  verb,  to  set  in 
the  middle,  to  pass  the  middle  ;  in  Syriac,  to  be  divided  in  the 
miildle.     Qu.  Is  not  this  a  branch  of  tlie  family  of  meet? 

In  Chaldee,  "IIS  amad,  to  measure,  is  evidently  from  ^73l  with 
a  prefix  or  formative  S.  This  word,  in  Syriac,  signifies,  like  the 
simple  verb,  to  escape,  to  be  liberated.     In  Pael,  to  liberate. 


INTRODUCTION. 


xlv 


■I 


In  Arabic,  tliis  verb  ^Vci  amiihi,  sioniHos  to  bi-   tiTiiiiriiited, 

to  end  ;  wIkmicc  the  noun,  an  end,  limit,  teriiiiniitimi,  Latin  imt<i ; 
which,  Ainsnorth  informs  us,  sig-nifios,  in  a  inflii/i/iorinil  sc-nsp,  a 
limit.  The  fact  is  tlie  revise  ;  this  is  its  primiirij  and  literiil 
sense,  and  that  of  a  pillar  and  goal  are  piirticular  apprnpriations 
of  that  sense. 

In  Hebrew,  ~?:3  signities  a  cnbit,  a  measure  of  lengtli. 

The  same  in  the  Rabbinic,  from  "":,  with  a  prefix. 

In  ChaUlee,  this  rerb  signifies  to  lir  covlnirtrd,  to  shrink. 

Is  not  this  sense  from  ~"c,  measure,  modus;  a  liniit,  or  a 
drawing.'  -  m    , 

That  the  Shemitic  words,  --":,  sr;^,  »"':  and  "'IN,  arc  words 
of  the  same  stock  with  meet,  mctr,  Lat.  iiutior,  tlicre  can  be  no 
doubt ;  but  it  is  not  easy  to  understand  wli_v  the  dlfterent  signifi- 
cations of  meeting  and  mcusirriiig  should  be  united  in  one  word, 
in  the  Saxon  language,  when  they  are  expressed  by  very  diOer- 
eut  words  in  the  Shemitic,  and  in  most  of  the  Teutonic  languages. 
We  know,  indeed,  that  in  German  a  sibilaut  letter  is  oden  used, 
in  words  which  are  written  with  a  dental  iu  all  the  other  kindred 
languages.  But  in  this  case,  the  German  »nnis,  nieasuae,  must 
coincide  with  ";::,  as  must  the  Swedish  m/itti,  and  Dan.  jnuiidc, 
and  the  Saxon  metiin,  Dutch  gciiweteii,  Goth,  mnlijuii,  Sw.  motii, 
Dan.  milder,  with  the  Chaldee  X-J":,  but  not  witli  the  word  s::?:. 

It  mav  not  be  impossible  nor  improbable  that  all  these  words 
are  from'  one  stock  or  radix,  and  that  the  dirterent  orthographies 
and  ai)plications  arc  dialectical  changes  of  that  root,  introduced 
among  ditferent  families  or  races  of  men,  befiire  languages  were 
reduced  to  writing. 

In  the  Latin  mcvsris,  from  vietior,  the  7i  is  probably  casual,  the 
oriffinal  beino-  mcsus,  as  in  the  French  ^itcsure.  I  have  reason 
to  think  there  are  many  instances  of  this  iiiscrtion  of  n  before  d 
and  5.  '  - 

From  this  exhibition  of  words  and  tlicir  significations,  wo  may 
fairly  infer  the  common  origin  of  the  following  words.  Lat. 
mittii,  French  meltre,  English  meet,  to  conic  to,  meet,  fit,  and  wetc, 
to  measure,  Lat.  vietior,  mtior,  Gr.  witJ'.v,  iif  rofti,  Lat.  vifnsiira, 
Fr.  m  sure,  V.i\<i.  meiisiirc,  Lat.  modus,  mode,  Sa.x.  and  Goth. 
mod,  mind,  angi-r;  whence  nioodij,  Eng.  moot,  Lat.  muturus,  ma- 
ture, and  Eng.  m^itter. 

In  Welsh,  mndu  signities  to  cau.se  to  proceed  ;  to  send  ;  [Lat. 
m.itto ;]  to  sutler  to  go  oif;  to  render  productive;  to  become 
beneficial ;  and  vieid  signifies  wliat  proceeds  or  goes  forward, 
hence  what  is  good  ;  and  mud,  the  r.djectivi>,  signifies  proceeding, 
advancing,  progres.sive,  good  or  beneficial.  This  word,  then, 
atfords  a  clear  proof  of  the  radical  sense  of  icood.  We  have  like 
evidence  in  the  English  better,  best,  and  in  pronj/erity,  wliich  is 
from  the  Greek  :i>_<naiffni:i,  to  advance. 

In  Welsh  also  we  find  mudrrz,  mutter,  pns  ;  mudru,  to  dissolve, 
to  putrefy,  to  become  pus.     That  these  words  are  from  the  same 

root  as  the  Arabic  i>v^  supra,  I  think  to  be  very  obvious;  and 
here  we  observe  that  the  Welsh  have  one  important  sense  de- 
rived from  the  root,  that  of  good,  which  occurs  in  none  of  the 
other  languages.  But  the  primary  sense  is  the  same  as  that  of 
the  other  significations,  to  go  forward,  to  advance;  hence  to  pro- 
mote interest  or  happiness.  Here  we  have  undeniable  evidence 
that  the  sense  of  good,  Welsh  mad,  and  the  sense,  oi  matter,  pus, 
proceed  from  the  same  radix.  '"',".',    .   : '     ,',i,i,,il'; 


LEGO. 

The  Greek  /.fyti  is  rendered,  to  s])eak  or  say  ;  to  tell,  colint,  or 
nnnd)cr;  to  gatlier,  collect,  or  choos<^ ;  to  discourse;  and  to  lie 
down.  This  last  definition  sliows  that  this  vrord  is  the  English 
lit  ani  lay ;  and  from  this  application,  doubtless,  the  Latins  had 
their  lectus,  a  bed  :  that  is,  a  spread,  a  lay. 

The  Latin  frgn,  the  same  verb,  is  rendered  to  gather;  to 
choose;  to  read;  to  steal,  or  collect  by  .stealing;  and  the  phrase 
legerc  orum  signifies  to  coast,  to  sail  along  a  coast ;  legrrc  relu, 
is  to  furl  the  sails:  leirrre.  Iiulilum,  to  take  breath:  legerc  lil.lus, 
to  sail  close  to  the  shore  ;  Irgere  mililes,  to  enlist  or  muster  sol- 
diers; legrrc  -pxisnu,  to  strike,  perha])s  to  luij  on  with  tlie  fist. 

It  would  seem,  at  fir.st  view,  that  sncli  various  significations 
can  not  proceid  from  one  radix.  But  the  liict  that  they  do  is 
indubitable.  The  primary  sense  of  the  root  must  Ik;  to  throw, 
strain,  or  ext/,-nd,  which  in  this,  as  in  almost  all  cases,  gives  the 


sense  of  spruhing.  Th-e  sense  of  collecling,  clioosing,  gathering, 
is  from  throwing,  or  drawing  out,  or  separating  by  some  such 
act;  or  from  throwing  together.  The  sense  of  lying  down  is 
probably  from  throwing  one's  self  down.  The  sense  of  reading, 
in  Latin,  is  the  same  as  that  of  speaking,  iu  the  Greek,  unless  it 
may  be  from  collecting,  that  is,  se])arating  the  letters,  and  uiiiliug 
them  in  syllables  and  words  ;  for  ill  the  primitive  mode  of  writing, 
diacritical  points  were  not  used.  But  probably  the  sense  of 
reuding  is  the  same  as  in  spcukiug. 

The  phrases  legrre  orum,  legere  liUus,  in  Latin,  may  coincide 
with  that  of  our  seamen,  to  stretch  or  luij  along  the  shore  or 
coast,  or  to  ling  the  land  ;  especially  if  this  word  lay,  iu  Sanscrit, 
signifies  to  eling,  as  1  have  seen  it  stated  in  some  author,  but  for 
which  I  can  not  vouch.  If  this  sense  is  attached  to  the  word,  it 
proves  it  closely  allied  to  the  L.  ligo,  to  bind. 

That  the  sense  of  throwing,  or  driving,  is  contained  in  this 
word,  is  certain  from  its  derivatives.  Thus,  in  Greek,  arri/ksycf 
sio-nifies  to  select,  to  collect;  and  also  to  reject,  to  repudiate,  and 
to  forbid;   which  impl_y  throwing,  thrusting  away. 

Now,  if  throwing,  sending,  or  driving,  is  the  primary  sense, 
then  the  Latin  lego,  to  read,  and  lego,  legurc,  to  send,  are  radi- 
callj-  the  same  word;  the  inflections  of  the  verb  being  varied, 
arbitrarily,  to  designate  the  distinct  applications,  just  as  in  pello, 
uppello,  uppellere,  to  drive,  and  uppello,  appellure,  to  call. 

And  here  it  may  be  worth  a  moment's  consideration,  whi^ther 
several  words  with  prefixes,  such  as  sluy,  flog,  and  the  Latin 
plieo,  AV.  pliigu.,  are  not  formed  on  the  root  of  luy,  that  is,  lug  or 
/(;/,'.  The  sense  of  sluy.  Sax.  slugun,  siteun,  is  properly  to  strike, 
to  beat;  hence,  in  Saxon,  "■  Hig  slogan  heora  icedd,"  they  slew 
their  league,  or  contract;  that  is,  they  .struck  a  bargain.  It 
signifies  also  to  throw,  as  to  slug  one  into  prison  ;  also,  to  fall;  to 
set  or  lay.  The  sense  of  killing  is  derivative  from  that  of  strik- 
ing, a  striking  down. 

Flog,  hat.Jllgo,  signifies,  primarily,  to  I'nsh,  drirc,  strike,  Eng. 
to  licll;  and,  if  formed  on  the  root  of  luy,  is  precisely  the  popular 
phrase,  to  luy  on. 

It'  plieo  is  formed  with  a  prefix  on  luy  or  its  root,  it  must  have 
been  originally  pelico,  that  is,  bclico,  belay.  Then,  to  fold  would 
be  to  lu(i  on  or  close ;  to  laj*  one  part  to  another.  Now,  this  word 
is  the  ■\Velsh  phjgu,  to  fold,  which  Owen  makes  to  be  a  compound 
of;;;/  and  lly.     The  latter  word  must  be  a  contraction  of  llyg. 

We  know  that  the  word  reply  is  from  the  French  repliijuer,  the 
Latin  replico.  Now,  to  reply  is  not  to  /"/(/  huel:,  but  to  send 
back,  to  throw  back,  as  words,  or  an  answer  ;  and  this  gives  the 
precise  sense  of  lay,  to  throw,  to  send,  which  must  be  the  sense 
of  the  radical  word. 

It  is  no  inconsiderable  evidence  of  the  truth  of  my  conjecture, 
that  we  constantly  use  the  phrase  to  luy  nv,  or  luy  to,  as  synony- 
mous with  ply,  a  word  belonging  to  this  family.  To  pledge, 
another  of  this  family,  is  to  lay  down,  to  dejjosit;  and  the  pri- 
mary sense  of  piny,  Saxon  phgun,  Dan.  hgcr,  Sw.  Icha,  is  to 
strike  or  drive. 

In  Welsh,  llvriuw  signifies  to  throw,  fling,  cast,  or  dart ;  to 
pelt;  to  drift;  from  llur,  a  darting,  a  flash,  glance,  or  sudden 
throw;  hence  llurcd,  lightning.  Uug  signifies,  also,  that  breaks, 
or  begins  to  open;  a  gleam,  a  breaking  out  in  blotches;  the 
plauue.  Llwg  signifies,  also,  that  is  apt  to  break  oui,  that  is 
briflit,  a  tumor,  eruption.  These  words  coincide  with  English 
Uglil,  Lat.  lucco  ;  the  primary  sense  of  which  is  to  throw,  shoot, 
or  dart;  and  these  words  all  contain  the  elements  of  fog  and 
fling. 

Li  Welsh,  Uycu  signifies  to  fall  flat,  to  lie  extended,  or  to  squat. 
This  is  evidently  allied  to  lay  and  lie. 

These  senses  agree  also  with  that  of  lue/;,  to  fall,  or  come  sud- 
denly ;  that  is,  to  rush  or  drive  along. 

In  Russ.  rlagayu  is  to  lay,  or  put  in  :  eipiivalent  to  the  German 
cinlegen. 

The  Latin  fluo  is  contracted  from  flngo;  and  the  radical  sense 
of floiD  is  the  same  as  that  of  light.  'So"lho  river  .lar,  in  Europe, 
is  doubtless  from  the  same  source  as  the  Oriental  "lis,  to  shine, 
whence  air.  And  "Inl,  which,  in  Hebrew,  signifies  to  flow  as 
water,  as  well  as  to  shine,  eliicHy  signifies,  in  Chaldee  and  Syriac, 
to  shine. 

To  show  the  great  importance,  or  rather  the  absolute  necessity, 
of  ascertaining  the  primary  sense  of  words,  in  order  to  obtain 
clear  ideas  of°tlie  sense  of  ancient  authors,  more  particularly  of 
ditKcnlt  passages  in  dead  languages,  let  the  reader  attend  to  the 
following  remarks. 

In  commenting  on  certniu   parts  of   Isaiah  xxviii.   Lowth  ob- 


xlvi 


INTRODUCTION. 


serves,  in  his  Prelimineiry  Dissertation,  the  difiicully  of  deter- 
mining the  meaning  of  nTH,  in  verse  15th.  In  our  version,  as 
HI  otliers,  it  is  rendered  agrcnntnt;  but,  says  Lowth,  "the  word 
means  no  such  thing  in  any  part  of  the  Bible,  except  in  the  ISth 
verse  following;  nor  can  tlie  lexicographers  give  any  satisfactory 
account  of  the  word  in  this  sense."  Yet  he  agrees  with  Vitringa, 
that  in  these  passages  it  must  have  this  signification.  The  dif- 
ficulty, it  seems,  has  arisen  from  not  understanding  the  primary 
sense  of  seeing,  for  the  verb  generally  signifies  to  see;  and  as  a 
noun  the  word  signifies  sight,  vision ;  and  so  it  is  rendered  in  the 
Latin  version  annexed  to  Vanderhooght's  Bible.  The  Seventy 
render  it  by  avidiixi;.  a  covenant  or  league;  and  they  are  fol- 
lowed by  the  moderns.  "  Nous  avons  intelligence  avcc  le  se- 
pulchre :  "  French.  "  Noi  habbiam  fatta  lega  col  sepulcro  :  " 
Itiilian    of   Dioilati. 

Parkhurst  understands  the  word  to  signify,  to  fasten,  to  settle, 
and  he  cites  2  Sam.  xx.  0,  inn,  "  Joab  took  Amasa  by  the  beard." 
Here  the  sense  is  obvious ;  and  from  this  and  other  passages,  we 
may  infer  with  certainty,  that  the  radical  sense  is  to  rcack  to,  or 
to  seize,  hold,  or  fix.  If  the  sense  is  to  reach  to,  then  it  accords 
with  covenant,  conveniens,  coming  to ;  if  the  sense  is  to  fix,  or 
fasten,  then  it  agrees  with  luigve,  Lat.  ligo,  and  with  pact, 
pactum,  from  pango,  to  make  fast;  all  from  the  sense  of  exten- 
sion, stretching,  straining.  Hence  the  meaning  of  ntn,  the 
breast ;  that  is,  the  firm,  fixed,  strong  part.  And  if  the  English 
gaze  is  the  same  word,  which  is  not  improbable,  this  determines 
the  appropriate  sense  of  seeing,  in  this  word,  to  be  to  fix,  or  to 
look  or  reach  with  the  eye  fixed. 

But  we  have  other  and  decisive  evidence  of  the  primary  signi- 
fication of  this  word  in  the  obvious,  undisputed  meaning  of  "ns, 
the  same  word  with  a  prefix,  which  signiiios  to  catch,  or  lay  hold 
on ;  to  seize ;  hence  behind,  following,  as  if  attached  to  ;  and 
hence  drawing  out  in  time,  to  delay. 

Now,  it  is  not  improbable  that  the  Arabic  jL=-  hauza,  may  be 

a  word  of  the  same  stock ;  and  this  signifies,  among  other  senses, 
to  collect,  contract,  or  draw  together,  to  accumulate,  to  have  in- 
tercourse or  commerce  with  another.  The  latter  sense  would 
give  nearly  the  signification  of  the  Hebrew  word. 

Lexicographers  are  often  embarrassed  to  account  for  the  differ- 
ent signification  of  words  that  are  evidently  derived  from  the 
same  root.  Thus,  in  Hebrew,  "ffiD  is  rendered  to  sing ;  to  look, 
behold,  or  'observe ;  and  to  rule ;  and  its  derivatives,  a  ruler,  a 
\vall,  the  navel-string,  a  chain  or  necklace,  &c.  How  can  a 
word  signify  to  rule,  and  to  sing,  and  to  look  ?  Nothing  can  be 
more  easy  or  natural.  The  sense  is,  in  both  cases,  to  sfretch  or 
strain,  to  reach.  To  sing  is  to  strain  the  voice ;  to  rule  is  to  re- 
strain men ;  and  to  see  is  to  reach,  or  to  hold  in  view. 

In  Latin,  sero  signifies  to  sow,  to  plant,  to  beget,  to  spread; 
consero,  to  sow,  and  to  close  or  join  ;  dcsero,  to  leave  oiT,  to  de- 
sert;  asscro,  to  plant  by  or  near,  and  to  assert,  afiirm,  and  pro- 
nounce ;  dissero,  to  discourse  ;  insero,  to  insert,  to  implant ;  rcscro, 
to  unlock,  to  open,  to  disclose.  Dcsero,  to  desert,  Ainsworth 
says,  is  a  compound  of  de  and  sero,  "  ut  sit  desertum  quod  non 
seritur  nee  colitur."  And  dissero  he  supposes  must  be  a  meta- 
phorical use  of  the  word.  Now,  on  tlie  principles  I  have  un- 
folded, nothing  is  easier  than  an  explanation  of  these  words. 
The  sense  of  sero  is  to  throw,  to  thrust :  its  literal  sense  is  applied 
to  sowing  and  planting ;  consero  is  to  thrust  or  drive  toirethcr  • 
dtsero  is  to  throw  from ;  asscro  is  to  throw  in  words,  or  to  throw 
out,  as  in  appeVo  ;  dissero  is  to  throw  words  or  arguments  with 
the  sense  of  spreading,  expatiating;  insero  is  to  throw  or  thrust 
in ;  rescro  is  to  throw  or  drive  from,  hence  to  unlock  or  open. 

It  is  by  resorting  to  the  primary  idea  of  words,  that  we  are 
able  to  explain  applications,  apparently,  or  in  fact,  diverse  and 
even  contrary.  A  very  common  example  of  this  contrariety 
occurs  in  words  which  signify  to  guard  or  defend.  For  instance 
the  Latin  arcco  signifies  to  drive  olT,  and  to  protect,  secure,  hold 
restrain,  or  keep  from  departing  or  escaping  ;  two  senses  directly 
opposite.  This  is  extremely  natural ;  for  arceo  sin-nifies  to  thrust 
olT,  repel,  drive  back ;  and  this  act  defends  the  person  or  object 
attacked.  Or  if  we  suppose  the  sense  of  straining  to  be  anterior 
to  that  of  repulsion,  which  is  not  improbable,  then  the  act  of 
straining  or  holding  produces  both  effects;  to  repel  or  stop  what 
advances  to  assault,  and  protect  what  is  inclosed  or  assaulted. 
The  words  guard  and  warren  present  a  similar  application  of  the 
primary  idea ;  and  all  languages  which  I  have  examined  furnish 
a  multitude  of  similar  examples. 


These  examples  illustrate  the  utility  of  extensive  researches  in 
language ;  as  all  cognate  langu.iges  throw  light  on  each  otiier ; 
one  language  often  retaining  the  radical  meaning  of  a  word  which 
the  others  have  lost.  Who,  for  instance,  that  is  acquainted  only 
with  the  English  use  of  the  verb  to  have,  would  suspect  that  this 
word  and  happen  are  radically  one,  .'nd  that  the  primary  sense  is 
to  fall  or  rush,  hence  to  fall  on  i.^d  seize  .^  Yet  nothing  is  more 
certain.  In  the  Spanish  language  the  senses  of  both  verbs  are 
retained  in  haher ;  and  the  Welsh  hupiaw  gives  us  the  true  origi- 
nal signification. 

In  like  manner  the  primary  sense  oTvenio,  in  Latin,  can  not  be 
certainly  determined,  without  resorting  to  other  words,  and  to 
kindred  languages.  In  Latin,  the  word  signifies  to  come  or 
arrive  ;  but  in  Spanish,  venida,  from  vcnir,  the  Latin  venio,  sig- 
nifies not  only  a  coming  or  arrival,  but  an  attack  in  fencing. 
Vcnio  coincides  in  origin  with  the  English  _^n(/ ;  Snxonjlndan; 
German  and  Dutch  finden,  to  find,  to  fall  or  light  on ;  Danish 
finder;  Swedish,  finna,  to  find,  to  discover,  to  meet,  to  strike 
against,  [ojfendere.l  The  primary  sense  of  venio,  then,  is  not 
merely  to  come  or  arrive,  but  to  rush  or  move  with  a  driving 
force ;  and  this  sense  is  applicable  to  coming  or  going. 

That  the  primary  sense  is  to  fall  or  rush,  we  have  evidence  in 
the  Latin  ventus,  and  English  xcitid,  both  from  the  root  of  this 
verb.  We  have  still  further  evidence  in  the  word  venom,  which 
in  Welsh  is  gwenwyji;  given,  white,  and  ga:yn,  rage,  smart, 
whence  gicynt,  wind.^  Venom  is  that  which  frets  or  excites  a 
raging  pain.  Hence  we  may  infer  that  Latin  venor,  to  hunt,  to 
chase,  is  of  the  same  family ;  and  so  is  venia,  leave,  or  leave  to 
depart,  or  a  departure,  a  leaving,  coinciding  in  signification  with 
leave. 

The  Latter  word,  venia,  proves  another  fact,  that  the  primary 
sense  of  venio  is,  in  general,  to  move  in  any  direction,  and  that 
the  Latin  sense,  to  come,  is  a  particular  appropriation  of  that 
sense. 

In  ascertaining  the  primary  sense  of  words,  it  is  often  useful  or 
necessary  to  recur  to  the  derivatives.  Thus  the  Latin  lado  is 
rendered  to  hurt ;  but,  by  adverting  to  allido,  clido,  and  collido, 
we  find  that  the  original  signification  is  to  strike,  hit,  or  dash 
against.  Hurt,  then,  is  the  secondary  sense ;  the  effect  of  the 
primary  action  expressed  by  the  verb. 

So  the  Latin  rapio,  to  seize,  does  not  give  the  sense  of  rapidus, 
rapid ;  but  the  sense  of  the  latter  proves  the  primary  sense  of 
rapio  to  be  to  rush,  and  in  its  application,  to  rush  on  and  seize. 

These  examples  will  be  sufEcient  to  show  how  little  the  affini- 
ties of  language  have  been  understood.  Men  have  been  generally 
satisfied  witli  a  knowledge  of  the  appropriate  sense  of  words, 
without  examining  from  what  visible  or  physical  action,  or  pri- 
mary sense,  that  particular  application  has  been  derived.  Hence 
the  obscurity  that  still  rests  on  the  theory  of  language.  It  has 
been  supposed  that  each  word,  particularly  each  verb,  has  an 
original  specific  sense,  or  application,  distinct  from  every  other 
verb.  We  find,  however,  on  a  close  examination  and  compari- 
son of  the  same  word  in  different  languages,  that  the  fact  is 
directly  the  reverse ;  that  a  verb  expressing  some  action,  in  a 
general  sense,  gives  rise  to  various  appropriate  senses,  or  partic- 
ular applications.  And  in  the  course  of  my  researches,  I  have 
been  struck  with  the  similarity  of  manner  in  which  different 
nations  have  appropriated  derivative  and  figurative  senses.  For 
example,  all  nations,  as  far  as  my  researches  extend,  agree  in 
expressing  the  sense  o£ justice  and  right  by  straightness ;  and  sin, 
iniquity,  wrong,  bj'  a  deviation  from  a  straight  line  or  course. 
Equally  remarkable  is  the  simplicity  of  the  analogies  in  language, 
and  the  small  number  of  radical  significations ;  so  small,  indeed, 
that  I  am  persuaded  the  primary  sense  of  all  the  verbs  in  any 
language  may  be  exprcssi'd  by  tliirty  or  forty  words. 

We  can  not,  at  this  period  of  the  world,  determine,  in  all  cases, 
which  words  are  primitive,  and  which  are  derivative  ;  nor  whether 
the  verb  or  the  noun  is  the  original  word.  Mons.  Gebelin,  in  his 
Monde  Primitif,  maintains  that  the  noun  is  the  root  of  all  other 
vvords.  Never  was  a  greater  mistake.  That  some  nouns  may 
have  been  formed  before  the  verbs  with  which  they  are  connected, 
is  possible ;  but,  as  languages  are  now  constructed,  it  is  demon- 
strably certain,  that  the  verb  is  the  radix  or  stock  from  which 
have  sprung  most  of  the  nouns,  adjectives,  and  other  parts  of 
speech  belonging  to  each  family.  This  is  the  result  of  all  my 
researches  into  the  origin  of  languages.  We  find,  indeed,  that 
many  modern  verbs  are  formed  on  nouns;  as,  to  practice  from 
practice;  but  the  noun  is  derived  from  a  Greek  verb.  So  we  use 
wrong  as  a  verb,  from  the  adjective  wrong ;  but  the  latter  is  pri- 
marily a  participle  of  the  verb  to  wring.     Indeed,  a  large  part  of 


INTRODUOTION. 


xlvii 


all  nouns  were  originally  particles  or  adjectives,  and  tlie  things 
which  they  denote  were  ninied  from  their  qualities.  So  pard, 
parilus,  is  from  ~1~  hf.ud  hail ;  and  the  animal  so  named  from 
his  spots,  as  if  sprinkled  with  hail,  from  the  sense  of  separation  or 
scattering.  Crape,  the  Fr.  crepe,  is  from  creper,  to  crisp.  Sight 
signifies,  primarily,  seen ;  it  being  the  participle  of  seon,  con- 
tracted  from   sigan.     Draught   is   the    participle    of  draw,  that 

vhich  is  drawn,  or  the  act  of  drawing;  thought  is  the  participle 

:"  think. 

As  the  verb  is  the  principal  radi.t  of  other  words,  and  as  the 
:':oper  province  of  this  part  of  speech  is  to  expre.'^s  action,  almost 
^1!  the  modifications  of  tlie  primary  sense  of  the  verb  may  be 
comprehended  in  one  word,  to  mote. 

The  principal  varieties  of  motion  or  action  may  be  expressed 
by  the  following  verbs. 

1.  To  drive,  throw,  thrust,  send,  urge,  press. 

2.  To  set,  fix,  lay.     But  these  are  usually  from  thrusting,  or 
throwing  down. 

3.  To    strain,    stretch,     draw ;    whence    holding,    binding, 
strength,   power,  and  often  health. 

4.  To  turn,  wind,  roll,  wander. 

5.  To  flow,  to  blow,  to  rush. 

6.  To  open,  part,  split,  separate,  remove,  scatter.     Sec  No  16. 

7.  To  swell,  distend,  expand,  spread. 
S.   To  stir,  shake,  agitate,  rouse,  excite. 

9.   To  shoot,  as  a  plant;  to  gro%v;  allied  to  No.  I. 

10.  To  break,  or  burst ;  allied  sometimes  to  No.  3. 

11.  To  lift,  raise,  elevate;  allied  to  No.  9. 

12.  To  flee,  withdraw,  escape  ;.  to  fly  ;  often  allied  to  No.  1. 

13.  To  rage  ;  to  burn  ;  allied  to  Nos.  7  and  8. 

14.  To  fall ;  to  fail;  whence  fading,  dying,  &c. 

15.  To  approach,  come,  arrive,  extend,  reach.  This  is  usually 
the  sense  o^ gaining.     No.  34. 

16.  To  go,  walk,  pass,  advance ;  allied  to  No.  6. 

17.  To  seize,  take,  hold  ;  sometimes  allied  to  No.  31. 

18.  To  strike;  to  beat;  allied  to  No.  1. 

19.  To  swing ;  to  vibrate.     No.  29. 

20.  To  lean ;  to  incUne ;  allied  to  the  sense  of  wandering,  or 
departing. 

21.  To  rub,  scratch,  scrape;  often  connected  with  driving, 
and  with  roughness. 

22.  To  swim  ;  to  float. 

23.  To  stop,  cease,  rest ;  sometimes,  at  least,  from  straining, 
holding,  fastening. 

24.  To  creep ;  to  crawl ;  sometimes  connected  with  scraping. 

25.  To  peel,  to  strip,  whence  spoiling. 

26.  To  leap,  to  spring ;  allied  to  Nos.  9  and  1. 

S7.   To  bring,  bear,  carry ;  in  some  instances  connected  with 
producing,  throwing  out. 
23.   To  sweep. 

29.  To  hang.     No.  19. 

30.  To  shrink,  or  contract;  that  is,  to  draw.     See  No.  3. 

31.  To  run;  to  rush  forward;  allied  to  No.  1. 

32.  To  put  on  or  together ;  to  unite ;  allied  to  Nos.  1  and  3. 

33.  To  knit,  to  weave. 

34.  To  gain,  to  win,  to  get.     See  No.  15. 

These  and  a  few  more  verbs  express  the  literal  sense  of  all  the 
primary  roots.  But  it  must  be  remarked  that  all  the  foregoing 
significations  are  not  distinct.  So  far  from  it,  that  the  whole 
may  be  brought  under  the  signification  of  a  very  few  words. 
The  English  words  to  send,  throw,  thrust,  strain,  stretch,  draw, 
dricc,  urge,  press,  embrace  the  primary  sense  of  a  great  part  of 
all  the  verbs  in  every  language  which  I  have  examined.  Indeed, 
it  must  be  so,  for  the  verb  is  certainly  the  root  of  most  words ; 
and  the  verb  expresses  motion,  which  always  implies  the  appli- 
cation of  force. 

Even  the  verbs  which  signify  to  hold  or  stop,  in  most  instances 
at  least,  if  not  in  all,  denote,  primarily,  to  strain  or  restrain  by 
exertion  of  force ;  and  to  lie  is,  primarily,  to  throw  down,  to  lay 
one's  self  down.  So  that  intransitive  verbs  are  rarely  exceptions 
to  the  general  remark  above  made,  that  all  verbs  primarily  ex- 
press motion  or  exertion  of  force.  The  substantive  verb  has 
more  claims  to  be  an  exception  than  any  other ;  for  this  usually 
denotes,  1  think,  permanence  or  continued  bemg;  but  the  pri- 
mary sense  of  this  verb  may  perhaps  be  to  set  or  fix;  and  verbs 
having  this  sense  often  express  extension  in  time  or  duration.  So 
TEiim,  in  Greek,  is  to  stretch,  but  the  same  word  teneo,  in  Latin, 
is  to  hold  ;  hence  continuance. 

Let  ns  now  attend  to  the  radical  sense  of  some  of  the  most 
common  verbs. 


Speahing,  calling,  crying,  praying,  utterance  of  sounds,  is  usu- 
ally from  the  sense  of  driving  or  straining.  Thus,  in  Latin, 
appcUo  and  compello,  though  of  a  different  conjugation  from  prilo, 
depello,  impcilo,  are  from  Qie  same  root ;  and  although  the  Lilin 
repcllo  docs  not  signify  to  recall,  yet  the  corresponding  word  in 
Italian,  rappellare,  and  the  French  rappeler,  signify  to  recall,  and 
hence  the  English  repeal.  Hence  also  j'cal,  either  of  a  bell  or  of 
thunder.  This  is  the  Greek  ^,uX/.ui,  and  probably  naU.oi  is  from 
the  same  root.  The  sense  ofstrihing  is  found  in  the  Greek  verb, 
and  so  it  is  in  the  Latin  loquor,  English  clock.  But  in  general, 
speaking,  in  all  its  modifications,  is  the  straining,  driving,  or  im- 
pulse of  sounds.  Sometimes  the  sense  coincides  more  exactly 
with  that  of  breaking  or  bursting. 

Singing  is  a  driving  or  straining  of  the  voice  ;  and  we  apply 
strain  to  a  passage  of  music,  and  to  a  course  of  speaking. 

I  am  not  confident  that  1  can  refer  the  sensation  of  hearing  to 
any  visible  action.  Possibly  it  may  sometimes  be  from  striking, 
hitting,  touching.  But  we  observe  that  hear  is  connected  in 
origin  witli  ear,  as  the  Latin  audio  is  with  the  Greek  oic,  wt<j;, 
the  ear ;  whence  it  appears  probable  that  the  verb  to  hear  is 
formed  from  the  name  of  the  ear,  and  the  car  is  from  some  verb 
which  signifies  to  shoot  or  extend,  for  it  signifies  a  limb. 

The  primary  sense  of  seeing  is  commonly  to  extend  to,  to 
reach;  as  it  v."ere,  to  reach  with  the  eye.  Hence  the  use  of  be- 
hold, for  the  radical  sense  of  hold  is  to  strain ;  and  hence  its  sig- 
nification in  beholden,  held,  bound,  obligated.  See  the  verb  See, 
in  the  Dictionary. 

The  sense  of  look  may  be  somewhat  different  from  that  of  six. 
It  appears,  in  some  instances,  to  have  for  its  primary  signification, 
to  send,  throw,  cast ;  that  is,  to  send  or  cast  the  eye  or  sight. 

The  primary  sense  of  feeling  is  to  touch,  hit,  or  strike;  and 
probably  this  is  tlie  sense  of  taste. 

Wonder  and  astonishment  are  usually  expressed  by  some  word 
that  signifies  to  stop  or  hold.  Hence  the  Latin  miror,  to  wonder, 
is  the  Arraoric  miret,  to  stop,  hold,  hinder;  coinciding  with  the 
English  moor,  and  Spanish  amarrar,  to  moor,  as  a  ship. 

To  begin  is  to  come,  or  fall  on  ;  to  thrust  on.  We  have  a 
familiar  example  in  the  Latin  incipio,  in  and  capio  ;  for  capin  is 
primarily  to  fall  or  rush  on  and  seize.  See  Begin,  in  the  Dic- 
tionary. 

Attempt  is  expressed  by  straining,  stretching,  as  in  Latin  tento. 
See  Assay  and  Essay. 

Poioer,  strength,  and  the  corresponding  verb,  to  be  able,  are 
usually  expressed  by  straining,  stretching,  and  this  is  the  radical 
sense  of  riding  or  governing.  Of  this  the  Latin  rego  is  an 
example,   which  gives  rectus,  right,  that   is,  stretched,  straight. 

Cure,  as  has  been  stated,  is  usually  from  straining,  that  is,  a 
tension  of  the  mind. 

Thinking  is  expressed  by  setting.  To  think  is  to  set  or  fix  or 
hold  in  the  mind.  It  approaches  to  the  sense  of  suppose,  Latin 
suppono. 

And  under  this  word,  let  us  consider  the  various  applications 
of  the  Latin  puto.  The  simple  verb  puto  is  rendered  to  prune, 
lop,  or  dress,  as  vines ;  that  is,  according  to  Ainsworth,  putum, 
i.  e.  purum  reddo,  purge,  by  which  I  understand  him  to  mean, 
that  putum  is  either  a  change  of  purum,  or  used  for  it ;  a  most 
improbable  supposition,  for  the  radical  letters  t  and  r  are  not  com- 
mutable.  Puto  is  rendered,  also,  to  make  even,  clear,  adjust,  or 
cast  up  accounts ;  also  to  tliiuk  or  consider ;  to  suppose  ;  to  de- 
bate. Its  compounds  are  amputo,  to  cut  off,  prune,  amputate,  to 
remove  ;  eomputo,  to  compute,  to  reckon,  to  think  or  deem ;  dis- 
pvto,  to  make  clear,  to  adjust  or  settle,  to  dispute  or  debate,  to 
reason  ;  imputo,  to  impute,  to  ascribe  or  lay  to,  to  place  to  ac- 
count; rcputo,  to  consider,  to  revolve,  to  reckon  up,  to  impute. 
The  Latin  deputo  signifies  to  think,  judge  or  esteem,  to  accoi;nt 
or  reckon,  and  to  prune;  but  the  Italian  deputure,-'A\ixn.\s\\  dipu- 
tar,  and  French  deputer,  from  the  Latin  word,  all  signify  to  sei^d. 
How  can  the  sense  of  think,  and  that  of /«;*  or  prune,  be  deduced 
from  a  common  root  or  radical  sense?  We  find  the  solution  of 
this  question  in  the  verb  to  depute.  The  primary  sense  i.s  to 
throw,  thrust,  or  send,  or  to  set  or  lay,  which  is  from  throwing, 
driving.  To  prune  is  to  separate,  remove,  or  drive  off;  to  force 
off;  to  think  is  a  setting  in  the  mind  ;  to  compute  is  to  throw  or 
put  together,  either  in  the  mind  or  in  numbers ;  to  dispute  is  to 
throw  against  or  apart,  like  debate,  to  beat  from ;  to  impute  is  to 
throw  or  put  to  or  on  ;  and  to  repute  is  to  think  or  throw  m  the 
mind  repeatedly.  To  amputate  is  to  separate  by  cutting  round. 
Puto,  then,  in  Latin,  is  from  the  same  root,  probably,  as  the  English 
put,  or  the  same  word  dififerently  applied ;  and  also  the  Dutch 
pooten,  to  plant ;  pool,  a  paw,  a  twig  or  shoot,  Gr.  <f  iTor,  &c. 


xlviii 


INTRODUCTION. 


In  attouiptinjj  to  discover  the  priiiitiry  scnso  of  words,  \vc  are 
to  carry  our  reilpctions  back  to  tlio  primitive  state  of  manliind, 
anil  consider  how  rnde  men  would  etfect  their  purposes,  before 
thi'  invention  or  use  of  the  instruments  wltich  llio  moderns  em- 
ploy. The  En|rlish  verb  to  cut,  signifies,  ordinarily,  to  separate 
with  an  edijed  tool ;  and  we  are  apt  to  oon.sider  this  ns  the  eliief 
and  original  sense.  But  if  so,  how  can  nit,  tin*  stroke  of  a  wiiip, 
which  is  a  legitimate  sense  of  the  word,  be  deduced  from  the  act 
of  severinjr  by  an  edged  tool.'  Wc  have,  in  this  pojiular  use  of 
the  word,  a  clew  to  ijuide  us  to  the  ]>rimary  sense,  which  is,  to 
drive,  urije,  press;  and,  applied  to  the  arm,  to  strike.  But  we 
have  bi'tter  evidenci.'.  In  the  popular  practice  of  speakinir  in 
New  Eni^land,  it  is  not  uncommon  to  hear  one  ])erson  call  to 
another  when  running,  and  say.  Cut  on,  cut  on;  that  is,  hurrv, 
run  faster,  drive,  press  on  ;  probably  from  striking  a  beast  which 
one  rides  on.  This  is  the  original  sense  of  the  word.  ?Ience  we 
see  that  tliis  verb  is  tlio  I^atin  ciedo,  to  strike,  to  cut  down,  some- 
what difl'erently  applied  and  cailo,  to  fall,  is  only  a  modified 
sense  of  the  same  root,  and  tlie  compounds  incido,  to  cut,  and 
incido,  to  fall  on,  are  of  one  family.  To  ctU  is,  therefore,  prnna- 
rily,  to  strike,  or  drive  ;  and  to  cut  off,  if  applied  to  the  severinnf 
of  bodies,  before  edged  tools  wore  used,  was  to  force  off,  or  to 
strike  off;  hence  the  sense  of  separating  in  the  phrase  to  cut  off 
a  retreat  or  connnunication. 

So  the  Latin  rnr/yu  is  the  English  nirvc,  originally  to  separate 
by  plucking,  pulling,  seizing  and  tearing ;  afterwards,  by  cutting. 

.'Iskiu'T  is  usually  e.Kpresscd  by  the  sense  of  pressing,  uri'iri". 
We  have  a  clear  proof  of  this  in  the  Latin  pcto  and  its  ^com- 
pounds. Tliis  verb  signifies,  primarily,  to  rush,  to  drive  at,  to 
assault;  and  this  sense,  in  Dictionaries,  ought  to  stand  first  in 
the  order  of  definitions.  We  have  the  force  of  the  original  in 
the  words  impetus  and  impt.ludus.  So  the  Latin  rogo  coincides 
in  elements  with  reach. 

The  act  of  vndcrstnnding  is  e.';j)re..;scd  by  rearliinir  or  taldnT, 
holding,  sustaining;  the  sc-nse  nfcuviprchryid,  and  ofunderstand. 
We  have  a  popular  phrase  which  well  expresses  this  sense,  "  I 
(tfic  your  meaning  or  your  idea."  So  in  German,  hcgrdfcn,  to 
bcgripc,  to  apjirchend. 

Knowing  seems  to  have  the  same  radical  sense  as  under- 
standing. 

Pain,  grief,  distress,  and  the  like    aftl'ctions,  are  usually  ex- 
pressed by  pressure  or  straining.     .Iffliction  is  from  striking. 
_   Joij,  mirth,  and  the  like  affections,  are  from  the  sense  of  rous- 
ing, exciting,  lirehj  artiiin. 

Covering,  and  tlie  like  nrtions,  are  from  spreadinn-  over  or 
cutting  off,  interruption.  ° 

Hiding  is  from  covering  or  from  withdrawinn-,  departure ;  or 
concealment  may  be  from  withholding,  reslraininn-  suppressing-, 
or  making  fast,  as  in  the  Latin  celo.  =        i  ■ 

Heat  usually  implies  excitement;  but  as  the  eftect  of  heat,  as 
well  as  ot  cold,  is  sometimes  to  contract,  1  think  both  arc  some- 
times Irom  tlie  same  radi.x.  Thus  cold  and  the  Lat.  calco  to  be 
warm,  and  callus  and  calleo,  to  be  liard,  have  all  the  same  ele- 
mentary letters,  and  1  suppose  them  all  to  be  from  one  root,  the 
sense  of  which  is,  to  draw,  strain,  shrink,  contract.  I  am  the 
more  mclined  to  this  opinion,  for  these  words  coincide  with  calico 
to  be  strong  or  able,  to  know ;  a  sense  that  implies  straininn-  and 
holding.  = 

Hope  is  probably  from  reaching  forward.  We  bxprCss  slron<r 
desjre  by  longing,  reaching  toward.  ° 

Karnestness,  boldness,  daring,  peril,  prmiiptness,  readiness,  will- 
ingness, love    and  fiivor,  are  expressed  by  advaneinrr  or  inclininn- 

Light  IS  often  expressed  by  opening,  or  the  sliootino-  of  ray's 
radiation;  and  probably,  in  ni.any  cases,  the  orin-inal  word  was 
applied  to  the  dawn  of  dav  in  the  morning.  IVhitcness  is  often 
connected  in  origin  with  light.  Wc  have  "an  instance  of  this  in 
the  Latin  cunco,  to  shine  and  to  be  white. 

And  that  the  primary  sense  of  this  word  is  to  shoot,  to  radiate 
that  is,  to  throw  out  or  oft",  we  have  evidence  in  the  verb  cano  to 
smg,  whence  canto,  the  sense  of  which  is  retained  in  our  popu'lar 
use  of  cant;  to  cant  a  stime  ;  to  cant  over  a  cask;  o-ive  the  thincr 
a  rant  :  for  all  these  words  are  from  one  stock.         "  ° 

The  Latin  virtus,  the  English  leorth,  is  from  the  root  of  rirco 
to  grow,  that  is,  to  stretch  forward,  to  shoot;  hence  the  orio-inal 
sense  is  strength,  a  sense  we  retain  in  its  application  to°  the 
qualities  of  plants.  Hence  the  Latin  sense  of  virtus  is  bravery 
coinciding  with  the  .".cnsc  of  boldness,  a  projectinn-  forward 

Pride  is  from  swelling  or  elevation,  the  primary  sense  of  some 
other  words  nearly  allied  to  it. 

Pilar    is  usually   from  shrinking   or  from  shaking,  Iremhiing; 


or  sometimes,    perhnp.s,   from  striking,  a   being   struck,    as   with 
surprise. 

Holiness  and  sacredness  are  sometimes  expressed  by  separation, 
as  from  common  things.  The  Teutonic  word  holi/,  howi'vor, 
seems  to  be  from  the  sense  of  soundness,  cntireness. 

Faith  and  lielirf  scvni  to  imjily  a  nesting  on,  or  a  leaving.  It  is 
certain  that  the  English  lieliefin  a  compound  of  the  prefix  Oe  and 
leaf,  leave,  permission.  To  believe  one,  fiien,  is  lo  leave  with 
him,  to  rest  or  suffer  to  rest  with  him,  and  hence  not  to  dispute, 
contend,  or  deny. 

Color  may  be  from  spreading  over  or  putting  on  ;  but  in  some 
instances  the  primary  sense  is  to  dip.     See  Dyk  and  Tinge. 

Spots  are  from  the  sense  of  sejiarnting,  or  from  sjirinkling,  dis- 
prrsioji. 

The  radical  sense  of  waking  is  to  press,  drive,  or  force.  We 
use  make  in  its  true  literal  sense,  in  the  jihrascs,  .¥ukc  your  horse 
draw,  Miike  your  servant  do  what  you  wish. 

Feeding  is  from  the  sense  of  pressing,  crowding,  stuffing  ;  that 
is,  from  driving  or  thrusting.  Fating  seems  to  have  a  somcwh:it 
different  sense. 

Drinking  is  from  draioivg,  or  from  wetting,  plunging.  Drench 
and  drink  are  radically  one  word. 

./Jnger,  and  the  like  violent  passions,  imply  excitement,  or 
violent  action.  Hence  tlicir  connection  with  burning  or  injhiiu- 
matioii,  tlie  usual  sense  of  wliich  is  raging  or  violent  coniinotion. 

.Agreement,  lutrinony,  are  usually  from  meeting  or  union,  or 
from  extending,  reaching  to. 

Dwelling,  abiding,  are  from  the  sense  of  throwing  or  setting 
down,  or  resting,  or  from  stretching  ;  as  we  see  by  the  Latin 
continuo,  from  tcnco,  Gr.  ifuoi,  to  extend. 

Guarding  and  defending  are  from  roots  that  signify  to  stop,  or 
to  cut  off ;  or,  more  gerrerally,  from  the  sense  of  driving  off;  a 
repelling  or  striking  back.     In  some  cases,  perhaps,  from  holding. 

Opposition  is  usually  expressed  by  meeting,  and  hence  the 
prepositions  whicli  express  opposition.  Thus  the  Danish  prepo- 
sition mod,  Swedish  mot  or  cmot,  against,  contrary,  is  the  Englisli 
word  to  meet. 

AVords  which  express  spirit,  denote,  primarily,  breath,  air,  wind, 
tlie  radical  sense  of  which  is  to  flow,  move,  or  rash.  Hence  the 
connection  between  spirit  and  courage,  itnimvs,  animosus  ;  hence 
passion,  animosity.  So  in  Greek  (('jtiiTij,  frenzy,  is  from  i|'.'i,r, 
the  mind,  or  rather  from  its  primary  sense,  a  moving  or  rushing. 

So  in  our  mother  tongue,  mod  is  mind  or  spirit ;  whence  mood, 
ill  English,  and  Saxon  modig,  moody,  angry.  Hence  mind  in  the 
sense  of  purpose,  its  primary  signification,  is  a  setting  forward,  as 
intention  is  from  intcndo,  to  stretch,  to  strain,  the  sense  that 
ought  to  stand  first  in  a  Dictionary. 

Reproaeii,  eiiiding,  rebuke,  are  from  the  sense  of  scolding,  or 
throwing  out  words  with  violence 

Sin  is  generally  from  the  sense  of  deviating,  wandering,  as  is 
the  practice  of  lewdness. 

Right,  justice,  equity,  are  from  the  sense  of  stretching,  making 
straight,  or  from  laying,  making  smooth. 

Falsehood  is  from  falling,  failing,  or  from  diriation,  icunder- 
ing,  draicing  aside. 

The  primar}'  sense  of  strange  and  foreign,  is  distant,  and  from 
some  verb  signifying  to  depart.  Wild  and  fierce  are  from  a  like 
sense. 

Vain,  vanity,  wane,  and  kindred  words,  are  from  exhausting, 
drawing  oiit,   or  from  departing,   leilh  draicing,  falling   away. 

Paleness  is  usually'  fvum  failure,  a  tleparture  of  color. 

Glory  is  from  opening,  expanding,  display,  or  making  clear. 

Binding,  making  first  or  close,  is  from  pressure,  or  straining. 

Writing  is  from  scratching,  engraving,  the  sense  of  all  primi- 
tive words  which  express  this  act. 

A  crowd,  a  mass,  a  loood,  &c.,  are  from  collecting  or  pressing, 
or  some  allied  signification,  ,  ,^    ,,^  ,,„,   ..,   .^,, 

Vapor,  steam,  smoke,  are  ,'usjfiiily  Jjrom.  yerjis  which  signify  to 
exhale  or  throw  off. 

Stepping  seems  to  be  from  opening,  expanding,  stretching. 
Thus  ]iassus  m  Latin  is  from  pando,  to  open,  but  this  agrees  in 
origin  with  patco,  and  with  the  Greek  Ttunci.  Gradus,  in  Latin, 
coincides  with  the  Welsh  rhawd,  a  wa3',  and  this,  when  traced  to 
its  root,  terminates  in  the  Oriental  ~~\,  ,"!~1,  Chaldee,  to  open, 
stretch  or  expand  ;  in  S3'riac,  jii  reda,  to  go,  to  pass.  Walking 
may  bo  sometimes  from  a  like  source ;  hut  the  word  xvalk  signi- 
fies, primarily,  to  roll,  press,  work  and  full,  as  a  hat,  whence 
walker  signifies  a  fuller. 

Softness  and  wca/incss  are  usually  named  from  yielding,  bend- 


INTRODUCTION 


xlix 


ing,  withdraiciag,  as  is  relaxation.     Softness,  however,  is  some- 
times connected  with  smoothness,  and  perhaps  witli  moisture. 

Sweetness  seems  to  have  for  its  primary  sense,  either  softness 
or  smootlmess. 

Itoughness  is  from  sharp  points,  wrinkling  or  breaking ;  and 
acidittj  is  from  sharpness  or  pungency',  and  nearly  allied  to 
roughness. 

Dentil  is  expressed  by  falling  or  departure ;  life,  by  fi.xedncss 
or  continuance,  or  from  animation,  excitement. 

Sflliiig  is,  priuiarilv,  a  passing  or  transfer.  Scllun,  in  Saxon, 
signifies  to  give,  as  well  as  to  sell. 

A  const  or  border  is  usually  the  extreme  point,  from  extending. 

Lfiw  is  from  setting,  establishing. 

The  primary  senso  of  son,  daughter,  offspring,  is  usually  a 
shoot,  or,  as  we  say,  issue.  Hence,  in  Hebrew,  'Z  /««,  signifies 
both  a  son,  a  cion,  a  branch,  and  the  young  of  other  animals. 
A  son,  says  Parkhurst,  is  from  H^Z  hnnnk,  to  buikl ;  and  hence  he 
infers  that  a  soji  is  so  called,  because  he  builds  np  or  continues 
his  father's  house  or  family,  iJut  if  so,  iiow  does  tiie  word  apjily 
to  a  branch,  or  an  arrow .'  What  do  these  build  \\\>  ?  The  mis- 
take of  this  author,  and  of  others,  proceeds  from  their  not  under- 
standing the  orio-ina)  meaning  of  the  verb,  which  is  not  to  erect, 
or  elctiite,  but  to  thr.^w,  to  set,  to  found  ;  and  this  verb  is  probably 
retained  in  our  word  fomid.  A  son  is  lliat  wliich  is  tlirown  or 
shot  out;  a  cion  or  branch  is  the  same,  an  offset,  one  an  offset  of 
the  human  body,  the  other  of  a  plant,  and  an  arrow  is  that  which 
is  shot  or  thrown.  Hence,  probably,  the  Hebrew  "K  eheit  or 
creit,  a  stone,  "W.  vittni.  or  rmii,  tliat  which  is  set,  so  named  from 

■  ■  -? 
its  compactness  or  hardness.     And  in  Arabic  . -Ji  uitf/iii,. signifies 
to  tliiuk,  Lat.  opinor,  that  is,  to  sot  in  the  mind. 

Few  and  small  are  senses  often  expressed  by  the  same  word. 
Thus,  although /f/c  in  English  expresses  merely  a  small  number, 
yet  the  same  word  in  French,  -pen,  and  in  the  Italian,  poco^  sig- 
nifies little  in  quantity,  as  well  asfiw  in  number. 

Cuiise  is  from  the  sense  nt'  urging,  pressiiig,  impelling.  Hence 
it  well  expresses  that  which  jiroduces  an  effect ;  and  hence  it  is 
peculiarly  expressive  of  that  l)y  which  a  man  seeks  to  obtain  a 
claim  in  law.  A  cause  in  court  is  properly  a  pressing  for  right, 
like  action  from  ago;  and  prosecntion  from  the  Latin  sequor, 
which  is  our  word  sceli.  Hence  the  Latin  accnso,  to  accuse,  to 
throw  upon,  to  press,  or  load  with  a  charge.  Tlio  Saxon  saca, 
contention,  suit  in  law,  is  synonymous  with  eoitse,  and  from  the 
root  of  seek,  sequor.     It  is  the  English  sal:e. 

The  word  thing  is  nearly  synpnynious  with  cause  and  sahc. 
See  Thi.\g,  in  the  Dictionary.  '- 

The  primary  sense  of  time,  hick,  chance,  fortune,  is  to  fall,  to 
come,  to  arrive,  to  happen.  Tide,  time,  and  season,  Iiave  a  like 
original  sense.  Tide,  in  Saxon,  is  time,  not  a  flow  of  the  sea,  the 
latter  being  a  secondary  and  modern  application  of  the  word. 
This  primary  signification  of  time  will  unfold  to  us  what  I  for- 
merly could  not  understand,  and  what  I  could  find  no  person  to 
explain ;  that  is,  why  the  Latin  tcmpora  should  signify  times  and 
the  temples.  It  seems  that  tempura  are  the  fulls  of  the  head. 
Hence,  also,  we  understand  whj'  tempest  is  naturally  deduciblc 
from  tempos,  as  the  primary  sense  is  to  fall,  to  rush.  Hence 
tempestirus,  seasonable,  that  comes,  in  good  time.  Season  has  a 
like  sense. 

Hence,  also,  we  are  led  to  understand,  what  has  seemed  inex- 
plicable, how  the  French  hcurenx,  lucky,  happy,  can  be  regu- 
larly deduced  from  hcure,  an  hour.  We  find  that  in  Greek  and 
Latin  the  primary  sense  of  hour  is  lime,  and  time  is  a  coming,  a 
falling,  a  happening,  like  the  English  htch,  and  hence  the  sense 
of  lucky  ;  hence  fortunate  and  happy.  The  word  fortunate  is 
precisely  of  the  same  character. 

The  primary  sense  of  the  Sheniitic  '"i-"  dticur,  or  tharar,  cur- 
responds  almost  precisely  with  that  of  canse  and  thing  in  Englisli ; 
lliat  is,  to  strain,  urge,  drive,  fall,  or  rush.  Hejice  it  signifies  to 
speak,  and  in  Ch.  and  Syr.  to  lead,  to  direct,  to  govern.  As  a 
noun,  it  signifies  a  word,  that  which  is  uttered  ;  a  thing,  cause,  or 
matter ;  that  is,  tliat  wliich  happens  or  falls,  like  event  from  ccenio  ; 
also  a  plague,  or  great  cal.amiK" ;  that  is,  that  which  falls  or  comes 
on  rnan  or  beast,  like  plague;  a  stroke  or  affliction,  from  striking. 
And  it  may  be  observed,  tliat  if  the  first  letter  is  a  prefix  answer- 
ing to  the  Gothic  du,  Saxon  and  English  to,  in  the  Saxon  to- 
drifan,  to  drive,  then  the  root  "~  coincides  exactly  wit!i  the 
Welsh  perl,  to  command,  which  is  retained  in  composition  in  the 
L.it.  impp.ro.     Indeed,  if  the  first  syllable  of  gabcrno  is  a  prefix, 


tlic  root  of  this  word  may  be  the  same.  The  object,  however, 
for  which  this  word  is  here  mentioned,  is  chiefly  to  show  the 
uniformity  wliich  men  have  observed  in  expressing  their  ideas; 
makinir  use  of  the  same  visible  physical  action  to  represent  the 
operations  of  the  miiid  and  moral  ideas. 

Silence,  deafness,  dumbness,  are  from  stopping,  holding,  or 
malung  fast. 

War  is  from  the  sense  of  striving,  driving,  straggling. 

Good  is  generally  from  enlarging,  or  advancing,  like  jiros- 
perous. 

Evil  is  from  wandering,  departing,  or  sometimes  from  softness, 
weakness,  flowing  or  fiuxibilit}',  as  is  the  case  with  the  Latin 
malum,  from  the   Welsh  jnall. 

The  iirliuary  sense  of  the  names  of  natural  and  material  ob- 
jects can  not  always  be  ascertained.  The  reasons  are  obvious. 
Some  of  these  names  are  detached  branches  of  a  family  of  words 
which  no  longer  form  a  part  of  our  language ;  the  verb  and  all 
the  derivatives,  except  a  single  name,  being  extinct,  or  found 
only  in  some  remote  country.  Others  of  these  names  have  suf- 
fered such  changes  of  ortjiography,  that  it  is  difficult  or  impossible 
to  ascertain  the  primarv  or  radical  letters,  and  of  course  the 
family  to  whicJi  tiic;y  belong.  Numerous  examples  of  such  words 
occur  in  English,  as  in  every  other  language. 

But  from  such  facts  as  have  occurred  to  me  in  my  researches, 
I  may  venture  to  affirm  v.-itli  confidence,  that  most  names  of 
nutural  olijects  arc  taken  from  some  obvious  qualitv  or  action,  or 
some  supposed  quality  of  tlie  thing;  or  from  the  particular  action 
or  operation  Ijy  which  it  is  produced.  Thus  tumors  are  named 
from  pushing,  or  swelling;  an<l  redness,  or  red,  seems,  in  some 
instances  at  least,  to  be  named  from  eruptions  on  the  body.  The 
luiman  body  is  named  from  .'shaping,  that  is,  setting,  fixing,  or  ex- 
tending, and  hence,  sometimes,  the  general  name  of  the  human 
race.  The  arm  is  a  shoot,  a  /rush,  as  is  the  branch  of  a  tree. 
A  board,  a  table,  a  floor,  is  froni  spreading,  or  expanding,  e.e- 
tcnding.     Skin  and  hark  are  from  /trelinir,  stripping,   I've. 

The  names  of  particular  animals  and  plants  can  not  always  ho 
traced  to  their  source  ;  but,  ns  far  as  I  have  been  able  to  discover 
their  origin,  I  find  animals  to  be  generally  named  from  some 
striking  characteristic  of  external  ajipearanee;  from  the  voice, 
from  habits  of  life,  or  from  their  office.  There  is  reason  for 
believing  liu.l  the  Greek  c'juii'oc  and  Latin  strut/no,  or  ostrich, 
is  from  the  same  root  as  tlie  English  strut,  the  strutter ;  the 
primary  sense  of  wliich  root  is,  to  stretcli,  which  explains  iiU  the 
senses  of  the  Greek  and  Latin  words  of  tliis  t'iinily.  It  is  certain 
that  the  crow  is  named  from  its  cry,  and  the  leoj/urd  from  his 
spots. 

Thus  plants  v/ere  named  from  their  qualities;  some  from  their 
form,  others  from  their  color,  others  from  their  effects,  others 
from  the  place  of  their  growth.  The  English  root,  Lat.  radix,  is 
onlj'  a  particular  application  of  rod  and  ray,  radius;  that  is,  a 
slioot.     Sparge  is,  undoubtedly,  from  the  root  of  the  Latin  purgo. 

There  is  reason  to  think  tliat  maiiv  names  of  plants  were 
oriuinall^'  adjectives,  expressing  their  qualities;  or  the  name  was 
a  compound,  used  for  the  same  puriiose,  one  part  of  whicli  has 
been  droi>ped,  and  the  other  remaining  as  the  name  of  the  plant. 
Tliusy«'/ic,  pinu^,  is  from  pin,  pinna,  pcnnu  ;  for  in  Welsh  pin  is 
a  ]iin  and  a  pen  or  style  for  writing,  and  pinhren  is  a  pine-tree. 
Tiie  tree,  then,  was  named  from  its  leaf. 

Fir  has  a  similar  origin  and  signification. 

It  is  probable,  or  rather  certain,  that  some  natural  objects,  --xs 
plants  and  minerals,  received  their  names  from  tlieir  supposed 
qualities;  as,  in  ages  of  ignorance  and  superstition,  men  n.ight 
ascribe  eftects  to  them,  by  mistake.  The  whole  history  <if  magic 
and  enchantment  leads  us  to  this  conclusion. 

iMinerals  are,  in  many  instances,  named  from  their  oY/vious 
qualities,  as  golil  from  its  yellowness,  and  iron  from  its  haidness. 
The  names  can,  in  some  cases,  be  traced  to  their  original,  as  that 
(jf  gold  and  of  tlie  Latin ,f( /;;;»;  ;  but  many  of  tliein  are  not  easily 
ascertained.  Indeed,  the  greatest  part  of  the  specific  names  of 
animals,  plants,  and  mini:rals,  appear  to  be  obscure.  Some  of 
them  appear  to  have  no  connection  with  any  family  of  words  in 
our  language,  and  many  of  them  are  derived  to  us  from  Asia,  and 
from  roots  which  can  be  found  only,  if  found  .at  all,  in  the  Asiatic 
languages. 

These  observations  and  expl.mations  will  be  sufticient  to  show 
the  importance  of  developing,  as  far  as  possible,  the  origin  of 
words,  and  of  comparing  the  different  uses  of  the  same  word  in 
different  languages,  in  order  to  understand  either  the  philosophy 
of  speech,  or  the  real  force  and  signification  of  words  in  tlieii 
practical  application. 


1 


INTRODUCTION. 


If  it  should  be  found  to  be  true,  that  many  of  tlie  Shemitic 
verbs  are  formed  with  prefixes,  like  those  of  the  European  lan- 
guages, this  may  lead  to  new  illustrations  of  the  original  lan- 
guages of  the  Scriptures.  In  order  to  determine  this  fact,  it  will 
be  useful  to  examine  whether  the  Chaldoe  and  Hebrew  3  is  not 
often  a  prefix  answering  to  be  in  the  Teutonic  languages ;  whether 
3  and  3  are  not  prefixes  answering  to  the  g<i  and  ge  of  the  Gothic 
and  Teutonic ;  whetlier  ~,  'O,  and  r,  and  t,  a  dialectical  form  of 
B,  do  not  coincide  with  the  Gothic  du,  the  Saxon  to,  the  Dutch 
toe,  and  the  German  zu  ;  whether  3  does  not  answer  to  the  Russ. 
and  Dutch  na,  the  German  naeh  ;  and  whether  0  and  V  do  not 
answer  to  s,  */i,  and  sch  in  the  modern  English  and  German. 

If  many  of  the  Shemitic  triliteral  verbs  are  compound,  it  fol- 
lows that  the  primary  radix  has  not  been  delected.  At  any  rate, 
I  have  no  hesitation  in  affirming,  that  the  primary  sense  of  many 
of  the  roots  in  the  Shemitic  languages,  that  sense  which  is  almost 
indispensable  to  an  understanding  of  many  obscure  passages  in 
the  Scriptures,  has  been  hitherto  overlooked  or  mistaken.  In 
order  fully  to  comprehend  many  uses  of  the  words,  it  will  be 
nccessarv  to  compare  them  with  the  uses  of  the  words  of  the 
same  fariiily  in  the  modern  languages ;  and  this  comparison  must 
be  far  more  extensive  than  any  hitherto  made,  and  conducted  on 
princijjles  which  have  not  been  before  duly  appreciated  and 
applied. 

1  have  introduced  the  foregoing  comparative  view  of  the 
several  significations  of  the  same  word  in  different  languages, 
not  merely  to  illustrate  the  general  principles  of  language,  but 
with  a  special  reference  to  an  explanation  of  the  etymologies 
which  occur  in  this  work.  Should  my  Synopsis  ever  be  pub- 
lished, the  learned  inquirer  might  pursue  the  subject  at  his 
pleasure. 

The  results  of  the  foregoing  remarks  and  illustrations  may  be 
thus  recapitulated. 

1.  The  nations  which  now  constitute  the  distinct  families  or 
races  of  Japheth  and  Shem,  are  descendants  of  the  common  fam- 
ily which  inhabited  the  plain  of  Shinar  before  the  dispersion. 

2.  The  families  at  the  dispersion  retained  a  large  proportion  of 
the  words  which  were  in  common  use  before  that  event,  and  the 
same  were  conveyed  to  tlieir  posterity.  In  the  course  of  time, 
some  of  these  words  were  dropped  by  one  family  or  tribe,  and 
some  by  another,  till  very  few  of  them  are  retained  in  their  origi- 
nal form  and  signification,  by  all  the  nations  which  have  sprung 
from  the  main  stock.  A  fev.-  of  them,  however,  are  still  found  in 
all  or  nearly  all  the  languages  which  I  have  examined,  bearing 
nearly  the  same  signification  and  easily  recognized  as  identical. 

3.  Although  few  of  the  primitive  words  can  now  be  recognized 
as  existing  in  nil  the  languages,  yet  as  we  better  understand  the 
changes  which  have  been  made  in  the  orthography  and  sig- 
nification of  the  same  radical  v/ords,  the  more  affinities  are  dis- 
covered; and  particularly,  when  we  understand  the  primary 
sense,  we  find  this  to  unite  words  whose  appropriate  or  custom- 
ary significations  appear  to  have  no  connection. 

4.  A  great  number  of  the  primitive  radical  words  are  found  in 
compounds,  formed  in  different  languages,  with  different  affixes 
and  prefixes,  which  obscure  the  aiSnity.  Thus  Veritas  in  Latin, 
is  icahrlicit  in  German ;  the  first  syllable  in  each  is  the  same 
word,  the  last  different.  In  other  instances,  both  difference  of 
orthography,  of  formation,  and  of  apphcation,  concur  to  obscure 
the  affinity  of  words.  Thus  the  English  word  stron"  is  in 
Danish  strcng,  signifying  stern,  severe,  rigid,  strict;  and  strcnT- 
hcd  [stronghood]  is  severity,  rigor,  strictness.  Now,  n  in  these 
words  is  not  radical ;  remove  this  letter,  and  we  have  strog,  streg, 
which  coincide  with  the  Latin  stringo,  strict  us ;  and  these  words 
are  found  to  be  from  the  same  radix,  whicli  signifies  to  draw,  to 
strain,  to  stretch. 

5.  It  appears  that  I,  p  and  /  are  often  prefixes,  either  the 
remains  of  prepositions,  or  casual  additions  to  words,  introduced 
by  peculiar  modes  of  pronunciation,  which  prefixes  now  precede 
consonants,  with  which  they  readily  coalesce  in  pronunciation, 
as  I  and  r,  forming  triliteral  words  on  biliteral  roots;  as  in  block 
from  the,  or  lock;  play,  Saxon  plegan,  from  leg  or  Ick,  Swedish 
leha,  Dan.  leger ;  flow,  Lat.  fluo,  from  lug,  or  Inc,  which  appears 
in  light,  lux,  luceo,  and  in  lug,  a  river,  retained  in  Lugdunum. 

6.  It  appears,  also,  that  c  or  k  and  g  are  often  prefixes  before 
the  same  consonants,  /  and  r,  as  in  Lat.  clunis,  Eng.  loin;  W. 
clod,  praise,  from  Hod,  Latin  laus,  laudo  ;  German  gluck,  Endish 
luck ;  Lat.  gratia,  W.  rhad. 


7.  It  appears,  also,  that  i  is  a  prefix  in  a  vast  number  of  words, 
as  in  speed,  spoil,  swell,  sweep ;  and  it  is  very  evident  that  st  are 
prefixed  to  many  vrords  whose  original,  radical,  initial  consonant 
was  r,  as  in  straight,  strict,  strojig,  stretch,  from  the  root  of  right, 
rectus,  reach,  and  in  stride,  from  the  root  of  the  Latin  gradior, 
W.  rhaz. 

If  these  inferences  are  just,  as  1  am  persuaded  they  are,  it 
follows  that  there  is  a  more  near  resemblance  and  o  much  closer 
affinity  between  the  languages  of  Europe  and  of  Western  Asia, 
than  has  hitherto  been  supposed  to  exist.  It  follows,  also,  that 
some  of  the  most  important  principles  or  rudiments  of  language 
have  hitherto  escaped  observation,  and  that  philology  is  yet  in  its 
infancy.  Should  this  prove,  on  further  examination,  to  be  the 
state  of  philology,  it  is  reserved  for  future  investigators  to  ex- 
amine the  original  languages  of  the  Scriptures  on  new  principles, 
which  may  serve  to  illustrate  some  obscure  and  difficult  passages, 
not  hitherto  explained  to  the  general  satisfaction  of  critics  and 
commentators. 

If  any  persons  should  be  disposed  to  doubt  or  contradict  these 
facts,  let  them  first  consider  that  my  conclusions  are  not  hasty 
opinions,  formed  on  isolated  facts ;  but  that  they  have  been 
forced  upon  me,  in  opposition  to  all  my  former  habits  of  thinking, 
l)y  a  series  of  successive  proofs  and  accumulating  evidence, 
during  a  long  course  of  investigation,  in  which  i  have  compared 
most  of  the  radical  words,  in  more  than  twenty  languages,  twice, 
and  some  of  them  three  times. 

No  part  of  my  researches  has  given  me  more  trouble  or  solici- 
tude than  that  of  arriving  at  the  precise  radical  signification  of 
moral  ideas;  such,  for  example,  as /lo/vc,  locc,  furor,  faith.  Nor 
has  it  been  with  much  less  labor  tiiat  I  have  obtained  a  clear 
knowledge  of  some  of  our  physical  actions.  It  is  literally  true 
that  I  have  sometimes  had  a  word  under  consideration  for  two 
or  three  years,  before  I  could  satisfy  my  own  mind  as  to  the  pri- 
mary signification.  That  I  have  succeeded  at  last,  in  every 
instance,  can  hardly  be  supposed  —  yet,  in  most  cases,  I  am 
perfeetlj'  satisfied  with  the  results  of  my  jesearches. 


PROGRESS  AND  CHANGES  OF  THE  ENGLISH 
LANGUAGE. 

It  has  been  already  observed  that  the  mother  tongue  ot  the 
English  is  the  Anglo-Saxon.  The  following  are  specimens  of 
that  language  as  it  was  spoken  or  written  in  England  before  the 
Norman  conquest.  The  first  is  from  the  Saxon  Chronicle.  The 
original  is  in  one  column,  and  the  literal  translation  in  the  other. 
The  English  words  in  Italics  are  Saxon  words.  The  number  of 
these  will  show  how  large  a  proportion  of  the  words  is  retained 
in  the  present  English. 


An.  DCCCXCI.  Her  for  se 
here  east,  and  Earnulf  cyning 
gefeaht  with  thiem  riede-here 
ajr  tlia  scipu  comon,  mid  East- 
Francum,  ajid  Seaxum,  and 
Basgerum,  and  hine  geflymde. 
And  thry  Scottas  cwomon  to 
iElfrede  cyninge  on  anum  bate, 
butan  celcum  gerethum,  of  Hi- 
bernia;  and  thonon  hi  hi  bestre- 
lon,  forthon  the  hi  woldon  for 
Godes  lufan  on  eltheodinesse 
bion,   hy   ne  rohton   hwa;r. 


Se  bat  Wfes  geworht  of  thrid- 
dan  hcalfre  hyde,  the  hie  on 
foron,  and  hi  naraon  mid  him 
that  hie  hjefdon  to  seofon  nih- 
tum  mete,  and  tha  comon  hie 
ymb  seofon  niht,  to  londe  on 
Cornwealum,  and  foran  tha  sona 
to  .filfrede  cyninge 


An.  891.  Here  [this  year] 
fared  the  army  east,  and  Ear- 
nulf, the  king,  fought  with  the 
cavalry  [ride  army]  ere  the  ships 
come,  with  the  jEasf-Francs,  and 
Saxons,  and  Bavarians,  and  put 
them  to  flight,  .ind  three  Scots 
come  to  SAfreA,  the  king,  in  a 
[fl/i]  boat,  without  any  rowers, 
trom  Hibernia,  and  thence  they 
privately  withdrew  [hcstole']  be- 
cause that  they  tcould,fur  God's 
lore  he  [or  live]  in  a  state  of 
pilgrimage,  they  should  not  be 
an.xious — [reck,  care]  where. 

The  boat  was  wrought  of  two 
hides  and  a  half  [third  half  hide,'] 
in  which  thej'  fared  [came]  and 
they  took  with  them  that  they 
had  for  seven  nights  meat,  and 
they  come  about  tlie  seventh 
night,  to  land  in  Cornwall,  and 
fared  [went]  soon  to  Mitred, 
the    king. 


The  following  specimen  is  from  the  Anglo-Saxon  version  of 
Orosius,  supposed  to  be  made  by   King  Alfred. 


INTRODUCTION. 


li 


Ohthere  s^de  his  hlaforde, 
iEifreds  kyninge,  thjet  he  ealra 
North-manna  north  niest  bude. 
He  cwsth  that  he  bude  on  thtera 
lande  northeweardum  'with  Iha 
west  sr;.  He  soL'de  theah  thcet 
iiirzt  land  s}-  swytiie  north  tha- 
non  ;  ac  hit  is  eall  v.-est  buton  on 
feav."jra  stowuni  sticce  maslum 
wiciath  Finnas,  on  huntatlie  on 
wintra,  and  on  sumera  on  fis- 
cothe  be  there  sis.  He  stede 
tlia't  he  iEt  sumum  cyrre  wolde 
faadiam  hu  lange  thset  land 
north  right  tege. 


Octhere  told  [said]  liis  lord, 
king  Alfred,  that  he  lived  north 
most  of  all  the  north  men.  He 
quoth  that  he  dwelt  in  the  [them] 
land  northicard,  opposite  [witli] 
the  west  sea.  He  said  thovgh, 
that  that  land  is  due  north  from 
thence,  and  that  it  is  all  waste 
except  [fraf]  in  a  feio  places 
[stows]  where  the  Finns  for  the 
most  part  dwell,  for  hunting  in 
winter,  and  in  summer  for  fish- 
ing in  that  sea,  [by  the  sea.] 
He  said  that  he,  at  soTne  time, 
would  find  how  long  that  land 
lay  right  north. 


Laws  of  King  J^thelbert. 

Gif  Cyning  his  leode  to  hiral  If  the  King  shall  call  [cite] 
gehatath,  and  heom  raon  thjer ,  his  people  to  him,  and  any  one 
yfel  gedo,  II  bote  and  cyning  r?na7i]  shall  there  do  evil,  let 
L.  scillinga.  double   compensation  be   made, 

land  fifty  shillings  to  the  King. 

Gif  in  Cyninges  tune  mani  If  in.  tJie  King's  tovyn  a  miin 
mannan  ofslcah,  L.  scill.  ge-  slay  a  man,  let  him  compensate 
bete.  [boot]  with  fifty  shillings. 

Gif  on  Eorles  tune  man  man- 
nan  ofsleath,  XII  scil.  gebete. 


Gif  man  thone  man  ofsla;hth, 
XX  scil.  gebete. 

Gi/thuman  (of  a  stehth)  XX 
scil.  Gif  thuman  naegl  ofweor- 
deth  III  scil.  gebete.  Gif  man 
scytefinger  (of  a  stehth,)  VIII 
scil.  gebete.  Gif  man  middle 
finger  (of  a  slashth,)  IV  scil. 
gebete.  Gif  man  gold-finger  (of 
a  slrehth,)  VI  scil.  gebete.  Gif 
man  thon  litlan  finger  (of  a 
slsehth)  XI  scil.  gebete. 


If  in  an  Earl's  town  one  maji 
slayeth  another  man,  let  him  pay 
twelve  shillings  for  reparation. 

If  man  [any  one]  slayeth  any 
man,  let  him  compensate  with 
twenty  shillings. 

If  the  thumb  shall  be  cut  off, 
twenty  shillings.  If  the  thumb 
nail  shall  be  cut  olF,  three  shil- 
lings shall  be  the  compensation. 
If  any  one  [off  slayeth,  striketh 
off,]  cutteth  off  the  fore  finger, 
[shoot  finger,]  let  him  compen- 
sate with  eight  shillings.  If^ny 
one  cutteth  off  the  middle  finger, 
let  him  pay  four  shillings.  If 
any  one  cutteth  off  the  gold 
finger,  [ring  finger,]  let  him  pay 
six  shillings.  If  any  one  cut- 
teth off  the  little  finger,  let  him 
pay  eleven  shillings. 


Laws  of  King  Eadgar. 


We  liBrath  that  jeIc  cristen 
man  his  beam  to  christendome 
geomlice  wsenige  and  him  pater 
noster  and  credon  tsece. 


We  order  (or  instruct)  that 
each  Christian  man  earnestly 
accustom  [wean]  his  children  to 
Christianity,  [Christendom,]  and 
teach  him.  the  Pater  Noster  and 
Creed. 

We  laerath  that  preost  ne  beol  We  direct  that  a  priest  be  not 
hunta  ne  hafecere  ne  Ufiflere  ;  a  Auji^cr,  nor /latc/.cr,  nor  a  game- 
ac  plegge  on  his  bocum  swa  his  ster ;  but  that  he  apply  to  his 
hade  gebirath.  \booUs,  as  it  becomes  his  order. 

We  observe  by  these  extracts  that  rather  more  than  half  the 
Saxon  words  have  been  lost,  and  now  form  no  part  of  our 
language.* 

This  language,  with  some  words  introduced  by  the  Danes, 
continued  to  be  used  by  the  English  till  the  Norman  conquest. 
After  that  event,  great  numbers  of  Saxon  words  went  into  disuse, 
not  suddenly,  but  gradually,  and  French  and  Latin  words  were 
continually  added  to  the  language,  till  it  began  to  assume  its 
present  form,  in  the  fourteenth  and  fifteenth  centuries.     Yet  the 

*  Mr.  Meidineer  of  Frankfort,  in  the  Introduction  to  his  Etymological  and 
Comparative  Dictinnar)-  of  the  Teuto-Goihic  Lan^i.iges,  notices  this  ob3er\'.a- 
tinn  of  mine,  re?p^rtins  the  prnpDrtion  of  iraxvin  words  which  have  been  lo.n, 
and  then  states  l\if.  opinion  of  Mr.  Turner,  that  more  than  fuur-fifVts  of  the 
words  in  modem  Enslish  are  of  3a.xon  ori!:in.  This  ditference  in  the  two  state- 
ments proceeds  from  a  circumstance  overlooked.    My  statement  refers  only  to 


writings  of  Gower  and  Chaucer  can  not  now  be  fully  understood 
without  a  glossary. 

But  it  was  not  in  the  loss  of  native  Saxon  words  and  the  acces- 
sion of  French  and  Latin  words  alone,  that  the  change  of  our 
language  consisted.  Most  important  alterations  were  made  in 
the  sounds  of  the  vowels.  It  is  probable,  if  not  certain,  that  our 
first  vowel  a  had  usually  or  always  the  broad  sound,  as  we  new 
pronounce  it  in  fall,  or  in  some  words  perhaps  the  Italian  sound, 
as  it  is  now  called,  and  as  wc  pronounce  it  in  far.  The  sound  of 
e  was  probably  nearly  the  same  as  it  is  in  French  and  Italian,  and 
in  the  northern  languages  on  the  continent  of  Europe  ;  which  is 
nearly  that  of  a  in  favor.  The  Saxon  sound  of  i  was  probably 
the  same  as  it  is  still  on  the  Continent,  the  sound  of  ee  or  long  e. 
The  sound  of  u  was  that  oj  our  present  oo,  French  o«,  the  sound 
it  still  has  in  Italian,  and  in  most  countries  on  the  European 
continent.  It  is  probable  that  the  change  of  the  sound  of  u 
happened  in  consequence  of  the  prevalence  of  the  French  pro- 
nunciation after  the  conquest;  for  the  present  sound  of «  may  be 
considered  as  intermediate,  between  the  full  sound  of  oo,  or 
French  ou,  and  the  French  sound  of  u. 

These  changes,  and  the  various  sounds  given  to  the  same 
character,  now  serve  to  perple.x  foreigners,  when  learning  Eng- 
lish ;  and  tend,  in  no  small  degree,  to  retard  or  limit  the  ex- 
tension of  our  language.  This  is  an  unfortunate  circumstance, 
not  only  in  obstructing  the  progress  of  science,  but  of  Chris- 
tianity. 

The  principal  changes  in  the  articulations  are  the  use  of  k  for 
c,  as  in  look  for  locian;  the  loss  of  h  before  /,  as  in  loaf  flora 
hlaf,  lot  for  hlot,  lean  for  hlinian  ;  and  the  entire  loss  of  the  prefix 
ge  or  ga,  as  in  deal  for  gc-d<elan,  deem  for  gc-deman ;  and  of  Zo  as 
a  prefix,  as  in  to-helpan,  to  help ;  to-dailan,  to  deal.  In  no  in- 
stance do  we  feel  more  sensibly  the  change  of  sounds  in  the 
vowels,  than  in  that  of  i,  which  in  French,  Spanish,  and  Italian, 
is  c  long  ;  for  in  consequence  of  this,  persons  who  are  not  ac- 
quainted with  these  foreign  languages,  mispronounce  such  words 
as  marino,  Messina,  Lima,  giving  to  i  its  English  sound,  when  in 
fact  the  words  are  to  be  pronounced  mareeno,  Messeena,  Lecma. 

In  grammatical  structure  the  language  has  suffered  consider- 
able alterations.  In  our  mother  tongue,  nouns  were  varied  to 
form  cases,  somewhat  as  in  Latin.  This  declension  of  nouns  has 
entirely  ceased,  except  in  the  possessive  or  genitive  case,  in  which 
an  apostrophe  before  «  has  been  substituted  for  the  regular  Saxon 
termination  es.  Some  of  our  pronouns  retain  their  declensions, 
somewhat  varied.  The  plural  termination  in  en  has  been  dropped, 
in  a  number  of  words,  and  the  regular  plural  termination  been 
substituted,  as  houses  for  housen. 

In  most  cases,  the  Saxon  termination  of  the  infinitive  mode  of 
verbs  has  been  dropped,  and  for  gifan  we  now  write,  to  give. 
The  variations  of  the  verb,  in  the  several  persons,  have  been 
materially  changed.     Thus  for  the  Saxon  — 


Ic  lufige, 
Thu  lufast. 
He  lufath; 


we  now  write - 


I  love. 

Thou  lovest. 

He  loveth  or  loves ; 


We  lufiath, 
Ge  lufiath, 
Hi  lufiath; 


We  love. 
Ye  love, 
They  love. 


In  the  Saxon  plural,  however,  we  see  the  origin  of  the  vulgar 
practice  still  retained  in  some  parts  of  England  and  of  this  coun- 
try.    IVe  lores,  they  loves,  which  are  contractions  of  lufiath. 

In  the  substantive  verb,  our  common  people  universally,  and 
most  persons  of  better  education,  unless  they  have  rejected  their 
traditionary  language,  retain  the  Gothic  dialect,  in  the  past 
tense. 

I  was,  We  was. 

Thou  wast.  Ye  was, 

He  was;  They  was. 

However  people  may  be  ridiculed  for  this  language,  it    i-   i>f 
genuine  origin,  as  old  as  the  Sa.xon  word  were.     In  Go:' 
past  tense  runs  thus  — 

the  actual  proportion  of  Sa.Ton  words  retained  in  the  vocabulary,  whicli  is  [irob- 
ablyle.s?  than  half  of  Ihe  whole  number  of  words  in  the  language.  .Mr.  Turner's 
statement  rifcrs  to  the  proportion  of  Saion  words  actually  u.<ol  in  our  common 
language,  which  is,  doubtles-s,  as  great  as  he  represenLs  it.  The  words  of  ^^ason 
origin  are  the  more  necessary  words ;  such  as  are  wanted  in  all  the  comnioti" 
concerns  of  life;  and  therefore  in  use  they  compose  the  body  of  the  language. 


J 


lii 


INTRODUCTION. 


Ik  was, 
Thu  wast, 
Is  was ; 


Wcis  wcsiim, 
Yus  wesiith, 
Kis  wfsun." 


In  tho  present  tense  of  tlic  substantive  verb,  our  common 
people  use  dn  f ,  as  in  this  phrase:  "he  dn't  present."  This  is 
evidently  a  contraction  of  the  Swedisli  and  Danish  /"/?•,  tr,  present 
indicative  singular  of  the  substantive  verb  rura  or  rarer,  to  be, 
which  we  retain  in  am  and  locre.  In  Swedisli,  ban  //r,  and  in 
Danish,  han  er,  be  is.  ilence  he  er  not  or  «?■  710^,  contracted  into 
he  ait't  or  en't. 

These  facts  serve  to  show  how  far  the  Gothic  dialect  ha.'i  been 
infused  into  the  Knirlish  lanjvuage. 

it  would  be  tedious,  and  to  most  readers  uninteresting,  to 
recite  all  the  chanjjes  in  the  forms  of  words  or  the  structure  of 
sentences  which  have  taken  place  since  the  Aorinau  conquest. 
Since  the  invention  of  printinn',  chanijes  in  tho  lanijuage  have 
been  less  ra])id  than  before;  but  no  art  nor  etfort  can  (•omj>letely 
arrest  alterations  in  a  living  language.  The  di.stingujsbcd  writers 
in  tlie  age  of  Queen  Klizaiietli  im])roved  the  language,  but  could 
not  give  it  stability.  ^lany  words  then  in  common  use  are  now 
obsolete,  or  have  suffered  a  change  of  signification.  In  the  period 
between  Queen  Elizabeth  and  the  beirinning  of  the  eighteenth 
century,  the  language  was  improved  in  grammar,  orthograph)', 
and  style.  The  writers  in  the  reign  of  Queen  Anne  and  of 
George  I.  brought  tlie  language  nearly  to  perfection;  and  if  any 
improvement  has  since  been  made,  it  is  in  the  style  or  diction,  by 
;l  better  selection  of  wt)rds,  antl  the  use  of  terms  in  science  and 
pliilosophy  with  more  precision. 

in  regard  to  granunalical  construction,  the  language,  for  half  a 
century  past,  has,  in  my  aijpri'honsion,  been  suffering  deteriora- 
tion, at  least  as  far  as  regards  its  written  form.  Tliis  change  may 
be  attributed  chiefly  to  the  influence  of  the  learned  Bishop  Lowth, 
wliose  Grammar  made  lis  apjiearanee  nearly  seventy  years  ago. 
I  rell'r  particularly  to  his  form  of  the  verb,  which  was  adjusted  to 
the  practice  of  writers  in  tin'  age  of  Queen  Elizabetli,  instead  of 
the  practice  of  authors  in  the  age  of  William  and  Mary,  Queen 
Anne,  and  George  I.  Hence  he  gives  for  the  form  of  the  verb 
in  the  subjunctive  mode,  after  the  words  which  express  a  con- 
dition, if,  though,  iSirc,  /  lore,  tji:..i  lure,  he  lore,  observing  in  a 
note,  that  in  the  subjunctive  mode,  the  event  being  spoken  of 
under  a  conditio]]  or  suj)position,  or  in  the  form  of  a  wisli,  and 
therefore  doubtful  and  contingent,  the  verb  itself  in  the  present, 
and  the  auxiliary  both  of  the  jiresent  and  past  imperfect  times, 
often  carry  with  them  somewhat  of  a  future  sense  ;  as,  "  If  he 
come  to-morrow,  I  may  speak  to  him"  —  "  If  he  should  come,  I 
should  speak  to  him."  This  is  true;  but  for  that  very  reason, 
this  form  of  the  verb  belongs  to  the  future  tense,  or  should  be 
arranged  as  such  in  Grammars.  If  he  come,  would  be  in  Latin  si 
rtiierit,  in  the  subjunctive  future. 

But  the  learni'd  author  has  entirely  overlooked  the  important 
distmction  between  an  event  or  fact,  of  uncertain  existence  in 
t!ie  /ircseiit  time,  and  which  is  mentioned  under  the  condition  of 
jireseiu  existence,  and  a  future  contingent  event.  "  If  tlie  mail 
that  has  arrived  ((nifiilHS  a  letter  for  nie,  I  shall  soon  receive  it," 
rs  a  phrase  that  refers  to  the  present  time,  and  expresses  an  uu- 
ci-rtainty  in  my  mind,  respecting  the  fact.  "  If  the  mail  coiitiiin 
3.  letter  for  me,"  refers  to  a  future  time,  that  is,  "If  the  mail  of 
to-morrow  conliiin  [shall  or  sliould  contain]  a  letter  for  me." 
The  first  event,  conditional  or  hypothetical,  should  be  expressed 
by  the  indicative  mode,  and  the  latter  by  the  subjunctive  future. 
The  Saxon  form  of  the  verb,  )/  /((■  shaj,  if  he  go,  is  evidenllv  a 
contingent  futiire,  and  is  so  used  in  the"  laws. 

This  distinction,  one  of  the  most  important  in  the  laniruao-e 
has  been  so  totally  overlooked,  that  no  provision  has  been"  made 
f;ir  it  in  British  Grammars  ;  nor  is  the  distinction  expressed  by 
the  form  of  the  verb,  as  used  by  a  great  part  of  the  best  writers. 
On  the  other  hand,  they  continually  use  one  form  of  the  verb  to 
express  both  senses.  The  fact  is  the  same  in  the  common  ver- 
.sion  of  the  Scriptures.  If  he  go,  if  he  spcah,  sometimes  express  a 
pri'seut  conditional  tense,  and  sojuetimes  a  contingent  future. 
In  general  this  subjunctive  form  of  the  verb,  in  Scripture,  ex- 
presses future  tiuu'.  "  If  lie  thus  siiij,  I  have  no  delight  in  thee," 
ex)>resscs  a  future  contingent  event.  2  Sam.  xv.  SO'.  "  If  in- 
iquity he  in  thine  hand,  put  it  far  away,"  expresses  a  fact,  under 
a  condition,  in  the  present  time.     Job  xi.  14. 

'  'llii..!  is  pnilralily  llio  Latin  wr.    The  Laliiis  (lr(i])pcil  llie  first  articiilaliou  r, 
wllicli  :iaswrr.<  to  iilir  jr. 

Til.-  iTOicnt  tcusf,  incliraiivc  mode,  of  ilie  I,.iiiii  vprli,  with  tile  r  ri-.<tore(l 
wiiiild  be  wrillcn  tliiis:—  ' 


In  many  instances  the  translators  have  deviated  from  the 
original,  in  using  the  snbjunetivi'  form  of  the  English  verb  to 
express  what  in  Greek  is  expressed  in  the  indicative.  Thus 
Matthew  iv.ti.     Jii  ii'i.j  cituw  (5(«e,  If  thou  be  [art]  the  son  of  God. 


Ch.  V.  ay  and  30.     Et  Si  i  (»,<\< 


OuV  it  ittzitig  flxur(l«/fLH    Of, 


If  thy  right  eye  ojfejttl  [oiTendetli]  thee;  Jii  i^  Sfiiu  (fuv  /sin  nnu 
tu'.ithi  ni.  If  thy  right  baud  n(j'tiiil  [offeiidcth]  thee. 

So  also  in  chapter  xviii.  y  and  y. 

Ch.  xii.  'Zij.  r.i  u  ^uiu'u;  Tor  i'ururui'  ixfui./.n.  If  Satan  cost 
[casteth]  out  Satan. 

Ch.  xi.Y,  10.  £/,  orTO)f  e?/r  l^  anni  T^v  ur-tl;>ci7r.ol'  iisru  T/^?  yvyitf 
xuc.  If  the  case  of  the  man  he  [is]  so  with  his  wife. 

Ch.  x.xii.  45.  Ei  ovv  Ju^iS  y.uiit  avxuy  Ki-niur,  If  David  tiu'n 
call  [calleth]  him  Lord. 

2  Cor.  iv.  ]().  El  II  t'ifi  ijniy  nn!>jii.T(y.-  iiuiji^i",'! uii ,  Though  our 
outwar<l  man  jirrish  [perishes,  or  is  perishing.] 

In  all  these  passages,  the  English  verb,  in  the  subjunctive, 
properly  expresses  a  conditional,  contingent,  or  hypothetical  fu- 
ture tense,  contrary  to  the  sense  of  the  original,  except  in  the  last 
passage  cited,  where  the  apostle  evideutly  speaks  of  the  jierishing 
of  the  outward  man  as  a  fact  admitted,  which  renders  the  transla- 
tion still  more  improjier. 
-  Let  us  now  attiuid  to  the  following  passages. 

Matthew  vii.  0.  7/  t;j  tc/r  ?;  ruvn-  uidnomoi,  tU'  fui'  u<7*,ff»;  li 
ir./;  uiTuii  u'jTuj;  Or  what  man  is  there  of  J'ou,  whom  if  his  son 
tisic  [shall  ask]  bread,  ictll  he  give  hiiu  a  stone  .•' 

Kill  fur  lydir  uiTrfii),  If  he  ash  [shall  ask]  a  fish,  «v7/  he  give 
him  a  serpent  ? 

Here  the  original  tense  is  varied  to  express  a  future  or  livpo- 
thetical  event,  yet  the  verb  in  English  is  in  the  same  tense  as  in 
the  first  class  of  examples  ;  and  what  renders  the  version  more 
olijectionable  is,  that  the  verl)  in  the  first  clause  does  not  corre- 
spond with  that  in  the  second  clause.  There  is  no  possible  way 
of  making  good  English  of  the  translation,  but  by  snpposinir  the 
verb  in  the  first  clause",  ash,  to  be  in  the  future  tense.  So  it  would 
be  in  Latin,  and  so  it  is,  "si  petierit."  If  thy  son  shall  ask  (or 
should  ask)  a  fish,  will  he  give  (or  would  he  give)  him  a  serj)ent.^ 

This  fault  runs  through  the  whole  English  version  of  tlie 
Scriptures,  and  a  distinction  of  tenses  clearly  marked  in  the 
original  languages,  is  generally  neglected  in  llie  translation. 

Now,  the  most  unlettered  man  in  this  country-  would  express 
the  sense  in  English  with  the  same  marked  distinction  of  tenses 
which  appears  in  the  Greek.  If  thou  art  the  son  of  God  ;  if  Ihv 
right  eye  offejiils  thee;  if  the  case  of  the  man  is  such;  if  David 
calls  him  Lord;  or,  if  the  sense  is  understood  to  be  future  and 
contingent,  if  tli}'  son  shall  ash  bread,  or  if  he  should  ash  bread, 
would  be  the  unifcirni  language  of  any  of  the  common  people  of 
our  countr}'.  There  would  not,  probably,  be  a  single  e.xeeidifin, 
unless  in  the  us<?  of  the  substantive  verb,  wliicli  is  often  used  In 
the  subjunctive  form.  And  the  most  unlettered  man  would  use 
the  corresponding  verbs  in  the  two  clauses,  if  he  shall  ask,  irill 
he  give  ;  or,  if  he  should  ask,  woald  he  give.  The  use  of  the 
verb,  in  all  similar  phrases,  is  perfectly  well  settled  in  this  coun- 
try, and  perfectiv  uniform  among  the  higher  and  lower  classes  of 
men  ;  unless  when  the  practice  has  been  varied  by  the  infl'ieuee 
of  Grammars,  in  which  the  conjugation  of  the  verb  is  aecordinc 
to  the  antiquated  practice  of  the  age  of  Elizabeth. 

1  Tim.  V.  4.  El  5t  Mc  yi,iHi  tsxiu  j,  ty.yma  f/f,  If  any  widow 
hare  [has]  children  or  nephews. 

Verse  S.  Ei  fVf  T(C  roir  (t^icir  xm  inii.tza  tvw  oixtivv  uv  Jitiiirnti, 
If  any  provide  [provideth]  not  for  his  own,  and  especially  for 
those  of  his  own  house. 

This  suljjunctive  form  of  the  verb,  //'  he  lie  ;  if  he  hare  ,•  if  he 
go;  if  lie  say;  if  thou  write  ;  ichctlicr  thou  sec ;  though  he  fall, 
which  was  generally  used  by  the  writers  of  the  sixteenth  eentur\*, 
was  in  a  great  measure  discarded  before  the  time  of  Addison. 
Whether  this  change  was  in  consequence  of  the  jirevalence  of 
colloquial  usage  over  grammar  rules,  or  because  discerning  niiui 
perceived  the  imjiropriety  and  inconsistency  of  the  language  of 
books,  I  pretend  not  to  determine.  Certain  it  is,  lh.it  Locke, 
Watts,  Addison,  Pope,  and  other  authors  of  the  first  ilistinction, 
who  adorned  t)ie  close  of  the  seventeenth  and  beginning  of  the 
eighteenth  century,  generally  used  the  indicative  mode  to  express 
con(iition,  uncertainty,  and  hypothesis  in  the  present  and  past 
tenses.     Thus  Locke  writes — "  If  these  two  propositions  arc  by 


Ego  vesum, 
Tu  ves, 
Ille  vest  J 


Xos  vesamiis,  [was,] 
Vos  vestis. 


ini  vesunt 


I,  [was,] 
;,  [was.] 


IM'RODirUTlON. 


Uii 


nature  imprinted."  "  If  principles  arc  innate."  "  If  an}-  person 
hath  never  examined  this  notion."  "  Whether  tliat  substance 
thinks  or  no."  "  If  the  soul  doth  think  in  sleep."  "  If  one 
considers  well  these  men's  way  of  speaking."  "  If  he  docs  not 
reflect."  "  Unless  that  notion  produces  a  constant  train  of  suc- 
cessive ideas."  "  If  your  lordship  means."  Such  is  the  lan- 
guage of  Locke. 

Now,  what  is  remarkable,  the  learned  Dr.  Lowth,  the  very 
author  who  has,  by  his  Grammar,  done  much  to  sanction  tlie 
subjunctive  form  of  the  verb,  in  such  cases,  often  uses  the  indica- 
tive in  his  own  writings.  "  If  he  does  not  carefully  attend  to 
this  —  if  this  pleasure  arises  from  the  shape  of  the  composition 
—  if  this  I*  not  firmly  and  well  established."  These  verbs  are  in 
contradiction  of  his  own  principles.     On  Isaiah,  Prelim.  Diss. 

Addison.  "  If  the  reader  has  a  mind  to  see  a  father  of  the 
same  stamp."  "  If  exercise  throics  off  all  superfluities  —  if  it 
clears  the  vessels  —  if  it  dissipates  a  growing  distemper."  Such 
is  the  language  of  Addison,  the  most  elegant  writer  of  the  genu- 
ine English  idiom  in  the  nation. 

"  If  the  thief  is  poor  —  if  it  obliges  me  to  be  conversant  with 
scenes  of  wretchedness."  Wilberforce. 

*'  If  America  /s  not  to  be  conquered."  Lord  Cltathavi. 

"If  we  are  to  be  satisfied  with  assertions."  "\iii gives  blind 
confidence  to  any  eiecutive  government."  "If  such  an  opinion 
has  gone  forth."  "  If  our  conduct  has  been  marked  with  vigor 
and  wisdom."  Fox. 

"  If  my  bodily  strength  is  equal  to  the  task."  "  A  negro,  if  he 
works  for  himself  and  not  for  a  master,  will  do  double  the  work." 
"If  there  w  any  aggravation  of  our  guilt."  "  If  their  conduct 
displays  no  true  wisdom."  "The  honorable  gentleman  may,  if 
he  chooses,  have  the  journals  read  again."  "  Whether  this  is  a 
sufiicient  tie  to  unite  them."  "If  this  measure  comes  recom- 
mended." "  If  there  exists  a  country  which  contains  the  means 
of  protection."  Pitt. 

"  If  the  prudence  of  reserve  and  decorum  dictates  silence." 
"  If  an  assembly  ii  viciously  or  feebly  composed."  "  If  any 
persons  are  to  make  good  deficiencies."  "  If  the  King  of  the 
French  has  really  deserved  these  murderous  attempts."  "  If  this 
representation  of  M.  Necker  wai  false."  "Whether  the  system, 
if  it  descrees  the  name."  "  The  politician  looks  for  a  power  that 
our  workmen  call  a  purchase,  and  if  he  finds  the  power."  "  If  he 
feels  as  men  commonly  feel."  Burke. 

"  If  climate  lias  such  an  effect  on  mankind."  "  If  the  effects 
of  climate  are  casual."  Coxe's  Russ. 

"  If  he  finds  his  collection  too  small."  "  If  he  thinks  his  judg- 
ment not  sutiicientl}'  enlightened."  "  Whe.her  it  lends  to  truth." 
"  If  he  icarjis  others  against  his  own  failings."  This  is  generally 
the  language  of  Johnson. 

In  regard  to  this  distinguished  author,  1  would  observe  that, 
except  the  substantive  verb,  there  is  in  his  Rambler  but  a  single 
instance  of  the  subjunctive  form  of  the  verb  in  conditional  sen- 
tences.    In  all  other  cases  the  use  of  the  indicative  is  uniform. 

Such  also  is  the  language  of  the  most  distinguished  men  in  the 
United  States,  particularly  of  those  who  wrote  their  native  lan- 
guage as  they  received  it  from  tradition,  and  before  granunars 
had  made  any  impression  on  its  genuine  construction. 

"  The  prince  that  acquires  new  territory,  [f  he  finds  it  vacant." 
*'  If  we  are  industrious  we  shall  never  starve."  "  If  one  has 
more  corn  than  he  can  consume,  and  another  has  less."  Such  is 
the  language  of  Franklin. 

•'If  any  persons  thus  qualified  are  to  be  found."  "If  it  is 
thought  proper."  "  If  the  Congress  does  not  choose  to  point  out 
the  particular  regiment."  "  If  I  am  rightly  informed."  "If  the 
army  has  not  removed."  "  If  a  proposition  has  not  been  made." 
Such  is  the  language  of  Washington. 

"  If  any  philosopher  pretends."  "  If  he  has  food  for  the  pres- 
ent day."  "  If  a  revelation  !«  not  impossible."  "  If  the  Christian 
system  contains  a  real  communication  to  mankind."  "If  the 
former  of  these  facts  opposes  our  reception  of  the  miraculous 
history  of  the  gospel."  "If  the  preceding  reflections  are  just." 
Such  is  the  language  of  the  late  President  Smith.* 

"  If  any  government  deems  the  introduction  of  foreigners  or 
their  merchandise  injurious."  "  Unless  he  violates  the  law  of 
nations."  "  If  a  person  has  a  settlement  in  a  hostile  country." 
"If  he  resides  in  a  belligerent  country."  "  If  a  foreign  consul 
carries  on  trade  as  a  merchant."  Such  is  the  language  of  the 
ei- Chancellor  Kent. 


*  The  substantive  verb  is  ofk-n  used  in  tits  subjunctive  form  by  writers  who 
never  use  that  form  in  any  other  verb.    The  reason  doubtles^i  is,  that  be  is  pri- 


But  neither  the  authors  here  mentioned,  nor  most  others,  even 
the  most  distinguished  for  erudition,  are  uniform  and  consistent 
with  themselves  in  the  use  of  the  tenses.  In  one  sentence  we 
find  the  indicative  used,  "  If  it  is  to  be  discovered  only  by  the 
experiment."  "  If  other  indications  are  to  be  found."  hi  the 
next  sentence,  "  If  to  miscarry  in  an  attempt  be  a  proof  of  having 
mistaken  the  direction  of  genius."  Johnson. 

"  If  the  former  be  refined — if  those  virtues  are  accompanied 
with  equal  abilities."  Gibbon. 

"If  love  rcicard  him,  or  if  vengeance  strike."  Cotcper. 

"  Or  if  it  docs  not  brand  him  to  the  last."  Cowper. 

"  If  he  is  a  pagan  —  if  endeavors  are  used  —  if  the  person  hath 
a  liberal  education — if  man  be  subject  to  these  miseries." 

Milner. 

The  following  expressions  occur  in  Pope's  Preface  to  Homer's 
Iliad,  in  the  compass  of  thirteen  lines. 

"  If  he  has  given  a  regular  catalogue  of  an  army." 

"If  he  has  funeral  games  for  Patroclus." 

"  If  Ulysses  risit  the  sliades." 

"If  he  Ac  detained  from  his  return." 

"  If  Achilles  be  absent." 

"  If  he  gircs  his  hero  a  suit  of  celestial  armor." 

I  recollect  one  English  author  only,  who  has  been  careful  to 
avoid  this  inconsistency;  this  is  Gregory,  who,  in  his  Economy 
of  JS'ature,  has  uniformly  used  the  indicative  form  of  the  verb  in 
conditional  sentences  of  this  kind. 

The  like  inconsistency  occurs  in  almost  all  American  writings. 
"If  moral  disposition  lie  here."  "If  preference  necessarily  in- 
rolres  the  knowledge  of  obligation."  "  If  the  proposition  !>true." 
"  If  the  proposition  be  confirmed."     "  If  he  refutes  any  thing." 

In  a  pamphlet  now  before  me,  there  are  no  less  than  fifty  of 
these  inconsistencies  in  the  compass  of  ninety  pages  ;  and  three 
of  them  in  otie  sentence. 

How,  in  this  case,  is  a  foreigner  to  understand  the  author  ?  and 
how  can  such  sentences  be  translated  into  another  language 
without  a  deviation  from  the  original .' 

The  propriety  of  using  the  indicative  form  of  the  verb  to  ex- 
press a  present  or  past  event  conditionally,  does  not  rest  solely 
on  usage ;  it  is  most  correct  upon  principle.  It  is  well  known 
that  most  of  the  words  which  are  used  to  introduce  a  condition  or 
hypothesis,  and  called,  most  improperly,  conjunctions,  are  verbs, 
having  not  the  least  afiinity  to  the  class  of  words  used  to  connect 
sentences.  If  is  the  Saxon  gif,  give,  having  lost  its  first  letter  ; 
;/  for  the  ancient  gif  Though  is  also  a  verb  now  obsolete, 
except  in  the  imperative  mode.  Now  let  us  analyze  this  con- 
ditional tense  of  the  verb.  "  If  the  man  knows  his  true  interest, 
he  will  avoid  a  quarrel."  Here  is  an  omission  of  the  word  that 
after  if.  The  true  original  phrase  was,  "  If  that  the  man  knows 
his  true  interest,  he  will  avoid  a  quarrel"  —  that  is,  give  ihut 
[admit  the  fact  which  is  expressed  in  the  following  clause,]  the 
man  knows  his  true  interest,  then  the  consequence  follows,  he 
v%-ill  avoid  a  quarrel.  That  in  this  sentence  is  a  relative  or 
demonstrative  substitute  for  the  following  clause.  This  will 
more  plainly  apjiear  by  transposing  the  clauses.  "  The  man 
knows  his  true  interest;  give  that  [admit  that;]  he  will  then 
avoid  a  quarrel."  Now,  let  the  subjunctive  form  be  used.  "The 
man  Anow  his  true  interest ;  give  that ;  he  will  avoid  a  quarrel." 

Here  the  impropriety  of  this  form  of  the  verb  appears  in  a 
strong  light.  It  will  appear  more  clearly  by  tlie  use  of  other 
words  of  Equivalent  signification.  Gra?tt  the  man  knoic  his  true 
interest,  he  will  avoid  a  quarrel.  .J//oiO  the  man  know  his  true 
interest.  Suppose  the  man  knoio  his  true  interest.  We  never 
use  the  subjunctive  form  after  the  three  last  verbs  which  intro- 
duce the  condition.  Tliovgh  is  sometimes  followed  by  the  in- 
dicative ;  sometimes  by  the  subjunctive ;  but  it  ought  always  to 
be  followed  by  the  indicative,  for  it  supposes  the  fact  to  be  given  ; 
and  so  does  admit,  when  used  in  hypothetical  sentences.  Admit 
that  tlie  man  knoics  his  interest.  'We  have  then  decisive  proof 
that  the  use  of  the  indicative  form  of  the  verb  after  if,  when  it 
expresses  a  conditional  event  in  present  time,  is  most  correct; 
indeed,  it  is  the  only  correct  form.  This  remark  is  equally  appli- 
cable to  the  past  tense  conditional. 

The  language  of  Addison,  Johnson,  and  other  distinguished 
writers  of  the  last  century,  in  the  use  of  the  indicative,  is,  there- 
fore, more  correct  than  the  language  of  the  writers  in  the  age  of 
Elizabeth;  and  their  practice  is  principally  the  common  usage 
of  our  country  at  this  day. 


marilv  lli.-  indicative  as  wc'.l  as  th;:  sulijuiictivc  mode  of  tliat  verb.    I  be,  we  ic, 
as  used  ill  Scripture.     So  in  Cerilian,  Icli  hin. 


11 


[C 


INTRODUCTION 


I  liave,  therefore,  constructed  a  Grammar  on  this  usage ; 
bringing  down  tlic  standard  pi'  writing  a  century  and  a  half  later 
than  Bishop  Lowth.  1  have  done  Ihis,  Jirst,  on  the  authority  of 
strict  analogical  principles,  as  above  stated  ;  ser.onillij,  on  the 
Butli»rity  of  the  best  usage  of  that  cluster  of  distinguished  writers 
who  adorned  the  beginning  of  the  last  century  ;  and,  tltirdhi,  on 
the  authority  of  universal  colloquial  practice,  which  I  consider  as 
the  real  and  only  i^eiudne  lan.i;HU';e.  I  repeat  this  remark,  that 
general  and  respectable  usage  in  speaking,  is  the  genuine  or 
legitimate  language  of  a  country,  to  which  the  writUn  language 
ought  to  be  conformed.  Language  is  that  which  is  uttered  by 
the  tongue,  and  if  men  do  not  write  the  language  as  it  is  spoken 
by  the  great  body  of  respectable  people,  they  do  not  write  tlie 
real  language.  Now,  in  colloquial  usage,  the  subjunctive  form 
of  the  verb,  in  conditional  sentences,  is  rarely  used,  and  perhaps 
never,  e.xcei>t  when  the  substantive  verb  is  employed.  Our  stu- 
dents are  taught  in  school  the  subjunctive  form,  if  tkoa  have,  if 
he  come.  Sec,  and  some  of  them  continue,  in  after  life,  to  write  in 
that  manner;  but,  in  the  course  of  more  than  forty  years,  I  have 
not  known  three  men  who  have  ventured  to  use  that  form  of  the 
verb  in  conversaticii.  ^Ve  toil  in  school  to  learn  a  language 
which  v.^e  dare  not  introduce  into  conversation,  but  which  the 
force  of  custom  compels  us  to  abandon.  In  this  respect,  the 
present  study  of  graminar  is  worse  than  useless. 

This  colloquial  cu.'storn  accords  with  other  languages.  The 
French  say  and  write  s'ii  est,  if  he  is.  The  Latins  often  used  the 
same  form,  "5i  quid  est  in  me  ingenii,  judices;"  but  tlie  use  of 
the  Latin  subjunctive  depends  on  certain  other  words  wliich  pre- 
cede;  as,  '■'■  cam  sit  eixis,"  as  he  is  a  citizen,  or,  since  he  is  a 
citizen  ;  and  the  present  tense  is  often  used  to  express  what  we 
express  by  an  auxiliary.  That  the  Greeks  used  the  indicative  to 
express  a  conditional  present  tense,  we  have  seen  by  citations 
above. 

By  this  arrangement  of  the  verb,  the  indicative  form  after  if 
and  other  verbs  introducing  a  condition  or  hypothesis,  may  be 
used  uniformly  to  express  a  fact  or  event  under  a  condition  or 
supposition,  either  in  the  present  or  past  tenses ;  the  speaker 
being  uncertain  respecting  the  fact,  or  representing  it  as  doubtful. 

**  If  the  man  is  honest,  he  will  return  what  he  has  borrowed." 
"  If  the  ship  has  arrived,  we  shall  be  informed  of  it  to-morrow." 
"  If  the  bill  was  presented,  it  was  doubtless  paid."  ''  If  the  law 
has  been  passed,  we  are  precluded  from  further  opposition." 

On  the  other  hand,  when  it  is  intended  to  speak  of  a  future 
contingent  event,  I  would  always  use  the  auxiliaries  that  are 
proper  for  the  purpose.  "  If  it  shall  or  should  rain  to-morrow, 
we  shall  not  ride  to  town."  1  would  never  use  the  subjunctive 
form,  ;/  it  i-ain,  in  prose  ;  and  in  poetry,  only  from  necessity,  as 
an  abridged  phrase,  for  if  it  shall  or  should  rain.  In  this  manner 
the  distinction  between  the  tenses,  which  are  now  constantly 
confounded,  may  be  preserved  and  made  obvious,  both  to  natives 
and  foreigners. 

The  effect  of  the  study  of  Lowth's  principles,  which  has  been 
greatly  extended  by  the  popularity  of  Murray's  Grammar,'  has 
been  to  introduce  or  establish  a  form  of  the  verb  in  writing, 
which  is  obsolete  in  colloquial  language  ;  to  till  our  books  with  a 
confusion  of  tenses,  and  thus  to  keep  the  language  unsettled. 
Nothing  can  be  more  perplexing  to  the  student,  than  every 
wliere  to  meet  with  discrepancies    between  rules  and  practice. 

There  is  another  erroneous  manner  of  writing,  common  to  the 
best  authors  in  the  language,  which  seems  to  have  escaped  notice. 
This  is,  to  connect  a  verb  in  the  past  tense  with  a  precedinir  one 
in  the  same  tense,  when  the  latter  verb  is  intended  to  express  a 
very  different  time  from  the  former.  Thus,  "Then  Manasseh 
knew  that  the  Lord,  he  was  God."     2  Chron.  xxxiii.  13. 

The  Latins,  in  tliis  case,  would  probably  have  used  the  inlini- 
tive  ;  "Manasseh  novit  Jehovam  Deum  esse."  In  English  we 
ought  to  write  and  say,  "  Manasseh  knew  Jehovah  to  be  God,"  or, 
"Manasseh  knew  that  Jehovah  he  is  God."  In  most  similar 
cases  the  use  of  the  infinitive  in  English  is  as  elegant  as  in  Latin. 
But  there  are  many  cases  where  the  infinitive  can  not  be  used. 
Wc  can  not  use  it  after  sa7j ;  "he  said  him  to  be  a  good  man,"  is 
not  English  ;  though  "  he  declared,  or  uffirmed,  or  believed  him  to 
be  a  good  man,"  is  elegant. 

In  order  to  understand  the  impropriety  of  the  common  mode  of 


•  Lindley  Murray,  in  the  Introduclion  to  his  Grammar,  acknowledges,  in 
Seneral  terms,  lliat  "  Ihe  .iiulinr^  to  whom  the  sramrnatiml  part  of  this  comiii- 
l.ition  is  principally  inrl"hte(l  for  its  materials  are,  Harri?,  Johnson,  Lowlh, 
Prieittlcy,  lleallie,  Sliend.'in,  Walker,  anil  L'oole."  liat  en  cvaniimuion  it 
appears  that  the  greatest  portion  of  the  grammatical  i^art  is  from  Loivth,  whose 


using  the  latter  verb,  as  in  the  example  above  cited,  it  may  be 
remarked,  that  the  present  tense  is  that  which  is  used  to  express 
what  exists  at  all  times.  Thus  we  say,  God  is  or  exists,  when- 
ever wc  speak  of  his  permanent  existence ;  we  say.  Gold  is 
yellow  or  ductile ;  iron  is  a  most  valuable  metal ;  it  is  not  con- 
vertible into  silver;  plants  and  animals  arc  very  distinct  living 
beings.  We  do  not  say.  Gold  was  yellow  ;  iron  icas  a  valuable 
metal ;  for  we  mean  to  express  permanent  qualities.  Hence,  in 
the  passage  cited  from  Chronicles,  the  first  verb  knew,  referring 
to  a  fact  past,  is  correct ;  but  the  last,  which  is  intended  to  express 
the  permanent  being  or  character  of  God,  should  be  in  the  infini- 
tive or  the  indicative  present  tense.  The  following  are  examples 
of  correct  language  ;  "  His  master  had  taught  him  th.at  happiness 
consists  in  virtue."  Jlnadiarsis,  ii.  Vi{i. 

"  Sabellius,  who  openly  Umght  that  there  is  but  one  person  in 
the  Godhead."  Encyclopedia. 

"  Our  Savior  taught  that  eternal  death  is  the  proper  punish- 
ment of  sin."  Emmons. 

But  very  different  is  the  following  ;  "  Having  believed  for  many 
years,  that  water  was  [is]  an  elastic  fluid."  The  following  would 
be  still  better  :   "  Having  believed  water  to  be  an  elastic  liuiil." 

So  the  following  :  "  We  know  not  the  use  of  the  epidermis  of 
shells.  Some  authors  have  supposed  that  it  secured  [secures]  the 
shells  from  being  covered  with  vermes."  Edin.  Encijc. 

**  It  was  just  remarked,  that  marine  fossils  did  not  [do  not] 
comprise  vegetable"- remains."  lb. 

"  if  my  readers  will  turn  their  thoughts  back  on  their  old 
friends,  they  will  find  it  difficult  to  call  a  single  man  to  remem- 
brance who  uppearrd  to  know  that  life  was  short,  [is  short,]  till 
he  was  about  to  lose  it."  Rambler,  S\'o.  71. 

"  They  considered  the  body  as  a  hydraulic  machine,  and  the 
fluids  as  passing  through  a  series  of  chemical  changes;  forgetting 
that  animation  teas  [is]  its  essential  characteristic."       Darioin. 

"It  was  declared  liy  Pompey,  that  if  the  Commonwealth  was 
[should  be]  violated,  he  could  stamp  with  his  foot  and  raise  an 
army  out  of  the  grotind."  Rambler,  JVo.  10. 

In  the  foregoing  sentence,  the  past  tense  is  used  for  the  future 
contingent. 

"  It  was  affirmed  in  the  last  discourse,  that  much  of  the  hon- 
orable practice  of  the  world  rested  [rests]  on  the  substratum  of 
selfishness;  that  society  teas  [is]  held  together,  in  the  exercise 
of  its  relative  virtues,  mainly  by  the  tie  of  reciprocal  advantage  ; 
that  a  man's  own  interest  bound  [binds]  him  to  all  those  average 
equities  which  obtained  [obtain]  in  the  neighborhood  around  him  ; 
and  in  which  if  he  proved  [should  prove]  himself  glaringly 
deficient,  he  would  be  abandoned  by  the  respect,  and  the  con- 
fidence, and  the  good-v/ill  of  the  people  with  whom  he  had  [might 
have,  or  should  liave]  to  do."  Chalmers's  Com.  Dis.  4. 

"  In  the  last  discourse,  I  observed  that  love  constituted  [con- 
stitutes] the  whole  moral  character  of  God." 

Dwiglit's  Thealogu. 

"  And  he  said.  Nay,  father  Abraham ;  but  if  one  wc7it  [shall  or 
should  go]  to  them  from  the  dead,  they  will  repent.  And  he 
said  to  him.  If  they  hear  not  Moses  and  the  prophets,  neither  will 
they  be  persuaded  though  one  rose  [shall  or  sliould  rise]  from  the 
dead."  Luke  xvi.  30,  31. 

"  Independent  of  parties  in  the  national  legislature  itself,  as 
often  as  the  period  of  discussion  arrired,  the  state  legislatures, 
who  will  always  be  not  only  vigilant,  but  suspicious  and  jealous 
guardians  of  the  rights  of  the  citizens,  against  encroachments 
from  the  federal  government,  7oill  constantly  have  their  attention 
awake  to  the  conduct  of  the  national  rulers,  and  will  be  ready 
enough,  if  any  thing  improper  apjyciirs,  to  sound  the  alarm  to  the 
people." 

Let  any  man  attempt  to  resolve  the  foregoing  sentence,  if  he 
can,  or  render  it  into  another  language. 

"  Cicero  vindicated  the  truth,  and  inculcated  the  value  of  the 
precept,  that  nothing  was  [is]  truly  useful  which  was  [is]  not 
honest." 

"He  undertook  to  show  that  justice  jcu.v  [is]  of  perpetual 
obligation." 

"  The  author  concedes  much  of  Iiis  argument,  and  admits  that 
tlie  sea  was  [is]  susceptible  of  dominion."  [Better  still,  he 
admits  the  sea  to  be  susceptible  of  dominion.] 


principles  form  the  main  stnioture  of  .Murray's  compilation.  Some  valuatjle 
notes  and  remarks  are  taki'n  fro:n  Priestley's  Grammar.  I  studied  grammar  in 
tlie  originals  long  before  Murray's  compila'lion  npp»'ar'-ri,  and,  in  citing  author- 
ities, deem  it  nroper  to  cite  the  originals. 


INTROtmCTlON. 


"  A  nation  would  be  condemned  by  the  impartial  voice  of 
mankind,  if  it  roluntarily  '.cent  [should  go]  to  war,  on  a  claim  of 
which  it  doubted  [should  doubt]  the  legality.' 

"  The  Supreme  Court  observed  that  they  Vi-ere  not  nt  liberty 
to  depart  from  the  rule,  whatever  doubt  mijht  have  been  enter- 
tained, if  the  case  was  [had  been]  entirely  new." 

"  He  held  that  the  law  of  nations  prohibited  [prohibits]  the  nse 
of  poisoned  arms." 

"  He  insisted  that  the  laws  of  war  gave  [give]  no  other  power 
over  a  captive  than  to  keep  him  safely." 

"The  general  principle  en  the  subject  is,  that,  if  a  commander 
makes  a  compact  with  the  enemj',  and  it  be  of  such  a  nature  that 
the  power  to  make  it  could  be  reasonably  implied  from  the  nature 
of  the  trust,  it  would  be  valid  and  binding,  thougli  he  abused  his 
trust."  Let  any  man  translate  this  sentence  into  another  language, 
if  he  can,  without  reducing  the  verbs  to  some  consistency. 

"  Cono-ress  have  declared  by  law,  that  the  United  States  icerc 
[are]  entitled  to  priority  of  payment  over  private  creditors,  in 
cases  of  insolvency." 

"  The  Supreme  Court  decided,  that  the  acts  of  Congress, 
giving  that  sreneral  priority  to_  tlie  United  States,  were  [are] 
constitutional." 

"  It  was  admitted  that  the  government  of  the  United  States 
jcfls  [is]  one  of  enumerated  pov.-ers.  ' 

'*  From  his  past  designs  and  administrations,  we  could  never  i 
aro-ue  at  all  to  those  which  were  future."     [This  is  an  odd  com- 
bination of  words.] 

"  Jesus  know"ing  that  the  Father  had  given  all  things  into  his 
hands,  and  that  he  was  come  from  God  and  went  to  God." 
John  xiii.  3. 

"  Alexander  dispatched  Eumenes  with  three  hundred  horse  to 
two  free  cities  —  with  assurance  that  if  they  submitted  and  re- 
eeired  him  [should  or  would  submit  and  receive]  as  a  friend,  no 
evil  should  befall  them." 

"  The  apostle  kneio  that  the  present  season  was  [is]  the  only 
time  allowed  for  this  preparation." 

"  What  would  be  the  real  effect  of  that  overpowering  evidence 
which  our  adversaries  required  [should  require]  in  a  revelation, 
it  is  difficult  io  foretell." 

"  It  could  not  otherwise  have  been  known  that  the  word  had 
[has]  this  meaning." 

"  I  told  him  if  he  went  [should  go]  to-morrow,  I  would  go  with 
him." 

This  fault  occurs  in  our  hearing  every  hour  in  the  day. 

A  like  fault  prevails  in  other  languages;  indeed,  the  English 
may  have  been  led  into  it  by  reading  foreign  authors.  "  Mais  on 
a  remarque  avec  raison,  que  I'espace  conchoidal  4tait  infini." 
Lunier.  It  has  been  remarked  with  reason,  that  the  conchoidal 
space  was  [is]  infinite. 

But  whatever  may  be  the  practice  of  other  nations,  there  would 
be  no  difficulty  in  correcting  such  improprieties  in  our  own  lan- 
guage, if  as  much  attention  were  given  to  the  study  of  its  true 
principles,  as  is  given  to  other  subjects  of  literature  and  science. 
But  if,  in  this  particular,  there  is  a  British  or  American  author 
who  writes  his  vernacular  language  correctly,  his  writings  have 
not  fallen  under  my  inspection. 

There  is  another  fault  very  common  among  English  writers, 
though  it  is  less  frequent  in  the  United  States  ;  this  is  tlie  con- 
version of  an  intransitive  verb  into  a  passive  one.  It  is  sur- 
prising that  an  error  of  this  kind  should  have  gained  such  an 
established  use,  in  some  foreign  languages,  as  to  be  incurable. 
Barbarous  nations  may  indeed  form  lan«"uages ;  but  it  should  be 
the  business  of  civilized  men  to  purify  their  language  from 
barbarisms. 

In  the  transitive  verb,  there  is  an  agent  that  performs  some 
action  on  an  object,  or  in  some  way  aiFects  it.  When  this  verb 
becomes  passive,  the  agent  and  the  object  change  places  in  the 
sentence.  Thus,  John  loees  Peter,  is  transitive,  but  Peter  is 
loved  by  John,  is  passive.  In  the  intransitive  verb  the  case  is 
different ;  for  the  action  is  limited  to  the  agent ;  and  when  it  is 
stated  that  a  thing  is  done,  there  is  no  agent  by  which  it  is  done. 
J  perish,  is  intransitive ;  lamperished,  is  the  passive  form ;  but  the 
latter  neither  expresses  nor  implies  an  agent  by  which  I  perish. 

This  fault  occurs  frequently  in  the  common  version  of  the 
Scriptures. 

"  Yea,  whereto  might  the  strength  of  their  hands  profit  me,  in 
whom  old  age  was  [had]  perished."     Job  x.vx.  2. 

*  On  this  use  of  intransitive  verbs,  as.  The  ship  v:as  departed,  it  may  be  asked, 
Who  deponed  it? — The  mail  m  arrwtf!.     Who  ha-*!  arrived  it.' — The  tree  U 


"Their  memorial  is  [has]  perished  with  them."     Ps.  i.v.  6. 

"The  heathen  are  [have]  perished  out  of  this  land."  Ps. 
X.  16. 

"  Israel  is  [has]  fled  before  the  Philistines."     1  Sam.  iv.  17. 

"  David  is  [has] /erf."     2  Sam.  .xix.  9. 

"The  days  were  [had]  not  expired."     1  Sam.  xviii.  2(5. 

"  And  wlien  the  year  was  [had]  expired."     2  Chron.  xxxvi.  IC 

'■  I  rr'ly  nm  [have]  escaped  alone  to  tell  thee."     Job  i.  15. 

"And  it  came  to  pass,  when  he  was  [had]  returned."  Luke 
xix.  15. 

Return  is  sometimes  a  transitive  verb,  and  sometimes  intran- 
sitive. When  a  sum  of  borrowed  money  is  returned,  the  phrase 
is  correct,  for  this  is  the  passive  form  of  a  transitive  verb.  But 
when  a  vmn  is  rctnrned,  we  may  ask,  wlio  has  returned  liim.'  In 
this  case,  the  man  returns  by  his  own  act,  and  he  can  not  be  said 
to  be  returned. 

"  He  found  the  empress  was  [had]  departed."  Coze. 

"  They  were  [had]  arrived  within  three  days'  journey  of  the 
spice  country."  Gibbon,  ch.  i.  note. 

"  Neither  Charles  nor  Diocletian  were  [had]  arrived  at  a  very 
advanced  period  of  life."  Ih.  ch.  .xiii. 

"The  posterity  of  so  many  gods  and  heroes  was  [had]  fallen 
into  the  most  abject  state."  lb.  ch.  ii. 

"  Silver  was  [had]  groipn  more  common."  lb. 

"  Ho  was  [had]  risen  from  tlie  dead,  and  was  [had]  just 
.:.     -rded  to  heaveu."  Milner,  i.  HO. 

"  Hearing  that  they  were  [had]  arrived."  Ih.  21). 

"  Claudius  —  vexed  because  his  wife  was  [had]  become  a  Chris- 
tian." lb.  274. 

"  Does  not  the  reader  see  how  much  we  are  [have]  already 
departed  from  Christian  simplicity?"  II.  299. 

"My  age  is  [has]  departed."     Isaiah  xxxviii.  12. 

"  Tlie  man  out  of  wliom  tlie  demons  leere  [had]  departed." 
Luke  viii.  35. 

"Workmen  were  [had]  arrirfd  to  assist  them."  Mitford. 

"  A  body  of  Athenian  horse  ipas  [had]  just  arrived."  lb. 

■J'liis  fault  is  common  in  Mifbrd's  History  of  Greece.  In  the 
writings  of  Roscoe,  which  are  more  elegant,  it  occurs,  but  less 
frequently. 

"  The  time  limited  for  the  reception  of  the  cardinal  was  ex- 
pired." Roscoe,  Leo  X. 

"  He  inquired  whether  the  report  was  true,  that  a  legate  was 
arrived."  lb.  L.  Med. 

"  The  nation  being  [having]  once  more  got  into  a  course  of 
borrowing."  Price  on  Liberty. 

"  When  he  was  [had]  retired  to  his  tent."  Core's  Russ. 

"  He  was  [had]  not  yet  arrived."*  lb. 

The  intransitive  verb  grow  is  constantly  used  by  the  English 
as  a  transitive  verb ;  as,  to  grow  v.lieat.  This  is  never  used  in 
the  Northern  States,  unless  by  persons  who  have  adopted  it 
recently   from   the    English. 

It  seems  almost  incredible  that  such  errors  should  continue,  to 
this  time,  to  disfigure  tlie  language  of  the  most  distinguished 
writers,  and  that  they  should  escape  animadversion.  The  prac- 
tice has  evidently  been  borrowed  from  the  French  or  Italian ; 
but  surely  no  lover  of  correctness  can  excuse  such  violation  of 
the  best  established  principles  in  our  language. 

This  fault  occurs,  in  a  few  in-!tances,  in  the  writings  of  the  best 
American  authors,  as  in  the  writings  of  .\mps  and  Hamilton.  It 
is,  however,  very  rare,  either  in  books  or  colloquial  usage.  Even 
our  common  people  are  remarkably  accurate  in  using  the  auxil- 
iary hare  with  the  participles  of  intransitive  verbs.  They  always, 
I  believe,  say,  a  ship  has  arrii'ed,  a  plant  has  perished,  the  enemy 
had  fled,  the  price  had  fallen,  the  corn  has  or  had  grown,  the  time 
has  expired,  the  man  has  returned,  the  vessel  had  departed. 
Such  also  is  the  language  of  our  most  eminent  writers. 

"The  Generals  Gates  and  Sullivan  have  both  arrived." 

Washington's  Letters. 

"The  Indians  of  the  village  had  fled."  B.  Trumbull. 

"  Our  Tom  has  grown  a  sturdy  boy.       Progress  of  Dullness. 

"  Our  patriots  hare  fallen." 

Discourse  of  D.  Webster,  Xng.  1826. 

"  Our  commissary  had  not  arrived."  Ellicott. 

The  exceptions  to  this  correct  practice  are  chiefly  in  the  use 
of  the  participles  of  come  and  go.  It  is  very  common  to  hear  the 
expressions,  he  is  come  or  is  gone,  in  which  case  the  participle 
seems  to  take  the  character  of  an  adjective ;  although,  in  most 


perished.    Who  has  perislied  it  ?  —  The  enemy  Tcasjlcd. 
time  was  exiiired.    tVho  expired  it .' 


Wlio  fled  them?  — The 


Ivi 


INTRODUCTION. 


iiiftunces,  the  regular  form  of  c.xpresaion,  he  lias  come,  or  has 
gone,  19  to  be  preferred.  So  dead,  originally  a  piirticiple,  is  used 
only  as  an  adjective;  and  deceased  and  departed  are  often  used 
in  the  like  manner.  We  say,  a  deceased  or  departed  friend  ;  but 
it  should  be  remarked  that  tlie  original  expression  was,  our  friend 
has  deceased,  or  has  departed  this  life  ;  and  this  phraseology,  by 
an  easy  but  heedless  transition,  became  is  deceased,  or  is  departed. 
In  general,  however,  the  conversion  of  an  intransitive  verb  or 
form  of  expression  into  the  passive  form,  is  very  rare  among  the 
people  of  New  England. 

There  is  a  grammatical  error  running  through  the  writings  of 
80  respectable  a  writer  as  Mitford,  which  ought  not  to  be  passed 
unnoticed  ;  as  it  seems  to  be  borrowed  from  the  French  language, 
whose  idioms  are  different  from  the  Knglish,  but  which  the  Eng- 
lish are  too  apt  to  follow.  This  fault  is,  in  using  the  preterit  or 
perfect  tense,  instead  of  the  past  tense  indefinite,  usually  called, 
most  improperly,  tlie  imperfect.  Take  the  following  sentences 
for  examples  :  "The  conduct  of  Pelopidas  toward  Arcadia  and 
its  minister  at  the  Persian  court — has  scarcely  been  the  result  of 
mere  caprice  or  resentment."     The  verb  liere  ouglit  to  be  loas. 

"  The  oration  [of  Isocrates]  has  liecn  [was]  a  favorite  of  0io- 
nysius  of  Halicariiassus." 

This  form  of  e.vpressing  ihe  time  would  be  good  in  French,  but 
is  very  bad  in  English.  And  it  may  be  here  remarked,  that  tlie 
tense  he  mas,  he  arriced,  he  wrote,  is  not  projierly  named  imper- 
fect. Tlu'se  verbs,  and  all  verbs  of  this  form,  denote  actions 
finished  or  perfect",  as,  ^'  In  six  days  God  created  the  heaven  and 
the  earth."  Imperfect  or  unfinished  action  is  expressed  in  Eng- 
lish in  this  manner  —he  was  reading,  they  7cerc  loriting.  The 
error  of  calling  the  former  tense  imperfect,  lias  probably  pro- 
ceeded from  a  servile  adoption  of  the  Latin  names  of  the  tenses, 
without  considering  the  difterence  of  application. 

There  are  some  errors  in  all  the  English  Grammars,  that  have 
been  derivinl  to  us  from  antiquity.  Such  is  the  arrangement  of 
that  among  the  conjunctions,  like  the  Greek  on,  and  the  Latin 
ut.  Kai  ftuiiuoiu  i,  izt^euaana,  tin  s^ai  XE^.ttvjnig  rotg  Xi).u?.tiitfvoig 
avKi  Tiuiiu  Kvhwii.  And  blessed  is  she  who  believed  that  there 
shall  be  a  perlbrmaiice  of  the  tilings  which  were  told  her  from 
the  Lord.  Luke  i.  4.5.  In  our  version,  o'ti  is  rendered  for,  but 
most  erroneously.  The  true  meaning  and  character  of  on  will 
best  appear  by  a  transposition  of  the  clauses  of  the  verse : 
"There  shall  be  a  performance  of  the  things  told  her  from  the 
Lord;  blessed  or  happ)'  is  she  who  believed  that.^^  Here  tir/, 
that,  appears  to  be  what  it  really  is,  a  relative  or  substitute  for 
the  whole  clause  in  Greek  succeeding  it.  So  in  Luke  xxii.  18. 
Atyiii  yuo  vuiv  on  ov  tnj  ntoi,  &c.  I  say  to  you  that  I  will  not 
drink.  1  will  not  drink,  I  say  to  you  that.  It  is  the  same  in 
Latin  :  "  Dico  enini  vobis  quod  non  bibam."  Quod  is  here  a  rela- 
tive governed  by  dico,  and  referring  to  the  following  clause  of 
the  sentence. 

So  also  Matthew  ix.  28.  Uigivtre  art  ivvixuai  rovto  jioitjaui; 
Do  ye  believe  that  I  am  able  to  do  this .'  I  am  able  to  do  this  : 
do  ye  believe  that  ? 

This  error  runs  through  all  Grammars,  Greek,  Latin,  French, 
English,  &c.  But  how  such  an  obvious  fact,  that  tlie  word  that, 
and  its  corresponding  words  in  other  languages,  refer  to  the  clause 
of  a  sentence,  should  escape  observation,  age  after  age,  it  is  not 
easy  to  explain.  How  could  it  be  supposed  that  a  word  is  a  con- 
junction which  does  not  join  words  or  sentences  ?  That  is  used, 
in  the  passages  cited,  not  to  unite  tioo  sentences,  but  to  continue 
the  same  sentence  by  an  additional  clause. 

The  relative,  when  referring  to  a  sentence  or  the  clause  of  a 
sentence,  is  not  varied,  for  a  variation  of  case  is  not  wanted. 

So  noticithstunding  and  prodded  in  English,  and  puurvu  que  in 
French,  are  called  conjunctions,  but  most  improperly,  as  they 
are  participles;  and  when  called  conjunctions,  they  always  form, 
with  a  word,  clause,  or  sentence,  the  case  absolute  or  independent. 
Thus,  "  It  rains,  but  notwithstanding  that,  [it  rains,J  I  must  go 
to  town."  That  fact  (it  rains)  not  opposing  or  preventinir  me, 
that  is,  in  opposition  to  that,  I  must  go  to  town ;  hoc  non  oh- 
stttutc. 

"  I  will  ride,  provided  you  will  accompany  me."  That  is,  I 
will  ride,  the  fact,  you  will,  accompany  me,  being  provided. 

Such  is  the  structure  of  these  sentences.  See  my  Philosophi- 
cal and  Practical  Grammar."  It  is  the  same  in  French,  pourvu 
que,  that  being  provided,  que  referring  to  the  following  clause. 

There  are  other  points  in  grammar  equally  faulty.  Not  only 
in  English  grammar,  but  in  the  grammars  of  other  languages, 

*  Now  entitled  An  Impnotd  Grmmar. 


men  stumble  at  the  threshold,  and  teach  their  children  ti  stumble. 
In  no  language  whatever  can  there  be  a  part  of  speech  properly 
called  an  article.  There  is  no  word  or  class  of  woids  that  falls 
within  the  si<^iiif!cation  of  article,  a  joint,  or  that  can  otherwise 
than  arbitrarily  be  brought  under  thai  denomination.  The  defin- 
itive words  called  articles,  .are  all  adjectives  or  pronouns.  When 
they  are  used  with  nouns,  they  are  adjectives,  modifying  the  sig- 
nification of  the  nouns,  like  other  adjectives ;  for  this  is  their 
proper  otlice.  When  they  stand  alone,  they  are  pronouns,  or 
substitutes  for  nouns.  Thus  hie,  tile,  ipse,  in  Latin,  when  used 
with  nouns  expressed,  are  adjectives  ;  hie  homo,  this  man  ;  ille 
homo,  that  man.  When  they  stand  alone,  hie,  ille,  they  stand  in 
the  place  of  nouns.     The  fact  is  the  same  in  other  languages. 

The  English  the  is  an  adjective,  which,  for  distinction,  I  call  a 
definitive  adjective,  and  for  brevity,  a  definitive,  as  it  defines  the 
person  or  thing  to  which  it  refers,  or  rather  designates  a  particu- 
lar person  or  thing.  But  %vliy  this  should  be  selected  as  the  only 
definitive  in  our  language,  is  very  strange  ;  when  obviously  this 
and  that  are  more  exactly  definitive,  designating  more  precisely  a 
particular  person  or  thing  than  the.  These  words  answer  to  the 
Latin  hie  and  ille,  which  were  always  used  by  the  Romans,  when 
they  had  occasion  to  specify  definite  persons  or  things. 

As  to  the  English  an  or  u,  which  is  called  in  grammars  the 
indejinlte  article,  there  are  two  great  mistakes.  A  being  consid- 
ered as  the  original  word,  it  is  said  to  become  an  bcftire  a  vowel. 
The  fact  is  directly  the  reverse.  Jin  is  the  original  word,  and 
this  is  contracted  to  a  by  dropping  the  n  before  a  consonant. 

But  an  is  merely  the  Saxon  orthograjihy  of  one,  un,  unus,  an 
adjective  found  in  nearly  all  the  languages  of  Europe,  and  ex- 
pressing a  single  person^or  thing.  It  is  merely  a  word  of  num- 
ber, and  no  more  an  article  than  two,  three,  four,  and  every  other 
number  in  the  language.     Take  the  following  examples. 

Bring  me  an  orange  from  the  basket ;  that  is,  any  one  of  the 
number. 

Bring  me  two  oranges  from  the  basket ;  that  is,  any  two  of  the 
number. 

Bring  me  three  oranges  from  the  basket;  that  is,  any  three  of 
the  number ;  and  so  on  to  any  number,  ad  infinitum. 

When  thus  used,  an,  two,  three,  are  all  indefinite  ;  that  is,  they 
are  nsed  with  nouns  which  are  indefinite,  or  expressing  things 
not  jiarticularly  designated.  But  this  is  not  owing  to  the  essen- 
tial character  of  the  adjectives,  an,  one,  two,  three;  for  any  of 
them  may  be  used  with  definite  nouns ;  and  an  is  continually 
thus  used. 

"  I  will  be  an  adversary  to  thine  adversaries." 

"The  angel  stood  for  an  adversary  against  Balaam." 

"Make  this  fellow  return,  lest  in  the  battle  he  be  im  adversary 
to  us  " 

"  Rezon  —  was  an  adversary  to  Israel  all  the  days  of  Solomon." 

"  And  he  spake  a  parable  to  them  to  this  end." 

"  And  there  was  a,  widow  in  that  city." 

"  And  seeing  the  multitude,  he  went  up  into  a  mountain." 

"  I  will  be  a  God  to  thi-e  and  thy  seed  after  thee." 

"  Thou  art  a  God  ready  to  pardon." 

Now,  let  any  of  these  phrases  be  tested  by  the  common  defini- 
tion of  a7i  or  a,  "  that  it  is  used  in  a  vague  sense,  to  point  out  one 
single  thing  of  the  kind;  in  other  respects  indeterminate." 

Lowth. 

"  I  will  be  an  adversary  to  thine  adversaries ;  "  that  is,  "  I  will 
be  any  adversary,  one  of  the  kind,  but  vague  or  indeterminate." 

"  Rezon  was  an  advers.ary  to  Israel ;  "  that  is,  in  a  vague  sense, 
ajiy  adversary,  indeterminate. 

"  And  he  spake  a  parable  to  them ;  "  that  is,  any  parable,  inde- 
terminate. 

"  Thou  art  a  God  ready  to  pardon  ;  "  that  is,  any  God,  one  of 
the  kind,  in  a  vague  si'iise,  indeterminate  ! 

If  it  should  be  said,  the  noun  is  rendered  determinate,  by  other 
words  in  the  sentence,  and  not  by  an  or  a,  this  may  be  and  gen- 
erally is  true ;  but  this  shows  that  an  does  not  give  to  the  noun 
its  character  of  definiteness  or  indefiniteness  ;  it  always  retains 
its  proper  signification,  which  is  one,  and  nothing  more  ;  and  it 
is  used  indifferently  before  nouns  definite  or  indefinite. 

This  mistake  of  the  character  of  «h  is  found  in  other  languages; 
but  I  was  gratified  to  find  a  French  Grammar  m  Paris,  recom- 
mended by  the  Institute,  the  author  of  which  had  discarded  the 
indefinite  article. 

In  English,  an  or  a  is,  for  the  most  part,  entirely  useless. 
Used  with  a  noun  in  the  singular  number,  it  serves  no  purpose, 
except  that  which  the  form  of  the  word  in  the  singular  number 
is  intended  to  answer.     It  expresses  unity  only,  and  this  is  the 


INTRODUCTION. 


Ivii 


province  of  tlie  singular  number.  Were  it  not  for  habit,  "  Givo 
mo  orange,"  wonld  express  the  sense  of  "give  me  an  orange," 
with  precision  and  certainty.  In  this  respect  tlie  Latin  l^iguajje 
has  the  advantage  over  the  Knglisli.  But  the  use  of  such  a  short 
word  is  not  very  inconvenient,  and  tlie  usage  can  not  be  changed. 
Other  languages  are  subject  to  the  same  inconvenience ;  even 
the  definite  articles,  or  def; -itives,  in  Greek  and  in  French, 
are  very  often  useless,  and,  were  it  not  for  usage,  would  be 
improper. 

ORTHOGRAPHY. 

From  the  period  of  the  first  Sajcon  writings,  our  language  has 
been  suffering  changes  in  orthography-  The  first  writers,  having 
no  guide  but  the  ear,  foUoweil  each  his  own  judgment  or  fancy ; 
and  hence  a  great  portion  of  Saxon  words  are  written  with  differ- 
ent letters,  by  different  authors  ;  most  of  them  are  written  two 
or  three  different  ways,  and  some  of  them  fifteen  or  twenty.  To 
this  day  the  orthography  of  some  classes  of  words  is  not  entirely 
settled ;  and  in  others  it  is  settled  in  a  manner  to  confound  the 
learner,  and  mislead  him  into  a  false  pronunciation.  I^othing 
can  be  more  disreputable  to  the  literary  character  of  a  nation, 
than  the  history  of  English  orthography,  unless  it  is  that  of 
orthoepy. 

1.  The  Saxon  diphthong  (t,  which  probably  had  a  specific  and 
uniform  sound  or  combimtioa  of  sounds,  has  been  discarded,  and 
ca  generally  substituted  in  its  place  ;  as,  hrmth,  breath.  Now,  ea 
thus  united  have  not  a  uniform  sound,  and  of  course  they  are  no 
certain  guide  to  pronunciation.  In  some  instiinces,  where  the 
Saxon  spelling  was  not  uniform,  the  modern  orthography  follows 
the  most  anomalous  and  difficult,  instead  of  that  which  is  regular- 
Thus  the  Saxons  wrote  faAlicr  and  fcthcr,  more  generally  the 
latter,  and  the  moderns  write  feathr.r. 

2.  Tlie  letter  g,  in  Saion  words,  has,  in  many  English  words, 
been  sunk  in  pronunci.ation,  and  either  wholly  lost,  or  it  is  now 
represented  by  y  or  w.  Thus  dceg,  or  dag,  has  become  daij ;  gear 
is  year,  hugan  is  bow,  sjid  fag cr  is  fair. 

3.  The  Saxons,  who  adopted  the  Roman  alphabet,  with  a  few 
alterations,  used  c  with  its  close  sound  like  that  of  /;.  Thus  lie, 
like  ;  locian,  to  look.  But  after  the  Norman  conquest,  c  before 
e,  i,  and  y,  took  the  sound  of  5 ;  hence  arose  the  necessity  of 
changing  this  letter  in  words  and  syllables,  where  it  was  neces- 
sary to  retain  the  sound  of  /;  before  these  vowels.  Thus  the 
Saxon  lieean,  pronounced  originally  liheun,  becomes,  with  our 
present  sound  of  c  before  c,  lisean ;  and  locian  becomes  losian. 
To  remedy  this  evil,  our  ancestors  introduced  k  from  the  Greek, 
writing  it  generally  after  c,  as  in  lick,  stick,  though  in  some  in- 
stances omitting  c,  as  in  like  and  look.  Hence,  in  all  monos^-l- 
lables  in  which  a  syllable  beginning  with  e  or  J  is  added  to  the 
word,  as  in  the  past  time-and  participles  of  verbs,  we  use  k  in  the 
place  of  the  Saxon  c,  as  in  licked,  ticking. 

Our  early  writers  attempted  to  e.xtend  this  addition  to  words 
introduced  from  the  Latin  and  Greek,  in  which  no  such  reason 
exists  for  the  use  of  k.  Thus  they  wrote  publick,  musick,  rlicto- 
rick.  In  these  and  similar  words  tiie  Latins  used  c  for  the  Greek 
;; ;  as,  Tnusic^is,  for  itnvniy.'it;  ;  and  the  early  Knglish  writers  took 
both  letters,  the  Roman  c  and  Greek  x.  This  was  absurd  enough  ; 
but  they  never  proceeded  s.")  far  as  to  carry  the  absurdity  through 
the  derivatives  ;  never  vjiiling  publickation,musickal,  rkctoriekal, 
cntliolickism,  skcptickism,  stoickism.  After  a  long  struggle  with 
the  fjrce  of  authority,  good  sense  has  nearlj'  banished  this  pe- 
dantic orthography  from  use ;  and  all  words  of  this  kind  now 
appear,  in  most  of  our  public  acts  and  elegant  writings,  in  their 
proper  simplicity ;  public,  publication,  music,  musical. 

4.  In  many  words,  formerly  ending  in  ie,  these  letters  have 
been  discarded  from  the  singular  number,  and  y  substituted. 
Thus  remcdie,  memorie,  are  now  written  remedy,  memory.  But, 
what  is  very  singular,  the  plural  of  these  words  retains  the  ic, 
with  the  addition  of  s,  as  in  remedies.  This  anomaly,  however, 
creates  no  great  inconvenience,  except  that  it  has  been  ex- 
tended by  negligent  writers  to  words  ending  in  ey,  as  in  attor- 
nies.  But  words  ending  in  ey  properly  make  the  plural  by 
simply  taking  s,  as  in  surveys,  attorneys.  The  same  rule  applies 
to  verbs  when  an  s  is  added,  as  in  conveys. 

5.  In  a  vast  number  of  words  the  vowel  e  has  been  discarded 
as  useless  ;  as  in  eggs,  for  egges  ;  certain,  for  certaine  ;  empress,  for 
eTnpTfftse  ;  goodness,  for  goodnesse.  This  is  an  improvement,  as 
the  €  has  no  sound  in  modern  pronunci.ition.  But  here  again  we 
meet  with  a  surprising  inconsistency ;  for  the  same  reason  which 
justifies  this  omission,  would  justify  and  require  the  omission  of 


e  final  in  motive,  pensive,  jurcnilr,  genuine,  sanguine,  doctrine, 
examine,  determine,  and  a  multitude  of  others.  The  introduction 
of  c,  in  most  words  of  these  classes,  was  at  first  wrong,  as  it 
could  not  plead  any  authority  in  the  originals;  but  the  retaining 
of  it  is  unjustifiable,  as  the  letter  is  not  merely  useless,  but,  in 
very  numerous  classes  of  words  it  leads  to  a  false  pronunciation. 
Many  of  the  most  re-^jpectable  English  authors,  a  century  ago  or 
more,  omitted  c  in  such  words  as  examin,  dcterviin,  famin,  duclil, 
fertil,  defnit,  &c. ;  but  these  improvements  were  afterwards  re- 
jected, to  llic  great  injury  of  orthography.  In  like  manner,  a 
final  e  is  inserted  in  words  of  modern  coinage,  as  in  alumine, 
salicine,  chloride,  oxyde,  &c.,  without  the  least  necessity  or 
propriety. 

6.  A  simil.ar  fote  has  attended  the  attempt  to  anglicize  the 
orthography  of  another  class  of  words,  wliich  we  have  received 
from  "the  French.  At  a  very  early  period,  the  words  chambre, 
desastrc,  dcsordre,  charlre,  monstic,  tcndrc,  tigre,  cntre,  fierrc, 
diamctrc,  arbitrc,  nnmhre,  and  others,  wore  reduced  to  the  English 
form  of  spelling ;  chamber,  disaster,  disorder,  charter,  monster, 
tender,  tiger,  enter,  fever,  diameter,  arbiter,  number.  At  a  later 
period.  Sir  Isaac  Newton,  Camden,  Selden,  Milton,  Whitaker, 
Prideaux,  Hook,  Whiston,  Bryant,  and  other  authors  of  the  first 
character,  attempted  to  carry  through  this  reformation,  writing 
scepter,  center,  sepulchcr.  But  this  improvement  was  arrested, 
and  a  few  words  of  this  class  retain  their  French  orthography ; 
such  are  metre,  mitre,  nitre,  spectre,  sceptre,  theatre,  sepulchre, 
and  sometimes  centre.  It  is  remarkable  that  a  nation  distin- 
guished for  erudition  should  thus  reject  improvements,  and 
retain  anomalies,  in  opposition  to  all  the  convenience  of  uni- 
formity. I  am  glad  that  so  respectable  a  writer  as  Mitford  has 
discarded  this  innovation,  and  uniformly  written  center,  scepter, 
theater,  sepulchcr.  In  the  present  instance,  want  of  uniformity 
is  not  the  only  evil.  The  present  orthography  has  introduced 
an  awkward  mode  of  writing  the  derivatives,  for  example,  cen- 
tred, sceptred,  sepulchred ;  whereas  Milton  and  Pope  wrote  these 
words  as  regular  derivations  of  center,  scepter,  sepulcber ;  thus, 
"  scepicrcd  king."  So  Coxe,  in  his  Travels,  "  The  principal  wealth 
of  the  church  is  centered  in  the  monasteries."     This  is  correct. 

7.  Soon  after  the  revival  of  letters  in  Europe,  English  writers 
began  to  borrow  words  from  the  French  and  Italian  ;  and  usually 
with  some  little  alteration  of  the  orthography.  Tlius  they  wrote 
authouT,  embassadour,  predecessour,  aiicestonr,  snecessour ;  using 
our  for  the  Latin  termination  or,  and  the  French  eur,  and  writ- 
ing similar  words  in  like  manner,  though  not  of  Latin  or  French 
orfginal.  What  motive  could  induce  them  to  write  these  words, 
.and  crrour,  honour,  farou;;  infcrioiir,  &c.,  in  this  manner,  follow- 
ing neither  the  Latin  nor  the  French,  I  can  not  conceive.  But 
tins  orthography  continued  down    to   the  seventeenth   century, 

'when  the  u  began  to  be  rejected  from  certain  words  of  this  class, 
and  at  the  beginning  of  the  last  century,  many  of  these  words 
were  written,  ancestor,  author,  error,  &c.,  as  they  are  now  written. 
But  favor,  honor,  labor,  candor,  ardor,  terror,  rigor,  inferior,  su- 
perior, and  a  few  others,  were  written  with  )(,  and  Johnson  intro- 
duced this  orthography  into  his  Dictionary.  Nothing  in  language 
is  more  miscliievous  than  the  mistakes  of  a  great  man.  It  is  not 
easy  to  understand  why  a  man,  whose  professed  object  was  to 
reduce  the  language  to  some  regularity,  should  write  author  with- 
out u,  and  errour  and  honour  with  it !  That  he  should  write 
labour  with  u,  and  laborious  without  it !  Vigour  with  n,  and 
vigorous,  invigorate,  without  it !  Inferiour,  supcriour,  with  u, 
but  inferiority  and  superiority  without  it  !  Strange  as  it  is,  this 
inconsistency  runs  through  his  work,  and  his  authority  has  been 
the  means  of  continuing  it,  among  his  admirers,  to  this  aay. 

In  this  country,  most  of  our  best  writers  have  rejected  the  « 
from  all  words  of  this  class,  and  reduced  the  whole  to  uniformity. 
This  is  a  desirable  event;  every  rejection  of  an  anomaly  being  a 
valuable  improvement,  which  sound  judgment  approves,  and  the 
love  of  regularity  will  vindicate  and  maintain. 

8.  There  is  another  class  of  words,  the  orthography  of  which 
is  not  uniform  nor  fully  settled  —  such  as  take  the  termination  able 
to  form  an  adjective.  Thus  Johnson  writes  proveable  with  e,  but 
approvttblc  and  reprorable  without  it.  So  moveable,  but  immov- 
able and  removable  ;  tameable,  but  blamable,  censurable,  desirable, 
excusable  ;  saleable,  but  ratable. 

With  like  inconsistency  Walker  and  Chalmers  write  daub 
with  71,  and  bedaub  with  w,  deviating  in  this  instance  from  John- 
son. Chalmers  writes  abridgement  and  judgement  v%-ith  e,  but 
acknoirlcdgment  without  it.  Walker  writes  these  words  without 
e,  but  adds  it  to  lodgement.  1  have  reduced  all  words  of  this 
kind,  as  far  as  possible,  to  uniformity. 


Iviii 


INTRODUCTION. 


H.  Johnson  writes  oclocdrkal ;  Chalmers,  octoedral ;  Sheridan. 
Walker,  and  Jones,  follow  Johnson;  bnt  Jones  has  oclahcdron, 
which  is  not  in  tlie  other  Dictionaries.  The  Greek,  in  words  of 
this  kind,  is  inconsistent,  for  uxroi  is  changed,  in  compound  words, 
to  ozra.  1  have  followed  the  Greek  compounds,  and  hare  in- 
serted A,  which  I  consider  as  almost  indispensable  in  the  Englisli 
orthography ;  as,  octahedron. 

10.  Johnson  introduced  instructcr,  in  the  place  of  instructor, 
in  opposition  to  every  authority  which  he  has  himself  adduced  to 
exemplify  his  definitions  —  Oenhani,  Milton,  Roscommon,  Locke, 
Addison,  Rogers,  and  the  common  version  of  the  Scriptures. 
But  what  is  more  singular,  tliis  orthography,  instructcr,  is  con- 
trary to  his  own  practice  ;  at  least,  in  four  editions  of  his  Rambler 
which  I  have  examined,  the  word  is  uniformly  written  instructor. 
The  fact  is  tlie  sauu-  witli  visitor. 

This  is  a  point  of  little  importance  in  itself;  but  when  in- 
structor had  been  from  time  immemorial  the  established  orthog- 
raphy, why  unsettle  the  practice  ?  I  have  in  this  word  and  in 
visitor  adhered  to  the  old  orthography.  There  is  not  a  particle 
of  reason  for  altering  instructor  and  visitor,  which  would  not 
apply  to  collector,  cultiviitor,  ohjcrtor,  projector,  and  a  hundred 
other  words  of  similar  termination. 

11.  Most  of  tlifse  and  some  other  inconsistencies  have  been 
of  long  continuance,  liut  there  are  others  of  more  recent  date, 
which  admit  of  no  apology,  as  they  are  changes  from  right  to 
wrong.  Such  is  the  change  of  the  correct  orthography  of  dc- 
fcTise,  expense,  offense,  pretense,  and  recompense,  by  substituting  c 
for  s,  as  in  dcj'cncc.  This  change  was  probably  made  or  en- 
couraged by  printers,  for  the  sake  of  avoiding  the  use  of  the  old 
long*;  but  since  this  has  been  discarded,  that  reason  no  longer 
exists.  The  orthography  defense,  &c.,  is  justified,  not  only  by 
the  Latin  originals,  but  by  the  rule  of  uniformity  ;  for  the  deriv- 
atives are  always  written  with  s  —  defensive,  extensive,  offensive, 
pretension,  rccompcnsivg. 

12.  No  less  improper  was  the  change  of  sceptic  into  skeptic. 
In  favor  of  this  innovation,  it  is  alleged  that  the  word  is  from  the 
Greek  axtTinxni.  True  ;  but  is  not  scene  derived  from  the  Greek 
<tzi;ri;.  and  scepter  from  nxij,iinoy,  and  ascetic  from  uozijrizo;,  and 
ocean  from  mxsavof?  Are  not  all  these  words  in  exact  analogy 
with  each  other,  in  their  original  orthography  i'  Were  they  not 
formerly  analogous  in  the  English  orthography  .'  Why  violate 
this  analogy  >  Why  introduce  an  anomaly  .'  Such  innovations, 
by  dividing  opinions  and  introducing  discrepancies  in  practice,  in 
clas.ses  of  words  of  like  formation,  have  a  mischievous  effect,  by 
keeping  the  language  in  perpetual  fluctuation.  But  as  usage 
inclines  to  tlie  use  of  A  in  this  class  of  words,  I  have  adopted  it. 

13.  In  like  manner,  dispatch,  which  had  from  time  immemorial 
been  written  witli  i,  was  changed  into  despatch,  on  the  wonderful 
discovery  that  the  word  is  derived  from  the  French  depechcr. 
Bnt  why  change  one  vowel  and  not  the  other  .'  If  we  must  fol- 
low the  French,  why  not  write  despcch,  or  dcpech  ?  And  why 
was  this  innovation  limited  to  a  single  word  ?  Why  not  carry 
the  change  through  this  whole  class  of  words,  and  give  us  the 
benefit  of  uniformity  .'  Is  not  disaster  from  the  French  desastre? 
Is  not  discharge  from  decharger  ?  Is  not  disarm  from  dcsarmcr  ? 
Is  not  disobey  from  dcsobeir^  Is  not  disoblige  from  dcsohligcr  ? 
Is  not  disorder  from  desordre  ?  The  prefix  dis  is  more  properly 
English  than  de,  tliough  both  are  used  with  propriety.  But  dis- 
patch was  the  establi.shed  orthography  ;  why,  then,  disturb  the 
practice  .'  Why  select  a  single  word  "from  the  whole  class,  and 
introduce  a  change  wliich  creates  uncertainty  where  none  had 
e.xisted  for  ages,  williout  the  smallest  benefit  to  indemnify  us  for 
the  perplexity  and  discordance  occasioned  by  the  innovation  ? 
Now,  let  it  be  observed  that  Johnson  himself  wrote  dispatch;  for 
this  orthography  occurs  twice  under  Send  in  his  Dictionary,  and 
five  times  under  Speed. 

It  is  gratifying  to  observe  the  stern  good  sense  of  the  English 
nation,  presenting  a  firm  resistance  to  such  innovations.  Black- 
stone,  Paley,  Co.xe,  Milner,  Scott,  and  Mitford,  uniformly  use  the 
old  and  genuine  orthography  of  instructor,  visitor,  and  dispatch. 

1-1.  The  omission  of  one  /-  in  befall,  install,  installment,  recall, 
iuthrall,  &c.,  is  by  no  means  to  be  vindicated;  as  by  custom  the 
two  letters  II  serve  as  a  guide  to  the  true  pronunciation,  that  of 
broad  a  or  aw.  According  to  the  established  rules  of  English 
pronunciation,  the  letter  a  in  instalment  would  have  the  sound  it 
has  in  balance;  it  is,  therefore,  expedient  to  retain  both  letters  in 
all  words  of  this  class. 

15.  It  is  an  established  rule,  in  the  English  langu,ige,  that 
mono-syllabic  verbs  ending  in  a  single  consonant,  not  preceded 
by  a  long  vowel,  and  other  verbs  ending  in  a  sino-le  accented 


consonant,  and  of  course  not  ])receded  by  a  long  vowel,  double 
the  final  consonant,  in  all  the  derivatives,  which  are  form  id  by  a 
termination  beginning  with  a  vowel.  Thus,  Jjf,  blot,  bar,  when 
they  take  the  terminations  ed,  elh,  ing,  are  written  fitted,  filteth, 
fitting;  blotted,  blotteth,  blotting  ;  barred,  barreth,  barring.  Abet, 
compel,  fiu-m  the  like  derivatives  ;  abetted,  abetteth,  abetting;  com- 
pelled, conipelleth,  compelling.  The  reason  of  this  rule  is,  that 
without  this  duplication  of  the  last  consonant,  the  vowel  of  the 
primitive  word  would,  in  the  derivative,  be  naturally  pronounced 
wrong,  that  is,  with  its  long  sound  ;  fitcd,,  bloting,  bared,  compelcd. 
Hence  we  see  the  reason  why  verbs,  having  the  long  sound  of  a 
vowel,  do  not  double  the  last  consonant;  as,  feared,  repealed, 
repeated. 

The  converse  of  this  rule  is,  that  verbs  ending  in  a  single  con- 
sonant, but  having  the  accent  on  the  first  syllable,  or  on  a  syllable 
preceding  the  last,  ought  not  to  double  the  final  consonant  in  the 
derivatives.  Thus,  limit,  labor,  charter,  clatter,  pardon,  deliver, 
hinder,  have  for  their  derivatives  limited,  laboreth,  chartered, 
clattered, pardoning,  delivering,  hindcrest.  But,  strange  as  it  may 
seem,  the  rule  is  wholly  neglected  and  violated  in  numerous  words 
of  this  class.  Thus  we  observe,  in  all  authors,  biassing,  bevel- 
ling, levelled,  trarelled,  cancelled,  revelling,  rivalling,  worshipped, 
iDOrshipper,  apparelled.,  embowelled,  libelling,  and  many  others,  in 
wliich  the  last  consonant  is  doubled,  in  opposition  to  one  of  the 
oldest  and  best  established  rules  in  the  language.  Perry,  in  his 
Dictionary,  lays  down  the  rule  for  guidance,  but  has  not  been 
careful,  in  all  cases,  to  observe  it.  I  have  endeavored  to  reduce 
these  classes  of  words  to  a  regular  and  uniform  orthography.  In 
like  manner,  nouns  formed  from  such  verbs  are  written  with  a 
single  consonant,  as  jeweler,  traveler,  worshiper,  for  the  purpose 
of  establishing  a  general  rule,  to  which  there  may  be  no  excep- 
tion. What  should  we  say  to  a  man  who  should  write  auditlor, 
allerrcr,  barterrer,  banterrer,  gardenner,  laborrer  ?  Yet  no  good 
reason  can  be  assigned  why  the  final  consonant  should  not  be 
doubled  in  these  words  as  well  as  in  jeweller,  traveller,  cnamcller. 
The  truth  is,  the  syllable  to  be  added  to  the  original  word  is  the 
usual  termination  er  or  or,  and  nothing  more. 

Not  less  remarkable  is  the  practice  of  doubling  the  last  conso- 
nant in  equalled,  equalling,  but  not  in  the  verb  equalize.  And  to 
add  to  the  inconsistency,  the  last  consonant  is  sometimes  doubled 
in  tranquillize,  a  word  in  exact  analogy  with  equalize.  [The  /, 
however,  is  properly  doubled  in  crystallize  and  metallize,  as  if  de- 
rived from  xovoruV/.i'li:)  and  iit ra/./.fLo),  in  which  the  I  is  doubled  ; 
and  for  the  sake  of  uuifbiniity  the  double  /  is  retained  in  the 
otlier  derivatives  of /ruL'oru.i.'.o--  and  iurukXov.  A  few  other  words 
have  the  /  doubled  on  the  ground  of  their  derivation ;  as,  tran- 
quillity, from  tranqulllltas ;  chancellor,  from  cancellarlus,  *fec.] 

A  singular  instance  of  inattention  to  analogy  or  unifbrniity, 
occurs  in  the  formation  of  certain  words  from  the  Greek.  Thus, 
in  anatomy,  bronehotomy,  cacophony,  eupltony,  lithotomy,  and 
otiiers,  the  final  vowel  of  the  Greek  original  is  represented  in 
I'jiiglish  by  y,  which  makes  a  syllable.  But  in  epitome,  catas- 
trophe, hyperbole,  and  many  others,  the  final  vowel  of  the  Greek 
is  represented  by  e,  which,  in  words  of  English  origin,  rarely  or 
never  m.ikes  a  syllable  at  the  end  of  a  word.  The  consequence 
'\A,  that  the  last  two  syllables  are  liable  to  be  pronounced  in  one, 
tome,  trophe,  bole.  Such  a  departure  from  analogy  is  very  incon- 
venient. Besides,  if  the  letter  y  closed  the  words  in  the  singular 
number,  the  plural  would  be  regularly  formed  by  changing  y 
into  ies. 

A  like  fault  is  ob.servable  in  the  spelling  of  certain  derivatives 
ending  in  er.  In  barometer,  hygrometer,  thermometer,  and  all 
similar  derivatives,  the  Greek  fitii>ov  gives  meter,  in  English, 
wliile  in  English  books  the  word  is  written  metre,  like  the  French 
word.  The  French  are  consistent,  for  they  write  the  word  in 
tlie  same  manner,  both  when  single  and  in  composition.  Such 
discrepancies  in  the  English  language  arc  little  honorable  to 
English  philologists. 

In  the  use  of  the  prefixes  en,  cm,  In,  im,  there  is  not  uniformity 
nor  settled  usage.  The  French  changed  the  Latin  in  into  en  or 
em,  and  English  authors  have  adopted  one  or  the  other,  without 
regard  to  any  settled  rule.  Johnson's  Dictionary  has  done  some- 
thing toward  reducing  the  number  of  discrepancies  of  this  kind; 
but  some  clianges  have,  since  his  time,  been  introduced.  I  have, 
in  most  words,  followed  his  orthography  ;  but,  in  a  t'evv  instances, 
have  adopted  the  more  modern  usage  ;  as,  liidorsc  and  insure,  with 
their  derivatives,  according  to  prevailing  mercantil.'^  pr-^tice. 

In  the  use  of  the  prefix  «»,  many  cliangen  have  taken  place 
within  the  last  centurj'  or  two,  and  the  use  of  in  has  been 
substituted  for   un ;  as,   inaccessible,    for   unaccessible.     The  in- 


INTRODUCTION. 


lix 


quirer  will  observe  that  1  have,  under  each  word,  noticed  this 
change. 

In  the  use  of  the  termination  he,  the  English  books  are  all  at 
variance  with  each  other ;  and  no  le.xicographer  is  consistent  with 
himself.  Hence  we  every  day  see  authorise  and  authorize,  apos- 
tatise and  apostatize,  temporise  and  temporize.  As  this  termina- 
tion from  the  Greek  or  Latin  has  a  definite  signification,  to 
make,  I  have  adopted  the  rule  to  write  it  uniformly  ize,  when 
it  is  from  either  of  those  languages  ;  as  in  legalize,  to  make  legal. 
The  French  write  the  termination  ise,  and  this  has  led  to  the 
English  discrepancies. 

In  other  cases,  when  tl:e  French  ise  does  not  proceed  from  the 
Latin  ize,  1  have  retained  the  original  orthography  of  words  from 
the  French  ;  as  in  enterprise,  adrise,  surprise.  This  is  a  distinc- 
tion of  some  importance. 

In  many  cases,  when  a  false  orthography  has  been  long  estab- 
lished, I  have  noticed  the  fact,  without  making  any  alteration  in 
the  common  spelling. 

In  a  few  words  1  have  followed  Milton,  Dryden,  Pope,  and 
other  authors  of  the  Augustan  age,  who  were  more  correct  than 
more  modern  writers ;  as  they  followed  the  etymology,  from 
which  later  writers  have  deviated,  sometimes  by  mistake  in  taking 
the  word  from  the  French,  instead  of  the  Sa.xon. 

In  a  few  instances,  I  have  discarded  English  innovations, 
which  are  evidently  mere  blunders.  Such  are  comptroller  and 
others,  which  convert  the  words  into  absolute  nonsense.  The 
words  disannvl,  unloose,  and  others,  fall  under  the  like  condem- 
nation. No  lexicographer,  knowing  the  proper  origin  of  these 
words,  can  be  justified  in  giving  support  to  such  outrageous  de- 
viations from  etymology.  They  are  a  reproach  to  the  literature 
of  the  nation. 

The  negligence  of  the  English  in  giving  currency  to  such 
errors,  hardly  admits  of  an  apology.  Philology  has  indeed  been 
neglected  during  a  century  and  a  half;  it  is  not  cultivated,  to  any 
extent,  in  the  universities  and  schools ;  or  it  is  studied  in  very 
superficial  writers.  Indeed,  in  etymology  there  is  no  accurate 
scholarship,  either  in  English  or  French  writers.  No  author, 
whose  works  have  come  under  my  observation,  has  explored  the 
wide  field  of  my  researches ;  none  has  traced  words  to  their  pri- 
mary source,  and  discovered  the  radical  signification,  with  the 
manner  in  which  derivative  senses  have  been  drawn  from  the 
radical  signification,  and  moral  ideas  have  been  expressed  b_v 
words  denoting  physical  action  or  properties.  The  discoveries 
on  this  subject  constitute  an  era  in  philologj-,  and  it  is  hoped 
that  the  advantage  gained  will  be  pursued. 

If  men  of  adult  years  do  not  choose  to  examine  the  subject  of 
orthography,  and  correct  their  own  practice,  their  cliildren,  learn- 
ing the  language  as  corrected,  will  become  familiar  with  the  true 
orthography,  and  familiarity  and  habit  will  lend  support  to  truth 
and  uniformity. 

There  are  many  words  in  the  language  containing  superfluous 
letters,  especially  in  the  terminating  syllable.  Thus,  one  5  in 
the  syllables  less  and  ness,  at  the  end  of  words,  is  useless ;  one  I 
in  gill,  rill,  sill,  dull,  one/  in  cliff,  bluff,  are  superfluous;  but  in 
such  words  no  alteration  is  made. 

The  rule  for  adding  two  consonants  of  a  sort  should  be,  to  add 
two  letters  to  the  original  word,  when  they  are  both  wanted  in 
the  derivatives.  Thus  Jil  would  give  the  sound  oT  fill ;  but  this 
being  a  verb,  the  two  letters  are  required  in  the  past  tense  and 
participles,  filled,  filling.  So  in  the  adjective  stiff,  the  second 
letter  is  wanted  in  stiffen,  otherwise  a  person  would  be  apt  to 
pronounce  the  word  sli-fen. 

But  in  some  words  the  termmating  consonant  is  doubled,  not 
only  without  necessity  or  use,  but  in  opposition  to  propriety. 
Plaintiff  is  the  French plaintif;  po7Uiff  is  the  French  ^om<(/e;  and 
no  possible  reason  can  be  assigned  for  adding  an  fto  the  original 
word,  any  more  than  for  adding  the  same  letter  to  brief  a.nd  relief. 
And  what  is  worse,  the  letter  is  doubled  in  pontiff,  the  original, 
and  then  omitted  in  all  the  dermntives,  ponttficute,  pontifical,  &c. 
[In  such  words,  however,  the  alteration  has  not  been  insisted  on, 
as  the  public  do  not  seem  prepared  to  unite  in  rejecting  the 
second  /.] 

In  like  manner,  the  vowel  e  is  added  to  a  multitude  of  words, 
in  which  it  is  not  pronounced,  and  is  worse  than  useless,  as  it 
oflen  misleads  the  learner  in  the  pronunciation.  If  the  final  e 
were  omitted  in  jurenil,  xolatil,  the  pronunciation  could  not  be 
mistaken ;  but  as  the  preceding  vowel  is  sometimes  long  and 
sometimes  short  in  the  terminating  syllables  He,  ine,  itc,  the 
final  e  serves  only  to  perplex  the  learner.  In  such  words, 
however,  no   alteration  is  m:ide 


In  the  termin:iting  syllable  ize,  the  final  e  is  worse  than  useless, 
as  the  i  is  always  slmrt,  ic,  and  the  addition  of  e  contravenes  the 
general  rule,  that  tJie  vowel  followed  by  a  consonant,  and  e  final, 
is  generally  long,  as  in  mate,  mote,  mute,  dissipate.  When  1  was 
young,  the  popular  pronunciation  of  ire  was  Ice,  with  the  i  long. 
The  general  use  of  my  Spelling  Book  has  nearly  banished  that 
pronunciation,  and  the  orthography  is  not  altered. 

Our  modern  writers  seem  to  delight  in  this  useless  addition  of 
e  final ;  as  they  annex  it  to  words  without  reason  or  authority. 
This  fault  occurs  frequently  in  words  borrowed  from  foreign 
languages,  in  which  the  letter  is  not  found  in  the  original  lan- 
guage. One  would  suppose  that  good  taste  alone  ought  to  correct 
this  error. 

With  regard  to  words  which  recent  discoveries  have  introduced 
into  the  sciences,  there  may  be  some  apology  for  differences  of 
orthography,  as  writers  have  not  established  usage  for  a  guide. 
Hence  we  find  oxijd  is  written  also  oxide  and  ozyde;  oxygen  and 
hydrogen  are  written  also  oxigenc,  ozygcne,  and  liydrogcne.  Sul- 
phate, nitrate,  &c.,  are  written  also  sulphat,  nitrat. 

In  this  case,  what  course  is  the  lexicographer  to  pursue  .''  Shall 
he  adopt  the  method  by  which  Walker  attempts  to  settle  pro- 
nunciation, and  cite  authorities  in  favor  of  each  mode  of  spelling  ? 
Then  the  result  is,  so  many  names  appear  on  one  side,  and  so 
many  on  the  otiier.  But  who,  it  may  be  asked,  will  undertake 
to  graduate  tlie  scale  by  which  the  weiglit  of  authorities  is  to  be 
determined?  Numbers  will  not  always  decide  questions  of  this 
sort  to  the  satistaction  of  tlie  public. 

In  this  case  I  have  determined  to  conform  the  orthography  to 
established  English  analogies ;  the  only  authority  from  which 
there  can  be  no  legitimate  appeal.  Now,  no  rule  in  orthography 
is  better  established,  than  that  which  we  have  adopted  from  the 
Latin  language,  of  representing  the  Greek  upsiion  by  tlie  letter 
y.  In  the  orthography  of  oxygen  and  hydrogen,  from  o|i.';  and 
vSiBO,  this  rule  has  been  observed;  and  why  should  oxyd  be  an 
exception  ? 

With  regard  to  sulphate,  nitrate,  ana  other  names  of  that  class 
of  compounds,  I  consider  the  final  c  as  essential  to  the  words,  to 
prevent  a  false  pronunciation  ;  the  vowel  a  having  its  first  sound 
as  in/n;e,  though  slightly  pronounced. 

Tlie  word  usually  written  oltemistry  has  undergone  two  or  tliree 
changes,  according  to  fanc\'  or  to  conjectural  etymology.  Men 
have  blundered  about  the  plainest  tiling  imaginable ;  for  to  de- 
termine its  true  orthography,  nothing  was  necessary  but  to  open 
an  Arabic  lexicon.  The  inhabitants  of  the  south  of  Europe,  v,-ho 
introduced  the  word,  doubtless  knew  its  origin,  and  wrote  it  cor- 
rectly, chimislry,  with  i,  not  with  y  m  e  ;  and  had  tlie  English  been 
contented  to  talke  it  as  they  found  it,  the  orthography  would  have 
been  correct  and  uniform.  [This  alteration  has  not,  however, 
been  insisted  on,  as  men  of  science  have  not  as  yet  seemed  ready 
to  adopt  it.] 

In  introducing  words  from  other  languages,  it  is  desirable  that 
the  orthography  should  be  conformed,  as  nearly  as  may  be,  to 
established  English  analogies.  For  this  reason,  I  have  written 
maneuver,  reconnoiter,  as  English  words ;  and  should  prefer  to 
pronounce  aiddccamp,  as  an  English  word,  with  English  pro- 
nunciation and  a  regular  plural  termination.     So  also  rendezvous. 

The  word  talc  is  ill-formed.  The  original  word  on  the  conti- 
nent of  Europe  is  talk  or  talg ;  and  the  change  of  /;  into  c  is  not 
merely  needless,  but  worse,  for  it  precludes  the  use  of  the  regular 
adjective,  talcy.  Hence  we  see  the  adjective  used  is  tulcose,  an 
awkward  compound  of  a  Teutonic  word  with  a  Latin  termination. 
This  word  would  more  properly  be  written  talk  or  tuick,  which 
admit  regular  derivatives,  talcky,  talckincss.  In  like  manner, 
zinc,  if  written  zink,  would  admit  the  regular  adjective,  zinky,  as 
written  by  Kirwan. 

It  is  with  no  small  regret  tliat  I  see  new  terms  formed,  without 
a  due  regard  to  regular  English  analogies.  New  terms  arc  often 
necessary,  or  at  least  very  useful ;  but  they  ought  to  be  coined 
according  to  the  settled  principles  of  the  language.  A  neglect 
of  these  principles  is  observable  in  the  word  systematize,  which, 
not  being  borrowed  from  the  Greek,  ought  to  follow  the  general 
rule  of  English  formation,  in  agreement  with  legalize,  modernize, 
eivilize,  animalize,  and  others,  and  be  written  systemize.  This  is 
the  more  important,  as  the  derivatcs  systemizing,  systemization, 
are  of  more  easy  utterance  than  those  of  systematize,  and  particu- 
larly the  noun  systemutizatinn. 

On  this  head  I  would  subjoin  a  remark  or  two  on  tiie  mode  of 
writing  Indian  names  of  rivers,  mountains,  and  places  in  America, 
which  we  have  adopted. 

The  French  were  the  first  Europeans  who  explored  the  country 


Ix 


INTRODUCTION. 


between  the  great  lakes  and  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and,  of  course, 
the  first  to  comniit  to  writing  the  Indiun  names  wliicli  occurred 
to  them  in  their  travels.  In  doing  this,  they  attempted  to  express 
the  sounds  in  letters,  according  to  the  Freucii  manner  of  pro- 
nunciation. Hence  it  happened  tiiat  tiiey  wrote  ck  where  we 
should  have  written  sh^  liad  we  first  reduced  those  names  to 
writing.  Thus  we  have  Chenango^  Mir/i/irjut,  and  MlchiU iimicUi- 
nac,^  in  the  French  orthography.  And  a.s  the  French  have  no  w 
in  their  language,  tliey  could  not  express  tlie  proper  sound  of  the 
first  syllahle  of  iVnha'sk^  Wisconsin^  tt'achifa,  otherwise  than  by 
writing  them  Onalmckc^  Omscunsln^  Ouachita;  and  Missoori  in 
French  is  Missouri.  All  tiiis  is  very  proper  for  Frenclnnen,  for 
the  letters  used  express  the  true  sounds  of  the  words.  But  in 
English,  the  letters  used  lead  to  a  false  pronunciation,  and  for 
this  reason  should  not  be  used  in  English  compositions.  Jt  is  to 
be  deeply  regretted  that  our  language  is  thus  doomed  to  be  a 
heterogeneous  medley  of  English  and  foreign  languages;  as  the 
same  letters  representing  different  sounds,  in  different  languages, 
serve  to  embarrass  tiie  reader  who  understands  only  iiis  own. 

The  irregularities  in  the  English  orthography  have  ahva^^s  been 
a  subject  of  deep  regret,  and  several  attempts  have  been  made  to 
banish  them  from  the  language.  The  first  attempt  of  this  kind 
was  made  by  Sir  Thomas  Smith,  Secretary  of  State  to  Queen- 
Elizabeth  ;  anotlier  was  made  by  Dr.  Gill,  a  celebrated  master  of 
St.  Paul's  Scliool,  in  London;  another  by  Charles  Butler;  sev- 
eral attempts  were  made  in  the  reign  of  Charles  I. ;  an  attempt 
was  made  by  Elphinstone,  in  the  last  rontury  ;  and  lastly,  another 
effort  was  made  by  Dr.  Franklin.  The  latter  gentleman  com- 
piled a  Dictionary  on  liis  scheme  of  reform,  and  procured  types 
to  be  cast,  whicli  he  offered  to  me,  with  a  view  to  engage  me  to 
prosecute  his  design.  Thi.s  offer  I  declined  to  accept;  for  I  was 
then,  and  am  still  convinced,  that  the  scheme  of  introducing  new 
characters  into  the  language,  is  neither  practicable  nor  expedi- 
ent.    Any  attempt  of  this  kind  must  certainly  fiiil  of  success. 

But  that  some  scheme  for  expressing  the  distinct  sounds  of 
our  letters  by  visible  marks,  ougnt  to  I)e  adopted,  is  a  point  about 
which  there  ought  to  be,  and  1  trust  there  can  be,  but  one  opin- 
ion. That  such  a  Fcheme  is  practicable  as  well  as  expedient,  I 
should  presume  t'j  be  equally  evident.  Such  is  the  state  of  our 
written  language,  that  our  own  citizens  never  become  masters  of 
orthography,  without  great  difficulty  and  labor;  and  a  great  part 
of  tiiem  never  learn  to  spell  words  witli  correctness.  In  addition 
to  tills,  the  present  orthography  of  some  .classea  .ofi  words  leads  to 
a  faiae  pronunciation. 

In  regard  to  the  acquisition  of  our  language  by  foreigners,  the 
evil  of  our  irregular  orthography  is  extensive,  beyond  what  is 
generally  known  or  conceived.  While  the  Frencli  and  Italians 
have  \v\d  the  wisdom  and  the  policy  to  refine  and  improve  their 
respective  languages,  "and  render  ihem  almost  the  common  lan- 
guages of  all  well-bred  people  in  Europe,  the  English  languao-e, 
clothed  in  a  barbarous  orthography,  is  never  learned  by  a  for- 
eigner but  from  necessity ;  and  the  most  copious  language  in 
Europe,  embodying  an  uncommon  mass  of  science  and  erudition, 
is  thus  very  limited  in  its  usefulness.  And  to  complete  the  mis- 
chief, the  progress  of  arts,  science,  and  Cliristianity  among  the 
heathen,  and  other  rude  or  unevangelized   nations,  is  most  sen 

*  This  word  is,  I  lu'licve,  ciislnmnrily  pronnunccd  Maddnaw^  and  tlio  original 
may  wrll  be  sullcred  lo  full  into  disusn.  " 

t  We  hear  it  siiid  that  a  If-xicogiapher  sliouhl  ndopt  or  follow  ihe  common 
orthopra|ihy  of  words.  This  is  inie  when  the  orthography  nrrords  with 
etymolojry,  and  i.s  settled  or  undi.'sputt'd.  But  in  the  En'^dish  lanjrna^c 
there  are  many  word.s  whose  spelling  is  not  setUcd  ;  som  •  wliosc  ppl-llini; 
is  a  deviation  from  e.-tablished  analogies ;  some  wliose  spdlinc;  present'^ 
wrong  fonipon'-nt  pylhibk-s  or  radical  letlerv.  In  otiu:r  word.-;,  whose  origin 
is  known,  auiliors  dilfer  in  the  manner  of  writing  them.  Ta.ke  the  follow- 
ins  examples. 

In  Jolin^on^s  Diclionar>'  we  find  blamab'.e,  bh?imbltj,  aupcasablc^  ajtprovable 
lir^irab'e,  ratnblc,  withiiitt  the  linal  e  of  the  original  words;  hut  saleable,  tamf>- 
ablcj  with  e ;  prweablr,  with  c ;  tniprocabte,  rcprorable^  without  it ;  moveable  with 
r,  hut  immorablr^  rcmocable,  without  it.  Daniel  II.  llariits,  in  iho  Rrd  Book  rc- 
luark!*,  that  in  this  elass  of  words,  Johnson's  contradirtinii.s  j discrepancies!  are 
tra  on  onr.  .^ide,  and  nine  on  tlie  other.  VVe  ever>'  day  see  Ijie  likt;  discrepancies 
in  hook><  and  the  public  prints. 

j'ohnyoii  has  cognitcc.^  eognisour^  reca^iisc,  rrcoo'niiirr,  rccn -ritLior,  w\th  s  (hut 
copinab!e  and  cognizance^  with  2,)  and  the  ti-rminaling  Evlirudc  sotrr  anil  sor. 
VValkrr  has  njt/Aoriif,  authorization  i  hut  (!isiiutJivri.ir,~  Johnson  and  Walker 
have  eaiitcrize^  aititrrization,  but  qjttnmisc  ;  car.oittzi:,  /wniliarizr,  fcrtiUzCy  with  i 
but  Johnson,  nwdcrnise^  Walker,  modernize;  .lohn^ion,  sijUufrizc,  hut  Walker' 
rffUoirtjff. ;  both  have  exUmporize^  temporize,  bill  contempvrisc^  erjualise;  ■V\'alkcr 
ha.;  a:nt>rtis€,  hut  amortization^  amoriizemcnt.  Similar  discrepancies  are  seen  in 
all  '  •*!  books  and  papers. 

W  :  every  day  sec  surprise  and  surprize ;  merc/iandi^e  and  merchandize : 
eiffuire  and  itufuira  eninut  and  intrust;  rusure,  cnxnrance,  and  insure^  i«- 
iiirancci  endorse,  endorsement,  and  indorse,  i/vJortcincnt ;  gnJf  titul  frnlph;  par- 
tisan and  partizau  ;  connection  and  loniiczion  ;  chtaust  and  chtjndst,  both  wroiij;; 


sibly  retarded  by  the  difficulties  of  mastering  an  irregular  or- 
thography. 

The  mode  of  ascertaining  the  proper  pronunciation  of  words  by 
marks,  points,  and  trifling  alterations  of  the  present  cliaracters, 
seems  to  be  the  only  one  which  can  be  reduced  to  practice.  This 
mode,  resembling  tiie  use  of  points  in  the  Hebrew,  has  been 
adopted  by  some  of  the  nations  on  the  Continent;  and  I  have 
pursued  it,  to  a  certain  extent,  in  designating  distinctions  in  the 
sounds  of  letters,  in  this  work.  The  scheme  I  have  invented  is 
not  considered  as  perfect;  but  it  will  accomplish  some  important 
purposes,  by  removing  the  most  numerous  classes  of  anom;iIies. 
With  this  scheme,  the  visible  characters  of  the  language  will  pre- 
sent to  the  eye  of  a  reader  the  true  sounds  of  words ;  and  the 
scheme  itself  is  so  simple,  tliat  it  may  be  learned  in  a  iQVJ  mo- 
ments. To  complete  a  scheme  of  this  kind,  a  few  other  alterations 
would  be  necessary,  but  such  as  would  not  materially  change  tlie 
orthography,  or  occasion  the  least  difficulty  to  the  learner  or 
reader. 

After  these  alterations,  there  would  remain  a  few  words  wimso 
anomalies  may  be  considered  as  incorrigible,  such  as  know,  sruauj, 
rough,  &-C.,  wliich  may  be  collected  into  tables  and  easily  learned  ; 
and  all  the  other  irregularities  may  be  so  classed  under  general 
rules,  as  to  be  learned  with  very  little  labor. 

The  adoption  of  this  or  any  other  scheme  for  removing  the 
obstacles  which  the  English  orthography  presents  to  learners  of 
the  language,  must  depend  on  public  opinion.  The  plan  I  have 
adopted  for  representing  tlie  sounds  of  letters  by  marks  and 
points,  in  this  work,  is  intended  to  answer  two  purposes.  First, 
to  supersede  the  necessity  of  writing  and  printing  the  words  a 
second  time,  in  an  orthographv  adapted  to  express  their  pronun- 
ciation. The  latter  metliod  pursued  b;^  the  English  orthoepists, 
as  applicable  to  most  words,  is,  I  think,  not  only  unnecessary,  but 
very  inexpedient.  The  second  purpose  is,  to  exhibit  to  my  fel- 
low-citizens the  outline  of  a  scheme  for  removing  the  dilficulties 
of  our  irrirgular  ortliography,  without  the  use  of  new  characters ; 
a  scheme  simple,  easy  of  acquisition,  and  sufficient  to  answer  all 
the  more  important  purposes  of  a  regular  orthography. 1 

Note.  —  In  the  formation  of  the  plural  number  of  nouns  end- 
ing in  aiicc,  ancij;  cnce,  cncy ;  the  general  rules  are  to  be  observed. 
Wlien  the  letter  e  terminates  the  word,  the  letter  5  only  is  to  be 
added;  as  in  compliance^  co7itp!/a,jicfs ;  but  If  the  letter  y  termi- 
nates tlie  word,  this  letter  is  omitted,  and  ics  are  added  ;  as  in 
discrcpdncij,  discrcptnicirs ;  dcpcndenc/j,  dependencies,  f n  some 
cases,  the  same  word  is  sometimes  written  with  c,  and  sometimes 
with  y;  in  which  cages'  the  word  adriiits  of  either  form  of  the 
plural  termination.  ' 

?RONUNClATIOx\. 

As  our  language  has  been  derived  from  various  sources,  and 
little  or  no  systematic  effi>rt  has  been  made  to  reduce  the  orthog- 
raphy to  any  regularity,  the  pronunciation  of  the  language  is 
subject  to  numerous  anomalies.  Each  of  our  vowels  has  several 
dilferent  sounds;  n?id  some  of  tlie  con.sonants  represent  very 
diiierent  articnla:.-;;!.-;  of  the  organs.  That  part  of  tlie  language 
which  we  liaveKreGeived  fcoin  the  1  Latin,. is  easily  subjected  to 

hedge,  plcd<re,  but  alUgc^  and  many  others.  What  then,  and  where,  is  the 
common  orlhop"aphy  ? 

In  our  language,  the  umpialified  rule  of  following  the  common  orthography 
can  not  have  place,  for  in  reaped  to  uiaiiy  words  tliere  is  no  such  thing.  It  is, 
therefore,  wrong  in  principle,  for  it  woidd  sanction  mistakes  and  tend  to  per- 
pi;luate  them  ;  it  would  preclude  ctirrecTness  and  regularity.  Such  a  rule  wouhl 
have  been  as  just  in  the  age  of  Cliaucer  as  it  is  now,  and  had  it  been  observed, 
wliiU  would  have  been  the  present  slate  of  English  orthography  ? 

JIany  of  the  anomalies  in  our  language  have  originated  in  carelessness,  or  in 
mistakr^s,  respecting  the  origin  of  worda.  Philology,  for  a  long  series  of  years, 
has  been  most  shamefully  neglected. 

In  this  condition  of  our  language,  I  hold  it  to  be  the  duty  of  a  lexicograplier 
to  ascertain,  as  far  as  it  is  practicable,  the  genuine  orthography  of  words,  and 
introduce  that  which  is  correct ;  particularly  wlien  the  true  orthograpiiy  serves 
to  illustrate  their  signiticarion.  When  this  is  known,  men  will  be  satisfied 
with  it,  and  fliictuationa  of  spelling  will  cease.  With  a  full  conviction  of  tlie 
value  of  truth  and  correctness  in  langtuige,  as  in  every  other  department  of 
literature,  I  liave  diligently  sought  fur  truth,  .and  matie  it  the  guide  of  my 
decisions.  I  can  not  consent  to  give  countenance  to  errors,  winch  obscure  the 
origin  or  pervert  the  signification  of  words,  and  he  an  instrument  of  corrupting 
the  purity  and  disfiguring  the  beauty  of  tJje  language.  A  duo  regard  to  the 
purity  of  the  language,  to  llie  convenience  of  h-arners,  whether  citizi-ns  or  for- 
eigners, and  to  the  usefulness  of  a  language  which  is  to  be  the  most  extensive 
on  the  globe,  and  the  chief  instrument  of  civili/.ing  and  christianizing  nations. 
Si-ems  to  demand,  and  surely  justifii-s,  tlic  labor  of  rorrecting  the  more  enormous 
anomalies  which  defunn  it.  One  would  suppose  that  these  considerations,  con- 
curring with  the  honor  of  our  nation,  would  induce  the  lovers  of  lituature  to 
make  some  concessions  of  private  opinions'  for  the  accomplishment  of  these 
desirable  objects.  .  .>        ^  .  .   ■      •:    i^     -  -i    (..i^r  ,1   j; 


INTRODUCTION. 


l.vi  1 1 


a  few  general  rules  of  pronunciation.  The  same  is  the  fact  with 
most  of  the  derivatives  from  the  Greek.  Many  words  of  French 
origin  retain  their  French  orthography,  which  leads  to  a  very 
erroneous  pronunciation  in  English  ;  and  a  large  portion  of  our 
monosyllabic  words  of  Saxon  origin  are  extremely  irregular  both 
in  orthography  and  pronunciation. 

If  we  can  judge,  with  tolerable  certainty,  from  the  versification 
of  ChRUcer,  the  pronunciation  of  words  must  have  been,  in  many 
respects,  different  in  his  age  from  that  of  the  present  day  ;  par- 
ticularly in  making  a  distinct  syllable  of  c  final,  and  of  the  termi- 
nation c(l.  But  no  effort  was  probably  ever  made  to  settle  the 
pronunciation  of  words  till  tlie  last  century.  In  England,  which 
was  settled  bv  various  nations,  there  are  numerous  dialects  or 
diversities  of  language  still  retained  by  the  great  mass  of  the 
population. 

The  first  settlers  of  New  England  were  almost  all  of  English 
origin,  and,  coming  from  different  ports  of  England,  they  brought 
with  them  some  diversities  of  language.  But  in  the  infancy  of 
the  settlements,  the  people  lived  in  towns  adjacent  or  near  to 
each  other,  for  mutual  aid  and  protection  from  the  natives ;  and 
the  male  inhabitants  of  the  first  generation  frequently  assembled 
for  the  purpose  of  worship  or  for  government.  By  the  influence 
of  these  and  other  causes,  particularly  by  that  of  common  schools, 
the  differences  of  language  among  our  citizens  have  been  gradu- 
ally lost;  so  that  in  this  part  of  the  United  States,  there  can 
hardly  be  said  to  exist  a  difference  of  dialect. 

It  is  to  be  remarked,  further,  that  the  fir.st  ministers  of  the  gos- 
pel, who  migrated  to  this  oountrv,  hnd  been  educated  at  the 
English  universities,  and  brought  with  them  all  the  learning 
usually  acquired  in  those  institutions,  and  the  English  language 
as  it  was  then  spoken.  The  influence  of  the.ie  men,  who  were 
o-reatlv  venerated,  probably  had  no  small  effect  in  extinguishing 
differences  of  speech. 

Hence  it  has  happened  that  the  traditional  pronunciation  of  the 
language  of  well-educated  people  has  been  nearly  the  same,  in 
both  countries,  to  this  day.  Among  the  common  people,  whose 
pronunciation  in  all  countries  is  more  or  less  corrupt,  the  diver- 
sities in  this  country  are  far  less  numerous  than  in  England. 

About  sixty  or  sevent)-  years  ago,  Thomas  Sheridan,  an  Irish 
gentleman,  who  had  been  the  pupil  of  an  intimate  friend  of  Dean 
Swifl,  attempted  to  reduce  the  pronunciation  of  English  words  to 
same  system,  and  to  introduce  it  into  popular  use.  His  analysis 
of  the  English  vowels  is  very  critical,  and  in  this  respect,  there 
has  been  little  improvement  by  later  writers,  though  I  think  none 
of  them  are  perfectly  correct.  But  in  the  application  of  his  prin- 
ciples, he  failed  of  his  object.  Either  he  was  not  well  acquainted 
with  the  best  English  pronunciation,  or  he  had  a  disposition  to 
introduce  into  use  some  peculiarities  which  the  English  did  not 
relish  The  principal  objection  made  to  his  scheme  is,  that  ho 
gives  to  5  the  sound  of  sfi,  in  svdoriftr,  swprrh^  and  other  words 
where  s  is  followed  by  u  long.  These  he  pronounces  slioodoT- 
ijic^  shoopcrb,  shoopcTJluUy.,  Aic.  This  pronunciation  of  5,  corre- 
sponding to  the  Shemitic  i",  he  probably  learnt  in  Ireland,  for  in 
the  Irish  branch  of  the  Celtic,  .<:  has  often  the  sound  of  s/i.  Thus 
scan,  old,  is  pronounced  sheuii.  This  pronunciation  was  no 
sooner  published,  than  condemned  and  rejected  by  the  English. 

Another  most  extraordinary  innovation  of  Sheridan  was,  his 
rejection  of  the  Italian  sound  of  a,  as  in  farther,  culm,  ask,  from 
every  word  in  the  language.  Thus  his  notation  gives  to  a  in  Var 
the  same  sound  as  in  barren,  barrel,  bat ;  to  a  in  father,  pass, 
vtass,  jjont,  the  same  sound  as  in  fat,  passion,  massacre,  pan, 
faacij.  Such  a  gross  deviation  from  established  English  usage 
was  of  course  condemned  and  rejected. 

In  his  pronunciation  of  ti  and  ci,  before  a  vowel,  as  in  par- 
tiality, omniscience,  Sheridan  is  more  correct  than  Walker,  as  he 
is  in  some  other  words;  such,  for  example,  as  bench,  tench,  book, 
took,  and  others  of  the  same  classes. 

Sheridan  also  contributed  very  much  to  propagate  the  change 
of  tu  into  chu,  or  tshii ;  as  in  natshur,  cnltshur,  rirtshue.  This 
innovation  was  vindicated  on  the  supposed  fact,  that  the  letter  u 
has  the  sound  of  j/h;  and  nntyur,  rultyur,  rirtyue,  in  a  rapid 
enunciation,  become  natshur,  &c.  And  to  this  day,  this  error 
respecting  the  sound  of  u  is  received  in  England  as  truth.  But 
the  fact  is  otherwise,  and  if  not,  it  does  not  justify  the  practice; 
for  in  usan-e,  u  is  short  in  nature,  culture;  so  that  on  the  princi- 
ples of  Sheridan  himself,  this  letter  can  have  no  effect  on  the 
preceding  arti:^ulation. 

This  innovation,  however,  has  prevailed  to  a  considerable 
extent,  althongh  Sheridan  subjected  the  change  of  («  to  no  rules. 
He  is  consistent  in  applying  this  change  equally  to  tu,  whether 


the  accent  follows  the  (  or  not.  If  t7i  is  to  be  changed  to  tsbu,  in 
future  and  pcrpetrwl,  it  ought  to  undergo  the  same  change  in 
futurity  and  perpetuity ;  and  Sheridan,  in  jironouncing  tutor, 
tutelage,  turmilt,  as  if  written  tshootor,  Islioolch^e,  tflioomvll,  is 
certainly  consistent,  though  wrong  in  fact.  In  other  words, 
however,  Sheridan  is  inconsistent  with  himself;  for  he  pro- 
nounces multitshood,  rcctitshood,  sercitshood,  while  habitude, 
licntitude,  certitude,  decrepitude,  gratitude,  &c.,  retain  the  proper 
sound  of  t. 

Walker's  rule  for  changing  tu  to  chu  only  when  the  accent 
precedes,  is  entirelj-  arbitrary,  and  evidently  made  by  liim  to  suit 
his  own  practice.  It  has,  however,  the  good  effect  of  reducing 
the  chus,  and  removing  the  outrageous  anomalies  of  tshootor, 
tshoomuJt,  &c. 

There  are  many  other  words  which  Sheridan  has  marked  for  a 
pronunciation,  which  is  not  according  to  good  usage,  and  which 
the  later  orthoepists  have  corrected.  In  general,  however,  it 
may  be  asserted  that  his  notation  docs  not  warrant  a  tentli  part 
as  many  deviations  from  the  present  respectable  usage  in  Eng- 
land, as  Walker's  ;  yet  as  his  Dictionary  was  republished  in  this 
country,  it  had  no  small  eff'ect  in  corrupting  the  pronunciation  of 
some  classes  of  words,  and  the  effects  of  its  influence  are  not  yet 
extinct.  What  the  precise  effect  of  Sheridan's  scheme  of  pro- 
nunciation was  in  England,  I  am  not  able  to  determine.  But  I 
have  had  information  from  the  late  venerable  Dr.  .Tohnson,  of 
Stratford,  and  from  the  late  Dr.  Hubbard,  of  New  Haven,  who 
were  in  England  between  the  year  17(i.5  and  the  revolution,  that 
about  that  period,  the  change  off  into  cbu  had  not  taken  place,  to 
anv  extent.  It  began  to  prevail  on  the  stage  and  among  the 
younger  barristers  and  members  of  parliament  before  Dr.  .Tohn- 
son left  England,  just  before  the  war  with  America  ;  and  Sheri- 
dan's Dictionary,  published  soon  after,  undoubtedly  contributed 
to  extend  the  innovation.  This  change  presents  a  new  obstacle 
to  the  acquisition  of  a  language,  whoso  anomalies  were  before 
frightfully  formidable  and  perplexing.  The  favorers  of  innova- 
tion seem  not  to  reflect  on  the  immense  convenience  of  a  correct 
notation  of  sounds  in  a  language,  by  its  proper  characters;  the 
utility  of  uniformity  and  permanence  in  that  notation  ;  and  the 
extensive  evil  of  destroying  or  impairing  the  use  of  alphabetical 
writing.  The  man  who  perverts  or  changes  the  established 
sound  of  a  single  letter,  especially  of  a  consonant,  does  an  injury 
to  that  language,  and  to  the  community  using  it,  which  fifty  men 
of  the  same  talents  can  never  repair. 

In  a  few  years  after  the  publication  of  Sheridan's  Dictionary, 
appeared  Walker's,  the  author  of  which  introduces  the  work  to 
the  public  with  the  following  remarks  on  the  labors  of  his  pred- 
ecessors. 

"  Among  those  writers  who  deserve  the  first  praise  on  this 
subject,  is  Mr.  Elphinstone,  wlio,  in  his  Principles  of  the  English 
Language,  has  reduced  the  chaos  to  a  system,  and  laid  the  foun- 
dation of  a  just  and  regular  pronunciation.  But  this  gentleman, 
by  treating  his  subject  with  an  affected  obscurity,  and  by  absurdly 
endeavoring  to  alter  the  whole  ortliograpliy  of  the  language,  has 
unfortunately  lost  his  credit  with  the  public,  for  the  part  of  his 
labors  which  entitles  him  to  the  highest  praise." 

"  After  him.  Dr.  Kenrick  contributed  a  portion  of  improvement, 
by  his  Rhetorical  Dictionary  ;  but  he  has  rendered  his  D.ctionary 
extremely  imperfect,  by  entirely  omitting  a  great  number  of 
words  of  doubtful  and  difficult  pronunciation  ;  those  very  words 
for  which  a  Dictionary  of  this  kind  would  naturally  be  con- 
sulted." Let  it  be  noted,  that  the  same  objection  lies  in  full  force 
against  Sheridan,  Walker,  and  Jones. 

"  To  him  succeeded  Mr.  Sheridan,  who  not  only  divided  the 
words  into  syllables,  and  placed  figures  over  the  vowels,  as  Dr. 
Kenrick  had  done,  but  by  spelling  these  syllables  as  they  arc  pro- 
nounced, seemed  to  complete  the  idea  of  a  Pronouncing  Diction- 
ary, and  to  leave  but  little  expectation  of  improvement.  It  must 
be  confessed  that  his  Dictionary  is  generally  superior  to  every 
thing  that  preceded  it,  and  his  method  of  conveying  the  sound  of 
words  by  spelling  them  as  they  are  pronounced,  is  highly  rational 
and  useful.  But  here  sincerity  obliges  me  to  stop.  The  numer- 
ous instances  I  have  given  of  impropriety,  inconsistency,  and 
want  of  acquaintance  with  the  analogies  of  the  language,  suf- 
ficiently show  how  imperfect  I  think  his  Dictionary  is,  upon  the 
whole,  and  what  ample  room  was  left  for  attempting  another, 
that  might  better  ansv.er  the  purpose  of  a  guide  to  pronun- 
ciation." 

"The  last  writer  on  this  subject  is  Mr.  Nares,  who,  in  hiB 
Elements  of  Orthoepy,  has  shown  a  clearness  of  method,  and  an 
extent  of  observation,  which   deserve   the    highest   encomiums 


1 


Ixii 


INTRODUCTION. 


But  lie  sociiis,  on  many  occasunis,'  to  lii've  mistaken  tlie  best 
usage,  and  to  liave  paiil  too  little  attention  to  the  first  principles 
of  pronunciation." 

Soon  after  the  publication  of  Walker's  Dictionary,  appeared 
the  Dictionary  of  Stephen  Jones,  who  underLikes  to  correct  the 
errors  of  Sheridan  and  Walker.  This  author  objects  to  Sheridan, 
that  he  has  not  introduced  the  Italian  sound  of «,  [as  in  father,] 
in  a  single  instance,  and  that  Walker  has  been  too  sparing  in  the 
use  of  it.  He  objects  that  Slif  ridan  has  not,  by  any  peculiar 
marks,  pointed  out  the  sound  of  ol  or  oy,  as  in  nuisc  :uid  cloy ; 
and  that  Walker  has  given  distinct  marks  of  pronunciation  to  tiie 
diphthong  o«,  which  are  tonilic  to  the  learner,  and  not  well  calcu- 
lated to  express  the  e.xact  sound.  Ho  considers  it  as  no  trivial 
error  in  Walker's  system,  that  he  uses  the  long  c  in  place  of  the 
short  y,  which  gives  to  asperity,  for  example,  the  ludicrous  sound 
of  aspcrectee.  He  notices  also,  as  a  fault  in  Walker's  scheme, 
that  he  makes  no  difference  in  the  sound  of  oo  in  tool,  tooth,  and 
in  loo/,',  took. 

In  all  these  particulars,  except  that  of  oi  and  oy,  I  think  every 
man  who  understands  genuine  English,  will  accord  witli  Jones. 
From  careful  observation,  while  in  England,  I  know  tliat  Jones's 
notation  is  far  more  correct  than  that  of  Sheridan  or  Walker ; 
and,  except  in  two  or  three  classes  of  words,  his  pronunciation  is 
exactl}'  that  which  I  uniformly  heard  in  England,  and  nearly  the 
same  as  tiiat  ot  well-educated  gentlen.en  in  New  England. 

A  few  years  after  the  appearance  of  Jones's  Dictionary,  Wil- 
liam Perry  published  a  Pronouncing  Dictionary,  in  v.'hich  an 
attempt  is  made  to  indicate  the  sounds  of  the  letters  by  certain 
arbitrary  marks.  In  this  w'ork,  the  author  has  rejected  most  of 
the  peculiarities  of  Sheridan,  Walker,  and  Jones,  and  given  the 
language  nearly  as  it  w^as  spoken,  before  those  authors  undertook 
to  regulate  the  pronunciation.  This  author's  manner  of  desig- 
nating the  sounds  of  the  letters  is  too  complex  for  convenience, 
but  his  pronunciation  is  nearer  to  the  actual  usage  in  England, 
than  that  of  either  of  his  predecessors  before  mentioned.  His 
orthography  also  is  more  correct,  according  to  present  usage, 
than  that  of  his  predecessors. 

During  the  year  1828,  appeared  the  Dictionary  of  R.  S.  Jame- 
son, of  Lincoln's  Inn,  intended  to  combine  the  merits  of  the  most 
popular  Dictionaries,  and  to  correct  the  false  pronunciation  of 
Walker,  whose  notation  in  some  classes  of  words  he  entirely 
rejects.  He  condemns,  as  a  slovenly  enunciation,  the  sound 
given  to  </,  which,  before  i  and  u,  Walker  directs,  in  certain 
words,  to  be  pronounced  like  j.  He  rejects  also  his  notation  of 
fA,  or  Ish,  in  congratulation,  jlutuUnt,  natural,  and  all  similar 
words.  He  rejects  also  the  affected  pronunciation  of  Sheridan  and 
Walker,  in  such  words  as  guide  and  kind.  jVIost  of  the  other  er- 
rors of  Walker  he  copies,  as  he  does  his  antiquated  orthography. 

The  English  orthoepists  have  analyzed,  and  in  general  have 
well  defined  or  described,  the  sounds  and  appropriate  uses  of  the 
letters  of  the  alphabet.  Sheridan's  analysis,  which  appeared  a 
few  years  before  Walker's,  is,  for  the  most  part,  correct;  but,  in 
describing  the  sounds  of  what  may  be  called  the  diphthongal 
vowel  ;,  I  think  he  has  erred,  in  making  it  to  consist  of  fhe 
broad  a  or  aw  and  e.  He  admits,  indeed,  that  the  voice  does  not 
rest  on  the  sound  «w,  but  he  contends  that  the  mouth  is  opened 
to  the  same  degree  of  aperture,  and  is  in  the  same  position,  as  if 
it  were  going  to  sound  aw;  but  before  the  voice  can  get  a  passa.Te 
to  the  lips,  the  under  jaw  is  drawn  up  to  the  position  for  sounding 
e.  On  this  it  is  justly  remarked  by  Walker,  that  aw  and  c  are 
precisely  the  component  elements  of  the  diphthong  oi  and  oy. 
If  the  uw  is  pronounced,  I  would  add,  then  i  and°«i/  must  be 
pronounced  exactly  alike  ;  and  '\f  aw  is  not  pronounced',  then  it  is 
not  a  component  pirt  of  (he  diphthongal  vowel  i. 

Walker  contends  that  this  diphtliong  i  is  composed  of  llie 
sound  of  the  Italian  a,  as  in  father,  and  the  sound  of  c.  If  so,  he 
must  have  gi'-°n  to  a  a  very  different  sound  from  that  which  we 
are  accustomed  to  give  it.  But  this  is  a  mistake  ;  that  sound  of 
a  is  no  more  heard  in  i,  tlian  the  sound  of  aw.  The  sound  of  i  in 
fight,  mind,  lime,  idle,  is  not  faicrght,  matccnd,  tawcm,  awallc  ; 
nor  is  \{.  fught,  matnd,  ttlcm,  ar.dle.  I,et  any  man  utter  the  aw 
or  the  Italian  a  before  the  c,  and  he  will  instantly  perceive  the 
error,  and  reject  both  definitions,  as  leading  to  a  false  pronuncia- 
tion. The  truth  is,  the  mouth,  in  uttering  i,  is  not  opened  so 
wide  as  in  uttering  aw  or  a;  the  initial  sound  is  not  that  of  aw  or 
a ;  nor  is  it  possible,  by  any  characters  we  possess,  to  express 
the  true  sound  on  paper.  The  initial  sound  is  not  formed  so 
deep   in    the  throat   as  aw  or   a;  the  position  of  the  organs  is 


*  /n  many  instances,  I  suppose  tile  wnter  means. 


nearl3',yet  not  exactly  the  same.     The  true  sound  can  be  learned 
only  by  the  ear. 

Equally  inaccurate  is  the  definition  of  the  first  sound  of  w,  or 
long  u,  W'liich  these  waiters  allege  to  consist  of  the  sounds  of 
c  and  00,  or  you.  It  has  this  sound,  indeed,  in  certain  words,  as  in 
unite,  union,  and  others;  but  this  is  a  departure  from  the  proper 
sound  of  this  character,  as  heard  in  cube,  abuse,  durable,  human, 
jury.  These  words  are  not  pronounced  kcooh,  alicon.ie,  deoorable, 
heauman,  jeoory.  The  efl'ort  to  introduce  this  afi'ected  pronuncia- 
tion is  of  most  mischievous  tendency.  The  sound  of  c  is  not 
heard  in  the  proper  enunciation  of  the  English  u,  and  for  that 
reason  it  should  not  be  so  stated  on  paper,  nor  named  yu  ;  as  the 
error  naturally  leads  to  a  corrupt  pronunciation.  Dr.  Kenrick 
remarks,  that  we  might  as  well  prefix  ij  to  the  other  vowels,  as 
to  u,  and  pronounce  them  ya,  ye,  yi,  yo. 

But  this  is  not  the  whole  evil ;  this  analysis  of  v,  has  led  orthoe- 
pists to  give  to  our  first  or  long  u  two  distinct  sounds,  or  rather 
to  make  a  diphthong  and  a  vowel  of  this  single  letter.  Thus 
they  make  it  a  diphthong  in  almost  all  situations,  except  after  r, 
where  they  make  it  a  vowel  equivalent  to  oo,  or  tlie  French  ou. 
They  represent  u  as  being  equivalent  to  eic,  that  i.s,  e  and  oo,  in 
cube,  tube,  duly,  confusion,  endure,  pronounced  ketobe,  tcwbe, 
■dewty,  cunfcwsion,  endewrc;  but  in  brute,  fruit,  rude,  intrude, 
ruby,  they  make  u  equivalent  to  oo ;  thus,  broote,  froot,  roodc, 
introodc,  rooby. 

I  know  not  where  tliis  affectation  originated  ;  it  first  appeared 
in  Sheridan's  Dictionary,  but  it  is  a  most  unfounded  distinction, 
and  a  most  mischievous  error.  No  such  distinction  was  known 
to  Dr.  Johnson  ;  he  gives  the  long  u  but  one  sound,  as  in  con- 
fusion j  and  n©  such  distinction  is  observed  among  good  speakers 
generally,  either  in  this  country  or  in  England.  I  was  particu- 
larly attentive  to  the  public  speakers  in  England,  in  regard  to 
this  point,  and  was  happy  to  find  that  very  few  of  them  made  the 
distinction  here  mentioned.  In  that  country,  as  in  this,  the  long 
u  has  a  uniform  sound  after  all  the  consonants. 

The  source  of  the  error  in  this,  as  in  another  case  to  be  men- 
tioned hereafter,  may  be  an  inattention  to  the  manner  in  which 
the  articulations  affect  the  vowels  which  follow  them.  To 
understand  this,  it  will  be  necessary  or  useful  to  examine  the 
anatomical  formation  of  articulate  sounds. 

"An  articulate  sound,"  says  Lowtli,  "is  the  sound  of  the 
human  -voice,  fanned  by  the  organs  of  speech,  A  vowel  is  a 
simple  articulate  sound." 

These  definitions  seem  not  to  be  sufficiently  accurate.  Articu- 
lation, in  human  speech,  is  the  jointing,  juncture,  or  closing  of 
the  organs,  which  precedes  and  follows  the  vowels  or  open 
sounds,  and  which  partially  or  totally  intercepts  the  voice.  A 
vowel  or  vocal  sound  is  formed  simply  by  opening  the  mouth. 
Thus,  in  sounding  a  or  o,  the  mouth  is  opened  in  a  particular 
manner,  but  without  any  articulation  or  closing  of  the  organs. 
In  strictness,  therefore,  a  simple  vov.el  is  Jiot  an  articulate  sound, 
as  Lowth  supposes;  and  it  is  certain  that  many  irrational  ani- 
mals, without  the  power  of  articulation,  do  utter  vowel  sounds 
with  great  distinctness. 

An  articulate  sound,  then,  is,  properly,  a  sound  preceded  or 
followed,  or  both,  by  an  articulation  or  junction  of  the  organs. 
Thus  ba,  ab,  and  bad,  are  articulate  sounds;  the  vowel  being 
begun  or  closed,  with  a  juncfion  of  the  lips,  interrupting  the 
voice,  in  ba  and  ab ;  and  in  bad,  the  vocal  sound  being  preceded 
by  one  articulation  and  followed  by  another.  The  power  of 
articulation  constitutes  the  great  difference  between  men  and 
brutes ;  the  latter,  being  unable  to  articulate,  can  utter  only 
vocal  sounds.  The  imperfect  articulations  of  the  parrot  and 
some  other  animals,  form  no  exception  that  deserves  notice. 

I  give  the  name  articulation  to  the  act  of  joining  the  organs, 
and  to  the  character  or  letter  which  represents  the  junction.  In 
the  latter  sense,  the  word  is  equivalent  to  consonant  ;  and  articu- 
lation may  be  considered  the  preferable  term,  as  it  expresses  the 
fact  of  closing  the  organs. 

Human  speech,  then,  consists  of  vocal  sounds  separated  and 
modified  b}'  articulations  of  the  organs.  We  ojien  the  mouth  in 
a  particular  manner,  to  utter  a  vowel ;  we  then  close  the  organs, 
interrupt  that  sound,  and  open  the  organs  to  utter  a  second 
vowel ;  and  continue  this  opening  and  closing,  to  the  end  of  the 
W'ord.     This  process  is  carried  on  with  surprising  rapidity. 

Now,  in  passing  from  an  articulation,  or  close  position,  to  an 
open  position  for  uttering  a  vowel,  it  happens  often  that  a  very 
slight  sound  of  e  is  uttered  so  as  to  be  perceptible  to  the  ear, 
either  before  or  after  the  utterance  of  the  proper  vowel.  This  is 
remarkably  the  case  with  the  long  vowels  preceding  r ;  for  such 


INTRODUCTION. 


Ixiii 


IS  the  nature  of  that  letter,  that  hare,  mire,  morr.,  parent,  appa- 
rail,  &c.,  can  not  well  be  pronounced  without  a  slight  sound  of 
c  between  the  lons^  vowel  and  the  consonant.  Thus  the  words 
abuve  named  are  pronounced  nearly  bdcr,  viier,  moer,  paerent, 
nppaerent;  and  bare,  mire,  approach  toward  two  syllables  drawn 
very  closely  together. 

A  like  case,  though  less  obvious,  occurs  in  uttering  u,  particu- 
lariv  at\er  the  labial  and  palatal  articulations.  In  passing  from 
the  articulations  eb,  eg,  cm,  ep,  or  pe,  to  the  sound  of  k,  as  in 
aijtte  and  pure,  we  are  apt,  insensibly,  to  utter  a  slight  sound  of 
e ;  and  this  utterance,  which  proceeds  from  the  particular  situa- 
tion of  the  organs,  has  been  mistaken  for  the  first  component 
sound  of  the  long  or  open  u.  The  same  cause  has  given  rise  to 
the  pronunciation  of  e  before  the  vowel  in  sucli  words  as  guide, 
guard,  kind,  guise.  This  is  precisely  similar  to  the  vulgar  pro- 
nunciation of  cmc,  g(»cn,  county,  t0W7i,  &c.,  that  is,  keoto,  geotcn, 
kcoiinty,  tcoicn  —  a  pronunciatiuu  formerly  common  in  New  Eng- 
land, and  not  yet  wholly  extinct.  This  vicious  pronunciation,  in 
all  words  of  this  kind,  whether  countenanced  by  men  of  low  life 
or  of  fashionable  life,  ought  to  be  carefully  avoided ;  as  the  slen- 
der sound  of  e,  in  such  cases,  gives  a  feebleness  to  the  words 
utterly  inconsistent  with  that  full,  open,  and  manly  enunciation 
which  is  essential  to  eloquence. 

The  genuine  sound  of  u  long,  detached  from  the  influence  of 
consonants,  is  the  same  in  all  the  words  above  specified  ;  and  the 
reason  why  it  has  been  made  a  distinct  vowel  after  r,  as  in  rude, 
[rood,]  is,  that  the  organs  are  open  bePsre  tlie  sound  commences; 
whereas,  when  it  follows  most  of  our  consonants,  the  sound  is 
commenced  immediately  after  an  articulation,  or  close  posit  on  of 
the  organs,  as  in  vuitahle  and  infusion.  For  this  reason,  u  has 
more  distinctly  its  long  or  open  sound  after  labials  and  palatals, 
than  after  r;  but  this  accidental  circumstance  should  not  be  the 
ground  of  radical  distinctions,  equivalent  to  the  sounds  of  differ- 
ent letters. 

There  is,  in  AValker's  analysis  of  the  alphabet,  an  error  pecu- 
liar to  himself.  This  is,  in  making  a  distinction  between  the 
short  i  when  it  is  followed  by  a  consonant,  and  when  it  is  not ; 
as  in  ability.  In  this  case,  he  calls  the  first  i,  in  ahil,  short ;  but 
the  second  he  calls  open,  and  equivalent  to  e  in  equal.  (See 
Principles  107,  -544.)  He  also  makes  the  unaccented  y,  at  the 
end  of  a  syllable,  precisely  like  the  first  sound  of  c  in  me,  ineter. 
Mility,  then,  written  according  to  his  principles,  would  be 
ab'.leetee.  Never  was  a  grosser  mistake.  The  sound  of  i  and  y 
in  unaccented  syllables,  whether  followed  by  an  articulation  or 
not,  is  always  the  short  sound  of  e  long,  that  is,  c  shortened ;  the 
same  sound  in  quality  or  kind,  but  not  in  quantity.  To  prove 
this  fact,  nothing  is  necessary  but  an  attention  to  the  manner  in 
which  the  words  little  and  tiny  are  pronounced,  when  they  are 
made  emphatical  by  utterance.  They  are  tlien  pronounced  leetle, 
teeny;  and  this  we  hear  every  day,  not  only  among  children, 
but  often  among  adults.  In  this  change  of  pronunciation,  there 
is  nothing  more  than  a  prolongation  of  the  sound  of  i,  which,  in 
the  syllables  lit,  tin,  i^  sixort,  in  leetlr,  teeny,  is  long. 

In  consequence  of  this  mistake.  Walker  has  uniformly  made  a 
different  notation  of  i  when  accented,  and  followed  by  a  con- 
sonant in  the  same  syllable,  and  when  it  stands  alone  in  the 
syllable  and  unaccented.  Thus  to  the  first  i  in  nbililif  he  assigns 
a  different  sound  from  that  of  the  second  ;  and  in  article,  he  gives 
to  i  the  sound  of  e  long,  arteccle;  but  in  articular,  articulate,  he 
gives  it  the  sliort  sound,  tik.  It  is  in  consequence  of  this  mis- 
take, that  he  has  throughout  his  Dictionary  assigned  to  ;'  and  y 
unaccented,  nnd  to  y  unaccented  terminating  words,  the  sound  of 
c  long ;  an  error,  which,  it  is  ascertained  by  actual  enumeration, 
extends  to  more  than  eleven  thousand  vowels  or  syllables ;  an 
error,  v/hich,  if  carried  to  the  full  extent  of  his  principles,  would 
subvert  all  the  rules  of  English  versification.  Jones  and  Perry 
have  corrected  this  error  in  their  notations,  throughout  the 
Irnguage. 

If  it  should  be  said  that  Walker  did  not  intend  to  direct  y,  in 
this  case,  to  be  pronounced  as  e  long,  but  that  his  notation  is  in- 
tended only  to  mark  the  ijunlity  of  the  sound,  it  may  be  replied, 
he  either  intended  the  sound  to  be  tliatof  «  long,  according  to  his 
express  direction,  or  he  did  not.  If  he  did,  his  notation  is  not 
according  to  any  good  practice,  either  in  England  or  the  United 

*  Prom  the  fact,  which  Walker  relates  of  hunscif,  (Prin.  24%)  that  he  made 
a  diMinction  between  the  sound  of  ee  in  JUe  and  in  meet,  until  he  had  consulted 
good  speakers,  and  partiriil:trly  .Mr.  Garrick,  who  could  tind  no  difference  in  the 
8ound,  it  inij^lit  be  inferred  ihal  i)is  car  wxi  not  very  ;iccurate.  iJut  his  mistake 
evidently  arose  from  not  attending  to  the  effect  of  the  aiticulation  in  the  latter 
word,  which  stops  the  sound  suddenly,  but  does  not  vary  it.    It  is  the  same 


States:  and  by  changing  a  short  vowel  into  a  long  one,  his  nota- 
tion would  subvert  the  rules  of  metrical  composition.  If  he  did 
not,  his  notation  is  adapted  to  mislead  the  learner,  and  it  docs 
mislead  learners,  wherever  his  book  is  strictly  followed.  In 
truth,  this  notation  is  generally  condemned  in  England,  and 
universally  rejected  in  practice.* 

In  the  notation  of  sounds,  there  is  a  mistake  and  inconsistency 
in  most  orthoepists,  which  deserves  notice,  not  on  account  of 
its  practical  importance  so  much,  as  to  expose  an  error  In  syllab- 
ication or  the  division  of  words  into  syllables,  which  has  been 
maintained  by  all  writers  in  Great  Britain,  from  time  immemorial. 
The  rule  is,  that  "  a  single  consonant  between  two  vov.-els,  must 
be  joined  to  the  latter  syllable."  According  to  this  rule,  habit, 
baron,  tenet,  are  to  be  divided  thus,  ha-lit,  ba-ron,  te-net. 

This  rule  is  wholly  arbitrary,  and  has  for  ages  retarded  and 
rendered  difEcult  the  acquisition  of  the  language  by  children. 
How  is  it  possible  that  men  of  discernment  should  support  a  rule, 
that  in  thousands  of  words  makes  it  necessary  to  break  a  syllable, 
dt  {.aching  one  of  the  letters  essential  to  it,  and  giving  it  a  place 
in  the  next.'  In  the  words  above  mentioned,  hub,  bar,  ten,  are 
distinct  syllables,  which  can  not  be  divided  without  violence. 
In  many  words,  as  in  these,  this  syllable  is  the  radix  of  the 
word ;  the  other  syllable  being  formative  or  adventitious.  But 
where  this  is  not  the  case,  convenience  requires  that  syllables 
should,  if  possible,  be  kept  entire ;  and  in  all  cases,  the  division 
of  syllables  should,  as  far  as  possible,  be  such  as  to  lead  the 
learner  to  a  just  pronunciation. 

As  in  our  language  the  long  and  short  vowels  are  not  dis- 
tinguished by  differences  of  chfracter,  when  we  see  a  single 
consonant  between  vowels,  we  tan  not  determine,  from  the  pre- 
ceding vowel  character,  whether  the  sound  is  long  or  short.  A 
stranger  to  the  language  knows  not  whether  to  pronounce  habit, 
ha-bit  or  hab-it,  till  he  is  instructed  in  the  customary  pronuncia- 
tion. It  was  probably  to  avoid  this  inconvenience,  that  our 
ancestors  wrote  two  consonants  instead  of  one  in  a  great  number 
of  words,  as  in  banner,  dinner.  In  this  respect,  however,  there 
is  no  uniformity  in  English ;  as  we  have  generally  retained  the 
orthography  of  the  languages  from  which  we  have  received  the 
words,  as  in  tutor,  rigor,  silent,  and  the  like. 

Now,  it  should  be  observed  that  although  we  often  see  the 
consonant  doubled,  as  in  banner,  yet  no  more  than  one  articula- 
tion, in  these  cases,  is  ever  used  in  speaking.  We  close  the 
organs  but  once  between  the  first  and  second  syllable,  nor  is  it 
possible  to  use  both  the  letters  n,  without  pronouncing  ban,  then 
intermitting  the  voice  entirely,  opening  the  organs  and  closing 
them  a  second  time.  Hence,  in  all  eases,  when  the  same  conso- 
nant is  written  twice  between  vowels,  as  in  banner,  dinner,  bet- 
ter, one  of  them  only  is  represented  by  an  articulation  of  the 
organs ;  the  other  is  useless,  except  that  it  prevents  any  mistake 
as  to  the  sound  of  the  preceding  vowel. 

In  the  notation  of  most  ortiioepists,  there  is  inconsistency,  at 
least,  if  not  error.  If  they  intend  to  express  the  true  pronuncia- 
tion by  using  the  precise  letters  necessary  for  the  purpose,  they 
all  err.  For  instance,  they  write  bar'run  for  bar'on,  when  one 
articulation  only  is,  or  possibly  can  be,  used  ;  so  also  ballance, 
biggot,  biggamy,  mellon,  mcttaphor,  mellody.  This  is  not  only  use- 
less, for  the  use  of  the  accent  after  the  consonant,  as  bar'on,  bal'- 
ance,  big'ot,  mel'on,  &c.,  completely  answers  the  purpose  of 
determining  the  pronunciation,  but  it  is  contradictory-  to  their 
own  practice  in  a  vast  number  of  cases.  Thus  they  write  one 
consonant  only  m  civil,  civic,  rivet;  and  Walker  writes  kutlonade, 
doubling  /,  but  kolony,  kolonise,  with  a  smgle  I.  This  want  cf 
system  is  observable  in  all  the  books  which  are  offered  to  the 
public  as  standards  of  orthoepy. 

A  still  greater  fault,  because  it  may  lead  to  InnumeraMe  prac- 
tical errors,  consists  in  the  notation  of  unaccented  syllables.  In 
this  particular,  there  Is  error  and  discrepancy  in  the  schemes  of 
the  orthoepists,  which  shows  the  utter  impossibility  of  carrying 
them  into  effect.  The  final  y  unaccented  Walker  makes  to  be 
e  long,  as  I  have  before  observed;  while  Sheridan,  Jones,  and 
Perry,  make  it  equivalent  to  short  i,  or,  at  least,  give  it  a  short 
sound,  according  to  universal  practice.  Walker  pronounces  the 
last  vowel  in  natural  and  national,  as  a  short;  Siieridaji,'as  c 
short,  naturel ;  Jones,  as  u  short,  naturul.     Sheridan's  notation 

mistake  which  he  made  in  the  sound  oft  in  the  second  .syllable  of  abUity,  which 
he  calls  short,  while  the  sound  of  the  second  t  and  of  i/  is  that  of  long  e.  The 
celebrity  of  \\  alker  as  a  teacher  of  elocutron,  and  his  Key  to  the  Pronunciation 
of  .Ancient  Names,  wliich,  with  a  few  exceptions,  is  a  pood  standard  work, 
have  led  many  persons  to  put  more  contidence  in  his  English  Orthoepy,  than  a 
close  cx.aniination  of  its  principles  wiij  support. 


Ixiv 


INTRODUCTION. 


may  be  a  mistake,  for  he  gives  to  nl  in  natiomtl,  tlic  sound  of  ul. 
In  tlie  adjective  ddilnriiU,  Walker  and  Jones  give  a.  in  the  last 
syllable  its  proper  loni;  sound  ;  and  Sheridan,  the  sound  of  c 
short,  (Idihcrit.  Dlyiiilanj  is  pronounced  hy  Slioridan  diindtcri/, 
and  Walker  and  Jones  give  to  a  its  short  sound,  as  in  at.  The 
terminating  syllable  ness  is  pronounced  by  "Walker  and  Jones 
lies,  hy  Sheridan  tii:f ;  as,  blcssedncs,  blcyscdnh.  The  same  diiler- 
cnce  exists  in  their  notation  of  Irss ;  Sheridan  pronouncing  it 
/is,  as  in  blatnclis,  and  Walker  and  Jones  giving  c  its  proper 
sound.  These  differences,  and  many  others,  run  through  their 
works,  and  appear  in  a  large  portion  of  all  the  words  in  the 
language. 

Now,  it  is  probable  that  all  those  gentlemen  pronounced  these 
words  alike,  or  so  nearly  alike,  that  no  diflerencc  would  be  noticed 
by  a  bystander.  The  mischief  of  these  notations  is,  that  attempts 
are  made  to  express  minute  distinctions  or  shades  of  sounds,  so 
to  speak,  which  can  not  be  represented  to  the  eye  by  characters. 
A  gn'at  part  of  the  notations  must,  necessarily,  be  inaccurate, 
and  for  this  reason,  the  notation  of  the  vowels  in  unaccented 
syllables  should  not  be  attempted.  From  a  careful  attention  to 
this  subject,  I  am  persuaded  that  all  such  notations  are  useless, 
and  many  of  them  mischievous,  as  they  lead  to  a  wrong  pronun- 
ciation. In  no  case  can  the  true  pronunciation  of  words  in  a 
l.-mguage  be  accurately  and  completely  expressed  on  paper  ;  it 
can  be  caught  only  by  the  ear,  and  by  practice.  No  attempt  has 
ever  been  made  to  mark  the  pronunciation  of  all  the  sounds, 
in  any  other  language  ;  and  in  our  language  it  is  worse  than 
useless. 

As  Walker's  pronunciation  tas  been  represented  to  the  people 
of  this  country  as  ihc  slandai  i,  I  shall  confine  ray  remarks 
chiefly  to  his  work,  with  a  view  to  ascertain  its  merits,  and 
correct  any  erroneous  impressions  which  have  been  received 
from  such   representations. 

1.  The  first  class  of  words  which  I  shall  mention,  is  that  in 
which  II  has  what  is  called  its  Italian  sound,  as  we  pronounce  it 
in  fd.'liir,  psalvi,  culm.  From  a  hasty  enumeration  of  words  of 
this  class,  I  find  there  are  two  or  three  hundred  in  number,  in 
which  Walker  gives  to  a  its  simrt  sound,  as  in  fat,  bat,  fancy, 
wheji,  in  fact,  the  most  respectable  usage  in  England,  as  well  as 
in  the  United  States,  gives  that  letter  its  Italian  sound.  This 
error  Jones  and  Perry  have  corrected.  To  be  correct  in  this 
class  of  words,  we  have  only  to  retain  the  customary  pronuncia- 
tion of  the  Northern  States. 

2.  The  notation  of  the  sound  of  oo  by  Walker  is  wrong  in 
most  or  all  the  words  in  which  no  are  followed  by  k,  and  in  some 
others.  Notwithstanding  the  distinction  between  the  long  and 
short  sound  of  oo  is  clear,  and  well  established  in  a  great  number 
of  words,  yet  be  assigns  the  short  sound  to  eight  words  only,  viz. 
7foo/,  wood,  good,  hood^  foot,  stood,  understood,  and  withstood. 
(Prin.  307.)  It  seems  inconceivable  that  a  man,  bred  or  resident 
in  London,  should  assign  to  oo  in  hook,  cook,  look,  and  other  like 
words,  the  same  sound  as  in  cool,  boom,  boot,  food.  Jones  and 
Perry  have  corrected  this  notation,  and  given  the  pronunciation 
according  to  good  usage,  and  just  according  to  our  customary 
pronunciation.  While  in  England,  I  did  not  hear  a  single  word 
of  this  class  pronounced  according  to  Walker's  notation." 

3.  To  the  letters  ch  in  bench,  bvnch,  clinch,  drench,  inch,  tench, 
wrench,  and  many  other  words.  Walker  gives  the  Fr.'nch  sound, 
that  is,  the  sound  of  sh,  instead  of  cA  ;  as,  hcnsh,  insh,  &c.  It 
would  seem  by  this  and  other  examples  of  wrong  notation,  that 
the  anther  had  been  accustomed  to  some  local  peculiarities,  either 
in  London,  where  all  kinds  of  dialects  are  heard,  or  in  some  other 
jdace.  In  this  instance,  he  gives  to  these  words  a  pronunciation 
diil'erent  from  that  of  other  orthoepists,  and  one  which  I  have 
never  heard,  either  in  England  or  in  this  country.  His  notation 
is  palpably  wrong,  as  our  customary  pronunciation  is  universally 
correct. 

4.  It  has  been  already  remarked,  that  Walker's  notation  of  the 
sound  of  i  and  y  short,  in  unaccented  syllables,  which  he  directs 
to  be  pronounced  like  e  long,  in  me,  mete,  is  contrary  to  all  good 
usage,  and  is  rejected  by  every  other  orthoepist,  except  Jame'son. 
Walker  admits  i  to  be  short,'  when  followed  by  a  consonant  in 
the  same  syllable.  Thus  the  first  i  in  ability  is  short,  but  the 
second  i  and  the  y  are  long  c,  abilectec.  Now,  observe  the  con- 
sequence. In  the  plural,  abilities,  according  to  his  rule,  must  bo 
pronounced  abilcetrez ;  but  the  word  is  never  thus  pronounced  ; 
universally  it  is  pronounced  abilitiz  ;  the  last  vowel  sound  is,  in 
practice,  immediately  followed  by  a  consonant,  and  by  his  own 
rule,  must  be  short.  Then  the  result  is,  y  in  ability  is  long  e,  but 
ie  iu  the  plural,  is  short  i.     And  for  this  change  of  sound,  no 


that 


provision  is  made  in   Walker's    scheme,  nor  in   anj'  otln 
I  have  ever  seen. 

5.  In  the  analysis  of  the  sounds  of  our  letters.  Walker  alleges 
the  diphthong  ou,  ow,  to  consist  of  the  broad  a  or  aw,  and  the 
Italian  sound  of  u.  According  to  his  scheme,  about,  abound, 
round,  now,  vow,  are  to  be  pronounced  ubavut,  abajnmd,  rawund, 
nawu,  ■Bawu.  But  who  ever  heard  this  pronunciation  ?  The  fact 
is  not  so;  the  broad  sound  of  n  is  not  the  initial  sound  of  this 
diphthong;  it  is  not  commenced  as  deep  in  the  throat,  or  with 
the  same  aperture,  as  aw ;  it  is  a  sound  that  can  be  learned  only 
by  the  ear.  The  pronunciation  of  this  diphthong  is  uniform  in 
both  countries. 

6.  In  noting  the  sound 'df  the  unac'Ceiit^d  voxels,  and  those 
which  have  the  secondary  accent,  there  are  mistakes  without 
number,  in  all  the  schemes  which  I  have  seen,  nn<l  one  continued 
series  of  difl'erences  between  the  ortlioe])ists.  The  following 
is  a  specimen. 

Walker. 
Deliveranse, 
Dignetare, 
Ansur, 
Assembladje, 
Averaje, 
Barren, 
Penal, 
Pennanse, 
Pennetenshiil, 
Pennetenshare, 
Persunidje, 
Proksemat, 
Proflegat, 
Penuetrant, 
Akkuzatore, 
Akkremone, 
Allemunne, 
Seremone, 


Jones. 
Deliveranse. 
Uignytary. 
Ansur. 

Assembladzhe. 
Averedzh. 
Barren. 
Penul. 
Pennunse. 
Pennytenshul. 
Pennytenshary. 
Persunedje. 
Proksymet. 
Prollyget. 
Penuetrant. 
Akkuz^tury. 
Akkrymuuny. 
Allymunny. 
Serymouy. 


Sheridan. 
Deliverense, 
Dignytery, 
Anser, 

Assembledzh, 
Averaje, 
Br  rrin, 
Pmal, 
Pennens, 
Pennytenshel, 
Pennytenshorry, 
Persunidzh, 
Proksymet, 
Protlyget, 
Penuelrent, 
Akkuzaturry, 
Akkrymunny, 
Allymunny, 
Sereniunny, 

1  take  no  notice  of  the  different  letters  by  which  these  writers 
express  the  same  sonnd,  one  using  e  where  another  uses  y,  but  of 
the  different  sounds  which  they  give  to  the  vowels  in  the  second, 
third,  or  last  syllable.  Now,  I  appeal  to  any  person  who  has  a 
tolerably  correct  ear,  whether  it  is  the  sound  of  a  that  is  uttered 
by  good  speakers,  or  any  speakers,  in  dclircrance  and  dignitary. 
Is  it  the  sound  of  a  that  we  hear  in  the  last  syllable  of  penance, 
penetrant,  and  assemblage"  Do  wo  hear,  in  the  last  syllable  of 
profligate,  the  short  a,  as  in /«(.''  So  far  from  it,  that  a  public 
speaker,  who  should  utter  the  sound  of  a  so  that  it  should  be 
distinctly  recognized  in  any  polite  audience,  would  expose  him- 
self to  ridicule.  The  sound  of  the  last  vowel  approaches  to  that 
of  c  or  u,  and  the  notation  of  Sheridan  is  nearest  the  truth.  But 
any  notation  is  worse  than  useless  ;  for  without  it,  there  would 
be  no  difference  in  customary  pronunciation. 

To  show  the  utter  impracticability  of  expressing  the  unac- 
cented vowels,  in  all  cases,  with  precision,  let  the  reader  observe 
Walker's  notation  of  a  in  the  word  moderate,  and  its  derivatives. 
In  the  adjective  and  verb,  the  n,  is  long,  as  in  fate ;  in  motlerately 
and  viodcratcness  it  is  short,  as  in  fat.  This  is  certainly  incorrect 
notation ;  no  good  speaker  e\'er  pronounces  these  words  mod- 
eratly,  moderatness.  Iu  addition  to  this,  the  n  in  the  verb  to 
moderate,  is  more  distinrfly  pronounced  than  it  is  in  the  adjective, 
in  which  it  has  rather  the  sound  of  e  short,  modcrrt :  at  least  the 
sound  is  more  nearly  that  off  than  of  a.  And  this  distinction  of 
sound,  between  letters  in  the  same  word,  when  an  adjective,  and 
when  a  verb,  occurs  in  a  multitude  of  cases  ^  a  distinction  for 
which  no  provision  is  made  in  any  system  of  orthoepy  that  I 
have  seen,  and  one  which  must  be  left  to  the  cognizance  of  the 
ear  alone. 

There  is  another  class  of  vowel  sounds  that  comprises  too 
many  inaccuracies  to  be  overlooked.  This  is  the  class  in  which 
the  first  syllable  has  an  unaccented  c,  as  in  debute.  In  all  words 
of  this  kind.  Walker  directs  the  letter  e  to  have  its  long  sound,  as 
in  me,  mete.  Then,  become,  bedeck,  begin,  debate,  debar,  declare, 
elect,  legitimate,  mechanic,  medicinal ,  memorial ,  necessity,  peculiar, 
petition,  rebuke,  recant,  relate,  secure,  select,  reloeitif,  &c.,  are  to 
be  pronounced  beccome,  bcedcek,  beegin,  deebate,  dcebar,  deeclare, 
celect,  Iccgitimatc,  meeclianic,  mccdieinal,  mcemoricil,  ncecessity, 
pecculiar,  peclition^  'i-eeJmkt,  T(!e.cant,-reelate',)  scecnTe,'seelect,"vee 
locity,  &c.  ■  ■'■'  '"'■■'  '■"■■  .■-■■;' '■'!  ■',-'■'■'   "  ■'  ■';■''' 

According  to  this  flotation,  the  first  vowel  e  in  etil,encn,  and 
in  event,  is  to  have  the  same  sonnd,  being  all  marked  with  the 


INTRODUCTION. 


Ixv 


same  figure.  Now,  let  me  nsk,  where  a  speaker  can  be  fuuud 
who  pronounces  these  words  in  this  manner.  Who  ever  heard 
of  such  a  pronunciation  .■'  This  notation  is  erroneous  and  mis- 
chievous, as  it  is  inconsistent  with  the  regular  accent,  which 
carries  the  stress  of  voice  forward  to  the  next  syllable,  and  must, 
necessarily,  leave  the  first  vowel  with  the  feeble  sound  of  short  i 
or  y.  This  short  sound,  and  not  the  long  one,  as  in  even,  is  that 
which  we  always  hear  in  such  words. 

The  like  error  occurs  in  Walker's  notation  of  i  in  direct,  di- 
miiiish,  and  many  other  words.  Walker  liiraself,  under  despatch, 
calls  the  sound  of  e  the  short  i;  but  under  rule  107,  says  this 
sound  of  i  can  not  be  properly  said  to  be  short,  as  it  is  not  closed 
by  a  consonant ;  yet  it  has  half  its  diphthongal  sound,  the  sound 
of  c .' .'  This  reason,  that  ;  or  e  is  not  short,  because  the  sound  is 
not  closed  by  a  consonant,  is  entirely  groundless,  and  contra- 
dicted by  tlie  universal  pronunciation  of  thousands  of  English 
words.  To  direct  such  words  to  be  pronounced  deerect,  decmin- 
ish,  is  inexcusable.  This  error  corresponds  with  that  specified 
under  No.  4,  supra. 

Thus  there  is  neither  uniformity  nor  consistency  among  the 
orthoopists,  in  the  notation  of  the  unaccented  vowels ;  and  it  is 
hardly  possible  there  should  be,  for  many  of  the  sounds  are  so 
slight,  in  ordinary  j>ronunciation,  that  it  is  almost  impossible  for 
the  ear  to  recognize  the  distinctions,  and  absolutely  impossible  to 
express  them  on  paper.  In  truth,  as  Dr.  Ash  remarks,  in  a  dis- 
sertation prefi.xed  to  his  Dictionary,  the  sounds  of  the  five  vowels, 
in  unaccented,  short,  and  insignificant  syllables,  are  nearly  coin- 
cident; and  it  must  be  a  nice  ear  that  can  distinguish  the  differ- 
ence of  sound  in  the  concluding  syllable  of  altar,  alter,  manor, 
murmur,  satyr.  It  is  for  this  reason  that  the  notation  of  such 
vowels  at  all  savors  of  hypercritical  fastidiousness,  and,  by  aiming 
at  too  much  nicety  and  exactness,  tends  only  to  generate  doubts 
and  multiply  differences  of  opinion.  If  the  accent  is  laid  on  the 
proper  syllable,  and  the  vowel  of  that  syllable  correctly  pro- 
nounced, the  true  pronunciation  of  the  word  will  follow  of 
course;  at  least  the  pronunciation  is  more  likely  to  be  right  than 
wrong,  and  no  mistake  will  occur,  whicli  shall  bo  an  object  of 
notice. 

Nor  can  I  approve  the  practice  of  writing  all  words  in  differ- 
ent characters,  to  express  their  pronunciation,  as  if  their  proper 
letters  were  so  many  hieroglyphics,  requiring  interpretation.  A 
great  part  of  English  words  have  an  orthography  sufficiently  reg- 
ular, and  so  well  adapted  to  express  the  true  pronunciation,  that 
a  few  general  rules  only  are  wanted  as  a  guide  to  the  learner. 

7.  Another  error  of  notation,  in  most  of  the  English  books,  is 
that  of  tlie  vowel  in  the  first  syllable  of  circle,  circumstance,  and 
many  other  words,  the  first  syllable  of  which  Sheridan  first,  and 
afterwards  Walker  and  Jones,  directed  to  be  pronounced  ser. 
This  pronunciation  1  have  never  heard  either  in  England  or  in 
this  country.  Perry's  notation  makes  the  syllable  sur,  according 
to  all  the  usage  with  which  I  am  acquainted. 

8.  Another  objection  to  the  books  offered  as  standards  of 
pronunciation,  particularly  to  the  Dictionaries  of  Sheridan  and 
Walker,  is,  that  the  rules  are  inconsistent,  or  the  execution  of 
the  work  is  inconsistent  with  the  rules.  'Thus  Walker  lays  it 
down  a3  a  rule,  (No.  357,)  that  c  after  the  accent,  and  followed 
by  ea,  iu,  ie,  io,  or  cuus,  takes  the  sound  of  sh,  as  in  ocean, 
social,  Phocion,  saponaceous,  which  are  pronounced  as  if  written 
oshean,  sosheal,  Phoshcon,  sanoitasheou^.  But  in  the  Dictionary, 
the  author  departs  from  the  rule,  and  directs  these  words  to  be 
pronounced  as  if  written  oshun,  soshal,  sajwnashus.  So  also  in 
gracious,  ancient,  especial,  jjrurincial,  tenacious,  rapacious,  and  I 
know  not  how  many  others,  the  author  departs  from  his  own 
rule ;  so  that  either  his  rule  or  his  practice  must  be  wrong. 

And  here  it  may  be  proper  to  notice  a  mistake  of  the  author, 
which  has  led  to  an  erroneous  notation  in  a  great  number  of 
words.  The  mistake  is,  that  he  assigns  to  c  and  t  before  the 
vowels  ea,  ia,  ie,  eo,  and  io,  the  sound  of  sh.  Thus  in  ocean,  he 
considers  c  as  pronounced  like  sh;  and  in  partial,  he  considers 
the  sound  of  s.'i  as  proceeding  from  (  only.  Now,  the  truth  is, 
that  the  sound  of  sh,  in  these  and  in  all  similar  cases,  results  from 
the  combination  of  c,  t,  or  .f,  with  the  following  vowel;  that  is, 
from  tiie  rapid  enunciation  and  blending  of  the  two  letters. 
Then  the  sound  of  the  first  vowel  being  blended  with  c  or  t,  it 
ought  not  to  be  repeated,  and  form  a  distinct  syllable.  To  make 
three  syllables  of  ocean,  is  to  use  the  vowel  c  twice.  In  most 
cases,  all  the  orthoepists  agree  in  pronouncing  these  combinations 
correctly  in  dissyllables,  and  primitivt;  words  ;  as,  oshan,  griLshus, 
lenashus,  parshal,  suhstaiishal,  rui^hun,  rclasltun,  preshus,  and  the 
like.     But  in  a  number  of  words  that  arc  primitive  in  our  lan- 


guage, Walker  and  Jones  depart  from  this  rule  ;  for  although 
they  pronounce  cunscirncc  m  two  syllabli^s,  conshense,  yet  tliey 
pronounce  nescience  m\'i  prescience  in  Ihreo,  neshyejise,preshyense. 
So  also  when  the}'  make  tial  one  syllable  in  the  primitive  word, 
they  make  two  syllables  of  these  letters  in  the  derivatives;  par- 
tial is  parshal,  but  partiality  is  jjarsheality.  Thus  one  error  has 
led  to  another,  and  a  large  part  cl'  all  words  of  this  kind  are  mis- 
pronounced. Sheridan  and  I'erry,  in  this  respect,  are  consistent 
and  correct ;  making  one  syllable  only  of  cia,  cic,  cio,  tia,  tio, 
both  in  primitives  and  derivatives,  throughout  the  language.  A 
sino'le  line  of  poetry  ought  to  settle  this  point  forever. 

Expatiate  free  o'er  all  this  scene  of  man.  Pope. 

9.  A  remarkable  instance  of  inconsistency  occurs  in  the  fol- 
lowing words.  Armature,  aperture,  breviaturc,  feature,  &c.. 
Walker  pronounces  armatsliure,  upertshure,  brcviatshurc,  ovrr- 
tskure;  hv.l  forfeiture  is  forfeelyure,  and  judicature,  ligature,  lite- 
rature, miniature,  nunciature,  portraiture,  prefecture,  quadrature, 
signature,  are  pronounced  as  here  written.  Can  any  reason  be 
possibly  assigned  for  such  inconsistency  .' 

10.  Obedience  and  its  family  of  words  Walker  pronounces 
obejeence,  obejeenl,  obejeently ;  but  disobedience,  disobedient,  as 
here  written.  Expedient  is  either  as  here  written,  or  expejecnt ; 
but  expedience  without  the  alternative.     Wliy  this  inconsistency  .' 

11.  Obdurate,  obduracy,  are  marked  to  be  pronounced  obdurate 
or  objurate,  obduracy  or  objuracy ;  but  objurately,  objuratencss, 
without  an  alternative.  In  these  last  words  occurs  another  error; 
the  a  in  the  tliird  syllable  is  made  short,  as  if  pronounced  rat  —  a 
deviation  from  all  good  usage. 

This  notation  of  obdurate  is  inconsistent,  also,  with  that  of  in- 
durate, and  with  that  of  obdurc  —  an  inconsistency  which  appears 
to  have  no  plausible  pretext. 

The  conversion  of  d  into  j  before  i  is  rejected,  I  believe,  in  all 
words,  by  Jones,  Perry,  and  Jameson,  and  before  u  is  rejected 
by  Perry  and  Jameson,  and  in  many  wprds  !)y  Jones.  It  is  a  de- 
parture from  orthography  wholly  inexcusable. 

12.  Walker  (Principles,  No.  'J2)  lays  it  down  as  a  rule,  that 
when  a  is  preceded  by  the  gutturals  hard  g  or  e,  [he  should  have 
said  palatals,]  it  is,  in  polite  pronunciation,  softened  by  the  inter- 
vention of  a  sound  like  e,  so  that  card,  cart,  guard,  regard,  are 
pronounced  i.i.e  heard,  heart,  ghcnrd,  regheard.  Now,  it  is  re- 
markable that  in  the  vocabulary  or  dictionary,  the  author  has 
departed  from  his  rule,  for  in  not  one  of  the  foregoing  words, 
except  ^'Uum/,  uor  iii  a  multitude  of  other  words  w-hich  fall  within 
the  rule,  has  he  directed  this  sound  of  c  before  the  following 
vowel.  Had  he  conformed  to  his  own  rule,  he  must  have  per- 
verted the  pronunciation  of  car,  carbuncle,  care,  carcass,  cardinal, 
cargo,  garden,  garter,  discard,  and  a  long  list  of  other  words,  too 
long  to  be  here  enumerated.  The  English  orthoepists  now  con- 
fine this  prepositive  sound  of  e  to  guard,  guaranty,  guardian, 
guile,  hind,  and  a  few  others.  The  probable  origin  of  this  fault 
has  been  already  assigned,  in  treating  of  the  letter  u.  It  is  an 
affected  pronunciation,  whicli  Nares  calls  "  a  monster,  peculiar  to 
the  stage."  Indeed,  this  slender  sound  of  c  before  another  vowel, 
is  wholly  incompatible  with  that  manly  enunciation  which  is 
jieculiarly  suited  to  the  genius  of  the  language.  Perry  and 
Jameson  have  rejected  it. 

13.  In  the  lirst  edition  of  Walker's  Dictionary,  the  author, 
under  the  word  tripod,  observes,  that  "  all  words  of  two  syllables, 
with  the  accent  on  the  first,  and  having  one  consonant  between 
two  vowels,  ought  to  have  the  vowel  in  the  first  syllable  long." 
But  this  was  too  rash,  for  such  words  as  cem'ent,  des'ert,  preface, 
pres'ent,  profit,  rebel,  trop'ic,  and  a  multitude  of  others,  stand, 
in  the  author's  book,  in  direct  opposition  to  his  own  rule.  In  a 
subsequent  edition,  the  author,  or  some  other  person,  has  qualified 
the  rule  bj-  an  exception  in  favor  of  settled  usage.  This  excep- 
tion destroys  the  value  of  the  rule  ;  and  indeed  there  is,  and  there 
can  be,  no  rule  applicable  to  words  of  this  class.  The  pronuncia- 
tion of  the  first  vowel  can  be  known  only  by  the  usage. 

14.  The  derivatives  of  nution  and  ratio  Walker  and  Jones 
pronounce  imsh'onul,  rash'onal.  If  tliis  sliould  be  defended  on 
the  ground  of  the  shortening  power  of  the  antepenultimate  ac- 
cent, then  let  me  ask  why  we  have  not  nosh'onal  from  notion, 
devosh'oual  from  devotion,  probash'oner  from  probation,  stash'on- 
ary  from  station?  Why  make  rules  and  not  apply  them  .'  Why 
indulge  such  palpable  inconsistencies  and  multiply  anomalies  .- 

15.  Possess  is,  by  the  English  orthoepists,  pronounced  pozzcss ; 
but  why  not,  then,  ])ronounce  assess,  assist,  assassin,  roncctsion, 
obsession,  willi  the  sound  of  z  ?  Can  any  good  reason  be  assigned 
for  making  possess  an  exception  to  the  pronunciation  of  this  class 


!xvi 


INTRODUCTION. 


of  words  ?  This  utterance  of  sounds  through  the  nose  is  always 
disairreeable  to  the  ear,  and  should  be  restricted  to  words  in 
which  usage  is  established.  Good  taste  should  rather  induce  a 
limitation  than  an  extension  of  this  practice.  This  remark 
applies  also  to  some  words  beginning  with  ills,  in  which  Walker 
goes  beyond  other  orthocpists  in  giving  to  s  this  nasal  sound. 

16.  Walker  lays  it  down  as  a  fact,  that  «  has  the  sound  of  e. 
and  00  or  yu.  This  is  true  in  many  words,  as  in  union,  unite., 
unanimity,  &c.  Hence,  according  to  liis  principle,  u  in  these 
words  is  to  be  pronounced  yunion,  yunitc,  witliout  the  letter  y 
prefi.xed.  Yet  he  writes  these  and  similar  words  with  y,  yunion, 
which,  upon  his  principles,  would  prefix  yu  to  the  sound  of  yu, 
and  the  pronunciation  would  be  yuyunilc,  or  eooyiinile.  But  his 
notation  of  this  sound  of  w  is  not  uniform ;  for  he  writes  disunion 
and  iltsunite  without  y,  though  it  must  be  as  proper  in  the  com- 
pound as  in  the  simple  word.  The  same  inconsistency  occurs 
between  nsc,  written  yusc,  yuzc,  and  disuse,  disuze. 

17.  There  is  a  fault  in  Walker's  notation  of  o,  when  it  has  the 
sound  of  00,  the  French  ou.  In  the  Key,  he  marks  o,  when  it 
has  this  sound,  witli  tlie  figure  2,  and  gives  more  as  an  example. 
Then,  according  to  his  Key,  o  alone,  when  thus  marked,  sounds 
as  00.  But  in  the  Vocabulary,  he  thus  marks  both  vowels  in 
book,  look,  boot,  and  all  similar  words.  Then,  according  to  his 
notation,  each  of  the  vowels  has  the  sound  of  oo,  and  book,  look, 
are  to  be  pronounced  boo-ook,  luo-ook.  He  certainly  did  not  in- 
tend this;  but  such  is  precisely  his  direction,  or  the  result  of  his 
notation ;  and  a  foreigner,  without  counter-direction,  must  be  led 
into  this  pronunciation. 

The  same  fault  occurs  in  his  notation  of  ee,  as  in  meet  und  seek. 

18.  Volume,  Walker  and  Jones  pr:>nounce  volyitmc,  but  this  is 
not  exactly  correct.  Will  it  bo  said  that  in  volume  the  u  is  long  ? 
This  is  not  the  fact;  at  least  I  never  heard  it  thus  pronounced 
either  in  England  or  America  ;  it  is  always  short  in  common 
usage,  i.  c,  has  the  first  sound  of  w,  shortened. 

19.  Ink,  uncle,  concord,  concourse,  concubine,  are  pronounced 
by  Walker,  ingk,  ungkl,  kongkord,  kongkorse,  kongkubine ;  and 
these  odious  vulgarisms  are  offered  for  our  adoption.  There  can 
be  no  apology  for  such  attempts  to  corrupt  our  language. 

20.  It  is  known  that  the  word  imagery  is,  by  Walker  and  the 
other  orthoCpists,  pronounced  in  four  syllables ;  the  final  e  of  the 
primitive  word  being  detached  from  it,  and  uttered  with  r,  as  a 
distinct  syllable.  Wliy  savagery  has  escaped  the  same  fate,  I  do 
not  know.  It  is  obvious  that,  in  negligent  practice,  these  words 
have  often  been  thus  pronounced.  But  the  most  correct  pro- 
nunciation retains  the  original  v/ord  entire  in  the  derivative,  the 
slight  sound  of  e  before  r  no  more  constituting  a  syllable,  than  it 
does  in  more  and  mire      Take  the  follov.'ing  examples  :  — 


Of  marble  stone  was  cut 
An  altar  carv'd  with  cunning  imagery.  Spenser. 

When  in  those  oratories  might  you  see 

Rich  carvings,  portraitures,  and  imagery.  Dryden. 

Your  gift  shall  two  large  goblets  be 
Of  silver,  wrought  with  curious  imagery.  Dryden. 

What  can  thy  imagery  of  sorrow  mean.'  Prior. 

Pronounced  in  four  syllables,  imagery,  in  these  lines,  makes 
a  syllable  too  much,  and  injures  the  measure,  and  in  the  last 
example  utterly  destroys  it.  The  true  pronunciation  of  Spenser, 
Dryden,  and  Prior,  is  the  same  as  it  always  has  been  in  my  ele- 
mentary books.  [Although  th.e  same  remarks  may  be  applicable 
to  such  words  as  bravery,  finery,  knavery,  scenery,  slavery,  &c., 
it  has  been  thought  best  to  make  a  distinct  syllable  of  the  e  and 
r,  to  avoid  misunderstanding  as  to  the  suund  intended.]' 

21 .  Formerly  the  words  puissance,  puissant,  had  the  accent 
on  tiie  second  syllable;  although  the  poets  seem,  in  some  in- 
stances, to  have  blended  the  four  first  letters  into  one  syllable. 
But  the  modern  change  of  the  accent  to  the  first  syllable,  is  not 
in  accordance  with  English  analogies,  and  it  impairs  the  measure 
of  many  lines  of  poetry,  in  which  these  words  occur.  In  the 
adverb  puissantly,  it  has  a  very  bad  effect. 

The  foregoing  obsMvations  extend  to  whole  classes  of  words, 
in  which  the  genuine  pronunciation  has  been  changed,  unsettled, 
and  perverted.  It  would  be  inconsistent  with  the  limited  nature 
of  this  Introduction,  to  enter  into  an  examination  of  every  par- 
ticular word  of  disputable  pronunciation.  It  seems  to  be  inex- 
pedient and  useless  to  bestow,  as  Walker  has  done,  half  a  page, 
or  a  page,  on  a  single  word,  in  attempting  to  settle  some  trifling 
point,  or,  in  many  cases,  to  settle  a  point  that,  in  this  country, 
has  never  been  disputed. 

To  give  a  brief  statement  of  the  errors,  diversities,  and  contra- 
dictions of  the  principal  schemes  of  orthoepy  Vv-hich  have  been 
offered  to  the  public,  within  the  last  half  century,  two  classes  of 
words  only  will  be  sufficient  as  specimens. 

The  following  lists  are  not  complete,  but  they  comprehend  the 
greatest  number  of  words  in  their  respective  classes.  The  dates 
at  the  head  of  the  columns,  designate  the  year  when  the  Dic- 
tionaries in  my  possession  were  published,  indicating  nearly,  but 
not  exactly,  the  origin  of  each  scheme.  In  the  orthography,  I 
have  given  the  letters  used  by  each  author,  in  the  syllable  which 
contains  the  difference  of  pronunciation  ;  in  the  others,  I  have 
followed  the  common  orthography. 


Sheridan. 
17S4. 
Abbrevyature, 
Accentuate, 
Accentuation, 
Actual, 
Actuate,  &c., 
.\dmikstshur, 
Adventual, 
Adventsliur, 
Agriculture, 
Aperture, 
Arkitektshur, 
Armature, 
Artuate, 
Attaintshur, 
Aventshur, 
Befortune, 
Bountyus, 
Calenture, 
Capitulate, 
Capsular, 
Captshur, 
Cartulary, 
Celature, 
Cinctshur, 
Claushur, 
Commensurate, 
Commutual, 
Compactshur, 
Compostshur, 


IValker. 
1794. 
Abbreveatshure, 
Accentshuate, 
.Accentshuation, 
Actshual, 
Actshuate, 
Admikstshure, 
Adventshual, 
Adventshure, 
Agricultshure, 
Apertshure, 
Architectshure, 
Armatshure, 
Artshuate, 
Attaintshure, 
Aventshure, 
Befortshune, 
Bountcheous, 
Calentshure, 
Capitulate, 
Capshular, 
Captshure, 
Cartshulary, 
Celatshure, 
Cinctshure, 
Clauzhure, 
Commeushurate, 
Commutshual, 
Compactshure, 
Corapostshure, 


Jones. 

1798. 
Abbreviature, 
Accentuate, 
Accentuation, 
Actual, 
Actuate, 
Admixture, 
Adventual, 
Adventure, 
Agriculture, 
Aperture, 
Architectshure, 
Armature, 
Artuate, 
Attainture, 
Aventure, 
Befortune, 
Bounteous, 
Calenture, 
Capitulate, 
Capshular, 
Captshur, 
Cartulary, 
Celatshure, 
Cincture, 
Clauzhure, 
Commenshurate, 
Commutshual, 
Compacture, 
Compostshure, 


Perry. 

1805. 
Abbrev'iature, 
Accentuate, 
Accentuation, 
Actual, 
Actuate, 
Admixture, 
Adventual, 
Adventure, 
Agriculture, 
Aperture, 
Architecture, 
Armature. 

Attainture. 

Befortune, 

Bounteous, 

Calenture, 

Capitulate, 

Capsular, 

Capture, 

Cartulary, 

Celature, 

Cincture, 

Clauzhure, 

Commensurate, 

Commutual, 

Compacture, 

Composture. 


Jameson. 

1827. 
Abbreveature. 
Accentuate. 
Accentuation. 
Actual. 
Actuate. 
Admixture. 
Adventual. 
Adventure. 
Agriculture. 
Aperture. 
Architecture. 


Aventure. 

Befortune. 

Bounteous. 

Calenture. 

Capitulate. 

Capsular. 

Capture. 

Cartulary. 

Celature. 

Cingkture. 

Clauzhur. 

Commensurate. 

Commutual. 

Compacture. 


INTRODUCTION. 


Ixvii 


S/ieridan. 
17^. 
Concretshar, 
Cj!ii;ratulate, 
Conjectshur, 
Coajunctshur, 
Coiiaatural, 
Coiiritituent, 
Constructshur, 
(.".mtextshur, 
Conventual, 
Cuunternatural, 
Courtshus, 
Creatshur, 
Cultsllur, 
DebentsUur, 
Decoctshur, 
Defeatshur, 
Dejectshur, 
Departshur, 
Uictatshur, 
Discomfitshur, 
Discourtshus, 
Disnaturalize, 
Dlsnatshiired, 
Divestshur, 
Dutyus, 
Effectual, 
Enraptshur, 
Estuary, 
Estuate, 
Eventual, 
Expostulate, 
Factshur, 
Fastuous, 
Featshur, 
Fistula, 
Flatulence, 
Flatuous, 
Fluctuate, 
fortune, 
Fractshur, 
Fructuous, 
Futshur, 
Garni  tshur, 
Gestshur, 
Gratulate, 
Guttural, 
Habitual, 
Horticultshur, 
Hortulan, 
lllnatshur, 
Immenshurable, 
Impetuous, 
Importunate, 
Impostshur, 
Incestuous, 
Indentshur, 
Ineffectual, 
Infatuate, 
Insculptshur, 
Insular, 
Insulated, 
Intellectual, 
Join  tshur, 
Junctshur, 
Lectahur, 
Legislatshur, 
Mantua, 
Manufactshur, 
Maturate, 
Menshurable, 
Meteor, 
Misfortshun, 
Mixtshur, 
Moistshur, 
Morshur, 
Mutshual, 
Natshur, 
Natshural, 


Jralker. 
1794. 

Concretshure, 

Congratshulate, 

Conjectshure, 

Conjunctshure, 

Connatshural, 

Constitshuent, 

Constructshure, 

Contextshure, 

Conventshual, 

Counternatshural, 

Courtsheous, 

Cretshure, 

Cultshure, 

Debentshure, 

Decoctshure, 

Defeatshure, 

Dejectshure, 

Departshure, 

Dicta  tshure, 

Discomfityure, 

Discourtshus, 

Disnatshuralize, 

Disnatshured, 

Divestshure, 

Duteous  or  Dutsheous, 

Effectshual, 

Enraptshure, 

Estshuary, 

Estshuate, 

Eventshual, 

Expostshulate, 

Factshure, 

Fastshuous, 

Featshnre, 

Fistshula, 

Flatshulence, 

Flatshuous, 

Fluctshuate, 

Fortshune, 

Frac  tshure, 

Fructshuous, 

Futshure, 

Garnitshure, 

Gestshure, 

Gratshulate, 

Guttshural, 

Habitshual, 

Horticultshure, 

Hortshulan, 

lUnatshure, 

Immenshurable, 

Impetshuous, 

Importshunate, 

Impostshure, 

Incestshuous, 

Indentshure, 

Ineffectshual, 

Inftitshuate, 

Insculptshure, 

Inshular, 

Inshulated, 

Intellectshiial, 

Jointshure, 

Junktshure, 

Lectshure, 

Legislatshure, 

Mantshua, 

Manufactshure, 

Matshurate, 

Menshurable, 

Meteor  or  Metsheor, 

Misfortshune, 

Mixtshure, 

Moistshure, 

Morshure, 

Mutshual, 

Natshure, 

Natshural, 


Junes. 
179S. 
Concretshure, 
Congratulate, 
Conjectur, 
Conjunctur, 
Connatshural, 
Constituent, 
Constructure, 
Contextshure, 
Conventual, 
Counternatural, 
Courteous, 
Creatshure, 
Culture, 
Debenture, 
Decocture, 
Defeature, 
Dejecture, 
Departshure, 
Dictature, 
Discomfityure, 
Discourteous, 
Disnaturalize, 
Disnatshured, 
Divestshure, 
Duteous, 
Effectual, 
Enraptshure, 
Estuary, 
Estuate, 
Eventual, 
Expostulate, 
Facture, 
Fastshuous, 
Featshnre, 
Fistshula, 
Flatulence, 
Flatuous, 
Fluctuate, 
Fortshune, 
Fractshure, 
Fructuous, 
Futshur, 
Garniture, 
Gestshure, 
Gratulate, 
Guttural, 
Habitual, 
Horticulture, 
Hortulan, 
lUnatshure, 
Immenshurable, 
Impetshuous, 
Importshunate, 
Impostshure, 
Incestshuous, 
Indentshure, 
Ineffectshual, 
Infatuate, 
Insculptshure, 
Insular, 
Insulated, 
Intellectshual, 
Jointure, 
Junctshure, 
Lectshure, 
Legislature, 
Mantua, 
Manufactshure, 
Matshurate, 
Menshurable, 
Meteor, 
Misfortshune, 
Mixtshure, 
Moistshure, 
Morshure, 
Mutshual, 
Natshur, 
Nattshural, 


Perry. 

1805. 
Concreture, 
Congratulate, 
Conjecture. 
Conjuncture, 
Connatural, 
Constituent, 
Constructure, 
Contexture, 
Conventual, 
Counternatural. 
Curtcheous, 
Creature, 
Culture, 
Debenture, 
Decocture, 
Defeature. 
Dejecture. 
Departure, 

Discomfiture, 

Discurcheous, 

Disnaturalize, 

Disnatured. 

Divesture, 

Duteous, 

Effectual, 

Enrapture, 

Estuary, 

Estuate, 

Eventual, 

Expostulate, 

Facture, 

Fastuous. 

Feature, 

Fistula, 

Flatulence, 

Flatuous. 

Fluctuate, 

Fortune, 

Fracture, 

Fructuous, 

Future, 

Garniture, 

Gesture, 

Gratulate, 

Guttural, 

Habitual, 

Horticulture 

Hortulan, 

Illnature, 

Immenshurable, 

Impetuous, 

Importunate, 

Imposture, 

Incestuous, 

Indenture, 

Ineffectual, 

Infatuate, 

Insculpture, 

Insular, 

Insulated, 

Intellectual, 

Jointure, 

Juncture, 

Lecture, 

Legislature, 

Mantua, 

Manufacture, 

Maturate, 

Mensurable, 

Meteor, 

Misfortune, 

Mixture, 

Moisture, 

Morshure. 

Mutual, 

Natchure, 

Natural, 


Jameson. 
1827. 
Concreture. 
Congratulate. 
Conjecture. 
Conjunkture 
Connatural. 
Constituent. 
Constructure 
Contexture. 
Conventual. 

Courteous. 

Creture. 

Culture. 

Debenture. 

Decocture. 

Dejecture. 

Departure. 

Dictature. 

Discomfiture 

Discourteous 

Disnaturalize 

Divesture. 

Duteous. 

Effectual. 

Enrapture. 

Estuary. 

Estuate. 

Eventual. 

Expostulate 

Facture. 

Feteyer. 

Fistula. 

Flatulence. 

Fluctuate. 

Fortune. 

Fracture. 

Fructuous. 

Futyure. 

Garniture. 

Gesture. 

Gratulate. 

Guttural. 

Habitual. 

Horticulture. 

Hortulan. 

lUnatyur. 

Immensurabic 

Impetuous. 

Importunate. 

Impostyur. 

Incestuous. 

Indentyur. 

Ineffectual. 

Infatuate. 

Insculptyur. 

Insular. 

Insulated. 

Intellectual. 

Jointyur. 

Junctyur. 

Lcctyur. 

Legislatyur 

Mantua. 

Manufactyur. 

M.aturate. 

Mensurable. 

Meteor. 

Misfortune. 

Mixtyur. 

Moistyur. 

Mutual. 
Naleyur 
Natural. 


Ixviii 


INTRODUCTION. 


Sheridan. 
1784. 
fJoctshuary, 
Nurtshur, 
Ovcrtshur, 
Paintsluir, 
Paslshur, 
Peniiishula, 
Periostshum, 
Perpotshual, 
Porpi'tsliuity, 
Pictsliur, 
Piteous, 
Plentsluis, 
Postshur, 
I'ostsliulate, 
Presumptuous, 
Projcctshur, 
Proiuptshiir, 
Puiictshual, 
Punctsluir, 
Pustsliul, 
Kaptsliur, 
Rt'Capittslnilate, 
Ritshual, 
Ruptshur, 
Sanclshuary, 
Satsliuratp, 
Scriptshur, 
Sculptsliur, 
Septshuagint, 
Sittshuate, 
Spirittshual, 
Sportshul, 
SUttslniury, 
Stattslui, 
Stattaliur, 
Stattshut, 
Strictsliur, 
Struclsliur, 
Sumptshuous, 
Slioutsliur, 
Tarantsliula, 
Tempestiious, 
Tensluir, 
Textsliuary, 
Textshur, 
Tinctsliur, 
Titshular, 
Tortshur, 
Tortrfhuous, 
Tritsliuralion, 
Tshuoiaultsliuous, 
Unctsliuous, 
Unstattshulalilc, 
Vestshur, 
Ventsliur, 
Veolentchelo, 
Vortshu, 
Vitshulinc, 
Voluptahuous, 
Vultshur, 
Waftshur, 


ll'aiUer. 
1794. 
Noctsliuary, 
Nurtshure, 
Overtshure, 
Paiutsliure, 
I'astsliurc, 
Peninshula, 
Periostshum, 
Peri)t'lsliual, 
Perpetuity, 
Picti^hure, 
Pitclipoua, 
Plentslms, 
Postshure, 
Postshulate, 
Prezumtsliuous, 
Projectshure, 
Promptshure, 
Punotsliual, 
Punctshure, 
I'tistshulo, 
Kaptsliure, 
Rccaplttshulate, 
Ritshual, 
Ruptshure, 
yanc.tsliuary, 
Sat.sliurate, 
Scriptshure, 
Sculptshure, 
Septslmagint, 
Sittsliuate, 
Spirittshual, 
Spnrtsliule, 
Staltshuavy, 
Stattsliu, 
Stattshure, 
Statt^hute, 
Striclshure, 
Structshure, 
Sumptshuous, 
Sutsliure, 
Tarantsliula, 
Tenipestshuous, 
Tensliure, 
Textshuary, 
Textshure, 
Tinctshure, 
Tittshular, 
Tortshure, 
Tortshuous, 
Tritshuration, 
Tumultshuous, 
Ungktshuous, 
Unstattshu  table, 
Vestshure, 
Ventshure, 
Veolentshelo, 
Vertshu, 
Vitshuline, 
Voluptshuous, 
Vultshure, 
Waftshure, 


Jones. 

1798. 
Noctuary, 
Nurtshure, 
Overture, 
Paintshure, 
Pastshurc, 
Peninshula, 
Periosteum, 
Perpetshual, 
Perpetuity, 
Pictshur, 
Piteous, 
Plenteous, 
Postshure, 
Postshulate, 
Prezumtshuous, 
Projectshure, 
Promptshure, 
Punctual, 
Punctshure, 
Pustshule, 
Raptsiiur, 
Recapittshulatc, 
Ritsliual, 
Ruptshure, 
Sanctuary, 
Satshurate, 
Scriptsliure, 
Sculptsliure, 
Septuagint, 
Situate, 
Spirittshual, 
Sportshule. 
Stattshuary, 
Stattshu, 
Stattshure, 
Stattshute, 
Strictshure, 
Structshure, 
Sumtshuous, 
Sutshure, 
Tarantsliula, 
Tenipestshuous, 
Tensliure, 
Textsliuary, 
Textshure, 
Tinctshure, 
Titshular, 
Tortsliure, 
Tortshuous, 
Tritshuration, 
Tumultshuous, 
Unctuous, 
Unstattshutablo, 
Vestshure, 
Ventshure, 
Veolonchcio, 
Vertshu, 
Vitshuline, 
Voluptshuous, 
Vultshure, 
Waftshure, 


Perry. 
1805. 
Noctuary, 
Nurture, 
Overture, 
Painture. 
Pasture, 
Peninsula, 
Periosteum, 
Perpetual, 
Perpetuity, 
Picture, 
Piteous, 
Plenteous, 
Posture, 
Postulate, 
Presumjituous, 
Projecture, 
Prompture, 
Punctual, 
Puncture, 
Pustule, 
Rapture, 
Recapitulate, 
Ritual, 
Rupture, 
Sanctuary, 
Saturate, 
Scripture, 
Sculpture, 
Septuagint, 
Situate, 
Spiritual, 

Statuary, 

Statu, 

Stature, 

Statute, 

Stricture, 

Structure, 

Sumptuous, 

Suture, 

Tarantula, 

Tempestuous, 

Tenshur, 

Textuary, 

Texture, 

Tincture, 

Titular, 

Torture, 

Tortuous, 

Triturate, 

Tuiiiultuous, 

Unctuous, 

Unstatutable 

Vesture, 

Venture, 

Violoncello, 

Virtue, 

Vituline. 

Voluptuous, 

Vulture, 

Wafture. 


Jameson. 

■    i8a7. 

Noctuary. 

Nurtyur. 

Overture. 

Pastyur. 

Peninsula. 

Periosteum 

Perpetual. 

Perpetuity 

Pictyur. 

Piteous. 

Plenteous. 

Postyur. 

Postulate. 

Presumptuous 

Projecture. 

Proiiiptyur 

Pungtual. 

Pungktvur 

Pustule". 

Raptyur 

Recapitulate 

Ritual. 

Iluptyur. 

Suiiglttuary 

Saturate. 

Scriptyur. 

Sculptyur. 

Septuagint 

Situate. 

Spiritual. 

Statuary 

Statu. 

Statyur. 

Statute. 

Strictyur. 

Struclyur. 

Sunijjtuous 

Suteyur. 

Tarantula. 

Tempestuous. 

Tenshur. 

Textuary. 

Textyur. 

Tingktyur 

Titular. 

'I'ortyur. 

Tcjrtuous. 

Trituration. 

Tumultuous. 

Ungktuous 

Vestyur. 
Ventyur. 
Veolontsello. 
Virtu. 

Voluptuous 
Vultyur. 


This  table  of  words  may,  perhaps,  be  thought  a  burlesque  on 
English  orthoepy.  It  certainly  presents  a  phenomenon  altogether 
novel  in  the  history  of  language. 

Of  these  five  authorities,  the  notation  of  Perry,  with  the  ex- 
cejition  of  a  few  words  ending  in  ure,  is  most  nearly  accordant 
to  the  present  usage  in  England,  as  far  as  my  observations,  while 
in  that  country,  extended.  That  of  Walker  is  by  far  the  most 
re:uote  from  that  usage.  From  an  actual  enumeration  of  the 
syllables  in  certain  classes  of  words  in  which  the  vowel  is  errone- 
ously pronounced,  in  Walker's  scheme,  I  have  ascertained  that 
the  number  amounts  to  more  than  liceire  tliousand,  without 
including  several  classes  of  unaccented  syllables,  which  would 
swell  the  number  by  some  thousands.  Of  this  wliole  number,  I 
did  not,  while  in  England,  hear  one  vowel  pronounced  accurdinn- 
to  Walker's  notation.     The  zeal  manifested  in  this  country  to 


make  his  pronunciation  a  standard,  is  absolute  infatuaii....  3s. 
if  adopted  in  its  full  extent,  it  would  introduce  many  difTerences 
in  the  pronunciation  of  words  in  the  two  countries,  in  whicli 
sameness  now  exists;  and  even  the  attempt,  should  it  not  be 
successful,  must  multiply  discordancies  and  distract  opinions, 
and  thus  place  the  desired  uniformity  at  a  greater  distance  than 
ever.  Fortunately,  Walker's  pronunciation  has  never  been  gen- 
erally received  in  England,  and  where  it  has  been  received,  we 
see,  by  Jameson's  Dictionary,  that  it  is  becoming  unpopular  and 
obsolete.  Walker's  pronunciation  of  several  classes  of  words 
is  also  condemned  by  Jones  and   Knowles. 

We  observe  in  the  following  list,  that  the  three  first  of  these 
orthocpists  have  no  rule  by  which  their  pronunciation  is  regulated. 
Hence  the  want  of  uniformity  in  words  of  like  orthographv- 
See  bounteous,  courteous,  duteous,  and  plenteous.     Why  should 


INTRODUCTION. 


ixix 


plenteous  be  reduced  to  two  syllables,  when  bounteous  is  pro- 
nounced in  three  ?  And  what  reason  can  be  assigned  for  the 
difl'erent  notation  of  capitulate  and  recapitulate  ? 

A  remarkable  instance  of  inconsistency  in  Walker's  notation, 
occurs  in  words  of  more  syllables  than  two,  ending  in  tare. 
Thus  we  find  ture  converted  into  chure  [tshure]  in 


Abbreviatshure. 

Admixtshure. 

Adventshure. 

Agricultshure. 

Apertshure. 

Attaintshure. 

Avontshure. 

Celatshure. 

Calentshure. 


Compac  tshure. 

Compostshure. 

Concre  tshure. 

Conjectshure. 

Conjunctshure. 

Contextshure. 

Debeutshure. 

Decoctshure. 

Defeatshure. 


Dejectshure. 

Departshure. 

Dictatsliure. 

Divestslmre. 

Impostshure. 

Indentshure. 

Ovcrtshurc. 

Projectshure. 


But  in  the  following  words  the  terminating  syllable  remains 
unaltered. 

Literature.  Prelature. 

Miniature.  Quadrature. 

Nunciature.  Serrature. 

Nutriture.  Signature. 

Prefecture.  Temperature. 


lUiterature 

Intemperature. 

Investiture. 

Judicature. 

Ligature. 

Limature. 

In  this  class  of  words,  Sheridan  and  Jones  are  also  inconsistent 
with  themselves,  though  not  to  the  same  extent  as  Walker. 
Perry  and  Jameson  retain,  in  all  these  words,  the  true  orthog- 
raphy and  pronunciation.  In  these  words,  also,  Walker  gives  to 
K,  in  the  last  syllable,  its  first  or  long  sound;  but  this  is  an  in- 
accurate notation ;  the  sound  is  that  of  tlie  long  u,  shortened, 
at  least  so  far  as  my  observation  extends,  either  in  England  or 
the  United  States. 

In  the  following  classes  of  words,  as  pronounced  by  Walker, 
there  is  either  error  or  inconsistency,  or  both. 


Assidjuous. 

Commodious  or  Commojeus. 
Credjulous. 
Dividual  or  Dividjual. 
Fastidious  or  Fastidjeous. 
Gradient  or  Grajeent. 
Gradual  or  Gradjual. 
Guardian  or  Guarjean. 
Hideus  or  Hidjeous. 
Immediacy  or  Immejeasy. 
Incendiary  or  Incenjeary. 
Individual  or  Individjual. 
Ingrejent  [for  Ingredient.] 
Insidious  or  Insidjeus. 
Intermedial  or  Intermejeal. 
Invidious  or  Invidjeus. 
Mediocrity  or  Mejeocrity. 
Medium  or  Mejeum. 
Melodious  or  Melojeus. 
Meridian  or  Meridjean. 
Modulate  or  Modjulate. 
Nidjulation. 
Nodjule. 
Noctidyal  or  Noctidjeal. 


Obejeence. 

Obejeent. 

Obduracy  or  Objuracy 

Obdurate  or  Objurate 

Occidjuus. 

Odium  or  Ojeum. 

Ojus  or  Ojeus. 

Ordeal  or  Oijeal. 

Penjulous. 

Penjulura. 

Predial  or  Prejeal. 

Prelujeus. 

Presidjeal. 

Procejure. 

Quotijean. 

Radiate  or  Rajeate. 

Radiant  or  Rajeant. 

Radius  or  Rajeus. 

Rezidjual. 

Sardius  or  Sarjeus. 

Sedulous  or  Sedjulou.s. 

Studious  or  Stujeus. 

Tedious  or  Tejeus. 


It  would  seem  that,  in  a  large  part  of  these  words,  we  may 
take  our  choice,  either  to  retain  the  proper  sound  of  d,  or  to 
convert  it  into  that  of  j.  This  choice  certainly  makes  an  odd 
kind  of  standard.  But  why  mediate  should  retain  the  sound  of 
(/,  while  immediacy  and  medium  suffer  a  change  ;  or  why  radiate 
should  be  given  in  the  alternative,  radiate  or  rajcale,  while  irra- 
diate and  irradiance  are  not  subjected  to  any  change ;  or  why 
obedience  should  be  changed  into  obejeence,  and  disobedience  re- 
main unchanged,  I  am  not  able  to  conjecture. 

*  WalkerVs  Dictionary  has  been  trumpeted,  in  this  countr>',  at;  the  standard  uf 
orthoepy  in  England.  This  is  so  far  from  the  truth,  tliat  threu  later  compilers 
of  pronouncing  dictionaries,  living  in  Loudon,  have  expressly  condemned  his 
pronunciation  in  whole  classes  of  words. 

Walker's  notation  of  a  before  s,  in  such  words  as  la^s,  last,  past,  giving  a  the 
short  sound  it  has  in  fan,  tatj:,  is  condemned  by  Jones,  who  calls  it  a  mincing, 
modem  affectation.  Walker's  giving  to  oo  in  look,  took,  and  others,  the  sarne 
sound  as  in  tooth,  toot,  is  condemned  by  the  same  author.  \\'alker's  giving:  to 
the  short  I  and  y  the  sound  of  ee  or  long  e,  in  such  words  as  gtonj,  prubit'j, 
which,  by  his  notation,  are  to  be  pronounced  i^lurec,  probcctix,  Jones  pronounces 
to  be  tadicruttJ.     Thid  error  extends  to  more  than  elrvcn  Viousand  syllables. 

Walker's  change  of  the  sound  of  d  into  that  of  j,  in  certain  clas.ses  of  words, 


These  classes  of  words  exhibit  a  specimen  of  the  modern 
ORTHOEPY,  so  Called,  of  our  language  ;  it  is  indeed  a  brief  and 
imperfect  specimen,  for  I  have  ascertained  by  actual  enumera- 
tion, that  a  catalogue  of  all  the  differences  of  notation  in  these 
autliors,  would  comprehend  about  one  third  of  all  the  words  in 
their  vocabularies.  Amidst  this  mass  of  errors  and  contradic- 
tions, our  consolation  is,  that  the  good  sense  of  the  English 
nation,  a  learned  and  respectable  people,  is  triumphing  over  the 
follies  and  caprices  of  fashion,  and  frowning  on  this  most  mis- 
chievous spirit  of  innovation." 

In  proportion  as  the  importance  of  settled  usages  and  of  pre- 
serving inviolate  the  proper  sounds  of  letters,  as  the  true  and 
only  safe  landmarks  of  pronunciation,  shall  be  appreciated  by  an 
enlightened  people,  just  in  that  proportion  will  all  attempts  of 
affected  speakers  to  innovate  upon  such  established  usages,  be 
reprobated  and  resisted. 

The  intentions  of  the  men  who  have  undertaken  to  give  a 
standard  of  pronunciation,  have,  un(|uestionably,  been  upright 
and  sincere ;  but  facts  have  proved  that  instead  of  good,  they 
have,  on  the  whole,  done  harm;  for  instead  of  reducing  the  pro- 
nunciation of  words  to  uniformity,  they  have,  to  a  conside.-able 
extent,  unsettled  it,  and  multiplied  diff'erences.  The  whole 
process  of  these  attempts,  from  Sheridan's  first  publication,  is 
within  my  memory  ;  and  I  am  confident  that,  whatever  has  been 
the  effect  of  these  attempts  in  Great  Britain,  the  result  of  theni, 
in  the  United  States,  has  been  to  multiply  greatly  the  diversities 
of  pronunciation.  And  such  is  the  present  state  of  the  authori- 
ties, off'ered  as  standards,  that  it  is  impossible,  from  books,  to 
gain  a  correct  knowledge  of  what  is  the  general  usage.  If  I  had 
no  other  means  of  knowing  this  general  usage,  than  the  Eno'lish 
books,  I  should  be  utterly  unable  to  ascertain  it,  and  should  orive 
up  the  attempt  as  hopeless. t 

Some  of  the  differences  of  notation,  in  the  several  books,  may 
be  rather  apparent  than  real;  but  with  ail  due  allowance  for  tiiis 
imperfection  of  llie  schemes,  I  am  persuaded  that  there  are  tm 
diff'erences  among  these  orthoepists,  where  there  is  one  in  tlie 
actual  pronunciation  of  respectable  people  in  England  and  the 
United  States;  and  in  most  of  them  the  notation,  if  strictly  fol- 
lowed, will  lead  to  ten  diff'erences  of  pronunciation,  where  one 
only  now  e.xists  in  the  actual  practice  of  the  two  countries. 

This  eff'ect  of  multiplying  doubts  and  diversities  has  resulted 
from  very  obvious  causes. 

1.  The  limited  acquaintance  of  ortlioepists  with  the  general 
usage,  and  their  taking  the  pronunciation  of  London,  or  some 
dialect  or  local  practice  in  that  city,  for  the  best  -usage.  The 
propagation  of  such  a  dialectical  or  peculiar  practice  would  of 
course  disturb  the  uniformity  of  anj'  other  practice  in  other  parts 
of  England  or  in  this  country. 

2.  The  difficulty,  or  rather  impracticability,  of  representing 
sounds,  and  nice  distinctions  of  sound,  on  paper ;  especially  in 
unaccented  syllables. 

3.  The  partiality  of  authors  for  tlie  practice  of  particular 
speakers,  either  stage  players  or  others,  which  would  lead  them 
to  denominate  that  the  best  practice  which  had  been  adopted  by 
their  favorites. 

4.  A  spirit  of  fastidious  liypercriticism,  which  has  led  writers 
to  make  minute  distinctions,  that  are  liable  to  be  disputed,  and 
which  tend  only  to  perple.x  the  inquirer,  and  generate  uncertainty 
or  diversity,  where  no  essential  diff'erence  had  previously  ex- 
isted in  practice.  This  spirit  is  continually  producing  new  books 
and  new  schemes  of  orthoepy,  and  every  additional  book  serves 
only  to  increase  the  difficulty  of  uniting  opinions  and  establishing 
uniformity. 

This  viev.'  of  the  subject  is  probably  the  most  favorable  that 
can  be  presented.  The  real  tact  seems  to  be  this :  these  men 
have  taken  ri-)r  tlie  standard  what  they  v.-ere  pleased  to  call  the 
lest  usage,  v.'hicii,  in  many  cases,  is  a  local  usage,  or  some  lavor- 
ite  peculiarity  of  particular  speaker.^,  at  least  if  they  iiave  had 
any  authority  at  all;  or  they  have  given  the  pronunciation  which 

is  condemned  by  Janusun.  He  remarks  that  Walker's  adjulatlon  for  adulation; 
eoTnpeiijcum  for  compendium ;  iiiirrejEi.t  for  ingredient,  if  spoken  with  solemnity, 
would  be  intnleraUe.  fie  condemns,  also.  Walker's  change  of  tu  into  t^h,  in 
such  words  as  confrrat^lialatlon,  jtatalnilent,  notshnral.  This  pronunciation, 
Knowles,  a  still  later  compiler,  declares  to  be  absolute  pedantry  and  vulgarity. 

t  The  multiplicity  of  books  for  in.structing  us  in  our  vernacular  language,  is 
an  »!Vil  of  no  small  magnitude.  Every  man  h.os  some  peculiar  notions  which  lie 
wishes  to  propagate,  and  there  is  scarcely  any  peculiarity  or  absurdity  for  which 
some  authority  may  not  be  found.  1'iiefacilitj  of  book-making  favors  Ihi;;  dis- 
position  ;  and  while  a  chief  (jualificatiun  for  authorship  is  a  dextrous  use  of  an 
inverted  pen,  and  a  pair  of  scissors,  wc  are  not  to  expect  relief  frcm  the  evil 


Ixx 


INTRODUCTION. 


happened  to  please  tlieir  fancvi  though  not  authorized  by  usage, 
[n  this  manner  they  have  attempted  to  bend  the  common  usage 
to  their  particular  fancies. 

It  has  been  in  this  manner,  by  presenting  to  the  public  local 
or  jiartieular  practice,  or  mere  innovation,  for  a  standard,  instead 
of  crcneral  or  national  usage,  that  the  authors  above  mentioned 
have  unsettled  the  pronunciation  of  many  words,  and  multiplied 
diversities  of  practice.  These  attempts  to  obtrude  local  usage  on 
the  public,  and  bend  to  it  the  general  or  national  usage,  are  the 
boldest  assumptions  of  authority  in  language  that  the  history  of 
literature  has  ever  exhibited.  In  England,  however,  these  pre- 
tensions to  direct  the  pronunciation  of  the  nation,  have  less  effect 
than  they  have  in  the  United  Slates,  for  this  obvious  reason,  that 
in  England  pronunciation  is  regulated  almost  exclusively  by  the 
practice  of  the  higher  classes  of  society,  and  not  by  books  ;  henoe, 
if  books  do  not  e.\hibit  the  customary  pronunciation,  the  falsity 
of  notation  is  easily  detected,  and  the  work  which  offers  it  is 
neglected.  But  in  this  country,  where  the  people  resort  chiefly 
to  books  for  rules  pf  pronunciation,  a  false  notation  of  sounds 
operates  as  a  deception,  and  misleads  the  inquirer.  How  long 
the  citizens  of  this  country  will  submit  to  these  impositions,  time 
only  can  determine. 

The  English  language,  when  pron  mnced  according  to  the 
genuine  composition  of  its  words,  is  a  nervous,  masculine  lan- 
guage, well  adapted  to  popular  eloquence ;  and  it  is  not  improb- 
able that  there  may  be  some  connection  between  this  manly 
character  of  the  language  and  the  freedom  of  the  British  and 
American  constitutions.  They  may,  perhaps,  act  and  react  upon 
each  other  mutually,  as  cause  and  effect,  and  each  contribute  to 
the  preservation  of  the  other.  At  the  same  time,  the  language 
is  by  no  means  incapable  of  poetical  sweetness  and  melody. 
The  attempts  to  reline  upon  the  pronunciation,  within  the  last 
half  century,  have,  in  my  opinion,  added  nothing  to  its  smooth- 
ness and  sweetness,  but  have  very  much  impaired  its  strength  of 
expression  as  well  as  its  regularity.  The  attempts  to  banish  the 
Italian  sound  of  «,and  to  introduce  the  sound  of  c  before  i  and  «, 
as  in  kiiid^  guards  dnty^  &:c.,  ought  to  be  resisted,  as  injurious  to 
the  manly  character  of  the  genuine  English  pronunciation.* 

In  order  to  produce  and  preserve  a  tolerable  degree  of  uni- 
formity, and  the  genuine  purity  of  our  language,  two  things 
appear  to  be  indispensable,  viz., 

1.  To  reject  the  practice  of  noting  the  sounds  of  the  vowels  in 
the  unaccented  syllables.  Let  any  m.an,  in  genteel  society  or  in 
public,  pronounce  the  distinct  sound  of  a  in  the  last  syllable  of 
important,  or  the  distinct  sound  of  e  in  the  terminations  less  and 
ness,  as  in  hopeless,  happiness,  and  he  would  pass  for  a  most  in- 
elegant speaker.  Indeed,  so  different  is  the  slight  sound  of  a 
great  part  of  the  unaccented  vowels,  in  elegant  pronunciation, 
from  that  whicii  is  directed  in  books  of  orthoepy,  that  no  man 
can  possibly  acquire  the  nicer  distinction  of  sounds,  by  means  of 
books  ;  distinctions  which  no  characters  yet  invented  can  express. 
Elegant  pronunciation  can  be  learned  only  by  the  ear.  The 
French  and  Italians,  whose  languages  are  so  popular  in  Europe, 
have  never  attempted  to  teach  the  sounds  of  their  letters  by  a 
system  of  notation  embracing  the  finer  sounds  of  the  vowels. 

2.  To  preserve  purity  and  uniformity  in  pronunciation,  it  is 
necessary  to  banish  from  use  all  books  which  change  the  orthog- 
raphy of  words,  to  adapt  the  pronunciation  to  the  fashion  of  the 
day.  The  scheme  now  pursued  is  the  most  mischievous  project 
for  corrupting  the  language  that  human  ingenuity  ever  devised. 
By  removing  the  landmarks  of  language,  all  the  fences  which 
can  secure  the  purity  and  regularity  of  the  language  from  un- 
licensed depredations  without  end  are  demolished,  the  chief  use 
and  value  of  alphabetical  writing  are  destroyed,  and  every  thino- 
is  given  to  chance  and  to  caprice. 

In  determining  the  pronunciation  of  words  in  this  work,  I  have 
availed  myself  of  the  most  respectable  English  authorities,  as 
well  as  of  my  own  personal  observations  in  both  countries,  and  of 
the  observations  of  American  gentlemen  of  erudition,  who  have 
visited  England.  In  selecting  from  a  mass  of  contradictory 
authorities,  I  may  not,  in  all  cases,  have  adopted  the  best  pro- 
nunciation ;  but  1  have  spared  no  pams  to  execute  this  part  of 
the  work  with  fidelity. 

In  general,  the  rules  I  have  prescribed  to  myself  are  these. 
1.   The  usage  of  respectable  people  in  England  and  the  United 

*  The  French  language,  by  tile  loss  or  imperfect  use  of  articulations,  though 
rendered  easy  in  nuerance,  lir.s  become  so  feeble  in  sound  as  to  be  unfit  for  bold, 
impressive  otvpience.  r'ronl  :"ie  specimens  which  I  have  witnessed  in  the 
Chamber  of  iJeputies  in  1  aris,  1  should  suppose  the  orator  must  depend  almost 
entirely  on  hr=  own  auiui;-.ticn  and  action  for  success  in  popular  speaking,  with 


States,  when  identical  in  the  two  countries,  settled  and  undis 
puted.  This  rule  comprehends  most  of  the  words  in  the  lan- 
guage. 2.  When  usage  is  unsettled  or  uncertain,  I  have  adjusted 
the  pronunciation  to  the  regular,  established  analogies  of  the 
langu.age,  as  far  as  these  can  he  definitely  ascertained  ;  having, 
however,  in  accentuation,  some  regard  to  euphony,  or  the  prosaic 
melody  which  proceeds  from  a  due  succession  of  accented  a  d 
unaccented  syllables. 

There  are  some  words,  differently  pronounced  by  respectable 
people,  in  which  no  decisive  reasons  appear  for  preferring  one 
mode  of  pronouncing  them  to  another;  either  might  be  adopted, 
without  any  injury  to  melody  or  analogy.  I  sc^e  no  particular 
reason  why  pat' cnt  should  have  its  first  vowel  short,  and  ma'Iron, 
pa'tron,  andpa'triot,  the  first  vowel  long.  Much  less  do  I  approve 
the  reasons  assigned  for  making  the  a  short  in  mat'ronal,  and  not 
in  ma'tronly,  or  short  in  pat'ronal,  and  not  in  pa'troness.  The 
reasons  assigned  by  Walker  appear  to  me  to  be  absolute  trifling. 
The  rule  of  uniformity  is  paramount  to  every  other,  excepting 
that  of  general,  undisputed  custom  ;  and  when  the  practice  is 
unsettled,  it  seems  to  be  the  duty  of  the  lexicographer  to  be 
guided  by  that  rule,  for  his  authority  may  lead  to  the  uniformity 
desired. 

In  a  few  instances,  the  common  usage  of  a  great  and  respect- 
able portion  of  the  people  of  this  country  accords  with  the  analo- 
gies of  the  lang  '"^e,  but  not  with  the  modern  notation  of  English 
orthoepists.  In  suth  cases,  it  seems  expedient  and  proper  to  re- 
tain our  own  usage.  To  renounce  a  practice  confessedly  regular, 
for  one  confessedly  anomalous,  out  of  respect  to  foreign  usage, 
would  hardly  be  consistent  with  the  dignity  of  lexicograpiiy. 
When  we  have  principle  on  our  side,  let  us  adhere  to  it.  The 
time  can  not  be  distant,  when  the  population  of  this  vast  coimtry 
will  throw  off  their  leading-strings,  and  walk  in  their  own  strength  ; 
and  the  more  we  can  raise  the  credit  and  authority  of  principle 
over  the  caprices  of  fashion  and  innovation,  the  nearer  we  ap- 
proach to  uniformity  and  stability  in  practice. 

It  is  difficult,  if  not  impracticable,  to  reconcile  the  opinions  of 
a  nation,  in  regard  to  every  point,  either  of  orthography  or  pro- 
nunciation. Every  attempt  that  has  yet  been  made  in  regard  to 
the  English  language,  has  served  only  to  increase  the  difficulty ;  i 
and  as  a  gentleman  remarked  to  me  in  London,  a  convention  of 
learned  men  could  not  effect  the  object,  for  no  two  men  would 
think  alike  on  the  subject. 

The  language  of  a  nation  is  the  common  property  of  the  peo- 
ple, and  no  individual  has  a  right  to  make  inroads  upon  its  prin- 
ciples. As  it  is  the  medium  of  communication  between  men,  it 
is  important  that  the  same  written  words  and  tlie  same  oral  sounds 
to  express  the  same  ideas,  should  be  used  by  the  whole  nation. 
When  any  man,  therefore,  attempts  to  change  the  established 
orthography  or  pronunciation,  except  to  correct  palpable  errors 
and  produce  uniformity,  by  recalling  wanderers  into  the  pale  of 
regular  analogies,  he  offers  an  indignity  to  the  nation.  No  local 
practice,  however  respectable,  will  justify  the  attempt.  There 
is  great  dignity,  as  well  as  propriety,  in  respecting  the  universal 
and  long-established  usages  of  a  nation. 

With  these  views  of  the  subject,  I  feel  myself  bound  to  reject 
all  modern  innovations,  which  violate  the  estaldished  principles 
and  analogies  of  the  language,  and  destroy  or  impair  the  value  of 
alphabetical  writing.  I  have,  therefore,  endeavored  to  present  to 
my  fellow-citizens  the  English  language  in  its  genuine  purity,  as 
we  have  received  the  inheritance  from  our  ancestors,  without 
removing  a  landmark.  If  the  language  is  fatally  destined  to  be 
corrupted,  I  will  not  be  an  instrument  of  the  mischief. 

ETYMOLOGY. 

Irregular  as  is  the  orthography  of  the  English  language,  and 
unsettled  or  corrupt  as  is  the  pronunciation,  there  is  nothing 
either  in  English  or  in  any  other  language  of  which  I  have  any 
knowledge,  which  exhibits  so  strikingly  the  low  state  of  philol- 
ogy, as  the  etymological  deductions  of  words,  or  the  liistory  of 
their  origin,  affinities,  and  primary  signification.  To  enable  the 
young  inquirer  to  estimate  the  erudition,  correctness,  or  negli- 
gence of  writers  on  this  subject,  and  to  awaken  more  attention  to 
this  branch  of  learning,  1  will  state  briefly  the  results  of  my 
researches,  and  the  opinions  which  I  have  been  compelled  to 


little  or  no  aid  from  the  strength  and  beauty  of  laug'.iage.  The  language  of 
popular  eloquence  sliould  be  neither  the  mouthing  cant  of  the  stage,  nor  the 
mincing  affectation  of  dandies,  nor  the  baby  talk  of  the  nursery.  Such  was  not 
the  language  of  Demosthenes  nor  of  Cicero  ;  and  such  may  never  be  the  lan- 
guage of  the  llritish  Chatham  and  of  the  American  Ames. 


INTRODUCTION. 


Ixxi 


form  on  the  merits  of  the  principal  treatises  on  this  subject. 
And  if  these  opinions  or  this  statement  sliould  be  charged  to 
egotism,  or  my  overweening  confidence  in  the  success  of  my 
own  investigations,  my  apology  is,  that  I  liave  suffered  so  much 
myself  by  a  misplaced  confidence  in  the  erudition  of  writers ;  I 
have  so  often  embraced  errors  irhich  it  has  cost  me  more  labor  to 
unlearn  than  to  learn ;  tiiat  if  I  can  prevent  my  fellow-citizens, 
who  have  a  taste  for  this  study,  from  being  subjected  to  the  same 
evils,  I  shall  think  the  advantage  obtained  more  than  a  balance 
for  any  unmerited  imputation. 

The  first  example  of  etymology  which  1  shall  mention  is  that 
of  Josephus,  the  historian  of  the  Jews,  who  informs  his  readers 
that  the  first  man  "  was  called  Adam,  which,  in  the  Hebrew 
tongue,  signifies  one  that  is  red,  because  he  was  formed  out  of 
red  earth  compounded  together ;  for  of  that  kind  is  virgin  and 
true  earth."  Here  is  a  mistake  proceeding  from  a  mere  resem- 
blance of  words ;  it  being  certain  that  Adam  no  more  signifies 
red  earth,  than  it  does  red  cedar.  This  mistake  is  connected 
with  another,  that  Adam  was  the  proper  name  of  the  first  man, 
an  individual ;  whereas  the  word  is  the  generic  name  of  the 
human  species,  and,  like  man  in  English,  signifies  form,  shape, 
image,  expressing  distinctively  the  characteristic  eminence  or 
distinction  of  form  of  the  human  race.  This  fact  e.xplains  the 
use  of  the  plural  pronoun,  in  the  account  of  the  creation  of  the 
species.  "  And  God  said.  Let  us  make  man  in  our  image,  after 
our  likeness;  and  let  thew,  have  dominion  over  the  fish  of  the 
sea,"  &c.  Gen.  i.  26.  It  is  evident,  also,  that  the  words  used  in 
relation  to  the  species,  the  image,  the  likeness  of  God,  have  ref- 
erence, not  only  to  their  intellectual  and  moral  faculties,  but 
also  to  their  external  form;  and  so  the  apostle  interprets  the 
words,  1  Cor.  xi.  7.  Not  that  God  has  any  bodily  shape  of 
which  man  can  be  the  image,  but  that  man  has  a  superior  or 
super-excellent  form,  corresponding  to  his  intellectual  powers, 
and  distinguishing  him  from  all  other  animals.  Now,  the  mis- 
take of  Josephus  has  infected  the  Christian  world  for  eighteen 
hundred  years,  and  the  mistake,  with  erroneous  inferences  from 
it,  enters  into  the  most  recently  published  systems  of  tlieology. 

Among  the  most  celebrated  authors  of  antiquity,  who  have 
written  on  the  subject  of  language,  is  Varro,  who  has  left  a 
treatise  De  Lingua.  Latina.  On  this  author's  learning,  Cicero, 
Quinctilian,  and  Augustine  have  bestowed  the  most  unbounded 
praises.  He  is  pronounced  to  have  been  zlr  cgregius;  cruditis- 
simiis  Romajiorum;  peritissimus  linguas  LatinjE  et  omnis  anti- 
qoitatis,  sine  ulla  dubitatione,  doctissimus.'  He  was,  doubtless, 
a  man  of  uncommon  erudition  for  the  age  in  which  lie  lived ; 
and  his  etymological  treatise  may  be  consulted  with  advantage, 
by  persons  who  have  knowledge  enough  of  this  subject  to  sepa- 
rate the  certain  or  probable  from  the  improbable  and  conjectural. 
But  it  is  certain,  from  what  remains  of  his  treatise,  tliat  his 
knowledge  of  the  origin  of  words  did  not  extend  beyond  the 
most  obvious  facts  and  principles.  Thus  he  deduces  initium 
from  ineo ;  exitus  from  exeo ;  victoria,  from  vinco.  All  this  is 
well ;  and  we  have  reason  to  think  him  correct,  in  deducing 
vellus,  fleece,  from  vellere,  to  pluck,  as,  doubtless,  fleeces  were 
plucked  from  sheep,  before  the  use  of  shears.  And  we  have 
reason  to  believe  him  when  he  informs  us  that  imber  was  origi- 
nally written  himber ;  that  hircus  was  written  by  the  Sabines 
jircus,  and  hcedus,  fedus. 

Very  different  must  be  our  opinion  of  the  following  ety- 
mologies. 

Pater,  says  Varro,  is  from  patefacio ;  ager  cultvs  is  so  called 

*  Of  the  full  value  of  these  encomiums  we  can  hardly  judge,  as  most  of 
Varro's  writings  have  perished,  and  some  of  those  which  survive  appear  in  a 
mutilated  form.  Rut  the  greater  his  erudition,  the  more  striking  will  appear 
bis  ignorance  of  this  subject. 

t  Thus  far  bad  I  written,  before  I  had  seen  this  author's  Hermes  Sctthicus. 
By  this  work  I  find  the  author  agrees  with  me  in  regard  to  the  identity  and 
common  ori^n  of  many  of  the  Gothic  and  Greek  preposition.':.  Indeed,  I  bad 
supposed  that  proof  of  such  an  obvious  fact  could  hardly  be  necessary,  in  tlie 
present  state  of  pliilnlogical  knowledge.  Some  of  these  prepositions  he  has 
illustrated  with  a  good  degree  of  accuracy ;  although,  should  this  work  ever 
fall  into  his  hands,  I  think  he  will  be  convinced  that  in  one  or  two  important 
points,  his  explanations  are  defective.  In  regard  to  other  prepositions,  I  am 
satisfied  the  author  ha.s  ventured  upon  unsafe  ground ;  at  least  his  opinions 
appear  to  me  not  to  be  well  supported. 

in  respect  to  his  explanations  of  the  names  of  the  mjthological  deities,  it  ap- 
pears to  me  the  author,  like  all  other  authors  whose  works  I  have  seen,  wanders 
in  darkness.  From  all  my  researches  into  the  origin  of  words,  \  have  drawn 
this  conclusion,  that  the  pa.Tan  deities  are  mostly  the  powers  or  supposed  pow- 
ers of  nature,  or  imaginary  b';ingri  supposed  to  preside  over  the  various  parts  of 
creation,  or  the  qualities  of  men,  rftyiVd,  that  is,  e.\alted  and  c;lehr.Tted  .is  supnr- 
natural  agents.  There  are  few  of  the  names  of  the*?  deities  which  I  pretend  to 
understand  ;  but  there  are  a  few  of  them  that  seem  to  be  too  obvious  to  be  mis- 
taken.   No  person,  1  think,  can  doubt  that  the  DrijacU  arc  named  from  6^i>s,  an 


because  in  it  seeds  coalesce  or  unite  with  the  earth ;  referring 
tiger,  i)erhaps,  to  the  root  of  agger,  or  the  Greek  ayeiotu.  Campus, 
he  says,  was  so  named  because  fruits  were  first  gathered  from 
tlie  open  field,  deducing  the  word  from  capio.  Next  to  this  were 
the  hills,  colics,  so  named  cotcndo,  from  colo,  because  these  were 
cultivated  next  to  the  open  plain.  That  land  or  field  which  ap- 
peared to  be  the  foundation  of  cattle  and  money,  was  called 
jaiidu::,  or  it  was  so  called  because  it  pours  forth  [fundat}  annual 
crops.  He  deduces  cogitarc  from  cogendo  ;  concilium  from  cogi- 
latione ;  cura  from  burning  cor,  the  heart ;  volo  from  voluntas, 
and  «  volatu,  a  flying,  because  the  mind  flies  instantly  whither  it 
will.  How  low  must  have  been  the  state  of  philology,  when 
such  improbable  conjectures  as  these  could  attract  the  enco- 
miums before  mentioned  from  Cicero  and  Quinctilian  ! 

The  reader  will  find  many  things  in  Isidore  and  Priscian 
worthy  of  his  attention,  though  much  of  what  their  works  con- 
tain is  now  so  familiar  to  scholars  of  moderate  attainments,  as 
scarcely  to  repay  the  labor  of  perusal.  But  he  who  learns  that 
Isidore  makes  oratio,  a  compound  of  oris  ratio ;  nomen,  a  con- 
traction of  7wtair.cn  ;  and  that  he  derives  verbum  from  verbcrato 
acre,  will  hardly  think  it  worth  his  labor  to  pursue  his  re.searclies 
into  that  author's  works.  Nor  will  he  be  disposed  to  relish  Pris- 
cian's  deduction  of  litera  from  legilitcra,  because  a  letter  affords 
the  means  of  reading,  or  from  Uturo,  to  obliterate,  because  the 
an'::;^r!ts  used  to  write  on  wax  tables,  and  afterwards  to  obliterate 
\.',-:\  they  had  written. 

Vossius  wrote  a  folio  on  the  etymology  of  Latin  words ;  but 
from  repeated  examinations  of  his  book,  I  am  persuaded  that 
most  of  his  deductions  are  far-fetched,  conjectural,  and  fanciful ; 
many  of  them  are  certainly  erroneous. 

Menage  and  Minshew  I  have  not  consulted ;  chiefly  because 
from  such  extracts  as  I  have  seen,  from  their  writings,  I  am 
certain  that  little  reliance  can  be  placed  on  their  opinions, 
except  in  cases  too  plain  to  be  mistaken. 

Junius  and  Skinner,  the  authorities  for  most  of  the  etymologies 
of  Bailey  and  Johnson,  are  sufiicicntly  correct  in  referring  Eng- 
!is.;  -"ords  to  the  language  from  which  they  are  immediately  de- 
rived, especially  when  the  orthography  is  too  plain  to  be  mistaken. 
They  inform  us,  that /ai/jer  is  from  the  Saxon  fieder,  that  drop  is 
from  the  Saxon  droppan,  that  picket  is  from  tlie  French  piquet, 
and  the  like.  So  Jolmson  informs  us  that  accent  is  from  the 
Latin  accentus,  and  accept  from  tlie  French  accepter,  Latin  ac- 
cipio.  All  this  is  well,  but  it  can  hardly  be  called  etymology,  or 
the  deduction  of  words  from  their  originals. 

Whiter,  in  his  Etv.mologicon  Magncm,  the  first  volume  only 
of  which  I  have  perused,  began  his  work  on  a  good  plan,  that  of 
bringing  together  words  of  the  same  or  of  cognate  radical  letters, 
and  in  jiursuance  of  his  plan,  he  has  collected  many  real  affinities. 
But  he  has  destroyed  the  value  of  his  v.'ork  by  mistaking  the 
radical  sense  of  many  words,  and  by  confounding  words  of  dif- 
ferent elements. 

Jamieson,  in  his  Etymological  Dictionary  of  the  Scottish  Lan- 
guao-e,  has  collected  the  affinities  of  words  in  that  language, 
particularly  words  of  Gothic  and  Teutonic  origin,  with  industry, 
and  probably  with  judgment,  and  a  good  degree  of  accuracy.  In 
some  instances,  I  think^he  has  departed  from  correct  principles 
of  etymology,  and  mistaken  facts  ;  and  he,  as  well  as  Whiter,  falls 
very' short  of  truth  in  a  most  important  particular,  a  clear  under- 
standing of  the  primary  sense  of  words.  Jamieson's  Dictionary, 
however,  contains  a  valuable  addition  to  our  stock  of  etymo- 
logical  materials.! 

oak  or  tree.    Hence  I  infer  that  this  name  was  applied  to  certain  imaginary 
beings  inhabiting  the  forests. 
No  person  can  doubt  that  JVireti.-.;  the  deity  of  the  sea,  and  the  ncreids, 

CO.. 

nymphs  of  the  sea,  are  named  from  the  Oriental  ^nj,^^.^,  a  river,  from  the 

corresponding  verb,  to  flow.  No  person  doubts  that  Flora,  the  goddess  of  flow- 
ers, is  merely  a  flower  deified. 

Hence  I  infer  that  tlie  true  method  of  discovering  the  origin  of  the  pagan 
deities,  is  to  find  the  meaning  of  their  names. 

Now,  Diaiia  is  the  goddess  of  bunting.  What  quality,  then,  is  most  necessary 
for  a  hunter.'  \Vh.at"quality  would  rude  men,  destitute  of  the  weapons  which 
we  possess,  most  value  as  useful  in  obtaining  subsistence  >  Doubtless  courage 
and  swiftness.  Thus  we  have  substantial  reasons  for  believing  th;il  Diaiia  is  the 
Celtic  linn  or  ilian,  which  signifies  bold,  strong,  vehement,  impetuous,  the  root 
of  Danube,  Don,  and  other  names  of  large  rivers. 

if  we  e.\amine  the  nameof  Minerva,  we  shall  find  that  the  first  syllable  con- 
tains the  elements  of  manu.i,  the  band,  and  of  mind;  and  the  last  constituent 
part  of  the  word  corresponds  well  with  the  German  arbeit,  D.  arbcid,  labor,  work, 
the  last  consonant  being  lost.  Well,  what  are  the  characteristics  of  Jlinerva  ? 
Why,  siie  is  the  goddess  of  wisdom  and  of  the  arts.  The  sense  of  ^cfoc,  would 
?ive  one  of  her  charactcri.^tics,  and  that  of  manns  and  arbcit,  the  other;  but 
which  is  the  true  word,  I  do  not  know. 


Ixxii 


INTRODUCTION. 


To  Home  Tooke  are  we  indebted  for  the  first  explanation  of 
certain  indeclinable  words,  called  conjunctio7ts  and  j)rcj>ositio?is ; 
and  for  this  let  him  have  all  merited  praise.  But  his  researches 
were  very  limited,  and  he  has  fallen  into  most  material  errors, 
particularly  in  his  second  volume.  I  have  made  no  use  of  his 
writings  iu  this  work. 

The  Hkkmes  of  Harris,  according  to  Dr.  Lowth,  "  is  the  inost 
beautiful  and  perfect  example  of  analysis  that  has  been  exhibited 
since  the  days  of  Aristotle."  This,  in  my  opinion,  is  not  the 
character  of  the  work,  which,  for  the  most  part,  consists  of  pas- 
sages from  the  works  of  Aristotle,  Ammonius,  Apollonius,  Pris- 
cian,  and  other  grammarians.  It  is  little  more  than  a  collection 
of  the  opinions  of  the  ancient  writers  on  philology,  whose  meta- 
physical subtilties  rather  obscure  than  illustrate  the  subject.  To 
show  how  easily  men  may  be  misled  by  metaphysics,  when 
applied  to  the  plainest  subject  imaginable,  take  the  following 
example  from  the  Hermes. 

"  ji  respects  our  jirimary  perception,  and  denotes  individuals  as 
■unknown;  the  respects  our  seconiUnj  perception,  and  denotes 
individuals  as  known."  [This  is  nearly  a  literal  translation  of  a 
passage  in  Priscian,  lib.  1/.] 

To  "^illustrate  the  trutli  of  this  observation,  the  author  gives  the 
following  example  :  "  There  goes  a  beggar  T;ith  a  long  beard  ;  " 
indicating  that  the  man  had  not  been  seen  before  ;  and,  there- 
fore, a  dt^notes  the  primary  perception.  A  week  after,  the  man 
returns,  and  I  say,  "  There  goes  the  beggar  with  the  long  beard  ;  " 
the  article  the  here  indicating  the  secondary  perception,  that  is, 
that  the  man  had  been  seen  before.  All  this  is  very  well.  But 
let  us  try  the  rule  by  other  examples,  and  see  whether  it  is  uni- 
versal, or  wliether  it  is  the  peculiar  and  proper  office  of  an  or  a 
to  denote  primary  perception. 

"The  article  a,"  says  Harris,  "leaves  the  individual  unascer- 
tained."    Let  us  examine  this  position. 

"But  Peter  took  him,  saying,  Stand  up;  I  myself  also  am  a 
man."  Now,  according  to  Harris,  a  here  denotes  the  primarij 
perception,  and  the  individual  is  unascertained.  That  is,  this 
man  is  one  I  have  never  seen  before. 

"  He  that  cometh  to  God  must  believe  that  he  is,  and  that  he 
is  a  rewarder  of  them  that  diligently  seek  him."  Whether  a,  in 
this  sentence,  denotes  first  perception,  I  can  not  determine;  but 
sure  1  am  the  individual  is  not  left  unascertained. 

A.  1).  says  to  me,  "  I  have  lately  dismissed  ujt  old  servant,  who 
has  lived  with  me  for  thirty  years."  Here  aii  may  present  a 
primary  perception  to  the  hearer,  but  not  so  to  the  speaker.  To 
both,  the  individual  must  be  well  ascertained. 

It  appears,  then,  that  this  definition  o{ an  or  a  is  incorrect;  and 
the  pains  of  these  metaphysical  writers,  who  form  such  perfect 
anahjses  of  language,  is  little  better  than  learned  trijling.  On 
testing  the  real  character  of  an  or  a.  by  usage  and  facts,  we  find 
it  is  merely  the  adjective  one,  in  its  Saxon  orthography,  and  that 
its  sole  use  is  to  denote  one,  whether  the  individual  is  known  or 
unknown,  definite  or  indefinite. 

Again,  Harris  translates  and  adopts  the  definition  wliich  Aris- 
totle has  given  of  a  conjunction.  "  An  articulate  sound  or  part 
of  speech  devoid  of  signification  by  itself,  but  so  formed  as  to 
help  signification,  by  making  two  or  more  significant  sentences 
to  be  one  significant  sentence." 

This  is  so  far  from  being  true,  that  some  of  the  conjunctions 
are  verbs,  equivalent  to  join,  unite,  or  add,  in  the  imperative 
mode.  In  like  manner,  the  prepositions  called  inseparable,  and 
used  as  prefixes,  are  all  significant  per  se,  although,  by  custom, 
they  sometimes  lose  their  appropriate  use.  For  example,  re, 
which  denotes  repetition,  has  lost  its  use  in  recommend,  which  is 
equivalent  to  commend,  without  the  sense  of  repetition.  But 
still  it  has  ordinarily  an  appropriate  sense,  which  is  perfectly 
understood,  even  when  first  prefixed  to  a  word.  Let  any  person 
prefix  this  word  to  pronounce  for  the  first  time,  and  direct  a  boy 
fourteen  years  old  to  rcpronounce  his  oration,  and  he  would  per- 
fectly well  understand  the  direction. 

Bryant,  the  author  of  "  An  Analysis  of  Ancient  Mythology," 
whose  works  I  should  love  to  read,  if  I  could  have  confidence  in 
his  opinions,  has  given  to  the  public  a  history  of  the  Cuthites,  or 
descendants  of  Ham,  a  race  of  bold  adventurers,  who,  as  he  sup- 

Thp  two  circum>tances  which  chiefly  distincuish  Hercules.,  are  his  tabor.i  and 
his  dub.  We  never  hear  of  Herculi'jt  but  with  these  accompaniments.  Now, 
Ihe  first  syllable  of  his  name  is  precisely  the  root  of  the  Greek  eoyov,  royaoi, 
Uiat  is,  £p>  or  cor,  which  would  give  the  sense  of  work,  labor.  Whether  the 
last  constituent  of  Uie  name  is  kN^io;,  or  from  that  root,  I  shall  not  pretend  to 
adirm.  Indeed,  I  offer  these  explanations  rather  as  jjrtibaUc,  than  as  clearly 
proved ;  but  they  do  ap^ciL  \c  bo  probably  well  founded,    nereides,  then,  was  a 


poses,  made  expeditions  by  sea  and  land,  introducing  arts,  found- 
inn-  cities,  and  corrupting  religion  b}'  the  propagation  of  Sabian- 
isin.  For  proof  of  his  opinions,  he  relies  very  much  on  etymology 
and  the  signification  of  names.  Two  or  three  examples  of  his 
deductions  will  be  sufficient  to  show  his  manner  of  proof.  Ham, 
or  Cham,  signifying  heat  and  the  sun,  he  deduces  from  2ttn,  to 
be  hot,  to  heat.  So  far  he  may  be  correct.  But  he  goes  on  to 
deduce  from  this  root,  also,  as  CastcU  had  done  before  him,  the 
Greek  xcwfia,  heat,  not  considering  that  this  is  from  xatoi,  to  burn, 
in  which  m  is  not  radical ;  but  probably  «  is  the  radical  consonant, 
as  this  occurs  in  the  derivatives.  Kuvua  has  no  connection  with 
Ham.  From  Cam,  or  Cham,  he  then  deduces  the  Latin  camera, 
Gr.  xa^itQa,  an  arched  roof  or  vault,  whence  our  chamber,  though 
it  is  not  easy  to  discover  the  connection  between  this  word  and 
heat;  and  from  the  same  root  he  deduces  Camillas,  Camilla,  and 
many  other  words,  without  any  support  for  his  opinions  but  a 
mere  similarity  of  orthography  in  the  first  syllable.  In  all  this 
he  is  certainly  wrong. 

The  Greek  ^toc,  God,  he  supposes,  most  unwarrantably,  to  be 
formed  from  the  Egj'ptian  Thculh,  or  Thoth,  Mercury. 

The  sun  he  supposes  to  have  been  styled  El-uc ;  El  [iltog] 
and  uc  or  och,  a  title  of  honor  among  the  Babylonians.  This 
word,  says  Bryant,  the  Greeks  changed  into  Xvy.uq,  [a  wolf,]  and 
hence  the  Latin  lux,  luceo.  A  strange  conjecture  this,  not  to 
call  it  by  a  harsher  name.  Now,  if  Bryant  had  examined  the 
Teutonic  dialects,  and  the  Welsh,  he  would  have  seen  his  mis- 
take ;  for  the  Saxon  leoht,  liht,  Dutch  and  German  liclit,  are 
from  the  common  root  of  the  Welsh  Hug,  a  shooting  or  gleaming, 
lluciaxc,  to  throw.  Hue,  a  darting  or  flashing,  the  root  of  luceo  ;  a 
simple  root,  that  can  have  no  connection  with  El-uc. 

Excepting  Faber's  work  on  the  Cabiri,  I  have  seen  scarcely 
a  book  in  any  language,  v.'hich  exliibits  so  little  etymological 
knowledge,  with  such  a  scries  of  erroneous  or  fanciful  deductions, 
as  Bryant's  Analysis.  Drummond's  Origincs  abounds  with  ety- 
mological deductions  of  a  similar  character. 

Gebelin,  a  French  writer,  in  his  Monde  Primitij,  has  bestowed 
much  labor  in  developing  the  origin  and  signification  of  words  ; 
but  a  large  part  of  his  lal)or  has  produced  no  valuable  effect.  His 
whole  system  is  founded  on  a  mistake,  that  the  noun  is  the  root 
of  all  other  words. 

Of  all  the  writers  on  et3'mology,  whose  works  I  have  read  or 
consulted,  Spelman  and  Lluyd  are  almost  the  only  ones  in 
whose  deductions  much  confidence  can  be  placed.  I  do  not 
name  Camden,  Hickes,  Selden,  and  Gibson,  as  their  etymo- 
logical inquiries,  though  generally  judiciously  conducted,  were 
very  limited.  This  is  true,  also,  in  some  degree,  of  Spelman 
and  Lluyd ;  but  the  researches  of  Spelman  into  the  origin  of 
law  terras,  and  words  of  the  middle  ages,  have  generally  pro- 
duced very  satisfactory  results.  From  the  limited  nature  of  the 
designs  of  Spelman  and  Lluyd,  errors  may  have  occasionally 
escaped  them  ;  but  they  are  few,  and  very  pardonable. 

I  know  of  no  work  in  any  language,  in  which  words  have 
been  generally  traced  to  tlieir  original  signification,  with  even 
tolerable  correctness.  In  a  few  instances,  this  signification  is 
too  obvious  to  be  mistaken ;  but  in  most  inst.oiices,  the  ablest 
etymologist  is  liable  to  be  misled  by  first  appearances,  and  the 
want  of  extensive  investigation.  I  have  been  often  misled  my- 
self, by  these  means,  and  have  been  obliged  to  change  my  opin- 
ions, as  I  have  advanced  in  my  inquiries.  Hence  the  tendency 
of  my  researches  has  been  very  much  to  increase  my  caution  in 
referring  words  to  their  originals ;  and  such,  I  am  persuaded, 
will  be  the  result  of  all  critical  and  judicious  investigations  into 
the  history  and  affinities  of  language. 

A  principal  source  of  mistakes  on  this  subject  is  a  disregard 
of  the  identity  of  the  radical  consonants,  and  a  licentious  blend- 
ing and  confounding  of  words,  whose  elementary  letters  are  not 
comrnutable.  Another  source  of  error  is  an  unwarrantable  license 
in  prefixing  or  inserting  letters,  for  the  purpose  of  producing  an 
identity  or  resemblance  of  orthography ;  a  fault  very  justly  op- 
posed by  Sir  William  Jones. 

The  learned  Dr.  Good,  in  his  Book  of  J^ature,  Lecture  IX,  of 
the  second  series,  suggests  it  to  be  probable  that  both  papa  and 
father  issued  from  the  Hebrew  source  ZS,  iS2S,  T^H.     He  then 

name  given  to  any  bold,  heroic  leader  of  a  tribe  of  rude  men,  who  was  distin- 
gui.«hed  for  his  aciiievenients  as  a  warrior  ;  and  this  name  must  have  originated 
in  very  early  ages,  when  clubs  were  the  principal  weapons  of  war,  iad  instru- 
ments of  defense.  .And  hence,  probably,  the  origin  of  the  scepter,  as  a  badge  of 
roy.alty.  Now,  it  is  worthy  of  remark,  tiiat  the  war  club  of  rude  nations,  at  this 
day,  especially  of  the  savage  nations  Of  the  Soutli  Sea  Isles,  is  of  the  same  shape 
as  the  ancient  scepter. 


INTRODUCTION 


Ixxiii 


fearlessly  ventures  to  affirm,  that  there  is  scarcely  a  language  or 
dialect  in  the  world,  polished  or  barbarous,  in  wliich  tlie  same 
idea  is  not  expressed  by  the  radical  of  one  or  the  other  of  these 
terms.  True,  the  letter  N  is  found  in  most  words  of  this  signifi- 
cation ;  although  our  knowledge  of  languages  is  too  limited  to 
warrant  such  a  broad  assertion.  But  the  attempt  to  deduce  all 
words  signifying  father  from  the  Hebrew,  must  certainly  tail ; 
for  we  know  from  history,  that  a  great  part  of  Asia  and  of  Europe 
was  inhabited  before  the  existence  of  the  Hebrew  nation.  Be- 
sides, a  large  portion  of  the  European  population  have  no  word 
tbi  father,  which  can  be  rationally  deduced  from  2S.  The  Welsh 
tad,  whence  our  dadchj,  the  Gothic  atta,  Irish  nithair,  Basque 
aita,  and  Laponnic  attci,  can  not  he  formed  from  the  Hebrew 
word,  the  letter  d  and  t  not  being  commutable  with  4.  One 
would  suppose  that  a  learned  physiologist  could  not  fail  to  assign 
the  true  cause  of  the  similarity  of  words  bearing  the  sense  of 
father  and  mother,  among  the  nations  of  the  earth.  The  truth  is, 
the  sound  of  a  is  very  easy,  and  probably  the  easiest  for  children, 
being  formed  by  simply  opening  the  mouth,  without  any  exertion 
of  the  organs  to  modulate  the  sound.  So,  also,  the  articulations 
b,  m,  and  d  or  t,  being  natural  and  easy,  will  generally  enter 
into  the  first  words  formed  by  children.  The  labials  are  formed 
by  simply  closing  the  lips,  and  the  dentals,  by  placing  the  tongue 
against  the  root  of  the  upper  teeth ;  the  position  which  it  naturally 
occupies  in  a  healthy  child.  From  these  circumstances,  v.-e  may 
fairly  infer,  a  priori,  that  such  words  as  ab,  aha, papa,  tad,  mamma, 
must  be  the  first  words  uttered  by  children.  Indeed,  were  the 
whole  human  race  to  lose  their  present  names  for  father,  mother, 
and  mirse,  similar  names  would  be  for.Tied  by  a  great  portion  of 
mankind,  without  any  communication  between  diiferent  nations. 
The  author  further  observes,  that  the  generic  terms  for  the 
Deity  are  chiefly  the  three  following  —  .Hot  Allah,  Theiis  ot Deus, 
and  God.  "  Besides  these,  there  is  scarcely  a  term  of  any  kind,  by 
which  the  Deity  is  designated,  in  any  part  of  tlie  world,  whether 
among  civilized  or  savage  men.  Tet  tliese  proceed  from  the 
same  common  quarter  of  the  globe."  True;  men,  and  of  course 
words,  all  came  from  a  common  quarter  of  the  globe.  But  it  so 
happens,  that  these  three  terms  must  have  originated  among  dif- 
ferent families,  or  from  diiferent  sources,  for  they  are  all  formed 
with  different  radicals,  and  can  have  had  no  connection  with  a 
common  radix.  But  it  happens,  also,  that  not  one  of  these  terms, 
as  far  as  I  can  learn,  exists  among  the  Slavonic  nations,  who 
compose  a  large  portion  of  all  the  population  of  Europe,  and 
whose  name  of  God  is  Bog,  a  word  radically  distinct  from  all 
which  the  author  has  mentioned. 

The  author  proceeds  to  say,  "  that  the  more  common  etymon 
for  death,  among  all  nations,  is  mpr,  mart,  or  mut."  But  if  either 
of  these  terms  for  death  is  a  native  word  among  the  great  Gothic, 
Teutonic,  and  Slavonic  families,  which  constitute  the  half  or  two 
thirds  of  all  the  inhabitants  of  Europe,  I  have  not  been'able  to 
find  it.  Besides,  mor  and  mut  are  words  radically  distinct,  and 
thus  originated  in  different  families. 

"  Sir,"  says  the  author,  "  is,  in  our  language,  the  common 
title  of  respect;  and  the  same  term  is  employed  in  the  same  seiue 
throughout  every  quarter  of  the  globe.  In  the  Sanscrit  and  Per- 
sian, it  means  the  organ  of  the  head  itself."  He  finds  the  word 
in  Arabia,  Turkey,  in  Greek,  among  tiie  Peruvians  in  South 
America,  in  Germany,  Holland,  and  the  contiguous  countries. 
In  some  of  the  languages  of  these  countries  I  have  found  no  such 
word ;  but  if  it  exists,  the  author's  inference,  that  the  7iame  of  tlie 
head  gave  rise  to  this  term  of  respect,  (for  this  is  what  I  under- 
stand him  to  mean,)  is  totally  unfounded  ;  and  equally  fanciful 
and  unfounded  is  his  supposition,  that,  by  the  loss  of  h  from  sker, 
the  pronoun  her,  and  the  German  kerr,  lord,  are  to  be  deduced 
from  sir.  In  all  this  it  is  demonstrably  certain  there  is  no  truth 
or  even  semblance  of  reality. 

Man.  the  author  deduces  from  the  Hebrew  refti  to  discern  or 
discriminate,  a  sense  I  do  not  find  in  the  Lexicons ;  and  hence 
he  infers  that  the  radical  idea  of  m'ln  is  that  of  a  thinking  or  a 
reasonable  being.  With  this  word  he  connects  Menu,  Menes, 
Minos,  and  hevo;,  mens,  mind;  a  sweeping  inference,  made  at 
random,  from  a  similarity  of  orthography,  without  a  distant  con- 
ception of  the  true  primary  meaning  of  either  of  these  words. 
But  what  is  worse,  he  appears,  if  I  do  not  mistake  his  meaning, 
to  connect  with  tliese  words  the  tune,  tnnato,  or  tangi,  of  tlie 
Sandwich  Isles;  words  which  arc  formed  with  a  radical  initial 
consonant,  not  convertible  with  m,  and  most  certainly  uncon- 
nected with  man.  See  the  words  Fathek,  Mas,  and  Sin,  in  the 
Dictionary. 


The  author  offers  some  other  etymologies  and  affinities  equally 
remote  from  truth,  and  even  from  probability. 

The  governing  principles  of  etymology  are,  first,  the  identity 
of  radical  letters,  or  a  coincidence  of  cognates,  in  different  lan- 
guages; no  affinity  being  admissible,  except  among  words  whose 
primary  consonants  are  articulations  of  the  same  organs,  as  B,  F, 
M,  P,  V,  and  W;  or  as  D,T,Th,  and  S ;  or  as  G,  C  close,  K, 
and  Q;  Pi,  L,  and  D.  Some  exceptions  to  this  rule  must  be  ad- 
mitted, but  not  without  collateral  evidence  of  the  change,  or 
some  evidence  that  is  too  clear  to  be  reasonably  rejected. 

Second.  Words  in  different  languages  are  not  to  be  considered 
as  proceeding  from  the  same  radix,  unless  they  have  the  same 
signification,  or  one  closely  allied  to  it,  or  naturally  deducible 
from  it.  And  on  this  point,  much  knowledge  of  tlie  primary 
sense  of  words,  and  of  the  manner  m  which  collateral  senses 
have  sprung  from  one  radical  idea,  is  necessary  to  secure  the 
inquirer  from  mistakes.  A  competent  knowledge  of  this  branch 
of  etymology  can  not  be  obtained  from  any  one,  or  from  two  or 
three  languages.  It  is  almost  literally  true,  that,  in  examining 
more  than  twenty  languages,  I  have  found  eaeh  language  to 
throw  some  light  on  evcrij  other. 

That  the  reader  may  liave  more  clear  and  distinct  ideas  of 
what  is  intended  by  commutable  letters,  and  the  principles  by 
which  etymological  deductions  are  to  be  regulated,  it  may  be 
remarked  that  commutable  or  interchangeable  letters  are  letters  of 
the  same  organs;  that  is,  letters  or  articulations  formed  by  the 
same  parts  of  the  mouth.  Thus,  b,  vi,  and  p,  are  formed  immedi- 
ately by  the  lips,  the  position  of  v.-liich  is  slightly  varied  to  make 
the  distinction  between  these  letters,  i'  and  v  are  formed  by  the 
lips,  but  with  the  aid  of  the  upper  teeth.  Now,  tlie  difference  of 
the  jointings  of  the  organs  to  utter  these  letters  is  so  small,  that 
it  is  easy  for  men,  in  utterance,  to  slide  from  one  form  into 
another. 

The  following  examples  will  illustrate  this  subject. 
Labial  Letters  commuted  for  other  Labials. 

English  bear,  Lat.  fcro,  pario,  G.  iftow,  ipooiw,  D.  toeren, 
G.  filhren. 

Here  is  the  same  word  written  in  different  languages,  with  five 
different  initial  letters.  -'-'     '   ' 

German  ?™/ir,  true,  L.  vcrus. 

Celtic  lamh,  lur,  the  iiand,  Goth.  lofa. 

L.  gubcrno,  Fr.  goiircrncr,  Eng.  govern. 

Dental  Letters  commuted  for  other  Dentals 
Eng.  dctc,  G.  than. 
Eng.  good,  G.  gut. 
Eng.  dare,  Gr.  ^9«o{)«cj. 
Eng.  daij,  G.  tag. 
Enff.  titanic,  D.  danlicn. 
Eng.  brother,  D.  broedcr. 

Palatal  Letters  commuted  for  other  Palatals 
Enor.  call,  W.  gulw,  Gr.  y.ulea. 
Eng.  get.  It.  caiiare. 
Greek  xiiu,a,  L.  hiems,  winter. 

Dentals  converted  into  Sibilants. 
Eng.  v:atcr,  G.  wasser. 
Lat.  dens,  a  tooth,  G.  zahn. 
Eng.  let,  Fr.  laisscr. 

Ch.  r-.2,  Heb.  ri:. 
Sax.  tid,  time,  G.  zeit. 

Change  of  Linguals 
Eno'.  escort,  Sp.  and  Port,  cscolta. 
Fr.  blanc,  white,  Port,  branco. 

Change  of  F  into  H. 
Sp.  habla  for  Lrii.  fabula;  haz  for  fades,  face :  haeerioT  facia. 

It  is  believed  that  n  and  s  are  sometimes  convertible ;  as  in 
Latin  pano,  posui,  and  also  r  and  s,  as  in  English  iron,  German 
isen. 

Letters  formed  by  different  organs  are  not  commutable  ;  hence 
we  are  not  to  admit  a  radical  word  beginning  or  endmg  with  b, 
f,  or  V,  to  be  the  same  as  a  word  beginning  or  ending  with  g,  d, 
t,  r,  or  s;  nor  a  word  whose  radical  letters  are  m,  n,  to  be  the 
same  as  one  whose  elements  are  r,  d,  or  s,  t.  If  such  words  are 
in  any  case  the  same,  they  must  have  suffered  some  anomalous 


Ixxiv 


INTRODUCTION. 


changes ;  changes  which  are  very  unusual,  and  which  are  never 
to  bo  admitted  witliout  the  clearest  evidence. 

When  this  work  was  in  the  press,  I  first  obtained  a  sight  of  a 
"  History  of  the  European  Languages,"  by  the  late  Dr.  Alex- 
ander Murray,  professor  of  Oriental  languages  in  the  Univeraity 
of  Edinburgh. 

From  a  hasty  perusal  of  the  first  volume,  I  find  this  learned 
professor  studied  tlie  European  lano-uages  with  much  ?.ttention 
and  profit.  He  has  gone  further  into  the  origin  and  formation  of 
languages,  than  any  author  wliose  works  I  have  read ;  and  his 
writings  unfold  many  valuable  principles  and  ficts.  But  he 
formed  a  theory  which  he  attempted  to  support,  iu  my  opinion, 
with  little  success ;  at  least,  on  his  principles,  all  the  usual  rules 
of  etymology  are  transgressed,  and  all  distinction  between  words 
of  different  radical  letters  is  abandoned.  According  to  his  theory, 
nine  words  are  the  foundations  of  language,  viz.,  tig,  wag,  hwag, 
bag,  or  hiottg,  [of  which  fag  and  pag  are  softer  varieties,]  dicag, 
thwag,  or  iwag,  gicag,  or  cwag,  lug,  and  hlag,  mag,  nag,  and 
hnag,  rag,  and  hrag,  swair.  "  [>ij  Ike  kelp  of  tkcse  nine  words  and 
their  componnds,  all  the  European  languages  have  been  formed.^' 
These  are  the  author's  words. 

To  make  out  his  scheme,  he  joins  ag,  having,  to  wag,  move, 
and  forms  a  diminutive,  wugag,  to  move  a  little  or  often.  With 
ba,  bear  or  bring,  and  la,  hold,  wagaha  signifies,  literally,  move- 
bearing,  and  wugla  is  move-having.  Then  wagaba  contracted 
into  wabba,  to  wave,  to  weave,  and  wagla  into  wala,  to  turn. 
Fronj  dag,  to  wet,  bedew,  comes  damp  ;  from  ccag,  to  chew,  comes 
champ ;  fid,  joined,  wrought  together,  horn  fag,  to  work,  to  join  ; 
hwul  and  kal,  to  hold,  and  turn,  from  hwag ;  bat  from  bagd  or 
bagt ;  bigt,  a  bite,  from  bigt ;  bladder  from  blag;  modera,  motker, 
the  producer,  from  magd,  produced  ;  bottom  from  bogd,  a  stump, 
root,  or  foundation  ;  field  from  fagd;  eartk,  from  airlha,  acertka, 
from  acer,  nUcr,  agcr  ;  field,  an  uncultivated  plain,  from  fag,  to 
make  to  fall. 

It  seems  that,  in  order  to  maintain  his  theory,  it  was  necessary 
to  make  it  appear  that  g  formed  a  part  of  all  original  words,  and 
that  this  letter  has,  in  modern  words,  been  dropped.  The  author 
then  introduces  this  letter  into  words  where  it  never  had  any 
place,  such  as  field,  earth,  bat,  &.c.  The  author's  work  presents 
one  of  the  most  singular  medleys  of  truth  and  error,  of  sound 
observation  and  vi.sionary  opinions,  that  has  ever  fallen  under 
my  notice. 

On  the  same  principles  he  must  have  inserted  the  letter  g  in 
bear,  fero,  pario,  S"0 ;  in  bend,  found,  tame,  Hafiaa,  domo ;  in 
dream,  wander,  turn,  &c. ;  and  supposed  them  to  have  been 
originally  beagcr,  fcgro,  pagrio,  S-|33,  brand,  fougnd,  tagme, 
dayuaw,  dogma,  drcagm,  wagndcr,  tutrrn,  &c. 

Now,  on  such  a  principle  as  this,  wiT  might  deduce  any  word  in 
the  language  from  any  other  word,  or  from  any  root  tliat  could  be 
imagined.  In  short,  all  such  theories  are  the  produce  of  wild 
conjecture,  and  they  serve  no  purpose  but  to  confound  the  stu- 
dent, and  bring  the  study  of  etymology  into  contempt. 


ACCENTUATION. 

Accent  is  the  more  forcible  utterance  of  a  particular  syllable 
of  a  word,  by  which  it  is  distinguished  from  the  others.  The 
accented  syllable  of  a  word  serves,  therefore,  as  a  kind  of  resting- 
place  or  support  of  the  voice,  which  passes  over  the  unaccented 
syllables  with  more  rapidity  and  a  less  distinct  utterance. 

Accent  is  of  two  kinds,  or  rather  of  two  degrees  of  force  — 
primary  and  secondiirij.  Words  of  one  syllable  can  have  no 
accent.  Words  of  two  syllables  have  the  primary  accent  only. 
Words  of  three  and  four  syllables  may  have  the  primary  and 
secondary  accent ;  but  many  of  them  have  no  secondary  accent 
that  deserves  notice  ;  such  arc  dignity,  enemy,  annuity,  fidelity. 
In  words  of  four,  five,  or  more  syllables,  a  secondary  accent  is 
often  e.s.sential  to  a  clear,  distinct  articulation  of  the  several  syl- 
lables. Tims  heterogeneous  can  not  be  well  uttered  wif.hout  two 
accented  syllables  ;  the  fourth  syllable  receiving  the  principal 
stress  of  the  voice,  and  the  first  clearly  distinguished  by  more 
forcible  utterance  than  the  second,  third,  fifth,  and  si:rth. 

The  accent  of  most  English  words  has  been  long  esta'olished  ; 
and,  evidently,  it  has  been  determined  by  the  natural  ease  of 
speaking,  without  the  aid  of  rules  or  instruction.  If  any  man 
should  ask,  why  we  lay  the  accent  of  such  words  as  elocution, 
meditation,  relation,  congratulation,  on  the  last  syllable  .except 
one,  the  answer  is,  that  such  accentuation  renders  the  pro- 
nunciation more  easy  to  the  organs  of  speech,  and  more  iwjree- 


able  to  the  ear,  than  the  accentuation  of  any  other  syllable.  The 
ease  of  speaking,  and  a  kind  of  prosaic  melody,  resnltinf  from  a 
due  proportion  of  accented  and  unaccented  syllables,  wiiich  en- 
ables the  speaker  to  bound  with  ease  from  one  accented  syllable 
to  another,  without  omitting  those  which  are  unaccented,  are  the 
two  great  principles  by  which  the  accentuation  of  words  has 
been  regulated.  And  it  is  to  be  extremely  regretted  that  these 
principles  should,  in  any  instances,  be  neglected,  or  forced  to 
yield  to  arbitrary  reasons  of  derivation,  or  to  a  pedantic  afit-cta- 
tion  of  foreign  pronunciation.  When  we  know  that  the  great 
mass  of  a  nation  naturally  fall  into  a  particular  manner  of  pro- 
nouncing a  word,  without  any  rule  or  instruction,  we  may  rely 
upon  this  tendency  as  a  pretty  certain  indication  that  their  ac- 
centuation is  according  to  the  analogies  of  the  language,  by 
which  their  habits  of  speaking  have  been  formed ;  and  this  ten- 
dency can  not  be  opposed  without  doing  violence  to  those  analo- 
gies and  to  national  habits. 

Thus,  formerly,  the  word  korizon  was  universally  accented  on 
the  first  syllable,  and  this  accentuation  was  according  to  the 
settled  analogy  of  the  language.  But  the  early  poets  had  a  fancy 
for  conforming  the  English  to  the  Greek  pronunciation,  and 
accented  the  second  syllable  ;  the  orthoepists  followed  them  ; 
and  now  we  have  this  forced,  unnatural  pronunciation  of  the 
learned,  in  collision  with  the  regular,  analogous,  popular  pro- 
nunciation. By  this  affectation  of  the  Greek  accent,  the  flowing 
smoothness  of  the  word  is  entirely  lost. 

In  like  manner,  an  imitation  of  the  French  pronunciation  of 
cvnfcsseur  and  suceesseur  led  the  early  poets  to  accent  the  Eng- 
lish words  on  the  first  syllable,  in  violation  of  analogy  and 
euphony  ;  and  some  orthoepists  affect  to  follow  them ;  but  public 
usage  frowns  on  this  affectation,  and  rejects  their  authority. 

There  are  many  words  in  the  English  language,  indeed  a  large 
part  of  the  whole  number,  which  can  not  be  reduced  under  any 
general  rule  of  accentuation,  as  the  exceptions  to  any  rule  formed 
will  be  nearly  as  numerous  as  the  words  which  the  rule  embraces. 
And,  in  most  instances,  we  shall  find  in  the  structure  of  the 
words   satisfactory  reasons  for   the  difference  of  pronunciation. 

DISSYLLABLES. 

No  general  rule  can  be  given  for  the  accentuation  of  v/ords  of 
two  syllables.  '  It  is,  however,  worth  observing,  that  when  the 
same  word  is  both  a  noun,  or  an  adjective,  and  a  verb,  it  happens, 
in  many  instances,  that  the  noun  or  adjective  has  the  accent  on 
the  first  syllable,  and  the  verb  on  the  last;  instances  of  which 
we  have  in  ab'sent,  to  absent' ;  con' cert,  to  concert' ;  ex' port,  to 
cxpdrt.  The  reason  is,  the  preterit  and  participles  of  the  verbs 
require  to  have  the  same  syllable  accented  as  the  verb ;  but  if 
the  first  syllable  of  the  preterit  and  participles  were  to  be  ac- 
cented, it  would  be  difficult  to  pronounce  the  words,  as  may  be 
perceived  by  attempting  to  jjronounce  ah'senting,  con'certcd,  con'- 
ducted,  with  the  accent  on  the  first  syllable. 

In  a  few  instances,  the  word  has  a  different  accent  when  a 
noun,  from  that  which  it  has  when  an  adjective ;  as  .lu'gust, 
august';  galUmt',  gal'lant. 

TRISYLLABLES. 

Words  of  throe  syllables,  derived  from  dissyllables,  usually 
retain  the  accent  of  their  primitives.     Thus, 

P6et,  piietcss ;  pleas'ant,  pleas'antly;  gracious,  grdciously ;  re- 
late, related;  poU'tc,  poll' test. 

In  like  manner,  words  of  four  syllables,  formed  from  dissylla- 
bles, generally  retain  thi'  accent  of  the  primitives;  as  in  collect'- 
ible,  from  collect',  ser'viceable,  from  scr'vice. 

In  all  cases,  the  preterit  and  participles  of  verbs  retain  the 
accent  of  the  verbs. 

Words  ending  in  tion,  sion,  tian,  cious,  tious,  rial,  cian,  tial. 
Hate,  tient,  cient,  have  the  accent  on  the  syllable  preceding  that 
termination ;  as,  motion.  Christian,  precious,  erudition,  ^;ffi- 
iicnt,  &.C. 

Words  of  more  than  two  syllables,  ending  in  ty,  have,  for  the 
most  part,  the  accent  on  the  antepenult ;  a,s,  gratuity,  propriety, 
prosperity,  insensibility. 

Trisyllables  ending  in  mcnt,  for  the  most  part,  have  the  accent 
on  the  first  syllable  ;  as,  compliment,  detriment ;  but  to  this  rule 
there  are  many  exceptions,  and  particularly  nouns  fcr.Tied  from 
verbs;  as,  amendment,  cummandmeiit. 

Words  with  the  following  terminations,  have  the  accent  on  th'' 
last  syllable  except  Uvo,  or  antepenult :  — 


INTIIOUUCTION. 


Ixxv 


— Jluorts  ;  as,  supcr'Jlumts,  mellifluous. 
— -ferous  ;  as,  bacciferous,  argentiferous. 
— fiuent :  as,  circum'fluent. 
— cracy ;  as,  dcmoc'racy,  theoc  racy. 
— gonul ;  as,  diag'onal,  hexag'onal. 
— gony ;  as,  cosmog'ony.,  theog'ony. 
— machy  ;  as,  logom'achy,  tlieom'achy. 
— loquy ;  as,  oh'toquy,  vcntril'oquy. 
— matky  ;  as,  poJym'atky. 
— meter;  as,  harom'cter,  kygrom'cter. 
— Ttomy ;  as,  econ'omy^  ustron'oiny. 
— ogy  ;  as,philol'ogy,  cosmol'ugy. 
— patky ;  as,  ap'athy.,  miiip'athy. 
-phony ;  as,  eu'phoiiy,  sym'phony. 
—parous ;  as,  oriji'arous,  vivip'arous. 
— scopy ;  as,  deuteros'copy,  aeros'copy. 
— strophe;  as,  upos'trophe,  catas'trophe. 
— vomous  ;  as,  igniv'omoiis. 
— vorous  ;  as,  carniv'orous,  graminiv'orous. 
— tomy ;  as,  anat'omy^  lithot'omy. 
— raphy  ;  as,  geog'raphy,  orthog'raphy. 

Compound  words,  as  book-case,  ink-stand,  pen-knife,  note-book, 
usually  have  a  slight  accent,  that  is,  one  syllable  is  distinguished 
by  some  stress  of  voice :  but  as  the  other  syllable  is  significant 
by  itself,  it  is  uttered  with  more  distinctness  than  the  syllables  of 
other  words  which  are  wholly  unaccented.  And  in  some  words 
there  are  two  accents,  one  on  each  component  part  of  the  word, 
which  are  barely  distinguishable.  Thus,  in  legislative,  legislator, 
legislature,  the  accent  on  the  first  syllable  can  hardly  be  dis- 
tinguished from  that  on  the  third ;  and  if  a  speaker  were  to  la}' 
the  primary  accent  on  the  third  syllable,  his  pronunciation  would 
hardly  be  noticed  as  a  singularity.  Indeed,  there  are  some  com- 
pound words,  in  which  there  is  so  little  distinction  of  accent,  that 
it  is  deemed  unnecessary  to  mark  either  syllable  or  part  of  the 
word  as  accented. 

As  to  a  great  part  of  English  words,  their  accent  must  be 
learned  from  dictionaries,  elementary  books,  or  practice.  There 
is  no  method  of  classification,  by  which  they  can  be  brought 
under  a  few  simple  general  rules,  to  be  easily  retained  by  the 
memory  ;  and  attempts  to  effect  this  object  must  only  burden  the 
memory,  and  perplex  the  learner. 

The  differences  in  the  accentuation  of  words,  either  in  books 
or  in  usage,  are  not  very  numerous.  In  this  respect,  the  lang^iage 
is  tolerably  well  settled,  e.Tcept  in  a  few  words.  Among  these 
are  acceptable,  commendable,  confessor,  successor,  receptacle,  re- 
ccptory,  deceptory,  refragable,  dyspepsy,  which  the  orthoepists 
incline  to  accent  on  the  first  syllable.  But  with  regard  to  most 
of  these  words,  this  accentuation  is  contrary  to  common  usage, 
and  with  regard  to  all  of  them,  it  ought  to  be  rejected.  The  ease 
of  pronunciation  requires  the  accent  to  be  on  the  second  syllable, 
and  no  effort  to  remove  it  can  ever  succeed. 

The  words  accessory,  desultory,  exemplary,  and  peremptory, 
would  all  have  the  accent  on  the  second  syllable,  were  it  not 
very  difficult,  with  this  accent,  to  articulate  the  three  last  sylla- 
bles of  the  derivatives,  accessorily,  desultorily,  exemplariiy,  per- 
emptorily. It  is  for  this  reason  that  the  primary  accent  is  laid 
on  the  first  syllable,  and  then  a  secondary  accent  on  the  third 
enables  the  speaker  to  articulate  distinctly,  and  with  tolerable 
ease,  the  last  syllables.  If  the  primary  accent  is  laid  on  the  sec- 
ond syllable,  there  can  be  no  secondary  accent.  Yet  the  natural 
accent  of  the  primitives  being  on  the  second  syllable  of  the  three 
first,  and  the  derivatives  little  used,  we  find  good  speakers  often 
lay  the  accent  on  the  second  syllable ;  nor  is  it  easy  to  change 
the  practice. 

Tliis  circumstance  of  regarding  the  pronunciation  of  derivative 
words,  in  settling  the  accent,  has  been  either  wholly  overlooked, 
or  not  sufficiently  observed  in  practice.  Hence  the  orthoepists 
accent  the  second  syllable  of  the  verbs  alternate,  demonstrate, 
contemplate,  compensate,  coajiscate,  expurgate.  Notwithstand- 
ing aU  authorities,  however,  such  is  the  tendency  to  consult 
ease  and  melody  in  utterance,  that  many  respectable  speakers 
lay  the  accent  of  these  and  similar  words  on  the  first  syllable. 
The  reason  of  this  is  obvious,  although,  perhaps,  it  never  oc- 
curs to  the  speakers  themselves.  It  is,  that  when  the  accent 
is  laid  on  the  second  syllable,  the  two  last  syllables  of  the 
participles  aUern'uting,  demon'strating,  compen'sated,  &c.,  are 
either  pronounced  with  difiicult}-,  being  wholly  unaccented,  or 
they  are  disgustingly  feeble.  How  very  difficult  it  is  to  utter 
distmctly  the    words   alternating,  dcmoitstrating,  &c.,  with  the 


accent  on  the  second  syllable;  the  organs  being  compelled  to 
change  their  position,  and  form  three,  four,  five,  or  six  articula- 
tions in  an  instant,  to  utter  the  two  last  syllables  !  But  place  the 
primary  accent  on  the  first  syllable,  and  a  secondary  one  on  the 
third,  and  the  voice  resting  on  these,  the  speaker  is  enabled  to 
bound  with  ease  from  syllable  to  syllable,  and  utter  the  v.'holo 
word  distinctly,  without  effort  —  uVternnting,  dcm' onstrating . 

In  compensate   and  confiscate,  the  accent   on  the  second  syl- 
lable  leaves  the  last   syllable  of  the  participle   most  miserably 
weak.     What  a  feeble  line  is  this  of  Pope !  — 
Eacli  seeming  ill,  compm'sated  of  course. 

This  evil  is  remedied  by  placing  the  primary  accent  on  the 
first  syllable,  and  a  secondary  one  on  the  third;  com'pcnsa'.cd ; 
com'pensating ;  con'fiscating ;  coyt'fiscated ;  the  full  sound  of 
a   giving   due    strength   to    the    last   syllables. 

It  is  further  to  be  observed  that  there  are  some  words  which, 
in  poetry  and  prose,  must  be  differently  accented,  as  the  accent 
has  been  transferred  by  usage  from  one  syllable  to  another  with- 
in the  two  last  centuries.  Nares  enumerates  more  than  a  hun- 
dred words,  whose  accent  has  been  thus  changed  since  the  age 
of  Shakspeare.  Of  this  class  of  words  are  aspect,  process,  sojourn, 
convex,  contest,  retinue,  converse,  the  noun  horizon,  which  Milton 
accents  on  the  second  syllable,  and  acceptable,  which  he  accents 
on  the  first,  as  he  does  altrilmte  and  contribute.  But  the  accent 
of  all  these  words  has  been  changed ;  the  seven  first  have  the 
accent  indisputably  on  the  first  syllable  ;  the  two  last,  on  the 
second  syllable  ;  and  although  some  difference  of  opinion  may 
exist  as  to  the  accentuation  of  horizon  and  acceptable,  yet  the 
practice  of  accenting  horizon  on  tiie  first,  and  acceptable  on  the 
second,  is  according  to  regular  analogies.  [In  respect  to  horizon, 
however,  this  is  not  here  insisted  on,  as  later  usage  is  against 
accenting  the  first  syllable.] 


OF    JOHNSON'S    DICTIONARY, 

AND   OF   THE    .MANNER   IN    WHICH    THE    FOLLOWING 
WORK   IS    EXECUTED. 

Dr.  Johnson  was  one  of  the  greatest  men  that  the  English 
nation  has  ever  produced ;  and  when  the  exhibition  of  truth 
depended  on  his  own  gigantic  powers  of  intellect,  he  seldom 
erred.  But  in  the  compilation  of  his  Dictionary,  he  manifested 
a  great  defect  of  research,  by  means  of  which  he  often  fell  into 
mfstakes ;  and  no  errors  are  so  dangerous  as  those  of  great  men. 
The  authority  created  by  the  general  excellence  of  their  works, 
gives  a  sanction  to  their  very  mistakes,  and  represses  that  spirit 
of  inquiry  which  would  investigate  tlie  truth,  and  subvert  the 
errors  of  inferior  men.  It  seems  to  be  owing  to  this  cause, 
chiefly,  that  the  most  obvious  mistakes  of  Johnson's  Dictionary 
have  remained  to  this  day  uncorrected,  and  still  continue  to  dis- 
figure the  improved  editions  of  the  work  recently  published. 

In  like  manner,  the  opinions  of  this  author,  when  wrong,  have 
a  weight  of  authority  that  renders  tiiera  extremely  mischievous. 
The  sentiment  contained  in  this  single  line, 

Quid  te  cxempta  juvat  :,'pi/iis  de  pluribus  una? 
is  of  this  kind ;  that  we  are  to  make  no  corrections,  because  \ye 
can  not  complete  the  reformation  —  a  sentiment  thai,  sets  itself  in 
direct  opposition  to  all  improvement  in  science,  literature,  and 
morals;  a  sentiment,  which,  if  it  had  been  always  an  efticacious 
principle  of  human  conduct,  would  have  condemned,  not  only 
our  language,  but  our  manners  and  our  knowledge,  to  everlasting 
rudeness.  °And  hence,  whenever  a  proposition  is  made  to  cor- 
rect the  orthography  of  our  language,  it  is  instantly  repelled  witli 
the  opinion  and  ipse  dixit  of  Johnson.  Thus,  while  the  nations 
on  the  European  continent  have  purified  their  languages,  and 
reduced  the  orthography  to  a  good  degree  of  regularity,  our 
enemies  of  reform  contend  most  strenuously  for  retainmg  the 
anomalies  of  the  language,  even  to  the  very  rags  and  tatters  of 
barbarism.  But,  what  is  more  extraordinary,  the  very  persons 
who  thus  struggle  against  the  smallest  improvement  of  the 
orthography,  are  the  most  ready  to  innovate  in  the  pranunciutton, 
and  will,  at  any  time,  adoot  a  change  that  fashion  nmy  introduce, 
though  it  may  infringe  tlie  regularity  of  the  language,  mullrply 
anomalies,  and  increase  the  dilficulty  of  learning  .t.  iSay,  they 
will  not  only  innovate  themselves,  but  will  use  their  mfluence  to 
propagate  the  change,  by  deriding  those  who  resist  it,  and  who 


Ixxvi 


INTRODUCTION. 


strive  to  retiiiii  tlie  resemblance  between  llje  wrltlon  and  i)]inlien 
lanijuage. 

A  considernlile  p^irt  of  .lolinson'a  l)irtioii;iry  is,  linwcvcr,  well 
oxecutod  ;  nnd  wlicri  his  definitions  arc  correct,  and  liis  arrange- 
ment judicious,  it  seems  to  be  expedient  to  follow  him.  It 
would  be  mere  siH'ectation  or  folly  to  alter  what  can  not  be 
improved. 

Tlie  principal  faults  in  John.ion's  Dictionary  are, 

1.  The  want  of  a  great  number  of  well-authorized  words  be- 
longing to  the  language.  This  defect  has  been,  in  i)art,  supplied 
by  Mason,  but  his  sn|)plemental  list  is  still  imperfect,  even  in 
common  words,  and  slill  more  defective  from  the  omission  of 
terms  of  science. 

2.  Another  great  fault,  that  remains  uncorrected,  is  the  manner 
of  noting  the  accented  sj'llable;  the  accent  being  laid  unifornilj' 
on  the  vowel,  whether  it  closes  the  syllable  or  not.  Thus  the 
accent  is  laid  on  c  in  tc'nnnt  as  well  as  in  trJnelirr,  and  the  in- 
quirer can  not  know  from  ^le  accent,  whether  the  vowel  is  long 
or  sliort.  It  is  surprising  that  such  a  notation  should  still  be 
retained  in  that  work. 

3.  It  is  considered  as  a  material  fault,  that,  in  some  classes  of 
words,  Johnson's  orthography  is  either  not  correct  upon  princi- 
ple, or  not  uniform  in  the  class.  Thus  he  writes  hrcdl.cssly,  with 
A'S,  but  rarclcslij^  with  one  .v  ;  defciHr.^  with  r,  but  drfcnsihle^  tic- 
fcnsirr,  with  s;  rigour,  infcriimr,  with  ?;,b>it  rigorous,  infrrinritij, 

without  it ;  jmblick,  nuthcntii;!; ,  with  /,,  but  jmblicatinn,  iiullu.nli- 
calc,  without  it;  and  so  of  many  other  words  of  the  same  classes. 

4.  The  omission  of  the  participles,  or  most  of  them,  is  no  small 
defect,  as  many  of  them,  by  use,  have  become  proper  adjectives, 
and  require  distinct  definitions.  The  additions  of  this  kind  in 
this  work  are  very  numerous.  It  is  also  useful,  both  to  natives 
and  foreigners,  to  be  able,  by  opening  a  dictionary,  to  know  when 
the  final  cimsonant  of  a  verb  is  doubled  in  the  participle. 

5.  The  want  of  due  discrimination  in  tlie  definitions  of  words 
that  are  nearly  synonyniotis,  or  sometimes  really  synonymous, 
at  other  times  not,  is  a  fault  in  all  the  dictionaries' of  our  lan- 
guage which  I  have  seen.  Permeate,  says  Johnson,  signifies  to 
pass  through;  and  I'r.rmraUe,  such  as  may  lie  passed  through. 
But  we  paxs  through  a  door  or  gate  ;  although  we  do  not  permeate 
it,  or  say  that  it  is  jiermcnble.  Obedience,  says  Johnson,  is  olise- 
tjuidusncss :  but  this  is  rarely  the  present  sense  of  the  word;  so 
far  trnm  it,  that  cl/edicncc  is  always  honorable,  and  obsequiousness 
usually  implies  meanness.  Peculation,  says  Johnson,  is  roldirrij 
of  the  public,  theft  of  public  money.  But  as  robbery  and  llicfl  are 
now  understood,  it  is  neither.  Inaccuracies  of  this  kind  are 
very  numerous. 

C.  There  are  in  Johnson's  Dictionary  some  palpable  mistakes 
in  orthography,  such  as  comptroller,  redoubt,  and  some  others, 
there  being  no  such  legitimate  words  in  the  language.  In  other 
instances,  the  author  mistook  the  true  origin  of  words,  and  has 
erred  in  the  orthography,  as  in  eliymistry  and  dioecss. 

7.  The  mistakes  in  etynmlogy  are  numerous;  and  the  whole 
scheme  of  deducing  words  from  their  original  is  extremely 
imperfect. 

H.  The  manner  of  defining  words  in  Johnson,  as  in  all  other 
dictionaries,  is  susceptible  of  improvement.  In  a  great  part  of 
the  more  important  words,  and  particularly  verbs,  lexicographers, 
cither  from  negligence  or  want  of  knowledge,  have  "^inverted 
the  true  order,  or  have  disregarded  all  order,"in  the  definitions. 
There  is  a  primary  sense  of  every  word,  from  which  all  the  other 
have  proceeded  ;  and  whenever  this  can  be  discovered,  this  sense 
should  stand  first  in  order.  Thus  the  primary  sense  of  mff/tc  is 
Va  force  or  eomprl ;  but  this  in  Johnson's  Dictionary  is  the  fifteenth 
definition;  and  this  sense  o{ facio  in  Ainswortb,  the  nin'ciccnlh. 

U.  One  of  the  most  objectionable  parts  of  Johnson's  Dietionarv, 
in  my  ojiinion,  is  the  great  number  of  passages  cited  from  authors) 
to  exemplify  liis  definitions.  Most  English  words  are  so  famil- 
iarly and  perfectly  understood,  and  the  sense  of  them  so  little 
liable  to  be  called  in  question,  that  they  may  be  safely  left  to  rest 
on  the  authority  of  the  lexicographer,  %vithont  examples.  Who 
needs  extracts  from  three  authors,  KnoUes,  Milton,  and  Bcrkelev, 
to  prove  or  illustrate  the  literal  meaning  of  hand:-'  Who  needs 
extracts  from  Shakspeare,  Bacon,  South,  and  Dryden,  to  prove 
kammer  to  be  a  legitimate  Englisli  word,  and  to  signify  an  in- 
strument for  driving  nails  ?     So,  under  household,  we  find  seven 

•  There  is,  among  some  poels  of  t!ie  present  day  an  afTec'.ation  of  reviving 
llie  use  of  obsuIi:te  words.  Some  of  lllese  may  perhaps  he  revived  to  advan*^ 
lage ,  Dut  when  this  practice  proceeds  eo  far  as  to  iriaKc  a  glossary  necessary 


passages  and  nearly  thirty  lines  employed  to  exemplify  tlie  plain 
interpretation,  a,  family  Itnng  togclttcr. 

In  most  cases,  one  example  is  suflieient  to  illustrate  the  mean- 
ing of  a  wor<l ;  and  this  is  not  absolutely  necessary,  e.vcept  in 
cases  where  the  signification  is  a  deviation  from  the  plain,  literal 
sense,  a  particular  application  of  the  term  ;  or  in  a  casi*  whore  the 
sense  of  the  word  may  be  doubtful  and  of  questionable  authority. 
Numerous  citations  serve  to  swell  the  size  of  a  Dictionary,  witii- 
out  any  adequate  advantage.  But  this  is  not  the  only  objection 
to  Johnson's  exemplifications.  Many  of  the  jiassages  are  taken 
from  authors  now  little  read,  or  not  at  all ;  \vhose  style  is  now 
antiquated,  and  by  no  moans  furnishing  proper  models  for  stu- 
dents of  the  present  age. 

In  the  execution  of  this  work,  1  have  pursued  a  course  some- 
what different ;  not,  however,  without  fortifj'ing  my  ovi'n  opinion 
with  that  of  other  gentlemen,  in  whose  judgment  I  have  con- 
fidence. In  many  cases,  where  the  sense  of  a  word  is  jilain  ami 
indisputable,  I  have  omitted  to  cite  any  authority.  I  have  done 
the  same  in  many  instances,  where  the  sense  of  a  word  is  wholly 
obsolete,  and  the  definition  useful  only  to  the  antiquary.  In 
some  instances,  definitions  are  given  without  authority,  merely 
because  I  had  neglected  to  note  the  author,  or  had  lost  the  refer- 
ence. In  such  cases,  I  must  stand  responsible  for  the  correctness 
of  the  definition.  In  all  such  cases,  however,  I  have  endeavored 
to  be'faithful  to  the  duly  of  a  lexicographer;  and  if,  in  any  in- 
stance, a  mistake  has  escaped  me,  I  shall  be  happy  to  have  it 
suggested,   that  it  may  be  corrected. 

In  general,  i  have  illustrated  the  significations  of  words,  and 
proved  them  to  be  legitimate,  by  a  short  passage  from  some 
respectable  author,  often  abridged  from  the  whole  passage  cited 
by  Johnson.  In  many  cases,  I  have  given  brief  sentences  of  my 
own ;  using  the  phrases  or  sentences  in  which  the  word  most 
frequently  occurs,  and  often  presenting  some  important  maxim 
or  sentiment  in  religion,  morality,  law,  or  civil  policy.  Under 
words  which  occur  in  the  Scriptures,  I  have  often  cited  passages 
from  our  common  version,  not  only  to  illustrate  the  scriptural  or 
theological  sense,  but  even  the  ordinary  significations  of  the 
words.  These  passages  are  short,  plain,  appropriate,  and  famil- 
ia,r  to  most  readers.  In  a  few  cases,  where  the  sense  of  a  word 
is  disputed,  I  have  departed  from  the  general  plan,  and  cited  a 
number  of  authorities. 

In  the  admission  of  words  of  recent  origin  into  a  Dictionary, 
a  lexicographer  has  to  encounter  many  difficulties  ;  as  it  is  not 
easy,  in  all  cases,  to  determine  ^vhether  a  word  is  so  far  author- 
ized as  to  be  considered  legitimate.  Some  writers  indulge  a 
licentiousness  in  coining  words,  which  good  sense  would  wish  to 
repress.  At  the  same  time,  it  would  not  be  judicious  to  reject  all 
new  terms,  as  these  are  often  necessary  to  express  new  ideas; 
and  the  progress  of  improvement  in  arts  and  science  %vould  bi, 
retarded  by  denying  a  place  in  dictionaries  to  terms  given  to 
things  newly  discovered.  But  the  lexicographer  is  not  answer- 
able for  the  bad  use  of  the  privilege  of  coining  new  words.  It 
seems  to  be  his  duty  to  insert  and  explain  all  words  which  arc 
used  by  respectable  writers  or  speakers,  whether  the  words  al'c 
destined  to  be  received  into  general  and  permanent  use  or  not. 
The  future  use  must  depend  on  public  taste,  or  the  utility  of  liie 
words  —  circumstances  which  are  not  within  the  lexicographer's 
control. 

Lexicographers  are  sometimes  censured  for  inserting  in  their 
vocabularies  vulgar  words,  and  terms  of  art,  known  only  to  par- 
ticular artisans.  That  this  practice  may  be  carried  too  far,  is 
admitted  ;  but  it  is  to  be  remarked  that,  in  general,  vulgar  words 
are  the  oldest  and  best  authorized  words  in  language ;  and  their 
use  is  as  necessary  to  tiie  classes  of  people  who  use  thein,  as 
elegant  words  are  to  the  statesman  and  the  poet.  It  niay  be 
added,  that  such  words  are  often  particularly  useful  to  the  lexi- 
cographer, in  furnishing  him  with  the  primary  sense,  wliich  is  no- 
where to  be  found  but  in  popular  use.  In  tliis  work  I  have  not 
gone  quite  so  far  as  Johnson  has  done,  in  admitting  vulgar  words. 
Some  of  them  are  too  low  to  deserve  notice. 

The  catalogue  of  obsolete  words  in  Johnson  has  been  consider- 
ably augmented  by  Mason.  I  have,  though  somewhat  reluc- 
tantly, inserted  nearly  the  whole  catalogue,  w'hich,  I  presume, 
amounts  to  seven  or  eight,  and  perhaps  to  ten  thousand  words. 
Most  of  those  may  be  useful  to  the  antiquary  ;  but  to  the  great 
mass  of  readers  they  are  useless.** 

to  the  understandinp  of  a  poem,"  it  seems  to  tie  a  violation  of  good  taste.  How 
different  is  the  simiije  elegance  of  Dryden,  rop*',' Cf>^i  Goldsmith,  and  Cow 
per;  ~,  i,:,,    n'l 


INTRODUCTION. 


Ixxvii 


I  have  also  inserted  many  words  which  are  local  in  England ; 
being  retained  from  the  ditTerent  languages  that  have  been 
spoken  in  that  country,  but  which  are  no  more  a  part  of  our 
present  language  in  the  United  Stales,  than  so  many  Lapland 
words.  These,  however,  occur  in  books  which  treat  of  agricul- 
ture and  the  arts  —  books  which  are  occasionally  lead  in  this 
country. 

Lav/  terras,  which  are  no  part  of  the  proper  language  of  the 
United  States,  and  never  can  be,  as  the  things  they  e.xpress  do 
not  exist  in  this  country,  are,  liowever,  retained,  as  it  is  necessary 
that  the  gentlemen  ot"  the  bar  should  understand  them ;  and  it 
will  be  time  to  dismiss  them  from  books  when  they  are  obsolete 
in  practice. 

As  to  Americanisms,  so  called,  I  have  not  been  able  to  find 
many  words,  in  respectable  use,  which  can  be  so  denominated. 
These  I  have  admitted  and  noted  as  peculiar  to  this  country.  I 
have  fully  ascertained  tliat  most  of  the  new  words  charged  to  the 
coinage  of  this  country,  were  first  used  in  England. 

In  exhibiting  the  origin  and  affinities  of  English  words,  I  have 
usually  placed  first  in  order  the  correspondmg  word,  in  the  lan- 
guage from  or  Uirough  which  we  have  received  it ;  then  tlie  cor- 
responding words  in  tlie  languages  of  the  same  family  or  race ; 
then  the  corresponding  word  in  the  languages  of  other  families. 
Thus,  for  example,  tlie  word  irca/c  we  have  from  our  Saxon 
ancestors;  I  therefore  give  the  Saxon  word  first;  then  the 
same  word  in  the  other  Teutonic  and  Gothic  languages ;  tlien 
the  Celtic  words ;  tlien  the  Latin  ;  and,  lastly,  the  liebrew, 
Chaldaic,  and  Arabic.  This  order  is  not  followed  in  every  in- 
stance, even  of  vernacular  words,  but  it  is  the  more  general 
course  I  have  pursued.  When  there  can  be  no  rational  doubt 
respecting  the  radical  identity  of  words,  I  have  inserted  them 
without  any  expression  of  uncertainty.  Wlien  there  appears  to 
be  anv  reason  to  question  that  identity,  I  have  mentioned  the 
probability  only  of  an  affinity,  or  inserted  a  query,  to  invite  fur- 
ther investigation.  Yet  I  am  aware  that  many  things,  wliich  in 
my  view  are  not  doubtful,  will  appear  so  to  persons  not  versed 
in  this  subject,  and  who  do  not  at  once  see  the  chain  of  evidence 
which  has  led  me  to  ray  inferences.  ,i"oi- ,tljia,  tiieie  isno  repjedy 
but  further  investigation.  -.'' 

In  regard  to  words  which  have  been  introduced  into  the  lan- 
guage in  modern  days,  1  have  generally  referred  them  to  the 
language  from  which  the  English  immediately  received  them. 
A  great  part  of  these  are  from  the  Latin,  through  the  French  ; 
sometimes,  probably,  through  the  Italian  or  Spanish.  In  some 
instances,  however,  the  order  is  reversed;,  indeed,  it  can  not 
always  be  known  from  which  language  the  words  have  been 
received,  nor  is  it  a  matter  of  any  consequence,  i    ,, 

One  circujtnstance,  however,  deserves  to  be  particularly  noticed — 
that  when  I  refer  a  vernacular  v.'ord  to  the  corresponding  word  in 
one  of  the  Shemitic  languages,  I  would  not  have  it  understood 
that  the  English  word  was  derired  or  borroiocd  from  that  Oriental 
word.  For  example,  I  have  given  the  Shemitic  pl-j  as  the  verb 
corresponding  with  the  English  breaks  that  is,  the  same  word  in 
those  lansTiages;  not  intending  by  this  that  our  ancestors  bor- 
rowed or  received  that  word  from  the  Chaldeans,  Hebrews,  or 
other  Shemitic  nation.  This  is  not  the  fact.  It  would  be  just  as 
correct  for  the  compiler  of  a  Chaldee  or  Hebrew  Lexicon  to 
derive  pIS  from  the  English  hrcak  or  German  hrcchcn.  So 
when   I  deduce  coin,  through  the  French,  Spanish,  or  Italian, 

from  the  Arabic,   •  IW,  I  do  ridt 'fcolfsidef  the  woi'd'aa  borrowed 

u  

from  the  Arabic,  but  as  proceeding  from  a  common  radix.  With 
regard  to  xernacular  words,  in  any  European  language,  such  de- 
duction is  always  incorrect.  Yet  errors  of  this  kind  abound  in 
every  book  I  have  seen,  which  treats  of  this  subject.  The  truth 
is,  all  vernacular  words  in  the  languages  of  Europe  are  as  old  as 
tlie  same  words  in  Asia  ;  and  when  the  same  words  are  found  in 
the  Shemitic  and  Japhetic  languages,  it  is  almost  demonstrably 
certain  that  these  words  were  in  use  before  the  dispersion;  the 
nations  of  both  families  have  them  from  the  common  stock,  and 
the  words,  like  the  families  of  men  which  used  them,  are  to  be 
considered  as  of  the  same  antiquity. 

When,  therefore,  I  state  the  words  of  another  language  as  cor- 
responding with  Ternacular  words  in  the  English,  they  are  ofl'cred 
as  affinities,  or  the  same  word  varied  dialectically,  perhaps,  in 
orthography  or  signification,  but  words  from  the  same  root  as  the 
English.  Thus,  under  the  word  bright,  I  state  the  Sa.xon  word, 
and  then  the  corresponding  word  in  the  Ethiopic,  the  participle 
of  a  verb ;  not  that  our  ancestors  borrowed  the  word  from  the 


Ethiopians,  but  that  the  verb  from  which  bright  was  derived, 
though  lost  in  the  Saxon,  is  still  retained  in  the  Ethiopic.  This 
fact  proves  tliat  the  ancestors  of  the  Saxons  once  used  the  verb, 
but  suffered  it  to  go  into  disuse,  substituting  shine,  scinan,  in  its 
place. 

It  is  much  to  be  regretted  that  British  authors  and  travelers 
admit  into  their  writings  foreign  words,  without  conforming  them, 
in  orthography,  to  regular  English  analogies.  It  is  owing  to  this 
disregard  of  the  purity  and  regular  form  of  orthography  in  Eng- 
lish, that  we  are  perplexed  witli  sucli  words  as  burlesque,  sjnp, 
group,  tour,  corps,  depot,  suite,  pacha,  ennui,  and  many  others. 
In  this  respect,  modern  writers  manifest  less  taste  than  the 
writers  of  former  centuries,  who,  when  they  borrowed  foreign 
words  wrote  them  in  conformity  to  English  analogies.  This 
practice  of  blending  witli  the  English  many  words  of  an  orthog- 
raphy which  in  our  language  is  anomalous,  is  very  embarrassing 
to  readers  who  know  only  their  vernacular  tongue,  and  often 
introduces  an  odious  difference  between  the  pronunciation  of 
ditferent  classes  of  people  —  an  evil  more  sensibly  felt  in  this 
country  than  in  Great  Britain,  where  differences  of  rank  exist ; 
in  short,  it  multiplies  tlie  irregularities  of  a  language,  already  so 
deformed  by  them  as  to  render  it  nearly  impracticable  for  our 
own  citizens  ever  to  overcome  the  difficulties  of  its  orthography  — 
irregularities  which  foreigners  deem  a  reproach  to  the  taste  of  a 
literary  nation." 

Where  is  the  good  sense  which  should  dictate  a  manly  firmness 
in  preserving  the  regular  analogies  and  purity  of  the  language  ? 
Where  is  there  a  due  attachment  to  unifokmity,  which  consti- 
tutes the  principal  beauty  and  excellence  of  a  language,  and, 
beyond  all  other  means,  facilitates  its  acquisition .'  I  would  not 
refuse  to  admit  foreign  words  into  the  language,  if  necessary  or 
useful ;  but  I  would  treat  them  as  our  laws  treat  aliens  ;  I  would 
compel  them  to  submit  to  the  formalities  of  naturalization,  before 
they  should  be  admitted  to  the  rights  of  citizenship  ;  I  would  con- 
vert them  into  English  words,  or  reject  them.  Nor  would  I  per- 
mit the  same  word  to  be  written  and  pronounced  in  two  different 
ways,  one  English,  the  other  French.  The  French  suite  in  Eng- 
lish is  suit,  whether  it  signifies  a  set  of  clothes,  or  of  apartments, 
or  of  armor,  or  of  attendants. 

In  the  orthography  of  certain  classes  of  words  I  have  aimed  at 
uniformity  ;  but  I  have  not  proceeded  so  far  in  this  desirable  ref- 
ormation "of  the  common  spelling,  as  my  own  wishes  and  strict 
propriety  might  dictate.  Thus,  ii vicious,  from  the  Latin  ritium, 
is  written  with  c,  the  verb  vitiate  should  regularly  be  written  with 
the  same  letter ;  and  we  have  precedents  in  the  words  appreciate 
and  depreciate,  from  the  Latin  prettum.  In  like  manner,  expa- 
tiate should  be  conformed  to  the  orthography  of  spacious;  exceed, 
proceed,  and  succeed,  should  foUov.'  the  analogy  of  concede,  inter- 
cede, and  recede.  These  are  points  of  minor  importance,  but  far 
from  being  unimportant. 

In  writing  the  termination  of  sucli  verbs  as  cirilizc,  legalize, 
modernize,  there  is  a  diversity  whJch  may  be  corrected  without 
inconvenience.  We  indeed  have  some  of  the  verbs  of  this  class 
from  the  French,  in  which  language  iscr  is  the  termination ;  but 
most  of  them  we  have  borrowed  directly  from  the  Latin  or  Greek, 
or  perhaps  from  the  Spanish  or  Italian,  or  they  are  of  our  own 
coinage.  As  the  termination  ize  is  conformable  to  the  Greek 
original,  as  it  has  a  definite  meaning,  and  as  it  expresses  the 
true  pronunciation  in  English,  it  seems  expedient  to  reduce  the 
whole  class  to  a  uniformity  of  orthography. 

Enterprise,  devise,  comprise,  revise,  compTomise,  and  surprise, 
belong  to  a  different  class,  and  retain  the  orthography  of  their 
originals. 

There  is  a  fact  respecting  the  pronunciation  o{ gn  in  cognizance 
and  recognizance,  which  seems  to  have  escaped  observation ;  this 
is,  that  g  was  introduced  to  express  a  nasal  sound,  as  in  the  French 
gn,  or  Spanish  ji,  but  not  for  the  purpose  of  being  pronounced  as 
g.  It  is  probable  that  the  Latins  changed  enn,  before  nosen,  into 
"cog,  for  this  reason  ;  and  it  may  be  inferred,  from  the  modern 
pronunciation  of  these  words,  that  the  Greeks  omitted  or  softened 
the  sound  of  y  in  yij-imizoi  and  ■/i-/roiiai.  However  this  may  be, 
the  old  pronunciation  of  the  words  was  undoubtedly  conusance, 
OT conizavcc,  reconizance;  and  hence, in  the  old  writers  on  law,  the 
letter  g  was  omitted.  Indeed,  there  is  a  harshness  in  the  pro- 
nunciation of  g  in  these  words,  that  offends  the  organs  both  of 
the  speaker  and  hearer,  and  which  well  justifies  the  pronunciation 
of  the  old  lawyers — a  pronunciation  which  we  frequently  hear  at 
this  day  among  gentlemen  of  the  bar. 

Whether  the  Latins  pronounced  the  letter  g  in  such  words  as 
benignus,  condignus,  malignus,  it  is  of  no  moment  for  us  to  deter- 


iJNTUOJJUOTlOiN. 


mine.  In  our  mode  of  writing  benign,  coiiilign,  malign,  the 
Bound  of  g  must  be  driii)ped;  but  it  is  resumed  in  the  derivatives, 
benignity,  condignilij,  vuiUgnily :  so  in  design,  designate  j  resign, 
Tesigmttion." 

In  noting  the  obsolete  words,  which  amount  to  some  tliousands, 
I  may  have  committed  mistakes ;  for  words  obsolete  in  one  part 
of  the  British  dominions,  or  in  some  part  of  the  United  States, 
mav  be  words  in  common  use  in  some  other  part  of  such  domin- 
ions not  within  my  Unowlcdge.  The  rule  I  have  generally  ob- 
served, lias  been  to  note  as  obsolete  such  words  as  1  have  not 
heard  in  colloquial  practice,  and  wliicli  I  have  not  ibund  in  any 
writer  of  the  last  century.  The  notation  of  such  words  as  are 
disused,  may  be  of  use  to  our  own  youth,  and  still  more  to  for- 
eigners who  learn  our  language. 

Under  the  head  of  etymology,  in  brackets,  the  reader  will  observe 
references  to  another  work,  for  a  more  full  explanation  or  view  of 
the  alfmities  of  the  words  under  which  tliese  references  occur. 
These  are  references  to  a  Synopsis  of  the  principal  uncompounded 
words  in  twenty  languages  —  a  work  tliat  is  not  published,  and  it 
is  uncertain  whether  it  will  ever  be  published.  But  if  it  shoald 
be,  these  references  will  be  useful  to  the  philologist,  and  I  thought 
it  expedient  to  insert  them. 


ENGLISH    ALPHABET. 

Language  or  speech  consists  of  human  voices  or  articulate 
sounds,  intended  to  communicate  thoughts  or  ideas  from  one 
person  to  another. 

Articulate  voices  are  those  which  are  formed  by  closing  and 
opening  the  organs  of  speech  —  the  lips,  the  tongue,  the  teeth,  &c. 
An  articulation  is  a  jointing  or  closing  of  the  organs,  as  in  pro- 
nouncing uh,  cd,  op,  n.7t,  at,  cth,  tig,  eng. 

Articulate  sounds  of  the  human  voice  are  represented  by  letters 
or  characters  written,  painted,  engraved,  or  printed.  A  letter,  or 
letters  in  combination,  form  syllables  and  words,  which  are  the 
symbols  of  ideas. 

To  letters,  syllables,  and  words,  are  annexed  certain  sounds, 
which,  being  uttered  by  the  organs  of  speech,  communicate  ideas, 
through  the  instrumentality  of  the  ears.  When  letters  and  words 
are  written,  painted,  engraved,  or  printed,  they  communicate 
thoughts,  through  the  instrumentality  of  the  eyes. 

In  order  to  the  communication  of  thoughts  or  opinions  cor- 
rectly, from  one  person  to  another,  it  is  essential  that  both  persons 
should  annex  the  same  sounds  to  the  same  letters  and  words ;  or 
that  the  letters  and  words  used  should  be  symbols  of  the  same 
tlioughts  to  both  persons.  This  identity  of  sounds  and  symbols 
constitutes  a  particular  language,  the  instrument  of  social  inter- 
course in  a  nation. 

In  the  English  language,  the  letters  are  twenty-six ;  represent- 
ing sounds,  simple  or  compound  ;  or  modifying  such  sounds. 

Letters  are  of  two  kinds,  vowels  and  consonants. 

Vowels  are  vocal  sounds,  uttered  by  opening  the  mouth  or 
organs  of  speech,  without  a  contact  of  the  parts  of  the  mouth. 
The  sound  of  a  perfect  vowel  may  be  prolonged  at  pleasure  with- 
out altering  the  position  of  the  organs.  Such  is  tlie  first  or  lono- 
sound  of  a,  e,  o.  " 

The  vowels  in  the  English  are  six  —  a,  e,  i,  o,  u,  y.  But  i  and 
«  are  not  always  simple  vowels ;  and  y  is  sometimes  used  as  a 
consonant.  These  letters  also  represent  different  sounds a  cir- 
cumstance which  creates  much  difficulty  m  learning  the  lantruaTe. 

The  broadest  or  deepest  vowel  sound  is  that  of  a  in  /atl"au\n 
avght,  aw  in  law.  This  sound  requires  the  largest  openino-  of  the 
mouth.  A  less  opening  of  the  organs  gives  the  sound  of  The  Ital- 
ian a,  as  in  father,  glass.  One  less  deep  gives  the  sound  of  the 
short  a,  as  in  fat,  cat,  can.  A  still  smaller  opening  gives  the 
sound  of  a  in  fntc,  make  ;  and  a  still  smaller,  gives  the  sound  of  e 
in  mete,  feet.  The  first  sound  of  o,  as  in  note,  is  made  by  a  circu- 
lar position  of  the  lips;  and  with  a  less  circular  opening  of  the 
lips  we  utter  the  sound  of  oo  in  tool. 

The  first  or  long  sound  of  i  is  compound,  as  in  pine ;  so  is  the 
first  sound  of  u  in  due,  suit,  tribunal.  These  sounds  can  not  be 
exactly  eicpressed  or  described  in  writing. 

*  Ttie  Snnnisli  ptino  is  tile  Lntin  putrnus;  and  our  word  vaten  the  D  ««>f  is      ih..  t  «.:  ti       ^     .>.        ^    .   .     j .       .         ^     -w     ■ 

Ihr  T  -nin  m,r»„«      =n  «'P  nrnnnnnrr  iJ„„„/  for  i™,„„    IV»„  k  '•  '    .2'  ""'  '''""'  pi'/T"",  purna.     How  far  tiiese  facts  tend  to  show  1(16  Lntin  pronun- 

lae  L,aUB  pigmm.    .-O  w  e  pronounce  im/mnc,  lor  impi/o-n,  Frcncli  impu^icr,  from      ciation,  let  the  reader  jud^e. 


The  first  or  long  sound  of  each  vowel  is  exemplified  in  the 
following  words :  — 

a  in  make,  name.  o  in  note,  hold. 

c  in  me,  viete.  u  in  dttty,  true. 

i  in  pine,  bind.  y  in  dry,  defy. 

The  short  sound  of  each  vowel  may  be  exemplified  in  the  fol- 
lowing words  :  — 

a  in  7nat,  ban.  o  in  not,  boss. 

e  in  bet,  men.  u  in  dun,  must. 

i  in  bit,  pin.  y  in  pity,  duty. 

The  vowel  a  has  a  third  sound,  called  broad,  as  in  hall,  all, 
walk.  The  same  sound  is  expressed  by  au  in  taught,  and  by  aw 
in  Sttwi.  This  sound  is  shortened  in  lohat,  quadrant,  yualily.  Its 
remaining  sound  is  tlie  Italian  one  mentioned  above,  as  in  father, 
glass. 

The  vowel  e  has  the  sound  of  long  «  in  a  few  words,  as  in  prey, 
survey,  their. 

The  letter  i  retains  its  French  sound,  that  of  the  English  long  e, 
in  some  words  which  we  have  received  from  the  I'Vench  Ian. 
guage,  as  in  pique,  marine,  vMchine. 

The  vowel  o,  in  a  few  words,  has  the  sound  of  oo,  the  French 
ou,  as  in  move,  prove,  lose.  This  sound  of  oo  is  shortened  in 
book,  look.  In  a  few  words,  o  has  the  sound  of  u  short,  as  in 
dove,  love. 

The  first  sound  of  y,  as  in  dry,  is  the  same  as  that  of  i  in  pirte ; 
and  its  short  sound  in  glory,  pity,  is  the  same  as  that  of  i  in  pin, 
brisk.  This  short  sound  of  i  and  y  is,  properly,  the  short  sound 
of  e  long.  Hence  little,  when  the  first  vowel  is  prolonged,  be- 
comes leetle.     Hence  been  is  pronounced  bin. 

The  short  e  in  let-is  nearly,  but  not  precisely,  the  short  sound 
of  a  in  late. 

[Short  e  before  r  at  the  end  of  a  word,  and  before  r  followed  by 
any  consonant  but  itself  in  the  middle  of  a  word,  verges  toward 
the  sound  of  short  u,  as  in  her,  fertile,  in  which  e  has  not  exactly 
the  same  sound  as  in  herring,  ferry.  Most  persons,  indeed,  as 
Smart  remarks,  run  completely  into  the  sound  of  short  u,  pro- 
nouncing the  first  syllable  of  mercy  and  of  murder  alike.  Those 
who  are  more  delicate  in  their  pronunciation,  endeavor  to  avoid 
this  in  accented  syllables,  retaining  very  slightlj'  the  sound  of 
short  e,  though  it  is  difficult  to  do  this,  in  some  cases,  without 
running  into  the  sound  of  fl..  These  remarks  apply  also  to  the 
sound  of  short  i  and  y  in  the  same  circumstances,  as  in  sir,  circle, 
mirth,  &c.  Smart  remarks  that,  "  even  among  the  more  refined 
classes,  sir,  dirt,  bird,  are  pronounced  sur,  durt,  bard  :  and,  in- 
deed, in  all  very  common  words,  it  would  be  somewhat  aHectcd  to 
insist  on  the  delicacy  refered  to.'*] 

The  vowel  u,  in  some  words,  has  the  sound  of  oo  in  book,  as  in 
pull,  full,  put. 

The  letter  u,  in  some  words,  is  pronounced  yu,  in  which  case  it 
is  anomalous,  representing  both  a  consonant  and  a  vowel.  This 
pronunciation  occurs  in  words  which  begin  with  u,  forming  a  syl- 
lable by  itself;  as  in  unite,  iinion,  unanimous ;  and  before  r,  as  in 
failure,  measure,  insitre,  and  in  a  few  other  cases. 

Some  English  writers  allege  that  the  proper  sound  of  u  is  yu. 
This  is  a  great  mistake  ;  the  true  sound  is  nearly  eu,  but  these 
letters  do  not  express  its  exact  sound. 

The  letter  w  has  its  form  and  its  name  from  the  union  of  two 
v's,  in  old  books;  v  being  called  yic.  This  name  is  ill  chosen,  and 
not  adapted  to  express  its  sound.  This  letter  is,  properly,  a 
vowel,  with  the  sound  of  oo,  French  ou,  but  shortened  in  pro- 
nunciation, as  in  dwell,  pronounced  dooeV. 

That  w  is  a  vowel,  is  proved  by  the  fact,  that  its  sound,  oo,  may 
be  prolonged  at  pleasure,  with  the  same  position  of  the  organs ; 
and  it  has  the  same  sound  both  in  the  middle  and  at  the  beginning 
of  a  word  ;  as  in  dtrcll,  well.  Yet  at  the  beginning  of  a  word,  it 
is  preceded  by  a,  as  a  wall,  a  tcoolen  garment,  wliich  has  led 
writers  to  number  it  among  the  consonants. 

IV,  before  another  vowel,  forms  a  diphthongal  sound ;  at  least 
this  combination  seems  to  deserve  a  place  among  diphthongs.  It 
corresponds  e.xactly  with  u  before  a  vowel,  as  in  equal,  equity,  in- 
iquity, antiquity,  quote,  question,  persuade,  in  which  w  might  be 
substituted  tor  u,  as  it  is  in  the  Dutch  language. 

In  a  few  words,  w  is  written  before  h,  but  pronounced  after  it, 
as  in  when,  white,  pronounced  hooen,  hooite.  This  absurdity  has 
proceeded  from  a  change  of  the  order  of  letters  in  the  Sa,xon,  in 
which  h  preceded  u  ;  thus,  hwen,  hwite. 


INTRODUCTION, 


Ixxix 


Before  r,  as  in  irrench,  jcrintr^  ?c  is  not  pronounced.  Before 
the  diplithong  on,  as  in  wound,  w  aids  in  forming  a  triphthong. 

Following  o,  w  forms  part  of  a  diphthong,  as  in  noic,  vow  ;  or  is 
mute,  as  in  loic,  slow,  snoic. 

Two  Towels  rapidly  pronounced  in  one  syllable,  constitute  a 
diphthong;  as  oi  in  join;  oy  in  jot/;  oxi  in  sound  ;  and  mo  in  vow. 

Two  vowels  in  succession,  when  one  only  is  pronounced,  do 
not  form  a  diphthong.  In  my  books  I  follow  Sheridan,  and  de- 
nominate such  vowels  a  digraph ;  that  is,  dorthte  written.  Such 
are  the  following :  ai,  ay,  au,  aw,  ea,  ce,  ei,  cu,  ew,  cij,  ic,  ou,  id. 

Consonants  are  the  letters  which  represent  tlie  articulations  of 
the  organs.  The  letters  of  this  sort,  in  the  English  language,  are 
the  follo\ving,  in  lanre  and  small  characters:  B,  b;  C,  c;  D,  d; 
F,f;  G,  g;  H,  h;  J,j;  K,k;  L,  I;  M,  m  ;  N,  n  ;  P,  p  ;  Q,  q  ; 
R,r;  S,  s;  T,t;  V,v;  X,x;  Z,  z. 

The  articulations  or  jointings  made  by  these  letters,  may  be 
learned  from  the  following  syllables  :  ab,  uc,  ad,  nf,  ag,  aj,  «/■•, 
al,  am,  an,  op,  aq,  ar,  as,  at,  av,  ax,  a:.  Observe  the  point  of 
contact  in  the  organs  which  stops  the  sound. 

The  letters  b,f,  p,  m,  v,  represent  the  articulations  of  the  lips, 
and  are  called  labials,  or  lip-letters. 

The  consonants  d,  t,  I,  n,  and  tk,  represent  the  jointings  of  the 
tongue  and  the  upper  teeth,  or  gum  in  which  the  teeth  are  inserted. 
For  this  reason,  they  are  denominated  dentals,  or  toot/i-letters. 

The  consonants  close  c,  close  g,  k,  and  q,  represent  the  articu- 
lations of  the  lower  part  of  the  tongue  and  upper  part  of  the 
mouth,  or  palate  ;  hence  they  are  called  palatals,  or  palate-letters. 

The  consonants  5  and  :  represent  the  position  of  the  end  of  the 
tongue  near  the  upper  teeth ;  and  when  pronounced,  the  breath 
issues  or  is  driven  out  between  the  tongue  and  teeth,  with  a  hiss- 
ing; hence  these  letters  are  called  sibilants,  or  liissing-lctters. 
The  letter  c  before  e,  i,  and  ij,  is  precisely  equivalent  to  s. 

The  letter  r  is  uttered  with  a  jar  or  vibration  of  the  end  of  the 
tongue,  near  the  upper  teeth. 

The  letters  j  and  x  represent  each  two  sounds  ;  those  of  j  may 
be  expressed  by  dj,  and  those  of  2;  Ijy  ks.  The  consonant  g  before 
e,  i,  and  y,  is,  in  many  words,  the  e.xact  equivalent  of  j. 

The  close  articulations  interrupt  all  distinct  sound  ;  such  are  k, 
p,  and  t,  as  in  ak,  ap,  at.  These  are  called  mutes.  B  and  d  are 
mutes,  but  less  close. 

C  and  "•  are  close  articulations  at  the  end  of  syllables,  as  in 
public,  rag.  At  the  beginning  of  syllables,  they  are  close  before 
a,  o,  and  a,  as  in  can,  cot,  cud ;  gap,  go,  gun.  But  before  e,  i,  and 
y,  c  is  equivalent  to  s,  as  in  cedar,  city,  cycle ;  and  g  is  sometimes 
close,  as  in  gift,  and  sometimes  compound,  as  in  general,  ginfrer. 

The  consonants  which  represent  articulations  not  close,  are/,  I, 
■m,  n,  r,  s,  v,  z  ;  as  in  the  syllables  ef,  el,  em,  en,  er,  es,  ev,  cz. 

H  represents  a  breathing,  and  is  denominated  aspirate. 

There  are,  in  En^rlish,  four  articulations,  for  which  there  are  no 
single  characters  ;  but  they  are  represented  by  ch,  sh,  tk,  and  ng. 

The  sound  of  rA,  as  in  church,  cheer,  may  be  represented  by  tsli. 

The  sound  of  sh  occurs  in  shine,  shall.  It  is  precisely  equiva- 
lent to  the  French  ch. 

Tk  are  aspirated  in  think,  throne ;  but  vocal  in  that,  thou. 

Walker,  in  explaining  the  letters  of  tlie  alphabet,  represents  or 
denominates  the  consonant  b  as  flat,  and  p  as  sharp ;  r  as  flat,  and 
/  as  sharp  ;  d  as  flat,  and  t  as  sharp  ;  th  in  thee,  tknv,  ns  flat,  and 
th  m  think,  as  sharp.  These  epithets  do  not  express  the  powders 
of  these  consonants,  nor  the  differences  between  them.  The  true 
representation  of  them  is  tliis :  £  is  a  labial,  representing  a  less 
close  articulation  than  p,  which  indicates  a  compression  of  the  lips, 
that  instantly  stops  all  sound.  The  articulation  is  the  same.  D 
represents  a  less  close  articulation  of  the  tongue  and  upper  teeth 
than  t.  T  represents  an  articulation  of  the  upper  teeth  and  the 
lower  lip,  with  a  breathing  without  sound  ;  v  represents  the  same 
articulation  with  sound.  S  represents  a  near  articulation  of  the 
end  of  the  tongue  and  the  upper  teeth,  with  a  breathing  or  hissing 
without  sound ;  z  represents  the  same  articulation  with  a  hissing 
sound.  The  same  distinction  e.xists  betv.'een  the  articulation  sit 
as  in  fresh,  and  that  of  zA  as  in  osier,  fusion,  delusion. 

The  sound  of  ng  is  simple,  and  occurs  in  sing,  thing,  in  which 
the  articulation  is  not  close.  The  same  is  also  true  of  the  parti- 
ciples and  verbals,  as  singing,  singer.  But  there  is  another  class 
of  words,  as  anger,  longer,  in  which  the  g  goes  to  the  subsequent 
syllable,  while,  at  the  same  time,  the  peculiar  sound  of  ng  is  re- 
tained on  the  preceding  syllable.  To  indicate  this,  such  words 
are  marked  v/ith  a  double  accent,  thus,  an"ger,  lon"ger,  denoting 
that  they  are  not  to  be  pronounced  either  ang-er,  or  an-ger,  but 
with  the  peculiar  sound  of  ng  followed  by  g,  as  describeti  above. 


Yet  there  are  not,  in  this  case,  two  articulations,  as  some  or- 
thoiipists  seem  to  suppose.  Tiie  g  directly  succeeds  the  peculiar 
sound  of  ng  without  any  new  position  of  the  organs,  so  that  there 
is  only  one  articulation  or  jointit  j  between  the  syllables,  though 
that  is  a  close  one. 

Orthoupists  represent,  that,  in  the  combination  nk,  as  in  ink, 
hank,  n  has  the  sound  of  ng.  Tliis  is  a  mistake.  The  sound  of 
ng  is  nasal,  the  articulation  being  less  close  than  nk.  If  the  n  in 
such  w'ords  had  the  sound  of  ng,  then  ink  would  have  a  nasal 
sound,  ing,  preceding  /;;  but  this  is  not  the  fact;  on  the  other 
hand,  the  close  articulation  k  stops  all  sound.  Walker,  then,  in 
representing  bank,  brink,  as  being  pronounced  bangk,  bringk,  en- 
tirely mistakes  the  fact.  , 

Note.  —  In  this  work,  the  diphthongs  of  foreign  words,  from 
wliich  anglicized  words  are  den\-ed,  are  very  often  rejected;  as  in 
economy,  edematous,  athencum,  maneuccr,  pean.  The  diphthongs 
ts  and  05  are  of  difficult  formatio:i  in  writing,  and  of  no  use  in 
English  words. 


RULES   FOR   PRONUNCIATION, 

AND  EXPLANATIONS  OF  THE    MANNER  OF    DESIGNAT- 
ING SOUNDS  IN  THIS  WORK. 

The  first  or  long  sound  of  the  vowels  is  designated  by  a  horizon- 
tal mark  over  the  vowel,  thus,  a,  e,  I,  o,  Q,  f.  This  mark  is  not 
necessary  (though  it  is  here  used)  in  words  and  syllables  ending 
in  e,  after  a  single  consonant,  as  in  fate,  mete,  rite,  note,  mute,  in 
which  the  first  vowel  is  long,  and  the  final  e  is  silent.  So  also  it 
is  unnecessary  in  the  last  syllables  of  colonnade,  fortitude,  anti- 
pode,  suicide,  proselyte,  consecrate,  and  others  of  similar  formation. 

The  first  sound  of  a  vowel  is  also  indicated  by  the  mark  of 
accent  immediately  after  the  vowel,  as  in  fa'vor,  ce'dar,  vi'tal, 
glo'ry,  trii'lij,  cy'clc. 

The  second  or  short  sound  of  a  single  vowel  is  indicated  by 
one  or  more  consonants  terminating  the  word  or  syllable,  as  in 
ban,  hand,  pat,  bend,  pin,  flint,  not,  plot,  sun,  must,  cyst,  withstand, 
descend,  rotund. 

The  short  soimd  is  also  indicated  by  the  mark  of  accent  im- 
mediately ai'ter  a  single  consonant,  as  in  sal'ary,  cn'ergy,  in'famy, 
botUiny,  hitsUiand,  sym'bol. 

The  third  or  broad  sound  of  a  is  designated  by  two  points 
under  the  vowel ;  thus,  ball,  broad.  But  the  necessity  of  these 
points  is  superseded  by  a  general  rule,  that,  in  most  words  in 
whicii  a  is  followed  by  Id,  Ik,  II,  as  in  bald,  balk,  fall,  the  letter  a 
has  its  broad  sound.  [Still  the  a  is  generally  used  for  greater 
clearness.] 

This  broad  sound  occurs  in  the  digraphs  au  and  aw;  as  in 
taught,  law. 

When  this  broad  a  is  sliortened,  the  sound  is  indicated  by  a 
sinffle  point  under  a  ;  as  in  what,  (piadrant. 

The  fourth  or  Italian  sound  of  a  is  designated  by  two  points 
over  the  letter;  thus,  btlr,  must,  father. 

The  letter  c  having  the  sound  of  a  long,  has  a  mark  under  the 
letter ;  as  in  prey,  convey. 

The  letter  i,  when  it  has  the  sound  of  e  long,  has  two  points 
over  the  letter;  thus,/«(in'!/.e,  marine. 

The  letters  i  and  o,  when  they  have  the  sound  of  u  short,  have 
a  curving  mark  ;  thus,  bird,  dove. 

The  vowel  0  has,  in  a  few  words,  the  sound  of  00,  French  ou, 
which  is  indicated  by  two  dots  over  the  letter;  thus,  mOvc,  lose. 
This  sound,  when  shortened,  is  designated  by  a  point  under  each 
of  the  vowels;  thus,  book,  look;  bush, full. 

The  two  letters  00,  without  points,  have  the  sound  of  the 
French  mc ;  as  in  fool,  room. 

The  digraphs  ai,  ay,  always  have  the  sound  of  the  first  or  long 
a,  unless  otherwise  marked. 

The  digraphs  ea,  ce,  ei,  ie,  always  have  the  sound  of  the  first  or 
long  c,  unless  otherwise  marked. 

In  all  cases,  when  one  vowel  of  a  digraph  is  marked,  that 
vowel  has  the  sound  designated  by  the  mark,  and  the  other  is 
quiescent ;  thus,  upbraid,  arrayed,  deceit,  siege,  appear,  cSurse, 
float,  broad,  voin,  show. 

By  marking  th?  vowel  0,  in  the  digraphs  ou  and  ow,  the 
digraph  is  distinguished  from  the  diphthong;  thus,  in  source,  ou 
are  a  digraph;  but  in  sour  they  are  a  diphthong;  and  bote,  a 
weapon,  is  distinguished  from  bow,  to  bend. 


Ixxx 


INTRODUCTION, 


Tims  OK  and  ow,  without  a  mark,  are  always  iliptithongs. 

The  digraphs  eu,  cio,  and  ui,  have  the  somid  ol"  the  first  u;  as 
mj'cud,  brew,  bruise.  The  writers  wlio  attempt  to  give  u  and  ew, 
after  r,  the  sound  of  oo,  as  in  rude,  brew,  [rood,  broo,'\  encourage 
an  affected  pronunciation.  In  all  such  words,  u  and  cio  have  the 
proper  sound  of  w  in  dutij,  tumult,  lucid,  both  in  this  country  and 
in  the  n-eneral  usage  in  England.  Some  persona  affect  to  pro- 
nounce the  letters  c  and  lo  distinctly,  c  and  oo  ;  but  this  affectation 
was  condemned  by  Wallis,  as  early  as  the  reign  of"  Charles  II. 

The  vowel  I,  in  the  termination  ire,  is  always  short;  as  in 
motive,  relatiTC,  pronounced  viotir,  relativ. 

The  peculiar  articulation  of  tiie  letter  r  renders  it  necessary  to 
utter  a  slight  sound  of  c  short  between  a  vowel  and  that  letter. 
Thus,  bare,  mere,  mire,  more,  mure,  are  pronounced  bdcr,  mcer, 
mier,  moer,  mucr ;  so  in  parent,  apparent,  pronounced  nearly 
pdcrent,  uppderent.  This  necessity  makes  a  slight  variation  in 
the  sound  of  a,  but  too  inconsiderable  to  deserve  a  particular 
mark  of  distinction. 

The  accented  syllable  is  designated  by  this  mark '  at  the  end, 
as  in  la'bor,  glo'rij,  ten'or,  amend',  del'rimciU,  withdraw',  avoio', 
destroy',  renew'. 

After  syllables  having  two  or  more  consonants  followed  by  e 
quiescent,  or  a  diphthong,  the  accent  has  no  effect  upon  the  vow- 
el, as  in  di^-lndge',  rejoice'. 

In  many  cases,  the  mark  over  the  vowel  might  designate  both  the 
sound  of  the  vowel  and  the  accented  syllable,  as  in  abrade,  up- 
brdid,  deduce,  besiege;  but  the  accent  is  uniformly  marked.* 

The  letters  eh,  in  words  from  the  French,  are  pronounced  as 
sh,  and  over  the  letter  c  is  a  mark  ;  thus,  chaise,  pronounced 
shdrjz. 

The  letters  cc,  ci,  and  ti,  before  a  vowel,  often  blend  into  the 
sound  of  sh.  Thus,  ocean,  Phocion,  motion,  are  pronounced 
o'shun,  Pho'shun,  mu'shun.  Hence,  ccous,  cioas,  tious,  blend  into 
the  syllable  shits,  as  in  cetaceous,  gracious,  factious,  pronounced 
ccta'shiis,  gra'shvs,  fae'shus.^ 

The  termination  sion,  after  a  consonant,  is  pronounced  shun; 
concession  is  pronounced  conccsh'un.  But  after  a  vowel,  it  is 
pronounced  zhun;  diffusion  is  pronounced  diffu'zhun. 

The  termination  tion,  in  most  words,  is  pronounced  shnn,  after 
a  vowel  or  consonant ;  nation,  affection,  are  pronounced  na'skun, 
affec'shun. 

In  a  few  words,  lian,  tion,  are  pronounced  chun;  as  in  Chris- 
tian, bastion.     Egyptian  is  an  exception  ;  Egijpshun. 

Tlie  termination  sier,  when  not  under  the  accent,  is  pronounced 
zher  or  zhur,  as  in  o'sier,  bra'sicr ;  but  when  under  the  accent,  it 
has  the  sound  oi' seer,  as  in  cuirassier' . 

When  two  accents  occur  after  e  or  i,  and  before  ci  and  ti,  they 
indicate  th.it  the  preceding  syllable  ends  with  the  pronunciation 
oi  sh.  Thus,  pre"eious,  Ti"tiate,  are  pronounced  ^jrei/i'ou.t,  vish'- 
atc;  the  ci  and  ti  blending  into  the  sound  of  sh. 

In  such  words  as  pronunciation,  euphony  seems  to  require  that 
cia  should  bo  uttered  in  two  syllables,  jiro-niin-ci-a'tio7i,  to  pre- 
vent the  repetition  of  the  sound  ol' sh;  j>ronunshashun.\ 

Dr.  Ash  remarks,  that  the  different  vowels,  in  unaccented  syl- 
lables, .are  pronounced  alike,  or  nearly  so.  Thus,  in  the  words 
altar,  alter,  manner,  manor,  murmur,  all  the  vowels  of  the  last  syl- 
lables have  nearly  the  same  sound.  Hence  it  is  useless  to  mark  the 
unaccented  vowels,  their  sounds  being  too  obscure  and  indistinct 
to  be  defined,  or  to  be  distinguished  by  marks.  The  nice  dis- 
tinctions between  them,  if  any  exist,  are  to  be  acquired  only  by 
usage  and  good  taste. 

The  letters  gh,  in  most  English  words,  are  quiescent.  In  the 
following,  they  are  pronounced  like  /;  cough,  chough,  dough, 
enough,  hough,  laugh,  rough,  slough,  tough,  troui'h. 

H  after  r  is  mute,  as  in  rhetoric. 

G  and  k  before  n  are  mute,  as  in  gnaw,  knave. 

K' before  r  is  mute,  as  in  wrest,  wrong. 

In  a  few  words,  h  after  w  is  pronounced  before  it,  as  in  ichal 
which. 

I'n  the  termination  en,  e  is  usually  nmte,  as  in  crohcn,  pro- 
nounced brokn. 

*  It  is  s.iid  by  some  writer,  thai  tlie  accent  never  fails  on  a  vowel,  but  always 
on  a  cunsonanl.  This  is  a  jin-at  mistake.  The  last  syllable  of  foremen  luia  the 
accent  on  the  last  syllable,  and  on  the  vowels  which  enil  tfio  syllable.  In  open, 
the  accent  is  on  the  fin^t  syllable,  in  which  there  is  no  consonant. 


The  final  c  is  mute  after  I,  in  the  following  syllables  :  ble,  clc, 
die,  Jle,  gle,  Me,  pie,  tic,  zlc. 

B  after  771  is  mute,  as  in  dumb. 

L  is  mute  before  h,  as  in  xcalk ;  before  m,  as  in  calm ;  and 
before  /,  as  in  half,  calf. 

JV  is  mute  after  m,  as  in  hymn. 

Ph  are  always  pronounced  like/,  as  in  philosophy ;  but  they 
are  silent  in  phthisic,  pronounced  tizzic. 

P  is  mute  before  s,  as  in  psalm  ;  and  before  t,  as  in  ptyalism, 
Ptolemy. 

In  tlie  terminating  syllable  of  adjectives,  ous,  the  letter  0  is 
always  silent. 

The  unaccented  y,  at  the  end  of  words,  is  short,  like  i  in  pin, 
pit,  as  in  glory,  probity.  In  the  plural  of  such  words,  ies  are 
pronounced  iz,  as  glories,  pronounced  gloriz. 

But  y,  in  monosyllables,  has  its  first  sound,  as  in  dry,  my;  and 
in  verbs  and  plurals  of  nouns  the  same  sound  occurs  in  the  in- 
flections, as  mjly,  Jlics  ;  try,  tries  ;  pronounced  J/jtr,  trlze. 

In  the  termination /y,  the  y  has  its  first  sound,  as  m  fortify.  So 
also  i  in  the  last  syllable  of  fortifies. 

S  has  its  proper  sound  after  /,  p,  k,  t,  and  th  aspirate,  as  in 
chiefs,  caps,  franks,  pits,  deaths. 

S  has  the  sound  of  :  after  b,  d,  g,  gh,  I,  m,  n,  r,  s  and  s«,  :,  r, 
aio,  ay,  cw,  cy,  ow,  oy,  sh,  ng,  th  vocal,  ch,  oe,  ie,  and  after  c  fol- 
lowed by  c  final ;  as  in  ralis,  robes,  races,  rods,  rides,  rags,  rages, 
toils,  drca7ns,  sighs,  rains,  bars,  weaves,  roses,  passes,  mazes,  laws, 
days,  news,  preys,  vows,  joys,  brushes,  sings,  breathes,  churches, 
foes,  flies. 

S  before  m  has  the  sound  of  :,  as  in  spasm,  baptism 

The  letter  :,  in  Welsh  words,  is  pronounced  as  the  vocal  th  in 
that,  thou. 

In  many  cases,  a  word,  the  better  to  express  the  pronunciation, 
is  w'ritten  a  second  time,  in  the  letters  most  proper  for  the  pur- 
pose. In  this  case,  the  pronunciation  of  the  radical  word  is  to 
be  observed  in  the  derivatives,  unless  otherwise  noted.  Thus, 
bright  is  written  brite,  to  show^  the  pronunciation ;  and  this 
pronunciation  is  to  be  observed  in  its  derivatives,  brightness, 
brightly. 

The  letter  u,  it  has  been  remarked,  has  the  sound  of  yu  in 
words  in  which  this  letter  forms  a  syllable  by  itself,  as  in  u-nit, 
u-iuinimoas,  u-biquity,  usurp,  and  in  some  monosyllables,  as  in 
2ise,  pronounced  yuse. 

In  extending  this  sound  to  u  after  d,  as  in  gradual,  credu- 
lous. Walker  iias  changed  the  sound  of  d  to  that  of  ilj ;  and 
gradual  becomes  gradjual  or  grajual ;  credulous  is  changed 
to  eredjtilous  or  crcjulous.  But  this  pronunciation  of  Walker  is 
severely  condemned  by  Jameson  and  Knowles.  So  also  Walker's 
butshcus  for  beauteous,  plentshus  for  plenteous,  are  condemned 
and  discarded.  The  same  fate  attends  Walker's  ingrcjcnt  for  in- 
gredient, and  other  words  of  a  like  orthography. 

The  present  practice  is  to  give  to  «  the  sound  of  yu,  in  such 
words  as  nature, feature,  rapture;  which  are  pronounced  ndt-yur, 
feat-yur,  rapt-yur.  This  practice  seems  to  have  been  adopted 
to  avoid  the  common  corruption  of  a  ciiange  of  t  into  tsh,  as  in 
natshur  —  a  pronunciation  condemned  by  the  latest  orthoepists. 

But  in  words  of  more  syllables  than  two,  this  pronunciation  of 
u  as  yu,  in  the  last  syllable,  as  in  caricature,  literature,  judicature, 
is  not  to  be  commended.  [Still,  as  the  corruption  referred  to  oc- 
curs quite  as  frequently  in  words  of  this  class  as  in  those  of  two 
syllables,  it  has  been  thought  best  to  place  them  all  on  the  same 
footing,  and  to  mark  with  the  sound  of  u  as  heard  in  unite,  all  the 
terminations  in  nre,  with  their  derivatives.] 

The  termination  cd,  in  the  past  tense  and  participles  of  verbs, 
retains  the  vowel  e,  in  this  vocabulary,  for  showing  the  proper 
orthography,  especially  to  foreigners  ;  but  in  the  customary  pro- 
nunciation, this  vowel  is  omitted,  except  after  d  and  t.  Thus, 
abandoned,  delivered,  charmed,  are  pronounced  abandond,  dc- 
lirerd,  eharmd.  This  rule  extends  to  all  cases,  except  to  some 
formal  uses  of  particular  words,  or  to  occasional  uses  of  some 
words  in  verse. 

.'Vfter  d  and  t,  this  termination  cd  is,  from  necessity,  pronounced 
as  a  distinct  syllable ;  as  in  abraded,  hated. 

t  TJie  English  orthoe'pists  allece  that  the  letter  c,  in  such  words,  h.is  the 
sound  of  sh.  This  is  a  mistake.  Tile  prnnuncialion  of  sh,  in  such  words,  is  the 
efibrt  of  blending  the  sound  of  c  with  the  following  vowel.  This  mistake  has 
misled  VViilker  and  others  into  a  multitude  of  errors. 


Ixxxi 


OETHOGRAPHY    OF    DR.   WEBSTER, 

AS    EXHIBITED    IN    THIS    VOLUME. 


1.  Temiiiiations  in  our  changed  into  or.  —  Sucli  words  as  favor, 
labor,  &c.,  formerly  ending  in  our,  drop  tlie  «.  One  word,  how- 
ever, is  here  given  in  both  ways,  viz..  Savior,  Saviour. 

2.  Terminations  in  cK  changed  into  c.  —  Words  of  more  tlian 
one  syllable,  ending  in  ic  or  iac,  which  formerly  ended  in  k,  have 
dropped  the  k,  as  in  music,  tnaniac,  &c.  Add  to  these  almanac, 
sandarac,  limbec  (from  alembic)  ;  also  havoc.  The  k  is  retained 
(1)  in  a  few  derivatives,  as  colicky,  trafficker,  m,imicking,  &c.,  to 
prevent  an  erroneous  pronunciation ;  (2)  in  all  monosyllables,  as 
sick,  stick,  wreck,  &c.,  and  hence  in  their  compounds,  as  brain- 
sick, candlestick,  shijncreck,  &c.;  (3)  in  all  other  terminations 
except  ic  and  iac,  as  in  arrack,  hammock,  &c. 

3.  Terminations  in  RE  changed  into  XR.  —  Such  words  as  centre, 
metre,  theatre,  &c,  with  their  compounds,  have  the  re  changed  into 
er,  as  center,  meter,  theater,  &c.  Some  hundreds  of  words,  like 
chamber,  cider,  diameter,  &c.,  liave  already  undergone  this  change, 
which  is  here  e.^tended  to  about  twenty  more,  to  complete  the 
analoay.  Acre,  lucre,  and  massacre,  are  necessarily  excepted,  be- 
cause the  change  would  lead  to  an  erroneous  pronunciation.  The 
above  words,  however,  are  here  given  in  both  modes  of  spelling. 

4.  Words  in  ichich  the  final  consonant  is  not  doubled  in  adding 
s)tch  formativcs  as  ing,  ed,  ek,  ^-c. — It  is  a  rule  extendmg  to 
many  hundreds  of  cases,  that,  in  adding  to  a  word  such  formatives 
as  ing,  ed,  er,  &c.,  a  single  consonant  at  the  end  of  a  word  is 
doubled  when  the  accent  falls  on  the  last  syllable,  as  in  forgetting, 
betrinning,  excelling  ;  but  is  not  doubled  when  the  accent  falls  on  any 
preceding  syllable,  as  in  benefiting,  gardener,  &c.  This  rule  has 
been  violated  in  tlie  case  of  about  fifty  words  ending  in  /,  whose 
derivatives  have  had  the  I  doubled,  as  traveller,  &c.  These  words 
are  here  restored  to  their  true  analogous  spelling,  as  recommended 
by  Walker,  Lowth,  Perry,  and  others,  as  in  traveling,  canceled, 
leveler,  counselor,  duelist,  marvelous,  &c.  On  the  same  principle, 
woolen  is  spelled  with  a  single  I.  It  does  not  interfere  with  this 
rule  that  chancellor,  and  the  derivatives  of  metal  and  crystal,  as  met- 
alline, metallurgy,  crystalline,  crystallize,  &c.,  have  the  I  doubled, 
since  they  come  directly  frc>m  the  Latin  cancellarins  and  metallum 
(Greek  liiraiXoi),  and  the  Gi-eek  xni'aru).).iif.  Tlie  above  rule  is  also 
applied  to  the  derivatives  of  worship  and  bias,  making  them  7cor- 
shiping,  worshiped,  worshiper,  biasing,  biased.  Bigoted  has  already 
taken  its  true  spelling  with  but  one  t,  and  such  should  be  the  spell- 
ing o^ carbureted,  sulphurctcd,  &c. 

5.  Distinction  between  verbs  in  i/.E  and  ISE.  — ■  Verbs  from  the 
Greek  itm,  and  others  formed  in  analogy  with  them,  have  the  ter- 
mination ize,  as  baptize,  legalize,  &c.  Catechise  and  exorcise  are 
exceptions.  Verbs,  and  also  some  nouns,  derived  directly  from  the 
French,  with  a  few  from  other  sources,  end  in  ise,  as  advertise, 
advise,  affranchise,  amortise,  chastise,  circumcise,  comprise,  com- 
promise, criticise,  demise,  despise,  devise,  disfranchise,  disguise, 
tUvcrtise,  emprise,  enfranchise,  enterprise,  exercise,  manumisc,  mer- 
chandise, misprise  (to  mistake),  premise,  reprise  (to  take  again), 
revise,  supervise,  surmise,  surprise. 

6.  Terminations  in  able.  —  Able,  when  incorporated  into  words 
ending  with  silent  e,  cuts  it  off,  as  in  blamable,  except  afler  c  or  g, 
as  in  noticeable,  changeable. 

7.  Compounds  of  words  ending  in  LL.  —  Such  compounds  as 
befall,  miscall,  install,  forestall,  inlhrall,  enroll,  retain  the  double  /, 
to  prevent  a  false  pronunciation,  making  the  last  vowel  short,  as 
befal,  enrol,  &c.  For  the  same  reason,  double  I  should  be  retained 
in  the  nouns  installment,  inthrallment,  thralldnm,  and  enrollment. 

8.  Defesse,  Offensi:,  and   Prete.sse.  —  In  these  words,  s  is 


substituted  for  c,  because  «  is  used  in  the  derivatives,  as  defensive, 
offensive,  pretension.  The  words  crpcnsc,  recompense,  and  lieejise, 
have,  on  this  ground,  undergone  the  same  alteration  within  com- 
paratively a  short  period,  and  a  change  in  the  three  mentioned  above 
would  complete  the  analogy.  These  words  are  here  given  in  both 
forms  of  spelling. 

9.  Foretell,  Distill,  I.n'still,  Fulfill.  —  These  words  retain 
tlie  II  of  their  primitives,  for  it  must  be  retained  in  the  participles 
and  other  derivatives,  &s  foretelling,  distiller,  instilling,  fulfilled,  &c. 
In  this  case,  it  is  only  necessary  to  remember  the  role,  that  the 
spelling  of  the  original  words  tell,  still,  fill,  is  retained  in  all  the 
derivatives. 

10.  Connection,  Deflection,  Inflection,  Reflection.  — 
These  follow  the  spelling  of  their  verbs,  connect,  defied,  inflect, reficct. 

11.  Derivatives  of  Dull,  Skill,  Will,  and  Full.  —  These  re- 
tain the  //,  viz.  dullness,  fullness,  skillful,  xoillful,  to  prevent  the 
inconvenience  of  exceptions  to  a  general  rule.  Walker  says,  there 
is  no  reason  why  we  should  not  write  dullness,  fullness,  skillfull 
and  willful,  as  well  as  stifi'uess,  grnffness,  and  crossness. 

12.  Derivatives  of  Villain.  —  The  derivatives  of  villain  ought  to 
retain  the  i,  as  in  villainous,  villainy,  &c.  This  is  the  case  in  all 
similar  words  when  the  ain  is  not  under  the  accent,  as  mountain- 
ous from  mountain,  captaijicy  from  captain,  chieftaincy  from  chief- 
tain, chaplaincy  from  chaplain,  certainty  from  certain,  &c.  Both 
modes  of  spelling,  however,  are  given  in  this  volume. 

13.  Mould  and  Moult.  —  These  words  should  be  written  mold 
and  molt,  Uke  gold,  bold,  fold,  cult,  &c.,  in  which  the  u  has  been 
dropped,  or  was  never  introduced;  but  they  are  here  given  in  both 
ways. 

14.  Terms  in  chcmi.Hry.  —  The  ortliography  oii/tZ  (from  oju;)  is 
considered  preferable  to  oxide,  because  in  all  other  derivatives  the 
Greek  v  is  represented  by  the  English  y,  as  in  oxygen,  hydrogen, 
&c.  In  such  terminations  as  chlorid,  fluorid,  ammid,  &c.,  tlie 
final  e  is  not  used,  because  they  are  formed  in  analogy  with  acid, 
and  tlie  c  is  unnecessary,  and  might  lead  to  the  error  of  giving  a 
long  sound  to  the  preceding  i.  Such  words  as  salicin,  cerin,  vcra- 
trin,  &.C.,  also  omit  tlie  final  c  in  most  cases,  because  it  is  unneces- 
sary, though  it  is  retained  in  bromine,  chlorine,  fluorine,  iodine,  and 
a  very  few  others.  The  spelling  of  the  last  class  of  words  has  the 
authority  of  Brando's  Encyclopedia,  the  Penny  Cyclopedia,  and 
some  distinguished  chemical  %vorks. 

15.  Woe.  —  This  word  takes  the  final  c,  like  doe,  foe,  hoc,  sloe, 
toe,  and  all  similar  nouns  of  one  syllable.  The  termination  in  o  be- 
longs, among  monosyllables,  to  the  other  parts  of  speech,  as  go,  so, 
and  to  nouns  of  more  than  one  syllable,  as  motto,  potato,  tomato,  &c. 

16.  Practice,  as  a  verb.  —  This  verb  should  be  spelled  like  the 
noun,  with  a  c,  as  in  notice,  apprentice,  and  all  similar  words  in 
which  the  accent  precedes  the  last  syllable.  The  distinction  of 
spelling  between  the  noun  and  verb  belongs  properly  to  words  ac- 
cented on  the  last  syllable,  as  device,  n.,  devise  (pronounced  de- 
vize'), V.  To  apply  the  distinction  here,  and  spell  the  verb  practise, 
tends  to  give  it  the  same  pronunciation  (practize)  as  we  often  find 
in  uneducated  persons ;  but  as  this  spelling,  though  in  opposition 
to  the  regular  analogy,  is  more  prevalent,  the  verb  is  here  given 
in  botli  ways. 

17.  Drouth  is  given  as  spelled  by  Spenser,  Bacon.  &c.,  and  as 
still  extensively  pronounced ;  and  hight  as  spellea  by  Miltor.,  antl 
derived  from  high.  They  are,  however,  placed  under  dronglu  and 
height,  the  more  ordinary  spelling,  though,  on  some  accounts,  the 
old  spelling  is  to  be  preferred. 


luucii 


ALPHABETS. 


lI£BRi:W  AND     SAMARI- 
CICALDEE.  TAN. 


Aleph 

Beth 

Gimel 

Daleth 

He 

Vau 
Zain 

Cheth 

TetU 

Yod 
Caph 
Lamed 
Mem 

Nun 
Samech 

Ain 

Phe 

Tzaddi 

Koph 
Resh 
Sin 
Shin 

Thau 


n 
1 
I 


b 
D  Kl 

1  = 
D 

S 

no 

b] 


1 


a 

Z 

V 
3 

•m 


A 


Eiif 

Be 

Jim 
C  Dal 
<  Dhal 

He 

Wau 

Ze 
(Ha 
?  Kha 
C  Ta 
I  Tha 

Ye 

Kef 

Lam 

Mim 

Nun 

wa7itmg 
C  Ain 
i  Gain 

Fe 
C  Tsad 
(  Dhad 

Kaf 

Re 
C  Sin 
(  Shin 
C  Te 
(  The 


ARABIC. 

Final. 

1        L 


t 


> 

k 

li 


h 

o 


5 
J 


o 

6~ 


J' 


L 

A 
■?^ 

A 

> 

k 


X 
X 

n  A2 

'i. 


InitiuL 

\ 


J 


ii 


£ 

a 
o  to 

3 

J 


Kmties. 

Olapii 

Beth 

Gomal 

Dolath 

He 

Vau 
Zain 

Heth 
Teth 


SYRI.IC. 

Final,  Medial. 

i  I  I 


Kuph 
Rish 

Shin 
Tau 


o 

1 


Ol 

a 
\ 


«.V  «.AA 


4     -^ 


Yud  "  •* 

Coph  -  - 

Lomad  ^  ^ 

Mim  >o  >a 

Nun  V  ^ 

Semcath  -cc  .m 

Ee  '^  '^ 

Pe  .^.^21 

Tsode  3  3 


.S         1.0. 


2l 


£1 


2X 


a. 
r 


o 
^ 


Ol 

o 
1 


J 


2> 


The  Arabic  vowela  are  only  three,  viz.  Fatha,  ^  a,  e  ;   Kesra,  ~  e,  i ;    Dhamma,  _i_  o,  u. 

The  diacritical  signs  are  Jesm  ^  or  quiescent  Sheva  ;    Teshdid  j^  or  Dagesh  forte  ;    Hamza  J_  placed  over  Elif  when  rt  ical. 

Nunnation  or  double  final  vowels,  ^  "^  _£.,  showing  that  they  are  to  be  pronounced  an,  en  or  in,  on  or  un. 

The  Persians  use  the  Arabic  alphabet,  with  the  addition  of  Pe,  j  ;  Che,  =»  ;  Ghaf,   f  ^L  ;  and  Zhe,  j. 


Izzxiii 


ETHIOPIC    ALPHABET 


A  short. 

U. 

I. 

A  long. 

E. 

Y. 

0. 

Alph 

h  a 

A-  u 

A.  i 

A  a 

A.  e 

A  y 

A  0 

Bet 

n  ba 

(h  bu 

a  bi 

n  ba 

a  be 

-n  by 

n  bo 

Gemel 

q  ga 

T-  gu 

1  gi 

g  ga 

1  ge 

T  gy 

'^  go 

Den 

S  da 

^  du 

J?  di 

J?  da 

.S  de 

J?-  dy 

^  do 

Hoi 

U  ha 

l>  hu 

y  hi 

V  ha 

U  he 

y  hy 

IT  ho 

Waw 

(D  wa 

OX  "u 

*£  wi 

^  wa 

*?  we 

or  wy 

p  wo 

Zai 

H  za 

1+  zu 

H,  zi 

H  za 

H,  ze 

H  zy 

H  zo 

Haut 

(h  lia 

ftv  hu 

fh,  hi 

d^  ha 

rk  he 

rh  hy 

rh  ho 

Hharm 

■^  ha 

■V  hu 

■\  hi 

•J,  ha 

•'i  he 

r\  hy 

<  ho 

Tait 

m  tha 

fFH  thu 

ra  thi 

rfi  tha 

ra  the 

'^  thy 

fr»  tho 

5faman 

P  ja 

p   }U 

R.  yi 

/>  ya 

R  ye 

^  yy 

p-  yo 

Quaf 

n  ka 

Tt-  ku 

n.  ki 

n  ka 

n.  ke 

^  ky 

^  ko 

Lawi 

A  la 

A-  lu 

A,li 

A  la 

A.  le 

A  ly 

A-  lo 

Mai 

CR>  ma 

o  mu 

<f\  mi 

<^  ma 

<^  me 

^  my 

<P  mo 

Nahas 

^  na 

V  nu 

^  ni 

9  na 

h.  n« 

^  ny 

?•  no 

Saut 

UJ  sa 

U>  su 

m.  si 

m  sa 

Ut  se 

Mi  sy 

ip  so 

Ain 

0  a 

O  u 

^  i 

^  a 

«b  e 

6  y 

P  0 

Af 

<f.  fa 

.d:  fu 

d  fi 

<  fa 

<  fe 

4:  fy 

d^  fo 

Pait 

R  pa 

^    PU 

a.  pi 

f\  pa 

/^  pe 

?!  py 

{<  po 

Psa 

T  pa 

T  pu 

X  pi 

J  pa 

T  pe 

T  py 

T  po 

Zadai 

a  za 

ft,  zu 

K  zi 

Fi  za 

a  ze 

«"  zy 

8  zo 

Zappi 

g  zza 

Q~  zzu 

q.  zzi 

q  zza 

q_  zze 

0  zzy 

fi  zzo 

Kaf 

t  ka 

cfe  ku 

t  ki 

J  ka 

t  ke 

¥  ky 

f  ko 

Rees 

/;  ra 

4,  ra 

<i  ri 

<J.  ra 

4  re 

C  ry 

C  ro 

Saat 

rt  sa 

iV  su 

ih,  si 

^  sa 

tl  se 

M  sy 

|h   SO 

Ta\vi 

t  ta 

1:  tu 

i^  ti 

■^  ta 

-t  te 

■=^  ty 

i^  to 

Note.  —  In  the  foregoing  alphabets,  the  order  of  the  Arabic  and   Ethiopic  letters  is  conformed  to  that  of  the  Chaldee  and 
Hebrew.     The  reader  will  observe  two  or  three  defects,  which  are  owing  to  the  imperfection  of  the  fonts  of  type. 


IXXUT 


DIRECTIONS    AND    EXPLANATIONS, 


*^*  Compound  words,  wiiicli  in  ordinary  wriling  havo  the  parts  separated  by  a 
Iiyphcii,  are  arraiicfd,  wlu-ii  mirneruus,  directly  after  the  word  wliirh  fnrins  tiieir 
first  pari.  In  iiiniiy  casey,  however,  especially  when  their  number  is  small,  they  aro 
arran^'ed  in  their  r(-};nlar  alphaljotical  orthT.  If,  then,  a  compound  word  is  not  found 
in  the  firsC-nicntioned  place,  it  should  be  souglit  in  its  strictly  alphabetical  order. 


***  At  tho  end  of  Romo  of  the  etyinoIo;.'ie3,  tliere  are  rpfcrences,  (as,  under  Ilie 
word  AuATE,  "  Hne  Chiss  Hd,  Nii.  'J3,  :i3,"J  which  point  to  corro«pinulin<;  parln  lu 
tho  author's  *'  Synopsis  of  Worda  in  Twenty  Languages  "  —  a  work  which  lias  not 
yet  been  publisljud. 


ABBREVIATIONS, 


a.  stands  for  adjective. 

adv adverb. 

eomp.  .  .  .  comparative,  or  compound. 

con conjunction,  or  connective. 

exclam,   .  .  exclamation,  or  Interjection. 

/. feminine. 

m masculine. 

n name,  or  noun. 

obs.      .      .  obsolete. 

]il ))Iural. 

pp participle  passive,  or  perfect. 

ppr participle  present. 


prep.  .  stands  for .  .  preposition. 

prct preterit  ten!?e. 

proit pronoun. 

superl superhitive. 

V.  i verb  inlrant^ilive. 

v.t verb  transitive. 

J,  (  America,  or  Anieii- 

(      can, 

^r. Araliic. 

^rm Ainioric. 

Ch Chahlee. 

Corn Cornish, 


Dun.,  stands  for.  Danish. 

D Dutch,  or  Bel;,'ic. 

Enn- *  .  .  England,  or  English. 

Eth Elhiopic. 

Fr French. 

O.  or  Gcr,  .  German. 

Ooth Gothic. 

Gr. Greek. 

IIcIj IIcbrL-w. 

he Iceland  ic. 

Ir Irish,  or  Gaelic. 

n Italian. 


Lat.  or  L.    stands  for  Latin. 

i'cr- Persic,  or  Persian. 

Port Portuguese. 

liuss Russian. 

^um Samaritan. 

Sans Sanscrit. 

Sax i  Saxon,  or  Anglo- 

/      .^axon. 

*5;» .Sprinisli. 

Sid ywedisli. 

Sijr Kynac. 

^r. Weli^h. 


KEY  TO  THE   P  PtO  N  U  N  C  I  AT  I  ON. 


A,  E,  I,  Sec,  }       j     (  male,  mete,  mite, 
Ions  or  open, )  '         (  mote,  iniile,  di/e. 
X  Italian,  or  AU,   .  .  far. 
A  broad,  AU  or  AW,   fall. 

A, wlmt. 

E  like  lou"  a, prpy>  there. 

EE,  .'E,  or  (E,  j 
like  lung  e, ) 


meet,  Cffsura. 


EW,  or  EU,  like  long  w,  as  in  new,  fcwd. 

I  like  long  f, niaWne. 

I  like  short  h, b/rd. 

O, move. 

0  like  short  n duve. 

O, wolf. 

01  or  OY,    .  ....  oil,  hoy. 
GO,                         .        ...  moon. 


00, as  in     book. 

OLJ  or  OW, aboKt,  to7fln. 

U, bull. 

l|  like  yii 

€  hard,  or  €11,  like  i, 
C  soft,  like  *■,    .... 

cir, 

CII  like  sh, 


.  imite, 

,  carry. 

,  certain. 

,  mucA. 

,  mac/tine. 


CK  hard,  like  /c,   .  .   as  In  .  .  sic/.'. 

d  soft,  like  j, i'eni. 

G  hard, ^'^ivo. 

S  like  :, jLs-,  w 

S, we.^-t. 

TH, iAift. 

TH, thin. 


REMARKS. 


1.  Improper  Diphthongs.  —  In  these,  the  vowel  which  is  sounded  is 
alone  marked,  as  in  ui,  ea,  or  eil,  <Ht,  etc. 

2.  Double  Accent  (")•  — This  is  used  in  two  cases  :  (1)  Wlien,  in  such 
words  as  an"(jcr,  (pronounced  ang'tjer,)  the  g  is,  as  it  were,  drawn  back 
to  the  prccedms;  syllable,  forming  with  n  the  sound  of  n(j,  while  it  is  also 
retained  witli  its  jiroper  hard  sound  in  its  o\ra  syllable.  Thus  the  dis- 
tinction is  marked  between  such  words  as  lon"yer,  of  greater  length, 
and  lont/'er,  one  who  longs.  (2)  When,  in  the  case  of  e  or  i  followed  by 
ci  or  ti,  the  sound  of  sh  is  drawn  back  to  the  preceding  syllable,  as  in 
spe"cial,  discre"tion,  addi"tion,  vVcious,  (pronounced  spesh'al,  AsArtsA'- 
■«rt,  addish'un,  vish'us.)  The  double  accent  is  also  used  when  the  sound 
of  zh  is  drawn  back,  as  in  transi"tion,  ri"sion,  (pronounced  transizh'nn, 
vizh'un;)  but  this  peculiarity  is  also  indicated  either  by  respelling  or  by 
the  marked  S.  Wien  the  single  accent  (')  and  double  accent  (")  both 
occur  on  the  same  word,  the  former  is  to  be  considered  the  primary,  and 
the  latter  the  secondary  accent,  as  in  cheese'mon"ger. 

3.  Vowels  in  Italics.  —  Vowels  which  are  Italicized  are  not  sounded, 
as  the  a  in  met«l ;  the  »in  used,  hazel,  burden ;  the  i  in  evil,  cousm  ;  tlie 
0  in  beckon,  &c.  Hence,  the  termination  ed  in  participles  and  adjectives, 
when  the  e  is  Italicized,  tliough  separated  to  the  eye,  docs  not  to  the 
tar  form  a  distinct  syllable.     Thus  tised  is  pronounced  in  one  syllable. 

4.  Accented  Sgllahles.  —  "Wlien  an  accented  syllable  ends  in  a  conso- 
nant, the  vowel  whicli  it  contains  has  its  regular  short  or  shut  sound, 
unless  otherwise  denoted  according  to  the  key. 

5.  Unacceitted  Si/Uabks.  —  When  an  unaccented  syllable  ends  in  a 
vowel  other  than  c  mute,  this  vowel  has  an  obscure  or  faint  sound,  un- 
less otherwise  marked.  The  obscure  a  is  usually  the  short  Italian  a,  as 
in  .ilmerica.  The  obscure  c,  i,  and  y,  have  the  op'en  sound  of  e  shortened, 
as  in  event,  labial,  duty ;  and  hence,  in  respelling  for  pronunciation,  the 
c  is  used  to  denote  these  sounds.  The  obscure  o  and  u  have  their  regular 
open  sounds,  but  somewhat  shortened,  as  in  monopoly,  s»perili(ous. 
When  the  unaccented  syllable  ends  in  a  consonant,  the  vowel  which  it 
contains,  if  single,  has  its  regular  short  or  shut  sound,  as  in  assign,  ex- 
plain, furn/sh,  connective,  eulmnny ;  but  a  in  such  words  as  monnrcliv,  &c., 
has  the  faint  sound  of  the  Italian  «.  In  neither  of  these  eases  should 
the  sound  of  the  other  vowels  (n,  e,  i,  o,  y)  run  into  that  of  u  in  tub. 

6.  Termimttions  in  ice,  ige,  &c.  —  WTien  the  i  in  such  terminations  as 
ice,  ige.  He,  imc,  ine,  ise,  itc,  jVc.'is  not  marked  with  any  distinctive  char- 
acter, it  is  to  be  consfdercd  short,  as  in  malice,  vestige',  hostile,  feminine, 
&c.,  i>ronounced  mal'is,  ves'tij,  tios'til,  fem'inin,  &c. 

7.  Long  A  before  it.  —  The  long  sound  of  a  before  r  in  tho  same  svUable, 
as  heard  in  fare,  pair,  pnrent,  bear,  &c.,  is  nearly  the  same  as  in  f/itc  ;  or, 
more  exactly,  it  begins  with  the  latter  sound,  and'cnds  with  the  faint  soimd 
of  e  or  a.  In  this  case,  however,  the  a  should  never  be  made  a  distinct 
syllable,  fu'er,  pay' rent,  but  /fire,  &c.  So  prayer,  though  spelled  in  two 
syllables,  should  be  pronounced  in  one,  as  prure.  By  many,  however, 
the  first  part  of  this  compound  sound  is  entirely  omitted,  and  the  a  in 


f«re,  &c.,  is  pronounced  like  the  a  in  fat,  but  much  lengthened  in  quan- 
tity. This,  according  to  Smart  and  all  the  later  orthoepists,  as  well  as 
Walker,  is  a  departure  from  true  English  usage. 

S.  Italian  A.  —  The  sound  of  o  in  far,  dnunt,  Xre.,  and  its  sound  in  fost, 
pant,  &c.,  being  radically  the  same,  is  represented  by  the  same  charac- 
ter, a.  Yet,  in  words  like  fost,  clasp,  ask,  pass,  waft,  path,  pant,  etc.,  the 
sound  is  not  so  much  prolonged  as  in  far ;  and  in  such  words  as  dance, 
advantage,  it  is  shortened  still  more,  and  by  some  is  changed  into  the 
sound  of  a  in  fat. 

9.  Broad  A.  —  The  distinction  between  the  broad  rt  (a),  or  aip,  and  the 
same  sound  shortened  (?),  as  in  wliat,  is  readily  perceived.  In  some  words, 
however,  as  salt,  cobalt,  &c.,  the  a  is  not  so  broad  as  in  all,  nor  so  short 
as  in  what ;  but,  in  respect  to  this  nicer  distinction,  the  ear  must  decide. 

10.  Short  E  before  R.  —  The  sound  of  short  e  before  r  at  the  end  of  a 
word,  or  followed  by  another  consonant  than  r,  as  in  confer,  perform, 
herd,  earth,  &c.,  is  nearly  the  same  as  that  of  short  u  before  )■;  but 
some,  particularly  in  England,  attempt,  in  this  case,  to  give  the  e  its  reg- 
ular short  sound,  as  heard  in  hen,  hfTald,  herring.  The  same  remarks 
may  be  made  respecting  ir,  to  which  some  attempt,  in  such  words  as 
Virgin,  mirth,  &c.,  to  give  the  regular  sound  of  short  e  and  r. 

11.  Short  o.  —  The  shut  sound  of  o  before  r  in  the  same  syllable,  as  in 
nor,  being  unavoidably  the  same  as  that  of  a,  is  not  marked  with  any 
distinctive  character.  A  sound  intennediate  in  length  between  that  of 
a  in  all  and  of  o  in  not  is  heard  in  such  words  as  off,  soft,  song,  cloth, 
loss,  frost,  &c.     Hero,  however,  a  di'awl  is  carefully  to  be  avoided. 

12.  Long  v.  —  The  long  or  open  sound  of  «  has  been  considered  by 
many  as  a  diphthong  composed  of  e,  or  y,  and  oo.  Dr.  AVebster  regarded 
it,  in  most  eases,  as  a  peculiar  vowel  sound,  nearly  resembling  e  and  oo, 
but  so  much  closer  as  liardly  to  be  diphthongal ;  and  considered  the  sound 
as  yoo  only  when  it  begins  a  syllable,  or  when  it  is  heard  in  certain 
terminations,  as  in  j<re,"&c.  THere  is  a  strong  tendency,  which  ought 
to  be  carefully  avoided,  to  change  this  sound  into  oo  after  d,  t,  I,  n,  and 
5,  as  doo'ty  for  d/i'ty,  tjiic. ;  but  in  avoiding  this,  as  Smart  remarks,  tlie  « 
must  be  kept  very  close,  and  not  run  into  dyidy  or  do-idy.  Walker 
sounds  «  like  oo  after  r ;  but  even  here,  the  best  speakers,  in  Dr.  Web- 
ster's view,  give  a  slight  softening  between  the  vowel  and  the  consonant, 
pronouncing  r«de  in  a  less  broad  and  open  manner  than  rood,  i.  e.,  giving 
the  !i  its  distinctive  sound. 

13.  Respelling  for  rronunciation.  —  (1)  In  respelling  the  French  en, 
on,  &c.,  the  letters  ng  arc  designed  simply  to  mark  the  vowel  as  jiasal, 
and  are  not  to  be  pronounced  themselves.  (2)  The  respelling  of  a  word, 
when  a  number  of  related  words  follow,  applies  to  all  of  them  down  to 
some  other  word  wiiich  is  respellcd,  (3)  Compound  words,  which  are 
not  respcUed  or  otherwise  marked,  are  to  be  pronouncod  like  the  simple 
words  of  whicli  they  are  composed;  but  o/'and  with  at  the  end  of  com- 
pounds, like  hereof,  iieieioith,  &c.,  havo  their  final  consonants  sounded 
as  in  doj^,  smi^A. 


AN 


AMERICAN   DICTIONARY 


THE   ENGLISH   LANGUAGE. 


AB 


ABA 


A  is  the  first  letter  of  the  alphabet  in  most  of  ilie 
known  langnnges  of  the  earth;  in  the  Etiiiopic, 
however,  it  is  the  thirtrcnth,  and  in  the  Runic,  the 
tentlu  It  is  naturally  the  first  letter,  because  it 
represents  the  first  vocal  sound  naturally  formed 
by  the  human  organs  ;  being  the  sound  uttered 
with  a  mere  opening  of  the  mouth  without  con- 
straint, and  without  any  effort  to  alter  the  natural 
position  or  con figii rati t)n  of  the  lips.  Hence  this 
letter  is  found  in  many  words  first  uttered  by  in- 
fants ;  which  words  are  the  names  of  the  objects 
with  which  infants  are  first  concerned,  as  the 
breast,  and  the  parents.  Hence  in  Hebrew  dn  am, 
is  molher,  and  1H  ab^  is  father.  In  Chaldre  a:.u 
Syriac,  abba  is  father;  in  Arabic,  aba;  in  Ethiopic, 
abi;  in  Malayan  and  Hengalese,  6'7/>j:»i;  in  Welsh, 
tad,  whence  we  retain  dad  :  in  Old  Greek  aiid  in 
Gothic,  atta  ;  in  Irish,  aithair  ;  in  Cantabrian,  aita; 
in  Lapponic,  atki;  in  Abyssinian,  abba;  in  Am- 
haric,  aba;  in  Shilliic  and  Melindane,  African 
dialects,  baha;  and  pa/»a  is  found  ^n  many  nations. 
Hence  the  Latin  mamma^  the  brt  ist,  wiiicli  is,  in 
popular  use,  the  name  of  mother;  in  Swedish, 
amma  is  a  nurse.  This  list  might  be  greatly  ex- 
tended ;  but  these  examples  prove  A  to  be  the  first 
natural  vocal  sound,  and  entitled  to  tiie  first  place 
in  alphabets.  The  Hebrew  name  of  this  letter, 
alepkj  signifies  an  ox  or  a  leader. 

A  has,  in  English,  four  sounds;  the  long  or 
slender,  as  in  place,  fata  ttie  broad,  as  in  wall^ 
fall,  which  is  shortened  in  .^tjtiad,  what;  the  open,  or 
Italian,  as  in /(i(/ier,  which  is  shortened  in  china', 
and  the  short  sound,  as  in  faU  Ils  primitive  sound 
was  probably  aw.  A  is  also  an  abbreviation  of  the 
Saxon  ail  or  ane,  one,  used  before  words  beginning; 
with  an  articulation  ;  as,  a  table,  instead  of  an 
table,  or  one  table.  This  js  a  modern  change  ;  for 
in  Saxon  an  was  used  before  consonants  as  well  as 
vowels  ;  as,  an  tid,  a  time,  an  gear^  a  year.  [See 
Ay.] 

This  letter  serves  as  a  prefix  to  many  English 
words,  as  in  asleep,  awake,  afuot^  agronnd,  agoing. 
In  some  cases,  this  is  a  contraction  of  the  Teutonic 
ffe,  as  in  a.sleep  ;  aware,  from  the  Saxon  geslapan, 
to  sleep,  o-fiwarmn,  to  beware;  the  Dutch  gewaar. 
Sometimes  it  is  a  cnrruplion  of  the  Saxon  on  ;  as, 
a^rain,  from  ongean  ;  awake,  from  ovwacian,  to  watcli 
or  wake.  Before  participles,  it  may  be  a  contrac- 
tion of  the  Celtic  ag,  the  sign  of  the  participle  of 
the  present  tense;  as,  ag^adh,  saying;  a-saying, 
a-going.  Or  this  may  be  a  contraction  of  on,  or, 
what  is  equally  probable,  it  may  have  proceeded 
from  a  mere  accidental  sound  produced  by  negli- 
gent utterance.  In  some  words,  a  may  be  a  con- 
traction of  at,  of,  in,  to,  or  an.  In  some  words  of 
Greek  original,  a  is  privative,  giving  to  them  a 
negative  sense,  as  in  anonymous,  frora  «  and  oi/upuj 
name. 

Among  the  ancients,  A  was  a  numeral,  denoting 
500;  and  with  a  dash,  A,  5000.  In  the  Hebrew, 
Syr.,  Ch.,  Sam.,  and  Ar,,  it  denotes  one  or  unity. 
In  the  Julian  calendar,  A  is  the  first  of  the  seven 
dominical  letters. 

Among  logicians.  A,  as  an  abbreviation,  stands 
fur  a  universa'  affirmative  proposition.     A  asserts; 


E  denies.     Thus  in  barbara,  a,  tlirice  repeated,  de- 
notes so  many  of  the  propositions  to  be  universal. 

The  Romans  usrd  A  to  signify  a  negative  or  dis- 
sent in  giving  their  votes;  A.  standmg  for  aniiqiio, 
I  oppose  or  object  to  tlie  proposed  law.  Opposed 
to  this  letter  were  U.  R.,  vii  rogas,  be  it  as  you 
desire  —  the  words  used  to  express  assent  to  a 
prop(.tsition.  These  letters  were  marked  on  wooden 
ballots,  and  each  voter  had  an  atfirmalive  and  a 
negative  put  into  his  hands,  one  of  wliich,  at 
pleasure,  he  gave  aa  his  vote.  —  In  criminal  trials, 
A.  stood  for  absolvo,  I  acquit ;  C.  for  condcmiw,  I 
condemn;  and  N.  L.  f.»r  iwu  H'jHrt.,ii  is  nut  evi- 
dent ;  and  the  judges  voted  by  halUits  thus  marked. 
—  In  inscriptitms,  A.  stands  far  .^  u  gust  ils  ;  or  for 
ager,  aiunt,  aarum,  argentuin,  &c. 

A.  is  also  used  for  anno  ;  as  in  A.  D.,  for  anno 
Vomiiti,  the  year  of  our  Lord  r  and  A.  M.,  for  anno 
mundt,  the  year  of  the  world  ;  and  also  for  ante,  as  in 
A.  M.,  for  ante  meridiew, ht^fore  noon;  and  for  ar^s, 
as  in  A.  M.,  foi  artiujn  majTj\;/yr,  master  of  arts.  With' 
the  Romans,  A.  V.  C  stood  for  anno  urbis  condifa,  in 
the  year  from  the  building  of  the  city  of  Romo. 

In  algebra,  a  and  the  first  letters  of  the  alphabet 
represent  known  quantities  —  the  last  letters  are 
sometimes  used  to  represent  unknown  quantities. 

In  THJtiic,  A  is  tlie  nominal  of  the  sixth  note  in 
the  natural  diatonic  scale  —  callud  by  Guido  la. 
It  is  also  the  name  of  one  of  the  two  natural 
moods ;  and  it  is  the  open  note  of  the  2d  string  of 
the  violin,  by  which  the  other  strings  are  tuned 
and  regulated. 

In  pharmacy,  a  or  aa,  abbreviations  of  the  Greek 
ana,  signify  of  cac/i  separately,  or  that  the  tilings 
mentioned  should  be  taken  in  quantities  of  the 
same  weight  or  measure. 

In  chemistry,  AAA  stand  for  avialgama,  or  amal- 
gamation. 

In  commerce,  A.  stands  for  accepted^  as  in  case  of 
a  bill  of  exchange.  Merchants  also  number  their 
books  by  the  letters.  A,  B,  C,  instead  of  figures. 
Public  olficers  number  their  exhibits  in  the  same 
manner;  as  the  document  .\,  or  D. 

Alpha  and  Omega,  the  first  and  last  letters  of  the 
Greek  alphabet,  are  used  in  Scripture  for  the  be- 
ginning and  end — representative  of  Christ. 

In  mathematics,  letters  are  used  as  representatives 
of  numl)ers,  lines,  angles,  and  quantities.  In  axgu 
wentj,  letters  are  substituted  for  persons,  in  cases 
supposed,  or  stated  for  illustration  ;  as,  A  contracts 
with  B  to  deliver  property  To  D.  —  In  the  English 
phraseology,  "  a  landlord  has  a  hundred  a  year," 
"  the  sum  amounted  to  ten  dollars  a  man,"  a  is 
merely  the  adjective  one,  and  this  mode  of  expres- 
sion is  idiomatic;  a  hundred  in  a  [one]  year;  ten 
dollars  to  a  [one]  man. 
AAM,  n.  [Ch,  niON,  or  ndn,  a  cubit,  a  measure 
containing  five  or  six  palms.]  A  measure  of 
liquids  among  the  Dutch,  van,-ing  indifferent  cities 
from  37  to  41  English  wine  gallons. 
AA-RON'ie,  /  a.     I'ertaining  to  Aaron,  the  Jew- 

AA-RON'I€-AL,  \     ish  high  priest,  or  to  the  priest- 
hood of  which  he  was  the  head.  D>)ddridgr. 
All,   in  English  names,  is  an  abbreviation  uf  Jibbcy 
or  Abbot ,'  as,  Jlbtun,  ■Abbcy-tvicu,  or  Abbot-town. 


AB,  a  prefix  to  words  of  Latin  origin,  and  a  L:iiiri 
preposition,  as  in  abduct,  is  the  Greek  litto,  and  the 
Eng.  of,  Ger.  ab,  D.  af,  Sw.  Dan.  af,  written,  in  an- 
cient Latin,  af.  It  denotes /rom,  separating  or  de- 
parture. 

AB  ;  the  Hebrew  name  of  father.     [See  Abba.] 

AB  ;  the  eleventh  month  of  the  Jewish  civil  year, 
and  the  fifth  of  the  ecclesiastical  year,  answering 
to  a  part  of  July,  and  a  part  of  August.  In  the 
Syriac  calendar.  Jib  is  the  name  of  the  last  sum- 
mer month, 

AB'A-€A,n.    A  kind  of  flax  in  the  Philippine  Islands. 

AB-A-CIS'CUS,  71.  In  ancient  architecture,  the  square 
compartments  of  Mosaic  pavements. 

AB'A-CIST,  n.  [from  abacus.] 

One  that  casts  accounts  ;  a  calculator. 

A-BACK',  adv.  [a  and  back,  Sax.  on  bac;  at,  on,  or 
toward  the  back.    See  Back.] 

Toward  the  back  ;  on  tlie  back  part;  backward. 
In  seamcn^s  language,  it  signifies  the  situation  of 
the  sails,  when  pressed  back  against  the  mast  by 
the  wind. 

Taken  aback,  is  when  the  sails  are  carried  bark 
suddenly  by  the  wind. 

Laid  aback,  is  when  the  sails  are  purposely  placed 
in  that  situation  ti>  give  the  ship  sternway. 

Jilariner^s  Diet. 

AB'A-COT,  71.  The  cap  of  state,  formerly  used  by 
English  kings,  wrought  into  the  figure  of  twu 
crowns. 

AB-AG'TOR,  n.  [Latin,  from  abigo,  ah  and  ago,  to 
drive.] 

In  law,  one  that  feloniously  drives  away  or 
steals  a  herd  or  numbers  of  cattle  at  once,  in  dis- 
tinction from  one  that  steals  a  sheep  or  two. 

AB'A-GUS,  iu  [L.  abacus,  any  thing  flat,  as  a  cup- 
board, a  bench,  a  slate,  a  table  or  board  for  games; 
Gr.  H^a^.  Usually  deduced  from  the  Oriental,  p3N 
abak,  dust,  because  the  ancients  used  tables  cov- 
ered with  dust  for  making  figures  and  diagrams.] 

1.  Among  the  Roman.-;,  a  cupboard  or  buffet. 

2.  An  instrument  to  facilitate  operatitms  in  arith- 
metic- On  this  are  drawn  lines;  a  counter  on  the 
lowest  line  is  one;  on  the  next,  teii;  on  the  third, 
a  hundred,  &c.  On  the  spaces,  counters  denote 
half  the  number  of  the  line  above.  Other  schemes 
are  called  by  the  same  name.  The  name  is  also 
given  to  a  table  of  numbers  cast  up  ;  as,  an  abacus 
of  addition ;  and,  by  analogy,  to  tlie  art  of  num- 
bering, as  in  Knighton's  Chronicon.  Encyc. 

3.  In  architecture,  a  table  constituting  the  upper 
member  or  crowning  of  a  column  and  its  capital. 
It  is  square  in  the  Tuscan,  Doric,  and  Ionic  or- 
ders, but  its  sides  .ire  arched  inward  in  the  Co- 
rinthian and  Composite.  The  name  is  also  given 
to  a  concave  m<ilding  on  the  capital  of  the  Tus- 
can pedestal,  and  to  the  plinth  above  the  boullin 
in  the  Tuscan  and  Doric  orders.  Encyc. 

4.  A  game  among  the  Romans;  so  called  from 
its  being  played  on  a  board,  somewhat  in  the 
manner  of  chess.  P-  Cye. 

AB'A-CUS  HaR-MON'I€-US,ti.  The  structure  and 
disposition  of  the   keys  of  a  musical  instnimenl. 

AB'A-CUS  Ma'JOR,  iu  A  trough  used  in  mines  to 
wash  ore  in.  Encyc. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T.— MkTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARtNE,  BIRD.  — NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BOQK.- 
AN"GER,  VI"CI0US.— e  aa  K;  6  as  J;  S  as  Z;  ch  as  SH  ;  TH  aa  in  THIS. 


-TtJNE,  BULL,  UNITE.— 


AKA 

AB'A-rUS    PY-TIIA-GOU'IC-UH,  lu     The  mnltijili- 

calion  table,  inveiiti'd  by  rylhacoras. 
A-UAl)'l)OX,  H.     t'l*'*'-  *-"''•  •^y-  ^''"^*  "'^'^  "*'^»  *" 

be  lust,  or  destroyed  ;  to  perisli.] 

1.  The  destroyer,  or  angel  of  Ihe  bottomless  pU. 
Rev.  IX. 

2.  The  botloinless  pit.  Milton. 
A-n.\FT',  adr.  in  prep.  TSax.  r/>,  or  <r/l,  0(i:nin.    Hence 

ffifir  or  <rftcry  after,  snnseqiient  j  Sax.  <rjft««,  behind 
in  place;  to  which  word  br.  x^  prr-fixed  —  hMilan, 
behind  —  ami  this  word  is  corrupted  into  ab({ft.] 

A  sea  term,  sif;riifyin?  in  or  ni  the  hinder  part 
of  a  ship,  or  the  parts  wliich  lie  toward  the  stern  ; 
opposed  to  qftre.  Relatively,  it  denotes  /urOifT 
(\ti,  or  toward  the  stern  ;  as,  abaft  the  rnaiiiinasl. 
Jibaft  the  beam^  is  in  that  arch  of  the  horizon  whirh 
i3  between  a  line  drawn  at  right  anjile:*  with  the 
keel,  and  the  point  to  which  the  stern  i.s  direcli-d. 
It  is  often  contracted  into  iifU  Mar.  Diet. 

A-lJ.^r.SAXCK.     See  OiiEiaANCE. 

Alt-Ali'IEN-ATE,  r.  t.  [Sec  Alienate,  Aliene.] 
To  transfer  the  title  of  property  from  one  to  anoth- 
er ;  a  term  of  the  civil  law,  rarely  or  never  used  in 
eominon  lutB  procerdina-s. 

All-Al/IKiN-A-TKl), /J).  Transferred  from  one  to 
annlher. 

AB-.M/IEN-A-TING,  ppr.  Transferring  from  one 
to  another. 

Alt-Al^lKN-A'TION,  n.  The  transferrin?  of  title 
to  property.     [See  Alienatioiv.] 

A-HA.N'I)ON,  r.  L  [Fr.  abatidoniier ;  Sp.  and  Port. 
abamlonar ;  It.  abbandanare ;  said  to  be  from  bun 
and  donnerf  to  give  over  to  tlie  ban  or  proscriptit)n  ; 
or  from  a  or  ab  and  bandutn,  a  fla^  or  ensign.] 

1.  To  forsake  entirely  ;  as,  to  abandon  a  liopeless 
enterprise. 

Woe  lo  th;U  ffrnpration  by  wliicli  tlie  lestiraony  of  Cad  shall 
tK  ahanttoned.  Dr.  fllnstit. 

2.  To  renounce  and  forsake;  to  leave  with  a 
view  never  to  retnrn  ;  to  desert  as  lost  or  despi-r- 
ate  ;  as,  to  abandon  a.  country  ;  to  abandon  a  cause 
or  party. 

3.  To  giTe  up  or  resign  without  control,  as  when 
a  person  yields  himself,  witiiuiil  n^siraint,  to  a 
propensity  ;  as,  to  abandon  one's  self  to  intem- 
perance. Abandoned  over  and  abandoned  of  are 
obsolete. 

'1.  To  resign;  to  yield,  relinquisli,  or  give  over 
entirely. 

Venn    aban/lnntd    the;    cares    of   empire   to    his   wis*r    col- 
loaffiie.  Gibbon. 

5.  In  t.ommrrre^  to  relinquish  to  insurers  all 
claim  lo  a  sliip  or  goods  insured,  as  a  preliminary 
toward  recovering  for  a  total  loss.  Park. 

A-RAN'DON,  71.    One  who  totally  forsakes  or  de- 
serts.    [Obs.] 
9.  A  relinquishment.     [JVef  uxcd."]  Kamcs. 

A-YiXTi'DO-S-KD,  pp.     Wholly  forsaken  or  deserted. 
2.  a.  Given  up,  as  to  a  vice;  hence,  extremely 
wicked,  or  sinning  without  restraint;  irreclaima- 
bly  wi''ked. 

A-BAN'-DO.N'-EE',  n.  In  hiw^  one  to  whom  any 
thing  is  aliandont'd. 

A-BA.\"D().N-ER   n.     One  who  abandons. 

A-BAX'DON-ING,  ppr.  Forsaking  or  deserting 
wholly;  renouncing;  yielding  one's  self  without 
restraint. 

A-BAN'DON-ING,  71.    A  forsaking;  total  desertion. 

Wlien  thus  (lie  helm  of  jiTslirc  is  abandoned,  »  iinivereal  aban- 
doning of  All  other  posI»  will  succeed.  Burke. 

A-BAN'DON-MENT,  7*.  A  total  desertion  ;  a  state 
of  being  forsaken. 

2.  In  cammrrcr^  the  relinquishing  to  underwri- 
ters all  the  property  savt^d  from  loss  by  shipwreck, 
capture,  or  other  peril  stated  in  the  policy.  This 
abandonment  must  be  maile  before  the  insured  can 
demand  indemnification  for  a  t()tal  loss.  Park. 
A-B.\i\'DtJM,  n.     In  old  laic,  any  thing  forfeited  or 

confiscated. 
AB-AN-.\l"TION,  (-an-nish'iin,)  n.     [Low  Ut.] 

.\  banishment  lor  one  or  two  years  for  man- 
slaushter.     [,V<jf  mnrh  usrd.]  Diet. 

A-BAr-TIS'TO\,  n.  The  perforating  part  of  the 
old  trephine,  an  instrument  used  in  trepanning. 
[Ob.-'.]  Coze. 

A-B.aRE',  r.  (.     [Sax.  abarian.    See  Bare.] 

To  make  bare  ;  to  uncover.     [J^ot  in  iwc] 
AB-XR-TI€-I^La'TION,  «.     [See  Articilate.] 
In  anatomy,  that  species  of  arlicnlafion  or  struc- 
ture of  joints,  which  admits  of  rriuifest  motion  ; 
called  also  diartJirosis  and  drarticulation. 

Kncye.    Core. 
A-BAS',  71.    A  weight  in  Persia  used  in  weigliing 
pearls,  one  eighth  less  llian  the  European  carat. 

Enaje. 
A-BaSE',  r.  L     [Fr.  ahni^scr,  from  bas,  low,  or  the 
bottom  ;  \V.  bais ;  Latin  and  Gr.  basis:  Eng.  base; 
IL  abbassare;  Sp.  baio,  low.     See  Abash.] 

I.  The  literal  sense  of  abase  is,  to  lower  or  de- 
press, to  throw  or  cast  down,  as  used  by  Bacon, 
"to  aba^f  the  eye."  But  the  word  is  seldom  used 
in  reference  to  material  things. 


A  J$A 

9.  To  cast  down  ;  to  reduce  low  ;  lo  depret^s  ; 
to  humlile  ;  to  degrade  ;  ajiplied  to  the  passions, 
mnk,  ollice,  and  cuniliticui  in   ife. 

Thoic  Ihul  wnik  In  priiii*  ne  ti  kUc  to  abnae.  Dun.  W. 

\Vh<wo.-»er  exaltetli  tiiu>».-ll  »lnill  U-  alated. 

Mult.  JXiii.    Jnl.  xl.     2(;<.r.  xi. 

A-BAS'ED.  pp.  Reduced  to  a  low  stale,  hnml)led, 
depressetl. 

In  heraldry,  it  is  used  of  the  wings  of  eagh^s, 
when  the  tops  are  turned  (lnwnwrii<l  toward  the 
point  of  the  shield  ;  or  whrn  the  wings  arc  shut, 
the  natural  way  of  bearing  them  being  t^pread, 
with  the  top  pointing  li>  the  chief  of  the  angle. 

Biiilnj.      Chambers. 

A-BAPn'ME\T,  71.  The  act  of  Ininililing  or  bring- 
ing low  ;  also,  a  state  id'  depr::ssion,  degradation, 
or  humiliation. 

A-BASH',  V.  t.  riTeb.  and  Ch.  tt^O  bosh,  to  he  con- 
founded, or  ashamed.] 

To  make  the  spirits  to  fail  ;  to  cast  down  the 
countenance  ;  to  make  a^ihatned  ;  to  confuse  or 
coufouiul,  as  by  exciting  suddenly  a  consciousness 
of  guilt,  error,  inferiority,  &c. 

They  hcnrd  and  were  abashed.  RTiHon, 

A-BASn'£D,  pp  Confused  with  shame,  confound- 
ed ;  put  to  silence  :  followed  by  at. 

A-BASH'ING,  ppr.     Putting  to  slianie  or  confusion. 

A-BASH'MENT,  n.     Confusion  from  shame. 

A-BaS'ING,  ppr.  IIuml)ling,  depressing,  bringing 
low. 

A-B,\S'SI,  or  A-BAS'Srs,  n.  A  silver  coin  of  Per- 
sia, of  tlie  value  of  twenty  cents,  about  ten  pence 
sterling.  Bncijc. 

A-BaT'A-BT-.E,  a.  That  may  or  can  be  abated;  as, 
an  abatable  writ  or  nuisance. 

A-BaTI']',  v.  t.  [Fr.  abattrr,  to  beat  down  ;  bnttre,  to 
beat,  to  strike  ;  Sp.  batir,  abatir  ;  Port,  baler,  abater  ; 
It.  battcre,  abbattere :  Heli.  Ch.  asn,  habat;  to  beat ; 

Syr.  fc^OLX*  id      Ar    L^a^  tiahata,  to  beat,  and 


i'\k*^^^  kabata,  lo  beat  down,  to  prostrate.     Th^ 

Saxon  has  the  participle  grbatnd,  abated.  The 
prefix  is  sunk  to  a  in  abate,  and  lost  in  the  parti- 
ciple beau     See  Class  Bd.  No.  2,3,  33.] 

1.  To  beat  down  ;  to  pull  down  ;  to  destroy  in 
any  manner  ;  as,  to  abate  a  nuisance. 

2.  To  lessen  ;  to  diminish  ;  to  moderate  ;  as,  to 
abate  zeal ;  lo  abate  pride ;  to  abate  a  demand  ;  to 
ahate  courage. 

3.  To  lessen  ;  to  mitigate  ;  as,  lo  abate  pain,  sor- 
row, or  misery.  jid/li.-<ov. 

4.  To  overthrow  ;  to  cause  to  fail  ;  to  frustrate 
by  judicial  sentence  ;  as,  to  abate  a  writ. 

5.  To  deject;  to  depress:  as,  to  abate  the  soul. 
[Ob..] 

6.  To  deduct. 

Nothing  to  add,  nnd  nothing  to  dhole.  Pope. 

7.  To  cause  to  fail ;  to  annul.  By  the  English 
law,  a  legacy  to  a  charity  is  abated  by  a  deliciency 
of  assets. 

8.  To  remit ;  as,  to  abate  a  tax. 

A-BaTE',  v.  i.  To  decrease,  or  become  less  in 
strength  or  violence;  as,  pain  abates;  a  storm 
abates. 

2.  To  fail ;  to  be  defeated,  or  come  to  nought ; 
as,  a  writ  abates.  By  the  civil  law,  a  legacy  to  a 
charity  does  not  abate  by  deficiency  of  assets. 

3.  In  ImB,  to  enter  into  a  freehold  after  the 
death  of  the  last  possessor,  and  before  the  heir  or 
devisee  takes  possession.  Blackstonr. 

4.  In  horsemanship,  to  perform  well  a  downward 
motion.  A  horse  is  said  lo  abate,  or  take  down 
his  curvets,  when,  working  upon  curvets,  he  puts 
both  his  hind  legs  to  the  ground  at  once,  and  ob- 
serves the  same  exactness  in  all  the  times. 

Encye. 

A-BaT'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Lessened;  decreased;  de- 
stroyed ;  mitigated  ;  defeated ;  remitted ;  over- 
thrown ;  depressed. 

A-BaTE'xMENT,  n.  The  act  of  abating;  the  state 
of  being  abated. 

2.  A  reduction,  removing,  or  pulling  down,  as 
of  a  nuisance.  BladmUme, 

3.  Diminution,  decrease,  or  mitigation,  as  of 
grief  or  pain. 

4.  Deduction,  sum  witlidrawn,  as  from  an  ac- 
counL 

5.  Overthrow,  failure,  or  defeat,  as  of  a  writ. 

Blnekstone. 
G.  The  entr>*  of  a  stranger  into  a  freehold  after 
the  death  of  the  last  possessor,  before  the  heir  or 
(ievisee.  Btackstonc. 

7.  In  heraldry,  a  mark  of  dishonor  in  a  coat  of 
arms,  by  which    its  dignity  is   debased  for  some 
stain  on  the  character  of  the  wearer. 
A-BaT'ER,  71.     The  person  or  thing  that  abates. 
A-BaT'ING,  ppr.     Pulling  down;  diminishing;  de- 
feating ;  remitting. 


ABB 

A-1{aT'(»R,  7?.  A  person  who  enters  into  a  free- 
hold on  the  death  of  the  last  possessor,  Ix^fore  the 
heir  or  tlevjsee.  Blnck.ttone. 

AB'.A-'J'IS,      )  7i.     [Fr.  abatis.]    [from  bcatiuir  or  pull- 

AH'AT-TIS,  i  ing  down.  Fr.  abaftrr.j  Rubbish. 
In  fiirtif  car i mi,  \nlcs  of  trees,  or  branches  of  trees 
sharpened,  and  laid  with  their  points  outward,  in 
front  of  ramparts,  to  prevent  assailants  from 
numnting  the  walls.  Enaic. 

./iBjiT-TOIR',  (a  bat-wor',)  71.  [Fr.]  A  building 
for  the  slaiightt-ring  of  cattle. 

AB'A*'ITJDE,  71.  [from  abate.]  Any  thing  dimin- 
islied.  Bailey 

All'A-'i'IJUE,  71.  [from  abate.]  Grass  beaten  or 
trampled  down  by  a  stag  in  passing.  J)ict. 

A-BAIJM',  7/.     A  species  of  red  clay.     [JVot  in  ut'e.] 

AB-A  VVKD,  pp.     Abashed.     [  Obs.']  Chaucer. 

ABB,  71.  [Sax.  ab  or  ob.]  Among  weavers,  yam 
for  the  warp.     Hence  abb-wool  is  wool  for  the  abb 

En  eye. 

AB'BA,  71.  In  the  Chaldee  and  Syriac,  a  father; 
and  figuratively,  a  superior.     Sans,  appen. 

In  the  Syriac,  Coptic  and  Elhiopic  churches,  it 
is  a  title  given  to  the  bishops,  and  the  bishops  be- 
stow the  title,  by  way  of  distinction,  on  the  bishop 
of  Alexandria.  Hence  the  title  Balm,  or  Papa, 
Pope  or  Orent  Father,  which  the  bishop  of  Alexan- 
dria bore,  before  the  bishop  of  Rome. 

AB'BA-CY,  7(.  [from  ahha.  Low  Lat.  abhatia.]  The 
dignity,  rights  and  privileges  of  an  abl)ot.  It  com- 
prehends the  government  and  revenues. 

AB-B^'tIaL  ^'  I  "•     Belonging  loan  abbey, 

AB'BB,  (ab'by,)  v.    [Fr.  ahbC-,  from  abba.] 

In  a  monastic  sense,  the  same  as  an  abbot;  but 
more  generally,  a  title  in  Roman  Catholic  countries, 
without  any  determinate  rank,  office,  or  rights. 
The  abbes  are  numerous,  and  generally  have  some 
literary  attainments  ;  they  dress  as  academics  or 
scholars,  and  act  as  instructors,  in  colleges  and 
private  families  ;  or  as  tutors  to  young  genllcmcn 
on  their  travels ;  and  many  of  them  become 
authors. 

AB'BESS,  71.  [from  abba.] 

A  female  superior  or  governess  of  a  nunner>', 
or  convent  of  nuns,  having  the  authority  over  the 
nuns  which  the  abbots  liave  over  the  monks. 
[See  AnnET.] 

AB'BEY,  71.  pi.  Agreys,  [from  ahha.] 

A  monastery  or  society  of  persons  of  either  sex, 
secluded  from  the  world  and  devoted  to  religion. 
The  males  are  called  monk.f,  and  governed  by  an 
abbot ;  the  females  are  called  nnns^  and  governed 
by  an  abbess.  These  institutions  were  suppressed 
in  England  by  Henry  VIII.;  but  they  still  exist 
in  Roman  Catholic  countries. 

AB'BEY-LUB-BER,  n.  A  name  given  to  monks  in 
contempt  for  their  idleness. 

AB'BOT,  n.  [formerly  Abbat,  from  abha,  latinized 
abbas,  -atis,  or  from  Heb.  plural  nON,  aboth.]  The 
superior  or  governor  of  an  abbey  or  monastery.  ' 
Originally,  monasteries  were  founded  in  retired 
places,  and  the  religious  had  no  concern  with 
secular  affairs,  being  entirely  subject  to  the  prel- 
ates. But  the  abbots,  possessing  most  of  tlie 
learning  in  ages  of  ignorance,  were  called  from 
their  seclusion  to  aid  the  churches  in  opposing 
heresies ;  monasteries  were  founded  in  the  vicin- 
ity of  cities  ;  the  abbots  became  ambitious,  and  set 
themselves  to  acquire  wealth  and  honors  ;  some 
of  them  assumed  the  miter,  threw  off  their  depend- 
ence on  the  bishops,  and  obtained  seats  in  parlia- 
ment. For  centuries,  princes  and  noblemen  bore 
the  title  of  abbots.  At  present,  in  Roman  Catholic 
countries,  abbots  are  regular,  or  sucli  as  take  the 
vow,  and  wear  the  habit  of  the  order;  and  com- 
■mendatjyry,  such  as  are  seculars,  but  obliged,  when 
of  suitable  age,  lo  lake  orders.  The  title  is  borne 
also  by  some  persons  who  have  not  the  govern- 
ment of  a  monastery  ;  as  bishops  whose  sees  were 
formerly  abbeys.  Encyc. 

AB'BOT-SHIP,  v-    The  state  of  an  abbot. 

AB-BRE'VI-aTE,  v.  t.  [It.  abbreviare;  Sp.  abreviar ; 
Port,  abbreviar ;  from  L.  abbremo,  brcvio,  from 
brcvis,  short  ;  contracted  from  Gr.  ^/laxvSf  from 
the  root  of  break,  which  see.] 

1.  To  shorten  ;  to  make  shorter  by  contracting 
the  parts.  [In  tliis  sense  not  muck  used,  nor  often 
applied  t/)  material  substances.] 

2.  To  shorten;  to  abridge  by  the  omission  or 
defalcation  of  a  part ;  to  reduce  to  a  smaller  com- 
pass ;  as,  to  abbrcriate  a  writing. 

3.  In  mathematics,  to  reduce  fractions  to  lower 
termsj^  Wallis. 

AB-BRE'VI-ATE,  71.    An  abridgment.     [  Ob.^.] 

Ehfot. 
AB-BRE'VI-a-TED,  pp.  or  a.    Shortened;  reduced 
to  lower  terms  ;  abridged. 

2.  In    botany,  an  abbreviated  perianth   is   short- 
er thaii  the  tube  of  the  corol.  Martyv. 
AB-BRE'VI-A-TING,    ppr.      Shortening;    contract- 
ing in  length,  or  into  a  smaller  compass ;  reducing 
to  lower  terms. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MeTE,  PRSY.  — PINE,  MART[NE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.- 


ABD 

AB-BKE-VI-A'TIUN,  n-  The  act  of  shorlening  or 
conlractirtg. 

2.  A  letier  or  a  few  letters  used  for  a  word  ;  as, 
Gen.  for  Oetie^nsi  V.  S.  A.  for  United  Stat£s  of 
America,  Also,  an  arbitrary  mark,  used  for  the 
same  purpose  ;  as,  $  for  dollar ;  $  for  copper,  or 
the  planet  Venus. 
'3.  The  reduction  of  fractions  to  lower  terms. 
4.  !n  7mt&-ic,  one  dash,  or  more,  througli  the  stem 
of  a  note,  dividing  it  respectively  into  quavers, 
semiquavers,  or  demisemiquavers. 

P.  Ci/c.  Brandt. 

AB-BRe'VI-a-TOR,  71.  One  who  abridges  or  re- 
duces to  a  smalJer  compass. 

AI^-BRe'VI- A-TOR?,  ?i.  pi.  A  college  of  seventy-two 
persons  in  the  chancer}'  of  Rome,  whose  duty  is  to 
draw  up  the  pope's  briefs,  and  reduce  petitions, 
when  srantcd,  to  a  due  form  for  bulls. 

AB-BRe'VI-A-TO-RY,  a     Shortening;  contracting. 

AB-liRE'VI-A-TlTRE,  „.  A  letter  or  character  for 
shortening  ;  an  abridgment,  a  compend. 

\^  B,  C  ;  "tlie  three  first  letters  of  the  alphabet, 
used  fur  the  "hole  alphabet. 

.I'B-C-Book ;  a  little  boob  for  teaching  the  ele- 
ments of  reading.  Shak. 

AB-DAL-A'VI,  n.     The  Egyptian  melon. 

AB'DALS,  n.  pi.  The  name  of  certain  fanatics  in 
the  .Mohammedan  countries  of  Asia,  who,  in  ex- 
cess of  zeal,  sometimes  run  into  the  streets,  and 
attempt  to  kill  all  they  meet  who  are  of  a  different 
religion;  and  if  they  are  slain  for  their  madness, 
they  think  it  meritorious  to  die,  and  by  the  vulgar 
are  deemed  martvrs.  Encyc. 

AB'DE-RITE,  w.  An  inhabitant  of  Abdera,  a  mar- 
itime town  in  Thrace.  Democritus  is  so  called 
from  being  a  native  of  the  place.  As  he  was 
given  to  laugliter,  foolish  or  incessant  laughter  is 
called  abderian.  Wintaker. 

AB'DEST,  n.  Purification  by  washing;  a  Moham- 
medan rite. 

AB'DI-€.1NT,  a.  [See  Abdicate.]  Abdicating;  re- 
nouncing. 

AB'Di-CATE,  V.  L  [L.  abdico;  ab  and  dico,  to  ded- 
icate, to  bestow  ;  but  the  literal  primarj'  sense  of 
dico  is  to  send  or  thrust.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  to  relinquish,  renounce,  or 
abandon.  Furster. 

2.  To  abandon  an  office  or  trust,  without  a  for- 
mal resignation  to  those  who  conferred  it,  or  with- 
out their  consent ;  also,  to  abandon  a  throne,  with- 
out a  formal  surrender  of  the  crown. 

Ca^e  of  King  James,  Blackstone. 

3.  To  relinquish  an  office  before  the  expiration 
of  the  time  of  service.  Cast  of  Diocletian,  Oibbon  ; 
also  Case  of  Peter  III.,  Coj^e's  Rtiss. 

4.  To  reject ;  to  reuounce  ;  to  abandon  as  a  right. 

Burke. 

5.  To  cast  away  ;  to  renounce ;  a-s,  to  abdicate 
our  mental  faculties.     [Unusual.^         J.  P.  SmitJi. 

6.  In  fie  etcil  law,  to  disclaim  a  son  and  e\pel 
him  from  the  family,  as  a  father ;  to  disinherit 
during  the  life  3f  the  father.  Ertcyc 

AB'DI-t/ATE,  V.  L  To  renounce  ;  to  abandon  ;  to 
cast  off;  to  relinquish  as  a  right,  power,  or  trust. 

Thoug-b  a.  kiog  may  abdicate  for  liia  owu  person,  he  can  not 
itbdicau  for  [be  monarchy.  Burke. 

AB  DI-Ga-TED,  pp.  or  a.  Renounced;  relinquished 
without  a  formal  resignation  ;  abandoned. 

AB'DI-eA-TL\G,  ppr.  Relinquishing  without  a 
foima!  resignation;  abandoning. 

AB-DI-CA'TION,   n.     The   act   of  abdicating;    the 
abandoning  of  an  office  or  trust,  without  a  formal 
surrender,  or  before  the  usual  or  stated  time  of  ex- 
piration. 
2.  .-V  ca-^ting  off;  rejection. 

AB  DI-€A-TIVE,  or  AB-DIC'A-TIVE,  a.  Causing 
or  implying  abdication.  Diet. 

AB'DI-TIVE,  a.  [L.  abdo,  to  hide  ;  ab  and  do.] 
Ha\ing  the  power  or  quality  of  hiding.  [Little 
vsed.]  Diet. 

AB'DI-TO-RY,  n.  A  place  for  secreting  or  preserv- 
ing goods.  C*rwd. 

Alt-DO'MEX,  or  AB'DO-MEN,  n.  [L.,  periiaps  abdo 
and  omentum.] 

1.  The  lower  belly,  or  that  part  of  the  body 
which  lies  between  the  thorax  and  the  bottom  of 
the  pelvis.  It  is  lined  with  a  membrane  called 
peritoneum,  and  contains  the  stomach,  liver, 
spleen,  pancreas,  kidneys,  bladder,  and  intestines. 
It  i3  separated  from  ths  breast  internally  by  the 
diaphragm,  and  externally  by  the  extremities  of 
the  ribs.  Quincy. 

a.  In  irtsects,  that  part  of  the  body  posterior  to 
the  corselft.  In  some  species,  it  is  covered  with 
wings,  and  a  case.  It  is  divided  into  segments  or 
rings,  on  the  sides  of  which  are  small  spiracles  by 
which  the  insect  respires.  D.  JVut.  Hist. 

AB-DO.M'IN-AL,  a.     Pertaining  to  the  lower  belly. 

AB-DOM'IN-AL,  n.;  pZ.  ABD0Mir*Ai,9.  In  ichthyol- 
ogy, the  ahdominals  are  a  class  or  order  of  fish 
whose  ventral  fins  are  placed  behind  the  pectoral, 
and  which  belong  to  the  division  of  bonyfisk.    The 


AI5E 

class  contains,  amitng  other  fishes,  the  loche,  sal- 
mon, pike,  argentine,  atherine,  mullet,  flying  fish, 
herring,  and  cari>.  Eucyc. 

AB-DOM'L\-AL  KING,  or  IN"GUI\-AL  RING,  n. 
An  oblong  tendinous  ring  in  each  groin,  through 
which  passes  the  spermatic  cord  in  men,  and  the 
round  ligaments  of  tlie  uterus  in  women. 

Med.  DicU 

AB-DOM'IN-OUS,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  abdomen  ; 
having  a  large  belly.  Ctnrpcr. 

AB-DOCE',  V.  t.  [L.  abduco,  to  lead  away  ;  of  a6  and 
ducoy  to  lead.    See  Dcke. 

To  draw  from  ;  to  withdraw,  or  draw  to  a  dif- 
ferent |iart ;  used  cliietly  in  anatomy. 

AB-DO'CENT,  a.  Drawing  from,  pulling  back  ; 
used  of  those  muscles  which  puH  back  certain 
parts  of  the  body,  for  separating,  opening,  or  bend- 
ing them.  The  abducent  nmscles,  called  abductors, 
are  opposed  to  the  atlduccnt  muscles  or  adductors. 

Med.  Diet. 

AB-DU€T',  r.  (.  To  take  away  surreptitiously  and 
by  force. 

AB-DUCTION,  n.  In  a  general  sense,  the  act  of 
drawing  apart,  or  carrying  away. 

2.  In  surgery,  a  species  of  fracture,  in  which  the 
broken  parts  recede  from  each  other. 

3.  In  logic,  a  kind  of  argumentation,  called  by 
the  Greeks  apagoge,  in  which  the  major  is  evident, 
but  the  minor  is  not  so  clear  as  not  to  require  fur- 
ther proof;  as  in  this  syllogism,  "  All  whom  God 
absolves  are  free  from  sin  :  God  absolves  all  who 
are  in  Christ ;  therefore  ail  who  are  in  Christ  are 
free  from  sin.'*  Encye. 

4.  In  law,  the  taking  and  carrying  away  of  a 
child,  a  ward,  a  wife,  &-c.,  either  by  fraud,  per- 
suasion, or  open  violence.  Blackstone. 

.\B-DUC'TOR,    V.      In    anatomy,   a    muscle    which 
serves  to  withdraw,  or  pull  back,  a  certain   part 
of  the  body  ;  as  the  abductor  oculi,  which  pulls  the 
eye  outward. 
2.  A  person  guilty  of  abduction. 

A-BEaR',  (a-h5re',)  v.  t.  [Sax.  abtBran.]  To  bear;  to 
behave.     [Obs.]  Spenser, 

A-BEaR'ANCE,  n.  [from  abear,  now  disused  ;  from 
bctirj  to  carry.]     Behavior,  demeanor. 

BlacJcstone. 

A-BE-CE-D.^'RI-AN,  71.  [a  word  formed  from  the 
first  four  letters  of  the  alphabi-t.J  One  who 
teaches  the  letters  of  the  alphabet,  or  a  learner  of 
the  letters. 

A-BE-Ce'DA-RY,        la.    Pertaining  to,  or  formed 

A-BE-CE-Da'RI-AN,  i  by  the  letters  of  the  alpha- 
bet. 

A-BED',  adv.     [See  Bed.]     On  or  in  bed, 

A-Bi-:LE',  or  A'BELr-TREE,  n.  A  name  of  the 
white  poplar.     [See  Poplar.] 

A-BeL'I-Ax\S,  AB-E-LO'NI-ANS,  or  A'BEL^rTES, 
7u  pi.  In  church  history,  n  reputed  temporary  sect 
in  Africa,  mentioned  only  by  Augustine,  who 
states  that  they  married,  but  lived  in  continence, 
after  the  manner,  as  tijey  pretended,  of  Abel,  and 
attempted   to  maintain  the  sect  by  adopting  the 

_  children  of  olliers.  J.  Murdock. 

A'BEL-MOSK,  n.  A  trivial  name  of  a  species  of 
hibiscus,  or  Syrian  mallow.  The  plant  rises  on  a 
herbaceous  stalk,  three  or  four  feet,  sending  out 
two  or  three  side  branches.  The  seeds  have  a 
musky  odor,  (whence  its  name,  fio-xo^,)  for  which 
reason  the  Arabians  mix  them  with  coffee. 

a'BER,  71.    In  Celtic,  the  mouth  of  a  river. 

A-BER'DE-ViNE,  ti.  The  European  siskin,  Car- 
duelis  spinus,  a  small  green  and  yellow  finch. 

AB-ER'RANCE,    J  ti,     [L.  aberrans,  aberro,  to  wan- 

AB-ER'RAN-CY,  j  der  from;  of  ab  and  erro,  to 

wander.] 

A  wandering  or  deviating  from  the  right  way, 
but  rarely  used  in  a  literal  sense.  In  a  figurative- 
sense,  a  deviation  from  truth,  error,  mistake  ;  and 
in  morals,  a  fault,  a  deviation  from  rectitude. 

Brown. 

AB-ER'RANT,  a.  Wandering ;  straying  from  the 
right  way. 

AB-ER-Ra'TIO.\,  n.  [L.  aberratio.]  The  act  of 
wandering  from  the  right  way  ;  deviation  from 
truth  or  moral  rectitude  ;  deviation  from  a  straight 
line. 

2.  In  astronomy,  a  small  apparent  motion  of  the 
fixed  stars,  occasioned  by  the  progressive  motion 
of  light  and  the  earth's  annual  motion  in  its  orbit. 
By  this,  they  sometimes  appear  twenty  seconds 
distant  from  their  true  situation.  Lumcr. 

3.  In  optics,  a  deviation  in  the  rays  of  light, 
when  inflected  by  a  lens  or  speculum,  by  which 
they  are  prevented  from  uniting  in  the  same  point. 
It  is  occasioned  by  the  figure  of  tlie  glass  or  specu- 
lum, or  by  the  unequal  refrangibility  of  the  rays 
of  light.  Eucyc. 

Crown  of  aberralion;  a.  ]iiminous  circle  sunound- 
ing  tlie  disk  of  the  sun,  depending  on  the  aberra- 
tion of  its  rays,  by  which  its  apparent  diameter  is 
enlarged.  Cyc. 

AB-EIt'RLVG,  parL    a.     Wandering ;    going   astray. 

Broain. 


ABI 

AB-ER-RUNC'aTE,  v.  t.  [L.  averru)ia).]  To  pull 
up  by  the  roots  ;  to  extirpate  utterly.     [Jfot  iLsed.] 

Diet. 

A-BET',  V.  L  [Sax.  betan,  gebctan  ;  properly,  to  push 
forward,  to  advance ;  hence,  to  amend,  to  revive, 
to  restore,  to  make  better;  and  applied  to  fire,  to 
increase  the  flame,  to  excite,  to  prumote.  Hence, 
to  aid  by  encouraging  or  instigating.  Hence,  in 
Saxon,  JVa  frrte  nan  man  the  fyr ;  Let  no  man  bet 
(better,  excite)  the  fire,  LL.  Ina.  78.] 

1.  To  encourage  by  aid  or  countenance,  but  now 
used  chiefly  in  a  bad  sense.  "  To  abet  an  opinion," 
in  the  sense  of  support,  is  used  by  Bishop  Cumber- 
land ;  but  this  use  is  hardly  allowable. 

2.  In  late,  to  encourage,  counsel,  incite,  or  assist 
in  a  criminal  act. 

A-BET',  7/.  The  act  of  aiding  or  encouraging  in  a 
crime.     [.Yut  used.] 

A-BET'.ME\T,  «.     d'he  act  of  abetting. 

A-BET'TED,  pp.  Incited,  aided,  encouraged  to  a 
crime. 

A-BET'TI\G,  ppr  Counseling,  aiding  or  encourag- 
ing to  a  crime. 

A-RET'TOR,  n.  One  who  abets,  or  incites,  aids  or 
encourages  another  to  counnit  a  crime.  In  treason, 
there  are  no  abettors  ;  all  persons  concerned  being 
principals. 

AB-E-VA€-tJ-A'TION,  n.  [ab  and  ccacuatioti.]  In 
medicine,  a  partial  evacuatiun  of  morbid  humors  of 
the  body,  either  by  nature  or  art.  Cyc. 

A-BEY'ANGE,  (a-bay'ance,)  ti.  [Xonn.  abbaiaunce, 
or  abaJzance,  in  expectation,  boyance,  expectation. 
Qu.  Fr.  bayer,  to  gape,  to  look  a  long  time  with  the 
mouth  open  ;  to  stand  looking  in  a  silly  manner; 
It.  badarc,  to  amuse  one's  self,  to  stand  trifling  ; 
"teneie  a  bada."  to  keep  at  bay;  "starabada," 
to  stand  trilling.  If  Bd  are  the  radical  letters,  it 
seems  to  belong  to  the  root  of  abide.     See  Bay.] 

1.  In  expectation  or  contemplation  of  law.  The 
fee  simple  or  inlieritance  of  lands  and  tenements 
is  in  abeyance,  when  there  is  no  person  in  being  in 
whom  it  can  vest ;  so  that  it  is  in  a  state  of  expec- 
tancy or  waiting  until  a  proper  person  shall  appear. 
Thus,  if  land  is  leased  to  A  for  life,  remainder  to 
the  heirs  of  B,  the  remainder  is  in  abeyance  till  the 
deatli  of  B.  BlacL-^tone. 

2.  Popularly,  a  state  of  suspension,  or  temporary 
extinction.  Eel.  Ilea 

AB'GRE-G.\TE,  v.  U     [L.   abgre^o,   ab   and   grex.] 

To  separate  from  a  herd.     [  Obs.] 
AB-GRE-Ga'TION,  7i.    Separation  from  a  herd  or 

llock.     [Obs] 
AB-HOR',  v.  t.     [L.  abhorreo,  of  ab  and  horreo,  to  set 

up  bristles,  shiver  or  shake  ;  to  look  terrible.] 

1.  To  hate  extremely,  or  with  contempt ;  to 
loathe,  detest,  or  abominate.  Shak. 

2.  To  despise  or  neglect.  Psal.  xxii  24.  Amos 
vi.  8. 

3.  To  cast  off  or  reject.     Psal.  Ixxxix.  3S. 
AB-H0R'R£D,   pp.    or    a.     Hated  extremely ;    de- 
tested. 

AB-HOR'KENCE,    }  n.     Extreme   hatred;    detesta- 
AB-HOR'UEN-CY,  J      tion  ,   great  aversion. 
AB-HOR'REXT,  a.    Hating;  detesting;  struck  with 
abhorrence. 

2.  Contrary;  odious;  inconsistent  with  ;  expres- 
sive of  extreme  opposition  ;  as,  slander  is  abhorrent 
to  all  ideas  of  justice.  In  this  sense,  it  should  be 
always  followed  by  to  —  abhorrent  from  is  not 
agreeable  to  the  English  idiom. 

AB-HOR'REiVT-LY,  adv.     With  abhorrence. 

AB-HOR'RER,  n.     One  who  abhors. 

ABHOR'RING,  ppr.  Having  great  aversion;  de- 
testing.    As  a  noun,  it  is  used   in  Isaiah  Ixvi.   for 

_  the  object  of  hatred  —  "  an  abhon-ing  to  all  flesh." 

A'BIB,  n.  [Heb.  3K,  ai, swelling,  protuberant.  Ch. 
2jM,  abab,  to  produce  the  first  or  early  fruit :  y'^H 
abib,  a  full  grown  ear  of  corn.] 

The  first  month  of  the  Jewish  ecclesiastical  year, 
called  also  J^isan.  It  begins  at  the  spring  equinox, 
and  answers  to  the  latter  part  of  Marcli  and  be- 
ginning of  April.  Its  name  is  derived  from  the 
full  growth  of  wheat  in  Egj'pt,  which  took  place 
anciently,  as  it  does  now,  at  that  season. 

--? 

A-BTDE',  V.  i.  pret.  and  part.  Abode.  [Ar.  ^Xji  abada, 
to  be  or  exist,  to  continue  ;  W.  bod,  to  be  ;  Sax, 
bidan,  abidan :  Sw.  bidti ;  D.  beidcn ;  Dan.  bie  for 
bide;  Russ.  vitayu,  to  dwell,  rest,  continue,  stand 
firm,  or  be  stationary  for  any  time  indefinitelv. 
Class  Bd,  No.  7.] 

1.  To  rest,  or  dwell.    Gen.  xxix.  19. 

9.  To  tarry  or  stay  for  a  short  time.     Gen.  xxiv. 

3.  To  continue  permanently  or  in  the  same  state; 
to  be  firm  and  immovable.     Psal.  cxix.  90. 

4.  To  remain  ;  to  contiinie.     Acts  xxvii.  31. 
A-BlDE',  V.  t.    To  wait  for ;  to  be  prepared  for ;  to 

await. 

Bunils  and  afflicCioDs  abide  me.  —  Acts  ix.  33. 
[for  is  li-TC  understood.] 

2.  To  endure  or  sustain. 

To  abide  Uie  inrlignntion  oflhe  Lord     -Joel  ii.  11. 


TONE,  BULL,  ITNITE.  —  AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


ABJ 

X  To  bear  or  enJiiro ;  to  bear  putiriitly  ;  as,  I  j 
can  not  abidf  lii?>  jinpt*rtin<-nre. 

TIii?i  verb,  when  iiiininsitive,  is  foIlo%vcd  by  in  or 
at  before  Ihc  place,  and  with  hrforv  the  person  ; 
Abide  iriM  me — at  Jerusalem,  c>r  in  tliis  land. 
Soinetime;^  by  on  ;  The  sword  shiilt  abide  on  his 
cities.  And  in  the  sense  of  wnit^  by  for:  Abido/yr 
me.  Hosea  iii.  3.  Sometimes  by  by;  Abide  by  the 
crili.    Job  \.x.\ix. 

In  peiiirral,  itbide  by  si^tnifies  to  adhere  to,  main- 
tain, defend,  or  stanit  to  ;  as,  to  abide  by  a  pmmisc, 
or  by  a  friend  ;  or  to  suffer  the  consetiuences  ;  as,  to 
abide  btf  the  event,  that  is,  to  be  tixed  or  permanent 
in  a  parliciihir  rondilion.  • 

A-ItlD'KR,  ".     One  who  dwells  or  continues. 

A-1UI)'ING,  ppr.  Dwelling;  remaining  j  continu- 
inj;;  endurinj;;  awaiting. 

A-HiO'I.N'G,  71.  Continuance  J  fixed  slate;  resi- 
di'hi'f  :  an  enduring. 

A-BiD'Ii\G,  a.     Continuing;  permnnent. 

A-Bill'l.\G-LY,  adv.  In  a  manner  to  continue; 
pertn;inently.  Hawcis. 

A-BII/I-TV,  n.  [Fr.  habiJct.6 ;  It.  ahtlitd  :  Sp.  habiti- 
dad ;  L.  habUitas,  abkmcssi,  fitness,  from  liabev,  to 
have  or  hold.] 

1.  Fhysica!  power,  whether  bodily  or  mental, 
natural  or  acquired;  force  of  understanding  ;  skill 
in  arts  or  science.  JjbiUty  is  active  power,  or 
power  to  perform  ;  as  opposed  to  capacitij,  or  power 
to  receive.  In  the  plural,  abilities  is  much  used  in 
a  like  sense  ;  and  aUo  for  faculties  of  the  mind, 
and  acquired  qualifications.  Frafiklin. 

2.  Riches,  wealth,  subt-tance,  which  are  the 
means,  or  which  furnish  tlie  power^  of  doing  cer- 
tain acts. 

They  gave  (icconlinj  lo  lliefr  abititi/  to  the  work.  —  Ezra  li. 

3.  Moral  power,  depending  on  the  will  — a  ntcta- 
phijxical  and  throh^cal  sense, 

4.  Civil  or  L^gal  power  ;  the  power  or  right  to  do 
certain  things;  as,  an  abiUt>j  to  transfer  property  or 
dispose  of  etfLXts — abilit)j  to  inherit.  It  is  opposed 
to  dimbilitii.  Cyc. 

jiB   /jV-/"770,  [L.]     From  the  beginning. 
AB-IN-TEST'ATE,  a.     [L.  ah  and  inta^tatas—  dying 

without  a  will,  from  in  and  tester^  to  bear  witness  ; 

W.(i/s(;  Arm.  (w(,  witness.  SeeTzsT  and  Testify.] 
In  the  civH  laic^  inheriting  the  estate  of  one  dying 

without  a  will. 
AB  JEtT',  r.  t.    To  throw  away ;  to  cast  down. 

f  Oi-.-.]  Spenser. 

AB'JECT,   a.     [L.  ahjrctus,   from   abjtcio^   to  throw 

away,  from  ab  and  jticio,  to  throw.] 

1.  Sunk  to  a  low  condition ;  applied  to  persons  or 

Vtintrs. 
Hence, 

9.  Worthless,  m^^^n,  despicable;  low  in  estima- 
tion ;  without  hope  or  regard. 
AB'JECT,  n.     A  person  in  the  lowest  condition  and 

de^^picable.     Psal.  xxxv. 
AB-JEfr'T'EU-NESS,  H.     A  very  low  or  despicable 

condition.     [Little  used.] 
AB-JECTION,  n.      A  state  of  being  cast  away; 

hence,  a  low  state  ;  meanness  of  spirit ;  baseness. 
AB'JE('T-LY,   ado.      In    a    contemptible    manner ; 

meanlv  ;  servilely 
AB'JE€T-.\ESS,  n.     The  state    of  being    abject; 

meanness;  servility. 
AB-JU'DI-€A-TED,  pp.  or  a.     Given   by  judgment 

from  one  to  another.  Knowles. 

AB-.lU-Dl-eA'T[O.V,  77.     Rejection.  Knuwtes. 

A1I-.IU-Ra'TIO.\,  n.     [Fee  Abjure.] 

1.  The  act  of  abjuring ;  a  renunciation  upon 
oath  ;  as,  **an  ahjuration  of  the  realm,"  by  which  a 
person  swears  to  leave  tlie  country,  and  never  to 
return.  It  is  used  also  for  the  oath  of  renuncia- 
tion. Formerly,  in  England,  felons,  taking  refuge 
in  a  church,  and  confessing  their  guilt,  could  not 
be  arrested  and  tried,  but  might  save  their  lives  by 
abjuriiitr  the  realm  ;  that  is,  by  taking  an  oath  to 
quit  the  kingdom  forever. 

2.  A  rejection  or  denial  with  solemnity  ;  a  sol- 
emn renunciation  ;  as,  an  ahjuration  of  heresy. 

Oath  of  abjuration  :  an  oath  asserting  the  right  of 
the  present  royal  family  to  the  crown  of  England, 
and  expressly  disclaiming  such  right  in  the  de- 
scendants of  the  pretender.  Bmnde. 
AR-JCi'R.\-TO-RY,  a.  Containing  abjuration. 
AB-JORE',  V.  t.  [L.  abjnroy  to  deny  upon  oath,  from 
db  andjaro,  to  swear.] 

1.  'J'o  renounce  upon  oath  ;  to  abandon  ;  as,  to 
abjure  allegiance  to  a  prince. 

9.  To  renounce  or  reject  with  solemnity  ;  to  re- 
ject ;  as,  to  abjure  errors,  abjure  reason. 

3.  To  recant  or  retract.  Sliak. 

4.  To  banish.     {JSTat  used.'\ 

AB-JORE',  V.  X.     To  abjure  the  realm.  Burnet. 

AB-JCR'JuD,  pp.  Renounced  upon  oath  ;  so  eum  y 
recanted. 

AB-JuUEVMEXT,  n.     Renunciation.  J.  HalL 

AB-JOR'ER,  n.     One  who  abjures. 

AB-JOR'I\G,  ppr.  Renouncing  upon  oatii ;  dis- 
claiming with  solemnity. 


AHL 

.'VB-I.AC'TATE,  c.  r.  [L.  nblarto;  from  nb  and  luc, 
milk.]     To  wean  from  the  hnasl.     [LitUr  used.} 

AIM.AC-Ta'TION,  7i.  [L.  ab  and  /(ir,  milk.  Lacto^ 
to  suckle.J 

1.  In  medical  aullwrs,\\\e  weaning  of  a  child  from 
the  brea.sL 

2.  Auumg  ancient  gardeners,  a  method  of  graft- 
ing, in  which  the  cion  was  not  sejtarated  from  tlie 
parent  stock,  till  it  was  firmly  united  to  that  in 
which  it  was  inserted.  This  is  now  called  graft- 
inf  by  a}mrnach  or  innrehintT-     [See  Grapt.] 

AB-LAa-UE-A'TI0N,7i.  [L.  oA/ayurafio,  from  «i  and 
laquear,  a  roof  or  covering.] 

A  laying  bare  the  roots  of  trees  to  expose  them 
to  the  air  and  water  — a  practice  among  gardeners. 

AB-La'TIO.N,  n.     [L.  ab  and  latio,  a  carrying.] 

A  carrying  away.  In  medicine,  the  taking  from 
the  body  whatever  is  hurtful ;  evacuations  in  gen- 
eral. In  chemistry^  the  removal  of  whatever  is  fin- 
ished or  no  longer  necessary. 

AB'LA-TIVE,  a.  or  n.  [Ft.  ablatifi  It.  ahlatim  ;  L. 
ablnthms ;  \..  abtattis,  from  aufcro,  to  carry  away, 
compounded  of  ab  and  fero.] 

A  word  a|iplied  to  the  sixth  case  of  nouns  in 
the  Latin  language,  in  wliich  case  are  used  words 
when  the  actions  of  carrying  aioay  or  taking  from 
are  signified. 

Ablative  absolute,  is  when  a  word  in  that  case  is 
independent,  in  construction,  of  the  rest  of  the 
sentence. 

A-BLAZE^  adv.     On  fire;  in  a  blaze.  Milmaiu 

A'BLE,  (a'hl,)  a.  [Norm,  ablez,  liable;  kablcr,  to 
enable,  from  L.  habiUs.] 

1.  Having  physical  power  sufficient ;  having 
competent  power  or  strength,  bodily  or  mental  ; 
as,  a  man  able  to  perform  military  service  —  a  child 
is  not  able  to  reason  on  abstract  subjects. 

2.  Having  strong  or  unusual  powers  of  mind,  or 
intellectual  qualifications;  as,  an  able  minister. 

Provide  out  of  all  Israel  able  men.  —  Ex,  xviii. 

3.  Having  large  or  competent  property,  or  simply 
Iiaving  property,  or  means. 

Every  man  shall  give  as  he  is  able.  —  Deut.  x»i. 

4.  Having  competent  strength  or  fortitude ;  as, 
he  is  not  able  to  sustain  such  pain  or  affliction. 

5.  Having  sufficient  knowli'dge  or  skill  ;  as,  he 
is  able  to  speak  French  ;  she  is  not  able  to  play  on 
the  piano. 

6.  Having  competent  legal  power  or  qualifica- 
tions ;  as,  an  illegitimate  son  is  not  able  to  take  by 
inheritance. 

A  'BLE,  V.  t.    To  enable.     [  Obs.] 

I'll  able  them.  Shak. 

A'BLE-BOD-Ii;D,  a.     Having  a  sound,  strong  body, 

or  a  body  of  competent  strength  for  service.     In 

marine  language,  it  denotes  skill  in  seamanship. 
AB'LE  GATE,  v.  t.     [L.  ablego.]     To  send   abroad. 

[Obs.] 
AB-LE-Ga'TION,  n.    The  act  of  sending  abroad. 

\Ohs.] 
AB'LEN,  or  AB'LET,  n.     A  small  fresh-water  fish, 

the  bleak. 
A'BLE-NESS,  71.    Ability  of  body  or  mind  ;  force  ; 

vigor. 
AB'LKP-SY,   n.      [Gr.  a/JAei/zia.]      Want   of  sight ; 

blindness. 
A'BLER,   and    A'BLEST;    comp.    and    superl.    of 

Able. 
AB'LI-GATE,   v.   U     [L.  abligo.]     To  tie   up  from. 

[Ohs.] 
AB'LO-€ATE,  o.  t.     [L.  abloco;  ab  and   loco,  to  let 

out.]     To  let  out ;  to  lease.         Calviii^s  Lex.  Jur. 
AB-LO-CA'TION,  n.     A  letting  to  hire. 
AB-LuDE',  V.  U     [L.  abludo  ;  ab  and  ludo,  to  play.] 

To  be  unlike  ;  to  differ.     [J^ot  used.]  Hall. 

AB'LU-ENT,  a.     [L,  abluo,  to  wash  away  ;  ab  and 

luo  or  lavo,  to  wash  ;  Ir.  lo  or  lua,  water.] 

Washing  clean  ;  cleansing  by  water  or  liquids. 
AB'LU-ENT,   71.      In   medicine,    that    which    thins, 

purifies,  or  sweetens  the  blood.  Quincit. 

AB-L,U'TION,  7u      [U  abliuw,  from  ab  and  luo  or 

laeo,  to  wash.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  the  act  of  _washing ;  a 
cleansing  or  purification  by  water. 

2.  Appropriately,  the  washing  of  the  body  as  a 
preparatiim  for  religious  duties,  enjoined  by  Moses, 
and  still  practiced  in  many  countries. 

3.  In  chemistry,  the  purification  of  bodies  by  the 
affusion  of  a  proper  liquor,  as  water  to  dissolve 
salts.  Quincy. 

4.  In  medicine,  the  washing  of  the  body  eitemalUj, 
as  by  baths  ;  or  iutcrnally,  by  diluting  fluids. 

5.  Pope  has  used  ablution  for  the  water  used  in 
cleansing. 

fi.  In  Uie  Roman  Catholic  clnirch,  a  small  quantity 
of  wine  and  water,  which  is  used  to  wh,sh  the  chalice 
and  the  priest's  fingers  after  the  communion,  and 
which  then,  as  containing  portions  of  the  conse- 
crated e  ements,  is  drunk  by  the  priest. 

Bishop  FUi  Patrick. 
AB-LO'VI-ON,  71.     [L.  ahUio.] 

That  which  is  washed  on.  DwigkL 


ABO 


a'BLY,  adv.     In  an  able  manner;  with  great  ability. 
AB'NE  GATE,  v.  t.     To  dimy. 

AB-NE-GA'TION,  71.     [L.  abnego,  to  deny,  from  ab 

and  nego ;  W.  naca,  nacau ;  Sw.  neka,  to  deny  ;  \V. 

nac,  no  ;  Eng.  nay ;  L.  nee,  not ;  Ir.  nach,  not.]     A 

denial  ;  a  renunciation  ;  self-denial.       Hammond. 

AB'NE-G A-']'UR,  n.     One   who  denies,  renounces, 

tT  op!)oses  any  thine.  Sandys. 

AB'NET,  H.     The  girdle  of  a  Jewish  priest. 
AB  NO-DATE,  v.  t.     [L.  abnodo  ;  ab  anil   nodus^   a 

knot.]    To  cut  knots  from  trees. 
AB  NO-DA'TION,  n.     'J'he  act  of  cutting  away  the 

knots  of  trees.  iSiet. 

AB-\ORM'I-TY,  71.     [L.  abnormis,  irregular;  ab  hna 

norma,  a  iiile.]     Irregularilv  ;  deformity.       Diet, 

AB-NOR.M'AL,     )  a.       [L.    abnormis,    supra.]       Not 

AB-NOR.M'OUS,  j      conformed  to  rule;  irregular; 

deformed.  Diet, 

2.   In  botany,  when  the  organs  of  a  plant  have  a 
greater  or  less  number  of  parts  than  the  regular 
number,  they  are  said  to  be  abnormal.         Brandt. 
A-BoART)',  adv.  [a,  for  on,  and  board.     See  Board.] 
Within  a  ship,  vessel,  or  boat. 
Til  go  aboard ;  to  enter  a  ship,  to  embark. 
To  fall  aboard  ;   to  strike  a  ship's  side. 
7'h  get  abtinrd:  to  get  foul  of,  as  a  ship. 
Aboard  main  tack ;   an  order  lo  draw  a  comer  of 
the  main-sail  down  to  the  chess-tree. 

Enciie.     Mar.  Diet. 
A-BoD'ANCE,  71.    [from  bode.]      An  omen.     [J^ot 

■usetL]  Jaclison. 

A-BoHE',  pret.  of  Abide. 

A-BpDE',  7(.     [See  Aride.J     Stay  ;  continuance  in  a 
place  ;  residence  for  a  longer  or  shorter  time. 

2.  A  place  of  continuance;  a  dwelling;  a  hab- 
itation. 

3.  To  make  abode;  to  dwell  or  reside. 
A-BoDE',  V.  L     [See  Bode.]     To  foreshow.     Shak. 
A-BoDE',  V.  1.     To  be  an  omen.  Drydcn. 
A-BoI)E'MENT,  w.  [from  bode.]     A  secret  anticipa- 
tion of  something  future.  Shak. 

A-B6D'ING,  71.    Presentiment;  prognostication. 

HaU. 
A-BOL'ISH,  r.  t.     [Fr.    aboliT ;  L.  aboho ;   from   ab 
and  oho,  olc^co,  to  grow.] 

1.  To  make  void;  to  annul;  to  abrogate  ;  applied 
chielly  and  appropriately  to  established  laws,  con- 
tracts, rites,  customs  and  institutions  ;  as,  to  abol- 
ish laws  by  a  repeal,  actual  or  virtual. 

2.  To  destroy,  or  put  an  end  to  ;  as,  to  abolish 
idols,  Isa.  ii. ;  to  abolish  death,  2  Tim.  i.  This 
sense  is  not  common.  To  abolish  posterity,  in  the 
translation  of  Pausanias,  lib.  3,  ca.  6,  is  hardly  al- 
io vv  able. 

A-BOIVISH-A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  annulled,  ab- 
rogated, or  destroyed,  as  a  law,  rite,  custom,  &c. 

A-BOL'lSH-f:D,    pp.       Annulled  ;    repealed  ;    abro- 
gated, or  destroyed. 

A-BOT,'lSH-ER,  n.     One  who  abolishes. 

A-BOL'ISH-ING,  ppr.      Making    void  ;    annulling ; 
destroyinu. 

A-BOL'ISH-MENT,  n.    The  act  of  annulling;  abro- 
gation ;  destruction.  Hooker. 

AB-0-LI"TION,  (ab-o  lish'un,)  ti.  The  act  of  abolish- 
ing ;  or  the  state  of  being  abolished  ;  an  annulling; 
abrogation  ;  utter  destruction  ;  as  the  abolition  of 
laws,  decrees,  ordinances,  rites,  customs,  debts, 
&:c. 
2.  The  putting  an  end  to  slavery  ;  emancipation. 
The  application  of  this  word  to  persons  and 
things,  is  now  unusual  or  obsolete.  To  abolish 
persons  and  senses,  the  language  of  good  writers 
formerly,  is  no  longer  legitimate. 

AB-0-Lr''TION-ISM,  n.    The  principles  of  an  abo- 
litionist. 

AB-0-LI"TION-IST,    n.       A    person     who    favors 
abolition,  or  the  immediate  emancipation  of  slaves. 

A-BOL'LA,  71.     [Lat.j     An  ancient  military  garment, 
worn  by  the  Greeks  and  Ri>mans. 

AB-O-Ma'SUM,  /         rr    ™i 

AB-O-MA'SUS,   i  "•     [^-  ''"""■'""•1 

The  fourth  stomach  of  a  ruminant  animal. 

A-BOM'IN-A-BLE,    a.       [See  Abominate.]      Very 
hateful ;  detestable  ;  loathsome. 

2.  This  word  is  applicable  to  whatever  is  odious 
to  the  mind  or  offensive  to  the  senses.        Milton. 

3.  Unclean.     Levit.  vii. 
A-BOM'IN-A-BLE-NESS,   n.     The  quality  or  state 

of  being  very  odious;  hatefulness. 

A-BOM'IN-A-BLY,   adv.      Very   odiously;    detesta- 
bly ;  sinfully.     I  Kings  xxi. 
2.  In  vulgar  language,  extremely,  excessively. 

A-BOM'IN-ATE,  v.  t.     [L.  abomino,  supposed  to  be 
formed  by  ab  and  omen  ;  to  deprecate  as  ominous ; 
May  the  gods  avert  the  evil !] 
To  hate  extremely  ;  to  abnor;  lo  detest. 

Soutliern. 

A-BO^riN-A-TED,  pp.      Hated    utterly;    detested; 
abhtjrred. 

A-B<J.M'IN-A-TING,  ppr.      Abhorring;    hating   ex- 
tremely. 

A-BOM-IN-A'TION,  n.     Extreme  hatred;  detesta- 
tion. Swift. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PRgY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  —  N6TE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BOQK. 


ABO 

2:  The  object  of  detestation,  a  common  sig-n^fica- 
titm  in  Scripture- 

Toe  wa?  of  lite   wicked   is   an  abomination  to  the  Lonl.  — 
ProV.  XT. 

3l  Hence,  defilement,  pollution,  in  a  physical 
sense,  or  evil  doctrines  and  practices,  which  are 
mural  defilements,  idols  and  idolatry,  are  called 
abaminatioiut.  The  Jews  were  an  abominatwn  to 
the  Eirjplians  ;  and  the  sacred  animals  of  the 
Egyptians  were  an  abomination  to  the  Jews.  The 
Roman  army  is  called  the  abomination  of  desolation. 
Matt.  xxiv.  13.  In  short,  whatever  is  an  object  of 
extreme  hatred,  is  called  an  abomination. 

A-BoRO',  n.  TFr.  See  Border-]  Literally,  arrival, 
but  used  for  first  appearance,  manner  of  accosting, 
or  address,  but  not  an  English  word.   Ckestcrfdd. 

A-DoRD',  r.  £.  To  approach  ;  to  accost.  [JVo(  in 
iue.] 

AB-0-RI(>'IN-.\L,  a,  [L.  ab  and  ori^o^  origin.  See 
Origis.]  First ;  original ;  aboriginal  people  are  tlie 
first  inhabitants  of  a  country. 

Abongiiio!  tribes  of  Amenca.  President  Smith. 

AB-O-RKi'IN-AL,  n.  An  original  inhabitant.  The 
first  settlers  in  a  countr>-  are  called  aboriginals  ,■  as, 
the  Cells  in  Europe,  and  Indians  in  America. 

President  Smith. 

AB-0-RlO'IN-F.S,  n.  pL  The  first  inhabitants  of  a 
country.  [This  word  is  not  regularly  formed,  but 
has  become  generally  prevalent.]  [See  Aborigi- 
nal.] 

A-BORSE'.MENT,  (a-bors'ment,)  n.  [See  Abort.] 
.-Vbortion.     [JVct  in  u*r.] 

A-BORT',  r.  t.     [L.  aburto ;  ab  and  ortus^  orior.] 
To  miscarry  in  birth.  Herbert, 

A-BORT',  n.     An  abqrtion.    [JVot  in  use.]     Burton, 

A-BOR'TION,  n.  [L.  abortio,  a  miscarriage  ;  usually 
deduced  from  ab  and  orior.] 

1.  The  act  of  miscarrjins,  or  producing  young 
before  the  natural  time,  or  before  the  fetus  is  per- 
fectly formed. 

2.  The  fetus  brought  forth  before  it  is  perfectly 
formed. 

3.  In  a  figurative  sense,  any  fruit  or  produce  that 
does  not  come  to  maturity,  or  any  thing  which 
fails  in  its  progress,  before  it  is  matured  or  perfect, 
as  a  design  or  project. 

A-BORT'IVE,  a.  Brought  forth  in  an  immature 
slate  ;  failing,  or  coming  to  naught,  before  it  is 
complete. 

■2.  Failing  in  its  effect;  miscarrj'ing;  producing 
nothing ;  as,  an  abortive  scheme. 

3.  Productive  of  notliing ;  as,  abortive  gulf,  in  Mil- 
ton, but  not  legitimate. 

4.  Pertaining  to  abortion;  as,  abortice  vellum, 
made  of  the  skin  of  an  abortive  calf.  Enc\jc. 

5.  In  medicine^  procuring  abortion  j  as,  abortive 
medicines.  Parr. 

6.  In  botany,  an  abortive  flower  is  one  which 
falls  without  producing  fruit.  Martyn. 

This  term  is  applied  to  parts  imperfectly  fonned  ; 
as,  an  abortive  stamen,  whose  filament  has  no 
anther ;  or  to  such  as  do  not  arrive  at  perfect  ma- 
turilv,  as  a  seed  unimpregnated.  Brande. 

A-BORT'IVP,  n.  That  which  is  brought  forth  or 
born  prematurely. 

A-BORT'IVE-LY,  adv.  Immaturely ;  in  an  un- 
timely manner. 

A-BORT'IVE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  abor- 
tive ;  a  failing  in  the  progress  to  perfection  or  ma- 
turity ;  a  failure  of  producing  the  intended  effect. 

A-BORT'MENT,  n.     An  untimelv  birth.        Bacon. 

A-BOU\D',  V.  i.  [L.  abundo  ;  Fr.  abonder ;  It.  ab- 
bumlare ;  Sp.  abundar.  If  this  word  is  from  L. 
unda,  a  wave,  the  latter  has  probably  lest  its  first 
consonanL  Abound  may  naturally  be  deduced 
from  the  Celtic.  Arm.  fonn,  plenty  ;  fonna,  to 
abound  ;  W.  fyniaw,  to  produce,  to  generate,  to 
abound,  from  fwn,  a  source,  the  root  of  fynon,  L. 
fans-,  a  fountain.  Or  it  may  be  connected  with  L. 
bonus,  in  the  sense  of  extending,  enlargement.] 

1.  To  have  or  possess  in  great  quantity  ;  to  be 
copiously  :niipplie.ii  followed  by  with,  or  in  ;  as,  to 
abound  with  provisions-,  to  abound  in  good  things. 

2.  To  be  in  great  plenty  ;  lo  be  very  prevalent. 
Wlicr*  sin  oiou/ufed,  grace  did  much  more  attonnd.  —  Rom.  v. 

A-BOUND'ING,  ppr.  orfl.  Having  in  great  plenty; 
being  in  great  plenty  ;  being  very  prevalent ;  gen- 
erally prevailing. 

A-BOUND'ING,  n.     Increase.  South. 

A-BOUT',  prep.  [Sax.  abutan,  onhidan,  embutan, 
about,  around  ;  on,  or  emb,  coinciding  with  Gr, 
ofi(pi,  and  butan,  without,  [see  But,]  literally, 
around,  on  the  out'iide.] 

1.  Around  ;  on  the  exterior  part  or  surface. 

Bind  th«m  about  Ihy  neck.  —  Ptov.  iii,  a.     Isa.  I. 
Hence, 

2.  Near  to  in  ptace^  with  the  sense  of  circularity. 

Get  yoa  up  from  about  tlie  ubernacle.  —  Num.  xvi. 

3.  Near  to  in  time. 

He  went  out  about  the  third  hour.  —  Malt.  xxi.  3. 


A  15  R 

4.  Near  lo  in  action^  or  near  to  the  performance 
of  some  act. 

Paul  w;is  o&oul  to  open  hJa  mouth.  —  Acts  xviii.  14. 
They  were  a6ouI  to  flee  out  of  the  ship.  —  Acu  sxvii.  30. 

5.  Near  to  the  person ;  appended  to  the  clothes. 
Every  thing  about  him  is  in  order.  Is  your  snuff- 
box about  you  ? 

From  nearness  on  all  sides,  the  transition  is  easy 
to  the  idea  of  a  concern  witJi.    Hence, 

6.  Concerned  in,  engaged  in,  relating  to,  re- 
specting ;  ELS,  what  is  he  about! 

I  miJBl  bp  about  my  F.ilher's  biiBincss.  —  Luke  ii.  49. 
The  painter  is  not  to  lake  ao  much  pains  about  Uie  dr.ipery 
as  about  the  fiice.  Dryien. 

7.  In  compass  or  circumference ;  two  yards 
about  the  stem. 

8.  Near  to  in  number  or  quantity. 

Thew  felt  that  day  about  three  thotiftaiid  men.  —  Ex.  xxxii. 

A-BOUT',  adv.  Near  to  in  quality  or  degree ;  as, 
about  as  high,  or  as  cold. 

2.  Here  and  there;  around;  in  one  place  and 
another. 

Wauderinj  about  Irom  house  lo  house.  —  1  Tim.  r. 

3.  Round,  or  the  longest  way,  opposed  to  across, 
or  the  shortest  way ;  as,  a  mile  about,  and  half  u 
mile  across. 

To  bring  about ;  to  bring  to  the  end  ;  to  effect  or 
accomplish  a  purpose. 

To  come  about:  tu  change  or  turn  ;  to  come  to  the 
desired  point.  In  a  like  sense,  seamen  say  go 
about,  when  a  shi[t  changes  her  course  to  go  on  the 
other  tack. 

Ready  about,  about  ship,  are  orders  for  tacking. 

To  go  about,  signifies  to  enter  upon;  also  to  pre- 
pare ;  to  seek  the  means. 

Why  go  ye  about  to  kill  me  ?  —  John  vii. 
A-BOVE',    prep.      [Sas.   abufan,    bufan,   bufon ;    D. 
boven.] 

1.  Literally,  higher  in  place. 

The  Jowls  [hat  fly  abooe  (he  eELrth.  —  Gen.  i.  20. 

2.  Figurativdy,  stiperior  in  any  respect. 

I  saw  a  liglil  above  ihe  hii^htness  of  the  tun.  —  Acta  xxvi. 
The  price  of  a  victuuus  wonari  is  above  nilnti,  —  Pio».  sxxi. 

3.  More  in  number  or  quantity  ;  as,  the  weight  Ja 
above  a  tun. 

He  wa3  seen  by  above  five  hundred  brethren  at  once.  —  1  Cor. 
XV.  6. 

4.  More  in  degree  ;  in  a  greater  degree. 

Haiianiah  ft'arcil  Goil  above  many.  —  Nch.  rii,  2. 
The  serpent  b  cttrseU  above  all  cattle. —  Gen.  ia. 

5.  Beyond  ;  in  excess. 

In  slripfs  above  measure.  —2  Cor.  xi. 

God  vvill  not  S'ulirr  you  to  be  teiiipitJ  above  what  ye  are  able. 
~  I  Cor.  X.  13. 

6.  Beyond;  in  a  state  to  be  unattainable;  as, 
things  above  conipreliension. 

7.  Too  proud  for;  as,  thia  man  is  above  his 
business. 

8.  Too  elevated  in  mind  or  rank  ;  having  too 
much  dignity  for;  as,  this  man  is  uboce  mean  ac- 
tions. 

9.  ft  is  often  used  elliptically  for  heaven,  or  the 
celestial  regions  ;  as,  the  powers  above. 

Let  not  God  re/^rd  it  from  above.  — 'Job  iti. 

10.  In  a  book  or  writing,  it  denotes  b^'fore  or  in  a 
former  place  ;  as,  what  has  been  said  above;  supra- 
This  mode  of  speaking  originated  in  the  ancient 
manner  of  writing,  on  a  strip  of  parchment,  be- 
ginning at  one  end  and  proceeding  to  the  other. 
The  beginning  was  the  upper  end. 

A-BOVE',  adv.     Overhead  ;  in  a  higher  place. 

Bacon. 

2.  Before.  Drydcn. 

3.  Chief  in  rank  or  power.     Dent,  xxviii. 
Above  all  is  elliptical ;  above  all  considerations ; 

chiefly  ;  in  preference  to  other  things. 

A-BOVE'-BoARD,  adv.  Above  the  board  or  table  ; 
in  open  sight;  without  trick,  concealment,  or  de- 
ception. This  expression  is  said  by  Jolmsun  to  be 
borrowed  from  gamt-sters,  who,  when  they  change 
their  cards,  put  their  hands  untler  the  table. 

A-BOVE'-CiT-ED,  a.  Cited  before,  in  the  preceding 
part  of  a  book  or  writing. 

A-BOVE'-GROUND,  a.     Alive  ;  not  buried. 

A-BOVE'-MEN-TION-£D,  a.     Mentioned  before. 

AB  OVO  USQUE  AD  MAlJi,  [L.]  From  the  egg  to 
the  apples  ;  from  the  beginningof  supper  to  the  end  ; 
from  the  first  dish  to  the  la>t. 

A-BOV'E'-SAID,  a.    Mentioned  or  recited  before. 

ABP. ;  abbrev.  for  .Archbishop. 

AB-RA-CA-DAB'RA,  n.  The  name  of  a  deity,  wor- 
shiped by  the  Syrians;  a  cabalistic  word.  The 
letter?  of  his  nniiie  written  on  paper,  in  Ihe  form 
of  an  inverted  triangle,  were  recommended  by 
Samonicus  as  an  antidote  against  certain  diseases. 

Encye. 

AB-R.aDE',  f.  t.     [L.  abrado,to  scrape  ;  from  rado.] 
To  rub  or  wear  off;  to  waste  by  friction ;  used 
especially  to  express  the  action  of  sharp,  corrosive 


ABR 

medicines,    in    wearing   away    or    removing   the 
mucus  of  the  memliranes. 

AB-RaU'ED,  pp.  Rubbed  or  worn  off;  worn; 
scraped. 

AB-RAD'ING,  ppr.     Rubbing  off;  wearing. 

AB-R.\D'ING,  71.  In  agriculture,  the  crnmlding 
down  uf  banks  of  earth,  from  the  effects  of  frost,  or 
of  the  alternate  action  of  drought  and  mobture. 

Bruude. 

A-BRA-HAM'I€,  a.  Pertaining  to  Abraham,  the 
patriarch  ;  as,  Abrahamic  covenant.  Ma^on. 

A braJiam  Mat,  fonni-tly  were  impostors,  in  Eng- 
land, who  wandered  about  Ibe  country,  personat- 
ing lunacy.  P.  Cyc 
To  sfiam  .ibraham,  to  feign  sickness.     Qoldsmitli. 

A-BRAN€H'1-AN,  n.    (  Terms   applied   to   an  order 

A-BRAN€Ha-A,H.p/.  i  of  Annelida,  so  called  be- 
cause the  species  composing  it  have  no  external 
organs  of  respiration ;  including  wonns  and 
leeches.  Brande. 

AB-R.\'SION,  (ab-ra'zhun,)  n.  The  act  of  wearing  or 
rubbing  off;  also  substance  worn  off  by  attrition. 

Quirt  cy. 

A-BREAST',  (a-brest',)  adv.  [from  a  and  brcasU] 

1.  Side  by  side;  with  the  breasts  inaUne.  Two 
men  rode  abreast. 

2.  In  marine  language,  ships  are  abreast  when 
their  heads  are  equally  advanced  ;  and  they  arc 
abreast  of  objects  when  the  objects  are  on  a  line 
with  the  beam. —  Hence, 

3.  Oppijsite  ;  against ;  on  a  line  with  —  as,  a  ship 
was  abreast  of  Montauk  point.  — A  seujnaji^s  phrase. 

AB  UE-NUN-CI-A'TION,  ju    Renunciation;    abso- 
lute denial.     [JVot  jised.]  J\Iede. 
AB-REP'TION,  71.     [L.  abripio.]     A  carrying  away  ; 

or  state  of  being  seized  and  carried  away. 
A-BREU-VOIR',  (a-bru-vwor',)  ti.     [Fr.  abreuvoir,  a 
watering-place,  from  abreuver,  lo  water;  Sp.  abre- 
var,  id.,  from  Gr.  /3p£X<.o.] 

Among  masons,  the  jomt  between  stones,  to  be 
filled  with  mortar. 
A-BRIDOE',  (a-bridj',)  v.  t.     [Fr.  abreger,  from  Gr. 
(i-'axvi,  .thort,  or  its  root,  from  the  root  of  break,  or  a 
verb  of  that  family.] 

1.  To  make  shorter;  to  epitomize;  to  contract 
by  using  fewer  words,  yet  retaining  the  sense  in 
sub>>t;uice  —  used  of  writings;  as,  Justiji  abridged 
the  history  of  Trogus  Pompeius. 

y.  To  lessen  ;  to  diminish  ;  as,  to  abridge  labor; 
lo  abridge  power  or  rights.  Smitlu 

\i.  To  deprive;  to  cut  off  from  ;  followed  by  of; 
as,  to  abridge  one  of  his  riglits,  or  enjoyments.  To 
abridge  from,  is  now  obsolete  or  improper. 

4.  In  algebra,  to  reduce  a  compound  quantity  or 
equation  to  its  more  simple  expression.  The  equa- 
tiiin  thus  abridged  is  called  ^formula.  Cyc. 

A-DlilDG' ED,  pp.  or  a.  Made  shorter;  epitomized; 
reduced  to  a  smaller  compass;  lessened;  deprived. 

A-BRID6'ER,  n.  One  who  abridges;  one  who 
makes  a  compend. 

A-BRIDC'ING,  ^;7r.  Shortening;  lessening;  depriv- 
ing 1  debarring;. 

A-BRILH>'MENT,  n.  An  epitome  ;  a  compend  or 
summary  of  a  book. 

9.  Diminution ;  contraction  ;  reduction  ;  as,  an 
abridgment  of  expenses. 

3.  Deprivation  ;  a  debarring  or  restraint ;  as,  an 
abridtrmcni  of  pleasures. 

A-BROACII',  adv.     [See  Broach.1 

Broached  ;  letting  out  or  yielding  liquor,  or  in  a 
posture  for  letting  out ;  as,  a  cask  is  abroach.  Fig- 
uratively used  by  Shakspeare  for  selling  loose,  or 
in  a  slate  of  being  diffused, "  Set  mischief  iiArom:A ; " 
but  this  sense  is  unusual. 

A-BROAD',  (a-brawd',)  adv.     [See  Broad.] 

In  a  general  sense,  at  large ;  widely ;  not  con- 
fined to  narrow  limits.    Hence, 

1.  ln;^he  open  air. 

2.  Beyond  or  out  of  the  walls  of  a  house  ;  as,  to 
walk  abroad. 

3.  Beyond  the  limits  of  a  camp.     Dent,  xxiii.  10. 

4.  Beyond  the  bounds  of  a  country ;  in  foreign 
countries  ;  as,  to  go  abroad  for  an  eilucation ;  we 
have  broils  at  home  and  enemies  abroad. 

5.  Extensively  ;  before  the  public  at  large. 

He  be^n  to  blaze  abroad  the  matter.—  M.irk  i.  45.    Esther  i. 

6.  Widely  ;  with  expansion  ;  as,  a  tree  spreads 
its  branches  abroad. 

AB'RO-GA-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  abrogated. 

AB'RO-GaTE,  v.  L  [L.  ttbrogp,  to  repeal  ;  from  ab 
and  rogo,  to  ask  or  propose.  See  Ihe  English 
reach.     Class  Rg.] 

Tn  repeal  ;  to  annul  by  an  authoritative  act ;  to 
abolish  by  the  authority  of  the  maker  or  his  snc- 
ressnr  ;  applied  to  the  repeal  of  laws,  decrees,  or- 
dinances, the  abolition  of  established  cnsloms,  &c 

AB'RO-Ga-TED,  pp.  Repealed  :  annulled  by  an  act 
of  authority. 

AB'RO-GA-TING,  ppr.  Repealing  by  autliority ; 
making  void. 

AB-RO-Ga'TION,  71.  The  act  of  abrogating  ;  repeal 
by  authority  of  the  legislative  power. 


TuXE,  BJJLL,  TJNITE.— AN"GER,  VI"CI0US.— €  as  K;   G  as  J  ;   S  as  Z  ;   CH  aa  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


ABS 


ABS 


A-nUOOD',    a>li\     [See  Hiiood.] 


II  tliL-  nclion  of 

brvKiilinc'    r-V«r  in  «,-■?.]  Saiicroft. 

A-BROOD'IXG,  n.    A  sitting  abrooil.    [J^'ot  in  use.] 

Barret. 
A-BRO9K',  0.  t.    To  brook,  to  endure.     [J^ot  in 

use.]   'SfG  Brook.  Skak. 

A-BIl(>T'A-\OID,  n.      [Gr.    a'ip-T'}voi',  nnd    tcios, 

furm.]     A  apccies  of  coral  helonpinp  to  ihe  pcnua 

Maiiri'ponu      It  is  oni)  of  the  reef-coruls  of  the 

East  [nities. 
A-BROT'A-NUM,  n,     [(Jr.  a.Soorovov.] 

A  spfcies  of  cvergriM-n  plant  arranged  under  the 

ZCnus  Artemisia  :  calli;d  also  SoiiVicmwood. 
AB-RUI'T',  a,     [L.  aftrupfits,  from  ubrumpo,  to  broak 

off;  of ab  and  rumpo.     See  IluPTriiK.] 

1.  Literally,  broken  off,  or  broken  short.     Hence, 

2.  Steci>.  craggy  j  applied  to  rocks,  precipices, 
and  the  lilce. 

3.  Fi^urnticebiy  sudden ;  without  notice  to  pre- 
pare the  mind  for  the  event  j  as,  an  abrupt  entrance 
or  address. 

4.  Unconnected  ;  having  sudden  transitions  from 
one  subject  to  another  j  as,  an  abrupt  style. 

Ben  Junsnn. 

5.  In  bot/inti,  an  abrupt  pinnate  leaf  is  one  whicii 
hxs  neither  leallet,  nor  teridrd  at  the  end. 

MaHijn. 
AB-RUPT',  n.    A  chasm  or  gulf  uitli  stpep  sides. 

0»'cr  the  vast  ahrupt.  Aftlton. 

[77(15  «-<p  oftJtc  v^ord  is  infrequent.] 
AB-RUPT'ED,  a.    Torn  off;  torn  asunder. 
AB-RUP'TIOX,  71.     A  sudden  breaking  off;  a  vio- 
lent separation  of  bodies.  Woodioard. 
AB-RUPT'LY,  adv.    Suddenly  ;  without  giving  no- 
tice, or  without  the  usual  forms  j  as,  the  minister 
lift  France  abruptly. 
AB-RUPT'NESS,   n.      A    state    of    being    broken  ; 
craggedness ;  steepness. 

2.  Figuratively^      suddenness;      unceremonious 
haste  or  vehemence. 
AB'SCESS,  n.    [L.  abscessus^  from  ab  and  cedo,  to 
go  from.] 

A  cavity  containing  pus,  or  a  collection  of  puru- 
lent matter,  in  some  part  of  the  body,  formed  by 
the  pror.ess  called  suppuratioUf  consequent  on    iii- 
ttammation. 
AB-S(HN'D',  o.U     [L.   abscindo.]     To  cut  off.     [Lit- 
tle used.] 
AB'SCISS,      (  n.     [L.  abscissiis^  from  ab  and  scindo, 
AB-SCIS'SA,  i      to  cut;  Gr.  o-\i^w.    See  Scissoaa.] 
In  eomcsy  a  part  of  the   diameter  or  transverse 
axis  of  a  conic  section,  intercepted  between  tlie 
vertex  or  some  other  fixed  point  and  a  seniiordi- 
nate  Encijc. 

GencraUij,  any  part  of  tlie  diameter  or  axis  of  a 
curve,  coniprised  between  any  fixed  point  where 
all  the  abscisses  begin,  and  another  line,  called  the 
ordinate^  which  is  terminated  in  the  curve. 

Barlow. 
AB-SCIS'SION,  (-sizb'un,)  n.     [See  Ab3ci3s.] 

1.  A  culling  off,  or  a  being  cut  off.  In  sur^erij, 
the  separation  of  any  corrupted  or  useless  part  of 
the  body,  by  a  sharp  instrument ;  applied  to  the 
soft  parts,  as  amputation  is  to  the  bones  and  flesh 
of  a  limb.  Quinnj. 

2.  In  rhetoric^  a  figure  of  speech,  when,  having 
begun  to  say  a  thing,  a  speaker  stops  abruptly,  as 
supfKJsing  the  matter  sulficiently  understood.  Thus, 
"  He  is  a  man  of  so  much  honor  and  candor,  and 
such  generosity  —  but  I  need  say  no  more." 

AB-SCOND',  V.  i.  [L.  abscondo,  to  hide,  of  065  and 
condOf  to  hide,  i.  e.  to  withdraw,  or  to  thrust  asiile 
or  into  a  comer  or  secret  place.] 

1.  To  retire  from  public  view,  or  from  the  place 
in  which  one  resides  or  is  ordinarily  to  be  Suund  ; 
to  withdraw,  or  absent  one's  self  in  a  private  man- 
ner; to  be  concealed;  appropriately  iised  of  per- 
sons who  secrete  theniselves  to  avoid  a  legal  pro- 
cess. 

2.  To  hide,  withdraw,  or  be  concealed. 

TliP  mi»rmol  a/ieconds  in  winter.  Hay. 

AB-St'ONIVER,  n.  One  who  withdraws  from  pub- 
lic notice,  or  conceals  himself  from  public  view. 
AB-SrO\I)'IXG, /jpr.  or  a.  Withdrawing  privately 
from  piililic  v\t\v  ;  as,  an  absMiiding  debtor,  who 
cnnfiiifs  liiinscif  to  his  apartioents,  or  absents  him- 
self to  avoid  the  ministers  of  justice.  In  the  latter 
sens!^,  it  is  properly  an  adjective. 
AB'SEXCE,  n.  [L.  absens,  from  absum^  abesse,  to  be 
away  ;  ab  and  snm.] 

1.  A  state  of  being  at  a  distance  in  place,  or  not 
in  company.  It  is  us(-d  to  denote  any  distance  in- 
definitely, either  in  the  same  town,  or  country,  or 
in  n  foreign  country,  and  primarily  supposes  a  pri- 
or presence;  as,  speak  well  of  one  in  Iiis  aia-cHire. 
^.  tVant  J  destitution  ;  implying  no  precious  pres- 
ence. 

Ill  [he  abiencc  of  convcntionfil  lav.  Ch.  Kent. 

3.  in  law,  non-appearance  ;  a  not  being  in  court 
to  answer. 

4.  Heedlessness  ;  inattention  to  things  present. 
Absence  of  mind  is  the  attention  of  the  mind  to  a 


subjeit  which  does  iu)t  occupy  the  rest  of  the  com- 
pany, and  which  draws  the  mind  from  things  or 
ubjects  whicii  are  present,  to  others  distant  or 
foreign. 
AB'SENT,  a.  Not  present ;  not  m  company  ;  at 
such  a  distance  as  to  prevent  conuimniration.  It 
is  used  also  for  being  in  a  foreign  country ;  as,  a 
gentlemati  is  absent  on  his  travels. 

Alitnl  from  oni  anoUic-r.  —  Gen.  xxx\.  49. 

S.  Heedless ;  inattentive  to  persons  present,  or 
to  subjects  of  conversation  in  company  ;  as,  un  ab- 
sent man  is  uncivil  to  the  conipany. 

3.  \n  familiar  language,  not  at  home;  as,  the 
master  of  the  house  is  absent.  In  other  words,  he 
does  not  wish  to  be  disturbed  by  company. 

ABSENT',  u.  t.  To  depart  to  such  a  distance  as  to 
prevent  intercourse  ;  to  retire  or  withdraw  ;  to  for- 
bear to  appear  in  presence  ;  used  with  the  reciji- 
rocal  pronoun  ;  as,  let  a  man  absent  himself  from 
the  company. 

AB-SEi\T'ED,p;?.     Retired  or  withdrawn. 

All  SENT-EE',  71.  One  who  withdraws  from  his 
country,  office,  or  estate  ,  one  wlio  removes  to  a 
diiiant  place  or  to  another  country. 

In  recent  political  writers,  a  landholder  or  cap- 
italist, who  derives  his  revenue  from  one  country, 
and  resides  in  and  expends  it  in  another. 

P.  Cije, 

AB-SENT-EE'IffiM,  71.  Absence  from  duty  or  sta- 
tion :  applied  to  the  act  of  residing  in  a  country 
different  from  that  from  which  one's  resources  are 
derived. 

AB-SE\T'EB,  n.     One  who  absents  him:^olf. 

AlI-SENT'[i\G,  ppr.     Departing  ;  withdrawing. 

AB-SE.\T'MENT,  n.     A  state  of  being  absent. 

Barrow. 

AB-SIN'THI-A^i,  a.  [from  absintUium.]  Of  the  na- 
ture of  wormwood.  Randolph. 

AB-SIN'THI-A-TED,  a.  Impregnated  with  worm- 
wood, c   o       O' 

AB-SIN'THI-UM,  71.   [Gr.  aiptvetov;  Per.(j^'^^' 

af<intkin;  the  same  in  Chaldaic.  Budieus,  in  his 
commentaries  on  Theophrast,  supposes  the  word 
composed  of  a  priv.  and  iL/n-^o^,  delight,  so  named 
from  its  bitterness.  But  it  may  be  an  Oriental 
word.] 

The  common  wormwood ;  a  bitter  plant,  used  as 
a  tonic.     A  species  of  Artemisia. 
AB'SIS.    In  astronomy.     [See  Apsis.] 
AB'SO-LUTE,  a.     [L.  absolutus.    See  Absolve.] 

1.  Literally,  in  a  general  sense,  free  or  independ- 
ent of  any  thing  extraneous.     Hence, 

3.  Complete  in  itself;  positive;  as,  an  absolute 
declaration. 

3.  Unconditional  ;   as,  an  absolute  promise. 

4.  Existing  independent  of  any  other  cause  ;  as, 
God  is  absolute. 

5.  Unlimited  by  extraneous  power  or  control ;  as, 
an  absolute  government  or  prince. 

C.  Not  relative  ;  as,  absolute  space.     Stillingjicet. 

7.  In  chemistry,  pure,  unmixed;  zsy  absolute  al- 
coliul. 

In  grammar,  the  case  absolute,  is  when  a  word 
or  mend)er  of  a  sentence  is  not  immediately  de- 
pendent on  the  other  parts  of  the  sentence  in  gov- 
ernment.    A  clause  independent. 

Absolute  equation,  in  astronomy,  is  the  sum  of 
the  optic  and  eccentric  etjuations. 

Absolute  numbers,  in  algebra,  are  such  as  have 
no  letters  annexed  ;  as,  2a4-36=48.  The  two  latter 
numbers  are  absolute  or  pure.  Eneyc. 

Absolute  space,  in  piiysics,  is  space  considered 
without  relation  to  any  other  object.  Bailey. 

Absolute  gravity,  in  philosojihy,  is  that  property 
in  bodies  by  whicJi  they  are  said  to  weigh  so 
much,  without  regard  to  circumstances  of  modifi- 
catiiui,  and  this  is  always  as  the  quantity  of  mat- 
ter they  contain.  Bailey. 
AB'SO-LtlTE-EV,  ndi\  Completely;  wholly  ;  as, 
a  thing  is  absolutely  unintelligible. 

2.  Without  dependence  or  relation ;  in  a  state 
unconnected. 

Abso!ulety  we  c;in  not  (liscoinmfrnd,  we  tnn  not  absaluUly  ap- 
prove, either  willin;rii;:-gj  lo  live,  or  forwanhieES  to  die. 
Hooker. 

3.  Without  restriction  or  limitation ;  as,  God 
reigns  absolutely. 

4.  Without  conilition  ;  as,  God  does  not  forgive 
absolvfihi,  but  upon  condition  of  faith  and  re- 
pentance. 

5.  Positively,  peremptorily ;  as,  command  me 
absiilutehi  not  to  yn.  Mdton, 

AR'SO-LUTE-NESS,  71.  Independence  ;  complete- 
ness in  itself. 

2.  Despotic  authority,  or  that  which  is  subject  to 
no  extraneous  restriction,  or  control. 

AB-SO-LO'TION,  71.  In  tlte  civil  law,  an  acquittal, 
or  sentence  of  a  judge  declaring  an  accused  person 
innocent.  In  the  canon  law,  a  remission  of  sins 
pronounced   by  a  priest  in  favor   of  a  penitent. 


ABS 

Among  Protestantj*,  a  sentence  by  which  an  ex- 
communicated ptTson  is  released  from  iiis  liability 
to  |)uinsliinrnt.  Aylijfe.     SuuUi. 

AB'Sii-lA'T-l-'^M,  71.    State  of  being  absolute;    or 
pritieiplis  i.r  absolute  government. 
2.  Doclrine  of  predestination.  Aah. 

AB'SO-LCT-IST,  «.  One  wlio  is  in  favor  of  an  ab- 
solute government. 

AB'SO-LU-TO-RY,  or  AB-SOL'lI-TO-RY,  a.  Ab- 
sttlving;  that  absolves. 

AB-SOLV'A-TO-RY,  a.  [from  absolve.]  Containing 
absolution,  pardon,  or  release ;  havmg  power  to 
abstilve.  Cvtgrave. 

AB-SOLVE',  (ab-zolv'j)  r.  t.  [L.  ahsolpo,  from  ab  and 
solvo, to  loose  or  release;  Ch.  r\^^,  shiUak,  to  ab- 
solve, to  finish;  Heb.  '?C,  ^Aaf,  to  loose  or  loosen. 
See  Solve.] 

To  set  free  or  release  from  some  obligation,  debt, 
or  responsibility  ;  or  from  that  which  subjects  a 
person  to  a  burden  or  penalty  ;  as,  to  absolve  a  per- 
son from  a  promise  ;  to  absolve  an  offender,  which 
amounts  to  an  acquittal  and  remission  of  his  pun- 
ishment. Hence,  in  tJie  civil  law,  the  word  was 
used  for  acquit ;  and  in  Uie  canon  law,  for  forgive, 
or  remit.  In  ordinarj'  language,  its  sense  is  to  set  free 
or  release  from  an  engagement.  Formerly,  good 
writers  used  the  word  in  the  sense  of  finish,  accojitr- 
plish ;  as,  to  absolve  work,  in  Milton  ;  but  in  this 
8en.se,  it  seems  to  be  obsolete.  Young  lias  also 
used  it  for  resolve  or  explain;  as,  '-Absolve  we 
this  ?  "  but  tliis  sense  is  rare. 

ABSOLVED,  pp.  Released;  acquitted;  remitted; 
deflared  innocent. 

AB-SOEV'ER,  71,  One  who  absoli'es  ;  also,  one  that 
pronounces  sin  to  be  remitted. 

AB-SOLV'ING,  ppr.  Setting  free  from  a  debt,  or 
charge  ;  acquitting  ;  remitting. 

AB'SO-NANT,  a.  [See  .-Vusonous.]  Wide  from  the 
purpose  ;  contrary  to  reason. 

AB'SO-NOUS,  a.  [L.  absoniis  ;  ab  and  sonus,  sound  ] 
Contrary  to  reason  ;  unnnisical,  or  untunable. 

Granville.     FotJierby. 

AB-SORB',  7'.  f.     [L.  absorbeo,  ab  and  sorbeo^  to  drink 


in ;  Ar.  . 


^  sharaba;   Eth.    ft^fl  *^^  (Ti^fl 


:  whence 


id. ;  Rab.  finty,  shnrap  f  to  draw  or  dainU 
sirup,  sherhct,  shrub.] 

1.  To  drink  in;  to  suck  up;  to  imbibe;  ad  a 
sponge,  or  as  liie  lacteals  of  the  body. 

2.  To  drink  m,  swallow  up,  or  overwhelm  with 
water,  as  a  body  in  a  whirlpool. 

3.  To  waste  wholly  or  sink  in  expenses ;  to  ex- 
haust ;  as,  to  absorb  an  estate  in  luxury. 

4.  To  engross  or  engage  wholly  ;  as,  absorbed  m 
study  or  the  pursuit  of  wealth. 

AB-SCiRB-A-BIL'I-TY,  it.  A  state  or  qu;Uity  of 
being  absorbable. 

AB-SORB' ABLE,  a.  Tiiat  may  be  imbibed  or 
swallowed.  Kcrr^s  Lacoisier. 

AB-SORB' ED,  or  AB-SORPT',  pp.  Imbibed  ;  swal- 
lowed ;  wasted  ;  engaged  ;  lost  in  study  ;  wholly 
engi'ossed. 

AB-SORB'ENT,  a.     Imbibing  ;  swallowing. 

Absorbent  ground,  in  pointing,  a  ground  prepared 
for  a  picture,  chiefly  with  distemper,  or  water 
colors,  by  which  the  oil  is  immediately  absorbed, 
and  tlius  the  work  hastened.  Brands. 

AB-SORB'ENT,  it.  In  aiKilOTjiJ/,  a  vessel  which  im 
bibes,  as  the  lacteals  and  lyni"phatics.  In  medicine, 
a  substance  used  to  absorb  acidity  in  the  stomach, 
as  magnesia,  chalk,  Sec.  Encyc. 

AB-SORB'ING,  ppr  or  a.  Imbibing;  engrossing; 
wasting. 

AB-SORP'TION,  71.  The  act  or  process  of  imbibing 
or  swallowing  ;  either  bj'  water,  which  overwhelms, 
or  by  substances,  wliich  drink  in  and  retain  liquids  ; 
as,  the  absorption  of  a  body  in  a  wliirlpool,  or  of 
water  by  the  eartli,  or  of  the  humors  of  the  body  by 
dry  powders.  It  is  used  also  to  express  the  i^wal- 
lowing  up  of  sulistanees  by  tlie  earth  in  chasms 
made  by  earliniiuikrs,  and  the  sinking  of  large 
tracu  in  violent  Loninmtions  of  the  earth. 

2.  Entire  occupation  ur  engrossment  of  mind;  as, 
absorption  in  business. 

3.  Inp/i7/i-i«/t>«-y,  one  of  the  vital  organic  functions, 
which  conveys  to  the  circulating  system  the  mate- 
rials of  nutrition,  bv  means  of  the  larteals,  and  the 
effete  particles  of  the  body,  by  means  of  the  lym- 
pliyiics. 

4.  In  chemistry,  the  conversion  of  a  gaseous  fluid 
into  a  liquid  or  solid,  by  union  with  another  sub- 
stance. CT/e. 

AB-SORP'TIVE,  a.     Having  power  to  imbibe. 

Darxrin . 

ABS' QUE  HOC;  without  this  or  that ;  in  law,  words 
used  in  traversing  what  has  been  alleged,  and  is 
rt^jnated. 

AB-STaIN',  1'.  i.  \}:  abstinco,  to  keep  from;  aba 
and  tcnco,  to  hold.     Sec  Tenant.] 

In  a  general  sense,  to  forbear,  or  refrain  from,  vol- 
untarily ;  but  used  chiefly  to  denote  a  restraint 
upon  the  passions  or  appetites  ;  to  refrain  from  in- 


FaTE,  far,  fall,  WHAT.  — MeTE,  PRfiY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.- 


AJ3S 

(lulgence ;    as,  to  ab:>tain  frum  Uie  use  of  ardent 
spiiils  j  to  abjitatn  from  luxuries. 

Abalain  Imm  iceal3  oflered  to  idola.  —  Acts  x.v, 

AB-STe'MI-OUS,  a,  [L.  abstentius^  from  abs  and 
teiiutuiit,  an  ancient  name  of  strong  wine,  according 
to  Fabius  and  (ji-Uius.  But  Vossius  supposes  it  to 
be  from  abstineo^  by  a  change  of  71  to  m.  it  may  be 
from  the  root  of  (///«*>,  to  fear,  tliat  is,  to  withdraw.] 

1.  i*paring  in  diet ;  refraining  irom  a  free  use  of 
food  and  strong  drinks. 

iLiBtaiices  ofloDgcWiy  are  chiefly  among  die  absietiiioug. 

Aj-buihnol. 

2.  Sparing  in  the  enjoj-ment  of  animal  pleasures 
of  any  kind.  \_This  seiue  is  /e*s  caiiunon^  aiui  pcr/iaps 
not  lejriiimate.] 

3.  Sparingly  used,  or  used  with  temperance  j  be- 
longing to  abstinence ;  as,  an  ai/i^taiiwtui  diet,  an 
abstenutjus  lite. 

AB-STK'MI-OUS-LY,  adv.  Temperately;  with  a 
^pariiig  use  of  meat  or  drink. 

AB-STk'MI-OUS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
temperate  or  sparing  in  the  use  of  food  and  strong 
drinks. 

This  word  expresses  a  greater  degree  of  absti- 
nence than  temperance, 

AB-STEX'TION,  n.     The  act  of  abstaining. 

AB-^TEKOE',  (ab-sterj',)  r.  t.  [L.  ab^ta-geo,  of  abs 
and  tcrgeo,  to  wipe.  Tergeo  may  have  a  common 
origin  with  the  Sw.  torcka^  G.  trockiteuy  D.  druogen^ 
Sax.  drygan^  to  dry;  for  these  Teutonic  verbs  sig- 
nify to  wipe,  as  well  as  to  dry.] 

To  wipe  or  make  clean  by  wiping  ;  to  cleanse  by 
lotions  or  similar  appUcations.  \^Used  c/Uefiy  aj  a 
mcdic-al  termA 

AIJ-STERG'EXT,  a.    Wiping;  cleansing. 

Aif-STERG'Ei^^T,  n,  A  medicine  which  cleanses 
away  foulness,  as  lotions  ;  but  the  use  of  the  word 
is  nearly  suptrseded  by  detergent,  which  see. 

AB-STEK'SION,  71.  [from  L.  abi,tergcv,  abstcrsus.] 
The  act  of  wiping  clean  ;  or  a  cleansing  by  lotions 
or  suaUar  applications.  [See  Deterge,  Detek- 
sioN.]  Bacoiu 

AB-STER'SIVE,  a.  Cleansing;  having  the  quality 
of  removing  foulness.     [Sct^  Detersive.] 

AB'STI-KE^iCE,  n.  [L.  abstinentia.     See   Abstain.] 

1.  In  general,  the  act  or  practice  of  voluntarily  re- 
-fiaining  from,  or  forbearing  any  action. 

Absinence  from  erery  ihing  wbicb  c-m  be  deemed  l.-J»r. 

Paiey's  Plaloa. 
More  appropriately, 

-2.  The  refraining  from  an  indulgence  of  appetite, 
or  from  customary  gratifications  of  animal  propen- 
sities. It  denotes  a  total  forbearance,  as  in  fasting, 
or  a  forbearance  of  the  usual  quantity.  In  the  lat- 
ter sense,  it  may  coincide  with  temperance ;  but  in 
general,  it  denotes  a  more  sparing  use  of  enjoy- 
ments than  temperance.  (Bosides,  abstinence  implies 
previous  free  indulgence  ;  temperance  does  not.) 

AB'S'i"l-NE\T,  a.  Refraining  from  indulgence,  es- 
peciallv  in  the  use  of  food  and  tlrink. 

AB'STI  XENT-LY,  adv.     With  abstinence. 

AB'STI-NEXTS,  n,  pi.  A  sect  which  appeared  in 
France  and  Spain  in  the  third  century,  who  op- 
posed marriage,  condemned  the  use  of  flesh  meal, 
and  placed  the  Holy  Spirit  in  the  class  of  created 
heings. 

AB-STORT'ED,  a.     Forced  away. 

AB-STRA€T',  r.  U  [L.  abstraJw,  to  draw  from  or 
separate  ;  from  abs  and  traho^  which  is  tlie  Eng. 
draw.     See  Draw.] 

2.  To  draw  from,  or  to  separate ;  as,  to  ai.firact 
an  action  from  its  evil  effects  ;  to  abstract  spirit 
from  any  substance  by  distihation  ;  but,  in  this  lat- 
ter sense,  extract  is  now  more  generally  used. 

2.  To  separate  ideas  by  the  operation  of  the 
mind  ;  to  consider  one  part  of  a  complex  object  by 
itself.  Uurnc 

3.  To  select  or  separate  the  substance  of  a  book 
or  writing ;  to  epitomize  or  reduce  to  a  suimnar>'. 

fVatti. 

4.  To  take  secretly  for  one's  own  use  from  the 
property  of  another,  when  placed  in  one's  power; 
to  purloin  ;  as,  to  abstract  goods  from  a  parcel,  or 
money  from  a  bank.  Howii. 

5.  In  chemtstry,  to  separate,  as  the  more  volatile 
parts  of  a  substance  by  repeated  distillation,  or  at 
Jeast  by  distillation. 

AB'STRA€T,  a.  [h.  abstractus.]  Separate;  dis- 
tinct from  something  else.  An  alfairacl  idea,  in 
metaphysics,  is  an  idea  separated  from  a  complex 
object,  or  from  other  ideas  which  naturally  accom- 
]iany  it;  as  the  solidity  of  marble  contemplated 
apart  from  its  color  or  figure.  Encyc. 

Jibisfracl  terms  arc  lho.^e  which  express  abstract 
ideas,  as  beauty,  whiteneets,  roundness,  without 
regarding  any  subject  in  which  they  exist ;  or  afr- 
stract  tenns  are  the  names  of  orders,  genera,  or 
species  of  things,  in  which  theie  is  a  combination 
of  similar  qualities,  Stewart. 

Jibstraet  numbers  are  numbers  used  without  ap- 
pUcatitui  to  things,  as  6,  8,  10  \  but  when  applied 


ABS 

to  any  thing,  as  6  feet,  10  uien,  they  btcunie  con- 
crete. 

■AbUrad  or  pure  mathematics,  is  that  which 
treats  of  magnitude  or  quantity,  williout  restriction 
to  any  species  of  particular  mii-»nilude,  as  urillmie- 
lic  and  geometry  ;  opjioscd  to  wliicli  is  mixed  math- 
ematics, which  treats  uf  snnple  prupt;rtii,-s,  and  the 
relations  of  quantity,  as  applied  to  sensible  objects, 
as  hydrostatics,  navigation,  optics,  &c.         Kncyc, 

2.  Separate  ;  existing  in  llie  mind  iiidy  ;  as,  an  ab- 
stract subject ;  an  abstract  question ;  and  hence, 
difficult,  abstruse. 

AB'STRA€T,  n.  A  summary,  or  epitome,  contain- 
ing the  substance,  a  general  view,  or  the  prmcipal 
heads  of  a  treatise  or  writing.  H'atts. 

2.  Formerly,  an  extract,  or  a  smaller  quantity, 
containing  the  essence  of  a  larger. 

In  tJte  abstract,  in  a  state  of  separation,  as  a  sub- 
ject considered  in  the  abstract^  i.  e.  without  ref- 
erence to  particular  persons  or  things. 

AB-tfTllAt'T'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Separated  ;  purloined  ; 
relined  ;  exalted  ;  abstruse ;  absent  in  mind. 

Jililt4>iu     Donne. 

AB-STRA€T'ED-LY,  adv.  In  a  separate  state,  or  in 
contemplaticin  only.  Drudai. 

AB-STRA€T'ED-N*ESS,  lu  The  state  of  being  ab- 
stracted. Baxter. 

AB^TRACT'ER,  71.  One  who  makes  an  abstract, 
or  summary'. 

AlJ-STRAf>T'ING,    ppr.       Separating ;    purloiniii 
m;iking  a  siinuiiaiy. 

AB-STRAC'TIOX,  n.  The  act  of  sepiu-aiing,  or 
state  of  being  separated. 

2.  The  operation  of  the  mind  w'hen  occupied  by 
abstract  ideas  ;  as  when  we  contemplate  some  par- 
ticular part  or  property  of  a  complex  object  as  sep- 
arate from  the  rest.  Thus,  when  the  mind  con- 
siders the  branch  of  a  tree  by  itself,  or  the  color  of 
the  leaves,  as  separate  from  their  size  or  figure,  the 
act  is  called  abstraction.  So,  also,  when  it  consid- 
ers whiteness,  so/tJiess,  virtue^  exi.iteitcCy  as  separate 
from  any  particular  objects.  Eucyc. 

The  power  which  the  understanding  has  of  sep- 
arating the  combinations  which  are  presented  to  it, 
is  distinguished  by  logicians  by  the  name  of  ab- 
straction. StewurL 

Abstraction  is  the  grouud-work  of  classification, 
by  which  things  are  arranged  in  orders,  genera,  and 
species.  V\'e  separate  in  idea  the  qualities  of  cer- 
tain objects  which  are  of  the  same  kind,  from 
others  which  are  different  in  each,  and  arrange  the 
objects  having  the  same  prupeilies  in  a  class,  or 
collected  body. 

3.  A  separation  from  worldly  objects ;  a  recluse 
life;  as,  a  hermit's  abstraction. 

4.  Absence  of  mind ;  inallenlion  to  present  ob- 

jfCtS. 

5.  Taking  for  one's  own  use  part  of  the  property 
of  another  when  placed  in  one's  power.  [Recent 
usage.] 

6.  In  the  process  of  distillation,  the  term  is  used 
to  denote  the  separation  of  liie  volatile  parts,  which 
rise,  come  over,  and  are  condensed  in  a  receiver, 
from  those  wliich  are  fixed,  it  is  chiefly  used, 
when  a  fluid  is  repeatedly  poured  upon  any  sub- 
stance in  a  retort,  and  distilled  off,  to  change  its 
state,  or  the  nature  of  its  coiiipusitiitii.    J^i'tchoUun. 

AB-STRACT'IVE,  a.     Having  the  power  or  quality 

of  abstracting. 
AB-STRAt'T'IVE,  >  a.     Absiracied,   or  drawn 

Ali-STRA€T-l"TlOUS,  \        frv)iii  otiier  substances, 

particularly  from  vegetables,  without  fermentation. 

ClJC. 

AB'STRACT-LY,   adv.      Separately  ;  absolutely  ;  in 

a   state   or  manner   unconnected    witli  any   tiling 

else  ;  as,  matter  abstractlti  considered. 
AB'STRA€T-i\ESS,  n.     A   separate  slate;    a  state 

of  being  in  contemplation  only,  or  not  connected 

with  any  object. 
AB-STRIXt:;E',  V.  t.     To  unbind. 
AB-STRODE',  v.  t.  [Infra.]     To  thrust  away.     [J^ot 

used. ] 
AB-STRtJSE',   B.    [L.    abstmsas,   from   abstruda,    to 


0/= 


thrust  away,  to  conceal ;  abs  and  tnido ;  Ar. 

tarada ;  Ch.  T^'J,  to  thrust ;  Syr.  Sam.  id.  ;  Eng.  to 
thrust.]  Hid  ;  concealed  ;  hence,  remote  from  ap- 
prehension ;  difiicult  to  be  comprehended  or  under- 
stood ;  opposed  to  what  is  obcioas.  [J^ot  tised  of 
material  objects.] 

MeiaphTsics  ia  an  abntrute  science.  Encye. 

AB-STROSE'LY,  aJu.    In  a  concealed  manner;  ofc- 

scurelyj  in  a  nianiier  not  to  be  easily  understood. 
Ai)-STRuSE'N£SS,  n.     Obscurity  of  meaning;  the 

state  or  qiialiiy  of  being  difficult  to  be  understood. 

lioytc. 
AB-STRO'SI-TY,  71.    Abstruseness ;  that  which  is 

abstruse. 
AB-SUME',  V.  t    To  bring  to  au  end  by  a  gradual 

waste;  to  consume. 
AB-SURD',  a.     [L.   absurdas,   fr^'m   ab   and   surdus. 


ABU 

deaf,  insensible.]  Opposed  to  manifest  truth  ;  in- 
consistent witli  reason,  or  the  plain  dictate-s  of  coiu- 
iiKfii  Sense.  An  absurd  man  acts  contrary  to  the 
cleiir  dictates  of  reason  or  sound  judgment.  All 
absurd  prufMisition  cuiilradicts  obvious  truth.  An 
absurd  practice  or  opinion  is  repugnant  to  the 
reason  or  common  appiclieiision  of  men.  It  is  ab- 
surd to  say  six  and  six  make  ten,  or  that  plants  will 
take  root  in  stone. 

AB-SURD'£-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  being  inconsist- 
ent witli  obvious  truth,  rea-vjn,  or  sound  judg- 
ment. Want  of  judgment,  apjilied  to  men  ;  want 
of  propriety,  applied  to  tlimgs.  Ju.'uisoiu 

2.  That  which  is  absurd  :  in  this  sense  it  has  a 
plural ;  the  absurdities  of  men. 

AB-SURD'LY,  ado.  In  a  manner  inconsistent  with 
reason,  or  obvious  propriety. 

AB-SURD' XESS,  ru  The  same  as  AssuRDiTr,  and 
less  used. 

A-BUND'ANCE,  n.  [Fr.  abondance.  See  Abound.! 
Great  plenty  ;  an  overflowing  quantity  ;  ample  sui- 
ficiency  :  in  strictness  applicable  to  quantity  only  ; 
but  sometimes  used  of  number  ;  as,  an  abundance  of 
peasants.  Audison. 

In  Scripture^ 

The  abundautt  of  Uie  rich  ia  jreal  wcallh.  —  Eccl.  v.    Mjxk 

xii.     Luke  xxi. 
The  abujtdance  ol    ihe  in;i*a  is  great  plenlj  of  fish.  —  Dcut. 

xxxiii. 

It  denotes  also  fullness,  overflowing ;  as,  the 
abundance  of  the  heart.  Malt.  xii.  Luke  vi. 
A-BUXD'ANT,  a.  Plentiful;  in  great  quantity; 
fully  suflicieiit  ;  as,  an  abundant  supply.  In  Scrip- 
ture, abounding;  having  in  great  quantity;  over- 
flowing with. 
The  Lwn]  Uod  is  abuttdant  in  goodness  and  truUi.  —  Ex.  xxxiv. 

Abundant  number,  in  arithmetic,  is  one,  the  sum 
of  whose  aliquot  parts  exceeds  the  number  itsc4f. 
Tlius  1,  2,  3,  4,  G,  the  aliquot  parts  of  1L>,  make  the 
sum  of  16.  This  is  opposed  to  a  deficient  number, 
as  14,  whose  aliquot  parts  are  1,2,  7,  the  sum  of 
which  is  10  ;  and  to  a  perfect  number,  which  is 
equal  in  the  sum  of  its  aliquot  parts,  as  6,  whose 
aliquot  parts  are  1,  2,  3.  Encxjc. 

A-BUi\D'^Vi\T-LY,  adu.  Fully  ;  amply  ;  plentifully  ; 
in  a  sufficient  degree. 

A-Bu'SACE,  a.     Abuse.     [J^ot  used.] 

A-BOSE',  V.  t,  [Fr.  abusa- ;  Sp.  abusar ;  It.  abusare ; 
L.  abator,  abu^as,  of  ab  and  utvr,  to  use  ;  Ir.  it/A,' 
VY.  giocth^  use  ;  Gr.  sdoj,  to  accustom.     See  Use.] 

1.  To  use  ill;  to  maltreat;  to  misuse;  to  use 
with  bad  motives  or  to  wrong  purposes ;  as,  to 
abuse  rights  or  privileges. 

They  tli.ii  use  this  world  as  not  abusing  il.  —  1  Cor.  v j. 

2.  To  violate ;  to  defile  by  improper  sexual  in- 
tercourse. Spenser. 

3.  To  deceive  ;  to  impose  on. 

Nor  be  viith  all  iliese  (einpuug  wurds  abused.  Pupc, 

4.  To  treat  rudely,  or  witli  reproachful  language  j 
to  revile. 

ile  mucked  and  abitsed  Uiifin  sh^uucfuliy.  A/iic. 

5.  To  pervert  the  meaning  of;  to  misapply;  as, 
to  abuse  words. 

A-BuSE',  71.  Ill  use;  improper  treatment  or  employ- 
ment;  application  to  a  wrong  purpose;  as,  an 
abase  of  our  natural  powers ;  an  abuse  of  civil 
rights,  or  of  religious  privileges ;  abu^e  of  advan- 
tages, ^c. 

Liberty  may  he  endangered  by  ihe  ahuses  of  hbrrty,  us  well  as 
by  Uie  abuses  ol"  power.  I-\deralUt,  Aladinun. 

2.  A  corrujit  practice  or  custom ;  as,  the  abuses 
of  government, 

3.  Rude  speech  ;  reproachful  language  addressed 
to  a  person  ;  contumely  ;  resiling  words.    Mdtviu 

4.  Violation  of  a  female. 

After  [he  abuse  he  foreook  me.  Sidney. 

5.  Perversion  of  meaning ;  improper  use  or  ap- 
plication ;  as,  an  abuse  of  words. 

A-BUS'-E^,  pp.  ur  a,  lU-used  ;  used  to  a  bad  pm- 
pose  ;  treated  with  rude  language;  misemployed; 
per\'ertcd  to  bad  or  wrong  ends  ;  deceived  ;  deliled; 
violated. 

A-BCSE'FIJL,  a.  Using  or  practicing  abuse;  abu- 
sive. Bp.  Barlow. 

A-BuS'ER,  n.  One  who  abuses,  in  speech  or  be- 
havior ;  one  that  deceives  ;  a  ravisher  ;  a  sodomite. 
1  Cor.  vi. 

A-BOS'LXG,  p^ir.  Using  ill ;  employing  to  bad  pur- 
poses ;  deceiving  ;  violating  tile  person  ;  perverting. 

A-BU'SION,  (a-bu'zhun,)  n.  Abuse  ;  evil  or  corrupt 
usage  ;  reproach  ;  deception.    [Little  used.]  Spenser. 

A-BuS'IVE,  a.  Practicing  abuse;  offering  harsh 
w  ords,  or  ill  treatment ;  us,  an  abusive  author  ;  aji 
abusive  fellow. 

2.  Containing  abuse,  or  that  is  the  instrumeut 
of  abuse;  as,  abusive  words;  rude;  reproachful 
In  the  sense  of  deceitful ;  as,  an  abusive  treaty 
[IJttJc  icsed.]  Bacon. 

A-BOS'IVE-LY,  adv.  In  an  abusive  manner; 
rudely  ;  reproachfullv. 

A-BuS'IVE-KESS,   «.'     Ill-usage;    the    quality    U 


TONE,  BgiJu,  UNITE.  — AN"GEa,  Vl"CIOUS.  — G  as  K ;  6  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


ACA 


bciti'4  abiij-ive;   ruikiiess  of  hingiuige,  or  violence 
to  the  ptrsrtiii.  Biirluto. 

\.BUT',  r.  (,  [VT.abimtir,  from  buuty  i\n  end.]  To 
border  upon ;  lo  be  conlignous  lo  ;  lo  meet ;  in 
slriclm-s.-*,  tu  adjoin  to  at  the  t-tid  ;  but  tliis  dis- 
tiiictioi)  h;is  not  nlwuys  been  observed.  The  word 
ia  cliielly  used  in  describing  the  bounds  or  situa- 
tion of  land,  and,  in  popular  language,  is  contracted 
into  but ;  ay,  buUcd  and  boundaL 

i\-UUT'MK.\T,  n.  The  head  or  end;  that  which 
unites  «ine  end  of  a  Ihing  lo  another;  chiefly  used 
to  denote  the  solid  pier  or  mound  uf  earth,  stone  or 
timber,  whirh  is  erected  on  the  bank  ol"  a  river  to 
support  the  end  of  a  bridge  and  cnnnrcl  it  with  tin; 
land. 
2.  That  which  abuts  or  borders  on  ancUhcr. 

Unjant. 

A-BUT'TA' .,  n.  The  butting  or  boundary  of  land 
at  the  end  j  a  head  land.  Spdiium.     dnvcL 

Also,  in  a  more  ^citt-ral  sense,  in  the  plural,  the 
boundaries  of  land. 

AU'VO-LaTE,  i\  i.     To  fly  from. 

All-VO-LA'TlON,  11.    The  act  <tf  flying  from. 

A-BV,  V.  L  or  (.  [rrobat)ly  coniracled  fiuin  abide.] 
To  endure  ;  to  pay  dearly  ;  to  remain.     [  Obs.\ 

Spenser. 

A-BVSM',  (a-byzm',)  n,  [Old  Fr.  j  now  abhmu  See 
Amvss.1     a  guif.  Sluilc. 

A-BVS'MAJj,  rt.    Tertiiining  to  an  abyss. 

A-BVSS',  n.  [Gr.  afivcaui,  bottuuilcss,  from  a  priv. 
and /LfuffjJS,l>ottom,  Ion.  for  pvOoi.  See  Bottom.] 
A  bottomless  gulf;  used  also  for  a  deep  mass  of 
waters,  supposed  to  have  encompassed  tJie  earth  in 
the  beginning. 

D.vrkii'^  wa»  upon  tlw  face  of  tlic  Jeep,  (or  abys3,  m  it  is  in  iJie 
S.jniKi^iii.)  —  Gen.  i.?. 

The  word  is  also  used  for  an  immense  cavern 
in  the  earth,  in  which  (Jod  is  supposed  to  have  col- 
lected ail  the  waters  on  the  third  day  of  the  creation. 
It  is  used  also  for  hell,  Erebus.  Encyc. 

2.  That  wliich  is  immeaijurable ;  that  in  wiiicli 
any  thing  is  lost. 


Thy  ihnnir-is  d;irkiKs3,  m  ihec^ss  of  li 
Ttic  abijit  of  lime. 


MVton. 
DiTjiten. 


3.  In  antiquity,  the  temple  of  Proserpine,  so  called 
from  the  immense  treasures  it  was  supposed  to  con- 
tain. Encyc. 

4.  In  heraldry,  the  center  of  an  escutcheon. 

He  beare  luure,  a  fleur  de  lis,  in  ahjss.  Encyc. 


AB-Y3-31N'I-AN,  a.     [At.  ^j^^  habashon,  Abys- 

sinians,  Ethiopians,  from  ii.>..:i>  habajha,  to  col- 
lect, or  congregate.] 

1.  A  name  denotuig  a  mixed  multitude  or  a  black 
nice.  Ludolf.     Castell, 

2.  Behuiging  to  Abyssinia. 
AB-YS-SIN'I'-ANS,  n.  pU    A  sect  of  Christians  in 

Abyssinia,  who  admit  but  one  nature  in  Jesus 
Christ,  and  reject  the  council  of  Chalcedon.  They 
are  governed  by  a  bishop,  or  metropolitan,  called 
Abuna,  who  is  appointed  by  Ihc  Coptic  patriarch  of 
Alexauilria  residing  at  Cairo.  Encyc. 

AC,  in  Saxon,  oak,  the  initial  syllable  of  names;  as, 
Acton,  oaktown. 

A-Ca'C1A,  n.  \h.  acaria,  a  thorn,  from  Gr.  a«7/,  a 
point.]  A  genus  of  elegant  trees  and  shriiSa  with 
pinnated  leaves.  From  tin  juice  of  one  of  its  spf.ies 
is  produced  cairxkn,\\  mild,  astringent  drug,  ic-rmeiy 
called  terra  Japimira.  From  the  juice  of  anothv  r 
species  is  produced  the  Gnm  Arabic.  But  most  ot 
the  drug  which  piloses  under  tliis  name,  is  the  in-i 
spissatcil  juice  of  unripe  sloes.  Encyc. 

A-Ca'CTA,  among  antiquaries,  is  a  name  given  to 
something  like  a  roll  or  bag,  seen  on  medals,  as  in  the 
hands  of  several  emiiorors  and  consuls.  Some  take 
it  to  represent  a  handkerchief  rolled  up,  with  which 
signals  were  given  at  the  games ;  others,  a  roll 
of  petitions ;  and  some,  a  purple  bag  of  earth,  to 
remind  ihein  of  their  mortiility.  Encyc. 

A-CA'CIANS,  71.  pi.  In  church  hlsfonj,  were  cer- 
tain secU,  so  denominated  from  their  leaders,  Aca- 
cius,  bishop  of  Cesiirea,  ami  Acacius,  patriarch  of 
Constantinople.  Some  of  these  maintained  that 
the  Son  was  only  a  similar,  m)t  the  same,  substance 
with  the  Father ;  others,  that  be  was  not  only  a 
distinct  but  a  dissimilar  suhstance.  Encyc. 

AC-A-Hi-tME',  n.  An  acad'.my;  a  society  of  persons. 
fJVoe  u,<eii.\     The  acadeiry  or  school  of  IMato. 

Ae^A-nr:'.\n-AIj,  a.     I*er*aining  tf  "■n  academy. 

AC-A-De'MI-AN,  n.  i*.  mendic;  -j  an  academy  ;  a 
student  in  a  univers'.y  or  college. 

AC-A-nE>I'ie,         i  a.     Belonging  to  nn  academy, 

AC-A-DE.M'IC-AL,  (  or  to  a  college  or  university  ; 
as,  academic  studies.  IVarburton.  Also,  noting  what 
belongs  to  the  school  or  philosophy  of  IMato  ;  as, 
the  academic,  sect. 

AC-A-DEM'IC,  71.  One  who  belonged  to  the  school 
or  adhered  to  the  philosophy  of  Socrates  and  Plato. 


ACA 

The  latter  is  considered  as  the  founder  of  the  aca- 
demic philosophy  in  Greece.  He  taught,  that  mat- 
ter is  eternal  and  infinite,  but  without  form,  refrac- 
tory, and  tending  to  disorder  ;  and  that  there  is  an 
Intel''— nt  cause,  the  author  of  spiritual  brinir,  and 
of  the  material  world.  Enfidd. 

2.  A  student  in  a  college  or  university.     Watts. 

AC-A-DEM'IC-AL^LY.at/y.  In  an  academical  man- 
ner. 

AC-A'DE-MI"CIAN,  n.     [Fr.  acadcmicien.'] 

A  member  of  an  academy,  or  society  for  promo- 
ting arts  and  sciences;  particularly,  a  member  of 
the  Fretich  academies. 

A-CAD'E-MIffiM,  n.  The  doctrine  of  the  academic 
philosophy.  Baxter. 

A  OAD'E-MIST,  n.  A  ineinber  of  an  academy  for 
promoting  arts  and  sciences  j  also,  an  academic  phi- 
losopher. 

A-C.AD'E-MY,  TJ.     [L.  nrndcmiai  Gr.  aKa^npin.'] 

Originally,  it  is  said,  a  garden,  grove,  or  villa, 
near  Athens,  where  Pl;(to  and  his  followers  held 
their  philosophical  conferences. 

1.  The  school  of  Plato. 

2.  A  school,  or  seminary  of  learning,  holding  a 
rank  between  a  university,  or  college,  and  a  com- 
mon school ;  also,  a  school  ftir  teaching  a  particular 
art.  or  particular  sciences;  aa,  a  military  academy. 

X  A  house,  in  which  the  students  or  members 
of  an  ticademy  meet ;  a  place  of  education. 

4.  A  society  of  men  united  for  the  promotion  of 
arts  and  sciences  in  general,  or  of  some  particular 
art.  or  science. 

5.  The  term  academy  is  especially  applied  to  an 
institution  for  the  cultivation  and  promotion  of  the 
tine  arts,  pailaking  of  the  chnracter  biHi  of  an 
associaiion  of  artists  for  mutual  impiovemcnt  and 
of  a  school  of  instruction. 

Academy  Jitrnre;  in  painting,  a  drawing  usually 
made  with  black  and  wliite  chalk,  on  tinted  paper, 
alter  the  living  model.  Brande. 

A-CAL-F-'PIIAN,  n.      \  [Gr.     aKaU't>'h    a     nettle.] 

A-CAL-F.'PHA,  H.  /)/.     >    Terms  applied  to  a  class  ot 

A-C.-VL-E'PM/E,  n.  ;>/.  )  marine,  radiate  annuals  or 
zoophytes  ;  so  called  from  the  property,  possessed 
by  most  of  the  species,  of  irritating  and  inflaming 
the  skin  when  touched  ;  including  the  medusa,  sea- 
nettle,  je!ly-tisli,&c.  [Acalrph  ia  sometimes  found.] 

Brande. 

AG-A-Na'CEOUS,  (ac-a-na'shus,)  a.  [Gr.  (i*c(Xf«s,  a 
prickly  shrub.] 

Armed  with  prickles.  A  class  of  plants  are 
called  Acaiiaceo!.  JilUnc. 

A-CAN'THA,  n.     [Gr.  a»fflv0u,a  spine  or  thorn.] 

In  botany,  a  prickle  ;  in  zoology,  a  spine  or  prickly 
(in  ;  the  spinous  process  of  the  veitebne.      Encyc. 

A€-AN-THa'CEOUS,  a.  Armed  with  prickles,  as  a 
plant. 

A-CAiN'THU'E,  n.    The  sweet  juice  of  ivy  buds. 

A-CAN'THINE,  a.     [See  Acanthus.] 

Pertaining  tu  ihe  plant  acanUius.  The  acanthinc 
garments  of  the  ancients  were  made  of  the  down 
of  thistles,  or  embroidered  in  imitation  of  the  acan- 
tJia.i.  Encyc. 

A-CAN'THO-POD,  n.  [Gr.  aKau9a,  a  spine,  and 
rruus,  foot,.] 

A  term  applied  to  a  tribe  of  clavicorn  coleopter- 
ous insects,  including  those  species  with  spiny 
legs.  BranilP. 

A-f;AN-THOP-TE-RYG'I-AN,  n.  The  name  of  an 
order  of  lishes. 

A  CAN-THOP-TE-RYG'I-OUS,  a.  [Gr.  aKavda,  a 
thorn,  and  Trrifihytov,  a  little  feather,  from  izTtpov, 
a  feather.] 

In  loo/oiry, having  bark  fins,  which  are  hard,  bony 
and  prickly:  aterm  applied  to  certain  Ji^^hes.     Linn. 

A-eAiN'TIitrS,  n.  [Gr.  nKavSu^,  L.  acanthus,  from 
aKavBa,  a  prickle  or  thorn.    See  Acantha.] 

1  The  plant  bear's  breech  or  brank  ursine ;  a 
^enus  of  several  species,  receiving  their  name  from 
t  ^eir  prickles. 

2.  In  architecture,  an  ornament  resembling  the 
foliage  or  leaves  of  the  acanthus,  used  in  the  capi- 
tal's of  the  Corinthian  and  Composite  orders. 

Milton.     Encyc. 

A-CAN'TI-CONE,  n.     See  Pistacite. 

A-C.-\N'ZI-I,  n.  pL  The  name  given  to  light-horse 
in  Turkey.  Knomles. 

A-CAR'I-DAN,  n.        )  Terms  applied  to  a  division 

A-€AR'I-DA,  n.  pl.\  of  Arachnida,  including  the 
mite,  (^aearns,')  and  the  tick,  {/ ici.niia.) 

A-€aK.\'.\!1,  It.  A  briglit  star  of  the  first  magni- 
tude, in  Eridanus.  BaiUy. 

A€'A-RUS,  71.    A  mite  ;  a  minute  animal  of  the  class 

_  Arachnida.  Brande. 

A-€AT-A-LEe'Tre,7f.  [Gr.fT.farQXf7»:ros,  not  defec- 
tive at  the  end,  of  *ca7ri  and  Aij>'.i,to  cease;  Ir. 
lieshim.}  A  verse,  which  has  the  ctmiplete  number 
of  syllables  without  defect  or  superfluity.  Johnson. 

A-CAT'A-LEP-SY,  «.  [«r.  aKaraX^jil/ia ;  a  and 
KaTuXanfiai/ui,  to  comprehend.] 

Impossibility  of  complete  discovery  or  compre- 
hension ;  incomprehensibility.      [LiUle  used.] 

A-€AT-A-LEP'TI€,  a.    Incomprehensible. 


ACC 

A-CA'TER,     A-CaTES'.       S^e      CAiEUEn      and 

Cates. 
A-eA-TIlAR'SIA.   n.     [Gr.] 

1.  In  medicine,  impurity  of  the  blood  and  humors. 

2.  In  surgery,  the  filth  or  sordes  proceeding  from 
a  wound. 

A-€ALf'LuU8,rt.    ("L.  u  priv.  and  cuu;w,Gr.  i^.nA  .j,    i 
a  stalk,  VY.  haul ;  D.  ion/,  cabbiige.  See  Culewort.]    ' 

In  botany,  without  the  stem  cjilled  caulis  i  as  the 
Carlhie  tl.istle. 

AC-Ck.DK' ,  V.  I.  [h.  accedo,  o(  ad  and  cct/u,  to  yield 
or  give  place,  or  rather  to  move.] 

1.  To  agree  or  assent,  as  to  a  projiosition,  or  to 
terms  proposed  by  another.  Hence,  in  a  negotia- 
tion, 

2.  To  become  a  party,  by  agreeing  lo  the  terms 
of  a  treaty  or  convention. 

A€)-Cf:D'ING,  ;»/ir.  and  a.  Agreeing;  assenting;  be- 
coming a  party  to  a  treaty  by  agreeing  to  the  terms 
propose<l. 

AC-CEL'ER-aTE,  y.  U  [L.  accrlcro,of  ad  ixnd  cclero^ 
to  hasten,  from  celrr,  quick;  fir.  kcX>is  i  Heb.  Ch. 
Syr.  and  Eth.  SSp,  n>p  or  Sp,  to  be  light,  nimble  ; 
Syr.  to  hasten.  In  Cli.  anri  Ar.  this  root  signifies, 
also,  to  be  small,  or  minute.] 

1.  To  cause  to  move  faster  ;  to  hasten  ;  to  quick- 
en motion  ;  to  add  to  the  velocity  of  a  moving  body. 
It  implies  previous  motion  or  progression. 

2.  To  add  to  natural  or  ordinary  progression  ;  as, 
to  accelerate  the  growth  of  a  plant,  or  the  progress 
of  knowledge. 

3.  To  bring  nearer  in  time  ;  to  shorten  the  time 
between  the  present  time  and  a  future  event;  as, 
to  accderate  the  rum  of  a  government ;  to  accclirate 
a  battle.        _  Bacon. 

AC-CEL'ER-A-TED,  pp.  or  a.  Quickened  in  mo- 
tion ;  hastened  in  progress. 

AecdcraU'd  motion ;  in  mechanics  and  physieSj  that 
which  continually  receives  accessions  of  velocity. 

AC-CEL'ER-A-TING,  pjrr.  or  a.  Hastening  ;  increas- 
ing velocity  or  progression. 

Accelerating  force ;  the  force  which  causes  acceler- 
ated motion. 

AC-CEL-ER-A'TION,  n.  The  act  of  increasing  ve- 
locity or  progress ;  the  state  of  being  quickened 
in  motion  or  action;  as,  a  falling  body  moves  to- 
wards the  earth  with  an  acceleration  of  velocity.  It 
is  the  opposite  of  retardation. 

Acceleration  of  tJte  moon,  is  the  increase  of  the 
moon's  mean  motion  from  the  sun,  compared  with 
the  diurnal  motion  of  the  earth  ;  the  moon  moving 
with  more  velocity  now  than  in  ancient  timea  —  a 
discovery  made  by  Dr.  Halley. 

The  diurnal  acceleration  of  tlic  fixed  jtnrs,  is  the 
time  by  which  they  anticipate  the  mean  diurnal 
revolution  of  the  sun,  which  is  nearly  three  minutes 
fifty-six  seconds.  Cyc. 

'i'he  acceleration  of  the  planets,  is  the  increasing 
velocity  of  their  motion,  in  proceeding  from  the 
apogee  to  the  perigee  of  their  orbits.  Brande. 

AC-CEL'ER-A-TlVE,rt.  Addhig  to  velocity  ;  quick- 
ening progression.  Reid. 

A€-C E L' Eli-A-TO-RY,  a.  Accelerating ;  quickening 
motion. 

AC-CEND'  V.  t.  [L.  acccndo,  to  kindle  ;  ad  and  caiv- 
deo,  caneo,  to  be  white,  camis,  white ;  W.  can,  white, 
bright ;  also,  a  song.  Whence  canto,  to  sing,  to 
chant;  cantus,  a  song;  Eng.  cant;  W.  canu,  to 
bleach  or  whiten,  and  to  sing  ;  cynnud,  fuel 
Hence,  kindlr,  L.  Candidas,  candid,  white.  The  pri- 
mary sense  is,  to  tlirow,  dart,  or  thrust ;  to  shoot, 
as  the  rays  of  light.  Hence,  to  cant,  to  throw.  See 
Chant  and  Cant.]  To  kindle;  to  set  on  fire. 
[T/ie  verb  is  not  usen.] 

AC-CEND-I-BIIVl-TY,  n.  Capacity  of  being  kin- 
dlec],  or  of  becoming  inflamed. 

AC-l'END'I-BLE,  a.  '  Capable  of  being  inflamed  or 
kindled.  Urc. 

A€-CEA''SION,  71,  The  act  of  kindling  or  setting  on 
fiic  ;  or  the  state  of  being  kindled  ;  inflammation. 

ACCENT,  n.  [L.  accentus,  from  ad  and  cuno,  can- 
turn,  to  sing;  W.  canu;  Corn,  kana;  Ir.  canaim. 
See  AccEND.1 

1.  The  modulation  of  the  voice  in  reading  or 
speaking,  as  practiced  by  the  ancient  Greeks,  which 
rendered  their  rehearsal  musical.  More  strictly,  in 
English, 

2.  A  particular  stress  or  force  of  voice  upon  cer- 
tain syllables  of  words,  which  distinguishes  them 
from  the  others.  Accent  is  of  two  kinds,  primary 
and  secondary  ;  as  in  as'pi-ru'tion.  In  uttering  this 
word,  we  observe  the  first  and  third  syllables  are 
distinguished  ;  the  third  by  a  full  sound,  which  con- 
stitutes the  jtrinun'y  accent ;  the^r.^f,  by  a  degree  of 
force  in  the  voice  which  is  less  than  that  of  the 
primary  accent,  but  evidently  greater  than  that 
which  falls  on  the  second  and  fourth  syllables. 

When  the  full  accent  falls  on  a  vowel,  that  vowel 
has  its  long  sound,  as  in  vo'cal;  but  when  it  falls 
on  an  articulation  or  consonant,  the  preceding 
vowel  is  short,  as  in  hub'it.  Accent  alone  regulat(^s 
English  verse. 

3.  A  mark  or  character  used  in  writing  to  du-ect 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT — MeTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD. -NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK. 


r 


ACC 


ACC 


ACC 


Lhe  stress  v(  the  voice  in  pronunciation.  Our  an- 
cesCors  barruwfd  from  tlie  Greek  language  three  of 
these  ch:ir^cters,  th^  acute  ('),  the  grave  ( ),  and  the 
circuuirtei  ("",  or  ').  In  the  Greek,  the  hrst  shows 
when  the  voice  is  to  be  raised ;  the  second,  when 
It  is  lo  be  depressed  ;  and  the  third,  when  the 
vowel  is  to  be  uttered  with  an  undulating  sound. 

4.  A  modulation  of  the  voice  expressive  of  pas- 
sion or  sentiments. 

The  tender  accent  of  a  womau's  cry.  Prior. 

5.  Manner  of  speaking. 

A  m.ui  of  pl^iu  accenL     {Obe.)  Shak, 

6.  Poeticcdly-t  words,  language,  or  expressions  in 
general. 

Winds  I  on  your  win^-j  to  heaven  her  acaiiis  bear, 

Such  WOr\b  tu  h&tveii  alone  is  fil  to  !ic;ir.  Drydert, 

7.  In  mitstc,  either  the  stress  laid  on  the  accented 
parts  of  the  bar,  called  srammatical  accent;  or  the 
emphasis  dictated  by  feeling,  ajid  giving  the  music 
its  peculiar  expression,  called  aratoncal  accent. 

P.  Cye. 

8.  A  peculiar  tone  or  inflection  of  voice. 

9.  In  matJu-iuatic-^,  accents  are  used  to  distinguish 
magnitudes  of  the  same  or  similar  kind,  expressed 
by  tlie  same  letter,  but  dirtl-ring  in  value  ;  as,  a',  a". 

10.  .-Vn  accent  at  the  right  hand  of  a  number  ex- 
presses a  minute  of  a  degree,  two  accents  a  second, 
&c.  P.  Cijc. 

A€-CENT',  r.  U  To  express  accent ;  to  utter  a  syl- 
lable with  a  particular  stress  or  modulation  of  the 
voice.  In  poetnj,  to  utter  or  pronounce  in  general. 
Also,  lo  note  accents  by  marks  in  writing. 

Locke,     fVbtton. 

AC-CE-VT'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Uttered  with  accent ; 
marked  with  accent. 

^zccuted  parts  uf  a  bar,  in  niasic^  are  those  parts 
of  ihe  bar  on  which  liie  stress  falls;  as  the  first 
and  third,  in  common  time.  P.  Cijc. 

Ae-L'E\T'L\G,  ppr.  Pronouncing  or  marking  with 
accent. 

A€-CEXT'OR,  7u  In  inusic^  one  that  sings  the  lead- 
ing part. 

A€-CEXT'0-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  accent. 

Ae-CE.\T'l|-ATE,  V.  L  To  mark  or  prunuunce  with 
an  accent  nr  with  accents. 

AC-CEXT'l^-A-TED,  pp.  Markt.d  or  pronounced 
with  an  accenL 

Ae-CE\T'U-A-TL\G,  ppr.  Marking  or  pronounc- 
ing with  an  accenL 

A€-CEXT-U-.\  'TlOX,  n.  The  act  of  placing  accents 
in  writing,  or  of  pronouncing  them  in  speaiing. 

AC-CEPT',  V.  t.  [L.  a£ceptOy  from  accipio^  ad  and 
capio,  to  take  ;  Fr.  accepter ;  Sp.  aceptar ;  Port,  acei- 
tar  ;  IL  cccettare.     See  Lat.  capio^  Class  Gb.] 

1.  To  take  or  receive  what  is  offered  with  a  con- 
senting mind  ;  to  receive  with  approbation  or  favor; 
as,  he  made  an  ofier  which  was  accepted. 

Elr^,  I-onJ,  his  subiUuce,  and  accept  tlie  work  of  hla  hamU.  — 
DeuU  xxjiiii. 

Observe  the  difference  between  receive  and  accept. 

He  received  an  appoinUneut,  or  the  offer  of  a  coimniisiuD,   but 
be  I  lid  aot  accept  it. 

2.  To  regard  with  partiality  ;  to  value  or  esteem. 

It  is  not  good  to  accept  the  pcreon  of  the  wicked.  —  Frov.  x»tii. 
2  Cur.  vUL 

In  theology,  acceptance  with  God  implies  forgive- 
ness of  sins  and  reception  into  his  favor. 

3.  To  consent  or  agree  to  ;  to  receive  as  terms  of 
a  contract ;  as,  to  accept  a  treaty  ; —  often  followed 
by  of;  as,  accept  of  the  terras. 

4.  To  understand  j  to  have  a  particular  idea  of; 
to  receive  in  a  particular  sense ;  as,  how  is  this 
phrase  to  be  accepted  ? 

5.  In  coin-nerce,  to  agree  or  promise  to  pay  ;  as,  a 
bill  of  exchange.     [See  Acceptance.] 

AC-CEPT'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  received  with 
pleasure  ;  hence,  pleasing  to  a  receiver  ;  gratiiying  ; 
as,  an  acceptable  present. 

2.  Agreeable  or  pleasing  in  person  ;  as,  a  man 
makes  \i\mi^e\i  acceptable  by  his  services  or  civilities. 

AG-CEPT'A-nLE-.XESS,  >  n.    The   (juality   of  being 
AC-CEPT-A-BIL'I-TY,     \      agreeable  to  a  receiver, 

or  to  a  person   with  whom  one  has   intercourse. 

[The  latter  word  is  little  iiscd^  ur  not  of-  aU.^ 
Ae-CEPT'A-BLY,  adv.     In  a  manner  to  please,  or 

give  satisfaction. 

Let  us  Iiave  grace  whereby  we  may  serve  God  ccceptnhly.  — 
Hcb.  xii. 

A€-CEPT'yVXCE,  n.  A  receiving  with  approbation 
or  satisfaction  ;  favorable  reception  ;  as,  work  done 
to  acceptance. 

Tlipy  sh:ill  come  up  with  acceptance  on  my  alur.     Isa.  Ii. 

9.  The  receiving  of  a  bill  of  exchange  or  order, 
in  3uch  a  manner  as  to  bind  the  acceptttr  to  make 
payment.  This  must  be  by  express  words;  and  to 
charge  the  drawer  with  costs,  in  case  of  non-pay- 
ment, the  acceptance  musi  be  in  writing,  under, 
across,  or  on  the  back  of  the  bill.  BlacJisione. 

3.  .\n  agreeing  to  terms  or  proposals  in  commerce. 


by    which  a  bargain  is   concluded  and  the   parties 
bound. 

4.  An  agreeing  to  the  act  or  contract  of  another, 
by  some  act  which  bmds  the  person  in  law  ;  as,  a 
bishop's  taking  rent  reservetl  on  a  lease,  made  by 
his  predecessor,  is  an  acceptance  of  the  terms  of  the 
lease,  and  binds  the  n;irty.  Law. 

5.  In  mercantile  lan-^uage.  a  bill  of  exchange  ac- 
cepted ;  as,  a  merchant  receives  another's  acceptance 
in  paymenL 

6.  Formerly,  the  sense  in  which  a  word  is  under- 
stood.    \_Obs,'\     See  Acceptatio.n. 

Ae-CEFT-A'TION,  n.     Kind  reception  ;  a  receiving 
witii  favor  or  approbation. 

Thifi  id  a  saying  worUiy  of  .ill  acceptadon.     I  Tim.  I. 

2.  A  slate  of  being  acceptable  ;  favorable  regard, 


But  in  this  sense  acceptablencss  is  more  generally 
used. 

3.  The  meaning  or  sense  in  which  a  word  or  ex- 
pression is  understood,  or  generally  received  ;  as,  a 
term  is  to  be  used  according  to  its  usual  acceptation. 

4.  Reception  in  genenJ.     [Obs.] 
AC-CEPT'ED,  pp.  or  a.     Kindly  received  ;  regnrded  ; 

agreed  to ;   understood  ;  received  w  ith  a  pledge  to 
pay,  as  a  bill  of  exchange. 

A€-CEPT'ER,  w.  A  person  who  accepts  ;  the  person 
who  receives  a  bill  of  excliange  so  as  to  bind  him- 
self to  pay  iU     [See  Acceptance.] 

.\€-CEP-Tl-LA'TIO.X,  h.  [from  L.]  Remission  of 
a  debt  by  an  acquittance  from  the  creditor,  without 
receiving  the  money.     [JVot  used.]  Cutgrace. 

A€^CEPT'ING,  p;/r.  Receiving  favorably;  agreeing 
to  ;  understanding  ,  piomising  to  pay,  as  a  draft. 

A€J-CEP'TION,  H.  Acceptation  ;  the  received  sense 
of  a  word.     {JVot  now  itsed.]  Hammond, 

AC-CEPT'IVE,  a.    Ready  to  accepL     [ATwt  med.] 

B.  Jonson. 

AC-CESS',  or  ACCESS,  n.  [L.  acce^sas,  from 
accedo.    See  Accedk.     Fr.  accis.] 

1.  A  coming  to;  near  approach;  admittance; 
admission  ;  as,  to  gain  access  to  a  prince. 

2.  Approach,  or  the  way  by  which  a  thing  may 
be  approached  ;  as,  the  access  is  Ly  a  neck  of  land. 

Bacon. 

3.  Means  of  approach  ;  liberty  to  apprtpach ;  im- 
plying previous  obsLaclcs. 

'By  nhom  also  « e  have  access  by  faith.     Roin.  v. 

4.  Admission  to  sexual  intercourse. 

During  corenure,   access  of  the    Iiusb-iial  eli-U!  be  ppsumed, 
unless  tlie  contrary'  be  shown.  Blackstone, 

5.  Addititm ;  increase  by  something  added  ;  as, 
an  access  of  territory  ;  but  in  this  sense  accession  is 
more  generally  used. 

6.  The  return  of  a  fit  or  paroxysm  of  disease,  or 
fever.     In  this  sense  accession  is  generally  used. 

AC'CES-S.\-RI-LY.     See  Accessobilt. 

AC'CES-SA-RI-NESS.     See  Accessoriness. 

AC'CES-SA-RY.     See  Accessort. 

AC-CESS-I-BIL'I-TY,  7(.  The  quality  of  being  ap- 
proachable, or  of  admitting  access.         La n  ■'home. 

AC-CESS'I-BLE,  a.     That  may  be  approached  or 
reached  ;  approachable ;    applied  to   things ;    as,   an 
accessible  town  or  mountain. 
2.  Easy  of  approach  ;  aflahle  ;  ustd  of  persojis. 

AC-CESS'I-BLY,  adv.    So  as  to  be  accessible. 

AG-CE.S'SION,  H.  [L.  acccssio.]  A  coming  to  ;  an 
acceding  to  and  joining  ;  as,  a  king's  accessioii  to  a 
confederacy. 

2.  Increase  by  something  added  ;  that  which  is 
added  ;  augmentation  ;  as,  an  accession  of  wealth  or 
territory. 

The  only  accession  which  the  Roman  empire  received,  wna  Llie 
province  of  Britain.  Gibbon. 

3.  In  lawy  a  mode  of  acquiring  property,  by  which 
the  ov.'ner  of  a  corporeal  siibsLince,  which  receives 
an  aiidilion  by  growth,  or  by  labor,  has  a  right  to 
the  tiling  added  or  the  improvement;  provided  the 
thinj;  is  not  changed  into  a  different  species.  Thus 
the  owner  of  a  cow  becomes  the  owner  of  her  calf. 

Blaclistone. 

4.  The  act  of  arriving  at  a  throne,  an  office,  or 
dignity. 

5.  The  invasion  of  a  fit  of  a  periodical  disease,  or 
fever.  It  differs  from  exacerbation.  Accession  im- 
pli:!3  a  total  previous  intermission,  as  of  a  fever; 
exacerbation  implies  only  a  previous  remission  or 
abatement  of  violence. 

AC-CES'SION-AL,  o.     Additional. 

AG  CES-SO'RI-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  an  accessory ;  as, 
arcesgorial  agency,  accessorial  guilt.    Bnrr^s  Trial. 

AC'CES-SO-RI-LV,  adv.  [See  Accessory.]  In  the 
manner  of  an  accessory  ;  by  subordinate  means,  or 
in  a  secondarj-  character;  not  as  principal,  but  as  a 
subordinate  agent. 

AC'CES-SO-Rl-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  acces- 
sory, or  of  being  or  acting  in  a  secondary  character. 

ACCES-SO-RY,   o.     [L.   accessorius,   from   accesstis,  j 
accedo.     See    Accede.     This  word  is  accented  on 
the    first  sj'llable   on   account  of  the   derivatives,  | 


which  require  a  secondary  accent  on  the  third  ;  but 
the  natural  accent  of  acccs.^ory  is  ou  the  second  syl- 
lable, and  thus  it  is  often  pronounced.] 

1.  Acceding;  contributing;  aiding  in  producing 
some  effect,  or  acting  in  subordination  to  the  prm- 
cipal  agent.  Usually  in  a  bad  sense;  as,  John  was 
accessory  to  the  felony. 

2.  Aiding  in  certain  acts  or  effects  in  a  secondary 
manner  ;  as,  accessory  sounds  in  music.        Encyc. 

Accessory  nerresy  in  anatomy,  a  pair  of  nerves, 
which,  arising  from  the  medulla  in  the  vertebra  of 
the  neck,  ascend  and  enter  the  skull ;  then,  passing 
out  with  the  par  vagum,  are  distributed  into  the 
muscles  of  the  neck  and  shoulders.  Encyc 

ACCES-SO-RY,  H.  In  law,  one  who  is  guilty  of  a 
felony,  not  by  committing  the  offense  in  person  or 
as  principal,  but  by  advising  or  coniinunditig  anoliier 
to  commit  the  crime,  or  by  concealiiiL'  the  off<  nder. 
There  may  be  accessories  in  :U1  felonies,  but  not  in 
treason.  An  accessor}-  bifore  the  fact,  is  one  who 
counsels  or  commands  anotlier  to  commit  a  felony, 
and  is  not  present  when  the  act  is  executed;  after 
tlie  fact,  when  one  receives  and  conceals  the  of- 
fender. 

2,  That  which  accedes  or  belongs  lo  something 
else,  as  its  principal. 

.dccessory^  among  painters,  an  epithet  given  to 
parts  of  a  history-piece  which  are  merely  orna- 
mental, as  vases,  armor,  &c. 

JiC'Cr-^€-€A-TtTRji,  (at'che-ak-ka-tu'ra,)  n.  [It.] 
In  musiCy  a  grace  note,  one  semitone  below  the 
note  to  which  it  is  prefixed.  Brande. 

ACCI-DEXCE,  n.  [See  Accident.]  A  small  book 
containing  the  rudiments  of  grammar. 

ACCI-DEXT,  n.  [L.  accidens^  t'alling,  from  ad  and 
cuilo,  to  fall ;  W.  codum,  a  fall,  cicyzaw,  to  fall  ;  Ir. 
kudaim ;  Com.  koUia;  Arm.  kucttiay  to  fall.  See 
Case  and  Cadence.     Class  Gd.] 

1.  A  coming  or  falling ;  an  event  that  takes 
place  witliout  one's  foresight  or  expectation  ;  an 
event  which  proceeds  frtpm  an  unknown  cause,  or 
is  an  unusual  effect  of  a  known  cause,  and  there- 
fore not  expected  ;  chance ;  casualty  ;  contingency. 

2.  That  which  takes  place  or  begins  lo  exist  with- 
out an  etficient  intelligent  cause  and  without  de- 
sign. 

All  of  (hem,  in  hia  opinion,  owe  dieir  being  to  fate,  acaderU,  or 
lije  Liliud  action  of  stupid  matter.  Daiight. 

3.  In  logicy  a  property,  or  quality  of  a  being  which 
is  not  essential  to  it,  as  irhitmcss  in  paper.  This 
word  is  also  applied  to  all  qualities  in  opposition  to 
substance,  as  sweetness  and  softness,  and  to  things 
nut  essential  to  a  body,  as  clot/tes.'  Encyc. 

4.  In  grammar,  something  belonging  to  a  word, 
but  not  essential  to  it,  as  gender,  number,  and  case. 

Encyc. 

5.  In  heraldry,  a  point  or  mark,  not  essential  to  a 
coat  of  arms.  Encyc 

A€-CI-DENT'Aii,  a.  Happening  by  chance,  or 
rather  unexpectedly;  casual;  fortuitous;  taking 
place  not  according  to  tlie  usual  course  of  things; 
opposed  to  that  which  is  constant,  regular,  or  in- 
tended ;  as,  an  accidental  visit. 

2.  Nun-essential;  not  necessarily  belonging  to; 
as,  songs  are  accidental  to  a  play. 

Accidental  flats  and  sharps,  in  music,  are  those 
flats  and  sharps  which  are  prefixed  to  such  notes 
as  would  be  natural  by  the  signature.  The  natural 
sign,  prefixed  lo  a  note,  is  also  accidentalbj  flat  or 
sharp,  according  as  the  note  is  sharp  or  flat  by  the 
signature. 

Accidental  colors,  are  those  which  depend  upon 
the  affections  of  the  eye,  in  distinction  from  tiiose 
which  belong  to  the  light  itself.  Encvc 

Accidental  point,  in  perspective,  is  that  point  in 
the  horizontal  line,  where  the  projections  of  two 
lines  paruUel  to  each  other  meet  the  perspective 
plane.  Encyc. 

AC-CI-DENT'AL,  n.  Accidentals,  in  music,  are  acci- 
dental fiats  or  sharps.  Accidentals,  in  painting,  are 
those  chance  effects,  arising  from  luminous  rays 
falling  on  certain  objects,  by  which  they  are 
brought  into  a  stronger  light,  and  their  shadows 
rendered  more  intense,  than  they  otherwise  would 
be.  Brande. 

AC-CI-DENT'AI^LY,  adv.  By  chance;  casually; 
fortuituuslv  ;  not  essentially. 

Ae-CI-DE:^T'AL-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
casual.     [Little  used.'\ 

A€-CI-DEN'TIA-RY,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  acci- 
dence.    [J^Tot  used.}  Morton. 

AC-CI-PEN'SER,  71.     See  Acipexseb. 

ACCIP'I-ENT,  n.     A  receiver 

AC-CIP'I-TER,  H.     [L.  ad  and  capio,  l:i  seize.] 

1.  A  name  given  to  a  fia:  he  Milvjs  or  Lucema, 
a  species  of  Trigia  Cyc 

2.  In  ornitlioit^j,  oi;e  X  the  ordtr  of  rapacious 
birds. 

The  Accipiirca  have  a  hooked  bill,  the  superior 
mandible,  near  tiie  base,  being  extended  on  each 
side  beyond  the  inferior.  The  genera  are  the  Vul- 
ture, the  Falco  or  hawk,  and  the  Strix  or  owl. 


TONE,  BIJLL,  UNITE.  — AN "GER,  VP'CIOUS C  as  K  ;  G  as  J ;  S  aa  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


ACC 


ACC 


ACC 


n 


Ae-CIP'I-TKIXt:,  a.  [Sitpra.]  Seizing;  raiwcious  ; 
n.-i,  tliu  accipilnne  orditr  uf  birds.  Ed.  Eiicije. 

Ae-Cn'E',  r.  L  [L.  ad  and  cdo,  to  cite]  To  call ; 
to  ciic  ;  lo  suimiKin.     [jVu£  med.] 

AC-t'LAIM',  r.  £.  [L.  acclamoy  ad  and  c/jhio,  lo  cry 
out;  Sp.  clamari  Port,  claniar ;  lU  c/amore;  VV\ 
Uei'ain :  Ir.  liutiifutTiu  See  Claim,  Clauok.I  To 
npfiltmd.     [/.lU/tf  u^Y^.]  Hall. 

AC-€L.AIM',  H.    A  shout  of  joy;  acclamutioii. 

Milton. 

AG-eLA-MA'TION,  n.  [\^  acclamatio.  See  Acclaim.] 

1.  A  filioul  of  applause  ullercd  by  a  imillilnde. 
Anciently,  acclaniatiun  waa  a  form  of  wur<ls,  ut- 
tered with  vehemence,  somewhat  resfmbline;  a 
sons,  soint'times  accompanied  willi  appiauses  w  hich 
were  j;iven  by  the  handt).  Acclamations  were 
eccle-sijLstical,  'military,  nnptial,  senatorial,  synodi- 
cal,  theatrical,  &c. ;  they  were  musical  and  rhylii- 
mical,  and  bestowed  for  joy,  respect,  and  even 
reproach,  and  often  repeated,  live,  twenty,  and 
even  sixty  and  eiphty  times.  In  the  later  a;;cs  of 
Koine,  acclamations  were  perfonned  by  a  chorus 
of  music  instructed  for  the  purpose.  Encyc. 

In  modern  times,  acclamations  are  exprt-ssed  by 
hurrahs ;  by  clapping  of  hands  ;  and  often  by  re- 
peating virat  rex,  rical  rt\--t>uhUr,aj  long  live  the  king 
or  republic,  or  other  words  expressive  of  joy  and 
good  wishes. 

2.  In  urcJid!uIogy,  a  representation,  in  sculpture  or 
on  medals,  of  people  expressini?  joy.  ^cdiimation 
»ic//aA«,  are  tliose  ou  which  laudatory  acclamations 
are  recorded.  Elmcs. 

.^e-eL/VM'A-TO-RY,  a.  Expressing  joy  or  applause 
by  shouts,  or  i-.lapping  of  hands. 

Ae^GLI'MATK,  v.  t,  [oc,  for  ad,  and  climate.]  To 
habituate  the  body  lo  a  climate  not  native,  so  as 
not  to  be  peculiarly  exposed  to  its  endemic  diseases. 

ACV'Li'Ma-TEU,  pp.  or  a.  Habituated  to  a  foreign 
climate,  or  a  climate  not  native  ;  so  far  accustomed 
to  a  foreign  climate  as  not  lo  be  peculiarly  liable  to 
its  endemic  diseases.  J\Ied.  ReposUury. 

Ae-€Ll-MA'T10N,  71.  The  process  of  becoming 
habituated  to  a  foreign  climate. 

2.  The  stale  of  being  habituated  or  inured  to  a 
climate. 

AC-eLrMA-TIZK,  V.  U  To  inure  plants  to  a  climate 
iliiren-nt  from  th;il  which  is  natural  to  them.  Brandt. 

AC-GLI'MA-TIZ -i-'D,  pp.  and  a.  Inured  to  a  dif- 
ferent climate. 

A€>€LI'MA-TiZ-L\G,  ppr.  Inuring  to  a  different 
climate. 

A€-€Li'MA-TlJRE,  n.  Act  of  acclimating,  or  state 
of  being  acclimated.  Caldwell. 

Ae-CLlV'l-TY,  iu  [L.  occ/it'us,  acch'pi?,  ascending, 
from  ad  and  clwus,  an  ascent ;  Ir.  dui ;  Gr.  Eol. 
kAijtu?  ;  Sax,  c/'/,  a  cliff,  bank  or  shore;  cUfian, 
cleojian,  lo  cleave  or  split.     See  CLrrr.] 

A  slope  or  inclination  of  the  earth,  as  the  side  of 
a  hill,  considered  as  ascending,  in  opposition  lo  de- 
cUvity^  or  a  side  descending,  liising  ground ;  ascent ; 
the  talus  of  a  rampart. 

AC-GLl'VOUS,  a.     Rising,  as  a  hill  with  a  slope. 

AC-CLOY',  V.  U  To  fill ;  to  stuff;  lo  fill  to  satiety. 
[See  Clov.]  Spmser* 

AC-COIL',  v.  i.    To  encircle ;  lo  gather  around. 

Speaker. 

AC-CO-L.aDE',  n.    [L.  ad  and  eollum,  neck.J 

A  ceremony  formerly  used  in  confen'iug  knight- 
hood ;  but  whelher  an  euibrace  or  a  blow,  seems 
not  lo  be  settled.  Cyc 

AC'CO-LEXT,  H.  [L.  ad  and  colo.]  A  borderer ;  one 
who  dwells  un  a  border  of  a  country,  or  near.  .^sh. 

AC-COM'MO-DA-BLE,  a,  [Fr.  accumuiudabte.  See 
Accommodate.] 

That  may  be  filled,  made  suitable,  or  made  to 
aCTee.    [Liitle  used.] 

Ae-eOM'^KM)A-BLE-^'ESS,  71.  The  capability  of 
accommodatiii:;. 

A€-CO.M'.M(M>aTE,  77.  t,  [L.  accanimodo,  to  apply 
or  suit,  from  ad  and  commotlu,  to  profit  or  help;  of 
con,  with,  and  mudiis,  measure,  proportion,  limit,  or 
manner.    See  Mode.] 

1.  To  fit,  adapi,  or  make  suii;iblc ;  as,  to  aeam.- 
modiite  ourselves  lo  circumstances;  lo  aecommodate 
the  choice  of  subjects  lo  ihe  occasions.         Foley. 

2.  To  supply  Willi  or  furnish;  —  followed  by 
loUh  i  as,  to  acconmodaic  a  man  with  apartments. 

3.  To  supply  with  conveniences ;  as,  to  accoitimo- 
daU  a  friend. 

4.  To  reconcile  things  which  are  at  variance  ;  to 
adjust ;  OP,  lo  accommcdate  differences. 

5.  To  show  fitness  or  agieemcnt ;  to  apply;  a.s, 
to  accommodate  prophecy  to  events. 

6.  'J'o  lend  to  —  a  commercial  sense. 

In  an  intransitive  sense,  to  acree,  to  he  conform- 
able to,  as  used  by  Hoyle.     [Ohs.] 

AC-COM'MO-DATE,  a.  Suitable;  fit;  adapted;  a«, 
means  accomvwdatc  to  the  end.        Ti/ji/.      'I'dloyon. 

AC  CO.\I'iMO-Da-TEI),  pp.  Fitted  ;  adjusted  ;  adapt- 
ed ;  applied ;  also,  furnished  with  conveniences ; 
as,  we  are  well  accommodated  with  lodgings. 

AC-COM  MO-UATE-LY,  adv.  Suitably;  fitly. 
[Litde  •sed  ]  More. 


Fitness.       {Litile 


Ae-€OiM'iMO-DATE-NESS, 

AC-c6.M'.M0-DA-TING,  ppr.  Adapting;  making 
suitable;  reconciling;  fumishuig  Willi  conveni- 
ences ;  applvint;. 

A€J-COM'MO-Da-TIXG,  o.  Adapting  one's  self  lo  ; 
obliging  ;  yielding  to  the  desires  of  others  ;  disposed 
lo  comply,  and  lo  oblige  another  ;  as,  an  accommo- 
diit.hff  man, 

AeCO.VI-.MO-DA'TION,  n.  Fitness;  adaptation; 
—  followed  by  to. 

Tht.'  oriii^ilion  of  Uic  b«ly  widi  accomTnodation  to  iis  fimc- 

2.  Adjustment  of  differences ;  reconciliation  ;  as 
of  parlies  in  dispute. 

3.  Provision  of  conveniences. 

4.  In  Ihe  ;j/ur(ii,  conveniences;  things  furnished 
for  use  ;  —  chiefly  applied  lo  lodgings. 

5.  In  mcrcMinlile  langjiagc,  accommodation  is  used 
for  a  loan  of  money  which  is  often  a  great  con- 
venience. An  accommodation  note,  in  the  language 
of  bank  directors,  is  one  drawn  and  offered  for  dis- 
count, for  the  purpose  of  borrowing  its  amount,  in 
opposition  to  a  note  which  the  owner  has  received 
in  payment  for  goods. 

In  England,  an  accommodation  hiU  is  one  given  in- 
stead of  a  loan  of  money.  Orabbc. 

G.  It  is  also  used  of  a  note  lent  merely  to  accom- 
modate  the  borrower. 

7.  In  theology,  accommodation  is  the  application 
of  a  passage  lo  something  luit  caiginally  intended  by 
it,  on  the  ground  of  reseniblan*  or  analogy. 

Many  of  hose  quoiaiions  were  probably  iotctided  as  nothing 
mure  Uun  accommoJadoiu.  Foley. 

8.  In  marine  language,  an  accommodation  ladder  is 
a  light  ladder  hung  over  the  side  of  a  ship  al  Ihe 
gangway.  _ 

AC  CUM''M0-DA-TIVE,  a.  f  uniii^iiing  accommo- 
dation. 

AC-COM'MO-DA-TOR,  n.  One  that  accommodates  ; 
one  that  adjust^.  Warbiirton. 

AC-COM'PA-i\A-IJLE,  a.  [.See  Accompany.]  So- 
ciable.    [J^«t  used.] 

AC-eOM'PA-NI-£D,  pp.  Attended  by;  connected 
with. 

A€-COM'PA-NI-MENT,  n,  [Fr.  acconipas-ncmmt. 
See  AccoMFAiVY.]  Something  that  attends  as  a 
circumstance,  or  which  is  added  by  way  of  orna- 
ment to  the  principal  thing,  or  for  the  sake  of  sym- 
metry. 

Accompaniment,  in  viusic,  the  subordinate  part,  or 
parts,  accompanying  the  voice,  or  a  principal  in- 
strument; also,  the  harmony  of  a  figured  base. 

Jiccompanimcnt  of  the  scale,  in  music,  tlie  harmony 
assigned  to  the  series  of  notes  forming  the  diatonic 
scale,  ascending  and  descending.  P.  Cyc. 

.Accompaniment,  in  painting,  an  object  accessory 
to  the  principal  object,  and  serving  for  its  orna- 
ment or  illustration.  Bramle. 

AC-CCiM  PA-NIST,  n.  The  perfonner  in  music  who 
lakes  the  accompanying;  part.  Busby. 

AC-COM'PA-NY,  r.  t.  [^Fx.  accompagncr;  Sp.  acom- 
pahar  i  Port,  accompanhar.     See  Company.] 

1.  To  go  with  or  attend  as  a  companion  or  asso- 
ciate on  a  journey,  walk,  &c. ;  as,  a  man  accom- 
panies his  friend  to  church,  or  on  a  tour. 

2.  To  be  with,  as  connected  ;  to  attend  ;  as,  pain 
accompanies  disease. 

AC-eOM'PA-NY,  V.  7.  To  attend ;  to  be  an  asso- 
ciate ;  as,  lo  accompany  with  others.     [Ois.l 

Bacon. 

2.  To  cohabit.  Milton. 

3.  In  music,  to  perform  the  accompanying  part  in 
a  composition.  Busby. 

AC-COM'PA-NY-ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Attending ;  going 
with,  as  a  companion. 

AC-CO.M'PLICE,  71.  [Fr.  complice;  L.  compiicntns, 
folded  together,  of  eon,  with,  and  plico,  to  fold  ;  \V. 
plegy,  to  plait;  Arm.  plcga.  See  Complex  and 
Pledge.}  An  associate  in  a  crime;  a  partner  or 
partaker  m  guilt.  It  was  fonnerly  used  in  a  good 
sense  for  a  co-operator,  but  this  sense  is  wholly  ob- 
solete. It  is  followed  by  wiVi  before  a  person  ;  as, 
A  was  an  accomplice  ic'ith  B  in  the  murder  of  C. 
Dryden  uses  it  with  to  before  a  thing. 

AC-eOM'PLICE-SHIP,  n.  The  state  of  being  an 
accomplice.  h.  Taylor. 

AC-COM'PLISH,  V.  L  [Fr.  accompHr,  to  finish,  from 
ad  and  I^.  compleo,  to  complete.  See  Complete.] 
To  complete  ;  to  finish  entirely. 

TL.1t  He  would  accomplish  s«veiity  years  in  the  desolation  of 
Jciiisalem.  —  Dnti.  ix. 

9.  To  execute  ;  as,  to  accompVisk  a  vow,  wrath,  or 
furj*.     Lev.  xiii.  and  xx. 

3.  To  gain  ;  to  obtain  or  effect  by  successful  ex- 
ertions ;  as,  to  accomplish  a  purpose. "  Prov.  xiii. 

4.  To  fulfill  or  bring  to  pass  ;  as,  to  accomplish  a 
prophecy. 

Ttiiii  tliat  la  written  must  yet  be  accompUshed  in  me.  —  Luke 
xxii. 

5.  To   furnish    with    qualities    which   serve   to 


render  the  mind  or  body  compute,  as  Wjth  valuable 
endowments  :ind  el<-gant  manners. 

t).  To  arm  and  ecjuip. 

The  uniiwrrr^  accomplinhing  ihr  kuighlA.  ^'hak. 

Ae-eO.\I'PLISH-/i;D,  ;//>.  Finished  ;  cwnpleted  ;  ful- 
filled ;  executed;  clRctt^d. 

2.  a.  Well  endowed  with  good  qualities  and 
manners;  complete  in  acquireuK-nts ;  having  a 
finislird  (-duration ;  ap|)t:ed  usually  to  acquired 
qua]i(i(  atinii-,  without  including  moral  excellence. 

3.  ra>)iK.iKtl.le.  Su^ifU 
A€-eO.M'PLISil-ER,  H.     One  who  accomplislu's. 
A€-eOMTLISH-ING,  ppr.     Finishing;  compleiing; 

fulfilling;    executing;  effecting;  turnishing  with 
valuable  qualities. 
AC-eOM'PLISH-.MENT,    n.       t'o:npletion ;     folfiU- 
ment;  entire  performance;  as,  the  accomplishment 
of  a  prophecy. 

2.  The  act  of  carrying  into  effect,  or  obtaining  an 
object  designed  ;  attainment;  as,  l\\c  accompiishmcia 
of  our  desires  or  ends. 

3.  Acquirement ;  that  which  constitutes  excel- 
lence of  mind,  or  elegance  of  ma.mers,  acquired  by 
education. 

A€-eOMPT'.     [OI>s.]     See  AccotJNT. 

AC-eo.MPT'ANT.     [Obs.]     See  Accountant. 

AG-COUD',  Ti.  [Fr.  accord,  agreement,  consent ; 
accorder,  to  adjust,  or  reconcile  ;  Sp.  acordar  ;  .Ann. 
accord,  accordi ;  It.  accordo,  accordarc.  The  Lat. 
has  coticors,  concordo.  (4u.  cor  and  cordis,  the 
heart,  or  from  the  same  root.  In  some  of  its  appli- 
cations, it  is  naturally  deduced  from  chorda,  IL 
corda,  the  string  of  a  musical  instrument.] 

1.  Agreement ;  harmony  of  minds ;  consent  or 
concurrence  of  opinions  or  wills. 

TbL-y  all  coniuiueil  with  one  accord  in  prayer.  — Acts  i. 
9.  Concert ;  harmony  of  sounds ;  the  union  of 
different  sounds,  which  is  agreeable  lo  the  ear  ; 
agreement  in  pitch  and  tone ;  as,  the  accord  of 
notes  ;  but  in  this  sense  it  is  more  usual  to  employ 
concord  or  chord, 

3.  Agreement;  just  coiTcspondence  of  things;  as, 
the  accord  of  light  and  shade  in  painting. 

4.  Will ;  voluntary  or  spontaneous  motion ;  used 
of  the  will  of  persons,  or  the  natural  motion  of 
other  bodies,  and  preceded  by  oion. 

Eeinj;  more  forward  of  his  own  occoi-d.  —  '2  Cor.  viii. 
Th.tt  wliicli  groweth  oi  iis  own  accord  ttiou  sh^vlt  not  reap. 
Lev.  XXV, 

5.  Adjustment  of  a  difference;  reconciliation; 
as,  the  mediator  of  an  accord. 

6.  In  law,  an  agreement  between  parlies  in  con- 
troversy, by  which  satisfaction  for  an  injury  is 
stipulated,  and  which,  when  executed,  bars  a  suit. 

Blackstone. 

7.  Permission,  leave. 

A€-€ORD',  V.  L  To  make  to  agree,  or  correspond  ; 
to  adjust  one  thing  to  another. 

Her  hands  accorded  Uie  lute's  music  to  Ihc  vmce.         S'ldttey. 

2.  To  bring  lo  an  agrj;einont ;  to  setlle,  adjust,  or 
compose  ;  as,  to  accord  suits  or  controversies. 

Hale, 

3.  To  grant,  to  give,  to  concede  ;  as,  lo  accord  to 
one  due  praise. 

AC-CORD',  V.  u    To  agree  ;  to  be  in  correspondence. 

My  heart  accoriUA  with  my  lutin:ue.  ShaJc. 

2.  To  ?,sjee  in  pitch  and  tone. 

A€;-CORD'A-BLE,  a.    Agreeable;  consonant. 

Oower. 

A€)-CORD'ANGE,  n.  Agreement  witA  a  person  ;  con- 
formity iritJi.  a  tiling.  SkaJc. 

AC-CORD' ANT,  a.  Correspontling ;  consonant; 
agreeable. 

.AC-CORU'ANT-LY,  adv.  In  accordance  or  agree- 
ment. DwighL 

AC-CORD'KD, /i;i.     Made  to  asree  ;  adjusted. 

AC-CORD'ER,  n.     One  that  aids,  or  favors.     [Little 

USC-lI.] 

AC-CORD'ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Agreeing  ;  harmonizing. 

Th'  according  music  of  a  well-mixl  slate.  Pope. 

9.  Suitable;  agreeable;  in  accordance  with.  In 
these  senses,  the  word  agrees  with  or  relers  to  a 
sentence. 

Our  zeal  should  be  according  tokn<nvlcdge.  Sprat. 

Noble  is  the  fame  Uiat  Is  biiUt  on  cwndor  and  ingenuity,  accord- 
i7ig  to  Uiose  beautiful  lines  of  Sir  John  DeaTiani.     Sped. 

Here  the  whole  preceding  paits  of  the  sentence 
are  to  accord,  i.  e.  agree  with,  corresjxmd  with,  or 
be  suitable  to,  what  follows.  .According,  here,  has 
its  true  participial  sense,  asreeing,  and  is  followed 
by  to.     It  is  never  a  preposition. 

AC-CORD'ING-LY,  adv.  Agreeably;  suitably;  in  a 
manner  conformable  to. 

Those  who  live  in  faith  and  good  works,  will  be 
rewarded  arcordinglii. 

AC-CORD'I-ON,  V,  '[from  accord.]  A  small  keyed 
wind  instrument,  whose  tones  are  generated  by  the 
play  of  wind  upon  metallic  reeds.  It  is  a  small 
wind-chesl,  the  sides  of  which  are  made  to  fold  and 
expand  like  a  bellows.    On  the  top  are  apertures  in 


Fate,  far,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MeTE,  PREY.  — PLNE,  MARtNE,  BIRD.  — NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQOK.- 


10 


ACC 

wbich  the  reeds  are  inserted,  and  upon  which  the 
reeds  play.  Each  key  playing  on  two  apertures,  ihe 
reeds  of  Which  are  fiirnished'with  reversed  valves, 
is  made  to  command  two  successive  notes  in  the 
scale,  according  as  the  wind  is  drawn  in  by  expand- 
hig  the  chest,  or  forced  out  by  closing  it.  In  addi- 
tion to  the  keys,  there  is  a  slide  which  opens  upon 
r^?eds  attuned  to  the  harmonics  of  the  tonic  and 
dominant,  by  opening  which  the  air  has  an  har- 
monic accompaniment.  The  bottom  of  the  chest 
is  tumished  with  a  large  key,  by  which  the  chest 
may  be  opened,  and  suddenly  exhausted  or  filled, 
as  need  requires.  This  is  a  melodious  portable  in- 
strument, commanding  two  or  three  octaves  in  the 
diatonic  scale.  Prof.  Fitch. 

A€^eORTo-RATB,  r.  U     To  unite.    [-VoC  in.  use.] 
[See  Incorporate.]  JIUton~ 

ACCOST',   r.   L     [Ft.    aeafster;  ad  and   cvU,   side, 
border,  coast ;  G.  kiistei  D.  kast;  Dan.  kyst.] 

To  approach  J  to  draw  nearj  to  front,  or  face. 
\_^Yot  in  use.] 

2.  To  speak  first  to  ;  to  address.  JiHltoiu  Drijden. 
Ae-€OST',  F.  I.  To  adjoin.  [Xot  in  use.]  Spenser. 
AC-eOST'A-BLE,  a.     Easy  of  access  ;  familiar. 

HowelL 
A€^€OST'ED,  pp.  or  a.    Addressed  ;  first  spoken  to. 

In  heraldry.^  being  side  bv  side. 
A€J-€OST'r'XG,  pifT.     Addressing  by  firstspeakinsto. 
Ae-€OUCHE'ME.\T,  (ac-coosh'mong,)  n.  [Fr.]  Ds- 

liverv  in  child-bed. 
A€J-€6t"CH-EL'R',  (ac-coo-share',)  n.    [Fr.]    A  man 

who  assists  women  in  childbirth. 
AC-eOUN'T',  n,     [Fr.  conu ;  It.  coitto ;   Sp.   euenta  ; 

Ajto.  count;  an  account,  reckoning,  computation. 

Fonnerly  writers  used  accompt  from  the  Fr.  compte. 

See  CousT.] 
1.  A  sum  stated  on  paper  ;  a  registrj'  of  a  debt  or 

credit ;  of  debts  and  credits,  or  charges  ;  an  entry 

in  a  book  or  on  paper  of  things  bought  or  sold,  of 

payments,  services,   &c.,  including  the   names   of 

the  parties  to  the  transaction,  date,  and  price  or 

value  of  the  thing. 
Jicc4^;tnt  signifies  a  single  entr>',  or  charge,  or  a 

statement  of  a  number  of  particular  debts    and 

credits,  in  a  book  or  on  a  separate  paper;  and  in  the 

plural,  is  used  for  the  hooks  containing  such  entries. 
i  A  compulation  of  debts  and  credits,  or  a  general 

statement  of  particular  sums  ;  as,  the  account  stands 

tnus  i  let  him  exhibit  his  occoujU. 

3.  A  computation  or  mode  of  reckoning;  applied 
to  other  things  than  money  or  trade ;  as,  the  Julian 
account  of  time. 

4.  Narrative  ;  relation  ;  statement  of  facts  ;  recital 
of  particular  transactions  and  events,  verbal  or 
written ;  as,  an  accoutu  of  the  revolution  in  France. 
Hence, 

5.  An  assignment  of  reasons;  explanation  by  a 
recital  of  particular  transactions,  given  by  a  person 
in  an  employment,  or  to  a. superior,  often  implying 
responsibility ;  answering  for  conducL 

Gi*e  *n  (ucoufU  of  ihy  stewArtlsliip.  —  Luke  xri. 

Without  responsibility  or  obligation. 

He  giretb  oot  account  of  hb  molten.  —  Job  xxxiiL 


6.  Reason  or  consideration,  as  a  motive ;  as,  on 
all  accounts,  on  ever>'  account, 

7.  Value  ;  importance  ;  estimation  ;  that  is,  such 
a  state  of  persons  or  things  as  renders  them  worthy 
of  mure  or  less  estimation  ;  as,  men  of  account. 


8.  Profit ;  advantage  ;  that  is,  a  result  or  produc- 
tion worthy  of  estimation.  To  find  our  account  in 
a  pursuit ;  to  turn  to  account.    Philip,  iv. 

9.  Regard  ;  behalf;  sake ;  a  sense  deduced  from 
charges  on  book. 

Pui  that  lo  my  aceourU.  — Fbilem.  IS. 
To  inake  account,  that   is,  to   have    a   [vevtous 
opinion  or  expectation,  is  a  sense  now  obsolete. 

A  icrit  of  account,  in  law,  is  a  writ  which  the 
plaintitf  brings  demanding  that  the  defendant  sliould 
render  his  just  account,  or  show  good  cause  to  the 
contrary  :  called  also  an  action  of  account  Cowel. 
AG-eoU'\T',  B.  L  To  deem,  judge,  consider,  think, 
or  hold  in  opinion. 

I  and  my  soo  Solomon  shall  be  accounted  offervdera.  —  1  Kinjs  i. 

2.  To  account  of,  to  hold  in  esteem  ;  to  value. 


3.  To  reckon,  or  compute  ;  as,  the  motion  of  the 
sun  whereby  years  jtre  accounted;  also,  to  assign  as 
a  debt ;  as,  a  project  accounted  to  his  service ;  but 
these  uses  are  antiquated. 
Ae-eoU.\T',  V.  i.  To  render  an  account  or  relation 
of  particulars.  An  officer  must  account  with  or  to 
the  treasurer /wr  money  received. 

2.  To  give  reasons  ;  to  assign  the  causes  ;  to  ex- 
plain ;  with  for  ;  as,  idleness  accounts  for  poverty. 

3.  To  render  reasons  ;  to  answer  for  in  a  respon- 
sible character ;  as,  we  must  account  for  all  the  tal- 
ents intrusted  to  us. 

Ae-€OUNT-A-BIL'I-TY,  n.      The    state  of  being 


ACC 

liable  to  answer  fur  one's  conduct ;  liability  to  give 
account,  and  to  receive  reward  or  punishment  for 
actions. 

The  auj-ftJ  idea  of  aceourmbility.  R.  Hail. 

2.   Liability  to  the  payment  of  money  or  of  dam- 
ages ;  responsibility  fur  a  iriisL 
AC-eOUNT'.V-BLE,  a.     Liable   to  be   called   to   ac- 
count ;  answerable  to  a  superior:  as,  every  man  is 
accountable  to  God /or  his  conduct. 

2.   Subject  to  pay,  or  make  good,  in  case  of  loss. 
A  sherifl  is  accountable^  as  bailiff  and  receiver  of  goods. 
jlccountable  fur^  tliat  may   be  explained.      [J^Tot 
ele'rant] 
A€>-eOU.\T'A-BLE-XES5,  n.    Liableness  to  answer 
or  to  give  account ;  the  state  of  being  answerable, 
or  liable  to  the  pa>  inent  of  money  or  damages. 
A€^COUNT'A-BLY,  auc.    in  an  accountable  manner. 
Ae-€OUA'T'ANT,  n.    One  skilled  in  mercantile  ac- 
counts ;    more  generallj^,  a  person   who  keeps  ac- 
counts ;  an  officer  in  a  public  office  who  has  charge 
of  the  accounts.    In  Great  Britain,  an  officer  in  the 
Court  of  Chancery  who  receives  the  money  paid 
into  the  court,  and  deposits  it  in  the  liank,  is  called 
accouHttint-a^eneral, 
A€J-eOUNT'ANT-SHIP,  n.    The  office  or  employ- 
ment of  an  accountant. 
AC-eOUNT'-BgOK,  H.    A  book  in  which  accounts 

are  kept.  Swift. 

AC-eOUNT'ED,  pp.    Esteemed  ;  deemed ;    consid- 
ered ;  regarded ;  valued. 
Accounted  for ;  explained. 
AC-eOUNT'lXG,  ppr.    Deeming i  esteeming;  reck- 
oning; rendering  an  account. 

Accounting  for  i  rendering  an  account ;  assigning 
the  reasons  ;  unfolding  the  causes 
A€-eOU-\T'LVG,  ju    The  act  of  rcckoniug  or  adjust- 
ing accounts. 
AC-eOUP'L^,  (ac-cup'pJ,)  v.L    To  couple;  to  join 

or  link  together.     [See  Couple.] 
AC-eOUP'LE-MEiVT,  (ac-cup'p!-ment,)  n.     A  coup- 
lins ;  a  connecting  in  pairs  ;  junction.     [Little  used.] 
Ae-€OL'R'AGE,  fac-cur'age,)  c.  L     [See  Courage.] 

To  encourage.     [.Vue  used,]  Spenser. 

ACeoURT',  c.  U     [SeeCoLHT.]     To  entertain  with 

courtesy.     [jSTot  used.]  Spenser. 

A€^eOU'TER,   j  (ac-cool'er,)  c    t.      [Fr.   accouirer ; 
.■\€^eOU'TRE,   \      contracted  from   accoustrer,   from 
Norm.  costCy  a  coat,  coster,  a  rich  cloth  or  vestment 
for  festivals.     Ithmk  this  to  be  the  true  origin  of 
the  word,  rather  than  coudre,  couture,  couturier.] 

In  a  general  sense,  to  dress  ;  to  equip  ;  but  appro- 

priatelij,  to  array  in  a  mililarj"  dress  ;  to  put  on,  or 

to  furnish  with  a  military'  dress  and  anus  ;  to  equip 

the  body  for  uiilit;irv  ser^'ice. 

A€-€OU'TER-ED,  )'pp.  Dressed  inarms;  equipped. 

AC-eOU'TRED,      (  BeMie. 

A€-eOU'TER-LXG,  ppr.     Equipping  with  military 

habiliments. 
AC-COU'TER-MENTS,  i  n.   pL      Dress  ;    equipage  ; 
AC-eOU'TRE-MENTS,  (      furniture   for  the  body  ; 
appropriately,  military  dress  and  arms  ;    equipage 
for  niDitary  service. 
3.   In  common  usage,  an  old  or  unusual  dress. 
AC-eOY',  V.  L  [old  Fr.  accoisir.] 

To  render  quiet  or  diffident ;  to  soothe  ;  lo  caress. 
[pb^\]  Spenser. 

Ae-CRED'IT,  V.  U  [Fr.  accredUer;  Sp.  acreditar ;  It. 
accrediiare;  to  give  authority  or  reputation  ;  from 
L.  ad  and  credo,  to  believe,  or  give  faith  to.  See 
Credit.] 

To  give  credit,  authority,  or  reputation  ;  lo  accred- 
it an  envoy,  is  to  receive  him  in  his  public  character, 
and  give  him  credit  and  rank  accordingly. 
AC-CRED-IT-a'TION,  n.    That  which  gives  title  to 

crediL     [Little  used.] 
AC-e RED' IT-ED,  pp.  or  a.    Allowed  ;  received  with 
reputation  ;  authorized  in  a  public  character. 

ChrisL  Ob.i. 
A€^eRED'IT-L\G,  ppr.    Giving  authority  or  repu- 
tation. 
A€-€RES'CENT,  a.    [See  Accretion.]   Increasing. 

_  SfiucJiford. 

A€^€Re'TIOX,  7u  [L.  accrctio,  increase  ;  accres'eo, 
to  increase,  literally,  lo  grow  to ;  ad  and  crcsco ; 
Eng.  accrue;  Ft.  accruitre.  See  Increase,  Accrde, 
Grow.] 

1.  A  grow^ing  to ;  an  increase  by  natural  growth  ; 
applied  to  the  increase  of  organic  btpdies  by  the  ac- 
cession of  parts.  "  Arbuihnot. 

2.  An  increase  by  an  accession  of  parts  exter- 
nally. Bacoiu 

3.  In  the  civil  law,  the  adhering  of  property  to 
something  else,  by  which  the  owner  of  one 
thing  becomes  possessed  of  a  right  to  another  ;  as, 
when  a  legacy  is  left  to  two  per^ims,  and  one  of 
ihem  dies  before  th^  testator,  the  legacy  devolves  to 
the  survivor  by  risht  of  accretion.  Encyc. 

Ae^€Rr_M-I-.NA'TI(:)N,  JU     Accusation. 
AG-GRE'TIVE,  a.    Increasing  by  growth  ;  growing; 

adding  to   by   growth ;  as,  the  accrtlive  motion  of 

plants. 
ACCROACH',  V.  i.     [Fr.  acerocher,  to  fix  on  a  hook  ; 


ACC 

from  croc,  crochtt,  a  hook,  from   the  same  elements 
as  crook,  which  see.] 

1 .  To  htKik,  or  draw  to,  as  with  a  hook  ;  but  in 
this  sense  not  used. 

2.  To  encroach ;  to  draw  away  from  another. 
Hence,  in  old  laws,  to  assume  tlie  exercise  of  royal 
prerogatives.  BUtckstont. 

The  noun  accroachment,  an  encroachment,  or  at- 
tempt to  exercise  royal  power,  is  rarely  or  never 
used.     [See  Encroach.] 

A€>-CRUE',  (ac-cru',)  c.  i.  [Fr.  aeeroitre,  accru,  to  in- 
crease ;  L.  accresco,  cresco  ;  Sp.  crecer  and  acrecer  i 
iL  crescere,  accrescere  ;  Port,  crecer;  Arm-  crisgu] 

Literally,  to  grow  to ;  hence,  to  arise,  proceed  or 
come  ;  lo  be  added,  as  increase,  profit,  or  damage  ; 
as,  a  profit  accrues  to  government  from  the  coinage 
of  CdpfKjr ;  a  loss  accrues  from  the  coinage  of  gold 
and  silver. 

AC-GRuE',  (ac-cru',)  n.  Something  that  accedes  to 
or  follows  the  property  of  another.     [06.^.] 

AC-CRU'ING,  pjrr.  Growing  to;  arising;  coming; 
being  added. 

AC-CRO'jIE.VT,  n.  Addition  ;  increase.  [lAttle 
used.]  .Montagu. 

Ae-€U-B.4'TIO\,  n.  [L.  accubatio,  a  reclining,  from 
ada.i\i\  cubo,  to  lie  down.  See  Cube.]  A  lying  or 
rt-cliniug  on  a  couch,  as  the  ancients  at  their  meals. 
The  manner  was  lo  recline  on  low  beds  or  couches, 
with  the  head  resting  on  a  pillow  or  on  the  elbow. 
Two  or  three  men  lay  on  one  bed,  the  feet  of  one 
extended  behind  the  back  of  another.  This  prac- 
tice was  not  permitted  among  soldiers,  children, 
and  servants;  nor  was  it  known,  until  luxury  had 
corrupted  manners.  Encyc 

AC-CUAIB',  p.  i.  [L.  accumbo ;  ad  and  cubo.]  To 
recline,  as  at  table.     [J'li'it  used.] 

AC-eUM'BEN-CV,  Ti.  Stale  of  being  accumbent  or 
reclining. 

AG-CUM'BEXT,  a.  [L.  accumbens,  accumbo,  from 
cubo.  See  Accubation.]  Leaning  or  reclining,  as 
the  ancients  at  their  meds. 

In  bvtanij,  when  one  part  of  an  organ  is  applied 
to  another  by  its  edge,  it  is  said  to  be  accumbenL 

Brande. 

AC-eOOlU-LATE,  V.  U  [L.  accumvlo;  ad  and  cu- 
viulo,  to  heap;  cumulus,  a  heap;  Sp.  acumular;  IL 
accurniilarc  :  Fr.  accuuiuler,  comblcr.] 

1.  To  heap  up ;  to  pile  ;  to  amass ;  as,  to  accumu,- 
late  earth  or  stones. 

2.  To  collect  or  bring  together;  as,  to  accumulate 
causes  of  misery  ;  to  accumuUite  wealth. 

Ae-CO'MU  LATE,  v.  L     To   gruw   to  a  great  size, 

number,  or  quantity  ;  to  increase  greatly  ;  as,  public 

evils  accumulate. 
AC-CCMU-LATE,    a.      CoUected  into    a  mass  or 

quantity.  Bacon. 

A€-Cu'MU  LA-TED,;jp.  or  a.     Collected  into  a  heap 

or  great  quantity. 
aA-CJ-GuWIU-La-TING,  pftr.    Heaping  up  ;  amassing; 

increasing  areaiiv. 
AG-CO-MU  L.A''1'10N,  n.     The  act  of  accumulating  ; 

the    slate  of    being    accunmlated  ;    an   amassing ; 

a  colleciing  together  ;   as,  an  accumulation  of  earth 

or  of  evils. 

2.  In  law,  the  concurrence  of  several  titles  to  the 
same  thiug,  or  of  several  circumstances  lo  the  same 
proof.  Encyc 

3.  In  universities,  an  accumulation  of  degrees,  is 
the  taking  of  several  together,  oral  smaller  intervals 
Uian  usual,  or  than  is  aflowed  bv  the  rules.  Encuc 

AC-eO'MU-LA-TIVE,  a.  That 'accumulates  ;  heap- 
ing up;  accumulating. 

AC-GO'.MU-L.\-TIVE-LY,  ado.  In  an  accumulative 
manner;  in  heaps. 

AG-GOTdL'-LA-TOR,  n.  One  that  accumulates, 
gathers,  or  amasses. 

.\G'eL-H.A-CY,  n.  [h.  accuratio,  from  accurare,  to 
take  c;u-e  of;  ad  and  curare,  to  take  care;  cura^ 
care.     See  Care.] 

1.  Exactness  ;  exact  conformity  to  truth  ;  or  lo  a 
rule  or  model ;  freedom  from  mistake  ;  nicety  ;  cor- 
rectness; precision  which  results  from  care.  The 
accuracy  of  ideas  or  opinions  is  conformity  lo  truth. 
The  value  of  testimony  depends  on  its  accuracy ; 
copies  of  legal  insiiunients  should  be  taken  with 
accuraaj. 

2.  Closeness ;  tightness ;  as,  a  lube  sealed  with 
accuracy. 

AG'CU-RATE,  a.  [L.  accuratus.]  In  exact  con- 
formity to  truth,  or  to  a  standard  or  rule,  or  to  a 
model ;  free  from  failure,  error,  or  defect ;  as,  an 
accurate  account ;  accurate  measure ;  an  accurate 
expression. 

2.  Determinate ;  precisely  fixed ;  as,  one  body 
may  not  have  a  very  accurate  intluence  on  another. 

BiiCJtn. 

3.  Close;  perfectly  tight;  as,  an  accuraU  sealing 
or  lutins. 

AG'CU  RATE-LY,  adv.  Exactly ;  hi  an  accurate 
manner;  with  precision;  wittiout  error  or  defect; 
as,  a  writing  accnratehj  copied. 

2.  Closely  ;  so  as  to  be  perfectly  tight ;  as,  a  vial 
accurately  stopped.  Comstack. 


TONE,  BJJLL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CI0US.— €  as  K ;  6  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


ACE 


ACE 


ACH 


n 


Accurucy ;      exaclnesjii 


AtJ'CU-UATE-XESS, 

nirrty  ;  |irecisinii. 
AtJ-eUKSi;',  (at-riirs',)  v.  t.     [Jic^  for  <m/,  and  curse.] 

To  tlfvott^  to  ik'struclion  ;  to  iriiprt'ciUe  misery  or 

evil  uiMiii.     [  7'Aw  vtrb  is  rarely  used.     See  Curse.] 
AC-GVliS'Kl},  pp.  or  a.  (parU  pnmcninced  ac-ciiret' i 

adj.  ac-ciirs'etl.     DiH>ine(i  to  destmclion  or  misery.) 

The  city  ihall  bp  accurted.  —John  vi. 

2.  Pep:iraifd   Oom  the  raitlifiil ;  cast  out  of  the 

church  j  r\coiiiiiiuuicated. 

I  ctmkl  wish  mys'll  accuntd  from  ChrisL  Hi-  Pnul, 

3.  Wtirtliy  uf  the  curse  ;  detrstahle  ;  execrable. 

Kt'ep  from  the  accurted  tiling.  —  Jo«h.  vi. 
Hence, 

4.  Wicked  ;  inaligimnt  in  the  extreme. 
Ae-Cu'SA-IUjK,  tu     'I'hat  may  be  accused  ;  chargea- 
ble   with   a   crime  ;    blamablc  ;  liable   to   ceui^ure  ; 
(ulliiwi^d  by  of. 

AC'€v'$.\'ST,  n.    One  who  accuses.  HaU. 

AC-tO  SA'TIOX,  M.     The  act  uf  charging  with  a 

crime  or  offense ;  the  act  of  accusing  of  any  wrong 

or  injustice. 
■3.  The  charge  of  an  offense  or  crime  j  or  the 

dechiration  containing  the  charge. 

They  set  over  \ua  head  hia  occtwUtoii.  —  Matl.  xxvii, 
AG-eO'SA-TIVE,  a,  or  n.     A  term  given  to  a  case 

of  nouns,  in  grammars,  on  which  the  action  of  a 

verb  terminates  or  falls ;  called  in  English  grammar 

lilt?  objective  case. 
AC-€0'SA-TIVE-LY,  ode.    [n  an  accusative  manner. 
'J.  [n  relation  to  the  accusative  case  in  grammar. 
AC-CC'S.\-TO-RY,  a.      Accusing;    containing    aji 

accusation  ;  as,  an  accusaiory  libel. 
AC-COSE',  V.  U     [L.  acctuo,  to  blanie,  or  accuse  ; 

ad  and  ccttsory  to  blame,  or  accuse ;  caiwa,  blame, 

suit,  or  process,  cause  ;  Ft.  accuser  ;  Sp.  acasar  ;  Port. 

accusar;  ft.  accusare;  Arm.  accusi.     The  sense  is,  to 

attack,  to  drive  against,  to  charge  or  to  fall  upon. 

See  Cause.] 

1.  To  charge  with,  or  declare  to  have  committed  a 
crime,  either  by  plaint,  or  complaint,  information,  in- 
dictment, or  impeachment ;  to  charge  with  an  offense 
against  the  laws,  judicially  or  by  a  public  process  j 
as,  to  accuse  one  of  a  high  crime  or  misdemeanor. 

2.  To  charge  with  a  fault ;  to  blame. 

Their  thoughts  in  \]k  meanwhile  accusing  or  else  excusing  one 
anoihei.  —  Itom.  ii. 

It  is  followed  by  o/ before  the  subject  of  accusa- 
tion ;  the  use  of  for  afler  this  verb  is  illegitimate. 

AC-CCS'f7D,  pp.  or  a.  Charged  with  a  crime,  by  a 
legal  process  ;  charged  with  an  offense  ;  blamed. 

AC-GOS'ER,  n.  One  who  accuses  or  blames ;  an 
officer  who  prefers  an  accusation  against  another 
fur  some  offense,  in  the  name  of  the  government, 
before  a  tribunal  that  has  cognizance  of  the  offense. 

AC-COS'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Charging  with  a  crime; 
blaming. 

A€;-CUS^TOM,  u.  L  [Fr.  accoulmner^  from  ad  and 
coutume^  coustuine,  custom.     See  Custom.] 

To  make  familiar  by  use  ;  to  form  a  habit  by 
practice;  to  habituate  or  inure;  as,  to  accasto-m 
one's  self  to  a  spare  diet. 

AC-eUS'TOM,  w.  u  To  be  wont,  or  habituated  to 
do  any  thing.     [^Little  used.] 

9.  To  cohabit.     [J^ot  usnL]  MUtxm. 

A€>CUS'TOM,  71.     Custom.     [JVo(  used.]      MUton. 

AC-eUS'TOM-A-BLE,  a.  Of  long  custom  ;  habit- 
ual ;  customary-.     {LiUle  used.] 

AC-CUS'TOiM-A-BLY,  adv.  According  to  custom 
or  habit.     [Little  used.] 

AC  eUS'TOM-.\NCE.  n.  Custom  ;  habitual  use  or 
practice.     {JSTot  u-sn/.l  Boyle. 

Ae-eUS'TOM-A-Rl-LY,arfD.  According  to  custom  or 
common  practice.   [SeeCusroMARiLv.l"  [Li«ieu,-.c(/.l 

Ae-€US'TO.M-A-RY,  a.  Usual ;  customarj-.  [See 
Customary.]     [Little  used.] 

AC-€US'TOM  KD,  pp.  lit-ing  familiar  by  use; 
habituated  ;  inured. 

2.  a.  Usual ;  often  practiced  ;  as,  in  their  acaus- 
Unixed  manner. 

Ae-eUS'TOM-lNG,ppr.  .Making  familiar  by  prac- 
tice ;  inuring. 

aCE,  n.  [L.  £ts,  a  unit  or  pound  ;  Fr.  tw:  It.  asso; 
D.  aas;  G.  ass ;  Sp.  as."] 

1.  A  unit ;  a  single  point  on  a  card  or  die  ;  or  the 
card  or  die  so  marked. 

2.  A  very  small  quantity ;  a  particle ;  an  atom  ; 
a  trifle ;  as,  a  creditor  will  not  abate  an  ace  of  his 
demand. 

A'CEL'DA  MA,  n.  [Ch.  h-p-r\^  a  field,  and  Nan,  Ch. 
Syr.  and  Sam.,  blood.] 

A  field  said  to  have  lain  south  of  Jerusalem,  Ihe 
same  as  the  potter's  field,  purchased  with  the 
bribe  which  Judas  took  for  betraying  hi-^  masu  r, 
and  therefore  called  the  field  of  blmid.  It  was  a|K 
propriated  to  the  intennent  of  strangers. 
A-CEPH'A-LAN,  n.  i  [Gr.  aKe<t>aXo..]  Terms  ap- 
A-CEPH'.-\-LA,  n.  pi.  \  plied  to  a  class  of  mollus- 
cous animals,  comprehending  those  which  have  no 
head,  as  the  oyster  and  muscle.  Bell. 


.\-CEPII'A-IJ,  H.  pi.  IGr.  a  and  ^c/iuA*;.!  A  sect  Ki( 
Icvehrs  wlio  ackuowlcd^'ed  nn  chu-f  or  head. 

A-CEPU'A  LIST,  n.  One  who  acknowledges  no 
head  or  sviperior. 

A-CEPir.\-LOUS,  a.  [Gr.  a  priv.  and  K£<pa\r),  a 
head.] 

1.  Without  a  head^  headless.  In  history,  the 
term  Accphali  was  given  to  several  seels  who 
refused  to  follow  some  noted  leader,  and  to  such 
bishops  as  were  exempt  from  the  jurisdiction  and 
discipline  of  their  patriarch.  It  was  also  given  to 
certain  levelers  who  acknowledged  no  head  in  the 
reign  of  Henry  I.  It  was  also  applied  to  the 
Blemmyes,  a  pretended  nation  of  Africa,  and  to 
other  tribes  in  the  East,  whom  ancient  naturalists 
represented  as  having  no  hear! ;  their  eyes  and 
mouth  being  placed  in  other  parts.  Modern  dis- 
coveries have  dissipated  these  litiions.  In  Enslish 
laws,  men  who  held  lands  of  no  particular  lord, 
and  clergymen  who  were  under  no  bishop. 

LL.  Hen.  /.  Cowcl. 

2.  In  botaiiij,  applied  to  ovaries,  the  style  of 
wliich  springs  from  their  base,  instead  of  their 
apex.  Brande. 

',i.  In  anattnny,  applied  to  a  fetus  having  no  head. 

A-CEPH'A-LUS,  n.  An  obsolete  name  of  thetteniaor 
tape-worm,  which  was  formerly  supposed  to  have 
no  head  ;  an  error  now  exploded.  The  terra  is  also 
used  to  express  a  verse  defective  in  the  beginning. 

ACE'-POINT,  71.  The  side  of  a  card  or  die  that  has 
but  one  spot. 

AC'E-R.\N,  71.      i      [Gr.   a  priv.  and  »ff,oaf,  horn.] 

AC'E-RA,  71.  pi.  \  Terms  applied  to  a  family  of 
apterous  insects,  without  antenna;  ;  and  to  a  family 
of  gastropod  molluscous  animals,  without  tentacles. 

Brande. 

A-CERB',  a.  [L.  acerbiisj  G.  herbe,  harsh,  sour,  tart, 
bitter,  rough,  wiience  kcrbst,  autumn,  herbslictt, 
harvest  time  ;  D.  hrrfst,  harvest.     See  Harvest.] 

Sour,  bitter,  and  harsh  to  the  taste;  sour,  with 
astringency  or  roughness ;  a  quality  of  unripe 
fruits.  Q^aincy. 

A-CERB'ATE,  v.  L  To  make  sour,  bitter,  or  harsh 
to  the  taste. 

A-CERB' A -TING,  ppr.     Making  sour. 

A-CEKB'I-TY,  7i.  A  sourness  with  bitterness  and 
astringency. 

2.  Harshness,  bitterness,  or  severity  ;  applied  to 
persons  or  things;  as,  acerbity  of  temper,  acerbity 
ofpain.  Ban-mo. 

A-CER'ie,  a.  [L.  acer^  a  maple-tree.]  Pertaining  to 
the  maple ;  obtained  from  the  maple  ;  as,  acerlc  acid. 

Urc. 

A-CER'I-DkS,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  a  priv.  and  KJjpos,  wax.] 
Plasters  made  without  wax.  Parr. 

AC'ER-OSE,  )  a,     [L.   accrosus^   chaffy,   from    actts, 

AC'ER-OUS,  \  chaff,  or  a  point,]  In  botany^  chaffy  ; 
resembling  chaff. 

2.  An  acerous  or  acerose  leaf  is  one  which  is 
linear  and  permanent,  in  form  c  f  a  needle,  as  in 
pine.  Martijit. 

A-CER'RA,  71.  [L.]  In  Roman  attiquity,  a  vessel 
in  which  incense  was  burnt ;  a  cei  ser. 

jidam^s  Ant. 

A-CERV'AL,  a.     Pertaining  to  a  he;  p. 

A-CERV'aTE,  v.  U    To  heap  up. 

A-CERV'ATE,  a.  In  natural  liisiory,  heaped,  or 
growing  in  heaps,  or  in  closely  coiipacted  clusters. 

A-CERV'oSE,  a.     Full  of  iieaps.     [  Obs.] 

A-CES'CENCE,    i  n.      [L.    acescen. ,    turning    sour, 

A-CES'CEN-CY,  \  from  accsco.  See  Acid.]  A 
turning  sour  by  spontaneous  decomposition,  and 
hence  a  being  moderately  sour  ;  a  tendency  to  turn 
sour. 

A-CES'CENT,  a.  Turning  sour  ;  readily  becoming 
tart  or  acid  by  spontaneous  decomposition.  Hence, 
slightly  sour ;  but  the  latter  sense  is  usually  ex- 
pressed by  acidulous  or  sub-acid.  JVicholsan. 

A-CES'TIS,  71.  [Gr.j  A  factitious  sort  of  chryso- 
colla,  made  of  Cyprian  verdigris,  urine,  and  niter. 

Cue. 

A-CE-TAB'U-LUM,  n.  [L.  from  acctwn,  vinegar. 
See  Acid.]  Among  the  Romans,  a  vinegar  cruse 
or  like  vessel,  and  a  measure  of  about  one  eighth 
of  a  pint. 

1.  In  anatomy,  the  cavity  of  a  bone  for  receiving 
the  protuberant  end  of  another  bone,  and  therefore 
forming  the  articulation  called  cnarthrosis.  It  is 
used  especially  for  the  cavity  of  the  os  innomina- 
tum,  which  receives  the  head  of  the  thigh  bone. 

2.  A  glandular  substance  found  in  the  placenta 
of  some  animals. 

3.  In  botany,  the  trivial  name  of  a  species  of 
Peziza,  the  cup  peziza ;  so  called  from  its  resem- 
blance to  a  cup. 

4.  It  is  sometimes  used  in  the  sense  of  cotyledon. 

5.  A  species  of  lichen.  Cifc. 

6.  In  cntimolo-ry,  the  socket  on  the  trunk,  in 
which  the  leg  is  inserted.  Brande. 

7.  A  sucker  of  the  Sepia  or  cuttle-fish,  and  of 
other  similar  molluscous  animals.  Brande. 

AC-E-TA'RI-OUS,  u.  Used  in  salads;  as,  acetarious 
p\^Tits.  Brande. 


AC'E-TA-RY,  71.  [See  Acid.]  An  acid  pulpy  sub- 
stance in  certain  fruits,  as  tlie  pear,  inclosed  in  a 
congeries  of  small  calculous  bodies,  toward  the 
base  of  the  fruit.  Grew. 

AC'E-TaTE,  71.  A  salt  fonned  by  the  union  of 
acetic  acid  with  any  salifiable  base. 

.\C'E-Ta-TED,  a.     Combined  with  acetic  acid. 

A-CE'TIC,  a.  Relating  to  acetic  acid ;  as,  acetic 
ether.  Ure. 

A-Ck'TIC  acid,  71.  An  acid  composed  of  carbon, 
hydrogen,  and  oxygen,  always  in  the  same  uni- 
form and  definite  proportions.  It  exists  in  vinegar 
ina  dilute  and  impure  state. 

A-Ci:-TI-FI-eA''l'ION,  7J,  The  act  of  making  ace- 
tous or  sour  ;  or  the  operation  of  making  vinegar. 

Cyc. 

A-CeT'I-F1?,  v.  t.    To  convert  into  acid  or  vinegar. 

Aikin. 

A-CeT'I-F?,  v.  i.   To  turn  acid.  Encyc.  Dom.  Earn. 

AC-E-TIM'E-TER,  71.  [L.  acctum,  vinegar,  and 
fitrpuv,  measure.] 

An  instrument  for  ascertaining  the  strength  of 
vinegar.  Ure. 

AC-E-TIM'E-TRY,  71.  The  act  or  method  of  ascer- 
taining the  strength  of  vinegar,  or  the  proportion 
of  acetic  acid  contained  in  it.  Ure. 

AC'E-ToNE,  h.  a  new  chemical  name  for  the 
pyro-acetic  spirit.  Ure. 

A-Cf.'TOUS,  (a.     1.  Sour;  acid;  as,  acetous  siiirit. 

AC-E-ToSE',  i  Boyle. 

2.  Causing  acetification  ;  as,  acfioiui  fermentation. 

A-Ce'TOUS  acid,  71.  A  tenn  formerly  applied  to 
impure  and  dilute  acetic  acid,  under  the  notion  that 
it  was  composed  of  carbon  and  hydrogen  in  the 
same  proportions  as  in  acetic  acid,  but  with  less 
oxygen.  It  is  now  known  that  no  t:uch  acid  exists, 
so^hat  tliis  term  is  not  now  in  use. 

A-Ce'TUM,  n.  [L.  See  Acjd.]  Vinegar;  a  sour 
liquor,  obtained  from  vegetables  dissolved  in  boiling 
water,  and  from  fennented  and  spirituous  liquors, 
by  exposing  them  to  heat  and  air.  This  process  is 
called  the  acid  or  acetous  fermentation. 

aCHE,  (ake,)  v.  i.    [Ssix.  ace,  ece ;  Gr.  l^xu^^,  to  ache  or 
be  in  pain  ;  oxo<;,  pain.    Tlie  primary  sense  is,  to  be 
pressed.     Perhaps  the  Oriental  ^yyg,  to  press.] 
Ake  would  be  a  better  spelling  of  this  word. 

1.  To  suffer  pain  ;  to  have  or  be  in  pain,  or  in 
continued  pain  ;  as,  the  head  aches. 

2.  To  suffer  grief,  or  extreme  grief;  to  be  dis- 
tressed ;  as,  the  heart  aches. 

ACHE,  (ake,)  n.  Pain,  or  continued  pain,  in  opposi- 
tit)n  to  sudden  twinges,  or  spasmodic  pain.  It  de- 
ntttes  a  more  moderate  degree  of  p;iin  than  pang, 
aiifridsh,  and  torture. 

A-CHE'AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  Achaia  in  Greece,  and 
to  a  celebrated  league  or  confederacy  estahlished 
there.  This  state  lay  on  the  Gulf  of  Corinth,  v\  iih- 
in  Peloponnesus. 

A-CHe'NI-UM,  7(.  [Gr.  axriv,  poor.]  In  botany,  a 
small  bony  fruit,  consisting  of  a  single  seed,  wh'ch 
neither  adheres  to  the  pericarp  nor  opi ns  whru  ripe. 

A-CIIERN'AR,  n.  A  star  of  the  first  uiugnimdc  iii  the 
soutlicrn  extremity  of  the  conslellatinii  Endanus. 

ACII'E-RON,  71.  [Gr.  u\r»s,  pain,  and  />'>w5,  a  river 
or  stream.]  A  fabled  river  of  hell  or  the  lower  re- 
gions. Ancient  Poets. 

ACH'ER-SET,  n.  An  ancient  measure  of  com,  s\i\>- 
posed_to  be  about  eight  bushels.  Enciic. 

A-CHIeV'A-BLE,  a.  [See  Achieve.]  That  "may 
be  perfi)rmed.  Burrow. 

A-CHIeV'ANCE,  71.    Performance.  Ehjot 

A-CHIiiVE',  V.  t.  [Fr.  achever,  to  finish  ;  Arm. 
acchui;  old  Fr.  chever,  to  come  to  the  end,  from  Fr. 
chef,  the  head  or  end;  old  Eng.  ehevc ;  Sp.  and 
Port,  acabar,  from  cabo,  end,  cape.     See  Chief.] 

1.  To  perform,  or  execute  ;  to  accomplish ;  to 
finish,  or  carry  on  to  a  final  close.  It  is  appropri- 
ately used  for  the  effect  of  efforts  matie  by  the 
hand  or  bodily  exertion ;  as,  deeds  achieved  by  valor. 

2.  To  gain  or  obtain,  as  the  result  of  exertion. 

Show  all  the  spoils  by  valiant  kings  achieved.  Prior. 


Performed  ;    obtained  ;    accom- 
The    performance    of  an 


ACHIEVED,  pp. 

plished. 
A-CHlEVE'MENT, 

action. 

2.  A   great  or  heroic  deed ;    something   accom- 
plished by  valor,  or  boldness. 

3.  An  obtaining  by  exertion. 

4.  An  escutcheon  or  ensigns  armorial,  granted 
for  the  performance  of  a  great  or  honorable  action. 

Eneyc. 

A-CHIeVER,  71-  One  who  accomplishes  a  purpose, 
or  obtains  an  object  by  his  exertions. 

A-CHIeV'ING,  ppr.  Performing;  executing;  gain- 
ing. 

ACH'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  [See  Ache.]  Being  In  pain  ; 
suffering  distress. 

ACH'ING,  77.     Pain  ;  continued  pain  or  distress. 

A'CHI-OTE,  n.  The  anotta,  a  tree,  and  a  drug 
used  for  dyeing  red.  The  bark  of  the  tree  makes 
good  cordage,  and  the  wood  is  used  to  excite  fire 
by  friction.     [See  Anotta.]  Clavigero. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T.-MeTE,  PR^Y.-PTNE.  MARINE,  BIRD.-NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK. - 
19  ~ 


ACI 

AeH'I-RITE,  71,     A  sviionvm  of  Dioptase. 

A-eHLAM-VD'E-UUS,  a,  '[n  neg.  and  Gr.  \X(i/iu?,  a 
gannenU]  In  botany^  naked,  having  no  floral  en- 
velope Lindley. 

A'CHOR,  n,     [Gr.  axiop^  sordes  capitis.] 

1.  The  scald  heqd,  a  disease  forming  scaly  erup- 
tions, supposed  to  be  a  critical  evacuation  of  acri- 
monious humors  j  a  species  of  herpes. 

Hooper.      Quincy. 

2.  In  mythology,  the  god  of  flies,  said  to  have 
been  worshiped  by  the  Cyreneans,  to  avoid  being 
vexed  bv  those  insects.  Encyc. 

AeH-RO-'JL\T'i€,  a.  [Gr.  a  priv.  and  x-ot^MOj 
color.] 

Destitute  of  color.  Achromatic  telescopes  are 
formed  of  a  combination  of  lenses,  which  separate 
the  variously  colored  rays  of  light  to  equal  angles 
of  divergence,  at  different  angles  of  refraction  of 
the  mean  ray.  In  this  case,  the  rays  being  made 
to  refract  toward  contrary  parts,  the  whole  ray  is 
caused  to  deviate  from  its  course,  without  being 
separated  into  colors,  and  the  optical  aberration 
arising  from  the  various  colors  of  light,  is  pre- 
vented.   This  telescope  is  an  invention  of  Dollond. 

J^iclioLsoiu 

A€H-RO-MA-TIC'I-TY,  n.  The  state  of  being 
achromatic. 

ACH-RCilA-TISM,  n  [Gr.  a  priv.  and  xp'^ftOj 
color.f 

1.  The  destruction  of  the  primary  colors,  which 
accompany  the  image  of  an  object  seen  tlimu^h  a 
prism  or  lens.  Brande. 

2,  The  state  of  being  achromatic ;  as,  the  achro- 
matism of  a  lens.  Cyc. 

A-Cie'U-L^E,  71,  pL  [L.  aciciOa.']  The  spines  or 
prickles  of  some  animals  and  plants.  Cyc. 

A-CI€'tT-LAR,  a.  [L.  acicula^  Priscian,  a  needle, 
from  Gr.  a<frj,  L.  acies,  a  point.     See  Acid.] 

In  the  shape  of  a  needle ;  having  sharp  points 
like  needles.  Kirwan.     Martyti. 

An  acicular  prism  is  when  the  crj'stals  are  slender 
and  straight.  Phillips. 

A-Cie'TJ-IjAR-LY,  adv.  In  the  manner  of  needles, 
or  prickles. 

A-CIC'U-LATE,  a.  [L.  acictda,  a  needle.]  In  the 
form  of  a  needle. 

A-CI€'lI-LI-FORM,  a.    Having  the  form  of  needles. 

ACID,  a.  [L.  acidus  ;  Sax.  a:ccd,  vinegar  ;  from  the 
root  of  acies^   edge;  Gr.  ami;  W.  awe,  an  edge  or 

••   point.     See  Edge.] 

Sour,  sharp  or  oiting  to  the  taste ;  having  the 
taste  of  vinegar  ;  as,  acid  fruits  or  liquors. 

ACID,  n.  In  common  lav^ua^e,  a  sour  substance. 
In  chemistry,  a  compountf  capable  of  uniting  with 
salifiable  bases,  and  thereby  forming  salts.  An  acid 
may  be  composed  either  of  a  simple  or  compound 
acidifiable  base  united  with  one  or  more  acidifying 
principles.  Those  acids  which  were  first  recog- 
nized were  sour  to  the  taste  (hence  the  name)  and 
capable  of  reddening  blue  vegetable  colors.  Many 
acids  are  now  known  which  have  neither  of  these 
properties.  .\n  acid  is  always  the  electro-negative 
ingredient  of  a  saJL 

AC-ID-IF'ER-OUS,  a.  [acid  and  L.  fero.']  Con- 
taining acids,  or  an  acid. 

Aciiliferous  minerals  are  such  as  consist  of  an 
earth  combined  with  an  acid,  as  carbonate  of  lime, 
ahiminite,  &c.  Phillips. 

A-CID'I-FT-A-BLE,  a,  [from  acidify.] 

Capable  of  being  converted  into  an  acid,  by  union 
with  an  acidifvins  principle. 

A-CID-I-FI-CA'TlOx,    n.      The   act   or    process   of 
acidifying  or  changing  into  an  acid. 

A-CID'I-FI  .ED,  pp.  Made  acid  ;  converted  into  an 
acid. 

A-CID'I-FI-ER,  n,  A  simple  or  compound  principle, 
whose  presence  is  necessarj*  for  acidity.  The  ele- 
mentary acidifying  principles  are  oxygen,  chlorine, 
bromine,  iodine,  fluorine,  sulphur,  selenium,  and 
tellurium.  Cyanogen  may  be  named  as  an  exam- 
ple of  a  compound  acidifying  principle,  and  prob- 
ably there  are  one  or  two  more.  No  acid  is  known 
which  does  not  contain  one  of  these  substances. 

A-CID'I-F?,  V.  t,  [acid  and  L.facio.] 

To  make  acid  ;  but  appropriately,  to  convert  into 
an  acid,  chemically  so  called,  by  combination  with 
any  substance. 

A-CID'I-F?-IXG,  ppr.  or  a.  Making  acid;  convert- 
ing into  an  acid  ;  having  power  to  change  into  an 
acid.  Oxygen  is  called  an  acUUfying  principle  or 
element. 

AC-ID-IM'E-TER,  n.  [add  and  Gr.  iitrpov,  meas- 
nre.] 

An  instmment  for  ascertaining  the  strength  of 
acid  3.  Ure. 

A-CID'I-TY,  n.     [Fr.  addUe^  from  acid.'] 

The  quality  of  being  sour;  sourness;  tartness; 
sharpness  to  the  ta-!te, 

AC'II>-XESS,  n.     The  quality  of  being  sour;  acidity. 

A-CrD'U-L.iE,  n.  pL  Medicinal  springs  impregnated 
with  carbonic  acid.  Parr. 

A-CID'T;-LaTE,  r.  U  [I^  adfiulus,  slightly  sour; 
Ft-  aci/ialeTj  to  make  slightly  sour.     See  Acid-] 


ACM 

To  tinge  with  an  acid;  to  make  acid  in  a  mod- 
erate degree.  JirbtiVmoU 
A-CID'IT-LA-TED,  pp.  or  a.     Tinged  with  an  acid; 

made  slightly  sour. 
A-C!D'1|-La-TL\G,  ppr.    Tinged  with  an  acid. 
AC'ID-IJLE,       I  n.     In  chemistry,  a  salt,  in  which 
A-CID'l^-LUM,  )     the  acid  is  in  excess  ;  as,  tartaric 

acidulum,  oxalic  acididum. 
A-CID'lI-LOUS,  a.     [L.  acidulus.     See  Acid.] 

Slightly  sour  ;  sub-acid  ;  as,  acidulous  sulpliate. 
j9ciduivus  mineral  waters,  are  such  as  contain 
carbonic  acid.  Brande. 

j^ri'  troRM,  a.     [L.  acus,  a  needle,  and /.>7v/ifl,  form.] 

-flaped  like  a  needle. 
AC-I-i\A'CEOUS,  a.     [L.]     Full  of  kernels. 
AC-I-NAC'I-FORM,  a.      [L.  dcinaces,  a  cimeter,  Gr 
aKtl'lIK>}i^  and  lj.fi'rma,  form.] 
In  botany,  formed  like,  or  resembling  a  cimeter. 

Martyn, 
A-CIX'I-FORM,  a.     [L.  acinus^  a  grape  stone,  and 
formoj  shape.j 

Having  clusters  like  the  stones  of  grapes  ;  full  of 
small  kernels.  The  uvea  or  posterior  lamina  of  the 
iris  in  the  eye,  is  called  the  aciniform  tunic,  from  its 
color  resembling  that  of  a*!  unripe  grape.       Purr. 

AC'IN-OUs'  i  ^'     V^^^^^^-  acinus.    See.\ciMFOBM.] 
Consisting  of  minute  granular  concretions;  used 
in  mineralogy.  Kirwan, 

AC'l'SAJS,  n.     [L.] 

1.  In  botany,  one  of  the  small  grains  which  com- 
pose the  fruit  of  the  blackberrj',  and  other  similar 
plants. 

9.  In  anatomy,  this  term  is  applied  to  the  ultimate 
secerning  follicles  of  glands,  or  the  granulations 
composing  tiie  structure  of  some  conglomerate 
glands,  as  the  liver. 
AC-I-PEN'SER,  H.  In  ichthyolo<ry,  a  genus  of  fishes 
of  the  order  of  Chondrupterjgii,  having  an  obtuse 
head  ;  the  mouth  under  tho  head,  retractile  and 
without  teeth.  To  this  genus  belong  the  sturgeon, 
sterlet,  huso,  &c.  Cyc. 

AC-KNOWL'EDGE,  (ak-nol'edge,)    v.  L     [ad   and 
knowledge.      See   Ksow.] 

1.  To  own,  avow,  or  admit  to  be  tnie,  by  a 
declaration  of  assent ;  as,  to  acknowledge  the  being 
of  a  God. 

2.  To  own  or  notice  with  particular  regard. 

1 D  all  thy  ways  achnowttdge  God.  —  Prov,  iii.     Isi.  uudii. 

3.  To  own  or  confess,  as  implying  a  conscious- 
ness of  guilt. 

I  acknowledge  my  tDnsgressions,  and  my  sin  is  ever  before  me. 
—  Ps.  li.  and  lutii, 

4.  To  own  with  assent ;  to  admit  or  receive  with 
approbation. 


5.  To  own  with  gratitude  ;  to  own  as  a  benefit ; 
as,  to  acknowledge  a  favor,  or  the  receipt  of  a  gift- 

They  his  gifls  acknowledged  not.  ^Ullon. 

6.  To  own  or  admit  to  belong  to ;  as,  to  acknowl- 
edge a  son. 

7.  To  receive  with  respect 

All  that  see  them  shall  adcnoieledse  that  Ihey  are  ibe  seed  which 
the  Lord  h;Uh  blessed.  —  Isa.  vi.     1  Cur.  xvi. 

8.  To  own,  avow,  or  assent  to  an  act  in  a  legal 
form,  to  give  it  validity  ;  as,  to  acknowledge  a  deed 
before  competent  authority. 

A€>KNOWL'EDG-£D,pp.  or  a.  Owned  ;  confessed  ; 
noticed  with  regard  or  gratitude  ;  received  with  ap- 
probation ;  owned  before  authority. 

A€-K.\0\VL'EDG-L\G,  ppr.  Owning  ;  confessing  ; 
approving;  grateful :  but  the  latter  sense  is  a  Galli- 
cism, not  to  be  used. 

AC-KNOWL'EDG-MEXT,  Ti.  The  act  of  owning  ; 
confession  ;  as,  the  acknowledgment  of  a  fault. 

2.  The  owning,  with  approbation,  or  in  the  true 
character ;  as,  the  acknowiedgmeat  of  a  God,  or  of  a 
public  minister. 

3.  Concession  ;  admission  of  the  truth  ;  as,  of  a 
fact,  position,  or  principle. 

4.  The  owning  of  a  benefit  received,  accompanied 
with  gratitude;  and  hence  it  combines  the  idea  of 
an  erprcssion  of  Vianks.  Hence,  it  is  used  also  for 
something  given  or  done  in  return  for  a  favor. 

5.  A  declaration  or  avowal  of  one's  own  act,  to 
give  it  legal  validity  ;  as,  the  acknowledgment  of  a 
deed  before  a  proper  oflicer. 

Acknowledgment- money,  in  some  parts  of  England, 
is  a  sum  paid  by  tenants,  on  the  death  of  their  land- 
lords, as  an  acknowledgment  of  their  new  lords. 

Encyc. 
A€'ME,(ak'my,)  v.    [Gr.  aKpr>.] 

The  top  or  highest  point ;  the  height  or  crisis  of 
any  thing.  It  is  used  to  denote  the  maturity  or 
perfection  of  an  animal.  Among  physicians,  the 
crisis  of  a  disease,  or  iu  utmost  violence.  Old  med- 
ical writers  divided  the  progress  of  a  disease  into 
four  periods;  the  arche,  or  beginning,  the  anabasis, 
or  increase,  the  acme,  or  utmost  violence,  and  the 
parnrme,  or  decline. 
AC.MITE,  n.  [Gr.  aKfiT}^  a  point.]     A  mineral  of  the 


ACQ 

augite  family,  occurring  in  long,  pointed  cry.-ials,  of 
a  dark   brownish  color,  and  a  bright  and  somen  )iat 
resinous  luster. 
A€'NE,(ak'ny,)n.     [Gr.] 

A  small,  hard  pimple  or  tubercle  on  the  fare. 

Q_uincy. 
A-CoLD',   aav.  Cold ;   very   cold  :   as,  Tom's  a-cold. 

[Obs.]  Shak. 

A-eOL'0-6Y,  n.    [Gr  a«05  and  Xojof.] 

The  doctrine  oi  remedies,  or  tlie  materia  medica. 
A-€OL'0-THIST,  )       rr-  ^      :i       i 

ACO-LYTH,  i  "•  ^^^-  '"(o^o"-?^'^-] 

In  tlu  ancient  church,  one  of  the  subordinate  offi- 
cers, who  lighted  the  lamps,  brought  forward  the 
elements  of  tlie  sacraments,  attended  the  bishops, 
&c.  An  officer  of  the  like  character  is  still  em- 
ployed in  the  Roman  Catholic  church.  Encyc 
\€'ON-ITE,  71.    [L.  aconitum;  Gr.  nKovirot:^ 

The  herb  wolfs-bane,  or  monk's-hood,  a  poison- 
ous plant ;  and  in  poetry,  used  for  poison  in  general. 
A-CON'I-TIN,  71.     A  poisonous  vegetable  principle  or 

alkaloid,  extracted  from  the  aconite.  Brande, 

A-€ON'TI-AS,  n.  [Gr.  axovrtai  ;  avovi-ioi',  a  dart, 
from  at^iijv.] 

1.  A  species  of  serpent,  called  dart-snake^  or 
jacnlum,  from  its  manner  of  darting  on  its   prey. 

This  serpent  is  about  three  feet  in  length  ;  of  a  ligljt 
gray  color,  with  black  spots  resembling  eyes  ;  the 
belly  pert'eclly  white.  It  is  a  native  of  Africa  and 
the  Mediterranean  isles  ;  is  the  swiftest  of  its  kind, 
and  coils  itself  upon  a  tree,  from  which  it  daru 
upon  its  prey. 

2.  A  comet  or  meteor  resembling  the  serpent, 
A-COP',  adv.   [a  and  cope.'\ 

At  the  top.     [Obs.]  Jonsoiu 

A'CORN,  n.  [Sax.  cecem,  from  ac  or  ac,  oak,  and 
corn,  a  grain.] 

1.  The  seed  or  fruit  of  the  oak ;  an  oval  nut 
which  grows  in  a  rough  permanent  cup. 

The   first  wttlers   of  Boston  were  reduced  lo  the  necessity  of 
feeding  OQ  clatns,  miiscW,  ground-nuts,  and  ocorru. 

B.  lyumbuU. 

2.  In  marine  language,  a  small  ornamental  piece 
of  wood,  of  a  conical  shape,  fixed  on  the  point  of 
the  spindle  above  the  vane,  on  the  mast  head,  to 
keep  the  vane  from  being  blown  off.      Jilar.  Diet. 

3.  In  natural  history,  the  Lepas,  a  genus  of  shells 
of  several  species,  found  on  the  British  coast.  The 
shell  is  multivalvular,unequal,  and  fixed  by  a  stem  ; 
the  valves  are  parallel  and  perpendicular,  but  they 
do  not  open,  so  that  the  animal  perfonns  its  func- 
tions by  an  aperture  on  the  top.  These  shells  are 
always  fixed  to  some  solid  body. 

A'eORN-£D,  a.    Furnished  or  loaded  with  acorns ; 

fed  with  acorns.  Shak. 

ACOR-US,  n.     [L.,  from  Gr,  aKOpov.] 

1.  Sweet  flag,  or  sweet  rush. 

2.  In  natural  history,  blue  coral,  wliich  grows  in 
the  form  of  a  tree,  on  a  rockj'  bottom,  in  some  parts 
of  the  African  seas.  It  is  brought  from  the  Cama- 
rones  and  Benin.  Encyc. 

3.  In  medicine,  this  name  is  sometimes  given  to 
the  great  galangal.  Encyc. 

A-€OS'MI-A,  n,  [Gr.  a  priv.  and  Kocpo^,  order, 
beauty.]  Irregularity  in  disease,  particularly  in 
crises;  also,  ill  health,  with  loss  of  color  in  the 
face*.  Parr.     Blancard. 

A-CO-TYL-E'DON,  n.  [Gr.  a  priv.  and  Korv'Kn&^v, 
from  ko-vXji,  a  hollow.] 

In  botany,  a  plant  in  which  the  seed-lobes,  or 
cotyledons,  are  not  present,  or  are  indistinct.  Part- 
ington. The  acotyledons  form  a  grand  division  of 
the  vegetable  kingdom,  including  the  ferns,  lichens, 
&c.,  and  correspond  to  the  Cruptoi:amm  of  Linnsus. 

A-eO-TYL-F.'DON-OUS,  a.  Having  either  no  seed- 
lobes,  or  sncn  as  are  mdistinct,  hke  the  ferns,  lich- 
ens, ice. 

A-COUCH'Y.  n.  [Fr.  acouchL]  A  small  species  of 
cavj-,  the  olive  cavy ;  sometimes  called  the  Surinam 
rabbit. 

A-COUS'TI€,  a,  [Gr.  OKovariK-JSj  from  aA-ouw,  to 
hear.] 

Pertaining  to  the  ears,  to  the  sense  of  hearing,  or 
to  the  doctrine  of  sounds. 

Acoustic  ducty  in  anatomy,  the  meatus  aitdUorius, 
or  external  passage  of  the  ear. 

Acoustic  vessels,  in  ancient  theaters,  were  brazen 
tubes  or  vessels,  shaped  like  a  bell,  used  to  propel 
the  voice  of  the  actors,  so  as  to  render  them  audi- 
ble to  a  great  distance  ;  in  some  theaters  at  the  dis- 
tance of  400  feet.  Encyc, 

Acottstic  instrument,  or  auricular  tube ;  called  in 
popular  language  an  ear-trujupet.  Parr. 

Acoustics,  or  Acoiwfmatics,  was  a  name  given  to 
such  of  the  disciples  of  Pythagoras  as  had  not  com- 
pleted their  five  vears'  probation. 

A-COUS'TICS,  H."  The  science  of  sounds,  teaching 
their  cause,  nature,  and  phenomeDa.  This  science 
is,  by  some  writers,  divided  into  diacousttcs,  which 
explains  the  properties  of  sounds  coming  directly 
from  the  sonorous  body  to  the  ear  ;  and  catacotisticsy 
which  treats  of  reflected  sounds.  But  the  distinc- 
tion is  considered  of  little  real  utilitj-. 


TONE,  BULL,  IGNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K  ;  6  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


ACQ 

3.  In  viedicincy  tills  term  is  aoiut'tiinea  used  fur 
remedies  fur  deafness,  or  imperfect  lieaiing. 

QlliuCi/. 

.\C-aVAlST',v.  t.  [Old  Fr.  aceointer,  to  make 
kiuuvti,  whence    accointanccj  ac<|uaintance.      Uu. 

^  (J  -J 
Per.  KV^fr"?  kmida,  kiiowinii,  liitcIIiRcnt ;  Gnr. 
hunil\  knovvledc  ;  kuml.,  known,  puldic  ;  D.  kond 
or  knHiie,  knowledge;  Sw.  M/k/,  known;  Dan. 
kifiidey  tu  know,  to  be  acquainted  with.  Tln'se 
words  seem  to  have  for  tlieir  primitive  root  (lie 
Golli.  and  Sax.  kuunan^  to  know,  the  root  of  cim- 
iiiHtr ;  Gnr.  kennen;  D.  kunncn..,  kan ;  Eng.  can  and 
ken;  wliich  sec.] 

1.  To  rnuke  known  ;  to  make  fully  or  intimately 
known  ;  to  make  familiar. 

A  man  of  dormws  and  acquainted  with  gri^f.  —  laa.  tiii. 

2.  To  inform;  to  cimimunicate  notice  to;  as,  a 
friend  in  the  country-  artjiuiintj  mr  with  his  success. 
Of  before  the  object — as  to  aajuainf  a  man  if  this 
design  —  has  been  used,  but  is  obsolete  or  im- 
proper. 

3.  To  acquaint  one's  srlf^  is  to  gain  an  intimate  or 
particular  knowledge  of. 

Acquaini  now  thyself  wilh  liim,  nml  be  iit  pcac;.  — Job  xxii. 

Ae-ailAlNT'ANCE,  11.  Familiar  knowledge  ;  a 
state  of  being  acquainted,  or  of  having  intimate  or 
more  than  slight  or  superficial  knowledge;  as,  I 
kiiiuD  the  man,  but  have  no  na/uainiaiicf  with  hiin. 
Sometimes  it  denotes  a  more  slight  knowledge. 

2.  A  person  or  persons  well  known  ;  usually  per- 
sons we  have  been  accustomed  to  see  and  converse 
with,  but  not  standing  on  the  more  intimate  relation 
ot'  fr  tends/lip. 

l^v^T  tinil  frii'iid  hast  Ihon  piU  Pir  from  me,  and  my  acquaint- 
ance into  d:uknesp.  — Ps.  Ixxxviti. 

My  acijiiaininncc  «re  rslrJinged  Irom  me.  — Job  xix. 

Acqnahitances^  in  tlie  plural,  is  used,  as  applied  to 

individual   persons  known  ;    but  more    generally, 

ac.qitaiiiUnice  is  used  fur  one  or  morc^ 
Jirquaintant^  in  like  sense,  is  not  used. 
Ae-aifAlNT'ANCE-SHIP,  n.     State  of  being  ac- 

(inaiilted.  Chalmrrs, 

Ae-CiLrAINT'ED,  pp.     Known;  familiarly  known; 

informed;  having  personal  knowledge. 
A€-UUaINT'Ii\G,  p/jr.    Making  known  to;  giving 

noiire  or  information  to. 
AG-UUEST',  71.     [L.  acf/timtus,  acfptiro.] 

1.  Acquisition;  llie  thing  gained.  Bacon. 

2.  Conquest ;  a  place  acquired  by  force.    Bacon. 
AC-tiUl-E.SCE',  (ak-que-ess',J  v.  i.     [L.  acqnic^co^  of 

ad  and  (/(((ft-'Crt,  to  be  quiet;  quics^  rest;  Fr.  acqui- 
ftsccr.J 

1.  To  rest  satisfied,  or  apparently  satisfied,  or  to 
rest  without  opposition  and  discontent,  usually  im- 
plying previous  opposition,  uneasiness,  or  dislike, 
but  ultimate  compliance,  or  submission ;  as,  to 
arquicscc  in  the  dispensations  of  Providence. 

2.  To  assent  to,  upon  conviction  ;  as,  to  acquiesce 
in  an  opinion  ;  that  is,  to  rest  satisfied  of  its  cor- 
rectness, or  propriety. 

.Acquiesced  in  ;  in  a  passive  sense  complied  witli , 
submitted  to,  without  opposition  ;  as,  a  measure  has 
been  acquiesced  in. 

Ae-aUI-ES'CENCE,  n.  A  quiet  assent;  a  silent 
submission,  or  submission  with  apparent  content  ; 
distinguislied  from  avowed  consent  on  the  one 
hand,  and  on  the  other,  from  opposition  or  open  dis- 
content ;  as,  an  acquiescence  in  the  decisions  of  a 
court,  or  in  the  allotments  of  Providence, 

A€-(iUI-ES'CENT,  a.  Resting  satisfied  ;  easy  ;  sub- 
mitting ;  disposed  to  submit.  Johnson. 

A€-aUI-ES'GING,77;»r.  Quietly  submitting  ;  resting 
content. 

AC-aurU-A-DIL'I-TY,  n.  Slate  of  being  acquira- 
ble. Palcy. 

Ae-CIUIR'A-BLE,  a.     That  may  be  acquired. 

AC-CiUIRE',  V.  t.  [L.  acqulro,  ad  and  giusro,  to  seek, 
that  is,  to  follow,  to  press,  to  urge  ;  acquiro  signifies 
to  pursue  to  the  end  or  object;  Fr.  acquerir;   Sp. 

adquirir;    Ax.    \j3    kara;    Heb.    ipn   to    seek,   to 

make  toward,  to  follow.  The  L.  qutBsim^  unless 
contracted,  is  probably  from  a  different  root.  See 
Class  Gr.  and  Gs.] 

To  gain,  by  any  means,  something  which  is  in  a 
degiee  permanent,  or  wliich  becomes  vested  or 
inherent  in  the  possessor ;  as,  to  acquire  a  title, 
estate,  learning,  habits,  skill,  dominion,  &.c.  P'ants 
acquire  a  green  color  from  the  solar  rays.  A  mere 
temporary  possession  is  not  expressed  by  acquire, 
but  by  ffain,  obtuin^  procure;  as,  to  oj-lflm  [not  ac- 
quire] a  book  on  loan. 

Descent  is  the  title  whereby  ci  man,  on  the  death  o^  felfi  unwator, 
acqiiirea  hid  cslnto,  by  right  of  represeiitAtion,  n«  .'lU  hcii-  at 
law.  Biackslone. 

Ae-Q.UIR'£D,  pp.  or  a.  Gained,  obtained,  or  re- 
ceived from  art,  labor,  or  other  means,  in'  distinc- 
tion from  those  things  which  are  bestowed  bv  nature. 


ACR 

Thus  we  say,  abilities,  natural  and  acquired.  It 
implies  title,  or  some  permanence  of  pos;^ession. 

AetlUTKE'iMENT,  n.  The  act  of  aciiuiriug,  or  that 
which  is  acquired  ;  attainment.  It  is  used  in  oppo- 
sition to  navund  gifts;  us,  eloquence,  and  skill  in 
music  and  painting,  are  arj/uircmenU>- ;  genius,  the 
gift  of  nature.  It  denotes  especially  personal  atlain- 
nienis,  in  opposition  to  material  or  external  things 
painefl,  wliicit  are  more  usually  called  acquisitions; 
hut  this  distinction  is  not  always  observcti. 

Aetil'Til'ICll,  n.    A  person  who  acquires. 

A€-tinTR'ING,  n.     Acquiretoi-nt. 

AG  CilUR'lNG,  ppr.  Gaining,  by  labor  or  other 
means,  soiiu'tiiiiig  that  has  a  degree  of  permanence 
in  the  possessor. 

AC-UUT'RY,  H.  Acquirement.    [JVotuscd.]    Barrow. 

Ae'atllS-ITE,  a.     Gained.     [JVot  iwcrf.]      Burton. 

AG-Ul'i-SI"'I'lO»\,  n.  [L.  acquisition  from  acqiiisitus^ 
acqiunsivi,  which  are  given  as  the  part,  and  pret.  of 
acquiro;   but  quw.sivi  is   probably    from   a   different 

root  ;  VV.  ceisiaw ;  Eth.  MiUJUJ  chasas,  chas;  Ar. 

J  i*k5  kassa,  to  seek.    Class  Gs.] 

1.  The  act  of  acquiring  ;  as,  a  man  takes  pleasure 
in  tlie  acquisition  of  property,  as  well  as  in  the  pos- 
session. 

2.  The  thing  acquired,  or  gained  ;  as,  learning  is 
sinacqnisition.  It  is  used  for  intellecfual  attainments, 
as  well  as  for  external  things,  property  or  dominion  ; 
and  in  a  good  sense,  denoting  something  estimable. 

AC-QUIS'I-TIVE,  a.  That  is  acquired  ;  acquired  ; 
[hut  inijrroper.]  JVuttvn. 

Ae^aUIS'I-TIVE-LY,  adi\  Noting  acquirement. 
A  word  is  said  to  be  used  acquisitively^  when  it  is 
used  with  fo  or /or  following.        Lilhfs  Grammar. 

AC-aUlS'I-TIVE-NESS,  n.  Desire  of  possession; 
propensity  to  acquire. 

AC-aUIST',  n.   See  AcfifEST.    [JVbdwcrf.!    Mdton. 

AC-QUIT',  V.  L  [Fr.  aajuiltcr;  W.  gadu,  gadam  ;  L. 
ccdo  ;  Arm.  kitat,  or  quytaot,  to  leave,  or  forsake  ;  Fr. 
quitter,  to  forsake  j  Sp.  qnttar  ;  Port,  qnitar ;  It.  quiUire, 
to  remit,  forgive,  remove  ;  D.  kipytcn  ;  Ger.  quittircn.] 
To  set  free;  to  release  or  discharge  from  an  obli- 
gation, accusation,  guilt,  censure,  suspicion,  or 
whatever  lies  upon  a  person  as  a  charge  or  duty  ; 
as,  the  jury  acquitted  the  prisoner;  we  acquit  a  man 
of  evil  intentions.  It  is  followed  by  o/ before  the 
object;  to  acquit  from  is  obsolete.  In  a  reciprocal 
sense  as,  the  soldier  acquitted  kimself  well  in  battle, 
the  word  has  a  like  sense,  implying  the  discharge 
of  a  duty  or  obligation.  Hence  its  use  in  express- 
ing eiccUcncc  in  performance ;  as,  the  orator  acquitted 
himself  well,  that  is,  in  a  manner  that  his  situation, 
and  public  expectation,  demanded. 

ACaUIT'MENT,  h.  The  act  of  acquitting,  or  state 
of  being  acquitted.  South. 

[TViis  word  is  superseded  bv  Acquittal.] 

AC-UUIT'TAL,  71.  A  judicial  setting  free,  or  deliv- 
erance from  the  cliarge  of  an  offense,  as  by  verdict 
of  a  jury,  or  sentence  of  a  court ;  as,  the  acquittal 
of  a  principal  operates  as  an  acquittal  of  the  acces- 
sories. 

AC-UUIT'TANCE,  n.  A  discharge  or  release  from 
a  debt. 

2.  The  writing,  which  is  evidence  of  a  discharge; 
a  receipt  in  full,  which  bars  a  ("urtlier  demand. 

A€-aUIT'TANCE,  y.  (.    To  acquit.    [Obs.]     Shak. 

AC-aUIT'TEU,  pp.  ,  Set  free,  or  judicially  dis- 
charged from  an  accusation  ;  released  from  a  debt, 
duty,  obligation,  charge,  or  suspicion  of  guilt. 

AC-QLIIT'TING,  ppr.  Setting  free  from  accusation  ; 
releasing  from  a  charge,  obligation,  or  suspicion  of 
gudt. 

A-CRASE',  )  V.   t.     To  make  crazy  ;    to  infatuate. 

A-CRaZE',  i      [See  Crazy.] 

2.    To  impair;  to  destroy.     [JVbt  in  iuic.\ 

AC'RA-SY,  n.  [Gr.  aKfaTia,  from  u  priv,  and  Kpatris, 
constitution  or  temperament.] 

1.  In  medical  authors,  an  excess  or  predominancy 
of  one  quality  above  another,  in  mixture,  or  in  the 
human  constitution.  Bailey. 

2.  Excess  ;  irregularity. 

A'€RE,  (a'ker,)  71.  [Sax.  acer.accr a,  or  mcer;  Ger. 
acker;  D.  aJiker  ;  Sw.  acker;  Dan.  agcr;  W.  eg;  Ir. 
acra;  Ice.  akr;  Pers.  akkar;  Gr.  ay pog  ;  hnt.  a g-cr. 
In  these  languages,  the  word  retains  its  prijnitive 
sense,  an  open,  plowed,  or  sowed  field.  In  English, 
it  retained  its  original  signification,  that  of  any  opi-n 
field,  until  it  was  limited  to  a  definite  quantity  by 
statutes  31  Ed.  III.  5  Ed.  I.  24  H.  VIII.  CowcL 
A  preferable  spelling  of  this  word  would  be  aker.] 

1.  A  quantity  of  land,  containing  IGO  square  rods 
or  perches,  or  4840  square  yards.  This  is  the  Eng- 
lish statute  acre.  Tlie  acre  of  Scotland  contains 
6150  2-5  square  yards.  The  French  arpent  differs 
not  greatly  from  the  English  standard  acre.  The 
Roman  jugerum  was  3200  square  yards. 

2.  In  the  Mogul's  dominions,  acre  is  the  same  as 
lac,  or  100,000  rupees,  equal  to  £12,500  sterling,  or 
55,500  dollars. 

jScre-Jight ;  a  sort  of  duel  in  the  open  field,  formerly 


bti^i.1,  ,    III  I  iiKuii  luiis  ,     a!r-,  ui^i  til   Fiiiit,^. 

C'RID-NESS,  7(.     A  sharp,  bitter,  pungent  qualify. 
C-RI-IVld'NI-OUS,  0.     Sharp;    bitter;     corrosive  : 


ACR 

fought  by  English  and  Scotch  combatants  on  their 
frontiers. 
jQcre-tiix ;  n  tax  on  land  in  Englanil,  at  a  certain 

_  sum  for  each  acre,  callt-d  also  arre-sfiut. 

A'CRED,  a.     Possessing  acres  or  landed  i)rcperty. 

Pope. 

ACRID,  a.     [Ft.  acre;  L.  acer.] 

Sharp  ;  pungent ;  bitter ;  sharp  gr  biting  to  the 
tiiste  ;  acrimonious;  as,  ocrfW  salts. 

AC 

AC- 
al)oundrng  with  acrimony. 

9.  Figuratively,  severe ;  sarcastic ;  apjdicd  to  lan- 
guage or^  temper. 

A€-RI-MO'NI-OUS-LY,  ado.  With  sharpness  or 
billeriiess. 

Aeiil-Mo'NI-OUS-NESS,  7/.  The  state  or  quality 
of  being  acritnonious. 

ACRi-MU-NY,  n.  [It.  acrimonia,  from  neer,  sharp. 
The  latter  part  of  the  word  seems  to  denote  like- 
ness, state,  condition,  like  head,  hood,  in  knight- 
hood; in  which  case  it  may  be  from  the  same  root 
as  viaiieo,  Gr.  ptvu}."] 

1.  Sharpness ;  a  quality  of  bodies,  which  cor- 
rodes, dissolves,  or  destroys  others  ;  as,  the  acrimony 
of  the  humors.  Bacon. 

2.  Figuratively,  sharpness  or  severity  of  ttmper  ; 
bitterness  of  exiiression  proceeding  fi'"ii  anger,  ill- 
nature,  or  petulance.  South. 

ACRI-SV,  n.     [Gr.  a  priv.  and  i^fltens,  judgment.] 
A  state  or  condition  of  which  no  right  judgment 
can  be  fonned  ;  that  of  v.'hich  no  choice  is  made ; 
matter  in  dispute  ;  injudiciousness.    [Little  used.] 

BuHry. 
2.  In  medicine,  defect  of  crisis,  or  of  a  separation 
and  expulsion  of  morbific  matter  in   Uie  human 
body. 

A-CRi'TAN,  71.     )      [Gr.    nxptroi,    indiscernible.] 

A-€Rl'TA,  n.pl.  (  Terms  applied  to  that  divis- 
ion of  railiate  animals  in  which  there  is  no  distinct 
discernible  nervous  system,  and  no  separate  alimen- 
tary canal,  as  the  sixinges,  polypes,  &.c.     Brande. 

AClil-TUDE,  n.     [See  Acrid.] 

An  acrid  quality  ;  bitterness  to  the  taste  ;  biting 
heat. 

ACUI-TY,  71.    Shai-pness ;  eagerness.     [Ohsolete.] 

A-CRO-A-MAT'ie,  )  a.  [Gr.  aKpoanariKn^,  from 

A-CRO-A-MAT'IC-AL,  \      uKfoaofiai,  to  hear.] 

Abstnise  ;  pertaining  to  deep  learning;  an  epithet 
applied  to  the  secret  doctrines  of  Aristotle.    Enficid. 

A-€R0-AT'1€,  a.     [Gr.  aKpuariKo^.] 

Abstnise;  pertaining  to  deep  leaming  ;  and  op- 
posed to  exoteric,  Aristotle's  lectures  were  of  two 
kinds,  acroatic,  acroamatic,  or  esoteric,  which  were 
delivered  to  a  class  of  select  disciples,  who  had  been 
previously  instructed  In  tlie  elements  of  learning; 
and  exoteric,  which  were  delivered  in  public.  The 
former  respected  being,  God,  and  nature;  the  prin- 
cipal subjects  of  the  latter  were  logic,  rhetoric,  and 
policy.    The  abstruse  lectures  were  called  acroatics. 

Enfield. 

A-€RO-CE-RAU'NI-AN,  a.  [Gr.  aKpa,  a  summit, 
and  Kipavvoi,  thunder.] 

An  ejiitiiet  applied  to  certain  mountains,  between 
Epirus  and  Illyricum,  in  the  41st  degree  of  latitude. 
They  project  into  the  Adriatic,  and  are  so  termed 
from  being  often  struck  with  lightning.        Encyc. 

ACRO-CHORD,  n.  [L.  acrodtordusy  from  Gr. 
aKjuixnii^uH',  a  wart.]  The  name  of  a  genus  of 
seri)ents,  found  in  Java,  covered  entirely  with  small 
scales,  which  resemble  gianulated  warts  when  the 
body  is  inflated.  P.  Cijc. 

ACRO-GEN,  71.  [Gr.  n*f/)wsand  yciro/ia/.]  A  cryp- 
togamic  or  acotyledouous  plant,  so  called  from  in- 
creasing, in  growth,  chiefly  at  its  extremitv.  Brande. 

ACRO-LITII,  7i.  [Gr.  aK(ioi  and  >(«.*?.]  In  archi- 
tecture and  sculpture,  a  statue  whose  extremities 
were  of  stone.  Elnies. 

A-€ROL'ITII-AX,  a.  Pertaining  to  an  acrolith ; 
formed  like  an  acrolith ;  as,  an  acroUthan  statue. 

Brande. 

A-CRo'^tl-ON,  n.  [Gr,  aKpo^,  highest,  and  oj^oj, 
shoulder.] 

In  anatomy,  that  part  of  the  spine  of  the  scapula 
which  receives  the  extreme  part  of  tlie  clavicle. 

Quincy. 

A-CRON'ie,         )  a.     [Gr.  avp'js,  extreme,  and  njt, 

A-CRON'ie-AL,  i       night.] 

In  astronomy,  a  term  applied  to  the  rising  of  a 
star  at  sunset,  or  its  setting  at  sunrise.  This 
rising  or  setting  is  called  acronical.  'I'he  word  is 
opposed  to  cosmical.  Badey.    Enryc.  Johnson. 

A-CRON'IC-AL-LY,  adj\  In  an  acronical  manner; 
at  the  rising  or  setting  of  the  sun. 

A-CROP'O-LIS,  71.  [Gr.  (u/^oj  and  noXis.]  A  cita- 
del ;  the  citadel  in  Athens. 

ACRO-SPIRE,  7?.  [Gr.  uKiiost  highest,  and  mrcipa, 
a  spire,  or  spiral  line.] 

The  sprout  at  the  ends  of  seeds  when  they  begin 
to  germinate  ;  the  plume,  or  plumule,  so  called  from 
its  spiral  form.  jMirtimer. 

ACRU-SPIR--KD,  a.  Having  a  sprout,  or  having 
sprouted  at  both  ends.  JSIortimcr. 


FaTE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT,  — MeTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE.  BIRD.  — NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOQK.- 


ACT 

This  and  the  preceding  word,  are  especially  used 

by  the  Enslijih  malsters. 

A-€ROSc>',  {a-kra<is',)  prr/i.  [«  and  ctoa?.  See  Cnnss.] 

I.   From  side  to  side,  opposed  to  alonir^  uhicli  is 

in  the  direction  of  the  length  ;  atliwart  j  quite  over  ; 

as,  a  hridge  is  laid  across  a  river. 

*2.    Intersecting  ;  passing  over  at  any  angle  ;  as,  a 
line  p  u-sing  across  another. 
A-eROS'Tl€,  n.    [Gr.  aKoa,  extremitj-  or  beginning, 
and  ori\fH,  order  or  verse.] 

A  composition  in  verse,  in  which  the  first  letters 
of  the  lines,  taken  in  order,  form  the  name  of  a  per- 
son, kingdom,  city,  &c.,  which  is  the  subject  of  the 
composiiiim,  or  some  title  or  motto. 
A-CRi-'S'Tie,  a.     That  relates  to,  or  contains  an 

acrostic. 
A-eR< 'S'TI€-.Ui-LY,   adr.     In    the   manner  of   an 

acro-tic. 
A-eR»»-TE-LEu'Tie,  n.    [Gr.  aifpoj,  extreme,  and 
TcXtorn,  end.] 

Among  rcctfsia.s^tical  icritcrs,tin  appellation  given 
to  any  thing  added  to  the  end  of  a  psalm  or  hymn  ; 
as  n  (Inxologj-. 

A-IkO-tI^I-A,  n.  pi  i  t^'-  a^Po^^P.  a  summit.] 
)n  architecture,  a  term  applied  to  small  pedestals, 
usually  witliout  a  base,  anciently  placed  at  the  two 
e>tretues,  or  in  the  middle  of  pediments  or  frontis- 
pieces, serving  to  support  the  statues,  <fec.  It  also 
sicii'ti<'s  the  figures  placed  as  ornaments  on  the  tops 
4'f  churches,  and  the  sharp  pinnacles  that  stand  in 
langes  about  flat  buildings  with  rails  and  balusters. 
Anciently  the  word  signified  the  extremities  of  the 
body,  asjhe  head,  hands,  and  feet.  Enajc. 

A  €R"0-Te'RI-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  acroter ,  as, 
nrnifcrial  ornaments.  P.  Ctjc. 

A-€RO-THViM'I-ON,  v,  [Gr.  avpos^  extreme,  and 
^vfio^,  thyme.] 

Among  phiistcians,  a  species  of  wart,  with  a  nar- 
row basis  and  broad  top,  having  the  color  of  thyme. 
It  is  called  Thymus.  Celsus. 

A-CROT'O-MOUS,  a.  [Gr.  aKoov,  top,  and  Tf^ii-w,  to 
cut.]  In  mineralogy^  having  a  cleavage  parallel  with 
the  top.  Dana. 

ACT,  z.  i.  [Gr.  ayw^  L.  ago,  to  urge,  drive,  lend, 
bring,  do,  perform  ;  or  in  genera!,  to  move,  to  exert 
force  ;  Cantabrian,  e^,  force  ;  W.  egiii ;  It.  ei>rran, 
force  ;  Ir.  ai^re,  to  act  or  carry  on  ;  eachdam^  to  do  or 
net;  ac_^n,  to  ordain;  eacht,  ac/u,deeA,  act.,  condi- 
tion ;  Fr.  affir ;  It,  agire^  to  do  or  act.] 

...  To  exert   power;   as,  the   stomach  acts  upon 
fi  od  ;  the  will  acts  upon  the  body  in  producing 
motion. 
•2.  To  be  in  action  or  motion  ;  to  move. 

lie  hnng8  between,  in  doubt  to  act  or  rrsL  Pope. 

3.  To  behave,  demean,  or  conduct,  as  in  morals, 
priv;ite  duties,  or  public  offices  ;  as,  we  know  not 
why  a  minister  has  acted  in  this  manner.  But  in 
this  sense,  it  is  most  frequent  in  popular  language  ; 
as,  how  the  man  arts  or  }ias  acted. 

To  a-t  up  to,  is  to  equal  in  action  ;  to  fulfill,  or  per- 
fonn  a  torrespondent  action  ;  as,  he  has  acted  up  to 
his  engagement  or  his  advantages. 
ACT,  r.  c  To  perform ;  to  represent  a  character  on 
the  stage. 

Ae  well  your  part;  there  all  tlie  honor  lies.  Pope. 

2.  To   feign   or  coimterfeit.     [Obs.  or   improper.] 
With  acted  feai  the  riUnin  thus  pursued,  Drylgn. 

3.  To  put  in  motion ;  to  actuate ;  to  regulate 
movements. 

Most  people  in  I  he  world  are  acted  by  lenity.     South.  Locke. 

[In   thht   lattei     sense   obsolete,    and    superseded   hij 
Actuate,  which  see.] 
A€T,  n.    The  exertion  of  power  ;  the  effect,  of  which 
power  exerted  is  the  cause  ;  as,  the  act  of  giving  or 
receiving 

In  this  sense,  it  denotes  an  operation  of  the  mind. 
Thus,  to  discern  is  an  act  of  the  understanding  ;  to 
judge  is  an  act  of  tlie  will. 

2.  That  which  is  done  ;  a  deed,  exploit,  or  achieve- 
ment, whether  good  or  ill. 

And   his   iniracles  and  his  acta  which  he  did  in  the  midst  of 
E?7p(. — Deut.  3ti. 

3.  Action  ;  performance  ;  production  of  effects  ; 
as,  an  act  of  charity.  Bui  this  sense  is  closdy  allied 
to  tiie  foregoing, 

4.  A  state  of  reality  or  real  existence,  as  opposed 
to  a  possibility. 

The  seeds  of  plants  ore  not  r\t  first  in  art,  but  in  possibility,  what 
they  aftcrwarti  ^ovt  to  be.  Hooker. 

5.  In  general,  act  denotes  action  completed;  but 
preceded  by  in,  it  denotes  incomplete  action. 

She  waa  tAken  in  ihe  very  art.  —  John  viii. 

In  act  \9,  used  also  to  signify  incipient  action,  or 
a  state  of  preparation  to  exert  power;  as,  "  In  act 
to  strike,"  a  poetical  use. 

6  A  part  or  division  of  a  play  to  be  performed 
wiihout  interruption  ;  after  which  the  action  is  sus- 
pended to  give  respite  to  the  performers.  Acts  are 
divided  into  smaller  portions,  called  scene."!. 


ACT 

7.  The  rt'sult  of  public  deliberation,  or  the  decis 
ion  of  a  prince,  legislative  body,  council,  court  of 
justice,  or  magistrate  ;  a  decree,  edict,  law,  judg- 
ment, resolve,  award,  determination  ;  as,  an  act  of 
parliament,  or  of  congress.  The  term  is  also  trans- 
ferred to  the  book,  record,  or  writing,  containing 
the  laws  and  determinations.  Also,  any  instru- 
ment in  wTitingto  verify  facts. 

In  the  sense  of  ttj-enry,  or  power  to  produce  effects, 
as  in  the  passage  cited  by  Johnson  from  Shakspearc, 
the  use  is  improper. 

To  try  the  vigor  of  thiim,  and  apply 
Aliiiyinents  to  their  art. 

j3c(,  in  English  universities,  is  a  thesis  maintained 
in  public,  by  a  candidate  for  a  degree,  or  to  show  the 
proficiency  of  a  student.  At  Oxford,  the  time  when 
masters  and  doctors  complete  their  degrees  is  alt^o 
called  the  act,  wliich  is  held  with  great  solemnity. 
At  Cambridge,  as  in  the  United  States,  it  is  called 
comincucaiient.  Eitcyc. 

Act  of  faitli,  (auto  da  fe,)  in  Roman  Catholic  coun- 
tries, is  a  solemn  day  held  by  the  Inquisition  for  the 
punishment  of  heretics,  and  the  absolution  of  ac- 
cused persons  found  innocent ;  or  it  is  the  sentence 
of  the  Inquisition. 

.^cts  of  the  Jlpostlcs;  the  title  of  a  book  in  Ihe  New 
Testament,  containing  a  history  of  the  transactions 
of  the  apostles. 

jScts  of  Sederunt ;  in  Scots  laiP,  statutes  made  by  the 
lords  of  session,  sitting  in  jiulgment,  by  virtue  of  a 
Scottish  act  of  pariiamenl,  (1541),)  empowering  them 
to  make  such  constitutions  or  regulations  as  they 
may  think  expedient  for  ordering  the  procedure 
and  forms  of  administering  justice.  Braifde. 

jicta  Diurna  ;  among  t/ie  Romans,  a  sort  of  gazelte, 
containing  an  authorized  account  of  transactions  in 
Rome,  nearly  similar  to  our  newspapers. 

Jlcta  Pnpuli,  or  .^cta  Publico  ;  the  Roman  registers 
of  assemblies,  trials,  executions,  buildings,  births, 
marriages,  and  deaths  of  illustrious  persons,  &c. 

-5ffa  Sanctorum;  the  lives  and  reputed  raiiacles  of 
Romish  saints. 

j9cta  Seiiotus ;  minutes  of  what  passed  in  the  Ro- 
man senate,  called  also  Commentarii,  coinmeiuaries. 

ACT'ED,pj^.  Done;  performed;  represented  on  the 
stage. 

ACTI-AN,  0.  Relating  to  Actium,  a  town  and  prom- 
ontory of  Epirus  ;  as,  Action  gnmes,  wliich  were 
instituted  by  Augustus,  to  celebrate  his  naval  victory 
over  Antlmny,  near  that  town,  Sept.  2,  B.  C.  31. 
They  were  celebrated  every  five  years.  Hence, 
Actum  years,  reckoned  from  that  era.  Encyc. 

A€T'lN(i,ppr.or  a.  Doing;  performing;  behaving; 
representing  the  character  of  another. 

ACT'ING,  n.  Action  ;  act  of  peiforining  a  part  of  a 
play.  Shali.     Churchill. 

AC-TIN'I-.A,  7(.  [L.  from  Gr.  a>frii',  a  ray.]  A  genus 
of  Acaleplia,  having  a  circle  of  tentacles  or  rays 
around  the  mouth  ;  including  the  animal  tlowers  or 
sea-anemones.  Cijc. 

A€^TIN'l-FORM,  a.  [Gr.  aKTtv,  a  ray,  and  Lat. 
forma,  form.]     Having  a  radiated  form. 

AC-TIN'O-LlTE,  n.  [Gr.  avrir,  a  ray,  and  Xi9<if,  a 
stone.]  The  bright  gre^u  variety  of  hornblende, 
occurring  usually  in  glassy  prismatic  crystals,  and 
al-io  fibrous.  Dana. 

Ae-TIN-0-LIT'I€,  a.  Like  or  pertaining  to  actino- 
lite. 

/  e-TIN-OM'E-TER,  n.  [Gr.  a*frif,  a  ray,  and 
fisrpor,  measure.] 

An  instrument  for  measuring  the  intensity  of  solar 
radiation.  Daubeny. 

ACTION,  71.     [L.  actio.     See  Act.] 

1.  Literally,  a  driving  ;  hence,  the  state  of  acting 
or  moving  ;  exertion  of  power  or  force,  as  when  one 
body  acts  on  another  ;  or  action  is  the  effect  of  power 
exerted  on  one  body  by  another ;  motion  produced. 
Hence,  action  is  opposed  to  rest.  Action,  when 
produced  by  one  body  on  another,  is  mechanical ; 
when  produced  by  the  will  of  a  living  being,  spon- 
taneous or  voluntary.     [See  Def.  3.] 

2.  An  act  or  thiiig  done ;  a  deed. 

The  Lord    is  n  God  of  Icnowledge,  and   by  liim  are  actions 
weighed.  —  1  Siim.  ii. 

3.  In  mechanics,  agency ;  operation  ;  driving  im- 
pulse ;  effort  of  one  body  upon  another ;  as,  the 
acfion  of  wind  upon  a  ship's  sails;  also,  the  effect 
of  such  action. 

4.  In  eUiics,  the  external  signs  or  expression  of  the 
sentiments  of  a  moral  agent;  conduct;  behavior; 
demeanor ;  that  is,  motion  or  movement,  with  respect 
to  a  rule  or  propriety. 

5.  In  poetry,  a  series  of  events,  called  also  the 
subject  or  fable  :  this  is  of  two  kinds  ;  the  principal 
action,  which  is  more  strictly  the  fable,  and  the  in- 
cidental action  or  episode.  Encyc. 

6.  In  oratory,  gesture  or  gesticulation ;  the  ex- 
ternal deportment  of  the  speaker,  or  the  accommo- 
dation of  his  attitude,  voice,  gestures,  and  counte- 
nance, to  the  subject,  or  to  the  thoughts  and  feelings 
of  the  mind.  Eneye. 

7.  In  physiology,  the  motions  or  functions  of  the 


ACT 

body,  vital,  animal,  and  natural ;  vital  and  involun- 
tary, as  the  artion  of  the  he.'irt  and  lunjrs;  animal, 
as  muscular,  and  all  voluntary  motions;  natural, 
as  mandiicatton,  deglutition,  and  digestion.  Encyc. 

8.  In  loir,  liter.'Uly,  an  urging  for  right  ;  a  i-uil  or 
process,  by  which  a  demand  is  made  of  a  right;  a 
claim  made  before  a  tribunal.  Actions  are  real, 
personal,  or  mued ;  real,  oT  feudal,  when  the  demand- 
ant claims  a  title  to  real  estate ;  personal,  when  a 
man  demands  a  debt,  personal  duty,  or  damages  in 
lieu  of  it,  or  satisfaction  for  an  injury  to  person  or 
property  ;  and  yuijed,  when  real  estate?  is  demanded, 
with  damages  for  a  wrong  sustained.  Actions  are 
also  civil  or  penal:  civil.,  when  instituted  solely  in 
behalf  of  private  persons,  to  recover  debts  or  dam- 
ages ;  penal,  when  instituted  to  recover  a  penalty, 
imposed  by  way  of  punishment.  The  word  is  also 
used  f(pr  aHght  of  actum  ;  as,  the  law  gives  an  action 
for  every  claim.  Blackstone. 

Ji  chose  in  actimi,  is  a  right  to  a  thing,  in  opposi- 
tion to  the  possession.  A  bond  or  note  is  a  chose  in 
action,  [Fr.  chose,  ^  thing,]  and  gives  the  owner  a 
right  to  prosecute  his  claim  to  the  money,  as  he  has 
an  absolute  property  in  a  right,  as  well  as  in  a  tiling, 
in  possession. 

9.  In  some  countries  of  Europe,  especially  France, 
action  is  a  share  in  the  capital  stock  of  a  joint-slock 
company,  or  in  the  public  funds,  equivalent  to  our 
term  share;  and  consequently,  in  a  more  general 
sense,  in  the  plural,  to  stocks.  The  wwrd  is  also 
used  for  movable  eficcls. 

10.  Inpaiutii'ir  and  sculpture,  ihe  nnitude  or  posi- 
tion of  the  several  parts  of  the  body,  by  which  they 
seem  to  be  actuated  by  passions  ;  as,  the  ann  ex- 
tended, to  represent  the  act  of  giving  or  receiving. 

11.  Battle;  fight;  engagement  between  troops  in 
war,  whether  on  land  or  water,  or  by  a  greater  or 
smallf'r  number  of  combatants.  This  and  the  8lh 
definition  exhibit  the  literal  meaning  of  action,  viz. 
a  driving  or  urging. 

Quantity  of  action:  in  physics,  the  product  of  the 
mass  of  a  body  by  the  space  it  runs  through  and  its 
velocity.  Encyc. 

In  many  cases  actionand  act  are  synonymous  ;  but 
some  distinction  between  them  is  observable.  Action 
seems  to  have  more  relation  to  the  power  that  acts, 
and  its  operation  and  process  of  acting ;  and  act, 
more  relation  to  the  e^ect  or  operation  complete. 
Actum  is  also  more  generally  used  for  ordinary"  trans- 
actions ;  and  act,  for  such  as  are  remarkable,  or  dig- 
nified ;  as,  all  our  actions  should  be  regulated  by 
prudence  ;  a  prince  is  distinguished  by  acts  of  hero- 
ism or  humanity.  Encyc. 
Action-taking,  in  Shakspeare,  is  used  for  litigious. 

AC'TION-A-BLE,  a.  That  will  bear  a  suit,  or  for 
which  an  action  at  law  may  be  sustained  ;  as,  to 
call  a  man  a  thief  is  actionable. 

AC'TION-A-BLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  that  subjects  to 
legal  process. 

AC'TION-A-RY,  or  AC'TION-IST,  n.  In  Europe,  a 
proprietor  of  stock  in  a  joint-stock  company;  one 
who  owns  actions  or  shares  of  stock, 

ACT'IV-aTE,  v.  t.    To  make  active.  Bacon. 

A€T'IVE,  a.     [L.  activus;  Fr.  act^f.] 

1.  That  has  the  power  or  quality  of  acting;  that 
contains  the  principle  of  action,  independent  of  any 
visible  external  force  ;  as,  attraction  is  an  active 
power;  or  it  may  be  defined,  that  communicates 
action  or  motion,  opposed  to  passit^e,  that  receives 
action  ;  as,  the  active  powers  of  the  mind. 

2.  Having  tlie  power  of  quick  motion,  or  the 
disposititm  to  move  with  speed  ;  nimble  ;  lively  ; 
brisk  ;  agile  ;  as,  an  active  animal.     Hence, 

3.  Busy  ;  constantly  engaged  in  action  ;  pursuing 
business  with  vigor  and  assiduity  ;  opposed  to  dull, 
slow,  or  indolent ;  as,  an  acttre  oflicer.  It  is  also  op- 
posed to  .sedentary  ;  as,  an  active  life. 

4.  Requiring  action  or  exertion  ;  practical ;  opera- 
tive ;  producing  real  effects  ;  opposed  to  speculative  i 
as,  the  active  duties  of  life. 

5.  In  grammar,  active  verbs  are  those  which  not 
only  signify  action,  but  have  a  noun  or  name  fol- 
lowing them,  denoting  the  object  of  the  action  or 
impression  ;  called  also  transitive,  as  they  imply  the 
passing  of  the  action  expressed  by  the  verb  to  the 
object ;  as,  a  professor  instructs  his  pupils. 

6.  Active  capital,  or  wealtJi,  is  money,  or  property 
that  may  readily  be  converted  into  money,  and 
used  in  commerce  or  other  employment  for  profit. 

Hamilton. 

7.  Active  commerce,  the  commerce  in  which  a  na- 
tion carries  its  own  productions  and  foreign  com- 
modities in  its  own  ships,  or  which  is  prosecuted  by 
its  own  citizens;  as  contradistinguished  from  pas- 
sive commerce,  in  which  the  productions  of  one 
countr>-  are  transported  by  the  people  of  another 
couutr>'. 

The  commerce  of  Great  Britain  and  of  the  Unitftd 
States  is  active:  that  of  China  is  passive.  i\ 

It  may  be  the  interest  of  fire^c  t.rS^^  •=  ijon*;  us,  as  U:  «      i 
possible,  of  no  actiK  :op-a^rj    3  3i.'  own  bottoms. 

F>denilul,  ftnmtiton. 

ACT'IVE-LY,  adv.  In  in  cctivc  manner;  by  action  ; 


TONE,  BULL,  TINITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUa  — G  as  K  ;   6  as  J  ;   S  as  Z  ;   CH  as  SH  ;   TH  as  in  THIS. 


ACU 

nimbly  ;  briskly.     In  ff-rammar,  in  an  active  signifi- 

catiun  ;  as,  a  word  is  used  actwrly. 
A€TMVE-NESS,   n.     The  quiilily  of   beinsr   lu'live  ; 

the  faculty  of  acting  ;  niinblnness;  qiiickne.ss  of  nio- 

liu:i.     Lfss  used  tliiiii  Activity. 
ACT-IVI-TY,  n.     The  quality  of  bcinp  active;  the 

active  faculty  ;  nimhleness  ;  agility  ;  also,  tlit!  habit 

of  diligiMit  and  vijiorous  pursuit  of  linsincrts ;  as,  a 

man  of  activity.     It  is  applui/  to  perions  or  Ihincs. 
SphiTC  of  activity,  is  the  w^ole  space  in  which  the 

virtue,  power,  or  intluence  ol  any  oliject,  is  exerted. 
To  put  in  activity  i  a  Frencl  phraae,  fur  putting  lu 

action  or  employment. 
AeT'LKSS,  a.    Without  action  or  spirit. 
ACT'OK,  71.     He   that  acts  or  performs  ;   an   active 

agent. 

2.  He  that  represents  a  character,  or  acts  a  part  in 
a  play  ;  a  stage  player. 

3.  Among  civiiums,  an  advocate  or  proctor  In 
civil  courts  or  causes. 

AeT'UKSS,  n,    A  female  who  acts  or  performs,  and 

esp-fcially  on  the  stage,  or  in  a  play. 
A€T'U-AL,  a,     [Fr.  actud.     See  Act.] 

1.  Real  or  enectual,  or  that  exists  truly  and  abso- 
lutely ;  as,  actual  heat,  opposed  to  that  which  is 
virtual  ox  potential ;  actiud  cautery,  or  ihu  burning  by 
a  red-hot  iron,  opposed  to  potential  cautery,  or  a 
caustic  application,  that  may  produce  the  same 
effect  upon  the  body  by  a  different  process. 

2.  Existing  In  act ;  real ;  in  opposition  to  specula- 
tive^ or  existing  in  theory  only  ;  as",  an  actual  crime. 

3.  Existing  at  the  present  time  ;  as,  the  actual  sit- 
uation of  the  country.  Burke. 

4.  In  tJieolog-y,  actual  sin  is  that  which  is  commit- 
ted by  a  person  himself,  opposed  to  original  sin,  or 
the  corruption  of  nature  supposed  to  be  communi- 
cated from  Adam. 

5.  That  includes  action. 

Besitlca  her  w.illdiig  aud  oilier  actual  perfurm^ncei.     [ftardly 
legiUmate.]  ShaJc. 

AGT-q-AL'l-TY,  n.    Reality.  Haweis. 

AGT'l^-AL-LV,  adv.    In  fact ;  really  j  in  truth. 

A€T'U-ALrIZE,  v.  L    To  make  actual. 

AeT'U-AL-TZ-ING,;);jr.    Making  actual.  Coleridge. 

AeT'U-AL-NESS,  h.     The  qurUity  of  being  actual. 

A€T'q-A-RY,  n.     [L.  actuanu^.] 

A  rv^gistrar  or  clerk  ;  a  term  of  the  civil  law,  and 
used  o.'iginally  in  courts  of  civil  law  jurisdiction  ;  hut 
in  Europe  used  for  a  clerk  or  registrar  generally. 

In  England,  tliis  term  is  now  used  for  the  man- 
ager of  a  joint-stock  company,  particularly  of  an 
insurance  company.  P.  Cyc. 

In  America,  it  is  chiefly  applied  to  the  manager 
of  a  life  insurance  company. 

AGT'U-ATE,  a.    Put  in  action.    {Little  used.] 

AeT'lJ-ATE,  V.  t.  [from  act.} 

To  put  into  action  ;  to  move  or  incite  to  action  ; 
as,  men  are  actuated  by  motives,  or  passions.  It 
seems  to  have  been  used  formerly  in  the  sense  of 
invigorate,  noting  increase  of  action  ;  but  the  use  is 
not  legitimate. 

AGT'U-A-TED,  pp.    Put  in  action  ;  incited  to  .action. 

A€T'li-A-TING,ppr.  Putting  in  action  ;  inciting  to 
action. 

A€T-II-a'TION,  ti.  The  state  of  being  put  in  ac- 
tion ;  effectual  opcnition.  QlanvUle. 

A€T'US,  n.  Among  Vie  Romans,  a  measure  in 
building  equal  to  120  Roman  feet.  In  ancient  agri- 
culture, the  length  of  one  furrow. 

AG'U-aTE,  v.  t.     [L.  acuo,  to  sharpen.     See  Acid.] 
To  sharpen  ;  to  make  pungent,  or  corrosive.    [Lii- 
tle  Msed,]  Harveif. 

A€-l2-I"TIOX,  n,  [from  L.  acuo,  to  sharpen.]  The 
sharpening  of  medicines  to  increase  their  effect. 

A-tJU'LE-ATE,  a.  [L.  aculeiis,  from  ar.vs,  Gr.  okti,  a 
point,  and  the  diminutive  uL     See  Acid.] 

In  botany,  having  prickles,  or  sharp  points  ;  point- 
ed ;  used  chiefly  to  denote  prickles  fixed  in  the 
bark,  in  distinction  from  thorns,  which  grow  from 
the  wood.  Mdne. 

2.    In  zoology,  ha\ing  a  sting,  or  prickles. 

A-GU'LE-I, /I.  p/.  [L.]  In  Aotani/ and  looZo^T/,  prickles. 

AG'tJ-LON,  or  Ae'lJ-LOS,  n,  [Gr.  okuAos,  proba- 
bly from  ac,  an  oak.] 

The  fruit  or  acorn  of  the  ilex,  or  scarlet  oak. 

A-GO'MEN,  71.     [L.  acumen,  from  acns  or  acuij.l 

A  sharp  point ;  and  jiguralivrly,  quickness  of 
perception,  penetration  of  mind,  the  faculty  of  nice 
discrimination. 

A-GO'MIN-ATE,  a.    [h.  aeuminatas,  from  acumen.] 
Ha\nng   a   long    projecting    and   highly   tapering 
point.  De  Candolle. 

A-GO'MIN-A-TED,  a.     Sharpened  to  a  point. 

A-GU-MIN-a'TION,  71.  A  sharpening  i  termination 
in  a  sharp  point. 

AG-i;-PU\€>TUR-A'TION,  n.     See  Acupuncture. 

Ae-lI-PUNG'Tl|RE,  71.  [L.  acus,  needle,  and  pt/nc- 
tura,  or  punctus,  a  pricking.] 

A  surgical  operation,  piTformed  by  pricking  the 
part  affected  with  a  needle,  as  in  headaches  and 
lethargies.  Encyc. 

A-COTE',  a.      [L.   acutu.^,  sharp-pointed  ;  Q.u.  from 


ADA 

acuo,  anis,  or  from  the  Oriental  Tn/tad  or  cliad, 
sharp,  Ileh.  Ch.  Ar.] 

1.  Sharp  at  the  end;  ending  in  a  sharp  p<»int ; 
opposed  to  blunt  or  oblujip^  An  acute  angle,  in  geoni- 
etrj',  is  one  which  is  less  than  a  right  angle,  or 
wliich  subtends  less  than  ninety  degrees.  An 
aciUf -angled  lT'muQ\e,  ia  one  whose  three  angles  are 
all  acute,  or  less  than  ninety  degrees  each.  An 
acute-nngled  cone,  is  one,  tlie  angle  at  the  vertex  of 
which  is  acute. 

2.  Figuratively,  apjilied  to  menial  powers;  pene- 
trating; having  nice  discernment;  perceiving  or 
using  minute  distinctions;  opposed  to  dull  or  stupitl ; 
as,  an  acute  reasoner. 

3.  Applied  to  the  senses  ;  having  nice  or  quick  sen- 
sibility ;  susceptible  of  slight  irniiressions ;  having 
power  to  feel  or  perceive  small  objects ;  as,  a  man 
of  acM/f  eyesight,  hearing,  or  feeling. 

4.  An  acide  disease,  is  one  which  is  attended  with 
symptoms  of  some  degree  of  severity,  and  comes 
spec^dily  to  a  crisis,  as  a  pleurisy  ;  opposed  to 
chronit. 

5.  An  acute  accent,  is  that  which  elevates  ttr 
sharpens  the  voice. 

6.  In  music,  acute  is  applied  to  a  tone  which  is 
sharp,  or  high  ;  opposed  to  grave. 

7.  In  botany,  ending  in  an  acute  angle,  as  a  leaf 
or  perianth.  Martyn. 

A-GuTE'LY,  a(/o.  Sharply;  keenly;  with  nice  dis- 
crimination. 

A-GuTE'i\ESS,  71.  Sharpness ;  but  seldom  nsed 
in  this  literal  sense,  as  applied  to  material  things. 

9.  Ftguratieely,  the  faculty  of  nice  discernment  or 
perception ;  applied  to  the  senses,  or  the  under- 
standing. By  an  acuteness  of  feeling,  we  perceive 
small  objects  or  slight  impressions  ;  by  an  acuteness 
of  intellect,  we  discern  nice  distinctions. 

3.  Sharpness,  or  elevation  of  sound,  in  rhetoric 
or  nnisic.  Boyle. 

4.  Violence  of  a  disease,  which  brings  it  speedily 
to  a  crisis. 

A-GU-TIa'TOR,  71.  In  the  middle  ages^  a  person 
whose  otiice  was  to  sharpen  instruments.  Before 
the  invention  of  fire-arms,  such  officers  attended 
armies  to  sharpen  their  instruments.  Encyc. 

AD,  a  Latin  preposition,  signifying  to.     It  is  probably 

from  Ileb.  Ch.  Syr.   Sam.  Eth.  nns,  Ar.       -t  to 

come  near,  to  approach  ;  from  which  r(70t  we  may 
also  deduce  at.  In  composition,  the  last  letter  is 
usually  changed  into  the  first  letter  of  the  word  to 
which  it  is  prefixed.  Thus  for  adclamo,  the  Romans 
wrote  acclamo ;  for  adgredior,  aggredior ;  for  ad- 
Jirmo,  affirmo ;  for  adlego,  allcgo ;  for  adpono,  ap- 
pono;  for  adripio,  arripio ;  for  adscribo,  ascribo  ;  for 
adtineo,  althieo.  The  reason  of  this  change  is  found 
in  the  ease  of  pronunciation,  and  agreeableness  of 
the  sounds. 

Ad  Itominem ;  to  the  man  ;  in  logic,  an  argument 
adapted  to  touch  the  prejudices  of  the  person  ad- 
dressed. 

Ad  inquirendum  ;  in  law,  a  judicial  writ  command- 
ing inquiry  to  be  made. 

Ad  libitum;  at  pleasure;  in  music,  applied  to  a 
part  or  accompaniment  which  may  be  performed  or 
not,  witliout  interfering  with  the  composition. 

Ad  valorem  ;  according  to  the  value  ;  in  commerce 
and  finance,  terms  used  to  denote  duties  or  charges 
laid  upon  goods,  at  a  certain  rate  per  cent,  upon 
their  value,  as  stated  in  their  invoices  ;  in  opposition 
to  a  specific  sum  upon  a  given  quantity  or  number. 
A-DAG'TYL,  n.     [Gr.  .i  priv.  and  t^uKrvXni,  a  digit.] 

In  zoology,  a  locomotive  extremity  without  digits 

Brands. 
AD'AGE,  71.     [L.  adagium,  or  adagio  ;  It.  adagio.] 

A  proverb  ;  an  old  saying,  which  has  obtained 
credit  by  long  use ;  a  wise  observation  handed  down 
from  antiquity. 
.\D-a'GI-0,  71.  [It.  adagio,  a  compound  of  art  and 
agio,  leisure  ;  Sp.  ana  Port,  ocio ;  L.  otium  ,■  Fr. 
aisr  ;  Eng.  casr.] 

In  music,  a  slow  movement.  A  piece  of  music, 
to  be  performed  in  adagio  ;  as,  an  adagio  of  Haydn. 
As  an  adverb,  slowly,  leisurely,  and  with  grace. 
When  repeated,  adagio,  adagio,  it  directs  the  move- 
ment to  be  very  slow. 
AD'AM,7i.  In  Heb.  Ch.  Syr.  Eth.  Ar.  Man;  prima- 
rily, the  name  of  the  human  species,  mankind  ; 
appropriately,  the  first  Man,  the  progenitor  of  the 
human  race.  The  word  signifies  form,  shape,  or 
suiUible  form  ;  hence,  species.  As  a  verb,  the  word 
signifies,  in  Ethiopic,  to  please  or  be  agreeable;  in 
Arabic,  to  join,  unite,  or  be  accordant,  to  agree.  It 
is  evidently  connected  with  nm  daniaJt,  Heb.  Ch. 
Syr.,  to  be  like  or  equaJ,  to  form  an  image,  to  assmi- 
ilate;  whence  the  sense  of  likeness,  image,  fonn, 
shape  ;  Gr.  isfiag,  a  body,  like.     [See  Man.] 

Adam^s  apple  ;  a  species  of  citron,  [see  Citron  ;] 
also,  the  prominent  part  of  the  throat. 

A dam^s  needle  ;  the  popular  name  of  the  yucca,  a 
plant  of  four  species,  cultivated  in  gardens.     Of  the 


A  1)1) 

roots,  the   Indiana  made  a  kind  of  bread.      [See 

YUCCA.I 

AD'A-MANT,  71.  [Gr.  aSap't; ;  L.  adanias;  a  word 
of  Celtic  origin  ;  W.  ehedvacn,  a  todestone,  from 
ehed,  to  fly  or  move,  and  vaen,  or  maen,  a  stone. 
Chaucer  uses  adamnnt  for  the  lodestone.  Romaunt 
of  the  Rose,  lin.  1162.  Ger.  diamant  is  adamant  and 
diamond;  Sp.  diamante;  Sw.  damant;  Fr.  aimant, 
lodestone.     See  Diamond.] 

A  stone  imagined  by  some  to  be  of  impenetra- 
ble hardness ;  a  narie  given  to  the  diamond  and 
other  substances  of  extreme  hardness.  The  name 
lias  often  been  given  to  the  lodestone  ;  as,  you  draw 
me, you  hard-hearted  adamant.  Shu/;.  Rutin  mod- 
em mineralogj'  it  has  no  technical  signification. 

AD-A-MANT-K'AN,  a.    Hard  ms  adamant.  Milion. 

AD-A-MANT'INE,  a.  Made  ol  adamant;  having 
the  qualities  of  adamant;  that  can  not  be  broken, 
dissolved,  or  penetrated  ;  as,  adamantine  bonds,  or 
chains. 

Adamantine  spar ;  a  variety  of  corundum,  with 
gray,  brown,  or  greenish  shades.  This  stone  is 
vrry  hard,  and  of  dilticult  fusion.  Dana. 

AD-AM'IG,  fl.  Pertaining  to  Adam.  Adamic  earth, 
is  the  tL-rm  given  to  common  red  clay,  so  called  by 
means  of  a  mistaken  opinion,  tlial  Adam  means 
red  earth. 

AD'AM-ITES,  n.  pi.  In  church  hktory,  a  sect  of 
visionaries,  who  pretended  to  establish  a  state  of 
innocence,  and,  like  Adam,  went  naked.  They 
abhorred  marriage,  holding  it  to  be  the  effect  of  sin. 
Several  attempts  have  been  made  to  revive  this 
sect ;  one  as  late  as  the  15th  century.  Encyc. 

AD-AM-IT'IG,  a.     Like  the  Adamites.  Taylor. 

AD-AN-S6'NI-A,  n.  Ethiopian  sour  gourd,  monkey's 
bread,  or  African  calabash-tree.  It  is  a  genus  of 
one  species,  called  baobab,  a  native  of  Africa,  and 
one  of  the  largest  of  the  vegetable  kingdom.  Tlie 
stem  rises  not  above  twelve  or  fifteen  feet,  but  is 
from  sixty-five  to  seventy-eight  feet  in  circum- 
ference. The  branches  shoot  horizontally  to  the 
length  of  sixty  feet,  the  ends  bending  to  the  ground. 
The  fruit  is  oblong,  pointed  at  both  ends,  ten 
inches  in  length,  and  covered  with  a  greenish 
down,  under  whicii  is  a  hard,  ligneous  rind.  It 
hangs  to  the  tree  by  a  pedicle  two  feet  long,  and 
contains  a  white,  spongy  substance.  The  leaves 
and  bark,  dried  and  powdered,  are  used  by  the 
negroes  as  pepper  on  their  food,  to  promote  perspi- 
ration. The  tree  is  named  from  M.  Adanson,  who 
has  given  a  description  of  it.  Encyc. 

AD'A-PIS,  n.  An  animal  of  the  pachydermatous 
order  of  mammals,  somewhat  resembling  a  hedge- 
hog; now  extinct.  Bur.kland. 

A-DAPT',  V,  U  [Sp.  adaptor;  It.  adattare i  L.  ad  and 
apto,  to  fit;  Gr.  (iTTro).] 

To  make  suitable  ;  to  fit,  or  suit  ;  as,  to  adapt  an 
instnunent  to  its  uses  ;  we  have  provision  adapted 
to  our  wants.  It  is  applied  to  things  material  or 
immaterial. 

A-DAPT-A-BIL'I-TY,     )  n.      The  quality   of  being 

A-HAPT'A-BLE-NESS,  (      capable  of  adaptation. 

A-DAPT' A-BLE,  a.     That  may  be  adapted. 

AD-APT-a'TION,  n.  The  act  of  making  suitable,  or 
tlie  state  of  being  suitable,  or  fit ;  fitness. 

A-i)APT'ED,  pp.    Suited  ;  made  suitable  ;  fitted. 

A-DAPT'ED-NESS,  n,  Str' ,  uf  being  adapted  j  suit- 
ableness. 

A-DAPT'ER,  n.    One  who  adapts. 
2.  In  chemistry.     See  Adopter. 

A-DAPT'ING,  pi)r.     Suiting  ;  making  fit. 

A-DAP'TION,  77.  Adaptation;  the  act  of  fitting. 
[IJtUe  used,  andhardlii  legitimate.'] 

A-DAPT'NESS,  n.  A  state  of  being  fitted.  [J^ot 
used.]  J^aeton. 

a'DaR,  71.  A  Hebrew  month,  answering  to  the 
latttT  part  of  February  and  the  beginning  of  March, 
the  l-2ili  of  the  sacred  and  Gth  of  the  civil  year;  so 
named  from  1■^^f,  to  become  glorious,  from  the  ex- 
uberance of  vegetation,  in  that  month,  in  Egypt 
and  Palestine.  Parhhurst. 

AD  AR-BIT'RI-UM,  [L.]     At  will  or  pleasure. 

A-DAR'CE,  n.     [Gr.  adapKt}^.] 

A  saltish  concretion  on  reeds  and  p-ass  in  marshy 
grounds  in  Galatia.  It  is  lax  and  porous,  like  bas- 
tard sponge,  and  used  to  clear  the  skin  in  leprosy, 
tetters,  &c.  Quincy.     Plot. 

A-DAUNT',  v.  U  To  subdue.  \A''ot  used.  See 
Daunt.]  Slcclton, 

AD-AW,  V.  L     To  daunt ,  to  subject.     [J^ot  used.] 

Spenser. 

A-T)AYS',adv.     On  or  in  days;  as  in  the  phrase  now 

a-day.-i, 
AD    CAP-TAJ^' DU.M,  [L.]     To  captivate  ;   ad  cap- 

tandum  vnlgus,  to  please  and  attract  the  populace. 
AD-GOR'PO-RaTE,  v.  t.    To  unite  one  body  with 

another. 
ADD,  V.  t.     [L.  addo,  from  ad  and  do,  to  give.] 

1.  To  set  or  put  together,  join,  or  unite  ;  as,  one 
thing  or  sum  to  another,  in  an  aggregate  ;  as,  add 
three  to  four,  the  sum  is  seven. 

2.  To  unite  in  idea  or  consideration  ;  to  subjoin  ;  as 
to  what  hx=  been  alleged,  let  this  argimienl  be  added. 


FaTE,  FAR,  FALL,  WII^T.— MeTE,  PRgY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD,  — NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BOOK.— 

-  . 


ADD 

3.  Tu  increasf  nuiiihcr. 

Thou  Shalt  nJd  ihrce  ciins  more  of  rrfuge.  —  Deut.  xix. 

4.  To  augment. 

Rohoboain  said,  I  will  add  to  your  yoke.  —  1  KinaiB  xVt. 
Ye  Bhjll  not  add  lo  ilie  woiiJ  which  1  coimnaud  you.  —  Deut, 

As  here  used,  the  verb  is  intransitive,  but  there 
muy  be  an  ellipsis. 

To  add  to,  is  used  in  .Scripture,  as  equivalent  to 
fivtj  or  bcstifW  upon.  Gen.  xxx.  Mwlt.  vi.  In  Gal. 
li.  the  wi-rd  is  understood  to  signif'\  instruction  ; 
"  In  conl'erence  they  added  nothiti;  o  me."  In 
narration,  he  or  they  added,  is  ellipitcii ;  he  added 
words,  or  what  follows,  or  he  continued  his  dis- 
course. 

In  general,  when  used  of  things,  add  implies  a 
principal  thina;,  to  which  a  smaller  is  to  be  an- 
nexfd,  as  a  iiart  of  the  whole  ?um,  mass,  or  number. 

AD-DKC'l-MATE,  r.  U     [L.  ad  and  decimus,  tenth.] 
To  taJie,  or  to  ascertain  tithes.  DkL 

ADD'ED,  pp.  Joined  in  place,  in  sum,  in  mass  or 
asCTOjrate,  in  number,  in  idea,  or  considenition  ; 
tinited  ;  put  together. 

AD-DeEM',  r.  U  [See  Deem.]  To  award  ;  to  sen- 
tence.    [Litfte  u.<ei/.] 

AD-DKN'^DUM^n.-.pL  JiD~DEy^DA.  [L.]  A  thing 
or  things  to  be  added  ;  an  appendix. 

AD'DER,  tu  [Sax.  iFtttr  or  icttor,  a  serpent  and 
poison  ;  D.  adder,  Qn.  Sax.  na:dre,  a  serpent ;  Goih. 
nadr;  G.  natter;  W.  ncider;  Com.  naddyr ;  Ir. 
naiJiair  ;  L.  vatrix,  a  serpent.] 

A  Venomous  serpent  of  several  species,  belonging 
to  the  viper  family. 

AD'DER-FL?,  n.  A  name  of  the  dragon-fly  or 
Libellula;  sometimes  culled  adder-bolt. 

AD'DER'S-GRaSS,  71.  A  plant  about  which  ser- 
pents lurk. 

AD'DER'S-TONGUE,  n.  A  genus  of  ferns,  Ophio- 
glossitm,  whose  seeds  are  produced  on  a  spike  re- 
semblins  a  serpent's  tongue. 

AD'DER"S-W0RT,  tu  Snakeweed,  so  named  from 
its  supposed  virtue  in  curing  the  bile  of  serpents, 

AD  DI-BIL'I-TY,  n.     The  possibility  of  being  added. 

Locke. 

AD'DI-BLE,  a.     [See  Add.]     That  may  be  added. 

Locke, 

AD'DICE,  71.    [Obs.]    See  Adz. 

ADDICT',  a.     Addicted.     [JVo/  much  used.] 

AD-DICT',  p.  t.  [L.  addico,  to  devote,  from  ad  and 
dico,  to  dedicate.] 

To  apply  one's  self  habitually  ;  lo  devote  time 
and  attention  by  customary  or  constant  practice. 
\_Sometimes  in  a  good  sense.] 

Tliey   have  addicted  Ihemselvea  Co  Ihe  ministry  o(  the  salnta. 
—  ICor.  X.V. 

More  usually,  in  a  bad  sense,  to  follow  customi- 
rily,  or  dfViite,  by  habitually  practicing  that  which 
is  ill ;  as,  a  man  is  addicted  lo  intemperance. 

To  addict  one's  self  to  a  pc-son  —  a  sense  borrowed 
from  the  Romans,  who  used  the  word  for  assignin-r 
debtors  in  ser\'ice  to  their  creditors  —  is  found  in 
Ben  Jon-;on,  but  is  not  legitimate  in  English. 

AU-DICT'ED,  ])p.     Devoled  bv  customary  practice. 

AD-DIGT'ED-XESS,  n.  The  quality  or  state  of 
being  adiliried. 

.^D-DICT'IXG,  ppr.  Devoting  time  and  attention; 
practicing  customarilv. 

AD-Die'TJON,  H,  The  act  of  devoting  or  giving  up 
in  practice  ;  the  state  of  being  devoted. 

His  ti'ldiction  was  to  courses  vain.  Shak. 

9.  Among  the  Roman.'^,  a  making  over  goods  to 
another  by  sale  or  legal  sentence  ;  also,  an  assign- 
ment of  debtors  in  service  to  their  creditors. 

Encyc. 
ADD'IN'G,;fRr.  Joining;  putting  together ;  increasing. 
AD-DIT'A-.MENT,  n.      [L.  addita'mcntum,   from   ad- 
ditu.f  and  inent.     See  Add.] 

An  addition,  or  rather  ihp  thing  added,  as  furni- 
ture m  a  house ;  any  materiiil  mixed  with  the 
principal  ingredients  in  a  compound.  Ancient 
anatomists  gave  the  name  to  an  epiphysis,  or  junc- 
tion of  bones  without  articulation.  [Little  used  in 
eiVier  sense.] 
AD-DI"T10N,  71.     [L.  additio,  from  addo.] 

1.  The  act  of  adding,  opposed  to  subtraction,  or 
diminution ;  as,  a  sum  is  increased  by  addition. 

2.  Any  thing  added,  whether  material  or  im- 
material. 

3.  in  arithmetic,  the  uniting  of  two  or  more  num- 
bers in  one  sum  ;  also  the  rule  or  branch  of  arith- 
metic which  treats  of  adding  numbers.  Simple  ad- 
dition is  the  joining  of  sums  of  the  same  denom- 
ination, as  pounds  to  pounds,  dollars  to  dollars. 
Compound  addition  is  the  joining  of  sums  of  dif- 
ferent denominations,  as  dollars  and  cents. 

4.  In  late,  a  title  annexed  to  a  man's  name,  to 
show  his  rank,  occupation,  or  place  of  residence; 
as,  John  Doe,  Ksq. ;  Richard  Roe,  Oent. ;  Robert 
Dale,  Mason;  Thomas  Way,  o/jYcw  York. 

5.  In  music,  a  dot  at  the  right  side  of  a  note,  to 
lengthen  its  sound  one  half. 

6    In  AeroWn/,  something  added  to  a  coat  of  arms, 


ADD 

as  a  mark  of  honor,   opposed  to  abatements ;  as, 
bordure,  quarter,  canton,  pyron,  pile,  &.c.    Encyc 

7.  In  distiUiHg,  any  thing  added  to  the  wash  or 
liquor  in  a  state  of  fermentation. 

8.  In  popular  language,  an  advantage,  ornament 
improvement ;   that  is,  an    addition    by    way    of 
eminence. 

AD-DI"TION-AL,  a.    That  is  added.     It  is  used  by 

Bacon  for  addition  ;  but  improperly. 
AD-D["TION-AL-LY,  adv.     By  wny  of  addition. 
ADD'I-TIVE,  a.     That  may  be  added,  or  that   is  to 

be  added. 
ADD'I-TO-RY,  a.    That  adds,  or  may  add. 
AD'DLE,  a.     [W.  hadyl,  corrupt;  hadla,  to  decay,  to 

putrify ;    Heb.  Sin,  to  fail,  Ar.  ^  Jo>  hadala,  to 

decline,  and  ^^tX^L  chadala,  to  frustrate,  to  rL\il,  to 
cease;  Sax.  aidlian,  lo  be  empty,  or  vain.] 

Unimpregnated  ;  not  fecundated ;  also,  having 
lost  the  power  of  development;  in  a  morbid  stute ; 
putrid  ;  applied  lo  eggs.  Hence,  barren,  producing 
nothing. 

His  br.uns  grow  addle.  Drijrien. 

AD'DLE,  V.  t.  To  make  addle  ;  to  make  corrupt  or 
morbid.  Scvtl. 

AD'DL-^D,  pp.  or  a.  Morbid,  corrupt,  putrid,  or 
barren.  Brown. 

AD'DLE-HEAD'ED,  ;  a.     Having  empty  brains. 

AD'DLE-Pa-TED,      (  Drydcn, 

AD-DOOM',  c.  i.  [See  Doom.]  To  adjudge.  Spenser. 

AD-DORS'A'D,  (ad-dorst',)  a.  [L.  ad  and  dorsum,  the 
back.] 

In  heraldry,  having  the  backs  turned  to  each 
other,  as  beasts. 

AD-DRESS',  V.  t.  [Ft.  adrcsser;  Sp.  endcrezar  ;  It. 
diriiiarc,  to  diri'ct,  to  make  straight.  This  is  sup- 
posed to  be  from  L.  dirigo.     See  Dbess.] 

1.  To  prepare  ;  to  make  suitable  dispositions  for; 
to  entiT  upon  ;  as,  he  now  addressed  himself  to  the 
business. 

Tiiniiis  fuIiIrcsBcd  h\a  men  to  ain^-le  fight.  Dryden. 

The  .trL-lnn^-l   and   the  evil  spint  dadresting  iliemsflves  /or 
Uiu  coniti.it.  Addison. 

[  This  sni.9e  is,  I  believe,  obsolete  or  little  used.] 

2.  To  direct  words  or  discourse;  to  apply  lo  by 
words;  as,  to  address  a  discourse  to  an  assembly; 
to  address  the  judges. 

3.  To  direct  in  writing,  as  a  letter  ;  or  to  direct 
and  transmit ;  as,  he  addressed  a  letter  to  the 
Speaker.  Sometimes  it  is  used  vvitli  the  reciprocal 
pronoun  ;  as,  he  addressed  hi:nsclf  to  the  Speaker, 
instead  of,  he  adtiressed  his  discourse.  The  phrase 
is  faulty,  but  less  so  than  the  following:  To  such 
J  would  address  witii  this  most  atfectionate  petition. 

Voung  Tumiu  to  the  benuteous  maid  addressed.       Dryden. 

The  latter  is  admissible  in  poetry,  as  an  elliptical 
phrase. 

4.  To  present  an  address,  as  a  letter  of  thanks  or 
congratulation,  a  petition,  or  a  testimony  of  respect ; 
as,  the  legislature  addressed  the  President. 

5.  To  court  or  make  suit  as  a  lover. 

6.  In  commerce,  to  consign  or  intrust  to  the  care 
of  another,  as  agent  or  factor  ;  as,  the  ship  was  ad- 
dressed to  a  merchant  in  Baltimore. 

AD-DRESS',  n.  A  speaking  to;  verbal  application  ; 
a  formal  manner  of  speech  ;  as,  when  introduced, 
tlie  President  made  a  short  address. 

2.  A  written  or  fonnal  application  ;  a  message  of 
respect,  congratulation,  llianks,  petition,  &c. ;  as, 
an  address  of  thanks  ;  an  officer  is  removable  upon 
the  address  of  both  houses  of  assembly, 

3.  Manner  of  speaking  to  another  ;  as,  a  man  of 
pleasing  address. 

4.  Courtsliip  ;  more  generally  in  the  plural,  ad- 
dresses ;  as,  he  makes  or  p:iys  his  addresses  to  a  lady. 

5.  Skill;  dexterity;  skiilful  management;  as,  the 
envoy  conducted  the  negotiation  with  address. 

6.  Direction  of  a  letter,  &c.,  including  the  name, 
title,  and  place  of  residence  of  the  person  for  whom 
it  is  intended.  Hence,  these  particulars  are  denom- 
inated a  man's  address. 

AD-DRESS'i^D,  (ad-<!rest',)  pp.    Spoken  or  applied 

to;  diri'cted  ;  courti^d ;  consigned. 
AD-DRESS'ER,  n.     One  who  addresses  or  petitions. 
AJ)-DRESS'I.\G,  ppr.      Speaking    or    applying    to ; 

directing;  courting;  consigning. 
AD-DuCE',  V.  t.     [L.  adduco,\o  lead  or  bring  to;  ad 

and  duco,  to  lead.     See  Duke.] 

1.  To  bring  forward,  present,  or  offer;  as,  a  wit- 
ness was  adduced  to  prove  the  fiicl. 

2.  To  cite,  name,  or  introduce  ;  as,  to  adduce  an 
authority  or  an  argument. 

AD-DuC'"f:D,  fad-duste',)  pp.  Brought  forward ; 
cited  ;   alleged  in  argument. 

AD-DC'CE\T,  a.  Bringing  forward,  or  together  ;  a 
word  applied  to  those  muscles  of  the  body  which 
pull  one  part  toward  another.     [See  Addl-ctob.] 

AD-DU'CER,  w.     One  that  adduces. 

AD-DO'CI-BLE,  a.     That  may  be  adduced. 


ADF 


AD-DOC'ING,  ppr.  Bunging  fonvard  ;  citing  in 
argument. 

AD-DUe'TION,  n.     The  act  of  bringinc  forward. 

AD-DUe'TlVE,  a.     That  brings  forward. 

AD-DU€'TOR,  71.     fL.] 

A  uuiscle  whicn  draws  one  part  of  the  body 
toward  anuiher  ;  as  the  adductor  ocuH,  whuh  turns 
the  eye  toward  the  nose  ;  the  adductijr  pvllicis  manus, 
win.  ii  dniws  the  thumb  toward  the  fingers. 

AD-DULCE',   (ad-duls',)   v.   t.      [L.   ad  and   duUis, 
sweet.]      To  sweeten.     [JVo(  used.]  Baron. 

AD'EB,  H.  An  E£y[iiinn  weight  of  210  okes,  each  of 
three  rotolos,  which  lasi  is  a  weight  of  about  two 
drams  less  than  the  English  pound.  But  at  Rosetta, 
the  adeb  is  only  150  okes.  Encyc. 

AD-E-LAN-TA'DO,  n.     [Spanish.] 

A  governor  of  a  province;  a  lieutenant-governor. 
Robertson. 

AD'EL-ING,  71.  A  title  of  honor,  given  by  our  Saxon 
ancestors  to  the  children  of  princes,  and  to  young 
nobles.  It  13  composed  of  adel,  or  rather  tBtful,  the 
Teutonic  term  for  noble,  illustrious,  and  ling,  young, 
posterity.  Spclman.  Sw.  adclt-f  ,■  D.  edel ;  Ger.  e<Ul 
and  adelig,  noble ,  Sp.  hidalgo.  We  observe  the 
term  in  m-iny  Saxon  names  of  princes  ;  as,  Ethd-wolf, 
noble  wolf,  or  noble  help  ;  Etlul-bald,  noblj  bolJ  ; 

Ethel-bert,  noble  brightness.     Ar.    VjJ  aJliala,  to  be 

well  rooted,  to  be  of  noble  stock  or  birth.  Class  Dl. 
AD'E-LiTE,  n.  Adelites  or  Almoganens,  in  Spain, 
were  conjurers,  who  predicted  the  fortunes  of  indi- 
viduals by  the  ili<iht  and  singing  of  birds,  and  other 
accidental  circumstances.  Ed.  Encyc. 

A-DEL'O-POD,  n.  [Gr.  a  privative,  ^iX's,  apparent, 
and  TToi's,  foot.] 

An  animal  whose  feet  are  not  apparent.    Morin. 
AD-E.MP'TION,  71.     [h.  adimo,  to  take  away;  (if  ad 
and  emo,  to  take.] 

In  the  civd  law,  the  revocation  of  a  grant,  dona- 
tion, or  the  like. 
AD-EN-OG'RA-PHY,    n.      [Gr.   a<j7ji',  a  gland,  and 
),o(i0'.),  to  describe.] 
That  part  of  anatomy  which  treats  of  the  glands. 
AD'E.N'-OID,  a.    [Gr.  u^/,f,  a  gland,  and  ti^uj,  form.] 

In  the  f.irrn  ol  a  eland  ;  glandiform. 
AD-EN-O-LOl^'IC-AL,  a.     Pertaining  to  the  doctrine 

of  the  glaiul:^.  Encyc. 

AD-E\-OL'0-GY,  71.  [Gr.  aj/jr,  a  gland,  and  Aujoj, 
discourse.] 

In  anatomy,  the  doctrine  of  the  glands,  their  na- 
ture, and  their  uses. 
AD'E-i\OS,   H.      A  species  of  cotton,  from  Aleppo, 

called  also  marine  cutUm. 
AD  E.\-OT'0-MY,  n.     [Gr.  a^nv,  a  gland,  and  roptj, 
a  cutting.] 

In  anatt/my  and  surgery,  a  cutting  or  incision  of  a 
gland.  Morin. 

AD-EPT',  71.     [L.  adeptns,  obtained,  from  adipiscor.] 
One  fully  skilU-d  or  weU  versed   in  any  art.     The 
term  is  borrowed  from  the  alchemists,  whoapjilied 
it  to  one  who  preti-nded   to  have  found  the  philost>- 
pher's  stone,  or  the  panace:i.  Encyc^ 

AD-EPT',  a.     Well  skilled;  completely  verged  or  ac- 
quainted with.  Boyle, 
AD-EP'TION,  77.     [L.  adeptlo.] 

An  obtaining;  acquirement.     I  05.^.]        Bacon. 
AD-EPT'IST,  n.     An  adept. 

AD'E-Q,UA-CY,  7i.  [L.  adirquatus,  of  ad  and  (FquatuSy 
made  equal.] 

The  state  or  quality  of  being  equal  to.  proportion- 
ate, or  sutTicient ;  a  sufficiency  for  a  particular  piu*- 
pose. 

The  adeqticcy  of  supply  to  ihe  expendituir. 

War  in  Ditguise. 

AD'E-QUATE,  a.  Equal  ;  proportionate  :  corre- 
spondent to;  fully  sufficient;  as,  means  ade<;uate 
to  tlie  object ;  we  have  no  adequate  ideas  of  infinite 
power. 

.Adequate  ideas,  are  such  as  exactly  represent  their 
object. 

.\D'E-aUATE,  V.  t.  To  resemble  exactlv.  [.Vo( 
used.]  Shrlfard, 

AD'E-UUATE-LY,  adv.  In  an  adequate  manner ;  :n 
exact  proportion  ;  with  just  corresp<indence,  repre- 
sentation, or  proportion;  in  a  degree  equal  to  the 
object 

AD'E-QUATE-NESS,  ti.  The  stale  of  being  ade- 
quale  ;  justness  of  proportion  or  representation ; 
sufficiency. 

AD-E-aUA'TION,  n,    Adequateness,     [.V.»(  used.] 

Bp.  Barlow. 

AD-ES-SE-N  A'RI-AJVS,  n.  pL  [L.  adesse,  to  be  pres- 
ent.] 

lu  church  history,  a  sect  who  hold  the  real  pres- 
ence of  Christ's  body  in  the  eucharist,  but  not  by 
transubstanliation.  They  dill'er,  however,  as  to 
this  presence;  some  holding  the  body  of  Christ  lo 
be  in  the  bread  ;  others,  about  the  bread.       Encyc 

AD-FE€T'ED,  a.  In  algebra,  compounded  ;  consist- 
ing of  different  powers  of  the  unknown  quantity. 

Bailey, 


Tune,  BIJLL,  TJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CI0US.  — e  as  K;  6  as  J;   S  as  Z;  CH  as  SH  j  TH  as  in  THIS. 
— -  _- 


ADl 


ADJ 


AI)-FIL'l-A-'l"EU,   a.     Adopted  as  a  son.     [See  Af- 
111 1  ATi:.] 

AD  riL-l-.\'TION,  n.    [L.  ad  and  JiUus.  a  son.] 

A  Gnlhic  custom,  by  which  ihp  children  uf  a  for- 
mer iniirriage  are  put  u|)on  the  same  fooliiij;  willi 
thiwe  of  a  siiccoedmg  one ;  still  retained  in  some 
pnrn  or  (Jcrmanv. 

^I)  FJ'.YKM,    [L.]    To  the  end. 

^y)-llF.Kiy,  V.  i.    [h.  aJliarcoj  ad  and  han-eo,  to  slick  ; 
Ir.  atUturaJh.] 

1.  'J'o  slick  to,  as  Rhilinous  substances,  or  hy  nat- 
ural yrowlh;  as,  the  lungs  sonuaiuius  ad/ierc  to  llie 
pleura. 

2.  To  be  joined,  or  held  in  contact ;  to  cleave  to. 

3.  Fiffitrofurhj,  to  hold  to,  by  attached,  or  remain 
fixed,  eUher  by  personal  union  or  conformity  of  faitli, 
principle,  or  opinion  ;  as,  men  adhere  to  a  paily,  a 
leader,  a  church,  or  creed. 

4.  To  be  cousiistent ;  to  hold  together  as  the  parts 
of  a  system. 

Every  thing  adiieres  lo^eUicr.  Sfiak. 

AD-HRU'KNCE,  n.     The  quality  or  stale  of  slicking 
or  adhering. 

2.  Fi^urativdy,ii  being  fixed  in  allachitienl ;  fidel- 
ity ;  sl"ady  attachment;  as,  an  adherence  to  a  paiiy 
or  opinions. 
AO-HiiR'KN-CY,  n.    The  same  as  Adheuence.    In 
the  sense  of  that  which  lulheres,  not  b/^itimale. 

Decaa  of  Piety. 
AD-HkR'ENT,  a.  Ptickinc,  uniting,  as  glue  or  wax  ; 
united  with,  as,  "an  a-fherettt  mode,"  in  Locke, 
that  is,  a  mode  acridcnlally  joined  with  an  object, 
as  icrtne.'is  in  a  cloth. 
AD-HliR'E.\T,  71.  The  person  who  adheres;  one 
who  follows  a  l;;ader,  parly,  or  profession  ;  a  fol- 
lower, or  partisan ;  a  bi;liever  in  a  particular  faith 
or  church. 

In  ike  sense  of  an  appendage,  obsolete. 
AD  11  kU'E-VT-LY,  adv.     In  an  adherent  manner. 
Ar>  HrK'ER,  n.     One  thai  adheres  ;  an  adherent. 
AU-tlE  fflON,  (ad-lie'7.hun,)  ii.     [L.  adlussio.] 

1.  Tlie  act  or  slate  of  slicking,  or  being  united 
and  attached  to;  as,  the  adhesion  of  glue,  or  of  parls 
united  by  growth,  cement,  and  the  like.  .Adhesion 
is  generally  used  in  a  literal,  aiUierence  in  a  meta- 
phorical sense. 

9.  Sometimes,  f^urntioehj,  adherence,  union,  or 
steady  attachment;  firmness  in  opinion;  as,  an  ad- 
hesion to  vice  ;  but  in  this  sense  nearly  obsolete. 
The  union  of  bodies  by  attraction  is  usu.'Uly  de- 
nominated cohesion. 

The  term  adhesion^  in  phijsics,  hris  been  applied  to 
the  force  by  which  bodies  of  different  kind's  adhere 
when  united;  coAcs(oh,  to  the  force  that  unites  the 
panicles  of  homogeneous  bodies.  Brandt. 

In  vicdicinCy  the  union,  by  disease,  of  contiguous 
parts,  naturally  separate  ;  sis,  the  adhesion  of  the 
lungs  to  the  pleura  ;  or  the  union  of  the  separated 
pari-^of  a  wound,  in  the  process  of  healing. 
AD-He'SIVE,  a.  tfticky  ;  tenacious,  as  glutinous 
substances;  apt  or  lending  to  adhere.  Thus  gums 
are  adhesive. 

Adhesive  piaster  ;  in  medicine^  slicking  plaster  ; 
used  especi:dly  for  uniting  Ihe  lips  of  wounds. 

Adhesive  iiifiammation  ;  in  medicine^  thai  kind  of 
inflamm^ilion  which  causes  adhesiim. 

Adhesive  slate:  a  variety  of  slaty  clay,  adhering 
strongly  to  the  tongue,  and  rapidly  absorbing  water. 

Ure. 
AD-Hf.'SIVE-LY,  adv.    In  an  adhesive  manner. 
AD-!lE'SIVE-N'ESS,  n.    The  quality  of  sticking  or 

adhering;  stickiness;  tenacity. 
AO-HIB'lT,  V.  u    [L.  (uUiihco^  ad  and  habeo,  to  have.] 

To  use,  or  apply.     [Rnrelif  used.] 

AD-m-BI"T10.\,  H.     Apphcatioii;  use.     WkitaJicr. 

AD'HIL,  71.     A  star  of  the  sixth  magnitude,  u|)un  the 

garment  of  Andromeda,  under  the  lasl  star  in  her 

foot.  F,iteiic. 

AD  HOJiFI-jXEM,  [L.]  To  llie  man  ;  to  tiie  uilerests 

or  ()assions  of  the  man. 
AD-HOR-Ta'TIO.\,  «.     [L.  adJiortatio.] 

Advice.     [Stldom  iiscd.'] 
AD-nOR'TA-TO-RY,  a.     [L.  a(Uiortor,  to  advise,  ad 
and  httrtor.] 
Advisory  ;  containing  counsel  or  warning. 

Pottn-'s  Arttiq. 
A-Dl-Al'H'OR-ISTS,  n.    [Gr.  aJui^oo'-s,  indifierenl.] 
Moderate  Lutherans;  a  name  given,  in   Ihe  six- 
teenth century,  to  certain  men  thai  followed  Me- 
Janclhon,  who  was  more  pacific  than  Luther. 

Encyc. 
The  Adiaphorists  held  some  opinitms  and  ceremo- 
nies t(»  be  indilfcrenl,  whicli  Luther  condemned  as 
sinful  or  heretical. 
A-Dl-APiroR-fTES.     See  Adiaphorists. 
A-D!-APH'0  ROUS,    a.      Indifl^erenl  ;    neutral.      A 
name  given  by   Boyle  to  a  spirit  distilled  from  tar- 
tar, and   some  other  vegetable  substances,  neither 
Eicid    nor  alkahne,  or  not   possessing  the  distinct 
character  of  any  chemicai  body 

In  medicine,  denoting  a  medicine  which  will  do 
neither  harm  nor  good.  Dunfflison. 


A-DiEt",  (a-du'.)  [Tr.  d  Dieu,  to  (iod  ;  a  compound 
word,  and  an  ellipliial  form  of  speech,  f<»r  /  com- 
viend  yon  to  God.  It  is  called  an  advcrl),  but  it  has 
none  of  the  properties  of  a  modifying  word.] 

Farewell ;  an  ex])ression  of  kind  wishes  at  the 
parting  of  friends; 

A-DlKf'',  T(.  A  tarewell,  or  CDUtmendation  to  the 
care  of  (Ind  ;  as,  an  eveila-^Iing  adieu. 

AD  IJV^DEF-J  J\T'JVM,  [L.]  'I'o  any  indefinite 
extent. 

AD  l.^r-FI-J^VTUM,  [L.]    To  endless  extent. 

AD  LY-ClUt-Ri-^M^DLrM,  [L.]     Eor  inquiry,  a  writ. 

AD  IJ>f'  TER-JJilj  [L.]  In  the  mean  lime  ;  for  the 
present. 

AD'IN-OLE,  Tf.     See  Petrosilex. 

Ai)-I-POC'ER-ATE,  v.  U    To  convert  into  adipocere. 

AD-I-POC-ER-a'TION,  n.  The  act  or  process  of 
being  changed  into  ailipocere. 

AD'I-PO-€eRE',  n.  [L.  adcps^  fat,  and  ccra^  Ft.  cire^ 
wax.] 

A  soft,  unctuous,  or  waxy  substance,  of  a  light- 
brown  color,  into  wliich  the  muscular  fibres  of  dead 
animal  bodies  are  converted,  by  long  iuunersion  in 
water  or  spirit,  or  by  burial  in  moist  places  under 
peculiar  circumstances.  This  substance  was  first 
discovered  by  Fourcroy,  in  Ihe  burying-ground  of 
the  Church  des  Innocens,  when  it  was  removed  in 
]787.  Lnnicr.     Jilcd.  ficpos.     Ed.  Encyc. 

AD'1-PoSE,  a.  [L.  adiposiut^  from  adrps,  fat.  Qu. 
Ch.  tt'Da,  to  grow  fat ;  Heb.  and  Ch.,  fal,  gross,  stu- 

pid  ;  Ar.  /JzJilD^  tufashun,  fal,  bulky.] 

Fat.  In  anutomy^lhe  adipose  membrane  is  the  cel- 
lular membrane,  containing  the  fat  in  its  cells.  'J'lie 
adipose  arteries  and  veins  are  spread  on  Ihe  coal  and 
fat  that  cover  the  kidneys.  —  The  adipose  sacs  and 
ducts  are  llie  bags  and  ducts  which  contain  the  fat, 
Qiiiury.  Core.  —  Adipose  tissue;  an  assemblage  of 
minute,  round  vesicles,  containing  the  fal;  closely 
agglomerated,  and  imbedded  in  the  interstices  of 
the  common  cellular  tissue.  Oeddin^s.  —  Adipose 
siihstance;  animal  fat. 

AD'IT,  n.  [L.  aditusj  from  adeo,  aditum,  to  ai.proach, 
ad  and  co,  to  go.] 

An  entrance  or  passage;  a  term  in  mining,  used 
to  denote  the  opening  by  whicii  a  mine  is  entered, 
or  by  which  water  and  ores  :u-e  carried  away  ;  called 
also  the  drifL  It  is  usually  made  in  the  side  of  a 
hill.  The  word  is  sometimes  used  for  air-shaft,  but 
not  with  strict  propriety.  Encijc. 

AD-Ja'CEN-CY,  h.  [h.  adjaceo,  to  lie  contiguous, 
from  ad  and  jax.ro,  to  lie.] 

The  state  of  lying  close  or  contiguous  ;  a  border- 
ing upon  or  lying  next  to  ;  as,  tlie  adjacency  of  lands 
or  buildings.  In  tlie  sense  of  Uiat  which  is  adjacent, 
as  used  bv  Brown,  it  is  not  legitimate. 

AD-JA'L'ENT,  a.  Lying  near,  close,  or  contiguous  ; 
bordtjhng  upon  ;  as,  a  field  adjacent  to  llie  highway. 

AD-Ja'CENT,  n.  That  which  is  ne.\l  to  or  contigu- 
ous.     [Little  used.'\  Locke, 

AD-J.a'<_;ENT-LY,  adv.     So  as  to  be  adjacent. 

AO-JECT',   V.   U      [L.   adjicio^   of  ad   and  jacio,   to 
throw.] 
To  add  or  put,  as  one  thing  to  another. 

J\Iacknig'ht. 

AD-JEC'TION,  71.  The  act  of  adding,  or  tlnng  add- 
ed.     [Little  used.]  Brown, 

Al)-JEt^Tl"T10US,  a.    Added.    Parkhurst,  Gram. 

AD'JEC-TiVE,  ?i.  In  grammar,  a  word  used  with  a 
noun,  to  express  a  quality  of  the  tiling  named,  or 
something  attributed  to  it,  or  to  limit  or  define  it,  or 
to  specify  or  describe  a  thing,  as  distinct  from  some- 
thing else.  It  is  called  also  an  aUributice  or  attri- 
bute. Thus,  in  the  phrase,  a  wise  ralvr^  wise  is  the 
adjective  or  attribute,  expressing  a  particular  prop- 
erty of  ruler. 

Adjective  color;  a  color  which  requires  to  be  fixed 
by  some  mordant  or  base  to  give  it  permanency. 

Ure. 

AD'JEG-TIVE-LY,  adv.  In  the  manner  of  an  adjec- 
tive ;  as,  a  word  is  used  adjtclivcly. 

AD-JOIN',  V.  L  [Ft.  adjunidrci  L.  adju7iffO,  ad  and 
jamrn.     See  Join.] 

To  join  or  unite  to  ;  to  put  to,  by  placing  in  con- 
tact;  to  unite,  by  fastening  together  with  a  joint, 
nioilise,  or  knot.  But  in  these  transitive  senses,  it 
is  rarely  used.     [See  Join.] 

AD-JOIN',  V.  L  To  lie  or  be  next  to,  or  in  contact ; 
to  be  contiguous;  as,  a  farm  adjoining  lo  the  high- 
way. This  is  the  common  use  of  the  word,  and  to 
is  ollen  omitted  ;  xs,  adjoining  the  highway. 

AD-JOlN'Ax\T,  tt.     Contiguous  to.     [W«(  used.] 

CareiD. 

AD-JOlN'iol),  (ad-joind',)  pp.    Joined  to;  united. 

AD-JOIN'liNG,  ppr.  Joining  to;  adjacent;  contigu- 
ous. 

AD-JOtTRN',  {ad-jurn',)  v.  U  [Ft.  ajourTter,  from  jour- 
nee,  a  day,  or  day's  work,  or  journey;  It.  giorno. 
See  Journal,  Journey,] 

Literally^  to  put  off,  or  defer  to  another  day  ;  but 
now  used  lo  denote  a  foriii;d  intermission  of  busi- 
ness, a  putting  off  to  any  future  meeting  of  ihe 


ADJ 

same  body,  ami  appropriately  used  of  public  bodies 
or  private  conimissitmers,  in'trust.d  wiili  business  ; 
as,  the  courl  adjourned  the  considt^ration  of  Ihe  ques- 
tion. 
AD-JOURN',  V.  i.  To  suspend  business  for  a  time; 
as  from  one  day  to  anollnir,  or  for  a  longer  period, 
usually  public  busine>s,as  of  legislatures  and  courts, 
for  repose  or  refreshineiii ;  as.  Congress  adjouiiied 
at  four  o'clock.  It  is  also  used  fiir  the  act  of  closing 
the  session  of  a  public  body ;  as,  the  courl  adjourned 
without  day. 

h  was  moved  thai  parliojitcitl  tlicutkl  adjourn  fornix  weeka. 
Select  Hiieechea ,  vol.  v,  4U3. 

AD-Jf5URN'£D,  (ad  jiirnd',)  pp.  Put  off,  delayed,  or 
deferred  for  a  limilid  time. 

2.  As  an  adjective,  existing  or  held  by  adjourn- 
ment ;  as,  an  adjourned  session  of  a  court,  opposed 
to  stated  or  regular. 

ADJOURN'IiNG,  ppr.  Deferring;  suspending  for  a 
lime  ;  closing  a  session. 

AD-JOURN'MENT,  n.  The  act  of  adjourning ;  as, 
in  legislatures,  the  adjournment  ^ii  one  house  is  not 
an  adjournment  of  the  other. 

2.  The  pulling  off  idl  another  day  or  time  speci- 
fied, or  without  day;  that  is,  the  closing  of  a  session 
of  a  public  or  oliicial  body. 

3.  The  time  or  interval  during  which  a  public 
body  defers  business  ;  as,  during  an  adjoununent. 
Bui  a  suspension  of  business  for  refreshment,  be- 
tween the  forming  of  a  house  and  an  adjournment,  is 
called  a  recess.  In  Great  Britain,  the  close  of  a  ses- 
six'ii  of  parliament  is  called  a  prorogation;  as  the 
close  of  a  parliament  is  a  dissolution.  But  in  Great 
Britain,  as  well  as  in  the  United  i^laitiSj  adjoumvicnt 
is  now  used  for  an  intermission  of  bnsniess  for  any 
indefinite  lime;  as,  an  adjournment  of  parliament 
for  six  weeJts.  Select  Speeches,  vol.  v.  4U4. 

AP^UDOE',  v.  L  [Fr.  adjugcr,  from  jugc,  judge. 
See  Judoe.] 

To  decide,  or  determine,  in  the  case  of  a  contro- 
verted question  ;  as,  the  prize  was  adjudged  to  the 
victor ;  to  decree  by  a  judicial  opinion ;  used  ap- 
propriately of  courts  of  law  and  equity  ;  as,  the 
case  was  adjudged  in  Hilary  term  ;  a  criminal  was 
adjudged  to  sutler  death. 

it  has  been  used  in  the  sense  of  (o  judge  ;  as,  he 
adjudged  him  unworthy  of  his  friendship.  But  this 
sense  is  unusual. 

AD-JUDG'£D,  ^ad-judjd',)  jtp.  Determined  by  judi- 
cial opinion  ;  decreed  ;  sentenced. 

AD-JUDG'ING,  ppr.  Determining  by  judicial  opin- 
ion ;  sentencing. 

AD-J  UD6'AlEiNT,  n.    The  act  of  judging  ;  sentence. 

Temple. 

AD-Ju'DI-CATE,  V.  t.  [L.  adjudico,  to  give  sentence. 
See  JuDGt.] 

To  adjudge  ;  to  try  and  determine,  as  a  court.  Il 
has  the  sense  of  adjudge. 

/VD-JU'DI-CaTE,  v.i.  To  try  and  determine  upon 
judicially  ;  as,  the  court  adjudicated  upon  Ihe  case. 

.AD-JU'Di-eA-TED,  pp.  Adjudged;  tried  and  de- 
cided. 

AD-Ju'DI-Ga-TING,  ppr.  Adjudging;  trying  and 
determining. 

AD-.I0-m-eA'TION,  71,  The  act  of  adjudging;  the 
act  or  process  of  trying  and  determining  judicially  ; 
as,  a  ship  was  taken  and  sent  into  port  for  adjudica- 
tion. 

2.  A  judicial  sentence;  judgment  or  decision  of  a 
court. 

Whose  Huiiilies  were  parlies  lo  Eome  of  the  former  adjudica^ 
lions.  Blacksloiie. 

3.  In  Scots  law,  an  action  by  which  a  creditor  at- 
taches the  heritable  estate  of  his  debtor,  or  his  debt- 
or's heir,  in  payment  or  security  of  his  debt ;  or  an 
action  by  which  the  holder  of  a  heritable  right,  la- 
boring under  a  defect  in  point  of  form,  may  supply 
th At  defect.  Encyc. 

AD'JU-.MEXT,  lu     [L.  adjumentum.} 

Help  ;  support.     [J^ot  used.] 
AD'JUNCT,   n.     [L.  adjunctus,  joined,  from  adjungo. 
See  Join.] 

1.  Something  added  to  another,  but  not  essential- 
ly a  part  of  it ;  as,  water  absorbed  by  a  cloth  or 
sponge  is  its  adjunct.  Also,  a  person  joined  to  an- 
other. 

2.  In  metaphysics,  a  quality  of  the  body  or  the 
mind,  whetliL-r  "natural  or  acquired  ;  as  color,  in  the 
body;  tliinking,  in  the  mind. 

3.  In  grammar,  words  added  to  illustrate  or  am- 
plify the  force  of  other  words  ;  as,  the  History  of 
the  American  Revolution.  The  words  in  Italics  are 
the  adjuncts  of  History. 

4.  In  music,  the  word  is  employed  to  denominate 
the  relation  between  the  principal  mode  and  th» 
niodes  of  its  two  fifths.  Encyc 

The  adjunct  deities,  among  the  Romans,  were  in- 
ferior deities,  which  were  added  as  assistants  to  the 
principal  gods  ;  as  Bcllona  to  .Mars  ;  to  Vulcan,  the 
Cabiri;  to  the  Good  Genius,  the  Larcs;  to  the  Evil, 
the  Lemures.  Encyc. 

In  tlie  Roy;il  Academy  of  Sciences  at  Paris,  the  ad- 


FaTE.  F.S.R,  FALL,  WH.AT.  — MeTE,  PRgY.  — PINE,  MAKINE,  BIRD.  — NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  W^QLF,  BQQK.— 

is  ■ 


AOL 

JHitcts  Were  a  class  of  membt-i-s  attached  to  the  pur- 
suit of  particular  sciimces.  They  were  tw(.:lve  in 
Dumber,  rrL-ated  in  171G.  Encijc. 

Adjanci  hud  been  used  for  a  colleague^  but  rarely. 

Wotioiu 

AD'JUN€T,  a.    Added  to  or  united  with  ;  as,  an  ad- 
janrX  professor. 

AD-JUx\e'TIOX,  n.    The  act  of  joining;  the  thing 
joined. 

AD-JUNCT'IVE,  a.    Joining;  having  the  quality  of 
joinin'j. 

AD-JU\€T'IVE,  n.     That  which  is  joined. 

ADJUN€T'IVE-LY,  adt\     In  an  adjunctive  man- 
ner. 

AD-JLTNCT'LV,  adv.     In  connection  with;    conse- 
quent! v. 

AD-JC-Ra'TION,  n.     The  act  of  adjuring  ;  a  solemn 
char<nng  on  oatii,  or  under  the  penalty  of  a  curse. 

2.  The  for[ii  of  oalii.  ^Muton. 
AD-JCRE',  r.  U     {L.  adjiiro^  to  swear  solemnly,  or 

comptl  one  to  swear  ;  from  ad  and  jiiro^  to  swear.] 
I.  To  charge,  bind,  or  command  on  oath,  or  under 
the  penalty  of  a  curse. 

Jtisbtia  adjured  lh?m  al  that  time,  sajnng,  Cwisj-d  bp  thi^  m^ii 
belore  tlie  l^rU,  thai  vtecxlv  up  and  bailJetii  tins  cily  of 
Jericho.  —  Josh.  vi. 

9.  To  charge  earnestly  and  solemnly,  on  pain  of 
God's  wrath. 

1  a/ijure  ihce  by  the  living  God.  — Matt.  xxti..  Acta  xix. 

3.  To  conjure  ;  to  charge,  urge,  or  summon  with 
solemnity. 


Ye  sacred  nitiTS,  be  all  ot  you  adjur:d.  Drydcn. 

The  oomniisaioners  adjured  ih'?ni  not  to  let  pas  so  fAVorable 
au  opportunity  of  securing  ih'^ir  liiierlies 

MarsliaU'a  Life  of  Waahington. 

AD^rpR'jED,  pp.  Charged  on  oath,  or  with  a  denun- 
ciation of  Gud's  wrath  ;  solfinnly  urg*d. 

AD-JOR'ER,  11.  One  that  adjures;  one  that  exacts 
an  nath. 

AD-JuR'I-NG,  jtpr.  Charging  on  oath,  or  on  the  pen- 
alty of  a  curse  ;  beseeching  with  sulemnity. 

ADJUST',  r.  U  [Sp.  ajitstar ;  Port,  id.;  It.  a^giics- 
tarc  ;  Fr.  ajasti^r^  to  (it  or  fnune  ;  of  L.  ad^  and  Jus- 
tus, just,  exact.    See  Just.] 

1.  To  make  exact ;  to  lit ;  to  make  correspondent, 
or  conformable  ;  as,  to  adjust  a  garment  to  the  body, 
an  event  to  the  prediction,  or  tliinss  to  a  standard. 

SiDifi.     Locke.     AiidisoTU 

2.  To  put  in  order ;  to  regulate  or  reduce  to  sys- 
tem ;  as,  to  adjust  a  scheme  ;  to  adjiut  atihirs. 

3.  To  make  accurate  ;  to  settle  or  bring  to  a  satis- 
factorj'  state,  so  tiiat  parties  are  agreed  in  the  re- 
sult ;  as,  to  adjiLit  accounts  ;  the  diflerences  are  ad- 
justed. 

AD-JUST' A-BLE,  a.    That  may  or  can  be  adjusted. 

AD-JUST'ED,  prt.  Made  exact  or  conformable  ;  re- 
duced to  a  right  form  or  staiidard  ;  settled. 

AD-JUST'ER,  n.  A  jierson  who  adjusts  ;  that  which 
regulates. 

AD-JUST'I\G,  ppr.  Reducing  to  due  form  ;  fitting; 
making  exact  or  corresp.>ndent ;  settling. 

ADJUST'ME.XT,  7i.  The  act  of  adjusting;  regida- 
tion  ;  a  reducing  to  just  form  or  order ;  a  making  fit 
or  conformable  ;  settle menl.      Watts.     Woodward. 

AD'JU-TAGE,  or  AJ'U-TAOE,  n.  A  tube  fitted  to 
the  month  of  a  vessel,  through  which  water  is  played 
in  a  fountain.  Encyc. 

AD'JU-TAX-CV,  B.  [See  Adjutant.]  The  office 
of  an  adjutant ;  skillful  arrangement.  Burke. 

AD'JU-TANT,  n.  [L.  adjntans,  aiding;  from  adjuto^ 
to  assist,  of  ad  ana  juvo,  jutnm^  to  help.] 

In  mUitarij  affairs,  an  officer  whose  business  is  to 
assist  the  superior  officers  by  receiving  and  commu- 
niciUing  orders.  He  places  guards,  receives  and 
distributes  ammunition,  assigns  places  of  rendez- 
vous, &.C. 
Adjutant-general,  in  an  army,  is  the  chief  adjutant. 
Adjutants- general,  among  the  Jesuits,  were  a  select 
number  of  fathers,  who  resided  with  the  general  of 
the  order,  each  of  whom  had  a  province  or  country 
assigned  to  iiis  care.  Their  business  was  to  cor- 
respond \vith  that  province,  by  their  delegates,  em- 
issaries or  visitors,  and  give  information  of  occur- 
rences to  the  father-general.  Encyc. 

The  ndjutant  is  a  very  large  species  of  crane, 
called  also  the  nigantic  crane,  a  native  of  India  :  one 
of  the  most  voracious  and  carnivorous  birds  known. 

P.  Ctjc 

AD  JUTE',  r.  t.     To  help.     [J^^ot  used.] 

AD-JU'TOR,  n.  A  helper.  \Little  used;  its  compound 
Co  *DJUTOR  is  in  common  use.l 

AD-J0'TR!X,  n.     A  female  assistant. 

AD-JO'VANT,  a.     Helping;  assisting.  ffowdl. 

AD-JU'VA.NT,  71,  An  assi^tr.r.t.  In  medicine,  a  sub- 
stance added  to  a  prescription,  to  aid  the  operation 
of  the  principal  ingredient  or  basis.  Cyr.  Med. 

AD-LR-Ga'TIO\,  71.  [h.  ad  and  legatio,  an  euibassj-, 
from  lego,  to  send.     See  Legate.] 

In  tJu.  public  law  of  the  Oervian  empire,  a  right, 
claimed  by  the  stales,  of  joining  their  own  minis- 
ters  with  those  of  the  emperor,  in  pviblic   treaties 


ADM 

and  negotiations,  relating  tu  the  common  interest 
of  the  empire.  Encyc. 

AD  LIB'I-TUM,  [L.]    At  pleasure;  without  rcstrio- 
AD-1-O-eO'TIOX,  n.     See  Allocutio.*«.  [tiim. 

AD-iMEAS'TTRE,  (ad-mezh  ur,)  r.  U  [ad  and  meas- 
ure.    See  S1e49ube.] 

1.  To  measure  or  ascertain  dimensions,  size,  or 
capacity  ;  used  for  measure. 

2.  To  apportion ;  to  assign  to  each  claimant  his 
right ;  as,  to  admeasure  dower  or  common  of  pasture. 

Blackstone. 
AD-SIEAS'^R-.ED,  pp.     Measured  ;  apportioned. 
AD-.MEAS'URE-MENT,  n.     The   measuring   of   di- 
mensions by  a  rule,  as  of  a  ship,  cask,  and  the  like. 
9.   The  measure  of  a  thing,  or  dimensions  ascer- 
tained. 

In  these  uses  the  word  is  equivalent  to  measure- 
ment, mensuration,  and  measure. 

3.  The  adjustment  of  projiortion,  or  ascertain- 
ment of  shares,  as  of  dower  or  pasture  held  in  com- 
mon. This  is  done  by  writ  of  admeasurement,  di- 
rected to  the  sheriff.  Blackstone, 

AD-MEAS'l^R-ER,  tu    One  that  admeasures. 

AD-MEAS'UR-I\G,  ppr.     Measuring;   apportioning. 

AD-MEN-SU-RA'TION  is  equivalent  to  Admeasure- 
ment, but  not  nmch  used.     [See  .Messuratio.n.] 

AD-MIN'I-€LE,  7i      [L.  admin leidum.} 
Help  ;  support.     yJ^'ot  used.\ 

.\D-MIN-ie'U-LAR,  a.     Supplving  help;  helpful. 

AD-MIi\'IS-TER,  V.  L  [L.  'administro,  of  ad  and 
ministro,  to  ser\'e  or  manage.     See  Mi.mster.] 

1.  To  act  as  minister  or  cJiief  agent,  in  managing 
public  affairs,  under  laws  or  a  constitution  of  gov- 
ernment, as  a  king,  president,  or  other  supreme 
officer.  It  is  used  also  of  absolute  monarchs,  who 
rule  not  in  subordination;  but  is  more  strictly  appli- 
cable to  limited  monarchs  and  other  supreme  exec- 
utive oHicers,  and  to  governors,  viceroys,  judges, 
and  the  like,  nho  are  under  the  authority  of  laws. 
A  king  or  a  president  administers  the  government  or 
laws  when  he  executes  them,  or  carries  them  into 
effect.  A  judge  administers  the  laws  when  he  ap- 
plies them  to  particular  cases  or  persons.  In  short, 
to  administer  is  to  direct  the  execution  or  application 
of  laws. 

2.  To  dispense,  as,  to  administer  justice  or  the 
sacrament. 

3.  To  afford  ;  to  give  or  furnish  ;  as,  to  adminUttcr 
relief,  that  is,  to  act  as  the  agent.  To  administer 
medicine,  is  to  direct  and  cause  it  to  be  taken. 

4.  To  give,  as  an  oath  ;  to  cause  to  swear  accord- 
ing to  law. 

AD-ML\'IS-TER,  r.  i.  To  contribute;  to  bring  aid 
or  supplies  ;  to  add  something  ;  as,  a  shade  adminis- 
ters to  our  comfort. 

2.  To  perfunn  the  office  of  administrator ;  as,  A 
administers  upon  the  estate  of  B. 

AD-MIN'IS-TER-i:D,  pp.  Executed  ;  managed  ; 
governed  ;  afforded  ;  given  ;  dispensed. 

AD-MIN-IS-Te'RI-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  administra- 
tion, or  to  the  executive  part  of  government. 

.AD-.Ml.VIS-TER-lNG,/vfr.  Executing;  carrying  into 
effect;  giving;  dispensing. 

AD-MIN'ISTRATE,  in  the  place  of  Administeh, 
has  been  used,  but  is  not  well  authorized. 

AD-.MIN-IS-TRa'TION,  n.  The  act  of  administer- 
ing ;  direction  ;  management ;  government  of  public 
affairs  ;  the  conducting  of  any  office  or  employment. 
9.  The  executive  part  of  government,  consisting 
in  the  exercise  of  the  constitutional  and  legal  pow- 
ers, the  general  superintendence  of  national  affairs, 
and  the  enforcement  of  laws. 

3.  The  persons  collectively,  who  are  intrusted 
with  the  execution  of  laws,  and  the  superintendence 
of  public  affairs;  the  chief  magistrate  and  his  coun- 
cil ;  or  the  council  alone,  as  in  Great  Britain. 

4.  Dispensation  ;  distribution  ;  exhibition  ;  as,  the 
administration  of  justice,  of  the  sacrament,  or  of 
grace.     1  Cor.  xii.    2  Cor.  ix. 

5.  The  m.ir.agement  of  the  estate  of  an  intestate 
person,  under  a  commission  from  the  proper  author- 
ity. This  management  consists  in  collecting  debts, 
paying  debts  and  legacies,  and  distributing  the 
property  among  the  heirs. 

6.  The  power,  office,  or  commission  of  an  admin- 
istrator. 

Surrogates  are  authori'ed  to  graat  administrndon. 

LrttD.'- '}/  New  York. 
It  U  more  If 'iai  to  eay,  letters  of  admirtistrauon. 

Blackslone. 

7.  This  nan.c  was  given  by  the  Spaniards  to  the 
staple  magazine  or  warehouse  at  Callao,  in  Peru, 
where  foreign  ships  must  unload.  Enctic. 

AD-M1.\'IS-TRA/ITVE,  a.  That  administers,  or  by 
which  one  administers. 

AD-MIN-IS-TRA'TOR,  n.  A  man  who,  by  virtue  of 
a  commission  from  the  ordinary,  surrogate,  court 
of  probate,  or  other  proper  authority,  has  the  charge 
of  the  goods  and  estate  of  one  dying  without  a  will. 
2.  One  who  administers,  or  who  directs,  man- 
ages, distributes,  or  dispenses  laws  and  rites,  cither 
in  civil,  judicial,  political,  or  ecclesiastical  affairs. 
3    In  Scvts  laic,  a  tutor,  curator,  or  guardian,  hav- 


ADM 

ing  the  care  of  one  who  is  incapable  (»f  acting  for 
himself.  The  term  is  usually  applied  to  a  father 
who  has  power  over  his  children  and  Uieir  estate, 
during  tli'-ir  minoritv.  Encyc 

AD-MI.\  1.-^  TRa'ToU  SHIP,  n.  The  office  of  an 
adniiiiislralnr. 

AD-MIN  IS  TKA'TRfX,  n.  A  female  who  adminis- 
ters upon  the  estate  of  an  intestate ;  also,  a  female 
who  administers  government. 

AD-MI-RA-BIL'I-Ty,     \  n.    The  quality  of  bein^ad- 

AD'MI-RA-BLE-NESS,  i  mirable;  the  power  of 
exciting  adtniraticm. 

AD'JII-RA-HLE,  a.     [L.  admirabiVts.'] 

To  be  admired;  worthy  of  admiration;  having 
qualities  to  excite  wonder,  with  appn^ation,  esteem, 
or  reverence  ;  used  of  persons  or  things ;  as,  the 
admirable  structure  of  the  body,  or  of  the  universe. 

AD'iMi-RA-BLY,  adi'.  In  a  manner  to  excite  wonder, 
mingled  with  approbation,  esteem,  or  venenition. 

AD'MI-RAL,  71.  [In  the  Latin  of  the  middle  ages, 
amira,  amiras,  admiralis,  an  emir;  Sp.  almirante; 
Port.  id. ;  It.  ammiragUo ;  Fr.  amiral ;  from  Ar. 
1  9       £ 

wc)  amara,  to  command,    wk^l,  a  commander; 

Sans,  amara;  Heb.  Ch.  Syr.  Sam  "MIK,  to  speak. 
The  terminating  syllable  of  admiral  may  be  aAs,  the 
sea.  This  word  is  said  to  have  been  introduced  into 
Europe  by  the  Genoese  or  Venetians,  in  the  12th  or 
13tb  cejitur\-.] 

A  marine  conmiander  in  chief;  tlie  commander 
of  a  fleet  or  navy. 

1.  The  lord  hiifh  admiral,  in  Great  Britain,  is  an 
officer  who  superintends  ail  maritime  affairs,  and 
has  the  government  of  tlie  navy.  He  has  also  juris- 
diction over  all  maritime  causes,  and  commissions 
the  naval  officers. 

2.  The  admiral  of  the  fleet,  the  highest  officer 
under  the  admiralty.  Wiien  he  embarks  on  an  ex- 
pedition, the  union  flag  is  displayed  at  the  main-top- 
gallant-mast-head. 

3.  The  vice-iulmiraJ,  an  officer  next  in  rank  and 
command  to  the  admiral,  has  conmiand  of  the 
second  squadron.  He  carries  his  flag  at  the  fore-top- 
gallant-mast-hcad.  This  name  is  given  also  to  cer- 
tain oflicers  who  have  power  to  hold  courts  of  vice- 
admiralty  in  various  parts  of  the  British  dominions. 

4.  The  rear  admiral,  next  in  rank  to  the  vice-ad- 
mtral,  has  comniand  of  the  third  squadron,  and 
carries  his  flag  at  the  mizzen-lop-gallant-mast-head. 

5.  The  commander  of  any  single  fleet,  or  m  geo- 
eral  any  Hai  officer. 

6.  The  ship  which  carries  the  admiral ;  also  Uie 
most  considerable  .ship  of  a  fleet  of  merchantmen, 
or  of  fishing  vessels.-  Encyc. 

7.  In  iwoZwoT/,  a  speciesflf  shell-fish.  [SgcVoluta] 

8.  A  species  of  butterfly,  which  lays  her  eggs  im 
the  great  stinging  nettle,  and  delights  in  brand)les. 

Eiietif. 

AD'.MI-RAL-SHIP;  n.  The  office  or  power  of  aii  ad- 
miraJ.     [Little  used.] 

AD'Ml-RAL-TY,  7t.  In  Great  Britain,  the  office  of 
lord  high  admiral.  This  ofiice  is  discharged  by  one 
person,  or  by  a  board  of  conunii^ioners,  called  lords 
of  tin  ' admiralty ;  formerly  seven,  but  now  six  in 
numbvr. 

2.  'Hie  building  where  tlie  lords  of  the  admiralty 
transa'A  Uusiness. 

The  cd\iralty  court,  or  court  of  admiralty,  is  the 
supremo  cotrrt  for  the  trial  of  maritime  causes,  held 
before  the  Iprd  high  admiral,  or  lords  of  the  admi- 
ralty. 

In  general,  n  court  of  admiralty  is  a  court  for  the 
trial  of  cnust;s  arising  on  liie  high  seas,  as  prize 
causes  and  tUe'like.  In  the  United  States,  there  is 
no  admiralty  court,  distinct  from  others;  hut  the 
district  courts,  established  in  the  several  states  by 
Congress,  are  invested  with  admir.iHv  powers. 

AD-MI-RA'TFON,  7i.  Wonder  mingled  with  pleas- 
ing emotions,  as  approbation,  esteem,  love  or  vener- 
ation ;  a  compound  emotion  excited  by  something 
novel,  rare,  great,  or  excellent ;  applied  to  persons 
and  their  works.  It  often  mcludes  a  slight  degree 
of  surprise.  Thus  we  view  the  solar  system  witli 
adm  irution. 

Very  near  to  ndmiradon  b  the  wish  to  admire.  Anon. 

It  has  been  sometimes  used  in  an  ill  sense,  denot- 
ing wonder  with  disapprobation. 

Your  bokinesa  I  witli  adtmi-aUon  sec.  IhyUn, 

When   I  saw  her,  1  wouilered  »iUi  great  adBumoon.  —  Rt^t. 
xvii. 

AD-MTRE',  r.  /.  [L.  admiror,  ad  and  niiVoT-,  to  won- 
der ;  Sp.  and  Port,  admirar  ;  Fr.  admirer ;  It.  ammtrarc  ; 
Fr.  inirer,  to  look,  to  take  aim  ;  Corn,  miras,  to  hwifc, 
see,  or  face  ;  Arm.  t/tiret,  to  stop,  hold,  keep ;  W. 
TTiir,  visage  ;  also,  fair,  comely  ;  and  maer,  one  that 
looks  after,  keeps  or  guards,  a  mayor,  or  bailiff;  Russ. 
zamirayu,  to  be  astonished  or  stup:'fied  ;  za,  a  prefix, 
and  mtr,  peace;  mirtju,  to  pacily  ;  zaminayu,  to 
make  peace.  The  primar\'  sense  is  to  hold,  to  stop, 
or  strain.  Ch.  and  Syr."  ■^D^ ;  L.  demiror.  See 
Moor  and  Mar.] 


TONE,  BULL,  UMTE.— AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS._e  as  K ;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


ADM 

1.  Ti>  n-yard  with  womlttr  or  surprise^  min^'i'-d 
n  iih  appKilKUion,  esteem,  reverence,  or  aftectitin. 

Wb'-ii  h"  8ti:>ll  come  lo  be  'loriTiftl  in  hU  B:>inta,  nnd  be  ad- 
tnired  in  all  llii'in  Hint  love  liiiii.  —  2  Tlir«a.  1. 

This  word  has  been  used  in  an  ill  sense,  but 
Bcenia  nii\v  correrily  restricted  lo  the  sense  here 
given,  and  ini|ilying  soitiething  great,  rare,  or  ex- 
cellt-m,  in  the  object  admired. 

2.  I'o  regard  witli  aflortion  ;  a  familiar  term  for 
to  lore  irrcatii/.  [It  is  an  error  to  follow  this  verb 
with  an  infinitive ;  as,  I  admire  to  see  a  man  con- 
sistent in  his  conduct.    E^I.] 

AD-.MIKK',  r.  i.  To  wonder;  to  be  aflecled  with 
slifrht  surprise;  sometimes  with  tU ;  as,  to  admire 
at  his  own  contrivance.  Haij, 

'i'o  admire  at  somi^tiines  implies  disapprobatiun. 

AD-Mriv'£D,  ;>,".  Regarded  with  wonder,  mingled 
with  pleasurable  sensations,  as  esteem,  love,  or 
reverence. 

AD-MTR'ER,  71.  One  who  admires j  one  who  es- 
teems or  loves  greatly. 

AD-.MIR'ING,  jipr.  Regarding  with  wonder  united 
with  love  or  esteem. 

AD-MTR'ING-LY,  adv.  With  admiration;  in  the 
manner  of  an  admirer. 

AD-MIS-SI-BIL'1-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  being  ad- 
missible. Judge  Chase. 

AD-MIS'SI-HLE,  a.  [See  Admit.]  Tliat  may  be 
admitted,  allowed,  or  conceded  j  as,  the  testimony  is 
lulm  issibte. 

AD-MIS'SI-BLY,  adt\    So  as  to  be  admitted. 

AD-MIS'SION,  7/.     [L.  admt^sio.] 

1.  The  act  or  practice  of  admitting  ;  as,  the  admis- 
siim  of  aliens  into  our  country  ;  also,  the  stale  of 
being  admitted. 

2.  Admittance  ;  power  or  permission  to  enter ;  en- 
trance ;  access;  power  to  approach;  as,  our  laws 
give  to  foreigners  easy  adsiiLssioit  to  the  rights  of 
citizens;  the  admiisioit  of  a  clerk  to  a  benefice. 

3.  Allowance;  grant  of  an  argument  or  position 
not  fully  proved. 

AD-MIT',  V.  (.  [L.  admitto,  from  ad  and  mitto,  to 
send  ;  Fr.  mettre,] 

1.  To  sulTer  to  enter  ;  to  grant  entrance,  whether 
into  a  place,  or  an  office,  or  into  llie  mind,  or  con- 
sideration ;  as,  to  admit  a  student  into  college;  lo 
admit  a  serious  thought  into  the  mind. 

2.  To  give  right  of  entrance ;  as,  a  ticket  admits 
one  into  a  play-house. 

3.  To  allow  ;  to  receive  as  true  ;  as,  the  lu'gumcnt 
or  fact  is  admitted^ 

4.  To  permit,  giant,  or  allow,  or  to  he  capable  of; 
as,  the  words  do  not  admit  of  such  a  construction. 
In  this  sense,  of  may  be  used  after  the  verb,  or 
omitted. 

AD-:\IIT'TA-BLE,   a.      That    ni;iy   be   admitted    or 

allowed. 
AD-MIT'TANCE,  n.    The  act  of  admitting  ;  allow- 
More  usually,  [ancs. 

2.  Permission  lo  enter;  the  power  or  riglil  of 
entrance  ;  and  hence,  actual  entrance  ;  as,  he  gained 
admittance  into  the  clmrch. 

3.  Concession  ;  admission  ;  allowance ;  as,  the 
admiftavce  of  an  argument.     [JVot  uj^rd.] 

4.  Shakspcare  uses  the  word  for  the  custom  or 
prerogative  of  being  admitted  ;  "  Sir  John,  yon  are 
a  gentleman  of  excellent  breeding,  of  great  admil- 
tnnce;"  but  the  license  is  unwarrantable. 

AD-MIT'TED,  pp.  Permitted  lo  enter  or  approach  ; 
allowed  ;  granted  ;  conceded. 

AD-MIT'TEK,  n.     He  that  admits. 

AD-MIT'TING,/);/r.  Permitting  to  enter  or  approach  ; 
allowing  ;  conceiling. 

AD  MIX',  V.  t.  To  mingle  with  something  else. 
[See  Mix.]  ^ 

AD-MIX'TION,  (ad-mix'chun,)  n.  [L.  admiztio,  or 
admiftio,  of  ad  and  mt^cco,  to  mix.     See  Mix.] 

A  mingling  of  bodies;  a  uniim  bv  miAiiig  dilTer- 
ent  substances  togMiher.  It  ditfers  from  cumpusition 
or  chemical  combination  ;  (ot  admixtiim  does  not  alter 
the  nature  of  the  substances  mixed,  but  merely  blends 
them  together  ;  whereas  in  composition,  the  particles 
unite  by  affinity,  lose  their  former  properties,  and 
fonn  new  compounds,  with  difterent  properties. 

AD-MIX'TQRE,  ».  [from  admij.] 

The  subsUince  mingled  with  another;  sometimes 
the  act  of  mix-lure,  or  the  state  of  being  mixed.  We 
say,  an  admixture  of  sulphur  w'ith  alum,  or  the 
admixture  of  dilferent  bodies. 

AD-MO.\'ISII,  V.  t.  [L.  adwoneo,  ad  and  moneo^  to 
leach,  warn,  admonish ;  Fr.  admoiieter;  Norm. 
amimc-i^tcr  ;  Sp.  awoncMar ;  Port,  amorstar,  or  admo- 
CKtar ;  It.  ammoiiire ;  G.  maJtnen,  ermahncn  ;  D. 
viuaneii,  to  dun,  nrrmaancn^  to  admonish  ;  Sw.  viana, 
Jiiriiiaiia  ;  Dan.  niane,furmanc  ;  Sax.  mtFiian,  to  mean.] 

1.  To  warn  or  notify  of  a  fault;  to  reprove  with 
mUdness. 

Count  him  not  na  au  enemy,  but  admonUk  hira  as  a  broOier. 
—  '■!  'i'hc&s,  iii, 

2.  To  counsel  against  wrong  practices  ;  to  caution 
or  advise. 

AdmontMh  one  anoOier  in  pMlms  and  hymn;.  —  Col.  Iii. 


ADO 


3.  To  instruct  or  direct. 

Mosi'B  WM  mlmumshcd   liy  (Jud,  wlipn  lie  wiia  :il:out  to  maJie 

tli^- tuU-nmcIc  — IMj.  vlii. 

4.  In  ccclc-iiastical  offaim,  to  reprove  a  member  of 
the  church  for  a  fault,  either  publicly  or  privately  ; 
the  first  step  of  church  discipline.  It  is  followed  by 
of  oTarrainst ;  as,  to  aduumisli  of  a  fault  committed, 
or  a>faiiiM  committing  a  fault.  It  has  a  like  use 
in  ctdleges. 

AD-MON'ISII-£D,/>;».  Reproved  ;  advised  ;  warned  ; 
instructed. 

AD-MON'ISH-ER,n.     One  who  reproves  or  counsels. 

AD-MON'ISH-ING,/*/xr.  Reproving  ;  warning;  coun- 
seling ;  directing. 

AD-MON'ISH-MEXT,  n.    Admonition.  S/iak. 

AD-iMO-NI"TIOi\,  )i.  Gentle  reproof;  counsHinL' 
against  a  fault;  instruction  in  duties;  caution; 
direction.  Tit.  iii,  ]  Cor.  x.  In  church  discipHur, 
public  or  private  reproof  to  reclaim  an  olfendcr;  a 
step  preiiminarv  to  excommunication. 

AD-MO-NI"TION-ER,  n.  A  dispenser  of  admoni- 
tions. Hooker. 

AD-MON'I-TIVE,  a.    Containing  admonition. 

Barrow. 

AD-MON'I-TIVE-LY,  adv.    By  admonition. 

AD-MON'I-TOR,  n.     An  admonisher;    a  monitor. 

AD-MOi\'I-TO-RY,  a.  Containing  admunitiuu  ;  th.at 
admonishes. 

AD-MORT-l-ZA'TI0N,n.  The  reducing  of  lands  or 
tenements  to  mortmain.  [See  .NIortmain.]    Enajc. 

AD-MOVE',  V.  t.     [L.  admoveo.] 

To  move  to  ;  to  bring  one  thing  to  anotlier. 
[Little  usetl^]  Brown. 

AD-NAS'CEi\T,  a.     [L.  ad  and  naacens,  growing.] 
Growing  to  or  on  something  else.  Evcli/n. 

AD-Na'TA,  It.  [L.  ad  and  natus^  grown,  from  uascor, 
to  grow.] 

1.  In  anatomy,  a  synonym  of  the  conjunctiva,  or 
outer  coat  of  the  eye,  reflected  over  the  ball  of  the 
eye  from  the  inner  surface  of  the  eyelids.  The 
term  has  also  been  applied  to  the  albiiginea. 

2.  Such  parts,  growing  on  animal  or  vegetable 
bodies,  as  are  usu5  and  natural,  as  the  hair,  wool, 
horns;  or  accidental,  as  fungus,  mistletoe,  and  ex- 
crescences. 

3.  Ortsets  of  plants,  germinating  imdcr  ground, 
as  from  the  hly,  narcissus,  and  hyacinth.   Q^uincrj. 

Encyc. 
AD'NaTE,  a.     [L.  ad  and  nalits,  grown.] 

In  botamjj  pressing  close  to  the  stem,  or  growing 
to  it.  Jilartyn. 

AD'NOUN,  7(.     [ad  and  noun.] 

In  ^-ammar,  an  adjective,  or  attribute.     [Little 
vsed.J 
AD-XU'BI-L.^-TED,  a.     Clouded  ;  obscured, 
A-DO',  n.     [tin.  a  and  do.] 

Bustle;  trouble;  labor;  difficulty;  as,  to  make  a 

great   adu    about    tritlus ;     to    persuade    one    willi 

much  ado. 

AD-O-LES'CENCE,  n.     [L.  adotescens,  growing,  of  arf 

and  olcjco,  to  grow,  from  oUo.    Heb.  n'7V  to  ascend  ; 

Ar.  U>.£  to  be  high.J 
The  state  of  growing,  applied  to  the  young  of  the 

human  race  ;  youth,  or  the  period  of  life  between 

childhnnd  and  manhood. 
AD-0-Li:S'CENT,   a.      Growing  ;    advancing    from 

chitdhnod  to  manhood. 
AD-O-Nk'AN,  a.     Pertaining  lo  Adonis. 

Fiiir  AiUinean  Vonua.  Faher. 

A-D6'NI-A,  V.  pi.  Festivals  celebrated  anciently  in 
honor  of  Adonis,  by  females,  who  spent  two  days 
in  lamentations  and  infamous  pleasures.      Enci/c. 

A-DON'IG,  a.  .Adonic  vcrM\  a  short  verse,  in  wJiich 
the  death  of  Adonis  was  bewailed.  It  consists  of  a 
dactyl  and  spondee.  Badey.     Cyc. 

A-DON'ie,  H.  An  Adonic  verse.  Atnoug  the  .^n<Tlo- 
Saxons,  a  poetic  verse  consisting  of  one  long,  two 
short  and  two  long  syllables.   Jh-nnfs  Brit.  2,  383. 

A-Do'NIS,  7J.  In  vujtholofry,  the  favorite  of  Venus, 
said  to  be  the  son  of  Cinyras,  king  of  Cyprus.  He 
was  fond  of  hunting,  and  received  a  mortal  wound 
from  the  tusk  of  a  wild  boar.  Venus  lamented  his 
death,  and  changed  him  into  the  flower  anemone. 

A-Do'NIS,  ;i.     In  botany,  bird's  eye  or  pheasant's  eye. 

A-D6'NISTS,  n.  p/.  [Heb.  Ch.  and  Syr.  j-nN  ./Wwi, 
Lord,  a  scriptural  title  of  the  Supreme  Being.} 

Among  critics,  a  sect  or  parly  who  maintam  that 
the  Hebrew  points  ordinarily  annexed  to  the  conso- 
nants of  the  worii  Jehovah,  are  not  the  natural  points 
belonging  to  that  word,  and  that  they  do  not  express 
the  triie  pronunciation  of  it ;  but  that  thoy  are  vowel 
points  belonging  to  the  words  Adonai  and  FAohim, 
applied  lo  the  inefliihle  name  J.hovah,  which  the 
Jews  were  forbid  lo  utter,  and  the  true  pronuncia- 
tion of  which  was  lost;  they  were  therefore  always 
to  pronounce  the  word  Jidonai,  instead  of  Jehovah. 

Encyc. 

A-DOPT',  V.  U     [L.  adopfo,  of  ad  and   opto,  lo  desire 
or  choose.     See  Option.] 
1.   To  take  a  stranger  into  one's  family,  as  son 


ADO 

and  heir  ;  to  take  one  who  is  not  a  child,  and  treat 
him  as  one,  giving  him  a  title  to  tlic  privileges  and 
rights  of  a  child. 

2.  In  a  f'pi ritual  scnse,to  receive  the  i*inful  chil- 
dren of  men  into  the  invisible  church,  and  into 
(iod's  favtir  and  protection,  by  ivhich  Ihey  become 
heirs  of  salvatitm  by  Christ.  Brown, 

3.  To  ttike  or  receive  as  one's  own  that  which  is 
not  naturally  so  ;  as,  to  adt-yt  the  o|)inions  of  an- 
other ;  or  to  receive  that  which  is  new  ;  as,  to  adupt 
a  particular  mode  of  husbandry'. 

4.  To  select  and  take  ;  as,  which  mode  will  you 
adopt  ? 

A-DOPT'ED,  pp.  or  a.    Taken  as  one's  own ;  received 
as  son  and  heir  ;  selected  for  use. 

.\-D01*T'ED-LY,  fl</y.     In  the  manner  of  something 
adopted. 

A-l)OPT'ER,  Tj.    One  who  adopts. 

2.  In  chemistrif,  a  large,  round  receiver,  with  two 
necks,  diametrically  opposite  to  each  other,  one  of 
which  admits  the  rieck  of  a  retort,  and  the  other  is 
joined  lo  another  receiver.  It  is  used  in  distilla- 
tions, lo  give  more  space  to  elaiitic  vapors,  or  to  in- 
crease the  length  of  the  neck  of  a  retort. 

A-DOPT'E\G,  ppr.    Taking  a  stranger  as  a  son  ;  tak- 
ing as  one's  own. 

A-DOP'TION,  n.     [L.  adoj>tio.] 

1.  The  act  of  adopting,  or  the  slate  of  being 
adopted;  the  taking  and  treating  of  a  stranger  as 
one's  own  child. 

2.  The  receiving  as  one's  own  what  is  new  or 
not  natural. 

cL  God's  taking  the  sinful  cliildren  of  men  into 
his  favor  and  prolectiim.    Eph.  iv. 

.Adoption  by  arms;  an  ancient  ceremony  of  pre- 
senting arms  to  one  for  his  merit  or  valnr,  which 
laid  the  person  under  an  obligation  lo  defend  the 
giver. 

Adoption  by  baptism,  is  the  spiritual  affinity  which 
is  contracted  by  god-fathers  and  god-children,  in 
the  ceremony  of  baptism.  It  was  introduced  into 
the  Greek  church,  and  afterward  among  the  an- 
cient Franks.  This  affinity  was  supposed  to  entitle 
the  god-child  lo  a  share  of  the  god-father's  estate. 

Encyc. 

Adoption  by  hair,  was  performed  by  cutting  oifthe 
hair  of  a  person  and  giving  it  to  the  adoptive  larhiT. 
Thus  Pope  John  VIII.  adopted  Boson,  kiiii:  of  Ailrs. 

Adaption  by  matrimony,  is  the  taking  of  the  chil- 
dren of  a  wife  or  husband,  by  a  former  marriage, 
into  the  condition  of  natural  children.  This  is  a 
practice  peculiar  lo  the  Germans,  but  is  not  so  prop- 
erly adoption  as  adJUiation.  Encyc. 

Adoption  by  testament,  is  the  appointing  of  a  per- 
son lo  be  heir,  by  vviil,  on  condition  of  his  taking 
the  name,  arms,  &c.,  of  the  adopter.  Encyc. 

In  Europe,  adoption  is  used  for  many  kinds  of 
admission  to  a  more  intimate  relation,  and  is  nearly 
eqtiivalent  to  reception  ;  as,  the  admission  of  persons 
into  hospitiUs  or  monasleries,  or  of  one  society  into 
another.  Encyc. 

A  DOP'TION-IST,    7?.      One    who    maintains    that 
Clirist  was  the  son  of  God  by  adoption  only. 

Murdoch. 
A-DOPT'IVE,  a.     [L.  adoptiviis.] 

That  adopts;  as,  an  adojUwc  father;  or  that  is 
adopted  ;  as,  an  adoptive  son. 
A  DOPT'IVE,  7(.     A  person  or  thing  adopted. 
A  DoR'A-BLE,  a.     That  ouglit  to  be  adored  ;  worthy 
of  divine    honors.     In  popular  use,  worthy  of  ihe 
utmost  love  or  respecl. 
A-DoR'A-BLE-NESS,  n.    The  quality  of  being  ador- 
able, or  worthy  of  adoration. 
A-DoR'A-BEY,  adv.     In  a  manner  worthy  of  ado- 
ration. 
AD-O-Ra'TION,  7(.    The  act  of  paying  honors  to  a 
divine  being  ;  the  worship  paid  lo  God  ;  the  act  of 
addressing  as  a  God.     Adi.ration  consists  in  external 
homage,  accompanied  with  the  highest  reverence. 
It  is  used  for  the  act  of  praying,  or  preferring  re- 
quests or  thanksgiving  to  the  Supreme  Being. 

2.  Homage  paid  lo  one  in  high  esteem  ;  profound 
reverence. 

Adoration,  among  the  Jncs,  was  performed  by 
bowing,  kneeling,  and  prostration.  Ainow^  tJie  Ro- 
viau.t,  the  devotee,  with  his  head  covered  or  vailed, 
applied  his  right  hand  to  Iiis  lips,  bowing  and  turn- 
ing himself  from  left  lo  right.  The  Persians  fell  on 
tlie  face,  striking  the  forehead  against  the  earth, 
and  kissing  the  ground.  The  adoration  paid  lo  the 
Grecian  and  Roman  emperors  consisted  in  bowing 
and  kneeling  at  the  feet  of  the  prince,  laying  hold 
of  his  robe,  then  withdrawing  the  hand  and  clap- 
ping it  lo  tiie  lips.  In  modern  limes,  adoration  is 
paid  to  the  pope  by  kissing  his  feet,  and  to  princes 
by  kneeling  and  kissing  the  hand.  This  word  was 
used  by  the  Romans  for  acclamation  or  great  a|>- 
plause,  given  lo  public  performers  ;  and  the  election 
of  a  pope  is  sometimes  by  adoration,  that  is,  by  sud- 
den acclamation  williout  scrutiny.  Encyc. 
A-DoRE',  V.  t.  [L.  adoro.  In  Oh.  and  Heb.  '\fr\, 
hadar,  to  honor,  reverence,  or  glorify,  to  adorn  ; 
Heb.  iiN,  to  be  magnificent  or  glorious,  to  magnify. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— MeTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.— NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.— 

—  , 


ADR 

to  glorify.  Thi:?  wonl  is  usimlly  referred  to  the 
Latin  mt  orare,  to  carry  to  one's  iniiulli ;  ad  and  o.--, 
orl-i;  a-s,  in  order  to  kiss  oiis's  liand,  the  hand  is 
carried  to  one's  mouth.  See  Calniet,  ail  vcrbum^  who 
cites,  in  confinnatiou  of  this  opinion,  llie  ancient 
practice  of  kissing  the  hand.  See  Job  xxxi.  1  Kin^ 
xi.x.  Vs.  ii.  Gt-n.  xli.  Ain^worth  supposes  the 
Word  to  be  a  compound  of  ad  and  oro,  to  pray  ;  and 
if  the  word  is  compound,  as  1  suspect,  this  opinion 
is  most  probably  correct.] 

1.  To  worship  with  profound  reverence;  to  ad- 
dress with  exalted  thougiiis,  by  prayer  and  thanks- 
giving ;  to  pay  divine  honors  to ;  to  honor  as  a  god, 
or  as  divine.  Dryden. 

2.  To  love  in  the  hishest  degree;  to  regard  with 
tliL'  utmost  esteem,  affection,  and  respect  j  as,  the 
people  aAore  their  prince.  Tatlcr. 

A-DoR'£D,  pp.  or  a.  Worshiped  as  divine  j  higiily 
reverenced  ;  greatly  beloved. 

A-DoR'ER,  71.  One  who  worships,  or  honors  as  di- 
vine ;  in  popular  lan^iut^e^  an  admiring  lover. 

A-DoR.'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  llonoring  nr  addressing  as 
divine  ;  regarding  witii  great  love  or  reverence. 

A-IiOR'iN'G-LY,  adp.     With  adoration. 

A-DORN',  r.  t,  [L.  adornn^  ad  and  orno,  lo  deck  or 
beautify,  to  dress,  set  off,  extol,  furnish  ;  Fr.  orner 
Sp.  Port,  ornar ;  It.  ornarc ;  Arm.  aouriia,  Orno  is 
probably  the  Saxon  krinan^  gcrcnian,  gerinan, 
gehrinan,  to  touch,  to  strike,  to  adorn,  that  is,  to 
put  on.] 

1.  To  deck  or  decorate;  to  make  beautiful;  to 
atld  to  beauty  by  dress  j  to  deck  with  external  orna- 
ments. 

A  briilc  adorneih  herself  wilh  jewels.  —  Isa.  vi. 

9.  To  set  off  lo  advantage^  to  add  ornaments  to  ; 
to  embellish  by  any  thing  ex-temal  or  adventitious  ; 
as,  to  adorn  a  speech  by  appropriate  acti.m,  senti- 
ments with  elegance  of  language,  or  a  gallery  wilh 
pictures. 

3.  To  make  pleasing,  or  more  pleasing  ;  as,  great 
abilities  cdi/rned  by  virtue  or  affability. 

4.  To  disDlav  the  beauty  or  excellence  of;  as,  to 
adorn  the  doctrine  of  God.     Titus  ii. 

A-DORN',  n.     Ornament.     [Obs.]  Spenser. 

A-DORX',  a.     Adorned  ;  decorated.    [Obs,]  Mtttmu 

A-D0R.V'f:D,p/7.     Pecked;  decorated;  embellished. 

A-DORX'ER,  71.     One  who  adorns. 

A-DORX'IXG,  ppr.  Ornamenting;  decorating;  dis- 
plaving  bsauty. 

A-I)6RX*IXG,  tu     Ornament;  decoration.     1  Pet.  iii. 

A  DORX'IXG-LY,  adv.     Dy  adorning. 

A-DORiX'MEXT,  ?:.    An  adorning  ;  ornament, 

AD-OS-Cu-La'TIOX,  h.  [L.  ad  and  usculallo,  a 
ki:?sing,  from  osculum^  a  kiss,  or  mouth.] 

The  impregnation  of  plants  by  the  falling  of  the 
farina  on  the  pistil.  Encije. 

■AdosciUation  is  also  defined  to  be  the  inserting  of 
one  part  of  a  plant  into  another.  Crablic. 

A-DOSS'£D,  (a-dost',)  a.  [Fr.  adossee,  part,  uf  a- 
dos.^er,  to  set  back  to  hack  ;  dos,  the  back.] 

In  heraldry,  denoting  two  figures  or  bearings 
placed  back  to  back.  Encuc. 

.A-DOWN',  prrp.  [a  and  downS\  From  a  higher  to  a 
lower  situation  ;  downward  ;  implying  de-sccnt. 

A-DOWX',  adc.  Down  ;  on  tlie  ground  ;  at  the 
b;»itom. 

AD  iiUOD  n^.'irj^UJf,  [L.]  In /rtw,  a  writ  directing 
the  slieriff  lo  inquire  what  damage  may  accru-j  from 
ih'?  grant  of  certain  liberties  or  franchises.  Brandc 

A-IIREAD',  Ca-dred',)  a.  [See  Dread.]  Affected  by 
dread.     [Ub^-.] 

AT)  Rt:F-ER-EJr DUM.  [L.]  For  further  consid- 
tr.it  ion. 

A-DRr-AT'ie,  a.  [L.  Alrla  or  Hadria^  the  Gulf  of 
Venice.]  Pertaining  to  the  gulf  called,  from  Venice, 
Uie  Venetian  Gulf. 

A-DRI-AT'ie,  V,  The  Venetian  Gulf;  a  gulf  that 
washes  the  eastern  side  of  Italy. 

A-DRIFT',  0,  or  adti.  [Sax.  a'drifan,  gedrifart,  and 
oV./an,  to  drive.  See  Drive.  Adn/i  is  the  partici- 
ple of  the  verb.] 

Litrralhj,  driven;  floating;  floating  at  random; 
in^peUed  or  moving  witliout  direction.  Af  an  adjec- 
Upc,  it  always  follows  Us  noun  ;  as,  the  boat  was 
adri/L 

AU-RO-Ga'TION,  71.  [L.  ovf  and  rogo^  to  ask.  See 
Interrogate  and  Rogation.] 

A  sp3cie3  of  adoption  in  ancient  Romf^,  by  which 
a  person  capable  of  choosing  for  himself  was  ad- 
mitted into  the  relation  of  a  son  So  called  from 
the  questions  put  to  the  parties.  Encyc. 

A-DROIT',  (a-droyt',)  a,  [Fr.  from  droit  -ght, 
straight,  direct;  whence  droitc,  the  right  I  tnd  ;  It. 
dirittn,  right,  straight,  contracted  from  the  L.  di- 
rtrlitSy  dtrigo  ;  Arm.  drct.     See  RifiHT.] 

Dextrous  ;  skillful ;  active  in  the  use  of  the  hatti, 
AT\A  figuratir.ely^  in  the  exercise  of  the  mental  facul- 
ties; ingenious';  ready  in  invention  or  execution. 

A-DROIT'LY,  adr.  With  dexterity  ;  in  a  ready, 
(ikillful  manner.  C/u^tcrJield. 

A-DROIT'.XESS,  71.  Dexterity;  readiness  in  the  use 
of  the  limbs,  or  of  the  mental  faculties.       Horne. 


ADU 

A-DR-?',  a.  [Sax.  adri.ran,  to  dry.l 

Thirsty  ;  in  want  of  drink.  [Tliia  adjective  always 
fuUows  Vlc  noun.]  Spectator. 

AD-SCI-TI"TIOUS,  a.  [L.  ascititius,  adsci^co,  ascuico, 
to  add  or  join.] 

Added  i  taken  as  supplemental ;  additional  ;  not 
requisite.  fVarton. 

AD'S€RIPT,  TU  [L.  aihcribo.]  One  who  is  held  to 
service  as  attached  to  some  object  or  place,  as  when 
a  slave  is  made  an  adscript  of  the  soil.      Bancroft. 

AD-STRie'TION,  n.  [L.  ad.^trictio,  astriciio,  of  ad 
and  .■itrinjro,  lo  strain  or  bind  fast.     See  Strict.] 

A  binmng  fai=t.  .\mong  physicians,  the  rigidity  of 
a  pari  of  the  body,  occasioning  a  retention  of  usual 
evacuations  ;  costiveness  ;  a  closeness  of  the  emunc- 
tories  ;  also,  the  styptic  effects  of  medicines. 

Encyc.      Quincy. 

AD-STRie'TO-RY,  AD-STRLXG'E.XT.  See  As- 
tringent. 

AD-U-L.\'RI-A,  71.  [from  Adula,  the  summit  of  a 
Swiss  mountain.] 

A  term  applied  to  the  semi-transparent  varieties  of 
albite  and  felspar;  its  color  is  white,  or  with  a  tinge 
of  green,  vellow,  or  red.  Cleuvcland. 

AD-lj-LA'TIOX,  71,     [L.  adidatto.] 

Servile  flattery  ;  praise  in  excess,  or  beyond  what 
is  merited  ;  high  compliment.  Shak. 

AD'II-La-TOR,  n.  A  flatterer;  one  who  offers  praise 
servilely. 

AD'IJ-La-TO-RY,  a.  Flattering  ;  containing  exces- 
sive praise  or  compliments  ;  servilely  praising  ;  as, 
an  adulatory  address. 

AD'Q-La-TRESS,  71.  A  female  that  flatters  wilh 
servility. 

A-DULT',  a.  [L.  adultus,  grown  to  maturity,  from 
oleo^  to  grow  ;  Heb.  7\^^  to  ascend.] 

Having  arrived  at  mature  years,  or  to  full  size  and 
strength  ;  as,  an  adult  person  or  plant. 

A-DQLT',  71.  A  person  grown  to  full  size  and 
strength,  or  to  the  years  of  manhood.  It  is  also 
applied  to  full-grown  plants.  Among  civiliansj  a 
person  between  fourteen  and  twenty-five  years  of 
age.  Encyc. 

Adult  schools;  schools  for  instructing  adults,  \\  ho 
have  not  been  educated  in  their  youth  ;  first  eslab 
lished,  in  England,  in  1811.  P.  Ojr. 

A-DUL'TER-Ai\T,  71,  The  person  or  thing  tliat 
adulterates. 

A-DUL'TER-aTE,  v.  t.  [h.  aduhcro,  from  adulter, 
mixed,  or  an  adulterer  ;  ad  and  altn;  other.] 

To  comipt,  debase,  or  make  impure  by  an  admix- 
ture of  baser  materials  ;  as,  to  adalteraie  liquors,  or 
the  coin  of  a  country.  Boide. 

A-DUL'TER-aTE,  t.  i.    To  commit  adulter)'.  fObs.] 

A-DUL'TER-ATE,  a.  Tainted  with  adulteiy;  de- 
based by  foreign  mixture. 

A-DUL'tER-A-TED,  pp.  or  a.  Comipted  ;  debased 
hy  a  mixture  wilh  something  of  less  value. 

A-DUL'TER-ATE-LY,  adv.  In  an  adulterate  manner. 

A-DUL'TER-ATE-XESS,  «.  The  quality  or  state 
of  being  d'^based  or  corrupted. 

A-DUL'TER-A-TING,  ppr.     Debasing  ;  comipling. 

A-DUL-TER-a'TIOX,  n.  The  act  of  adnltemting, 
or  the  state  of  being  adulterated,  corrupted,  or  de- 
based by  foreign  mixture. 

The  adulteration  of  liquors,  of  drugs,  and  even  of 
bread  and  beer,  is  a  common,  but  a  scandalous 
crime. 

A-DUL'TER-ER,  71,     [L.  adulter.] 

1.  A  man  guilty  of  adultery ;  a  man  who  has 
sexual  commerce  with  any  married  woman  except 
his  wife.     [See  Adultery.] 

2.  In  Scripture,  an  idolater.     E/..-k.  xsiii. 

3.  An  apostate  from  the  tr«e  faith,  or  one  who 
violates  his  covenant  engagements  ;  a  very  wicked 
person.    Jer.  ix.  and  xxiii. 

4.  One  devoted  to  earthly  things.     James  iv. 
A-DUL'TER-ESS,  tu     a   married    woman    guilty  of 

incontinence. 

A-DUL'TER-IXE,  a.  Proceeding  from  adulterous 
commerce  ;  spurious.  Hall. 

A-DUL'T£R-IXE,  n.  In  t^e  civd  /aic.a  child  issuing 
from  an  adulterous  connection. 

A-DUL'TER-OUS,  a.  Guilty  of  adultery  ;  pertain- 
ing to  adultery. 

'2.  In  Scripture,  idolatrous;  very  wicked.  Matt 
xii.  and  xvi.  .Mark  viii. 

A-DUL'TER-OUS-LY,  flf/r.  In  an  adulterous  man- 
ner. 

A-DUL'TER-Y,  n.  [L.  adultrrium.  See  Adulter- 
ate.] 

1.  Violation  of  the  marriage  bed;  a  crime,  or  a 
civil  injury,  which  introduces  or  may  introduce, 
into  a  fimily,  a  spurious  offspring. 

In  common  usn^e,  adulter}'  means  the  unfaithful- 
ness of  any  marrieil  person  lo  the  marriage  bed.  In 
England,  Parliament  grant  absolute  divorces  for  in- 
fidelity to  the  marriage  bed  in  either  party  ;  and  the 
spiritual  courts  divorce  a  mensa  ct  Urro. 

By  Mr  latcs  of  Connecticut,  the  sexual  intercourse 
of  any  man  with  a  married  woman,  is  the  crmic  of 
adultery  in  both  ;  such  intercourse  of  a  married 
man  with  an  unmarried  woman,  is  fornication  in 


ADV 

b:ith,  and  adultery  of  the  man,  within  the  meaning 
of  the  law  respecting  divorc* ;  but  not  a  felimioua 
adultery  in  either,  or  the  crime  of  adulter)'  at  com- 
mon law,  or  by  statute,  'i'liis  latter  offense  is,  in 
England,  proceeded  with  only  in  the  ecclesiastical 
courts. 

2.  In  a  .scriptural  sense,  all  manner  of  lewdness  or 
unchastity,  as  in  the  seventh  commandment. 

3.  In  Scripture^  idolalrj',  or  apostasy  from  the  true 
God.     Jer.  iii. 

4.  In  old  laics,  the  fine  and  penalty  imposed  for 
the  offense  of  adulter^-. 

5.  In  ecclesiastical  affairs,  the  inlrusitm  of  a  person 
Into  a  bishopric,  during  the  life  of  the  bishop. 

Encyc. 
G.  Among  ancient  naturalists,  the  grafting  of  trees 
was  called  adidtfnj,  being  considered    as  an  un- 
natural union.  Pliny, 
A-DULT'XESS,  n.     The  state  of  being  adult. 
AD-UM'BRAiXT,  a.     [See   Adumbrate.]     Giving  a 

faint  shadow,  or  slight  resemblance. 
AD-L\M'BRaTE,  v.  U     [L.  adumbru,  to  shade,  from 
umbra,  a  shade  ;  Fr.  ombie  ;  Sp.  sombra  ;  It.  ombra.] 
To  give  a  faint  shadow,  or  slight  likeness  ;  to  ex- 
hibit a  faint  resemblance,  like  a  shadow. 
AD-L'.M-BR  A'TION,  n.    'Jhe  act  of  making  a  shadow 
or  faint  resemblance. 

2.  A  faint  sketch  ;  an  imperfect  representation  of 
a  thing.  Bacon. 

3.  In  heraldry,  the  shadow  only  of  a  figure,  out- 
lined, and  painted  of  a  color  darker  than  the  field. 

DicL 
AD-TT-Na'TIOX,  71,     [L.  ad  and  vnvs,  vnio.] 

The  state  of  being  united  ;  union.     [JVot  used.] 
Cranmer. 
AD-UX'CI-TY,  71.     [L.  aduncitas,  hookedncss,  of  ad 
anJ  uncus,  a  hook.] 
Ilookedness  ;  a  bending  in  form  of  a  hook. 

ArhuihnoU 
AD-UN€'OUS,  a.     [L.  aduncits.] 

Hooked  ;  bent  or  made  in  the  fonn  of  a  hook. 

B<icon. 
AD-UXaUE'.  (a-dunk',)  a.     Hooked.     {Xot  tised.] 

Bacon. 
A-DuRE',  V.  t.     [L.  nduro,  ad  and  uro,  to  bum.] 

To  bum  up,     [J^Tot  used.]  Bacon. 

A-DUST',  a.    [L.  adustus,  burnt,  tlie  participle  of  (wiu- 
ro,  to  bum.] 

Burnt ;  scorched  ;  become  drj-  by  heat ;  hot  and 
fiery. 
A-DUST'ED,    a.      Become  hot    and  dry  ;   burnt  ; 

scorched. 
A-DUS'TION,  n.    The  act  of  burning,  scorcliing,  or 
lieating  to  dr>'ness  ;  a  state  of  being  thus  heated  or 
dried. 
AD  VALOlRE^f,  [L.]    According  to  the  value.   An 
ad  valorem  duty  is  a  certain  per  centage  on  the  val- 
ue or  price. 
AD- VANCE',  (ad-vans',)  r.  U  [Fr.  araiiccr,-  Sp.  aran- 
lar,  to  move  fonvard  ;    It.  aranzarc,  to  get  or  in- 
crease;  Arm.   acans,   to  advance.     This  word   is 
formed  :.n  van,  ihe  front,  which   seems  to  be  the 
Ch.  and  Heb.  niD,  d^;2,  surface,  face  ;  whence  Fr, 
avant ;  It.  avanti,  before.] 

1.  To  bring  forward;  to  move  fuither  in  front. 
Hence, 

2.  To  promote  ;  to  raise  to  a  higher  rank  ;  as,  to 
advance  one  from  the  bar  to  the  bench. 

3.  To  improve  or  make  better,  which  is  consid- 
ered as  a  progression  or  moving  fonvard  ;  as,  to  ad- 
vancc  one's  true  interests. 

4.  To  forward ;  to  accelerate  growtli ;  as,  to  ad- 
vance the  gromh  of  plants. 

5.  To  offer  or  propose ;  to  bring  to  view  or  no- 
tice ;  as,  to  advance  an  opinion  or  an  argument. 

6.  In  commerce,  lo  supply  beforehand;  to  furnish 
on  credit,  or  before  goods  are  delivered,  or  work 
done ;  or  to  furnish  as  a  part  of  a  stock  or  fund  ;  as, 
in  advance  money  on  loan  or  contract,  or  toward  a 
purchase  or  establishment. 

7.  To  furnish  for  others  ;  to  supply  or  pay  for  oth- 
ers, in  expectation  of  reimbursement. 

They  of  wincerf  the  money  out  of  tJiHr  own  funils,  and  look 
Uie  shcriJi'j  deeds  in  Uitir  own  iiam^. 

Kant,  Jofinson's  ^ep. 

8.  To  raise  ;  to  enhance  ;  as,  to  advance  the  price 
of  goods. 

AD- VANCE',   r.   i.     To  move  or  go  forward  ;  to  pro- 
ceed ;  as,  the  troops  advanced. 

2.  To  improve,  or  make  progress ;  to  grsw  belter, 
greater,  wiser,  or  older  ;  as,  to  advance  in  knowl- 
edge, in  stature,  in  wisdom,  or  in  years. 

3.  To  rise  in  rank,  ofiice,  or  consequence  ;  to  be 
preferred  or  promoted  ;  as,  to  advance  in  politic:il 
standing. 

AD-VANCE',  TU    Amoving  forward,  or  toward  ilie 
front.  Clarendon. 

2.  Gradual  progression  ;  improvement ;  a>,  an  ad- 
tmncc  in  religion  or  knowledge.  Attcrbani. 

3.  Advancement;  promotion;  preferment :  as,  an 
advnncc  in  rank  or  ollicc 

4.  First  liint   by  way  of  iiivit:ition  ;  first  step  to- 


TONE,  EliLL,  UNITE — AN"GER,  VVCIOUS.— C  as  K  ;  0  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS, 


ADV 


ADV 


w:ir<l  an  afjrecmtMit  ;  as,  A  made  an  atlvauce  to- 
ward a  reomciliatidn  with  U.  In  lliis  sense  it  is 
vi-ry  frequently  used  in  the  iduml. 


5.  In  trrulr^  additional  price  ;  profit ;  as,  an  ad- 
vance im  the  prime  cost  of  gonds. 

6.  A  diving'  beforehand  ;  a  furnishing  of  some- 
thing, "H  contract,  before  an  eftnivr.hnt  is  received, 
as  money  or  goods,  toward  a  capital  or  jitock,  or  on 
loan  ;  or' the  money  or  goods  thus  furniyhud  ;  as,  A 
made  large  ndcanccs  to  R. 

7.  A  furnishing  of  money  or  goods  for  others,  in 
expectation  of  reimbursement;  or  the  property  so 
furnished. 

1  sliall,  with  jnvJil  pkiisure,  make  ih?  necessrtry  adtidt'ces. 

The  iiccoHiU  WM  m»(1e  up  with  intent  to  show  what  aavances 
h.ul  Lk-oh  mmk-.  ^C"'- 

lii  adtmnce;  in  front;  before;  also,  beforehand; 
before  an  equivalent  is  receivv-il,  or  when  one  part- 
ner iri  trade  has  furnished  more  than  his  proportion  ; 
as,  A  is  in  adrunce  to  B  a  thuusimd  dollars  or  pounds. 

AD-VAXCE'-GUARD,     )  u.      Thi^   van-guard;    the 

AJ)-VXNC'/:D-GUARD,  i      first  line  or  division  of 
an  army  in  order  of  battle,  in  front  of  the  main 
body  ;  (ipposeii  to  rear-<ruard. 
2."  A  small  iiartv  in  advance  of  the  main-guard. 

Cijc. 

A1)-Va\C'A;D,  fad-viinst',)  VP-  f»r  a.  Moved  for- 
ward ;  promoted  ;  improved  ;  fmnished  beforehand  ; 
situated  in  front,  or  before  the  rest ;  also,  old,  hav- 
ing reached  the  decline  of  life  ;  as,  advanced  in 
years  ;   an  tulranced  age. 

Ai)-VANCE'.MEXT,  n.  The  act  of  moving  forward 
or  proceeding. 

2.  The  state  of  b^^ing  advanced  ;  preferment ; 
promotion,  in  rank  or  excellence ;  the  act  of  pro- 
moting. 

3.  S'lfttlement  on  a  wife,  or  jointure. 

4.  Provision  made  by  a  parent  for  a  child  by  gift 
of  properlv,  during  his,  tlie  parent's  life,  to  wh;eh 
the  child  would  be  entitled  as  heir,  after  his  parent's 
dealli.  R.  •'!/■  Shcnnan. 

5.  The  payment  of  money  in  advance ;  money 
paid  in  advance. 

AD-VaXC'ER,  n.    One  who  advimces  ;  a  promoter. 
Anumg  sportsmen,  a  start  or  bianeh  of  a  buck's 
attire,  b;;twecn  the  buck  antler  and  the  palm. 

Encyc. 

AD-VANC'INO,  ppr.  Moving  forward  ;  prcceeding  ; 
promoting  ;  rai:>ing  to  liigluT  rank  or  excellence  ; 
improving;  supplying  beforehand,  as  on  loan,  or  as 
stock  in  trade. 

AD-VANC'IVE,  a.    Tending  to  advance  or  promote. 

AD-VANT'AGB,  n.  [Fr.  aranta^e,  from  acant,  be- 
fore ;  It.  vnnUi<rir'w ;  Sp.  vcviaja.'\ 

1.  Any  stitte,  condition,  or  circumstance,  favora- 
ble to  success,  prosperity,  interest,  or  reputation  ; 
as,  the  enemy  had  the  adcantage  of  elevated  ground. 

2.  Benefit ;  gain  ;  profit. 

What  advantage  will  it  ix  to  thee  ?  —  Job  xxxv. 
There  exist*,  in  the  economy  niiU  course  of  natiuv,  an  iuUis- 
8i>lii'ile  luiioii  b^lwccu  virtue  anil  bappiueas;  tutween  (hity 
anil  lulcanlage.  Washington. 

3.  Means  to  an  end ;  opportunity  ;  convenience 
for  olitaining  benefit;  as,  students  enjoy  great  ad~ 
vanta'fes  for  irn|)rovement ;  the  general  took  advant- 
age of  bis  enemy's  negligence. 

4.  Favorable  state  or  circumstances ;  as,  jewels 
set  to  adrantai^e. 

5.  Superiority,  or  prevalence  over ;  with  of  or 
over. 


G.  Superiority,  or  that  which  gives  it ;  as,  the  adr- 
vantagc  of  a  gtmd  constitution. 

7.  Interest ;  increase  ;  overplus. 

Ami  with  adoaningt  meina  to  p:iy  thy  love.     {Oba.\    Shak. 

8.  Additional  circumstance  to  give  prepondera- 
tiim. 

AD-VANT'ACE,  V,  L  To  benefit ;  to  yield  profit  or 
gain. 

What  is  n  min  adcnntnged,  if  he  gtiin  the  wliole  world,  ami 
loae  hin-si:!!',  or  bs  C;i3l  nway  ?  —  Luhit  ix. 

2.  To  promote  ;  to  advance  the  interest  of. 

AD-VANT'A(iE-A-BI.E,  a.  Profitable;  convenient; 
gainful.     [LitUe  used.] 

AD-VANT'AO-ED,  pp.     Rencfiled  ;  promoted. 

AD-VANT'AGE-GROUND,  n.  Ground  that  gives 
advantage  or  superiority ;  a  state  that  gives  supe- 
rior advantages  for  annoyance  or  resistance. 

Clarendon. 

A»-VAN-Ta'CEOUS,  a.  Being  of  advantage  ;  fur- 
nishing convenience,  or  opportunity  to  gain  benefit ; 
gainful;  profitable;  useful;  beneficial;  as,  an  ad- 
vantagcowi  position  of  the  troops  ;  trade  is  adcanta- 
fTcons  to  a  nation. 

/VD-VAN-Ta'CEOUS-LV,  adv.  In  an  advantageous 
manner;  profitably;  usefully;  conveniently. 

.^rbulJinot. 

AD-VAN-Ta'GEOUS-.\ESS,  tu    The  quality  or  state 


of  being  advantageous  ;  profitableness  ;  usefulness  ; 
convenience.  lioijle. 

AD-VANT'AOJ-INO,  jtpr.     Profiting;  benefiting. 

AD-VEC-'rr'TIOU^,  a.  Brouglit  from  annther  place  ; 
imported  ;  foreign. 

AD-Vll;.NE',  v.  i.  [L.  advenio^  to  come  to,  ad  and  ve- 
mW] 

To  accede,  or  come  to  ;  to  he  added  to,  or  become 
a  part  of,  though  not  essential.     [Little  ujird.] 

AU-Ve'NI-EiNT,  a.  Advening;  coming  from  out- 
ward causes. 

AD'VE.NT,  h.  [L.  adventiLSy  from  advcnh^  of  ad  and 
rcHit*,  to  comt^     ^ee  Fimj.] 

A  coming  ;  apprupriatdy,  the  coming  of  our  Sav- 
ior, and  in  the  calendar,  it  includes  four  Sabbaths 
before  Christmas,  beginning  on  Ht.  Andrew's  day, 
or  on  the  Sabbath  next  before  or  after  it.  It  is  in- 
tentied  as  a  season  of  devotion,  with  reference  to 
the  coming  of  Christ  in  the  flesh,  and  his  second 
comins  to  judge  the  world.  Encyc. 

AD-VENT'INE,  a.     Adventitious.     [J^ot  used.] 

Bacon. 

AD-VEN-TI"TI0ITS,  a.  [L.  fl(/rrH(("((U5,  from  adve- 
7110.     See  Advent.] 

Added  e.\trinsically  ;  accidental;  not  essentially 
inherent ;  casual ;  foreign. 

Discns'.-s  of  couliimance  get  au  advenlilioua  strength  from  cus- 
tom. Bacon. 

AD-VEN-TI"TT0US-LY,  adv..    Accidentally. 

AD-VEN-TI"TI0US-NESS,  n.  The  slate  of  being 
adventitious. 

AD-VENT'IVE,  a.  Accidental;  adventitious.  [Lit- 
tle n-^rd.]  Bacon. 

AD-VENT'IVE,  71.  The  thing  or  person  that  comes 
friim  without.      [Litile  used,]  Bacon. 

AD-VExNT'U-AL,  a.  Relating  to  the  season  of  ad- 
vent. Satmderson. 

AD-VEN'TIJRE,  n.  fFr.  avaiture,  from  advenio.  See 
Advent.] 

1.  Hazard  ;  risk  ;  chance  ;  that  of  which  one  has 
no  direction  ;  as,  at  aSi  adventures^  that  is,  at  all  h:iz- 
ards.     [See  Ventuhe.] 

2.  An  enterprise  of  hazard  ;  a  bold  undertaking, 
in  which  ha/.ards  are  to  be  encountered,  and  llie  is- 
sue is  staked  upon  unforeseen  events.        Dnjdni. 

3.  A  remarkable  occunence ;  a  striking  event, 
m'-re  or  less  important ;  as,  the  adventures  of  one's 
life.  Baron. 

4.  That  which  is  put  to  hazard  ;  a  sense  in  popu- 
lar use  with  seamen,  and  usually  proncHinced  ven- 
ture. Something  which  a  seaman  is  permitted  to 
carry  abroad,  with  a  view  to  sell  for  profit. 

Abill  of  adventure,  is  a  writing  signed  by  a  person, 
who  takes  goods  on  board  of  his  ship,  wholly  at  the 
risk  of  the  owner. 

AD-VEN'TURE,  v.  t.  To  risk,  or  hazard  ;  to  put  in 
the  power  of  unforeseen  events ;  as,  to  adventure 
one's  life.     ["See  Ventl're.J 

AD-VEN'TtIRE,  v.  i.  To  dare  ;  to  try  the  chance  ; 
as,  to  adventure  on  "  tlie  tempestuous  sea  of  lib- 
erty." 

AD-VEN'TI^R-£:D,  pp.  put  to  hazard;  ventured  ; 
risked. 

AD-VEN'TITR-ER,  71.  One  who  hazards,  or  puts 
something  at  risk  ;  as,  merchant-nf/re/i/urcr^'. 

'3.  One  who  seeks  occasions  of  chance,  or  attempt! 
bold,  novel,  or  extraordinary  enterprises. 

AD-VEN'TITRE-FIJL,  a.  Given  to  adventure  ;  full 
of  enterprise.        "  BenUiam. 

AD-VEN'TURE-SOME,  a.  Bold  ;  daring  ;  incumng 
hazard.     [See  Venturesome.] 

AD-VEN'T(1RE-S0ME-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  liohl  and  venturesome. 

AD-VEN'TUR-ING,  ;^/;r.  Putting  to  risk ;  hazard- 
ing. 

AD-VEN'TTIR-OUS,  n.     [Fr.  aventurenx,] 

1.  Inilined,  or  willing  to  incur  hazard  ;  bold  to 
encounter  danger  ;  daring  ;  courageous  ;  enterpris- 
ing; applied  to  persons. 

2.  Full  of  haz.ard  ;  attended  with  risk ;  exposmg 
to  danger;  requiring  courage:  applied  todun^s;  as, 
an  adventurous  lUidcrtaking. 

And  followe*!  freci'>.ii  on  lti<;  adcenturoiis  liile.      Trumbidl. 

AD-VEi\'TUR-OUS-:.Y,  adv.  Boldly  ;  daringly  ;  in 
a  manner  to  incur  ha/^ird. 

AD-VEN'TITR-OUS-NEOS,  n.  The  act  ^r  quality  of 
being  adventurous. 

AD'VERB,  n.  [L.  adcerbiujr^  of  ct^and  vcrbuin,  to  a 
verb.] 

In  (rranirrar,  a  word  used  to  modifj-  the  sense  of 
a  verb,  participle,  adjective,  or  other  adverb,  and 
usually  plac(!d  ni-ar  it;  as,  he  wrii.^s  well;  paper  ex- 
trewrhj  white.  This  part  of  speech  might  be  more 
significantly  named  a  mndifer,  as  its  u^s  is  to  nwil.ify, 
that  is,  to  vary  or  qualify  the  sense  of  ai.other  woril, 
by  enlarging  or  restraining  it,  or  by  expres.ring  form, 
quality,  or  manner,  which  the  word  itself  i-'oes  not 
express.  The  term  adverb,  denoting  position  ii^erely, 
is  often  improper. 

AD-VERB'I-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  an  adverb. 

AD-VERB'I-AL-LY,  adv.  In  the  manner  of  an  at^- 
verb. 


ADV 

AD-VER-Sa'RI-A,  n.  [L.  from  adversus.  See  Ad- 
verse.] 

1.  Among  the  ancients  'A  book  of  accounts,  so  named 
from  the  placing  of  debt  and  credit  in  opposition  to 
each  other. 

2.  A  Common-place  book.  Encyc, 

3.  ]n  literature,  :i  miscellaneous  collection  of  notes, 
remarks,  or  selectiuus  ;  used  as  a  title  of  books  or 
papers  of  such  character.  This  meaning  is  derived 
from  the  second. 

AD-VER-SA'RI-OUS,  o.    Adversary.     [BmI.] 

Southry. 
AD'VER-SA-RV,  n.     [See  Adterse.] 

1.  An  enemy  or  loe  ;  one  who  has  enmity  at 
heart. 

The  Lord  will  Inlte  venji-rince  on  his  adversaries.  —  Null.  i. 
In  Scripture,  Satan  is  called  THE  adversary,  by 
way  of  eminence.  —  1  Pet.  v. 

2.  An  op[)onent  or  antagiuiist,  as  in  a  suit  at  law, 
or  in  single  combat ;  an  opposing  litigant. 

AD'VER-SA-RY,  a.  Opposed  ;  opposite  to;  adverse. 
In  lajD,  having  an  opposing  party  ;  as,  an  adrcrsanj 
suit;  in  distinction  from  an  application,  in  law  or 
equity,  to  which  no  opposition  is  made. 

AD-VEllS'A-TIVE,  a.  Noting  some  difference,  con- 
trariety, fir  opposition  ;  as,  John  is  an  honest  man, 
but  a  fan  itic.  Here  hut  is  called  an  adversative  con- 
junction This  denomination,  however,  is  not  al- 
w.ays  correct ;  for  hut  does  not  Jilways  denote  o])po- 
sition,  hut  something  atlditional. 

AD-VERS'A-T£VE,  n.  A  word  denoting  contrariety 
or  opposition. 

AU^'ERSE,  (ad'vers,)  a.  [L.  adverstu^,  opposite  ;  of 
ad  and  versus,  turned  ;  from  verto,  to  turn.  See  Ad- 
vert. This  word  ivas  fonnerly  accented,  by  some 
authors,  on  the  last  syllable ;  but  the  accent  is  now 
settled  on  the  first.] 

1.  Opposite  ;  opposing ;  acting  in  a  contrary  iliree- 
tion  ;  conrticting  ;  counteracting  ;  as,  adverse  winils  ; 
an  adverse  party. 

2,  FiiruTUtivcly,  opposing  desire  ;  contrary  to  the 
wishes,"or  to  supposed  good;  hence,  unfortunate; 
calamitous  ;  afflictive  ;  pernicious  ;  unprosperous  ; 
as,  adverse  fate  or  circumstances. 

AD-VERSE',  (ad-vers',;  v.  t.  To  oppose.   [JVot  used.] 

Ooieer. 

AD' VERSE  LY,  adv  In  an  adverse  manner  ;  oppo- 
sitely ;  unfortvinately ;  unprosperously ;  in  a  man- 
ner contrary  to  desire  or  success. 

AD'VERSE-NESS,  n.  Opposition;  unprosperous- 
ness. 

AD-VERS'I-TY,  n.  An  event,  or  series  of  events, 
which  oppose  success  or  desire;  misfortune;  ca- 
lamity ;  allliction  ;  distress  ;  state  of  unhappiness. 

In  Ihi*  dtiy  of  adoerrih/,  consider.  —  Eccl.  vii, 
Yc  h:ive  rej'ctiHl  God,  wlio  saved  you  out  of  all   your  atloersi- 
rtffi.  —  1  S.im.  X. 

AD-VERT',  V.  i.  [L.  adverto,  of  ad  and  verto,  to 
turn,] 

To  turn  the  mind  or  attention  to  ;  to  regard,  ob- 
serve, or  notice  ;  with  tu  ;  as,  he  adverted  tu  v\  hat 
was  saiti,  or  to  a  circumstance  that  occuiTed. 

AD-VERT'ED,  pp.     Attended  to;  regarded  ;  with  tn. 

AD-VERT'EX'C'E,   )  n.     A  direction  of  the  mind  to; 

.■\D-VERT'EN-CV,  (  attention  ;  notice  ;  regard  ; 
consideration  ;  hecdfulness. 

All-VERT'EXT,  a.    Attentive  ;  heedful. 

AO-VERT'ENT-LY,  adv.     In  an  advertent  manner. 

AD-VERT'IJVG,  ppr.  Attending  to;  regardmg;  ob- 
scrvin<i. 

AD-VEli-TISE',  V.  L  [Fr.  avertir;  Ann.  avertisza, 
to  inform;  from  ad  and  verto,  to  turn.  Seo  Ad- 
vert.] 

1.  To  inform ;  to  give  notice,  advice,  or  intelli- 
gence to,  whether  of  a  past  or  present  event,  or  of 
something  future. 

1  will  advertise  thee  wliat   this  people  will  do  to  thy  prople  in 

tlie  laliPT  day.  —  Num.  xxiv. 
1  thought  to  advertise  tJit--e,  siiyiug,  Buy  it  before  tlie   iidiah- 

iluuta  and  elders  o(  my  people.  —  Ruth  iv. 

In  this  sense,  it  has  of  before  the  subject  of  infor- 
mation ;  as,  to  advertise  a  man  of  his  losses. 

2.  To  publish  a  notice  of;  to  publish  a  written  or 
printed  account  of;  as,  to  advertise  goods,  or  a  farm. 

AD-VER-TIS'-ED,  pp.  Infonued  ;  notified  ;  warned  ; 
used  of  persons:  published;  made   known;  used  of 

tJlillirs. 

AD-VER'TISE-MENT,  n.  Information  ;  admoni- 
tion ;  notice  given.  More  seurrally,  a  publication 
intended  to  give  notice  ;  this  may  be  by  a  short  ac- 
count printed  in  a  newspaper,  or  by  a  written  ac- 
count posted,  or  otherwise  made  public. 

AD-VER-TIS'ER,  v.  One  w^ho  advertises.  This  ti- 
tle is  often  giveti  to  public  prints. 

AD-VER-TiS'ING,  ppr.  Informing  ;  giving  notice  ; 
publishing  notice. 

9.  a.  Furnishing  advertisements  ;  as,  advertising 
customers. 

3.  In  the  sense  of  monitory,  or  active  in  giving 
intelligence,  as  used  by  Shakspeare.  [JVbt  now 
vsed.  ] 

AI)-VICE',  n.     [Fr.  am,  opinion,  notice  ;  Arm.  avis. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  W^HAT.— MeTE,  PREY.— PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.— N6TE,  DOVS,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK. 


tfiS 


ADV 

This  and  Ihe  verb  «(;<a(T,  to  advise,  seem  to  be 
funnod  of  ad  and  the  L.  visa,  to  see,  to  visit.] 

1  Coviiisel  ;  an  opinion  recommended,  or  oflered, 
aa  worthy  to  be  followed. 

What  advict  pve  ye }  — 2  Chron.  x. 

With  goml  aJiicc  make  w"ar.  —  FroV.  xx. 

We  may  zivt-  adcice,  btrt  we  can  uoi  ^ve  conduct.   Franklin. 

".  Prudence  ;  deliberate  consideration.       S/iak. 
3.  Information  as  to  the  state  of  an  affair  or  af- 
fairs ;  notice  ;  intelligence  ;    as,   we   have   lale  ad- 
vices from  France.     [Commonbj  in  the  phiraU] 
To  take  adr.ice^  is  to  consult  with  olheri*. 
AD-\7CE'-Bo-VT,  n.    A  vessel  employed  to  carry 

dispritches  or  information. 
AD-VfS'A-BLE,  a.     [See  Advise.] 

1.  Proper  to   be   advised;    prudent;    expedient; 
pr<iper  to  be  done  or  practiced  ;  as,  it  is  not  advis- 
able to  proceed,  at  this  time,  to  a  clioice  of  officers. 
9.  Open  to  advice.  South. 

AD-VTS'A-BLE -^'ESS,  n.     The  quality  of  being  ad- 
visable cr  expedient, 
AD-VTS'A-BLY,  adv.     With  advice. 
AD- VISE',  F.  L     [Fr.  aniserj  Ann.  arisaj  Sp.  avisar  ^ 
It.  avvisare.     See  Advice.] 

1.  To  give  counsel  to  ;  to  offer  an  opinion,  as  wor- 
thy or  expedit-nt  to  be  followed  ;  as,  I  advise  you  to 
be  cautious  of  speculation. 

2.  To  give  information;  to  cnmmunicaie  notice  ; 
to  make  acquainted  witli ;  followed  by  (/before  the 
thing  counnunicated ;  as,  the  merchants  weie  ad- 
vised of  the  risk. 

'J.  To  deliberate,  consider,  or  consult. 

Adciae  (hyself  of  whuu  word  1  shall  btiug  ag-.\in  to  him  Uut 
sent  me.  —  1  Cliroii.  xxi. 

But  in  this  sense  it  is  usually  intransitipf. 
AD-VTSE',  V.  i.    To  deliberate,  weigh  well,  or  con- 
sider. 

Adoii€  and  src  wh:»t  answer  1  shall  return  to  hiro  :hat  sent  me. 
—  2  Sam,  xxiv. 

To  advise  with,  is  to  consult  for  tJie  purpose  of  tak- 
ing the  opinions  of  ethers. 
AD-VIS'£D,   jrp.  or  a.     Informed  ;  counseled  ;  also, 
cautious  ;  prudent;  acting  with  deliberation. 

I.ri  bim  be  adcised  in  his  aiiawere.  Bacon. 

Witii  ihe  well  odHscd  is  wisdom,  —  Prtiv.  xiii. 

9.  Done,  formed,  or  taken  with  advice  or  deliber- 
ation i  intended  ;  as,  an  adci.s€d  act  or  scheme. 

AD-\'IS'ED-LV,  adc.  With  deliberation  or  advice; 
heedfully  ;  p'lrposely;  by  design  ;  as,  an  enterprise 
adtisedh/  undertaken. 

AD-VTS'ED-NE?S,  n.  Deliberate  consideration  ;  pru- 
dent pnicedure. 

AD-ViSE'.ME.\T,Tt.    Counsel;  information;  circum- 
spection. 
1^  CunsulUilion. 

The  action  siandin*  continued  nisi  for  adoieemfnt. 

Maes.  Br  ports. 

AD-VrS'ER,  lu  One  who  gives  advice  or  admoni- 
tion ;  also,  in  a  had  sense^  one  who  instigates  or  per- 
suades. 

AD-VTS'IXG,  ppr.    Giving  counsel. 

AD-Vl¥'L\G,  H.     Advice  ;  connsL-l.  Shnk. 

AD-VIS'O-RY",  a.     Having  power  to  advise. 

The  a:ciieml  association  has  a  gen'-nil  adeisory  'iiipfriulcnilence 
over  ail  th?  ministers  and  eh'trc\\''s.  —TruuibuU'a  Hul. 
Conn.    Madison,     Ramsay,  liial.  Car, 

2.  Containing  advice;  as,  their  opinion  is  merely 
advLsorii. 
AD'VO-€A-CY,  n.    The  act  of  pleading  for  or  sup- 
porting  ;  vindication  ;  defense  ;  intercession. 

Broicn, 

2.  Judicial  pleading;  lawsuit-  Chatuer. 
AD'VO-CaTE,  n.     [L.  adtocatus,  from  adrocn^  to  call 

for,  to  plead  for ;  of  ad  and  voco,  to  c;UI.  See 
Vocal.] 

I.  jiilvocate,  in  its  primary  sense,  signifies  one 
who  pleads  the  cause  of  another  in  a  court  uf  civil 
law.     Hence, 

'2.  One  who  pleads  the  cause  of  another  before  any 
tribunal  or  judicial  court,  as  a  barrister  in  the  Eng- 
lish courts.  We  say  a  man  is  a  learned  lawyer 
and  an  able  advccate. 

3.  In  churck  history^  a  person  appointed  to  defend 
the  rights  and  revenues  of  a  church  or  monasterj-. 

In  Europe,  advocates  have  different  titles,  accord- 
ing to  their  particular  duties. 

Cousi^lorial  atlcaeatcs^  in  Rome,  appear  before 
the  Consistor>',  in  opposition  to  the  disposal  of 
benefices. 

Elective  advocates  are  chosen  by  a  bishop,  abbot, 
or  chapter,  witli  license  from  ihe  prince. 

Feudal  admcatf^  were  of  a  militarj'  kind,  and  to 
attach  iheni  to  the  church,  had  grants  of  land,  with 
power  to  lead  the  vassals  of  the  church  to  war. 

Fiscal  Oficccales^  in  ancient.  Rome^  defended  causes 
in  which  the  Jiscxis  or  private  revenue  of  the  entper- 
or  was  concerned. 

.f.trtdical  ailrocat.es  becams  judges,  in  consequence 
of  their  attending  causes  in  the  Count's  court. 

Jlatriealar  advoeates  defended  the  catiiedral 
churches 


ADY 

MdiUiry  advocates  were  emiiloyed  by  the  church 
to  defend  it  by  arms,  when  force  gave  law  to 
Europe. 

Some  advocates  were  called  nominative^  from  their 
being  nominated  by  the  pope  or  king ;  some  re^ular^ 
from  their  being  qualified  by  a  proper  course  of 
study.     Some  were  supreme  ;  others^  subordinate. 

jl'leocate,  in  the  Qcrman  pultiij,  is  a  magistrate 
appointed  in  the  emperor's  name  to  adminir^iter 
justice. 

Faculty  of  adcccates^  in  Scotland,  is  a  society  of 
eminent  lawyers,  who  practice  in  tlie  highest  courts, 
and  who  are  admitted  members  only  upon  the 
severest  e.\aniination,  at  three  different  times.  It 
consists  of  more  than  two  hundred  members,  and 
from  this  body  are  vacancies  on  Ihe  bench  usually 
supplied. 

Lvrd  advocate^  in  Scotland^  the  principal  crown 
lawyer,  or  prosecutor  of  crimes. 

Judge  advocate.,  in  courts  martial^  a  person  who 
manages  tlie  prosecution. 

In  English  and  American  courtSy  advocates  are  the 
same  as  counsel,  or  counselors.  In  England,  tluy 
are  of  two  degrees,  barristers  and  Serjeants ;  tfie 
fonner,  being  apprentices  or  learners,  can  not,  by 
ancient  custom,  be  admitted  Serjeants  till  of  six- 
teen yeai"s'  standing.  Bladistone.    Encyc. 

4.  One  who  defends,  vindicates,  or  espouses  a 
cause  by  argument ;  one  who  is  friendly  to  ;  as,  an 
advocate  for  peace,  or  for  the  oppressed. 

In  Scripture^  Christ  is  called  an  adcocate  for  his 
people. 

We  have  nn  advocate  wllh^ih^  Fiiihcr.  —  I  Joliti  ii, 

AD'VO-CaTE,  V.  L  To  plead  in  favor  t>f;  to  ilefend 
by  argument,  before  a  tribunal  or  the  public;  to 
support  or  vindic.ite. 

Those  who  adcocaU  a  discrimination. 

HamilluJt's  Report  on  PubHc  Debt. 
The  Duke  wf  York  adoocated  the  aincniiment. — DebaUs  an 

V:e  Regency  in  Vie  House  of  f.orde.  Die.  27,  ISiO. 
The  t^aii  ul  Biickirigli;uii  adoocaled  the  original  rtsolutjon. 

Ibid, 
The  iilea  of  a  tpgislaturc,  consisting-  of  a  sinp-le  branch,  though 
adoocated  by  some,  was  gencrilly  reprwUited. 

Ramsay,  Hist,  Caro'ina. 
How  little  claim  persons,  who  advoaue  iliis  seuiinienl.  Rally 
P'ls^css  to  be  considered  CiUvJutsts,  will  a|.pear  Iroin  the; 
liillowing  quotation.  Mackcn:de'3  Life  of  Calvin. 

The  loost  cmineul  oritora  were  en5-.\^d  to  advocate  his  cause. 

Mitford. 
A   part  only  of  the  body,  whose  cause  hs  adoocat£s,  CiiiiiciJe 
wiih  him  in  judgmcuL  Vluis.  Obs.  xi.  i'M.    ScoU. 

AD'VO-€a-TED,  pp.  Defended  by  argimient ;  vin- 
dicated. 

AO'VOCATE-SIIIP,  71.  The  office  or  duty  of  an 
advocate. 

AD^VO-Ca-TESS,  n.    A  female  advocate. 

Taylor. 

AD'V0-eA-TING,;7)r.  Supporting  by  reasons;  de- 
fending ^  maintaining. 

AD-VO-CA'TlON,n.    A  pleading  for ;  plea;  apology. 

Shnk. 
A  hill  of  advocation,  in  Scotland,  is  a  written  ap- 
plication to  a  superior  court,  to  call  an  action  bi-'fore 
them  from  an  inferior  court.  The  order  of  the  su- 
perior court  for  this  purpose  is  called  letters  of  ad- 
vocation. 

AD-VO-Lu'TION,  n.     A  rolling  tov.'ard  something. 

AD-VOU'TRER,  n.     An  adulterer. 

AD-VOU'TRESS,  n.     An  adulteress.  Bacon, 

AD-VOU'TRy,H.    Adultery,    [ti/lleused.]    Bacon. 

AD-VOW-EE',  n.  He  that  has  the  right  of  advow- 
son.  Coiccl. 

2.  The  advocate  of  a  church  or  religious  house. 

C)jc. 

AD-VOWSON,  n.  [Fr.  az-ouenV,  from  aroner,  to 
avow  ;  Norm,  avoerir,  or  avoeson.  But  the  word 
was  latinized,  advocatio,  from  advocoj  and  avow  is 
from  adroco.] 

In  EngtiJi  law,  a  right  of  presentation  to  a  vacant 
benelice  ;  or,  in  other  words,  a  right  of  neminating 
a  per.-on  to  officiate  in  a  vacant  church.  The  name 
is  derived  from  adiwcatio^  because  the  right  was  first 
obtitined  by  such  as  were  founders,  benefactors, 
or  strenuous  defenders,  advocates^  at  the  church. 
Those  who  have  this  right  are  staled  patrons.  Ad- 
vuwsons  are  of  three  kinds,  pre^eufattcc,  cvllative, 
and  donative:  pri-j^itiitize,\vhiin  the  patron  presents 
his  clerk  to  the  bishop  of  ihe  diocese  to  be  insti- 
tuted ;  C4}llative,  when  the  bishop  is  the  patron,  and 
institutes  or  collate:,-  liis  clerk,  by  a  single  act ;  dona- 
tive, when  a  church  is  founded  by  the  king,  and 
a.^signed  to  the  patrtm,  without  being  subject  to  the 
ordinary,  so  that  the  patron  confers  the  benefice 
on  his  clerk,  without  presentation,  institution,  or 
induction. 

Ailvoiosons  are  also  ajtpntdant,  that  Is,  annexed  to  a 
maniT,  or  in  n-i-o:>v,.that  is,  annexed  t<i  the  pir.-;on 
of  the  p.itnui.  Blackstoue. 

.\D-VOVER.     Sec  Avover. 

ADY  iNA.M'IC,  a.    Weak  ;  desiiinte  of  strength. 

Adynamic  fcccrs,  in  medicine,  a  term  employed  by 
Pintl,to  denote  nialiy:naiit  or  putrid  fevers  attended 
with  great  muscular  debility.  Cijc.  J\Ivd. 


AER 

A-DY\'A-^MY,  71.  [Gr.  a  privative  and  cwanis, 
power.] 

In  r.tedicine^  weakness ;  want  of  strength  occa- 
sioned by  diHca.'fc.  Morau 

A-D9'TL*.M,  n.     [UiL  ;  Or.  fiivmi:] 

A  secret  apartmenU  In  ancient  temples^  a  secrel 
place  from  whence  oniclts  were  given. 

ADZ,  7(.  [Sax.  adcuci  Sp.  azucla;  formerly  written 
in  Eng.  aildice.^ 

An  iron  instrument  with  an  arcliing  blade,  across 
the  line  of  the  handle,  and  ground  from  ate9»-eu> 
its  inside  to  the  outer  edge;  ust^d  for  chipping  a 
horizontal  surface  of  timber.  Enaje. 

J£. ;  a  diphthong  in  the  Latin  language  ;  used  aI?o  by 
the  Saxon  writers.  It  answers  to  the  Gr.  ai.  'i  he 
Sax.  t£  has  been  changed  into  e  or  ro.  In  deriva- 
tives from  the  leanieti  languages,  it  is  moittly  super- 
seded by  f,  and  ctuivcnic-nce  se:-ms  to  require  it  lo 
be  wholly  rej:-cttrd  in  anglicized  words.  For  most 
words  found  with  this  initial  combination,  the  reader 
will  ther^  lure  searth  under  the  letter  E. 

^D,  ED,  EAD,  .syllables  fiiund  in  names  fnjm  the 
Saxon,  siguily  happy  ;  as,  Eadrie^  happy  kingdom  ; 
Eadrig,  happy  victory  ;  fjlward,  prosperous  watch  j 
Ef/gar,  successful  weapon.  Otbson.     Lye 

^'DTLE,  Tt.  [L.]  In  ancient  Rome,  an  officer  or 
magistrate,  who  had  the  care  of  the  public  build- 
ings, \iBdes,]  streets,  highways,  public  spectacles,  &.c 

-4;'0lL-OPS,  H.  [Gr.  atyiXtxXJj;  ujf,  a  goat, and  (li//, 
the  eye.]  A  tumor  ia  the  mner  comer  of  the  eye, 
and  a  plant  so  called.  Qitincu 

/E'OIS,  ri.  [Gr.  aif  i?,  3  goat  skin,  and  shield  ;  from 
ai$,  a  goaL] 

A  shield,  or  defensive  armor;  originally  applied 
to  the  shield  given  by  Jupitttr  to  Miner^'a. 

Mh,  AL,  ALH,  or  EAL,  in  Sanson,  Eng.  a//,  are  seen 
in  many  names;  as  in  *S-"//ri(/,  Alfrt-d,  all  peace; 
.SChcin,  all  conqueror.  Oibson. 

JELF  seems  to  be  one  fonn  of  lielp,  but  more  gener- 
ally written  clpk  or  ulph  ;  as  in  ^Ifwinj  victorious 
aidj^  JEtJtclicuIph,  illustrious  help.  Oibsmu 

JE-^k'W,  n.  [L.  tenets.]  An  heroic  poem,  written 
by  Virgil,  in  which  .-Eneas  is  the  hero. 

^'0-LI6T,  71.  [L.  ^olus.]  A  pretender  lo  inspi- 
nition.  SiT'ft. 

^-O'LI-AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  ^olus,  the  god  of  the 
winds. 

iT:-0'l.I-.A\  Ha-RP,  n.     See  Eolian  Harp. 

.-E-QULV^OLITE,  n.     See  Pitchsto>-z. 

A'ER-.^TE,  V.  t.     [See  Air.] 

1.  In  chenti.stinj^  to  ctuiibine  with  carbonic  acid, 
formerly  called  fixed  air.  [  The  word  has  been  dis- 
carded from  modern  chemistry.] 

9.  In  zoolngij,  to  change  the  circulating  fluids  of 
animals  by  tlTe  agency  of  the  air  ;  lo  arterializc. 

A'ER-.\-TE'D,  pp.  Combined  with  ciirbonic  acid  ;  a.^ 
aerated  luinend  waters ;  changed  by  tlie  agency  of 
theajr;  artL^rialixed. 

A'ER-A-TIJN'G, /';;r.  Combining  with  carbonic  acid  ; 
changing  by  the  agency  of  the  air;  arterializing. 

A-ER-.t'TIO.V,  n.  In  ckemL^trii,  the  act  or  operation 
of  combining  with  carbonic  acid. 

9.  In  zoolo^ij,  the  change  in  the  circulating  fiutds 
of  animals,  effected  by  the  agency  of  the  air  ;  as  the 
arterializution  of  the  bloi>d  by  respir.ilion  in  the 
higher  animals ;  and  the  corrcspondhig  change  in 
the  lower  animals. 

3.  In  afn-iculture,  the  e.xposure  of  soil  to  Ihe  free 
fulioTi  of  the  air,  as  essential  to  the  growth  of  plants. 

A-E'Iil-AL,  a.     [L.  aerius.     See  Aik.J 

1.  Belonging  to  the  air,  or  atmosphere  ;  as,  aerial 
regions. 

9.  Consisting  of  air  ;  partaking  of  tlie  nature  of 
air  ;  as,  aerial  |>articles. 

3.  Produced  by  air  ;  as,  aerial  honey.  Pope. 

A.  Iniiabiting  or  frequenting  the  air;  as,  acriai 
songsters.  * 

5.  Placed  in  the  air ;  high  ;  lofty ;  elevated ;  as, 
aerial  spires ;  aerial  fiighl. 

Aerial  acid;  carbonic  acid.     [O65.]  Ure, 

Aerial  perspective.     See  Persfecti  ve. 

A-K'RI-AA'S,  71.  pL      In  churdt  histonj.,  a  branch  of 

Arians,  so  called  from  Aerius,  who  m;;iutained  that 

there  is  no  difference  between  bishops  and  priests:. 

.\'E-RIE,  (a'r>'  or  e^rj-,)  n.     [W.  cryr,  Corn,  cr,  an 

eagle.] 

Ihe  nest  of  a  bird  tf  prey,  as  of  an  cigle  or 
haw  k  ;  a  brood  of  such  birds.  SJiai. 

.\-ER-1-FI-€a'TI0.\,  «.  'J  he  act  of  combining  air 
with  ;  the  slate  cf  being  filled  with  air.    Fourcri>y. 

2.  The  act  of  becoming  air,  or  of  changing  into 
an  aeriform  state,  as  substances  which  are  ct.n- 
verted  from  a  liipiid  or  solid  form  into  gas  cr  an 
cLasiic  vapor;  the  st.^te  of  being  aeriform.        //''•'. 

A'ER-l-ET  £D,  ;;;;.    Having  air  infused,  or  combined 

with. 
A'ER-I-Ff>RM,  a,     [L.  aery  air,  and  forma^  form.] 
Havini!  the  form  or  nature  of  air,  or  ol  an  elastic 

fluid.     The  gtises  iixc  aeriform  fluids. 
A'ER-I-Ft,  F.  (.    To  infuse  air  into  ;  to  fill  with  air, 

or  to  combine  air  witli ;  lo  change  inio  an  ai  rifurm 

state. 
A-ER-0-D\'-NA.M'ieS,  rt,     [Gr.  aiji  and  Swapt^.] 


TONE,  BULL,  TINITE.  — AiV"GER,  VI"CIOUS €  as  K;  6  as  J  ;  »  as  Z ;  CH  as  SII ;  TH  as  in  THl:?. 


AFA 

The  scit'iice  which  trciitsof  the  motion  of  the  air, 
mid  uf  the  iiK-ctKinicu.1  eli'ccts  of  air  in  motion. 

Brande, 

A-ER-Or.'.NO-SV,  71.  [Gr.  anoy  air,  and  ji-Mtrts, 
kimwli-diic]  'i'hc  scipncti  which  treats  of  the  prujv- 
erties  of  jiir,  and  liie  pari  it  performs  in  llie  opera- 
tions of  nature. 

A-ER-OG'RA-PIIV,  n.  [Gr.  nr,n^  air,  and  ;  pa<pay,  to 
describe.]     A  description  of  tlie  air  or  atmosphere  ; 

_  hut  ufroliiirij  is  chiefly  used. 

A'KR-O  LIl'E,  ti.  [Gr.  u///),  air,  and  \i9oi,  a  sttme.] 
A  i^ivuc  which  has  fallen  from  the  air,  or  ntmos- 
pJieric  regions  j  a  meteoric  stone. 

G-uidoUe.    Med.  Rep. 

A-ER-O-LOC'ie-AL,  a.    TeilaininK  to  aeroiogj-. 

A-ER-OL'0-tiIST,  n.     One  who  is  versed  in  aurolog)'. 

A-ER-OL'O-GY,  n.  [Gr.  u//p,  air,  and  Ao^«s,  de- 
scription.] 

A  desrrii>tion  of  the  air ;  that  branch  of  philoso- 
phy wliH  li  tif  ai-i  of  the  air,  its  constituent  parts, 
propertHs,  aiul  phenoineiia.  Encyc. 

S'ER-O-MAN-CV,  n.      [Gr.  ar/pj  and  /ioirfia,  div- 
ination.] 
Divination  by  means  of  the  air  and  winds. 

A-ER-OM'E-TEil,  n.  [Gr.  anfj  air,  and  /lirpoc, 
measure.] 

1.  An  mstriiment  for  making  the  necessary  cor- 
rections in  ascertaining  the  mean  bulk  of  gasc-s. 

Hebcrt. 

2.  .^n  instniinent  for  ascertaining  the  density  or 
rarity  of  air.  Morin. 

A-ER-'OM'E-TRY,  n.  [tis  above.]  The  science  of 
measuring  the  air,  including  the  doctrine  of  its 
pressure,  elasticity,  rarefaction,  and  condcnsalion. 
[In  this  sense,  the  word  is  now  disused,  the  tLriii 
jmeianatics  having  taken  its  place.]  Encijc. 

Rather  aerometry  is  the  art  or  science  of  ascer- 
taining the  mean  bulk  of  the  gases.  Ure. 

a'ER-0-NAUT,  11.  [Gr.  aqii  and  vauT^jf,  a  sailor, 
from  ciiu?,  a  ship.] 

One  who  sails  or  floats  in  the  air;  an  aerial  nav- 
igator: applied  to  persons  wlio  ascend  in  air  ballmiis. 

Biir/ie. 

A-ER-0-NAUT'ie,  a.  Sailing  or  floating  in  the  air; 
pfilainiHg  to  aerial  sailing. 

A-ER-O-XAUT'ies,  n.  The  doctrine,  science,  or  art 
of  sailing  in  the  air,  by  means  of  a  balloon. 

A'ER-0-iNAUT-ISM,  7(.  The  practice  of  ascending 
and  floating  in  the  atmosphere,  in  balloons. 

Jounu  of  Science. 

a'ER-0-PHTTE,  71.     [Gr.  arjo  and  ^vt  v,  a  plant.] 
A  plant  that  lives  exclusively  in  air,  in  di.-=tinc- 

_  tion  from  a  htfilrophyte.  Brande, 

A-ER-0-SCEP'SY,  n.  [Gr.  aqp  and  ff«jrry/<a(,  to 
explore.] 

The  faculty  of  perception  by  the  medium  of  the 
air,  supposed  to  reside  in  the  antenna;  of  insects. 

Kirby. 

A-ER-OS'eo^PV,  TI.     [Gr.  ar,(i  and  CK€JTT-it,iij  to  see.] 
The  ohsL-rvation  or  perception  of  tlie  air. 

A'ER-0-^ITE,  n.     See  Red-Silter. 

A'ER-0-STAT,  71.     [Gr.  anp  and  araTi's,  sustaining, 
from  iGTHfn,  to  stand.] 
A  machine  or  vessel  sustaining  weights  in  the 

_  air ;  a  name  given  to  air  balloons.  Encyc. 

A-ER-O-STAT'ie,  a.  Suspending  in  air  ;  pertaining 
to  the  art  of  aerial  navigation. 

A-ER-0-STAT'ies,  n.  The  science  that  treats  of  the 
equilibrium  of  clastic  fluids,  or  of  bodies  sustained 
in  Iheni ;  hence,  the  science  of  aerial  navigation. 

a-ER-OS-Ta'TION,  n.     Aerial  navigation;  tlie  sci- 
ence of  raising,  suspending,  and  guiding  machines 
in  the  air,  or  of  ascending  in  air  balloons. 
9^  Tlie  science  of  weighing  air.  Adam^. 

iT:-Ru'6L\-0LTri,  a.     Partaking  of  copper  nist, 

A'ER-Y-LZGHT,  a.  In  Mdto^n,  light  as  air;  used  for 
airy  li^hL 

iES'-€HY-NTTE,  n.  A  black  or  d.ark  brownish  yel- 
low ore,  from  the  Ural  ^Mountains;  an  ore  contain- 
ing titanium,  zirconium,  and  cerium.  Dana. 

^S-THET'lCd,  (         r^  „  . 

EtiTHET'ie.S,    r*-     [Gt.  aicOnriK-^i.] 

The  lh^Mir>'  or  philosophy  of  taste;  the  science  of 
the  beautiful,  or  that  which  tre.ats  of  the  principles 
of  the  brllis  Icttres  and  (ine  arts. 

A-E-THE-f>G'A-.MOUS,  a.  [Gr.  anSrs,  unusual,  and 
J  flfioi,  marriage.]  A  term  applied  to  crypiogarnic 
plants,  founded  on  the  opinion,  that  thrir  umdc  of 
propagation  is  nut  hidden,  but  only  unusual.  Brande. 

^-TI-OL'O-GY,  7(.  [Gr.  .nr«.,  cause,  and  Ao>os, 
discourse.]     The  science  of  the  causes  of  disease. 

^-TI'TiiS,  71.     Eagle  stone,  which  see. 

A-FaR',  Q//r.     [a  and  far.     See  Far.] 

1.  .At  a  distance  in  place  ;  to  or  from  a  distance  ; 
used  with  from  preceding,  or  off  following  ;  as,  he 
was  secn/rn77i  afar ;  I  saw  him  afar  off. 

2.  In  Scripture^  figuratively,  estranged  in  affec- 
tion ;  alienated. 

iMy  kiiigrnen  stand  a/ar  -iff.  —  Pisol.  xxxviii. 

3.  Absent;  not  assisting. 

Why  sLundcsi  Uioii  afar  uff,  O  Loi  I. —  Ps-.l.  n. 

4.  Not  of  the  visible  church. —  Eph.  ii. 


AFF 

A-P'eARD',  a.  [Sax.  aferan,  to  make  afraid.  Jfftard 
is  the  [larticiple  passive.     See  Fear.] 

Afraid  ;  aflectcd  with  fear  or  apprehension,  in  a 
more  moderate  degree  than  is  expressed  hy  tn-rlfird. 
It  is  followed  by  (»/,  but  no  longer  ust!d  in  books, 
and  even  in  popular  use  is  deemed  vulgar. 

AF'FA,  71.  A  weight  used  on  the  Guinea  coast,  equal 
to  an  ounce     The  half  of  it  is  called  eg^cba. 

Eiiciic. 

AF-FA-DIL'I-TY,  71.  [See  Affable.]  The  quality 
of  being  alfable ;  readiness  to  converse ;  civility 
and  courteousness  in  receiving  others,  and  in  con- 
versation ;  condescension  in  manners.  Affability 
of  countenance  is  that  mildness  of  aspect  whicli 
invites  to  free  social  intercourse. 

AF'FA-BLE,  a.  [L.  affabUis,  oi  ad  and  fabulor  See 
Fable.] 

1.  Easy  of  conversation  ;  admitting  others  to  free 
conversation  without  reserve ;  courteous  ;  com- 
plaisant;  of  easy  manners;  condescending;  usually 
applied  to  superiors  ;  as,  an  affable  prince. 

2.  Applied  to  extenial  appearance,  affable  denotes 
that  combination  of  features  which  invites  to  con- 
versation, and  renders  a  person  accessible,  opposed 
to  a  forbidding  aspect ;  mild  ;  benign  ;  as,  an  affable 
countenance. 

AF'FA-BLE-NESS,  ti.     Affability. 

AF'FA-DLYj  adv.  In  an  affable  manner;  courte- 
ously ;  invitingly. 

AF-FAB-U-La'TIGN,  n.    The  moral  of  a  fable. 

AF-FaIR',  71.  [Fr.  affaire,  from  faire,  to  make  or  do  ; 
h.facire;  Sp.  hacer :  It.  fare.  The  prunaiy  sense 
otfacio  is  to  urge,  drive,  impel.] 

1.  Business  of  any  kind  ;  that  which  is  done,  or 
is  to  be  done:  a  word  of  very  indefinite  and  undefnable 
signification.  In  the  plural,  it  denotes  transactions 
in  general ;  as,  human  affairs ;  political  or  ecclesi- 
astical affairs;  also,  the  business  or  concerns  of  an 
individual ;  as,  his  affairs  are  embanassed. 

2.  Matters  ;  slate ;  condition  of  business  or  con- 
cerns. 

1  h.ive  sent  th:\l  ye  nwy  know  our  affairs.  —  £pb.  t1. 

3.  In  the  singnhir,  it  is  used  for  a  private  dispute, 
or  duel ;  as,  an  nffair  of  honor. 

4.  Iii  military  language,  a  partial  engagement  of 
troops. 

5.  Affairs,  in  the  plural,  public  concerns  and  their 
management;  as,  "at  the  Iiead  of  affairsj*^  Junius  i 
"  a  talent  for  affairs,*'  Pre^cott. 

AF-FAM'ISH,  r.  U     [See  Famish.]     To  starve. 
AF-FAM'ISH-MENT,  n.     A  starving. 
AF-FeAR',  v.  t.     To  frighten.     [Obs.]  Spenser. 

AF-FE€T',  v.  t.     [L.  afficio,  affectum,  of  ad  and  facio, 

to  make  ;  L.  affccto,  to  desire,  from  the  same  root. 

Affect  is  to  make  to,  or  upon,  to  press  upon.] 

1.  To  act  upon ;  to  produce  an  effect  or  change 
upon ;  as,  cold  affects  the  body ;  loss  affects  our 
interests. 

2.  To  act  upon,  or  move  the  passions  ;  as,  affected 
with  grief. 

3.  To  aim  at ;  aspire  to  ;  desire  or  entertain  pre- 
tension to ;  as,  to  affect  imperial  sway.  [See  the 
etymology  of  Affair,] 

4.  To  tend  to  by  natuml  affinity  or  disposition; 
as,  the  drops  of  a  fluid  nffrci  a  sph  rical  form. 

5.  I'o  love,  or  regard  with  fondness. 

Think  not  that  vvhr  we  love  aiid  slrire  affect.  fair/ax. 

[This  sense  is  closely  allied  to  the  third.] 

(J.  To  make  a  show  of;  to  attempt  to  imitate,  in 
a  manner  not  natural  ;  to  study  the  appearance  of 
what  is  not  natural, or  real ;  as, to  affect  lobe  gi-ave  ; 
affected  friendship. 

It  seems  to  liave  been  used  formerly  for  convict  or 
attaint,  as  in  Ayliffe's  Parergon ;  but   this  sense  is 
not  now  in  use. 
AF-FECT-a'TION,  n.      [E.  affectatio.] 

1.  An  attempt  to  assume  or  exhibit  what  is  not 
natural  or  real ;  false  pretense ;  artificial  appear- 
ance, or  show  ;  as,  an  affectation  of  wit,  or  of  virtue. 

2.  Fondness  ;  affection.     [A«(  iiscd.] 

Hooker.  Hall. 
AF-FECT'ED,  pp.  Impressed;  moved,  or  touched, 
either  in  person  or  in  interest ;  having  suflered 
some  change  by  eiternal  force,  loss,  danger,  and 
the  like  ;  ;is,  we  are  more  or  less  affected  by  the 
failure  of  the  hank. 

9.  Touched  in  the  feelings ;  having  the  feelings 
excited  ;  as,  affected  with  cold  or  heat. 

3.  Having  the  passions  moved;  as,  affected  with 
sorrow  or  joy. 

4.  a.  Inclined  or  disposed;  followed  by  to;  as, 
well  affected  to  government. 

5.  a.  Given  to  false  show  ;  assuming,  or  pretend- 
ing to  possess  what  is  not  natural  or  real ;  as,  an 
afficted  lady. 

6.  rt.  Assumed  artificially ;  not  natural ;  as,  af- 
fected airs. 

7.  In  algebra,  this  term,  when  applied  to  an  equa- 
tion, denotes  that  two  or  more  several  powers  of  the 
unknown  quantity,  enter  into  the  equation. 

AF-FEOT'ED-LY,  adv.  In  an  affected  manner; 
h}  pocritically ;  with  more  show  than  reality ;  for- 


AFF 

inally  ;  studiously  ;  unnaturally  ;  as,  to  walk  nffert.- 
edhj ;  affectedly  civil. 

AF-FECT'EH-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  af- 
fected ;  atTettation. 

AF-FECT-I-BIL'I-'J'Y,  n.  The  state  of  being  af- 
fect ible. 

AF-FECT'I-BLE,  «.     That  may  be  affected. 

AF-FECT'ING,  ppr.  impressing;  having  an  effi-ct 
on;  touching  the  feelings;  moving  the  passions; 
attempting  a  false  show  ;  greatly  desiring  ;  aspiring 
to  possess. 

2.  a.  Having  power  to  excite,  or  move  the  pas- 
sions;  tending  to  move  the  affections ;  pathetic;  as, 
an  affecting  address. 

The  moEl  affecdng  music  is  gcncntlly  the  most  simple 

Mitford. 

AF-FEGT'ING-LY,  ado.    In  an  affecting  manner, 

in  a  manner  to  excite  emotions. 
AF-FEC'TION,  n.     [L.  affectw.]     The  state  of  being 

affected.     [Little  itsed.] 

2.  Passion  ;  but  more  generally, 

3.  A  bent  of  mind  toward  a  particular  object, 
holding  a  middle  place  between  dispositio7i,  which 
is  natural,  and  passion,  which  is  excited  by  the 
presence  of  its  exciting  object.  Affection  is  a  per- 
manent bent  of  the  ninid,  formed  ny  the  presence 
of  an  object,  or  by  some  act  of  another  person,  and 
existing  without  the  presence  of  its  object. 

Encyc. 

4.  In  a  more  particular  sense,  a  settled  good-will, 
love,  or  zealous  attachment ;  as,  the  affection  of  a 
parent  for  his  child.  It  was  formerly  followed  by 
to  Or  toward,  but  is  now  more  generally  followed  by 
for. 

5.  Desire  ;  inclination  ;  propensity  ;  good  or  evil ; 
as,  virtuous  or  vile  affections.     Rom.  i.     Gal.  5. 

6.  In  a  general  sense,  an  attribute,  r.iiality,  or 
property,  w  hich  is  inseparable  from  its  subject  ;  as, 
luve,  fear,  and  hope  are  affections  of  the  mind  ;  figure, 
weiglit,  tScc,  are  affections  of  bodies. 

7.  .\mcmg  p/iijsicians,  a  disease,  or  any  particular 
morbid  state  of  the  body;  as,  a  gouty  affection  i 
hysteric  affectum. 

8.  In  painting,  a  lively  representation  of  passion. 

IVotton. 
Shakspeare  uses  the  word  for  affectation ;  but  this 
use  is  not  legitimate. 
AF-FEO'TION-ATE,  a.     [Fr.  nffectionne.] 

1.  Having  great  love,  or  affection ;  fond;  as,  an 
affectionate  broth^-r. 

2.  Warm  in  affection  ;  zealous. 

Man,  ill  his  love  to  Gocl,  and  desirt  to  plraae  him,  wn  never 
be  loo  affecdonaU,  Sj'raL 

3.  Proceeding  from  affection ;  indicating  love ; 
benevolent ;  tender ;  as,  the  affectionate  care  of  a 
parent;  an  affectionate  countenance. 

4.  Strongly  inclined  to.     [Little  used.]       Bacon, 
AF-FE€'TION-ATE-LY,  ado.    Willi  ailL-clion  ;  fond- 
ly ;  tenderly  ;  kindly.     1  Thess.  ii. 

AF-FEG'TION-ATE-NESS,  ti.  Fondness  good- 
will ;  affection. 

AF-FE€'TtON-£D,  a.  Disposed;  havi:  g  ar.  oiTec 
tion  of  heart. 

B?  kindly  affeOioned  one  to  another. —  Rom     "Ji. 

2.  Affected  ;  conceited.     [Obs.]  Shak. 

AF-FECT'IVE,  a.    That  affects,  or  excites  emotion  ; 

suited  to  affect.     [Little  n^ed.] 
AF-FEGT'IVE-LY,  ot/y.    In  an  affective  or  impres- 
sive manner. 
AF-FECT'OR,  {  n.    One  that  affects  ;  one  that  prac- 
AF-FECT'ER,  (      tices  affectation. 
AF-FE€T'q-OUS,  a.    Full  of  passion.     [JVot  itscd] 

Leland. 
AF-FeER 


F-FeER',  v.  t.     [Fr.  affcr,  to  set.] 

To  cfiniirm.     yJ^'ot  used.] 
F-FeEK',  v.  L     [Fr.  offerer,  affcurer. 


or  afforer,  to 


AF- 
assess  or  value.] 

In  laiP,  to  assess  or  reduce  an  arbitrary  penalty  or 
amercement  to  a  precise  sum  ;  to  reduce  a  general 
amercement  to  a  sura  certain,  according  to  the  cir- 
cumj:tances  of  the  case.  Blackstonc. 

AF-FeER'SU,  pp.  Moderated  iii  sum;  assessed; 
reduced  to  a  certainty. 

AF-FeER'MENT,  ti.  The  act  of  affeering,  or  assess- 
ing an  amercement,  according  to  the  circumslauces 
of  the  case. 

AF-FeER'OR,  ti.  One  who  affeers  ;  a  person  sworn 
to  assess  a  penalty,  or  reduce  an  uncertain  penalty 
to  a  certainly.  Coicel. 

.^F-FEl'-TU-O'SO,    or    COJ^  AF-FET'TO.      [It., 


In  music,  a  direction  to  render  notes  soft  and 


from  L.  affectns.] 
.  I  di 
affecting. 

AF-FI'ANCE,  71.  [Norm,  affaunce^  confidence;  Fr. 
fiancer,  to  helrotli ;  Sp.  fiania,  security  in  bail, 
afianiar,  to  give  security  or  bail,  from  far,  to  trust, 
to  bail,  to  confide  in  ;  Port.  id.  ;  Fr.  ficr,  to  trust ; 
It.  fidare,  afidare,  to  trust,  fidanza,  confittence, 
fidanzare,  to  betroth,  from  U.  fid n,  fides.] 

I.  The    marriage    contract    or    promise;    faith 
pledged. 


Fate,  FaR,  fall,  WH.\T._WeTE,  prey.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK. 


•4A 


AFF 

a.  Strong  trust  or  reliance,  applied  chiefly  to  the 
Supreme  Beiny. 

The  Clirbniaii  looks  (o  God  wilh  implidl  affiance.    Atlerbiiry. 
AF-FI'ANCE,  V.  U     To  belrotli ;  to  plrdgt"  one's  faith 
or  fidelity  iii  n.arringe,  or  to  promise  inaniage. 

To  me,  s;(d  mniil,  he  wnaaJMnced,  Speiiaer. 

2.  To  give  confidence. 

AJianced  in  my  fajlji.  Pojie. 

AF-FrANC-£D,  (af-fi'anst,)  pp.  or  a.  PItdged  in 
innrriage  ;  betrothed  ;  bound  in  faitli. 

AF- FT'ANC-ER,  71.  One  who  makes  a  contract  of 
niiirriasf  between  parties. 

AF  Fr'A\(."-L\G,ppr.  Pledging  in  marriage;  prom- 
ising' rid-htv. 

AF-FI-Da'VIT,  n.  [An  old  law  verb  in  the  perfect 
tense  ;  lie  made  oath  ;  from  ad  and. /;>/*•■*,  faith. j 

A  declaration  upon  oath.  In  the  United  States, 
more  generally,  a  declaration  in  writing,  signed  by 
the  party,  and  sworn  to,  before  an  autiiorized  magis- 
tmte. 

AF-Fi'ED,  (af-f  Ide',)  a.  or  part.  Joined  by  contract ; 
artianred.  iSliak. 

AF-FILE',  V.  U     [Fr.  aSilcr.1 

To  pohsh.     [JSTut  tise4.^  Oiaucrr. 

AF-FIL'1-aTE,  v.  t.  [Fr.  affilirr,  to  adopt,  to  ini- 
tiate into  the  mysteries  of  a  religious  order  ;  L.  ad 
and//n/>-,  a  son.] 

1.  To  adopt ;  to  receive  into  a  family  as  a  son. 

2.  To  receive  into  a  society  as  a  member,  and 
initiate  in  its  mysteries,  plans,  &c.  —  a  sense  in 
which  the  tpord  was  much  it^ed  by  Vie  Jacobiius  in 
France,  ihirimr  the  revolution. 

AF-FIL'[-a-TED,  pp.  or  a.  Adopted;  associated; 
received  into  a  society.  AJJiliatcd  societies  ;  local  so- 
cieties, connected  with  a  central  society,  or  with 
each  other. 

AF-FiL'I-A-TI\G,  ppr.  or  a.  Adopting;  associating; 
receiving  into  a  society. 

AF-FIL-I-a'T[ON,  h.  Adoption  ;  association  in  the 
same  family  or  society. 

In  English  law,  the  assignment,  by  law,  of  a 
child,  as  a  bastard,  to  its  father.  Brandc. 

AF'FIN-A6E,  71.    A  refining  of  metals. 

AF-Fi.V'iTD,  a.    Joined  in  affinity.     [Ohs.]      Shal: 

AF4''1N'[-TY,  V.  [L.  a//f.'H (,!,-•,  from  n^inis,  adjacent, 
related  by  marriage  ;  ad  nndjinis,  end.  J 

I.  The  relation  contracted  by  marriage  between 
a  husband  and  his  wife's  kindred,  and  between  a 
wife  and  htr  husband's  kindred  ;  in  contnulistiJic- 
tion  from  consang-ttiititij,  or  relation  by  blood. 
Solomon  made  afflnUy  vviih  Pli.iraoh.  —  1  Kiii^  iii. 

9.  Agreement ;  relation  ;  conformity  ;  resem- 
blance ;  connection;  as,  tlie  ajfinity  of  sounds,  of 
colors,  or  of  languages. 

3.  In  chcmistrijy  tliat  attraction  which  takes  place, 
at  an  insensible  distance,  between  the  heteroge- 
neous particles  of  bodies,  and  forms  compounds. 

AFFIRM',  V.  L  [L.  ajfinno;  ad-und  Jirmo, to  maKe 
finn.     Pee  Firm.] 

1.  To  assert  positively;  to  tell  with  confidence; 
to  aver ;  to  declare  the  existence  of  something  ;  to 
maintain  as  true,  opposed  to  demj. 

Of  ouc  Jesus,  whom  Paul  affirmed  lo  Ik:  hVhtp.  —  Acts  xxv. 

9.  To  make  firm  ;  to  establish,  confinn,  or  ratify  ; 
a?;,  the  Supreme  Cfiurt  affirmed  the  jiulu'irient. 
AF-FIR.M',  r.  i.     To  declare  solemnly  b..fore  a  court 
or  magistrate,  for  confirming  a  fact,  or  lo  have  an 
aftinunticm  administered  to,  by  way  of  confirmation, 
or  as  a  substitute   for  an  oath  ;    as,   the    witness 
nfjiniird  to  the  fnct,  or  he  was  affirmed  to  the  fact. 
AF-FTRM'A'BLE,  a.     That  may  be  asserted   or  de- 
clar^'d  ;  followed  by  of;  as,  an  attribute  affirmable  of 
ever\-  just  man. 
AF-FIR.M'A-BLV,  adv.     In  a  way  capable  of  atfirm- 

p.tion. 
AF-FIRM'ANCE,  n.     Confirmation  ;  ratification  ;  as, 
the  affirmance  of  a  judgment ;  a  statute  in  affirmance 
of  connuon  law. 
9.  Ot.:claration  ;  alTirmatiun.     [Little  iwcrf.] 

iSrldcn.     Carcpcr. 
AF-FIRM'ANT,  w.    One  who  aflirni^. 
AF-FIR.M-A'TION,  ».'     The  act  of  afiirming  or  as- 
serting as  true  ;  opposed  to  nciration  or  denial.  Shak. 

9.  That  which  is  asserted  ;  position  declared  as 
true  ;  avermf;nt.  Hammond. 

X  Cunfirrnati(m  ;  ratification;  an  establishment 
of  what  had  been  bjfurc  done  or  decreed.  Hooker. 

4.  A  solemn  declaration  made  under  the  pen- 
alties of  perjury,  by  persons  who  conscientiously 
decline  taking  an  oath  ;  which  affirmation  is  in  law 
equivalent  lo  testimony  given  under  oath. 

AF-FIR.M'A-TIVE,  a,"  That  afiirms  or  a.:serts ; 
declaratory  of  what  exists  ;  opposed  to  negative;  as, 
an  affirmative  proposition. 

2.  Confirmative;  ratifying;  as,  an  act  affirmative 
of  connrion  law. 

3.  In  algebra,  positive;  a  tenn  applied  to  quan- 
tities which  have  the  sign  -f-p^tts-,  denoting  addi- 
tion, and  opposed  to  negative,  or  such  as  have  the 
sign  — miniLs,  denoting  subtriction. 

4.  Positive;  dogmatic.     [0/w.]  Taylor. 


AFF 

AF-FIRM'A-TIVE,  it.  That  side  of  a  question 
which  affirms  or  maintains;  opposed  to  negative; 
as,  there  were  seventy  votes  in  the  affirmative,  and 
tiiirty-five  in  the  negative. 

AF-FIR.M'A-TIVE-LY,  adv.  In  an  affirmative  man- 
ner; positively;  on  the  affinnative  side  of  a  ques- 
tion ;  opposed  to  negatively. 

AF-FIRM'fiD,  pp.  Declared ;  asserVn  averred ; 
Confirmed  ;  ratified. 

AF-FIR.M'ER,  71.     One  who  affirms. 

AF-FIRi\r[NG,p;jr.  Assertmg;  declaring  positively  ; 
confirming. 

AF-FIX',  o."  (.  [L.  affigo,  affixum,  of  ad  and  figo,  to 
fix;  Or.  irr^vM,  ttih-vvci),  irr^f CO  f  Eng.  peg.  See 
Fix.] 

1.  To  unite  at  the  end  ;  to  subjoin,  annex,  or 
add  at  the  close;  as,  to  affix  a  syllable  to  a  word  ; 
to  affix  a  seal  to  an  instrument. 

2.  To  attach,  unite,  or  connect  with  ;  as,  names 
affixed  to  ideas,  or  ideas  affixed  to  things. 

3.  To  fix  or  fasten  in  any  manner.  In  tJiis  sense, 
Jix  is  more  generally  used. 

AF'FIX,  n.  A  syllable  or  letter  added  to  the  end  of 
a  word. 

AF-FIX'f:D,  (af-fixt'j)  pp.  United  at  the  end  ;  an- 
nexed ;  attarhed. 

AF-FIX'ING, /)/ir.  Uniting  at  the  end;  subjoining; 
attaching. 

AF-FIX'ION,  7(.  The  act  of  uniting  at  the  end,  or 
state  of  beiuc  so  united.     [Lilllc  u-^rd.] 

AF-FIX'TUKE,  71.    That  which  is  afiixed.     Drake. 

AF-FLa'TION,  71.     [L.  nfflo,  affiatum,  of  ad  and  fo  : 
Eng.  bloiD.     See  Blow.] 
A  blo^ving  or  breathing  on. 

AF-FLa'TUS,  Ti,     [L.] 

1.  A  breath  or  blast  of  wind. 

2.  Inspirnlion  ;  communication  of  divine  knowl- 
edge, or  the  power  of  prophecy.  Spruce. 

AF-FMCT',  v.  U  [L.  uffiigo,  a^icto,  of  ad  and  fligo, 
to  strike;  Eng.  fng ;  Gr.  Eol.  v'>Atj  r<i,  to  stnlte ; 
Gr.  rAr?2'')  L-  P^^!^'^i  ^  stroke;  Gotli.  jiekan,  to 
strike.  Hence,  Ger.J?eo-ci,-  D.vlegel;  Ex\g\.  jlail,  g 
being  suppressed  ;  "L..  fikgeUum.     See  Flog.] 

1.  To  give  to  the  body  or  mind  pain  which  is 
continued  or  of  seme  permanence ;  to  grieve,  or 
distress  ;  as,  one  is  affiicted  willi  l!ie  gout,  or  with 
melancholy,  or  with  losses  and  misfortunes. 

Tli>-y  affiict,lhy  heriuge,  O  Lord.  —  Pad.  xc?. 

9.  To  trouble;  to  harass  ;  to  distress. 

AF-FLICT'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Affected  with  continued  or 
often  repeated  pain,  either  of  body  or  mind  ;  suffer- 
ing grief  or  distress  of  any  kind  ;  followed  by  at,  bit, 
or  icith  ;  as,  afflicted  at  the  loss  of  a  child,  by  tlie 
rheumatism,  or  irith  losses. 

AF-FLlCT'ED-x\ESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  af- 
flicted ;  but  superseded  by  Affliction. 

AP'-FLICT'ER,  77.  One  who  afflicts,  or  causes  pain 
of  body  or  of  mind. 

AF-FLICT'ING,  pyr.  Causing  continued  or  durable 
pain  of  body  or  of  mind  ;  grieving  ;  distressing. 

AF-FLICT'ING,  a.  Grievous;  distressing;  as,  an 
affiictincr  event, 

AF-FLIG'TION,  71.  The  stale  of  being  afflicted  ;  a 
state  of  pain,  distress,  or  grief;  as,  some  virtues  are 
seen  only  in  affliction. 

9.  The  Cause  of  continued  pain  of  body  or  mind, 
as  sickness,  losses,  calamity,  adversity,  persecution. 

M.tiiy  ore  Ihe  ajfucdons  of  the  rijlileoiis.  —  Psal.  xxxiv. 

AF-FLICTMVE,  a.  Giving  pain;  causing  ccmtinued 
or  repeated  pain  or  grief;  painful ;  distressing. 

Hall. 

AF-FLI€T'IVE-Ly,  adr.  In  a  manner  to  give  jiain 
or  CTief.  Bro!^'K 

AF'FLU-ENCE,  J7.  [L.  affiumtia,  of  ad  and  Jluo^  to 
Jlo7v.     See  Flow.] 

1.  Literally,  a  flowing  to,  or  concourse.  In  tJiis 
sense  it  is  rarely  used.  Il  is  sometimes  written 
affiuniaj. 

2.  Fiizinntivehj,  abundance  of  riches  ;  great  plenty 
of  worldly  szoods  ;  \\'ealth.  Rogers, 

AF'FIJf-ENT,  a.  Flowing  to ;  more  generally, 
weahhy  ;  aI)ounding  in  goods  or  riches  ;  abundant. 

Prior. 

AF'FLII-ENT-LY,  adv.    In  abundance  ;  abundantly. 

AF'FLUX,  71.     [L.  affiaxum,  from  iiffiuo.     See  Flow".] 

The  act   of  flowijig  to;    a  flowing   tn,  or   that 

which  flows  to;  as,  an  affiux  of  blood  lo  the  head. 

AF-FLUXMON,  n.     The  act  of  flowing  lo ;    that 

which  flows  to.     [See  Afflux.] 
AF'F0R-A(:iE,7i,    [Fr.  fl#<rcr,  to  value.  SccAffeer.] 
In  France,  a  duty  paid  to  tiie  lord   of  a  district, 
for  iiiMuiissiun  to  sell  wine  or  other  liquors  within 
his  seifiiiiirv.  Encyc. 

AF-FoR<:E'AIENT,  7j.  [ad  and  force.] 

In  old  charters,  a  fortress;  a  fcntification  for  de- 
fense. \Obs.]  Cyc. 
AF-FoRD^,  7'.  t  [ad  and  the  root  of  forth,  further ;  G. 
fdrdrrn,  to  further  or  promote;  D.  voordrrm:  Dan. 
befordre,  to  further.  The  sense  is  to  send  forth. 
But  I  have  not  found  this  precise  word  in  the 
exact  sense  of  tlie  Ennlish,  in  any  other  language.] 
1.  To  yield  or  prodvice,  as  fruit,  profit,  issues,  or 


A 1  ■  V 

result.  Thus,  the  earth  affurds  erain;  a  well  affirrds 
water;  trade  affords  profit;  distilled  liquors  afford 
spirit. 

9.  To  yield,  grant,  or  confer;  aa^  a  good  life 
affords  ccuisolation  in  old  age. 

3.  To  be  able  to  grant  or  sell  with  profit  or  with- 
out loss ;  as,  A  can  affurd  wine  at  a  less  price 
than  0. 

4.  To  be  able  to  expend  without  injury  to  one*3 
estate  ;  as,  a  man  can  afford  a  sum  yearly  in  char- 
ily;  or  to  be  able  to  bear  expenses,  or  the  price  of 
the  tiling  purchased  ;  as,  one  man  can  afford  lo  buy 
a  farm,  which  another  can  noi. 

5.  To  be  able  without  loss  or  with  profit. 

Tlie  mcrchnnt  cm  afford  to  Inulc  for  bi 

AF-FoRD'ED,  pp.     Yielded,  as  fruit,  produce,  or 
result ;  sold  Without  loss  or  with  profit. 

AF  FoRIJ'IXG,  ;i;^r.     Yielding;    producing;   selling 
withiiut  in-s  ;  heiu-ing  expenses. 

AF-FOR'EST,  V.  t.  [ad  and  fore^-t.] 

To  convert  ground  into  forest,  as  was  done  by  llie 
first  Norman  kings  in  England,  for  the  purpose  of 
affi)rdini!:  them  the  pleasures  of  the  chase. 

AF-FOR-EST-a'TION,    7(,       The    act    of   turning 
crotind  into  fiirest  or  wood  land.         Blackstone 

AF-FOK'EST-EP,  pp.  or  a.     Converted  into  forest 

AF-F()R'E.<T-I.\G,  p},r.     Converting  into  foreil 

AF-FRANTIIISE,  V.  t.     To  make  free. 

AF-FRAN'CHIS-ED,  pp.     Made  free. 

AF-FRAX'CHlSE-iMENT,  n.     [See  Franchise  and 

DlSHBANCHISE.] 

The  act  of  making  free,  or  liberating  from  de- 
pendence or  servitude.     [Little  used.] 
AF-FRAN'CniS-KNG,/);.r.     iMaking  free. 
AF-FR.\P',  V.  t.  or  v.  i.     [Fr.  frappcr,  lo  sUike  ;  Eng. 

rap.] 

'i'o  strike.     I  Obs.  1  Spmsrr. 

AF-FRaY',  v.  U    To  frighten.     [Obs.]         Spen.icr. 
AF-FRaY',  in.       [Fr.    effrayer,    to    frighten; 

AF-FRaY'MENT,  i      effroi,  terror;    Arm.    cff^r^-\, 

effreij.] 
1.  In  law,  the  fighting  of  two  or  more  persons,  in 

a  public  place,  tn  the  terror  of  others.     A  fighting 

iu  private  is  not,  in  a  legal  sense,  an  alTray. 

Blackstone. 
9.  In  popular  language,  fray  is  used  to  express  any 

fighting  of  two  or  nuire  [lersons ;  but  the  word  is 

now  deemed  inelegant. 
3.  Tuuudt ;  disturbance.  Spenser. 

AF-FREIGIIT',  (af-fiate',)  t'.  ^     [Pee  Freight.] 

Toliire  a  ship  for  the  transportation  of  goods  or 

freiirlit.  Commerce. 

AF-FREIGIIT'ED,  pp.    Hired  for  transporting  goods. 
AF-FREIGIIT'ER,    it.      The   person    who   hires   or 

charters  a  ship  or  other  vessel  to  convey  eoods. 

V/alsh,  .^m.  Rev. 
AF-FUEIGHT'.MEXT,  n.    The  act  of  hiring  a  ship 

for  111!"  transportation  of  goods.        .dm.  Rev.  .^j>p. 
AF-FRET',  n.     [It.  affrrttare,  to  hasten.] 

A  furious  onset,  iir  attack.   [A'cjf  w^r</.]   Spenser. 
AF-FRIC'TION,   n.      The    act    of   rubbing.      LYot 

usiil.     See  Frictiow.]  Boiile. 

AF-FRIE\D'ED,    (af-frend'ed,)   a.     Made   friends; 

reconcded.     [ObsA  Spenser. 

AF-FRIGIIT',    Caffrite',)i'.  (.     [Sax.   frihtau.      See 

Fright.] 
To  impress  with  sudden  fear;  to  frighten;   lo 

terrify  or  alarm.  It  expresses  a  stronger  impres- 
sion than  fear  or  apprehend,  and  perhaps  less  than 

terror. 
AF-FRIGilT',  71.    Sudden  or  sreat  fear  ;  terror;  also, 

the  cause  of  terror;  a  frightful  olijecl. 
AF-FKTGHT'ED, /?/>.     Suddenly  alarmed  with  fear; 

terrified  ;  fiillowed  by  at  or  with,  more  generally  by 
.    at ;  n^,aff^ri"hted  at  the  cry  of  fire. 
AFFRTGilT'En-LV,  adv.     With  fright. 
AF-FRTGHT'ER,  7j.     One  who  frightens. 
AF-FRTG1IT'F1;E,   a.      Terrifying ;    terrible ;    that 

may  excite  great  fear;  drt:adt^ul. 
AF-FRTGilT'Fi:i^LY,  adv.     Frightfully. 
AF-FRIGHT'lS'G,  ppr.      Impressing   sudden    fear; 

terrifying. 
AF-FRIGHT'MEXT,  71.     AfTright;  terror;  the  state 

of  being  frightened.     [Rardy  used.] 

[In  common  discourse,  the  use  of  this  trord^  in  all  iU 

forms,  is  superseded  by  Fright.  Frighted,  Fricht- 

FtTL.] 

AF-FKOXT',  r.  t.     [Fr.  affronter   lo  encounter  face 
to  fiice  ;  of  «(i  and  L,.frons,  front,  face.] 

1.  Literally,  to  meet  or  encounter  face  to  face,  in 
a  good  or  bad  sense  ;  as, 

Tlio  seditious  affronted  Uie  king's  Toiwa. 

HaytMrd.    MUtcn.    Shtl: 

[  The  foregoing  sense  is  obsolete,] 

2.  Tf)  offer  abuse  to  the  face ;  to  insult,  Aaw,  or 
brave  openly  ;  lo  offer  abuse  or  insult  in  any  man- 
ner, by  words  or  actions ;  as,  lo  affront  one  by  giv- 
ing him  the  lie. 

3.  To  abuse,  or  cive  cause  of  offense  u>,  without 
being  present  with  the  person  ;  lo  make  slightly 
angry  ;  a  popular  use  of  tlie  word. 


TONE,  BULL,  IGNITE.  —  AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K ;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SlI ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


AFO 


AFT 


AGA 


AF-FRONT',  u.    Opposiiioii  tu  the  face;  open  de- 
fiance;  encounter.     [Ot>.i.] 

'i  III  treainu-iiti  abuse;  any  thins  reproachful 
or  contemptuous,  that  cvcites  or  justifies  rescnt- 
ni.-ut,  as  foul  language,  or  personal  ahuse.  It 
usually  expresses  a  less  (lc|<ree  of  abuse  than  huuU. 

3.  Shame  ;  disgrace.     [jVoI  vxiiuL]     ^rbaUtnot. 

4.  In  poimlar  language,  slight  resentment;  dis- 
pleasure. 

AF  FRO.NT'ED,  pp.    Opposed  face  to  face ;  dared  ; 

defied ;  aluisL-d. 
2.  In  pi/pular  hn^a^ej  offended  ;  slightly  angry 

at  ill  lrf:itiii"nt,  !»v  words  or  actions  ;  displeased. 
AF-1'110.VT-KK',  a.     In  hcraldnj,  i'wul  to  front;   an 

epilliil  given  to  animals  that  face  each  oUier.  ./ish. 
AF-FRON'T'ER,  n.     One  that  affronts. 
AF-FRDXT'ING,  ppr.    Opposing  face  to  face  ;  defy- 
ing; abusing;  olfcring  abuse,  or  any  cause  of  dis- 

plea^^ure. 
AF  FKONT'ING,  a.    Contumelious  ;  abusive. 
AF.FK0.\T'1NG-LY,  adv.     In  an  affronting  m.anner. 
AF-FKONT'IVE,  a.      Giving  offense;    tending    to 

offend ;  abusive. 
AF-FRONT'lVE-NESS,  n.     The  q'jality  that  gives 

offi'tise.     [LitUe  uscil.] 
AF-FCSE',c.  f.     [h.  ajfiimlo,  nfiisitm^ad  and  fiiTtdo, 

to  pour  out.    See  Fuse.] 
To  pour  upon  ;  to  sprinkle,  as  with  a  liquid. 
AF-FCS'BD,  pp.    Sprinliled  with  a  liipiid  ;  sprinkled 

on  ;  having  a  liquid  poureil  upon. 
AF-FCS'INfi,  ypr.     Pouring  upon,  or  sprinkling. 
AF-FO'SION,  (af.fu'zhun,)  n.    The  act  of  pouring 

upun,  or   sprinkling  with  a  liquid  substance,   as 

upon  a  child  in  baptism. 
In  mriUeine,  the  act  of  pouring  water  on  the  whole 

or  part  of  the  boilv,  as  a  remedy  in  disease. 
AF-F5',  V.  L     [Fr!  ajjier.]     To  betroth  ;  to  bind  or 

join.     [A'oi  used.] 
.\F-F^'',  V.  U     To  tnist  or  confide  in.       [JVyf  used.] 
A-FIeLD',  (irfo.     [aandjleld.] 

Tn  the  field.  Mlton. 

A-t'lUE',  adv.     On  fire.  Onwer. 

A-FL.\'l'' ,  adv.     [a  andJJot.]    Level  with  the  ground. 

Bacon. 
A-FLoAT',  adv.  or  a.     [n  and  foal.] 

1.  Borne  on  the  water ;  floating  ;  swimming  ;  as, 
the  ship  is  afloat. 

2.  Figurativdijy  moving ;  passing  from  place  to 
place  ;  as,  a  rumor  is  ofloaL 

3.  Unfixed;  moving  without  guide  or  control  ;  as, 
our  affairs  are  all  afjiat,  [As  an  adjective,  tliU  word 
alicarig  follows  tlte  voait.] 

iVF06T',adv.     [a,  ore",  and/oo(.]     On  foot ;  borne 
bv'lfie  feet ;  opposed  to  ridui<r. 
'9.  In  action  ;  in  a  state  of  being  planned  for  exe- 
cution ;  as,  a  design  is  afoot,  or  on  foot. 

A-FoKE',  oi/i'.  or  ;>r(7).  [a  and /ore]     In  front. 

2.  Between  one  object  and  another,  so  as  to  inter- 
cept a  durect  view  or  intercourse  ;  as,  to  stand 
between  a  pcrst)n  and  the  light  of  a  candle  —  a 
popular  use  of  tlte  word. 

3.  Prior  in  time ;  before  ;  anterior ;  prior  time 
being  considered  as  in  front  of  subsequent  time. 

The  grass  wliicli  »-ithereUi  a/ore  it  growelh  -ip.  —  Psal.  cxxix. 

In  all  these  senses  it  is  now  inelegant,  and  super- 
seded by  before. 

4.  In  seuitieu^s  lan^ngc,  toward  the  head  of  the 
ship  ;  further  forward,  or  nearer  the  stem  ;  as,  afore 
the  winillass.  Jifore  Vie  mtu^t,  is  a  phrase  which  is 
applied  to  a  common  sailor,  one  who  does  duty  on 
the  main  deck,  or  has  no  ortice  on  board  the  ship. 

Mar.  Diet. 
A-FoRE'GO-INO,   a.      Going  before.      [See    Fore- 
going, which  is  chiefly  used.] 
A-FORE'H  A.ND,  adv.     [afore  and  hoMd.] 

1,  In  time  previous ;  by  previous  provision ;  as, 
he  is  ready  aforcliaud. 

Siie  13  come  aforehand  to  anoiiil  my  txuly.  —  Mark  x\v. 

2.  a.  Prepared  ;  previously  provided :  as,  to  be 
fl/erc/«im/ in  business.  Hence,  in  popular  lan^taoc, 
aiu[ily  provided ;  well  supplied  with  the  means  of 
living;  h.aving  means  beyond  the  requirements  of 
necessity  ;  moderately  wealthy.  This  word  is  pop- 
ularly changed  into  aforehatided,  beforeltaudcd,  or 
nx\ier  forehanded ;  as,  aforeliauded  farmer. 

A-FollE'ME.\-TIO.\'-£D,  a.     [afore  and  mentiojted.] 

Mentioned  before  in  the  same  writing  or  dis- 
course. .Addison, 
A-F6KE'N  A  MED,  a.     [afore  and  name.] 

Named  before.  Peaeham. 

A-FoRE'SAID,  (a-fore'sed,)  a.     [afore  and  say.] 

Said  or  recited  before,  or  in  a  preceding  part. 
A-FoRE'THOUGHT,  (-Ihawt,)  a.  [ofore  and  tJiouokU] 

Premeditated  ;  prepense  ,  as,  malice  aforcUumglU, 
which  is  required  to  constitute  murder.  Com.  Law. 
A-FoRE'Tl.ME,  adv.     [afore  and  lime.] 

In  time  pastj  in  a  tormer  time.  Bible. 

jj  FOB- 77- O'B/,  (a  for-she-o'rl,)  (L.J  With  stronger 

reasons.  - 

A-FOUL',  ode.  ora.  [a  and  foul.] 

Not  free  ;  entangled.  Coluvibiad. 


.VFR.^ID'.  0.     [The  participle  of  Affbat.] 

Impressed  with   fear  or  apiirehension  ;   fearful. 
This  word  expresses  a  less  degree  of  fear  than 
Urrijied  m  friohlcned.     It  is  followed  by  o/ before  the 
object  of  fear ;  as,  to  be   afraid   of  death  ;  Joseph 
was  afraid  to  sin  against  Gotl. 
A-FKESII',  drill.     [aand/r«/i.]  . 

Anew  ;  again  ;  recently  ;  al^er  intermission. 

Tliey  cnicify  Oi-;  Si.n  of  God  afresh.  —  Hrb.  vi. 

AF'Rie.V,  n.     [flu.  L.  a.  Iieg.  and/n;./-u»,  cold.] 
One  of  the  four  quarters  or  largest  divisions  of 
the  globe;   a  conliii.;iit  separated  from  Europe  by 
the  Mediterranean  Sea. 

Af'r'&AN,  I    "■    r^^rtaining  to  Africa. 

.•\F'Rle-AN',  11.    A  native  of  .Urica. 

This  name  is  given  also  to  the  African  mary- 
gold.  Tatc^s  CotoUy. 

A-FRO.NT',  adv.    In  front.  Sluik. 

AFT,  a.  or  adv.     [Sax.  aft,  eft,  nflcr,  behind.] 

In  seaoiciCs  laiio-na^c,  a  word  used  to  denote  the 
stern,  or  what  pertains  to  the  stern  of  a  sliip;  as  the 
aft  part  of  the  ship;  haul  aft  the  main  sheet,  that  is, 
further  toward  the  stem.  Fore  and  aft  is  the  whole 
length  of  a  ship.  Right  aft  is  in  a  direct  line  with 
the  stern.  -'/'"•■  Diet. 

AFT'ER,  a.  [The  comparative  degree  of  aft.  But 
in  some  Teutonic  dialects  it  is  written  with  j-;  D. 
airter ;  Dan.  agtcrs.  The  Eng.  pon-esponds  with  the 
Sax.  tf/fer,  Sw.  f/l!cr,  Goth,  nfutro,  Dan.  eftcr.] 

1.  In  marine  language,  more  alt,  or  toward  the 
stern  of  the  ship;  as,  ^Ihe  aj'ter  sails;  afUr  hatch- 
way. 

2.  In  common  language,  later  in  time  ;  as,  an  after 
period  of  life.  MarskaU. 

In  this  sense,  the  word  is  often  combined  with 
the  f(. Mowing  noun  ;  as,  \n  aftcr-agrs. 
AFT'ER,  prep'.  Behind  in  place;  as,  men  placed  in  a 
line  one  ofter  another. 

2.  Later  in  time  ;  as,  after  supper.  This  word 
often  precedes  a  sentence,  as  a  governing  preposi- 
tion. 

Afler  I  am  lis^n  again,  I  wiJI  go  before  you  inlo  GalHec.  — 
M-ia.  xxvi. 

3.  In  pursuit  of,  that  is,  moving  behind,  following ; 
in  search  of. 

AJleT  whom  is  Ihe  kin»  of  Israel  come  out  ?  —  1  Snia.  xxiv. 
Ye  sliall  not  go  after  oUier  gods. —  Deut.  vi. 

4.  In  imitation  of;  as,  lo  make  a  thing  afta-  a 
model. 

5.  According  to;  as,  consider  a  thing  after  its 
intrinsic  value.  Bacon. 

6.  According  to  the  direction  and  influence  of. 

To  wallt  after  the  llesh  ;  to  live  (i/ter  the  flesh.  —  Koin.  viii. 
To  judge  a/Ier  the  sight  of  Uie  eye.  —  la.  xi. 

To  inquire  after,  is  to  seek  by  asking ;  to  ask 
concerning. 

To  follow  after,  in  Scripture,  is  lo  pursue,  or  imi- 
tate ;  to  serve,  or  worship. 
AFT'ER,  ailv.  Posterior ;  later  in  time ;  xs,  it  was 
about  the  space  of  three  hours  after.  In  this  sense 
the  word,  however,  is  really  a  preposititm,  the  object 
being  understood  ;  about  three  hours  afUr  the  time 
or  fact  before  specified. 

After  is  prefixed  to  many  words,  forming  com- 
pounds, but    retaining  its    genuine    sigtiifii-ation. 
Some  of  the  following  words  are  of  this  kind  ;  but  in 
some  of  them  after  seems  rather  to  be  a  sepanite  word. 
AFT'ER-A€-CEPT-A'TION,   «.      A    sense    not    at 

first  admitted.  Dnjden. 

AFT'Ell-Ae-€OUNT',  n.    A  subsequent  reckoning, 

KtUtngbeck. 
A  FT'ER-A€T,  n.    A  subsequent  act. 
AFT'ER-A'OES,  Ji.  pi.   Later  ages;  succeeding  times. 
Afler-age,  in  the  singular,  is  not  improper. 

Addison. 

AFT'ER- ALL  is  a  phrase  signiftinc,  when  all  has 

been  considered,  said,  or  done ;  at  last ;  in  tlie  final 

result.  fa?'- 

AFX'ER-BAND,  n.      A  future  link  or  connection. 

Mdlon. 
AFT'ER-BIRTII,  ji.    The   placenta  in   which  the 
fetus  is  involved,  and  which  comes  away   after 
delivery.  IViseman. 

AFT'F.R-CLAP,  n.  An  unexpected  subsequent 
event  •;  something  disagreeable  happening  alter  an 
afiair  is  supposed  to  be  at  an  end.  Hailiwell. 

AFT'ER-eO.M'ER,  n.     A  successor. 
AFT'Eil-€0.\i'FORT,  n.    Future  comfort.  Jonson, 
AFT'ER-fON'DUCT,  n.    Subsequent  behavior. 

Sherlaek, 
AFT'ER-eON-Vie'TION,  n.     Future  conviction. 

Saudi. 
AFT'ER-€OST,  n.    Later  cost;  expense  after  the 

execution  of  the  main  design.  Mortimer. 

AFT'ER-€OURSE,  n.     Future  course.  Brown. 

AFT'ER-eROP,  n.    The   second  crop  in  the  same 

year.  Mortimer. 

AFT'ER-DSYS,  v.  pi.     Future  days.        Congrerve. 
AFT'ER-DI-VULG'ER,  n.     A  subsequent  divulger. 

Barter. 


XFT'ER-E.\T'AGE, 
same  year.     [  Local.] 


Part  of  the  increase  a   'Ir* 
Bu    : 
AFT'ER-EN-liEAV'OR,   (-en-dcv'nr,)    n.      Ar    en- 
deavor after  the  first  or  IV>rmer  erttirt.  Am  e. 
XFT'ER-GaME,  n.      A  subsequent  scheme,  o    ex- 
pedient.                                                         IVotu.n. 
aFT'ER-GUARD,  17.    The  seaman  stationed  a  •  the 
poop  or  after-part  of  the  ship,  to  attend  the  after- 
sails.                                                              Jl/ur.  Diet. 
A  FT'ER-IIOPE,  71.     Future  hope.                  Jonson. 
AFT'ER-HOURS,  n.  pi.    Hours  that  follow  ;  time  fol 

lowing.  Skak. 

AFT'ER-IG'NO-BANCE,  11.    Subsequent  ignorance 

Stafford. 
AFT'ER-IXGS,  n.  pL    The  Last  milk  drawn  in  milk 

ing ;  strokings.  Grose. 

AFT'ER-KING,  II.     A  succeeding  king.  Shuckford. 
AFT'ER-LIFE,  n.    Future  Ufe,  or  the  life  after  this. 

Biidcr. 
2.   A  later  period  of  life  ;  subsequent  life. 

Dnjden. 
AFT'ER-LIV-ER,  K.    One  who  fives  in  succeeding 

times.  Sidney. 

AFT'ER-LOVE,  n.    The  second  or  later  love.  Slialc 
AFT'ER-.M.'\I,-ICE,  11.  Succeeding  malice.  Dnjden. 
AFT'ER-MATH,  ii.     [after  and  math.    See  Mow.] 
A  second  crop  of  grass  in  the  same  season  ; 
rowen.  Holland. 

AFT'ER-MOST,    a.     Saperl.      Hindmost,   in    iiiiinae 

lantroaire;  nearest  the  stern  ;  op[iosed  to/irc/Hw.yf. 
AFT'EK-XOON',  n.     The  part  of  the  day  which 

follows  noon,  between  noon  and  evening.  Dnjden. 
AFTiER-PAIKS,  n.  pL    The  pains  which  succeed 

childbirth. 
AFT'ER-PART,  n.     The  latter  part.     In  marine  lan- 
ouaoe,  the  part  of  a  ship  toward  the  stern. 
"      °  Mar.  Diet. 

AFT'ER-PIitCE,  n.    .K  piece  perform.-d  after  a  play  ; 

a  farce  or  other  small  entertainment.  Ciiitiherluud. 
AFT'ER-PROOF,  n.     Subsequent  proof  or  evidence  ; 
qualities  known  by  subsequent  experience. 
^  mttan. 

AFT'ER-KE-PE^'T'A^■CE,  n.     Subsequent   repent- 
ance. South. 
AFT'ER-RE-PORT',  n.    Subsequent  report,  or  in- 
formation. *"""'• 
AFT'ER-SAILS,  n.p!.  The  sails  on  the  inizzen-mast 
and  on  the  stays  between  the  main  and   miz/.en- 
niasts.                                                            Mar.  DicL 
AFT'ER-STAGE,  It.     A  subsequent  stage. 
AFT'ER-STATE,  n.     The  future  state.     Qlanville. 
AFT'ER-STING,  n.     Subsequent  sting.       Herbert, 
AFT'ER-STOR.M,  ii.    A  succeeding  or  future  storm. 

Dryden. 
AFT'ER-SUP'PER,  3.     The  time  between  supper 

and  going  to  bed.  Sliak. 

AFT'ER-SVVAR^I,  n.      A  swarm  of  bees    which 

leaves  the  hive  after  the  first. 
AFT'ER-TASTE,  ii.    A  taste  which  succeeds  eating 

and  drinking. 
AFT'ER-THOUGHT,  (-thawt,)  n.    [See  Thought.] 
Reflections  after  an  act ;  later  thought,  or  expedi- 
ent occurring  too  late.  Dnjden. 
AFT'ER-TI.MES,  II.  )i;.    Succeeding  times.    It  may 

be  used  in  the  singular.  Dryden. 

AFT'ER-TOSS'ING,  ii.    The  swell  or  agitation  of 

the  sea  after  a  storm.  Addison. 

AF'1''ER-VVARD,  adv.     [See  Wabd.J     In  later  or 

subsequent  time.  Hooker. 

XFT'ER-WISE,  a.    Wise  afterw-ard  or  too  late. 

Addison. 
AFT'ER-WIT,  71.     Subsequent   wit  ;    wisdom   that 

conies  too  late.  L'F^~traage. 

AFT'ER-WIT'NESS,  n.      A  subsecinent  or   future 

witness. 
AFT'ER-WRATH,  n.    Later  wrath  ;  anger  after  the 

provocation  has  ceased.  SliaJc. 

XFT'ER-WRIT'ER,  n.    A  succeeding  writer. 

Sliackford. 

a'GA,  71.  [Per.  i3\  and  Lsl  ok  and  oka,  lord, 
dominus,  hcrus ;  also,  sir,  a  title  of  respect;  Tart. 
alia.    Uu.  the  och  in  Beloek,stni  ak  in  Balak.] 

In  the  Turkish  dominions,  a  commander  or  chief 
oflicer.  The  title  is  given  to  various  chief  tdficers, 
w  lietiwr  civil  or  military.  It  is  also  given  by  cour- 
tesy to  any  distinguished  individual. 

Eneyc.  Brandc. 

A-G.\IN',  (a-gen',)  adv.  [Sax.  gean,  agen,  agean,  on- 
oean ;  D.  with  a  dilferent  prefix,  tegen  ;  G.  dagegen, 
"ireoen;  Sw.  igcn:  Dan.  igien;  qu.  L.  cira,  whence 
contra;  Ir.  coinne,  opposite,  a  meeting.  Hence  Sax. 
totrancs,  togegnes,  against ;  but  placed  after  its 
object;  as,  *'7u  cn;;irn  heom  togeancs,^*  they  come 
them  against.  D.  trgens,  again.-t ;  jegens,  toward  ; 
G.  entac'cn,  dagegen,  against ;  begegneu,  to  meet  or 
encounter.  The  primary  sense  is  to  turn,  or  to 
meet  in  front ;  or  ihe  name  of  the  face,  front,  or 
ftjrepart.  So,  in  Dan.  and  Sw.,  mod,  iniod,  emot, 
against,  is  our  word  meet.] 
1.  A  second  time ;  once  more. 

I  will  not  ft^aiii  curse  the  ground.^  Gen.  viii. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PREV.— PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.- 


AG  A 

9.  It  noUs  sonielliing  further,  or  additionaJ  to  one 
or  uiore  particulars. 

For  to  wliich  of  the  nnjflo  ssUd  he  al  any  time,  Thou  art  my 
son  ;  tliia  tlay  li.vvc  I  legoUi-ii  Ihoc  i  and  again,  I  will  be  to 
him  a  KitJK^r,  and  he  sluUI  be  to  ine  asoiiF  aiiil  again.  Let 
aJl  the  au^Is  of  God  wcrahi^)  hira  i  —  Ucb.  i. 

All  the  uses  of  this  word  carr>-  iu  them  the  ideas 
of  return  or  repetitiun  ;  as  in  these  phrases, —  give 
it  back  a^ain  :  give  him  as  much  a'/ain,  that  is,  the 
same  quantity  once  more  or  repealed.  There  is  not, 
in  the  world  again^  such  a  commerce  as  in  London. 
Who  an  thou  that  answerest  agaml  Bring  us 
word  again, 

ji^ain  and  again ;  often  ;  with  frequent  repetition. 
A-GAIXST',  (a-genst',)  prep.  [Sax.  togeunes.  See 
Again.] 

1.  In  opposition  ;  noting  enmity  or  disapprobation. 

Hb  hind  will  b?  a^nsl  every  ntin.  — Gen.  ivi. 
1  mi  against  your  piUuws,  —  Ei.  xiii. 

9.  In  opposition,  noting  contrariety,  contradic- 
tion, or  repugnance  ;  as,  a  decree  against  law,  rea- 
son, or  public  opinion. 

3.  In  opposition,  noting  competition,  or  different 
sides  or  parties ;  as,  there  are  twenty  votes  iu  the 
affirmative  against  ten  in  the  negative. 

4.  In  an  opposite  direction;  as,  to  ride  against 
tlie  wind. 

5.  Opposite  in  place ;  abreast ;  as,  a  ship  is  agamst 
tiu-  mouth  of  a  river.  In  this  sense  it  is  often  pre- 
ceded by  over. 

Aaron  li^Iited  the  lainpe  Of era^mml  the  candlesticks, —  Num. 

6.  In  opposition,  noting  adversity,  injury,  or 
contrarietj'  to  wishes ;  as,  tliis  change  of  measures  is 
against  US. 

7.  Bearing  upon  ;  as,  one  leans  agatirst  a  wall. 

8.  In  provision  for;  in  preparation  for. 

Crijah  miuie  n,  against  King  AJiiz  came  from  Damascus. — 
2  Kings  iTJ. 

In  this  sense  against  is  a  preposition,  with  the 
filliiwing  part  of  the  sentence  for  an  object.  See 
After,  prep.  def.  2. 

In    short,   the   sense   of  this  word   is   opposition^ 
variously   modified  according   to   its  application  to 
diJierent  objects. 
AG'A-LAX-Y,  71,    Destitution  of  milk. 
A-GAL'LO€H-UM,   n.     [Gr.    from   a)  aWiaoftat,  to 
rejoice,  so  named  from  its  odor.] 

A  ver>'  soft,  resinous  wood,  ot  a  higlily  aromatic 
smrll,  brought  iVom  the  East  Indies,  and  hurnt  as  a 
perfume,  &c.  It  has  sometimes  been  called  aloes- 
wood,  but  has  no  connection  with  the  common  aloe. 

Danglisoiu 
AG-AL-MAT'O-LITE,  n,    [Gr.  aj  aA^^j  image,  and 
XiS-tij  stone.] 

A  soft  stone,  carved  into  imagos,  in  China,  and 
hence  called  j?o-urc-j(one.  It  has  the  appearance  of 
soapstone,  but  contains  ahmiJna  instead  of  mag- 
nesia. It  is  called,  in  German,  bildsiein,  figure- 
stone,  and  by  Brongniart,  steatite,  pagodde, 
iG'A-MIST,  71,    [Gr.  a  and  ju/ioj.]     An  unmarried 

person. 
jIG'A-MOUS,  a,     [Gr.  a  neg.  and  ja/xof,  marriage.] 

In  botany^  having  no  visible  organs  of  fructifica- 
tion. 

A  term  applied  to  crv'ptngamic  plants,  because 
they  have  no  distinct  sexual  orcans,  or  to  those  in- 
ferior groups  of  cryptogamic  plants,  in  which  there 
is  nf.thing  analogous  to  such  organs,  as  the  fun- 
gu-^es,  lichens,  and  conferva;.  Lindley.  Brande. 
A-G.\PE',  adv.  or  a.     [a  and  gape.     See  Gape.] 

Gaping,   as   with  wonder,  expectation,  or   eager 
attention  ;  having  the  mouth  wide  open.    Milton. 
AG'A-PE,  (ag'a-pe,)  n.,-  pi,    Aosex.     [Gr.  ujarr/;, 
love.] 

Amons  the  primitive  Christians,  a  love  feast  or 
feast  of  charity,  held  before  or  after  the  communion, 
when  contributions  were  made  for  the  pour.  This 
feast  was  held  at  first  without  scandal,  but  after- 
ward bsine  abused,  il  was  condemned  at  the  coun- 
cil of  Carthage,  A.  D.  397.  Encyc. 
AG'Ail-I€,  n.  [Gr.  aynpiKov.  (iu.  from  Jigaria,  in 
Sarmatia.     Dwscorides.^ 

In  botany^  [L.  agaric\ui,'\  the  name  of  a  penus 
of  funguses,  containing  numerous  species,  includ- 
ins  many  of  the  most  common  mushrnnms,  some  of 
which  are  valued  as  articles  of  food,  while  others  are 
poisonous. 

In  pharmacy,  the  t^rm  has  been  applied  to  two 
species  of  funguses,  belonging  to  the  Linnean  genus 
boletus;  that  of  the  larch,  (B.  /an'cV,)  called  also 
male  agaric;  and  that  of  the  oak,  (B.  igjiiarius,) 
callfd  rt\so  ffmalr.  agaric,  and  tovchwooO,  from  its 
readiness  to  take  fire.  The  former  has  been  used 
as  a  cathartic  ;  the  latter  as  a  styptic,  and  also  for 
linder  and  in  dycins.  Brande. 

Agaric  minerai ;  a  light,  chalky  deposit  of  carbonate 
of  lime,  rubbing  to  a  iwwder  between  the  fingers  ; 
fonned  in  caverns  or  fissTires  of  limestone.  In  com- 
position it  is  identical  with  chalk.  It  is  used  as  an 
astringent  in  fluxes,  and  a  styptic  in  homorrhaces. 
A-GA3T',  or  A-GilAST',  a.    [Uu.  a  contraction  of 


AGE 


aga:edy    or    Goth,   agis^   Sax.   egesa,   horror.      See ; 
Aghast  and  G\ze.] 

liStriick  with  terror  or  astonishment;  amazed; 
struck  silent  with  horror. 

With  shuddering  horror  pale,  and  eyes  aghast.  MVlon. 

A-GAS'TRI-A,  n,  pi.  [Gr.  a  and  yntTrnp-]  A  class 
of  marine  auunaJs,  supposed  to  be  destitute  of  in- 
testines. Kirby. 

A-GaTE',  adv.     [a  and  gate."] 

On  the  way  ;  going.     [  Ohs.']  Oowcr. 

AG'ATE,  n,  [Fr.  agate;  L.  achates,  gagatcs  ;  Gr. 
)ajtir7n;  so  called,  says  Pliny,  37,  10,  because 
found  near  a  river  of  that  name  in  Sicily.  So  also 
Solinus  and  Isidore.  But  Bochart,  with  more 
probability,  deduces  it  from  the  Punic  and  lleb. 
Tpy,  and  with  a  different  prefix  Hub.  Tp3,  naXad, 
spotted.  The  word  is  used.  Gen.  xxx.  and  xxxi.,  to 
describe  the  speckled  and  spoiled  cattle  of  Laban 
and  Jacob.] 

A  semi-pellucid,  uncr>-stanized  variety  of  quartz, 
presenting  various  tints  in  the  same  specimen. 
Its  colors  are  delicattly  arranged  in  stripes  or  bands, 
or  rire  ?)lended  in  clouds  ;  when  they  are  in  an- 
gulai  shapes,  like  tlie  outline  of  a  fortification,  it 
is  called /t/rt(^'cation  agate ;  when  in  mossy  threads, 
moss  agate.  The  Scotch  pebble  is  a  fortification 
agate.  It  has  always  been  esteemed  one  of  the 
least  valuable  of  the  precious  stones,  ami  is  used 
for  rings,  seals,  cups,  beads,  boxes,  handles,  and 
also  for  mortars  for  chemical  purposes.         Dana. 

AG'ATE,  n.  An  instrununl  used  by  gold- wire 
drawers,  so  called  from  the  agate  in  the  middle 
of  it. 

AG'A-TI.VE,  a.     Pertaining  to  agate. 

AG' .\-TlZ-KD,  a.  Ilavmg  the  colored  lines  and 
figures  of  agate.  Fovrcroy. 

Aisatizcd  wood;  a  kind  of  agate,  resulting  from  the 
petrifaction  of  wood,  and  still  showing  something 
of  its  texture. 

AG'A-TY,  a.     Of  the  nature  of  agate.      fVoodzcard. 

A-Ga'VE,  n.     [Gr.  ajavos,  admirable.] 

The  American  aloe.  The  great  alue  rises  twenty 
feet,  and  its  branches  form  a  sort  of  pyramid  at  the 
top.  Encyc. 

A-GaZE',  p.  (.  [from  rt-a:e.]  To  strike  with  am;ize- 
ment.     [Ofts.J  Spenser. 

A-GaZ'£i>,  pp.     Struck  with  amazement.     [.\T((  in 

_  use.]  SfttiK: 

AiiE,  n.  [Fr.  age;  Arm.  oage;  deduced  by  Lunier 
from  Lat.  atas,  or  <Fvam.  But  these  are  undoubt- 
edly contracted  words  ;  Goth,  aiw ;  D.  eeuw ;  Gr. 
aiuif ;  from  the  Celtic,  W.  haug,  fullness,  com- 
pleteness, an  age,  a  space  of  lime  ;  pi.  hogion ;  the 
g  being  sunk  in  the  Latin  words  ;  in  the  Sanscrit, 
yuga.] 

1.  The  whole  duration  of  a  being,  whether  ani- 
mal, vegetable,  or  other  kind  ;  as,  tile  usual  age  of 
a  ina[i  is  seventy  years  ;  the  age  of  a  horse  may  be 
twenty  or  tliirty  years;  the  age  of  a  tree  may  be 
four  hundred  years. 

2.  That  part  of  the  duration  of  a  being  which  is 
between  its  beginning  and  any  given  time  ;  as. 
what  is  the  present  age  of  a  man,  or  of  the  eailh  .■' 

Jeeiis  bfg^n  to  be  uliout  iJiiny  years  of  age.  —  Luke  iii. 

3.  The  latter  part  of  life,  or  long  continued  dura- 
tion ;  oldness. 

The  eyes  of  Ismcl  were  dim  for  age.  —  Gen.  xlviii. 

4.  A  certain  period  of  human  life,  marked  by  a 
difference  of  state ;  as,  life  is  divided  into  four 
stages  or  ages,  infancy,  youth,  manhood,  and  old 
age  ;  the  age  of  youth  ;  the  age  of  manhood. 

5.  The  period  vvlien  a  person  is  enabled"  by  law 
to  do  certain  acts  fur  himself,  or  when  he  ceases  to 
be  controlled  by  parents  or  guardians  ;  as,  in  the 
United  States,  both  males  and  females  are  of  ao-e  at 
twenty-one  years  old. 

G.  Mature  years;  ripeness  of  strenglli  or  dis- 
cretion. 

Heisofa^e;  ask  bim. .— John  Ix. 

7.  The  time  of  life  for  conceiving  chiluien,  or 
perhaps  the  usual  time  of  such  an  event. 


8.  A  particular  period  of  time,  as  distinguished 
from  others ;  as,  the  golden  age,  the  age  of  iron, 
the  age  of  heroes  or  of  chivalry. 

9.  The  people  who  live  at  a  particular  period  ; 
hence,  a  generation,  and  a  succession  of  genera- 
tions; as,  ages  yet  unborn. 

Tlie  mystery  liiil  from  ages.  — Col.  i. 

10.  A  century  ;  the  period  of  one  hundred  years. 
a'GEI),   a.      Old;  having  lived  long;    having  lived 

almost  the  usual  time  allotted  to  that  spet^ies  of 
being;  applied  to  animals  or  plants;  as,  an  aged 
man,  or  an  aged  oak. 

2.  Having  a  certain  age;  having  lived;   as,  a 
man  aged  forty  years, 
a'OED,  n.     Old  persons. 

And  Ihe  aged  arose  and  stood  up.  — Job  xxix. 


AGG 

a'GED-LV,  adv.    Like  an  aged  person. 
A-GE.\',  for  Agai.-<.     [Obs.] 
a'GEN-C\',  n.     [L.  agcns.     See  .Acr.j 

1.  The  quality  of  moving,  or  of  exerting  power; 
the  stale  of  being  in  action  ;  action  ;  operation  ; 
insinimi-ntality  ;  as,  the  agency  of  Providence  in 
the  natural  world. 

2.  The  office  of  an  agent,  or  factor  ;  business  of 
an  agent  intnisted  with  the  concerns  of  another; 
as,  the  principal  pays  the  charges  uf  agency. 

A-GEN'D,-\,  71.     [L.  lliiiig;s  to  be  done.] 

A  memorandum-biKtk  ;  the  service  or  office  of  a 
church  ;  a  ritual  or  lilur-ry.  Encyc. 

A'GEiN'T,  a.  Acting;  opjfosed  to  patient,OT  sustain- 
ing action  ;  as,  the  body  agent     ILittU  used.] 

Bacon. 
A'GEXT,  n.     An  actor;  one  that  exerts  power,  or 
h'ls  the  power  to  act ;  as,  a  moral  agait. 

2.  An  active  power  or  cause  ;  lliat  which  has  the 
power  to  produce  an  effect ;  as,  heal  is  a  powerful 
agenL 

3.  A  substitute,  deputy,  or  factor ;  one  intrusted 
with  the  business  iji'  another ;  an  attorney  ;  a  oiln- 
ister. 

a'OE\T-SHIP,  n.    The  office  of  an  agent,     [-Vof 

tLsed.]     We  now  use  wrcnnj. 
A6-<5K-La'T10\,  n.     [L.  ^f/».] 

Concretion  of  a  fluid.    TAy£  used.]  Browtu 

AO-GEN-ER-.a'TIO-N,  71.     [L.  ad  and  geiieratio.] 
The  state  of  growing  to  another.     \A''ut  used,] 

Brmrn. 
,\G'0ER,  n.    [L.]    A  fortress,  or  Diound.    [A'ut  u^ed.] 

Heam  e. 
AG'GER-aTE,  v.  U     [L.  aggrro.]     To  heap.     {JSTot 

used.] 
AG-6ER-a'TI0.V,  71.     A  heaping;    accumulation; 

as,  aggeratiinis  of  sand.  Ray. 

AG-GER-oSE',  a.  Iu  heaps,  orforraed  in  heaps. 

Dana. 
AG-GLOM'ER-aTE,   v.   t.     [L.   agglomcro,   ad  and 
gtv/nero,  to  wind  into  a  ball,  from  glomus,  a  hall  of 

yarn ;  from  the  Heb.  dSj,  to  involve ;  Q,u.  Ar.  aJ 

lamma,  to  go  round  in  a  circle,  to  be  round,  to  col- 
lect, or  condense.] 

To  wind,  or  collect  into  a  ball ;  to  gather  into  a 
mass.  Young. 

AG-GL0>1'ER-aTE,  c.  i.  To  gather,  grow,  or  col- 
lect into  a  ball  or  m;iss.  T/iomson. 

AG-GLOM'ER-a-TED,  pp.  Wound  or  collected  into 
a  ball. 

AG-GL0M'ER-A-TING,p;7r.  Winding  into  a  b;Ul ; 
gathering  into  a  lump. 

AG-GLOM-ER-.A'TION,  n.  The  act  of  winding  into  a 
ball ;  the  state  of  being  gathered  into  a  ball  or  mass. 

AG-GLU'TIN-ANT,  h.  Any  viscous  sub.--tance  which 
unites  other  substances,  by  causing  an  adhesion; 
any  application  which  tends  to  unite  parts  which 
have  too  little  adlirsiou.  Coxe. 

AG-GLu'lTN-ANT,  a.  Uniting,  as  glue  ;  lending  to 
cause  adhesion. 

AG-GLu'TIN-aTE,  r.  (.  [L.  agghitino,  ad  and 
glutino,  from  gluten;  Eng.  glue;  Fr.  glu;  Arm. 
glud  ;  W.  glyd.     See  Glue.] 

To  unite,  or  cause  to  adhere,  as  with  glue  or 
other  viscous  substance  ;  to  unite  by  causing  an  ad- 
hesion of  substances. 

AG-GLC'TI.\-A-TED,  pp.  Glued  together;  uniled 
by  a  viscous  substance. 

AG-GLu'TlN-.\-TlXG,  p/fr.  Gluing  together;  unit- 
ing by  causing  adhesion. 

AG-GLU-l'lN-A'TlOiV,  7i.  The  act  of  uniting  by 
slue  or  other  tenacious  substance ;  the  slate  of 
being  thus  united. 

AG-GLu'TIN-A-TIVE,  a.  That  tends  to  unite,  or 
has  power  to  cause  adhesion.  ftl^emaiu 

AG-GRaCE',17.  t.    To  favor.    [A-oMtscA]     Spenser. 

AG-GRaCE',  n.     Kindness  ;  favor.     [jXot  used.] 

Spenser. 

AG-GRAXD-IZ'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  aggran- 
dized. 

AG-GRAXD-IZ-a'TION,  ji.  The  act  of  aggmndiz- 
inu.     [JVot  ii.<ed.]  Jt'otcrhvuse, 

AG'GRAND-TZE,  d.  t.  [Fr.  agrandir^  of  L.  ad  and 
grandis.     See  Grand.] 

1.  To  make  great  or  greater  in  power,  nink,  or 
honor;  to  exalt ;  as,  to  ay"-'*""'''-*^  *  *^"''>'* 

2.  To  enlarge,  applied  to  things;  as,  mi  aggran- 
dize our  conceptions.  Il  seems  to  be  ne-  r  applied 
to  the  bulk  or  dimensions  of  material  bwl.es, 

AG'GRANI>-TZ-£D,  pp.  Made  great  or  greater;  ex- 
alted ;  enlarged. 

AG-GRAND'IZE-MENT,  or  .ACGRAXD-TZE- 
MEXT,  71.  The  acl  of  nnsrandizing  ;  the  state  of 
bi'in!!  exalted  in  pt^wer,  rank,  or  honor  ;  exaltation  ; 
etilarcemcnt ;  as,  (he  em[>eror  seeks  only  ihe  ag- 
irrandizemcnt  of  his  own  familv. 

AG'GRAXD-TZ-ER,  n.  One  that  aggrandizes  or 
exalts  in  power,  rank,  or  honor. 

AG'GRAND-IZ-IXG,  ppr.  Making  grcal;  exaltmg; 
enlarging. 


TuXE,  BULL,  T7X1TE.  — AX"GER,  VI"CI0US.  — €  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;   S  as  Z  ;   ClI  as  SH  ;   TH  as  in  THIS. 


AGG 


AGI 


ACVGRATI3',  V.  L     [lu]     To  please.     [JVvt  li-vc^.J 

Spender. 
AG'GRA-VSTE,  r.  t.     [h.  ag^avo^  of  arf  and  gracis^ 
lieiivy.     :?ee  Grave,  Gravity.] 

1.  To  iniiktf  heavy,  i«(  not  used  in  this  literal  sense. 
FigtiriUiceiij,  to  make  wor?*!-,  more  severe,  or  less 
toli^rable  ;  as,  to  ags^arate  the  uvlls  of  life  \  to  a^t- 
ffraoute  pain  or  punishment. 

2.  To  make  more  enormous,  or  less  excusable ; 
as,  la  aggrarate  a  crime. 

y.  To  exai'-iiirate. 

A.  To  give  coloring  in  description  ;  to  give  an  cx- 
agscnitea  representation  ;  as,  to  aggravate  a  charge 
a-'aiust  an  oflcnder;  to  a^'i>Tfiruie"circumst;»ices. 
CftiUirie.     ^uiiU.     Paiey. 

Actions  Rnd  motives  mftiic'iotuly  aggraoolfd. 

Watkinglon*$  Life. 

The  propriety  of  the  word  in  the  latter  passage  is 
questionable.  Aggravate  is  generally  used  in  ref- 
erence to  evils,  or  something  improper  or  unnatural. 

AG'GUA-VA-TED,  pp.  or  n.  Inrreased  in  severity  or 
enormity  ;  made  worse  ;  cxauirerated. 

AG'GKA-V.\-TING,  ppr.  Increx-^inp  in  severity, 
enormity,  or  degree;  as  evils,  misfortunes,  pain, 
punislimenl,  crimes,  g^iilt,  &c. ;  exaggerating. 

AG-GilA-VA'TlON,  «.  'i'he  act  of  making  worse, 
used  of  evils,  natural  or  moral ;  the  act  of  increas- 
ing severity  or  heinousness  ;  addition  to  that  which 
is  evil  or  i*m|iroper ;  as,  an  aggracatimi  of  pain  or 
grief. 

2.  FA-aggeraled  representation,  or  heightened  de- 
scription of  any  thing  wrong,  improjier,  or  unnat- 
ural;  as,  an  aggravation,  of  fi.alnres  in  a  caricature. 
Palni.     Addison. 

AG'GRE-GaTK,  r.  L  [L.  aggrcgo^' io  cnlltjcl  in 
troops  ;  of  ad  and  «Tcr,  a  herd  or  band.    See  Gbe- 

GaRIOI'S.] 

'i'o  bring  together;  to  collect  particulars  into  a 
swm,  mass,  or  bodv. 
AG'GRE-GATE,  rt.'  Formed  by  a  collection  of  par- 
ticulars into  a  whole  mass  or  sum ;  as,  the  aggre- 
gate amount  of  charges. 

Aggregate  fiowersj  in  botany,  are  such  as  are  com- 
pose'ii' of 'florets  united  by  means  of  the  receptacle 
or  calyx.  Mdne. 

Aggregate  OTiimaU,  in  zoology,  are  such  as  are 
united  in  a  common  organi/.ed  base  or  envelope, 
as  most  of  the  class  of  polyps.  Braiule. 

Aggregate  corporation,  in  law,  is  one  which  con- 
sists'of  two  or  more  persons  united,  whose  exist- 
ence is  preserved  by  a  succession  of  new  members. 

BhichMj  lie. 

AG'GRE-GATE,  n.  A  sum,  mass,  or  assemblage  of 
particulars ;  as,  a  house  is  an  aggregate  of  stones, 
brick,  timber,  &:c.  It  differs  froin  a  compound  in 
this,  that  the  particulars  of  an  aggregate  arc  less 
intimately  mixed  than  in  a  compound. 

2.  In  p/ujsics,  a  mass  formed  by  the  union  of 
homogeneolis  particles  ;  in  distinction  from  a  corm- 
pound,  formed  by  the  union  of  heterogeneous  par- 
ticles. Ure. 

AG'GRE-Ga-TED,  pp.  Collected  into  a  sum,  mass, 
or  svstem. 

AG'GRE-GATB-LY,  adv.  Collectively  ;  taken  in  a 
sum  or  mass. 

AG'GRE-Ga-TING,  ppr.  Collecting  into  a  suin  or 
mass. 

AG-GRE-Ga'TIOX,  n.  The  act  of  aggregating  ;  the 
stale  of  being  collected  into  a  sum  or  mass;  a  col- 
lection of  particulars;  an  aggregate. 

2.  The  union  and  coherence  of  bodies  of  the  same 
nature.  Aggregation  is  caused  by  thai  attraction 
which  ttikes  place  at  an  insensible  distance  between 
the  homogeneous  particles  of  biidies,  and  forms 
masses. 

AG'GRE-Ga-TIVE,  a.    Taken  together  ;  collective. 

AG'GRE-GA-TOR,  n.  He  that  collects  into  a  whole 
or  nia-<s.  Jinrt^n. 

AG-GRF.SS',  i\  i.  [L.  aggrcdior,  aggressus,  of  ad 
and  griidior,  to  go.     See  Grade.] 

To  make  a  first  attack  ;  to  eomniit  the  first  act  of 
hostility  or  offeit^e ;  to  br^nn  a  ipiarrel  or  contro- 
versv  ;  to  assault  first,  or  invade.  Prior. 

AG-GRESS'ING,  ppr.  Commencing  hostility  first; 
making  the  first  attack. 

AG-GRES'Sm.\,  71,  The  first  attack,  or  act  of  hos- 
tility ;  the  first  act  of  injury,  or  first  act  leading  to  a 
war  or  controversy.  UEstrange^ 

AG-GRESSTVE,  a.  Tending  to  aggress  ;  makmg  the 
first  alta'ik.  ClarL^on. 

AG-GRESir^'OR,  n.  The  person  who  first  attacks  ;  he 
wiio  first  commences  hostility  or  a  quarrel ;  an 
assaulter  ;  an  invader.  Dryden, 


AG-GRIkV^ANCE,  n.     [See  Accbieve.] 

Oppression;  Jiardship ;  injury-.     But  grievance  is 

more  generally  used. 
AG-GRTeVE',  t.  t,  [of  ad  and   frriere,   from   grief. 

Perhaps  the  word  is  borrowed  directly  from  the  Sp. 

agravtary  to  injure;  Fr.  grcver.     See  Gkief  and 

Grave.} 


1.  To  give  pain  or  sorrow  ;  to  alllict. 

2.  To  hear  bard  upon  ;  to  oppress  or  injure  in 
one's  rights;  to  vex  or  harass  by  civU  or  political 
injustice.  ,  ^ ,.  ^ 

AG-GRIeVE',  v.  i.  To  mourn;  to  lament.  [-Vu( 
used.     See  Grieve.] 

AG-GRlEV'f:U,  pp.  Pained;  alTlicted ;  civdly  or 
politically  oppressed. 

AG-GUIeV'I.\G,  ppr.  Afflicting;  imposmg  hard- 
ships on  ;  oppressing. 

AG-GROUP',  r.  t.  [Sp.  agrtipnr:  U.  aggnippare,  ag- 
groppare,  to  knot  or  bring  tt.gether.     See  Gaoui-.] 

To  bring  together;  to  group;  to  collect  many 
persons  in  a  crowd,  or  many  figures  into  a  whole, 
eitlier  in  statviary,  painting,  or  description.  Encyc. 

AG-GROUP'£D,  pp.  Collected  into  a  group  or  as- 
semblage. 

A-GHAST',  or,  more  correctly,  A-GAST',  a.  or  ado. 
[Perhaps  the  participle  of  agaze  ;  otherwise  from  the 
root  of  gliasthi  and  ghost] 

Struck  with  amazement;  stupefied  with  sudden 
fright  or  horror. 

AG'ILE,  a.    [Ft.  agile;  h.  agilis,  from  ago.   See  Act.] 
Nimble;  having  the  faculty  of  quick  motion  in 
the  limbs;  apt  or  ready  to  move  ;  brisk  ;  active. 

Ami  ItenJing  fonvtud  struck  Iiis  agile  licela.  Shak. 

AG'ILE-LY,  adv.     In  a  nimble  maiinor. 
AO'ILE-iXESS,  71.     Nimbit^ness;   activity;   the  fac- 
ulty of  moving  the  limbs  quickly  ;  agUily. 
A-GrL'l-TV,  n.     [L.  ag'dUas.] 

The  power  ol  moving  the  limbs  quickly  ;  nim- 
bleness;  briskness;  activity;  quickness  of  motion. 

Waas. 
A-GlT/LO-€in;M,  n.    See  ArjALLocHUM. 
A'GI-O,  71.     [Ilal.  aggioy  surplus,  ditlerence.] 

1.  In  commerce, "the  deference  in  value  between 
metallic  and  paper  money,  or  between  one  sort  of 
metallic  money  and  another.  McCuUoelu 

2.  Premium';  sum  given  above  the  nominal  value  ; 
as,  the  amo  of  exchange.  Lunicr. 

A'GI-O-TAGE,  n,  [Fr.]  Stock-jobbing;  the  ma- 
neuvers of  speculators  to  raise  or  lower  the  price  of 
Slocks  or  public  funds.  Braiuie. 

A-GIST',  V.  u  [If  the  primary  sense  is  to  lie,  or  to 
rest,  this  is  from  Fr.  gesir ;  Nonn.  agijer,  to  be 
levant  and  coucliant,  from  giser,  to  lay  or  throw 
down;  whence  gist,  cast;  gistaiice,  a  casting. 
Class  Gs.  No.  18.  If  ths  primary  signification  is  to 
feed,  see  Nos,  5,  6,  10,  12,  and  5(3.    Ch.  Class  Gs.] 

In  lajD,  to  take  the  cattle  of  others  to  graze  at  a 
certain  sum  ;  to  feed  or  pasture  the  cattle  of  others  ; 
used  originally  for  the  feeding  of  cattle  in  the  king's 
forests.  Cowcl.     Blackstone. 

A-GIST'MENT,  n.  The  taking  and  feeding  of  other 
men's  cattle  in  the  king's  forest,  or  on  one's  own 
land  ;  also,  the  price  paid  for  such  feeding.  It  de- 
notes also  a  burden,  charge,  or  tax.  [In  canon  law, 
a  modus,  or  composition.    Jahn.<on,  Qu.] 

Cowel.     Btackstone.     Encyc. 

A-GIST'OR,  I  n.    .An  olficer  of  the  king's  forest, 

A-CIST-A'TOR,  i  who  has  the  care  of  cattle  agisted, 
and  collects  the  niun-'y  for  the  same;  hence  called 
gist-ta}icr,  which  in  England  is  corrupted  into  guest- 
taker.  Encyc. 

AG'I-TA-CLE,  a.  [See  Agitate.]  That  may  be 
agitated,  shaken,  or  discussed. 

AG'I-'J'aTE,  p.  t.     [L.  agito,  from  ago.     See  Act.] 

1.  To  stir  violently  ;  to  move  back  and  forth  with 
a  quick  motion;  to  shake  or  move  briskly;  as,  to 
agitate  water  in  a  vessel. 

2.  To  move  or  force  into  violent  irregular  action  ; 
as,  the  wind  agitates  the  sea. 

3.  To  disturb,  or  excite  into  tumult ;  as,  to  agitate 
the  mind  or  passions. 

4.  To  discuss;  to  debate;  to  controvert; 
agitate  a  question. 

"^5.  To  consider  on  all  sides ;  to  revolve  in  the 
mind,  or  view  in  all  its  aspects  ;  to  contrive  by 
menial  deliberation  ;  as,  politicians  ni'-^'MIe  desperate 
designs.  iCtng  Charles. 

G.  To  move  or  actuate.    [JVnt  «^Trrf.]    Blackinore. 

AG'I-TA-TED,  p/j.  Tossed  from  side  to  side;  sha- 
ken ;  moved  violently  and  irregularly  ;  disturbed  ; 
discussed  ;  considered. 

AG'i-TA-TIi\G,  ppr.  Shaking;  moving  with  vio- 
lence; disturbing;  disputii^g;  contriving. 

AG-I-TA'TION,  71.  The  act  ot  shaking  ;  the  state  of 
being  moved  with  violence,  or  with  irregular  ac- 
tion ;  conunotion  ;  as,  the  sea  after  a  storm  is  in 
a  •ritation.  Bacon. 

°2.  Disturbance  of  tranquillity  in  the  min«i  ;  per- 
turbation ;  excitement  of  passion. 

3.  Discussion ;  examination  of  a  subject  in  con- 
troversy. IJ  Estrange. 

4.  .\  state  of  being  deliberated  upon,  with  a  view 
to  contrivance,  or  plan  to  be  adopted  ;  rus,  a  sclieme 
is  in  agitation. 

AG'I-TA-TIVE,  a.    Having  a  tendency  to  agitate. 

Afx-I-TA'TO,  in  m?/5(c,  di-notes  a  broken  style  of  per- 
formance, adapted  to  awaken  surprise  or  perturba- 
tion. Diet.  ofJIusic. 

AG'1-TA-TOR,  n.    One  who  agitates ;  also,  an  in- 


AGO 


surgv-nt;  one  who  excites  sedition  or  revolt.  Ir* 
antiquity,  a  charioteer,  that  is,  a  driver.  In  Crom 
well's  time,  certain  olficers  appointed  by  the  army 
to  manage  their  concerns  were  called  agitator.i. 

Hume. 
AG'LET,    I  71.    [Fr.  aigitilJette^  a  point,  from  aitnulle, 
AIG'LET,  \     a  needle,  from  ntgu,  sharp.    Her  Acin.J 

1.  A  tag  of  a  point  curved  into  the  representation 
of  an  animal,  generally  of  a  man ;  a  small  plate  of 
metal. 

2.  In  botany,  a  pendant  at  the  ends  of  the  chives 
of  flowers,  as  in  the  rosi:^  and  tulip;  an  anther. 

AG'LET-BA'liV,  lu     A  small  image  ou  the  lop  of  a 

lace.  SI'ak. 

AG'iMIN-AL,  a.     [L.  agmcri,  a  troop  or  body  of  men 
arrayed,  from  ago.] 

Pertiiining  to  an  anny  or  troop.        [F^itde  lu^ed.] 
AG'NAtL,  71.     [atl  and  itail.,  or  Sax.  ange,  pain,  and 
nail.] 
A  whitlow  ;  an  inflammation  round  the  nail. 

Badry. 
AG'NATE.  a.     [L.  agnatiLs.] 

Related  or  akin  hy  the  father's  side. 
AG'NATE,  a.   [L.  agnatus,adntiscor,o(  ad  and  nascor, 
to  be  liorn.     See  Nature.] 

Any  UKile  relati<m  by  the  fatlier's  side.     Encyc. 
AG-NA'TI.     [L.  pi.]     Relations  by  the  father's  side. 
AG-NAT'I€,  a.     Pertaining  to  descent  by  the  male 

line  of  ancestors.  Blaclc'^tonL. 

AG-NA'TION,  71.     Relation  by  the  fatlier's  side  only, 
or  descent  in  the  male  line,  distinct  from  cognation, 
which  includes  descent  in  the  male  and  female  lines. 
AG'NEL,  n.  [from  agnus,  a  lamb,  the  figure   struck 
on  the  coin.] 

.•Vn  ancient  French  gold  coin,  value  twelve  s(ds, 
six  deniers.  It  was  called  also  moatoii  </'«r  and 
agncl  (fiyr.  Encyc. 

AG-NI"TION,  n.     [L.  atmitio,  agnosco.] 

Acknowledgment.     [Little  used.]  Pearson. 

AG-XIZE',  V.  t.    To  acknowledge.    [JVotiH  use.] 

Shak. 
AG-No'MEN,  71.     [L.]     An  additional  fourth  name, 
given  by  the  Romans,  on  account  of  some  exjiloii 
or  event ;  as,  Afncanus  added  to  P.  C.  Scipio. 
2.  A  name  added  in  praise  or  dispraise. 
AG-NOM'IN-ATE,  v.  u     [L.  agnomino  ;  ad  and  Jiom- 
ino,  Jtomcn,  name.] 

To  name.     [Ltltlc  lu^^rd.] 
AG-NOM-IN-A'TiON,  ?(.     [L.  agnomm,  a   surname, 
of  ad  and  iwmen.     See  Name.] 

1.  An  additional  nam.;,  or  title  ;  a  name  added  to 
another,  as  expressive  of  some  act,  achievement, 
&,c. ;  a  surname.  Encyc. 

2.  Allusion  of  one  word  to  anolher  by  sound. 

Camden. 

AG'NUS  CAS'TUS,  n.  [L.]  A  species  of  Vitex,  so 
called  from  the  Gr.  a>  uf>s,  chaste,  from  its  imagined 
virtue  of  preser\'ing  chastity.  'J'he  Atlumian  ladies 
reposed  on  the  leaves  of  this  plant  at  the  feast  of 
Ceres.  The  Latin  ca<tm,  chaste,  now  added  to  the 
name,  forms  a  duplication  of  tho  sense.        Encije. 

AG'NUS   De'I,  7(.     [Lamb  of  God.] 

1.  In  the  Roman  Catholic  church,  a  cake  of  wax 
stamped  with  the  figure  of  a  lamb,  supporting  the 
banner  of  the  cross.  It  is  supposed  to  possess  great 
virtues  in  preserving  those  «  ho  cany  it,  in  faith, 
from  accidents,  &lc.  Also,  a  part  of  Ihe  mass,  in 
which  the  prayer  beginning  with  these  words  is 
repeated  by  the  priest.  Encyc. 

2.  A  prayer  beginning  with  these  words. 
AG'NUS   SCVTH'I-€US.     [Scylhian  lamb.] 

A  name  applied  to  the  roots  of  a  species  of  fern, 
A--pidiuia  Baromctz,   covered    with    bn.wn    woolly 
scales,  and  in  shape  resembling  a  lamb;  found  in 
Russia  and  Tarliiry. 
A-GO',  adr.  or  a.     [Sax.  agan,  or  geond,  the  participle 
of  gan,  to  go;  contracteil  from  agone.     See  Go.] 
Past ;  gone  ;  as,  a  year  ago. 
A-GOG',  ado.     [Fr.  d  gogo  ;   It.  agognarc,  ardently  to 
desire.] 

In  a  state  of  desire  ;  highly  excited  by  eagerness 
after  an  object. 


The 


Drijilen, 


jdy  gossip,  when  she's  set  ago;. 

A-GO'ING.     [The  participle  of  go,  with  the  prefix  a.\ 
In  motion  ;  as,  to  set  a  mill  agohig ;  or  about  to  go ; 
ready   to   go;  as,  he  is  agoing   in'imediately.     The 
latter  use  is  vulgar. 

A'GON,  71.  [Gr.]  The  contest  for  the  prize.  [JVot 
luied.]  SancrofU 

A-GONE',  (a-gawn',)7V'.    [See  Aoo  and  Goke.] 
Ago;  past;  since.     [J^carly  obs.] 

AG'O-NISM,  71.     [Gr.  a}'-iviop><..] 

Contention  for  a  prize.  Dirt. 

AG'O-NIST,  7u  One  who  contends  for  the  prize 
in  public  games.  Milton  has  used  agonistes  in  this 
sense,  and  so  called  his  tragedy,  from  the  similitude 
of  Samson's  exertions,  in  slaying  the  Philistines, 
to  prize-fighting.  In  chnrck  history,  the  disciples 
of  Uonatus  are  called  agoni.-ific^. 

AG-O-NIST'ie,  )    a.     Pertaining  to  prize-fight- 

AG-O-NIST'IC-AL,  (  ing,  contests  of  strength,  or 
athletic  combats.  Enfield. 


FaTE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— MfcTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  HIRD.  — N6TE,  DOVE,  JIOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.- 


ii« 


AGR 

AC-O-NIST'IC-AL-LV,  adv.    In  an  aguiiistic   man- 

t  'T  ;  like  prize-fighting. 
A<;  o-MZE,    V.  i.    [Gr.    ayoivt^ot,  to   strive.    See 

Aiio.'sy.] 
To  writhe  with  extreme  pain  ;  to  suffer  violent 

anguish. 

To  sirian  and  agonize  nt  every  pore.  Pope. 

AG'0-NTZE,  V.  e.  To  distress  with  extreme  p:iin  ; 
to  torture.  ^f/""- 

AG'0-XTZ-£D,  pp.  Distressed  with  excessive  pain  ; 
tortured. 

AG'O-MZ-ING,  ppr.  Suffering  severe  pain  ;  wrilh- 
ine:  with  torture. 

AG'0-\TZ-L\G,  a.    Givin?  extreme  pain. 

AG'0-NTZ-ING-LY,  adv.     With  extreme  .-intruish. 

AG-0-NO-TUeTE',  71.  fGr.  aj-tjf,  contest,  and 
TiBviit,  to  appoint] 

An  officer  who  presided  over  the  games  in 
Greece. 

AG-0-NO-THET'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  president 
of  the  Grecian  games. 

AG'O-NY,  71.  [Gr.  <ij  wr,  a  contest  with  bodily  exer- 
tion ;  a  word  used  to  denote  the  athltlic  games  in 
Greece;  whence  a>oj|/(ii,  anguish,  solicitude,  from 
ajoj,  L.  ago.  In  Ir.  agh  is  a  battle,  conflict ;  Gr. 
aytoi'i^itjj  to  strive.    See  Act.] 

1.  In  strictness,  pain  so  extreme  as  to  cause 
writhing  or  contortions  of  the  body,  similar  to  those 
made  in  the  athletic  contests  in  Greece.     Hence, 

2.  Extreme  pain  of  biuly  or  mind  ;  anguish ;  ap- 
propnatelv,  the  pangs  of  death,  and  the  sufferings  of 
our  Savior  in  the  garden  of  Gethsemane.  Luke  xxii. 

3.  Violent  contest  or  striving.  Jilore. 
A-GOOD',  adv.  In  earnest.  [A'yt  used.]  Shak. 
A-GdLT'TI,    )  (a-goo'ty,)  n,     [Ciu.  Sp.  a^ufo,  sharp ; 

1    A-GoU'TY,  \      L.  aoUus.l 

A  quadruped  of  the  order  Rodentia  ;  arranged  by 
naturalists  in  the  genus  Cavia.  It  is  of  the  size  of 
a  rabbit.  The  upper  part  of  the  body  is  brownish, 
with  a  mixture  of  red  and  black  ;  the  belly  yellow- 
ish. Three  varit;ties  are  mentioned,  all  peculiar  to 
South  America  and  the  West  Indies.  It  burrows 
in  the  ground,  or  in  hollow  trees ;  lives  on  vegeta- 
bles; is  voracious  like  a  pig,  and  makes  a  similar 
grunting  noise.  It  holds  its' food  in  its  fore  paws, 
like  a  squirrel.  When  scared  or  angr>-,  its  hair  is 
erect,  and  it  strikes  the  ground  with  its  hind  feet. 
Its  flesh  is  white  and  well  tasted.  Encyc 

A-GRAM'lIA-TIST,  ru     [Gr.  a  priv.  and  j/JU/i^d,  a 
letter.] 
An  illiterate  person. 

A-GRa'RI-AN,  a.     [L.  agrarius^  from  airer,  a  field.] 

1.  Relating  to  lands.  JippropriaUbj,  denoting  or 
pertiiining  to  an  equal  division  of  lands  ;  as,  the 
a<rrar'uin  laws  of  Rome,  which  distributed  the  con- 
quered and  other  public  lands  equally  among  all  the 
citizens,  limiting  the  quantity  which  each  might 
enjoy.  Authors  sometimes  use  the  word  as  a  noun  ; 
an  agrarian^  for  agrarian  lair.  Burke. 

An  agrarian  distribution  of  land  or  property 
would  make  the  rich  poor,  but  would  not  make 
the  poor  rich. 

2.  Pertaining  to  agrarianism. 
A-GRa'RI-AX,  ru     One  in  favor  of  an  eqrial  division 

of  property  among  the  inhabitants  of  a  country. 

A-GRA'RI-AN-rs.M,  n.  An  equal  division  of  lands 
or  propt;rty,  or  the  principles  of  those  who  favor 
such_a  division. 

A-OReE',  v.  i.  [Fr.  agreer,  from  ore,  will,  accord. 
This  is  contracted  from  Sp.  agradar^  Port,  id.,  to 
please,  to  gratify,  whence  agradabte^  agreeable; 
from  the  root  of  L.  gratia^  W.  r/wrf,  grace,  favor, 
that  comes  freely.  The  primary  sense  is  advancing, 
from  the  same  root  as  L.  gradior;  W.  rkai^  [rhalh  ,] 
SjT.  I    5  radah^to  go.] 

1  To  be  of  one  mind  ;  to  harmonize  in  opinion  ; 
as,  in  the  expediency  of  the  law,  all  the  parties 
agree, 

2.  To  live  in  concord,  or  without  contention  ;  as, 
parents  and  children  agree  well  together. 

3.  To  yield  assent;  to  approve  or  admit;  fol- 
lowed by  to ;  as,  to  agree  to  an  offer,  or  to  an 
opinion. 

4.  To  settle  by  stipulation,  the  minds  of  parties 
being  agreed  as  to  the  terms  j  as,  to  agree  on  articles 
of  partnership. 

Didst  ihtiii  nol  agree  with  me  for  a  penaf  a  day  f  —  Malt.  ix. 

5.  To  come  to  a  compromise  of  differences  ;  to  be 
reconciled. 

Agree  with  Oune  advereary  quickly.  —  M.itt.  v, 

6.  To  come  to  one  opinion  or  mind  ;  to  concur ; 
as,  to  agree  on  a  place  of  meeting. 

This  sense  differs  not  essentially  from  the  fourth, 
and  it  often  implies  a  resolving  to  do  an  act.  John  ix. 

7.  To  be  consistent ;  to  harmonize;  not  to  con- 
tradict, or  be  repugnant ;  as,  this  story  agrees  with 
what  has  been  related  by  others. 

Their  wimeas  agreed  nol  "ogielhT. —  Mnrk  xiv. 

8.  To  resemble;  to  be  similar;  as,  the  picture 
does  not  qtm  with  the  original. 


AGR 

9.  To  suit ;  to  be  accommodated  or  adapted  to  ; 
as,  the  same  food  does  not  agree  with  every  consti- 
tution. 

A-GReE',  r.  (.  To  admit,  or  come  to  one  mind  con- 
cerning ;  as,  to  agree  the  fact.  Also,  to  reconcile  or 
niaJte  friends  ;  to'  put  an  end  to  variance  ;  but  these 
sen.'fes  are  unusual  and  hardly  legitimate.  Let  tiie 
parties  agree  the  fact,  is  really  elliptical;  Let  them 
agree  on  the  fact. 

A-GReE-A-BIL'I-TY,  n.  Easiness  of  disposition. 
[A'"o(_uj;frf.l  Chaucer. 

A-GReE'A-BLE,  a.  Suitable;  conformable ;  corre- 
spondent ;  consistent  with  :  as,  the  practice  of  virtue 
is  agreeable  to  the  law  of  God  and  our  own  nature. 
2.' In  pursuance  of;  in  conformity  with;  as, 
agreeable  to  the  order  of  the  day,  the  House  look 
up  the  report  of  the  committee.  It  is  not  correctly 
followed  by  wWi.  In  this  sense,  some  writers  use 
agrecaJjly  for  agreeable,  but  in  violation  of  the  true 
principles  of  construction ;  for  the  word  is  an  ad- 
jective or  attribute,  in  agreement  with  the  last 
clause  of  the  sentence.  The  House  took  up  the 
report  of  the  committee,  (which  taking  up  w;is) 
agreeable  to  the  order  of  the  day.  The  use  of  agree- 
Sly  in  this  sentence  would  pervert  the  sense. 

3.  Pleasing,  either  to  the  mind  or  senses;  as, 
agreeable  manners  ;  fruit  agreeable  to  the  taste. 

A-GReE'A-BLE-XESS,  n.  Suitableness;  conform- 
ity ;  consistency  ;  as,  the  agreeableness  of  virtue  to 
the  laws  of  God. 

2.  The  quality  of  pleasing  ;  that  quality  which 
gives  satisfaction  or  moderate  pleasure  to  the  mind 
or  senses ;  as,  an  agreeableness  of  manners  ;  there 
is  an  agreeableness  in  the  taste  of  certain  fruits. 
This  is  the  usual  sense  of  the  word. 

3.  Resemblance  ;  likeness  ;  with  to  or  between. 
The   agreeableness   between  roan   and  other  parts  of  creation. 

[Gbs.]  Greie. 

A-GReE'A-BLY,  adv.  Pleasingly ;  in  an  agreeable 
manner;  in  a  manner  to  give  pleasure;  as,  to  be 
agrecablij  entertained  with  a  discourse. 

2.  Suitably  ;  consistently  ;  conformably. 

The   erf'Ct  of  which    is,    that  marmsps    grow    less  fr^nem, 
agreeably  to  Ihe  maxim  above  \mA  down.  PaJey. 

This  is  a  gross  error,  proceeding  from  mistake. 
.Agreeably  signifies,  ih  an  agreeable  manner;  but  this 
is  not  the  sense,  nor  does  the  word  modify  the  verb 
groic.  The  sense  is,  Marriages  grow  less  frequent, 
which  (fact,  or  whole  member  of  the  sentence,  or 
proposition)  is  agreeable  to  the  maxim  above  laid 
down.  This  use  of  agreeably  is  common,  but  ver>' 
erroneoirs. 

3.  Alike  ;  in  the  same  manner. 

Eoiii  anmxl  agreeably.     [Oba.\  Sjienser. 

A-GRkED',  pp.  Being  in  concord  or  harmony  of 
opinion  ;  of  one  mind. 

Can  iwo  walk  to^rther  except  ih?y  be  agreed  7  —  Amos  iii. 

2.  Assented  to ;  admitted  ;  as,  a  proposition  is 
agreed  to. 

3.  Settled  by  consent;  implying  bargain  or  con- 
tractj  as,  the  terms  were  agreed  lo,  or  agreed  upon. 

A-GReE'IXG,  p/ir.     Living  incn.icord;  concurring; 

assenting  ;  settling  by  consen'. 
A-GReETXG-LY,   adv.     In    conformity   to.      [Little 

used^ 
A-GReE'MENT,  n-    Concord  ;  harmony  ;  conformity. 

What  agreemeTil  hathihe  temple  ot'GoO  vviihidoU? — 2  Cor.  vi. 

2.  Union  of  opinions  or  sentiments ;  as,  a  good 
agreement  subsists  among  the  members  of  the 
council. 

3.  Resemblance;  conformity;  similitude. 

Expansion  and  durHton  have  Uiis  further  agreement.    Locke. 

4.  Union  of  minds  in  regard  to  a  transfer  of  in- 
terest; bargain  ;  compact;  contract ;  stipulation  ;  as, 
he  made  an  agreement  for  the  purchase  of  a  house. 

Mitkt?  an  agreement  with  me  by  a  present, —  2  Kings  xviii. 

5.  In  trrammar,  concord,  which  see. 

A-GR  KS'Tie,         i  0.     [L.  a'n-cstis ;  Fr.  a^neste ;  from 

A-GRES'Tie-AL,  t  L.  ager^  a  field,  or  the  same 
root.) 

Rural ;  rustic  ;  pertaining  to  fields  or  the  country, 
in  opposition  to  the  citv  ;  unpolished.        Gregory. 

A-GRI€-0-LA'TION,  n'.     Cultivation  of  the  soil. 

AG'RI-eUL-TOR,  n,  [L.  ager,  a  field,  and  cuitor,  a 
cultivator.] 

One  wliose  occupation  is  to  til!  the  ground  ;  a 
farmer  ;  a  husbandman  ;  one  skilled  in  husbandrv. 

AG-RI-eUL'TUR-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  husbandry, 
tillage,  or  the  culture  of  the  earth. 

AG'Ri-CUI^TlTRE,  n.  [Ua^cr,  a  field,  and  cultura, 
cultivation.    See  Acre  and  Culture.] 

In  a  general  sense^  the  cultivation  or  the  ground, 
for  the  purpose  of  producing  vegetables  and  fruits, 
for  the  use  of  man  and  beast ;  or  the  art  of  prepar- 
ing the  soil,  sowing  and  planting  seeds,  dress- 
ing the  plants,  and  removing  tlie  crops.  In  this 
sense,  the  word  includes  gardening,  or  horticulture, 
and  also  the  raising  and  feeding  of  cattle  or  stuck. 
But  in  a  more  common  and  appropriate  sense,  it  is  used 
to  signify  that  species  of  cultivation  which  is  in- 


AGV 


tended  to  raise  grain  and  other  field  criJi>s  for  man 
and  beast.     It  is  equivalent  to  husbandry. 

Ji"ricultare\^  the  most  general  occup;ition  of  man. 

AG-RI-eUL'TUR-I8.M,  n.  The  art  or  science  of 
agriculture.     {Little  used.] 

AG-RI-€UL'TUR-IST,  ti.  One  skilled  in  the  art  of 
cultivating  the  ground  ;  a  skillful  husbandman. 

AG'RI-MO-NY,  n.  [L.  argenwnia,  from  the  Gr. 
Thus  it  is  written  by  Pliny.  But  in  lower  Latin 
it  is  written  agrinumia.  Said  to  be  from  Gr.  a/^j  rcti, 
the  web  or  pearl  of  the  eye,  from  «;>>^oj,  white, 
which  this  plant  was  supposed  to  cure.  See  The- 
oph.  6«7.] 

A  genus  of  plants,  of  sevemi  species.  Of  these, 
the  eupatoria  or  common  agriniony,  and  the  odorata 
or  sweet-scented,  are  the  most  us*;ful.  It  is  a  mild 
astringent  and  stomachic.  Encyc. 

AG-RIP-PIN'I-ANS,  n.  pi.  In  church  history,  the  fol- 
lowers of  Agrippinus,  bishop  of  Carthage  in  the  third 
centurj",  who  fin^t  taught  and  defended  the  doctrine 
of  rebaptization.  Encyc. 

A-GRiSE',  V.  I.     [Sax  agrisan.] 

To  shiver.     [J^'ot  in  u.*f.]  Chaucer. 

A-GRISE',  r.  L  To  terrify  ;  also,  to  make  frighlfuL 
[jYot  in  u^-e.]  Spenser. 

a'GROM,  71.  A  disease  frequent  in  Bengal  and  other 
parts  of  the  East  Indies,  in  which  the  tongue  chaps 
and  cleaves,  becomes  rough,  and  sometimes  covered 
with  white  spots.  The  remedy  is  some  chalybeate 
liquor,  or  the  juice  of  mint.  Encyc 

A-GROX'0-.MY,  n.    [Gr.  ajoos,  a  field,  and  voposy  a 
rule.] 
The  art  of  cultivating  the  ground  ;  agriculture. 

Brande. 
AG-RO-STEM'MA,  n.     A  genus  of  plants  of  several 
species,  containing  the  common  com  cockle,  wild 
lychnis  or  campion,  &c. 
A-GROS'TIS,  n.     [Gr.  aypf^ong.] 

Bent-grass  :  a  genus  of  many  species. 
A-GR0S-t0G'R.\-PHY,   n.      A   description    of    the 

grasses. 
A-GROS-TOL'O-GY,  n.     [Gr.  ajoijffnj,  grass,  and 

That  part  of  botany  which  relates  to  the  grasses. 

Brande. 
A-GROUND',  adv.     [Of  a,  at.  or  on,  and  grouTtd.} 

1.  On  the  ground  ;  a  marine  term,  signifying  that 
the  bottom  of  a  ship  rests  on  the  ground  for  want  of 
sufficient  depth  of  water.  When  the  ground  is 
near  the  shore,  the  ship  is  said  to  be  oihore  or 
stranded. 

2.  Figuratively,  stopped  ;  impeded  by  insuperable 
obstacles. 

a'GCE,  (a'gu,)  n,  [Sax.  a^ge,  oga,  or  bogOy  fear,  hor- 
ror ;  Arm.  hcgea,  to  shake  ;  Goth,  agis,  fear,  agyan  or 
ogan,  to  fear  ;  Ir.  agh,  fear,  agha  or  aghaim,  to  fear. 
The  radical  idea  is  a  shaking  or  shivering  similar  to 
that  occasioned  by  terror.] 

1.  The  cold  fit  which  precedes  a  fever,  or  a  par- 
oxysm of  fever  in  intermit  tents.  It  is  accompanied 
with  shivering. 

2.  Chilliness  ;  a  chill,  or  state  of  shaking  with 
cold,  though  in  health. 

3.  It  is  used  for  a  periodical  fever,  an  intermittent, 
whetherquotidian,  tertian,  or  quartan.  In  thiscase, 
the  w<]rd,  which  signifies  the  preceding  cold  fit,  is 
used  for  the  disease. 

a'GuE,  v.  l  To  cause  a  shivering  in  ;  to  strike  with 
a  cold  fit.  Haywood. 

a'COE-CaKE,  n.  A  hard  tumor  on  the  left  side  of 
the  belly,  lower  than  the  false  ribs ;  supposed  to  be 
the  effect  of  intermittent  fevers.  Encyc 

a'GuKD,  a.  Chilly  ;  having  a  fit  of  ague  ;  shivering 
w:Ui  cold  or  fear.  Skak. 

a'GuE-FIT,  ri.  A  paroxj-sm  of  cold,  or  shivering; 
chdtiness. 

a'GuE-PROOF,  ti.  Able  to  resist  agues;  proof 
against  agues. 

A-GUER'IIY,  V.  t,  [Fr.  aguerrtr;  from  gufrre,  war.] 
To  inure  to  the  hardships  of  war;  to  instruct  in 
the  art  of  war.     [A'ot  in  use,]  Lytdetoiu 

a'GuE-SPELL,  71.  A  charm  or  spell  to  cure  or  pre- 
vent ague.  Oay. 

A'GUE-STRUCK,  a.    Struck  with  ague.       Hetryt. 

a'GuE-TREE,  71.  A  name  sometimes  applied  to  sas- 
safras, on  account  of  its  febrifuge  qualities.  Encyc. 

A-GUISE',  V.  u  [See  Guise.]  To  dress  ;  to  adorn. 
[Ao(  in  use.]  Spenser. 

A-GUISE',  7(.     Dress.     [JVot  in  use.]  More, 

A'GU-ISli,  a.  Chilly;  somewhat  cold  or  shivering  ; 
also,  having  the  qualities  of  an  ague. 


H^r  agy-iisk  love  now  glows  and  bum*. 


Grtjuei'/e. 


a'GU-ISH-NESS,  n.     Chilliness  ;  the  qualitj-  of  lieing 
aguish. 

A-GUIL-LA-NEuF^  n.     [from  a,  to,  gui,  mislctoe, 
and  l*an  ncnf,  the  new  year.] 

A  form  of  rejoicing  among  the  ancient  Franks,  on 
the  first  day  of  the  year ;  derived  from  the  druidical 
custom  of  cuttins  raisU'toe,  whirli  was  held  tiered 
by  the  druids,  and,  on  the  first  day  of  tiie  year,  con- 
secrating it  by  cning  agudlaneuj\\\\e'  new  year  to 
the  misletoe.     This  cry  is  said  to  be  still  obser\-ed  in 


TONE,  BpLL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CI0US.  — €  as  K ;  G  aa  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


AID 


AIR 


some  p:\rl3  of  France ;  and  lln;  term  came  lo  signify 
alsu  a  bi-gging  of  NfW  Year's  Rifts.  Kncijc. 

A'GUL,  H.     A  species  of  tin;  Hedysarum. 

XI!,  [Gcr.  ach.]  An  exclamation,  cxpr.^ssive  of  sur- 
prisi',  pity,  complaint,  contempt,  dislike,  joy,  exul- 
talidii,  &c,,  accordiiiK  lo  tjie  manner  of  utterance. 

A-IIA'  i  an  exclamation  expreasing  liiumph,  con- 
tempt, or  simple  surprise;  but  the  senses  are  dis- 
lin-'iii>ltcd  bv  very  dilTcrent  modes  of  utterance, 
am?  diirrretit  inuditicalions  of  features. 

2.  A  sunk  fence,  not  visible  without  near  ap- 
proach ;  spi'll  more  connnonly,  hah-hnk.      Mason. 

A-HAN'l-t;Elt,  n      A  mnne  of  the  {lar-ti^h. 

A-IIKAI>',  (a-hcd',)  ade.     [a  and  htail^  or  at  head.] 

1.  FurlhiT  forward  than  another  thins  ;  in  front ; 
originally,  a  sea  term,  dinu)tinfi  further  forward  than 
aiMithcr  ship,  or  on  the  poiul  to  wliich  the  stem  is 
directed,  in  opposition  to  astern.  J\Iar>  Diet, 

2.  Onward  ;  forward  ;  toward  the  point  before  the 
Glcni  or  head  ;  as,  move  akend, 

3.  Headlong  ;  without  restraint  ;  precipitantly  ; 
as.  children  suffered  lo  run  ahead.     [ATwi  itsc/A] 

/,'  Estrange. 

A-HEir.nT',  (a-hite'O  a^lc.    [a  and  height.] 

MAX  ;  on  hiiih.     [JVi-(  mcd.]  S!iak. 

A-HK;!!',  adc.     On  hi«h.     [A*.;/  u-saL] 

A-UoLI)',  ado.  Near  the  wind;  as,  to  lay  a  ship 
ahvhU     [JVwt  ill  itfir.]  Slmk. 

A-HOL!'aI,  n.  The  trivial  name  of  a  species  of  Cer- 
bcra.  lis  fruit  is  a  plum  or  drupe,  the  kernels  of 
«iiich  are  very  poisonous. 

A-IIOV,  fxelam.    A  sea  term  used  in  hailing. 

AH'Rl-.MAN.     See  Ariman. 

AHULL',  alio.  With  the  sails  furled,  and  the  helm 
lashed  ;  applied  to  sliips  in  a  sinrm. 

Al,  II.     The  three-toed  slolh.     {Bradijpus.)     P.  Cyc. 

A[-AI'A,  n.  The  trivial  name  of  a  species  of  Flatal- 
ea  or  spoonbill ;  called  also  the  ro.ic.ale  spooiibdl. 

AI-€u'RUS,  H.  A  large  and  beautiful  species  of  par- 
rot, found  in  Brazil  ;  its  lu^ad  beautifully  variegated 
with  yellow,  red,  and  violet  colors;  its  body  green  ; 
the  tips  of  its  wings  red,  and  its  tail  long  and  yel- 
I.pw.  Diet-  of  J\t'at.  Hist. 

AlU,  V.  t.   [Fr.  aider,  to  help  ;  It.  aiularc,  which  seems 

to  be  contracted  from  L.  adjuto.   In  Ar.  ^Ji  or  4X-I 


lifies  to  assist  or  strengthen  ;  and  01  ayada, 


and 


»;i )  adawa,  lo  help.    In  Welsh,  ccd  is  a  benefit, 

and  the  word  was  used  to  denote  the  aids  of  feudal 
tenants.] 

To  help  ;  to  assist ;  to  support,  either  by  furnish- 
ing strengtii  or  means  to  etlect  a  purpose,  or  to  pre- 
vent or  remove  evil. 
5ID,  T(.     Help  ;  succor  ;  support ;  assistance.    Watt3. 

2.  The  person  who  aids  or  yields  support;  a  help- 
er ;  an  auxdiary  ;  also,  the  thing  that  aids  or  yields 
succor. 

3.  In  English  law,  a  subsidy  or  tax  granted  by 
parliament,  and  making  a  part  of  the  king's  reve- 
nue. 

In  France,  aids  are  equivalent  to  customs  or  du- 
ties on  certain  consumable  commodities,  particular- 
ly wines  and  liquors  ;  nearly  equivalent  to  the  Eng- 
lish excise. 

4.  In  England,  a  tax  paid  by  a  tenant  to  his  lord  ; 
originally,  a  nuTe  gift,  which  afterward  became  a 
right  demandable  by  the  lord.  The  aids  of  this 
kind  were  chieily  three.  1.  To  ransom  the  lord 
\s'hen  a  pristpner.  2.  To  make  the  lord's  eldest  son 
a  knight.    3.  To  marry  the  lord's  eldest  daughter. 

BSackstone. 

5.  An  aiddecamp,  so  called  by  abbreviation. 

6.  To  pray  in  aid,  in  law,  is  to  call  in  a  person  in- 
terested in  a  title,  to  assist  in  defending  it.  Thus 
a  tenant  for  life  may  pray  in  aid  of  him  in  remain- 
der or  reversion  ;  that  is,  he  may  pray  or  petition 
that  he  may  be  joined  in  the  suit  looKi  or  help  main- 
tain the  title.  This  act  or  petition  is  called  aid- 
jtraiier.  Cinoel.     Blackstone. 

Court  of  aids,  in  France,  is  a  court  which  has  cog- 
nizance of  causes  respecting  duties  or  customs. 

Encyc. 
AlD'ANCE,  71.    Aid;  help;  assistance.    [Little  used.] 

Shak. 
AlD'ANT,  a.    Helping ;  helpful ;  supplying  aid.    [JVot 

AlD'DE-eAMP,  (aid'de-kong,)  n.     [Fr.J 

In  military  affairs,  an  oflicer  whose  duty  is  lo  re- 
ceive and  cnmiiiimicatt'  the  orders  of  a  general  oih- 
cer.  It  is  desiralile  th;ii  tliis  word  should  be  natu- 
ralized, and  no  Imii^iT  jironnunced  aid' dc-kong. 

AlD'ED,  pp.    Assisted;  supported;  furnished  with 
succor. 

AID'ER,  n.    One  who  helps;  an  assistant,  or  auxil- 

AlD'lNG,  ppr.  Helping;  assisting,  [iary. 

AlD'LE^?S,  n.     Helpless  ;  without  aid  ;  unsupported  ; 
undefended.  Skak. 


AI'(;RETj  aI'GRETTE,  «.  a  tuft,  as  of  feathers, 
diamonds,  &c. 

2.  In  zoolo'Tij,  a  name  of  ihe  small  white  heron. 
[See  EtjRET.]  Diet  of  J^at.  Hi^L 

3.  In  biitany.     See  Eoret. 

AI'GU-LET,  lu     [Fr.    Usually  contracted  into  Ai- 
glet.] 
A  point  or  tag,  as  at  the  ends  of  fringes. 

AIK'RAVV,n.  A  popular  name  of  a  species  of  lichen, 
or  moss.  Fam.  of  Plants. 

AIL,  V.  t.  [Sax.  egUan,  lo  be  troubled,  lo  be  irksome  ; 
egle,  trouble,  grief.  In  the  Saxon,  it  is  impersonal.] 
To  trouble  ;  to  affect  with  uneasiness,  either  id" 
body  or  mind  ;  used  to  express  some  uneasiness  or 
affection,  whose  cause  is  unknown  ;  as,  what  ads 
the  man  .''    I  know  not  what  ads  him. 

Wliat  aileOi  tlice,  Ikgar  ?  — Gun.  ixi. 

It  is  never  used  to  express  a  specific  disease.  We 
never  say,  he  ails  a  pleurisy  ;  but  it  is  usual  lo  say, 
he  diissomelhing  ;  hit  aiU:  nothing  ;  nothing  ai/^- iiim. 

AIL,  n.     Indisposition,  or  niorliid  affection. 

AIL'ING,  ppr.  Diseased;  indisposed  ;  full  of  com- 
plaints. 

AlL'iMENT,  n.  Disease;  indisposition;  morbid  af- 
fection of  the  body ;  but  the  word  is  not  applied  or- 
dinarily to  acute  diseases. 

AIM,  V.  i.  [Uii.  Ir.  oighain,  to  cyc.  Skinner  refers 
this  word  to  the  old  Fr.  esmcr.  If  tiiis  was  the  or- 
thography, I  know  not  its  affinities.] 

To  point  at,  with  a  missive  Weapon  ;  to  durect  the 
intention  or  purpose  ;  to  attempt  lo  reach,  or  accom- 
plish ;  to  tend  toward  ;  to  endeavor  ;  followed  by 
at  before  the  object ;  as,  a  man  aims  at  distinction  ; 
or  aims  lo  be  rich. 
2.  To  guess  or  conjecture.     [0&*\]  Shak. 

AIM,  i\  t.  To  direct  or  point,  as  a  weapon  ;  to  direct 
to  a  particular  object ;  as,  lo  aim  a  musket  or  an  ar- 
row, the  fist  or  a  blow  ;  to  aim  a  satire  or  a  reflec- 
tion al  some  person  or  vice. 

AI.>I,  71.  The  pointing  or  direction  of  a  missile  weap- 
on ;  the  direction  of  any  thing  lo  a  particular  point 
or  object,  with  a  view  lo  strike  or  affect  it ;  as  of  a 
spear,  a  blow,  a  discourse,  or  remark. 

2.  The  point  intended  to  be  hit,  or  object  intend- 
ed to  be  alTected  ;  as,  a  man  missed  his  aim. 

3.  Figuratively,  a  purpose;  intention;  design; 
scheme ;  as,  men  are  often  disappointed  of  their 
aim. 

4.  Conjecture ;  guess. 

Il  is  impossible,  by  aim,  lo  U-ll  it.     [Nol  used.] 

S/ictiser  on  Irdand. 

AlWET),  pp.  Pointed  J  du-ected  ;  ijilended  to  strike 
or  affect. 

AIM'ER,  H.     One  that  aims. 

AIM'hVG,  ppr.  Pointing  a  weapon  at  an  object;  di- 
recting any  tiling  to  an  object;  intending;  purpos- 
ing. 

AIM'LESS,  a.    Without  aim. 

AIM'LESS-LY,  adv.     Wiliiuut  aim. 

AIR,  7(.  [Fr.  air ;  L.  acr ;  Gr.  ar/o  ;  It.  aria  ;  Sp.  aijrr  ,• 
Port,  ari  Arm.  ear^  eer;  Ir.  acr  ;  W,  awyr ;  Ch.viN, 

aur;  Syr.  5(j,  aar ;  Eth.  A^^A  j  Ar.     Lj],  aiyar. 

This  word,  in  the  Shemitic  languages,  falls  under 
the  root  niN  Heb.  and  Ch.,  lo  shine.  The  radical 
sense  is  lo  open,  expand ;  whence  clear ;  or  lo  flow, 
to  shoot,  lo  ladiale.] 

1.  The  fluid  which  we  breathe.  Air  is  inodor- 
ous, invisible,  insipid,  colorless,  elastic,  possei^sed 
of  gravity,  and  easily  moved,  rarefied,  and  con- 
densed. 

.Atmospheric  air  is  composed  by  volume  of  20  or 
21  OX)  gen,  and  80  or  79  nitrogen  ;  by  weight,  of  8 
oxygen  to  28  nitrogen. 

The  body  of  air  surrounding  the  earth  is  called 
the  atmosphere.  The  specific  gravity  of  air  is  to  that 
of  water  nearly  as  1  to  828.  Air  is  necessary  lo 
life;  being  inhaled  into  the  lungs,  the  oxygenous 
part  is  separated  from  the  azotic,  and  is  supposed  lo 
furnish  the  body  with  heal  and  animation.  Air  is 
also  the  medium  of  sounds,  and,  under  ordinary 
circumstances,  is  necessary  to  combustion. 

2.  An  aeriform  body  ;  a  gas  ;  as,  ox)  gen  is  called 
vital  air. 

3.  Air  in  motion  ;  a  light  breeze. 

Let  vemiil  airs  tlirou^h  ireniUing  osiers  p1.\v.  Pope. 

4.  Vent;  utterance  abroad  ;  publication;  publici- 
ty ;  as,  a  story  has  taken  air. 

You  g'^tfc  it  air  before  mc.  Dryden. 

Wind  is  used  in  like  manner. 

5.  A  tune  ;  a  short  song  or  piece  of  music  adapted 
to  words  ;  also,  the  peculiar  modulation  of  the  notes, 
which  gives  music  its  character  ;  a.s,  a  soft  air  A 
song  or  piece  of  poetr>-  for  singing;  also,  the  lead- 
ing part  of  a  tune,  or  ihal  which  is  intended  lo  ex:- 
hibit  the  greatest  variety  of  melody. 

6.  The  peculiar  look,  app;.arance,  manner  or  mien 
of  a  person  ;  as,  a  heavy  air  ;  the  air  of  a  youth  ;  a 
graceful  air ;  a  lofty  air.  It  is  applied  to  manners 
or  gestures,  as  wt-ll  as  lo  features. 


AIR 

7.  Jiirs,  in  the  plural,  is  used  to  denote  an  affect- 
ed manner,  show  of  pride,  haughtiness  ;  as  when 
it  is  said  of  a  person,  he  puts  on  airs.  The  word  ia 
usird,  also,  to  express  the  artificial  motions  or  car- 
riage of  a  horse. 

8.  In  painting,  that  which  expresses  the  life  of  ac- 
tion ;  manner;  gesture;  attitude. 

0.  Any  thing  light  or  uncertain  ;  that  ia  light  as 
air. 

Wlio  buUtia  his  hopL-  in  air  of  your  fiiir  loolta.     [Ciu.  Obs.] 

10.  Advice;  intelligence;  information.    [Oij.-.] 

[Bacon.'] 

IL  Different  stales  of  air  are  characterized  by  dif- 
ferent epithets;  as,  good  air,  foul  air,  morning  air, 
evening  air;  and  sometimes  airs  may  have  been 
used  for  ill  scent  or  vapor,  but  the  use  is  not  legiti- 
mate. 

To  take  tJie  air^  is  to  go  abroad  ;  to  walk  or  ride  a 
little  distance. 

To  take  air,  is  to  be  divulged ;  to  be  made  public. 
AIR,  vt  t.  To  expose  lo  the  air;  to  give  access  to  the 
open  air;  to  ventilate;  as,  to  air  clothes ;  lu  uir  a 
room. 

2.  To  expose  to  heat ;  to  warm  ;  as,  lo  air  liquors. 

3.  To  dry  by  a  fire ;  tc  e.\pLl  dampness ;  as,  lo  air 
linen. 

AIR' A,  n.    Hair-grass,  a  genus  of  plants. 
AlK'-BAL-LOON'.     See  Balloon. 

AlR-BAL-LOON'IST,  n.  One  who  makes  or  uses 
air-balloons.  Kirbii. 

AIR'-IJL.-\D-DER,  n.  A  vcs'cle  or  cuticle  filled  with 
air,  as  the  cells  df  the  lungs.  Mrhnthnot. 

a.  The  bladder  of  a  fish,  containing  air,  by  which 
il  is  enabled  to  maintain  its  equilibrium  in  the  wa- 
ter. 

AIR'-BORN,  a.     Boni  of  the  air.  Congreve. 

AlR'-HoRNE,  a.    Borne  in  or  by  the  air. 

AIR'-BRaV-ING,  a.     Braving  the  winds.         Shak. 

AIR'-BUILT,  (-bill,)  a.  Erected  in  the  air ;  having  no 
solid  foundation  ;  chimerical ;  as,  an  air-built  castle  ; 
air-budt  hopes. 

AIIl'-CELLS,  71.  pi.  Cavities  or  cells  containing  air. 
In  plant-,;  certain  cavities  in  the  cellular  tissue,  by 
which  they  are  rendered  buojant  in  water ;  in  birds, 
the  same  as  the  air-sacs ;  in  insects,  dilatations  of 
the  air-veysels. 

aIR'-DRAWN,  a.  Drawn  in  air  ;  imaginary.  Shak. 

AIR'£D,  "pp.  Exposed  to  air  ;  cleansed  by  air ;  heal 
ed  or  dried  by  exposure  to  a  fire  ;  ventilated. 

AIR'ER,  n.     One  who  exposes  to  the  air. 
9.  A  frame  on  which  clothes  are  aired. 

AIR'-GUN,  71.  A  pneujnatic  engine,  resembling  a 
nuisket.  to  discharge  bullets  by  means  of  the  ehistic 
force  of  compressed  air.  Encyc. 

AlR'-iioLD-ER,  H.  [air  and  hold.] 

An  instrumeni  for  holding  air,  for  the  purpose  of 
counteracting  the  pressure  of  a  decreasing  column 
of  mercurj'.  Clayjield.     Davy, 

AlR'-HoLE,  n.    An  opening  lo  admit  or  discharge  air. 

aIR'I-LY,  adv.     In  an  airy  manner. 

AIR'I-NESS,  n.  Exposure  lo  a  free  cuiTenl  of  air ; 
openness  lo  the  air;  as,  the  flirwic^s  of  a  country- 
seal. 

2.  Gayety  ;  levity ;  as,  the  airiness  of  young  per- 
sons. 

AIR'ING,  ppr.  Exposing  to  the  air  ;  warming  ;  drj'- 
itig. 

AIR'ING,  71.  An  exposure  to  the  air,  or  to  a  fire,  for 
warnnng  or  drjing  ;  also,  a  walk  or  ride  in  the  open 
air ;  a  short  excursion.  The  exercise  of  horses  in 
the  open  air. 

AIR'-J  ACK-ET,  71.  A  jacket  having  air-tight  cells  or 
cavities  which  can  be  filled  with  air,  lo  render  per- 
sons buoyant  in  swiimuing.  Encyc. 

AIR'LESS,  a.  Not  open  to  a  free  current  of  air; 
wanting  fresh  air,  or  communication  with  open  air. 

aIR'LING,  jj.     a  Ihotighlless,  gay  person.    Jonson. 

AlR'-PIPE,  7u  A  pipe  used  lo  draw  foul  air  from  a 
shi[>'s  hold,  by  means  of  a  communication  with  the 
furnace,  and  the  rarefaction  of  the  air  by  fire.  This 
pijie  is  intended  to  supply  the  combustion  wiih  tlie 
air  of  the  hold,  by  preventing  the  access  of  oilier  air 
to  the  fire.  Encyc. 

AIR'-PLANT,  71.  A  name  given  to  certain  plants, 
which  will  glow  fora  long  time,  without  being  root- 
ed in  earth,  or  in  any  other  substance.  They  have 
been  supposed  lo  derive  their  noiu-ishmenl  wholly 
from  the  air  ;  but,  in  many  cases,  il  comes  from  oili- 
er plants,  or  from  vegetable  matter,  with  «  hich  tliey 
are  in  contact.  Brande. 

AIR'-POISE,  7i.  [air  and  poise.] 

An  instrument  to  measure  the  weight  of  the  air. 

AIR'-PUMP,  n.  A  machine  for  exhausting  the  air  of 
a  vessel.  The  machines  for  this  purpose  are  of  dif- 
ferent constructions. 

AIR'-SAGS,  71.  pi.  Air-bags,  in  birds,  which  are  cer- 
tain receptacles  of  air,or  vesicles  lodged  in  the  fleshy 
parts,  in  the  hollow  bones,  and  in  the  abdomen, 
which  all  communicate  with  the  lung^.  These  are 
su[)posed  to  render  the  boily  specifically  lighter,  and 
to  supply  the  place  of  a  muscular  diapliragm. 

Encyc. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MeTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.- 
3U 


ALA 

AIR'-SHAFT,  V.  A  passaije  for  air  into  a  mine,  usu- 
rH>  opened  in  a  iifrjieniliciilar  direction,  and  meet- 
ing the  adits  or  hori/,oiil;i!  passages,  to  cause  a  free 
circulation  of  fresh  air  through  the  mine.     Enajc 

A1R-S1.ACK'Z!:L),  (-slakf,)  a.  Slacked  or  pulverized 
by  e.xixisure  t  >  the  air  ;  as,  airslucked  lime. 

AlR'-STUl-RlNG,  (-stur-ring,)  a.  Putting  the  air  in 
motion.  A^air- 

AIR'-THREAD,  n.  A  name  given  to  the  spider's 
wehs,  whirh  are  often  seen  floating  in  the  air,  and 
serve  to  support  the  spider  when  in  quest  of  prey. 

Enciic. 

AlR'-THREAT'EN-I\G,  (-threl'ning,)  a.  Threat- 
ening the  air;  lofty.  Ttidd. 

AlR'-TIGHT,  (-titej)  a.     [air  and  ti^ht,] 

So  tight  or  compact  as  to  be  imiK-rmeable  to  air. 

aFR'-TRAP,  h.  a  contrivance  for  tiie  escape  of  foul 
air  from  drains,  sewers,  &c. 

aIR'-VES-SEL,  It.  In  plants^  a  spiral  duct  contain- 
ing air,  and  supposed  to  be  analogous  to  the  lungs 
ill  animals.  Euctjc. 

2.  In  insects!,  a  tube  or  trachea,  by  whicii  air  is 
conveyed  tlirough  the  body,  for  the  purpose  of  res- 
pinition. 

aIR'Y,  a.    Consisting  of  air;  as,  an  airy  substance. 

2.  Relating  or  belonging  to  air  j  high  in  air;  as, 
an  airij  tlight ;  airy  tegion. 

3.  Open  to  a  free  current  of  an: ;  as,  an  airy  situ- 
ation. 

4.  Light  as  air  ;  resembling  air  ;  thin  ;  niiKubstan- 
tial ;  without  sohdity  ;  as,  airy  ghosts.  An  airy 
dress  is  one  which  admits  air,  and  is  cool. 

5.  Without  reality  ;  having  no  solid  foundation  ; 
vain  ;  trifling ;  as,  an  airy  sclienie  ;  airy  notions. 

6.  Gay;  sprightly;  full  of  vivacity  and  levity; 
light  of  heart  ;  lively  ;  as,  an  airy  girl. 

AlR'Y,  or  A'E-RIE,  ji.     [See  Aerte.} 

Amons  sfwrlsmen,  the  nest  of  the  hawk  or  eagle. 

AIR'Y-FLY-IiN'G,  a.     Flying  like  air.  Thomson. 

AISLE,  or  ATLE,  (ile,)  n.     [Fr.  ade,  a  wing  ;  L.  ah..] 
1.  In  architecture,  a  term  applied  to  lire  side  por- 
tions of  a  church,  in  distinction  from  the  central 
portion  or  nave.  P.  Cyc. 

_  9.  A  walk  or  passage  in  a  church. 

AISL'£0,  (i'ld,)  a.  Furnished  with  aisles.     Byron. 

aIT,  n.     An  isiet,  or  little  ii^le,  in  a  river  or  lake. 

AI-ZOON',  n.  [Sax.  aizon^  from  L.  aizoon.  It  seeni< 
to  be  composed  of  Gr.  aii,  always.  Sax.  oa,  Eng. 
aye,  and  i^i^-i^'y  living.] 

A  genus  of  plants,  called  by  IMiller  Scmpervivr. 
The  name  has,  by  some  writers,  been  applied  to  the 
house-leek  and  to  the  aloes.  Encyc. 

A-JAR',  adv.     Partly  open  ;  as  a  door. 

A-Ja'VA,  7(.  The  seed  of  a  plant  brought  from  Mal- 
abar, said  to  be  an  excellent  caniiinaiive,  and  very 
useful  in  the  cohc.  Qiniicy. 

A-JtJ'GA,  71.     Bugle  ;  a  genus  of  plants.         Encifc. 

AJ'U-TACE,  or  AD'JU-TAGE,  n.  [Fr.from  ajJutcr, 
to  join.] 

A  tiilie  fitted  to  the  mouth  of  a  vessel,  througli 
which  tJie  water  of  a  fountain  is  to  be  played- 

A-KL\',  a.     [a,  or  vf,  and  Kin.     Sec  Kis.] 

1.  Related  by  blood,  used  of  persons  ;  as,  the  two 
families  are  near  akin. 

2.  Allied  by  nature  ;  partaking  of  the  same  proi>- 
ertics  ;  as,  env>'  and  jealousy  are  near  aJiin.  \  Thus 
Ofljcctice  is  u^rd  only  after  Vie  nuuu.] 

AL  ;  in  Arabic,  an  a(ljoclive  or  inseparable  prefix,  an- 
swering to  the  Italian  it,  and  the  S|).  cl  and  la.  Its 
use  is  to  render  nouns  dertnite,like  the  English  the  ; 
SiSyalkoran,  the  koran,or  the  book,  by  eminence  ;  al- 
cove, alchemy,  alembic,  almanac,  &.c. 
AL,  in  Englisii,  is  sometimes  a  contraction  of  the  Sax. 
a:tlicl,  noble  or  illustrious. 

More  generally,  al,  in  composition,  is  a  contraction 
of  aid  or  cU,  old,  and  it  is  prefixed  to  many  naincs, 
as  ^Iburg.    Sax.  eaid ;  Germ,  alt,  old. 

Jil,  in  the  composition  of  Latin  words,  is  written 
before  /  for  ad,  for  the  ease  of  pronunciation  j  as  in 
altrrn,  alliuJo,  for  ad  levo,  ad  ludo. 
AL'A-IiAS-TER,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  nXaSarpov  ;  sup- 
posed to  be  from  <i,  privative,  and  Xnji/S.ti'o},  to  take 
or  hold,  and  to  be  so  named  from  its  smoothness,  or 
from  vessels  having  no  handles.     Qit.] 

A  cumpatt  variety  of  sulphate  of  lime,  or  g>"psum, 
of  fine  texture,  and  usu;illy  white  and  seTiii-pcIlu- 
cid,  but  sometimes  yellow,  red,  or  gray.  It  is  carved 
into  vases,  mantel  ornaments,  &c.  The  name  is 
occasi(nially  applied  incorrectly  to  a  compact  variety 
of  carbonate  of  lime.  Dana. 

Among  antiquaries  and  artisU,  tlie  name  aUibasttr 
is  given  to  varieties  both  of  carbonate  of  linie  and 
gypsum  ;  the  alabaster  vessels  of  the  ancients  hav- 
ing been  formed  of  both  those  substances. 

P.  Cyc. 

A  sub-variety  of  carbonate  of  lime,  found  in  large 
masses,  formed  by  the  deposition  of  calcareous  par- 
ticles in  caverns  of  limesitmc  rocks.  These  concre- 
tions have  a  foliated,  fibrous,  or  granular  structure, 
and  are  of  a  pure  white  color,  or  more  generally  they 
presjcnl  shades  of  yellow,  red,  or  brown,  in  undula- 
ting or  concentric  strini>s,  or  in  spot:;.    Clfavdand. 

Aiiiuiig  the  artcie7it^,  alabaster  was  also  the  name 


ALA 

of  a  vessel  in  which  odoriferous  liquors  were  kept ; 
so  called  from  the  st(me  of  which  it  was  made.  Al- 
so, the  name  of  a  measure,  containing  ten  ounces 
of  wine,  or  nine  of  oil.     Ertcyr.   Jllacfjuer.    Plinv. 

AL'A-BAS-TER,  a.  Made  of  alabaster,  or  resembling 
it.  Jiddion. 

Jilabastrum  dendroide;  a  kind  of  laminated  alabas- 
ter, variegated  with  figures  of  shrubs  and  trees, 
found  in  the  province  of  Hohenstein.        Encyc. 

AL-A-B.\S''ritI-AN,u.    Pertaining  to  or  like  alabaster. 

AL-A-BAS'TRTTE,  h.  A  vase,  box,  or  other  vessel 
of  alabiister.  used  by  tlie  Greeks  and  Uomans  for 
holding  perfumes.  Elnies. 

A-LACK',  exclam.   [Per.  t^XL^  halalia,  pcrditioUj  de- 
struction, and  alalsadan,  to  perish.] 
An  exclamation  expressive  of  sorrow. 

A-I-iACK'A-DAY  ;  an  exclamation  uttered  to  express 
regret  or  sorrow. 

A-LAt-'RI-OUS,  a.     Cheerful. 

A-LAC'RI-OUS-LY,  adv.    With  alacrity  ;  cheerfully. 

A-LAG'RI-OUS-NESS,  n.     Briskness.     [J^ot  used.) 

A-LACRI-TY,  71.  [L.  alacritas,  from  alaccr,  alacris.'\ 
Cheerfulness;  gayety ;  sprighlliness  ;  more  usually, 
a  clieerful  readiness  or  promptitude  to  do  some  act ; 
cheerful  willingness  ;  as,  the  soldiers  advanced  with 
alacritii  to  meet  the  enemy. 

A-LAD'iN-ISTS,  n.  pi.  Free  thinkers  among  the  Mo- 
hammedans. Encyc. 

AL'A-LTTE,  n.  A  bright  green  variety  of  pyroxene, 
in  prisms  ;  obtained  first  near  the  village  of  Ala,  in 
Piedmont.  Cle^veland. 

X-LA-MI'RE,  (a-U-me'ra,)  n.  The  lowest  note  but 
one  in  Guido  Aretine's  scali?  of  nmsic.      Johnson. 

AL-A-MoOE',o^/('.  [Fr.  d  la  Tno(/p,  after  the  fashion.] 
According  to  the  ftishion  or  prevailing  mode. 

miith'ck. 

AL-A-MoDE',  71.  A  thin  glossy  black  silk  for  hoods, 
scarfs,  &c. 

X-LA-MORT',  a.  [Fr.  d  la  morU]  Depressed  ;  mel- 
ancholy. 

A-LAND',  adv.     At  or  on  land.  Sidney. 

A-LAN'TIN,  n.  An  amylaceous  or  starchy  sub- 
stance extracted  from  the  root  of  the  Angelica  arch- 

_  anetlica  ;  identical  with  Inulin. 

a'LAR,  a.    [L.  ala,  a  wing.]    Pertaining  to,  or  having 

AL'A-RY,  a.     Of  the  nature  of  wings.  [wings. 

A-LaRM',  n.  [Dan.  larni,  noise,  bustle,  alarm: 
larme.,  to  make  a  noise  or  bustle,  to  alarm;  G.  larm, 
larmen,  ill.  ;  Sw.  larm,  lai^na,  id.  ;  Fr.  alarme^  alar- 
jner ;  Sp.  alanna,  alarmar  ;  It.  allarme,  allarmare  ; 
\V.  alarm,  a  great  shout,  compounded  of  al,  very, 
nu)st,  and  garm,  an  outcry.  The  Welsh  gives  the 
true  origin  and  primary  signification.] 

1.  Any  sound,  outcry,  or  information,  intended  to 
give  notice  of  approaching  danger;  as,  to  sound  an 

alarm. 

2.  A  summons  to  anns.  Dnjden. 

3.  Sudden  surprise  with  fear  or  terror ;  as,  the 
fire  of  the  enemy  excited  an  alarm. 

4.  Terror ;  a  sensation  excited  by  an  apprehen- 
sion of  danger,  from  whatever  cause  ;  as,  we  felt  an 
alarm  at  the  cry  of  fire. 

5.  A  mechanical  contrivance  for  awaking  persons 
from  sleep,  or  rousing  ilnu  attention. 

(5.  In  fencing,  an  ap[ie;il  or  tlrillenge.        Encyc. 
A-LXRM',  V.  t.     To  give  notice  of  danger;  to  muse 
to  vigilance,  and  exertions  for  safety. 

2.  To  call  to  arms  for  defense. 

3.  To  surprise  with  apprehension  of  danger;  to 
disturb  with  terror;  to  fill  with  anxiety  by  the  pros- 
pect of  evil. 

A-LARM'-BELL,  n.  A  bell  that  gives  notice  of 
danger. 

A-LaRM'-€LOCK,  n,  A  clock  which  can  be  so  set 
as  to  ring  loudly  at  a  particular  hour,  to  wake  from 
sleep,  or  excite  attention. 

A-LAKM' ED,  pp.  Notified  of  sudden  danger;  sur- 
prised with  fear  ;  roused  to  vigilance  or  activity  by 
ap[»rchension  of  ap[>roaching  danger;  solicitous  at 
the  prospect  or  expectation  of  evil.  Thus,  we  are 
alarmed  at  the  approach  of  danger,  or  alarmed  for 
the  safety  of  friends  at  sea. 

A-I.ARM'ING,  ppr.  Giving  notice  of  approaching 
danger;  rousing  to  vigilance  ;  exciting  solicitude  by 
a  prospect  oT  evil. 

A-LARM'ING,  a.  Exching  apprehension ;  terrify- 
ing; awakening  a  sense  of  danger  ;  sSjan  alarming 
message. 

A-LARM'ING-LV,  adv.  AVith  alarm;  in  a  manner 
to  excite  apprehension. 

A-L\RM'1ST,  71.     One  that  excites  alarm. 

A  I-ARM'-PoST,  71.  A  place  to  which  troops  are  to 
rtpnir  in  cases  of  an  alarm. 

A-LARM'-W/iTCH,  7U  A  watch  that  can  be  so  set 
as  to  strike  frequently  at  a  particular  hour,  to 
awaken  attention. 

A-LAR'UM,  for  Alarm,  is  a  corruption,  and  is  not  to 
be  used. 

A-LAS',  crclam.     [Dutch,  hclaas  :  Fr.  hcla.^.] 

An  exclamation  expressive  of  sorrow,  grief,  pity, 
concern,  or  apprehcnsi;in  of  evil;   sometimes  fol- 


ALB 

lowud  by  day  or  ichile ;  alas  the  <lay,  like  alack  a  day  ; 
or  alas  ike  while.  [Obj.]     Spcitser,  expressing  an  un- 
Imp|>v  time. 
A-LaTE',  atlo.    Lately.     [JVot  vaed.] 

A'La  ted   (  "•     t'^'  °'*^'  ^  ^^'"K  j  alatas,  winged.] 
In  natural  history,  winged  ;  bordered  by  a  mem- 
branous or  leafy  expansion.  Brandc. 

AL-A-TER'NUS,  71.  The  trivial  name  of  a  species 
of  Rhamnus  or  buckthorn. 

ALR,  71.     [L.  albus,  Gr.  «A;of,  white.] 

A  tunic  or  vestment  of  white  linen,  reaching  to 
th'-  f-et,  worn  by  the  Roman  Catholic  clerg>'.  Also, 
a  Turkish  roin,  calb-d  aNo  an  aspcr,  value  one  hun- 
dred and  twelve  mills. 

AL'BA-TROSS,  77.  An  aquatic  fowl^  belonging  to 
the  order  of  .\nseres.  The  bill  is  straight ;  the  upper 
mandible  crooked  at  the  point,  and  the  lower  one 
truncated  ;  the  nostrils  are  oval,  open,  and  but  little 
prominent,  and  placed  on  the  sides  ;  the  wings  are 
pennated,  and  there  are  three  webbed  toes  on  each 
foot.  The  upper  part  of  the  body  is  sometimes 
white,  but  usually  of  a  spotted  brown,  and  the  belly 
white.  It  is  of  the  size  of  a  p:'lican  or  larger,  very 
voracious,  preying  on  fish  and  small  water  fowls. 
These  fowls  are  seen  in  great  numbers  about  the 
capes  of  the  two  contiui-nts,  and  on  the  north 
eastern  shores  of  Asia.  They  are  sometimes  called 
the  srrral  gull.  Encyc. 

AIj-Bk'IT.  [This  is  supposed  to  be  a  compound  of 
all,  he,  and  if,  and  is  equivalent  to  admit,  or  grant 
it  all.] 

Be  it  so;  admit  all  that;  although;  notwith- 
standing. 

Wli'T^As  _ve  eay,  The  Lord  saith  it,  aWeii  1  have  iiwl  sjMken.  — 

E2.  xiii. 

[Thi-!  word  is  nearly  antiquated.'] 

AL-BES'CE\T,  a.     [L.  albe^co,  to  grow  while.] 

Becoming  white;  or  rather,  whitish;  motferate- 
ly  white.  Encyc. 

AL'BI-€oRE,  71.  [Port,  albacor;  ai  and  tacoro,  a  lit- 
tle pig.] 

A  marine  fish,  like  a  tunny,  noted  for  following 
ships. 

AL-BI-FI-Ca'TION,  71.    The  act  of  making  white. 

AL-BI-GEN'SeS,  AL-BI-GEOIS',  Ti.  pi.  A  party  of 
reformers,  who  separated  from  the  church  of  Rome 
in  the  12ih  century  ;  so  called  from  the  Albigeois,  a 
small  territory  in  France,  wiiere  they  resided.  They 
are  sometimes  confounded  with  the  Waldenses ;  but 
they  were  prior  to  them  in  time,  difiered  from  them 
in  some  of  their  tenets,  and  resided  in  a  different 
part  of  France.  The  Roman  Catholics  made  war 
upon  them,  and  they  gradually  dwindled,  till  the 
Reformation,  when  tlie  remains  of  them  fell  in  with 
the  followers  of  Zuingiius  and  the  Genevan  Protes- 
tants. Encyc. 

AL'BIN,  n.     [L.  albus,  white.] 

A  variety  of  apuphyllite,  of  an  opaque  white  color, 
from  Aussig,  in  Bohemia. 

AL'Bl-.MSM,  71.     The  state  or  condition  of  an  albino. 

AL,-BI'\0,  n.     [L.  albus,  while.] 

A  white  person  belonging  to  a  race  of  Macks. 
This  term  was  originally  applied,  by  the  Portuguese, 
to  the  white  negroes  on  tlie  coast  of  .Africa  ;  but  is 
now  applied  generally  to  denote  indi\nduals  of  any 
race  of  men,  characterized  by  a  preteniatural  wliiie- 
ness  of  the  skin  and  hair,  and  a  peculiar  redness  of 
the  iris  and  pupd  of  tlie  eye.  P.  Cyc 

AL-Bl'i\0-1SM,  71.    The  slate  of  an  albino. 

Partington. 

AL'BI-ON,  71.  .\n  ancient  name  of  England,  still 
used  in  poetry.  It  is  supposed  this  name  was  given 
to  it  on  account  of  its  white  cliJis. 

AL'BITE,  71.  A  species  of  mineral,  of  the  feldspar 
family,  of  a  white  color  ;  diflering  from  Uie  common 
feldspar  in  containing  soda  instead  of  potash.  It  is 
a  constituent  of  many  v;irieties  of  granitic  rocks. 

AL-Bo'R.A,  71.  A  sort  of  itch,  or  rather  leprosy,  ler- 
minating  without  ulceration,  but  with  fetid  evacua- 
tions in  the  mouth  and  nostrils.  Quiruy. 

AL-Bo'RAK,  n.  The  w'hite  mule  on  which  Mo- 
hanuned  is  said  to  have  joumey«d  from  the  temjile 
of  Jerusalem  to  heaven. 

AL-Bu-GIN'E-A,  71.     [L.]    The  partial  coat  of  the 
eye,  formed  by  tlie  expansion  of  the  tendons  of  its 
straight  muscles,  at  their  insertion  into  tlie  sclrrotica  ; 
around  tlie  cornea.    It  forms  tlie  white  of  tlie  cye^ 
so  c:illed. 

AL-Bu-GIN'E-OUS,  a.  [L.  albugo,  the  white  spot  in 
the  eye,  from  albus,  white.] 

PerUiining  to  or  resembling  the  white  of  the  eye, 
or  of  an  egg.  Encyc. 

Albugineous  humor :  the  aqueous  humor  of  llie  eye- 
Encyc.     (^uinctf. 

AL-EC'GO,  71.  The  white  speck  in  the  eye,  called 
the  pin  and  web,  and  also  the  flm,  katc,  dragon, 
pearl,  or  cicatrice.  It  is  a  disease  of  the  eye,  occa- 
sioned by  a  white  opaque  spot  growing  on  the  cornea 
and  obstructing  vision.  It  is  called  also  leuama, 
nchata,  pannus  oculi,  ontfZj  uttgtus,  kc- 


TONE,  BIJLL,  t;NITE.  — AN"GER,  Vr'CIOUS.  — C  as  K ;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

— - 


ALC 

AL'BUM.  >u     fL.  albu^,  whitf.J 

1.  Among  Uie  Romans^  a  white  table,  board,  or 
rcffister,  on  wJiicli  tin;  naiiK's  of  public  otlict^rs  and 
public  tiansaclJuiis  were  cnterL-d.  Lat,  Diet. 

2.  A  hiKik,  nri;:iriall>  blank,  in  which  foreicners 
or  t;trati;;irs  iiisi-ri  auto'n'aphs  of  tt-l(.bratetl  persons, 
or  in  which  friends  insert  pii-crs  as  memorials  for 
eacli  other.  Also,  a  book  al  public  places,  in  which 
visitors  enter  their  names. 

AL-BU'MEN,  7(.     [L.,  from  albus^  white.] 

1.  The  white  of  an  t'^f^. 

2.  A  substance,  which  forms  a  constituent  part  of 
botli  the  animal  tluids  and  solids,  and  which  exists 
nearly  pure  in  the  while  of  an  egg.  A  substance, 
possessing  the  same  or  similar  properties,  occurs  as 
a  proximate  principle  i?i  vegetables. 

;i.  In  botany^  a  substance   interposed  between  the 

embr>o  and  integument  of  the  seed,  in  some  plants. 

U  form:*  the  bulk  of  the  seed  in  com,  coiiee,  the 

i.(M-oa-nut,  and  llie  caras. 

AL-BO'MIN-OU:^,  a.     Pertaining  to,  or  having  the 

pro|H'rtics  of  albumen. 
AI/nCRN,  fl.     Auburn.  Eneijc 

AL-RiniiN'UM,  H.     [L.,  from  albtis,  white.] 

The  white  and  sorter  part  of  wood,  between  the 

inner  bark  and  the    hard  wood   or   duramen.     In 

America,  it  is  popularly  called  the  sap-icood.     This 

is  annually  acquiring  firmness,  and  tlms  becoming 

Al^GADE',  n.     See  Alcaid.  [hard  wuod. 

AL'CA-HEST,  in.     [Ar.]      A    pretended   universal 

AL'KA-HEST,  i     solvent,  or  mensti num.   [See  Al- 

KAHE3tJ 

AL-CA'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  Alcreus,  a  lyric  poet  of 
Milylene,  in  Lesbos,  who  flourished  about  the 
forty-fourth  Olympiad  ;  or  to  other  poets  of  the 
same  name,  of  which  three  are  mentioned ;  one 
an  .Athenian  tragic  poet,  and  another  a  Messenian. 

AL-€A'ieS,  n.  pi.  Several  kinds  of  verse,  so  called 
from  Ak-ams,  their  inventor.  One  kind  consists  of 
five  feet,  a  spondee  or  iambic,  an  iambic,  a  long 
syllable,  and  two  dactyls.  Eucijc. 

AL-eAID',  71.     [Sp.  akaijile;  Port,  alcaide;  Ar.  iXjLs 

kiiiilon,  with  the  prefix  aJ,  from  ^Ls  kada,  to  lead, 

rule,  govern.     Hence  the  Cadi  of  the  Turks.] 

Among  Vie  Moors^  Spaniarils^  and  Portui^nesey  a 
governor.  In  Portajral^  the  chief  civil  magistrate 
of  a  town  or  city  ;  also,  the  jurisdiction  of  certain 
judg<'s  of  appeal.  In  Spaiity  the  governor  of  a  cas- 
tle or  fort ;  also,  a  jailer.  Span,  and  Port.  Diet, 

AL-CAL'DE,  n.  [Sp.]  In  Spain,  a  magistrate  or 
judge.  This  word  h.as  been  sometimes  improperly 
confounded  witli  alcaid.  P.  Cyc. 

AL-CA-LIM'E-TEU,  n.     See  Alsalimeter. 

AIj-CAN'NA,  v.  [Arabic]  A  plant,  a  species  of 
Lawsonia  ;  and  a  powder,  prepared  from  its  leaves, 
used  by  the  Turkish  females  to  give  a  golden  color 
to  the  nails  and  hair.  Infused  in  water,  it  forms  a 
yellow  color ;  with  vinegar,  it  forms  a  red.  In 
Cairo,  it  forms  an  article  of  commerce.  From  the 
berries  is  extracted  an  oil,  used  in  medicine.  The 
same  as  Henna.  Encyc,     Theopfira^t. 

AI-^GA-VA'LA,  n.  In  Spain,  a  tax  on  every  trans- 
fer of  properly,  real  or  personal.  Encijc. 

AL-Cic'DO,  n.     [L.] 

The  king-fisher;  a  genus  of  birds,  of  the  order  of 
Pica;.  The  species  are  numerous.  They  u.sually 
live  about  rivers,  feeding  on  fish,  which  they  take 
by  darting  into  the  water  with  suri)rising  v^;locity. 
[See  Halcyon.] 

AL-CHEM'ie,         )  a.    Relr.ting  to  alchemy,  or  pro- 

AL-eHEM'ie-AL,  i      ii  ted  by  it. 

AL-GHEM'ie-AL-LV,  Mte  In  the  manner  of  al- 
chemy. 

AL'CilE-MIST,  n.    One  who  practices  alchemy. 

AI^GHE-MIST'ie,  I  a.     Practicing  alchemy,  or 

AL-€HE-iMIST'ie-AL,  (      relating  to  it. 

AL'€I1E-MY,  n,       [It.   alchimia;    Ar.   ai,   the,   and 

La^aI^^  kimia,  secret,  hidden,  or  the  occult  art. 


from 


ALD 

consisted  of  six  anapcsLs  or  llieir  equivalents, 
wauling  the  two  last  syllables.  Encyc 

AL'€0,  ?(.  A  quadruped  of  America,  nearly  resem- 
bling a  dog,  but  nnite  and  melanchc}|y ;  and  this 
circumstance  seems  to  have  given  rise  to  the  fa- 
ble that  dogs  transiMirtcd  to  America  become  mute. 
Tile  animal  was  used  for  food  by  tlie  native  Ameri- 
cans, and  the  first  Spanish  settlers  ;  but  it  is  said  to 
be  now  extinct.  It  is  known  also  by  the  name  of 
Techichu  Clavigero. 

AL'eO-nOL,  n.      [Ar.  yzs\^D  kaJiala;  Heb.  Syr. 

and  Eth.  Sn^,  to  paint  with  a  preparation  of 
puwiler  of  antimony.  The  Oriental  females  still 
practice  the  painting  of  the  eyebrows  with  this 
material.  Thename  was  applied  to  this  substance, 
and  allerward  to  other  fine  powders,  and  to  hii;h- 
ly  rectified  spirits.] 

Pure  or  liighly  rectified  spirit,  obtained  from  fer- 
mented liquors  by  distillati(.n.  it  consists  of  hy- 
drogen, carbon,  and  oxygen.  It  is  extremely  light 
and  inrtamniable,  and  a  powerful  stimulant  and  anti- 
septic. This  is  the  usual  sense  of  the  wortl ;  but 
originally,  in  Arabic,  it  signifit-d  a  fine,  impalpable 
powder,  in  which  sense  it  is  still  used.         Encyc. 

AL'eO-IIOL-ATE,  7*.  A  salt  in  which  alcohol  ajv 
pears  to  take  the  place  of  the  water  of  crystalliza- 
tion. Brandt. 

AL-€0-HOL'IC,  a.  Pertaining  to  alcohol,  or  partak- 
ing of  its  qualities.  Med.  Rep. 

AL-€O-HOL-I-Z.\'TI0N,  n.  The  act  of  rectifying 
spirit  till  it  is  wholly  dephlegmateil ;  or  of  reducing 
a  substance  to  an  impalpable  powder. 

AL'GO-HOL-IZE,  V.  t.  To  convert  into  alcohol ;  to 
rt;ctify  spirit  till  it  is  wholly  dvphlegmated ;  also, 
to  reduce  a  substance  to  an  impalpable  powder. 

AL-GO-HOL'ME-TER,  n.  An  instrument  for  deter- 
mining the  strength  of  spirits,  with  a  scale  gradu- 
ated so  as  to  indicate  the  per-centage  of  pure  al- 
cohol, either  bv  weight  or  volume.  [/re. 

AL-€0-llOL-MET'Rie-AL,  a.  Relating  to  the  al- 
coholnieter  ;  as,  alcohohnetrical  tables.  Ure. 

AI^eO-MET'Rie-AL,  a.  Relating  to  the  alcoonuter ; 
as,  alcomelrical  tables.  Urc. 

AL-eO-O.M'E-TER,  n.  [Fx.  alcoomctrc]  An  instru- 
ment contrived  by  Gay-Lussac,  for  determining  the 
strength  of  spirits,  by  indicating  the  per-centage  of 
pure  alcohol  by  vtdume.  Ure. 

AL'COR,  71.  [Ar.]  A  small  star  adjoining  to  the 
large  bright  one  in  the  middle  of  the  tail  of  Ursa 
Major.  Encyc. 

AL'€'0-RAN,     See  Koran  and  Alkoran. 

\I   {^'oVE'    (  ^"     ^^^'  °-^'^°^^i  composed  of  al,  with 


^*^^  kaniai^  to  hide.   This  word,  according 

to  its  derivation,  would  more  properly  be  spelled 
alchimy.     See  Chemistry.] 

1.  The  more  sublime  and  ditTicult  parts  of  chem- 
istry, and  chiefly  sucli  as  relate  to  the  transmuta- 
tion of  metals  into  gold,  the  finding  a  universal 
remedy  for  diseases,  and  an  alkahest,  or  universal 
s<ilvent,and  other  things  now  treated  as  ridiculous. 
This  pretended  science  was  nmch  cultivated  from 
the  thirteenth  to  the  seventeenth  centurj",  but  is 
now  held  m  contempt. 

2.  Formerly,  a  mixed  metal  used  for  utensils. 
AI-.€-Ma'NI-AX,  a.     Pertaining  to  Alcman,  a  lyric 

pt^et  of  the  twenty-seventh  Olympiad,  celel)rated 
fur    his    amorous    verses.     The   Alcnianian    verse 


the  Ar. 


hahha.  to  arch,  to  construct  with  an 


arch,  and  its  derivatives,  an  arch,  a  round  house  ; 
Eng.  cubby."] 

1  A  recess,  or  part  of  a  room,  separated  by  an 
estrade,  or  partition  of  columns,  or  by  other  corre- 
sponding ornaments  ;  in  which  is  placed  a  bed  of 
slate,  and  sometimes  seats  for  company.  The  bed 
is  sometimes  raised  two  or  three  ste[)s,  with  a  rail 
at  the  foot.    These  are  frequent  in  Spain.  Encyc, 

2.  A  recess  in  a  library,  or  small  lateral  apart- 
ment for  books ;  or  a  similar  recess  in  a  room  of 
any  kind. 

3.  A  covered  building,  or  recess,  in  a  garden. 

4.  A  recess  in  a  grove. 

AL'CY-ON,  TU  The  trivial  name  of  a  species  of 
king-fisher.     [See  Halcyon.] 

AL-CY-ON'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Alcyonea;,  Ull- 
ci/oniuvt,)  a  group  or  family  of  zoophytes,  allied  to 

AL'CY-ON-ITE,  n.     [Supra,]  [the  sponges. 

A  fossil  zoophyte,  somewhat  resembling  a  fungus. 
J.  of  Science. 

AIj-CY-o'NI-UM,  n.  A  family  of  zoophytes,  branch- 
ing somewhat  like  a  plant,  and  when  alive  covered 
with  small  polvps,  shaped  like  an  ex|ianded  pink. 

AL-DE-Ba'RAN,  71.  A  star  of  the  first  magnitude, 
situated  in  the  eye  of  Taurus.  It  is  the  bright  star 
in  Ihe  group  of  five,  called  the  Hyadcs.        P.  Cyc. 

AL'DEU,  n.     [L.  alnus ;  Fr.  aune,  aitlne  ;  Sax.  air.] 
A  tree,  usually  growing  in  moist  land,  and  be- 
longing to  the  genus  Alnus.    The  name  is  applied 
also  to  some  species  of  other  genera. 

AL'DER;  the  ancient  genitive  plural  of  the  Saxon 
f^,  all.  It  was  formerly  prefixed  to  adjectives  in 
the  superlative  ;  as,aldcr-Jir.'it,  first  of  all ;  aliier-be^ty 
best  of  all ;  aldcr-liefestj  or  aUlcr-lievest,  (from  lief,) 
dearest  of  all.  Tuone. 

AL'DER-.MAN,  t?.  ,•  pL  Aldermen.  [Sax.  aid,  or  eald, 
old,  coinp.  alder,  older,  and  man;  G.  alt;  D.  oiid.] 

1.  Among  our  Siix.on  ancestors,  a  senior  or  supe- 
rior. The  title  was  applied  to  princes,  dukes,  earls, 
senators,  and  presiding  magistrates;  also  to  arch- 
bishops and  bishops,  implying  superior  wisdom  or 
authority.  Thus  Ethelstan,  duke  of  the  East- 
Anglians,  was  called  alderman  of  all  England  ; 
and  there  were  aldermen  of  cities,  counties,  and 


ALE 


castles,  who  had  jurisdiction  within  liieir  respec- 
tive districts. 

2,  In  present  u-io^c,  a  magistrate  or  officer  of  a 
town  corporate,  next  in  rank  below  the  mayor. 
The  number  ot  aldermen  is  different  in  different 
cities.  In  London,  the  number  is  twenly-s>ix,  one 
in  each  ward,  and  the  office  is  held  for  life. 

Spclman.  Cowcl.  Encyc. 
In  the  United  States,  the  numlx^r  of  aldermen 
depends  on  the  charters  of  incorporation.  In  gen- 
eral, aldem^en  have  the  powers  of  a  justice  of  tlie 
peace,  and,  with  the  mayor,  they  constitute  the 
court  of  the  corporation,  in  most  of  our  cities  they 
are  ainiuall\-  elected  by  the  citizens. 

AL'DEK-.MAN  LIKE,  a.     Like  an  alderman. 

AL'DER-.MA.\-LV,  a.     Pertaining  to  or  like  an  al 
derman.  SwifL 

AL'DERN,  a.    Made  of  alder. 

AL'DINE  E-DI"TIONS,  71.  p.  A  tenn  applied  to 
those  editions,  chiefly  of  the  classics,  which  pro- 
ceeded from  the  press  of  Aldus  Manulius,  of 
Venice,  for  the  most  part  in  Ihe  sixteenth  century. 
The  tenn  has  been  recently  applied  to  certain  ele- 
gant editions  of  English  works. 

ALE,  n.  [Sax.  eala,  cale,  or  aloth  ;  G.  dZ;  Sw.  '61; 
Dan.  ol;  Ir.  ol ;  Q.u.  Ir.  olam,  to  drink.] 

1.  A  liquor  made  from  an  infusion  of  malt  by 
fermentation.  It  differs  t'roin  beer  in  having  a 
smaller  proportion  of  hops,  and  hence  being  sweeter, 
and  of  a  lighter  color.  It  isof  dillVrentsorts,  chielly 
pa/c  and  brown;  the  first,  made  from  malt  slightly 
dried  ;  the  second,  from  malt  more  considerably 
dried  or  roasted.  Ale  was  the  common  drink  of  the 
ancTent  inhabitants  of  Europe.  It  is  usually  made 
with  barL'y  ;  but  sometimes  with  wheat,  rye, 
millet,  oats,  &c.  Euajc. 

2.  A  merry  meeting  in  English  country  places,  so 
called  from  the  liquor  drank.  Ben  .fon,^on. 

Medicated  ales  are  those  which  are  prepared  for 
medicinal  purposes,  by  an  infusion  of  herbs  during 
feruienfaiioii.  Encyc. 

ALE'-BENCH,   71.     A   bench   in    or  before   an  ale- 
_    house.  Iloviilien. 

aLE'-BER-RY,  n.  A  beverage,  made  by  boiling  ale 
with  spice,  sugar,  aiul  sops  of  bread.        Johnson. 

aLE'-BREW-ER,  n.  One  whose  occupation  is  to 
brew  ale. 

ALE'-GON-NER,  n.  [ale  and  con,  to  know  or  see.] 
An  oflicer  in  London,  in  former  times,  whose 
business  was  to  inspect  the  measures  used  in  public 
houses,  to  prevent  frauds  in  selling  liquors.  Four 
of  these  were  chosen  annually  by  the  livery-men, 
in  common  hall,  on  midsummer's  day.   Act  of  Pari. 

.ALE'-€0ST,  n.  Coslmary,  a  plant,  a  species  of 
Tanacetum. 

aLE'-FED,  a.     Fed  with  ale.  Stojord. 

aLE'-HOUSE,  n.  A  house  where  ale  is  retailed; 
and  hence,  a  tippling-house. 

ALE'-HOUSE-Kji.EP'ER,  7t.  One  who  keeps  an 
ale-house. 

ALE'-KNIGHT,  n,     A  pot  companion.        Camden. 

aLE'-PHOT,  v..     A  reckoning  to  be  paid  for  ale. 

aLE'-SIL-VER,  v.  a  duty  paid  to  the  lord  mayor 
of  London,  by  the  sellers  of  ale  within  the  citj'. 

aLE'-STaIvE,  ;(.  A  stake  set  as  a  sign  before  an 
ale-house.  Chaucer. 

ALE'-TAST-ER,  n.  An  officer,  in  former  times,  ap- 
pointed in  every  court  leet,  and  sworn,  to  inspect 
ale,  beer,  and  bread,  and  examine  the  quality  and 
quantity  within  the  precincts  of  the  lordship. 

Coieel. 

aLE'-VAT,  71.    A  vat  in  which  ale  is  fermented. 

aLE'-WASH-£D,  (iile'-wosht,)  a.  Steeped  or  soaked 
in  ale.  Shak. 

ALE'-\VTFE,  71.    A  woman  who  keeps  an  ale-house. 

aLE'VVIFE,  ;  n.    [This  word  is  properly  aloof  the  In- 

a'LOOF,  \  dian  name  of  a  fish.  See  Winthrop 
on  the  culture  of  maize  in  America,  Phil.  Trans.  No. 
142,  p.  101)5,  and  Baddam's  Memoirs,  vol.  2,  131.] 

An  American  fisli,  belonging  to  the  genus  Cliipea, 
and  called  Clupea  sf/va/a.  It  resembles  the  her- 
ring. The  established  pronunciation  is  alewifc,  pi. 
aleitives. 

A-LEG-TO-ROM'A-GHY,  n.  [Gr.  aAcffTwp,  a  cock, 
and  fi't\ri,  a  fight.]    Cock-fiehting. 

A-LEe'TRY-0-MAN-CY,7j.  [Gr.  uAE/crputJc,  acock, 
and  liovTEia,  divination.] 

An  ancient  practice  of  foretelling  events  by  means 
of  a  cock.  The  twenty-four  letters  were  traced  on 
the  ground,  and  a  grain  of  corn  laid  on  each  ;  a 
cock  was  then  permitted  to  pick  up  the  grains,  and 
the  letters  under  the  grains  selected,  being  formed 
into  words,  were  supposed  to  foretell  the  event  de- 
sired. Encyc. 

A-LeE',  adn.     [a,  or  at,  and  lee.     See  Lee.] 

In  scame.n^s  lan<ruage,  on  the  side  opposite  to  the 
wind,  that  is,  opposite  to  the  side  on  which  it 
strikes.  The  helm  of  a  ship  is  alee,  when  pressed 
close  to  the  lee  side. 

Hard  alec,  or  Ln^' alee,  is  an  order  to  put  the  helm 
to  the  lee  side. 

Helin'-i  alct,  that  is,  Vtehdm  is  alee,  a  no»ir=?  given 
as  an  order  to  the  seamen  lO  cause  the  head-sa>Ji  to 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MeTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK. 


ALG 

shake   in  the  wiiid,  with  a  view  to  bring  the  ship 
abouu  Mar.  Diet, 

AL'K-GAR,  B.  [a/f,  and  Fr.  atore,  sour.]  Sour  ale; 
liie  acid  of  ale  ;  vinesar  made  of  al« 

AL'E-OEK,  a.  [Fr.  aCe^e;  L.  alacer  '  Gay;  cheer- 
fid  ;  ^priahtly.     [.Vot  used.]  Bacon. 

A-LEGUE',  r.  (.  To  lighten  ;  to  lessen  ;  to  assuage, 
f  A-<<  used.] 

ALE' HOOF,  rt.  Ground  ivy  ;  so  called  by  our  Saxon 
aiice-<iors  as  being  a  chief  ingredient  in  inak'-i^  ale. 

A-LE.MB'DAR,  it.  In  Tarkeij,  an  otiicfr  who  lears 
the  ujeen  standard  of  Muhamrued,  «Jit-u  tlie  suJlan 
appears  in  public  Eneyc 

£J       of  5        Of 

A-LEM'Bie,  n.     [Ar.  al  and  (*5ou\  or  t_Ji*jLS\  an- 

bikon,  a  chemical  vessel.] 

A  cheniical  vessel  used  in  distillation,  usually 
made  of  glass  or  metal.  The  bottom  part,  conlain- 
ins  the  liquor  to  be  distilled,  is  called  the  cucurbit ; 
the  upper  part,  which  receives  and  condenses  the 
steam,  is  called  the  Aforf,  the  beak  of  which  is  filttd 
to  the  nerk  of  a  receiver.  The  head  is  more  prop- 
erly the  aierabic.  This  vessel  is  not  so  generally 
used  now,  as  the  worm-still  and  retort. 
A-LEM'BROTH,  n.     A  compound  of  corrosive  subli- 

umte  and  sal-oiumoniac. 
A-LEXGTH'.  adv.     [a  and  length.] 

At  full  length;  along;  stretched  at  full  length. 

Chaucer. 
A  LEP'I-DoTE,  n.     fGr.  a  priv.  and  Xfrij,  a  scale.] 

A[iv  fish  whose  skin  is  not  covered  with  scales. 
A-LERT',  a,     [Fr.  alcrte ;  Sp.  alerto,  vigilant,  watch- 
ful, estar  alerta,  to  be  on  the  watch.] 

1.  Watchful;  vigilant;  active  in  \igilance.  Hence 
the  militarj*  phrase,  upon  tJie  alert^  upon  the  watch, 
guarding  against  surprise  or  danger. 

2.  Brisk  J  nimble  ;  moving  with  celerity.  Spectator. 
A-LERT'NESS,  ru     Briskness  ;   nimbleness ;  spright- 

hness ;  levity.  Jlddison. 

AL-EO'RO-MAX-CY,  n.  [Gr.  aAcvoov,  meal,  and 
fiaireia,  divination.] 

A  kind  of  divination  by  meal,  used  by  the  ancients. 

Encijc. 

A-LEC'TIAN,  I  a.      Designating  certain  isles  in  the 

A-LEu'Tie,  !  Pacific  Ocean,  eastward  of  Kain- 
schatka,  extended  north-eastward  toward  America. 
The  word  is  formtd  from  a/cut,  which,  in  the  lan- 
guage of  these  parts,  is  a  bald  rock.  Tooke. 

A-LEW,  Tu     Shouting;  same  as  Halloo.     [Obs.] 

Spenser. 

AL-EX-AN'DER,  n.  The  name  of  a  plant  of  the 
genus  Smvmium.  JilaJdenberg. 

AL-EX-A.\'DER'S  FOOT,  n.     The  name  of  a  plant. 

AL-EX-AX'DRI-AN,  V  Pertaining  to  Alexandria. 
There  are  many  cities  of  this  name,  in  various  parts  of 
the  earth.  The  terra  is  often  applied  as  an  attribute, 
or  used  as  a  noun,  for  one  who  professed  or  taught 
the  sciences  in  the  school  of  Alexandria,  in  Egj-pt ; 
a  place  highly  celebrated  for  its  literature  and  mag- 
nificence, and  whose  librarj',  it  is  said,  consisted  of 
700,000  volumes.  The  Persians  and  Turks  write  for 
Alexander,  Scander  or  Sconder ;  and  for  Alexandria, 
Scanderona ;  hence  Scanderoon,  a  seaport  in  Syria. 

AI^EX-.\X'nRIXE,   i  n.     A  kind  of  verse,  consisting 

AL-EX-.IN  iiI-.\X,  (  of  twelve  syllables,  or  of 
twelve  a.,*  thirteen  alternately  ;  so  called  from  a 
poem  WTitten  in  French  on  the  life  of  Alexander. 
This  species  of  verse  is  peculiar  to  modem  poetrj', 
but  well  adapted  to  epic  poems.  The  Alexandrine 
in  English  consists  of  twelve  syllables,  and  is  less 
used  than  this  kind  of  verse  is  among  the  French, 
whose  tragedies  are  generally  composed  of  Alexan- 
drines. Pope,     Ih-ydeiu 

A-LEX-I-PHARM'ie,  a.  [Gr.  aXf^w,  to  expel,  and 
<pa,  fia-o  ,  pulson.] 

ExpeUiiig  or  resisting  poison;  antidotal:  also, 
sudorific  ;  that  has  the  quality  of  expelling  poison  or 
infection  by  sweat. 

A-LEX-I-PHARM'ie,  n.  A  medicine  that  is  intended 
to  obviate  the  effects  of  poison  ;  an  antidote  to  poison 
or  infection.  In  tlie  latter  sense,  applied  to  remedies 
in  malignant  fevers.  By  the  Greeks,  the  word  was 
used  for  an  amuk-t.  Quincy.     Encijc, 

A  LEX-I-TER'ie.      ia,     [Gr.  oAe^m,  to  expel,  and 

A-LEX-I-Te'RI-AL,  \      Sn-^nrnptof,  pi>ison.] 

Resisting  poison  ;  obviating  the  elTects  of  venom. 

A-LEX-I-TER'ie,  n.  A  medicine  to  resist  the  effects 
of  poison,  or  the  bite  of  venomous  animals  ;  nearly 
s>'nonymous  with  aUxipharmic.  Used  also  by  the 
Greeks  for  an  amulet.  Qui/icy.    Encyc 

AL'GA,  TU     [L-l     Sea-weed. 

AL'G.-E,  n.  pi.  f  L.]  A  tribe  of  submersed  nr  subaque- 
ous plants,  including  the  sea-weeds,  (^Pacus^)  and  the 
lavers,  {Ulca^)  growing  in  salt  water,  and  the  fresh- 
water confervas. 

AL'GA-ROT,      I  n.     The  name  of  an  emetic  powder, 

AL'GA-ROTH,  \  a  compound  of  the  scsquoxyd  and 
sesquichlorid  of  antimony,  obtained  by  pouring 
water  into  a  solution  of  the  sesquichlorid  of  that 
metal.  It  is  either  an  Arabic  tenn,or  from  the  name 
of  the  inventor,  Algarotti,  a  physician  of  Verona. 
Urt.     putney.     Encyc 


ALl 

AL'GaTES,  adv.  [Sax.  algeats .  alt  and  gcat^  a  gait, 
a  way.] 

By  all  means  ;  on  any  terms.     {Obs.] 
5o  ^ 

AL'GE-BRX,  n.  [At.  al  and  *jCi»,  gabron^  the  re- 
duction of  parts  to  a  whole,  or  fractions  to  wlutle 
numbers,  from  the  verb,  which  signifies  to  consofi- 
date  ;  Heb.  Ch.  Syr.  and  Eih.  ">33,  to  be  strong.] 

The  science  of  quantity  in  general,  or  universal 
arithmetic.  Algebra  is  a  general  method  of  compu- 
tation, in  which  signs  and  symbols,  which  are  com- 
monly the  letters  of  tlie  alphabet,  are  made  to  repre- 
sent numbers  and  quantities.  It  takes  an  unknown 
quantity  sought,  as  if  granted;  and,  by  means  of  one 
or  more  quantities  given,  proceeds  till  the  quantity 
supposed  is  discovered,  by  some  other  known  quan- 
tity to  which  it  is  equal. 

This  science  was  of  Oriental  discover)- ;  but 
whether  among  the  Arabians  or  Indians,  is  uncertain. 

AL-6E-BR.5'I€,  ta.     Pertaining  to  algebra  ;  con- 

AL-GE-BRa'IG-AL,  \  tainingan  operation  of  algebra, 
or  deduced  from  such  operation. 

Algebraic  curve:  a  figure  whose  intercepted  diame- 
ters bear  always  the  same  proportion  to  their  respec- 
tive ordinates.  Bailey. 

AL-GE-BRa'IC-AL-LY,  adv.     By  algebraic  process. 

AL-GE-BRa'IST,  n.  One  who  is  versed  in  the  science 
of  aigLbra. 

AL'GE-BRA-IZE,  v.  t.  To  perform  by  algebra,  or  re- 
duce to  algebraic  form. 

AL'CE\-EB,  n.  A  fixed  star  of  the  second  magni- 
tude, in  the  right  side  of  Perseus.  Encyc. 

AL-0E-R1\E',  n.  [from  Algiers.]  A  native  of  Al- 
giers, a  city  and  a  countrj-  on  the  north  coast  of 
Africa. 

AL-GE-RtXE',  a.     Belonging  to  Algiers. 

AL'GID,  c     [L.  algiduj.] 
Cold.     [JVot  used.] 

^L'filDNE*'^!   (  "■     Chilliness,  coldness 

AL-GIF'I€,  a. '  Producing  cold. 

.■\L'G0L,  n.  A  fixed  star,  in  Medusa's  head,  in  the 
constellation  Perseus,  remarkable  for  its  periodic 
variation  in  brightness. 

AL'GOR,  n.  [L.]  Among  physicians^  an  unusual 
coldness  in  any  part  of  the  body. 

AL'GO-RITHM,  >  n.     An  .\rabic  term,  signifying  nu- 

AL^GO-RISM,  t  merical  computation,  or  the  six 
operations  of  arithmetic.  Johnson.     Encyc. 

Also,  the  common  rules  of  computation  in  any 
branch  of  analysis  ;  as,  the  algorithm  of  the  differ- 
ential calculus.  Barlow,     Brande. 

AL'GOUS,  a.     [L.  alga^  sea-weed.] 

Pertaining  to  sea-weed ;  abounding  with,  or  like 
sea- weed. 

AL-OUA-ZTL',  n.  An  inferior  officer  of  justice  in 
Spain ;  a  constable. 

AL-HEN'NA,  n.     See  Alkes:*a  and  Henna. 

a'LI-AS,  [L.]  Othenvise  i  as  in  this  example,  "  Sim- 
son,  a/ioj- Smith  ;"  a  word  used  injudicial  proceedings 
to  connect  the  different  names  by  which  a  person  is 
called,  who  attempts  to  conceal  his  true  najne,  and 
pass  under  a  fictitious  one. 

A'LI-AS,  n.  A  second  UTit,  or  execution,  issued 
when  the  first  has  failed  to  enforce  the  judgment. 

AL'I-Bl,  71.  [L.]  Elsewhere;  in  another  place  ;  a/aw 
term.  When  a  person  is  charged  with  an  offense, 
and  he  proves  that  he  could  not  have  committed  it, 
because  he  was,  at  the  lime,  in  another  place,  he  is 
said  to  prove  an  alibi.  The  part  of  a  plea  or  allega- 
tion, which  avers  the  party  to  have  been  in  another 
place,  is  also  called  an  alibi. 

AL'I-BLE,  a.     Nutritive,  or  that  may  be  nourished. 

AL'I-DaDE,  n.  [from  the  .Vrabic]  A  name  for  the 
index  of  a  graduated  instrument,  (such  as  a  quad- 
rant,) carrj'ing  the  sights  or  telescope,  and  shuwing 
the  degrees  cut  off  on  the  arc  of  the  instrument. 

Hutton. 

aL'IEN,  (al'yen,)  a.  [L.  alienus,  from  alius^  another  ; 
Ir.  ade,  eile^  oile,  another ;  VV.  aU,  other,  and  ai/, 
second  ;  Arm.  eel,  all,  eguile;  Com.  gele  ;  Gr.  aXXo^. 
Hence,  L-uiifHo,  to  alienate  ;  oitfr,  another  ;  whence 
Fr.  alterer^  to  alter;  L.  aUerno,  to  alter,  to  alternate, 

and  alterco,  altercor^  to  altercate.  Eth.  nC  b'l  kalea^ 
to  alter,  to  change ;  whence  aliiis^  another,  the 
second,  the  first  letter  being  lost,  except  in  the 
Comish  and  Armorir.  aa  it  is  in  all.  See  Class  Gl. 
No.  3ti,  and  Ludolf,  3o7.] 

1.  Foreign;  not  belonging  to  the  same  countrj', 
land,  or  government. 

2.  Belonging  to  one  who  is  not  a  citizen. 

3.  Estranged  ;  foreign  ;  not  allied;  adverse  to;  as, 
principles  alien  from  our  religion. 

AL'IEN,  ^a.'yen,^  n.  A  foreigner;  one  bom  in,  nr 
belonging  to,  another  country;  one  who  is  not  a 
denizen,  or  entitled  to  the  privileges  of  a  citizen. 

2.  In  Scrtpture^one  who  is  a  stranger  to  the  church 
of  Christ,  or  to  the  covenant  of  grace. 

Al   Owl  ume,  ye  wrtr  without  Christ,  being  alient  from   the 
comnvouwffillh  of  Isnel.  —  Epb.  ii. 

In  France,  a  child  bom  of  residents  who  are  not 


ALl 

citizens  is  an  aliau  In  Great  Britain,  the  children 
of  ;ihfns  burn  in  that  country  are  mostly  naturJ 
born  stilijecis  ;  and  the  children  of  British  subjects, 
owuit!  allegiance  to  the  crown  of  England,  though 
born  in  other  countries,  are  natural  subjects,  and 
entitled  to  the  privileges  of  resident  citizens. 

Blackjtone, 
Alien  duty;  a  tax  upon   goods  imported  by  aliens, 
beyond  the  duty  on  the  like  goods  imported   by  citi- 
zens ;  a  discriminating  duty  on  the  tunnage  of  ships 
belonging  to  aliens,  or  any  extra  duties  imposed  by 

_  laws  or  edicts  on  aliens. 

Al^IEN-ABIL'I-TY,  n.  The  capacity  of  being  aUen- 
aled  or  transferred. 

The  aiunai/Uity  of  the  domain.  Burke. 

AL'IEN-A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  sold  or  transferred 
to  another;  as,  land  is  alienabU  according  to  the 
laws  of  the  slate. 

AL'IEX-aGE,  71.    The  state  of  being  an  alien. 

Why  restore  estate  forieitabte  on  ac£ouni  oi  alienage  7    Story. 
AL'IEX-aTE,  (aKyen-ate,)  r.  U     [L.  alieno.] 

1.  To  transfer  title,  propertj-,  or  right  to  another  ; 
as,  to  ahenate  lands,  or  sovereignty. 

2.  To  estrange  ;  to  withdraw,  as  the  affections  ;  to 
make  indifferetit  ur  averse,  where  love  or  friendship 
before  subsisted  ;  with  from  ;  as,  to  alienate  the  heart 
or  affectiuns ;  to  alienate  a  man  from  the  friends  of 
his  youth. 

3.  To  apply  tn  a  wrong  use. 

They  ahall  not  oiieruUe  the  fint  fruiu  ofUie  hmd.  —  £kck.  xlrin. 
aL'IEX-ATE,  a.     [L.  alienatus.] 

Estranged;  withdrawn  from;  stranger  to;   with 

from, 

O  afienaU  from  God,  O  ipirit  accurst.  Millon. 

'I'he  Whig^  were  aHencOe  from  truth.  SiHJX. 

AL'IEN-A-TED,  pp.  Estranged;  withdrawn;  trans- 
ferred to  another. 

AL'IEN-a-TI\G,  ppr.  Estranging;  transferring  to 
another. 

AL-IEN-A'TION,  n.     [L.  alienatio.] 

1.  A  transfer  of  title,  or  a  legal  conveyance  of  prop- 
erty to  another. 

2.  The  state  of  being  alienated. 

3.  A  withdrawing  or  estrangement,  as  of  the 
heart  or  affections. 

4.  Delirium ;  derangement  of  mental  faculties ; 
insanity.  Hooker. 

Aliniation-ojice,  in  Great  Britain,  is  an  office  to 
which  all  writs  of  covenant  and  entry,  on  which 
fines  are  levied  and  recoveries  suffered,  are  carried, 
to  have  fines  :   r  lUenation  set  and  paid  thereon. 

Encyc. 
AL'IEN-A-TOR,  n.    One  that  alienates  or  transfers 

property.  h'arton. 

AL-IeXE',  (ale  yeen',)  r.  (.     [L.  alieno.] 

1.  To  transfer  title  or  property  to  another;  to  ^ell. 

Nor  coiiJJ  be  <i.'ien«  the  esu.te  even  with   the  coiikiU  oI  the 
lord.  Biackslone. 

2.  To  estrange  ;  to  make  averse  or  indifferent;  to 
turn  the  affections  from. 

The  pnace  was  aiiened  from  &U  Ihoug'hta  of  the  mairiage. 

C^ewendon. 

In  this  sense,  it  is  more  common  tu  use  alienate, 
AL-IEN-eE',  n.    One  to  whom  the  title  of  propertj'  is 
transferred. 

Ifthe  alunte  eni.'n  and  keepe posaesion.  Bladcstoru. 

AL'IEN-ISil,  (al'yen-izm,)  n.  The  state  of  being  an 
alien. 

The  l:\w  was  *■ 

A-LIFE',  adv.     [a,  or  ore,  and  life.] 

On  mv  life.  Shak. 

A-LIF'ER-OUS,  a.     [I^  ala,  wing,  and  fero,  to  bear.] 

Having  wings. 
AL'I-F(-)RM,  a.     [L.  ala,  #ing,  and  forma-,  shape.] 
In  anatomy,  a   term  synonymous  with  pterygoid; 
applied    to   the   pter>-goid    process   of   the  splienoid 
bone,  and  to  the  pterygoid  muscles,  which  arise  from 
that  process. 
A-LI(S'ER-OL*S,  a.     [L.  ala,  wing, and  giro,  to  carry.] 

Having  wings. 
A-LIGHT',  r.  t.      [Sax.  alihtan,  geliJuan,  liAtan.     See 
Light.] 

1.  To  get  down  or  descend,  as  firom  on  horseback 
or  from  a  carriage. 

2.  To  descend  and  settle  ;  as,  a  flying  bird  alights 
on  a  tree. 

3.  To  fall  or  descend  and  lodge  ;  as,  snow  alightt 
on  ft  roof. 

A-LIGN',  (a-llne',)  r.  t.     [Fr.  aligner.] 

1,  To  adjust  to  a  line  ;  to  lay  out  or  regulate  by  a 
line. 

2.  r.  ».   To  form  in  line,  as  troops. 
A-LIGX'MEXT,  n.     [Fr.  aligiianent,] 

The  act  vf  'stmg  to  a  line  ;  the  state  of  being 
so  adjusted  ;  ine  of  adjiistmenL 

A-LIKE',  a.     [Sax.  gelic.     See  Like.] 

Having  resemblance  or  similitude  ;  similar. 

TTie  d.'uknesi  .^iid  the  light  are  botli  aiike  to  thre.  —  P*.  xS. 
[This   adjuttee  never  pruedes  the   noun  lehick  it 
qualifies.] 


nlle  in  the  eonstructioQ  of  the  diaabUity  of 


TONE,  BJJLL,  UNITE.  — AaN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K ;  6  as  J  ;  S  aa  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 
~5  '  W 


ALK 

A-LIICE',  ado.     In  the  same  manner,  form,  ur  degree  ; 
as.  we  are  all  alike  cuncerujd  in  religion. 

lie  fasliiuii'-'lh  their  hearis  o/iAe.  —  Ps.  xxx'ii. 

A-LIKE'-MIv\D-ED,  a.     Hiivin-;  llie  same  mind  ;  but 

LiKE-MivuED  is  more  j:eneraUy  used. 
AL'I-MKN'i',  H.     [h.  aliinciitamj  from  aluy  to  feed  ;  Ir. 
alaitn,  ailiin,  ulaim,  to  feed  ur  nurse.] 

Tli;il  which  nourisii^s ;  food ;  nutriment ;  any 
thing  which  feeds  or  adds  to  a  substance,  animal 
or  ve^'italde,  in  natural  growth. 
AI^I--MK.\'i''AL,  H.  Supplying  food  ;  that  lixs  the  qual- 
ity of  nourishing;  that  furnishes  the  uiaieriaJs  for 
n;itural  L'i'owtll  ;  as,  eliyle  in  alimeiUal :  alimental  sap. 
Ali  I  .\It;.\T'AL-LV,  <i*/d.     So  ad  to  serve  for   nour- 

isiun'.iit  or  food. 
AI^I-Mi:\T'A-ia-NESS,  n.     The  quality  of  supply- 
ing nutrimeul. 
AL-I-MENT'A-llY,  a.     Pertaining  to  aliment  or  food  ; 
having  the   quality   of   nourishing;    as,    alimentary 
particles. 

The  alimentary  canal,  in  animal  bodies,  is  the  great 
duct  or  intestine,  by  whicii  aliments  are  conveyed 
tlirough  the  hody,  and  the  useh-ss  parts  evacuated. 

Alimentary  law^  among  the  Ro:iia>i^,  was  a  law  wliich 
obliged  children  to  support  their  parents.        Encijc. 

Obhgiit'wnofaiuncni,  in  Hcot^Uiw,'\sl\\e  natural  obli- 
(jaition  of  pareiit.s  to  provide  fur  tlit-ir  cliildren.  Eucyc. 
AL-I-ME\T-A''l'IO\,  n.     The  act  or  power  of  afford- 
ing nuiriment. 
9.  Tlie  stateof  heingnourished.  Johnson,   Bacon. 
AL-I-MENT'lVK-NESS,    n.      A   word    invented    by 
phrenologists,  to  denote  tlie  organ  which  communi- 
cates the  pleasure  that  arises  from  eating  and  driiik- 
AX.-I-M6'NI-0US,tt.     [See  Alimonv.1  [ing. 

Nourishing  ;  alTording  food.     [Little  used.] 
AL'I-.MO-NY,  n.     [L.  alinwuia,  of  ato,  to  feed.     See 
Aliment.] 

Au  allowance  made  for  the  support  of  a  woman, 

legally  separated  from   her   husband.     The    sum   is 

fued   by  the  proper  judge,  and   granted  out  of  the 

husband's  estate.  Blackstone. 

AL'l-OTH,  n.    A  star  on  the  tail  of  the  Great  Bear, 

much  used  in  tinding  the  latitude. 
AL'l-PliD,  a.     [L.  ala,  wing,  and  pes,  foot.] 

Wing-footed ;    having    the    toes    cnnnected    by    a 
meuilirane,  which  serves  as  a  wing. 
AL'M'En,  ;i.     [Supra.] 

An  animal  wliose  toes  are  connected  by  a  mem- 
brane, and  thus  serve  for  wings;  a  cheiropter;  as 
tlie  hat.  Datncril. 

AL'l-UUA.NT,  a.     [L.  aluiiiantum,  a  little.] 

In  ariUunetic,  tin  aliquant  number,  or  pari,  is  that 
whicii  does  not  measure  another  number  without  a 
remainder.     Thus  5  is  an  aliquant  part  of  16,  for  3 
limes  5  is  15,  leaving  a  remainder  I. 
AL'I-aaOT,  a.     [L.] 

An   aliquot  part  of  a  number  or  quantity  is  one 
which  will  measure  it  without  a  remainder.     Thus 
5  is  the  aliijuol  part  of  15. 
aL'I.SH,  a.     [trom  ale.] 

Like  ale  ;  having  the  qualities  of  ale    Mortimer. 
AL'[-TRUNK,  n.     [L.  ala,  a  wing,  and  trunk.] 

The  segment  of  the  body  of  an  insect  to  which  the 
wines  are  attached.  Ktrby. 

A-LI V'E'   a.     [Sax.  gelijian,  to  live,  from  lijian,  to  live. 
See  Life.) 

1.  Having  life,  in  opposition  to  dead;  living;  be- 
ing in  a  state  in  which  the  organs  perform  their 
functions,  and  the  fluids  move,  whether  i[t  animals 
or  Vegetables  ;  as,  the  man  or  plant  is  alive. 

9.  in  a  slate  of  action;  unextinguished;  unde- 
stroyed  ;  unexpired  ;  in  force  or  operation  ;  as,  keep 
the  process  alive. 

3.  Cheerful;  sprightly;  lively;  full  of  alacrity ; 
as,  the  company  were  all  alive. 

4.  Susceptible;  easily  impressed:  having  lively 
feelings,  as  when  the  mind  is  solicitous  about  some 
event ;  as,  one  is  ali.ve  to  whatever  is  interesting  to 
a  friend. 

5  Exiiibiting  motion  or  moving  bodies  in  great 
numbers  ;  as,  the  city  was  all  alive,  when  the  gen- 
eral entered. 

6.  in  a  scriptural  sense,  regenerated  ;  born  again. 

For  Uiis  tiiv  Bon  was  dead,  and  aalive.  —  Liihe  xv. 
[  Thi^  ailjective  always  follows  the  noun  which  it  qual- 
ifier-^.] 
A-LIZ'A-R'/\E,     Ti.      [from    alizari,   tiie   commercial 
name  of  madder,  in  the  Levant.] 

A  peculiar  coloring  principit;,  obiuined  from  mad- 
der. Brande. 
AL'KA-HEST,  n.     [Arab.] 

A  universal  .■solvent ;  a  menstruum  capable  of  dis- 
solving all  bodies,  which  Paracelsus  and  Van  He!- 
mont  pretended  they  possessed.  This  pretense  no 
longer  imposes  on  the  credulity  of  any  man. 

The  word  is  sometimes  used  for  fixed  salts  volatil- 
ized. Eucyc. 
AL-KA-HEST're,  a.     Pertaining  to  the  alkahest. 
A[^KA-LES'CEN-CY,  n.     [See  Alkali.] 

A  tendency  to  become  alkaline  ;  or  a  tendency  to 
the  properties  of  an  alkali  ;  or  the  stale  of  a  sub- 
stance in  whicii  aiKaliue  prop-Tlies  begin  to  be  de- 
veloped, or  to  be  predominant.  Ure. 


ALL 

AL-KA-LRS'CEi\T,  a.  Tending  to  the  properties  of 
an  alkali ;  sliglitly  alkaline. 

AL'ICA-LI,  (-11  or -le,)  H.  ,■  fi/.  Alkalies.     [Ar.    ,-A.5 

kali,  with  the  common  prefix,  the  plant  called  irlass- 
wort,  from  its  use  in  the  manufacture  of  glass  ;  or 
.  Uie  aahes  of  the  plant,  whicii  seems  to  be  its  primi- 
tive sense,  for  the  verb  signifies  to  fry.] 

A  salifiable  base,  having  in  a  greater  or  less  de- 
gree a  peculiar  acrid  taste,  the  power  of  changing 
blue  vegetable  colors  to  a  green,  and  the  color  of  tur- 
meric and  rhubarb  to  a  brown.  Some  chemists  com- 
prehend all  salifiable  bases  under  this  name. 

AL'KA-LI-FT-A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  alkalified,  or 
converted  into  an  alkali. 

AL'KA-LI-FI-£D,  pp.     Converted  into  alkali. 

AL'KA-LI-F?",  V.  t.  To  form,  or  to  convert  into  an 
alkali. 

AL'KA-Lt-F?,  V.  i.    To  bL-cnine  an  alkali. 

AL-KA-LfO'E-NOUS,  a.  [alkali,  and  yivvaui,  to  gen- 
erate.] 

Producing  or  generating  alkali. 

AL-KA-LIM'E-TEII,  ?i.  [alUaii,  and  Gr.  litrpov,  meas- 
ure.] 

An  instrument  for  ascertaining  the  strength  of  al- 
kalies, or  the  quantity  of  alkali  in  potash  and  soda. 
Ure. 

AL-ICAXIM'E-TRY,  n.  The  art  of  ascertaining  the 
strength  of  alkalies.  JllcCuUocli. 

AL'ICA-LINE,  (-ine  or  -in,)  a.  •  Having  the  properties 
of  alkali. 

AL-KA-LfN'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  which  constitutes 
an  alkali.  Thomson. 

AL-KA'Ll-OUS,  a.     Having  the  properties  of  alkali. 

AL'KA-LI-Z.'KTE,  a.  Alkaline  ;  impregnated  with 
alkali.     [  Ob<.]  Boyle.    JVcwton. 

AL-KA-LI-Za'TION,  7t.  The  act  of  rendering  alka- 
line by  ijnpregnaling  with  an  alkali. 

AL'KA-LlZE,  V.  t.     [and  formerly  Alkalizate.] 

To  make  alkaline  ;  to  communicate  the  properties 
of  an  alkali  to,  by  mixture. 

AL'KA-LOID,  n.  A  salifiable  base  formed  and  exist- 
ing in  some  vegetables  as  a  proximate  principle,  and 
having  only  in  a  sliglit  degree  the  peculiar  properties 
of  an  "alkali.  Tlie  alkaloids  are  numerous.  Ali, 
which  have  been  accurately  analyzed,  are  com- 
posed of  carbon,  hydrogen,  nitrogen,  and  oxygen, 
and  their  differences,  in  comparison  with  each  other, 
depend  upon  a  variation  in  the  proportions  of  their 
component  elements. 

AL'KA-NET,  n.  A  plant ;  a  species  of  anchusa.  The 
root  is  used  to  impart  a  deep  red  color  to  oily  sub- 
stances, ointments,  plasters,  &c.  Enc.yc. 

2.  A  reddish-purple  dye,  obtained  from  the  root  of 
the  plant.  Brande. 

AL-KE-KEN'GI,  n.  The  winter  cherry,  a  species  of 
Physalis.  The  plant  bears  a  near  resemblance  to  so- 
lanum,  or  nightshade.     The  berry  is  medicinal. 

Chambers. 

AL-KEN'NA,  )n.     A  species  of  Lawsonia.    The  pul- 

AL-HEN'NA,  (  verized  leaves  of  this  plant  are  much 
used  by  the  Eastern  nations  for  staining  their  nails 
yellow.  The  powder,  being  wet,  forms  a  paste, 
which  is  bound  on  the  nails  for  a  night,  and  the  col- 
or thus  given  will  last  several  weeks.  The  same  as 
keiina.  Encyc. 

AL-KERM'ES,  71.     [Arab.     vSee  Kermes.] 

In  pharmacy,  a  compound  cordial,  in  liie  form  of  a 
confection,  deriving  its  name  from  the  kermes  ber- 
ries, its  principal  ingredient.  Its  oilier  ingretlients 
are  said  to  be  pippin-cider,  rose-water,  sugar,  amber- 
gris, musk,  cinnamon,  aloes-wood,  pearls,  and  leaf- 
guld.  Quiiicy.     Chambers.     Encyc. 

Alj-KER'VA,  71.  An  Arabic  name  of  the  Palma  Chris- 
li.  Quincif. 

AL'KO-RAN,  H.  [Arab,  a/,  the,  and /.:oraff,  book,  the 
Book,  by  way  of  eminence,  as  we  say  the  Bible.  See 
Koran.  It  is  pronounced,  I  believe,  by  Orientalists, 
alkoraicn.] 

The  book  which  contains  the  Rlohammedan  doc- 
trines of  faith  and  practice.  It  was  written  by  Mo- 
hammed, in  the  dialect  of  the  Koreish,  which  is  the 
purest  Arabic  ;  but  the  Arabian  language  has  suffered 
such  changes  since  it  was  written,  that  the  language 
of  the  Koran  is  not  now  intelligible  to  the  Arabians 
themselves,  without  being  learned  like  other  dead 
languages.  JViebuJir.     Encyc. 

AL'KO-RAN,  )  n.     In  Eastern  architecture,  the  name 

AL'eO-RAN,  \  of  high,  slender  towers,  attached 
to  mosques,  in  which  the  priests,  at  stated  limes,  re- 
cite aloud  prayers  from  the  Koran.  Qwdt. 

AL'KO-RAN-IST,  n.  One  who  adheres  strictly  to  the 
letter  of  the  Koran,  rejecting  all  comments.  The 
Persians  are  generally  Alkoranists  ;  the  Turks, 
Arabs,  and  Tartars,  admit  a  muUitutie  of  traditions. 

ALL,  (awl,)  a.  [Sax.  cu/ ;  Dan.  al;  G.  all;  Svv.  all; 
W.  vli  or  hvll ;  Arm.  oil ;  Ir.  iiile ;  Gr.  bXo^  ;  Sliemit- 
ic  S3,  from  n'?:^,  calah,  to  be  ended  or  completed,  to 
perfect.  The  VVelsli  retains  the  first  radical  letter. 
This  is  radically  the  same  word  as  lieal;  for  in  Sw. 
kel,  and  in  Dan.  hcle,  signify  all,  and  these  words 
are  from  the  root  of  heoL  See  Call,  Heal,  and 
Whole.] 


all 

1.  Every  one,  or  the  whole  number  of  particulars. 

2.  The  whole  quantity,  extent,  duration,  amount, 
quality,  or  degree  ;  as,  all  the  wheat ;  etll  the  land  ; 
all  the  year;  all  the  strength.  This  word  signifies, 
then,  vUc  whole  or  entire  thing,  or  all  the  parts  or 
particulars  which  compof,e  it.  It  always  precedts  the 
definitive  adjectives  the,  my,  thy,  Aw,  oar,  your,  tlieir  ; 
as,  all  ihe  cattle  ;  alt  my  labor  ;  lUl  thy  goods ;  all  his 
wealtli ;  all  our  families ;  all  your  citizens  ;  all  their 
property. 

This  word,jiot  only  in  popular  language,  but  in 
the  Scriptures,  often  signifies,  indefinitely,  a  large 
portion  or  number,  or  a  great  part.  Thus,  all  the  cat- 
tle in  Egj'pl  died,  ali  Judea  and  all  the  region  round 
about  Jordan,  all  men  held  Jt)lin  as  a  prophet,  are 
not  to  be  understood  in  a  literal  sense,  but  as  includ- 
ing a  large  part  or  very  great  numbers. 

This  word  is  prefixed  to  many  other  words  to  en-  " 
large  their  signification;  as,  already,  always,  ail-pre- 
vatimir. 
ALL,  adv.  Wholly  ;  completely  ;  entirely  ;  as,  all 
along;  all  bedewed;  all  over;  my  friend  is  all  for 
amusement;  I  love  my  father  all.  In  the  ancient 
plirases,  all  loo  dear,  all  so  lung,  this  word  ritains  its 
appropriate  sense  ;  as,  "  He  thought  them  sixpence 
alt  loo  dear,"  that  is,  he  tliouglit  them  too  dear  by 
the  sum  of  sixpence.  In  the  sense  of  alUiouirh,  as, 
"  all  were  it  as  the  rest,"  and  in  the  sense  of  ju^t,  or 
at  tlie  moment,  as,  "  ali  as  his  straying  flock  he  fed," 
it  is  obsolete,  or  restricted  to  poetry. 

It  is  all  one,  is  a  phrase  equival<'nt  to  the  same  thing 
ill  effect;  that  is,  it  is  ichoilij  the  same  thing. 

All  the  better,  is  equivalent  to  wholly  the  better; 
tlwl  is,  better  by  the  whole  difii-rence. 
ALL,   71.     The  whole  number;   as,  all  have  not  the 
same  disposition  ;  that  is,  all  men. 

9.  The  whole;  the  entire  thing;  the  aggregate 
amount ;  as,  our  all  is  at  stake. 

And  L.ibaji  said,  AU  tli.it  Uiou  se^st  is  mine.  —  Gen.  xxxi. 

This  adjective  is  much  used  as  a  noun,  and  ap 
plied  to  persons  or  things. 

All  in  all,  is  a  phra-^e  which  signifies,  all  things  to 
a  person,  or  every  thing  desired. 

Tltou  sholt  be  ali  in  ail,  and  1  ia  thee, 

Forever.  Milton. 

When  the  words  and  all  close  an  enumeration  of 
particulars,  the  word  all  is  either  intensive,  or  is  add- 
ed as  a  general  term  to  express  what  is  not  enumer- 
ated ;  as,  a  tree  fell,  nest,  eagles,  and  all. 

L' Estrange. 
At  all,  is  a  phrase  much  used  by  way  of  enforce- 
nienl  or  emphasis,  usually  in  negative  or  interroga- 
tive sentences.     He  lias  no  ambition  at  all :  that  is, 
not  in  the  least  degree.     Has  he  any  properly  at  alll 

All  and  some,  in  Spenser,  Ma-son  interprets,  one  and 
all.  But  from  Lye*3  Saxon  Dictionary,  it  appears 
tliat  the  phrase  is  a  corruption  of  the  Sax.  calle  at 
somne,  all  together,  all  at  once,  from  somne,  together, 
at  once.     [See  Lye,  under  Somne.] 

AU  in  the  wind,  in  seamen's  language,  is  a  phrase 
denoting  that  the  sails  are  parallel  with  the  course  of 
the  wind,  so  as  to  shake.  Mar.  Diet. 

All  is  well,  is  a  watchman's  phrase,  expressing  a 
stale  of  safely. 

All,  in  composition,  enlarges  the  meaning,  or  adds 
force  to  a  word  ;  and  it  is  generally  more  emphatical 
than  most.  In  some  instances,  all  is  incorporated  in- 
to words,  as  in  almighty,  already,  always;  bul  in  most 
instances,  it  is  an  adjective  prefixed  to  other  words, 
but  separated  bv  a  hyphen. 

ALI.^A-BAN'DdN-£D,  a.    Abandoned  by  aU. 

Skelton. 

ALI^AB-HOR'RfiD,  a.     Detested  by  all.  Sluik. 

ALL-AB-SORB'ING,  a.     Engrossing;  that  drowns  or 
supersedes  all  other  considerations. 

ALL-Ae-eOM'PLISH-£D,   a.     Fully  accomplished; 
whose  education  is  highl\'  fmi-^h-il  or  complete. 

ALl^AD-MTR'ING,  a.     Whnllj  arlmiring.         Shak. 

ALL-AD-VTS'£D,  a.     Advised  by  all.       ffarburton. 

ALI^A-MORT'.     [See  Alamort.] 

ALL-AP-PRCV'£1>,  a.     Approved  by  all.        More. 

ALL-A-ToX'ING,  a.     Atoning  for  ail  ;  making  com- 
plete atonement.  Drydcn. 

ALIj-BEaR'ING,  a.    Producing  every  thing  ;  omnipa- 
rous.  Mar^ton. 

ALL-BEAU'TE-OUS,   a.     Perfectly  beautiful.     Pope 

ALL-BE-HoLD'ING,     a.      Beholding  or    seeing   all 
things.  Drayton. 

ALL- BLAST' ING,  a.     Blasting  all;  defaming  or  de- 
slroyin-^  all.  Marstun. 

ALL-BOUN'TE-OUS,  )  a.    Perfectly  bountiful ;  of  in 

ALI^BOUN'TI-FIJL,   \      finite  bounty. 

ALL-CHaNG'I.\G,   a.     Perpetuallv  changing.     Shan. 

ALL-CHEER'ING,   a.     That  cheers  all;   Uiat  gives 
gayety  or  cheerfulness  to  all.  Shak. 

ALL-COM-MAND'ING,  a.     Having  command  or  sov- 
ereignty over  all.  Raleigh. 

ALL-€OiM-PL^'lNG,  a.   Complying  in  every  respect. 

More. 

ALL-€OM-PoS'ING,  a.    That  makes  all  tranquil  or 
peaceful.  Crashaw. 

ALL-€OM-PRE-HEND'ING,  a.    Comprehending  all 
things. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MeTE,  PRgY.  —  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQOK.- 


r 


ALL 

ALL-eoM-rRE-lIE.\'SlVE,  a.    Compreliending  all 

thill^  Gla/ivit/c. 

ALL-eON-CEAL'ING,  a.     Hiding  or  concKiling  all. 

Speit^er. 
ALL-eON'aUER-lNG,  (-konk'er-,)  a.    That  sulidiies 

all.  Mlt«i,. 

.\LL-eoN'SCIOUS,  a.    Conscious  of  all ;  all-know- 
ing. 
ALL-eO\-STEXIN'ING,  o.    Conslraming  all. 

Drayton. 
ALL-eON-SOM'ING,  a.    That  consumes  or  dfV(»ur3 

all.  Pi'li'-. 

Al.L-eON-TRoLL'ING,  0.     Contrullinc  all.    Evmtl. 
ALL-DAR'ING,  a.     Daring  to  attempt  every  thing. 

JtitLiun, 
ALL-DE-SIG.V'ING,  a.     Designing  all  things. 
ALL-DE-STKOY'ING,  a.     Destroying  everj'  thing. 

Fatu</mw. 
ALI^DEV'.\S-T.5-TIXG,  a.  Wasting  every  thing. 
ALL-DE-VOUR'ING,  a.     Eating  or  consuming  all. 

Pope. 
ALL-DI.M'MING,  a.    Obscuring  every  thing. 

Marston. 
AIX-DI-RECT'ING,    a.      Directing   all  ;    governing 

all  things. 
Al.L-lll*  CKR.V'IXG,  a.     Discerning  every  thing 
.\LL-I»1S  €0 V'ER-ING,  a.    Discovering  or  disclosing 

e\er\  tiling.  More. 

.ALL-i>lS-GR-\'C£D,  a.    Completely  disgraced. 

Shak. 
ALL-DIS-PENS'ING,  a.     Dispensing  all  things;  af- 
fording dispensation  or  permission.  Jilcltoti. 
ALL-UI-Vl.\E',  a.     Supremely  excellent.      HoiocU. 
ALI^Dl-VIN'ING,  a.     Foretelling  all  things. 

Faiu^haw. 
ALL-DREAD'ED,  a.     Dreaded  by  all.  S/ialc 

ALL-EF-Fl-eA'CIOLFS,  a.     Having  all  efficacy. 

Ei'crett. 
ALL-EF-FI"CIEXT,  a.     Of  perfect  or  unlimited  effi- 

racv  or  efficiency. 
ALL-EL'0-aUENT,   a.     Eloquent  in  the  highest  de- 
gree. Pope. 
ALLr-EM-BRi'CING,  a.    Embracing  all  things. 

Cra.fhmD. 
ALL-E.\'0'ING,  a.    Putting  an  end  to  all  things. 

Slial: 
AI,L-EN-LIGIIT'£N-ING,  a.  Enlightening  all  tilings. 

CoUoiu 
ALL-E.V-RaG'ED,  a.    Highly  enraged.  I/all. 

ALI^ES-SE.N'TIAL,  a.    VVIioUy  essential.    EvercU. 
ALL-FLaM'ING,  a.    Flaming  in  all  directions. 

Beaumont, 
ALL-FOOLS'-D.AY,  n.    The  first  of  April. 
ALL-FUR-GIV'Ii\G,  a.    Forgiving  or  pardoning  all. 

Dr^ttcii. 
ALI^FoUES',  n.     [all  and  four.] 

.\  game  at  cards,  played  by  two  or  four  persons  ; 
so  called  from  the  four  chances  of  which  it  consists, 
viz.  High,  Low,  Jack,  and  the  Game. 

To  go  on  all/oars,  is  to  move  or  walk  on  four  legs, 
or  on  the  two  legs  and  two  arms. 
ALI^GIV'ER,  11.    The  giver  of  all  things.    Miltaiu 
ALL-GLo'RI-OUS,  a.     Glorious  to  the  full  extent. 
.\LL-GOO0',  a.     Completely  good.  Dnjdm. 

ALI^G(^6D',  n.    The  popular  nameof  the  plant  Good- 
Henry,  or  English  Mercury,  Chenopodiain  l)oiiu^  lien- 
riciu. 
ALL-GRa'CIOUS,  a.     Perfectly  gracious. 
ALLr-GUlD'I\G,  a.   Guiding  or  conducting  all  things. 

Sandys. 
ALL-HaIL',  ezeL    [all  and  Sax.  lurl,  health.] 

All  health  ;  a  plirase  of  salutation,  expressing  a 

wish  of  all  liealthf  or  safety,  to  the  person  addressed. 

ALI^ilAL'LoW,    I  n.      All-Saints-day,   the   first   of 

ALL-HAL'LOVVS,  i      November;   a  feast  dedicated 

to  all  the  saints  in  general.     [Colloquial.] 
A1.I>-IIAL'L0VV-TiDE,  II.     [Tid,  in  Sax.,  is  time.] 

The  time  near  All-Saints,  or  November  first. 
.\LL-11AP'PV',  a.     Completely  happy. 
AM^IIlCAL',  H.    The  popular  name  of  several  plants. 
ALL-lliJ.AL'L\G,  a.     Healing  all  things.        Seldeii. 
ALL-HELP'ING,  a.     Assisting  all.  Selden. 

ALL-lllD'l.\G,  a.     Concealing  all  things.         Shale. 
ALL-HOL'LOW,  adc.     Entirely;  completely;  as,  to 

beat  any  one  aU^hollow. 
ALIj-Ho'LY,  a.    Completely,  perfectly  holy. 
ALI^IIO.\'OR-£D,  (-on'ord,)  a.     Honored  by  all. 
ALL-llURT'ING,a.     Hurting  all  things.  Shak. 

ALL-I'DOE-lZ-ING,  a.     Worshiping  every  thing. 

Cras/iair. 
ALI^II,LO'.ML\-A-TING,    a.      Enlightening  every 

thing. 
ALL-1.M'I-Ta-TING,  a.    Imitating  every  thing. 

More. 
ALL-IM-POR'TANT,  a.    important  above  all  things  ; 

extrenielv  impfirtant.  Everett. 

.\L1^I.M-PRESS'IVE,   a.     Impressive  to  the  utmost 

extent. 
ALL-[X-FOR.M'ING,  a.     Actuating  all  by  vital  pow- 
ers. Sandys. 
ALL-I.\'TER-EST-ING,  a.     Interesting  in  the  high- 
est degree. 
ALL-I.\-TER'PRET-ING,  a     Explaining  all  things. 

Milton. 


ALL 

ALL-JUDO'ING,  a.  Judging  all ;  possessing  the  sov 
ereign  right  of  judging.  Rowe. 

ALL-JUST',  a.     Perfectly  just. 

ALL-KiND',  a.     Perfectly  kind  or  benevolent. 

ALL-KNoW'lNG,  a.  Having  all  knowledge  ;  om- 
niscient. Atterhnnj. 

ALL-LI'CENS-£D,  a.  Licensed  to  everything.  Shak. 

ALL-LOVING,  a.     Of  infinite  love.  More. 

ALL-.MaK'ING,  a.     Making  or  creating  all  ;  omnific. 

Dryden. 

ALL-MA-TOR'ING,  a      Maturing  all  things. 

Dryden. 

ALL-MER'CI-FIJL,  a.  Of  perfect  mercy  or  compas- 
sion. 

ALL-.MUR'DER-ING,  a.  Killing  or  destroying  every 
thing.  Fanshaw. 

ALL-0-Br,'DI-ENT,  a.     Entirely  ob.'  .nt.    Crashaw. 

ALL-0-1!EY'ING,  a.  [See  Obev.J  Receiving  obedi- 
ence from  all.  Shak. 

ALL-OIi-Livl-OlTS,  a.  Causing  total  oblivion.  Sluxli. 

ALL-OB-St'OR'ING,  a.    Obscuring  every  thing. 

IC.ng. 

ALI^P.A'T!E.'';T.  a.  Enduring  every  thing  without 
murmurs  Milford. 

ALL-PEN'E-TRa-TING,  a.   Penetrating  every  thing. 

Stafford. 

ALI^PER'FECT,  a.  Completely  perfect ;  having  all 
perfection. 

ALL-PER'FECT-NESS,  71.  The  perfection  of  the 
whole  ;  entire  perfection.  More. 

ALL-PER-VaD'ING,  a.    Pervading  every  place. 

Mien. 

ALL-PIr.R'CING,  a.    Piercing  every  tiling.    Marston. 

ALL-PO'TENT,  a.     Having  all  power.  Irving. 

ALI^POW'ER-FIJL,  a.     Almighty;  omnipotent. 

Swip. 

ALI^PR-IIS'ED,  a.     Praised  by  all.  Shak. 

ALL-PRES'ENT,  a.     Omnipresent. 

ALL-PRO-TECT'ING,  a.  Furnishing  complete  pro- 
lection. 

ALL-ROL'ING,  a.    Governing  all  things.      Milton. 

.•VLL-SA-GA'CIOIJS,  a.  Having  all  sagacity  ;  of  per- 
fect discernment. 

ALL-SaINTS'-DaY,  71.  The  first  day  of  November, 
called,  also,  ./3/i-Aa//(itrs,'  a  feast  in  honor  of  all  tlie 
saints. 

ALL-SANC'TI-FS-ING,  a.     Sanctifying  the  whole. 

all-Saving,  a.   saving  aii.  sehun. 

ALL-SEARCH'ING,  (-serch'ing,)  a.  Pervading  and 
searcliing  every  thing.  South. 

ALL-SeE'ING,  a.     Seeing  every  thing.         Dryden. 

ALLr-Sp:ER',  71.     One  that  sees  every  thing.      Shak. 

ALL-SHaK'ING,  a.     Shaking  all  things.  Shali. 

ALL-SHROUD'ING,  a.  Shrouding  ;  covering  all 
things. 

ALL-SIIUN'NBD,  a.     Shunned  by  all.  Sliak. 

ALL-SoULS*-DaY,  71.  The  second  day  of  Novem- 
ber ;  a  feast  or  solemnity  held  by  the  Roman  Catholic 
church,  to  supplicate  for  the  souls  of  the  faithful  de- 
ceased. 

ALL'SPICE,  71.    The  berry  of  the  -nto,  a  tree  of 

the  West  Indies  ;  a  spice  of  a  mildi;  pungent  taste, 
and  agreeably  aromatic.  It  has  been  supposed  to 
combine  the  flavor  of  cinnamon,  nutmegs,  and 
cloves  ;  and  hence  the  name. 

Encyc.  of  Dom.  Econ. 

ALL-SItB-MIS'SIVE,  a.     Wholly  submissive. 

ALL-SUF-Fl"CIE-\-CY,  n.  Coni]ilete  or  infinite  abil- 
ity. Hall. 

ALL-SUF-FI"CIENT,  a.  SllfRcient  to  every  thing  ; 
infinitely  able.  Hooker. 

ALL-SUF-F1"CIENT,  n.  The  all-sufficient  Being  ; 
God.  Wluthiek. 

ALL-SUR  RnU.»<D'ING,a.  Encompassing  the  whole. 

ALL-SL'R-V!;:V'l.\G,(-sur-vi'ing,)a.  [See  Survei.] 
Survr\  iiii,'  e\ery  thing.  Sandys. 

ALL-SUS-TaIN'ING,  a.    Upholding  all  things. 

Beaumont. 

ALL-TELL'ING,  a.  Telling  or  divulging  every  thing. 

Shak. 

ALI^TRi'UMPll-lNU,  a.  Triumphant  every  where 
or  over  all.  Jomon. 

ALI^WATCH'£D,  a.    Watched  thr  n-lnut.    Shak. 

ALL-WISE'   a.  Possessed  of  infinite  ,vi  ,iom.  South. 

ALL-WlT''l  ED,  a.    Having  all  kinds  of  wit.    Jonson. 

ALI^WOR'SHIP-£D,  (-wur'shipt,)  a.  Worshiped  or 
adored  by  all.  Mdton. 

ALL-WOR''f  IIY,  a.  Of  infinite  worth  ;  of  the  high- 
est worth. 

AL'LA-GH'E,  71.  An  impure,  brownish  variety  of 
manganese  spar.  Dana. 

AL'LAH,  71.  The  Arabic  name  of  the  Supreme  Be- 
ing. 

AL'LAN-ITE,  71.  An  ore  of  the  metals  cerium  and 
lanthanum,  having  a  pitch-black  or  brownish  color. 
It  was  first  discovered,  as  a  species,  by  .Mr.  Allan,  of 
Edinburgh.  Vana. 

AL-LAN-To'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  contained  in  the 
allantois. 

AL-LAN-To'ie  ACID,  71.  An  acid  of  animal  origin, 
found  in  the  liquor  of  the  allantois  of  the  fetal  calf. 
[See  Allantois.]  This  is  the  same  acid  wliich  was 
formerly  called  amniotic  acid. 


ALL 

AL-LAN-TOIS'     (  «.      [Gr.    a\\a<;,   a    sausage,  anil 

AL-LAX-TOID',  \      ci^.f,  form.] 

A  iliin  mc-mhrane,  silutitt'd  between  the  ctioriun 
and  amnion  in  quadnipedfn,  and  forming  one  of  the 
membranes  which  invest  the  fctua  in  thu^e  animals. 

Ed.  Eiicyc. 

AL'LA-TRaTE,  r.  t.     [h.  allatro.] 

To  bark,  as  a  dog.     [Aw!  uj>cd.]  Stubbes. 

AL-LaY',  v.  t.  [Sax.  uleciran,  alfgany  to  lay,  to  set,  to 
depress,  lecgan,  to  lay,  to  ca.-'t  or  strike  down  ;  G.  U- 
gen^  D.  leg^cjiy  to  lay  ;  Gr.  Xcyuu  The  Fr.  oilier.,  to 
alloy,  Sp.  Ugar^  seems  to  be  directly  from  tlie  L.  ligo^ 
to  bind  ;  but  this  may  be  the  same  word  dilTerently 
applied,  that  i.s,  lo  set,  to  fix,  to  make  fa-sl,  to  unite. 
Jillaij  and  aiknj  were  formerly  used  indilFfrently  ;  but 
I  have  recognized  an  entire  distinction  between  iliein, 
applying  alloy  to  metals.] 

1.  To  make  (piiet ;  to  pacify  or  appease  ;  as,  to  al- 
lay the  tumuli  of  the  passions,  or  lo  allay  civil  txini- 
nidtions. 

2.  To  abate,  mitigate,  subdue,  or  destroy  ;  as,  to  fl/- 
liiy  grief  or  pain. 

Fenialea,  who  aorteii  arul  allay  ihe  tnitcmess  of  advenitj. 

Baalt. 

3.  To  obtund  or  repress,  as  acrimony ;  aa,  lo  (dlay 
the  acrid  qualities  of  a  substance. 

4.  Furmerlij,  to  reduce  the  purity  of;  as,  to  allay 
metals.  But  in  this  sense  alloy  is  now  exclusively 
used.     [See  Allot.] 

AL-LaY',  n.  Formerly.,  a  baser  metal  mixed  with  a 
fint-r;  but  in  this  sense  it  ia  now  written  Allot, 
'Which  see. 

2.  That  which  allays,  or  abates  the  predominant 
qualities  ;  as,  the  allny  of  colors,  JVeirtoii. 

Also,  abatement ;  diminution  by  means  of  some 
mixture  ;  as,  joy  without  allay.  But  alloy  is  now 
more  generally  used. 

AL-LaY'£D,  pp.  Layed  at  rest;  quieted;  tranqull- 
ized  ;  abated  ;  [reduced  by  mixture.     Obs.] 

AL-LAY'ER,  n.     He  or  that  which  allays. 

AL-LaY'ING,  ppr.  Uuieling  ;  reducing  to  tranquilli- 
ty ;  abating  ;    reducing  by  mixture.   fO&a-.] 

AL-LaY'MENT,  ».  The  act  of  quieting,  or  a  state  of 
tranquillity  ;  a  state  of  rest  after  disturbance  ;  that 
which  allays  ;  abatement ;  ease  ,  as,  the  allayment  of 
grief.  Sha/;. 

AL'LE,  (al'ly,)  71.  The  little  auk,  or  black  and  whito 
diver. 

AL-LECT-a'TION,  n.  Enticement ;  allurement.  [J\'ot 
used/]  Coles. 

AL-LECT'IVE,  a.    Alluring.    [J^ot  used.]    Chaucer. 

AL-LEtJT'IVE,  H.     Allurement.     [Aoi  used.] 

Eliot. 

AL-LED(jE'.  See  Allege.  [This  spelling,  coiTe- 
sponding  to  abridge,  was  once  the  prevailing  one, 
and  would  still  be  preferable.] 

AL-LE-Ga'NE-AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  mountains 
called  Allegany,  or  Alleglienny. 

AL'LE-GA-NY,  «.  Thechicf  ridge  of  the  great  chains 
of  mountains  which  run  iVom  N.  East  to  S.  West, 
through  the  Middle  and  Southern  States  of  North 
America;  but,  more  appropriately,  Ihe  main  or  un- 
broken ridge,  which  casts  all  the  waieR  on  one  side 
lo  the  east,  and  on  the  other  side  lo  the  west.  This 
ridge  runs  from  Pennsylvania  to  Georgia,  and  chains 
extend  through  tlie  United  ^^tates. 

This  name  is  given  also  to  the  River  Ohio,  above 
its  confluence  with  the  Moriongahela  ;  but  improper- 
ly, as  the  Indian  name  of  the  river  to  its  source  is 
Ohio. 

AL-LE-Ga'TION,  71.  Affirmation  ;  positive  asserlion 
or  deilaration. 

2.  That  which  is  affirmed  or  asserted  ;  that  which 
is  oflered  as  a  plea,  excuse,  or  justification. 

3.  In  ecclesiastical  eourtSy  a  forniaJ  comrtiain'  it 
declaration  of  charges. 

AL-LEGE',  V.  t.  [L.  aVrgo,  ad  and  lego^  to  send  ;  Fr. 
allegucr  ;  Sp.  alrgar  ;  Port,  allegar  ;  It.  allegarc.  This 
is  only  a  modified  application  of  the  Eng.  lay ;  L.  lo- 
co, to  set,  or  throw.     See  Class  Lg.] 

1.  To  declare  ;  to  affirm  ;  lo  assert ;  to  pronounce 
with  positiveness  ;  as,  to  allege  a  fact. 

2.  To  produce,  as  an  argument,  plea,  or  excuse; 
to  cite  or  quote ;  as,  to  allege  the  authority  of  a 
judge. 

AL-LEGE'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  alleged  oraffirnicu. 

Broicn. 

AL-LEG'£D,  pp.  or  a.  Affirmed  ;  asserted,  w  helher 
as  a  charge  or  a  plea. 

AL-LE6E'ME\T,  n.     Allegation.     [JCot  in  use.] 

AL-LE(j'ER,  ji.     One  who  affirms  or  declares. 

AL-LE'OI-ANCE,  n.  [old  Fr.,  from  L.  alti^o^oi  ad 
and  Ifgo,  to  bind.     See  LtEot  and  Leaol'e.J 

The  tie  or  obligation  of  a  subject  to  his  prince  or 
government ;  the  duty  of  fidelity  to  a  king,  govern- 
ment, or  stale.  Every  native  or  citizen  owes  allegi- 
ance to  the  govemntenl  under  which  he  is  born.  This 
is  called  natural  or  implied  allegiance,  which  arises 
from  the  connection  of  a  person  with  the  society  in 
which  he  is  born,  and  his  doty  to  be  a  taithful  sub- 
ject, inilependent  of  any  express  pmmise.  Erpress 
allegiance,  is  that  obligation  wJiich  proceeds  from  an 
express  promise,  or  oath  of  fidelity. 


TOXE,  BULU   IINITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CI0US.  — C  aa  K ;   6  as  J  ;   S  as  Z  ;   CFI  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

_ 


ALL 

l4)cal  or  temporary  iillegiaiice  ia  due  from  an  dlieii 
to  tliH  guveriiment  or  state  in  which  he  reaides. 

Btackstone. 
AL  LK'(iI-ANT,  a.     Loyal.     fJVot  u^ed.]  Shnk. 

AL  I.KG'IN»;,    ppr.      Assertiiif; ;     averring;     declaring. 
AL-Lr;;;*  )K'IC,  ia.     In  the   manner   of  (illcg-Ty  ; 

AL  l.IvCt  >l{'ie-AL,  i       figurative;    describing   hy  re- 

seiiibliinces. 
ALLE-GOR'I€-AL-LY,  adc.     In  a  fiyurutive  manner; 

bv  wnv  "f  allesorv. 
AL'-Mv'COR'IC-AL-NESS,    n.    The   quality  of  being 

allejrotinil. 
Al/LE-t;o-UIST,  n.     One  wlio  allegorizes,  or  uses  al- 
legory, us  Bunyan  or  Sjiencer. 

J.  fVarton.      Warburton. 
AL'LE-CO-RIZE,  v.  i.    To  form  an  allegory;  to  turn 
into    allegory  ;  as,   to  allegorize  the   history  of  a   peo- 
|)le.  i.'ampbfU. 

2.  To  understand  in  nn  allegorical  sense ;  as.  when 

Q  iiQ'isiiye    ill    a  writer  may  be  understood    literally    or 

figunitively,  be  who  gives  it  a  tigurutive  sense  is  saiJ 

to  alltgorne  it. 

AL'LE  tiO-KIZE,   v.   i.    To  use  allegory;  as,   a  man 

nmy  alligoriie  to  please  his  fancy. 
AL'LE-GO-RIZ-jED.  pp.    Turned  into  allegory,  or  un- 
derstood allegorically. 
AL'LE-GO-RIZ-ER,    n.    One  who  allegorizes,  or  turns 

tilings  into  allegory. 
AL'LE  GO-RTZ-IiNG,  ppr.  Turning  into  allegory,  or 
unilerstaiiding  in  an  allegorical  sense ;  using  alle- 
gory. 
AL'LE-GO-RY,  n.  [Gr.  aXXijj/opia,  of  aXKor,  other, 
and  aXopcutd,  to  speak,  from  aXopa,  a  forum,  an  ora- 
tion.] 

A  figurative  sentence  or  discourse,  in  which  the 
principal  sulyect  is  described  by  another  subject  re 
sembling  it  in  its  jiroperties  and  circumstances.  The 
principiil  subject  is  thus  kept  out  of  view,  and  we 
are  left  to  cullect  the  intentions  of  the  writer  or 
speoker,  by  the  resemblance  of  the  secondiiry  to  the 
priniiiry  subject.  Allegory  is  in  words  wliat  hiero- 
glyphics ure  in  painting.  We  have  a  fine  example 
oi  an  alle'.M)ry  in  the  eightieth  Psulni,  in  which  God's 
chosen  penpje  are  represented  by  a  vineyard.  The 
distinction  in  Scripture  between  a  parable  and  nn  al- 
legory, is  said  to  be,  that  a  parable  is  a  t^upposed  his- 
torVi  Olid  an  allegory,  a  figurative  description  of  rca! 
facts.  An  allegory  is  called  a  continued  metaphor. 
The  following  line  in  Virgil  is  an  example  of  an  al- 
legory. 

CUuJile  jam  rivoi,  pueri ;  aat  prata  biberunt. 
"Stof)   the  currents,  young  men;  the  meadows  hnve 
drank   sufficiently ;"    that    is.    Let    your    music   cease, 
our  ears  have  been  siifticientlv  delighted.  Enn/c. 

JiL-LE-GRKT'TO.  (It.,  diminutive  of  aileg-ro,]  de- 
notes, 171  music,  a  movement  or  time  (juicker  than  an- 
dante, but  not  sn  (]uirk  as  allegro.  Uoiissean. 
AL-I^K'GRO.  [It.,  merry,  cheerful;  It.  Ic^iriere  ;  Sp. 
ligero  ;  Fr.  legrr.  light,  nimble.  See  Light.  In  this 
sense  it  is  used  m  the  poem  of  Milton  so  named] 

In  miLsxc,  a  word  denoting  a  brisk  movement;  a 
sprightly  part  or  strain  ;  the  quickest  except  pres- 
to.    Piu  allegro  is  a  still  quicker  movement. 

Rou-'^seau. 
As  a  noun,  a  piece  of  music  to  be  performed  in  al- 
legro. 
AL-LE-LO'IAH,  n.     [Heb.  TT'-iSSn,  Praise  to  Jah.] 
Praise  Jehovah  ;  a  word  used  to  denote  pious  joy 
and  exultation,  chiefly  in  hymns  and  anthems.  The 
Greeks  retained  the  word  in  their  EAsX-'n  li),  Praise 
to  lo ;  probably  a  corruption  of  Jtih.     The  Romans 
retained  the  latter  word  in  tlieir  lo  triumphe. 
AL-LE-MaNDE',  ti.     A  slow  air  in  comini'n  time,  or 
grave,  solemn  music,  wilii  a  slow  movennint.    Also, 
a  brisk  dance,  or  a  figure  in  dancing.  Diet,  of  Mu^ic. 
AIj-LE-I\L\N'i\IG,  a.     Belonging  to  the  .Alemanni^  an- 
cient Germans,  and  to  Jilemanina,  thuir  cou  ntry.  The 
word  is  gellerally^svipiiusfd  to  be  composed  oi  all  and 
maHHi,  all  men.     Cluccr,  p.  I'S.     This  is  probably  an 
error.     The  word  is  more  probably  composed  of  the 
Celtic   all,  other,  the  root  of  Latin  alius^  and  mujiy 
place  ;  one  of  another  place,  a  stranger.    The  Wel^^h 
oilman   is  thus  rendered,  and  this  seems  to  be  the 
original  word.  Owen^  H'eUh  Diet. 

The  name  jJlemanni  seems  to  have  been  first  giv- 
en to  the  Germans  who  invaded  Gaul  in  the  reign  of 
Augustus.  Clurer,  Ocrni.  Antiq. 

AL-Le'RI-ON,  n.  In  heraldry^  an  fat:le  without  biak 
or  feet,  with  e.\pauded  wings  ;  denoting  Imperialists 
vanquished  and  disarmed.  Eucyc. 

AL-LE-VECR',  n.    A  small  Swedish  coin,  value  about 

a  cent.  Encyc. 

AL-Le'V1-aTE,  v.  t.  [Low  L.  allevio;  ad  and  leva,  to 
raise,  levis,  liglit  ;  Fr.  lever;  It.  Icvare^  to  raise  j  Sp. 
Uevar^  to  carry,  levantar,  to  rai^e,  and  levaiUe,  a  ris- 
ing, and  the  eastern  coa^'ts  of  the  Mediterranean, 
the  east,  so  called  from  the  rising  of  the  sun,  like 
oriental^  from  urior,  to  rise ;  Sax.  iUiJian,  lo  be  em- 
inent.    See  Lift.] 

1.  To  make  light ;  but  always  in  a  figurative  sense, 
a3  it  is  not  applied  to  material  objects.  To  remove 
in  part ;  to  lessen,  mitigate,  or  make  easier  to  be  en- 
dured i  applied  to  evils  ;  as,  to  alleviate  sorrow,  pain, 


ALL 

care,  punishment,  a  burden,  &.c. ;  opposed  to  aggra- 
vate. 

2.  To  make  less  by  representation  ;  to  lessen  the 
magnitude  or  criminality;  to  exlenuati- ;  applied  to 
nu»ral  conduct;  as.  to  allcoialc  an  otTensu.  [This 
sense  tif  the  ironl  U  rare.^ 

AL-Lii'VI-A-TED,  pp.  Made  lighter  j  mitigated  ; 
eased  ;  extenuated. 

AL-Lk'V1-.\-T[NG,  ppr.  Making  lighter,  or  more 
tolerable  ;  extenuating. 

AL-Le-VI-a'TIUN,  71.  The  act  of  lighlenin::,  allay- 
ing, or  extenuatin<! ;  u  lessening,  or  mitigation. 

a.  That  which  lessens,  mitigates,  or  makes  more 
tolerable ;  ns,  tlie  sympathy  of  a  friend  ia  an  allevia- 
tion of  grief. 

1   h.ivp  not  wiiTilp<l  such  allevimiont  of  lift.'  as  fri.mdsl.ip  contd 
Bupply.     (Dr.  JdIiii^ii's  k'Uer  lo  Mr.  Hwior.)      Busweli. 

This  use  of  alleviation  h  hardly  legitimate  without 
supplying  some  word  eX[)ressing  fril,  as  trouble,  sor- 
row, A:c.  —  Without  such  alleviations  of  the  cares  or 
troubtes  of  life. 

AL-Le'VI-A-TIVE,  n.  That  which  mitigates.  [Mit 
in  iisr.] 

AL'LEY,  (al'ly,)  n.  [Fr.  atlee,  a  passage,  from  dWcr, 
to  go  ;  Ir.  alladk.     Literally,  a  passing  or  going.] 

1.  A  walk  in  a  gardi'U  ;  a  narrow  jiassage. 

2.  A  narrow  pa:isage  or  way  in  a  city,  as  distinct 
from  a  public  street. 

3.  A  choice  law,  originally  made  of  abba'Jter,  is 
80  called  by  boys.  llidiiwell. 

4.  The  Alley,  ox  Chan<re  Miey;  a  place  in  Loudon 
where  stocks  were  formerlv  bought  and  sold.  -Ash. 

AL-LI-A'CEOUS,  a.     [L.  alitum,  garlic] 

Pertaining  to  allium,  or  garlic  ;  having  the  smell  or 

properties  of  garlic.  BarUm. 

AL-LI'ANCE,   n.     [Fr.  alliance,  from  aWer,  Her,  lo  tie 

or  unite,  from  L.  ligo  ;  Gr.  \v)  out ;  Sp.  aliania ;  Port. 

alian^a ;  It.  allcanza ;   from   the  same  root   as  liege, 

league,  allegianee.     Class  Lg.] 

1.  The  relation  or  union  between  families,  con- 
tracted by  marriage.  Drijden. 

2.  The  union  between  nations,  contracted  by  com- 
pact, treaty,  or  league. 

3.  The  treaty,  league,  or  compact,  which  is  the  in- 
strument of  confederacy  ;  sometimes,  perhaps,  the 
act  of  confederating. 

4.  Any  union  or  connection  of  interests  between 
persons,  families,  stales,  or  corjiorations  ;  as,  an  alli- 
ance between  church  and  stale. 

5.  The  persons  or  parlies  allied  ;  as,  men  or  stares 
may  secure  any  alhanees  in  their  power.    Addi.^on. 

AL-LI'ANT,  n.     Anally,     [J^ut  used.]  IVottuii. 

AL-LI"CIEi\-CY,  7i,  [L.  allicio,  ad  and  lacio  ;  G.  lock- 
en  ;  D.  lukken  ;  Sw.  locka;  Dun.  lofclce;  L.  allecto,  elicw. 
CInss  Lg.] 

'J'he  power  of  attracting  any  thing  ;  attraction  ; 
magnetism.     [Little  used.]  Olanvdle. 

AL-H"CIENT,  n.     That  which  attracts.    [A'i>t  u.-<ed.] 

JiobinstiH. 

AL-LT'£D,  (al-lide',)  pp.  Connected  by  marriage, 
treaty,  or  similitude.    [See  Allv.] 

AL^.I-GaTE,   v.  t.     [L.  alligo,  ad  and  ligo,  lo  bind. 
See  Allegiance,  Liege,  IjEaoue.] 
To  tie  together  ;  lo  unite  by  some  tie. 

AL'LLGa-TING,  ppr.  Tying  together;  uniting  by 
some  tie. 

AL-LI-Ga'TION,  n.  The  act  of  lying  together;  the 
state  of  being  tii^d.     [Little  used.] 

2.  A  rule  of  arithmetic  for  finding  the  price  or  val- 
ue of  compounds,  consisting  of  ingredients  of  differ- 
ent values.  Thus,  if  a  quantity  of  sugar,  worth  eight 
cents  the  pound,  and  anotlier  quantity  worth  ten 
cents,  are  mixed,  the  question  to  be  solved  by  alliga- 
tion is,  what  is  the  value  of  the  mixture  by  the  pound. 
Alligation  is  of  two  kinds, viedial  and  alternate;  me- 
dial, when  the  rate  of  a  mixture  is  sought  from  the 
rates  and  quantities  of  the  simples  ;  alternate,  when 
the  quantities  of  the  simples  are  sought  from  the 
rates  of  the  simples,  and  the  rate  of  the  mi.xture. 

AL'LI-Ga-TOR,  71.  [properly  allugarto,  from  the 
Spanish  and  Portuguese  lagarto,  a  lizard  ;  L.  lacer- 
ta.  The  Latin  word  seems  to  be  connected  with  la- 
certus,  the  arm ;  and  the  animal  may  be  named  from 
the  resemblance  of  his  legs  to  anns.] 

The  Americun  crocodile.  This  animal  has  a  long, 
naked  body,  four  feet,  with  five  toes  on  the  fore  fret, 
and  four  on  the  hind,  armed  with  claws,  and  a  ser- 
rated tail.  The  mouth  is  very  large,  and  furnished 
with  sharp  teeth  ;  the  skin  is  "brown,  mugh,  and,  on 
the  sides,  covered  with  tubercles.  The  largest  of 
these  animals  grow  to  the  length  of  seventeen  or 
eighteen  feet.  They  live  in  and  about  the  rivers  in 
warm  climates,  eat  fish,  and  sometimes  catch  hogs 
on  Uie  shore,  or  dogs  which  are  swimming.  In  win- 
ter, they  burrow  in  the  earth,  which  they  enter  un- 
der water  and  work  upward,  lying  tor|iid  till  spring. 
The  female  lays  a  great  number  of  eggs,  which  are 
deposited  in  the  sand,  and  left  to  be  batched  by  tlie 
heat  of  the  sun.  Encyc. 

AL'LI-GA-TOR-PEaR,  n.  A  West  Indian  fruit,  re- 
sembling a  pear  in  shape,  from  one  to  two  pounds  in 
wei^hl,  {Laurus  Pcr^fea,  Iahu.)  It  contains  within 
its   rind    a  yellow,   bulj  raceoiis   substance,  which. 


ALL 

wiiL-n    the   fruit   is   perfectly    ripe,   constitutes  an 

jigrt-table  food.  Etieyc. 

AL-LIG'A-TliRE,  n.      See  Ligature,  which   is  the 

word  in  use. 
AULIS'ION,  (al-lizh'un,)   n.     [L.  aWdo,  lo  dash  or 

strike  against,  of  aJ  and  Urdu,  to  hurt  by  striking  ;  Ir. 

leas,i\  sole;  H.  Iced,  a  hurl;  \).  beUcdinen  ;  Gi-r.  be 

leidiirrn,  lo  liurl ;  Fr.  blesser,  lo  hurt.     Ltcdo  forms  its 

piirtii  iplL'  Itrsus.     Class  Ld,  Ls.] 

A  sinking  against ;  as,llie  allisionot  Iha  sea  against 

Ihe"  shore.  IVoodimrd. 

AL-LIT-ER-A'TION,  ti.     [L.  ad  and  htera,  ii  ktlrr.^ 
The  repetition  of  Ihu  same  Idler  at  tlu-  beginning'of 

two  or  more  words  immediiilely  succeeding  each  other, 

or  at  short  intervals  ;  as /and  g  in  tiie  following  line : 

Fiflda  ever  fresli,  ami  grovea  forever  green. 

AL-LIT'ER-A-TIVE,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  consisting 
in,  alliTi^ration. 

ALL-LOVES  ,  a  former  mode  of  adjuralion,  meaning 
for  the  love  of  ail, as  of  heaven,  earth,  &c. ;  as,  Speak, 
of  all-loves !  Shale.     Toonc. 

AL*LO  Ca'TION,  71.  [h.ad  and  locatio,^  P'«cing, 
from  lactis,  place.     See  Local.] 

Tne  act  of  putting  one  thing  to  another  ;  hence  its 
usual  sense  is,  the  admission  of  an  article  of  account, 
or  an  allowance  made  upon  an  account ;  a  term  used 
in  llie  English  exchequer.     [See  Allow.] 

Ckaiiibi'rs.     Jithn.-ton. 

AL-LO-€A'TUR,  v.  [L.]  In  laic,  a  certificate  of  al- 
lowance of  cost  by  the  proper  officer. 

AL'LO-fHRO-TTE,  tj.      [Gr.  aAXus  and  \ontn.] 

A  fine-grained,  massive  garnet,  of  a  dingy  reddish- 
yellow  color.  Its  name  is  said  to  be  given  to  il,  as 
expressive  of  its  clianges  of  color  before  the  blow- 
pipe.      _  Dana, 

AL-LO-€u'TION,  n.  [L.  allocutio,  of  ad  and  loi/uor, 
to  speak.    See  ELoquENCE.] 

1.  The  act  or  manner  of  speaking  to,or  of  addresa- 
ing  in  words. 

9.  An  address;  a  formal  addre.=;s,  as  of  a  general 
to  his  troops  j  a  Roman  term,  rarely  used  in  English. 
Addison.     Kncye. 

AJj-LO'DI-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  allodium  ;  freehold  ; 
free  of  rent  or  service  ;  held  inde[iendeiit  of  a  lord 
paramount ;  opposed  to  feudal.  Blackstone. 

AL-L6'DI-AN  is  sometimes  used,  but  is  not  well  au- 
thorized. Cowel. 

AIj-L6'DI-tTM,  n,  [Fr.  alleu,  contr.  word.  Accord- 
ing to  O'Brien,  in  his  Focaioir,  or  Diclionary  of  the 
Irish,  this  word  is  the  Celtic  allod,  ancient.  Accord- 
ing to  Ponloppidan,  it  is  composed  of  all  and  WA,  all- 
property,  or  whole  estate.  In  Sw.  odal,  and  in  Dan. 
ode/,  signify  allodial;  the  word  being  used  as  an  ad- 
je(ti\'e  ;  Sw.  vdaliscds,  that  is,  odal  goods,  signifies  al- 
lodial lands  ;  and  odaljord,  odal  earth,  is  used  as  its 
synonym.  Odalman  is  one  who  possesses  allodial 
land  ;  odalbonde  is  a  yeoman  or  freeholder ;  udelt  sig- 
nifies undivided  ;  o,  in  Swedish,  being  a  prefix,  an- 
swering to  the  English  nn,  and  giving  lo  words  a 
negative  signification.  If  o  in  odal  is  this  prefix,  and 
dal  from  the  root  of  (/ea/,  the  word  signifies  undivided. 
But  some  obscurity  rests  on  this  word.  Ponli»ppi- 
dan's  derivation  is  most  probably  the  true  one.] 

Freeiiold  estate  ;  land  which  is  the  absolute  prop- 
erty of  the  owner  ;  real  estate  held  in  absolute  inde- 
pendence, without  being  subject  lo  any  rent,  service, 
or  acknowledgment  to  a  superior.  It  is  thus  opposed 
to  fend.  In  England,  there  is  no  allodial  land,  all 
land  being  held  of  the  king  ;  but  in  the  United  Stales, 
most  lands  are  allodial. 

AL-LONGE',  (al-Iunj',}  n.  [Fr.  allonger,  to  lengthen, 
to  thrust ;  allonge,  lengthened,  of  ad  and  long.] 

1.  A  pass  with  a  sword  ;  a  thrust  made  by  stcfqiing 
forward  and  extending  the  arm  ;  a  term  used  in  fen- 
cing, often  contracted  into  lunge. 

2.  A  long  rein,  when  a  horse  is  trotted  in  the 
hand.  Johnson. 

AL-LOO',  i\  t.  or  i.    To  incite  dogs  by  a  call. 

Phillips. 
[See  the  correct  word.  Halloo.] 

AL-LO-PATH'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  allopatny  or  the 
mode  of  cure  bv  producing  an  opposite  state. 

AL-LO-PATH'I€-AL-LY,  adc.  In  a  manner  con- 
formable lo  allopathy. 

AL-LOP'A-THIST,  7i.  One  who  practices  medicine 
aci  ording  to  tlie  principles  and  rules  of  allopathy. 

AL-I.f  H".\-TIIY,  71.  [Gr.  uAAoj,  other,  and  tuOoj, 
mnihid  culitiition.] 

'i'hat  method  of  medical  practice,  in  which  there 
is  an  attempt  to  cure  disease  by  the  production  of  a 
condition  of  the  system  either  diffen^nt  from,  oppo- 
site to,  or  incompatible  with,  the  condition  essential 
to  the  disease  to  be  cured  ;  the  ordinary  mode  of 
medical  practice,  in  opposition  to  homaopaihy. 

AL'LO-PIIaJVE,  Ti.  [Gr.  uAAuj,  other,  and  ipaiix^,  to 
appear.] 

A  clayey  or  aluminous  mineral,  of  a  blue,  and 
sometimes  of  a  green  or  brown  color,  which  occurs 
massive,  or  in  imitative  shapes.  It  gelatinizes  in 
acids,  and  loses  its  color  before  the  l)low-pipe, 
whence  its  name.  It  consists  chiefly  of  silica,  alu- 
mina, and  water,  and  derives  its  color  from  a  small 
portion  of  copper.  Dana. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MeTE,  PRgY.  — PINE,  MAKKNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BOOK. — 


:h6 


AM. 

AL'LO-aUY,  n.     [L.  o'l  and  lo^uur.] 

A  speaking  to  Hiiutiicr. 
AL-LOT',  V.  L     [of  ad  and  lot. :  Snx.  Idot.    See  Lut.] 

1.  To  divide  ur  liis^tribiite  by  lot. 

2.  To  distribute,  or  parcel  out  in  parts  or  portions  ; 
orto  distribute  a  share  to  each  individual  concernt-d. 

3.  To  grant,  as  a  portion  ;  to  give,  assign,  or  ap- 
point in  general ;  as,  let  every  man  be  wmtented 
with  that  which  Providence  allots  to  him. 

AL-LOT'MENT,  n.     The  act  of  allotting. 

2.  That  which  is  allotted ;  h  share,  part,  or 
portion  granted  or  distributed  ;  that  which  is  as- 
signed by  lot,  or  by  the  act  of  God. 

3.  A  part,  portion,  or  place  appropriated. 

Ill  a  field/  ihci^  is  an  ailoljnfnt  for  olives.  Broome. 

AI^LOT'TED,  pp.      Distributed    by    lot ;     granted ; 

a;??i2lied. 
AL-LOT'TER-Y  is  used  by  Shakspeare  for  Allot- 

me:«t  ;  but  is  not  authorized  by  usage. 
AL-LOT'TING,  ppr.     Distributing  by  lot;  giving  as 

portions;  assigning. 
AL-LOW,  P.  U     [Fr.  allouer,  from  louer ;  L.  toco,  to 

lay,  set,  place;   vV.  U^'gii  Nonii.  alltirr.     See   Lat. 

Class  Lg.] 

1.  To  grant,  give,  or  yield  ;  as,  lo  allow  a  servant 
his  liberty  ;  to  alloys  a  pension. 

2.  To  admit ;  as,  to  allow  the  truth  of  a  proposi- 
tion ;  to  allow  a  claim. 

3.  To  admit;  to  own  or  acknowledge;  as,  to 
alluw  the  right  of  the  president  to  displace  officers. 

4.  To  approve,  justify,  or  sanction. 

Ye  allow  ihe  deeds  of  your  (alhere.  —  Lu](e  li.     Rom.  vii. 

5.  To  afford,  or  grant  as  a  compensation;  as,  to 
allow  a  dollar  a  day  for  wages. 

6.  To  abate  or  deduct ;  as,  to  allow  a  sum  for  tare 
or  leakaee. 

7.  To  permit ;  to  grant  license  to ;  as,  to  tdlow  a 
son  to  be  absent. 

AL-LOW'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  permitted  as  law- 
ful, or  admitted  as  true  and  proper  ;  not  forbidden  ; 
not  unlawful  or  improper;  as,  a  certaui  degree  of 
freedom  is  allowable  among  fri-nds. 

AL-LO\V'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
allowable  ;  lawfulness  ;  esemption  from  prohibition 
or  impropriety.  South. 

AL-LOVY'A-BLY,  adv.  In  an  allowable  manner; 
with  propriety.  Lowth. 

AL-LOVV'ANCE,  n.  The  act  of  allowing  or  ad- 
milting. 

2.  Permission  ;  license  ;  approbation  ;  sanction  ; 
usually  slight  approbation.  iMcke.     Skak. 

3.  Admission  ;  assent  to  a  fact  or  state  of  tilings  ; 
a  granting.  Hooker. 

4.  Freedom  from  restraint ;  indulgence. 

5.  That  which  is  allowed  ;  a  portion  appointed  ; 
a  stated  quantity,  as  of  food  or  drink  ;  hence,  in 
seamen^s  language,  a  limited  quantity  of  meal  and 
drink,  when  provisions  fall  short. 

6.  Abatement;  deduction  ;  as,  to  make  an  allow- 
aiue  for  the  inexperience  of  youth. 

7.  Established  character  ;  reputation  ;  as,  a  pilot 
of  approved  allowance.     [Obs.]  Skak. 

8.  In  commerce,  a  customary  deductinn  from  the 
gross  weight  of  goods,  different  in  dilferent  coun- 
tries, such  as  tare  and  trci,  P.  Cyc 

A-L-LOW'A.\CE,  V.  t.  To  put  upon  allowance  ;  to 
restrain  or  limit  to  a  certain  quantity  of  provisions 
or  drink ;  as,  distress  compelled  the  captain  of  the 
ship  lo  allowance  his  crew. 

Alr-UOW ' ED,  pp.  Granted  ;  permitted  ;  assented  to  ; 
adtnitied  ;  approved  ;  indulged  ;  assigned  ;  abated. 

AL-LO\V'ER,  n.  One  who  allows,  permits,  grants, 
or  authorizes. 

AIj-LOW'ING,  ppr.  Granting;  permitting;  admit- 
ting; approving;  indulging;  deducting. 

AL-LOY',  V.  L  [Fr.  aUicr,  lo  unite  or  mix  ;  L.  aUigo, 
ad  and  ligo.,  to  bind  ;  Gr.  Xv)  o>o  ;  Sp.  ligar,  to  lie  or 
bind,  to  alloy  or  mix  base  metals  with  gold  or  silver, 
to  league  or  confederate;  Port.  id. ;  It.  legare.  We 
observe  that  alloy  and  Icasite,  alliance^  ally^  are  from 
the  same  root.     Class  Lg.j 

1.  To  reduce  the  purity  of  amctal,by  mixing  with 
it  a  portion  of  one  less  valuable  ;  as,  to  alloy  gold 
with  silver,  or  silver  with  copper. 

2.  To  mix  metals.  Lavoisier. 

3.  To  reduce  or  abate  by  mixture;  as,  to  alloy 
plt-asure  with  misfortunes. 

Al.-L()Y',n.  In  coinage,  a  baser  metal  mixed  with  a 
finer. 

2.  In  chemL^try,  the  mixture  of  different  metals; 
any  metallic  compouTid  except  that  of  mercury  with 
another  metal,  which  is  called  an  amalt^am. 

3.  Evil  mixed  with  good  ;  as,  nohappniess  is  with- 
out alloy. 

AL-LOY' AGE,  n,     [Fr.  alliage,  from  allicr.] 

1.  The  act  of  alloying  metals,  or  the  mixture  of  a 
baser  metal  with  a  finer,  to  reduce  its  purity  ;  the 
act  of  mixing  metals. 

2.  The  mixture  of  different  rnetals.       Laroisier. 
AL-LOY'£D,  pp.      Mixed,   as    metals ;    reduced    in 

purity  ;  d«^based  ;  abated  by  foreign  mixture. 
AL-L()Y'I\0,  ppr.     Mixing,  as  metals;   reducing  in 
purity  ;  abating  by  foreign  mixture. 


ALM 

.'VLL'SPTCE,  n.     See  under  the  compounds  of  All. 

AIz-LuDE',  u.  i.  [I.,  allado,  to  smde  upon  or  make 
sport  with,  of  ad  and  ludo,  to  play  ;  Sp.  Port,  aludir  ; 
It.  atltulerc     Class  Ld.] 

To  refer  to  something  nut  directly  mentioned  ;  to 
have  reference;  to  hint  at  by  remote  suggi--siions ; 
as,  that  story  alludes  to  a  recent  transaction. 

AL-LUD'ED,  pp.     Referred  to  ;   hinted  at. 

AL-LuD'I.\G,/f/>r.     Having  reference;  hinting  at. 

AL-LU  ML\-OR,  n.  [Fr.  allumcr,  to  lighU  See 
Limner.] 

One  who  colors  or  paints  upon  paper  or  parch- 
ment, giving  light  and  ornament  to  letters  and 
figures.  CoweL     Encyc. 

This  is  now  written  Limner. 

AL-LuRE',  V.  t  [Fr.  leurrer,  to  decoy,  fro?n  learre,  a 
lure.] 

To  attempt  to  draw  to;  to  tempt  by  the  offer  of 
some  good,  real  or  apparent ;  to  invite  by  something 
flattering  or  acceptable  ;  as,  rewards  allure  men  lo 
brave  danger.  Sometimes  used  in  a  bad  sense,  to 
allure  to  evil ;  but  in  this  sense  entice  is  more 
common.  In  Hosea  ii.  14,  allure  is  used  in  its  genu- 
ine sense ;  in  2  Peter  ii.  18,  in  the  sense  of  rntics. 

AL-LuR'tT),  pp.  Tempted,  drawn,  or  invited,  by 
soraetiiing  that  appears  desirable. 

AL-LuRE':\IENT,  n.  That  which  allures  ;  any  real 
or  apparent  good  held  forth,  or  operating,  as  a  motive 
lo  action  ;  temptation  ;  eniicement ;  as,  the  allure- 
mcnt-i  of  pleasure,  or  of  honor. 

AL-LOR'ER,  n.     He  or  that  which  allures. 

AL-LuR'IiVG,  p/ir.  Drawing;  tempting;  inviting  by 
some  real  or  apparent  good 

2.  c  InviUng ;  havmg  the  quality  of  altracting 
or  tempting. 

AL-LuR'ING-LY,  o/fr.  In  an  alluring  manner;  en- 
ticin^lv. 

AL-LUR'L\(5-XESS,  ».  The  quality  of  alluring  or 
templing  by  the  prospect  of  some  good.  [Rarely 
usetLj 

AL-LU'SI0.\,  (aJ-lu'zhun,)  n,  [Fr.  from  o/Zu^io,  Low 
L.     See  Allude.] 

A  reference  to  something  supposed  to  be  known, 
but  not  ex-plicitly  mentioned;  a  hint ;  a  suggestion. 

Bnmet. 
In  rhetoric,  a  reference  to  some  striking  incident 
in  history,  or  passage  in  some  writer,  which  illus- 
trates, and  at  the  same  time    plijases,  by  resem- 
blance. 

AL-LU'SIVE,  a.  Having  reference  to  som^^thing  not 
fully  expressed.  South. 

AL-LU'SI  VE-LY,  adv.  By  way  of  allusion  ;  by  hupli- 
cation,  remote  stiggestion,  or  insinuation. 

Hammond. 

AL-LU'SIVE-XESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  allu- 
sive.     [Rarely  iLsed,] 

AL-Lu'HO-RY,  a.     Allusive.  HeaVi. 

AL-Lu'Vl-AL,a.     [See  Alluvion.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  alluvion;  added  to  land  by  the 
wash  of  water. 

2.  VV  ashed  ashore  or  down  a  stream ;  formed  by  a 
current  of  water ;  deposited  from  water  ;  as,  alluvial 
ores  ;  alluvial  soil.  Kirwan. 

AL-Lu'VI-ON,  71.  [L.  alluvia,  of  ad  and  lavo  or  luo, 
ailuo,  to  wash.     See  Lave.] 

1.  A  gradual  washing  or  carrj'ing  of  earth  or 
other  substances  to  a  shore  or  bank  ;  the  earth  thus 
added. 

2.  In  iawj,  the  gradual  increase  of  earth  on  ashore, 
or  bank  of  a  river,  by  the  force  of  water,  as  by  a 
current  or  by  waves.  The  owner  of  the  land  thus 
augmented  has  a  right  to  Ihe  alluvial  e.irtli. 

3.  In  physical  (reographii,  a  tract  (if  alluvial  forma- 
tion ;  particularly  applied  to  the  bottom-lands  and 
deltas  of  rivers. 

AL-LO'VI-OUS,  a.  The  same  as  Alluvial,  [06.v.] 
AL-LU'VI-UM,  n.  [L.]  Earth,  sand,  gravel,  and 
other  transported  matter,  which  has  been  washed 
away,  and  thrown  down  by  rivers,  flood-*,  or  other 
causes,  upon  land  not  pftrmanently  submerged  be- 
neath the  waters  of  lakes  or  seas.  Lyell. 


AL-L'?',  V.  t  [Fr.  aWiVr;  reciprocsil  verb,  s'(i//icr,  to 
match  or  contederate  ;  from  ad  and  licr,  to  tie  or 
unite  ;  L.  liiro.] 

1.  To  unite,  or  form  a  relation,  as  between  fami- 
lies by  marriage,  or  between  princes  and  stales  by 
treaty,  leagne,  or  confederacy. 

2.  To  form  a  relation  by  similitude,  resemblance, 
or  friendship.  JVote.  This  word  is  more  generally 
used  in  the  passive  form ;  as,  families  are  allied  by 
blood  ;  or  reciprocally  ;  as,  princes  ally  thcntselvcs  lo 
powerful  stales. 

AL-LY',  n.  A  prince  or  state  united  by  treaty  or 
league  ;  a  confederate. 

The  alliet  of  Rom*?  were  sJ.ives.  Ajrut. 

2.  One  related  by  marriage  or  other  tie  ;  but  seldom 
applied   lo    individuals,   except   lo  princes   in  their 
public  capacity. 
AIj-L?'ING,  ppr.    Uniting  bv  marriage  or  treaty. 
AL'MA-CAX-TAR,  n.     See  Almccastar. 
AL'MA-DIE,  n.     A  bark  canoe  used  by  the  Africans  ; 


ALM 

also,  a  long  boat  used  at  Calicut,  in  India,  eighty  feel 
limg,  and  six  or  seven  broad ;  called  aUo  caiJturL 

Encyc 

AL'MA-GEST,  71.    [at  and  ptyier,  greatesi.] 

A  book  or  collection  of  problems  iii  ai^tronomy  and 
geometr>*,  drawn  up  by  Floleniy.  The  s^ime  title 
has  been  given  lo  other  works  of  the  like  kiml. 

Encyc. 

.\L-MS'GRA,  n,  A  fine,  deep-red  ocher,  with  an  ad- 
mixture of  purple,  very  heavy,  dense,  bul  friabie, 
with  a  rough,  dusty  surface.  It  is  Ihe  til  ntticum  oi 
the  ancients.  It  is  ausstere  to  the  taste,  astringent, 
melting  in  the  mot  Ih,  and  staining  the  skin.  It  is 
used  as  a  paint  and  as  a  medicine.  Encyc, 

AL'MA  MASTER,  [L.]  Fostering  motheri  a  college 
or  seminary  where  one  is  educated. 

5  ^^ 

AL'MA-NAC,  n.  [Ar.  al  and  ^\JL*o  ^(iri^ich,  manack, 
a  calendar,  or  diary.]  C 

A  small  book  or  Uible,  containing  a  calendar  of 
days,  weeks,  and  mniiths,  with  the  limes  of  the 
rising  and  setting  of  the  sun  and  moon,  changes  of 
the  moon,  eclipses,  hours  of  full  tide,  stated  festivals 
of  churches,  stated  terms  of  courts,  u^servaiions  on 
the  weather,  &c.  for  the  year.  This  calendar  id 
sometimes  published  on  one  side  of  a  single  sheet, 
and  called  a  sheet-ahnanac. 

The  Baltic  nations  formerly  engraved  their  calen- 
dars on  pieces  of  wood,  on  swords,  helves  of  axes, 
and  various  other  utensils,  and  especially  on  walk- 
ing-sticks. Many  of  these  are  presen'ed  in  the  cab- 
inets of  the  curious.  They  are  called,  by  different 
nations,  rimstocks,  prim^taries,  runstocks,  ruiistaffSj 
clogs,  &.C. 

The  characters  used  are  generally  the  Runic  or 
Gothic.  Junius.     Encyc.      Tooke's  Russia.. 

AL'MA  NA€-MaK-ER,  n.     A  maker  of  almanacs. 

AL'MAN-DINE,  n.  [Fr.  and  It.]  In  mineralogy, 
precious  garnet,  a  beautiful  mineral  of  a  red  color, 
of  various  shades,  sometimes  tinged  with  yellow  or 
blue.  It  is  commonly  translucent,  sometimes  trans- 
parent. It  occurs  crjstallized  in  the  rhombic  dodeca- 
hedron. Phdlips. 

AJ/ME,  or  AL'MAI,  n.  Girls  in  Egypt,  whose  occu- 
pation is  to  amuse  company  with  singing  and 
dancing.  Encyc,     Sacary. 

AL-.ME'iVA,  71.  A  weight  of  two  pounds,  used  lo 
weish  saffron  in  several  parts  of  Asia.        Sp.  Diet. 

AL-MTGHT'I-LY,  (awl-mil'e-le,)  adv.  With  almighty 
"power.  H.  Taylor. 

AL-MTGHT'I-NESS,  n.  Omnipotence;  infinite  or 
boundles:^  power  ;  an  attribute  of  Qod  only. 

AL-MTGHT'Y,  a.     [all  and  mighty.     See  Might. ]^ 

Possessing  all  power;  omnipotent;  being  ot  un- 
limited might;  being  of  boundless  sufliciency  ;  ap- 
pniprtatrl}/  app'ied  to  the  Supreme  Being. 

AL-MTGHT'Y,  n.     The  Omnipotent  God. 

AL'MO.ND,  n.  [Fr.  amande  ;  It.  mandula  ;  Sp.  aimer- 
dra  ;  Ger.   marulel.] 

1.  The  fruit  of  the  almond-tree  ;  an  ovate,  com- 
pressed nut,  perforated  with  pores.  It  is  either 
sweet  or  bitter.  [It  is  popularly  pronounced  dmond.] 
J^^icholson.  Encyc, 
9.  The  tonsils,  two  glands  near  the  basis  of  the 
tongue,  are  called  almonds,  from  their  resemblance 
to  thai  nut ;  vulgarly,  but  improperly,  called  the 
almonds  of  the  ears,  as  they  belong  to  the  tliroat. 

Qtttjict/.    Johnson. 

3.  In  Portugal,  a  measure  by  which  wine  is  sold, 
iweniy-six  of  which  make  a  pipe.  Encyc. 

[Bul  in  Portuguese  it  is  written  almude."] 

4.  .Among  lapidaries,  almonds  signify  pieces  of 
mck  crjstal,  used  in  adorning  branch  candlesticks, 
so  called  from  th.-ir  resemblance  lo  this  fruit.    Encuc, 

AJ/MOND-FUR'.\ACE,  n.  A  kind  of  furnace  used 
in  the  relinins  process,  to  separate  the  metal  from 
cinders  and  other  foreign  matter.  Chambers. 

AL'MO\D-UIL,  n.  A  bland,  fixe'd  oil,  obtained  from 
almonds  bv  pressi;re.  Ure, 

AL'MOXD-SHAP-i;D,  (-shapt,)  o.  Having  the  form 
of  an  alniond._ 

AL'MOXD-TReE,  n.  A  species  of  Amygdalus  ;  the 
tree  which  produces  the  almond.  The  leaves  and 
flowers  resemble  those  of  the  peach,  but  the  fruit  is 
longer  and  more  compressed,  the  green  coal  is  thin- 
ner antl  drier  when  ripe,  and  the  shell  is  not  so  nig- 
ged. .Miller 

AL'MOND-\VIL'LO\V,  n.  A  willow  with  leaves  of 
a  lishl  green  on  both  sides.  Ma£on,fi-om  Shenstone. 

AL'MOX-ER,  71.     [See  Alms.] 

An  orticer  whose  duly  is  to  distribute  charity  or 
alms.  By  the  ancient  canons,  ever\-  monasien,-  was 
to  dispose  of  a  tenth  of  its  income  in  alms  to  the 
poor,  and  all  bishops  were  obliged  to  keep  an  .il- 
moner.  This  title  is  sometimes  given  lo  a  cliaiv 
lain  ;  as,  the  almoner  of  a  ship  or  regiment. 

The  lord  almoner,  or  lord  high  attnonfr,  in  Ensland, 
is  an  ecclepiasiic;d  orticer,  generally  a  bishop,  who 
has  the  fi)rfeiture  of  all  deodands,  and  the  goods  of 
self-nuirderers,  which  he  i^i  lo  distribute  to  the  pvoz. 
The  grand  almoner,  in  l-m.ice,  is  the  first  ecdeei- 
a5tical  dignilarv-,  and  has  the  superintendence  of 
hospitals.  Encyc 


TU.NE,  BULL,  tlXITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K  ;  d  as  J  ;   S  as  Z  ;   CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  In  THIS. 


ALO 


ALO 


AL'.MON-RY,  n.  [comiptea  into  amlinj,  aumbnjy  or 
aumcnj.]  . ,  , 

'i'lie  pliice  where  tlio  almoner  resides,  or  where 
tliB  iilms  im:  (listribiitcil. 
AL'iMOrfT,   ailr.     [uU  and  most.    The  Saxon  order  of 
'■  writing   was  thus:  "««   tnost   who  were   present." 
Sax.   Chron.   p.  2-25.      We   now    use   a   duplication, 
almost  nil  who  wen;  present,] 
Nearly  ;  well  nigh  ;  for  the  greatest  part. 

A!rnott  Oiuji  prrnuuloat  iii(^  to  be  a  Cliritlivii.  —  Acta  xxti. 
XLMS,(;lin7.,)  n.  pi.  [Sax.  almm;  old  Enu.  atmessc  : 
Norm.  uliii<tiirni'-.-i ;  Ft.  aumotfcs ;  D.  aalnwcs ,  S\v. 
almo.-ia ;  r)ail."//"iw-*c  ;  G.  almosen  ;  L.  elenrwuifna  ;  Gr. 
£^cf;/m<Tiiv'(.  'i'lie  first  eyllahles  appear  to  be  from 
eX'.tio,  to  pity.] 

Any  thins  given  pratnitously  to  relieve  the  poor, 
as  money,  food,  or  clothing,  otherwise  called  charity. 
A  l.ime  mnii  wm  Iniil  ilixily  to  iibU  irn  rtlma.  —  Acls  iii. 
Curacliiia  g:ive  much  alins  to  tlie  peoi)!',-. —  Acta  x. 

Tenure  by  free  almsy  or  frank-ahnoign,  in  Enfilnnd, 
is  that  by  which  the  possc-s.sor  is  hound  to  pray  for 
the  soul  of  the  donor,  whether  dead  or  alive  ;  a 
tenure  by  which  most  of  the  ancient  monasteries  and 
r.-li<:ious"  houses  in  England  lurid  their  lands,  as  do 
the  parorhial  cler^v,  and  many  ecclesiastical  anil 
el.viiinsynary  establishments  at  this  day.  Land  thus 
hrhl  wa^  free  fioin  all  rent  !)r  other  service.  Blackstmr. 

XLMS'-IIASK-ET,  ALMS'-HOX,  ALMS'-CHEST. 
Vessel:!  appro|)rialed  to  receive  alms. 

.itLMS'-l)f:EI),  Ti.  An  act  of  charity  ;  a  charitable 
gift.  ,   , 

ALMS'-FOLK,  (ilmz'tok,)  n.  Persons  supported  by 
alms.     [JVo(  used.] 

XLMS'-GIV-ER,  H.     One  who  gives  to  the  poor. 

Bacon. 

AI.MS'-GIV-ING,n.    The  bestowment  of  charity. 

ALMS'-llOUSE,  71,  A  house  appropriated  fi»r  the  use 
of  the  poor,  who  are  supported  by  the  public. 

In  £)i^/flm/,  tlie  term  is  also  applied  to  houses  for 
suunorlins  the  poor  on  private  charitable  foundations. 
'  P.  Cyc. 

ALMS'-MAN,  n.     A  man  who  lives  by  alm^.    Sfia!;. 

ALMS'-MEN,  ;  n.  /-/.  Persiinssup|n)rted  by  chanty 

ALMS'-Pi-:0-rLE,  i      or  by  public  provision. 

AL'MU-eAN-TAR,7i.  [Arabic]  A  term  apiilied  to 
circles  of  the  sphere  pLirallel  to  the  horizon,  con- 
ceived to  pass  tinough  every  degree  of  the  meridian. 

lliittvn. 

AL'MU-€AN-TAR'S  STAFF,  n.  An  instrument  of 
box  or  pear  tree,  having  an  arch  of  fifteen  degrees, 
formerly  used  to  take  observations  of  the  sun,  about 
the  lime  of  its  rising  or  setting,  to  find  the  amplitude 
and  the  variation  of  the  compass.    Encyc.  Chambers. 

AL-MO'DE,  ».  A  wine  measure  in  Portugal,  of 
which  twentv-six  make  a  pipe.  Port.   Diet. 

Al/.Ml'G,  y    H.'     In    Scripture,   a  tree   or   wood   about 

AL'<;[iM,  \  which  the  learned  are  not  agreed.  The 
hitest  iirnbablc  conjecture  is,  that  the  word  denotes 
the  sandal-woud  of  the  East.  Kitto. 

The  Vulgate  translates  it  /(i'77a  tAyina,  and  the  Sep- 
Innginl,  wrou^fU-wood  ;  others,  ebony,  brazii,  or  piiie  : 
and  the  Rabbins  render  it  coraJ.  It  was  used  for 
musical  instruments,  staircases,  &c. 

'J'lie  t/iyiniim  is  the  citron-tree,  from  Mauritania, 
much  esteemed  by  the  ancients  for  its  fragrance  and 
beauty.  The  alnlug,  a!niugim,  or  alg^umim,  or  simply 
friiiitmim,  is  most  probably  a  gummy  wood,  and  per- 
haps may  be  the  shittim,  often  mentioned  in  Scrip- 
ture.    See  1  Kings  x.  11  CalmcL     Encyc. 

AL'NA(jE,  TI.  [Fr.  aulnagCy  now  softened  into  an- 
imire  ;  h.  ulnai  Gr.  wAei/?;,  an  arm,  a  cubit ;  W.  elin  ; 
U.^itelnii  uite,  or  uUcan,  an  elbow,  a  nook  or  coiner. 
See  Ell.] 

A  m'?asuring  by  the  ell. 

AL'N.\-GER,  in.     A  measurer  by  the  cll ;  a  sworn 

AL'NA-G.\R,  )  officer,  whose  duty  was  to  inspect 
and  measure  woolen  cloth,  and  fix  upon  it  a  seal. 
This  office  was  abolished  by  statute  11  and  12  Will. 
in.  No  duty  or  office  of  this  kind  exists  in  the 
United  States. 

ATi'NTGHT,  (awl'nite,)  n.     A  cake  of  wax  uilh  the 

"  wick  in  the  midst.  Bacon. 

AL'OE,  fal'o,)  II.  [L.  aloe  ;  Gr.  nXoJi ;  Sp.  Port.  It.  Fr. 
aJor  ;  Heb.  pi.  D'''?nN,  aloe-trees.] 

In  botany,  a  genus  of  the  class  and  order  Ilexan- 
dria  iMonogynia,  of  many  species;  all  natives  of 
warm  climates,  and  most  of  them  of  the  southern 
Itart  of  Africa. 

Amimg  the  Mohammedans,  the  aloe  is  a  sym- 
bolic jilanl,  especially  in  Egypt ;  and  every  one  who 
returns  from  a  pUgrimage  to  Mecca  hangs  it  over 
iiis  street  door,  as  a  token  that  he  has  performed  the 
journcv. 

In  .Africa,  the  leaves  of  the  Guinea  aloe  are  made 
into  durable  ropes.  Of  one  species  are  made  fishing- 
iiius,  how-strings,  stockings,  and  hammocks.  Tlie 
Iraves  of  another  species  hold  rain  water. 

AL'oES,  TI,  In  m(dicinr,x\\e  inspissated  juice  of  the 
aloe.  The  juice  is  collected  from  the  leaves,  which 
are  cut  and  put  in  a  tub,  and  when  a  large  quantity 
i«  procured,  it  is  boiled  to  a  suitable  consistence  ;  or 
it  is  exposed  to  the  sun,  till  all  the  fluid  part  is  ex- 
haled.    There  are  several  kinds  sold  in  the  shops  j 


as,  the  Socotnn*'  aloes  from  Socolora,  an  isle  in  the 

Indian  Ocean  ;  the   hep'itic   or   common  Earbadocs 

aloes;  and  the  felid  or  ca'MdIine  aloes. 

Aloes  is  a  stimulating  stomachic  purgative  ;  when 

taken  in  small  doses,  it  is  useful  for  people  of  a  lax 

habit  and  sed.-ntary  life.  Encyc. 

AL'CES-VVOQi),  H.     See  Aoallochum. 
AL-O-ET'ie,  /  a,     1.   Pertaining  to  aloe  or  aloes  ; 

AL-0-ET'ie-AL,  \     parlakingoftheipialities  of  aloes. 
2.  Consisting  chiefiy  of  aloes;  having  aloes  as  a 

principal  ingredient ;  as,  an  aloctic  preparation. 
AL-O-ET'ie,  n.    A  metlicine    consisting  ciiietly  of 

aloes.  Quincy. 

A-LOFT',  adv.     [a  and  lofl     See  Loft  and  Luff.] 

1.  On  high;  in  the  air;  high  above  the  ground; 
as,  the  ea;:!i:  soars  alo/L 

2.  In  s't.-mni^s  lann-uaffc,  in  the  top;  at  the  mast 
head  ;  or  vu  the  higher  yards  or  rigging.  Hence,  on 
trie  upper  part,  as  of  a  building. 

A-L6'CI-ANS,  n,  pL     [n  neg.  and  Xoyo<;.,  word.] 

In  churrli  history^  a  sect  of  ancient  heretics,  who 
denied  Je^-iis  Christ  to  be  the  Z-og-os,  and  consequently 
r.-.-octed  the  Gospel  of  St.  John.  Buck.     Kncyc. 

AL'U-GO-TRO-PHY,  n,  [Gr.  uAojoj,  unreasonable, 
and  Titoipii,  nutrition.] 

A  disproportionate  nutrition  of  the  parts  of  the 
body,  as  when  one  part  receives  more  or  less  nour- 
ishment and  growth  than  another.  BaUcy. 
AL'O-MAN-CY,  n,      [Gr.  -iAs,  sail,  and  /lai-Tim,  div- 
ination.] 

Divination  by  salt.  J\Iorin. 

AL'O-GV,  n.     [Gr.  u  and  Uy  <-<;.] 

Unreasonableness ;  absurdity.  Brcion. 

A-L6NE',  a.  [all  and  one }  Germ,  allein;  D.  allern; 
Sw.  aUena;  Dan.  aUcne.] 

1.  Single;  solitary;  without  the  presence  of 
another ;  applied  to  a  person  or  tiling. 

It  U  Do(  ?-nod  tli.ll  m.iti  should  ttc  alone.  — Ucri.  u. 
{This  atl        'c  follows  fts  noun.l 

2.  It  is  jij  ,  id  to  two  or  more  persons  or  things, 
when  separate  from  others,  in  a  place  or  condition 
by  themselves;  without  company. 

And  wlion  thpy  were  alo'ie,  In.'  exjwundcd  all  thing?  to  his  disci- 
plfa.  —  Mark  iv, 

3.  Only. 

Tlioii,  whose  natrip  a'one  is  Jiliovali.  — Pa.  txxxiii. 
This  sense  at   first  appears   to  be  adverbial,  hut 
really   is   not;   whose  luiine,  single,  solitary,  without 
another,  is  Jf-liovah. 

To  let  alone,  is  to  suffer  to  rest ;  to  forbear  molesting 
or  meddling  with  ;  to  suffer  to  remain  in  its  present 
state.  Jilone,  in  this  phrase,  is  an  adjective,  the 
word  to  which  it  refers  being  omitted  ;  let  me  alone  ; 
let  them  alone;  let  it  alone  ;  that  is,  suflVr  it  to  be 
unmolested,  or  to  remain  as  it  is,  or  let  it  remain  by 

A-L6NE',  (w/«.     Separately;  by  itself.  [itself. 

A-LoNE'LY,a.  or  adu.  Only;  merely;  singly.  [JVwf 
H.iff/,]  Oowcr. 

A-LOi\E'NESS,  71.  That  state  which  belongs  to  no 
olhf'r.     [JVitf  iised.]  Muii'taifue. 

A-LO.\'G',  ado.  [Sax.  and-lang  or  ond-lans ;  Fr.  an 
long,  le  long.  See  Long.  The  Saxons  always  pre- 
fixed and  or  ond,  and  the  sense  seems  to  be,  by  the 
length,  or  opposite  the  length,  or  in  the  direction  of 
the  length.] 

1.  By  the  length;  lengthwise;  In  a  line  with  the 
length  ;  as,  the  troops  marched  along  the  bank  of  the 
river,  or  along  the  highway.       I  Sam.  vi. 

2.  Onward  ;  in  a  line,  or  with  a  progressive  mo- 
tion ;  as,  a  meteor  glides  along  the  sky  ;  let  us  walk 
alonff. 

All  along,  signifies  the  whole  length  ;  through  the 
whole  distance  ;  in  the  whole  way  or  length. 


Iflhmci'-t   went  forth,  wcepliig  all  along 
1  Sum.  xxviii. 


I  he  went. — Jer.  xli. 


Along  with,  signifies  in  company  ;  joined  with  ;  as, 
go  along  witii  us.    Sometimes  with  is  omitted. 

Comp,  Uion,  my  friend,  my  genius,  conie  along.  Pope. 

Along  side,  in  seamcn*s  language,  that  is,  by  the 
length  or  in  a  line  with  the  side,  signifies  side  by 
side,  as  by  another  ship,  or  by  the  side  of  a  wharf 

Along  sliorr,  is  by  the  shore  or  coast,  lengthwise, 
and  near  the  shore. 

Lying  along,  is  lying  on  the  side,  or  pressed  down 
by  the  weight  of  sail.  J\[ar.  Did. 

A-LONGST',  adv.     Along;  through  or  by  the  length. 

[Obs.]  Knollcs. 

A-LOOP',  adc.     [probably  from  tlie  root  of  leave,  to 
depart.] 

1.  At  a  distance,  but  within  view,  or  at  a  small 
distance,  in  a  literal  sense;  as, to  stand  aloof. 

2.  In  afigvratitie  sense,  not  concerned  in  a  design  ; 
declining  to  take  any  share,  implying  circumspec- 
tion ;  keeping  at  a  distance  from  the  point,  or  malter 
in  debate. 

A-LOOF'NESS,  n.    The  keeping  at  a  distance. 

Colrridge. 

AL'O-PE-CY,  TT.     [Gr.  nX'.-TTTjf,  a  fo-t,  whose  urine  is 
said  to  occasion  baldness.] 

A  disease,  called  ihe  fox-enilov  scurf ,  Virh\c\\  is  a 
falling  off  of  the  hair  from  any  part  of  the  body. 
Quincy.     Encyc     Bailey. 


AJ,R 

A-LOUD',  arfp.  [a  and  lotid;  Sax.  gehhjd,  clamor- 
See  Loud.]  Loudly ;  with  a  loud  voice,  or  great 
noise. 

Cry  aioud,  aparc  iioL  — 1»«.  IviU. 

A-LGW,  adv.  In  a  low  place,  or  a  lower  part ;  op- 
posed to  alofl.  Drtfdrn. 
ALP,  n.  I  [Qu.  Or.  oX^of,  white  ;  L.  albu.i'.  The 
ALPS,  H.  pi.  )  Celts  callfil  all  high  mountains  a!pe.-i(tt 
olbe.  Cluvrr.  Thucydides  mentions  a  castit,  in  tlie 
territory  of  Argos,  situated  on  a  hill,  and  called 
Olpas  or  Olp.  Ijib.  3,  Ca.  105.  PeUoutier,  Mist,  dea 
Celtes,  Liv.  1.  15.  'J'lie  derivation  of  the  word  from 
aAV'«S»\^'liite,is  therefore  doubtful.  In  Ir.  or  Gaelic, 
ailp  is  a  huge  mass  or  lum|i.] 

A  high  mountain.  The  name,  it  is  supposed,  was 
originally  given  to  mountains  whose  to[)s  were  cov- 
ered with  snow,  and  hence  appropriately  a|»|ilied  lo 
the  mountains  of  Switzerland  ;  ko  thai  by  Alps  is 
generally  understood  the  latter  mountains.  But 
geographers  apply  the  name  lo  any  high  mountains. 

PinkrrtoH. 

AL-PACA,  n.  An  animal  of  Peru,  used  as  a  beast  of 
burden,  and  more  particularly  for  its  wool  ;  the 
Camelus  Pacoof  Linnaeus,  and  the  Pacos  of  Pennant. 

AL'PIIA,  71.     [Heb.  ^^Sn,  an  ox  or  leader.] 

The  first  letter  in  the  Greek  alphabet,  answering 
to  A,  and  used  to  denote  first  or  beginning. 

I  a.m  Alpha  and  Omrgn.  —  Rev.  i. 

As  a  numeral,  it  stands  for  otic.  It  was  formerly 
used  also  to  denote  citiefi  as,  Plato  was  the  Alpha  of 
Ihe  wits. 

AL'PIIA-BET,  71.     [Gr.  aX6a  and  3r,ra,  A  and  B.] 
The  letters  of  a  language  arranged  in  the  cns- 
toTnary  order;  the  series  of  letters  which  fitrn)  the 
elrrneuts  of  speech. 

AL'PIIA-BET,  V.  t.  To  arrange  in  the  order  of  an 
alphabet ;  to  form  an  alphabet  in  a  book,  or  desig- 
nate ihe  leaves  by  the  letters  of  the  alphabet. 

AL-PHA-BET-a'RI-AN,  ti.  a  learner  while  in  the 
A,  B,  C. 

AL-PIIA-BET'ie,  (  a.     I.  In  the  order  of  an  al- 

AL-PHA  HET'ie-AL,  i  phabet,  or  in  the  order  of 
tlie  letters  as  cusiumarily  arranged  ;  as,  an  alphabet- 
ical arrangement  or  series. 

2.  Furnished  with  an  alphabet;  as, an  alpliabetical 
language. 

3.  Expressed  by  the  letters  of  the  alphabet ;  as, 
alphabetic  writing. 

AL-PIIA-BET'ie-AL-LY,  adr.  In  an  alphabetical 
manner;  in  the  customary  ord'T  of  the  letters. 

AL-Pllc'NIX,  n.     [al  and  pha-niz,] 

White  barley  sugar,  used  for  colds.  It  is  common 
sugar  boiled  till  it  will  easily  crock ;  then  poured 
upon  an  oiled  marble  table,  and  molded  into  various 
figures.  Encyc. 

AL'PIIEST,  71.  A  small  fish,  having  a  purple  back 
and  belly,  with  yellow  sides,  a  smooth  mouth,  and 
tliick,  fleshy  lips  ;  always  caught  near  the  shore  or 
among  rocks.    Labrus  Cina-'dus  Linn. 

Diet.  flfJ\rat,  FfsU 

AL-PHIT'0-MAN-CY,7t.     Divination  by  barley-meal. 

Kiiowles. 

AL-PIION'SIN,  71.  A  surgical  instrument  for  extract- 
ing bullets  from  wounds,  so  called  fmm  its  inventor, 
Alphonsus  Ferrier  of  Naples.  It  consists  of  three 
branches,  which  close  by  a  ring,  and  open  when  it  is 
drawn  back.  Encyc. 

AL-PHON'SIN  TA'BLES,  n.  Astronomical  tables 
which  were  published  in  1252,  under  the  patronage 
of  Alphonso  X.,  king  of  Castile  and  Leon.   P.  Cyc. 

AL'PnUS,  n.     [Gr.  nA^r,;,  while.] 

That  species  of  leprosy  called  vitiligo,  in  which 
the  skin  is  rough,  with  while  spots.  (^nincy. 

AL'PI-OENE,  a.  Produced  or  growing  in  Alpine 
regions. 

AL'PINE,  (ine  or  in,)  a.     [L.  alpinns,  from  Alpcs.] 
1.  Pertaining  to  the  Alps,  or  to  any  lofty  moun- 
tain ;  very  high  ;  elevated.  Mdtoiu     Thomson. 
9.  Growing  on  high  mountains  ;  as,  alpine  plants. 
The  fl/piHcsfr.iTrtfrri/,  is  a  kind  of  strawberry  grow- 
ing on  lofty  hdls.  Mason,  Sapp. 

AL'PISTE,  ( Ti.    The  seed  of  a  species  of  canary  grass, 

AL'PI-A,  i  (P/m/am,)  a  small  seed  used  for  feed- 
ing birds.  Encyc. 

AL'UUI-ER,7i.  A  measure  in  Portugal  for  dry  things, 
as  well  as  liquids,  containing  half  an  almude,  or 
about  two  gallons.    It  is  called  also  cantor. 

Port.  Diet. 

AL'aUI-FOU,  (al'ke-foo,)  n.  A  sort  of  lead  ore, 
[galena,]  which,  when  broken,  looks  like  sulphuret 
of  antimony.  It  is  found  in  Cornwall,  England  ; 
used  by  potters  to  give  a  green  varnish  to  their 
wares,  and  called  poUer''s  ore.  A  small  mixture  of 
manganese  gives  it  a  blackish  hue.  Encyc. 

AL-READ'Y,  (al-red'dy,)  ado.  [all  and  ready.  See 
"  Readt.] 

Literally,  a  state  of  complete  preparation  ;  but,  by 
an  easy  deflection,  the  sense  is,  at  ihis  lime,  or  at  a 
specified  time. 

Eii.Ts  is  com?  alreafhf.  —  Mi\ll.  xvii. 
Joseph  was  in  Egypt  already.  —  Exod.  i. 

It  has  reference  to  past  time,  but  may  be  nsed  for 
a  future  past ;  as,  when  you  shall  arrive,  the  business 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  W^HAT.  —  METE,  PRgY.  — PINE,  MARtNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BOOK. — 


ALT 


ALT 


win  be  already  cumplt-ied,  or  will  have  been  com- 
pleted already. 
AL'SO,  a(U\     [all  and  so.     Snx.  eal  and  swa;  eal,  all, 
'  tlie  whole,  and  sica,  so.] 

Likewise  ;  in  like  manner. 

Whci*  your  irenaure  is,  Ihere  will  your  hearts  be  alto.  —  Matt. 
XV  i. 
ALT,      ;  a.     [It.,  from  L.  altus,  high  ;  Celt,  ait,  ailt, 
AL'TO,  \      a  high  place  ;  Heb.  n^hv,  upper,  •?!?,  high.] 
rn  music,  a  temi  applied  to  high  notes  in  llie  scale. 
In   sculpture,   alto-relievo,  high   relief,  is  when   the 
figures  jiroject  half  or  more,  without  being  entirely 
detached  from  the  ground.  Enajc,     Cye, 

AI^TA'ie,  or  AL-Ta'[AN,  a.  [Tart,  alafau,  perhaps 
al-ta<r,  high  mountain.     Tooke,  1,  121.] 

Pertaining  to  the  Altai,  a  vast  ridge  of  mountains 
extending,  in  an  easterly  direction,  through  a  consid- 
erable part  of  Asia,  and  forming  a  boundary  between 
the  Russian  and  Chinese  dominions. 

Pinkerton,     Encyc. 
AL'TAR,  n.     [L.  altare,  probably  from  tlie  same  root 
"  as  altus^  high  ;  Celt,  alt,  a  high  place.] 

1.  A  mount  j  a  table  or  elevated  place,  on  which 
sacrifices  were  anciently  offered  to  some  deity. 
Altars  were  origin;iJly  made  of  turf,  afterward  of 
stone,  wood,  or  horn  ;  some  were  round,  others 
squ;u-e,  others  triangular.  They  differed  also  in 
height,  bnl  all  faced  the  east.  The  principal  altars 
of  the  Jews  were  the  altar  of  incense,  of  burnt-offer- 
ings, and  of  show-bread  ;  all  of  shittim  wood,  and 
covered  with  gold  or  brass.  Encyc. 

2.  In  Episcopal  churehes,  the  communion  table; 
and^foTtratively,  a  church  j  a  place  of  worship. 

3.  In  Scripturf,  Christ  is  called  the  a/^ar  of  Chris- 
tians, he  being  the  atoning  sacrifice  for  sin. 

We  have  wi  aUnr,  wherwf  they  have  no  right  to  eal,  who  serve 
labemacles.  —  HcU.  Jda. 

AL'TAR-CLOTH,  n.    A  cloth  to  lay  upon  an  altar  in 
"  churches. 

AL'TAR-FTRE,  n.     Fire  on  an  altar. 
AL'TAR-PIkCE,  n.     1.  A   painting   placed  over  the 
""  altar  in  a  church.  JVarton. 

2.  The  entire  decoration  of  an  altar  taken  collect- 
ivelv.  Gtcilt. 

AL'TAR-WISE,  adv.  Placed  in  the  manner  of  an 
"altar.  HowelL 

AL'TAR-AGE,  71.    The  profits  arising  to  priests  from 
"  oblations,  or  on  account  of  the  altar.    Also,  in  laic, 
altars   erected   in  virtue   of   donations,   before    the 
Refonnation,  within  a  parochial  church,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  sinking  a  mass  for  deceased  friends.  Encyc. 
AL'TAR-IST,  i  n.      In  old  laws,   an    appellation 

AL'TAR-TIIAXE,  \  given  to  the  priest  to  whom 
"  the  altarage  belonged  ;  also,  a  chaplain.  Oyc 

AL'TER,  V.   t,     [Ft.  oIIctct  i  Sp.  alterar;  It.  alterare; 
"from  L.a/(fT,  another.   See  Alien,   ^/ter  is  supposed 
to  be  a  contraction  of  aWorcppog,  alienus,  of  a-VXws 
and  ETcoog.] 

1.  To  make  some  change  in  ;  to  make  different  in 
some  particular  ;  to  vary  in  some  degree,  without  an 
entire  change. 

My  covcnani  will  1  not  hir^ifc,  nor  alUr  tlie  tJung  ihnt  baa  goue 
oul  of  nty  hf«.  —  Ps.  Uxxix. 

2.  To  change  entirely  or  materially ;  as,  to  alter 
an  opinion.  In  general,  to  alter  is  to  change  par- 
tially; to  change  is  more  generally  to  substitute  one 
thing  fur  another,  or  lo  make  a  material  difference 
in  a  thing. 

AL'TER,  p.  i.     To  become,  in  some  respects,  different  j 
*'  to  vary  ;  as,  the  weather  alters  almost  daily. 
The  law  which  allereth.  nou  —  Dan.  vi. 

AL-TER-A-BIL'I-TV,  tu    The  quality  of  being  sus- 

*'  ceptible  of  alteration. 

AL'TER*A-DLE,  a.  That  may  become  different; 
that  mav  vary. 

AL'TER-A-BLE-XESS,  ti.    The  quality  of  admitting 

"alteration  ;  variableness. 

AL'TER-A-BLY,  adv.    In  a  manner  that  may  be  al- 

"  tered,  or  varied. 

AL'TER-AGE,  «,     [from  n/o,  to  feed.] 

The  breeding,  nourishing,  or  fostering  of  a  child. 
Sir  J.  Davirs.     But  this  is  not  an  English  word. 

AL'TER-A.N'T,  o.     Altering  ;  gradually  changing. 

AL'TER-AXT,  n,     A  medicine  which  gradually  cor- 

"  reels  the  slate  of  the  body,  and  changes  it  from  a 
diseased  to  a  healthy  condition  ;  an  alterative. 

AL-TER-A'TION,  n,     [L.  aUeratio.] 

The  act  of  making  different,  or  of  var>-ing  in  some 
particular  ;  an  altering  or  partial  change  ;  also,  the 
change  made,  or  the  loss  or  acquisition  of  qualities 
not  essential  to  the  furm  or  nature  of  a  thing.  Thus 
a  cold  substance  suffers  an  alteration  when  it  be- 
comes hot. 

A  L'TER-A-TI  VE,  a.     Causing  alteration  ;  having  the 

"  power  to  restore  the  heaUhy  functions  of  the  body, 
without  sensible  evacuations. 

AL'TER-A-TIVE,  n.     A    medicine   which   gradually 

"  induces  a  change  in  the  habit  or  constitution,  and 
restores  healthy  functions  without  sensible  evacua- 
tions.    This  word    is    more    generally  used    than 

alttrrfinU 

AL'TER-CATE,  r.  i.  [L.  altcrcor,  aUerco,  from  altCTj 
another.! 


To  couleiiU  in  words;  to  dispute  with  zeal,  heat, 
or  anger  ;  to  wrangle. 

AL-TER-Ca'TION,  77.     [L.  altercatio.] 

Warm  contention  in  words  ;  dispute  carried  on 
with  heat  or  ancer  ;  controversy  ;  wningle. 

AL'TERN,  a.     [L.  altemnsy  of  alter,  another.] 

1.  Acting  by  turns;  one  succeeding  another;  al- 
ternate, which  is  the  word  generally  used. 

9.  In  cnjstMlorrraphii,  exhibiting,  on  two  parts,  an 
upper  and  a  lower  pah,  faces  which  alternate  among 
themselves,  but  which,  when  the  two  parts  are  com- 
pared, correspond  with  each  other.  Clcaveland. 

j^ltem-basc,  in  trigonometry,  is  a  firm  used  in  dis- 
tinction from  the  true  base.  Thus  in  oblique  trian- 
gles, the  true  base  is  the  sum  of  the  sides,  and  then 
the  difference  of  the  sides  is  the  alteni-base  ;  or  the 
true  base  is  the  difference  of  the  sides,  and  then  the 
sum  of  the  sides  is  the  altem-base.  Encyc. 

AL-TERN'A-CV,  n.  Performance  or  actions  by 
turns.     [Little  used.] 

AL-TERN'AL,  a.     Alternative.     [Little  iised.] 

AL-TERX'AULY,  mfp.    By  turns.    [^Little  v^cd.]  May. 

AL-TER-\'Ai\T,  a.  A  term  applied  in  geology  when 
a  rock  is  composed  of  alternating  layers. 

AL-TERN'ATE,  o.     [L.  ahvmatiu^.] 

1.  Being  by  turns  ;  one  following  the  other  in 
succession  of  time  or  place ;  hence,  reciprocal. 

And  bid  alUnvite  passione  fall  and  rise.  Pope. 

2.  In  botanv,  parts  are  alternate,  when  they  arise 
at  nearly  regiilar  distances  from  each  other  around 
an  axis,  and  not  from  the  same  plane.  Lindicy. 

Alternate  alligation.     See  Allioation. 

JJltn-nate  angles;  in  geomrtni,  the  internal  angles 
made  by  two  lines  with  a  third,  on  opposite  sides  of 
it.  If  the  two  lines  are  parallel,  the  allecnate  angles 
are  equal.  -''■  '^i/'"' 

In  heraldry,  the  first  and  fourth  quarters,  and  the 
second  and  third,  are  usually  of  the  same  nature, 
and  are  called  alternate  quarters. 
AL-TERX'ATE,  n.     1.  That  which  happens  by  turns 
with  something  else  ;  vicissitude.  Prior. 

2.  In  the  Preshyterian  church,  a  substitute  or 
second  ;  one  designated  to  take  the  jilace  of  another 
m  performing  some  duty,  in  case  of  failure. 
AL'TERN-aTE,  p.  t.  [L.  altcrno.  See  Alter.  With 
tlie  accent  on  the  second  syllable,  the  participle 
alternating  can  hardly  be  pronounced.] 

To  perform  by  turns,  or  in  succession  ;  to  cause  to 

succeed  by  turns;  to  change  one  thing  for  another 

reciprocally  ;  as,  God  alternates  good  and  evil. 

AL'TERN-aTE,  r.  i.     To  happen  or  to  act  by  turns; 

as,  the  flood  and  ebb  tides  alternate  with  each  other. 

2.  To  follow  reciprocally  in  place. 

Differenl  species  allemadng  with  each  other.  Ku-wan, 

AL-TERN'ATE-LY,  adv.  In  reciprocal  succession; 
by  turns,  so  that  each  is  succeeded  by  that  which  it 
succeeds  ;  as  night  follows  day  and  day  follows  night. 

AL-TERN'ATE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  alter- 
nate, or  of  followins  in  succession. 

AL'TERN- A-TING,  ppr.  rerforming  or  following  by 
turns. 

AL-TERN-A'TION,  v.  The  reciprocal  succession  of 
things,  in  time  or  place  ;  the  act  of  following  and 
being  followed  in  successimi ;  as,  we  obsen-'e  the 
alternation  of  day  and  night,  cold  and  heat,  summer 
and  winter. 

2.  The  different  changes  or  alterations  of  orders 
in  numbers.  Thus,  if  it  is  required  to  know  how 
many  changes  can  be  rung  on  six  bells,  multiply  the 
numbers  1,  2,  3,4,5,  G, continually  into  one  another, 
and  the  last  product  is  the  number  requirc-d.  This  is 
also  called  permutation. 

3.  The  answer  of  the  congregation  speaking  alter- 
nately with  the  minister. 

4.  Alternate  performance,  in  the  choral  sense. 

Jilason. 
AI^TERN^'V■T!VE,  a.     [Fr.  altematif.] 

Offering  a  choice  of  two  things. 
AL-TERN'A-Tl  VE,  n.  That  which  may  be  chosen  or 
omitted  ;  a  choice  of  two  things,  so  that  if  one  is 
taken,  the  other  must  be  left  Thus,  when  two 
things  offer  a  choice  of  o»e  only,  the  two  things  are 
called  alternatives.  In  strictness,  then,  the  word 
can  not  be  applied  to  more  than  tico  things,  and 
when  one  thing  only  is  offered  for  choice,  it  is  said 
there  is  no  alin-native. 

Between  Uicse  aiteriuuioes  Uiere  is  no  middle  ground. 

Cranch. 

AL-TERN'A-TIVE-LY,  adv.  In  the  manner  of  al- 
ternatives ;  in  a  manner  that  admits  the  choice  of 
one  out  of  two  thinss. 

AL-TERN'A-TIVE-NE3S,  ti.  The  quality  or  state  of 
beinir  alternative. 

AL-TERX'1-TY,  n.    Succession  by  turns;  alternation. 

AL-THk'A,  «.  [Gr.  aAtiaia,  from  aXOu),  or  aXOanto, 
to  heal.] 

In  botany,  a  genus  of  the  class  and  order  Mono- 
delphia  Polyandria,  of  several  species.  The  com- 
mon species  is  called,  in  English,  marsh-moHow.  It 
has  a  perennial  root,  and  an  annual  stalk,  rising  four 
or  five  feet.  It  abmnds  with  mucilage,  and  is  used 
as  an  emollient. 

AL-TllOUGU',  (al-tho',)  obs.  verb,  or  used  only  m  the 


ALU 

imperative,  [all  and  though:  from  Sax.  thoA  oi  >;aA'* 
Ir.  daighim,  to  give;  Ger.  dock;  D.  dog;  Sw.  dock 
and  dnda  ;  Dan.  dog,  though.     See  Thourh.] 

Grant  all  this  j  be  it  so  ;  allow  all ;  Buppf^se  that ; 
admit  all  that;  as,  ''altJtough  the  fig4ree  shall  not 
blossom."  Ilab,  iii.  That  i«,  grant,  admit,  or  sup- 
pose what  follows— "the  fig-tree  shall  not  blos- 
som." It  is  a  transitive  verb,  and  admits  after  it 
the  dchnitive  I/iai  — although  that  the  fig-tree  shall 
not  biossorn  ;  hut  this  use  of  the  verb  has  been  long 
obsolete.  The  word  may  be  difined  by  nottrith^and- 
in",  non  obstante;  as  not  opposing  may  be  equivalent 
to  admittin'r  or  svppo.nng. 

AL-TIL'O-CiUEXCE,  n.  [L.  altus,  high,  and  loqwrry 
loqutns,  speaking.] 

Lofty  speech  ;  pompous  language. 

AL-TIL'0-UUEXT,  a.    High  sounding ;  pompous. 

Jishe. 

AJj-TIM'E-TER,  n.  [L.  o/li«,  high,  and  Gr.  pcrpov, 
measure.     See  Measure  and  Mode.] 

An  instrument  for  taking  altitudes  geometrically, 
as  a  quadrant. 

AL-TIM'E-TRY,  n.  The  art  of  a5:c^rtaining  altitudes 
by  taking  angles  with  a  proper  instrunn-ht,  and  by 
trigonometrical  calculations,  without  actual  men- 
suration. 

AL'TIX,  n.  A  money  of  account  in  Russia,  value 
three  kopecks,  or  about  three  cenU ;  also,  a  lake  in 
Siberia,  ninety  miles  in  length.  Tooke.     Encyc 

AL-TIXC'AR,  n.  A  species  of  factitious  salt  or  pow- 
der, used  in  the  fusion  and  purification  of  metals. 
prepared  in  various  ways.     [See  Tiscal.]    Encyc. 

AL-TlS'0-XAXT,  )  a-     fL.  altus,   high,  and  sonatu, 

AL-TIS'O-XOUS,  i      sounding;  sonujs,  sound.] 
High  sounding  ;  loftj-  or  pompous,  as  language. 

Ecelijn. 

AL'TI-TC'DE,  7?.  [L.  altitudo,  of  alius,  high,  and  a 
common  termination,  denoting  staU,  condition,  or 
manner.] 

1.  Space  extended  upward ;  height ;  the  eleva- 
tion of  an  object  above  its  foundation  ;  as,  the  alti- 
tude of  a  mountain,  or  column ;  or  the  elevation  of 
an  object  or  place  above  the  surface  on  which  we 
stand,  or  above  the  earth  ;  as,  the  altitude  of  a  cloud 
or  meteor;  or  the  elevation  of  one  object  above 
another,  as  of  a  bird  abo\-e  the  top  of  a  tree. 

2.  In  astranomti,  the  elevation  of  a  point,  or  star,  or 
other  celestial  object,  above  the  horizon  ;  marked  by 
the  arc  of  a  vertical  circle  intercepted  between  such 
point  and  the  horizon.  This  is  either  true  or  ap- 
parent altitude ;  true,  when  taken  from  the  rational 
or  real  horizon  ;  apparent,  when  taken  from  the  sen- 
sible or  apparent  horizon. 

3.  Figuratively,  high  degree ;  superior  excellence ; 
highest'point  of  excellence. 

He  is  proud  to  the  aitit'ide  of  lus  virtue,  Shak, 

The  aliilude  of  the  eye,  in  perspective,  is  a  right 
line  let  fall  from  the  eye,  perpendicular  to  the  geo- 
metrical plane.  Encyc 

Mcrvlian  altitude,  i<i  an  arc  of  the  meridian  between 
the  horizon  and  any  point,  or  the  center  of  any  ob- 
ject, on  the  meridian. 
AL-TIV'O-L.AXT,   a.      [L.   altus,   high,   and   roUtns, 
flyinc.] 

Flying  high. 
AL'TO,  [It.,  from  L.  altus-l     High. 
In  music.     I.  See  Alt. 

2.  The  counter-tenor  part,  or  that  between  the 
tenor  and  treble. 

3.  The  tenor  violin. 

jilto  et  Basso ;  high  and  low  ;  in  old  law,  terms  used 
to  signify  a  submission  of  all  differences  of  every 
kind  "to  arbitration. 

AL'TO-CLEF,  n.  The  counter-tenor  clef,  or  the  C 
clef,  placed  on  the  third  line  of  the  staff. 

AL'TO-OC-T.-i'VO,  [It.]     An  octave  higher. 

AL'TO-RE.LIE<VO,  [It-] 

High  relief,  in  sciJpture,  is  the  projection  of  a 
fifnire,  half  or  more,  without  being  entirely  de- 
tached. Cyc 

.aVTO-RI-PlE'XO,  [It.] 

The  tenor  of  the  great  chorus,  which  sings  and 
plays  only  in  particular  places.  Encyc 

.iL'tO-FT-O-L.-i,  [It.]     A  small  tenor  viol. 

AL'TO-Vt'O'Lt'JCO,  [U.J     A  small  tenor  Wolin. 

AL-TO-GETH'ER,  adv.  [all  and  together.     See  To- 

GETHEB-] 

Wholly ;  entirely  ;  completely  ;  without  exception. 

Evcrj-  man  at  liis  bcsi  esUie  u  altogether  vmiiiy.  —  Ps^l.  ixxix. 

AL'U-DEL,  n.  [a  and  httum,  without  lute.  Lunicr.] 
In  chcj)ic>tni,  aludels  are  earilun  pots  without 
bottoms,  that  "they  mav  be  exactly  fitted  into  each 
other,  and  used  in  sublimations.  At  the  bottom  of 
the  furnace  is  a  pot  containing  the  matter  to  be  sub- 
liniL^d,  and  at  the  top  a  head  to  receive  the  volatile 
matter.  Quincy.    Encyc 

AL'UM,  n.     [L.  alumev.]  . 

A  sulphate  of  alumina  and  potassa.  This  suiv 
stance  is  white,  transparent,  and  ver>-  astringent; 
but  seldom  found  pure  or  crystallized.  This  salt  is 
usually  prepared  by  roasting  and  lixiviating  certain 
schists  containing  pyrites,  and  to  the  lye  adding  a 
certain  quantity  of  potassa  ;  Uie  sail  is  then  obtained 


TCXE,  BULL,  UNITE. -AN"GER,  Vr'CIOUS.-€  as  K ;  <3  as  J  ;  8  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  aa  Id  TIUS. 


39 


AM 

by  cr>'slMli7.ati(m.  Alum  is  of  great  use  in  medicine 
and  t lie  arts.  In  mrdicine,  ii  is  used  ns  an  astrin- 
gent ;  internally,  iti  liemopto*'.  d-  ea,  and  dysen- 
tery ;  externally,  as  a  slypnc  a  Mi  to  lileedinc 
vessel.i,  and  as  an  escharotic.  In  tne  arts,  it  is  used 
in  dyeing,  to  fix  colors  ;  in  making  candles,  for  liard- 
enintj  the  tallow  ;  in  tanning,  for  restorint;  the  cohe- 
sion of  skins.  Enajc.     Fuurcroy. 

AL'U.M,  V.  t.  In  dyeing^  to  impregnate  or  steep  in  a 
solution  of  alum.  Ure. 

AL'UM-EARTM,  n.  A  massive  mineral,  of  a  black- 
ish-broivn  colur,  a  dull  luster,  and  rather  s(;(\  con- 
sistence, chiefly  composed  of  carbon,  silica,  and  alu- 
mina; an  impure  earthy  variety  of  lignite.        Urc. 

A-LtJ'.MI-NA,  /  n.     One  of  the  earths,   consisting   of 

Al.'tJ  MINE,  )  tlie  metal  aluminum  and  oxygen. 
It  is  llie  cliaracterizing  ingredient  in  coinmon  elay, 
and  is  sometimes  called  pure  clay.  When  moistened 
with  water,  it  forms  a  plastic  mass.  Dana. 

A-LU-MIN-IF'ER-OUS,  a.  Containing  or  afturding 
alum. 

A-LC'MIN-I-FORM,  a.     Having  the  form  of  alumina. 

Chaptal. 

A-Lu'MIN-ITE,  n.  Subsulpiiate  of  alumina  ;  a  min- 
eral that  occurs  in  small  roundish  or  reiiiforni  masses. 
Its  color  is  snow  white  or  yellowish  white. 

Aikin.     Jameson.     Clcavcland. 

A-LO'MIN-OUS,  a.    Pertaining  to  or  containing  alum. 

A-Lu'iMIN-UM,  j(.  The  name  givuL  to  the  metallic 
base  of  alumina. 

AL'UM-ISH,  a.  Having  the  nature  of  alum  ;  some- 
what resembling  alum. 

A-LUM'NUS,  n.:  pi.  Alumni.  [L.,  from  nlo,  to 
nourish.]  A  pupil ;  one  educated  at  a  seminary  is 
ccUled  an  alumnus  of  that  institution. 

AL'UM-SLaTE,  71.  A  variety  of  shale  or  clay  slate, 
containing  iron  pyrites,  the  decomposition  of  which 
leads  to  the  formation  of  alum,  which  often  efflo- 
resces on  the  surface  of  the  rock. 

AL'U.M-SToNE,  n.  The  silicious  sul':^ulphate  of  alu- 
mina and  potash.  Ch-uvHand. 

A-LO'TA,  n.  [L.]  A  species  of  leather-stone,  soft,  pli- 
able, and  not  laminated.  Q_uincy. 

AL-T|-Ta'CEOUS,  a.     [L.  aluta.] 
Of  a  pale  brown  color. 

AL-U-Ta'TION,  n.     [L.  alida^  tanned  leather.] 
The  tanning  or  dressing  of  leatlier. 

AL'VE-A-RY,  71.  [L.  alvearium,  alveare,  a  bee-hive, 
from  ahuLs,  the  belly.] 

1.  A  bee-hive.  Barret. 

2.  In  anatvmij,  the  hollow  of  tlie  external  ear,  or 
bottom  of  the  conclia.  Qniucy. 

AL'VE-O-LAR,  \  a.  [I.,  alveulus,  a  socket,  from  al- 
AL'VE-O-LA-RY,  !      vcii.^,  a  hollow  vessel.] 

Containing  sockets,  hollow  cells,  or  pits  ;  pertain- 
ing to  sockets.  .^iiatamy. 

The   alveolar  processes^   are    the  processes  of  the 
maxillary  bones,  containing  the  sockets  of  the  teeth. 
AL'VE-O-LATE,  a.      [L.   alvcolatus,  from   alveiis,   a 
hollow  vessel.] 
Deeply  pitied,  so  as  to  resemble  a  honey-comb. 
AL'VE-OLE,       /  rr      A-       ^r    I  ^  [Martijn. 

AL-VE'O-Llis,  i  "•    [L-,dini.ofai«fu.T.]        L 

1.  A  cell  in  a  honey-comb. 

2.  The  socket  in  the  jaw,  in  which  a  tooth  is  fixed. 

3.  A  sea  fossil,  of  a  cimic  figure,  composed  of  a 
number  of  hemispherical  portions,  like  bee-hives, 
joined  by  a  pipe  of  communication.  Encyc, 

4.  The  term  is  likewise  applied  to  one  of  the  hem- 
ispherical portions  of  the  above  fossil. 

AL'VE-O-LTTE,  «.     [U  alveolus,  and  Gr.  Xfe^)?.] 

In  natural  ht.tuni,  a  genus  of  slony  polypiers,  or 
coral  zoiipli)  te-i,  furmed  by  numerous  concentric 
layers  of  a  hrniisplierical  figure,  each  composed  of 
little  cells  ;  the  same  as  the  alveolus. 

Diet.  Ifist.  JSTat. 
AL'VINE,  a.  [from  alvus,  the  belly.] 

Pertaining  to  the  lower  belly  or  intestines  ;  as, 
almne  discharges.  Damnin. 

AL-WAR'GRIM,  71.     The  spotted  plover,   Charailrius 

AprUarius.  Pennant, 

ATj'WAY,  )adv.  [all  and  way;  Sax.  eal  and  xrcg^ 
XL'Wa  VS,  \  way  ;  properly,  a  going,  at  all  goings; 
"  hence,  at  all  times.] 

1.  Perpetually;  throughout  all  time;  as,  God  is 
always  the  same. 

2.  Continually  ;  without  variation. 

I  do  aJvMy  those  things  wliicb   please  him. —John  viii.     MalL 
rjtviii, 

3.  Continually  or  constantly  during  a  certain  pe- 
riod, or  regularly  at  stated  interval-. 

Mephiboshflh  ihnll  eai  bread  aluMy  at  my  LlIjIc.  —  2  Sun.  ix. 

4.  At  all  convenient  times  j  regularly. 

Cornelius  prayed  to  God  alway.  —  Acts  \.    I.ukc  jcviii.    Rph.  vi. 

Alway  is  now  seldom  used.  '1  lie  application  of 
this  compound  to  time  proceeds  from  the  primary 
sense  of  way,  which  is  a  going  or  passing  ;  hence, 
continuation. 
A.  M.  stand  for  artium  matrister,  master  of  arts,  the 
second  degree  given  by  universities  and  colleges ; 
called,  in  some  countries,  doctor  of  philosophy.  In 
America,  this  degree  is  conferred,  without  examina- 
tion, on  bachelors  of  three  years'  standing. 


AM  A 

A.  M.  stand  also  for  anno  vtandi,  in  the  year  of  the 

world. 
AM,  the  first  person  of  the  verb  ta  br.,  in  the  indicative 

mode,  present  tense.     Sax.  eom;  Gr.  ti/it  ;  Goth,  im; 

Pcrs.  ant. 

I  AMUuUl  AM.— Ex.  ui. 


A'MA,      I  71.     [D.  urt/n,  a  vessel.]     In  church  affairs,  a 
Ha'MA,  \      vessel  to  contain  wine  for  the  eucharist. 

Kucyc. 
A'MA,  v.     a  wine  measure,  as  a  cask,  a  pipe,  &.c. 
AM-A-BIL'I-TY,  7i.     [I.,  amabilis,  from  amo,  to  love.] 
Loveliness;  the  power  of  pleasing,  or  rather  tne 
combination   of  agreeable  qualities  which   win  the 
afi'ections.  Taylor. 

AM'A-DOT,  n.     A  sort  of  pear.  Johnaon. 

AM'A-DOU,  n.  [Fr.]  A  variety  of  the  Boletus  ignia- 
rius,  found  on  old  ash  and  other  trees,  called  spank 
and  Oei-nian  tinder.  Ure. 

This   is   written   also   amadow,   and    called    black 
viatch,  and  pyrotrchnical  sponge,  on  account  of  its  in- 
flammability. Cyc. 
A-MaI.N',  adv.      [.Sax.  a  and  -nurgn,  force,   strength. 
See  May,  Mioht.] 

With  force,  strength,  or  violence  ;  violently  ;  fu- 
riously ;  suddenly  ;  at  once. 

What  when  we  fled  a-main.  Milton. 

Let    go    amain,    in   seamen's   language,   or  strike 
amain,  is  to  let  fall  or  lower  at  once.        Mar.  Diet. 
A-MAL'GAM,  71.      [Gr.    nnXa}pa,   from    pa'KatTaw,  to 
soften.     Its  usual  derivation  is  'certainly  erroneous.] 

1.  A  compound  of  mercury  or  quicksilver  with 
another  metal ;  any  nu^tallic  alloy, of  which  mercury 
forms  an  ess-intial  constituent  part.  Cyc. 

2.  A  mixture  or  compound  of  difl*erent  things. 

Burke. 

A-MAL'GAM-aTE,  7).  (.  To  compound  quicksilver 
with  another  imtal.     Gregory  uses  amalgamize. 

2.  To  mix  diU'erent  things,  to  make  a  compound  ; 
to  unite. 

A-MAL'GAM-aTE,  v.  i.  To  unite  in  an  amalgam ; 
to  blend. 

A-MAL'GAM-a-TED,  pi>.  Compounded  with  quick- 
silver ;  blended. 

A-MAL'GAM-a-TING,  ppr.  Compounding  quick- 
silver with  another  metal ;  blending. 

A-M.\I^GAiM-A'TION,   n.     The  act  or   operation  of 

compounding  mercury  with  another  metal ;  applied 

particularly   to   the  process   of  separating  gold  and 

silver  from  their  ores  by  means  of  mercury.      Ure. 

2.  The  mixing  or  blending  of  difleient  things. 

A-MAN'DO-LA,  n.  A  green  marble,  having  the  ap- 
pearance of  honey-comb,  and  containing  white 
spots  ;  of  100  parts,  76  are  mild  calcareous  earth,  20 
schist,  and  2  iron.  The  cellular  appearance  proceeds 
from  the  schist.  Kinoan.    JVicholson. 

A-MAN-U-EN'SIS,  n.     [L.,  from  manus,  hand.] 

A  person  whose  employment  is  to  write  what 
another  dictates,  or  to  copy  what  another  has 
written. 

AM'A-RANTH,  71.     A  color  inclining  to  purple.   Cyc. 

AM'A-RANTH,  (71.     [Gr.  a/.-i/ja.  ruj,    of  a    neg. 

AM-A-RANTH'US,  i  and  ,i.i,.aifw,  to  decay;  so 
called,  it  is  said,  because  its  flowers,  when  cropped, 
do  not  soon  wither.] 

1.  Fluwer-gentte  ;  a  genus  of  plants,  of  many  spe- 
cies. Of  these  tlie  three  colored  has  long  been  cul- 
tivated in  gardens,  on  account  of  the  beauty  of  its 
variegated  leaves.  Encyc. 

2.  In  poetry,  an  imaginary  flower  that  never  fades. 

Mdton. 

AM-A-RANTHTXE,  a.  Belonging  to  amaranth  ;  con- 
sisting of,  containing,  or  resembling  amaranth. 

A-MAR'I-TCDE,  n.     [L.  amaritudo,  from  amaras,  bit- 
ter ;  from  Heb.  ^D  bitter.] 
Bitterness.     [JVo(  much  used.] 

AM-A-RYL'LIS,  n.  [The  name  of  a  country  girl  in 
Theocritus  and  Virgil.] 

In  botany,  lily  asphodel,  a  genus  of  liliaceous  plants 
of  several  species,  which  are  cultivated  in  gardens 
for  the  beauty  of  their  flowers.  Encyc. 

A-MaSS',  v.  U  [Fr.  amasser;  It.  ammassare  ;  L.  massa^ 
a  heap  or  lump  ;  Gr.  p<i^a.     See  Mass.] 

1.  To  collect  into  a  heap  ;  to  gather  a  groat  quan- 
tity ;  to  accumulate  ;  as,  to  amass  a  treasure. 

2.  To  collect  in  great  numbers ;  to  add  many 
things  together  ;  as,  to  amass  words  or  phrases. 

A-MASS',  71.  An  assemblage,  heap,  or  accumulation. 
[This  is  superseded  by  Mass.] 

A-MASS'JED,  (a-mist',)  jtp.  Collected  in  a  heap,  or 
in  a  great  quantity  or  number  ;  accumulated. 

A-MASS'ING,p;)r.  Collecting  in  a  heap,  or  in  a  large 
quantity  or  number. 

A-.MaSS'MENT,  71.  A  heap  collected  ;  a  large  quan- 
tity or  number  brought  together  ;  an  accumulation. 

A-MaTE',  I',  t.  [See  Mate.]  To  accompany  ;  also, 
to  terrify,  to  perplex.     [JVot  used.] 

AM-A-TEOR',  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  amator,  a  lover,  from 
amo,  to  love,] 

A  person  attached  to  a  particular  pursuit,  study,  or 
science,  as  to  music  or  painting;  one  who  has  a 
taste  for  the  arts.  More  particularly,  one  who  cul- 
tivates any  study  or  art,  from  taste  or  attachment, 
without  pursuing  it  professionally.  Burke. 


AMB 

AM'A-TIVE-NESS,7i.  In  p!irnu>loffy,an  organ  which 
is  supposed  to  influence  sexual  desire  ;  propensity  to 
love. 

AM-A-TO'RI-AL,  (  o.      [h    amatorius,   from   a7no,  to 

AM'A-TO-KY,        j      love.] 

1.  Relating  to  love;  as,  amatorial  verses;  causing 
love  ;  as,  amatory  piptions  ;  produced  by  sexual  iiiler- 
coiirse;  as,  amaUirial  progeny.  Danoin. 

2.  In  anatomy,  a  term  applied  to  the  oblique  nnis- 
cles  of  the  eye,  from  their  use  in  ogling. 

AM-A-TO'RI-AL-LY,  adv.  In  an  amatorial  manner  ; 
by  way  of  love.  Daricin. 

AM-A-TO'RI-.\N,  a-  Pertaining  to  love;  as,  amato- 
rian  odes.  Johnson. 

AM-A-To'RI-OUS,  a.     Pertaining  to  love.      Milton. 

AM-AUR-C'SIS,  71.     [Gr.  apav^oi,  obscure.] 

A  loss  or  decay  of  sight  from  a  p;Usy  of  the  optic 
nerve,  without  any  visible  defect  in  the  eye,  except 
an  immovable  pupil ;  called  also  gutta  serena,  the 
"  drop  serene  "  of  Miltnii.  Sfunutiines  the  disease  is 
periodical,  coming  on  smbU  nly,  continuing  for  hours 
or  days,  anjl  tlien  disaiipcaniig.  It  has  sometimes 
been  cured  by  electricity.  Encyc     Coze. 

A-MALTS'ITE,  n.     [Sec  Petbosilex.] 

A-MAZE',  V.  U     [Q.U.  Ar.  im,*-*.^   amasa,  to    perplex 

or  confuse  ;  or  from  maze.] 

To  confound  with  fear,  sudden  surprise,  or  won- 
der; to  astonish. 

Thoy  shall  be  arrnld  ;  they  shrdl  be  omn*«i  al  one  another. — 

Iki.  xiii. 
Tliey  were  all  amazed,  iind  glorified  God.  —  Mark  ti.     Luke  r. 

This  word  implies  astonishment  or  perplexity,  aris- 
ing from  sometliing  e\traordinary,  unexpected,  un- 
accountable, or  friiihtful. 

A-MaZE',  71.  Astonishment;  confusion;  perplexity, 
arising  from  fear,  surprise,  or  wonder.  It  is  chiefly 
used  in  poetry,  and  is  nearly  synonymous  with 
amazement. 

A-MaZ'£D,  pp.  Astonished;  confounded  with  fear, 
svirprise,  or  wonder. 

A-MaZ'ED-LY,  adr.  With  amazement;  in  a  manner 
to  confound.     [Little  used.] 

A-MaZ'ED-NESS,  h.  The  state  of  being  confounded 
with  fear,  surprise,  or  wonder  ;  astonishment ;  great 
wonder. 

A-MaZE'MENT,  71.  Astonishment ;  confusion  or  per- 
plexity, from  a  sudden  impression  of  fear,  surprise, 
or  wonder.  It  is  sometimes  accompanied  v\  iili  U  ar 
orterror;  sometimes  merely  extreme  udiid-ror  ;nliiii- 
ration  at  some  great,  sudden,  or  unexpected  event, 
at  an  unusual  sight,  or  at  the  narration  of  extraordi- 
nary events. 

A-MaZ'ING,  ppr.  Confounding  with  fear,  surprise, 
or  wonder. 

2.  a.  Very  wonderful ;  exciting  astonishment  or 
perplexity. 

A-MaZ'ING-LY,  adv  In  an  astonishing  degree  ;  in  a 
manner  to  excite  astonishment,  or  to  perplex,  con- 
found, or  terrify. 

A.M'A-ZON,  w.  [This  is  said  to  be  formed  of  a  neg. 
and  /m;os,  bnast.  History  informs  us,  that  the 
Amazons  cut  otl"  their  right  breast,  that  it  might  nut 
incommode  tliem  in  shooting  and  hurling  the  javelin. 
This  is  doubiless  a  fable.] 

1.  The  .\ma/.ons  are  said  by  historians  to  have 
been  a  race  of  female  waniorSj  who  founded  an  em- 
pire on  the  River  Thermodon,  in  Asia  Minor,  on  the 
cuast  of  the  Euxine.  They  are  said  to  have  excluded 
mm  from  tlieir  society,  and  by  their  warlike  enter- 
prises, to  have  conquered  and  alarmed  surroniuling 
nations.     Some  writers  treat  these  accounts  as  fables. 

Herod.     Justin. 

2.  By  analogy,  a  warlike  or  masculine  woman ;  a 
virago. 

3.  This  name  has  been  given  to  some  American 
females  on  the  banks  of  the  largest  river  in  the 
world,  who  joined  their  husbands  in  attacking  the 
Spaniards  that  first  visited  the  country.  This  trivial 
occurrence  gave  the  name  Amazon  to  that  river, 
whose  real  name  is  Maranon.       Oarcilassoy  p.  C06. 

AM-A-Zo'NI-AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  resembling 
an  Amazon  Applied  to  females,  bold;  of  masculine 
manners  ;  warlike. 

2.  Belonging  to  the  River  Maranon  in  South  Amer- 
ica, or  tu  Amazonia,  the  country  lying  on  that  river. 

AMB,  AM  i  about ;  around ;  used  in  conijwsition. 
Sax.  emb^  ifmb ;  W.  am  ;  It.  im,  um  :  G.  um  ;  D.  otji  ; 
Dan.  onii  Sw   ow  ;  Gr.  (i/'0i ;  L.  am  or  amb. 

AM-Ba'GeS,  ti.     [L.  ainb,  and  ago,  to  drive.] 

1.  A  circumlocution  ;  a  circuit  of  words  to  express 
ideas  which  may  be  expressed  in  fewer  words. 

2.  A  winding  or  turning. 
AM-Ba'GI-OUS,  a.    Circumlocutory. 

AM  BAS'SA-DOR,  71.  [This  is  the  more  common  or- 
thography ;  but  good  authors  write  also  f7;(/»a.'i,sarfor,- 
and  as  the  orthography  of  embassy  is  established,  it 
would  be  better  to  write  embassador,  as  it  is  written 
by  Blackstone.     See  Emdassador.] 

A  M'RI  '  (  "•     t*^*^*  ^f/^'^^  ^  brim  ;  from  amb,  about.] 
Literally,  a  brim  ;  but  in  surgery,  an  instrument  for 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MeTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.— 
40 


AMB 

reducing  dislocatfd  shoulders;  so  called  from  the 
jutting  of  its  extremity.     Also,  the  mango-tree. 

Qwi/ici/.     Encijc.     Coxe, 
AMBER,  n,     [Fr.  ainbrc;   Sp.  ambar;   Port,  id.;   It. 

ambra  ,■  an  Oriental  word  ;  Pers.  yxXs.  anbar  or  ana- 

bar;  Ar.  yjJ^S.  anbarun.     In   1    Kings   x.  9,  10,  the 

Arabic  is  rendered  sinces.  The  Arabic  word  is  ren- 
dered Dy  Castell,  amber, a  marine  fish,  a  sliitld  made 

of  skins,  crocus,  and  fimus.  In  Eth.  U/l  l^  anba- 
ra,  is  rendered  a  whale;  and  the  word  is  used  in  Jo- 
nali  U,  I,  and  Matt.  xii.  40.     This  word  is  placed  by 


Castell  under  t^^S.  annaba^  to  produce   grapes,  and 
signifies  grapes,  Ch    and   Heb    33y      The 


Chaldee  verb  signifies  to  join  or  connect,  and  the 
sense  of  this  word,  applied  to  grapes,  is  a  cluster, 
like  grape  in  English.  It  signifies,  also,  in  <^li.,  a  tu- 
mor, a  pustule,  a  mountain,  the  sense  of  wliich  is  a 
lump  or  mass  collected  ;  and  this  may  be  the  sense 
oi amber.  In  German,  Dutch,  Swedish,  and  Danish, 
it  has  a  name  corresponding  to  the  English  burn- 


stone. "^ 
A  h.-j( 


i.-jd,  semi-pellucid  substance,  tasteless  and 
without  smelt,  except  when  pounded  or  heated, 
when  ii  emits  a  fragrant  odor.  It  is  found  in  al- 
luvial -Joils,  or  on  the  sea-shore,  in  many  places  ; 
particularly  on  the  shores  of  the  Baltic,  in  Europe, 
and  at  Jape  Sable,  in  Maryland,  in  the  United  States. 
7'lie  ancient  opinion  of  its  vegelalile  origin  seems 
now  t<  be  established,  and  it  is  btrlieveii  or  known 
to  be  C-  Tossil  resin.  It  yields,  by  distillation,  an  eni- 
pyreui  .atic  oil,  and  the  succinic  acid,  which  sub- 
Ihnes  /•»  small,  white  needles.  Its  color  usually  pre- 
eeiits  ome  tinge  of  yellow.  It  is  highly  electrical, 
and  is  the  basis  of  a  varnish. 

Journal  of  Science.     Encyc.     Chnmbers 

AM'BER,  a.     Consisting  of  or  resembling  amber 

AM'BER,  V.  U     To  scent  with  ambt;r. 

AM'BER-DRINK,  n.  A  drink  resembling  amber  m 
color. 

AM'BER-DROP-PING,  a.    Dropping  amber.   Mdton. 

AM'BER-SeED,  iu  Musk-seed  ;  a  seed  somewhat 
resembling  niHlet.  It  is  of  a  bitterish  taste,  and 
brought  from  Egypt  and  the  West  Indies. 

Cluiiiibers. 

AM'BER-TReE,  71.  The  English  name  of  a  species 
of  Anthospermum,  a  shnib,  with  evergreen  leaves, 
which,  when  bruised,  emit  a  fragrant  odor. 

AM'BER-GRIS,  71,  [limber^  and  Fr  gris,  gray  ;  gray 
amber.] 

A  solid,  opaque,  ash-colored,  inrtammablo  substance, 
variegated  like  marble,  remarkably  light,  rugged  on 
its  surface,  and  when  heated,  it  has  a  fragrant  odor. 
It  does  not  effervesce  with  acids  ;  it  melts  easily  into 
a  kind  of  yellow  resin,  and  is  soluble,  but  not  readi- 
ly, in.  spirit  of  wine.  Various  opinions  have  been 
entertained  respecting  its  origin ;  but  it  is  well  ascer- 
tained that  it  is  a  moriiid  secretion  into  the  intestines 
of  the  spermaceti  wliale,  a  species  of  Physeter.  It 
has  been  found  in  that  species  of  whale,  but  usually 
is  found  floating  on  the  surface  of  the  ocean,  in  re- 
gions frequented  by  whales  ;  sometimes  in  masses 
of  from  60  to  225  lbs.  weight-  In  this  substance  are 
fonnd  the  beaks  of  the  cuttle-fish,  on  which  that 
whale  is  known  to  feed.  It  is  highly  valued  as  a 
materia!  in  perfumery.  "         Encyc. 

AM-BI-DEX'TER.  n.  [L.  ambo,  both,  and  dexter^  the 
right  hand.] 

1.  A  person  who  uses  both  hands  with  etjual  facil- 
ity. 

2.  A  double  dealer;  one  equally  ready  to  act  on 
either  side  in  party  disputes.  \_This  sen^e  is  used  in 
ludicrous  lan'juase.'] 

3.  In  law,  a  jiiror  who  takes  money  from  both  par- 
lies, fur  giving  his  verdict.  Cowel. 

AM-BI-DEX-TER'I-TY,  (  n.     The  faculty  of  ns- 

AM-BI-DEX'TROUS-NESS,  i  ing  both  hands  with 
equal  facility  ;  double  dealing;  the  taking  of  money 
frnm  both  parties  for  a  verdict. 

AM-BI-DEX'TROUS,  o.  Having  the  faculty  of  using 
both  hands  with  equal  ease  j  practicing  or  sidmg 
with  both  parties. 

AM'BI-ENT,  a.  [L.  amhiais,  from  ambio^  to  go  round, 
from  amb,  abont,  and  eo,  to  go.] 

Surrounding  ;  encompassing  on  all  sides  ;  invest- 
ing ;  applied  to  fluids  or  difl'usible  substances;  as, 
the  ambient  air.  MUtoiu 

AM-BI6'E^NAL,  a.  [L.  ambo,  both,  and  genu,  a 
kn^^-e.] 

An  ambigcnaZ  hjfpci-bnfa,  is  one  of  the  triple  hyper- 
bolas of  the  second  order,  having  one  of  its  infinite 
legs  falling  within  an  angle  formed  by  the  asymp- 
totes, and  the  other  without.  Encyc. 

AM'BI-GU,n.     [Fr.     See  Ambiguity.] 


AMB 

An  entertainment  or  feast,  consisting  of  a  nifdlry 
of  dishes.  Km-r. 

AM-BI-GC'I-TY,  71.     [L.  ambiguitas,  from  ambigo.] 
Dovibtfulness  or  uncertainly  of  sicnificalinn,  from 
a  word's  being  susceptible  of  difli-rent  meanitigs; 
double  meaning;  as,  words  sliould   be  used   which 
admit  of  no  ambiguity. 
AM-BIG'lI-OUS,  a.     [L.  ambiguiLs.] 

Having  two  or  more  meanings;  doubtful;  being 
of  uncertain  significatitm  ;  suscejitible  i»f  difl^erenl 
interiiretations  ;  hence,  obscure.  It  is  applied  to 
words  and  expressions  ;  not  to  a  dubious  stale  ol 
niimi,  though  it  may  be  to  a  person  using  words  vi 
doubtful  signification  ;  as,  the  ancient  oracles  were 
ambignaus,  as  were  their  answers. 
AM-BIG'II-OUS-LY,  ado.     In  an  ambiguous  manner; 

with  doubtful  meaning. 
AM-BIG'U-OUS-NESS,  n.     The  quality  of  bring  am- 
biguous ;  uncertainty  of  meaning  ;   ambiguity  ;  and 
henre,  obscurity. 
AM-BIL'E-VOUS,  a.    [L.  avtbo,  both,  and  Urviis,  left.] 
Left-handed  on  bote  sides.     [JVyt  in  UiC.J 

Brown. 
AM-BIL'0-6V,  n.     [L.  ambo,  both,  and  Gr.   Aojuj, 

speech.] 

Talk  or  language  of  doubtful  meaning. 

AM-BiL'O-aUOUS,  a.  [L.  ambo,  both,  and  luquor,  to 
speak.] 

Using  ainbignous  expressions. 

AI\I-BlL'0-aUY,  71.  The  use  of  doubtful  or  ambigu- 
ous ex|>ressi«ns 

AM'BIT,  It.  [L.  oTntftHj,  a  circuit,  from  ambio,  to  qo 
about.     See  Amuient.] 

The  line  that  encompasses  a  thing.     In  geometry, 
the  perimeter  of  a  figure,  or  of  the  surface  of  a  body  ; 
the  periphery  or  circumference  of  a  circular  body. 
Juhn-ion.     Kncye, 

AM-BI"TION,  n.  [L.  ambitio,  from  ambio,  to  go  about, 
or  to  seek  by  making  interest ;  of  umb,  about,  and  eo, 
to  go.  [See  AMBAGEa.]  This  word  had  its  origin  in 
the  practice  of  Koman  candidates  for  oliice,  who 
went  about  the  city  to  solicit  votes.] 

A  desire  of  preferment,  or  of  honor;  a  desire  of 
excellence  or  superiority.  It  is  tiius  used  in  a  good 
sense  ;  as,  emulation  may  spring  friun  a  laudable  am- 
bition. It  denotes  more  commonly,  however,  an  in- 
ordinate desire  of  power,  or  eminence,  often  accom- 
panied with  the  use  of  illegal  means  to  obtain  the 
object.  It  is  somelimes  followed  by  of;  as,  a  man 
has  an  ambition  w/wit.  Milton  has  used  the  word  m 
the  Latin  sense  of  going  about  to  solicit  or  obtain  ; 
but  this  sense  is  hardly  legitimate. 

AM-BI"TION,  V.  U     [Fr.  ambaionncr.] 

Ambitionsiy  to  seek  after.     [Little  used.]      King. 

AM-BI"TION-LESS,  a.    Devoid  of  ambition.    PoUok. 

AM-BI"TIOUS,  a.     [L.  ambitiosus.] 

1.  Desirous  of  power,  honor,  office,  superiority,  or 
excellence  ;  aspiring  ;  eager  for  fame  ;  followed  by 
of  before  a  noun  ;  as,  ambitioujs  of  glory. 

2.  Showy;  adapted  to  command  notice  or  praise  ; 
as,  ambitious  ornaments. 

3.  Figuratively,  engur  to  swell  or  rise  higher;  as, 
the  avibitiuus  ocean.  Shale 

AM-BI"TIOUS-Ly,  a/Iv.  In  an  ambitious  manner; 
with  an  eager  desire  after  preferment  or  superiority. 

AM-BI"TIOUS-NESS,  ?i.  The  quality  of  being  am- 
bitious ;  ambition.  Being  nearly  synonymous  with 
ambition,  it  is  not  often  used. 

AM'BI-TU.S,  n.  [L.]  1.  The  circumference  or  exte- 
rior edge  or  border  of  a  thing. 

2.  In  Roman  law,  the  open  space  surrounding  a 
building  or  tomb.  Encyc. 

3.  In  Roman  history,  a  canvassing  for  votes  by  can- 
didates for  office. 

AM'BLE,  V.  i.  [Fr.  ambler,  from  L.  ambuln,  to  walk  ; 
Uu.  aiiU),  about,  and  the  root  of  Fr.  allcr.] 

1.  To  pace  ;  to  move  with  a  certain  peculiar  pace, 
as  a  horse,  first  lifting  his  two  legs  on  one  side,  and 
then  changing  to  the  other.  Edui.  Encyc. 

2.  To  move  easy,  without  hard  shocks. 

Him  time  ambl^a  withoj.  Shak. 

3.  In  a  ludicrous  sense,  to  move  with  submission, 
or  by  direction,  tir  to  move  aflteciedly.         Johnson. 

AM'Ul.K,  n.  A  peculiar  pace  of  a  horse,  in  which  the 
two  U'gs  of  the  same  side  rise  together. 

AM'BLER,  n.     A  horse  which  ambles;  a  pacer. 

AM'IiLlNG,  p/)r.  or  a.  Lifting  the  two  legs  on  the 
same  side  at  first  going  off,  and  then  changing. 

AM'BLING-LY,  adv.     With  an  ambling  gait. 

AM'BLY  GON,  tu  [Gr.  a^/^Aus,  obluse,  and  yu'via, 
an  angle.] 

An  obtuse-angled  triangle  ;  a  triangle  with  one  an- 
gle of  more  than  ninety  degrees.      Badcy.     Encyc. 

AM-BLVG'ON-AL,  a.     Containing  an  obtuse  angle. 

Ash. 

AM-BLYG'ON-ITE,  ti.  [Gr.  afi0\vy  cjf  (os,  having  an 
obtuse  angle.] 

A  mineral  from  Saxony,  of  a  pale-green  color, 
sometimes  spotted,  somewhat  resembling  pyroxene. 
It  consists  of  phosphoric  acid  and  alumina,  with  9 
per  cent,  of  litliia.  '  Dana. 

AM'BLY-0-PY,  71.     [Gr.  a^/3Xv<;,  duB,  and  wij,,  eye.] 
Weakness  of  sight,  without  any  opacity  of  the  cor- 


AMB 

nea,  or  of  the  interior  of  the  eye ;  either  absolute 
Weakness  of  sight  from  disease  or  old  age  ;  or  rela- 
tive, when  objects  can  be  seen  only  in  a  certain  light, 
distance,  or  position,  as  in  day  and  night  blin<lrir.xs, 
near  and  far  sightedne^s,  and  strabismus  or  squint- 
ing. Saurages, 

AM'BO,      (    n.      [Gr.    aujiiov,   a    pulpit  :    L.    umbo,   a 

AiM'BON,  i       bo^s.] 

An  oblong,  elevated  pulpit,  in  the  early  Christian 
churches,  but  disused  after  the  fourteenth  century. 

GwUt. 

AM-BRE-A'DA,  n.  [from  aviber.]  A  kind  of  facti- 
tious amber,  which  the  Europeans  sell  to  the  Afri- 
cans. Eucye. 

AM-BRE'ie  ACID,  ti.  An  acid  formed  by  digesting 
ambreine  in  nitric  acid. 

AM-BRe'INE,  ti.  One  of  the  animal  proximate  prin- 
ciples, and  the  chief  constituent  of  ambergris, 

AM-BRo'SlA,  (am-bro'/.ha,)  n.  [Gr.  u  neg.  and  /?/>o- 
T05,  mortal,  because  it  was  supposed  to  confer  immor- 
tality on  them  tiiat  fed  un  U.] 

1.  In  heathen  antiquity,  the  imaginary  food  of  the 
gods.      Hence, 

2.  Whatever  is  verj  pleasing  to  the  taste  or  smell. 
The  name  has  also  bix-n  given  to  certain  alexiphar- 
mic  compositions. 

3.  A  genus  of  plants. 

A.M-BRo'Sl-AC,  a.    Having  the  qualities  of  ambrosia. 

AM  BRo'SlAL,  (am-bro'zhal,;  a.  Partaking  of  the 
1  ature  or  qualities  of  amiirosia  ;  fragrant;  delighting 
tie  taste  or  smell  ;  as,  ambrosial  dews.  Ben  Jonscm 
uses  nmlmisiac  in  a  like  sense,  and  Bailey  h:is  ambro- 
sia :,  liNt  ttnse  seem  not  to  be  warnmted  by  usage. 

AM  Bllo  SIAI.-LY,  adv.     In  an  ambrosial  way. 

AM-UlvO'#!A.\,  a.  Pertaining  to  St.  Ambrose.  The 
.dinbnisiun  office.  Or  ritual,  is  a  formula  of  worship  in 
the  chiireli  of  Milan,  instituted  by  St.  Ambrose. 

AM-BRo'S!AX-CHANT,  ti.  A  mode  of  singing  or 
chanting  introduced  by  St.  Ambrose.  It  was  more 
moimtonous  tlian  the  Gregorian,  which  was  used 
afterward 

AM'BRO-SIN,  71.  In  Oie  middle  ages,  a  coin  struck  by 
the  dukes  of  Milan,  on  which  St.  Ambrose  was  rep- 
resented on  horseback,  with  a  whip  in  liis  right  hand. 

AM'BRY,  u.  [contracted  from  Fr.  aumOneric,  almonry, 
from  old  Fr.  alinuigne,  alms.] 

1.  An  aluutnry  ;  a  place  where  alms  are  deposited 
for  distribution  to  the  poor.  In  ancient  abbeys  and 
priurks  liiere  was  an  office  of  this  name,  in  which 
the  almoner  lived. 

2.  A  place  in  which  are  deposited  the  utensils  for 
house-keeping;  also,  a  cupboard;  a  place  for  cold 
victuals. 

aMBS'-aCE,  (amz'ace,)  n.     [L.  ambo,  both,  and  ace] 

A  double  ace,  as  when  two  dice  turn  up  the  ace. 
AM'BU-LAiVCE,  n.  [Fr.]  A  flying  hospital ;  a  mov- 
able hospital,  or  place  of  succor  fi)r  the  wounded, 
formed,  for  the  occasion,  on  the  field  of  battle,  or  in 
its  iinmediale  vicinity  ;  first  introduced  iniii  the 
French  armies.  Cyc.  .Med. 

AM'BU-LANT,  a.     [L.  ambulans,  from  amhuto.] 

Walking;  moving  from  place  to  place.       Encyc. 
Ambulant  brokers,  in   Amsterdam,   are  exchange- 
brokers  or  agents,  who  are  not   sworn,  and  whose 
testinmny  is  not  received  in  courts  of  justice. 
AM'BU-LaTE,  v.  i.     To  walk;  to   move   backward 

anil  fiirward. 
AM-BU-La'TION,  n.     [h. a7nbulatio.] 

A  walking  about ;  the  act  of  walking. 
AM'BU-LA-TIVE,  a.     Walking. 

AM'BU-LA-TO-RY,  a.  That  h;'is  the  power  or  faculty 
of  walking  ;  as,  an  animal  is  ambulatory. 

2.  Pertaining  to  a  walk ;  as,  an  ambulatory  view. 

3.  Moving  from  place  to  place  ;  not  stationary' ;  as, 
an  ambulatory  court,  which  exercises  its  jurisdiction 
iti  different  places.  Johnjutn. 

4.  In  oriiitJiology,  formed  for  walking  ;  applied  to 
the  feet  of  birds  with  three  toes  before  and  one  be- 
hind. Brandr. 

AM'BU-LA-TO-RY,  71.  A  place  to  walk  in;  applied 
to  any  place  in  buildings,  inclosed  by  a  colonnade  or 
arcade,  as  porticoes  and  corridors  ;  also,  to  the  aislt-s 
or  p;issages  in  churches.  P.  Cyc. 

AM'BU-RY,  )   71.      rUu.    L.    umboy    the    navel  ;    Gr. 

AN'BU-RY,   i        ofifSioi'.] 

Among  farriers,  a  tumor,  wart,  or  swelling  on  a 
horse,  full  of  blood,  and  soft  to  the  touch.      Encyc 

AM'BUS-t'ADE,  u.  [Fr.  embuscudc;  Sp.  and  Port,  ctji- 
boscaila ;  It.  imbosrata,  from  It.  imboscarc :  Sp.  cmbos- 
car,  to  lie  in  bu.-'hcs,  or  concealed  ;  in  and  bosco,  bosqur, 
a  wood  ;  Eng.  biuslu] 

1.  Literally,  a  lying  in  a  wood,  concealed,  for  the 
purpose  of  attacking  an  enemy  by  surprise;  hence, 
a  lyitig  in  wait,  and  concealed  in  any  situation,  for  a 
like  purpose. 

2.  A  private  suition  in  which  troops  lie  concealed, 
with  a  view  to  attack  their  enemy  by  surjirise  ;  am- 
bush. 

3.  A  bodv  of  troops  Ivins  in  ambush. 
A.M'BUS-Ca'DE,   v.  f.     To  lie  in  wail  for,  or  to  attack 

from  a  concealed  position, 
AM'BUS-CAU-ED,  ;»p.  H.aving  an  ambush  laid  against, 
or  attacked  from  a  private  station ;  as,  his  troops  were 
ambiLscadcd. 


TONE,  BIJLL,  UNITE AN"GER,  VU'CIOUS.  — €  as  K  ;   6  as  J  ;   S  as  Z  ;   ClI  as  SII ,  TH  as  m  THIS. 


41 


AME 

AM'IJUS-€aD-ING,  ppr.     Lying  in  wait  forj  atuick- 

ins  fniin  a  secret  station. 
AM'H|,iSH,  n.  [Fr.  cmbnche,  of  in  and  bush;  Dan.  bu^ki 

I),   buscti  ;    Glt.  biisctt  i    Fr.   bosquet^  fto.^crt^'■e,  bocage, 

bvi.s.     See  Hi^sh.] 

1.  A  private  or  concealed  station,  where  troops  lie 
in  wait  tu  attack  their  enemy  hy  surprise. 

2.  The  state  of  lying  conceah-d,  for  the  purpose  of 
attacking  by  surprise  ;  a  lying  in  wait. 

;i.  'I'he  troops  posted  in  a  concealed  place,  for  at- 
tacking by  surprise. 

Liiy  (bee  iin  ambutk  for  the  city.  —  Joab.  vUi. 
AM'niJSFI,  r.  t     To  lie  in  wait  for  ;  to  surprise,  by  as- 

sailini:  unexpectedly  from  a  concealed  place. 
AMMU^SH,  p.  i.     To  lie  in  wait,  for  the  purpose  of  at- 
tacking by  surprise. 

Trumbull. 
;  sud- 


b'  Uie  snake,  that  ambushed  for  hiB  prey. 


AM'BIJSH-KD,  (am'hushl,)  }rp.    Lain  in  wait  for 
denly  attacked  from  a  concealed  station. 

A.M'llijSII-l\(i,  y/;>r.  Lying  in  wait  for;  attacking 
from  a  roiicealed  station. 

AM'BUSH-.MENT,  n.     An  ambush  ;  ivhick  see. 

A.M-BL'S'TIOiV,  n.  [L.  ambustioy  from  ambnro^  to  bum 
or  scorch  ;  of  ami,  about,  and  uro^  to  burn.] 
Among  pAi/.N-icidTi.-j,  a  burning  ;  a  burn  or  scald. 

AM'EL,  K.     [Fr.  cwai/.] 

The  matter  with  which  metallic  bodies  are  over- 
laid in  the  process  of  enameling  ;  but  its  use  is  super- 
seded bv  enamel;  whick  .^cc.  Boyle 

A-.MkL'I'OR-A-BLE,  a.     That  may  be  meliorated. 

A-MkL'IOU-aTE,  v.  t.    [Fr.  amcliorer^  from  L.  mctior, 
belter.] 
To  make  better;  to  improve;  to  meliorate. 

■S.  S.  SinitJu     Christ  Obs.     Buchanan. 

A-MkL'IOR-.^TE,  tu  I.    To  crow  better;  to  meliorate. 

A-.MkL'1011-a-TED,  pp.     Grown  better;   improved. 

A-MeL'EOR-a-TING,  ppr.  Becoming  or  making 
better. 

A-MkL40R-a'TI0N,  n.  A  making  or  becoming  bet- 
ter;  improvement;  melioration. 

A-MEN'.  This  word,  with  slight  differences  of  or- 
thography, is  in  all  the  dialects  of  the  Shemitish 
stock.  Aa  a  verb,  it  signifies  to  confirm,  establii^h, 
verify  ;  to  trust,  or  give  confidence  ;  as  a  noun,  truth, 
firmness,  trust,  confidence  ;  as  an  adjective,  firm,  sta- 
ble. In  Enghsh,  after  the  Oriental  manner,  it  is  used 
at  the  beL'iiiiiiniz,  but  more  generally  at  the  end  of 
declaratit>tis  and  prayers,  in  the  sense  of,  be  it  firm, 
be  it  established. 

Ami  let  aJl  the  pi:r<ile  say,  Amen.  —  Pb,  cvi. 

The  word  is  used  also  iv^  a  noun  :  "  All  the  prom- 
ises of  God  are  amen  in   Christ,"  that  is,  firmness, 
stability,  constancy. 
A-M;^-\A-BIL'I-TY,     ;  n.     The  state  of  being  ame- 
A-Me'NA-BLE-NESS,  )       nable;  liability  to  answer. 

Jnilgc  Story. 
A-.Me'NA-BLE,  a.     [It.  menare ;    Fr.  viencr,  amener : 
Norm,  amesner,  to  lead,  to  bring;  Fr.  amcnrr,   It.  am- 
matnare,  in  marine  language,  to  strike  sail.] 

1.  In  old  law,  easy  to  be  led ;  governable,  as  a 
woman  by  her  husband.     [This  sense  ts  ob.-:oleic.] 

2.  Liable  to  answer  ;  responsible  ;  answerable  ;  li- 
able to  be  called  to  account ;  as,  every  man  is  amena- 
ble to  the  laws. 

We  retain  this  idiom  in  the  popular  phrase,  to  bring 
in,  to  make  answerable  ;  as,  a  man  is  brought  in  to 
|i;i\  th<-  dibt  of  another 
AMf,  .\A  BLY,  adf.     In  an  amenable  manner. 
AM'I:\-A0E,  t).  t      To  manage.     [Obs.\         Spenser. 
AM'EN-AXCE,  n.    Conduct;  behavior.     [Obs.] 

Spenser. 
A-MEND',  V.  t     [Fr.  amevder ;  L.  emendo,  of  e  neg. 
and   nicada,  vtendiim,  a   fault;  \V.   mann,  a  spot  or 
blemish  ;  Sp.  and  Port,  cmcndar;  It.  ammendarc.    See 
Mend.] 

L  To  correct ;  to  rectify  by  expunging  a  mistake  ; 
as,  to  amend  a  writ 

2.  To  refonn,  by  quitting  bad  habits;  to  make  bet- 
ter, in  a  moral  sense  ;  as,  to  amend  oui  ways  or  our 
conduct. 

3.  To  correct;  to  supply  a  defect;  to  improve  or 
make  better,  by  some  addition  of  what  is  wanted, 
as  well  as  by  e.xpunging  what  is  wrong  ;  as,  to  amend 
a  bill  before  a  legislature.  Hence  it  is  applied  to  the 
correction  of  authors,  by  restoring  passages  which 
had  hr-en  omitted,  or  restoring  the  true  reading. 

A-ME.\D',  v.  i.  To  grow  or  become  better,  by  refor- 
mation, or  rectifying  something  wrong  in  manners 
or  morals.  It  differs  from  improve,  in  this,  that  to 
amend  implies  something  previously  wTong ;  to  im- 
prorc,  does  not. 

A-.MENI)'A-BLE,  a.  That  mny  be  amended  ;  capable 
of  correction  ;  as,  an  amendable  writ  or  error. 

A-.ME\D'A-T0-RV,  a.  That  amends ;  supplying 
amendment;  corrective. 

A-MEJ^DE',  71.  [Fr.]  A  pecuniary  punishment,  or 
fine  ;  a  reparation  or  recantation.  TJie  amende  ho- 
norable, in  France,  is  an  infamous  punishment  in- 
flicted on  traitors,  parricides,  and  sacrilegious  per- 
sons. The  offender,  being  led  into  court  with  a 
rtppe  about  his  neck,  and  a  lighted  torch  in  his 
hand,  begs  pardon  of  his  God,  the  court,  &c.     These  I 


AME 

worda  also  denote  simply  a  rccantatiou  iu  open  court, 

or  in  presence  ol  the  injured  person.  Stici/c. 

2.  In  popular  language,  the  phrase  denotes  a  public 

recantitiou  and  reparation  to  an  injured  party,  for 

itu proper  language  or  treatment. 
iV-MbiND'EL),  pp.      Corrected;    rectified;   reformed; 

improved,  or  altered  for  the  better. 
A-.MENIi  Elt.  7).     The  person  that  amends. 
A-MEND'FUL,  a.     Full  of  improvement. 
A-MEXD'IXG,  ppr.     Correcting;  reforming;  altering 

for  the  better. 
A-MEND'MENT,  n.     An  alteration  or  change  for  the 

better ;  correction  of  a  fault  or  faults ;  reformation  of 

life,  by  quitting  vices. 

2.  In  legislative  proceedings,  any  alteration  in  a  bill 
or  motion,  by  adding,  changing,  or  omitting. 

3.  In  law,  the  correction  of  an  error  iu  a  writ  or 
process. 

Shakspeare  uses  it  for  the  recovery  of  health,  but 
this  sense  is  unusual. 
A-MENDS',  71.  pi.    JFr.  a'>nmd£.} 

Compensation  for  an  injury;  recompense;  satis- 
factiou  ;  equivalent;  as.  the  h.'ippiness  of  a  future 
lite  will  more  than  make  amend*  for  the  miseries 
of  this. 
A-MEN'I-TY,  71.  [L.  ama-nitas;  Fr.  aminit6 ;  L. 
ama^nus;  W.  mwyn,  good,  kind.] 

Pleasantness ;  agreeableness  of  situation ;  tliat 
which  ilelights  the  eye;  luscd  of  places  and  prospects. 

BroiDn. 
AMEJ^S.9  ETTQiROyll..]     From  board   and  bed. 
A  divorce  from  board  and  bed  is  when  husband  and 
wife  separate,  but  the  husband  maintains  the  wife. 

a'meNT'UM    1  "■    [L.  flmcnfum,  a  thong,  or  strap.] 
In  botany,  a  species  of  inflorescence,  consisting  of 
many  scales,  ranged  along  a  stalk   or  slender  axis, 
which  is  the  common  receptacle ;  as  in  birch,  oak, 
chestnut.  Martijn. 

A  spike,  the  bracts  of  which  are  all  of  equal  size, 
and  closely  imbricated,  and  which  is  articulated  with 
tlie  stem.  LiiuUcy. 

AM-EN-T.\'CEOUS,  a.  1.  Growing  in  an  ament ;  re- 
semblins  a  tlinng  ;  as,  the  chestnut  has  an  omenta- 
ccous  mill  ire  retire.  Mirtyn. 

2.  Fnrnisliiil  w  iili  amenls ;  having  flowers  ar- 
ranged in  amenls  ;  as,  amentaceous  plants.    Brande. 

A-MERCE',  (a-mers',)  v.  t.  [A  verb  formed  from  a,  for 
on  or  at,  and  Fr.  merci,  mercy,  or  from  L.  merces, 
reward.] 

1.  To  inflict  a  penalty  at  mercy;  to  punish  by  a 
pecuniary  penalty,  tlie  amount  of  which  is  not  fixed 
by  law,  but  left  to  the  discretion  or  inercy  of  the 
court ;  as,  the  court  amerced  the  criminal  in  the  sum 
of  one  hundred  dollars. 

2.  To  inflict  a  pecuniary  penalty;  to  punish  in 
general.  Milton  uses  of  after  amerce:  "  Millions  of 
spirits  amerced  o/ heaven;  "  but  this  use  seehis  to  be 
a  poetic  license. 

A-MER'C£X),  pp.    Fined  at  the  discretion  of  a  court. 

A-MERCE^MEXT,  (a-mers'ment,)  n.  A  pecuniary 
penalty  inflicted  on  an  offender  at  the  discretion  of 
the  court.  It  dilfers  from  a  fine,  in  that  the  latter  is, 
or  was  originally,  a  fixed  and  certain  sum  prescribed 
by  statute  for  an  offense  ;  but  an  amercement  is  arbi- 
trary. Hence  the  practice  ofaffeering.  [See  Affeer.] 
Bui,  in  America,  the  word  /?ic  is  now  used  for  a  pe- 
cuniary penalty  which  is  uncertain;  and  it  is  com- 
mon, in  statutes,  to  enact  that  an  oflender  shall  be 
fined,  at  the  discretion  of  the  court.  In  England,  also, 
fines  are  now  usually  discretionarj-.  Thus  the  word 
fine  has,  in  a  measure,  superseded  the  use  of  amerce- 
ment Tliis  word,  in  old  books,  is  written  amcrcia- 
m'-nt. 

Amercement  royal,  is  a  penalty  imposed  on  an  officer 
for  a  misdemeanor  in  his  oltice. 

A-MEK'CER,  71.  One  who  sets  a  fine  at  discretion 
upon  an  offender. 

A-MER'I-CA,  n.  [from  Amerigo  Vespucci,  a  Flor- 
entine, who  pretended  to  have  first  discovered  the 
western  continent.] 

One  of  the  great  continents,  first  discovered  by 
Sebastian  Cabot,  June  11,  O.  S.,  1408,  and  by  Colum- 
bus, or  Christoval  Cobm,  Aug.  1,  the  same  year.  It 
extends  from  the  eightieth  degree  of  north,  to  the 
fifty-fourth  degree  of  south  latitude;  and  from  the 
thirty-fifth  to  the  one  hundred  and  fifty-sixth  degree 
of  longitude  west  from  Greenwich,  being  about  nine 
thousand  miles  in  length.  Its  breadth  at  Darien 
is  narrowed  to  about  forty-five  miles,  but  at  the 
northern  extremity  is  nearly  four  thousand  miles. 
From  Darien  to  the  north,  the  continent  is  called 
JVorth  America,  and  to  tiie  south,  it  is  called  South 
America. 

A-MER'l-€AN,  a.     Pertaining  to  America. 

A-MElt'I-CAN,  V.  A  native  of  America;  originally 
applied  to  the  aboriginals,  or  copper-colored  races, 
found  here  by  the  Europeans;  but  now  applied  to 
the  descendants  of  Europeans  born  in  .-Vinerica,  es- 
pecially to  the  inhabitants  of  the  United  States. 

The  name  American  miisi  always  cxoJl  the  priile  of  p-itrioiism. 

iVaskinglon. 

A-MER'I-CAN-ISM,  n.    An  idiom  peculiar  to  America. 


AMI 

2.  The  love  which  American  citizens  liave  to  llieir 
own  country-,  or  the  preference  of  its  interests. 

A-MERT-CAN-IZE,  v.  u  To  render  American;  to 
naturali/.e  in  America. 

aMES'-aCE.     See  Ambs-ace.     . 

A-MET-A-Bo'LI-AN,7i.   }  [Gr.aneg.and;ifra/?<i»w, 

A-MET-A-Bo'LI-A,  «.;»/.  \      to  change.] 

In  zoology,  terms  denoting  a  division  of  insects 
which  do  not  midergo  any  iiifianiurphosis.  Brande. 

A-METirO-DiST,  71.     A  quack.     [J^ot  tised.] 

AM'E-THYST,  n.  [L.  amcthystus;  Gr.  n/itSvcroj, 
which  the  Greeks  supposed  to  be  formed  from  a  neg. 
and  /i!:3-iu.<,  to  inebriate,  frtim  some  supposed  (juality 
in  the  stone  of  resisting  intoxication.  Plin.  xxxvii. 
9,  mentions  an  opinitui,  that  it  lakes  its  name  from 
its  color  approaching  that  of  wine,  but  not  reaching  it.] 
A  sub-species  of  quartz,  of  a  bluish  violet  color,  of 
different  degrees  of  intensity.  It  generally  occurs 
crystallized  in  hexahedral  prisms  terminated  by  cor- 
responding pjramids;  also  in  rolled  fragments,  com- 
posed of  irrqirifrct  prismatic  crj'stals.  Its  fracture  is 
conciioiil.il  ur  sjilintery.  It  is  wrought  into  various 
articles  of  jewelry.  Clcarrland.     Encyc. 

Oriental  amethyst;  the  violet  blue  variety  of  trans- 
parent crystallized  corundum. 

Aftl'E-THYST,  in  heraldry,  signifies  a  puri>le  color. 
It  is  the  same,  in  a  nobleman's  escutcheon,  as  pur- 
pure  in  a  gentleman's,  and  mercury  in  that  of  a 
sovereign  prince.  Encyc. 

AM-E-TIIVST'INE,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to,  or  resem- 
bling amethyst;  anciently  a|)plied  to  a  garment  of 
the  color  of  amethyst,  as  distinguished  from  the 
Tyrian  and  hyaciuthine  purple. 

2.  Composed  of  tiie  amethyst ;  as,  an  amethystine 
cujT.  Brande. 

a'MI-A,  71.  A  genus  of  fish,  of  the  Abdominal  order, 
found  in  the  rivers  of  Carolina.  Pennant. 

a-MI-.-V-BIL'I-TY,  71.     Amiableness. 

a'MI-A-BLE,  a.  [Fr.  amable  ;  1..  amabilis ;  from  am 0, 
to  love.] 

1.  Lovely;  worlhyof  love  ;  deserving  of  affection  ; 
applied  usually  to  persons.  But  in  Psal.  I.sxxiv.  1, 
there  is  an  exception  :  "  How  amiable  are  thy  taber- 
nacles, O  Jjord  !  " 

2.  Pretending  or  showing  love. 

Lny  amiaLle  siege  to  tlie  lionesiy  uribia  Ford's  wife.         -StiaJc. 

But  this  use  is  not  legitimate. 

a'MI-A-BLE-NESS,7i,  The  quality  of  deserving  love; 
loveliness. 

a'MI-.'V-BLY,  adv.  In  an  amiable  manner ;  in  a 
manner  to  excite  or  attract  love. 

AM-I-AN'THUS,  n.  [Gr.  ttfuavrug,  of  a  neg.  and 
pian-to,  to  pollute  or  vitiate  ;  so  called  from  its  in- 
combustibility.    Plin.  3G,  19.] 

Eartli-flax,  or  mountain-flax  ;  a  mineral  substance 
somewhat  resembling  flax,  belonging  eitlier  to  the 
species  pyroxene  or  hornblende,  usually  grayish,  or 
of  a  greenish  white ;  sometimes  of  a  yellowish  or 
silvery  white,  olive  or  mountain  green,  of  a  pale 
flesh  red  or  ocher  color.  It  is  composed  of  delicate 
filaments,  very  flexible,  and  somewhat  elastic,  often 
Umg,  and  resembling  threads  of  silk.  It  is  incom- 
bustible, and  has  sometimes  been  wrought  into  doth 
and  pajier.  Kirtcan.     Eneyc.     Clrncrland. 

AM-I-AN'THLFORM,  a.     [amiantJuu  and  form.] 
Having  the  form  or  likeness  of  amianthus. 

AmiantJii/orm  nrsciiiate  of  copper.  PhilUps. 

AaI-I-AN'THIN-ITE,  n.  A  species  of  amorphous 
mineral,  a  variety  of  actinolite;  its  color  ash, 
greenish,  or  yellowish  gray,  often  mixed  with  yel- 
low or  red ;  its  fracture  confusedly  foliated  and 
fibrous.  Kirirmi. 

AM-IAN'THOID,  v.  [amianthus  and  Gr.  ti6i.i,  form.] 
A  variety  of  asbeslus,  composed  of  long  capillary 
filaments,  flexible  and  very  elastic  ;  more  flexible 
than  the  fibers  of  ashestus,  but  stiffer  and  more 
elastic  than  tlios,'!  of  amianthus.  The  color  is  olive 
green,  or  greenish  \\'hite.  Uavy.     Cleavdand. 

AM-l-AN'THOIDjO.     Resembling  amianthus  in  form 

AM'I-CA-BLE,  a.  [L.  amicabilis,  from  amicus,  a  friend, 
from  amo,  to  love.] 

1.  Friendly;  peaceable;  harmonious  in  social  or 
mutual  transactions;  usually  applied  to  tlie  disposi- 
tions of  men  who  have  business  with  each  other,  or 
to  tlieir  intercourse  and  transactions  ;  as,  nations  or 
men  have  come  to  an  amicable  adjustment  of  ilieir 
differences. 

2.  Disposed  to  peace  and  friendship ;  as,  an  amica- 
ble temper. 

[  But  rarchi  applied  to  a  single  person.] 

AM'l-CA-BLE-XESS,  71.  Tlie  quality  of  being  peace- 
able, friendly,  or  disposed  to  peace;  friendliness;  a 
disposition  to  preserve  pear-'  nmt  friendship. 

AM'I-CA-BLY, «(/('.  In  afii;  ntlly  in;inner;  with  har- 
mony or  good-will;  wi:lnmt  c.mtruversy  ;  as,  the 
dispute  was  amicably  adjusted. 

AM'ICT,  i  71.     [L.  amictus,  from  amicior,  to  clothe  ;  Fr 

AM'ICE,  (       amict:  Sp.  amito  ;  Port,  amicto.] 

A  square  linen  cloih  that  a  Roman  Catholic  priest 
tics  about  his  neck,  hanging  down  behind,  under  the 
alb,  when  he  officiates  at  mass.  Sp.  and  Port.  Diet 

A-JUD',        i  prep,    [of  a  and  Sax.  midd,  the  middle; 

A-MIDST',  \      L.  incdius.     Amidst  is  the  superlative 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— MeTE,  PRgY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.— 

42 


AMM 

dei^ree,  middtst,  a  contraction  of  Sax.  vud^testa^  mid- 
most.    See  .Middle  and  Midst.] 
I.  In  the  midst  or  middle. 

a.  Among;  min<;led  with;  as,  a  slieplierd  amidM 
liis  flock. 

3.  Surrounded,  encompassed,  or  enveloped   with  ; 
as,  amidst  the  shade  ;  amid  the  waves.    Amid  is  used 
A5!'IDE,       )         c,       .  fmostlv  in  poetry. 

AM'I-DET,r-    SeeAMM.D.  1  -        i*       > 

AM'I-DIi\E,  n.     Starch  modified  by  heat  so  as  to  be- 
come a  transparent  mass,  like  horn,  which  is  soluble 
in  cold  water. 
.■V-MTD'-SHIPS  ;  in  marine  lang-wige,  the  middle  of  a 

ship,  with  regard  to  her  length  and  breadth. 
AM'l-LOT,  n.     A   white  fish   in  the  Mexiian    lakes, 
more  than  a  foot  in  lenglli,  and  much  esteemed  at 
the  table.  Clavigero. 

A-MISS',  o.     [a  and  miss.     See  Mrss.] 

1.  Wrong  ;  faulty  ;  out  of  order  ;  improper;  as,  it 
may  nut  he  a/nwa*  to  ask  advice.  [This  ailjectice  al- 
Tcajjs  fidlows  its  noun.] 

a.  ado.  In  a  faulty  manner;  contraiy  to  propriety, 
truth,  law,  or  morality. 

Ye  ask  and  reo-ive  not,bi.ci>ise  ye  aak  ainlsa.  —  J;ui:es  iv. 

Applied  to  the  body,  it  signifies  indisposed ;  as,  I 
am  somewhat  amiss  to-day. 
AM'I-TY,  n.  [Fr.  ajiutie;  It,  ami^td,  ainistdde;  Sp. 
amistad,  from  amistary  to  recnniMie  ;  Port,  amiiade ; 
Norm,  amistcf,  friendship,  amez,  triendSy  ameis,amctz., 
beloved.     Q.u.  L.  amoy  amicitia,] 

Friendship,  in  a  general  sense,  between  individ- 
uals, societies,  or  nations;  harmony;   good   under- 
standing; as,  our   nation   is  in   amity  with  all    the 
world  ;  a  treaty  of  amity  and  commerce. 
AM'MA,  71.     [Heb.  DK,  mother.] 

1.  An  abbess  or  spiritual  mother. 

2.  A  girdle  or  truss  used  in  ruptures.     [Gr.  ntifia.] 

0>xe. 
AM'MAN,  n.     [G.  amtmann :  D.  amptman ;   Dan.  amt- 
vtand ;  a  compound  of  ampl.  Sax.  amhaJit,  or  embeht, 
otfice,  duty,  charge,  and  man.     See  Embassador.] 

In  some  European  nations^  a  judge  who  has  cogni- 
zance of  civil  causes.  Encyc. 
AM'AIID,  n.     [formed  from  ammonia.'] 

A  compound  of  ammidogen  with  an  element,  in 
which  ammidogen  is  the  elect ro-negative  ingredient. 
AM-MID'O-CEN,    n.      [ammid    and    Gr.    jc^-caw,   to 
produce.] 

A  basityingand  basic  principle,  composed  of  two 
equivalents  of  hydrogen  and  one  of  nitrogen. 
AM'.MI-ltAL,  n.     An  obsolete  form  of  adiiural. 

HAM'.MITE,  I  "•     t^'-  "^''"5'  ^^"'^■^ 

A  sandstone  or  freestone,  of  a  pale  brown  color, 
very  heavj^,  of  a  lax  texture,  composed  of  small 
round  granules,  cemented  by  an  earthy,  sparry 
matter.  The  grit  or  granules  are  smaJl  stalagmites, 
composed  of  crusts  or  coats  including  one  another. 
It  is  the  roe-stone  or  oolite  of  recent  authors. 

Da  Costa.     PLin.  37.  10. 

AM'MO-€HRYSE,  (am'mo-kris,)  n,  [Gr.  afifiost  sand, 
and  \oi'crws,  gold.] 

A  yellow,  soft  stone,  found  in  Germany,  consisting 
of  glossy  yellow  particles.  When  rubbed  or  ground, 
it  is  used  to  strew  over  writing,  like  black  sand  with 
us.     0,0.  yellow  mica.  Plin.  37.  11.     Knc7jc. 

AM-MO-DS"TeS,  71,  [Gr.  afift"g,  sand,  and  i3o(j,  to 
enter.] 

The  sand  eel,  a  genus  offish,  of  the  Apodal  order, 
about  a  fuot  in  length,  with  a  compressed  head,  a 
long,  slender  body,  and  scales  hardly  perceptible. 
Two  species  are  now  recogni/,ed  by  naturalists.  It 
buries  itself  in  the  sand,  and  is  found  also  in  the 
stomach  of  the  porpoise,  which  indicates  that  the 
latter  fish  roots  up  the  sand  like  a  hog.  Encyc. 

AJM-Mo'NI-A,  71.  [The  real  origin  of  this  word  is  not 
ascertained.  Some  authors  suppose  it  to  be  from 
.^0(771(771,  a  title  of  Jupiter,  near  wiiose  temple  in  Upper 
Egj'pt  it  was  generated.  Others  suppose  it  to  be  from 
Ammonia^  a  Cyreuaic  territorj' ;  and  others  deduce  it 
from  aiifioiy  sand,  as  it  was  found  in  sandy  ground.] 
Ammonia  is  an  alkali,  which  is  gaseous  or  aeriform 
in  its  uncombined  state,  and  is  composed  of  three 
equivalents  of  hydrogen  and  one  of  nitrogen  ;  now 
considered  an  ammid  of  hydrogen.  It  is  often  called 
volatile  alkali. 

,\M-.M6'Xf-Ae,         )  a.     Pertaining  to   ammonia,  or 

AM-.MO-^^'Ae-AL,  \      possessing  its  properties. 

AM-Mo'M-A€,  or  GUiM-AM-Mo'iM-AC,  h,  [See 
Ammonia.] 

The  concrete  juice  of  an  umbelliferous  plnnl,  the 
Dorema  ammoniacum,  brought  from  Persia  in  large 
masses,  composed  of  tears,  internally  white,  and  ex- 
ternally yellow.  It  has  a  fetid  smell,  and  a  nauseous, 
sweet  taste,  followed  by  a  bitter  one.  It  is  iiidani- 
mabte,  soluble  in  water  and  spirit  of  wine,  and  is  used 
in  medicine  asadeobstruent  and  resolvent.     Encyc. 

AM-iM6'Nl-AN,  a.  Relating  to  .\mmonius,  surnamed 
Saccas,  of  .-Vlexandria,  who  flourished  at  the  end  of 
the  second  century,  and  was  the  founder  of  the 
eclectic  system  of  philosophy  ;  or  rather,  he  com- 
pleted the  establishment  of  the  sect,  which  origi- 
nated with  Potamo.  Enfield. 


AMO 

AM'MOX-ITE,  7(.  [cornu  Amvionis,  from  Jaj'iter  Am- 
man, whose  statues  were  represented  with  ram's 
horns.] 

The  serpent-stone,  or  cornu  Amm;)nis,  a  fossil  shell, 
curved  into  a  spiral,  like  a  nun's  horn  ;  uf  various 
sizes,  from  the  smallest  grains  to  three  feet  in  diam- 
eter. This  fossil  is  found  in  strata  of  limestone  and 
clay,  and  in  argillaceous  iron  ore.  It  is  smooth  or 
ridged  ;  the  ridges  straight,  cmoked,  or  undulated. 
Cyc.     Encyc.     Plin.  37.  10. 

AJI-M6'NI-UM,  n.  A  compound  radical,  consisting 
of  four  equivalents  of  hydrogen  and  one  of  nitrogen, 
and  having  the  habitudes  and  chemii^al  relations  of 
an  element. 

AM-MO-i\I'lT-RET,  )  11.     A  term  once  applied  to  cer- 

AM-MO-Ni'A-RET,  )  tain  su[)posed  compounds  of 
ammonia  and  a  pure  metal.  All  of  these  have  been 
ascertained  to  be  salts  composed  of  ammonia  with  an 
acid  of  the  metal,  which  renders  the  term  incorreci 
and  useless. 

.\.M--MU-NI"TION,  71.  [L.  ad  and  jTiuHtfio,  from  munio^ 
to  fortify.] 

Military'  stores,  or  provisions  for  attack  or  defense. 
In  modern  usage,  the  signification  is  confined  to  the 
articles  which  are  used  in  the  discharge  of  fire-arms 
and  ordnance  of  all  kinds  ;  as  powder,  balls,  bombs, 
various  kinds  of  shot,  &c. 

Ammuniiion  bread,  shoes,  stockings,  &c.,  are  such 
as  are  contracted  for  by  government,  and  served 
out  to  the  private  soldiers.  Encyc.  Am. 

AM'XES-TY,  71.     [Gr.  a^fTjurta,  of  a  neg.  and  fiun^ii, 

memory,  from  the  root  of  mens,  mind.     See  Mind.] 

An  act  of  oblivion ;  a  genenil  pardon  of  the  o(- 

fenses   of  subjects   against  the  government,   or  the 

proclamation  of  such  pardon. 

AM'XION   i  "*     t*^*"*  "^^''°''»  ^  vessel  or  membrane.] 
The  innermost  membrane  surrounding  the  fetus  in 
the  womb.     It  is  thin,  transparent,  and  soft,  sniuoth 
on  the  inside,  but  rough  on  the  outside.  Encyc. 

AM-NI-OT'ie,   a.      Pertaining   to   the   amnios;   con- 
tained in  the  amnios;  as,  the  auniintlc  fluid. 
2.  Relating  to  the  liquor  of  the  amnios. 
Amniotic  acid,  an  acid  found  in  the  amniotic  fluid 
of  the  cow ;  considered  the  same  as  the  allantoic 
acid. 
AM-CE-B.E'AN,  a.     Alternately  answering.    JVarton. 
AM-CE-B^'UM,ji.    [Gr.a^oi/y^tos,  alternate;  apLOifiq, 
change.] 

A  poem  in  which  persons  are  represented  as  speak- 
ing alternately,  as  the  third  and  seventh  eclogues  of 
Virgil.  Encyc. 

A-MO-LI"TION,  77.     Removal.         ,     ^     , 

A-Mo'MUlI,  n.    [Gr.  a^uj/i,-;  ;  Ar.  IaiLc.^^  hcmauma, 


from 


(^ 


hamma,  to  warm    or   heat;   tlie  heating 


plant.] 

A  genus  of  plants  ;  all  natives  of  warm  climates, 
and  remarkable  fur  their  pungency  and  arnm.ttic 
properties.  It  includes  the  granam  paradisi,  or  grains 
of  paradise.  Cyc. 

True  amomum  is  a  round  fruit,  from  the  East,  of 
the  size  of  a  grape,  containing,  under  a  membranous 
cover,  a  number  (tf  angular  seeds  of  a  dark  brov/n 
color,  in  three  cells.  Of  this  fruit,  ten  or  twelve 
grow  in  a  cluster,  adhering,  without  a  pedicle,  to  a 
woody  stalk.  It  is  of  a  pungent  taste  and  aromatic 
smell,  and  was  formerly  much  used  in  medicine,  but 
is  now  a  stranger  to  the  shops. 

Plin.  19.  13.     Encyc. 

A-MO.VG',  ^a-mung',)  )  prep.   [Sax.  onman<r^  onve- 

A-MONGST',  (a-mungst',)  i      mang,   among;   geman- 

gauj  to  mingle ;   D.  and  Ger.  mengen  ;  Sw.  manga ; 

Dan.  vuBnge;  to  mingle  ;  Gr.  ^nyvvto.     See  Mingle.] 

1.  In  a  general  or  primitive  sense^  mixed  or  min- 
gled with  ;  as  tares  among  wheat. 

Q.  Conjoined,  or  associated  with,  or  making  part 
of  the  number. 

Blessed  art  thou  among  women.  —  Luke  L 

3.  Of  the  number  ;  as,  there  is  not  one  among  a 
thousand  possessing  the  like  qualifiers. 
A-.Mo'NI-AN,  a.  [fniin  Amon  or  lia^non,  a  title  of 
Jupiter,  or  rather  of  the  sun  ;  Ar.  lleb.  and  Ch.  on, 
nnn,  Ham  or  Camah,  which,  as  a  verb,  signifies  to 
heat  or  warm,  and,  as  a  noun,  heat  or  the  sun,  and  in 
Arabic,  the  supreme  God.] 

Pertaining  to  Jujiiter  Ammon,  or  to  his  temple  and 
worship  in  Upper  Egjpl.  Bryant. 

AM-0-Ra'DO,  n.     [L.  amor,  love,  amo,  to  love.     But 
the  word  is  ill  formed.] 

A  lover.     [See  Inamorato,  which  is  chieflv  used.] 
Cfi.  Rcl.  Appeal. 
AM-0-RE'Ai\S,  71.  pi.     A  sect  of  Geiuaric   doctors  or 
commentators  on  the  Jerusalem  Talmud.     The  .-Vm- 
oreans   succeeded  the   Mishnic  doctors,  and  were 
followed  by  the  Sebureans. 
AM'O-RET,  71.     [L.  amor,  love.]     A  lover. 
AM-O-RETTE',  7t.     [L.  amor^  love  ;  Fr.  amourrUe.'] 
An  amorous  woman  ;  also,  a  love  knot,  or  a  trifling 
love  afiair.  Qood's  Sacred  Idyls.     Cluuicer. 


AMP 

AM'O-KIST,  n.     [L.  amor^  love.] 

A  lover ;  a  gallant ;  an  inamorato.  Btrylc 

AM-O-Ito'SA,  71.     [It.]     A  wanton  utiman. 
A.M-O-Ro'SO,  n.     [It.,  from  amvTy  love. J 

A  lover  ;  a  man  enamored. 
AM'O-KOUS,  a.     [I'r.  amoureux;  It.  amoroso;  froni  L. 
amor,  love.j 

1.  Inclined  to  love  ;  having  a  propensity  lo  love,  or 
to  sexual  enjoyment ;  lovmg;  fond. 

2.  In  love;  enamored.  Sliak. 

3.  I'ertJiining  or  relating  to  love ;  produced  by  love ; 
indicating  love  ;  as,  amorous  dctiglit  ;  amorous  airs. 

MiUtm.      IVallcr. 

AM'0-ROU.S-LY,  adv.  in  an  amorous  manner ;  fond- 
ly ;  lovinuly. 

AM'0-ROUS-.\ESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  inclined 
to  love,  or  to  sexual  pleasure ;  fondness  ;  lovingness. 

Sidney. 

A-MORPH'OUS,  a.     [Gr.  a  neg.  and  ttop<i,n,  form.] 
Having  no  determinate  form;  of  irregular  shape; 
not  of  any  reguhir  figure.  Kirtcan. 

A-MORPH'Y,  n.  Irregularity  of  form;  deviation  from 
a  determinate  shape.  Swiji. 

A-MORT',  adv.     [L.  mors,  murtuus.'\ 

In  the  state  of  the  dead  ;  dejected  ;  spiritless.  Sltak. 

A-MORT-l-ZA'TIOX,   \  n.     The  act  or  riglit  of  alien- 

A-MORT'IZE-.MENT,  \  atjng  lands  or  tenements  to 
a  corporation,  which  was  considered  fonnerly  as 
transferring  them  to  dead  hand'-,  as  such  alienaiiims 
were  mostly  made  to  religious  houses  for  sujterstitious 
uses.  Blafkstone. 

A-HORT'TZE,  V.  t.  [Norm,  amortizcr,  amurtir ;  Sp, 
amoriiiar,  to  sell  in  mortmain  ;  It.  ammortire,  lo  ex- 
tinguish, from  morte;  h.  viors,   death.     See   Monx- 

MAIN.] 

In  English  law,  to  alienate  in  mortmain,  that  is,  to 
sell  to  a  cor,)oration,  sole  or  aggregate,  ecclesiastical 
or  temporal,  and  their  successors.  This  was  con- 
sidered as  selling  to  dia/l  hands.  This  can  not  be 
done  without  the  king's  license.  [See  Mortmain.] 
Blackstune.  CowcL 
A-JIo'TION,  71.     [h.  amotio  ;  amoveo.] 

Removal.  Warton. 

In  law,  deprivation  of  possession.  Blackstnne. 

A-MOUNT',  V.  i.  [Fr.  monter,  to  ascend;  Norm. 
a?7i<7Hi,  upward  ;  Sp.  Port,  montar ;  it.  muntare;  from 
L.  moiL^,  a  mountain,  or  its  root ;  \V.  mynyz.] 

1.  To  rise  or  reach,  by  an  accumulation  of  par- 
ticulars, to  an  aggregate  whole  ;  to  compose  in  the 
whole  ;  as,  the  interest  on  the  several  sums  amounts 
to  fifty  dollars. 

•2.  To  rise,  reach,  or  extend  to,  in  effect  or  sub- 
stance ;  to  residt  in,  by  conseq'ience,  when  all  things 
are  considered  ;  as,  the  testimony  of  Uiese  witnesses 
amounts  to  ver>"  little.  Bacon. 

A-MOUNT',  77.  The  sum  total  of  two  or  more  partic- 
ular sums  or  quantities;  as,  the  amouJit  of  7  and  9 
is  1(5. 

2.  The  effect,  substance,  or  result ;  the  sum ;  as,  the 
amount  of  the  testimony  is  this. 

A-MOUNT'LVG,  ppr.     Rising  to,  by  accumulation  or 
addition;    coming   or   increasing   lo ;    resulting,   in 
eftect  or  substance. 
A-MOUR',  Ji.     [Fr.,  from  L.  amor^  love.l 

An  uidawful  connection  in  love;  a  love  inlrigne; 
an  alTair  of  gallantry-.  South. 

A-MOV'AL,  II.     {L.  anwreo.] 

Total  removal.     [jYot  used.]  Evehjn, 

A-MOVE',  V.  L     [L.  amorexi,  a  and  mozeo,  lo  move.] 
1.  To  remove.     [J^'ot  u.-ied.]  Spenser. 

9.  In  lajr,  to  remove  from  a  post  or  station.  HaU. 
A-Mt'jV  ING,  a.  Moving  away. 
AM'FE-LITE,  77.  [Gr.  u,,ncXoi,  a  vine.]  The  name 
of  an  earth  abounding  in  pjiites,  used  by  the  an- 
cients to  kill  insects,  &.c.,  on  vines  ;  hence  the  name. 
The  term  has  also  been  applied  by  Brongniart  to  a 
compound  of  alum,  and  graphic  schist. 

AM:ph1b'11n:7u    I    i<^'r..,,0,.  both  or  about,  and 
AM-PHIB'I-A,  77.  pi.  )    '^'"*»  "'*'-J 

In  zoolagy,  the  Amphibia  are  a  class  of  animals,  so 
formed  as  to  live  on  land,  and  for  a  long  lime  under 
water.  Their  heart  lias  but  one  ventricle ;  their 
blood  is  red  and  cold  ;  and  they  have  such  command 
of  the  lungs,  as  lor  a  considerable  lime  to  susiw-nd 
respiration.  This  chiss  of  animals  is  divided  into 
two  orders,  the  Reptiles  and  the  Serpents.  To  the 
first  belong  the  Testudo  or  tortoise,  the  Draco  or 
dragon,  the  Lacerta  or  lizard,  and  the  Rana  or  frog; 
to  the  seL^nd,  tlie  Crotaius,  Boa,  Coluber,  Anguis, 
Amphisba^na,  jmd  Concilia.  Z,i>ih. 

The  term  has  also  been  applied  by  CuWer  lo  des- 
ignate a  family  of  marine  qiiadrup.-ds,  including  the 
seal  and  walrus.  Encyc. 

This  term  is  strictly  applicable  only  lo  such  ani- 
mals as  possess  both  lungs  and  gills,  as  the  siren,  or 
ether  equivalent  organs,  as  some  of  the  lower  ani- 
mals. Less  strictly,  it  may  be  applied  to  such  ari- 
mals  as  breathe  by  gdls  at  one  period  of  tlieir  exist- 
ence, and  bv  lunss  at  another,  as  the  fr\>g.  P.  Cue 
AM-PHIB'I-O-LTTE,  71.  [Gr.  a^^i.^ios,  amphibious, 
and  Ai0o(,  stone.] 

A  term  denoting  the  fossil  remains  of  the  Am- 
phibia of  LiuniBUs.  D:cL  Hist.  JSTaL 


TONE,  BULL,  IJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K ;  6  as  J  j  S  as  Z  j  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


43 


AMP 

AM-PHIB-I-0-LOC:'rt'-AL,  c     [Infra.] 
Pertaining  to  rtniphihiu  u^. 

AM-PUIIM-OL'(}-G\%  «.  [Gr.  a;j0i,  on  both  sides, 
/?ti'4,  life,  and  Aoj  nc,  discourse.] 

A  discourse  or  irejitise  on  nrnphibiovis  animals,  or 
thr  lii^^tnrv  and  description  of  such  animals. 

AM  J'imt'I-Oi;S,  a.     [See  AMPHtRiAL.] 

1.  Having  the  power  of  living  in  two  elements,  air 
and  water,  as  frogs,  crocodiles,  beavert),  and  the 
like. 

a.  Of  a  mixed  nature  ;  partaking  of  two  natures  ; 
as,  an  ampkibinu.'i  breed. 

AiM-PIIIK'l-OCS-NKSS,  71.  The  quality  of  being  able 
to  live  in  two  elfuients,  or  of  partaking  of  two  na- 
tures. 

AM-PIIIB'I-UM,  n.  That  which  lives  in  two  ele- 
riirtUs,  as  in  air  and  water. 

A.M'PIM-IIOLE,  n.  [Gr.  u/i'/.(/?oA«s,  equivocal ;  a/ttpi 
and  iltWii}.] 

A  name  given  by  Ilaiiy  to  a  speries  of  minerals, 
including tri-molite,  horulilrnde,  and  actuiolite.  Its 
primitive  form  is  an  oblique  rhombic  pnsm. 

Clfavcland, 

AM-PIU-BOl/ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  aniphibole  ;  re- 
siMubling  aniphibole,  or  partaking  of  its  nature  and 
c  liarac  ters.  Cooper. 

Amphibolic  roclis ;  such  as  contain  ampbibole  or 
hornblende  as  a  leading  constituent. 

Did.  m<t.  J^at. 

AM-PHIB'O  LITE,  rt.  Trap,  or  greenstone  ;  a  rock  with 
a  basr'  of  aniphibole  or  liornblende.  DicU  IlisL  JVat. 

AM-PHIB-O-LuG'ie-AL,  a.  Doubtful;  of  doubtful 
meaning. 

AM-PIIIB-O-LOO'ie-AL-LY,  adv.  With  a  doubtful 
mcrining. 

AM-lMll-BOL'O-GV,  n,  [Gr.  np<pt,0a)^Xoi,  and  Aoyo?, 
spei-rh;  ai-iln0oXo)  la.] 

A  phrase  or  discourse,  susceptible  of  two  interpre- 
tations ;  and  hence,  a  pliiase  ur  discourse  of  uncer- 
tain meaning.  Ampiiil"<loin,'  arises  from  the  order 
of  the  phrase,  rather  than  from  the  ambiguous  mean- 
ing of  a  word,  which  is  called  aptivocatlon.  We 
have  an  example  in  tlie  answer  of  the  oracle  to 
Pyrrhus:  "  Aio  te  Romanos  vincere  posse."  Here 
tc  and  Romajios  may  either  of  them  precede  or  fol- 
low vincere  posse,  and  the  sense  may  be  either,  7jou 
may  ciuiquer  the  Rv))i(ui.-i,  or  the  Ri)iiians  may  con- 
qiii  r  i/mi.  The  Knglish  language  seldom  admits  of 
auiphJhologv.  ^  Eiicyc.     Juhiu-ton. 

AM-PHIB'O-LOID,  71.  A  rock  composed  of  ampbi- 
bole and  fi.lspar,  in  which  the  amphibole  predom- 
inates ;  a  variety  of  greenstone.        Diet.  Hist.  JVat. 

AM-PHIB'0-LOUS,  a.  IGt.  ap<pt0oXoi ;  ap4>i  and 
/J.iAA(o,  to  strike.] 

Tossed  fnuii  one  to  another  ;  striking  each  way, 
with  nuitual  blows.     [Little  used,] 

AM-PHlB'0-LY,    n.      [Gr.    a,iipL0o\ia;    a/i^(,    both 
ways,  and  /j'aAXt.i,  to  strike.] 
Ambiguitv  of  meaning.     [Rarely  itsed.l    Spelman. 

AM'Pill-BKAeH,  H.  [Gr.  a,i,/„,  and  /?paxvs,  short.] 
In  purtnj,  a  foot  of  three  syllables,  the  middle  one 
long,  the  first  and  last  short;  as,  AfiWr?,  in  Latin. 
In  Englisli  verse,  it  is  used  as  the  last  foot,  when  a 
syllable  is  added  to  the  usual  number  forming  a 
double  rhyme  ;  as, 

The  piece,  you  iliiuk,  ia  incorrect ;  tohy,  take  it. 

Pope.     7^-untbuU. 

AM'PIir-eO-ME,  n.     [Gr.  ap(pi  and  Koptj,  hair.] 

A  kind  of  figured  stone,  of  a  round  shape,  but 
nmgi'd  and  beset  with  eminences;  called  also 
Krofijlos,  on  accoimt  of  its  supposed  power  of  excit- 
ing love.  Anciently,  it  was  used  in  divination  ;  but 
it  is  hiile  known  to  the  modems.  Encyc. 

AM-PHie-TY-ON'IC,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  august 
council  of  Amphictyons. 

AM-PHie'TY-0\S,  ;i.  p/.  In  GreciaTiAi.vforjy,  an  assem- 
bly or  council  of  deputies  from  the  different  slates  of 
(irei  ir,  sup|)osed  to  be  so  called  from  Amphiclyon, 
the  son  of  Deucalion  ;  but  this  opinion  is  probably  a 
fable.  Ten  or  twelve  slates  were  represented  in  Ibis 
asseuibly,  which  sal  alternately  at  Thennopyl®  and 
at  Delphi.  Each  city  sent  two  dejjuties,  one  called 
//irnuHHcmoM  and  the  other  Pylagoras.  The  former 
insjiccted  ihe  sacrifices  and  ceremonies  of  religion  ; 
the  latter  had  the  charge  of  deciding  causes  and  dif- 
ferences between  private  persons.  The  former  was 
elected  by  lot ;  the  laiter  by  a  plurality  of  voices. 
'I'hey  bad  an  p(pial  right  to  deliberate  and  vote  in  all 
matters  relating  to  the  common  interests  of  Greece. 
Pans.'    Plitu     Straho.     Eiinjc. 

AM'PHID,  n.  A  term  applied  to  compounds  consist- 
ing of  acids  and  bases,  as  disluiguished  from  haloid 
compounds.  Berzelius. 

AM-PIIIG'A-MOUS,  a.     [Gr.  n,,.jl(  and  ).!,.  'i-] 

A  term  applied,  by  Decandolle,  to  the  lowest  class 
of  plants,  or  those  whose  structure  is  entirely  cellular, 
and  which  have  no  distinct  sexual  organs. 

AM'PHI-GkXE,  n.     [Gr.  ,ipt.i  and  >fco«.] 

In  mineralogy,  another  name  of  the  leucite  or  Ve- 
snvian. 

A.M-PHI-HEX-A-He'DRAL,  a.  [Gr.  a;t0i,  and  hexa- 
hcdral.] 

In  cn/stallographij,  when  the  faces  of  the  crystal, 


AMP 

cnunli'd  in  two  dill^rent  directions,  give  two  hexa- 
hedral  outlines,  or  are  fxund  to  be  six  in  number. 

CIritveland. 

AM-PIIIM'A-CEK,  n,  [Gr.  an^}ipaKp'ii,  long  on  both 
sides.  I 

In  ancient  poetry y  a  foot  of  three  syllables,  the  mid- 
dle (me  short  and  the  oth'TS  long,  as  in  casttt&s. 

AM-PMIP'XEOST,  n.  [Gr.  a/<0is  and  jrvtu.]  A 
term  a|)plied  to  a  tribe  of  reptiles,  «bich  have  both 
lungs  and  gills  at  the  same  time  ;  comprehending  C^ie 
true  amphibia,  as  the  proteus  and  siren.       Brande. 

AM'PMMM)!),  (I.     [Gr.  ufi.;.!  and  rrr-vj.] 

(Jiie  of  an  order  of  crustaceous  animals,  with  sub- 
caudal,  natatory  feet,  and  sessile  eyes,         Bramle.. 

AM-PillP'RO-ST?LL,  n.  [Gr.  «,i^i,  Tr/>o,  before,  and 
OTi<\i><i,  a  cohmm.] 

A  double  prostyle,  or  an  edifice  with  columns  in 
friuit  auil  behind,  but  nut  011  the  sides.  JMomi. 

AM-PHIS-B.E'NA,  u.  [Gr.  api'ialJaivi,of  aii.pii  and 
(iaiv<',  to  go  ;  indicating  tliat  the  animal  moves  with 
either  end  foremost.] 

A  genus  of  serpents,  with  the  bead  small,  smooth, 
and  blunt;  the  nostrils  small,  the  eyes  minute  aim 
bhickiah,  and  the  nmuth  furnished  with  small  teeth. 
The  body  is  cj  lindrical,  and  divided  into  numerous 
annular  >eguH  nis  ;  the  tail  obtuse,  and  scarcely  to 
be  distiiigiiislird  frnm  the  head,  whence  the  belief 
that  it  iiiiived  equally  well  with  either  end  foremost. 
There  are  two  species  ;  the  fidi^nosa,  black  with 
white  spots,  found  in  .Africa  and  America  ;  and  the 
alba,  or  white  spjecies,  found  indxith  the  Indies,  and 
generally  in  ant-hillocks.  They  feed  on  ants  and 
earth-worms,  and  were  formerly  deemed  poisonous  ; 
but  this  opinion  is  exploded.  Encyc.     Cyc. 

The  aquatic  ampbisbieiia,  Gonlius  ai/uaticiis,  Linn., 
is  an  animal  reseuibhnj:;  a  lnir>e-hair,  I'ound  in  water, 
and  moving  with  either  end  fnremnst.  The  vulgar 
opinion  that  this  is  an  animated  horse-liair  is  found 
to  be  an  error.  This  hair-vvorin  is  generated  in  the 
common  black  beetle,  in  which  the  parent  worm  lays 
its  eggs  ;  and  is  sometimes  found  in  the  earth  and  on 
the  leaves  of  trees.  Lister,  Phil.  Trails.  JVo.  83. 

A.M-PHlti'CI-r,        \  n.  pi.     [Gr.   -i/<0[,  on  both  sides, 

A.M-PHIS'GIANS,  \      and  cKia,  shadow.] 

In  geuirraphy,  the  inhaldlants  between  the  tropics, 
whose  shadows,  in  one  part  of  the  year,  are  cast  to 
the  north,  and  in  the  other  to  the  south,  according 
as  the  sun  is  south  or  north  of  their  zenith. 

AiM'PHl-TANE,  n.  A  name  given  by  ancient  nat- 
uralists to  a  fossil,  called  by  Dr.  Hill,  Pyricabiam. 
Plmy  describes  it  as  of  a  square  figure  and  a  gold 
ciilnr.     tin.  Cubic  pyrites.         Pliny,  iS7,  10.     Encyc. 

AM-PHI-THE'A-TEil,  in.    [Gr.  auipidcurpm',  of  ai>0i, 

AM-PHI-THk'A-TRE,  i  about,  and  ^iarpuv,  thea- 
ter, from  ^tanpai,  to  see  or  look.] 

I.  An  edifice  in  an  oval  or  circular  form,  having 
its  area  encompassed  with  rows  of  seats,  rising 
higher  as  they  recede  from  the  area,  on  whicli  peo- 
ple used  to  sit  to  view  the  combats  of  gladiators  and 
of  wild  beasts,  and  other  sports.  The  ancient  thea- 
ter was  a  semicircle,  but  exceeding  it  by  a  fourth 
part  of  its  diameter ;  the  amphitheater  was  a  double 
tlieater,  and  its  longest  diameter  was  to  its  shortest 
as  1  1-2  to  1.  Am[)hitheaters  were  at  first  of  wood, 
but  in  the  reign  of  Augustus,  one  was  erected  of  stone. 
The  area,  being  covered  with  sand,  was  called  arena. 

Kejinet. 
Q.  In  gardeniniT,  a  disposition  of  shrubs  and  trees 
in  the  form  of  an  ainplnilieatcr,  on  a  slope,  or  form- 
ing a  slope,  by  placing  ilie  luwist  in  front.     An  am- 
phitheater mav  also  be  foniR-d  of  turf  only.     Enaic. 

AM-PHI-THe'A-TRAL,  a.  Resembhng  an  amphi- 
theater. Tooke. 

AM-PHI-THE-AT'Rie-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  ex- 
hibited in  an  amphitheater.  Warton. 

AM'PHI-TRiTE,  n.  [Gr.  ap<l>LTpirr},  a  goddess  of  the 
sea.] 

A  genus  of  marine  animals,  of  the  LiniiM-an  order 
Mollusca,  arranged  bv  Cuvier  in  the  class  Aiin-lid;i. 

AM-PH()D'E-LiTE,  7i."  A  reddish  crystallized  iimieral 
from  Finland  ;  consisting  chiefly  of  silica,  alumina, 
and  lime,  with  a  small  portion  of  iron  and  manga- 
nese. Dana. 

AA1'PH0-R.\,  n.  [L.  ampliorai  Gr.  apipopevi  or  u/i<^i- 
0'»e£i's  ;  a^(/t(  and  0"^£ai.] 

Among  the  Greeks  and  Romans,  a  two-handled 
vessel  used  for  holding  wine,  oil,  &-c.  The  amphora 
of  the  Romans  contained  forty-eight  sextaries,  equal 
to  about  seven  gallons  and  a  pint,  English  wine 
measure.  The  Grecian  or  Attic  amphor  contained 
about  a  third  more.  This  was  also,  among  the  Ro- 
mans, a  dry  measure  of  about  three  bushels.  Among 
the  Venetians,  it  is  a  liquid  measure  of  sixteen  quarts. 

Encyc. 
This  name  was  formerly  used  in  England  ;  but 
the  capacity  of  the  Sax.  awfrra  is  not  certainly  know^n. 
LL.  Im£.  Cap.  70.     Wilkins^  Prcf.  LL.  ^Mtltelstan. 
Spelman. 

A.M'PIKVRAL.   a.      Pertaining   to  or   resembling   an 

AM'PLE,  n.     [Fr.  ample;  h.  amplus.]  [amphora. 

1.  Large,  wide;  spacious;  extended;  as,  ample 
room.  This  word  carries  with  it  the  sense  of  room 
or  space  fully  suthcient  for  the  use  intended. 

2.  Great  in  bulk,  or  size  ;  as,  an  ample  tear.     Sfiak. 


AMU 

3.  Liberal ;  unrestrained  ;  without  parsimony  ;  ful- 
ly sufficient ;  as,  ample  provision  for  the  table;  ample 
justice. 

4.  Liberal  ;  magnificent;  as,  ample  promises. 

5.  DifVusive;  not  brief  or  contracted  ;  sis,  an  amp/f 
narrative.  [ciency  ,  abundance. 

AM'PLE-i\ES9,  71.      Largeness;  spaciousness;   suffi- 

AM'PLEST,  a.  suprrl.     Most  ample  or  extendt^d. 

AM-PLKX'I-CAUL,  a.  [L.  ampleiur,  to  embrace,  of 
amb,  about,  and  plico,  plexus,  to  fold,  and  caiilis, 
KaiiMi,  a  stem.] 

In  botany,  nearly  surrounding  or  embracing  the 
stem,  as  the  base  of  a  leaf. 

AM'PLI-A'J'K,  V.  t.     [L.  ampUo.     See  Ample.] 

To  enlarge;  to  make  greater;  to  extend.  [Little 
■used.] 

AM-PLI-A^riON,  TP.  Enlargement;  amplification; 
difTuseness.     [Little  used.] 

2.  In  Roman  aittiifitity^a.  deferring  to  pass  sentence; 
a  postponement  of  a  decision,  to  obtain  furllier  evi- 
dence. Encyc. 

AM-PLIF'I-CATE,  v.  t.  [L.  ampUJico.]  To  enlarge  ; 
to  amplify. 

AM-PLl-Fl-CA'TION,  n.     [L.  amplijicatio.] 

1.  Enlargement;  extension. 

2.  In  r/icfyric,  diffusive  description  or  discussion; 
exaggerated  representation  ;  copious  argument,  in- 
tended to  present  the  subject  in  every  view,  or  in 
the  sirtmgrsilight ;  diffuse  narrative,  or  a  dilating  up- 
on all  the  pjiriiculars  of  a  subject ;  a  description  given 
in  more  w urds  tlian  are  necessary,  or  an  illustration 
bv  various  examples  and  proofs.  [treated. 

AM"'PLI-FT-£D,  p/).     Enlarged;  extended;  diffusively 

AM'I^Ll-Fl-ER,  7(.     One  who  amplifies  or  enlarges  ; 

one  who  treats  a  subject  diffusively,  to  exJiibit  it  in 

the  strongest  light.  Sidnei/. 

AM'PLl-F?,  V.  t.     [Fr.  amplifier ;  L.  ampiyico  ;  of  ajti- 

plus  and  facio,  to  make  large.] 

1.  To  enlarge  ;  to  augment ;  to  increase  or  extend, 
in  a  general  sense ;  applied  to  material  or  immaterial 
tilings. 

9.  In  rhetoric,  to  enlarge  in  discussion  or  by  repre- 
sentation ;  to  treat  copiously,  so  as  to  present  the 
subject  in  every  view,  and  in  the  strongest  lights. 

3.  To  enlarge  by  addition  ;  to  improve  or  extend  ; 
as,  to  amplify  the  sense  of  an  author  by  a  paraphrase. 

AM'PLI-FV^  17.  i.  To  speak  largely  or  copiously;  to 
be  diffuse  in  argument  or  descrijrticm  ;  to  dilate  upon  ; 
often  followed  by  y» ;  as,  to  amplify  on  the  several 
topics  of  discourse.  Hulls. 

2.  To  exaggerate  ;  to  enlarge  by  representation  or 
description ;  as. 


Hornet  a  mplifies,  —  not  invenu. 


Pope. 


AM'PLI-FV-L\G,  p;7r.    Enlarging;  exaggerating;  dif- 

fiisivelv  treating. 
AM'PLI-TUDE,  7r.     [L.  amplitudo,  from  ampins,  large.] 

1.  Larg(rness  ;  extent,  ajiplied  to  bodies  ;  as,  the 
amplitude  of  the  earth. 

2.  Largeness ;  extent  of  capacity  or  intellectual 
powers  ;  as,  amplitude  of  mind. 

3.  Extent  of  means  or  power;  abundance;  suf- 
ficiency. tVatL-i. 

.Amplitude,  in  astronomy,  is  an  orch  of  tJie  horizon 
intercepted  between  the  true  east  and  west  pxiints 
and  the  center  of  the  sun  or  a  star  at  its  rising  or  sel- 
ling. At  the  rising  of  a  slur,  the  amplitude  is  eastern 
or  ortive  ;  al  the  setting,  it  is  western,  occidiious,  or 
occasive.  It  is  also  northern  or  southern,  when 
north  or  south  of  the  equator.  Johnsan.     Encyc. 

.Amplitude  of  the  range,  m  projectiles,  is  the  hori- 
zrmial  line  subtending  the  path  of  a  body  thrown,  or 
the  line  which  measures  tlie  distance  it  has  moved. 
Johnson.  Chambers. 
Magnetical  amplitude,  is  the  arch  of  the  horizon 
between  the  sun  or  a  star,  at  its  rising  or  setting,  and 
the  east  or  west  point  of  the  horizon,  by  the  coin- 
pjiss.  'i'he  difference  between  this  and  the  true  am- 
plitude is  the  variation  of  the  compass.  Encyc 

AM'PLY,  adv.     Largely  :  liberally  ;  fully  ;  sufRcienlly  ; 
copiously  ;  in  a  diffusive  manner. 

AM-PUL-La'CEOU.S,   a.     Like   a   bottle   or   inflated 
bladder  ;    swelling.  Kirhy. 

AM'PU-TaTE,  r.  (,     [L.  amjmto,  of  amb,  alxmt,  and 
putOj  to  prune.] 

1.  To  prune  branches  of  trees  or  vines  ;  to  ciil  off. 

2.  To  cut  ofl"  a  limb  or  other  part  of  an  animal 
body;  a  term  of  surgery.  [body. 

AM'PU-TA-TEi),  pp.     Cut  ofl";    separated    from  the 

AM'PL'-Ta-TL\G,  p/*?-.     Cutting  off  a  limb  or  part  of 
Ibr  body. 

AM-PU-Ta'TION,  71.     [L.  amputatio.] 

The  act  or  operation  of  cutting  on  a  limb  or  other 
part  of  the  body. 

AM'LJ-LET,  71,     [L.  amuletum;  Fr.  amulctte;  Pp.  omu- 
Icta  ;  from  Ijat.  amolior,  amolitus,  to  remove.] 

Something  worn  as  a  remedy  or  preservative 
against  evils  or  mischief,  such  as  diseases  and  witch- 
craft. Amulets,  in  days  of  ignorance,  were  com- 
mon. They  consisted  of  certain  stont^s,  metals,  or 
plants;  sometimes  of  words,  characters,  or  sen- 
tences, arranged  in  a  particular  order.  They  were 
appended  to  the  neck  or  other  part  of  the  body. 
Among  some  nations  they  are  still  in  use.      Encyc. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  —  MeTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARLNE,  BIRD.  — NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.— 
44  ' 


AN 

AM-U-LET'ie,  a.     IVitiiining  to  an  nmukt. 

A-MUR-rOS'I-TY,  71.    The  quality  of  l^es  or  scum. 

A-MCSE',  I',  u  [Fr.  amtuier^  to  stop  or  keep  at  bay,  to 
drtain  ;  from  mtLser^  to  loiter  or  trifle  ,  It.  musarc,  to 
g^ize  or  stand  idle  ;  Ger.  nni-ssig^  idle.    Ciu.  Gr.  fiv^(^  ; 

1.  To  entertain  the  mind  atrreeably  ;  to  occupy  or 
detain  attention  with  agreeable  objects,  whether  by 
sinning,  conversation,  or  a  show  of  curiosities.  Dr. 
Johnson  remarks,  that  amuse  implies  something  less 
lively  than  diccrty  and  less  important  than  please. 
Hence  it  is  often  said,  we  are  aimised  with  trifles. 

2,  To  detain  ;  to  engage  the  attention  by  hope  or 
expectation  ;  as,  to  amtLse  one  by  tiattering  promises. 

A-MOS'£D,  pp.  Agreeably  entertained  ;  having  the 
mind  enipici.'d  by  something  pleasing. 

A-.MC'SE'.MK.VT,  n.  That  which  amuses,  detains,  or 
engages  the  mind ;  entertainment  of  the  mind ; 
p.istinie;  a  pleasurable  occupation  of  the  senses,  or 
that  wiiirh  furnishes  it,  as  dancing,  sports,  or  music. 

A-MCS'ER,  n.  One  who  amuses,  or  affords  an  agree- 
able entertainment  to  the  mind. 

A->ICS'I\G,  p;*r.  or  a.  Entertaining;  giving  moder- 
ate pleasure  to  tJie  mind,  so  as  to  engage  it ;  pleasing. 

A-MCS'L\G-LV,  adv.     In  an  amusing  maimer. 

A-Mu'SIVE,  a.  That  has  the  power  to  amuse  or  en- 
tertain the  mind. 

In  a  manner  to  give  amuse- 


[L.   amygddlus^   an   almond. J 

An    emulsion    made  of   al- 
Core. 


A-MO'SIVE-LY,  adv. 
ment. 

A-MYG'DA-LATE,  a. 
Made  of  almonds. 

A-.MVG'DA-LATE,   n, 
monds  ;  milk  of  lUmonds.  Badeij. 

2,  A  salt  whose  acid  is  the  amvgdalic. 

A-MVG-DAL'I€  ACID,  n.  An  acid  obtained  from 
tile  bitter  almond. 

A-.MVG'DA-LXNE,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  resembling  the 
almond. 

A-MVG' DA-LINE,  n.  A  cr>-stalline  substance  obtained 
from  ihe  kernel  of  the  bitter  almond. 

A-MVG  DA-LOID,  n.  [Gr.  a^iuj  r'aA^a,  an  almond, 
and  £i(!us,  form  ;  Ger.  T7mnrf(^'5(fm,  almond-stone.] 

A  variety  of  trap  rock,  containing  small  cavities, 
occupied,  wholly  or  in  part,  by  nodules  or  geodes  of 
different  minerals,  particularly  agates,  quartz,  calca- 
reous spar,  and  the  zeolites.  When  the  imbedded 
minerals  are  detached,  it  is  porous,  like  lava.    Dana. 

A-MYG-DA-LOID'.Ali,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  consistuig 
of  amygdaloid. 

AM-Y-L.t'CEOUS,  n,  [L.  amylum^  starch,  of  a  priv. 
and  ^v\ti,  a  mill,  being  formerly  made  without 
grinding.     Plin.  18.  7.] 

Starchy  ;  pertaining  to  starch  ;  resembling  starch. 

A-MYL'IC  ACID,  n.  A  volatile  acid  obtained  from 
starch.  Turner. 

AM'Y-LIXE,  71,  [L.  amijlum;  Gr.  a/ivA'ii' ;  afivXoi, 
unground,  u  and  iiv\ii,  mill.] 

The  insoluble  portion  of  starch  which  constitutes 
the  covering  of  the  sphencles.  TTivnuon. 

AM'Y-RALD-ISM,  n.  In  cktirck  history,  the  doctrine 
of  univeRal  grace,  as  explained  by  Aniyraldiis,  or 
AjnjTauit,  of  France,  in  the  seventeenth  centur>-. 
He  taught  that  God  desires  the  happiness  of  all  men, 
and  that  none  are  excluded  by  a  divine  decree,  but 
that  none  can  obtain  salvation  without  faith  in 
Christ ;  that  God  refuses  to  none  the  power  of 
believing,  though  he  does  not  grant  to  all  his  assist- 
ance to  improve  this  power.  Encyc. 

AN,  a.  [Sax.  an,  ane,  one  ;  D.  een:  Ger.  ein  ;  Sw.  and 
Dan.  en ;  Fr.  on,  un,  une ;  Sp.  »?i,  ujio ;  It.  una,  una  ; 
li.  unus,,  una,  unam  ;  Gr.  £v  ;  Ir.  eiji,  ean^  aoni  VV. 
«n,  yn  ;  Corn,  uynyn  ;  Arm.  yunan.] 

One ;  notmg  an  individual,  either  definitely, 
known,  cerUiin,  specified,  or  understood  ;  or  indefi- 
nitely, not  certain,  known,  or  specified.  Definitely  ; 
as,  *'  Noah  built  an  ark  of  Gopher  wood  :  "  '*  Paul 
was  an  eminent  apostle."  Indefinitely  ;  as,  "  Bring 
me  an  oninge."  Before  a  consonant  the  letter  n  is 
dropped  ;  as,  a  man  ;  but  our  ancestors  wrote  an  man, 
an  king.  This  letter  represents  an  definitely,  or  in- 
definitely. Definitely  ;  as, "  I  will  take  you  to  me  for 
a  people,  and  I  will  be  to  you  a  God."  Ex.  vi.  In- 
definitely ;  as,  "  The  province  of  a  judge  is  to  decide 
controversies."  j3n,  being  the  same  word  as  one, 
should  not  be  used  with  it ;  '*  such  an  one,"  is  tau- 
tolog>' ;  the  tnie  phrase  is  truck  one.  Although  an,  a, 
and  one,  are  the  same  word,  and  always  have  the 
same  sense,  yet  by  custom,  an  and  a  are  used  exclu- 
sively as  a  definitive  adjective,  and  one  is  used  in 
numbering.  Where  our  ancestors  wrote  an,  twa, 
thry,  we  now  use  one,  two,  three.  So  an  and  a  are 
never  used  except  with  a  noun  ;  but  one,  like  other 
adjectives,  is  sometimes  used  without  its  noun,  and 
as  a  substitute  for  it:  "  One  is  at  a  loss  to  assign  a 
reason  for  such  conduct." 

j3n  is  to  be  used  before  a  vowel  and  before  a  silent 
h;  as, an  hour.  It  is  also  used  before  h  when  the 
accent  of  the  word  falls  on  any  syllable  except  the 
first,  as  in  hLftorian,  and  k'lstoriographer. 

AN,  in  old   English  authors,  signifies  if;  as,  '■'■An  it 

o 

please  your  honor."    So  in  Gr.  av  or  tav,  Ar.    •  i, 


A.VA 

Sam.  and  L.  an^  if  or  whetlier ;  Ir.  an,  Ch.  ]h  or  pN 

if,  whetlier.     It   is  probably   an   imperative,  like   if, 
^if,  give.     Q,u.  Sax.  annan,  or  anan,  to  give. 

A'NA,  dd,  or  a.     [Gr.  ava.] 

In  medical  prescrrptiuns,  it  denotes  an  equal  quan- 
tity of  the  several  ingredients  ;  as,  wine  aud  honey, 
ana,  dd  or  d  oz.  ii.,  that  is,  of  wine  and  honey  each 
two  ounces, 

a'NA,  as  a  termination,  denotes  a  collection  of  memo- 
rable sayings.  Thus,  ScaUirerana  is  a  book  con- 
taining the  sayings  of  Scaliger.  Similar  collections 
existed  among  the  ancients,  as  the  Dicta  Collectanea^ 
or  savings,  of  Julius  Cesar. 

ANA  BAP'TISM,  n.     [See  Anabaptist.] 

The  doctrine  of  the  Anabaptisti*.  Ash. 

AN-A-BAP'TIST,  tu  [Gr.  ui/u,  again,  and /yflTrrioTiys, 
a  baptist.] 

One  who  holds  the  doctrine  of  the  baptism  of 
adults  alone,  or  of  the  invalidity  of  infant  baptism, 
and  who  of  course  maintains,  that  those  who  have 
been  baptized  in  their  infancy  ought  to  be  baptized 
again.  With  tJiese  sentiments  is  generally  united 
the  belief,  tliat  baptism  ought  always  to  be  performed 
by  immersion.  Encyc. 

.\N-A-BAP-TIST'ie,         )    a.     Relating  to  the   Ana- 

AN-A-DAP-TIST'ie-AL,  \  baptists,  or  to  their  doc- 
trines. Milton.     Bull. 

AN-A-BAP'TIST-RY,  n.     The  sect  of  Ajiabaptists. 

AN-A-BAP-TIZE',  v.  t.     To  rebaptize.     [J^ut  u^ed.] 

mudock. 

AX-A-BUO'SIS,  71,     A  wasting  away  of  the  body. 

.AN-A-€AMP'TI€,a.     [Gr.  ava  and  «-inrr^.,to  bend.l 

1.  Reflecting  or  reflected  ;  a  word  formerly  applied 
to  that  part  of  optics  which  treats  of  reflection  ;  the 
same  as  what  is  now  called  catoptric,     [See  Catop- 

TBlca.] 

2.  Anacamptie  sounds,  among  the  Greeks,  were 
sounds  produced  by  reflection,  as  in  echoes  ;  or  such 
as  proceedrd  downward  from  acute  to  grave.  Busby. 

AN-A-CAMP'Tie-AI^LY,  adv.  By  reflection;  as, 
echoes  are  sounds  produced  anacampticaltv.  Hutton. 

AN-A-CAMP'TICS,  n.     The  doctrine  of  reflected  light. 
[See  Catoptrics.] 
2.  The  doctrine  of  reflected  sounds.  Hutton. 

AN-A-€aR'DI-UM,  n.  The  name  of  a  genus  of 
plants,  a  species  of  which  produces  the  casliew-nut, 
or  marking  nut,  which  furnishes  a  tbicki^h,  red, 
acrid,  inflammable  liquor,  which,  when  used  in  mark- 
ing, turns  black,  and  is  verv  durable.  Ure. 

AN-A-€A-THAR'Tie,  a.  [Gr.  avi,  upward,  and 
Ka^hipoK,  a  purging.     See  Cathabtic] 

Cleansing  by  exciting  discharges  from  the  mouth 
and  nostrils.  Quincy. 

AN-A-CA-THAR'Tie,  n.  A  medicine  which  excites 
discharges  by  the  mouth,  or  nose,  as  expectorants, 
emetics,  sternutatories,  and  masticatories.     Quincy. 

AN-A-CEPH-.A-L.-E-o'SIS,  n.  In  rhetoric,  a.  recap'itu- 
lation  of  the  heads  of  a  discourse. 

AN-A€H'0-RET.     See  Anchoret. 

AN-ACU'RO-NISM,  n.     [Gr.  avt,  and  xpuvog,  time.] 
An  error  in  computing  lime  ;    any  error  in  chro- 
nology, by  which  events  are  misplaced  in  regard  to 
each  other. 

AN-A€H-RO-NIS'Tie,  a.  Erroneous  in  date  ;  con- 
taining an  anachronism.  IVarton, 

AN-A-CLAS'TIG,  a.  [Gr.  ava  and  xAao-is,  a  breaking, 
from  k-A'Kli,  to  break.] 

Refracting  ;  breaking  the  rectilinear  course  of  light. 
Anaddstic  glasses ;  sonorous  glasses  or  phials,  which 
are  flexible,  and  emit  a  vehement  noise  by  means  of 
the  human  breath  ;  called  also  rexing  glasses,  from 
the  fright  which  their  resilience  occasions.  They 
are  low  phials  with  flat  bellies,  like  inverted  tunnels, 
and  with  very  thin,  convex  bottoms.  By  drawing 
out  a  little  air,  the  bottom  springs  intti  a  concave 
form  with  a  smart  crack  ;  and  by  breatliing  or  blow- 
ing into  them,  the  bottom,  with  a  like  noise,  springs 
into  its  former  convex  form.  Enciic. 

AN-A-€LAS'TICS,  n.  That  part  of  optics  which 
treats  of  the  refraction  of  light ;  commonly  called 
diitptrics,  which  see.  Encyc, 

AN-A-COi-NO'SIS,  n.  (Gr.  avaKOivbicis^  ava  and 
Aoifw?,  common.] 

A  figure  of  rhetoric  by  which  a  speaker  applies  to 
his  opponents  for  their  opinion  on  the  point  in 
debate.  Walker. 

AN-A-eO-LO'TnON,  n.  [Gr.  avaKoXovQov,  not  fol- 
lowing.] 

A  term  in  grammar,  denoting  the  want  of  sequence 
in  a  sentence,  one  of  whose  members  does  not  cor- 
respond with  the  remainder.  Brande. 

AN-A-CON'DA,  n.  A  name  given  in  Ceylon  to  a 
large  snake,  a  species  of  Boa,  which  is  said  to  de- 
vour travelers.     Its  flesh  is  excellent  food.     Encyc. 

A-NAC-RE-ON'Tie,  a.  Pertaining  to  Anacreon,  a 
Greek  poet,  whose  odes  and  epigrams  are  celebrated 
for  their  delicate,  easy,  and  graceful  air,  and  for  their 
exact  imitation  of  nature.  The  Anacreontic  verse 
consists  of  three  feet  and  a  half;  the  first  foot 
either  a  spondee  or  iambus,  or  an  anapest;  the  rest 
usually  spondees  or  iambuses ;  as, 

OcAoj   Acj  rii'   Arpfi/tij  — 
RIfAiTt    j.Aw*£(  iSaXovca. 


ANA 

A-NAe-RE-ON'TI€,  n.     A  poem  composed  in  the 

manner  of  Anacreon. 
AN'A-UEM,  n.     [Gr.  afaSniia.] 

A  garland  or  hllet.    A  chaplet  or  crown  of  flowers. 
tV.  Browne. 
AN-.-\-DI-PLCSIS,  ;i.     [Gr.  ai-a,  again,  and  oivAoof, 
double.] 

Duplication,  a  figure  in  rhetoric  and  poetry,  con- 
sisting in  the  repetition  of  the  last  word  or  words  in 
a  line  or  clause  of  a  sentence,  in  the  beginning  of 
the  next ;  as,  *'  He  retained  his  virtues  amidst  all 
hi^  mi-sfurtiines  —  misfortunes  which  no  prudence 
cuiild  foresee  or  prevent."  Encyc. 

AN'A-DROM,n.     [See  below.]     A  fish  lliat  ascends 

rivers.  Murin. 

A-NAD'RO-MOUS,  a.     [Gr.  ava,  upward,  and  opt.^  s, 
course.] 

Ascending;  a  word  applied  to  such  fish  as  pass 
from  the  sea  into  fresh  waters,  at  stated  seasons. 

Enajc 
AN'A-GLYPH,  n.     [Gr.  avn,  and  >-Av0w,  lo  engrave.] 

An  ornament  made  by  sculpture. 
AN-A-GLYPH'ie,  n.     \n  ancient  sculpture,  7k  Verm  ap- 
plied to  chased  or  embossed  work  on  metal,  or  lo  any 
thing  worked  in  relief.  Brande. 

AN-A-GLYP'TI€,  a.     Relating  to  the  art  of  carding, 

engraving,  enchasing,  or  embossing  plale.     Evelyn. 
A-NAG-NOR'I-SIS,  n,     [Gr.  .ii/.i>i'<^..i(7<s.]     Recogni- 
tion J  the  unraveling  of  a  plot  in  dramatic  action. 

Blair. 


AN'A-G0-6E,  n.     [Gr.  avayuyyny  of  ava,  upward,  and 
a-}  wj  T],  a  leading,  from  uvcu.j 
An   elevation  of   mind   to   things    celestial  ;    the 


spiritual  meaning  or  application  of  words;  also,  the 
application  of  the  types  and  allegories  of  the  Old 
Testament  to  subjects  of  the  New.  Encyc 

AN-A-GO-OET'ICAL,  a.     Mysterious. 

AN-A-GO<j'IC-AL,  a.  Mysterious  ;  elevated  ;  spirit- 
ual ;  as,  the  rest  of  the  Sabbath,  in  an  anagogical 
sense,  signifies  the  repose  of  the  saints  in  heaven. 

AN-A-GOG'IC-AL-LY,  odr.  In  a  mysterious  sense; 
with  religious  elevation. 

AN-A-GOCICS,  n.    Mysterious  considerations. 

L.  AddisoTU 

AN'A-GRAM,  n.     [Gr.  ava  and  ypaftita,  a  letter.] 

A  transposition  of  the  letters  of  a  name,  by  which 
a  new  word  is  formed.  Thus  Oalenus  becomes  anse- 
lits;  ff7//jum  wVt/j/ (attorney-general  to  Charles  1.",  a 
laborious  man)  mav  be  turned  into  I moyl  in  laic. 

AN-A-GRAM-MAT'ie,         (a.    Making  an  anagram. 

AN-A-GRAM-MAT'I€-AL,  S         Camden's  Remains. 

AN-A-GRA-M->LAT'ie-AL-Ly,  ode.  In  the  manner 
of  an  anagram. 

AN-A-GRAM'MA-TISM,  n.  The  act  or  practice  of 
making  anagrams.  Camden. 

.AN-A-GRAM'.MA-TIST,  n.     A   maker  of  anagrams. 

.AN-A-GRAM'xMA-TIZE,  p.  i.     To  make  anagrams. 

Herbert. 

AN'A-GRAPH,  n.    An  inventory  ;  a  commentar>'. 

Knoicles. 

AN'A-GROS,  n.     A  measure  of    grain  in  Spain,  con- 

_  taining  something  less  than  two  busheU.    Encyc. 

A'NAL,  a.     [L.  QHiw.] 

Pertaining  to  the  anus ;  situated  near  the  anus ; 
as,  the  anai  fin.  Encvc.     PennanL 

A-NAL'CIM,      i  n.     A  while  or  flesh-fed  mineral,  of 

A-NAL'CIME,  )  the  zeolite  family,  occurring  in 
twenty-four  sided  (trapezoidal)  crvsials,  and  some- 
times in  cubes.  It  is  common  in  amygdaloid  and 
some  lavas,  Dana. 

By  friction,  it  acquires  a  iccak  electricity  ;  hence  its 
name,  [Gr. ava^Kis,  weak.]  Cleaveland, 

AN-A-LEG'TIG,  a.  Collecting  or  selec,tingj  made  up 
of  Selections ;  as,  an  analectic  magazine. 

AN'A-LEGTS,  n,     [Gr.  ava  and  Af>i.',to  collect,] 

A  collection  of  short  pieces,  as  essays,  remarks, &,c 

Encyc 

AN'A-LEM-MA,  n.     [Gr.  avaAfj^/ia,  altitude.] 

1.  In  geometry,  a  projection  of  the  sphere  on  the 
plane  of  the  riieridian,  orthographic  ally  made  by 
straight  lines,  circles,  and  ellipses,  the  eye  being  sup- 
posed at  an  infinite  distance,  and  in  the  east  or  west 
points  of  the  horizon.     Also, 

2.  An  instrument  of  wood  or  brass,  on  which  this 
kind  of  projection  is  drawn,  ttith  a  horizon  or  cursor 
fitted  to  it,  in  which  the  sol^^titial  colure,  and  all  the 
circles  parallel  to  it,  will  be  concentric  circles ;  all 
circles  oblique  to  the  eye  will  be  ellipses;  and  all 
circles  whose  planes  pass  through  the  eye  will  be 
right  lines.  Encyc     Ash. 

AN-A-LEP'SIS, Ti.     [Gr.  araAiji^ij,  firom  dj-aAa/i.JafcJ, 

to  receive  again.] 

The   augmentation   or   nutrition  of  an   emaciated 

body  ;  recover^'  of  strength  after  a  disease.  Quincy. 
AX-A-LEP'TIG,    a.       Gorrolwrating ;      invigorating ; 

gi\nng  streniicth  after  disease. 
AX-A-LEP'TIG,  H.     A  medicine  which  gives  strength, 

and  aids  in  restoring  a  body  to  health  i^er  sickness ; 

a  restorative. 
AN-AL'O-GAL,  a.     Analogous.     [.Vi.(  «,-;?</.]     HaU, 
AN-.\-LOClG-AL,  a.    Having  an:ilog>- ;  used  by  w;aT 

of  analogj- ;   bearing  some  relation.   Thus  cnt^ogic-al 

reasoning  is  reasoning  from  some  similitude  which 

things  known  hear  to  things  unknown.  .An  analogical 


TONE,  BIJLL,  TINITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K ;  C  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS 


ANA 

wonl  is  one  which  carries  with  it  some  reliitinn  to  the 
oritiiiml  iilea.  Thus  llie  word  firm  primjirily  dt'noles 
sohiiity  or  compile  In  ess  in  ii  ntalerinl  body  ;  and  liy 
niialony,  when  used  of  thr  iniiul,  it  conveys  tin;  idi-a 
of  qii;ilities  h:ivinc  a  siiiiiliHide  to  the  solidity  of 
hndi.-s,  th;il  is,  fixediiCKs  or  iniinovability.      P^atts. 

ANA-I^iH^  ie-AI<-LY,  a<h\  In  an  nnalogicsil  man- 
ner ;  by  way  of  siuiilitudc,  relation,  or  agreement. 
'I'hus,  to  reason  analu<TiciiUy  is  to  deduce  inferences 
from  some  agreement  or  relation  whicli  things  bear 
to  each  other. 

AN-A-LOG'I€-AL-NESS,  lu  The  quality  of  being 
analDgical  ,  fitness  to  be  applied  for  the  illustration 
of  some  anahijjv.  Johnson. 

I-NAL'O-OISM,'?!.     [Gr.  ntaXoyicfioi.] 

1.  An  argument  from  the  cause  to  the  effect. 

Johnson. 

2.  Investigation  of  things  by  the  analogy  they 
bear  to  each  other.  Crabbe. 

\-NAL'0-t;[ST,  H-     One  who  adheres  to  analogy. 
(-NAL.'0-CtZE,   r.    (.     To    explain    by   analogy;    to 
form  some  resemblance  between  different  things  ;  to 
consider  a  thing  with  regard  to  its  analogy  to  sonie- 
tlinig  else.  Cheijiie. 

\-NAL'0-GOUS,  a.     Having  analog;  bearing  some 
resemblance  or  proportion  ;  folkiwed  by  ia  ;  as,  there 
is  something  in  the  exercise  of  the  mind  unalogoiis  t^ 
that  of  body. 
A.-NAL'0-GOUS-LY,  a^y.     In  an  analogous  manner. 
AN'A-LOG[JE,(an'a-log,)7i.    [Fr.,  froniGr.  aruAoj -s-] 

1.  A  word  corresponding  with  another;  an  analiK 
gous  term.  Pntchard. 

9.  An  animal  or  other  thing  resembling  another. 
A-NAL'0-(iY,   71.     [Gr.  aiaXnytOj  o(  afa  and   Xoyo^, 
ratio,  proportion.] 

1.  An  agreement  or  likeness  between  things  in 
some  circumstances  or  effeels,  v\hen  the  things  are 
otJii-rwivf  «_iitiri!y  dirtV-r-nt.  Learning  enlightens  the 
tnind,  lu-r;ius(' it  is  to  iln-  mind  uhat  light  is  to  the 
eyr,  .-nalilmir  it  lo  (liMi,\('r  things  before  hidden. 
VVlieii  both  the  things  vvhicli  have  an  analogy  follow 
a  preposition,  that  preposition  must  be  bctwcrn  or 
bftmiit ;  as,  there  is  an  analogy  bcticecn  plants  and  ani- 
mals, or  betweni  cvistoms.  When  one  of  the  tilings 
precedes  a  verb,  and  the  other  follows,  the  preposi- 
tion used  must  he  to  or  icitk ;  as,  a  plant  has  some 
analogy  to  or  witlt  an  animal. 

9.  VVith  gramtnariaiisy  analogy  is  a  conformity  of 
words  to  the  genius,  structure,  or  general  rules  of  a 
language.  Thus  the  general  rule  in  English  is,  that 
the  jiliiral  of  a  noun  ends  in  es  ;  therefore  all  nouns 
which  have  that  plural  terminaticn  have  an  anal- 
ogy, or  are  formed  in  analogy  with  other  words  of  a 
like  kind.  Johiison.     Encyc 

A-\AL'Y-Si[S,  n.  [Gr.  ocaAuo-if,  of  ava  and  Xvais,  a 
loosing,  or  resolving,  from  Auw,  to  loosen.  See 
Loose.] 

1.  The  factitious  separation  of  a  compound  body 
into  its  constituent  parts  ;  a  resolving  ;  as,  an  analij- 
sin  of  water,  air,  or  oil,  to  discover  its  elements. 

2.  A  consideration  of  any  thing  in  its  separate 
parts  ;  an  examination  of  the  different  parts  of  a  sub- 
ject, each  separately,  as  the  words  which  compose 
a  sentence,  the  notes  of  a  tune,  or  the  simple  propo- 
sitions which  enter  into  an  argument.  It  is  opposed 
to  sytithe^is. 

In  mathematics,  analysis  is  the  resolving  of  prob- 
lems by  reducing  them  to  equations.  The  analysis 
of  liiiite  quantities  is  otherwise  called  algebra^  or  spe- 
cious arithmetic.  The  analysis  of  infinites  is  the  meth- 
od it(  Jliixions,  or  the  calculus.  Encyc. 

Ancient  analysis  i  in  mathematics^  a  method  of  pro- 
ceeding froni  the  thing  sought,  as  taken  for  granted, 
through  its  consequences,  to  something  reiUly  grant- 
ed or  known  ;  opposed  to  synVicsis.  This  chiefly  re- 
spected geometrical  investigations.  Hutton. 

In  logic^  analysis  is  the  tracing  of  things  to  their 
source,  and  the  resolving  of  knowledge  into  its  origi- 
nal principles. 

3.  A  syllabus,  or  table  of  the  principal  heads  of  a 
continued  discourse,  disposed  in  their  natural  order. 

4.  A  brief,  methodical  illustration  of  the  principles 
of  a  science.  In  this  sense  it  is  nearly  synonymous 
with  synopsis. 

AN'A-LYST,  n.  One  who  analyzes,  or  is  versed  in 
analysis.  Kirwan. 

AN-A-LYT'I€,         ia.     Pertaining  to  analysis;  that 

AN-A-LYT'I€-AL,  (  resolves  into  first  principles  ; 
that  separates  into  parts  or  original  principles  ;  tliat 
resolves  a  conipounci  body  or  subject ;  as,  an  analyt- 
ical experiuK-nt  in  cliej!iistr>',  or  an  analytical  investi- 
gation.    It  is  (ippostrd  to  sytUhetic. 

AN-A-LVT'I€-AL-LY,  adv.  In  the  manner  of  anal- 
ysis ;  by  way  of  separating  a  body  into  its  constitu- 
ent parts,  or  a  subject  into  its  principles. 

AN-A-LYT'ieS,  n.  The  science  of  analysis.  [See 
Analysis.] 

AN-A-L?Z'.\-BLE,  a.     That  can  be  analyzed. 

AN-A-LYZ'A-ULE-i\EtfS,  u.  The  state  of  being  an- 
aly/.abte. 

AN'A-LVZE,  V.  L     [Gr.  ava'Sv.).     See  Analysis.] 
To  resolve  a  body  into  its  elements  ;  to  separate  a 
compound  subject  into  its  parts  or  propositiims,  for 
the  purpose  of  an  examination  of  each  separately ; 


ANA 

as,  lo  analyze  a  fossil  substance  ;  to  analyze  an  action 
to  ascertain  its  morality. 

AN'A-L?Z-£:D,  jrjt.  Resolved  into  its  constituent  parts 
ur  principles,  for  examination. 

AN'ALVZ-EU,  n.  One  who  analyzes;  that  which 
analyzes  or  has  the  power  to  analyze. 

AN'A-LYZ-ING,  {ipr.  Resolving  i'nto  elements,  con- 
stituent parts,  or  first  principles. 

AN-AM-Ne'SIS,  71.      [Gr.  ai^>ii<ut,aig.] 

A  figure  in  rhetoric,  which  calls  to  remembrance 
somellilnir  I'luittcd,  Kaowles. 

Ai\-AM-M:s'Tlt',  /(.    That  aids  the  memory. 

AN-A-.M(H{1'H'()-^:1S  or  AN-A-MORl'11-o'SIS,  w. 
[Gr.  ava  and  (iop-pdiaii,  formation.] 

1  In  perspective  draicings,  a  deformed  or  distorted 
portrait  or  figure,  whicli,  in  one  point  of  view,  is 
confused  or  unintelligible,  and  in  another,  is  an  ex- 
act and  regular  representation  ;  or  confused  to  the 
naked  eye,  but  reflected  from  a  plain  or  curved  mir- 
ror, appearing  regular,  and  in  right  proportion.  Encyc. 
•2.  In  bouiny,  any  part  of  a  plant  in  which  there  is 
an  unusual  degree  of  cellular  development,  is  said  lo 
be  in  a  state  of  annmorphosii.  Lindley. 

A-N.A'NAS,  7(.  The  name  of  a  species  of  Br<imrlia  ; 
the  pine-apple.  Encyc. 

AiN-AN"GU-LAR,  a.    Without  angles. 

AN'A-PEST,  H.    [Gr.  aim  and  tt.u.,.,  to  strike.  Bailq/.] 
In  poetry,  a  foot   consisting  of  three  syllables,  the 
first  two  short,  the  last  long  j  the  reverse  of  the  dac- 
tyl :  as, 

C;in  6.  bos5m  s5  gentle  remain 

Unmoved  when  her  Corydon  sighs.''     Shcnstone. 

AN-A-PEST'ie,  71.    The  anapestic  measure.    Bentlcy. 
AN-A-PEST'1€,  a.    Pertaining  to  an  anapest ;  consist- 
ing of  anapestic  feet. 
A-NAPII'O-RA,  n.     [Gr.  from  aia/jcpw.] 

1.  A  figure  in  rhetoric,  when  the  same  word  or 
words  are  repeated  at  the  beginning  of  two  or  more 
succeeding  verses  or  clauses  of  a  sentence  ;  as, 
'*  fVJierc  is  the  wise?  Where  is  the  scribe?  Where 
is  the  disputer  of  this  world  ?  "  Johnson. 

2.  Anmn^  physicians,  the  discharge  of  blood  or  pu- 
rulent matter  by  the  mouth.  Encyc.     Coxc. 

AiV-A-PLE-ROT'ie,  a.     [Gr.  aiM.7rXr,p«(..,  to  fill.] 

Filling  up;  promoting  granulation  of  wounds  or 
ulcers. 

AN-A-PLE-ROT'I€,   n.     A  medicine  which  promotes 
the  granulation  or  incarnation  of  wounds  or  ulcers. 
Encyc.     Parr. 

AN'ARCH,  n.  [See  Anabcht.]  The  author  of  con- 
fusion ;  one  who  excites  revolt.  Jililton. 

A-NARCH'IC,  i  a.     Without  rule  or  government; 

A-NXR€H'ie-AL,  \  in  a  stale  of  confusion  ;  applied 
to  a  state  or  society.  Fielding  uses  anarchial,  a  word 
of  less  difficult  pronunciation. 

AN'ARCH-ISM,  n.     Cimfu.sion;  anarchy. 

AN'ARCH-IST,  n.  An  anarch;  one  who  excites  re- 
volt, or  promotes  disorder  in  a  state.  Stephens. 

AN'ARGH-Y,  n.  [Gr.  ai'anxia,  of  a  priv.  and  afXij 
rule.] 

Want  of  governmrnt ;  a  slate  of  society  when 
there  is  no  law  or  supri  iin'  pnwrr,  or  when  the  laws 
are  not  efficient,  and  individuals  do  vviiat  they  pK:ase 
with  impunity  ;  politicid  cunfusion. 

A-NAR'RHI-€"HAS,  n.  The  sea-wolf;  a  genus  of  rav- 
enous fish,  of  the  order  of  Apodals,  found  in  the 
northern  seas. 

AN-ARTH'ROUS,  a.  [Gr.  av  priv.  and  aiiOoov,  a  joint 
or  article.] 

In  grammar,  without  the  article.  Bloomfield. 

A'NAS,  n.  [L.]  A  genus  of  water-fowls,  of  the  or- 
der Anseres,  including  tlie  various  species  of  ducks. 
The  species  are  very  numerous. 

AN-A-SAR'€A,  n.  [Gr.  apa,  in  or  between,  and  aapl, 
flesh.] 

Dropsy  of  the  cellular  membrane  ;  an  eff'usion  of 
serum  into  the  cellular  substance,  occasioning  a  soft, 
pale,  inelastic  swelling  of  the  skin.    Quiiicy.    Cox.e. 

AN-A-SAR'€OUS,  a.  Belonging  to  anasarca,  or  drop- 
sy ;  dropsical. 

AN-A-STAL'Tie,  a.     [Gr.  avaarcWi^i,  to  closej 
In  7Wprfic(Hp,  astringent ;  styptic.  Core. 

AN-A-STAT'ie-PRINT'ING,  ti.  A  mode  of  obtain- 
ing a  fac-simile  of  any  printed  page,  engraving,  &c., 
on  a  plate  of  zinc,  from  which  an  impression  can  be 
taken,  as  from  the  stone  of  the  lithographic  press. 

A-NAS-TO-MAT'IC,  a.  Having  the  quality  of  remov- 
ing obstructions. 

A-NAS'TO-MoSE,  v.  i.     [Gr.  ami  and  aroiia,  mouth.] 
To  inosculate;  to  communicate  with  each  other; 
applied  to  the  vessels  of  the  body,  as  the  arteries  and 
veins.  Darwin.     Encyc. 

A-NAS'TO-Mo-SLVG,  ppr.  or  a.  Inosculating  ;commu- 
nicatins  witli  each  other;  as,  aiiastvinosing  vessels. 

A-NAS-TO-iMo'SIS,  n.  Tlie  inosculation  of  vessels, 
or  the  opening  of  one  vessel  into  another,  as  an  arte- 
ry into  another  artery,  or  a  vein  uito  a  vein.    Coze. 

In  older  authors,  the  supposed  opening  of  the  mouths 
of  the  extreme  vessels,  causing  a  discliarge  of  their 
contents,  as  in  excretion. 

A-N.\S-TO-iMOT'ie,  a.     Pertaining  to  anastomosis. 

A-NAS-TO-MOT'I€,  n.  A  medicine  supposed  to  have 
the  power  of  opening  the  mouths  of  vessels,  and  re- 


ANA 

moving  obstructions;  such  as  cathartics,  deobstru- 
ents,  and  sudoriflcs.  Enajc. 

A-NAS'TlU)-PliK,  w.  [Gr.  avairrpmpi},  a  conversion, 
or  inversion.] 

In  rhetoric  and  grammar,  an  inversion  of  the  natu- 
ral order  of  words  ;  as,  saxa  per  et  acupuloa,  fur  per  saia 
et  sciipuliis.  Eiiryc. 

AN'A-TA.SE,  n.  [Gr.  ai'aTauti,  extension,  so  named 
from  the  length  of  its  crystals.] 

A  native  oxide  of  titanium,  also  called  ocfahrdriie, 
occurring  in  brilliant  octaluidra!  crystals,  nf  a  bnnvn 
or  somewhat  bluish  colnr  externally,  but  greenish- 
yellow  by  transmitted  light.  Dona. 

A-NATII'E-MA,  n.  [Gr.  avaOqia,  from  avaTii)t,pi, 
to  place  behind,  backward,  or  at  a  distance,  to  sepa- 
rate.] 

1.  Excommunication  with  curses.  Hence,  a  curse 
or  deniinciaticm  by  ecclosiastical  authority,  accompa- 
nying excommunication.  This  species  of  exciimmu- 
nication  was  practiced  in  the  ancient  churches  against 
notorious  offenders  ;  all  churches  were  warned  not  to 
receive  them  ;  all  magistrates  and  private  pi;rsons 
were  admonished  not  to  harbor  or  maintain  them, 
and  priests  were  enjoined  not  to  converse  with  them, 
or  attend  their  funeral. 

There  are  two  kinds  of  anathemas,  judiciary  and 
ahjuratory.  The  former  is  pronounced  by  a  council, 
pope,  or  bishop  ;  the  latter  is  the  act  of  a  convert  who 
anatliematizes  tlic  heresy  which  he  abjures. 

2.  In  heathen  untiqiiily,  an  offering  or  present  made 
to  some  deity,  iunl  hung  up  in  a  temple.  Whenever 
a  person  quilted  his  employment,  he  set  apart,  or  ded- 
icated, his  tools  to  his  patron  deity.  Persons  who 
had  escaped  danger  remarkably,  or  been  otherwise 
very'fortunatej  testified  their  giatitude  by  some  ofJer- 
ing  to  tin.ir  deitv.  Encyc. 

A-NATH-E-i\lAf'ie-AL,  a.     Pertaining  to  anathema. 

A-NATH-E-MAT'IC-AL-LY,  adv.  In  the  manner  of 
anathema. 

A-NATH'E-MA-TrSM,  n.   Excommunication.  Hooker. 

A^NATH-E-MA-TI-Za'TION,  h.  The  act  of  anathe- 
matizing. Encyc. 

A-NATH'E-MA-TIZE,  r.  t.  To  excommunicate  with 
a  denunciation  of  curses  ;  to  pronounce  an  anathema 
against.  Hammond. 

A-NATH'E-MA-TIZ-£D,  pp.  Excommunicated  with 
curses. 

A-NATirr^-MA-TIZ-ER,  n.  One  who  pronounces  an 
anathema.  Hammond. 

A-NATH'E-MA-TiZ-ING,p;>r.  Pronouncing  an  anath- 
ema. 

AN-A-TIF'ER-OUS,  a.  [L.  anas,  a  duck,  and  fei-o,  to 
produce.] 

Producing  ducks.  Brown. 

A-NAT'0-CIS.\1,  71.  [L.  anatocismus,  from  Gr.  ava, 
again,  and  tokos,  usury.] 

Interest  upon  interest;  the  taking  of  compound  in- 
terest ;  or  the  contract  by  which  such  interest  is  se- 
cured.     [Riirely  used.]  Johnson.     Cicero. 

AN-A-TOM'ie-AL,  a.  Belonging  to  anatomy  or  dis- 
section ;  produced  by  or  according  to  the  principles 
of  anatomy,  or  natural  structure  of  the  body  ;  relating 
to  the  parts  of  the  body  when  dissected  or  separated. 

AN-A-T0M'[tJ-AL-LY,  oHc  In  an  anatomical  man- 
ner ;  by  means  of  dissection  ;  according  to  the  doc- 
trine of  anatomy. 

A-NAT'O-MIST,  n.  One  who  dissects  bodies  ;  more 
generally,  one  who  is  skilled  in  the  art  of  dissection. 

A-NAT-O-MI-7a'TI0N,  77.    The  act  of  anatomi/ing. 

A-NAT'0-MIZE,  v.  t.  To  dissect ;  to  divide  into  the 
constituent  parts,  for  the  purpose  of  examining  each 
by  itself;  to  lay  open  the  interior  structure  of  the 
parts  of  a  body  or  subject ;  as,  to  anatomize  an  animal 
or  plant ;  to  anatomize  an  argument. 

A-N AT'O-'SllT.-FD,  pp.    Dissected,  as  an  animal  body. 

A-NAT'0-MTZ-L\G,  ppr      Dissecting. 

A-NAT'0-MY,  71.  [Gr.  aranipr],  oi  ava,  through,  and 
Topti,  a  cutting.] 

1.  The  art  of  dissecting,  or  artificially  separating 
the  dift'erent  parts  of  an  animal  body,  to  discover  their 
situation,  structure,  and  economy. 

2.  The  doctrine  of  the  structure  of  the  body, 
learned  by  dissection  ;  as,  a  physician  understands 
anatomy. 

3.  Tiie  act  of  dividing  any  thing,  corporeal  or  in 
tellectual,  for  the  purpose  of  examining  Us  parts;  as, 
the  anatomy  of  a  plant,  or  of  a  discour.se. 

4.  The  body  stripped  of  its  integuments  and  mus- 
cles ;  a  skeleton,  or  the  corporeal  frame  of  bones  en- 
tire, without  the  skin,  flesh,  and  vessels.  [An.  im- 
proper use  of  tlie  word,  and  vulgar.] 

5.  Ironically,  a  meager  person. 
AN-A-TREP'Tie,  a.     [Gr.  af-irpfn-c,  to  overturn.] 

Overthrowing  ;  defeating  ;  prostrating  :  a  word  ap- 
plied to  those  Dialogues  of  Plato  which  represent  a 
complete  defeat  in  the  gymnastic  exercises.  Enfield. 
AN'A-TRON,  71.     [from  Gr.  virnov,  niter.] 

1.  Soda,  or  mineral  fixed  alkali. 

2.  Spume,  or  glass-gall ;  a  scum  which  rises  upon 
melted  glass,  in  the  furnace,  and,  when  taken  o(T, 
dissolves  in  the  air,  and  then  coagulates  into  common 
salt. 

3.  The  salt  which  collects  on  the  walls  of  vaults. 

Coxe.    Johnson. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— METE,  PREY.— PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK. 
46 


ANC 


AN'BU-RY,  n,    A  soft  tumor  on  horses,  containing 

blood. 

2.  A  sort  of  pill  profiuced  by  insects  on  the  roots 
of  turnips,  cabbagi-s,  &c. 
AN'CES-TOU.   n.     [Ff^  ance^tres^  ancHres ;  h.  aiitcces- 
sar,  uf  mite,  tiefore,  and  cedo,  to  yo.] 

One  from  whom  a  person  descends,  either  by  tlie 
faURT  or  mother,  at  any  distance  uf  time,  in  the  tenili 
or  hiindrt-dth  generation.  An  UHCC^veor  [ireecdrs  in  the 
order  of  nature  or  blood  ;  a  predecessor,  in  tiie  order 
of  office. 
AN-CF-S-TO'RI-AL,  n.     Ancestral.  PoUok. 

AiV-Ct:S'TRAL,a.  Relating  or  belonging  to  ancestors  ; 
claimed  or  descenditig  from  ancestors  ;  as,  an  aiices- 
AN-CES'TRESS,  n.    A  female  ancestor,     [tral  estate. 
AX'CES-TRY,  It.  A  series  of  ancestors,  or  progenitors; 
lineage,  or  tliose  wlui  compose  the  line  of  natural  de- 
scent.    Hence,  birth  or  honorable  descent.  jSUdLiun. 
ANCH'I-LOPS,  H.     [Gr.  ,ii}i\ujip,  from  ai^,  a  goat, 
and  MiP,  an  eye-     Uu.] 

The  goat's  eye  j  an  abscess  in  the  inner  angle  of 
tlie  eye  ;  an  incipient  fistula  iachryniali^.  Core. 
ANGH'OR,  H,  [L.  aiicharti;  Gr.  ayxi'p-t  ;  ft.  and  Port. 
ancora  ;  Sp.  ancla  ;  D.  G.  Dan.  anker  ;  S\v.  ankare  ; 
Ir.  ankaire,  ancoir,  or  in^ir  ;  Corn,  ankar  ;  At.  aiikar ; 
Pers.  anghar  ;  Russ.  iacor  ,'  Ft.  ancre  ;  Arm.  a/icor.] 

I.  An  iron  instrument  for  holding  a  ship  or  other 
vessel  at  rest  in  water.  It  is  a  strong  shank,  with  a 
ring  at  one  end,  to  wliich  a  cable  may  be  fjustened  ; 
and  with  two  arms  and  fiukes  at  the  other  end, 
fiaining  a  suitable  angle  witli  the  shank  to  enter  the 
ground. 

In  NVd/HPH'cf  lang^uagp,  the  anchor  corner  home,  when 
it  is  dislodged  from  its  bed,  so  as  to  drag  by  the  vio- 
lence of  the  wind,  sea,  or  current. 

Fuid  aiickirr,  is  when  the  anchor  hooks  or  is  entan- 
gled with  another  anclior,  or  with  a  wreck  or  cable, 
or  when  the  slack  cable  is  entangled. 

The  anchor  a  cock  hill,  is  when  it  is  suspended  per- 
pendicularly frjm  the  cat-head,  ready  to  be  let  go. 

The  anchor  apeak,  is  when  it  is  drawn  in  so  tight 
as  to  bring  the  sliip  directly  over  it. 

The  anchor  is  a  trip,  or  a  weigh,  when  it  is  just 
drawn  out  of  the  ground,  in  a  peri>endicular  direction, 
eitlier  by  the  cable  or  the  buoy-rope. 

To  back  an  anchor,  is  to  lay  down  a  small  anchor 
ahead  of  that  by  which  the  ship  rides,  with  the  cable 
fastened  to  the  crown  of  the  latter  to  prevent  its  com- 
ing home. 

.^t  anchor,  is  when  a  ship  rides  by  her  anchor. 
Hence,  to  lie  or  ride  at  anchor. 

To  cast  anchor,  or  to  anchor,  is  to  let  go  an  anclior, 
to  keep  a  ship  at  rest. 

7'o  weigh  anchor,  is  to  heave  or  raise  the  anchor  out 
of  the  ground. 

.Anchors  are  of  different  sizes.  The  principal,  and 
that  on  which  most  dependence  is  placed,  is  the  sheet 
anchor.  Then  come  the  b&st  bower,  the  small  bower, 
the  syarc  anclior,  the  stream  anc/ior,  and  the  hedge 
anchor,  which  is  the  smallest.  Mar.  Diet. 

9.  h\  a  Ji^ratiae  sense,  iXvAi  which  gives  stability 
or  security  ;  that  on  which  we  place  dependence  for 
safety. 

Which  hope  we  have  aa  an  anchor  of  (he  aoul,  bolh   sure  and 
Sle;ijr.i5l.  — Hcb,  vU 

3.  In  architecture,  ancliors  are  carved  work,  some- 
what resembling  an  anchor.  It  is  comm(»nly  a  part 
of  the  ornaments  of  the  boultins  of  capiUils  in  the 
Tuscan,  Doric,  and  Ionic  orders,  and  on  the  mold- 
itiL's  of  cornices. 

In  heraldry,  anchors  are  emblems  of  hope.  Encyc. 
ANt'H'OR,  V.  U     To  place  at  anchor;  as,  to  anchor  a. 
ship.     A  siiip  is  anchored,  but  not  moored,  by  a  single 
anchor. 
•3.  To  fix  or  fasten  on  ;  to  fix  in  a  stable  condition. 
ANCH'OR,  V.  i.     To  cast  anchor  ;  to  come  to  anchor; 
as,  our  ship  anchored  oil"  the  Isle  of  Wight. 
9.  To  stop  ;  to  fix  or  rest  on. 
.\NeH'OR-A-BLE,  a.     Fit  fur  anchorage.      Herbrrt. 
ANtL"H'OR-AGE,  n.  '  Anchor-ground  ;  a  place  where 
a  ship  can  anchor,  where  tlie  ground  is  not  too  rocky, 
nor  the  water  too  deep  nor  too  shallow. 

2.  The  hold  of  a  ship  at  anchor,  or  rather  the  anch- 
or and  all  the  necessary  tackle  for  anchoring. 

3.  A  duly  imposed  on  ships  for  anchoring  in  a  har- 
bor. 

ANCH'OR-KD,  pp.    Lying  or  riding  at  anchor;  held 
by  an  anchor:  fixed  in  safety. 

A.\eH'0-REyS,  n.     A  female  anchoret.        Fairfax. 

ANCH'O  RET,    )  n.     [Gr.   fli/av')5f?rr;s,  from  avaxw- 

ANCH'O-RITE,  (      pcu>,  to  retire,  of  ava  and  X"¥^w, 
to  go.     Written  by  some  authors  anaehoret.] 

A  hermit ;  a  recluse ;  one  who  retires  from  society 
into  a  desert  or  solitary  place,  to  avoid  the  tempta- 
tions of  the  world,  and  devote  himself  to  religious 
duties.  Also,  a  monk,  who,  with  the  leave  of  tiie 
abbot,  retires  to  a  cave  or  cell,  with  an  allowance 
from  the  monastery,  to  live  in  solitude.  Encijc. 

A.\eH-0-RET'ie,         )  a.     Pertaining  to  a  hermit,  or 

ANGH-O-RET'ie-AL,  j      his  mode  of  life. 

ANGH'OR-GROUND,  >u     Ground  suitable  for  anchor- 
ing. 

ANGII'OR-HOLD,  tu  The  hold  or  fastness  of  an  anch- 
or ;  security. 


ANC 

AN€H'OR-ING^  jrpr.  Coming  to  anclior  ;  casting 
anchor  ;  mooring. 

ANCII'OR-y.'MITlI,  n.  The  maker  or  forger  of  anch- 
ors, or  ont-  whose  occupation  is  to  make  anchors. 

AN-CH6'VY,  H.  [Port,  and  Sp.  anchooai  Ft.  anchois  ; 
It.  acciuira;  (*.  anschovc] 

A  small  fish,  about  three  inches  in  length,  of  the 
genus  Chipea  or  herring,  found  and  caught  in  vast 
numbers  in  the  iMediterranean,  and  pickled  for  ex- 
portation.    It  is  used  iis  a  sauce  or  seasoning. 

AN-CHo'VY-PEaR,  n.  A  fruit  of  the  West  Indies, 
produced  by  a  species  of  the  genus  Griius.  It  resem- 
bles the  mango  in  taste,  and,  like  it,  is  sometimes 
pickled  whi'ii  green.  Encyc.  of  Dorn.  Ecun. 

ANCH'V  LoS-^'.I),  (ank'e-Iost,)  a.  Immovably  united 
or  fixed,  as  jouits  of  bones.  Jilanteil. 

AN€H-Y-Lo'rilS,  n.  [Gr,  aj'«vAajo-(s,  from  ayKvXo^, 
crooked.] 

Stiffness  of  a  joint;  inia»ot'"=ty  of  a  joint  natural- 
ly movable. 

ANCH-Y-LOT'IC,  a.     Pertaining  to  anchylosis. 

AN'CIENT,  a.  [Fr.  ancien;  U.  aniiano,  ami ;  from  L. 
ante,  antiquus.} 

1.  Old  ;  that  nappeneu  oi  cA.sted  in  former  limes, 
usually,  at  a  great  distance  of  time ;  as,  ancient  au- 
thors, ancient  days.  Old,  says  Johnson,  relates  to  the 
duration  of  the  thing  itself;  as,  an  old  coat ;  and  an- 
cient,  to  time  in  general ;  as,  an  ancient  dress.  But 
this  distinction  is  not  always  observed.  We  say,  in 
old  times,  as  well  as  ancient  times  ;  old  customs,  ic. 
We  usually  apply  bolh  ancient  and  old  to  things  sub- 
ject to  gradual  decay.  We  say,  an  oUl  man,  an  an- 
cient record  ;  but  never,  the  old  sun,  old  stars,  an  old 
river  or  mountain.  In  general,  however,  ancient  is 
opposed  to  modern,  and  old  to  new,  fre^h,  or  recent. 
When  we  speak  of  a  thing  that  existed  formerly, 
which  has  ceased  to  exist,  we  commonly  use  ancient ; 
as,  ancient  republics,  ancient  heroes;  and  not,  old  re- 
publics, old  heroes.  But  when  the  thing  which  be- 
gan or  existed  in  fonner  times,  is  still  in  existence, 
we  use  either  ancient  or  oldi  as,  ancient  statues  or 
paintings,  or  old  statues  or  paintings  ;  ancient  anihors, 
or  old  authors,  meaning  books.  But,  in  these  exam- 
pits,  ancient  seems  the  most  correct,  or  best  author- 
ized. Some  persons  apply  ancient  to  men  advanced 
in  years,  still  living ;  but  this  use  is  not  common  in 
modern  practice. 

2.  Old  ;  that  has  been  of  long  duration  ;  as,  an  an- 
cient forest ;  an  ancient  city. 

3.  Known  from  ancient  times;  as,  the  ancient  con- 
tinent, opposed  to  the  neto  continent.         Robertson. 

AN'CIENT,  n.  [Supra.]  Generally  used  in  the  plural, 
ancients.  Those  who  lived  in  former  ages,  opposed 
to  muderns. 

In  Scripture,  very  old  men.  Also,  governors,  rulers, 
politic;ti  and  ecclesiastical. 

The  Lord  will  enter  into  judgment  with  tlie  ajicietils  of  his  peo- 
ple. —  Is;i.  iii.     Jer.  xix. 

God  is  called  "  the  .Ancient  of  days,"  from  his  eter- 
nal existence.     Dan.  vii. 

Hooker  uses  the  word  for  seniors;  *' they  were  his 
ancients  ;  "  but  the  use  is  not  authorized. 

9.  .Ancient  is  also  used  for  a  flag  or  streamer,  in  a 
ship  of  war,  or  the  colors  of  a  regiment ;  and  for  an 
ensign  or  the  bearer  of  a  flag,  as  in  Shakspeare. 
Covvel  supposes  the  word,  when  used  for  a  Hag,  to 
be  a  corru[)tion  of  end-sheet,  a  flag  at  the  stern.  It  is 
probably  tlie  Fr.  enseigne.     Johnson.   Cowel.    Encyc. 

Ancient  demesne,  in  English  laiv,  is  a  tenure  by  which 
all  manors  belonging  to  the  crown,  in  tiie  reign  of 
William  the  Conqueror,  were  held.  The  numbers, 
names,  &c.,  of  these  were  all  entered  in  a  book  called 
Domes-dag  Book.  Cowel.     Blnckstone. 

Council  of  J^ncicnts,  in  French  history,  the  higher 
branch  of  the  legislative  body,  in  the  constitution  of 
1795. 
aN'CIENT-LY,  adv.  In  old  times  ;  in  times  long  since 
past ;  as,  Rome  was  anciently  more  populous  than  at 
present. 
aN'CIENT-NESS,  iu    The  slateof  being  ancient ;  an- 

tii|uity  ;  existence  from  old  times. 
AN'CIENT-RY,  n.     Dignity  of  birth  ;  the  honor  of  an- 
cient lineage.  Spenser  on  Ireland.     Shak. 
aN'CIENT-Y,  71,     Age  ;  antiquity.    [AVf  in  nsr.] 

Martin. 
aN'CIENT-Y,  n.     In  some  old  English  statutes  and  aa- 

thors,  eldership  or  seniority.     H  Hen.  III. 
AN-C?'LE,  71.     [L.l     In   Roman  antiquity,  the  sacred 
sliield  of  Mars,  said  to  have  fallen  from  heaven  in  tlie 
reign  of  Numa.  Mdams. 

AN'CII--LA-RY,  a.     [L.  ancilla,  a  female  servant.] 
1.  Pertaining  to  a  maid-servant,  or  female  service. 

BlacJistone. 
9.  Subservient  or  subordinate  to  ;  as,  a  court  anctl- 
larii  to  another  jurisdiction. 
AN-CIP'I-TAL,  a.     [L.  ameps.] 

Doubtful,  or  double  ;  double-faced,  or  double- 
formed. 

In  botany,  two-edged  ;  compressed,  and  forming 
two  opposite  angles,  as  a  stem  ;  having  two  promi- 
nent, longitudinal  angles,  with  a  convex  disc,  as  a 
leaf.  Barton,  Elem.  of  B>tany. 

AN'GOME,  71.  A  small  ulcerous  swelling,  coming  sud- 
denly. Boucher. 


AND 

AN'CON,  n.     [L.  ancon  ;  Gr.  ayxt^v,  the  elbow. J 

The  olecranon,  or  elbow  ;  the  larger  posterior  pro- 
cess at  the  upper  eju\  of  the  ulna. 

AN'CtJNES,  n.  pi.     [{..  ancon:  Gr  ayxtov.] 

In  arrhUecture,  thi;  brackets  supporting  a  cornice  on 
the  flanks,  as  in  d(H»rwayH,  &,c. ;  also,  the  corners  or 
quoins  of  w;UIh,  cross-btfarns,  or  rafters.  Otrdt. 

AN'eO-NY,  n,  [probably  from  ayKuv,  the  cubit,  from 
its  resemblance  to  the  arm.) 

In  iron  works,  a  piece  of  half  wrought  iron,  in  the 
shape  of  a  bar  in  the  middle,  but  rude  and  unwrmislit 
at  the  ends.  A  piece  of  cast  iron  is  nulted  off  and 
hammered,  at  a  forge,  into  a  miLss  of  two  feet  long, 
and  of  a  square  shape,  which  is  called  a  bloom;  then 
carried  to  a  finery,  and  worked  into  an  ancomj;  il  is 
then  sent  to  a  chafery,  where  the  ends  are  wrought 
into  the  shape  of  the  middle,  and  the  whole  is  made 
into  a  bar.  Encyc. 

AND,  conj.  [Sax.  and  ;  Ger.  und  ;  D.  ende  or  en  ;  and.] 
./?/!(/  is  a  conjunction,  connective,  or  conjoining 
word.  It  signifies  that  a  word  or  part  of  a  sentence 
is  to  be  added  to  what  precedes.  Thus,  give  me  an 
apple  and  an  orange  ;  that  is,  give  me  an  apple,  add, 
or  give  in  addition  to  that,  an  orange.  John  and  Pe- 
ter and  James  rode  to  New  York  ;  thai  is,  John  rode 
to  New  York,  add  oTfurVtcr  Pdler  rode  to  New  York, 
add  James  rode  to  New  York. 

AN-DA-LO'SITE,  ti.  A  mineral,  occurring  usually  in 
thick  lamellar  forms,  of  a  grayish  or  pale  reddish 
tint,  and  sometimes  in  rhombic  prisms,  and  com- 
posed chiefly  of  silica  and  alumina.  Its  name  is  de- 
rived from  Andalusia,  in  Spain,  where  it  was  first 
discovered.  In  a  variety  called  cross-stone,  or  chias- 
tolite,  the  crystals,  when  cut  transversely,  show  a  tes- 
selated  structure,  or  appear  to  consist  of  four  white 
cr>'stals,  placed  so  as  to  make  a  white  cross,  and  set 
in  a  dark  ground.  Dana. 

AJ^DAJ\r'TE  [IU,  from  andare,  to  go ;  Eng.  to  watd, 
to  wander.] 

In  music,  a  word  used  to  direct  to  a  movement 
moderately  slow,  between  largo  and  allegro.     Encyc. 
As  a  noun,  it  denotes  a  piece  of  music  to  be  per- 
fiirmcd  in  andante. 

AN'DAR-A€,  n.     Red  orpiment.  Coze. 

AN'DE-AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Andes,  the  great 
chain  of  mountains  extending  through  South  Amer- 
ica. Columbiad,  3,  138. 

AN-DT'RA,  n.  The  name  of  the  genus  of  plants  which 
comprehends  the  cabbage  bark-tree  of  Jamaica. 

AND'I-RON,  H.  [Teut.  andena,  or  andcla.  In  Sax. 
the  coiTesponding  word  is  brandisen,  brand  or  fire 
iron  ;  D.  brand-yzer.  The  Fr.  landier.  Arm.  lander, 
Junius  thinks,  is  our  arid-iron,  with  the  French  I  pre- 
fixed.] 

An  iron  utensil  used  in  Great  Britain,  where  coal 
is  the  common  fuel,  to  support  the  ends  of  a  spit ;  but 
in  America,  used  to  support  the  wood  in  fireplaces. 

AN-DRA-NAT'0-MY,  n.  [Gr.  ac*7/J,  ariipos,  a  man, 
and  ai'ar-ipt],  dissection.] 

The  dissection  of  a  luunan  body,  especially  of  a 
male.  Coic.     Qumcy. 

AN'DRE-O-LiTE,  7i.  A  mineral,  the  harmotume,  or 
cross-stone.  Ure. 

AN-DROG'Y-NAL,     )  a.    [Gr.  avr,py  a  man,  and  yvy/jy 

AN-DROG'Y-NOI-'S,  (      woman.] 

Having  two  sexes;  being  male  and  female j  her- 
maphroditical. 

In  botany,  the  word  is  applied  to  a  plant  bearing 
both  staminiferous  and  pisiilliferous  flowers  on  the 
same  root.  These  plants  constitute  the  class  Mouoe- 
cia,  in  Linmeus's  system.  Milne. 

AN-DROG'Y-NAL-LY,  ailv.  With  the  parli  of  both 
sexes. 

AN-DIIOG'Y-NUS,  n.     An  hermaphrodite.  Johnson, 

.■\N-DROID'l:S,  ti.  [Gr.  ai";/',  man,  and  ciJ^s,  form.] 
.■\  machine  in  the  human  form,  which,  by  certain 
springs,  performs  some  of  the  natural  motions  of  a 
living  man.  One  of  these  machines,  invt-nted  by  .M. 
Vaucanson,  appeared  at  Paris  iu  173S,  representing  a 
flule-plaver.  Encyc 

.■\N-DRO.M'E  D.\,  n.  A  northern  constellation,  behind 
Pegasus,  Cassiopeia,  and  Perseus,  representing  the 
figure  of  a  woman  chained. 

2.  The  name  of  a  celebrated  tragedy  of  Euripides, 
now  lost.  Encyc. 

3.  Also,  a  genus  of  plants. 
AN'DRON,  H.     [Gr.  auno,  a  man.] 

In  Orccian  and  Roman  architecture,  the  apartment 

appropriated  for  the  males.     This  was   in  the  lower 

part  of  the  house,  and  the  gyiurccum,  or  apartment 

for  females,  was  in  the  upper  part.  Brande. 

AN-DRO-PET'AL-OUS,  a.     [Gr.  avno  and  Tcr<iA«i.] 

An  epithet  applied  to  double  flowers,  produced  by 
the  conversion  of  the  stamens  into  petals,  as  in  the 
garden  raiuinculus.  Brande. 

Ai\-DROPirA-0I,  H.  [Gr.  a^r?/),  man,  and  ^>a>w,  to 
eat.l 

Jian-eaters  ;  but  the  word  is  little  used,  being  su- 
perceded by  A>rHBopopnA<;i,  which  see.    Herodotus 
mentions  peopl:-  of  this  character.         Mrlpom.  lOtn 
AN-UROT'O-MY,  n.     [Gr.  air,p,a.  man,  and  .-0/1.7,  a 
cutting.]  ^   1.     L 

A  cutting  of  human  bodies  ;  dissection  of  the  hu- 
man body,  as  distinguished  from  zootomy. 


TONE,  BIJLL,  UNITE  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — e  aa  K  ;   G  aa  J  ;   S  as  Z  ;   CH  aa  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

"IT 


ANG 

A-NeAR'    prfp.     Near.  ^tlerbunj. 

A\'Et)-no-TAL,  a.     i'ertaining  to  anecdotes. 
AN'ECUOTK,  n.     [Cr.  n  priv.  ami  £i(5(d.'^t,  to  pub- 
lish ;  i(t(i-T  <,  piven  mit.J 

1.  In  its  orijruutl  .icnsr,  secret  history,  or  facts  not 
generally  known.  But  in  more  common  iisairr,  a  par- 
ticular or  ilirtached  incident  or  fact  of  an  interesting 
nature;  a  hiographiral  incident;  a  single  passage 
of  private  life.  I'nuopius  gave  the  title  of  anecdotes 
to  a  book  he  published  against  Justinian  and  his  wife 
Theodora;  and  similar  collecaions  of  incidents  in  the 
lives  of  etninent  men  are  now  cntnmon.         Enrijc. 

2.  Tlie  relation  of  an  incident  or  particular  event 

Meluiotlu 
AN-EC-DOT'ie-AL,  a.     Pertaining  to  anecdotes 

BoUngbroke, 
A-\kLE',  v.  (.    [Sax.  ff//,  oil.] 

To  give  exlreine  unction.     [JVu(  usedJ]  Shak. 

AN-K-M(K;'RA-PHY,n.  fUr.  .iK/iuj,  wind, and  jpu^i;, 
description.] 

A  description  of  the  winds.  Johnson. 

AN-E-MOL'O-CY,   m     [Gr.  ukc/ios,  wind,  and  A«>  os, 
discourse.] 
The  doctrine  of  winds,  or  a  treatise  on  the  subject. 
AN-E-MOM'E-TER,  71.  [Gr.  'ivf/xjs,  wind,  and  /icr^fw, 
to  measure.] 

An  instrument  or  machine  for  measuring  the  force 
and  velocity  of  the  wind.  Encyc 

A-\EM'0-NE,  n.  [Gr.  ai'C/ifui'17,  from  at-c/frjs,  wind. 
It  was  by  the  ancient  Greeks  written  avEin^\ia.  The- 
oph.  lib.  fi,  cap.  7.  Plin.  21.  23.  Venus  is  said  to  have 
chaiuied  her  Adonis  into  an  anemone^  Ovid.  Metani. 
lib.  10.  735.] 

Wind-flower;  a  genus  of  plants  of  numerous  spe- 
cies. Some  of  the  species  are  cultivated  in  gardens, 
of  which  their  double  flowers  are  among  the  most  el- 
egant ornaments. 

Sea  Anrmonr,     See  Animal-Floweb. 
A-NEM'(->-NIN,  71.    An  acrid,  crjstaliizable  substance, 
obtained  from  some  species  of  anemone.     It  burns 
like  camplior.  Brande. 

A-NE.M'O-SeOPE,  71.  [Gr.  avenoi,  wind,  and  cko-cw^ 
to  view.] 

A  machine  which  shows  the  course  or  direction  of 
the  wind.  Kncyc. 

A-NENT',  prrp.    About;  concerning,  over  against:  a 

Pcollish  word.     Q.U.  Gr.  fruvn. 
ANES.     See  Awns. 

AN'EU-RISM,  71.  [Gr.  ava^  and  fupuco,  to  dilate,  from 
ci'oi'S,  broad.] 

A  soft,  pulsating  tiimor,  arising  from  the  jireternat- 
ural  dilatation  or  rupture  of  liie  coats  of  an  artery. 
This  is  either  encysted  or  dilfused.  The  encysted 
aneurism  is  when,  the  coats  of  the  arierj'  being  only 
dilated,  the  blood  is  confined  within  its  proper  coat. 
Of  this  kind  is  tlie  varicose.  The  difiused  aneurism 
includes  all  those  in  which,  from  an  aperture  in  the 
arter\',  the  bhwd  is  spread  about  in  the  cellular  mem- 
brane, out  of  its  proper  course.  Qtiinaj.  Core, 
AN-EU-RIS'MAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  an  aneurism. 
A-NE\V",  adv.     [a  and  new.] 

Over  again  ;  another  time ;  in  a  new  form  ;  as,  to 
arm  anew;  to  create  anew. 
AN-FRAC-TU-OS'l-TY,   n.     A  state  of  being  full  of 

windings  and  turnings. 
AN-FRAC'TU-OUS,  a.     [L.  anfractus,  of  amb^  about, 
and  friictus,  broken.     See  Break.] 

Winding  ;  full  of  windings  and  turnings  ;  written, 
less  correctly,  Ankractuosl.  Ran. 

AN-FR.\€'TU-OUS-NESS,  n.    A  state  of  being  fuil  of 

windings  and  turnings. 
AN-FRA€'TVIRE,  n,     A  mazy  winding. 
AN-G.\-RI-A'TION,    n.     [L.  angaria  ;  Gr.   a)yaptv<j.<^ 
to  compel ;  a  word  of  Persian  origin.] 
Compulsion  ;  exertion.     [JVo(  \uicd.\ 
AN-GEI-OT'U-MY,  n.     See  Anoiotomv. 
aX'GEL,  71.     [v..  nngcUis;  Gr.  aj.)(X.-s,  a  messenger, 
from  u;  j^AXto,  to  tell  or  announce  ;  Ir.  a^alla^  agal- 
laim,  to  speak  or  tell ;  from  the  root  of  caU,  or  of  °Ar. 

jLs  kaula^  to  say,  to  tell.    Sax.  angel;  Ir.  aingeal,  or 

aingiol;  D.  G  Sw.  Dan.  engel;  iip. angel;  It.  angelo; 
Port,  anjo  ;  Fr.  ange;  Russ.  anget.^ 

1.  Literally,  a.  messenger;  one  employed  tocommu- 
nic^ite  news  or  information  from  one  person  to  anoth- 
er at  a  distance.     But  apprnprintrln, 

2.  A  spirit,  or  a  spin[ii:il  inttliigt-nt  being,  employed 
by  God  to  conmiuniciiif  his  will  to  man.  Hence,  an- 
gela  are  ministers  of  God,  and  ministering  spirits. 
Heb.  i. 

3.  In  a  bad  sense,  an  evil  spirit ;  as,  the  angel  of  the 
bottomless  pit.     Matt.  x\v.     1  Cor.  vi.     Rev.  ix. 

4.  Christ,  the  mediator  and  head  of  the  cliurch. 
Rev.  X. 

5.  A  minister  of  the  gospel,  who  is  an  embassador 
of  God.    Rev.  ii.  and  iii. 

6.  Any  being  whom  God  employs  to  execute  his 
judgments.     Rev.  xvi.  Craden. 

1.  In  the  style  oflove^  a  very  beautiful  person. 

Shak. 
aN'GEL,  71.     A  fish  found  on  the  coast  of  Carolina,  of 
the  Thoracic  order,  and   genus  Ch^todon.     It  lias  a 
small,  projecting  mouth  ;  the  laminaj  above  the  gills 


ANG 

are  armed  Willi  cerulean  spines  ;  the  body,  a  foot  in 
lenirtli,  appears  as  if  cut  olT,  and  waved,  and  covered 
with  large  preen  scales.  Pennant^from  Calesby. 

AN'GF.L,  n.  A  gold  coin,  formerly  current  in  England, 
bearing  the  figure  of  an  angel.  Skinner  says  this  de- 
vice was  impressed  upon  it  in  allusion  to  ah  observa- 
tion of  Pojm;  Gregory  the  Great,  who,  seeing  some 
beautiful  English  youths  in  the  market  at  Rome, 
asked  who  they  were;  being  told  they  were  JingH. 
English,  he  replied,  they  ought  rather  to  be  calleif 
aiigeli^  angels.  This  coin  had  ilirt'iniit  v;ilues  under 
different  princes;  but  is  now  :iii  lUKi^iiuiry  sum  or 
money  of  account,  implying  ten  shillings  sterling. 

Kncyc, 

aN'GETj,  a.  Resembling  angels;  angelic;  as,  angel 
whiteness.  Shak. 

aN'(jEL-.\<jE,  71.     The  existence  or  slate  of  angels. 
Beaumont  ^'  Fhtcher. 

AN'Ci  EL-BED,  n.     An  open  bed  without  posts. 

Kno7Dles. 

aN'6EL-F1SH,  n.  A  species  of  shark,  the  Sqnalus 
squatina.  It  is  from  six  to  eight  feet  long,  with  a 
large  head,  teeth  broad  at  the  base,  but  slender  and 
sharp  above,  disposed  in  five  rows,  all  around  the 
jaws.  The  fish  takes  its  name  from  its  pectoral  fins, 
which  are  very  large,  and  extend  horizontally,  like 
wings  when  spread.  This  fish  connects  the  genus  of 
Rays  with  that  of  Sharks,  partaking  of  the  charac- 
ters of  both  ;  but  it  difl*ers  from  both  in  this,  that  its 
mouth  is  placed  at  the  extremity  of  the  head. 

Encyc. 

AN-(5EL't€,         j  a.     [L.  angdicus.'] 

AN-GEL'IC-AL,  (  Resembling  angels  ;  belonging  to 
angels,  or  partaking  of  their  nature  ;  suiting  the  na- 
ture and  dignity  of  angels. 

AN-GEL'I-CA,  n.  The  name  of  a  genus  of  umbellif- 
erous plants,  arranged,  by  Linnaeus,  in  the  class  and 
order  Pentandria  Digynia. 

AN-i^EI/ie-AL-LY,  ddc.    Like  an  angel. 

AN-GEL'ie-AL-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  an- 
gelic ;  excellence  more  than  human. 

aN'GEL-ITES,  in  church  history,  so  called  from  Ange- 
lium  in  Alexandria,  where  they  held  their  first  meet- 
ings; a  sect  of  heretics,  near  the  close  of  the  fifth 
century,  who  held  the  persons  of  the  Trinity  not  to 
be  the  same,  nor  to  exist  by  their  own  nature  ;  but 
each  to  be  a  God,  existing  by  pjxrticipating  of  a  deity 
conunon  to  them  all.  They  are  called,  also,  Sever- 
iTEs,  from  Severus,  their  head  ;  and  Theodosians, 
from  one  Theodosius,  whom  they  made  their  pope. 

Eiicyc. 

aN'(jEI.-LTKE,  a.  Resembling  or  having  the  manners 
of  angels. 

aN-GEL-OL'0-GV,  71.     \angcl  and  Xnyoi.] 

A  discourse  on  angels;  or  the  doctrine  of  angelic 
beings.  Ck.  Spectator. 

AN'GE-LOT,  7?..  [Fr.  anchc,  the  reed  of  a  liautboy  or 
other  wind-instrument  of  music] 

1.  An  instrument  of  music,  somewhat  resembling 
a  lute.  Johnson. 

2.  An  ancient  English  coin,  struck  at  Paris  while 
under  the  dominion  of  England  ;  so  called  from  the 
figure  of  an  angel  supimrting  the  escutcheon  of  the 
anus  of  Enghuid  and  France.  Also,  a  small,  rich 
sort  of  cheese,  made  in  Normandy.  Encyc. 

aN'GEL-PeO'PL£D,  a.     Peopled  with  angels. 

JeiDsbu7-y. 
aN'6EL-SHOT,  n.     [Fr.  ange,  a  chain-shot.] 

Cliain->liitt,  heing  two  halves  of  a  cannon-ball  fast- 
ened 111  the  eiiiU  of  a  chain. 
aN'GEL-\VEL'CO-ME,  7u    Welcome  by  angels. 

Bowring. 
aN'6EL-WING-ED,  a.    Winged  like  angels. 

Thomson. 
aN'CEI^WOR-SHIP,  71.    The  worshiping  of  ang;ls 

Trapp. 
AN"GER,  71.  [L.  ango,  to  choke,  strangle,  vex  ; 
whence  angor,  vexation,  anguish,  the  quinsy,  angi- 
na. Gr.  aj  >  '.',  to  strangle,  to  strain  or  draw  together, 
to  vex.  The  primarj'  sense  is,  to  press,  squeeze, 
make  narrow;  Gr.  nyxh  near;  Sax.  enge;  G.  enge; 
D.  Dan.  eng,  narrow,  strait ;    W.  two-.     This  word 


may  be  connected  in  origin  with  the  Ar. 


ha~ 


niJca,  to  be  angry,  and  Ol>..-Z.  chanaka,  to   strangle  ; 

Heb.  Ch.  Syr.  Eth.  ;>^.r\,  to  strangle.  In  Sax.  ange 
signifies  vexed  ;  angmod,  sad,  anxious ;  ang-.HCt,  a  car- 
buncle; angsum,  pressed  close;  anzsumian,  to  vex, 
to  make  anxious;  Eng.  anguish,  anxious;  L.  angtis- 
tus,  angina,  &.c.     See  Akguish.] 

1.  A  violent  passion  of  the  mind  excited  by  a  real 
or  supposed  injury  ;  usually  accompanied  with  a  pro- 
pensity to  take  vengeance,  or  to  obtain  satisfaction 
from  the  offending  paity.  This  passion,  however, 
varies  in  degrees  of  violence,  and,  in  ingenuous 
minds,  may  be  attended  only  with  a  desire  to  re- 
prove or  chide  the  offender. 

Anger  is  also  excited  by  an  injur)'  offered  to  a  rela- 
tion, friend,  or  party  to  which  one' is  attached  ;  and 
some  degrees  of  it  may  be  excited  by  cruelty,  injus- 
tice, or  oppression  olfered  to  those  with  whom  one 


ANG 

has  no  immediate  connection,  or  even  to  the  roniinn- 
nity  of  which  one  is  a  member.  Nnr  is  it  unusual  to 
see  something  of  this  psission  roused  by  grns^  ;il>suid- 
ities  in  others,  especially  in  controversy  or  discussion. 
Anger  may  be  inflamed  till  it  rises  to  rage  and  a  tem- 
porary delirium. 

9.  Pain  or  smart  of  a  sore  or  swelling ;  Me  literal 
sense  of  the  word,  but  little  used, 
AN"GER,  V.  t.  To  excite  anger;  to  provoke  ;  to  rouse 
resentment. 

9.  To  make  painful ;  to  cause  to  smart ;  to  inflame  ; 
as,  to  anirer  an  ulcer.  Bacon. 

AN"GER-f:i),  pp.     Provoked  ;  made  angry. 
AN"GER-LY,  adi\     {anger  and  Ukr..'] 

In  an  angry  manner;  more  generally  written  An- 
grily. 
AN-Gi'XA,  n.  [L.,  from  awo-o,  to  choke.  See  AprnER.l 
In  medicine,  a  ti^rin  applied  to  all  inflammatory  af- 
fections of  the  throat  or  fauces,  from  the  accompany- 
ing difticulty  of  breathing ;  including  the  quinsy,  ma- 
lignant sore-throat,  croup,  mumps,  &c.  Cullcn. 

An gina  pectoris  \  a  peculiar,  painful,  periodic,  nerv- 
ous affection  of  the  chest. 
AN-GI-OG'RA-PHY,   71.     [Gr.  ayyciov,  a  vessel,  and 
ypail>n,  description.] 
A  description  of  the  vessels  in  the  human  body. 

Ash. 
AN-Gl-OL'O-GY,  71.     [Gr.  ayyctov,  a  vessel,  and  Xty- 
05,  discourse.] 

A  treatise  or  discourse  on  the  vessels  of  the  Iiiiman 
body,  as  the  arteries,  veins,  lymphatics,  &.c. 

Bailey.     Qaincy. 
AN'CI-O-MON-O-SPERM'OUS,  71.      [Gr.  ayyuoi^,  a 
v^sstrl,  p'lvos,  alone,  and  aTztppa,  seed.] 

Producing  one  seed  only  in  a  seed-pod.    Johnson. 
AN'Gl-O-SeOPE,  71.    [Gr.  ayyeiovy  a  vessel,  and  cko- 
TTC'i,  to  view.] 

All  instrument  for  examining  the  capillary  vessels 
of  a  body.  Morin. 

A.\'(!;1-0-.SPERM,  71.  [Gr.  c7j^£ior,  a  vessel,  and  cttte,]- 
pn,  seed.] 

In  botany,  a  plant  which  has  its  seeds  inclosed  in  a 
pericarp. 
AN-GI-0-SPERM'OUS,  a.  Having  seeds  inclosed  in  a 
pod  or  other  pericarp.  In  Linnauis's  system,  tlie  sec- 
ond order  of  plants  in  the  class  Didynamia  are  called 
Angiospermia.  This  word  is  opposed  to  gymnospcrm- 
ouSf  or  naked-seeded. 
AN-GI-OT'O-MY,  n.  [Gr.  ayyciuv,  a  vessel,  and  ropr), 
a  cutting.] 

1.  In  medicine,  the  opening  of  a  vessel,  whether  a 
vein  or  an  artery,  as  in  bleeding.  It  includes  both 
arteriotomy  and  phlebotomy. 

2.  In  anatomy,  a  dissection  of  the  vessels  of  the 
body.  Pa7-r. 

AM"GLE,  71.  [Fr.  angle;  L.  angulns,  a  corner  ;  Gr. 
ayi^vXos  ;  W.  ongle ;  G.  and  D.  angel,  a  hook,  an  an 
gle ;  Dan.  angel,  a  hook,  angle,  a  sting ;  Sax.  an- 
gd,  a  hook  ;  Bp.  and  Port,  angnlo  ;  It.  angolo.  The 
German  has  angeln,  to  angle  with  a  hook;  but  in  D. 
hcn^el  is  the  rod,  and  hengdcn,  to  angle.  Q,ii.  hinge 
a.na  hang.] 

In  popular  language,  the  point  where  two  lines 
meet,  or  the  meeting  of  two  lines  in  a  point ;  a 
corner. 

In  geometry,  the  space  comprised  between  two 
straight  lines  that  meet  in  a  point,  or  between  two 
straight  converging  lines,  which,  if  extended,  would 
meet  ;  or  the  (iiiaiitily  by  which  two  straight  lines, 
departing  fri.m  a  [n.iiii,  diverge  from  each  other.  The 
point  of  meeting  is  the  vertex  of  the  angle,  and  the 
lines  coiiLiining  tlie  angle  are  its  sides  or  legs. 

In  optics,  the  angle  of  incidence  is  the  angle  which  a 
ray  of  light  makes  with  a  perpendicular  to  tliat  point 
of  the  surface  of  any  medium  on  which  it  falls. 

The  angle  of  refraction  is  the  angle  which  a  ray  of 
light  refracted  makes  with  a  perp.-iidicular  tc»  that 
point  of  the  surface  of  the  refracting  medium  on 
which  it  falls.  Encyc. 

A  right  angle  is  one  formed  by  a  right  line  falling 
on  anotlier  pci  pendicularly,  or  an  angle  of  90  degrees, 
making  the  quarter  of  a  circle. 

An  obtuse  angle  is  greater  than  a  right  angle,  or 
more  than  90  degrees. 

An  acute  angle  is  less  than  a  right  angle,  or  less 
than  90  degit^es. 

A  rectilineal  or  Tight-lined  angle  is  formed  by  two 
right  lines. 

A  curvilineal  angle  is  formed  by  two  curved  lines. 

A  mixed  angle  is  formed  by  a  right  line  with  a 
curved  line. 

Adjacent  or  contiguous  angles  are  such  as  have  one 
leg  common  to  both  angles,  and  both  togetlier  are 
equal  to  two  right  angles. 

External  angles  are  angles  of  any  right-lined  figure 
without  it,  when  the  sides  are  produced  or  length- 
ened. 

Internal  angles  are  those  which  are  within  any 
right-lined  figure, 

OOlujue  angles  are  either  acute  or  obtuse,  in  opposi- 
tion to  right  angles. 

A  solid  angle  is  the  meeting  of  three  or  more  plane 
angles  at  one  point. 

A  spherical  angle  is  one  made  by  the  meeting  of 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MeTE,  PREY.— PL\E,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BOOK.- 

46 


ANG 

uvi»  aiciies  of  Kreal  circles,  which  mutually  cut  one 
aiiorber  on  the  surface  of  the  globe  or  sphere. 

Bailey. 
AN"C:i.E,(aiig'!;l,)  n. 

1.  A  hook  ;  an  instrument  to  tiike  fish,  consi.-ctiny 
nfa  rod,  a  line,  and  a  liook,  or  a  line  and  hook. 
y.  One  wlio  may  be  easily  enticed  ;  a  gull.    Sknii. 
AN"GLE,  V.  I.    To"  fish  with  an  angle,  or  with  hue 
and  hook. 

M.  c.  t.  or  (.  To  fish  for ;  to  try  to  gain  hy  some 
bail  or  insinuation,  as  men  angle  for  fish ;  as,  to 
au^le  for  the  hearts  of  people,  or  to  anirle  he;irt3. 

Shak.     Sidney. 
AN"GL£D,  a.    f  lavint;  angles :  jtscd  onlij  in  compomtds. 
AiV'GLER,  71.     One  that  fishes  with  an  angle  ;  also,  a 
lisli,  a  species  of  Lophius,  sometimes  called  fshing'- 

frufr. 

AN""GLJ:-R0D,  n.  The  rod  or  pole  to  which  a  line 
and  hook  are  fastened. 

Ai\"GLE-SITE,  71.  Native  sulphate  of  lead.  It  oc- 
curs in  white  or  yellowish  prismatic  crystals,  semi- 
transparent,  with  a  glassy  or  adamantine  luster,  and 
U  found  associated  with  other  ores  of  lead.  The 
name  is  from  Anglesea,  a  British  locality  of  the  min- 
eral, Dana. 

AN"GLie,         \  a.  [IVoiu  AnijUs  ;  Sax.  ing,  a  plain  or 

.■\.\"GLie-AN,  J  meadow,  ^and  lic^  like,  or  eixos, 
like,  which  is  the  root  of  the  L.  tens,  in  ])uhlicas,  and 
iill  similar  adjectives.  From  insr  was  formed  Onirics, 
the  En-;;lish,  to  which  is  add'd  this  comiuon  affix,  ic. 
The  jiiiislci  were  the  Inga;votu:s  of  Tacitus,  iiiir- 
i."<».(ov,  dwellers  on  ilie  plam  or  level  land,  near  the 
Elbe  and  VVeser.  [See  English  and  Wont.]  Jug- 
i.-i  unnoxed  to  many  English  names,  as  Rcadin^^ 
Basin^f^  ICttterin^,  towns  situated  on  flat  laudJ 

English  ;  pertaining  to  England  or  the  English 
nation  ;  as,  the  jln^Ucau  church.  Pinkcrlon. 

A.\"GLIC-AN,  II.  A  member  o(  the  Church  of  Eng- 
land. Burke, 

j9JV"'OLf-CE,  [L.]    In  English, in  the  English  manner. 

AN"GLI-C(S.M,  II.  An  Englis;)i  idiom;  a  form  of  lan- 
guage peculiar  to  the  English.  Milieu. 

AX"GEI-CIZE,  V.  t.  To  make  English;  to  render 
conformable  to  the  English  idiom,  or  to  English 
analogies. 

A\"GLl-CtZ-KD,  pp.  Made  English;  rendered  con- 
fnrmable  to  the  English  idiom. 

AX"GLrNG,  pyr.    Fishing  with  an  angle. 

AN"GLING,  71.  A  fishmg  with  a  rod  and  line;  the 
art  of  fishing  with  an  angle. 

AN"GLO-A-MER'I-eAN,  v.  A  descendant  from  Eng- 
lish ancestors,  born  in  America,  or  the  United  States. 

AN"GLO-A-MER'I-€AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  de- 
scendants of  Englishmen  in  America. 

AiV'GLO-Da'NISH,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  English 
Danes,  or  the  Danes  who  settled  in  England. 

fVotton. 

A^"GLO-NOR'MA^^  a.  Pertaining  to  the  English 
.Vormans.  iVoUun. 

^  \"GLO-NOR'M.AN,  n.     An  English  Norman. 

A.\"GLO-SAX'ON,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Saxons  who 
settled  in  England,  or  English  Saxons. 

A\"GL0-SAX'ON,  7i.  An  English  Saxon;  also,  the 
language  of  the  English  Saxons. 

A.VGo'LA-PeA,  or  PIG'EON-PkA.  A  species  of 
Cytisus. 

AN"G0R,  n.     [L.     See  Asger.] 

1.  Pain  ;  intense  bodily  pain. 

2.  The  retiring  of  the  native  bodily  heat  to  the 
center,  occasioning  headache,  palpitation,  and  sad- 
Ui's^.  Kncvc.     Coxe. 

AN"t;R£D,  or  AN"GER-ED,  pp.  Made  angry  ;  pro- 
vfikid. 

A.V'GRI-LY,  (M^r.  In  an  angry  manner;  peevishly; 
with  indirations  of  resentment. 

AN"GRY,  fl.     [Hee  Anger.] 

1.  Feeling  resentment ;  provoked  ;  followed  gen- 
erally by  with  before  a  person. 

liuil  13  attgry  wil/t  lite  wicked  every  Jay.  —  Ps.  vii. 

But  it  is  usually  followed  by  at  before  a  thing. 

Wlierelire  sliould  Uod  Itcatt^nj  at  Uiy  voice  ? —  Ecclcs.  t. 

9.  Showing  anger ;  wearing  the  marks  of  anger ; 
caused  by  anger;  as,  an  a/i^'-ri/ countenatic** ;  an^nj 
words. 

3.  Inflamed,  as  a  sore;  red;  manifesting  inflam- 
mation. 

4.  Raging  ;  furious  ;  tunmltuous. 

Or  clrtiii  the  angry  vunjcaimc  of  tlic  waves. 

Judge  Truiiibuli. 

AXG-Sa'NA,  or  ANG-Sa'VA,  n.    A  red  gum  of  the 

East  Indies,  like  that  of  di  agon's  blot>d.  Coic. 

AX"G1',  7(.   Bread  made  of  the  Cxssada,  a  plant  of  the 

West  Indies. 
AX"GL'I-FEU,  n.    [L.  av^uis^  a  serpent,  and  fcrOy  to 
bear ;  Sans.  a^u.i.'\ 

in  astronomy,  a  cluster  of  Stars  in  the  form  of  a 
man  holding  a  serpent ;  Serpen tarius,  one  of  tile  con- 
!^tfl!;iti(.n'  of  the  northern  hemisphere.  .dsh. 

AN-GUIL'LI-FORM,  a.  [L.  anguiHa^  an  «e!,  and 
furmay  sliape.] 

In  the  term  of  an  eel ;  rescfubling  an  eel. 

'i'his  term  is  employed  by  Cuvier  to  denote  a  fam- 


ANI 

I      ily   of  apodal   fishes,  including  the  eel,  and  other 
fislies  resetiilding  if  in  fmiu  and  structure. 

AN*GL'IN'E-Ali,  «.  [L.  unguis,  u  snake.]  Resem- 
bling or  pertaining  ti»  a  snake. 

.AN"G  (JlSd,  V.  [Fr.  iLiitrmsse  ;  It.  angosc.ta  ;  Sp.  ansia  ; 
Port,  angustiuj  showing  the  direct  tferivation  of  this 
word  from  L.  angit^tia,  narrowness,  irom  pressure  ; 
D.  and  G.  an^sti  Dan.  angi'M.  This  and  a  numerous 
class  of  words  are  from  the  root  ang,  cng,,  denoting 
narrow,  from  pressure-     See  Anger.] 

Extreme  pain,  either  of  body  or  mmd.  As  bodily 
pain,  it  may  dilfer  from  agunij,  which  is  such  dis- 
tress of  the  whole  body  as  to  cause  contortion, 
whereas  anguish  may  he  a  local  pain,  as  of  an  ulcer, 
or  gouL  Bui  nnguUli  and  agumj  are  nearly  sjnony- 
mous.  As  pain  of  the  tninS,  it  signifies  any  keen 
distress  from  sorrow,  remorse,  despair,  and  the  kin- 
dred passions. 

And  ihey  li<.-;LrkeiiL;d  not  tu  Moses,  for  anguish  of  spirit,  and  for 
criiil  boadagf. —  Ex.  vi. 

AN"GUISH,  V.  t.  To  distress  witii  extreme  pain  or 
grief.  Tnnjde. 

AN"GUISII-£D,  (ang'gwisht,)pp.  Extremely  pained  ; 
tortured  ;  deeply  distressed. 

AN'"GLT-LAR,  a.  Having  an  angle,  angles,  or  corners  ; 
pointed  ;  as,  an  an-jtiUir  figure. 

2.  Consisting  of  mu  angle;  forming  an  angle;  as, 
an  angular  point.  Jlngulnr  viotiu/i  ;  the  motion  of  a 
l)ody  moving  circularly  about  a  fixed  point,  as  of  a 
planet  or  pemlulum.  Hnitun, 

AN"GlJ-LAR'i-TY,  n  The  quality  of  having  an 
angle  or  corm-r. 

AN"GU-LAR-LV,  adv.  With  angles  or  corners;  in 
the  direction  idtlie  angles. 

AN"GU-LAR-NESS,  7^.    The  quality  of  being  angular. 

AN"GU-La-TED,  a.     Formed  with  angles  or  ccirm-rs. 

Wiiodioard. 

AN"GU-L0S'I-TY,  71.     A  state  of  being  angular. 

AN"GU-LOUS,  (f.    .Angular  ;  having  corners  ;  hooked. 

GlancilU'. 

AX-GUST',  ii.     [L.  angiistus.'] 

Narrow  ;  strait.     [J^'ot  nscd.]  Barton. 

.■VN-GUST'ATE,  H.  Narrow;  diminishmg  rapidly  in 
breadth. 

AN-GUST-a'TR)\,  n.  [L.  angu^tas^  narrow.  See 
Anger.] 

The  act  of  making  narrow  ;  a  straitening,  or  being 
made  narrow.  IViscman. 

AN-GQST'I-GliAVE,  n.  [\,.  angiistim^  narrow,  and 
clavusy  a  knob  ctr  stud.] 

A  robe  or  tunic  embroidered  with  purple  studs  or 
knob?,  or  by  purple  stripes,  worn  by  Roman  knights. 
The  laticlavt\  with  broader  studs,  was  worn  by  sen- 
ators, (^uinctitian,     Keniiet. 

AN-HE-La'TION  n.  [L.  anheiu,  to  pant,  or  breathe 
with  difficulty  ;  from  Au/o,  to  breathe.! 

Shortness  of  breath ;  a  panting;  difficult  respira- 
tion. Eiicyc.     Coxe. 

AN-HE-L5SE',  rt.  Out  of  breath;  panting;  breathing 
with  difticulty.     [Liule  used.]  Diet. 

A-XMll-MA,  7i.  A  Brazilian  acjuatin  fowl,  larger  than 
a  swan,  and  somewhat  like  a  crane  ;  the  Palamedea 
cornuta  (Linn.),  or  horned  screamer,  lis  head  is 
small,  its  bill  black,  the  toes  armed  with  Iniig  claws. 
But  what  is  remarkable,  is  a  horn  grownii;  iVimi  its 
forehead  ;  and  the  second  joint  of  the  wuil'  is  aitu'd 
with  two  straight  triangular  spurs,  an  inch  in  li  ucih. 
The  fidelity  between  the  male  and  female  is  so  great, 
that  when  one  is  dying,  the  other  remains  by  the  car- 
cass till  it  expires.  Dtct.  ofJVat.  Hist. 

AN'HY  DRITE,  n.  [So  caUed  because  destitute  of 
water.     See  ANHvr'ROUs.] 

Anhydrous  gypsum  ;  difi!ering  from  gyjisum  in  not 
conlaiuini:  water.  It  occurs  in  rectangular  crystals, 
nearly  color!e-s,  or  nf  pale  shades  of  blue  or  red  ;  also 
fibrniis,  radiated,  and  granular.  A  siliceous  variety 
is  called  vnlpunte.  Dana, 

AN-ll'S'DROUS,  a.  [Gr.  ai-ixloos,  drj' ;  a  priv.  and 
v6'-'0y  water. ]^ 

Destitute  nf  water  ;  as,  anhydrous  salts  or  acids. 

AN-1-EXT'ED,  a.     [It.  nicute-y  nothing;  Norm,  neaiit; 
Fr.  ancuntir,  to  aniiiliilate.] 
Frustrated;  brought  to  naught.     [Obs.]    Chaucer. 

A-NIGHT',  adr.  [a,  or  at,  and  nighl.] 

In  the  night  time,  jinights,  in  the  plural,  is  used 
of  frequent  and  customary  acts. 

Von  must  come  in  p:irli';r  anights.  Skak. 

AN'IL,  H.     [Sp.  an'dy  indigo;  Port,  anil;  D.  aiujl;  At. 


\xi  nilnn,  slend/r,  nUa,  blue.] 


A  shrub  from  whose  leaves  and  stalks  indigo  is 

made  ;  a  spi-cii-s  of  Indigofera,  or  indigo  plant. 
AX'ILE,  a.     Aged  ;  imbecile.  [Eiieijc. 

A-NIL'1-TY,  n.     [  L.  nni/i.*,  anilitas-,  from  aniw,  an  old 

woman  ;  Celtic,  ht^n,  old.] 
The  static  of  In-ing  an  old  woman  ;  the  old  age  of 

a  woman  ;  dotJige. 
AN'l-.MA-BLE,  a.    Susceptible  of  animation. 
.VN-l-MAD-VER'SAL,  ».    That  which  has  the  power 

of  perctuvinc  and  judging.  More. 

AN-1-MAD-VER'SION,  n.     [L.  animadversio.] 


ANl 

Remarks  by  way  of  censure  oi  criticism  ;  reprcof : 
blame.  It  may  sometimes  be  u-^ed  for  puninhmenl,  or 
punishment  may  be  implied  in  the  word,  but  this  Ls 
not  commuii.  In  i-n  cccieslaNtical  sense,  it  difierfl 
from  cen.<itrr,  .says  Aylifle  ;  censure,  respecting  spir- 
itual punishment,  and  animadversion,  a  temporal 
one.  Glanville  uses  the  word  in  the  sense  oi  percep- 
tion, but  this  use  is  not  authorized, 

AN-I-MAD-VER'SIVE,  a.  That  has  the  power  of 
perceiving.  Olanvdle. 

AN-I-MAD-VER'SIVE-NESS,  ».  The  power  of  an- 
imadverting. 

AN-I-MAD-VERT',  v.  i.  [L.  animadverto,  of  aximus^ 
mind,  and  adcrrto,  to  turn  to.] 

1.  To  turn  the  mind  to  ;  to  consider. 

2.  To  consider  or  remark  upon  by  way  nf  criticism 
or  censure.  Dryderu 

3.  To  inflict  punishment ;  followed  by  upon.  Orew. 
AN-I-MAD-VERT'ER,  n.    One  who  animadverts  or 

makes  remarks  by  way  of  censure. 
AN-I-MAD-VERT'I\G,  ppr.  Considering;  remark- 
ing by  way  of  criticism  or  censure. 
AN'I-.MAE,  n.  [L.  animal,  from  anima,  air,  breath, 
soul ;  Gaelic  anam,  breath.  The  W.  has  cnvU,  en,  a 
being,  soul,  spirit,  and  mil,  a,  beast,-  Ami.  ancral; 
San.  an,  aniini.     Qu.  Dan.  aande,  Sw.  ande,  breath.] 

An  organized  body,  endowed  with  life,  sensation, 
and  the  power  of  voluntary  motion  ;  a  living,  sensi- 
tive, locomotive  body  ;  as,  man  is  an  intellig<;nt  otii- 
mal.  Animals  are  essentially  distinguished  from 
plants  by  the  property  tif  sensaiiun.  The  contractile 
pro|)erty  of  some  plants,  as  the  Alimosa,  has  the  ap- 
pearance of  the  eileci  of  scn^atton,  but  it  may  be 
merely  the  effect  of  irritability. 

The  distinction  here  made  between  animals  and 
vegetables  may  not  be  philosophically  accurate  ;  for 
we  can  not  perhaps  ascertain  the  precise  limit  be- 
tween the  two  kinds  of  b-ings  ;  but  this  is  sufficiently 
correct  for  cimimon  practical  purposes. 

The  histor}'  of  animals  is  called  zoology. 

By  way  of  contL-mpt,  a  dull  person   is  called  a 
stupid  animal. 
AN'I-MAL,  a.     That  belongs  or  relates  to  animals ;  as, 
animal  functions. 

Jiiiimal  is  distinguished  from  intellrctiial ;  as,  animal 
appetites,  the  appetites  of  the  body,  as  hunger  and 
thirst. 

The  uninifil  functions  include  sensation,  and  vol- 
untary inotiun,  in  distinction  from  the  natural  and 
vital,  or  the  organic  functions. 

.Animal  life  is  opposed  to  vegetable  life. 

.Iiiimal  is  opposed  ■.\.\m  to  spiritual  at  rational,  which 
respects  tlie  soul  anil  reit'^oning  facultii.s ;  as,  «Hi»frt/ 
nature,  .'.■piritua!  nature,  mtioutil  nature. 

Animal  food  may  signify  that  food  which  nourishes 
animals ;  but  it  usually  denotes  food  consisting  of 
animal  flesh. 

^7[i//m^  economy  is  the  system  of  laws  by  which 
the  bodies  of  animals  arc  governed,  and  depending 
on  their  organic  structure. 

jinimnl  spirits,  in  the  pluml,  denotes  the  nervous 
fluid,  and  in  popular  lanyuage,  life,  vigor,  energy. 

Animal  system,  denotes  tile  living  animal  organi- 
zation. 

Anminl  kingdom,  denotes  the  whole  chiss  of  beings 
eri'lnwed  with  animal  hfe  Encijc.     Jvltnsou. 

AN  l-.MAl/er-LAR,    i  a,     PerUaining  to  animalcules. 
AX-l-.MAl/€U-LINE,  (  Lo".  Rev. 

AN-I-i\lAli'CUl*E,  n.     [L.  animalculuiii,  anhnalcuta.] 

A  little  animal ;  but  appropriately,  an  aiiim!il 
whose  figure  can  not  be  discerned  without  the  aid 
of  a  magnifying  glass  ;  such  as  are  in\isible  to  the 
naked  eye.  Animulculis  [L.  pi.]  is  also  used. 
AN-I-MAL'en-LIST,  n.  One  versed  in  the  knowl- 
edge of  animalcules.  Keith. 
^VN'I-MAL-FLOW-ER,  n.  In  zoology,  a  name  ap- 
plied to  several  species  of  marine  animals,  {zoophiites^) 
hut  more  es]>ecially  lo  the  .Actinias  or  sea-anenmnes. 
They  are  usually  fixed  to  rocks,  and  appear,  when 
expanded,  like  a  large  ffower,  much  resembling  an 
Aster.  At  the  center  of  the  flower  is  the  mouth  of 
the  animal,  and  around  it  there  are  one  or  more  cir- 
cles of  slender  apjiendages,  called  teiitacltjn,  corre- 
sponding i?i  position  to  the  petals  of  the  .Aster.  The 
colors  of  these  animal  flowers  are  often  of  singular 
beauty.  They  are  also  called  pohrp<,  and  are  iden- 
tical in  struclnre  with  a  large  part  of  coral  animals. 

The  other  marine  animals,  to  which  the  term  ani- 
mal'Jloirer  is  al>o  extended,  belong  to  the  Hololhu- 
rias,  which,  with  the  Actinias,  were  nniged  niiiler 
the  Mollusca,  bv  Eitiua:us  ;  and  to  the  Tubularias, 
Pertularias,  Hydras,  and  Alegouia,  which  were 
classed  with  the  zoophytes.  They  are  all  arronged 
under  tli:^  zoophytes  bv  Cuvier.  Cpr. 

AN'I-MAE-ISII,  a.    Like  an  animal.  Cud:rflr.'Jt. 

AN'I-MAL-JSM,  71.  The  slate  of  mere  animals,  actu- 
ated by  sensual  appetites  only,  without  intellectual 
or  moral  qualities.  BcecAcr. 

AN-I-MAL'I-TY,  71.     Animal  existence. 
AN-I-MAL-I-Za'T10X,  71.     The  act  of  giving  animal 
life,  or  endowing  with  the  properties  of  an  animal. 

.Mrd.  Repos 

9.  C  nversion  into  animal  matter,  by  the  processes 
of  assimilation. 


TONE,  B.gLL,  tINITE.— AN"GER,  VI"CI0US e  as  K  ;  0  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


ANI 

AN'I-MAL-TZE,  v.  t.    To  give  animal  life  to ;  to  en- 
dow with  the  properties  of  animals. 
2.  To  convert  into  animal  matter. 

AN'I-MAL-TZ-/CD  pp.    Endowed  u-ith  animal  life. 

A.N'I-.MAl.-IZ-ING,  pyr.    (living  animal  life  to. 

AN'I-MAL-.^iAG'NET-fSM,  «.  A  supposed  agent  of 
a  peruliar  and  mysterious  nature,  said  to  have  a  pow- 
erful intluence  on  the  patient  when  acted  upon  by 
contact  or  voluntarj-  emotion,  on  the  part  of  Iho  op- 
erator.    See  MesMEBrsM. 

AN'I-MAL-XESS,  w.    The  state  of  animal  existence. 

AN'I-MaTE,  v.  t.     [L.  animo.    See  Animal.] 

1.  To  give  natural  life  toj  to  quicken;  to  make 
alive  ;  as,  the  sou!  animates  the  body. 

2.  To  give  powers  to,  or  to  heighten  the  powers  or 
effect  of  a  thing  ;  as,  to  animate  a  lyre. 

3.  To  give  spirit  or  vigor;  to  infuse  courage,  joy, 
or  other  enlivening  passion  ;  to  stimulate  or  incite; 
as,  to  animate  dispirited  troops. 

A^'I-MATE,  a.     Alive ;  possessing  animal  life. 

Jliltmi. 
[Thi^  word  is  used  chiefiij  in  poetry  for  Ammated.] 

.•\N'I-31a-TED,  pp.  or  a.  Being  endowed  wilh  animal 
life;  as  the  various  classes  of  animatnl  beings. 

2.  a.  Lively;  vigorous;  full  of  spirit ;  indicating 
animation  ;  as,  an  animated  discourse. 

AX'I-i\lA-TING,  ppr.  Giving  life ;  infusing  spirit ;  en- 
livening. 

AN'1-Ma-TING-LY,  adv.  So  as  to  animate  or  excite 
feeling. 

AN-I-MA'TrON,n.  Tlie  act  of  infusing  life ;  the  state 
of  being  animated. 

9.  The  state  of  being  lively,  brisk,  or  full  of  spirit 
and  vigor;  as,  he  recited  the  story  with  great  ani~ 
vmtunu 

AN'I-iViA-TIVE,  a.  That  has  the  power  of  giving  life 
or  spirit.  Johnson. 

AN'I-M.vTOR,  71.  One  that  gives  life;  that  which 
infuses  life  or  spirit. 

AN'IiM-E,  «.  [Fr.]  In  heraldry,  a  tenn  denoting  that 
the  eyes  of  a  rapacious  animal  are  borne  of  a  dif- 
ferent tincture  from  tlie  animal  itself. 

.■\N'I.M-E,  H.  [Sp.]  A  resin  extiding  from  the  stem 
of  a  large  American  tree,  (a  species  of  Ilymentea,) 
called  by  the  natives  courbarU :  by  Piso,  jefa*&a.  It 
is  of  a  transparent  amber  color,  a  light,  agreeable 
smell,  and  of  little  or  no  taste.  It  dissolves  entirely, 
but  not  readily,  in  rectified  spirit  of  wine,  and  is 
used,  like  gum  copal,  as  a  varnish.  Encyc. 

.\N-I-MET'TA,  n.  Among  ecclesiastical  70ritcr;f,  the 
cloth  which  covers  tlic  cup  of  the  eucharist.    Encyc. 

AN'I-MISM,  n.     [L.  anima.) 

The  doctrine  tliat  the  phenomena  of  the  animal 
economy  are  produced  by  the  agency  of  the  soul,  as 
taught  by  Stahl  and  Sauvages  ;  also,  the  doctrine 
that  the  living  phenomena  of  organized  bodies  are 
produced  by  an  actuating  or  vital  principle,  distinct 
from  the  substance  of  those  bodies.  Cyc.  Med. 

AN'I-.MIST,  71.  One  who  maintains  the  doctrine  of 
animism. 

AJ^'I-MO  FC/-JUJ^'DI,  [L.]  In  laic,  with  intent  to 
steal. 

Full  of  spirit ;  hot;  vehement; 


AN-I-M6SE',  fl.  [L.] 

resolute. 
AN-I-iMoSE'NESS,  n 

AN-I-MOS'I-TY, 


Spirit  J  velicmence  of  temper. 
[L.  ammosita.'!  <  Fr.  animosite  i 
from  L.  attimosus,  animated,  courageous,  enraged ; 
from  aniiniLS,  spirit,  mind,  passion.  So  in  Teutonic, 
morf,  mind,  signifies  also  pride,  passion,  anger,  jlni- 
jnus,  spirit,  Gr.  uvtpn^j  wind,  breath,  is  from  flowing, 
swelling,  rushing,  which  gives  the  sense  of  violent 
action  and  passion.     See  Animal.] 

Vi()lent  hatred,  leading  to  active  opposition  ;  active 
enmity.  Amiuo^-ity  dillers  from  enmity,  which  may 
be  secret  and  inactive  ;  and  it  expresses  a  loss  crim- 
inal passion  than  malice.  .Animosity  seeks  to  gain  a 
cause  or  destroy  an  enemy  or  rival,  from  hatred  or 
private  interest ;  malice  seeks  revenge  fur  the  sake  of 
giving  pain. 

A-i\"lN'"'GA,  n.    A  root  growing  in  the  West  Indies, 
like  the  China  plant,  used  in  refining  sugar. 

Encyc. 

AN'I-ON,  n.    [Gr.  ava,  upward,  and  lan/,  going.] 

The  same  as  e/cctrw-ncwai/tJf  element,  or  the  element 
which,  in  electro-chemical  decompositions,  is  evolved 
from  its  combinations  at  that  surface  by  which  the 
electric  current  enters  the  electrolyte;  opposed  to 
cation. 

AN'ISE.  fan'nis,)  v.      [L.  anisufn;   Gr.  avi^ov,  Ar. 
amison.    Cast.  1G19.] 

An  annual  plant,  placed  by  Linnaus  under  the 
genus  Pimpinella.  It  grows  naturally  in  Egypt,  and 
is  cultivated  in  Spain  ami  Malta,  whence  llie  seeds 
are  imported.  Tlie  stalk  rises  a  foot  and  a  half  high, 
dividing  into  slender  branches,  garnished  with  nar- 
row leaves,  cut  into  three  or  four  narrow  segments. 
The  branches  terminate  in  large,  loose  umbels,  com- 
posed of  smaller  umbels  or  rays,  on  long  footstalks. 
The  flowers  are  small,  and  of  a  yellowish  white ; 
the  seeds  oblong  and  swelling.  Anise-seeds  have  an 
aromatic  smell,  and  a  pleasant,  warm  taste  ;  they  are 
useful  in  warming  the  stomach  and  expelling  wind. 
Encyc.     llicoph.  lib.  7.  3.     Pirn.  20.  17. 

AN'ISE-SEED,  n.    The  seed  of  anise. 


ANN 

AN-IS-ETTE',  71.  A  cordial  llavorcd  with  anise-seed. 

ANK'EU,  71.    [Dutch.] 

A  measure  of  Avinc  ami  spirits,  (particularly  the 
latter,)  formerly  used  in  England,  and  containing  ten 
wine  gallons.  P.  Cyc. 

ANK'i:ii-ITE,  n.  A  mineral  consisting  of  the  car- 
bonates of  lime,  magnesia,  and  iron.  It  resembles 
carbonate  of  lime  in  color  and  crystalline  structure, 
but  turns  brown  on  exposure,  owing  to  the  iron  it 
contains. 

ANK'LE,  (ank'l,)  ??.    [Sax.  nnclcow;  D.  enkel.'} 
The  joint  which  connects  the  foot  with  the  leg. 

ANK'IvE-UoNE,  n.  The  bone  of  the  ankle;  the 
astnigalus. 

AI^K'LET,  71.  A  little  ankle;  an  ornament  for  the 
ankle. 

AN'LACE,  77.    A  short  dagger  shaped  like  a  scjthe. 

[Obs.] 

ANN,         )  71.    In  Scotch  law,  the  right  of  the  executor 

AN'NAT,  \  of  a  deceased  clergj'man  to  a  half-year's 
revenue  of  his  benefice.  Ed.  Encyc. 

AN'NAL,  n.  In  tlic  Roman  Catholic  church,  a.  mass  said 
for  any  person  every  day  during  the  year,  or  a  mass 
said  on  a  particular  day  'every  year.  P.  Cyc. 

AN'NAL-IST,  71.     [See  Annals.] 

A  writer  of  annals.  Encyc. 

AN'NAL-iZE,  V.  t.    To  record ;  to  write  annals. 

\_JVot  much  used.] 

AN'NALS,  71.  pi.  [L.  annales,  annalis,  from  annus,  a 
year,  the  root  of  which  may-  be  the  Celtic  an,  ain, 
a  great  circle.  Varro  says  the  word  uHTuts  signifies  a 
great  circle.] 

1.  A  species  of  history  digested  in  order  of  time, 
or  a  relation  of  events  in  chronological  order,  each 
event  being  recorded  under  tlie  year  in  which  it 
happened.  Annals  differ  from  history,  in  merely 
relating  events,  without  observations  on  the  motives, 
causes,  and  consequences,  which,  in  history,  aie 
more  diffusively  illustrated. 

2.  The  books  containing  annals ;  as,  the  .Annals  of 
Tacitus. 

AN'NATS,  71.  pi.     [L.  annus.] 

A  year's  income  of  a  spiritual  living ;  tlie  first  fruits, 
originally  given  to  the  pope,  upon  iho  decease  of  a 
bisliop,  ablint,  or  parisli  clerk,  and  paid  by  his  suc- 
cessor. In  England,  they  were,  at  the  reformation, 
vested  in  the  king,  and  in  the  reign  of  Q,ueen  Anne, 
restored  to  the  church,  and  vested  in  trustees  to  form 
a  fund  for  the  augmentation  of  poor  livings,  com- 
monly called  Q.ueen  Anne's  bounty.  Encyc. 

AN-NeAL',  v.  L  [Sax.  anirlan,  on-alaii,  to  kindle  or 
inflame,  to  heat ;  from  i^tan,  to  kindle,  to  heat,  or 
bake,  and  to  anoint  with  oil.  Sax.  (sL,  oil.  Hence 
it  may  be  inferred,  that  oil  is  named  from  inflaming, 
or  burning.] 

To  heat;  to  heat  and  cool  slowly,  as  glass,  cast- 
iron  or  other  metals,  for  the  purpose  of  rendering  them 
less  brittle,  vulgarly  called  ncaling:  This  is  done 
by  heating  the  glass  or  metal  nearly  to  fluidity,  and 
then  suffering  it  to  roo!  gradually.  Metals  made 
hard  and  brittle  by  hammering,  by  a  similar  pro- 
cess, recover  their  malleability.  Johnson.  Tlie  word 
has  also  been  applied  to  the  heating  of  glass  to  fix 
colors,  and  to  the  baking  of  tiles.    Bailey.    Encyc. 

AN-Ni5AL'£D,  pp.  or  a.  Heated;  tempered;  made 
malleable  and  less  brittle  by  heat. 

AN-NeAL'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Heating;  tempering  by 
lieat^ 

AN-NeAL'ING,  n.  The  process  of  applying  heat  for 
the  purpose  of  removing  brittleness  or  increasing 
ductility. 

AN'i\E-LID,  (  r[L.  amieUus,  a    little  ring, 

AN-NEL'I-DAN,  i  "■      J      and     Gr.    n^o^,    form.] 

AN-NEL'I-DA,      i        .]      Tenns  applied  to  a  divis- 

AN-NEI^La'TA,  "*^  •  t  ion  of  the  artimlata,  or 
articulate  animals,  characterized  by  an  elongated 
body,  formed  of  numerous  rings  or  annular  seg- 
ments, including  the  earth-worm  and  various  other 
animals. 

AN-NECT'ANT,  a.    Connecting;  annexing. 

AN-NEX',  V.  t.  [L.  annccU),  anncxum;  Fr.  anitcxer; 
of  ad  and  ifccto,  to  tie,  or  connect.] 

1.  To  imite  at  the  end  ;  as,  to  aTiTiej:  a  codicil  to  a 
will.    To  subjoin  ;  to  affix. 

9.  To  unite,  as  a  smaller  thing  to  a  greater;  as,  to 
annex  a  province  to  a  kingdom. 

3.  To  unite  to  something  preceding,  as  the  main 
object ;  to  connect  with  ;  as,  to  aiincz  a  penalty  to  a 
prohibition,  or  punishment  to  guilt. 

AN-NEX',  V.  i.    To  join  ;  to  be  united.  Toolie. 

AN-NEX',  n.    Something  annexed. 

AN-NEX-a'TIOX,h.  Theactof  annexing,  or  uniting 
at  the  end;  conjunction;  addition;  the  act  of  con- 
necting ;  union.  In  Eit-rlish  laio,  the  uniting  of  lands 
or  rents  to  the  crown. 

AN-NEX'£D,  (an-next',)  pp.  Joined  at  the  end  ;  con- 
nected witli ;  affixed. 

AN-NEX'ING,  ppr.     Uniting  at  the  end ;  affixing. 

AN-NEX'ION,  n.  The  act  of  annexing;  annexation  ; 
addition.     [Little  used.] 

^VN-NEX'MENT,  ti.  The  act  of  annexing;  the  thing 
annexed.  Sliak. 

AN-NT'HI-LA-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  annihilated. 

AN-NI'HI-LaTE,  v.  t.     [t.  ad  and  nUiiium,  a  trifle.] 


ANN 

1.  To  reduce  to  nothing ;  to  destroy  the  existence 
of;  as,  no  human  power  can  annihilate  matter. 

2.  To  destroy  the  form  or  peculiar  distinctive  proji- 
erties,  so  that  the  specific  thing  no  longer  exists; 
ns,  to  annihilate  a  I'orest  by  cutting  and  carr\ang  away 
tli;^  trees,  tliougli  the  timber  may  still  exist;  to  anni- 
hilate a  house  by  demolishing  the  structure. 

AN-NT'HI-LATK,  a.    Annihilated.  Smith. 

AN-NI'lil-LA-TEU,  pp.  Reduced  to  nothing;  de- 
stroyed. 

AN-NI'HI-La-TING,  ppr.  Reducing  to  nothing; 
destroying  the  specific  form  of. 

AN-NI-HI-La'TION,  n.  The  act  of  reducing  to  noth- 
ing, or  non-existence ;  or  tJie  act  of  destroying  the 
form  or  combination  of  parts  under  which  a  thing 
exists,  so  that  the  name  can  no  longer  be  applied  to  ii  ; 
as,  the  annihilation  of  a  corporation. 
9.  The  state  of  being  reduced  to  nothing. 

AN-NI-VEKS'.\-RI-LY,  adv.     Annually.  llaU, 

AN-NI-VERS'A-RY,  a.  [L.  aiimnersariuSy  Of  annus, 
year,  and  vrrto,  to  turn.] 

Returning  with  the  year,  at  a  stated  time ;  annual ; 
yearly  ;  as,  an  annincrsary  feast. 

Anniversary  days,  in  the  Roman  Catholic  church,  are 
the  days  in  which  an  office  is  yearly  performed  for 
the  souls  of  the  deceased,  or  in  which  the  martyrdom 
of  the  saints  is  vearly  celebrated.  P.  Cue. 

AN-NI-VERS'A-RY,  7?.  A  stated  day  returning  with 
the  revolution  of  the  year.  The  term  is  applied  to  a 
day  on  which  some  remarkable  event  is  annually 
celebrated,  or  a  day  on  which  an  interesting  event  is 
commemorated  by  solemnities  of  religion,  or  exhibi- 
tions of  respect.  In  the  Roman  Catliolic  chnrch,  an  of- 
iice  yearly  performed  for  the  souls  of  the  deceased. 

2.  The  act  of  celebration  ;  performance  in  honor 
of  an  event.  Drijdcn. 

AN'NI-VERSE,  7t.    Anniversary.  [.ViX  Twe^/.]  Dryden. 

JiJsr'J^O  DOJ\ri-A%  [L.]  in  the  year  of  our  Lord, 
noting  the  time  from  our  Savior's  incarnation ;  as, 
Anno  Domini,  or  A.  D.  1800. 

Ttiis  was  written  Anno  Domini  1809,  and  rcvisoil  A.  D.  1S25 
and  1827.  W. 

AN-NOM-IN-a'TION,  u,  [L.  ad  and  nominatio,  from 
nomina,  to  name,  from  nomcn.] 

1.  A  pun  ;  the  use  of  %vords  nearly  alike  in  sound, 
but  of  different  meanings ;  a  paronomasia.   Encyc. 

2.  Alliteration,  or  the  use  of  two  or  more  words 
successively  beginning  with  the  same  letter. 

TyricUitt. 
AJVJVO  MUJ^T'DT,  [L.]    In  the  year  of  the  world. 
AN-No'NA,  77..     [L.  anrwmi,  from  anntut,  a  year.]   A 
year's  production  or  increase  ;  hence,  provisions. 

2.  In  tJip  Roman  empire,  a  contribution  or  lax,  paya- 
ble in  corn,  imposed  on  some  of  the  more  fertile 
provinces.  Brandc. 

AN'NO-TaTE,  v.  i.    [L.  annoto.] 

To  comment ;  to  make  remarks  on  a  writing. 

taUcr. 
AN-NO-Ta'TION,  n.    [L.  annotatio,  of  arf  and  notatio, 
a  marlcing,  from  noto,  to  mark,  or  nota,  a  mark.] 

1.  A  reioark,  note,  or  commentary  on  some  passage 
of  a  book,  intended  to  illustrate  its  meaning  ;  gener- 
ally used  in  the  plural ;  as,  annotations  on  the  Scrij*- 
tures. 

2.  The  first  symptoms  of  a  fever,  ot  attack  of 
a  pai'oxTsm.  Coze. 

AN'NO-Ta-TOR,  77.  A  writer  of  notes  ;  a  commen- 
tator, a  scholiast ;  one  who  writes  notes  to  illustrate 
the  com|>usition  of  an  author. 

AN-No'T.\-TO-RY,  a.    Containing  annotations. 

AN-NOT'TO.    See  A^-otta. 

AN-NOUNCE',  (an-nouns',)  y.  L  [Fr.  annoncer^  It, 
anminziare;  L.  annun^io,  to  deliver  a  message,  of  ad 
and  nmicio,  to  it-ll,  from  nuncius,  a  messenger.] 

1.  To  publish  ;  to  proclaim  ;  to  give  notice,  or  first 
notice  ;  as,  the  birth  of  Christ  was  annonuced  by  an 
angel. 

2.  To  pronounce  ;  to  declare  by  judicial  sentence. 

Prior. 

AN-NOUN^C£D,  (an-nounst',)  pp.  rroclaimcd ;  first 
published. 

AN-NOUNCE'MENT,  (an-nouns'm-.-nt,)  v.  TI^,-  act 
of  giving  notice  ;  proclamation  ;  publication. 

AN-NOUN'CEH,  7(.  One  that  announces,  or  fir.st 
gives  notice  ;  a  proclaimer. 

AN-NOUN'CING,  ppr.  Introducing  notice ;  first  pub- 
lishing ;  proclaiming. 

AN-NOY',  v.  t.  [Norm,  annoycr,  from  nenre,7imre,  to 
limt ;  Fr.jiuire}  it.  mioccrc}  from  li.noceo,tQ  hurt, 

that  is,  to  strike ;  Syr.  {.^J,  Ar.  Ijo  naka,  to  strike, 

to  hurt ;  Heb.  and  Ch.  n^:,  to  strike.  Hence,  proba- 
bly, L.  vcco,  to  kill.  See  Ncisanci:  and  Noxious.] 
To  incommode;  to  injure  or  disturb  by  continued 
or  repealed  acts  ;  to  tease,  vex,  or  molest ;  as,  to  annny 
an  army,  by  impeding  their  march,  or  by  a  continued 
cannonade. 

AN-NOY',  n.  Injury  or  molestation  from  continued 
acts  or  inconvenience.  Shah.    Bcattjc. 

AN-NOY' ANCE,  71.  That  which  annoys  or  injures  ; 
the  act  of  annoying  ;  the  state  of  being  annoyed.  It 
includes  something  more  than  inconvenience. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— M£TE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOQK.- 


50 


ANN 


ANO 


AN-NOY'£D,  pp.  Incommoded,  injured,  or  molested 
by  somelluug  that  is  continued  or  rei>eated. 

AN-XOV'ER,  n.     One  that  r.nnoys. 

AN-NOY'FIJL,  a.  Giving  trouble;  incommoding; 
molesting."  [.Votuscd.]     Chaucer. 

AN-XOV'ING,  ppr.  Incommoding ;  hurting ;  mo- 
lesting. 

AN-NOV'OUS,  a.   Troublesome.   lJ>rot  used.]  Cliaiiccr. 

AN'NU-AI>,  a.  [Fr.  annuel;  Sp,  anual;  It.  annuale; 
L.  annuUsy  from  anmu^y  a  year;  Gr.  tioj,  ewoi ; 
Sans,  a/irfa.] 

1.  Yearly  :  that  returns  ever\'  year ;  coming  yearly ; 
as,  an  annual  feast. 

'2.  Lasting  or  continuing  only  one  year  or  season; 
tliat  requires  to  be  renewed  every  year;  as,  an 
annual  plant.  Leares  that  grow  in  the  spring,  and 
perish  in  tiie  autumn,  are  called  annual,  in  opposi- 
tion to  ecerirreen. 

3.  Performed  in  a  year;  as,  the  annual  motion  of 
the  earth. 

AN'-VU-AL,  71.  A  small  book  published  yearly,  con- 
taining select  compositions  and  elegant  engravings. 

Ars''.\U-AL,  n.  A  plant  that  lives  but  one  year,  or 
rather  but  one  summer.  Jilartjjn. 

AN'NTJ-AI^LY,  adc.  Y'early  ;  returning  everj-  year  ; 
year  by  veiu-. 

A\'NU-A-RY,  a.    Annual.  [Obs.]    J.  Hall 

AN-NO'I-TA\T,  71.     [See  ANNUiTYrj 

One  who  receives,  or  is  entitled  to  receive,  an 
annuitj-. 

AN-NU'I-TY,  71.  [Fr.  annuite,  from  annas,  a  year. 
See  AvscAu] 

A  sum  of  money,  payable  yearly,  to  continue  for  a 
given  number  of  years,  for  liie  or  forever;  an  annu- 
al income  charged  on  the  person  of  the  grantor  ;  or 
an  annual  allowance.  (Jovemmeuts  often  borrow 
money  upon  annuities ;  that  is,  for  a  certain  sura 
advanced  on  loan,  the  government  contracts  to  pay 
the  lender  a  specific  sum,  for  life,  or  for  a  term  of 
years.  The  slock  created  by  such  loans  is  trans- 
ferable. 

AN-NUL',  V.  U  [Ft.  aTtntdlert  of  L.  ad  nullum ,  to 
nothing.] 

1.  To  maJce  void ;  to  nullify ;  to  abrogate ;  to 
abolish  ;  used  appropriately  of  laws,  decrees,  edicts, 
decisions  of  courts,  or  other  estabhshed  rules,  perma- 
nent usages,  and  the  like,  which  are  made  void  by 
competent  authority. 

2.  To  reduce  to  nothing;  to  obliterate.  {JVot  in 
much  use,]  Milton. 

AX'NTJ-LAR,  a.  [L.  annvlus,  a  ring,  from  Celtic  ain, 
a  circle,  and  m,  young,  small ;  anvuhis,  a  little 
circle.] 
Havmg  the  form  of  a  ring ;  pertaining  to  a  ring. 
Jinnular  crystal  is  when  ahexahedrai  prism  has  sis, 
or  an  octahedral  prism  eight  marginal  faces,  dis- 
posed in  a  ring  about  each  base ;  or  when  these 
prisms  are  tnincated  on  all  llielr  terminal  edges. 

Cleaveland, 
Annular  eclipse,  an  eclipse  of  the  sun,  in  which  the 
moon  conceals  tiie  whole  of  the  sun's  disc,  except  a 
bright  ring  around  the  border.  Brande. 

AX'NU-LA-RY,  a.    Havmg  the  form  of  a  ring.    Ray. 

A^''NU-LATE,     \  a.    Furnished  with  rings,  or  cir- 

AN'NU-La-TE1D,  (  cles  like  rings;  having  belts; 
surrounded  by  rings. 

AN-NU-La'T10X,  7j.  a  curcular  or  ring-like  for- 
mation ;  a  ring  or  belt. 

AN'NU-LET,  n.     [L.  annulus,  a  ring.] 

In  architecture,  a  small  square  member  in  the  Doric 
capital,  under  the  quarter  round  ;  also,  a  narrow,  flat 
molding,  which  is  common  to  many  parts  of  columns, 
as  in  the  bases  or  capitals ;  called  also  a  fillet,  a 
listil  or  cincture,  or  a  list,  timea,  eyebrow,  or  square 
rabbet.  Enajc 

In  heraldry,  a  little  circle,  borne  as  a  charge  in 
coats  of  arras;  formerly  reputed  a  mark  of  nobility 
and  jurisdiction;  it  being  the  custom  of  prelates  to 
receive  their  investiture  per  hacuJum  et  aanulum,  by 
staff  and  ring.  It  denotes  also  strength  and  eternity, 
by  its  circular  form.  Among  tJie  Romans,  it  repre- 
sented liberty  and  distinctio'n  of  rank.  It  denotes 
also  a  difference,  or  mark  of  distinction,  which  the 
fifth  brother  of  a  family  ought  to  hear  in  his  coat 
of  arms.  Encyc.  Joknso7i. 

AS-yWLED,pp.    Made  void  ;  abrogated. 

AX-NUL'LI\G, ppr.     Abrogating;  abolishing. 

AN'--NX'L'ME-\T,  n.    The  act  of  annulling. 

AN'NU-LoSE,  a.  [L.  annulus.]  Furnished  with 
rings ;  composed  ofrings. 

'Che  Jinn ulose  animals  [L.  annulosa]  are  the  same 
as  the  articulate  animals,  or  Jiritculata.  Partington. 

AN-N'u'ME-KaTE,  f.  t.  [L.  anjiU77K.ro,  of  ad  and 
nuj7iero,  to  number,  from  numerus,  number ;  W. 
nivcr;  Ir.  nuiver  or  nuimher.    See  Numser.] 

To  add  to  a  former  number;  to  unite  to  something 
before  mentioned.  Johnson. 

AN-NU-ME-Ra'TION,  71.  Addition  to  a  former 
number. 

AN-.NUN'CIaTE,  v.  t.     [See  AxrrouscE.] 

To  bring  tjdings  ;  to  announce.  Chaucer. 

AN-NUN-CI-a'TION,  7i.  An  announcing  ;  the  tidings 
brought  by  the  angel  to  Mary,  of  the  incarnation  of 
Christ.    Also,  the  day  celebrated  by  the  church,  in 


memorv  of  the  angel's  salutation  of  the  blessed 
Virgin,'  wliich  is  tlie  lioth  of  March.  Tlie  Jews  give 
tlie  title  to  a  part  of  the  ceremony  of  the  passover. 

Encyc. 
9.  Proclamation ;  promulgation. 

AN-XUN-CI-A'TOR,  n.  One  who  announces;  an 
officer  in  the  church  of  Constantinople,  whose  busi- 
ness was  to  infonn  the  people  of  the  festivals  which 
were  to  be  celebrated.  Enajc. 

AN'ODE,  jr.  [Gr.  am,  ui)ward,  and  oJoy,  way.]  In 
electro-chemistry,  the  way  by  which  the  electric  cur- 
rent enters  substances  through  which  it  passes,  or  tlie 
surface  at  which  the  electric  current  enters  the  electro- 
lyte ;  opposed  to  cathode,  and  equivalentlo  ponitivepolc 

AN'O-D^'NE,  71,    [Gr.  a  or  au  priv.  and  oSvfJij  pain.] 
Any  medicine  which  allays  pain,  as  an  opiate,  par- 
egoric, or  narcotic.  Coze. 

.1N"'0-D5NE,  a.    Assuaging  pain. 

.■VN'0-D?-N0US,  a.  Having  the  qualiries  of  an  ano- 
dyne. Coles. 

A-NOINT',  V.  U  [Fr.  oindre,  part,  oint ;  Sp.  untar,  to 
anoint ;  L.  ungo  ;  Sp.  ungir ;  It.  ungere,  or  ugTiere.] 

1.  To  pour  oil  upon  ;  to  smear  or  rub  over  with  oil 
or  unctuous  substances  ;  also  to  spread  over,  as  oil. 
\Vc  say,  the  man  anoints  another,  or  the  oil  anoints 
him. 

2.  To  consecrate  by  unction,  or  the  use  of  oil. 

Thou  slull  anoiiU  the  ollar  and  saucdfy  iL  — Ex.  xxix. 

3.  To  smear  or  daub. 

He  anoinud  Uie  eyes  of  the  blind  man  with  day. — John  ix. 

4.  To  prepare,  in  allusion  to  the  consecrating  use 
of  oil. 

jlnoinrihe  shield. — Isaiah  xxL 

To  anoint  the  head  with  oil,  Ps.  ssiii.  seems  to  sig- 
nify to  communicate  the  consolations  of  the  Holy 
Spirit. 

The  use  of  oil  in  consecrations  was  of  high  anti- 
quity. Ivings,  prophets,  and  priests  were  set  apart  or 
consecrated  to  their  offices  by  the  use  of  oil.  Hence 
the  peculiar  application  of  the  term  anointed  to  Jesus 
Christ. 

A-NOINT'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Smeared  or  rubbed  with  oil ; 
set  apart  ;  consecrated  with  oil. 

A-NOINT'ED,  n.  The  Messiah,  or  Son  of  God,  con- 
secrated to  the  great  office  of  Redeemer ;  called 
the  Lord^s  anointed.  Cyrus  is  also  called  the  Lord's 
anointed.     Isaiali  xlv. 

A-NOINT'ER,  7J.    One  who  anoints. 

A-NOINT'ING,  ppr.  Smearing  with  oil ;  pouring  on 
oil,  or  other  oleaginous  substance  ;  consecrating. 

A-NOINT'ING,  7u  The  act  of  smearing  with  oil ;  a 
consecrating. 

A-NOINT'MENT,  n.  The  act  of  anointing,  or  state 
of  being  anointed. 

A-N0M'AL-IS3l,  71.  An  anomaly  ;  a  deviation  from 
rule. 

A-NOM-A-LIST'ie,         \  a.       Irregular ;      departing 

A-NOM-A-LIST'ie-AL,  J  from  common  or  estab- 
lished rules. 

In  astronomy,  the  anomalistic  or  periodical  year  is 
the  time  in  which  the  earth  passes  through  its  orbit, 
which  is  longer  than  the  tropical  year  on  account  of 
the  precession  of  the  equinoses. 

A-N0M'A-L0U3,  a.  Irregular ;  deviating  from  a  gen- 
eral rule,  method,  or  analogj- ;  applied,  in  grammar, 
to  words  which  deviate  from  th*j  common  rules  in 
inflection  ;  and  in  astronomy,  to  the  seemingly  irreg- 
ular motions  of  the  planets  ;  but  applied  also  gener- 
ally to  whatever  is  irregular;  as,  an  anomalous  char- 
acter ;  anomalous  pronunciation. 

A-NOM'A-LOUS-LY,  cdu.  Irregularly ;  in  a  manner 
diflerent  from  common  rule,  method,  or  analogy. 

A-NOM'A-LY,  71.  [Fr.  anomalie  ;  Sp.  anomalia ;  Gr. 
nvojjtaXta,  inequality,  of  a  priv.  and  6/iaAos,  equal, 
similar;  Celtic,  W.  hama  or  liaval;  Ir.  amitail,  sim- 
ilar.] 

1.  Irregularity ;  deviation  from  the  common  rule ; 
thus  ozen,  the  plural  of  or,  is  an  cnovmly  in  gram- 
mar, as  the  regular  plural  would  be  ozes. 

2.  In  astronomy,  the  angular  distance  of  a  planet 
from  its  perihelion,  as  seen  from  the  sun  ;  cither  true, 
mean,  or  eccentric.  Encyc. 

3.  In  ;Hit>Tc,  a  small  deviation  from  a  perfect  inter- 
val, in  tuning  iustrmncnts  with  fixed  notes  ;  a  tem- 
perament. Ed.  Encifc. 

AN-O-MCE'.VXS,  n.  pi.    [Gr.  avottotos,  dissimilar."] 
In  church  history,  the  pure  Arians,  as  distinguished 
from  the  Somi-Arians.    They  held  the  Son  to  be 
unlike  the  Father  in  his  essential  nature.      Enajc 
A-NoTill-.A,  71.     [Gr.  avofna  ;  a  priv.  and  vopoi,  rule.] 
A  genus  of  bivalve  shells,  so  called  from  their  un- 
cijual  valves ;  the  beaked  cockle. 
AN'0-MITE,  71.    A  fossil  shell  of  the  genus  Anemia. 

Jameson. 
AN'O-MY,  71.    [Gr.  ai-oftia.] 

A  violation  of  law.  [Rarely  used,]  Bramhall. 
A-NON'.  adv.  [Sax.  on  (iti,  in  one;  not,  as  Junius 
supposes,  in  one  minute,  but  in  continuation,  without 
inttirmission  ;  applied  originally  to  extension  in  meas- 
ure, and  then  to  time  by  analog)-.  *'  And  ssdon 
that  hi  sa^gon  on  north-east,  fir  micel  and  brad  with 
thone  earthe  and  wcax  on  lengthe  up  an  on  to  tham 
wolcnc."    Sax.  Chron.  A.  D.  1022.    And  they  said 


ANS 

that  they  saw  in  the  north-oa.'n  a  great  fire  and 
broad,  near  the  earth,  and  it  increu-sed  in  length  m 
continuation  to  the  cloud.-.    See  also  An.  Doin.  1157  ] 

1.  Quickly ;  without  intermission  ;  soon  ;  imme- 
diately. 

The  siitie  U  h^  Uinl  h-arrth  the  «-onl,  and  anon  with  Joy  receir- 
eth  it.  —  Malt.  xiii. 

2.  Sometimes  ;  now  and  then  ;  at  other  limes ;  ac- 
companied with  eticr,  ever  and  anon. 

A-NON'Y-.AIOUS,  c.     [F'r.  anonyme  i  L.  anonymas  ;  Cr. 
avtin/vfioi;,  of  a  priv.  and  uvopa,  name.    See  Niwr..] 
Nameless;    wanting  a  name;   without  the  real 
name  of  the  author;  as,  an  anonymous  pamphlet. 
A-NON'Y-MOUS-LY,  adv.    Without  a  name. 
AN-O-PLO-THe'RI-UM,  n.   [Gr,  av  neg.,  'o~\ov,  anns, 
and  Qftpiov,  a  beast.] 

The  name  given  by  Cuvier  to  a  genus  of  extinct 
quadrupeds  of  the  order  Pachydermata,  whose  bonns 
were  first  found  in  the  g^-p^um  quarries  near  Pari:^ ; 
characterized  by  the  shortness  and  feebleness  of  tUeir 
canine  teeth,  whence  the  name. 
A-NOP'SY,  n.     [Gr.  av  neg.  and  cjt^,  sight.] 

Want  of  sight ;  invlsion.     [Little  used,]     Broicn. 
AN'0-REX-Y,  71.     [Gr.  a  priv.  and  oy  ^^is,  appetite.] 

Want  of  appetite,  without  a  loathing  of  food.  Coze 
A-NORM'AL,  a.     Not  according  to  rule  ;  abnoniial. 
A-NOR'THITE,  n.     A  species  of  mmeral  of  ilie  feld- 
spar family,  occurring  in  small  glassy  crj'Stals.    It 
has  been  found  only  in  lavas. 
AN-OTH'ER,  (an-uth'er,)  a.  [an,  or  one,  and  cthn-.] 
1,  Not  the  same  ;  different ;  as,  we  have  one  fonu 
of  government ;  France,  another. 

9.  One  more,  in  addition  to  a  former  number,  in- 
definitely ;  as,  grant  one  request,  they  will  ask  lu- 
otlicr  favor,  anoVier,  and  anotker. 

3.  Any  other;  any  different  person,  indefinitely  ; 
as,"  Let  anotAcr  praise  thee,  and  not  thy  own  moutii.-' 
This  word  is  often  used  without  a  noun,  bLrcoining  a 
substitute  for  the  name  of  a  person  or  tiling ;  ;is  in 
the  last  example.  It  is  also  much  used  in  opjwsition 
to  one,  as  in  the  first  and  second  passages  cited.  It 
is  also  frequently  used  with  one,  in  a  reciprocal  sense ; 
as,  "Love  one  another;"  "Bear  one  another's  bur- 
dens ;  "  that  is,  love  one,  or  let  one  love  another. 

AN-OTH-EK-GaINES,  flf/f.    Of  another  kind.    [Ohs.] 

Sidney. 
AN-OTH'ER-GaTES,  adv.    Of  another  sort.    [  Obs.] 

Sanderson. 
AN-OTH'ER-GUlSE,  a.  [another  and  Fr.  guise,  way, 
manner  ;  Sax.  wise.    The  Saxon  manner  of  writing 
this  word  would  be  another-wise.] 

Of  a  different  kind ;  different.    This  is  a  vulgar 
word,  and  usually  contracted  into  other-guess. 
A-NOT'TA,  71.    An  elegant  red  coloring  substance, 
obtained  from  the  pulp  of  the  seed-vessel  of  the  Bixa 
Orellana. 
AN'Sa-TED,  a.     I  L.  ansaius,  from  ansa,  a  handle.] 
Having  a  handle  or  handles,  or  something  in  the 
form  of  handles.  Johnson. 

AN'SER,  n.     [L.,  a  goose.] 

1.  In  zoolo^ry^  the  trivial  name  of  the  goose,  [/Inas 
anser,]  whether  tame  or  wild.  The  domestic  goose 
is  the  gray-lag  or  wild-goose,  domesticated. 

9.  In  astronomy,  a  small  star,  in  the  milky  way, 
between  the  swaii  and  eagle.  Encyc 

AN'SER-INE,  a.     [L.  anserinus,  from  anser,  a  goose.] 

1.  Resembling  the  skin  of  a  goose;  uneven;  as,  an 
anserine  skin.  Encyc 

2.  Pertaining  to  the  Anseres. 

AN'SER-KS,  71,  pi.  In  LihnKus's  system,  the  third 
order  of  .^ves  or  birds,  whose  characteristics  are  a 
smooth  bill,  broadest  at  the  point,  covered  wiili  a 
smooth  skin,  and  furnished  with  teetli.  The  tongue 
is  fleshy,  and  the  toes  are  webbed  or  palmated.  It  in- 
cludes ail  the  wehnfooted  water  fowls,  Vtith  legs  and 
feet  adapted  to  swimming. 

AN'SLaIGHT,  n.  [See  Slat.]  An  attack  ;  an  affray. 
[A'bi  in  7Lse.] 

.VN'SWER,  (an'sur,)  r.  t.  [Sax.  andswaricm,  of  anti, 
against,  and  Sax.  A'iraran  or  sicerian  or  siccrigan,  Golh. 
stenran,  to  iwear.  The  primitive  sense  of  sterar  wa-s 
merely  to  speak  or  affinn ;  and  hence,  originiilly, 
oath  was  used  after  it,  to  stccar  an  oath  ;  which  is  not 
a  pleonasm,  as  Lye  supposes,  but  the  primitive  form 
of  expression  retained.  The  sense  of  ansicer  is  an 
opposite,  a  returned  word  or  speech.  Hence  we  ob- 
serve the  Saxon  has  awJtryn/,  oHiiicora,  an  answer; 
Goth,  andaicaurd ;  D.  anttcjord;  Ger.  autirort.] 

1.  To  speak  in  return  to  a  call  or  question,  or  to  a 
speech,  declaration,  or  argument  of  another  person  ; 
as,  "  I  have  called,  and  ye  have  not  an^xerfd.y 
"  He  ansitercd  the  question  or  the  argmnent."  This 
may  be  in  agreement  and  confirmation  of  what  was 
said,  or  in  opposition  to  it. 

2.  To  be  equivalent  to;  to  be  adequate  to,  or  suf- 
ficient to  accomplish  the  object-  "  Money  cisicereih 
all  tilings,"  noting,  primarily,  return. 

3.  To  comply  with,  fulfill,  pay,  or  satisfy ;  as,  he 
GHs-iCcred  mv  order  ;  to  ansuier  a  debt. 

4.  To  act'  in  return,  or  opposition  ;  as,  the  enemy 
answered  our  fire  bv  a  shower  of  grape-shot. 

5.  To  bear  a  due  proportion  to  ;  to  be  equal  or  ad- 
equate ;  to  suit ;  as,  a  weapon  does  not  atisu:er  the 


TtrNE,  BULL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  V1"CI0US.  — €  as  K;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

51 


ANT 

Size  an<l  stn^ncHi  of  the  man  using  it ;  the  success 
(Ions  not  aiLsicer  cur  expectation. 

6.  To  purforin  whiit  w:is  intended  ;  to  accomj)lish  ; 
2S,  the  measure  does  nut  answer  its  end ;  it  does  not 
answer  The  purpose 

7.  To  bi:  opposite  to  ;  to  face  ;  as,  fire  answers  fire. 

8.  To  write  in  reply  ;  to  reply  to  anotlier  writing 
by  way  of  explanation,  refutation,  or  justificatiiiu  ; 
as,  to  answer  a  pjimphlel. 

9.  To  solve,  as  a  proposition  or  problem  in  niath- 
cmaiics. 

This  word  may  be  applied  to  a  great  variety  of  ob- 
jects, expressiuf;:  the  idea  of  a  return;  as  the  notes 
or  sounds  of  birds,  and  other  animals  j  an  erho,  i^c. 

10.  To  respond  to,  or  attend  upon;  as,  an  atten- 
tive servant  instantly  answers  thr  b*.-ll. 

AX't^VVKR,  V,  L  To  reply;  to  speak  by  way  of  re- 
Uirn  ;  as,  there  is  none  to  misiocr.     1  Kings  xviii. 

3.  'J\)  be  accountable,  liablp,  or  responsible ;  fnl- 
iowed  by  to  before  the  person,  and  for  before  tin; 
thing,  for  which  one  is  liable ;  as,  the  ninn  must 
aiiswei-  to  his  employer  fur  liie  money  intrusted  to 
his  care  ;  we  can  not  answer  to  God /or  our  olfenses. 

iJ.  To  vindicate,  or  give  a  justificatory  account  of; 
followed  by  for ;  as,  a  man  can  not  answer  for  his 
friend. 

4.  To  correspond  with;  to  suit  with;  followed 
by  to. 

As  in  wuUt  faco  anaioereOi  to  ft«,  so  Uie  heart  of  man  to  man.  — 
Prov.  xxvii. 

5.  To  act  reciprocally,  as  the  strings  of  an  instru- 
ment to  the  hand.  Drijdm. 

G.  To  stand  as  opposite  or  correlative  ;  as,  alle- 
piance  in  the  subject  onsierrs  to  protection  on  the 
part  of  the  prince  or  govi-rnnient. 

7.  To  return,  as  sound  reverberated  ;  to  echo. 

The  imiBe  seems  lo  fly  awny,  and  ajiswer  At  a.  great  distance. 
Encyc,  art.  Echo. 

8.  To  succeed  ;  to  efi"ect  the  object  intended ;  to 
have  a  good  effect ;  as,  gypsum  answers  as  a  manure 
on  a  dry  soil. 

AN'SWER,  V.  A  reply  ;  that  \vhich  i^^  said,  in  return 
to  a  call,  a  question,  an  arguni^'Ut,  an  allegation,  or 
address. 

A  soft  ansioer  t'lniclli  RWHy  RTnth.  —  Prov. 

1  oilli'il  him,  but  he  gnve  me  i»o  anst':er.  —  Cant.  y. 

2.  An  account  to  be  rendered  to  justice. 

He  will  call  you  to  so  hot  iui  ansicer  ibr  it.  ShnJc. 

3.  In  InWj  a  counter-statement  of  facts,  in  a  course 
of  pleadings  ;  a  confutation  of  wjiat  the  other  party 
has  allpgcd. 

4.  A  writing,  pamplilet,  or  book,  in  reply  to  another. 

5.  A  reverberated  snimd;  an  echo. 

6.  A  return  ;  tliat  which  is  sent  in  const-queuce  of 
some  [letition  ;  as,  a  blessing  is  sent  in  aiuiwer  to 
prayer. 

7.  A  solution,  tlie  result  of  a  mathematical  oper- 
ation. 

8.  The  reply  of  a  legislative  body  or  house  to  an 
address  or  message  of  the  supreme  liiagislvate. 

AN'SWER-A-liLE,  fi.  That  maybe  answered;  that 
to  which  a  reply  may  be  made;  usually  implying 
that  llie  answer  may  he  satisfactory  ;  as,  an  answer- 
able  argument. 

2.  OI)liged  to  give  an  account,  or  lialile  to  be  called 
to  account ;  amenable  ;  responsible  ;  as,  an  agent  is 
answeruhle  in  his  principal. 

3.  Obliged  or  liable  to  pay,  indemnify,  or  make 
good  ;  as,  to  be  answerable  for  a  debt  or  for  damages. 

4.  Conespondent ;  agreeing  with;  in  conformity 
with ;  as,  the  features  expressed  in  a  picture  are 
ansioerabte  to  the  original. 

5.  Suitable  ;  suited  ;  proportionate  ;  as,  an  achieve- 
ment answerable  to  the  preparation  fur  it. 

G.  Equal;  correspondent;  proportionate;  as,  the 
success  is  ansicerabh-  to  my  desires. 

AN'SWER-A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
answerable,  liable,  responsible,  or  correspondent. 

AN'SWER-A-BLY,  adv.  In  due  proportion ;  cone- 
spondence,  or  conformity ;  suitably ;  as,  continents 
have  rivers  answerabhj  larger  than  isles. 

AN'SWER-ii;D,  pp.  Replied  to  ;  fulfilled  :  paid  ;  com- 
plied with  ;  accomplished  ;  solved  ;  confuted. 

AN'SVVEK-ER,  n.  One  who  answers;  he  or  that 
which  makes  a  return  to  what  another  has  spoken  ; 
he  who  writes  an  answer. 

AN'SVVER-ING,  ppr.  Replying  ;  corresponding  to  ; 
fulfilling;  solving;  succeeding;  reverberating;  con- 
futing. 

AN'SWER-JOB'BER,  n.  One  who  makes  a  business 
of  writing  answers.  Swift, 

AN'SVVER-LESS,  a.  That  has  no  answer,  or  that  can 
not  be  answered.  Byron. 

AN'T,  in  old  authors,  is  a  contraction  of  an  it.  that  is, 

_  if  it.    [See  An.] 

aN'T,  in  our  vulgar  dialect,  as  in  the  phrases  I  an^t,  you 
(i/i'r,  he  a/i't,  we  dnH,  &c.,  is  undoubtedly  a  contrac- 
tion of  the  Danish  er,  ercy  the  substantive  verb,  in 
the  present  tense  of  the  indicative  mode,  and  not ;  I 
er-Tio(,  we  ere-not,  he  er-not ;  or  of  the  Swedish  err,  the 
same  verb  ;  infinitive  vara,  to  be.  These  plirases  are 
doubtless  legitimate  remains  of  the  Gothic  dialect. 


ANT 

ANT,  n.  [Sax.  wmct,  emmet,  contracted  intortHt;  Ger. 
anicisc.1 

An  emmet ;  a  pismire.  Ants  constitute  a  genus 
of  in.sects  of  the  order  Hymennptera,  of  wliich  tJie 
characteristics  are,  a  small  scale  between  the  broist 
and  belly,  with  a  joint  so  deep  that  the  animal  ap- 
pears as  if  almost  cut  in  two.  The  femabis,  and  the 
neuter  or  working  ants,  which  have  no  scxua'  t:har- 
acterislics,  are  fiirnishe.i  with  a  hidden  sting;  and 
both  males  and  females  have  wings,  but  the  neuters 
have  none.  These  insects  keep  together  in  com- 
panies, and  maintain  a  sort  of  reimblic.  They  raise 
hillocks  of  earth,  in  which  they  live.  In  these  there 
are  paths,  leading  to  the  repositories  of  their  provis- 
ions. The  large  black  ants,  in  the  warm  climates  of 
America,  to  avoid  the  effects  of  great  rains,  build 
large  nests  on  trees,  of  light  earth,  roundish,  and 
plastered  smatJth.  Ennjc. 

ANT'-BE.\R,      (  n.    Names  appli-.'d  to  a  sptciesnf  a 

ANT'-kAT-ER,  i  genus  of  cpiadrnpc'ds  that  feed  on 
ants,  {M)jrn\ecophaga,  ant-eater).  These  animals 
have  no  teeth,  but  a  snout  or  muzzle,  with  a  lotig 
cylindrical  tomjue.  The  name  ant-bear  is  applied  to 
the  larger  sp.^cies  of  the  genus;  that  of  ant-eater  m 
common  to  all  the  species. 

XNT'-EGGS,  n.  pi.  Little  white  balls  found  in  the  hil- 
locks of  ants,  usually  suppo.sed  to  be  their  eggs,  but 
found,  on  examination,  to  he  the  young  brood  in  their 
first  and  second  state,  particularly  the  latter.  'I'liey 
are  vermiciilcs,  wrapped  in  ft  film,  composed  of  a 
silky  substance  spun  by  themselves,  like  tlie  cocoons 
of  silk-worms.  Encyc. 

ANT'HIIJj,  n.  A  little  tunmlus  or  hillock,  formed  by 
ants,  for  their  habitation. 

AN'TA,  71.  In  ancient  architeeture,  a  square  pillar  at 
the  corner  nf  a  building  ;  a  pilaster;  written  also  anti.: 

ANT-ACID,  n.  [anti  anil  acid.] 

In  medicine,  a  remedy  for  acidity  of  Ilie  stomaili,  as 
an  alkali  or  absorbent. 

ANT-ACID,  n.    Counteractive  of  acidity. 

ANT-AG'RID,  n.  [«H/tand  acrid.] 
That  which  corrects  acrimony. 

AN-T.^G'0-NISM,  n.  Opposition  of  action  ;  counter- 
action of  things  or  principles.     Oood^  H.  ofJ^''uture. 

AN-T.'VG'O-NIST,  n.  [Gr.  uiti,  against,  and  uyon-ia- 
rn^i  n  champion.    See  Act  and  Agonv.] 

1.  One  who  contends  with  another  in  combat ; 
used  primarily  in  tlie  Grecian  games ;  an  adversary. 
5.  An  opponent  in  controversy.  Cauijditil. 

3.  In  anatomy,  a  nuiscle  which  acts  in  oppitsition 
to  another  ;  as  ixjiczor,  which  bend.-i  a  part,  is  the  an- 
ta^nnl^t  of  an  e:  tensor,  ^^■h:ch  extendi  ii. 

AN-TAG'O-NIST,  a.  Counteracting;  opposing  ;  com- 
bating ;  as,  an  nntairov.ist  muscle. 

AN-TAG-O-NlST'ie,  a.  Opposing  in  combat;  con- 
tending against. 

AN-'i'AG'O-NiZE,  L-.  i.  To  contend  against ;  to  act 
in  opposition  ;  to  oppose  in  argument. 

AN-TAG'0-XrZ-I\G,  pi>r.    Acting  in  opposition. 

AN-TAG'O-NY,  n.     Cfputest ;  opposition.        Milton. 

ANT-.\L'0!C,  a.    [Gr.  uiri,  against,  and  a\}  ■'•;,  pain.] 
Alleviating  paui ;  anodyne.     [Little  used.] 

ANT-.'\L'KA-L(,        )  n.      In  medicine,  a  remedy  for 

ANT-AL'KA-LINE,  (  the  purpose  of  neutralizing 
alkali,  or  of  counteracting  an  alkaline  tendency  in 
the  system.  Hooper.     P.  Ciic. 

ANT-AN-A-€La'SIS,  M.  [Gr.  avravuKXaaig,  a  driv- 
ing back.] 

1.  In  rhetoric,  a  figure  which  consists  in  repeating 
the  same  word  in  a  different  sense  ;  as,  whilst  we 
live,  let  us  live.  Lt-nrn  some  craft  when  young,  that 
when  old  you  may  live  without  craft, 

2.  It  is  also  a  repetition  of  words,  beginning  a  sen- 
tenr.c,  arter  a  lonn  parenthesis;  as,  shall  that  heart, 
(which  n<ii  only  feels  them,  but  which  has  all  mo- 
tions of  life  placed  in  them,)  shall  that  heart,  &c. 

Smit/t's  RheU 
ANT-AN-A  Go'CJE,  (ant-an-a-go'jy,)  n.     [Gr.    avn, 
against,  and  avayuiyT],  a  taking  up.] 

In  rhetoric,  a  figure  which  consists  in  replying  to 
an  adversary,  by  way  of  recrimination  ;  as,  when 
tJie  accusation  of  one  party  is  unanswerable,  the  ac- 
cused parson  charges  hint  with  the  same  or  other 
Clinic.  Bailey. 

ANT-APfl-RO-DIS'I-AC,  n.  [Gr.  avri,  against,  ;ind 
a/i/jOfJitrcJs,  venereal,  from  A'/>po'l(r//,  Venus.] 

Antivenereal ;  having  the  quality  of  extinguishing 
cr  lessening  venereal  desire. 
ANT-AP1I-R0-DIS'I-.\C,  n.    A  medicine  that  lessens 
or  extinguishes  the  venereal  appetite. 

Eiicijc.     Coze. 
ANT-APH-RO-DIT'ie,  a.     [Gr.    See  the  preceding 
words.] 

Antivenereal  ;   abating  the  venereal  appetite,  or 
eflicacious  against  the  venereal  disease. 
ANT-APil-RO-DIT'ie,  ;i.    A  medicine  which  abates 
the  venereal  appetite,  or  is  good  against  the  venereal 
disease.  Coxc.     Quincy. 

ANT-AP-0-PLECTie,  a.     Good  against  apoplexy. 
ANT-XR'eillSM,  71.     [Gr.  nvn  and  ui>x'h] 

Opposition  to  all  government,  or  to  all  restraint  of 
individuals  by  law. 
ANT-AR'eHIST,  71.    One  who  opposes  all  social  gov- 
ernment, or  aJ!  control  of  individuals  by  law. 


ANT 

ANT-AR-€HIST'IC,        )  a.    Opposed  to  all  human 

ANT-.\R-€HIST'I€-AL,  (       government. 

ANT-ARC'TIC,  a.  [Gr.  avri,  against,  and  aprroi, 
the  Bear,  a  northern  constellation.] 

Ojijiosite  to  the  northern  or  arctic  pole  ;  relating  to 
the  .southern  pole  or  to  the  region  near  it,  and  applied 
especially  to  a  lesser  circle,  distant  from  the  pole  '33" 
S9'.  Thus  we  say  the  antarctic  pole,  antarctic  cinde, 
or  antetrrtic  region.  Encyc. 

AN-Ta'Ri";S,  n.  The  name  of  a  star  of  the  first  iiiag- 
nitude,  called  also  the  Scor/iionK^  Heart  Knci/c. 

ANT-AR-TlIRIT'ie,     a.       [Gr.    avri,    against, 'and 

UjldptTtiy     gout,] 

Counteracting  the  gout. 

ANT-AR-THRIT'IC,  H.  A  remedy  which  cures  or 
alleviates  the  gout. 

ANT^ASTH-MAT'ie,  C-ast-ui:it'ik,)    a.      [Gr.    uin, 
against,  and  aaOfia,  asthma.] 
Opposing  the  asthma. 

ANT-AS'I'H-.MAT'ie,  n.     A  remedy  for  the  asthma. 

AN'TE:  a  Latin  prejiosition,  the  Gr.  nvrt,  Sax.  and 
Goth,  and;  muCh  used  in  the  composition  of  English 
words,  especially  in  words  fruiu  the  Lailii  and  Greek 
languages.  It  signifies  brforc  in  plan:,  in  front ;  he  ice 
opposite,  contrary;  and  figuratively,  before  in  ti-ne. 
The  Latin  ante  is  generally  used  in  the  sense  of  before, 
and  the  Greek  avri  in  that  of  opposite,  or  in  the 
place  of. 

AN'TE,    /  n.    A  pilaster.    In  heraldry,  ante  denotes  that 

AN'TA,  (  the  pieces  are  let  into  one  another,  in 
the  manner  there  expressed,  as  by  dovc-tail.'i,  rounds, 
swallow-tails.  Sec.  Encyc. 

AN.'TE-A€T,  71.  [ante  and  act.]     A  preceding  act. 

AN'TE-AL,  0.    Deing  before  or  in  front.      Fleming. 

A^r'TE   BEL'I.UM,  [L.]     Before  the  war. 

AN-TE-CE-D.\'NE-OUS,  a.  [Infra.]  Antecedent ; 
precf.'ding  in  time.  Owen. 

AN-'['E-Cl':DE',  v.  t.  [ante  and  cedo,  to  go.    See  Ckde.] 
To  go  J)ef»ire  in  time  ;  to  precede.  Hale. 

AN-TE-CeD'ENCE,  71.  The  act  or  state  of  going  be- 
fore in  time  ;  precedence.  In  astronomy,  an  apparent 
motion  of  a  planet  toward  the  west,  or  contrai-y  to 
the  order  of  the  signs.  Enci/c. 

AN-TE-CeD'EN-CV,  71.  The  act  or  state  of  going  be- 
fore. 

AN-TE-CeD'ENT,  a.  Going  before  in  lime;  prior; 
anterior;  preceding;  as,  an  event  antecedent  to  the 
deluge. 

AN-TE-CkD'ENT,  71.  Tliat  wliieh  goes  before  in 
time;  hence,  in  writings,  that  wliich  precedes  in 
place.  In  <rrammar,  the  noun  to  which  a  relative  or 
otlur  substitute  refers  ;  as,  Solonnm  was  the  prince, 
iDi'ui  built  the  Temple.  In  -loific,  the  first  c»f  two 
propositions  in  an  enthyuieme,  or  argument  of  two 
propositions ;  as,  every  man  is  mortal ;  therefore 
every  king  is  mortal.  Here  the  first  proposition 
(every  man  is  mortal)  is  the  antecedent;  tlie  second, 
the  conscf/nent.  Also,  the  first  and  conditional  part 
of  a  conditional  or  hypnlhttical  pro[)osition  ;  ;u'i,  if 
the  sun  is  fixed,  the  earth  must  move.  Here  also 
the  second  part  is  called  the  consequent. 

Johnson.     Duncan.      TVatJj. 
In  Tnatfirmatics,  the  first  of  two  terms  of  a  ratio,  or 
that  which  is  compared  with  the  other.  Encyc. 

AN-TE-CeD'ENT-LY,  adv.  Previously  ;  at  a  time 
preceding. 

AN-TE-CES'SOR,  71.     [L.,  whence  ancestor.    See  An- 

TECEOE.] 

1.  One  wild  goes  before;  a  learler;  a  principal. 
It  was  formerly  a  title  giveti  to  those  who  excelled 
in  any  science;  to  professors  of  civil  law;  and  m 
the  uiiiversities  of  France,  the  teachei-s  of  law  take 
the  title  in  their  theses. 

2.  One  that  possessed  land  before  the  presc^nt  pos- 
sessor. Brady. 

AN'TE-CHaM-BER,  n.  [ante,  before,  and  chamber.] 
A   chamber  or  apartment  before  the  chief  apart- 
ment to  wliich  it  leads,  and   in  which   persons  wait 
for  audience.  Dn/rlcn. 

.\N'TE-C MAP-EL,  77.  The  part  of  the  chapel  through 
wliich  is  the  passage  to  the  choir  or  body  of  it. 

fVartoji. 
AN-Tk'CL^N,  77.    [Gr.  iii'Tt,  opposite,  and  (Uhtco,  to 
dwell ;  L.  aiitaci.] 

In  •Tco'rraphy^uw  nntecimii  are  those  inhabitants 
of  the  earlli,  under  ihe  jame  meridian,  and  at  tlie 
same  distance  from  the  etpiator,  hut  on  opposite 
sides,  one  party  north,  the  other  south.  They  have 
the  same  hours  of  day  and  nighi,  but  opposite  sea- 
sons;  it  being  winter  with  one  when  it  is  summer 
with  the  otht'i".  Encuc. 

AN-TE-eO-LUM'BLAN,  a.     /'■fore  Cohunbus,  or  his 

discovery  of  America. 
AN-TE-€UR'SOR,  77.     [L.  a,ifr,  before,  and  cursor,  a 
runner,  from  cnrro,  to  run.     See  Couuse.1 

One  who  runs  before;  a  forerunner.  In  the  Ro- 
man armies,  the  antccur.sors  were  a  body  of  horse 
detached  to  obtain  intelligence,  an;!  to  get  provisions, 
ic-c,  for  the  main  body.  Encyc. 

AN'TE-DaTE,  71.     [fnfra.] 

L  Prior  date  ;  a  date  antectd-.-nl  to  another.   Good. 
2.  Anticipation.  Donne. 

AN'TE-DaTE,  v.  t.  [L.  a}tte  and  datum,  given.  See 
Date.] 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH/iT.— METE,  PRgY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.— 


52 


ANT 

1.  To  date  before  the  true  time  ;  tlius,  to  antedate  ;i 
deed  or  a  bond,  is  to  cxprt-f^s  !i  date  anterior  to  the 
inie  time  of  il^  execution. 

2.  To  anticipate  ;  to  take  before  the  tnie  lime. 

AuJ  ametlate  l!ie  blisa  alwvc.  Pope. 

A.N'TE-DaT-ED,  pp.  Dated  before  tlie  true  time  ;  an- 
ticipated. 

.W'I'E-DaT-ING,  ]'pr.  Dating  before  the  tme  time  ; 
anticipating. 

A.V-TE-DI-LU'VI-AL,  ^  a.     [L.  ante  and  diluvium,  u. 

AX-TE-DI-LO'Vl-.\N,  )      tlood.     Sec  Lave.] 

Before  the  flood,  or  dehige,  in  Noah's  tmie ;  ex- 
iatins,  happ.-ning,  or  relating  to  wliat  happened  be- 
fore the  deiiice. 

A\-TE-DI-LO"'VI-AN,  7i.  One  who  lived  before  the 
deluge. 

AN'TE-LOPE,  v.  [L.  avtilopc,  Qm.  Gr.  avri  and 
t\a<b'H,  resembling  a  deer.  Said,  by  Ctivier,  to  be 
(tcriv.-d  from  Gr.  di'^jA-Ji//,  ((ift/as,  flower,  and  wi//, 
eye,)  applied,  by  Eustathius,  to  the  gazel,  in  allu- 
sion to  its  beautiful  eyes.] 

In  loolo^ij^  the  nanin  of  a  genus  of  ruminant  quad- 
rupeds, intermediate  between  the  deer  and  goat. 
Their  horns  are  solid  and  permanent,  straight  or 
cur\'cd  ;  in  sonic  species  annulated  ;  in  others,  sur- 
rounded by  a  spiral;  and  in  others,  smooth.  They 
resemble,  in  general,  the  deer,  in  tlie  lishtness  and 
elegance  of  their  forms,  and  in  their  agility.  Th.-y 
inhabit,  mostly,  open  plains  or  mountains,  and  some 
species  go  in  herds  of  twoortiiree  thousand.  The 
eyes  of  some  species,  as  the  gaze!,  are  large,  black, 
and  of  exquisite  beautj'  and  vivacity,  and  are  there- 
fore a  favorite  image  with  the  Eastern  poets.  Encyc. 

AN-TE-Lu'€AN,  a.  [L.  antelucanus-,  of  ante,  before, 
and  lux,  light.] 

Being  ht'fore  light;  a  word  applied  to  assemblies 
of  Cliristiiins,  in  ancient  times  of  pi-rsecution,  held 
before  hsiit  in  the  morning.  Encyc 

AN-TE-ME-RID'I-AJV,  a.  [ante,  before,  and  meridian.] 
Being  before  noon;  pertaining  to  the  forenoon. 

ANT-E-iMET'I€,  a.  [Gr.  avri.,  against,  and  emetic, 
from  E/iso},  to  vomit.] 

llestmining  or  allaying  vomiting.  Qaincy, 

ANT-E-MET'1€,  71.  A  medicine  which  checks  vom- 
iting. Qiiinaj.     Coze. 

AN-TE-MO-SA'ie,  a.  Being  before  the  time  of  Moses. 

AN-TE-MU.\'DANE,   a.  [ante,   before,   and   mtnidits, 
the  world.] 
Being  before  the  creation  of  the  world. 

AN-TE-.Mu'RAL,  n.  In  old  castles,  a  barbacan  or 
outwork,  consisting  of  a  strons,  high  wall,  with  tur- 
rets in  front  of  the  gate,  fur  defending  the  entrance. 

I{cnTy''s  Brit. 

AN-TE-NI'CEXE,  a.  [antc^  before,  and  JVicciic,  from 
jYicc] 

Anterior  to  the  first  council  of  Nice  ;  as,  ajilmicene 
faitli.  Eaajc. 

AN-TEN'NAL,  a.    Belongins  to  the  antennfe. 

AN-TEN'N.'E,  n.pl     [L.  aittr>ina,  a  sail  yard.] 

In  zooJn^i,  certain  movable,  articulated  organs  of 
sensation,  attached  to  the  heads  of  insects,  and  of 
Crustacea  or  crab-like  animals;  two  in  the  former, 
and  usually  four  in  the  latter.  They  are  nsed  as 
organs  of  touch,  and  in  some  species,  the  cavity  of 
tlie  ear  is  situated  near  the  basal  joint.  In  insects, 
they  are  vulgarly  called  homs^  and  also  feelers,  but 
this  laitrr  term  is  more  properly  applied  to  the  palpi. 

A\-TEN-MF'ER-OUS,  a.     Beuring  antenna. 

AX-TEX'NI-FOKM,  a.     [h.]     Shaped  lUte  antennte. 

AN-TE-NL'iM'BER, /i.  A  number  that  precedes  an- 
other. Bacon. 

AN-TE-NLT'T:AL,  a.  [ajUe  and  nuptial] 

Being  before  marriage  ;  as,  an  antcauptial  atrree- 
mcnt;  a"feHHpi/a/ children.  Kent^ 

AN-TE-PAS'eiiAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  time  before 
Easter.  J^elson. 

AN'TE-PAST,  TU  {ant^^,  before,  and  pastitm,  fed.] 

A  foretaste  ;  something  taken  before  the  proper 
time. 

AN'TE-PE-NULT',  iu  [L.  ante,  before,  pcne,  almost, 
and  ultimus,  last.] 

The  last  syllable  of  a  word  except  two  ;  as,  stjl  in 
syllable. 

AN-TE-PE-NULT'I-MATE,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  last 
sellable  but  two. 

ANT-EP-I-LEP'Tie,  (T.  [at^rt,  against,  and  ctti^jjitti- 
Ko?,  epileptic,  from  €7rt\ap0uyu},  to  seize.] 
Resisting  or  cining  epilepsy. 

ANT-EP-I-LEP'Tie,  n.    A  remedy  for  the  epilepsy. 

AN-TE-P0-S1"TI0N,  n.  [L.  ante,  before,  and  posi- 
tion, from  pono,  to  place.] 

In  irrammar,  the  placing  of  a  word  before  another, 
whirh,  bv  ordinary  rules,  ought  to  follow  it. 

AN-Ti;-PR&DIC'A->!ENT,  ti.   [ante  and  prcdicamevt.] 
A  term  applied  to  certain  previous  matters  requisite 
tn  a   clear  understanding  of  the   predicaments  and 
categories,  as  definitions  of  conmion  terms.       Cyc. 

AN-TS'RI-OR,  a.     [L.]     Before  in  time;  prior;  ante- 
cedent ;  precedine  in  time. 
2.  Before  or  in  front  in  place 

AN-TE-RI-OR'I-TY,  ;(.  The  state  of  being  anterior, 
preceding,  or  in  front ;  a  state  of  being  before  in  time 
or  situation. 


ANT 

AN'TE-ROO.M,  n.   [aiitt  aiul  romn.] 

A  room  before  or  in  front  of  another.         Darjetin. 

AN'TkS,  I  )i.  pi.     [Ij.]     Pillars  of  large  dimensions 

AN'T/E,  \     that  support  the  front  of  a  building. 

AN-TE-STAT'URE,  ;i.  [ante,  and  stature] 

ln/yr;/^ca£ii>»,  a  small  retrenchment  or  work  formed 
of  palisades,  or  sacks  of  earth.  Encyc. 

AN-TE-STOM'A€H,  ".  [dH(f  and  sti>mach.] 

A  cavity  which  leads  into  the  stomach,  as  in  birds. 

Ray. 

AN-TE-TEM'PLE,  n.    The  nave  in  a  church.    [  dbs.] 

AN-TE-VERT',  v.  t.  [L.  ajitcvcrto.]  To  prevent. 
[Jv'ot  in  u^-e.]  Hall. 

AN-THEL-MIN'T1€,  a.  [avn,  against,  and  tA/iiK,  a 
worm.] 

Good  against  worms. 

AN-THEL-i\UN'Tie,  h.  A  remedy  for  worms  in  the 
intestines.  Encyc.     Coze. 

AN'THEjM,  n.  [Gr.  ai-ri,  against,  and  ''pvos,  a  hymn, 
from  v^tvco},  to  sing.    See  IIyu.v.] 

A  hymn  sung  in  alternate  parts ;  but  in  modem 
usage,  a  sacred  tune  or  piece  of  music  sot  to  words, 
taken  from  the  Psalms  or  otlier  parts  of  the  Scriptures, 
first  introduced  into  the  English  church  service  in 
Elizabeth's  reign.  Encyc. 

AN'TJIEM-WISE,  atlv.  In  the  manner  of  an  anthem  ; 
alternalelv.  Baron. 

AN'TilE-MlS,  7).    Camomile.  Tate. 

AN'THER,  V.  [U.  anVicra,  a  flowery  plant,  from  the 
Greek  iwUripoi,  Howeiy,  from  atS't^,  a  flower.] 

In  &ot(i;f//,  the  summit  or  top  of  tiie  stamen,  elevated 
by  means  of  the  filament  or  thread.  It  contains  the 
pollen,  or  fertilizing  dust,  which,  when  mature,  is 
emitted  for  the  impregnation  of  the  ovary.  It  is 
called  by  Ray  the  apex,  and  by  Jlalpighi  the  capsnla 
stnmin'is.  Milne.     Martijn. 

AN'THER-.\L,  a.    Pertaining  to  anthers. 

Asiat.  Res.  4,  404. 

AN'TIIER-DUST,  n.  The  dust  or  pollen  of  an  anther. 

AN-TIIEIMF'ER-OUS,  a.  [autha-  and/tro,  to  bear.] 
Producing  anthers,  as  plants  ;  supporting  anthers, 
as  a  part  of  a  flower.  Barton,  lCr2. 

AN-THES-TJc'RI-ON,  ».  [Gr.]  The  sixth  monili  of  the 
Athenian  year,  consisting  of  29  days,  and  answering 
to  a  part  of  November  and  a  part  of  December.  It 
is  supposed  to  be  so  called  from  the  Anthesteria,  a 
festival  in  honor  of  Bacchus,  celebrated  in  that 
month,  and  so  called  from  avOoi,  a  flower  ;  garlands 
of  flowers  being  oflered  to  Bacchus  at  that  festival. 

AN-THO'BI-AN,  n.     [Gr.  ai>Oog  and  p'ius-j 
An  animal  that  lives  on  flowers. 

AN-TMo'DI-UM,  j(.  [Gr.,  from  ar(?»s,  a  flower.]  In 
botany,  the  inllorescence  of  a  compound  flower  ;  or 
the  common  calyx  of  a  compound  llower.    Lmdlcy. 

AN-THO-LOG'ie-AL,  a.     Pertaining  to  anthology. 

AN-THOL'0-GY,  n.  [Gr.  oic.K,  a  flower,  and  Au;  oj, 
a  discourse,  or  ht}  la,  a  collection.] 

1.  A  discourse  on  flowers.  Encyc. 

2.  A  collection  of  flowers  ;  a  garland.     Johnson, 

3.  A  collection  of  beautiful  passages  from  authors ; 
a  collection  of  poems  or  epigrams,  particularly  applied 
to  a  collection  of  ancient  Greek  epigrams. 

4.  In  Vie  Greek  church,  a  collection  of  devotions,  or 
a  book  of  offices.  Johns. 

AN-THOPfl'YL-LTTE,  ti.  [Gr.  «^5-s,  a  flower,  and 
tpvWov,  a  le;if.J 

A  mmerai  ot  the  hornblende  family,  occurring  in 
brittle  fibers,  or  fibrous  or  bladed  masses,  of  ditTerent 
shades  of  dark  brown,  and  with  a  semi-metallic 
luster.  It  consists  chiefly  of  silica,  magnesia,  and 
oxyd  of  iron,  and  is  found  abuiulantly  in  some  va- 
rieties of  primary  rocks.  Dana. 

AN-THOPH-YL-tlT'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  anthophyl- 
lite  or  containing  it,  Hitchcock, 

AN'THO-RISM,  n.  [Gr.  avri,  opposite,  and  o,jio/iws, 
definition.] 

In  rhetoric,  a  description  or  definition  contrary  to 
that  which  is  given  by  the  adverse  party.  .^.vA. 

.AN'THRA-CITE,  n.  [Gr.  a;  v/^uc,  a  burning  coal,  and 
>t3of,  a  stone.] 

A  hard,  compact  variety  of  mineral  coal,  of  high 
luster,  ditfering  from  bituminous  coal  in  containing 
little  or  no  bitumen,  in  consequence  of  which  it 
bums  without  flame.  The  purer  specimens  consist 
wholly  of  carbon.  It  is  also  called  glunct  coal,  and 
blind  coal.  Dana. 

AN-THRA-CIT'ie,  a.    Pertaining  to  anthracite. 

AN-THRAe'O-LITE.     See  Anthracite. 

AN-TI1RA-€0-THe'RI-UM,  tu  [Gr.  ai-cpa^,  a  coal, 
and  ^iijjiovy  a  beast.] 

The  name  of  a  genus  of  pachydermatous  quadru- 
peds, first  found  in  Italy,  in  tertiary  lignite  or  brown 
coal,  whence  the  name.  Dana. 

AN'THRAX,  T(.     [Gr.  Supra.] 

A  carbuncle  ;  a  maligiiant  ulcer,  with  intense 
burning.  The  aiicients  gave  tiiis  name  to  a  gem, 
and  it  is  sometimes  used  for  litiianthrax  or  pit-coal. 

Encyc. 

AX-TIIRO-rO-GEOT'TUS,  n.  [Gr.  av^oiiros,  man, 
antl  jAf.ir-ri,  the  tongue.] 

An  animni  whicli  has  a  tongue  resembling  that  of 
man,  of  which  kind  are  pairots.  Evcyc. 

AN-TilKO-POG'RA-PHY,  n,  [Gr.  a*'J/;u.ir.H,  man, 
and  yimi^n,  descri|)tion.] 


ANT 

A  description  of  man  or  the  human  race,  or  of  the 

parts  of  the  human  body.  Eneye. 

More  particularly,  that  branch  of  physical  gcojp-or 
phi/^  wliich  treats  of  the  actual  distribution  of  the 
human  race,  as  distinguished  by  physical  character, 
languag'^>,  institutions,  and  customs;  in  distinction 
from  cUnwifraphyj  which  treats  historically  of  the 
origin  and  filiation  of  races  and  nations.       P.  Cyc 

AN-TiniO-PO-EoO'ie-AE,  a.  Pertaining  to  anthro- 
pology ;  according  to  human  manner  of  speaking. 

Kirwan. 

AN-THRO-POL'O-CI.ST,  n.  One  who  describes,  oi 
is  versed  in  the  physical  history  of  man  or  of  the  hu- 
man body. 

.■VN-THR0-P0L'0-6Y,  n.    [Gr.  ai/^^un-os,  man,  and 
>oyo;,  discourse.] 
3.  A  discourse  upon  human  nature.  Encyc. 

2.  Tiie  doctrine  of  the  structure  of  the  human 
body  ;  the  natural  history  or  physioiogj'  of  the  human 
species. 

3.  More  definitely,  the  science  of  man^  considered 
physically,  intellectually,  and  morally,  or  in  his  entire 
nature.  Kant.    P.  Cyc. 

4.  The  word  denotes  that  manner  of  expression  by 
which  the  inspired  writers  attribute  human  parts  and 
passions  to  God.  Encyc 

AN'THRO-PO-MAX-CY,  ti.    [Gr.  of^/^cdrros,  man,  and 

pavTita,  divination.] 
Divination  by  inspecting  the  entrails  of  a  human 

being.  Enaic. 

AN-THRO-PO-MORPU'ISM,  it.    The  representation 

of  the  Deity  under  a  human  form,  or  with  human 

attributes  and  alTeclions.  P.  Cyc 

2.  The  heresy  oflhe  AnthropomorphJtes.  Encvc. 
AN-THRO-PO-.AiORPH'IST,  7i.    One  who  represent 

Deity  under  a  human  form,  or  with  human  attri- 
butes. 
AN-THRO-PO-MORPH'ITE,  n.    [Gr.  aicpwTOS,  man, 

and  fioiJ<p>i,  fonn.] 
One  who  believes  a  human  form  in  the  Supreme 

Being.    A  sect  of  ancient  heretics  are  called  Anthriy- 

pomorpliitcs,  Encyc 

AN-THRO-PO-:\IORPn-IT'ie,  a.    Pertaining  to  an- 

thropoinorphism.  Kitto. 

AA'-TIJRO^PO-MORPH'IT-ISM,  n.    The  doctrines  of 

Aiitbropoinorphites. 
AN-THRO-PO-MORPH'OUS,  a.     Belonging  to  that 

wiiich  has  the  form  of  man  ;  having  the  figure  of  or 

resemblance  to  a  man.  A-^h,     Encvc 

AN-THRO-PO-PATH'ie-AL,  a.    Subject  to  human 

passion?. 
AN-THRO-PO-PATH'ie-ALr-LY,  adv.    WTien  human 

passions  are  ascribed  to  a  being. 
AN-THRO-POP'A-THY,  n.    [Gr.  avcpio-o^,  man,  and 

7r(r5')f,  passion.] 
Tlie  affections  of  man,  or  the  application  of  human 

passions  to  the  Supreme  Being.   Oiccn.  Encuc  Ash. 
AX-THRO-POPH'A-GI,  71.  pC  [Gr.  aiCvw^o,,  man, 

and  <puyco,  to  eat.] 
Man-eaters ;  cannibals  ;  men  that  eat  human  flesh. 
Johnson.     Encyc 
AN-THRO-POPH'A-GOUS,  a.      Feeding  on  humaji 

flesh. 
AN-THRO-POPH'A-GY,  n.      The  enting  of  human 

flesh,  or  the  practice  of  eating  it.    Johnson.     Encuc 
AN-TURO-POS'€0-PY,  ».     [Gr.  av^puiTtos,  man,'and 

CKO-CM,  to  view.] 

The  an  of  discovering  or  judging  of  a  man's  char- 
acter, passions,  and  inclinations,  from  the  lineaments 

of  his  body.  Enciic- 

AN-THRO-POS'O-PFIY,  lu    [Gr.  a^&pwn-os.man^and 

aoi'jtn,  wisdom.] 
Knowledge  ot  the  nature  of  man  ;  acquaintance 

with  man's  structure  and  functions,  comprehending 

anatumv  and  phvsiologj'.  Encyc 

.\A'-TIIRb-P0T'd-MY,7t.    [Gr.  ui-?/)a)nos,a  man,and 

roiiTj,  a  cutting.] 
The  anatomy  or  dissection  of  the  human  body. 

Morhu 
ANT-IIYP-NOT'I€,    a.    [corrupt    ortJio^aphtj.]      See 

Antihvpnotic. 
AXT-HYP-O-eHO.VDRI-Ae.      See  A.NTiiiYrocHON- 

DUIAC. 

ANT-HY-P0PR'0-R.\.     See  Antihtpophora. 

AXT-HVS-TER'I€.    See  ANTiHvsTERir. 

^■VX'TI,  [Gr.  See  Ante.]  A  preposition  signifynig 
against,  opposite,  contraT^,  or  in  place  of;  used  iu 
many  English  words. 

AN-TI-AB-0-LI"TION-IST,  tu  One  who  opposes  ab- 
olition. 

.\N-TI-A-MER'I-€AX,  a.  Opposed  to  Americ.^.  or  to 
the  true  interests  or  government  of  the  United  Stales ; 
opposed  to  the  revolution  in  America.        .Marshall, 

AN-TI-A-FOS'TLE,  u.    One  who  opposes  the  ap<tsUes 

AN-TI-.\R-!\IIX'I-AX,  n.  One  who  opposes  -Vnnin 
ianism. 

AN-TI-AR-THR!T'ie,a.  [?ce  Antarthritic]  Goog 
against  the  cnut. 

AN-TI-AR-THRIT'ie,  n.    A  remedy  for  the  gouL 

AX-Tl-ASTH-M.VT'ie,  m.    A  remedy  for  the  asthma. 

.-VN-TI-AT-TRr'TIOX,  v.  A  compound  applied  to 
machinery  to  prevent  the  efltcis  of  friction,  often 
consisting  of  plumbago,  with  some  oily  subslnnco. 

Brande, 


TtJNE,  BJJLL,  UNITE.  —  AN"GER,  VP'OIOUS.  — G  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


ANT 

AX-TI-BACem-US,  71.  [Gr.  ai>ri  and  f^oKxuoi,  a 
fdiot  of  one  sliuit  and  two  long  syllables.] 

In  poctriiyii  fiiol  of  three  sylliibles,  tlie  two  first 
loiij;,  and  iUa  la^l  short ;  as,  andiire  ;  opposed  to  the 
bacc'ihi^,  in  which  the  first  syjlablc  is  short  and  tlie 
two  l.xst  long.  Ti-umbull.     Eitcyc.     Gr.  Lcz. 

AN-TM!A-S1L'I€-AN,  a.     [Gr.  airt,  and  iiuaiXiK)u 
a  palace  ;  L.  tivilicu.-^,  royal,  bastUca^a.  hall  of  justice.] 
Opposed  to  royal  state  and  magnificence. 

Plowdcn^  Brit.  Empire. 

AN'Tl-BII/IOUS,  (-bil'yus,)  a.  Counteractive  of  bil- 
ious complaints. 

AN'TI-BRAeil'I-AL,  a.    reitaining  to  the  fore  ann. 

AN'TIG,   a.    [from   FY.   antique;   L.  antujuiLs ;    It.  an- 
tico;  a  sense  derived  from  the  grotesque  figures  of 
antiques.] 
Odd  ;  fantastic ;  as,  antic  tricks. 

AN'Tie,  7(.    A  buffoon  or  merry  Andrew;  one  that 

practices  odd  gesticulations.  Skak. 

9.  Odd  appearance  ;  fantastic  figure.         Spender. 

AN'Tie.  r.  (.     Tfi  make  antic.  Skak. 

AiV-T!-eA-eHE€'TI€,  a.  [Gr.  avri,  and  Kaxt^ms, 
of  an  ill  iiabit  of  body.] 

Curing  or  tending  to  cure  an  ill  habit  of  the  con- 
stitution. Johnson. 

AN-Tl-eA-CHEC'Tie,  n.  A  medicine  that  tends  to 
correct  an  ill  habit  of  body  Coxc. 

AN'Tl-CAL'VIN-IST,  n.  One  opposed  to  Calvin- 
ism. 

AN'Tr-GAL-VIN-IST'ie,  a.     Opposed  to  Calvinism. 

AN-TI-eXU-NIV'O-ROUS,  a.  Opposed  to  feeding  on 
flesh. 

AN-Tl-CA-TARRH'AL,  ^ka-ta^'ral,)  a.  [airt, against, 
and  Knrap^oo^,  a  catarrh.] 
Good  against  catarrh. 

AN-TI-€A-TARRH'Ai,  w.    A  remedy  for  catarrh. 

Coxe. 

AN"-TI-eArT-SOT'I€,    c.      [Gr.    avrt,    against,    and 
Kavtro?,  a  burning  fever.] 
Good  against  a  burning  fever. 

AN-TI-CAU-SOT'ie,  n.  A  remedy  for  a  imming 
fever.    "  Core. 

AN'TI-CHaM-BER,  n.  Dr.  Johnson  prefers  .^ute- 
ckamber^  which  see.  But  ante  and  anti  are  the  same 
word  in  different  dialects,  and  have  the  same  rad- 
ical sifinification.     [See  Akte.I 

AN'TI-CHRIST,  tu  [Gr.  ai/n,  against,  and  Christ.] 
A  great  adversary  of  Christ ;  the  man  of  sin  ;  dfv 
scribed  1  John  ii.  18.  2  Thess.  ii.  Rev.  Jx.  Piot- 
estants  generally  suppose  this  adversaiy  to  be  the 
Papal  power ;  and  some  divines  believe  that,  in  a 
more  general  sense,  the  word  extends  to  any  persons 
who  deny  Christ  or  oppose  the  fundamental  doc- 
trines of  Christianity.  Encvc.     Brown.     Buck. 

AN-TI-CHRIST'IAN,  a.  Pertaining  to  Antichrist; 
opposite  to  or  opposing  the  Christian  religion. 

AN-TI-CHRIST'IAN  n.  A  follower  of  Anticlirist ; 
one  opposed  to  the  Christian  religion. 

AN-TI-€HRIST'IAN-IS.M,  n.  Opposition  or  contra- 
riety to  tlie  Christian  religion. 

AN-TI-CHRIST-IAN'I-TY,  n.  Opposition  or  con- 
trariety to  Christianity. 

AN-TI-€HRiST'lAN-iZE,iJ.  (.  To  seduce  from  Clu-is- 
tianity. 

AN-TI-etlRON'ie-AL,  a.  [Gr.  avri  and  xt""'"?) 
time.]  Deviating  from  the  proper  order  of  time  ; 
erroneously  dated. 

AN-TI-eimON'ie-AL-Ly,  ad.  In  an  anlichronical 
numnpr. 

AN-TICII'RO-NISM,  n.    [Gr.  avn  and  xporj?,  time.] 
Deviation  from  the  true  order  of  time.        Seldat. 

AN-TIC'l-PANT,  a.  Anticipating;  applied,  in  mcdi- 
ciucy  to  periodic  diseases,  each  of  whose  attacks  re- 
ctirs  at  an  eailier  period  than  the  one  preceding. 

Parr. 

AN  TIC'I-PaTE,  v.  U  [L.  anticipo^  of  ante,  before, 
and  capio,  to  take.] 

1.  To  take  or  act  before  another,  so  as  to  prevent 
him  ;  to  take  first  possession. 

2.  To  take  before  tlie  proper  time ;  as,  the  advocate 
has  antictpatcd  that  part  of  his  argument. 

3.  To  foretaste  or  foresee  ;  to  have  a  previous 
view  or  impression  of  something  future  ;  as,  to  an- 
ticipate the  pleasures  of  an  entertainment ;  to  antici- 
pate the  evils  of  life. 

4.  To  prevent  by  crowding  in  before  ;  to  preclude. 

Johnson. 
[Thvi  .^m.ve  is  eat^cntially  included  in  thcfir.^t.] 
AN-TIC'I-Pa-TEU,  pp.    "Taken  before;    foretasted; 

fore,^^;en  ;  precluded  ;  prevented. 
AN-TlC'I-PA-TlNG,/j;)r.   Takingbefore;  foretasting; 

precluding;  preventing. 
AN-TIC-l-PA'TfON,n.    The  act  of  taking  up,  placing, 
or  considering  something  before  the  proper  time,  in 
natural  order ;  prevention. 

2.  Foretaste;  previous  view  or  impression  of  what 
is  to  hap|)en  afterward  ;  as,  the  anticipation  of  the 
joys  of  heaven. 

The  happy  anticipailon  of  a  renewed  existence  \a  company  wilh 
Uie  apirits  of  the  jusl.  Thodey. 

3.  Previous  notion;  preconceived  opinion,  pro- 
duced in  the  mind  before  the  truth  is  known  ;  slight 
previous  impression. 


ANT 

4.  Tiie  attack  of  a  fever  before  the  usual  lim(% 

Coze. 

5,  In  music^  the  obtrusion  of  a  chord  upon  a  syn- 
copated note,  to  which  it  tortus  a  (li:-conI.     Bunby. 

AN-TlC'i-PA-TIVE,  a.     Containing  :niticipatian." 
AN-TIC'I-Pa-TOR,  71.     One  who  anticipates. 
AN-TIC'I-PA-TO-RY,  a.    Taking  before  the  timr. 

Jilo/C. 

AN-TI-eLFiMAX,  n.  [Gr.  uvrt,  opposite,  and  icAi,ujf, 
climax.    See  Climate.] 

A  sentence  in  which  the  i<lr'as  fall  or  become  less 
important  and  striking  at  the  close,  opposed  to  climax. 
For  example. 

And  ihou,  Dnihouiiie,  tliou  sTPat  ""od  of  war, 
LiciKciKuit-coIoncl  to  ihc  eatl  of  Mar. 

AN-TI-€LT'i\AI-,  a.   [Gr.  avri  and  «-Arv^j,  to  incline.] 
Marking  inclination  in  opposite  directions. 
In  i^cologijy  an  anticlinal  line,  or  axif,  is  a  line  from 
which  strata  dip  in  opposite  directitms. 

AN'Tie  LY,  adc.  In  an  antic  manner ;  with  odd  pos- 
tures and  gesticulations  ;  with  fanciful  appearance. 

Skak. 

AN'TIC-ISIXSK,  n.    A  mask  of  antics.     B.  JoiK^on. 

AN-TI-eON-STI-TO'TION-AL,  a.  Opposed  to  or 
against  the  constitution.  Bolin^brnkc. 

AN-TI-CON  -STI-TO'TION-AL-IST,  v.  One  opposed 
to  the  constitution. 

AN-TI-€ON-Ta'GION-IST,  n.  One  who  opposes  the 
doctrine  of  contagion. 

AN-TI-€0N-Ta'GI0US,  a.  [Gr.  avri  and  conta- 
n-ioifs.]     Opposing  or  dcstroving  contagion. 

AN-TI-CON-VULS'IVF-,fl.  [Gr.  aiTi  and  convulsive.] 
Good  against  convulsions.  Floycr. 

AN'TI-eOR,  n.  \anti  and  Fr.  caur,  or  L.  cor,  llie 
heart.] 

Among  farriers,  an  inflammation  in  a  horse's 
throat,  answering  to  the  qninsv  in  man.     Kncvc. 

AN-TI-eOS-MET'ie,  a.  [n^iti  and  cosmetic.  See  Cos- 
metic.]   Destructive  or  injurious  to  b-auly. 

AN-TI-eOS-MET'ie,  V.  Any  preparation  which  in- 
jures beautv. 

AN'TI-€oURT,  a.  In  opposition  to  the  court.  [JVui 
nsed.]  Rercuby. 

AN-TI-€oURT'IER,  (fin-ti-korfyur,)  ii.  [anti  and 
courtier.] 

One  who  opposes  the  court,  or  tlie  measures  of  ad- 
ministration. J3sh. 

AN'TI-COUS,  a.     [L.  avficits.] 

In  botany,  turned  inward  toward  the  axis ;  in  an- 
thers, denoting  that  the  line  of  dehiscence  is  turned 
toward  the  pistil.  Llndlcy, 

AN-TI-CRE-a'TOR,  n.   One  that  opposes  the  Creator. 

AN-TI-DE.M-O-CRAT'ie,         \  a.    Opposing  democ- 

AN-Tl-DEM-O  CRAT'ie-AL,  \  racy  ;  contrary  to 
government  bv  the  people.  Miifttrd. 

AN'TI-DD-TAL,  a.  That  has  the  quality  of  prevent- 
ing the  ill  efltcls  of  poison,  or  of  any  Thing  noxious 
or  mischievous. 

AN-TI-Do'TAL-EY,  fl//d.  In  the  manner  of  an  anti- 
dote ;  by  way  of  antidote.  Broic-n.. 

AN'TI-DOTE,  n.  [Gr.  avn^.Qrcc,  of  avri^  against,  and 
(J(^a);n,  to  give  ;  \V.  dodl,  to  give.] 

1.  A  medicine  to  counteract  the  effects  of  poison, 
or  of  any  thing  noxious  taken  into  the  stomach. 

2.  Whatever  tends  to  pn-vent  mischievous  efiects, 
or  to  counteract  the  evil  which  something  else  might 
priiduce. 

AN-TI-DoT'I€-AL,  a.    Serving  as  an  antidote. 
AN-TI-DoT'IC-AL-LY,  adv.    By  way  of  antidote. 

Brown. 
AN-TI-DYS-EN-TER'ie,  a.     [Gr.  ni'ri,  against,  and 
6v(TcvTepiK'><;,  dysenteric] 
Good  against  the  dysenterj-,  or  bloody  flux. 
AN-TI-DYS-EN-TER'ie,  n.    A  lemedyYor  dysenter>'. 

Coze. 
AN-TI-DYS-II'RI€,  a.     [Gr.    avn,  rJes,  and  ovpov^ 
urine.] 

Counteracting  or  curing  dysiu'y,  or  a  difliculty  of 
voiding  urine. 
AN-TI-E-MET'ie,  a.  [Gr.  nvr',  against,  and  cpcriKOi, 
emetic,  from  ep^o),  to  vomit,] 

Having  the  quality  of  ailaving  vomiting. 
AN-TI'E-MET'ie,  7i.  A  remedy  to  check  or  allay  vom- 
iting. 
AN-Ti-EN-NE-A-FIK'DRAL,  a.     [Gt.  avn,  opposite, 
eiwea,  nine,  and  Cf\ofi,  side.] 

In  crystalo^aphy^  having  nine  faces  on  two  oppo- 
.'^ite  parts  of  the  crystal.  Cleaveland. 

AjV-TI  EN-TI1U-SI-AST'I€,  a.  [atiti  and  enthusiastic.] 

Opposing  enthusiasm.  ShafLsburn. 

AN'TiENT-RY,7i.  [more  correctly,  Anciextrv.]  Ca.st 
of  antl<piity  ;  that  which  is  ancient;  applied  to  lan- 
guase.  Jfcst. 

AN-T[-EP-I-LEF'Tie,  a.    Opposing  epilep.'jy. 
AN-TI-E-PIS'CO-PAL,  a.    Adverse  to  episcopacy. 

K.  Charles  I. 
AN-TI-E-VAN-6EL'ie-AL,  a.  Contrary  to  orthodoxy, 

or  the  genuine  sense  of  the  gospel.  MUner. 

AN'TI-FaCE,  n.     Opposite  face.  Jonnon. 

AN-TI-PA-NAT'IC,  n.    An  opposer  of  fanaticism. 

MUton. 
AN-TI-Fli'BRILE,  or  AN-TI-FEB'RILE,  a.    [Gr.  ur- 
T(,  against,  and  febrile.] 


ANT 

Th:!t  has  the  quality  of  abating  fever  ;  opposing  or 
tcndJTig  to  cine  f^:ver. 

AN-TI-Fk'BRILK,  or  AN-TI-FEB'RILE,  n.  A  med- 
icim;  that  cures,  abates,  or  tends  to  allny  fever. 

AN-TI-FED'ER-AL,  a.  Opposing  the  federal  consti- 
tution. 

AN-TI-FED'ER-.\L-ISiM,  n.  Opposition  to  the  ratifi- 
cation of  the  constitution  of  tin:  United  Slates. 

AN-TI-FED'EU-AL-IfjT,  n.  One  who,  at  the  forma- 
tion of  the  conytitutiou  of  the  United  States,  opposed 
ltd  adoption  and  ratification. 

AN-Tl-FLAT'TER-ING,  (/.    Opposite  to  flattery. 

Dclany. 

A>:-TI-FLAT'U-LENT,  a.    Opposing  flatulence. 

AN-TI-GA-LAC'Tie,  n.  A  medicine  which  tends  to 
diminish  the  secretion  of  milk. 

AN'TI-(;RAPn,  71.     A  copy. 

AN-TI-GUG'GLER,  n.     [anti  and  ^urrgle.] 

A  crooked  tube  of  metal,  so  bent  as  to  be  intro- 
duced into  the  neck  of  a  bottle,  for  drawing  out  the 
liquor  without  distuibing  the  sediment.  Encyc. 

AN-TI-IIEC'Tie,  a.  [Gr.  ai-n,  against,  and  Utiko?, 
hectic] 

That  has  the  quality  of  opposing  or  curing  hectical 
disorders. 

AN-TI-HEC'Tie,  n.  A  medicine  timt  is  good  in  the 
cure  of  hectic  disorders.  Encyc.     Coze. 

AN-TI-IIE'I.IX,  n.     [Gr.  avri  and  i^i^.] 

The  semicircular  prominence  of  the  external  ear, 
situated  before  and  within  the  heU.v. 

AN-TI-HYP-NOT'ie,  a.     [Gr.  ai'Ti  and  im-os,  sleep.] 
Counteracting  sleep;  tending  to  prevent  sleep  or 
lethargy. 

AN-TI-HYP-NOTae,  n.  A  medicine  that  prevents  or 
tends  to  prevent  sleep.  Coj^r. 

AN-TI-HYP-O-CIlON'PRI-Ae,  a.  [Gr.  av7i  and  v7t<.~ 
Xov^piuKOi,  hypochondriac] 

That  counteracts  or  tends  to  cure  hypochondriac 
afl!"ections  and  depression  of  spirits. 

AN-TI-HYP-O-CHON'DRI-AC,  n.  A  remedy  for  hyp- 
ochondriac affections  and  low  spirits. 

AN-TI-HY-POPII'O-RA,  7i.  [Gr.  avri  and  vwotpopa, 
an  inference.] 

In  rhetoric,  a  figure  which  consists  in  refuting  an 
objection  by  the  opposition  of  a  contraiy  sentence. 
Smith.    Johnson.     Aiih. 

AN-TI-IIYS-TER'ie,  a.  [Gr.  avri  and  vcrcpa,  ute- 
rus.]    CoTinteracting  hysterics. 

AN-TI-HYS-TER'ie,  n.  A  medicine  that  cures  or 
counteracts  hvsterical  affections.  Coze. 

AN-TI-LITII'ie,  a.    [Gr.  uvrt  and  \tO05,  stone.] 

Tending  to  prevent  the  formation  of  urinary  calcu- 
li, or  to  destroy  them  when  formed. 

AN-TI-LITH'ie,  n.  A  medicine  that  tends  to  prevent 
the  formation  of  urinary  calculi,  or  to  destroy  them 
when  fomied. 

AN-TI-LITH-O-TRIP'TIST,  n.    [Gr.  avuy  \tOas,  and 

Tplfico.] 

One  opposed  to  lithotripsy. 
AN-TI-LOG'A-RITHM,  n.  [anti  and  logaritlm.] 

The  complement  of  tlie  logarithm  of  any  sine, 
tangent,  or  secant,  to  that  of  90  degrees.      Bailey. 

The  complement  of  a  logarithm;  more  generally, 
the  number  to  a  logarithm.  P.  Cyc. 

AN-TIL'O-GY,  7t.  [Gr.  avri,  against,  and  Aojos, 
speech.] 

A  contradiction  between  any  words  or  passages  in 
an  autlior. 
AN-Tl-LOI'Mie,  7(.  [Gr.  av-i  and  Xoipoi,lhc  plague.' 

A  remedy  against  the  plague.  Brandc. 

AN-TIL'0-aUIST,  71.    A  contradictor,    [Obs.] 
AN-TIL'O-aUY,  n.     [Gr.  airi  and  loipLor.] 

Preface.    [Obs.] 
AN-Ii-MA-OlS'TRie-AL,  a.    Opposed  to  the  office 
of  magistrates.     [JVot  -nsed.]  South. 

Counteracting  or  curing  madness  or  Irenzy. 

Beattic. 
AN'TI-MASK,  71.    A  lesser  mask  ;  in  contradistinction 

to  the  principal  or  main  mask.  Bacon. 

AN-TI-J1a'SONj  7;.    One  opposed  to  freemasourj-. 
AN-TI-MA-yON'ie,  a.    Opposing  freemasonry. 
AN-TI-H1a'S0N-RY,  n.    Opposition  to  freemasonry. 
AN-TI-ME-TAli'O-LE,   fan-ti-mc-tab'o-Iy,)    71.      [Gr. 
avrt,  against,  and  {tzTii0o\r)y  mutation.] 

In  rhetoric,  a  setting  of  two  things  in  opposition  to 
each  other;  as,  an  honorable  action  may  be  attended 
wilh  labor,  but  the  labor  is  soon  past,  and  the  honor 
is  immortal.  Encyc. 

AN-TI-iME-TATH'E-SIS,  v.  [Gr.  ai/n,  against,  and 
/(crtivtotv,  a  transposition.] 

In  rhetoric,  an  inversion  of  the  parts  or  members 
of  an  antithesis ;  as,  "  Compare  the  arrival  of  tiiis 
governor  with  the  victoiT  of  that  general."  "  Com- 
pare tliis  peace  with  that  uar." 

Cicero  in  V&rrem.     Encyc. 

AN-TIM'E-TER,  n.     [Gr.  at'Ti  and  pcrpov,  measure.] 

An  optical  instrument  for  measuring  angles  with 

greater  accuracy  than  can  be  done  by  the  usual 

quadrants  or  sextants.  Rers. 

AN-TI-MET'R1€-AL,  a.      Contrary  .0  the  rules  of 

meter  or  verse.  Bailey. 

AN-TI-MIN-IS-Te'RI-AL,  a.  [anti  and  ministerial.] 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— MeTE,  PREY.— PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — N6TE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQQK.- 


54 


ANT 

Opposed  to  the  iniuistr}*,  or  administration  of  gov- 
ernment. 

AN-TI-iMIX-IS-TJE^RI-AI^IST,  n.  One  tli at  opposes 
the  rainistrv. 

AN-TI.&IO-NAReH'I€-AL,  a.  {anti,  against,  and 
moiiartJiicalJ] 

Opposed  to  monarchy ;  that  opposes  a  kingly  gov- 
ernment. Jiddison. 

AN-TI-MO-NA  ReH'I€J-.\L-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  opposed  to  monarchy. 

AN-TI-MO-VARCH-IST,  n.  An  opposer  of  monarchy. 

AN-TI-JIo'A'^I-AL,  c.   \^xom  antimoniu] 

Pertaining  to  antimony,  or  partakm^  of  its  quali- 
ties; composed  of  antimony,  or  containing  antimony 
as  the  principal  ingredient. 

AN-TI-iM6'NI-AL,  71.  A  preparation  of  antimony ;  a 
medicine  in  which  antimony  is  the  principal  iiigre- 
dient.  Eneijc. 

AN-TI-M6'NT-aTE,  n.  A  compound  or  salt  coin- 
posed  of  anlimonic  acid  and  a  base.  Henry. 

AN-TI-iMo'NI-A-TED,  a.  Partaking  of  antimony; 
mixed  or  prepared  with  antimony ;  as,  antlmoniated 
tartar.  jyicliolsoiu 

AN-TI-MON'ie,  a.    Pertaining  to  antimony,  ffamj. 

AN-TI-MON'ie  ACID,  71,  An  acid  composed  of  two 
equivalents  of  antunony  and  five  of  oxygen. 

AN'TI-MO-^^TE,  7J.  A  corai>ouud  of  anlimonious 
acid  and  a  base.  Henry. 

AN-TI-JIO'iVT-OUS  ACaO,  71.  An  acid  consisting  of 
two  equivalents  of  antimony  and  four  of  oxygon. 

AX'TUMO-JVY,  71.  [Pr.  aittimoine;  Low  L.  antimo- 
nium  i  It.  a7itimonio:  Sp.  id.  This,  by  some  writers, 
is  supposed  to  be  composed  of  and  and  Fr.  vioine, 
monk,  from  the  fact  that  certain  monks  were  poi- 
soned by  it.  This  slory,  reported  by  Furetiere,  is 
treated  by  Morin  as  fabulous,  and  by  him  it  is  said 
to  be  composed  of  Gr.  .ut/,  against,  and  fiovo^j 
alone,  and  so  n.imed  because  it  is  not  found  alone. 
The  real  truth  is  not  ascertained.! 

Frbnarilijy  a  metallic  ore  consisting  of  sulphur 
combined  with  a  metal ;  the  sulphuret  of  antimony, 
the  stibium  of  the  Romans,  and  the  crty.yn.  of  tlie 
Greeks.  It  is  a  blackish  mineral,  which  stains  the 
hands,  hard,  brittle,  full  of  long,  shining,  n»<jdle-like 
striK.  It  is  found  in  tlie  mines  of  Boliemia  and  Hun- 
garj',  in  France  and  England,  and  in  jVmerica. 
This  word  is  also  used  for  the  pure  metal  or  Tcg^ulns 
of  aniimomjj  a  metal  of  a  grayish  or  silverj'  white, 
veiy  brittle,  and  of  a  plated  or  scaly  texture,  .and  of 
moderate  specific  gi-avit}'.  By  exposure  to  air,  its  sur- 
face becomes  tarnished,  but  does  not  rust.  It  is  used 
as  an  ingredient  in  concave  mirrors,  giving  them  a 
finer  texture.  In  bells,  it  renders  the  sound  more 
clear  ;  it  renders  tin  more  hard,  white,  and  sonorous, 
and  gives  to  printing  types  more  fii-mness  and  smooth- 
ness. It  is  also  useful  in  promoting  the  fusion  of 
metals,  and  especially  in  casting  cannon  balls.  In 
its  cnide  stale,  it  is  harmless  to  the  human  constitu- 
tion ;  but  many  of  its  preparations  act  violently  as 
emetics  and  cathartics.    Chambers.  Encijc.  JVicholsoit. 

AN-TI-.MOR'AL-IST,  71,    An  opposer  of  morality. 

TVarburton. 

AN-TI-Mu'SIC-AL,  a.  Opposed  to  music ;  having  no 
ear  for  music.  Jimcr.  Revienc. 

AN-TI-NE-PHRIT'ie,  a.    [anti  and  nephriticy  which 
see.] 
Counteracting  diseases  of  the  kidneys.        Coxe. 

.YN-TI-NE-PHItlT'ie,  7(.  A  medicine  that  tends  to 
remove  diseases  of  the  kidneys. 

AX-TI-No'MI-AN,  a.    [Gr.  avri,  against,  and  vo^osj 
law.] 
Againjt  the  law  j  peitainbg  to  the  Antinomians. 

A.V-Tt-No'MI-.\N,  71.  One  of  a  sect  who  maintain 
that,  under  the  gosjiel  dispensation,  the  law  is  of  no 
use  or  obligation  ;  or  who  hold  doctrines  which  su- 
persede the  necessity  of  good  works  and  a  virtuous 
life.  This  sect  originated  with  John  Asricola,  about 
tlie  vear_1533.  "        Enaic. 

AN-TI-Xo'MI--VN-IS3I,  71.  The  tenets  of  the  Anti- 
nomian;^.  Hall. 

i'ViS'TI-NO-MIST,  n.  One  who  pays  no  regard  to  the 
law,  or  to  good  works.  Sajiderson. 

AN'TI-iVO-iMY,  7t.     A   contradiction   between    two 
laws,  or  between  two  parts  of  the  same  law.  Ba}:er. 
2.  A  lav/  or  other  thing  opposite  or  contrary. 

Sililrmi.     Taylor. 

AX-TI-o'€HI-AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  Antiochus,  the 
founder  of  a  sect  of  philosophers,  a  cotcmporaiy 
with  Cicero.  This  sect  was  a  branch  of  the  Aca- 
demics, though  Antiochus  was  a  Stoic.  He  attempted 
to  reconcile  the  doctrines  of  the  dilTerent  schools,  and 
was  the  last  preceptor  of  the  Platonic  school.  Enojc. 
The  Jlntioduaii  epoch  was  a  metliod  of  computing 
time,  from  the  proclamation  of  liberty  granted  to  liie 
city  of  Antioch,  about  the  tiiue  of  the  bailie  of  Phar- 
salia,  Encyc, 

A.N-TI-P.^'PAL,  a.    Opposing  Po|«ry. 

AN-TI-PA-PIST'I€,         i  a.      Opposed  to  Popery  or 

A.\.T!-PA-PIST'ie-.lL,  i     Papacy.  .foTtin. 

AX  TI-P,'lR'AL-LEL,  a.  Running  in  a  contrary  di- 
rection. Hammond, 

AN-TI-PAR-A-LYT'ie,  a.   [avri  and  paraiifiic,  which 
see.] 
Good  against  the  palsy. 


ANT 

AN-TI-P-VR-A-LYT'ie,  7f.    A  remedy  for  the  palsy. 

Coze. 

AN-TI-PA-TIIET'iC,         )  a.     [Sec  Antipathy.] 

AN-TI-PA-THET'ie-AL,  \      Having  a  natiual  con- 
ti-arietv,  or  t  onstitutional  aversion  to  a  thing. 

AX-TI-PA-THET'ie-AJv-NESS,   71.     'J'he  quality   or 
slate  of  having  an  aversion  or  contrariety  to  a  thing. 

JuhiLson, 

AN-TI-PATH'I€,  a.    [Gr.  auri  and  iraOog.] 

Having  opposite  affections.  In  medicine^  the  same 
as  Allopathic. 

AN-TIP'A-THOUS,  a.    Adverse;  having  a  natural 
contrariety.  Bcaum,  *5*  EL 

AN-TIP'A-THY,  71.    [Gr.  arn,  against,  and  ^ados, 
feeling.] 

Natural  aversion ;  instinctive  contrariety  or  oppo- 
sition in  feeling ;  an  aversion  felt  at  the  presence, 
real  or  ideal,  of  a  particular  object.  This  word  liter- 
ally denotes  a  natural  aversion,  which  may  be  of  dif- 
ferent degrees,  and  in  some  cases  may  excite  terror 
or  horror  at  the  presence  of  an  object.  Such  is  the 
aversion  of  animals  for  their  natural  enemies,  as  the 
antqiaUuj  of  a  mouse  to  a  cat  or  a  weasel.  Some- 
times persons  have  an  insuperable  constitutional  an- 
tipathy to  certain  kinds  of  food. 

The  word  is  applied,  also,  to  aversion  contracted 
by  experience  or  habit  j  as  when  a  person  has  suf- 
fered au  injurj'  from  some  food,  or  from  an  animal, 
wliich  before  was  not  an  object  of  hatred,  or  when 
a  particular  kind  of  food  or  medicine  is  taken  into  a 
sickly  stomach,  and  which  nauseates  it,  tlie  effect  is 
antipaViy^  which  is  often  of  long  continuance. 

Antipathy,  however,  is  often  artected ;  as  when 
persons  pretend  a  great  aversion  to  things  from  false 
delicacy. 

2.  In  ct/ifcs,  antipathy  is  hatred,  aversion,  or  repug- 
nancy ;  hatred  to  persons ;  aversion  to  persons  or 
things ;  repugnancy  to  actions.  Of  these,  hatred  is 
most  voluntary.  Jiversion^  and  antipathy^  (in  its  true 
sense,)  depend  more  on  the  constitution  ;  repugnancy 
may  depend  on  reason  or  education.  Eiicyc 

Invetf^mle  antipaAiea  agiiinst  pa.rdcul.'u-  nations,  and  passionate 
aUadiniL-iiis  (o  odiei's,  are  to  be  avoided.         WasJtington. 

3.  In  physics,  a  contrariety  in  the  properties  or  af- 
fections of  matter,  as  of  oil  and  water,  which  will 
not  mix. 

^ntipatliy  is  regularly  followed  by  to,  sometimes  by 
against,  and  is  oppos.'d  to  sirnpadin, 
A>r-TI-pA-TR!-OT'ie,  or  AN-TI-PAT-RI-OT'I€,  «. 
Xot  patriotic  j  opposing  the  interests  of  one's  countrj-. 
ATiUpatriolic  prejudices.  Johnson. 

AN-Tl-PE-DO-BAP'TIST,  n.  [Gr.  avrt,  against,  mm^ 
zaiSos,  a  child,  and  iSaTZTiH^co,  to  baptize.] 
One  who  is  opposed  to  the  baptism  of  mfants. 

Buck. 
AN-TI-PE-RI-OD'ie,  71.    In  medicine,  a  remedy  pos- 
sessing the  property  of  preventing  the  return  of  peri- 
odic diseases,  as  intennittents.  Cite.  Jrled. 
AX-TI-PER-I-ST.VL'Tie,  a.     [See  PeristaLtic.] 

1.  Opposite  to  peristaltic;  acting  upward,  in  a  di- 
rection conlrarj'  to  peristaltic ;  as,  antiperistaltic  mo- 
tion. 

9.  Counteracting  or  checking  peristaltic  motion  ; 
as,  an  antiperistaltic  remedy. 

AN-TI-PE-RIS'TA-SIS,  7(.      [Gr.  avrt,  against,  and 
Tzepicraaisy  a  standing  ai'ound.J 

The  opposition  of  a  contrary  quality,  by  w'hich  the 
qualitj' opposed  acquires  stren^h ;  or  the  action  by 
which  a  body  attacked  collects  force  by  opposition  ; 
or  the  intension  of  the  activity  of  one  quality  by  the 
opposition  of  another.  Thus  quicklime  is  set  on  fire, 
or  sensible  heat  is  excited  in  it,  by  mixture  with  wa- 
ter ;  and  cold  applied  to  the  hmnan  body  may  increase 
its  heat.  Johnson.     Drydcn.     Quincy. 

AN-TI-PER-I-STAT'ie,  a.    Pertaining  to  antiperisia- 
sis.  ^ash. 

.■VX-TI-PES-TI-LEN'TIjVL,  a.    [anti  and  pestilential, 
which  see.] 

Counteracting  contagion  or  infection ;  having  the 
qualitv of  opposingov  destroyi:ig  pestilential  diseases. 

AN-TI-PHLO-OIS'TIAN,  (an-te-tlo-jis'chan,)  7(.  [anti 
and  phlo^isttm,  which  see.] 
An  opposer  of  the  theory  of  phlogiston. 

AN-TI-PHL0-Gl3'Tie,  a.    Counteracting  a  plilogistic 
condition. 

2.  Opposed  to  tlie  doctrine  of  phlogiston ;  as,  tlie 
antiphloiristic  svstem. 

AN-TI-PHL0-6'IS'TI€,    «.      Any  medicine  or  diet 
which  tends  to  obviate  a  phlogistic  condition.  Coze. 

AN'TI-PHO.V,  n.     [S?ee  Astiphony.1     The  chant  or 
allemate  singing  iu  choirs  of  cathedrals. 

AX-TipH'O.N-.-U,,       \  a.    [See  Antiphonv.]     Fcr- 

AN-TI-PHOX'ie,        \      Uminq  to  aniiphony  or  al- 

AX-TI-PIiO.\'I€-.-VL,  >      ternate  singing.      Encvc. 

AN-TIPH'OX-.VL,  71.  A  book  of  antiphous  or  anthems. 

Burnet. 

AN-TIPU^0-XA-RY,h.  [Gr.a:'r(,  contrary,  and(?pw^i7, 
sound,  voice.] 

A  service  book,  in  the  Roman  Catholic  church, 
containing  all  the  invitatories,  responsories,  collects, 
and  whatever  is  said  or  sung  in  the  choir,  except  the 
lesson;* :  called  also  a  rc^pousary ;  compiled  bv  Greg- 
ory tliij  Great.  Encyc. 


ANT 

AN-TIPH'0-XER,7i.  A  book  of  anthems  or  antiphons. 

C/icuecr. 
AN-TIPH'0-NY,  71.    [Gr.  avrt,  contrary,  and  •potvn, 
voice.] 

1.  The  answer  of  one  choir  to  another,  when  an 
anthem  or  ps;ilm  is  siuig  alternately  by  two  clioirs ; 
alternate  singing. 

9.  A  species  of  psalmody,  when  a  congregation  is 
divided  into  two  parts,  and  each  sings  the  verses  al- 
ternately. Eneyc 

3.  'i'lie  words  given  out  at  the  beginning  of  a  psjdm, 
to  which  botli  the  choirs  are  to  accommodate  their 
singing.  Encye, 

4.  A  musical  composition  of  several  verses,  extract- 
ed from  different  psalms.  Encyc 

AN-TIPIl'UA-SIS,  71.  [Gr.  avri,  against,  and  ipoaais, 
a  form  of  speech.] 

The  use  of  words  in  a  sense  opposite  to  their  prop- 
er meaning  ;  as  when  a  court  of  justice  is  c&lled  a 
co7trt  of  vc/i^eancc.  Johnson.     Ask. 

AN-TI-PHRAST'IC,        )  a.    Pcrtainmg  to  antiplira- 
AX-TI-PHRAST'IC-.VL,  (      sis.  Ash. 

AN-TI-PHRAST'ie-AL-LY,  adv.    In  the  manner  of 

antiphrasjs. 
AN-TI-PHYS'ie-^VL,  a.    Contrary  to  physics  or  to  na- 
ture. 
.\N-TIP'0-DAL,  a.     Pertaining  to  the  antipodes,  or 

those  who  have  their  feet  directly  opposite. 
AN'TI-PODE,  iu;  pi.  As'ti-podes  or  As-tif'o-des. 
[Gr.  avTt,  opposite,  and  tous,  z  '60s,  foot.] 

A  term  applied  to  those  who  live  on  opposite  sides 
of  the  globe,  and,  of  course,  whose  feet  are  directly 
opposite. 
AN-TI-Po'DE-.AX,  a.    Antipodal;  pertaining  to  the 

antipodes. 
Ai\-TI-P0rS0N,  n.  An  antidote  for  poison.  Browiu 
j\X''T[-PoPE,  n.     [anti  and  pope.l 

One  who  usurps  the  Papal  power,  in  opposition  to 
the  pope.  Addison. 

AN'Tl-PoRT,  n.    An  outward  gate  or  door. 

Smith. 
AN-TI-PRE-LAT'ie-AL,  a.    Adverse  to  prelacy. 

Morton. 
AN'TI-PRIeST,  n.    An  opposer  or  enemy  of  priests. 

Wctcr/rtrMt 
AX-TI-PRIeST'CRXFT,  71.    Opoosition  to  priestcralt. 

Burke. 
AN-TI-PRIN'CI-PLE,  71.    An  opposite  principle. 

Spenser. 
AN-TI-PROPH'ET,  n.  An  enemy  or  opposer  of  proph- 
ets. Mcde. 
.\N-TIP-S0R'ie,  a.    [Gr.  avn  and  ^E/wod,  Uic  itch.] 

Efficacious  in  curing  the  itch. 
AX-TIP-To'SIS,  n.    [Gr.  avri  and  Trrwc-fy,  case.] 
In  grammar,  the  putting  of  one  case  for  another. 

Johnson. 
AX-TI-Pu^RI-T.VX,  n.    .-In  opposer  of  Puritans. 

fVarton. 
AX-TI-aUA'RI-AX,  a.    Pertaining  to  antiquaries,  or 
to  antiquity.    As  a  noun,  this  is  used  for  Antkiuakt. 
^VX-TI-aUA'RI-.VX-IS.M,  71.    Love  of  antiquities. 

JVarburlon. 
.'W^TI-aUA-RY,  V.     [h.  antiifuarius.] 

One  who  studies  into  the  history  of  ancient  things, 
as  statues,  coins,  medals,  paintings,  inscripliuns, 
books,  aud  manuscripts,  or  searches  for  them,  and 
explains  tbeu"  origin  and  purport  ;  one  versed  in  an- 
tiquity. 
AN'TI-aU.ATE,  r.  t.  [h.  antiquo.  See  .^:«ti<iuary.] 
To  make  old,  or  obsolete  ;  to  make  old  in  such  a 
degree  as  to  put  out  of  use.  Heuce,  when  applied 
lo  laws  or  customs,  it  deiiotcs  to  make  void,  or  ab- 
rogate.] 

Cbristiauity  might  leMombly  iuUoduoc  new  lam,  tuid  oiiticua^    ! 
or  abrogate  old  ones.  Il<i!c.        ' 

AX'TI-aUA-TED,  pp.  or  a.  Grown  old  ;  obsolete  : 
out  of  use :  having  lost  its  binding  force  byneii- 
obserwince;  as,  an  ayitiquaied  laio. 

iVX'T[-aLTA-TED-X£lSS,  7;.  The  slate  of  being  old 
or  obsolete. 

/VX'TI-aUATE-XESS,  iu  The  sUitc  of  being  obso- 
lete. 

AX-TI-aUA'TIOX,  71.    The  state  of  being  antiquated. 

Beaumont. 

AN-TKaUE',  (an-teek',)  a.  [Fr.,  from  L.  atoiquvs, 
probably  from  ante.] 

1.  Old  ;  ancient ;  of  genuine  antiquity ;  in  tliis 
sense  it  usually  refers  to  the  nourishing  ages  of 
Greece  and  Rome  ;  as,  an  antique  st;itue. 

2.  Old,  as  respects  the  present  age,  or  a  modern 
period  of  time  :  of  old  fashion  ;  as,  an  antique  robe. 

3.  Odd  ;  wild  ;  fantastic  ;  more  generally  written 
antic. 

AN-TICiLT^',  l_an-teek',)  71.  In  general,  any  thing  verj- 
old ;  but  in  a  more  limited  sense,  the  roniiiins  ef 
ancient  artists,  as  busts,  statues,  (wintings,  and 
vases,  the  works  of  Grecian  and  Roman  tmiiquitj . 

AX-TItil'IVlA",  adv.    In  an  antique  manner. 

AX-TKiUE'XESS,(an-teek'ness,>;(.  The  quality'  of 
being  antique  ;  an  appearance  of  ancient  origin  and 
workmanship.  Addisp/t. 

.VX-TKVUI-TV,  (an-tik'we-tc.)  n.   .[L.  antiguilas.] 
1.  Ancient  limes ;  former  ages;  times  long  since 


Tu\E,  BULL,  UXITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K ;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z  ;  Cli  as  SlI ;  TH  a? 


riiis. 


ANT 

past ;  a  vcnj  indejinitc  term  ;  a«,  Cicero  was  tlie  most 
<:lu(iiienl  iiraior  of  untiijaitij. 

2,  Tlie  aiicitnils;  the  |K^ople  of  ancient  times;  as, 
the  fact  is  ndmitlcd  by  all  antiquity. 

M^nnini;  (lint  iii:inktntl  :\re  indiiicd  U>  vcHly  the  prcUiclions  of 
nnli^uity.  T.  Daioct, 

X  Ancicntness ;  pn-at  age;  tlio  quality  of  being 
ancirnt ;  as,  a  .statue  of  remarkable  antiqaittj;  a 
family  nf  yreat  ant'uiuity. 

4.  Olil  asf  ;  «  ladicruiui  sense  used  b>j  Shakspearc. 

5.  The  rciuaius  of  ariitient  times,  hi  this  sense  it 
is  usually  nr  always  plural.  Jintniuifics  coinprehenil 
all  tile  remains  uf  ancient  times ;  all  the  inniui- 
meuis,  cuius,  lusrriiitiun:^,  e<lilices,  hislory,  and  frajL;- 
nients  of  htiiature,  otlices,  haliilinunits,  weapons, 
manut-rs,  rcreimiint^s ;  in  slnut,  whatever  respects 
any  of  tfu-  auijmi  nations  of  the  earth. 

A.V-'ri-lUIiiO-iUAT'ltJ,  a.  Klficacious  in  cases  of 
rheumati.sui. 

AN-Tl-UBV-O-LtJ'TION-A-RY,  a,  [See  Revolu- 
tion.] 

Oiiposed  to  a  rev<ilution  ;  opposed  to  an  entire 
chauire  ill  the  form  of  iroverinucnt.  BurKc. 

A.\-Tl.itKV-O-L0"nOi\-IST,  u.  One  who  is  op- 
jjosed  to  a  revolulion  in  goveinmenl. 

AN-TI-SAlMiA-TARI-AN,  «.     [auti  and  Sablmth.] 
Om-  of  a  sect  who  oppose-  the  ()liservaiM'.<!  of  the 
Christian    Sabbatti ;    maiiitaiuinir    that    the   Jt^wish 
yabbatli  was  only  of  ceieuutiiial,  net  of  moral  obli- 
gation, an((  was  consequently  abuhshed  by  Clirisl. 

Eiicyc. 

AN-TI-Ra'BI-AM,  a.     [See  Sabian.] 

Opposed  or  contrary  to  Sahianism,  or  tlie  worship 
of  the  celcsliiil  tirbs.  F<ibcr. 

AN-TI-SAC-ELl-Do'TAL,  a.    Adverse  to  priests. 

iVatcrlaiid. 

AN-TFS'CIANS,  )  n.   pi     [T,.  aatiscU,  of  Gr.  au7iy  op- 

AN-TlS'CI-I,        \      jiosite,  and  okiu,  shadow.] 

Ill  >rcography,  the  inliabitants  of  the  earth,  living 
on  dilferent  sides  of  the  equator,  whose  shadows  at 
noon  are  c;ist  in  contrary  directions.  Those  who 
live  north  of  the  equator  are  autJiM:iati^  to  tJio^e  on 
the  south,  and  vice  versa;  the  shadows  on  one  side 
b^ing  cast  towarti  tbe  iiurtii  j  tJiose  on  the  other, 
toward  the  south.  Enoic 

AN-Tl-SeOK-BO'Tie,         {a.      [anti   and    scorbutic, 

AN-TI-SeOIl-BO'Tie-AL,  \  which  see.]  Counter- 
acting the  sturvy. 

A.\-TI-SeOR-nu'Tie,  n.    A  remedy  for  the  scurvy- 

AN-TI-SeRU"T^R-AL,  a.  Not  accordant  with  the 
Satred  Scriptures. 

AN-'l'I-tieRII"Tl|R-ISM,  n.  Opposition  to  the  Holy 
Scriptures.  Boyle. 

AN-TI-SCRIP'TUR-IST,  n.  One  that  denies  revela- 
tion. Botilr. 

AN-TI-SEP'Tie,  a.  [Gr.  avrt  and  01,7770^,  putrid, 
from  c-fjTTw,  to  putrcty.] 

Opposed  to,  or  counteracting,  a  putrescent  tenden- 
cy in  the  .system. 

AN-TI-SEP'Tie,  n.      A  substance  which  resists  or 
corrects  putrefaction,  as  acids  and  saline  sul)stances. 
2.  A  remedy  which  counteracts  a  putrescent  ten- 
dency in  the  system,  as  cinchona. 

.\N-TI-SLaV'ER-V,  71.    Opposition  to  slavery. 

AN-TI-SO'CIAL,   a.     [See  Social.] 

1.  Averse  to  society ;  that  tends  to  interrupt  or 
destroy  social  intercourse.  Pascalij<^  Med.  Rc/i. 

2.  Hostile  to  the  existence  of  society ;  as,  anti- 
soctal  principles. 

AN-T[S'PA-SXS,  71.  [Gr.  avrt,  against,  and  rrnitti,  to 
draw.] 

A  revulsion  of  fluids  from  one  part  of  the  body  to 
another.  Qumai. 

AN-TI-SPAS-MOD'ie,  a.  [Gr.  avrt,  against,  and 
anacfioS',  from  crTrao),  to  draw.] 

Opposing  spasm  j  resisting  convulsions;  as  ano- 
dynes. Ci'xe. 

AN-TI-SPAS-MOD'ie,  n.  A  remedy  for  spasm  or 
convulsions,  as  opium,  balsam  of  Peru,  ami  tlie 
essential  oile?  of  vegetables.  Coze. 

AN'TI-SPAST,  f  71.    [Gr.  ui'r(andtrra/..,todraw.] 

AN-TI-SPAS'TUS,  (  In  pr(ww/y,:i  tetra.-<yllabic  foot, 
in  which  the  first  and  last  syllables  are  short,  and  the 
middle  svllables  long. 

AJ\'-TI-SPAS'TI€,  a.     [See  Antispasis.] 

1.  Causing  a  revulsion  of  fluids  or  humors. 

Jo/indon. 

2.  Counteracting  spasm  ;  antispasmodic. 
AN-TI-S  PAS' Tie,  H.    In  old  writer;^-,  a  medirine  sup- 
posed to  act  by  causing  a  revulsion  of  the  humors. 

2.  A  remedv  that  counteracts  spasm;    an  anti- 
AN  TI-SPLEN'ET-ie,  a.     [See  Spluen.]  [spasmodic. 
Good  as  a  remedy  in  diseases  of  the  splet-n. 

JohiLson. 
AN-TIS'TA-SIS,  71.     [Gr.  avn,  opposite,  and  (rrueis, 
station.] 

In  oratory,  the  defense  of  an  action  from  he  con- 
sideration tliat  if  it  had  been  omitted,  something 
worse  would  have  happened.  Encyc. 

AN-TIS'Tl":S,  n.     [L.] 

The  chief  priest  or  prelate.  Jifilton. 

AN-TIS'TR0-FHE,7(.  [Gr.  avrt,  opposite,  and  aroo- 
<Ptj,  a  turning.] 


ANT 

1.  In  irraiinnar,  the  changing  tif  things  mutually 
dependiii-5  on  each  other;  nciprocal  conversion  ;  as, 
the  master  of  the  servant,  the  servant  of  the  master. 

2.  Among  the  auchut-,,  that  part  of  a  song  or 
dance,  around  the  altar,  which  was  jiernirmed  by 
turning  from  the  led  to  the  right,  in  opposition  to  the 
strophe,  which  was  performed  by  turning  from  the 
right  to  the  left.  The  ancient  odes  consisted  of 
stanzas  called  strophc-f  and  atuLitrophcs^lo  which  was 
often  added  the  cpude.  Tliese  were  sung  by  a  choir, 
which  turned  or  changed  places  when  they  re- 
peated the  diilVrenl  parts  of  the  ode.  The  cpodr 
was   sung   as   the   chorus   stood   still.     [Sen    Oui:.] 

Ii'v:>0s  pre/,  to  /lis  Pindar. 

AN-TI-STROPirie,rt.     Helonging  to  the  antistrophe. 

AN-TIS'TKO-1'HON,  71.  A  figure  which  repeats  a 
word  often.  Mdton. 

AN-TI-STRU-MAT'IC,  (  a.     [cfifi  and  struma,  a  scrof- 

AN-TI-STRU'MOLTS,      \      nloiis  swelling.] 
Good  against  scrofulous  disorders. 

.iakn^ou.     Iflseman. 

AN-TI-SYPH-1-LIT'I€,  a.  Elficacious  against  syph- 
ilis, or  the  venereal  diseast- ;  aiitivenereal. 

AN'TI-THk-IS.M,  71.     [<;r.  (irn  and  thos.] 

OppusitK)n  to  tlie  belief  of  a  God.  Chalmers. 

AN'TI-THk-IST,  n.  One  wJio  opposes  the  belief  of  a 
God. 

AN-Tl-THE-IST'ie-AL,  a.  Opposing  the  belief  of  a 
(iod. 

AN-TI-THE-IST'ie-AL-LY,  (k/m.  By  opposing  the  be- 
lief in  a  God. 

AN-'I'ITH'E-SIS,Ti.  [Gr.  nvTiOcais,  of  ui-n  and^iffis, 
from  Ti^irifti,  to  place.] 

1.  In  rhetoric,  an  oppo^^ition  of  words  or  senti- 
ments;  coniiasl ;  as,  ''When  our  vices  leave.  ili, 
we  flatter  ourselves  we  leave  them.'*  "  The  prodigal 
Tubs  his  ki:tr,  tile  miser  robs  /fort.sc//,"  "  Excess  of 
ceremony  shows  icant.  of  breeding."  "  Liberty 
with  laic.f,  and  government  loitJwat  oppression." 

2.  Opposition  of  opinions:  controversy.     Enciic. 
.AN-Tl-Tl!ET'ie,  I  u.      Pertaining   to  antithesis, 
AN-Tl-'l'HET'IC-AL,   j      or  opiiosiiiun  of  words  aiKl 

sentiments  ;  containing  or  abounding  with  antithe- 
sis. Eiificld.     Eneyc. 

AN-TI-TIIET'ie-AL-LY,  adv.     By  antithesis.  Byron. 

AN-TIT'RA-GUS,  v.  A  jirominence  on  the  lower 
posterior  portion  of  the  external  ear,  opposite  the 
tragus. 

AN-Ti-TRIN-I-TA'RI-AN,  71.  [anti  and  trinitarian, 
which  see.] 

One  who  denies  the  Trinity,  or  the  existence  of 
three  persons  in  the  (.Jodhead.  F.ncye. 

AN-Tr-TRI.N-I-TA'Rl-AN,  (.-.     Opposing  the  Trinity. 

AX-TI-TRIN-I-TA'RI-AN-IS.M,  u.  A  denial  of  the 
Trinity. 

A\-TIT'RO-PAL,     I  a.     [Gr.  auri  and  rpf.TTou] 

AN-TIT'RO-POUS,  (  In  botany,  denoting  that  the 
radicle,  in  a  seed,  is  at  the  extremity  most  remote 
from  the  hiluni,  or  Uiat  the  embryo  is'inveited  with 
respect  to  tlie  seed.  LiuMcy. 

AN'1'I-TyPE,  77.  [Gr.  nvrirvrrof,  of  ai/Tt,  against, 
and  Tv~oi,  a  tj  pe  or  pattern.] 

That  of  which  the  type  is  the  prefiguration.  Thus 
the  paschal  lamb,  in  Scripture,  is  the  tApe,  of  which 
Christ  is  the  antiiypi.  Ari  ;intitype,  Uien,  is  some- 
thing which  is  formed  according  to  a  model,  or  pat- 
tern, anil  bearing  strong  features  of  resemblance 
to  it. 

In  the  Greek  lilnrgii,  the  sacramental  bread  and 
wine  are  called  aiititypt;s,  tiiat  is,  figures,  similitudes  ; 
and  the  Greek  fathers  used  the  word  in  a  like  sense. 

Eiicyc. 

AN-TI-TYPTG-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  an  antitype";  ex- 
plaining the  tjpe.  Johnson. 

AN-TI-TYP'I€-A]^-LY,  adi:.     Bv  way  of  antitype. 

AN-TI-VA-RI'O-LOUS,  a.     [auii  and  tyarioluus,  \n  liich 
see.] 
Preventing  the  contagion  of  the  small-iiox. 

MetL  Rep. 

AN-TI-VE-Nii'RE-ALj  a.  [anfi  and  venereal,  whicli 
see.] 

Resiifting  vcner^'al  poison. 

ANT'LER,  :t,  [from  the  root  of  ante,  before;  Fr. 
andoitillrr.     Pee  Anti;.] 

A  start  or  branch  of  a  horn  of  a  ( ervin"  animal, 
as  of  the  stag  or  moose.  The  hranrh  next  to  the 
head  is  called  the  brow-anUcr,  and  tlie  branch  next 
al)ov»^,  the  bc^-ant/rr.  Encyc. 

ANT'LER  .ED,  a.     Furnished  with  antlers.     Encyc. 

aNT^-LiKE,  a.     lUsemtiiing  the  habits  of  ants. 

AN-To'NI-AN,  a.  Noting  certain  medicinal  waters 
in  Germany,  at  or  near  'J'onstein.  Encyc. 

AN-'J'ON-O-Ma'SIA,  h.  [Gr.  ovn  and  ovapa,  name.] 
The  use  of  the  name  of  some  olhce,  dignity,  pro- 
fession, science,  or  trade,  instead  of  the  proper  name 
of  the  pei-son  ;  as  when  his  mojesty  is  used  foa:  aking, 
or  /tw  lordship  for  a  nobleman;  or  when,  instead  of 
Aristotle,  we  say,  the  philo.-^triiher  .-  Or,  converseh',  the 
use  of  a  proper  name  instead  of  an  appellative,  as 
when  a  wise  man  is  tailed  a  Cato,  or  an  eminent 
orator  a  Cicero,  the  application  being  supported  by  a 
resemblance  in  character.  Encyc. 

AN-TON-0-MAS''I'ie-AL-LY,  adc.  By  the  figure  an- 
tonomasia. 


AOR 

AN'TRE,  (an'tur,)  rt.     [L.  antrum.]    A  cavern. 

Shah.     OtJicllo. 

A'NUS,  T(.  The  opening  of  the  body  by  which  excre- 
ment is  expelled. 

AX-U'UIS,  71.  An  Egyptian  deity,  the  conductor  of 
departi-d  >pirits,  and  represented"  by  a  human  ligure 
with  the  head  of  a  dog  or  fox. 

AN'VIL,  u.  [Sax.  anJiU,irnJilt;  D.  aanbedd:  old  Eng. 
nnoelt.  "The  first  syllable  seems  to  be  the  preposi- 
tion on,  from  the  Helgic  dialect  aan.  The  last  syl- 
lable is  from  the  verb  build ;  in  Germ,  bddnij  to  form 
or  shape,  and  bild,  an  linage  or  form,  which  in  Duich 
is  bcdd.  To  build  is  to  shape,  to/orm,  and  anvil^  that 
is,  on  build,  is  that  on  which  things  are  sluiped.  The 
Latin  word  incus,  incudis,  is  formed  by  a  like  anal- 
og}' from  in  and  cudu,  to  hammer,  or  shape  ;  and  the 
same  ideas  are  connected  in  the  Celtic;  VV.  cinffioa; 
Ir.  inneon,  anvil,  and  innevnam,  to  strike.] 

An  iron  block  with  a  smooth  face,  on  which 
smitlis  hammer  and  shape  their  work.  Figitratioely, 
any  thing  on  which  blows  are  laid.  Shal:. 

To  be  OH  the  anvif,  is  to  be  in  a  state  of  discussion, 
formation,  or  preparation,  as  when  a  scheme  or 
measure  is  forming,  but  not  matured.  This  figure 
bears  an  analogy  to  that  of  du<cii.^sit>n,  a  shakinf»  or 

AN'VIL-£D,  a.     Wrought  on  the  anvil.  [bf^ating. 

Beaumont  Sf  FleUkrr. 

ANX-I'E-TY,  (ang-zi'e-ty,) /i.  [L.  aiixielas,iKom  anz- 
i«s,  solicitous  ;  1j.  anffo.     See  Anger.] 

1.  Concern  or  solicitude  respecting  some  event, 
future  or  uncertain,  which  disturbs  the  mind,  and 
keeps  it  in  a  state  of  painful  uneasiness.  It  ex- 
presses more  than  uneasiness  or  disturbance,  and  even 
Tnoro  tiian  trouble  or  soUcitiuie.  It  usually  i^iirings 
from  fear  or  serious  apprehension  of  evil,  and  in- 
volves a  suspense  respecting  an  event,  and  often  a 
perplexity  of  inind,  to  know  how  to  shape  our  con- 
duct. 

2.  In  medical  lanffoagc,  uneasiness ;  unceasing 
restlessness  in  sickness. 

ANX'IOUS,  (ank'shus,)  n.  Greatly  concerned  or 
solicitous  res[)ecting  something  future  or  iinknown  ; 
being  in  painful  suspense;  applmd  t.o  persons  i  as, 
to  be  annoa^i  for  the  issue  of  a  battle. 

2.  Full  of  solicitude  ;  umiuiet;  applied  to  things; 
its,  anxious  thoughts  or  labor. 

3.  Very  cai'eful  ;  solicitous  ;  as,  anxious  to  please ; 
anxious  to  commit  no  mistake. 

It  is  followed  hy  for  or  about,  before  the  object. 

ANX'IOUS-LY,  ado.  In  an  anxious  manner;  solicit- 
ously; with  painful  uncertainty;  earefully ;  un- 
qiiietlv. 

ANX'IOUS-NESS, ;;.  The  quality  of  being  anxious  ; 
gieai  solicitude.  Johtison. 

AN'Y,  (en'ny,)  a.  [Sax.  «»::?■,  (rnin-;  D.  rem  if ;  Gor. 
cim;r.  This  word  is  a  compiinnd  of  an,  one,  and  i<r, 
which,  in  the  Teutonic  dialects,  is  the  ic  of  the 
Latins,  mus-/c-us.     ^ny  is  umc-ua,  one-Uhe.] 

1.  One,  indefinitely." 

Nor  knowolli  amj  inim  tli"?  Pivth'^r,  save  tlic  Son.  —  Mntt.  xi. 
If  !i  suiil  s|j;Ul  sill  ;i5aiusi  any  ol  llif  cominniiilinoiils.  —  J^v.  iv. 

2.  Some;  an  imtefinite  number,  plurally  ;  for 
tliongli  the  word  is  formed  from  one,  it  often  refers  to 
manii.  Are  there  awj  witnes,^'js  present  .-*  The  sense 
seems  to  be  a  small,  une.eitain  number. 

3.  Some  ;  an  indefinite  quantity  ;  a  smalt  portion. 

Who  will  show  us  n»y  -roo.l  ?  —  Pb.  iv. 

4.  It  is  often  used  as  a  substitute,  the  person  or 
thing  being  understood. 

And  wlien  y-  st-iiid  pr.iyinj,  forgive,  if  yc  liavc  niiglit  nguii:sl 

any.  —  Mark  xi. 
If  any  Lick  wisdom,  lei  him  ask  it  of  God.  —  Jninca  i. 

It  is  used  ill  opposition  to  none.  Have  you  any 
wheat  to  sell .''    I  Jiave  vone. 

AN'Y-WISE,  is  sometimes  used  adverbially  ;  but  the 
two  words  may  be  separated,  and  used  with  a  jirep- 
osiiion,  inany  wise. 

A-O'NI-AN,  a.  [from  Aonia,  a  part  of  Bffiotia,  in 
Greece.] 

Pertaining  to  the  muses,  or  to  Aonia,  in  Bocotia. 
Tlie  Aoniaii  fount  was  Jiganippc,  at  the  foot  of 
Mount  Helicon,  not  I'ar  from  Thebes,  and  sacr.rd  to 
the  muses.  Hence  the  muses  were  called  Aomdes. 
Dryden^s  Virrr'd,  Eclogue  10.  16.  But  in  truth,  ^n/na 
itself  is  formed  from  the  Celtic  aon,  a  spring  or  foun- 
tain, [the  fabled  son  of  Neptune,]  and  this  word 
gave  name  to  Aoma.  As  the  muses  were  fond  of 
springs,  the  word  was  applied  to  the  muses,  anti  to 
mountains  which  were  their  favorite  residence,  as  to 
Parnassus.  Milton. 

A'O-RIST,  n.  [Gr.  aopioros,  indefinite,  of  a  priv. 
and  h(,iti,  limit.] 

The  name  of  certain  tenses  in  the  grammar  of  the 
Greek  language,  which  express  an  action  as  com- 
pleted in  past  time,  but  leave  it,  in  other  respects, 
wholly  indeterminate. 

A-O-RIST'ie,  a.  Indefinite  ;  pertaining  to  an  aorist, 
or  indefinite  tense. 

A-ORT'A,  71.  [Gr.  aoprrj,  the  great  artery ;  also,  an 
ark,  or  chest.] 

Tlic  great  arleiy,  or  tiunk  of  the  arterial  system, 
proceeding  from  the  left  ventricle  of  the  heart,  and 
giving  origin  to  all  the  arteries,  except  the  pulmo- 


FaTE,  far,  fall,  WHAT.— MeTE,  PREY.— PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK. 


APE 

nary  arteries.  It  first  rises,  when  it  is  called  the 
ascendinir  aorta  ;  then  makes  a  great  curve,  when  it 
give^  oS"  brandies  to  the  head  and  upper  extremi- 
ties; then  proceeds  downward,  called  the  descend- 
ing aorta,  when  it  pives  off  braiichL-s  to  the  trunk  ; 
arid  finally  divides  into  the  two  iliacs,  which  supply 
the  pelvis'and  lower  extremities.  Cyc.     Parr. 

A-ORT'AL,  /  a.     Pertaining  to  the    aorta,  or   great 

A-ORT'I€,   i      artciT.-.  Danciii, 

A-PaCE',  adc.     [a  and  pace."] 

With  a  quick  pace ;  quick  ;  fa?t ;  speedily  ;  with 
haste ;  hastily :  applied  to  things  in  motion  or  pro- 
gression :  as,  birds  fly  apace ;  ^veeds  grow  apace. 

AP'A-Oo-6E,  71.  [Gr.,  from  a-ay  oj,  to  draw  aside,  of 
a~",  from,  and  a\  w,  to  drive.] 

1,  In  lo^Cy  abduction ;  a  kind  of  argument, 
wherein  the  greater  extreme  is  evidently  coiiLiined 
in  tiie  medium,  but  the  medium  not  so  evidently  in 
the  lesser  extreme,  as  not  to  require  further  proof. 
Thus,  "  All  whom  God  absolves  are  free  from  sin  ; 
but  God  absolves  all  who  are  in  Christ ;  therefore  all 
who  are  in  Christ  are  free  from  sin."  The  first  prop- 
osition is  evident;  but  the  second  may  require  far- 
ther proof,  as  that  God  received  full  satisfaction  for 
sill  by  the  suffering  of  Christ. 

2,  in  matJtetndtics,  a  progress  or  passage  from  one 
proposition  to  another,  when  llie  first,  having  been 
demonstrated,  is  employed  in  proving  others. 

3,  In  r/te  Athenian  law,  the  carrying  a  criminal, 
taken  in  the  fact,  to  a  magistrate.  Encyc 

AP-A-G06'ie-AL,tt.  An  cpagogical  demonstration  is 
an  indirect  way  of  proof,  by  showing  the  absurdity 
or  impossibility  of  the  contrary' ;  corresponding  to 
the  reductio  ad  absurdum,  OT  ad  vnposs'bile, 

AP-A-LACK'I-A.V,  a.  Pertjiining  lo  the  Apalaches, 
a  tribe  of  Indians  in  the  western  part  of  Georgia. 
Hence  the  word  is  applied  to  thu  mountains  in  or 
near  their  country,  which  are  in  fact  the  southern 
extremity  of  the  AUeganean  ridges. 

AP'AX-AtiE.     Se<^  AppAXiCE. 

A-P.\X'THRO-PV,  n.  [Gr-  u-o,  from,  and  avff/i&j-os, 
man.J 

An  aversion  lo  the  company  of  men;  a  love  of 
solitude.  Encyc. 

AP-A-RITH'ME-SIS,  n.  [Gr.]  In  r.'utoric,  enumera- 
tion. 

A-PART',  adv.     [a  and  part ;  Fr.  aparie.    See  Part.] 
1.  Separately  ;  at  a  distance  ;  in  a  state  of  separa- 
tion, as  to  place. 

Jisiia  depailed  thence  into  a  des»>rt  place  apcr:.  —  Matt.  xiv. 

9.  In  a  state  of  distinction,  sjb  to  purpose,  use,  or 
character. 

T:t-;  Lo.-UhaAscta^xirtlilm  thaiisfoclly  for  Imnself.  —  Ps.  iv. 

3.  Distinctly ;    separately ;  as,  consider  the  two 

propositions  apart. 

A.  Aside;  in  exclusion  of;  as,  apart  from  pJI  re- 
gard to  his  morals,  he  is  not  qualified,  in  other 
respects,  for  the  olfice  lie  holds. 

A-PXRT'iI£.\T,  71.  [Fr.  apartemenl,  or  appartement, 
of  ab  or  a,  from,  and  partir,  to  depart.    See  Part.] 

A  room  in  a  building;  a  division  in  a  house,  se[>- 
arated  from  others  by  partitions  ;  a  place  separated 
by  inclosure. 

AP-A-THET'ie,  a.  Void  of  feeling  ;  free  from  pas- 
sion ;  insensible.  Harrts. 

AP'A-THIST,  11.    One  destitute  of  feeling. 

AP-A-THI.ST'ie-AL,  a,     Apatlietic.  Seward, 

AI'^A-TIIY,  n.     [Gr.  a  priv.  and  ttuBo^,  passion.] 

Want  of  feeling ;  privation  of  passion,  or  msen- 
sibility  to  pain  ;  applied  either  to  the  body  or  the  mind. 
As  applied  to  the  mind,  it  is  stoicism,  a  calmness  of 
mind  incajKible  of  being  rutfled  by  pleasure,  pain,  or 
passion.  In  the  first  ages  of  the'church,  the  Chris- 
tians adopted  the  term  to  express  a  contempt  of 
earthly  concerns. 

dukc^m  is  oaI>-  apathy  disguised  nnder  the  appearance  of  de- 
votiou.  Jinq/c. 

AP'A-TITE,  n.  [from  Gr.  CTaraw,  to  deceive ;  it 
having  been  often  mistaken  for  oilier  minerals.] 

Native  phosphate  of  lime.  It  occurs  usually  in 
six-sided  prisms,  of  a  green  or  greenish  color ;  ru- 
sembling  beryl,  but  much  softer.  Its  powder  phos- 
phoresces on  hot  coals.  The  phosphorite  of  Wer- 
ner is  an  earthy  varietj-.  Dana. 

aPE,  iu  [D.  aap ;  Dan.  abc:  Sax.  apa;  Sw.  and  Ir. 
apa ;  Ice.  ape ,-  Germ.  a_ffe ;  W.  ab,  or  epa,  so  named 
from  the  celerity  of  its  moiions.] 

1.  A  genus  of  quadrumana,  found  in  the  torrid 
zone  of  both  continents,  containing  a  great  number 
of  species.  In  common  use,  the  word  extends  to  all 
tlie  trib^  of  monkeys  and  baboons ;  but  in  zoology, 
ape  is  limited  to  such  of  these  animals  h-s  have  no 
tails  ;  while  those  with  ^iiort  tails  are  called  baboorLt, 
and  those  with  long  ones,  monkcij.".  These  animals 
have  four  cutting  teeth  in  each  jaw,  and  two  canine 
teeth,  with  ob»ise  grinders.  The  feet  are  fomicd 
like  bands,  with  four  fingers  and  a  thumb,  and  flat 
nails.  Apes  are  lively,  full  of  frolic  and  chatter, 
thieving,  and  mischievous.  They  inhabit  the  for- 
ests, and  live  on  fruits,  leaves,  and  insects.  £jjci,% 

2.  One  who  imitali;s  servilely,  in  allusion  to  the 
manners  of  the  ape ;  a  si'.Iy  fellow. 

APE,  V.  t.    To  imitate  ser\iiely ;  to  mimic,  as  an  ape 


APH 

imitates  human  actions.    Weak  persons  are  always 
prone  to  ape  foreigners. 
A-PeAK',  ado      [a  and  peak,  a  point.     See  Peak.] 

1.  On  the  point ;  in  a  posture  lo  pierce.  Johnson, 

2.  In  ,=-eayHC«V /t/rt^n/a^e,  perpendicular.  The  anch- 
or is  apeak,  when  the  cable  is  drawn  so  as  to  bring 
the  ship  directly  over  it.  Jifar.  Diet. 

AP'EN-NIXE,   a.      [L.  apenninus :    ad  and  venninus,  i 
an  epithft  applied  to  a  peak  or  ridge  of  the  Alps. 
Liry.     Celtic  pni  or  ben,  the  peak  of  a  mountain,  or 
in  general,  a  mountain.] 

Pertaining  to  or  designating  a  chain  of  mountains 
which  extend  from  the  Alps,  south  of  the  plains  of 
Piedmont,  and  around  the  Gulf  of  Genoa,  to  the  cen- 
ter of  Italy,  and  thence  south-east  to  the  extremity. 

AP'FVXTN'F''!  i  "•    '^^'^  mountains  above  described. 
A-PEP'SY,  n.     [Gr.  a  priv.  and  7rf-rw,  to  digest.] 

Defective  digestion  ;  indigestion.  Coxe. 

A'PER,  71.     [from  ape.]    One  who  apes. 

9.  [LJ    In  zoolo^jf,  the  wild  boar. 
A-Pe'RI-ENT,   a.    IL.  aperient;  apcno  ;  Sp.  and  Port. 
abrir;  It.  aprire :  Fr.  ouvrir.] 

Opening;  that  has  the  quali^  of  opening ;  dcob- 
stnient;  laxative. 
A-Pe'RI-ENT,  71.  Fiirmerbj,  a  medicine  supposed  lo 
possess  the  propertj'  of  opening  the  mouths  of  fche  ex- 
treme vessels,  and  thus  removing  obstnictions ;  an 
anastomotic  ;  a  deobstruent.  As  now  used,  a  remedy 
tliat  promotes  excretion,  or  a  laxative. 
A-PER'I-TIVE,  a.    Opening;  deobstruent;  aperient. 

Harcaj. 
A-PERT',  a.     [L.  apfrtits.'} 

Open  ;  evident ;  undisguised.  [Aoi  used.]  FutJierby. 
A-PER'TION,  71.    The  act  of  opening;  the  state  of  be- 
ing opened ;  an  opening ;  a  gap,  aperture,  or  passage. 
[IJttle  itsed.]  Wiseman.     Wvtta:t. 

A-PERT'LY,  adv.     Opsnlv.     [Little  iLsed.]  Bide. 

A-PEUT'.NESS,  H.     [L.  aperttu^.] 

Openness.     [Rareln  itsed.]  Holder. 

A-PEKT'OR,  v.  A  niuscle  that  raises  the  upper  eye- 
lid ;  usually  called  the  lecator  of  the  upper  eyelid. 

Quincy. 
AP'ER-TTjRE,  n.     Tlie  act  of  opening;  mare  general- 
ly, an  opening ;  a  gap,  clefi,  or  chasm :  a  passage 
perforated  ;  a  hole  tlirough  any  solid  substance. 
Holder.    JVcwton . 
9.  An  opening  of  meaning  ;  explanation.      [JV*o( 
used.]  Taylor. 

3.  In  (^comeiry,  the  space  between  two  right  lines, 
_  forming  an  ancle.  Kncyc. 
aP'ER-V.  h.    The  practice  of  aping.           Colcriilge. 
A-PET'AUOUS,  a,  [Gr.  a  neg.  and  Tztra\<>v,  a  flower 

leaf,  or  ptttal.] 

In  bouiny,  having  no  petals,  or  flower  leaves  ;  bav- 
ins no  corol.  Martiin. 

A-PET'AL-OUS-KESS,  it,    A  sUite  of  being  wilhout 

_  petals. 

a'PEX,  n. ;  pi.  Ape^ces.     [L.  apej,  pi.  apiccs.l 

The  tip,  point,  or  summit  of  any  tiling.  In  antitpii- 
ty,  the  cap  of  a  damen  or  priest ;  the  crest  of  a  hel- 
met. In  grammar,  the  mark  of  a  long  syllable.  In 
botany,  formerly,  the  anthers  of  flowers,  or  top  of  the 
stamens,  like  a  knob  ;  at  present,  the  point  or  termi- 
nation of  any  part,  as  a  leaf,  seed,  or  ovule. 

Martyn.     Lindley. 

A-PH^R'E-SrS, )  (a-fe;-'c-sis,)  ti.   [Gr.  a-o,  from,  and 

A-PHER'E-SI3,    i       aliu.},  lo  takeT] 

1.  In  grammar,  the  taking  of  a  letter  or  syllable 
from  the  beginning  of  a  word.  Thus,  by  avharesis, 
omittere  is  written  mittere.  Encyc. 

2.  In  the  heahng  art,  the  removal  of  any  part  dis- 
eased or  superfluous.  Farr. 

In  surneni,  amputation.  Qtuncy. 

A-PnAN'ES-tTK,  n.    [Gr.  n^(lvr)s,  indistinct] 

A  coppK^rr  ore,  of  a  dark-bluish  or  verdigns- green 
color,  ronsisting  of  arsenic  acid  and  oxyd  of  copper- 
APH-AN-fST'ItJ,  a.     In  mincraloiry,  indistinct. 
APH'A-X7TE,  ?i.     [Gr.  a  priv.  arid  otiuw,  lo  show.] 
A  very  compact,    dark-colored    rock,  consisting 
chit-fly  of  hornblende.  Dana. 

A-PHEL'10N,(a-t^l'yon,)jt.  [Gr.a-o,  from,  and  >'iAiuy, 
the  sun.] 

That  point  of  a  pl.anet's  orbit  which  is  most  distant 
from  the  sun  ;  opposed  to  perihelion. 
APK-I-DiV'O-ROCS,  a,     [of  cplns^  the  puceron  or 
vine-fretter,  and  roro,  to  eat.] 

Eating,  devouring,  or  subsisting  on  the  aphis,  or 
plant-louse.  Garwin. 

A-PUl-L.VK'TIIRO-PY,  n.  [Gr.,  of  n  neg.  and  i}>t\av- 
Bnto~tit,  of  0i>fto,  lo  love,  and  tii-ypton-oj,  man.] 

^Vant  of  love  u*  mankind.  In  medicine,  the  first 
stage  of  melancholy,  when  solitude  is  preferred  to 
socictj'.  Coze. 

a'PHIS,  h.  In  zoology,  ihe  puceron,  vine-fretter,  or 
plant-louse  ;  ;i  genus  of  insects  belonging  to  the  or- 
der Hemiptera.  'i'he  aphis  is  furnished  with  an  in- 
flected beak,  and  with  anlenn:e  lunger  than  the  Uio- 
rax.  In  the  same  species,  some  indi\idual-s  have 
four  erect  wings,  and  o:hei"s  arc  entirely  without 
wings.  The  feti  are  of  the  ambulatory  kind,  and 
the  belly  usually  ends  in  two  horns,  from  which  is 
ejected  the  substance  called  honey-dew.  The  sin-cies 
are  very  numerous.  Encyc. 


APL 

APH-LOGlS'Tie,  a.  [Gr.  .i  priv.  and  .^Ay^T  '5.  in- 
flammable.] 

Flameless  ;  as,  an  apldogirfic  lamp,  in  which  a  coil 
of  wire  is  kept  in  a  state  of  continued  ignition  by  al- 
cohol, wi[liout  flame.  Comstock. 

APH'O-XY,  TI.     [Gr.  a  priv.  and  ^oivr},  voice.] 

A  loss  of  voice  ;  dumbness.  Johiuon.  One. 

APn'0-RlSM,(afa-nzm,)  n.  [Gr.  a^woiT/iof,  deter- 
mination, distinction  ;  from  a-j>ijptCu),  to  separat^^] 

A  maxim ;  a  precept  or  principle  expressed  in  a 
few  words  ;  a  detached  sentence  containing  some 
important  truth  ;  as,  the  apJwrisins  of  Hipjiocrates,  or 
of  the  civil  law.  Encse. 

APH-0-RIS.M'ER,  71.  A  dealer  in  aphorisms.  .Wdtijn. 

APII'O-RIST,  n.    A  writer  of  aphorisms. 

APH-O-RI.STae,        )  a.    In  the  form  of  an  apho- 

APH-0-RIST'ie-.\L,  i  rism  ;  in  ihe  form  of  choit, 
unconnected  sentences  ;  as,  an  aphorisltc  stvle. 

APH-0-RIST'l€;-.\I*-LY,  adr.  In  the  fonn  or  maimer 
of  apiiorisms 

APH'RITE,  n.     [Gr.  a^ooj,  froth.] 

An  earthy  variety  of  carbonate  of  lime,  having  a 
silver}'  luster;  the  inlcenj  duUk  of  Kirvvan,  and  the 
scJuinrnT'le  (foam-earth)  of  Werner.  Dana. 

APH'RI-ZTTE,  n.    A  variety  of  black  tourmalin. 

PhOlips. 

APH-RO-DIS'r-A€,         \  a.     [Gr.  a>i>po6ictoi,  venere- 

;VPH-RO-DI-SI'.'\€-AL,  \  al,  A.<{,pu6iTiji  Venus,  from 
atl'pos,  froth.] 

Exciting  venereal  desire;  increasing  the  appetite 
for  sexual  connection. 

APH-RO-DIS'I-AC,  (af-ro-dizh'e-ak,)  n.  A  provoca- 
tive to  Venerj'.  Enciie.      QuJncy. 

^VPII-RO-Di'TA,  71.  In  zoology,  a  genus  of  marine  .An- 
nelida, characterized  by  two  rows  of  membranous 
scales  along  the  back,  covering  the  branchis.  A  spe- 
cies, on  the  British  roast,  is  called  the  sca-moa^/e 

APH'RO-DITE,  tu     [Gr.  iXippoiiTT,.] 

A  follower  of  Venus.  Cleareland. 

APH-RO-DI'TE,  71.  A  name  of  Venus,  so  called  from 
Gr.  a'lfoo^,  froth,  from  which  the  goddess  was  sup- 
posed to  have  been  produced.    [See  Venus.] 

APH-THIT'A-LITE,  ii.  A  compound  salt,  consisting 
chiefly  of  the  sulphates  of  potash  and  soda,  and  com- 
mon salt ;  found  on  the  lavas  at  Vesu\ius.    Dana. 

APII'THONG,  (af'thong,)  ri.  [Gr.  utto,  without,  and 
tP^oyynq,  sound.] 

A  letter,  or  combination  of  letters,  which,  in  the 
customar>-  pronimciation  of  a  word,  have  no  sound. 
Focah'ir,  or  Diet,  of  the  Hibcrno-Cdtic  Language. 
APH'THOUS,  a.     [Gr.  oii^ai,  ulcers  in  the  mouth.] 
Pertaining  lo  the  thrush,  {aphtJus  :)  of  the  nature  of 
the  thrush,  or  ulcerous  affection  of  the  mouth. 

Bigeluie. 
APH'YL-LOUS,  a.    [Gr.  a  neg.  and  ipvWov,  folium, 
a  leaf.] 

In  botany,  destitute  of  leaves,  as  the  rush,  mush- 
rooms, garlic,  some  sea-weeds,  &.C.  Milne. 
a'PI-.VRIST,  r:.    One  who  keeps  an  apiar}-.  Ktrby. 
a'PI-A-RY,  71.     [L.  apiarium,  of  apis,  a  bee.] 

The  place  where  bees  are  kept :  a  stand  or  shed  for 
bees. 
a'PI-AS-TER,  n.    [from  L.  apis,  a  bee.] 

The  trivial  name  of  a  bird,  a  species  of  Merops,  or 
bpe-eater.  The  apiaster  has  an  iron-colored  back, 
and  a_belly  of  bluish-green.  Eitcyc 

SfPEX^ES    i        ^^^  '^^^^  ^^  AXTHER. 

A-PICU-La-TED,  a.  In  botany,  terminated  abruptly 
by  a  small,  distinct  point,  as  a  leaf. 

A-PIeGE',  adv.     [a  and  piece.] 

To  each  ;  noting  ihe  share  of  each  ;  as,  here  is  an 
orange  apiece. 

a'PIS,  n.  In  mythology,  an  ox,  worshiped  in  ancient 
Esypt,  as  a  divinity. 

A'l'iS,  71.  [L.]  In  zoology,  the  bee,  a  genus  of  insects 
of  the  order  Hymenopiera.  The  mouth  has  two 
jaws,  and  a  proboscis  infolded  in  a  double  sheath ; 
the  wings  are  tour,  the  two  foremost  covering  the 
binder  ones  when  at  rest.  The  females  and  working 
bees  have  a  sting.  Enci/r. 

aP'ISH,  a.  [See  Ape.]  UaWng  the  qualities  of  an 
ape  ;  inclined  to  imitate  in  a  servile  manner;  hence. 
foolish  ;  foppish  ;  aflected  ;  trifling  ;  insignificant ;  as, 
an  aoish  fi-lbuv  ;  apish  manners. 

aP  ISH-IA',  adc.  In  an  apish  manner:  with  servile 
imitation;  foppishlv. 

aP'ISH  NESS,  71,  i'he  quality  o'  being  apish;  mim- 
icrv ;  topper)'. 

.A-PI'T'P.VT ;  with  quick  beating  .  iwlpitation  :  a 
word  formed  from  the  sound,  pit  a  d  pat,  or  from 
beat. 

AP-LA-XAT'ie,  a.  [Gr.  .i  ncz.  and  irAa  ac-,  to  wan- 
der.] 

An  aplanatic  teIescoi)e  is  one  which  e.  Inly  cor- 
rects the  aberration  of  color  of  the  rays  v\  ghl.  It 
is  Ihus  dislinunishcd  Innn  the  adtroMattc,\\\\.\\  only 
jiortiallv  corrects  the  aberration.  Ed.  Ek-j/c 

A-PLAS'TI€,  a.     Not  plastic  or  ea.'^dy  molded. 

AP'IiOME,  n.     [Gr.  ■tTrXoji,  simple.] 

A  mineral  clos-ly  allied  lo  jmrneL  It  is  considertd 
by  Jameson  as  crvsialliztd  c*^imon  garnet.  It  is  a 
r.\i^.  mineral,  found  in  dodccahidnuis.  witli  rhombic 
faces,  s::ppo,=ed  to  he  derived  iVom  Uie  cube  by  one 


TCXE,  BS;LL,  ^MTE.  — AX^'GER,  VI   CIOUS.  — e  as  K;   G  as  J  ;   S  ; 


i  Z;   Cn  as  SH;  TH  is  in  THIS. 


APO 


APO 


I 


of  Uie  most  simple  Inus  of  decrement,  that  of  a  sin- 1 
gle  range  of  particle>-,  parallel  to  ail  the  edges  of  a 
d  I  ibc.  I^ti  "y-     Clcavciand. 

A-PLUS'TUE,  n.  [li.,  from  Gr.  o^Aaffrotr,  tiio  summit 
of  the  poop  of  a  ship.] 

In  Roman  cnti(iuiiiiy  an  ornament  niatle  of  wooden 
plunks,  risinj;  from  Ihc  stern  of  a  ship,  corrcsi»onding^ 
to  the  Greek  aphtasto7t,  {atp'Sa^Tov ;)  by  the  side  of 
whicli  a  pole  was  erected  with  a  flag  or  ribbons  at- 
tached, lo  indicate  the  course  of  thu  wind. 

SmiuVs  Diet. 

A-POe'A-LVrSE,  (a-poc'a-ljTis,)  n.  [Gr.,  from  a-uKa- 
Ai'-rtJ,  to  disclose  ;  aro  and  jc'iAunru,  to  cover.] 

Revflalinn  ;  discovery;  disclosure.  The  name  of 
a  book  of  the  Xew  Testament,  containi?ig  many  dis- 
coveries or  predictions  respecting'  the  future  stale  of 
Cliristianily,  written  by  St.  John,  in  Patmos,  near 
the  close  of  the  first  century. 

A-l'Oe-A-LVP'Tie,         )  a.  Containing  or  pertaining 

A-POC-A-LYP'Tie-AL,  \     to  revelations  discIo;*iug. 
2.  Pcrtaininc  to  Uie  apocalvpse. 

A-POe-A-LVP'TiC-AL-LY,  adv.  Hy  revelation  ;  in 
the  manner  of  disclosure  j  in  relation  to  the  apoca- 
lvpse. 

AP-O-GARP'OUS,  a.     [Gr.  a-o  and  «no:ro5,  fruit.] 
In  batanii,  a  temi  denoting  that  the  carpels  of  a 
compound  "pistil  are  cither  entirely  or  partially  dis- 
tinct. Lmdlcy. 

A-POe'O-PATE,  V.  U  [Sec  Apocope.]  To  cut  off  or 
drop  the  last  letter  or  syllable  of  a  word. 

A-POe'O-pA-TED,  fp.  or  a.  Shortened  by  the  omis- 
sion of  the  last  Ictier  or  syllable. 

A-POe'O-PA-TING,  ppr.  Cutting  off  or  omitting  the 
last  letter  or  syllable. 

A-POe'0-PE,  It.    [Gr.  aitoKO-^Ti^  abscission,  of  u?ro  and 

KOTTTW,  to  cut.] 

The  cutting  off  or  omission  of  the  last  letter  cr  syl- 
lable of  a  word  ;  as,  di  for  dii. 

A-POe'RI-Sl-A-RY,       >  It.   [Gr.,  from  aTTOKoici?,  an- 

A-POe-RI-SI-A^EI-US,  ]  swer;  aixuKpivonai^  to  an- 
swer.] 

.^ncientlifj  a  term  applied  to  the  residents  at  the  im- 
perial city,  Constantinople,  in  the  name  of  a  foreign 
churcli  or  bishop,  including  the  pope's  legate  or  mui- 
cio,  whose  office  was  to  negotiate,  as  proctors,  at  the 
emperor*s  court,  in  all  ecclesiastical  causes  in  which 
their  principals  were  concenied.  The  lenn  was  also 
applied,  under  the  early  French  kings,  to  the  highest 
otliccr  in  tJie  royal  court,  nearly  corresponding  to 
chancellor.  Eiicijc.     Spdmaiu 

AP-0-€lvUST'ie,  a.  [Gr.  ajroicpoTJurtica, from  airo  and 
Kpovio,  to  drive.] 
Astringent;  repelling. 

AP-O-CRl/ST'ie,  «.  A  medicine  which  constringes, 
and  repels  the  humors  ;  a  repellent.  Qiunaj.  Coze. 

A-FOe'RY-PHA,  71.  [Gr.,  from  aroic/)u-rw  ;  a-o  and 
Kpv-ro>^  to  conceal.] 

LUeraUij^  such  things  as  are  not  published  ;  but  in 
an  appropriate  setue^  books  whose  authenticity,  as  in- 
spired writings,  is  not  admitted,  and  which  arc  there- 
fore not  considered  a  part  of  the  sacred  canon  of  the 
Scripture.  When  the  Jews  published  their  sacred 
books,  they  called  them  canonical  and  divine  ,■  such  as 
iliey  did  not  publish  were  called  apucrypltcl.  The 
Jewisii  apocryphal  bnoks  are  received  by  the  Roman 
Catholic  churcli  ;l;  canonical,  but  not  by  Protestants. 

Encyc, 

A-POC'RY-PHAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  apocrj'pha ; 
not  canonical;  of  uncertain  authority  or  credit ;  false; 
fictitious;.  Congrevc.    Hooker. 

A-POC'RY-PUAL-LY,  adv.  Uncertainly;  not  indis- 
putablv- 

A-POC'KY-PHAI^XESS,  n.  Uncertainty  as  to  au- 
thenticity ;  do!ibtfuIaess  of  credit  or  genuineness. 

AP'O-DAL,  a.  [Sec  Apodes.]  Without  feet.  In  zool- 
Ofl-i/,  destitute  of  ventral  fins  ;  denoting  an  order  of 
fishes, 

AP'ODES,  Ti.  pi.    [Gr.  a  priv.  and  irons,  ~0(5o$,  foot.] 
A  term  applied  to  animals  that  have  no  feet ;  es- 
pecially to  certain  fabiUous  birds  which  were  said  to 
have  no  legs,  and  also  to  some  birds  which  have  very 
short  legs. 

In  zoutofry,  the  Apodes  are  an  order  of  fishes  wJiich 
have  no  ventral  fins ;  the  first  order  in  LinnJEus's 
system.  Encyc. 

AP-O-DIC'Tie,         (  a.     [Gr.  o-offf^fiy,  evidence,  of 

AP-O-DIC'TIC-AL,  (       aJTu  and  itiKvupi,  to  show.] 
Demonstrative ;    evident  beyond  conti-adictiou  ; 
clearlv  proi.'ing.  Brown.     Qlanvitle. 

AP-O-DIC'Tie-AL-LY,  adv.  So  as  to  be  evident  be- 
vond  contradiction. 

AP-0-DIX'I:>,  n.     [Gr.]    Full  demonstration.  Buck. 

A-POO'U-SIS,  TI.  [Gr.l  In  grammar^  the  principal 
cUiuse  of  a  conditional  sentence,  expressing  the  rc- 
sult ;  us  distinguished  from  the  protasis  or  subordinate 
clause,  which  expresses  a  condition.  Thus,  in  the 
sentence,  "  Though  he  slay  me,  yet  will  I  tnist  in 
him,"  the  former  clause  is  the  protasis,  and  the  latter 
me  apodosis.  By  some  respectable  grammarians,  this 
distinciion  is  not  confined  to  conditional  sentences, 
but  is  extended  to  others  similarly  constructed. 

AP'O-GEE,  V.   [apogcon,  apogcum ;  Gr.  oto,  from,  and 
}r,,ihe  eartli.J 
In  modem  astronomy^  that  point  in  the  orbit  of  the 


moon,  which  is  at  the  greatest  distance  from  the 
earth. 

In  ancient  astronomy,,  that  point  in  the  orbit  of  the 
sun,  or  of  a  planet,  wliich  i.s  at  the  greatest  distance 
from  the  earth.  The  ancients  regarded  the  earth  as 
fixed  in  the  center  of  the  system,  and  tlieri;fore  as- 
signed to  the  sun,  with  the  planets,  an  orbit  and  an 
apogee;  but  the  moderns,  considering  the  sun  as  the 
center,  use  the  terms  pcrdiellon  and  aphelion^  to  de- 
note the  least  and  gi-catesl  distance  of  the  planets 
from  that  orb.  The  sun's  apogee,  therefore,  is,  in 
strictness,  the  earth's  aphelion.       Encyc.    Johnson. 

A-Po'GON,  71.  [Gr.  a  priv.  and  rrwytof,  beard,  because 
its  jaws  want  the  appendages  called  beard.'] 

Tlie  name  of  a  sub-genus  of  fishes,  subordinate  to 
the  genus  Perca,  {perek,)  one  species  of  which  inhab- 
its the  Mediterranean.  Cuvicr. 

AP'0-GRAPii,  n.     [Gr.  airoypai^ov ;  aJTOypa<po).} 
An  exemplar :  a  copy  or  transcript.  ^sA. 

A-POI-LI-NA'RI-AN,  a.     [from  JlpoUo.'\ 

'J'he  .ApoUinarian  games,  in  Human  antiquity^  were 
celebrated  in  honor  of  Apollo  ;  instituted  A.  R.  542, 
after  the  battle  of  Canno!.  They  were  merely  sccn- 
ical,  with  exhibitions  of  music,  dances,  and  various 
niountei;ank  trick?.  Encyc. 

A-POL-L1-Na'RI-ANS  ;  in  church  history,  a  sect,  de- 
rivigg  their  name  from  Apollinaris,  bishop  of  Laodi- 
cea,  in  the  4th  century,  who  denied  the  proper  hu- 
manity of  Christ ;  maintaining  that  his  body  was  en- 
dowed v^'ith  a  sensitive,  and  not  with  a  rational  soul, 
and  that  the  divine  nature  supplied  the  place  of  the 
intell.;ctual  principle  in  man.  Encyc.     Hooker. 

A-POL'LO,  7t.  A  deity  among  the  Greeks  and  Romans, 
and  worsliipcd  under  the  name  of  Phmbtis,  the  sun, 
as  the  fountain  of  light  and  heat.  He  was  the  pre- 
siding deity  of  archerj',  prophecy,  medicine,  and 
music,  and  president  and  protector  of  the  Muses. 

BraTide. 

A-POL'LO-BEL-VI-DicRE',  n.  A  celebrated  statue 
of  Apollo,  in  the  Belvideie  gallery  of  the  Vatican 
palace  at  Rome,  esteemed  one  of  the  noblest  rep- 
resentations of  the  human  frame.  Brandc. 

A-P01.L'VON,  7!.    [Gr.  mrnWvMv,  destroying.] 

The  destroyer;  a  name  used,  Rev.  ix.  11,  for  the 
angel  of  the  buttoraless  pit,  answering  to  the  Hebrew 
Abaddon. 

A-P0L-0-6ETa€,         \a,  [Gr.  aroAo)'«/iot,  to  speak 

A-POL-0-GET'ie-AL,  ]  in  defense  of;  a~u  and  Xoy- 
os,  speech.] 

Defending  by  words  or  arguments  ;"  excusing ;  said 
or  written  in  defense,  or  by  way  of  apology ;  as,  an 
apologetic  cjsav.  Boyle. 

A-POL-0-GET^i€;-.VL-LY,  adv.  By  way  of  apology 
or  excuse. 

A-POL-0-GET'I€S,  n.  That  branch  of  theology  which 
defends  the  Holy  Scriptures,  and  sets  forth  the  evi- 
dence of  their  divine  authority. 

A-POL'O-OIST,  n.  [See  Apologt.]  One  who  makes 
an  apology ;  one  w-lio  speaks  or  writes  in  defense  of 
another. 

A-POL'O-GiZE,  f.  I.  To  make  an  apology;  to  ^nrite 
or  speak  in  favor  of,  or  to  make  excuse  for  ;  followed 
by  for  ;  as,  my  correspondent  apologized  for  not  an- 
swering my  leUer- 

A-POL'0-GIZ-ER,  «.  One  w'ho  makes  an  apology  or 
defends. 

AP'0-LOGUE,  (ap'o-log,)  n.  [Gr.  a:ro'Xoyos,  a  long 
speech,  a  fable.] 

A  moral  fable ;  a  story  or  relation  of  fictitious 
events,  intended  to  convey  useful  truths.  An  ap- 
ologue differs  from  a  parable  in  this:  the  parable  is 
drawn  from  events  wliich  pass  among  mankind,  and 
therefore  requires  probability  in  the  narrative ;  the 
apk>logue  is  founded  on  supposed  actions  of  brutes  or 
inanimate  things,  and  therefore  is  not  limited  by 
strict  niles  of  probability.  Esop's  fables  are  good 
examples  of  apologues.  Eneyc. 

A-P0L'0-<5Y,  71.  [Gr.  asroAojta,  of  aT^o  and  Auyo?, 
discourse.] 

An  excuse  ;  something  said  or  written  in  defense 
or  extenuation  of  what  appears  to  others  wrong  or 
unjustttiable,  or  of  what  may  be  liable  to  disappro- 
bation. It  may  be  an  extenuation  of  what  is  not 
perfectly  justifiable,  or  a  vindication  of  what  is  or 
may  be  disapproved,  but  which  the  apologist  deems 
to  be  right.  A  man  makes  an  npol-ogrij  for  not  fulfill- 
ing an  engagement,  or  for  publishing  a  pamphlet. 
An  apology,  then,  is  a  reason  or  reasons  assigned  for 
what  is  wrong  or  may  appear  to  be  wronc,  and  it  may 
be  either  an  extenuation  or  a  justification  of  some- 
thing that  is  or  rnuy  be  censured  by  those  who  are 
not  acquainted  with  The  reasons. 

AP-O-ME-eO.AI'E-TRY,  n.    [Gr.  «7ry,  /ztjkos,  distance, 
and  titrjj.iv,  measure.] 
Tlie  art  of  measuring  things  distant. 

AP-O-iSEU-Ro'SIS,  71.  "  [Gr.  cto,  from,  and  icvpoi',  a 
nerve  ;  W.  ncrth  ;  Arm.  nerz.     See  Nerve.] 

An  expansion  of  a  tendon  in  the  manner  of  a 
membrane  ;  a  tendinous  expansion  in  which  a  mus- 
cle terminates,  inserted  into  other  relatively  fixed 
parts,  or  covering  and  confining  other  muscles,  and 
forming  a  fjiscia.  Encyc    Blancard. 

AP-0-PEMP'Tie,  a,  [Gr-  avo,  from,  and  irtp-f^i  to 
send.] 


APO 

Denoting  a  song  or  hynin  among  the  ancients,  sung 
or  addressed  to  a  stranger,  on  his  departure  from  a 
place  to  his  own  country.  It  may  be  used  as  a  noun 
for  the  hynrn.  Encyc 

A-POPIi'A-SIS,  n.  [Gr.  a^o,  from,  and  <^fl(7iff,  form  of 
speech.] 

In  rhetoric^  a  v.aving  or  omission  of  what  one, 
speaking  ironically,  would  plainly  insinuate  ;  as,  *'  I 
will  not  mention  another  argument,  which,  however, 
if  I  should,  you  could  not  refute."  Smith,  Johnson. 
AP-0-PHLEG-MAT'ie,  a.  [Gr.  otto,  from,  and  ii>\iy- 
pa,  phlegm.] 

Having  the  quality  of  exciting  discharges  of  phlegm 
or  mucus  from  the  mouUi  or  nos^riJs. 
AP-0-PHLEG-MAT'ie,  n.    A  medicine  wliich  excites 
discharges  of  phlegm  or  mucua  from  the  mouth  or 
nostrils.  Coze. 

AP-0-PHLEG'MA-TISiM,  n.    An  apophlegmatic. 

Bacon. 
AP-O-PHLEG-MAT'I-ZANT,  n.    An  apophlegmatic. 

Quincy.     Coze. 
AP'OPH-THEGM, )  (ap'o^hem,)  ji.     [Gr.  a t-,  from, 
AP'0-THEGM,       \     and  <pBtyna,  word.   It  would  be 
eligible  to  reduce  this  harsh  word  to  apolhem.'\ 

A  remarkable  saying ;  a  short,  sententious,  in- 
structive remark,  uttered  on  a  particular  occasion,  or 
by  a  distinguished  chanicter;  as  that  of  Cyrus,  "  He 
is  unwortliy  to  be  a  magistrate,  who  is  not  better 
than  his  subjects  ;  "  or  that  of  Cato,  "  Homines,  nihil 
agendo,  discunt  male  agere,"  Men,  by  doing  nothing, 
soon  learn  to  do  mischief. 
A-POPH'Y-GE,  tu  [Gr.  arro,  from,  and  t^vyn,  flight.] 
I-n  architecture^  tlnit  part  of  a  column  where  it 
springs  out  of  its  base  ;  sometnncs  adled  the  spring 
of  the  column.  Chambers. 

A  concave  part  or  ring  of  a  column,  lying  above  or 
below  the  fiat  member;  called  by  the  French,  Ic 
congi  d^cn.  bos,  or  d^en  haul,  and  by  the  Italians,  il 
cam  di  basso,  or  di  sopra.  It  was  originally  a  ring  or 
ferule  to  bind  the  extremities  of  wooden  columns, 
and  keep  them  from  splitting ;  afterward  imitated 
in  stone  pillars.  Encyc 

A-POPH'YLf-LlTE,  n,  [Gr.  airo,  from,  and  0u>Xor,  a 
leaf;  so  called  from  the  readiness  with  which  its 
laniinse  are  separated.] 

A  zeolltic  mineral,  occurring  in  pearly,  laminated 
masses,  or  crj'stallized  in  glassy,  square  prisms,  with 
pyramidal  terminations,  which  break  very  readily 
across,  and  afford  a  surface  with  a  pearly  luster.    It 
consists  of  silica,  lime,  and  potash.    From  its  peculiar 
luster,  it  is  sometimes  called  ichHiyophtJialmitCj  or  fish- 
eye  stone.  Dana. 
A-POPH'Y-SIS, 71.   [Gr.  aTo, from, and0u(nf,growth.] 
A  process' of  a  bone  ;  a  prominent  part  of  a  bone, 
forming,  originally,  a  continuous  part  of  the  body  of 
the  bone,  in  distinction  from  epiphysis. 
AP-O-PLEC'TIC,         \  a.     [See  Apoplexy.] 
AP-0-PLEe'Tl€^AL,  j     Pertaining  to  or  consisting 
in  apoplexy  ;  as,  an  apoplectic  fit ;  or  predisposed  to 
apoplexy  ;  as,  an  apoplectic  habit  of  body. 
AP-O-PLEC'Tie,  V.    A  person  affected  with  apoplexy. 

Knatckbull. 
AP'0-PLEX-ED,  (ap'o-plext,)  a.    Affected  with  apo- 

plexj".  Shak. 

AP'O-PLEX-Y,  n.  [Gr.  avo~\rilia,  of  a;ro,  from,  and 
n-Afjctrcj,  to  strike.] 

Abolition  of  sense  and  voluntar>'  motion,  from  sus- 
pension of  the  functions  of  tlie  cerebnira. 

Dryden,  for  the  sake  of  measure,  uses  apoplcx,  for 
apoplexy. 
AP'O-ROX,    1 71.     [See  Aporia.]     A  problem  difficult 
AP'O-Rf-AIE,  j     to  be  resolved.  Encyc. 

A-PO'RI-A,  71.  [Gr.  a-opta,  from  anopos,  Jnops  con- 
silii,  of  a  and  Tzopoi^  way  or  passage.] 

1.  In  rhetoric,  a  doubting  or  being  at  a  loss  where 
to  begin,  or  what  lo  say,  on  account  of  the  variety  of 
matter.  Smith. 

9.  In  the  medical  art,  febrile  anxiety;  uneasiness; 
restlessness  from  obstmcted  perspiration,  or  the 
stoppage  of  any  natural  secretion.  Coze. 

A-PO-SEP'E-DIN,  71.      [Gr.  oto,  from,  and  cr/j-citj:', 
putrefaction.]    A  peculiar  crj'stallized  substance  ob- 
tained from  putrid  cheese.  Brande. 
A-POS-I-O-Pe'SIS,  71.     [Gr.  a^oatcoTtrjcis,  of  arzo  aiid 
ciMTzadj,  to  be  silent.] 

Reticency  or  suppression ;  as  when  a  speaker,  for 
some  cause,  as  fear,  sorrow,  or  anger,  suddenly 
breaks  off  his  discourse,  before  it  is  ended  ;  or  speaks 
of  a  thing  when  he  makes  a  show  as  if  he  would  say 
nothing  on  the  subject ;  or  aggi'avates  what  he  pre- 
tends to  conceal,  by  uttering  a  part  and  leaving  the 
remainder  to  be  understood.  Smith.  Johnson.  Encyc. 
A-POS'TA-SIS,  H.     [Gr.  a-ocraat^.] 

1.  In  ancient  medicinr,  the  termination  or  crisis  of  a 
disease  by  some  SKCretic^n  ;  in  opposition  to  jnetastasis, 
or  the  termination  by  transfer  to  another  part.   Hence, 

2.  An  abscess ;  such  collection  of  purulent  matter 
having  been  considered  a  critical  secretion,  and 
hence  called,  in  Greek,  a:TocTT}pa,  and  in  Latin,  ab- 
scessus.  Blancard. 

3.  The  throwing  oft'  or  separation  of  exfoliated  or 
fractured  bone.  Coze. 

A-POS'TA-SY,  H.  [Gr,  arroaraat?,  a  defection,  of 
atfuoTijpt,  to  depart,  oto  and  torrj^t.] 


FaTE,  far,  fall,  WHAT.  — :\1eTE,  PREY.  — pine,  MARtNE,  BIRD.— NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOQK.- 
5S— 


APO 

1.  An  ab:indonnient  of  what  one  has  professed;  a 
total  desertion  or  departure  from  one's  failh  or  re- 
ligion. 

^•2.  The  desertion  from  a  party  to  which  one  Las 

A-POS'TaTE,  n.     [Gr.  aTToeraTns-]  [adhered. 

One  who  has  forsaken  the  chiircb,  sect,  or  profes- 
sion to  which  he  before  adliered.  In  its  original 
sense,  applied  to  one  who  has  abandoned  his  re- 
ligion i  but  correctly  applied  also  to  one  who  aban- 
dons a  ppiiiical  or  other  party. 

In  Vie  Homnn  CuJwHc  f/tioc'i,  one  who,  without  a 
le^  di3pens;aion,  forsakes  a  religious  order,  of 
which  he  has  made  profession.  Enajc 

A-POS'TaTE,  a.    False ;  traitorous.  Spenser. 

AP-O-STAT'IG-AL,  a.  jVfter  the  manner  of  an  apos- 
tate. Sandys. 

A-POS'TA-TIZE,  T.  1.  To  abandon  one's  profession 
or  church ;  to  forsake  priacipies  or  faith  which  one 
has  professed,  or  the  party  to  which  one  has  been 
attaclied.  WorthinfftoTi. 

A-POS'TA-TiZ-ECG,  ppr.  Abandoning  a  church,  pro- 
fession, s^'ct,  or  pariv. 

A-POS'TE-ilATE,  c.'i.  To  fonn  into  an  abscess ;  to 
swell  and  fill  with  pus. 

A-P0S-TE-Ma'T10.\,  n.  The  formation  of  an  apos- 
t£me  ;  the  process  of  gathering  into  an  abscess  j  writ- 
ten comiptly  impO'^humatioTU 

AP-OS-TEM'A-TOUS,  a.  Pertaining  to  an  abscess; 
partaking  of  the  nature  of  an  aposteuie. 

_  Juurju  cf  Science. 

AP'Ojs-TeME,  71.  [Gr.  a-Tocrnpo,  from  a0(crri7/ci,  to 
go  oif,  to  recede  ;  a~o  and  itrrtj/u,  to  stand.] 

An  abscess ;  a  swelling  filled  with  purulent  m:it- 
ter ;  written  also  corruptly  impostkume, 

Jl  POS-TK-R[-0'RT^  [L.  posterior^  a!\^r.] 

Argimients  a  posteriori,  otl'  drawn  from  effects,  con- 
sequences, or  facts  ;  in  ojiposition  to  reasoning  apriori. 

A-POS'TIL,  K.  [Fr.  apostille.']  A  m:!rginal''note  or 
reference ;  a  postscript. 

A-POS'TLE,  (a-pos'l,)  h.  [L.  apostolus :  Gr.  a-ocToXa^^ 
from  Gr'.cT£.\Afcj,  to  send  away,  of  (ittj  and  crfAXtj, 
to  send ;  Germ.  steUen^  to  set,] 

A  person  deputed  to  execute  some  important 
business ;  but  appropriately,  a  disciple  of  Christ 
commissioned  to  preach  the  gospel.  Twelve  per- 
sons were  selected  by  Christ  for  this  purpose ;  and 
Judas,  one  of  the  number,  proving  an  apostate,  iiis 
place  was  supplied  by  .Matthias.    Acts  i. 

The  title  of  apostle  is  applied  to  Christ  himself, 
Heb.  iii.  In  the  primitive  ages  of  the  church,  oUier 
ministers  were  called  aposUc~g,  Rom.  rvi. ;  as  were 
persons  sent  to  carr>-  alms  from  one  church  to  an- 
other, Philip,  ii.  This  title  was  also  given  to  per- 
sons who  first  planted  the  Christian  faith.  Tims 
Dionysius  of  Corinth  is  called  the  apostle  of  France  j 
and  the  Jesuit  missionaries  are  called  apostles. 

.•imong  tJte  J^irs,  the  title  was  given  to  officers 
who  were  sent  into  distant  provLnc^^s,  as  visitors  or 
commissioners,  to  see  the  laws  observed,  and  to  col- 
lect money  or  tribt*^;- 

Apostle,  in  the  Greek  liturgy,  is  a  book  containing 
the  Epistles  of  St.  Paul,  printed  in  the  order  in  which 
they  are  to  be  read  in  the  churches  through  the  year. 

A-FOS'TLE-SHLP,  n.  The  office  or  dignity  of  an 
apL».^tIe. 

A-POS'TO-LATE,  n.  A  mission;  the  dignity  or 
olfice  of  an  apostle.  j\ncient  writers  use  it  for  the 
ofi\Cfi  of  a  bishop ;  but  it  is  now  restricted  to  the  dig- 
nity of  the  pope,'  whose  see  is  called  the  apostolic 
see.  Eiicyc. 

AP-0&-TOL'ie,         )  a.    Pertaining  or  relating  to  the 

AP-03-TOL'ie-AL,  (     apostles  ;  as,  the  apostolic  age. 

2.  According  to  the  doctrines  of  the  apostles ;  de- 
livered or  taught  by  the  apostles  ;  as,  apostolic  faith 
or  practic:?. 

jipostolic  constitiUions ;  a  collection  of  regulations 
attributed  to  the  apostles,  but  generally  supposed  to 
be  spurious.  Titey  appeared  in  the  fourth  century, 
are  divided  into  eight  books,  and  consist  of  rules  and 
prerepts  relating  to  tlie  duty  of  Christians,  and  par- 
ticularly to  the  ceremonies  and  discipline  of  the 
church. 

.Sposlolic  fatJiers ;  an  appellation  given  to  the  Chris- 
tian writers  of  the  fint  centurv. 

«P-OS-TOL'ie-AL-LY,  adv.  "in  the  manner  of  Uie 
apo>tJes. 

TP-OS-TOI/ie-.VL-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
apostolical,  or  accordant  with  tlie  doctrines  of  the 
apostle?. 

ftP-OS-TOL'ieS,  n.  pi.  Certain  sects,  so  called  from 
their  pretending  to  imitate  the  practice  of  the  apos- 
tle.?, abstaining  from  marriage,  from  wine,  flesh,  pe- 
cuniary reward,  &c.,  and  wandering  about  clothed 
in  white,  with  long  beards  and  bare  heads.  £aga- 
reili,  the  founder  of  one  of  these  sects,  was  burnt  at 
Parma  in  1300.  Eneyc. 

VPOS'TRO-PHE,  ru  [Gr.  o-a,  from,  and  crpo^n,  a 
turning.] 

1.  In  rhttaric,  a  diversion  of  speech;  a  digressive 
address  ;  a  changing  the  course  of  a  speech,  and  ad- 
dressing a  person  who  is  dead  or  absent,  as  if  present ; 
CT  a  short  address  introduced  into  a  discourse,  di- 
rected to  some  person  difl'crent  from  the  party  to 


APP 

which  the  main  disco'.irse  is  dkecied,  as  when  an 
advocate,  in  an  argument  to  the  jury,  turns  and  ad- 
dresses a  few  remarks  to  the  court.    Encyc,  Smii/i. 

9.  In  grammar,  the  contraction  of  a  word  by  the 
omission  of  a  letter  or  letters,  which  omission  :s 
marked  by  a  comma ;  as,  caWd  for  called.  The  comma 
used  for  this  purpose  may  also  be  called  an  apostrophe. 

AP-OS-TROPR'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  an  apostrophe  ; 
noting  the  contraction  of  a  word.  Murray. 

A-POS'TRO-PHIZE,  c.  (.    To  address  by  aiwslropht'. 

2.  To  contract  a  word  by  omitting  a  letteror  letters. 

3.  To  mark  with  a  comma,  indicating  the  omission 
of  a  letter. 

A-P03'TR0-PHiZE,  v.  i.  To  make  an  apostrophe,  or 
short,  detached  address  in  speaking. 

A-POS'TRO-PHIZ-£D,  pp.  Addressed  by  way  of  di- 
gression ;  contracted  by  the  omission  of  a  letter  or 
letters  ;  marked  by  an  apostrophe. 

A-POS'TRO-PHiZ-t\G,  ppr.  Addressmg  in  a  digres- 
sion ;  contracting  or  marking  by  apostrophe. 

^\P-0-TAe'TiTE,  T(.  [Gr.  aTToraKTo^,  from  a-orarroi, 
to  renounce  ;  c-to  and  rurrcj,  to  ordain.] 

One  of  a  sect  of  ancient  Christians,  who,  in  imita- 
tion of  the  first  believers,  renounced  all  their  effects 
and  possessions.  Encyc. 

AP-0-TEL-ES-3L\T^I€,  a.  [Gr.  aTTOTzUcpaTiKo^-, 
from  aT:oTi\tcpa,  an  effect  of  the  stars.] 

Relating  to  astrology  ;  teaching  by  the  science  of 
the  stars.  Gaiisseiu 

A-POTU'E-€A-RY,  n,  [L.  apoL'ieca,  Gr.  a-QQr\Kr„  a 
repository,  from  a::ortZi)ptjlo  deposit  or  lay  aside,  or 
fi-om  ^r]Kri-,  a  chest.] 

1.  One  who  practices  pharmacy ;  one  who  pre- 
pares drugs  for  medicinal  uses,  arid  keeps  them  for 
sale.  In  England,  apothecaries  were  fonnerly  obliged 
to  prepare  medicines  according  to  the  formulas  pre- 
scribed by  the  college  of  physicians,  and  were  liable 
to  have  their  shops  visited  by  the  censors  of  the  col- 
lege, Avho  had  power  to  destroy  medicines  which 
were  not  good.  Apothecaries  are  now  the  most  nu- 
merous class  of  medical  practitioners  in  England, 
called  general  practitioners. 

2.  In  the  middle  ages,  an  apothccamj  was  the  keeper 
of  any  shop  or  warehouse  ;  and  an  officer  appointed 
to  take  charge  of  a  magazine.  Encyc. 

AP^O-TIIEG.M,  (ap'o-them,)  n.     [See  Apophthegm.] 
A  remarkable  saving ;  a  short,  instructive  remark. 

AP-0-THEG-MAT'ie,         i  a.    In  the  manner  of  an 

AP-O-THEG-MAT'ie-AL,  J      apothegm.      fFarton, 

AP-0-THEG'iL\-TIST,  ;i.  A  coUector  or  maker  of 
apoth  c*  sni  s.  Pope, 

AP-0-THEG'MA-TIZE,  v.  t.  To  utter  apothegms,  or 
short,  instructive  sentences. 

AP-0-THe'O-SIS,  71.  [Gr.  arroSfwcis,  of  a:ro  and 
Oeo?,  God.] 

Deification ;  consecration ;  the  act  of  placing  a 
prince  or  other  distinguished  person  among  the 
heathen  deities.  This  honor  was  often  bestowed  on 
illustrious  men  in  Rome,  and  followed  by  the  erec- 
tion of  temples,  and  the  institution  of  sacrifices  to 
the  new_deitv.  Encyc. 

AP-0-THE'0-"StZE,  V.  t.  To  consecrate,  or  exalt  to 
the  dignilv  of  a  deity  ;  to  deify.  Bacon. 

A-POTH'E-SIS,  «,    [Gr.  cTort^/^a,  to  put  away.] 
1.  The  reduction  of  a  dislocated  bone.  Coze. 

9.  A  place  on  the  south  side  of  the  chancel  in  the 
primitive  churches,  furnished  with  shelves,  for 
books,  vestments,  &c.  Whcier. 

A-POT'0-ME,  -.>.     [Gr.  aTroTf^vw,  to  cut  off.] 

1.  In  ■mathematics,  the  difference  between  two 
quantities  commensiirable  only  in  power;  as  between 
V-  and  1,  or  between  the  diagonal  and  side  cf  a 
square.  Muttim. 

2.  In  music,  that  portion  of  a  tone  major  which  re- 
mains after  deducting  from  it  an  interval,  less  by  a 
comma  than  a  semitone  major.  Busby. 

Thu  part  remaining  of  a  greater  tone  after  a  greater 
semitone  has  been  taken  from  it.  The  Greeks,  sup- 
posing the  greater  tone  could  not  be  divided  into  two 
equal  parts,  called  the  smaller  part  apotome,  and  the 
other  limiaa.  This  refers  to  the  proper  apotome,  said 
to  have  been  so  denominated  by  Pj'thagoras,  and 
corresponding  to  the  chromatic  or  minor  semitone, 
a3  the  liinma  to  Che  diatonic  or  major  semitone. 

Calcott,  Ed.  Encyc. 
The  difference  between  a  greater  and  lesser  semi- 
tone. Encyc. 

This  refers  to  tlie  apotome  major  of  Boethius,  cor- 
responding to  the  enharmonic  diesis.  This  term 
apotome  was  also  applied  by  the  ancient  musicians 
to  suver.U  other  peculiar  intervals.  Ed  Encyc. 

AP-O-TltEP'SIS,  Ti.    [Gr.  a-u  and  rpe-oy,  to  tum.j 

The  resolution  of  a  suppurating  timior.        Coxc. 

.\P-0-TKO-PiE'A,  H.  pi.  [Gr.  d-y  and  rpETrw.lo  turn.] 

In  artdcnt  poetry,  verses  or  hymns   composed   foi" 

averting  the  wralli  of  incensed  "deities.    Tlie  deilits 

invoked  were  called  apotropteans.  Encyc 

A1*'0-ZE5I,  n.     [Gr.  a:To  and  ^cu,  to  boil.] 

.\  decoction,  m  which  the  medicinal  substances  of 
plants  are  extracted  by  boiling.     Encyc.     Jflscinan. 
AP-0-ZEJI'ie-.VL,  a.    Like  a  decoction,     mutakcr. 
AP-PaIR',  v.  U    To  impair.     [JVot  in  use.] 
.\P-P.\IR',  r.  i.    To  degenerate.     [.Vy(  m  use.] 


APP 

AP-PALL',  (aivpauP,)  v.  t.  [Fr.  palir ;  L.  paUco,  to  be- 
come pale.    See  Pale.] 

1.  To  depress  or  discourage  with  fear ;  to  impress 
witli  fear,  in  such  a  manner  that  the  mind  £hrinks, 
ur  loses  its  firmness ;  as,  the  sight  appalled  the  stout- 
est heart. 

2.  To  reduce,  allay,  or  destroy ;  as,  to  appall  thirsl. 
[UniLy-ual.]  Thoinsdu 

AP-PALL',  p.  (.    To  pow  faint;  to  be  dismayed. 

Lidgaie. 

.'\P-PALL'£:0,  (ap-pauld',)  pp.  Depressed  or  dis- 
heartened with  fear;  reduced. 

AP-PALL'I\G,  ppr.    Depressing  with  fear;  reducing. 
2.  a.  Adapted  to  depress  courage. 

AP-PALL' ING-LY,  adc.    In  a  manner  to  appalL 

AP-PALL'-MKN'T,  n.  Depression  occasioned  by  far; 
discouragement. 

AP'PAN-A<jE,  n.  [Fr.  cpemcge,  an  estate  assigned  to 
a  younger  son  for  his  maintenance ;  an  (rppcndU,  de- 
pendence, appurtenance  ;  It.  appannaggio,  an  appen- 
dage. If  this  word  is  from  the  panage,  panaputn  of 
the  middle  ai'ss,  it  is  from  panis,  food,  provision ;  It. 
panaggio,  provision.  This  is  jirobably  the  true  origin 
of  the  word.] 

1.  The  portion  of  land  assigned  by  a  sovereign 
prince  for  the  subsistence  of  his  younger  eons. 

Ed.  Enctfc 

2.  Formerly,  in  FVance,  lands  assigned  by  the 
king  for  ilie  maintenance  of  his  younger  sons,  as 
their  patrimony  ;  but  on  condition  that,  on  the  failure 
of  male  offspring,  they  were  to  revert  to  the  crown. 
FroTu  the  appanage  it  was  customary  for  the  sons  to 
take  their  titles  or  surnames.        Spdmaju    P.  Cyc. 

3.  Sustenance  ;  means  of  nourishing. 

Wealth  —  tlie  appanage  of  wit.  SiHft. 

AP-PAN'A-6IST,  ?i.  a  prince  to  whom  an  appanage 
was  framed.  P.  Cye. 

i\P-PA-RA'TUS,  n  ;  pi.  Appabatuses.  [L.,  from  ap- 
paro,  to  prepare,  of  ad  and  paro.] 

1.  Tilings  provided  as  means  to  some  end  ;  as  the 
tools  of  an  artisan,  the  furniture  of  a  house,  instru- 
ments of  war.  In  more  technical  language,  a  com- 
plete set  of  instniments  or  utensils,  for  performing 
any  operation  or  experiment.  Cauallo.    Encyc. 

2.  In  surgery,  the  operation  of  cutting  for  the 
stone,  of  thjee  kinds,  the  small,  the  great,  and  the 
high.  Encyc.     Coze. 

.Apparatus  is  also  used  as  ths  title  of  several  books, 
in  the  fonn  of  catalogues,  bibliothecas,  glossaries, 
dictionaries,  &lc.  Encyc. 

.•VP-PAR'EL,  71.  [Fr.  appareil,  from  parer,  to  dresser 
set  off;  Sp.  cparcjar;  L.  paro,  appcro,  to  prepare; 
Arm.  para ;  Port.  apareVw,  Sp.  aparcjo,  tackle,  whence 
parrel  in  seamen's  language;  Ch.  Heb.  K*ii,  bara; 

At.  \yj  bara.    Class  Br.  No.  8,  10, 19.] 

1.  Clothing ;  vesture  ;  garments  ;  dress. 

2.  Extern^  habiliments  or  decorations ;  appear- 
ance ;  as,  religion  appears  in  the  natural  apparel  of 
simphcity. 

Glorious  in  appertl.  —  Isa.  IxiiL 

3.  The  furniture  of  a  ship,  as  sails,  nggiag,  an- 
chors, &c. 

AP-PAR'EL,  c.  U    To  dress  or  clothe 

They  -n-ha  are  gorgeously  cppareled  arc   in  kiugs'  couit*,— 
Ltike  vii. 

2.  To  adorn  with  dress. 

She  did  apparel  her  apparel.  SdiUtf, 

3.  To  dress  v.ith  external  om-  ^  -nts ;  to  cover  with 
something  ornamental ;  to  cove.  with  garments  ; 
as,  trees  appareled  with  floweri  a  garden  with 
verdure. 

4.  To  furnish  witli  external  api,  .ms ;  as,  ships 
appareled  for  sea. 

.\P-P.VR'EL-ED,  pp.     Dressed  ;  clothed ;  covered  as 

with  dress  ;  furnished. 
AP-PAR'EL-IIS"G,  ppr.    Dressing ;  clothing ;  covering 

as  with  dress  ;  funiishins. 
AP-P.aR'EXCE,    ( ;:.    Appearance.    [vVuf  in  use,] 
AP-P.\R'EX-CV,  (  Chaucer.     Ooiccr. 

AP-PaR'EXT,  a.     [See  Appear.] 

1.  That  may  be  seen,  or  easily  seen ;  visible  to  the 
eye ;  willun  sight  or  view.  Atterbury. 

2.  Obvious ;  plain ;  evident ;  indubitable  ;  as,  the 
wisdom  of  the  Creator  is  apparent  in  his  works. 

3.  Visible,  in  opposition  to  kid  or  secret  ,■  as,  a  man's 
appare?:t  conduct  is  good. 

4.  Visible;  appearing  to  the  eye;  seeming,  in  dis- 
tinction from  true  or  real;  as,  the  apparent  motion 
or  diameter  of  tlie  sun. 

Heirs  apparent  arc  those  whose  right  to  an  estate 
is  indefeasible,  if  they  sur%'ive  Uie  anrestor;  iu  dis- 
tinction from  prcsiimpt'tce  heirs,  who,  if  the  ;mcestor 
should  die  immediately,  would  inherit,  but  whose 
ri^ht  is  liable  to  be  defeated  by  the  birth  of  a  nearer 
heir  Blackstone. 

AP-PaR'ENT-LY,  adc.  OiH-nly  ;  evidently ;  as.  the 
goodness  of  God  is  apparaiily  manifest  in  his  works 
of  providence. 

2.  Seemingly ;  in  appeamnce ;  as,  a  man  may  be 
apparently  friendly,  y^t  malicious  in  heart. 


^L 


TtXE,  BiJLL,  TiNITE.— iVN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K ;  0  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  TIUS. 


APP 

ArrAll'KN'I'-NKSS,  71     Plainness  to  the  eye  or  the 

niinil  ;  visilplcncis.i ;  obviousness. 
Al'-i'A-lU"'ri(iiN,  (np-pa-riHli'un,)  h.     [See  Appear.] 
1.  In  a  general  *crt.vr,  appeamncc  ;  visiltility.    [Lit- 
tle HATf/.j  Milton. 
ii.  The  thing  appearing  j  a  visible  object ;  a  Inrm. 
Mlton,     Shak. 

3.  A  s'lopt ;  a  specter;  a  visible  spirit.  [This  w 
rtJio  tJic  usual  sense  of  the  wordJ] 

4.  Mere  appearance ;  opposed  to  reality. 

Dcnham. 

5.  In  nstronomy^  tlie  first  appearanre  of  a  star  or 
other  luminary,  after  having  been  ob.>*cured  ;  opposed 
tu  ncniltation. 

Al'-PAll'l-TOIl,  n.  [L.,  from  appnroj  to  prepare,  or 
apyareo,  to  attend.] 

Among  Vie  Romav.t,  any  otfircr  who  attt;nded 
mag;istrat:^s  and  judges  to  execute  their  orders.  In 
Eiigtami^  a  messenger  or  otiir-i-r  who  serves  the 
process  of  a  spiritnal  court,  or  a  beadle,  in  a  univer- 
sity, who  carries  the  mace.  Encyc. 

AP-PaY',  i\  L     [Sp.  and  Port,  npmrar.] 

To  satisfy.     [Obs.]     [See  Pa  v.]  Sidncij. 

AP-PeACH',  r.  t.  To  accuse  ;  to  censure  or  reproach. 
[Oh^.]     [Sec  Impeach.]  S!mk. 

AP-PeAcH'MENT,  71.  Accusation ;  charge  exhib- 
ited^   [Obs.]  JVjtton. 

AP-PeAL',  v.  i.  [Fr.  appeler ;  It.  app^lhrr. :  Sp.  apf~ 
lar  :  Port,  appellar  i  L.  appello  ,■  ad  and  pcUo,  to  drive 
or  send  ;  Gr.  /iuX\(i}.  We  do  not  stie  tlie  sense  of 
rail  in  pello^  but  to  drive  or  press  out,  is  the  radii-ul 
sense  of  calling,  naming.  'I'liis  word  coincides  in 
elements  with  L.  balOj  Eng.  bawl,  and  peal.  Class 
Bl.] 

1.  To  refer  to  a  superior  judge  or  court,  for  the 
decision  of  a  cause  depending,  or  the  revision  of  a 
cause  decided  in  a  lower  court. 

I  appeal  to  Ceaur.  —  Acls  xjti. 

2.  To  refer  to  another  for  the  decision  of  a  ques- 
tion controverted,  or  the  counteraction  of  testimony 
or  facts;  as,  I  appeal  to  all  mankind  for  the  truth  of 
what  is  alleged. 

AP-Pe.\L',  v.  t.  To  caJl  or  remove  a  cause  from  an 
inferior  to  a  superior  judge  or  court.  This  may  be 
done  after  trial  and  judgment  in  the  lower  court ;  or 
by  special  statute  or  agreement,  a  party  may  appeal, 
before  trial,  upon  a  liclitious  issue  and  judgment. 
We  say,  the  cause  was  appealed  before  or  ailt-T 
trial. 

AP-PeAL',  v.  t.  In  criminal  law^  to  charge  with  a 
crime ;  to  accuse ;  to  institute  a  private  criminal 
prosecution,  for  some  heinous  offense ;  as,  to  appeal 
a  person  of  felony.  This  process  was  anciently 
given  to  a  private  person  to  recover  the  wercgild, 
or  private  pecuniary  satisfaction  for  an  injury  he  had 
received  by  the  murder  of  a  relation,  or  by  some 
I»ersonaI  injurj'.  Btackstone. 

AP-PeAL',  71.  The  removal  of  a  cause  or  suit  from 
an  inferior  to  a  superior  tribunal,  as  from  a  common 
pleas  court  to  a  superior  or  supreme  coint.  Also, 
the  right  of  appeal. 

9.  An  accusation  ;  a  process  instituted  by  a  private 
person  against  a  man  for  some  heinous  crime  by 
which  he  lias  been  injured,  as  for  murder,  larcemj, 
mayhem.  Bladisione. 

3.  A  summons  to  answer  to  a  cJiarge.      Dnjdcn. 

4.  A  call  upon  a  person  ;  a  reference  to  another  for 
proof  or  decision. 

In  an  oath,  a  person  makes  an  appeal  to  tlie  Deity 
for  the  tralii  of  his  declaration. 

5.  Resort ;  rec<"'   ve. 


Evco'  inil'K'i 
peal  lo  n 


3  to  be  tried,  before  a  mttion  niake«  .in  ap 
Kent. 


AP-PliAL'A-P  .  a.  Tliat  muy  be  appealed  ;  that 
may  be  reii;-  d  u>  a  higher  tribunal  for  decisiim  ; 
as,  the  cau-<»  .s  appealable. 

2.  That  may  be  accused  or  called  tn  answer  by 
appeal ;  applied  to  pn'stnis ;  as,  a  criminal  is  appcal- 
ableJoT  nianslaugiitcr. 

AP-PE-\L'.\NT,  n.      One  who  appeals.    [JVot  used.] 

Shale. 
AP-PF:AL'£D,  (ap-peeld',)  pp.    Removed  to  a  higher 
court,  as  a  cause  ;  prosecuted  for  a  crime  by  a  private 
person,  as  a  criminal. 
AP-PeAL'ER,  ?i.    One  who  appeals  ;  an  appellor. 
AP-PE.-VL'ING,  ppr.  or  a.      Removing  a   cau^e   to  a 
higher  tribunal ;  prosecuting  as  a  private  person  for 
an  olfense  ;  referring  to  another  for  a  decision. 
.\P-PkAR',  r.  i.     [h.  apparco,  of  ad  and  parcti,  to  ap- 
pear, or  he  manifest ;  It.  apparire ;  Sp.  pareccr,  apa- 
reccr  ;  Fr.  apparoir,  apparoitre.     Class  Br.] 

J.  To  come  or  be  in  sight ;  to  be  in  view  ;  to  be 
visible. 

Tl-i*  Kprosy  avpcareOi  in  the  skin  of  the  UpbU. —  Ll-v.  xiii. 
ii-.ti  God  fciiiff,  l,n  Uic  dry  Und  appear.  — Gl'h.  i. 

'J.  To  become  visible  to  the  eye,  as  a  spirit,  or  to 
tile  a]>prehension  of  the  mind  ;  a  sense  frequent  iji 
Scripture.. 

TIk'  Lord  appeared  lo  Abmni,  and  said.  ^Gcn.  xii, 
'I'ht;  Rii^l  ot  til'.-  Lord  appeared  to  liim  in  a.  flame  of  fire  out  of 
thi-  midst  ol"  die  Uiah.  —  Ex.  iii. 

3.  To  stand  in  presence  of,  as  parties  or  advocates 


APP 

before  a  court,  or  as  persons  to  be  tried.    The  de- 
fendant, being  called,  did  not  appear. 

Wc   must  all  appear  IjcHirc   llic  Judgment  seat  of  Christ. — '2 
Cor.  V. 

4.  To  be  obvious ;  to  he  known,  as  a  subject  of 
observation  or  comprehension. 

I^et  thy  work  appear  to  tliy  iAn'unt.  —  P».  xc. 

It  dolh  not  yet  appear  wli.U  \vc  shall  Ix*.  —  1  John  ili. 

.5.  To  be  clear  or  made  clear  by  evidence ;  as,  this 
fact  appears  by  ancient  records. 

But  sin,  lliat  it  might  appear  ain.  —  Rom.  vii. 

G.  To  seem,  in  opposition  to  reality. 

They  disfi*nrc  Ihcir  fao?s  lh:\l  they  may  appatr  lo  ni'  n  to  I.i-il. 

—  Mmi.  vi. 

7.  To  be  discovered  or  laid  open. 

Th;»t  thy  shrinie  mny  ap]>car.  —  Jer.  xiii. 

AP-FeAR',  n.     Appearance.     [  Obs.'] 

AP-PeAR'.'\i\CE,  Tf.  The  act  of  coming  into  sight ; 
the  act  of  becoming  visiblo  to  the  t-yei  as,  his  sud- 
den appearance  surprised  me. 

2.  The  thing  seen  ;  a  phenomenon ;  as,  an  appear- 
ance in  th*?  sky. 

X  Semblance;  apparent  likeness. 

Tlicre  \v;is  upon  the  tabcmucle  as  it  wen:  '.lie  appearance  of  lin-. 

—  Num.  ix. 

4.  External  show;  semblance  assumed,  in  opposi- 
tion to  reality  or  substance  ;  as,  we  are  often  de- 
ceived by  appearances;  he  'has  tlie  appearance  tff 
virtue- 

For  in.iu  lookcth  on  th*;  oulw.ird  appearance.  — 1  S^im.  xri. 

5.  Personal  presence  ;  exhibition  of  the  person  ;  as, 
he  made  his  lirst  apprarancr  at  court,  or  on  the  stage. 

G.  Exhibilion  of  ilie  character;  introduction  of  a 
person  to  the  pnltlic  in  a  particular  character ;  as,  a 
person  makr's  his  appearance-  in  the  world  as  an  his- 
torian, an  arti-^t,  or  an  orator. 

7.  Probability  ;  likelihood.  Bacon. 
This  sense  is  ralher  an  infi^rence  from  the  thiid 

or  fourth  ;  as,  probabilitij  is  interred  from  external 
semblance  or  sktup. 

8.  Presence;  mien;  figure;  as  presented  by  the 
person,  dress,  or  manners  ;  as,  the  lady  made  a  noble 
uppea  ranee. 

I).  A  being  present  in  court;  a  defendant's  filing 
common  or  sjiecial  bail  lo  a  process. 

10.  An  appariti(>n.  .i^ddisan. 

AP-PeAK'BR,  7(.     The  person  that  appears.     Brown. 

AP-PeAR'I.VG,  ppr.  Coming  in  .sight;  becoming 
evident ;  making  an  external  show  ;  seeming  ;  hav- 
inii  tiie  semblance. 

AP-PeAR'ING,  n.  The  act  of  becoming  visible  ;  ap- 
pearance. 

AP-PkAS'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  appeased, tptieted, 
cahned,  or  pacified. 

AP-PeAS'A-IILE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  ap- 
peasable. 

AP-PeASE',  v.  t.  [Fr.  anaiscry  of  ad  and  pair,  peace  ; 
L.  par.     8ee  Peace.] 

To  make  quiet ;  to  calm  ;  to  reduce  to  a  state  of 
peace ;  to  still  ;  lo  pacify  ;  as,  to  appease  the  tumult 
of  the  ocean,  or  of  the  passions;  to  npprase  hunger 
or  thirst.  [This  word  is  of  a  ircneral  application  to 
event  tiling  in  a  disturbed,  rnffiid,  or  ai^tfatnl  staf-c.] 

AP-PeAS'/TD,  (ap-peezd',)  pp.  Quieted  ;  calmed  ; 
stilled  ;  paciJiPil. 

.VP-PEA)«t;'iSIENT,  n.  The  act  of  appeasing;  the 
state  of  being  in  j)eace. 

AP-PkAS'ER,  )^     One  who  ajipcascs  or  pacifies. 

AP-FeA'.^IVE,  a.  Having  the  power  to  appeju^e ; 
mitigating;  quieting. 

AP-PEI-.'LAN-CV,  7£.    Appeal ;  capability  of  appeal. 

AP-PEL'LANT,  /(.     [See  Appeal.] 

1.  One  who  appeals,  tir  removes  a  cause  from  a 
lower  to  a  higher  tribunal. 
•2.  One  who  jiroaecutes  another  for  a  crime. 

3.  One  who  challenges  or  summons  another  to 
single  combat. 

4.  In  church  history,  ons  who  appeals  from  the 
Constitution  Unigcnitus  to  a  general  council.   Eneyc. 

Party  appellant :  in  law,  the  jiaity  who  appeals. 
AP-PEL'LATE,  n.     A  person  appealed,  or  prosecuted 
for  a  crime,     f  JV'4  nmr  u.sed.    See  Appellek.]  •hjliffe. 
AP-PEL'LATE,  a.      Pertaining  to  appeals ;    having 
cognizance  of  appeals  ;  as,  "  appellate  jurisdiction." 
Const,  of  the  United  States. 
Appellnte  jinlgfs.  Burke,  Rcr.  in  France. 

Pnrtii  appellaiJi;  in  ?<7^p,  the  party  appealed  against, 

AP-PEL-La'TION,  v.     [L.  appcUatio.     See  App,-:al.] 

Name  ;  the  ^vord  by  which  a  thing  is  called  and 

known.    Spenser  uses  it  for  appeal. 

AP-PEL'LA-TI  VE,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  common  name  ; 

noting  the  common  name  of  a  species. 
AP-PEL'LA-TIVE,  7(.  A  common  name,  in  distinction 
from  Vi  proper  name.  A  comuion  name,  or  appellative, 
stands  for  a  whole  class,  genus,  or  species  of  beings, 
or  for  universal  ideas.  Thus  man  is  the  name  of  ilie 
whole  human  race,  and/wini  of  all  winged  animals. 
Tree  is  the  name  of  all  "plants  of  a  particular  class  ; 
plant  and  ve'^etable  Jire  names  of  thincs  that  prow  (»nl 
of  the  earth.  A  proper  name,  on  the  other  hand, 
stands  for  a  single  thing;  vis ^  London,  Philadelphia, 
Wa,^hin ision ,  Bostun. 


APP 

AP-PEL'LA-TIVE-LY,  adv.  Accui;iljng  to  the  mtin- 
ner  of  nouns  appellative  ;  in  a  manner  to  expri^ss 
whole  cUfJses  in  species;  as,  Hercules  is  soinetitnes 
used  appeUatively,  that  is,  as  a  conunon  name  to  sig- 
nify a  strong  man.  Jfhnsmi. 

AP-P'KL'LA-TO-RY,  a.    Containing  an  appeal. 

AP-PEI-.-LEE',  n.    The  defendant  in  an  appeal. 

2.  The  person  who  is  appealed,  or  prosecuted,  by  a 
private  man  for  a  crime.  Blachstonv. 

AP-PEL-LOR',  n.  The  perwn  who  institutes  an  ap- 
peal, or  prosecutes  anotfier  tor  a  crime,   Waek<tunc. 

This  word  is  rarely  or  never  used  for  tiie  plaintiff 
in  appeal  from  a  lower  court,  who  is  called  the  ap~ 
pelkntt.  Appellee  is  opposed  both  to  apprllant  and 
appellor. 

AP-PEND',  V.  t.  [L.  appcndo,  of  ad  and  pendeoy  to 
hang.] 

1.  To  hang  or  attach  to,  as  by  a  string,  so  that  the 
tiling  is  suspended  ;  as,  a  seal  appended  to  a  record. 

2.  To  add,  as  an  accessory  to  the  principal  thing. 

JuhlLWV. 

AP-PE\D'A6E,  n.  Something  added  to  a  principal 
or  greater  thing,  though  not  necessary  to  it,  as  a  por- 
tico to  a  house. 

Modesty  is  llie  appendage  uf  sobrLiy.  Tiiylor. 

In  hotnny,  any  part  subordinate  to  another  part,  as 
hairs  and  glands  to  a  stem  or  leaf,  or  nectiuies  to  tho 
corolhu  More  strictly,  any  part  arising  from  and 
around  the  axis,  as  leaves  around  the  stem. 

AP-PEXD'ANCE,  ^    ii.    Something    annexed.      [.A'ot 

AP-PEXD'ENCE,  \        used.-]  Bp.  Hall. 

AP-PEXD'ANT,  a.  Hanging  to ;  annexed  ;  belong- 
ing to  someiliing  ;  attached;  as,  a  sg-:\\  appendant  to 
a  pajier. 

2.  In  law,  common  appendant,  is  a  right,  belonging 
to  the  owners  or  occupiers  of  land,  to  put  common- 
able beasts  upon  the  lord's  waste,  and  upon  the 
lands  of  other  persons  within  the  same  manor.  An 
advowson  appendant,  is  the  riglit  of  patronage  or 
presentation,  annexed  lo  the  possessimi  of  a  manor. 
So  also  a  common  of  fishing  may  be  appnidant  to  a 
freehold.  Blael:st*jne.     Cowel. 

AP-PEND'AXT,  n.  That  which  belongs  to  another 
thing,  as  incidental  or  subonlinate  to  it. 

AP-PEXD'ED.7»p.     Annexed  ;  attached. 

AP-I'END'I-€aTE,  v.  t.    'J'o  append  ;  to  add  to.  [Obs.] 

AP-PEND-I-Ca'TION,  u.  Asx  appendage  ov  adjunct. 
[  Obs.]  Hale. 

.'VP-PEND'I-eLE,  7(.    A  small  appendage. 

AP-PEN-DIC'U-LATE,  a.    In  Aotiniy,  having  an  ap- 
pendage, as  a  leaf  with  lobes  attached  to  the  petiole, 
a  calyx  with  expansions,  or  a  corolla  with  a  nectary. 
Smith,     f.indlcy. 
Appendiculate  leaf;  a  small  appended  leaf.  iVithci-ing. 

AP-P1-XI>'IXG,  ppr.     Annexing  ;  attaching 

AP-PEXD'IX,  71,,-  pi.  APJENDIXE3.  [L.  The  Latin 
plural  is  Appendices.     Sec  ,\ppe>d.] 

1.  Something  appended  or  added. 

Nonn^ndy  becitme  an  apperuHr  to  EngUnd.  Ha!r. 

2.  An  adjunct,  concomitant,  or  ajipendage,  W.i!'.^. 

3.  More  geneially,  a  supplement  or  short  treai.-e 
added  to  a  book. 

AP-PER-CeIVE',   v.   t.      [Fr.  apcrecmir.]      To   com- 
prehend.    [  Obs.]  Chaucer. 
AP-PER-CEP'TIuN,  v.     [ad  and  perception.] 

Perception  that  refiects  upon  itseif ;  consciousness. 
Lctbn.t-..     Rcid. 
AF-PER'IL,  Ti.     Peril;  danger.    [JVot  in  2isc.]    SHm!:. 
AP-PER-TaI  \',  V.  i.     [Fr.  apparienir  ;  It.  appartenerc  ; 
h.  ad  and  pc^iico,  to   pertain,  of  per  and  teneo,  to 
hold.     Pertineo    is  to  readi.  tu,  to  eztcud  to,  hence  to 
belong.     See  Tenant.] 

To  belong  to,  whether  by  right,  nature,  or  appoint- 
ment.   [See  Pertain.] 

Give  it  to  liim  to  whom  it  apperlaineth.  —  Lev,  vi. 

AP-PER-TaIN'ING,  ppr.    Belonging. 

AP-PER-TaIX'ING,  ;t.  That  which  belongs  In  a 
thing. 

AP-PER-TaIX'MENT,7i.    That  wliich  belongs.  Sha'.. 

AP-PER'TE-XENCE,  h.     See  Appurtenance. 

AP-PJ::R'TI-NENT,  a.  Belonging;  now  written  Ap- 
puiitenant.  S/iaJi. 

AP-PER''J'f-NENT,  7).  That  wliich  belongs  to  some- 
thing else.     [Obs.]  ShaJc. 


[See  Appl'iitevance.] 
-"     tn.      [L 


AP'PE-TENCE, 
AP'PE-TEN-CV. 


appetentidf   appetens,   from 
appcto,  to  desire  ;  of  ad  and  peU'^ 

to  ask,  supplicate,  or  seek ;  Ch.  13">D ;  Eth.  '^  I  Uy 
fatoo,  to  desire,  tn  entreat ;  Dan,  btdc ;  D.  bidtlcn ;  Ger. 
bitten;  Arm.  pidi;  Eng.  bid;  Sax.  bldan;  Sw.  bccja; 
L.  invito,  coinpouud.  The  priinar}'  sense  is  lo  strain, 
to  urge,  or  press,  cr  to  advance.    Sec  Bid.    Class  Bd.j 

1.  Ill  a  ffcnrral  se:ise,  desire;  but  cspt.cially  carnal 
desire;  sensual  appetite. 

2.  The  dispositiun  of  orgajii::ed  bodies  to  select 
and  imbibe  such  portions  of  matter  as  serve  to  sup- 
port and  nourish  them,  or  such  iiarticles  as  are  de- 
signed, through  their  ag^iucy,  to  carry  on  the  animal 
or  vegetable  economy. 

Th-f, '  I.tcicaJs  h:iv(;  niouiha,  niwl  l»y  nnimal  sul'.ciiuii  or  apjielertcy 
liicy  al>sni-lj  such  p;ui  of  the' fluid  ;is  is  agri-fiiWr  id  ilictr 
pitlnic.  Darur.n, 


pate,  far,  fall,  what.— Mete,  prey.  — pine,  marii.\e,  bird note,  dove,  move,  vvoli",  book.- 


60 


APP 


APP 


APP 


Bach. 
bi-'ing  (If 


Clarendon. 


?,  An  iiidmation  or  propsnsity  in  animals  M  per- 
forni  cer1:iin  ictioris,  as  in  the  young  lo  suck,  in 
aquatic  fowls  to  nn!.  r  into  water  and  lo  swim. 

4.  Attraction,  or  the  ti;nih-ncy  in  bodies  to  move 
towar.l  each  other  and  unite.  Copcrmctis. 

AP'l'E-TE.XT,  a.     Desiring;  ver>- desirous. 

.\P-PE-Tl-BIL'l  TY,   11.      The   qnallly   ot 
sirable  for  CTutification. 

A1"PE-T1-BLE,  a.     [1.0W  h.aviietMis,  from  appeto.j 
Desirable  :  that  mav  be  the  object  of  sensual  desire. 

.\P'PE-TITE,  »i.    li,.  appetitius,  twm  appeto.    bee  Ap- 

1  ■riie'natur.al  desire  of  pleasure  or  good;  the  de- 
sire of  Enitification,  either  of  the  body  or  ol  the 
mind.  Jippctitej  arc  pa.ssions  directed  to  general  ob- 
jects, as  the  appetite  for  fame,  glory,  or  riches  ;  in  dis- 
tinction from  passions  directed  to  some  particular 
I  objects,  which  retain  their  proper  name,  as  the  pas- 
ulini  of  love,  enw,  or  gratitude.  Passion  does  not 
exist  withunt  an"obJect;  natural  appetites  e%Kt  6rsl, 
n:id  are  then  directed  to  objects.  Encyc. 

5>.  A  desire  of  food  or  drink. 

M.  Strong  desire  ;  eagerness  or  longing. 

^.  The  tiling  desired. 

Povv-:i  Ixrins  tlte  iv.'.-r.il  oppeOte  01"  priiicc.*.  Suifi. 

Aiipetitcs  are  natural  or  aniftciat.  Hunger  and 
thirst  are  mtural  appetites  ;  the  appetites  for  olives, 
tobacco,  snutr,  &c.,  are  artificial. 

In  old  authors,  appetite  is  followed  by  to,  but  reg- 
ul;u-ly  it  should  be  followed  by^bi-  before  tile  object ; 
as,  an  appetite /ur  pleasure. 

To  be  given  to  appetite,is  to  be  voracious  or  glutton- 
ous.   Prov.  x.iiii.  a  ,    „    ■         r  n      i 
AP-PE-TI"TION,  n.    [L.  appetttio.]    Desire.    [Rarely 

AFPE-TI-TIVE,  a.  That  desires  ;  that  has  the  qual- 
ity of  desiring  gratincation  ;  as  appetitive  power  or 
faculty.  .         ,       ,     "-''■■ 

AP'PI-  \N,  a.  Designating  something  that  belongs  to 
Appius,  particularly  a  way  from  Rome  through 
C'lnua  to  I'.rundusium,  now  Brindisi,  constructed 
partly  by  Appius  Cl.audius,  A.  R.  441.  It  is  more 
tlum  330  miles  in  length,  funned  of  hard  stones 
squared,  and  so  wide  as  to  admit  two  carnages 
abreast.  Limj.     Lempntre. 

AP-FLAUD',  c.  t.  fL.  applaudo  ;  ad  and  plaiiiio,  to 
make'a  noise  by  clapping  the  hands;  Sp.  aplaudir  : 
It  applaudire  :  Fr.  applr.udir.  This  word  is  formed 
ontlierootof  tau-sluaiio;  Eug.  fou'/ :  W.  c/orf,  praise, 
from  Hod,  what  is  forcibly  uttered  ;  llodi,  to  reach 
out,  from  Uated,  that  shoots  out.  It  coincides  also 
with  VV.  bloez,  a  shout,  or  outcry  ;  bloeziaw,  to  shout ; 
bhzest,  applause,  acclamation.  Ir.  blcodh,  a  shout ; 
blatJi,  praise.  'Phese  may  all  be  of  one  family. 
CKoss  Ld.     See  Loud.] 

1.  To  praise  by  clapping  the  hands,  acclamation, 
or  other  sicnificanl  sign. 

o   To  praise  by  words,  actions,  or  other  means ;  to 
express  approbation  of;  to  commend  ;  used  in  a  gen- 
eral sense.  ,         .        P''P'; 
AP-PLAUD'ED,  pp.    Praised  by  acclamation,  or  other 

means ;  commended. 
AP-PL.AUD'ER,  n.    One  who  praises  or  commends. 
AP-PLAUD'ING,  ppr.    Praising  by  acclamation  ;  com- 
mending. 
AP-PLAUSE',  71.     [L.  aiiplausus.] 

A  shout  of  approbation  ;  approbation  and  praise, 
expressed  by  clapping  the  hands,  acclamation,  or 
huzzas ;  approbation  expressed.  In  antiquity,  ap- 
plause diftered  from  aeelamatiim ;  applause  was  ex- 
pressed by  the  hands,  and  acdamatian  by  the  voice. 
There  were  tliree  species  of  applause  ;  the  bombas,  a 
confused  din  made  by  the  hands  or  mouth ;  the  im- 
brices, and  testtE,  made  by  beating  a  sort  of  sounding 
vessels  in  the  theaters.  Persons  were  appointed  for 
the  purpose  of  applauding,  and  masters  were  em- 
ployed to  teach  the  art.  The  applauders  were  di- 
vided into  choruses,  and  placed  opposite  to  each 
other  like  the  choristers  in  a  cathedral.  Encije. 

AP-PLAU'SIVE,  a.  Applauding  ;  containing  ap- 
plause'. „  Jonsuii. 
AP'PLE,  (ap'pl,)  71.  [Sax.  appl,  appil ;  D.  apprl ;  l,er.  ap- 
fcl:  Dan.  <rWc;  Sw.  a:ple:  W.  aimU  Ir.  abliul  or  iihlutl : 
Arm.  aval;  Russ.  aiUoka,  or  ijabloko.  This  word  pri- 
marily signifies  fruit  in  general,  especiaUy  ol  a  round 


form.    In  Pers.  the  same  word  3^Jjl,  pronounrod 

alAu!,  signifies  the  fruit  or  berries  of  the  savin  or 
iiiiiin  -r.  Ca.-^lrll.  In  Welsh  it  signifies  not  only  the 
'apnle,  but  the  plum  and  other  fruits.  Uuyd.  Aval 
mehinkir,  a  lemon  ;  aval  euraid,  a:i  orange.  Owen.) 

r.  The  fruit  of  the  apple-tree,  [Pijrus  mains,]  from 
which  cider  is  made, 
•i  The  apple  of  the  eye,  is  the  pupil. 
Jlpuk  of  love,  or  love-apple,  the  tomato,  or  Solanum 
lyciipersicuni.  The  suvlk  is  herhaceous,  with  oval, 
pinnated  leaves,  and  small  yelloiv  llowers.  'i'lie 
ht-rry  IS  smooth,  soft,  of  a  yellow  or  reddish  color, 
anil  is  used  in  soups  and  broths.  Encyc. 

APPLE,  T.  L    To  form  like  an  apple.         .Varsltall. 
APPIiE-GRXFT,  71.  Acion  of  the  apjilc-tree  engrafted. 


AP'PI.B^HXR' VEST,  n.  The  gathering  of  apples,  or 
tlie  time  of  gathering.  .  ,  .    ,    .        ,       u-  .. 

AP'PLE-JOIIN,  (ap'pl-jon,)>i.  A  kind  of  apple  which 
keens  long,  but  becomes  withered.  Sliak. 

.\P'PLE-PiE,  a.  A  pie  made  of  apples  inclosed  in 
paste,  or  covered  with  paste,  as  in  England. 

AP'PLE-SAUCl;,  n.    A  sauce  m.ade  of  stewed  apples. 

AP'PLE-TXRT,  ji.  -A  tart  made  of  apples  baked  on 
paste.  ,  .     ,  . 

AI"PLE-TREE,  7i.  A  tree  arranged  by  Linnojus  un- 
der the  genus  Pyrus.  The  fruit  of  this  tree  is  m- 
deflnitely  various.  The  Euroiieau  crab  ap|ile  is  sup- 
posed 'o  be  the  original  kind,  from  which  all  others 
have  sprung.  New  varieties  are  springing  annually 
from  the  seeds. 

AP'PLE-WOM'AN,  71.  A  woman  who  sells  apples 
and  other  fruit. 

-   --  An  orchard;    an  inclosure  for 


AP'PLE-YARD,  7i. 

apples. 
AP-VLI'A-BLE,  a. 

plied. 
Al'-PLl'A.N'CE,  71. 
pplied. 


[See  Applv.]    That  may  be  ap- 

The  act  of  applying,  or  the  thing 
Everett.     Sliak. 
AP-PLI-€A-BIL'I-Ty,i!.     [See  .4pplv.]     The  quality 

of  being  applicable,  or  fit  to  be  applied. 
'iPTLI-CA-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  applied  ;  fit  to  be 

applied,  as  related  to  a  thing  ;  that  may  have  relation 

to  something  else ;  as,  this  observation  is  applicable 

to  the  case  under  consideration. 
AP'PLI-CA-BLE-NESS,  71.     Fitness  to  be  applieil ; 

the  quality  of  being  applicable. 
AP'PLI-€A-BLY,  adv.    In  such  a  manner  that  it  may 

be  applied.  ^ .    .  ,■    , , 

AP'PLI-eAN-CV,  77.    The  state  of  being  applicable. 
AP'PLI-€  ANT,  71.    One  who  applies ;  one  who  makes 

request ;  a  petitioner. 

The  applUant   lot  n  cup  of  w.iter  dcdiires  himself  to  1»  the 
Th"  court  require  the  (tpplicanl  to  appear  m  peisou.    Z.  bicip. 

AP'PLI-CATE,  71.    A  right  line  drawn  across  a  curve, 
so  as  to  be  bisected  by  the  diameter ;  an  ordinate. 

Cije. 
AP'PLI-€ATE-OR'DI-N.ATE,  7i.   A  right  line  applied 
at  right  angles  to  the  a.xis  of  any  conic  section,  and 
bounded  bv  the  curve.  Bailey. 

.\P-PLI-e.\'TION,  71.     [L.  applicatio.     Sec  Apply.] 
1.  The  act  of  laying  on ;  as,  the  application  of 
emollients  to  a  diseased  limb. 

a.  The  thing  applied  ;  as,  the  pain  was  abated  by 
the  application. 

3.  'I'he  act  of  making  request  or  soliciting ;  as,  he 
made  application  to  a  court  of  chancery. 

4.  The  act  of  applying  as  means  ;  the  employment 
of  means  ;  as,  children  may  be  governed  by  a  suitable 
application  of  rewards  and  punishments.  This  is  the 
first  signification  directed  to  moral  objects. 

5.  The  act  of  fixing  the  mind;  intenscness  of 
thought ;  close  study ;  attention  ;  as,  to  injure  the 
health  by  application  to  study. 

cntion  been  equal  to  his  u'.cots,  his  progress  nii^lu 


Ilnd  his 


applio 
;  Deeii 


hive Ijeeii  greater.  ./•  J<^y- 

6.  The  act  of  directing  or  referring  something  to  a 
particular  case,  to  discover  or  illustrate  the  agree- 
ment or  disagreement ;  as,  I  make  the  remark  and 
leave  you  to  nialte  the  oppUcation. 

7.  In  theology,  the  act  by  which  the  merits  of  Christ 
are  transferred"  to  man,  for  his  justification. 

8.  In  geometry,  division;  or  the  applying  one 
quantity  to  another,  whose  areas,  but  not  figures, 
shall  be  the  same ;  or  the  transferring  a  given  line 
into  a  circle  or  other  figure,  so  that  its  ends  shall  be 
in  the  perimeter  of  the  figure.  Encyc. 

9.  In  sermons,  that  part  of  the  discourse,  in  which 
the  principles  before  laid  down  and  illustrated,  are 
applied  to  practical  uses.  .        .     ,,  /. 

Application  of  one  science  to  another,  is  the  use  of 
the  principles  of  one  for  the  purpose  of  enlarging  or 
perfecting  the  other  ;  particularly  applied  to  the  dif- 
ferent branches  of  the  mathematical  sciences  ;  as,  the 
application  of  algebra  to  gconietrj'.  Cye. 

AP'PL1-€A-TIVE,  d.    That  applies.  Bramhall. 

AP'PLl-e.V-TO-RY,  a.    That  includes  the  act  of  ap- 

plvin».  Edicards^s  HisL  of  Redemption. 

Al'''PLf-eA-T0-UY,7i.   That  which  applies.   Taylor. 
AP-PEI'£D,  pp.  Put  im  ;  put  to  ;  directed  ;  employed. 
AP-PI.I'En-LY,  adv.    In  a  manner  which  may  be  ap- 
plied.    Wot  in  nse.]  Montagu. 
AP-PLI'ER,  7!.    One  that  applies. 
AP-PWMENT,  71.     AppHcation.     [JVot  i7l  use.] 

MarsUii. 
AP-PL'^'',  V.  t.  [L.  applico,  of  ad  and  ptico,  to  fold  or 
knit  together;  Fr.  appliijuer;  Sp.  aplicar :  It.  ap- 
plicare :  W.  plegv,  to  bend  or  fold  ;  Ann.  plega,  to 
fold  or  plait ;  pfeca,  a  fold ;  Gr.  TT\cKi,i,  to  knit,  or 
twist ;  Sax.  plegan,  plegian,  pleggan,  to  play,  to  bend 
to  or  apply,  incumbere ;  Dan.  fiiig,  a  fold  ;  D.  plooi, 
a  fold ;  plaaijen,  to  plait ;  Elig.  phj,  display,  and  em- 
ploy. The  word  plegy,  plieo,  is  formed  from  the  root 
of  lay.  Sax.  lee;an.  The  sense  then  is  to  lay  to  ;  and 
it  is  worthy  of  remark,  that  we  use  lay  u>  in  the  pre- 
cise sense  of  ply  and  apiihj.  It  is  certain  from  the 
VVelsh  that  the  "first  consonant  is  a  prefix.] 
1.  To  lay  on  ;  to  put  one  thing  to  another  ;  as,  to 


apply  the  hand  to  the  breast ;  to  apply  medicaments 
to  a  disea-sed  part  of  the  body. 

2.  To  use  or  employ  for  a  particular  purpose,  or  in 
a  particular  case  ;  as,  to  apply  a  sum  of  money  to  the 
payment  of  a  debt. 

3.  To  put,  refer,  or  use,  as  suitable  or  relative  to 
something  ;  as,  to  apply  the  testimony  to  the  case. 

4.  To  fix  the  mind  ;  to  engage  and  employ  with 
attention  ;  .as,  "  Apply  thy  heart  to  instruction." 

Proverbs. 

5.  To  address  or  direct ;  as,  "  sacred  vows  applied 
to  Pluto."  ,     f'V'- 

6.  To  betake  ;  to  give  the  chief  part  of  time  and 
attention  :  as,  to  apply  one's  self  to  the  study  of 
botany.    This  is  essentially  the  fourth  sense. 

7.  i'o  make  application  ;  to  have  recourse  by  re- 
quest ;  as,  to  apply  one's  self  to  a  counsidor  for  ad- 
vice. This  is  generally  used  intransitively ;  as,  to 
apply  to  a  counselor. 

8.  To  busy  ;  to  keep  at  work  ;  to  ply.  \_Obs.  Su- 
perseded by  ply,  which  see.]  Sidney.     SpriLur. 

AP-PL?',  V.  i.  "To  suit ;  to  agree  ;  to  have  some  con- 
nection, agreement,  or  analogy ;  as,  this  argument 
applies  well  to  the  case. 

■2.  To  make  request  to ;  to  solicit ;  to  have  re- 
course to ;  with  a  view  to  gain  something ;  as,  to 
apply  lo  the  president  for  an  otTire ;  1  apptitd  lo  a 
friend  for  information. 

AP-PLY'ING,  ppr.    Laying  on ;  making  applicaliiui. 

AP-P0G-iiI-A-T1}'R.i,n.  [It.]  In  7»itsK:,  a  note  in 
a  smaller  character  than  the  regular  notes  of  the 
piece,  interposed  between  two  of  the  latter,  and 
sharing  the  time  of  the  following  note;  used  lor 
transition  or  expression. 

AP-POI.N'T',  f.  t.  [Fr.  appointer,  to  refer,  to  give  an 
allowance  ;  Sp.  apuntar,  to  point  or  aim,  to  shar;«e:;, 
to  fasten  as  with  points  or  nails ;  It.  appuniare,  to  fix, 
appoint, or  sharpen.     See  Point.] 

1.  To  fix  ;  to  settle  ;  to  establish  ;  lo  make  fast. 
When  he  appoinled  the  foundations  of  the  earth.  —  Prov.  v;ii. 

2.  To  constitute,  ordain,  or  fix  by  decree,  order,  or 
decision. 

Let  Pfuaraah  appoint  officers  over  the  laud.  —  Geo.  xij. 
He  h:Uh  appoinud  a  day  in  which  he  wilt  judgM  die  world.— 
Acts  xvii. 

3.  To  allot,  assign,  or  designate. 

Aaron  and  his  sons  shall  a;jpoint  every  one  to  his  serricc.  — 

Nuiu.  iv. 
These   citi's  were   appointed  for   all   Ihe   children  of  Israel.  — 

Josh.  XX. 

4.  To  purpose  or  resolve  ;  to  fix  the  intention. 

For  so  he  had  appoinl^l.  —  .Acts  ii. 

5.  To  ordain,  command,  or  order. 

Thy  servanu  are  ready  to  do  whatever  my  lord  die  king  sh-all 
appoint. — 2  Sam.  >iv. 

6.  To  settle  ;  to  fix,  name,  or  determine  by  agtBe- 
ment ;  as,  they  appointed  a  tune  and  place  for  the 
meeting.  „  ^ 

7.  Hilton  uses  the  word  in  a  peculiar  sense,  "  Ap 
point  not  heavenly  disposition,"  Sam.  Agon. ;  i.  c., 
point  not  to  it  by  way  of  censure  or  condemnation  ; 
arraign  not. 

AP-POINT',  1'.  7.    To  ordain  ;  to  determine. 

2  Sam.  .xvii.  14. 
AP-POINT'.\-BLE,  a.    That   may  be   appointed    or 
constituted  ;  .as,  officers  are  appointaile  by  the  exec- 
^^^y(,^  Federalist,  Madison. 

.AP-PoiNT'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Fixed  ;  set ;  established  ;  de- 
creed ;  ordained  ;  constituted  ;  allotted. 

2.  Furnished ;    equipped  with  things  nece.s.sarj- ; 
as,  a  ship  or  an  army  is  well  appoinud. 
.\P-POINT-EE',  7t.     .\  person  appointed.    "The  com- 
mission authorizes  them  to  make  appointments,  and 
pay  the  appointees." 

Circular  of  Mass.  Representatives,  1768;  also  Whai- 

t^n's  Reports. 
2.  -A  foot  soldier  in  tlie  French  army,  who,  for 
long  service  and  braver;-,  receives  more  pay  than 
other  privates.  Encyc.    BaiUy. 

AP-POINT'ER,  71.    One  who  appoints. 
AP-POINT'ING,   ppr.     Setting;    fi.xing ;    ordaining; 

constituting  ;  assigning.  , 

AP-POI.NT'.MEXT,  7i.  The  act  of  appointing  ;  desig- 
nation to  office;  as,  he  cned  by  the  appointment  ol 
unsuitable  men.  ,   -  - 

2.  Stipulation ;  assignation ;  the  act  of  lixing  by 
mutual  agreement;  as,  they  made  an  apponitinrnt 
to  meet  at  six  o'clock. 

3.  Decree  ;  established  order  or  constitution  ;  as.  It 
is  our  duty  to  submit  to  the  divine  app^iintmcnts. 

4.  Direction  ;  order ;  command. 

Wheat,  salt,  wine,  and  oU,  let  it  be  given  accordiiis  to  the  op- 
poKiVrifnl  of  the  pricsu.  —  KJ.  vi. 

5.  Equipment,  furniture,  as  for  a  ship,  or  an  army ; 
wh.atever  is  appointed  for  use  .and  mananement- 

G.  The  accoutermeuls  of  milium-  olftcers,  as  belts, 
sashes,  gorgets,  &c.,  used  in  the  plural. 

'  Campbell's  Ml.  Diet. 

7.  An  allowance  to  a  person  :  a  saUar^-  or  ix-nsion, 
as  to  a  public  officer ;   properly  used  only  in  the 


plural. 


Appointments  Ai«et  from  wages  in  being  a  special 


TONE,  b^;ll,  i;.vite.  — an"ger, 


VI"CIOUS e  asK;  GasJ;  S.-isZ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

61 


APP 

|!nuit,  or  gnitilicntion,  not  fixed,  whereas  wages  are 
fixt'd  and  onlinary.  Kncyc. 

8.  A  devise  or  grant  to  a  chiiritabie  use. 

Blackstone. 

AP-P6TIT'ER,  7f.     [Fr.  apporter;  h.porU}.] 

A  bringer  in ;  oiu-  Hiat  brings  into  iJie  realm.  [JVot 
in  M.'cr.l  ffale. 

AIM'OK'TION,  r.  (.  [L.  ad  and  porlio^  portion.  See 
PoinroN  and  Pakt.] 

To  divide  and  assi;;ii  in  just  proportion;  to  dis 
trilintc  ainon;;  two  or  more  persons  or  ihiiips  a  just 
l)artorsli:ireli»c;\ch  ;  as, to ffjffpftr/(<»« undivided  rights; 
to  apportion  time  among  v;irious  employments. 

AP-PoR'TION-KD,  pp.  Divided ;  distributed  or  as- 
pipued  in  suitable  parts  or  slrares. 

AP-PoU'TIOtN-KiljW.     One  that  apportions. 

AP-Puit''l'10^"-l^"G,  ppr.  Distributing  in  just  propor- 
tions or  siiarcs. 

AP-PdR'T!i).\-ME\T,  w.  The  act  of  apportioning; 
a  dividinsr  into  jusi  proportions  or  shares;  a  dividing 
and  assigning  lo  tacli  proprietor  his  just  portion  of  an 
nndividoH  right  or  piojitrtv. 

HamUton^  Rep,  Feb.  13,  1793. 

•AP-PoSE',  V.  t.  [Fr.  apposcr,  to  set  to;  L.  appono. 
See  Apposite.] 

1.  To  put  questions  ;  to  examine.     [Sec  Pose.] 

Bacon. 
9._  To  apply.  Uarveii. 

AP-PoS'EIt,  ;*,  An  examiner;  one  whose  business  is 
to  put  qiit^slion!!.  In  llie  English  Court  of  Exchequer 
there  is  an  officer  called  Uie  foreign  apposcr.  A 
bisiiop'jj  examining  chaplain  was  funnerty  called  his 
apjwser  :  ordinarily  pronounced  po^cr.  Encye. 

AP'PO-SITE,  (u  [L.  ajiposituSy  scl  or  put  to,  from  ap- 
pouoy  of  o'/  andpono,  tu  put  or  phtre.] 

Suitable  ;  lit ;  very  applicable  ;  well  adapted  ;  fol- 
lowed by  to;  as,  this  argument  is  very  apposite  to  the 
pase. 
AP'PO-SITE-LY,  arfc.    Suitably;  fiUy;  properly. 

Ifarvey. 
AP'PO  SITE-NESS,  v.    Fitness;  propriety  ;  suitable- 
ness. ■       j/„fe, 
AP-PO-SI"TION,  n.    The  act  of  adding  to ;  addition ; 
a  setting  lo  ;  accretion. 

Bj'  UiC  apposition  of  new  matter.  Arbitihitol. 

2.  In  fp-ammar,  the  state  of  two  nouns  put  in  the 
same  ca?e,  without  a  connecting  word  between 
them  ;  as,  I  admire  Cicero,  the  orator.  In  this  case, 
tlic  spcond  noun  explains  or  characterizes  the  first. 

AP-PO:>'I-TIVE,  fl.    Apposite;  apj-iicabie.  KnatckhuU. 

AP-PRAIS'.'VL,  (ap-pr5z'al,)  n.  A  valuation  by  au- 
thority ;  an  appraisomcnl.  Slat.  Conn.  1824. 

AP-PRaISE',  v.  U  [Fr.  aj>j>recicr;  Sp.  apreciar;  It.  ap- 
prezzare^  to  set  a  value ;  from  L.  ad  and  pretium^ 
price.  See  Price  and  Appreciate.] 
^  This  word  is  written  and  often  pronounred  after  the 
French  and  Italian  manner.  But  generally  it  is  pro- 
nounced more  correctly  apprize,  directly  from  tlie  D. 
prys ;  W.  pris ;  Eng.  price  or  prize,     [See  Apprize.] 

To  set  a  value  on  ;  to  estimate  the  worth  of,  par- 
ticularly bv  pei-sons  appointed  for  the  puraose. 

AP-PRaISE'MEiVT,  n.    'ihe  act  of  selling  the 
a  valuation.     [Sec  Apprizeme.vt.] 

AP-PRaIS'ER,  71.  One  who  values;  appropriatebj,  ti 
person  appointed  and  sworn  to  estimate  and  fixthe 
value  of  goods  and  estate.    [See  Apprizeo-I 

AP-PRE-Ca'TION,  n.    Earnest  prayer.  IfaU. 

AP'PRE-CA-TO-UY,  a.    Praying  or  wishing  good. 

AP-PRii'CIA-B[,E,  (ap-pre's'ha-blo,)  a.  [See  Appre- 
ciate.] 'j'hat  may  be  appreciated;  capable  of  being 
duly  estimated  ;  valuable.  Ejicijc. 

2.  That  may  be  estimated  or  determined ;  as,  an 
apprrxiable  quantity. 

AP-PRe'C1aTE,  (ap-prG'shate,)  v.  t.  [Fr.  apprecier, 
to  srt  a  value ;  L.  ad  and  prctium,  value,  price ;  D. 


APP 


APP 


;  value ; 


al  sense,  it  is  applied  chiefly  to  taking  or  arresting 
persons  by  legal  process,  or  with  a  view  to  trial ;  as, 
to  apprehend  a  thief. 

2.  To  lake  with  the  understanding,  that  is,  to  con- 
ceive in  the  mind  ;  lo  understand,  without  passing  a 
judgment,  or  making  an  inference. 

1  apprehend  not,  wliy  — 

So  iziany  ami  so  various  l;iwa  arc  given.  RfUton. 

3.  To  think  ;  to  believe  or  be  of  opinion,  but  with- 
out positive  certainty  ;  !is,  all  this  is  true,  but,  wo  ap- 
prehcndy  it  is  not  to  the  purpose. 

NotwilttfUnrling'  this  decl.-iratlon,  we  do  not  apprehend  Uiat  we 
are  gnilly  of  prcsuniplion.  Enajc,  nn.  Milaphysics. 

4.  To  fear;  to  entertain  suspicion  or  fear  of  future 
evil  ;  as,  wo  apprehend  calamities  from  a  feeble  or 
wicked  administnition. 

AP  PRE  IIE.\D'EU,  pp.  Taken;  seized;  arrested; 
conceived;  understood;  believed:  feared. 

AP-PRE-HEX D'ER,  n.  One  wlio  takes  ;  one  who  con- 
ceives in  his  mind  ;  one  w!io  fears. 

AP-PRE-HE.ND'ING,  ppr.  Seizing  ;  taking;  conceiv- 
ing ;  understanding;  believing;  fearing. 

AP-PRE-HEX'SI-ELE,  a.  That  may  be  apprehended 
or  conceived. 

AP-PRE-HEN'SION,  n.  The  act  of  seizing  or  taking 
hold  of;  as,  the  hand  is  an  orsan  of  apjtrrhcnMon. 

2.  The  act  of  taking  or  arrcitiiig ;  a^-,  the  felon,  af- 
ter his  apprehension,  escaped. 

3.  The  mere  contemplation  of  things  witliout  af- 
firming, denying,  or  passing  any  judgment ;  the  op- 
eration of  the  mind  in  contemplating  ideas,  without 
comparing  them  with  others,  or  referring  them  to  ex- 
ternal objects;  simple  intellection. 

Watts.     Qlanvillc.     Encyc. 

4.  An  inadequate  or  imperfect  idea,  as  when  the 
word  is  applied  to  our  knov/lcdge  of  God.    Encyc. 

5.  Opinion  ;  conception  ;  sentiments.  In  this  sense, 
the  word  often  denotes  a  belief,  founded  on  sufficient 
evidence  to  give  preponderation  to  the  mind,  but  in- 
sudicient  to  induce  certainty;  as,  in  our  njtprcJtension, 
the  facts  prove  the  issue. 

To  i«  false,  and  to  be  thoug-ht  f:iUe,  ia  all  one,  in  respect  of  men, 
who  act  not  «ccuiJinj  to  imih,  but  appretienaion.    Sou'Ji. 

6.  The  faculty  by  which  new  ideas  are  conceived  ; 
as,  a  man  of  dull  apprehension, 

7.  Fear;  suspicion ;  the  prospect  of  future  evil,  ac- 
companied with  uneasiness  of  mind. 

Cliiutlins  w;ifi  in  no  small  apprehension  for  his  own  life. 

Addison, 

AP-PRE-HEN'SIVE,  a.  Qnick  to  understand  ;  as,  an 
apprehensive  scholar.  Holder.     South. 

2.  Fearful ;  in  expectation  of  c\t1  ;  as,  we  were 
apprehensice  of  fatal  consequences. 

[This  is  the  ttsual  se/tse  of  Vie  icord.^ 

3.  Suspicious  ;  incUned  to  believe  ;  a 
Iiensive  he  does  not  understand  me. 

4.  Sensible ;  feeling ;  perceptive.     [Rarely  vsed,] 

Milton. 
AP-PRE-HEN'SIVE-LY,  adv.     In   an  apprehensive 

manner. 
AP-PRE-HEX'SIVE-NESS,  n-    The  qualitj- of  bein" 

,^Rri'^l'?J}fJY^*  readiness  to  understand  ;  fearfulness! 


;  as,  I  am  appre- 


X 

pnjs :  W.  pris ;  Ger.  preis.     See  Price.] 

1.  To  value  J  to  set  a  price  or  value  on ;  to  esti- 
mate ;  as,  we  seldom  sufiiciently  appreciate  the  ad- 
vantages we  enjoy. 

2.  To  raise  tlie  value  of. 

Leal  a  siuWen  pcMn  should  apprtaau  Uic  money.     Ramsay, 
[Not  used  in  the  latter  sense  in  Engl.and,  and  but 
lillle  in  America.] 
AP-PRF.'CIJITE,   c.i.    To  rise  in  value;  to  become 
of  more  value ;  iis,  the  coin  csf  the  country  appre- 
ciates; public  securities  appreciated  when  the  debt 
%vas  funded.    [Not  used  in  this  sense  in  Englami, 
and  iMit  little  in  .Americ.i.J 
AP-PRE'Cl.i-TED,  pp.    \4lued ;  prized  ;  estimated  : 

advanced  in  value. 
AP-PEii'ClA-TlKG,  ppr.     Setting  a  value  on ;  csti- 

matiti^  ;  rising  in  value. 
AP-PRe-C[-a'T10N,  I!.    A  setting  a  value  on  ;  a  just 
valuation  or  estim.ite  of  merit,  weight,  or  any  moral 
consideration. 

JVashingtrnt's  Tnaug.  SpcfcA,  Apr.  30,  2789. 
9.  A  rising  in  value  ;  increase  of  worth  or  value. 
Marskali^  Life  of  Wasluntiton.     Haviilton^s  Report. 

Feb.  13,  1793. 
[See  remark  under  Appreciate.] 
AP-PRE-HEXD',  v.U     [L.  apprehcndo,  of  ad  and  pre- 
heii'Ja,  to  take  or  seize ;  Sa.\.  hemUnt  or  kentan.] 
1.  To  take  or  seize  ;  to  take  hold  of.    In  this  liter- 


AP-PEEN'TICE,  n.  [Fr.  apprenti,  an  apprentice,  from 
apj>rciidre,to  learn  ;  L.  apprehendo.  See  Apprehend.] 
1.  One  who  is  bound  by  covenant  to  ser\'e  a  me- 
chanic, or  other  person,  for  a  certain  time,  with  a 
view  to  learn  his  art,  mystery,  or  occupation,  in 
which  his  master  is  bound  to  instruct  him.  Appren- 
tices are  regularly  bound  by  indentures. 

BlaeL'stone. 
9.  In  old  law  ftoots,  a  barrister,  considered  a  learn- 
er of  law,  till  si.xteen  years  standing,  when  he  niigjit 
be  cnlled  to  the  degree  of  Serjeant.  Blackstone. 

AP-PREN'TICE,  1'.  t.  To  bmd  to,  or  put  under  the 
care  of,  a  master,  for  the  purpose  of  instruction  in  the 
knowledge  of  a  trade  or  business. 

AP-PREN'TICE-FEE,  v.  A  sum  given  to  the  master 
of  an  apprentice  a-s  a  premium  for  the  instruction  of 
the  latter.  Blacksbme. 

AP-PREN'TICE-HOOD,  7!.  Apprenticeship.  Wot 
T-nd.]  shak. 

AP-PRfeN'TICE-SHIP,  v.  The  term  for  which  an  ap- 
prentice is  bound  to  serve  bis  master.  This  term,  in 
England,  is,  by  suuutc,  seven  years.  In  Pari=,  the 
term  is  five  years,  in  the  greater  number  of  trades ; 
after  which,  the  person,  before  he  is  qualified  to  ex- 
ercise the  trade  as  a  mxster,  must  s.ir\e  five  vears  as 
a  journeyman  ;  during  which  term  he  is  called  the 
eowpanion  of  his  master,  and  the  term  is  called  his 
companioitskip.  Ettci-c. 

The  statements  above  refer  to  a  former  st.atc  of 
things.  .Apprenticeship,  as  obligatorv,  was  abolished 
in  France  at  the  revolution  ;  and  in  England,  Lon- 
don and  a  few  other  corporate  towns  e.vcepted,  bv 
the  act  of  54  Geo.  III.  c.  9«,  (1814.) 

P.  Cye.     Brande. 
2.  The9ei-vice,state,orconditionofan  apprentice; 
a  slate  in  which  a  person  is  gaining  instruction  under 
a  master. 

.AP-PREN'TIS-AGE,  n.  ApprenUceship.    [JVoimwc] 

Hacon, 

AP-PRESS'ED,  (ap-prest',)  )       r  j      a 

AP-PREST',  "  j  0.  [ud  and  pressed.] 


In  ftofdni/,  pressed  close;  lying  near  the  stem,  or 
applying  its  upper  surface  to  the  stem. 

Martm.     Kd.  Encvc. 
AI-PkISL  ,  ?'.  t.     [Fr.  appris,  participle  of  ap^trendre. 
to  learn,  or  inform.    See  Apphehend.] 

To  inform  ;  to  give  notice,  verbal  or  written  ;  fol- 
lowed by  oft  as,  we  will  apprLic  the  general  of  an 
intended  attack  ;  ho  apprised  the  commander  o/ivhal 
he  bad  done.  Thomson.     Porlens. 

AP-PI!IS'£D,  (apprlzd',)  pp.    Infonned ;  having  no- 
tice or  knowledge  communicated. 
AP-PRIS'I.NG,  ppr.    Informing ;  communicatiinr  no- 
tice to. 

AP-PRIZE',  11.  (,  [This  word  is  usually  written  ap- 
praise, as  if  deduced  from  (he  Italian  apprcz-.are. 
There  is  no  other  word  from  which  it  can  ri'gularlv 
be  formed  ;  the  French  apprecier  being  recognized  iii 
appreciate.  Rut  apprize,  the  word  generally  used,  is 
regularly  formed,  with  erf,  from  price,  prize':  1).  pnis ; 
Ger.  preis;  \V.  pris;  or  from  the  Er.  priscr,  to  prize  ; 
and  this  is  the  more  desirable  orthography.) 

To  value  ;  to.  set  a  value,  in  pursuance  of  author- 
ity. It  is  generally  used  for  the  act  of  ivi/ainn-,  by 
men  appointed  for  tlio  purpose,  under  direclinn  eif 
law,  or  by  agi-eement  of  parties ;  as,  to  apprize  the 
goods  and  estate  of  a  deceased  person.  'J'he  private 
act  of  valuing  is  ordinarily  e.vpresscd  by;iri:r. 

AP-PRI7,'£D,  pp.  Valued ;  having  the  worth  fi.\ed 
by  authorized  persons. 

AP-PRIZE'JIENT,  n.  The  act  of  .setting  a  value  un- 
der some  autliority  or  appointment;  a  valuation. 

Statutes  of  Conv.    Blackstone. 
2.  The  rate  at  which  a  thing  is  valued  ;  the  value 
fi«ed,  or  v.aluation  ;  as,  he  purchased  the  aiticle  al 
the  apprizcmenL 

AP-PRIZ'ER,  n.  A  person  appointed  to  rate,  or  set  a 
value  on  articles.  When  apprizers  act  under  tlie 
autljiiritj'  of  law,  they  must  be  sworn. 

AP-PlilZ'ING,  ppr.  Rating ;  setting  a  value  under 
aullioritv. 

AP-PRIZ''ING,  n.    The  act  of  valuing  under  authority. 

-AP-PRO.-VCIl',  V.  1.  [Fr.  approcher,  from  procUe,  near ; 
It.  appracciarc.  The  Latin  proximas  contains  the 
root,  but  the  word,  in  the  positive  degree,  is  not 
found  in  the  Latin.  It  is  from  a  root  in  Class  Brg. 
signifying  to  drive,  move,  or  press  toward  ;  probably 

1.  To  come  or  go  near,  in  place ;  to  draw  near ;  to 
advance  nearer. 


Wherefore  approached  yc  eo  ni^h  the  city  ?  — 2  S-im.  si. 

2.  To  draw  near  in  time. 

And  so  much  Ihe  mere  as  ye  see  the  dnya]>proa£hins. Ilrb.  x. 

3.  To  draw  near,  in  a  figiu-ative  sense  ;  to  advance 
near  to  a  point  aimed  at,  in  science,  literature,  gov- 
ernment, morals.  Sec.  ;  to  appru.\imate ;  as,  he  ap~ 
pranchcs  to  the  character  of  tlie  ablest  st.itesman. 

4.  To  draw  near  in  duty,  as  in  prayer  or  worship. 

They  lak'i  delight  ill  approaching  lo  God Isa.  li. 

AP-PR6.VCH',  V.  u  To  come  near  to ;  as.  Pope  ap- 
proaches Virgil  in  smoothness  of  versification.  This 
use  of  the  word  is  elliptical,  to  being  omitted,  so  that 
the  verb  can  hardly  be  said  to  be  transitive.  The 
old  use  of  tlie  word,  as,  "  .Approach  the  hand  to  the 
handle,"  is  not  legitunate. 

9.  To  have  access  carnally.    Lev.  xviii. 
.\P-PRo.VCH',  71-    The  act  of  drawing  near ;  a  coming 
or  advancing  near;  as,  he  was  apprised  of  the  en- 
emy's approach. 

9.  Access  ;  as,  the  approach  to  kings.         Bacon. 

3.  The  pnth  or  avenue  which  leads  from  the  public 
road  or  highway  to  a  bouse  or  dwelling.    Downm^. 

4.  In  fortification,  approaches  t^re  \Me  works  thrown 
up  by  the  besiegers,  to  protect  them  in  their  advances 
towanl  a  fortress. 

AP-I>i!oACH'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  approached  ; 
accessible. 

AP-PROACH'A-BLE-NESS,  7!.  The  state  of  being  ap- 
proachable. 

AP-PRoAC!!'ER,  ji.  One  who  approaches  or  draws 
near. 

AP-PRoACII'ING,  ppr.  Drawing  nearer ;  advancing 
toward. 

AP-PRoACII'ING,  Ji.  In  i^ardaitng,  the  act  of  in- 
grafting a  sprig  or  shoot  of  one  tree  into  another, 
without  cutting  it  from  the  parent  slock;  called  also 
inarch-Off  and  (rraftinir  tn;  approach.  Encyc. 

AP-PR6ACH'LESS,  a.    Thai  can  not  be  approached. 

AP-PRoACH'MENT,  n.  The  act  of  coming  near. 
r/,iufc  usedA  Brown. 

AP'!'RO-BATE,a.    [1,.  approhatas.]    Approved.  ElmU 

AP'PRO-I!.\TE,  7>.  t.     [L.  approbo,  to  approve.] 

To  c.vpress  approbation  of;  to  manifest  a  likin",  or 
degree  of  satisfaction.  "The  cause  of  Ibis  bailie 
every  man  did  allow  and  approbate."  Hall,  Hen.  yil. 
Riclmrit.ion's  Dictionani.  [This  word,  though  cbso^ 
lete  in  England,  is  occasionally  used  in  America.] 
Mr.  Hutchinson  a/yprobatcd  the  choice.  J.  E'.iol. 

AP'PRO-B.A-TED,  pp.    Approved ;  commended. 
^S'lISS""^"''"""^'  fl""-    Expressing  approbation  of. 
AP-PKO-Ba'TION,  71.     [L.  airprobatw.     See  Proof 
and  Prove.] 
1.  The  act  of  approving;  a  liking;  tliat  state  or 


FaTE,  far,  FALL,  Vt^HAT.  -  MBTE,  PREY.-FLNE,  MARINE,  BIRD.-NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOQIC- 


62 


APP 


APP 


disposition  of  tlie  mind,  in  which  we  assent  to  the 
propriety  of  a  thing,  with  some  de;.Tee  of  pleasure  or 
satisfaction  ;  as,  the  laws  of  Cod  require  otir  appro- 
bation. . 

2.  Attestation ;  support ;  that  is,  active  approbation, 
or  action,  in  favor  of  what  u!  approved.  S/iak. 

3.  The  commendation  of  a  book  hcensed  or  per- 
inined  to  be  published  by  authority,  as  was  lormeriy 
the  c;ise  in  Eneland. 

AP'PRO-Ba-T[VE,  o.  Approving ;  implying  approba- 
tion. ,  Mdner. 

AP'PRO-BA-TO-RY,  a.  Containing  approbcilion  ;  ex- 
pressing approbiition.  -^^ff-     Scott. 

AP-i*RO.MPT',  r.  ?.  forPsoMPT.    [J^'iit  used.]    Bacon. 

.\P-PROOF',  n.    Approval. 

9.  Certain  knowledge.    fJVot  used.]  Shak. 

AP-PROP'ER-aTE,  v.  t.     \L.  appropcro.] 
Tt»  hasten.     [JK'ot  used.j 

AP-PRO-PIN'QUaTE,  v.  I.     [I^.  appropinqno.'] 
To  draw  near.    [JVoi  used.] 

AP-PRO-FIN-GUa'TION,  n.  A  drawing  nigh.  [JVo£ 
used.]  f^alj. 

AP-PRO-PDvaUE',  V.  t    To  approach.    [JVol  itscd.] 

Httdibras. 

AP-PRO'PRI-A-BLE,  a.  [from  appropriate.]  That  may 
be  appropriated ;  that  may  be  set  aixirt,  sequestered, 
or  assigned  exclusively  to  a  particular  use.    Sroton. 

AP-PRo'PRI-aTE,  f.  t.  [Fr.  approprier,  of  L.  ad  and 
propriusj  private,  peculiar.    See  Pbopeb.] 

1.  To  set  apart  for,  or  assign  to  a  particular  use,  in 
exclusion  of  all  other  uses  f  as,  a  spot  of  ground  is 
appropriated  for  a  garden. 

a.  To  take  to  one's  self  in  exclusion  of  others  ;  to 
claim  or  use  as  by  an  exclusive  right;  as,  let  no  man 
appropriate^  the  use  of  a  common  benefit. 

3.  To  make  peculiar  j  as,  to  approitriate  names  to 
ideas.  Locke. 

4.  To  sever  an  ecclesiastical  benefice,  and  annex 
it  to  a  spiritual  corporation,  sole  or  aggregate,  being 
the  patron  of  the  living.  Black^toiic. 

5.  To  set  apart  or  vole  a  sum  of  money  for  a  par- 
ticular object ;  as.  Congress  has  appriipriatrd  a  million 
o^  dollars"  for  the  increase  of  Hit;  navj-.  [This  is  one 
of  the  most  common,  vses  cft?ie  Jcord  i:t  .^::icrica.] 

AP-PR6'PRI-ATE,  a.    Belonging  peculiarly  ;    p:?cu- 
liar  ;  set  apart  for  a  particular  use  or  person  ;  as,  re- 
ligious worship  is  an  appropriate  duty  to  the  Creator. 
li.  Most  suitable,  fit,  or  proper;  as,  to  use  appropri- 
ate words  in  pleading. 

AJP-PRO'PRI-A-TED,  pjj.  ora.  Assigned  to  a  partic- 
ular use ;  claimed  or  used  exclusively ;  annexed  to 
an  ecclesiastical  corporation. 

AP-PR6'PRI-ATE-XES3,  v.  Peculiar  fitness;  the 
quality  of  beins  appropriate,  or  peculiarly  suitable. 

AP-PRoTRI-ATE-LY,  ado.  In  an  appropriate  cr 
proper  manner. 

AP-PRO'PRI-A-TING,  ppr.  Assigning  to  a  particular 
person  or  use  :  claiming  or  using  exclusively  ;  sever- 
ing to  the  perpetual  use  of  an  ecclesiasucal  corpomlion. 

AP-PRo-PRI-a'TION,  n.  Tlio  act  of  sequestering,  or 
assignins  to  a  particular  use  or  person,  in  exclusion 
of  all  otiiers  ;  application  to  a  special  use  or  purpose ; 
as,  of  a  piece  of  ground,  fur  a  park ;  of  a  right,  to 
one's  self;  or  of  words,  to  ideas. 

2.  In  law,  the  severing  or  sequestering  of  a  benefice 
to  the  perpetual  use  of  a  spiritual  coiporation,  sole  or 
a2gregate,  being  the  patron  of  the  living.  For  this 
purpose  must  be  obtained  tlie  king's  license,  and  the 
consent  of  the  bishop  and  of  the  patron.  When  the 
appropriation  is  thus  made,  the  approprialor  and  his 
successors  become  perpetual  parsons  of  the  church, 
and  must  sue  and  be  sued  in  that  name. 

£((?■.  Law.     Blackstoiie. 

3.  The  setting  apart  by  vote  of  a  sum  of  money  to 
be  expended  fur  a  given  purpose,  and  also  tlie  money 
thus  set  apart ;  as,  an  appropriation  has  been  made  to 
increase  the  naw. 

AP-PRo'PUl-A-TiVE,  a.    That  appropriates. 

McCuUoch. 
AP-PRo'PRI-A-TOR,  7t.    One  who  appropriates. 

2.  One  who  is  possessed  of  an  appropriated  bene- 
fice. Blackstoiie. 
AP-PRo'PRI-E-TA-RY,  n.     .\  lay  possessor  of  the 

profit.-^  of  a  benefice.  Spclman. 

AP-PROV'A-BLE,  a.    [See  Appkovk.] 

That  mav  be  approved  ;  that  merits  approbation. 
AP-PRoV'A-BLE-NESS,  n.    The  quality  of  being  ai>- 

provahlt^. 
AP-PROV'AL,  n.    Approbation.    [See  Appbote.] 

Teinple, 
AP-PEOV'ANCE,  71.    Approbation.    [See  Approve.] 

71iomson, 
AP-PROV'E',  v.  t.     [Fr.  i^prouver ;  h.  cpprobo,  of  ad 
and  prnbo,  to  prove  or  approve.     See  Approbate, 
Prove,  and  Proof.] 

1.  To  like  ;  to  be  pleased  with  ;  to  admit  the  pro- 
priety of;  as,  we  approve  the  measures  of  atlniinis- 

1        tration.    This  word  may  include,  with  the  assent  of 
the  mind  to  the  proiirieiy,  a  romniendation  to  others. 

2.  To  prove  ;  to  show' to  be  true  :  to  justify. 

Wonltifii  thod  approte  ihy  coastAncy  ?    Approve 

First  ihj  obcdieiiM.  *  Milton. 

[  Tins  sense,  though  common  a  century  or  two  ago,  is 
now  rare.] 


3.  To  experience ;  to  prove  by  trial.  [J^ot  vsed. 
See  PROVE.I  Sfiak. 

4.  To  make  or  show  to  l>e  worthy  of  approbation  ; 
to  commend ;  as,  to  approve  one's  self  to  God  by 
righteousness. 

5.  To  like  and  sustain  as  right ;  to  commend. 

Yet  iheir  posterity  approve  their  snjin^-s.  — Ps.  xlix. 

This  word,  when  it  signifies  to  be  pleased,  is  often 
followed  by  o/,  in  which  uss  it  is  intransitive  ;  as,  I 
approve  o/the  measure.  But  the  tendency  of  modem 
usage  is  to  omit  of:  "  I  approve  the  measure." 

().  To  improve.  Bhickstone. 

7.  In  mUttanj  ajjliirs,  to  siinctiou  ofiicially ;  as,  to 
approve  the  decision  of  a  court-martial. 
AP-Pr6v'£D,  pp.     Liked  ;   commended  ;  shov.-n  or 
proved  to  be  worthy  of  approbation  ;  h-iving  the  ai>- 
probation  and  support  of. 

SliKly  to  EJiOVif  tLy.^'lf  cpprotel  to  Gwl.  —  2  Tim.  iu 

approved  is  used  by  Shakspeare  for  proved ;  as, "  an 
approved  wanton." 

Jesus,  a  man  approved  of  G«L  — Acts  U. 
This  word  here  seems  to  include  the  idea  of  Christ's 
real  office,  as  tlie  Messiah,  and  of  God's  love  and  ap- 
probation of  him  in  that  character.      Broicn's  Diet. 
AP-PR0VE'.\IE-\T,7i.   Approbation  ;  liking.  Hanicard. 

2.  In  lax,  when  a  person  indicted  for  felony  or 
treason,  and  arraigned,  confesses  the  tact  before 
plea  pleaded,  and  appeals  or  accuses  his  accomplices 
of  t!ie  same  crime,  to  obtain  his  pp.rdon,  this  confes- 
sion and  accusation  are  called  approvement,  and  the 
person  an  approver.  Bladistone. 

3.  Improvement  of  common  lands,  by  inclosing 
and  conVerting  them  to  the  uses  of  husbandry. 

Blacltstone. 
AP-PROVER,  n.    One  who  approves.    Fonneriy,one 
who  proves  or  makes  trial. 

2.  In  laio,  one  who  confesses  a  crime  and  accuses 
another.  [See  Approvement.]  Fonnerly,  those 
who  had  the  letting  of  the  king's  demesne,  in  small 
manors,  were  called  approvers  of  the  king.  In  Stat, 
1  Edw.  in.  c.  8,  sheriffs  arc  called  the  king's  ap- 
provers. 

In  old  law  writers,  a  bailiff  or  steward  of  a  manor 
is  called  an  approver.  Encyc. 

AP-PR5V'ING,  ppr.      Liking;  commending;  giving 

or  expressing  approbation. 
AP-PRoV'IXG,  a.    Yielding  approbation;  as,  an  a}>~ 

prcvino-  conscience. 
AP-PROV'IXG-LY,  adv.    Ev  approbation. 
AP-PROX'I-IIAXT,  a.    Approaching.    [JVotused.] 

Dering. 
.\P-PROX'I-MATE,  a.    [L.  cd  and  proximus,  next. 
See  Approach.] 

Nearest  to;  next;  near  to,  [Tliis  word  is  superseded 
by  Proximate.] 

.approximate  quantities ;  in  matJiematics,  those  wliich 
are  nearly,  but  not  absolutely,  equal.  Brandc. 

AP-PROX'1-MaTE,  v.  u    To  carr>'  or  advance  near ; 
!o  cause  to  approach.  .^il:in,    Shenstune. 

To  approximate  the  inequality  of  riches  lo  tha  level  of  aawre. 

AP-PROX'I-MaTE,  v. 


To  come  near;  to  approach, 
JSarke. 
AP-PROX'I-Ma-TED,  pp.    Carried  or  advanced  near. 
AP-PROX'I-Ma-TING,  p^jr.    Advancing  near ;  caus- 

uig  to  approach. 
AP-PROX-I-Ma'TIOX,  7t.     Approach ;    a    diawing, 
movinu,  or  advancing  near.  Hale. 

2.  In  arithmetic  and  algebra,  a  continual  approach 
or  coming  nearer  and  ne:u-cr  to  a  root  or  other  quan- 
tity, without  being  able  perhaps  ever  to  arrive  at  it, 

Encyc    Joh  iiso  n. 

3.  In  medicine,  communication  of  disease  by  con- 
tact. Coze. 

4.  A  mode  of  cure  by  transplanting  a  disease  into 
an  animal  or  vegetable  by  immediate  contact.     Coze. 

AP-PROX'I-.MA-TIVE,  a.  Approaching;  tliat  ap- 
proaches. Ed.  Encyc. 

AP-PULSE',  (ap-puls',)  n,  [L.  appulsus,  of  ad  and 
pello,  to  drive.] 

1.  Tiie  act  of  striking  against;  as,  in  all  conso- 
nants tliere  is  an  ap:in!sc  of  the  organs.         Holder. 

2.  Arrival ;  landing.  BnjanL 

3.  In  astronomy,  the  approach  of  any  planet  to  a 
conjunction  with  the  sun  or  a  star. 

.AP-PUL'SION, «.  The  act  of  striking  against  by  a 
moving  bodv. 

AP-PULS'I  VE,  a.  Striking  against ;  driving  toward ; 
as,  the  appulsivc  intlucnce  of  the  ulanets. 

Med.  Rep. 

AP-PULSaVE-LY,  adv.    By  appulsion. 

AP-PUR'TEN-.ANCE,  n.  So  written  for  Appertk- 
nence.    [Fr.  appartcimncc^    See  Appertain.] 

That  which  belongs  to  something  else ;  an  adjunct ; 
an  appendage ;  as,  small  buildings  are  the  apimrtr^ 
vnnccs  of  a  mansion.  Appropriately,  such  buihlings, 
rights,  and  improvements,  as  belong  to  hind,  are 
called  the  anpurtmances. 

AP-PUR'TEX-.A^T,  a.  Belonging  to;  pertaining  lo 
of  right ;  xs,  a  right  of  way  appurtenant  to  land  or 
buildings.  Blackstone. 

In  law,    common    appurtenant   is  that  which   is 


APT 

annexed  to  land,  and  can  be  claimed  only  by  pre- 
scription or  immemorial  usage,  on  a  legal  presump- 
tion of  a  siKcial  grant.  BiacksUmr. 

a'PRI-CaTE,  r.  i.     (I*  apriccr.] 

To  bask  in  the  sun.    tIAale  usaL]  R"!!- 

A-PRIC'I-TY,  7u    Sunshine.    [liuU  used.) 

A'PUI-eOT,  n.  Old  orthoeiaphy,  apricocl:.  [v.. 
bricyllcn ;  ^Vrm.  brmesen ;  Fr.  abriMl,  whence  the 
present  onho^raphy.  Junius  and  Skinner  allese 
that  the  ItaUans  formerly  wrote  the  word  brrkou}^ 
brrrUoccuti.  At  present  they  write  it  alliicocoL,  ana 
the  Spaniards  atbaricGq-de^  which  indicate  the  word 
to  be  formed  of  aU/us  and  coccus^  white  berrj- ;  t^p. 
albar,  white,  lint  apricot  seems  to  be  formed  from 
the  old  orthography.] 

The  fruit  >if  llie  Amwniaca  vul^arij,  (a  species 
arranged  by  Linnajus  in  th'-^  genus'  Prunus ;)  allied 
to  the  plum,  and  of  an  oval  fijurc  and  deliciou.'i  tast«. 

A'PRIL,  V.     [L.  aprUis ;  Fr.  avril ;  Sp.  abril ;  Ir.  abrail ; 
Com.  cbril ;  VV.  ci>ri.'/.J 
The  fourth  month  ol  the  year. 

a'PKIL.-FOOL,  n.    One  who  is  sportively  imposed 

_upon  by  others  on  the  rir.*t  of  .\pril. 

A  PRI-O'RI,  [L.]    Keasonins  a  priori  U  i':  '     "  '  ' 
deduces  consequences  from  delinition.;  t 
principles  a.«.sumed,  or  which  infers   e: 
causes  previously  known.    Thi5  is  the  r 
vost^iorL 

A'PttOX,  (i'pum,)  n.    [Ir.  apnm;  a,  or  a^'.  r. 
broit,  the  breast.] 

1.  .'V  cloth  or  piece  of  leather  worn  on  tlie  fore  part  l 
of  the  body,  to  keep  the  clothes  clean,  or  defend 
them  from  injury. 

2.  The  fat  skin  covering  the  belly  of  a  goose. 

Johjisoif. 

3.  In  ^nncnj,  a  flat  piece  of  lead  that  covens  tii, 
vent  of  a  cannun. 

4.  In  s/upsy  a  piece  of  carved  timber,  just  above  the 
foremost  end  of  the  keel.  .-Var.  DicL 

5.  A  platform,  or  flooring  of  plank,  at  the  entrance 
of  a  dock,  against  which  the  dock-gates  are  shut. 

Enetjc. 

6.  A  piece  of  leather  or  other  thing  to  be  spre.ad  be- 
fore a  person  riding  in  a  gig,  chaise,  or  sulky,  to  de- 
fend him  from  rain,  snow,  or  dust. 

a'PROS-ED,  a.    Wearing  an  apron.  Pope. 

A'PRON-Sl.w;,  n.  A  man  who  wears  an  apron;  a 
laboring  man  ;  a  mechanic 

AP'RO-PoS,  (ap'ro-po,)  arfc.  [Fr.  d  and  propos,  pur- 
pose.] 

1.  Opportanelv;  seasonably.  Wariurlon. 

2.  By  the  way ;  to  the  purpose ;  a  word  used  to 
introduce  an  incidental  observation,  suited  to  the 
occasion,  though  not  strictly  belonging  to  the  narra- 
tion. 

AP'SIS,  n. ; pi.  Ap'si-dzs.  [Gr.  utpis,  connection,  from 
cTrrci),  to  connect.] 

1.  In  andent  astronomy^  the  apsides  were  the  two 
points,  in  the  orbit  of  the  sun  or  of  a  planet,  .at  tlie 
greatest  and  least  distance  from  the  earlli ;  the  most 
distant  called  the  /iiVAcr  or  crreaUr  ;  tlie  le.ist  distant, 
the   lower  or  Ic^er  apsis;  ajld  corresponding  to  tile 
apogee  and  perigee,    hirwdern  astronomy,  Uie.  a;^ 
are  those  points^  in  the  orbit  of  a  prini:!ry  pl;in: :. 
the  greatest  and  least  distance  lYoin  the  sun  ;  c.  : 
sponding  to  the  aphelion  and  Uie  perihelion ;  al^p, 
those  points,  in  the  orbit  of  a  secondary  planet,  at 
the  greatest  and  least  distance  from  its  prim.w- ;  cor- 
responding, in  relation  to  the  moon,  to  the  aik  ; 
and  perigee, and  in  relation  totlie  satellitesof  Juji 
to  the  apojove  ,^.nd  perijovo.    The  line  conni:  -..-^ 
these  is  called  the  line  of  the  apsides. 

Ejicijc  .Meth.    Ed.  Encyc 

2.  j5;wi.s,  or  absisj  is  the  arched  roof  of  a  house, 
room,  or  oven  ;  also  the  ring  or  compass  of  a  wheel. 

3.  In  eccUsiastieal  icriters,  an  inner  part  of  a  churcb, 
being  a  domed  semicircular  or  polygonal  termina- 
tion of  the  choir  or  aisles,  where  tlie  ■•Utar  wa>  placed, 
and  where  the  clergy  sal,  .-Uso,  the  bi.shop's  seat  or 
throne,  in  ancient  churches;  c-alled  also  aeJra  anil 
tribune.  This  same  n.Tjne  was  given  to  a  nliquarj- 
or  cise  in  which  tlie  relics  of -saints  were  kept. 

Enaje. 
APT,  a.    [L.  aptus,  from  apto,  to  fit ;  Gr.  aTru,  to  tie  ; 
Sax.  luFp.) 

1.  Fit ;  suitable  :  as,  he  used  very  apt  meutphors. 

2.  Ha\Tnga  tendency;  liable;  used  </ lAta^s;  S-s, 
wheat  on  moist  land  is  apt  to  blast  or  be  winter- 
killed. 

3.  Inclined  ;  disposed  customarily  ;  used  of  persons; 
as,  men  are  too  apt  to  slander  others. 

4.  Ready  :  quick  ;  used  of  (Ac  mental  poxers;  as,  a 
pupil  apt  to  lenm ;  an  apt  wit. 

5.  Qualified ;  tit. 

2  Kiags  xiif. 


.\  U  Uic  niL-n  of  might,  sut>iig  acd  cpj  fcr  «*ar.  - 

.\PT,  V.  U    To  fit :  to  suit  cr  adapt.    [Ohs.\ 
APT'A-BLE,  n.    That  mav  be  adapted,    [^ot  i: 

SherKOK .« 
AP'TaTE,  v.  t.    To  make  fit.    'JVot  used.]     Bcilry 
AP'TER-.V,  n.  pi.    [Gr.  <i  priv.  and  ir.-po. ,  a  wme  , 
.\  tenn  applietl  to  insect?  without  wings,     ibe 
Aptcra,  constituting  Uie  seventli  order  of  insecUs  in 
Linn.T;us's  .svstem.compreluii.l  many  genein.    But 


TONE,  BJJLL,  IJNITE.— .AN"GEI!,  VI"CIOUS.— €  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CU  as  SII ;  T H  .as  in  THIS. 


63 


AQU 

later  zoologists  hiive  made  a  veo'  diflareul  distribu- 
tion of  these  aiiitnal.^. 
AP'TER-AL,  a.     [Supra.]    Dcstiuite  of  wings. 

In  architecture^  without  lateral  cohiiiins ;  applied 
to  buildings  which  have  no  series  of  columns  along 
their  :^idLS,  but  are  either  prostyle  or  amphiprostyle, 
and  opposed  to  peripteral.  P.  Ci/c. 

AP'TEIl-OUS,  a.  In  zuMg-it,  destitute  of  wings ; 
applied  to  insects  of  the  ordtr  Aptera. 

9.  In  botany,  destitute  of  membranous  expansions, 
as  a  stern  i.r  petiole  ;  opposed  to  alate.         Braiidc. 
AP'TER-V'X.  n.     [Gr.  a  neg.  and  nrfpcf,  a  wing.] 
A  bird  of  New  Zealand,  with  only  short  rudiments 
of  wings,  armed  with  a  claw,  and  without  a  tail. 

Partington. 
APT'I-TLTDE,  n.     [of  aptus,  apt.] 

1.  A  natural  or  acquired  disposition  for  a  particular 
purpose,  or  tendency  to  a  particular  action  or  effect ; 
as,  oil  has  an  aptitude  to  born ;  men  acquire  an  apti- 
tude to  particular  vices. 

•2.  Fitness;  suitableness. 

3.  Aptness;  readiness  in  learning;  docility. 

APT-I-Tu'DL\-AL,  a.     Containing  aptitude. ' 

APT-I-TU'DIi\-AL-LY,  adv.  In  an  aptitudinal  man- 
ner. 

APT'LY,  adtj.  In  an  apt  or  suitable  manner ;  with 
just  correspondence  of  parts ;  filly  ;  properlv' ;  justly ; 
pertinently;  readily. 

APT'NESS,  n.  Fitness;  suitableness;  as,  the  aptness 
of  things  to  their  end. 

2.  Disposition  of  the  mind  ;  propensity  ;  as,  the 
aptness  of  men  to  follow  example. 

3.  Quickness  of  apprehension  ;  readiness  in  learn- 
ing; docility;  as,  an  aptness  to  learn  is  more  ob- 
servable in  some  children  than  in  others. 

4.  Tendency,  in  things;  as,  the  aptness  of  iron  to 
.^P'TOTE,  n.     [Gr.  a  priv.  and  Trwo-is,  case.]      frust. 

In  g'rammar,  a  noun  which  has  no  variation  of 
termination,  or  distinction  of  cases  ;  an  indeclinable 
noun. 

AP'V-REX-Y,  n.     [Gr.  a  priv.  and  7n'/)£(7(jw,  to  be  fe- 
verish, from  TTiip,  fire.] 
The  absence  or  intermission  of  fever. 

.\-P^'ROUS,  a.     [Gr.  anvpoiy  n  priv.  and  rrvp,  fire.] 
Incombustible,  o^  that  sustains  a  strong  heat  with- 
out alteration  of  form  or  properties. 

..ipijroiLs  bodies  diifer  from  those  simply  refractory. 
Rrfractorij  bodies  can  not  be  fused  by  Iieat,  but  may 
be  iiltered.  Encyc. 

a'QUA,  v.  [L.  flf/aa ;  Sp.  agua :  Port,  agoa  ;  It.  acqua, 
water;  Arm.  eagui,  to  water,  or  steep;  Goth,  ahica^ 
water;  which  in  Saxon  is  reduced  to  ea;  G.  and  D. 
ci,  in  cil-and;  Fr.  eau;  W.  ^irij  or  am;  Ir.  oig  or  oichc; 
Anih.  Oifcj 

A  Latin  word,  signifying  water;  much  used   in 
pharmacy,  and  tlie  oUl  chemistry,  in  various  signifi- 
cations, determined  by  the  word  or  words  annexed. 
Aqua  fortis,  in  the  old  chemistry,  is  now  called 
nitric  acid. 

Jiqua  marhiay  or  aqua  jnarinr :  a.name  which  jewel- 
ers give  to  tlie  Oenjl,  on  account  of  its  color. 

.^qaa  rcgia,  in  tlie  old  chemistry,  is  now  called 
nitro-murintic  aettl. 

iqua  rittT- :  brandv,  or  spirit  of  wine. 

'  ^U.A'RI-AN,  71.  One  of  a  sect  of  Christians,  in  the 
primitive  church,  who  consecrated  water  in  the  eu- 
I'harisl  instead  of  wine  ;  either  under  a  pretense  of 
ab.^iinencc,  or  because  they  thought  it  was  unlaw'ful 
to  drink  wine.  Encyc. 

A-CHJa'RI-UM,  71.  [L.]  An  artificial  pond  in  gardens 
for  rearing  aquatic  plants.  Brande. 

A-aUA'RMTS,  71.  [L.]  The  Water-bearer  ;  a  sisn  in 
the  zodiac,  which  the  sun  enters  about  the  Slst  of 
January;  so  called  from  the  rains  which  prevail,  at 
that  season,  in  Italy  and  the  East.  Also,  a  constel- 
lation of  the  zodiac,  containing,  according  to  Flam- 
stead,  108  stars,  and,  according  to  the  P.  Cvc,  159. 
The  sign  and  the  constellation  originally  coincided  ; 
but  from  its  recession,  in  consequence  of  the  preces- 
sion of  the  equinoxes,  tne  sign  now  begins  in  the 
constellation  of  Capricorn. 

A-(iUAT'IC,  a,     [L.  a^juaticiis.     See  AquA.] 

Pertaining  to  water:  applied  to'animals  which  live 
in  water,  as  fishes ;  or  to  such  as  frequent  it ;  as, 
aquatic  fowls.  Applied  to  plants,  it  denotes  such  as 
grow  in  water.    Aquntieal  is  rarely  used. 

A-Q,UAT'ie,  u.  A  plant  which  grows  in  water,  as 
the  flag. 

Aa'UA-TILE,  a.  That  inhabits  the  water.  {Rarely 
■used.]  Brown. 

.^-aUA-TlNT'A,  a.  [L.  0-71(0,  water,  and  It.  tinta,  dye. 
.See  Tincture.] 

A  method  of  engraving  by  aquafortis,  by  which  an 
eflcjt  is  produced,  re^^rinhling  a  drawing  in  water 
colons  or  Indian  ink.  This  peculiar  eiJ'ect  is  produced 
by  covering  th-'  plate,  after  the  outlines  of  the  desiirn 
have  been  etched,  with  a  granulated  ground,  which 
permits  the  acid  to  act  only  in  tlie  interstices  of  its 
grain,  now  formed  by  pouring  over  the  plate,  in  an 
inclined  position,  a  soUition  of  resin  in  alcohol.  Ori- 
cinally,  the  ground  was  formed  by  sifting  over  the 
plutc  a  tine  powder  of  resin,  or  of  resin  and  asplial- 
lum,  and  then  heating  the  plate  ;  but  this  method  is 
now  obsolete.  P.  Cvc 


ARA 

AU'UE-DIK'T,  (ak'w.'-dukt,)  v.  [L.  flyH«,  water,  and 
dariiu,  a  pipe  or  canal,  friiui  dn-o^  to  lead.  See  Duke.] 
.\  conductor  or  oonduit  of  water,  by  means  of 
pipes,  or  a  canal  or  tunnel,  or  other  channel,  sup- 
portt')!  by  some  structun>.  More  particularly  applied 
to  liio  ancient  structures,  raised  on  one  or  more  scries 
of  arcJie.i,  aiul  sustaining  one  or  more  channels,  con- 
ducted on  a  sliglitly  descending  plane.  These  have 
been  snpersed<-d,  in  a  great  measure,  in  modern 
times,  by  pipes  following  th:'  inequalities  of  the 
ground,  and  conveying'  the  w;iter  on  the  principle 
of  hydrostatic  pressure.  This  term  is  also  applied 
to  a  structure,  similar  to  the  ancient  aqueducts,  for 
conveying  a  canal  over  a  river  or  hollow  ;  more  prop- 
erlv  called  an  aqneduct-hndire. 

A'aUE-OUS,  a.  Watery  ;  partaking  of  tlie  nature  of 
water,  or  abounding  with  it. 

2.  i\Iade  by  means  of  water  ;  as,  an  aqueous  solu- 
tion. 

.Aqueous  humor  ;  in  anatomy^  one  of  the  humors  of 
the  eye  ;  a  transparent,  limpid  fluid,  occupying  the 
space  between  the  crystalline  lens  and  the  cornea, 
divided  into  two  chambers  bv  the  iris.  WUtar. 

A'aUE-OUt>-N£SS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  watery; 
waterishness  ;  wateriness. 

.\'aUI-FORM,  a.     In  the  form  of  water. 

ACi'UI-LA,  n,  [L.,  whence  aqidlinus  ;  from  the  Orient- 
al Spy  to  be  crooked.  Tliis  Ijird  is  probably  named 
Irom  its  curving  beak.] 

In  orniiliology,  the  eagle.  Also,  a  northern  constel- 
lation, containing,  according  to  the  Eiitannic  cata- 
logue, 71  star.?.  Encyc. 

AU'CI-LINE,  (-lin  or  line,)  a.      fL.  aquUinus.    See 

AflUILA.] 

1.  Belonging  to  the  eagle. 

2.  (^ir\-iug ;  hooked  ;  prominent,  like  the  beak  of 
an  eagle  ;  ap[)lied  particularly  to  the  nose. 

AU'UI-LOX,  n.     [L.  aquilo.] 

The  north  wind.  Shak. 

AQ.-UI-Ta'j\'I-AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  Aquitania,  one 
of  the  gieat  divisions  of  Gaul,  which,  according  to 
Cesiu-,  lay  between  the  Garonne,  the  Pyrenees,  and 
the  ocean.  In  modern  days,  it  has  been  called  Gas- 
cony.  The  inhabitants,  in  Cesar's  time,  spoke  a  dif- 
ferent dialect  from  that  of  the  proper  Cells,  between 
the  Garonne  and  Seine.  This  dialect  bore  an  affin- 
ity to  the  Ba^sqiiCj  in  Biscay,  to  which  they  were 
contiguous  ;  and  some  remains  of  it  still  exist  in  the 
Gascon.  Aquitania  is  the  country  of  the  Aqui ;  from 
the  name  of  the  people,  with  faw,  a  Celtic  word,  sig- 
nifying region  or  country.  The  Romans,  either  from 
their  general  usage,  or  fnmi  not  understanding  the 
Celtic  tan,  annexed  another  termination  signifying 
country,  m,  tlu*  Ir.  ai  or  ooi,  Heb.  ''K  ai,  a  settlement 
or  habitation;  Gr.  om,  land,  country;  Hindu,  t-ya, 
the  same.  Cesar,  Com.  lib.  i.  1.     DKinville. 

A.  R.  stand  for  anno  regni,  the  year  of  the  reign  ;  as, 
A.  R.  G.  R.  2^,  in  the  20th  year  of  the  reign  of  King 
George. 

AR'AB,  u.  [Liti-ially,  a  wanderer  or  dweller  in  a  des- 
ert.]   A  native  of  Arabia. 

AR'A-BESK,  V.  The  corrupt  modem  Arabic,  as  dis- 
tinguished Irom  the  pure  old  .\rubic  of  the  Koran. 
W^ot  in  use.]  GuUiric. 

AR'A-BESCiUE,  (ar'a-besk)  71.  An  ornament  execu- 
ted in  the  Arabesque  style. 

AR'A-BESQ,UE,  a.  [See  Arabian.]  In  the  manner 
of  the  .-Vrabians  ;  applied  to  paintings  or  ornaments 
consisting  of  imaginary  foliage,  stalks,  plants,  Ace, 
in  which  there  are  no  figures  of  men  or  animals. 

A-Ra'BI-AJV,  a.     Pertaining  to  Arabia.  [Encyc. 

A-U.a'BI-.\:V,  11.    A  native  of  Arabia;  an  .A.rab. 

AR'A-BI€,  a.  Belonging  to  .\rabia,  or  the  language 
of  its  inhabitants. 

AR'A-Bie,  n.    The  language  of  the  Arabians. 

A-R.-\B'1C-AL-LY,  adv.    In  the  Arabian  manner. 

.\R'A-BIS.M,  n.  An  .Arabic  idiom  or  peculiarity  of  lan- 
guage. Encyc.     Stuart. 

.\R'A-BIST,  11.  One  well  versed  in  the  Arabic  lan- 
guage or  literature.  Encyc. 

AU'A-BLE,  a.    [L.  am  :  Gr.  apoo},  to  plow  ;  Ir.  araiiu] 
Fit  for  plowing  or  tillage  ;  hence  often  applied  to 
land  which  iias  been  plowed  or  tilled. 

AR'A-BY,  H.     Arabia.  Milton. 

A-RA€H'N1-DAN,  H.    (     [Gr.  apaxvij,  a  spider,  and 

A-RACH'Nl-DA,  V.  pi.  J  cihi,  form.] 

Terms  applied  to  a  class  of  articulate  animals, 
with  legs,  but  without  wings,  including  the  spi- 
ders, mites,  and  scorpions;  arranged  by  LinnKUS 
in  the  class  Insecta,  order  Aptera,  but  differing  from 
true  insects  by  the  absence  of  unlennaB,  and  by  not 
undergoini;  metamorplictsis. 

.\-UAeiI'NOID,  «.  [Gr.  aoaxvrii  a  spider,  and  ciSog, 
form  ;  ileb.  ^-iN,  to  weave,  that  is,  to  stretch,  to 
draw  out ;  Em:,  reach.] 

In  anatomy,  the  arachnoid  tunic  or  membrane  (tit- 
nica  araehnoida)  is  a  very  thin  and  delicate  semi- 
trans[Kirent  membrane,  which  is  spread  over  the 
brain  and  the  spinal  rord  between  the  dura  mater 
and  pia  mat-r.  The  term  was  fonneriy  applied,  al- 
so, to  the  hyloid  membrane,  or  membrane  of  the  vit- 
reous humor  of  the  eye,  and  to  the  capsule  or  proper 
coat  01'  the  crystaliini-. 
The  term  araneous  tunic  o\  membrane  (tunica,  ara- 


ARB 

uea)  was  formerly  used  as  synonymous  with  arach- 
luiid.  Cyc.     IVistar.     Parr. 

A-RAeH'XOID,  71.  A  species  of  madrepore,  found 
fossil.  Cye. 

A-RA€H-NOL'O-0lST,  n.  One  versed  in  arach- 
nolog\-. 

A-RACH-NOI/O-GY,  n.     [Gr.  anaxvfi  and  >oj  o?.] 
The  science  or  liistory  of  spiders  and  other  Aiach- 
nida. 

AR-A-€Ho'SIAN,  a.  Designating  a  chain  of  moun- 
tains which  divide  Persia  from  India. 

As.  Researches. 

AR-AlGN'EE,  (ar  ran'ya,)  )    ;i,     [Fr.,  a  spider.] 

AR-RaIGN',  (ar-ruin',)  J  In  fortification,  the 
branch,  return,  or  gallery  of  a  mine.  Bmlru. 

A-KaISE',  v.  l     I'o  raise.     [JYof  used.]  ShaL 

AR-A-IM.\'ie,  a.  A  term  applied  to  the  language  of 
the  Syrians  and  Clialdeaus,  tlieir  literature,  &:c. 

AR-A-Mk'AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Syrians  and  Chal- 
deans, who  were  descended  from  Aram,  son  of  Shem, 
or  to  their  language. 

AR-A-ME'AN-ISM,  «.  An  idiom  of  the  Aramean  lan- 
2uace._ 

A-RA-Ne'I-DAN,  71.     )     Terms  applied  to  a  tribe  of 

A-HA-Ne'I-D^,  n.  pi  \  Arachnida,  including  the 
proper  spiders.  Brande. 

A-Ra'NE-OUS,  a.     [L.  aranea,  a  spider,  or  cobweb.] 

1.  Resembling  a  cobweb. 

2.  Thin  and  delicate,  like  a  cobweb  ;  as,  tlie  ara- 
neous membrane  of  the  eye.     [See  Arachnoid.] 

Dcrham, 

A-Ra'TION",  71.     A  plowing.  Cowley. 

A-Ra'TOR,  ».     [L.l    A  plowman. 

AR'.\-TO-RY,  a.     That  contributes  to  tillage. 

AR-AU-€a'NI-AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  tribe  of  aborigi- 
nals, called  Araucanians,  inhabiting  Arauco  and  the 
adjoining  districts,  in  Chili.  JihUna. 

.^R'BAXi-IST,  ?t.  [from  L.  arnts,  a  bow,  and  baltta, 
iin  engine  to  throw  stones;  Gr.  i^aXXu),  to  throw.] 

A  cross-bow.  This  consists  of  a  steel  bow  set  in 
a  shaft  of  wood,  fiu-nished  with  a  string  and  a  trig- 
ger ;  and  is  bent  with  a  piece  of  iron.  It  serves  to 
throw  bullets,  darts,  arrows,  &lc.  Encyc. 

XR'BAL-IST-ER,  tu     A  cross-bowman.  Speed. 

AR'BI-TER,  It.  [L.]  A  person  appointed,  or  chosen 
by  parties  in  controversy,  to  decide  their  diU'erences. 
This  is  its  sense  in  the  civil  law.  In  modern  usage, 
arbitrator  is  the  technical  word. 

9.  In  a  general  sense,  nma  most  common,  a  person 
who  has  the  power  of  judging  and  deterininuig,' with- 
out control ;  one  whose  power  of  decidhig  and  gov- 
erning is  not  linuted. 

3.  One  that  commands  the  destiny,  or  holds  the 
empire  of  a  nation  or  state.  MUford. 

AR'BI-TRA-BLE,  a.  Arbitrary;  depending  on  the 
will.  Spclman. 

2.  Determinable.  ffall. 

AR-BIT'RA-ME.\T,  71.    "Will  ;  determination ;  decis- 
ion. Milton. 
2.  The  award  of  arbitrators.  Cowtl. 
In  this  sense,  award  is  more  generally  used. 
XR'BI-TRA-RI-LY,  ado.    By  will  only ;  despotically  ; 

absolutely. 
AR'BI-TRA-RI-^^:SS,  71.    The  quality  of  being  arbi- 
trary ;  despoticalness;  tyranny.  Temple. 
aR-BI-TRa'RI-OUS,  a.  "Arbitrary;   despotic.     [JV«( 

used.]  J^^'orris.     More. 

AR-BI-TRA'RI-01TS-LY,fl(if.  Arbitrarily.  [J^otnscd.] 

Ulaiwillc. 
AR'BI-TRA-RY,  a.     [L.  arbitra^iL-;.] 

1.  Depending  on  will  or  discretion  ;  not  governed 
by  any  fixed  rules  ;  as,  an  arbitrary  decision  ;  an  ar- 
bitrary punishment. 

Arbilrary  power  is  nmst  easily  csUiblishei!  on  tlie  mini  of  l:b.>rty 
abu^-u  to  JicenLiou&ucsii.  WruUingUju. 

2.  Despotic ;  absolute  in  power ;  having  no  exter- 
nal control ;  as,  an  arbitrary  prince,  or  government. 

XR'BI-TR.\TE,  V.  i.     [^L.  arbilror.] 

1.  To  hear  and  decide,  as  arbitrators;  as, to  choose 
men  to  arbitrate  between  us. 

2.  In  a  general  sense,  to  decide,  or  determine. 

South. 

AR'BI-TRaTE,  v.  U  To  decide;  to  determine;  to 
judge  of._  Milton.     Shak. 

AR-BI-TRa'TION,  71.  The  hearing  and  determination 
of  a  cause  between  parties  in  controversy,  by  a  pt?i 
son  or  persons  chosen  by  the  parties.  This  may  li. 
done  by  one  person  ;  but  it  is  usual  to  choose  two  ^r 
three;  or  for  each  party  to  choose  one,  and  tlu-«e  to 
name  a  third,  who  is  called  the  umpire.  Their  deter- 
mination is  called  an  a-.card. 

AR'BI-TRa-TOR,  71.  A  term  applied  to  a  person  nr 
persons  chosen  by  parties  who  have  a  controversy,  i- 
determine  their  differences. 

The  act  of  the  parties  in  giving  power  to  th?  arbi- 
trators is  called  the  subtiiSisswn,  and  this  may  be  ft-r- 
hat  or  written.  The  pei-son  chosen  as  umpire,  by  two 
arbitrators,  when  the  parties  do  not  agree,  is  also 
called  an  arbitrator. 
2,  An  arbiter,  governor,  or  president.  Milton. 
y.  In  a  vwe  eztensii^e  sense,  an  arbiter;  one  »ho 
has  the  power  of  deciding  or  prescribing  without  con- 
trol. Addison.     Slta^i. 


Fate,  far,  fall,  WIIAT.  —  MeTE,  prey. -pine,  M.\RIx\E,  BIRD. ^ note,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK 


64 


ARC 

AR-EI-TILi'T£JLX,  «-    A  female  who  arbitrates  or 

judges.  SJuncooJ. 

AU'BI-TRESS,  n.    A  female  arbiter  or  witness. 

Coiepcr.  Afikon. 
AR'BOR,  w.  [TLe  French  express  the  sense  by  bcr~ 
etaUySt  cradle,  aii  oW-yr,  or  bower;  Sp.  f.nparrado, 
from  piirra^  a  vine  raissid  on  stakes,  and  nailed  to  a 
wr.ll.  Uu.  Chaucer's  fwrber^  hrrberice^  a  lodge,  coin- 
ciding with  hcrboTy  which  see.] 

1.  A  frame  of  lattice-work,  covered  with  vines, 
branches  of  trees,  or  other  plants,  for  shade  ;  a 
bower. 

2.  [L.]  In  botany,  a  tree,  as  distinguished  from  a 
shrub,  ^rbores  (trees)  formed  the  fourth  di\'ision  of 
the  seventh  f;unily  in  the  PhUosophia  Botanica.  of  Lin- 
ns us. 

3.  In  vudunticA,  the  principal  spindle  or  axis  which 
communicates  motion  to  the  rest  of  the  machinery'. 

^"tcholsoiu 
This,  in  America,  is  called  the  ^^a/i. 
AR'BOR    £>IA'.V*s:,    [L.,    the    Uee    of  Diana,  or 
sjlver.  ] 

A  prcci;Mt3tion  of  silver  in  a  beautiful  arbores- 
cent form :   made  by  putting  mercurj'  into  a  solu- 
tion of  nitrate  of  silver.  Ti^mer. 
AH'BOH  ^i-7X72'.V/,  [L..  tree  of  Saturn,  or  lead.] 
A  ^iuiiUr  arNin^^cenl  precipitation  uf  lead,  best 
made  by  =ti5pfmi::ig  a  piece  of  zinc  in  a  solution  of 
nrt-tate'of  I^-ad.  Tttrner, 
;:T.t>-UA-RV,  a.    Belonging  to  a  tree. 
::  |;0R-/:D,  a.    Furnished  wiUi  an  arbor.     Pollok, 
Aai3i>-RA-T0R,  K.    One  who  plants  or  who  pnu  'is 

trees.  Esdifn. 

AE-Eo'RE-OL*S,  a.     [L.  arhoretiSy  from  arbor.] 

Belonging  to  a  tree  ;  R'sembJing  a  tree  j  constit  it- 
ing  a  trrc ;  growing  on  trees  j  as,  moss  is  arboreoxi  . 
AS-iJO.RES'CEXCS,  n.     [L.  arb^reszu,  to  grow  tna 
tree.] 

The  figure  of  a  tree ;  the  reseiublsnce  of  a  tree  in 
roiner^:?,  or  crystalliza:ious,  or  groi:ps  of  crystals  .n 
that  form. 
AK-BO-RES'CEN"T,  a.     Resembling  a  treaj  having 
the  figure  of  a  tree  ;  deudriticol.  FMcye, 

*i  From  herbaceous  becoming  woody.     Marts/n. 
AR-BO-RES'CEXT  STAR'-FISH,  lu     A  species  of 
.\sleri;L-=,   called,   also,   OipuL  Midusir.     ftiee  Stab- 
Fish.] 
AE'BO-RET,  n.     [It.  arboreta,  from  U  arbor,  a  tree.] 
A  small  tree  or  shrub ;  a  place  planted  or  over- 
grown with  trees.  ^VUUin. 
AR-UO-Re'TL'M,  n.    A  place  in  a  park,  nurserj-,  &.C., 
in  wliich  a  collection  of  trees,  consisting  of  one  of 
each  kind,  is  cultivated.                                Braiule. 
AR-BORI-eUL'TCRE,  «.     [I*  arbor  and  ad:wfu] 
The  art  of  cultivating  trees  and  :-hmbs,  chicily  for 
timber  or  ornamental  purposes. 
AR-BOR'I-FORM,  a.    Having  the  form  of  a  tree. 
AR'nOR-IST,  r.    One  who  makc^  trees  his  study,  or 

who  Ls  verscil  in  thi  knowledge  of  treo^.     Huwdl. 
AR-BOR-I-Za  TIO.V,  ;i.     The  appi  arance  or  ngure  of 
a  tree  or  plant  in  mineral:^  or  fossilj.     [Ses  Ueeeo- 

BJZATIOX.l 

AR'tluR-IZE,  r.  u  To  form  the  appearance  of  a  Uee 
or  plant  in  luinerals^ 

AR'BOR- VINE,  «-    A  spscies  of  bind-weed. 

AR'BUS-CLE,  (ar^us-sl,)  n-    fL.  oriu^cLiiw,  a  little 
tree.] 
A  dwarf  tree,  in  size  between  a  shnib  and  a  tree. 

BratUcfj. 

AR-BUS'eC-LAR,  a.  Resembling  a  shrub ;  havmg 
the  figure  of  small  trees.  Da  Costa. 

AR-BUriT'IVE,  a.     [from  arbustum.] 

Containing  copses  of  trees  or  shrubs ;  covered  with 
shrubs.  Bartram. 

AR-BL'ST'UM,  ».     [L.    See  Arbor.] 

A  copse  of  shrubs  or  trees  :  aji  orchard. 

AR'BUTE,  n.     [L,  arbutus.] 
The  strawberrj^-tree. 

AR-EC'TE-A.V,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  made  of,  the 
strawberry-tree.  Encijc.    Ecdijn. 

ARC,  Ti.  [L.  arcus,  a  bow,  vault,  or  arch ;  arcuo,  to 
bend;  Gr.  a/JX"?,  beginning,  origin;  apxt^iy  to  begin, 
lo  be  the  autiior  or  chief;  Fr.  arc,  arche  ;  3p.  ar^o,  >. 
bow  and  crcA;  Fort.  id. ;  It.  id. ;  Arm.  r^oarec.  The 
Greek  word  has  a  different  appliratiun,  out  h  probti- 
bly  from  the  sam<;  root  zr-  arr.u.i,  from  the  sense  of 
springing  or  stretching,  shooting  up,  rising,  which 
gives  the  sense  ol  a  vault,  or  bow,  xs  well  as  of  chief 

or  head.    Heb.  r»K,  to  weave ;  Syr.  ••^j  to  desire, 

t 
or  Ions  for ;  .\r  ^    ,)  arleha,  tirigOy  to  emit  odor, 

todi^oac  fragrance  ;  and  Ile^b.  ai;*,  to  desire,  or  long 

fir,  to  ascend  ;  Eth.  U4  I  to  x^tcend,  to  mount ;  M. 
id.  The  radical  .sense  of  al!  thtrse  tqoIa  is,  to  stretch, 
strain,  reatit ;  Or,  <>oif  of ;  L.  frap-o  ;  and  the  sense 
of  ar-rA  is  imin  stretching  upward,  ascending.  From 
arc  or  aru\  comes  the  sense  of  bending,  deviating, 
aod  funi.ing.] 
In  gi-joutry,  any  part  of  the  circumference  of  a 


ARC 

circle,  or  other  curve,  lyiug  from  one  point  to  anoth- 
er; a  segment  of  a  circle.  Encyc. 
AR-C-aUE',  h.     [Fr.,  from  arcus;  Sp.  arccda.] 

A  long,  continued  arch,  or  series  of  arches,  eleva- 
ted on  piers  or  caluiiuis  ;  a  walk  arched  above. 

2.  A  long,  arched  building  or  gallerj',liued  on  each 
sidewith  shops.  P.  Cijc. 

AR-Ca'DI-AN,  )  a.    Pertaining  to  Arcadia,  a  niuun- 
AK-Ca'DIC,      \     taiuous  district  in  the  heart  of  the 

Peloponnesus.  Trart.^.  of  Pausanias. 

AR-Ca'DI-AA',  n.    A  native  of  Arcadia,  in  Greece. 
XR-CA'Dies,  n,ph    The  title  of  a  book  in  Pausauias, 

which  treats  of  Arcadia.  Trans,  b.  H. 

AR-GaNE',  a.     [L.  arcanus.] 

Hidden ;  secreL    [.Vy(  much  tised.] 

Trans,  of  Pausanias. 
AR-Ga'XUM,  rt.  ,*  pi.  ARCA.NA.    [L.,  perhaps  from  ar- 
ceo,  to  keep  in.] 

A  secret ;  generally  used  m  the  plural ;  arcana,  se- 
cret things,  mysteries. 

In  medicine,  a  secret  remedy.  In  V'le  old  cherrMtnj, 
the  secret  \irtue  of  anv  thing.  Parr. 

ARe-BOU'TANT,  C-boo''l.Uig,)  n.  [Fr.  arc  and  bouU 
See  About,  .-Veutment.] 
In  buildinsr,  a  flying  buttress,  which  see.  Gwilt. 
ARCII,  ?(.  [See  Ar.c]  A  segment  or  part  of  a  circle. 
A  concave  or  hollow  stnicture  of  stone  or  brick,  sup- 
ported by  its  own  curve.  It  may  he  constructed  of 
wiKid,  and  supiKirted  by  the  mechanism  of  the  work. 
This  species  of  structure  is  much  used  in  bridges. 
A  vault  is  properly  a  broad  arck.  Encyc. 

2.  The  space  between  two  piers  of  a  bridge,  when 
arched  ;  or  any  piace  covered  with  an  arch. 

3.  Aijv  cur\"ature  in  the  form  of  an  arch. 

4.  The  vault  of  heaven,  or  the  sky.  Shak. 

Triumphal  arches,  arc  magnificent  structures  erect- 
ed to  adoru  a  triuiupb,  and  perpetuate  the  memory  of 
the  event. 

ARCH,  V.  L  To  cover  with  an  arch  ;  to  form  with  a 
curve  ;  as,  to  arck  a  gate. 

ARCH,  V.  i.  To  make  an  arch  or  arches  ;  as,  to  arck 
beneath  the  sand.  Pope. 

ARCH,  a.  [It.  arcarf.,  to  bend,  to  arch,  to  clifat  or  de- 
ceive, from  arco  ;  L.  arcu^,  u  bow  ;  G.  ur^,  ciuining, 
arch,  bad  ;  D.  «r /,  cralty,  rog^nisk  ,■  Sw.  arg ;  Dan. 
arrig.  The  Teut.  arg  appears  to  be  allied  to  arck, 
and  to  be  the  Eng.  rogue.  This  circumstiuce,  and 
the  Aruj.  goarec,  [see  .\rc,]  indicate  that  the  radical 
letters  in  arc,  arch,  aoxi],  are  Mg.  The  radical  sense 
of  baui  is  to  strain.] 

Cunning;  sly;  shrewd;  waggish;  mischievous 
for  sport ;  mirthful ;  as  we  say  in  popular  language, 
roguish  ;  as,  an  arch  lad. 

aRCII,  a.  Used  :dso  in  composition.  [Gr.  apx^^y 
chi'jf ;  Ir.  arg,  noble,  famous.] 

Chief;  of  the  first  class;  principal;  as,  an  arch 
deed.  Sluik. 

Shak?pearc  uses  this  word  as  a  noun ;  "  my  worthy 
arch  and  patron  ; "  but  the  use  is  not  authorized. 

ARCH-.\-B0iI-IN-A'T10N,  n.    Chief  abomination. 

EtereiL 

AR-CH/E  OL'O-G  V,  n.  A  discourse  on  antiquity  ;  learn- 
ing pert:uniii£i  to  antiiiuit}' ;  tht- science  of  antiquities. 

AR-t'Ui^v-U-LOG'IC-AL,  a.     Relating  to  archceologj-. 

AR-eiU2-0-L0G'I€-AL-LV,  ad.  In  an  archLeoIogical 
manner. 

AR-eHyE-OL'0-GlST,  n.  One  versed  in  antiquitj-,  or 
ancient  learniuiz. 

AR-CHA'ie,  a.    [Gi.  coxaiKo^.l    .\ncient ;  obsolete. 

AR-eH.\I-OL'0-GV.    [See  Akcaxouogy.] 

ARCir.'V-IS.M, /:.     [Gr.  ox'>u"^S»  ancient,  from  apx'J, 
beginning.] 
An  ancient  or  obsolete  word  or  expression.    Watts. 

ARCH-A.V'GEL,  M.  An  angel  of  the  highest  order  ; 
an  angel  occupying  the  eigiith  rank  in  the  celestial 
hierarchy.  Encyc. 

1»-  A  name  applied  to  different  species  of  plants,  of 
the  ireuus  Lamium.  lilVtcring. 

\RCIi-.\N-GEL'I€,  a.    Belonging  to  archangels. 

.1RCH-A-PO.S'TaTE,  n.    A  chief  apostate. 

ARCH-A-POH'TLE,  7(.    The  chief  apostle.     Trapp. 

ARCH-ARCIl'I-TECJ',  n.    Tlie  supreme  architect. 

Sylvester. 

ARCH-BeA'€ON,  k.  The  chief  beacon,  place  of 
pr(ispi;ct,  or  sicna!. 

ARCH  BISH'OP,  H.  A  chief  bishop  ;  a  church  digni- 
Lnn-  of  the  first  chiss ;  a  meiropuliuin  bishup  who 
superinu  lids  the  conduct  of  l!ie  sutFragan  bi--hops  in 
liis  provuice,  and  also  exercises  episcopal  authority 
in  his  own  diocese.  Clarendon. 

ARCH-BISIFOP-Rie,  n.  {archAiUhop   acd  ric  or  rtcft, 
territory  or  jurisdiction.] 
The  jurisdiction  or  place  of  an  archbishop ;  the 

province  over  which  an  archbisiiop  exercises  authority. 

Clarendon, 

ARCH-BOTCH'ER,  n.  The  chief  botcher,  or  mender, 
ironicTlU'.  Ci:rrbet. 

ARCH-BUILDER,  (  bild-er,)  n.    Chief  builder. 

Hannar. 

ARCII-BUT'LER,  n.  The  chief  butler;  an  olScer  of 
the  German  empire,  ^^■ho  presented  the  cup  to  the 
emperor  on  solemn  occasions  ;  also  called  arch-cup- 
bearer, or  arch-skiiikir  (G.  erz-'-cheuLe.)  This  otlice 
belonged   to  the  king  of   Bohemia.      Enajc.    The 


ARC 

German  empire  was  dissolved  in  16IJC;  and  llie  Ftaies 
that  composed  it  were  united,  ia  lcil4-l.»,  under  % 
different  form  of  union,  called  the  Germanic  ccmftder- 
aiion.  All  the  pecuhar  institutions  .-uid  offices  of  the 
Gennan  empire  are,  of  course,  now  extinct. 

ARCH-CHa.M'BEU-LA1i\,  n.  [G.  tr-,-kammcrerJ\ 
The  chief  chauiberluin ;  an  officer  of  the  Gerinuii 
empire  whose  office  w:i.s  similar  to  that  of  the  great 
chamberlain  in  England.  This  uffice  belonged  to  llie 
elector  of  Brandenburch.  Encyc. 

ARCH-CHAN'CEL-LOR,  n.  [G.  erz^kanzUr.]  A 
chief  chancellor ;  an  officer  hi  the  German  empire, 
who  presided  over  the  secretaries  of  the  court.  Un- 
der the  two  first  races  of  French  kings,  when  Ger- 
many and  Italy  belonged  to  them,  three  archclian- 
cellors  were  appointed,  and  this  gave  rise  to  the  three 
archchancellors  of  the  Gennan  eniphe,  who  were 
the  archbishops  of  Meniz,  of  Treves,  and  of  Cologne. 

Enryc. 

ARCH-CHANT'ER,  ».  The  chief  chanter,  or  presi- 
dent of  the  chanters  of  a  churrh.  Jlatry. 

AKCH-CHE.M'IC,  a.    Of  supreme  chemical  powers. 

.Milton. 

ARCH-eON-SPIR'A-TOR,  ji.  A  principal  conspira- 
tor. Maundrdl. 

ARCH-eOUNT',  n.  A  chief  count ;  a  title  formerly 
given  to  ll:e  earl  of  Flanders,  on  account  of  his  great 
riches  and  piiwer.  Encyc. 

ARCH-€RIT'I€,  n.    A  chief  critic. 

aRCH-D.VP'I-FER,  h.  [arcU,  chief,  and  L.  dapifcr,  a 
food-bearer,  from  daps,  meat,  or  a  feast,  and  fcro,  to 
cany.] 

An  oilicer  in  the  Germ;m  empire,  whose  otficc 
was,  at  the  coronation  of  the  emperor,  to  c;irr>'  the 
first  dishes  of  meat  to  table  on  horseback,  called  als^i 
arch-seicer.  (G.  erz-irachjiiu<s.)  This  office  was  con- 
ferred, by  the  Golden  Bull,  on  the  elector  Palatine, 
but  afterward  assigned  to  the  elector  of  Eava-  .i. 

1-.: 

ARCH-DeA'CON,  (-de'kn,)  n.   [See  Deacon.] 

In  England,  an  ecclesiastical  dignltar)-,  nei'  ia 
rank  below  a  bishop,  who  has  jurisdiction  either 
over  a  part  or  over  tlie  whole  of  the  diocese.  He  is 
usually  appointed  by  the  bishop,  and  has  an  auitiur- 
ity  originally  derivi-d  from  tbe  bishop,  but  now  inde- 
pendent of  him.  He  Jias  a  court,  the  most  inferior 
of  ecclesiastical  courts,  for  hearing  ecclesiastical 
causes,  and  the  punishment  of  offenders  by  spiritual 
censures.  Blackstone. 

ARCH-DeA'CON-RV,  n.  The  otEce,  jurisdiction,  or 
residence  of  an  archdeacon.  In  England,  everj-  di- 
ocese is  divided  into  archdeaconries,  of  which  there 
are  sixty,  and  each  archdeaconry  into  rural  dean- 
eries, and  each  deanery  into  parishes. 

BlaekstJJne. 

ARCH-DeA'€  OX-SHIP,  n.  The  office  of  an  arch- 
deacon. 

ARCH-DI'O-CeSE,  71.    The  diocese  of  an  archbishop. 

ARCH-DI-VINE',  n.    A  principal  theologian. 

ARCH-DRCID,  ji.  [See  Druid.]  A  chief  druid,  or 
pontiil"  of  the  ancient  druids. 

Uenrti,  Hist,  of  Eng.     Rowfand^s  Mona  Antitpuu 

aRCH-Du"'€AL,  a.  [See  Abchdcxe.]  Pertainiug  to 
an  archduke. 

ARCH-DUCH'ESS,  Tt.  [See  Duchess.]  A  title  given 
to  the  females  of  the  house  of  .\u3tria. 

ARCH-DUCH'Y,  n.  The  territory  of  an  archduke  or 
archduchess.  -^sh. 

ARCH-DuKE',  71.  [See  Duke.]  A  title  given  to 
princes  of  the  house  of  Austria ;  all  the  sous  being 
archdukes,  and  the  daughters  archduchesses.   Enci-c 

ARCH-DuKE'DOM,  n.  The  territory  or  jurisdiction 
of  an  archduke  or  archduchess. 

ARCH-E'.VL,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  archeus :  as,  archccl 
ideas  ;  caused  by  the  archeus ;  as,  archcal  diseases, 
[Obs.]  Ckc. 

aRCH'£D,  (ircht.)  pp.  or  a.  :Madc  with  an  arcii  or 
curve  ;  covered  with  an  arch  ;  in  the  fonu  of  an  arch. 

ARCH-EX'E-.MY,  n.     A  principal  enemy.       JUdton. 

ARCH'ER,  71.  [Sp.  arckero:  It.  arciere;  Fr.  archer; 
from  arcus',  a  bow.    See  Akch  and  Arc] 

A  bowman  ;  one  who  uses  a  bow  in  battle ;  one 
who  is  skilled  in  the  use  of  the  bow  and  arrow. 

ARCH'ER-ESS,  n.    A  female  archer.  Markham. 

ARCH'ER-Y,  7(.  The  use  of  the  bow  and  arrow  ;  the 
practice,  art,  or  skill  of  archers ;  the  act  of  shooting 
with  a  bow  and  arrow. 

ARCH'ES-€6URT,  in  England,  so  called  from  the 
church  of  St.  Man"  le  bow,  ide  arcubus,)  whose  top  is 
raised  of  stone  pillars  buUt  archwise,  where  it  was 
anciently  held,  is  a  court  of  api>eal,  iu  the  ecclesms- 
tiral  polity,  the  judge  of  which  is  c.^lIed  the  decrt  rf 
the  arches.  This  court  had  properiy  jun?uic:ion 
onlv  over  the  thirteen  peculiar  panshes  in  Loi:don, 
belon-ing  to  the  archbishop  of  Canterbury- ;  but  the 
otfice  of  dean  of  the  arches  beinc  united  with  tliat  rl 
the  archbishop*s  prnicipal  ofticial,  the  dean  now  re- 
ceives and  determines  api>eals  from  the  sentence  of 
all  Ulterior  courts  within  the  pro\ince ;  and  Irom  imn 
lies  an  appe:U  to  the  king  in  chancer>-.  This  and  aU 
tlie  principal  spiritual  courts  are  now  held  at  Doc- 
tors' Commons,  ^         BlacAstone. 

AR-CHET',  (ar-sha',)  «.  [Fr.]  The  bow  ol  a  viohn,  or 
similar   Instrument   of  music.     The    Frencn  tenn 


TCXE,  BJJLL,  UNITE. -AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.-€  as  K;  G  as  J;  S  as  2;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS 


65 


ARC 


ARC 


ARn 


a  archet  fvvith  bow)  denotes  generally  musical  in- 
struments played  with  a  bow,  as  the  violin,  viol,  &.c. 

Porter. 
f,  lieil  'E-T?P-iVL,  a.    Original ;  constituting  a  model 
or  pattern.  , ,  .     ^  u 

Among  Plaionists,  the  archetypal  world  is  the  world 
as  it  existed  in  the  idea  of  God  before  tlie  creation. 

Encyc. 
AReir'E-T?PE,  n.      [Gr.   a/ixcruiroi' ;   a/JXf,  begin- 
ning, and  Ti.Tos,  form.] 

1.  The  original  pattern  or  model  of  a  worlt ;  or  the 
model  from  which  a  thing  is  made  ;  as,  a  tree  is  tlie 
archetype  or  pattern  of  our  idea  of  that  tree.    Walts. 

2.  Among  minlers,  the  standard  weight  by  which 
others  are  adjusted. 

AR€H-E'IJS,  u.    [Gr.  afxi,  beginning,  or  apjc^s.  » 
cliief;  VV.  erchi.] 

A  term  used  by  the  old  chemists  to  denote  the 
internal  .fficient  cause  of  all  tilings;  the  anima 
miinili  or  plastic  power  of  the  old  philosophers ;  the 
active  principle  of  the  material  world  ;  also,  the 
power  that  presides  over  the  animal  economy,  or  tlie 
vis  medieatrix.  Johnson.     Eneyc.     Coze. 

&RCH-FEL'ON,  71.    [See  Felon.]     A  chief  felon. 

Milton. 

XROH-FIEND',  n 
foe. 

aRch-fla'MEiV,  71. 


I  See  Fiend.]    A  chief  fiend  or 
■■  Milton. 


The  absolute  dominion 


XRCU-PRIEST' 


A  chief  flamen  or  priest. 

Herbert. 
ARCH-Fr,.\T'TER-ER,  n.     [F:>e  FLiTTEK.)     A  chief 

flatterer.  Bacou. 

aRCH-FoE',  ?i.    [SeeFoE.I    A  grand  or  chief  enemy. 

Milton. 
ARCH-F0UNI)'ER,  n.    A  chief  founder.       Milton. 
XRCn-OO  V'ERN-OR,  Ji.    The  chief  governor.  Brewer. 
XKCll-HfiR'E-SY,  n.     [See   Heresv.]    The  greatest 

heresy.  Butler. 

XRCH-liER'E-Tt€,  ii.    A  chief  heretic.  Shah. 

ARCll-HYP'O-eRlTE,  «.    A  great  rr  chief  hypocrite. 

Fulle]-. 
ARCH'I-A-TER,  II.  [Gr.  opxo;,  chief,  and  uirpus, 
physician.]  Chief  physician  ;  a  term  applied,  on  the 
contiiRiit  of  Europe,  to  the  first  or  body  physician 
of  princes,  and  to  tlie  first  physician  of  some  cities; 
in  Russia,  lo  the  first  imperial  physician.  P.  Cye. 
ARCH' re- AL,  a-    Chief;  primary.  IlalhjweU. 

ARCH-l-Dl-ACON-AL,  a.     [Sec  Deacon.] 

Pertaining  to  an  archdeacon  ;  as,  an  arehidiaconal 
visitation. 
ARCH-l-E-PIS'eO-PA-CY,  h.    The  estate  of  an  arch- 
bishop. 
ARCH-I-E-PIS'eO-P.'VL,  a.     [See  Episcopal.] 

Uilongins  to  an  archbisliop;  a.s,  Canterbury  is  an 
arrhiipiscjtpiil  see.  fVecrcr. 

AReil-rE-KEY,  II.  [Gr.  aox»i,  chi«f.  aixt  "(""S, 
priest.]  A  term  applied  lo  tile  hifiher  order  of  clergy 
in  Russia  ;  including  Uie  metropolitans,  archbishops, 
and  bishops.  R-  Pinkaton. 

ARCIl'IL.,  II.  A  lichen,  wliich  grows  on  rocks,  in  the 
Canary  and  Cape  de  Vord  Isles,  and  which  yields  a 
rich  purple  color,  not  durable,  but  ver>'  beautiful.  It 
is  bruised  between  stones,  and  moistened  with  strong 
spirit  of  uriiie  mixed  with  quick-lime.  It  first  takes 
a  purplish  red  color,  and  then  turns  to  blue.  In  tlie 
first  slate,  it  is  called  arekil ;  and  in  the  second,  lacmus 
or  litiuase,  litmus.  Eneyc. 

AReH-L-I.6'elll-AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Greek  poet 
Archilochus.  Ill  ancient  prosody,  a  term  denoting  the 
four  metrical  combinatuuis,  which  he  invented. 
There  are  three  dactylic  Archiluchian  dislichs,  and 
one  iambic  Archilochian  distich.  The  third  verse  of 
the  Uoratian  stanza  is  also  sometimes  called  Jlrchi- 
lochian. 
ARCH-I-Ma'CUS,  n.  [See  JIaoician.]  The  high 
priest  of  the  Persian  Magi,  or  worsliipers  of  fire. 

Encye. 
ARGIl-I-MAND'RITE,  n.  [Gr.  apx'f,  chief,  "and 
uu'iiiKi,  a  fold,  and  in  tlie  lower  empire,  a  monas- 
tery. (Fatlier  Simon  derives  it  from  mandrite,  a 
Syriac  word  for  OTWii.  Eneyc.)  lint  pianJpirijj  is  a 
regular  Greek  derivative  from  iKii'iJpa.] 

Ill  tilt  Greek  church,  a  chief  of  a  monasterj',  cor- 
responding lo  abbot,  in  the  Romish  church;  or  a 
superintendent  of  several  monasteries,  corresponrl- 
ing  to  gupirior  abbot,  or  father  provincial,  in  the 
Roiuisli  church.  Brande.     P.  Cyc. 

Ill  the  Ka.^.'ian  Greek  church,  a  term  applied  to  the 
higher  order  of  chiefs  of  monasteries,  corresponding 
to  the  Komisll  abbot,  in  distinction  from  Hegiimin, 
(Gr.  1))  orijuv  IS,  Russ.  i/rumen,)  a  chief  of  a  smaller 
monastery,  corresponding  to  the  Romish  prior. 

R.  Piidccrton. 
AR-CIIIM-E-DE'AN,  a.    Pertaining  to  Aichimcdes,  a 
celebrated  Greek  philosoplier. 

Archimedean  screw ;  a  machine  for  raising  water, 
invented  by  Archimedes,  and  consisting  of  a  tube 
rolled  in  a  spiral  form  round  a  cylinder. 
f.ncH'lNG,  ppi:    Forming  an  arch  ;  covering  with  an 
ARI'II'I.NG.  (I.    Curving  like  an  arch.  [arch. 

AReH-i-PEI.'A-GO,  ?i.  [Authoi-s  are  not  agreed  as  to 
the  origin  of  this  word.  Some  suiipose  it  to  be  com- 
pounded of  cipxus,  chief,  and  -£Aa)05,  sea;  others, 
of  Aivaies,  and  neXayos,  the  Egcan  Sea  ='■»  f^'^-- 
bon,  Mitford,  and  Ed.  Eneyc] 


See  Gib- 


Properly,  the   sea  which  separates  Greece  from  .  ARCII-PREs'BY-rER-Y 
Asia  MinoJ,  otherwise  called  the  Escpi  Sea,  and  con-       of  P;e_sbyt_eij',  or  the  cliief^  presbytery.  JI/i/(oii, 

taining  the  Grecian  isles,  called  Cyclades  and  Spor- 
adcs,  but  in  a  general  sense,  a  sea  interspersed  with 
many  isles,  or  a  group  of  isles. 
AReH'I-TE€T,n.    [Gr.  upxof,  chief,  and  t-mtwv,  a 
woikman.    See  Technical.] 

1.  A  person  skilled  in  the  art  of  building  ;  one  vi;ho 
understands  architecture,  or  makes  it  his  occupation 
lo  fonn  plans  and  designs  of  buildings,  and  superin- 
tend tlie  arlificers  employed, 
a.  A  contriver  ;  a  former  or  maker.  Ray. 

KReil-I-TECT'IVE,  a.    Used  in  building  ;  proper  for 

building.  Derham. 

AR€H-I-TEeT-ON'ie,  a. 

1.  Pertaining  to  architecture  Elmes. 

3.  That  has  power  or  skill  to  build.  Smelhe,  ch.  13. 
XReil-I-TEeT-Oi\'ieS,  n.     The  science  of  archi- 

lecture.  Jisiit 

ARCH-I-TEeT'RESS,  n.    A  female  architect   Wotton. 

AE€II-I-TEeT'qR-AL,  a.     Pertaming  to  the  art  of 

building  ;  thai  is  according  to  the  rules  of  architcct- 

„^g^  Masoiu 

AReiI'I-TE€T-lTEE,  ii.     [L.  architectura.] 

1.  The  art  of  science  of  building;  but  in  a  more 
limited  and  apjiropriate  sense,  the  art  of  constructing 
houses,  bridges,  and  otlier  buildings,  for  the  pmpose 
of  civd  life  ;  often  called  civil  architecture. 

2.  Frame  or  structure ;  workmanship. 

Tlie  ewtii  is  a  piece  of  divine  architecture.  Burnet. 

Military  architecture  is  the  art  of  fortification. 
Mwal  architecture  is  the  art  of  building  sllips. 
ARClI'l-TRAVE,  II.     [Gr.  opxos,  chief,  and  It.  trave, 
from  L.  trabs,  a  beam.] 

In  architecture,  the  lower  division  of  an  entabla- 
ture, or  that  part  which  rests  immediately  on  the 
column.  It  probably  represents  the  beam  which,  in 
ancient  buildings,  extended  from  column  to  column, 
to  support  the  roof.  Cyc. 

In  chimneys,  the  architrave  is  called  the  mantel- 
piece! and  over  doors  and  windows,  the  hypcrtlie- 
ylQji,  Johnson.     Eneyc. 

ARCH'I-VAL,  a.      [See  Archives.]      Pertaining  to 

arrhives  or  records  ;  contained  in  records.     Tooke. 
AR'€HIVES,  71.  pi.     [Gr.  apxcioi-,  Low  L.  archioum; 
Fr.  archives  i  It.  archivio.} 

The  place  in  which  records  are  kept ;  also,  the 
records  and  papers  whicli  are  preserved,  as  evidence 
of  facts. 
AR'€HI-VIST,  71.    [Fr.  and  It.]    The  keeper  of  arch- 
ives or  records.  Eneyc. 
AReK'i-VOLT,  II.     [arch,  chief,  and  It.  I'.iftu.] 

In  architecture,  the  inner  contour  of  an  arch,  or  a 
baud  adorned  with  moldings,  running  over  the  faces 
of  the  arch-slones,  and  healing  upon  the  imposts.  It 
has  only  a  single  face  in  tlie  'I'uscan  order;  two 
faces  crowned  in  the  Doric  and  Ionic,  and  tlie  same 
moldings  as  the  architrave,  iu  the  Corinthian  and 
Composite.  Eneyc. 

ARCH'LIKE,  a.    Ihiilt  like  an  arch.  Young. 

A  large  lute,  a  theorbo,  the  base-strings  of  which 

are  doubled  with  an  octave,  and  the  higher  strings 

witji  a  unison.  .  Bn.sby. 

XRCll'LY,  adv.    Shrewdly  ;  slyly  ;  wittily  ■,  jestingly. 
aRCH-MA-GI"CI.-Ii\',  (-ma-jish'an,)  v.     The    chief 

magician.  Spenser. 

ARCU-MAR'SHAL,     7i.      [G.     erz.^mrsehall.]       The 

grand  marshal  of  the  German  empire ;  a  dignity  that 

b;-longed  to  the  elector  of  Saxony. 
aRCH-MOCK',  II.    Cliief  mockery  :  the  fiend's  (iri:;i- 

inoci.  SImk. 

XRCH'NESS,  7i.    Cunning;  shrewdness;  sly  humor, 

waggishness. 
XRCH'ON,  71.     [Gr.  apxoiu,  a  prince.] 

The  archons  in  Athens  were  chief  magistrates, 

chosen,  after  the  death  of  Codrus,  from  the  most 

illustrious  families,  to  superintend  civil  and  religious 

concerns.    They  were  nine  in  number:  the  first  was 

properly  the  archon  ;  the  second  was  called  king ;  the 

third,  ;it'/ci'i«rc/i,  or  general  of  the  forces.    The  other 

six  were  called  thcsmotketir.,  or  legislators,  not  because 

they  enacted  laws,  but  declared  and  explained  them. 

£7ICI/C. 

AR€H'ON-SHIP,  II.    The  office  of  an  archon,  or  the 

term  of  his  office.  Mitford. 

ARCll-ON'TieS,  II.    Ill  church  history,  a  branch  of 

the  Valentinians,  who  held  tli.it  the  world  was  not 

created  by  God,  but  by  angels  called  archontcs. 
ARCH-PAS'TOR,  ii.    The  chief  pastor  ;  the  shepherd 

and  bishop  of  our  souls.  Barrov). 

XRCH-PHI-LOS'0-PHER,  7i.    A  chief  philosopher. 

Hooker. 
ARCH-PIL'L.\R,  71.    The  main  pillar.  Harmar. 

ARCH-PO'ET,  11.    The  principid  poet. 
ARC11-P0L-I-TI"CIAN,  II.     [ScePoLicv.]    An  emi- 
nent or  ilistinguished  politician.  Bacon. 
.^RCH-PON'TIFF,  7i.      [See  Pontiff.]    A  supreme 

ponlilf  or  priest.  Burke. 

ARCH-PREL'ATE,  II.  [See  Prelate.]  A  chief  prelate. 
ARCll-PRES'BY-TER,il.    [See  Presuvtek.]    A  chief 

presbyter  or  priest.  Encye. 


[See  Priest'.]     A  chief  priest. 
Encye. 
ARCH-PRI'MATE,  71.    The  chief  primate  ;  an  arch- 
bishop, over  other  archbishops.  Milton. 
ARCH-PROPH'ET,  (-prof'et,)  n.    A  chief  prophet. 

IVarto7i. 
ARCH-PROT'EST-.\NT,  71.    A    principal  or  distin- 
guished Protestant. 
ARCH-PUIi'LI€-AN,  71.    The  distinguished  publican. 

Hall. 
AECH-REB'EL,  71.    The  chief  rebel.  Miiton. 

ARCH'SToNE,  ij.     The  stone  that  binds  an  arch ; 

the  key-stone. 
ARCH-TRaIT'OR,  71.    A  principal  traitor. 
ARCH-TREAS'UR-ER,  71.     [G.  eri-scluitzincistcr.'] 

The  great  treasurer  of  the  German  empire  ;  a  dig- 
nity assigned  to  the  elector  Palatine  by  the  treaty  of 
Westphalia,  but  claimed  by  the  elector  of  Hanover.   ■ 

GutJirie. 
ARCH-TREAS'TJR-ER-SHIP,  71.    The  office  of  arch- 
treasurer.  Collins'  Peerage. 
ARCH-Tf'RAKT,  71.    A  principal  or  great  tyrant. 

Hall. 
ARCH-VIL'L.\1N,  71.     [See  Villain.]     A  chief  or 

great  villain.  Shak. 

ARCH-VIL'LAIN-Y,  71.    Great  villainy. 
ARCH'WAY',  71.    A  way  or  passage  under  an  arch. 
ABCH'WaY-£D,  a.    Having  a  way  by  an  arch. 
AECH-WlFE',  71.    A  woman  in  the  higher  ranks  of 

society. 
ARCH'WiSE,  aav.   [arch  and  wise.    See  Wise.]     In 

the  form  of  an  arch. 
AR€'0-GRAPH,  71.      An  instrument  for  drawing  a 

circular  arc  without  a  central  point.  Hcbert. 

ARC-TA'TION,  j  fL   arcfus  ti«ht.  I 

ARC'TI-TUDE,  j  "•     l^"  °'^""''  ""J 

Preternatural  straitness  ;  constipation  from  inflam- 
mation  or  spasm.  Coze. 

ARCTIC,  a.  [Gr.  h.oktos,  a  bear,  and  a  northern  con- 
Etellation  so  called  ;  W.  or!A;  Ir.  art,  a  bear.] 

Northern  ;  pertaining  to  the  northern  constellation 
called  the  Bear ;  as,  the  arctic  pole,  circle,  region,  or 
sea. 

The  arctic  circle  is  a  lesser  chcle  parallel  to  the 
equator,  23°  28'  from  the  north  pole-    This,  and  tlie 
antarctic  circle,  are  called  the  polar  circles,  and  with- 
in these  lie  the  frigid  zones. 
AR€-TO-E-GY'P'TlAN,  [Gr.  aptroi   and   Egi/ptian.] 

1.  71.  A  northern  Egyptian,  apparently  of  pui. 
Caucasian  origin.  Morton. 

2.  a.   Relating  to  the  northern  Egyptians. 
AEC-Tu'RUS,  71.    [Gr.  aPKTos,  a  bear,  and  i  tipa,  tail.] 

A  fixed  star  of  the  first  magnitude,  in  the  constel- 
lation of  Bootes.  Enc'jc. 
AK€'  IJ-ATE,  a.     [h.  arcuatiui.     See  Arc] 
Bent  or  curved  in  the  form  of  a  bow. 

Martyn.    Bacon.    R^y. 
ARCXI-A-TILE,  a.    Bent.     [Obs.] 

ARe-Xi-A'TION,  71.  The  act  of  bending  ;  incurva- 
tion ;  the  slate  of  being  bent ;  curvily  ;  crookedness ; 
great  convexity  of  the  thorax.  Coze. 

2.  A  method  of  raising  trees  by  layers  ;  that  is,  by 
bending  branches  to  the  ground,  covering  the  small 
shoots  with  earth,  three  inches  deep  ujioii  the  joints, 
and  making  a  basin  of  earth  around  them  to  hold 
the  water.  \Vhen  these  have  taken  root,  they  are 
removed  into  a  nursery.  Chamber.!.    Encye. 

AR'CU-liAL-IST,  71.  [L.  arcus,  a  bow,  and  balisla, 
an  engine  for  throwing  stones.] 

A  cross-bow.  Warton. 

XR  eO-BAL'IS-TER,7i.  A  cross-bowman  ;  one  who 
used  the  arcuhalist.  Camden. 

XRD,  the  termination  of  many  English  words,  is  the 
Ger.  art,  species,  kind  ;  Sw.  and  Dan.  art,  mode,  na- 
ture, genius,  form  ;  Ger.  nrteii,  to  take  attcr,  rest  in- 
ble  ;  Sw.  arto,  to  form  or  fashion  ;  Ger.  ar(i>,  of  liir 
nature  of,  also  comely;  Dan.  and  Sw.  ortiV,  beauti 
ful ;  D.  aardcn,  to  take  after,  resemble  ;  aardig,  g^n 
teel,  pretty,  ingenious.  We  observe  it  in  GoiUhu  . 
a  divine  temper  ;  Giffard,  a  disposition  to  give,  lib  : 
ality  ;  Bernard,  filial  affection  ;  standard,  driakiu,,, 
dotard,  &c. 

XE-DAS'SINES,  71.  A  very  fine  sort  of  Persian  silk  ; 
the  finest  used  in  the  looms  of  France. 

AR'DEB,  71.  A  Turkish  measure,  a  little  more  than 
eight  bushels. 

AR'DEN-CY,  71.     [L.  ardcns,  from  ardeo,  to  bum  ] 
Wai'inlh  of  passion  or  oilection  ;    ardor;  ca^  . 
ness ;  as,  the  ardency  of  love  or  zeal. 

AR'DENT,  a.  Hot;  burning;  that  causes  a  sensalmu 
of  burning;  as,  ardent  spirits,  that  is,  distilled 
spirits  ;  an  ardent  fever. 

2.  Having  the  appearance  or  quality  of  fire; 
fierce ;  as,  ardent  eves. 

3.  Warm,  applied  to  the  passions  and  affections  ; 
passionate  ;  affectionate  ;  much  engaged  ;  zealous  ; 
as,  ardent  love  or  vows  ;  ardent  zeal. 

XR'DENT-LY'',  adv.      With  warmth  ;  affectionately  ; 

passionately. 
AR'DENT-NESS,  ii.    Ardency. 
XR'DERS, 7!. pi.  Fallowings   or  plowings  of  ground 

Grose. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  M.\RINE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.  - 


ARE 

aR'DOR,  n.  [L.]  Heat,  in  a  literal  seuse;  as,  the 
ardor  of  the  sim's  rays. 

2.  Warnitli,  or  lieat,  applied  to  the  passions  and 
affections  ;  eagerness ;  as,  he  ptiisues  study  with 
tiidor:  Ihey  fought  with  ardor. 

Milcon  uses  the  word  for  person  or  spirit,  bright 
and  effulgent,  but  by  an  unusuiil  license. 

XR'DU-OCs,   (ard'x-u-KJUS,)   a.     [L.  arduusj    Ir.  ard^ 
high;  W.  kardh;  Ir.  aird'i,  high,  hight.] 
I.  Ui^h,  lol^i  ui  3L  liter^U  sense ;  as,  arduous  paths. 

Pope. 
•I  Diificult ;    attended  with  great  labor,  like  tiie 
ascending  of  accliviiies  j   as,  an  arduoiui  employ- 
ment, task,  or  enterprise. 

XR'DU-OUS-LY,  adv.  In  on  arduous  manner;  with 
laborionsness. 

aR'DL'-OL'S-NESS,  (ird'yu-us-,)  n.  Hight ;  difficulty 
of  c-Xtcution. 

\RE,  (iir  0  the  plural  of  the  substantive  verb  ;  but  a 
diderenc  word  from  be,  am^  or  was.  It  is  from  the 
BW.  tara,  Dan.  rtrr«,  to  be,  to  exist  j  d  or  uj  being 
lost.  We  are  :  ye  or  you  are  ;  they  are :  past  lenst; 
plural,  teere. 

aR£,  ».     [L.  area.] 

in  France,  a  measure,  the  new  square  perch,  con- 
taining a  Jmndred  stjuare  meters,  a  iiltie  less  than 
two  square  perches  of  23  feel,  in  the  ancient  meas- 
ure. Lunier. 

A'RE,  }  n.    The  lowest  nutc,  except  one,  in 

1  L.i-MPREj  j  Guido's  scale  of  music.  [Pre  Ala- 
mire.]  S-'iok, 

a'RE-A,  n.  [L.  I  ?;ispect  this  to  be  contracted  from 
Ch.  wiK,  onora,  an  area  or  bed  ;  Heb.  ^•''yy  ;  from 
a  root  which  signifiea  to  reack,  stretch,  lay,  ur 
spread.] 

1.  .\ny  plain  surface,  as  the  floor  of  a  room,  of  a 
church  or  other  building,  or  of  the  ground. 

2.  The  inclosed  space  ur  site  on  witich  a  building 
stands ;  a  sunken  space  around  the  basement  of  a 
building.  OwUt. 

3.  In  (Tfometry^  the  superficial  contents  of  any 
figure  ;  the  surface  inchided  within  any  given  lines ; 
as,  the  area  of  a  square  or  a  triangle. 

4.  Among  physicians,  baldness ;  a  bald  space  pro- 
duced by  alopecy  ;  also,  a  name  of  the  disease. 

Coze,     Parr. 

5.  In  mining,  a  compass  of  ore  allotted  to  diggers. 

To  counsel ;  to  advLse.    [06a]  Spenser. 

aTIE-.VI*,  a.  Pertaining  to  an  area;  as,  areal  inter 
slices,  (the  areas  or  spaces  inclosed  by  tlic  reticulate 
vessels  of  leaves.)  Barton. 

.^-Rk'GA,  n.  A  kind  of  palm-tree,  one  of  whose 
species  produces  the  areca  nut,  or  betti  nul,  which  is 
so  extensively  chewed  in  India,  with  the  leaf  of 
pepper  betel  and  lime.  Pariinirtoji. 

A-REEK',  adt.    In  a  reeking  condition.    [See  Reek.] 

Swift. 
AR-E-FAe'TIOX,  n.     [L.  arefado,  to  do',  from  areo."] 
The  act  of  drying ;  the  state  of  growing  drj'. 

Bacon, 
AE'E-F7,  r.  L    To  dry  or  make  drj-.  Bacon, 

A-Re'NA,  71.     [L.  arena,  sand.] 

1.  In  Roman  antiquity,  the  area  in  the  cenlril  part  of 
an  amphitheater,  in  which  the  gladiators  fought  and 
other  shows  were  eiihibitedj  so  called  because  it 
was  covered  with  sand.  Adavi's  Rom,  Ant. 

2.  Fi^ratireiy,  any  place  of  public  contest  or  ex- 
ertion ;  asj  the  arena  of  debate,  the  arena  of  life. 

3.  .\mon^  pkif^icians,  sand  or  gravel  in  the  kidneys. 

4.  The  middle  of  a  temple  or  inclosed  place. 
AR-E-Xa'CEOU:^,  a.     [from  arena,  sand.]    .Sandy  ; 

having  the  properties  of  sand.  fVoodward. 

2.  Easily  disintegrating  into  sand ;  friable ;  as, 
arenactovuf  limestone.  Kincan, 

AR-E-Xa'RI-OUS,  a.    [from  arena,  sand.]     Sandy. 
Ari^narioiis  soU ;  soU  in  which  sand  is  the  prevail- 
ing ingredient.  Brandt. 

AR-E-.\a'TION,  n.  Among  physicians,  a  sand  bath ; 
a  sprinkling  of  hot  sand  upon  a  diseased  person. 

Coze. 

A-REN'DAL-iTE,  n.  In  vdntralogy,  another  name 
of  epidote,  or  pistacite ;  epidou  being  the  name 
given  to  it  by  Haiiy,  and  pistacUe  by  Werner.  [See 
Epidote.] 

AR-EN-Dl'TOR,  n.  [Rnss.  arenda,  a  farm.  Qu.  Sp. 
arrendar,  to  rent.] 

In  Ltvonia,  and  oOier  provinces  of  Russia,  a 
fanner  of  the  farms  or  rents  :  one  who  contracts 
with  the  crown  for  the  rents  of  the  farm'*.  He  who 
reni.^  an  estate  belonging  to  the  crown,  is  called 
ermen-arendator.  Arende  is  a  term  used  bofti  for 
the  estate  let  to  farm,  and  the  sum  for  which  it  is 
rented.  Tooke's  Russ.  \\.  238. 

A-RE\-I-LIT'I€,  a.  {arena,  sand,  and  Att^yy,  a 
stone.] 

Pertaining  to  sandstone  ;  consisting  of  sandstone  ; 
as,  arenilitic  mountain=i.  tCirwan. 

AR-E-N03E',  a.    Sandy  :  full  of  sand.        JohiL.on. 

A-RE.V'U-LOL'S,  a.    Full  of  small  ^^and. 

A-Re'O-LAR,  a.    Pertaining  to  an  areola. 

iMwrence. 

A-R£'0-LATE,  a.    Divided  into  small  spaces  or  areo- 


ARG 


ARG 


I      lalions,  as  the  wini's  of  insects,  the  leaves  of  plants, 

or  the  receptacle  of  compound  flowers.        Brande. 
I  A-RE-U-L.\'T10N,  II.     Any  small  space,  bounded  by 
some  part  ditfering  in  color  or  structure,  as  the  spaces 
bounded  by  the  nervures  of  the  wings  of  insects,  or 
thn£e  by  the  veins  of  leaves.  Brande. 

AR'E-OLE,  )n.     [L.]    The  colored  circle  round  the 

-A-Re'O-LA,  i      nipple,  or  round  a  pustule.  Enc.  Coze 
In  anatomy,  an  interstice  in  the  capillaiy  network 
of  the  tissues.  Circ.  Med. 

AR-E-OM'E-TER,  «.  [Gr.  apaio?,  rare,  "thin,  and 
^£rp£(->,  to  measure.] 

.An  instrument  for  measuring  the  specific  gravity 
of  liquids.  Fourcroy. 

AR-E-0-MET'RI€-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  an  areom- 
eter. 

AR-E-OM'E-TRY,  n.  The  measuring  or  act  of  meas- 
uring the  specific  gravity  of  fluids. 

AR-E-OP'A-CiTE,  n,  A  niembtr  of  the  Areopagus, 
which  see.    Acts  xvii.  34. 

AR-&OP-A-ClT'ie,  0.    Pertaining  to  the  .\reopagus. 

jVitfoTd. 

AR-E-OP'A-GUS,n.  [Gr.  Ap.j?,  Mais,  and  rrayo^,  hUl.J 
A  sovereign  tribunal  at  Athens,  famous  for  the 
justice  and  impartiality  of  its  decisions.  It  was  ori- 
euially  held  on  a  hill  "in  the  city  of  the  same  name  ; 
hut  afti-rward  removed  to  the  Royal  Portico,  an  open 
square,  where  tlie  judges  sat  in  the  open  air,  in- 
closed by  a  cord.  Their  sessions  were  in  the  night, 
that  they  might  not  be  diverted  by  objects  of  sight, 
or  influenced  by  the  presence  and  action  of  the 
speakers.  By  a  law  of  Solon,  no  person  could  be  a 
memlier  of  this  tribunal,  until  he  had  been  ardwn,  or 
chief  magistrate.  This  court  took  cognizance  of 
high  crimes,  impiet>*,  and  imniorniity,  and  watched 
over  the  laws  and  the  public  treasuiy. 

Lempriere.     Ettctfc.     Pausanias.     Acts  xvii.  19. 

.\'RE-0-jiTVLE,  n.  [Gr.  .waio^,  wide,  and  trrvXoi,  a 
column.]  A  term  denoting  an  arrangement  of  col- 
umns, with  wide  inlercolunmialions,  of  from  four  to 
five  diameters,  suited  only  to  the  Tuscan  order. 

P.  Cyc.     Brande. 

.\-RE-0-SYS'TyLE,  71.  [Gr.  apatci,  wide, f7(;i,  with, 
and  cruAos,  column.]  A  term  denoting  a  modem 
manner  of  arranging  intercolumniations,  which  con- 
sists in  placing  columns  in  pairs,  thus  presenting  al- 
ternately very  wide  and  very  narrow  iniercolumnia- 
tions,  Elmes.    P.  Cyc. 

A.RE-OT'I€,  a.     [Gr.  aoato^,  thin.] 

Attenuating;  making  thin,  as  liquids  ;  rarefying. 

.A-OE-OT'ie,  7u  A  medicine  which  attenuates  tlie 
humors,  dissolves  viscidity,  opens  the  pores,  and 
increases  perspiration  ;  an  attenuant,  Ojxe. 

AR-E-TOL'0-CtY,  «.  [Gr.  aosr/j,  virtue,  and  Aoj  yf , 
discourse.] 

That  part  of  moral  philosophy  which  treats  of 
virtue,  its  nature,  and  the  means  of  attaining  to  it. 

JolmsoiJ. 

.\R'GAL,  n.  Unrefined  or  crude  tartar,  a  substance 
adhering  to  the  sides  of  wine  casks.    Johnson.  Cor-e. 

XR'GAND-LAMP,  n.  [from  the  name  of  the  in- 
ventor.] 

An  improved  lamp,  invented  by  yVrgand,  in  1780, 
in  which,  by  means  of  a  hollow  wick  and  a  glass 
chimney,  a  strong  and  clear  light  is  produced  by 
placing  the  flame  between  two  currents  of  air. 
_  Brande. 

XR-<jE'AN,  o.    Pertaining  to  Argo  or  the  .Ark.    Faber. 

aR'GENT,  n.  [L.  ar^entuKi ;  Gr.  apyvpoi,  silver,  from 
iipyoSj  white  ;  Ir.  ar^,  white  ;  airs'iod,  silver,  money  ; 
Ft.  ardent,  silver,  money  ;  Sans,  rajatam,  Qu.] 

1.  The  v/hite  color  in  coats  of  arms,  intended  to 
represent  silver,  or  figuratively,  purity,  innocence, 
beauty,  or  gentleness.  Enajc. 

2.  a.  .Silvery  ;  of  a  pale  white,  like  silver. 

Johnson.     Encyc. 

3.  a.  Bright  like  silver. 

Atk  of  yonder  argent  ficlda  above.  Pope. 

.\R-6ENT'AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  silver;  consisting  of 

silver;    containing  silver;    combined  with    silver. 

Argental  mercury,  the  native  amalgam  of  silver. 

Cleaveland. 
aR'6ENT-^VJJ,  7(.    An  alloy  of  nickel  with  copper  and 

zinc:  Germ.an  silver. 
aIUSE.NT-a'TION,  n.    An  overlaying  with  silver. 

Johnson. 
AR'6E.\T-irORN-£D,  a.    Silver-homed. 
AR-GE.\'i'-IF'ER-OUS,  a.    [L.  argentuia,  silver,  and 

fero,  lo  produce.] 

Produring  silver  ;  zs,  argcntiferoiLs  ore.  Kirwan. 
AR-6EN-Ti'N'A,  ;i.     In  ichVtyolofry,  a  genus  of  fishes 

of  the  order  Abdominales ;    so  called    from  lljeir 

silvery  scales.  Encyc. 

AR'6ENT-TNE,  a.     Like  silver;  pertaining  to  silver, 

or  sounding  like  it.  Johnson. 

In  zoology,  silver-colored  ;  silvery  j  applied  to  the 

scales  of  fishes. 
JiR'GENT-rNE,  n 

1.  In  mineralogy^  n  silicious  variety  of  carbonate  of 
lime,  having  a  silvery-white,  pearly  luster,  and  a 
waving  or  curved  lamellar  structure. 

2.  A  name  common  to  the  species  of  the  genus 
Argentina,  —  which  see. 


.^R'CE\T-INE  RE-PL'B'Lie,  n.  A  name  given  to 
the  states  of  Buenos  A>Tes,  a  South  American 
contederalion. 

AR'CIL,  n.  The  gigantic  crane;  a  species  of  the 
genus  Ardea.  Cy^, 

AR'GIL,  n.  [L.  ara-i7/a,  white  clay,  from  Or.  ao\'jc. 
white.]  '     * 

In  a  general  .vensc,  clay,  or  potter's  earth  ;  but  in 
a  technical  .saise,  pure  cl'av,  or  aiumina.     Fourcroy. 

XR-GIL-La'CEOUS,  a.     [L.  arffillacetL*.] 

Partaking  of  the  nature  of  clav ;  clayey;  consist- 
ing of  argil.  '  Kirtean. 

AR-GIL-LIF'ER-OUS,  a.  [L.  argilla,  clay,  and  ftro, 
to  produce.] 

Producing  clay  ;  applied  to  such  earths  as  abound 
with  argil.  Kiraau. 

AR'GltcLITE,  7(.  Argillaceous  schist  or  slate;  rlay- 
slate.  Its  ustial  color  is  bluish  or  blackish  gray, 
more  rarely  greenish  gray.  Kirwan, 

AR-GlL-LIT'iC,  a.    Pertaining  to  argillite. 

AR-<^IL'LO-AR-E-Na'CEOUS,  a.  Consisting  of  clay 
and  sand,  as  a  soil. 

AR  GlL'LO-eAL-€A'RE-0US,  a.  Consisting  of  clav 
and  calcareous  earth. 

AR-6lL'L0-€AL'CrTE,  n.  [of  argUta,  clav,  and 
clax,  calcareous  earth.] 

A  species  of  calcareous  earth,  or  limestone,  with 
a  large  proportion  of  clav.  Kinean. 

AR-6lL'LO-Mu'RlTE,  n.  [of  argilla,  clav,  and 
muna,  brine  or  salt  water;  magnesia  being  obtained 
from  sea-salt.] 

A  species  of  earth  consisting  of  magnesia,  mixed 
with  silex,  alumine,  and  lime;  a  variety  of  mag 
nesile.  Kirtean.     Oeateiattd. 

AR-61L'L0US,  a.  Consisting  of  clay  ;  clavev ;  jwr- 
takins  of  clay  ;  belonging  to  clay.  ' Bromn. 

AR'GiYE,  a.  Designating  what  belongs  to  .\r:;os, 
the  capital  of  Argolis  in  Greece,  whose  inhabitants 
were  called  Aririvi.  This  name,  however,  is  usi-d  bv 
the  poets  for  the  Greeks  in  general.     Pans.   Traits.  ' 

AR'GO,  n.  The  name  of  the  ship  which  carried 
Jason  and  his  fifty-four  companions  to  Colchis,  in 
quest  of  the  golden  fleece. 

aR-Go'.'^jV,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  ship  Argo.    Fabcr. 

aR'GOL.    See  Abgal. 

aR-GOL'I€,  a.  Belonging  to  ArgoliiJ,  a  territory  or 
district  of  Peloponnesus,  between  Arcadia  and  the 
Egean  Sea  ;  as,  the  Argolic  Gulf.  DKiurille. 

aR-GOL'I€S,  7i.  pi.  The  title  of  a  chapter  in  Puu?a- 
ni;is,  which  treats  of  Argolis.  Trans,  b.  ii.  15. 

AR'GO-NAUT,  n.  [of  Apyai,  Jason's  ship,  and  vav- 
Tr]i,  a  sailor.] 

One  of  the  persona  who  sailed   to   Colchis  with 
Jason,  in  the  Ajgo,  in  quest  of  the  golden  fleece. 
Cicero.     Pliny.     Sir  W.  Jones. 

AR-GO-NAUT'A,  n.     [See  Argonaut.] 

A  gen'iis  of  shells,  of  the  class  Cephalopoda.  The 
shell  consists  of  one  spiral  involuted  valve.  The 
Argo,  with  a  subdentated  carina,  is  the  famous  nauti- 
lus, wliich,  when  it  sails,  extends  two  of  its  arms, 
spreading  a  membrane,  which  serves  tor  a  sail,  and 
six  other  arms  are  thrown  out,  for  rowing  or  steer- 
ing. Encyc.     Carifr, 

aR-GO-NAUT'I€,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Argouaut*;, 
or  to  tlieir  voyage  to  Colchis ;  as,  the  Argonautic 
stor\'.  Sir  W.  Jones, 

AR-GO-XAUT'ieS,  n.  A  poem  on  the  subject  of 
Jason's  voyage,  or  the  expedition  of  the  .Vrgonuuts  ; 
as,  the  Arnonantics  of  Orpheus,  of  V.  Flaccus,  and 
of  Apollonius  Rhodius.  Encyc. 

AR'QO  JVA'FfS,  the  ship  Argo,  is  a  constellatiiin  in 
the  southern  hemisphere,  whose  stars,  in  the  Britan- 
nic catalogue,  are  sixtv-four.  Eneuc, 

AR'GO-SY,  71.  [Sp.  Argos,  Jason's  ship.]  -A  large 
merchantman  ;  a  carac.  Shak. 

AR'GuE,  V.  i.  [L.  arguo,  to  show,  argue,  accuse,  or 
convict ;  Fr.  arguer  :  Sp.  arguir :  It.  arguire.  The 
radical  sense  of  argue  is  to  urge,  drive,  press,  or 
struggle.] 

1.  To  reason  ;  to  invent  and  offer  reasons  to  sup- 
port or  overthrow  a  proposition,  opinion,  or  measure  ; 
as,  A  argues  in  favor  of  a  measure  j  B  argues 
against  it. 

2.  To  dispute ;  to  reason  with  ;  followed  by  tcith ; 
as,  you  may  argue  wiOi  your  friend  a  week,  without 
convincing  him. 

AR'GuE,  V.  L  To  debate  or  discuss ;  to  treat  by 
reasoning;  as,  the  counsel  argued  the  cause  before 
the  Supreme  Court ;  the  cause  was  well  argued. 

2.  To  prove  or  evince ;  to  manifest  by  inference 
or  deduction,  or  to  show  reasons  for  ;  as,  the  order 
visible  in  the  universe  argues  a  divine  cause. 

S.  To  persuade  by  reasons ;  as,  to  argue  a  man  into 
a  different  opinion. 

4.  Formerly,  to  accuse  or  charge  with;  a  Latin 
sense,  now  obsolete ;  as,  to  argue  one  of  profane- 
ness.  DnjdcH. 

KR'GU-EB,  pp.  Debated  ;  discussed  ;  evinced ;  per- 
suaded ;  accused. 

AR'GU-ER,  /(.  One  who  argues  ;  a  re.asoner  ;  a  dis- 
puter ;  a  controvertisu 

,\R'GC-I\G,  ppr.  Inventing  and  offering  reasons; 
disputing;  discussing;  evincing;  persuading;  ac- 
cusing. 


TCXE,  BIJLL,  U>'ITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CI0U9.  — €  as  K ;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


ARI 

XU'GU-ING,  71.    Reasoning;  argumentation. 

What  iio;!i  your  arguing  reprave  f  —  Job  vi. 

^  ll'GU-MENT,  n.     [h.  arstmeiitum.] 

1  A  reason  ofler«Ml  for  or  against  a  proposition, 
opinion,  or  measure;  a  reason  uftered  in  proof,  to 
induce  belief,  or  convince  the  mind  ;  followed  by 
for  or  fiirainst. 

9.  In  lo^ic,  an  inference  drawn  from  premi.s*'s 
wliich  arelndisputable,  or  at  least  of  probable  trutii. 

%  The  sniiject  of  a  discourse  or  writing.     Sliak. 

4.  All  abstract  or  summary  of  a  book,  or  the 
head:5  of  liiy  subjects. 

5.  A  debate  or  discussion  ;  a  series  of  reasoninq; ; 
as,  an  anramcnt  was  had  before  the  court,  in  which 
ar:;it>iii:iital\  the  reasons  were  urged. 

ti.  In  astronomy^  the  quantity  on  which  another 
quantity  in  a  table  depends ;  as,  the  altitude  is  the 
arTiimott  of  the  refraction.  Braiidc. 

AR-GU-RIENT'A-BLE,  a.    That  admits  of  argument. 

C-'ialmcrs. 

AR-GU  MENT'AL,  a.  Belonging  to  argument;  con- 
si-^ting  in  ar::unient.  Pope. 

AR-GU-iMENT-A'TlON,  v.  Reasoning;  the  act  of 
reasoning  ;  the  acl  of  inventing  or  forming  reasons, 
making  inductions,  drawiug  conclusions,  and  apply- 
ing tbem  to  the  case  in  discussion.  The  operation 
of  inferring  propositions,  not  known  or  admitted  as 
true,  tVoni  facts  or  principles  known,  admitled,  or 
proved  to  be  true.  Encyc.     fVatts. 

aU-GU-.VIENT'A-TIVE,  a.  Consisting  of  argument ; 
containing  a  process  of  reasoning;  as,  an  ar^mncnt- 
utive  discourse. 

'Z  Showing  reasons  for;  as,  the  adaptation  of 
things  to  their  uses  is  arguvienialive  of  inliuile  '.vis- 
doiu  in  the  Creator. 

:i.  Addicted  to  argument ;  as,  an  arg^nncntative 
writer. 

AR-GU-MF.NT'A-TIVE-liY,  iw/y.  In  an  argumenta- 
tive manner.  Taylor. 

AR-GU~MEJ^'TUM  AD  JWM'I-J^EM,  [L.]  An 
argument  drawn  from  the  principles  or  conduct  of 
an  ani.igoiiist. 

AR-GU-.MCNT'A-TIVE-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  ar- 
gumenlative. 

AR'GUS,  n.  A  fabulous  being  of  antiquity,  said  to 
have  iiad  a  hundred  eyes,  who  was  placed  by  .luno 
to  giuird  lo.  The  origin  of  this  story  may  perJiups 
be  found  in  the  Teutonic  word  arir^  crafty,  cunning, 
of  vvhicli  tlie  hundred  i-yes  are  symbolical. 

AR'GIjtf-SMELL,  n.  A  species  of  porcelain-shell, 
beautifully  variegated  with  spots,  resembling,  in 
some  measure,  tliose  in  a  peacock's  tail.        Encijc. 

AR-GOTE',  (t.  [L.  nrg^utus.]  Sharp  ;  shrill ;  subtile  ; 
witty.     [Lilf.'c  used.] 

AR-GOTE'NESS,  n.  Acutenesa ;  wittiness.  [Littie 
used.]  Drydcn. 

A'RI-A,  71.     [It.]     Air;  tune. 

A'RI-AN,  fl.  Pertaining  to  Arius,  a  presbyter  of  the 
church  of  Alexandria,  in  the  fourth  century ;  or  to 
his  doctrines. 

A'RI-AN,  7i.  One  who  adheres  to  the  doctrines  of 
Arius,  who  held  Christ  to  be  a  created  being,  infe- 
rior to  God  the  Father  in  nature  and  dignity,  thougjj 
the  (ji-st  and  noblest  of  all  created  beings  ;  and  al:^o 
that  llie  Holy  Spirit  is  not  God,  but  created  by  the 
power  of  the  Son.  Encijc. 

A'RI-AN-ISM,  71.    The  doctrines  of  the  Arians. 

a'KI-AN-IZE,u.  i.   To  admit  the  tenets  of  the  Arians. 

Worthiirirton. 

A-RIC'I-NA,  n.  A  vegetable  alkaloid  obtained  from 
the  bark  of  a  species  of  Cinchona.  It  was  first 
brouglit  from  Arica,  in  Pern  ;  wlience  its  name. 

AR'ID,  a.     [L.  aridiLs,  dry,  from  areo^  to  be  dry.j 

Dry  ;  exhausted  of  moisture  ;  parched  with  heat ; 
as,  an  find  waste.  Thomson. 

AIl'ID-AS,  71.  A  kind  of  tafleta,  from  tlie  E;ist 
Indies,  made  of  thread  from  certain  plants.  Encyc, 

A-RID'I-TV,    i  n.    Drj'ness  ;  a  state  of  being  with- 

AR'iD-NESS,  \      out  moisture.  Arbutltiwt. 

2.  A  dry  state  of  the  body  ;  emaciation  ;  tlie  with- 
ering of  a  limb  ;  marasmus.  Coxc.     Parr. 

A'RI-icS,7?.  [L.,  from  tJic  Celtic.  Ir.  reiVic^  or  rcceith; 
Corn.  H7-:,  a  ram  ;  \V.  hwrz,  a  tlirust,  a  rain.] 

The  Ram  ;  a  constellation  of  the  zodiac,  drawn  on 
the  globe,  in  the  figure  of  a  ram.  Also  the  first  of 
the  twelve  signs  in  the  zodiac,  which  the  sun  enters 
about  the  '31st  of  March.  It  oripinally  coincided 
with  the  constellation  ;  but  from  its  recession,  owing 
to  the  precession  of  the  equinoxes,  it  now  begins  in 
the  constellation  of  Pisces. 
2.  The  battering  ram. 

AR'I-E-TaTE,  v.  i.  [L.  arieto,  from  aries.']  To  butt, 
as  a  ram.     fJVwt  iLsed,']  Johtison. 

AR-I-E-Ta'TION,  71.  The  act  of  butting,  as  a  ram. 
The  act  of  buttering  with  the  aries  or  battering 
ram.  Bacon. 

2.  The  act  of  striking  or  conflicting.  [Rarely 
tised.~'-  Olanville. 

AR-T-PlT'TA,  n.  [It.]  A  short  song;  an  air,  or 
little  air. 

A-RTGHT',(wiu.  [a  and  ri^ht  Sax.^mcAe.]  Rightly; 
in  a  right  form ;  without  mistake  or  crime. 


ARI 

AR'IL,  I  n.    'I'he  exterior  coat  or  covering  of  a 

A-RIL'LUS,  \  seed,  fixed  to  it  at  the  base  only,  in- 
vesting it  wholly  or  partially,  and  falling  oil' spon- 
taneously ;  by  some  former  writers  called,  from  the 
Greek,  cahjptra.  It  is  either  succulent  or  cartilagi- 
nous ;  colored,  elastic,  rough,  or  knotted. 

Linnmis.     Milne.    Martin.     Smith. 
An  expansion  of  the  funiculus,  or  placenta,  about 
a  seed,  into  a  fleshy  body,  as  the  mace  of  a  nutmeg. 

Lmdlcy. 

AR'IL-La-TED,  /  a.    Having  an  exterior  covering  or 

AR'IL-L£D,  \      aril,  as  colTee.     Ei:cyc.     Eaton. 

AR'I-MAN,     \ 

AR'I-MA,        >7i.    [Per.  aJirhnan;  Sans;,  an.  a  foe.] 

AH'RI-MAN,  ) 

Tiieevil  genius  or  demon  of  the  Persians  ;  opposed 
to  yczail,  yczdaiij  ormotd^or  hormizda^ilie  good  demon. 
The  ancient  magi  held,  that  there  are  two  deities  or 
principles ;  one  the  author  of  all  good,  eternally 
absorbed  in  light;  the  other,  the  autiior  of  all  evil, 
forever  buried  in  darkness ;  or  the  one  represented 
by  light,  the  other  by  darkness.  The  latter  answers 
to  the  loke  of  the  Scandinavians,  whose  Celtic  name, 
/oc/i,  signifies  darhicss.  Originally,  the  Persians  helu 
these  demons  or  principles  to  be  "equal,  and  from  all 
eternity  ;  but  the  moderns  maintain  tliat  the  evil  prin- 
ciple is  an  inferior  being."  So  the  devil  is  called  the 
prince  of  darkness.  Encyc.   Gibbon.  As.  Researches. 

AR-I-O-La'TION,      i  11.      [h.    ariolus  or  hariohis^   a 

HAR-I-0-L,a''1'I0N,  j     soothsayer.] 

A  soothsaying  ;  a  foretelling.  Bromn. 

AR'I-OSE,  a.  Characterized  by  melody,  as  distin- 
guished from  harmou}'. 

MenJelsohn  waiila  tlie  ariose  Ij^aiity  ol  Hamlcl  —  vociil  melody 
b  nut  bU  fui-te  —  the  iiuercst  ol  liis  ttirs  vs  )mrinoi)ic. 

ror.  tiu.  lieo. 

AR-I-O'SO^  a.     [It.,  from  nWa,  air.]     Light;  airy. 

St,  irict. 
Literally^  in  the  manner  of  an  air;  but  in  instru- 
mental music,  in  a  .'sustained  vocal  style.      P.  Cyc. 

Prefixed  to  an  air,  it  denotes  a  sustained,  elaborate 
Btyle,  ajtpropriate  to  the  great  airs  of  the  opera. 

Rtnisscaa,  Diet.  Jilits. 
A-RISE',  V.  i.  ;pret.  Arose  ;  pp.  Arisen  ;  {pron.  a-rize', 
a-roze',  a-riz'n.)  [Sax.  arisau ;  1).  ryzen ;  Goth,  reisan. 

It  may  be  allied  to  Ar.  ijMi%  raasa,  In  be  the  head 

or  chief;  Ileb.  Ch.  Syr.  Sam.  Eth.  ^H'\  head,  origin.] 

1.  To  ascend,  mount  up,  or  move  to  a  higher  place ; 
as,  vapors  ariie  from  humid  places. 

2.  To  emerge  from  below  the  horizon  ;  as,  tiie  sun 
or  a  star  ai-ises  or  riies. 

3.  To  get  out  of  bed  ;  to  leave  the  place  or  state  of 
rest ;  or  to  leave  a  sitting  or  lying  posture. 

Tlie  !dny  crc-^e  cnrly  aud  went  to  Uie  tlcii.  —  Dun.  vi. 

4.  To  begin  ;  to  spring  up ;  to  originate. 

A  persecudon  arose  about  Stephen.  —  Acts  xi. 

5.  To  revive  from  death  :  to  leave  the  grave. 

IM\ny  bodies  of  s^iita  aroae,  —  MiiU.  xxvii. 

Fi/piratively^  to  awake  from  a  state  of  sin  and  stu- 
pidity ;  to  repent. 

Arise  from  the  dend,  nnd  ClirUtehall  give  Ibce  life.  —  Eph.  v. 

G.  To  begin  to  act;  to  exert  power j  to  move  from 
a  state  of  inaction. 

Let  God  arise  ;  let  hia  paemies  be  scattered.  —  Fa.  Ixviii. 

7.  To  appear,  or  become  known  ;  to  become  vis- 
ible, sensible,  or  operative. 

To  you  shall  the  sun  of  riifhteousness  arise.  —  Matt.  iv. 
Till  Ibe  day-star  shall  arise  \n  your  hearts.  —  2  Pet.  i. 

8.  To  be  put  in  motion ;  to  swell  or  be  agitated ;  as, 
the  waves  a7-ose. 

9.  To  be  excited  or  provoked  ;  as,  the  wrath  of  the 
king  shall  arise. 

10.  To  emerge  from  poverty,  depression,  or  distress. 

Ey  ulioin  shall  Jacob  arise  ?  for  he  is  small.  — Amos  ii, 

11.  To  appear  in  a  particular  character;  to  enter 
upon  an  ofiice. 

There  arose  a  new  king,  who  knew  not  Joseph.  —  Ex.  i. 

12.  To  begin  sedition,  insuiTCCtion,  or  mutiny  ;  as, 
the  men  nrose,  or  rose,  upon  their  olRcers. 

13.  To  invade,  assault,  or  begin  hostility  ,  followed 
by  arraiiist. 

\Vh?n  he  arose  agcinal  me,  I  caught  him  by  Ihe  bwixl.  —  1 
Sam.  xvii. 

In  this  sense,  the  word  against  really  belongs  to 
the  verb,  and  is  necessaiy  to  give  it  this  meaning. 
[See  Ri3E,  another  fi.rm  of  tliii^  verb,  which  has  the 
same  signification,  and  is  more  generally  used  in 
popular  language.] 

A-IilS'lNG, />pr.  Ascending;  mo\ing  upward;  origi- 
natmg,  or  proceeding  from;  getting  up;  sprhiging 
up ;  appearing. 

A-RIS'TA,  V.  [L.]  In  botany,  the  awn  ;  the  pointed 
beard  which  issues  from  the  husk  or  scaly  flower- 
rup  of  the  grasses,  called  the  gtujnc.  Mine. 

AR'IS-TaRCH,  71.  [from  Arlstarchus,  a  critic  dis- 
tinguished for  severity  among  tlie  ancients.]  A 
severe   critic.  Knowles. 


ARM 

AR-IS-l'.'iReH'I-AN,  a.     Severely  critical,  like  the 

ancient  critic  Aristarchus. 
AR' IS-TARCH-Y,  n.     [Gr.  apiaroiy  best,  and  u/>\^, 

rule.] 
A  body  of  good  men  in  power,  or  government  by 

excellent  men.  llarrin-^Uin. 

A-RIS'TATE,  a.     Awned ;  having  a  puinted,^beard- 

like  process  ;  as  the  glumes  of  wheat. 
AR-IS-TOC'RA-CY,    n.       [Gr.    u^irrflf,    best,    and 

;./jiirE(j,  to  hold  or  govern.] 

1.  A  form  of  government,  in  which  tlie  whu?!- 
supreme  power  is  vested  in  the  principal  per.-ious  <if 
a  statti,  or  in  a  privileged  order.  When  the  supmui: 
power  is  exercised  by  a  small  number,  the  govci  n- 
ment  is  calhnl  an  oligarchy.  The  latter  word,  iinw  - 
ever,  is  usually  applied  to  a  corrupted  form  of  ai  i.s- 
tocracy. 

2.  The  nobility  or  chief  persons  in  a  state. 
AR'IS-TO-eitAT,  or  A-RIS'TO-CRAT,  n.    One  wtvt 

favors  an  aristocracy  in  principle  or  practice;  rm 
who  is  a  friend  to  an  aristocratical  form  of  go\  >  i  ' 
ment.  Burl.r. 

AR-IS-TO-eRAT'ie,         \  a.    Pertaining   to  arisi 

AJVJS-TO-CRAT'iC-AL,  i     racy  ;    consisting    iu 
t"t  'eminent  of  nobles,  or  principal  men  ;  as,  an  u. , 
A.  r„n.tic  constitution. 

a.  Partaking  of  aristocracy ;  as,  an  aristocmhc 
measure  ;  aristocratic  pride  or  manners. 

AR^IS-TO-CRAT'ie-AL-LY,  adv.  In  an  aristocrat- 
ical manner. 

AR-IS-TO-€UAT'ie-AL-NESS,  ti.  The  quality  of 
being  aristocratical. 

AR-IS-TO-PIIAN'I€,  a.    Pertaining  to  /Vristopimnes. 

W.  A.  Rrr. 

AR-IS-TO-Tk'LI-AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  Aristnilc,  a 
celebrated  pliilosopher,  who  was  born  at  Stagyra,  in 
Wacedon,  about  384  years  before  Christ.  'J'he  Aris- 
totelian philosophy  is  otherwise  called  the  peripatetic. 

AR-IS-TO-Te'LI-AN,  71.  A  follower  of  Aristotle,  w  Jto 
was  a  disciple  of  Plato,  and  founded  tlie  sect  oi peri- 


patetics.    [S?e  pEniPATETrc.J 
AJl-IS-TO-TF/LI-AN-lSM,  n.    'J 
trines  of  Aristotle, 


The  philosopliy  or  ([v-c 


AR-IS-TO-TEL'ie,  a.  Peitaining  to  Aristotle  or  to 
liis  pliUosophy. 

Tb'i'  pernicious  efi'ecLs  of  the  AristoleJic  system.  SclUesel,  Trav.x. 

AR'ITH-MAN-CY  or  A-RITH'.MAN-CY,  w.       [Gi. 

ap(f/:<o?,nuuiber,  and  pavriia^  divination.] 
Divination,  or  the  foretelling  of  future  events  by  the 

use  or  observation  of  numbers. 
A-RITH'iME-Tie,  H.     [Gr.  u/iiO/iew,  to  number,  d^^tf/- 

I'TiTiKij  the  art  of  numbering,  from  ninSnoi,  number; 

from  pvdji'jSi  number,  rhythm,  order,  agieeincnt.] 
The  scienca  of  numbers,  or  the  art  of  computation. 

The  various  operations  of  arillimelic  are  peiformed 

bv  ad.lition,  snlilnictiou,  multiplication,  and  divisitm. 
AR-ITlI-.MET'ie,  ;  a.  Pertaining  to  arillnnelic  ; 
AR-1TH-MET'I€-AL,  (      according  to   the    niles  or 

method  of  arithmetic. 
AR-lTH-MET'ie-AL-LY,    ailv.      According    to    the 

rules,  princiiiles,  or  method  of  arithmetic. 
A-RITH-ME-TI"CIAN,  7(.    One  skilled  in  arithmetic, 

or  versed  in  the  science  of  numbers. 
aRK,   71.     [Fr.   arrhe;  L.   area;  Sp.    Pet.   It.   area,  a 

chest  or  coder ;  Ir.  airg,  airk ;  Sax,  ere  or  crk ;  G. 

arc-he  ,■  D.  arke;  Ch.  iJ-iK.] 

1.  A  small,  close  vessel,  cliest,  or  -offer,  sucli  as 
that  which  was  the  repositorj-  of  iLe  tables  of  Ihi:; 
covenant  among  the  Jews.  This  w-,is  about  three 
feet  nine  inches  in  length.  'I'he  li''  was  the  pro- 
pitiatory, or  mercy-seat,  over  whicii  were  the  cheru- 
bim, 'i'he  vessel  in  whicli  Closes  was  set  afloat 
upon  the  Nile,  was  an  ark  of  buhusbes. 

2.  The  large,  floating  vessel  in  which  Noah  and 
his  family  were  preserved  during  the  deluge. 

3.  A  depository. 

Arbe,  0  Lord,  into  tliy  rest,  thou  and  the  ark  of  thy  slrongth.  — 
Ps,  CKxxii. 

4.  A  large  boat  used  on  American  rivers  to  trans- 
port i)roduce  to  market. 

5.  In  early  English  and  Scottish  writers,  a  chest 
or  coffer;  as,  an  ark  for  meal  ;  a  bolting  ark.  Still 
:ased,  in  the  north  of  England,  for  a  chest  containing 
mi-al.  P.  Cyc. 

AUK'iTE,  71.  A  term  used  by  Bryant  to  denote  (.no 
of  the  persons  wlio  were  preserved  in  the  ark,  or 
who,  according  to  pagan  fables,  belonged  to  the  ark. 

aRK'ITE,  ".     Belonging  to  the  ark.    Brtjant.  Fabcr. 

aRK'TIZ-ITE,  i  V.    A  mineral,  now  called  JVcrneritc; 

ARC'TIZ-ITE,  i     u  variety  of  scapolite. 

aR^I,  71.  [Sax.  iirniycarm;  D.  G.  Sw.  Dan.  a:m;  It. 
armiL<t,  an  arm,  :i  slioulder,  a  wing.  In  Russ.  a 
shoulder  is  ruHoi,  which  may  be  the  same  word  as 
the  L.  arimis.  W  so,  tliis  word  belongs  lo  llie  root 
Rm,  coinciding  with  L.  ramus^  a  branch,  that  i.-^,  a 
siioot;  like  the  Cehic  bralch,  L.  brachinm.  Hut  if  tlie 
L.  ariinij  is  directly  from  the  Gr.  itfiio?,  a  joint,  it 
would  seem  to  be  formed  from  Gr.  a/Jcu,  to  fit.] 

1.  The  limb  of  the  human  body  which  extends 
from  llie  shoulder  to  the  hand. 

2.  The  branch  of  a  tree,  or  the  slender  pari  of  a 
machine,  projecting  from  a  trunk  or  axis.  The  lintbs 
of  animals  are  als(i  sometimes  called  arnui. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T.  — METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  V/OLF,  BOOK.- 


ARM 

3.  An  inlet  of  water  from  the  sea. 

4.  Fiffuraiicehf,  power,  ini'^ht,  strength;  as,  the 
sec«!ar"irm.  Iii  this  sense  the  word  is  often  used  in 
the  {:^criptu^es. 

To  whom  is  ih-  art/*  of  the  Lord  irrwOed  ?  —  Im.  UD. 
S.'ELMy  v.   t.      [L.  armo;   Fr.   orracr,-    Sp.   armor  i  It. 
crMtire  ;  from  L.  arma.'} 

1.  To  furnish  or  equip  with  weapons  of  offense  or 
defense  ;  a;>,  to  arm  the  militia. 

a.  To  cover  with  a  plate,  or  with  whatever  will 
add  strength,  force,  or  security ;  as,  to  ana  the  hill 
of  a  sword. 

■  3.  To  furnish  with  means  of  defense :  to  prepare 
for  resistance  ;  to  fortify,  in  a  moral  sense. 

Arm  yuur*.'l'/«  »"itk  tiie  same  mind. —  I  Pet.  iv. 

4.  To  fit  up;  to  furnish  wilh  the  means  of  action 
or  efiect ;  as,  to  ariit  a  hook  in  angling;  to  arm  :i 
dressing  in  surfiei\".  To  arm  a  loadstoiiCy  is  to  lit  it 
with  an  armatun'. 

ARM,  r.  i.  To  provide  wilh  arms,  weapons,  or  mf'ans 
of  attack  or  resistance ;  lo  take  anus ;  as,  the  nations 
arm  ft.r  war. 

This  verb  is  not  really  intransitive  in  tliis  use,  hut 
retlectiv?,  the  pronoun  being  omitted.  The  nations 
arm  —  for,  the  nations  arm  themselnes. 

AR-Ma'DA,  h.     [S|>-,  from  arma.] 

\  tlset  of  armed  ships  ;  a  squadron.  The  term  is 
u=u:illy  applied  to  the  .Sp;inish  tieet  called  the  Inciit- 
clUe  Armada^  consisting  of  13i)  ?hi;>s,  intended  to  act 
agamst  £u^land,  in  the  reign  of  Q.ueen  Elizabeth, 
A.  D.  158S. 

AR-.MA-DII/LO,  n.  [Sp. ;  so  called  from  being  armed 
with  a  bony  sii-?!!.] 

A  name  ^vcit  hy  the  Spaniards  to  the  different 
species  of  qua  Impede-,  belon^in^  to  the  Linnc^an 
frenus  Dcsyjiu* ;  peculiar  to  South  America,  and 
called  by  the  Porlugii^se  encnbc^^y  from  their  pecu- 
liar covering,  and  by  the  natives  of  Brazil  taion. 
Thi::a  animals  have  only  molar  teeth,  and  are  cov- 
ered with  a  hanl,  bony  t^hcil,  divided  into  movable 
b  jits,  except  on  the  fort-head,  shouldei^,  and  baimches. 
where  it  is  not  movable.  Ths  bt*lu  are  connei:tod 
by  a  membrane,  which  enables  the  animal  to  roll 
itself  up  like  a  hedgeho2.  These  animals  bunow  in 
Uie  earth,  v.here  th.y  lie  during  tlie  daytime,  sel- 
dom going  abroad  except  at  night.  They  are  of  dif- 
ferent sizes ;  the  largest  more  than  three  feet  in 
lengtli,  without  the  tail.  They  subsist  cluetly  on 
fruibi,  roots,  and  insects ;  sometimes  on  riesh.  \\'hen 
allacked,  thtry  roll  themselves  into  a  ball,  presenting 
their  armor  ou  all  sides  to  any  assailant ;  but  they 
are  inoffensive,  and  their  jlesb  is  esteemed  good 
food.  Encijc. 

ARM'A-ME.VT,  ju  [L.  armaTncnta,  Utensils,  tackle, 
from  artrui.] 

1.  A  body  of  forces  equipped  for  warj  used  of  a 
land  or  naval  force.  It  is  more  generally  used  of  a 
naval  force. 

2.  In  naval  affairsj  the  guns  and  other  munitions 
of  v.ar  wilh  which  a  ship  is  a--med. 

AR.M-A-.MENT'A-RY,  w.    An  annory ;  a  magazine  or 

arsenal.     [Rarely  Jued.] 
ARM'A-TCRE,  n.     [L.  armatura.] 

1.  Armor;  that  which  defends  the  body.  It  com- 
prehends wliaUiver  is  worn  for  defense  of  the  body, 
and  has  been  s<jmetimes  used  for  ojensice  weapons. 
.IrmaXitre,  like  arma  and  annor,  is  used  also  of  the 
furniture  of  animals  and  vegetables,  evidently  in- 
tended for  tlieir  protection,  as  prickles,  spines,  and 
hom^. 

•2.  In  ancient  jnilUanj  art,  an  exercise  performed 
with  missive  weapons,  as  darts,  spears,  and  arrows. 

Kncyc. 

3.  The  armature  of  a  ma^et,  is  a  piece  of  iron  used 
to  connect  the  two  poles,  in  order  to  maintain  the 
magnetic  power  undimini^tiied. 

FormrHjj,  the  armature  or  armor  of  a  magnet  con- 
sisted of  two  picc'S  of  iron  appli'^d  to  the  poles  of  a 
parallelopipedal  magnet,  so  as  to  project,  and  partly 
inclf*^e  the  magnet  on  one  side,  and  thus  give  to  the 
polis  a  direction  perpendicular  to  their  original  direc- 
tion. Each  of  thtjse  pieces  was  calltd  the  armature 
of  its  respective  pole,  and  the  two  together  the 
armjitare  of  the  magnet.  In  order  to  preserve  the 
po^'er  of  a  ma^et  so  armed,  and  to  combine  the 
action  of  the  two  poles,  the  latter  were  c<mntcled 
by  a  piece  of  iron,  which  also  served  as  an  armature, 
tiorsi'-shos  magnets  h-ive  been  substituted  for  such 
armed  magnets,  and  tlie  term  armciure  lias  been 
thus  limited  to  the  piece  of  iron  connecting  the  poles. 
Ed.  Encjc.     Knftcld. 

AR5I'-CHaIR,  b.  a  chair  with  arms  to  support  the 
elbows. 

ARM'^D,  (armd,)  pp.  or  a. 

1.  FumLshcd  with  weapons  of  offense  or  defense  ; 
furnished  with  the  me;tns  of  security  ;  fortified,  hi  a 
moral  sense. 

2.  In  heraidriiy  armed  is  When  the  beaks,  talons, 
horns,  or  feet  of  birds  and  beasts  of  prey  are  of  a  dif- 
ferent color  from  the  rf;st  of  the  body.       Chamhfr.t. 

3.  Fumish;;d  or  fitted  wirh  an  anaatarc^  aa  a  mag- 
net or  load-iione. 

4.  In  botany,  having  prickles  or  thorn?.      Encyc. 


AUM 

An  armed  slifp,  is  one  wiiioh  is  taken  into  the  ser- 
vice of  government  for  a  particular  occasion,  an<l 
iirmed  like  a  ship  of  war. 

JSrmcd  iitfute.  A  ship  is  armed  in  ./?Hff,  i.  e.,  after 
the  manner  of  a  transport,  when  part  of  her  guns  have 
b^-en  taken  out  for  the  sake  of  making  room,  and  her 
effective  armament  is  thus  reduced  below  tliat  at 
wliich  she  rates. 

AIOI'^D-CHaIK,  n.    See  Aem-Chair. 

AR-Mk'XI-AN,  71.  A  native  of  Armenia  ;  or  the  lan- 
guage of  the  country.  Sir  W.  Jones. 

AR-Mii:'N[-AX,  ff.  Pertaining  to  Armenia;  a  couulr>', 
and  formerly  a  kingdom,  in  Asia,  divided  into  Ar- 
menia Major  and  iVImor. 

Armenian  bole,  is  a  species  of  clay  from  Armenia, 
and  found  in  other  countries.  But  the  term,  being 
of  uncertain  signification,  is  rejected  in  modern  min- 
eralogy.    [See  Ijole.]  Crimstedt.     Kinran. 

Aniicnia.'t  stouc ;  a  soft,  bU:e  stone,  consisting  of  cal- 
careous earth  or  gypsum,  with  the  oxj  d  of  copper. 
It  is  loo  soft  to  give  fire  with  steel,  loses  its  color 
when  heated,  and  does  not  admit  of  a  polish. 

JVicholson. 

AR-MENT'AL,    ;         .j  ,  /    i 

AR-ME.NT'INE,  \  ^-     ^^'  ''™'«n^'^'^'-] 
Belonoing  to  a  drove  or  herd  of  cattle. 

AR.ME-Pu'IS-y.'V^T, «.  [See  Puissant.]  Powerful 
in  arms.  Weaver. 

ARM'FIJL,  n.    As  much  as  the  arms  can  hold. 

ARM'GAUNT,  a.    Slender,  as  the  arm.     [JVoi  in  use] 

Shale. 

.\RM'HoLE,  n.  [arm  and  liole.^  The  cavity  under  the 
shoulder,  or  the  armpit.  Bacon. 

2.  A  hole  for  the  arm  in  a  garment. 

ARM'I-GER,  it.  [L.  armi^er  ^  arma  and  goro^  liter- 
ally, one  tliat  bears  arms.] 

,\n  esijuire  ;  a  knight's  companion.  But  in  present 
usa^e.j  armiger  is  a  title  of  dignity  next  in  degree  to 
a  knight.  In  times  uf  chiminj,  it  signified  an  at- 
tendant on  a  knight,  or  other  person  of  rank,  who 
bore  his  shield,  and  rendered  him  other  military  ser- 
vices. So  in  antiqitUij,  Abimelecli,  Saul,  &:c.,  had 
their  armor-bearers.  Judg.  ix.  1  Sam.  xvi.  As  had 
Hector  and  Achilles.  Ilomcr.  This  title,  under  tiur 
Norman  French  princes,  in  England,  was  exchanged, 
in  common  usage,  for  esquir>\  Fr.  ecuyer,  a  word  of 
similar  import,  from  ecu,  L.  scutum,  a  shield.  .Srm- 
isfcr  is  still  retained  with  us  as  a  title  of  respect, 
being  the  Latin  word  equivalent  to  enquire,  which 
see.  Spclman, 

AR-MI<5'ER-OUS,  o.    Bearing  arms. 

ARM'IL-LA-RY,  a.  [U  armilla,  a  bracelet,  from 
armiLs,  the  arm.] 

Resembling  a  bracelet,  or  ring ;  consisting  of  riiigs 
or  circles.  The  armillary  sphere,  is  an  aitificia!  sphere, 
composed  of  a  number  of  circles  of  the  mundane 
sphere,  put  together  in  their  natural  order,  to  assist 
in  giving  a  just  conception  of  the  constitution  of  tlie 
heavens,  and  the  motions  of  Hie  celestial  bodies. 
This  artificial  sphere  revolves  upon  its  axis  within 
a  horizon,  divided  into  degrees,  and  movable  every 
way  upon  a  brass  supporter.  Encyc. 

ARM'IL-LA-TED,  a.    Furnished  with  bracelets. 

ARM'ING,  ppr.  Equipping  with  arms  ;  providing  with 
the  means  of  defense  or  attack,  preparing  for  resi:st- 
7uice,\n  a  moral  sense;  fiiting  with  an  armature,  as 
a  magnet. 

ARM'INGS,  n.  pi.  The  same  as  waist-dotkes,  hung 
about  a  ship's  upper  works.  Chambers. 

AR-MIN'IAi\,  a.  Pertaining  to  Arminius,  or  desig- 
nating his  principles. 

AU-MIN'IAN,  u.  One  of  a  sect  or  party  of  Chris- 
tians, so  called  from  Arminins,  or  Harmansi^n,  of 
Holland,  who  nourished  at  the  close  of  the  ICth  cen- 
tury and  beginning  of  the  17th.  'J'he  Arminian  doc- 
trines are,  1.  Conditional  election  and  reprobation, 
in  opposition  to  absolute  predestination.  2.  Univer- 
sal redemption,  or  that  the  aliuieinent  was  made  by 
Christ  for  all  mankind,  though  none  but  believers 
can  he  partakers  of  the  benefit.  3.  That  man,  in 
order  to  exercise  true  faith,  must  be  regenerated  and 
renewed  by.the  operation  of  the  Holy  Spirit,  which 
is  tlie  gift  of  God  ;  but  that  this  grace  is  not  irresist- 
ible, and  may  be  lost ;  so  tiiat  men  may  relapse  from 
a  stale  of  grace,  and  die  in  their  sins.  Encyc. 

XR-MIN'I/ViV-ISM,w.  The  peculiar  doctrines  or  tenets 
of  iho  Arminians, 

AR.M-IP'0-TE.\CE,  lu  [arma  and  potcntia.  See  Po- 
tency.]    Power  in  anns.  Johnson, 

ARM-IP'O-TEX'J',  a.  Powerful  in  arms;  mighty  in 
battle.  Drydcn. 

aRM-IS'O-NOUS,  a.  [arma  and  soims.    See  Sound.] 
Sounding  or  rustling  in  arms  Johnson. 

ARJI'IS-TICE,  Tu  [h.  arma  and  sisto,  to  stand  still ; 
Gr.  Urnfti !  Sp.  armislicio;  It.  armistizio;  Fr.  ar- 
mistice.] 

A  cessation  of  arms,  for  a  short  time,  by  conven- 
tion ;  a  truce  ;  a  temporary  su.<p«-nsion  of  hostilities 
by  agreement  of  the  parties. 

ARM'LESS,a.  Withoutanarm  ;  destitute  of  weapons. 
Braumont  S^  Fletcher. 

ARM'LF.T,  71.  [dim.  of  arm.]  A  small  arm  ;  as,  an 
armlet  of  the  sea ;  a  piece  of  armor  for  tfie  arm  ;  a 
bracelet.  Dryden.    Johnson. 


ARM 

ARM'OR,  n.  [from  arm.] 

I.  Defensive  arms ;  any  habit  worn  to  protect  the 
body  in  battle  ;  formerly  tailed  harness.  A  complete 
armor  formerly  consisted  of  a  casque  or  helmet,  a 
gorget,  cuirass,  gauntlets,  tasses,  brassets,  cuishes, 
and  covers  for  Hit;  legs,  to  wliich  the  spurs  were  fiist- 
t:ned.  Encyc. 

In  English  statutes,  armor  is  used  for  the  whole  ap- 
paratus of  war;  including  offensive  as  well  as  de- 
fensive arms,  'fhe  iitatuUs  of  armor  directed  what 
arms  every  man  should  provide,  27  ilen.  II.,and  that 
of  Westminster,  13  Edw.  I.  Hence  arm^r  includes 
all  instrumeiil^  of  war. 

Blackstcmc,  b.  iv.  ch.  7 ;  b.  i.  ch.  13.  JIai.  Hist, 
Brit   b.  iii.  ch.  1. 

9,  In  a  spiritual  sense,  a  good  conscience,  faith,  and 
Christian  graces  arc  called  armor.  Rom.  xiii.  £ph. 
vi.    2  Cor.  vi. 

Coat  armory  is  the  escutcheon  of  a  person  or  familv, 
with  its  several  charges  and  other  furniture,  as  inah- 
tling,  crest,  supporters,  motto,  &c.  Encyc. 

Armor  of  a  viasptet ;  the  same  as  armature.  Ed,  Enc, 
ARM'0R-BE.1R-ER,  n.    One  who  carries  the  armor 

of  another. 
ARM'OR-ER,  n. 

1.  A  maker  of  armor  or  anns ;  a  manufacturer  of 
instruments  of  war.  The  armorer  of  a  ship  has  the 
charge  of  the  arms,  to  see  that  Ihcy  are  in  a  condi- 
tion fit  for  service. 

2.  One  who  has  care  of  the  arms  and  armor  of 
another,  and  who  dresses  him  in  armor. 

The  armorers  .iccoinplbfiing  ihe  kni-iiLi.  SJjok. 

ARM-o'RI-.'VL,  a.  Belonging  to  armor,  or  to  the 
arms  or  escutcheon  of  a  family  ;  as,  ensigns  armorial. 

Blackslone. 

AR-RTOR'ie,         )  a,     [Celtic  ar,  upon,  and  mor,  the 

AR-MOR'IC-.VN,  \     sea  ;  that  is,  maritime.] 

Designating  the  north-western  part  of  France,  for- 
merly called  JJrmorica.  now  Bretagne,  or  Britanny. 
This  part  of  France  is  peopled  by  iniiabitauis  who 
speak  a  dialect  of  the  Celtic.  Il  is  usually  supposed 
their  Emcestors  were  refugees  or  colonists  from  Eng- 
land. 

AR-.MOR'IC,  71.  The  language  of  the  Armoricans; 
one  of  the  Celtic  dialects  which  have  remained  to 
the  present  times. 

AR-MOR'IC-AN,  n.  A  native  of  Armorica,  or  Bre- 
tagne. 

ARM'OR-IST,  H.    One  skilled  in  heraldrj-. 

AF.M'OR-Y,  n.    A  place  where  arms  and  instruments 
of  war  are  deposited  for  safe  keeping. 
2.  Armor  ;  defensive  and  oU'ensive  arras.  Jirdtcn. 
2.  Ensigns  armorial.  Spenser. 

4.  The  knowledge  of  coat-armor  ;  that  branch  of 
heraldry  which  treats  of  coat-annor.  Encyc. 

5.  In  the  United  States,  a  place  or  building  in  which 
arms  are  manufactured. 

ARM'PIT,  V.  [arm  and  pit.]    The  hollow  place  or  cav- 
ity under  the  shoulder.  Jilozon, 
.\RMS,  ?(.  pi.     [L.  arniai  Fr.  arme  :  Sp.  and  It.  arma.] 

1.  Weapons  of  offense,  or  armor  for  defense  and 
protection  of  the  body. 

2.  War ;  hostility. 

Arms  mid  the  man  I  sing.  Dryden. 

To  be.  in  arms;  to  be  in  a  state  of  hostility,  or  prep- 
aration for  war. 

To  arms,  U  a  phrase  which  denotes  a  taking  arms 
for  war  or  hostility ;  particularly, a  summoning  to  war. 

To  take  arms,  is  to  arm  for  attack  or  defense. 

Bred  to  arms,  denotes  that  a  person  has  been  edu- 
cated to  tlie  profession  of  a  soldier. 

3.  'I'he  ensigns  armorial  of  a  family  ;  consisting  of 
figures  and  colors  borne  in  shields,  banners,  &.C.,  as 
marks  of  dignity  and  distinction,  and  descending 
from  father  to  sini. 

4.  In  !a>n,  aruis  are  any  thing  which  a  man  t:ikes 
in  his  liaud  in  anger,  to  strike  or  assault  another. 

Coiccl.    BlacJ^tane. 

5.  In  botany,  one  of  the  seven  kinds  of  fulcra  or 
props  of  plants,  enumerated  by  Linn^us  and  others. 
The  diff:.rent  .si)ecies  of  arms,  or  armor,  are  prickles, 
thorns,  fiiiks,  and  stings,  which  seem  intended  to 
protect  the  jilants  from  injurj-  by  animals. 

JtFdnc.     Martyn. 
Fire-arms,  are  such  as  may  be  charged  with  i>o\v- 
dcr,  as  cannon,  muskets,  mortars,  &c. 

A  staiul  of  cr/;w,  consists  of  a  musket,  bayonet, 
cartridge-box  and  belt,  wilh  a  sword.  But  for  com- 
mon soldiers  a  sword  is  not  iiecessar>'. 

In  falcoitni,  arms  arc  the  legs  of  a  hawk  from  the 
thigh  to  the  "foot.  Encyc, 

ARMS'-END,  T(.    At  the  end  of  the  arms  ;  at  a  good 

distance  ;  a  phrase  taken  from  borers  or  wrestlers. 
ARM'-SHAP-KD,  (-shant,)  a.     Shaped  hke  the  arm. 
AlUrS'-Lli.XGTH,  n.     The  length  of  Uie  arm. 

To  keep  at  arm.-^-lcngVi,  is  sometimes  used  figura- 
tively for  keeping  one  off;  not  allowing  one  to  come 
into  close  contact  or  familiiaity. 
ARM'S'-RkACH,  71.    Within  reach  of  the  arm. 
AR'jMY,  n.     [Fr.  anncc :  It.   arbhar,  or  armliar;  from 
the  common  root  of  arm,  armo,  arma.) 

1.  A  coUectiim  or  body  of  men  armed  for  war,  and 
organized  in  companies,  battalions,  regiments,  brig- 


TuNE,  BULL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  V1"CI0US €  as  K ;  6  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  aa  in  THIS. 


i 


()9 


ARQ 

ades,  and  divisions,  under  proper  officers.  In  gener- 
al, an  army,  in  njodern  times,  consists  of  infimtry 
and  cavalry,  with  artillery ;  although  the  union  of 
all  is  not  essential  to  the  constitution  of  an  army. 
Among  savages,  armies  are  dilferently  formed. 

2.  A  great  number  ;  a  vast  multitude  3  as,  an  army 
of  locusts  or  caterpillars.     Joel  ii.  25. 

AU'NOLO-IST,  71.  A  disciple  of  Arnold  of  Brescia, 
who,  in  tlie  IQlli  centuiy,  preached  ayainst  the 
Roman  CalhoHc  church,  for  which  he  was  banished  ; 
but  he  was  afterward  permitted  to  return.  By  his 
preachin",  an  in;;urreclion  was  excited,  for  which  he 
was  conuemned  and  executed.  F.iicyc. 

All'XOT,  lu  A  name  of  the  pignut  or  earthnul,  a  spe- 
cies of  Carum,  (Bunium,  Linn.) 

AR-NOT'TO,  n.  The  Anottai  which  see.  Also,  a 
tree  so  called. 

SR'NUTS,  71.    Tall  oat-grass. 

A-RO'MA,  7f.     [Gr.  o/jio/ia.] 

The  quality  of  plants,  or  other  substances,  which 
con^ltitutes  tlieir  fragrance,  which  is  perceived  by  an 
agreeable  smell,  accompanied  in  some  with  a  warm, 
spicy  taste. 

AR-0-iMAT'ie,         )  a.      Fragrant;    spicy;    strong- 

AR-0-i'\IAT'ie-AL,  \  scented  j  odoriferous  ;  having 
an  ag:reeable  odor. 

AR-0-MAT'I€,  71.  A  plant,  drug,  or  medicine,  char- 
acterized by  a  fragrant  smell,  and  usually  by  a  warm, 
pungent  taste.  Cyc.     Parr. 

AR-O-MAT-I-Za'TION",  71.  The  act  of  impregnating 
or  scentingwith  aroma,  or  rendering  aromatic. 

A-Ro'MA-TlZE,  V.  t.  To  impregnate  with  aroma  ;  to 
infuse  an  aromatic  odor;  to  give  a  spicy  scent  or 
taste  ;  to  perfume.  Bacon. 

A-R6'iMA-TiZ--ED,  pp.  Impregnated  with  aroma; 
rendered  fragrant. 

A-Ro'MA-TIZ-ER,  n.  That  which  communicates  an 
aromatic  quality.  Evelyn- 

A-Ro'iMA-TTZ-ING,  ppr.  Rendering  spicy;  impreg- 
nating with  aroma. 

A-Ro'*MA-TOUS,  a.  Containing  aroma,  or  the  princi- 
ple of  fragrance. 

AR'OPH,  M.  [a  contraction  of  aroma  pMlosophorum.] 
A  name  by  which  saffron  is  sometimes  called. 
^ropk  Paracclsi^  a  chemical  preparation  of  Paracel- 
sus, formed  by  sublimation  from  equal  quantities  of 
hematite  and  sal  ammoniac.  The  term  aroph  is  also 
used  by  the  same  writer  as  synonymous  with  litlion- 
trijptic^  a  solvent  for  the  stone.  Encyc.     Coze. 

A-RoSE' ;  the  past  or  preterit  tense  of  the  verb  to 
Arise. 

A-ROUND%  prep,    [a  and  round.    See  Roukd.] 

1.  About ;  on  all  sides  ;  encircling  ;  encompassing. 

A  hunbent  fl;»mp  around  his  brows.  Dryden. 

2.  In  a  looser  sense,  from  place  to  place ;  at  ran- 
dom. 

A-ROUND',  adv.    In  a  circle  ;  on  every  side. 

2.  In  a  looser  sen^e,  at  rnndoin  ;  without  any  fixed 
direction  ;  us,  to  travel  aromtd  from  town  to  town. 
[See  Roukd.] 

A-ROU'RA,  71.  [Gr.]  A  Grecian  measure  of  fifty  feet. 
Also,  a  square  measure  of  half  the  pleihron,  or,  ac- 
cording to  Suidas,  of  a  fourth  part  of  a  plethron. 
The  Egyptian  aroura  was  the  square  of  a  hundred 
feet,  or  a  hundred  cubits.      .^rbutji.     Stiiit/t's  Diet. 

A-ROUSE',  (a-rouz',)  v.  t.  [in  Heb,  stn ;  Ar.  ijCj^ 

haratza,  to  stir,  to  excite,  tt  is  often  contracted  in- 
to roiLne.  It  may  be  allietl  to  D.  raazeii;  G.  brausciit 
to  rage,  to  stir,  bluster.    Class  Rs.] 

To  excite  into  action  that  wliich  is  at  rest ;  to  stir, 
or  put  in  motion  or  exertion,  that  which  is  languid  ; 
as,  to  aroiise  one  from  sleep  ;  to  arouse  the  dormant 
facultii-'s. 

A-ROUS'ED)  pp.    Excited  into  action  ;  put  in  motion. 

A-ROUS'ING,  pjtr.  Putting  in  motion  ;  stirring;  ex- 
citrii;;  into  action  or  exertion. 

A-RoVV',  adv.     [a  and  row.']    In  a  row  ;  successively. 

Sidnaj.     Shale. 

A-ROYNT',  adv.    Be  gone ;  away.     [Obs.]       Shah, 

AR'PEG'Gi-0,  (Ur-ped'je-o,)  n.  [it.,  from  arpa^  a 
harp.] 

In  mxtsic,  a  term  denoting  that  the  notes  of  a  chord 
are  heard  in  rapid  successiun,  and  not  simultaneous- 
ly ;  or  the  striking  the  notes  of  a  chord  in  quick  suc- 
cession, in  the  manner  of  playing  the  harp. 

Turk.     P.  Cyc. 

AR'PENTj  71.  [Fr.  arpent;  Norm,  arpen.  In  Domes- 
day, it  13  written  arpennvs,  arpendiis,  and  arpent. 
Cohirnella  mentions  lliat  the  arcpennis  was  equal  to 
half  the  Roman  jugn-.  The  word  is  said,  by  Scali- 
gor,  to  be  derived  from  arpcndium,  i.  e.  armpendium, 
or  arinpennium^  a  cord  for  measuring  land.  Spelman. 
Liiinrr.] 

A  portion  of  land  in  France,  ordinarily  containing 
one  hundred  square  rods  or  perches,  each  of  18  fret. 
Gut  tile  arpent  is  different  in  different  parts  of 
France.  The  arpent  of  Paris  contains  900  square 
toises.  It  is  less  than  the  English  acre  by  about 
one  seventh. 

Spdman.     Encyc.     Cowel.    Arthur  Young. 

AR-aUE-BUS-ADES  n.    A  distilled  water  applied  to 


ARR 

a  bruise  or  wound  ;  so  called  because  it  was  original- 
ly used  as  a  vulnerary  in  gunshot  wounds.     Parr. 

2.  The  shot  of  an  arquebuso.  .^sh. 
AR'aUE-RUSE,      >  n,     [Fr.  from   arquer,  to   make 
HAR'aUE-BU?E,  \      croL.ked,  and  the  Teut.  bus,  a 

pipe,  a  gun  :  D.  bits,  a  tube,  pipe,  gun  ;  Sw.  bossa,  a 
gun  or  cannon.  Hence  the  word  signifies  a  liook- 
gun.] 

A  sort  of  hand-gun ;  a  species  of  fire-arms,  an- 
ciently used,  which  was  cocked  with  a  wheel.  It 
carried  a  ball  that  weighed  nearly  two  ounces. 
A  larger  kind,  used  in  fortresses,  carried  a  ball  of 
three  ounces  and  a  half.  Encyc, 

AR-aUE-BUS-lER',  n.  A  soldier  armed  with  ah  ar- 
quebuse, 

AR'aUI-FOUX,  (Ur'ke-foo,)  Tt.  A  kind  of  lead  ore, 
used  by  potters  to  give  their  wares  a  green  varnish. 

JiJcCulloch. 

AR'RACH,  n.    A  plant.    [See  Orrach.] 

AR-RACK',  71.  [contracted  into  7-nc/c.]  A  spirituous 
liquor  from  the  JEast  Indies.  The  name  is  said  to 
signify,  in  the  East,  any  spirituous  liquor  ;  but  that 
which  usually  bears  this  name  is  a  liquor  distilled 
from  toddyy  the  juice  of  the  cocoanut-tree,  procured 
by  incision.  Some  persons  allege  it  to  be  a  spirit  dis- 
tilled from  rice  or  sugar,  fermented  with  the  juice  of 
the  cocoanut- 

AR'RA-GON-ITE,  71.  [from  Jlrragon,  in  Spain,  where 
it  was  first  observed.] 

In  mineralogy,  carbonate  of  lime,  crj'stallized  in 
rhombic  prisms,  or  in  forms  derived  from  the  same. 
It  differs  from  common  carbonate  of  lime,  or  caXcare- 
ons  spar,  in  its  crystallization  ;  the  crystals  of  the  lat- 
ter affording,  by  cleavage^  a  rhombohedron,  and  those 
of  the  arragonite  a.  rhombic  prism.  It  has  also  a  great- 
er hardness,  and  a  higher  specific  gravity  than  calca- 
reous spar.  Dana. 

AR-RaIGN',  (ar-rane',)  v>.  t.  [Norm,  arrancr,  arrai- 
soner,  and  arcsncr,  to  put  to  answer,  to  arraign.  The 
usual  derivation  of  this  word  from  Sax.  wrcgan,  ge- 
wrcfraii,  to  accuse,  is  probably  incorrect.  It  appears  to 
be  of  Norman  origin,  and  if  s  is  radical,  it  coincides 
in  origin  with  L.  reus,  contracted  from  the  root  of 
res.] 

1.  To  call  or  set  a  prisoner  at  the  bar  of  a  court,  to 
answer  to  the  matter  charged  against  him  in  an  in- 
dictment or  information.  When  called,  tlie  indict- 
ment is  read  to  him,  and  he  is  put  to  plead,  guilty  or 
not  guilty,  and  to  elect  by  whom  he  will  be  tried. 

Blacksto7ie. 
S.  According  to  law  vyrittrs,  to  set  in  order  ;  to  fit 
for  trial ;  as,  to  arraign  a  writ  of  novel  disseisin.  To 
arraign  Ute  assize,  is  to  cause  tlie  demandant  to  be 
called  to  make  the  plaint,  and  set  the  cause  in  order, 
that  the  tenant  may  be  brought  to  answer.    Cowel. 

3.  To  accuse  ;  to  charge  with  faults.  Johison. 
More  correctly,  to  call  before  the  bar  of  reason,  or 
taste  ;  to  call  in  question,  for  faults,  before  any  tri- 
bunal. 

Tliey  will  not  arraign  you  for  want  of  knowledge.     Dryden. 

AR-RaIGN',  (ar-rane'j)  n.  Arraignment ;  as,  clerk  of 
the  arrai'^ns.  Blachstonc. 

AR-RaIGN'.ED,  pp.  Called  before  a  tribunal  to  an- 
swer, and  elect  triers  ;  accused  ;  called  in  question. 

AR-RAIGX'EIt,  71.    One  who  arraigns.       Coleridge, 

AR-RaIGN'ING,  ppr.  Calling  before  a  court  or  tribu- 
nal ;  accusing. 

AR-RAIGN'iilENT,  n.  [K orm.  arresncment,  arrayne- 
vient.] 

1.  The  act  of  arraigning ;  the  act  of  calling  and 
setting  a  prisoner  before  a  court  to  answer  to  an  ac- 
cusation, and  to  choose  his  triers. 

2.  Accusation. 

3.  A  calling  in  question  for  faults. 
AR-RaI'MENT,  11.  [See  Arrav.]    Clothes;  garments. 

Wc  now  use  raiment. 
AR-RaNGE',  I',  t     [Fr.  arranger,  of  ad  and  ranger,  to 
set  in  order  ;  Arm.  rcncga,  rang,  rank,  a  row  or  line. 
See  Rank.] 

1.  To  put  in  proper  order  ;  to  dispose  the  parts  of  a 
whole  in  the  manner  intended,  or  best  suited  for  the 
purpose  ;  as,  troops  arranged  for  battle. 

2.  To  adjust;  to  settle;  to  put  in  order;  to  pre- 
pare :  a  popular  use  of  Ike  word,  of  very  general  appli- 
cation. 

AR-RaN6'^D,  (ar-ranjd',)  pp.   Put  in  order ;  disposed 

in  the  proper  order  ;  adjusted. 
AR-RaNGE'MENT,  n.    The  act  of  putting  in  proper 

order ;  the  slate  of  beUig  put  in  order  ;  disposition  in 

suitable  form. 
2.  That  which  is  disposed  inorder;  system  of  parts 

disposed  in  due  order. 

■ngem^nt  is  ia  Uif  hands 
Burke. 


ARR 


-^ 


The  inUrcsl  of  that  porljon  of  socLtJa 
of  all  tlicse  who  compose  it. 


3.  Preparatoiy  measure ;  previous  disposition  ;  as, 
we  have  made  arrangcmenUi  for  receiving  company. 

4.  Final  settlement ;  adjustment  by  agreement ;  as, 
the  parties  have  made  an  arrangement  between  them- 
selves concerning  their  disputes :  a  popular  use  of  the 
word. 

.').  Classification  of  facts  relating  to  a  subject,  or  of 
objects,  in  regular,  systematic  order  ;  as,  the  Linnte- 
an  arrangement  of  plants. 


AR-RaN(^'ER,  n.    One  that  puts  in  order. 

AK-RaNG'1NG,  ppr.  Putting  in  due  order  or  form  , 
adjusting. 

AR'RANT,  a.  [I  suppose  this  to  be  a  different  spell- 
ing of  Errant,  which  see.] 

Notorious,  in  an  ill  sense  ;  infamous  ;  mere  ;  vile ; 
as,  an  arrant  roiir'te  or  coward. 

^■Ul'RANT-LY,  adv.  Notoriously,  in  an  ill  sense ;  in- 
famously ;  impudently;  shamefully. 

AR'RAS,  71.    {snid  to  be  from  Arras,  the  capital  of  Ar- 
tois,  in  the  French  Netherlands,  where  this  article 
was  manufactured.] 
Tapestry  ;  hangings  wove  with  figures.       Sliak. 

AR-RAUGIIT',  (-rawt,)  a.    Seized  by  violence. 

Spenser. 

AR-RaY',  n.  [Norm,  araie,  and  arraer,  arair,  to  arrav, 
settle,  prepare  ;  ray,  a  robe,  and  the  array  or  pnnni  I 
of  the  jury  ;.  old  Fr.  arroi ;  [this  is  a  word  contract- 
ed ;]  Ir.  earradh,  a  suit  of  armor,  furniture,  accouter- 
ments,  wares  ;  It.  arredo,  furnituie,  miplements,  rig- 
ging ;  arredare,  to  prepare  or  equip;  Arm.  reiza,Ui 
put  in  order  or  arrange  ;  Sp.  arreo  ;  Port,  arreio,  ar- 
rcyo,  array,  dress  ;  Port.  ai-rear,  to  dress.  Class  Rd. 
and  allied  to  rod,  radius,  ray.  The  primary  sense  is 
to  make  straight  or  right.    See  Dress.] 

1.  Order  ;  disposition  in  regular  lines  ;  as,  an  army 
in  battle  array.     Hence,  a  posture  of  defense. 

2.  Dress  ;  garments  disposed  in  order  upon  the  per- 
son. Dnjden. 

3.  In /ajo,  the  act  of  impanneling  a  jury  ;  or  a  jury 
impanneled  ;  that  is,  a  jury  aet  in  order  by  the  siier- 
iff,  or  called  man  by  man.  Blackstone.     Coird. 

Commission  of  array,  in  English  history,  was  a  com- 
mission given  by  the  prince  to  officers  in  ever)'  coun- 
ty, to  muster  and  array  the  inhabitants,  or  see  them 
in  a  condition  for  war.  Blackstone. 

AR-RaY',  v.  t.  To  place  or  dispose  in  order,  as  troops 
for  battle. 

2.  To  deck  or  dress  ;  to  adorn  with  dress:  applied 
especially  to  dress  of  a  splendid  kind. 

Arrcy  thvself  with  glory.  —  Job  xl, 

Phar.wh  arrayed  Jcaepli  wiih  fine  linen.  — Gen.  xli. 

3.  To  set  a  jury  in  order  for  the  trial  of  a  cause ; 
that  is,  to  call  them  man  by  man.  Blackstone.  Cowel. 

4.  To  envelop. 

In  geiid  caves  with  horrid  glooms  arrayed.  TruvtbuU, 

AR-RaY'^JD,  (ar-rade',)  pp.  Set  in  order,  or  in  lines  ; 
arranged  in  order  for  attack  or  defense  ;  dressed  ; 
adorned  by  dress  ;  impanneled,  as  a  jury ;  enveloped. 

AR-RaY'ER,  n.  One  who  arrays.  In  some  early  Eng~ 
lish  statutes,  an  officer  who  had  care  of  the  soldiers' 
armor,  and  wlio  saw  them  duly  accoutered.  In 
some  reigns,  commissioners  of  array  were  appoint- 
ed for  this  purpose.  Encyc. 

AR-RaY'ING,  ppr.  Setting  in  order;  putting  on 
splendid  raiment;  impanneling. 

AR-ReAR',  adv.  [Fr.  arridre,  behind.  In  some  of  its 
uses  it  lias  the  sense  of  lotcer,  inferior.  [See  Arri- 
ere-ban.] Sp.  and  Port,  arriar,  to  lower  sail ;  Arm. 
reor,  revr,  or  refr,  the  fmidameut ;  W.  rhcvyr,  id., 
from  r/tcu,  thick.  Lunier  deduces  arrear  and  arricrc 
from  L.  ad  and  retro.  But  the  derivation  from  the 
Celtic  seems  most  probably  correct.] 
Behind  ;  at  the  hinder  part.  Spenser. 

In  Viis  sense  obsolete.  But  from  this  use,  we  retain 
the  word  as  a  noun  in  the  phrase  in  arrear,  to  signi- 
fy behind  in  payment 

AFt-RloAR',  71.  That  which  is  behind  in  payment,  or 
which  remains  unpaid,  though  due.  It  is'generally 
used  in  the  plural ;  as,  tlie  arrcnrsof  rent,  wages,  and 
taxes  ;  and  supposes  a  part  of  the  money  already  pairi. 

AR-RkAR'AGE,  71.  [a rrfar  and  the  common  Frencli 
termination  age.] 

Ajrears  ;  any  sum  of  money  remaining  unpaid,  af- 
ter previous  payment  of  a  part.  A  person  may  be  in 
arrear  for  the  whole  amount  of  a  debt ;  but  arrears 
and  arrearage  imply  that  a  part  has  been  paid. 

AR-REGT',       /  a.     [L.  ai-rectu^,  raised,  erect,  from 

AR-RECT'ED,  i      arrigo.     See  Reach.] 

Erect ;  attentive;  as  a  person  listening,    .^kcnside. 

AR-REi\-Ta'T10N,  71.  [Sp.  arrendar,  to  rent,  to  take 
by  lease ;  of  ad  and  reddo,  to  return.     See  Rent.] 

In  the  forest  laws  of  England,  a  licensing  the  owner 
of  laud  in  a  forest  to  inclose  it  with  a  small  ditch  and 
low  hedge,  in  consideration  of  a  yearly  rent.   Cowel. 

AR-REP-TI"TIOt;S,  (ar-rep-tish'us,)  a.    [L.  aireptus, 
of  ad  and  rapio,  to  snatch.    See  Rapacious.] 
1.  Snatched  away. 

9.  [ad  and  repo,  to  creep.  See  Creep.]  Crept  in 
privily.  Jolmsan.     Bailey. 

AR-REST',  v.  t.  [Fr.  arr&ter,  for  arrester ;  Sp.  arres- 
tar ;  It.  arrcslare;  L.  resto,  to  stop;  W  araws,  arosi, 
to  stay,  wait,  dwell ;  Eng.  to  rest.    See  Rest.] 

1.  To  obstruct ;  to  stop ;  to  check  or  hinder  mo- 
tion ;  as,  to  arrest  the  current  of  a  river ;  to  arre^-t 
the  senses. 

2.  To  take,  seize,  or  apprehend  by  virtue  of  a  war- 
rant from  authority  ;  as,  to  arrest  one  for  debt,  or  for 
a  crime. 

3.  To  seize  and  fix  ;  as,  to  arrest  the  eyes,  or  at- 
tention. 

The  appearance  of  such  a  pcnon  in  the  world,  and  at  such  a 
penod,  ought  to  arrest  the  consideraiion  of  every  thinking 
mind.  Buckrmniter. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WIL^T — MeTE,  PREY.  — FINE,  M.\RXNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  W^OLF,  BOOK.— 


ARR 


ARR 


ART 


4.  To  hinder  or  resoain ;  as,  to  arrest  the  coursa 

aLkJEST','  It.  The  taking  or  apprehending  of  a  per- 
son l)V  Tiitue  of  a  warrant  from  authority.  An  ar- 
rest is'mado  bv  seizins  or  louchins  tne  bodv. 

2.  .\ny  seizure,  or  taking  by  power,  physical  or 

3.  A  stop,  hinderance,  or  restraint.  . 

4.  In  iai.  an  arrest  of  judgment  is  the  stajnng  or 
stoppins  of  a  judiuient  after  verdict,  lor  causes  g- 
si»ned. "  Courts  have  power  to  arrest  judpnent  for 
sisneu.    tu  _K-^      ^^  the  face  of  the  rec- 

■s  from  tlleorigi- 
^  materially  from 
.li  ill  tli<-  ilerlam- 
•.  oiiav.',  to  iV 
this  piirpo^ 


intrinsic  caus^ 
ord  ;  as  wher. 
nal  writ :  wli 


o.  A 
nf  the 


L>elween  the  ham  an  J  Jjst  r:i 
iiorse.  Jullascn. 

;.    The  act  of  arresting ;  an  ai- 

:-*a),  w     Seized;  apprehended;  stopped; 
' -'rained.  ,      r.   .    , 

,  It.    One  who  arrests.    In  Scots  iaio, 
,     the  person  at  whose  suit  an  arrest- 


ypr. 


Seizing;  staying;  liindering; 

■:■    n      \  tpnn,  in  Scots  lax,  applied  to 
;  10  persmti,  it  denotes,  m 
:,z  of  a  criminal  until  he 
~:.'i:  or  bail,  and  in  some 
r,  until  he  ^ivessc- 
'  s  the  alt:ichment, 
lie  of  a  debtor,  or 
who  is  d.blor  in  a 
r"s  debtor,  is  pro- 
liverv,  till  the  dubt 
.  or  ^«.-curcd'.    The  debtor, 
..■■  arrtsue.  as  tlie  reslrain- 
..     .rtsUr.  Ed.  Enci/c. 

i^Fr.  arrit ;  arreslrr,  arritcr,  to 
■  rmine.!  .     . 

,„,i\,,.^   1.  A  judsment,  decis- 
•  cularlytothejuds;- 
I  tribunals.    Before 
■1.  nt  or  decision  of 
Ls,  chamber 
"tiers,  whose 
_;  j  be  reversed 
It,  or  iiy  the  king  or  his  council ; 
ur  decrees  of  the  royal  council, 
red  as  a  part  of  the  French  law. 
re  of  persons,  or  a  seizure  or  at- 
_         ,  corresponding  to  the  Scotch  law 

.    To  assign  ;  to  alloL  [OJs.]  Spatscr. 
.  •.     [L.  coTideo.] 
i  „  1.  J  >ii  at ;  to  please  weU.    [J^'ot  in  use-J 

AR  RIEEE',  (ar-reer',)  n.    [Ft.  arriirc] 

T       1    I  btKly  of  an  army;  now  called  Rear, 

i  ■.,,- th- convocation,  by  the  sovereign,  of 

.111  ,us  leudatories,  to  inarch  in  arms  asainst  the  en- 
Kncyc  MOh. 
B-,  ,-H  ,_-,..J-.™  .-  tbe  a«emblv  of  the  vassals 

"    '    ■■  :    !  by  the  soTereijn  to 

■  .    t'  refers  to  the  fiefs 

_' ;  and  arriere-banlo 
-  .-.r  fy.  vas 

,  arriere  proc- 
:i3e  of  the  act 
■.!.-•  right  of  ban 
nibling  when 
■  trorn  the  fi(j/t, 
Msemu.,  V.  ,.,.,,.......-  :  .xs  to  appear  at 

.  —  and  the  body  assembled,  as  muster  ol 
n'-ral  of  the  ban.  Enctjc.  .Veth. 

?,  otjuf:  a  fee  or  fief  dependent  on  a 
.'or  a  fee  held  of  a  feudatory. 
■  --^a' :  th^  VT's.'J  of  a  vassal. 

-.'!«.    In  circAiiicti««,thecd!;e 

:neeting  each  other,  whether 

;  particularly  to  the  edges  in 

:d  edges,  which  separate  the 

a.  P-Cyc. 

.  j  ji.    lUarrim.]    The  act 

Jlshc. 

,   n.    The  coming  to,  or  reaching  a  plafe, 

■  m-e,  whether  by  water,  as  in  its  onemai 

Tient  or  gaining  of  any  < 
t ',  .  practice,  or  study. 

or  thing  arriving ;  as,  news  „,..„... 

1,,  il. 

;  :^_^jjh5r!'»31gtiiniCTh>ndtJieiril«».  VTcrmr. 

AE-KrV'ANCB, «.    Company  coming.    [-Vol  ige^^] 

2.  .\rrival ;  a  reaching  in  progress.  [0J».]    Brmcn. 

AR-EI VE',  r.  i.     [Fr.  an-cer ;  Arm.  arr,r<yi,t  a"^"'" 

IL  amzare;  Hp.  and   Port.  arrUiar;  o(  ad  and  tr 


rice  the  shore  or  sloping  bank  cf  a  river;  Sp. 
riera  ;  L.  ri/io;  Sans,  eriri.  In  Irish,  atrbhe  is  ribs. 
It  appears  that  rib,  rh-e,  and  ripa  are  radically  one 
word ;  in  like  manner,  casta,  a  rib,  and  coast,  are 
radically  the  same.] 

1.  LitcraUij,  to  come  to  the  shore,  or  bank.  Henc;-, 
to  come  to  or  reach  in  progress  by  water,  followed  by 
at.  We  arrincd  at  Havre  de  Grace,  July  10,  1834. 
N  W. 

2.  To  come  to  or  reach  by  traveling  on  land  ;  as, 
tlie  post  arr.-ees  at  7  o'clock. 

3.  To  reach  a  point  by  progressive  motion  ;  to  gam 
or  compass  bv  effort,  practice,  study,  inquiry,  reason- 
in",  or  expefimeut:  as,  to  arrlcc  at  an  unusual  de- 
cree of  excellence  or  wickeciness  ;  to  amve  at  a  con- 
"  4.  To  happen  or  occur.  [elusion. 

Happy  !  w  whom  ihis  glorjoos  death  aniixs.  WaUer. 

\tt-RIVE',  tj.  (.    To  reach.    [JVot  in  use]         SluUc. 
\E-RIV'1NG,  ppr.    Coming  to  or  reactang, by  water 

or  land  ;  saining  by  research,  effort,  or  study. 
\R'KOGA-N'CE,  n      [L.  arrogantia,  from  arrogo,  to 
'  claim  ;  of  ad  and  rogo,  to  bep,  or  desire ;  iT.  arro- 
gaiux ;   -Arm.  roguenuz ;  Sp.  and  Port,   arroganaa ; 
It.  arrotranza.     See  .Arrogate.] 

The  act  or  quality  of  taking  much  ui.on  one's  sell ; 
that  species  of  pride  which  consists  in  exorbitant 
claims  of  rank,  diguitv,  estimation,  or  power,  or 
which  exalts  the  worth  or  importance  of  the  person 
to  an  undue  degree  ;  proud  contempt  of  others; 
conceitcdness ;  presumption. 

1  «ill  cause  the  orro-ona  of  lie  proud  u>  c<»5e.  —  Isa.xiii.    1 
Sam.  iL    Pn)T.  vui. 


AR-RoW-SII.vP'£D,  ( -shapt,)  a.  Shaped  like  an  ar- 
row.   In  botany,  sagittate. 

AR'RoW-Y,  a.    Consisting  of  arrows.  Mdlim. 

2.  Formed  like  an  arrow.  Coicpcr. 

ARSE,  71.  firs,)  [Sax.  carse :  D.  oars ;  G.  arsch ,-  I'ersic, 
orsit,  or  .irst.]  The  buttocks,  or  hind  part  of  an 
animal. 

To  hang  an  arse,  is  to  lag  behind 
or  tardy.    [Vidgar.'] 
-VRr,n.     - 


.Ul'RO-GAN-CY,  n.    Arrogance.     [Tltis  orthography 

AR'K&^V.Vr,  a.  .Assuming ;  making,  or  having  the 
dbposition  to  make  exorbitant  claims  of  tank  or  esti- 
mation; Riving  one's  self  an  undue  degree  of  im- 
portance ;  haughty  ;  conceited  ;  appUcd  to  persons. 

o  Containing  arrogance  ;  marked  with  arrogance  , 
nroceedin"  from  undue  claims  or  self-importance ; 
applied     tS     things;     as,   arrogtmt    pretensions,    or 

\RTiO-GAN"T-F,Y,  ode.     In  an   arrogant  manner; 

with  undue  pride,  or  self-importance. 

VR'RO-GANT-NESS,  ii.    jUrogance.     [Little  used.] 

AR'RO-GaTE,  e.  (.     [L.  arrogo,  of  ad  and  ro^o  ;  1-r. 

arrcacri  Sp.  and  Port,  arrogar ;  It.  '"^"?"«-    ,Tne 

priTrar>-  sense  of  rago,  to  ask,  is  to  reach  or  stretch.] 

To  assume,  demand,  or  challenge  more  than  i» 

proper  ;  to  make  undue  claims,  from  v.anily  or  fa  »e 

pretensions  to  right  or  merit;  as,  the  pope  arrogated 

\R^RO-gVvBD^Pp':  'claimed  by  undue  pretensions. 

'\RTvO-G.\-TI.NG,i»(n-.    Challenging  or  claiming  more 
oower  or  respect  than  is  just  or  reasonable. 

AR^RO-G.^'TIO.N,  7..    The  act  of  arrogatmg,  or  mak- 

^g  exorbitant  claims;  the  act  of  taking  more  than 
one  is  justlv  entitled  to.  „„j„„ 

AR'RO-G.VtlVE,  a.     Assuming,  or  making  undue 
claims  and  pretensions.  jaore. 

ARR7.v"DISSE-.^IE.^T,(:mil>g,)  n.     [Fr.,  from  er- 
roml.r,  to  make  round  ;  of  ad  and  rond,  round.] 

Laterally,  a  circuit,  or  district.  vVs  now  used,  u 
Fran^^  it  denute.s,  especially,  the  immediate  subdivi- 
siS^o^a  department.  The  territorj- of  France,  since 
the  revolul  on,  has  been  divided  mto  departme^, 
those,  into  irro7ici«se7;K^;  those,  mtoM»toi.^;  and 
the  l.-ittor,  into  communes.  .        , 

AR-ROSION,    (ar-ro'zhun,)    n.      [L.    arroio.]      A 


1^  L    V,  in:  ' 
-6a.i;  —  of  til 
;  as,  subject  : 
-  assembly  or  ;i... 


nrcwo.    wu.  ray,  ru....^,  -  •'■--•-J 
1     \  missive  weapon  of  offense,  straight,  slender, 
pointed,  and  barbed,  to  be  shot  w^lh  a  bow 

o  In  ScWnrure,  the  nrrcws  o/ God,  are  the  appre 
hensions  o/lus  'wmth,  which  pierce  ancl jam  the 
c,.n=rieiice.  Job  vi.  Ps.  .x.xxviii.  In  a  like  Ilg.ira 
trv  eliann  Jr,  arrows  represent  the  judgments  of  uod ; 

AE'ReW-HE  AD,  (-hed,)  n.    The  head  of  an  arrow. 
2   The  popular  name  of  different  aquatic  plants 
sr^ciiof  the  genus  Sagittaria ;  so  c^led  from  the 
Semblance  of  their  leaves  to  the  head  of  an  arrow 

AR'Ro'.V-IiEAD'ED,  (-hed'ed,)  a.    Shaped  like  tne 

""'l^ifaZt^ed  eharacurs,  are  certain  charac. 
tcrs  found  on  the  ruins  of  Persepol.s,  and  the  bricks 
;  f  I'-hvlon  and  in  some  other  places  of  the  1..3St , 
■■™"ed-by"'a  combination  of  triangular,  or  i«^ge- 
:.;e  figures,  hence  called,  also,  cu.ic./om^charac 

vp'Rhw-ROOT,  17.    A  popular  name  applied  to  the 

"Sf5?^cih&:^n.:^^^ 
^i^if£:^iih^rs=^^; 

„lant  is  obtained  the  arrow-root  cl  tlie  shops. 
'^2   The  "larch  of  the  Maranta  Arundmacea,  a  nu- 
tritive medicinal  food. 


to  be  sluggish, 

XRSE'-SJIXRT.ii.  ■'tIic  vulgar  name  of  a  species  of 

Polvsonum,  or  knot-grass. 
XR'S&X.\L,  n.    [Sp.    Port.    Fr.  ^Vrm.   arsenal;   It. 
arsenate ;  a  in;igazine  or  rcpositor>'  of  stores ;    in 
Italian  and  Spanish,  a  dock  or  dock-yard  ;  probably 
L.  arz  navalis,  a  naval  citadel  or  repository.] 

A  repository  or  magazine  of  arms  and  military 
stores,  whether  for  land  or  naval  service. 

In  £i:':'laiid,  and  other  Eurrpean  countries,  a  pub- 
lic establishment  where  naval  or  military  engines 
and  equipments  are  manufactured  or  stored. 

P.  Cyc. 
XR-SJE'NI-ATE,  71.    A  salt,  formed  by  arsenic  acid 
combined  with  any  base. 

XR'SEN-ie,  7..    [Ar.  iJtJjj  ^rnal-un  ;  Sj-r.  lOaJ>l 


Ki7TiiAa;  Gr.  afcsi'iicof  ;  Ij.  arsenicum ;  Sp.  arsenico; 

Fr.  arsenicl  ,  .  ^  -t 

.Arsenic  is  a  metal  of  a  steel  gray  color,  and  bril- 
liant luster,  and  quite  brittle.  It  forms  alloys  with 
most  of  the  metals.  Combined  with  sulphur,  it 
forms  orpiment  and  realgar,  which  are  the  yellow 
and  red  sulphurets  of  arsenic.  Orpiment  is  the  tnie 
arsenicum  of  the  ancients.  Plin.  M.  18.  ^atlve  or- 
piment appears  in  yellow,  brilliant,  and  seemingly 
talcky  masses  of  various  sizes ;  realgar  is  red.  ot 
different  shades,  and  often  crjslallized  iil  needles. 
Arsenic  is  also  found  as  a  miiieralizer  in  cobalt, 
antimonv,  copper,  iron  and  silver  ores.  It  is  brought 
chiefiy  from  the  cobalt  works  in  Saxony,  where 
zaffer  is  made.  .     .      ,.      , 

The  substance  known  as  arsenic,  m  the  shops,  !s 
the  arsenious  acid,  called  also  ozyd  of  ai-senie  and 
Kkite  arsenic.  Foureroy-    AMsan. 

AR-SEX'ie  ACID,  n.  An  acid  composed  ot  two 
equivalents  cf  areenic  and  five  of  o.xygen. 

,\R-SEN'IC-AL,a.  Belonging  to  arsenic;  consisting 
of  or  containing  arsenic. 

\R  ^EN'IC-\TE,  7!.  (.    To  combine  with  arsenic. 

XR-SEX'ie- \-TED,  pp.  or  a.  Combined  with  arsenic 

XR'SEX-tTE,  r..  A  salt  formed  by  the  arsenious  acid 
with  a  base.  .  .,       ^^   „ 

\R-SE'iNI-OUS,  a.    Pertaining  to,  consisting  of,  or 

■  containing  arsenic;  as,  arse;i.oi«  powder,  »' ^^^^ 

XR-SE'NI-OUS  ACID,  71.  An  acid  compo.sed  of  tivo 
equivalents  of  arsenic  and  three  ol  oxygen. 

^vESH'INT;,  71.  A  Russian  measure  of  two  feet  foiir 
inches  and  242  decimals.  This  seems  to  be  the 
Chinese  arsel,in,  of  which  four  niake  three  >ards 
ir„„,,ih  Toukcs  Russia.     Encyc 

XR'SIS:  a.    [Gr.l    In  prosody,  that  point  in  ^  «\^^- 

*  ure  w'h"  re^Uieictiu.  is  put,  or  which  is  ""-^^d^by  => 

^'^S^T.^aln'of- voice  now  called  ,n.t^^ 
cJtuation,  accompanied  by  the  ictus  <;y' joke  ofUio 
foot  markin^it.  It  is  micertam  whether  the  arsis 
consiSedina  higher  musical  ■!-'«'' ,?:-•"  ^rt'"™^' 
or  longer  duration  of  sound,  or  m  all  combin-d^^^ 

2.  In  music,  the  rising  of  the  hand  it-pbeatrng 

XR'SOX,  n.    [>rotm.  Fr.  arsine, arscim ;  from  L.  ardto, 

Tn";;'°  te  mllicious  bimiing  of  a  ?«-eUing-ho.lse 
or  ou  -house  of  another  man,  which  by  the  commou 
law  is  felony.  The  definition  "^''"^  "  ™- 'J  "  Jn 
by  statutes  in  different  <=<"'»'"",  ="''','^;'::,'|,„'" 
Connecticut,  the  burning  not  only  of  a  d«  eim^ 
ho°u"ro"  contiguous  "uiMing,  but  of  a  sh.p^»r  oU, 
vessel,  is  declared  to  be  arson,  if  human  me 
thereby  deslroved  or  put  to  hazard.  „_,.„. 

€je'^ns?:s^^r.^^^-: 

.|?:r;^^^;^robably  con^^  ^^ 

TLfuXo^''^reii.nT-rfnin.,J^^ 

of  strength  and  power,  and  hence  of  s^U.    -«  an 

''tThe"dr,;^sili«n  or  modification  of  thin|S  by 
human  skill,  to  answer  the  purpo.se  intended.  In 
this  sense  art  stands  opposed  to  ««"J^-^^,,     ^^^^_ 

.-ciii^^^si^sjSiS 

and  /T6-'r»i  or  votitr.    The  mecnan  j„„c(,nu.d 

in  which  the  hands  and  bod;  are  m<  „  „si|s. 

than  the  "lind,  as  in  making  ^^^-^^^^^'^'^^^ 
These  arts  are  called  trade.-,     l  a-  """  i~ 


TONE,  BULL,  CNITE. 


ART 

arts  are  those  in  which  the  mind  or  imagination  is 
chiefly  concerned,  as  poetry,  music,  and  painting. 

In  Americ.1,  lilortture  and  the  flfpnnl  arts  nuist  piDw  up  sii!-' 
Ity  tide  »ith  Ihc  coareer  plaiits  ul  daily  necessity.    Jrvtn^. 

3.  Business  or  employment ;  as,  the  various  arts 
of  life.  Swift. 

4.  Skill,  dexterity,  or  the  power  of  performing 
certain  actions,  acquired  by  experience,  study,  or 
ob;>ei'valion  ;  :is,  a  man  has  the  art  of  managing  liis 
business  to  advantage. 

5.  Cunning;  artifice;  as,  "Animals  practire  art 
when  opposed  to  their  superiors  in  strength."  Crahhr.. 

6.  Formerly,  in  an.  academical  smsc,  the  nrts,  or 
the  liberal  arts,  denoted  the  sciences  and  philosophy, 
or  the  circle  of  academical  education ;  hence,  d"e- 
{Trees  in  the  arts ;  master  and  bachflor  of  art.?. 

Jirt  and  part:  in  Scoti  law^  a  term  denoting  the 
charge  of  contri\  uig  n  criminal  design  as  well  as  of 
pailicipaling  in  the  perpetration  of  the  criminal  act; 
t^aid  to  be  an  abbreviation  of  the  Latin  artifex  ct 
particcps. 

AU-TE-iMlS'IA,  71.  A  cpn"s  of  plants  of  numerous 
species,  iiiclu(ling  the  plants  called  mugwort,  south- 
ernwood, and  worm-.vood.  Of  these  the  A.  Absin- 
thium, or  comn'tjn  wormwood,  is  well  known. 

AR-Te'R[-AL,  a.  ^See  Arterv.]  Pertaining  to  an 
artery  or  the  arteries  ;  as,  arterial  action. 
2.  Contained  in  an  artery  ;  as,  arterial  blood. 
.Arterial  blood  differs  from  venous  blood  particu- 
larly by  its  lighter  florid  red  color,  and  its  greater 
warmth  and  coagulability  —  changes  produced  by  the 
process  of  respiration. 

AU-Te-RI-AL-IZ-a'TIOX,  n.  The  process  of  making 
arterial.  fVatts. 

AR-Te'RI-AL-TZE,  v.  t.  To  communicale,  as  to 
venous  blood,  the  qualities  of  arterial  blood ;  to 
malce  arterial.  Front. 

.KR-Tk'RI-AL-IZ-CD,  pp.  or  a.    Made  arterial. 

AR-TE'Rl-AL-iZ-[NG,ppr.    Rendering  art(;rial. 

AR-Tk-R[-0IVO-0V,  n.     [Gr.   aprnfjia,  artery,  and 
Ko)  o;,  discourse.] 
A  treatise  or  discourse  on  the  arteries.       J\Iorin, 

AR-Te-RI-OT'O-.MY,  ti.  [Gr.  aprqfna,  an  artery, 
and  r  'nn,  a  cutting.J 

1.  The  opening  of  an  artery  by  a  lancet,  or  other 
instrumf^nt  for  the  purpose  of  letting  blood. 

2.  That  part  of  anatomy  which  treats  of  the  dis- 
section of  the  arteries. 

AR'TE-RY,  ?;.  [Gr.  o/jr/j/iin,  from  i7rj/:,  air,  and  rripcui, 
to  preserve  or  contain  ;  so  called,  from  the  opinion  of 
the  ancients,  that  the  arteries  contain  only  air.  The 
term  was  also  applied  to  the  trachea  or  windpipe, 
arteria  asjiera.  In  G-^r.  lifft-a<hr,  air-vein,  is  the 
name  for  artery ;  in  Dutch,  slafr-adcr,  stroke-vein ; 
in  Svved.  puls-adrr.  pulse-vtdn  ;  Dan.  puls-aarc,  pulse- 
vein  ;  that  is,  the  beating  vein.] 

A  term  applied  to  the  vessels  or  tubes  which  con- 
vey the  blood  from  the  heart  to  all  parts  of  llie  body. 
Tlicre  are  two  principal  arteries  ;  the  aorta,  which 
rises  from  the  left  ventricle,  and  ramifies  through  the 
whole  body  ;  and  the  pulmonanj  artery,  which  con- 
veys the  blood  from  the  right  ventricle  to  the  lungs, 
to  undergo  respiralit.n.  An  artery  is  composed  of 
three  coats  ;  the  outer  consists  of  condensed  cellular 
membrane,  and  is  supplied  with  numerous  blood- 
vessels and  nerves  ;  the  middle  coat  consists  of  cir- 
cular fibers,  formerly  supposed  by  seme  to  be  muscu- 
lar, but  now  regarded  as  a  peculiar  fibrous  tissue ; 
the  inner  coat,  thin,  smooth,  and  dense,  confines  the 
blood  wiiujji  its  canal,  and  facUitates  its  motion. 
_  Parr.     C'ic. 

AR-Te'SI  AN,  a.    [from  Artois,  in  France.] 

Artesian  wrlU  are  those  which  are  made  by  boring 
into   the  earth,  till  the  instrument  reaches  water, 
wiiich,  from  mternal  pressure,  llows  spontaneously 
like  a  fountain. 
ART'FUL,  a.     [See  Art.] 

1.  Performed  with  art  or  skill.  Drydm. 

0.  Artificial,  as  opposed  to  natural.  JoIdlwiu 
'3.  Cunning;  practicing  art,  or  stratagem;  crafty; 

as,  an  artfal  boy.     [  This  is  the  most  usual  smse.] 
4.  Proceeding    from  art    or  craft;    as,  an  artfal 

scheme. 
XRT'FJjL-LYjOtiL-.    With  art,  or  cunning;  skillfully  ; 

dextrtjuslv. 
XRT'FUL-NESS,  n.    Art;  craft;   cunning;  address. 
AR-TITRIT'ie,  ) 

aR-THRITTC-AL,  i  "• 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  joints  ;  aflecling  the  joints. 

2.  Pertaining  to  the  gout  3  gouty. 
AR-TlIRl'TlS,  7U      [Gr.   ap^yiTii^  from    ap^poi,  a 

joint.] 

In  a  general  .icnse,  any  inflammation  of  the  joints ; 
hilt  more  particularly,  tixo  gout,  an  hereditary,  inter- 
mitting disease,  usually  affecting  the  small  joints; 
soTuetimes  the  stomach.  Coze,     ^uinaj. 

AR-THRo'DI-A,  n.  [from  apdpooj,  to  frame  or  artic- 
ulate.] 

1.  In  anatomy,  a  species  of  articulation,  in  which 
tlie  head  of  one  bone  is  received  into  the  shallow 
socket  of  anotlier  ;  as  that  of  the  humerus  into  the 
glenoid  cavity  of  the  scapula.  Encyc. 

2.  In  natural  history,  a  genus  of  imperfect  crystals, 


ART 

found  in  complex  masses,  and  forming  long  single 
pyramids,  with  vcr>-  sliort  and  slender  colunms. 

Eiicvc. 

AR-TIIRODTC,  a.    Relating  to  arthrodia,  which'see. 

AR'Tie.  This  word  is  erroneously  used  by  some 
autliors  for  arctic. 

AR'TI-CHOKE,  71.  [Uu.  the  first  syllable  of  Gr. 
ujirvTiKit.  Fr.  nrtichavl;  Arm.  artichaudcn  ;  Sp.  alcu- 
c'li'fa.  Port,  acaclufra:  It.  curciofo,  carciofaiio,  or 
carciofalo.  The  first  syllable  is  probably  the  L.  car- 
duns,  chard,  thistle,  corruiited.  D.  arti^ok;  G. 
aHiffcharhc ;  Dan.  artiskoh.] 

The  Cynara  t<colymns,  a  plant  somewhat  rescm- 
bhng  a  thistle,  with  a  dilated,  imbricated  and  prickly 
calyx.  The  head  i:<  iarye,  rough,  and  scaly,  on  an 
upright  stalk.  It  i:^  composed  of  numercuis  oval 
sc;ales,  inclosing  the  tlorets,  sitting  on  a  broad  rece|v 
tacle,  which,  with  the  fleshy  base  of  the  scales,  is 
tiie  eatable  part  of  the  plant.  Encyc    Miller. 

The  Jrriisalnn  artichoke  is  a  species  of  sunflower, 
(IfdiaTithus  tubcrosus.)  This  is  the  plant  commonly 
called  artidioke,  in  America.  The  term  Jerusalem 
is  here  a  coiTUption  of  the  Ital.  girasolc,  sunflower. 

AR'TI-t'LE,  m.  [L.  articidug,  a  joint,  from  artiLs: 
Gr.  np-jpoi,'] 

1.  A  single  clause  in  a  contract,  account,  system 
of  regulations,  treaty,  or  other  writing;  a  paiticular 
separate  charge  or  item  in  au  account ;  a  tenn,  con- 
dition, or  stipulation  in  a  contract.  In  short,  a  dis- 
tinct part  of  a  writing,  instrument,  or  discom-se, 
Consisting  of  two  or  more  particulars ;  as,  articles 
of  agreement ;  an  account  con.^isting  of  many 
articles. 

2.  A  point  of  faith ;  a  doctrinal  point  or  proposi- 
tion in  theology;  as,  tlie  thirty-nine  articles. 

3.  Comprehension  :  as,  a  soul  of  great  article.  Shak, 

4.  A  distinct  part. 

Upon  C3ch  arlidc  of  human  duly.  PaJey. 

5.  A  particular  commodity,  or  substance;  as,  au 
article  of  merchandise  ;  salt"  is  a  necessary  article. 
In  common  usage,  this  word  is  applied  to  almost 
every  separate  substance  or  material. 

The  arlides  which  conip-jsc  Cii'i  hlood,  JDancin. 

6.  A  point  of  time.     [J^ot  in  use]  Clarendon. 

7.  In  grammar,  an  afljeciive  iised  before  nouns,  to 
limit  or  define  their  applicatioti ;  as,  hie,  ille,  ipsr,  in 
Latin  ;  <'),  i),  to,  in  Greek  ;  rJie,fMs,  Uwt,  in  English  ; 
le,  la,  Ics,  in  French  :  (7,  la,  lo,  in  Italian.  The  pri- 
mary use  of  these  adjectiw^s  was  to  convert  an  in- 
determinate name  into  a  determinate  one  ;  or  to  limit 
the  application  of  a  common  name  to  a  specific, 
known,  or  certain  indiviiliial.  Cut  article  being  an 
improper  term  to  exjire^s  the  true  signification,  I 
make  use  of  definitive,  wliicli  see. 

//I  the  article  of  deaVi,  [L.  m  articnlo  morti?  ;]  liter- 
ally, in  the  moment  of  death  ;  in  the  last  struggle  or 
agony. 

JSriielrs  of  war ;  the  code  or  regulations  for  tlie 
government  of  the  army  in  Great  Britain,  and  of  the 
army  and  navy  in  the  United  States. 

Articles  of  ilie  navy  i  the  code  or  regulations  for 
the  government  of  liie  navy  in  Great  Britain. 

Lords  of  articles ;  in  Scntti.'ih  history,  a  committee  of 
the  parliament,  wJiove  business  was  to  prepare  and 
digest  all  matters  that  were  to  be  laid  before  it,  in- 
cluding the  preparation  of  all  bills  for  laws;  called 
also  lords  articulars.  Rabci-tson. 

AR'TI-€LE,  V.  t. 

1.  To  draw  up  in  distinct  particulars ;  as,  to 
article  the  errors  or  follies  of  man.  Taylor. 

2.  To  accuse  or  charge  by  an  exhibition  of  articles. 
"  Ke  shall  be  articled  against  in  the  High  Court  of 
A'drairalty."    Stat.  :f3  Geo.  III. 

3.  To  hind  by  articles  of  covenant  or  stipulation  ; 
a^,  to  artide  an  apprentice  to  a  mechanic. 

AR'TI-CLE,  7;.  i.  \_Siipra.']  To  agree  by  articles;  to 
stipulate.  Donne. 

AR'TI-CLED, pp.  Drawn  up  in  particulars;  accused 
or  bound  by  articles. 

AR-TIC'IT-LAR,  a.     [T..  nrtiadaris.] 

Belonging  to  the  joints;  as.  the  gout  is  an  articular 
disease. 

XR-TIC'IT-LAR-LY,  adv.    Sn  as  to  sound  everj-  letter. 

AR-TI€-U-La'TA,  71.  pL  [L.]  The  name  of  a  di- 
vision of  the  animal  kinf.dom,  charactL-rized  by  a 
jointed  or  articu!att;d  covering,  consisting  of  a  series 
of  annuiations  or  rings,  corresponding  to  the  internal 
skeleton  of  the  veriehrated  animals.  This  division 
includes  the  Annelida,  or  worms  ;  the  Crustacea, 
or  crab-like  animals;  the  Arachnida,  or  spider-like 
animals  ;  and  the  Insecta,  or  proper  insects. 

AR-Tie'U-LATE,  a.  [L.  arr/cH/a^/.*,  jointed,  distinct.] 
1.  Formed  by  jointing  or  articulation  of  the  organs 
of  spi3ech  :  applied  to  .<;ound.  An  articulate  sound  is 
made  by  closing  and  o|jening  the  organs  of  speech. 
The  junction  or  closing  of  tiie  organs  forms  a  joint 
or  articulation,  as  in  the  syllables  ab,  ad,  ap  :  in  pass- 
ing from  one  articulation  in  another,  the  organs  are, 
or  may  be,  opened,  and  a  vowel  is  uttered,  as  in 
attune  i  and  the  different  articulations,  with  the  in- 
tervening vocal  sounds,  form  what  is  called  articu- 
late sounds;  sounds  distinct,  separate,  and  modified 
by  articulation  or  jointing.    This  articulation  con- 


ART 

fititutes  the  prominent  ditference  between  tlie  human 
voice  and  that  of  brutes.     Brutes  open  the  mouth 
and  make  vocal  sounds,  but  have  either  not  at  all,  or 
vciy  iuipeilectly,  the  power  ot"  articulation. 
2."  Clear;  distinct;  as,  art/cuiale  prouunciaticm. 

3.  Expressed  in  articles,  or  in  separate  particulars. 
[JV'ot  itscd.)  Baron 

4.  In  natural  history,  jointed  ;  formed  with  joints. 
AR-TIC'U-LaTE,  «.  i.    To  utter  articulate  soutuJ^  , 

to  utter  distinct  syllables  or  words,  as,  to  art.cul.i\ 
distinctly. 
AR-TIC'U-LaTE,  r.  (. 

1.  To  form  into  elementary  sounds  ;  to  form  into 
distinct  syllables,  or  words;  as.  to  articulate  letters 
or  language. 

2.  To  draw  up  or  write  in  separate  particulars. 
[JVwt  iwrrf.]  Sluik. 

3.  To  treat,  stipulate,  or  make  terms.     [J^ot  tt^r.:. 

Sha:.: 

4.  To  joint.  SmitJi. 
AR-Tie'U-LA-TED,  pp.  or  a. 

1.  Uttered  distinctly  in  syllables  or  words 

2.  Jointed  ;  having  joints  ;  as  a  plant  or  animal. 
AR-Tie'U-LATE-LY,  adv. 

1.  With  distinct  utterance  of  syllables  or  words. 

2.  Article  bv  article  ;  in  detail.  Pul<'ii. 
AR-Tie'T.T-LAtE-NE::S,   n.      The   qualify  of   being 

articulate. 

AU-TIC'IJ-La-TLNG,  ppr.    Uttering  in  distinct  s;  1- 

-    lables  or  words. 

AR-Tie-U-LA'TIOX,  71. 

I.  In  anafoTwj/,  the  joining  or  juncture  of  the  bon"s. 
This  is  of  three  kinds :  l>;t,  diart/trosis,  or  a  movable 
connection,  including  enarthrosis,  or  the  ball  and 
socket  joint;  arthrodia,  which  is  the  same,  but  niir- 
superficial ;  ginglynuis,  or  hinge-iikc  joint;  and  ii  > 
choid,  or  the  wheel  and  axle:  2d,  syticrtlirosis,  i:u- 
movable  connection,  as  by  suture,  or  junctitui  iiy 
serrated  margins;  harmony,  or  union  by  straight 
margins;  and  gomphosis,  like  a  nail  ilriven  iu  a 
board,  as  the  teeth  in  their  sockets:  3d,  sympby.^i-. 
or  union  by  means  of  another  substance;  as  .^yn 
chondrosis,  union  by  a  cartilage  ;  syssarcosis,  un!-;: 
by  muscular  fibers;  synneurosis,  union  by  tendon-. 
syndesmosis,  union  by  ligaments;  and  t^ynusto  is. 
union  by  a  bony  substance.  Quincy.     Coze. 

•2.  In  botany,  a  temi  applied  to  the  connectiou  vi 
the  parts  of  a  plant  by  joints,  as  in  pods  ;  also,  lo  rli._ 
nodes  or  joints,  as  in  cane  and  inaizo ;  and  to  ili'- 
parts  intercepted  between  the  joints.  Encyc. 

3.  The  forming  of  words  ;  a  distinct  utterance  of 
syllables  and  words  by  the  human  voice,  by  means 
of  closing  and  opening  the  organs. 

4.  Ac<»nsonant;  a  letter  nctinga  jointing  or  closin„' 
of  the  organs. 

ART'I-FICE,  71.  [L.  artiftciiim,  from  ars,  art,  a!..l 
facio,  to  make.] 

1.  Artful  contrivance ;  an  artful  or  ing.niou: 
device,  in  a  gooil  or  bad  si  use.  In  a  bad  sense,  it 
corresponds  with  trick,  or  fraud. 

2.  Art;  trade;  skill  acquu-ed  by  science  or  prac- 
tice.     [Aot  7/-vST(/.] 

ART-IF'I-CER,  71.     [L.  artifcz,  from  ars  and  facto.] 

1.  An  artist:  a  mechanic  or  manufacturer;  one 
whose  occupation  requires  skill  or  knowledge  01  ;■ 
particular  kind,  as  a  silversmith  or  saddler. 

2.  One  who  makes  or  contrives  ;  an  inventor;  :i-. 
an  artificer  of  fraud  or  lies.  J\!Uton. 

3.  A  cunning  or  artful  fellow.     [JVot  used,] 

Bcti  Jonson. 
ART-T-FI^CIAL,  (art-e-fish'al,)  a.    Made  or  contrive  1 
by  art,  or  by  human  skill  and  labor,  in  op))u>.itiou  1  • 
natural;    as,   artificial    heat    or    light;    an    artificial 
magnet. 

2.  Feigned;  fictitious;  not  genuine  or  natural ;  as, 
artificial  tears, 

3.  Contrived  with  skill  or  art. 

4.  Cultivated;  not  indigenous;  not  being  of  spon- 
taneous growth  ;  as,  artijieial  grasses.  Qibbun. 

Artificial  arr-nnicnts,  in  rhetoric,  are  argmnenis  in- 
vented by  the  speaker,  in  distuictiou  fnun  huvs, 
authorities,  and  the  like,  which  are  called  iiutrtificiol 
arguments  or  proofs.  .Johnson.. 

Artificial  lines,  on  a  sector  or  scale,  aro  imes  so 
contrived  as  to  represent  the  logarithmic  siUvS  and 
tangents,  which,  by  the  help  of  the  line  of  numbers, 
solve,  with  lolerablH  exactness,  questions  in  trigo- 
nometry, navigation,  &c. 
Artificial  numbers;  the  same  with  logarithms. 

Cliambcrs.     Encifc. 

ART-I-FI"CI-AL'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  being  arti- 
ficial ;  appearance  of  art.  Shen---tone. 

ART-I-FI"CIAL-LY,  adv.    By  ait,  or  human  skill 
and  contrivance;    hence,  with  good  contrivance;  j 
with  ait  or  ingenuity  I 

ART-l-FI"CIAL-NEt?S,  7(.    The  quality  of  being  ar-   ! 
tilicial. 

Ali-TIL'LE-RIST,  71.     A  person  skilled  in  gunnorv. 

AR-TIL'LE-RY,  n.  This  word  has  no  plural.  [Fr. 
artilieric ;  It.  artiglicria ;  Sp.  arttlleria.  In  Fr.  ar- 
tiilcur,  artillia;  is  a  matross  ;  Sp.  artUlar,  to  mount 
cannon.  In  Armoric,  artillery  is  artdJiirtj,  and  an 
artist  is  artUhrr.  In  Norm.  Fr.  artillery  is  written 
articUirie.    The  Armoric  unites  this  word  with  art, 


«' 


FaTE,  far,  fall,  what.  — MeTE,  PRF.Y.  — n.\E,  M.MUNE,  BIRD XoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.- 

'72  ~~  '  ~ 


ARU 

artisty  iiidicaliiig  tjint  the  pruiiaiy  sense  is,  instru- 
inenU,  Uui:s5  Ilrnued  by  arty  or  rather  prepared  by 
;in,  pre panii. oris.] 

1.  In  tt  seueral  senst,  odtiisiv..-  weapons  of  war. 
Ueoce  it  was  formerly  used  i\:  hows  and  arrows. 

Aiul  Jonath^i  ^re  bis  ero^ery  to  Lis  Isd.  —  1  Sam.  xx. 

But  in  present  usage,  cppropriatd^, 

2.  Cannon  :  ?reat  guns ;  ordnmic?,  including  guns, 
111  .  .-.ers,  &c.,  witii  tliL'ir  fiirninire  of  car- 
r  :nbs,  and  sliot  i^l'  all  kinds,  and  also 
r.     .                     :iade?. 

0.  In  >:  '-.'.-re  ezT'-itded  ^e  :  '  1  incl'.ides 
the  powder,  carrrul^r-;,  i!i;i:  .  macliines 
of  all  kinds,  anil  hur^e.',  i..  ■  a  train  of 
artiller>\ 

■4.  The  men  who  manag*-*  cannon  and  mortars,  in- 
cl'idins  nn:rr??es,  2nnn;'rs,tx'rnbardi.rs,  canuoiiiers, 
( -  r  name  liit'v  arc-  rall-d,  with  tlu-  offi- 

c  ers,  and  tiif  y  r-.-.n-  who  :-i:;-pIy  the 

::_-  .;:ipIemenU  and  iir'.terin'.s.  K'icyc. 

i.   1  h_-  SCI-  nee  of  artiUerj"  and  giinn^T}'. 

CainpbeJl-j  jrd.  Diet, 
XU-T1L'LE-RY-M.\X,  lu    A  man  who  manages  a 

large  gun  in  firing. 
ART'I-SAX,  n.     [Fr.,  from  L.  ars.    See  Amx.] 

1.  One  trained  to  manual  dexterity  in  any  art, 
mystery,  or  trade. 

•1.  A  handcrafl^man  ;  a  mechanic. 
ARTIST,   n.      [Tt.  artiste;  IL  ortLitti;    from   U  ars. 
See  Art.] 

1.  In  a  general  sejue,  one  who  \s  skilled  in  the 
practice  of  some  art. 

2.  ,ipprvifruitf!it,  in  present  nsngi 
fesses  and  prartices  one  c-f  the  liberal  art.-,  in  which 
science  and  la^t*--  preside  over  tht*  ni:ii:iial  execution. 
It  is  thus  that  the  arttgt  is  distinju!>i)td  frrjm  the 
artisan,  who  follows  mechanicaily  ilie  nik-.^  of  his 
handcraft  or  art.  The  term  i>  p;inicul 
to  paintent,  sculptors,  en^rravcrs,  and  art^^ 


Drydctu 
,  one  who  pro- 


arpli.d 


t  ■ 


■Fr/ 


A  tr. 


:'l0:jt 


or  a  (:<-»k.     'iuii   iLtiii   .-Iiuuld  iii^L   \.-^  tumi^jimd^A 
with  The  English  word  artUt, 
\l\  i   '.-  I'TG,         i  a.    [from  cr^i•ti,^     Pfrtaining  to  an 
IC-AL,  \     artist;   nvide  in  ihe  manner  of 
' ;  conformable  to  an  ;  rc'.-nliir. 
-    iC-AL-LY,  adr.     In  an  artistic  manner. 
■   r  JL.EaS,  a.    Unskillful ;  wanting  art,  knowledge, 
r  skill.  Dnfdat. 

2.  Free  from  guile,  art,  rrai^,  orFtmiagem ;  simple ; 
sincere}  unadjcted}  undesigning;  as,  an  artlesj 
mind. 

3.  Contrived  without  skill  or  art ;  as,  an  artless 

"'LESS-LY,  adr.  Without  art  or  skill ;  in  an  art- 
.  -9  manner. 

2.  Without  guile  j  naturally ;  sincerely  ;  anaffect- 
"dlv.  Pope. 

:   r^SS-NTlSS,  n.    The  quality  of  iM-ing  void  of  art 
:  simplicity  ;  sincerity  ;  unaflectjdness. 
^  V-RITE,  n.  [of  Gr.  O/^rof,  bread,  and  rvpo^. 

One  of  a  sect  of  heretics,  in  the  primitive  church, 

who  celebrateil  the  eiichariitl  wiih  brea:l  and  cheese, 

alleging  that  the  lirsi  oblations  of  men  \vi>tc  not  only 

1'  the  fruit  of  the  eirth,  but  of  their  Hocks.    They 

ilmitted  females  to  the  priesthood  and  episcopacy. 

:T3'-MA.V,  Ti.    AleamMman.    [Obs,]        Shak, 
U-L'N-DeL'I.VN,  a.      Pertaining   to  Arundel;   as, 
A  —  -^''.dian  marbles.    The  Ani.iilelian  marbles  are 
■  I  stones,  containing  a  chfdiioiigir^il  detail  of 
-nripal  evenU  of  Greece,  frnni  Crrrops,  who 
,,  ?  I--0  ,....._-   K. ..-.-,   1  ,,    .    '  -  !!ie  archon- 
un'_'raving 
-  called  the 
*    .-..._..     .,  ,.      .  Mt-  -  .1.         ..i  A  JiruttiUl- 

itm,  from  the  eart  of  .Anintlel.  whi)  eTrt;»Ioyed  Wil- 
liam Petty  to  procure  relics  of  .uitqinty  in  the  Ea^t, 
in  \G-1A.  Thirse,  with  ot!-  -  -  •  ,  were  pur- 
chased, and  by  the  earP,'  l  ;ited  to  the 
Univeraity  of  Oxford.  'I  .  and  even 
their  a-'  ■  '-:••■  ^.-^r.-z  been  ./i  -:,.;■.. -t.  Encye. 
A-RL'.N'-i                          -^j  a.     'L.  aru.uto,  a  reed.] 

Per  -1 J  resembling  the  reed  or  cane. 

AR-U.N'-iii-i  r.-->.  .-,  a.    Abounding  with  reeds. 
A-EC'RA,  n.     [Gr.  a/j^ou.]     Lilf;raHy,a3  authors  ?u]>- 
po?'^,  a  plowed  field.     According  lu  Herodotus  and 
Suidas,  the  antra  of  E'^"pt  wn  a  piece  of  ground 
fifty  feel  square.    Others  make  it  a  square  of  100 
cubita;  others  of  100  feet.    The  Grecian  anira  was 
aaquare  measure  of  half  the  pisthron.  [See  Abouba.] 
Ennjr^     Hcrod.^  EaUrpr. 
A-RUSTEX,  «.     [I*]     .\  loolhsayer.  Dinjden. 

A-RUS'PICE,  n.  Written  also  (UacsMcE.  f  L.  arusp^r., 
or  Atfnupu,  a  soothsayer,  or  diviner,  who  attempted 
to  (bretell  events  by  coninilting  the  entrails  of  beasts 

fllaiii  in  sacrifice.     On.  Teut.  orf,  yrf;  Eth.  Aa  l, 
anee,  cattle,  and  L.  spedo,  to  view.) 


ASC 

A  priest,  in  ancitnt  itome,  whose  business  was  tu 
inspect  the  entrails  of  victims  kiiled  in  sacrifice,  and 
by  them  to  furdeil  future  events. 
A-RUS'PI-CV,  n.    'I  he  act  of  prognosticating  by  in- 
spection of  the  entrails  of  beasts  slain  in  sacrifice. 

Budcr. 
AE'VEL,  n.    A  funeral.  Grose. 

AS,  (az,)  ode.  [Pcrs.  L^)  asa^  like,  similr.r,  as;  Gr. 
ws ;  Qu.  Fr  ciissL  But  more  probably  the  English 
word  is  contracted  from  ci>-,  G.  and  D.  It  corre- 
sponds in  sense  with  the  Persian.] 

1.  Literaili/y  like;  even;  si'iiilar.  "Ye  shall  be 
o^  Gods,  knowing  ffowi  and  evil."  "  j^s  far  ft*  we 
can  see,"  that  is,  like  far,  equally  far.  U;  ncs  it  may 
be  explained  by  in  like  mattner;  as,  do  ajs  you  are 
commanded. 

2.  It  was  fomierly  used  where  we  now  use  titat. 
[Obs.] 

Tbc  rdntions  are  so  luxcK-iin  at  Uk'/  require  a  jrral  tlwJ  of  cx- 
onuoatiou.  Bacon. 

3.  It  was  formerly  used  for  as  if.    [Obs.] 

Ke  lies,  c«  he  ULs  tlirs  did  knovi-.  lK(i,"cr. 

4.  While;  during;  at  the  same  time.  "  He  trem- 
bled as  he  spoke."  But  in  most  of  its  uses,  it  is  re- 
solvable into  llkCj  capiat,  ecent,  or  equally^  in  like  man- 
ner. In  some  plirases,  it  must  be  considtTcd  a  nom- 
inative word,  or  other  wonts  must  be  supplied. 
"Appoint  to  oiBce  such  men  as  desen^'e  public  con- 
fidence." This  phmse  :nay  be  elliptical  for  "  sucli 
men  as  those  who  deser\e  public  confidence." 

j3s  seems,  in  some  cases,  to  imply  the  sense  of 
proportion.  "  In  general,  men  are  more  happy,  as 
they  are  less  involved  in  public  concerns." 

Jls,  in  a  subsequent  part  of  a  sentence,  answers  to 
such;  give  lis  such  things  as  you  please:  and  in  a 
preceding  part  of  a  senltrice,  has  so  to  ansv.cr  to  it ; 
lis  with  tlie  people,  so  with  the  priest. 

AS,  K.  [I*.]  A  Roinan  weight  of  tv.elve  ounces,  an- 
swering to  the  libra  or  pound.  ; 
•2,  A  Roman  coin,  originally  of  a  pound  weight ; ; 
but  reduced,  after  the  first  Punic  war,lo  two  ounces  ; 
in  the  second  Punic  war,  to  one  ounce  ;  and  by  the 
Papirian  law,  to  half  an  o'.mce.  It  was  originally 
stamped  with  the  figure  of  a  sheep,  sow,  or  ox  ;  and 
afterward  with  a  Janus,  on  one  side,  and  on  tlie  re- 
verse, a  rostnira  or  prow  of  a  ship. 

3.  An  integer;  a  whole  or  single  thing.  Hence 
the  English  ace.  Hence  tlie  Romans  used  the  word 
for  t!ie  whole  inheritance  ;  hires  ex  asse,  an  heir  to 
the  whole  estate.  Enajc. 

At?'A :  a  corruption  of  lasftr,  an  ancient  name  of  a  gum. 
Literally,  the  healer  ;  from  the  Hebrew  asa^  a  physi- 
cian or  healf T.     Parr.     [Sec  Ooze.]  Eneyc. 

AS-.\-DUL'CIS  ;  Ihe  same  as  Bknzoin. 

AS-A-F(ET'I-DA,  (  n.  [osa,  gum,  and  L.  fctidus,  fet- 

AS-A-FET'I-DA,   j      id.] 

A  fetid  inspissal*;d  sap,  from  Persia  and  the  East 
Indie^s.  It  is  the  concrete  juice  of  a  large  umbellifer- 
ous plant,  the  Ferula  assafetida,  much  used  in  med- 
icine, as  an  antispasmodic.  Encijc. 

j\S'A-RIN,  71.  A  crystallized  substance,  resembling 
carapiior,  obtained  from  the  Asarum  Europoeum; 
now  called  mmplior  pf  asarum. 

A?^BES'TI-FORM,  a.  Having  the  structure  of  as- 
bestUS. 

/i;s-I!ES'Tr>T:,  a.     [See  .Asbestfs.] 

Pertaining  to  asbestus,  or  jtarlaking  of  its  nature 
and  qualities:  incombustible. 

.\S-BES'TI>'-ITE,  n.  [Sv.c  .-Vsbestcs.]  The  actuio- 
lite  or  strahlstein.  Kincan. 

Caieiferous  asbestiniUi  a  variety  of  actinolite,  par- 
tially errervescing.  Kincan. 

.VS-BES'TU^,  >  Tu^  fGr.  ac^earosj   inextinguishable; 

AS-BES'TOS,  i  of":t  neg.  and  e.^ci'vv'nj  to  extin- 
guish.] 

A  term  applit'd  to  varieties  of  hornblende  and  py- 
roxene, occurring  in  long,  delicate  fibers ;  usually 
of  a  white  or  grav  color,  and  also  in  compact  fibrous 
masses  and  seam's,  of  greenish  and  reddish  shades. 
The  finer  vari-jties  have  been  wrouglit  into  gloves 
and  cloth,  which  are  incombustible.  The  cloth 
was  formerly  uied  as  a  shroud  for  dead  bodies,  and 
has  been  recomni:;nded  for  firem::n's  clothes.  As- 
bestus is  also  employed  in  the  nianuJacture  of  iron 
safes,  and  for  lanip-wicks.  Dcna. 

Limtiform  asbestos  is  a  varistv  of  a  brnwn  color, 
and  of  a  slutv  or  splinter>'  fracture,  and  if  broken 
across,  presents  an  irregular,  filamentous  structure, 
like  wood.  Ktrwmu 

AS'BO-MN,  71.     [Or.  aclSoXv^'] 

A  yellow,  oil-like  matter,  very  acrid  and  bitter,  ob- 
tained from  soot. 

.\S'eA-RlS,  n. ;  pi.  As-cak'i-des.     [Gr.] 

In  zooU'pj,  a  genus  of  intestinal  worms.  The  body 
is  cylindrical,  and  tapering  at  the  ends. 

AS-CEND',  17.  u  L^*  a^«««^»  from  scandoj  to  mount 
or  climb;  W.  csg-iin,  to  rise  ;  cjpt,  first, chief.  It  has 
the  same  eleraenLs  as  begin.] 

I.  To  move  upward  ;  to  mount ;  to  go  up ;  to 
rise,  whether  in  air  or  water,  or  upon  a  material 
object. 


ASC 

2.  To  ri.-(T,  in  a  figurative  sense  ;  to  proceed  from 
an  inferior  to  a  superior  degree,  from  mean  to  noble 
objects,  from  particulars  to  generals,  &.c. 

3.  To  proceed  from  modern  to  ancient  times ;  to 
recur  to  former  ages ;  as,  our  inquiries  ascend  to  the 
remotest  antiquity. 

4.  In  a  corresponding  sense,  to  proceed  in  a  line 
toward  ancestors  ;  as,  to  ascend  to  our  first  pro- 
genitors. 

5.  To  rise,  as  a  star ;  to  proceed  or  come  above 
the  horizon. 

6.  In  music,  to  rise  in  vocal  utterance ;  to  pass 
from  any  note  to  one  more  acute. 

AS-CEXD',  V.  u  To  go  or  move  upward  upon ;  as,  to 
ascend  a  hill  or  ladder; — or  to  climb;  as,  to  ascatd 
a  tree. 

AS-CEXD'A-BLE,  c.    That  may  be  ascended. 

AS-CEXD^\XT,  n.  Superiority,  or  commanding  in- 
fluence ;  as,  one  man  has  the  asccndmit  over  another. 

2.  An  ancestor,  or  one  who  precedes  in  genealogy, 
or  degrees  of  kindred  ;  opposed  to  dcscmdunt. 

3.  Might ;  elevation.     [Little  used.]  Temple. 

4.  In  astrology,  the  horoscope,  or  that  degree  of  the 
ecliptic  which  rises  above  the  horizon  at  the  time  of 
one's  birth :  supposed  to  have  influence  on  a  per- 
son's lite  and  fortune.  Encye. 

That  one  of  the  twelve  houses  of  heaven,  which 
at  any  time  is  about  to  rise ;  called  also  the  Jirst 
house.  That  point  of  the  ecliptic,  included  in  it, 
which  is  just  rising,  is  called  the  horoscope,  and  the 
planet,  or  other  heavenly  body,  which  niles  in  the 
iiouse,  is  called  hrd  oftlte  ascendant.  The  ascendant 
is  considered  the  strongest  house,  and  is  supposed  to 
exercise  an  especial  influence  on  the  fortune  of  a 
person  bom  at  the  time.  P-  Cue. 

Hence  the  phrases  to  be  in  tJte  ascendant jdenoi'm^, 
to  have  commanding  power  or  influence,  and  lord 
of  Vie  ascendant,  denoting  one  who  has  i»ossession 
of  such  power  or  influence;  as,  to  ride,  for  a  while, 
hrd  of  the  ascendanL  Burke. 

AS-CEXD'.VXT,  a.    Superior ;  predominant ;  surpass- 
ing. 
2.  In  astrology,  above  the  horizon. 

,\S-CEXD'ED,pjj.  or  a.  Risen;  moimted  up;  gone 
to  heaven. 

AS-CEX"D'EX-CY,  7i.  Power :  governing  or  controll- 
ing influence. 

Custom  h\s  an  ascrndina/  over  the  ur.Ll:isUngIng.        M'ctU. 

AS-CEXD'IJN'G,  ppr.  or  a.  Rising ;  moving  upward  ; 
proceeding  from  the  less  to  the  greater ;  proceeding 
from  modem  lo  ancient,  from  grave  to  more  acute. 
A  star  is  said  to  be  ascending,  when  rising  above  the 
I'.orizou,  in  anv  parallel  of  the  equator. 

Ascendi-.ig  latitude,  is  the  latitude  of  .i  planet,  when 
moving  toward  the  north  pole. 

Ascending  node,  is  that  point  of  a  planet's  orbit, 
wherein  it  passes  the  ecliptic  to  proceed  nortliward. 
It  is  also  called  the  nortkcm  node. 

Ascending  vessels,  in  anatomy,  are  those  which 
carry  the  blood  upward  or  toward  the  superior  parts 
of  the  body. 
AS-CEN'SIOX,  (as-sen'shun,)  n.     [L.  ascensio.] 

1.  The  act  of  ascending  ;  a  rising.  It  is  frequently 
applied  to  the  visible  elevation  of  our  Savior  to 
lieaven. 

2.  The  thing  rising,  or  ascending.  [.A«Jt  author- 
ized.] 

3.  In  c^fronomw,  ascension  is  cither  right  or  oblujite, 
Ri<rht  ascension  o'f  the  sun,  or  of  a  star,  is  thai  degree 
of'^the  equinoctial,  counted  from  the  begmning  of 
Aries,  wliich  ris?s  with  the  sun  or  sutt,  in  a  right 
sphere  ;  or  the  arc  of  the  equator  intercepted  between 
the  first  point  of  Aries  and  that  point  cf  the  equator 
that  comes  to  the  meridian  with  the  sun  or  star. 
0Wi9iiCd5CCT5iVn,isan  arcofthe  equator,  intercept- 
ed between  the  first  point  of  Aries  and  tint  point 
of  the  equator  which  rises  together  with  a  star,  m 
an  oblique  sphere  ;  or  tlie  arc  of  the  equator  inter- 
cepted between  the  first  point  of  Aries  and  that 
point  of  the  equator  that  coines  to  the  horizon  with 
j^  ;(a|.  Johnson.     Brande. 

A«-CEX'SI0X-D.1Y,  Ti.  A  festival  of  some  Christian 
churches,  held  ten  davs,  or  on  th.e  Thursday  but 
one,  before  Whitsuntide,  in  commemoration  ol  our 
Savior's  ascension  into  heaven,  after  his  resurrec- 
tion ;  c:UIcd  also  Holy  Thnrsdat!. 

Ascensional  di^erence,  is  the  ditference  between  Uie 
right  and  oblique  ascension  of  the  same  point  on  the 
surface  of  the  sphere.  .  Chojnbrrs. 

AS-CEX'f^tVE,  n.  Rising;  tending  to  nse,  or  caus- 
ing to  rise.  Journ.  of  Science. 

AS-OEN'T',  71.     [L.  ascensus.] 

1.  The  act  of  rising ;   motion  upward 


whetlier 


1.  me    act    oi    rismj:  ?    1.1UI.W..  "I' 1       - 

n  air,  water,  or  other  fluid,  or  on  ele\'ated  obj^-cts  , 
■ise  ;  a  mounting  upward  ;  as,  the  ascent  of  sapors 


nse;  a  mount mg  upw 

from  the  earth.  „..-«,  nf 

'\  The  wav  bv  which  one  ascends  :  the  means  ot 
J-  ■     •  tiOtoii, 

ascending.  ti^,';,^. 

3.  An  eminence,  hill,  or  hisli  pl^"':       •'"tf  ""• 

4.  The  degree  of  elevation  of  .-.n  objec!,  orUie  an- 
gle it  makes  with  1  horizom.-U  line  ;  as,  a  road  has 
an  ascent  of  five  degrees. 

.5.  Acclivity  ;  the  rise  of  a  hill ;  as,  a  steep  cscat. 


TC>TE,  1!J:LL,  I,>1TE.  — A.V'GEK,  VI"CI0US. 


-e  as  K:  (5  as  J;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  TIUS. 


10 


ASH 


ASI 


ASL 


AS-CER-TAIN',  v.   L     [from  the  L.  ad  certum,  to  a 
certainty.] 

1.  To  make  certain  ;  to  define  or  reduce  to  pre- 
cision, by  removing  obscurity  or  ambiguity. 

The  divine  law  ascertains  tlie  tniUi.  Hooker. 

9.  To  make  certain,  by  trial,  examination,  or  ei- 
periment,  so  as  to  know  wliat  was  before  unknown  ; 
as,  to  ascertain  the  weight  of  a  commodity,  or  the 
puritv  of  a  metal. 

3.  To  make  sure  by  previous  measures.  [  Unusual.^ 

ninislry,  in  order  to  tts^cTiain  a  ronjority  in  the  House  of 


•Vta  1 


Lioids,  persuaded  the  qucec  to  create  V 


4.  To  make  certain  or  confident,  followed  by  an 
objective  and  of;  as,  to  asceriahi  jts  of  the  goodness 
of  our  work.     [  Unusual.]  Dnjden. 

5.  To  fix  ;  to  establish  with  certainty  ;  to  render 
invariable,  and  not  subject  to  will. 

The  mildness  and  precision  of  tlicir  laws  ascertnitied  the  rule  and 
nicuuri;  of  tajcatioii.  Gibbon. 

AS-CER-TaIN'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  made  cer- 
tain in  fact,  or  certain  to  the  mind  ;  that  may  be 
certainly  known,  or  reduced  to  a  certainty. 

Kcrr^s  Lavoifier. 

AS-CER-TAIN'ED,  pp.  Ihde  certain  ;  defined  ;  es- 
tablished ;  reduced  to  a  certainly. 

AS-CER-TaIN'EE,  71.  The  person  who  ascertains  or 
makes  certain. 

AS-CER-Ta1N'ING,  ppr.  Mailing  certain;  fixmg  ; 
establishing ;  reducing  to  a  certainty  ;  obtaining 
certain  knowledge. 

AS-CER-TaIN".MENT,  n.  The  act  of  ascertaining  ; 
a  reducing  to  certainty  j  certainty ;  fixed  rule.  Swift. 

■^i'i^nill'^v^'''' !  See  Acescencv,  Acescext. 
AS-CET'1€,  a.    [Gr.  nirjrTiros,  exercised,  hardened  ; 

from  aaKie.i^  to  exercise.] 
Retired  from  the  world  ;  rigid  ;  severe  ;  austere  ; 

unduly  rigid  in  devotions  antl  mortifications. 
AS-CET'Itl,  n. 

1.  In  IJic  early  church,  one  who  retired  from  the 
customary  business  of  life,  and  devoted  himself  to 
the  duties  of  piety  and  devotion  ;  a  hermit ;  a  recluse. 

2.  One  who  p'ractices  undue  rigor  and  self-denial 
in  religious  things. 

3.  The  title  of  certain  books  on  devout  exercises  ; 
as,  the  j3scca'c5  of  St.  Basil. 

AS-CET'I-CISM,  n.    The  state  or  practice  of  ascetics. 

Bib.  Repos. 
AS'CM,         j  n.  pi.    [h.  ascii,  from  Gr.  a  priv.  and 
AS'CI-ANS,  (      irxia,  a  shadow.] 

rersons,  who,  at  certain  times  of  the  year,  have 

no  shadow  at  noon.    Such  are  the  inhabitants  of  the 

torrid  zone,  who  have,  at  times,  a  vertical  sun.  Baitey. 

AS'CI-TANS,  I!,  pi.    [Gr.  a«os,  a  bag  or  bottle  of 

skin.] 

A  sect  or  branch  of  Jlontanists,  who  appeared  in 
the  second  century.  They  introduced  into  their  as- 
semblies certain  bacchanals,  who  danced  around  a 
bag  or  skin  distended  with  air,  in  allusion  to  the 
bottles  filled  with  new  wine.  Watt.  ix.  Encyc. 
AS-CI'TICS,  71.     [Gr.  a^ro;,  a  bladder.] 

Dropsy  of  the  belly ;  a  tense,  equable  swelling  of 
the  belly,  witll  fluctuation,  from    a    collection   of 
serous  fluid  in  the  cavitv  of  the  peritoneum. 
AS-CtT'le,         la.    Belonging  to  an  ascites  ;  dropsi- 
AS-CIT'ie-AL,  S      cali  hvdropical. 
AS-CI-TI"TIOUS,  (as-si-tish'us,)  a.   [L.  ascitiis  ;  Low 
L.  ascititiu3  i  from  ascisco,  to  take  to  or  associate.] 

Additional ;  added  ;  supplemental ;  not  inherent 
or  original. 

Homer  lias  been  reckoned  an  asdlUioaa  najne.  Pope. 

AS-eLE'Pl-AD,  71.  in  aiKient  poctri),  a  verse  of  four 
feel,  the  first  of  which  is  a  spondee,  the  second  a 
choriamb,  and  the  last  two  dactyls  ;  or  of  four  feet 
and  :i  ctesuia,  the  first  a  spondee,  the  second  a  dac- 
tyl, then  the  caisura,  followed  by  two  dactyls  ;  as, 
.MuicG  I  nas  iita  I  vis  1  edlte  [  regibiis.         Encyc. 

AS-€RIB'A-BLE,  a.  [See  AscniBE.]  That  may  be 
ascribed  or  attributed. 

AS-€RlBE',  71.  t.  [L.  ascribo,  of  ad  and  scribo,  to 
write  ;  Eng.  scrape.] 

1.  To  attribute,  impute,  or  set  to,  as  to  a  cause ;  to 
refer  an  effect  to  its  cause  ;  as,  losses  are  often  to  be 
ascribed  to  impnidence. 

2.  To  attribute,  as  a  quality,  or  an  appurtenance  ; 
to  consider  or  allege  to  belong ;  as,  to  ascribe  perfec- 
tion to  God,  or  imperfection  to  man.  Job  xxxvi. 
Ps.  Ixviii.     1  Sam.  xviii. 

AS-eRIB'KD,  ;>;>.  Attributed  or  imputed  ;  considered 
or  alleged,  as  belonging. 

AS-eRIlVIMG,  ppr.  Attributing  ;  imputing  ;  alleg- 
ing to  belong. 

AS-CRIP'TIOiN,  (as-krip'shun,)  n.  The  act  of  as- 
cribing, imputing,  or  afluming  to  belong. 

AS-t'KlP-TI"TIOUS,  a.  That  is  ascribed.  This 
word  was  applied  to  villains  under  the  feudal  sys- 
tem, who  were  annexed  to  the  freehold  and  trans- 
tVrabie  with  it.         Spelman.     Lib.  J'/'igcr  Scaccarii. 

A-SEX'U-AL,  a.    Having  no  distinct  sex. 

ASH,  «.'  [Sax.  asc;  lian.  ask;  Germ,  eselie :  D. 
essche ;  Russ.  yasen.'] 


1.  The  popular  name  of  different  species  of  trees 
of  the  Linnajan  genus  Fraxinus.  The  common  Eu- 
ropean ash  is  the  'F.  exceUior. 

2.  The  wood  of  the  ash-tree. 
ASH,  a.    Pertaining  to  or  like  the  ash  ;  made  of  ash. 
ASH,  71.  t.    To  strow  or  sprinkle  with  ashes  ;  as,  to 

ash  the  hair.  Hawel. 

2.  To  strow  with  ashes  for  the  purpose  of  manure. 
.■V-SH.\ME',  71.  (.    To  shame.     [JVol  used.] 
A-SHaM'£D,  a.     [from  Sax.  gcscamiaii  or  ascamian,  to 

be  ashamed,  to  blush,  from  seama,  shame  ;  originally 

a  participle.    See  Shame.] 

1.  Affected  by  shame ;  abashed  or  confused  by 
guilt,  or  a  conviction  of  some  criminal  action  or  in- 
decorous conduct,  or  by  the  exposure  of  some  gross 
error  or  misconduct,  which  the  person  is  conscious 
must  be  \vrong,  and  which  tends  to  impair  his  honor 
or  reputation.    It  is  followed  by  of. 

Tlion  Shalt  remember  thy  ways,  and  be  ashamed.  —  Ex.  xvi. 
Israel  shall  be  ashamed  of  his  own  counsel.  —  iiosia  xx. 

2.  Confused  by  a  consciousness  of  guilt  or  of  in- 
feriority, by  the  mortification  of  piide,  by  failure  or 
disappointment. 

They  shall  be  greatly  ashamed  that  trust  m  una^es.  —  Isa.  xlii. 
[  This  adjective  always  ftiUmcs  its  7io7t7i.] 
A-PO.AM'ED-LY,  ailv.    Bashfully.     [JVot  used.] 
A.SH'eOL-OR-£D,  a.    Of  a  color  between  brown  and 

pray.  fVaodward. 

ASH'EN,  a.    [See  A3n.]    Pertaining  to  ash ;  made  of, 
ASH'ER-Y,  71.  [asli. 

1.  A  place  where  ashes  are  deposited. 

2.  A  place  where  potash  is  made. 
ASH'ES,  71.  fl.  without  the  singular  number.    [Sax. 

asca ;    Goth,   azga  ;  D.  asch ,-   G.   asche ;  Sw.  aska  ; 
Dan.  aske ;  Basque,  ausciuu] 

1.  The  earthy  particles  of  combustible  substances 
remaining  after  combustion,  as  of  wood  or  coal. 

2.  The  remains  of  the  human  body  when  burnt. 
Hence,  figuratively,  a  dead  body  or  corpse. 

3.  In  Scripture,  ashes  is  used  to  denote  vileness, 
meanness,  frailty,  or  humiliation. 

I,  who  am  but  duat  and  ashes.  —  Gen.  xviii. 

I  .abhor  luyself,  and  repent  in  <lufit  and  ashes. — Job  xlii. 

ydcanic  ashes;  the  loose,  earthy  matter  ejected  by 
volcanoes. 

ASH'-FIRE,  7^  A  low  fire  used  in  chemical  oper- 
ations. 

ASH'-HoEE,  71.  A  repository  for  ashes  ;  the  lowest 
part  of  a  furnace. 

ASH'LAE,  )  71.  In  (ircWtccturc,  a  facing  made  of  squared 

ASH'LER,  (  stones  ;  or  a  facing  made  of  thin  slabs, 
used  to  cover  walls  of  brick  or  rubble.  The  term 
has  also  been  applied,  in  England,  to  common  or  free 
stones  as  they  are  brought  from  the  quarr}'.  OwUt. 

ASH'LER-ING,  71.  auarlering  for  lathing  to,  in  gar- 
rets, two  or  three  feet  high,  perpenilicular  to  the 
floor,  and  reaching  to  the  under  side  of  the  rafters. 

A-SHoRE',  (Kill,    [a,  <!t,  or  071,  and  shore.    See  Shore.] 

1.  On  shore ;  on  the  land  adjacent  to  water ;  to 
the  shore  ;  as,  bring  the  goods  ashore. 

2.  On  land,  oppo^sed  to  aboard ,-  as,  the  captain  of 
the  ship  reniaiuL-d  ashore. 

3.  On  t!ie  ground  ;  a-s,  the  ship  was  driven  ashore. 
ASH'-PAN,  71.    A  pan  beneath  a  grate  or  furnace  to 

receive  ashes. 

ASH'TO-RETH,  71.  [Heb.l  A  goddess  of  the  Si- 
doniaus  and  Philistines,  the  same  as  the  Venus  of 
the  Romans. 

ASH'-TUi!,  77.    A  tub  to  receive  ashes. 

ASH-WEDNES'DAY,  (ash-wenz'de,)  Ji.  The  first 
day  of  Lent ;  supposed  to  be  so  called  from  a  custom 
in  the  Roman  Catholic  church  of  sprinkling  ashes, 
that  day,  on  the  heads  of  penitents,  then  admitted  to 
penance. 

AStl'-WEED,  77.  A  plant,  the  small  wild  angelica, 
goutwort,  goats-foot,  or  herh-gerard,  a  species  of  the 
genus  j?^go[iodiuiu.  Encyc. 

ASH'Y,  a.    1.   Bclnnging  to  ashes. 

2.  Ash-colored  ;  pale;  inclining  to  a  whitish  gray. 

SllaJz. 

3.  Made  or  composed  of  ashes  ;  as,  the  ashy 
womb  of  the  phenix.  MMon. 

4.  Filled  or  strowed  with  ashes;  as,  ashy  hairs. 

Otaucer. 

ASH'Y-P.^LE,  a.    Pale  as  ashes.  Shtik. 

a'SL\,  71.  One  of  the  four  quarters  of  the  globe, 
[7\  name  originally  given  to  Asia  Minor  or  some  part 
of  it ;  perhaps  from  the  Asses,  Ases,  or  Osses,  about 
Mount  Taurus.     Mallet,  JVortk.  .Siit.  i.  60.     Pliuy.] 

A'SIAN,  a.    Pertaining  to  Asia.    Dnjden.    MUford. 

A'SI-ARCH,  (a'she-iirk,)  11.  [Asia  and  iipx'?i  chief.] 
A  term  applied  to  the  chiefs  or  pontiffs  of  Procon- 
sular Asia,  v.'ho  liad  the  superintendence  of  the 
public  games.    Acts  xix.  Jildner. 

A-SI-.^Ta€,  (a-she-at'ik,)  a.  Belonging  to  Asia ;  a 
quarter  of  the  globe  which  extends  from  the  Strait 
of  Constantinople  and  the  .\rabian  Gulf  to  the  Pa- 
cific Ocean  on  the  east.  It  is  probable  the  name 
was  originally  appropriated  to  what  is  now  Asia 
minor,  or  rather  a  part  of  it. 

A-SI-AT'I€,  71.     A  native  of  Asia. 

A-SI-AT'I-CIS.M,  71.    Imitation  of  the  Asiatic  manner. 

A-SlDE',  adv.     [a  and  side.    See  Side.] 


1.  On  or  to  one  side ;  out  of  a  perpendicular  or 
straight  direction. 

2.  At  a  little  distance  from  the  main  part  or  body. 

Then  Shalt  set  fliiife  diat  which  is  full.  — 2  Kings  iv. 

3.  Fiom  the  body;  as,  to  put  or  lay  asid^  a  gar 
ment.    John  xiii. 

4.  From  the  company;  at  a  small  distance,  or  m 
private  ;  as  when  speakers  utter  something  by  them 
selves,  upon  the  stage. 

5.  Separate  from  the  person,  mind,  or  attention  ; 
in  a  state  of  abandonment. 

Let  us  lay  aside  every  weight  — Heb.  xii. 

6.  Out  of  the  line  of  rectitude  or  propriety,  in  a 
moral  view. 

They  are  all  gone  aside.  — Ps.  xip. 

7.  In  a  state  of  separation  to  a  particular  use  ;  as, 
to  set  aside  a  thing  for  a  future  day. 

To  set  aside,  in  judicial  proceedings,  is  to  defeat 
the  effect  or  operation  of,  by  a  subsequent  decision 
of  a  siiperior  tribunal ;  as,  to  set  aside  a  verdict  or  a 
judsment. 

AS-lS-E'GO,  71.    [Sp.  osTiico,  a  little  ass.]    A  foolish 
fellow.  .'Jason. 

AS'I-NINE,  rarely  AS'I-NA-RY,  a.     [L.  osiiiiw;  W. 
asyyt,  the  ass.] 

Belonging  to  the  ass ;  having  the  qualities  of 
the  ass. 

XSK,  ti.  t.     [Sax.  ascian,  acsian,  or  azian ;  D.  eisehm  ; 

G.  helschea;  Ir.  ascain: :  Gr.  dJuKo.  Qu.  Eth.  iml  b 
asku,  to  pray  or  beseech.  In  former  times,  the 
English  word  was  pronounced  ax,  as  in  the  royal 
style  of  assenting  to  bills  in  parliament.  "Be  it  as 
it  is  azed."  In  Calmuc,  asoc  signifies  to  inquire. 
The  sense  is  to  urge  or  press. 1 

1.  To  request ;  to  seek  to  oDtain  by  words  ;  to  pe- 
tition ;  with  of,  in  the  sense  of  from,  before  the  per- 
son to  whom  tlie  request  is  made. 

Ask  counael  o/God.  — Judges  xviii. 

2.  To  require,  expect,  or  claim. 

To  whom  men  have  com.Tiitteil  much,  0/  him  they  will  aslt  the 
moie.  —  Luke  xii. 

3.  To  interrogate,  or  inquire ;  to  put  a  question, 
with  a  view  to  an  answer. 

He  is  of  age,  ask  him. — John  ix. 

4.  To  require,  or  make  claim. 
Ask  me  never  so  much  dowry.  — Gen.  xxxiv.    Dan.  ii. 

5.  To  claim,  require,  or  demand,  as  the  price  or 
value  of  a  commodity  ;  to  set  a  price ;  as,  what  price 
do  you  ask  1 

C.  To  require,  as  physically  necessary. 

An  exio-enci  of  sLale  nuts  a  much  longer  time  to  conduct  a  de- 
sist to  maturity.  Addison. 

This  sense  is  nearly  or  entirely  obsolete;  asfc  being 
superseded  by  require  and  dcmantL 

7.  To  invite  ;  as,  to  a.ik  guests  to  a  wedding  or  en- 
tertainment ;  a.?/(  my  friend  to  step  into  the  house. 
SSK,  71. 7.    To  request  or  petition,  followed  hy  far ;  as, 
ask  for  bread  ;  or  without /or. 

Ask,  and  it  sliall  be  given  you.  —  Matt.  vii. 

9.  To  inquire,  or  seek  by  request ;  sometuncs  fol- 
lowed by  (ifLcr. 

Wherefore  dost  thou  ask  after  my  name  ?  —  tjcn.  xixii. 
This  verb  can  hardly  be  considered  as  strictly  in- 
transitive, for   some  person   or   object   is   always 
understood. 

.Bsk  is  not  equivalent  to  demand,  claim,  and  require, 
at  least  in  modem  usage ;  much  less   is  it  equiva- 
lent to  beg  and  beseech.     The  first  three  words,  de- 
mand, claim,  require,  imply  a  right,  or  supposed  right, 
in  the  person  asking,  to  the  thing  requested ;  and 
beir  and  beseech  imply  more  urgency  tlian  ask.    .isk 
and  request  imply  no  right,  but  suppose  the  thing  de- 
sired to  be  a  favor.    The  French  dcmandcr  is  cor- 
rectly rendered  by  i7.sA',  rather  than  by  demand. 
AS-KANCE',  j  adv.     [D.    schums,    slopingly.]      Side- 
AS-!0\NT',    j      ways ;  obliquely  ;  toward  one  cor- 
ner of  the  eye.  JIKtoii.    Dnjden. 
ASIC£I),  pp.    Requested  ;  petitioned  ;  questioned  ;  in- 
KSK'ER,  71.  [terrogated. 

1.  [from  aslt.]  One  who  asks ;  a  petitioner  ;  an 
inquirer. 

2.  A  water  newt.  Johnson. 
A-SKEW,  adv     [G    schief;   Dan.  skiav ;    D.  sclieef, 

awry,  crooked,  oblique.] 

With  a  wry  look  ;  aside  ;  askant ;  sometimes  in- 
dicating scorn,  or  contempt,  or  envy.  Spenser. 
XSK'ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Requesting;  petitioning;  inter- 
rogating ;  inquiring. 
2.  Silently  expressing  request  or  desire. 
Explain  the  astir:?  eye.  Pope. 
A-SLaKE',  71.  U    [Sax.  aslacian.    See  Slack.] 

To  remit ;  to  slacken.     [JVo(  in  use.]       Spenser. 
AS-La'NI,  71.    A  Turkish  silver  coin  worth  from  115 

to  120  aspers.  Encyc. 

A-SLXNT',  a.  or  adv.     [a  and  siant.    See  Slant.] 
On  one  side;    obliquely;  not  perpendicularly  or 
with  a  right  angle. 

The  shaft  drove  through  Ills  neck  aslant.  Dryden. 


FATE,  FXR,  FALL,  WHAT.  —  METE,  PRgY PLXE,  MARINE,  BniD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQOK.- 


74 


ASP 

A-SLEEP^  a.  or  (uic,    [c  and  sleep,  or  Sax.  geslapan, 
to  sleep.] 
1.  Steeping ;  in  a  siate  of  sleep ;  at  rest. 

Sb^n  vas  ttst  csltep.  —  Juiiits  it. 

a.  To  a  state  of  sleep  ;  as,  to  fall  asUep. 

3.  Dead  ;  in  a  state  of  death. 

Concerning  tbem  ■who  ire  ualtep,  sorrow  oot. — 1  Tbess,  if. 

4.  To  death. 

For  since  lii;  &tfaers  HI  a^ifp,  a!I  thin^  conlinoe.  — 2  P«t.  ia- 
A-SLoPE',  a.  or  car.     [a  and  slope.     Sec  Slope-] 

With  leaning  or  inclination :  obliquely ;  witli  de- 
clivity IT  'If-scent,  as  a  hfll;  declining  irom  an  up- 
right dir-fiiion. 

S.:  lii::^  i:.t  ■Jprigh^  bot  attope.  Bacon. 

A-SLUG',  «ir.    In  a  slu^ish  manner.     [A"oi  iwed.) 

Folherby, 
.\^  ■"■'"' 'A',  a.      Pertaining   to    Asmoneus,    the 
lan,  and  chief  cf  Uie  ,\smoneans,  a 
pisA  over  the  Jews  126  years. 
.\,-^     -  ^  I.    \.\.  B,    One  cf  the  fainiiy  of  Asmoneus. 
.-\-Sv.  MA-TOL'S,  a.     [Gr.  <i  priv.  ::nd  (rti-ua,  body.l 
Without  a  niateriai  body  ;  incorporeal.        Todd. 
ASP,        t  n.     [L.  c^^-.i :  Gr.  ac't^.  around  shiiJd  and 
ASP'IG,  \      an   a=p ;    >'.;pix>scil  to  be  from  Ueh.   and 
Ch.  srK.  to  riih'^F  Im,  or  roUrrt;  from  the  coil  of 
thi?  ^  i  elevated  in  the  center, 

A  nt  of  Es.T.'pt  and  Libya, 

■■  ' '     I'.'ya'tli,  but  without 

i  Cleopatra,  rather 

t\v  Aunujtus,  suf- 

.:  the  fact  ha^ 

.  d,  to  what 

.  be  referred. 

-  ::-;;-:'■>-■,  L.inn.     Carter 

.  lann. 

cakunbac,  a  variety  of 

.1  -jf  aJoos-wood  ;  also,  the  rose-wood, 

mm.)  Parr.     Cue. 

JS,  71.    1.  A  genus  of  papilionaceous 

[>r.;if-.   '  :    ihe  natural  order  Fabaccs,  (class   De- 

camina,  Linn.)    The  species  are  chiefly  natives  of 

the  L'ape  of  Good  Hope. 

2.  A  plant,  called  rose  of  Jerusalem,  or  our  lady^s 
ro$e, 

3.  Thf  Tn*5c-wood,  {U^mtm  Rkodlum,)  a  frajrant 

' '.  r.%  an  essential  oil  with  the  odor  of 

-lied  by  two  specie--!  of  Convolvulus, 

-jiJ  C.  iccparviis,)  natives  of  the  Cana- 

Parr.     Cyc. 

A-GIN,  n.    A  crj'stallizcd  substance,  first  dis- 

•  'n  th'-  j;ii'--  of  asparagu;?,  the  precise  nature 

■-d. 

.  I.    Properly,  allied  to  the  aspar- 
miture,  denoting   plants  whose 
■  ji-irr  -h.'ou  ar?  eaten,  like  those  of  asparai^as. 

Brandt, 

-  PAR'A  ITS,    Tt.      [I*,  and  Gr.  ;    probably    from 

.  tear,  from  its  lacerated  appearance,  or 

\  cr.c.a,  a  spire,  from  its  stem.] 

fa  iLnn?  if  pJ.m*-;    an  1  also  the  com- 

'■  ated  in    gar- 

.  and  vulgar- 

.:.  herbaceous 

.■i?J   ^*i;l'lla^-     The   roots 

.  js  taste;   and  Uie  stalk 

nt  and  deob^truenl,  but 

f:.  71.    Any  compound  of  the  aspartic 
ilifiable  base. 

\C'[D,  71.     \  concrete   or  crystalline 
i  from  a^jparagus,  and  composed  of  car- 
-■  :i,  nitrogen,  and  oiygen. 
'.  -^'P£Cr,  ".     [L.  aspeetus,  from  a.^icio,  to  look  on,  of 
id  and  sp'^cioy  to  see  or  look.] 

1.  Look ;  view ;  appearance  to  the  eye  or  the 
mind  ;  as,  to  presr-nt  an  object  or  a  subject  in  its 
true  o-^ect,  or  under  a  double  aspccL  So  we  say, 
public  affairs  have  a  favorable  tLfpecL 

a.  Countenance ;  look,  or  particolar  appearance  of 
the  face  ;  as,  a  mild  or  severe  atpecL 

3.  Look  ;  glance  :  act  of  seeing.  TTVaj  sense  i> 
n/T»r  u-ntt.-ruaJ. j 

4.  Po-itiDU  nr  situation  with  regard  to  seeing,  or 
that  position  which  enables  ons  to  look  in  a  particu- 
lar dirurtion  :  or,  in  a  more  general  sense,  position 
in  ri:rlaiion  to  the  points  of  the  compass  ;  as,  a  house 
has  a  southern  a.:rper:t,  that  is,  a  position  which  faces 
or  looks  to  the  south. 

5.  In  (LrtroiooT/,  the  situation  of  one  planet  with 
respect  to  another,  or  the  angle  formed  by  llie  rays 
of  hsht  proceeding  from  two  planets,  and  meeting  at 
the  eye.  The  aspfrrts  are  five  ;  sextile,  when  the 
planets  are  '^0^  distant ;  quartile,  or  quadrate,  when 
their  distanr*;  is  90',  or  the  quart'jf  ((f  a  circle  ;  trine, 
wh?-n  the  ilirrtance  is  120' ;  opposition,  when  the  dis- 
tance is  1.^',  or  half  a  circle ;  and  conjunction, 
when  they  are  in  the  same  degree. 

Eneyc  Brande. 
AS'PECT,  V.  u  To  behold.  [JVo(  u.'ed.\  Temple. 
AS-PECT'A.BLE,  a.    That  may  be  seen.    [A*o(  used.] 

Raleigh. 


ASP 

AS-PE€T'ED,  a.    Having  an  aspect.     [J^ot  used.] 

B.  Jonson. 
AS-PEC'TIOX,  n.    The  act  of  viewing.    [JVot  H.frf,] 

Brown. 
ASP'EN,  j  n.    [D.  espa;  G.  aspe,  espe ;  Sax.  tr^e ;  Sw. 
ASP,         )      asp ;    Dan.    4ssp ;    Qm.    from    the    Ar. 


ASP 


khashafa,  to  be  agitated.] 
A  species  of  the  poplar,  so  called  from  the  trem- 
bling of  its  leaves,  which  move  with  the  slight-^st 
impulse  of  the  air.  Its  leaves  are  roundish,  smooth, 
and  stand  on  long,  slender  foot-stalks. 
.-VSP'EN,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  aspen,  or  resembling  it ; 
made  of  aspen  wood. 

Nor  aspen  leaves  contes  the  g^nllesl  breeze.  Gat/. 

.AS'PER,  a.  [L.  See  Asperate.]  Rough ;  rugged. 
[Little  used.]  "      Bacon. 

AS'PER,  n.    [L.  aspiro,  to  breathe.] 

In  grammar,  the  Greek  accent,  importing  that  tlie 
letter  over  which  it  is  placed  ought  to  be  aspirated, 
or  pronounced  as  if  the  letter  h  preceded  it.    Ennyc. 

^\S'PER,  71.    A  Tiukish  coin,  of  which  tltree  make  a 
medine. 
Its  val'ie  is  about  a  cent  and  12  decimals. 

AS'PER-ATE,  r.  t.    [L.  aspcro,  from  asper,  rough.] 
To  make  rough  or  uneven.  Boulc. 

A?'PER-A-TKD,>j>.    Made  roush  or  uneven. 

AS-PER-A'TIO.\,  V.    A  making  rough. 

AS-PEK-GIL'LUS,  r-.  The  brush  used,  in  Ihe  Roman 
Catholic  church,  for  sprinkhng  holy  water  on  the 
pfoole. 

AS-PER-GOIRE',  7i,  [Fr.  aspersoir.]  A  sprinkling 
with  holv  water. 

AS-PER-I-Fo'Lt-ATE,  a.  [L.  asper,  rough,  and 
folium,  a  leaf] 

Having  rough  leaves. 

The  term  asper(foliate  (L.  aspcrifoliis)  has  been  ap- 
plied, by  different  botanists,  to  a  natural  family  of 
plants,  characterized  by  a  monopetalou?  corolla,  usu- 
ally with  four  divisions,  an  ovary  deeply  four-cleft, 
fonuerly  regarded  as  four  naked  seeds,  and  allemale 
leaves,  rou2h  to  the  touch,  whence  the  name.  These 
plants  conniiute  the  forty-first  order  in  Linn^us's 
fragments  of  a  natural  method,  and  also  form  a  di- 
vision in  the  methods  of  Hermann,  Boerhaave,  and 
Hav.    Thev  now  form  the  natural  order  Bora^nace. 

AS-p'ER-I-FO'LI-Ors,  a.  Having  leaves  rough  to  the 
touch.     [See  the  preceding  word.] 

AS-PER'I-TV,  71.     [L.  asperitas,  from  asper,  rough.] 

1.  Roughness  01  surface  J  unevennessj  opposed  to 
smootJiTtess.  Boyle. 

2.  Roughness  of  sound  ;  th2t  quality  which  grates 
tlie  ear  ;  harshness  of  pronunciation.  Ti'arton. 

3.  Roughness  to  the  taste  ;  sourness. 

4.  Roughness  or  ruggedness  of  temper;  morose- 
ness  ;  sourness  ;  crabbed ness.  Rogers. 

5.  Sharpness.  Berkeley. 
A-SPERM'OUS,  a.    [Gr.  a  priv.  and  c^tnua,  seed.] 

In  botany^  destitute  of  seeds. 
.AS-PER-XA'TION,  tu    Disregard  ;  contempt. 
AS'PER-OUS,  a.     [L.  asper,  rough.] 

Rough  ;  uneven.  Boyle. 

AS-PERSE',  (as-pers'j)  1. 1.    [L.  aspergo,  aspcrsus,  o(ad 


and  spargo,  !o  scatter  j  Ar. 


ZJ^ 


faraga,  to  split, 


divide,  scatter.    See  Class  Brg.] 

1.  To  bespatter  with  foul  reports  or  false  and  in- 
jurious charges  ;  to  tarnish  in  point  of  reputation  or 
good  name  ;  to  slander  or  calumniate  ;  as,  to  asperse 
a  poet  or  his  writings  ;  to  asperse  a  character. 

9.  To  cast  UDon.  Heywood. 

AS-PERS^ER,  n.  One  that  asperses  or  vilifies  an- 
other. 

AS-PER'SION,  w.  A  sprinkling,  as  of  water  or  dust, 
in  a  literal  sense.  Shak. 

2,  The  spreading  of  calumnious  reports  or  charaes, 
which  tarnish  reputation,  like  the  bespattering  of  a 
bodv  with  foul  water;  calumny;  censure.  Bp.  Hall. 

AS-PERS'O-RY,  a.    Tending  to  asperse ;  defamatorj'. 

Bitumen  Judaicum,  Jew's  pitch;  a  smooth,  hard, 
brittle,  black  or  brown  substance,  which  breaks  with 
a  polish,  rnelts  easily  when  heated,  and  when  pure, 
burns  without  leaving  any  ashes.  It  has  little  taste, 
and  sc-arcely  any  smell,  unless  heated,  when  it  emits 
a  strong  smell  of  pitch.  It  is  found  in  a  soft  or  liquid 
state  oh  the  surface  of  the  Dead  Sea,  which,  from 
this  substance,  is  called  j3sp/iaUites,  or  the  Asphaltic 
Lake.  It  is  found  also  in  the  earth,  in  many  parts 
of  Asia,  Europe,  and  .America.  Formerly,  it  was 
used  for  embalming  dead  bodies  ;  the  solid  asphalt- 
um  is  still  employed  in  Arabia,  Egypt,  and  Persia, 
instead  of  pitch,  for  ships;  and  the  fluid  asphaUum 
is  used  for  varnishing,  and  for  burning  in  lamps.  It 
13  also  used  for  pavement  in  streets.  A  species 
found  in  Neufchatel  is  found  excellent  as  a  cement 
for  walls  and  pavements  ;  very  durable  in  air,  and 
not  pejicirabl'j  by  water.  A  composition  of  aspiiait- 
um,  lamp-black, and  oil  of  spike,  or  turpentine,  is  used 
for  drawing  black  figures  on  dial  plates.  J^ieholsun. 


AS-PHALT'IC,  a.  Pertaining  to  asphaltum,  or  con- 
taining it;  bituminous,  Milton. 

AS-PHALT'ITE,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  containing  as- 
phaltum, Bniant     liVfurd. 

.'VS-PH.ALT'US,  71.    Asphaltum. 

NdpluKa  &nd  Arpttaltus.  Afi^Uyn, 

AS'PHO-DEL,  71.  [L.  asphodelus :  Gr.  nc^orcAoc 
See  Theoph.  lib.  7.  Plin.  lib.  91. 17.  Perhaps  it  i3 
from  the  root  oi  spud:  Dan.  ^pyd;  Sw.  spiut}  Ice. 
spioot,  a  spear,  from  the  shape  of  its  leaves.] 

The  common  name  of  different  species    of  the 
genus  Asphodelus  ;  cultivated  for  the  beauty  of  theh 
flowers.    The  ancients  planted  aspliodels  near  graves, 
to  supply  the  manes  of  the  dead  with  nourislinicnt 
Encyc.    Johnson, 

AS-PHU-RE-La'TA,  tt.  [Gr.  a  priv.  and  e<pvoa,  a 
hammer;  not  malleable.] 

A  series  of  semimetallic  t'ossUs,  fusible  by  fire,  and 
in  their  purest  state  not  malleable.  In  their  native 
state,  they  are  mixed  with  sulphur  and  other  adven- 
titious matter,  in  the  form  of  ore.  Under  this  de- 
nomination are  classed  bismuth,  antimony,  cobalt, 
zinc,  and  quicksilver.  Coze.    Encyc 

AS-PHYX'I-.-V,  1 7?.  [Gr.  acp'-^ta,  of  a  priv.  and  cC^vftg, 

A&~PHYX'Y,     j     puLsc.]  ^ 

Originally,  want  of  pulse,  or  cessation  of  the  mo- 
tion of  the  heart  and  arteries  ;  as  now  used,  apparent 
death,  or  suspended  animation,  particularly  from 
suffocation  or  drowning,  or  the  inhalation  of  irrespi- 
rable  gases:  recently  applied  also  to  the  coI!.':ti-  l1 
state,  in  cholera,  with  want  of  pulse. 

ASP'ie,  77.    The  asp ;  v.-hich  see. 

2.  A  piece  of  ordnance  canying  a  tweiv 
shot. 

ASP'ie,  71.  [Fr.]  A  plant  growing  in  France,  a  species 
of  lavender,  {Lavandula  spice,)  which  resembles  the 
common  kind  (Z..  vera)  in  the  blue  color  of  its 
flowers,  and  in  the  figure  and  green  color  of  its 
leaves.  It  is  called  male  lavender,  spica  nardi,  and 
pseudo-nardus.  The  oil  of  this  plant,  called  oil  of 
spike,  or  oil  of  aspic,  is  used  by  painters,  farriers,  and 
other  artilicers.  It  is  ver>-  inflammable,  of  a  white 
color,  and  aromatic.  J^'icholson.    Fourcroy. 

AS-PIll'^VNT,  c    Aspiring. 

AS-PtR'.VN"T,  n.    [See  Aspire.]    One  who  aspires, 
breathes  alter,  or  seeks  with  eagerness.         Fabcr. 
9.  A  candidate.  Hard. 

ASTI-R.\TE,  c.  U  [L.  aspiro,  to  breathe  or  blow; 
Gr.  flfTTatpot,  to  palpitate ;  from  spiro  and  uTratauy ; 


Ar.  jSsAO  safara,  to  hi^s,  or  make  a  hissing  by  blow- 
ing on  a  wind  instrument.    See  Spire,  SptRir.] 

To  pronounce  with  a  breathing  or  full  emission  of 
brealh.    We  aspirate  the  words  horse  and  house. 

Dryden. 

AS'PI-RaTE,  r.  i.  To  give  or  impart  a  strong  breath- 
ing ;  as,  the  letter  k  aspirates.  Drvden. 

AS'PI-RATE,  7!.  A  letter  marked  with  an  as'per?  pr 
note  of  breathing ;  a  mark  of  aspiration,  as  the  Greek 
accent.  Bcntlci. 

AS'PI-RATE,  a.    Pronounced  with  a  full  breath. 

Bolder. 

.VS'PI-Ra-TED,  pp.  Uttered  with  a  strong  emission 
of  breath. 

AS'PI-Ra-TIXG,  ppr.    Pronouncing  with  a  full  breath. 

AS-PI-Ra'TIGX,  7!.  T!ie  pronunciation  of  a  letter 
with  a  full  emission  of  breath.  Hold/r. 

2.  A  breathing  after ;  an  ardent  wish  or  desire, 
chiefly  of  spiritual  blessings.  fVatt-: 

3.  The  act  of  aspiring  or  of  ardently  desiring  what 
is  noble  or  spiritual.  Sha-i. 

AS-Pl'RA-TO-RY,  a.     [Fr.  aspirer,  to  draw  bre.aih.] 
Pertaining  to  breathmg;  suited  to  the  inhaling  of 
air.  Bn^on. 

AS-PTRE', ».  1.  [L.  aspiVo,  to  breatlic.    See -A.spiRArr.] 

1.  To  desire  with  eagerness ;  to  pant  after  an  ob- 
ject, great,  noble,  or  spiritual ;  followed  by  to  or  aj^r ; 
as,  to  aspire  to  a  crown,  or  after  immortality. 

2.  To  aim  at  something  elevated ;  to  rise  or  lower 
with  desir-. 

Aepirir^.-  ,    "rls  fcU, 

.■Uj^irir^  .  rebel.  Pope- 

3.  To  rise  :  m  ascend.  WaUer.     Q.  Fletcher. 
jVote.  — This  word  has  been  used  transitively  ;  as, 

to  ospire  thrones:  to   aspire  tlie   clouds.    (Marloic, 
Shak.) ;  but  properly  this  is  elliptical  for  aspire  to. 

AS-PIR'ER,  :x.  One"  who  asphes ;  one  who  aims  to 
rise  in  power  or  consequence,  or  to  accomplish  some 
important  object.  JhTUton. 

AS-PIR'LNG,  ppr.  Desiring  eagerly  ;  aiming  at  some- 
thing noble,  great,  or  spiritual";  rising. 

AS-PIR'ING,  a.  Ambitious;  animated  with  an  ar- 
dent desire  of  power,  importance,  or  excellence. 

AS-PIR'I.\G,  n.  Ambition  ;  eager  desire  of  something 
m-eat  Hammond. 

^  ~    "  ■   -  '■•  Herbert. 

manner, 
being  aspiring. 

AS-PORT-A'TION,  n.  [L.  asportaUo,  of  abs  and 
porto,  to  carrv  :   W.  portid,  to  earn'.    See  Bear.] 

A  carrying' awav.  In  /air,  the  felonious  removal 
of  goods'from  the'place  where  they  were  deposited, 


greau 
2.  Points  ;  stops.     [jVof  used.] 
AS-PIR'ING-LY,  adv.     In  an  aspirinc  mat 
AS-PIR'ING-NE.<S,  n     The  state  of  bein; 


TONE,  Btn.L,  TINrrE.-AX"GER,  VF'CIOUS.  — €  asK;  GasJ;  SasZ;  CH  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


ASS 

ia  an  asportation,  and  adjudged  to  be  theft,  though 
the  coods  are  nut  carried  from  the  house  or  apait- 
menl.  Blackstone. 

A-SQ.UIXT',  adv*  [D.  sdtuwte,  a  slope ;  schuins, 
slopingly ;  Sp.  e^'^quinn:  D.  kant,  a  comer.  See 
Askance  and  SiiuiNT.] 

1.  To  the  comer  or  angle  of  the  eye  ;  obliquely ; 
toward  one  side  ;  not  in  the  straight  line  of  vision  ; 
as,  to  look  asquint. 

2.  Not  with  reiiard  or  due  notice.  Foz. 
XSS,  n.     [W.  asijn  ;  Ir.  asan}  h.  ashitis;  Ft.  &iie,  for 

asne  ;  Arm.  aseri ;  Sp.  Port,  asno  ;  It.  ashto ;  Qu.  from 
Goth,  atiso,  Gr.  uus,  tin  ear.] 

1.  A  quadruprd  of  the  genus  Eqinis.  This  animal 
hasiong,  sloucliing  ears,asiiortmaiie,and  a  tail  cov- 
ered with  long  hairs  at  the  end.  >Ie  is  usually  of  an 
ash  color,  with  a  black  bar  across  the  shoulders. 
The  tame  or  domestic  ass  is  patient  to  stupidity,  and 
canies  a  heavy  burden.  He  is  slow,  but  very  sure- 
footed, and  for  this  reason  ver>-  useful  on  rough,  steep 

2.  A  dull,  heavy,  stupid  fellow  ;  a  dolt.  [hills. 
AS-SA-FET'[-DA,  u.    See  Asaf<etida. 

j9S-S^I',  [Itat.]  In  viusic,  an  augmentative  adverb 
often  joined  to  a  word  mjicnting  the  movement  of  an 
air  01  other  composition  ;  a^,  larjo  assai,  very  slow ; 
prc^tc  assai,  very  (luick.  Rctisscaiij  Diet.  Jilus. 

AS-SaIL',  tJ.  t.  [Fr.  assailli}\  from  L.  assUto,  to  leap 
or  rush  upon,  of  ad  and  salio,  to  leap,  to  rise.] 

1.  To  leap  or  fall  upon  by  violence  ;  to  assault ;  to 
attack  suddenly,  as  when  one  person  falls  upon 
another  to  beat  him. 

2.  To  Invade  or  attack,  in  a  hostile  manner,  as  an 
aimy,  or  nation.  Spenser. 

3.  To  attack  with  arguments,  censure,  abuse,  or 
criticism,  with  a  view  to  injure,  bring  into  disre- 
pute, or  overthrow, 

4.  To  attack  with  a  view  to  overcome,  by  motives 
applied  to  the  passions. 

Nur  Liiile  the  encounter  ofassailing  eyes.  Shai:. 

AS-PaIL'A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  a:^s'aUed,  attacked, 

or  invaded. 
AS-SaIL';VNT,  v.     [Ft.  as.'aifaiit.]     One  who  assails, 

attacks,  or  assatilt-s. 
A3-SaIL'ANT,  a.    Assaulting j   attacking;  invading 

with  violence. 
AS-SaIL'£D,    (as-sai!d',)  pp.     Assaulted  ;  invaded  ; 

atuicked  with  violence. 
AS-SaIL'ER,  n.    One  who  nsKaiis. 
AS-SaIL'I\G,  ppr.    Assaulting,  invading  by  force; 

attrsckins  wirli  violeiicc. 
AS-SaIL,'MENT,  u.    Attack;  particularly,  an  attack 

of  disease.     [Litfh  ns-v!.]  Johnson. 

AS-SA-PAX'ie,  V.    Tlie  flying  squirrel;  an  animal 

whicli  flies  a  little,  distance  by  extending  the  skin 

between  the  fore  anci  hind  legs.     [See  Sciuirrel.] 
Dirt.  TrcvotLx. 
AS'SA-RON,  7(.    Tin-  omer,  a  Hebrew  measure  of  five 

pints.  Encyc. 

AS-SART',  71.     [Old  Fr.  assart.er^  to  gnib  up.] 

1.  In  anciciU  lains,  the  oliense  of  grubbing  up  trees, 

and  thus  destroying  thickets  or  coverts  of  a  forest. 
Spcljiwii.     C'jwcl. 
9.  A  tree  plucked  up  by  the  roots  ;  also,  a  piece  of 

land  cleared.  j3s?u 

AS-S.^RT',  r   L    To  grub  up  trees  ;  to  commit  an 

assart.  ^shmole. 


AS-SAS'SIN,?;.    [jVr. ,  vvvTs.  hassa,  to  kill.] 

One  who  kills,  or  attempts  to  kill,  by  surprise  or 
secret  assault.  The  circumstance  of  sui-prisc  or 
secrecy  seems  essential  to  the  signification  of  this 
word,  though  it  i.^  sometimes  used  to  denote  one 
who  takes  any  advantage,  in  killing  or  attempting  to 
nnirder;  as,  bv  attacking  one  \vhen  unarmed. 

AS-SAS'SIN-A'i'E,  r.  t.    To  kill,  or  attempt  to  kill,  by 
surprise  or  secret  assault ;  to  murder  by  sudden  vio- 
lence.   jJs^a.swm,  as  a  verb,  is  not  now  used. 
2.  To  waylay  ;  to  lake  by  treachery.  Mdtov. 

AS-SAS'SIX-ATE,  n.  A  murder  or  nitirdnrer.  [jVut 
li^erf.]  B.  Jimsoii.     Drydcn. 

AS-SAS'£IN-A-TED,  pp.  Murdered  by  surprise  or 
secret  asi;ault, 

AS-SAS'SIN-A-TIXG,  ppr.  Miu-dering  by  surprise  or 
secret  assault. 

AS-SAS-SIN-A'TION,  n.  The  act  of  killing  or  mur- 
dering, by  sur^irise  or  secret  assault;  mmrder  by 
violence. 

AS-SAS'SIN-A-TOR,  n.    An  assassin  ;  which  see. 

AS-SAS'SIN-OUS,  a.     Murderous.     [JVoi  used.] 

AS-SAS'SINS,  71.  pL  In  Sj^w,  a  tribe  or  clan  called 
Ismaelians,  Batanists,  or  Batenians.  They  originated 
in  Persia  about  the  year  1090;  whence  a  colony  mi- 
grated and  settled  on  the  mountains  of  Lebanon,  and 
were  remarkable  for  their  assassinations.  Their 
religion  was  a  compound  of  Magianism,  Judaism, 
Christianity,  and  iMohammedisni.  One  article  of  their 
creed  was,  that  the  Holy  Spirit  resided  in  their  chief, 
and  that  his  orders  proceeded  from  God  himself, 
lie  was  called  Sheikh  al  jebcl,  lord  or  senior  of  the 
mountain,  but  is  better  known  by  the  denomination 
oi  old  man  of  Uic  mountain.  This  barbarous  chieftain 
and  his  followen;  spread  terror  among  nations  far  and 


ASS 

near,  for  almost  two  centuries,  when  the  tribe  was 
subdued  by  Sultan  Bibaris.  Enajc. 

AS-Sa'TION,  71,     [Fr.,  from  L.  assatus.'\ 
A  roasting.     [Jvi^f.  v^ed.] 

AS-SAULT',  71.  [Fr.  assavh,  tiow  nssaut;  It.  Port. 
assaUo;  Sp.  asal'o ;  from  L.  assulto^  of  ad  am!  tulto, 
to  leap,  formed  on  salio,  or  its  root.  See  Assail. 
We  have  tlie  same  root  in  instdt  and  result.] 

1.  An  attack  or  violent  onset,  whether  by  an  in- 
dividual, a  company,  or  an  army.  An  assault  by 
private  persons  may  be  made  with  or  without  weap- 
ons. An  assault  by  an  army  is  a  \ioIt-nt  hostile  at- 
tack ;  and  when  made  upon  a  fort  or  fortified  place, 
is  called  a  storm,  as  opposed  to  sap  or  sie^e. 

2.  An  attack  by  hostile  words  or  me;isures;  as,  an 
assault  upon  the  prerogatives  of  a  prince,  or  upon  a 
constitution  of  government. 

3.  In  laiD,  an  unlawful  setting  upon  one's  person  ; 
an  attempt  or  oifer  to  beat  another,  without  touching 
his  person  ;  as,  by  lifting  the  fist  or  a  cane,  in  a 
threatening  manner,  or  by  striking  .it  him,  and  miss- 
ing liim.  If  the  blow  aimed  takes  elfect,  it  is  a 
bat.'ert/.  Blackstone.     Finch. 

AS-SAULT',  r.  t.  To  attack  or  fall  upon  b.y  violence, 
or  with  a  hostile  intention ;  as,  to  assault  a  man,  a 
house,  or  town. 

2.  To  invade  or  fall  on  with  force  ;  as,  the  cr>-  of 
war  a->saults  our  ears. 

3.  To  attack  by  words,  arguments,  or  unfriendly 
measures,  with  a  view  to  shake,  impair,  or  over- 
throw ;  as,  to  assaidt  a  characl.'r,  the  laws,  or  the 
administration. 

AS-SAULT' A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  assaulted. 

Wdlinms. 

AS-SAULT'ED,  pp.  Attacked  with  force,  arms,  vio- 
lence, or  hostile  views. 

AS-SAULT'ER,  n.  One  who  assaults,  or  violently 
attacks. 

A^^-SAULT'IN"G,  ppr.  Attacking  uith  force,  or  with 
hostile  measures. 

AS-SaY',  71      [Ft.  essaii  Sp.  tusayo;  Port,  nisaio:  It. 

saggio,  an  assay  ;  Fr.  cssaiicr,  to  try  ;  old  Fr.  cssoycr, 

to  endeavor.     KcVmm^s  J^'orm,  Diet.  .  It.  asdagg-iare, 

to  tiy  ;  saggiarCf  to  tr\-,  essay  ;  Sp.  eitsayar,  to  ti>' ; 

e     e 

Sw.  forsoka,  to  tiy ;  Dan.  forsoge,  to  try,  examine, 
endeavor.  These  words  are  all  from  the  same  root  as 
scekj  the  radical  sense  of  which  is,  to  follow,  to  urge, 
press,  or  strain ;  Sax.  sccanj  to  seek ;  D.  zoeken  .■  G. 

e 
surhen ;  Sw.  soka  ;  Dan.  i-S^e;  L.  sap/or,  assc.juor,  to 
follow,  to  examine  ;  Ir.  scickim ;  It.  seguire ;  Sp.  sc- 
o-Hir,  to  follow,  Jl!,-saij  and  essay  are  radically  one 
word  ;  but  modem  usage  has  appropriated  as.-iay  to  ex- 
periments in  raetallurffv,  and  essay  to  intellectual  a;id 
bodily  efibrts.     Class  Sg.     See  Es^w.]  ■ 

1.  The  determination  of  the  quantity  of  any  par- 
ticular metal  in  an  ore,  or  other  metallic  compound 
alloy ;  or  more  especially  the  determination  of  the 
quantity  of  gold  or  silver  in  coin  or  bulhon.  .Analysis 
is  tbe  determination  of  the  nature  and  proportions  of 
ail  the  ingredients  of  a  compound.  Assaying  is 
called  the  docima^tic  art.  P.  Cijc.     Encyc 

2.  The  substance  to  be  assayed.  Ure. 

3.  In  /air,  an  examination  of  weiglits  and  measures 
by  the  standard.  Coicd. 

4.  Examination;  trial;  effort;  first  entrance  upon 
any  business;  attempt,  in  tbese  senses,  which  are 
foiind  in  old  authors,  now  rarely  used.   [See  Essat.] 

o.  Value.    [Obs.] 

Pearls  .uid  precious  stones  of  grcit  aesat/.  Spenser. 

AS-S.\Y',  V.  U    1.  To  determine  the  amount  of  a  partic- 
ular metal  in  an  ore,  alloy,  or  other  metallic  compound. 
2.  FiTurativc'i/,  to  apply  to,  as  to  tiie  touchstone. 

^rdtoiu 
AS-SaY'j  V,  i.    To  attempt,  try,  or  endeavor. 

lie  aesa-jed  to  go.  —  1  Sjun.  xvii. 
[In  this  sense  Essay  is  nojo  used.] 

AS-SaY'-B.-\L'^V.\CE,  7u  a  balance  used  in  the 
process  of  assaying. 

AS-SaV'jED.  pp.  Examined;  tested;  proved  by  ex- 
pertuicnt. 

A?-SaV'ER,  7f.  One  who  examines  metallic  ores  or 
compounds,  for  the  purpose  of  determining  the  amount 
of  any  particular  metal  in  the  same,  particularly  of 
gold  or  silver.  An  oificer  of  the  mint,  whose  busi- 
ness is  to  determine  tlio  amount  of  gold  or  silver  in 
coin  or  bullion. 

AS-SaY'-FUR'NACE,  ?i.  a  furnace  used  in  the  pro- 
cessof  assiying.  Ure. 

AS-SaY'ING,  71.  The  determination  of  the  amount  of 
any  particular  metal  in  a  metallic  compouiid.  [See 
Assay.] 

AS-SaViNG,  ;',T)r.  Tr>-ing  by  some  standard;  exam- 
ining by  experiment,  as  metals  ;  proving  ;  attempting. 

AS-SaY'-.'\IaS'TER,  v.  An  assajer  ;  an  o)ucer  ;ip- 
pointed  to  detenuine  the  amount* of  gold  or  silver  in 
coin  or  bullion. 

AS-SE€-Ta'TION,  71.    Attendance  or  waiting  upon. 

AS-SE-euli'vVNCE,  n.     A^iurance.     [J^ot  Twcrf.] 

Sht^ldan. 

AS-SE-€U-RA'TIOi\,  n.  Assurance  ;  a  makuig  sure. 
[JSTot  usal.']  Bp.  IlidU 


ASS 

AS-SE-eORE',  V.  t.    To  make  .sme.     \J^ot  usp.d,'] 

BuUokar. 
AS-SE-€0'TION,  n.     [L.  assequor.] 

An  obtaining  or  acquiring.  Jlyliffe. 

AS-SEM'BLAGE,  n.    j;Fr.     See  Assemble.] 

1.  A  collection  ol  individuals,  or  of  particular 
things ;  the  state  of  being  assembled.      Thomson. 

2.  fiuri///,  the  act  of  assembling. 
AS-SEM'BLANCE,  n.     Representation ;   an    assem- 
bling.    LVwi  in  H.«c.]  Sha3c     Spenser. 

AS-'3EM'BLE,  v.  t.     \Yx.  assev.hlrr ;  Sw.  samla f  Dan. 

samle;  D.  zamelen ;   Ger.  sammdn,  to  assemble.     L. 

simul ;  Dan.  sarmnen ;  D.  zamcn,  together.] 
To  collect  a  number  of  individuals  or  particulars 

into  one  place  or  body  ;  to  bring  or  call  together  ;  to 

convene  ;  to  congreinvte. 
AS-SEM'BLE,  u.  i.    To  meet  or  come  together;  to 

convene,  as  a  number  of  individuals. 
AS-SEM'BL£:D,pp.  Collected  into  a  body;  congregated. 
AS-SEM'BLER,  n.    One  who  assembles. 
AS-SEM'BLING,  ppr.     Coining  together;   collecting 

into  one  place. 
AS-SEM'BLING,  7i.     A    collection,  or   meeting   to- 
gether.   Heb.  X. 
AS-SEM'BLY,  n.      [Sp.  asamblea;  It.  assamllea;  Fr. 

asscmblec] 

1.  A  company  or  collection  of  individuals,  in  the 
same  place  ;  usually  for  the  same  purpose. 

2.  A  congregation  or  religious  society  convened. 

'  3.  In  a  civ d  or  poUtieal  sense,  a  meeting  convened 
by  authority, for  the  transaction  of  public  business; 
as,  the  (issrmuties  of  the  Roman  people  ;  the  assembin 
of  the  States-General,  and  the  National  .dsscndtbj,  iu 
France. 

4.  In  some  of  the  United  States,  the  legislature,  con- 
sisting of  diflerent  houses  or  branches,  whether  in 
session  or  not ;  more  usually  calle<l  tlie  General  vS-- 
sctiibly.  In  some  states,  the  popular  branch,  or  House 
of  Representatives,  is  denominated  the  jissembbj.  [Sec 
tJie  eoitstitiition  of  tlie  seceral  states.] 

5.  A  collection  of  persons  for  amusement ;  as,  a 
dancing  assembly. 

6.  A  convocation,  convention,  or  council  of  min- 
isters and  mling  elders,  delegated  from  each  presby-   ' 
lerj' ;  as,  tlie  Geuiral  J3sscn:bly  of  !i;COlland,  or  of  the 
United  States.  Encyc. 

7.  In  armies,  the  second  beating  of  the  drum  be-  i 
foie  a  march,  when  the  soldiers  strike  their  tents. 

Encyc.       j 

8.  An  assemblajje.    [JVijf.  in  vsc.] 

Primary  assembly ;  a  meeting  of  the  people  or  legiil 
voters  in  a  town,  city,  or  other  district,  who  apj)ear 
and  act  on  public  business  in  person,  and  a  majority 
of  whose  votes  originate  the  supreme  power  in  a 
statL". 

AS-SEM'BLY-ROOM,  ti.  A  room  in  which  persons 
assemble,  especially  for  amusement.  Cyc. 

AS-SENT',  71.     [L.  asscnsns,  from  asscntior,  to  assent, 

of  ad  and  sentio.  to  think  ;  Eth.  Min  scna  or  sqhu, 
concord,  and  its  derivativr,  to  agree,  to  harmonize; 
Sw.  sinnc,  mind,  sense;  D.  im,  mind:  zmnen,  to 
feel  or  mind  ;  G.  sinu,  sense  ;  sinncn,  to  think  or  con- 
sider. The  Danes  preserve  the  final  consonant,  sind, 
mind,  sense,  inclination  ;  W.  syn,  sense;  syniaw,  to 
perceive.] 

1.  The  act  of  the  mind  in  admitting,  or  agreeing  to, 
the  truth  of  a  proposition. 

J'';ulh  is  the  assent  to  any  propoaiiion,  on  the  crrdil  of  tlic  prt>- 


pOSLT. 


Locke. 


2.  Consent;  agreement  to  a  proposal,  respecting 
some  right  or  interest ;  as,  the  bill  before  the  house 
has  the  assent  of  a  great  majority  of  tlie  members. 

The  distinction  between  assent  and  consent  seems 
to  be  this:  assent  is  the  agreement  to  an  abstract 
proposition.  We  assent  to  a  statement,  but  wo  do 
not  anisnit  to  it.  Consent  is  an  agreement  to  some 
proposal  or  measure  which  affects  the  rights  or  in- 
teresLs  of  the  consenter.  Vv'e  consciU  to  a  proposal  of 
marriage.  This  distinction,  however,  is  not  always 
observed.  [See  Consent.]  .Assent  is  an  act  of  the 
irnderstanding ;  consent  is  an  act  cf  the  will.  So 
Baxter  si}eaks  of  justifying  faith  as  tlte  assc7iUng 
trutt  of  the  understanding,  and  the  consenting  trust 
of  the  will.  Short  Jilcditations. 

3.  Accord  ;  agreement.    2  Chroii.  x^Tii. 

Bcyal  assent ;  in  England,  the  assent  of  the  sove- 
reign to  a  bill  which  has  passed  both  houses  of  par- 
liament, given  in  the  House  of  Lord^,  eilhcr  in  person 
or  by  commissioners.  P.  Cyc. 

AS-SENT',  V.  i.  To  admit  as  true  ;  to  agree  to,  yield, 
or  concede,  or  rather  to  express  an  agreement  of  the 
mind  to  what  is  alleged  or  proposed. 

The  Jr'wa  also  aesented,  savin j  that  ihcss  Uiin^s  were  so.  —  Acts 
Xiiv. 

It  is  sometimes  used  for  consent,  or  to  express  an 
agreement  to  something  afleciiug  the  rights  or  in- 
terest of  the  person  assenting.  But  to  assent  to  the 
marriage  of  a  daughter,  is  less  correct  than  to  consent. 
AS-SENT-a'TIOX^».  (h.  asscntaUo,  irom  asscntor,  to  | 
comply-] 

Compliance  with  the  opinion  of  another,  from 
flattery  or  dissimulation.  Chesterjietd. 


FaTE,  F.\R,  fall,  WHAT.  — MkTE,  PRgY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.- 


ASS 


ASS 


ASS 


aISeNT-A-TCVKI-LT,  adr.  With  adulaUo^^[.Vot 
AsWiiX^'EE.  .■.  One  who  assents,  agrees  to,  or 
A^iENT'LXG,  ppr.  Agreeing  to,  or  admittiDg  as 
Ahli5.-TaNG?LY,air.  In  a  maimer  to  express  as- 
ASksi^'jaNT,  «-     Asa;nt;  asreemeut.  ^l«^reJ, 

-rVo^J:;:^«":i.arewi.h  as^^ce; 

«'^  -^■'".r-  .  :.,  „r  defend  bv  words  or  measures  ; 

.laim  Of  tiUc  to;  as,  to  a^rrl  our 

Ai-SiKi   I II,  :,p'.  'I'lffirmed  positively;  maintained; 

A^KKrivG,    ppr.     Dedarius    with    confidence; 

^£|F'l^S^,1f"*TL  act  of  assening;  tbe  main- 
'  '"■;"';.:Jl,,ve''d"famtion  or  averment;  aiEnnation  ; 

^JSi^KTU^.""'"  Positive;   affirming  'on^Sy  ; 

AEES-'R-D-LY,<ufo.    Affirmatively.    ..    B^'lt. 
'i<  UerT'OR    n.    One  who  affirms  positively;;  one 
■\vtan»m^s  or  vindicates  a  claim ;  an  amnner, 

.Sli'^RT'o-KV^'I'^Sf^mg;  maintaining.  B^./fL^L 

i^ip"'    r  (.     rFr.  a.«Mir;  Norm,  a^cr,  assco.r;  to 

^e'tUerax.'asce'ham.as.^.;  It-  ass^e^  a^^> 

L.  aJ.<i™,  od  and  scJ^o ,'  Eng.  to  s.(,  or  srt.   See  b^x 

^l    To-et,  fix,  or  charge  a  certain  sum,  as  a  tal ;  as, 
to  >L.«.«  e.ich  citizen  in  due  proportion. 

■1  To  value  :  to  fix  the  value  of  proiierty,  for  the 
™T;„«e  of  bein"  taxed  ;  as  by  the  law  of  the  United 
SlJSr   41^,  to  iSue  or  fix  the  profits  of  busmess, 

a  jurv-  to  assuJ  damages. 
\S-Si:sr:',  71.    Assessment.    [.%o!MfA] 
\«  -F--'  \-BLE,  a.     Tliat  may  be  assessed. 
'ili'.i.'iSA.BLY,  ai2c.    By  assessment. 
tsiEi;  OT   (aisest',)  /p.    Charged  with  a  certam 
■   .um  ;  valaud  ;  set;  fi.ad  ;  ascertair.ed.         ^  .„-   ,. 
M^^i:is'lSa,ppr.    Chargmg  with  a  sum;  valuing ,_ 

Al-"El'S?S^°"A°'sitting  down  by  a  person.    \Mt 


AS-SEV'ER-.\-TED,  pp.    .\fliiined  or  averred 
tively. 


posi- 


AS-SEV'ER-.A-TIXG,  ppr.    Aflirming  positively. 

AS-^EV  ER-^'TION,  i!.  Positive  affirmation  or  as- 
sertion ;  solemn  declaration.  This  word  is  not,  gen- 
erallv  if  ever,  used  for  a  declaration  under  an  olhcial 
oath',  'but  for  a  decUuution  accompanied  w  ilh  so- 

!tSs"'-'liEAD,  ,..  [CSS  and  hmJ.]  One  didl,  like  the 
ass ;  one  slow  of  apprehension  ;  a  blockhead. 

A  sect  of  Jews  who  resorted  to  Maitathias  to  fmht 
for  Uie  laws  of  Uicir  God  and  the  liberaes  of  their 
countrv.  Thev  were  men  of  great  zeal,  and  ob- 
served" tbe  traditions  of  Uie  elders.  From  tl-.esc 
sprang  the  Pharisees  and  Essenes.  Kucjc. 

.IS'SI-DENT,  a.    [L.  assidco,  assidciis,  of  ad  and  sedeo, 

^°T^idcnt  signs,  in  medicine,  are  such  as  usually 
attend  a  disease,  but  net  always ;  distinguished  from 
paihomwmic  signs,  which  are  inseparable  t.-om  it. 

\«-<ID'r-WE,a.    Daily.    [X'otmuse.]    K.CIiarlcsI. 
'•VS-SI-DO'f-TY,  n.    [L.  assiJuiws.    Sec  Assiduous.] 


'-'  "  \-ET,  o.    Pettainins  to  asscssois. 

.  r  n.  A  valuation  of  proiierty  or  prohls 
f,ir  the  purpose  of  taxation.  .\n  osstis- 
,o.t  1.  i  valuation  made  by  auth:irized  persons  ac- 
cordiP.  l^  theu  discretion,  as  op,.os.d  to  a  sum  «r- 
cjiuii  „  ..,■„.  -I  h„  i-v-  It  3  a  valuitioii  of  the 
STAv  rf  h";:'.;  w'ifo'a^e-to'^'uie  ta..,  for  the  pur^ 
Sl^of  fiMug  tiie  proportion  which  each  manshaU 
^;  on  which  valuation  the  Liw  imposes  a  specific 

sum  upon  a  given  amount.  ,,  •,  j  <:,„,,, 

BUidisUKU.     Lana  o}  the  UniUd  SlaUs. 
2.  A  tax  or  specific  sum  charged  on  persons  or 

''■irThe  act  of  assessing ;  the  act  of  determining  the 
im.  unl  of  damages  by  a  jury. 
..ISessOR,  n.    One  appointed  to  assess  the  person 

"'I'tSerior  officer  of  justice,  who  sits  to  assist 

'  "■>.  ^In  £»'!otJ,  persons  chosen  to  assUt  the  mayor 
and  alderm'en  oi  corporations,  in  matters  «^^^™n? 

''""toe  who  sits  by  another,  as  next  in  d'^jjy^ 

.\S-SES-So'RI-.*I',  a-  Pertaining  to  assessors^r  a 
court  of  assessors.  :  *«™,oh 

\S'^ETS  II.  pL  rPr.  assf.,  enough  ;  It.  mot,  enough, 
or  manj- ;  iV.  A  sufficiency  ;  sa^',  satisfaction  ; 

•^I'^^So^l^tlf  a  deceased  ^^n,  subject  by 
law  to  the  payment  of  his  debts  and  legac.es ;  cal.ed 
Sir.!  be-S  sufficient  to  render  the  executor  o 
r,dmiAi.Iratorliabletothe  creditors  and  l=|^^«f ■  ^^ 
far  as  such  go<Mls  or  estate  may  '=«''"'^: .  -i'^""  ""^ 
ToU  or  ptTson^  ■■  real  o^ml,  are  lands  wh..  h  descend 
to  the  heir,  subject  tn  the  fulfillmem  ol  the  obl.ga- 
UotLo  of  th'.  ancestor  ;  p^sa^  o.,srJ.  are  «  tnoney 
or  goods  of  the  deceased,  or  debus  due  to  him,  which 
come  into  the  hands  of  the  executor  oydrnMnstR  t^.r, 
or  «hich  he  is  bound  to  collect  and  "™^«^"'" 
money.  .  .  " 

2.  Effects  of  an  insolvent  debtor.  „,  ,„  „ 

3.  The  entire  property  of  all  sorts,  belonging  to  a 
mr  rchaut  or  to  a  trading  association.      M  t-"'""-  , 

AS-SEVER,  j .:.  «.      [L.  '^'^"""^  tromud  and 

AS?-SEV'Er'aTE,  (     the  Teutonic  swear :  fcax.  Mc- 

rian :  Goth,  svcaran,  to  swear,  to  affirm  positively.j 

To  affirm  or  aver  positively,  or  with  solemmty. 


1.  Constant  or  close  application  to  any  basme"  or 
enterprise  ;  dUigence.  f^f",'-,. 

2.  Attention  :  attantivencss  to  persons.  jS..sirJiiiti&, 
in  the  plural,  are  studied  and  pei-severing  attentions. 

/VS-SID'U-OUS,  a.    [L.  iissi<Jui/.s  from  ussiuen,  to  sit 
close,  ad  and  sedto ;  Eng.  to  sit ;  Sa.x.  situin,  sMmi-] 
1.  Constant  in  application  ;  as,  a  person  assulumis 

'".'"\uSe -"careful;  regular  in  attendance;  as, 

'^?lS^?^,PSScc:::s;^  diligence  or  anention ; 

.SlDlu'citY,    .dc.      DiUgently;     attentively; 

tith  earnestness  and  care  ;  with  regular  attendance. 

A^SID^lToU^.XESS,  n.    Constant  or  dihgent  appli- 

\Ssli0E'    t.U     To  besiege.     [04s.]  Spertscr. 

■^Ki-EXt'o;  n.     [Sp.  asiluo,  a  seat,  a  contract  or 

='T^;;Uc^r;^l.«lon  between  the  king  ^ 
Spain  and  other  powers,  for  furnishing  slaves  for  the 
Spanish  dominions  in  America.  „f,„,i  to 

Coi:tract  of  Vte  JlssicuU,,  M.trc':  26,  1 1 13,  rfftrrctf  to 
in  ai  ucaty  baxccn  Great  Britain  a,ul  kpa.n,  Jahj 

"!&!";(<,  Co:r.par.,jt  a  company  to  whom  tlie  con- 
.„"S  S  th,.  A«sie-ito  was  granted;  ongmally  the 

}aly  13,  1713,  the  South  Sea  Compai^;.^^^^  ^^^^^^ 

AO_«rF\T'IST    n.      -A.  shareholder  or   stockholder 
-^of^t he"^  Jsicnto'cmnpany,  French  or  English  ;  one  ol 

the  hol.lers  of  the  Assiento  contract.  Bancroft. 

.  P^TP  V'  7-«  stub'  1  r.  U    [Fr.  a^si^er ;  Sp.  asignar; 

^•''^^.,To  allot,  to  mark  °"W^Ir..«£'"«.;  I^;-^'"-',^ 
mark.    The  primary  sense  of  s,gn  l»  to  send,  or  to 

"V?  To  allot;  to  appoint  or  grant  by  distribution  or 
apportionment.  _ 

The  pm«  K-ul  a  pcrti.i.  o^isn"!  I.e....  -  Oen.  .Ivr. 

o   To  designate  or  appoint  for  a  particular  purpose. 
They  a.r.eo^  B™r,  .  cily  of  refuge.  -  Jo.1..  xx. 

3.  To  fix,  specify,  or  designate;  as,  to  assng<i  a 
"fin  U.  to  transter,  or -k^,  '^^^^'^ 

'1  Vol^elTrl^i^vin  particular;  as,  to  ^-si.n  a 

reason  for  ?"f  "^..J^/^'jf-ify  .  ^s,  to  assi<rn  errors. 
A^lir^N'C    rpStfwhom  prope-ityor  an  ui- 
""tte^^s'transftrJed  ;  as,  a  deed  to  a  man  and  his 

aIIFg'n' A^lX^   That  may  be  allotted,  appointed, 

".^tfat  may  be  transferred  by  writing;  as,  an  as- 

I3;sst.!s^w«ii-is's 

in"tS  security  of  the  latter     Hence 
.otSnt  orFSe,"b^fd  on^he  security  of  the 
J?^r%^T^:n.    An  appointment  of  time  and 
^ITa  making  over  by  transler  of  title,     [bee  As 
"  Tooke  uses  bank-assignatims 


AS-SIGiS"£D,  pp.  or  u.     Appointed;  alloiud  ;  made 
over  1  shown  or  designated. 

AS-SIGN-EE'.n.     .^  person  to  whom  an  assignment   i 
is  made  ;  a  person  appointed  or  deputed  by  aiiollier 
to  do  some  act,  iieilVrm  some  bu.im-ss,  or  enjoy   | 
some  rii;ht,privile-e,  or  property;  as,  an  avignrr.  of 
a  bankrupt.    ^Vn  assignee  may  be  by  S|>ecial  apiKiint-  j 
ment  or  deed,  or  be  created  by  law  ;  as  an  executor. 

jlssh'nees    in    bankrnptcy;   in    England,    persons 

appointed,  under  a  commission  of  bankruptcy,  to 

inanage  the  estate  of  a  bankrupt,  for  Uie  beuefit  of 

liis  creditors.  ^  .  .      .      _ 

.A.S-SIGiN'EE,  (.TS-sin'er,)   a.     One  who  assigns,  or 

AS-SIGV'lXG,  (as-sin'ing,)  ppr.    Allotting  ;  appoint- 
ing ;  transferring  ;  showing  specially.  . 
AS-SIGN'Jl  EXT,  e.    An  allotting,  or  an  appointment 
to  a  particular  person  or  use. 

In  taTc,  1.  A  transler  of  title  or  interest  by  writing, 
as  of  a  lease,  bond,  note,  or  bill  of  exchange, 
o   The  writing  by  which  an  interest  is  translcrreil. 

3  The  appoiii'-menl  or  designation  of  causes  or 
actions  in  court,  lor  trial  on  particuhir  days. 

4  The  convevaiice  of  the  whole  interest  winch  a 
man  has  in  an  'estate,  usually  for  life  or  years.  U 
dilljrs  from  a  lease,  which  is  the  conveyance  ol  a  les, 
term  than  the  lessor  has  in  the  esmte.        f  ■*""-''•  ,^ 

.^ssis-oiii.-iK  in  bankraptc.1 :  the  transfer  of  the  prop- 
ertv  of  a  bankrupt  to  certain  persons  caUea  o-vsi/iit^', 
in  whom  it  is  vested  for  the  benefit  of  creditors. 

AS-SlGxV-OR',  n.  An  assignor;  a  persoii  wiio  as- 
signs or  transfers  an  interest;  as, the  assignor  of  a 
bill  of  exchange.  ,  ,__.,  ^. 

AS-Sni'I-LA-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  assiradated. 

AS-SIM'I-LaTE,  f.  I.  [L.  assimdo,  ot  ad  anil  siniots, 
like.    See  Similah.]  , 

1.  To  bring  to  a  likeness  ;  to  cause  to  '■'=^™'_^''i 

o   To  convert  into  a  like  substance;  as.  lood  is 
oJiiiiifeJci  by  conversion   into  annua,  substance,, 
flesh,  chvle,  blood,  &c. 
AS-SIj1'I-LaTE,  v.  i. 

1.  To  become  simUat.  <■     i  ,„  ,i,„ 

a.  To  perform  the  act  of  converting  food    o  the 

substance  of  the  body  ;  as,  buds  a^simtalc  lg^»^«n 

""T  To  be  converted  into  the  substance  of  the  body  ; 
as  fllh  o^siSes  more  readily  than  vegetable^ 

AS^SIM'I-L.-v-TED,  pp.  Brought  to  a  Idleness, 
chanced  into  a  like  substance. 

VS  sm'I-LA-TIXO,  ppr.  Causing  to  resemble  ;  con- 
verting into  a  like  substance. 

-^'f  •'■l-t'^a^c'tTbSi^-ng  to  a  resemblance  ;  or  a  state 

""■o^Thfarir  process  by  which  bodies  convert    | 
other  bodiefirao  t'helr  own  natm-e  and  substance;    ' 

■"^''rX'iwS'.e-conversion  of  nutriment  into 
thp'fluid  or  solicT  substance  of  the  body. 

4   l^Zmtpojholcgy,  the  supposed  conversion  of 
the'flmds  of  thi  body  S  the  natmre  of  any  tnorbihc 

™ThI'term  asnimlcdon  has  been  limited  by  some,  to 
the  taal ""oiL  by  which  the  blood  is  converted 

Ar?iM'lIv¥lvE?-    li^^^'"-""  of  converting 
t  a  1  ken^ss  or  to  a  like  substance.        .  /MnrO/. 
J  snl'l-LA-TO-EV,  a.    Tending  to  assimdaie. 
a3  si'm'U-L.\TE,  v.  t.    [L.  assimiUo.] 

To  fef-n.    fW  used.    See  Simulate,] 
AS-SIM-l?l..A'TIOl\,    n.      A    couuterfe.tmg.       [.^ot 

,uvd.    See  SmuLATios.]  HcrlcrU 

tPl"'^?'?°:"'[L  -S'»,of  ad  and  ^.t.,  to  stand 
n"n  R„4  sLm  to  Sit,  or  be  placed  ;  Sp.  osisf-Tj  lu 
^-LSITf^.  Si^-;  Literally  to  be  present,  or,  as 
-^r^^S"3ttos^S^"?i«sup,»rttoin 
some  mide'rtaking'or  effort,  or  in  time  of  distress 
1  \S-SIST',  i:  i. 

I:  7o  belreient ;  to  attend  ;  as,  to  '^<^<^^ 

A5^T"X§ci"'»''1leipTlid  ;  furtherance  ;  Juccor ; 
^tconSb'^ion  of'snpiroJt'm  biJdUy  strength  or  other 

aI?IiSt'A-NT,..    Helping;  lending  aid  or  sup^rt ; 

aSSsT?'^NT  .1     One  who  aids,  or  who  contrilnites 
AS-slol  -^i^  1 ,  «.    vj"  ,    f,,rih-'r  tlic  designs  or 

his  strength  or  other  means  to  furtn-r 
weUare  of  another ;  an  auxaiat; .  ^ .  ,^_ 

\5^I*T'E1)   1/p.     Helped  ;  aided. 

\S-S1ST'ING,    ppr^       Uelpin^,    «»      => 

with  •itren<'tti  or  means.  .    ,  p.-ne. 

A^^T^i^l^^i  a.  ,  VViSJ^-^^^.  to  sif  iiCof 
llSIi'Esrn.pJ'''ia^d';.^",tosit;  U  >--a 


'^i^MV.U.,  ^XITE.-AN;^GER^JSa^;CIOUg^-€a^ 


ASS 

Kession.  See  Assess.]  J^ote.  This  word  was  formerly 
written,  as  in  Frencli,  assise. 

1.  Ori^-inalhj,  an  assembly  of  kni[;lits  and  other 
subsianti:J  men,  with  a  bailiff  or  justice,  in  a  certain 
place  and  at  a  certain  time,  for  public  business.  The 
general  council,  or  IV'dtenagemoU^  of  England,  was 
called  tJie  Qcneral  Asshe.       Blackstonn.     OlanviUc 

2.  In  England^  the  Court  of^ssize^  popularly  called 
the  jlssizcs,  is  the  sessions  held,  by  at  leaHt  one  of  the 
judges  of  the  superior  courts,  In  each  of  the  counties, 
under  commissions  of  assize  for  civil  cases,  and  of 
oyer  and  terminer,  and  jail  delivery^  for  criminal 
cases.  Tlie  commission  of  assize  origmally  directed 
the  judges  to  take  assizes^  or  the  verdicts"  of  a  par- 
ticular jury  called  the  assize^  now  obsolete.  P.  Cijc. 

3.  A  jury.  In  this  sense  the  word  was  applied  to 
the  giand  assize,  for  the  trial  of  property,  and  to  the 
petty  assize,  for  the  trial  of  possession.  In  iScotland, 
the  assize  consists  of  fifteen  men,  selected  from  a 
greater  number. 

4.  A  writ ;  as,  an  assize  of  novel  disseisin,  which  is 
given  to  recover  tlie  possession  of  lands,  tenements, 
rents,  common,  &.C.,  of  which  the  tenant  has  been 
lately  disseised  ;  asdie  of  mort  d'ancestor^  which  lies 
against  an  abator,  who  enters  upon  land  after  the 
death  of  the  ancestor,  and  before  the  heir  enters ; 
assize  of  daivr.in  presentment,  or  last  presentation, 
which  lies  against  a  stranger  who  presents  a  clerk  tu 
a  benefice,  from  the  person,  who  himself,  or  his  an- 
cestor, last  before  presented.  Bhckstone. 

5.  A  particular  species  of  rents,  established  and 
not  subject  to  be  varied.  Eng.  Law. 

G.  The  time  or  place  of  holding  the  Court  of  Assize ; 
generally  in  the  plural,  assizes. 

7.  In  a  more  general  sensSj  any  tribunal  or  court  of 
justice. 

8.  A  statute,  or  ordinance,  generally ;  as,  the  as- 
sizes of  the  realm  ;  the  assizes  of  the  forest,  rules  and 
regulations  for  the  management  of  the  royal  forests  ; 
assize  of  arms,  a  statute  of  Hen.  II.  for  arming  the 
kingdom;  tlie  assizes  of  Jerusalem,  a  code  of  feudal 
laws  formed  by  the  crusaders  for  their  kingdom  of 
Jerusalem. 

9.  A  statute  of  regulation ;  an  ordinance  regu- 
lating the  weight,  measure,  and  price  of  articles  sold 
in  market ;  and  hence  the  word  came  to  signify  the 
weight,  measure,  or  price  itself;  as,  the  cs:«:e  of  bread. 

Spclman.     Cowel.     Encyc.     Blackstone. 

10.  An  ordinance  fixing  the  standard  of  weights 
and  measures;  hence,  the  standard  weights  and 
measures  ;  as,  the  custody  of  the  assize.  Blackstone. 

n.  Measure;  dimension.  [In  tliis  sense,  now  cor- 
rupted into  Size,  which  see.] 

Au  huiidroil  cubils  lii^h  by  just  assize.  SpetJser. 

AS-SIZE',  V.  t.    To  fix  the  weight,  measure,  or  price 
of  commodities,  by  an  ordinance  or  regulation  of 
authority. 
Q._  To  fix  the  rate  of;  to  assess,  as  taxes.  Btvncrs. 

AS-SiZ'£D,  pp.  Regulated  in  weight,  measure,  or 
price,  by  an  assize  or  ordinance;  assessed. 

AS-SIZ'ER,  71.  An  ofiicer  who  has  tlie  care  or  inspec- 
tion of  weights  and  measures.  Chambers. 

AS-SIZ'OR,  n.    In  Scotland,  a.  jui-or.  Bailey. 

aSS'-LIKE,  a.    Uesemhiing  an  ass.  Sidjicij. 

AS-So'BEIl,  V.  t.  [See  Sober.]  To  make  or  keep 
sober.     [JWi  ■iisc!l.\  Qower. 

AS-SO-CIA-BIL'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  being  capa- 
ble of  association  ;  the  quality  of  suffering  some 
change  by  sympathy,  or  of  being  affected  by  the 
affections  of  anollicr  part  of  the  body.      Danein. 

AS-So'ClA-BLE,  (as-so'sha-ble.)     [SeJ  Associate.] 
1,  That  may  be  joined  to  or  associated. 
9.  Sociable  ;  companionable. 

3.  In  a  medical  sense,  liable  to  bo  afiected  by  sym- 
pathy, or  to  receive  from  otiier  i)arts  correspondent 
feelings  and  affections.  "  Tlie  stomach,  the  most 
associahlc  of  all  the  organs  of  the  animal  body." 

Med.  Rep.     Darwin. 

AS-So'CIA-DLE-NESS,  n.    Associability. 

AS-So'CIaTE,  (as-so'shate,)  v.  t.  [Fr.  associer;  L. 
associo,  of  ad  and  socio,  to  join.] 

1.  To  join  in  company,  as  a  friend,  companion, 
partner,  or  confederate ;  as,  to  associate  others  with 
us  in  business,  or  m  an  enterprise. 

It  conveys  the  idea  of  intimate  union. 

2.  To  unite  in  the  same  mass ;  as,  particles  of 
matter  associated  with  othor  substances. 

AS-So'CIaTE,  v.  i. 

1.  To  unite  in  company  ;  to  keep  company,  imply- 
ing intimacy;  as,  congenial  minds  arc  disposed  to 
associate. 

9.  To  unite  in  action,  or  to  be  affected  by  the 
action  of  a  different  part  of  the  body  Darwin. 

AS-S6'CIATE,  a. 

1.  Joined  in  interest  or  purpose ;  confederate. 

Milton. 

2.  Joined  in  employment  or  office  ;  as,  an  associate 
judge. 

3.  In  medicine,  connected  by  habit  or  sympathy  ; 
as,  ossocirtfc  motions,  such  as  occur  sympathetically, 
in  consequence  of  preceding  motions.  Darwin. 

AS-SO'CIATE,  n. 

1.  A  companion ;  one  frequently  in  company  with 


ASS 

another,  implying  intimacy  or  equality ;  a  mate ;  a 
fellow. 

9.  A  partner  in  interest,  as  in  business ;  or  a  con- 
federate in  a  league 

3.  A  companion  in  a  crimmal  transaction ;  an 
accomplice. 

AS-So'ClA-TED,  pp.  United  in  company  or  in  in- 
terest;  joined. 

AS-So'CIATE-SmP,  u.  The  state  or  office  of  an 
associate^  Encyc.j  art.  Reynolds, 

AS-So'CIa-TING,  ppr.  Uniting  in  company  or  in 
interest ;  joining. 

AS-SO-CI-A'TION,  71. 

1.  The  act  of  associating;  union;  connection  of 
persons, 

2.  Union  of  persons  in  a  company ;  a  society 
formed  for  transacting  or  cariying  on  some  business 
for  mutual  advantage  ;  a  partnership.  It  is  often  ap- 
plied to  a  union  of  states,  or  a  confederacy. 

3.  Union  of  things  ;  apposition,  as  of  particles  of 
matter. 

4.  Union  or  connection  of  ideas.  An  association 
of  idras  is  where  two  or  more  ideas  constantly  or 
naturally  follow  each  other  in  the  mind,  so  that  one 
almost  infallibly  produces  the  other.  Encijc. 

5.  An  exertion  or  change  of  some  extreme  part  of 
the  scnsorium  residing  in  the  muscles  or  organs  of 
sense,  in  consequence  of  some  antecedent  or  attend- 
ant fibrous  contractions.  Darwin. 

G.  Among  Covgrrgationalists..  a  society  of  the  cler- 
gy, consisting  of  a  number  of  pastors  of  neighboring 
churches,  united  for  promnting  the  interests  of  re- 
ligion and  tbe  hannony  of  the  churches. 

AS-SO-CI-a'TION-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  an  associa- 
tion of  clergymen. 

AS-S6'CIA-TIVE,  a.  Having  the  quality  of  associ- 
ating, or  of  being  affected  by  sympathy. 

Danoin.     Miller. 

AS-So'CIa-TOR,  n.    A  confederate.  Drydcn. 

[ji*s30ciATE  is  now  used.] 

AS-SOIL',  y.  (.  [Old  Fr.,  from  L.  a&so/ro.]  To  solve; 
to  release  ;  to  absolve.     [Oi.v.]        Taylor,    Bacon. 

AS-SOIL',  V.  t.  [Fr.  souiUcr.]  To  soil;  to  stain. 
\Obs.\ 

AS-SOIL'MENT,  n.    Act  of  assoiling ;  absolution. 

More.     Speed. 

AS'SO-NANCE,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  ad  and  sono,  to 
sound.    See  Sound.] 

Re^scmbiance  of  sounds.  In  rhetoric  and  poetry,  a 
concuiTence  of  words  or  lines,  tenninated  by  sounds, 
approximating  to,  but  nut  concurring  in  a  rhyme. 

Encyc.  Mcth. 

AS'SO-NANT,  a.  Having  a  resemblance  of  sounds. 
In  Spanish  poetry,  assonant  rhymes  are  those  in  which 
a  resemblance  of  sounds  serves  instead  of  a  natural 
rhyme ;  as,  Ugcra,  ticrra.  These  require  only  the 
same  vowel  in  the  last  or  two  last  syllables,  without 
any  concurrence  of  consonants  as  in  rhyme. 

AS-SORT',  V.  t.  [Fr.  assortir  ,•  It.  assortire  ,■  of  ad  and 
sortir,  sortire,  to  sally  forth,  and  in  It.  to  draw  lots. 
See  Sort.] 

1.  To  separate  and  distribute  into  classes  things  of 
the  like  kind,  nature,  or  quality,  or  thuigs  which  are 
suited  to  a  like  purpose.  It  is  sometimes  applied  to 
persons  as  well  as  things. 

2.  To  furnish  with  all  soils,  Burke, 
AS-SORT',  V.  i.    To  agree ;  to  be  in  accordance  with ; 

to  suit.  Mitfard, 

AS-SORT'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Distributed  into  sorts,  kinds, 
or  classes. 

2.  Furnished  with  au  assortment,  or  u'ith  a  vari- 
ety ;  as,  a  wcW-assurtcd  store.  Burhr. 

3.  Fitted  or  adapted  to. 

Tliiy  appear — no  way  assorted  lo  those  with  u-!inra  thcynuist 
.ifiiociate.  Burke. 

AS-SORT'ING,  ppr.    Separating  into  sorts  ;  supplying 

with  an  assortment;  agreeing. 
AS-SOKT'iMENT,  n. 

1.  The  act  of  distributing  into  sorts,  kinds,  or 
classes,  or  of  selecting  and  suiting  tilings. 

2.  A  mass  or  quantity  distributed  into  kinds,  or 
sorts;  or  a  number  of  things  assorted. 

3.  A  number  of  things  of  the  same  kind,  varied  in 
m/.e,  color,  quality,  price,  I'orni,  or  the  like,  to  suit 
the  market,  the  wants  of  people,  or  variuus  purposes  ; 
as,  an  assortme)it  of  tliread,  of  silks,  of  calicoes,  £tc. 

Aii  assOTlmeiH  of  ■\}cunlm^B.  \V.  Coxe. 

A.  A  variety  of  sorts  or  kinds  adapted  to  various 
wants,  demands,  or  purposes ;  as,  an  assortment  of 
goods.  Mercantile  Usa-fc. 

AS-SOT',  r.  ?.  [See  Sot.]  To  infatuate;  lo  besot. 
[JViJi  i«C(Z.]  Spenser. 

AS-SUA6E',  V.  t.  [This  word  appears  to  bo  formed 
on  the  G.  schwach ;  D.  ucak,  weak ;  or  on  D.  zagt, 
soft,  gentle,  quiet,  whicii  coincides  with  the  Sa>;. 
sw/>,  silence ;  sioigan,  to  be  silent;  whence  gesjoi- 
gran,  to  be  silent;  G.  sehweigcn;  D.  zioygcn,  id. 
In  Sax.  also,  geswicaii  is  to  cease,  fail,  rest,  be 
quiet.  But  the  Dutch  word  for  assauge  is  vcrzagten, 
to  soften.] 

To  soften,  in  a  figurative  sense;  to  allay,  mitigate, 
ease,  or  lessen,  as  pain  or  grief;  to  appease  or  pacify, 
as  passion  or  tumult.     In  strictness, it  signifies  rather 


ASS 

to  moderate,  than  to  quiet,  tranquilizc,  or  reduce  to 
perfect  peace  or  ease. 
AS-SUaGE',  v.  i.    To  abate  or  subside. 

Tlie  wateis  assuaged.  — Gen.  viii. 

But  I  apprehend  the  sense  is,  —  the  waters  were 
checked.   Heb.  T-* 

AS-SUAG'J^D,  pp.  Allayed  ;  mitigated  ;  eased  ;  ai>- 
psased. 

AS-SUaCE'MENT,  n.    Mitigation ;  abatement. 

AS-SUaG'ER,  n.  One  who  allays  or  pacifies  ;  that 
which  mitigates  or  abates., 

AS-SUaG'ING,  ppr.  Allaying;  mitigating;  appeas- 
ing; abating. 

AS-SUa'SIVE,  (7.  [from  assuage.]  Softening;  miti- 
gating; tranquilizing.  Pope. 

AS-SUB'JU-GaT£,  v.  t.  To  bring  intc  subjection 
[Obs.]  'Shak. 

AS-SUE-FAG'TION,   n.     [L.  a^siiefado.] 

The  act  of  accustoming.     [J^ot  vsrrl.]         Brown. 

AS'SUE-TuDE,  n.  [h.  assuetudo,  from  assuetus,  part. 
ofassucsco,  to  accustom.] 

Custfun;  habit;  liabitual  use.  Bhcoh. 

AS-StJME',  i\  t.     [L.  assnmo,of!  adax\.i\  sumo,  tolakf.] 
1.  To  take  or  take  upon  one's  self    It  differs  from 
receim,  in  not  implying  an  offer  to  give. 

Tlie  Ooil  assumed  his  native  form  again.  Pop'\ 

9.  To  take  what  is  not  just;  to  take  witli  arrogant 
claims  ;  to  arrogate ;  to  seize  unjustly  ;  as,  to  assnwc 
'haughty  airs  ;  to  assume  unwarrantable  powers. 

3.  To  take  for  granted,  or  without  proof;  to  sup- 
pose as  a  fact ;  as,  to  assume  a  principle  in  nasoninj!. 

4.  To  appropriate,  or  take  to  one's  self;  as,  to 
assume  the  debts  of  another. 

5.  To  take  what  is  fictitious ;  to  pretend  to  pos- 
sess ;  to  take  in  appearance  ;  as,  to  assume  the  garb 
of  humility. 

AS-SOME',  V.  i. 

1.  To  be  arrogant;  to  claim  more  than  is  di'.e. 

2.  In  law,  to  take  upon  one's  self  an  obligation  ,  tn 
undertake  or  promise;  as,  A  assumed  upon  h1msi.lf, 
and  promised  to  pay. 

AS-SOM'£D,  pp.  Taken  ;  arrogated  ;  taken  without 
proof;  pretended. 

AS-SuM'ER,  n.  One  who  assumes ;  an  arrogant  per- 
son. 

AS-SuM'ING,  p;jr.  Taking;  arrogating;  taking  for 
granted ;  pretending. 

AS-SuM'ING,  a.  Taking  or  disposed  to  take  upon 
one's  self  more  than  is  just ;  haughty;  arrogant. 

AS-SOM'ING,  n.    Presumption.  Jonson. 

AS-SUMF'SIT,  n.     [pret.  tense  of  L.  assumo.] 

1.  In  la7e,  a  promise  or  undertaking,"founded  on  a 
consideration.  This  promise  may  be  verbal  or  writ- 
ten. An  assumpsit  is  crprcss  or  impUrd ;  pzirrc-.-s, 
wlien  made  in  words  or  writing  ;  implied,  when,  in 
consequence  of  some  benefit  or  consideration  accru- 
ing to  one  person  from  the  acts  of  anotlier,  the  law 
presumes  that  person  has  promised  to  make  compen- 
sation. In  this  case,  the  law,  upon  a  principle  of 
justice,  implies  or  raises  a  promise,  on  which  an  ac- 
tion may  be  brouglit  to  recover  t.he  compensation. 
Thus,  if  A  contracts  with  B  to  build  a  house  for  him, 
by  implication  and  intendment  of  law,  A  promises  to 
pay  B  for  the  same,  without  any  express  words  in 
that  effect. 

2.  An  action  founded  on  a  promise.  When  tliis 
action  is  brought  on  a  debt,  it  is  called  indebitatus  as- 
sumpsit, wliich  is  an  action  on  the  case  to  recover 
damages  for  tlie  non-payment  of  a  debt.    Blackstone. 

AS-SUMPT',  V,  t.     To  take  up  ;  to  raise.    [Barbarous, 

and  not  u.-^rd.]  Skcldi'ii, 

AS-.SUMPT',  71.    That  which  is  assumed.   [Jv'ot  7isfd.] 

Chilltngioortli. 
AS-SUiMP'TION,  «.     [L.  assumptio.'] 

I.  The  act  of  taking  to  one's  self.         Hammmul. 
S.  The  act  of  taking  for  granted,  or  supposing  a 
thing  wiliiout  proof ;  supposition.  JVoj-ris. 

This  gives  no  sanction  to  the  miwarraji table  assumption  tint  tli'_' 
Boul  liUcps  from  the  period  uf  dculli  to  llie  rciiUL'rcctiou  ol  ilic 
body.  Tliodcy. 

3.  The  thing  supposed  ;  a  postulate,  or  proposition 
assumed.  In  logic,  the  minor  or  second  proposition 
in  a  categorical  syllogism.  Eiu-ijc. 

4.  A  consequence  drawn  from  the  propositions  of 
which  an  argument  is  composed.  Encyc 

0.  Undertaking;  a  taking  upon  one's  self.  Kent. 

I).  The  taking  up  a  person  into  heaven.  Hence,  in 
the  Roman  Catholic  and  Greek  churchr.-i,  a  fcs^tivul  in 
honor  of  the  miraculous  ascent  of  the  Virgin  Mary 
into  heaven.  Ennjc. 

7.   Adoption.  Warton, 

AS-SUMP'TIVE,  ^i.  That  is  or  may  be  assumed.  As- 
sumptive arms,  in  hcraldrtj.  are  such  as  a  person  has  a 
right,  witli  the  approbation  of  his  sovereign,  and  of 
the  heralds,  to  assume,  in  conscqiionce  of  an  cxiiloit. 

E!}C7IC. 

AS-SUMP'TIVE-LY,  adv.    By  v/ay  of  assumption. 

AS-SUR'ANCE,  (as-shur'ansj;  n.  [Fr.,  from  assurer, 
of  ad  and  s&r,  seur,  sure,  certain.  Q,u.  ihe  iiab.  and 
Talm.  iiTN  to  make  firm,  confirm,  verify  ;  or  is  sciir 
the  G.  Z7rar,  from  the  root  of  L.  vcrui ,  more  probably 
it  is  from  It.  sicurarSt  a.'ssicurare,  lo  insure,  from  L. 
sccurus.] 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MeTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MAR^E,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK 


78 


AST 

1.  The  act  of  assuring,  or  of  making  a  declaration 
in  terras  that  furnish  ground  of  confidence;  as,  I 
trusted  to  his  a.'^surauce^ ;  or  the  act  of  furnishing 
any  ground  of  full  confidence. 

NVTiepeof  he  baih  gitrn  lu^urxince  to  all  men,  m  lh.it  he  linth 
niit-d  him  froni  ihv  ilcad.  —  Aci^  xvii. 

5.  Firm  persuasion  ;  full  contidence  )r  trust ;  free- 
dom from  doubt ;  certain  expectation  :  the  utmost 
certain  ty. 

Let  us  dnw  oear  vith  a  trae  h?ait,  io  lull  essumme  of  £iith.  — 

Heb.  X. 

3.  Firmness  of  mind  >  undoubting  steadiness ;  in- 
trepidity. 

Brare  men  me-?t  dinger  wilh  asturanc4.  KnoUes. 

4.  Excess  of  boldness;  impudence;  as,  his  assur- 
ance is  intolerable. 

5.  Freedom  from  excessive  modestj-,  timidity,  or 
bashfulness;  laudable  confidence. 

Jmowled^e  and  as- 
Locke. 


AST 


AST 


CoKTcraauoQ  with  ths  world  will  gi-^o  iher 

titrancv. 


6.  Insurance ;  a  contract  for  the  payment  of  a  sum 
on  occasion  of  a  certain  event,  as  loss  or  death.  Re- 
cently, assurance  has  been  used,  in  En;:land,  in  rela- 
tion to  life  continsencies,  and  insurance,  in  relation 
to  other  contingencies.     [See  Issurasce.] 

P.  Cijc. 

7.  Any  WTitten  or  other  le^  evidence  of  the  con- 
vej-ance  of  property.  In  England^  the  legal  evidences 
of  the  conveyance  of  property  are  called  the  common 
assurances  of  the  kingdom.  Blackstone. 

8.  Conviction.  TUlotson, 

9.  Iq  t/uolo^jy  full  confidence  of  one*s  interest  in 
Christ,  and  of  final  salvation. 

AS-SORE',  (ash-shure',)  v.  t.    [Ft.  assurer.    See  As- 

SURA.tCE.] 

1.  To  make  certain ;  to  give  confidence  by  a  prom- 
ise, declaration,  or  other  evidence ;  as,  he  assured  me 
of  his  sincerity. 

2.  To  confina ;  to  make  certain  or  secure. 

^od  -.1  shall  be  mtured  lo  him. —  l^v.  ixr'a, 

3.  To  embolden  ;  to  make  confident. 

And  hereby  we  shill  atswe  o\a  h^Mrta  b.-din;  htm.  ^t  John  iii. 

4.  To  make  sure,  with  vf  before  the  object  secured  j 
as,  let  me  be  assured  of  your  fidelitj-. 

5.  To  alliance  i  lo  betroth.    [Obs.]  Shak. 

6.  To  insure ;  to  covenant  to  incfemnify  for  loss. 
[See  Insure.] 

AS-SuR'KD,  (ash-shurd'j)  ;)j>.  Made  certain  or  confi- 
dent :  made  secure  ;  insured. 

AS-:5lR'/:I>,  (ash-shurd',)  a.  Certain;  indubitable; 
not  doubluig  :  bold  to  excess.  Bacon,    S/tak, 

AS-StR'ED-LV,  (ash-shur'ed-ly,)  adv.  Certainly  ;  in- 
dubitably. 

AiMUTttUy  thy  son  Solomon  ihall  «i*i).  —  I  King*  i. 

AS-SC'R'ED-.VES3,  (ash-shur'ed-ness,)  n.  The  state 
of  being  assured  ;  certainty  ;  full  confidence. 

HakcwiU. 

AS-SuR'ER,  n.  One  who  assures ;  one  who  insiires 
against  loss  ;  an  insurer  or  under^vrite^. 

.^S-tJlTR'OENT.  a,     [L.  as-fur^aiSj  a^surso.] 

In  b-jtany,  rising  upward  in  a  curve  from  a  declin- 
ing base.  Marttjn. 

AS-vliCR'ING,  (ash-shiir'ing,)  ppr.  Making  sure  or 
ronfident;  civing  security  ;  confirming;  insuring. 

At^-SCR'l.N'G-LY,  adr.     In  a  way  to  create  assurance. 

A.S-?WaGE'.    See  AssuAGB. 

AS-SYR'I-A.V,  a.     P.-rlaining  to  Assyria. 

.\S-TAR'TE,  n.  A.>htoreth,  a  goddess  of  the  Sidoni- 
ans ;  the  same  as  Fenus  of  the  Romans, 

.AS'TE-ISM,  B.     [Gr.  ar£(^?,  beautiful,  polite.] 

In  r/ietoric,  genteel  irony ;  a  polite  and  ingenious 
manner  of  deriding  another.  Encyc. 

AS'TER,  H.     (Gr.  arrio.] 

A  gpnus  ot  plants,  with  compound  flowers,  many 
of  which  are  cultivated  fur  ili'ir  beauty,  particularly 
the  China  Aster.    The  sp  rcit-x  are  very  numerous. 

AS-Tk'RI-AS,  71.    [Gr.  arno,  a  star.] 

Stella  manna,  sea-star,  or  sl;ir-fish ;  a  subdivision 
or  family  of  nnJiate  animals,  characterized  by  a  suh- 
orbicular,  depre^^^scd  body,  divided  into  rays,  usually 
five  in  number,  wifh  a  mnutji  below,  at  the  center. 
The  rays  varj*.  in  length  nnd  form,  in  ditTerent  spe- 
ciirs,  from  simple  snli=:nt  ansb-:!,  to  very  long,  and,  in 
some  spect<;s,  minutely  rannlii:d  pnjce>Hes, 

AS-Tk'RI-a-TED,  a.  [Supra.]  Radiated  ;  presenting 
diverging  rays,  like  a  star  ;  as,  a.^tcriaUd  sapphire. 

Clcavelwid. 

AS'TER-ISK,  n.  [Gr.  a~e<iiCKoi,  a  little  star,  from 
a^/jo,  a  sLar  ] 

The  figure  of  a  stir,  thu3,  *,  tised  in  printing  and 
writing  x<  a  reference  to  a  fassage  or  note  in  the  mar- 
gin, or  to  fill  the  space  when  a  name,  or  part  of  a 
name,  is  omitted. 

AS'TER-ISM,  n.  [Gr.  aTCoiciiog,  a  little  star,  from 
anp,  a  star.] 

1.  Fcrmcrbj,  a  constellation  ;  as  itvto  used,  a  smnll 
chister  of  stars,  either  included  or  not  in  a  constella- 
tion, p.  Cye. 

3.  An  asterisk,  or  mark  of  reference.  [Tliis  is  less 
proper.] 

A-STERN',  ado.    [o,  or  at,  and  steriu    See  S  nRN.] 


1.  In  or  at  thr  hinder  part  of  a  ship ;  or  toward  the 
hmder  part,  or  backward  ;  as,  to  go  astern. 

2.  Behind  a  ship,  at  any  indefinite  distance. 

Jilar.  Diet. 
AS'TER-OID,  11.     [Gr.  arno,  a  star,  and  ettSos,  form.] 
A  name  given  by  Herschti  to  the  four  newly-dis- 
covered planets  between  the  orbits  of  Miu-s  and  Ju- 
piter.   A  fifth,  Jistrira,  has  since  been  discovered. 
A3-TER-0ID'.'VL,  a.    Resembling  a  star  ;  or  pertain- 
ing to  the  asteroids.  Journ.  of  Science. 
AS-TER-O-Po'Di-UM,  h.  [Gr.  a~7ipy  ^  star,  and  rroys, 
7:odug^  a  foot.] 

A  kind  of  extraneous  fossil,  of  the  same  substance 
witli  the  astrite,  to  which  it  serves  as  the  base. 

£ncyc. 
A-STERT^r.  (.  To  startle.  [J^Tot  in  jisc]  Spctts'cr. 
AS-THENae,  a.     [Gr.     priv.  and  uOcuou  strength.] 

In  medicine^  weak  ;  characterized  by  debility. 
AS-THEN-OL'0-GY,  n.  [Gr.  a  priv  ,  aikvog,  strength, 
and  ^oj"?,-,  discoui-se.] 
Tlie  doctrine  of  diseases  connected  with  debility, 
ASTH'.MA,  (ast'mU,)  n.     [Gr.  acOn't.]  [Caxe. 

A  chronic,  paroxysmal,  and  intermittent  disease  of 
respiration  ;  the  paroxysms  exacerbating  and  remit- 
ting ;  the  inspirations,  during  the  attack,  fuller  and 
more  frequent  than  natural,  but  witli  a  sensation  of 
want  of  air,  accompanied  by  paleness  of  the  sliin 
ami  lividness  of  the  lips.  The  term  is  also  often  ap- 
plied to  aiiv  chronic  difiiculty  of  breathing. 
ASTH-MAT'I€,  a.  Pertaining  to  asthma ;  also,  affect- 
ed by  asthma;  as,  an  astfimatic  i>atient. 
ASTH-.MAT'IC,  n.    A  person  troubled  with  asthma. 

.drbatlinot, 
AS-T!P'U-L.aTE,  for  Stipulate.  K  «r  <  n 

AS-TI_P-T;.LA'TI0N,  for  Stipulation.  \  ^-^"^  "'  '^^'J 
AS-ToNE',  }v.t.  [See  Astonish.]  To  terrify,  or  as- 
AS-TON'Y,  i      tonish.     [Obs.]  Chaucer. 

.■VS-TOX'ED,    \  jrp.ova.    Astonished.    [Obs.] 
AS-TO.\'I£D,  (  Sjienser.    Jililton. 

AS-TON'ISH,  V.  U  [Old  Fr.  estoiinery  iio'v  ctonner;  L. 
attonOf  to  astonish  ;  t:d  and  tono.  Sax.  gcstiut,  noise, 
and  stunian,  to  stun  ;  G.  stuuneji;  Arm.  eston^  won- 
derfully. The  primary  sense  is,  to  slop,  to  strike 
dumb,  lo  fix.     See  Tone  and  Stcn.] 

To  stun,  or  strike  dumb  with  sudden  fear,  terror, 
surprise,  or  wonder;  to  amaze;  to  confound  with 
some  sudden  lassion. 

I,  Dsniel,  WM  astonished  at  the  vision.  —  D.\n.  viii. 

AS-TON'ISH-CT),  (as-tonMsht,)  pp.  or  a.     Amazed ; 

confounded  with  fear,  surprise,  or  admiration. 
AS-TO.\'lSH-I.\G,  ppr.    Amazing  ;  confounding  with 

wonder  or  fi-ar. 
AS-TO.\'ISIMNG,  a.    Very  wonderful ;  of  a  nature 

to  excite  gri:it  admiration  or  amazement. 
AS-TOX'ISH-I^TG-LY,  adv.   In  a  manner  or  degi'ce  to 

excite  amazement.  Bp.  FlecUcood. 

AS-TON'ISH-ING-NESS,  7i.    The  quality  of  exciting 

astonishment. 
AS-T0X'I3H-iMENT,  n.    Amazement;  confusion  of 

mind  from  fear,  surprise,  or  admiration,  at  an  extra- 
ordinary or  unexpected  event, 
AS-TOUXD',  V.  t     [from  Old  Fr.  esUmner.] 

To  astonisii ;  to  strike  dumb  witli  amazement. 
AS-TOUXD'ED,  pp.    Astonished  to  dumbness. 
AS-TOUND'ING,  ppr.    Astonishing. 

2.  a.   Adapted  to  astonish. 
AS-TOl"XD'.MENT,  n.    Amazement.        Coleridge. 
A-STRAD'DLE,  tulv.  [a  and  straddle.  See  Straddle.] 
With  the  legs  across  a  thing,  or  on  different  sides ; 

as,  to  sit  aslraddle. 

Af^Ri'A,'  \  "■     ['^'•-  "S"'"''  "  *«»'•] 

1.  The  goddess  of  justice.  A  name  sometimes 
given  to  the  sign  Vir^o.  Tiie  poets  feign  that  Jus- 
tice quitted  heaven,  in  the  golden  age,  to  reside  on 
earth  ;  but  becoming  weary  with  the  iniquities  of 
men,  she  returned  to  heaven,  and  commenced  a  con- 
stellation of  stars.  Encyc. 

2.  A  small  planet,  discovered  in  Dec.  1845,  revolv- 
ing round  the  sun  in  1510  days,  and  belonging  to  tJie 
group  sometimes  railed  asteroids. 

3.  A  s[)ecit:3  of  coral  zoophytes,  of  a  rounded  form, 
and  covered,  when  alive,  with  animal  flowers. 

AS'TRA-GAL,  v.  [Gr.  arf'a}a.\os,  a  turning  joint, 
vertebra,  spondylus.] 

1.  In  arckitcciuTCy  a  little  round  molding  which  sur- 
rounds tht;  top  or  bottom  of  a  column,  in  the  form  of 
a  ring  ;  representing  a  ring  or  band  of  iron,  to  pre- 
vent the  splitting  of  the  column.  It  is  often  cut  into 
bi'ads  or  berries,  and  is  used  in  ornamented  entabla- 
tures to  separate  the  several  faces  of  the  architrave. 

Encyc. 
9.  In  gunncnjy  a  round  molding  on  a  cannon  "near 
the  mouth.  Encyc. 

A3-TRAG'A-LUS,  n.     [L.] 

1.  In  anatomy,  the  buckle,  ankle,  or  sling  bone  ; 
the  upper  bone  of  that  part  of  the  foot  called  the  tar- 
^-uc,  supporting  the  tibia.  Coze. 

2.  A  genus  of  papilionaceous  plants,  of  the  natural 
order  Fabaccffi,  containing  numerous  species,  some 
of  which  are  called,  in  English,  milk-vclck  ami 
liquoricE-vetch.  Gum  tragacanth  is  obtained  from 
different  species,  particularly  the  ^.  vcrus. 


AS'TRAL,  a.     [!>.  astnim ;  Gr.  as-fjo,  a  star.] 

Belonging  to  the  stars  ;  starry.  '  Dryderu 

AS'TRAL-LAMP,  /;.  An  Argand  lamp,  in  which  the 
oil  is  contained  in  a  vessel  in  the  form  of  a  flaltL-ned 
ring,  obliquely  inclined  outward  and  downward, 
and  surmounted  by  a  flattened  hcmispberical  sround 
glass ;  the  whole  arrangement  designed  to  throw  a 
strongand  uninterrupted  light  on  the  table  below. 

A-STRaY',  ado.     [a  and  stray.     See  Sti.av.] 

Out  of  the  right  wny  or  proper  place,  both  in  a  lit- 
eral and  figurative  sense.  In  morals  and  relision,  it 
signifies  wandering  from  the  path  of  rectitude,  from 
duty  and  happiness. 

Eeforo  I  was  afllictctl,  Iweat  asiraij.—  Pt.  exix. 

Cattle  go  astray  when  they  leave  their  proper  own- 
ers or  Enclosures.    See  Deut.  .xxii. 
AS-TRe'A,  n.    See  Astbjea. 
AS-TRICT',  v.  t.     [L.  astringOj  astrictus.    See  Aa- 

THINGE.] 

1.  To  bind  fast ;  to  confine.     [JVot  muck  used.] 

2.  To  constrict ;  to  contract, 

AS-TRICT'  fl.    Compendious;  contracted.  Weeoer. 
AS-TRICT'ED,   pp.      Bound  fast ;    confined  ;   con- 
stricted. 
AS-TRICT'ING,  ppr,    Emding  fast;  confining  ,  con- 
AS-TRie'TION,  n.  [toting. 

1.  The  act  of  binding  fast,  or  confining. 

2.  A  contraction  of  parts  by  applications  ;  the  stop- 
ping of  ftuxes  or  hemoirliages,  Coxe. 

?.  Constipation.  ArhidhnoL 

4.  In  Scotland,  Ihirlage  ;  an  obligation  to  have  com 
giound  at  a  certain  mill,  paying  a  loll  cjilleil  muUiirc. 
Ed.  Ennic.     Sinclair. 
AS-TRICT'IVE,  a.    Binding  ;  constriciing  ;  styptic. 
AS-TRICT'O-RY,  a.  Astringent ;  binding ;  apt  to  bind. 
A-STRTDE',  adv.     ^Vith  the  legs  across. 
AS-TRIF'ER-OUS,  a.  [L.  astrifvr;  astrum,  a  star,  and 
fcTo,  to  bear.] 

Bearing  or  containing  stars.     [Little  used.] 
AS-TRIG'ER-OUS,  a.     [Low  L.  astriga:] 

Bearing  stars.    [J^Tot  jtsed.] 
AS-TRINGE',  (as-trmj',)  v.  t.    [L.  asiringo,  of  ad  and 
siringo,  to  bind  fast,  to  strain.     See  Straiw.] 

1.  To  bind  fast ;  to  constrict ;  to  contract;  to  cause 
parts  to  draw  togctlier.  Bacon. 

9.  To  bind  by  obligation.  Wolspj. 

AS-TRING'-KD,  /)/;.    Bound  fast;   constricted;  con- 

tiacted. 
AS-TRING'EN-CY,  n.  The  power  of  contracting  the 
parts  of  the  body  ;  that  quality  in  medicines  which 
causes  vital  contraction  of  the  soft  solids :  as,  the  as- 
tringenni  of  acids  or  bitters.  Bacon.  ^rbuUinoU 
AS-TRIi\'G'ENT,  a.  Binding ;  contracting ;  strength- 
ening; opposed  to  laxative.  Qui;icr/. 

Jl.'^lrlngcjit  principle  ;  in  cheirnstry,  tannic  acid  or 
tannin  ;  ^characterized  particularly  by  forming  an  in- 
sohiblo  compound  with  gelatine.  Ure, 

AS-TRING'ENT,  n.  A  medicine  that  has  the  property 
of  causing  vital  contraction  in  the  soft  solids,  usually 
accompanied  with  increased  absorption  and  dimin- 
ished excrition. 
AS-TRING'ER,     I  n.     [Fr.  austoitr,  autour,  a  gos- 
AUS-TRING'ER,  \       hawk.] 

A  falconer  that  keeps  a  goshawk.    Shak.    CoieeL 
AS-TRING'ING,  ppr.   Binding  fast ;  constriciing ;  con- 
tracting. 
AS-TROG'RA-PHY,  v.    [Gr  a^nPt  or  a -gov,  a  star, 
and  ypiKjjc-),  to  describe.] 

A  descripfion  of  the  stars,  or  the  science  of  describ- 
ing them. 
AS'TRO-LABE,  n.     [Gr.  a^-npt  a  star,  and  Aaj3it*',  to 
take.] 

1.  An  instrument  formeriy  used  for  taking  tlie  al- 
titude of  the  sun  or  stars  at  sea. 

2.  A  stereographic  projection  of  the  sphere,  on  lliJ 
plane  of  a  great  cii'cle,  usually  either  upon  the  plane 
of  the  equator,  the  eye  being'  supposed  to  be  in  the 
pole  of  the  world,  or  uprm  tlie  plane  of  the  meridian, 
tlie  eye  being  in  the  point  of  intersection  of  the  equi- 
noctial and  tiie  horizon. 

3.  Among  tlie  anciaits,  the  same  as  the  modern  ar- 
millarj'  sphere.  Encijc 

AS-TROL'A-TRY,  n,    [Gr.  aoTrjp  and  XaTotia.] 

The  worship  of  the  stars.  Oidttort.^, 

AS-TROL'O-GER,      )  lu    [h.  astrologus,  of  Gr.  a-ooy. 
AS-TRO-Lo'GI-AiV,  \     a  star,  and  X-^yiy  discourse.] 

1.  One  who  professes  to  foretell  future  events  by 
the  aspects  and  situation  ol  tlie  stars,  .^stralogian  is 
little  used.  TroUon. 

2.  Formerly,  one  who  understood  the  motions  of 
the  planets,  witliout  predicting.  Haltii^h, 

AS-TRO-LOG'ie,         \  a.     Pertaining  to  astrolog>'; 

AS-TRO-LOG'IC-AL,  \  professing  or  pracUcmg  as- 
trology. 

AS-TRO-LOG'ie-iVL-LY,  adv.  In  tlie  manner  of  as- 
trology. 

AS-TROL'O-GTZE,  v.  i.    To  practice  astrology. 

AS-TROL'0-GY,  Ji.  [Supra.]  A  science  whirh  teaches 
to  judge  of  the  effects  and  influences  of  Uie  stars,  and 
to  foretell  future  events  by  iht^ir  situation  and  differ- 
ent aspects  ;  called,  also,  j«f/ici(ii  astrology.  This  sci- 
ence was  formeriy  in  great  request,  as  men  ignoTant- 
ly  supposed  the  heavenly  bodies  to  have  a  rulm-;m- 


TCNE,  B[JLL,  tTNITE.— AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


AT 

fluence  over  the  physii-Jil  mid  moral  world  ;  but  it  is 
now  xiniveisally  uxjiloded  by  true  science  and  pliilos- 
ophv. 

J^ote.  The  term  astrologij  was  used  by  the  ancients 
in  the  sense  of  astronomy. 
AS-TROA''0-MEU,  n.  One  who  is  versed  in  astrono- 
my ;  one  who  has  a  knowledge  of  the  laws  of  tlie 
heavenly  orbs,  or  the  principles  by  which  their  mo- 
tions are  regulated,  with  their  various  pJienomena. 

Ai:?R8:x8M!l€-AL,  i  -   ret^inm,  to  .-...tmnomy. 

AS-TRO-NO.M'If-AL-LY,  ado.  In  an  astronomical 
manner  ;  by  tlie  principle's  of  astronomy. 

AS-TRON'O-MIZE,  v.  i.  To  study  astronomy.  [Lit- 
tle Jised,]  '  Brown. 

AS-TROi\'0-MY,  71.  [Gr.  a-poi',  a  star,  and  vofios,  a 
.aw,  or  rule.] 

The  science  which  teaches  the  knowledge  of  the 
celestial  bodies,  their  magnitudes,  motions,  distances, 
periods  of  revolution,  eclipses,  order,  and  of  the  causes 
of  their  various  plienomena.  This  science  depends 
on  observations  made  chiefly  with  instruments,  and 
upon  mathematictU  calculations. 

AS'TRO-S€OPE,  71.  [Gr.  a^ooi-^  a  star,  and  (tkottco}, 
to  view.] 

An  astronomical  instrument,  composed  of  two 
cones,  on  whose  surface  the  constellations,  ■with 
their  stars,  are  delineated,  by  means  of  which  tlie 
stars  may  be  easily  known.  Eiicyc. 

AS-TROS'GO-PY,  n.  [See  Astroscope.]  Observation 
of  the  stars. 

AS'TRO-THE-OL'O-CY,  7i.  [L.  antrum,  a  star,  and 
Vientoiria,  divinity.] 

Natural  theology  founded  on  the  observation  of  the 
celestial  bodies.  JDcrkam. 

A-STRUT',  ado.  [See  Strut.]    In  a  strutting  manner. 

AS-TuTE',  a.  [L.  a^tutiLs^  from  a.-itws,  craft,  subtilty  ; 
Ir.  aisde,  aibte,  ingenuity.] 

Shrewd;  sharp;  eagle-eyed;  critically  examining 
or  discerning  ;  subtle  ;  cunning.  Sandys. 

AS-TuTE'LY,  arfa.    Shrewdly;  sharply;  subtiily. 

AS-TUTE'NESS,  ?i.     Shrewdness  ;  cunning. 

A-SUN'DER,  adv.  [Sax.  asandrian^  to  di\ide.  See 
Sunder.]  Apart;  into  parts;  separately;  in  a  di- 
vided state. 

The  Lord  batii  cut  ojunder  the  corda  of  the  wicked.  — Pa.  ci:xi.T 

A-SWOON',  adv.     In  a  swoon.     [Obs.]  Gtmcr. 

A-S^'LUM,  11.  [L.  from  Gr.  affi'ATi',  safe  from  spoil, 
a  and  cuArj,  spoil,  avXacy,  to  plunder.] 

1.  A  sanctuary  or  place  of  rt^fug?,  where  criminals 
and  debtors  shelter  themselves  frmn  justice,  and 
from  which  they  can  not  be  taken  witlioul  sacrilege. 
Temples  and  altars  were  anciently  asylums  ;  as  were 
tombs,  statues,  and  monuments. "  Tlie  ancient 
heathens  allowed  asylums  for  the  prot-ction  of  the 
vilest  criminals;    and  the  Jews  had  riu-ir  cities  of 

2.  Any  place  of  retreat  and  security.  [refuge. 

3.  An  institution  for  the  protection  or  relict  of  the 
unfortunate  ;  as,  an  asylmn  for  the  poor,  fur  tlie  deaf 
and  dumb,  or  for  the  insane. 

A-SYM'ME-TRAL,        /         re:      c  1 

AS-YM-MET'Rie-AL,  \  '^'     f^*^^  Svm«etrv.] 

Not  having  svmmotiy.    [Little  used.]  More. 

A-SYiI'ME-TRY,  n.  [Gr.  a  priv.  and  cvfasmia, 
symmetry,  of  o-uc,  with,  and  /(et/jew,  to  measure.] 

The  want  of  proportion  between  the  parts  ot  a 
thing.  It  is  also  used  in  mathematics  for  incom- 
mensurability, when  between  two  quantities  there  is 
no  common  measure.  Johnson. 

AS'YMP-TOTE,  n.  [Gr.  a  priv.,  o-m-,  with,  and  Trrou, 
to  fall ;  not  meeting.]  Sometimes  pron.  a-symp'tot^. 
A  line  which  approaches  nearer  and  nearer  to 
some  curve,  but,  though  infinitely  extended,  would 
never  meet  it.  This  may  be  conceived  as  a  tangent 
to  a  curve  at  an  infinite  distance.  Cliainbers. 

AS-YMP-TOT'ie-AL,  a.    Belonging  to  an  asymptote. 
Asymptotical  curves,  are  such  as  continually  approach 
when  extended,  but  never  meet. 
A-SYN-AR-TkTE',  a.     [Gr.  a  priv.,  dui',  and  a-iraw.] 
Literally,  disconnected  ;  not  fitted  or  adjusted. 
Asynartete  sentences ;  those  of  which  the  members 
are  not  united  by  connective  particles ;  as,  I  came, 
I  saw,  I  conquered.  Brande^ 

Asynartetc  verse ;  in  prosody,  a  verse  consisting  of 
two  members,  having  difij^renl  rhythms  ;  as  when 
the  first  consists  of  iambuses  and  the  second  of 
trochees,  or  the  first  of  dactyls  and  the  second  of 
iambuses. 
A-SYN'DE-TON,  n.  [Gr.  a  priv.  and  avuho),  to  bind 
together.]  In  grammar,  a  figure  which  omits  the 
connective  ;  as,  vent,  vidi,  vici.  It  stands  opposed  to 
polysyndeton^  which  is  a  muitiplication  of  connectives. 

CampbelL 
AT,  prep.  rSax.  at ;  Goth,  at ;  L.  ad.  M,  ad,  and  to, 
if  not  radically  thi^  same  word,  often  coincide  in 
signification.  In  W.  at  is  to,  and  in  Danish  ami 
Swedish,  it  is  the  sign  of  the  infinitive  mode  ;  in 
Amli.  ud,  or  tul,  is  toward.  The  word  at  is  doubtless 
the  Oriental  NriN,  nnx,  Ch.  and  Heb.  to  come,  to 
approach.  Hence  it  primarily  denotes  presence, 
meeting,  nearness,  direction  toward.'] 

In  general,  at  denotes  nearness  or  presence:  as,  at 
the  ninth  hour,  at  the  house  ;  but  it  is  less  delinite 


ATH 

than  in  or  on;  at  the  house,  may  be  in  or  near  the 
Imnse.  It  denotes  also  toward,  versus;  as,  to  aim  an 
arrow  at  a  mark. 

From  tliis  original  import  are  derived  all  the  vari- 
ous uses  of  at.  j5(  the  sight,  is  ariift,  present,  or  com" 
ing  the  sight ;  at  this  news,  present  the  news,  on  or 
witk  the  approach  or  arrival  of  this  news.  At  peace, 
at  war,  in  a  state  of  peace  or  war,  peace  or  war  ex- 
isting, being  present ;  at  ease,  at  play,  at  a  loss,  &;c., 
convey  the  like  idea.  At  arms,  furnished  with  arms, 
bearing  arms;  at  hand,  within  reach  of  the  hand, 
and  therefore  near  ;  at  niy  cost,  witk  my  cost ;  at  liis 
suit,  by  or  witJi  his  suit ;  at  this  declaration,  he  rose 
from  his  seat,  that  is,  present,  or  coming  this  decla- 
ration ;  wlience  results  the  idea,  171  consequence  of  it. 
At  his  command,  is  either  vnder  his  command,  that 
is,  literally,  coining  or  being  come  his  command,  in 
the  power  of,  or  in  consequence  of  it.  He  is  good 
at  engraving,  at  husbandry  ;  that  is,  in  performing 
that  business.  He  deserves  well  at  our  hands,  that 
is,  from  us.  The  peculiar  phrases  in  which  tliis 
word  occurs,  with  appropriate  significations,  are  nu- 
merous. At  lirst,  at  last,  at  least,  at  best,  at  the 
worst,  at  the  highest  or  lowest,  are  phrases  in  which 
some  noun  is  implied  ;  as,  at  the  first  time  or  begin- 
ning ;  at  the  last  time,  or  point  of  time  ;  at  the  least 
or  best  degree,  &.c. ;  all  denoting  an  extreme  point  or 
superlative  degi'ce.  At  alt,  i^  in  any  manner  or  degree. 
At  is  sometimes  used  for  to,  or  toward,  noting  pro- 
gression or  direction  ;  as,  he  aims  at  perfection  ;  he 
makes  or  runs  at  him,  or  points  at  him.  In  this 
phrase,  he  longs  to  be  at  him,  at  has  its  general  sense 
of  approaching,  or  present,  or  wiOi^  in  contest  or  attack. 

AT'A-B.AL,  7i.  [Sp.]  A  kettle-dmm  ;  akind  oftabor, 
used  bv  the  Moors. 

A-TACA-MITE,  ,(.  A  native  chloride  of  copper, 
originally  founil,  in  the  form  of  sand,  in  the  desert 
of  Atacama,  between  ChUi  and  Peru.  Dana. 

AT'.-Y-GHAN,  n.  Among  the  Turlcs,  a  long  dagger, 
worn  in  a  belt,  with  pistols,  in  a  metal  scabbard. 

Byron. 

AT'A-P'IAN,  71.  [Russ.,  from  Polish  hetman,  a  general 
in  chief;  G.  hauptisiann.]  A  hetman,  or  chief  of  the 
Cossacks. 

AT-A-MAS'eO,  K.  The  trivial  name  of  a  species  of 
the  genus  Amaryllis,  called  atauiasco4ily. 

AT'A-RAX-Y,  V.  [Gr.  uru/mxoi,  of  a  priv.  and 
raoax}},  tumuU.] 

Calmness  of  mind  :  a  term  used  by  the  stoics  and 
skeptics  to  denote  a  freedom  from  the  emotions 
which  proceed  from  vanity  and  self-conceit.     Encvz. 

A-TAX'I-A   ■ 


A-T/VX'Y, 


n.    [Gr.  a  priv.  and  ra^ii,  order.] 


J^otc.     Ataxia  is  mure  generally  used  by  medical 

writers  tiian  ntattj. 

1.  Want  of  order;  disturbance  ;  inegnlarity.  Hall. 

9.  in  victiicine,  iiTegularity  iu  disease,  or  in  the 

functions  j  inegularity  in  the  crises  and  paroxysms 

of  fever.  Coze.     Encyc. 

A  state  of  disease  characterized  by  great  irregu- 
larity. Cye.  Med. 

A-TyVX'I€,  a.  In  medicine,  irregular;  ch;iractcnzed  by 
great  irregularity. 

Ataxic  fevo- ;  a  term  applied  by  Pinel  to  malignant 
typhous  fever.  Cyc.  Jifcd. 

AT'CIIE,  7/.  In  Turhnj,  a  small  silver  coin,  value 
about  six  or  seven  niiils.  Eticijc. 

aTE  ;  the  preterit  of  eat ;  which  see. 

a'TE,  C^'ty,)  "•  [Gr.  ur»r,  mischief;  arao),  to  hurt. 
Ate  is  a  personification  of  evil,  mischief,  or  malice.] 

In  poQ-an  mytltoloirij,  the  goddess  of  mischief,  wlio 
was  cx<L  down  from  heaven  by  Jupiter.  Horn, 
n.  xix.  1:15. 

AT'E-LENE,  a,    [Gr.  nreXrig,  imperfect.] 

In  mincroJogy,  imp.'rfect;  wanting  rcgidar  forms 
in  th.-  genus.  Shepard. 

AT-E-1.ES'TITE,  71.  \  cr>-stalline  mineral,  in  struc- 
ture resembling  spln^ne.  Hhcpard. 

.\-TEL'LAN,  a.  Relating  to  the  dramas  at  Atella,  in 
ancient  Italy.  Shaftesbury. 

A-TEL'LAN,  n.  A  dramatic  representation,  satirical 
or  licentious.  S/iaftcsbury. 

A  TEJirPO,  or  A  TEM'PO  PRlWO,  [It.]  In  vuisic, 
a  du-ectiou  lliat,  after  any  change  of  movement,  by 
accelcmtion  or  retardation,  the  original  movement 
he  restored. 

S.  TEM'PO  Gl-US'TO.     [It.  j  L.  m  tempore  justo.] 
In  imtsic,  a  direction  to  sing  or  play  in  an  equal, 
true,  andjust  time. 

ATH-A-Na'SIAN,  a.  Pertaining  to  Athanasius,  bish- 
op of  Alexandria,  in  the  fourth  century.  The 
Atbanasian  creed  is  a  formulary,  confession,  or  expo- 
sition of  faith,  supposed  formerly  to  have  been  drawn 
«p  by  Atlianasius  ;  but  this  opinion  is  now  rcjecti'd, 
and  the  composition  is  ascribed  by  some  to  llUarj', 
bishop  of  Aries.  It  is  a  summary  of  what  was 
called  the  orthodox  fiiith. 

ATH'A-NOR,  7i.  [Ar.  and  Hcb.  "»3:n  Viancr,  an  oven 
or  furnace.] 

A  digesting  furnace,  formerly  used  in  chemical 
operations,  so  constructed  as  to  maintain  a  uniform 
and  durable  heat,  it  is  a  furnace  with  a  lateral 
tower  close  on  all  sides,  except  a  communication  be- 
low witfi  the  fireplace,  which  is  filled  with  fuel,  by 


ATH 

an  opening  above  fitted  with  a  clo;;c  cover  As  the 
fuel  below  is  consumed,  tlKit  in  tiie  tower  falls  linwii 
to  supply  its  place.  J\'ichohon. 

a'THE-ISM,  n.  The  disbelief  of  the  existence  of  a 
God,  or  supreme  intelligent  Being. 

Afheism  is  n  lerocbie  system,  tint  leaves  nothing  abuve  us  '0 
excite  awe,  nor  arouiid  us  to  awoken  tenilemeM. 

Roh.  Hall. 

a'TIIE-IST,  71.     [Gr.  a8eaf,  of  a  priv.  and  Bcog,  God.] 
One  who  disbelieves  ilie  existence  of  a  God,  or 
supreme  intelligent  Being. 
a'THE-IST,  a.    Atlieistical ;  disbelieving  or  denying 

the  being  of  a  supreme  God,  Ji'hUoiu 

A-THE-IST'IC,         i 
A-THE-IST'ie-AL,  i  ^' 
1.  Pertaining  to  atheism 

9.  Disbelieving  the  existence  of  a  God  ;  unpioiis  ; 
applied  to  persons ;  as,  an  atlieistic  writer. 

3.    Implying  or  containing    atheism  ;    applied  to 
things ;  as,  atheistic  doctrines  or  opinions. 
A-TiiE-IST'I€-AL-LY,  adv.    In  an  atheistic  manner; 

impiously. 
A-TIIE-IST'IC-.'U.-NESS,  71.    Tlie  quality  of  being 

atlieistical. 
a'THE-IZE,  v.  u    To  discourse  as  an  atheist,     f  A" .' 

used.]  Ciidwunh. 

A'THE-IZE,  V.  t.    To  render  athristic.         Berkelcv. 
a'THKL,  a'DEL  or  ^'THEL ;  noble,  of  illustrion. 
birth ;  Sax.  tidcl,  iBthei ;  G.  add ;  D.  cdd ;  Sw.  icdtl . 

-^£ 
Dan.  a^del;  Ar.    \3\  athala,  to  be  well  rootad,  to  Ij^ 

of  noble  origin.  This  word  is  found  in  many  Saxon 
names  ;  as  in  Atheling,  a  noble  youth  ;  Etlieh-ed, 
noble  counsel ;  Ethclard,  noble  [;enius ;  Ethclbcrt, 
noble,  bright,  eminently  noble  ;  Etkchnald,  noble  gov- 
ernment, or  power  ;  EthcliBard,  noble  defender. 

ATH-E-NE'UM,  n.  [Gr.  a'J'iyaioi;  fmm  Athens.]  In 
ancient  Athens,  a  place  where  poets,  philosophers, 
and  rhetoricians  declaimed,  and  repeated  tlieir  com- 
positions. In  the  United  States,  a  budding  or  an 
apartment  where  a  librar>',  periodicals,  and  news- 
papers arc  kept  for  public  use,  or  for  a  reading 
room,  so  called.  [.Vofc.  This  word  is  anglicized,  by 
discarding  the  dii»!ithong,  as  is  done  in  economy  ami 
other  English  words.] 

A-THe'NI-AN,  a.  (from  Athens.]  Pertaining  U) 
Athens,  the  metropolis  of  Attica,  in  Greece. 

A-THe'NI-AN,  n.    A  native  or  inhabitant  of  Athens. 

A-THE-0-L6'Gl-AN,  71.  One  who  is  the  opposite  tj 
a  theologian.  Hayicard. 

A-THE-OL.'0-GY,».    Atheism.    [J^ot  in  nse.]   Swift. 

A'THE-OUS,  a.    Atheistic  ;  impious.    [JV*o£  uscdJ] 

Milton. 

ATH-E-Rt'NA,  n.  A  genus  of  fishes  of  the  order 
Abdominales.  The  characters  are,  the  upper  j;tw  is 
rather  flat,  the  rays  of  the  gdl  membrane  are  six,  and 
the  side  belt  or  line  shines'hke  silver.  The  spt:cies 
best  known  is  tiie  A.  Hepsetus,  ver>'  abundant  in  lli'> 
Mediterranean,  where  it  is  caught  in  large  qu:tntiii» .;. 
PennanL     Ed.  Encyc. 

ATH'E-RIXE,  n.  A  name  conuflon  to  the  species  of 
the  genus  Athcrina. 

ATH-E-Ro'MA,  n.    [Gr.,  from  a^jjpa,  pap.] 

A  specii's  of  wen  or  encysted  tumor,  whose  con- 
tents are  curdj-. 

ATH-E-ROM'A-TOUS,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  resembling 
an  atheroma  ;  having  the  qualities  of  an  atheroma. 

JViseinan. 

A-THIRST',  (a-thurst',)  c.  [aandfaVsf.  See  Thihst.] 

1.  Thirsty;  wanting  drink. 

2.  Having  a  keen  appetite  or  desire. 

liii  Ind  a  suul  aOiirst  Ibr  knowicd^.  Cft.  Obscnvr. 

ATH'LkTE,  n.     [See  Athletic] 

1.  Among  tJtc  ancients,  one  who  conti?nd*"d  fur  tli 
prize  in  the  public  games.     Hence, 

2.  A  contender  for  victory.       A.  SmiUi-'s  Tiir.i>rii. 
ATH-LET'ie,  a.  [Gr.  afJA^jr/jf ;  L.  athXeia,  a  wrestler  ; 

from  aJ:0^^>s,  strite,  contest.] 

1.  Belonging  to  wrestling,  boxing,  running,  and 
othrtr  exercises  and  sports,  which  were  practiced  by 
the  ancients,  usually  called  the  athletic  games.  Ht-nce, 
9.  Strong;  lusty;  robust;  vigorous.  An  atidetic 
body  or  constitution,  is  one  fitted  for  vigorous  ex- 
ertitms. 

ATIlLET'ie-AL-LY,  adv.  In  a  strong,  robust,  cr 
athletic  manner.  Borrow. 

ATH'LE-TIS.M,  ti.  The  act  of  contending  at  the  pub- 
lic games  ;  muscular  strength. 

A-TJiVVART',  prtrp.     [a  and  tk^xart.     See  Thwaut.] 

1.  Across  ;  from  side  to  side  ;  transverse ;  as, 
atiiwart  tilt:  path, 

2.  In  mariitc  language,  across  the  line  of  a  ship'- 
course  ;  a-:,  a  fleet  standing  nVnrari  our  course. 

Atiiwart  hawse.,  is  the  situation  of  a  ship  when  slu: 
lies  across  the  stem  of  another,  whether  in  contact 
or  at  a  small  distance. 

AUmiirr  Vie  forefoot,  is  a  phrase  applied  lu  ijif 
flight  of  a  cannon-ball,  fired  by  one  sinp  at,ri.'  -^ 
another  ship's  course,  ahead,  us  a  signiU  for  her  i' 
bring  to. 

Athwart  ships :  reaching  across  the  ship  from  S'df  to 
side,  or  in  ti::it  direction.  Mar.  Diet 


FaTE,  far,  FALL,  WHAT.— MkTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — N6TE,  DOVE,  MO\'E,  WOLF,  BOOK. 


30 


ATO 

A-TmV.VRT',  adr.  lu  a  manner  to  cross  and  perplex ; 

crossly;  wron»;  wrongfully. 
A-TIL.T',  ode.     [a  and  tilt.     See  Tilt.] 

1.  In  the  manner  of  a  tilter ;  iii  (he  position,  or 
n-jih  the  action  of  a  man  making  a  thrust ;  as,  to 
stand  or  run  atttt. 

2.  In  the  manner  of  a  cask  tilted,  or  rt'ith  one  end 
raised. 

ATl-MY,  11.    [Gr.  ariftiay  a  and  n/jTj,  honor.] 

In  ancient  Greece,  public  dissrace  ;  exclusion  from 
office  or  magistracy,  by  some  disqualifying  act  or  de- 
cree. AUtfurd. 

.\T-L.\X-Te'AX,  )  <i.    Pertaining  to  the  Isle  Atlantis, 

AT-L.\N'TI-AX,  \  which  the  ancients  allege  was 
sunk  and  ovtrrwhelmed  by  the  ocean.  Plato. 

2.  Pertaining  to  Alias  ;'rescmb!ing  Atlas. 

AT-L.\\'TkS,  n,  pL  [L.]  In  arc-Aii^rturr,  figures  or 
half  figures  of  men,  used  mstead  of  columns  or  pilas- 
ters, to  su  pport  an  entablature.  P.  Cue 

AT-L.\X'Tlt_',  a.     ffrom  .itlas  or  jitlmtils.] 

1.  Pcrtammg  id  thJi  division  of  the  ocean,  which 
lies  between  Europe  and  Africa  on  the  east,  and 
America  on  the  west. 

•2.  Pertaining  to  the  Isle  of  Atlantis ;  as,  Atlantic 
island.  Cijc. 

AT-L-\N''TI€,  n.  The  ocean,  or  that  part  of  the  ocean, 
wJiich  is  between  Europe  and  AJ'rica  on  the  east  and 
^\inerica  on  the  west. 

AT-LA\'TI  t'A,  >  n.    An  uile  mentioned  bv  the  an- 

AT-LA.N"T!S,  ^  cients,  situated  westof  "the  Strait 
of  Gade-:,  or  Gibraltar.  The  poet!  mention  two  isles, 
and  call  them  Ht^erideSy  wcsWrn  i^les,  and  Eiysian 
j^eids.  Authors  are  not  agreed  whether  these  isles 
were  the  Canaries,  or  some  olher  isles,  or  the  conti- 
nent of  .America. 

AVa?  AUaiiUs^  (JVora  Athxntis:)  a  fictitious  philo- 
sophical Commonwealth  of  Lord  Bacon,  or  the  piecf; 
describing  it;  composed  in  the  manner  of  Morels 
Utopia,  and  Campanella's  City  of  the  Sun.  One  part 
of  ihe  work  is  finished,  in  which  the  auihor  has  de- 
scribed a  college,  founded  for  tlie  study  of  Nature, 
under  the  name  of  Solomon^s  Uouse.  The  model  of 
a  cornraonweallh  was  never  executed.  F.neyc. 

AT-L.\.\'TI-DeS,  11,  pi.  A  name  given  to  the  Pleiades 
or  seven  stars,  which  were  feigned  to  have  been  the 
daughters  of  .Atlas,  a  king  of  Mauritania,  or  of  his 
brother  Hesperus,  who  were  translated  to  heaven. 

AT'L-AS,  n.  fL.]  A  collection  of  maps  in  a  volume  ; 
supposed  to  DC  so  called  from  a  picture  of  Atlas,  sup- 
porting the  heavens,  prefixed  to  some  collections. 

Johmon. 

2.  This  term  is  now  also  applied  to  works  in  which 
subjects  are  exhibited  in  a  tabular  form  or  arrange- 
ment ;  as,  an  historical  or  ethnographical  atlas. 

3.  A  large,  square  folio,  resembling  a  volume  of 
maps,  called,  aljo,  atlas-foHo. 

4.  A  silk-satin,  manufactured  in  the  East  with  ad- 
mirable ingenuity.  Atlases  are  plain,  striped,  or  flow- 
ered ;  but  ihny  have  not  the  fine  gloss  and  luster  of 
iome  French  silks.  Encyc 

5.  The  fir>t  vertebra  of  ihc  neck,  articulating  im- 
mediately with  the  occipital  bone,  and  thus  sustain- 
ing the  head,  whence  the  name. 

6.  A  term  applied  to  paper  j  as,  ailai  fine.  Burke. 
AT-MOM'E-TEK,  n.     [Gr.  ar/ioj,  vapor,  and  ticrpcojy 

to  mcasun.-.] 

An  instrument  to  measure  the  quantity  of  exliala- 
Iton  from  a  humid  surface  in  a  given  time ;  an  evap- 
oromeler.  Vre, 

AT'.MOS-PHERE,  n.  [Gr.  ariio;,  vapor,  and  cpaioa^ 
a  sphere.] 

1.  The  whole  mass  of  aeriform  fluid  surrounding 
the  earth. 

•2.  In  eUctridt*!,  the  space  around  an  electrical  body, 
through  which  its  electrical  influence  extends. 
3.  Fi^ratieeJ:j,  pervading  influence ;  as,  a  moral 

AT-.AIOS-FHEP.ae,        )  a.    Pertaining  to  the  almos- 
AT-MO.S-PHER'ie-AL,  S      phere ;  as,  atmospheric  air 
or  vapors 

Atmospheric  air;  common  air,  or  the  air;  so  called 
in  distinction  from  vital  air  or  oxygen,^z«£  oiror  car- 
bonic acid,  and  other  gases. 
Atirw.fphfrric  stones ;  meteoric  stones,  or  aerolites. 

2.  Dependent  on  the  atmosphere. 


1  am  an  atrtowpheric  trealure. 


Pop*. 


AT'OLL,  71.    [A  MaJdive  wo*'       A  name  given  to 

coral  islands  consisting  cf  i.    *t'.p  or  ring  of  coral 

surrounding  a  central  lagoon.  Lydl. 

AT'OJI,  n.     [Gr.  aTOftOii  L.  atoinuj}  from  a,  not,  and 

Ttyi'.iy  to  cuL] 

J.  .\  particle  of  matter  so  miniit4>  a^  to  admit  of  no 
division.  Airtms  arf:  concfrived  to  be  the  first  princi- 
ples or  comprinent  part^  of  all  bodies.  Qaincy. 

2.  In  cAemiitry,  a  suppo3*?d  ultimatt;  particl:;  or  com- 
ponent part  of  a  body  ;  the  smallest  particle  supposed 
to  result  from  the  division  of  a  body,  without  decom- 
position. 
X  Any  thing  extremnly  small.  Shab. 

A-TOM'I€,         la.     Pertaining  to  atoms ;   consisting 
A-TOM'IC-AL,  \      of  atoms;  extremt:ly  minute. 

The  atamical  philosophy^  or  doctrine  of  atoms,  said 
to  have  been  first  broached  by  Moschus,  before  the 


ATR 

Trojan  war,  but  much  cultivated  and  improved  by 
Epicurus,  teaches  that  atoms  are  endued  with  grav- 
ity and  motion,  by  which  all  things  were  fomied, 
without  the  aid  of  a  supreme  intelligent  Being. 

The  atomic  theory,  in  chemistry,  or  the  doctrine  of 
definite  prcportioits,  "teaches  that  all  chemical  combina- 
tions take  place  between  the  supposed  ultimate  parti- 
cles or  atoms  of  bodies,  and  that  these  unite,  either 
one  atom  with  one  atom,  or  by  sums  of  atoms  which 
are  integral  multiples  of  unity.  This  tlieory  was  first 
presented  by  Dalton. 

Atomic  v:ci^liti  the  relative  weight  of  a  supposed 
ultimate  particle  or  atom  of  a  body,  considered  in 
reference  to  some  standard  unit,  and  to  some  rule  for 
determining  when  bodies  unite  one  atom  with  oue 

.AT'OM-ISM,  n.    The  doctrine  of  atoms.  [atom. 

AT'OM-IST,  n.  One  who  holds  to  the  atomical  phi- 
losophy. 

AT'OM-iZE,  r.  u    To  reduce  to  atoms.  Baxter. 

AT'OM-LIKE,  0.    Resembling  atoms.  Broicnc. 

AT-0M-0L'0-6Y,  t;.  The  doctrine  of  atoms.  Knoicles. 

AT'OM-Y,  71.  .A  word  used  by  Shakspeare  for  atom ; 
also,  an  abbreviation  of  anatomy 

AT-oN'E',     )  adv.    [at  and  one.] 

AT-ToXE',  j      At  one  ;  together  ;  at  once.  Spenser. 

A-TOXE',  r.  I.  [Supposed  to  be  compounded  oi  at  and 
one.  The  Spanish  has  adunar,  to  unite  or  join,  and 
the  It.  adunare,  to  assemble ;  from  L.  ad  and  un/is, 
unio.  In  Welsh,  dyun  signifies  united,  accordant, 
agreeing ;  dyjataw,  to  unite  or  agree  ;  from  uit,  one, 
and  Jy,  a  "prefix  denoting  iteration. — J^ote.  This 
word  was  formerly  written  aUotie.] 

1.  To  agree  ;  to  be  in  accordance  ;  to  accord 

He  and  A'lfidius  con  no  more  alone, 
Tlian  vwlcDUst  coolrarietjr.  ShaJc. 

[This  sense  is  obsolete.^ 

2.  To  stand  as  an  equivalent ;  to  make  reparation, 
amends,  or  satisfaction  for  an  offense  or  a  crime,  by 
which  reconciliation  is  procured  between  the  orfend- 
ed  and  ofiending  parties. 

The  murJerer  K-ll,  luiJ  blood  atoned  for  blootl.  Pope. 

By  what  propjUitiou  shall  I  atone  for  my  ibrmer  g^vitj*  ? 

Rambler,  No.  10. 
The  life  of  a  elave  waa  docmeJ  lo  be  of  so  liliie  value,  ih.u  a  v^ry 
sli^bl  compcnsatiou  atoned  for  Uidn?  it  away. 

Boberlson,  Charlea  V. 

3.  To  atone  for;  to  make  compensation  or  amends. 

Thu  evj  -A-as  aioned  /or  by  Ihe  good  effects  of  the  study  of  llie 
practjcil  physica  of  Aristotle.  Scfiiegel,  TVatie. 

The  iniiitstr>*  aol  aiomng  for  their  former  coaduci  by  any  wiae 
or  popiiUr  measure.  Junius. 

A-TOXE',B  t. 

1.  To  expiate  ;  to  answer  or  make  satisfaction  for. 

Or  each  aione  liii  guilty  love  with  lifr.  Pope. 

2.  To  reduce  to  concord  ;  to  reconcile,  as  parties  at 
variance  ;  lo  appease.     [JV'ci  now  used.] 

A-TOX'jED,  pp.    Expiated  ;  appeased  ;  reconciled. 

IJryden. 
A-ToNE'MEXT,  Tt.    Agreement;  concord;  reconcili- 
ation after  enmity  or  controversy.    Rom.  v. 

He  s>^ck3  to  make  atonerjienl 
Between  t!kc  DuVe  of  Glo'stcr  and  your  brothers.  Skak. 

2.  Expiation ;  satisfaction  or  re|)aration  made  by 
^ving  an  equivalent  for  an  injury,  or  by  doingor  suf- 
fering that  which  is  received  in  satisfaction  fur  an  of- 
fense or  injur}' ;  with  for. 

And  Mts^  s^il  10  Aaron,  Go  lo  the  aitu-,  and  ofTer  tliy  sln- 
oSerifi^,  and  ihy  bumt-offeriog',  and  make  an  alonement  for 
ihyseiraiid  for  tJi-.-  peojilc.  —  Lev,  i». 

When  a  man  haa  b^n  g^JiIty  of  any  vice,  the  best  alonement  he 
can  make  for  it  k,  to  warn  others  not  to  EiJI  into  the  like. 
Sped.  No.  8. 

Thfi  Phociani  behaved  with  so  much  ^Ilantry,  that  tliey  were 
thought  to  liave  made  a  sufficient  atonement  for  their  lormer 
Otfeu*-.  Poller,  Anliq. 

3.  In  theology,  the  expiation  of  sin  made  by  the 
obedience  and  personal  sufferings  of  Christ. 

A-ToN'ER,  Tt.     He  who  makes  alonement. 
A-TO.\'ie,  a.    Debilitated  ;  wanting  tone. 

In  inedicinc,  characterized  by  atony,  or  want  of  vi- 
tal enerir>' ;  as,  au  atonic  disease. 
A-ToN'I.\G,  ppr.  or  a.    Reconciling. 
2.  Making  amends,  or  satisfaction. 
.AT'O-NY,  71.  [Gr.  arovia,  defect,  of  a  priv.  and  tovo%, 
tone,  from  rtivo),  to  stretch.] 

In  medicine,  debility ;  a  want  of  tone ;  defect  of 
miiscular  power  :  palsy.  Wilson.     Coze. 

More  particularly,  want  of  vital  energy  and  strength 
of  action  in  the  heart  and  arteries  ;  asthenia. 
A-TOP',  ado.     [a  and  top.    See  Top.]     On  or  at  the 

top.  Mdton. 

AT-RA-BIL-.a'RI-AiV,    J         rr   ^^^^  ;,;/;^  hi-ici- hii,*  1 
AT-KA-BIL-A'RI-OUS,  \  "'     L^-  atra  i,//.,black  bile.] 

Affected  \ntli  melancholy,  which  the  ancients  at- 
tributed to  the  blat  k  bile  ;  replete  with  black  bile. 

AT-RA-EIL-A'RI-OUS-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
melanrholv,  or  affected  with  disordered  bile. 

AT-RA-CIL'IA-RY,  a.  Melancholic,  or  hypochon- 
driacal ;  from  the  supposed  predominance  of  black 
bile.  Cyc.  Med. 

Alralnliary  capsules,  [h.  eapsul<E  airabilarit^,  so 
called  from  their  supposed  office  of  secreting  black 
bile;]  two  small  gland-like  bodies,  situated  one  on 
the  upper  and  interior  edge  of  each  kidney  ;  called 
also  rmal  or  tnipra-rotal  glands  or  capsules.  Cyc.  Med. 


ATT 


AT-RA-Bi'LI3,  n.  [L.  from  atra  and  bdls.]  Black 
bile  ;  a  thick,  black,  acrid  fluid,  su()posed  by  the  an- 
cienu  to  be  secreted  by  the  spleen,  pancreous  or 
alrabiliary  capsules,  but  only  a  morbid  slate  of  the 
proper  bile.  Cyc.  Med. 

AT-RA-.MEXT-A'CEOUS,  a.  Black,  like  ink  ;  inky  ; 
as  the  atramentaccous  mucus  of  the  eye,  or  JigmeiUum 
ni^itm,  a  black  pasty  substance  covering  Ihe'inlernal 
surface  of  the  choroid  coat  of  the  eye.        Decftam. 

AT-RA-MEN'T'AL,     \  a.    [L.  atramentum,  ink,  from 

AT-RA-MENT'OUS,  (      ater,  black.] 
Inky  ;  black  like  ink. 

AT-RA-MENT-A'RI-OUS,  c  Like  ink;  suitable  fur 
making  ink.  The  sulphate  of  iron,  or  green  copper- 
as, is  called  atramentarious,  as  being  the  material  of 
ink.  FourcTou. 

A-TRIP',  adv.     [a  and  trip.    See  Tbep.J 

In  nautical  lang^uage,  the  anchor  is  atrip^  when 
drawn  out  of  the  ground  in  a  perpendicular  direc- 
tion. The  topsails  are  atrip,  when  th;;y  are  hoisted 
to  the  lop  of  the  mast,  or  as  high  a^  possible. 

Mar.  Diet. 

A-TRo'CI0U3,  a.     [L.  atror,  triu,  fierce,  cruel.] 

I.  Extremely  heinous,  criminal,  or  crn-rl;  enor- 
mous, outrageous ;  as,  atrocious  guilt  or  offense 

3.  Very  grievous;  violent;  as,  atrocious  distem- 
pers^   [Obs.]  Chajnc. 

A-TR6'CI0US-LY,  adv.  In  an  atrocioiis  manner; 
with  enormous  cnielly  or  gtiilt. 

A-TRo'CIOUS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  enor- 
mously criminal  or  cruel. 

A-TROC'I-TY,  n.  Enormous  wickedness  ;  extreme 
heinousness  or  crueltv  ;  as,  the  atrocity  of  murder 

AT'RO-PHY,  n.    [Or.  >i  priv.  and  roep-.y,  to  nourish.] 

1.  A  consumption  or  wasting  of  the  flesh,  with  loss 
of  strengtli,  witiiout  any  sensible  cause  ,  a  waslhig 
from  defect  of  nourisliment.  Coze.    Encyc. 

2.  More  appropriately,  gradual  progressive  emacia- 
tion and  exhaustion  from  defect  of  nutrition. 

AT-RO-PI'NA,  (at-ropi'na,)  sometimes  called  A-tuo'- 
pi-A,  n.  A  vegefable  alkaloid,  extracted  from  the 
Atropa  Belladonna,  or  deadly  nightshade.  It  is 
white,  brilliant,  and  crystallizes  in  long  needles. 

AT-TACH',  V.  t.  [Fr. 'attacluT,  to  tie  or  fasten,  to 
apply,  to  engage,  to  stick  ;  Arm.  sta^a  ;  It.  attaccare; 
Norm,  attacker,  to  attack  ;  tache,  tied,  fixed,  lacked 
together ;  PorL  Sp.  atacar.  It  seems  to  be  allied  to 
attack,  and  the  sense  is,  to  put,  throw,  or  fall  on, 
hence,  lo  seize,  and  stop,  coinciding  with  the  Eng. 
take ;  Sw.  taga ;  Dan.  ta^e ;  Sax.  ttrccan  :  Gr.  Hx^p^i ; 
L.  tango,  for  tago  i  Eng.  tack;  &c.  Class  Dg.  See 
Attack  and  Tack.] 

1.  To  take  by  legal  authority  ;  to  arrest  the  person 
by  writ,  to  answer  for  a  debt  or  demand  ;  applied  to 
a  taking  of  the  ptrson  by  a  crri/  process  :  being  never 
used  for  the  arrest  of  a  criminal.  It  is  apphed  also 
to  the  taking  of  goods  and  real  estate  by  an  officer, 
by  virtue  of  a  writ  or  precept,  lo  hold  ihe  same  to 
satisfy  a  judgment  to  be  rendered  in  the  suit. 

2.  To  take,  seize,  and  lay  hold  on,  by  moral  force, 
as  by  affection  or  interest ;  lo  win  the  heart ;  lo 
fasten  or  bind  by  moral  influence  ;  as,  attached  to  a 
friend  ;  attaching  others  to  us  by  wealth  or  flatter)'. 

3.  To  make  to  adhere  ;  to  tie,  bind,  or  fasten  ;  as, 
lo  aUach  substances  by  any  glutinous  matter;  to 
attach  one  thing  to  another  by  a  siring. 

4.  To  connect  with,  in  a  figurative  sense ;  as, 
to  attach  great  importance  to  a  particular  circum- 
stance. 

AT-TACII^A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  legally  attached  ; 
liable  to  be  taken  by  writ  or  precept. 

AT'TA-CHE' ,  (at-ia-sha',)  n.  [Fr.]  One  attached 
lo  another,  as  a  part  of  his  suite  or  attendants  ;  par- 
ticularly, one  attached  to  the  suite  of  an  embas- 
sador. 

AT-TACH'ED,  (at-tacht',)  pp.  Taken  by  writ  or 
precept ;  drawn  to  and  fixed,  or  united  by  affection 
or  interest :  fastened  ;  connected  with. 

AT-TACH'ING,  ppr.  Taking  or  seizing  by  com- 
mandment or  writ ;  drawing  to,  and  fixing  by  influ- 
ence ;  winning  the  aiiections;  fastening;  connect- 
ing with. 

AT-TACH'MEXT,  lu 

1.  A  taking  of  the  person,  goods,  or  estate,  by  a 
writ  or  precept  in  a  civil  action,  to  secure  a  debt  or 
demand. 

a.  A  writ  directing  the  person  or  estate  of  a  peRon 
to  be  taken,  to  secure  his  appearance  before  a  court. 
In  England,  the  first  notice  to  appear  in  court  is  by 
summons;  and  if  Ihe  defendant  disobeys  this  moni- 
tion, a  writ  of  attachment  issues,  commanding  the 
sheriff  to  attach  him,  by  taking  gage,  or  security  in 
goods,  wliich  he  forfeits  by  non-appearance,  or  by 
making  him  find  safe  pledges  or  sureties  for  his  ap- 
pearance. But  in  trespasses,  an  attachment  is  the 
first  process.  In  this  country,  attachment  is  more 
generally  the  first  process;  and  in  some  states,  the 
writ  of  attachment  issues  at  first  against  the  prop- 
erty or  person  of  the  defendant.  In  Conneciicat, 
this  writ  issues  against  the  person,  goods,  or  land, 
in  the  first  instance,  commanding  to  take  ihe  goods 
and  estate  of  the  defendant,  if  to  be  fuiuid  ;  or  other- 
wise, to  take  his  body.  In  England,  witnesses  nol 
appearing  upon  a  summons,  may  be  taken  by  atZack- 


TCXE,  BULL,  tJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  asK;  GasJ;  SasZ;  CHasSH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


11 


81 


ATT 


ATT 


ATT 


Attach- 


toolcj  to  press,  whence 
;  and  the 


wftit;  a  process  called  with  us  a  mjjios, 
inents  also  issue  against  parsons  for  contempt  of 
court.    The  court  of  attachments,  in  England,  is  held 
before  the  verderors  of  the  forest,  to  attach  and  try 
offenders  against  vert  and  venison. 

Fordm  attiichment,  is  the  taking  of  the  money  or 
"oods  o?  a  debtor  in  the  hands  of  a  third  person  ;  as 
when  the  debtor  is  not  within  the  jurisdiction  of  the 
court,  or  baa  absconded.  Any  person  who  has  goods 
or  eli'ccls  of  a  debtor,  is  considered  m  law  as  the 
a'lent  attorney,  factor,  or  trustee  of  the  debtor  ;  and 
an  attachment  served  on  such  person  binds  the 
property  in  bis  hands  to  respond  the  judgment  against 
the  debtor.  ^ ,  ,.  . 

3.  Close  adherence  or  affection  ;  fidelity  ;  regard  ; 
any  passion  or  affection  that  binds  a  person  ;  as,  an 
attaclimmt  to  a  friend,  or  to  a  party. 

4.  That  by  which  one  thing  is  attached  to  another ; 
as,  to  cut  the  atlachmmu  of  a  viascle. 

5.  Some  adjunct  attached  to  an  instniment,  ma- 
cliiiie,  or  other  object ;  as,  the  Eolian  attachment  to 
the  piano-forte.  ■    ,.     , 

AT-TACK',  u.  t.  [Fr.  aUaqucr  ;  Ann.  attacqi;  It.  at- 
taccare,  to  fasten,  to  attack  ;  attacco,  a  sticking  ;  Sp. 
atacar,  to  assault,  to  fasten,  or  make  close,  to  cram  ; 
Port,  atacar,  to  attack,  to  tease,  to  fasten  ;  Ileb.  and 
Ch.  ypn,  to  thrust,  to  drive,  to  strike.  It  seems  to 
be  allied  to  attach  :  but  the  latter  verb  agrees  better 

with  the  Eth.  IIICDT  tah, 

ft'^®4'  aiMk,  to  press,  to  make  close 
Ch.  na,  to  accuse,  to  unite.    Class  Dg.] 

)  To  assault ;  to  fall  upon  with  force ;  to  assad, 
as  with  force  and  arms.  It  is  the  appropriate  word 
for  the  commencing  act  of  hostility  between  armies 
and  navies.  ,  , 

2.  To  fall  upon,  with  unfriendly  words  or  writing  ; 
to  "begin  a  controversy  with  ;  to  attempt  to  overthrow 
or  bring  into  disrepute,  by  satire,  calumny,  or  criti- 
cism ;  as,  to  attack  a  man  or  his  opinions  in  a  pam- 
phlet. .  _  „. 

AT-TACK',  II.  An  onset ;  first  invasion  ;  a  falling  on 
with  force  or  violence,  or  with  calumny,  satire,  or 
criticism.  ,    ,  ., 

AT-TACK' A-BLE,  a.    That  can  be  attacked  ;  assail- 

AT-TACK'ED,  (at-takt',)  pp.    Assaulted  ;  invaded  ; 

fallen  on  ivith  force  or  enmity. 
AT-TACK'ER,  «.    One  who  assaults  or  invades. 
AT-TACK'ING,  ppr.     Assaulting;  invading ;  falling 

on  with  force,  calumny,  or  criticism. 
AT-TA-€0T'T1€,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  Attacotti,  a 

tribe  of  ancient  Britons,  allies  of  the  Scots. 

Pinkerton. 
AT'TA-GAS,  j  n.     [L.]    Names    applied,  by  former 
AT'TA-<5EN,  !     naturalists,  to  a  variety  of  the   Tc- 

traa  bonasia,  or  hazel  grouse,  found  in  the  south  of 

Europe.  Cmia: 

AT'TA-GHAN.     See  Ataohan. 
AT-TAIN',  V.  i.     [Fr.  and  Norm,  attcindrc ;  L.  attingo, 

to  reach,  come  to,  or  overtake ;  ad  and  tatiiro,  to 

touch,  reach,  or  strike ;  that  is,  to  thrust,  urge,  or 

push  to.    It  has  no  connection  with  L.  altincD.     See 

Class  Dg.] 

1.  To  reach ;  to  come  to  or  arrive  at,  by  motion, 

bodily  e.\ertion,  or  efforts  toward  a  place  or  object. 

If  by  auv  nieans  they  might  atiain  to  Phcnicc.  —  Act£  xxvii. 

9.  To  reach  ;  to  come  to  or  arrive  at,  by  an  effort 
of  mind. 

.Such  knowledge  is  too  wotylc-ful  lor  me  ;  it  is  liigh ;  1  can  not 
atlmn  to  it.  —  Pa.  cxxxix. 

Regularly  this  verb  should  be  always  followed  by 
to ;  the  omission  of  to,  and  the  use  of  the  verb  in 
a  transitive  sense,  may  have  originated  in  mistake, 
from  the  opinion  that  the  verb  is  from  the  L.  attinco, 
and  equivalent  to  obtain. 
AT-TAIN',  V.  t. 

1.  To  gain  ;  to  compass  ;  to  achieve  or  accomplish, 
that  is,  to  reach  by  efforts  ;  without  to  following. 

Is  he  wise  who  hopea  to  auain  the  end  without  the  me.ins  ? 

TiUotvon. 

This  use  of  the  verb  is  now  established  ;  but  in 
strictness  to  is  here  implied  ;  attain  to  the  end.  The 
real  sense,  aa  in  the  intransitive  use  of  the  verb,  is, 
to  reach  or  tome  to  the  end  or  purpose  in  view.  This 
word  always  implies  an  ejfurt  toward  an  object. 
Hence  it  is  not  synonymous  with  obtain  and  procure, 
which  do  not  necessarily  imply  such  effort.  We 
procure  or  obtain  a  thing  by  purchase  or  loan,  and  we 
obtain  by  inheritance,  but  we  do  not  attain  it  by  such 
means.  An  inanention  to  this  distinction  has  led 
good  authors  into  great  mistakes  in  the  use  of  this 
word. 

2.  To  reach  or  come  to  a  place  or  object  by  pro- 
gression or  motion. 

But  ore  such  tiduigs  shall  liia  ears  attain.  Bootees  7^"°' 

Cauann  he  now  attain*.  MatOK. 

3.  To  reach  in  excellence  or  degree  ;  to  equal. 

Bacon. 
AT-TSIN-A-BIL'I-TY,  n.    Attainableness.  Coleridge. 
AT-T.llN'A-BLE,  a.    That  may  bo  attained  ;    that 


may  he  reached  by  efforts  of  the  mind  or  body  ;  that  I 
may  be  compassed  or  accomplished  by  efforts  directed 
to  the  object;  as,  perfection  is  not  attainable  in  this 
life.  From  an  inattention  to  the  true  sense  of  this 
word,  as  explained  under  Attain,  authors  have  very 
improperiy  used  this  word  for  obtainable,  procurable  ; 
as  in  the  following  passages  :  "  The  kind  and  qual- 
ity of  food  and  liquor,  the  species  of  habitatwn,  furni- 
ture and  clothing,  to  which  the  coMinioii  |i'(i|ile  <)f 
each  country  are  habituated,  must  be  attainable  with 
ease  and  certaiiitv."  Paleii,  Philos.  b.  (1,  chap.  11. 
"  Gen.  Hoive  would  not  permit  the  purchase  of  those 
articles  [clothes  and  blankets]  in  Philadelphia,  and 
they  were  not  attainable  in  the  country."  Marshall  s 
Life  of  Washington,  3,  427.  Each  of  those  words 
should  be  obtainable. 

AT-TaIN'A-BLE-NESS,  1.  The  quality  of  being  at- 
tainable. 

AT-TaIN'DER,  n.  [Norm.  Fr.  attemire,  to  corrupt, 
attaint ;  also  conviction  ;  L.  ad  and  tingo,  to  stain ; 
Or.  r£y)-i.j.    Class  Dg.    See  Tinge.]  . 

1.  Literally,  a  staining,  corruption,  or  rendering 
impure  ;  a  corruption  of  blood.     Hence, 

2.  By  the  common  law,  an  ininiediate  and  insepara- 
ble effect  of  a  judgment  of  death  or  outlawry,  for  trea- 
son or  felony  ;  the  consequences  of  which  to  the  per- 
son attainted  are  forfeiture'of  land.-,  tenements,  and 
liereditainents  ;  corruption  of  blooil,by  which  he  can 
no  longer  inherit,  or  transmit  an  iiilieritance  ;  and 
loss  of  reputarion,  and  of  civil  rights  generally.  A 
statute  of  parliament  attainting  a  criminal,  is  called 
an  act  or  bill  of  attainder.  By  a  statute  of  3-4  Wm. 
IV.,  the  consequences  of  attainder  are  limited  to  the 
life  of  the  person  attainted. 

Opon  the  thorough  demonstiaUon  of  wliich  guilt  by  legal  a<- 
Uiander,  the  leudal  covenant  is  brolten.  BtudcstQTie. 

3.  The  act  of  attainting. 

An  .tct  was  made  for  tiie  auainder  of  several  persons.    Ertcyc. 

JVote.  By  the  constitution  of  the  United  States, 
no  bUl  of  attainder  shall  be  passed  ;  and  no  attainder 
of  treason  (in  consequence  of  a  judicial  sentence) 
shall  work  corruption  of  blood  or  forfeiture,  except 
during  the  hfe  of  the  person  attainteii. 

AT-TaIN'ED,  (at-taind',)  pp.    Reached  ;  achieved. 

AT-TAIN'ING,  ppr.  Reaching;  arriving  at;  accom- 
plishing. 

AT-TAIN'MENT,  n.  ,       .   . 

1.  The  act  of  attaining  ;  the  act  of  arriving  at  or 
reaching  ;  hence,  the  act  of  obtaining  by  efforts  ;  as, 
the  attainment  of  excellence. 

2.  That  which  is  attained  to,  or  obtamed  by  exer- 
tio~n  ;  acquisition  ;  as,  a  man  of  great  attainments. 

AT-TAINT',  ».  (.    [See  Attaindzr.] 

1.  To  taint  or  coiTupt  ;  to  extinguish  the  pure  or 
inlteritable  blood  of  a  person  found  guilty  of  treason 
or  felony,  by  confession,  battle,  or  verdict,  and  con- 
sequent sentence  of  death,  or  by  special  act  of  par- 
liament. 

No  person  shall  ho  allainud  of  high  treason  where  corruption  of 
Tjiood  is  mcurred,  but  by  tlie  oatli  of  two  witness.:?.  &c. 

S!ai.  lands  ^VUt.  III. 

".  To  taint,  as  the  credit  of  jurors,  convicted  of 
giving  a  false  verdict.  This  is  done  by  special  writ 
of  attaint.  The  conviction  of  such  a  crime  attaints 
the  reputation  of  jurors,  and  renders  them  infamous. 

3.  To  disgrace;  to  cloud  with  infamy;  to  stain. 

Spenser. 

4.  To  taint  or  corrupt.  SImk. 
AT-TaINT',  11. 

1.  A  stain,  spot,  or  taint.    [See  Taint.]       Shalt. 

2.  Anythmginjurious;  that  which  unpairs.   [Obs.] 

Shak. 

S  In  farrieni,  a  blow  or  wound  on  the  legs  or  feet 
of  a  horse.        "  .  ^'"J.'- 

4.  A  writ  which  lies  after  judgment  against  a  jury 
for  givin"  a  false  verdict  in  any  court  of  record. 

AT-TAINT'ED,  pp.  Stained  ;  corrupted  ;  rendered 
infamous  ;  rendered  incapable  of  inheriting. 

AT-TAINT'ING,  ppr.  Staining;  corrupting;  render- 
ing infamous  by  judicial  act ;  depriving  of  inheritable 
blood.  _, 

AT-TAINT'JIENT,  n.    The  being  attainted. 

AT-TAINT'IJRE,  ;i.  .\  staining  or  rendering  infa- 
mous ;  reproach ;  imputation. 

AT'TA-R  OF  Ro'SES,  n.  A  highly  fragi'ant  concrete 
obtained  in  India  from  file  petals  of  roses.     P.  Cijc. 

AT-TaSK',  v.  t.  To  task;  to  tax.  [JVot  used.  .See 
Task.]  S'"^'-   , 

AT-TASTE',  II.  (.     To  taste.    [JVtU  used.    Sec  Taste.] 

AT-TEM'PER,  f.  t.  [L.  attcmpcro,  of  ad  and  tempera, 
to  temper,  mix,  or  moder.ate.    See  Temter.] 

1.  To  reduce,  modify,  or  moderate  by  mixture,  as, 
to  attemper  heat  by  a  cooling  mixtme,  or  spirit  by 
diluting  it  with  water. 

2.  To  soften,  mollify,  or  moderate  ;  as,  to  attemper 
rigid  justice  with  clemency. 

3.  To  mix  in  just  proportion;  to  regulate  ;_as,  a 
mind  well  attempered  witli  kindness  and  justice. 

4.  To  accommodate  ;  to  fit  or  make  suitable. 
Acu  —  attempered  to  the  lyre.  Pope. 

AT-TEM'PER-ANCE,  n.    Temperance.     [JVut  luscd.] 

Chaucer. 


AT-TEM'PER-ATE,  a.     [L.  aUenipcratm. 
Tempered  ;  proportioned  ;  suited. 


Hope  must  be  proportioned  and  auemperal£  to  llie  promise. 
^  JIammond. 

AT-TEM'PER-ATE,  f.  £.    To  attemper.    [JV..!  in  m.sc  1 

Barrow. 
AT-TEM'PER--ED,  pp.     Reiluced  in  quality ;    inod- 

eititcd  ;  softened  ;  well  mixed  ;  suited. 
AT-TEM'PER-IXG,  ppr.    Moderating  in  qu.ihty  ;  soft- 
eniii"  ;  mixing  in  due  proportion  ;  making  suitable. 
A'J'-TEM'PER-LY,  iii;e.      In    a   temperate    manner. 

fJVot  in  use.]  Chaucer. 

AT-TEM'PER-MENT,  n  A  tempering,  or  liue  pro- 
portion. 
AT-TEMPT',  V.  t.  [Fr.  allenter,  from  L.  attnito.  to 
attempt,  of  ad  and  tento,  to  try  ;  Arm.  auem-pti.  The 
L.  tcnta  is  from  the  same  root  as  tcndo,  to  strain ; 
Gf.  Tfirw.  Hence,  the  literal  sense  is  to  strain,  urge, 
stretch.] 

1.  To  make  an  effort  to  effect  some  object ;  to 
make  trial  or  experiment;  to  try;  to  endeavor;  tr. 
use  exertion  for  any  purpose  ;  as,  to  attempt  to  sing  ; 
to  attempt  a  bold  flight. 

a.  To  attack ;  to  make  an  effort  upon  ;  as,  to  at- 
tempt the  enemy's  camp. 

This  verb  is  not  always  followed  by  an  object,  and 
.appears  to  be  intransitive  ;  but  some  object  is  uuder- 
stord,  or  a  verb  m  the  infinitive  follovi-s  in  the  place 
of  an  object ;  as,  he  attempted  to  speak. 
.AT-TK.MPT',  71.  An  essay,  trial,  or  endeavor  ;  an  at- 
tack ;  or  an  effort  to  gain  a  point.  Baain. 
AT-Tf :MPT' A-BLE, (I.    That  may  be  attempted,  tried, 

or  attacked  ;  liable  to  an  attempt,  or  attack.     Shak. 
AT-VE.MPT'ED,  pp.     Essaveil  ;  tried  ;  attacked. 
AT-TEJIPT'ER,  it     One  who  attempts,  or  attacks. 

jVilton. 
AT-TEMPT'ING,  ppr.     Trying;   essaying;   making 

an  effort  to  gain  a  point ;  attacking. 
AT-TEND',  V.  U     [L.  attend o ;  Fr.  attendre,  to  wait, 
stay,  expect;   Sp.' atent/cr;  It.  attendere;  L.  ad  and 
ten'do,  to  stretch,  to  tend.    See  Tend.] 

1.  To  go  with,  or  accompany,  as  a  companion, 
minister,  or  servant. 

2.  To  be  present ;  to  accompany  or  be  united  to  , 
as,  a  cold  attended  with  fever. 

3.  To  be  present  for  some  duty,  implying  charge  or 
oversight ;  to  wait  on  ;  as,  the  physician  or  the  nurse 
attends  the  sick. 

4.  To  be  present  in  business ;  to  be  in  company 
from  curiosity,  or  from  some  connection  in  affairs  ; 
as,  lawyers  or  spectators  attend  a  court. 

5.  To  be  consequent  to,  from  connection  of  t;ause ; 
as,  a  measure  attended  with  ill  effects. 

li.  To  await;  to  remain,  abide,  or  be  in  store  for  ; 
as,  happiness  or  misery  attends  ns  ;ifter  death. 

7.  To  wait  for ;  to  lie  in  wait. 

8.  To  wait  or  stay  for. 
Three  days  I  proniis*;d  to  altend  iny  doom,  Dnjilen. 

9.  To  accompany  witli  solicitude ;  to  regard  with 
interest. 

Theu  hiin^vr  thus  oppensed,  their  care  nlxe^a 

The  dmilithd  Ibrtune  of  their  absent  friL-nlls.  Dnjfleii. 

10.  To  regard  ;  to  fix  the  mind  upon. 

The  pilot  doth  not  alUnd  die  uuskillful  words  of  tlie  passenger. 
'  ^  Stdiietj. 

This  is  not  now  a  legitim.ate  sense.  To  express  tlii-i 
idea,  we  now  use  the  verb  intransitively,  with  to  — 
attend  to.  „  ,  ■    . 

11.  To  expect.     [JVot  in  use.-\  KaUigh. 
AT-TEND',  t..  i.                                     .  „    ^, 

1.  To  listen  ;  to  regarii  with  attention  ;  usually  lol- 
lowed  by  to. 

Attend  to  the  voice  of  my  supplication.  —  Ps.  Ixxxvi. 
Hence  much  used  in  the  imperative,  attend ! 

2.  To  regard  with  observation,  and  correspondent 
practice  ;  as,  iny  son,  attend  to  my  words. 

Hence,  to  regard  with  compliance. 
He  hath  attended  to  Uic  voice  of  my  pniyer.  —  Ps.  Ixvi. 

3.  To  fix  the  attention  upon,  as  an  object  of  pur- 
suit;  to  be  busy  or  engaged  in;  as,  to  titei?n(i  to  tlir- 
study  of  the  Scriptures. 

4.  'To  wait  on  ;  to  accompany  or  be  present,  in 
pursuance  of  duty;  with  on  or  upon;  as,  to  aueml 
upon  a  committee  ;  to  attend  upon  business.     Hence, 

5.  To  wait  t.n,  in  service  or  worship  ;  to  serve. 
That  ye  may  att«i»^    •pon  the  Lonl  widioul  diitmclioii.  —  1 

Cor.  vii. 

G.  To  Stay;  to  aeiay.    [Obs.] 

For  this  perfection  slie  must  yet  aiUnd, 
Till  lo  her  Matter  siie  espoused  be. 
7.  To  wait ;  to  be  within  call. 
AT-TEND' ANCE,  n.     [Fr.] 

1.  The  act  of  waiting  on  or  serving. 

Por  lie  —  iierLaineUi  to  another  tribe,  of  which  no  man  gave  nl 
tendance  at  the  attitr.  — Ileb.  vii. 

2.  A  waiting  on ;  a  being  present  on  busuiess  of 
any  kind  ;  as,  the  atteudancr  of  witnesses  or  persons 
in  court ;  attendance  of  meinberB  of  the  legislature, 

3.  Service  ;  ministry  ;  as,  to  receive  atlcndunec. 
'  Shak. 

4.  The  persons  attending  ;  a  train  ;  a  retinue. 

Miltor.. 


Sltak. 


Daws. 
Spenser 


FATE,  F.O,  FALL,  WHAT. -METE,  PREY. -PINE,  MAIHNE,  BIRD.-N6TE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQQK^--^ 


82 


ATT 

5   Attention ;  regard ;  careful  application  of  mind. 

Give  aStndancd  to  riMdiJij.  —  I  Tiai.  iv. 
6.  Expectation.     [Obs.]  Hooker 

\T-TE\iJ'AXT,  a.     [Ft.] 

1.  Accompanying  j  being  present,  or  in  the  train. 
Other  suiis — with  their  comefsrU  moons.  Millon. 

2.  Accompanying,  connected  with,  or  immediately 
fullowing,  as  consequential ;  as,  intemperance  nith 
r,ll  its  attendant  evils. 

3.  In  /a»,  depending  on,  or  owin"  duty  or  service 
to ;  35,  the  wif,-  attendant  to  the  heir.  CoieeL 

.iaendant  ketjj;  ui  muou;,  the  ke)-^  or  scales  on  tlie 
fifth  above,  aiid  filth  below,  (or  Votirth  above,)  any 
^ey-n,ite  or  tor.iL-,  considered  m  retatiuu  to  the  key 
r  sra!;;  ou  that  tonic  Calico::. 

V  r-TEXO'AXT,  n.  One  who  attends  or  accompanies 
111  any  character  whatever,  as  a  friend,  companion, 
mini:ier,  or  servant ;  one  who  belongs  to  the  train. 

Dryden. 
2-  One  who  L';  present ;  as,  an  aUendant  at  or  upon 
a  macti.Tg. 

3.  In  law,  one  who  owes  duty  or  service  to,  or  de- 
pends on  another.  Coicel. 

4.  Tliat  which  accompanies  or  is  consequent  to. 

A  1  vo  of  liimff,  th»  attendant  of  noKc  tptrite.  Pope. 

Sh-i.r!e  E  the  a::«ndarU  oi  Tic<r.  .4non. 

\  i'-TEN'D'ED,  pp.  Accompanied;  having  atteud- 
-ints  :  ser^^ed  j  waited  on. 

.  r-TFNDER,  n.  One  who  attends;  a  companion; 
'.n  associate.     [Little  used.] 

AT-TEXD'IXG,  pyr.  Going  with;  accompanying; 
waiting  on  ;  superintending  or  taking  care  of;  being 
present;  immediattly  consequent  to;  sening;  list- 
enin!*;  regarding  with  care. 

AT-TE.VT'i  a.    Attentive.    2  Chron.  vi. 

AT-TEXT', ».    AUention  ;  as,  with  due  aUc.it. 

SpcTtser. 

AT-TE.VT'.\TES,  n.  pL  Proceedings  in  a  court  of 
judicature,  after  an  inhibition  is  decreed.     ^t/li0e. 

AT-TEN'TIO.V,  n.  [Fr.]  The  act  of  attending  or 
heeding ;  the  due  application  of  the  ear  to  sounds,  of 
the  eye  to  visual  objects,  or  of  the  mind  to  any  ob- 
jects presented  to  its  contemplation.  [laterally,  a 
gtretchinff  tairard.] 

The;  tar,  th*  tanpin  of  dyiog  mca 

Goibrce  aOen&on  klu  deep  bvmooy.  Shak, 

3.  Act  of  civility,  or  courtesy ;  as,  auention  to  a 
stranger. 

3.  Tlie  word  of  command  given  to  soldiers  before 
pertorming  any  exercise  or  evolution. 

AT-TENT'i  VE,  a.     [Fr.  aUmttf.] 

Heedful ;  intent ;  observant ;  regarding  with  care. 
it  is  applied  to  the  senses  of  hearing  and  seeing,  as, 
an  atuntive  ear  or  eye ;  to  the  applicition  of  the 
mind,  as  in  contemplation  ;  or  to  the  application  of 
the  mind,  together  with  the  senses  above  mentioned, 
as  when  a  person  is  atuntivs  to  the  words,  and  to 
the  manner  and  matter  of  a  e>pcaJcer,  at  the  same 
time. 

AT-TEXT'IVB.LY,aic.  Heed  fully  ;  carefully;  with 
fixed  attention. 

AT-TENT'IVE-XESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  attent- 
ive ;  heedfulness ;  attention. 

AT-TE\T'LY,  adc.    Attentively.  Barrmc. 

AT-TEN'U-ANT,  a.  [3ee  Attenuate.]  .Making 
thin,  as  fluids;  diluting;  rendering  less  dense  and 
viscid  :  properly,  subiilizmg  the  humors  of  the  body, 
or  breakins  them  into  liner  parts. 

AT-TE.V'U-.\NT,  li.  A  medicine  tliat  thins  the  fluids  : 
a  diluenL  Core, 

Properly,  as  originally  used,  a  medicine  supposed 
to  possess  the  property  of  rendering  the  blood  and 
other  humors  more  fluid,  by  diminishing  the  size  of 
the  particles,  either  by  abra>;ion  or  division  ;  in  the 
latter  case  called  also  an  inddtnt. 

AT-TE\'IJ-aTE,  TJ.  t.  [L.  aOrnuo,  of  ad  and  Uniioy 
to  make  th:n ;  L.  tenuis;  VV.  tenau;  Ir.  Uma  or 
tanaidhe;  Eng.  thin. ;  which  see.] 

1.  To  make  thin  or  less  consistent ;  to  render  less 
viscid  ;  properly,  to  subtilize  the  humors  of  tlie  body, 
(tr  to  break  them  into  finer  parts;  opposed  to  con- 
den^/t^  bfcra-isate,  or  thirJ:en. 

2.  To  comminute ;  to  break  or  wear  solid  sub- 
!rtnTic''s  into  finer  or  very  minute  parts. 

"     ytl  maticn  iTt'iA  eiifnuale  an/!  wpnr  aw;\y  the 
'  -:  *.  JVofi#.  o/  ChaplaVa  Chtmutry. 

^,  to  pulverize,  or  reduce  to  an  impalpable 
;K^(-.vJ^r.  Encyc. 

X  To  make  slender;  to  reduce  in  thickness. 
\T-TE\'TJ-ATE,  a. 

1.  31ad5  thin,  or  less  viscid;  made  slender. 

Bacim. 

2.  In  botany,  attenuated  ;  growing  slender  toward 

1  point  or  •■"tr-'-r":i  " .-. 

'T-TEN'i;-a-TEO.  /)/».  or  a.  Made  thin  or  less  vis- 
nid  ;  comminn'.-i!  rindft  stPTiiif-r.  In  ftotany,  grow- 
ing .-I'-Ti'l  T  I^-v  -r  !  \A    ■■:•:■■■. 1  ■■. 

AT  TEN'f'-.\  ;';\G,  ",  '.  ii.ir:'^  thin,  as  fluids; 
making  fin,-,  ,-is  s.,!;-!  ij:,-i  mv.-* ;  making  slender  or 
Ipan. 

AT-TEN-U-A'TI0:N,  «.  The  act  of  making  thin,  as 
fluids  ;  as,  the  iiUenualion  of  the  humors. 


ATT 

2.  The  act  of  maJving  fine,  by  comminution,  or  at- 
trition ;  pulverization. 

Ths  auon  of  the  nir  fHciliUtes  the  altenuation  of  these  rocka. 
Trans,  Chaptal. 

3.  The  act  w  process  of  making  slender,  thin,  or 
lean. 

AT'TER-aTE,  r.  t.    [L  attervy  to  wear.] 
1.  To  wear  away. 

9.  To  forni  or  accumulate  bv  wearing. 
AT'TER-.a-TED,  ri>-    Formed  'bv  wearing.        Ray. 
AT-TER-a'TION,  71.    The  operation  of  forming  land 
by  the  wearing  of  the  ssa,  and  the  wearing  of  the 
earth  in  one  place  and  deposition  of  it  in  another. 

Ray. 
AT-TEST',  r.  L    [Fr.  attester;  L.  atteston  of  ad  and 
testor,  to  aliirm  or  bear  witness,  from  testis:    See 
TEsTirv.] 

1.  To  bear  witness  to  ;  to  certify  ;  to  affirm  to  b*? 
true  or  genuine ;  to  make  a  solemn  declaration  in 
words  or  miting,  to  support  a  fact ;  appropriately 
used  fur  the  affirmation  of  persons  in  their  official 
capacity  ;  as,  to  attest  the  truth  of  a  writing,  to  aUest 
a  copy  of  record.  Persons  also  attest  writings  by  sub- 
scribing their  names. 

2.  To  bear  witness  to,  or  sui)port  the  truth  of  a 
fact,  by  otlier  evidence  limn  words  ;  as,  the  ruins  of 
Palmyra  attest  its  ancient  niagniSceuce. 

3.  To  call  to  witness  ;  to  uivoke  as  conscious. 

The  racrrJ  f^ircana  wtiicb  lieaccn's  imperial  state 

.ittt$U  in  oaths,  and  Icars  to  violate.  Dryden. 

AT-TEST',  n.    Witness ;  testimony ;  attestation.    [Lit- 

tle  itsfd^ 
AT-TEST-a'TION,  n.    Testimony ;  witness ;  a  sol- 
emn or  official  declaration,  verbal  or  written,  in  sup- 
port of  a  fact ;   uvider.ce.     The  truth  appears  from 
the  attest^-^-.cn.  of  \ritne5ses,  cr  of  the  proper  officer. 
The  subscription  of  a  name  to  a  writing  is  an  attest- 
ation. 
AT-TEST'ED,  pp.  or  a.    Proved  or  supported  by  testi- 
mony solemn  or  olRcial ;  witnessed  to ;  supported  by 
evidence. 
AT-TEST'ING,  ppr.    Witnessing  to;  calling  to  wit- 
ness ;  affirming  in  support  of. 
AT-TEST'OR,  m.    One  who  attests. 
AT'Tie,  a.     [L,  jSuicus;  Gr.  Attikos.] 

Pertaining  to  Attica,  in  Greece,  or  to  its  principal 
city,  Athens;  marked  by  such  qualities  as  were 
characteristic  of  the  Atlienians.  Thus,  Mttic  wit, 
.^Uir-  salt,  a  poignant,  delicate  wit,  pecuhar  to  the 
Athenians;  an  Mtic  style,  a  style,  pure,  classical, 
and  elegant ;  .^ttic  faith,  inviolable  faith. 

Auie  dialect ;  the  dialect  of  the  ancient  Greek  lan- 
guage used  by  the  Athenians. 

.^ttic  base ;  a  peculim'  base  used  by  the  ancient  ar- 
chitects in  the  Ionic  and  Corinthian  orders,  and  by 
Palladio  and  some  others  in  the  Doric. 

Encyc.  Cyc. 
Auie.  order;  an  order  of  small  square  pillars  at  tlie 
uppermost  extremity  of  a  building.  This  had  its 
origin  in  Athens,  and  was  intended  to  conceal  the 
roof.  These  pillars  should  never  exceed  in  hight 
one  third  of  the  higlit  of  the  order  on  which  they 
are  placed,  nor  be  less  than  one  quarter  of  it. 

Encyc. 
AT'Tie,  \  71.    A  storv  in  the  upper  part  of 

AT'Tie  STo'RY,  i     a  house,  with  small  windows 

either  in  or  above  the  cornice. 
AT'T1€,  H.    A  small  square  pillar  with  its  cornice  on 
the  uppermost  part  of  a  building.    Attics  properlj- 
form  the  crown  of  the  building,  or  a  finishing  for  the 
other  orders,  when  they  are  used  in  the  structure. 

Encyc. 
2.  .In  .\thcnJ3n  ;  an  Athenian  author. 

Jones's  Greek  Orammar. 
AT'TI€-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  Athens;    pure,  clas- 

j-icai.  Jlammond. 

AT'TI-CISM,  V.  The  peculiar  style  and  idiom  of  the 
Greek  language,  used  by  the  Atht^nians  ;  refined  and 
elegant  Greek  ;  concise  and  ele<raiit  expret^sion. 

Encyc,  art.  Philos. 
2.  A  particular  attachment  to  tlie  Athenians. 

jyiitfiyrd. 
Applied  particularly  to  the  act  of  siding  with  the 
Athenians,  during  the  Peloponnesian  war. 

Jlobbcs^s  Thucyd.  viii. 

AT'TI-CIZE,  V.  t.    To  conform  or  make  conformable 

to  the  language  or  idiom  of  Attica.    Adjectives  in  "s, 

when  atiicizedf  become  os.     Joneses  Greek  Grammar. 

AT'TI-CIZE,  c.  i.    To  use  Atticisms,  or  the  idiom  of 

the  Athenians. 

2.  To  side  with  the  Athenians,  or  to  subserve  the 
interests  of  Athens.  SmitJi's  T/tucyiL  viii. 

AT'TieS,  n.  pi.    The  title  of  a  hook  in  Pausamas, 

which  treats  of  Attica.  Trans,  vf  Paua.  b.  1. 

AT-TI.VfiE',  r.  (.     [L.  atlingo.] 

To  touch  lightly. 
AT-TIRE',  v.U  [Norm.  aUyrcr,  to  provide  ,  Fr.  atvars, 
dress,  attire;  ataurner,  to  dress  a  woman,  to  attire; 
atournerrssey  a  tire  woman ;  Ann.  atourm,  female 
ornaments  ;  G.  zieren,  to  adorn.  We  retain  tire,  the 
simple  word,  applied  to  the  band  of  a  wheel,  and  this 
word,  in  the  V.  toer,  coincides  with  tour.  See 
Class  Dr.]  


ATT 

To  dress ;  to  array ;  to  adorn ;  particularly,  Ut 
adorn  willi  elegant  or  -splendid  gannenls. 

\y  Uh  die  liucn  iniLer  stiall  Aaron  be  oUiTed.  —  Lev.  xvi. 

AT-TIllE',  77,  Dress;  clothes;  habit;  but  appropri- 
ately, onianiental  dress. 

Caj]  a  biide  forget  hiratdre  7  —  Jer.  tL 

2.  The  horns  of  a  deer. 

3.  In  some  early  boumtcal  writers,  the  internal  (nrt^ 
of  a  flower,  incUided  within  the  cnipaletuent  or 
calyx,  and  the  foliation  or  corolla.  FUtH  u'rirr. 
called  thrums  or  suits,  as  in  the  ffowers  of  the  mari- 
gold and  tansy,  consists  commonly  of  three  parts,  of 
which  the  outer  part  is  the  floret.  This  corresfmnds 
to  the  floret  of  the  disc  in  compound  flowers.  Snm- 
form  attirs,  consists  of  two  parts,  the  chives  and 
apices  ;  corresponding  to  the  stamens,  with  their  nl- 
aments  and  anthers.  Johnson.     Cue. 

AT-TIK'£D,  pp.    Dressed  ;  decked  with  ornaments 

or  attire. 
AT-TIR'ER,  71.     One  who  dresses  or  adorns  with 

aitire. 
AT-TIK'ING,p;w.    Dressing;  adorning  with  dress  or 

attire. 
AT-TI'TLE,  V.  t.    To  entitle.    [JVut  in  use.]     « i 
AT'Tl-TUDE,  n.     [Fr.  attitude,  posture;  Sp.   ,, 

from  L.  actus,  a^o.     The  Italian  atlitudine  is  p(r=!itr'' 

anil  fitness  ;  attitude  and  aptitude  being  united  in  the 

same  word.] 

1.  The  posture  or  position  of  a  person,  or  the  man- 
ner in  which  the  parts  of  his  body  are  disposed,  p:ir- 
ticularly  in  relation  to  some  purpose  or  emotion  ;  ai, 
a  threatening  attitude  ;  an  attitude  of  entreaty. 

2.  Posture  or  position  of  things,  in  a  corresponding 
relation  ;  as,  in  times  of  trouble  let  a  nation  preserve 
a  firm  attitude.  fVasUtnifto>t''s  Farewell  Address. 

Hamilton.     Gov.  SmitJi,  JV.  IL 

3.  \n  painting  ?LTvd.  sculpture,  Ihe  posture  or  action 
in  which  a  figure  or  statue  is  placed  ;  the  gesture  of 
a  figure  or  statue ;  such  a  disposition  of  the  parts  as 
ser\'es  to  express  the  action  and  sentiment-)  of  the 
person  represented.  Johnson     Encyc. 

AT-TI-Tu'DIN-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  attitude. 
AT-TOL'LENT,  a.     [L.   attoliens,  attollo,  of  ad  ani 
tollo,  to  lift.] 
Lifting  up;  raising  ;  as,  an  attollent  muse!  \ 

£)■,-:■:   ,■- 

AT-TOL'LENT,  7i  A  muscle  which  raisL;s  s..ii  <• 
part,  as  the  ear,  the  eyeball,  or  the  upper  eyelid ; 
otherwise  called  levator  or  elevator. 

Qnincy.     Encyc. 
AT-TORN',  V.  I.     [L.  ad  and  tonw  ;  Fr.  to'ui-ner:  Arm. 
tiiir^ia,  tunicin,  to  turn ;   Sp.  tornar ;  Port.  id. ;  It. 
attorniarc,   torniare.      Hence,  torjiiamento,  a   iouma- 
mejit ;  Sp.  tomeo.     See  Torn.] 

In  tlie  feudal  law,  to  turn,  or  transfer  homage  and 
ser\'ice  from  one  lord  to  another.  This  is  the  act  of 
feudatories,  vassals,  or  tenants,  upon  tiie  alienation 
of  the  estate.  Blackstone.    Encye. 

AT-TORN'EY,(at-turn'y,)''-»P^-  ArtrtRNErs.  [^Norm. 
attoumon;  torne,  id.  ;  from  tour,  tonrn,  turn,  clinnge. 
One  who  takes  the  tarn  or  place  of  another.  See 
Attorn  and  Turn.] 

One  who  is  legally  appointed  by  another  to  transact 
any  business  for  him.  An  attorney  is  either  public 
or  private.  A  private  attorney  is  a  person  appointed 
by  another,  by  a  letter  or  power  of  attoniey,  to  transact 
any  businessYor  hun  out  of  court.  A  public  attorney, 
or  attorney  at  law,  is  an  officer  of  a  court  of  law,  k'- 
gally  qualified  to  prosecute  ami  defend  actions  in  such 
court,  ou  the  retainer  of  clients.  The  attoniey  at  law 
answers  to  the  proairator,  or  proctor,  of  the  civilians 
and  canonists,  and  to  the  solicitor,  in  chancer)*. 

In  Great  Britain,  and  some  of  the  United  States, 
attorneys  are  not  admitted  to  practice  in  any  coi:rt 
until  examined,  approved,  licensed,  and  sworn  by 
that  court,  after  which  ihey  are  proper  officers  of  the 
court  ;  but  in  Connecticut,  an  attorney  admitted  and 
sworn  by  one  of  the  county  courts,  is  authorized  to 
practice  in  all  the  courts  of  the  State. 

In  Great  Britain,  attorneys  are  not  admitted  to 
plead  at  the  bar,  or  to  be  advocates  or  counsel,  in 
the  higher  courts;  this  privilege  being  confined  to 
barristers  and  Serjeants. 

In  jVcjo  York,  and  in  Massachusetts,  there  is  a  dis- 
tinction observed  between  attorneys  and  counselors 
at  law,  but  in  most  of  the  United  States,  the  two 
offices  are  combined,  or  that  of  attorney  alone  re- 
tained. , 

In  Virmn'ia,  the  duties  of  attorney,  counselor,  con- 
veyancer'i  and  advocate,  are  all  performed  by  the  sams 
individual.  """^  , 

An  attorney  may  have  general  powers  to  tran^nci 
business  for  another ;  or  his  powers  may  be  special^ 
or  limited  to  a  particular  act  or  acts. 

Attorney  general,  in  GrtM  Britain,  is  an  officer  ap- 
pointed by  the  crown,  with  general  powers  to  act  m 
all  legal  proceedings,  in  which  the  crown  is  a  party  ; 
particularly,  to  prosecute  in  criminal  mattj  rs  atfecl- 
ine  the  state.  In  the  government  of  the  tnited 
States,  and  in  some  of  the  Stale  governments  the 
attorney  general  is  an  officer  with  corresponding 

^°Tpower,  mer,  or  warrant  of  attorney,  is  a  ^-ritten 


TCN'E,  BULL,  UMTE.-AN"GER,  VI"CI0US.-€  as  K;  6  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  inTHlS^ 


83 


ATT 


muliority  from  one  person  empowering  another  to 

transact  business  for  liim. 
AT-TORN'EY,  r.  (.    To  perform  by  proxy  ;  to  employ 

as  a  proxy.    [JVoi  in  u^e.]  Slialc. 

AT-TORN'EY-SHIP,  (at-turn'y-ship,)  71.     The  office 

of  an  attorney  ;  agency  for  another.  S/w/i. 

AT-TORN'ING,  ppr.    Acknowledging  a  new  lord,  or 

transferring  homage  and  fealty  to  the  purchaser  of  an 

est{it6, 
AT-TOUN'IMENT,  n    The  act  of  a  feudatory,  vassal, 

or  tenant,  by  which  he  consents,  upon  llie  alienation 

of  an  estate,  to  receive  a  new  lord  or  superior,  and 

transfers  to  him  his  homage  and  service. 

Encijc.    Blachstoue. 
AT-TRA€T^,  v.  t.     [L.   attraho,   attractusj   of  ad  and 

traho,  to  draw.     See  Drag  and  Draw. J 

1,  [n  phyc^ics,  to  draw  to,  or  cause  to  tend  to  ;  par- 
ticularly to  cause  to  approach,  adhere,  or  conilnne  ; 
or  to  cause  to  resist  divulslon,  separation,  or  decom- 
position. 

2.  To  draw  by  influence  of  a  moral  kind  ;  to  invite 
or  allure  ;  as,  to  atlract  admirers. 

■1.  To  engage  ;  as,  to  attract  attention. 

AT-TRA€T',  it.     Attraction.      [JVoi  in  use] 

IIudih-a$. 

AT-TRA€T-A-BIL'I-TY,  it.  The  (piality  of  being 
attractable,  or  of  being  subject  to  the  law  of  attrac- 
tion, j^siat.  Researches. 

AT-TRACT'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  attracted  ;  sub- 
ject to  ailrartion.  Laoomer,  by  Kerr. 

AT-TRACT'ED,  pp.  Drawn  toward  ;  invited  ;  al- 
lured ;  engai;ed. 

AT-TRAGT'Te,         )    a.    Havin,^  power  to  draw  to. 

AT-TRACT'ie-AL,  i      [M'ol  used.]  Ray. 

AT  TRAGT'ILE,  a.    That  has  power  to  attract. 

J\l€d.  Rep. 

A'l'-TRACT'ING,  ppr.  Drawing  to  or  toward ;  in- 
viting;  alluring;  engaging. 

AT-TRA€T'IXG-LY,  adv.    In  an  attracting  manner. 

AT-TRA€'TION,  ». 

1.  In  physioi,  the  power  or  force  which  draws 
bodies  or  their  panicles  toward  each  other,  or  which 
causes  them  lo  tend  toward  each  other,  or  to  resist  a 
counteracting  tendency ;  or  the  law  by  which  they 
tend  toward  each  other,  or  resist  a  counteracting 
tendency. 

.attraction  is  distinguished  into  that  which  is  mani- 
fested between  bodies  or  masses  at  sensible  distances, 
and  that  which  is  manifested  between  the  particles 
or  molecules  of  bodies  at  insensible  distances.  The 
former  includes  the  attraction  of  <rravity,  or  gravita- 
tion, or  the  mutual  tendency  of  all  bodies  to  each 
other,  as  the  tendency  of  the  planets  toward  the  sun, 
or  of  a  stone,  when  raised  in  the  air,  to  fall  to  the 
earth  ;  and  also,  the  attraction  of  magnetism,  and  Utat 
of  electricity.  The  latter  takes  place  either  between 
particles  of  the  same  kind,  or  homogeneous  particles, 
and  is  then  called  the  attraction  of  aggregation,  or 
cohesion ;  or  between  dissimilar  or  heterogeneous 
particles,  unitmg  them  into  compounds,  and  is  then 
called  chemical  attraction,  or  affinity.  The  attractions 
of  the  first  class,  however,  exist  between  particles  as 
well  as  masses  ;  and  the  surfaces  of  masses  in  con- 
tact, or  at  inappreciable  distances,  also  attract  each 
other,  causing  adhesion,  in  heterogeneous  as  well  as 
homogeneous  bodies. 

The  attraction  of  gravity  is  supposed  to  be  the  great 
principle  which  confines  the  planets  in  their  orbits. 
Its  power  or  force  is  directly  as  the  quantity  of  matter 
in  a  body,  and  im^crscly  as  the  squares  of  the  dis- 
tances of  the  attracting  bodies. 

a.  The  act  of  attracting ;  the  effect  of  the  princi- 
ple of  attraction. 

Attraction  may  be  performed  by  impulse  or  some  other  meaDs. 
NeiDlon's  Optics, 

3.  The  power  or  act  of  alluring,  drawing  to,  in- 
viting, or  engaging ;  as,  the  attraction  of  beauty  or 
eloquence. 

Elective  attraction,  or  elective  affinity,  in  chemistry,  is 
the  tendency  of  those  substances  in  a  mixture  to 
combine,  wliich  have  the  strongest  attraction. 
AT-TRAGT'IVE,  a.     [Fr.  attracttf.[ 

1.  Having  the  power  or  (luality  ol  attracting;  draw- 
ing to  ;  as,  the  attractive  force  of  bodies. 

U.  Drawuig  to  by  moral  influence;  alluring;  in- 
viting ;  engaging ;  as,  the  attractive  graces. 

An  aUrac'uve  undcrUkin?^.  Roscoe, 

AT-TRA€T'IVE-LY,  adv.  With  tlie  power  of  at- 
tracting or  drawinii  to. 

AT-TRACT'IVE-i\KSS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
attractive  or  engaging. 

AT-TRA€T'OR,H.    The  person  or  thing  that  attracts. 

AT-TRa'HENT,  a.     [L.  attrahcns.] 
Drawing  to;  attracting. 

AT-TRa'HENT,  n: 

1.  That  which  draws  to  or  attracts,  as  a  magnet. 

The  moUoQol"  tlie  sleel  to  iu  tUlrnlitnl.  GlanviUe. 

2.  In  medicine,  a  substairce,  formerly  supposed  to 
possess  the  property  of  drawing  the  humors  to  the 
part  where  applied,  but  wliich  really  only  excites 
action  in  the  part,  and  thus  may  increase  excretion, 
as  an  apispastic,  sinapism,  rubefacient,  or  suppurative. 


AUB 

AT-TRAP',  v.  t.     [au.  Fr.  (rap,  cloth.] 

To  clothe;  to  dress;  to  adorn  with  trappings. 
[AVj^  in  7Uie.]  Barrrf.     Spen.scr. 

AT-TRECT-A'TION,  71.     [L.  aUrectatio.] 

Frequent  liandling.  Diet. 

AT-TRIB'TT-TA-BLEj  a.    [See  Atteiuute.] 

That  may  be  ascribed,  imputed,  or  attributed  ;  as- 
cribable  ;  imputable  ;  as,  tile  fault  is  not  attributable 
to  the  author. 
AT-TRIB'UTK,  r.  f.  [L.  attrihuo;  ad  and  tribuo,  to 
divide,  to  bestow,  to  assign  ;  tribus,  a  tribe,  division, 
or  ward  ;  Fr.  attribuci-;  Sp.  atribuir,  tribuir;  It. 
attribnirc.     See  Tribe.] 

1.  To  allot  or  attach,  in  contemplation  ;  to  ascribe  ; 
to  consider  as  belonging. 

We  ailribute  uc-tliing  to  Ggd  lh.it  couuiiiis  a.  coiitrtvdiclion. 

TUlotson. 

2.  To  give  as  due  ;  to  yield  by  an  act  of  the  mind  ; 
as,  to  attribute  to  God  all  the  glor>'  of  redemption. 

3.  To  impute  to  as  a  cause ;  as,  our  misfortunes 
are  generally  to  be  attributed  to  our  follies  or  im- 
prudence. 

AT'TRI-BUTE,  7t.  Tliat  which  is  attributed  ;  that 
which  is  considered  as  belonging  to,  or  inherent  iu  ; 
as,  power  and  wisiloni  ate  atlribates  of  the  Supreme 
Being ;  or  a  quality  .determining  something  to  be 
after  a  certain  manner  ;  as,  extension  is  an  attribute 
of  body.  E'icyc. 

2.  Uuaiity ;  characteristic  disposition ;  as  biavejy 
and  generosity  in  men.  Bacon. 

3.  A  thing  belonging  to  another ;  an  appendant ; 
as,  the  arms  of  a  wan-ior.  In  painting  and  sculpture, 
a  symbol  of  otlice  or  character,  added  to  any  piytic- 
ular  figure  ;  as,  a  club  is  the  attribute  of  Hercules. 

Ell  eye. 

4.  Reputation  ;  lionor.  Hhuh. 
IjATot  a  proper  sense  of  this  word.] 

AT-TRIB'tj-TED,  pp.  Ascribed;  yielded  as  due; 
imputed. 

AT-TRIB'U-TING,  ppr.  Ascribing;  yielding  or  giv- 
ing as  due ;  imputing. 

AT-TRI-BU'TION,  n.  The  act  of  attributing,  or  the 
quality  ascribed  ;  commendation. 

AT-TRIB'tl-TIVE,  a. 

1.  Pertaining  to  or  expressing  an  attribute.  Harris. 

2.  That  attributes;  attributing;  as,  aHri&uCiuc jus- 
tice. Bacon. 

AT-TRIB'U-TIVE,  ti.    In  grammar,  a  word  significant 

of  an  attribute;  as  an  adjective,  verb,  or  participle, 

which  denotes  the  attribute  of  a  substance  ;  or  an 

adverb,  wliich  denotes  the  attribute  of  an  attribute. 

Harrises  Hermes. 

AT-TRITE',  a.  [L.  aUritus,  worn,  of  ad  and  tcro,  to 
wear;  Gr.  reioijj.     See  Trite.] 

1.  Worn  by  rubbing  or  friction.  Milton. 

2.  In  Roman  Catholic  theology,  repentant  only  from 
fear  of  punishment. 

AT-TRITE'NESS,  u.    The  being  much  worn. 

Johnson. 
AT-TRI"TION,  (at-trish'un,)  n.    Abrasion;   the  act 

of  wearing  by  friction,  or  by  rubbing  substances 

together. 

The  chati^  of  allmeut  \i  cfltcied  by  atlrilion  of  the  inward 

stomacli.  ArbuOinot. 

2.  The  state  of  being  worn.  Jokiu^on. 

3.  With  Roman  Catholic  dii'tnes,  grief  for  sin,  arising 
only  from  fear  of  punishment ;  the  lowest  degree  of 
repentance.  ff'alUs. 

AT-TONE',  V.  t.  [of  w/  and  tane.  See  Tone  and 
Tune.] 

1.  To  tune,  or  put  in  tune  ;  to  adjust  one  sound  to 
another  ;  to  make  accordant ;  as,  to  attune  the  voice 
to  a  harp. 

2.  To  make  musical. 

Vernal  airs  —  atluve  the  trembling  lenvca.  fiTiHon. 

3.  Figuratively,  to  arrange  fitly  ;  to  make  accord- 
ant ;  as,  to  attune  the  thoughts  ;  to  attune  our  aims  to 
the  divine  will. 

AT-TuN'£D,  pp.  Made  musical  or  harmonious  ;  ac- 
commodated in  sound  ;  made  accordant. 

AT-TON'ING,  ypr.  Putting  in  tune;  maliing  mu- 
sical ;  making  accordant. 

A-TWa1N',  (zt/f.    In  twain  ;  asunder.     [Obs.]   Shak. 

A-TWEEN',  adv.     Between.     [Obs.]  Spenser. 

A-TWIXT',  adv.     Betwixt.     [Obs.]  ^enscr. 

A-TWO',  adv.     In  two.     [Obs.]  Chaucer. 

AU-BAIjYE',  (o-baue',)  n.     [Fr.  aiibain,  an  alien.] 

Tlie  droit  d'aubaiite, in  Fiance,  was  the  right  of  the 
king  to  the  succession  or  inheritance  of  a  foreigner 
not  naturalized,  or  of  a  foreigner  naturalized,  who 
had  left  no  heirs  within  the  kingdom,  and  who  had 
not  disposed  of  his  property,  while  living,  by  dona- 
tion or  testament.  Kncyc.  Me.Oi. 

This  right  nas  abolished  in  1790,  by  the  National 
Assembly  ;  restored,  by  Napoleon,  in  1804  ;  partially 
abulished,  by  the  treaty  of  Paris,  in  1814 ;  and  finally 
entirely  abolished  in  1819.  P-  Ci;c. 

AU'BIN',  71.  [Fr.]  A  broken  kind  of  gait  in  a  liorsc, 
between  an  amble  and  a  gallop,  vulgarly  called  a 
Canterbury  gallop. 

AU'BUUN,  a.  [This  word  is  evidently  formed  from 
Fr.  bran,  It.  briiiw,  brown,  by  a  transposition  of  the 
letters   r   and   n,  with  a  prefix,  unburn,  for  aubnin., 


from   hrennan^   burn,   denoting    the   iv\vi    made    by 
scorching.] 
Reddish'brown. 


ni3  auburn  lockB  011  either  slioulder  flowed. 


Drydeii. 


AUCTION,  «.     [L.  avclio,  (augeo,  lo  increase,)  a  pub- 
"  lie  sale ;  or  Eng.  to  haiok  ;  G.  hiikcn  ;  properly,  to  cry 
out.    See  II.\.wK.] 

1.  A  public  sale  of  property  to  the  highest  bidder, 
and  regularly,  by  a  person  licensed  and  authorized 
for  the  purpose ;  a  vendue.  Contracts  for  services, 
supplies,  &LC.,  sometimes,  are  sold  to  the  lowest  bid- 
d'.T  Among  the  Romans,  this  species  of  sale  was 
made  by  a  crier,  sub  Itasta,  i.  e.,  under  a  sppar  stuck 
in  the  earth. 

2.  The  things  sold  at  auction.  Pope. 
Dutch  auction;  the  public   olTer  of   })rnperty   at  a 

price  beyond  its  value,  then  gradually  lowering  the 
price,  till  some  one  accepts  it,  as  purcliaser.     P.  Cyc 

AUC'TION-A-RY,  a.    Belonging  to  an  auction  or  [>uh 

"lie  sale.  Dryden 

AUe-TION-EER',  v.     [L.  auctionarius.] 

The  person  who  sells  at  auction  ;  a  person  licensed 
by  government  to  dispose  of  goods  or  lands  by  public 
sale  to  the  highest  bidder. 

AU€-TION-EER',  v.  t.    To  sell  at  auction.  Cowpcr. 

AU-€U-Pa'TION,  n.     [L.  aucupatio,  from  aucupor,  ol 
ai'i.<  and  ccipio.] 

The  act  or  practice  of  taking  birds  ;  fowling  ;  bird- 
catching.     [Little  used.] 

AU-Da'CIOLS,  a.     [L.  audax  ;  Fr.  audacicuz;  from  L. 
audeo,  to  dare.     The  sense  is,  advancing  forward.] 

1.  Very  bold  or  daring;  impudent;  contemning 
the  restraints  of  law,  religion,  or  decorum  ;  used  foi 
bold  in  wickedness ;  applied  to  persons ;  as,  au  auda- 
cious wretch. 

2.  Committed  with,  or  proceeding  from,  daring  ef- 
fronterj',  or  contempt  of  law  ;  as,  an  audacious  crime. 

3.  Bold  ;  spirited.  Milton.  B.  Jonson. 
AU-Da'CIOUS-LY,  adv.    In  an  impudent  manner; 
"  with  excess  of  boldness.  Shak. 
AU-Da'CIOUS-NESS,  7(.    The  quality  of  being  au- 

"  dacious  ;  impudence;  audacity.  Sandys. 

AU-DAC'I-TY,   71.      Boldness  ;    sometimes   in   a  good 
"  sense  ;  daring  spirit,  resolution,  or  confidence. 

9.  Audaciousness  ;  impudence  ;  in  a  bad  sense;  im- 
plying a  contempt  of  law  or  moral  restraint. 
AUD'F^AN-ISM,  n.     Anthropomorphism  ;  or  the  doc- 
*  trine  of  Audeus,  a  Syrian  of  the  fourth  century,  who 
maintained  that  God  lias  a  human  shape  ;    from 
Gen.  i.  2tl.  Encyc. 

AUD'I-BLE,  a.  [L.  audibilis,  from  audio,  to  hear. 
"  This  word  is  evidently  connected  witli  the  name  of 
the  eai' ;  Gr.  onus,  ovnroi ;  Vulg.  Gr.  avMa.  The 
verb  audio  is  contracted  into  Sp.  oir ;  Port,  ouvir ; 
Fr.  ou'ir,  to  iiear-  Hence,  in  law,  oyer,  and  from  the 
French  oycz,  hear  ye,  the  barbarous  O  yes,  of  our 
courts.] 

That  may  be  heard  ;  perceivable  by  the  ear  ;  loml 
enough  to  be  heard  ;  as,  an  audible  voice  or  wJu-^pi-r. 
AUD'I-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  audible. 
AUD'I-BLY,  ai/r.  In  an  audible  manner;  in  a  man- 
ner so  as  to  be  heard. 
AUD'1-ENCE,  jj.  The  act  of  Iiearing,  or  attending  to 
'  sounds. 

lEi  bold  diswUTje  had  audknce.  Mitlon. 

2.  Admittance  to  a  hearing;  reception  to  an  in- 
terview, especially  with  a  sovereign  or  the  head 
of  a  government,  for  conference  or  the  transaction 
of  business ;  as,  Wr.  Pitt  had  an  audience  of  the  king. 
The  term  is  also  applied  to  an  interview  of  mere 
ceremony  between  the  head  of  a  government  and 
the  representatives  of  foreign  powers ;  as  when  an 
embassador  requests  an  audience  of  leave. 

3.  An  auditory ;  an  assembly  of  hearers. 

4.  In  Spain,  one  of  the  seven  supreme  courts,  to 
which  appeals  lie  from  the  inferior  courts,  and  from 
which  no  appeal  lies,  except  in  the  higher  civil  suits 
to  the  two  chanceries,  and  the  council  of  Castille. 

Ed.  Encyc. 
In   tJte  former  Spanish  provinces  in  .America,  a  su- 
preme court  of  justice,  and  the  district  over  which 
its  jurisdiction  extended.         Robertson.  Ed.  Encyc. 

5.  The  court  of  audience,  ov  audience  court;  a  court 
held  originally  before  an  archbishop  in  person  ,  that 
of  the  archbishop  of  Canterbury  is  now  held  by  the 
di.an  of  the  arches  as  his  otficiiil. 

AUD'I-ENCE-CHajI-BEU,  71.    Au  apartment  for  an 
'  audience  or  formal  meeting. 

AUD'I-ENT,  71.    A  hearer.     [JV«(  in  use.]       Shclton. 
AUD'IT,  n.     [L.  audit,  he  hears.] 

1.  An  examination  of  an  account  or  of  account.-, 
with  the  Iiearing  of  the  parties  concerned,  by  proper 
officers,  or  persons  appointed  for  that  purpose,  wlio 
compare  the  charges  with  the  vouchers,  examine 
witnesses,  and  state  the  balance. 

2.  The  result  of  such  an  examination,  or  an  ac- 
count as  adjusted  by  auditors ;  a  final  account.  Shak. 

AUD'IT,  i\  t.    To  examine  and  adjust  an  account  or 
"  accouu'.s,  by  proper  officers,  or  by   pei-sons  legally 
authorized  for  the  purpose  ;  as,  to  audit  the  accounts 
of  a  treasiurer,  or  of  parties  who  have  a  suit  depend- 
ing in  court. 


*' 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MeTB,  PKEV.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQOK.- 

_       _       . 


AUG 

AUD'IT-HOUSE,  iu    An  appendage  to  a  cathedral,  \ 

"  in  which  the  business  belonging  to  it  is  transacted. 

Wider. 

AU-DVTA  QCE-RE'LA^  [L.]     In  /air,  wlien  a  de- 

"  fendant  or  l>;iil,  against  whom  jiidimient  has  been 
recovered,  complains  that  he  has  already  satisfied 
the  demand,  or  boeu  released  from  it,  an  audita 
4faertla^  is  a  wril  in  the  nature  of  a  bill  in  equitj-,  di- 
rected to  the  court,  enjoining  ii  to  hear  the  parties, 
and  cause  justice  to  be  done  them. 

AUD'IT-IVK,  a.     Llaving  the  power  of  hearin?. 

CotiTTave. 

AUD'IT-OK,  [L.]    A  hearer;  one  who  attends  to  hear 

"  a  discoiiise. 

2.  A  pennon  appointed  and  authorized  to  examine 
an  account  or  accounts,  compare  the  charges  with 
the  vouchers,  examine  the  i)arties  and  witnesses, 
allow  or  reject  charges,  and  state  the  balance.  It  is 
usual  with  courts  to  refer  account?,  on  which  an 
action  is  brou^lit,  to  auditor?  for  adjustment,  and 
their  report,  if  received,  is  the  basis  of  the  judgment. 
In  England,  there  are  officers  who  are  auditors  of 
courts,  of  the  revenue,  of  corporations,  &c.  In  the 
Uuited  States  government,  and  the  stale  govern- 
ments, there  are  auditors  of  tbc  treasury,  or  of  the 
public  accounts. 

AUD'IT-OR-SHIP,  n.    The  office  of  auditor. 

Johnson. 

ACD'IT-O-RY,  a.  That  has  the  power  of  hearing; 
"  pertaining  to  the  sense  ur  organs  of  hearing.  Auditory 
r.erve  :  in  anatamy,  the  soft  part  {portio  mcUis)  of  each 
of  the  seventh  pair  of  nerves,  distributed  to  dttferenl 
parts  of  ihi-  bbyrinth  of  the  internal  ear;  tlie  seat  of 
the  sense  of  hcarine. 

AUD'IT-O  KV,  II.     [L.  auditiyrium.] 

1.  An  audience;  an  assembly  of  hearers,  as  in  a, 
church  or  lecture -room. 

2.  A  place  or  apartment  where  discourses  are  de- 
livered. In  ancient  churches,  llie  nave,  where  the 
hearers  stood  to  be  instructed. 

3.  \  bench  on  which  a  judge  sits  to  hear  causes. 

Eucyc. 

AUD'IT-RESS,  ji.    A  female  hearer.  Strdton. 

AUF,  n.    A  fool ;  a  simpleton.     [See  Oaf.] 

AU  FAIT,  {o-(a,)  [Fr.]  Literally,  to  or  up  to  the  ac- 
complishm'-nt  of  any  thing,  i.  c.  master  of  it;  per- 
fectly able  to  perfonn  it.  As  the  phrase  is  followed 
by  de  in  French,  it  ought  prL>pcrly  to  be  followed  by 
tif  in  English ;  as,  he  is  entirely  av.  fait  of  that 
matter. 

AL'-Oe'AN,  a.  The  Augean,  stable,  in  Grecian  my- 
tholosj',  is  represented  as  belonging  to  Augeas  or 
Augias,  one  of  the  Argonauts,  and  afterward  king 
of  Elis.  This  prince  kept  a  great  number  of  oxen 
in  a  stable  which  was  n.:ver  cleansed,  until  Hercules 
undertook  the  task  ;  a  task  which  it  seemed  imprac- 
ticable to  execute.  Hence  tlie  Augean  stable  came 
to  rcpresvnt  what  is  deemed  impracticable,  or  a  place 
which  has  not,  for  a  long  time,  been  cleansed. 

Lcmpriere. 

AU'GER,  71.  [D.  ace^aar.  The  Saxon  word  is  nafc- 
gar  or  naae-gar,  from  nafa,  the  nave  of  a  wheel,  and 
gar,  a  tool  or  a  borer.  It  is  probable  that  the  real 
word  is  nmtjnr,  corrupted.] 

1.  An  instrument  for  boring  large  holes,  chiefly  used 
by  carpenters,  joiners,  cabinet  makers,  wheelwrights, 
and  shipwright'.  It  consisu  of  an  iron  l)lade,  end- 
ing in  a  steel  bit,  with  a  handle  placed  at  right  an- 
gles with  the  blade.  .-Vugers,  made  with  a  straiglit 
channel  or  gro<^)ve,  in  some  piaces^  are  called  pod- 
augers ;  the  modem  augers,  with  spiral  channels,  are 
caned  screu>-augcrs. 

2-  -Vn  in:itrument  for  boring  or  perforating  soils  or 
rocks,  consisting  of  a  handle  for  working,  a  rod 
which  may  be  lengthened  as  tho  perforation  extends, 
and  a  bit,  mouth,  or  cutting  piece,  resembling  the 
bit  of  a  common  auger,  for  soils  or  soft  rocks,  and  a 
chisel  fur  harder  rocks.  Brandc.     Ure. 

AL''GER-HoLE,  n.    A  hole  made  by  an  auger. 

AU-GET',  n.  A  tube  filled  witli  powder  and  extend- 
ing from  the  chamber  of  a  mine  to  the  extremity  of 
the  gallery,  used  in  exploding  mines.        Jfd.  Diet. 

AUGIIT,  (awt,)  n.  [Sax.  awiht,  aJii,  or  ovtiht.,  ohwit, 
ofu,  from  reJu,  wight,  a  creature,  animal,  thing,  any 
thing.  This  wiht  seems  to  be  our  -wight  and  ichit ; 
and  I  suspect  the  L.  qui,  'fua,  quod,  quid,  what,  to  be 
the  same  word  varied  in  ortliography.  This  word 
should  not  be  written  «uo■A^] 

1.  Any  thing,  indefinitely. 

But  go,  my  son,  and  kc  ifou^At  be  wonting.  Ad^on. 

2.  Any  part,  the  smallest ;  a  jol  or  tittle. 

Tiirre  Ciiled  ncl  a«f  A;  of  any  good  ihinj  which  the  Lord  had 
•pokcQ. — Jcsi).  xxi. 

AU'OtTE,  n.  [Gr.  anyrj,  brightness.  Plin.  37,  10.] 
A  mineral,  called  by  Kaiiy  pyrozrnei  occurring 
crystallized  in  oblique  prismatic  furms,and  also  mas- 
sive, lamellar,  cnnular,  and  fibrous,  and  presenting 
usually  some  shade  of  preen,  but  sometimes  wiute  or 
black.  It  consists  chiefly  of  silica,  magnesia,  and 
hme,  w^ith  oxyd  of  iron,  and  sometimes  oxyd  of 
manganese.  It  occurs  a.*  a  consiiiucntof  levas,  trap, 
and  basalt,  and  also  of  many  of  thi;  primary  rocks. 
Different  varieties  have  received  the  names  Salditty 


AUG 

Diopside,  Fassaite,  Coccolite,  Bai/calUc,  and  Omphacite. 
Common  asbestus  is  often  only  a  fibrous  augite. 

AU-GlT'ie,  (I. 

1.  Pertaining  to  augite  ;  resembling  augile,  or  par- 
taking of  its  nature  and  characters. 

9.  Compctsed  of  augite,  or  containing  augite  as  a 
principal  constituent ;  as,  angitic  rocks  ;  augitic  por- 
phyr>-. 

AUG- JIENT',  V.  t.  [Fr.  augmenUr ;  L.  augmcnto,  aug- 
■metitum,  from  augeo,  auxi,  to  increase  ;  Gr.  av^w, 
at^w,  which  seems  to  be  the  Eng.  to  wax,  or  to  ckc,- 
Sax.  pflCflH.] 

1.  To  increase ;  to  enlarge  in  size  or  extent ;  to 
swell ;  to  ni;iks  bigger ;  as,  to  augntmt  an  army,  by 
reenforcement ;  rain  augments  a  stream. 

2.  Figurativehf,  to  increase  or  swell  the  degree, 
amount",  or  magnitude  ;  as,  impatience  augments  an 
c\il. 

AUG-JIEXT',  r.  i.    To  increase  ,  to  grow  larger ;  as, 

a  stream  airgmatts  by  rain. 
AUG'MENT,  H.    Increase;  enlargement  by  addition  ; 

state  of  increase. 
•2.  In  pliitologij,  a  s)  liable  prefixed  to  a  word ;  or  an 

increase  of  the  quantity  of  the  initial  vowel. 

3.  In  medicine,  the  increase  of  a  disease,  or  the 
period  intervening  between  its  attack  and  hight 

Parr. 
AU0-:MEXT'A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  increased  ;  ca- 
"  pable  of  ausmentation.  TJ'als'h's  Amer.  Reviao. 

AUG-ME.\T-A'T10.\,  v. 

1.  The  act  of  increasing,  or  making  larger,  by  addi- 
tion, expansion,  or  dilatation. 

2.  The  state  of  being  increased  or  enlarged. 

3.  The  thing  added  by  which  a  thing  is  enlarged. 

4.  In  iniLsic,  a  doubling  the  value  of  the  notes  of 
the  subject  of  a  fugue  or  canon.  Busby. 

Au^mmUition  Court ;  in  England,  a  court  erected 
by  27  Hen.  VIII.,  to  augment  tiie  revenues  of  the 
crown  by  the  suppression  of  monasteries.  It  was 
long  ago  dissolved.  Encyc. 

Augmattution,  in  heraldry,  consists  in  additional 
charges  to  a  coat-armor,  otten  given  as  marks  of 
honor,  and  generally  borne  on  the  escutcheon  or  a 
canton,  Encyc. 

AUG-MENT'A-Tn'E,  a.  Having  the  quality  or  pow- 
er of  auiimenting. 

AUG-MENT'ER,  n.    He  that  aupnents. 

AL'G-MENT'IXG,  ppr.    Increasing;  enlarging. 

AU'GUR,  )i.    [L.  augur.    The  first  syllable  is  from 

"  avis,  a  bird  ;  but  the  meaning  and  origin  of  the  last 
syllable  are  not  obvious.] 

1.  Among  the  Romwis,  an  officer  whose  duty  was 
to  foretell  future  events  by  the  singing,  chattering, 
flight,  and  feeding  of  birds,  or  by  other  signs  or  omens, 
derived  from  celestial  phenomena,  appearances  of 
qnadnipeds,  or  certain  accidents,  called  dim.  There 
was  a  college  or  community  of  augurs,  originally 
three  in  number,  and  afterwanl  nine,  four  patri- 
cians and  five  plebeians.  They  bore  a  staff  or  wand, 
and  were  held  in  great  respect.  Encyc.    EtL  Encyc. 

2.  One  who  pretends  to  foretell  future  events  by 
omens. 

We  all  Itno-x  t!iat  augur  caii  not  look  at  augur  witbont  laughing. 
BuckmintUr, 

AU'GUR,  I",  u    To  guess ;  to  conjecture  by  signs  or 

omens ;  to  prognosticate. 
AU'GUR,  V.  u    To  predict  or  foretell ;  as,  to  augur  ill 

success. 
AU'GU-RAL,  a.  jX.  auguraVis.l     Pertaining  to  augurs 
"  or  to  augury.    The  Romans  had  their  augural  staff" 

and  auo-nral  books. 
AU'GU-RaTE,  v.  I.    To  judge  by  augury ;  to  predict. 

tLittU  used.]  fVarhurton. 

-GU-R.\'TION,  n.    The  practice  of  angur>-,  or  the 
"foretelhng  of  events  by  observing  the  actions  of  birds, 

or  certain  other  phenomena- 
AU'GUR-£D,  pp.    Conjectured  by  omens  ;  prognosti- 
cated. 
AU'GUR-ER,  n.   An  augur.    [Xot  legitimate.]     Sliak. 
AU-Gu'RI-.VJ^,  a.    Relating  to  augurs,  or  to  augurj'. 

Brown. 
AU'GUR-ING,  pp.  or  a.    Prognosticating;  prescient; 
"  as,  auguring  hope.  Shak. 

AU'GU*R-IZE,  V.  u    To  augur.     {Xot  in  ^ise.] 
AU'GU-ROUS,a.  Predicting;  foretelling ;  foreboding. 
AU'GU-RY,  II.     [L.  auirurium.] 

1.  The  art  or  practice  of  foretelling  events  by  ob- 
serving the  actions  of  birds,  or  other  phenomena. 

2.  An  omen  ;  prediction  ;  prognostication.   Shak. 
.\U'GUR-SU1P,  n.    The  office,  or  period  of  office,  of 

an  augur.  Bacon. 

AU-GUST',  a.     [L.  auguftus.     The  first  syllable  of 
"this  word  is  probably  from  the  root  of  augco,  or  of 

awe.] 
Grand  ;  magnificent;  majestic;  impressing  awe; 

inspiring  reverence  ;  as,  august  in  visage.    Dnjdrn. 
This  epithet,  as  a  title  of  honor,  was  first  conferred 

by  the  Roman  senate  upon  Octavius,  after  confimi- 

ing  him  in  the  sovereign  power. 
AU'GUST,  It.    The  eighth  month  of  the  year,  con- 
"  taining  thirty-one  days.    The  old  Roman  name  was 

Scrfilii,  tlie  siztfi  month  from  March,  the  month  in 

which  the  primitive  Romans,  as  well  as  Jews,  be- 


AUR 

gan  the  year.  The  name  was  changed  to  August 
in  honor  of  the  emperor  Octavius  Augustus,  on  ac- 
count of  his  victories,  and  his  entering  on  his  first 
consulate  in  that  month.  Qchtlin. 

AU-GUST'AN,  a.    Pertaining  to  Augustus;  as,  the 
Augustan  age. 

The  Augustan  c4)7}fession,  or  confession  of  Augs- 
burg, drawn  up  at  Augusta  P^indeJicorum,  or  Augsburg, 
by  Luther  and  MtlanchllUjn,  in  1530,  contains  Uie 
principles  of  the  Protestants,  and  their  reasons  for 
sejiarating  from  the  Roman  Catholic  church.  Encyc. 

The  Augitstnn  history,  {historia  Augusta ;)  a  seric* 
of  Roman  historians,  who  wrote  the  lives  of  the 
Roman  emperors,  from  Adrian  to  Carinus  inclusive ; 
a  period  of  167  years.  P.  Cyc 

The  Augustan  ane  of  any  national  literature,  is  the 

supposed  period  of  its  highest  state  of  purity  and  rt> 

finement.    So  the  reign  of  Louis  XIV.  has  been 

called   the  Augustan  atre  of  French  literature,  and 

that  of  Queen  Anne,  the  Augustan  age  of  English 

literature. 

AU-GUST-IN'I-ANS,  j(.  jil.  Those  divines,  who,  from 

St.  Augustin,  maintain  that  grace  is  effectual  from 

its  nature,  absolutely  and  morally,  not  relatively  and 

gradually.  Encyc 

4.U-GUST'IN!»,  )  n.  pi    An  order  of  monks,  so 

AU-GUST-IN'I-AXS,  (      called  from  St  Augustm; 

'"  pofnilarly  called  Austin  friars.    They  originally  were 

hermits,  but  were  congregated  into  one  body  by  Pope 

Alexander  IV.,   under   Lanfranc,   in    125*5.     They 

clothe  in  black,  and  make  one  of  the  four  orders 

of  mendicants.  Enchc. 

AU  GUST'NESS,    ri.     Dignity  of  mien ;    grandeur; 

magnificence. 
AUK,  7t.  [Provincialiy  alk.  L.  alea.]  A  popular  name 
applied  to  different  species  of  aquatic  birds  of  the 
genus  Alca,  and  order  Anseres  ;  as,  the  great  auk  or 
northern  penguin,  the  little  auk  or  black  and  white 
diviir,  the  Labrador  auk  or  puffin,  &c. 
AU-La'RI-AN,  v.  [L.  aula,  a  haU.]  At  Oxford,  the 
member  of  a  hall,  as  distinguished  from  a  collegian. 

Chalmers. 
AU-LET'ie,  a.    [Gr.  avX^rtxos,  from  av'Sos,  a  pipe.] 

Pertaining  to  pipes  or  to  a  pipe.     [Little  Jised.^ 
AU'Lie,  a     [L.  auUcus,  from  aula,  a  hall,  court,  or 
palace;  Gr.  avA/?.] 
Pertaining  to  a  royal  couit. 

The  Aultc  Council,  was  a  supreme  court  of  the 
former  German  empire  ;  properly  the  supreme  court 
of  the  emperor,  as  the  Imperial  Chamber  was  that  of 
the  empire.  Its  officers  were  appointed  immediately 
by  tlie  emperor,  except  the  vice-chancellor,  who  was 
appointed  by  the  archbishop  of  Menlz.  It  was  com- 
posed of  a  president,  who  was  a  Roman  Catholic,  a 
vice-chancellor,  and  eighteen  councilors  or  assessors, 
nine  of  wliom  were  Roman  Catholics,  and  nine  Prot- 
estants ;  or,  according  to  the  statement  of  others,  only 
six  were  required  to  be  Protestants,  but  their  vote, 
when  unanimous,  was  reckoned  equal  to  that  of  all 
the  rest.  Its  decisions  were  without  appeal,  but  sub- 
ject to  the  ratification  of  the  emperor.  It  always  fol- 
lowed the  emperor's  court,  the  established  seat  of 
which  was  at  Vienna.  It  ceased  at  the  death  of 
each  emperor,  and  was  renewed  by  his  successor.  It 
became  extinct  when  the  Gennan  empue  was  dis- 
solved in  1806.  Enc'jc.     Heiss.     P.  Cyc. 

The  term  aulic  council,  is  now  applied  to  a  council 
of  the  war  department  of  the  Austrian  empire,  and 
the  members  of  different  provincial  chanceries  of  that 
empire,  are  called  aulic  councilors.  P   Oye. 

The  Aulic,  in  some  European  universities,  is  an 
act  maintained  by  a  young  divine,  on  being  admitted 
a  doctor  of  divinitv.    It  begins  by  an  harangue  of  the 
chancellor  addressed  to  the  young  doctor,  after  which 
he  receives  the  cap  and  presides  at  tlie  Aulic  or  dis- 
putation. Encyc 
AU-MaIL',  r.  (.    [Fr.  cmai/.]    To  figure  or  variegate. 
"  [J^rot  used.]                                                         Spenser. 
AUM'BRY.    See  Ambry. 

AUiME,  7(.    A  Dutch  measure  for  Rhenish  wine,  con- 
"  taining  40  English  gallons.  Encyc 

AUJ^F.,\bwn,)  n.  [Fr.;  a  contraction  ofaulne  ;  L.  ulna.] 
A  Frencli  cloth  measure,  but  of  different  lengths 
in  different  parts  of  the  country-.    At  Rouen,  it  is  an 
English  ell ;  at  Calais,   1.52 ;  at   Lyons,  1.061 ;  at 
Pans,  0.95.  ^"^V^- 

AUNT,  n.     [L.  amita,  contracted.     Ciu.  Fr.  tanU.] 
The  sister  of  one's  father  or  mother  ;  correlative  to 
nephew  or  niece. 
AU'RA,  rt.   [L.  from  Heb.  1K\  iar,  a  stream  ;  Gr.  avoa. 
See  AiB.] 

Literally,  a  breeze,  or  gentle  current  of  air :  but 
technically  used  to  denote  anv  subtile,  invisible  fluid, 
supposed  to  flow  from  a  body;  an  effluvium,  emana- 
tion, or  exhalation,  as  the  aroma  of  flowers,  the 
odor  of  the  blood,  a  supposed  fertdizmg  cinanaUon 
from  the  pollen  of  flowers,  &c 

Epileptic  aura,  {aura  qnlepticai)  a  sensaUon  as  ot  a 
current  of  air,  rising  from  some  part  to  Uic  head, 
preceding  an  attack  of  epilepsy. 

Elcctruaura:  a  supposed  eleclnr  fluid,  emanaung 
from  an  electrified  body,  and  forming  a  mass  sur- 
rounding it,  caUed  the  electric  atmosphere  [.ftce  At- 
mosphere, Electkic] 


TCXE,  BULL,  UNITE.  —  AN"GER,  VI'^CIOUS.  — C  as  K ;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


85 


AUR 


AUS 


AUT 


AU'UATE,  lu    [Supposed  to  be  from  auram,  golU-l 
AU'RAtI^'TTl.  aurum,  gold,  Fr.  »r,-  from  the 
"  HeU  and  C h.  "i^N.  "»!>'■  «'«.  -i"''  •»  '"'"«■  ""'"  .f . 
color;  Ir.  or;  W   ^»rj  Corn,  cur;  Basque,  ama; 

"*/"' comblmit'ion  of  auric  acid  with  a  base ;  as,  aiirate 

AU'RX-TED,  a.     FL.  izurotus.]      Kcsemblins  gold; 
"  golden-colored  ;  gilded. 

a.  Combined  with  auric  acid. 
AU'RE-VI'E,  a.    Golden  ;  gilded. 
AU-KK'Ll-A,  n.     [from  auruui,  or  aur,  gold,  from  its 
"color.    See  Chrysalis.] 

In  eiiUimolomi,lhe  nymph,  chrysalis,  or  pupa  ot  an 
insect-  a  term  applied  to  insects  in  their  second  stage 
of  transformation,  particularly  w-hen  quiescent  and 
in.lo^id  in  a  hardish  case,  reflecting  a  brilliant, 
"oiden  color,  a.s  in  some  of  the  Lepidoptera. 
AU-RE'LI-AN,  tt.    Like  or  pertaining  to  the  aiirelia. 

TJumplireys. 
AU-RF'LI-AN,  T!.    An  amateur  collector  and  breeder 
"  of  insects,  particularly  of  the  Lepidoptei-a. 
AU-Rli'O-LA,  n.     [L.  aurum,  gold.) 
••     The  circle  of  riys  with  which  painters  surround 

the  head  of  Christ  and  the  saints. 
AU'Rie,  a.  [from  aurum,   gold.]     Pertaining  to  gold. 
■■  The  auric  acid  is  that  combination  ol  gold  and  o.\>- 
gen,  in  which  the  oxygen  is  in  the  greatest  propor- 
tion to  the  gold,  or  the  sesquioxyd. 
AU'RI-CLE,  71.    (L.  aiiriciUa,  dim.  trom  aurw.the  ear.j 
"      1.  The  external  ear,  or  that  part  of  the  ear  which 
is  prominent  from  the  head. 

o  The  auricles  of  the  heart  are  two  muscular  sacs, 
situated  at  its  base,  and  exterior  to  the  ventricles  ;  so 
called  from  their  resemblance  to  tlie  auricle  or  ex- 
ternal car  of  some  quadrupeds.  Their  sgstde,  or 
contraction,  corresponds  to  the  diastole  of  the  ven- 
tricles, and  vice  versa.  They  receive  the  bl.iod  from 
the  veins,  arid  communicate  it  to  the  ventricles. 

'  Encijc.     Chambers. 

AU'RI-€LED,  0.    Having  appendages  like  ears. 
AU-RIC'U-LA,  11.    A  species  of  Primula,  called,  fiom 
"  the  shape  of  its  leaves,  bear's  ear. 
AU-RICU-LAK,  a.  [from  I,,  auricuia,  the  ear.) 
••     1.  Pertaining  t .  the  ear,  or  to  the  sense  of  hearing, 
o.  Secret ;  told  in  the  ear;  as,  a.iricutor  confession. 

3.  Recognized  by  the  ear ;  known  by  tlie  sense  ot 
hearing;  as,  oitricuJar  evidence. 

4.  Received  or  traditional ;  known  by  report ;  as, 
aiiricidar  traditions.  ^'"^"m.j 

5.  Pertaining  to  the  auricles  of  the  he.alt.  Ojc.  Med. 
Av.r,cular  feathers  ;  in  birds,  the  circle  of  leathers 

sunoundiiig  the  opening  of  the  ear. 
AU-Rie'U-LAR-L.Y,  ado.     In  a  secret  manner ,  by 
"  wav  of  whisper,  or  voice  addressed  to  the  ear. 
AU-KlCq-LATE,  a.     In  botany,  having  lobes  or  ap 
■"  nendages  like  the  ear  ;  shaped  like  the  ear. 

An  aariculau  leaf  has  smidl  appended  leaves  or 
lobes  on  each  side  of  its  petiole  or  b;ise. 
AU-Rie'U-LA-TED,  a.    Having  appendages,  like  the 
"  ear  •  as,'tlie  auriculalei  vulture,  so  called  because  it 
has  a  projection  of  the  skin,  or  fleshy  crest,  extend- 
ing from  each  ear  along  Uie  side  of  the  neck. 

Ed.  Enct/c.     Cuvter. 
AD-RIF'ER-OUS,  a.     [L.  aarifcr,  from  aurum,  gold, 
"  and /err),  to  produce.]  ,„„h- 

That  yields  or  produces  gold  ;  as,  auriferous  sanos 
or  streams.  rhomsou. 

AU'Rl-FORJI,  a.     [L.  auris,  the  ear,  and/urmu.j 
■"     Ear-shaped  ;  having  the  form  of  the  human  ear. 
AU-RI'GA,  11.    [L.,of  aurM,orca,ahead  stall,  a  bndle, 
'"  and  re-ro,  to  govern  or  manage.] 

1.  Literaihj,  the  director  of  a  car,  or  wagon.  In 
astrauouiij,  the  Wagoner,  a  constellation  in  the  north- 
ern hemisphere,  situated  between  Perseus  and  Oem- 


-''.  The  fourth  lobe  of  the  liver ;  also,  a  bandage 
for  the  sides.  ^  Q"™!'- 

AU-Rl-G.\'TION,  li.    [L.  aurio-a.]    The  act  or  prac- 
"  tice  of  driving  horses  harnessed  to  carriages. 
AU-RIG'RA-PHY,  n.    The  ail  of  writing  with  gold 
"  instead  of  ink. 

AURI-PIG-MEN'TU.M.     See  Obpimest. 
AU-RI-SGALP'I-Uil,  n.    [h.  auris,  ear,  and  scalpo,  to 

""^  An"in3trument  to  clean  the  ears ;  used  also  in 
operations  of  surgery  on  the  ear.      ,.„,.,.       , 
AU'RIST,  n.    [L.  auris,  ear.]    One  skilled  m  disorders 
"  of  the  ear,  or  who  proft-^ses  to  cure  them.         .«sA. 
AU'RoeHS,  n.     [G.  urocfa,  the  urc-ox,  urin  and  ot.\ 
••     The  urns  or  bison  of  Poland  ;  considered  by  some 
as  the  common  ox  in  a  wild  state,  but  regiirded  by 
Ciivier  as  a  distinct  species.    Bones  nearly  analogous 
to  those  of  the  aurochs,  but  much  '"S".  h»^f  ';«^'' 
found  fossU  in  the  northern  parts  of  both  continents 
AI"R1-TED,   a.      [L.   auriii«,   from   a.iris,   the   ear.j 
■■  Eared  ;  having  lobes  or  appendages,  like  the  e;u- :  a 

term  employed  both  in  -.oology  and  bolMij. 
\U-RO'R.'v,   n.     [L.   aurora:    Sans,   ar.m;    Ch.   and 
■Ueb.T'N  hght,  and -ly  to  raise.]  j„„.,.  „f 

1.  The  rfsiiig  light  of  the  morning ;  the  dawn  of 
dav,  or  morning  twilight.  j^m^A 

2.  The  goddess  of  the  morning,  or  twilight  deifieo 


bv  fancy.  The  poets  represented  her  as  rising  out  of 
the  ocean,  in  a  chariot,  with  rosy  fingers  dropping 
gentle  dew.  . 

3.  A  species  of  crowfoot.  ,    jomson. 

1'iro'ra  borea'lis,  or  Lumen  horeate;  northern 
twili"ht;  popularly  called  norUicrn  hgUs.  1  his 
species  of  light  usually  appears  in  streams,  ascend- 
ing tow:ird  the  zenith  from  a  dusky  line  a  few  de- 
grees above  the  northern  horizon,  sometimes  it 
Issumes  a  wavy  appearance,  as  in  America,  m 
March,  1782,  wlien  it  overspread  the  whole  hem- 
isphere. Sometimes  it  appears  in  detached  places ; 
at  other  times,  it  almost  covers  the  hemisphere.  As 
the  streams  of  light  have  a  tremulous  motion,  .hey 
arc  called,  in  the  Shetland  Isles,  lucrr!,  dancers. 
They  assume  all  shapes,  and  a  variety  of  colors,  irom 
a  pale  red  or  yellow  to  a  deep  red  or  blood  color  ;  and 
in  the  northern  latitudes,  serve  to  illuminate  the 
earth  and  cheer  the  gloom  of  long  winter  nights. 

j9uro'ra    austra'lis;  a  corresponding  phenomenon 
in  the  southern  hemisphere ;  the  streams  of  light 
ascending  in  the  same  manner  from  near  Ule  south- 
ern horizon.  . 
AU-RO'RAL,  a.    Belonging  to  tlie  aurora,  or  to  the 
northern  lights  ;  resemblmgthelwilighl.  E.  Ooodncli. 
AU'RU.M, «.    [h.    See  Aurate.]    Gold. 
"     jJuVui/i  /u/'»iinaiLs,  (fulminating  gold,)  is  a  pie- 
cipitate,  obtained  by  ammonia,  from  a  solution  ot 
gold  in  nitio-muriatic  acid.    This  jirecipilate  is  of  a 
brown  yellow,  or  oranL'c  tolor,  and  when  exposed  to 
a  moderate  heat,  detonates  with  considerable  noise. 
It  IS  a  compound  of  auric  acid  and  the  0x5  d  of  am- 
monium.                                 ,                     ,  ,.       „  .  . 
^u'ruin  moM'icuin,  or  mu.si'DUlJi ;  a  sparkling  gold- 
colored    substance,    obtained    by    heating   a   mix- 
ture of  sulphur  and  oxyd  of  tm  in  a  close  vessel. 
The  elements  of  the  oxyd  unite  with  separate  poi-- 
tioiis  of  the  sulphur,  forming  sulphurous  acid,  and  the 
aurum   musivuvi,  which  last  is    a    deiito-sulphuret 
(deuto-sulphid)  of  tin.    It  is  used  as  a  pigment. 
AU8-eUL-T.\'TI0N,  it.     [L.,  from  antiq.  ause;  Gr. 
"oet,  oius,  the  ear,  and  cultus,  from  coio,  to  use  or 

exercise.]  .       ,      ■      . 

1    The  act  of  listening,  or  hearkening  to. 

2.  In  medicine,  a  method  of  distinguishing  diseases, 

particularly  in  the  thor.xx,  by  observing  the  sounds 

in  the  part,  generally  by  means  of  a  tube  applied  to 

the  surfac"  Lacnnec. 

AUS-eUL'TA-TO-RY,  n.    Pertainmg  to  hearing  or 

\U^SPI-eSTE,  1-.  f.     [L.  auspicor.]    To  give  a  favor- 
'"  able  turn  to,  in  commencing ;  a  sense  taken  Ironi  the 
Roman  practice  of  taking  the  auspicmmy  or  inspec- 
tion of  birds,  before  they  undertook  any  important 
business.  -8^'='''  •R:-^"'"''^- 

0   To  foreshow.  .  b.M»Mu. 

AU'SPICE,     I  n.  yl.     [h.  ctLsptcium,  of  avis,  a  Du-a, 
AU'SPI-CES,        and  specio,  to  inspect.] 

1.  The  omens  of  an  underuiking,  drawn  from 
birds  ;  the  same  as  Aucuar,  which  see.  , 

2   Protection  ;   favor    shown  ;    patronage  ;    inni  - 
cnce.    In  this  sense  the  word  is  generally  plural, 

Au'^TI^CIOUS,  (aus-pish'us,)  a.      [See    AtJspicE.] 
••  Having  omens  of  success,  or  favorable  appearances  ; 

as,  an  ausjiicious  beginning.  „,  .  .„ 

2   Prosperous;  fortunate;  applied  to  persons,  as, 

auspicious  chief.  ,^  ,?^'-'''"'\ 

a.  Favorable  ;  kind  ;  propitious  ;  applied  to  peri><>n^ 

or  Uiiwrs  ;  as,  an  auspicious  mistress.  bliali. 

AU  SPl"CIOUS-LY,  adi!.     With  favorable  omens, 
"  haiioilv  ;  prosperously  ;  favorably  ;  propitiously. 
AU-SP1''CI00S-NESS,  71.    A  state  of  fair  promise; 

Ans'TER^'u.    rui    The  south  wind.  P'P'- 

\U-STliRE',  a.    [L.  aiLiterus.]    Severe ;  harsh  ;  rigid  ; 
'■  stern  ;  applied  to  persons;  as,  an  austere  master;  an 

austere  look.  ,    ,     ,. 

o    Sour  with  astringency;  harsh;  rough  to  tne 
taste  ;  applied  to  Uiings  ;  as,  austere  fruit  or  wine. 
AU-STERE'LY,  aic.    Severely  ;  rigidly  ;  harshly. 
AU-STERE'NESS,  n.    Severity  in  manners;  harsh- 
"  ness;  austerity. 

2.  Roughness  in  taste.  .      r      „ 

AU-STER'l-TY,  II.     [L.  aiKterte.]    Severity  of  mai- 
"ners  or  life;  rigor ;  strictness ;  harsh  discipline.    It 
is  particularly  applied  to  the  mortihcatioiis  of  a  mo- 
nastic life,  which  are  called  aiisteniies. 
AUS'TRAL,  a.     [L.  australis,  from  auitcr,  the  soutn 
*  wind,  or  south.]  .  .     , 

Southern  ;  lyi^ng  or  being  in  the  south  ;  .as,  auslrai 
land  ;  iiu.<trat  ocean. 

Austral  si'nis;  tile  last  six  signs  of  the  zodiac,  or 

those  south  of  the  equator.  ,    ^.   ,    f"^,"'™,, 

AUS-TR.U^A'SIA,  >i.   [austral  and  .3«a.]     A  name 

"  "iven  to  the  countries  situated  to  the  south-cast  ot 

Asia,  comprehending  New  Holland,  Neiy  Guinea, 

New  Zealand,  &c.  Pinkerton. 

AUS-TRAL-A'SIAN,  a.    Pertaining  to  Australasia, 

"  as,  Australasian  regions. 

AL'S-TRAL-.v'SIAN,  Ji.    A  native  of  Australasia. 
AU'^-TR  \'LI- \,  n.    .\  n:ime  given  by  some  recent 
■•  geographers  to  all  the  Ocranic  regions  between  Asia 
and  America,  and  more  especially  to  New  Holland 


[Law  Fr.]    The  plea  of  a  for- 
[Law  Fr.J    The  plea  of  a  for- 


which  is  also  called  the  continent  qf  Australia,  or 

the  .Jus(.-ni  continciK.  ..,„., 

AUS-TRa'LI-AN,  a.    Pertaining  to  Australia    or  to 

■'  New  Holland.    The  natives  of  ^ew  Holland,  liolil 

their  resemblance  to  the  African  negroes,  are  called 

Australian  or  Austral  negroes. 

AU.'^-TRa'LI-AN,".    a  native  of  Australia. 

AUS'TRAL-lZE,  v.  i.    To  tend  toward  the  south  or 

■■  south  pole,  as  a  magnet.  ifroieu. 

AUS'TRI-AN,  a.  [from  .Sustria.    This  word  is  formed 
"with  the  Latin  termination  ia,  country,  irom    (i..i- 
terreich,   the   Gennan   name,  which  is   eastern  riclc, 
eastern  kingdom,  so  called  in  reference  tothewesu 
em  dominions  of  Charlemagne.]  ,.  ,  .  .     ,  „.. 

Pertaining  to  Austria  ;  properly,  a  district  ot  Ger- 
many, situated  on  both  sides  of  the  Danub:;,  between 
Bav.ariaand  Hui,g.ary  ;  °risina"-V  a  marquisaK    hen 
aduchv.and  finally  an  archduchy,  of  Uie  Gennan 
empire".    Tho-term  was  afterward  applied  to  a  circle 
of  the  German  crapu-e,  including  the  former ;  and 
since  the  dissolution  of  the  German  empire,  (ISOIj,) 
it  has  been  extended  to  an  empu-c,  including  exten- 
sive territories,  in  South-eastern  Germany  and  Uie 
adjoining  countries. 
AUS'TRI-.AN,  n.    A  native  of  Austria. 
AUS'TRINE   a.     [L.  oiKtrinui-,  from  aiMtcr,  south.] 
^'     Southern  ;  southerly.  ^  Johnson. 

AUS'TRO-E-GYP'TIAN,n.  [L.  au.'(rr  and  hgijptmii.] 
"      1.  M.  A  southern  Egyptian,  supposed  to  have  origi- 
nated from  Ethiopia. 

-   o    a.  Relating  to  tlie  southern  Egyptians. 
AUS'TRO-.MAN-CY,  n.  [from  aiuter,  the  south  wind. 
■"  or,  among  the  poets,  wind  in  general,  and  Gr.  /lat-na, 

'snothsayui!:,  or  prediction  of  future  events,  from 

observations  of  the  winds.  .     ,i't.>. 

A U'TER  DROIT,  (,0't.er  itv/i,)  [Law  Fr.]  Anothei's 

AU^TER-FOITS,  (6'ter  fwi  ;)  a  word  composed  of  the 
French  autrr ,  another,  and/o.(.«,/oi.s  time,  introduced 
into  law  language,  under  tlie  Norman  princes  ol  Eng- 
land. It  sitniifies, at  another  time,  fonnerly  ;  npauter- 
foits  acauiCaulerfoits  attaint,  aiiterfmls  convict,  formerli 
acquitted,  attainted,  or  convicted,  which  being  sp.-- 
cially  pleaded,  is  a  bar  to  a  second  prosecution  lor 
the  same  offense.  ^  ^    ^,       Blackstone 

Autcrfoit^  aaiuit.     [Law  Fr.]     The  plea  of  a  lor- 
nier  acquittal. 

Auterfoits  attaint. 
mer  attainder. 

Auterfoits  convict. 

AU^TsTl^'lFTio'ler  vee,)   [Law  Fr.]    Another's  lite 
Tenant  pour  aider  vie:  one  who  holds  an  estate  bv 
the  life  of  another.  .      Blackstonc. 

AU-THEN'Ti€,  )a.  [Fr.  aul*/:nti«uc ;  it.  and  sp. 
AU-THEN'TI€-.'\L,  (  auteiitico ;  Low  L.  auljunticiis, 
■■from  the  Gr.  avOci'riKoi,  from  anOevrni,^  author 
or  maker;  one  who  does  any  thing  by  his  own  right; 
also,  one  who  kills  himself.  The  first  syllable  is 
from  auras,  which  is  probably  from  the  root  ofauOioi , 
auclor;  and  the  sense  of  self-murderer  seems  to  in- 
dicate that  the  other  constituent  of  the  word  is  from 
icro,,  ieiv,^',  to  kiU,  but  the  primary  sense  of  which 
i«  to  strike  to  drive  or  thrust  with  the  hand,  &c. 
In  the  word  before  us,  the  sense  is  to  throw  or  to 
set ;  hence  autJientic  is  set,  fi.xed,  made  or  made  cer- 
tain by  the  author,  by  one's  own  self.] 

1    Haviii"  a  genuine  original  or  authority,  in  oppo- 
sition to  that  which  is  false,  fictitious,  ot  counterfeU  ; 
being  what  it  purports  to  be  ;  genuine  ;  true  ;  applied 
to  things  ;  as,  an  auUicntie  paper  or  register, 
o   Of  approved  autliority ;  as,  an  authentie  writer. 
3!  In  law,  vested  with  all  due  formalities,  and 

''^  4!' iVm^ic,  having  an  immediate  relation  to  the 
key-note  or  tonic ;  in  distinction  from  Wa^rai,  haying 
a  corresponding  relation  to  the  fifth  or  dommant,  m 
the  octave  below  the  key-note. 

Autlicntic  melodies;  those  which  have  their  prmci- 
pal  notes  between  the  key-note  and  its  octave;  m 
SStiViction  from  plagal  melodies  which  have  their 
principal  notes  in  the  ocuive  below  the  fifth  of  the 

'"^Authentic  moods  or  tones ;  in  the  ancient  church  mu^c 
Uie  four  moods,  introduced  by  St.  Ambrose,  in  which 
the  principal  notes  of  the  melodiesare  conhned  within 
te  octave  above  the  key-note;  m  distinction  from 
t leSajMoods  or  tones  introduced  by  Gregory  the 
Great,-!,,  which  the  principal  notes  of  the  inelodies 
•ar«  confined  within  the  octave  below  the  fifth  o   the 

tM.  £.ncyc. 
Authentic  or  jjer/ec(  r^encc  ;  the  chord  or  harmony 
ofihe  dominant,  foUowed  by  that  of  the  tome  or 
the  progression  of  the  dominant  to  tie  tonic  ;  .11  di»- 
tinctioii  from  the  plagal  cadence,  the  chord  of  the 
iSi  or  subdominanf,  followed  by  that  of  Uie  tonic 
or  Uie  progression  of  the  subdommant  to  "«  ^'™"=- 

AU-THEN'TI€;-AL  LV,  adv.    In  an  authenUc  man- 
■'  ner  ;  with  the  requisite  or  genuine  auUionty. 

AU-TIIEN'Tie-AL-NESS,  n.    The  quality  of  being 
•  ■  authentic ;    genuineness  ;    the  qiialit}'  of  being  ot 


Ul     lilt  iiii" '••'•el  — □ . -^—^-^-^^^ 

^-;^7^7^7Tr:^:-T;;;T^.v  _pt.k.  .ARfNE.  birdZ^^b,  d.ve,  move,  wolf,  boqk- 


86 


AUT 


.  .  .i    .III,   r  ly  ;  aulhenticity.     [The  tatter  icord  is 

Barrow. 
ATE,  V.  L 

^^ t.r  authenlic;  to  give  authoriK  to,  by 

tue  prooi,aiic3tanon,or  fonnaliiies,  rt'quired  by  law, 
or  sufficient  to  entitle  to  credit. 

The  »»•'  scfvrs  oqIt  u  a  uotarr  w  audienda2Je  Ibe  choice  mi 
iiid^.s.  '  Burke. 


^.  To  delennine  as  genuine  ;  as,  to  authenticate  a 
[K>rtniit.  JValpole, 

'.  - 1  HEX' T1€-A-TED,    pp.      Rendered    authenuc  ; 
tiavm"  received  the  forms  which  prove  genuineness. 

v:  THEX'Tie-A-TING,  ppr.  Giving  aulhonty  by 
:ae  necessary  signature,  seal,  attestation,  or  other 
funits. 

a.'-TUEN-Tie-A'TION,  B.  The  act  of  authentica- 
nns;  the  givin?  of  authority  by  the  necessary  for- 
inc*'*ies  :  confirmation. 

AU-THE>'-TIC'I-TY,  n. 

*'  1.  The  quality  of  bein?  authentic ;  of  established 
authoritv  for  truth  and  correctness. 

a.  Genuineness ;  the  quality  of  being  of  genuine 
original.  [In  later  wTiters,  especially  those  on  the 
evidences  of  Chnslianity,  this  term  is  restricted  in 
its  use  to  the  lirst  of  the  above  meanings,  and  dis- 
tinguished from  geRuiaeness.  "  It  may  be  of  use," 
savs  Bishop  Watson, "  to  state  the  difference  between 
ihe  vettxxnatess  and  the  avthentiatg  of  a  book. 
A  a-mtiww  book  is  that  which  was  written  by  the 
person  whose  name  it  bears.  An  aulhentic  book  is 
ihat  which  relai.-s  matters  of  fact,  as  they  really 
happooed."     .iaolozv  for  t]ie  BtbU.^ 

AU-THIlN"Tie  -S'EStf,    n.     Authenticity.       [Rardy 

"  useil.} 

AU'THOR,!*.    [L.  auctor;  Ir.  u^kder ;  W.  awdur; 

"Ft.  autntr:  Sp.  autirr;  IL  autorr.  The  Latin  word 
is  from  the  root  of  oa^co,  to  increase,  or  cause  to 
enlarge.  The  primary  sense  is  one  who  brings  or 
caused  to  come  forth.] 

1.  One  who  produces,  creates,  or  brings  into  being ; 
as,  God  is  the  attth^rr  of  the  universe. 

i  The  beginner,  former,  or  first  mover  of  any 
thing;  hence,  the  efficient  cause  of  a  tiling..  It  is 
appropriately  ;i[ipli:.'d  to  one  who  composes  or  writes 
a  book,  and  in  a  more  general  sense,  to  one  whose 
occupation  is  to  compose  and  write  books. 

AC'THOR,  c.  f.     To  occasion  ;  to  effect.     [Aot  used.] 

AU'THOR-ESS,  n.    A  female  author. 

AU-THo'RI-AL.  a.   Pertaining  to  an  author.  Ed.  Rev. 

AU'THOR  LESS,  a.    Without  an  author  or  authority. 

AL"-THOR'I-TA-TlVE,  a. 

1.  Having  due  authority.  Pearson. 

2:  Having  an  air  of  authority  j  positive  ;  peremp- 
torv.  Swift 

AU-THOR'I-T.A-TIVE-LY,  ado.    In  an  anthontative 

"manner;  with  a  show  of  authority;  with  due  au- 
thority. 

AU-TH0R'1-TA-TTVE-NE?3,    n.      The    quality    of 

'"  being  authoritative  ;  an  acting  by  authority  ;  author* 
itative  appearance. 

At'-THOR'I-TY,  n.     [U  aueUmtax.] 

1.  Legal  power,  or  a  right  to  command  or  to  act ; 
as,  the  authority  of  a  prince  over  subject^,  and  of 
parents  over  children.    Power  :  nil(? ;  sway. 

2.  The  power  derived  from  opinmn,  respect,  err 
esteem  ;  influence  nf  character  or  ntSce  ;  credit ;  as, 
the  autAonttf  of  age  or  example,  which  is  submittt^d 
to  or  respected,  in  some  measure,  as  a  law,  or  ntle  of 
action.  That  which  is  claimed  ia  justification  or 
support  of  opinions  and  measures. 

3.  Testimony  ;  witness  ;  or  the  person  who  testi- 
fies ;  as,  the  Gospels  or  the  evangelists  are  our  auth^tr- 
iti^j  for  the  miracles  of  Christ. 

4.  Weight  of  testimony  ;  credibility  ;  as,  an  histo- 
rian nf  no  autJutrity. 

5.  Weight  of  character ;  respectability ;  dignity ; 
:!-,  a  magistrate  of  great  authoritij  in  the  city. 

(J.  Warrant ;  order  ;  permission. 

Byvii-uaiOhoriafdocxLlhoaibeseiiiiasti  —  Mall,  xxi,    AeUix. 

7.  Precedents,  decisions  of  a  court,  official  decla- 
rations, respectable  opinions  and  sayings,  also  the 
I      books  that  contain  them,  are  called  aiuhrmties,  as 
tlir'T  rntliience  the  opinions  of  others ;  and  in  taw, 
ns  of  supreme  courts  have  a  binding  force 
■  r  courts,  and  are  called  aaUwrine.i. 
ment;    the  persons  or  the   body  exer- 
"    r  or  command  ;  as,  the  local  authorities  of 
MarshaU. 
■icut,  the  justices  of  the  peace  are  denom- 
■■■r-U  authority. 

:  /.a'TION,  n.    The  act  of  giving  author- 
_  J  ;«iwer  ;  establishment  by  authority. 
A!,  TII'Jiv-iZE,  c.  L     [Fr.  auluruier;  isp.  autorizar.] 
1.  To  give  authority,  warrant,  or  legal  power  to  ; 
?n  givR  n  lirfit  To  act;  to  empower ;  a-^,  U)  authorize 
,  -':ttle  the  boundary  of  the  State. 

.;  ;  as,  to  ajiLionie  a  ninniage. 
1  iiy  <uuhority,  as  by  usage,  or  pub- 
-L-i,  idioms  autA/frtzai  by  usage. 
.  ve  authority,  credit,  or  reputation  to;  x«, 
I  report,  or  opinion. 


AUT 

AU'TH0R-I2;-£D,  pp.  or  a.      Wannnted  by  right ; 
"supported  or  established  by  authority  ;  derived  from 

legal  or  propt-r  authority  ;  having  jwwer  or  authority. 
AU'THOR-TZ-iNG,  ppr.  Giving'  authority,  or  legal 
"'  power,  credit,  or  permission. 

AU'THOR-SHIP,  T(.  [author  and  ship.]    The  quality  or 
"  state  of  being  an  author.  ShufU^bunj. 

AU-TO-BI-0-GU.APH'lt>-.VL,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  cou- 
"  laiuing  autobiography. 

AU-T0-BI-O-GR".APH'ie-AL-LY,  adc.  In  the  way  or 
"  manner  of  autobiography. 

AU-TO-BI-OG'RA-PHY,  n.     [Gr.  ai-roj,  and  biog-ra- 
"  phy.] 

The  biography  or  memoirs  of  one's  lile  written  by 

one's  self.  Walsh. 

A.0-TOeH'THON,  tu      [Gr.    aurox^wf;    aurus  and 

xQbiv.] 

1.  LiteraUyy  one  who  rises  or  springs  from  the 
same  ground  or  from  the  sod  he  inhabits  ;  hence,  nn 
aboriginal,  or  native.  This  title  was  assumed  by 
the  ancient  Greeks,  particularly  the  AlheniJius. 

2.  That  which  is  original  to'  a  particular  countr)% 
or  which  had  iliire  its  first  origin. 

AU-TO€H-TH0N'ie,       )         IndLenou- 
AU-TO€H'THO-NOUS,  j  "■     "'a'=«n'"l-- 
AU-TOC'RA-CY,  K.     [Gr.  avros,  self,  and  xparus, 
"  power,  or  jcparsw,  to  govern,  to  t:ike  or  bold.] 

1.  Independent  or  absolute  power ;  supreme,  un- 
controlled, unlimited  authority  or  right  of  goveruiuy, 
ia  a  single  person. 

2.  Sole  right  of  self-government  in  a  State.  Barlmc. 
.\U'TO-€R.-VT,  j  lu  [Gr.  aVToKoaruo.^  An  ab- 
AL'-TO€'R.\-TOR,  S     solute  prince  or  sovereign;  a 

ruler  or  monarch  who  holds  and  exercises  the  powers 
of  government  by  inherent  right,  not  subject  to  re- 
striction ;  a  title  assumed  by  the  emperors  of  Russia. 

Taake. 
5>.  A  person  invested  with  absolute  independent 
power,  by  which  he  is  rendered  unaccountable  for 
his  actions. 

3.  This  title  was  conferred  by  the  Athenians  on 
their  generals  and  embassadors  when  invested  with 
unlimited  po-.vers.  Encye. 

AU-TO-fR.\T'ie,         ta.    Pertaining  to  autocracy ; 
AC-TO-eRAT'It-;VL,  i     absolute  ;  holding  independ- 
"  ent  and  unlirait.'d  powers  of  government.       EUm. 
AU-TO-€R.-VT-OR'ie-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  an  autoc- 
"'  rator  ;  supreme  ;  absolute  j  as,  autocraiorical  power. 

Pearson. 
AU-T0€'R.VTR1X,  n.    A  female  sovereign,  who  is 
"  independent  ajid  absolute ;  a  title  given  to  the  em- 
presses of  Russia-  Tooke. 
AVTO  DA  FE,  (au-to^li-fi',)    [Port. ;  Span.  aiOo  de 
/e,  act  of  faith.] 

1.  In  (As  lioiitan  Catlwlic  church,  a  solemn  day  held 
by  the  Inquisition,  for  the  punishment  of  heretics, 
and  the  absolution  of  the  innocent  accused.  Enctjc. 

2.  A  sentence  given  by  the  Inquisition,  and  read 
to  a  criminal,  or  heretic,  on  the  scatfold,  just  before 
he  is  executed.  Sp.  Diet. 

3.  The  session  of  the  court  of  Inquisition. 
AU-TOG'B-NOUrf,  o.     [Gr.  lui-os  and  y£l'^aw.] 

Generating  itself. 
AU'TO-GR.\Pll,      j  n.    [Gr.  mroi,  self,  and  yna^n, 
AU-TOG'RA-PHY,  i     writing.] 
■     A  person's  own  hand-wriung;  an  origmal  man- 
nscripu  .     ^      ,      -. 

.\L'-TOG'K-\-PH.VL,  a.  Of  the  particular  hand-wnt- 
"  ing  of  an  individual. 

AU-TO-GR-A^PH'ie,  (a.  Pertaining  to  an  auto- 
XU-TO-GRiVPll'ie-AL,  j  graph,  or  one's  own  hand- 
'"  writing. 

2.  Pertaining  to  or  used  in  the  process  of  autog- 
raphy, which  see.  .     ,.  ,  ,      v 
AU-TOG'R.-i-PUy,  71.    .\  process  m  lithography  by 
"  which  a  writing  or  drawing  is  transferred  from  paper 
to  stcne.                                                 „             y'''-  , 
AU'TO-M.'iTH,  n.    [Gr.  auros,  and  fiaiiBavoi,  to  learn.J 
■■     One  who  is  self-taught.                               loang. 
AU-TO-M.A.T'ie,         (  a.    Belonging  to  an  automa- 
AU-TO-M.-\T'ie-;U,,  j     ton ;    having  the  power  of 
■"  moving  itself;  applied  to  machiner)-.           SleicarU 
•2.  Not  voUintary ;  not  depending  on  the  win  ;  ai>- 
plied  to  animal  motions. 

The  term  aiuomatie  is  now  applied  to  self-.actin: 
machmery,  or  such  as  has  within  itself  the  power  ot 
regulating  entirely  its  own  movements,  although  the 
moving  force  is  derived  from  without ;  and  to  what 
pertains  to  such  machinery  ;  as,  auumatic  operations 
or  improvements. 

Auuomaticarts;  such  economic  arts  or  manulactures 

as  are  carried  on  by  self-acting  machinery.        ^"■,, 

AU-TOII'.VTO.V,   71.     [Gr.   aiTOjinro;.-    ■ivr«i,   self, 

"and  uaoj,  inovco,  viotus.     The  Greek  plural,  automuta, 

is  sometimea  used ;  but  the  regular  English  plural, 

flafoTjMrtOTw,  is  preferable.] 

A  self-moving  machine,  or  one  which  nas  its  mov- 
ing power  within  itsel£  The  moving  power  is 
usually  a  spring  or  weight,  particularly  the  former. 
The  term  is  generally  appUed  to  machines  construct- 
ed so  as  to  imitate  the  form  and  motions  of  men  or 
animals. 


AVA 


ir.:,.;>^(;r^'^n^'k^;  a.,  suppress  de-  [  A&rTOll'A-TOOS,  ..    Having  in  itseU"  the  power  of 


I  which  rea.son  d«ies  not  auUwriit. 


AU-TO.M'0-LITE,  ir.     [Gr.  01.70^0X05,  a  deserter ;  bo 
"  called  from  the  large  portion  of  oxyd  of  zinc  it  con- 
tains, thoucli  it  has  no  resemblance  to  an  ore.] 

A  mineral,  occurring  crj'stallized  in  small,  dark- 
green  octahedrons ;  allied  to  spinel,  but  conuiining 
about  30  per  cent,  of  oxj'd  of  zinc,  in  couibin.ition 
with  alumina  and  oxyd  of  iron.     It    was    called 
GaJmite,  fruni  Gahn,  its  discoverer. 
AU-TO-No'MI-.\N,  a.    Pertaining  to  autonomy. 
AU-TOJS'O-iMOUS,  a.    [Infra.]    Independent  in  gov- 
ernment ;  having  the  right  of  self-government. 
AU-TOX'0-MY,  71.    [Gr.  auroj,  self,  and  ki/ios,  law. 
rule.] 

The  power  or  right  of  self-government,  whether  | 
in  a  city  which  elects  its  own  niagiitrates  and  makes  f 
its  own  laws,  or  in  an  individual  who  lives  accord-  I 
ing  to  his  own  will.     [Rarely  usctl.]   Encvc   Johnson 
AU'TO-PIST-Y,  11.     [Gr  aor..!  a.id -ictk'.] 

Internal  worthiness  of  belief ;  the  quality  of  credi- 
bility existing  in  itself,  independent  of  external  cir- 
cumstances. 
AL-TOP'Sle-.VL.    See  Autoptical. 
AU'TOP-SY,  77.     [Gr.  avroip.a;  avr^s,  self,  and  0:^15, 
sight.] 
Personal  observation  or  examination ;  ocular  view. 

Ray. 
Cadaveric  autopsy ;  iv  nwjicing,  dissection  of  a  dead 
body,  for  the  purpose  of  iisceitaining  the  cause,  seat, 
or  nature  of  a  disease. 
AU-TOP'Tie-.\li,  a.    Seen  with  one's  oivn  eyes. 

Johnson, 
AU-TOP'Tie-.AL-LY,  aic.    By  means  of  ocular  view, 
"  or  one's  own  observation.  Broken, 

[.iutepsij  and  its  derivatives  are  rarely  used,  except 
bv  medical  writers.] 
AU''TU.\L\,  (au'tum,)  >i.      [L.  aittumnus;  "  Etymon 
'  multum  torquetur."    .^insicorth.] 

The  third  season  of  tlie  year,  or  the  season  between 
summer  and  winter.  .Astronomically,  it  begins  at  the 
equinox,  when  the  sun  enters  Libra,  and  ends  at  the 
winter  solstice  ;  but  in  popular  language,  autumn 
comprises  Septembi^r,  October,  and  November. 

The  golden  pomp  of  oulunn.  Trmn^. 

AU-TUM'NAL,  a.    Belonging  or  peculiar  to  autumn ; 
■■  as,  an  uiituTjinoZ  tint ;  produced  or  gathered  in  au- 
tumn 1  as,  au!!i/7i7i(iZ  fruits  ;  flowering  in  autumn  ;  as, 
an  autumnal  plant. 

.autumnal  point ;  the  point  of  the  equator  intersect- 
ed by  the  ecliptic,  as  the  sun  proceeds  southward  ; 
the  first  point  of  Libra. 

Autumnal  equinoz ;  the  time  when  the  sun  crosses 
the  equator,  as  it  proceeds  southward,  or  when  it 
passes  the  autumnal  point. 

Autumnal  signs  i  the  signs  Libra,  Scorpio,  and  Sa- 
gittarius, through  which  the  sun  passes  between  the 
autumnal  equinox  and  winter  solstice. 
AUX-E'SIS,  71.    [Gr.  avfio-ij,  increase.] 
"     Literally,  an  increasing.    In  rhetoric,  a  figure  by 
which  any  thing  is  magnitied  too  much  ;  an  exoma- 
tion,  when,  for  amplitication,  a  more  grave  and  mag- 
nificent word  is  put  for  the  proper  word.       Encyc. 
AUX-ET'I€,  a.    Amplifying  ;  increasing.        Hatch. 
AUX-IL'L\R,      \  a.  [L.  auriliaris,  from  auiihum,  aid, 
XUX-IL'I.t-RY,  i     auzUior,  to  aid.]  . 

"  Helping ;  aiding  ;  assisting ;  subsidiary- ;  confcmng 
aid  or  support  by  joint  exertion,  induence,  or  use ;  as, 
auxiliary  troops. 

Auxiliary  scales ;  in  music,  the  six  keys  or  scales, 
consisting  of  any  key  major,  with  its  relative  nunor, 
and  the  attendant  keys  of  each.  Bi-  Ricyc. 

Al;X-IL'LVR!ES,  (awg-zil'ya-rez,)  11.  pi-     Foreign 
"troops  in  the  service  of  nations  at  war. 
AUX-IL'I.V-RY,  (awg-zU'ya-ie,)  71.    .\  helper ;  an  as- 
■  sistant ;  a  confederate  in  some  action,  enterprise,  or 
undertaking.  .  -        .u 

•1  In  'rrammar,  a  verb  which  helps  to  lorm  the 
modes  and  tenses  of  other  verbs ;  called,  also,  an 
auxiliary  verb;  as,  hatr,  be,  may,  can,  do,  7jiii,«t,  .<hal., 
and  loiH,  in  EngUsh  ;  itre  and  avoir,  in  French  ;  irccrt 
and  esserc,  in  Italian  ;  estar  and  haier,  m  Spanish.] 
\-VlIL',  V.  t.  [Fr.  valoir,  to  be  wortli ;  L.  ralea,  to 
be  strong  or  able,  to  profit,  to  be  of  force  or  .authority ; 
Sp.  raltr,  to  be  valuable,  to  avail  or  pre\-ail,  to  be 
bindmg,  to  be  worth ;  It.  valcre,  to  be  worUi,  to  be 

useful,  to  profit  or  avail;  Eng.  iceU;  .\i.  Jj  balla. 
The  primary  sense  is,  to  stretch  or  extend,  whence 
streneth,  value.]  .  , 

1.  To  prolii  one's  self;  to  turn  to  ;id\-ant,-ige  ;  fol- 
lowed bv  the  pronouns  myself,  Viyselj,  himself,  her^, 
itself  ourselces,  yourselrej,  (Af77>..Wr«  with  oj  before 
the  thing  used ;  as,  let  hun  acatl  Ittmself  of  nis  u- 

'^"o'^To  assist  or  profit ;  to  aid  in  effecting  a  design, 
or  bringing  it  to  a  successful  issue  ;  ^s,  what  w  m 
skill  arailiis  against  numbers.'     .-Vrnfices  wiU  not 
avail  the  sinner  in  the  day  of  j-idgminl. 
.W.\IL'  r.  i.    To  be  of  use  or  ad^-aiicige  ;  to  answer 

the  pur^se  ;  as,  strength  «'">''>",J"''?"'™' "  "f!S" 
iv  7,™,(.  Generally,  it  signinss  to  have  sln;n=th,  force 
or  e.Iicacv  suliicient  to  ;.ccon,phsh  'lie  obj«t ;  a^,^e 
plea  in  l»r  must  aeuil,  that  is,  be  sufficient  to  defeat 


TONE,  BKLL,  1;NIT£._AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.-e  aa  K;  0  as  J;  S  as  Z;  CH  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


1»7 


AVE 

the  suit ;  this  scheme  will  not  nr ail ;  uipdicines  will 

not  avail  to  check  the  disease  j  suppositions,  without 

proof,  will  nut  avail. 
A- VAIL',  71.    I'rotit;  advantage  toward  success  ;  ben- 

crit  i  as,  labor,  without  economy,  is  of  little  avaiU    It 

seems  usually  to  convey  the  idea  of  efficacious  aid  or 

strenjjth. 
A-VAlL-A-BIL'I-Tr,  71.    Availahleness. 
A-VaIL'A-BLE,  a.   Profitable  ;  advantageous  ;  having 

efficacy  ;  as,  a  measure  is  more  or  less  avuilable. 
'2.  Having  sufficient  power,  force,  or  efficacy,  for 

the  object ;  valid  ;  as,  an  available  plea. 

Laws  hiiin:\i]  are  acaiiable  by  conscitl.  Hooker. 

A-VaIL'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  Power  or  efficacy  in  pro- 
umting  an  end  in  \iew. 

9.  Competent  power  ;  legal  force  ;  validity  ;  as,  the 
avnihibltmess  of  a  title. 

A-VAIL'A-BLY,  fi(/r.  Powerfully;  profitably;  advau- 
ta^eotisly  ;  validly;  efficaciously. 

A-VaIL'ING,  ppr.  Turning  to  profit ;  uolng  to  advan- 
tage or  effect;  assisting;  profiting. 

A-VaIL'MENT,  It.  Profit ;  efficacy  ;  successful  issue. 
[Little  iLicd.] 

A-V'aILS',  h.  pi.  Profits  or  proceeds.  It  is  used,  in 
New  England,  for  tlie  proceeds  of  goods  sold,  or  for 
rents,  issues,  or  profits. 

AV-A-LANCHE'  )         ri.'     *-  ,      .    J 

^Y_^_LANCE'      1  "'     l-^">  "Oin  avalcr,  to  descend.] 
A  snow-slip  ;  a  mass  or  body  of  snow  or  ice  sliding 
down  a  mountain. 

This  is  a  French  term,  originally  applied  to  the 
masses  of  snow  or  ice  precipitated  from  the  Alps,  but 
is  now  applied  to  similar  phenomena  in  other  hich 
mountains.  It  is  also  applied  to  similar  falling  masses 
of  farili  or  rock  ;  and,  Ji^nirativdy,  to  any  sudden  or 
violent  act  or  impulse  of  human  masses. 

A-V.aLE',  v.  l  [Fr.  avalcr,  to  let  down  ;  aval,  down- 
ward.] 

1.  To  let  down  ;  to  lower ;  to  cause  to  descend  ;  as, 
to  avale  a  sail.  Oower. 

Phcrbua  'gan  avale 
His  weftry  w.iiii.  S/'Ouer. 

2.  To  depress ;  to  make  abject ;  as,  to  avale  the  sov- 
ereignty. Wottan. 

A- VALE',  V.  i.     [Fr.  avaler,  to  descend.] 

To  fall,  as  rain,  or  the  tide ;  to  descend ;  to  dis- 
mount. Cliauccr.     Spenser. 

A-VANT',  71.  The  front  of  an  army.  [J^Tot -used.]  [See 
Virf.] 

A-VAjYT€6U'R1ER,  (a-viing'koo'reer,)  t^.  [Fr. 
See  Courier.]  A  person  dispatched  before  anoth- 
er person  or  company,  to  give  notice  of  his  or  their 
approach. 

A-VANT'-GUARD,  n.  The  van  or  advanced  body  of 
an  army.     [See  Vanguahd.] 

AVA-RICE,  n.  [L.  avaritia,  from  avarus,  from  aveo, 
to  covet.] 

An  inordinate  desire  of  gaining  and  Dossessing 
wealth  ;  covetousness ;  greediness  or  insatiable  de- 
sire of  gain.  ShaJc. 

Avarice  sbeda  a  blisling  influtnce  over  the  finest  afli-etions  and 
sweetest  comfijrta  ol'  mankind.  Buckminaler. 

AV-A-RI"CIOUS,  a.  Covetous  ;  greedy  of  eain  ;  im- 
moderately desirous  of  accumulating  property. 

AV-A-RI"CIOUS-LY,  adv.  Covetously ;  with  inordi- 
nate desire  of  gaining  wealth.  Ooldsmitk. 

AV-A-RI"CIOUS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  av- 
aricious; insatiable  or  inordinate  passion  for  property. 

AV'A-ROUS,  a.    Covetous.     [JVot  luscd.]        Oowcr. 

A-VAST',  cxrlam.  [It.  basta,  enough  ;  literally,  it  suf- 
fices, from  bastare,  to  suffice  ;  Pers.  bos,  enough  ;  Qu. 
D.  luntd  vast,  hotC  vast,  hold  fast.] 

In  smmcn^s  langnan-e,  cease  ;  stop  ;  stay. 

AV-A-TAR',  or  A-VA'TAR,  n.  A  Hindoo  word,  de- 
noting the  descent  of  a  deity  in  a  visible  form  or  in- 
carnation. 

A-VAUNT',  c^dam.     [W.  ibant,  begone.] 

Uegone  ;  depart ;    a  word  of  contempt  or  abhor- 

_  rence,  equivalent  to  the  phrase  "  Get  lliee  gone." 

a'VE,  71.     An  ave-maiy. 

A'VE-iMa'RY,  11.  [froin  the  first  words  of  the  Roman 
CatJiohc  prayer  to  the  Virgin  Marj^ ;  L.  avc,  Mana, 
htiil,  Mar}'.] 

1.  A  form  of  devotion  in  the  Roman  Catholic 
church.  Their  chaplets  and  rosaries  are  divided  into 
a  certain  number  of  ave-mar\s  and  paternosters. 

2.  A  particular  time,  in  Roman  Catholic  countries, 
about  half  an  hour  after  sunset,  and  also  at  early 
dawn,  when  the  bells  ring,  and  the  people  repeat  the 
ave-majT^  p.  Cyc. 

■AV-E-Na'CEOUS,  a.  [L.  avenaceus,  from  avejuz,  oats  ; 
Fr.  avi'ine.] 
Belonging  to  or  partaking  of  the  nature  of  oats. 
AV'E-NA6E,  71.    [Fr.l    A  certain  quantity  of  oats  paid 
by  a  tenant  to  a  landlord  in  lieu  of  rent  or  other  duty. 

Encijc. 
AV'EiV-ER,  j  V.     [Norm.  Fr.]    In  En irlish  feudal  law, 
AV'EN-OR,  \     an  officer  of  the  king's  stables,  whose 

duty  was  to  provide  oats. 
A-VKNGE',   (a-vi;nj',)  v.  t.     \Yx.  vcii<rcr -,  Sp.vcn<Tar; 
Port.  vin<rar:  L.  vindez.    In  Sax.  winaan,  to  contend, 
to  gain,  to  win.'\ 

1.  To  take  satisfaction  for  an  injur)'  by  punishing 


AVE 

the  injuring  paity  ;  to  vindicate  by  inflicting  pain  or 
evil  on  the  wrong-doer. 

Shall  not  God  avenge  liis  own  cU-ct  ?  —  Luko  xviii. 
Avenge  me  of  my  advGrsury.  —  lb.  ver.  3. 

In  these  examples,  avenge  implies  that  the  evil  in- 
flicted on  the  injuring  party  is  a  satisfaction  or  jus- 
tice done  to  tlie  injured,  and  the  party  vindicated  is 
tlie  object  of  the  verb. 

y.  To  take  satisfaction  for,  by  pain  or  imnishment 
inflicted  on  the  injuring  party. 

Hi.'  will  avenge  tlie  blood  of  his  scnMiiis.  —  Deut.  xxxii. 

Here,  the  thing  for  which  satisfaction  is  taken  is 
the  ^  bject  of  the  verb. 

3.  J'o  revenge.  To  avcti'^e  and  revenge,  radically, 
are  synonymous.  But  modern  usage  inclines  to  make 
a  valuable  distinction  in  the  use  of  these  words,  re- 
stricting avcjige  to  the  taking  of  just  punishment,  and 
rcvctitre  to  the  infliction  of  j)ain  or  evil  maliciously,  in 
an  illegal  manner 

4.  To  punish  ;  as,  to  arrifge  a  crime.         I>njden. 

5.  In  the  passive  form,  X\\\s  verb  signifies  to  have 
or  receive  just  satisfaction,  by  the  punishment  of  tlie 
otlender 

Shall  not  my  soul  be  avenged  on  such  a  nation  as  this?  —  Ji:;r.  v. 

A-VENOE'/VNCE,  n  Punishment.  [J^ot  tLscd.  See 
Tengeance.] 

A-VENG'je:D,  i)p.  Satisfied  by  the  punishment  of  the 
olfrnder;  vindicated;  punished. 

A-VENGE'MENT,  ».  Vengeance  ;  punishment ;  the 
act  of  taking  satisfaction  for  an  injury  by  inflicting 
pain  or  evil  on  the  offender ;  satisfaction  taken  ;  re- 
venge. 

A-VENG'ER,  7/.  One  who  avenges  or  vindicates;  a 
vindicator;  a  revenger. 

A-VENG'ER-ESS,  71.     A  female  avenger.      Spenser, 

A-VENG'ING,  ppr.  Executing  vengeance  ;  taking  sat- 
isfaciion  for  an  injury  by  the  punishment  of  the  of- 
fender ;  vindicating. 

AV'ENS,  H.     The  herb  bennet,  (^Geum  urbanum.) 

AV'ENT-aILE,  n.  The  movable  part  of  a  lielmet  in 
front.  HalliweU. 

AV'EN-TlNE,  a.  Pertaining  to  Mons  Jl c en tinu.^,  one 
of  the  seven  hills  on  which  Rome  stood.      Bryant, 

A-VEN'T^RE,  n,  [Fr.  aventure,  from  L.  vcnio,  to 
come.] 

A  mischance  causing  a  person's  death  without  fel- 
ony ;  as  by  drowning,  or  falling  from  a  house.  [See 
Adventure.]  Cowel. 

A-VENT'U-RINE,  I  u.     [Fr.   ai^cnturine.]     A  variety 

A-VANT'U-RINE,  ]  of  translucent  quart?,,  spangled 
throughout  with  scales  of  yellow  mica. 

AV'E-NuE,  n.  [Fr.,  from  venir,  to  come  or  go ;  L. 
vcnio.] 

1.  A  passage ;  a  way  or  opening  for  entrance  into 
a  place  ;  any  opening  or  passage  by  which  a  thing  is 
or  may  be  introduced. 

2.  An  alley  or  walk  in  a  park  or  garden,  planted 
on  each  side  with  trees,  and  leading  to  a  house,  gate, 
wood,  &c.,  and  generally  terminated  by  some  dis- 
tant object.  The  trees  may  be  in  rows  on  the  sides, 
or,  according  to  the  more  modern  practice,  in  clumps 
at  some  distance  from  each  other.  Encyc. 

3.  A  wide  street,  as  in  Washington,  Columbia. 
A-VER',  V.    t.     [Fr.  avcrer ;   It.  avvcrare,  to   aver,  or 

verify ;  Arm.  quirya,  from  the  root  of  vems,  true  ; 
It.  fcvr  or  fr ;  W.  iffcir ;  Corn,  uir;  Ger.  vahr ;  D. 
icaar.     See  Verifv.] 

1.  To  affirm  with  confidence  ;  to  declare  in  a  pos- 
itive or  peremptory  manner,  as  in  confidence  of  as- 
serting the  truth.  Prior. 

2.  In  lata,  to  offer  to  verify.     [See  Averment.] 
AVER-AGE,  71.     [Norm,  aver,  avers,  cattle,  money, 

goods,  Sp.  averio,  from  aver  or  Imber,  Fr.  avoir,  to 
have  or  possess.  In  ancient  laic,  a  duty  or  service 
which  a  tenant  was  bound  to  render  to  his  lord,  by 
his  beasts  and  carriages  or  instruments  of  husbandrj'. 
Spelinan.  But  avcraginm  signifies  also  the  loss  of 
goods  in  transportation ;  Sp.  averia,  damage  sus- 
tained by  goods  or  ships  ;  Port,  avnria,  an  allowance 
out  of  freight  to  the  master  of  a  ship,  for  tiamage  sus- 
tained ;  contribution  by  insurers,  to  make  good  a 
loss  ;  It.  avaria ;  Dan.  havcrie,  damage  of  a  ship  or 
waste  of  goods,  extraordinary  charges  during  a 
voyage.  If  avaria  signifies  damage,  and  is  from 
aver  or  haber,  Spanish,  to  have,  the  sense  of  the  word 
is  probably  that  which  happens  or  falls,  a  misfortune, 
for  the  verb  have,  and  happen  are  radically  the  same 
word  ;  Spanish,  hubcr,  to  have,  and  to  happen  or  be- 
fall ;  also,  fortune,  property.  This  would  give  the 
sense  of  damage,  or  of  proportion,  lot,  share,  that 
which  falls  to  each  of  a  number.  But  the  primary 
sense  is  not  veiy  obvious.] 

1.  In  commerce,  a  contribution  to  a  general  loss. 
When,  for  the  safety  of  a  ship  in  distress,  any  destruc- 
tion of  property  is  incurred,  either  by  cutting  away 
the  masts,  throwing  goods  overboard,  or  other  means, 
all  persons  who  have  goods  on  board,  or  property  in 
the  ship,  contribute  to  the  loss  according  to  their 
avernee,  that  is,  the  goods  of  each  on  board.  This 
principle,  introduced  into  the  commerce  of  Europe 
from  the  Rhodian  laws,  and  recognized  by  the  regu- 
lations of  Wisby,  is  now  an  established  rule  in  the 
maritime  laws  of  Europe;  for  it  is  most  reasonable 


AVE 

that,  when  one  man's  property  is  sacrificed  to  save  a 
ship,  all  persons  whose  property  is  saved,  or  in  like 
hazard,  should  bear  their  proportion  of  the  loss. 

Pari:.     Beawcs.     Spelman. 

2.  From  the  practice  of  contributing  to  bear  losses 
in  proportion  to  each  man's  property,  this  word  has 
obtained  the  present  popular  sense,  which  is,  that  of 
a  mean  proportion,  medial  sum  or  quantity,  made  out 
of  unequal  sums  or  quantities.  Tims,  if  A  loses  5 
dollars,  B  9,  and  C  16,  the  sum  is  30,  and  tlie  av- 
erage 10. 

3.  A  small  duty,  payable,  by  the  shippers  of  goods, 
to  the  master  of  the  ship,  over  and  above  the  freight, 
for  his  care  of  the  goods.  Hence  the  expression  m 
bills  of  lading,  "paying  so  much  freight,  with  pri- 
mage and  average  accustomed."        Cowel,     Encyc. 

4.  In  England,  the  breaking  up  of  cornfields,  eddish, 
or  rougliings.  ^^7*. 

5.  Averages,  in  the  English  corn  trade,  denotes 
the  average  amount  of  prices  of  the  several  kinds  of 
grain  in  the  principal  corn  markets. 

Upon  or  071  an  average,  is  taking  the  mean  of  un- 
equal numbers  or  quantities. 

AVER-AGE,  a.  IVIedial  ;  containing  a  mean  propor- 
tion.   Price.  Beddoes.  Kinoan.  Edwards''s  West  Indies. 

AVER-AGE,  V.  i.  To  find  the  mean  of  unequal  sums 
or  quantities;  to  reduce  to  a  medium;  to  divide 
among  a  numUer,  according  to  a  given  proportion; 
as,  to  average  a  loss. 

AVER-AGE,  V.  i.  To  form  a  mean  or  medial  sum  or 
quantity;  as,  the  losses  of  the  owners  will  average 
25  dollars  each.  Cii.  Obs.  x.  5^,  xi.  302. 

Th^se  spars  zverage  ten  feel  in  Icii^h.  Belknap. 

AVER-AG--ED,  pp.  Reduced  or  foimed  into  a  mean 
proportion,  or  into  shares  proportioned  to  eacli  man's 
property.  Jefferson. 

AV'ER-AG-ING,  ppr.  Forming  a  mean  proportion 
out  of  unequal  sums  or  quantities,  or  reducing  to  just 
shares  according  to  each  man's  property. 

A-VER'MENT,  t*.  [See  Aver.]  Affirmation  ;  posi- 
tive assertion  ;  the  act  of  averring. 

2.  Verification  ;  establishment  by  evidence. 

Bacon. 

3,  In  pleading,  an  offer  of  either  party  to  justify  or 
prove  what  he  alleges.  In  any  stage  of  i)leadings, 
wljen  either  party  advances  new  matter,  he  avers  it 
to  be  true,  by  using  this  form  of  words,  "  and  this  he 
is  ready  to  verify."    This  is  called  an  averment, 

Blaclcstonc. 

A-VER'NAT,  n.    A  sort  of  grape.  Johnson. 

A-VER'NI-AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  Avemus,  a  lake  of 
Campania,  in  Italy,  famous  for  its  poisonous  qualilies^, 
which  ancient  writers  represent  as  so  malignant  as 
to  kill  fowls  flying  over.  Hence,  as  autliors  tell  us, 
its  name,  aooi'og,  without  birds.  Virgil.  Mela.  Strabo. 

AVER-PEN-NY,  7i.  Money  paid  toward  the  king's 
carriages  by  land,  instead  of  service  by  the  beasts  in 
kind ;  or  money  paid  in  lieu  of  the  service  of 
.average.  Burn,  Spelman. 

A-VER'R£D,  (a.-verd',)  pp.  Affirmed;  laid  with  an 
averment. 

A-VER'RING,  j77r.  Affirming;  declaring  positively  ; 
offering  to  justify  or  verify. 

A-VER'RO-IST,  7i.  One  of  a  sect  of  peripatetic  phi- 
losophers, who  appeared  in  Italy  before  the  restora- 
tion of  learning;  so  denominated  from  Averroes,  a 
celebrated  Arabian  author.  They  held  the  soul  tc  he 
mortal,  though  tliey  pretended  to  submit  to  the 
Christian  thenlogv.  Encyc^ 

AV-ER-RUN'€aTE,  V,  t.  [L.  avcrrunco,  of  ad  and 
ertmco,  from  runco,  to  weed,  or  rake  away.] 

1.  To  root  up  ;  to  scrape  or  tear  away  by  the  roots. 

Iludibras. 
9.  To  prune. 
AV-ER-RUN-Ca'TION,  77.    The  act  of  tearing  up  or 
rakina  away  the  roots. 

2.  The  act  of  pruning,  or  cutting  off  superfluous 
branches.  Cyc. 

AV-ER-RUN-€a'TOR,  n.  In  arboricidtnrc,  an  instru- 
ment for  pruning  trees,  consisting  of  two  blades  fixed 
on  the  end  of  a  rod;  so  constructed  as  to  operate  like 
a  pair  of  shears.  Brande. 

AV-ER-Sa'TION,  71,     [L.  aversor.     See  Avert.] 

A  turning  from  with  disgust  or  dishke  ;  aversion  . 
hatred ;  disinclination.  South. 

It  is  nearly  superseded  by  Aversion. 

A-VERSE',  (avers',)  a.  [See  Avert.]  The  literal 
sense  of  this  word  \s,  turned  from,  m  manifestation 
of  dislike.     Hence  the  re;il  sense  is, 

1.  Disliking;  unwilling;  having  a  repugnance  of 
mind. 

Averte  nlitc  to  flatter  or  oiTeiiti.  Popr. 

2.  Unfavorable;  indisposed;  malign. 

And  P.'dlas,  now  averse,  refused  her  aid.  Dryden. 

This  word  and  its  derivatives  ought  to  be  followed 
by  to,  and  never  by  from.  This  word  includes  the 
idea  of  from  ;  but  the  literal  meaning  being  tost,  the 
affection  of  the  mind  signified  by  tlie  word,  is  ex- 
erted toward  the  object  of  dislike,  and,  like  its  kindred 
terms,  hatred,  dislike,  contrary,  repugnant,  6cc.,  should 
be  followed  by  to.  Indeed,  it  is  absurd  to  speak  of 
an  affection  of  the  mind  exerted  from  an    object. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MeTE,  PR£Y.-PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD. -NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQOK. 

8b  " 


AVO 

jirer^e  expresses  a  less  desree  of  opposition  in  the 
miiiil  than  detcMh^  and  abltorrin^. 

Milton  twice  uses  arerse  in  its  liteml  sense  of 
tame*i  a^aij,  with  from ;  but  it  is  not  according  to  the 
Lngiish  idiom. 

'J.  I'urned  backward ;  in  a  direction  contrary  to 
pmir-es^ion  ;  as:,  tracks  averse,  Dnjden, 

A-VKKSt'.'LY,  (a-vers'ly,)  adv.  With  reinignance  ; 
unwillingly. 

•J.  Backward  ;  behind  ;  as,  an  nrm  stretched 
arcndi/.  Dacettant,     Brawn. 

A- V"  ERSE 'NESS,  (a-vers'nes-s,)  w.  Opposition  of 
mmd  ;  di^ike  j  unwillingness  ;  backwardness. 

Herbert. 
A-VER'SIO\,Ti.     [Ft.  aversion,  from  L.  avcrto.] 

I.  Opposition  or  repugnance  of  mind  ;  dislike  ;  dis- 
inclination ;  reluctance;  hatred.  Usu:Uly  this  word 
expresstis  moderate  halrvd,  or  opposition  of  mind, 
not  amounting  to  abhorrence  nr  det fetation.  It  t>nf:ht 
senerally  to  be  fuilowed  by  to  l>elore  the  oliject. 
(See  Ater^^b.]    Sometimes  it  admits  of  for. 

A  frcpbolder  is  Irtd  wiib  »n  acerxiorx  to  sui>j«lion.    AJdison. 

i  Opposition  or  contrarietj-  of  nature :  applied  to 

inanimate  substances. 

yii^wsn,  nci;vnthe(an(lisr  Uusactfrncn  lo  i(>lLitioo,fonna  akiiid 
of  foat?  ■with  watrr.  /Vjureroy,  Tram. 

3.  The  cause  of  dislike. 

Piiu  their  a£cr.Ron,  pleasure  their  dcairc.  Poj>e. 

.\-VERT',  V.  L  [L.  avtrtOj  c,  from,  and  verto,  to  turn, 
anciently  vorto :  hence  vertex,  vurtcz ;  probably  al- 
lied to  L.  tario ;  En^.veer;  Sp.  bircri  Elh.  I  lAf 
bari.     Class  Br.j 

1.  To  turn  from  ;  lo  turn  off  or  away  ;  as,  lo  arfrt 
the  eyes  from  an  object.  Shak. 

U.  To  keep  otf,  divert,  or  prevent  j  as,  lo  avert  an 
approaching  calamity.  Hooker. 

:i.  To  cause  to  dislike.  IToohrr.  But  this  sense 
seems  to  be  improper,  except  when  hearty  or  some 
equivalent  word,  is  used  ;  a^?,  to  avert  the  heart  or 
affections,  which  may  sigriify  to  alienate  Uie  affec- 
tions. Thomsoit. 

A-VEKT'.  r.  t.    To  turn  away.  Thotason. 

A-VERT'ED,  pp.    Turned  from  or  away. 

A-VERT'ER,  lu  One  that  turns  away  or  averts  ;  Uiat 
wijirh  turns  away  or  averts. 

A-VERT'I\G,  ppr.  Turning  from;  turning  away; 
preventmg. 

a'VI-A-RY,  Ti,     [I*,  atiarium,  from  arts,  a  bird.] 
A  house  or  inclosure  for  kccpini;  birds  confined. 

Wotton. 

A-VID'f-OUS,  a.    [lu  avidus.1    Eager;  iireedy.  BaU. 

A-VID'I-OUS-LY,  adv.  [See  .\viditv.^  Eagerly  ; 
with  gretdmess.  Bale. 

.\-VID'i-TY,  B.  [L.  avidUas,  from  avUlusy  and  this 
from  aveo,  to  desire,  to  have  appetite ;  Heb.  and  Cli. 
mK  to  desire,  or  covet.] 

1.  Greediness ;  strong  appetite:  applied  to  tlie 
senses. 

2.  Eagerness ;  intenseness  of  desire :  applied  to 
the  mind. 

AV-I-Ga'TO,  \  n.     Tlie  Persea  gratissima    [Lauras 

AV-0-C.\'DO.  ^  Persea^  Linn.]  or  alligator  pear,  a 
native  of  the  West  Indies.  The  tree  has  a  straight 
stem,  long,  oval,  pointed  leaves,  and  flowers,  each 
with  a  six-cleft  rorolliform  calyx,  produced  in  clusters, 
on  the  extremities  of  ^hi^  branches.  The  fruit,  when 
fully  ripe,  is  considered  a  delicacw 

.WIG.N'O.N  BER-RY,  (a-veen'yoh(r-,)n.  The  fruit  of 
the  Rlianiniii  Infeciorius,  and  of  other  species  of  the 
same  genin;  so  called  from  the  city  of  Avignon,  m 
France.  The  berry  is  less  than  a  pea,  of  a  yellow- 
i^h-trreen  color,  and  bitter,  astringent  taste  ;  used  by 
dyers  and  painti-rs  for  coloring  yellow.  Kncyc. 

A-VILE',  c.  t.    [Ft.  aviUr.    See  Vile.] 

To  depreciate.    [JVot  in  use.}  B.  Jonson. 

A-VTSE',  t  n.     t  Fr.  avis.] 

A-VrsO,  il      Advice;  intelligence.     [JVot  invsr.] 


>  consider.    {JVot  in  use.]     Spenser, 
.    Advisement.    [See  Advick  and 


A-VTSE',  r.r.     T 
A-VISE'MENT 

Advise.] 
.ayfO-CAT,  (av'o-ca,)  n.      [Fr.J      An  advocate:    a 

term  applied  to  the  higher  class  of  French  lawyers, 

corresponding  to  the  English  counselor  at  lav,  and 

the  Scotch  atlvocaU. 
AV'0-GaTE,  v.  l     [L.  aroco,  from  a  and  voco,  to  call. 

See  VorcE  and  Vocau] 
To  call  off  or  away.     [JVot  used.]  Barroir. 

AV-O-eA'TlON,  n.     j;See  Vocation,  Voice,  Vocai..] 

1.  The  act  of  calling  aside,  or  diverting  from  some 
employment ;  as,  an  avocation  from  sin  or  from  busi- 
ness. 

2.  The  business  which  calls  aside.  The  word  is 
generally  used  for  the  smaller  affairs  of  life,  or  occa- 
sional calls  which  summon  a  person  to  leave  his  or- 
dinary or  principal  business.  The  use  of  Ihl^  word 
for  TDcnUon  \^  very  impro()er. 

A-V6'€A-TI VE,  a.     Calling  off.     [Act  used,] 
A-VC'CA-TIVE,  n.     Thai  which  calls  aside  ;    de- 

horiatinn ;  dissuasion.  Todd. 

AV'O-CET,  71.    See  .\vo3et. 
A-VOID',  V.  L.     [Pr.  Titdder,  or  vider;  vuide,  or  vitle, 

void,  empty ;    Eng.  imde,    void,  uridov> ;    L.  vidua. 


AVO 

See  Void,    it  coincides  also  with  L.  c/to,  evito  ;  Fr. 
eviter.    See  Class  Bd.] 

1.  To  shun  ;  to  keep  at  a  distance  from  ;  that  i?, 
literally,  to  go  or  be  wide  from  j  as,  to  avoid  ilie  com- 
pany of  gamesters. 

9.  To  endeavor  to  shun:  to  shift  off;  as,  to  avoid 
expense. 

3.  To  quit ;  to  evacuate  ;  to  shun  by  leaving :  as, 
to  avoid  tlie  house.  '  Shale. 

4.  To  escape  ;  as,  to  avoid  a  blow. 

5.  To  emit  or  throw  out ;  as,  to  avoid  excretions. 
For  this.  Void  is  now  generally  used. 

6.  To  make  void  ;  to  annul  or  vacate. 

The  f^M  can  not  l*  CMtidcd  without  injustice  to  the  graivtee. 

Anon. 

7.  In  plcadinir,  to  set  up  some  new  matter  or  dis- 
tinction, which  MiallttCPK/,  that  is,  defeat  or  evade  the 
allegation  of  the  other  party.  Thus,  in  a  replication, 
the  plaintiff  may  deny  tlie  defendant's  plea,  or  con- 
fess it,  and  avoid  it  by  slating  new  matter.  Biaclstunc 

A-VOID',  V.  i.    To  retire  ;  to  withdraw. 

Daviil  avoided  out  of  lis  prescnw.  —  I  Sain,  xviii.     [Improper.] 

2.  To  become  void,  vacant,  or  empty,  as  a  henetice. 

JSylife, 
A-VOID'A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  avoided,  le'ft  at  a 
distance,  shunned,  or  escaped. 
2.  That  may  be  vacated  ;  liable  to  be  annulled. 
A-V0ID'.\NCE,  n.    The  act  of  avoiding  or  sliunuing. 

2.  The  act  of  becoming  vacant,  or  the  state  of 
being  vacant.  It  is  appropriately  used  for  the  si:ite 
of  a  benetice  becoming  void,  by  the  death,  depriva- 
tion, or  resignation  of  the  incuiubent.  Cowel. 

3.  The  act  of  annulling. 

■1.  The  course  by  which  any  thing  is  carried  off. 

Bacoji. 

A-VOID'ED,  pp.  Shunned  ;  evaded  ;  made  void  ; 
ejected. 

.■\-V'0ID'ER,  T(.    One  who  avoids,  shuns,  or  escapes. 
2,  The  person  who  carries  any  thing  away ;  the 
vessel  in  which  things  arc  carried  away.    John.fon. 

A-V0I1)^L\'G, ^pr.  Shunning;  escaping;  keeping  at 
a  distance;  ejecting;  evacuating;  making  void  or 
vacant. 

A-VOID'LESS,  a.  That  can  not  be  avoided ;  inevita- 
ble. Dn/dai. 

AV-01R-DU-P0I$',  (av-er-du-poiz',)  [Fr.  avoir  da 
poids,  to  have  weight.    See  Pots.] 

A  weight,  of  which  a  pound  contains  IG  ounces. 
Its  i»roportion  to  a  pound  troy  is  as  17  lo  14.  This  is 
the  weight  for  the  larger  and'  coarser  commodities,  as 
hav,  iron,  cheese,  groceries,  &c.  Chambers. 

AV'O-LaTE,  v.  i.  To  fly  away;  to  escape;  to  ex- 
halis.  Boyle. 

AV-0-La'TION,  ti.  [L.  avolo,  to  fly  away,  of  a  and 
volo.     See  Volatile.] 

'X'he  act  of  fl\  ing  away  ;  flight ;  escape.  \LiUle 
used.] 

AV'O-SET,         /  n.    The  popular  name  of  different 

AV-0-SET'TA,  \  species  of  aquatic  birds,  of  the 
genus  Recurvi rostra,  arranged  by  Linnieus  in  tiie 
order  Grails,  but  by  Pennant  and  Latham  among 
the  Palmipedes.  The  bill  of  these  birds  is  long,  slen- 
der, flexible,  and  bent  upward  toward  the  tip.  TJiey 
have  very  long  legs,  and  pahnated  feet,  wliich  last 
are  considered  as  adapted  for  wading  on  soft  mud, 
rather  than  for  swinuuing. 

.WOUCH',  V.  u  [Norm,  vonrher,  to  call,  to  vouch; 
L.  voco,  cdvoco.     See  Voice.] 

1.  To  affirm ;  to  declare  or  assert  with  positive- 
ness.  Huolcer, 

2.  To  produce  or  call  in ;  to  afiinn  in  favor  of, 
maintain,  or  support. 

Such  anlkiuitiea  could  have  been  avouched  for  the  Irish. 

Spenser. 

3.  To  maintain,  vindicate,  or  justify.  Shah. 
A-VOVCAV,  V.    Evidence;    testimony;    declaration. 

[Little  Jised.]  Shuk. 

A-VOUCH'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  avouched. 
[Little  used,] 

A-VoUCH'£D,Ca-voucht' ,)/);?.  Aflirmed  ;  maintained  ; 
called  in  to  su[iport. 

A-VOUCH'ER,  II.     One  who  avouches. 

A-VOUCHTNG, />;>r.  AHirming  ;  calling  in  to  main- 
tain ;  vindicating. 

A-VOUCH'MENT,  ;(.  Derlaratinn ;  the  art  of 
avouching.  Shale 

^-roE7-£',  (a-voii-a',)  7i.  A  French  term,  originally 
denoting  a  protector  of  a  cliurch  or  religious  commu- 
nity, rorresponding  to  the.  English  ailvinoce;  at  pres- 
ent, applied  to  tlio  lower  class  of  French  lav\-yers, 
corresponding  to  the  English  attomcij  at  law. 

A-VOW',  V.  t.  [Fr.  avourr ;  Aim.  avoei :  Norm. 
avuwcr;  L.  vonco.] 

1.  To  declare  openly,  with  a  view  to  justify, 
maintain,  or  defend ;  or  simply  to  own,  acknowl- 
edge, c  confess  frankly  ;  as,  a  man  avmos  his  princi- 
ples or  his  crimes. 

2.  In  law,  to  acknowledge  and  justify,  in  one's 
own  right,  as  when  the  distrainer  of  goods  defends 
in  an  action  of  replevin,  and  avows  the  taking  in  his 
own  right,  but  insists  tliat  such  taking  was  legal. 

Blackstone. 
A-VOW',  n.    A  vow  or  determination.    [JVbt  used.] 


AWA 

A-VOWA-BLE,  ti.  That  may  be  avowed,  or  openly 
acknowledged  with  confidence.  Vonne. 

A-VOW'AL,  7(.  An  open  declaration ;  frank  acknowl- 
edgment. Jiume. 

.WOW'ANT,  n.  The  defendant  in  replevin,  who 
avoirs  the  distress  of  the  goods,  and  justifies  the 
taking.  Cowel. 

A-VOW'£D,  (a-vowd')  pp.  Openly  declared  ;  owned ; 
frankly  acknowledged. 

A-VOW'ED-LY,  adv.  in  an  open  manner;  wilh 
frank  acknowledgment. 

A-VOW-EE',  7i.  Sometimes  used  for  advowee,  the  per- 
son who  has  a  right  to  present  to  a  benefice  j  the 
patron.    [See  Advowso:?.]  Cowel. 

A-VOW'ER,  n.    One  who  avows,  owns,  or  asserts. 

A-VOW'ING,  ppr.  Openly  declaring ;  frankly  ac- 
kuowlcd'jing;  justifying. 

A-VOW'RY,  71.  In  I'aWy  the  act  of  llic  distrainer  of 
goods,  who,  in  an  action  of  replevin,  avotcs  and  jus- 
tifies the  takmg  in  his  own  right.  Blackstnie.' 

When  an  action  of  reple\'in  is  brought,  tliedi.-train- 
er  either  makes  avowry,  that  is,  aroir.*  taking  the 
dis^tress  in  his  own  rigii!  or  tlie  right  of  his  wifi.-, 
and  states  the  reason  of  it,  or  makes  eotrjiiiance, 
that  is,  acknowlcdfres  the  taking,  but  justifies  it  in 
anc'tlier's  right,  as  his  bailiff  or  servant. 

A-VOW'TRY.     See  Advowtrt. 

A-V(.>V'ER,  71.  [h.  advocatiis ;  o\^  Tr.  advoes.]  A  name 
fonnerly  assumed  by  the  chief  magistrates  of  im- 
perial towns,  and  of  the   Swiss   cities.     [Disused.] 

A-VULS'ED,  (a-vulst',)  c  [See  Avulsios.T  Plucked 
or  pulled  on.  Shatstonc. 

A-VUL'SION,  71.  [L.  avulsio,  from  avelto,  a  and  veVo, 
to  pull,  coinciding  with  Heb.  and  Ar.  n^s  falah,  lo 
separate;  'Eng. pull.] 

A  nulling  or  tearing  from  or  asunder ;  a  rending 
ov  forcible  separation. 

A-\VaIT',  7J.  (.    [a  and  wait.    See  Wait.    ¥r.  <^uetur, 
to  watch ;  guet,  a  watch ;  It.  guatare,  to  look  or 
watch.] 
Litertdhj,  to  remain,  hold,  or  stay. 

1.  To  wait  for  ;  to  look  for,  or  expect. 

Betwixt  the  rocky  pillars  Gabriel  sat, 

Chid  pf  the  angdic  juanls,  auxutxn^  night.  Miiion. 

2.  To  be  in  store  for;  to  attend  ;  to  be  ready  for  ; 
as,  a  glorious  reward  awaits  the  good. 

A-WaIT',  it.    Ambush  ;  a  state  of  waiting  for. 

Spenser. 

A-WaIT'ING,  ppr.  Waiting  for;  looking  for;  ex- 
pecting ;  being  ready  or  in  sti^re  for. 

A-WaKE',u.  (. ;  prct.  Awoke,  Awaked  ;  pp.  Awaked. 
[Sax.  gcwa:can,  wacian,  or  weccan;  V.  wekken;    Ger. 

wecfccn ;  Sw.  vacka ;  Dan.  viekke.    The  L.  vigilo  seems 
to  be  formed  on  this  root.    See  Wake.] 

1.  To  rouse  from  sleep. 

1  go  that  I  nuiy  ni^cke  him  out  of  ileep.  — John  xi. 

2,  To  excite  from  a  slate  resembling  sleep,  as  from 
death,  stupidity,  or  inaction;  to  put  into  action,  or 
new  life  ;  as,  to  awake  the  dead  ;  to  a:cake  the  dor- 
mant faculties. 

A-WaKE',  v.  I.  To  cease  to  sleep;  to  come  from  a 
state  of  natural  sleep. 

Jacob  aiatked  oM  ot  sleep.  —  tieu.  xxriij. 

2.  To  bestir,  revive,  or  rouse  I'rom  a  state  of  inac- 
tion ;  to  be  invigorated  with  new  life  ;  as,  the  mind 
awaJces  from  its  stupidity. 

Aioake,  0  sword,  agalast  my  &bephcrd.  —  Zrch.  xi-i. 

3.  To  rouse  from  spiritual  sleep. 

.■litote,  thou  that  slcepest,  and  arise  from  the  dead,  iu>d  Christ 

shall  give  thee  light,  —  Eph.  v. 
Aioake  to  righteoupncss.  -~  1  Cor.  xr, 

A.  To  rise  from  the  dead.    Job  xiv. 

A-WAKE',  a.  Not  sleeping ;  in  a  state  of  vigilance 
or  action. 

A-WaK'£N,  (a-wa'kn,)  v.  t.  This  is  the  word  aaake, 
with  its  Saxon  infinitive.  It  is  transitive  or  intransi- 
tive, but  more  frequently  transitive,  as  awake  is 
more  frequently  intransitive.  Its  significations  are 
llie  same  as  those  of  awahr. 

A-VVAK'i:N-£D,  (a-wak'nd,)  pp.  Roused  from  sleep, 
in  a  natural  or  moral  sense. 

A-WAK'KN-KR,  n.    He  or  that  which  awakens. 

A-\V.AK'£iV-Ix\G,  ppr.  Rousing  from  sleep ;  excitmg; 
awaking. 

A-WaK'£N-IXG,  71.  A  revival  of  religion,  or  more 
general  attention  to  religion  than  usual. 

A-WaK'£N-ING-LY,  adv.    In  a  manner  to  awaken. 

A-WARD',  V.  1.  [Scot,  wardc,  detenuination  ;  Norm. 
garda,  award,  judgment ;  agardctz,  awarded.  See 
Guard  and  Regard.] 

To  adjudge;  to  give  bv  sentence  or  judicial  deter- 
mination ;  to  assign  by  sentence.  This  word  is  ap- 
propriately used  to  express  tlie  act  of  arbitrators  in 
pronouncing  upon  the  rights  of  parties;  as,  the  ar- 
bitrators awardul  damages  to  A.  B. 

A-WARD',  V.  i.    To  judge ;  to  determine  ;  to  make  an 

A-\VARD',  7(.  [aieard. 

i.' A  judgment,  sentence,  or  find  decision  ;  as, 
tlie  aieard  of  Pi  evidence,  tiie  award  of  posterity. 

2.  More  particularhj,  the  decision  of  arbitrators  in  a 
case  submitted. 

3.  The  paper  containing  the  decision  of  arbitrators. 


TC.Nn,  BULL,  IGNITE.  —  AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


la 


89 


AWK 

A-WARO'KD,  pp.  A(ijiulged,  or  given  by  judicial 
sentence,  or  by  the  decision  of  arbitrators. 

A-WARD'ER,  n.  One  timt  awmds,  or  assigns  by 
sentence  or  judicial  determination  ;  a  judge.  Thomson. 

A-WARD'ING,  7;/)r.  Adjudging;  assigning  by  judi- 
ciarsentence ;  determining. 

A-WaRE',  a.  [Sax.  g-ewarian,  to  Uike  care,  provide, 
avoid ;  to  preserve  or  defend ;  also,  covered,  pro- 
tected ;  warian^  to  beware  ;  war^  aware.  See  Ware 
and  War  v.] 

Watchful ;  vigilant ;  guarded  ;  but  more  strictly,  in 
modern  usage,  apijriaed  ;  expecting  an  event  from 
information,  or  probability  j  as,  the  general  was 
aware  of  the  enemy's  designs. 

A-WARN',  v.  U    To  warn  ;  which  see.         Speitser. 

A-Wa  V,  adv.  [Sax.  aweg,  absent,  a  and  weg,  way  ; 
also  onwcgy  away,  and  awegan,  to  avert.    See  Wav.] 

1.  Absent;  at  a  distance;  ns,  the  master  is  away 
from  home. 

Have  nie  away,  for  I  am  woundoit.  — 2  Cliron.  xxxv. 

2.  It  is  mnch  used  in  phrases  signifying  moving  or 
going  from  ;  as,  go  awoy,  send  away,  run  away,  Atc. ; 
ail  signifying  departure,  or  separation  to  a  distance. 
Sometimes  without  the  verb  ;  as,  whither  aicay  so 
fast  ?  Shak. 

Love  hath  wings,  and  will  away.  Waller. 

3.  As  an  exclamation,  it  is  a  command  or  invita- 
tion to  depart  ;  away,  that  is,  be  gone,  or  let  us  go. 

4.  With  verbs,  it  serves  to  modify  theii-  sense,  and 
form  peculiar  phrases  ;  as. 

To  throw  away  ;  to  cast  from,  to  give  up,  dissipate, 
or  foolishly  destroy. 

To  trijlc  away ;  to  lose  or  expend  in  trifles,  or  in 
idlenes^s. 

7'(>  drink  away,  to  squander  away,  Slc.  ;  to  dissipate 
in  drinking  or  extravagance. 

To  malce  away  jcith^  is  to  kill  or  destroy. 

5.  .dway  witk.  has  a  peculiar  signification  in  the 
phrase,  "I  can  not  away  with  it."  isa.  i.  The  sense 
is,  "  I  can  not  bear  or  endure  it." 

j3;raT/  vnth  one,  signifies,  take  him  away. 

A-WaY'WARD,  adv.     Away.  Ouwer. 

AWE,  (aw,)  j(.  [Dan.  avc,  feai-,  awe,  chastisement,  dis- 
cipline ;  ave,  to  chastise  or  coiTect ;  Gr.  «;  ao,  to  be 
astonished.  Qu.  Ir.  agk;  Sax.  cgc  or  oga,  fear  ;  Goth. 
agjan^  or  ogan,  to  dread.  It  w'ould  appear  that  the 
primaiy  sense  of  the  Dan.  is  to  strike,  or  check.] 

1.  Fear  mingled  with  admiration  or  reverence  ; 
reverential  fear. 

SuiDd  in  awe  and  Jiin  not.  —  Fs.  iv. 

2.  Fear;  dread  inspired  by  something  great,  or 
terrific. 

AWE,  V.  t.    To  strike  with  fear  and  reverence  ;  to  in- 
fluence by  fear,  terror,  or  respect;  as,  his  majesty 
awed  them  into  silence. 
A-WeA'RY,  a.    Weary;  which  see,  Shak. 

A-WEATH'ER,  (a-weth'er,)  ado.     [a  and  weather,] 
On  the  weatlier-side,  or  toward  the  wind  ;  as,  helm 
aweatlicr!  opposed  to  alec.  Mar.  Diet. 

AWE-eOM-aiAND'ING,  a.    Striking  with  or  influ- 
encing by  awe.  Gray. 
AW'jED,  (awd,)  pp.    Struck  with  fear ;  influenced  by 
"  fear  or  reverence. 
A-WEIGH',  (a-way',)  adv.     \a  and  weigh.] 

Atrip.  The  anchor  is  awcigh  when  it  is  just  drawn 
out  of  tlie  ground,  and  hangs  perpendicular.     [Sec 
Atrit.] 
AWE-INSPiR'ING,  a.    Impressing  with  awe. 

Bp.  Hobart. 
AWE'-STRUCK,  a.  Impressed  or  struck  with  awe. 
AW'FIJL,  a.    [awe  and  fall.]  [Milim. 

1.  That  strikes  with  awe  ;  that  fills  with  profound 
reverence  ;  as,  the  awful  majesty  of  Jehovah. 

S.  That  fills  with  teiTor  and  dread;  as,  the  ai/'/iiZ 
approach  of  death. 

3.  Struck  with  awe;  scrupulous. 

A  weak  anil  aioful  reverence  lor  antiquity.  Watts. 

Shakspeare  uses  it  for  obedient,  or  under  due  awe 
of  authority  or  dignity. 

Our  common  people  use  this  word  in  the  sense  of 
frightful,  ugly,  detestable. 
AW^F1JL-E5~£D,  (-ide,)  a.    Having  eyes  that  excite 

awe. 
AW'FUL-LY,  adv.    In  a  manner  to  fill  with  aw  e  ;  in 

a  reverential  manner. 
AW'FgL-NESS,  n. 

1.  The  quality  of  striking  with  awe,  or  with  rev- 
erence ;  solemnity  ;  as,  the  awfulness  of  this  sacred 
place. 

2.  The  state  of  being  struck  with  awe. 


A  help  to  pmycr,  proilucing 


I  Its  reverence  and  awjulness. 

Taylor. 


[JVot  legitimate.] 
A-WHaPE',  v.  t.     [W.  cwapiaw,  to  strike  smartly.] 

To  strike  ;  to  confound.     [06a-.]  Spenser. 

[This  is  our  vulgar  whop.] 
A-WHTLE',  adv.     [a  and  while,  lime,  or  interval.] 

A  space  of  time  ;  for  some  time ;  for  a  short  time. 
AWK,  a.     Odd ;  out  of  order.  VEstrangc. 

2.  Clumsy  in  i>erforniance,  or  manners;  unhandy  ; 
not  dextrous.     [Vulgar.] 
AWK'WARD,  a.     [awk  and  ward.] 


AXJ 

1.  Wantmg  dexterity  in  the  use  of  the  hands  or  of 
instruments  ;  unready  ;  not  dextrous  ;  bungling. 

Drydcn. 

2.  Inelegant;  unpolite ;  ungraceful  in  manners; 
clumsy.  Shak. 

y.  Unfavorable;  untoward  ;  adverse;  unfortunate. 

Siiak. 

AWK'WARD-LY,  ado.  Clumsily;  in  a  rude  or  bun- 
t;Iin^  nutnner;  inelegantly  ;  badly. 

AWK' WARD-NESS,  h.  Clumsiness  ;  ungracefulness 
in  manners ;  want  of  dexterity  in  tlie  use  of  the 
Iiands  or  instruments  ;  unsuitableness.     Addison. 

AWL,  7(.  [Sax.  (eZ,  an  awly  and  an  eel ;  Ger.  aide,  an 
awl,  and  aalj  an  eel ;  D.  cls^  an  awl ;  aal,  an  eel ; 
Dan.  aal^  an  eel ;  Ir.  ail,  a  sting  or  prickle.] 

An  iron  instnmient  for  piercing  small  holes  in 
leather,  for  sewing  and  stitching  ;  used  by  shoe- 
makers, saddlers,  &.c.  The  blade  is  either  straight, 
or  a  little  bent  and  flattened. 

AW'LESS,  a.     [awe  and  lejss.] 

1.  Wanting  reverence  ;  void  of  respectful  fear  ;  as, 
awless  insolence.  Drydcn. 

2.  Wanting  tiie  power  of  causing  reverence ;  not 
exciting  awe  ;  as,  an  awless  throne.  Hhak. 

AWL'-SHaP-£D,  f-shapt,)  a. 

1.  Having  the  shape  of  an  awl. 

2.  In  botany,  subulate;  slender,  anJ  '-«ring  to- 
ward the  extremity,  as  a  leaf. 

AWL'WORT,  n.     (awl  and  worf.     See  -Wort.] 

The  popular  name  of  the  Subiilaiia  aquatica ;  so 
called  from  its  awl-shaped  leav.'t;,  wliich  grow  in 
clusters  round  the  root.  It  is  a  native  of  Britain  and 
Ireland.  Encyc. 

AWM   } 
AIJM  '  1  "■     t^*  ^^^'■''  ^'  f*'""'] 

A  Dutch  liquid  measure,  containing  eight  steckans, 
or  twenty  verges  or  verteels,  varying  in  diflerent 
cities  from  37  to  41  English  wine  gallons. 

Arbutknot. 
A.WN,  n.     [Sw.  agn;  Gr.  a\i'a,  axvn.] 

The  beard  of  corn  or  grass  ;  a  slender,  sharp  pro- 
cess issuing  from  the  chaff"  or  glume  in  corn  jmd 
grasses.  Jilartyn. 

AWN'£D,  (awnd,)  a.    In  botany,  furnished  with  an 
"  awn,  as  a  glume. 
AWN'ING, )(.     [Goth,  halyan,  to  cover.] 

1.  A  cover  of  canvas,  to  shelter  from  the  sun's 
rays  ;  originally  employed  as  a  shelter  to  a  vessel's 
deck,  or  a  boat,  but  now  used  for  various  otlier  pur- 
poses ;  as  in  gardening,  for  protecting  plants,  and  in 
cities,  as  a  shade  around  buildings. 

2.  That  part  of  the  poop-deck  which  is  contmued 
forward  beyond  the  bulk-head  of  the  cabin. 

JIar.  Diet. 
AWN'LESS,  a.    Without  awn  or  beard. 
AWN'Y,  a.     Having  awns  ;  full  of  beard. 
A-WoKE'.     The  prct.  of  Awake. 
A-WORK',  adi\     [Sax.  geweorcin,  to  work.] 

At  work  ;  in,  or  into,  a  state  of  labor  or  action. 

Shak. 
A-WORK'ING,  adv.    At  work  ;  in,  or  into,  a  state  of 

working  or  action.  Hubberd^s  Tale. 

A-WR^',  a.  or  adv.  [Dan.  wide,  to  twist ;  vrieuj  twist- 
ed ;  Sw.  vrida;  Sax.  writhan,  to  writhe.] 

1.  Turned  or  twisted  toward  one  side  ;  not  in  a 
straight  or  true  direction,  or  position  ;  asquint ;  with 
oblique  vision;  as,  to  glance  a  look  awry,  the  lady's 
cap  is  awry. 

2.  In  a  Jig-iirative  scTise,  turned  aside  from  the  line 
of  tmth,  or  right  reason ;  perverse  or  perversely. 

Siduey.     Miltoii. 
AX,  n.    [improperly  written  Axe.]  [Sax.  <sx,  cax,  mse  ; 
G.  axt  i  Sw.  yxa;  Dan.  iixe;  L.  ascia ;  Gr.  a^tvn  ;  It. 


azza;  Eth. 


rh9P 


Jiatzt,  an  ax  ;  or  Ar.    y^>  hazia. 


to  cut  J  Ch.  and  Syr.  K3''i'n  hatiina,  an  ax.J 

An  instrument,  usuaUy  of  iron,  for  hewing  timber 
and  chopping  wood.  It  consists  of  a  head  with  an 
arching  edge,  and  a  helve  or  handle.  The  ax  is  of 
two  kinds,  the  broad  az  for  hewing,  and  the  narrow 
flx  for  rough-hewing  and  cutting.  T!h&  hatchet  is  a 
small  ax,  to  be  used  with  one  hand. 

AX-A-Ya'CATL,  7^  A  fly,  in  Mexico,  whose  eggs, 
deposited  on  rushes  and  flags,  in  large  quantities,  are 
sold  and  used  as  a  sort  of  caviare,  called  nhuauJuU. 
This  was  a  dish  among  the  Mexicans,  as  it  now  is 
among  the  Spaniards.  Clavigero. 

AX'-FORM,  _        }a,    in  botany,  having  a  re- 

AX'-SHaP-£D,  (-shapt,)  \  semblance  to  an  ax  or 
hatchet;  dolabriform. 

AX'-HEAD,  7t.  The  head  or  iron  of  an  ax.  2  Kings  vi. 

AX'-HELVE,  71.    The  handle  of  an  ax. 

AX'I-AIj,  a.     Pertaining  to  an  axis.  Prout. 

AX-IF'ER-OUS,  a.  A  term  appUed  to  plants  which 
consist  exclusively  of  an  axis,  without  leaves  or  other 
appendages.  Brande. 

AX'1-FORM,  a.     fL.  cx!.s-  and  fonna.] 

In  tlie  form  of  an  axis.  Enajc. 

AX'lIi,  )  n.     [L.  axilla  I  Ir.  asgal;  Fr.  aissellc;  D. 

AX-IL'LA,  \      Old,  Die  armpit;  Ch.  jnd  Heb.  ViN  to 
separate  or  set  apart ;  whence  '^h'^nti  armpits.] 
In  botany,  the  angle,  on  the  iippei;  side,  formed  by 


AXO 

a  branch  with  the  stem,  or  by  a  leaf,  or  its  petiole, 
with  the  stem  or  brand).  Milnr.     Danoin. 

AX'ILE,  G.  Lying  in  the  axis  of  any  thing,  or  from 
tlie  base  to  tlie  opposite  end ;  as  an  embryo  whicli 
lies  in  the  axis  of  a  seed.  Brande. 

AX'IL-LAR,      i  a.    Pertaining  to  the  axilla  or  arm- 

AX'IL-LA-RY,  j      pit. 

2.  In  botany,  situated  in,  or  rising  from,  the  axilla ; 
fonned  by  a  branch  with  the  stem,  as  a  leaf,  or  by  a 
leaf,  or  its  petiole,  with  the  stem  or  branch,  as  a 

AX'IN-ITE,  71.     [Gr.  ain-r;-,  an  ax.]  [tlower. 

A  mineral,  occurring  in  brilliant  glassy  crjstals, 
with  thin  and  sharp  edges,  somewhat  resembling  an 
ax.  It  consists  chiefly  of  silica,  alumina,  lime,  and 
oxide  of  iron.  It  is  the  thumerstone  of  Kirwan,  and 
has  been  also  called  yanolitc  and  violet  'schorl.  Dana. 

AX-IN'0-MAN-CY,  7i.'  [Gr.  a<ivn-,  an  ax,  and  pavrein, 
divination.] 

Auuing  the  ancients,  a  species  of  divination,  by 
means  of  an  ax,  or  hatchet,  performed  by  laying  an 
agate-.stone  on  a  red-hot  hatchet,  or  by  fixing  a  hatch- 
et on  a  round  stake,  so  as  to  be  poised;  then  the 
names  of  those  suspected  were  repeated,  and  he  at 
whose  name  the  hatcliut  moved,  was  pronounced 
guilty.  Encyc. 

AX'IOiM,  n.  [Gr.  ai_it,)iia,  authority,  an  authoritative 
sentence,  or  lliat  wliich  is  assumed,  from  (i^ci,  wor- 
thy, a<iou),  to  think  worthy,  to  esteem,  to  demand  ; 
Eng.  to  ask  [to  ri;]  that  which  is  asked,  sought,  or 
esteemed.] 

1.  A  self-evident  truth,  or  a  proposition  whose 
truth  is  so  evident  at  first  sight,  that  no  process  of 
reasoning  or  demont;tration  can  make  it  plainer  ;  as, 
•'  tjie  whole  is  greater  than  a  part."    Johnson.  Encyc. 

2.  An  established  principle  in  some  art  or  science  ; 
a  principle  received  without  new  proof.         Encyc. 

AX-I-O-MAT'IG,         I  a.  Pertaining  lo  an  axiom  ;  hav- 

AX-I-0-MAT'I€-AL,  (  ing  the  nature  of  self-evident 
truths  or  received  principles. 

Prcf.  to  Bacon-s  Aphorisms. 

AX-I-0-MAT'I€-AL-LY,  adv.     By  the  use  of  axioms. 

AX'I-O-PIST-Y,  71.     [Gr.  a^tos  and  Trifl-n?,  faith.] 
The  quality  which  i-enders  a  thing  worthy  of  be- 
lief; worthiness  of  credit. 

AX'IS,  n.j  pi.  Axes.  [L.  ;  Gr.  a^Mv ;  Russ.  os;  Sax. 
ex;  Fr.  axe,  or  aissicu^  cssieui  G.  acltse;  D.  as;  It. 
assc;  Sp.  eze  ;  Port,  r^u,  ciro.] 

1.  The  straight  line,  real  or  imaginary,  passing 
through  a  body,  on  which  it  revolves,  or  may  re- 
volve. 

Axis  of  the  earth  ;  the  imaginary  right  line  passing 
through  the  center  and  poles  of  the  earth,  on  which 
it  performs  its  diurnal  revolution  from  west  to  east. 

2.  In  geometry,  a  sti-aight  line  in  a  plane  figure, 
about  which  it  revolves  to  produce  a  solid. 

3.  In  conic  sections,  a  right  line  dividing  the  section 
into  two  equal  parts,  and  cutting  all  its  ordinates  at 
right  angles. 

4.  In  mechanics^  the  axis  of  a  balance,  is  that  line 
about  which  it  moves,  or  rather  turns. 

The  axis  of  oscillation,  is  a  right  line  paraflel  to  the 
horizon,  passing  through  the  center,  about  which  a 
pendulum  vibrates. 

The  axis  in  peritrochlo,  or  wheel  and  axle,  is  a  me- 
chanical power,  consisting  of  a  wheel  concentric 
with  a  cylindrical  axis,  with  which  it  revolves  ; 
the  power  being  applied  to  the  circumference  of 
the  wheel,  and  the  weight  to  that  of  the  axis. 

5.  Jn  optics,  a  particular  ray  of  light  from  any  ob- 
ject, which  falls  pei-pendicular!y  on  the  eye;  called, 
also,  the  optic  or  visual,  axis. 

C>.  In  architecture,  tlie  spiral  axis,  is  the  axis  of  a 
twisted  column  dmxvn  spiral!}'  in  order  to  trace  the 
cJrcuni%'ohuions  without. 

7.  In  botany,  tlit;  central  part  or  column  of  a  plant, 
around  which  the  other  parts  are  disposed,  corre- 
sponding to  the  vertebral  column  in  the  higher  orders 
of  animals  ;  divided  into  the  ascending  axis,  or  stem, 
and  the  descending  axis,  or  root,  which  are  united  by 
the  collet  or  neck.  The  term  is  also  applied,  in  a 
limited  sense,  to  the  central  column  in  some  modes 
of  inflorescence,  as  in  the  anient,  and  the  spike  of 
grasses. 

8.  In  anatomy,  the  term  axis  is  applied  to  the  second 
vertebra  of  the  neck,  called  also  vertebra  dcntata  : 
and  to  a  tooth-like  process,  (processns  dnUatus,)  on 
its  upper  surface,  which  passes  upwaid  thiough  the 
central  foramen  of  the  first  vertebr;i  or  atlas,  thus 
serving  as  a  pivot  on  which  Uie  latter  turns,  whence 
the  term. 

The  axis  of  the  Tonic  capital,  is  a  line  passing  per- 
pendicularly through  tlie  middle  of  the  eye  of  the 
volute. 

The  axis  of  a  vessel,  is  an  imaginary  riglit  line  paus- 
ing through  the  middle  of  it,  perjiendicular  to  its 
base,  and  equally  distant  from  its  sides. 

AX'LE-TREE  (  "•     [^^L"^- 'TJ^  "id  (7-cc.    See  Axis.] 
A  piece  of  timber  or  bar  of  iron,  fitted  for  insertion 

in  the  hobs  or  naves  of  wheels,  on  which  the  wheels 

turn. 
AX'O-LOTL,  7'.    The  name  of  a  batrachian  reptile, 

of  the  genus  Gyrinus,  found  in  the  Lake  of  Mexico, 

and  other  lakes  in  the  Mexican  Cordilleras.    It  is 


FaTE,  far,  FALL,  WHAT.— MeTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.— 


90 


B 


about  8  or  9  inche:J  in  length,  and  has  a  sjnoolh  skin 
of  a  deep  brown  color,  thickly  mottled  with  lilack. 
It  has  pcrni:inent  gills  or  branchiu;,  formed  of  three 
Ions,  nuniried  pnices^es  on  each  side  of  the  neck, 
and  also  lun;.'s  ;  and  thus,  like  the  Proteus  and  Siren, 
is  one  of  thf  true  iiup!ui>Ut.  P.  Cyc, 

AX-OT"  '-.MOL'S,  c.  [Gr.  ci|(o:',  axid,  and  rtucj,  to 
cleav,.J 

In  mtneralo^tj^  having  a  cleavage  with  a  single  face, 
perpendicuhLF  to  tlic  axis.  Shcpard, 

.VX'STONE,  n.  A  li::ht  green  or  greenish-gray  min- 
end,  remarkable  for  its  toughness ;  a  variety  of  jade 
or  nephrite.  It  is  used  by  some  savages,  particularly 
tbo  natives  of  the  South  Sea  Isles,  for  making  axes  or 
hatchets.  It  occurs  amorphous,  and  in  roliid  frag- 
ment->.  Dana. 

AX'UXtSE,  n.    [L.  axungia,]    Hog's  lard.  Ure. 

A  y,     I  (j^'e,)  ado.  [G.  I).  Dan.  S \v.  ja,  (  pron.  ya ;)  Dan. 

AYE,  t  eja ;  Com.  ia .-  Ar.  ya ;  Fr.  trui.  Il  may  be  a 
contracted  word.j 

Yes ;  yea ;  a  word  expressing  assent,  or  an  affirma- 
tive answer  to  a  question.  It  is  used  also  to  enforce 
the  sense  of  what  is  asserted,  equivalent  to  even  so, 
truluy  certainhj. 

[This  word  is  always  written  /,  in  the  old  editions 
of  Shakspeare.] 

AYE,  adr.  [Sa.x.  aa,  a,  or  atca  :  Or.  ait ;  Amh.  at,  con- 
tinually ;  u.  ecuir,  an  age  ;  Goth,  diw,  an  age,  eterni- 
ty j  L.  (Tciifrt,  which,  without  its  termination,  is  ^r, 
ffw,  a  contracted  word;  W.  hau^.  This  is  in  Sax. 
frt,  eternal ;  whence  fc-iMJ^e,  eternity,  from  ecan,  to 
increase,  extend  ;  Eng.  to  eAc] 
Always  ;  ever  ;  continually  ;  for  an  indefinite  time; 
For  a>ic ;  forever.  [usfd  in  poetry. 

AY'i-IREE.N',  n,     [aye,  ever,  and  oreen.j 

Tiie  huuse-Ieek,  (^scmptrrticurn  teetorum.) 

aYLE,  w.     In  late,  a  grandfather.    j^See  Bejatle.] 
iyrlt  of  mjle;  a  writ  in  lieu  ot  an  assize  of  viort 
d?ance^toT,  when  the  abatement  happens  on  the  death 
of  the  demandant's  grandfather  or  grandmother. 

Blad;ston€. 

AY  ME,  interj.  Used,  in  several  instances,  by  ftlilton, 
instead  of  ah  me  ! 

Ay  me  I  unhappy.  CoiRtu. 

aTT-RY.    See  Azrie. 
^VZ'A-ROLE,  ru     [Fr.  azerolc] 

The  Crahegiu  azarolusj  or  Neapolitan  medlar  j  a 
fruit-bearing  shrub,  allied  to  tliu  white  thorn 

AZ'I-MUTH,  n.     [Ar.  L%tfW  samatlia,  to  move  or  go 
s  o  ^ 
toward  ;  vl\^yMw  (!>•  semitaj)  a  way  or  path  :  with  a 
prefix.] 


B 


is  tiie  second  letter,  and  the  first  articulation,  or 

consonant,  in  the  English,  as  in  the  Hebrew, 
Greek,  Latin,  and  most  other  alphabets.  In  the 
Ethiopic,  il  ij  the  ninth  lc:ttcr,  and  ils  shape  is  that 
of  a  hut.  Perhaps  from  this  or  other  like  figure,  it 
received  its  Hebrew  n-ime,  betk^  a  house.  It  is  a 
mute  and  a  labial,  being  formed  by  pressing  the 
whole  length  of  the  lips  together,  as  in  pronoun- 
cing eb.  It  is  less  perfectly  mute  than  p,  as  may  be 
perceived  by  pronouncing  the  sjllables  ab  and  ap.  It 
is  convertible,  1st,  with  p,  as  in  t!ie  Celtic  ben  or  pen, 
a  mountain  ;  in  the  Englisli  beaJi  and  peaJi,  beck  and 
perJ: ;  3d,  with  v,  as  in  the  Gennan  s'dbcr^  for  sUccr  ; 
and  in  Spanish,  b  and  c  are  often  used  indifferently  ; 
3d,  with  /,  aa  in  English  bore,  and  Latin  foro  ; 
English  bear,  l^V.n  fero;  in  the  Celtic  bun,  hinaiUi, 
Imnait,  stock,  origin,  foundation  ;  English  found ; 
Latin  fundamenlum  ;  with  the  Greek  0,  as  Bd'tp^ 
for  'tiAirs-os  J  4th,  with  V  and  to  ;  as,  Irish  fior, 
Latin  verus  ,•  fear,  vir ;  Irish  buiacy  the  wick  of  a 
candle. 

The  Modern  Creek  B  is  always  pronounced  like 
the  English  V,and  the  Russian  B  corresponds  with  it. 

In  composition,  the  letter  B  is  changed  into  p  be- 
fore the  letter  p  ;  as  in  opprinw,  from  ob  and  premo ; 
appnno,  from  ob  and  pono;  into/,  before/,  as  in  offcro, 
from  ob  and/jrro;  into  c  before  e,  as  in  occidoj  from 
ob  and  cado,  and  ordo. 

As  a  numeral,  B  was  nsed  by  the  Hebrews  and 
Greeks,  a.-*  now  by  the  Arabians,  for  9 ;  by  the  Ro- 
mans for  300,  and  v/ith  a  dash  over  it,  thus,  B,  for 
3000.  B  is  used  also  as  an  abbreviation  ;  thus  B.  A. 
stand  for  hMhdor  of  arts ;  B.  L.  for  bachelor  of 
laiEsi  B.  D.  for  bachelor  of  divinity ;  B.  F.,  prefixed 
to  the  decrees  of  the  old  Romans,  for  bonum  factum. 
In  miisic,  E  stands  for  the  tone  above  A ;  Bfj,  for 
B  flat,  or  the  semitone  major  above  A.    B.  also 


BAB 

1.  In  astronomy, -an  aich  of  the  horizon  intercepted 
between  the  meridian  of  the  place  and  the  aziimdh 
or  vertical  circle  passing  through  the  center  of  any 
object. 

■2.  jMairnetkal  azimuth ;  an  arch  of  the  horizon,  in- 
tercepted between  the  azimuth  or  vertical  circle, 
pas;jing  through  the  center  of  any  heavenly  bmly 
and  the  magnetic  meridian.  This  is  found  by  ob- 
serving tlie  object  with  an  azimuth  compass. 

3.  Azimtiih  compass;  an  Instrument  for  finding 
either  the  magnetic  azimuth  or  amphtude  of  a 
heavenly  object. 

4.  ..izimutJi  dial ;  a  dial  whose  stile  or  gnomon  is  at 
right  angles  to  the  plane  of  the  horizon. 

5.  JizimutJis,  azimutli  ciixles,  or  vertical  circles,  are 
great  circles  of  the  sphere  intersecting  each  other  in 
the  zenith  and  nadir,  and  cutting  the  horizon  at  right 
angles.  On  charts,  these  azimuths  are  represented 
by  rhumbs,  and  on  the  globe,  by  the  quadrant  of 
altitude,  when  screwed  in  the  zenith. 

Encyc.     C'lainbers.    Johnson.     Bailey. 

AZ'I-MUTH-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  azimuth. 

A-Zo'IG,  a.     [Gr.  a  priv.  and  ^ur;,  lite.] 

Destitute  of  any  vestige  of  organic  life.       Dana. 

A-ZoTE',  H.  [Gr.  a  priv.  and  ^ojn,  life,  or  ^airiKos, 
vital.} 

In  chemistry,  an  element,  existing,  when  uncom- 
bined,  in  the  state  of  a  gas ;  called  azote,  from  its 
fatal  effects  upon  animal  life,  but  more  generally 
nitrogen,  from  its  forming  nitric  acid  by  combination 
with  oxygen.  It  exists,  together  with  oxj'gen,  in  at- 
mospheric air,  and  forms  about  seventy-nine  parts  in 
a  hundred  of  it,  by  volume.  Combined  with  hy- 
drogen, in  a  certain  proportion,  it  forms  ammonia; 
and  it  enters  into  the  composition  of  most  animal 
substances,  particularly  of  the  muscular  fiber. 

AZ'OTIl,  n.  In  alchemy,  the  first  principle  or  mercury 
of  metals;  the  liquor  of  sublimated  quicksilver; 
brass  ;  the  universal  remedy  of  Paracelsus. 

Coic.     (^aincy. 

A-ZOT'ie,  a.  Pertainmg  to  azote ;  formed  or  con- 
sisting^ of  azote  ;  as,  azotic  gas. 

AZ'0-TlTE,  ?(.  A  name  given  by  Thompson  to  a 
salt,  supposed  by  Davj-  to  be  formed  by  the  combina- 
tion of  nitrous  oxj-d  with  a  base,  and  called  by  him 
nitroxic. 

AZ'O-TIZE,  V.  t.  To  impregnate  with  nitrogen  or 
azote. 

AZ'0-TIZ-£D,  pp.    Impregnated  with  azote. 

AZ'0-TiZ-lNG,  jjpr.     Impregnating  with  azote. 

AZ'URE,  (azh'ur  or  a'zhur,)  a.  [Persic,  lazurd,  blue  ; 
Fr.  azur ;  Sp.  aznl,  or  azitr;  It.  azziirro ;  W.  asar, 
blue.    Hence  ^iuZ(,  in  lapis  lazuli.] 

Of  a  sky-blue;  resembling  the  clear  blue  color  of 
the  sky. 

AZ'IJRE,  (azh'ur  07- a'zhur,)  71,    The  line  blue  color 


B. 


stands  for  base,  and   B.   C.  for  basso  amtniao,  or 
tliorough  base. 

BXA,  71.    The  cry  or  ajipropriate  bleating  of  sheep. 

liXA,  V.  i.    To  cry  or  bleat  as  sheep. 

Ba'AL,  71.    [Oriental,  hv^  lord.] 

An  idol  among  the  ancient  Chaldeans  and  Syrians, 
representing  the  sun.  The  word  signifies  also  lord, 
or  commander ;  and  the  character  of  the  idol  was 
varied  by  different  nations,  at  different  times.  Thus 
Baal  Cerith  is  supposed  to  signify,  the  Lord  of  the 
Covenant;  Baal  Peor,  or  rather  Baal  Phegor,  the 
Lord  of  the  dead.  Ps.  cvi.  Baal  Zebub,  the  god  of 
flies,  &c. 

BAB'BLE,  V.  i.    [D.  babbden ;  Fr.  bubitler ;  properly,  to 
throw  out.] 

1.  To  utter  words  imperfectly  or  indistinctly,  as 
children.  Prior. 

2.  To  talk  idly  or  irrationally ;  to  talk  thought- 
lessly. Arbuthmt. 

J.  To  talk  much  ;  to  prate  :  hence,  to  toll  secrets. 

Skak. 
4.  To    utter    sounds    frequently,  incessantly,  or 
indistinctly ;  as,  a  babbling  echo  ;  a  babbling  stream. 
BAB'BLE,  I'.  (.    To  prate  ;  to  utter. 
B.AB'BLE,  71.    Idle  talk  ;  senseless  prattle.        S/iai. 
BAB'BLE-MENT,  n.    Idle  talk  ;  senseless  prate  ;  un- 
meaning words.  Jililtm. 
BAB'BLER,  71.    An  idle  talker;  an  iiTational  prattler; 

a  teller  of  secrets. 
BAB'BLING,  ppr.  or  a.    Talking  idly  ;  telling  secrets. 

2.  Uttering  a  succession  of  nuirmuring  sounds  ; 
as,  a  babbling  stream. 

3.  In  hunting,  babbling  is  when  the  hounds  are 
too  busy  after  they  have  found  a  good  scent. 

BAB'BHiVG,  n.     Foolisii  talk.     1  Tim.  vi. 
BABE,  77.     [Ger.   bube,  a   boy  ;  Ir.   baban ;  D.   babijn  ; 
Syr.  babia ;  Phenician,  babian  ;  Ar.  babah,  a  babe,  an 


BAB 

of  the  sky.  This  word  was  formerly  applied  to  the 
lopis  laiii!i,  and  the  color  prepared  from  it.  Cut  it  ii 
now  applied  to  tlic  blue  extracted  from  cobalt,  though 
somewhat  a  different  color;  the  blue  of  the  lapu 
lazuli  is  called  ultramarine.  The  term  azure  is  ap- 
plied also  to  the  blue  qiass  made  of  the  oxyd  of 
cobalt  and  vitiifiable  substances,  when  reduced  to 
fine  powder.    When  in  masses,  it  is  called  ^mo/i. 

Encyc 

2.  The  sky,  or  azure  vault  of  heaven. 

3.  In  heraldry,  a  blue  color  in  coats  of  all  persons 
under  the  degree  of  baron.  Jones. 

The  term  azure,  in  heraldry,  denotes  a  blue  color 
generally,  not  only  in  the  arms  of  jUl  degrees  of  per- 
sons, but  in  those  of  states,  cities,  and  cominunilit.s. 
The  limitation  of  azure  to  the  anus  of  gentlemen,  of 
sapphire  to  lliosi^  of  noblemen,  and  of  Jupiter  to  thn-e 
of  sovereign  princes,  oi  the  mode  of  Ulazoninu'  by 
tinctures,  precious  stones,  and  planets,  in  those  three 
degrees  respectively,  is  not  generally  admitted. 

Ed.  Encyc. 

AZ'tIRE,  (azli'ur  or  a'zhur,)  v.  t.    To  color  blue. 

AZ'URJ^D,  (azh'urd  or  a'zhurd,)  a.  Colored  azure  ; 
being  of  anazure  color.  Sidney.     Shak. 

AZ'URE-SToNE,  n.  A  synonym  of  the  lapis  lazuli, 
and  also  of  the  lazulile. 

AZ'tJRE-TINT-ED,  a.    Having  a  lint  of  azure  color. 

AZ'IJU-ITE,  ;(.  A  synonym  of  the  lazulite,  and  also 
of  the  blue  malachite. 

AZ'UKN,  a.     Of  a  blue  color.     [Littie  vsed.] 

JiTdUfR. 

AZ'Y-GOS,  a.    [Gr.  a  priv.  and  \,uyov,  a  yoke.] 

In  anatomy,  a  term  applied  to  certain  parts  or  or- 
gans, which  have  no  fellow,  or  are  not  one  of  a  pair. 
These  parts  are  situated  in  or  near  the  mesial  plane 
of  the  body. 

Azyfros  muscle;  a  muscle  extending  along  the  mid- 
dle of  the  soft  palate  and  uvula,  which  draws  the 
latter  organ  upward  and  forward. 

Jizyg OS  process;  a  spinous  process  in  the  middle  of 
the  anterior  and  inferior  smfaces  of  the  sphenoid^ 
bone,  uniting  with  thu  vomer  and  the  nasal  plate  of 
the  ethmoid  bone. 

Azifgos  vein,  (vena  az7j^os;)  a  vein  which  com- 
mences, in  the  lumbar  region,  by  anastomosis  with 
tlie  inferior  vena  cava,  or  some  of  its  branches,  and, 
extending  upward  along  the  right  and  anterior  part 
of  the  spine,  terminates  in  the  superior  vena  cava, 
a  little  above  the  pericardium. 

AZ'YME,  n.  [Fr.]  [See  Azvmous.]  Unleavened 
hrrad.     [JVot  in  use.] 

AZ'Y-IVilTE,  n.  [See  Azymous.]  In  church  history, 
a  term  applied  to  Christitins  who  administer  the 
Eucharist  with  unleavened  bread.  Encyc 

AZ'Y-MOUS,  a.     [Gr.  u  |)riv.  and  ^vpi),  leaven.] 
Unleavened  ;  unfermeuled ;  as  sea-biscuit.  J3sh. 


infant.    Ar.  (j^wftjlj  babos,  or  baboson,  the  young  of 

man  or  beast ;  Svr.  babosa,  a  little  child.  Il  is  re- 
markable that  iliis  Syriac  and  Arabic  word  for  an 
infant,  is  retained  bv  the  natives  of  America,  who 
call  an  infant  pappoo's.  h.  pupus,  a  word  nf  endear- 
ment; pupa,  little  girl;  whence  pupillus,  pvpUla, 
pupil.    Ar.  bobohon,  tlie  beginning  of  youth;    Gr. 

0aflai,  and  rra^ai ;  Ar.  L  U  haba,  to  say  baba,  that 

is,  father ;  papa,  a  word  taken  from  the  first  attempts 
of  children  to  pronounce  the  name  of  a  parent.] 
An  infant;  a  young  child  of  either  sex, 

Ba'BEL,  7i.    [Heb.]    Confusion  ;  disorder.   Beaumont. 

BaB'ER-V,  71.  Finery  to  please  a  chdd  ;  any  trifimg 
tov  for  children.  Sidney. 

BAli'ISH,  a.    Like  a  babe;  childish.  .^scktKn. 

BaB'ISH-LY,  fl'/y.     Ciiildislily. 

BaB'ISH-NESS,  n.    Cliildishness. 

BAB-OON',  n.  [Fr.  baboiun,  so  called  from  its  resem- 
blance to  a  babe.  This  name  seems  to  have  origina- 
ted in  the  Oriental  babiou.  papio.     See  Bai-.e.] 

A  name  common  to  several  of  the  larger  siwcics 
of  monkeys,  belon-jing  to  the  genus  Snnia,  m  the 
class  Mammalia,  and  order  prmiates,  accordm?  to 
the  system  of  Linnieus  ;  but  more  receiiHy  consid- 
ered as  forming  a  distinct  genus  in  Ihe  order  Uuad- 
nmiana  and  family  Simia;.  Baboons  have  short  tails; 
a  lon^  face  ;  a  broad  ht^h  muzzle  ;  dog-like  tusks,  or 
canine  teeth;  and  naked  c-dlosities  on  the  bultocks. 
They  are  found  only  on  the  eastern  coniment  and 
adjacent  islands.  Encyc     Ed,  Encyc. 

BAB'LAH,  «.  The  rind  or  shell  ol  tlie  fm.t  of  the 
Mimosa  cineraria.  Tt  contains  gallic  acid  and  lannm. 
and  has  been  used  in  dymg  drab.  i-re. 


TtNE,  BJJLL,  IGNITE. -AN^GER,  VI"CI0US.-€  aa  K  ;  G  aa  J ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  YH  as  m  THIS. 


91 


BAC 

Ba'BY,  a.  Like  a  young  child  ;  pertaining  to  an  ■ 
infant. 

Ba'BY,  n.  [See  Babe.]  An  infant  or  young  child  of 
either  sex  ;  a  babe  ;  \jiLsed  infamiliaT  langua^eJ] 

2.  A  small  inia'_'e  in  form  of  an  infant,  for  girls  to 
play  with  ;  a  doll. 

Ba'BV,  v.  u    To  treat  like  a  young  child.       Yornig. 

Ba' BY-HOOD,  71.    The  Ptate  of  being  a  babv.    A.^h, 

BA'BY-HOt'SE,  71.  A  place  for  children's  dolls  and 
babies.  Swift. 

Ba'BY-ISH,  a.    Like  ababv;  childish. 

BAB-Y-Lo'NI-AN,  \  a.     Pertaining  to   Babylon,  the 

BAB-Y-Lo'NISH,    \      capital  of  the  ancient  kingdom 

of  Babylonia,  or  to  the  kingdom.     The  city  stood  on 

the  River  Frat,  or  Euphrates,  and,  it  is  supposed,  on 

the  spot  where  the  tower  of  Babel  was  founded. 

9.  Like  the  language  of  Babel  ;  mixed  :  confused. 

BAB-Y^-LO'NI-AN,  7(.  An  inhabitant  of  Babylonia, 
In  ancient  writers,  an  astrologer,  as  the  Chaldeans 
were  remarkable  for  the  study  of  astrology-. 

BAB-Y-LO\'I€,         )a.     PertJiining  to   Babylon,   or 

B.-UJ-Y-LOX'ie-AL,  i      made  there;     as,  Babxjlonic 

garments,  carpets,  or  hangings.  Enajc. 

•J.  Tumultuous  ;  disorderly.  Hnrringtou. 

BAC-Y-LON'ieS,  71,  pi.  The  title  of  a  fragment  of 
the  history  of  the  world,  ending  267  years  before 
Christ,  composed  by  Berosus,  a  priest  of  Babylon. 

Enciic, 

BAB-Y-ROUS'SA,  ti.  In  zoology-,  the  Indian  hog,  a 
natiye  of  Celebes  and  of  Buero,  but  not  found  on  the 
continent  of  .^sia,  or  of  Africa.  This  quadruped  be- 
longs to  the  genus  Sus,  in  the  class  Mammalia,  and 
order  Bollua;  of  Linnaeus.  From  the  outside  of  the 
upper  jaw  spring  two  teeth  twelve  inches  long,  bend- 
ing like  horns,  and  almost  touching  the  forehead. 
Along  the  back  are  some  weak  bristles,  and  on  thr 
rest  of  the  body  only  a  sort  of  wool.  These  animals 
live  in  herds,  (cai  on  herbage,  are  sometimes  tamed, 
and  tlieir  flesh  is  well  lasted.  When  pursued  hard, 
they  rusli  into  the  sea,  swim  or  dive,  and  pass  from 
isle  to  isle.  In  the  forest  they  rest  their  heads  by 
hooking  their  upper  tusks  on  a  bough.  Encyc. 

BA'BY-SillP,  71.    The  state  or  condition  of  a  baby. 

BACK  (  "•     t^"  *'^^'  ^  ^^^^^  ^'^  cistern.] 

1.  In  navigation,  a  ferrj'-boat  or  praam. 

2.  In  brciciii^,  a  large,  flat  tub,  or  vessel,  in  which 
wort  is  cooled  before  boiling ;  hence  called  a  cooler. 

3.  In  distilleries,  a  vessel  into  which  the  liquor  to 
be  fermented  is  pumped  from  the  cooler,  in  order  to 
be  worked  with  the  yeast. 

DACCA,  71.  [L.]  In  botany,  a  bcny ;  a  fruit  which 
consists  of  a  pulpy  pericarp,  without  valves,  inclos- 
ing several  naked  seeds.  JSIilne. 

BAC-CA-LAU'RE-ATE,  ti.  [The  first  part  of  this 
word  is  from  the  same  root  as  bachelor;  or,  as  Bailey 
supposes,  from  baeca^  berrj' ;  and  the  latter  part  from 
laurea,  a  laurel,  from  the  practice  of  wearing  a  gar- 
land of  bay  berries.] 
The  degree  of  bachelor  of  arts. 

BACCATE,  a.  In  botany,  consisting  of  a  berry,  as  a 
fruit;  becoming  succulent,  and  inclosing  the  seed, 
and  thus  resembling  a  berry,  as  the  calyx  or  recep- 
tacle,in  some  plants. 

BACCa-TED,  a.     [L.  baccatus^  garnished  with  pearls, 
from  bacca,  a  berry.] 
Set  or  adorned  with  pearls ;  having  nian'v  berries. 

BACCHA-NAL,  /  n.  [from  Bacchus,  Gr.  liaKX^i, 

BAC-CUA-Na'LI-AN,  (  the  doity  of  wine  and  rev- 
eling. Qu.  Ir.  back,  drunk ;  or  D.  bak,  howl  ;  L. 
poculum ;  Gyp.  bechari,  a  cup ;  or  from  raging,  rev- 
eling.] 

One  who  indulges  in  drunken  revels  ;  a  drunkard ; 
one  who  is  noisy  and  riotous  when  intoxicated. 

BA€'CHA-NAL,  j  0.    Reveling  in  intemperate 

BAC-GHA-Na'LI-AN,  J      drinking;  riotous;  noisy. 

BAC-CHA-Na'LI-AN.  a.  Pertaining  to  reveling  and 
dnmkenness. 

Eveu  oacchanoiian  madness  has  its  channs.  Cotoper. 

BAC-CHA-Na'LI-AN-LY,  adv.  In  the  manner  of 
bacchanals. 

BAC'CHA-.XALS,       in.   pi      Drunken    feasts;    the 

BAC-CHA-Na'LLA,  i  revels  of  bacchanalians.  In 
antiquity,  feasts  in  honor  of  Bacchus,  the  god  of 
wine.  Tliese  were  celebrated  in  spring  and  autumn, 
with  games  and  shows.  Encyc. 

BACCHANT,     {  n.    A  mad  priest  or  priestess  of  Bac- 

BACCHANTE,  \      chus. 

BACCHIC,  a.  Jovial ;  dmnken ;  mad  with  intoxi- 
cation. 

2.  Relating  to  Bacchus,  the  god  of  wine  j  as,  a 
hacchic  feast,  or  song ;  haccluc  mysteries. 

Faber.     Encyc. 

BACCHI'US,  V.  In  ancient  poetry,  a  foot  composed 
of  a  short  syllable  and  two  long  ones  ;  as  in  avar'i. 

Encyc. 

BACCHUS,  n.  The  god  of  wine,  and  son  of  Jupiter 
and  Semele,  daughter  of  Cadmus. 

BAC-CIF'ER-OUS,  a.  [L.  bacdfer,  of  iacca,  a  berry, 
and /(TO,  to  bear.] 

That  produces  berries.  [See  Bacca.]  Baceifcrous 
plants,  in  some  of  the  earlier  systems  of  botany,  in- 
cluded all  stii'h  plants  as  have  a  pulpy  fruit,  whetliur 


BAC 

of  the  apple,  berry,  or  cherry  kind ;  but  in  others, 
comprehended  such  plants  only  as  bear  the  pulpy 
pericarp,  called  bacca,  or  berry.  jifilne, 

BAC-CIV'O-ROUS,  a.  [L.  bacca,  beiTV,  and  vora,  to 
eat.] 

Eating  or  subsisting  on  berries ;  as,  bacctvorom 
birds. 

BACH'E-LOR,  n.  [Fr.  bachrlicr;  Sp.  bachiller,  a  bach- 
elor of  arts  and  a  babbler ;  Port.  barJtarel,  id.,  and 
baccUo,  a  shoot  or  twig  of  tlie  vine  ;  It.  bacccllicrc,  a 
bachelor  of  arts  ;  bacchio,  a  slaft";  bacchrtta,  a  rod  ;  L. 
bacillus,  a  stick,  that  is,  a  shoot ;  Fr.  bachdette,  a 
damsel,  or  young  woman;  Scot,  batch,  a  child;  W. 
bacgcn,  a  boy,  a  child  ;  bacgencs,  a  young  girl ;  from 
&rtc,  small.  This  word  has  its  origin  in  the  name  of 
a  child,  or  young  person  of  either  sex,  whence  the 
sense  of  babbling  in  the  Spanish.  Or  both  senses  are 
rather  from  shooting,  protruding.] 

1.  A  young  man  wlio  has  not  been  married. 
9.  A  man  of  any  age,  who  has  not  been  married ; 
often  with  the  word  old. 

3.  A  person  who  has  taken  the  first  degree  in  the 
liberal  arts  and  sciences,  at  a  college  or  university. 
This  degree,  or  honor,  is  called  the  baccalaureatr. 
This  title  is  given  also  to  such  as  take  the  first  de- 
gree in  divinity,  law,  or  physic,  in  certain  European 
universities. 

4.  A  knight  of  the  lowest  order,  or,  more  correctly, 
a  young  knight,  styled  a  fc^iight  bachelor.  The  Ger- 
mans anciently  constituted  their  young  men  knights 
or  soldiers,  by  presenting  to  them  a  shield  and  a 
lance,  in  a  great  council.  This  ceremony  answered 
to  that  of  the  toga  virilis  of  the  Romans.  In  the 
livery  companies  of  London,  tiiose  persons  not  yet 
admitted  to  tlie  liverv  are  called  bachelors. 

B.\CH'E-LOR-SHIP,  n.  The  state  of  being  a  bach- 
elor. 

9.  The  state  of  one  who  has  taken  his  first  degree 
in  a  college  or  university. 

BACK,  Ti.  [Sax.  bac,  bac;  Dan.  hag;  Sw.  bak;  and 
Sw.  bacJce,  bakJce,  a  hill,  a  clod  or  lump.  The  sense 
probably  is  a  ridge,  like  the  Ger.  rucken,  D.  ruff,  ap- 
plied to  the  shoulders,  or  to  the  back  of  a  beast!] 

1.  The  upper  part  of  an  animal,  particularly  of  a 
quadruped,  whose  back  is  a  ridge.  In  human  beings, 
the  hinder  part  of  the  body. 

9.  The  outward  or  convex  part  of  the  hand,  op- 
posed to  the  inner,  concave  part,  or  palm. 

3.  As  the  back  of  a  man  is  the  part  on  the  side  op- 
posite to  the  face,  hence  the  part  opposed  to  the 
front ;  as,  the  back  of  a  book,  and  of  a  chimney,  or 
the  back  of  a  house. 

4.  The  part  opposite  to  or  most  remote  from  that 
w^hich  fronts  the  speaker  or  actor,  or  tiie  part  out  of 
sight ;  as,  the  back  of  an  isle,  of  a  wood,  of  a  village. 

6.  As  tlie  back  is  the  strongest  part  of  an  animal, 
and  as  the  hack  is  behind  in  motion,  hence  the 
thick  and  strong  part  of  a  cutting  tool ;  as,  the  back 
of  a  knife,  or  of  a  saw. 

6.  The  place  behind  or  nearest  the  back ;  as,  on 
the  tact  of  a  bill,  or  of  a  village. 

7.  The  outer  part  of  the  body,  or  the  whole  body  ; 
a  part  for  the  whole ;  as,  he  has  not  clothes  to  liis 
back. 

8.  To  turn  tJic  back  on  one,  is  to  treat  with  contempt, 
to  forsake,  or  neglect  him.  South. 

9.  Tv  turn  tlie  back  to  one,  to  acknowledge  to  be 
superior. 

10.  To  turn  the  baeJi,  is  to  depart,  or  to  leave  the 
care  or  cognizance  of;  to  remove  or  be  absent. 

Duties. 

11.  Behind  tJte  back,  is  in  secret,  or  when  one  is 
absent. 

19.  To  cast  behind  the  hacK,  in  Scripture,  is  to  forget 
and  forgive.  Is.  xxxviii.  17  ;  or  to  treat  with  con- 
tempt.   Ez.  xxiii.  35.    Neh.  i.x.  26. 

13.  To  plow  the  back,  is  to  oppress  and  persecute. 
Ps.  cxxix. 

14.  To  botP  tiie  bade,  is  to  submit  to  oppression. 
Rom.  xi.  10. 

BACK,  adv.  To  the  place  from  whicn  one  came ;  as, 
to  go  back,  is  to  return. 

2.  In  ajigurativc  sense,  to  a  former  state,  condition, 
or  station  ;  as,  he  can  not  go  back  from  his  engage- 
ments. 

3.  Behind  ;  not  advancing ;  not  coming  or  bring- 
ing forward  ;  as,  to  keep  back  a  part ;  to  keep  one's 
self  back. 

4.  Toward  times  or  things  past ;  as,  to  look  back 
on  former  ages. 

o.  Again  ;  in  return  ;  as,  to  give  back  the  money. 

6.  To  go  or  come  back,  is  to  return,  either  to  a  for- 
mer place  or  state. 

7.  To  go  or  give  back,  is  to  retreat,  to  recede. 
BACK,  V.  t.    To  mount ;  to  get  upon  the  back  ;  some- 
times, perhaps,  to  place  upon  the  back ;  as,  to  back  a 
horse.  Shak. 

2.  To  support ;  to  maintain  ;  to  second  or  strength- 
en by  aid  ;  as,  the  court  was  backed  by  the  House  of 
Commons.  Dnjden. 

3.  To  ]iut  backward  ;  to  cause  to  retreat  or  recede ; 
as,  to  hack  o\en. 

4.  To  back  a  vnrrant,  is  for  a  Justice  of  the  peace, 
in  the  county  where  the  waiTant  is  to  be  executed. 


BAG 

to   sign  or  indorse  a  wanant,  issued   in  another 
county,  to  apprehend  an  otfender.  Blackstune. 

.'i.  In  seamanship,  to  back  on  anchor,  is  to  lay  down 
a  small  anchor  ahead  of  a  large  one.  The  cable  of  the 
small  one  being  fastened  to  the  crown  of  the  large 
one,  to  prevent  its  coming  home. 

6.  To  back  astern,  in  rowing,  is  to  manage  the  oars 
in  a  direction  contrary'  to  the  usual  method,  so  as  to 
move  a  boat  stem  foremost. 

To  hack  the  oars  ;  to  row  backw'ard  with  the  oars. 

7.  To  back  the  sails,  is  to  arrange  them  so  as  to 
take  out  the  wind,  and  thus  to  cause  the  ship  to  move 
astern.  Jilar.  Diet-. 

8.  To  back  tliejicld,  in  horse-racing,  is  to  bet  against 
a  particular  horse  or  horses,  that  some  one  of  all  the 
other  horses  in  the  field  will  beat  them. 

Racing  Calendar. 

BACK,  r.  i.  To  move  or  go  back  ;  as,  the  hoise  re- 
fuses to  back.  Encyc. 

DACK'BITE,  V.  t.  [back  and  bitr.]  To  censure,  slan- 
df^r,  reproach,  or  spealc  evil  of  the  absent.    Prov.  sxv. 

BACK'BIT-ER,  ti.  One  who  slanders,  calumniates, 
or  spraks  i!i  of  the  absent. 

BACK'BlT.IXG,7i.  The  act  of  slandering  the  absent ; 
secret  calumny.    2  Cor.  xii. 

BACK'BIT-ING-LY,  adv.    With  secret  slander. 

Barret. 

BACK'BoARD,  v.  [back  and  hoard.]  A  board  placed 
across  the  after  part  of  a  boat  for  the  passengers  to 

*  lean  against. 

2.  A  board  attached  to  the  rim  of  a  water-wheel, 
to  prevent  the  water  from  running  olT  the  floats  or 
paddles,  into  the  interior  of  the  wheel.    Jv^ichvlson, 

BACK'DoNE,  7?.  [back  and  bone.]  The  bone  of  the 
bark,  or  the  spine. 

BACK'BOX-ES,  n.  pi.  The  boxes  on  the  top  of  iht* 
upper  case  used  fur  printers'  tyi>es,  usually  appropri- 
ated to  small  capitals. 

BACK'CAR-Rl',  ti.  A  having  on  the  back  ;  a  term 
of  law. 

BACK'DoOR,  n.  [back  and  door.]  A  door  on  the  back 
part  of  a  building;  a  private  passage;  an  indirect 
way. 

BACk'£D,  (bakt,)  pp.  ^Mounted  ;  having  on  the 
back  ;  supported  by  aid  ;  seconded ;  moved  back- 
ward. 

BACK'iHJj  (bakt,)  a.  IIa\ing  a  back  ;  a  word  used  in 
composition  ;  as,  hroad-backcd,  hump-hacked. 

BACK'ER,  71.  One  who  backs  or  supports  Einother 
in  a  contest. 

9.  In  architecture,  a  small  slate  laid  on  the  back  of 
a  large  one  at  certain  points.  Brande, 

BACK'FRIEND,  7t.  [hack  and  friend,]  A  secret 
enemy.  South. 

BACK-GAM'MOX,  w.  [W.  hac,  small,  and  camniaun, 
conflict,  battle;  camp,  a  game.] 

A  game  played  by  two  persons,  upon  a  table,  with 
box  and  dice.  The  table  is  in  two  parts,  on  which 
are  24  black  and  white  spaces,  called  points.  Eacli 
player  has  15  men  of  dilierent  colors  for  the  purpose 
of  distinction.  Encyc. 

B.\CK'GROUKD,  n.  [back  and  ground.]  Ground  in 
llic  rear  or  behind,  as  opposed  to  the  front. 

2.  A  place  of  obscurity,  or  shade ;  a  situation  little 
seen,  or  noticed. 

BACK'IIAND-ED,  a.  [back  and  liand.]  With  the 
hand  turned  backward  ;  as,  a  bacluianded  blow. 

BACK'HAJVD-ED,  adv.  Witli  the  hand  directed  back- 
ward ;  as,  to  strike  bacJchnndeA. 

BACK'H0USE,7i.  [back  and  Imtse.]  A  building  be- 
hind the  main  or  front  building  ;  a  necessaiy. 

BACK'ING,  ppr.  Mounting  ;  ~  moving  back,  as  a 
horse ;  seconding. 

BACK'ING,  71.  In  horsemanship,  the  operation  of  break- 
ing a  colt  for  the  saddle.  Gilbert. 

2.  In  book-binding,  the  preparing  of  the  back  of  a 
book  with  glue,  &;c.,  before  putting  on  the  cover. 

BACK'ING-UP,  71.  A  term  used  in  cricket  and  other 
games,  for  stopping  the  ball  and  driving  it  back. 

BACK'P.AlNT-IXG,  7(.  [back  and  pai.n.]  The  meth- 
od of  painting  mezzotinto  prints,  pasted  on  glass  of 
a  size  tofit  the  print.  Encyc, 

BACK'PIkCE,  7?.  [hacJi  and  piece.]  The  piece  of  ar- 
mor which  covers  the  back. 

BACK'RE-TURN,  71.    Repeated  rt  turn.  Shak. 

BACK'-ROOM,  71.  [hack  and  room.]  A  room  behind 
the  front"  room,  or  in  the  back  jiart  of  the  house. 

BACKS,  ;i.  pL  Among  dealers  in  leather,  the  thick- 
est and  stoutest  hidesj^used  for  sole  leather. 

Enrj/e. 

BACK'SET,  a.    [back  and  set.]     Set  upon  in  the  rear. 

./Anderson. 

BACK'SET,  77.  A  check  to  the  progress  oi  any  thing ; 
a  n-Iapse.     [ScoH/^A.] 

B.-VCK'SIDE,  71.  [back  and  side,]  The  back  p.-.rt  of 
anything;  the  part  behind  that  which  is  presented 
to  the  face  of  a  spectator.    Ex.  iii. 

2.  The  hind  part  of  an  animal. 

3.  The  yard,  ground,  or  place  behind  a  house. 
BACK-SLIDE',  v.  i.     [back  and  slide.]     To  fall  off;  to 

apostatize ;    to  turn   gradually   from   the  faiUi  and 
practice  of  Christianity.    Jcr.  iii.    llos.  iv. 
BACK-SLlD'ER,  7i.    An  apostate ;  one  who  falls  from 
the  faith  and  practice  of  religion.    Prov.  xiv. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PREY.  — PL\E,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DO\'E,  MOVE.  WOLF,  BOOK. 


QU 


BAC 


BAF 


BAI 


2.  One  who  neglects  his  vows  of  obedience  and 
falls  into  sin. 

BACK-SLID'IXG,  ».  The  act  of  apostatizing  from 
faith  or  practice ;  a  falling  insensibly  from  religion 
into  sin  or  idolatn".    Jer.  v.  6. 

BACK-SLID'ING-XESS,  n.    The  suite  of  backsliding. 

B\CK'ST-\FF,  ».  [iack  and  staff,  so  called  from  its 
being  used  with  the  observer's  back  toward  the 
sun.] 

A  quadrant;  an  instrument  for  taking  the  sun's 
altitude  at  sea  ;  called  also,  from  its  inventor,  Davis's 
ouadranL  Enrijc- 

BACK'STMRS,n.pL  [Joct  and  stars.]  Stairs  iu  the 
back  part  of  a  house  ;  private  stairs ;  and  fgurG;ice!y, 
a  private  or  indirect  wav. 

B.^CK'ST.XYS,  n.  pL  [hark  and  stay.]  Long  ropes 
or  stays  estending  from  the  top-mast  heads  to  both 
sides  of  a  ship,  slanting  a  little  aft,  to  assist  the 
shrouds  in  supporting  the  mast,  when  strained  by  a 
weight  of  sail,  and  prevent  it  from  giving  way  and 
faUing  overboard.  Mar.  Diet, 

B\CK'iToXE,  II.  The  heated  stone  on  which  oat- 
cake is  baked.  ^'''rth  of  England. 

B  ACKSWORD,  n.  [iaei  and  sreord.]  A  sword  with 
one  sharp  edge.  In  England,  a  stick  with  a  basket 
handle,  used  in  rustic  amusements.         Arbuthnot. 

B.-i.CK'W-\RD,  o/(c.  [back  and  u:ard.  See  Ward.] 
With  the  back  in  advance  ;  as,  to  move  backward. 

S.  Toward  the  back  ;  as,  to  throw  the  arms  hack- 
vard :  to  move  backicard  and  forward. 

3.  On  the  back,  or  with  the  back  downward  ;  as, 
to  fall  backward. 

4.  Toward  past  times  or  events  j  as,  to  look  back- 
ward on  the  history  of  man. 

5.  By  v.-av  of  reflection  -,  reflexively.         DavUs. 

6.  From  a  better  to  a  worse  state ;  as,  public  affairs 
go  bachcard, 

7.  In  time  past ;  as,  let  us  look  some  ages  backward, 
S,  Perversely  ;  from  a  wrong  end. 

1  ncTCT  ycl  aaw  mtn,  but  sbe  vjJlii  eftfli  him  fcacitoon/.  Shnk, 

9.  Toward  the  beginning ;  in  an  order  contrary  to 
the  natural  order ;  as,  to  read  backward, 

10.  In  a  scriptural  sense,  to  go  or  turn  backward,  is 
to  rebel,  apostatize,  or  relapse  into  sin  or  idolatry'.  Is.  i. 

11.  Contrarily  ;  in  a  contrary  manner.         Stcifi. 
To  be  driven  or  turned  backward,  is  to  be  defeated, 

or  disappointed.    Ps.  sJ. 

To  turn  judgment  backward,  is  to  pervert  justice 
and  laws.     Is.  lii. 
B.\CK'W.\RD,  a,     Cnwilling  ;  averse  ;  reluctant ; 
hesitating. 

For  wiser  tjn3t««  are  badcitard  to  be  ilaTes.  Pop*. 

•2.  Slow;  sluggish;  dilator}'. 

Tlie  mind  is  hackvard  to  undergo  th^-  Enigue  of  weighio«r  e»ery 
arjumeii'..  Warn. 

3.  Dull ;  not  quick  of  apprehension  ;  behind  in 
progress  ;  as,  a  backward  learner. 

4.  Late  ;  behind  in  time  ;  coming  after  something 
else,  or  after  the  usual  time  ;  as,  backward  fruits  ;  the 
season  is  backward, 

BACK'WAED,  n.    The  things  or  state  behind  or  past. 

Ic  the  ilark  bedc^eard  or  :ibjam  of  dme.  Shai. 

f-Vot  proper,  nor  in  use.] 


Unwillingly  ;  reluctantly ; 
reluctance ; 


BACK'W.\RD-LY,  adc. 
aversely ;  perverselv. 

BACK'W.VRD-XESS',  n.    Unwillingnes; 
dilatoriness,  or  dullness  in  action. 

2-  A  state  of  being  behind  in  progress  ;  slowness  ; 
tardiness  ,  as,  the  backwardness  of  the  spring. 

B.\CK'-WA'TER,  n.  Water  which  sets  back  in  a 
stream,  owing  to  some  obstruction  below.  Also, 
water  thrown  back  by  the  turning  of  a  water-wheel. 

B.\CK'WOODS'M.4X,  n.  In  1,'ie  United  States,  an  in- 
habitantof  the  forest  in  the  new  settlements,  espe- 
cially on  the  western  frontier. 

B.^CK'WORM,  n,     [baek  and  worm.] 

.\  small  worm,  m  a  thin  skin,  in  the  reins  of  a 


hawk.    [See  Filasdebs.] 


Encyc. 


B.\CK'-WOUXD,  (wound  or  -woond,)  r.  U  To  wound 

secretly  behind  the  back.  SJiak, 

BA'eO.N,  (ba'kn,)  71.     [W.  baccum ;  b.  begun.     In  old 
charters,  boca.    CoweL     In  Ger.  backe  is  a  wild  sow.] 
Hog's  flesh  (sometimes  that  of  the  bear.  Sec.)  salt- 
ed or  pickled  and  dried,  usually  in  smoke. 

To  save  one's  boom,  is  to  preserve  one's  self  from 
harm. 
BA-eO'NI-.^j  a.    Pertaining  to  Lord  Bacon,  or  to 

his  system  of  philosophy. 
B.\C'ULE,  71.     [Fr.  bascule.] 

Infortifeatimi,  3t  kind  of  portcullis  or  gate,  made 
like  a  pitfall,  with  a  counterpoise,  and  supported  by 
two  great  stakes.  Encyc. 

BAC'Tj-MTE,  n,     [L.  baculu.').] 

A  name  common  to  a  genus  of  fossil  shells,  of  a 
straight  form,  a  little  conical,  in  their  cellular  stpict- 
ure  resembling  the  ammonites.  Ed,  Encyc. 

BA€-U-LO.M'&TRY,  n.    [L.  »ociiii«,  a  stafl;  and  Gr. 
pcTO'^l',  measure.] 

The  act  of  measnring  distance  or  altitude  by  a  staff 
or  staffs.  Bailey.    Johnscm. 


BAD,  a.     [Pers.  ,Xj  bad,  evil,  depraved ;  allied  per- 
haps to  .\r.  ^Lj  hada.    Heb.  Cli.  Syr.  and  Ham.  I*?* 

abad,  to  perish  or  destroy.] 

1.  HI ;  evil ;  opposed  to  good ;  a  word  of  general 
use,  denoting  physical  defects  and  moral  faults,  in 
men  and  things  ;  as,  a  had  man,  a  bad  heart,  a  bad 
design,  had  air,  had  water,  bad  books. 

2.  Vicious;  corrupt;  depraved,  in  a  moral  sense; 
as,  a  had  life  ;  a  had  action. 

3.  Unwholesome  ;  as,  bid  provisions. 

4.  Unfortunate ;  unprosperous  ;  as,  a  hail  state  of 

5.  Unskillful ;  as,  a  bad  player.  faSUirs. 

6.  Small ;  poor  ;  as,  a  had  crop. 

7.  Infirm  ;  as,  a  bad  state  of  health. 
S.  Feeble,  corrupt,  or  oppressive ;  as,  a  bad  govern- 
ment. 

9.  Hurtful ;  pernicious ;  as,  fine  print  is  bad  for 
the  eyes. 

10.  "Unfavorable  ;  as,  a  lad  season. 

11.  Poor ;  sterile ;  as,  a  had  soil. 
19.  Rough  or  muddy  ;  as,  a  bad  road. 

In  short,  bad  expresses  whatever  is  injurious,  hurt- 
ful, inconvenient,  unlawful,  or  immoral ;  whatever 
is  offensive,  painful,  or  unfavorable  ;  or  what  is  de- 
fective. 
B  \d'e  \  '-^^^-^  1''"'  V^  tense  of  Bid.  [See  Bid.] 
B.^DO'e,  71.  [I  know  not  the  affinities  of  this  word, 
not  having  found  it  in  any  other  language.  Probably 
it  belongs  to  Class  Bg.] 

1.  A  mark,  sisn,  token,  or  thing,  by  which  a  per- 
son is  distinguished,  in  a  particular  place  or  employ- 
ment, and  designating  his  relation  to  a  person  or  to 
a  particular  occupation  ;  as,  the  badge  of  authority. 

9.  The  mark  or  token  of  any  thing  ;  as,  the  badge 
of  bitterness.  Shak. 

3.  .^n  ornament  on  ships,  near  the  stem,  decorated 
with  figures. 
B.U)GE,  V.  t.    To  mark,  or  distinguish  with  a  badge. 

Shak. 
B.U)GE'LESS,  a.    Having  no  badge.  Bp.  Hall. 

B.\D(5'ER,  n.  [Qu.  badge,  supra  ;  or  Sax.  bygan,  byc- 
gan,  to  buv  ;  Norm,  bugge.] 

In  taw,  a  person  who  is  licensed  to  buy  com  in  one 
place  and  sell  it  in  another,  without  incurring  the 
penalties  of  engrossing.  Cowel. 

BADG'ER,  n.  .4  plantigrade  quadruped  of  the  genus 
Ursus,  (Linn.,)  now  ranked  in  a  separate  genus, 
(Taius  or.Veles,)  of  a  clumsy  make,  witli  short,  thick 
legs,  and  long  claws  on  the  fore  feet.  It  inhabits  the 
north  of  Europe  and  .•isia,  burrows,  is  indolent  and 
sleepy,  feeds  by  night  on  vegetables,  and  is  generally 
very  fat.  Its  skin  is  used  for  pistol  furniture ;  its 
flesh  makes  good  bacon,  and  its  hair  is  used  for 
brushes  to  soften  the  shades  in  painting.    Eacyc. 

The  American  badger  is  called  the  ground-hog,  and 
is  sometimes  white.  Pennant. 

BADG'ER,  V.  t.  To  follow  up  or  pursue  witli  great 
ea''emess,  as  the  badger  is  hunted ;  to  pester  or  wor- 
jy°  Rich.  Diet. 

B.u3g'ER-LEG-G£D,  (-legd,)  a.  Having  legs  like  a 
badger.  Johnson  says,  having  legs  of  unequal  length; 
but,  qu.  short,  thick  legs.  Shak 

BAD-I-A'GA,  71.     [Russ.  badyaga.] 

A  small  sponge,  common  m  the  north  of  Europe, 
the  powder  of  which  is  used  to  take  away  the  livid 
marlis  of  brtiises.  Eaeijc. 

This  is  properly  a  cryptogamic  plant  of  the  order 

Alga,  and  genus  Badiaga,  though  considered  by  Lin- 

nffus  as  a  species  of  Sponizix  Becker. 

BAD' I- AXE,  /  71.    The  seed  of  a  tree  in  China,  which 

B'iN'DI-AX,  (      smells  like  anise  seeds;  used  by  tlie 

Chinese  r..ad  Dutch  to  give  their  tea  an  aromatic  taste. 

Encyc. 
B  VD-I-Ge'OX,  71.  A  mixture  of  plaster  and  freestone, 
ground  to;ether  and  sifted,  used  by  statuaries  to  fill 
the  small  holes  and  repair  the  defects  of  the  stones 
of  n  hich  they  make  their  statues  ;  also,  a  mi.vture  ot 
saw-dust  and  glue,  used  by  joiners  to  fill  up  defects 
in  their  work.  Encyc. 

BjID'LV-A  OE,  (bad'in-izh,)  n.     [Fr.]    Light  or  play- 
ful discourse.  Chesterfield. 
BAD'LY,  adt.    Tfrom  bad.]    In  a  bad  manner;  not 
well;  unskillfully ;  grievously;  unfortunattily ;  im- 

nerl'ecllv.  

BAD'XEiiS,  17.    The  state  of  being  bad,  evil,  vicious, 
"or  depraved  :  want  of  good  qualities,  natural  or  mor- 
al ;  as,  the  badness  of  the  heart,  of  the  season,  of  the 
roads,  &c. 
BAF'FE-TAS,  )7i.    An  India  cotton  cloth  or  plain 
BAF'T.^S,        )     muslin.     That  of  Surat  is  said  to 

be  the  best.  Etictjc. 

B  4F'FLE,  1-.  t.  [Fr.  brfier,  to  make  or  play  the  tool 
with  ;  Sp.  befar:  It.  bcjare,  id.  It  coincides  in  origm 
with  buffoon.  In  Scottish,  beff,  haff,  signifies  to  striked] 
To  mock  or  elude  by  artifice ;  to  elude  by  shifts 
and  turns ;  hence,  to  defeat,  or  confound ;  as,  to  baf- 
fie  the  designs  of  an  enemy. 

Faituonatle  follies  bajjte  argumcDt.  Aiion. 


BAF'FLE,  r.  i.     T(T  practice  deceit.  Barrov. 

B.\F''FLE,  71.    .\  defeat  by  artifice,  shifts,  and  turns. 

SauUi. 
B.\F'FhF.O,  pp.    Eluded  ;  defeated  ;  confounded. 
BAF'FLr.R,  71.    One  that  baffles. 
B.\F'FLI.\(:,  ppr.  or  a.    Eluding  by  shifts  and  turns, 

or  by  Btratitgein  ;  defeating  ;  confounding.    .\  baf- 
Jling  wind,  among  seamen,  is  one  that  frequently  shifts 

from  one  point  to  another. 
BAF'FLI\(M,Y,  ado.    In  a  baffling  manner. 
BAF'FLIXG-XESS,  ii.    Quality  of  baffling. 
B.\G,  71.  [.Norm,  bage,  a  bas,  a  coffer  ;  bagticj,  baggage 

This  word  seems  to  be  from  the  root  of  pack,  pouch, 

Fr.  poehe,  or  of  the  same  family ;  or  it  is  from  the 

sense  of  tj'ing,  binding ;  Sp.  baga,  a  rope  or  cord  fur 

fastening  loacis  on  beasts  of  burden.  Hence  baggage ; 

It.  bagagliu :  Sp.  bagage ;  Port-  hagagem  ;  Ft.  bagage; 

.Arm.  pacq,  a  pack,  and  hagaich.] 
1,  A  sack ;  a  pouch,  usually  of  cloth  or  leather, 

used  to  hold,  preserve,  or  convey  com  and  other 

commodities. 
9.  A  sack,  in  animal  bodies,  conbiining  some  fluid 

or  other  substance  ;  the  udder  of  a  female  bcast- 

3.  Formerly,  a  sort  of  silken  purse  tied  to  the  hair. 

4.  Iu  commerce,  a  certain  quantity  of  a  commodity, 
such  as  it  is  customarj-  to  carrj'  to  market  in  a  sack; 
as,  a  bag  of  pepper  or  hops  ;  a  bag  of  com. 

5.  Among  farriers,  a  bag  of  asafetida  and  sa%'in  is 
tied  to  the  bits  of  horses  to  restore  their  appetites. 

Encyc 
BAG,  V.  t.   To  put  into  a  bag;  as,  to  bag  game.    [Used 
chicfiy  by  sprrrlsrten,] 
9.  "To"  load  with  ba^s. 
BAG,  V.  i.  To  swell  like  a  full  bag,  as  sails  when  filled 

with  wind. 
B.'V-G.\SSE',  71.    The  sugar-cane,  when  crushed  and 
drv  ;  used  as  fuel.  Ure. 

It.  hagatcUa;  Arm.  hagauh.) 
1.  A  trifle  ;  a  thing" of  no  importance. 
9.  A  game  played  on  a  board  bavins,  at  the  end, 

nine  holes,  into  which  balls  arc  to  be  struck,  with  a 

rod  held  in  the  hand  of  the  player. 
B.VG'GAGE,  71.     [Fr.  bagage.     Qu.  Zt\g.  package :  V 

pakkaadje,  bageage,  that  which  is  packed.     See  Bag.] 

1.  The  tents"",  clothing,  utensils,  and  other  necessa- 
ries of  an  armv. 

2.  The  clothing  and  other  conveniences  which  a 
traveler  carries  with  him  on  a  joumey. 


Uafing  dispatclied  my  bassage  by  water  to  Alulort.  _  _ 

[The  English  now  call  this  luggage.] 
B.\G'G.AGE,  II.     [Fr.  bagasse  ;  It.  bagascia  ;  Sp.  baga- 
zo,  a  catamite  ;  Pers.  baga,  a  stmmpet.] 

1.  A  low,  worthless  woman  ;  a  stmmpet. 

2.  A  playful,  saiicv  female.  OoldsmUh. 
B.'^G'GING,  ppr.  Sn  elling  ;  becoming  protuberant. 
B.^GGIXG,  71.    Tile  cloth  or  materials  for  bags. 

United  Stales.     Edwards's  JTist  Indies. 
BAGN'IO,   (ban'yo,)   n.     [It.  bagno;  Sp.  bano:  Port. 
banlio  :  Fr.  bain ;  L.  balneum.] 

1.  .\  batli ;  a  house  for  b.athing,  cupping,  sweating, 
and  otherwise  cleansing  the  body.  In  Turkey,  it  is 
tlie  name  of  prisons  where  slaves  are  kept ;  so  called 
from  the  baths  which  they  contain.  £iicjc 

2.  A  brothel.  .  . 
BAG'PIPE,  71.    [hag  and  pipe,]    .K  musical  wmd  in- 

slranient,  used  chiefly  in  Scotland  and  Ireland.  It 
consists  of  a  Icatherii  bag,  which  recei%-es  the  air  by 
a  tube,  which  is  stopped  by  a  valve  ;  and  pipes,  mto 
which  the  air  is  pressed  by  the  performer.  The  bass- 
pipe  is  called  the  ii7-o7i<-,  and  the  tenor  or  treble  is 
called  the  eliantcr.  The  pipes  have  eight  holes  like 
those  of  a  flute,  which  the  performer  stops  and  opens 
at  pleasure.  There  are  several  species  ot  bagpipes, 
as  the  soft  and  melodious  Irish  basrpipc,  with  two 
short  drones  and  a  long  one;  the  Highland  b.-igpipe, 
with  two  short  drones,  the  music  of  which  is  verv 
loud  ;  the  Scot's  Lowland  baipipe,  which  is  played 
with  a  bellows,  and  is  also  a  loud  instnimenL  1  here 
is  also  a  small  pipe,  with  a  chanter  about  eight  inches 
in  length.  .    f-"^'-  ., 

In  seamanship,  to  hag-pipe  Die  mmen,  is  to  la\  it 
aback  by  bringing  the  sheet  to  the  mizzen  shroiids. 

.Mar.  Did, 
B  \G'PIP-ER,  71.    One  who  plai-s  on  a  bagpipe. 
BAG'BE,  77.  A  small  bearded  fish,  a  species  of  s^duro^S 
anguilliform,of  a  sUvery  hue,  without  scales,  and  de- 
licious food  •D""'-  -'f  •^'^  ^'^ 
B.\G'REEF,  71.     [bag  nnd  reef.]    A  fourth  and  lower 
reef  used  in  the  British  naw.  ,-l^, 
B  V-GUETTE',  (ba-get',)  ii.  [Fr.  baguette,  ftom  »a?«, 
a  ring ;  Ir.  beacht  ■■  Sat.  beag.] 

In  architecture,  a  little  nmnd  moldmg,  le>s  than  an 
astragal,  sometimes  carved  and  enriched. 

"    '  JSiifyc    Johr-son, 

BVn.KR',  |7i.    Weights  used  in  Uie  East  Indies.  The 
BXR'RE,    j      ffr««4«Aar,  for  weighing  pepper,  clo^    , 
nutmeg,  tcf,  is  524  lbs.  9  oz.  avoirdupoi---  The  ttWe 
LTr^for  weighing  quicksUver    vermU.on^>op , 
silk,  &c.,  is  437  lbs.  9  oz.  avomlupoi.^       £m»c      | 
BaIGNE,  r.  (.     [Fr.  baignrr.] 

To  soak  or  drench.    [.Wl  used,] 


Ckrac 


tc.ve,  bull,  l;xite.— a-V"gek, 


VI"CIOUS.-e  as  K;  6  as  J;  S  as  Z;  CH  .as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


93 


BAI 

BAIK'AL-ITE,  n.     [from  Baikalj  a  lake  in  Northern 

Asia.] 
A  greenisli  variety  of  augite,  occurring  in  grouped 

or  radiated  acicular  prisms.  Dana. 

OaIL,  v.  t.  [Fr.  and  Norm  baiUcr^  to  deliver,  to  lease ; 

Arm.  hahailhat;  At.  ^^J  hahala;  Eth. '  Ibin^  bah- 

ah.  to  deliver,  free,  liberate,  permit  to  go.] 

1.  To  set  free,  deliver,  or  liberate  from  arrest  and 
imprisonment,  upon  security  given  that  the  person 
bailed  shall  appear  and  answer  in  court.  The  word 
is  applied  to  the  magistrate  or  the  surety.  The  magis- 
trate bails  a  man,  wlien  he  liberates  liim  from  arrest 
or  imprisonment,  upon  bond  given  with  sureties. 
The  surety  bails  a  person,  when  he  procures  his 
release  from  arrest,  by  giving  bond  for  his  appear- 
ance. Blach^tuiu: 

2.  To  deliver  goods  in  trust,  upon  a  contract,  ex- 
pressed or  implied,  that  the  trust  shall  be  faithfully 
executed  on  the  part  of  the  bailee,  or  person  intrust- 
ed ;  as,  to  bail  cloth  to  a  tailor  to  be  made  into  a  gar- 
ment, or  to  bail  goods  to  a  carrier.  Blackstone. 

3.  To  free  from  water;  as,  to  bail  a  boat.  This 
word  is  improperly  written  baU.  The  word  is  prob- 
ably the  same  as  bail  in  law,  to  frec^  or  liberate^  and 
signifies  to  throw  out  water,  as  with  a  liyckt_*t  or 
shovel. 

BAIL,  71.  The  person  or  persons  who  procure  the  re- 
lease of  a  prisoner  from  cuiitody,  by  becoming  sure- 
ty for  his  appearance  in  coiurt. 

The  ha.il  musl  be  real,  subsUintial  bondsmi?!!.  BUukBtane. 

E.  Md  B.  were  bail  to  the  aixcsl  in  a  suit  .it  law.  Kent. 

Bail  is  not  used  with  a  plural  termination. 
0.  The  security  given  for  the  release  of  a  prisoner 
from  custody  ;  as,  the  man  is  out  upon  baiL 

ExMsdve  h(ul  ought  not  to  be  required.  Blackstone. 

Bail  is  common  or  special.  Commonbail  are  imagin- 
ary persons,  who  are  pledges  for  the  plaintill^'s  prose- 
cution, as  John  Doe  and  Richard  Roe. 

Special  bail  must  be  men  of  real  substance,  sufficient 
to  pay  their  bond  or  recognizance.  To  perfect  or  ^iis- 
tif/j  bail,  is  to  prove  by  the  oath  of  the  person  that  he 
is  worth  tlie  sum  for  "which  he  is  surety  beyond  his 
debts.  To  admit  to  bail,  is  to  release  ui>on  security 
given  by  bondsmen. 

3.  The  handle  of  a  kettle  or  similar  vessel.   Forby. 

4.  In  England,  a  certain  limit  within  a  forest. 
BaIL'A-ELE,  a.    That  may  be  set  free  upon  bond 

with  sureties;  that  may  be  admitted  to  bail ;  used  of 
persons. 

2.  That  admits  of  bail ;  as,  a  baUable  offense. 

Blackstone. 
BaIL'BOND,  n.  A  bond  or  obligation  given  by  a 
prisoner  and  his  surety,  to  insure  the  prisoner's  ap- 
pearance in  court,  at  the  return  of  the  writ.  Also, 
special  bail  in  court  to  abide  the  judgment.  Bouvier. 
BaIL'-ED,  pp.  Released  from  custody  on  bonds  for 
appearance  in  court. 

9.  Delivered  in  trust,  to  be  carried  and  deposited, 
redelivered,  or  otherwise  accounted  for. 

3.  Freed  from  water,  as  a  boat. 

BaIL-EE',  71.  The  person  to  whom  goods  are  com- 
mitted in  trust,  and  who  has  a  temporary  possession 
and  a  qualified  properly  in  them,  for  the  purposes  of 
the  trust.  Blackstone. 

BaIL'ER,  }  n.    One  who  delivers  goods  to  another  in 

BaIL'OR,  \      trust,  for  some  particular  purpose. 

BaIL'IE,  n.  A  municipal  othccr  in  :?cotland,  corre- 
sponding to  an  alderman  in  England.  Brande. 

BAIL'IFF,  n.  [Fr.  bailUf;  Arm.  belly;  ScoL  bailli; 
It.  bailo^  a  magistrate ;  balia^  power,  authority.  Ch. 
Ar.  Ileb.  Syr,  hv^  lord,  chief.  Class  Bl.  This  word, 
from  its  derivation,  would  more  properly  bo  spelt 
with  but  one/.] 

In  Enfrlan'd,  an  ollicer  apjiointed  by  the  sheriff. 
Bailiffs  are  either  special,  and  appointed,  for  their 
adroitness,  to  arrest  persons  ;  or  bailill's  of  hundreds, 
who  collect  fines,  summon  jmies,  attend  the  assizes, 
and  execute  writs  and  process.  The  sheriff  in  Eng- 
land is  the  king's  bailiff. 

There  are  also  bail/ffs  of  liberties,  appointed  by  the 
lords  in  their  respective  jurisdictions,  to  execute 
process,  and  perform  other  duties;  bailiffs  of  forests 
and  of  manors,  who  direct  the  husbandry,  collect 
rents,  &c. ;  and  7t)atcr-baUijfs  in  each  port,  to  search 
vessels,  gather  toll  for  anchorage,  anest  persons  for 
debt  on  the  water,  &c.  Blackstone.    Encyc. 

The  office  of  bailiff  formerly  was  liigh  and  honor- 
able in  England,  and  olficers  under  thut  title  on  the 
Continent  are  still  invested  with  important  functions. 

BaIL'I-WICK,  7j.  [baiUij  an  olficer,  (see  Baiuff,) 
and  Sax.  wic] 

The  precincts  in  which  a  bailiff  has  jurisdiction  ; 
the  limits  of  a  bailiff's  authority  ;  as,  a  hundred,  a 
liberty,  a  forest,  over  which  a  bailifl'  is  appointed. 
In  the  liberties  and  franchises  of  lords,  the  bailiff  has 
exclusive  jurisdiction.  Encyc. 

BaIL'MENT,  n.  [from  bail."]  A  delivery  of  goods, 
in  trust,  upon  a  contract,  expressed  or  implied,  that 
the  tnisj  shall  be  faithfully  executed.       Blacluitonc. 

BAIL'PIeCE,  71.     A  slip  of  parchment  or  paper  con- 


BAL 

taining  a  recognizance  of  bail  above  or  bail  to  the  ac- 
tion. BlacLitone, 
BAIN,  (bang,)  7i.     [Fr.]    A  bath.    [Obs.] 
B^IjV-jMA-RIE'j    (bang-m'i-ree',)    n.      [L.    balneum 
mai-ls.] 

In  cookery,  a  large  vessel  of  hot  water  in  which 
saucepans,  &-c.,  are  placed  to  warm  food. 
BAI'RAJM  ;  the  name  of  two  Mohammedan  festivals, 
of  which  cue  is  held  at  the  close  of  the  fast  Ramezan, 
and  the  other  seventy  days  after.  P.  Cyc. 

BAIRX^,  (  n.     [S;lx.  beam:  Scot,  balj^:  probably,  Eng. 
BARN,    i      borji.]     A  child.     [Little  used  in  English.] 
BAIT,  71.     [W.   abwyd,   bmid  ,•  Arm.   boct ;   It.   abadh ; 
Sw.  bete,  food ;  beta,  to  feed  ;  Sax.  batan,  to  bait ; 
Russ.  pitayiL  ,■  Dan.  bale,  to  rest  for  refreshment.] 

1.  Any  substance  for  food,  proper  to  be  used,  or 
actually  r.sed,  to  catch  fish,  or  other  animals,  by 
alluring  them  to  swallow  a  hook,  or  to  be  caught  in 
snares,  or  in  an  inclosure  or  net. 

2.  A  portion  of  food  and  drink,  or  a  refreshment 
taken  on  a  journey. 

3.  An  allurement ;  enticement ;  temptation. 
BAIT,  i\  t.    To  put  meat  on  a  hook  or  line,  or  in  an 

inclosure,  or  among  snares,  to  allure  fi^^h,  fowls,  and 

other  anijnals  into  human  power. 
2.  To  give  a  portion  of  food  and  drink  to  a  beast 

upon  the  road  ;  as,  to  bait  horses.  Jtdinson. 

BAIT,  r.  i.    To  take  a  portion  of  food  and  drink  for 

refreshment  on  a  jouruey ;  as,  we  stopped  to  baiL 
BAIT,  V.  t.     [Goth,  bcitan.    In  Sax.  bate  is  contention. 

See  Make-bate.] 

1,  To  provoke  and  harass  by  dog-s ;  to  harass  by 
the  help  of  others  ;  as,  to  bait  a  bull  or  a  boar. 

2.  To  attack  with  violence ;  to  harass  in  the  man- 
ner of  small  animals.  SJiak. 

BAIT,  V,  i.    To  clap  the  win^s  ;  to  flutter  as  if  to  fly  ; 
or  to  hover  as  a  hawk,  when  she  stoops  to  her  prey. 
Baileii.     Shak. 
BAIT,  n.    White  Bait,  a  small  fish  of  the  Thames. 
BaIT'ED,  pp.    Fumisiied  with  bait ;  allured ;  tempted. 

2.  Fed,  or  refreshed,  on  the  road. 

3.  Harassed  by  dogs  or  other  small  animals; 
attacked. 

BaIT'ING,  ppr.  Furnishing  with  bait ;  tempting ;  al- 
luring. 

2.  Feeding;  refreshing  at  an  inn. 

3.  Harassing  with  dogs  ;  attacking. 
BAIT'ING,  71.    The  act  of  baiting  ;  refreshment  at  an 

inn,  particularly  food  for  a  horse.  Ask, 

2.  The  act  of  causing  dogs  to  attack  bulls,  bears,  &:c. 

BAIZE,  7(.  [Per.  po:a/i,  the  rmp  or  down  of  cloth  ;  Sp. 
bausan^  the  same.] 

A  coarse  woolen  stuff,  with  a  long  nap,  sometimes 
frized  on  one  side,  without  wale,  being  wove  wiih 
two  treadles,  like  flannel.  Chambers. 

BAKE,  V.  t.  [Sax.  bacan;  Sw.  baka;  Dan.  bage;  D. 
baken;  Ger.  backen:  Gipsy,  pek^mi  Riiss.  pc&jt,  to 
bake  ;  pekar^  a  baker ;  Per.  poclUan,  to  bake  or  cook.] 

1.  To  heat,  dry,  and  harden,  as  in  an  oven  or  fur- 
nace, or  under  coals  of  fire  ;  to  prepare  for  food,  in  a 
close  place  heated  ;  as,  to  bake  bread. 

2.  To  dry  and  harden  by  heal,  either  in  an  oven, 
kiln,  or  furnace,  or  by  the  solar  rays  ;  a.s,  to  bake  bricks ; 
to  baJie  the  ground. 

BAIvE,  V.  i.    To  do  the  work  of  baking ;  as,  she  brews, 

washes,  and  bakes. 
2.  I'o  be  baked  ;  to  dry  and  harden  in  heat ;  as, 

the  bread  bakes;  llie  ground  bakes  in  a  hot  sun. 
BAK'ED,  (bakt,)  pp.  or  a.    Dried  and  hardened  by 

heat ;  dressed  in  heat ;  as,  baked  meat. 
BAKE'HOUSE,  n.      [bake  and   honsc.]     A   house   or 

building  for  baking. 
CAKE'MeATS,  n.  pL    Meats  prepared  for  food  in  an 

oven.    Gen.  xl. 
BaK'E'S,pp.    The  same  as  Baked,  and  nearly  obsolete. 
BAK'ER,  n.    One  whose  occupation  is  to  bake  bread, 

biscuit,  &.C. 
2.  A  small  tin  oven  in  which  baking  is  perfonued. 
BAK'ER-FOOT,  n.    An  ill-shaped  or  distorted  foot. 

Taylor. 
BaK'ER-LEG-GED,  a.    Having  crooked  legs,  or  legs 

that  bend  inward  at  the  knees. 
BAK'ER-Y,  w.    The  trade  of  a  baker. 

2.  A  place  occupied  with  the  business  of  baking 

bread,  &c.  SnwUeti. 

BAK'ING,  ppr.    Dryinn  and  hardening  in  heat ;  dress- 
ing or  cooking  in  a  close  place,  or  in  heat. 
BaK'ING,  n,    A  dr>'ing  or  hardening  by  heat. 

2.  The  quantity  baked  at  once ;  as,  a  baking  of 

bread. 
BAL'AN,  n.    A  fish  of  a  beautiful  yellow,  variegated 

with  orange,  a  species  of  wrasse,  caught  on   the 

chores  of  England,  Diet.  vfJVat.  Hist. 

EAL'ANCE,7i.    [Fr.balancc;  Sp.baUnzai  It.  bilaneiai 

L.  bilanx,  bis,  twice,  and  Iutix,  a  dish,  the  double 

dish.] 

1.  A  pair  of  scales  for  weighing  commodities.  It 
consists  of  a  beam  or  lever  suspended  exactly  in  the 
middle,  with  a  scale  or  basin  hung  to  each  extremity, 
of  precisely  equal  weight.  The  Kouian  balance,  our 
steelyard,  consists  of  a  lever  or  beam,  movable  on  a 
center,  and  suspended  near  one  of  its  extremities. 
Hence, 

2.  One  of  the  simple  powers  in  mechanics,  used 


BAL 

for  determining  the  equalit}^  or  difference  of  weight 
in  heavy  bodies,  and  consequently  their  masses  or 
quantity  of  matter.  Encyc. 

3.  Figurativchj,  an  impartial  state  of  the  mind,  in 
deliberating  :  or  a  just  estimate  of  the  reasons  and 
arguments  on  both  sides  of  a  question,  which  gives 
tu  each  its  due  weight,  or  force  and  importance. 

4.  As  balance  signifies  equal  weight,  or  etiuality,  it 
is  by  custom  used  for  the  weight  or  sum  ntccssunj  to 
make  two  unequal  iceights  or  sums  equal  ,■  that  which 
is  necessary  to  bring  tJiem  to  a  balance  or  equipoise. 
Hence,  in  accounts,  balance  is  the  difference  of  two 
sums ;  as,  upon  an  adjustment  of  accounts,  a  balance 
was  found  against  A  in  favor  of  B.  Hence,  to  pay  a 
balance,  is  to  pay  the  difference  and  make  the  two 
accounts  equal. 

5.  Balance  of  trade,  is  an  equal  exportation  of  do- 
mestic productions,  and  importation  of  foreign.  But, 
usually,  the  term  is  applied  to  the  difference  between 
the  amount  or  value  of  the  commodities  exported  and 
importf-fj.  Hence  the  common  expression,  the  bal- 
ance of  trade  is  against  or  in  favor  of  a  country'. 

G.  Equipoise,  or  an  equal  state  of  power  between 
nations  ;  as,  the  balance  of  power. 

7.  Equipoise,  or  an  equal  state  of  the  passions. 

The  lalancc  of  the  miud.  Pope. 

8.  That  which  renders  weight  or  authority  equal. 

Th?  only  balance  attempted  ogtiifist  the  ancL-iU  kin^,  wiu   a 
boly  of  utiblfs.  J.  Adams. 

9.  The  part  of  a  clock  or  watch  which  regulates 
the  beats. 

10.  In  astronomy,  a  sign  in  the  zodiac,  called,  in 
Latin,  Libra,  which  the  sun  enters  at  the  equinox  in 
September. 

The  hydrostatic  balance,  is  an  instrument  to  deter- 
mine the  specific  gravity  of  fluid  and  solid  bodies. 

The  assay  balance,  is  one  which  is  used  in  doci- 
mastic  operations,  to  determine  the  weight  of  minute 
bodies. 

Balance  of  Torsion.     See  Torsion  Balance. 

[It  is  an  error  to  use  balance  for  remainder ;  as, 
"  The  balance  of  the  evening  was  spent  in  study."] 
BAL'ANCE,  r.  t.    To  adjust  the  weights  in  the  scales 
of  a  balance  so  as  to  bring  them  to  an  equipoise. 
Hence, 

2.  To  weigh  reasons ;  to  compare,  by  estimating 
the  relative  force,  importance,  or  value  of  different 
tilings  ;  as,  to  balance  good  and  evil. 

3.  To  regulate  different  powers,  so  as  to  keep  them 
in  a  state  of  just  proportion  ;  as,  to  balance  Europe,  or 
the  powers  of  Europe. 

4.  To  counterpoise ;  to  make  of  equal  weight  or 
force;  to  make  equipollent;  as,  one  species  of  at- 
traction balances  another. 

One  expression  in  the  letter  must  check  anil  balance  aiiotlir^r. 

Kent. 

5.  To  settle  and  adjust,  as  an  account ;  to  find  the 
difference  of  two  accounts,  and  to  pay  the  balance, 
or  difference,  and  make  them  equal. 

6.  In  5tar/m7iA7ap,  to  contract  a  sail,  by  rolling  up  a 
small  part  of  it  at  one  corner.  J\Iar.  Diet. 

BAL'ANCE,  V.  i.  To  have  on  each  side  equal  weight ; 
to  be  on  a  poise ;  to  preserve  the  equipoise  of  the 
body. 

2.  To  hesitate  ;  to  fluctuate  between  motives  which 
appear  of  equal  force,  as  a  balance  plays  when  poised 
by  equal  weights. 

BetwecD  right  and  wrong,  never  balance  «  motnent.        Anon. 

3.  In  dancing,  to  move  toward  a  person  opposite, 
and  then  back. 

BAL'ANC-ED,  (bal'anst,)  pp.  Charged  with  equal 
weights  ;  standing  on  an  equipoise  ;  regulated  so  as 
to  be  equal ;  settled ;  adjusted  ;  made  equal  in  weight 
or  amount. 

EAL'ANCE-FISH,  7(.  The  zygtcna,  or  hammer-fish, 
(Fr.  martcau  ;)  a  fish  of  the  genus  Squalus,  or  shark 
kind.  It  is  six  feet  long,  and  weighs  500  lbs.  It  has 
three  or  four  rows  of  broad,  pointed,  and  sermted 
teeth  ;  has  a  horrible  aspect,  and  is  very  voracious. 
It  is  peculiarly  distinguislicd  by  tiie  form  cf  iti  head, 
flattened  in  front,  and  projecting  laterally,  like  the 
head  of  a  hammer.  Encnc.     Cuvier. 

EAL'ANCE-KNIFE,  n.  A  kind  of  Uible  knife,  which, 
when  laid  on  the  table,  rests  wholly  on  the  handle, 
without  the  blade  touching  the  cloth ;  so  called 
because  the  weight  of  the  handle  counterbalances 
that  of  the  blade.  Enojc.  Dom.  Econ, 

BAL'ANCE-REEF,  n.  A  reef  band  that  crosses  a 
sail  diagonally,  used  to  contract  it  in  a  storm. 

Mar.  Diet. 

B.\L'ANC-ER,  71.  The  person  who  weighs,  or  who 
uses  a  balance. 

2.  A  member  of  an  insect  useful  in  balancing  the 
body.  The  balancers  (battcres,  Linn.)  iirc.  two  very 
fine,  movable  threads,  terminated  by  a  kind  of  oval 
button,  placed  under  tlie  origin  of  the  wings,  in  the 
dipterous  or  two-winged  insects. 

3.  One  skilled  in  balancing,  or  preserving  the  equi- 
poise of  his  body. 

BAL' ANC-ING, ;j;]n  Charging  with  equal  weights; 
being  in  a  state  of  equipoise  ;  bringing  to  a  t:tale  of 
equality ;    regulating  respective  forces  or  simis  to 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— MeTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQOK.- 


94 


BAL 

make  them  equal;  setUing ;  adjusting;  paying  a 
difference  of  accounts;  tu'sltating;  contracting  a 
sail  by  rolling  up  one  comer  of  it. 

BAL',\XC-1NG,  H.     Equilibrium;  poise.        Spenser. 

BAL'A-XITE,  n.    A  fos=il  shell  of  the  genus  Batanus. 

Jameson. 

A  ^"ariety  of  spiiiel  ruby,  of  a  pale  rose  red,  or  in- 
clining to  orange.    Its  cr>"st;Us  are  usually  octahe- 
drons, composed  of  two  four-sided  pyramids,  applied 
base  to  base.     [See  Spisel.]   Cleaveiand,     Kirjcaru 
BA-LAUS'TLXE,  n.    The  wUd  pomegrauate-tree. 

CJzr. 
The  balaiistines  of  the  shops  are  the  dried  flowers 
of  the  pomegranate.  Parr. 

B-\L  eO-M-ED,  a.    Having  balconie?. 
BAL'eO-NY,  or  BAL-Go'NY,  n.     [Fr.  balcon ;    It. 
baUonti  Sp.  balcon;  Fort,  balcam. ,-  probably  a  jutting, 

as  in  iutt,  beUy;  W.  bale     In  Pers.  ^OJL*  balka- 

na/[,  is  a  cancelated  window.] 

In  archUeciurCj  a  platform  or  projection  &om  the 
external  wall  of  a  house,  or  other  budding,  sup- 
ported by  columns,  pillars,  or  consoles,  and  encom- 
passed with  a  balujstrade.  Balconies  are  common 
before  windows.  Encijc. 

BALD,  (bauld,)  a.  [Sp.  baldio^  untilled,  vacant,  unfur- 
nished ;  Port,  baldioy  open,  coiiuuun ;  buldar^  to 
frastrnie,] 

1.  Destitute  of  hair,  especially  on  the  top  and 
back  of  the  head. 

9.  Destitute  of  the  natural  covering ;  as,  a  bald 
oak. 

3.  Without  feathers  on  the  head ;  as,  a  bald  vul- 
ture. 

4.  Destitute  of  trees  on  the  top  j  as,  a  bald  moun- 
tain. 

5.  Unadorned ;  inelegant ;  as,  a  bald  translation. 

Zhydtiu 

6.  Mean ;  naked ;  base  ;  without  dignity  or  value. 

S!u±. 

7.  In  popular  lan^ua^e,  open,  bold,  audacious. 

8.  Without  beard  oi  awn  ;  a-?,  bald  wheat. 
BALD'A-CHLN",  n.     [It,  baldacchuto  ;  Sp.  baldaqithWf  a 

rich  silk  or  canopy,  carried  over  the  host.  Du 
Can^e.  Lunier  deduces  it  from  the  name  of  a  city 
in  Babylonia.] 

In  archUe<lure^  a  structure  in  form  of  a  canopy, 
supported  by  columns,  and  often  used  as  a  covering 
to  insulated  altars  ;  the  term  is  also  used  for  a  shell 
over  a  door.  Encijc.     Johnson, 

BALD'ER-DASH,  n.  [Qm.  Pp.  balda,  a  trifle,  or  bal- 
donar^  to  insult  with  abusive  language  j  W.  baldorz^ 
to  prattle  ;  D.  buldcren.] 

Mean,  senseless  prate ;  a  jargon  of  words  ;  ribald- 
ry- ;  any  thing  jumbled  together  without  judgment. 

BALD'ER-D.\5H,  r.  u    To  niix  or  adidierate  liquors. 

JohTison. 

BALD'HEAD,  (bawld'hed,)  n.  A  man  bald  on  the 
head.    2  Kings  ii.  23. 

BALD'LV,  adv.  Xakedly ;  meanly ;  inelegantly ; 
openly. 

BALD'XESS,  n.  Want  of  hair  on  the  top  and  back 
of  the  head;  loss  of  hair;  meanness  or " inelegance 
of  writing  ;  want  of  ornament. 

BALD'PaTE,  v..    a  pate  wiihout  hah".  ShaJu 

BAUJ'PaT-ED,  a.    Destitute  of  hair  ;  shorn  of  hair. 

Shak. 

BALD'RICK,n.  [from  Sw.  haU,  Ir.  balta,  L.  baiteu3, 
a  belt,  and  rick,  rich.    Sec  these  words.] 

1.  A  girdle,  or  richly  ornamented  belt  j  a  war 
girdle. 

A  radiant  baldrick  o'er  ha  shoulders  lied.  Pope. 

9.  The  zodiac.  Spenser. 
BALE,  n.     [Fr.  halle  ,■  Ger.  60^^11 ,-  D.  baal :  IL  balla,  a 

bale ;  Ch.  Ai.  Heb.  h^n  to  bind :  to  plcdz^ ;  and 
its  derivative,  in  Ai.  and  Eth.,  a  rope.] 

1.  A  bundle  or  package  of  goods  in  a  cloth  cover, 
and  corded  for  carriage  or  transportation. 

9.  Formeriy,  a  pair  of  dic^. 
BaLE,  r.  L    To  make  up  in  a  baJr^. 
BaLE,  n.     [Sax.  bcal,  bealo.     Cln.  Ilcb.  C\\.  Syr.  and 
At.  ^"zh  to  grieve  or  mourn,  to  be  desolate,  or  S^n 
to  destroy.    In  Ir.  beala  is  to  die,  and  abad,  death.] 

Misery;  calamity.     [Obs.] 
B.'VL-E-AIl'ie,  a.    [from  Balearis,  the  denomination 
given  to  Majorca  and  Minorca,    ttu.  from  Gr./iaAAtj, 
to  throw,  because  the  inhabitants  were  good  sling- 
era.] 

Pertaining  to  the  isles  of  -Majorca  and  ISIinorca,  in 
the  Mediterranean  Sea. 

Baleanc  crane^  or  crowned  heron,  (.^rded  paronUa, 
>inn. ;)  a  beautiful  species  of  crane,  a  native  of 
Africa.  Its  body  is  bluish ;  its  head,  black  and 
haiiy,  with  a  yellowish  cre.^r.  £>/.  Encyc. 

BaLE'-FIRE,  ti.    a  signal  fire ;  an  alarm  fire. 

Sweet  TeTbt !  on  thy  jilver  liiie 

TV  -jlgoiay  btUe-Jirta  bLije  no  more.  SeotL 

BiLE'FfJL,  a.    [See  Bale.]     Mischievous ;  destnic- 


BAL 

tive ;  pernicious ;  calamitous  j  deadly ;  as,  baleful  en- 
emies ;   baleful  war. 

2.  Sorrowful ;  woeful ;  sad.       Speiiser.    Milton. 
BaLE'FIJL-LY,  adc.    Sorrowfully  ;  perniciously  ;  in 

a  calamitous  manner. 
BaLE'FIJL-NESS,  71.    Destnictiveness. 
BaL'LNG,  n.    The  act  or  operation  of  making  up  in  a 

bale,  as  cotton,  &c. 
BA-LIS'TER,  71.      [L.  baltsla,  from  Gr.  pnWio,  to 

throw.]    A  cross-bow.  Blount. 

BA-LIZL',  n.     [F.  balisei  Sp.  valiza,  a  beacon.] 

A  sea-mark  ;  a  pole  raised  on  a  bank. 
BALK,  (bank,)  7i.    ISax.  hale;  W.  ta/c,  a  ridge  between 

furrows;  bale,  prominent,  sv/ellmg,  proud;  said  to 

be  from  bal,  a  prominence  ;  bala,  eruption  ;  balau,  to 

shoot,  spring,  or  drive  out.] 

1.  A  ridge  of  land,  left  implowed,  between  fur- 
rows, or  at  the  end  of  a  field. 

9.  .-V  great  beam,  or  rafter.    [Gr.  ba'.ken ;  D.  balk.] 

3.  Any  thing  left  untouched,  like  a  ridge  in  plow- 
ing* Sj/eiLicr. 

4.  A  frustration;  disappointment.  Soutli. 
BALK,  (bauk,)  v.  t.  To  disappoint ;  to  frustrate,  Locke 

2.  To  leave  untouched  ;  to  miss  or  omit.  Drayton. 

3.  To  pile,  as  in  a  heap  or  ridge.  Shak, 

4.  To  turn  aside ;  to  talk  beside  one's  meaning. 
[Ob-'.]  Spenser. 

5.  Vo  plow,  leaving  balks. 

BALK'£D,  (baukt,)  pp.    Plowed  in  ridges  between 
furrows,  as  in  American  iiusbandr3\ 
9.  Frustrated  ;  disappointed. 

CALK'EK,  n.  One  who  balks.  In  fskenj,  b:dkers 
are  persons  who  stand  on  rocks  and  eminences  to 
espy  the  shoals  of  herring,  and  to  give  notice  to  the 
men  in  boats,  which  way  they  pass.  Encyc.   Cowel. 

BALK'ING,  ppr.    Plowing  in  ridges  ;  frustrating. 

BALK'IXG-tiY,  adv.   In  a  manner  to  balk  or  frustrate. 

BALL,  71.  [G.  ball;  D.  bal:  Sw.  ball;  Dan.  ballon; 
Russ.  bal :  Sp.  bala^  bola ;  II.  palla ;  L.  pila  ;  W.  pel^ 
pelkn;  Arm.  bolat;  Fr.  balle,  boule.  A  ball  may  sig- 
nify a  mass  from  collecting,  or  it  may  be  thai 
which  is  driven,  from  the  root  of  L.  pello ;  probably 
the  former.] 

I.  A  round  body ;  a  spherical  substance,  whether 
natural  or  artificial  ;  or  a  body  nearly  round ;  as, 
a  ball  for  play ;  a  ball  of  thread ;  a  ball  of  snow. 

9.  A  bullet ;  a  bait  of  iron  or  lead  for  cannon, 
muskets,  Sec. 

3.  A  printer's  ball,  consisting  of  hair  or  wool, 
covered  with  leather  or  skin,  and  fastened  to  a  stock, 
called  a  ball-stock,  and  formerly  used  to  put  ink  on 
the  types  in  the  forms. 

4.  The  globe  or  earth,  from  its  figure. 

5.  A  globe  borne  as  ensign  of  authority  ;  as,  to 
hold  the  ball  of  a  kingdom.  Bawn, 

0.  Any  part  of  the  body  that  is  round  or  protuber- 
ant; as,  the  eye  ball;  the  ball  of  the  thumli  or  foot. 

7.  The  weight  at  the  bottom  of  a  pendulum. 

8.  Among  (Ae  Cornish  minr.rs  in  England,  a  tin 
mine. 

9.  A  well-known  and  familiar  game. 

10.  In  pyrotechnics,  a  corapo.sition  of  combustible 
ingredients,  which  serve  to  burn,  smoke,  or  give 
light. 

Ball-stock;  among  printers,  a  stock,  somewhat  hol- 
low at  one  end,  to  which  a  ball  of  skin,  stufled  with 
wool,  is  fastened,  and  which  serves  as  a  handle. 

Ball-vein  ;  among  miners,  a  sort  of  iron  ore,  found 
in  loose  masses,  of  a  circular  form,  containing  spark- 
ling particles.  Encyc. 

Ball  and  socket;  an  instrument  used  in  surveying 
and  astronomy,  made  of  brass,  with  a  perpetual 
screw,  so  as  to  move  horizontally,  obliquely,  or  ver- 
tically. 

Puff-ball :  in  botany,  a  name  common  to  different 
spHcies  of  funguses,  of  the  genus  Lycoperdon,  (Linn.) 
Fire-ball;  a  meteor;  a  luminous  globe  darting 
through  the  atmosphere  ;  also,  a  bag  of  canvas  filled 
with  gunpowder,  sulphur,  pitch,  saltpeter,  Szc,  to  be 
thrown  by  the  iiand,  or  from  moitars,  to  set  firt-  to 
houses. 

BALL,  71.  [Fr.  bal ;  It.  hallo  ;  Sp.  baijle,  a  dance  ;  It. 
ballare,  to  dance,  to  shake;  Gr.  ^aWo),  to  toss  or 
throw  ;  or  TrnAAo,  to  leap.] 

An  entertainment  cf  dancing  ;  originally  and  pa- 
culiarly,  at  the  in\italion  and  expense  of  an  individ- 
ual ;  but  the  word  is  used  iu  America  for  a  dance  at 
the  expense  of  the  attendants. 

BALL,  V.  i.  To  form,  as  snow,  into  balls,  sis  on  horses' 
'hoofs,  or  on  the  feet.    We  say  the  hor=e  baUs. 

BALL-CAR'TRIDGE,  n.  A  cartridge  contaiuuiga 
ball. 

BALL'eOCK,  n.  A  contrivance  which  allows  water 
"to  enter  a  cistern,  but  shuts  of  itself  by  means  of  a 
floating  ball,  when  the  cistern  is  full. 

Encfic.  Dom.  Econ. 

B.'^L'LAD,  71.    [It.  balUUa,  a  ball,  a  dance,  a  ballad ; 
Yt.  ballade,  K  song,  and  ic^OfiiH,  a  dancer.     See  Ball.] 
.\song;  originally  a  solemn  song  of  praise;  but 
now  a  meaner  kind  of  j)opular  song.  Walts. 

BAL'LAD,  r.  I.    To  make  or  sing  ballads.         Shak. 

BAiyLAD-ER,  n.     A  writer  of  ballads.       Ocerbunj. 

BAL'LAD-MAK'ER,  n.  X  mak;;r  or  composer  of  bal- 
lads. Shak. 


BAL 


I 


BAL'LAD-MON"GEa,n.    [See  Mowgee.]    A  dealer 
in  writing  ballads.  SKalu 

B/VL'LAD-RY,  ju    The  subject  or  style  of  ballade. 

B.  Jotteon. 

BAL'LAD-^IXG'ER,  n.    One  whose  tmployment  U 
to  sing  ballads. 

BAL'LAD-STSLE,  n.    The  air  or  manner  of  a  bal- 
lad. 

BAL'LAD-TCXE,  n.    The  tune  of  a  baUad. 

Warton. 

BAL'LAD-WRIT'ER,  ti.    A  composer  of  ballade. 

Warton, 

BAL'LA-RAG,  v.  L    To  bully  ;  to  threaten.    LVot  <n 

"56.]  nirton. 

BAL'LAST,  71.     [Sax,  bat,  a  boat,  with  (art,  a  load  ;  D. 
Ger.  aud  Dan.  W;  W.  llwyth;  Ani\.  la^.r,  a  I;!  : 
bat-last,  boal-luad,  corruptecf  into  ballati :  j: 
last ;  Fr.  lest ;  Sp.  lastre;  Sax.  Idasian,  lo  I 

1.  Heavy  matter,  as  stone,  sand,or  iron. .  , 

hold  of  a  ship  or  other  vijssci,  to  sink  it  in  tii^.-  wai.r 
to  such  a  depth,  as  to  enable  it  to  carry  sufficient  sail, 
without  oversetting. 
Shingle  ballast,  is  ballast  of  coarse  gravel. 

Mar.  Diet, 

2.  Figuratively,  that  which  is  used  to  make-  a  thin:: 
steady. 

B.\L'LAST,  V.  u    To  place  hea^y  substjii 
hold  of  a  ship  or  vessel,  to  keep  it  from  (■'■ 
2.  To  keep  any  thing  steady,  by  coun:  , 
its  force. 

BAL'LAST-AGE,  n,    A  toll  paid  for  the  i  ^ 
taking  up  ballast  in  a  port  or  harbor.  B'  ui.'-. 

BAL'LAST-ED,  pp.     Rimisbed  with  ballast  ;   k    •. 
steady  by  a  counterpoisini:  force. 

BAL'LAS T-ING,  ppr.    Furnishing  with  ballast ;  keep- 
ing steady. 

BAL'LAST-Ij\'G,  n.    Ballast ;  that  which  is  tised  for 
ballast.  Shak. 

BAL'LA-TED,  a.    Sung  in  a  ballad.    [LUtU  usfM.] 

BAL-L.4.-T00N',  ti.     A  heavy  luggage  boat  employed 
on  the  rivers  about  the  Caspian  Sea.'  Eacyc. 

EAL'LA-TRY,  n.     A  song ;  a  jig.  .Mdtan. 

BAL'LET,  n.     [Fr.  baUet;  It.  baUeito.    See  Ball,  a 
dance.] 

1.  A  kind  of  dance  accompanied  by  music,  in 
which  various  passions  and  emotions  are  represented 
by  the  movements  and  gestures  of  the  dancers. 

Encyc.  Atiu 

2.  A  kind  of  dramatic  poem,  representing  some 
fabulous  action  or  subject,  in  which  severa  persons 
appear  and  recite  things,  under  the  name  of  some  de- 
ity or  personage.  Encyc 

In  heraldry,  ballets,  or  balLs^  a  bearing  in  coats  of 

aims,  denominated,  according  to  their  color,  bezants, 

plates,  hurts,  fcc.  Encyc. 

EAL'LI-.AGE,  or,  more  correctly,  BaIL'AGE,  n.    [Ir. 

haile,  a  town.] 
.\  small  duty  paid  to  the  city  of  London  by  aliens, 

and  even  by  denizens,  for  certain  commodities  c  v- 

ported  by  them.  Encyc. 

B.'\L-LIS'TA,  n.    [L.]    A  machine  or  engine  used  h- 

the  ancients  in  war,  for  throwing  darts,  stones,  alc. 
B.lL-US'Tie,  o.      [L.  ballista,  an  engine  to  thro'v 

stones,  or  shoot  darts,  from  Gr.  /iuAAw,  to  throw  ^t 

shoot.] 
Pertaining  to  the  ballista,  or  to  the  art  of  shooting 

darts,  and  other  missive  weapons,  by  means  of  an 

engine. 
BAL-US'Tie  PEXD'i;-LUM,  n.    An  instrument  f.ir 

measuring  tlie  force  and  velocity  of  cannon   and 

musket  balls.  Brands, 

BAL-LIS'TI€S,  ti.    The  science  or  art  of  thrjwiu:: 

missive  weapons  by  the  use  of  an  engine.    The  bal- 

lista  was  a  machine  resembling  a  cross-bow. 

Encyc    Math.  Diet,    .^sk. 
The  term  ballistics  has  bten  used  as  sjnonymous 

with  projectiles.  Barlott. 

BAL-LOOX',  Ti.     [Fr.  baUon,  a  foot-ball ;  Sp.  baU*n :  U. 

pallane;  W.  pelhcn,  (torn  pel,  a  ball.     See  Bvll.] 

1.  In  gmeral,  any  spherical  hollow  body. 

Encyc 

2.  In  chemistry,  a  round  vessel  with  a  short  neck, 
to  receive  whatever  is  distilled ;  a  glass  receiver  of  a 
spherical  form. 

3.  In  arc-'iitecture,  a  ball  or  globe  on  the  lop  of  a 
pillar. 

4.  In  JireworkSj  a  ball  of  pxsteboard,  or  kind  of 
bomb,  stuffed  with  combustibles,  to  be  pliyed  off. 
when  fired,  either  in  the  air,  or  on  war  -  >'  " 
bursting  like  a  bomb,  exhibits  sparks  of  fir 

Johns-.   . 

5.  A  gamf  somewhat  resembling  tenn 
an  op«;n  field,  witli  a  lai^e  ball  of  leatii 
with  air. 

6.  A  bag  or  hollow  vessel,  made  of  s;]k 

light  materi:U,and  filled  witJi  hydrogen  gas  or  h<--ii«.u 
air,  so  as  to  rise  and  flo;it  in  the  atmosphere  j  calh-d, 
for  distinction,  an  air-bc:ioon. 

7.  In  France,  a  quantity  of  pai>er,  conlaiHing  i}4 
reams.     [See  Bale.] 

8.  In  ii>«w«,balk»on,  ballon, or  ballot,  a  c  .•y.iv-  1 
glass  plates;  of  whi!e  glass,  '25  bundles  < 

each;  of  colored  glass,  ll\  bmuilcs  of  : 
cacli. 


iriSK,  BfjLL,  qXlTE  —  AN"GER,  VI"C10U.S.  — e  as  K  ;  6  as  J  ;  S  as  7. ;  ClI  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS 


9i> 


BAL 


BAN 


BAN 


BAL-LOON', )  71.    A  state  barge  of  Siain,  made  of  a 
BiVL'LOEN,   i      single  piece  of  timber,  very  long,  and 

managed  with  oars.  Encyc. 

BAL-LOON'iST,  n.    One  who  makes  or  ascends  in  a 

balloon. 
BAL-LOON'RY,  n.    The  art  or  practice  of  ascending 

in  a  balloon.  Q^uart.  Rev. 

BAL'LOT,  V.     [Fr.  ballote;  Sp.  balota,  a  little  ball. 

See  Ball.] 

1.  A  ball  used  in  voting.  Ballots  are  of  different 
colors  ;  those  of  one  color  give  an  alfirmative  ;  those 
of  another,  a  negative.  They  are  privately  put  into 
a  box  or  urn. 

2.  A  ticket  or  written  vote,  beiag  given  in  lieu  of 
a  ballot,  is  now  called  by  the  same  name. 

3.  The  act  of  voting  by  balls  or  tickets. 
BAL'LOT,  V.  i.  To  vote  by  ballot,  that  is,  by  putting 

little  balls  of  different  colors  into  a  box,  the  greater 
number  of  one  color  or  the  other  determining  the  re- 
suit. 

2.  To  vote  by  written  papers  or  tickets, 
BAL-LOT-a'TION,  71.     A  voting  by  ballot.     [Little 

used.]  jyottOii. 

BAL'LOT-BOX,  n.    A  box  for  receiving  baUots. 
BAL'LOT-ED,  pp.     Voted  by  ballot. 
BAL'LOT-ING,  ppr.     Voting  by  ballot. 
BAL'LOT-ING,  n.    The  act  of  voting  by  ballot. 
Ba  LM,  (bira,)  71.     [Ft.  baumej  a  contraction  of  balsam, 

which  see.] 

1.  The  sap  or  juice  of  trees  or  shrubs  remarkably 
odoriferous  or  aromatic.  Dnjdcn. 

3.  Ajiy  fragrant  or  valuable  ointment.  SkaJi. 

3.  Any  tiling  which  heals,  or  which  soothes  or  mit- 
igates pain.  Hhak.     Young. 

4.  In  botany^  the  name  of  several  plants,  particu- 
larly of  the  genus  Melissa.  They  are  aromatic,  and 
used  as  corroborants. 

Balm,  of  Oilead  ;  a  plant  of  the  genus  Amyris, 
(Linn. ;)  the  BaLajuodcndron  GiieaJen^^t:  of  Decandolle. 
Its  leaves  yield,  when  bruised,  a  strong  aromatic 
scent ;  and  from  this  plant  is  obtained  the  balm  of 
Oilrad  of  the  shops,  or  balsam  of  Mecca  or  of  Syria. 
This  has  a  yellowish  or  greenish  color,  a  warm,  bit- 
terish, aromatic  taste,  and  a  fragrant  smell.  It  is  val- 
ued as  an  odoriferous  unguent  and  cosmetic,  b)'  the 
Turks,  who  possess  the  country  of  its  growth,  ami 
hence  it  is  adulterated  for  market.  Encyc. 

BALM,  V,  t.     To  anoint  with  balm,  or  with  any  thing 
medicinal. 

2.  To  soothe  \  to  mitigate  ;  to  assuage.         Sliak. 
BALMT-LY,  ado.    In  a  balmy  manner.      Coleridge. 
BALM'Y,  a.      Having   the  qualities   of  balm;    aro- 
matic. Milton. 

2.  Producing  balm  ;  as,  the  balmy  tree.         Pope. 

3.  Soothing  ;  soft  ;  mild  ;  as,  balmy  slumbers. 

Dry  den. 

4.  Fragrant;  odoriferous;  as,  fia/z/iy  wings. 

Dryden. 

5.  Mitigating  ;  easing ;  assuaging ;  as,  balmy  breath. 

Sfui/i. 
BAL'NE-AL,  a.     [L.  balneum.] 

Pertaining  to  a  bath.  Howell. 

BAL'NE-A-UY,  n.     [L.  balnearium,  from  balneum ;  Syr. 
balna,  bath.] 

A  batliiiig  room.  Brown. 

BAL-NE-A'TION,  n.     The  act  of  bathing.     Brown. 
BAL'NE-A-TO-RY,  a.     Belonging  to  a  bath  or  stove. 

Johnson. 
BAL'O-TADE,  n.  In  the  menage^  a  leap  of  a  lioree 
between  two  pillars,  or  upon  a  straight  line,  so  that 
when  his  fore  feet  are  in  the  air,  he  shows  nothing 
but  the  shoes  of  iiis  hind  feet,  without  yerking  out. 
In  a  capriole,  the  horse  yerks  out  his  hind  legs. 

Encyc.     Farrier''^  Diet 
BAL'SAM,  n.     [Gr.  (ia^anfiov  ;  L.  balsamum.] 

1.  An  oily,  aromatic,  resinous  substance,  flowing 
spontaneously  or  by  incision  from  certain  plants.  A 
great  variety  of  substances  pass  under  this  denomina- 
tion. But  in  modern  chemistry,  the  term  was  once 
confined  to  such  vegetable  juices  as  are  liquid  or  spon- 
taneously become  concrete,  and  consist  of  a  resinous 
substance,  combined  with  benzoic  acid,  or  capable  of 
affording  it  by  decoction  or  sublimation.  Tiie  balsams 
are  either  liquid  or  solid  ;  of  tlie  fomier  are  the  balm 
of  Gilead  and  ibe  balsams  of  copaiva,  Peru,  and  Tolu  ; 
of  the  latter,  benzoin,  dragon's  blood,  and  storax. 

Encyc.  J^''icholson.  Urc. 
The  opinion  that  balsams  contain  or  necessarily 
furnish  benzoic  acid,  is  not  now  generally  sustaiiietl. 
The  substances  known  as  balsams  are  properly  com- 
pounds of  resin  and  essential  oil,  some  of  which, 
however,  furnish  benzoic  acid  by  partial  decomposi- 
tion or  distillation. 

2.  A  name  of  tlie  balsamine,  which  see. 

Balsam  apple;  an  annual  Indian  plant,  included 
under  the  genus  Momordica. 

Balsam  of  SulphiLr,  is  a  solution  of  sulphur  in  oil. 

Balsam  of  Tolu,  is  the  produce  of  the  Myrospermum 
Toluiferum,  or  Tolu  tree,  of  South  America.  It  is  of 
a  reddish-yellow  color,  transparent,  thick,  and  tena- 
cious, but  growing  liard  and  brittle  by  age.  It  is  very 
fiafjiant,  and,  like  the  balsam  of  Peru,  is  a  stimulant, 
and  used  as  a  pectoral.  Encyc.     Linn. 

Balsam  of  Peru;  the  produce  of  a  tree  in  Peru, 


(Myrospermum  Peruiferuni,)  possessing  strong  stimu- 
lant qualities. 
BAL-SAM-a'TION,  7?.    Tiie  act  of  rendering  balsamic. 
BAL-SAM'ie,  la.     Having  the   qualities   of  bal- 

BAL-SAM'I€-AL,  )     sara  ;    stimulating  ;    unctuous  ; 

soft;  miticating;  mild.  Arbuthnot, 

BAL-SAW'ie,  n.    A  warm,  stimulating,  demulcent 

medicine,  of  a  smooth  and  oily  consistence.     Coze. 
BAL-.SAM'ie-AL-LY,  ado.    In  a  balsamic  manner. 
BAL-SAM-IF'ER-OUS,  a.    Producing  balsam.  Smith. 
BAL'SA-MiNE,  n.    The  conunon  name  of  tiie  Balsa- 

mina  hortensis,  (Impaticns  balsamina,  Linn.) 
BAL'SAM-SWEAT'ING,  a.    Yielding  balsam. 

Crashaw. 
BALT'IG,  71.  [from  balte,  belt,  from  certain  straits  or 

channAs,  surrounding  its  isles,  called  belts.     See 

Belt  ] 
The  sea  which  separates  Norway  and  Sweden 

from  Jutland,  Holstein,  and  Germany. 
BALT'ie,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  sea  of  that  name  ;  sit- 

ijated  on  the  Baltic  Sea- 


E^cli  Baltic  sLttc  to  Join  the  righteous  cause. 


Barlow. 


BAL'US-TER,  n.  [It.  balaitstro ;  Sp.  balaiuHrc;  Fr. 
baliLstre ;  from  L.  pabis ;  Eug.  polc^  pale.  Tiiis  is  cor- 
rupted into  bannister.] 

A  small  column  or  pilaster,  of  various  forms  and 
dimensions,  often  adorned,  with  moldings,  used  for 
balustrades. 

BAL'US-TER-£D,  a.     Having  balusters.        Soames. 

BAL'US-TltADE,  n.  [Sp.  balaastrado;  It.  balaustraia ; 
Fr.  balustrade;  from  haliuter.'] 

A  row  of  balusters,  joined  by  a  rail,  serving  as  a 
fence  or  inclosure,  for  altars,  balconies,  staircases, 
ten-aces,  tops  of  buildings,  &.c.       Encyc.     Johnson. 

BAM,  or  BkA.M,  as  an  initial  syllable  in  names  of 
places,  signifies  iro(j(i;  implying  that  tiie  place  took 
its  name  from  a  grove,  or  forest.  [Ger.  baum^  a 
tree.] 

BAM-BOO',  n.  A  plant  of  the  reed  Idnd,  growing  in 
the  East  Indies,  and  in  some  other  warm  climates, 
and  sometimes  attaining  to  the  hight  of  60  foet ; 
originally  placed  by  Linmeus  in  the  genus  Arundo, 
hilt  afterward  ranked  by  him  in  a  distinct  gemis, 
{Bambicsa.)  From  the  main  root,  which  is  long, 
thick,  and  jointed,  spring  several  round,  jointed 
stalks,  which,  at  10  or  12  feet  from  the  ground,  send 
out  from  then  joints  sevend  stalks,  which  are  united 
at  their  base.  These  are  armed,  at  their  joints,  with 
one  or  two  sharp,  rigid  spines,  and  furnished  witli  ob- 
long, oval  leaves,  eight  or  nuie  inches  long,  on  short 
footstalks.  The  flowers  grow  in  large  jianicles,  from 
the  joints  of  the  stalk,  placed  three  in  a  parcel,  close 
to  their  receptacles.  Old  stalks  glow  to  five  or  six 
inches  in  dianiLJter,  and  are  so  hard  and  durable,  as 
to  be  used  for  building,  and  for  all  sorts  of  furniture, 
for  water-pipes,  and  for  poles  to  support  palanquins. 
The  smaller  stalks  are  used  for  walking  sticks, 
flutes,  &c.  Evciic- 

BAM-BOO'ZLE,  v.  t.  To  confound;  to  deceive;  to 
play  low  tricks  uj)ou.    [A  low  word,]         Arbut'tnot. 

BAM-BOO'ZLER,  n.  A  cheat;  one  who  plays  low 
tricks.  ArbutJinot. 

BAN,  n.  [Sax.  bannan,  abannan,  to  proclaim;  It. 
baiido,  a  proclamation  ;  Sp.  and  Port,  bajulo  ;  Fr.  ban  ; 
Arm.  ban;  D.  and  Ger.  ban^  baniien;  Sw.  banna,  to 
revile  ;  Dan.  band,  ban,  outlawry  ;  forbande,  to  curse. 
Hence  banish.  The  radical  sense  is  to  send,  tlirust, 
or  drive.    Class  Bn,  No.  3.] 

1.  A  public  proclamation  or  edict ;  a  public  order 
or  notice,  mandatory  or  prohibitory. 

In  a  more  particular  sense, 

2.  In  the  plural^  the  word  bans  denotes  notice  of  a 
marriage  proposed,  or  of  a  matrimonial  contract,  pro- 
claimed in  a  church,  or  other  place  prescribed  by 
law,  that  any  person  may  object,  if  he  knows  of  any 
kindred  between  the  parties,  of  any  precontract,  or 
other  just  cause  why  the  marriage  should  not  take 
place. 

3.  An  edict  of  interdiction  or  proscription.  Hence, 
in  the  former  Qer/nari  empire,  to  put  a  prince  under 
the  ban  of  the  empire,  was  to  divest  him  of  his  dig- 
nities, and  to  ulterdict  ;dl  intercourse  and  all  offices 
of  humanity  with  tlie  offender.  Sometimes  cities 
were  put  under  the  baa  of  the  empiie,  that  is,  de- 
prived of  their  rights  and  privileges.  Encyc. 

4.  Interdiction ;  prohibition.  Milton. 

5.  Curse  ;  excommunication  ;  anatliema.   Raleigh. 

6.  A  pecuniary  mulct  or  penalty  laid  upon  a  de- 
linquent for  offending  against  a  ban. 

7.  A  mulct  paid  to  the  bishop  by  one  guilty  of  sac- 
rilege and  other  crimes. 

8.  In  military  affairs,  a  proclamation  by  beat  of 
drum,  or  sound  of  trumpet,  requiring  a  strict  obser- 
vance of  discipline,  either  for  declaring  a  new  officer, 
or  for  punishing  an  offender. 

9.  In  commerce,  a  smooth,  fine  muslin,  imported 
from  the  East  Indies.  Encyc. 

BAN,  I.',  r.    To  curse;  to  execrate.      Skalc.    Knolles. 

BAN,  V.  i.     To  curse.  Spenser. 

BA-NA'NA,  71.  A  species  of  the  genus  Musa,  (which 
also  includirs  the  plantain,)  and  its  fruit.  It  rises  15 
or  20  feet  high,  with  a  soft  sUalk,  marked  with  dark 
purple  stripes  and  spots,  with  leaves  six  feet  long, 


and  a  foot  broad.  The  flowers  grow  in  buncin^s, 
covered  willi  a  slieath  of  a  fine  purple  color.  The 
fruit  is  four  or  live  inches  long,  and  an  incli  or  umre 
in  diameter  ;  the  pulp  is  soft  and  of  a  luscious  taste. 
When  ripe,  it  is  eaten  raw,  or  fried  in  slices.  Ba- 
nanas grow  in  large  bunches,  weigliing  a  dozen 
pounds  or  more.  This  tree  is  the  native  of  tropical 
countries,  and  on  many  isles  constitutes  an  impor- 
tant article  of  food.  Encyc. 

BAN'CO,  n.     [It.]    A  bench  ;  a  bank. 

BAND,  n.  [Sax.  banda ;  Sw.  bajid ;  Dan.  baand ;  D. 
band;    G.   band,   bindc :    Sp.   banda,  vcnda;    Port.    It. 

banda;    Ir.   banna;   Pei-s.    tXo    band;  Sans,  bande, 

biinda;  Fr.  bandc.     See  Bind  and  Bend.] 

1.  A  fillet;  a  cord  ;  a  tie;  a  chain  ;  any  narrow 
ligament  with  which  a  thing  is  hound,  lied,  or  fast- 
ened, or  by  which  a  number  of  thhigs  are  confined 
togetlier. 

2.  In  arch<tcctnrc,  any  flat,  low  member  or  moldinir, 
broad,  but  not  deep,  called  also  fascia,  face,  or  pUutiu 

Johnson.     Encyc. 

3.  Figuratively,  any  chain  ;  any  means  of  restraint; 
that  which  draws  or  confines.  DnrU'-t. 

4.  Means  of  union  or  connection  between  persons  ; 
as,  Hymen'^s  band.  Shu!:. 

5.  Any  thing  bound  round  or  encircling  another. 

Bacon.. 
G.  Something  worn  about  the  neck ;  as,  the  bauds 
-  of  clergymen.  Addison. 

7.  A  company  of  soldiers  ;  the  body  of  men  united 
under  one  flag  or  ensign.  Also,  indefinitely,  a  troop, 
a  body  of  anned  men.    2  Kings  vi. 

8.  A  company  of  persons  united  in  any  common 
design;  as,  a  band  of  brothers. 

9.  A  slip  of  canvas,  sewed  across  a  sail  to  strength- 
en it.  Mar.  Diet. 

The  band  of  pensioners,  in  England,  is  a  company 
of  120  gentlemen,  who  receive  a  yearly  aJlownnce  Cf 
£100  St.  for  attending  the  king  on  solemn  occasions. 

Encyc. 
The  baiids  of  a  saddle  are  two  pieces  of  iron  nailed 
upon  the  bows,  to  hold  them  in  their  proper  situa- 
tion. Johnson. 

BAND,  V.  t.    To  bind  together ;  to  bind  over  with  a 

band.  Dryden, 

2.  To  unite  in  a  troop,  company,  or  confederacy. 

Milton. 

BAND,  u.  ).  To  unite;  to  associate;  to  confederate 
for  some  common  purpose.    Acts  xxiii. 

BAND'AGE,  n.  [Fr.]  A  fillet,  roller,  or  swath,  used 
in  dressing  and  binding  up  wounds,  restraining 
hemorrhages,  and  joining  fractured  and  dislocatt^d 
bones.  Sometimes,  the  act  or  practice  of  appl^  ing 
bandages. 

2.  Something  resembling  a  bandage ;  that  which 
is  bound  over  another.  Addison. 

B.\N-D.'VN'A,     j  n.    A  species  of  silk  or  cotton  hand- 

BAN-DAN'NA,  \  kerchief,  having  a  uniformly  dyed 
ground,  usually  of  red  or  blue,  with  white  fi^'ures  of 
a  circular  or  lozenge  form,  made  by  discharging  the 
color.  The  term  is  also  applied  to  a  style  of  culico 
printing,  in  whicli  white  or  bright  spots  are  produced 
on  a  red  or  daik  ground,  by  discharging  the  color,  as 
in  bandanna  handkevchiefs.  Urr. 

BAND'BOX,  n.  A  slight  paper  box  for  bands,  caps, 
bonnets,  muffs,  or  other  light  articles.         Addison. 

BANWEDypp     Bound  with  a  band  ;  united  in  a  band. 

BAND'ER,  H.  One  that  bands  or  :issociates  with 
others. 

BAND'I-ED,  (ban'did,)  pp.  Beat  or  tossed  to  and  fio  ; 
agitated  ;  controverted  without  ceremony. 

BAND'ING,  ;>;j;-.  Binding  with  a  band;  uniting  in  a 
band  or  companv. 

BAN'DIT,  71.;  pi.  Bandits  or  Banditti.  [It.  ban- 
dito,  from  ba?uUrc,  to  proclaim,  to  banish  or  pru- 
scribe  by  proclamation.  Bandito  is  the  participL-. 
Sp.  bandido.     See  Ban.] 

An  outlaw  ;  also,  in  a  general  scnsf,  a  rubber ;  a 
highwayman  ;  a  lawless  or  desperate  fellow. 

BAN'DLE,  n.    An  Irish  measure  of  two  feet  in  length. 

Bailey 

Any  little  hand  or  flat  molding,  as  that  wliich 
crowns  the  Doric  architrave.  Encyc. 

BAN'DOG,  7i.     A  large,  fierce  kind  of  dog,  usually 
kept  chained ;  hence  the  name  band  dog  or  ban  dog. 
Smart.     Farm.  Ena/c.     Shah.     Spenser. 
BAN-DO-LEER',   v.     [Sp.    ban-Mera;   It.   bandolicj-a; 
Fr.  bandnulin-c :  band  and  D.  Icrr,  leatiier.] 

A  large  lealliern  belt,  tlinnvn  over  the  right 
shoulder,  and  iianging  under  the  left  arm;  worn  by 
ancient  musketeers  for  sustaining  their  fire-arms. 
The  term  is  also  applied  to  small  leather  cases,  of 
which  every  musketeer  wore  twelve,  suspended  by 
a  hell,  and  containing  each  a  charge  of  powder. 

Encyc. 
BAN'DON,  71.    Disposal ;  license.     [J^Tot  in  use.] 

Chancer. 
BAN'DORE,  n.     [Sp.  handurria :  Gr.  -Knvtsqa.] 

A  musical  stringed  instrument,  like  a  lute.  Encyc 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  VVH^T.— MeTE,  PREY.  — PLVE,  M.\R:(NE,  BIRD.  — NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BOOK. - 
96  ~" 


BAN 

BAND'RoL.      I  n      Tr.  baiidt^role :  It.  handcruola -,  Sp. 
1>A\'\ER-6L.  \      bandcrolas;  liierally,  a  little  &cH«*r. 
SfC  Banner.^ 

1.  A  little  'tlag  or  streamer,  in  form  of  a  suidon, 
used  to  be  hung  on  the  masts  of  vessels.        Encyc. 

3.  The  little  fringed  silk  flag  that  hangs  ou  a 
trumpet.  Johivson. 

B  ■VXD'STRING,  n.    A  strinjj    appendant  to  a  band. 

Taylor. 
B-\XD'Y,  n,     [Fr.  iander,  to  bend  ;  L.  pando.] 

1.  A  club  bent  at  the  lower  part  for  striking  a  ball 
at  play. 
•2.  The  play  with  such  a  club.  Toow. 

BAND'Y,  r.  f.    To  beat  to  and  fro,  as  a  ball  in  play- 
ing at  bandy. 

*i  To  exchange  ;  to  give  and  receive  reciprocally  ; 
as,  to  bandy  looks.  Shak. 

3.  To  agitate  ;  to  toss  about,  as  from  man  to  man. 


Let  Dol  Imown  truih  be  banditd  in  diepulaliou. 


IVatis. 


BAND'Y,  r.  i.  To  contend,  as  at  some  game,  in 
which  each  strives  to  drive  the  ball  his  own  way. 

Shak. 

B-\ND'Y-IXG,  ppr.  Beating  :  impelling  or  tossing 
from  one  to  another  ;  agitating  in  controversy  with- 
out cereraonv. 

BAND'Y-LEG",  n.  [bandy  and  le^.  See  Ba>-dv  and 
Be:*d.]  a  crooked  leg;  a  leg  bending  inward  or 
outward.  Encvc 

BAXD'Y-LEG-G£D,  a.     Having  crooked  legs. 

BAXE,  71.  [Q.U.  the  atfintties.  In  Sax.  buna  is  a  mur- 
derer ;  in  Gr.  ipcfu  is  to  kill;  in  L-  vcnenum  is  poi- 
son f  Fr.  veitiit ;  Arm.  benym  or  vininn.] 

1.  Poison  of  a  deadly  quality  ;  hence,  any  fatal 
cause  of  mischief,  injury,  or  destruction  ;  as,  ^ice  is 
the  batie  of  society. 

2.  A  disease  in  sheep,  more  commonly  termed  the 
ToL  Farm.  Encyc. 

BaNE,  r.  L     To  poison.  Shak. 

BANE'BER-RY,  n.    A  common   name  of  the    herb 

Christopher  or  Actsa    Spicala,   whose  berries  are 

fetid  and  dangerous. 
BaNE'FIJL,  a.    Poisonous  ;  pernicious  ;  destructive. 
BANE'FI)L-LY,  ado.    Perniciously  ,  destructively. 
BANE'f[)L-NESS,  7U      Poisonousness  ;    destructivc- 

ness. 
BANE'W6RT,  71.     [See  Wonx.]     A  plant,  called  also 

deadly  nightshade^  Joh}ison. 

BANG,  V.  L    [Dan.  battke,  to  beat ;  G.  b'dngd^  a  club, 

and  the  clapper  of  a  bell ;  D.  bcngd^  n  bell ;  Ir.  bea- 

naim,  to  beat.] 

1.  To  beat,  as  with  a  club  or  cudgel ;  to  thump  ;  to 
cudgel.     [A  low  iDord.'] 

2.  To  beat  or  handle  roughly  ;  to  treat  with  vio- 
lence. Shdi. 

BANG,  n.    A  blow  with  a  club  j  a  heavy  blow.  Shak. 

BANG'ING,  a.  Huge  ;  great ;  as  if  beating,  or  sur- 
passing in  size.  A  vulgar  word  used  in  the  south  of 
England,  in  Scotland,  and  sometimes  in  America. 

Forby. 

BAN"GLE,  V.  L  To  waste  by  little  and  little ;  to 
squander  carelessly.  Johnson. 

BAN"GLE,  n.  .\n  ornament  worn  upon  the  arms 
and  ankles  in  India  and  Africa.  JMalcom. 

BANGUE,  (  n.    The  leaf  of  a  sort  of  hemp  or  Canna- 

BANG,  \  bis,  growing  in  India  and  the  Levant, 
and  used  as  a  narcotic. 

BAN'IAN,  (ban'yan,)  n.  A  man*s  undress  or  morning 
gown,  as  worn  by  the  Banians  in  the  East  Indies. 

Johnson. 

2.  A  peculiar  caste  or  class  among  the  Hindoos, 
whose  profession  is  that  of  trade  and  merchandise. 

Herbert. 

3.  A  tree  in  India,  the  Banyan.  Mdton. 
Banian  days^  in  seainm^s  languagf,  are  dajs  in  a 

week  in  which  the  sailors  have  no  flesh  meat  served 
out  to  them.  This  use  of  the  term  seems  to  be  bor- 
rowed from  the  Banians  in  Asia,  who,  believing  in  a 
metempsychosis,  will  eat  no  ilesh,  nor  even  kiU 
noxious  animus. 
BAN'ISH,  c.  t.  [Fr.  bannir,  bannitsant;  whence  ban- 
iU)t,*nnent^  banishment;  Arm.  emhitnna,  to  publish  ; 
fwrUana  and  forbaniza,  to  banish  ;  It.  bandire ;  D.  6aii- 
nea;  G.  verbannen,  aiLsbnnnen.     See  Ban.] 

1.  To  condemn  to  exile,  or  compel  tn  leave  one's 
country,  by  authority  of  the  prince  or  government; 
either  for  life  or  for  a  limited  lime.  It  is  common 
for  Russians  to  be  banLhed  to  Siberia. 

2  To  drive  away ;  to  compel  to  depart ;  as,  to 
banbh  sorrow. 

3.  To  banUh  one's  «//,  is  to  quit  one's  country 
voluntarily,  and  with  a  view  to  reside  abroad. 

BAN'ISH-£D,  (ban'isht,)  pp.  or  a.  Compelled  to  leave 
one's  countr)' ;  driven  away. 

BA\'ISH-ER,  n.  One  who  compels  another  to  quit 
his  country. 

BAN'ISH-£NG,  ppr.  Compelling  to  quit  one's  coun- 
try ;  driving  away. 

BAN'ISH-ME.VT,  n.  The  act  of  a  prince  or  govern- 
ment, compelling  a  citizen  to  leave  his  country,  either 
for  a  limited  time  or  forever,  a?  for  some  crime. 

2.  A  voiuntarj-  forsaking  of  one's  country  upon 
oath,  called  abjaratum,  [This practice  has  now  ceased 
m  Great  Britatn.'\ 


HAN 

3.  The  state  of  being  banished  ;  exile. 

4.  The  act  of  driving  away  or  dispelling  ;  as,  the 
banishment  of  care  from  the  mind. 

BAN'IS-TER,  n.    A  corruption  of  Balpster. 
BANK,  7(.     f Sax.  hnnc ;   D.  and  G.  bank ;  Sw.  banck  ; 
Dan.  banke  ,•   It.  banco ;  Sp.  and  Port,  banca,  banco  ; 

Fr.  banc,  banqiic;  W.  banc;  Arm.  bancq;     Ai.  (.Juj 

bank,  abeneh.  Bank  and  bench  are  radically  the  same 
word.  The  sense  is,  that  which  is  set,  laid,  or  ex- 
tended. Applied  to  a  mass  of  earth,  it  is  a  collec- 
tion, that  which  is  thrown  or  laid  together.] 

1.  A  mound,  pile,  or  ridge  of  earth,  raised  above 
the  surrounding  plain,  either  as  a  defense  or  for 
otlicr  purposes.  ~  '2  Sam,  xx.  15. 

a.  Any  steep  acclivity,  whether  rising  from  a  river, 
a  lake,  or  the  sea,  or  forming  the  side  of  a  ravine,  or 
the  steep  side  of  a  hillock  on  a  plain.  When  we 
speak  of  the  earth  in  general  adjoining  a  lake  or  the 
sea,  we  use  the  word  shore :  but  a  particular  steep 
accllvit}-  on  the  side  of  a  lake,  river,  or  the  sua,  is 
called  a  bank. 

3.  A  bench,  or  a  bench  of  rowers,  in  a  galley. 

Plac-rJ  on  tiietr  tcii*.  Uie  l\isij  Trojans  swcjp.  Waller. 

•I.  By  analogy,  a  collection  or  stock  of  money,  de- 
posited, by  a  number  of  persons,  for  a  particular  use  ; 
that  is,  an  aggregate  of  particulars,  or  a  fund  ;  as,  to 
establish  a  bank,  tliat  is,  a  joint  fund. 

5.  The  place  where  a  collection  of  money  is  do 
posited  J  a  common  r-.pository  of  the  money  of  indi- 
viduals or  of  companies ;  also,  a  house  used  for  a 
bank. 

G.  A  company  of  persons  concerned  in  a  bank, 
whether  a  private  association  <u'  an  incorporated 
company ;  the  stockholders  of  a  bank,  or  tlieir  rep- 
resentatives, the  directors,  acting  in  tlieir  corporate 
capacity. 

7.  An  elevation,  or  rising  ground,  in  tlie  sea  ;  called 
also  fiats,  shoals,  sficlvi's,  or  shallows.  These  may 
rise  to  the  surface  of  the  water  or  near  to  it ;  but  the 
word  bank  signilies  also  elevated  ground  at  the  bot- 
tom of  the  sea,  when  many  fathoms  below  the  sur- 
face ;  as,  the  banks  of  Newfoundland. 
B.\NK,  u.  (.  To  raise  a  mound  or  dike;  to  inclose, 
defend,  or  fortify  with  a  bank  ;  as,  to  Imnh  a  house. 

2.  To  pass  by  the  banks  of. 

As  1  have  baiiJied  Ui-'ir  I'lwiii.  Shak. 

[Aot  in  lu-e.] 

3.  To  lay  up  or  ileposit  money  in  a  bank.  [Little 
used.]  Johnson. 

BANK'^A-BLE,  a.  Receivable  at  a  bank,  as  bills;  or 
discountable,  as  notes. 

BANK'-BOQK.  n.  A  book  in  which  the  officers  of  a 
bank  enter  the  dehtand  credit  of  a  customer.  Bouvier. 

BANK'-BILL,  n.  In  .-Jmericu.  the  same  as  Bank-note. 
In  England^  a  note,  (tr  a  bill  of  exchange  of  a  bank, 
payable  at  some  future  specified  time.  Such  bills  are 
negotiable,  but  form,  in  the  strict  sense  of  the  term, 
no  part  of  the  currency.  London  Banker. 

BANK'-X6TE,  n.  A  proniissorj-  note,  issued  by  a 
banking  company,  signed  by  the  president  and 
countersigned  by  the  cashif^r,  payable  to  the  bearer 
in  gold  or  silver  at  the  bank,  on  demand.  Such 
billy,  in  England  and  America,  form  a  large  part 
of  the  currency. 

BANK'£D,  (bankt,)  pp.  Raised  in  a  ridge  or  mound  of 
earth  ;  inclosed  or  Ibrtified  witii  a  bank. 

BANK'ER,  n.  One  who  kecips  a  bank;  one  who 
traffics  in  money,  receives  '^nd  remits  money,  ne- 
gotiates bills  of  exchange,  &c. 

2.  A  vessel  employed  in  the  codfishery  on  the 
banks  of  Newfoundland.  JMar.  Diet. 

BANK.'ING,ppr.  Raising  a  mound  or  bank;  inclos- 
ing with  a  bank.  When  we  speak  of  restraining 
water,  we  usually  call  it  banking ;  when  we  speak 
of  defending  the  land,  we  aui  it  imbanking.     Encyc. 

BANK'ING,  H.  The  business  or  employment  of  a 
banker  ;  the  business  of  estiblishing  a  common  fund 
for  lending  money,  discounring  notes,  issuing  bills, 
receiving  deposits,  collecting  'he  money  on  notes  de- 
posited, negotiating  bills  of  exchange,  &;c. 

BANK'ING,  a.  Pertaining  io,  or  conducted  by,  a 
bank  ;  as,  banking  operations.  JPCuIloch. 

BANK'RIJPT,  11.  [Fr.  baiujueroute  ;  Sp.  bnncarrota, 
bankruptcy,  bank,  and  Sp.  and  Port,  ruto,  It.  rotto, 
broken  ;  Eng.  rout,  defeat.  Ihis  may  signify  beuch- 
broken,  or  bank-hrokcn  ,  most  probably  the  latter, 
referring  to  the  fund  or  stock.  The  last  syllable  is 
the  Latin  ruptus,  contracted ;  Norm,  roupt,  runs, 
broken.] 

1.  In  English  law,  a  trader  who  secretes  himself, 
or  does  certain  other  acts  tending  to  defraud  his 
creditors.  Blackstone. 

2.  In  a  less  technical  sense,  a  trader  who  fails,  or 
becomes  unable  to  pay  his  just  debts  ;  an  insolvent 
trader.  In  strictness,  no  pe'-'un  but  a  trader  can  be 
a  bankrupt,  BanJcmptcy  is  applied  to  mercliaoLs  and 
traders  ;  insolvency,  to  other  persons. 

This  disiinrtioii   is  not  ;>'eserved  in  the  United 
States,  all  insolvent  debtors   beini;  callct  bankrupts. 
BANK'RUPT,  a.    Having  committed  acti  of  bank- 
ruptcy ;  unable  to  pay  just  d^Dls  ;  insolvent. 


BAN 


BANK'RUPT,  r.  t.    To  break  one  in  trade;  to  make 

insolvent. 

BANK'RUPT-CV,  h.  The  slate  of  being  a  bankrupt, 
or  insolvent ;  inability  to  pay  all  dchts. 

2.  The  act  of  becoming  a  Innkrupi ;  the  act  of 
rendering  one's  self  a  bankrupt,  as  bv  absconding  or 
otherwise  ;  failure  in  tride. 

BANK'RUPT-EL),  pp.     Rendered  insolvent. 

BANK'RUPT-ING,  ppr.  Breaking  in  trade:  render- 
ing insolvent. 

BANK'RUPT  LAW,  n.  A  law  which,  upon  a  ban!:. 
nipt's  surrerider'ins  Jill  his  property  to  commi^siunera 
for  the  benefit  of  his  creditors,  discharges  him  from 
the  payment  of  his  debts,  and  all  liability  u>  arrert  or 
suit  for  the  same,  and  secures  his  future  ac/piired 
properly  from  a  liability  to  the  payment  of  hu  past 
debts.  '  -  *^ 

BANK'RUPT  SYS'TEM,  71.  A  system  of  laws  and 
legal  proceedings  in  regard  to  bankruptii  and  Uieir 
property. 

BANK'-STOCK,  n.  A  share  or  shares  in  (he  capital 
stock  of  a  bank.  1 

BAJ^LIE-UE,  n.  [Fr.J  The  territor)'  without  the  | 
walls,   but   within   the  legal   limits,  of  a  town  or 

city.  Brands.        \ 

BAX'NER,  71.  [Fr.  bannirrc;  W.baner;  lU  bandiera;  . 
Sp.  bandcra;  G.  fahnc  and  panier;  D.  raan  and  roan-  ' 
dfl;  from  Goth. /ti;ta,  cloth;  Sax. /arm;  L.  pannuj;  \ 
Ir.  fuan,  cloth.] 

1.  A  square  tlag  ;  a  military  cusign  ;  the  principal   1 
standard  of  a  prince  or  state.  Eitcyc 

2.  A  streamer  borne  at  the  end  of  a  lance  or  else- 
where. Johnson. 

3.  In  botuny,  the  Upper  petal  of  a  papilionnct-ous 
cornl.  '  Martyn. 

BAN'NER-i7D,  a.   Furnished  with  or  bearing  banners. 

wJiUvii. 
Shield  th«  slron,;;^  fbu,  and  rake  the  bannertd  ihocv.     Bariota. 

BAN'NER-ET,  n.     [Fr.,  from  banner.] 

1.  A  knight  made  in  the  field.  On  the  day  of  bat- 
tle, the  candidates  presented  their  flags  to  the  kins  ot 
general,  who  cut  otf  the  train  or  skirl,  and  made  it 
square.  They  were  then  called  knights  of  Oir  square 
fiag.      Bannerets  formerly   constituted   an    order  of 

knights  or  feudal  lords,  who  led  their  vassals  to 
battle  under  their  own  flags.  They  wert^  a  middle 
order  between  barons  and  simple  kniglits.     Encyc 

2.  Formerly^  a  liigli  officer  in  some  of  the  Swiss 
cantons,  who  had  the  charge  of  the  banner. 

B.\N'NER-6L.     See  Bandrol. 

BAN-NV'TIO.V,  n.    The  act  of  expulsion.     [Obs.] 

BAN'NOCK,  71.     [Ir.  bomneog.]  [Jibp.  Land. 

A  cake  made  of  oat,  rye,  pease,  or  barley  meal, 
baked  on  an  iron  plate,  over  the  fire;  used  in  Scot- 
land, and  thf  northern  counties  of  England.  Johnson. 

BAN'OY,  11.  A  species  of  hawk,  somewhat  larger  than 
the  English  spairow-hauk  ;  the  back  and  winss  yel- 
low, and  the  belly  white  ;  a  native  of  the  Philippine 
Isles.  E>icL  of  JVdL  Hist. 

BAN'aUET,  (bank'wel,)  n.     [Ft.  banquet ;  Arm.  ban-  i 
cqed  or  bunrci ;  It.  banchcllo,  a  little  seal,  a  feast ;  Sp.    | 
baiiqneta,  a  stool  with  three  legs  ;  banqutte,  a  banquet. 
From  these  words,  it  would  appear  that  banquet  is  a 
sitting,  and  hence  a  feast ;  and  not,  as  supposed, 

from  the  Oriental  piQ,  (.Jui    to  feed  or  bring  up 

delicately.]  [ 

A  feast ;  a  rich  entertainment,  litrraJly,  of  meat 

and  drink  ;  figuratively,  of  any  thing  delightful.  [ 

BAN'QUET,  V.  L    To  treat  with  a  feast,  or  rich  en-  ; 

tertainment.  Skak.       \ 

BAN'aUET,  r.  i.     To  feast ;  to  regale  one's  self  witli 

giX)d  eating  and  drinking.  Shak.       ^ 

BAN'QUET-ED,  pp.    Feasted  ;  richly  entertained  at  , 

the  table. 
BAN'aUET-ER,  71.      A  feaster;  one  who  lives  de-  ] 

liciously.  i 

2.  One  who  makes  feasts  or  rich  entertainments. 
BAN'UUET-1\G,  ppr.     Feasting;  entertaining  WiUi 

rich  fare. 
2.  Partaking  of  rich  fare.  i 

B.^N'aULT-LNG,  71.    A  feast;  luxurious  living;  rich 

entertainnienL     1  Pet.  iv. 
BAN'OUET-ING-HOUSE, )  n.  A  house  whore  enicr- 
B.^X'UUET-HOUSE,  \      tainments  are  made 

Cant.  xxiv.     Dan.  v. 
BAN'QUET-ING-ROOM,  n.     A  saloon  or  spacious 

hall  for  public  entertainments.  Ennx. 

BAX-Q.Uh:rTE',  (ban-ket',}  h.     [Fr.] 

1.  In /I'T-i/ftVd/itm,  a  little  raised  way  or  fimt  Ivmk, 
running  along  the  inside  of  a  parapet,  on  which  mus- 
keteers stand  to  fire  upon  ilie  enemy  in  the  nmai  rr 
covered  way.  Encttc, 

2.  The  foot-way  of  a  bridge,  when  raised  atove 


the  carriage-way. 


Gtriit. 


BAN'UUET-TE.XT,  71.    A  tent  in  which  a  banquet  is 

enjoyed.  , 

DANS,  71.  pL    Bans  of  matrimony.    [See  Ban,  No.  2.J 

BEN'Slir^' i  "■     An  Irish  fair>-.                  Chaliners. 
BAN'STICK-LE.  n.    A  small  fish,  called,  also,  stid:U- 
back  :  a  species  of  tlie  genus  Gasierosteus^ 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.— C  asK;  6asJ;  SasZj  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


13 


97 


BAR 

liAN'TA.M,  n.  A  very  FinaM  variety  of  fowl,  with 
li'ai.liered  legs,  bruuglit,  probably,  from  the  kingdom 
of  B:inl:un. 

2.  A  kind  of  painted  or  carved  work  resembling 
that  r.r  Ja|)an,  only  more  gaudy. 

BAN'TER,  V.  L  [Gr.  ipcua^,  whence  0£i/a«i(w,  to 
nitick,  or  deride 

'J'n  play  uiKm  in  words  and  in  good  humor  :  to  ral- 
ly; to  joke  or  jest  with.  ^rtTJicr  hardly  amounts  to 
ridicule,  much  less  to  derision.  It  consists  in  being 
pleasant  and  witty  with  the  actions  of  another,  ana 
raising  a  humorous  laugh  at  his  expense,  often  attend- 
ed wiih  some  degree  of  sarcasm. 

BAN'TER,  11.  A  joking  or  jesting;  raillery;  wit  or 
humor ;  pir'asantry. 

BAN'TER-A'D,  pp.  Rallied  ;  laughed  at  in  good  hu- 
mor. 

BAN'TER-ER,  n.  One  who  banters,  or  laughs  at  with 
pleasantry. 

BAN'TER-iNG,  ppr.  Joking;  laughing  at  with  good 
humor. 

BAN''I'ER-rNG,  n.    The  act  of  bantering. 

BANT'LING,  n.     [G.  bankart.     Qu.] 
A  young  child  ;  an  infant. 

EAN'YAN,  n.  The  Indian  tig,  {Ficus  Indica^)  a  tree 
whose  branches,  bendmg  to  tlie  ground,  take  root  and 
form  new  stocks,  till  they  cover  a  space  of  many  hun- 
dred feet  in  circumference.  Brande. 

Ba'O-BAB,  n.  The  African  name  of  the  Jidaiisuria 
diffitata,  the  largest  known  tree  in  the  world.  The 
trunk  is  sometimes  thirty  feet  in  diameter,  but  not 
more  than  seventy  feet  high.  Brande. 

BAP'TISiM,  H.  [Ctv.  /Su-Tiaiirij  from  iSuTrriC^^o,  from 
fJarrr<u^  to  baptize  ;  Sp.  bautizar;  It.  battezzare  :  Port, 
bautczar  or  buptizar.  These  seem  to  be  from  the 
Greek,  by  contraction.  But  the  Arm.  badeia,  ba- 
dein,  may  be  from  bath,  hud^  water.] 

1.  The  application  of  water  to  a  person,  as  a  sacra- 
ment or  religious  ceremony,  by  which  he  is  initiated 
into  the  visible  church  of  Christ.  This  is  usually 
performed  by  sprinkling  or  immersion. 

2.  The  sufferings  of  Christ.     Matt.  xx.  22,  23. 

a.  So  mucli  of  the  gospel  as  was  preached  by  John 
the  Baptist.     Acts  xviii.  Crudcn. 

H/fpoUietical  baptism,  is  the  name  given,  in  the  Epis- 
copal church,  to  baptism  when  administered  to  per- 
sons, in  respect  to  whom  it  is  doubtful  whether  they 
have  or  have  not  been  baptized  before.  The  fommla 
in  this  c;ise  is,  "  If  Ihou  art  not  already  baptized,  I 
baptize  thee,"  &c.  Book. 

BAP-Tld'WAJj,  a.  Pertaining  to  baptism ;  as,  a  baptis- 
mal vow. 

BAP'TIST,  H.  One  who  administers  baptism.  This 
appellation  is  appropriately  given  to  John,  the  fore- 
runner of  Christ. 

2.  As  a  contraction  of  Anabaptist,  one  wlio  denies 
the  doctrine  of  infant  baptism,  ami  maintains  that 
baptism  ought  to  be  admuiistertd  only  to  adults  or 
believers  by  immersing  the  bodv  in  water. 

BAP'TIST-ER-Y,  n.     [L.  baptisieruan.] 

A  place  where  the  sacrament  of  baptism  is  admin- 
istered. Primitively,  baptisteries  were  in  builduigs  sep- 
arate from  tlie  chinch  ;  but  in  the  sixth  centurj'  they 
were  taken  into  the  church-porch,  and  afterward  in- 
to the  church  itself.  Encyc 

BAP-TIS'J''ie,         I  a.     Pertaining  to  baptism. 

BAP-TIST'iC-AL,  i  Bramhall. 

BAP-TIST'ie-AL-LY,  adv.     In  a  baptistical  manner. 

BAP-TIZ'A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  baptized. 

JV.  E.  Eldfirs. 

BAP-TiZE',  V.  t.  [See  Baptism.]  To  administer  the 
sacrament  of  baptism  to  ;  to  christen.  By  some  de- 
nominations of  Christians,  baptism  is  performed  by 
phinging  or  immersing  the  whole  body  in  water,  and 
this  is  done  to  none  but  adults.  More  generally,  the 
ceremony  is  performed  by  sprinkling  water  on  the 
face  of  a  person,  whether  an  infant  or  an  adult,  and 
in  the  case  of  an  infant,  by  giving  him  a  name,  in 
the  name  of  the  Father,  Son,  and  Holy  Spuit,  which 
is  called  Chri^teninjf. 

BAP-TTZ'£D,  p}i.  or  a.  Having  received  baptism; 
cliri^iened. 

BAP-TiZ'ER,  )i.  One  who  christens,  or  administers 
baptism. 

BAP-TlZ'ING,  ppr.     Administering  baptism  to. 

BAR,  n.  [W.  bar;  It.  barra  ;  Fr.  barre;  Sp.  barra ; 
Port.  id.  ;  It.  barra,  sbarra;  Arm.  barren,  sparl:  Ileb. 
rv-ia  ;  Ch.  N"i3i?.  If  these  words  are  the  Eng.  bar, 
the  sense  is,  a  shoot,  tliat  which  shoots,  passes,  or  is 
driven.] 

1.  A  piece  of  wood,  iron,  or  other  solid  matter, 
long  in  proportioii  to  its  tliameter,  used  for  various 
purposes,  but  especially  for  a  hinderance  or  obstruc- 
tion ;  as,  the  bar^  of  a  fence  or  gate ;  the  bar  of  a 
door  or  hatchway.    Numb.  iii.  3f>.    Ex.  xxvi.  26. 

2.  Any  obstacle  which  obstructs,  hinders,  or  de- 
fends; an  obstruction  ;  a  fortitication.    Amos  i. 


Mirsl  I  new  tnra  to  my  own  Joy  creaU". 


Dryden. 


3.  The  shore  of  the  sea,  which  restrains  its  waters. 
Job  xxxviii. 

4.  The  lailing  that  encloses  the  place  which  coun- 
sel occupy  in  courts  of  justice.  Hence  the  phrase  at 
the  bar  of  Vie  court,  signifies  in  open  court.     Hence, 


BAR 

also,  licensed  lawyers  are  called  barristers ;  and 
hence  the  whole  body  of  lawyers  licensed  in  a 
court,  are  customarily  called  the  bar.  A  trial  at 
bar,  in  England,  is  a  trial  in  the  courts  of  West- 
minster, opposed  to  a  trial  at  Nisi  Prius,  in  the 
circuits. 

5.  Figuratively,  any  tribunal  ;  as,  the  bar  of  public 
opinion.  Thus  the  final  trial  of  men  is  called  the  bar 
of  God. 

6.  The  inclosed  place  of  a  tavern,  inn,  or  coffee- 
house, where  the  landlord  or  his  servant  delivers  out 
liquors,  and  waits  upon  customers.  Addison. 

7.  A  bank  of  sand,  gravel,  or  earth,  forming  a  shoal 
at  the  mouth  of  a  river  or  harbor,  obstructing  entrance, 
or  rendering  it  difiicult. 

6.  A  rock  in  the  sea,  according  to  Brown ;  or  any 
thing  by  which  structure  is  held  together,  accordmg 
to  Johnson  ;  used  in  Jonali  ii. 

9.  Ajiy  thing  laid  across  another,  as  bars  in  herald- 
ry, stripes  in  color,  and  the  like. 

iO.  In  the  vienaire,  the  highest  part  of  the  place  in  a 
liorse's  mouth  between  the  grinders  and  tusks,.so 
that  the  part  of  the  mouth  which  lies  under  and  at 
the  side  of  the  bars,  retains  the  name  of  the  guju. 
Encyc.  TJie  upper  part  of  the  gums,  between  the 
tusks  and  grinders,  which  bears  no  teeth,  and  to 
which  the  bit  is  applied.  Johnson. 

11.  Bars,  in  mitsic,  are  lines  drawn  perpendicularly 
across  the  lines  of  the  stafl",  including  between  each 
two  a  certain  quantity  of  lime,  or  number  of  beats. 

12.  In  law,  a  peremptory  exception  sufficient  to 
destroy  the  plaintiff's  action.  It  is  divided  into  a 
bar  to  common  iiitendment,  and  bar  special  ;  bar 
temporary,  and  bar  perpetual.  Bar  to  common  in- 
tendment, is  an  ordinary  or  general  bar,  whicli  dis- 
ables the  declaration  of  the  plaintiff.  A  special  bar, 
is  more  than  ordinary,  as  a  fine,  release,  or  justifica- 
tion. A  temporarn  bar,  is  that  which  is  good  for  a 
time,  but  may  afterward  cease.  A  perpetual  bar, 
overtlu"ows  the  action  of  the  plaintiff  forever. 

Binclistone.     Cawel. 

13.  A  bar  of  gold  or  silver,  is  an  ingot,  lump,  or 
wedge,  from  the  mines,  run  in  a  mold,  and  un- 
wrought.  .A  bar  of  iron,  is  a  long  piece,  wrought  in 
the  forge  and  hanmiered  from  a  pig. 

14.  Among  printers,  tlie  iron  with  a  wooden  han- 
dle, by  which  the  screw  of  tlie  press  is  turned. 

15.  In  the  African  (ra(/<r,  a  denomination  of  price  ; 
payment  formerly  being  made  to  tlie  Africans  in  inui 
b:irs.  Johnson, 

BXR,  y.  t.  To  fasten  with  a  bar ;  as,  to  bar  a  door  or 
gate. 

2.  To  hinder ;  to  obstruct ;  to  prevent ;  as,  to  bar 
the  entrance  of  evil. 

3.  To  prevent;  to  exclude;  to  hinder;  to  make 
impracticable;  as,  tlie  distance  between  us  bars  nnv 
intercourse.  In  this  sense,  the  plirase  is  ot\en  varied, 
thus:  the  distance  bars  me  from  h\s  aid,  or  bars  him 
from  my  aid. 

4.  To  prohibit ;  to  restrain  or  exclude  by  express 
or  implied  prohibition  ;  as,  the  statute  bars  my  right ; 
the  law  bars  the  use  of  poisoned  weapons. 

5.  To  obstruct,  prevent,  or  hinder  by  any  interven- 
ing obstacle;  as,  the  right  is  barred  by  time;  are- 
lease  bars  the  plaintiff's  recovery. 

{).  To  except;  to  exclude  by  exception  ;  as,  I  bar 
to-night.  Shak. 

7.  To  cross  with  stripes  of  a  different  color. 

8.  To  bar  a  vein,  in  farriery,  is  an  operation  upon 
the  legs  of  a  horse,  or  other  parts,  to  stop  malignant 
humors.  This  is  done  by  opening  the  skin  above  a 
vein,  disengaging  it,  and  tying  it  both  above  and  be- 
low, and  striking  between  the  two  ligatures.  Ja/mson. 

9.  To  adorn  with  trappings  ;  a  contraction  of  barb. 
[See  Barb.J  Drayton.     Haywood, 

BXRB,  71.  [L.  barba;  W.  barv  :  Corn,  bar ;  Arm.  baro. 
This  is  beard,  with  a  different  ending.  The  sense 
may  be,  that  which  shoots  out.] 

1.  Beard,  or  that  which  resembles  it,  or  grows  in 
the  place  of  it ;  as  tlie  barb  of  a  fish,  the  smaller 
claws  of  the  polypus,  &.c.  Johnson.     Coze. 

9.  Anciently,  armor  for  horses,  made  of  leather  set 
with  iron  spikes  ;  formerly,  barbe  or  barde.    Hayward. 

3.  A  common  name  of  the  Barbary  pigeon,  a  bird 
of  a  black  or  dun  color.  Dif^i,  ofJVat,  Hist. 

4.  A  horse  from  Barbary,  of  wliich  it  seems  to  be 
a  contraction. 

5.  'J'hc  points  that  stand  backward  in  an  arrow, 
fish-hook,  or  other  instrument  for  piercing,  intended 
to  prevent  its  being  extracted. 

t!.  In  botany,  a  straight  process  armed  with  teeth 
pointing  backward  like  tiie  sting  of  a  bee.  This  is 
one  sort  of  pubescence.  Martyn. 

An  appendage  of  the  fruit  of  some  plants,  forked  at 
the  apex,  with  both  divisions  of  the  fork  hooked. 

Lindlcy. 
BARB,  V.  t.     1.  To  shave  ;  to  dress  the  beard.     [06s.] 

Sfiok. 
9.  To  furnish  with  barbs,  as  an  arrow,  fisli-hook, 
spear,  or  other  instrument. 
3.  To  put  armor  (ui  a  horse.  MUton, 

BXK'BA-CAN,  71,  [Fr.  bnrbacanc:  Sp.  barhacana;  It. 
barbacaiip.    Qu.  a  projecting  work.] 

1.  A  fortification  or  outer  defense  to  a  citv  or 


Bar 

castle,  consisting  of  an  elevation  of  earth  about  three 
feet  hii;h,  along  the  foot  of  the  rampart. 

Encyc.     Johnson.     Sp.  Diet 
9.  A  fort  at  the  end  of  a  bridge,  or  at  the  outlet  of 
a  city,  having  a  double  wall  with  towers.      Kncyc. 

3.  An  opening  in  the  wall  of  a  fortress,  through 
which  guns  are  leveled  and  fired  upon  an  enemy. 
Johnson.     Encyc. 
The  French  use  the  word  also  for  an  aperture  in  a 
wall,  to  let  in  or  drain  off  water. 

BXll'BA-€AN-A(!rE,  7(.  Money  paid  for  the  support 
of  a  barbacan.     [Obs.]  Bouvier. 

BaR-Ba'DI-AN,  7(.    An  inhabitant  of  Barbadoes. 

BAR-Ba'DoES  CHER'RY,  7(.  A  tree  glowing  in  the 
West  Indies,  a  species  of  Malpighia,  rifleen  feet  hish, 
and  producing  a  pleasant  tart  fruit.  Johnson 

Barbadoes  leg;  {Bucnemia,  Good;)  a  disease  of 
warm  climates,  characterized  by  great  enlargement 
and  deformity  of  the  leg,  with  the  skm  thickemd, 
livid,  and  rugose ;  the  elephant  leg  of  the  Arabians, 
and  by  some  considei-ed  as  a  variety  of  elephantiasis. 

BaR-Ba'DoES  TaK,  n.  A  mineral  fluid,  of  the  na- 
ture of  the  thicker  fluid  bitumens,  of  a  nauseous  bit- 
terish taste,  a  very  strong,  disagreeable  smell,  viscid, 
of  a  brown,  black,  or  reddish  color;  it  easily  melts, 
and  burns  witji  nuicli  smoke,  but  is  not  soluble  in 
ardent  spirits.  It  trickles  down  the  sides  of  moun- 
tains in  some  parts  of  America,  and  sometimes  is 
found  on  the  surface  of  the  waters.  It  is  recom- 
mended in  coughs  and  disorders  of  the  breast  and 

-  lungs.  Encyc.    JVickolsun. 

It  is  merely  a  vari<?ty  of  petroleum. 

BAR-Ba'KI-AN,  71.  [L.  barbanis:  Gr.  0apf3an;g;  Ir. 
barba,  or  beorb;  Russ.  varvar:  Ch.  "(""^S.  See  Class 
Br,  Nos.  3  and  7.    The  sense  is,  foreign,  wild,  fierce,  j 

1.  A  man  in  his  rude,  savage  state ;  an  iincivilized 
person.  Denham. 

2.  A  cruel,  savage,  brutal  man;  one  destitute  of 
pily  or  humanity.  Phdip.^. 

3.  A  foreigner.  The  Greeks  and  Romans  denom- 
inated most  foreign  nations  barbarians;  and  many  of 
these  were  less  civilized  tliau  themselves,  or  unac- 
quainted with  their  language,  laws,  and  manni-rs. 
But  with  them  the  word  was  less  reproachful  than 
with  us. 

BAR-BA'RI-AN,  a.    Belonging  to  savages  ;  rude;  un- 
civilized. Pope. 
2.  Cruel ;  inhvmian. 
BAR-BAR'I€,  a.     [L.  barbarieiis.      See  BARUAniAN. 
The  Romans  applied  this  word  to  designate  thin'.'-- 
foreign;    Barbartcnvi  anrum,  gold  from  Asia,   ^":■ 
^n  2.504;  Barbaricm  i^estes,  tiiwbrouXered.  gorm>  i  .^ 
from  foreign  nations.    English  writers  use  the  wui,; 
in  a  like  sense.] 
Foreign  ;  imported  from  foreign  nations. 

Milton.     Pope. 
B\R'EA-RISM,n.    [L.barbarismus.    See  BAnavniAN.] 

1.  An  offense  against  purity  of  style  or  language  ; 
any  form  of  speech  contrary  to  the  pure  idioms  of  a 
particular  language.  Dnjdcn. 

2.  Ignorance  of  arts  ;  want  of  learning. 

Shalt.     Dryden. 

3.  Rudeness  of  manners;  savagism  ;  incivility; 
ferociousness  ;  a  savage  state  of  society. 

Spniser.     Davics. 

4.  Bmtality ;  cruelty ;  barbarity.  [In  tJiis  sense 
little  jised,  bein<r  superseded  by  BAnrARiTy.] 

BAR-BAR'I-TV,?!.     [See  Barbarian.] 

1.  The  manners  of  a  barbarian  ;  savageness  ;  cru- 
elty ;  ferociousness;  inhumanity.  Clarendon. 

2.  Barbarism  ;  impurity  of  speech.  Dryden.    ^S'cift. 
I  The  itse  of  the  word  171  this  sense  is  now  s^tperstdcd 

by  BARBARISM.] 

BAR'BAR-IZE,  v.  t.    To  make  harbaroua. 

Hideous  ciinuges  have  barbarized  Fnuice.  Burke. 

BAR'BAR-OUS,  a.  Uncivilized;  savage;  unlettered; 
untutored  ;  ignorant ;  unacquainted  with  arts  ;  stran- 
ger to  civility  of  manners. 

Thou  an  a  Roman  ;  be  not  barbaroiit.  Skak. 

n.  Cruel ;  ferocious ;  inhuman ;  as,  barbarous  usage. 

Clarendon. 
BAR'BAR-OUS-LY,  adv.    In  the  manner  of  a  barba- 
rian ;  ignorantly  ;  without  knowledge  or  arts  ;  con- 
trary to  the  rules  of  speech.  Dryden. 
9.  Fn  a  savage,  cruel, ferocious,  or  inhuman  nianner. 
BAR'BAR-OUS-XESS,  ju    Rudeness  or  incivility  of 
manners.  Temple. 

2.  Impurity  of  langtmge.  Brcrewood. 

3.  Cruelty  ;  inhunianily  ;  barbarity.  Hall. 
BAR'BA-RY,  n.  A  Barbary  horse  ;  a  barb.  Beainn. 
BAR'BAS-TEL,  7i.    A  species  of  bat  with  hairy  or 

bearded  cheeks. 
BaR'RATE,      I  a.      [L.  barbatuSj  from  barba.     See 
BAR'Ba-TED,  !      Barb.] 

In  bot^iny,  bearded  ;  also,  gaping  or  ringent.    Bar- 

batiLS  fios,  a  gaping  or  ringent  flower  ;  synonymous 

with  the  ringent  fiower  of  Liniiffius,  and  the  labiate 

and  personate  of  Tournefort.  Jililnc.     Lee. 

This  term  i^  properly  synonymous  witli  the  labiate 

flower  of  Linnaeus,  wJiich  includes  the  rtngcnt  and 

personate,  as  subtiivisions. 
BARBE,  71.    Armor  of  leather  for  horses,  studded  with 

iron  pikes.  Booth. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — M£TE,  PREV  —PINE,  M.\KKNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.  - 
98 


BAR 

In  the  mititarit  art,  to  fire  in  barbs^  is  to  fire  the  cnn- 
non  over  the  parapet,  ini^tead  of  firing  through  the 
embrasure?.  Enajc. 

BXFiliE-FKATH'ERS,  «.  pL  The  feathers  under  the 
b?alv  of  ahawk.  Booth, 

RAR'CE-€uE,  I!.  In  the  fVe^  Indus,a  hog  roasted 
whole.  It  is,  with  tis,  u=^d  for  an  ox,  or  perhaps 
any  large  animal,  dressed  in  tike  inanuer.  Hence 
the  term  has  been  extended  to  denote  a  large  social 
entertainment,  in  the  open  air,  at  which  animals  are 
roasted  whole,  and  otJier  provisions  of  all  kinds  are 
Consumed. 

BAR'BE-€uE,  f.  t.  To  dress  and  roast  a  hog  whole, 
which  is  done  by  splitting  the  hog  to  the  back-bone, 
and  roasiing  it  on  a  gridiron  ;  to  roast  any  animal 
whole. 

B.^RB'ED,  pp.  or  a.     [See  Barb.J 

J.  Furnished  with  armor  5  as,  J-wJci  steeds.   SliaJ:. 

2,  Bearded;  jagged  with  hooks  or  points;  as, 
barbed  arrows. 

3.  Shaved  Of  trimmed  ;  having  the  beard  dressed. 

Encyc 
BARB'EI^  «,    fL.  barba;  Fr.  barbeauj  D.  barbed.] 

1.  A  n5h  of  the  jrenus  Cyprinus,  of  the  order  Ab- 
dominales.  Tha  mouth  is  loolhltss ;  the  gill  has 
fbrec  rays;  the  body  is  smooth  and  white.  This 
fish  is  about  litrea  feet  long,  and  weighs  13  pounds. 
It  Is  a  very  coarse  fish,  Uving  in  deep,  still  rivers,  and 
rooting  like  swine  in  the  soft  banks.  Its  dorsui  fin 
is  armed  with  a  strong  spine,  sharply  serrated,  and 
il3  upper  jaw  is  furnished  with  four  barbels  or  beard- 
like appeiidages,  wiience  the  name.    Eficijc.     Cavier. 

2.  A  Knot  of  superriuous  flesh,  growing  in  the 
channels  of  a  horse's  mouth  ;  written  also  barbie,  or 
barb.  Eiictjc,     Farrier''s  Did. 

3.  A  small  vermiform  process  appended  to  the 
mouth  of  certain  fishe?,  and  subservient  to  the  sense 
of  touch.  Brands. 

BARB'ER,  7u    [Pers.  borbr.    See  Barb.] 

One  whose  occupation  is  to  shave  men,  or  to  shave 
and  dress  hair.  S^iaJ:. 

BXRB'ER,  r.  t.    To  shave  and  dress  hair.  Shak. 

BaRB'ER-€HI-RUR'GEON,  n.  One  who  jonis  the 
practice  of  surgery  with  that  of  a  barber;  a  practice 
now  unusual.    A  low  practitioner  of  surgerj'. 

lilscman. 

BaRB'ER-ED,  |)p.    Dressed  by  a  barber.  S.'iak. 

BXRB'ER-ESS,  n.    A  female  barber.     [JV^ot  used,] 

B.4RB'ER-M0N"GEll,  n.  A  man  who  frequents  the 
barber's  shop,  or  pndes  himself  in  biJing  dr^-ssed  by  a 
barber  :  a  fop.  Shak, 

BAR  CER-RY,  n.  [L,  berberis ;  Ir.  barbrog ;  D.  bsr- 
beris ;  Sp.  bcrbero.  In  Eth.  abarbar  is  the  nettle 
TTrtica  major;  in  Amh.,  a  species  of  this: I e.  Lud. 
Eth.  233  i  Amh.  39.  It  is  probable,  thirrefore,  that 
this  fJant  is  so  named  from  its  spines  or  barb^.  The 
name  oxyacantltuSj  also  given  to  it,  indicates  a  like 
origin.] 

A  shrubby  plant  of  the  genus  Berberis,  common  in 
hedges  ;  called  in  England,  pipperUlge-biLsh,  The 
berries  are  used  in  housewifery,  and  have  been 
deemed  efficacious  in  fluxes  and  fevers.  The  bark 
dyes  a  fine  yellow,  especially  the  bark  of  the  root. 
JifiUer.     Kncyc. 

BXR'BET,  71.  A  name  given  by  some  French  writers 
to  a  peculiar  species  of  those  worms  which  feed  on 
the  puceron  or  aphis.    [See  AphisJ  Encyc. 

2.  A  name  common  to  the  diflerent  species  of  a 
genus  of  birds,  (jBucco,)  found  in  the  warm  climates 
of  both  continents. 

3.  A  dog,  so  c:illed  from  his  long  hair. 
EXRBtJLE,  n.    A  very  minute  bard  or  beard.  BooOu 
BAR'€A-RELt.E,  n.    A  popular  song  or  melody  sung 

by  Venetian  gondoliers. 
BaRD,  n.     [W.  barddjOT  ban;  Ir.  bard i  Fr.  barde^n. 
poet;  Ir.  bardasj  a   satire  or  lampoon;  W.  bardhas, 
philosophy  ;  bardgan,  a  song.] 

1.  A  poet  and  a  singer  among  the  ancient  Celts  ; 
one  whose  occnpation  waj  to  compose  and  sing 
veriea  in  honor  of  the  heroic  achievements  of  princes 
and  brave  men.  The  biirds  used  an  instrument  of 
music  like  a  Ijtc  or  guitar,  and  not  only  praised  tlie 
brave:^  but  reproached  the  cowardly. 

DtotL  Sic.    Jinu  Marcel.     Lucan.     F&btas. 

2.  In  modem  usage,  a  poet.  Pope.    Dnjden. 
BARO,  71.    The  defensive  armor  of  a   horse.     [See 

Bariti:.] 

BAR-DAiiJH',  n.  [Fr.  bardache.]  A  hoy  kept  for  nn- 
iialura!  purposes.     Barda.i'unir  occurs  in  Iludibras. 

BaRD'ED.  a.     In  hei-a!drijj  caparisoned.  Encvc. 

BXR.&ES^V-NISTS,  n.  pi.  A  branch  of  the  Gnostics  of 
the  second  century,  followers  of  Bardesancsof  Edessa 
in  Mesopotamia.  They  held  to  two  original  sclf-ex- 
wtent  beings,  one  good,  the  other  evil ;  that  human 
souls  had  no  material  bodies  before  the  fall ;  that 
Christ  had  only  the  semblance  of  a  body,  and  tlid 
not  die  on  the  cross,  nor  riso  from  the  d'Md  ;  and 
that  redemption  consists  in  being  divested  ot  our 
gross^  material  bodies,  and  being  clotlicd  in  ethereid 
or  spiritual  bodiea.  Jifaskeinu 

BARD'I€,  a.    Pertaining  to  bards,  or  iheir  poetry. 

Oioeii. 

BARD'ISH,  a.  Pertaining  to  bards;  written  by  a 
bard. 


BAR 


BAR 


B.^RD'ISM,  II.  The  science  of  bards;  the  learning 
and  niaxijns  of  bards.  Otrcn. 

CARE,  a,  [Sax.  bar  or  bter:  Sw.  and  Dan.  bar;  G. 
bar.  This  word  is  from  opetiing,  separating,  strip- 
ping. In  Ch.  Syr.  and  Sam.  •yK^  signifies  to  open, 
or  ex;rfain ;  Ai".  to  (lis;  also  ~i"i3  is  to  separate,  to 
purify.    Ch.  Syr.  lO  to  lay  v.-a^te  ;  Ar.  id.] 

1.  Naked  ;  without  covering  ;  as,  the  arm  is  bare ; 
the  trees  are  bare. 

2.  With  the  head  uncovered,  from  respect. 

Clarcjidmi. 

3.  Plain ;  simple ;  unadorned  ;  without  the  polish 
of  refined  manners.  Spenser. 

4.  Laid  open  to  view ;  delected ;  no  longer  con- 
cealed. Milton. 

5.  Poor ;  destitute ;  indigent ;  empty  ;  unfurnished. 

Hooker.     Di-ydcu. 
I  have  niafie  Esau  bare.  — Jtr.  ilix. 

6-  fliere ;  alone;  unaccompanied.    Shak.    SoutJi. 
7.  Threadbare  ;  much  worn.  Shak. 

e.  IVantingclothes;  or  ill  supplied  with  garments. 

Jolnison. 
Under  bare  poles,  at  sea,  signifies  having  no  sail  set. 

Mar.  Diet 
It  is  often  followed  by  of;  as,  the  country  is  bare 
of  money.  Locke. 

BARE,  V.  t     [Sax.  abariuiu    See  Bare,  adj.] 

To  strip  olf  the  covering ;  to  make  naked  ;  as,  to 
bare  the  breast.  Bacon.     Pope. 

BARE  :  the  old  preterit  of  bear,  now  Bore. 
BAKE'BoNE,  n.     [See  Bose.]    A  very  lean  person. 
BaR,E'CoN-£D,  a.    Lean,  so  that  the  bones  appear, 
or,  rather,  so  that  the  bones  show  their  forms.  Shuk. 
BaR'ED,  pp.     Made  bare  ;  made  naked. 
BARE'PAC-ED,  (-faste,)  a.     [See  Face.] 

1.  With  ihe  face  uncovered  ;  not  masked.  Shak. 

2.  Undisguised  ;  unreserved  ;  witliout  conceal- 
ment;  hence, shameless  ;  impudent;  audacious;  a-^, 
a  barefaced  falsehood. 

BARE'FAC-£D-LY,  adv.  Without  disguise  or  reserve  ; 
openly  ;  impudently. 

BARE'FAC-ED-NESS,  71.  Effrontery;  assurance;  au- 
daciousness. 

BARE'FOOT,  a.     [See  Foot.] 

Willi*  the  feet  bare;  without  shoes  and  stockings. 
2  Sara.  XV.    Isaiah  Xa. 

EARE'FOOT,  c  or  ado.  With  the  feet  bare ;  as,  to 
dance  barefooL 

B.aRETGOT-ED,  e.     Having  the  feet  bare. 

BARE'GXAWN,  a.     [See  Gnaw.]     Ealen  bare. 

Shak. 

BARE'HEAD-ED,  a.  [See  Head.]  Having  the  head 
uncovered,  eitlier  from  respect  or  other  cause. 

Bacon,     Dnjden. 

BARE'HEAD-ED-NE3S,  jl  State  of  being  bare- 
headed. 

EARE'LEG-GED,  a.    Ha\ing  the  legs  bare.  Bttrtcn. 

BaRE'LY,  fl^c.  iVakedly  ;  poorly;  indigently;  with- 
out decoration;  merely;  only;  witliout  any  thing 
more  ;  as,  a  prince  barehf  in  title.    Barrett.  Houker. 

BaRE'NECK-£D,  (-nekt",)  a.  Having  the  neck  un- 
covered ;  exposed.  Sliak. 

BARE'NESS,  77.    Nakedness;  leanness;  poverty;  in- 
digence ;  defect  of  clothes,  or  tlie  usual  covering. 
Shak.     South. 

BaRE'PICK-£D,  C-pikt,)  a.     Picked  to  the  bone. 

Shak. 

RaRE'RIB-BED,  (-ribd,)  a.    Lean.  Shak. 

BAR'ET,  11.     A  cardinal's  cap. 

BAR'FIJL,  a.     Full  of  obstructions.  Shak. 

BaR'GALV,  (bdr'gin,)  ii.  [Fr.  bariridipicr,  to  haggle,  to 
hem  and  haw  ;  Arm.  bartruigiwury  a  haggler  ;  It.  bar- 

fairnare^  to   cavil,  contend,  bargain;   Ir.  bratghcan, 
eSate.     It  seems  to  accord  with  It.  briga,  Sp.  brega, 
and  Fr.  brliruc] 

1.  An  agreement  between  parties  concerning  the 
sale  of  property ;  or  a  contract  by  which  one  party 
binds  himself  to  transfer  the  right  to  some  propo'rly 
for  a  consideration,  and  the  other  party  binds  him- 
self to  receive  the  property  and  pay  the  consideration. 

2.  A  gainful  tmnsaction  ;  as,  an  excellent  bar:jain, 

Cawper. 

3.  Purchase,  or  the  thing  purchased.  Locke. 

4.  In  popular  language,  final  event;  upshot;  as, 
we  must  make  the  best  of  a  bad  bargain. 

To  sell  bargains,  is  a  vulgar  phrase. 

To  strike  a  bargain,  is  to  ratify  an  agreement, 
originally  by  striking  or  shaking  hands.  The  Latin 
fertrn  ftEdus,  may  r.-present  a  like  ceremony,  unless 
it  refers  to  the  practice  of  killing  a  victim,  at  the 
solemn  ratification  of  oaths. 

Bargain  and  sale :  in  law,  a  species  of  conveyance, 
by  whTch  the  bargainer  contracts  to  convey  the  lauds 
to  the  bargainee,  and  becomes  by  such  contract  a 
trustee  for  and  seized  to  the  use  of  the  bargainee. 
The  statute  then  rompleteis  the  purchase ;  that  is, 
the  barL'ain  vests  tlie  use,  and  the  statute  vests  the 


possession. 


Blaclistoae. 


BAR'GAIN,  77.  i.  To  make  a  contract  or  conclusive 
agreement  for  the  transfer  of  property  ;  often  witli 
/t/r  before  the  thing  purchased;  as,  to  bargain  for  a 
house.     .\  bargained  with  Rfor  his  farm. 

BAR'GALV,  V.  U    To  sell ;  to  transfer  for  a  considera- 


tion ;  as,  A  bargained  away  hw  farm :  a  popular  a  • 
of  the  tcord. 

BAR-GAIX-EE',  7(.  The  party  in  a  contract  who  re- 
ceives or  agrees  to  receive  the  property  sold. 

Blaekxtone. 

BAR'GAI.>:-ER,  77.  Tlie  party  in  a  contmri  v.  ,>.,  -•  .. 
ulates  to  sell  and  convey  propeny  to  an«': 

BARGE,  (l'ari,)n.  [D.  barbie;  It  and  .Sp.  _  _  .  . 
bare.  Barfrr,  and  hark  or  barque,  a  ship,  arc  nuJicuiiy 
one  word.  J 

1.  A  pleasure-boat ;  a  vessel  or  b  ,r.i  uT  ^x-.:'  -.  I'jr- 
nished  with  elegant  apartments,  <  - 

ions,  equiiiped  with  a  band  of  rov. 

with  flags  and  streamers,  used  by  -. 

trates.  i^uc 

2.  A  flat-bottomed  vessel  of  burden,  for  lo-i  . 
and  unloading  ships.  Mar.  Dr. 

BARGE'-BoARD,  n,  A  term  apphed  to  inrlin^-d  pro- 
jecting boards  placed  at  the  gable  of  a  builduii*,  and 
hiding  the  horizontal  timbers  of  the  roof.      GteiU. 

BARGE'-COUP-LES,  (-hup'plz,)  ti.  pi.  In  archittctart, 
two  beams  mortised  the  one  into  the  other,  to 
strengthen  the  building.  GtPilL 

BARGE'-rorRSE,  n.  In  bridihimn^r^  a  part  of  th? 
tiling  which  projects  beyond  the  principal  rafters,  in 
buildings  uhere  there  is  a  gable  orkirkinhead. 

Encyc 

BAROJE'MAN,  n.    The  man  who  manages  a  barge. 

BARGE'MAS'TER,  ti.  The  proprietor  of  a  barge,  con- 
veying goods  for  hire.  Blackstone. 

BARG'ER,  71.    Tlie  manager  of  a  barge. 

Ba'RI-A,  71.    Baryta,  which  see. 

BA-RIL'LA,  71.  [Sp.]  A  plant  cullix'ated  in  Spain 
for  its  ashes,  from  which  the  best  kind  of  carbonnte 
of  soda  of  commerce  is  obtained.  The  plant  is  cut 
and  laid  \n  heaps,  and  burnt,  the  salts  ninning  into 
a  hole  in  the  ground,  where  they  form  a  vitrified 
lump.  Enctjc 

0.  TIiP  alkali  procured  from  this  plant,  an  impure 
carbonate  of  soda,  used  in  making  glass  and  roap, 
and  in  bleaching  linen. 

BAR'-I-RON,  (-i-iuTi,)  n.  Iron  wrought  into  mal- 
leable bars. 

BAR'I-TONE.    See  Barttose. 

Ba'RI-U.M,  n.  The  metallic  basis  of  brryta  or  baria, 
which  is  an  oxyd  of  barium.  Dacij. 

Barium  is  susceptible  of  two  degrees  of  o.xysena- 
tion  :  the  first,  or  prntnTifd  of  barium^  is  called  baryuu 
[Barvtl'm  is  the  legitimate  word.] 

BARK,  7f.  [Dan.i«W,r;  Sw.barek;  G.borkc;  probably 
from  stripping,  separating.] 

1.  Tlie  exterior  covering  of  a  tree,  corresponding 
to  the  skin  of  an  animal.    This  is  composed  tf  tli.- 
cuticle  or  epidermis,  the  outer  bark,  or  cortex.    ■  ! 
the  mner  bark,  or  liber.    The  rough,  broken  n.  ■ 
on  bark  is,  by  the  common  people  bf  New  Engl 
called  ntss. 

9.  By  wav  of  distinction,  Penivian  bark. 
BARK,  V.  t.    'To  peel ;  to  strip  ofl'bark.    Also,  to  cov.r 

or  inclose  with  bark. 
BARK,        j  71.     []r.  bare;   Fr.  bcrque;  Russ.  tcrka: 
BARaUE,  i      It.  and  Sp.  barca.] 

A  small  ship  ;  but  appropriately,  a  ship  which  car- 
ries three  masts  without  a  tnizzen  loiT-sail.  1  h.* 
English  mariners  in  the  coal  trade  apply  Ibis  name 
to  a  broad-slerned  sliip  without  a  figure-head. 

F,itcije.     Mar.  Diet. 
fTatcr-barks,  in  Holland,  are  small  vessels  for  con- 
veying fresh  \vater  from  place  to  place,  the  hold  of 
wiiicli  is  filled  with  water.  EnafC 

BARK.  V.  i,     [Sax.  beorcan,  fryrnia,  to  bark.] 

1.  To  make  the  noise  of  dogs  when  they  threaten 
or  pursue. 

2.  To  clamor  at;  to  pursue  with  unrsasonable 
clamor  or  reproach.    It  is  followed  by  ct. 

To  bark  al  slrepin*  hme.  Spenttr. 

BARK'-BAR-ED,  a.    Stripped  of  the  bark.    .Vorti^nrr. 

BARK'-BED,  ti.  A  hotbed  formed  beneath  of  tin- 
ner's bark.  BiiotA. 

BARK'-BOUND,  a.  Having  the  bark  too  finn  or 
close,  as  with  trees.  This  ciisease  is  cured  by  slit- 
tin;:  the  bark.  -  Ehc.vc 

BA  RK'ED,  (barkl,)  pp.  Stripped  of  the  bark ;  peeled ; 
also,  covered  with  bark. 

BARK'ER,  71.  One  who  barks  or  clamors  unreason- 
ahlv  ;  one  who  strips  trees  of  their  bark. 

BARK'ER-Y.  7i.    A  tan-house.  BootK 

BARK'-GALL-ED,  a.  Having  the  bark  called,  as 
with  thorns.    This  defect  is  cured  by  bindm: 


clay. 


E-Jf. 


BARK'IXG,  ppr.  Stripping  off  bark ;  covering  wiih 
hark;  making  the  noise  of  dogs  ;  clamoring.   ^ 

BARK'ING-I-RONS,  ».  pL  Instnunenls  used  id  tak- 
ing off  the  bark  of  trees. 

BARK'-PIT,  M.  A  pit  filled  with  bark  and  water,  m 
which  iiides  are  steeped  in  tanning.  Bct^. 

EARK'-SToVE,  n.  A  glazed  structure  for  ktM^pmg 
tropical  plants,  having  a  bed  of  tanner's  bark,  or 
other  fermentable  matter,  which  pmduces  a  moisi 
heat.  .  .    ^J^^^^ 

BARK'Y.  a.    Consisting  of  bark ;  containmg  bark. 

SnCiL 


TO.N'E,  BJJLL,  UNITE. -AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.-e  as  K  ;  Ci  as  J  ;  8  as  Z  ;  CH  as  3H ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


99 


BAR 


BAR 


BaBLCV.  ■.    (W.WV 


Aki.  Urt.    Qu.  L./ir,  fir.  1 

In  ltl«  Suun  ClLtvlUclr. 
0«cn    reuJrl*    II 

f  l„.    -rriu.  ir..I,ln.l  ;. 


.Irimthmvl. 
,  tt  trial  of  KWIft 

\  luw  ivonl  fur  tOotxf  brer. 
Sink. 
-roRS,  a.    (Sm  Coin.]     A  p»lo  of  Imr- 

■     '      -    •■    -  '•  lolcnctli;  lirnM  oiifi- 

. .{  barlrr,  ur  (h«  place 

<>  ■■!. 

.'■■i 
■■■■,) 

■  >i  bark-y,  willcil 
t  niucii  u^ed  ill 


U.MloN. 

II,   111.-    I 


-UBOTU.  «. 


A  ruraJ  piay  i 


Ih.  -■  ;.rr  mil:  U>  ■ 
rtir  [icaxi  barley 


r<-  ufu^d  for  miikini; 
^uralini!  Ihr  ijraiii 
u  rrtluccil  to  tlio 


"ill 


liUMV.j.     L'.u' 


::  ii:*;. 


'Sat.  ^r^■'rr.,  ff 


L.  ftrmtnlitm,  from  /n-- 
I  ;  or  \V.  ifrvi,  to  boll.] 

11  iK-er,  or  oitu-r  iiiaU 

[111   u^d   a^  It  :iVL-n  in 

:  It  to  be  pofltT,  liphtor, 

.    b«  iivd  in  liiinoni  to 

./cA«uim.     Kitctfr. 

b.ii.ii  or  ytaA. 

Bacon.     Sliak. 
barley,  ani]  ifm,  or 

;.'caln,  bay,  (lax, 

In  t* ^  A'lTtAi-rn 

.    iis«   barns 

;   -lo  that, 

.If  granic, 


ly  up  In  a  bun. 

rP.irl.    i-rr.,.,- 


[Otj.J  Skak. 

1,   Hie  .-..Iin  C'«« ; 


-of 

I  tlie 

'    name  H 

:ii|*.    Cyf. 

found  ill 

I  rhmaten 

vvlnte,  but 

.  ;  tlic  up- 

'.  iih  black 

.  J  -tran(;c 

-   --.        _  :  -    ,-  il  of  wool], 

:  iiacin  atuciicii  tuwitoil  in  the 

It  U  written  also  Brit:vACLK. 

i'eRiuiiit. 

m«tmment  consUting  of  two 

end  with  a  hinge,  to  put  upon 

aoe  him,  for  tliucihg,  bleeding, 

Eneyc 
The  door  of  «  bnm.  Miltoru 

[Gr.  liafa,  weight,  and  AiOir;,  a 


I  ale  of  taUTto. 


lu  color  ia  u«ually  a  lijEht 

'     "->   ...h,  or  with  a  tili^e 

^.     It  usually  oc- 

.  iiiirouiiKlnicliirc : 

r'll  l-i  called 


from  Ur.  \> 

■:.m.    [Cr. /J4„..,  ..I, 
^\  for  menmrinf  lb*' 


uicovercr. 
A'inrdn. 
•  ,  and  ulTpaVy 

••lirht  Of  pre»- 

-     '-       nibe. 


^aii-. 

..il.l' 


and  poution,  lia<  lUn  »|(|ienr.ilice  of  a 
ii:il.  Bnii'Jf- 

I  ,.      ^/..,       .-^p.    I^urii'i    or    riirw,i;    II. 
.a  liu>b.iild.    'i'lim  word, 

,     wrtlleri    ^TI^,  .'■■e,  r/re,  ft(Tr.', 


I      M,,  I.      I- 

.  ide   by  a  h-- 

r.l    Kie-AU-LY,04r.     11 

'  rT7.  n.    The  Seythiin 
,  coiwlrtinf  n 


-.    .     (,'>.-.>i,i-,     li;i,     11'.       IMe    .:-a\. 

iloublleai  Ilio  Slieniiilc  ^:>  n  man,  so 
.    irenKth.] 

1.  Ill  l.rtM  ffnttiim.n  title  or  decree  of  nobility  ;  a 
lord  ;  B  |ie<r  ;  one  wlio  liold^  tile  rink  of  nobility 
n.  >l  I..  I,.vv  llial  of  a  viscount,  iind  nliove  that  of  a 
1  net.     (Irislliallv.llie  barons,  beinc  Hie 

;    pnncel,   Wete'llie   proprietors  of  land 
I  ,lile  •er>-ici-.    Hence,  in  nnriint  records 

lite  Mi.id  l^r^ns  comprehends  nil  tile  iioliilily.  All 
»uch,  in  Kncland,  li.id,  m  early  times,  u  right  to  sit 
In  ikirllanieiil.  As  n  taruii  was  llie  proprietor  of  a 
nialiur,  and  each  manor  bad  its  coarl-^mrvny  hence 
the  barciij  claimed,  and  lo  this  day  enjoy,  the  rislit 
of  Judging  in  tlui  l.a-it  report;  n  right  pcrUiinini;  to 
th'-  house  of  lords,  or  peers,  as  the  re|ireseiilativcs  of 
the  ancient  Joroiis,  landholders,  manor-lwldcni 

.\nclently,  knraui  were  greater,  or  such  as  held 
their  lands  of  ttic  king  i;i  capilt ;  or  lesser,  such  ii.< 
held  their  lands  of  the  greater  barons  by  military 
service  in  cafiitf. 

The  title  of  barm  is  no  longer  nllnched  to  the  po»- 
eension  of  a  manor,  but  giren  by  the  king's  letters 
pauni,  ur  writ  of  sumnioiia  to  piirliaiiient ;  that  is, 
the  dignity  is  personal,  not  territorial. 

The  radical  word  cir,/r,  a  man,  is  Celtic,  :i.s  well 
as  Teutonic  ;  but  the  word  baron  was  not  known  in 
tlio  llritish  isles  till  introduced  from  the  Continent 
under  the  Xonnan  pnnces. 

Sprliiian.     JUachitoue.     F.neijc.     Contl. 

2.  Boroii  is  a  title  of  certain  officers  ;  as,  barons  of 
Ike  nektiiarr,  who  na'  Hie  four  judges  who  try  cases 
between  the  king  and  his  subjects  relating  to  the 
revenue.  Barana  o/t'ic  Co'vnr  Ports  were,  before  the 
Reform  Act,  members  of  the  House  of  Commons, 
elected  bv  the  seven  Cinque  Torts,  two  for  each 
|«)n.  Th.'ic  |iorts  were  Dover,  Sandwich,  Rom- 
nev,  Hastings,  Hythe,  Winchelsca,  and  Rye. 

Blaekstone. 

3.  In  Ittie,  n  husband ;  as,  barm  ani  feme,  husband 
and  wif,*. 

4.  In  cootci^,  a  »<w»ii  of  bcrf  consists  of  two  sir- 
loins not  cut  asunder.  Sinart- 

BAR'OX-.\i;K,  71.    The  whole  body  of  barons  or  peers. 
2.  The  dignity  of  n  baron. 

:i.  The  land  which  gives  title  to  a  baron.    Jalm.'on. 
BAR'O.N-E.S.S,  11.     A  baron's  wife  or  lady. 
BAU'O.S-i;r,  11.     [Fr.,  diinin.  of  iaroii.) 

.\  dignity  or  degree  of  honor,  next  below  a  baron, 
and  above  a  knight ;  having  precedency  of  all  knights 
except  tho'^eof  the  garter,  and  being  Hie  only  knight- 
hood that  is  hereditary.  The  order  was  founded  by 
James  1.  in  1611,  and  is  given  by  patent.  .Johnson. 
BAR'0.\-F.T-AGE,  11.  The  collective  body  of  baronets. 
B.VK'OX-KT-CV,  B.    The  rank  or  title  of  a  baronet. 

Parriana. 
BA-RO'XI-.\L,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  baron.        Khcijc 
B.\R'O.N-Y,  11.    'i'hc  lordship,  honor,  or  fee  of  a  baron, 
whetlier  spiritual  or  temporal.     This  lordship  is  held 
in  chief  of  tlie  king,  and  gives  tiile  to  the  possessor 
or  baron.  Jokttson.    Encyc 

•2.  In  IrrUnd,  a  territorial  division,  corresponding 
nearly  to  the  Englisli  hundred,  and  supposed  to  have 
been  originolly  the  district  of  a  native  chief.  There 
are  2ia  in  all.  Brandt. 

BAR'a-seOPE,  a.    fGr.  ffanot,  weight,  and  oKinrca, 
to  view.] 

An  Instrument  to  show  the  weight  of  the  atmos- 
phere ;  superceded  by  the  barometer. 
BAR-0-seOP'ie,  a.    Pertaining  to  or  determined  by 

tin-  baroscope. 
BAK-OSKL'E-NlTE.n.  [Gr. /?apof, weight, or .iJoprs, 
heavy,  and  stleniu.] 
A  mineral  j  sulphate  of  barj-ta,  or  hcavy-3p.ar. 

^neaii.     C'leaveland, 
B.\.R0UCHF.',  (ba-roosh',)  n.     .\  four-wheel  carrioge, 

*,vith  n  fidling  top,  with  seau  as  in  a  coach. 
BXR'-POSTH,  n.  fU    Posts  sunk  in  the  ground  to 

rrceivi?  the  bars  of  a  passage  into  a  Held, 
n  \R'R.\,  II.    In  Portugal  and  Spain,  a  long  measure 
fur  cIotli«.    In  Valencia,  13  barras  make  12  7-8  yards 
Tnglisli ;  in  Castile,  7  are  equal  to  0  -1-7  yards  ;  in  Ar 
I.  3  make  2  4-7  yard-i.  '        Enctjc. 

\-C,\'l)A,  n.    A  (ish,  about  fifteen  inches  in 
'I.  "f  a  dusky  color  on  the  back,  and  a  white 
I    mall  black  spots.       Diet,  of  JVat,  Hist, 
>,   n.     [It.  baracane;  &p.  barragan;  Fr. 

■  -lulT,  something  like  camlet;  used 

■   ,  and  oilier  outer  garments. 

-  '.  ^^i-raea;  Fr.  btiratjae.     It  r^ems 

—rur.,  a  park,  an  inclosiire.] 

:i>rs,  esptirially  in  garrison. 

The  odiccr  who  sup,'!rin- 

I'  n'1-  11  ■■  It  mil  ki  '  I  sjldiers.  i<a>ft 

BAR'RA-COO.V,  ».    In  JJ/nca,  a  fort. 


BAR 

B.\R-RA-eC'D.\,  n.  A  species  of  fish,  of  the  Pike 
kind,  found  in  the  seas  about  the  Iluhatins  ami 
Weit  Indies,  of  tell  feel  in  li  ngth.  The  color  is 
deep  brown,  and  the  fish  is  very  voriclous.  The 
llesh  is  disagreeable,  and  sonietimes  poisonous. 
Calesb^.     Pennant. 

nAR'R.\^,  n.  The  resin  which  exudes'  from  wounds 
made  in  the  bark  of  flr-trces.  Brandr. 

BAR'R.\-TuR,  >i.  [Old  Fr.  barai,  strife,  deceit ;  Cim- 
hric,  barattun  ,■  Ice.  and  Scandinavian,  barattu,  con- 
test ;  It.  baralia,  stril>,  quarrel  ;  baratlare,  10  barter, 
to  cheat  1  Sp.  barato,  fraud,  deceit ;  (uriitiir,  to  barter, 
to  deceive.  The  radical  sense  is,  to  turn,  trind,  liud 
lieL^t,  whence  to  strive ;  L.  f rrfe  ,■  Ellg.  barter.  See 
Bakteiu] 

1.  One  who  frequently  excites  suits  at  law  ;  c  com- 
mon mover  and  maintniner  of  suits  and  controver- 
sies ;  an  cncoumger  of  litigation.  Cokr.  Black.it<^ne. 
a.  The  master  of  a  ship  who  commits  any  fraud 
in  the  management  of  the  ship,  or  in  relation  to  his 
duties  as  master,  by  which  the  owner  or  insurers  are 
injured. 

BAR'n.\-TROUS,  a.     Tainted  with  barratry. 

lt.\R'U.\-TROUS-LY,  adv.     In  o  barmlruiis  manner. 

ytViir. 

BAR'R  \-TRY,  n.  The  iiraclicc  of  exciting  ami  en 
coiiraging  lawsuits  and  quarrels.   Cjkc.  Blaclstonr. 

S.  In  commerce,  any  species  of  cheating  or  fraud,  in 
a  ship-inaslcr,  by  which  the  owners  or  insurers  an 
injured  ;  as,  by  ru:ining  away  with  the  ship,  sinking 
or  deserting  her,  by  willful  deiiution,  or  by  embez- 
zling the  cargo.  Park. 

B;\R'Ui;D,  (bird,)  pp.  Fastened  with  a  bar;  hin- 
dered ;  restrained  ;  excluded  ;  forbidden  ;  striped  ; 
checkered. 

BAR'REL,  71.  [W.,  Fr  baril ;  Sp.  tarril ;  It  barilr  ; 
Arm.  fttira:.] 

1.  .■\  round  vessel  or  cask,  of  more  length  than 
breadth,  and  bulging  in  the  middle,  made  of  staves 
and  heading,  and  bound  with  hoop-^. 

2.  The  quantity  which  a  barrel  contains.  Of  wine 
measure,  tlic  English  biurel  contains  31^  gallons  -,  of 
beer  measure,  Sogallons ;  of  ale,  32  gallons  j  and  of 
beer-vinegar,  34  gallons. 

Of  ircii'Af,  a  barrel  of  Essex  butter  is  100  pounds  ; 
of  Suffolk  butter,  25iJ ;  a  barrel  of  herrings  sli.iiilil 
contain  32  gallons  wine  measure,  and  liuld  1000  her- 
rings ;  a  barrel  of  salmon  should  contain  42  gallons ; 
a  barrel  of  soap  should  weigh  2SG  pounds. 

Johnson,     Kncye. 

In  Jtmerica,  the  contents  of  a  barrel  .are  regulated 
by  st-ilutes. 

In  Connecticut,  the  barrel  for  liquors  must  contain 
31',  gallons,  each  gallon  to  contain  231  cubic  inches. 
In'Xew  York,  a  barrel  of  (lour  by  statute  must  con- 
tain eilher  190  lbs.  or  228  lbs.  nett  weight.  The  bar- 
rel of  beef  and  pork,  in  New  York  and  Connecticut, 
is  sac  lbs.  In  gcner.al,  the  contents  of  barnls,  as  de- 
fined by  statute,  in  this  country,  must  be  from  28  lo 
31  gallons. 

3.  Any  thing  hollow  and  long;  as,  the  Jarrel  of  a 
gun  ;  a  tube. 

4.  A  cylinder;  as,  the  barrel  of  a  watch,  within 
xvhich  tlie  spring  is  coiled,  and  round  which  is  wound 
the  chain. 

5.  Barrel  of  tlie  ear;  a  cavity  of  the  ear,  situated 
within  the  membrane  of  the  tympanum,  by  which  it 
is  separated  from  the  external  passage,  or  meatus  ; 
more  usually  called  tlte  caviiy  of  the  tijmpantim.  It 
is  four  or  five  lines  deep,  and  five  or  six  wide,  and 
includes  within  il  tlie  small  bones  of  the  ear. 

F.neyc.     Johnson. 

BAR'REL,  c.  (.  To  put  in  a  barrel  ;  to  pack  in  a  bar- 
rel with  salt  for  preservation  j  as,  to  barrel  beef,  pork, 
or  fish.  ,     „     . 

B.\R'REL-BEL'U-JED,  a.  [See  Bellt.]  Having  a 
large  belly.  Dnjdcn. 

B.\R'KEL-£D,  pp.    Put  or  packed  in  a  barrel. 

2.  a.  In  compusitiim,  having  a  barrel  or  tube;  as,  a 
(iwible-barreUd  gun. 

BAR'REL-ING,  p;ir.  or  ii.  Putting  or  packing  in  a 
barrel. 

BAR'REN,  a.     [from  the  same  root  as  bare.] 

1.  Not  producing  young  or  olTspring  :  applied  to  an- 
imals. 

2.  .\ot  producing  plants ;  unfruitful ;  stcrde  ;  not 
fertile  ;  or  producing  little  ;  unproductive  :  applied  to 
the  earth, 

3.  Not  producing  the  usual  fruit:  applied  to 
trees,  Uc, 

4.  Not  copious  j  scanty ;  as,  a  scheme  barren  of 
hints.  Sin/I. 

.1.  Not  containing  useful  or  entertaining  ideas ;  as, 
a  barren  treatise. 
6.  Unmeaning  ;   uninventive  ;  dull  ;   as,  barren 


spectators. 


Shak.     Johnson. 


an. 

barren 


7.    Unproductive  ;    not  inventive  ;    i 
mind. 

Bare,  n  flowers,  in  botany,  are  those  which,  in  mo- 
nieciousand  direeUius  plants,  are  furnished  only  witli 
stamens;  also,  those,  in  plants  generally,  m  which 
the  essential  pans  are  abortive. 
BAR'REN,  n.  In  t/ie  siaUs  west  of  the  Allet;amj.  a 
word  used  to  denote  a  tract  of  land,  rising  a  lew  feet 


FiTE,  FAR,  F^LL,  U  li..\T.  — MgTE,  PRBV.  — PINE,  .M.\RINE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WpLF,  BQQK.— 
100 


frfn^l 


\ji*>  ,.^t      II    k.I 


\DC',  r.  t.    Ti>  Uup  ii|i  *  paaH««,  lu  o^ 

til 
IIAi.  -  ^  n4liii'-  int. 

B\K  III  I  II,    1.     ,lr    i„r.„,.   II.  » 

r<«,  a   tufrlrr  ;  M(k  *ttrp<iir,  Ui  bar  • 

n..  ■ 


I         l; 


ft«d  town  on  the  f- 


^  ot  ftllurk  . 


i  .   •.     The  «l  i.f  rl.Mlni  1 


.  ,  1  r.ll'.l  ^ 

■  ftir,  in  '*•''-'  ^  'll<>  a*!!  k* 


4)  «■•><<• 


TCNB.  •pi-U  tr«rni.- 


BAS 

Base,  v.  t.  To  etnba^e ;  to  rcducu  the  value  by 
Ihc  uilinixturu  of  iiit-uiier  iiu  Uih.     [LiUle  used.] 

Boom' 
2   To  fotint) ;  to  lay  tho  ba^^s  or  foundation. 
To  bcM  eind  buUd  Uio  eommODWCftltb  of  diao.         VolumUaJ. 
BXSE'-BOUN,  a.     [base  and  front.}    Born  out  of  wed- 
lock. Oaij. 

2.  Bom  of  low  parentage. 

3.  Vile  ;  meiin.  J\rilton. 
nASV.''€6UlVl\  n.     [Fr.  basse-toHr.    Seo  Couut.I 

The  Iiack  yftrd,  opposed  to  the  chief  court  in  li-ont 
of  [i  liouik!  -f  tlif  f:irm  yard.  Shak. 

RAS'f.'D,  pp.     Uoduced  in  value  ;  founded. 

BASE'-flEART-ED,  n.     Vile  in  huarU 

BASK'LESS,  a.  Without  a  base;  having  no  founda- 
tion or  support. 

Tlie  liny  luitv  i*>nt  titai  >wcU>  our  baMtlt«$  priilc  I    7Vum&ui/. 

BaSF-'I.V,  adv.    In  a  base  manner  j  meanly  ;  dishoii- 

uniitly.  Ihnjdcu, 

'J.  illegitimately  ;  in  bnstordy.  Kitvttes. 

BASK'MENT,  n.     In  architect urCj  the  ground   floor, 

on  whicli  ihe  order  or  columns  which  decorate  thL- 

principal  story  are  placed.  Encyc. 

2.  In  moftera  architecture^  a  story  below  the  level  of 
the  street. 
n.\Si:'-MT\D'ED,  a.    Of  a  low  spirit  or  mind  ;  mean. 
[iASE'-MTND'ED-LY,  ado.    Willi  a  base  mind. 
BASE'-MLND'ED-NESS,  ji-    Meanness  of  spirit. 

Saitdys. 
BaSE'NESS,  n.    Meanness ;  vileness ;  worlhlessness. 

DnjJen. 

2.  Vileness  of  metal ;  the  quality  of  being  of  little 
comparative  value.  SwifL 

3.  Basianly  j  illegitimacy  of  birth  ShaU. 

4.  Ot;t!piiess  of  simnd.  Bacoiu 
BAP'E-NE  r,  n.    A  ht-liiiL-t.                             Spenser. 
BASE'-s^oUL-KD,  a.     Vile  in  soul. 
BaSE'-SPIR'IT-ED,  a.  Low  in  courage ;  mean  ;  cow- 
ardly. 

Ba:^E'-STRI\'(;,  w.  The  string  of  an  instrument 
which  [inidnccs  the  lowest  note.  Sftak. 

B.\.-5E'-VT'()L,  H.  [See  Vioul  A  musical  stringed 
iustruinant,  used  for  playing  llie  base  or  gravc-il  part. 

BAs^H,  V.  i.  [Ileb.  tt'ia  bo.ik^  to  be  cast  down,  or 
confounded.    Uu.  D-  verbaaicn^  to  confound.    See 

AflASH.] 

To  be  ashamed  j  to  be  confounded  with  shame. 
^  ^  Spenser. 

BA-SHAW',  n.     [Ar.  LiL  basliai   Pers.  pashc ;  Sp. 

baza ;  It.  bascia :  Turk,  basch^  the  head.  Q.u.  D. 
biULt^  masterj  and  the  bassits  of  the  Atcmanni  and 
Lthnrubarth,  in  the  middle  ages.  This  wnnl  is  often 
writiim  (iachOt  hut  this  is  the  French  orthngraphy.] 

1.  A  title  of  honor  in  the  Turkish  duiiiinions;  np- 
propriiUety,  the  title  of  the  prime  vi/.ier,  hut  given  to 
viceroys  or  pnveriinrs  of  provinces,  and  to  generals 
and  oilier  men  of  (li.stinction.  The  Turkish  bashaws 
exercise  an  oppressive  authority  in  their  provinces. 
Hence, 

2.  A  proud,  tyrannical,  overhearing  man. 
BASH'FJJL,  a.     [Sue  Bash  and  Abash.] 

1.  Property,  having  a  downcast  look  ;  hen  "e,  very 
modest. 

2.  iModest  to  excess;  sheepish-  Sh^'k. 

3.  Evciting  shame. 

BASU'FITL-Ly,  adv.  Very  modestly  j  in  a  timorows 
ni;itini;r. 

BASIi'FlJL-NESS,  n.     Excessive  or  extreme    mod- 
esty ;   a  quality  of  mind  often  visible  in  external 
appearance,  as  in  blushing,  a  downcast  look,  con- 
fusion, &.C. 
2.  V'icioTis  or  rustic  shame.  Sidney. 

BASU'LESS,  a.    Shameless  j  unblushing.     Spenser. 

BAS'IIYLE,  n.     [See  Ba3vle.] 

Ba'SIC,  a.  Relating  u>  a  base }  performing  the  office 
of  a  h^AC  in  a  s^ilt. 

2.  The  tenii  is  often  applied  to  a  salt  in  which  the 
base  is  in  e.\cesa,  or  constitutes  a  large  proportion  of 
the  neutral  salt.  Kane. 

B.^'SI-FI-EK,  R.  That  which  converts  into  a  salifiable 
b.^se. 

Brt'SI-FV,  V.  U    To  convert  into  a  salifiable  b;ise. 

B.A'SI-FVl.VG,  ppr.    Converting  into  asalifiable  base. 

BAS-ItiYX'l-UM,7i.  [Gr./y^3c>and  ywn.]  The  pedi- 
cel on  which  Ihe  ovary  of  certain  flowers  is  situated. 

BAS'lL,  n.  The  slope  or  angle  of  a  tool  or  instrument, 
as  of  a  chisel  or  plane;  usually  of  12  degrees,  but 
for  hard  wood,  18  decrees.  Encyc. 

BAS'lL,  o.f.  To  grind  or  form  the  edge  of  a  toot  to  an 
an>{le.  Moxon. 

B.^S'IL,  n.     [Fr.  basilic  ;  It.  basilica.] 

A  name  common  to  different  species  of  plants,  of 
the  genus  Ocyumm,  all  natives  of  warm  clijiiutes. 
They  are  frajirant  aromatic  jilants,  and  one  species, 
the  sweet  bxsil,  is  much  used  in  cookcrj-,  especially 
in  France. 

BAS'lL,  n.    [Orient,  na  to  strip.] 

The  skin  of  a  sheep  tanned  ;  written  also  Basan. 

■  BAS'lL  a'rY,  i    -^    [L.basilaris,  basis.] 

Relating  to  the  base ;  situ.ited  at  the  base. 


BAS 

Tliia  term,  in  anatomti,  li:is  been  appUeJ  to  the  j 
splienoid  bone,  and  tlic  cuneiiorm  process  of  llie  oc-  i 
bijiital  bone,  which  are  situ'.!t<-<l  at  lite  bat<e  of  tU^t 
crauium,  and  to  an  luleryoflhe  brain,  resting  on  the 
cuneiform  process  of  the  occipital  Imuo  ;  also,  to  the 
OS  sacrum,  situated  :U  the  bas::  of  the  spine. 

B.\-SU.'iA^  .MON'Kh! ;  niuuksof  the  order  of  SI.  Basil, 
who  founded  the  order  in  Pontus.  TJie  order  still 
exists,  but  has  less  power  x^.d  celebrity  than  formerly. 

Ktteijc. 

BA-SIL'IC,      \w.  [GT.pactXtKiji  h.  basilica  }Gt./3  a  a  t- 

BA-SIL'1€-A,  i     Xcvs,  tt  king.] 

.^nientlyy  a  public  hall  or  court  of  judicature, 
where  princes  atid  nuiF^ibtratcs  sat  to  administer  jus- 
tice. It  was  a  large  h:tll,  with  aisles,  porticos, 
tribunes,  and  iribunuls.  1'he  bankers  also  had  a 
part  allutlcd  for  Iheir  residence.  The^e  edifices,  at 
first,  were  the  palaces  of  princes,  afterward  courts 
nf  justice,  and  finally  converted  into  churches. 
Hence,  basUic  now  signiCes  a  church,  chapel,  catJie- 
ilial,  or  royal  palace.  Eucuc.     Sp.  and  It.  Did. 

BA-SIL'I€,      i  n,     [See  Basil.]    The  middle  vein  of 

BA-SiL'ie-.\,  i     the  arm,  or  Iho  interior  branch  of 
the  axillary  vein,  so  called  by  way  of  eminence. 
Eacije.     Qaincy. 

BA-SIL^IC,         Jo.    In  the  manner  ol  a  public  edi- 

BA-SIL'ie-AL,  \      fico  or  cathedral.  FurstjVt. 

2.  Belonging  to  the  middle  vein  of  the  arm. 

3.  Notincapai-ticularnut,thc  walnut,  Basilica  nux. 
BA-SIL'LGON,  7i.     [Gr.  0a'Ji\iKOi,  royal.] 

An  ointment.  Ijiis  name  is  given  to  several  com- 
positions in  ancient  medical  writers.  At  present  it 
is  Ciiufincd  to  three  otlicinal  ointments,  distinguished 
OS  black,  yellow,  and  green  ba'^ilicon.  Encyc. 
BAS'I-LISK,  tu  [Or.  ^<i(T(Aicr«-os;  h.  basdiscns ;  from 
/?'i7(Acu$,  king ;  so  named  from  some  prominences 
on  liic  head,  resembling -a  crown.    J^Jvrin's  Diet.] 

1.  A  fabulous  serpent,  called  a  cockatrice,  and  said 
to  be  produced  from  a  cock's  egg  brooded  by  a  st;r- 
penl.  The  ancients  alleged  that  Its  hissing  would 
drive  nway  all  other  serpents,  and  that  its  breath,  and 
even  its  look,  was  fatal.  Some  writers  suppose  that 
a  re:il  serpent  exists  under  this  name.  The  name 
baailiifli  is  now  applied  to  the  species  of  a  genus  of 
lizards,  {Ba^Hisaui.) 

2.  In  viilHarij  affairs,  a  large  piece  of  ordnance,  so 
called  from  its  supposed  resemblance  to  the  serpent 
of  that  name,  or  from  its  size.  This  cannon  carried 
an  iron  ball  of  200  pounds'  weight,  but  is  not  now 
used.  Modern  writers  clve  this  name  to  cannon  of  a 
smaller  size,  which  the  Dutch  mak«^  15  feet  lonp,  and 
the  French  10,  carrj'lng  a  43  pound  ball.        Encyc. 

BAS'IL-VVEED,  n.  Wild  basi; ;  a  plant  of  the  genus 
Clinopodium.  Muhlenberg. 

BA'S/N,  (ha'sn,)  n.  [Fr.  bassUi;  Ir.  baisbn  Arm. 
ba^zin  ;  It.  bacino,  or  bacilc;  Port.  bada.  If  the  last 
radical  is  primarily  a  palatal  letter,  this  is  the  German 
becken ;  D.  bclckcn.] 

1.  A  hollow  vessel  or  dish,  to  liold  water  for  wash- 
ing, and  for  various  other  uses, 

2.  In  hjdrauUes,  any  reservoir  of  water. 

3.  That  which  re^iembles  a  basin  in  containing 
water,  as  a  pond,  a  dock  for  ships,  a  liollow  place  for 
liquids,  or  an  inclosed  part  of  v.ater,  forming  a  broad 
space  witliin  a  strait  or  narrow  entrance ;  a  little  bay. 

4.  Among  ^rlass-;sTinders,  a  concave  piece  of  metal 
by  which  convex  glasses  are  formed. 

5.  Among  hatters,  a  large  shell  or  case,  usually  of 
iron,  placed  over  a  furnace,  in  which  the  hat  is  mold- 
ed into  due  i;hape. 

6.  In  anatomy,  a  round  cavity  between  the  anterior 
ventricles  of  the  brain.  Johnson. 

7.  The  scale  of  a  balance,  when  hollow  and  round. 

8.  In  Jewish  antiquities,  the  laver  of  the  tabernacle. 

9.  In  physical  {rco^rapky,a  circular  or  oval  valley, 
or  depression  of  tlie  surface,  the  lowest  part  of  which 
is  generally  occupied  by  a  hike,  or  traversed  by  a 
river;  also,  the  entire  tnict  of  country  drained  by  a 
river,  or  to  a  sea  or  lake. 

10.  In  ^eolog-y,  an  isolated  or  circumscribed  forma- 
tion, particularly  where  the  strata  dip  inward,  on  all 
sides,  toward  the  center.  This  term  is  especially 
applied  to  the  cord  forniationa,  called  coal-bashis  or 
coab-JidfL': 

BA'S/N-£D,(bri'snd,)p,9.  Inclosed  in  a  basin.  Young. 
Ba'SIN-SHaV' ED,  (-shapl',)  a.    Having  the  form  of 

a  basin. 
Ba'SIS,  Tt. ;  pL  Ba^xs.     [L.  aiid  Gr.  ;  the  same  as 

Base,  which  see.] 

1.  The  foundation  of  any  thing  ;  that  on  which  a 
thing  stands  or  lies  ;  the  bottom  or  foot  of  t!ie  thing 
itself,  or  that  on  which  it  rests.  Sec  a  full  explanation 
under  Base. 

2.  The  groundwork  or  first  principle;  that  which 
supports. 

3.  Foundation ;  support. 


Tlie  haai$  of  public  credit  is  pood  (iiiih. 
Til'.-  Ixuia  of  all  cxccUtncc  u  inith. 


Hamilton. 
Johnson. 


4.  Basis,  in  chemuttnj.    Sec  Base,  Xo.  12. 
Ba'SIST,  tu     a  singer  of  base. 

BASIC,  V.  i.     [The  origin  of  this  word  is  not  obvious, 
Qu.  Ir.  bajgaim,  to  rest  or  repose.] 

To  lie  in  warmth  ;  to  be  exposed  to  genial  heat;  to 


BAS 

be  at  ea^o  and  thrivini;  under  benign  influences ;  as, 
(0  bask  in  the  blaze  of  dav  ;  to  bask  in  the  sunshine 
of  royal  favor.  The  word  includes  the  idea  of  some 
eonlinuanco  of  exposure. 

B.KS1C,  r.  (.  To  warm  by  continued  exposure  to  heat ; 
to  warm  with  geniitl  heat  Dnjdrn. 

BASIC A'D,  (bUskt);;ji.  Exposed  to  warmth,  or  genial 
\w\i. 

BXSK'ET,  H.  [W.  basged,  or  basgawd;  Ir.  hascatd', 
probably  from  weaving  or  texture  ;  W.  basg,  u  net- 
ting or  plailinf.'  of  splinters.] 

1.  A  domealx  vessel,  made  of  twigs,  rushes,  splin- 
ters, or  oilier  flexible  things,  jnlerwovcit.  The  forma 
and  sizes  of  baskets  are  very  various,  as  well  us  the 
uses  to  which  they  are  applied ;  as  eorn-b:;skets, 
clothes-baskets,  fruit  k'skets,  and  Wdrk  baskets 

"2.  The  contents  of  a  ba:>kct ;  u.'i  much  as  a  basket 
will  contain  ;  as,  a  basket  of  medlars  is  two  bushels. 
But,  in  general,  this  quantity  is  indefinite. 

lii  uulitary  {{if'airs,  baskets  of  earth  sometimes  arc 
used  on  the  parapet  of  a  trench,  between  which  tlie 
soldiers  fire.  They  serve  for  defense  against  small 
shot.  Encyc. 

BaSK'ET,  v.  t    To  put  in  a  basket.  Cncpcr. 

BASK'ET-FiSII,  y*.  A  species  of  sea-star,  or  star-fish, 
of  the  genus  Asterias,  culled  also  llie  Jifa;>cltaiiic  star- 
fish. It  has  live  rays  issuing  from  an  angular  bo<ly, 
and  dividing  into  innumerable  branches.  These, 
when  extended,  form  a  circle  of  three  feet  diameter. 
[See  AsTERiAS.J  Enciic. 

BASK'ET-HILT,  Tt.  [See  Hilt.]  Tiie  hilt  of  a  sword 
with  a  covering  wrouglit  like  baskcri-work,  to  protect 
the  hand.  Ifudibras. 

BASK'ET-HILT'ED,*   Havingahiltof  bask- t-w<.ik. 

tVai-lon. 

BASK'ET-SALT,  n.  Salt  put  up  in  small  buskels, 
which  is  purer,  whiter,  and  finer  than  common  brine 
salt.  Eneijc. 

BASK'ET-WOM'.VN,  n.  A  woman  who  carries  a 
basket  to  and  from  market. 

BASK'I.NG,  ppr.  Exposing  or  lying  exposed  to  Ihe 
continued  action  of  heat  or  genial  warmth. 

BASK'ING-SHARK,  n.  Tlie  sun-fish  of  the  Irish  ;  a 
species  of  Squalua  or  shark,  {Sffualis  maximus.)  This 
fiyh  is  from  tiiree  to  twelve  yards  in  length,  or  even 
longer.  The  upper  jaw  is  much  longer  than  the 
lower  one  ;  the  tail  is  large,  and  the  upper  part  much 
longer  than  the  lower ;  the  skin  is  rough,  of  a  deep 
leaden  color  on  the  back,  and  white  on  the  belly. 
The  flsh  weighs  more  than  a  tlicusand  pounds,  and 
affords  a  great  quantity  of  oil,  which  is  used  for 
lamps,  and  to  cure  bruises,  burns,  and  rheumatic 
complaints.  It  is  viviparous,  and  frequents  the 
nortliern  seas.     [See  Siiualus.]      Pennant.   Encyc. 

BAS'CiUISii,  fbisk'ish)  a.  Pertaining  to  the  people  or 
lani^uage  of  Biscay.  JSruwu. 

BAS-UE-LIkF',  (bd-re-lcef ,)  n.    See  Bass-Relief. 

BXHS,  V.  [Bass  is  undoubtedly  a  corruption  of  G.  bat-s, 
D.  bniir'!,  a  perch.    See  Baese.    It  has  no  plural.] 

The  name  of  several  species  of  fish.  In  Enifia.ul, 
this  name  Is  given  to  a  species  of  perch,  called  by 
some  the  sea-wolf,  from  its  voracity,  and  resembling, 
in  a  decree,  the  trout  in  sliape,  but  having  a  larger 
head.  It  weij^hs  about  fifteen  pounds.  In  (AeJVor£/t- 
crn  States  of  America,  this  name  is  yivcn  to  a  striped 
fish  which  grows  to  the  weight  of  25  or  30  pDunds, 
and  which  enters  the  livers  ;  of  the  genus  Labra\. 

A  species  of  striiwd  fish,  of  a  darker  color,  with  a 
large  head,  is  called  sca-ba^s,  as  it  is  never  found  in 
fresh  water.  This  fish  prows  to  two  or  three  jwunds' 
weight.  Both  species  are  well  tasted,  but  the  proper 
bass  is  a  very  white  and  delicious  food. 

Prince.     Belknap. 

BASS^  JI.  The  American  name  of  the  hnden,  lime, 
or  tiel-tree;  called  also  bass-wood.     [See  Bast.] 

2.  {pron.  bils.)  A  hassock  or  tliick  mat  on  which 
persons  kneel  at  church. 

BA^^S,  H.  In  musicy  the  base;  the  deepest  or  gravest 
part  of  a  tune  ;  or  tlic  lowest  part  in  the  harmony  of 
a  musical  composition.  This  word  is  thus  written  in 
imitation  of  the  Italian  basso,  which  is  the  English 
base,  low  ;  yet  with  the  pronunciation  of  base  and 
plural  basts ;  a  gross  error,  that  ought  to  be  corrected ; 
as  the  word  used  in  pronunciation  is  the  English 
word  base. 

BASS,  r.  t.    To  sound  in  a  deep  tone.  ShaJi. 

BASS-UE-LI£F',  (bas-re-lef)  n.  [from  It.  basso,  low, 
and  rUevare,  to  raise ;  whence  rilicvo,  raised  work. 
See  Lift  and  Uelief.] 

Sculpture,  whose  figures  do  not  stand  out  far  from 
the  ground  or  plane  on  which  they  aie  fiirin;rd. 
When  figures  do  not  protuherate  so  as  to  exhibit  the 
entire  body,  they  are  said  to  be  done  in  relUf;  and 
when  they  are  low,  flat,  or  little  raised  from  the 
plane,  the  work  is  said  to  be  in  lois  rctiij',  (6ay.vo-rc- 
licvo.)  When  the  figures  are  so  raised  as  to  be  strik- 
ingly prominent,  thuy  are  said  to  be  in  bold,  strong,  or 
hi^k  relief,  (alto-relievo.)    See  Keuef.  Encyc. 

BASS'- VI'OL,  n.    See  Base-Viol. 

BAS'SA.     See  Bashaw. 

BAS'SET,  71     [Fr.  bas.^ette.] 

A  game  at  cards,  resembling  the  modern  fnro,  said 
to  have  been  invented  at  Venice,  by  a  nobleman, 
who  was  banished  for  the  invention.    The  game  bc- 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH-^T.  — MeTE,  PRgy.  — PINE,  .M.VRiNE,  BIRD — NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  VVQLF,  BOQK.- 


HAS 

inc  introduced  into  Fmnce  by  the  Venetian  embas- 
siiiJor  Jiusiiniani,  in  1G74,  it  was  proIiibiteU  by  sevfiu 
cilicls.  Encyc. 

BAS'SET,  V.  i.  [See  IIasiu]  Among  caai-dig^rers^  to 
incline  upward.  Tims  a  vein  of  coal  bassets^  when 
it  lakes  a  direction  toward  the  surface  of  the  earth, 
I'Jiis  is  called  croppiugt  and  is  opposed  to  U'ti>piiig. 

Encyc 

BAS'SET,  o.  Inclined  upward ;  as,  the  basset  edge  of 
strata. 

BAS'SET-HORN,  ti.  A  musical  instrument  resem- 
bliiiL'  a  claiuinel,  but  of  much  greater  compass,  em- 
brat-iiit;  ntiuly  four  octaves.  P.  Cijc. 

BAS'SE'i'-iXG,  ;i;;r.     Having;  a  direction  upward. 

CAS'SET-ING,  ii.  The  upward  diiection  of  a  vein  in 
a  mine. 

BAS-i?ET'T(),  n.     A  tenor  or  small  base-viol, 

BAS'SIN-ET,  11.  A  wicker  basket  with  a  covering  or 
hood  over  one  end,  in  wliich  young  children  are  , 
placed  as  in  a  cradle.  Encyc.  Donu  Econ. 

BAE-S'-MAT,  n.  Matting  made  of  the  inner  bark  of  | 
trees,  particularly  the  lime-tree. 

BJiS' SO-COJ^-CERT'JiJ^' TE^  in  music,  .9  the  base  of 
tlie  little  cliorus,  or  tliat  wliich  plays  tliroughoul  the 
whole  piece.  Bailey. 

BJiS'SO-COJ^-TIJ\r'V-0;  thorough  base,  which  see 
under  Base.  *  Bailey. 

BJiS' SO-RE'LTE'  VO.     See  Bass-Relief. 

BJ3S' .'SO-RFy-PlE'jVO  is  the  base  of  the  grand  chorus, 
which  plays  only  occasionally,  or  in  particular  parts. 

Batlcy. 

B.^S' SO-Fl^-O-D'^rO  is  the  base  of  the  base-viol. 

1>AS'.S0CK,  n.    The  same  as  Bass,  a  mat.        [Biiiley. 

BAS-SOON',  n.  [Fr.  basson;  It.  bassonc,  from  basso, 
low.] 

A  musical  wind  instrument,  blown  with  a  reed, 
and  rurni:ihed  wUh  eleven  holes,  which  are  stopped, 
i\s  in  other  larg.;  flutes.  Its  compass  comprehends 
three  octaves.  Its  diameter  at  bottom  is  nine  inclies, 
and  for  convenience  of  caiTiage  it  is  divided  into  two 
parl3 ;  whence  it  is  called  also  a  fagot.  It  serves  for 
the  base  in  a  concert  of  hautboys,  flutes,  &lc. 

Jolmsnn.     Encyc.     Busby. 

BAS-SOOX'IST,  II.    A  peiformer  on  the  bassoon. 

Biuiby. 

BAS'SO-RINE,  n.  A  constituent  part  of  a  species  of 
gum  from  Bassora,  as  also  of  gum  tragacantli,  and 
some  gum-resins.  Ure. 

BAST,  n.  [Q.U.  D.  and  Dan.  hast^  barb,  or  from  twist- 
ing.] 

1.  The  inner  bark  of  the  lime-tree,  and  hence  mal- 
ting or  cordage  made  of  the  bark  of  the  linden  or 
hme-tree. 

2.  A  thick  mat  or  hassock  for  persons  to  kneel  on 
at  church.     [See  Bas3.]  Ash. 

BAS'TARD,  vi.  [Arm.  bastard:  li-basdard;  Fr.batard; 
D.  boiyi-aard  :  G.  bastart ;  It.  and  Sp.  bastardo  ;  W.  bos- 
tan  ;  basu,  to  fall,  whence  base,  and  tarz,  growth,  is- 
sue, a  sprout.] 

A  natural  child ;  a  child  begotten  and  bom  out  of 
wedk»ck  ;  an  illegitimate  or  spurious  chUd.  By  the 
civil  and  canon  laws,  a  b;istard  becomes  a  legitimate 
child  by  the  intermarriage  of  the  parents  at  any  fu- 
ture time.  But  by  tiie  laws  of  this  country,  as  by 
thosB  of  England,  a  child,  to  be  legitimate,  must  at 
least  be  bom  after  the  lawful  marriage.  Blackstone. 

Bastard  ciirnc^  or  bastard  elder,  in  law,  is  when  a 

man  has  a  bastard  son,  and  afterward  marries  the 

mother,  and  has  a  legitimate  son,  called  muUtr  puisne, 

or  younger.  Blackstone. 

BAS'TARD,  n.    A  kind  of  sweet  wine,     [JVoi  in  use.] 

Shah. 
BAS'TARD,  a.    Begotten  and  born  out  of  lawful  mat- 
rimony ;  illegitimate. 

2.  Spurious;  not  genuine;  false;  supposititious; 
adulterate.  In  this  sense,  it  is  applied  to  things  wlijch 
resemble  those  which  are  genuine,  but  are  really  not 
genuine;  as,  a  bastard  hope,  bastard  honors. 

Shak.     Temple. 

In  military  affairs,  bastard  is  applied  to  pieces  of 
artiller>'  which  are  of  an  unusual  make  or  propor- 
tion, whether  longer  or  shorter,  as  tlie  double  cul- 
verin  extraordinary,  half  or  quarter  culverin  extraor- 
dinary. Encyc. 

Bastard  Jlower-fence ;  a  plant,  a  species  of  Adenan- 
thera. 

Bastard  hemp ;  a  plant,  a  species  of  Datisca,  false 
hemp. 

Bastard  rocket;  dyer's  weed,  or  wild  woad,  a  spe- 
cies of  Reseda. 

Ba.st.ard  star  of  BeVdehem ;  a  plant,  a  species  of 
.'Vlbuca. 

BiL'itard  scarlet ;  a  red  color  dved  with  bale-madder. 
BAS'TARD,  71  i.    To  make  or  determine  to  be  a  bas- 
tard. Bacoiu 
.nA.S'TARD-Ii5M,  n.    The  state  of  a  bastard. 
BAS'TAUD-IZE,  v.  L    To  make  or  prove  to  be  a  bas- 
tard ;  to  convict  of  being  a  bastard  ;  to  declare  le- 
gally, or  decide  a  person  to  be  illegitimate. 

The  luw  is  su  in.iiil^>-nl  na  not  to  baslardize  Ihe  ciiiM,  if  boni, 

Ihuugh  nut  t^ejoUfn,  in  lawl'iil  wcitloclf.  Uiackslone. 

9.  To  beget  a  bastard.  Shak. 

BAS'TARD-LY,  adu.  In  the  manner  of  a  bastard; 
spuriously.  Donne. 


bat 


BAT 


BAS'T.MIDS,  n.  pi.  An  appeHatitm  given  lo  a  faction 
nr  troop  of  bandif?,  who  ravaycd  Giiicnne  in  France 
in  the  14th  century  ;  sup|)cs(-d  to  have  been  headed 
by  the  illegitimate  Bonn  nf  noblemen,  wlio  were  ex- 
cluded from  the  rights  of  inheritance.         Mczeray. 

BA.S'TARO-Y,  71.  A  state  of  being  a  bastard,  or  be- 
gotten and  born  out  of  lawful  wedlock,  which  con- 
dition disables  the  pcr.son  from  inheriting  an  cBtalc. 

Blaclutt/ne. 

B/NS'T.ARD-WING;  in  oriiitkotapj^'dtcTin  applied  to 
from  three  to  five  quill-like  feiilhers,  placed  on  a  small 
joint,  rising  tVoni  the  middle  part  of  the  wing,  and 
corresponding  to  tlie  thumb  in  some  mammalia. 

BAS-TARi\'i€,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  BayUirna:,  ancient 

inhabitants  of  the  Carpatiiian  iMoiinUiina.    D'^nvUlc. 

Biistiii-nicMps;  the  Carpathian  .Mountains,  between 

Poland,  Hungary,  and  Transylvania;  so  called  from 

the  ancient  inhabitants,  the  Bastama;.     D'jinville. 

B.^STE,  r.  t.  [Arm.  baz  ;  Fr.  batauj  for  basU/n;  Sp. 
baston  ;  It.  bu^tonc,  a  slick  or  club.J 

1.  To  beat  Willi  a  stick. 

2.  To  drip  butter  or  fat  U|ion  meat,  as  it  turns  upon 
the  spit,  in  roasting ;  to  moisten  with  fat  or  other 
liquid.  SuJi/i. 

BASTE,  V.  t.     [Sp.  bastcar;  It.  mibastirc,  to  baste  ;  It, 
basta,  a  long  stitch.] 
To  sew  with  long  stitches  ;  to  sew  i^lightly 

B5ST'ED,  pp.  Beat  with  a  stick  ;  moistened  with  fat 
or  otiier  matter  in  roasting;  sewed  together  with 
long  stitches,  or  slightly. 

BAS'TtLE,  (bas'teel,)  n.  [Fr,  from  blUirj  basttr,  to 
build.] 

An  old  castle  in  Paris,  built  between  13G9  and 
13S3,  used  as  a  state  prison,  and  converted  to  the 
jmrpose  of  confining  men  for  life,  who  happened  to 
incur  the  resentment  or  jealousy  of  the  French  nion- 
archs.  It  was  demolished  by  Uie  enraged  populace 
in  1789. 

BAS-TI-NaDE',  ;  n.     [Fr.  bastonnade;  Sp.  bastonada: 

BAS-TI-Na'DO,  \  It.  bastonata,  from  bastone,  a  slick 
or  staO'.    See  Baste.] 

A  sound  beating  with  a  stick  or  cudgel ;  the  blows 
given  with  a  stick  or  staff.  This  name  is  given  to  a 
punishment  in  use  among  the  Turks,  of  beating  an 
offender  on  the  soles  of  his  feet. 

BAS-TI-.\aDE',  )  V.  t.     To    beat    with    a   stick    or 

BAS-TI-Na'DO,  i      cudgel. 

BAST'ING,  ppr.  Beating  with  a  stick;  moistening 
with  dripping  ;  sewing  together  with  long  stitches. 

BaST'ING,  n.  A  beating  with  a  stick;  a  moistening 
with  dripping;  a  sewing  together  slightly  with  long 
stitches. 

BAS'TION,  (bas'chun,)  ti.  [Fr.  and  Sp.  bastion;  It. 
bastione  ;  probably  from  bastir^  batir,  lo  build,  to  set 
or  found.] 

A  huge  mass  of  earth,  usually  faced  with  sods, 
sometimes  with  brick  or  stones,  standing  out  from  tlie 
angles  of  a  fortified  work  to  protect  the  wall;  for- 
merly called  a  btdwark.  Bastions  are  solid  or  hollow. 
A  Jlut  bastion  is  made  in  the  piiddle  of  the  cuit;iin, 
when  it  is  too  long  to  be  defended  by  the  bastions  al 
its  extremes.  A  cut  bastion  has  its  point  cut  off,  and 
instead  of  it,  a  reentering  angle,  or  an  angle  inward, 
with  two  points  outward.  A  composed  biistitm  has  two 
sides  of  the  interior  polygon  unequal,  which  makes 
the  gorgf's  unequal.  A  deunbo.-ition  is  composed  of 
one  face  only,  with  one  tlank  and  a  demi^orge.  A 
double  bastion  is  one  raised  on  the  plane  ol  another. 

BAS'TO,  n.     The  ace  of  chibs  al  quadrille.         [Ericyc 

In  architecture,  a  round  molding  in  the  base  ot  a 
column  ;  called  also  a  tore,  [torus.]  Encyc. 

BAS'YLE,  n.     [Gr.  0u!7is  and  v\n.] 

In  chemistnj,  a  term  recently  employed  to  denote 
any  electro-positive  ingredient  of  a  componnd,  wheth- 
er elementary,  or,  if  compound,  performing  the 
functions  of  an  element.  The  term  radical  was  be- 
fore, and  is  still,  employed  to  dcnuls  the  same  objecL 
[See  Radical.]  Qraliam. 

BAT,  n.  [Sax.  bat;  Ir.  bat,  bata;  Russ.  bot;  allied  to 
beat.] 

1.  A  heavy  stick  or  club  ;  a  piece  of  wood  with 
one  end  thicker  or  broader  Ihan  Ihe  other,  used  in 
Hie  game  of  cricket. 

2.  Bat,  or  bate,  a  small  copper  coin  of  Germany, 
with  a  small  mixture  of  silver,  worth  four  crutzers. 
Also,  a  coin  of  Switzerland,  worth  live  livres.  Encyc. 

3.  A  term  given  by  miners  to  shale  or  bituminous 
shale.  Ktrwan. 

4.  A  sheet  of  cotton  prepared  for  filling  quills  or 
comfortables. 

BAT,  V.  i.    To  manage  a  bat,  or  plav  with  one.  Jifason. 

BAT,  j(.  [Rab.  and  Tal.  n''N3,  N,ii:i,  or  nNi2.  Btix- 
torf.  I  have  not  found  this  word  in  any  Eurojiean 
language,  except  in  English.] 

A  name  common  to  a  race  of  cheiropterous  mau:- 
nialia,  forming  llie  genus  Vespertilio,  of  the  order 
Primates,  in  Linmeus's  system,  but  now  considered 
as  a  family,  in  the  order  Cheuiiptcra,  divided  into 
sevonil  distinct  genera.  The  fore  I'eet  have  the  toes 
connected  by  a  membrane,  expanded  into  a  kind^  of 
wings,  by  means  of  which  the  animals  fiy.  The 
species  are  numerous.      Of  these  the  vampire  or 


Temalc  bal  inhabiu  Africa  nrxl  Th**  Ori'-nti!  Islet 

These  animals  fly  In  R-"   '     '^  '     '       '  r- 

ing  the  air  by  Iheir  i.  n 

extended,  meoiiurc  fi^- 

fruit-s,  but  are  said  eo. 

persons  when  a.-Ieep. 

itudeu  are  sm:UI ;  th'.. 

Iheir  young.    Their  fikm  n-  -u,..    ■ 

They  cuit'r  houiicit  in  pl'^auiit  HJir. 

feed  upon  motlix,  llieK,  (lenh,  and  (, 

and  are  torpid  during  the  ivmier. 
BA'i''-FOU'L-ER,  fu    One  wiw  pricllcei  or  i 

with  bat-fowliiit;.  Barr 

BAT'-FOVVL-l,\G,  n.    A  mo-l^     '  —  '  ■ 

night,  by  holding  a  torch  or  < ' 

the  busli  or  perch  where  xivj  , 

Ing  to  the  tight,  arc  caught  w.Ui  u  -.■ 

BAT'-HAUNT-ED,  a.    Haunted  n  iili 

BATS'-MAN,  n.    In  cWofcet,  the  ma  a  ■ 

BAT'A-BLE,  a.    [See  Eatjb  and  I  c^ 
ble.      'I'he  land  between   E^-/'      '  ;, 

which,  when  the  kingdoms    •  a 

subject  of  cunteniion,  was  ciill 

BAT-ARDEAO',  (bal-ard-S' )  n.  [  ?rb<mrt. 
and  eaa,  water.]     A  coffer-^lam-  / 

B.\-'i'A'T.\S,  n,  A  sjHrcics  uf  tick  or  iniU:.  : 
the  potatoes  of  Surinam.  Also,  a  name  of  ' 
potato. 

BA-TA'VI-AN,  a.  [from  BaUtci,  the  people  v^i. — 

ited  the  isle.] 

Pertaining  to  the  isle  of  Betuwe  in  llultaod,  be- 
tween the  Rhine  and  the  Waal.  Bui  more  Ren- 
erally,  the  word  denotes  wb'it  appertains  tu  Uc4Iand 
in  general. 

BA-Ta'VI-AN,  n.    A  native  of  Bcluwe,  orof  the  Low 
Countries. 

BATCH,  71.    [D.  bakzd ;  G.  gebdd: ;  from  bake.] 

1.  The  quantity  of  bread  baked  at  one  tune ;  a 
baking  of  bread. 

2.  Any  quantity  of  a  thing  made  at  once,  or  to 
united  iii  to  have  like  qualities.  B.  Jomsvru 

BATE,  n.     rsax.  bau,  conieniiun.    It  is  probably  from 
the  root  oi  bcal.    See  Debate.] 
Strife;  contention;  reiainea  In  mekt^au. 
BATE,  J*.  ^     [Fr.  batirc,  to  fical,  lo  baUer ;  but  perhaps 
from  abattrc,  to  beat  down.    The  literal  s«:nse  U,  lo 
heat,  strike,  thrust ;  lo  force  down.    Sec  Beat.] 

To  lessen  by  retrenching,  deducting,  or  reducing; 
as,  to  bate  the  wages  of  Uic  laborer ;  lo  baU  good 
cheer.  iwJte.    DrfdtM. 

[VVe  now  use  Abate.] 
bait;,  p.  i.    To  grow  or  become  less  ;  lo  remit  or  re- 
trench a  part  i  with  of. 

Aiaxte  tlijr  tpccil,  And  1  will  bate  <if  mine.  Drfitn. 

Spenser  uses  bate  in  the  sense  of  sinking,  driving 
in,  penetrating;  a  sense  reguloriy  deducible  from 
Ihul  uf  beat,  (o  Uirust. 

Yet  tl'.-re  ilie  atccl  stud  not,  tal  in!j  baU 

D«vp  in  the  tWh,  and  ojieiiH  Sr-lila  <  nxl  Sood  gtXe. 

BaTE'-BREED-IXG,  a.    Breeding  strife.    i,\' '  ■■  '  '- 

BA-TEA  IPy  (bat-lo',)  ji.    [Fr.,  from  L.  balU^ 

A  light  boal,  long  in  proportion  lo  iu  brt.: — ,  -  :.- 

wider  in  the  middle  ihan  at  llic  end^ 
BATE'FIJI.,  a.    Contentious;  given  to  strife;  cicit- 

ing  contention.  Si^i^  , 

BaTE'LESS   a.     Xol  to  be  abated. 
UaTE'iMENTjO.    .-Ybatenienl ;  deduction  :  li  i 

[Batr,  with  its  deri\"alives,  is,  I  believe,  \.v.l.  

or  wholly  obsolete,  in  the  United  Siaies.1 
BAT'E.N-ITES,    )  H.  pi.    \  si'ci  of  apo?4ale^  from  -Mf- 
BA'PiEN-ISTS,    J     hamincdism,  w)i.>     r  r  --    i   tl 
BA-Tk'M-ANS,)      abominable   prar: 

maelians  and  Kimiati:in^,    'J'he  w 

(£r(c,  or  jwrsoiis  of  inward  light.    [:■-- 
BAT'Fyi,,  a.    [See  Batten.]    Rich,  (viuh. 

[jVi)(  i:i  tise,] 
BaTH,  H.    [Sx-s.  6<rfA,Ja£Ac,  abaUi;  toMia^,  : 

AV,  frorf/i,  or  bai ;  D.  G.  Sw.  Dan.  6ad,  a  baUi ;  It.  *ai«, 

the  sea  ;  old  Phrygian,  bedtL,  water  j  Uu.  W.  *<-n,  lo 

immerse.] 

1.  A  place  for  bathing ;  a  eonveniont  va!  c 

rle  of  water  for  persons  lo  plunge  or  w.nsb  t: 

in.   Bathsarewarinortepid,hoiorcolii-  i.i  - 

ly  called  tforri  and  cold.   They  are  a' 

ficial.    Jk'titunit  ballis  are  those  whiet 

water,  eiUier  hoi  or  cold,  which  is  ■■■■ 

with  iron,  and  called  chahbc^iti,  or  -.v 

bonic  acid,  and  other  mmend  siil 

waters  are  orten  veryeffic;icious  in  ^ 

dyspeptic,  and  other  complaints, 
ii.  Inuuersiou  in  a  bath  ;  as.  lo  take  a  .Vsii. 
3.  A  place  in  which  heat  is  applied  lo  a  body  im- 

ru'^sed  in  some  substance.    Thus, 
A  ..'-</  balh  IS  made  of  hot  sand,  ashc#,  sah,  or 

olher  ma.:-r,  fur  ihe  puriKwe  of  applying  bcal  lo  a 

body  immerse-*;  >n  them.  . 

A  vapor  bath  is  formed  by  lillinc  an  apartmenl  wilb 

lioi  steam  or  vapor,  iu  which  the  bod^-  aweato  copi- 


Tune,  BI;I.L,  unite.  —  AN"GER,  VF'CIOUS.-  €  as  K;  *5  as  J:  3  as  Z;  CH  as  SU  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


BAT 

ously,  as  in  Russia  ;  or  the  term  Is  used  for  the  apph- 
cation  ofliot  steam  to  a  diseased  part  of  the  hudy. 
Kncyc.     Tooke. 
A  metalline  bath  ia  water  iinprcpnatcd  with  iron  or 
other  mt-lallic  Hubslance,  and  applti  d  to  n  dii^-astd 
part.  F.nctjc. 

In  eheini'try^  a  VDtt  bath  is  formed  by  hoi  waltr,  in 
which  is  placed  avexsel  containing  the  matter  which 
ret)uired  a  softer  heat  than  the  naked  lire.  When 
Band  is  imed,  instead  of  water,  it  Ih  called  a  faml  bath. 
In  medicine^  the  animal  bath  Is  made  by  wrapping 
thf>  ()art  airectcd  in  n  wami  skin  Just  taken  fruni  an 
Biiinial.  Coxe. 

•I.  .\  house  for  balliing.  In  some  Ea^tem  countruf, 
baths  are  verj-  mapnilicent  edifices. 

5.  A  Hebrew  nieiLsurc  containinj*  iho  tenth  of  a 
homer,  or  seven  pallons  and  four  pint;!,  as  a  measure 
for  Uquids;  and  three  pecks  and  tlirce  pints,  an  a  dr>- 
nieasure.  Calmet. 

BXTH'-BRrCK^  n.  A  preparation  of  calcareous  earth 
in  the  form  ol  a  brick,  used  for  cleaning  knives. 

BATH'-ROO.M,  H.     An  apartment  for  bathing.    Tookc. 

BATH,  (Oriicrw/M*-,)  n.  A  high  order  of  British  knight- 
hood, composed  of  tliree  classes,  viz.,  knights  p-and 
crosses,  knights  commanders,  and  knights  compan- 
ions, abbreviated  thus,  G.  B.  C,  K.  C.  B.,  K.  B. 

DATIIH,  V.  t.  [SAX.baOiiaiij  to  wash.  Sec  Bath.  Q.u. 
W,  bozi,  to  immerse.] 

1.  To  wash  the  body,  or  some  part  of  it,  by  inimer- 
Ki(in,as  in  a  bath  ;  it  often  dirters  from  ordinary  wash- 
ing in  a  longer  application  of  water  to  the  body  or 
to  a  particular  part,  lus  for  the  purpose  of  cleansing  or 
stimulating  the  skin. 

■2.  To  wash  or  moisten,  for  the  purpt«e  of  making 
soft  and  supple,  or  for  cleansing,  as  a  wound. 

3.  To  moisten  or  suflusc  with  a  liquid  ;  as,  to  baUie 
in  tear^  or  blood. 

BATHE,  r.  i.  To  be  or  lie  in  a  bath  ;  to  be  in  w  ater, 
or  in  other  liquid,  or  to  be  immersed  in  a  fluid,  as  in 
a  bath  ;  as,  to  baUte  in  fiery  floods.  Shak. 

B.\THE,  n.  The  immersion  of  the  body  in  water;  as, 
to  take  one's  usu.**!  baUte.  FaI.  Rev. 

BATti'£D,  pp.  Washed  as  in  a  bath  ;  moistened  with 
a  liquid  ;  licdewed. 

BaTH'ER,  n.  One  who  bathe«>;  one  who  immerses 
himself  in  water,  or  who  applies  a  liquid  to  himself 
<ir  to  aiiotlier.  Tooke. 

TiA'i'll'lSi'.,  ppr.  Washing  by  immersion,  or  by  ap- 
pl>  iiic  a  ht|ijid  ;  moistening;  fomenting. 

BATH'ING,  n.  The  act  of  bathing,  or  washing  the 
biidv  in  water.  Mason. 

BATl"i'l.\G-TIJB,  11.  A  vessel  for  bathing,  usually 
made  either  of  wood  or  tin.  In  the  Royal  Library 
at  P;u-is,  I  saw  a  bathing-tub  of  porphyry,  of  beauti- 
ful form  and  exquisite  workmanslnp. 

BAT'HORSE,  (baw'horsc,)  n.  A  horse  allowed  a  bat- 
man, in  tin.-  British  army,  for  conveying  the  utensils 
in  his  charge.  P.  Cyc 

BA'TflOS,  J*.  [Gr.  0aO,>i ;  allied  to  Kng.  bolfom,  and 
pcrha|)s  to  W.  fioti,  to  immerse.] 

A  ludicrous  descent  from  the  elevated  to  the  mean, 
in  writing  or  speech.  Arbuthnot, 

BAT'ING, /ipr.  [from  6a(e.]  Abating;  taking  away  ; 
deducting;  excepting. 

Chiiilrvii  have  few  idea^,  hating  aomc  faint  i(Ii'.\9  of  liungcr  and 
ihirei.  Locke. 

BAT'IN-IST.    See  Bate.-*ite9. 

B.VT'IST,  iu      A  fine  linen  clolh  niado  in  Flanders 

and  Picardy,  of  three  different  kinds  or  thicknesses. 

Knctjc. 
BAT'LET,  n.     [from  bat.]      A  small    bat,  or  square 

piece  of  wood  with  a  handle,  for  beating  lint^n  when 

taken  out  of  the  buck.  Jokusoii. 

BAT'.MAX,  >i.     A  weight  used  in  Smyrna,  and  other  [ 

places  in  the  Levant,  of  six  okes,  each  of  400  drams; 

etjual  to  111  lbs.  11  uz.  !.■>  dr.  English. 
BA'i".MA.\,  (baw'man)  n.     A  person  allowed  to  each 

cnniiKiriy  of  the  British  army,  on  foreign  service,  who 

has  charge  of  the  cooking  utensils,  &c.        P.  Cyc. 
BA-TON',  (bi-long',)       iiu     [Fr.  baton,  from   ba^-ton. 
BAT-00.\',  (baU(K>n',)i      ^*^^   Ba»te.]     A  stalf  or 

truncheon.    Hence, 
1.  A  marshal's  sUifT,  a  badge  of  the  highest  milita- 

r>'  honor.  ) 

9.  The  badge  or  truncheon  of  inferior  ofticers  of 

ju>lice  ;  as,  the  baton  of  a  constable. 

3.  In  miu-iicy  a  lenn  denoting  a  rest  of  four  semi- 
breves.  Brandc. 

4.  In  heraldry^  the  baton  is  used  to  denote  illegiti- 
mate de-icent. 

BA-TRA'eni-A,  n.    pi.      [See  Batbachia:*.]      The 
name  of  an  order  of  reptiles,  with  a  naked  body,  and 
two  or  four  feet ;  including  tVogs,  toads,  salamanders, 
and  the  Prnlens  and  Siren. 
B.\-TRA'eHI-AN,  a.     [Gr.  /JarnnYos,  a  frog.] 
Pertaining  to  animals  of  the  order  Batrachia. 

Barnes. 
BA-TRA'€HI-AN*,  ji.    An  animal  of  the  order  above- 
mentioned. 
B.Vr'RA-eHITE,  n.     [Gr.  (iarpaxot;,  a  frog.] 

A  fossil  or  stone  in  color  resembling  a  frog.   Ask. 
BAT'R  A-eHOID,  a.    [Gr.  y/aroax-'f,  a  frog,  and  aCoi, 
form.] 

Having  the  fonn  of  a  frog. 


BAT'TAl 


JBAT 

BAT-RA-CHOPH'.VGOl'S,  a.    [Gr.  (iarpaxoi.  fVt>g, 
and  0(1^  LI,  to  eat.] 

Feeding  on  frogs.  Qu.  Rev 

BAT'R.VeHO.M-Y-OM'A.CHV,  ".    [Or.  /^ar/^axof,  a 
frog,  /j'l^-,  a  mouse,  and  ;i  i\i?,  a  battle.] 
The  battle  between  the  frogs  and  mice,  in  Homer. 
BATS'.MAN,  ?i.     The  one  who  wields  the  hat. 
IIAT'TA,  n.    An  idlowance  niadi;  to  military  ofticers 
in  the  service  of  the  East  India  Company,  in  addition 
to  their  pay.  P.  Cyc. 

BA'l''T.-\-BLE,  a.     Capable  of  cultivation.     [Aut  in 

tinf.]  Burton. 

BAT'TAIL-ANT,  n.     [See  Battll.]     A  combatant. 

a/ivltnn. 
IL-'OUS,  a.     {.'-'CO  Battle.]     Warlike  ;  hav- 
ing the  fonn  or  appearance  of  an  army  arrayed  for 
biittle  ;  marshah'd,  as  for  an  attack.    .Mdton.  Fairfuj. 
BAT-TAL'IA,  (bat-tale'yi.)  n,    [Sp.  batalla,-  It.  batUtg- 
lia,  battle.     See  Battlk.J 

I.  The  order  of  ballU- ;  trooiis  arrayed  in  their 
proper  brigades,  regiments,  battalions,  fitc,  as  for  ac- 
tion. 

-2.   The  main  body  of  an  army  in  array,  distin- 
guished from  Iho  winirs.  Jvhn^on. 
BAT-TAL'ION,  n.     [Fr.  batailUm.     See  Battle.] 
A  body  of  infantry,  consisting  of  from  600  to  KOO 
men  ;  so  called  froui  being  orlglniUly  a  body  of  men 
arrayed  for  battle.    A  battalion  is  generally  a  body  of 
troops  next  below  a  regiment.    Sometimes  a  batUil- 
ion  composes  a  regiment ;  more  generally  a  regiment 
consists  of  two  or  more  battalions.     Johnson,     Kncyc. 
Shakspeare  ust;s  the  word  for  an  army. 
BAT-TAL'IU.\-£D,  a.    Formed  into  battalion". 

Barlotr. 
BAT'T£L,  (hat'tl,)  n.     [Sec  Battle.] 

In  /«w,  wager  of  buttcl^  a  species  of  trial  for  the 
decision  of  causes  between  parlies.  This  species  of 
trial  is  of  lijgli  anti(|iiity,  among  the  rude  military 
people  of  Europe.  It  was  introduced  into  England 
by  William  the  Norman  Conqueror,  and  used  in  three 
cases  only  —  ni  the  court  martial,  or  court  of  cliivalry 
or  h(m(tr  ;  in  appeals  of  felony  ;  and  in  issues  joined 
upon  a  writ  of  right.  'I'he  contest  w  as  had  before 
the  judges,  on  a  pien;  of  ground  inclosed,  and  the 
combatants  were  hound  to  tiuht  till  the  stars  ai>- 
pt'ared,  unless  the  death  of  one  jiarty  or  victory  soon- 
er decided  the  contest.     It  is  no  longer  in  use. 

Blackstone. 
BAT'TEL,  r.  i.  To  grow  fat.   [JVotinusr.  See  Batten.] 

2.  To  stand  indebted,  on  the  college  books  at  Ox- 
ford, for  provisions  and  drink  from  the  buttery. 

3.  To  reside  at  the  univt  isitv  ;  to  keep  terms. 
BAT'T/JL,  ;/.     Provisions  takeii   by  Oxford  students 

from  the  buttery,  and  nlsn  the  rliargi;s  thereon. 

BAT'Tf:L,a.     [See  Batten.]     Fertile  ;  fruitful,   [J^'ot 
u-sfd.]  Hooker. 

BAT'TEL-ER,  }  n.     A  sludrnt  at  Oxford  who  stands 

BA'I"TLER,      \      indebted,  in  the  college  books,  for 
provisions  and  drink  at  the  buttery.     Hence, 

2.  One  who  keeps  terms,  or  resides  at  the  univer- 
sity. 

BAT'TE-MEN'T,  K.     [Fr.]     A  beating;  striking;  im- 
pulse.     {JVof  in  U5(*.]  Daricin^  Zoiiju 

BAT'T£N,    (bat'tn,)  r.  t.      [Russ.  botayu.      (iu.  Ar. 


•  tXj  badana^  to  be  fat ;  or   '^s^faddana,  l^^  falfen. 

See  Fat.] 

1.  To  fatten  ;  to  make  fat ;  to  make  plump  by  plen- 
teous leeding.  MdUm. 

y.  To  fertilize  or  enrich  land.  Philips. 

BAT'TA'.V,  r.  i.    To  grow  or  become  fat;  to  live  in 

lu\urj',  or  to  grow  fat  in  ease  and  luxury.   Dnjdeiu 

Thi?  pnmpered  moniuch  Intlcnins  in  crbc.  Garth. 

BAT'TKX,  n.     A  piece  of  board,  or  scantling,  of  a  few 

inches  in  breadth.  Encyc. 

BAT'TA'N,  V.  t     To  form  or  fasten  with  battens.     To 

hntJrn  down;  to  f;isten  down  With  battens,  as  the 

hatches  of  a  ship  during  a  stonn. 
BA'J''T£i\-£D,  pp.    Formed  with  battens. 

•2.  Become  fat. 
I;AT'T£\-ING,  n.     The  fixing  of  battens  to  walls  for 

nailing  up  laths. 

2.  The  battens  in  a  state  of  being  thus  fixed. 
BAT'TER,  V.  t.     [Fr.  AaWrr;  Sp.  tarir;  U.  battcre  i  L. 

batuoy  to  beat,     bee  lit:  at.] 

1.  To  beat  with  successive  blows;  to  beat  with 
violence,  so  as  to  bruise,  shake,  or  demolish  ;  as,  to 
batlcr  a  wall. 

2.  To  wear  or  impair  with  beating  or  by  use  ,  as, 
a  battered  pavement ;  a  ia«frf</ jade  ;  a  butivrcd  beau. 

Uryden.     Pope. 
'•S.  To  attack  with  a  battering  ram. 
4.  To  attack  with  heavy  artillery,  for  the  purjrase 
of  iriaking  a  breach  in  a  wall  or  rampart. 
BAT'TER,  r.i.    A  term  applied  to  a  wall  when  its 
surface  is  not  exactly  perpendicular, but  gently  slopes 
from  a  person  standing  before  it.     When  it  slopes  to- 
ward him,  it  is  said  to  overhang.       OwUt,     Moron. 
B.\T'TER,  n.      [from  beat  or  batter.]      A  mixture  of 
several  ingredient*!,  as  (lour,  eggs,  salt,  4c.c.,  beaten 
together  with  some  liquor,  used  in  cookery.    Kinn-.      \ 


BAT 

BAT'TER-fJD,  pp.  Beaten  ;  bruised  ;  broken  ;  im- 
paired by  beating  or  wearing. 

BA'i''TER-ER,  n.     One  who  batters  or  heats 

BA'i"'l'EK-li\G,  ppr.  Beating  ;  da:^hing  upainsl  ;  bm!«- 
ing  or  deniolishniL'  by  beating. 

BAT-TER-IN'G-RAM,  «.  In  flM(tV«''v,  n  niilitar>- en- 
gine  ust;d  to  beat  down  the  walls  of  besieged  places. 
It  was  a  large  beam,  with  a  head  of  iron  bomeuhat 
resembling  tlu'  head  of  a  ram,  whenci;  its  naine.  It 
was  suspended  by  ropes  in  the  niiildle  to  a  beam 
which  was  supported  by  (Hists,  and  balanced  so  n» 
to  swing  backward  and  forward,  and  was  impelled 
by  men  against  the  wall.  It  was  sometimes  inounl- 
rd  on  wheels. 

BAT''i'ER-y,  n.  [Fr.  batUrief  Sp.  batena  ;  It.  baUeria. 
See  Beat.] 

1.  The  act  of  battering  or  beating. 

2.  The  instrument  of  batt('ring. 

3.  In  the  military  art,  a  panipet  thrown  up  to  cover 
the  gunners,  and  others  employed  about  them,  fnim 
the  enemy's  shot,  with  the  guiis  employed,  llins, 
to  erect  a  battery,  is  to  form  the  parapet  and  mount  the 
guns.  I'he  term  is  applied,  also,  to  a  number  of  guns 
ranged  in  order  for  battering,  and  to  morUirs  uued  for 
a  like  purpose. 

Cross  batleriesy  are  two  batteries  which  play 
athwart  each  other,  forming  an  angle  upon  the  ob- 
ject battered. 

Battery  d^enfilade,  Is  one  wJiich  scours  or  sweeps 
the  whole  line  or  length. 

Battery  en  echarpe^  is  that  which  jilays  obliquely. 

Buttery  dc  rciers,  is  that  which  plays  upon  the  en- 
emy's back. 

Camcrade  battery,  is  when  several  guns  play  at  the 
same  lime  upon  one  place.  F.ncye. 

4.  In  /aw,  the  unlawful  beating  of  another.  'I'he 
least  violence  or  the  touching  of  another  in  angfr,  is 
a  battcrj-.  B  acbMone. 

a.  In  electrical  apparatus  and  expcriinents,  a  number 
of  coated  jars  placed  in  such  a  manner,  that  they 
may  be  chargeil  at  the  pame  lime,  and  discharged 
in  the  same  iiiunner.  This  is  caUed  an  electrical 
battery. 

0.  Galvanic  battery ;  a  pile  or  series  of  plates  of  cop- 
per and  zinc,  or  of  any  substances  eu^ceptible  of  gal- 
vanic action. 

BAT'TING,  n.    The  management  of  a  bat  at  play. 

Marion. 
2.  Cotton  in   slieets,  prepared  for  quilts  or  bed- 
covers. 

BAT'TISH,  a.     [from  bat,  an  animal.] 

Resembling  a  bat ;  as,  a  hutti^^h  humor.     Virnon. 

BAT'TLE,  It.  [Fr.  bataiUe  ;  W.  batel,  a  drawing  of  the 
bow,  a  battle  ;  Sp.  batalla ;  It.  batta^lia,  from  brating. 
See  Beat.  Owen  supiwses  the  Welsh  bnttl  to  be 
from  tel,  tight,  stretched,  compact,  and  the  word  pri- 
marily to  liave  expressed  the  dniwing  of  tlie  buw. 
This  is  i)robably  an  error.  The  first  battles  of  men 
were  with  clubs,  or  some  weapons  used  m  bratiuir, 
striking.  Hence  the  club  of  Hercules.  And  although 
the  moderns  use  different  weapons,  still  a  battle  is 
some  mode  of  beating  or  striking.] 

1.  A  fight,  or  (-ncounter  between  enemies  or  <i|ipos- 
ing  armies  ;  an  engagement.  It  is  usually  applied  to 
armies  or  large  bodies  of  men  ;  but,  in  popular  lan- 
guage, the  word  is  applied  to  an  encounter  between 
small  bodies,  between  individuals,  tir  inferior  ani- 
mal.-;. It  is  also  more  genenUly  applied  to  the  en- 
counters of  land  forces  than  of  ships,  the  encounters 
of  the  latter  being  called  ensagemrnts.  But  buttle  is 
applicable  to  any  combat  of  enemies. 

2.  A  body  of  forces,  or  division  of  an  army. 

Baron. 
;i.  Tlie  main  body,  as  distinct  from  the  van  iind 
rea  r.      [  Obs.  J  Jin  yirn  rd. 

To  ffive  battle,  is  to  attack  an  enemy  ;  to  juui  baiilr, 
is  properly  to  meet  the  attack  ;  but  perhaps  this  dis- 
tinction is  not  always  observed. 

Jl  pitched  battle,  is  one  in  which  the  armies  are  pre- 
viously drawn  up  in  form,  with  a  regular  disposition 
of  the  forces. 

A  drajcn  battle,  is  one  in  which  neither  party  gains 
the  victory. 

To  turn  the  battle  to  the.  gate,  is  to  fight  valiantly, 
and  driv(!  the  enemy,  who  hath  entered  the  city, 
back  to  the  gate.     Is,  xxviii. 

Buttle  Toyal ;  a  battle  with  fisis  or  cudgels,  in 
which  more  than  two  are  engaged ;  n  mcl6e.  The 
term  is  also  applied  to  a  fight  of  game-cocks,  in 
which  more  than  two  are  engaged.  Grose. 

BAT'l'LE,  1'.  i.     [Fr.  batadlrr;  Sp.  batallar.] 

To  join  in  battle  ;  to  contend  in  fight ;  sometimes 
with  it ;  as,  to  battle  it.  Addi.^on. 

BAT'TLE,  V.  t.    To  cover  \vith  armed  force,    Fmrfaz. 
BAT'TLE-AR-RAV,  J7,    [fi^z/rV  and  array.]    Array  or 
order  of  battle  ;  the  disposition  of  forces  preparatory 
to  a  battle, 
BAT'TLE-AX,  n.    An  ax  anciently  used  as  a  weapon 
of  WJir.     It  has  been  used,  till  of  late  years,  by  tlie 
Highlanders  in  Scotland,  and  is  still  used  by  the  city 
guards  in  Edinburi.'h,  in  quelling  mobs,  fitc.  Eneyc. 
BAT'TLI'^DuUR,  (bat'tl-dOre,)  n.     An  instrument  of 
jday,  with  a  handle  and  a  flat  board  or  palm,  used  lo 
strike  a  ball  or  shuttle-cock  ;  a  rackeL  Locke. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — .MeTE,  PRgY.  — PINE,  M.^RtNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK. 


104 


BAW 


BAY 


BE 


i*.  A  child's  horn-book.     [JVot  in  use  in  the  United 
States.] 
BAT'TLi^MEXT,  h.     [This  is  said  to  have  been  bas- 
tillementy  from  ittsfi//^,  a  fortification,  from  Ft.  b&tir, 
bastirj  to  build.     Q.U.] 

A  wall  raised  on  a  buildiiis  with  openings  or  em- 
brasures, or  the  embrasure  iUtlf.     Encyr.  Joknsaiu 
BAT'TL£-MENT-ED,  a.    Having  battlements. 

HerberU 
BAT'TLTNG,  n.     Conflict.  Thomson. 

BAT-TOL'O-OIST,  «.  [See  Battolooy.]  One  that 
repeals  the  same  thing  in  speaking  or  writing.  [Lil- 
Ue  itsed.]  WhiUock. 

BAT-TOL'0-GlZE,  r.  L    To  repeat  needlessly  the 

same  thing.     [Little  nscd.]  Herbert 

BAT-TOL'O-GY,   n.     [Gr.  ,'?arroXoj'(a,  from /tfarrof, 
a  garrulous  person,  and  Ao;  «?,  discourse.] 
A  needless  repetition  of  words  in  speaking. 

^sh.     Encyc. 
BAT'TON.  n.     [from  baU]     See  Batte.v. 
BAT'TO-RY,  V.    Among  Ui'  Hanse  Toicits,  a  facror>-  or 
magazine  which  the  merchants  have  in  foreign  coun- 
tries. Encyc. 
BAT'TU-LATE,  r.  t.    To  interdict  commerce.     [^ 

word  iiscd  by  the.  Levant  Coni/Krrni.}  Eton. 

BAT-Tt;-L.^'TlOX,  Ji.    A  prohibition  of  commerce. 
BAT'TUE,".  [Fr.]  A  beating  up  for  game :  the  game. 
BAT-Tu'TA,   t:,     [Iu]     The   measuring  of  time   by 

beating. 
BAT'TY,  a.     [from  bat,  an  anima!.] 

Belonging  to  a  bat.  S/talc. 

BATZ,  H.    A  stiiall  copper  coin  with  a  mixture  of  sil- 
ver, current  in  some  parts  of  Germany  and  Switzer- 
land, worth  about  two  pence  sterling,  or  four  cents. 
BAU-BEE',  n.     [Qu.  Fr.  bas-bi!!on.]     ^  [Eiiajc. 

In  Scotland  and  the  nortlt  of  Knnhimf^  a  haltpenny. 

Johnson. 

BAU'BLE,  7L    A  trifling  piece  of  fuiery  ;  a  gewgaw  ; 

that  which  is  gay  and  showy  without  real  value. 

[See  Bawble.]  Dryden. 

BAL'GE,   n.     A  drugget  manufactured  in  Burgundy, 

with  thread  spun  thick,  and  of  coarse  wool.    Enajc. 

BAULK.     See  Bale. 

BAV'A-ROY,  n.    A  kind  of  cloak  or  surtout.  Johnsoru 
BA  V'lX,  rt.    A  stick  like  those  hiumd  up  in  fagots  ;  a 
piece  of  waste  wood.  Johnson. 

Banin-t ;  in  war,  bnish-fagots.  Encyc. 

BAVV'BLE,  n.  [Fr.  6a6io^c,  a  toy,  or  baby-thin^]  ac- 
cording to  Spelman,  baube'Ja  are  gems  or  jewels.] 

A  trifling  piece  of  finerj- ,  a  gewgaw  ;  that  which 
is  gay  or  showy  without  real  value.  Dryden. 

For  foofs-baicble,  see  Fool. 
BAWB'LING,  a.    Trifling  j  contemptible.     [O.'as-.] 

ShnJc. 
BAW'-€OCK,  H.    A  fine  ft  How.     [Qu.  hmn-cock.] 

Skak. 
BAWT),  n.  [I  know  not  tlie  origin  of  this  word  ;  but 
in  Fr.,  baudir  is  a  term  in  hunting,  signifying  to  ex- 
cite or  encourage  dogs  to  tjie  chase- ;  formed,  accord- 
ing to  Lunier,  from  the  Low  L.  baldirc,  or  exbaldire, 
to  enliven,  to  quicken  ;  which,  from  the  It.  baldo, 
baldanza,  appears  to  be  from  tiie  root  of  Eng.  bold, 
the  primary-  sense  of  which  is,  to  project,  to  push  or 
rush  forward.  In  \V.  pud  is  what  lends  to  allure. 
But  one  author  quotes  Hesychius,  as  giving  Gr. /ju- 
6ai,  a  procurer  or  procuress.] 

A  procurer  or  procuress     A  person  who  keeps  a 
house  of  prostitution,  and  conducts  criminal  intrigues. 
[  Usually  applied  to  fanales.] 
BAVVD,  V.  i.    To  procure  3  to  provide  women  for  lewd 
purposes. 
2.  To  foul  or  dirty.     [J^ot  in  nse.]  Skelton. 

BAVVD'-BORX,  a.     Descended  from  a  bawd.   Sliak. 
BAWD'I-LY,  adv.     Obscenely  ;  lewdly. 
BAWD'I-NESS,  n.     Obscenity  ;  lewdness. 
BAVVD'RICK,  H,  [See  Baldbick.]   A  b^It,  Chapm. 
BAVVD'RY,  n.     [See  Bawd.]     The  abominable  p 
tice  of  procuring  women  for  the  gratification  of  lust. 

2.  Obscenity  ;  filthy,  unchaste  language. 

3.  Illicit  intercourse  ;  fornication.  Skak. 
BAWD'V,  a.    Obscene  ;  filthy  ;  unchaste  ;  applied  to 

lantraa^c. 

BAWD'Y-IIOUSE,  71.  A  house  of  lewdness  and  pros- 
titution. 

BAWL,  V.  i.  [Sax.  bellan ;  Sw.  bola,  to  low  or  bellow  ; 
VV.  ballaw ;  G.  bellen,  to  bark  ;  D.  balderen,  to  roar  ; 
h.balo,  lo  bleat;  Fr.  piaiUer,  to  ba\v\,  to pide;  Heb. 
^^^  yaJtalj  the  blast  of  a  trumpet  j  Pers.  bald,  a  cry 
or  clamor  ;  and  Ar.  and  Heb.  S-N,  ebal,  to  weep,  to 
wail.  These  all  coincide  in  elements  with  L.  p'-^Uo, 
appello,  Eng.  pealy  and  the  primary  sense  is  the 
same.] 

1.  lo  cr}-  out  with  a  loud,  full  sound  ;  to  hoot ;  to 
cr\-  witli  vehemence,  as  in  calling,  or  in  pain  or  ex- 
ultation. 

2.  To  cry  loud,  as  a  child  from  pain  or  vexation. 
BAWL,  V.  t     To  proclaim  by  outcry,  as  a  common 

crier.  Stoift. 

BAWL'KD,  (bawld,)  pp.    Proclaimed  by  outcry. 
BAVVL'ER,  n.     One  who  bawls. 
BAWL'r.VG,  ppr.     Crying  aloud. 
BAVVL'ING,  tu    The  act  of  crying  with  a  loud  sound. 
BAWN,  n.    An  inclosure  with  mud  or  stone  walls  for 

keeping  cattle  ;  a  fortification.  [JVot  used.]  Spenser. 


7ian. 
prac- 


BAW'REL,  Ti.    A  kind  of  hawk.  '/utW. 

BAVV'SIN,  ».     A  badger.  B.  JmLwn. 

BAX-Te'RLAN,  a.  Pertaining  to  Baxter,  a  celebrated 
English  divin-; ;  as,  the  Bazterian  scheme.    Enciic. 

BAY,  a.  [Fr.  bai  or  baic ;  It.  baio ;  Sp.  buyo  ;  L.  badius. 
Class  Bd.] 

Red,  or  reddish,  inclining  to  a  chestnut  color;  ap- 
plied to  the  color  of  horses.  The  shades  of  this  color 
are  called  U^r/d  bay,  dark  bay,  dappled  bat/,  gilded  baij, 
chestnut  bail.  In  pO|)ular  language,  in  ^^nglantl,  ail 
bay  horses  .are  called  brown.  Johnson.     Encyc. 

BAY,  n.  [Fr.  bate;  Sp.  and  Port,  bahia;  It.  baia';  t). 
boat;  contracted  from  the  root  of  Sax.  bif<Tc,  an  angle 
by^an,  D.  boo^cn,  to  bend,  whence  bowl] 

\.  An  arm  of  the  sea,  extending  into  the  land,  not 
of  any  definite  form,  but  smaller  than  a  gulf,  and 
larger  than  a  creek  The  name,  however,  is  not  used 
with  much  precision,  and  is  often  applied  to  large 
tracts  of  water,  around  which  the  land  forms  a  curvt;, 
as  Hudson's  Bfz;/.  Nor  is  the  name  restricted  lo  tracta 
of  water  witli  a  narrow  entrance,  but  used  for  any 
recess  or  inb-t  between  capes  or  head  lands,  as  the 
Bay  of  Biscay. 

2.  A  pond -head,  or  a  pond  formed  by  a  dam  for  the 
purpose  of  driving  mill-wheels.  [I believe  not  used  in 
tJie  United  States.] 

3.  In  c  barn,  a  place  between  the  floor  and  the  end 
of  the  building,  or  a  low  inclosed  place  for  depositing 
hay. 

in  England,  says  Johnson,  if  a  bam  consists  of  a 
floor  and  two  heads,  where  they  lay  corn,  they  call  it 
a  barn  of  two  buys.  These  bays' are  from  14  to  20f.-et 
long,  and  (luors  from  lU  to  IQfeet  broad,  and  usually 
20  f.'et  long,  which  is  the  breadth  of  the  barn. 

Buildcr''<!  Diet. 

4.  Any  kind  of  opening  in  walls.  Chambers. 
BaY,  n.     [Q.U.  Gr.  fSatov,  a  branch  of  the  palm-tree. 

In  Sp.  baya  is  a  berry,  the  fruit  01"  the  laurel.] 

1.  The  laurel-tree.     Hence, 

2.  Bays,  in  the  plural,  an  honorary  garland  or 
crown,  bestowed  as  a  prize  for  victory  or  excellence, 
anciently  made  or  consisting  of  branches  of  the 
laurel. 


The  p-ilriol's  bjnore,  aiid  Uip  poet's  baya. 


TiuminiU. 


3.  In  some  parts  of  the  United  States,  a  tract  of  land 
covered  with  bay-trees.  Drayton,  S.  Carolina, 

B.aY,  n.  [Goth,  bcidan,  to  expect;  It.  badaj  "  tcncre  a 
bada,''^  to  keep  at  bay  ;  *'  slur  a  bada,''^  to  stand  tri- 
fling ;  badare,  to  stnnd  trifling  ;  to  amuse  one's  self, 
to  take  care,  to  watch,  to  covet ;  abbadare,  to  mind  ; 
Fr.  bayer,  to  gape  or  stand  gaping.    Qu.  aboyer.] 

A  state  of  expectation,  watching  or  looking  for; 
as,  to  keep  a  man  at  bay.  So  a  stag  at  bay,  is  when 
he  turns  his  head  against  the  dogs.  Whence  abey- 
ance,  in  law,  or  a  state  of  expectancy. 

[Since  to  frav  means  to  bark  as  a  dog,  to  keep  at  bay 
may  refer  to  the  repealed  barking  or  baying  of  a  dog 
when  his  prey  ceases  to  fly,  and  faces  him  ;  as,  wln-ii 
a  stag  turns  upon  the  dogs,  he  keeps  them  at  bay,  or 
barking,  because  they  dnre  not  close  in  and  attack 
him.  Hence  comes  the  meaning  of  the  phrase,  viz., 
"  To  ward  off  an  attack  ;  to  keep  an  enemy  from 
closing  in."  Riclu  DicU] 

BaY,  v.  I.     [Fr.  abuver;  It.  baiarc,  to  bark.] 

1.  To  bark,  as  a  dog  at  his  game.  Spenser. 

2.  To  encompass,  or  inclose,  from  bay.  We  now 
use  embay.  ShaJc. 

BaY,  v.  t.    To  bark  al  -,  to  follow  with  barking.   Shak. 

BaY'BER-RY,  71.  The  fruit  of  the  bay-tree  or  Laurns 
nobilis.  This  name  is  applied,  in  some  parts  of  the 
United  Stales,  to  the  fruit  of  Myrica  ccrifera,  (wax 
mvrtle,)  and  often  also  to  the  plant  itself. 

BaY'BER-RY-TAL'LoW,  ;i,  A  waxy  substance  ob- 
tained from  the  bayberrj',  or  wax-mjTtle  ;  called  also 
mvrtle-  wax, 

BaY'-RUIM,  71.  A  spirit  obtained  by  distilling  the 
leaves  of  the  bay-tree. 

BaY'-SALT  is  salt  which  crystallizes  or  receives  its 
consistence  from  the  heat  of  the  sun  or  action  of  the 
air.  It  forms  in  pits  or  b:isins,  and  from  this  circum- 
stance receives  its  denomination.  It  appears  first  in 
a  slight  incrustation  upon  the  surface  of  the  water, 
which  may  be  sea  water,  or  any  other  water  in  which 
salt  is  dissolved.  This  crust  thickens  and  hardens, 
till  the  crystallization  is  perfected,  which  lakes  place 
in  eight,  ten,  or  fifteen  days.       Encyc.     Chambers. 

BXY'-TREE.  n.     A  species  of  laurel ;  laurns  nobilis. 

Ba Y'-WIN'i)5W,  n.  A  window  jutting  out  from  the 
wall,  as  in  shops. 

BaY'-YAEN,  n.  A  denomination  sometimes  used 
promiscuously  with  itonlnt  yam.  Chambers. 

BaY'ARD,  n.    [bay  and  orrf,'kind.] 

1.  A  bay  horse.  Philips. 

2.  An  unmannerly  beholder.  B.  Jonson. 
BaY'ARD-LY,  n.     Blind  ;  stupid.  Taylor. 
B.\Y'ED,  a.     Ilavinc  bays,  as  a  building. 
BaY'O-NET,  n.     [Fr.  baioiteUe;  Sp.  bctyonetu;  It.  bal- 

onetta  ;  so  called,  it  is  said,  because  the"  first  bayonets 
were  made  at  Bayonne.     yiiTjra's  Portuguese  Diet.] 

1.  A  short,  pointed  instrument  of  iron,  or  broad 
dagger,  formerly  with  a  handle  fitted  to  the  bore  of  a 
gun,  where  it  was  inserted  for  use,  alier  the  soldier 
had  fired ;  but  now  made  with  an  iron  handle  and 


ring,  which  go  over  the  muzzle  of  the  pitrf.,  w  thai 
the  soldier  fires  with  hui  bayonr-i  fixed,  Enc^K 

2.  In  madiinery,  a  ttrm  applied  Uj  pm^  nhictj  j.l-iv 
in  and  out  of  holen  made  to  receive  thtrm,  am!  \\  ..  .. 
IhuH  nerve  to  engage  or  disengage  i«ajTa  of  i!i    ;;:. 

BAY'O-NET,  F.  t.    To  stab  with  a  bayontL 

2.  To  com[)cl  or  drive  by  the  bayonrL        Burkt. 
BAV'OU,  (by'oo,)  n.     [Fr.  byyau,  a  gulf-] 

In  Louisiana,  the  outlet  of  a  lake  ;  a  channel  for 
water.  Also,  an  outlet  from  the  .MUrtMipiii,  in  t»ie 
delti  of  that  river,  lo  the  Gulf  of  Sleiico.  The  i^nn 
in  also  applied  to  other  lateral  outleu  from  Uie  rivcr, 
apparently  its  former  channeL 
BAYS  or  BAYZE.     [See  Baiie.] 

BA-ZAR'       t  '''r 

BA-ZXAR',  in-  [Pere.  A-Aj  bazar;  JLwul  beiar,  a 
market.]  "^-^  ' 

1.  In  the  East,  an  exchange,  market-pUc«,  or  place 
where  goods  are  exposed  lo  fale.    Some  bazan  arc 
open, others  are  covered  tvith  lofty  c/ilings  or '^  i;- 
pierced  lo  give  light.    The  bazar  at  Tauri*  w  .ii      fi 
Uin  .10,000  men.  >, ,    c. 

2.  In  Europe,  a  spacious  hall,  or  «iitc  of  r  -  :r,-, 
fitted  up  with  counters  orstandii  for  the  ialeof  r-  1-- 

P.  (. '. '. 
BAZ'AT,  /  n.    A  long,  fme-ffpun  cotton,  from  J-  -     -. 
B.'VZ'A,     j     lem,  whence  il  ia  called  Jerujalem  c 

BDEL'LIUM,  (del'yum,)  n.  [L. ;  Gr.  /?^'>>:  .  .  --^  r. 
Ch.  and  Heb.  nSia.  Bochart  and  Parkliorrt  Iran.-- 
late  it  pear!.  Gen.  ii.  But  it  is  doubtful  whether 
the  bdellium  of  the  Scripture  is  that  now  used.] 

A  gummy,  resinous  juice,  produced  by  a  tree  in 
the  East  Indies,  of  which  we  have  no  satisfactorv 
account.  It  is  brought  from  the  East  Indie-*,  lin  1 
from  Arabia,  in  pieces  of  diff-rent  sizes  and  li-  ir  -. 
externally  of  a  dark  reddish-brown,  inlemalK  ■  1  .r. 
and  not  unlike  lo  glue.  To  Ihe  laste  it  l>  ihu.-iiiy 
bitterish  and  pungent;  ila  odor  is  ain"t.eable.  In  ilie 
mouth,  it  becomes  soft,  and  sticks  lo  the  teeth  ;  on  a 
red-hot  iron,  it  nadily  catches  flame, and  burn*  with 
a  crackling  noise.  U  is  used  as  a  perfume  and  a 
medicine,  being  a  weak  deobstruent.  /j«o.f. 

The  Indian  bdellium  (the  kind  above  referred  to) 
is  a  product  of  the  Commiphora  Madagascarcnsis,  a 
native  of  the  East  Indies  and  Madagascar.  Thifi  is 
the  bdellium  of  Scripture,  and  is  also  called  false 
vnjrrh.  The  African  b(U  Ilium  is  a  product  of  tht- 
Ilendelotia  Africana,  a  native  of  Senegal.  The  SicU- 
ian  bdellium  is  obtained  from  the  Daneus  gummifcr. 

BE,  V.  I.  siUrstaTttive  rerb ;  ppr.  Bei  Jto  :  pp.  Bzzjt.    [Sax. 

o  -    J 
beon,  to  be.   G.  bin,  biit ;  D.  ben ;  Pers.    \  :  -  ; 

lobe.  Pan.  bhu;  and  W.  bod,  byiu,  ^  -  i  ■■ 
sense  is,  to  stand,  remain,  or  1«  fixed  :  bene*;,  lo  ci^-n- 
linue.  This  verb  is  defective,  and  its  difcfts  are 
supplied  by  verbs  from  otJier  ro<)ts,  am,  ts,  km.*,  trf-rr, 
which  have  no  radical  connection  with  be,  I  ri  - 
case  is  the  same  wilh  the  subsiantive  verb  a.  m  ~t 
languages.] 

1.  To  be  fixed  ;  to  exi.-t ;  lo  have  a  real  stale  ct  ■.  \ 
istence,  for  a  longer  or  shorter  time. 

I.cl  tlili  niiiid  i-f  ill  you,  whkh  ms  m  Oimt  3-ta».'—V\Z 

To  be,  eotilcDts  lib  n.ttund  dnirc.  P-9pt. 

2.  To  be  made  to  bo ;  lo  become. 

Ai.(t  lh?y  Iwsin  sitill  be  otw  ftah.  —  MjiI'.  xIa.    J;r,  xxiC. 

3   To  remain.   Let  the  garment  be  as  it  was  made. 

4.  To  be  present  in  a  place.  Where  teas  I  at  the 
lime  ?    When  will  you  be  at  my  house? 

n.  To  have  a  particular  manner  of  bcin^t>r  imp- 
pening ;  as.  How  is  this  atfair .'  IIow  vas  it :  What 
lecrc  the  circumstances  I 

This  verb  is  used  as  an  anxilian.'  in  ibmiing  the 
tenses  of  other  verbs,  and  jwrticularly  in  giving  to 
Ihera  the  p.assive  form  ;  as,  he  has  been  distnrt>ed.  It 
forms,  wilh  Ihe  infiniiiv*-,  a  [Kirticular  future  tense, 
wliich  often  expresses  duty ,  neccs^itj-,  or  purpose ;  as, 
government  is  to  be  supported  we  are  to  pay  our  just 
debts. 

Let  be,  is  lo  omit,  or  le.ive  untouched  ;  to  let  alone 

Let  le,  saiil  he,  my  i^rcy.  Dr^r». 

BE,  a  prefix,  as  in  because,  before,  ft«rt,  bedeck,  is  the 
s-inie  word  as  by:  Sax.  6c,  bi^:  Goth.  bL  II  is  com- 
mon to  the  l-'nglish,  Sax(ui.  Gothic,  German.  P  ;  ^i. 
Danish,  and  Swedish  lan^iiagt  s.  It  occurs  pr>  'r  -  !> 
in  the  Russian,  but  is  wriilen  pc^  as  tt  is  in  p:-.'---  ■  , 
;uid  a  few  other  words  in  the  I^tin.  It  denotes  near- 
ness, closeness,  about,  on,  at.  from  some  root  signi- 
fying to  pass,  or  lo  pres?.  [See  Br.] 
*  That  this  word  is  the  Shemitic  3.  used  as  a  pn'fix, 
is  certain,  not  only  from  its  general  applications,  which 
may  be  seen  by  comparing  the  uses  of  the  word,  in 
tlie'  Hebrew,  for  instance,  with  those  in  the  S.axon  : 
but  flrom  its  use  in  particular  phrases,  particularly  in 
its  Uf^e  before  tlie  name  of  the  Supreme  Beinc.  in 
swearing.  Ilence  we  rind  tlial  2  i^  not  from  na  nor 
from  r^2,  as  Parkhursl  supposes,  but  is  an  abbrcna- 
tion  of  bi^,  which  is  used  in  the  Saxon,  bi^.^ptil,  a 
proverb,  .a  fti^word  ;  bis^standcM,  lo  stand  by. 


di 


TOME,  BULL,  IGNITE  —  AN"GER.  VI"CIOUS 6  asK;  fiasj;  SasZ;  CHuSH;  THasin  THia 


liEA 

BfiAOir,  n.     [Qu.  Rush,  bok,  Bido.l 

The  shore  of  the  son,  or  of  a  luke,  which  is  washed 
by  till'  tide  iind  wuvt-'i ;  tht^  strand.  It  may  be  liomu- 
tinu's  ii^ed  for  ihe  shore  of  inrpo  rivers. 

BkACU'EU,  fb.'echl,)  a.  Exjwsed  to  the  waveu ; 
wa'^hed  by  the  tide  and  waves ;  nlijo,  driven  on  a 
bench  ;  slmndt-d  ;  lUj  the  »hip  is  beached. 

BRACd'Y,  a.     Having  a  beach  or  bcachos.        Shnk. 

BfiA'CON,  (be'kn,)  «.  [W.  pi^int^  a  beacon,  cono,  or 
turret,  from  ot^r,  a  (loint.  i^vc  Pike.  Sax.  beauR-, 
becen^  a  signal ;  D.  baak^  baaken;  Ger.  bake.] 

I.  A  Mi[;tial  erected  on  an  eminence,  cun^i^ting  of 
a  pitch  barrel,  or  !«oiiic  coinbuslible  matter,  to  be  fired 
at  ni^ht,  or  to  cause  a  smoke  by  day,  to  notify  the 
approach  of  an  enemy. 

i.  A  signal  trccitd  on  rocks  or  shoals,  to  wani  of 
dancer.  Hence  n  lighthouse  is  sometimes  callod  a 
beacon.  In  geuerol,  a  beacon  may  be  any  lipht  or 
mark  intended  for  direction  and  .security  against 
danger, 
a.  Fi>ura(iDf2tf,  that  which  Rivea  notice  of  dnnjjer. 

BEA'eON,  p.  U  To  alTord  light  as  a  beacon  ;  to  light 
np.  Campbell. 

BEA'eON-AGE,  II.  Money  paid  for  the  maintenance 
of  a  beacon.  Encijc.    ^ah. 

BEA'eON-£D,  pp.  or  a.  Lighted  by  a  beacon  ;  hav- 
ing a  beacon. 

BEAD,  n.  [Ger.  bcthfy  a  bead;  supposed  from  beten, 
biilitarty  to  pray,  from  the  use  of  beads  in  Roman  Cath- 
olic countries  ;  Sn\.  bead,  a  praying.  In  Spanish  and 
Portugue:iC,  tlie  word  answering  to  count  is  used  lor 
n  bead.] 

I.  A  little  perforated  batI,to  be  slmng  on  a  thread, 
and  worn  about  the  neck,  for  ornament.  A  strinc 
of  beads  is  called  a  necklace.  Bcad;^  are  made  of 
gold,  pearl,  amber,  steel,  garnet,  coral,  diamond, 
crystal,  pastes,  glu,sses,  Sec.  The  Roman  Catliolics 
iiso  strings  of  heads  in  rehearsing  tlieir  prayers. 
Hence  thu  phrase,  to  tell  beadsj  and  to  be  at  unc^s 
bratLt,  is  to  be  at  prayer.  Encxjc    Johnson, 

3.  Any  small  globular  body ;  hence  the  glass 
globules,  used  in  Iratiic  with  savages,  and  sold  in 
strings,  are  called  beads;  also  a  bubble  on  spirit. 

3.  A  small  piece  of  metal  on  a  gun-barrel  lo  take 
sight  by. 

4.  In  architecture,  a  round  molding,  commonly 
made  upon  the  edge  of  n  piece  of  slufl"  in  the  Corin- 
thian and  Roman  (trders,  cut  or  carvea  in  short  em- 
bossinenls,  like  beads  in  necklaces.  Encyc. 

BidiliuiT  of  bcailsy  is  a  charge  given  by  a  priest  to 
his  parishioners,  to  repeat  certain  prayers  ujKm  their 
beads  fur  certain  objects.  Bailetj. 

BEAO'-MAK-ER,  7r.  One  who  makes  beads.  In 
French,  patenwstrier  Is  one  who  makes,  slrinys,  and 
sells  beads.  In  Paris  are  three  companies  of  pater- 
nostriers ;  one  thai  works  in  glass  or  cnstol ;  one, 
in  wood  and  bom ;  a  third,  in  amber,  coral,  &c. 

Eiicye. 

BEAD'-PROOF,  o.  Spirit  is  bead-proof^  when,  after 
being  shaken,  a  crown  of  bubbles  will  -'^tand,  for 
some  time  alter,  on  the  surface,  manifesting  a  cmt- 
Inin  standard  of  strength.  Encyc. 

BEAO'-KoLIj,  n  Among  Roman  CcOholics,  a  cata- 
logue of  (H;rson?!,  for  the  rest  of  whose  souls  they  are 
lo  repeat  a  certain  number  of  prayers,  which  they 
count  bv  clieir  beads.  Encyc. 

BEAU'-'fREC,  n.  The  Melia  azedarach,  a  native  of 
the  East  Indies,  pntwiiig  about  20  feet  high,  adorned 
with  large  pinnated  or  fringed  leaves,  and  clusters 
of  peiiUipL-ialous  llowers.  Kiwtjc. 

BkADS'-.MAN,  n.  A  man  employed  in  praying,  gen- 
erally in  praying  for  another.  Johnson. 

BkAUS-U'OM'AN,  n.  A  praying  woman  j  a  woman 
who  resides  in  an  alms-house.  Ash. 

BEA'DLE,  n.  [Sax.  bijdcl  or  bctdd;  Fr.  bcdeau;  Sp. 
bedel:  It.  bidello:  Ger.  b\Ute}^  pedtU;  S\v.  boddj  a 
beadle,  or  liclor  ;  from  the  root  of  6»/,  Sax.  beodan,  to 
order  or  command.    See  Bid.] 

I.  A  messenger  or  crier  of  a  court ;  a  servitor ;  one 
who  cites  persons  lo  appear  and  answer ;  callea  also 
an  apparitor  or  summoner.  Encijc. 

9.  An  othcer  in  a  university,  whose  chief  busmcss 
13  to  walk  with  a  mace,  before  the  maslers,  in  a  pub- 
lic procession ;  or,  as  in  America,  before  the  pres- 
ident, tnisiees,  faculty,  and  students  of  a  college,  in 
a  procession,  at  public  commencements.        Encyc. 

3.  A  parish  officer,  whose  business  is  to  punish 
n-Jlty  olVeiiders.  Johnaon. 

BkA'DKE-SIIIP,  71.    The  office  of  a  beadle.     fVood. 

BkA'GLE,  ;t.  [Fr.  bi^le,  so  named  from  litUeneRS  j 
^V.  bacj  little;  Ir.  /)/i';  It.  piccolo.  We  have  from 
the  same  root  buy,  and  the  Danes  pige,  a  hltle  girl, 
and  probably  pug  is  tlic  same  word.  Qm.  Gr.  ruj- 
fitit  J,  a  pigmy.] 

A  small  hound,  or  hunting  dog,  formerly  used  in 
huntuig  liarcs.  TlK:y  are  now  superseded,  to  a 
great  extent,  by  harriers.  Bea-^les  are  of  dilferent 
sorts ;  a?,  the  souVitrn  bearrlf,  shorter  and  less,  but 
thicker  than  the  dee|>-moulhed  hound  ;  the  Jicet 
jturtJicrn,  or  cat  beagle,  smaller,  and  of  a  finer  shape 
than  Ihe  southern.  From  Uiese  iipecies  united,  is 
bred  a  third,  still  preferable;  and  a  smaller  sort  is 
liille  larger  than  Uie  lap-<log.  Encyc. 

BEAK,  Tt.     [D.beki  VV.  pig;  Ir.  ptac ;  Arm.  bda  Fr. 


BEA 

bee;  8\i,  pica;  Tt.  beMo;   Dan.  pig,  pik;  Bw.  piggf  i 
pik;  SiiX.piic;  Fr.  pique;  Eng.  peak,  y/.'.r,  &c.    The  i 
»ensc  Ir,  u  shoot,  or  a  itoint,  from  thru.>ting ;  and  tbi^  ' 
word  Is  connected  witli  a  numerous  family.      See 
Class  Bg.l 

1.  The  1)111  or  nib  of  a  bird,  consisting  of  a  horny 
substance,  either  t:traight  or  curving,  and  ending  in 
u  point. 

a.  A  ^Hiintod  jfiece  of  wood,  fortified  with  brass, 
resembling  a  beak,  lustened  to  the  end  of  ancient 
enlleys  ;  intended  to  pierce  the  vessels  of  an  enemy. 
In  modern  ships,  tlie  beak-head  is  a  iiiune  given  to 
The  fore  part  of  a  ship,  whose  forecastle  is  sipinru  or 
oblong  ;  a  circumstance  common  to  all  ships  of  war, 
wliich  have  two  or  more  tiers  of  guns.    J]lar.  Diet. 

Beak  ox  bcak-hciul,  that  part  of  a  ship,  before  the 
forecastle,  which  is  fastened  to  the  stem,  and  sup- 
ported by  the  main  knee.  Encyc, 

3.  In  farriery,  a  little  shoe,  at  the  toe,  about  an 
iuch  long,  turned  up  and  fastened  in  upon  the  fore 
part  of  the  lioof.  Farricr^a  Diet. 

4.  Any  thing  ending  in  u  point,  like  a  beak.  This 
in  America  is  more  generally  pronounced /rca/i. 

T).  in  botany,  a  process,  like  tlie  beak  of  a  bird, 
tenninuting  tlie  fruit  in  certain  plants,  us  in  the  Ge- 
ranium.   [L.  rostrum.'] 

BEAK,  r. /.  Ainongcock-fightcrs,  to  take  bold  with 
the  beak.  JiiJi. 

BEAK'/;n,  (beekt,)  a.  Having  a  beak  :  ending  in  a 
point,  like  a  bc;ik. 

2.  In  ttotanif.  rostrate  j  furnished  with  a  process 
BEAK'ER,  w.   "[Gor.  becher.]  [like  u  beak. 

A  cup  or  glass.  Johnson. 

nE.\K'I-R  ON,  (-T-urn,)  n.    A  bickern  ;  an  iron  tool, 

ending  in  a  point,  used  by  blacksmiths.  Jlsh. 

BEAL,  71.     [Sec  Boil.    W.  bal,  a  prouiinence.] 

A  pimple ;  a  whelk  ;  a  small  inllamnialory  tumor ; 
a  pustule.  1  Johnson.    Ash. 

Real,  v.  I.    To  gather  matter  j  to  swell  and  come  to 

a  head,  as  a  pimple.  Johnson.    A-^fu 

BEAM,  71.  [Goth,  bagmsy  a  tree  ;  Sox.  beam :  G.  bautn ; 
D.  boom,  a  tree  ;  Dan.  bom,  a  bar  or  rail ;  Ir,  beim^  a 
beam.  We  sc-e  by  the  Gothic,  that  the  word  be- 
longs to  Class  Bg.  It  properly  signifies  the  stock  or 
stem  of  a  treoj  that  is,  the  fixed,  firm  part.] 

J,  The  largest,  or  a  principal  piece  of  limber  in  a 
building,  that  lies  across  the  walls,  and  serves  to 
support  the  principal  rafters.  Encyc, 

^  Any  large  piece  of  tunbcr,  long  in  proportion  to 
its  thickness,  and  squared  or  hewed  for  use. 

3.  The  part  of  a  balance,  from  the  ends  of  which 
the  scales  arc  suspended;  sometimes  used  for  the 
wliole  apparatus  for  weighing.  Eitcyc. 

A.  The  i)art  on  the  head  ofa  stag,  which  bears  the 
antlers,  royals,  and  lops. 

5.  The  polo  ofa  carriage,  which  runs  between  the 
horses.  Drydcn. 

G.  A  cylinder  of  wood,  making  part  of  a  loom,  on 
which  weavers  wind  the  warp  before  weaving;  and 
this  name  is  given  also  to  the  cylinder  on  which  llie 
cloth  is  rolledj  as  it  is  wove. 

7.  1'he  straight  part  or  shank  of  an  anchor. 

8.  In  ships,  a  great  main  cross  timber,  which  holds 
the  sides  ofa  ship  from  falling  together.  The  beams 
support  thi;  decks  and  orlops.  The  main  beam  is 
next  the  niaiiimast.  Mar.  Diet. 

9.  TI;e  main  piece  of  a  plow,  in  wliich  the  plow- 
tails  are  fixed,  and  by  which  it  is  drawn. 

10.  Beam  compass;  an  instnunent  consisting  ofa 
square  wooden  or  brass  beam,  having  sliding  sockets, 
that  carry  steel  or  pencil  points  ;  used  for  describiii;; 
large  circles,  and  in  large  projections  for  drawing  the 
furniture  on  wall-dial^-.  Encyc.    Johnson. 

On  Uie  beam,  in  navigation,  signifies  any  distance 
from  the  ship,  on  a  line  wiUi  the  beams,  or  at  right 
angles  with  the  keel.  Mar.  Diet. 

Btforc  tJic  beam,  is  aJi  arch  of  tlie  horizon  between 
a  line  that  crosses  the  ship  at  right  angU'S,  or  the 
lino  of  the  beam,  and  that  point  of  the  compass  which 
she  steers.  Mar.  Did. 

Beam  enda.  A  vessel  is  said  to  be  on  her  beam 
ends,  when  she  inclines  so  much  on  one  side  that 
her  beams  approach  a  vertical  position.  Mar.  Vict. 

IlE.V.M'-BIRD,  71.  A  small  European  bird,  so  called 
because  it  often  builds  its  nest  on  the  projecting  end 
of  a  beam  or  rafter  in  a  building;  also  named  the 
spotted  fly-catcfao-T.  It  is  the  Mnscicapa  gn.-:ola  oi 
naturalists.  FJ.  Encyc.     P.  Ci/c 

BkAM-FE.-VTH'ER,  (-feth'er,)  n.  One  of  the  long 
feather.-^  in  the  wing  ofa  hawk.  BooUu 

Bj":AM'-F1LL'1NG,  h.  The  filling  iu  of  mason  work 
between  beaniH  or  joists. 

CkAiSI'-TREE,  7(.    A  species  of  wild  service,  a  tree 
having  very  tough  wood,  used  for  beams,  &.c. 
^"The  Cmtiegus  vVrla,  Linn.  (Pjtus  Aria,  Decand.) 

BEAM,  71.  [Sax.  beam,  a  ray  of  tiie  sun  ;  bcamian,  lo 
shine  or  send  forth  beams;  Sam.  iaA/mz/j;,  splendor ; 
Ir.  bctm,  a  stroke,  and  solblieim,  a  thunderbolt.] 

A  collection  of  rays  emitted  from  the  sun  or  oUier 
2uminousbody. 

BK.'VM,  V,  L  To  send  forth  ;  to  emit ;  followed  ordi- 
narily by/tf//A,-  as,  to  bcamfortJi  light. 

Bk.^M,  r.  i.    To  emit  rays  of  light,  or  beams ;  to  shine. 

Hf  beamrl,  Uie  Uny  iUr  oT  itic  ribinjj  .-igr-,  TrumbiiU. 


BEA 

BEAM'£D,  a.  1'hc  head  ofa  slag  is  bhUI  to  bo  beamed 
when  it  has  all  its  antlers  put  forth.  BuotJi. 

BEAM'IXG,  pitr.  o\u.    Emitting  rayfi  of  light  or  lieains. 

BEA.M'i\(i,  II.  Kudiation ;  the  emission  or  darting 
of  light  in  rays. 

U.  The  issuing  of  intellectual  light;  dawn;  pro 
phclic  intimation ;  lirst  indication. 

^i  jc't  tivvK  Um  bteuMnrt  oi  un  un^iiicvl  uiul  Mflinl  mind. 

7*.  Dawct. 

BEA.M'LESS,  a.    Emitting  no  rays  of  light. 

BE.\.M'Y,  0.    Emitting  mys  of  light ;  radiant ;  shining. 
1?.  Resembling  a  beam  in  size  and  weight ;  mas.-'y. 

Drydcn. 
3.  Having  horns,  or  antlers.  Drydcn. 

BEAN,  n.  ^a.v.  bean;  Dan.  b^nne;  Sw.  bona;  Gr. 
riuivji.  ,-  D.  boon  ;  Ger.  buhne ;  Ch.  pEN  a;;u7i,  a  vetch. 
Uu.  Arm.favon;  Corn.  id. ;  \\.faen,\ 

A  uumu  given  to  several  kinds  of  pulse,  or  legu- 
minous seeds,  and  the  plants  producing  them.  They 
belong  lo  several  genera,  particularly  Vicia,  Phn- 
seolus,  uiid  Doltcho^.  Thu  varietii^s  must  usually 
cultivated  are,  the  horse  bean,  the  mazugan,  tho 
kidney  bean,  the  cranberry  bean,  the  linin  tiean,  the 
frost  bean,  &.c.  The  stalk  is  erect  or  climbing,  and 
the  fruit  roundish,  oval,  or  fiat,  and  of  various  eolors. 
This  name  properly  belongs  to  the  Faba  vulgaris, 
(Vicia  Fubn,  Lhin.) 

Matatca'bcan,  or  Jinacardium;  the  fruit  of  a  treit 
(SciiitcarpiLt  Anaeardiam)  growing  in  Malabar,  and 
other  parts  of  tho  East  Indies.  This  fiiill  is  of  a 
shining  black  color,  of  tho  shape  ofa  heart  fiatttnod, 
about  an  inch  long,  icrminaling  at  one  end  in  an 
obtuse  point,  and  at  the  other  adhering  to  a  wrinkled 
stalk.  It  contains,  within  two  shells,  a  kernel  of  a 
svve.clish  taste ;  and  betwixt  the  shells  is  lodged  a 
thick,  acrid  juice.  Knctie. 

BEAN'-Ca-PER,  71.  \  plant,  a  sjwcies  of  Zygophyl- 
hini,  a  native  of  warm  climates.  Encyc'. 

BEA.\'-eOD,  n.  A  small  fishing  vessel  or  pilot  boat, 
used  in  the  rivurs  of  Portugal.  It  is  sharp  forward. 
having  its  stem  bent  above  into  a  great  curve,  anu 
plated  with  iron.  Encyc. 

BkAN'-FEO,  a.    Fed  with  beans.  Shidc. 

BEAN'-FL?,  7J.  A  beautiful  fiy,  of  a  pale  purple 
color,  found  on  bean  fiowers,  produced  from  a  maggot 
called  vtida.  Encyc. 

BEAN'-GOOSE,  n.  Aspeciesof  Anas,  (.^.A-c;Tf^H/j(,)  a 
migratory  bird,  which  arrives  in  England  in  uutunm. 
and  retires  to  tlie  north  in  summer.  It  is  so  named 
from  tlie  likeness  of  the  nail  of  the  billtoaborse-liL-au. 

Encyc. 
Bcan-trce  of  America ;  a  name  given  to  the  Erytlirma 
Corallodeiidron. 

Kidncy-bean-trce ;  a  name  given  to  certain  species 
of  the  genus  Glycine. 

Bindiiin-hcaii-trec;  a  name  given  to  a  species  of  the 
genus  Mimosa. 

Bean-irrfoil ;  a.  popular  name  of  the  Cytisus  Labur- 
num and  Anagyris  fcctidiu  Fam.  qf  Plants. 

REAN'-TKES-S£L,  v.     A  plant 

BEaR,  (biirc:,)  V.  t.;  prct.  Boke  ;  pp.  Born,  Bohni:. 
[Sax.  bieran,  bfran,  heoran,  byran,  gcbaran,  gcbcran, 
gebyran,  abtiran,  abcran,  to  bear,  carry,  bring,  sustain, 
produce,  bring  forth  ;  gebrjrian,  gcbyriaan,  to  per- 
tain to,  to  belong  to,  to  happen,  to  become,  or  be 
suitable ;  answering  to  the  Latin  fcro,  portM,  jiario, 
and  opin-teo.  Hence,  probably,  Sax.  barn,  beam,  a 
Kon,  coinciding  with  born.  Goth,  bairan,  lo  bear,  or 
carry;  gnbairan,  to  bear;  G.  fuhrcn,  to  carr>',  and 
gehdn:n,  lo  bring  forth  ;  D.  beurcn,  to  lift,  vorren,  lo 
carry  or  hear;  baarcn,  lo  bring  forth;  Sw.  bdra,  to 
carry  ;  bdra  fram,  lo  bring  forth  ;  barn,  a  son  ;  Dnn. 
bccrc,  to  carry,  bear,  produce  ;  L.  fcro,  pario,  porta ; 
Gr.  0£.o'o,  ^ucicoj ,-  Sp.  and  Port,  parir,  to  bring  forth  ; 
portar,  lo  carry  ;  It  porinre,  t4i  carry  ;  Ir.  bcariidh, 
bcirim,  to  bear  or  bring  forth,  to  tell  or  relate,  whence 
Fr.  pariti' ;  Rus^.  bent,  lo  lake,  to  carry  ;  Sans,  bharadi, 
to  bear.  Tiiis  verb  I  suppose  lo  be  radically  the 
same  as  the  Shemitic  N~i2  to  produce  ;  L.  pario. 
'i'lie  primary  sense  is  to  throw  out,  to  bring  foilh.  or 
in  general,  to  thrust  or  drive  along.  It  includes  the 
proper   significations,  both  of   L.  fcro  and   pario; 

Shemitic  ri-\D  farah,  and  <^'^l  ,fori.  Hence,  proba- 
bly, Gr.  fiaoo^,  (^aoi'i,  and  a  great  family  of  words. 
See  Class  Br.  Nos.'l5,22,  33,  35.] 

1.  To  support;  to  sustain  ;  as,  to  bear  a  weight  or 
burden. 

2.  To  carry ;  to  convey ;  to  support  and  remove 
from  place  to  place ;  as,  they  hear  him  upon  tho 
shoulder;  the  eagle  brareUi  them  on  hi;r  wings. 

haialu     Deuteronomy. 

3.  To  wear;  to  bear  as  a  mark  of  authority  or  dis- 
tinction, as,  to  bear  a.  sword,  a  badge,  a  name ;  to 
bear  anus  in  a  coat. 

'1.  To  keep  afloat ;  as,  the  water  bears  a  ship. 

5.  To  support  or  sustain  without  sinking  or  yield- 
ing; to  endure;  as,  a  man  can  bear  severe  pain  or 
calamity ;  or  to  sustain  with  proporfionate  strength, 
and  without  injury ;  as,  a  man  may  hear  stronger 
food  or  drink. 

(j.  To  entertain  ;  to  carry  in  the  mind  ;  as,  to  bear 
a  great  love  for  a  friend  ;  lo  bear  inveterate  hatred  to 
gaming. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MAKXNE,  BIUD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQOK 


iQ^ 


BEA 

7.  To  suffer  ;  to  undergo  ;  as,  to  bear  punishment. 

8.  To  suffer  without  resentment,  or  interference  to 
prevent;  to  have  patience;  ;is,  to  bear  neglect  or 
indignities. 

9.  To  admit  or  be  capabh-  of;  that  is,  to  suffer  or 
sustain  without  violence,  injury,  or  chaniie  ;  as,  to 
pvc  words  the  most  favorable  interpretation  they 
wiU  bear. 

10.  To  bring  forth  or  produce,  as  the  fruit  of  plants, 
or  the  young  of  animals  ;  as,  to  bear  apples ;  to  bear 
ciiildren. 

11.  To  give  birth  to,  or  be  the  native  place  of. 

Here  dwell  the  man  divine  whum  Samoa  bore.  Dryden. 

12.  To  possess  and  use  as  power  ;  to  exercise ;  as, 

13.  To  gain  or  win.  [to  bear  sway. 

Sonie  think  to  bear  ii  ty  spciiin^  a  gteai  won).  Batjon. 

[Xot  now  used.  The  plirase  now  used  is,  to  bear 
aicmj.] 

14.  To  carry  on,  or  maintain  ;  to  have ;  as,  to  bear 
a  part  in  conversation. 

15.  To  show  or  eihibit;  to  relate  ;  as,  to  bear  tes- 
timony or  witness.  This  seems  to  imply  utteraTice, 
hke  tlie  Latin /cro,  to  relate  or  utter. 

16.  To  sustain  the  effect,  or  be  answerable  for ;  as, 
to  bear  the  blame. 

17.  To  sustain,  as  expense ;  to  supply  the  means 
of  paying ;  as,  to  bear  the  charges,  that  is,  to  pay  the 

IS.  To  be  the  object  of.  [expenses. 

Lei  me  but  bear  your  love,  =jid  I'll  bear  vocr  carci.    {Unusual.] 

Shak. 

19.  To  behave  ;  to  act  in  any  character ;  as,  fiath 

he  borne  himself  penitent?    [JVot  usual.]  S/ialt-. 

2D.  To  remove,  or  to  endure  the  effects  of;  and 
hence,  to  give  satisfaction  for. 

He  shaiJ  bear  their  iciqiiities.  —  Is.  liii.     Heb.  ii. 

7b  bear  the  vifirmitics  cf  the  weak,  to  bear  one 
another^s  burdens,  is  to  be  charitable  toward  tlieir 
feults,  to  sympathize  with  thera,  and  to  aid  them  in 
distress.  Brown. 

To  bear  off,  is  to  restrain  ;  to  keep  from  approach  ; 
and  in  seamanship,  to  remove  to  a  distance  ;  to  keep 
clear  from  rubbing  against  any  thing  ;  as,  to  bear  off 
a  blow  ;  to  bear  off  a  boat ;  also,  to  cat-r7j  aiomj  i  as,  to 
bear  o^T^stoIen  goods. 

To  bear  doicn.,  is  to  impel  or  urge ;  to  overthrow  or 
crush  by  force ;  as,  to  bear  down  an  enemy. 

To  bear  down,  upon  ;  to  press  ;  to  overtake  5  to  make 
aU  sail  to  come  up  with. 

To  bear  /lard,  is  to  press  or  urge. 

Cesar  dolh  bear  me  hard.  Shak. 

To  bear  on,  is  to  press  against ;  also,  to  cany  for- 
ward, to  press,  incite,  or  anisiate. 

Coofideace  hath  borne  tliee  on.  Alilloy. 

To  bear  through,  is  to  conduct  or  manage  ;  as,  to 
bear  ViToagh  the  consulship.  i>.  Joit^on.  -\lso,  to 
maiutain  or  support  to  the  end  ;  as,  religion  will  bear 
us  through  the  evils  of  life. 

To  bear  out,  !s  to  maintain  and  support  to  the  end  j 
to  defend  to  the  last. 

CoiQpanjr  only  can  bear  a  man  oul  in  an  i]!  thing.  South. 

To  bear  up ;  to  support ;  to  keep  from  falling. 

Religious  hope  bears  up  the  mind  under  suGeriiigs.     Addison. 

To  bear  up  ;  to  keep  afloat. 

To  bear  a  bodij.  A  color  is  said  to  bear  a  body  in 
painting,  when  it  is  capable  of  being  ground  so  line, 
and  mixed  so  entirely  with  the  oil,  as  to  seem  only 
a  very  thick  oil  of  the  same  color.  Johnson. 

To  bear  date,  is  to  have  the  mark  of  time  when 
nTitten  or  executed;  as,  a  letter  or  bond  bcars.date 
Jan.  6,  Idll. 

To  bear  a  price,  is  to  have  a  certain  price.  In  com- 
mon mercantile  l:m}piafe,it  often  signifies  or  implies 
to  bear  a  good  or  high  price. 

To  bear  in  band;  to  amuse  with  false  pretenses  ;  to 
deceive.  Bacon.     SoutJi.     ShnJ:. 

I  believe  this  phrase  is  obsolete,  or  never  used  in 
America. 

To  bear  a  Jiand,  in  seamanship,  is  to  make  haste,  be 
BE.aR,  o.  i.    To  suffer,  as  with  pain.  [quick. 

E;it  man  is  torn  to  bear.  Pope. 

This  is  unusual  in  prose ;  and  though  admissible,  is 
rendered  intransitive,  merely  by  the  onii.'^sion  of  pain, 
or  other  word  expressive  of  evil. 

2.  To  be  patient ;  to  endure. 

I  can  not,  can  not  bear.  Dryden. 

This  also  seems  to  be  elliptical. 

3.  To  produce,  as  fruit ;  to  be  fruitful,  in  opposition 
to  barrenness. 

This  age  to  biossom,  aod  the  next  to  bear.  Dryden. 

Here  fruit  must  be  understood. 

4.  To  press,  with  upon ;  as,  to  ficar  heavily  on 
one's  spirits  ;  to  bear  hard  upon  an  antagonist. 

5.  To  take  effect;  to  succeetl ;  as, to  bring  matters 
to  bear.  Oiiardian, 

6.  To  act  in  any  character. 

Instruct  me  tow  I  mav  bear  like  a  true  friar.     [iTnuntal.\ 

ShaX: 

7.  To  be  situated  as  to  the  point  of  compass,  with 
respect  to  something  else ;  as,  the  land  bore  E.  N.  E. 
from  the  ship. 


BEA 

8.  7'o  relate  or  refer  to,  with  on  or  nptm ;  as,  how 
does  this  bear  on  the  question  f 

0.  I'o  have  weight  on  the  ueck  by  the  yoke,  as 
oxen  attached  to  the  neap  of  a  cart. 

10.  To  convey  intelligence;  as,  the  letters  bore 
that  succor  was  at  hand.  Sir  IV.  Scott. 

11.  To  bear  away,  in  navigatioji,  id  to  change  tin; 
course  of  a  ship,  when  close  hauled,  or  sailing  with 
aside  wind,  and  make  her  run  before  the  wind.  7o 
bear  tip,  is  uyed  in  a  like  sense,  from  the  act  of  bear- 
ing up  the  helm  to  the  windward.  Jfar.  Diet. 

Hence,  perhaps,  in  other  cases,  the  ex-pression  may 
be  used  to  denote  tending  or  mooing  from. 

12.  Tobeardoion,  is  to  drive  or  tend  to;  to  approach 
with  a  fair  wind  ;  as,  ttie  fleet  bore  down  upon  the 
enemy. 

13.  To  bear  in,  is  to  run  or  tend  toward  ;  as,  a  ship 
bears  in  with  the  land  ;  opposed  to  bear  off,  or  keep- 
ing at  a  greater  distance. 

14.  To  bear  up,  is  to  tend  or  move  toward ;  as,  to 
bear  up  to  one  another :  also,  to  be  supported  ;  to  have 
fortitude ;  to  be  firm  ;  not  to  sink  ;  as,  to  bear  up  un- 
der afflictions. 

15.  To  bear  upo7i,  or  against,  is  to  lean  upon  or 
against ;  to  act  on  as  weight  or  force,  in  any  direc- 
tion, as  a  column  upon  its  b;ise,  or  tlic  sides  of  two 
inclining  objects  against  each  other. 

IG.  To  bear  against ;  to  approach  for  attack  or  seiz- 
ure ;  as,  a  lion  bears  against  his  prey.  Drijdrn. 

17.  To  bear  upon  ;  to  act  upon  ;  as,  the  artillery  bore 
upon  the  center  ;  or  to  be  pointed  or  situated  so  an  to 
affect ;  as,  to  bring  or  plant  guns  so  as  to  bear  upon  a 
foit  or  a  ship. 

18.  To  bear  jcith;  to  endure  what  i^  unple;uijng^  to 
be  indulgent ;  to  forbear  to  resent,  oppose,  or  punish. 

Re.Lson  v.-cmlil  I  should  bear  icith  you.  —  Acts  xviii. 
Sh;iJI  not  God  avenge  bis  elect,  thougL  he  bear  loag  ailh  lliem  ? 
—  Lake  xviij. 

BEaR'-CLOTH,         I  n.    A  cloth  in  which  a  new- 
BEaR'ING-CLOTH,  (      born  child  is  covered  when 

carried  to  church  to  be  baptized.  Siuik, 

BEaU,  7(.     [Sax.  bcra;  G.    bar;  D.  beer;   Sw.  Dan. 

and  Ice.  biorn  ;  h:  bear ;  allied,  perhaps,  to  fierce,  h. 

ferus,  /era,  or  to  liarbarus.] 

1.  A  wild  quadruped,  of  the  genus  Ursus.  The 
marks  of  the  gjnus  are,  six  fore  teeth  in  the  upper 
jaw,  alternately  hollow  on  the  inside  ;  and  six  in  the 
under  jaw,  the  two  latenU  ones  lobated  ;  the  dog 
teetli  are  solitary  and  conical ;  the  eyes  have  a  nic- 
titating membrane,  and  tlie  nose  is  prominent.  The 
arcto,-i,  the  brown  or  black  bear  of  Europe,  has  his 
body  covered  with  long,  shaggy  hair.  Some  are 
found,  in  Tartaiy,  of  a  pure  white  color.  The  po- 
lar or  white  bear,  has  n  long  head  and  neck;  short, 
round  ears ;  the  hah  long,  soft,  and  white,  tinged  in 
some  parts  with  yellow.  lie  grows  to  a  great  size, 
the  skins  of  some  being  13  feet  long.  This  bear  lives 
in  cold  climates  only,  and  frequently  swims  from  one 
isle  of  ice  to  anotlier.  Encyc. 

2.  The  name  of  two  constellations  in  the  northern 
hemisphere,  called  the  Greater  and  Lesser  Bear.  In 
the  tail  of  the  Lesser  Ucar  is  the  pole-star. 

Bears  and  Bull.-i :  cant  terms  apphed  to  persons  en- 
gagt;d  in  the  gambling  transactions  of  the  Stock  Ex- 
change, .d  bear,  \i  one  who  contracts  to  deliver,  at  a 
specified /uiiirc  time,  stocks  which  he  does  not  own  ; 
a  bull,  is  one  who  contracts  to  take  thera.  Hence,  in 
the  intervening  time,  it  is  the  interest  of  the  former 
to  depress  stocks,  as  the  bear  pulls  down  with  his 
strong  paws,  and  of  the  latter  to  raise  stocks,  as  the 
bull  throws  upward  with  his  horns.  The  stock  is, 
in  fact,  never  delivered,  and  was  never  meant  to  be. 
When  the  time  for  delivery  arrives,  the  losing  party 
pays  the  difference  between  the  price  of  the  slock 
then  and  at  tiie  time  when  the  contract  was  made. 

Bii/VR  or  BkRE,  n.  A  kind  of  barley,  cultivated  iu 
Scotland  and  the  north  of  England  ;  called,  also,  fi/o-, 
and  by  some  regarded  as  a  distinct  species,  (Hordeum 
hezastichon,) 

BEaR'A-BLE,  a.    That  can  be  home  ;  tolerable. 

.Erf.  Rev. 

EE.^R'A-BLY,  adv.    In  a  bearable  manner. 

fVcstiii.  Rei'. 

BEaR'-BaIT-ING,  n.  The  sport  of  baiting  bears  wiiJi 
dogs.  Slia!:. 

BEaR'-BER'RY,  ?(.  A  medicinal  plant;  tlie  Arcto- 
stapliylus  uva-ursi,  (jirbuttis  uva-ur--:i,  Linn.) 

BE.^R'-BIND,  V.  A  species  of  Bind-weed  or  Convol- 
vulus ;  a  popular  name,  common  to  the  genus  Ca- 
lystegia,  (a  subdivision  of  the  Linncean  genus  Con- 
volvulus,) including  the  Convolvidus  septum.  Swcci. 

BEaR'-FL?,  ti.    An  insect.  Bacon. 

BEaR'-GXR-D£\,  71.    A  place  where  bears  are  kejA 
for  diversion  or  fighting.    Hence, 
2.  A  rude,  turbulent  assembly. 

BEaR'-GaR-I)£.V,  a.  Rude ;  turbulent ;  as,  bcar-gar- 
dm  sport.  Tofbi. 

BEaR'-HERD,  ft.     A  man  tliat  tends  be:u^.      Shak. 

BEaR'-LIIvE.  a.    Resemblins  a  bear.  Shak. 

BEaR'S'-BRKECII,  71.  Braiik-ursine,  a  name  com- 
mon to  different  species  of  plants  of  the  genus  Acan- 
thus. 

BEaR'S'-e.A.R,  T(.  A  popular  name  of  tlie  Primula 
auricula. 


rfV.rtll44 

re. 
vtly 


BEA 

BEAR'S'-EAR  SAN'I-€LE.  ■     A     . 
BEaR'S'-FOOT,  71.     A  pla:  ■ 
BEAR'g'-OkK.\t-E,  f      Hi 

uncd  t*j  prnuiotc  tti    growth    :  

BEAE'-SKIN,  n.    "  he  «kin  of  u  bt^tr. 

2.  A  coarw,',  Hhagg)'  wiuAca  iU>tJj  for  ovcrcoaU. 
BEaR'S'-WORT,  n.     A  plant.  Skak, 

HEAR'-WARI).  n.    A  k- '  f/--r  of  U-an.  Skak. 

BEaR'-WHELI',  n.     'i  Ji    wh.dp  of  a  bear.      SiaJk. 
BitARD,  (t>.;.rrd,j  II.    ijtat.  beard:  U-  baardt  fl.  and 

Dan.  bart;  L.  baroa;U.uBS,  birroda,  the  beard  zad  the 

chin.] 

1.  Vhc  hair  that  grows  on  the  chin,  Iip>,  and  aiJ,i- 
cent  parts  of  the  f-icc,  chit;t1y  of  male  adtilij  ;  h-i. 

a  mark  of  virility.  A  gray  irard,  /-n^  bMrd,  anii  1     - 
erend  beard,  are  term.'^  for  old  age. 

2.  Beard  in  sometimes  luedfur  Uu  faet ;  and  to  do 
a  thing  to  a  itiaiVn  beard,  ij  to  do  it  in  dfrfiinre,  or  to 
his  face.  Ji>:,um. 

3.  The  awn  or  sharp  pricklts  on  tht- 
But  more  t-jchnically,  parali  I  hair-,  or  :. 
hairs  terminating  the  leave-*  vi  plrjuu-*.     i 
thors,  the  name  is  given  to  thu  lower  lip 
corol. 

4.  A  barb  or  sliarp  iwint  of  an  arrow, 
strument,  bent  backward  tu  prevent  iu  Ucui^  l^    .■ 
drawn  out. 

5.  Thetrarrforchuckof  a  h  .'-'_•.  i  f.  it  : -ir:  v  ' 
bears  the  curb  of  a  bridle,  in 

dible  and  above  the  chin. 

ft.  The  rays  of  a  comet,  '■:: 
of  tht;  heaven  to  which  its  pfujK-r  uiv^ 
direct  it. 

7.  The  bif.%su.f  of  a  pinna,  muscle,  or  *■' 
shcU-fish,  consisting  of  fine  tlireads  or    lii;r  .     .- 
which  tliey  fasten  themselves  to  stones.         C;,  ■- 

The  tenn  is  also  applied  to  the  gills  or  r^^irl: 
organs  of  the  oyster  and  other  tuvalves.      Brar.K  . 

8.  In   insecijy  two  small,   oblong,   fleshy   b-  : 
placed  just  above  the  trunk,  as   in   gnats,  ro  ;..  , 
and  butterflies.  flttcyc 

Beard,  (beerd.)  r.    t.    To   tike  by  the  beard ;  to 
seize,  pluck,  or  pull  the  beard,  in  contempt  or  anger. 
S.  To  oppose  to  the  face  ;  to  set  al  defiance. 

J  h-ive  bocu  bearded  by  boy».  Jiforc. 

BeARD'ED,  (beerd'ed,)  a.  Having  a  beard,  a'  :\ 
man.  In  botany,  having  parallel  hairs,  or  tuft-  .  f 
hairs,  as  the  leaves  of  plants.  Mart--.-.. 

2.  Barbed  or  jasgcd,  as  an  arrow.  Dryde-n. 

BeARD'ED,  (beerd'ed,)  k».  Taken  by  ihs  beard  ;  oi>- 
posed  to  the  face. 

BeARD'-GRASS,  n.  A  name  common  to  different 
species  of  grass  of  thr^  genus  Andropocon. 

BeARD'ING,  (beerd'ing,)  ppr.  Taking  by  the  beard  ; 
opposing  to  thu  face. 

BeARD'LESS,  (beerd'less,)  a.  AVithoat  a  beard  ; 
young;  not  having  arrived  to  manlux>d.  In  hctoMii^ 
destitute  of  parallel  hairs,  or  tufts  of  hairs.  Martipi. 

BeARD'LESS-NESS,  a.  The  sUiIl- or  quality  of  be- 
ins  destitute  of  beard.  Lajcrcncc,  Lect. 

BEaR'ER,  7j.  [See  Bk&r.]  In  a  general  snst,  one 
who  bears,  sustains,  or  carries.     Hence, 

2.  One  who  carries  package.^  or  letters;  as,  a  hear- 
er of  dispatches. 

3.  One  who  carries  the  body  to  the  grave,  at  a  fu- 
neral. 

4.  One  that  wears  any  thing,  as  a  badge  or  sword. 

5.  A  tree  or  plant  that  yields  its  fruit ;  as,  a  good 
bearer. 

ij.  In  architecture^  a  post  or  brick  wall  between  the 

ends  of  a  piece  of  timber,  to  supiwrt  it.     In  gtncral^ 

anv  thing  that  supports  anolht^r  thine. 
7.  In  Arra/f/r;/,  a  figure  in  an   n,-'-   ■.-•'" -'■'    ^^-xr-i 

by  tlie  side  of  ;i  shield,  and  t^eon  t    '  . 

generally  the  figure  of  a  bea^t.     t 

man  creature,  for  a  like  purpose,  i>  • -   " -.'. 

BEaR'I.VG,  ppr.     PupiKirting;  carr>ini:;   producmc 
BEaR'IXG,    ».     The    inannor  iu   which    a    per>.  n 

&ear5  or  conducts  himself;  gesture;  mien;  behavior. 

I  know  hiin  by  hia  Uarir^.  Sk^. 

2.  The  situation  of  an  object,  with  respect  to  an- 
other object,  by  which  it  is  supposed  to  have  a  con- 
nection with  it  or  inrtuence  upon  it,  or  to  be  influ- 
enced by  it.    Hence,  relation. 

But  cf  iliii  Irjii.  •,  ih;  bniHnf*aiMillR.' lirv,  F 

3.  In  ardtiteUure,  the  distance  or  length  whici. 
<mds  of  a  piece  of  timber  rest  «ihhi.  i-r  ari  ii,> 
into,  the  wall  that  supports  it-     / 

the  s|Kice  between  the  two  fixrd  - 
of  tunbei',  or  between  one  extreir, 

4.  In  nuriffff/(Oii,  the  situation  . 
Willi  regard  to  a  snip's  i»osition,  :. 
Uie  lee  quarter,  &c.    The  directiu:i  c; 
compass  in  whicli  an  object  is  seen.    . 

5.  In  heraUrtt,  bearings  an-    :I.      c\.'- 
figures  of  armories,  by  wfi 

tr\-  are  distin::uished  from  ■ 
CE.yR'ISH,  (1.    Partaking  .  . 

resembling  a  lu-ar  in  leiup-r  cy  maa- -rs.      //- - 
BEaRN,  m,    rsox.  6ftn-.i,-Golh.  Aoni.  fnMaif<tf-;c..: ... 

gabanrans,  Iwrn.] 
A  ciiild.    In  Scotland,  bairn. 


TUNE,  BJJLL,  unite.— AN"GER,  VI"CI0US.— e  asK;  GasJ;  SasZ;  CU  as  SH;  TH  aa  in  THIS. 

:;^ . —  ^^ 


BEA 

BEAST,  (bcest,)  n.  [U.  biast,  piajd:  Com.  bitt;  D. 
hetst;  L.  bestia  ;  Fr.  beUf  fro'ii  bute  ;  Dan.  btut,  beest ; 
W.  bvijH^  wiM,  ravage,  feroi  ous.  Sec  Uoistehous.] 

1.  Any  four-fiKJted  niiiiiiitl,  v  liich  may  be  used  fur 
labtir,  itK)d,  or  sport;  dislin(;iii.  hed  fnim  birds,  in- 
sect*, rtshcs,  and  man  ;  a*',  beootA  n(  burden,  bnufts  of 
llie  chiu**",  beasts  of  ihe  fonsL  II  if*  usually  npiilifd 
to  lar'^e  itnimals. 

2.  Opposed  to  man,  it  signifies  any  irrational  ani- 
mal ;  a»,  in  the  phruse  *'  man  and  beasU"  So,  wild 
beast, 

3.  Fi^ratirely^  a  brutal  man  ;  »  person  rude,  coarse, 
filthy,  or  acting  in  a  manner  unworthy  of  n  rational 
creature.  Johnson. 

4.  A  game  at  cards.     Hence,  tv  beasL         Kneyc 
BftAST'ISH,  c    Like  a  beast ;  brutal. 
B£AST'-LIKE,  a.    Like  a  beast ;  bnital. 

Tttus  AndronicHS. 
BkAST'LI-NESS,   «.       [from     beasUy.]      Dnitality ; 

coarseness;    vulgarity;    filthiness;  a  practice   con- 

tmr>-  to  the  rules  of' humanity. 
BEAST'LY,  a.     Like  a  beast ;  bnital ;  coarse  ;  filthy  ; 

contrary  to  the  nnturc  and  dignity  of  man. 
2.  Ihivinc  tlic  form  and  ntiturcof  a  beast.  Prior. 
Beat,  (bei-t,)  c.  t.  pret.  Beat  ;  pp.  Beat,  Beaten.  [Sax. 

beatan^  geheotan,  to  beat,  ffcbraten,  beaten  ;  W.  birzu  ; 

Fr.  battrcy  or  batre ;  Sp.  batir ;  Port,  bater ;  It.  baUere ;  L. 

batuo;  Russ.  botaiju;  Ar. lajkjl khabata,iind ^>-f^ 

kabaia;  Heb.  Ch.  Syr. tfl2n,/ui6a(.  Perhaps,  Hindoo, 
pata,  to  kill  ;  Burnian,  potaij  id.  ;  as  we  say,  to  smite 
and  to  slay.  Hence,  the  oirpala,  man-killers,  in 
Herodotus.  Clu^s  Bd,  Nos.  20,  23,  33.  See  Abate.] 
L  To  strike  rej>cat;;dly  ;  to  lay  on  repeated  blows 
with  a  stick,  wtih  the  liand  or  fist,  or  with  any 
instrument,  and  for  any  cause,  just  or  unjust,  or  for 
punisliinenl.    Luke  xii.    Deut.  xxv. 

2.  To  strike  an  instrument  of  music  ;  to  play  on, 
as  a  drum.  Sluik. 

3.  T©  break,  bruise,  comminute,  or  pulverize  by 
beating  or  pounding,  as  pepper  or  spices.     Ex.  xxx. 

4.  To  extend  by  beating,  as  gold  or  other  malleable 
substance ;  or  to  hammer  into  any  form ;  to  forge. 
Ex.  xxxix. 

5.  To  strike  bushes;  to  shake  by  beating,  or  to 
make  a  noise  to  rouse  game.  Prior. 

ti.  To  thresh  ;  to  force  out  corn  from  the  husk  by 
blows.  Rutfu 

7.  To  break,  mix,  or  agitate  by  beating  ;  as,  to  beat 
an  egg  with  any  other  thing.  Bovlf. 

8.  To  dash  or  strike,  as  water;  to  strike  or  brush, 
as  wind.  JitUton. 

9.  To  tread,  as  a  path.  Bfackmore, 

10.  To  overcome  in  a  battle,  contesi,  or  strife ;  to 
vanquiiih  or  conquer;  ns,  one  bcaLs  another  at  play. 

Pyrrbui  btai  ibe  Carthagiuiona  al  sea.  ArbuUinot. 

IL  To  harass;  to  exercise  severely;  to  overlabor; 
as,  to  beat  the  brains  about  logic.  HakeioUL 

To  beat  doicn;  to  break,  destroy,  throw  down,  by 
beating  or  batterinL',  as  a  wall. 

Also,  to  press  down  or  lay  Hat,  as  by  treading,  by 
a  current  of  water,  by  violent  wind,  &.c.        Shak,  * 

Also,  to  lower  the  price  by  imp«munily  or  argument. 

Also,  to  depress  or  crush  ;  as,  toftfofdoicKopposilion. 

Also,  to  sink  or  lessen  the  price  or  value. 

Uiujy  bfau  doian  ihe  pricw  of  Und.  Baton. 

To  beat  back ;  to  compel  to  retire  or  return. 

To  beat  into;  to  teach  or  instill,  by  repetition  of  in- 
struction. 

To  beat  up ;  to  atUick  suddenly  ;  to  alarm  or  dis- 
turb ;  as,  to  beat  up  an  enemy's  quarters. 

To  beat  the  wing;  to  flutter ;  to  move  with  flutter- 
ing agitation. 

To  beat  off:  to  repel  or  drive  back. 

To  beta  the  lioofi  to  walk  ;  to  go  on  foot. 

To  beat  time ;  to  measure  or  regulate  time  in  music 
by  the  motion  of  the  hand  or  fool. 

In  the  menace,  a  horse  beats  the  diut^  when  at  each 
motion  he  docs  not  uke  in  ground  enough  with  his 
fore  legs;  and  at  curvets,  when  he  does  them  too 
precipitately,  or  too  low.  He  beats  upon  a  walky  when 
he  walks  loo  short.  Ennjc 

To  beat  out;  to  extend  l»y  hammering,     tn  popular 
use,  to  be  beat  out,  is  to  be  extremely  fatigued  ;  to 
have  the  strength  exhausted  by  labor  or  exertion. 
BEAT,  r.  i.    To  move  with  pulsation ;  as,  the  pulse 
beats  :  or  to  throb  ;  as,  the  heart  brats. 

2.  To  dash  with  force,  a^  a  storm,  flood,  passion, 
&c. ;  as,  the  tempest  bcau  against  the  house. 

3.  To  knock  at  a  door.    Judges  xix. 

4.  To  fluctuate  ;  to  be  in  agitation.  Shak. 
To  beat  about ;  to  try  to  find  ;  to  search  by  various 

means  or  ways.  jSddison. 

To  beat  upon  :  to  act  upon  with  violcnc*.    JotuiL 

Also,  to  speak  frequently  ;  to  enforce  by  repetition. 

I/ookrr. 

T^  beat  up  for  soldicra,  is  to  go  about  to  enlist  men 
into  w  army. 

In  sea  iiship,  to  beatj  is  to  make  progress  against 
the  direcit.  i.  of  the  wind,  by  sailing  in  a  zigzag  line 
or  traverse.  Mar.  Dicl 


BEA 

With  hunters,  a  Atng  beiOa  up  and  down,  when  he 
runs  first  one  way  and  then  another.  fjicye. 

BliAT,  n.  A  strttki- ;  a  Kiriking;  n  blow,  whether 
with  the  hand  or  with  a  we»|Km. 

2.  .\  recurring  stroke  ;  a  pulsation  ;  as,  the  beat  of 
the  pulse. 

3.  The  rise  or  fall  of  the  hand  or  ftxtt,  in  regulating 
the  divisions  of  time  in  nni<)ic. 

4.  A  inmsient  griire-nnie  in  music,  fttruck  inmie- 
diately  before  Die  note  it  is  intended  to  ornament. 

Bu^^by, 

5.  A  round  or  course,  which  is  fro<|uently  gone 
ovrr;  as,  a  watrhrnaii's  brat.     Hence, 

*>.  A  place  of  habitual  or  frequent  resort. 
In  the  military  art,  the  brat  of  dram,  is  a  succession 
of  strokes  varied,  in  ditfereni  ways,  for  particular 
pur|K»scs,  as  to  regulate  a  marrh,  to  rail  soldiers 
to  their  arms  or  quarters,  to  direct  an  attack,  or 
retreat,  icv. 

The  beat  of  n  watch  or  clock,  is  iJie  stroke  made 
by  the  fang-*  or  pallets  of  the  spindle  of  the  balance, 
or  of  the  pads  in  a  royal  pendulum.  Kueyc. 

Beat,         |   pp.    Smick;  d:is)ied  against;    pressed 

Br.AT'/TN,  i  or  laid  down;  hammered;  pounded; 
vanquished:  made  smooth  by  treading;  worn  by 
use  ;  tracked. 

BEA'i''F.R,  71.  One  who  beats,  or  strikes ;  one  whose 
occupation  is  to  hammer  metals. 

2.  An  instrument  for  pounding,  or  comminuting 
substances. 

BEAT'ER-UP,  n.  One  who  beats  for  game ;  a  sports- 
TfiOfrV  term.  Butler. 

BSATH,  r.  (.     To  bathe.     [JVot  in  use,]         Spenser. 

BF^A-TIF'ie,         (    a.     [L.  beatas,  blessed,  from  bro, 

B&-A-TIF'U-AL,  1  to  bless,  and  /ado,  to  make. 
See  Beatify.] 

That  has  the  power  to  bless  or  make  happy,  or  the 
power  to  complete  blissful  enjoyment;  used  only  of 
heavenly  fruition  after  death  ;  as,  beai\fic  vision. - 

Mdtan. 

BE-.\-TiF'IG-AL-LY,  adv.  In  such  a  manner  as  to 
complete  happiness. 

BE-.-VT-I-FI-eA'TIO.N,  n.  In  Vie  Roman  CatholU 
church,  an  act  nf  ilie  pope  by  which  he  declares  a 
person  beatified  or  blessed  after  death.  This  is  the 
first  step  toward  canonization,  or  the  raising  of  one 
to  the  dignity  of  a  saint.  No  person  can  be  beatified 
till  50  years  after  his  death.  All  certificates  or  at- 
testations of  his  virtues  and  miracles  are  examined 
by  the  congregation  of  rites,  and  this  examination 
continues  orten  for  years;  after  which  his  holiness 
decrees  the  beatification,  and  the  corpse  and  relics  of 
the  intended  saint  are  exjwscd  to  tJie  veneration  of 
all  good  Christians.  JSncyc. 

BE-AT'I-FV,  V.  f.  [L.  beatus,  happy,  from  beo,  to 
bless,  and  /<icio,  to  make.] 

1.  To  make  happy ;  to  bless  with  the  completion 
of  celestial  enjoyment. 

2.  In  the  Roman  CaUioUc  church,  to  declare  by  a 
decree  or  public  act,  that  a  person  is  received  into 
heaven,  and  is  to  be  reverenced  as  blessed,  though 
not  canonized. 

BkAT'ING,  ppr.  Laying  on  blows;  .striking;  dash- 
ing against;  conquering;  pounding;  sailing  against 
Uie  direction  of  the  wind,  &c, 
BeAT'IXG,  n.  The  act  of  striking  or  giving  blows; 
punishment  or  chastisement  by  blows  ;  conquering; 
sailing  against  the  direction  of  the  wind. 

The  bratinfT  of  Aax  and  hemp  is  an  operation  which 
renders  them  more  s(»fl  and  pliable.  For  this  purpose, 
they  are  made  into  rolls  and  laid  in  a  trough,  where 
they  are  beaf.  til'  no  roughness  or  hardness  can  be 
fell.  F.nryc. 

In  book-binditiff,  bcatinfr  is  performed  by  laying  the 
book  in  quires,  or  sheets  folded,  on  a  block,  and 
beating  it  with  a  heavy,  broad-faced  Iiammer.  On 
this  ofjcration,  or  the  heavy  pressure  now  employed 
as  a  substitute,  the  elegance  of  the  binding  and  the 
easy  opening  of  the  book  much  depend.       Encye. 

Beating  the  viind,  was  a  practice  in  the  ancient 
trial  by  combat.  If  one  of  tiie  combatants  did  not 
ai)pear'  on  the  field,  the  other  was  to  beat  the  wind, 
by  making  flourishes  with  his  weapons ;  by  whicli 
he  was  entitled  to  the  advantages  of  a  conqueror. 

Beatings,  or  beats,  in  music,  the  regular  pulsative 
swellings  of  sound,  produced  in  an  organ  by  pipes  of 
the  same  key,  when  not  in  unison,  and  iheii  vibra- 
tions not  simultaneous  or  coincident.  Biisby. 

This  phenomenon  occurs  in  stringed  ns  well  as 
wind  instruments,  when  sounding  together,  nearly 
but  not  exactly  in  perfect  tune.  P.  Cue, 

BE-AT'I-TUDE,  n.  [L.  bcatitudo,  from  beatus,  beo. 
See  Beatikv,] 

1.  Blessedness;  felicity  of  the  highest  kind;  con- 
summate bliss  ;  used  of  Vie  joys  of  heaven. 

2.  Tile  declaration  of  blessedness  made  by  our 
Savior  to  particular  virtues. 

BEAU,  (bo,)  7».;  pi.  Beaux,  (boze.)  [Fr.  ft rau,  con- 
tracted from  bel ;  L.  bellus :  Sp.  and  It.  bello,  fine,  gay, 
handsome.] 

A  man  of  dross  ;  a  fine,  cay  man  ;  one  whose  great 
care  is  to  deck  his  p.rson.  In  familiar  language,  a. 
man  who  .iiiends  a  lady. 

Bl'^a  I'DE'AL,  (bo-i-de'al,)  n.    [Fr.]    A  conception 


BEA 

or  image  of  consummate  beauty,  formed  in  the  inin<!. 

free  from  all  the  deformities,  delects,  mid  bkmiNli'    . 

which  nature  exhibits. 
BEAU'ISH,  (bo'ish,)  n.    Like  a  beau;  foppish;  iiiu. 
BEJiU  MOJ^-DE',  (bomondS)  «.     [Fr.  beau,  fine,  and 

monde,  world.] 
The  fashionable  world ;   people  of  fashion  and 

gayetv.  Pri<yr. 

BEAC'rE-OUS,  (bu'tc-ous,)  a.     [See  Bkautv.]    Very 

fair;  elegant  in  form;  pleasing  to  the  sight:  ben<>')- 

fiil :  very  handsome.     It  expresses  a  greater  d.  .  ■  • 

of  beauty  than  handsome,  and  is  chiefly  used  in  ]•>«■  '    . . 
BEAO'TEOUS-LY,  (bu'te-ous  ly,)  ode.    In  a  btuuu 

ous  manner  ;  in  a  manner  pleasing  to  the  sight ;  beau- 
tifully 
BEA0'TE-OUS-\EP9,  (bO'te-ous-ness,)  n.    The  state 

or  quality  of  being  beauteous  ;  beauty. 
BEAO'TI-FI-AD,  (ba'ti-flde,)  pp.    Adorned  ;  mado 

beautiful. 
BEAO'Tl-FIER,   (bQ'ti-fS-cr,)  «.     He  or  that  which 

makes  beautiful. 
BEAC'TI-FIJL,  (bu'ti-fiil,)  a.     [bcauttj  and  ftJl.] 

1.  Elegant  in  form;  fair ;  having  the  form  thai 
pleases  tiie  eye.    It  expresses  more  than  handsome, 

A  beaud/iil  woman  U  on"!  ot  the  mo«  iilUflcti»e  ol^rct*  in  nil  na* 
turv'o  worli.  A'vtn. 

A  drcli^  b  tTWTK  btauti/ul  than  a  »]uart' ;  a  Kjuarr  h  rtiorr  beau- 
t^/'ul  tlian  ct  pnrallrlD^Tiuii.  Z-ord  Kiimtt. 

2.  Having  the  qualities  which  constitut<?  briuily, 
or  that  which  pleases  the  senses  other  than  the  sight ; 
as,  a  hrautifid  suund.  Encyc.      ' 

BEAC'TI-FIJL-LY,  (bu'ti-ful-ly,)  adc.  In  a  beautiful 
manner. 

BEAC'T[-FI;L-NESS,  (bu'ti-ful-ncss,)  n.  Elegance 
of  form ;  beauty;  the  quality  of  being  beautiful. 

BEAO'TI-F?,  (bfl'ti-fy,)  r.  (.     [beauty  and  L.  faeio.l 
To  make  or  render  beautiful ;  to  adorn  ;  to  deck  ; 
to  grace  ;  to  add  beauty  to ;  to  embellish.  Ilayward, 

BEAC'TI-FV,  fbQ'ti-fy,)  v.  i.  To  become  bo.-»utiful ; 
to  advance  in  neauty.  Addison. 

BE.\C'TI-FT-IN'G,  (bu'ti-f^-ing,););>r.  Adorning;  em- 
bellishing. 

BEAO'TI-LESS,  (bii'li-less,)  a.    Destitute  of  beauty. 
Hammond. 

BEAt'TY,  (ba'ty,)  n.  [Fr.  beautCj  from  beau.  See 
Beau.] 

1.  An  assemblage  of  graces,  or  an  assemblage  of 
properties  in  the  form  of  the  person  or  any  other  ob- 
ject uhlch  pleases  the  eye.  In  Vie  person,  due  pro- 
portion or  sj-mmetry  of  parts  constitutes  the  mosl  es- 
sential property  to  which  we  annex  the  term  brauty. 
In  Vie  facj;  the  regularity  and  sj-mmetry  of  the  fea- 
tures, the  color  of  the  skin,  the  expression  of  the  eye, 
are  amone  the  principal  properties  which  c(»nsiiiuie 
beauty.  But  as  it  is  hardly  possible  to  define  all  the 
properties  which  conslitiilc  beauty,  we  may  observe 
in  general,  that  beauty  consists  in  whatever  pleases 
the  eye  of  the  beholder,  whether  in  the  Jiuman  body, 
in  a  tree,  in  a  landscape,  or  in  any  other  object. 

Beauty  is  intrinsic,  and  perceived  by  the  eye  at  first 
view,  or  rrltitivr,  to  perceive  which,  the  aid  of  the 
understanding  and  reflection  is  requisite.  Thus  the 
beauty  of  a  machine  is  not  perceived  till  we  under- 
stand its  uses,  and  adaptation  to  its  purpose.  This 
is  called  Vte  beauty  of  utility.  By  an  easy  transition, 
the  word  brauty  is  used  to  express  what  is  pleasing 
to  tlie  other  senses,  or  to  the  understanding.  Thus 
wo  say,  the  beauty  of  a  thought,  of  a  remark,  of 
sound,  6lc. 

So  beauti/,  anncd  with  Tirtue,  bows  tli<r  soul 

With  a  commanding,  but  h  sweet  control.  Percioal. 

2.  A  particular  grace,  feature,  orornamenl;  any 
particular  thing  whicli  is  beautiful  and  pleasing;  as, 
the  beauties  tif  nature. 

3.  A  particular  excellence^  or  a  psirt  which  sur- 
passes in  excellence  that  with  which  it  is  united  ; 
as,  the  bcautirs  of  an  author. 

4.  A  beautiful  person.  In  Scripture,  the  chief  dig- 
nity or  ornament,    2  Sam.  i. 

5.  In  the  arts,  symmetry-  of  parts  ;  harmony  ;  Just- 
ness of  composition.  F.ney. 

C).  Joy  and  gladness..  Is.  Ixi.  Order;  pros()erity; 
peace;  holiness.    Ezek.  xvi. 

BEAO'TY,  (bii'ty,)  v.  L  To  adorn  ;  to  beautify  or  em- 
bellish.    [Obf.]  Shak. 

BEAO'TY-SPOT,  (bu'ty-siwt,)  n.  A  pnlcli ;  a  foil  ;  a 
spot  placed  on  the  face  to  heichlen  beautv. 

BEAtj'TY-VVAN'lNG,  o.     Declining  in  bJauty.  Sh,ik. 

BeA'VER,  (be'ver,)  n.  [Sax,  brftrr,  biofor ;  Fr.  bidcrc; 
L.Jiber:  (r.   bcabhar;  Hw.  bitfwcr;  Dan.   ba-veri  Ger. 


biber;  D.  hcotr ;  Uuss.  bolrr:  Pers. 


J^ 


bab^lr.^ 


J.  An  amphibious  quadruped,  of  the  genus  C.l 
It  has  short  e:ijy,  a  bhint  nose,  small  foro  feet,  I '  ' 
hind  fi  et,  with  a  flat,  ovate  tail.  It  is  reniarkaf :  ;  r 
its  ingenuity  in  constructing  it**  lodges  nr  hiibiinTi. 
and  Irorn  this  animal  Is  obt^'in>'d  the  castor  <  i  '  ' 
shops,  which  is  taken  from  cod?  or  bars  in  the  ;;r()ir). 
Its  fur,  which  is  mostly  of  a  chestnut-brown,  is  the 
material  of  the  best  hats. 

2.  The  fur  of  the  beaver,  or  a  hat  made  o*"  the  fur. 

3.  Part  of  a  helmet  covering  the  face,  inade  jointed. 


FXTE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT — MfiTE,  PR£Y.— PIXE,  MARl.XE,  BIRD.  —  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOQK.— 
108 


BEC 

70  tJiat  Ilie  wearer  could  nise  it  to  drink  ;  bence  its 

name,  from  Old  Fr.  bevery  to  drink.  Booth. 

BEA.'\'ER-i^,  u.    Covered  with  or  wearing  a  beaver. 

Pope, 
BEA'^'EK-TEEX,  n.    A  species  of  fustian  clotli. 
BE-BLEED',  v.  U    [be  and  blted.l    To  make  bloodv, 

rOi-T.j  Chaucer.' 

BE-BLOOD',     )v.U   [6e  and  i/oorf.]   To  make  bloodv. 
BE-BLOODT,  J      [Obs.]  Hheldon.' 

BE-BLOT',r.£.  [6eandWy£.]  Toblot:  to  stain.  [Obs.] 

Chaucer. 
BE-BLUB'BER-£D,  a.     [be  and  W«&6cr.]     Foul  or 

swelled  with  weeping.  SkeiUm,      I 

BEG-A-FreO,  n.    [It.  bfccajico,  from  the  root  of  ptca, 

peck^  beck,  and  jico,  a  fis;.     See  Beaz.]  ! 

A  fig-pecker;  a  bird  like  a  nightingale,  which  feeds  j 

on  fi^s  and  grape?.  Johnson.     Prior.     Bailty. 

The  term  bcccafico  is  applied  by  the  Italians  to  dif-  i 

ferent  species  of  small  birds  of  the  genus  Syhna, 

when  in  a  condition  for  the  table.  P.  Cyc, 

BE-€aLM',  (be-cam',)  r.  L    [be  and  calm.   See  Calm.] 

1.  To  still ;  to  make  quiet ;  to  appease ;  to  stop  or 
repress  motion  in  a  body  ;  used  of  the  elements  and 
of  the  passions  ;  as,  to  becalm  the  ocean,  or  the  mind. 
But  calm  is  generally  used. 

9.  To  keep  from  motion  by  intercepting  the  current 
of  wind  ;  as,  high  lands  becalm  a  sliip. 
BE-eXLM'£D,  (be-cimd',)  pp.  or  a.    auieted ;   ap- 
peased. 

2.  a.  Hindered  from  motion  or  progress  by  a  calm  ; 
as,  a  ship  becalmed, 

BE-G.^L.M'ING,  (be-cam'ing,) j?pr.    Appeasing;  keep- 
in2  from  motion  or  progress. 

BE-eAi.il'lXG,  (be^;am'ing,)  n.     A  calm  at  sea. 

HerbtrU 

BE-CaME',  prei.  of  Become.     See  Become. 

BE-CAUSE',  (a  compound  word.)    [Sax.  he;  Eng.  by 
and  cause.    See  Bt  and  Cause.] 

By  cause,  or  by  the  cause ;  on  this  account :  for 
the  cause  which  is  explained  in  the  nest  proposition  ; 
for  the  reason  next  explained.  Thus,  I  fled,  becaiutc 
I  was  afraid,  is  to  be  thus  resolved ;  I  fled,  by  Vie 
cause^  for  the  cause,  which  is  mentioned  in  the  next 
alhrmation,  viz.,  I  was  afraid.  Hence,  cattse  being  a 
noun,  because  may  be  regularly  followed  by  of. 

The  spirit  is  life,  because  of  righteousness,  —  Rom.  viii. 
Beaiute  of  these  things  cometh  liie  wnUh  of  God  upon  th? 
ciiildreu  of  disobedieoce.  — Eph.  v. 

BEe-eA-BtnV"GA,  n,    [G.  bach,  a  brook,  and  bun^a, 

a  basket  for  catching  fish.] 
Brooklime  speedwell  ;    Veronica  beccabunga  ;    a 

European  plant,  common  in  ditches   and  shallow 

streams. 
BECH'A-MEL,  n.    A  kind  of  fine,  white  broth,  or 

sauce,  thickened  nilh  cream.  Cooley. 

BE-CHaXCE',    r.  i.     [ie,  iy,  and  c/iancf.]    To  befall ; 

to  happen  to.  Shak. 

BE-CHARM',  r.  u  [be  and  charm.']  To  charm ;  to  cap- 
tivate. Beaum.  -5*  Fl. 
BE'CHIC,  n,     [Gr.  /3rfxiKa,  from  3ti^,  a  cough.] 

A  medicine  for  relieving  coughs,  synonymous  with 

pectoraij  which  is  now  the  term  mostly  used. 

Qumcy. 
BECK,  n.    A  small  brook.     Gray.    This  word,  Sax. 

becc,  Ger.  bach,  D.  beck,  Dan.  bekj  Sw.   bceck.  Per. 


^ 


bakh,  a  brook  or  rivulet,  is  found  in  the  Ir.  Ar. 


Ch.  Syr.  Sam.  Heb.  and  Eth.,  in  the  sense  of fiowin^, 
as  tears,  weeping.  Gen.  xxxii.  22.  It  is  obsolete  in 
English,  but  is  found  in  the  names  of  towns  situated 
near  streams,  as  in  Walbeck;  but  is  more  frequent  in 
names  on  the  Continent,  as  in  Griesbach,  &c. 

BECK,  Tu  [Sax.  beam,  a  sign  ;  beacnuin,  bycnicn,  to 
beckon.  1  he  Sw.  pefui,  Dan.  pege,  signifies  to  point 
with  the  finger.] 

A  nod  of  the  head  ;  a  significant  nod,  or  a  motion 
of  the  hand,  intended  to  be  understood  by  some  per- 
son, especially  as  a  sign  of  command. 

BECK,  V.  L  To  nod,  or  make  a  sign  with  the  head  or 
hand. 

BECK,  V.  L  To  call  by  a  nod  ;  to  intimate  a  command 
to  ;  to  notify  by  a  motion  of  the  head  or  hand.  Shak. 

BLCK'ED,  (bekt,)  pp.  Called  or  notified  by  a  nod  or 
a  motion  of  the  hand. 

BECK'ET,  n.    A  thing  used  in  ships  to  confine  loose 

rf.pes,  L'lckles,  or  spars,  as  a  large  hook,  a  rope  with 

in  eye  at  one  end,  or  a  wooden  bracket.    .Mar.  DicL 

'.  t,'K'IXG,  ppr.    Nodding  significantly;  directing  by 

nod  or  mution  of  the  hand. 

i.nCK'OX,  (bek'n,)  v.  L  [See  Beck.]  To  make  a 
-ijn  to  another,  by  noddmg,  winking,  or  a  motion 
'I'  thit  hand  or  finger,  &,c.,  intended  as  a  hint  or  in- 
timation,   .-^cts  xix. 

ilCCK' ON,  (bek'n,)  r.  f.  To  make  a  significant  sign 
in.  Dryden, 

BECK' ON,  n.    A  sign  made  without  words. 

BoUngbroke. 

RECK'ON-KD,  pp.     Having  a  sign  made  to. 
■  i"CK'ON-iNG,  ;>pr.    Making  a  significant  sign  as  a 


:  CLIP',  V.  t    [Sax.  becli/ppaiu] 
To  embrace.    [JVot  in  use.} 


JVickliffe, 


BED 

BE-€LOUD',  tj.  (.  [See  Cloud.]  To  cloud  :  to  ob- 
scure ;  to  dim.  Sidney 

BE-CLOUD'ED,  pp.    Clouded  ;  darkened. 

BE-CLOUD'IiNG,  ppr.  Oven-preading  with  cloud'j  ; 
obscuring. 

BE-COME',  (be-kum',)  v.  i.;pret.  Became  ;  pp.  Become. 
[Sa^.  becumaii,  to  full  out  or  happen  :  D.  belioomen ; 
G.  bckoiinaen,  to  get  or  obtain ;  Sw.  bdiomvia  ;  Dan. 
bekommc,  to  obtain ;  he  and  come.  The  Sax.  he  is  the 
Eng.  by.  Thci^c  significations  differ  from  Ihc  sense 
in  English.  But  the  sense  is  to  come  to,  to  arrive,  lo 
reach,  to  fall  or  pass  to.  [See  Come.]  Hence  (he 
sense  of  suiting,  agreeing  with.  In  .Sax.  cuman, 
Goth,  kieiman,  is  to  come ;  and  Sax.  ciccman  i.i  to 
please,  that  i>,  lo  suit  or  be  agreeable.] 

1.  To  pass  from  onn  state  to  another  :  to  enter  into 
some  state  or  condition,  by  a  change  from  another 
state  or  condition,  or  by  assuming  or  receiving  new 
properties  or  qualities,' additional  matter,  or  a  new 
character ;  as,  a  cion  becomes  a  tree. 

The  liord  God  breaUied  into  Itis  noslrib  lbs  biralli  of  [if-,  awl 

in:in  btaune  a  livjoj^  sool. — Geo,  ii. 
To  ihc  Jews  I  became  as  \  J>^w.  —  1  Cor.  ix. 

2.  To  become  of,  usually  with  tcIuU  preceding;  to 
be  the  fate  of;  to  be  the  end  of;  to  be  the  final  or 
subsequent  conditiim  ;  as,  leknt  will  become  if  our 
commerce  r  wliat  will  become  of  us .' 

In  the  present  tense,  it  applies  to  place  as  wt-ll  as 
c^idition.  What  has  become  of  my  friend  ?  that  is, 
where  is  he ;  as  well  as,  what  is  his  condition; 
Where  is  he  become  7  used  by  Shakspcare  and  .Spenser, 
is  obsolete ;  but  this  is  the  sense  in  Saxon,  where 
has  he  fallen  ? 
BE-€0>rE',  V.  t.  In  general,  lo  suit  or  be  suitable  ;  to 
be  congruous  ;  lo  befit ;  to  at:cord  with,  in  character 
or  circumstances  ;  to  be  wurlhy  of,  decent,  or  proper. 
It  is  used  in  the  same  sense  applied  to  persons  or 
things. 

If  I  become  oot  a  c^rt  a^  weU  as  another  maa.  Stiok. 

This  use  of  the  word,  however,  is  less  frequent,  the 
verb  usually  expressing  the  suitableness  of  tliing-f  to 
persons  or  to  other  things;  as,  a  robe  becomes  a 
prince. 

h  bieome»  me  so  to  spe:\!;  of  ;ui  excjileul  poet.  Drt/den, 

BE-COM'ING,  ppr.  or  a.,  but  used  rarely  or  never  ex- 
cept as  an  adjective.  Fit;  suitable;  congruous; 
proper;  graceful;  belonging  to  the  character,  or 
adapted  to  circumstances;  as,  he  speaks  with  be- 
coming boldness  ;  a  dress  is  very  becoming. 
Some  writers  formerly  used  o/ after  this  word. 

Such  discourses  as  are  becoming  of  them.  Drytlen. 

But  this  use  is  inelegant  or  improper. 

BE-€0J1'ING,  G,     Ornament.     [Obs.]  Shak. 

BE-eOM'ING-LY,  adv.  After  a  becoming  or  proper 
manner. 

BE-eOM'ING-NESS,  n.  Fitness ;  congruit>* ;  pro- 
priety ;  decency  ;  gracefulness  arising  from  fitness. 

Oreta. 

BE-CRIP'PLE,  r.  (.  [See  Cripple.]  To  make  lame  ; 
to  cripple.     [Little  ^lsed.] 

BE-CUBL',  r.  t.     To  curl.     [A-oi  used.] 

BED,  ij.  [Sax.  bed  ;  D.  bed ;  G.  bett  or  beet ;  Goth.  badi. 
The  sense  is  a  lay  or  spread,  from  laying  or  setting.] 

1.  A  place  or  an  article  of  furniture  to  sleep  and 
take  rest  on  ;  in  modern  times,  and  among  civilized 
men,  a  sack  or  lick  filled  with  feaihers  or  wool  ;  but 
a  bed  may  be  made  of  straw  or  any  other  materials. 
The  word  be4  includes  often  the  bedstead. 

2.  Lodging;  a  convenient  place  fur  sleep. 

3.  Marriage  ;  matrimonial  connection. 

George,  tlie  eldest  son  of  his  secoad  bed.  Clarendon. 

4.  A  plat  or  level  piece  of  ground  in  a  garden, 
usually  a  little  raised  above  the  adjoining  ground. 

Bacon. 

5.  The  channel  of  a  river,  orthat  part  in  wliich  the 
water  usually  flow^.  Milton. 

6.  Any  hoUow  place,  especially  in  the  arts  ;  a  hol- 
low place  in  which  any  thing  rests  ;  as,  the  bed  of  a 
mortar. 

7.  A  layer  ;  a  stratum  ;  an  extended  mass  of  any 
thing,  whether  upon  the  earth  or  within  it ;  as,  a  bed 
of  sulphur;  a  bed  of  sand  or  clay. 

8.  Pain  ;  torment.  Rev.  ii.  The  grave.  Is.  Ivii. 
The  lawful  use  of  wedlock.   Heb.  xiii. 

The  bed  of  the  carriage  of  a  gun,  is  a  thick  plank 
which  lies  under  the  piece,  being,  as  it  were,  the 
body  of  the  carriage. 

The  bed  of  a  mortar  is  a  solid  piece  of  oak.  hollow 
in  the  middle,  to  receive  the  breech  and  half  the 
trunnions. 

In  masonry,  bed  is  a  range  of  stones,  and  the  joint 
of  the  bed  is  the  mortar  between  the  two  stones 
placed  one  over  the  other.  Encuc. 

Bed  of  justice,  in  France.  The  king  was  said  ^j 
hold  a  bed  of  justice,  when,  going  in  person  to  a  re- 
fractory parliament,  and,  seated  on  his  throne,  (called 
lit,  bed,)  he  caused  his  decrees  lo  be  registered. 

Brande, 

To  make  a  bed,  is  to  put  it  in  order  after  it  has  been 
used. 

To  bring  to  bed,  to  deliver  of  a  child,  is  rarely  used. 
But  in  the  pa'isive  form,  to  be  brought  to  bed,  that  is. 


ui:d 


n' 


to  be  delivered  of  a  ehild^  i«  common.  It  U  often  fol- 
lowed by  of;  a»,  to  b*?  brou^it  to  bfd  o/a  -^m. 

To  put  to  bed,  in  muiteifery,  u  to  delivi-r  of  a  child. 

Dimtt'/  bed,  or  discubitory  b':d  ;  ainun^  '-'«  caci'-it-. 
a  bed  on  which  pentono  lay  at  mealif.  It  \\:i-  :  ■■ 
or  five  feel  high,  and  would  hold  ilirc«  or  fyir  ;-  - 
son^.  Thri;e  of  Ujf8e  b*"dti  wrre  ranB-^d  bv  a  ''\':.t': 
table,  one  side  of  the  table  bemg  left  ofy:n,  ai.j  .  ■•:- 
cessiblr- lo  the  waiters.  Hrnre  tht-  Latin  name  i-r 
the  table  and  the  room,  trtcUmum,  or  lliree  bed*. 

From  bed  and  board.  In  late,  &  Beparatkm  vf  man 
and  wife,  without  dissolving  the  bandji  of  matri- 
mony, i-'f  calKrd  a  Reparation  from  board  amd  fro/,  a 
maua  et  toro.  In  thi-;  case  the  wife  hu  a  suil&ble 
maintenance  alluttL-d  to  her  out  of  the  hujband** 
estate,  called  alimony.  BUtck'.  ~  -. 

BED,  c.  L    To  place  in  a  bed.  Ji^f    .. 

2.  To  go  lo  bed  with.     [Unusual.]  -v.-i... 

3.  To  make  partaker  of  the  bed.  Bacon. 

4.  To  plant  and  incltjse  or  cover ;  to  «t  or  lay  and 
inclose  ;  as,  to  bed  the  rooLs  of  a  plant  in  *oft  mold. 

J.  To  lay  in  any  hollow  place,  nxrrounde^  or  in- 
closed ;  a."t,  lo  htd  .a  stone. 

G.  To  lay  in  t  place  of  rest  or  security,  covered, 
surrounded,  or  inclo<ted  ;  as,  a  fish  bedded  in  nnd,  or 
under  a  bank. 

7.  To  lay  in  a  stratum ;  to  slraiify  ;  to  lay  in  ordt-r, 
or  Hat ;  as,  brddal  clay,  bediied  hair^  Skafc. 

BED,  r.  I.    To  cohabit ;  to  use  the  same  bed. 

If  b-:  U.-  irorricd,  and  bed  uilh  Us  wife. 


BE-DAB'BLE,  r.  L  [be  and  dabbU.}  To  wet;  to 
sprinkle. 

BedchtAtd  with  ibe  drw.  Skak. 

BE-DAB'ltL/:!),  pp.    AVel ;  5Drinkled. 
BE-DAH'BLING,ppr.    Welling;  sprinkling. 
BE-DAFF',  r.  t.    To  make  a  fool  of.    [-Vo(  tx  use.] 

Ckatuer. 
BED'.\-<;at,  ».    The  name  of  the  sacred  book^  of  the 

lioodhists  in  Burmah.  .Vu- 

BE-DAG'GLE,  r.  f.   [be  and  daggle,]      To  - 

clothes,  by  drawing  the  ends  in  ihe  mad,  or  ^;     >  : 

ing  ihem  with  dirty  water. 
BE-DAG'GLi:D,pj».    foiled  by  reaching  the  mud  in 

walkins ;  bespattering. 
BE-DaRE',  r.  (.  [be  and  dare.]    To  dare;  lo  defy 

[J^'-ct  u.vfrf.]  Pe£U. 

BE-DXRK',  r.  (.  [6c  and  dark.]    To  darken.    [.Vol 

used.]  Qmccr. 

IIE-DARK'£N-i.-D,  pp.    Darkened  ;  obscured. 
BED.^SH',  F.  u  [be  and  dash.]  .  To  wet  by  throwing 

water  or  other  liquor  upon  ;  lo  bespatter  Wiih  waler 

or  mud. 
BE-DASH'ZD,  (be-dasht',)pp.   Bespattered  with  waler 

or  other  liquid. 
BE-DASH'I\G,  ppr.     Bespattering;   dashing  water 

upon,  or  other  liquid. 
BEDAUB',  r.  t.  [be  and  daub.]    To  daub  over:  to 

besmear  with  viscous,  slimy  matter  j   lo  soil  with 

any  thing  thick  and  dirty.  Shak. 

BE-OAriV^D,  pp.    Daubed  over;  besmeared. 
BE-DAl'B'ING,  ppr.    Daubing  over;  besmearing. 
BI->DAZZLE,  r.  t.  [6f  and  daiite.]     To  confo:ind  the 

sight  by  too  strong  a  light ;  to  make  dim  by  lu-:  -. 

BE-DAZ'ZLED,  pp.  Having  the  sight  confound  ^ 
loo  stron?  a  lieht. 

BE-DAZ'ZLING,  ppr.  Confounding  or  making  dim 
bv  a  loo  brilliant  luster. 

BE^DAZ'ZLING-LY,  ade.     So  as  lo  bedazzle. 

BED'-BUG,  7j.  .\  troublesome  insect  of  an  offensive 
smell,  ( Cimez  lectularius,)  which  infests  the  crevices 
of  bedsteads,  tec.       P.  Cue.     Partington.     Brande, 

BED'-CH.aIR,  n.  A  chair  tor  the  sick,  with  a  movable 
back,  which  rises  or  falls,  to  sustain  them  while  sil- 
ting up  in  bed. 

BED'-CHaM-BER,  n.  [bed  and  chamber.]  .\n  apart- 
ment or  chamber  intended  or  appropriated  for  a  bed, 
or  for  sleep  and  repose. 

BED'-eLOTIlES,  n.  pi.  [bed  and  dotAes.]  Blankets,  or 
coverlets,  &c.,  for  beds.  Siak. 

BED'DED,  pp.  or  a.  Laid  in  a  bed  ;  inclosed  as  in  a 
bed  ;  siraiified. 

BED'DER,         *  «.  rfrom  bed.]  The  nether  stone  of  an 

BF^DET'TER,  j      o'll  mill.  CMahners. 

BCD'DING,  ppr.  Laving  in  a  bed  ;  inclosing  as  in  a 
be.l. 

BED'DING,  n.  .\  bed  and  its  fumiturx; ;  a  bed  :  Uie 
materials  of  a  bed,  whellier  for  man  or  beast.  Spenser. 

BE-I>E.\D',  (be-ded',)  r.  t.     To  deaden.      Hc'JwfV. 

BEDECK',  r.  ;.  [be  and  deck.]  To  deck  ;  lo  adorn  ;  lo 
grace.  &ii.-i. 

BE-DECK'ED,  (be-dckt',)  pp.    Adorned  ;  omamenlcd. 

BE-DECK'ING,  ppr.     Adorning;  dockmg. 

BED'E-GU  AR,  (gar,)  ji.  .\  hajri,-  or  spong>-  substance 
on  rose-bushes,  produced  by  the  puncture  of  certain 
insects,  and  once  supi)osed  lo  have  valu.able  med- 
ical  properties.  B.-^cth. 

BeDE'-HUUSE,  n.     [Sax.  bead,  a  prayer,  and  kaits*.] 
Formerly,  a  hospiuil  or  alms-house,  where  ihe  poor 
pravcd  for  their  founders  and  benefaclnis. 

BE'D"£L,  (be'dl,)  n.  An  oflicer  in  the  universities  'X 
England  ;  a  messenger  or  crier  of  a  court ;  an  'ft- 


TuNTE,  BULL,  IGNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CU  as  SH  ;  Til  as  in  THIS. 

"  109 


BED 

1       fertOT  officei  nf  a  parish.     [A  peculinr  orthnjn^phy 

of  bemUr.} 
BP.'DELfKYy  I*.    The  rxtcnt  of  a  beadle's  office. 

BJount, 
BE-DEV'/L,  C-dev'l,)  r.  t.    To  throw  into  mior  (lis 

order  and  confusion  ;   as  if  by  Utr>  agency  of  evil 

uptrir^.  Soutfi. 

BE-l)lOV'n#-ED,  pp.  or  a.    Thrown  into  nttrr  disorder 

,ii)d  cnnfnsion.  ff.  Innn^. 

BR-OEW*',  r.  t.  [he  and  drw.)    To  moisten,  ns  with 

dew ;  to  moisten  in  a  gentle  niannt-r  with  uny  liipiid  ; 

as,  tenra  bedeto  her  face.  Sfuik. 

BE-DEWED,  {be-dude'O  pp.     Moistened,  as  if  with 

il  w  ;  Rently  moi.^tened. 
BE-PEWER,  n.    That  which  bcdewr*.       Shrneood. 
BE-DKW'ING,  ppr.    .^(oUtcnin^  gently,  as  with  dew ; 

Wfttin*^. 
inM)K\V'Y,  a.    Moist  with  dew.     [LiUle  w.«J.] 
i;KO'-ri:i/-I.CW,  «.    [bed  nnd  fiUow.]    One  who  lies 

with  niiothLT  in  the  sanie  bed.  Shak. 

HED'-II  A.NC-INGS,  n.  pL    Curtains.  Stiak. 

Ur.-DIGIIT',  (be-dite',)  v.  t  [be  and  di»ht.]    Toadoni ; 

to  dress ;  to  set  off  with  ornament.    [Little  v.ied.] 

Jiforf. 
nE-OTGHT',        I  pp.    Adorned;    sft  ort"  with  ornn- 
:;F.-niGHT'ED,  S      ment^. 
t:i:  !)TGHT'iXG,/»pr.     Adominc 
ItE-UrM',  r.  (.    [be  and  dim.\    To  maku  dim  ;  to  ob- 

^;cMre  or  darken.  Sidnetj. 

niM)IM'.MED,pp.  Made  dim  J  ob?cured. 
UK-DIM'MliNG,ppr.     Making  dim;  obscuring;  dark- 

BK-DIS'MAL,  r.  t.    To  make  dismal.  Student 

UE-DIZ'EN,  (be-diz'zn,)  v.  U     [be  and  di-.tn.]    To 

iidom  ;  to  deck.     [A  low  word.] 
BE-DIZ'£N-EU,  pp.    Bedecked  ;  adorned. 
BE-UIZ'EN-ING,  ppr.    Adorning. 
BED'LAM,  n.    [Cornipted  from  ScVile!iem,  the  name 

of  a  religious  house  in  London,  afterword  converted 

into  a  hospital  for  lunatics.] 

1.  A  mad-house ;  a  place  appropnated  for  lunatin<?. 

Spclmav. 
?.  A  madman  ;  a  lunatic ;  one  who  lives  in  Bi-d- 
3.  Fip-urativdify  a  place  of  uproar.         [lam.    Stttik, 

BED'LASI,  a.  Belongin;;  to  a  niad-hou«e ;  fit  for  a 
mad-housp.  Shak. 

BED'LAM-ITE,  n.  An  inhabitant  of  a  madhouse  j  a 
madman.  B.  Jonson. 

BEL)'-MaK-ER,  n.  [bed  and  maJicr.]  One  whojc  oc- 
cupation is  to  make  beds,  a.s  in  a  college  or  iinivcr- 
sitv.  Spectator. 

BED'-M;(  TE,  n.    [beSand  mate.]   Abed-fellow.  Shak. 

BED'-MoLD-ING,  »i.    [bed  and  inoUlintr.] 

In  arehitrcturCf  the  members  of  a' cornice,  v/hich 
are  placed  below  the  coronet,  consistin";  of  an  ogee, 
a  list,  a  large  boultine,  and  another  li^^t  under  the 
coronet.  Enntc. 

BE-DGTE',  r.  L  [be  and  dote.]  To  make  to  dote. 
U^ot  in  use.]  Chaucer. 

BED'OU-:(N,  (bed'oo-een,)  n.  The  name  of  those 
Arabs  wlio  live  in  tents,  and  are  scattered  over 
Anibia.  E^rypt,  and  other  parts  of  Africa. 

BED'-POST,  n.  [bed  and  post.]  The  post  of  a  bed- 
stead. 

BEU'-PRESS-ER.  Ti.  [fted  and  pre**.]  Alazy  fellow  ; 
one  who  loves  his  bed.  Shak, 

BED'-Q.UILT,  ji.    A  quilted  spread  or  cover  for  a  bed. 

BE-DRAG'GLE,  it.  (.  [be  and  dragrffle.]  To  soil,  as 
garments  which  are  suffered,  in  walking,  to  reach 
the  dirt  i  to  soil  by  drawing  alon-^  on  mud.    Swift 

BE-DRAG'GLED,pp.  Soiled  by  reaching  the  dirt,  in 
walking. 

BE-DRAG'GLING,  ppr.  Soiling  by  drawing  along  in 
dirt  or  mud. 

BE-DRE.\CH',  r.  t.  [Ac  and  drencJi.]  To  drench  ;  to 
soak ;  to  saturate  with  moisture :  applied  to  tJtiTr^rs 
which  imbibe  moisture.  SliaJc. 

BE-DRENCH'ED,  (be-drencht',)  pp.  Drenched  .; 
soaked. 

BE-DRE\CH'ING,  ppr.    Soaking  ;  drenching. 

BED'RID,  I  a.     [bed  and  ride ;  Sav.  hedr'ula.] 

BED'RID-DEX,  \  Confined  to  the  bed  by  age  or  in- 
firmity. Shak. 

BEU'RtTE.  n.  [bed  and  rite.]  The  privilege  of  tlie 
marringc  bed. 

BED'ROOM,  n.  [bed  and  rnom.J  A  room  orapartment 
intended  or  used  for  a  bed  ;  a  lodging-room. 

2.  Room  in  a  bed.     [JVot  in  use.]  Shak. 
BE-DROP',  v.  U     [be  and  drop.]    To  uprinkle,  as  with 

drops.  Chancer. 

BE-DROP'PED,  (be-dropt',)  pp.  Sprinkled,  as  witli 
drops  ;  speckled  ;  variegated  with  spots. 

BEDSIDE,  n.    'I'he  side  of  Uie  bed.  .^^^ddkH^^. 

BED'STAFF,  ".  [ficrf  and  stiff.]  .\  wooden  pin  an- 
ciently inserted  on  the  sides  of  bedsteads,  to  keep 
the  clothes  from  slipping  on  either  side.     Johnson. 

BED'.^TEAD,  (bed'sted,)  n.  [bed  and  stead.]  A  frame 
for  supporting  a  bed. 

BED'S'J'KAW,  n.  [bed  and  straw.]  Straw  laid  under 
a  bed  to  make  it  soft ;  also,  a  name  common  to  dif- 
ferent spf^cien  of  plants,  of  the  genus  Galium. 

BED'SVVERV-ER,  ti.  [bed  and  swerve.]  One  that 
t;wer\-es  from  his  bed  ;  that  is,  one  who  is  falso  and 
unfaithful  to  the  marriage  vow.  Shak. 


BEE 

BED'TICK,  ".  A  caj^c  of  strong  linen  or  cotton  cloth,  1 
used  for  inclosing  the  feathers  or  other  niattriuls  of  n  i 
bed.  Booth, 

BED'TTME,  h.  [bed  and  time.]  The  time  to  go  to 
re'Jt  :  ihr  usual  hour  of  going  to  bed.  Sftak, 

BK-DIK'K',  r.  r.  [be  and  dtiek,]  To  duck  ;  to  put  the 
head  nnder  water  ;  to  immerse.  Spenser. 

BE-DMNG',  c.  £.    To  cover  with  dung.        Bp.  Jfall. 

BE-DUtsT',  r.  t.  [be  and  dmst,]  To  sprinkle,  poil,  or 
cover  with  dust.  Sherwood. 

BED'WARU,  iif/p.    [bed  and  ward.]    Toward  bed. 

Shak. 

BE-PU'ARF',  V.  t.  [be  and  dimrf.]  To  make  little  ; 
to  stunt  or  hinder  growtli.  Donne. 

BED'WORK.  n.  [bed  and  leork.]  Work  done  in  bed, 
without  toil  of  the  hands,  or  with  ease.  Shak. 

BE-DYE',  r.  t.     [be  and  dtfe.]    To  dye  ;  to  stain. 

Spenser. 

BE-DV'£D,  (bc-dlde',)  pp.    Dved  ;  stained. 

BEE,  n.  [Sax.  6fo;  D.  Inje;  G.  biene;  S\\:  bij ;  Dan. 
bir  :  Ir.  bearh  ;  It.  prcrhia  ;  Sp.  abrja.     Class  Bg.) 

1.  .An  iTiseri  of  the  genus  Apis.  [i?ec  Ari*.j  The 
japecies  are  numerous,  of  which  the  lioney-beo  is  the 
most  interesting  to  man.  It  has  been  cultivated  from 
the  e:irlie-;t  periods,  for  iln  wax  and  honey.  It  lives 
in  swarms,  or  societies,  of  from  10,000  to  50,000  indi- 
viduals. Tliese  swarms  contain  three  classes  of  bees  ; 
the  females  or  queen  bee*;,  of  which  there  i:»  only  one 
in  enrh  swarm,  the  males  or  drones,  and  the  neuters 
or  working  bees.  Of  the  former,  there  is  only  one  in 
each  hive  or  swarm,  whose  sole  office  is  to  propa- 
gate the  siH!cies.  It  is  much  larger  than  the  otiier 
bees.  The  drones  serve  merely  for  impregnating  the 
queen,  after  which  they  are  destroyed  bv  the  neu- 
ters. These  last  arc  the  laborers  of  the  hive.  They 
collect  the  honey,  form  the  cells,  and  feed  the  other 
bees  and  the  young.  They  arc  furnished  with  a  pro- 
hoseirf,  or  tongue,  by  which  they  collect  the  honey 
from  tlowers,  and  a  mouth,  by  which  they  swall»w 
it,  and  then  convey  it  to  the  hive  in  their  stomachs, 
where  they  diagorg<!  it  into  the  cells.  The  pollen  of 
flowers  settles  on  the  liaira  with  which  their  body  is 
covered,  whence  it  is  collected  into  pellets  by  a  brush 
on  their  sticond  pair  of  legs,  and  deposited  in  a  hol- 
low in  the  third  pair.  It  in  called  bcs-brejid^  and  is 
the  food  of  the  larnB  or  young.  The  adult  bees  feed 
on  lioney.  The  wa.t  was  supposed  to  be  formed 
from  pollen  by  a  digestive  process,  but  it  is  now  as- 
certained that  it  is  formed  from  the  honey  by  a  simi- 
lar process.  The  females  and  neuters  have  a  barbed 
sting,  attached  to  a  bag  of  poison,  which  flows  into 
the  wound  inflicted  by  the  sting.  When  a  hive  is 
oven^tocked,  a  new  colony  is  sent  out  under  the  di- 
rection of  a  queen  bee.  This  is  called  steannin^. 
Ctjc.  Ed.  Encijc. 
9.  In  .^mmrrt,  joint,  voluntary,  and  gratuitous  aid 
afforded  by  neighbors  to  their  minister,  or  to  any  per- 
son in  need.  Also,  an  assembly  of  ladies  to  dew  lor 
the  poor. 

BEE'-BRE.\D,  ii.  [bee  and  bre^d.]  A  brown,  bitter 
substance,  the  pollen  of  flowers  coUecled  by  bees,  as 
food  for  their  young.    [See  Bee.] 

BEE'-kAT-ER,  n.  [bre  and  rat,]  A  bird  that  feeds 
on  bees.  A  name  conmion  to  the  different  species  of 
birds  of  the  genus  Merops,  of  which  the  M.  Apiaster 
of  Europe  is  remarkable  for  the  brilliancy  of  its  plu- 
mage. Knew. 

BEE'-FLOW-ER,  n.  [hee  and  pmer.]  A  plant ;  a 
species  of  Ophrys  or  Twybladc,  whose  flowers  re[v 
resent  singular  figures  of  bees,  flies,  and  other  in- 
sects, Encyc. 

BEE'-GXR-DE\,  7j.  [bee  ZTxd  {rardcn.]  A  garden  or 
inclosure  to  set  bee-hives  in.  Johnson. 

BEE'-GLOE,  71.  [bee  and  friuc.]  A  soft,  unctuous 
matter  with  which  bees  cement  the  combs  to  the 
hivef^,  and  close  up  the  cells  ;  called  also  propoli.t. 

Eiicijc. 

BEE'-HIVi;, )'.  [bee  and  hive.]  A  case,  box, or  other 
hollow  ve&sel,  which  serves  as  a  habitation  for  bees. 
Hives  are  made  of  various  materials,  a?;  of  boards, 
the  hollow  trunk  of  a  tree,  withes  of  straw,  or  glass. 

BEE'-MA?'-'J'ERj  71.  [hee  nnd  master.]  Ono  who  keeps 
bees.  .Ifortimrr. 

BEE'-MOTII,  71.  A  moth  from  whose  eggs  aro  pro- 
duced caterpillars,  which  infest  bee-hivos. 

BEECH,  n.  [Sax.  ber.r^  boc  ;  D.  benkc,  or  beukimboom  : 
Ger.  budie^  or  buchbaum ;  Slav,  bokm  Russ.  buk;  Gr. 
t't'tyii  ;  L. /(igTW  ,•  It.far^io;  Sp.  haija:  Vovt.  fa  ia. 
In  Saxon,  brc  and  boc  is  a  book.  It  may  be  that 
beech  is  prtiperly  the  name  of  bark,  and  this  being 
used,  by  our  rude  aiiees^rors,  as  the  material  for  writ- 
ing, the  word  came  to  si-jniCy  a  book.] 

A  tree  arranged  by  Linnaius  under  the  genus  Fu- 
ffUSf  witli  the  chestnut ;  but  the  latter  is  now  placed 
in  a  distinct  gen. is,  (Ca^ianea.)  The  beech  grows  to 
a  large  size,  with  branches  I'orraing  a  beautiful  head, 
with  thick  foliage.  The  bark  is  smooth  and  of  a  sil- 
very cast.  The  ma^t  or  nuts  are  the  food  of  swine, 
and  of  certain  wild  animals,  and  yield  a  good  oil  for 
lamps.  WJien  eaten  by  man,  they  are  said  to  occa- 
sion giddiness  and  heatlach.  Encue. 

BEECH'-eOAL,  w.  [beech  and  coo/.]  Charcoalfrora 
beech  wood. 

BEECH' EN,  (beech'n,)  a.    Consisting  of  the  wood  or 


BEK 

bark  of  the  beech ;  belonging  to  tlie  beech ;  as,  a 

berchrn  vessel.  Dnj-'' ' . 

BERf'ir-MXST,  n.    The  fruit  or  nuts  of  the  beei  'i, 

BEECir-XrT,  M.    The  nut  of  the  beech-tree. 

UElX'H'-tJIE,  n.  [beech  and  oil.]  Oil  expresseil  from 
the  mast  or  nuts  of  the  beech-tne.  It  is  used  in  Pic- 
ardy,  and  in  other  parts  of  France,  instead  of  butter; 
but  is  ^aid  to  occasion  heaviness  and  pains  in  Uie 
stomaeh.  Enctje. 

BEECH'-TUEE,  «.     [beeclt  and  tree.]    The  beech. 

BEEF,  ".  [Fr.  birnfy  an  ox  ;  Arm.  bevin  ;  It.  bue;  S|>, 
hurif :  Port,  boy:  W.  bnw:  Corn,  fti/itfi,  an  ox  ;  Ir.  60, 
a  cow,  J.I.  &uai/>/i  ,■  \..  bos,  boms;  Gr.  ffovi.] 

1.  An  animal  of  the  bovine  genus,  whether  oX, 
bull,  or  cow  ;  hut  u-^ed  of  those  which  are  full  (,towii 
or  neariy  so.  In  this,  which  is  the  original  sense, 
the  word  has  a  plural,  becrr.i. 

2.  The  flesh  of  an  ox,  bull,  or  cow,  or  of  bovine 
nnimnls  cenerally,  when  killed.  In  popular  Inn /^ua  if  e^ 
the  word  it*  utien  applied  to  the  live  animal ;  as,  aa 
ox  is  good  berf:  that  l!«,  well  fattened.  In  this  sense, 
the  word  has  no  iilurul. 

BEEF,  a.  Consistnig  of  the  fte-fh  of  the  ox,  or  nf  bo- 
vin<^  animals  :  as,  a  berf-ntcdk.  Sir:ft. 

BEEF'-kAT-EK,  ti.    [be(fand  eat.]    [Corrupted  in  its 
second  meaning,  from  buff^Urr,  a  keeper  of  the  bulfet 
w  sideboard,  because  sonic  of  them  were  originally  ar- 
ranged at  sidc'-lablea,  at  solemn  festivals.    Enc.  .dm,] 
1.  One  that  eats  beef. 

9.  A  popular  anpellntion  for  the  yeomen  of  the 
guartl.  in  England. 

.?.  The  Ruphaga  .Africana,  an  African  bird  thai 
feeds  on  the  larvii;  which  nestle  under  the   hides  of 
oxen. 
4.  In  popular  usCjH  stout,  fleshv  man. 

BEEF'STEAK,  ».  (b>-rf  and  steak.]  Asleak  or  slice 
of  beef  broiled  or  tor  i)r(iiling. 

BEEF'-WIT-TED,  a.  [bettf  and  wU.]  Didl  in  intel- 
b'cLs  ;  stupid  J  heavy-lieaded.  Shalt. 

BEELD,  n.     [Sax.  bchltirl'in.  to  cover.] 
Protection  ;  refuge.  [Obs.]  A  shed  tor  cattle.  Fairfax, 

BE-EL'ZE-BUB,  it.  A  prnico  of  devils.  [The  word 
signifies  the  deity  of  flies.] 

BEF/MOL,  71.     In  music,  a  half-note.  Bacon. 

BEEN',  [Sa\.  beon.] 

Part.  prrf.  of  Bk  ;  pronounced  bin.  In  old  authors, 
it  is  also  the  present  tense  plural  of  Be. 

BEEN,  H.  A  fretted  stringed  instrument  of  music  of 
the  guiUir  kind,  having  nineteen  frets :  used  in 
India.  -^s.  Researches. 

BEER,  71.  [W.  bir;  Fr.  biere;  Arm  fti/er,  iir,  bm-;  D. 
and  G.  bier;  It.  hirra.] 

1.  A  fermented  liquor  made  from  any  farinaceous 
grain ;  but  generally  from  barley,  which  i-'  first 
malted  and  ground,  aiul  its  fermentable  substance 
then  extracted  by  hot  water.  This  extract  or  infu- 
sion is  evaporated  by  boiling  in  caldrons,  and  hops 
or  some  other  plant  of  an  agreeable  bitterness  added. 
The  liquor  is  then  suffered  "tn  ferment  in  vats.  Beer 
is  of  different  degrees  of  strength,  and  is  denomi- 
nated .^nall  beer,  dlc^  porter^  brown-stout,  &c.,  acrord- 
ing  to  its  strength,  or  other  peculiar  qunlitios.  Enajc. 
9.  Beer  is  a  nam;;  given  in  America  to  fermenting 
liquors  made  of  various  other  materials ;  and  when 
a  deeoctitm  of  the  roots  of  plants  forms  part  of  the 
cornimsition,  il  is  c^'illed  spriuif-bcer,  from  the  sc^ison 
in  whicli  it  is  made.    There  is  also  root-beer. 

BRER'-BAR-REI,,  n.     A  barrel  for  holding  beer. 

BHEU'-HOUSE,  n.  A  house  where  mall  liquors  are 
sold ;  an  ale-house. 

BEKST'INGS.    See  BiEsTirfos. 

BEES'-WAX,  71.  The  wax  collected  by  bees,  and  of 
which  their  cells  are  constructed. 

BEET,  n.  JD.  biet;  Ger.  heetx;  It.  bietola;  W.  betyscn; 
J.,  beta  ;  Fr.  bette.] 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Beta.  The  species  cultivated 
in  gardens  are  the  ctcla  and  vidiraris,  or  while  and 
red  beet.  There  arc  many  varieties ;  some  witft 
long  toper  roots,  and  otheVs  with  flat  roots,  like 
iurne[)s.  The  root  furnishes  a  large  portion  of  sugar, 
wliich  is  manufactured  in  France  on  a  great  scale. 

Cyc. 

BEE'TLE,  V.  [Sax.  fc///,  or  btjU,  &  mallet ;  beuJ,  the 
insect,  beetJe.] 

I.  A  heavy  mallet  or  wooden  hammer,  used  to 
drive  wedges,  beat  pavements,  &c.,  having  one,  twi^ 
or  three  handles  for  as  many  men  to  use  it ;  called 
also  a  sturnpery  or  rammer. 

9.  In  zoolorry,  a  popular  name  common  to  the  dif- 
ferent species  of  insecLi,  of  the  genus  ScarabKUS, 
Linn.  The  gt-ucric  characters  are,  clavated  an- 
tRnn;e,  fissile  iongitudinallv,  legs  frequently  deit' 
tated,  and  wines  which  have  hard  cases,  or  sheaths 
They  are  of  difllTent  sizes,  from  that  of  a  pin's  heaf 
to  lliat  of  a  man's  fist.  They  have  various  namaL 
as  the  May-bitfr,  or  dottr-brctlc^  cock-r.haffer,  tm 
tnniblf^duiiir,  the  elephant-bc-etle,  &c.  The  latter, 
found  in  South  America,  is  the  largest  species,  being 
nearly  four  inches  long.  Encyc. 

The  term  bretlc  is  Common,  in  popular  language,  to 
all  insects  with  hard  or  shelly  wine-cases,  as  the 
Coleoptera,  and  some  of  the  Orthopit^ra,  as  tlie  cock- 
roach.   It  is  more  appropriate  to  the  Scarabici. 

Cyc.     Partington. 


FATE.  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T.— MeTE,  PRgY.  — PtNE,  MARltNE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BOpK.— 


no 


BEF 

IJEE'TLE,  (bee'tl,)  r.  i.  To  jut ;  to  bp  prominent ;  to 
lians  or  extend  out ;  as,  a  cliff  tliat  beetles  ovor  its 
base!  ,      .        '^'*?'-- 

BEE'TI.E-BROW,  n.  [brctJe  and  brow.]  A  prominent 
brow.  S'«t'*- 

IIEE"rLE-BROU'-Ji:D,  a.     iravins  prominent  brows. 

Swift. 

BEE'TLE-HEAD,  n.  [beetle  and  head.]  A  stupid  fel- 
low. *co(. 

BEE'TLE-HEAD-ED,  (be'tl-hcd-ed,)  a.  Having  a 
h'^ad  lilte  a  beetle  j  dull ;  stupiii.  i^'iak. 

BEF/TLE-STOCK,  ii.  [beetle  and  stocJi.]  The  handle 
of  a  beetle.  Spniscr. 

BEE'TLIXG,  ppr.  or  a.  Jutting;  beiiij  promineiit ; 
standing  OTit  from  the  main  body.  Tkoimon. 

UEET'-KaVE,       i  71.    A  kind  of  beet,  used  for  salad. 

BEET'-UAD-ISH,  (  ^sk. 

BEEVES,  H. ;  pi.  of  Beef.  Cattle  ;  quadnipeds  of  the 
bnvine  eenus,  called  in  England  black  cattle. 

BE-PALL',r.U;  pret.  Bef^lul  ;  part.  Befallen.  [Sax. 
be/Man,  of  fie  and  falL] 

To  happen  to ;  to  occur  to ;  as,  let  me  know  the 
worst  that  can  befall  me.  It  usually  denotes  ill.  It 
is  generally  transitive  in  form,  but  there  seems  to  be 
an^ellipsis  of  to,  and  to  sometimes  follows  it. 

BE-FALL',  V.  i.    To  happen  ;  to  come  to  pass. 

1  hnve  revealed  this  discord  wliich  befeU.  AWton. 


To  befall  of,  is  not  legitimate. 
-F*\LL'£N,  (be-fawl'ii,)  pp.    Fallen  on. 
"■■'  '  ""^^  That  which  befalls;  an  event. 


Happening  to;  occurring  to; 


riE-F. 

i;i>FALLaNG,  71, 
!;!:-FALL'L\a,  ppr. 

coming  to  pass. 
I1E-FELL',2"''^(.  of  Befall. 
liE-FIT',  t'.  (.  [be  and^]    To  suit ;  to  be  suitable  to  ; 

to  become. 

Thai  name  best  b^Js  Ihei-.  M'dlon. 

BE-FtT'TlNG,  ppr.  or  a.    Suiting ;  becoming. 

BE-FLAT'TER,  v.  t.     To  flatter. 

BE-FoAM',  r.  t  [be  and  foa:?:.]    To  cover  with  foam. 

[Little  itsed.] 
CE-FOG'G-ED,  a.     Involved  in  a  fog.  Trviittr. 

BE-Ft)OL',  V.  t.  [be  and  fooL]     To  fool ;  to  infatuate  ; 

lo  delude  or  lead  into  error. 

Men  t/efool  iheiuselvna.  South. 

BE-FOOL'-ED,  pp.     Fooled  ;  deceived ;  led  into  error. 
BE-F0OL'l.\G,  ppr.    FooUng;  making  a  fool  of;  de- 

cei\ing;  infatuating. 
EE-FoRE',  prep,  [be  and  fare,  that  is,  by,  fore,  near 

Uie  fore  part.    fea.\.  before,  or   beforan,  retained  by 

Chaucer  in  befoini.] 

1.  In  front ;  on  the  side  with  the  face,  at  any  dis- 
tance ;  used  of  persons.  M'dton. 

2.  In  presence  of,  with  tlie  idea  of  power,  author- 
ity, respect. 

Abraham  bowed  before  the  pcopl?  of  llie  land.— Gen.  xxiii. 
Wherewithal  shdl  i  come  btfore  the  Lord  ?  — Mic«Ji  vi. 

3.  In  sight  of;  as,  before  the  face. 

4.  In  the  presence  of,  noting  cognizance  or  juris- 
diction. 

Both  parties  shall  come  before  the  jotlgi?.  —  Kx.  xxii. 

5.  In  the  power  of,  noting  the  right  or  abilitj*  to 
choose  or  possess;  free  to  the  choice. 

The  world  wa*  all  before:  tufm.  MUtoit. 

My  land  h  before  iJiee.  —  Gen.  xx. 

6.  In  front  of  any  object ;  as,  before  the  house,  be- 
fore the  fire. 

7.  Preceding  in  time. 

Before  1  w;i«  afflicted,  I  went  astray.  —  Ps.  cxix. 
Before  AUraliom  wai,  1  am.  —  Johu  viii. 

here  the  preposition  has  a  sentence  following  for 
an  object. 

8.  In  preference  to. 

And  he  set  Ephmim  before  Manasseh.  — Gen.  xWiii. 
Poverty  ia  desirable  before  lorninits.  Tarj'or, 

9.  Superior;  preceding  in  dignity. 

Ha  thai  comeUi  after  me  is  preferred  Ufora  m?,  fyr  he  v.-a3  before 
me.  —  John  i. 

10.  Prior  to;  having  prior  right;  preceding  in 
order ;  as,  the  eldest  son  is  before  tlie  younger  in 
succession. 

11.  Pre^nous  to  ;  in  previous  order;  in  order  to. 

Before  this  treatise  can  become  of  use,  two  points  are  newfisai^*, 

Smfi. 
rSee  JVo.  7,] 

19.  Before  Vie  wind,  denotes  in   the  direction  of 
the  wind  and  by  its  impulse. 
BE-FoRE',  ode.    In  lime  preceding. 

You  tell  me  what  I  knew  before.  DnjiUii. 

1.  In  time  preceding,  to  the  present,  or  to  this 
time;  hitherto;  as,  tumults  then  arose  which  b^ore 
were  unknown. 

5.  Furtlier  onward  in  place,  in  progress,  or  in  front. 

Rpachiii*  lonh  (o  those  things  \vh;;h  ar;  before.  —  Phil.  iii. 

3.  In  front;  on  the  fore  part. 

The  battle  v,!a  before  and  behind.  —  2  Chron.  xUi. 

In  some  of  the  examples  of  the  use  of  before,  which 
John^son  places  tinder  tlie  adverb,  the  word  is  a  prep- 
osition governing  a  S'-ntence;  as,  ^^  Before  the  hills 
appeared."  This  is  the  real  construction,  however 
overlooked  or  misunderstood. 


BEG 

BE-FollE'CIT-EI),  a.    Cited  in  a  preceding  part.  ' 

BE-FoRE'HAND,  arfy.  [before  and  fiand.]     In  a  state  ! 

of  anticipation  or  preoccupation ;  often  followed  by 

with;  as,  you  are  hcforeJiand  with  me, 

2.  Antecedently  ;  by  way  of  preparation  or  prelim- 
inary ;  aforetime.    Matt.  xjii.     1  Tim.  v. 

3.  In  u  state  of  accumulation,  so  as  that  more  haa 
been  received  than  expended,  A  man  is  beforehand. 
[In  tJiis  U3C  it  !.■*  more  propcrlv  an  affjeetiec.] 

4.  At  first ;  before  any  thing  is  done,    UKstrangc. 
BE-FoRE'MEN-TION-Z'JD,  a.    Mentioned  before. 
BE-FoKE'TIMK,  adv.  [brforc  and  time.]     Formerly; 

of  old  time.     1  Sam.  ix.    Josh.  xx.     [Obs.] 

BE-FOR'TUNE,  v.  t.  [be  and  fortune.]  To  happen  to ; 
to  betide.  Sha!:. 

BE-FOUl/,  P.  f.    [.Sax.  befylan  ;  be  undfouK] 
To  make  fool ;  to  soil. 

BE-FRIEND',  (he-frend',)  ■/■.  t.  [be  and  friend.]  To 
favor;  to  act  as  a  friend  to;  to  countenance,  aid,  or 
benefit.  S.'iak. 

BE-FRIEND'ED,  ]rp.    Favored  ;  coiuitcuanced. 

BE-FRIEND'ING,  ppr.  Favoring;  assisting  as  a 
friend  ;  showing  !-cindness  to. 

BE-FRIi\GE',  (bf-frinj',)  v.  f.  [be  and./>m«-c.]  To  ftir- 
nisii  witli  a  fringe  ;  lo  adorn  ;t-s  \vith  fringe.   Fuller. 

BE-FRING'£D,pp.    Adorned  as  with  a  fiingn. 

BE-FUR'R^D,  a.    Covered  with  fur. 

BEG,  }  11.     [The  Turks  write  this  word  be^h,  or  brk, 

B£Y,  i       but  pronounce  it  bwj.] 

In  the  Turkish  dominiims,  a  governor  of  a  town  or 
country  ;  more  particularly,  the  lord  of  a  sangiac 
or  banner.  Every  province  is  divided  into  seven 
sangiacs  or  banners  each  of  which  qualifies  a  bey  ; 
and  these  are  commanded  by  the  governor  of  the 
province,  called  beghrbci^,  or  lord  of  all  the  beys. 
Each  ben  has  the  command  of  a  certain  number  of 
spahis,  or  horse,  denominated  timariots. 

In  Tunis,  the  6f^,  or  bey,  is  the  prince  or  king, 
answering  lo  the  dcij  of  Algiers. 

In  F-s^upt,  the  belt's  are  twelve  generals,  who  com- 
mand the  militia,  or  standing  forces  of  the  kingdom. 

Encyc. 

BEG,  V.  t.  [Probably  contracted  from  Sw.  hegdra,  to 
ask,  desire,  crave;  Dan.  hetriasre;  Ger.  bcgekreii; 
D.  begecren,  whicli  is  a  compound  word  ;  he  and 

fierni,  to   crave;   S:ix.  genmian,  gijman,  to  yearn, 
n  Italian,  jsicffro  is  a  b:?ggar.] 
1.  To  ask  earnestly;  to  beseech;  to  entreat  or 
supplicate  with  Inimiliiy.    It  implies  more  urgency 
than  ask  or  petition. 

Joseph  begged  Uie  body  of  Jrsos.  —  Matt,  xxvii. 

9.  To  ask  or  supplicate  in  charity  ;  as,  we  m;iy 
yet  be  reduced  to  be^  our  bread. 

3.  To  take  for  granted ;  to  assume  without  proof; 
as,  to  be^  the  question  in  debate. 
BEG,  V.  i.    To  ask  ahns  or  charity ;  to  practice  beg- 
ging ;  to  live  bj'  asking  alms. 

I  c:m  not  ili^ ;  to  6e j  I  am  ashamed.  —  Luke  xvi, 
BE-GET',  V.  t.;  pret.  Begot,  Begat;  pp.  Begot,  Be- 
gotten.    [Sax.   he^etan,  of  be  and  getan,  to  get. 
See  Get.] 

1.  To  procreate,  as  a  father  or  sire  ;  to  generate ; 
as,  to  beget  a  son. 

2.  To  produce,  as  an  effect;  to  cause  to  exist;  to 
generate  :  as,  luxury  begets  vice. 

BE-GET'TER,  n.    One  who  begets  or  procreates;  a 

father. 
BEG'GA-BLE,  a.    Tint  may  be  begged.  Buthr. 

BEG'GAR,  71.     [See  Beg.]     One  tJiat  lives  by  asking 

alms,  or  makes  it  his  business  lo  beg  for  charity. 

2.  One  who  supplicates  with  humility  ;  a  petition- 
er ;  but  in  this  sensR  rarely  used,  as  the  word  has 
become  a  term  of  conteinpl.  Johnson. 

3.  One  who  assumes  in  argument  what  he  does 
not  prove.  TiUotson. 

BEG'GAR,  V.  U  To  reduce  to  beggary;  to  impov- 
eri.'^h.  Shak. 

2.  To  deprive,  or  make  destitute  ;  to  exhaust ;  as, 
to  beg"-aT  description. 

BEG'CiAR-i^,  pp.    Reduced  to  extreme  poverty. 

BEG'GAR-li\G,  ppr.  Reducing  to  indigence,  or  a  state 
of  beggary. 

BEG'G.'Ul-LI-NESS,  v.  The  state  of  being  beggarly  : 
meanness  ;  extreme  poverty.  Barret. 

BEG'GAR-LY,  a.  Mean  ;  poor;  in  the  condition  of  a 
beggar ;  extremely  indigent ;  used  of  both  persons 
and  things.  Shfih. 

BEG'GAR-LY,  adr.    Meanly  ;  indigently  ;  despicably. 

Hooker. 

BEG'GAR-MaID,  n.  A  maid  that  is  a  beggar.    Shnk. 

BEG'GAR-MAN,  n.    A  m    j  that  is  a  beggar.    Shal:. 

BEG'GAR-VVOM'AN,  n.    A  female  beggar.      Skak. 

BEG'GAR'S-LTCE,  71.  The  name  of  an  obnoxious 
wet:d,  {Echinaspemum  f^rgivicum,)  having  a  bur-like 
fruit  or  nut  with  hooked  prickles,  which  fasten  on 
those  who  pass  by. 

BEG'GAR-Y,  71-  A  state  of  extreme  indigence.  Sidney. 

BFG'GiTD,  pp.  Entreated;  s-upplicated  ;  asked  "in 
charity ;  assumed   without  proof. 

BEG'GING,  ppr.  Asking  alms;  supplicating;  assum- 
ing without  proof. 

BEG'GING,  n.  The  act  of  soliciting  alms  ;  the  prac- 
tice of  asking  alms  ;  as,  he  lives  by  begging. 


BEG 

BE-GH\RDS',  /  n,    A  German  word    dencline  one 
BE-GUARDS',  i       who  begs   with    juiKr-    ..i.      -.-^ 

plied  formerly  to  Fome  of  the  Fran' 

incndicaTit  ofdern  of  Rome.    The  • 

plied  to  a  class  of  pernonM  difitin^i.  l:   _ 

and  frequency  of  their  prayeri!.  j 

BE-GILT',a.    Gilded.  B. 

BE-GIN',Tj.i.  ,•  jtrrt-BEOin;  pp.  Bent't-     ■'■ 

agimum,  beginnan,  and   oijightnan,  \  ■  ' 

beginning ;    Goth,    du^innan ;    Sw. 

begymle;   D.  and   Ger.   beginnen,  i  i 

Gel.  6c^i7tn,  a  beginning,  origin;  \'- 

pin,  cy,  a  prefix,  and  fifjn,a  he'ul.    '.' 

in  (Tin  or  ^7>,  to  which  arc  prefix*^''       ,      , 

which  is  to.    This  appears  lo  l^e  tlie  uAti  of  (he  Gr. 

yivopat,  yiv'.-ata,  L.  genera^  giffJio,  coinciding  with 

Byr.  f:^J:5n,  to  begin  to  be;  in  ApiL  to  plant,  lo 
confirm,  to  create ;  Eth.  TlvlJl  kOn,  Co  be,  to  be- 
come, or  be  made  ;  Ar.  -'.U  kana,  to  b«,  or  b*romf-, 

to  make,  to  create,  lo  generate;  Ileb.  Ch.  ' 
p3,  to  make  ready,  to  adapt,  prepare,  ' 
Pam.  to  create.    The  prim;trv      '.--■   i-    ■ 
thrust,  stretch  forward  ;  heri.  ■ 
accortling  to  its  connection  - 

1.  To  have  an  original  or  i;.  .  -  "  -  . , 
rise ;  to  commence. 

As  he  spake  by  tiw.  mouth  of  Wm  UiAjf  pm,'  ^-T^a 

since  thi;  u-orli|  be^an.  —  Lulbr  (■ 
Jiiitgrni^iil  imwi  begin  ai  tlie  hoiu-;  of  God.  —  I  Pn.  n. 
Prom  Nimrod  flm  Ih*"  tiTajje  nee  tefon.  Ptmt. 

And  tears  began  to  flow.  Dryicn. 

2.  To  do  the  first  act ;  lo  enter  upon  something 
new  ;  to  take  the  first  step ;  as,  begin,  my  muw. 

Begin  cvrry  t\:\y  lo  rrp^ni.  Taylor. 

When  I  begin,  I  will  altf  m^^x  ftii  end.  —  1  Sam.  H. 

BE-GIN',  V.  t.  To  do  the  first  act  of  any  thing;  to 
enter  on  ;  to  commeucc. 

Yc  nymph*  of  Solyma,  iegin  tin  aong.  Popa, 

Ami  Uii«  ihfy  6ff.ii  lodo.— Gen.  x\. 

9.  To  trace  from  any  thing,  as  the  first  ground ;  to 

lay  the  foundation. 

T!ie  aposll"  beshi*  our  Vnowlfdgr  in  tht  crealorw,  vhitH  l«di 
us  to  tlie  fctlos^■tc<!^e  of  Goil.  Locke. 

To  begin  mlh,  to  enter  upon  first ;  to  nse  or  emptriv 
first;  as,  to  begin  icith  the  Latin  grammar;  to  beg.ji 
bu.nness  with  a  small  capital. 

BE-GIX'NER,  H.  The  i)erson  who  begins;  he  that 
gives  an  original;  the  agent  who  is  the  cause;  an 
author. 

2.  One  who  first  enters  upon  any  art,  science,  or 
business;  one  who  is  in  his  rudiments:  a  young 
practitioner  ;  often  implving  want  of  expiiricnc". 

BE-GIN'XING,  ppr.  Fir^l  entering  npon  ;  commen- 
cing; giving  rise,  or  original :  taking  rise,  or  origin. 

BE-GIN'NING,  n.    The  first  cause  ;  origin. 

I  u»  the  fe^nninf  and  Oic  endin j.  —  R^t.  j. 

2.  That  which  is  first ;  the  first  state ;  commence- 
ment ;  entrance  into  being. 

In  Ih"  bcnrming,  God  cnratiM  the  hrAttn   and  the  «wth.— 
Gni.  i. 

3.  The  rudiments,  first  ground,  or  materials. 

Mighty  thiii^s  from  ■-•n.-UI  btginrlngt  gr^w.  Z>rjdrm. 

EE-GIN'NLVG-LESS,  n.     That  hath  no  beginning 

[.^  bad  word,  and  not  nsed.]  Barrow. 

BE-GIRD',  (Itegurd',)  v.  t. ;  prrf.  Begirt,  Beciwjed; 
pp.  Bkgirt.     [be  and  gird:  Sax.  brg^rdan.] 
1.  To  bind  witli  a  band  or  girdle. 
9.  to  shrround ;  to  inclose  ;  lo  encompas?. 

Begird  ill?  Almighty  ihrooc.  Mi::an. 

3.  To  besiege.  Garmdt^n. 

To  begirt,  used  by  B.  Jonson,  is  a  corrupt  orthog- 
raphy. 
BE-GtRD'ED,  \  vp.    Hound  with  a  girdle ;  surrounded ; 
BE-GIRT',       j '     inclosed  :  besieged. 
IJE-G!RD'ING,i'pr.    Binding  with  a  girdle  ;  surround- 
ing ;  bcsiesin^. 
BEG'LER-BEG,  n.    (See  Beg.]    The  gov 
province  in  the  Turkish  empire,  next  in 
the  grand  vizier.     Each  has  three  ensisi 
trimmed  with  a  horse  tail,  to  distingni.^:: 
a  pashaw,  who  ha^  two,  and  a  beg,  wl 
His  province  is  called  beglerbegtic 
BE-GLOOM',  r.  t.    To  make  gloomy  ;  to  darken. 

Badc*K^ 
BE-GXAW,  (be-naw',)  r.  (.    [Sax.  begnafaM ;  be  and 
gnaiP.) 

To  bite  or  gnaw ;  to  cat  away ;  to  corrode ;  to 
nibble.  S»aA. 

BE-GOD',  tj  L    Todeifv. 

BE-GO.VE',  (be-gnwn',)  Go  away;  depart.  These 
two  words  have  been  improperly  united.  S«  re- 
tains the  sense  of  a  verb,  and  goHt,  that  of  a  par- 

^'C'ple*  «  .     ... 

BE-GoR'-ED.  a.    \be  and  gorr.j    Besmeared  wiJi  gore, 

B&GOt'teX,!  /'i'-«'"»'='^"-  Procreated;  generated 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.— AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.— €  aa  K ;  G  as  J  ;  ?  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


Ill 


BEH 

fiB-GRAVE',  r.  L    To  deposit  in  the  grave ;  to  bur>'- 

.[JVot  used.] 

a.  To  eiiijrave.     [J^rvt  ujed.]  Qowfr. 

BB^GREASE',  r.  (.    \bc  and  -rretue.]    To  soil  or  daub 

with  sn-imo,  or  other  oily  mutter. 
BE-GRIMK',  c.  f.     [lie  and  j.'nHie.]    To  soil  with  dirt 

deep  iiiiprcri.-tfd,  t^u    tliai  Uie  natural  hue  can  nut 

i-asilv  b<-  ricuvcred.  Shak. 

BE-<;klM'Kl>,p/».     Dcfply  nodcd. 
BK-GKIM  Kit.  «.     One  who  berimes. 
BE-GKL'UGE',  (bt'-Krudj',)  c.  (,     [dee  Grudge  ]    To 

pnidi^f  ;  to  envy  the  posx-ssion  of. 
BE-GRLn)0'^D,  pp.     Hiivin«  excited  envy. 
BE-GRl.'DCINi:,  ppr.     Llnvving  Itiu  possession  of.         i 
BE-GUILE',  (be-Rlie',)  r.  (.  [be  and  ffuUf.]  To  delude ; 

to  deceive  ;  to  inipo:jc*  on  by  iirtificc  or  cmSi. 

The  Kipcitt  biguiitti  im-,  uiiJ  1  iltti  cnt.  ^Ciea.  iii. 

2.  To  elude  by  cralt- 

li\'ben  misery  coulil  beguiU  the  tyrsnt't  Mje.  SHak. 

3.  To  eUide  any  ihinu  disagreeable  by  amusement, 
or  other  means;  to  \asA  pU-a-iiugly  ;  to  anmsc ;  u:^, 
to  bciruilf  the  tedious  day  with  ■^Itep.  Shak. 

BK-GVlL'JCD,  pp.  Deluded;  tnipos.-d  on;  misled  by 
craft  ;  eluded  bv  titmtu^em  ;  juisscd  pleasingly. 

BE-GUILE'MEN'T,  n.     Act  of  beRuilmg  or  deceiving. 

BE-GUIL'ER,  n,  Ilo  or  that  which  beguiles  or  de- 
ceives. 

BE-GUIL'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Deluding;  deceiving  by 
craft ;  eluding  by  artifice  ;  amusing. 

BE-GUIL'I.VG-LY,  aJe.     la  u  nuuiner  to  deceive. 

BE-GUIL'TV,  r.  t.  To  render  guilty.  [jJ  barbarous 
irord.']  Siinderson. 

BjK-Gf//.V£',  (bi-geen',)  u.  One  of  an  order  of  females 
in  Flanders,  who.  without  having  taken  the  monastic 
vows,  are  united  for  the  purposes  of  devotion  and 
charity,  and  live  together  in  houses  called  bfiruina^eji. 
Tliere  were  also  similar  societies  of  males  called 
beghards^  and  sometimes  bcs^uins.     See  Begharo. 

Bk'GL'M,     i  :>.     In  the  East  InditSyXi  princess  or  lady 

Bk'GACJM,  S     of  high  rank.  Malcom. 

BE-GtiX',  pp.  of  Bi:';iN.    Commenced  ;  originated. 

BE-IIALF',  (bf--h.ir,)  n.  [This  word  i^  probably  a 
corruption.  If  composed  of  br  and  Aa^",  it  is  a  word 
of  modcni  origin  ;  but  I  take  it  to  be  the  Sax.  behtfty 
profit,  need,  or  convenience  ;  G.  behuf;  D.  behotf^ 
necessaries,  business;  behoeve^  bclialf;  Sw.  bdiqfi 
Dan.  behocy  need,  necessity,  sufficiency,  or  what  is 
required,  sustenance,  or  supptirt ;  from  the  verb  6c- 
Aootv,  bthbfra^  behiire^  to  need.  The  spelling  is 
tliereibre  corrupt ;  it  should  be  behof  or  bthoqf.  See 
Be  HOC  r.] 

1.  Favor;  advantage;  convenience;  profit;  sup- 
port ;  defense  ;  vindication  ;  X9,  the  advocate  pleads 
in  behalf  of  the  prisoner ;  the  patriot  sutlers  in  befialf 
of  his  country. 

2.  Part;  side;  noting  substitution,  or  the  act  of 
taking  the  part  of  another ;  a-*,  the  agent  appeared 
in  bfAal/afUiA  constituents,  and  entered  a  claim. 

BE-HAP'F£.V,  r.  i.  [be  and  happen.]     To  Iiappen  to. 

BE'H^VE',  V.  t.  [G.  ^ehaben ;  Sat.  gehabban^  and  bt- 
habban  ;  be  and  hace.] 

1.  To  restrain  ;  to  govern ;  to  subdue.  [T'Ae  Sax4m 
sense  qf  the  word.] 

He  did  behav«  lot  an^cr  ore  'Wax  tpeot  Shak, 

This  sense  is  obsolete.  Yet  it  often  seems  to  be 
implied  ;  for  to  bchai'c  onc*s  self,  is  really  to  govern 
one^s  ^clf ;  to  have  in  command. 

2.  To  carry  ;  to  conduct ;  used  with  the  reciprocal 
pronoun  ;  as,  he  bdtaves  himself  manfully.  But  the 
tendency  of  modern  usage  is  to  omit  the  pronoun  ; 
as,  he  behaves  well. 

BE-HaV*E',  r.  t.  To  act;  to  conduct;  genemlly  ap- 
plied to  manners,  or  to  conduct  in  any  particular 
business :  and  in  a  good  or  bad  sense.  Ho  behaves 
Wfll  or  ill. 

BE-HaV'KD,  pp.    Conducted. 

BE-Ha V'L\G,ppr.    Carrying;  conducting. 

BE-HAV'IOR,  (be-hav'yur,)  H.  [See  Bi:have.]  Man- 
ner of  behavmg,  whether  good  or  bad;  conduct; 
manners  :  carriage  of  one's  self,  with  respect  to  pro- 
priety or  morals  ;  deportment.  It  expresses  external 
appearance  or  action;  sometimes  in  a  particular 
character;  more  generally  in  the  common  duties  of  i 
life  ;  as,  our  future  destiny  depends  on  our  behavior 
in  this  life.  It  may  express  correct  or  good  manners, 
but  I  doubt  whether  it  ever  expresses  the  idea  of 
eleiranee  of  manners,  without  another  word  to  qual- 
ify it. 

To  be  upon  one's  behavior^  i«  to  be  in  a  state  of  trial, 
in  which  something  import:int  depends  on  propriety 
of  cnnducL  The  modern  phrase  is,ro  br,  or  to  be  put, 
upon  one^s  good  behavior.  Judges  hold  their  office 
during  good  behavior:  that  is,  during  tlic  integrity 
and  fidelity  of  their  official  conducL 

BE-HEAD',  (be-hed',)  v.  L  fie  and  head.]  To  cut  off 
the  head  ;  to  sever  the  head  from  the  body,  with  a  cut- 
ting instrument ;  appropriately  used  of  the  execution 
of  men  for  crimes. 

BE-IIEAD'ED,  (be-hed'ed,)  pp.  Having  the  head 
cut  off. 

BE  IIEAD'ING,  (bc-hed'ing,)ppr.  Severing  the  head 
from  the  body. 


BEH 

BE-HE.\D'iNGj  (be-hed'ing,)  n.  Tbo  act  of  nep-irat- 
ing  the  head  trom  tlie  body  hy  a  cutting  instrument ; 
decollation. 

BE-IIELD',  prft  und  pu.  of  B^huld,  which  nee. 

Bfi'HE-.MOTH,  n.  [Heb.  n>Dn3,  plural  of  nona,  n 
bea.Ht  or  bnite  ;  from  an  Arabic  verb,  which  signifies, 
to  shut,  to  lii>  hid,  to  be  dumb.    In  Etli.  dumb.] 

Authors  are  dividc<t  in  opinion  as  to  the  animal  In- 
tended in  Scripture  by  this  name;  t>ome  supposing 
It  to  be  an  ox,  others,  an  elephant ;  und  Uoclmrt 
labors  to  prove  It  the  hippopotamus,  or  river  horse. 
It  Heems  to  unite  some  ol  the  [teculiar  characteristics 
ut'  all ;  and  hence  some  coiinider  it  as  a  kind  of  tyfie 
or  representation  of  the  largest  land  antinaU,  under 
the  general  name  of  bchenvth,  which  is  a  plural,  de- 
noting, Iitemllyj  beasts.  K'lHu,  'i'he  original  word 
in  .\rutiic  signihes  a  brute  or  beast  in  general,  es- 
pt^rially  a  quadruped. 

Bk'HE.N,  \  u.    A  plant.    The  white  bchen  is  n  H|>ccles 

BEX,  >      of  Cucubaluri.  called  Swedish   Lychnis, 

BEK'EN,  )  or  gum  sepunuar,  alt^o  spailmg  poppy  and 
bladder  campion,  (Cucubntu^  behcn,  Linn. ;  Sitene  in- 
JlatUy  Decand.)  The  empalement  of  its  flower  resem- 
bles network,  and  its  leaves  have  somifWhat  of  the 
flavor  of  [was.  J-amily  of  Plants.     Knet/c. 

Tho  white  bphen  of  the  shops  i-j  the  root  of"  the 
Cfiitaurra  Behcn,  a  nali\ e  of  tJie  Levant ;  the  red 
behen  is  tlie  root  of  the  Statice  Limonium,  or  sea 
lavender.  Purr. 

BK-HEST',  n.     [be  and  Sax.  hase^  a  command;  Gcr. 
geheis^,  command,  from  heissen,  to  call,  tell,  or  com- 
mand.   See  Heat.] 
Conmiand  ;  precept ;  mandate. 

BE  HIGHT',  (behlte,)  c.  (.;  prcU  Bkhot.  [Sax.  6(i- 
ArtuH,  to  promise.] 

'J'o  promise  ;  to  intrust;  to  call  or  name  ;  to  com- 
mand ;  to  adjudge,  to  address ;  to  inform  ;  to  mean  ; 
to  reckon.  The  orthogniphy  is  corrupt ;  it  should  be 
behlte,     \  Obs.  ]  Spenser.     Chaucer. 

BE-IIL\D  ,  prrp.  rSax.  hehindan,  of  be  and  huidan,  be- 
hind ;  Golli.  hinJar,  beyond,  behind;  hiudar-letthun, 
to  pass,  pra'teriro  ;  Ger.  hinter.] 

1.  At  the  back  of  another;  as,  to  ride  behind  a 
horseman. 

2.  On  the  back  part,  at  any  distance ;  in  the  rear ; 
as,  to  w;Uk  behind  another. 

;j.  Remaining;  lert  after  the  departure  of  another, 
whether  by  removing  to  a  distance,  or  by  death  ;  as, 
a  man  leaves  his  servant  behind  him,  or  his  estate  ut 
his  decease. 

4.  Left  at  a  distiince,  in  progress  or  improvement ; 
as,  one  student  is  behind  another  in  mathematics. 

5.  Inferior  to  another  in  dignity  and  excellence. 

For  I  «'jppoae  I  wiu  not  a  whit  UfUtid  the  very  chicfot  apwtlca. 
—  2  Cor.  xi, 

fi.  On  the  side  opposite  the  front  or  nearest  part, 
or  opposite  to  that  which  fronts  a  person  ;  on  the 
other  side ;  as,  behind  a  bed  ;  behind  a  hill ;  behind  a 
house,  tree,  or  rock. 

Behind  the  back,  in  SeripturCy  signifies,  out  of  no- 
tice or  regard  ;  overlooked  ;  disregarded. 

Thi^y  cast  thy  Uwi  btJiind  their  Utckt.  — Neb.  zix.     It.  xxivib. 

BE-HIND',  adv.  \be  and  hind.]  Out  of  sight;  not 
produced  or  exhibited  to  view  ;  remaining;  as,  we 
know  not  what  evidence  is  behind. 

2.  Backward;  on  the  back  part;  as,  to  look 
behind. 

3.  Past,  in  the  progress  of  time. 
Forf^ttijig  thoM  thingi  wtilch  ore  bcldnd.  —  Ptiil.  III. 

4.  Future,  or  remaining  to  be  endured. 

Aad  fill  up  th;>t  ^vliich  U  fx-Tutid  of  Uic  affliction!  of  Chii«t  iu  mr 
flcib.  — C.l.  1. 

5.  Remaining  after  a  payment ;  unpaid;  as,  there 
is  a  large  sum  behind. 

G.  Remaining  after  the  departure  of;  as,  he  de- 
parted and  lift  us  behind. 
BE-HLND'II.WD,  (i.  [behind  and  Itand.]  In  arrear  ; 
in  an  exhausted  state;  in  a  state  in  which  rent  or 
profit  has  been  anticipated,  and  expenditures  precede 
the  receipt  of  funds  to  supply  them.  In  popular  use, 
a  state  of  poverty,  iu  u  hich  the  means  of  living  are 
not  adequate  to  llie  end.  AI-so,  in  a  slate  of  back- 
wardness, in  which  a  particular  business  has  been  de- 
layed beyond  the  proper  season  for  performing  it ;  as, 
he  is  behindhand  in  his  business. 

Behindhand  icith,  is  behind  in  progress  ;  not  upon 
equal  terms  in  forwardness ;  as,  to  be  behindhand 
with  the  fashionalile  world. 

This  word  is  really  an  adjective,  as  it  is  applied  to 
the  pcnon  rather  than  to  the  verb;  but  like  adrift^ 
aloft,  ashamed,  and  several  other  words,  never  pre- 
cedes the  noun.  Shakspeare's  "  behindhand  slack- 
ness," therefore,  according  to  present  usage,  is  not 
a  Icgitin-.ate  phrase. 
RE-HOLD',  r.  t. ;  prcU  and  pp.  Beheld.  [Sax.  be- 
healdan,  beheoldan,  gchealdany  gduddan,  from  hraliian, 
to  hold.  The  sense  is,  to  hold,  to  have  in  sight,  from 
straining,  reslniining.  In  Saxon,  the  verb  (Ugnifies 
not  only  to  look  or  see,  but  to  guard  ;  su  in  Latin, 
obserto,  from  scrco,  to  keep.  This  explication  leads 
ua  to  an  understanding  of  the  participle  beholden, 
which  retains  the  primitive  sense  of  the  verb,  bound. 


BEL 

obliged.  The  Germans  retain  the  original  sense  In 
behalten,  to  hold  or  keep  ;  as  the  Dutch  do  in  gehou- 
den,  held,  bound  ;  and  tlie  Danes  in  beholUcj  Ut  keep 
retain  ;  behold,  a  retreat,  refuge,  reservation.  Seo 
ObSEnvi:  and  Regard.] 

1.  To  fix  the  eyes  upon  ;  to  seo  with  attention ;  to 
observe  with  cure. 

lUhold  tli9  L\inbofGod,  wUicti  utkotti  nwoy  tho  ila  ottlioworM. 
—  John  1. 

3.  In  a  less  inUmive  sense,  to  look  upon  ;  to  see. 

When  ho  bthtld  llw  irrpr-at  ol  t>rew,  he  lived.  — Num.  iJiL 

BE-IIOLD',  r.  i.  To  look ;  to  direct  tho  eyes  to  an  ob- 
ject. 

Atul  I  bthtld,  ftiid  )o,  hi  the  inLUl  of  the  throop,  *.  Umh,  u  t| 
hA^I  If.-vn  il.^lii.  —  Rev.  V. 

2.  To  fix  the  attention  upon  an  object;  lo  attend ; 
to  direct  or  fix  the  mind. 

Bt\o!'i,  1  tLuiJ  nt  Oif  door  and  kuodc.  — lUr.  lit. 

This  word  is  much  used  in  this  manner^  for  excit- 
ing attention  or  ndminiiiun.  It  is  in  the  imperative 
mode,  expressing  conmiand  or  exhortation,  and  by 
no  means  a  mere  exctuinatioti. 
RE-1I0LD'A'\,  (be-hOld'n,)  pp.  or  n.  [The  participle 
of  Bkiiuld,  to  keep,  guard,  or  bind.     Se4'  Behold.] 

Obliged  ;  bound  in  latitude;  indebted. 

Litllo  on:  •WIS  Ulioldtn  to  your  love.  Shak. 

BE-liOLD'ER,  Ti.    One  who  beholds;  a  spectator;  one 

who  looks  upon  or  sees. 
BE-IIOLD'ING, /;;*r.    Filing  the  eyes  upon;  Itxiking 

on  ;  seeing. 

2.  Fixing  the  attention  ;  regarding  with  atten- 
tion. 

3.  II.     Obligation.     [JVot  used.]  Coreic. 

4.  Obliged,  [.i  mistaken  use  of  Vie  word  fur  Be- 
HoLDErt.j  ISacun  on  Lave. 

BE-HOLD'ING-NESS,  n.  'I'hc  state  of  being  obliged, 
^.^n  error,  and  not  in  use]  Donne.     Sidney. 

BL-HON'EY,  (-hun'y,)  v.  L    To  sweeten  with  lnuiey 

S/ierieuod. 

BE-IIOOF',  M.  [Sax.  behofan,  to  want,  to  be  neces- 
sary, to  be  expedient ;  hence,  to  be  a  duly  ;  D.  bclioe- 
Tcn,  to  need  ;  (Jer.  behuf,  behoof;  Dan.  behove,  to 
need,  to  lack  ;  behov,  need,  necessity,  sufficiency, 
maintenance,  that  is,  things  uecdetl}  Sw.  brhof^ 
need  ;  be/uifca,  to  need.] 

1.  Radically,  need,  necessity  ;  whence,  by  an  easy 
antilogy,  tiie  word  came  to  signify  that  which  sup- 
plies want.     Hence,  in  present  usage, 

2.  That  which  is  advantageous  ;  advantage  ;  prof 
it ;  benefit. 

No  mcaii  rvcomi^nic  it  hniig*  to  your  bthoof.  A/L'ton. 

BE-IIOOV'A-BLE,  a.    Needful ;  profitable. 
BEHOOVE',  (be-hoov',)  v.  t.     [Sax.  behofian^  lo  want, 

to  be  necessarj',  or  cxpedienL     Supra.] 
To  be  necessary  for^  to  be  fit  for  ;  to  be  meet  for, 

with  respect  to  necessity,  duty,  or  convenience. 

And  thiiH  it  behooved  Cluitl  to  sufTcr.  —  Luke  zxiv. 

It  may,  perhaps,  bo  used  intmnsitivcly ;  as,  lei 

him  behave  as  it  behoooeth ;  but  i  believe  such  use  is 

rare. 
BE  H00VE'FJ;L,  (be-hoov'fiil,)  a.    Needful ;  useful ; 

profitable  ;  advantageous. 
BE  IIOOVE'FSJL-LV,  (be-hoov'fti!-Iv,)  adv.     Uscftd- 

ly  ;  profitably.     [  Oij'.,  or  nearly  so.] 
BE-HOT',  Drc£.  of  Behight.     [Obs.] 
BE-HOVK',  and  its  derivatives.    See  Behoove. 
BE-IIO\VL',  r.  :.    [be  and  howL]    To  howl  at.     [JVot 

■used.]  Shak. 

Bk'ING,  ppr.    [Sec  Be.]    Existing  in  a  certain  slate. 

Mad,  being  in  honor,  iU)idcth  noL  —  Pi.  xUx. 

Bk'ING,  71.  Existence ;  as,  God  is  the  author  of  our 
being. 

Iu  God  vrc  live,  and  more,  and  bare  our  being.  ■.— Aeis  x*ii. 

2.  A  paiticular  state  or  condition.  [This  is  hardly 
a  different  ^ense.] 

3.  A  person  existing:  applied  to  the  human  race. 
•1.  An  inunaterial,  intelligent  existence,  or  spirit. 

Superior  btingt,  when  of  lau-  they  mw 

A  mortal  man  unfold  all  nalan*'*  law.  Poj'i. 

5.  An  animal ;  any  living  creature  ;  as,  aniinal-i  are 
Hucti  beings  as  are  endowed  with  sensation  and  spun- 
taneous  motion. 

BE  rr  so.    A  phrase  of  anticipation  — suppose  it  to  be 

so ;  or  of  permission  —  Ut  it  be  so.  Shali. 

DE-JADE',  V.  U     [be  and  jade.]    To  tire.    [A"-»f  iwerf.] 

MiUon. 
BE-JAPE',  V.  U    To  laugh  at ;  lo  deceive.     [J^'ot  u.scd,] 

Cfiaucer. 
B£-JES'l^-IT,  V.  L     To  initiate  in  Jesuitism. 

JUdton. 
BE-KISS',  V.  U   [be  and  kiss.]   To  kiss  or  salute.    [JVol 

in  use.]  Johnson. 

BE-KNXvE',  v.  L    [be  and  knave.]    To  call  knave. 

[Artt  i/*rrf.]  Pupc. 

BL-K.N'OW,  V.  r,     [be  and  kmow.]    To  acknowledge. 

[JVot  used.]  Chancer. 

BK-LA'BOR,  V.  t.     [Perhaps  from  6c  and  labor;  but  in 

RuPS.Au/ara  U  a  club.]    To  ply  diligently ,  to  beat 

soundly  ;  to  thump. 

A]:vx  betnloTt  there  a  harmlcas  ox.  Dry/dtn. 


Fate,  KAR,  fall,  what.  — MeTE,  prey.  — pine,  SURKNE,  bird.  — note,  dove,  move,  wolf,  BOpK  ■ 


iM 


BEL 

BE-LACE',  V.  t.    [be  and  lace.]     To  fasten,  as  with  a 
lace  or  cord. 
3.  To  beat;  to  whip. 
BE-LAC'£D.  a.     Adorned  with  lace.   Bcaum.  4'  Fletcfu 
BE-LAiM',  r.  t.     To  beat  or  bang.  TodtJ. 

BEL'A-MOl^K,  n.     [Fr.  6c/winio«r.J 

A  Kailant ;  a  consort.    [J^Tut  used.]  Spenser. 

BEL'A-MV,  71.     [Fr.  be^-ami.] 

A  good  friend  ;  an  intimate.   [Ja'ot  used.]     Spau^cr. 
BE-L.\TE',  p.  t,    [be  and  lute]    1o  retard  or  make  Ino 

late.    [jVot  tLscd.] 
BE-LAl^ED,  pp.  and  a.     [be  and  hfcd.]     lienightcd  ; 
abroad  late  at  night. 

2.  Too  late  for  the  hour  appointed  or  intended ; 
later  than  the  proper  time.  Burke. 

BE-LAT'ED-NEt^S,  n,     A  beinii  too  late.         J)IUtmi. 
BE-LaVE',  i'.  (.   [bcamilave.]   To  wash.    [J^ot  used.] 
BE-LAVV'GIVE,  v.  t.     To  give  a  law  to.     [Barbarous, 

and'not  used.]  Milton. 

BE-LaY',  v.  t.     [This  word  is  composed  of  be  and  lay, 
to  lay  to,  lav  by,  or  close.     See  Beleaguer.] 
1.  To  block  up,  or  obstruct  j  as,  to  belay  the  coast. 

Dryden,     Gower 
9.  To  place  in  ambush.  Spcnsci: 

3.  To  adorn,  surround,  or  cover.  Spenser. 

4.  In  seamanship^  to  fasten,  or  make  fast,  by  wind- 
ing a  rope  round  a  cleat,  kevil,  or  belaying-pin.  It  is 
chiefly  applied  to  the  running  rigging.     jMar.  Diet. 

BE-LaY'SD,  pp.     Obstructed  ;  ambushed  ;  made  fast. 
BELAY' ING,pf*r.    Blocking  up;  laying  an  ambush; 

iiiakini;  fast. 
BE-LAY'lNG-PtN,  T(.    A  strong  pin  in  the  side  of  a 

vessel,  or  by  the  mast,  round  which  ropes  are  wound, 

when  thev  are  fastened  or  belayed. 
BELCH,  v.'t     [Sax.  bcalcan,  to  belch,  that  is,  to  push 

out,  to  swell  or  heave  ;  belgan,  to  be  angry,  that  is, 

to  swell  with  passion  ;  Eng.  bulge,  bilge,  bulk  ,■  allied 

to  W.  bale,  prominent.] 

1.  To  throw  or  eject  wind  from  the  stomach  with 
Tiolence. 

2.  To  eject  violently  from  within  ;  as,  a  volcano 
belches  flames  and  lava  ;  to  belch  forVi  curses. 

BELCH,  r.  i.    To  eject  wind  from  llu^  stomach. 
2.  To  issue  out  with  eructation. 

BELCH,  n.    The  act  of  throwing  out  from  the  stom- 
ach, or  violently  from  within  ;  eructation. 
2.  A  cant  name  for  malt  liquor.  Damis. 

BELCH'M),  (belcht,)  pp.  Ejected  from  the  stomach 
or  from  a  hollow  place. 

BELCH'ING,  ;)/)r.  Ejecting  from  the  stomach  or  any 
deep,  hollow  place. 

BELCH'ING,  n.     Eructation.  Barret. 

BEL'DAM,  n.     [Fr.  belle,  fine,  handsome,  and  dame, 
lady.    It  seems  to  be  used  in  contempt,  or  as  a  cant 
term.] 
1.  An  old  woman.  Sliak. 

Spenser  seems  to  have  used  the  word  in  its  true 
sense  for  good  dame. 
'2.  A  ha;;.  Dn/den.     Shak. 

BE-LeA'GDER,  (be-!ee'ger,)  v.  t.  [Ger.  belagem, 
from  be,  by,  near,  and  lagent,  to  lay ;  D.  belegeren,  to 
besiege,  to  convene  ;  to  belay  ;  S>\y.  beUsgra,  to  be- 
siege ;  D^n.  beleire  :  Russ.  obiegayu.] 

To  besiege :  to  block  up  ;  to'surround  with  an  ar- 
my, so  as  to  preclude  escape.  Dryden, 

BE-LeA'GUER-£U,  pp.     Besieged. 

BE-LeA'GUER-ER,  n.    One  who  besieges.  Sherwood. 

BE-LEA'GUER-Ii\G,p;w.     Besieging;  blocking  up. 

BE-LeAVE',  v.  t,  [be  and  leave.]  To  leave.  [J^ot 
■used,]  Jiluy, 

BE-LEe'TUR-£D,  a.    Lectured. 

BE-LEE',  v.'e.  [be  and  lee.]  To  place  on  the  lee,  or 
in  a  position  unfavorable  to  the  wind.  Shak. 

BE-LEM'MTE,  n.  [Gr.  (Sc'Kenvoi',  a  dart,  or  arrow, 
from  ih\as,  from  the  root  of  (iaW'j),  pello,  to  throw.] 
Arrow-head,  or  finger-stone  ;  vulgarly  called  thun- 
der-bolt, or  thuiuler-stone.  A  generic  name  for  the 
organic  remains  of  extinct  fossil  bodies,  having  a 
straight,  tapering  shell.  They  belonged  to  animals 
of  the  class  Cephalopoda.  Dana. 

BE^LEP'ER,  V.  L     To  infect  with  leprosy.     Beaumont. 

BEL  ES'PRXT',(hel'es-pree',)n,;pl,  Beaux  Esprits, 
(boz'es-pree'.J  A  wit ;  a  fine  genius. 

BEL'FRY,  H.     [Fr.  belfroy:  barb.  L.  belfredus.] 

1.  Among  military  writers  of  the  middle  age,  a 
tower  erected  by  besiegers  to  overlook  the  place  be- 
sieged, in  which  sentinels  were  placed  to  watch  the 
avenues,  and  to  prevent  surprise  from  parties  of  the 
enemy,  or  to  give  notice  of  fires  by  ringing  a  bell. 

Encyc. 

2.  That  part  of  a  steeple,  or  other  budding,  in 
which  a  bell  is  hung,  and,  more  particularly,  the 
timber  work  which  sustains  it.  Encyc. 

BEL-GARD',  n.     [Fr.  bel  and  cgard,] 

A  soft  look  or  glance.     [JVo(  used.]  Spenser. 

BEL'GI-AN,  a.  [See  Belgic]  Belonging  to  Belgium 
or  the  .Netherlands 

BEL'GI-AN,  Ti.  A  native  of  Belgium  or  the  Low 
Countries. 

BEL'Gie,  a.  [L.  belgicus,  from  Belga;  the  inhabitants 
of  the  Netheriands  and  the  countrj-  bordering  on  the 
Rhine,  from  that  river  to  the  Seine  and  the  ocean. 
The  name  may  have  been  given  to  them  from  their 
bv^  or  large  stature ;   \V.  bale,  prominent,  proud, 


J5EL 

from  bal,  a  shooting  out ;  Eiig.  bulge:  Russ.  vrlUi, 
great.  See  Pomp.  Mela,  lib.  U.  M,  and  3.  5;  Tac. 
Agric. ;  Joseph,  de  Bell.  Jud.  2.  10;  lleiod.  lib,  G; 
Strabii,  lib.  4.  Owen  supposes  the  Welsh  name 
Bclgiiid  to  have  boon  ^'iven  them  from  their  burst- 
ing forth  and  ravaging  llritain  and  Ireland.  But  thry 
had  the  name  on  the  continent  before  their  irruptinn 
into  Britain.] 

Pertaining  to  the  Bclgte,  who,  in  Cesar's  time,  pos- 
sessed the  country  between  the  Rhine,  the  Seine, 
and  the  ocean.  They  were  of  Teutonic  origin,  and, 
anterior  to  Cesar's  invasion  of  Gaul  and  Britain,  col- 
onies of  them  had  established  themselves  in  the 
southern  part  of  Britain.  The  country  was  called 
Brlgira,  from  its  inhabitants,  who  dwelt  in  the  dis- 
trict around  the  town  of  Belgium,  now  called  Beau- 
vais.     See  CIuv.  Germ.  Ant.  2.  2. 

Belgic  is   now  applied  to  the  J^Tcthcr lands,  called, 
also,  Fltinders,  or  that   part  of  the  IjOW  Cuimlries 
which  formerly  belniiiied  tri  the  house  of  Austria. 
BE'LI-AL,  n.     [lleb.  hV'^^-] 

As  a  noun,  unprofitableness;  wickedness.  Hence, 
the  name  of  an  evil  spirit.  J\IHtnn. 

As  an  adjective,  worthless  ;  wicked.  Sons  of  Belial ; 
wicked  men.  Parhhur.^t, 

BE-LT'BEL,  v.  t.     [he  and  Uhcl,]     To  libel  or  traduce. 

Fuller. 
BE-LIE',   I',  t.     [be  and  lie.    Sax.  belecgan,  of  be  and 
Icogan,  to  lie,  lig,  or  lyg,  a  He;  D.  beliegcn^  G.  belu- 
gcH,  to  belie.    See  Lie.] 

1.  'J"o  give  the  lie  to  ;  to  show  to  be  false  ;  to  charge 
with  falsehood  ;  as,  the  heart  belies  the  tongue.  It  is 
rarely  used  of  declarations  ;  but  of  appearances  and 
facts  which  show  that  declarations,  or  certain  ap- 
pearances and  pretenses,  are  false  and  hypocritical. 
Hencp, 

2.  To  counterfeit;  to  mimic;  to  feign  resem- 
blance. 

With  dust,  with  hoi-s-s'  hoofs,  that  bent  llie  pruiiin!, 

And  miiniid  bntsi,  belie  tlii;  ihundn-r's  sounu.  Dnjden. 

3.  To  give  a  false  representation. 

Should  1  do  so,  I  should  betie  my  thoughts.  Shale. 

4.  To  tell  lies  concerning  ;  to  calumniate  by  false 
reports. 

Thou  dost  belie  him,  Percy.  Shak. 

5.  To  fiU  with  lies. 

Slander  dot!i  belie  all  corners  of  tlie  world.  Shak. 

BE-Ll'£D,  pp.  Falsely  represented,  either  by  word  or 
obvious  evidence  and  indication  ;  counterfeited  ; 
mimicked. 

BE-LIeF',  ".  [Sax.  geleaf,  leave,  license,  permission, 
consent,  assent,  btOief,  faith,  or  tmst ;  gcleafan,  ge- 
Icfan,  gdiefan,  gelyfan,  to  believe  ;  leofan,  to  leave 
and  to  live.  From  tlicse  words,  it  appears  that  be- 
liff  is  from  the  root  of  leave,  permission,  assent ;  Sax. 
leaf,  leave  and  belief;  L.  fdes;  leofa,  permission,  li- 
cense ;  written,  also,  Uf  and  lufa  ;  lyfan,  to  permit ; 
D.  geloof,  G.  glanbe,  belief,  credit,  faith;  gduoven, 
glauben,  to  believe  ;  Dan.  belove,  to  promise  ;  D.  oor- 
lof,  verlof,  leave,  permission  ;  G.  nrlaub,  leave,  fur- 
lough. The  primary  sense  of  believe,  is  to  throw  or  put 
to, 'or  to  assent  to  ;  to  leave  with  or  to  rest  on  ;  to  re- 
ly.    See  Leave  and  Live.] 

1.  A  persuasion  of  the  truth,  or  an  assent  of  mind 
to  the  truth  of  a  declaration,  proposition,  or  alleged 
fact,  on  the  ground  of  evidence,  distinct  from  person- 
al knowledge;  as,  tlie  6ey(i»/ of  the  gospel ,  belief  o(  a. 
witness.  Belief  may  also  be  founded  on  internal  im- 
pressions, or  arguments  and  reasons  furnished  by  our 
own  minds  ;  as,  the  belief  of  our  senses:  a  train  of 
reasoning  may  result  in  belief.  Belief  is  0])posed  to 
Imowlc-dge  and  science. 

2.  In  theology^  faith,  or  a  firm  persuasion  of  the 
truths  of  religion. 

No  man  can   niLiin    [to]   belief  by  the  hare   coutemplation  of 
heaven  and  i;iirtli.  [looker. 

3.  Religion  ;  the  body  of  tenets  held  by  the  pro- 
fessors of  the  faitii. 

In  ihf  h'."ai  of  pcrs-'ciitioii,  to  which  Cbrisliiui  belief  was  suhj-'Ct 
upon  its  firai  promulg-alion.  Hooker. 

4.  In  some  cases,  the  word  is  used  for  persuasion 
or  opinion,  when  the  evidence  is  not  so  clear  as  in 
leave  no  doubt  i  but  tlie  shades  of  streniith  in  opin- 
ion can  hardly  he  defined,  or  exemplified.  Hence 
the  use  of  qualifying  words;  as,  a  firm,  full,  or 
strong  belief, 

5.  The  thing  believed  ;  the  object  of  belief. 

Suptrsiitiuns  propfiecies  are  the  belief  of  fools.  Bacon. 

6.  A  creed  ;  a  form  or  summarj'  of  articles  of  faith. 
In  this  sense,  we  generally  use  creed. 

BE-LIeV'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  believed  ;  credible. 

Sherwood. 

BE-LIeVE',  v.  t.  To  credit  upon  the  authority  or 
testimony  of  anollier  ;  to  be  persuaded  of  the  truth  of 
something  upon  the  declaration  of  another,  or  upon 
evidence  furnished  by  reasons,  arguments,  and  de- 
ductions of  the  mind,  or  by  other  circumstances  than 
personal  knowledge.  When  we  believe  upon  tlie  au- 
thority of  another,  wc  always  put  confidence  in  his 
veracity.  When  we  beltcve  upon  the  authority  of 
reasoning,  arguments,  or  a  concurrence  of  facts  and 
circumstances,  we  rest  our  conclusions  upon  their 


BEL  I 

Htrcn(,th  or  probability,  Ilieir  agreement  with  our  own 
experience,  4cc. 
2.  To  expect  or  hope  with  confidence ;  lo  Inirt. 

1  hoil  fniut/^l,  iin]fm  I  hid  helirced  to  tf^  the  i^rKidorsof  u<t 
l.onl  in  iIm;  UnU  of  ih^  hvijig,  —  p«,  inrii. 

BE-LIeV'E',  v.  i.  To  have  a  firm  pcrsaaHlon  of  any 
thing.  In  some  cases,  to  have  a  full  pcrsuajiion,  ap- 
proaching to  certainty  ;  in  olhen,  more  doubt  U  im- 
plied. It  is  often  followed  by  in  or  on,  especially  in 
the  Scriptures.  To  believe  in,  in  to  hold  a»  the  objen 
of  faith.  "  Ye  believe  in  God,  beliete  aLso  m  me." 
John  xiv.  To  believe  on,  is  lo  truirt,  to  place  full  con- 
fidence in,  to  rest  upon  with  faith.  "To  them  gave 
he  power  to  become  the  sons  of  Gwl,  even  lo  them 
that  believe  on  his  name."  John  i.  Johnsan.  But 
there  is  no  ground  for  much  diotinction. 

in  tJte4)logy,  to  believe  Bometimf^  expreHseii  arw-rf 
assent  of  the  understanding  lo  the  truths  of  th'-  ^■■ 
pel,  as  in  the  case  of  Simon.  Acu  viii.  In  <'.fj  -  . 
the  word  implies,  with  this  assent  of  the  mind,  .i 
yieldingof  the  will  and  afrectlons,  accompanied  with 
a  humble  reliance  on  Christ  for  salvation.  John  i. 
1-X  iii.  15. 

In  pttpular  use  and  familiar  discourse,  to  believe  of- 
ten expresses  an  opinion  in  a  vague  manner,  without 
a  very  exact  estimate  of  evidence,  noting  a  mere  pre- 
ponderance of  opinion,  and  is  nearly  equivalent  to 
tlunke.e  suppose. 

BE-LIeV'/JI),  pp.    Credited ;  assented  to,  as  true. 

BE-LIeV'EU,  71.  One  who  believes  ;  one  who  gives 
credit  lo  oliier  evidence  ihan  thai  of  personal  knowl- 
edge. 

2.  In  theology,  one  who  gives  credit  to  the  truth  of 
the  Scriptures,  as  a  revelation  from  Gud.  In  a  more 
restricted  ssense,  a  professor  of  Christianity  ;  one  who 
receives  the  gospel,  as  unfolding  the  irue  way  of  sal- 
vation, and  Christ  as  his  Savior. 

In  Uie  primitive  church,  those  who  had  been  in- 
structed in  the  tniths  of  the  gospel  and  baptized, 
were  called  believers;  in  distinction  from  the  mU- 
chumeiis,  who  were  under  insiniction,  as  preparato- 
ry to  baptism  and  admission  lo  church  privileges. 
_  Elncyc 

BE-L1eV'ING,  vpr.  or  a.  Giving  credit  to  testimony 
or  to  other  evinence  than  personal  knowledge. 

BE-LIkV'ING-LY,  aJv,    In  a  beUeving  manner. 

BE-LIKE',  adv.  [be  and  like.]  Probably  ;  likely  ;  per- 
haps. But  perhaps  from  be  and  the  Dan.  lykke,  luck. 
Bv  luck  or  chance. 

BE-LTKE'LV,  (w/y.    Probably.     [J^at  tised.]        HaU. 

BE-LIME',  V,  t.     To  besmear  with  lime.      Bp,  Hall. 

BE-LIT'TLE,  v.  t.  To  make  smaller ;  to  lower  in 
character.    [Rare  in  America,  not  used  in  England.] 

Je^rrsoH, 

BE-LIVE', ado.  [See Live.]  Speedily ;  quick W.  [ 06^.] 

Sf-enser. 

BELL,  TI.  [Sax.  bell,  bella,  belle,  so  named  from  its 
sound  ;  Sax.  bellan,  to  bawl  or  bellow  ;  W.  ballav  ;  G. 
bellen  ;  D.  id. ;  cohiclding  with  iJaX\(o  and  pello.  See 
Peal.] 

1.  .\  vessel  or  hollow  body  used  for  making  sounds. 
Its  constituent  parts  are  a  barrel  or  hollow  body,  en- 
larged or  expanded  at  one  end,  an  ear  or  cannon  by 
which  it  is  hung  to  a  beam,  and  a  clapper  on  the  in- 
side.    It  is  fiirmed  of  a  composition  of  melals.     Bells 
are  of  high  antiquity.    The  blue  tunic  of  the  Jewish 
hich  priest  was  adorned  with  golden  Islls  ;  and  the   | 
kings  of  Persia  are  said  to  have  the  hem  of  their  r^be    i 
adorned   u  ith  them   in  like  manner.    Amons  Uie   I 
Greeks,   those  who   went    the   nightly   rounds    in   I 
camps  or   garrisons,  used   to  ring  a  bell,  at  each   I 
sentinel-box,  to  see   thai   the   soldier  on   duty  was 
awake.     Bells  were  also  put  on  the  necks  of  crim* 
inals,  to  warn  persons  lo  move  out  of  the  way  of  so 
ill  ail  omen  as  the  sight  of  a  criminal  or  his  execu- 
tioner ;  also,  on  the  necks  of  beasts  and  birds,  and 
in  iiouses.     In  churches  and  oilier  public  buildingit,   ' 
bells  are  now  used  to  notify  the  time  of  meeting  u(   i 
any  congregation  or  other  assembly.  /><:yf- 

in  |)vivate  houses,  iriZ^  are  used  lo  call  ser^'anls, 
either  hung  and  moved  by  a  wire,  or  as  hand-bells. 
Small  belts  are  also  used  in  electrical  experiments, 

y.  A  hollow  body  of  metal,  perforat.^d,  and  con-    :. 
taiuing  a  solid   ball,  to  give  sounds  when  shaken; 
used  on  animals,  as  on  horses  or  hawks.  '  | 

3.  .\ny  thing  in  form  of  a  bell,  as  Ihe  cup  or  calyx 
of  a  dower.  I 

To  bear  the  bell^  is  to  be  the  first  or  leader,  in  allu- 
sion to  the  bell-wether  of  a  flock,  or  Uie  leading 
horse  of  a  team  or  drove,  tliat  wears  bells  on  his  collar.   1 1 

To  shake  Uie  bells,  a  phrase  of  Shaksi>eare,  signifies   1 1 
lo  move,  give  notice,  or  alarm. 

To  curse  by  bell,  book,  and  eandU,  was  lo  read  the 
execration  in  English,  with  tlie  ringing  of  bells,  and 
candles  lighted,  to  inspire  the  greater  dnnd. 
BELL,  r.  t.  To  bell  the  eat,  to  encounter  and  cripple 
one  of  a  greatlv  superior  force.  The  phrase  is  de- 
rived from  the 'fable  of  the  mice  resolving  to  pul  a 
bell  on  the  cat,  to  guard  tliem  against  his  attack. 

BELL,  r.  u    To  grow  in  the  form  of  bolls,  as  buds  or 

dowers.  ,     ,  V.    ..  „ 

BELL'-F.'VSH-ION-i;!),  a.    Having  the  form  of  a  boll. 

Mortimtr 


TONE,  BULL,  liXITE.  — AN"GER,  VF'CIOUS.  — €  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


15 


113 


BEL 

BELL'-FLOW-ER,  n.  [beti  and  flower.]  A  name 
romiiiun  to  dilltrmi  sjucies  of  pUuits  of  the  genu* 
Campanulu ;  ko  nnnu-d  frum  the  aliape  of  tlio  corol 
or  flower,  wliirli  rrsvinbles  a  bell. 

nELL'-FOL".\I>  EK,  «.  [bfll  and  founder.]  A  man 
whfwi"  ocrn|>:iiiun  i"  to  found  or  ciist  bt'l!-*. 

nKLl/-F(Jt'M)'ERY,  i  n.  A  plact?  where  bolls  ore 

UELL'-FOUNU'KY,      (     founded  or  caat. 

BELL'-MAN,  n.  [bell  and  num.]  A  man  who  rinCf* 
a  bell,  especially  to  give  notice  of  any  thing  in  Uiv 
Bt  reels. 

BELL'-.MET-^L,  (-mel'l,)  n.  [bell  and  metaJ.)  A 
mixture  of  copper  and  tin,  in  the  proptmlon  of  from 
thrre  lu  tlvc  parts  of  cop|ier  to  one  of  tin,  and  usu- 
ally a  («mull  [Minion  of  bnitts  or  zinc  ;  u»>ed  for  niak- 
in'j  bells.  Knciic.  Am. 

BELIi'-PEP-PER,  «.  [hell  and  pepprr.]  Anainr  of 
n  species  of  Cap^tirnm,  nr  Guinea  pi>|>pcr.  'J'hlx  is 
the  red  pepper  of  the  fi;:irden8,  and  most  pro|Hrr  for 
picklinz.  Kncye. 

BELL'-l'IJLL,  Ti.    A  bell-cord, 

UELL'-KING-ER,  n.  One  wlio^o  business  is  to  ring 
a  church  or  oiher  hell. 

BEI,I/-S1L\P-£I),  (bell'fihiipt,)  a.  [bell  and  thaped.] 
Ilavins  the  form  of  a  bell. 

In  biitamj^  cnnijHinulate  ;  swelling  out,  without  a 
tube  at  the  base,  as  a  inonoiielalousi  corol.  J^Iartm. 

DELL'-WETH-ER,  u.  [bill  and  vsrther.]  A  wether 
or  ahcep  which  lends  tlie  iloctt,  with  a  bell  wx  hid 
neck. 

BET. !<'- WORT,  n.  A  name  common  to  different  spo- 
cic-t  of  plants  of  the  genus  Uvularia.     JMuhlenberg. 

BEULA-no.V'NA,  fi.  A  plant,  \\w  Atrupa  bellaiUmua^ 
Linn.,  or  deadly  ni^rht.-^hade.  Lee. 

BEL  La"1'RIX,  ii.  [I^]  A  niddy,  gliiterinq  KUir  of 
the  second  niapiilnde,  in  the  lefl  shoulder  of  Orion  ; 
MO  namvd  from  its  imagined  influence  in  exciting  war. 

BELLE,  (bel,)  n.  [ Fr.,  from  L.  brlla.t.  It.  hello,  Sp.  bello^ 
liandsonio^  fine,  whence  to  embelli-th;  allied  perhaps 
to  Russ.  biel^  while.] 

A  gay  young  liidy.  \w  popular  use y  a  lady  of  superior 
beauty  and  murh  adniiren. 

BELL'i:D,  (Im-KI,)  a.     Hung  with  bells. 

BELLES-LE'l"'i*RES,  (bel-let'tcr,)  t».  pi     [Ft.] 

Polite  literature ;  a  word  of  very  vague  significa- 
tion. It  includes  poetry  and  oratory  -y  but  authors 
are  not  acreed  to  what  particular  branches  of  learn- 
inu  the  term  should  be  restricted.  Eiiaje. 

BF.LL'I-m>.\E,  ».     [Fr.  bclh  ri  bonne.] 

A  woman  excclhng  both  in  beauty  and  goodness. 
[Aw/  ni  u.te.]  Speiiarr. 

BEL'LI-KIi,  (helMid,)  pp.  or  a.  In  composition, 
swelled  nr  prominent,  like  the  belly. 

In  b'ltanu,  ventricose  ;  swelling  out  the  middle,  as 
a  monup4-ialous  corol.  Jilartijn. 

BEL-LlOl'ER-A  TE,  r.  i.     To  make  war,     Cockeram. 

BF.I^Lia'ER-E.NT,  a.  [L.  btlii<rer,  warlike  ;  belligero, 
to  wage  war;  from  bcMiiniy  war,  and  geroj  to  wage; 
pari,  ftrensy  nrrrnti^f  waging.  Gr.  jr.iAe^cJS,  war; 
\V.  hfl,  war,  liinmlt ;  ftr/a,  to  war,  to  Avran;,'le.j 

Waging  war ;  carrying  on  war ;  as,  n  heUigerent 
niLtion. 

BKI*-L10'ER-ENT,  n.  A  nation,  power,  or  stale,  car- 
ry inc  on  war. 

BEI^LIO'ER-OUS,  a.     The  same  as  Bei-lioebemt. 

BELL'ING,  «.  [Sax.  bellaii,  to  bellow.]  The  noise 
of  a  roo  in  rutting  time  ;  o  huntsinan^s  ttrm.     Vict. 

3.  a.  Growing  or  Ibrming  like  a  biill ;  growing  full 
and  riiw  ;  used  of  hops  ;  from  bcU.  Ask. 

BEL-LI  P'0-TEi\T,fl.    [L.  bcUuniy  war,  and  potens, 
powerful,  biUipotcn.".] 
Pnwert'ul  or  mighty  in  war.    {Little  used.]    Did. 

BRL-LiaUK',  (beMeek',)  a.  [Old  Fr.]  Warlike. 
[JSTot  iLte'L]  Fdtluim. 

BRL'LI-TUDE,  71.  [L.  bellitudo.]  Beauty  of  person. 
[0A.T.1  Coekeram. 

BELL' LESS,  a.    Having  no  bell.  Scott, 

BEL'LON,  n.  A  disea.ie,  attended  with  languor  and 
intolerible  griping  of  the  bowels,  conuuon  in  places 
where  lead  ore  is  smelted.  Encyc. 

A  name  given  to  the  lead  colic  in  Derbyshire. 

Quinetf. 

BEU-Lo'.\A.  n.     [from  I^  bcUunij  war.] 

The  codaess  ol  war.  Ant.  .Mythol. 

BF.L'LOW,  r.  i.  [Sax.  bultrian,  bylgcan;  \\\  ballaw; 
L.  balo ;  D.  bulkem ;  Sw.  bSta ;  Sax.  bcUan,  to  bawl. 
See  Bawl.] 

1.  To  make  a  hollow,  loud  noise,  as  a  bull ;  lo 
make  a  loud  outcr>' ;  to  roar.  In  conumpty  to  vo- 
ciferate or  clamor. 

a.  To  roar,  as  the  sea  in  a  tempest,  or  as  the  wind 
when  violent ;  to  make  a  loud,  hollow,  continued 
sound.  Dnjdem. 

BEL'LoW,  n.    A  loud  outcry  ;  roar. 

liKL'LoW-ER,  n.    One  who  bellows. 

IlEI/LoW-I.NG,  ppr.  or  a.  Making  a  loud,  hollow 
sounrl,  as  a  bull,  or  as  the  roaring  of  billows. 

BEL'L0W-L\'G,7t.  A  loud,  hollow  sound  or  roar,likc 
that  of  a  bull.  Herbert. 

IIEL'LOWS,  n.  sing,  and  pi  [Sax.  bUig  or  btjU^y 
bellows  ;  and  bUig,  btjlg,  a  blown  bladder,  a  bottle  ; 
Goth.  bal<rs,  bijl;r,  byl<^a,  a  mail  or  biii!;:t-l ;  L.  bul-ra  ; 
It.  builg,  bolgy  a  bellows  ;  Ger.  baig,  a  skin  ;  blasebaltr^ 
a  bellows,  that  is,  a  b!ow-skin  ;  D.  biaiubalg ;  S\v. 


BEL 

bIHabatgi  Dan.  blasebelg.  See  Blaze.  The  word  Is 
pn>periy  in  the  ningular  number,  Gotii.  balg.f,  but  is 
used  oIko  in  the  pIur:J.  It  i«eems  lobe  Ww  siuue  word 
an  the  L./iiWL*,and  probably  from  shooting  out,  swell- 
ing, or  driving.    W.  bal.] 

An  In.^tniinent,  utensil,  or  machine  for  blowing 
fin',eilher  In  private  dwellings  or  in  forges,  Hirnaces. 
and  shop^.  It  is  so  fonned  ns,  by  beinu  dihiied  nnd 
coninicled,to  Inhale  air  by  an  oriflce  which  is  opened 
and  clo!4ed  with  a  valve,  and  to  propel  it  tliruugh  a 
tubf  ui«>n    lie  fire. 

BEL'LOW.^-FIHII,  H.    The  trumpet-fish,  about  four 
inches  lone,  with  a  long  snout ;  whence  its  name. 
Diet.  nfjVat.  JlisL 

BEL'LU-INE,  a.     [h.  brUuinus,  from  ifHu«,  a  beast.] 
Beastly  ;    pertaining  to  or  like  a  bea.-)t ;  brutal. 
[^LitlJr  used.]  Atlerbunj. 

BEL'LY,  TI.  [Ir.  bolg^  the  belly^  a  bag,  pouch,  budget, 
blister,  bellows  ;  W.  bottj,  the  belly,  whenrn  boUaw, 
to  belly,  to  c'rge  ;  Arm.  ioc/cu,  bowels.  'J'ho  prima- 
ry sense  is  ^'.veiled,  or  a  swell.] 

1.  That  TKtrt  of  the  human  Iwdy  which  extends 
anteriorly  from  the  breast  to  the  thighs,  and  also  the 
cavity  eitemlin!:  from  th»r  diaphragm  lo  the  pelvis, 
containing  the  bowels ;  the  latter  is  calle<l  al^o  the 
abdvmsiiy  or  lowrr  bcUy^  lo  distinguish  it  from  the 
head  and  breast,  which  are  somelimes  called  bellies, 
from  their  cavity.  Q,uinetj. 

S.  The  part  of  a  beast  corresponding  to  the  human 

3.  The  womb.    Jer.  i.  5.  [belly. 

4.  The  receptacle  of  food ,  that  which  requires 
food,  in  opposition  lo  the  hack. 

Whoic£^utheIrft«%.  — Ptul.  ill. 

5.  The  part  of  any  thing  which  resembles  the 
human  belly  in  protubemnce  or  cavity,  as  of  a  harj' 
nr  a  bottle. 

C.  Any  hollow  inclosed  place  ;  as,  the  belly  of  hell, 
in  Janah. 

7.  In  Scripture,  bellij  is  used  for  the  heart  Prov. 
xviii.  8.  XX.  :)().  Johnvii.  3d.  Carnal  lusts,  sensual 
pleasures.  Rom.  xvi.  18.  Pliil.  iii.  19.  'J'he  whole 
man.     Til.  i.  12.  Brown.     Cruden. 

IJI-Mi'LV,  V.  t.     To  fill  i  to  swell  out.  Sfiak. 

BEL'LY,  V.  i.  To  swell  and  become  protuberant,  like 
the  belly  ;  as,  bellying  goblet.^  ;  bellying  canvas. 

Dryden.     Philips. 
S.  To  strut.  Bailey. 

BEL'LY-ACHE,  n.     [belly  nnd  tube.]    Pain  in  tho 

bowels;   the  colic.    \Fal'sar.] 
BKL'LY-AeilE  IIJ^SII  or  WEED,  ?i.    A  species  of 

Jatropha. 
BEL'LY-ILWI),   TT.     A   band   that  encompasses  thr; 
belly  of  a  horse  and  fastens  the  saddle;  a  girth. 

SIt.rwond. 
BRL'LY-BOUND,  a.     Diseased  in  the  belly,  so  as  to 

be  costive,  and  shrunk  in  the  bi  lly.  .Minson. 

BEL'LY-CHEER,  ».    Good  cheer.     [Ay(  lu^icd.] 

Chaucer, 
BEL'LY-FRET-TING,  ;i.    The  chafing  of  a  horse's 
belly  with  a  fore  gin. 

2.  A  violent  pain  in  a  horse's  belly,  caused  by 
worms.  Did. 

BEL'LY-FyL,  v.  [beUy  and  fidl.]  As  much  as  fills 
the  belly,  or  satisfies  the  appetite.  In  familiar  and 
ludicrous  language,  a  great  abimdance ;  more  than 
enough.     [  Fulgar.J  Johiumt. 

BEL'LV-GOD,  71.  [belly  and  god.]  A  glutton;  one 
who  makes  a  god  of  his  belly  ;  that  is,  whose  great 
business  or  pleasure  is  to  gratify  his  apptiiie. 

BEL'LY-lNG,p7»r.  or  a.  Enlarging  capacity;  swell- 
ing out,  like  the  hellv. 

BEL'LY-PlNCH-iO),'  (-pincht,)  a.  [See  Pinch.] 
Starved  ;  pinched  witli  hunger  SItak. 

EEL'LY-RoLL,  n.  [See  Roll.]  A  roller  protuber- 
ant in  the  middle,  to  roll  land  between  ridges,  or  in 
h(dlows.  Mortimer. 

BEL'LY-SLaVE,  71.    A  slave  to  the  appetite. 

HomUy. 

BEL'LY-TIM'BER,  n.  [See  Timber.]  Food  ;  that 
which  supports  the  belly.    [Vulgar.'^ 

Prior.     Hudibras. 

BEL'LY-W^ORM,  71.  [See  Worm.]  A  worm  that 
breeds  in  the  belly  or  stomach.  Johnson. 

BE-LOCK',  v.  l      rSax.  bclucan,  from    loc,  a  lock, 
with  be.] 
To  locK,  or  fasten,  as  with  a  lock.  SIm!;. 

BEL'0-MAiN-CY,  7j.  [Gr,  tfcXos,  an  arrow,  and 
pavTcia,  divination.] 

A  kind  of  divination  practiced  by  the  ancient 
Scythians,  Ba1>ylcmians,  and  other  nations,  and  by 
the  .'Vmbians.  A  number  of  arrows,  being  marked, 
were  put  into  a  bag  or  quiver,  and  drawn  out  at 
random  ;  and  the  marks  or  words  on  the  arrow 
drawn,  determined  what  was  to  happen.  S;'e  E/.ck. 
xxi.  21.  Eiieyc. 

BEL'O-NE,  71.    [Gr.  /JcXuvr,,  a  needle,] 

A  name  given  by  Cuvier  lo  the  gar,  garfish,  or  sea- 
needle,  a  species  of  Esox.  It  grow^  to  the  length  of 
two  or  three  feel,  wilh  long,  pointed  jaws,  the  edges 
of  which  aro  armed  with  small  teeth. 

BE-LO.\G',  V.  i.  [D.  belangcn,  to  concern,  belong, 
concern,  interest,  importance,  of  be  and  long;  Ger. 
bdangtm,  to  attain  to,  or  come  to  ;  anlangenyUt  arrive, 


BEL 

to  come  to,  to  concern,  to  touch  or  belong ;  Dan. 
fln/flfijt/f ,  lo  arrive  at,  to  belong.  In  Sax.  eehngian  is 
to  call  or  hrint;.  'Fhe  radical  sense  of  long  is  to 
extend  or  draw  out,  and  with  be  or  an,  it  ^i^'uifies  to 
e-xtend  fo,  to  reach.] 

1.  To  be  the  projRTty  of;  as,  a  field  belongs  to 
Richard  Roe  ;  Jnmaicn  belongs  to  Grt>at  Britain. 

2.  To  be  the  concern  or  pioper  business  of;  to  ap- 
pertain ;  as,  it  belongs  to  John  Doc  to  prove  his  title. 

3.  To  be  appendant  to. 

U-;  wpiU  liito  A  dei'tt  phw  helonging  to  Sfliuftid:!.  —  Lul»  Ix. 

4.  To  be  a  part  of,  or  connected  with,  though  de- 
tached in  place  ;  us,  a  beam  or  nifler  belon^'s  lo  such 
a  friiinc,  or  to  siirh  a  place  in  tho  building. 

t).  To  have  relation  to. 

Aiiii  David  BaiLl,  Tu  wUombtlongtitlbmii  —  1  Sahi.  xxk. 

6.  Tu  bo  tho  quality  or  attribute  of. 

To  thf  Lionl  our  God  belong  na-rck-a  auil  forgiveneu.  —  DiXit,  \t. 

7.  To  be  suitable  for. 

Htrurif  iit^at  Uion^tA  lo  llK'm  of  full  igc.  — H«b.  r. 

8.  To  relate  to,  or  be  referred  to. 

Ilfl  coTt-tJi  for  Uitni;i  Uutt  belong  lo  tbfl  Lord.  —  1  Cor.  vU, 

9.  To  have  a  legal  residence,  settlement,  or  inhab- 
itancy, whether  by  birth  or  operation  of  law,  ho  n-t 
lo  be  entitled  to  maintenance  by  the  parish  or  town. 

C-ut^nU  nUo  an:  kuJciJ  In  Uk-  [^arlfbeii  la  witldt   Utn  nH>ili>  n 
belong,  Blackatuite. 

Hence, 

10.  To  be  the  native  of;  to  hove  original  residence. 

Tticru  ii  no  otticr  cou:ury  in  ibc  world  to  which  tlip  Glrwlcs  coiild 
belong.  CrtUman,  Pnf.  1.:. 

11.  In  common  tangttage,  to  have  a  settled  resi- 
dence; to  be  doiuiciliateo. 

BE-LONG'I\G, />/'r.  Pertaining;  appertaining;  be- 
ing lh(^  [iroperty  of;  being  a  quality  of;  being  the 
concern  of;  being  appendant  to  ;  being  a  native  of, 
or  having  a  legal  or  permanent  settlement  in. 

Bl'^LONG'ING,  71.     A  qualilv.     [.Yot  in  iwi.]    Shaf:. 

BE-LOVK'   r.  (.     To  love.     [Obs.]  Todd. 

BE-LOV'ED,  (he-luvd'   as  a  participle,  be-luv'ed  as 
an   adjective,}  pp.  or  a.     [be  and  loved,  from  lore. 
Belooe,  as  a  verb,  is  not  used.] 
Loved  ;  greatly  loved  ;  dear  to  tlio  heart.     Paul 

BE-LOW,  prep,  [be  and  low.]  Under  in  place  ;  be- 
neath ;  not  so  high ;  as,  beloio  the  moon ;  below  tlie 
knee. 

2.  Inferior  in  rank,  excellence,  or  dignity.  Felian. 

3.  Unworthy  of;  unbefitting.  Dntden. 
BE-LOW,  adr.    In  a  lower  place,  with  respi-ct'to  any 

object ;  as,  the  heavens  above  and  the  earth  beloie. 

2.  On  the  earth,  as  opposed  to  the  heavens. 

'I'll''  fiircirt  cliilil  of  Jove  below.  Prior. 

3.  In  hell,  or  the  regions  of  the  dead  ;  as,  the 
realms  below.  Drydcji. 

■].  In  a  court  of  inferior  jurisdiction ;  as,  at  the 
trial  below.  Wheuton. 

BE  l*OWT',  r.  L     [See  Lowt.]    To  treat  with  con- 

t»;mptuous  language.     fJVbt  in -use.]  t'ttmdcn. 

BEL'SWAG-GER,  n,    A  lewd  man ;  a  bully. 

Dn/dcn. 
BELT,n.    [.'^ax.iert;  8w. bdlt;  Dan.btrlte;  l..balteui; 
Qu.  Ir.  bait,  a  wcU.    Class  Bl.] 

1.  A  girdle,  band,  or  circlet;  as,  a  lady's  belt,  a 
sword  bflt,  a  belt  of  trees. 

2.  A  term  applied  to  two  narrow  passages  or  straits 
in  the  Baltic.  The  Great  Belt  is  the  passage  b'.'tweeu 
the  Isle  of  Zealand  and  that  of  Funen,  at  the  en- 
trance ot  the  Baltic.  The  Lrsscr  Belt  is  the  pass:igti 
between  the  Isle  of  Funen  and  the  coast  of  Jutland. 

3.  A  bandage  or  band  used  by  surgeons  for  various 
purposes. 

4.  In  astronomy,  certain  girdles  or  zones  which  sur- 
round the  planet  Jupiter  are  called  belts. 

5.  A  disease  among  sheep,  cured  by  cutting  olTtbe 
tail,  laying  the  sore  bare,  then  casting  mohl  on  it, 
and  applying  tor  and  goose-grease.  Kncye. 

BEL'r.  r>.  i.     To  encircle.  IVurlun. 

BEL'TAPiE,  i  71.     May  day  and  its  allendant  cereino- 

BEL'TIN,  !  nies.  among  the  Scottish  Highland- 
ers ;  as,  the  beltane  fire,  brlLine  cake,  &.C.     Brandc. 

BELT'ED,  fl.     V\'earing  a  belt. 

BE-LO'GA,  77.  [Kuss.  bie.ln<fa,  signifying  white  fish.] 
A  fisli  of  the  Cetaceous  order,  anil  genus  Delphi- 
nus,  (/>.  Leiicas,)  from  12  to  18  feet  in  length.  'I'bn 
tail  is  divided  into  two  lobes,  lying  horizontally,  and 
there  is  no  dorsal  fin.  In  swimming,  this  Inh  bends 
its  tail  under  its  body,  like  a  lohstt-r,  and  thrusts  it- 
self along  with  the  rapidity  of  an  arrow.  This  fish 
is  found  in  the  arctic  seas  and  rivers,  and  is  caught 
for  its  oil  and  its  skin.  Pennant. 

This  is  properly  the  Bea  beluga,  (Russ.  biclu^a 
morskaia.)  The  term  beluga  is  properly  applied  by 
the  Russians  to  the  while  sturgeon,  {AcipenMr  huso,) 
which  furnishes  isinglass  and  caviar;  caught  parlic- 
ularlv  in  the  Volga  and  other  rivers  of  the  Ca.spian. 

BEL'VE-DkRE',  (bel'vc-deer',)  n.  Tit.]  In  Italian 
arc/iii«(urr,  a  pavilion  on  the  top  of  an  edifice;  an 
artificial  eminence  in  a  garden.  Kncvr.. 

BEL'VI-DkRE,  71.     [L.  ftr//M.v,  fine,  and  video.  In  see.] 

A  plant,  the  Chenttpodium  scoparia,  or  annual 

mock  cypress.    It  is  of  a  beautiful  pyramidical  form, 


FATE,  PAR,  PALL,  WHAT.  —  Mf.TE.  PREY.  — PTXE,  MAHtAE.  BTRO—XoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQOK. — 


114 


BEN 

and  much  esteemed  in  Cliiua  as  a  salad,  and  for 
other  uses.  Encye, 

BK-L^E'.    See  Belie. 
Be'MA,  n.     [Gt.  f3i,f'-] 

I.  A  chancel.     [JVot  in  usf.]  Beaumont. 

y.  In  ancient  Greece^  a  stage  or  kind  ol'  pulpit,  <jn 

which  speakers  stood  when  addressing  an  assembly. 

Jlitford. 
BE-MAD'.  V.  U     [be  and  mad.}    To  make  mad.    [J^ot 

in  use.  i  Shak. 

BE-MAN''GLE,  r.  t.    [he  and  mangh.']    To  mangle  ;  to 
tear  asunder.     [Little  H5crf.]  Beaumont, 

[be  and  v^ask."]    To  mask  ;  to  con- 

Shdton. 
To  bewilder.     [See  MiZE.]     [LUih 

[be  and  mete.1    To  measure,     [JV*o( 
Shak. 
To  mingle ;  to 


BE-MASK',  V.  t. 

ceal. 
BE-MaZE',  v.  t. 

tisee!^ 
BE-MeTE',  v.  t. 

in  use.] 


.se.] 
IN"G 


BE-MiyCLE,  V.  t.     [be  and  mi7irle. 
mix.    [Little  used.] 

BE-MIRE',  v.  t.  [be  and  mire.]  To  drag  or  encumber 
in  the  mire  ;  to  soU  by  passing  through  mud  or  dJrly 
place?.  Smiff. 

BE-MIST',  r.  (.  [be  and  misf.]  To  cover  or  involve 
in  inisU     [JVot  used.]  Felton. 

BE-MoAN',  p.  (.  [be  and  moan,]  To  lament :  to  be- 
wail ;  to  express  sorrow  for ;  as,  to  bemoan  the  Io^js 
of  a  son.  Jcre)niak. 

BE-MoAN'A-BLE,  a.  Tiiat  may  be  lamented,  [JVof 
used.J  '  Sherwood. 

BE-MoAS' ED,  pp.    Lamented  ;  bewailed. 

BE-MO.V.\'ER,  H.    One  who  laments. 

BE-MoAX'ING,  ppr.     Lamenting  ;  bewailing. 

BE-MOCK',  V.  t.  \be  and  vwck.]  To  treat  with  mock- 
erv.    [Lit&e  iiseiL]  Shak. 

BE-MOUK^  V.  i.    To  laugh  at. 

BE-MOIL',  V.  t.     [be  and  moil.     Fr.  mouiUer,  to  wet.] 
To  bedrajrgle  ;  to  bemire  ;  to  soil  or  encumber  with 
mire  and  dirt.     [AVi  m  use.]  Shak. 

BE-MOIST'£N,  i'.  t.    To  moisten  ;  to  wet. 

Be'MOL,  n.  in  musicy  B  flat,  a  semitone  below  B 
natural.  Bacon. 

BE-MO\'STER,  v.  t.  [be  and  monster]  To  make 
monstrous,     [j^ot  in  xise,]  Skak. 

BE-MoURN',  V.  t.  To  weep  or  mourn  over  [Little 
used.^ 

BE-MUS^£D,  (be-muzd',)  a.     [be  and  muse.]     Over- 
come with  musing  ;  dreaming.    [.B  word  of  contempt.] 
Johnson.     Pope. 

BEX,  or  BEX'-XUT,  n.  A  purgative  fruit  or  nut,  the 
largest  of  which  resembles  a  filbert,  yielding  an  oil 
(called  oil  of  ben)  used  in  pharmacy.  Encyjc, 

This  is  the  fruit  of  a  species  of  Moringa,  {M.  pterij^o- 
sperma,  Decand.) 

BENCH,  n.  [It.  binse;  Corn,  benk;  Sax.  benci  Fr. 
banc.    See  Ea?(k.] 

1.  A  long  seat,  usually  of  board  or  plank,  differing 
from  a  stool  in  its  greater  length. 

9.  The  seat  where  judges  sit  in  court ;  the  seat  of 
justice.    Hence, 

3.  The  persons  who  sit  as  judges ;  the  court. 

Skak.    Th'ijden. 

4.  See  Berue. 

Free  bmch ;  in  England,  the  estate  in  copyhold 
lands,  which  the  wife,  being  espoused  a  virgin,  has 
for  her  dower,  after  the  decease  of  her  husband. 
This  is  various  in  different  manors,  according  to  their 
respective  customs. 
BENCH,  r.  t.    To  furnish  with  benches.       Dnjdcn. 

2.  To  seat  on  a  bench.  Shak. 

3.  r.  i.  To  sit  on  a  seat  of  justice.  Sjiak. 
BENCH'-W.^R'RANT,  71.     A  process  issued  by  :i 

court  against  a  person  guilty  of  some  contempt,  or 
indicted  for  some  crime.  Bouvicr. 

BENCH'ER,  n.  In  England^  the  benchers  in  the  inns 
of  court  are  the  senior  members  of  the  society,  who 
have  the  government  of  it.  They  have  been  read- 
ers, and,  being  admitted  to  plead  within  the  bar,  are 
called  inner  barristers.  They  annually  elect  a  treas- 
urer. Eneijc.  .Johnson. 
9.  The  alderman  of  a  corporation.  Ashvwle. 

3.  A  judge.  .S/iflfc. 

4.  In  old  writers^  an  idler,  one  who  frequents  the 
benches  of  a  tavern. 

BEND,  V.  t. ;  pret.  Bended  or  Bent;  pp.  Bended  or 
Bent.  [Sax.  hcndan,  to  bend  j  Fr.  bander,  to  bend, 
bind,  or  tie;  Ger.  bindeit,  to  wind,  bind,  or  tie;  D. 
binden,  the  same  ;  Sw.  banda,  to  bind  ;  Dan.  ftmrfr,  to 
bind  ;  L.  panda,  pandare,  to  bend  in  ;  pando,  panrlere, 
to  open  ;  pandtis,  bent,  crooked  ;  It.  banda,  sidewnse  ; 
benda,  a  fillet  or  band ;  bendare,  to  crown  ;  .Sp.  pan- 
dear,  to  bend  or  be  inclined,  to  bulge  out,  to  belly ; 
pandeo,  a  bulge  or  protuberance  ;  pandu,  jutting  out. 
The  primary  sense  is,  to  stretch  or  strain.  Bend  and 
hind  are  radically  the  same  word.] 

1.  To  strain,  or  to  crook  by  straining;  as,  to  bend  a 
bow. 

i  To  crook  ;  to  make  crooked  ;  to  curve ;  to  in- 
flect ;  as,  to  bend  the  arm. 

3.  To  direct  to  a  certain  point;  as,  to  bend  our 
ateps  or  course  to  a  particular  place. 

4.  To  exert;  to  apply  closely;  to  exercise  hibori- 
oualy  ;  to  intend  or  stretch  ;  as,  to  bend  the  mind  to 
study. 


BEN 

5.  To  prepare  or  put  in  order  for  use  j  to  stretch  or 
strain. 

He  hath  beixt  liis  Iww  and  made  ft  ready.  —  Ps,  vii. 

G.  To  incline ;  to  be  determined ;  that  is,  to  stretch 
toward,  or  cause  to  tend  ;  as,  to  bo  bent  on  mischief. 
It  expresses  disposition  or  jiurpose. 

7.  To  subdue;  to  cause  to  yielil ;  to  make  submis- 
sive ;  as,  to  bend  a  man  to  our  will. 

8.  In  seamanship,  to  fasten,  as  one  rope  to  another 
or  to  an  anchor ;  to  fasten,  Mi  a  sail  to  its  yard  or 
stay ;  to  fasten,  as  a  cable  to  the  ring  of  an  anchor. 

Mar.  Diet. 

9.  To  bend  the  brow,  is  to  knit  the  brow  ;  to  scowl ; 
to  frown.  Camden. 

BEND,  V.  i.    To  be  crooked  ;  tu  crook,  or  be  curving. 

Sandys. 

2.  To  incline  ;  to  lean  or  turn  ;  as,  a  road  bends  to 

3.  To  jut  over  ;  as,  a  bending  cliff,  [the  west. 

4.  To  resolve  or  determine.    [See  Bent  on.] 

Dry  den. 
Cy.  To  bow  or  be  submissive.    Is.  Ix. 

BEND,  71.  A  curve ;  a  crook  ;  a  turn  in  a  road  or  riv- 
er ;  tiexure ;  incurvation 

9.  In  marine  language,  a  knot  by  which  one  part  of 
a  rope  is  fastened  to  another  or  to  an  anchor.  [See 
To  Bend,  No.  8.] 

y.  Bends  o{  a  ship  are  the  thickest  and  strongest 
planks  in  her  sides,  more  generally  called  wales. 
Tliey  are  reckoned  from  the  water,  Jirsf,  iiecond,  or 
third  bend.  Tliey  liave  the  beams,  knees,  and  foot 
hooks  bolted  to  them,  and  are  the  chief  strength  of 
tlie  ship's  sides.  Encyc.    Mar.  Diet, 

4.  In  kerahlry,  one  of  the  nine  honorable  ordina- 
ries, containing  a  third  part  of  the  field,  when 
cliarged,  and  a  fifth,  wlien  plain.  It  is  made  by  t\vo 
lines  drawn  acroFs  iVum  the  dexter  chief  to  the  sinis- 
ter base  point.  It  sometimes  is  indented,  ingrailed, 
&.C.  Johnson.     Encyc. 

BEND,  11.     A  band.     [J^ot  in  use.]  Spenser. 

BEND'A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  bent  or  incurvated. 

SheriDood. 

BEND'ED,  }  pp.  or  a.     Strained  ;  incurvated ;  made 

BENT,         i      crooked  ;  inclined  ;  subdued. 

BEND'ER,7i.  The  person  who  bejids  or  makes  crook- 
ed ;  also,  an  instrument  for  bending  other  things. 

BEND'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  lucurvating;  forming  into  a 
curve;  stooping;  subduing;  turning,  as  a  road  or 
river;  inclining;  leaning;  applying  closely,  as  the 
mind  ;  fastening. 

BEND'LET,  n.  In  Jteraldry,  a  little  bend  which  occu- 
pies a  sixth  part  of  a  shield.  Bailey. 

BEND'-WITH,  77..    A  plant.  Diet. 

BEND'Y,  71.  In  kcraldn/,  the  field  divided  into  four, 
six,  or  more  parts,  diagonally,  and  varying  in  metal 
and  color.  Encyc.    .^sli. 

BEN'E,  71.  The  popular  name  of  the  Sesamum  ori- 
entale,  or  oil  plant,  called  in  the  West  Indies  Fan- 
gloe.  Mease. 

BE-NeAP'£D,  (be-neept',)  o.  [be  and  nenp.]  Among 
seamen,  a  ship  is  bencnprd,  when  the  w'ater  does  not 
flow  high  enough  to  float  her  from  a  dock  or  over  a 
bar.  Encyc. 

BE-NeATH',  prep.  [Sax.  beneath,  hencothan^  bemjihan  : 
of  be  and  ncothan,  below,  under.     See  Nethep..] 

L  Under  ;  lower  in  place,  with  something  directly 
over  or  oit ;  as,  to  place  a  cushion  beneath  one  ;  often 
with  the  sense  o(  pressure  or  oppression  j  as,  to  sink 
beneath  a  burden,  in  a  lit^rnl  sense. 

2.  Under,  in  a  fgurative  sense ;  bearing  heavy  im- 
positions, as  taxes,  or  oppressive  government. 

Our  couiilry  sinks  beneaVi  the  yokf .  Shak. 

3.  Lowerin  rank,  dignity,  or  excellence ;  as,  brutes 
are  beneath  man  ;  man  is  beneath  angels  in  the  scale 
of  beings. 

4.  Unworthy  of;  unbecoming;  not  equal  to;  as, 
he  will  do  nothing  beneath  his  station  or  character. 

BE-NeATH',  adv.^  In  a  lower  place;  as,  the  earth 
from  beneath  will  be  barren.  Mortimer. 

2.  Below,  as  opposed  to  heaven,  or  to  any  superior 
region  ;  as,  in  heaven  above,  or  in  earth  beneath. 

BEN'E-DICK,    n.     [From  orii;  of  the  characters  in 

BEN'E-DI€T,  \  Shakspeare's  play  of  "  Much  ado 
about  nothing."]     .■\  married  man,  or  a  man  newly 

BEN'E-DI€T,  a.     [h.  benedictns.]  [married. 

Having  mild  and  sahibrious  qualities.  [JVwE  in 
v.se.]  Bacon. 

BEN-E-DieT'INE,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  order  or 
monks  of  St.  Benedict,  or  St.  Brnot. 

BEN-E-DI€T'INT:S,  v.  pi.  An  order  of  monks  who  pro- 
fess to  follow  the  mies  of  St.  Benedict,  an  order  of 
great  celebrity.  They  wear  a  loose,  black  gown, 
with  large,  n-ide  f^leeves,  and  a  cowl  on  the  head, 
ending  in  a  point.  In  the  canon  law,  they  are  called 
bfnek  friar.^. 

BEN-E^DICTION,  n.  [l,.benedict:to,TxoTnbpne,\V€.\\, 
and  dictio,  speaking.     See  Boon  and  DictionJ 

1.  The  act  of  blessing  ;  a  giving  praise  to  God,  or 
rendering  thanks  for  his  favors;  a  blessing  pro- 
nounced ;  hence,  grace  before  and  after  meals. 

9.  Blessing,  prayer,  or  kind  wishes  uttered  hi  favor 
of  any  person  or  thing  ;  a  solemn  or  affectionate  in- 
vocation of  happiness  j  thanks  ;  expression  of  grati- 
tude. 


BEN 


1 


3.  The  advantage  conff^rred  by  Wciing.    Baton. 

4.  The  form  of  in-^ittitlng  an  abtMit,  anitwi-niie  t/j 
the  cfinsecration  of  a  b:.-^hop.  .9^/-^'. 

5.  'J'he  external  ceremony  perform*^  ';"  ■  ■  -  ■  - 
the  office  of  matrimony,  i:*  called  the  t 

tion. 

6.  In  Vie  Roman  CatJiolic  church,  :.r: 
ceremony  by  which  a  thing  i«  rendtrt.J 
crable, 

BEN-E-DICT'IVE,  a.  Tending  to  \Ak-^  ,  i-,.-..,-^  ^ 
blessing.  Oaudsn. 

BEN-E-FA€'TrON,  n.  [L.  hentfaeio,  of  4«i«,  well, 
and  facto,  to  make  or  do/] 

1.  The  act  of  conferring  a  lienefit. 
9.  A  benefit  confirrcd,  especially  n 

nation. 
BEN-E-F ACTOR,  ii.    Hi^  who  confer 

peciallyone  whomakcscharilabltconii 

for  public  institutions  or  for  private  a-M:. 
BEN-E-F ACTRESS,  n.    A  female  who  conf.-rs  a  ben- 

efit.  Detiinv. 

BEN'E-FICE,  71.      [L,  bcneftcium;  Fr.  6ni//w,     tjec 

Beneeaction.] 
L  /.t/f^fi//i/,  a  benefit,  advantage,  or  kindneuL  But, 

in  present  usage,  an  ecclesiajitical  liv'r--    ■■  ''■■•-  ' 

endowed  with  a  revenue,  for  the  mair- 

vine  service,  or  the  revenue  itself.     X; 

ferments  are  called  benefices,  except  bi  ; 

are  called  dignities.     But,  ordinarily,  ti: 

is  applied  to  bishoprics,  deaneries,  r;. 

and  prebendaries;  and  benefice  to  \as^<ji,.^. 

ages,  and  donatives.  i. 

2.  In  the  middle  a%es,  benefiu  wax  used  f.r 

or  an  estate  in  lands,  granted  at  first  fur  lif-;  ■  i.., 
and  held  ez  mero  hcneficio  of  the  donor.  The  e-tatc 
afterward,  becoming  hereditar}',  took  th-  appcllniion 
of  fetid, nud  benefice  became  appropriated  to  rt  ■■-  »■ 
livings.  /; 

BEN'E-FIC-£D,  (ben'e-fist,)  a.    Possessed  of  ; 
fice  or  church  preferment.  .i 

BEN'E-FICE-LESS,  a.     Having  no  benefice. 
used^  S.'. 

BE-NEF'I-CENCE,  77.  [h.  benefieentiaj  from  the  j..;- 
ticiple  of  benefaeio.] 

The  practice  of  doing  good ;  active  goodness,  kind- 
ness, or  charity. 

BE-NEF'I-CENT,  a.  Doing  good  ;  performing  acLi  of 
kindness  and  charity.  It  differs  from  bmign  as  the 
act  from  the  disposition  ;  beneficence  being  benignity,  or 
kindness  exerted  in  action.  Johnson. 

BE-NEF'I-CENT-LY,  adv.    In  a  beneficent  manner. 

BEN-F^FI"CIAL,  (ben-e-fish'al,)  a.  Advantageous  ; 
conferring  benefits  ;  useful ;  profitable  ;  helpful ;  con- 
tributing to  a  valuable  end  ;  followed  by  to  ;  as,  in- 
dustry is  beneficial  to  the  body,  as  well  as  to  the  prc-p- 
erty. 

2.  Receiving,  or  entitled  to  have  or  receive,  advan- 
tage, use,  or  benefit ;  as,  the  beneficial  o^vner  of  an 
estate.  Kent 

BEN-E-FI'^CIAL-LY,  adv.  Advantageously;  profila- 
blv ;  helpfully. 

BE.\-E-FI"CIAL  NESS,  n.  Usefulness;  profitable- 
ness. ILile. 

BEN-E-FI"CIA-RY,  (ben-e-fish'a-r>'.)  o.  [L.  beiuficia- 
rius.     See  Benefactio.v.] 

Holding  some  office  or  valuable  possession,  in  sub- 
ordination to  another;  having  a  dependent  and  sec- 
ondary possession.  Bacon* 

BEN-E-Fr'CL\-RY,  (ben-c-fish'a-re,)  n.  One  who 
holds  a  benefice.  A  beneficiarj-  is  not  the  proprietor 
of  the  revenues  of  his  church  ;  but  he  has  the  .iit- 
ministration  of  them  without  being  Jiccumtiitle  lo 
any  person.  The  word  was  used,  in  the  middl-'  agi.-. 
for  a  feudator>'  or  \-assal.  Kieyc 

9.  One  who'receives  any  thing  as  a  gift,  or  is  main- 
tained bv  charity.  BlaekstaRf, 

BEN-E-FI'"CIEN-CY,  tu   Kindness  or  favor  bestowed. 

B'ot:^. 

BEN-E-FI"CIENT,  a.    Doing  good.       JSdam  S-.  tHJi. 

BEN'^E-FIT,  71.  [Primarily  from  L.  benff,ciu:r.,vr  bene- 
factum  :  but  perhaps  directly  from  the  Ft.  bienf:i\  by 
coniiplion.J 

1.  An  act  of  kindness ;  a  favor  conferred. 

BlcM  thu  t#orvi,  0  iny  soul,  and  I'ur^t  net  all  \u&  i- 
Pt.  ciii. 

2.  Advantage ;  profit ;  a  word  of  extensive  use, 
and  expressing  whatever  contributes  to  promote  pros- 
perity and  personal  happiness,  or  adds  value  to  prop- 
erty. 

Men  hare  no  ri^ht  to  what  is  not  for  their  ben^         Burtf, 

3.  A  performance  at  a  theater,  the  proceeds  of 
which  go  to  one  of  the  actors  as  part  of  his  rt^conv 
pense.  The  term  is  also  applied  to  a  public  pen'onu- 
ance  for  the  benefit  of  some  indigent,  deserving  per- 
son, or  of  some  public  institution  or  ch.irity. 

4.  In /rtW,  benefit  of  ciergj'.     [SeeCt-'    ' 
BEN'E-FIT,  r.  (.  To  do  good  to :  to  ad  v 

vance  in  health  or  prosperity  ;  appUrd 
or  things;  as,  exercise  benefits  health  ;  i.- — 
nation. 
BEN'E-FIT,  c.  I.    To  gain  adrantage ;  to  m.  , 
provement ;  as,  he  has  ben^ted  by  good  adv::. 
is,  he  has  been  benefited. 


TtJNE,  BULL,  IGNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.— €  as  K ;  6  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


BEN 

HE.V'E-FIT-ED,;;/*.    rroliled  ;  Imving  received  benefil. 

I>K.N''B-F1T-1.NG,  p/rr.    Duing  guoU  tu ;  profiting;  gain- 
1 1        iiiii  |iJv:mta(;e. 

j     UK-NK.MK',  r,  t.    [Sax.  be  ami  nainan,] 
\  1.  To  name.    [A'yt  in  two.]  Spensrr, 

2.  'i"o  promwe  ;  lo  give.     [,\'ot  in  use.]      Spenser* 
BE-XEMP'NE,  c.  t  T»  name.  [wVor  ia  iwf.]  Spenxer. 
BF.'.VK  PL.'iC!'TO,  [IL]     In  mu.*tc,  at  pleasure. 
UK.N-E  PLAU'l-TUKE,  n.  [L.beueplaeUum^  ftme^wcll, 

anil  plaeitum^  frum  plnceo^  lo  plra:ie.] 

Will  ;  cliuice.     [jVut  m  iwe.]_  QlanrUU. 

BE-.\ET',  V.  t.     [be  and  net]    To  calcb  in  a  net ;  lo 

iiisnan-.     [JViit  used,]  S^ot. 

CE-XEV'O-LEXCE,  n.     [L.  b^nePultntiaj  otbene^  well, 

and  Tf/o,  to  will  or  wish.    See  Wii-l.] 

1.  The  disposition  to  do  good  ;  {juod  will ;  kind- 
ness;  rhnritablene>t8 ;  the  love  of  mankind^  accom- 
panied witli  a  deiire  to  promote  thrir  happiness. 

The  benecolrnct  of  God  is  one  of  Ins  nuiral  attri- 
butes; that  attribute  which  delif^hts  in  itiu  h;ippiness 
of  intoIliKcnl  beings.    '*  Ood  U  love."     1  John  iv. 

D.  An  act  of  kindness  ;  good  done  ;  charity  given. 

3.  A  species  of  contribution  or  tux,  nominally  a  gra- 
tuity, but  illegally  exacted  by  arbitnir}'  kings  of  Eng- 
land. Black^tone. 

UE-\E\''0-LEXT,  a.  [L.  henecotens^  of  ftrac  and  volo.] 
Having  a  disposition  to  do  good ;  possessing  luve 
to  mankind,  and  a  desiro  to  promote  their  prosperity 
and  happine^;  kind. 

BE-\EV'0-LENT-LY,  lu/o.  In  a  kind  manner  j  with 
good  will. 

BE  NEV^O-LOrS.o.    Kind  ;  benevolent.    [J^^'ot  used,] 

IIK.\-(JAL',  tu  That  ptirtion  of  Hindustan  which  lies 
on  the  lower  p;irt  of  the  River  Ganges. 

)i.  A  thin  stufl',  made  of  silk  and  hair,  for  women^s 
apparel,  so  railed  from  Bengal.      Bailey.    Mntson, 

BE.\'GALf-LIGHT,  ti.  A  species  of  fireworks  used 
as  signals,  by  night  or  otherwise,  producing  a  steady 
and  vivid  blue-colored  lire. 

BE-VGAl^STKIPES,  n.  A  kind  of  cotton  cloth  wo- 
ven with  colored  stripes.  Ure. 

BE\-G.V1»-EE',  n.  The  language  or  dialect  spoken  in 
Bengal. 

BEN-G.\L.-KSE',  n.  sing  and  pi.  A  native  or  the  na- 
tjvej"  of  Bengal.  .is.  Res.  vii.  171. 

BE-MGHT',  r.  (.  [be  and  nisht.]  To  involve  in  dark- 
ness -J  lo  shroud  with  Uie  shades  of  nigbu 

The  clouila  btnigkl  Uie  tVy.  Garth. 

2.  To  overtake  with  night ;  as,  a  bemghud  trav- 
eler. 

3.  To  involve  in  moral  darkness,  or  ignorance ;  to 
debar  from  intellectual  light ;  as,  benighted  nations, 
or  heathen. 

BE-NIGHT'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Involved  in  darkness,  phys- 
ical or  moral ,  overtaken  by  the  night. 

BE-NTG.N',  (be-nlne',)  a.  [L.  fcrai^iw.  from  the  same 
root  as  fctwiits,  bene^  ancient  L.  benusy  Eng.  booiu] 

1.  Kind }  of  a  kind  disposition ;  gracious ;  favora- 
ble. 

Our  Creator,  bountroiu  aiul  berdgn.  MUton. 

2.  Generous ;  liberal ;  as,  a  benign  benefactor. 

3.  Favorable;  having  a  saluuiry  influence ;  as,tfa(f 
benign  aspect  of  the  seasons. 

Thft  Umgn  Ugiu  of  revelation.  WaaJiinston. 

4.  Wholesome ;  not  pernicious ;  as,  a  benign  medi- 
cine. .^rbuthnoU 

5.  Favorable  ;  not  malignant ;  as,  a  benign  disease. 
BE-XIG'XANT,  (I.     Kind;  gracious;  favorable. 
BE-.\IG'I»i'I-TY,  11.    Goodness  of  disposition  or  heart ; 

kindness  of  nature  ;  graciousness. 

2.  .\clual  goodness  ;  beneficence. 

3.  Salubrity  ;  wholesome  quality  j  or  that  which 
tends  to  promote  health.  JViseman. 

BE-NIGX'LY,  (be-nine'Iy,)  adv.  Favorably  ;  kindly ; 
graciously. 

BEN'I-SO.N,  TI.     [Fr.  ftenir,  to  bless;  benissant^  bless- 
ing ;  from  the  root  of  bene,  bonus,  boon.     See  Boon.] 
Blessing;  benediction.    [A''early  antiquated,] 

.fohnson. 

BEVJA-MIX.n,  A  tree  or  Bhrub,the  Launis  Benzoin, 
(Linn.  Benzoin  odrriferum,)  a  native  of  America, 
called  also  .<rpiefbush.  It  grows  to  the  height  of  10  or 
15  feet,  with  a  viry-  branchy  head. 

2.  A  gum  or  resin,  or  rather  a  balsam.  [See  Bek- 
«oiw.]  Enctjc. 

Benjamin-tree;  the  Slyrax  Benzoin.  Pcrdra. 

BEX'iNET,  TI.  The  herb  bennct,  or  common  avens ; 
the  Geum  iirbanum. 

BEX'NET-FI^H,  n.  A  fish,  of  two  leet  in  length, 
caught  in  the  African  seas,  having  scales  of  a  deep 
purple,  streaked  with  gold.  Did.  o/JVat.  /L:,t. 

BEi\T,  pp.  or  a.  from  Bckd.  Incurvatcd  ;  inflected; 
inclined  ;  prone  to  or  having  a  fixed  propensity  ;  de- 
termined. 

Bent  on ;  having  a  fixed  inclination ;  resolved  orde- 
tennined  on. 

BE.NT,  n.  The  state  of  being  curving,  crooked,  or  in- 
clined from  a  straight  line  ;  flexure  ;  cur\ity. 

2.  Declivity  ;  as,  the  bent  of  a  hill.     [  Unusual] 

Dryden. 

3.  Inclination ;  disposition ;  a  leaning  or  bias  of 
mind  ;  propensity  ;  as,  the  bent  of  the  mind  or  will ; 
the  bent  of  a  people  toward  an  object.    This  may  be 


BEll 

natural  or  artificial,  occasional  or  habitual,  with  in- 
definite degrees  of  strength. 

•1.  FIe\iun  ;  tendency  ;  particular  direction  ;  as,  the 
benUi  nnd  turns  of  n  subject.  Lociie. 

b.  Application  of  the  mind  ;  a  bending  of  the  mind 
in  study  itr  investigation.  Uyckr. 

BENT,  >  N.     A  name  common    lo  ditferent 

BENT'-GRASS,  \  species  of  grass,  of  the  genus 
Agrostis  ;  a  withered  stalk  of  grass. 

IlaUireeU.     Eneye, 

BENT'IXG-TIME,  n.  The  lime  when  pigeons  feed 
on  bents,  Lefurt;  peas  arc  ripe.      Johnsoiu    Dnjden. 

BE-XU.MB',  (-niim,)  r.  t.  ['finx.  b/.-nimnny  bmyinan^  pp. 
benumen^  to  seize,  of  Ar  and  niumn,  Sax.  anil  Goth.,  1*1 
take  or  seize,  'i'his  root  is  retained  in  icitlicrnam.  It 
is  to  be  observed  that  b  after  m  in  nxtmby  thumb,  dumb, 
&.C.J  is  an  arbitrar>'  addition  of  modern  writers.] 

1.  To  make  torpid  ;  to  deprive  of  sensation ;  as,  a 
hand  or  loot  benumbed  by  cold. 

2.  To  stupefy;  to  render  inactive;  as,  to  benumb 
the  senses.  Druden, 

BE-XU.MB'/;D,  (be-numd',)  pp.  Rendered  torpid  ;  de- 
prived of  sensation  ;  .-^lupefied. 

nE-.\i;.MB'EI)-.\E.SS,  n.  Destitution  of  feeling.  Smith, 

BE;-i\U.MB'l\G,pjjr.  Depriving  of  sensation  ;  stupe- 
fying. 

BE-N'UMIl'MENT,  b.    Act  of  beimmbing.       Kirby. 

BEN'ZO-ATE,  n.  [See  Benzoin.]  A  salt  formed  by 
the  union  of  the  benzoic  acid  with  any  salifiable 
base. 

BEN-ZO'IC,  fl.  Pertaining  to  benzoin. 

Benzoic  ac'uL  or  (lowers  of  benzoin,  is  a  peculiar 
vcget;ible  acid,  obtained  from  benzoin,  and  some 
other  b:Usams,  by  sublimation  or  decoction.  It  is  a 
fine,  light,  while  matter  in  smidt  needles;  its  Uiste 
pungent  and  bitterish,  and  its  odor  slightly  aromatic. 

Tliomson, 

BEX-ZOI.V,     }  n.    Gum  l>enjamin  ;  a  concrete  resin- 

BEN''JA-MI\,  i  ous  juice  flowing  from  the  Styrax- 
Benzoin,  a  tree  of  Sumatra,  Ace.  By  heat,  or  partial 
decomposition,  it  yields  benzoic  acid.  It  flows  from 
incisions  made  in  the  stem  or  branches.  It  is  solid 
nnd  brittle,  sometimes  in  yelluwish-white  tears  joined 
together  by  a  brown  substance,  and  sometimes  of  a 
uniform  brown  substance  like  resin.  It  has  little 
taste,  but  its  smell,  especially  when  rubbed  or  heat- 
ed, is  extremely  fragrant  and  agreeable.  It  is  chiefly 
used  in  cosmetics  and  perfumes.    Enctjc     Thomsoiu 

BEN'ZULE,  n.     [benzoin  and  i'Aj/,  matt'er.] 

A  compound  radical  or  basyle,  consisting  of  hy- 
drogen, cjirbon,and  oxygen  ;  regarded  as  the  base  of 
benzoic  acid.  [This  word  has  been  variously  spelled 
Bcnzylr,  Beniuy,  Benzoyl,  Bcnzoil,] 

BE-PaINT',  r.  £.  [be  and  painL]  To  paint ;  to  cover 
with  paint.     [Little  used.]  Shnk. 

BE-PALE',  r.  L  [be  and  pale.]  To  make  pale,  [^"ot 
in  use]  Carcw. 

BE-PI.\CH',  V.  t.  [be  and  pinch.]  To  mark  with 
pinches. 

BE-PINCH'KD,  )  pp.    aiarked  with  pinches. 

Bl^PINCHT',     i  Charmuin. 

BE-PLaIT'EO,  a.    Plaited.  Mrs.  BuUer. 

BE-POW'DER,  V.  u  [be  and  pov:der,]  To  powder ;  to 
sprinkle  or  cover  with  powder. 

BE-PRaISE',  v.  t.  [be  and  praise.]  To  praise  greatly 
or  extravagantly.  Qoldstnith. 

BE-PIJCK'ER-£D,  a.    Puckered. 

BE-PUFF'/CD,  (bo-puf\',)  a.    Puffed. 

BE-PIJK'PLE,  r.  ^  [be  and  purple.]  To  tinge  or  dye 
with  a  purple  color. 

BE-Q,U£ATH',  r.  t.  [Sax.  becwtEtltan  ;  be  and  cicethan, 
to  say  ;  cwid,  a  saying,  opinion,  wdl,  testament ;  etj- 
tAan,  to  testily  ;  Eng.  quoth.] 

1.  To  give  or  leave  by  will ;  to  devise  some  species 
of  property  by  testament;  as,  lo  bcqueaUi  an  estate  or 
a  legacy.     Hence, 

2.  To  hand  down  to  posterity ;  as,  to  bequeaUi  a 
familv  quarrel. 

BE-UUkATH'ED.  pp.    Given  or  left  bv  wUl. 

BE-at'KATH'ER,  n.     One  who  bequeaths. 

BE-UUK.Vf  H'ING,  ppr.  Givuig  or  devising  by  testa- 
ment. 

BE-aUEATH'MENT.  n.  The  act  of  bequeathing ;  a 
becpiest. 

BE-lii;EST',  TI.    Something  left  by  will ;  a  legacy. 

lU-^til'oTE',  V.  t.    To  quote  with  great  frequency. 

BE-K.U.\'.  i\  (.    To  rain  upon,    [^ot  in  ttsc.]  Chaucer. 

BE  RATE',  r,  £.  [be  and  rale.]  To  chide  vehemently  ; 
to  scold. 

BF^RAT'TLE,  v,  t.  [be  and  raltle,]  To  fill  with  rat- 
tling sounds  or  noise.  Shak. 

BE-RAY',  V.  t.    To  make  foul ;  to  soil.     [JVot  in  use.] 

Milton, 

BER'BE-UIN,  n.  A  yellow  hitter  substance,  obtained 
from  the  alcoholic  solution  of  the  e\tiacl  of  the  root 
of  the  barberry.  It  is  probably  an  alkaloid.  It  is 
called  bcrberite  by  Thomson,  and  is  classed  by  him 
as  a  h\\.W.T  principle. 

BER'BER-RY,  n.     [L.  berberis.]    See  Barberry. 

Bt:RE,  n.  [.Sax.  ber,  barley.]  The  name  of  a  species 
of  barley,  in  Scotland.  Oray. 

BE-KiiAVE',  V.  t, ;  pret.  Bereaved,  Bsreft  ;  pp.  Be- 
reaved, Bereft.  [Sax.  bereafian,  of  bt  and  reajian 
to  deprive,     fico  Roe  and  Reap.] 


BER 

I.  To  deprive  ;  to  ^trip ;  to  make  destitute ;  wiUi 
of  before  Uie  thing  taken  away. 

Mc  bare  yt  bertae*d  of  m7  cltUdirn.  —  Geo.  xlli. 

It  is  sometimes  used  without  of,  nnd  is  particularly 
applied  to  express  tlie  loss  of  friends  by  death. 
2._To  take  away  from.  Shak. 

BE-Ric.W^iJD,  pp.  or  a.  Deprived;  stripped  and  left 
destitute. 

BE-RfiAVE'.MENT,  n.  Deprivation,  particularly  by 
the  loss  of  a  friend  by  death. 

BE-RE.VV'ER,  ti.  He  who  bereaves,  or  deprives 
anollier  of  something  v:dued. 

BE-REAV'I\G,  ppr.    Stripping  bare  ;  depriving. 

BE-REFT',  ;»p.  of  Bereave.  Deprived;  made  destl* 
tute. 

BER-E\-Ga'RI-ANS,  n.pl  A  sect  which  followed  Bei^ 
engarius,  archdeacon  of  St.  .Mary  at  Aiijou,  wlui  denied 
the  real  presence  of  the  body  and  bliKid  of  (.'litisi  in 
the  eucharisU  Encyc. 

BERG,  71.    [Sax.  beorg,  beorhy  a  hill,  a  castle.] 

A  borough  ;  a  town  that  sends  burgesses  to  parlia-; 
rnent ;  a  ca-^tlc.    [See  Buno.]     [Obs.]  Jlsh. 

BEUIG'A-MOT,  n.     [Fr.  bcrgainotc ;  Sp.  bcrgamola.] 

1.  .\  variety  of  pear. 

2.  .\  species  of  citron  whose  fruit  has  a  fine  lasie  and 
smell,  and  its  eM^ential  oil  is  in  high  esteem  ;is  a  per- 
fume. This  oil  is  extracted  from  the  yellow  rind  of 
the  fruit.  The  bergamot  is  the  Citrus  bergamm 
distinct  species,  with  a  pcar-shap«l  fruit,  from  iiw 
rind  of  which  is  obtained  the  oil  of  bergamot. 

3.  An  essence  or  perfume  from  tlie  citron  iliua 
produced. 

4.  A  kind  of  snuff  perfumed  with  bergamot. 

5.  A  coarse  tapestry,  manulactured  witli  lliHk.  .  f 
wool,  silk,  cotton,  hemp,  and  ox  or  goat's  hair,  >:.itl 
to  have  been  invented  at  Bergamo  in  Italy.  En.:  . 

BERG^VX-DER,  n.    [berg^  a  cliff,  and  D.ui.  aw 
ente.  Sax.  ened,  a  duck.] 

A  burrow  duck  ;  a  duck  that  breeds  in  holes  i:- 
clifTs.  Thvnt^oH. 

The  ,^nas  tadoma,  sheldrake   or  burrow  duck  of 
England. 
BERG'E-RET,  ti.    [Fr.  berger,  a  shepherd.]     A  song. 

[J\'ot  used.]  Cfuiuerr. 

BERG'MAX-rr 


gist.] 


[from  Bergman,  the  mineralo- 

A  variety  of  scapolite,  by  some  regarded  as  a  dis- 
tinct species,  of  a  grayish  color,  of  different  shades  j 

fniinil  in  \'fim.'fnr. 

[Sax.  btorg,^  hill  or  castle,  and 


found  in  Norway. 

EERG'MXS-TER,  n, 
master.] 

The  bailiff  or  chief  officer  among  the  Derbyshire 
miners.  Johnson. 

BERG'.MOTE,  ».  [Sax.  beorg,  a  hill,  and  mou,  a 
meeting.] 

A  court  held  on  a  hill  in  Derbyshire,  in  England, 
for  deciding  controversies  between  the  miners. 

Blount,     Johnson, 

BE-RH^ME',  (-rime,)  r.  U  [be  and  rhyme.]  To  men- 
tion in  rhyme  or  verse  ;  used  m  contempt.         Sluik. 

BER'LIN,  n.  A  vehicle  of  the  chariot  kind,  supposed 
lo  have  tliis  name  from  Berlin,  the  chief  city  of 
Prussia,  where  it  was  first  made,  or  from  the  Italian 
berlina,  a  sort  of  sta^e  or  pillory,  and  a  coach.  Enciic 

BER'LIN-BLOE,  ju    Prussian  blue.  Ure'. 

BER-LUe'CIO,  TI.  A  small  bird,  somewhat  like  tl»e 
yellow-hammer,  but  less  and  more  slender. 

DicL  of  Aai,  IfuL 

BERME,  n.  In  fortification,  a  space  of  ground  of 
three,  four,  or  five  feet  in  width,  left  between  the 
rampart  and  the  moat  or  foss,  designed  to  receive  the 
ruins  of  the  rampart,  and  prevent  the  earth  from  fill- 
ing the  foss.  Sometimes  it  is  palisaded,  and  in  Hol- 
land it  is  generally  planted  with  quickset  hedge. 

Encyc. 
This  terra  is  also  applied  to  canals.  Originally,  on 
the  bank  opposite  tlie  towing-path,  particularly  in 
deep  cuts,  a  level  space  was  left,  at  the  foot  of  the 
upper  slope  of  the  bank,  as  in  fortification,  and  for 
the  same  purpose  of  intercepting  Uie  earth  sliding 
down  the  bank;  called  a  bench  or  benne.  This  is 
now  omitted,  and  only  a  uniform  slope  lefl  to  the 
water's  edge.  The  bank  opposite  the  towing-path 
is  still,  however,  called  the  berme,  or  bermc-bank. 

BER'NA-GLE.     See  Barnacle. 

BER'NARD-IXE,  a.  i'ertaining  to  St,  Bernard,  and 
the  monks  of  the  order. 

BER'NARD-IXES,  n.  pi.  An  order  of  mo»ks,  founded 
by  Robert,  abbot  of  Moleme,  and  refonned  by  St.  Ber- 
nard. The  order  originated  about  the  beginning  of 
the  12th  centurj'.  They  wear  a  white  robe,  with  a 
black  scapulary ;  and  when  they  olhciaie,  they  are 
clothed  with  a  large  white  gown,  wiUi  great  sleeves, 
and  a  hood  of  the  same  color.  Encyc 

BE-KOB',  V.  t.     [&c  and  rofr.]     To  rob.    [Xotinust.] 

Spmser. 

BER'O-E,  n.  An  oceanic  animal  of  the  Medusa  fam- 
ily, having  an  oval  or  globular  body,  of  a  transparent, 
gelatinous  consistence.  It  is  one  of  the  animals  that 
produces  the  phosphorescence  of  the  ocean. 

BER'RI-£D,  (ber'rid,)  a.    Furnished  with  berries. 

BER'RY,  TI.  [Sax.  beria,  a  grape  or  cluster  of  grapes  ; 
berga,  a  grape  stone,  a  berry.] 


L 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MkTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARtNE,  BIBD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK. — 
116  ""^^ 


BES 

1.  A  succulent  or  pulpy  fruit,  containing  naked 
scedf.  Or,  in  more  teclniicii  language,  a  succulent 
or  pulpy  pericarp,  or  seed-vessel,  without  valves, 
containing  several  seeds,  which  are  naked,  that  is, 
which  have  no  covering  but  the  pulp  and  rind.  It  is 
coniiiionly  round  or  oval.  But  in  popular  lantrua^e, 
berrij  extends  only  to  smaller  fruits,  as  strawberrj', 
gooseberrj-,  &c.,  containing  seeds  or  granules.  An  i 
indehiscenl,  pulpy  pericarp,  many-celled  and  many- 
seeded  ;  the  attachment  of  the  seeds  lo^t  at  maturity, 
and  the  seeds  remaining  scattered  in  the  pulp. 

Lindletj. 

2.  A  mound.     [For  Barrow.]  W  Brotcne. 
BEU'KY,  r.  i.    To  bear  or  produce  berries. 
RER'RV-BEaR-ING,  a.    Producing  berries. 
BER'RY-FORM-M),  a.    Formed  lite  a  berr>-.  SmWt. 
BERT,  ft.     Saj.  beorht^  berht;  Eng.  bright.     This  word 

enters  into  the  name  of  many  Saxon  princes  and  no- 
blemen ;  as,  E^beH,  SigherL  The  Bertha  of  the 
northern  nations  was  by  the  Greeks  called  Eudozia, 
an  equivalent  word.  Of  the  same  sort  were  Ph^s- 
dnis,  EpiphanuLs,  PkottuSj  Lampridius,  FidgentiuSj 
niii^tris.     [See  Bright.]  Camden. 

BERTH,  n,     [from  tlie  root  of  bear.] 

I.  A  station  in  which  a  ship  rides  at  anchor,  com- 
prehending the  space  in  which  she  ranges.  In  more 
familiar  usage,  the  word  signifies  any  situation  or 
place,  where  a  vessel  lies,  or  can  lie,  whether  at  an- 
chor or  at  a  wharf. 

9.  A  room  or  apartment  in  a  ship,  where  a  number 
of  otncers  or  men  mess  and  reside. 

3.  The  box  or  place  for  sleeping  at  the  sides  of  a 
cabin ;  the  place  for  a  hammock,  or  a  repository  for 
chests,  &c. 

4.  A  place  or  emplonnent. 

To  berOtj  in  seamen's  language,  is  to  allot  to  each 
man  a  place  for  his  hammock. 

BER'THI-ER-ITE,  n.  A  dark  steel-gray  ore  of  antimo- 
ny, consi?iinc;  of  antimony,  iron,  and  sulphur ;  named 
ailer  M.  Berthier. 

BER'TRAJI,  n.     [L.  pyrethrum^  said  to  be  from  Gr. 
rt">,  fire,  from  its  acrid  qualitj'.] 
Bastard  pellitorj*,  a  plant. 

BER'YL,  71.  [L.  beryllus:  Gr.  ffnovWoi ;  Ch.  Syr. 
and  Eth.  a  gem,  beryl,  and  in  Sjt.  crystal,  and  a 
pearl:  the  latter  word  being  a  different  orthography 
of  beryl;  probably  from  the  root  of  the  Fr.  brUler^  to 

shine,  Eng.  brilliant^  Eth.  I  l^U  bareaJi,  to  shine,] 

A  mineral  of  great  hardness,  occurring  in  green  or 
bluish-green  six-sided  prisms.  It  is  identical  with 
the  emerald,  except  in  color ;  the  latter  having  a 
purer  and  richer  green  color,  proceeding  from  a  trace 
of  oxyd  of  chrome.  The  coloring  matter  of  the 
ber>-l  is  ox\-d  of  iron.  Prisms  of  the  herji  are  some- 
times found  nearly  two  feet  in  diameter,  as  at  Ac- 
worth,  in  New  Hampshire.  The  berjl,  when  trans- 
parent, is  set  as  a  gem,  and  called  aqua-mariite.  Da.na. 

BER'YL-eRYS'TAL,  n.  This  term  is  not  now  used, 
except  in  speaking  of  the  ber\i. 

BER'YL-LIXE,  a.  Like  a  ber^i  ;  of  a  light  or  bluish 
green. 

BE-RYL'LI-UM,  n.  The  same  as  Glucinum,  which 
see. 

BE-SaIXT',  r.  (.  [bt  and  saint.\  To  make  a  saint. 
{■^'ot  in  ustJ] 

BE-S.\YLE',  n.  [Norm.  aj//« ,-  Fr.  a'teui,  a  grandfather.] 
A  great-grandfather. 

If  the  abatement  happened  on  the  death  of  one's 
grandlather  or  grandmntiisr,  a  writ  of  ayle  lieth  ;  if 
on  the  death  of  the  great-grandfather,  then  a  writ  of 
be^aijle,  but  if  it  mounts  o7ic  degree  hitiiier,  to  the 
tre^aiile,  or  grandfather's  grandfather,  «£c.,  the  writ 
is  called  a  writ  of  eosinage  or  de  consanguineo. 

Blackstone. 

BE-S€AT'TER,  r.  (.  [6c  and  ecatUr.]  To  scatter 
over.     [ATuf  used.]  Spen.-^-er. 

EE-SeORN',  r.  L  [be  and  scorn.]  To  treat  with 
scorn  j  to  mock  at.     [JVot  lued.]  Chaucn-. 

BE-SCRATCH',  v.  t.  [be  and  scratrX]  To  scratch; 
to  tear  with  the  naile.     [Act  in  ilsc.]  Chaucer. 

BE-S€RAWL',  v.  L  [be  and  scrawl.]  To  ecraw! ;  to 
scribble  over.  Milton. 

BE-S€REEN',  r.  L  [be  and  serfen.]  To  cover  with 
a  screen  :  to  shelter;  to  conceal.  Sh<ik. 

BE-Sf'REEX'ED,  pp.   Covered  ;  sheltered  ;  concealed. 

BE-SGRIB'BLE,  r.  L    To  scribble  over.         Milton. 

BE-SeUiM'BER,  v.  t,  [from  cumber.]  To  encumber. 
[Aut  legitimate,  nor  used.]  B.  Jonson. 

BE-SEE  ,  V.  i.  [be  and  setJ\  To  look  ;  to  mind.  [J^'ot 
inust.]  Wiclif. 

BE-SEECH',  r.  t ;  prei  and  pp.  Besought.  [Sax.  be 
and  sccan^  to  seek,  inquire,  follow  ;  D.  verzoehen  ; 
G.  ersuchtn  ;  from  5«ft,  seoitor,  to  follow,  with  be,  bv, 
near,  about ;  that  is,  to  follow  close,  to  press.  See 
Seek  and  Essay.    The  Saxon  has  gesetan.] 

To  entreat;  to  supplicate;  to  implore;  to  ask  or 
pray  with  urgency;  followed  by  a  person;  as,  "I 
Paul  beseech  you  by  the  meekness  of  Christ."  2  Cor. 
X. ;  or  by  a  thing;  as,  I  besetch  vour  patience. 

BB-SEECH'ER,  n.    One  who  beseeches. 

BE-SEECH'IXG,  ppr.    Entreating. 

BE-^SEECH'ING-LY,  adv.    In  a  beseeching  manner. 

BE-SEEK',  r.  f.     To  beseech,     [.^ot  used.]     Chaucer. 


BES 

BE-SEEM',  t;.  l     [be  and  seem.]    To  become ;  to  be 
fit  for,  or  worthy  of  j  to  be  decent  for. 

What  form  of  spcvch  or  behavior  beteemeth  us,  in  our  rnyrn  to 
Uod  ?  Hooker. 

BE-SEEM'IXG,  ppr.  or  a.    Becoming ;  fit :  wortliy  of. 

BE-SEE>ri.\G,  n.    Comeliness.  BarreL 

BE-SEEM'I.N'G-LY,  ado.    In  a  beseeming  manner. 
I>E-SEEiM'L\G-NESS,7t.    Quality  of  being  beseeming. 
BE-SEEM'LY,  a.     Becoming  ;  fit ;  suitable. 
BE-SEEX',  a.     Adapted  ;  adjusted.     UVul  used.] 
BE-SET',  V.  t. ;  preL  and  pp.  Beset.     [Sax.  besetian,  to 

place,  of  be  and  settan,  lo  set;  D.  bczetteiti  G.  be^et- 

icn.    See  Set.] 

1.  To  sunound  ;  to  inclose  ;  to  hem  in  ;  to  besicg;e  ; 
as,  we  are  be^et  with  enemies ;  a  city  is  beset  with 
troops.     Hence, 

2.  To  press  on  all  sides,  so  as  to  perplex  ;  lo  entan- 
gle, so  as  to  render  escape  difficult  or  impossible. 

Adam,  sor?  betet,  replied.  Nillon. 

3.  To  waylay.  Shak. 

4.  To  fall  upon.  Spenjser. 
BE-SET'TING,  ^pr     Surrounding;  besieging;  way- 
laving. 

BE-SET'TING,  a.    Habitually  attending,  or  pressing; 

as,  a  besetting  sin. 
BE-SHTNE',  V.  f.    To  shine  upon.    [J^^ot  used.] 
BE-SHREVV,  V.  t.     [be  and  shrew.]     To  wish  a  curse 

to ;  to  execrate.  Dryden. 

2.  To  happen  ill  to.    [JVo(  in  use.]  Shak. 
BE-SHROUD'ED,  a.    Shrouded. 

BE-SHUT',  V.  t.    To  shut  up.    [J^ot  used.]    Cliaucer. 
BE-SIDE',  prep,     [be  and  side,  by  the  side.]    At  the 

side  of  a  person  or  thing ;  near ;  as,  sit  down  beside 

me,  or  beside  the  stream. 
9.  Over  and  above ;  distinct  from. 

Betide  nil  this,  between  iii  and  jou  there  is  a  great  gulf  fixed,  — 
Lui:e  xvi, 

3.  On  one  side ;  out  of  the  regular  course  or  order ; 
not  according  to,  but  not  contrarj*. 

ll  Ls  bende  rr.y  present  busine&s  to  enlarge  upoD  tbui  speculation. 

Locke, 

4.  Out  of ;  in  a  slate  deviating  from  ;  as,  to  put  one 
beside  his  patience.     Hence, 

5.  With  the  reciprocal  pronoun,  beside  one's  self,  is 
out  of  the  wits  or  senses  ;  out  of  the  order  of  reason, 
or  of  rational  beings. 

Paul,  thou  art  beside  thTself.  —  Acts  xxvi, 

BE-SIDES',  prep.    Over  and  above  j  separate  or  dis- 
tinct from. 

And  there  was  a  famine  in  tlie  land,  bf  sides  the  first  faitiine.  — 
Gen.  xivii. 

JVnte.  This  word,  though  radically  the  same  as 
beside,  and  a  corruption  of  it,  ought  not  to  be  con- 
founded with  it ;  for  it  is  never  used  in  the  senses 
explained  under  beside,  except  in  the  second. 
BE-SIDE',  )  adv.  Moreover  ;  more  than  that ;  over 
BE-STDES',  \  and  above ;  distinct  from ;  not  included 
in  the  number,  or  in  what  has  been  mentioned. 

Besidea,  you  knoiv  not  what  ia  thi;  file  of  your  &iend. 

The  men  eaid  to  Lot,  Hast  thou  here  any  tfsii<*?~Lie:i.  iijc. 

Tu  all  beside,  a^  much  an  empty  shade, 

An  Eugeue  living,  as  a  Ccaar  dead.  Pope. 

These  sentences  may  be  considered  as  elliptical. 
BE-SID'ER-Y,  n.     A  variety  of  pear.  Johnson. 

BE-SIeGE',  v.  t.     [be  and  siege;  Fr.  siege,  and  assie- 
ger,  to  besiege.     See  Siege.] 

1.  To  lay  siege  to;  to  beleaguer;  to  beset  or  sur 
round  with  am:ed  forces,  for  the  purpose  of  compel- 
ling,' to  surrender,  either  by  famine  or  by  violent  at- 
tacks ;  as,  to  btskfie  a  castle  or  city. 

2.  To  beset;  to  tliroug  round;  as,  besieged  with 
cares. 

BE-SIEG'EP,  pp.  or  a.     SuiTOunded  or  beset  with 

hostile  troops. 
BE-SIEGE'MEXT,    )!.     Act  of  bcsie^ng ;    state  of 

btiue:  besieged. 
BE-SIEG'ER,  )i.     One  who  lays  siege,  or  is  employed 

in  a  siege. 
BE-SIEGTNG.  ppr.    Laying  siege;  surrounding  with 

arraed  forces. 
BE-SIEG'ING,  a.    Surroimding  in  a  hostile  manner  ; 

employed  in  n  siege  ;  as,  a  buicgiug  army. 
BE-SIEG'ING-IiY,  (xdv.     In  a  besieging  manner. 
BE-SIT',  y.  (.    [icandsi?.]   To  suit ;  to  become.    [I^ot 

usaL]  Spenser. 

BE-SLAVE'.  V.  t.    To  subjugate;  to  enslave.    [Sot 

usrd.]  Bp.  mil. 

BE-SL,.\  V  'ER,  V.  u    To  defile  witn  slaver. 
BE-SLAV'ER-iCD,  pp.     Defiled  with  slaver.    Ileber. 
BE-SLAV'ER-ING,p;jr.     Defilins  with  slaver. 
BE-SLIME',  V.  L     To  daub  with  shme ;  In  soil.     [-V(j( 

used.]  B.  Jouson, 

BE-SLOB'BER-ING,p;>r.    Beslubbering.     Ed.  Rev. 
BE-SLUB'BER,  r.  L      \be  and  slubber,  slabber.]     To 

soil  or  smfar  with  spiule,  or  any  thing  running  from 

the  mouth  or  nose,     [yulgar.^ 
BE-SLUB'BER-IXG,  ppr.    Smearing  with  spittle. 
BE-SMkAR',  v.  t.     [he  and  smear.]     To  bedaub;   to 

overspread  with  any  viscous,  glutinous  matter,  or 

with  any  soft  lub^tance  that  adheres.    Hence,  to 

foul ;  Jo  soil. 
BE-SMkAR'£D,  pp.    Bedaubed  ;  overspread  with  any 

thing  soft,  viscous,  or  adhesive  ;  soiled. 


BES 

EESMkAU'ER,  7u    Oni:  thai  beemeiir'. 
BESMEAR'ING,  ppr.     Hcdaubins  ;  Kjiling. 
BE-SMIItClI',  (smurch,)  c.  t      [be  anil  rouVcJi.1     To 

*;oil ;  tu  ('(iul ;  to  (ll.-color.     \LiUlc  uecd^  Skak. 

BE-SMOKE',  T.  I.     [bt   nnd   jnitnke.]      ■"■     ' 

smoke  ;  to  harden  or  dry  in  «moke. 
BE-S.MOK'KD.  (-sm5kt,)  pp.    Fouled  c- 

fnioke  ;  dried  in  smoke, 
BE-.S.MUT',  V.  I.    [bt  and  tmuL]    To  bUckeu  wiiii 

stnut;  to  f.iiil  with  bwjL 

BE-SMUT'TED,  pp.    Blackened  with  irr 

BE-S.NoW,  r.  (.     [4c  and  mine.     f:ix. 

ticiplc.l    To  Ecallcr  like  nnow.    [LUU' 
BE-?,\Ow'£D,  pp.  or  a.     [be  and  >/ioir. 

sprinkleil  with  snow,  or  with  while  M 
BE-S.NUl  F',  r.  (.    To  befoul  ivith  «nu:r 
BE-SXLJFF'£I),(.snufl,)pp.    Foul  with -im:.    , 
Be'SOM,  n.    [Sax.  besm^  a  bnish  or  bri>*m ;  '< 

twigs.    Orosuis,  2,  3.    Gcr.  ijtm,  D.  6'inn  .    •. 

bczo,  liirch.     Tlu:  be:iom  was  a  little  bundle  of  l\^  fg  i 

used  for  sweeping.] 
A  broom ;  a  brusn  of  twigs  for  swccpinp. 


1  will  awccp  il  %''ah  Ihe  Uiom  oldr^-; 
hMU.  —  la.  il' 


LAdrf 


Be'SO.M,  c.  (.    To  sweep,  xs  wi' 

Rolls  Ijick  ail  Greece,  and  6« ' 
Bi5'S0M-ER,  n.  One  wh 
BE-SORT',  r.  e.    [be  iad  s.r:.^     •„,...;.,,.;.;, 

come.  JMiUc. 

BE-SORT',  n.    Company ;  attendance ;  train,    f  Ois.] 

sUk. 
BB^OT',  r.  (.    [be  and  soL]    To  make  sottish  ;  to  in- 
fatuate ;  to  stupefv  ;  to  make  dull  or  senseless.  Miltou. 
2.  To  make  to  dote.  SWfc. 

BE-.SOT'TED,  ,ip.  or  a.     M.ide  souLsh  or  stupid. 
Besotud  (in,-  infatuated  with  foolish  alfcctioo. 

BE-SOT'TED-I.V,  aJ<:.    In  a  fonlish  manner.   M      ■. 
BE-.SOT'TED-XESS,  n.    Stupidity  ;  arrant  f.  I : 

fatuation.  J\Iil:-j.. 

BE-SOT'TING,  ppr.    Infatualing;  making  sottiali  or  i 

fooli.ih.  I 

BE-.SOT'TIjNG-LY,  adv.    In  a  besotting  manner. 
BE  SOUGHT',  (bc-sawt',)pp.  of  Beseech.  Entreated; 

implored  ;  sought  by  entreaty. 
EE-SPAi\"GLE,  c.  (.     [be  and  .■^angle.^    To  adorn 

with  spangles ;  to  dot  or  sprinkle  with  something 

brilliant ;  as,  the  heavens  be.ipanglcd  with  stars. 
BE-SP.\X"GL£D,  pp.     Adorned  with   spangle3   or 

sonielhinc  shining. 
BE-SP.\N"GL1NG,  ppr.    Adorning  with  spangles  cr 

clitteriug  objects. 
BE-SP.\T'TER,  v.  t.     [be  and  spatter.']    To  soil  by 

spattering ;  to  sprinkle  with  water,  or  with  dirt  and 

water. 
2.  To  asperse  with  calumny  or  reoroach.     Sxift 
BE-SP.AT'TER  .ED,  pp.    Spattered  over ;  soiled  with 

dirt  and  water;  aspersed  ;  calumniated. 
BE-SP.\T'TER-!i\G,   ppr.     Spattering  with  water; 

soiling  with  dirt  and  water  ;  aspersing. 
DE-SPA U'L',  c.  t.     [be  and  spa^cL]    To  soil  or  make 

foul  with  spittle.  .Vdtjm. 

BB-SPe.VK',  t.  t. ;  prel.  Bespoke  ;  pp.  Bespoke,  Be- 
spoken,    [be  and  speaJc.]    To  speak  for  beforehand  ; 

to  order  or  engage  against  a  future  time  ;  as,  to  be- 

speak  a  seat  in  a  public  coach. 

Mr  lady  b  Utpokt.  "  *- 

2.  To  forebode ;  to  foretell. 

They  sianej  tcur,  and  bupoki  dangen,  lo  scale  Use  - 

3.  To  speak  to ;  to  addrcu.  This  sense  is  mostljr 
ooelical. 

He  thus  the  queen  be.ptit.  Dryit^ 

4.  To  betoken ;  to  show  ;  to  indicate  by  external 
marks  or  appearances ;  as,  bis  manners  bespeak  him 
a  seiilleman. 

RE-<Pf,AK'ER,  n.    One  who  bespeaks. 

BI-^.-^Pf..\K'ING,  ppr.  Speaking  for  or  ordering  be- 
forehand ;  foreboding;  addressing;  showing;  indi- 
eatiii^. 

6E-SPeAK'ING,  n.  A  prerious  speaking  or  discourse, 
by  way  of  apolop-,  or  to  engage  lavor.        Drvden. 

BE-SPECK'LE,  (-.'p-kl',)  r.  (.  [be  and  speckle.]  To 
mark  with  speckles  or  spots.  .^/iito?:. 

BE-SPICE',  c.  t.  [bt  and  spice.]  To  season  with 
spices.  SAjifc. 

BE-SPIRT',   jr.  t    To  spurt  out,  or  ovsr;  to  throw 

BE-SPURT',  i     out  in  a  sucam  or  streams.     [.V..J 

used.]  .\fiton. 

BESPIT',  r.  t.:preU  Bespit;  pp.  Bespit.  BE5PlrrE^^. 

[ieand  sTiK.)    To  daub  or  soil  with  spittle.    Jchiist^ 
BE-SPoKE',  pret.  and  pp.  of  BE'PKas. 
BE-SPOT',  r.  t.     [be  and  spot.]     To  m.-uk  with  spots. 
BE-SPOT'TED,  pp.     .Marked  with  sjKits.      [Mraner. 
BE-SPOT'TING.ppr.     >Iarkini  with  spots. 
HE-SPREAD',  (bespred',)  r.  t ;  prei  and  ^p.  Bespeeio. 

[be  and  spreai.]     To  spread  over ;  to  cover  over ;  as, 

to  be^-praad  with  flowers. 
BE-SPREAD'ING,  ppr.    Spreading  over. 
BESPRENT',  pp.     Sprinkled  over. 
BE-SPRI.N'K'LE,  r.  £.    [if  .ind  .<pri.»W<-.)    To  sprinkle 

over ;  lo  scatter  over ;  as,  to  bespnuUe  with  dust. 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE  —  AN"GER,  VF'CIOUS.  — C  BsK;  OasJ;  SasZ;  CHas  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


117 


BES 

BE-SPR[.\K'Lf:D,  pp.    Sprinkled  over. 

BK-SPKINK'LKR,  n.    One  iliai  sprinkles  over 

BE^SPRI.NK'LIM;,  ppr.     SpnnkliiiK  over. 

BK->'PRL\K'LL\G»,  k.  pL    :^i»rmkUnps. 

BEST,  a.  suprrlatice.  [Sa.\.  ftf.ff,  cunlnicted  from 
bfU<t,  I'ri'in  bft^  more,  or  belter;  btlre  ia  al^o  used ; 
bcum,  lu  aiiu-iiU,  or  restore,  currect,  lical ;  bote^  repii- 
runiii,  compensation;  Eng.  boot^  to  boot;  Goth. 
bit'ian,  to  prulit,  aid,  OMist ;  Kiig.  but ;  G.  bofs,  cood, 
Af.v.rr,  better,  beste^  be=t ;  D.  bUtTy  beM ;  Dan.  bc^tf : 

S\v.  bdJt.    'J'ht!)  word  Uha  no  connection  in  origin 
with  i^ood.     See  Better.] 
Liiendly,  most  advanced.    Henco, 

1.  Most  cood  i  havinc  pot-d  qualities  in  the  hiKho-ft 
degree  ;  applied  ijidiirerenlly  to  physical  or  inonl 
t-iilijecls;  as,  the  bfjt  man;  llio  bfjt  ro;id ;  Iho  bt^t 
clulti :  the  beat  abilities.  Thiti,  like  mojity  and  other 
attributes,  is  often  UM?d  without  ila  ncnn,  whrn  the 
noun  is  obvious  ;  as^  men  are  all  ttmneni  j  the  best  of 
iht-m  fail  in  the  perUiriuance  of  duly. 

2.  -Most  advanced  ;  most  accurate ;  as,  the  best 
scholar. 

3.  Most  correct,  or  complete ;  as,  tlie  bejt  view  of  a 
land.^cnpc,  or  of  a  subject. 

4.  The  besL  This)  phrase  is  elliptical,  and  may  bo 
variously  inlerpa'led  ;  as,  tlie  utmost  power ;  Ilic 
etronges't  endeavor ;  the  most,  tlie  tii^;Iiest  perfection  ; 
as,  let  a  man  do  his  best ;  i.  e.  to  tlie  best  of  hia  power. 

5.  Jii  bf3t ;  in  tJie  best  manner ;  in  the  uimoiit  de- 
gree or  extent  applicable  to  the  casej  us,  life  is  at 
best  very  short. 

To  viakc  the  best  of;  to  carry  to  its  greatest  perfec- 
tion ;  to  improve  to  the  utmost ;  as,  tu  make  Vie  beA 
of  A  sum  of  money,  or  a  piece  of  land.  Also,  to  per- 
mit the  least  possible  inconvenience  ;  as,  to  make  the 
best  ofWl  fortune  or  a  bad  barg:iin. 

The  best  of  the  way.    We  had  made  tite  best  of  our 
may  to  the  city  ;  that  is,  the  most,  the  greatest  part 
of  the  distance.     [This  h   the  primary  sense.'] 
BEST,  n.  Utmost ;  highest  endeavor ;  as,  to  do  one's 

best.    See  Xo.  4,  above. 
BEST,  ode.    In  the  highest  degree ;  beyond  all  other ; 
as,  to  love  one  best ;  to  like  tliis  best :  to  please  best, 

3.  To  the  most  advantage ;  with  the  most  ease ; 
as,  which  instrument  can  you  best  use.' 

3.  With  most  profit  or  success ;  as,  money  is  best 
employed  in  manufactures;  this  medicine  will  an- 
swer best  in  the  present  case. 

4.  Most  inlimalety  or  particularly ;  most  correctly ; 
as,  what  is  expedient  is  best  known  to  himself. 

BEST-AR-RAXG'AD,  a.  Arranged  in  the  be*t  man- 
ner. 

BEST-€ON-CERT'ED,  a.  Conceited  in  the  best 
manner. 

BEST-GOV'ERN-ia),a.  Governed  in  Uie  beat  manner. 

BEST-SPoK'EN,  a.    Spoken  in  the  best  maimer. 

BEST-TE.M'PER-£D,  a.  Having  tlie  moat  kind  or 
mild  temper. 

BEST-TIlAlN'£D,  a.    Tniined  in  the  best  manner. 

BEST-\VRIT'Ti:N,  a.  Written  in  the  best  manner. 
jVo/r,  These  and  similar  compounds  explain  them- 
selves. 

BE-STaIX',  r.  £.  [6e  and  ifairt.]  Tomark  with  stains  ; 
to  discolor,  either  the  whole  surface  of  n  thing,  or  in 
spots.  Shak. 

BE-STEAB',  (be-sted',)  r.  (. ;  pret.  and  pp.  Bested. 
[be  and  stcud,] 

1.  To  profit. 

Uov  Ihtlc  jou  besked.  AliUon. 

2.  To  accommodate. 

Tbcy  shall  poas  through  it,  ?uirrf/y  besUd.  —  U.  v'ui. 

That  is,  distressed  j  perplexed. 

3.  To  dispose.  Spenser. 
BES'TIAL,  (best'yal,)  a.     [from  bcasU]    Belonging  to 

a  beast,  or  to  the  class  of  beasts. 

G.  Having  the  qualities  of  a  beast;  brutal ;  below 
the  dignity  of  reason  or  humanity ;  carnal ;  as,  a  bes- 
tial appetite.  Shak. 

BES-TIAL'I-TY,  71.    The  quality  of  beasts  ;  the  .slate 
or  manners  of  man  which  resemble  those  of  bnilcs. 
2.  Unnatural  conneation  with  a  beast. 

BE3'TIA  r,-IZE,  V.  t.    To  make  like  a  bcaet. 

BES'TiAL-LY,  adv.  Brutally ;  in  a  tnannei  below 
Immanitv. 

BE-STICK',  r.  (. ;  pret.  and  p;,  Uestccb 
ftick.]  To  stick  over,  as  with  sharp  ptiinis 
by  infixing  points  or  s\ntU  here  and  there. 

Truth  thall  retire,  btstuck  niUi  tLuidrrroiu  dartn.  Milton. 

BE-STIR',  (bc-stur',)  r.  t.  [be  and  :^ir.]  To  put  into 
brisk  or  vigorous  action  ;  to  move  with  life  and  vig- 
or ;*  usually  with  Uic  rcciprocai  pron<mn  ;  a.*!,  rise  and 
bestir  voiinfelres. 

BE-vSTIR'R£D,  (be-sturd',)  pp.  Routed  into  vigorous 
action;  quickened  in  actitin. 

BE-STIR'RIA'G,  ppr.  Moving  hrwkly  ;  putting  into 
vigorous  action. 

BEST'NESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  beaU    [JV<rt  Mscd.] 

MorioR. 

BE-STORM'j  tj.  t.  [6e  and  siorvt.}  To  storm  ;  to  rage. 
r-V*»t  used,^  Young. 

BE-SToW,  V,  L  [he  and  tUm,  a  place.  See  Siuw. 
Literally,  to  set  or  place.] 


[be  and 
to  mark, 


BET 

1.  To  give  ;  to  confer ;  tu  impart ;  with  the  sen^o 
of  [miiMfv    ■,.,,!  (..!i..vv.*l  by  ortor  upoa. 

(  l.onl,  that  ha  nuj  butou  on  jrou  a 

1       ,,  -•  to  f-(  J  the  poor.  —  1  Cor.  xiil.  3. 

This  word  should  never  be  followed  by  to. 

2.  Tu  give  in  inarriuge  ;  to  dispose  ut*. 

I  oouki  \iMc  btMtou<d  \kt  ii)x<f)  «  fine  gvnlleinut.  ThCtr. 

3.  To  apply  ;  to  place  for  tho  pur|>ose  of  exertion, 
or  use  ;  as,  lo  bestow  our  wlu>b.'  force  U|>on  an  object. 

4.  To  lay  out,  or  dis|Hwe  nf ;  to  give  in  payment 
for;  nc,  to  bestow  money  for  what  wo  desire.  'Dent, 
xiv.  91  i. 

5.  To  by  up  in  etore ;  lo  depcRfit  for  safe  keeping ; 
to  slow  ;  to  place. 

I  haTu  ii!-i  it*om  where  to  br$toio  my  fniil*.  —  LuVc  xLI, 

BE  STCW'AI.,  ».    Act  of  bestowing  ;  dIsi>osal. 
ltr.-STr>W'£D,  pn.      Given  pmHntl;U^Iy  ;   conferred; 

laid  out ;  applied  ;  deposited  for  safe  keeping. 
BE-STOW'ER,  w.    One  who  bestows ;  a  giv'cr ;  a  dis- 

p(>s<'r. 
BE-STCW'I.VG,  par.    Conferring  praluitously ;  lo)  ing 

out ;  ;inplving  :  depositing  in  store. 
BE-STOVV^MENT,  ii.    The  act  of  giving  gratuitously ; 
a  conferring.  Perry. 

(iod  tin  Pailirr  h:id  eomriJUod  ths  betiotcnwtxt  uf  Oic  U<..M)ng;t 

purehcucd  lo  hia  Son.  Edteanit  vi%  Rcdtmp.  372. 

ir  WD  coiiUUcr  ihii  bettomnetit  o{  ^ft»  in  thia  rifv/. 

Cttaunceii,  U.  Sal.  155. 
Wluitover  mny  be  the  tocrel  couilhrl  oi  t>la  v/ill  TrapccUnc  liis 
own  Itttovment  of  Kivtn^  grxtc.     SmaUey,  Herm.  p.  37. 

2.  7'hat  which  la  conferred,  or  given ;  donation. 

'I'licy  atirn/Uicnod  liii  luimlx  l)>'  ilivir  IIU  rtl  be4lo\otM0ls  on  him 

ami  hU  ikmily.  CAj.ji,  Mag.  iii.  (>S». 

The  iH't^  and  iniinilk^-iit  bctlowmtnt  of  tlw  Sovereign  Ji)il|^. 

TTiodey. 

[Bestoiement  Is  prefeniUle  lo  bestotBol,  on  account 
of  the  concunence  of  the  two  vowels  in  bestowal.] 

Bt^.STRAI)'DLE,  p./.    To  bestride.    [Pee  Straddle-] 

BE-STRAUGIIT',  a.    Distracted;  mad.     [jVof  used.]- 

ShaJi. 

BE-STREW',  r.  t. ;  prrt,  Hestuewed  ;  pp.  Bestrewed, 
Be^trown.  [he  and  streu).]  To  scatter  over ;  to  be- 
sprinkle ;  to  f^trow.  Miltoa. 

BE  STREV\''ED,  pp.  of  Bestrew. 

UE-STRIDE',  r.  /. ;  pret.  Besthio  or  Bestrode  ;  pp. 
IIesthiu,  Bestridden.     [Ac  :ttid  stride.] 

i.  To  stride  over;  lo  stand  or  sit  with  anything 
between  the  legs,  or  willi  the  legs  extended  across; 
as,  to  bestride  tlie  world,  like  a  colossus ;  to  bestride 
a  horse.  SJuik. 

9.  To  step  over;  as,  to  Af.«friJe  a  tlircshold.  Shak, 
Bestriding  sometimes  includes  riding  or  defending, 
as  Johnson  remarks;  but  the  |Kirticular  purposes  of 
the  act,  which  depend  on  the  circumstances  of  the 
case,  can  hardly  be  reduced  to  definition. 

BE-STKID'ING,  ppr.  Extending  tiie  legs  uvcr  any 
thing,  so  as  to  include  it  between  them. 

BE-STRoDE',prrf.  of  Bestbide. 

BE-STUOW.V,  pp.  of  Bestrew.    Sprinkled  over. 

BE-STUCK',  pp.  of  Bestice.  Pierced  in  various 
places  witli  sharp  points. 

BE-STUD',  r.  t.  [be  and  stud.]  To  set  with  studs ; 
to  adorn  Willi  bosses  ;  as,  to  bestud  with  stars.  Milton. 

BE-STUD'DED,  pp.    Adorned  with  studs. 

BE-STUD'DFNG,  ppr.  Setting  with  studs;  adorning 
as  with  bosses. 

B&SWIKE',  (be-swik',)  r.  t.     [Sax.  beswican.] 

To  allure.     [JVot  used.]  Gower. 

BET,  n.  [Sax.  lad,  a  pledge  ;  badiaiij  to  give  or  take 
a  pledge  ;  G.  ireUc,  weUcu.] 

A  wager ;  that  which  is  laid,  staked,  or  pledged,  in 
a  contest,  to  be  won,  cither  by  the  victorious  party 
himself,  or  by  another  person,  "in  consequence  of  his 
victor)-.  At  a  race,  a  man  lays  a  bet  on  his  own 
horse,  or  on  the  horse  of  another  man. 

BET,  r.  t.  To  l,^y  a  het ;  to  lay  a  wager  ;  to  sUikc  or 
pledge  somelliing  upon  the  event  of  u  contest. 

BET,  the  old  participle  of  Be.^t,  is  obsolete  or  vulgar. 

BE-TaKE',  v.  t, ;  pret.  Betook;  pp.  Betaken,  [be 
and  lake.     Sax.  belacan.] 

I.  To  take  to ;  to  have  recourse  lo ;  to  apply ;  to 
resort;  with  tlic  reciprocal  pronoun  :  i\H,lo  betake  our- 
selves to  arms,  or  to  action.  It  generally  implies  a 
motion  toward  an  object ;  jus,  lo  betake  ouritclws  to  a 
Ktiady  grove  ;  or  an  application  nf  the  mind  or  facul- 
ties corresponding  with  such  motion;  a±},  to  betake 
ourselves  lo  study  or  to  vice. 
'J.  Jf^Wmcr/y,  lo  take  or  seize.     [04^.]      Spenser. 

BE-TaK'£N,  jmrt.  of  Betake. 

BE-TAK'ING,ppr.  ll.iving  recouine  to  ;  applying;  re- 
porting. 

UE-TAUGllT',prr/.  of  Betake.    [JVotused.]    Chaucer. 

BE-Tr^EMS  V.  u  [be  and  tcejn.]  To  bring  forth;  lo 
produce  ;  to  shed  ;  to  bestow.     [JVy(  used!]     Spenser. 

Sfiak. 

BE'TEL,  (be'tl,)  Ti.  A  species  of  popper,  tlie  leaves 
of  which  are  chewed,  with  the  areca  or  betel-nut 
and  lime,  by  ihu  inhabitants  of  the  East  Indies.  It  is 
a  crcepmg  or  climbing  plant,  like  the  ivy,  the  leaves 
somewhat  resembling  those  of  the  citron.  It  is 
planted  by  a  tree,  or  supported  by  props.  In  India, 
betel  is  taken  after  meals,  and  during  n  \i8it ;  it  is 
otTercd  to  friends  when  they  nictft,  and   when  Ihey 


BET 

separate ;  in  short,  nothing  is  to  be  done  without 
betel.  To  correct  liie  bilieriiess  of  ihe  leaver,  a  little 
areca  is  wrapped  in  them  with  the  chuuaiii,  a  kind  of 
burnt  lime  made  of  shells  Kncye. 

Be'T£E-NUT,  n.  The  nut  of  the  areca  p;tlm,  chewed 
in  the  East  with  betel  leaves  and  lime.  . 

BE-THINK',  r.  L  ;  pret,  and  pp.  IIethouiiht.  [be  and.> 
think.) 

To  call  to  mind  ;  lo  recall  or  bring  tu  recollection, 
reflection,  or  consideration  ;  genirally  followed  by  a 
reciprocal  pronoun,  willt  of  before  Ihe  subject  of 
thought. 

I  have  belfujue^a  m.v»rlf  <(/  another  feult.  S!Mk. 

BE-THI.VK',  r.  L    To  have  in  recollection ;  to  consid- 

t-r.  Spenser, 

BETH'LE-HEM,  n.     [Ueb.  the  house  of  food  ur  breud.] 

1.  A  town  or  village  in  Judea,  about  six  miles 
south-east  of  Jerusjdem,  famous  for  its  being  tlM 
place  of  Christ's  nativity. 

2.  A  ha-^pilul  for  lunatics ;  corrupted  into  Bedlam. 
BETU'EEM-ITE,  h.    An  inliabllanl  of  Bethlehem  ;  a 

lunatic. 

2.  In  church  hisrtory,  the  Bcthlcmites  were  a  sort  of 
monks,  introduced  into  England  in  the  year  1257, 
who  were  habited  like  the  Dominicans,  except  that 
Ihcy  wore  a  star  with  Ave  rays,  in  memory  of  the 
comet  or  star  which  appeared  over  lUtlilehem  at  tho 
nativity  of  our  Pavior.  There  is  an  ctrder  of  Beth- 
lemites  at.-^o  in  Spanish  America.  Kncvc. 

BETHOUGHT',  (be-Ihawt',)prci.  and /m.  of  Bethink. 

BE-THRALL',  r.  t.  [be  and  thralK]  To  enslave  ;  lo 
reduce  to  bondage  ;  to  bring  into  subjection.  U.ittU 
lutrd.]  Sitak. 

BE-TirRALL'£D,  pp.    Enslaved. 

BE-THUSiP'  r.  U  [be  and  thuaip.]  To  beat  soundly 
[Little  vsed.)  Shak. 

BE-TIDE',  V.  U ;  pret.  Betid  or  Betided  ;  pp.  Betid. 
[be  and  tide,    Sax.  tidan,  to  happen.    Sec  Tide.] 

To  happen  ;  to  befall ;  lo  come  to ;  vsed  of  good  cr 
evil. 

\Vh3l  will  betid*  the  Tew  i  Aftltott. 

BE-TIDE',  r.  i.    To  come  lo  pass  ;  to  happen. 

Willi  nex\s  else  be&itUi  her:  ?  S^o^i. 

Shakspeare  has  used  it  with  ff.  What  would  he- 
tide  of  thee?    But  this  is  unusual  or  improper. 

WV  TTMF'      } 

R&TIMES'  ( *"'"•    t'"^  *'"**  '"'"^'  '''^'  '**'  ^^'  '^'*^  time.J 

1.  Seasonably ;  in  good  season  or  time ;  before  it 
is  late. 

To  tneaauie  life  I?arn  thou  beimes.  AlSion. 

2.  Soon  ;  in  a  short  time. 

ric  tircd  beiimft,  Uiat  tpuni  too  Cuit  beSimu.  Sliai. 

BE-ToK'£N,  (bc-to'kn)  v.  L  [be  and  token.  Sax.  hc- 
Ueeait^ 

1.  To  signify  by  some  visible  object ;  lo  show  by 
sign.s. 

A  dtnry  clout.),  and  in  the  cloud  a  bow, 

BeVokening  peno  from  God.  JUl/fcm. 

9.  To  foreshow  by  present  signs  ;  to  indicate  some- 
thing future  by  that  which  is  seen  or  known  ;  as,  a 
dark  cloud  aftcn  betokens  a  storm.  Thomson. 

BE-T6K'£N-£D,  pp.  Foreshown  ;  previously  indica 
ted. 

BE-ToK'EN-ING,  ^jt.    Indicating  by  previous  6i;:n9. 

BET'O-XY,  n,     [L.  betonieaj 

A  name  common  to  diflerent  species  of  plant*;,  of 
the  genus  Bclonica,  (Iiinn.)  The  purple  or  wowl 
bctony  (B.  ojTicinalis,  Linn.,)  a  native  of  Europe, 
grows  in  woods  and  shady  places,  and  is  deemed 
\iS4ful  as  a  mild  corroborant.  Encyc. 

BK-TOOK' ,  prcl.  of  Betake. 

BE-'i'6RN',  a.    Tom  in  pieces. 

BE-TOSS',  T.  t,  [be  and  tags.]  To  to-ss  ;  lo  agitate  ;  lo 
disturb;  to  put  m  violent  motion.     Shak.    Shrlton. 

BE-TOSS'/JD,  (be-tosl',)  a.  Tossed  ;  viclently  acitaled. 

BE-TRAP',  v.  U  [from  trap.]  To  entrap;  to  iusimre. 
[J^ot  use<l]  Ocdcve. 

BE-TRaY',  p.  ^  [Chaucer  wrote  bctrass,  betratss,  and 
the  !•>.  trattre  la  a  contraction  of  traistrc;  Ami. 
Iray^ia,  to  betray  ;  Norm,  trahir,  to  draw  in,  lo  be- 
tray ;  treitre^  a  traitor ;  Fr.  trahir,  which  seems  to  bo 
the  ij.  trahc.  From  trahir  is  formed  trahismnt,  and 
trahison,  treason.  H  traJio  is  the  nM)t,  tlie  sense  is,  to 
draw  a.-iide,  to  withdraw,  or  lead  away  ;  which  would 
agree  with  the  D.  bedriarcn^  G.  bclries^en,  Hw.  bcdra- 
ga,  Dan.  bedra/rc,  lo  deceive ;  and  trcaeherii,  Fr.  tri- 
eherie,  is  from  the  root  of  tricii,  I  do  nut  find  bctro- 
gait  in  the  Saxon,  but  bedrog  is  rendered  frfeUit,  and 
this  is  from  dra;raiiy  lo  draw.  Betray,  then,  seems  to 
be  a  compound  uf  be  and  dragon,  to  draw  ;  and  bctra-is 
supm,  may  lu:  from  a  difierent  root.  In  Btrictne--s,  to 
fail  in  duty  ;  lo  be  guilty  of  breach  of  trust ;  lo  vio- 
late the  confidence  reposed.  The  word  docs  not  in 
itaelf  import  to  deliver  up ;  but  by  usage,  either  wilh 
or  without  the  word  enemies,  it  signifies  to  dchvcr 
up,  in  breach  of  inist.] 

1.  To  deliver  into  the  bands  of  an  enemy  by 
treachery  or  fraud,  in  violation  of  trust;  as.  an  om- 
cer  betrayed  the  city. 

The  Son  of  in.in  ahall  be  bttrayed  Into  the  handa  of  men.  —  MaU. 


Fate,  far,  fa IX,  what.  — mcte,  prey.  — pixe,  marixe,  bird ngte,  dove,  move,  wqlf,  book.- 


BET 

9.  To  violate  by  fraud,  or  unfaithfulness ;  as,  to 
betray  a  tnist 

If  tiic  people  ©f  America  ever  6eO-c:y  iheir  trust,  Uicir  ^uiliwill 
ni' tit  even  «Traicr  puiiishjnent  than  other  nalions  h.ivc  sui- 
lored,  and  itie  indigiiauoii  of  Heaven.  J.  Adams. 

3.  To  violate  confidence  by  disclosing  a  secret,  or 
that  which  was  intrusted ;  to  expose,  followed  by  the 
person  or  the  thing ;  a?,  ray  friend  betrayed  me,  or 
betravt^d  the  secret.  ^  .  -    ■  .      , 

4.  To  disclose,  or  permit  to  appear,  what  is  intend- 
ed to  be  kept  secret,  or  what  prudence  would  con- 
ceal. 

Be  swift  to  hear,  but  cautious  of  your  tonjue,  lesl  ycu  betray 
your  igTionuicc.  Waas. 

Hence, 

5.  To  mislead  or  expose  to  inconvenience  not  fore- 
seen ;  as,  gre;il  confidence  betrays  a  man  into  errors. 

6.  To  show  ;  to  disclose ;  to  indicate  what  is  not 
obvious  at  first  view,  or  would  otherwise  be  con- 
cealed. 

Nor,  after  length  o(  years,  a  stone  betray 
The  place  where  onte  the  very  ruiDs  lay. 
This  river  betrays  its  originiJ  iu  its  uame. 
All  the  names  m  the  countiy  betray  great  autiqiuty. 

7.  To  fail,  or  deceive. 


BEV 


BEW 


Addison. 
Holwell. 
Bryant. 


But  when  I  riae,  1  shall  find  my  legs  betrayiTig  me. 

JohnsoJi 


Bosieell. 


tage,  superiority,  or  victory  ;  as,  to  get  the  better  o/an  l  BEV'EL#-1KG,  ppr.    Funning  to  a  bev 


BE-TRaY'AL,  (be-tra'al,)  ti.    Betrayment. 

BE-TRaY'£D,  /'p.  Delivered  up  in  breach  of  trust ; 
violated  by  unfaithfulness  ;  exposed  by  breach  of  con- 
fidence: disclost;d  contrary  to  expectation  or  inten 
tion  ;  made  known. 

BE-TRaV'ER,  n.    One  who  betrays ;  a  traitor. 

BE-TRaY^ING,  pjrr.  Delivering  up  treacherously  ;  vi- 
olating confidence ;  disclosing  contrary  to  intention ; 
exposing. 

BE-TRaY'MENT,  n.  Act  of  betraying ;  breach  of 
trust.  ^^(i^- 

BE-TRIM',  V.  U  [be  and  trim.]  To  deck  \  to  dress  ; 
to  adorn  j  to  grace  j  to  embellish ;  to  beautify ;  to 
decorate.  Hhak. 

BE-TRIM'JLED,  (be-trimd') pp.    Adorned  ;  decorated. 

BE-TRIAf  JlliVG,  f5w.  Decking;  adorning  ;  embel- 
iishinc- 

BE-TROTH',  P.  (.  \be  and  (rotA,  truth,  faith.  See 
Truth  and  Troth.] 

h  To  contract  to  any  one,  in  order  to  a  future  mar- 
riage ;  to  promise  or  pledge  one  to  be  the  future 
spouse  of  another ;  to  afiiance ;  used  of  either  sex. 
"The  father  bctroths  his  daughter." 

2.  To  contract  with  one  for  a  future  spouse ;  to  es- 
pouse ;  as,  a  man  bctroths  a  lady. 

3.  To  nominate  to  a  bishopric,  in  order  to  conse- 
cration. Ayltffc. 

BE-TROTir^D,  (be-trothf)  pp.  or  a.  Contracted  for 
future  marriage. 

BE-TROTH'ING,  ;)pr.  Contracting  to  any  one,  in  or- 
der to  a  future  marriage,  as  the  father  or  guardian  ; 
contracting  with  one  for  a  future  wife,  as  the  intend 
ed  husband  ;  espousing. 

BE-TKOTH'3IENT,  n.  A  mutual  promise  or  contract 
between  two  parties,  for  a  future  marriage  between 
the  persons  betrothed  ;  espousals,  Encijc. 

BE-TllUST',  V.  t  [be  and  trii^t.]  To  intrust ;  to  com- 
mit to  another  in  confidence  of  fidehty  ;  to  confide. 
Thi:^  is  less  used  than  intrust.  Hall. 

BE-TRUST'ED,  pp.  Intrusted  ;  confided ;  committed 
in  trust. 

DE-TRUST'ING,  ppr.  Intrusting;  committing  in  trust. 

EE-TRUST'MEXT,n.  Theactof  intrusting;  thething 
intrusted.  Jud^e  Ckipman. 

BET'.^O,  n.    The  smallest  Venetian  coin.       Mason. 

UET'TED,  pp.    Laid  as  a  wager. 

BET'TER,  G.  ,■  cmnp.  of  Bet.  [See  Best.]  [Sax.  bet, 
more,  better;  betcrCj  beUra,  better;  Sw.  bOttre;  D. 
beter ;  G.  bcAser ;  D.  boat,  profit ;  baaten,  to  bovt^  to 
avail ;  Sans,  bhadra,  good.  The  primary  sense  is 
more,  or  advanced  further  :  and,  in  jVmerica,  this  is 
a  common  popular  signification.  This  vessel  con- 
tains better  than  half,  that  is,  more  than  half;  he 
walked  better  than  a  mile,  that  is,  more  than  a  mile.] 
1  Having  good  qualities  in  a  greater  degree  than 
another  ;  applied  to  physical,  acquired,  or  moral  qual- 
ities ;  as,  a  6e«ersoil,  a  better  man,  a  better  physician, 
a  better  house,  a  better  air,  a  betier  harvest. 

2.  More  advantageous. 

Were  it  not  be'der  for  as  to  return  to  Egypt?  —Ei.  xlv. 

3.  More  acceptable. 

To  obey  is  better  than  sacrifice.  —  I  Si\m.  xv. 

4.  More  safe. 
It  is  belter  to  truat  in  the  Lord  than  to  put  confiilencc  in  man.  — 

Ps.  cxviii. 

5.  Improved  in  health ;  less  affected  with  disease  ; 
as,  tlie  patient  is  better. 

6.  To  be  better  off;  to  be  in  a  better  condition.  BeA- 
doM,  Hygeia.  This  is  a  verv  conmion  phrase;  but 
ought  not  off  to  be  of?    It  is  not  elegant. 

7.  To  hate  the  better,  is  to  have  the  advantage  or 
superiority,  follo\ved  by  of  before  him  or  that  over 
which  the  advantage  is  enjoyed  ;  as,  the  English  had 
the  betier  of  the  Spaniards. 

8.  To  get  or  gain  the  better,  is  to  obtain  the  advan- 


tnemy. 

9.  For  the  better,  is  for  the  ad  vantage  or  improveninnt. 
BET'TER,  adv.  In  a  more  excellent  manner;  with 
more  skill  and  wisdom,  virtue,  advantage,  or  suc- 
cess ;  as,  to  perform  work  better ;  to  plan  a  scheme 
better  ;  land  better  cultivated  ;  laws  better  executed  ; 
government  better  administered. 

9.  More  correctly,  or  fully ;  as,  to  understand  a 
subject  better  than  another. 

3.  With  superior  excellence ;  as,  to  write  or  speak 
better  than  another. 

4.  With  more  affection ;  in  a  higher  degree ;  as,  to 
love  one  better  than  another. 

It  is  not  easy  to  specify  and  exemplify  the  various 

applications  of  better.    In  general,  it  implies  what  is 

more  excellent,  advantageous,  useful,  or  virtuous, 

than  something  else. 

BET'TER,  V.  t.     [Sax.  beterian,  bctrian.    See  Better.] 

1.  To  improve ;  to  meliorate  ;  to  increase  the  good 
qualities  of;  as,  manure  betters  laud  ;  discipline  may 
better  the  morals. 

a.  To  surpass ;  to  exceed. 

The  works  of  n:itiire  do  always  aim  at  llwl  which  can  not  be 

bttlercd.  Hooker. 

Qm.  is  not  the  sense,  viade  better? 
3.  To  advance  ;  to  support ;  to  give  advantage  to  ; 
as,  to  better  a  party  ;  to  better  a  cause. 
BET'TER,  71.    A  superior;  one  who  has  a  claim  to 
precedence  on  account  of  his  rank,  age,  or  office ; 
as,  give  place  to  your  betters,    it  is  generally  or  al- 
ways ustd  in  the  phiral. 
BET'TER-£D,    pp.     Improved  ;    meliorated  ;    made 

better. 
BET'TER-ING,  ppr.    Makuag  better  ;  improving. 
BET'TER-ING-HOUSE,J!.    A  house  for  the  reforma- 
tion of  offenders. 
BET'TER-MENT,  n.      A  making  better;    improve- 
ment. Montagtie. 

Betterments^  in  law,  are  those  improvements  of  an 
estate  which  render  it  better  than  mere  repairs. 

Bouvicr. 
BET'TER-NESS,  n.     Superiority.  Tookc. 

BET'TING,  jqrr.    Wagering  ;  laying  a  wager. 
BET'TING,  )(.    The  laying  of  a  wager.      Shcrtmod. 
BET'TOR,  n.     [from  bet.]    One  who  bets  or  lays  a 

wat^er.  Addison. 

BET'TY,  n.     [Supposed  to  be  a  cant  word  from  the 
name  of  a  maid  ;  but  qu.  is  it  not  from  tho  root  of  beat 
or  L.  pcto  ?] 
A  small  instrument  to  break  open  doors. 

.^rbuthuot. 
BE-TUM'BL£D,  a.     [be  and  tumble.}    Rolled  about ; 

tumbled ;  disordered.  Skak. 

BE-Tu'TOR-£D,rt.  Tutored  ;  instructed.  Coleridge. 
BE-TWEEN',  prfp.     [Sax.  betwconan,  betmjnan  ;  of  be 
and  twain,  two.  Sax.  Uoeg^  twcgcn.     The  Saxons  used, 
in  the  same  sense,  betuh,  and  betweoh,  betwo.    See 
Twain,  Twin.] 

1.  In  the  intermediate  space,  without  regard  to 
distance  ;  as.  New  York  is  between  Boston  and  Phila- 
delphia ;  the  Delaware  River  runs  between  Tennsyl- 
vania  and  New  Jersey. 

2.  From  one  to  another:  parsing  from  one  to 
another,  noting  exchange  of  actions  or  intercourse ; 
as,  things  go  well  bcticeen  the  parties. 

3.  Belonging  to  two  or  more,  in  common,  or  part- 
nership ;  as,  two  friends  have  but  one  soul  beticcen 
them  ;  twenty  proprietors  own  a  tract  of  land  hetimen 
them.  We  obser^'e  that  between  is  not  restricted 
to  two. 

4.  Having  mutual  relation  to  two  or  more;  as,  dis- 
cords exist  between  the  families. 

5.  Noting  diflerence  or  discrimination  of  one  from 
another;  as,  to  distinguish  between  right  and  wrong, 

BE-TV.'IXT',  prep.      [Sax.  betwixt,   betwixt,   betwcoz, 
betweok;  be  and  twesr^  two.] 

1.  Between  ;  in  the  space  that  separates  two  per- 
sons or  lliinss  ;  as,  betwiit  two  oak-*. 

2.  Passing  between ;  from  one  to  another,  noUng 
intercourse.    See  Between. 

BEVEL,  n.     [Fr.  buvcau.    Q.\i.  It.  bicca  livclla,  oblique 
level.] 

1.  Among  vtasoiis,  carpenters,  joiners,  &:c^,  an  in- 
strument, or  kind  of  square,  one  leg  of  which  is  fre- 
quently crooked,  according  to  the  sweep  of  an  arch 
or  vault.  It  is  movable  on  a  point  or  center,  and  so 
inav  be  set  to  any  angle.  An  angle  that  is  not  a  right 
angle  is  called  a  becel  aii^Ze,  whether  obtuse  or  acute. 

Bailey.    Johnson.     Eneijc. 

2.  A  slant  or  inclination  of  a  surface  from  a  right 
line  ;  as,  the  proper  bevel  of  a  ptece  of  timber. 

Encijc. 
BEVEL,  a.    Slant;  having  the  fonn  of  a  bevel. 
BEVEL,  V.  t.    To  cut  to  a  bevel  angle.  Moxon. 

BEVEL,  r.  i.    To  slant  or  inclhie  off  to  a  bevel  angle, 

or  from  a  direct  line. 
BE VEL-KD,  pp.  or  a.    Formed  to  a  buvel  angle. 

In  ytunnaivgy,  replaced  by  two  planes  inclining 

cquallv  upon  the  adjacent  planes,  as  an  edge  ;  ha^nng 

its  edges  replaced  as  above,  as  a  cube  or  otlier  solid. 

BEVEL-GEAR,  n.    Wheel-work  whose  cogs  stand 

bevcliu  tr,  or  at  an  oblique  angle  to  the  shaft. 

JViehclson. 


BEVEL-ING,  a.     Slanting   toward 

bending  from  a  right  line, 
BEVELING,  n.    A  h'jwing  of  timlxfr  with 

and  regular  tlant  toward  a  t>evcl  aufile,  ace 

a  mold  laid  on  one  itidc  of  iii  surface. 
2.  The  slant  or  bevel  of  timber. 
BEVEL-MENT,  n.    In  »..,'.,',..    tbf;  repL 

of  an  edge  by  two  sin  :'iaUy  lucUm^ 

to  the  including  faces  or  i. 

Bli'VER,  n.     [luftrtjo-f.  t 

A  collation  or  small  rei^a^i  ; 

Be'VER,».  i.    TotakcasmaUi-,  _:  _-- 


BEV'ER-AGE,  n.    flL  bevere,  or  here,  to  dr 
veraggioy  drink  ;  fop.  beherjfrom  L.  bibo;  Fr. 
a  tippler ;  buvrw,  a  tavern  ;  buvetlery  to  sip,  to  tip|»lu ; 
Arm.  bcuerauh,  beverage.] 

1.  Drink ;  liquor  for  drinking.  It  U  generally  tL«cd 
of  a  pleoi^ant  or  mixed  liquor.  Nectar  i»  colled  the 
beverage  of  the  godb". 

In  the  middle  ages,  bccera^,  hr  -t ,  ■  tj.  or 
biberagium,  wa3  money  for  drink  giv'  ■■  r 

or  other  jwrson  over  and  above  hi 
The  practice  has  existed,  to  a  c-  ■  -i 

America,  within  my  mcmorj,  and  1  i 

still  exists  in  some  parts  of'this  en  'i 

who  Iiad  a  new  garment,  wa^  call  .  .    .      ''- 

crarre^  that  is,  to  treat  with  liquor.     Ut-ucc, 

2.  A  treat  on  wearing  a  new  puit  of  clothes,  cr  on 
receiving  a  suit  from  llic  tailor  ;  alio,  a  treat  on  fit»l 
coming  into  prison  ;  a  gamL-h. 

3.  In  En-^lami,  walir-cider,  a  mixture  of  cider  and 
water,  made  by  putting  water  into  pomace  before  it 
is  pressed.  M-irtimer.     Jvkfuan, 

BEVILE,  n.  [See  Beveu]  In  heraldry^  a  thing 
broken  or  opening  like  a  carpenter's  bevel. 

BEVY,  iJ.  [1  know  not  the  origin  or  afliniii 
word.  The  etymologies  1  have  seen  are  l 
notice.] 

A  jiock  of  birds ;  (sporti^mcn  now  confine  the  term 
to  quails.  Rich.  Diet, ;)  hence,  a  company  ;  an  as- 
sembly or  collection  of  persons;  MsuaiUj  appiUd  to 
females. 

BE-WaIL',  v.  U  [be  and  waiL]  To  bemoan ;  to  la- 
ment ;  to  express  sorrow  for.  It  expresses  deep  8or- 
sow  ;  as,  to  bewail  llic  loss  of  a  cliild. 

The  Irui-  prnit'-itl  bcuci^a  hU  iDsralilut!^  i"  lit*].  A^^m. 

BE-WaIL',f.  ».    To  express  grief.  SAa*. 

BE-WaIL'A-ULE,  a.    That  may  be  lamented. 
BE-WaIL'J'-D,  pp.    LauH'iited  ;  benuMUicd. 
BE-WaIL'EK,  h.    Oiu-  who  Inmenls. 
BE-W.^IL'ING,  ppr.      l*iineming;   bemoaning;  ex- 

pre.^^sing  grief  for. 
BE-WaIL'LNG,  :i.    Lamentation.  Raleigh. 

BE-\VaIL'1NG-LY,  iuic.    In  a  mournful  manner. 
UE-WaIL'MENT,  7J.    'i'hc  act  of  bewailing. 
BE-WaKE'.  v.  t.    [he  and   wake.]    To  keep  awake. 

f.A'ce  used:}  r-,':.-rr. 

BE-W.^RE',  I'.  I,     [Sax.  brweriait,  h, 

to  guard,  defend,  restrain,  pmhibi, 

tious ;  Sw.  bcvara  ;    D.  betcaaren :   > 

wahren;  D;m.  bccare,  to  keep  guard,  ^r,  >.  rv- .     ^»•e 

Ware,  Warv.] 

1.  Literail!f,lo  rcstniiu  or  giianl  on'-'-  ^ 
Hence,  to  regard  with  caution  :  to  i 
from  any  thing  that  may  be  daiigf 
imprnj)e'r  ;  to  avoid,  to  lake  care ;  u 
fore  the  thing  that  is  to  be  avoided. 

lieteart  q/"a!l,  b«l  moA  hereore  ofiiixn. 
Bciearc  q/L\lse  prophet*;  betrare  (y'tb«  leaven  o(  Iti 
ijet«ire  of  ilic  couciiioii. 

2.  To  have  a  special  regard  to. 

Beholtl,  I  send  aii  aiigel  before  ibw  — Uiacre  ef  L.   , 

hisvoia*.  —  Ex.  xxlii. 
[This  is  unusmil,  and  hardly  legithmte.] 
This  word,  though  here  admiiieii  .-is  a  v-rh.  !n -n 
the  Saxon,  is  rarely  used  as  a  verb  in  f 
verb,  is  now  never  used  except  in  ihe 
moiie.    It  is  a  cominmnd  of  be  and  tbe      .  -  ^-  ^ 
ware,  now  warti.     Be  iraru  of  danger.     ilcnce,it  can 
not  be  used  with  did,  like  a  regular  verb,  nor  with  be. 
in  any  of  its  inflections,  — he  is  bnrar^:  t.  r  iii:> 
would  bo  to  use  the  substajitive  verb  t^^ 
ware  and  wary,  is  and  6c.    Ben  Jonsoii. 
has  used  the  word  in  the  third  |)erson.     I. 
to  act.    But  it  lias  no  past  tense  or  participle,  ;ui.j 
therefore,  if  admitted  as  a  verb,  it  is  defective,  and 
used    only  in    tlie    imperative   mode,  or  after   an 
nuxiliarv.  ,    „  „      ., 

BE-WEEP',  V.  t.     [be  and  weep.]    To  weep  ov«r ,  to 
bedew  with  tears.    [Little  used.]  "^^  -^- 

BE-WEEP',  r.  i.    To  make  lameniauen.     [ 


-If  from. 


Pope. 


BE-WEPT',  itp. 

[Little  ttsed.j 
BE-AVET',  ».  (. 

[JVot  «.*<d.l 


Wei>t  over :  bedewed  ^ 
[be  and  Ktt.]    To  wel;  to  moiaten. 


Blb-\^'HdIlFy,  (bc-I>6re',)r.f.    To  comipl  ^ 
to  chastity.  Retort.  a».. 

2.  To  pronounce  a  wliore. 


TUNE,  BULL,  UNITE. -AN"GEK,  VI'-CIOUS—C  a,  K;  6  a3  J ;  S  a»  Z ;  CH  as  Sll  ;_7»  ^'  in  THK^ 


ny 


BEY 

BE-WIL'DER,  r.  t.  [Dan.  fornlde,  vUdti  D.  vcr- 
icilderm  :  G.  rertcddcm  ;  from  \ciidJ\ 

To  lead  into  perpU'iity  or  confusion  ;  tolo-Jc  in  nalli- 
Xc'AA  ptaceti ;  to  conruitnd  fur  want  of  a  plain  roau  ;  lo 
perplex  with  mazes  ;  or  in  general,  to  purplcx. 

Lm;  aud  bt-^aCdfrtd  iii  the  fmUm  kL-ucfa,  A/3di»on. 

BE-WIL'DER-£D,  pp.  Lost  in  mazes;  perplexed 
with  disorder,  contusion,  or  intricacy. 

BI::-\VIL'lJER-/:i>-N£SS,  lu  8taU)  of  being  bewil- 
dered. 

BC-\ViI/DEK-IN'G,  ppr.  or  a.  loosing  in  a  pathless) 
Hl;He  ;  p*TpIe\iiic  with  confusion  or  inlricnry. 

BK-\\1L'IH:K-1\(;-LY,  adr.     Mo  us  to  bt-wilder. 

BE-WIL'DER-MENT,  n.     Statt-  of  beitiK  bewildered. 

liK-WlN'TER.c.t.    To  make  like  winter.    [J^vtustd,] 

Cotelru. 

BE-WITCH',  F.  (.  [be  and  icitch.]  To  fascinate ;  to 
gain  an  ascendency  over  by  charms  or  tiicaiitallon  ; 
an  o[Hrration  which  was  formerly  supposed  to  injure 
the  pTson  bewitched,  so  Uiat  he  lost  hi«  t1o»h,  or 
b*'haved  inastriLnpe,  unaccountable  manner, —  ipno- 
rant  people  being  inclined  to  lu^cribc  to  evil  spirits 
what  Uiey  could  not  account  for. 

Look,  bow  1  9Lm  btteilcfi^ ;  b)^boId,  mlae  Arm 

U  like  •  bUMcd  npUtij;  wiihcred  up.  Shak. 

2.  To  charm  ;  to  fascinate  ;  to  please  to  fuch  a  de- 
gree as  to  take  away  Uie  power  of  rcsijitance. 

The  cbanns  of  pOTUy  our  »ouI*  IxKiw/t.  Dryden. 

3.  To  deceive  and  mislead  by  juggling  tricks  or 
impof^turc.     Acts  viii.  9. 

BE  \VlTC!I'KD,(be-wicht',)7)p.  Fascinated  ;  charmed. 
BE-WITCH'ED-NESS,  n.    State  of  being  bewitched. 

Qaudm. 
BE-\VITCII'ER,Ti.    One  that  bewitches  or  fascinates. 

Stafford. 
BE-\VITCH'ER-Y,  n.    Fascination  :    charm ;    resist- 

liMi  iKJwrr  of  any  lhln;i  that  pleases.  So\ah, 

lir.  W  ITCH'Fl.L,  .1.     .Mluring;  fascinating.  MiUou. 
V.V.  W'l TCIl'I.Ntl,  pj^r.     Fiv-^cinating  ;  charming. 
IIK-WITCH'I.NG,  a.    That  has  power  to  bfrwitch  or 

fascinate  j  that  has  power  to  control  by  the  arts  of 

pleasing. 
BE-WITCH'IXG-LY,  adc.    In  a  fascinating  manner. 

HalhiwelL 
BE-\VITCH'I.\G-XESS,  n.      auiility  of  bewitching. 
BE-\VITCH'.MENT,7r.    Fascination  ;  power  of  charm- 

ing.  Shak. 

Bk'WITS,  n.  pi.    Straps  of  leather  by  which  bells  arc 

fattened  to  a  hawk's  legs.  BooUu 

BE-\VO.\"DER-£D,  a.   [be   and    reonder.]      Amazed. 

r.Vufiwerf.]  Fairfax. 

BE-\VRAP',  (be-rap',)  e.  (.  [6c  and  ipra/j.]    To  wrap  up. 
BE-\VRaY',  (btvra',)  r.  (.     [Chaucer  has  wraie,  irreije, 

wray,  and  in  the  infinitive  bewrien,  to  discover,  as  if 

from  Sax.  trrecan,  to  tell.     In  Sax.  aicreaitj  onwreon, 

signify  to  reveal,  as  if  the  negative  of  wrigan,  to 

cover.] 
To  disclose  perfidioutily  j  lo  betray  j  to  show  or 

make  visible. 

Thy  Bpeeeh  hevrayeth  thee. 


BE-V 


[T)m  word  is  nearly  antiquaUd.] 
WRaY'AD,  (be-nide',)  pp.    d(s 


Disclosed  ;  indicated ; 


nn  WRaY'ER,  n.    a  divulger  of  secrets;  a  discoverer. 

HK  WR A Y'I\G, ppr.  Disclosing;  making  known  or 
vi-ible. 

BE-WRaY'I\G-LY,  adv.     In  a  manner  to  bewray. 

BE-WRaY'.ME.NT,  n.     Act  of  bcwTaying. 

BE-WRECK',  (be-reck',)  r.  u  [be  and  wreck.]  To 
niin  ;  to  destroy.     [JVut  used.] 

BE-WROUGIIT',  (be-rawt',)  a.  [be  and  work.]  Worked. 
rjV»(  used.]  B.Jonson. 

BfeY,  (bi,)  n.  In  the  Turkish  dominions^  a  governor  of 
a  town  or  particular  district  of  countrj- ;  also,  in  some 
places,  a  prince ;  the  same  as  Beg.  [See  Bec]  Eto/u 

BE-YO\D',  prep.  [Sax.  he^eond^  begtondan,  of  be-  and 
geond^  yond,  yonder.  This  is  the  participle  of  the 
verb  ^an,  to  go,  to  pas^.  It  coincides  with  the  D. 
/raande,  the  p;irticiple  of  the  present  tense  of  the 
«arae  verb,  fflaH,  to  go;  Dan.  gaaende.  I..iterallv, 
then,  it  signities  by-passtngj  or  by-past ;  or,  as  we  now 
say,  pa<l  by,  sone  fty.] 

1.  On  the  further  side  of;  on  the  side  most  dis- 
tant, at  any  indetinitc  distance  from  that  side;  as, 
beyond  a  river,  or  the  sea  ;  either  a  mile  beyondy  or  a 
hundred  miles  beyond  Uic  river. 

2.  Before  ;  at  a  place  not  yet  reached. 

A  ihin  J  beyond  u«,  ercn  hrtore  our  death.  Pope. 

3.  Past;  out  of  reach  of;  further  than  any  given 
limit ;  further  than  the  extent  of  any  thing  else  ;  as, 
beyond  our  power  ;  beyond  cumpruliension  ;  beyond 
dispute  ;  beyond  our  care. 

4.  Above ;  in  a  decree  exceeding  or  surpassing ; 
proceeding  lo  a  greater  degree,  as  in  dignity,  excel- 
lence, or  quality  of  any  kind;  as,  one  man  is  great 
or  good  beyond  another. 

To  go  beyond,  is  a  phrase  which  expresses  an  ex- 
cess in  some  action  or  scheme  ;  to  exceed  in  in- 
genuity, in  research,  or  in  any  thing  else :  hence,  in 
a  bad  sense,  lo  deceive  or  circumvent. 

Let  uo  iron  go  beyond  and  defnutd  hii  brolhcr  in  luij  nuuer. 

Sl  Paul. 


BIA 

BE-VO\U',  ode.     At  a  distance  ;  yonder.      Spem.ter. 
UEZ'.A.V,  N.    A  cotton  cloth  from  Bengal,  white  or 

striped.  Eneye. 

hK-ZA^T',    n,    A  gold  coin  of  Byzantium.      [See 

Bri.vsT.] 
In  heraldry^a  circle,  or:  so  called  from  tlio  gold 

coins  of  tile  Greek  empire,  termed  bezants  iir  byian- 

tines.  Brunde. 

BE-ZANT'LER,  n.  [from  antlrr.]    The  branch  of  a 

deer's  horn,  next  above  the  brow  antler.        Knevc. 
BEZ'EL,  11.     [Uu.  Ch.   "rra,  beznl,  hmits,  confines; 

Sw.  betztl^  a  riMU  ;  betzia,  to  curb.] 
The  upper  p;irt  of  the  collet  of  a  ring,  which  en- 

com|utti>es  and  fxstt^ns  the  stone.  Bailey. 

o    ^  o  ^ 

Bk'ZOAR,«.    [Pers.  ji^jiU  6arf:aAr,  which  Castcll 

iiilerprcis  "  veiitus,  1.  e.  dissipntor  vpncni,  alexi|)har- 
micuui  omne,  i|Uod  venmum  iH-llit,  et  spintuum 

facultalcs  rctiticl,"  from    JiL*   bad,  wind,  breath, 


spirit,  and    y^\    taltr,  poison. 


Others    make    it 


pazahar,  against  jwison,  an  antidote  for  iwison. 
Others  derive  the  word  from  paseng,  or  pasahr,  the 
name  of  the  goal  in  Persia.] 

1.  An  antidote  ;  a  general  name  for  certain  animal 
substances  supposed  to  be  elficacious  in  preventing 
tlie  fatal  efTtcts  of  poison.  Bezoar  is  a  cnlrulous 
concretion  found  in  the  slotnach  of  certain  rumin:int 
animals,  composed  of  concentric  coats  surrounding 
each  otiier,  with  a  liltle  caviiv  in  the  middle,  con- 
taining a  bit  of  wood,  strr.w,  hair,  or  the  like  sub- 
stance. Thrre  are  two  sorts;  the  oriental,  from 
Persia  and  the  East  Indies,  of  a  shining  dark  green 
or  olive  color,  with  a  smooth  surface;  and  tbe  "CcC- 
dnital,  from  the  Spanish  West  Indies,  which  has  a 
rough  surface,  is  less  green,  much  heavier,  more 
brittle,  and  of  a  looser  texture.  The  oriental  is  gen- 
erally less  than  a  walnut ;  the  occidental  is  larger, 
and  sometimes  as  large  as  a  gooi^e  egg.  Kncyc. 

The  oriental  bezoars  are  many  of  them  of  a  resi- 
nous couipositton  and  combustible.  Thomson. 

2.  In  (1  more  general  sawe,  any  substance  formed, 
stratum  upon  stratum,  in  the  stomach  or  intestines 
of  animals.  Knafc. 

This  name  is  also  given  to  tlic  biliary  calculi  of  cer- 
tain animals.  Cyc. 

Fossil  bezoar  is  a  figured  stone,  formed,  like  the 
animal  bezoar,  with  several  coats  round  some  ex- 
traneous body,  which  serves  as  a  nucleus;  found 
chiefly  in  Sicily,  in  sand  and  clay  jtits.  It  is  of  a 
purple  color,  and  of  the  size  of  a  walnut.  It  seems 
to  be  of  the  nature  of  Armenian  bole,  and  is  called 
Sicilian  earUi.  Knn/e. 

Bezoar  tnineral.  This  preparation  is  an  oxyd  of 
antimony,  produced  by  distilling  the  nitrous  acid 
several  times  to  dryness  from  tlie  sublimated  muriate 
of  nntimony.  J^iclwlson. 

BEZ-O-AIt'Die,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  compounded  of 
bezoar. 

BEZ-0-XR'Die,  n.  A  medicine  compounded  with 
bezoar.  Johnson. 

BEZ-0  XR'Tie-AL,  a.  Having  the  qualities  of  an 
antidote.  Todd. 

BEZ'ZLE,  V.  t.    To  waste  in  riot.     [Xot  used.    See 

E  M  D  E  7  7.  L  E .  J  JiUUon. 

BHU-CilAMP'Ae,  Ti.  [Hindu,  Mu,  ground,  and 
champac,  a  plant,j 

A  bf-autiful  plant  of  India,  known  in  Linna^us's 
system  under  the  name  of  Ka-mpferia  rotunda.  The 
blossoms  rise  from  the  ground  with  a  short  scape, 
and  scarce  live  a  whole  day.  Jis.  Res.  iii.  254. 

BI'A,  n.  In  commerce,  a  small  shell  called  a  eorDry, 
nitich  used  in  the  East  Indies.  Eneyc. 

Ht  A.\"GU-LaTE,         1  rr     1-      . 

Br-AN"GU-L5-Tl5D  i*^'    [L..&W, twice, and (in^tLs, 

BI-A\"GU-I.buS,    '  S      **"  ^"S'*^'*J 

Having  two  angles  or  corners.     [Little  used.] 

BI-XRM'I-A\,  a.  Noting  a  race  of  Finns  in  Permia, 
in  the  north  of  Europe,  on  the  Dwina.  and  about  the 
While  Sea ;  nTiltcn  silso  Permian,  The  Biarmians, 
or  Permian^,  are  said  to  be  the  most  wealthy  anti 
powerful  of  the  Finnish  tribes.  Tookc. 

BI-AR-Tie'U-LATE,a.   [L.  &w  and  articu/iw,  a  joint.] 
Consisting  of  two  joints. 

BT'AS,  n.  [Arm.  bihays  or  vies ;  Ft.  biais,  a  slope  ; 
biaiscr,  to  use  shifts,  evasions,  or  tricks.] 

1.  A  weight  on  the  side  of  a  bowl  which  turns  it 
from  a  straight  line. 

2.  A  leaning  of  ibc  mind;  inclination  ;  preposses- 
sion ;  propensity  toward  an  object,  not  leaving  the 
mind  indifTerenl;  as,  education  gives  a  bias  to  the 
mind. 

3.  That  which  causes  the  mind  to  lean  or  incline 
from  a  state  of  indifference  to  a  particular  object  or 
course. 

This  word  is  familiarly  used  as  an  adverb,  for  out 
of  a  straight  /inc ,  slajtting,  erossttLsc ;  as,  to  rut  a 
piece  of  cloth  bias  ;  the  king  falls  bias  of  nature.  ShaJi. 


BIB 

The  word  in  also  used  by  Slmkspcare  as  an  adjective 
for  sh'ptng. 

Blow  till  thy  Um  ehevh 
Out««TU  itie  cuUc  of  puft  Ariuilon. 

BI'.AS,  V.  t.  To  incline  to  one  side ;  to  warp ;  to  givo 
a  particular  direction  to  tlie  mind;  to  pr>'judice  ;  to 
jire[Mis>rf»-.    The  Judgment  is  orten  b^astd  by  interest. 

BrAS-nRAVV-lXG,  n.    Partiality.    [.\'ot  used.]     Shak,  \ 

BI'AS/^JI),  bl'a-^t,)  pp.  UT  a.  Inclined  from  a  rigitt 
line  ;  war|HMi  -.  prejudiced. 

BI'AS-ING,  ;»/»r.  (living  a  bias,  particular  direction, 
or  prt'pi  nsiiy  ;  uarping;  prejudicing. 

BI'AS-XKSS,  n.     Iticlinalion  to  w>me  side 

BI-AU-IUCM^-LATE,*!.  [&i.vand  auricula,  nu  auricle.] 
In  anatuiny,  a  term  applied  to  a  heart  with  two 
auriclea,  as  in  the  mammalia,  and  in  birds  and 
reptiles. 

BI-AX'AI.,  a.     Having  two  axes.      &>  D.  Brrastrr. 

BlU,  n.  A  small  piece  of  linen  or  other  cloth  worn  Iiy 
children  over  the  bn-ast. 

2.  A  fish  about  a  foot  in  length,  the  back  of  a  light 
olive,  the  sides  yellow,  and  the  bellv  while. 

Diet,  of  Xtit.  irist. 

BIB,  r.  i.  [L.bibo;  Sp.  bd/er;  lU  bcrcre;  Gtp^y,  pio- 
ra,  to  drink.] 

To  sip ;  to  tipple ;  to  drink  frequently  [Liale 
tuied.]  Lockr, 

BI-Ba'CIOUS.  (-bi'shus,)  a.     [L.  bibai.    See  Bid.] 
Addicted  to  drinking;  di-^posed  to  imbibe. 

BinAC'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  drinking  much, 
[A''ot  used.] 

BIB'BER,  n.  A  tippler;  a  man  given  to  dripkiij; 
chieflv  used  in  composition  ;  as,  icinr-bibbrr. 

BIB'BLE-BAB'BLE,  n.     Idle  talk  ;  prating  to  no  j." 
fhwe.     [Jl  lotD  trord,  and  not  tisrd.]  ShtiK. 

BIB'I-O,  It,  A  name  of  the  wine  fly,  a  small  rri:*ect 
found  in  empty  wine  casks.         Diet,  of  JVat.  IH-i 

BT'BLE,  u.     [Gr.  iii(>\t'>y,  fiiH^oi,  n  book.] 

The  Book,  by  way  of  eminence  ;  the  sacred  vol- 
ume, in  which  are  cont-ained  the  revelations  of  God, 
the  principles  of  Christian  faith,  and  the  rules  <(■ 
practire.  It  consists  of  two  parts,  culled  the  Old 
and  New  Testaments, 

TItc  BiUe  ahuuid  be  ill?  itaiwJoni  of  Un>;ua^  lu  well  ai  of  fiiili. 

BIB'LER,  71.     [See  Bra.]     A  tippler  ;  a  great  drinker. 
BI'BLE  SO-CFE-TY,  n.    A  society  for  the  distribu- 
tion of  the  Bible. 
BIB'LIG-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  Bible,  or  to  the  sa- 
cred writings  ;  as,  biblical  criticism. 
BIB'Lie-AL-LY,  adv.     According  to  the  Bible 
BIH'LI-CIST,  n.    One  skilled  in  the  knowledge  and 

interprf'tation  of  the  Bible. 
BIB-LI-OG'RA-PHER,  7t.    [Gr.  /?</?A..$,  a  book,  and 
ypai^o),  to  write.] 

One  who  composes  or  compiles  the  history  of  books  ; 
one  skilled  in  literary  histor>- ;  a  transcriber. 

Bailey.     Juhnson.     .^^h. 

BrB-LI-O-GRAPH'IC 

BI 

BI 

books ;  an  account  of  books  and  manuscripLs,  witli 

notices  of  the  different  editions,  the  times  when 

they  were  printed,  and  other  information  tending  to 

illustrate  the  history  of  literature.    Encye.  Pinkertan. 

BIB-LI-OL'A-TRY,  n.    [Gr.  jh,'SXioi,  and   Xarocui.] 

Worship  or  homage  paid  to  books.  Sotitjicy. 

BrB'LI-O-LITE.  n.  [Gr.  ih'iXtoi;  a  book,  and  Xt^u?, 
a  stone  ;  called  also  Phytobiblia  and  LHJwbiblia.] 

Bookstone  ;  a  species  of  schistous  stones,  mostly  cal- 
careous, which  present,  between  their  lamina;,  the  fig- 
ures of  leaves,  or  sometimes  simple  dendrites.  [J\~ot 
now  used.] 
BIB'LI-O-MAN-CY,  n.  [Gr.  /St0Xoi,  a  book,  and 
pai'Tna,  divination.] 

A  kind  of  divination,  perfonned  by  means  of  ihe 
Bible ;  consisting  in  selecting  passages  of  Scripture 
at  hazard,  and  drawing  from  Ihcm  indications  con- 
cerning tilings  future.  Encye,  Sout/teu. 
BIB-LI-O-Ma'NI-A,  «.  [Gr.  0tpXtov,  book,  and 
pafia,  madness.] 

Book-madness;   a   rage  for  possessing  rare  and 
curious  books. 
BIB-LI-0-aiA'Nl-A€,  n.    One  who  has  a  rage  for 

books. 
BIB  i,I-0-MA-OT'Ae-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  passion 

for  books.  Qiiort.  Rn* 

BIB-LI-O-PEG'ie,  a.     Relating  to   the   binding  of 

books. 
BIB-LI-OP'O-LIST,  (  n.     [Gr.    0i0\iov,    book,  and 
BIB'LI-0-POLE,       j      770i\L0)j  to  sell.] 

A  bfiokseller. 
BIB-LI-O-THe'CAL,    a.     [L.  bibliothccCj    a   librar}', 
/^i/yAn,  and  tJieea,  SrjKTjt  ^  repository.] 
Belonging  to  a  library. 
BIB-LI-0TH'E-€A-R*,  n.    A  librarian.  HaU. 

BIB'I.I-O-THeKE,  n.     A  librarv.  Bale 

BIB'LIST,  n.  [from  Bible.]  With  the  Roman  Cath- 
olics, one  who  makes  the  Scriptures  the  sole  rule  of 
faith.  Encye. 

2.  One  who  is  conversant  with  the  Bible,  .^sh. 
BI  BRAC'TE-ATE,  a.  Doublv  hracleale.  F^U/tn. 
BIB'U  LOUS,  a.     [L.  bibulus,  from  hibo,  lo  drink.] 


ssaucy.     juanson.     .i,!fn. 
TB-LI-O-GRAPHTC,         )  a.     Pertaining  tt.  Ihe  his- 
IB-LI-0-GRAlMI'ie-AL,  j      lory  of  btjoks.     A'etr. 
IB-LI-OG'RA-PHV,  h.    A  history  or  description  of 


Fate,  far,  fall,  what.  — mete,  prey.— pxne,  jiakxne,  bird NoTje,  dove,  move,  wolf,  book.- 

120  . 


r 


BID 

spongy  J  that  has  the  qmiUly  of  iiubibing  fluids  or 
moisture.  Thomson, 

BI-€AL'€AK-ATE,  a.  [L.  bL;  and  calcar,  a  spur.] 
ArmL'd  with  two  spurs,  as  the  limb  of  an  animal. 

Braiide. 

BI-C^AP'SU-L.VR,  a.  [L.  bis,  double,  and  capsiiia,  a 
little  chest,  from  capsa^  a  che^t.    See  Capsolak.] 

In  botany,  having  two  capsules,  containing  seeds, 
to  each  flower  ;  as,  a  bicapsulcr  pericarp.     JMartyn. 

BT-CXR'BON-ATE,  71.  A  carbonate  containing  two 
equi^-alents  of  carbonic  acid  to  one  of  base ;  one  of 
the  supercarbonates. 

BICE,  y  n.    ,\mong  painters,  a  pale  bine   color,  pro- 

BISE, )  pared  from  the  native  blue  carbonate  of  cop- 
per, or  from  smalt,  Greejt  bice  is  prepaR-d  from  the 
blue,  by  adding:  yeUow  orpiment,  or  by  grinding  down 
tiie  preen  carbonate  of  copper.        Cooley.     Brande. 

BI-CEPH'A-LOlj'S,  a.  [L.  6i«,and  Gr.  hc^hAtj,  head.] 
Having  two  heads. 

BI-C[P'IT-AL,     I  a.     [L.  biceps^  of  fi«,   twice,  and 

BI-CIP'IT-OUS,  \     caput,  head.] 

Having  two  heads.  Applied  to  the  muscles,  it  sig- 
nifies ha\ing  two  heads  or  origins ;  and  any  such 
muscle  is  denominated  biceps. 

BICK'ER,  v.i.  [W.  bicra,  to  fight,  to  bicker;  Scot. 
bicker,  to  fight  by  throwing  stories,  to  move  quickly, 
to  skirmish  ;  allied  perhaps  to  It.  picckiare,  to  beat ; 
picchiarsi,  to  fight ;  picchicrc,  a  soldier  armed  with  a 
pike :  piedUo,  a,  blow  or  stroke,  a  woodpecker;  bec- 
carsj  to  peck.  This  verb  is  from  tlie  root  of  beaky 
pFxk,  pike,  and  primarily  signifies  to  beat,  lo  strike,  to 
thrust  at,  or  to  make  at  by  repeated  tluiists  or  blows.] 

1.  To  skirmish ;  to  fight  off  and  on  ;  that  is,  to 
make  repeated  attacks.  [BiU  in  tJiis  seitsc,  I  believe, 
rarely  u^ed,] 

2.  To  quarrel  ;  to  contend  in  words ;  to  scold  j  to 
contend  in  petulant  altercation.  [This  is  the  usual 
sia-aifkation.] 

3.  To  move  quickly ;  to  quiver ;  to  be  tremulous, 
like  flame  or  water;  as,  the  bickt^iag  flame;  the 
bickering  stream.  JiI3ton.     Tlwmsoji. 

BICK'ER-ER,  n.  One  who  bickers,  or  engages  in  a 
pett>'  quarrel. 

BICK'ER-L\G,  ppr.    Q.uarreling;  contending;  quiv- 

BICK'ER-IXG,  n.    Contention  :  skirmish.         [ering. 

BICK  ER-MEXT,  n.    Contention.     [JVot  used,] 

Speriser. 

BICK'ERX,  71,  [Of  W.  pig,  a  beak,  or  beak  and  iron.] 
An  iron  ending  in  a  beak  or  point. 

BI-€OL' LI-GATE,  a.  [bis  and  coUigo,  to  bind  to- 
gether.] In  omiihology,  having  the  anterior  toes 
connected  by  a  web. 

Bl-COL'OR,  C-kul'lur,)  a,  [bis  and  color.]  Of  two 
colors. 

Bt-€OX'JU-GATE,  a.  [L.  bis,  and  conjugo,  to  unite.] 
In  paii^  ;  placed  side  by  side. 

BI  CORVOU-^  [^    Having  two  boms.       Broane. 

BT-CRu'RAL,  c.    Having  two  legs. 

BieUSTID,  )  H,     [L.  bis  and  cuspis,  a  point.] 

Bl-CUS'PID-ATE,  j      Having  two  points. 

BID,  V.  U  ;  pret.  Bid  or  Bad£  ;  pp.  Bid,  Bidob:*.  [Sax. 
biddan;  Goth,  btdyan;  to  ask,  request,  or  pray;  Sax. 
beodan,  to  command ;  bead,  one  wlio  persuades  or 
exhorts  ;  Sw.  bidia,  lo  ask,  or  entreat ;  D.  bitden,  to 
offer,  or  bid  ;  gebiedcn,  to  command  ;  G.  bieten,  to 
offer;  gebieten,  entbieten,  to  command;  Dan.  bfth,  to 
pray,  or  desire  ;  byde-,  to  command,  to  bid,  to  offer,  to 
invite  ;  Xi-peto,  to  drive  at,  to  attack,  lo  aik,  to  de- 
sire, to  beseech,  anciently  beto ;  Ir.  impidhim,  to  be- 
seech ;  Sp.  and  Port,  pedir,  lo  ask  or  bsg ;  Sans,  badi, 
padij  petir,  botti,  a  commander ;   Ch.   iS'^a  to  pray 

or  beseech  ;  Eth.  t^T^U-'  fato,  or  fatJio,  to  desire. 
The  primar>*  sense  is,  to  press  forward,  to  drive,  to 
urge ;  hence  L.  impetus.  Applied  to  the  voice,  it  de- 
notes utterance,  a  driving  of  sounds,  which  is  applied 
to  asking,  prayer,  and  command.    Class  Bd.] 

1.  To  ask  ;  to  request ;  to  invite. 

Go  ye  into  the  highways,  and  as  nuDj  as  ye  £![:ill  liut],  bid  to  the 
marriage. — ^^au.  xxii. 

This  sense  is  antiquated,  but  we  have  the  same 
word  from  the  Latin,  in  incite,  [in  and  bid.] 

2.  To  command  ;  to  order  or  direct. 

And  Peter  aDsw<!red  him  and  said.  Lord,  if  U  be  lliou,  bid  me 
come  to  thee  on  the  water.  —  Alatt.  xiv. 

3.  To  offer ;  to  propose ;  as,  to  bid  a  price  at  an 
auction. 

4.  To  proclaim ;  to  make  known  by  a  public  voice. 
[Obs.] 

Oiu  tAnfi  thrice  bid.  S/tak. 

5.  To  pronounce  or  declare  ;  as,  to  bid  a  welcome. 

6.  To  denounce  or  threaten  ;  as,  lo  bid  defiance. 

7.  1  'j  wish  or  pray. 

Neilhef  Ud  him  God  speed.     [A  mulAJte  for  good  rpted.\  —2 
John  10. 

To  bid  heeds,  is  to  pray  with  beads,  as  the  Roman 
Catholics ;  to  distinguish  each  bead  by  a  prayer. 

Johnson. 

Also,  to  charge  parishioners  to  say  a  number  of 
paternosters.  Enajc. 

To  bid  fair,  is  to  open  or  offer  a  good  prospect ;  to 
appear  fair. 


BIG 

BID,  )  pp.    of    Bid.      Invited ;    offered :    cora- 

BID'D£N,  i     manded. 

BID,  Ti.  An  offer  of  a  price :  a  word  mudi  used  at  auc- 
tions. 

BID'aLE,  71.  [bid  and  ale]  In  England,  an  invita- 
tion of  friends  to  drink  ale  at  some  poor  man's  house, 
and  there  to  contribute  in  charity  ;  an  ancient  and 
still  a  local  custom.  Encyc. 

BtD'DER,  n.    One  who  bids  or  offers  a  price. 

Bidders  at  tJie  .luction  of  pojiularity.  Burke. 

BED'DER-Y-WaRE,  n,  A  kind  of  metallic  ware  made 

at  Biddery  in  Hindostan,  composed  of  copper,  lead, 
tin,  and  speller.  Encyc.  Dom.  Econ. 

BID'DI.N'G,  ppr.     Inviting  ;  offering  ;  commanding. 

BID'DIXG,  H.  Invitation;  command;  order;  a  proc- 
lamation or  notifying.  Shak. 

BiDE,  V.  i.    [Sax.  'bitlan.    See  Abide,] 

1.  To  dwell ;  to  inhabit.  Mdton. 
2-  To  remain  ;  to  continue  or  be  permanent  in  a 

place  or  state.     [jSTcarly  antiquated.]  Sliak. 

BIDE,  r.  t.    To  endure :  to  suffer, 

2.  To  wail  for;  as,  I  bide  my  time.    Scottish.    [See 
Abide.]  Shak. 

BI-DEXl  'AL,  a.  [L.  bidens,  of  bis,  twice,  and  dens,  a 
tooth. 1     Having  two  teeth.  Sai/i. 

Bl-DEXT^\TE,  a.    In  botany,  two-toolhed. 

In  zoology,  having  two  teeth,  or  two  tooth-like 
processes.  Brande. 

BI-DET',  n.     [Fr.]     A  small  horse,  formerly  allowed 
lo  each  trooper  or  dragoon  for  carrying  his  baggage. 
B.  Jonson.     Encyc 
9.  An  article  of  bedroom  furniture,  used  in  wash- 
inir  the  body. 

BiD'IXG,  ppr.  Dwelling;  continuing;  remaining. 
_[See  Aridinc] 

BiD'IXG,  n.    Residence  ;  habitation.  Rowe. 

Bl-EN'Xl-AL,  a.  [L.  biennis,  of  bis,  twice,  and  annics, 
a  year.] 

i.  Continuing  for  two  years ;  or  happening,  or  tak- 
ing place,  once  in  two  years ;  as,  a  biennial  election. 
2.  In  botany,  continuing  for  two  years,  and  then 
perishing,  as  plants  whose  root  and  leaves  are 
formed  the  first  year,  and  which  produce  fruit  the 
second.     Used  also  as  a  noun.  .Martijn. 

Br-E\'NI-AL-LY,  adv.  Once  in  two  years;  at  the 
return  of  two  years. 

BIeR,  (beer,)  71.  [Sax.  bcer^  D.  baar ;  Get.  baJire; 
Dan.  haare;  li.Jicr;  from  the  same  root  as  bear  j  L. 
fcrctrum,  ftomfero.     See  Bear.] 

A  carriage  or  frame  of  wood  for  conveying  dead 
huraii!)  bodies  to  the  grave. 

BIeR'-BALK,  (-bawk,)  71.  The  church  road  for 
burials.      [JVot  used  in  Jimerica.]  Ifomilies. 

BIeST'IXGS,  n.  pi     [Sax.  byst,  or  bysting ;  D.  biest  ; 
Ger.  bieMmilch.] 
The  first  milk  given  by  a  cow  after  calving. 

B.  Jonson, 

BI-FA'CIAL,  (-la'shal,)  a.  Having  the  opposite  sur- 
faces alike.  Dana. 

BI-Fa'RI-OUS,  (/.  [L.  bifarius;  &w  and /ero,  or  Teu- 
tonic/liran,  lo  go-] 

Twofold.    In  botany,  pointing  two  ways,  as  leaves 
that  grow  only  on  opposite  sides  of  a  branch.  Martyn. 

BI-Fa'RI-OUS-LY,  udv.  In  a  bil'arious  manner.  A 
stem  or  branch  is  bifariously  bair\',  when  the  hairs 
between  any  two  joints  come  oui  on  the  front  and 
back,  and  in  the  two  adjoijiing  intemodes,  on  the 
risht  and  left  sides.  Jifartyn. 

BIF'ER-OUS,  a.  [L.  bifcr,  hiferus,  of  bis,  twice,  and 
fero,  to  bear.] 

Bearing  fruit  twice  a  year,  as  plants  do  in  warm 
climates.  .Martijn. 

BIF'FIN,  n-  A  baked  apple  crushed  down  into  a  flat, 
round  cake. 

Bl'FID,  a.  [L.  bifiuits,  of  bis,  twice,  and  Jindo,  Jidi,  to 
split  or  cleave.     J^ee  Divide  and  \Viue.1 

In  botany,  two-cleft ;  opening  with  a  cleft ;  divided 
l)v  a  linear  sinus,  with  straight  margin.-".     Jifartijn. 

BI-FLo'KOUS,  a.    [L.  bis,  twice,  and  JIot-m.I 

Bearing  two  flowers.  Jfarlijn. 

BI'FoLD,  a.     [L.  bfs,  twice,  and/.;/J.] 

Twofold  ;  double  ;  of  two  kinds,  degrees,  &c 

BI-Fo'LI-.ATE,  a.     In  botanv,  having  two  leaves. 

BI'FO-RATE,  a.     [L.  bis  aiiA/yrt».] 

In  botany,  having  two  perforations,  as  the  anthers 
of  the  Rhododendron.  Brande. 

BIF'O-RLV,  71.  A  minute  oval  sac  found  in  ihe  in- 
terior of  the  green  pulpy  part  of  the  leaves  of  some 
plants ;  so  called  because  they  discharge  Uieir  con- 
tents by  an  opening  at  each  extremity.        Brande. 

BI'FORSI,  o.  [L.  bifurmis,  of  bis,  twice,  ami  fonna, 
form.] 

Having  two  forms,  bodies,  or  shapes.       Crotnll. 

BT'FORM-i:D,  a.    Compounded  of  two  forms.  Johnson. 

BT  FORM'I-TY,  7i.    .'V  double  form.  More. 

Bl  FROXT'ED,  (-frunt'ed,)  a.     Having  two  fronts. 

BI-FUR'CATE,       }  a.     [L.  bifareus,  of  bis,  Uvice,  and 

BI-FUR'€a-TED,  S     fnrca,  a  fork.] 

Forked  ;  divided  into  two  brauclies.        Johnson. 

BI-FUR-Ca'TION,  n.  A  forking,  or  division  into  two 
branches.  Brown. 

BI-FUR'eOUS,  a.     Forked.  CoUs. 

BIG,  a.    [In  W.  bnic  is  a  load  ;  beiciaxe,  to  load  or  lay 


iilU 


on;  beidaiBg,  pre  en  ant ;  and  bo^  is  n  cwclline; 
buciajs,  tn  billow ;  Dan.  bug,  ihe  belly.  Tb«c  wurd* 
deem  to  l>i:  allied  to  /'irr,  but  I  have  not  fuund  tliU 
word  in  any  other  languaj,'!;.] 

1.  Bulky  ;  protuberanl ;  prtf^nanl,  apjtUrd  iofemudtx. 
Big,  in  the  i*<;n(k;  of  pr'-guant,  in  follo^^cd  by  mU  .* 
as,  bis  u!itA  child.  The  um:  of  0/,  big  0/  cbUa,  u  not 
good  English. 

2.  Great ;  large  ;  in  a  more  general  sense ;  a^tUed 
to  any  body  or  object, 

3.  Full ;  fraught,  and  about  to  have  vent,  or  be 
brought  forth. 

The  iii;j>jrtanl  day,  tig  with  tV  faic  of  Home.  Ad^uon. 

4.  Distended  ;  full,  as  with  grief  or  panbm.  1 

Thy  bea.t  hlxg;  get  tl»r  apart  and  v-xp.  ,«^.        ' 

5.  Swelled  ;  tumid  ;  inflated,  as  wi;ii    - 
haughty  in  air  or  mien,  or  indicaiw  . 
proud  ;  as,  big  looks ;  big  words  ;  to  J  ^^ 

t>.  Great  in  spu-it ;  lofty  ;  brave. 

Ilare  not  I  a  bean  ssbig  am  thine  i 

BIG,  71.    A  kind  of  bariey.    [See  Beab.] 

BIG'AM,  71.     A  bigamist.     [Wot  wsed.]   Bp.  Pccroek. 

BIG'A-.MIST,  n.     [See  Bigamt.]     One  who  ha.-*  roni- 

mitied  bigamy,  or  bad  two  wives  or  husband*  ai 

once. 
BIG'A-MY,  n.      [L,  his,  twice,  and  Or.  jaftru,  to 


marry,  >a>n>f,  marriage.    In  Ar. 


C*"- 


collect ;  to  come  together ;  lo  agree,  or  be  in  acc-rd  ; 
lo  sleep  together  ;  lo  bind.] 

The  crime  of  having  two  wives  or  husb^rul-  ^t 
once.  Bl:-- 

In  the  canon  law,  bigamy  was  the  man; 
second  wife  after  the  death  of  the  first,  or  •  : 
rying  a  widow.    This  disqualified  a  man  i  r 
aiid  holding  ecclesiastical  olhces.    Shak.-, 
the  word  in  the  latler  sense  in  Rich.  III.  7.  B... 

BIG'-BEL'LI-£D,  (-bel'lid,)  a.  Having  a  gr*;al  b^Uy  .: 
advanced  in  pregnancy. 

BIG'-BoN-iTD,  a.    Having  large  bones.         Ilerlfl. 

BIG'-€ORN-£D,  a.     Having  large  grains.      if 

BI-GEM'IN-ATE,  a.      [L.  bis,  twice,  and 
double.] 

In  botany,  a  term  used  of  a  decompound  leaf  hav- 
ing a  forked  petiole,  with  several  leaflets  at  tiie  end 
of  each  division.  Jilarttfn. 

BIG'GIX,  H.    [Fr.  begutn  ;  Sp.  beca,  a  tippet,  or  cap.] 

1.  A  child's  cap,  or  something  worn  about  tnc 
head. 

2.  A  building.    [Obs.]    [Sax.  byggan,  lo  build.l 

BIGHT,  (bite,)  n.  [D.  hogt,  a  bend,  a  turning,  a  coil,  a 
bay ;  Dan.  bugt,  a  bend,  a  bow,  a  bay.  It  is  the 
paHiciple  of  boogen,  buigen,  bugan,  lo  bend ;  W.  bcc, 
barn.    See  Bow.j 

1.  A  bend,  or  small  bay  between  two  points  of 
land. 

2.  The  double  part  of  a  rope  when  folded,  in  dis- 
tinction front  the  end  ;  that  is,  a  round,  bend,  or  coil 
any  where  e.\ct-pl  at  the  ends.  .Mar.  DicL 

0.  The  inward  bent  of  a  horse's  cbambrel,  and  Ibc 
bent  of  the  fore  knees.  Batlnt. 

BT-GLAXD'lJ-LAR,  a.    Having  two  glands,  as  a  plant 

BIG'LY,  adv.  [from  big.]  lu  a  tumid,  swelling,  blus- 
tering manner:  haughtdy. 

BIG'-NaM-£D,  a.    Having  a  great  and  famous  name. 

Craskaie. 

BIG'XESS,  n.  Bulk;  size:  largeness;  dimensions. 
It  is  used  of  any  object,  animate  or  inanimate,  and 
witli  or  wiihoul  comparison.  Thus  we  speak  of  the 
bigness  of  a  tree,  of  a  rock,  of  a  house,  without  in- 
sliliiting  a  comparison  with  other  objects  of  tlie  kind. 
Yel  in  this  ca.=e  there  is  always  some  reference  in 
the  mind  to  knomi  measure,  \Ye  also  say,  one 
thing  is  as  big  as  another ;  in  which  case  we  give 
the  idea  of  unknown  size  by  a  known  object.  Biff 
and  bigness  always  imply  expansion,  more  or  less,  in 
breadth,  and  are  thus  distinguished  from  tail  and 
tallness. 

BIG'OT,  n.  [Fr.  bigot,  and  eagot,  a  bigot  or  hypocrite  ; 
.^rin.  bigod.  In  Italian,  barchettone  is  a  hypocrite. 
In  Spanish,  bigote  is  a  whisker  ;  hombre  de  bigi^r,  a 
man  of  spirit ;  tener  bigctes,  lo  be  firm  or  undaunted. 
If  Ihe  French  eagot  is  connected  with  bigct,  Ihe  first 
syllable  in  bolh  is  a  prefli.  But  1  am  not  able  to 
ascertain  Uie  real  origin  and  primarj-  sense  of  the 
word.  The  etymologies  t  have  seen  are  not  satis- 
factorj',] 

1.  .V  peiv-on  who  is  obstinately  and  unreasonably 
wedded  to  a  particular  religious  creed,  opinic>n,  prac- 
tice, or  ritual.  The  word  is  someiimes  used  in  an 
enlarged  sense,  for  a  (H-rson  who  is  illiberally  at- 
tached to  anv  opinion,  or  sysMu  of  belief :  as,afti^**( 
to  the  Mohainmedan  nligion  :  a  bigot  to  a  lorm  of 
government, 

2.  A  Venetiim  liquid  measure  containing  the  fouitn 
part  of  the  amphor.  or  half  the  boot.  Ehcjc 

BIG'OT,         /  a.    Obsiinali:ly  and  blindly  attached  lo 
BIG'OT-ED,  )     some  creed, opinMn,i>raciice,orrilual: 
unreasonably  devoted  lo  a  system  or  party,  and  illib- 
eral toward  "the  opinions  of  others. 


TONE,  ByiX,  UNITE.  —  AX"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  aa  K;  G  as  J;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  TIHS. 


16 


i:2l 


KIL 

UIG'OT-ED-LY,  ado.  In  tlie  manner  of  a  bigot ;  per- 
mmciously. 

OIG'O'I'-KV,  n     Obdtinatc  or  blind  attachment  to  a 

particular  rrct'd^or  to  certain  tenets;  unreasonablL' 

zeal  vt  wunniti  m  favor  of  u  party,  sect,  or  opinion ; 

cxia-.-sive  prt-jiKlice. 

•*     I' "  nee  ur  icnrt  of  a  bipol.  Pope. 

C  .';,«.    Iluvint;  n  [Huiipous  sound.  Uall. 

Bii  .  [bi^wmXswoln.  SeeSwtLL.]  Swelled 

I. -.     ;.:v  ,   turgid;   grtiilly  swelled;  ready  to 

burst.  Mdison, 

CIG'-i:D-DER-£D,a.  [Aiy  and  udder.]     Uavin*;  large 
"'!■    -,  t>r  udders  fiwellcd  with  milk.  Fojje. 

.;()t;'l^-KE'r,  n.    [L.  bini  and  Itydropiret.]    A 

liil  of  two  atunm  of  liydrot;en,  astue  electro- 

......:...    in^edient,  willi  one  ot   sunie  oilier  sub- 

Ftanct'f  u^  tile  electro- positive  ingredient.    This  term 
is  contrary  to  rtile.    It  should  be  deutoftydro^urct. 

BI-JOU\  {bc-zhoo',)n.;  pi.  Buoux,  (bc-Khoo'.)  [Fr.] 
A  trinket,  or  a  little  box ;  a  jewi'l. 

RI-JOl"'TRV,  (be-zhw/iry,)  «.  The  making  or  deal- 
iuti  in  jeweliy  ;  jewelrj'  itself. 

BI-J  O'G.-VTE,  /a.     [L.  6ij,  twice,  and  jugum^  a  yoke, 

BI-JO'GOUS,  t     aiwir.] 

Having  two  {tairs  of  leaflets ;  used  of  pinnated 
leaves.  Martyn, 

Br-L.\'lII-ATE,  a.    [L.  &«,  twice,  and  labium,  a  lip.] 
Havins  two  lips,  as  tho  corols  of  llowers.    JMartyn. 

BI-1^\M'KL-LATE,  a.  [L.  ftw,  twice,  and  lamcUa^  a 
plate.] 

liavinp  the  form  of  a  flatted  sphere,  longitudinally 
birid  ;  used  of  llie  stigma  of  plants.  .Wor/rm- 

BIL'AN-DEK,/i.  [D.  bulander;  Vt.  behndc,  beUmdrc ; 
Hp.  bilandrai  from  be,  by,  and  had;  Ger.  binnenland- 
cr.J 

A  small  merchant  vessel  with  two  mastij,  distin- 
suished  from  otlier  vessels  of  two  masts  by  the  fonn 
of  the  maini-iail,  whicli  is  bent  to  the  wliolc  length 
of  a  yard,  hanging  fure  and  oft,  and  inclined  to  the 
horizon  in  an  an^le  of  about  45  degrees  ;  the  foremost 
lower  corner,  called  luc  tack,  bcinp  secured  to  a  ring- 
bolt in  the  deck,  and  the  allennost,  or  sheet,  to  tho 
tiilferel.  Few  vessels  are  now  ripged  in  this  manner. 
JCncyc.  Mar.  Diet, 
Tile  bilandor  is  a  kind  of  hoy,  mana<;cabl«  by  four 
or  Ave  men,  and  used  chietly  in  the  canals  of  the  Low 
Countries ;  «o  called  because  moving  close  by  the 
land.  Johiu^oiu 

BI-LAT'ER-AL,  n.     [L.  bui  and  latus,  side.] 

Having  two  sides.  Diet 

BIL'BER-UV,  n.  [I  know  not  the  meaning  of  bUj  in 
this  word.  The  Dutch  word  is  blaaHwbcSjblnebcnyi 
the  Ger.  bcidilbeerrj  healJi-berry.] 

The  name  of  a  shrub  and  its  fruit ;  a  species  of 
Varcinium  or  whortleberry.  The  name,  with  us,  is 
^iven  to  the  toller  shrub  and  its  fruit,  wliich  is  of  a 
blui:<h  color. 

BIL'BO,  I!,    [from  Bilboa,  in  Spain.] 

A  rapier  ;  a  sword  ;  so  named,  it  is  said,  from  Bil- 
boa^  in  b'lKiin,  where  the  best  are  made.      Johnson. 

BIL'UoES,  (hil'boze,)  H.  pi  On  board  of  ship?,  long 
bars  ur  bolts  of  uxjn  with  shackles  sli<linp  on  them, 
:md  a  lock  at  the  end,  used  to  confine  the  fett  of  pris- 
unersur  offenders.  Hencethe  punishment  of  offend- 
ers in  this  nuinncr  is  cUlcd  by  the  r-amo  name. 

Mar.  Diet.     JCncyc. 

BIL'BO-QUET,  (hil'bo-kcty)n.  [Fr.]  The  toy  called 
cup  and  bait. 

BlLD'dTEIN,  n.    [Ger.  bildj  shape,  and  steinj  stone.] 

[tiee  A(i,\LMATuLITE.] 

BILE,  iu    [L.  bdis;  Fr.  bde.] 

A  yellow  liquor,  sejiarated  from  the  blood  in  the 

liver,  collected  in  the  branches  of  Uie  hepatic  duct, 

and  thence  discharged  by  the  common  duel  into  the 

duodenum. 
BIl'K,  n.    An  inilamcd  tumor.     [See  Boil,  the  correct 

ortliii^:raphy.] 
BILE'DLCT,  ;i.     [bite,  and  L.  ductus,  a  conduiL]    A 

vessel  ur  canal  to  convey  bile  ;  a  term  applied  to  the 

liejh'itic  duct  and  its  branches.  Darmn, 

BILE'f^'l  ONE,  n.     [bile  and  stone.]     A  gall-stone,  or 

biliar>-  calculus,  which  see.  Darwin. 

BILOE,  n.  [.\  different  orthographyof  bxij-e,  and  bdly, 

a  procub-jmnce.] 

1.  The  protuberant  part  of  a  cask,  which  is  usually 
in  the  middle. 

2,  The  breadth  of  a  ship's  bottom,  or  that  part  of 
her  flmir  which  approaches  to  an  horizontal  direction, 
on  whirl!  sh(>  would  rest,  if  aground.  Hence,  when 
thisjiurt  (if  a  ship  is  fmctured,she  is  said  to  be  bilged. 

Kncyc.    Mar.  Diet, 

BIL6E,  r.  I.  To  suffer  a  fracture  in  the  bilge ;  to 
spring  a  leak  by  a  fracture  in  the  bdge.  The  term  is 
used  also  when  a  ship  has  some  of  her  timbers  struck 
off  by  a  rock  oi  an  anchor,  find  springs  a  leak. 

JCncyc,     Mar.  Diet, 

BIL6'-£D,  pp.  or  a.  Having  a  fracture  in  the  bUge. 
Thi.-  participle  is  ollen  used,  as  if  the  verb  were 
transitive  ;  and  perhaps  it  is  sometimes  so  used. 

BILOEM'LiiMP,  n.  A  pump  to  draw  the  bUge-water 
from  a  ship. 

EILOE'-\\  A-TER,  n.  Water  which  enters  a  ship, 
and  lies  upon  her  bilge  or  bottom,  becoming,  ordina- 
rily, very  offensive. 


as  a 


BIL 

[  BIL'I.VRY,  a.    [fVom  L.  ftiVw.]    Pertaining  to  Uie  bile ; 
conveying  the  uile  ;  as,  a  biliary  duct. 

BHianj  ealculits :  a  gnll-slone,  oracoiirrctlon  funned 
in  the  gall-bladder  or  its  duct. 
BiHaru  duet  i  the  hi'|K»tie  duct,  which  see. 
Bt-E!N"(ilJAL,  I  a.    Containing  two  languagofl,, 
HI-LIN"GUAR,  i       bHiniriud  inscription.     oJiddoiu 
BT-LIN"Gi:(>Uti,  a.     [L.  bis,  and  lin^a,  tongue.] 

Havin:;  two  loncue,*,  or  s[*eakin[!  iwo  languages. 
BIUIUUH,  (hil'yns.)  a.  |,L.  biUvyaji,  from  biiii,  (he  bile.] 
IVrtaining  to  hde  ;  conait«ting  or  purUikiiig  uf  bile. 
BI-LIT'ER-AL,  a.    [t.  Aw,  twice,  and  lU'-ra,  iHU-r.] 
Consisting  ipf  two  letters  ;  as,  a  bUtteral  r«KJ(  in  Ian- 
gunge.  Sir  IV.  Juntji. 
BII.K,  p.  t.     [Goth,  hilaikan,  to  mock  or  deride.    This 
Gothic  word  appears  to  be  compound,  bt  and  laVian, 
to  leap  or  exult.] 

To  frnstniie  or  disappoint ;  to  deceive  or  defraud, 
by  noM-rullillmcnt  of  engagement ;  as,  lo  bilk  a  cred- 
itor. IDryJcn. 
BILK'ED,  (bilkt,)  pp.  or  a.    Disappointed ;  decttived  ; 

defm;ided. 
BILK'ING,  p;(r.     Fniclraling  ;  dcfVuuding. 
BILL,  n,     [Sax.  bile,  a  bc;ik,  that  is,  a  shool.} 
1.  The  henk  of  a  fowl. 

3.  An  instrument,  made  in  the  form  of  a  crescent, 

and  filled  with  a  handle.    When  short,  it  is  called  a 

hitml-biU;  when  long,  a  ftcdgc-bilL      It   is  used  for 

pruning  trees,  &c. 

BILL,  n.    [Sax.  bil ;  G.  bcit,  an  ax  or  hatchet ;  D.  byl ; 

Dan.  bile;  W.  bwyell;  Pers.   Vaj  bdj  a  mattock,  or 

pick-ax,  and  a  shovel,} 

A  pick-ax,  or  mattock ;  a  battle-ax ;  an  ax  or  hatch- 
et with  a  crooked  point. 
BILL,  n.  [Norm,  bdle,  n  label  or  note ;  Fr.  biUrt,  bit; 
Arm.  bilked;  6p.  billcte;  It.  hi^liclto,  buIicUa,  boUctttno. 
The  primary  lense,  probably,  is  a  roll  or  folded  paper, 
Sp.  boleta,  a  billet,  a  ticket,  ond  a  paper  of  tobacco,  co- 
inciding with  bola,  a  ball ;  or  it  is  from  cutting  off, 
and  signifies  a  piece.] 

1.  In  late,  a  declaration  in  writing,  expressing  some 
wrong  the  complainant  ha.s  suffered  from  the  defend- 
ant, or  a  fault  connnittcd  by  some  person  against  a 
law.  It  contains  the  fact  complained  of,  the  damage 
sustained,  and  a  petition  or  process  against  the  de- 
fendant for  redress.  It  is  used  both  in  ci\'il  and  crim- 
inal cases. 

In  Heots  law,  every  summary  application  in  writing, 
by  way  of  petition  to  the  court  of  session,  is  called  a 
bill.  Knetjc. 

2.  In  la\D  and  in  eonxmcrce,  in  England,  an  obliga- 
tion or  security  given  for  money  under  the  hand,  and 
sometimes  the  seiU,  of  the  debtor,  without  a  condi- 
tion or  forfeiture  for  non-payment.  In  the  latter  cir- 
cumstance, it  differs  from  a  bond.  In  the  United 
States,  this  siwcies  of  security  is  usually  called  a 
note,  a  note  of  hand,  or  a  promissory  note. 

3.  A  form  or  dratl  of  a  law,  presented  to  a  legisla- 
ture, but  not  enacted.  In  some  cases,  statutes  are 
called  bUlj ;  but  usually  they  are  qualified  by  some 
description  ;  as,  a  bill  qf  attainder. 

A.  A  pai>er  written  or  printed,  and  posted  up  in 
some  public  place,  advertising  the  proposed  sale  of 
goods  or  particular  thiufis  ;  an  advertisement  posted. 

5.  An  account  of  goods  sold  or  delivered,  services 
rendered,  or  work  done,  with  the  price  or  value  an- 
nexed to  each  article. 

G.  Any  written  paper,  containing  a  statement  of 
particulars  ;  as,  a  bill  of  charges  or  expenditures  ;  a 
physician's  biU  of  prescriptions  ;  a  bill  of  fare  or  pro- 
visions, &c. 

7.  A  bdl  pf  exchange,  is  an  order  drawn  on  a  person 
in  a  distant  place,  requesting  or  directing  him  to  pay 
money  to  some  person  assigned  by  the  drawer,  or  to 
his  order,  in  consideration  of  the  same  sum  received 
by  the  dniwer.  Bills  of  exchange  are  either  foreign 
OT  inland;  foreign,  Vif hen  drawn  by  a  person  in  one 
cotmlry  upon  one  residing  in  another;  inland,  when 
both  the  drawer  and  drawee  reside  in  the  same  coun- 
try. The  person  who  draws  the  bill,  is  called  the 
drawer;  the  person  on  wirom  the  request  or  demand 
is  made,  is  called  the  draicce ;  and  the  person  lo  whom 
the  money  is  directed  to  be  paid,  is  called  the  payer. 

8.  A  bill  of  entry,  is  a  written  account  of  goods  en- 
tered at  the  custom-house,  whether  imported  or  in- 
tended for  exportation. 

9.  ^  bUl  of  right,  is  a  form  of  entry  at  the  custom- 
house, by  which  goods,  rcspectuig  which  tlie  imports 
er  is  not  possessed  of  full  information,  may  be  pro- 
visionally landed  for  examination. 

10.  A  bill  of  lading,  is  a  written  account  of  goods 
shipped  by  any  person  on  board  of  a  vessel,  signed 
by  the  master  of  the  vessel,  who  acknowledges  the 
receipt  of  the  goods,  and  promises  to  deliver  them 
safe  at  the  place  directed,  dangers  of  the  sea  except- 
ed. It  is  usual  for  the  master  to  sign  two,  three,  or 
four  copies  of  the  bill ;  one  of  which  he  keeps  in  pos- 
session, one  is  kept  by  the  shipper,  and  one  is  sent  to 
the  consignee  of  the  goods. 

11.  A  bill  of  parccL<,  is  an  account  given  by  the 
seller  to  the  buyer,  of  the  seyeral  articles  purchased, 
with  the  price  of  each. 


BIM 

12.  A  bill  of  sale,  is  a  writing  given  by  the  seller  of 
personal  property  to  the  purchiiaer,  answering  lo  a 
deed  uf  r.al  estate.  In  England  it  must  be  a  sealed 
pancr ;  in  the  United  Stales  it  may  be  without  seal. 

13.  Bill  if  hmltlk ;  a  certificate  Iront  the  proper  au- 
thorities, as  to  the  tuite  of  heullli  of  a  ship's  coni- 
|Kiny,  at  the  time  of  her  leaving  [lort. 

11.  A  hiU  of  mortality,  is  an  account  of  the  number 
of  deaths  In  a  place,  in  a  given  time.  In  these  billti, 
it  is  nut  unusual  to  insert  registers  of  births  una 
christenings,  as  in  London. 

15.  Banfi-bill.     Sec  Bank. 

Iti,  Bill  of  credit ;  a  bill  or  note  for  raising  money 
on  the  mere  credit  of  a  slate. 

17.  A  &i7/o/ri^At>-,  isHsummary  of  rishtdand  privi- 
leges  claimed  by  a  people.  Such  w  as  uu:  deelanition 
presented  by  the  lords  and  conunons  of  Engliind  to 
the  prince  and  princess  of  Orange  in  lGt?8.  In  Amer- 
ica, a  bill  or  dccIarati(U)  of  rights  is  prefixed  to  most 
of  the  coustitutions  uf  the  sevenil  elates. 

18.  A  bill  ofdiporc-;  in  the  Jewish  law,  was  a  writ- 
ing given  by  the  husband  to  the  wife,  by  which  the 
nnirriagc  rclattcn  was  dissolved. 

UK  See  Indictment. 

BILL,  r.  t.  [from  fti//,  a  beak.]  To  join  bills,  as  doves; 
to  caress  In  fondness,  J)rydciu 

BILL,  r.  f,  ffrom  bdl,  a  writing.]  To  advertise  by  a 
bill  or  public  notice  ;  a  cant  xeord.  JJ'E^tiangt. 

BILL'Bt^Ql'^)  "•  ^  l^ook  in  which  u  jwrson  keC|>8  an 
account  of  his  notes,  bills,  bills  of  exchange,  &c., 
thus  showing  all  that  he  issues  and  receives.  Bouvier. 

BILL'ET,  ».     [dim.  of  biU;  Fr.  billet;  It.  bulUUa.] 
A  smidl  paper  or  note  in  writing,  used  for  various 
purposes  ;  sometimes  it  is  a  short  letter,  addre^ed  to 
some  person;  sometimes  a  ticket,  directing  soldiertt 
at  what  house  to  lodge. 

In  heraldry,  biilct  is  a  bearing  in  the  form  of  a  long 
square.  Encyc. 

BILL'ET,  71.    [Fr.  billot,]    A  small  slick  of  wood. 
In  arcluteetare,  an  ornament  in   .N'urman   work, 
resembling  a  billet  of  wood. 

BILL'ET,  r.  f.  [from  billet,  a  ticket.]  To  direct  a 
soldier,  by  a  ticket  or  note,  where  to  lodge.  Hence, 
to  quarter,  or  place  in  lodgmgs,  as  soldiers  in  private 
houscH. 

BIL' LET-DOUX,  (bWne-iiQQ,)  n.  [Fr.]  A  love  note 
or  letter. 

BILL'ET-ING,  ppr.  Quartering,  as  soldiers  in  private 
houses. 

BILL'iARD,  (bil'yard,)  «.  Pertaining  to  the  game  of 
billiards. 

BILL'IARDS,  n)il'yardz,)«,  pU  [Fr.  biUard,  a  mace 
or  billiard  table  ;  It.  bigliardo  ;  Sp.  xUlnr.  According 
to  the  ancient  orthography,  balyard,  this  word  is  com- 
posed of  bait  and  yard,  a  ball-stick.] 

A  game  played  on  a  rectangular  t:ible,  covered  with 
a  green  cloth,  with  small  ivory  balls,  which  (he  play- 
ers aim  to  drive  into  hazard-nets  or  pocknis  at  the 
sides  and  corners  of  the  tables,  by  iini>elling  one  ball 
against  another,  with  maces,  or  cues,  according  to 
certain  rules  of  the  game. 

BILL'ING,p/jr.or  7i.  Joinlngof  bills ;  caressing.  S/(«'.. 

BIL'UNGS-GaTE,  n.    [from  a  market  of  this  name  iii 
London,  celebrated  for  fish  and  foul  language.] 
Foul  language  ;  ribaldjy.  Popr. 

BILL'IOxV,  (bil'yun,)  n.     {bis  and  T7ii7/wn.]     A  million 
of  millions;  as  many  millions  as  there  are  units  in  a 
million. 
Among  tJie,  Fycnch,  a  thousand  millions.  Brandc. 

BILL'-MAN,  ?i.  One  who  uses  a  bUl  or  hooked  ax; 
applied  particularly  to  soldiers. 

BIL'LOT,  71.    Gold  or  silver  in  the  b;ir  or  mass. 

Gilbert, 

BIL'LoW,  71.  [Dan.  bolgc ;  Sxv.  W/ja,  a  swell,  or  roll- 
ing swell,  alhed  lo  bilge,  but/re.] 

A  great  wave  or  surge  of  flie  sea,  occasioned  usu- 
ally by  violent  wind.  It  can  hardly  be  applied  to  the 
waves  of  a  river,  unless  in  poetry,  or  when  the  river 
is  very  large. 

BIL'IiOW,  r.  i.  To  swell;  to  rise  and  roll  in  lar;:e 
waves  or  surges.  Prior. 

BIL'LOVV-BEAT-£N,  a.    Tossed  by  bdlows. 

BIL'LoU'-ivI),  a.    Swelled,  like  a  billow. 

lilL'LoW-ING,  ppr.  Swelled  inlo  large  waves  or 
surges. 

BIL'LOW-Y,  a.  Swelling,  or  swelled  into  lar;:e 
waves  :  wavy  ;  full  of  billows  or  surges. 

BILL'-STICK-ER,  n.  One  who  posts  up  bills  in  pub- 
lic places. 

EI'LoB-A'D,     )a.     [L.  Ai5,  twice,  and  Gr.Aft/3»f.    See 

Bt-LO'BATE,  i      Lobe.] 

Divided  into  twolobea;  as, a &i7o&a^<; leaf.   Martun, 

BT-LOe'U-LAK,  a.  [L.  bis,  twict^,  and  locuitu,  from 
locus,  a  place.] 

Divided  into  two  cells,  or  containing  two  Cc'ls  in- 
ternally ;  as,  a  bitocvlar  pericarp.  vuaWi/w. 

BIL'VA,  n.  The  Hindoo  name  of  a  plant,  tho  Cratajva 
Marmelos  of  Linnreus.  jjj.  Res.  iii.  25tf. 

BI-MAC'lJ-LATE,  a.     Having  two  spots. 

BI-Ma'NA,  71.  A  term  appliea  by  Cuvier  to  the  highest 
order  of  Mammalia,  of  which  man  is  the  type  and 
sole  genus.  Bramle. 

BI-Ma'NOUS,  a.  [bi^  and  inanujt.]  Having  two 
hands.     .Man  is  biiaanous.  Laicrcnce. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MeTE,  PREY.  —  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQOK. 


~ar 


BIN 

BI-MAR'6IN-ATE,  a.    In  conchologj,  a  term  applied 
to  sliellc!  wliich  have  a  duuble  inar!;ii)  tis  for  as  the  tip. 
BI-ilfe'DI-^VL,  a.     [L.  bU,  twice,  and  inedial.] 

In  mathematics  J  if  two  medial  lines,  A  U  and  B  C, 
couimensunible  only  in  power,  and  containiiifi;  a  ra- 
tional rectancle,  are  compounded,  tlie  whole  line 
A  C  will  be  irrational,  and  is  called  a  first  bimedial 
line.  Encyc. 

i  BT-.MEN'SAL,  a.    Occurring  once  in  two  months. 
BZ-.ML'S'€U-ll-iR,  a.     [bis  and  muscular,]      Having 
two  attaching  raui^cles,  and  two^  muscular  iraprea- 
sions,  as  a  bivalve  raollusk.         *  Kirby, 

BIN,  H.     [Sax.  bum,  or  binne.] 

A  wooden  box  or  chest,  used  as  a  repository  of  com 
or  other  commoditie?. 
BIN ;  the  old  word  for  Be  and  Bee:^. 
BI'NA-RY,  a.    [L.  binu.^-  two  and  two.] 
Conipoundea  of  two. 

Binary  arithmetic,  tJie  invention  of  Leibnitz,  is  that 
in  wliich  two  figures  only,  0  and  1,  are  used,  in  lieu 
of  ten ;  the  cipher  multiplying  every  thing  by  2,  as 
in  cuininon  arithmetic  by  10.  Thus,  1  is  one  ;  10  is 
two  ;  U  is  three ;  100  is  four ;  101  is  five  ;  11"  is  six  ; 
111  is  seven  ;  1000  is  eight ;  1001  is  nine  ;  1010  is  ten. 
It  is  said  this  species  of  arithmetic  has  been  used  by 
the  Chinese  for  4000  years,  being  left  in  enigma  by 
Fohi.  Encyc. 

Binarij  measure,  in  music,  is  that  used  in  coaimon 
time,  ill  which  the  lime  of  rising,  in  beating,  is  equal 
to  the  time  of  falling.  Encyc. 

Biliary  number,  is  that  which  is  composed  of  two 
units.  Encyc. 

Bi:iarti  compound;  in  dicmiitry,  a  compound  of  two 
element^,  or  of  an  element  and  a  compound  perform- 
ing the  function  of  an  element,  or  of  two  compounds 
performing  the  function  of  elements. 

Binary  atar ;  a  double  star,  whose  members  have  a 
revolution  round  their  common  center  of  gravity, 

Z>.  Ohnsted. 
BI'NA-RY,  n.  The  constitution  of  two.  Fotkcrby. 
BI'NaTE,  o,     [Ubinus.     See  BiNiEV.] 

Being  double  or  in  couples  ;  growing  in  pairs.  A 
btJiate  leaf  has  a  simple  petiole,  connecting  two  leaf- 
lets on  the  top ;  a  species  of  digitate  leaf.  Martyn. 
BIND,  V.  t. ;  pret  Bound  ;  pp.  Boukd,  and  obs.  Bound- 
K.v.  [Sas.  bindan,  gcbindan,  pret.  band,  bu-nd,  or 
bunden  ;  Goth,  bindan,  a-abindan  ;  D.  binden,  verbindcii ,' 
Ger.  the  samej  Sw.  binda,  forbinda ;  Dan.  binde,  to 
bijid,  and  bind,  a  band  ;  also  baand,  a  band  ;  Hindu, 

baiidna;  Gypsy,  band  op  en;  Pers.    '.(^aj  bandan,  and 


*  tXj*3vAJ  bandidan,  to  bind ;  the  fonner  signifies 

al^o  to  apply,  to  beitd  the  mind ;  and  the  latter  to 
shut,  close,  make  fast.    The  sense  is,  to  strain.] 

I.  To  tie  together,  or  confine  with  a  cord,  or  any 
thing  that  is  flexible  ;  to  fasten  as  with  a  band,  fillet, 
or  ligature. 

3.  To  gird,  inwrap,  or  involve ;  to  confine  by  a 
wrapper,  cover,  or  bandage  j  sometimes  with  up;  as, 
to  bind  up  a  wound. 

3.  To  confine  or  restrain,  as  with  a  chain,  fetters, 
or  cord  ;  as,  bind  him  hand  and  foot 

4.  To  restrain  in  any  manner. 

He  bindelh  the  floods  trom  overflowing.  —  Job  xxviii. 

5.  To  oblige  by  a  promise,  vow,  stipulation,  cove- 
nant, law,  duty,  or  any  other  moral  tie ;  to  engage  j 
as,  we  are  bound  by  the  laws  of  kindness,  of  nature, 
of  a  state,  &c. 

It  a  nl.^n  shall  swear  an  oalh  to  bind  hia  eoiil  with  a  bond.  — 
Numb.  XIX, 

6.  To  confirm  or  ratify. 

VVh-iLsoover  thou  shaJt  bind  on  Ciutli,  ahatl  be  bouTid  in  heaveiu 

MaU,   XTJ. 

7.  To  distress,  trouble,  or  confine,  by  infirmity. 

Whom  Satan  hath  bound  these  eighteen  years.  —  Luke  xiii. 

8.  To  constrain  by  a  powerful  influence  or  per- 
suasion. 

I  goboiindin  the  spirit  to  Jerusalem.  —  Acts  xs. 

9.  To  restrain  the  natural  discharges  of  the  bow- 
els ;  to  make  costive  ;  as,  certain  kinds  of  food  hind 
thfj  body  or  bowels. 

10.  To  form  a  border;  to  fasten  with  a  band,  or 
any  thing  that  strengthens  the  edges;  as,  to  bind  a 
garm'jnC  or  carpel. 

II.  To  cover  with  leather  or  any  thing  firmj  to 
sew  together  and  cover ;  as,  to  bind  a  book. 

19.  To  cover  or  secure  by  a  band ;  as,  to  bind  a 
wheel  with  tire. 

13.  To  oblige  to  st-rve,  by  contract ;  as,  to  bind  an 
apprentice  ;  often  with  oiU ;  as,  to  bind  out  a  servant. 

14.  To  make  hard  or  firm ;  as,  certain  substances 
bind  the  earth. 

The  uses  of  this  word  arc  too  various  and  numer- 
ous to  be  reduced  to  exact  definitions. 

To  bind  to,  is  to  contract  j  as,  to  bind  one's  self  to 
a  wife. 

To  bind  over,  is  to  oblige  by  bond  to  appear  at  a 
court. 


BIP 

BIND,  V.  i.  To  contract;  lo  grow  hard  or  stiff;  a«, 
clay  binds  by  Iieat.  Mortimer 

•2.  To  grow  or  become  costive. 
3.  To  be  obligatory. 
BIND,  n.    A  stalk  of  hops,  m  called  from  its  winding 
round  a  pole  or  tree,  or  being  bound  lo  it. 

2.  A  bind  of  eels,  is  a  quantity  consisting  of  10 
strikes,  each  contaming  25  eels,  or  aso  in  the  whole. 

Encyc. 

3.  Among  miners,  indurated  clay,  when  much 
mixed  wilii  the  oxyd  of  iron.  Kinean. 

4.  In  music,  a  ligature  or  tie  for  the  purjjose  of 
groupmg  notes  together.  Brande. 

BlND'ER,  71.    A  person  who  binds  ;  one  whose  occu- 
pation is  to  bind  books  ;  also,  one  who  binds  sheaves. 
2.  Any  thing  that  binds,  as  a  fillet,  cord,  rope,  or 
band. 

BTND'ER-Y,  n.    A  place  where  books  are  bound. 

BIND'ING,  ppr.  Fastening  with  a  band  ;  confining; 
restraining  ;  covering  or  wrapping ;  obliging  by  a 
promise  or  other  moral  tie ;  making  costive ;  con- 
tracting; making  hard  or  stifle 

BIND'ING,  a.  That  binds  ;  that  obliges ;  obligatory  j 
as,  the  binding  force  of  a  moral  duty  or  of  a  com- 
mand. 

BIND'ING,  n.  The  act  of  fastening  with  a  band,  or 
obliging  ;  a  bandage  ;  the  cover  of  a  book,  with  the 
sewing  and  accompanying  work  ;  any  thing  that 
binds  ;  something  tliat  secures  the  edge  of  cloili. 

2.  In  Uie  art  of  defense,  a  method  of  securing  or 
crossuig  the  adversary's  sword  with  a  pressure,  ac- 
companied with  a  spring  of  the  wrist.  Encyc. 

BindiniT-joists,  in  architecture,  are  tiie  joists  of  a  floor 
into  which  the  trimmers  of  staircases,  or  well-holes 
of  the  stairs  and  chimney-ways,  are  framed.    Encyc. 

BTND'ING-LY,  adv.     So  as  to  bind. 

BIXD'ING-NErfS,  n.    State  of  having  force  to  bind. 

BiND'-WEED,  7i.  A  name  common  to  diflerent  spe- 
cies of  the  genus  Convolvulus ;  as  the  white,  the  blue, 
the  Syrian  bind-weed,  Slc.  The  black  Briony  or 
Tamus  is  called  black  bind-weed ;  and  the  Smilax  is 
called  rouirh  bind-weed.         Encyc.     Fant.  of  Plants. 

BI-NERV'ATE,  a.     [L.  bis  and  nerca.] 

Supported  by  only  two  nerves,  as  the  wing  of  an 
insect.  Brande. 

BING,  n.  In  nlum  Korks,  a  heap  of  alum  thrown  to- 
gether in  order  to  drain.  Encyc. 

BIN'NA-€LE,  /;.  [Formerly  bittacle,  supposed  to  be  a 
corruption  of  Fr.  hahitadc;  hut  more  probably,  boite 
d^oi^uiUc,  neudle-box.] 

A  wooden  case  or  box  in  which  the  compass  and 
lights  are  kept  on  board  a  ship.  It  is  sometimes  di- 
vided into  three  apartments,  with  sliding  shutters  ; 
the  two  sides  contain  each  a  corapaas,  and  the  mid- 
dle division  a  lamp  or  candle. 

BIN'O-GLE,  n.    [L.  binus,  double,  and  oculus,  an  eye.] 
A  dioptric  telescope,  fitted  with  two  tubes  joining, 
so  as  to  enable  a  person  to  view  an  object  with  both 
eyes  at  once.  Harris. 

BI-NOe'U-LAR,  a  [See  Bictocle.]  Having  two 
eyes  ;  also,  having  two  apertures  or  tubes,  so  joined 
that  one  may  use  both  eyes  at  once  in  viewing  a  dis- 
tant object ;  as,  a  bijwcidar  telescope.  Encyc. 

BI-NO€'lI-LATE,  a.     [L.  bis  and  oculus.] 
Having  two  eyes. 

BI-No'i\tl-/VL,  a.    [L.  bij,  twice,  and  nomcn,  name.j 
In  algebra,  a  root  consisting  of  two  members  con- 
nected by  the  sign  plus  or  minus;  as, a -|- 6, or  7  —  3. 

Encyc. 

BI-NOM'IN-OUS,  a.  [L.  bis,  twice,  and  nomcn,  naiue.j 
Ha\nng  two  names.  Johnson. 

BI-NOT'O-NOUS,  a.  [bis  and  note.]  Consisting  of 
two  notes  ;  as,  a  hinotonous  crj".  Montague. 

BT-NOX'VD,  n.  [L.  bis,  twice,  and  oxyd.]  In  cliem- 
istry,  deutoxyd,  which  see. 

Bl-OC'EL-LA"TE,  (bl-os'el-ate,)  a.  [L.  bis  and  ocel- 
lus, a  little  eye.]  In  entomology,  apphed  to  a  wing 
when  dotted  with  two  eve-like  spots. 

Bl-OG'RA-rilER,  )(.  [See  Biographt.]  One  who 
writes  an  account  or  nistoiy  of  the  life  and  actions 
of  a  particular  person  ;  a  writer  of  lives,  as  Plutarch. 

Br-O-GRAPH'ie,         I  a.    Pertaining  to  biography,  or 

Bl-0-GRAPII'I€-AL,  (  the  history  of  the  life  of  a 
person  ;  containing  biography. 

Bi-O-GRAPH'ie-AL-LY,  adv.  In  the  manner  of  a 
biography. 

Bl-OG'RA-PHY,  71.  [Gr.  /?£o?,  life,  and  j  papw,  to 
write.] 

The  history  of  the  life  and  character  of  a  particu- 
lar person. 

Bi-OL'0-GY,  71.     [Gr.  ffms  and  \o)  og.] 

The  science  ot  life;  a  term  introduced  by  Trevi- 
ranus  of  Bremen,  in  place  of  physiology".     Laufrence. 

BI-O-Tl'NA,  )  n.     [from  Biot,  a  French  naturalist-l 

Bl'0-TINE,  i  A  variety  of  Anorthite,  (which  see,) 
found  among  the  volcanic  debris  of  Vesuvius. 

BIP'.'V-ROUS,  a.  [L.  bis,  twice,  and  pario,  lo  bear.] 
Bring  forth  two  at  a  birth. 

Bl-PART'I-BLE,  >  a.     [L.  bis,  twice,  and  partio,  to 

BIP'AR-TILE,      S     divide.] 

That  may  be  divided  into  two  parts.        Martyn. 

BI-PAR'TIENT,  (-pir'shent,)  a.  [L.  bis,  twice,  and 
partio,  partiens,  to  divide.] 

Dividmg  into  two  parts.  .Ssh, 


liiK 


BIP'AR-TI'I'E 

1.  Ilavi- 
tracl  ur  \.  [ 

2.  In  A  ' 
a  leaf. 


1 


mI  purtttiu,  dividea  * 
HM  a  legal  cuu- 


-  to  the  \r^r^:.  : 

BI-PAR-Tr'TIO.V,  n.    The  act  of  dinding  j 
jtartH.or  of  makingiwodow   i^-ni-ni  tcin-. 
BI-PEe'TIN-ATE,  a.     fJ 
III  botany,  having  twi" 
BI'PED,  n.     [L,  brpcA,  oi 

foot.]    An  animal  having  livu  icct,  a*  uxii*. 
BIP'E-DAL,  a.    Having  iwo  feel,  or  Uie  leaflh  of  iw  , 

feel. 
BI-PEL'T.\TE,  a.    [L.  biji  and  prito,  a  buckler] 

Havmg  a  defense  like  a  double  nhleld- 
BI-PEN'NATE,  o.    [L.  i-u  and  peama.]    Having  two 

wings. 
BI-PE'r'AI^OUS,  a.    [L.  bis,  and  Gr.  vcraXov.] 
In  bouinti,  having  two  flower  leaves  or  pelaii. 
BT-PIN'NATE,     )        rr    I    ■  , 

BI-PIN'NA-TED,  \^'     t^.  bip^nnalui.] 

In  botany,  having  pinnate  leaves  on  each  iide 
of  ihf  common  p(:lioIe,  as  a  leaf  or  frond.  MaHm. 
BI-PIN-.\AT'I-FID,  a,     [U  bis,  twice,  pimnc,  a  wing, 
ar  leather,  and  fmdo,  lo  divide.] 
!n  bctavy,  doubly  pinnalifid. 

A  bipinnaiifid  leaf,  is  a  pmnatifid  leaf  having  tU 
secrmonts  pinnalifid. 
BT-Po'LAR,  a.     Ooubly  polar.  Ccleridge. 

BT-PL'\GT'li-AL,  a.     Having  two  poinU. 
IJI-Pu'PIL-rATE,  a.     [h.  bis  and  pupilla,  a  pupil.] 
Ill  e,iiomoloffy,  having  an  eye-like  gpol  on  the  wing, 
with  two  dots  or  pupils  within  it  of  a  diflerent  rolor, 
as  in  some  butt.^riiies. 
BI-aUAU'RATi;,  n.     [L.  bis,  twice,  and  quadrattu, 
sipiured.] 

In  matJietnatics,  lUe  fourth  power,  arising  fnni  i!,- 
mulliplii^ation  of  a  square  number  or  quar.i 
itsr-lf.    Thus  4X4=111,  which  !!•  the  squ , 
and  IGX  I6  =  25G,  the  biquadrate  of  that  nui:. 
Br-UU.^D-RAT'ie,  H.    The  same  as  Bi(iUAt>r>^Tj:. 

EactK. 
BI-aUAD-RAT'ie,  a.    Pertaining  lo  the  biquadratic 
or  fourth  power. 

Biquadratic  equation,  in  al^bra,  is  an  equation  of 
the  fourth  degree,  or  one  in  which  the  unknown 
quantity  is  raised  to  the  fourth  power. 

Bii/uadrat'c  parabola,  in  gtometry^  is  a  curve  line  of 
the  third  order,  having  two  infinite  legs  tending  the 
same  way. 

Biquadratic  root  of  a  number,  is  the  square  root  of 
the  square  root  of  that  number.    Thus  the  ^qIKlrc 
root  of  81  is  9,  :uid  the  square  root  of  9  is  :'. 
is  ihe  binuadratic  root  of  81. 
BI-aUIN'TILE,  7(.     [L.  6w,  twice,  and  quinU-  . 

An  aspect  of  the  planets,  when  they  are  dislsnt 
from  each  other,  by  twice  the  Jltvt  part  of  a  great  cir- 
cle, that  is,  14-1  degrees,  or  twice  72  degrees. 
Bi-Ra'DI-aTE,       I  a.     [h.  bui,   twice,  and   . 
ET-Ra'DI-a-TED,  t     set   with    rays.]    Hav;    . 

rays  ;  as,  a  biradiate  fin.  i 

BIRCH,  (burch,)  n.     [Sax.  birte;  D.  berkcx,  or  t.rif- 
boom  ;  G.  birke  ;  Dan.  birk.] 

A  name  common  lo  different  species  of  trees,  of 
the  genus  Belula ;  as,  the  white  or  common  birch, 
the  dwarf  birch,  the  Canada  birch,  of  which  ihcn- 
are  several  varieties,  mid  the  common  black  birch. 
The  sm:iller  branches  of  the  common  European  birch, 
{B.  alba,)  being  toiLch  :ind  slender,  were  fonncrty 
much  used  for  rods,  espc^cially  in  schools. 

Birch  of  Jamaica  ;  a  species  of  the  Pistacia  or  tur- 
pentine-tree. Font,  qf  Plants. 

BIRCH'fiN  (  "*  ^lade  of  birch ;  consisting  of  ^^'nrh- 
BIRCH'-W^NE,  «.    Wine  made  of  the  vernal  juice 

of  the  birch. 
BIRD,  (burd,)  k.   [Sax.  bird,  or  bridd^  a  chicken  ;  from 

the  root  of  bear,  or  W.  britLiic,  lo  bnak  fonli.] 

1.  Properly,  a  chicken ;  the  young  of  fowls  ;  and 
hence  a  sm^l  fowl. 

2.  In  modern  use,  any  fowl  or  flying  aiiimaL  Tech- 
nically, any  individual  belonging  to  a  class  of  warm- 
blooded vertebntti:  animals,  {.^rcs,)  characterij:id  by 
oviparous  generation,  a  covering  of  feathers,  a  beak. 
the  posterior  extremities  orgiinizcd  as  feel,  and  the 
anterior  extremities  as  wings,  generally  formed  for 
flight. 

It  is  remarkable  that  a  nation  should  lay  :iside  the 

use  of  the  proper  generic  name  of  fly  in  e  :t! 

fojcl,  Sax. /i(j,'c/,  D.  ro^Tfi,  the  flyer,  and  .-^. 

the  name  of  tlie  young  of  those  animal?. 

generic  term.    I'he  fact  is  precisely  what  it  woulil  he 

to  make  lamb  the  generic   name  of  sheep,  or  cctt 

that  of  the  equine  genus, 
BTRD,  r.  1.  To  catch  birds. 
BXRD-OF-PAR'A-DiSE,  w.    A  name  cnnun 

genus  of  birds  (i'flr.:rf(,-.ra)  found  in  thrOrr'^'^ 

and  in  New  Guinea,  some  of  them  reii 

ful.    The  beak  is  covered  with  a  I  :' 

downy  feathers  at  the  base,  .ind  :fit^  ■ 

sides  are  very  long.    The  laic  t 

four  inches  in  length.    The  h  . 

neck  of  this  sfKcies  are  lemo;.  > 

the  brightest  emerald   green,  ^'H   iiKt   v<ivti;  the 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K :  G  as  J :  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  m  TIHS. 


BIR 

biea-tt  iH  black  ;  the  winci  of  a  chestntit  color.  The 
bttck  part  of  ilie  iKuiy  is  covered  wiUi  lung,  straiglit, 
narriiw  fcallifrs,  of  a  pale  brown  color,  similar  to 
llif  pliitne?*  of  ihe  ostrich.  Those  are  spread  when 
(ht^  bird  tlii-jt,  for  wbich  reason  it  can  keep  very 
Ions  I'll  the  winp.  From  the  rump  proccid  two 
I.tiiK,  siirt'  iJtiaftji,  feathered  at  tlie  oxlreinitie;).  Kneiic. 

inUli'-ltOLT,  1.  [btni  and  bi/lt.]  An  arrow,  bnjadat 
ttit- 1-11(1,  for  ^ihooliiig  birds.  S'uik. 

ItlUD'-eAOK,  n.  [bird  and  ca^f.l  A  box  or  case 
with  wire.-j,  small  slicks,  or  wicker,  forming  opt^n 
work,  fur  keeping  birds. 

BIRD'-CALL,  H.  [bird  and  caU,]  A  little  slick,  cleft 
at  one  end,  in  which  is  put  a  leaf  of  some  plant 
for  imilatint;  the  cry  of  birds.  A  laurel  leaf  cuunter- 
fciu  the  voice  of  lapwings ;  a  leek,  that  oiT  niphtin- 
(tales,  Ate.  E^ije, 

BIKl>'-eATCH-ER,«.  [frirrf  and  catch,]  One  whose 
employment  )h  to  catch  uirds  ;  a  towler. 

IilKl>'-eATCn-INGj  n.  [bird  and  catch,]  Th<;  art  of 
lakini;  birds  or  wild  fowls,  either  fur  food,  I'or  pleas- 
ure, or  for  their  destruction,  when  pemiciuua  to  tJic 
husbandman. 

BIRI)'-CI1ER-RV,  n.  [bird  and  dtcrnj.]  A  tree,  a 
species  of  Prunua,  (P.  padus.)  There  are  other  sjiccics 
r;iM-(t  by  the  s-ime  name.     J-htcyc.     Fanu  of  Pianti. 

niRD'KR,  H.     A  bird-catcher. 

mUD'-KV/'JD,  (burd'ide,)  a.  (iuick-sighted  j  catch- 
in™  u  c'^ncc  as  one  goes. 

BIRU'-FAN-CI-ER,  «.  One  who  takes  pleasure  in 
rc:iring  birds. 

2.  One  who  keeps  for  sale  the  various  kinds  of 
bird^  which  are  kept  in  cages. 

BIRD  IXG-PIECE,  M.  [bird  and  piece.]  A  fowling- 
piece.  Shale. 

niRD'-LTKE,  a.    Resembling  a  bird. 

BIRD'-LTME,n.  [/nWand/mir.]  A  viscous  substance, 
usually  made  of  the  juire  of  bolly-bark,  extracted  by 
builin;^,  mixed  witJi  a  third  part  of  nut  oil  or  thin 
grease,  used  to  catch  birdsr.  For  this  purpose^  the 
twi;rs  of  a  bush  are  smeared  over  witti  this  viscid 
sulisUiUce.  Encyc 

DIRI)'-LIM-£D,  a.  Smeared  with  bird-lime;  spread 
to  insnare.  HovielL 

U!UU'-M.\N,  n.  [bird  and  vian.]  A  fowler  or  bird- 
catcher. 

BIRIt'-OU  GAN,  Tt.  A  small  barrel  organ,  used  in 
tearhin*:  binls  to  sing. 

BIRD'-!'KP -PER,  n.  [bird  and  prppcr,]  A  species  of 
Capsicum  or  Guinea  pepper  ;  a  shrubby  plant,  bear- 
ing a  small,  oval  fniit,  more  biting  than  the  other 
sorts.  Encyc. 

BTRDS'-ETE,  a.  [bird  and  «/f.]  Seen  from  above, 
as  if  by  a  flying  bird  ;  embracetl  at  a  glance  ;  hence, 
general ;  nut  minulc,  or  entering  into  details;  as,  a 
6trrf',*-rt/c  view  of  a  subject.  Jiurkc, 

BIRDS'E'VE,  n.  [bird  and  aje.]  The  popular  name 
of  a  genus  ut  plants,  called  also  Pheasant's  rye,  known 
in  boLiny  by  the  generic  terra  Jidonis.  There  arc 
several  species,  some  of  which  produce  beautiful 
tlower-!.  Kncyc. 

BIRn?'E?E-MA'PI.E,  n.  A  kind  of  maple  having 
spits  like  the  eye  of  a  bird,  used  in  cabinet  work. 

BlRDS'roOT,  71.  [bird  and /oof.]  A  pbnt,  the  Or- 
nithupti>-,*wh(we  k'^niinen  is  articulated,  cylindrical, 
anil  hiiii  in  the  furiu  of  a  bow.  Kncyc. 

BIKl)i?'FOQT-TRr;'FOri.,  n.  A  genus  of  plants, the 
Lotus,  of  several  species.  Kncyc. 

BIRDS'-MOUTH,  «.  In  arcJiilccture^  nn  interior  an- 
gle or  notch  cut  across  a  piece  of  timber,  for  its  re- 
ception on  the  edge  of  another,  as  that  on  a  rafter  to 
be  Irtiil  on  a  plate. 

BIRDS'NEST,7i.  [bird^ndnc-i.]  The  nci!t  in  which 
a  bird  lays  eggs  and  hatches  her  young. 

2.  A  plant,  a  spf'cics  of  Ophrj's  or  twybladc  ;  also, 
a  species  of  Orchis.  Eneyc 

3.  In  cookrrtj,  the  nest  of  a  small  swallow,  of  China 
and  the  neighlMiring  countries,  delicately  Uisted,  and 
mixed  with  soups.  This  nest  is  found  in  the  rocks  ; 
it  is  of  a  hcini^iphcrical  figure,  of  the  size  of  a  goose 
egg,  and  in  substiince  resembles  isinglass.  In  the 
East,  thc?e  nests  arc  esteemed  a  great  luxury*,  and 
sell  at  a  verv  high  price.  Kncyc 

BIRDS'TARES  and  BUIDS'TONGUE ;  names  of 
plants. 

BIRD'-WIT-TED,  a.  Flighty;  passing  rapidly  from 
one  subject  to  another ;  not  having  the  faculty  of  at- 
tention. Bacon, 

BI'REME,  n.     [L.  biremh,  bis  and  remits,  an  oar.] 
A  vessej  with  two  banks  or  tiers  of  oars.  J^Utft/rd, 

BXRG'AN-DER,  n.  The  name  of  a  wild  goose.  Clu. 
Berirander. 

BMUIU.M-BOID'AL,  a.  [bis  and  rhomboid.]  Having 
a  surface  composed  of  twelve  rhombic  faces,  which, 
being  Liken  six  and  six,  and  prolonged  in  idea  till 
they  intercept  each  other,  wotild  form  two  different 
rhombs.  CleaveUind, 

BIRK'/t;-\,r.f.  [from  6irM  ;  Sax.  ftj'rce,  fcyrc]  To  beat 
with  a  birch  or  rod.    [Obs.]  Ch.  Relifr.  .^tjpcal. 

BI-ROS'TRaTE,      I    a.     [L.  6i*,  twice,  and  rostrum^ 

BI-KOS'TRa-TED,  j       a  beak.] 

Havinga  double  beak,  or  proces.-)  resembling  a  beak. 

The  capsule  U  Lilocilnr  nml  hirotlratcd.  Kruyc. 

BIRT,  (burt,)  ».    A  Ash,  called  also  turbot. 


BIS 

BIRTH,  (burth,)  n.  fSax.  byrd,  beorth;  li.ethoorUi 
(Jer.  f-cburt ;  tr.  beirthc^  from  bfor;  perhaps  L.  ;iurt*w, 
from /mrio.] 

1.  The  act  of  coming  into  life,  or  of  being  born. 
Except  in  poetry,  it  in  generally  applied  tu  human 
beings  ;  as,  thu  birth  of  a  son. 

2.  Lineage  ;  extraction  ;  descent  ;  as,  Grecian 
birth,  DftUiam. 

It  is  used  of  high  or  low  extraction  ;  but  is  often 
used  by  way  of  distinction  for  a  descent  from  noble 
or  honorable  parents  and  ancestors ;  as,  a  man  of  birth. 

3.  The  condition  in  which  a  person  is  born. 

A  (ix  ly  birlh  In  Troy.  Dr^n. 

■I.  That  which  is  bom;  that  which  ia  produced, 
whether  animal  or  vegetable.       ATiIton.    .Sddifon. 

5.  The  art  of  bringing  forth;  as,  she  had  two 
children  at  a  birth. 

G.  In  a  theological  sense.,  regeneration  is  called  tlie 
WCir  birtli. 
7.  Origin;  beginning;  as,  the  birth  of  an  empire. 

niR'JMI,  )    71.    A  station  in  which  a  ^hip  rides.    [Sec 

BERTH,!        Bkrth.] 

BIRTH'DAY,  n.  [birUi  and  day.]  The  day  in  which 
any  person  is  born. 

ii.  The  same  day  of  Ino  mont^-,  in  which  a  person 
was  born,  in  every  succeeding  year  ;  often  celebratecl 
as  a  joyful  anniversary.  It  soriietimes  has  the  form 
of  an  attribute  ;  as,  a  birtJi-day  ode. 

BIRTIl'DO-M,  ri.  [birlhanddom.  3ce2;oM  and  Doom.] 
Privilece  of  birth.     [JVo(  ^istd.}  Shnk. 

BIRTH'I.NG,  ju  Any  thing  added  lo  raise  the  sides  of 
a  ship.  jJsh.    BaiUy. 

BIRTH'LESS,  a.    Destitute  of  birth. 

BIRTH'NIGHT,  (burth'nltc,)  ».  [birlh  and  nifflif,] 
The  night  in  which  a  person  is  born  ;  and  the  anni- 
versary of  that  night  in  succeeding  years. 

BIRTII'PL.^CE,  n.  [birth  and  place.]  The  town, 
city,  or  country,  where  a  person  is  born;  more  gen- 
cnilly,  the  prirticiilar  town,  citv,  or  other  Ioc;d 
district. 

BIRTII'RTGHT,  (burth'rlte,)  n.  [birth  and  ri-rht.] 
Any  right  or  privdege  to  which  a  person  is  entilled 
by  birth,  such  its  nn  estate  descendible  by  law  to  an 
heir,  or  civil  liberty  under  a  free  constitution. 

E«aii,  Tor  a  morwl,  aold  his  birl/irighl,  —  Hub.  xii. 

It  may  bo  used  in  the  sense  of  primogeniture,  or 
the  privilege  of  the  first  born,  but  ia  applicable  to  any 
right  which  results  from  descent. 

DIRTH'-SOXG,  n.  .-V  song  sung  at  the  birth  of  a 
person. 

BIRTH'-STRAN"GLKD,  a.  [birth  and  stranglr.] 
Ptrancled  or  suflVtcated  in  being  born.  Sftak. 

BIRTH'VVORT.  (btirtli'wurt,)  «.  [birth  and  mort] 
A  genus  of  plants,  Arislolochia,  of  many  species. 

Eneyc. 

BIS,  in  t/iits-ic,  denotes  repetition  of  a  pas.':ago. 

BI'SA,  i  n.    A  coin  of  Pegu,  of  the  value  of  half  a 

BI'ZA,   i        ducat ;  also,  a  weight.  Encijc. 

BIS'eO-TIN,  V.  [Ft.]  A  conlection,  made  of  nour, 
sugar,  marmalade,  and  cccs. 

BIS'eUIT,  (bis'kil,)  n.  [Fr.,  compounded  of  L.  ti^-, 
twice,  and  cuit,  baked  ;  It.  biscotto;  Sp.  bizcoelio.] 

1.  A  kind  of  bread,  formed  into  cakes,  and  baked 
hard  for  seamen. 

*2.  A  cake,  variously  made,  for  tho  use  of  private 
families.  The  name,  in  Encland,  is  given  to  a  com- 
position of  tlour,  eggs,  and  sugar.  With  us  the 
name  is  given  to  a  composition  of  (iour  anil  butter, 
made  and  baked  in  private  families.  Bui  the  com- 
positions under  this  denomination  are  very  various. 
a.  Earthen  ware  or  porcelain  which  has  under- 
gone the  first  baking,  before  it  is  subjected  to  the 
process  of  glazing. 

4.  In  sculpture,  a  species  of  unglazed  porcelain, 
in  which  groups  and  figures  arc  formed  in  miniature. 

Brande. 

BISECT',  V.  u  [L.  bisj  twice,  and  secoj  scctumj  to  cut. 
See  Section.] 

To  cut  or  divide  into  two  parts.  In  geometry^  one 
line  bisects  another  when  it  cros^ses  ii,  leaving  an 
rqual  part  of  the  line  on  each  side  of  the  point  where 
it  is  crossed. 

BI-SEC1''EI».  pp.    Divided  into  two  equal  parts. 

BI-SECT'ING,7j;;r.    Dividing  into  two  equal  parts. 

BI-SEC'TION,  n.  The  act  of  cutting  into  two  equal 
parts  ;  the  division  of  any  line  or  quantity  into  two 
equal  parts. 

BI-SEG'.MENT,  v.  [bit  and  sefrmenL]  One  of  the 
parj^s  of  a  line,  divitlud  into  two  equal  pjirts 

BT-i^K'RI-ATE,  a.    Existing  in  two  series 

BT-SK'TOSR,  )         rj      ^         -. 

BI-PK'TOUS,  i  "•    ^^*  ^i^^w-] 
Having  two  bristles. 

BT-SEX'OUS,  a.    Consisting  of  both  sexes.    Brown. 

BI-SEX'lI-AL,  a.  In  botany,  being  of  both  sexes,  as  a 
flower  containing  both  stamens  and  pistils  within  the 
same  envelop. 

BISH'OP,  n.  [l.  cpiscopm;  Gr.  tr.tcKonoi,  of  tn, 
over,  and  ckotto^.,  inspector,  or  visitor;  trxorrcM,  lo 
view  or  inspect;  whence,  tT(CT«:cTry/irt(,  to  visit  or 
inspect ;  also,  cirtr^orraj,  to  view.  This  Greek  and 
i^atin  word  accomp;mied  the  introduction  of  Chris- 
tianity into  the  west  and  north  of  Europe,  and  has 


BIS 

been  comipted  into  Saxon  biscop^  bi»cevp,  Sw.  and 
Dan.  biskop,  D.  bisschop,  Ger.  bischofy  II.  rrvroro,  Fr. 
icEquCy  Sp.  obispo.  Port,  binpo^  VV  ts^ob^  and  Ir.  cas^b, 

Ut  J  O  J 

In  Ar.  and  Vets.  c^juLsm)  oskof.  This  title  the  Athe- 
nians gave  to  those  wliom  they  sent  into  the  prov- 
inces subject  to  ttiem,  tu  xHspect  the  stjite  of  uflairs; 
and  the  Kumans  cave  the  title  tu  thoiic  who  were 
inspectors  of  provisions.] 

1.  An  ovcnt<>er ;  a  spiritual  superintendent,  rulor, 
or  director  ;  applied  to  Christ, 

Te  vrrr  u  thrr>p  foing  astray,  but  otp  now  PMUrucd  to  Ih? 
•fepplicnl  and  buhop  of  your  souls.  —  1  Pet.  U. 

2.  In  tM  primitive  churchy  a  spiritual  overseer ;  an 
cider  or  pretoyt;.'r ;  one  who  haa  tho  pastoral  core  of 
»  chu/ch. 

TtM  sarno  prnuos  an  tn  tttU  cha.p9er  callnl  cl(l'.'rs  or  p^■»b)'l'■n, 
uiii  overace^  or  Ufho/u.  Scott,  Com.  AcLi  xx. 

Till  tho  chiircltcs  wcro  iiiultiplii-J,  tlie  buhops  ni»l  Lnetvt.ri 
were  the  iimr.  lb.  Phil.  l.  1.     I  Tim.  iU.  I.     Tu.  i.  7. 

Uolh  the  lir-rk  niid  Latin  foUirrs  do,  wtlh  mn-  coiw-m,  .lic!j\ir 
thru  biihopM  were  called  pn-sbjricrs,  luid  ptv»byi*-r>.  bithopt, 
in  H)x>aiolic  limes,  the  name  ln'ing  tlicn  cmmiiuii.     WhiUry. 

3.  In    the    Greek,    Latin,    and    some    Protestant 

churches,  a  prelate,  or  person  consecrated  for  the 
spiritual  government  and  direction  of  a  diocese.  In 
(frcat  Britainy  bishops  are  nominated  by  the  kin^, 
who,  upon  request  of  the  dean  and  chapter  for 
leave  lo  elect  a  bishop,  sends  a  congi  d'clire,  or 
license  to  elect,  with  a  letter  missive,  nominating 
the  person  wliom  he  would  have  chosen.  The  elec- 
tion, by  tlie  chapter,  must  be  made  within  nvelve 
days,  or  the  king  has  a  right  to  appoint  w  horn  he 
pltJascs.  Bishops  are  consecrated  by  an  arclilii--liop, 
with  two  assistant  bishops.  A  bishop  must  In-  ituriy 
years  of  age ;  and  all  bishops,  except  the  In^iiup  uf 
.Man,  arc  peers  of  the  realm.  Blackstone. 

By  the  canons  of  the  Protestant  Epi<copaI  churcli 
in  the  United  States,  no  diocese  or  state  shall  pro- 
ceed to  the  election  of  a  bishop,  unless  there  are  at 
least  six  olficiating  presbyters  residing  therein,  who 
shall  be  qualified,  according  to  the  canons,  to  voir 
for  a  bishop ;  a  majority  of  whom,  at  least,  must  con- 
cur in  the  election.  But  the  conventions  of  two  or 
more  dioceses,  or  states,  liavini;  titgetber  nine  or 
more  such  presbyters,  may  join  in  the  election  of  a 
bishop.  A  convention  is  composed  of  llie  clerg)-, 
and  a  !ay  delegation,  consisting  of  one  or  mon;  mem- 
bers from  each  parish.  In  cvcrj'  state,  tho  bishop  is 
to  be  chosen  according  to  such  rules  as  the  conven- 
tion of  that  state  shall  ordain.  The  mode  of  election 
in  most  or  all  of  the  states,  is  by  a  concurrent  vote  of 
the  clergy  and  laity,  in  convention,  each  body  voting 
separately.  Before  a  bishop  can  be  consecrated,  hv 
must  receive  a  testimonial  of  approbation  from  the 
general  convention  of  the  church  ;  or,  if  that  is  not 
in  session,  from  a  majority  of  the  standing  committee 
in  the  several  dioceses.  The  mode  of  consecrating 
bishops  and  ordaining  priests  and  deactms,  diflers 
not  essentially  from  the  practice  in  England. 

Bishop  BrownclK 

BiSH'OP,  n.  A  cant  word  for  a  mixture  of  wine, 
oranges,  and  sugar.  Sw\ft. 

2.  A  part  of  a  lady's  dress. 

BISH'OP,  r.  t.  To  confirm;  to  admit  solemnly  into 
the  church.  Johnson. 

2.  Among  horse-dealers,  to  use  arts  to  make  an  old 
horse  look  like  a  young  one,  or  to  give  a  good  ap- 
pearance to  a  bad  horse.  .'iJu    Kncyc. 

BISFI'OP-DOM,  n.    Jurisdiction  of  a  bishop. 

lUSH'OP-A'I),  (bish'opt,)  pp.    Confirmed. 

BISII'OP-IXG,  ppr.    Confirming. 

BISH'OP-LIKE,  a.  Resembling  a  bishop;  belonging 
to  a  bishop.  Fulke. 

BISH'OP-LY,  adv.    In  the  manner  of  a  bishop. 

Iloolcr. 

BISH'OP-Rie,  n.     [bisJurp  and  ric,  jurisdiction.] 

1.  A  (liocesc ;  the  district  over  wtiich  tho  juris- 
diction of  a  bishop  extends.  In  England  are  twen- 
ty-four bishoprics,  besides  that  of  Sodor  and  Wan  ; 
in  Irrlaiul,  eighteen. 

2.  The  charge  of  instructing  and  governing  in 
spiritual  concerns  ;  office,     .\cts  i.  20. 

BISH'OPS-WEED,  ti.  [bislwp  and  urm/.]  A  namo 
common  to  dilTerent  species  of  plants  ot  tho  genus 
Amuii. 

BI.«H'OPS-WORT;  (-wurt,)  V.    A  plant. 

BISK,  n.  [Fr.  bisque.]  Soup  or  broth,  made  by  boil- 
ing several  sorts  of  flesh  logether.  Kinfr. 

BISK'ET,  Tt.  A  biscuit.  This  orthograiihy  is  adopted 
by  mnnv  respectJtble  writers. 

BIS'MUTH.  71.  [G.  roissmnUi.]  A  metal  of  a  yellow- 
ish or  retidish  white  color,  and  a  lamellar  texture 
It  is  somewhat  harder  than  lead,  and  Fc^ircely,  if  at 
all,  malleable,  being  so  brittle  as  to  break  easily  un- 
der the  hammer,  and  it  is  reducible  to  powder  Its 
int<-nial  face  or  fracture  exhibits  large  '^Mining  plates, 
variously  disposed.  It  melts  at  470*  Fahr..  and  may 
be  fused'  in  the  flame  of  a  candle.  It  is  often  found 
in  a  native  slate,  crystallized  in  rhoniba  or  octahe- 
drons, or  in  tlie  form  of  dendrites,  or  thin  laminie  in- 
vesting tlie  ores  of  other  metals,  particularly  cobalL 
JiTichobon.    Encyc 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT— MeTE,  PREY — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NCTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLP,  BOOK-  — 
124 


BIT 

BIS'MUTH-AL,  a.  Consisting  of  bismuth,  or  con- 
tniniD?  it  CUazeland. 

BIS'Ml  TH-ie,  a.    Pertaining  to  bismuth. 

BIS'MtTH-lNE,  n,  A  rare  minertJ,  composed  of  bis- 
mulh  and  sulphur  ;  a  native  sulpLurL-t  of  bismuth. 

BIS'MUTH-6  €HER,  (  n.   A  native  oxjd  of  bismuth, 

BIS'MUTH-o'eHRE,  ]  sometimes  containing  a  small 
portion  of  carbonic  acid. 

BI'SO.V,  n.  [L.]  A  quadruped  of  the  bovine  genus, 
usually  but  improperly  called  the  buffalo.  The  proper 
bulfalo  is  a  distinct  species,  pecuhar  to  the  wanner 
climates  of  the  eastern  coritJiicnt.  The  bison  is  a 
wild  animal,  nilh  short,  black,  rounded  horns,  with 
a  great  interval  between  their  bases.  On  the  shoul- 
ders is  a  large  hunch,  consisting  of  a  fleshy  sub- 
stance. The  head  and  hunch  are  coverc^i  with  a 
long,  undulated  fleece,  of  a  rust  color,  divided  into 
locks.  In  winter,  the  whole  body  is  covered  in  this 
manner ;  but  in  summer,  the  hind  part  of  the  body 
is  naked  and  wrinkled.  The  tail  is  about  a  foot 
long,  naked,  except  a  tuft  of  hairs  at  the  end.  The 
fore  parts  of  the  body  are  ver>'  tliick  and  strong ;  the 
hind  parts  are  slender  and  weak.  These  animals  in- 
habit the  interior  parts  of  North  America,  and  some 
of  the  mountainous  parts  of  Europe  and  Asia. 

Pennant. 
Pennant  alleges  that  the  bison  of  .\inerica  is  the 
same  species  of  animal  as  the  bison  and  aurorlis  of 
Europe,  the  bonasus  of  Aristotle,  the  vrus  of  Cesar, 
the  bos  ferns  or  wild  os  of  Strubo,  the  bison  of  Pliny, 
and  the  biston  of  Oppian. 

BIS-SEX'TELE,  n.  [L.  bisscztilis,  leap  year,  from  bis- 
sexiiLs.  {bis  and  sextusj)  the  siztJi  of  the  calends  of 
ilarch,  or  twenty-fourth  day  of  Febmarj-,  which 
was  reckoned  twice  every  fourth  year,  by  the  inter- 
calation of  a  day.    .dirisworth.] 

Leap  year ;  every  fourth  year,  in  which  a  day  is 
added  to  the  month  of  February",  on  account  of  the 
excess  of  6  houre,  wliich  the  civil  year  contains, 
above  365  days.  This  excess  is  11  minutes  3  sec- 
onds too  much  ;  that  is,  it  exceeds  the  real  year,  or 
annual  revolution  of  the  earth.  Hence,  at  the  end 
of  every  centur>-,  divisible  by  4,  it  is  necessary  to  re- 
tain the  bissextile  day,  and  io  suppress  it  at  the  end 
of  those  centuries  which  are  not  divisible  by  4. 

Encye, 

BTS-SEX'TILE,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  leap  year. 

BIS'SOX,  a.    rSax.  bisen.]     Blind.     \jXot  used,]    Shak. 

ri^'TRf'  (  "'     t"^^*  ^*^'^^^>  from  bis,  brown.] 

Among  painters,  a  dark-brown  pi^ent  extracted 
from  the  soot  of  wood.  To  prepare  it,  soot  [that  of 
beach  is  the  best]  is  put  into  water,  in  the  proportion 
of  two  pounds  to  a  gallon,  and  boiled  half  an  hour: 
after  standing  to  settle,  and  while  hot,  the  clearer 
.  part  of  the  fluid  must  be  poured  off  from  the  sedi- 
ment, and  evaporated  to  drjTiess;  the  remainder  is 
bister.  Encyc 

Bl-STIP'U-L£D.  a.    Having  two  stipules. 

BIS'TORT,  n.     [L.  bistorta,  bis  and  toHus,  twisted.] 
A  plant,  a  species  of  Polygonum  ;  in  popular  lan- 
piage,  called  snake-meed, 

EIS'TOU-RY,  (bis'tu-ry,)  n  [Fr.bistouri,  from  Pistoia, 
a  city.] 

A  surgical  instrument  for  making  incisions.  It  is 
either  straight  and  fixed  in  a  handle  like  a  knife,  or 
its  blade  turns  like  a  lancet,  or  it  is  crooked,  with 
the  sharp  edse  on  the  inside.  JEjicyc. 

Bi-SL'L'CATE,  a.    Two-furrowed. 

2.  In  zoology t  cloven-footed,  or  with  two  hoofed 
digits. 

BI-SX'L'€OUS,  a.  [L.  bisuleus,  of  bis  and  sidcus,  a 
furrow.]   Cloven-footed,  as  swine  or  oxen.  Brown, 

BI-SUL'PHU-RET,  ti.     [L.  bini  and  sulphuret.] 

In  chemistry,  a  sulphuret  with  two  atoms  of  sulphur, 
as  the  electro-negative  ingredient.  An  incorrect  term 
for  deuto-sulpkuret. 

BIT,  n.  [Sax.  bitol,  gebtzte,  gebiztel,  a  bit;  b<Btan,  to 
bit  or  curb.]  The  iron  part  of  a  bridle  which  is  in- 
serted in  the  mouth  of  a  hoRe,  and  its  appendages, 
to  which  the  reins  are  fastened.  It  includes  the  bit 
mouth,  the  branches,  the  curb,  the  sevel  holes,  the 
iranchefil,  and  cross  chains.  Bits  are  of  various 
kindle,  as  the  musrole,  snaffle,  or  watering  bit ;  the 
canon  mouth,  jointed  in  the  middle;  the  canon  or 
fast  mouth,  all  of  a  piece,  kneed  in  the  middle ;  the 
scatch-mouth  ;  the  masticador,  or  slavering  bit,  &.C. 
Johnson.     Encyc. 

BIT,  r.  t.  To  put  a  bridle  upon  a  horse  ;  to  put  the  bit 
in  the  mouth. 

BIT,  preL  and  pp.  of  Bite.  Seized  or  wounded  by  the 
teeth. 

BIT,  K.  [Sax.  frito,  a  bite  or  mouthful;  bitan, to  bite; 
D.  bii ;  tr.  biss.]  A  small  piece  ;  a  mouthful,  or  mor- 
sel ;  a  bite. 

2.  .\  small  piece  of  any  substance. 

3.  A  smallcoinof  the  West  Indies,  a  half  pLstareen, 
alxiut  ten  cents,  or  five  pence  sterling. 

4.  A  small  instrument  for  boring. 

This  ivord  is  used,  like  jvt  and  whit,  to  express  the 
smallest  degree  ;  as,  he  is  not  a  bit  wiser  or  better. 
BITCH,  n.     [Sax.  bicca,  bicce^  bice;  Dan.  bik!:e.     Qu. 
Ger.  betze:  Basque,  potzoa.    This  word  probably  sig- 
nifies a  female,  for  the  French  bichf  is  a  hind.] 


BIT 

1.  The  female  of  the  canine  kind,  as  of  the  dog, 
wolf,  and  fox, 

2.  A  name  of  reproach  for  a  woman. 

Pope.     JlrbuVmot. 
BTTE,  r.  £. ;  pret.  Bit  ;  pp.  Bit,  Bitten.     [Pax.  bitan  ; 
Sw.  bita ;  Dan.  bide;  (^r.  beissen,  to  bite.] 

1.  To  break  or  crush  with  the  teeth,  :w  in  eating  ; 
to  pierce  with  the  teeth,  as  a  serpent ;  to  seize  with 
the  teeth,  as  a  dog. 

2.  To  pinch  or  pain,  as  with  cold  ;  as,  a  bitin^ 
north  wind  ;  the  frost  bites. 

3.  To  reproach  with  sarcasm ;  to  treat  with  sever- 
ity by  words  or  writing ;  as,  one  poet  praises,  another 
bites. 

4.  To  pierce,  cut,  or  wound  ;  as,  a  bittrnr  falchion. 

Sh^L 

5.  To  make  to  smart ;  as,  acids  bite  the  mouth, 
tj.  To  cheat ;  to  trick. 

The  rogue  was  Jt'r.  Pope. 

[J\'>>£  elegant,  but  comynon.] 

7.  To  enter  the  ground  and  hold  fast,  as  the  bill 
and  palm  of  an  anchor.  Mar,  Diet. 

8.  To  injure  by  angry  contention. 

If  ye  biie  atid  devour  one  another.  — Gal.  v. 

To  bite  the  thumb  at  a  person,  was  formerly  a  mark 

of  contempt,  designed  to  provoke  a  ipiarrel ;  as,  in 

Shakspearc,  "  Do  you  bite  your  thumb  at  us  ?  " 

BITE,  n.    The  seizure  of  any  thing  by  the  teeth  of  an 

animal,  as  the  ^I'e  of  a  do^j  ;  <;r  with  the  mouth,  as 

2.  The  wound  made  by  the  teeth.  [of  a  fish. 

3.  A  morsel ;  as  much  as  is  taken  at  once  by  bit- 
ing ;  a  mouthful. 

4.  A  cheat ;  a  trick  ;  a  fraud.    [^  low  word.] 

5.  A  sharper  ;  one  who  cheats. 

BiT'ER,  n.  One  who  bites  ;  that  which  biles  ;  a  fish 
apt  to  take  bait. 

9.  One  who  cheats  or  defrauds. 
BI-TERN'ATE,  a,     [L.  bis  and  ternus,  three.] 

In  botany,  doubly  temate,  as  when  a  petiole  has 
three  ternate  leaflets.  Martyn. 

BiT'IXG,  71.    Act  of  biting. 

BiT'liVG,  ppr.  Seizing,  wounding,  or  crushing  with 
the  teeth  ;  pinching,  paining,  causing  to  smart  with 
cold  ;  reproaching  with  severity,  or  treating  sarcasti- 
cally ;  cheating. 

BlT'IXG,  a.    Sharp  ;  severe  ;  sarcastic. 

BIT'ING-LY,  adv.    In  a  sarcastic  or  jeering  manner. 

BIT'LESS,  a.   Not  having  a  bit  or  bridle.    FansJiaw. 

BIT'MOUTH.  n.  [bit  and  mouth.]  The  bit,  or  that 
part  of  a  bridle  which  is  put  in  a  horse's  mouth. 

Bailey.     Jish.     Encvc. 

EIT'TA-€LE,  n.  [Qu.  Fr.  boiU  d'aiguille,  needle-box.] 
The  box  for  the  compass  on  board  a  ship.     [See 
Bisy.KCLz.] 

BIT'TED,  pp.  Having  the  bit  put  in  the  mouth. 

BIT'TiJX,  (bit'tn,)  pp.  of  Bite.  Seized  or  wounded 
by  the  teeth  ;  cheated. 

BIT'TER,  a,  [Sax.  biter;  Sw.  D.  Ger.  and  Dan.  bitler, 
from  bite.] 

1.  Sharp  or  biting  to  the  taste  ;  acrid  ;  like  worm- 
wood. 

2.  Sharp  ;  cruel ;  severe  ;  as,  biu^r  enmity.  Heb.  i. 

3.  Sharp,  as  words  ;  reproachful ;  sarcastic. 

4.  Sharp  to  the  feeling;  piercing;  painful;  that 
makes  to  smart  ;  as,  a  biturcold  day,  or  a  bitter  blast. 

5.  Painful  to  the  mind  ;  calamitous  ;  poignant ;  as, 

6.  Afflicted  ;  distressed.  [a  bitter  fate. 

The  EjTpdans  made  their  lives  UtUr.  —  Ex.  i. 

7.  Hurtful ;  very  sinful. 

It  is  ac  evU  and  fctUcr  Uun^.  —  Jer.  ii. 

8.  Mournful ;  distressing ;  expressive  of  misery ;  as, 
a  bitter  complaint  or  lamentation.  Job  xxiii.  Jer. 
vi.  xxxi. 

BIT'TER,  71.  A  substance  that  is  bitter.  [See  Bit- 
ters J 

BIT'TER,  71.  [See  Bitts.]  In  marine  language,  a  turn 
of  the  cable  which  is  round  the  bitts. 

Bitter-end;  that  part  of  a  cable  which  is  abaft  the 
bitts,  and  therefore  within  board,  when  the  ship  rides 
at  anchor.  •^'dar.  Diet. 

BIT'TER-GoUKD,  ti.  [biUcr  and  gourd.]  A  plant,  a 
species  of  Cucumis,  called  ColocyntJiis,  Coloc\pUh,  Col- 
oquintada.  The  fruit  is  of  the  gourd  kind,  ha\'ing  a 
shell  inclosing  a  bitter  pulp,  whicli  is  a  very  drastic 
purgative.  It  is  brought  from  the  Levaut,  and  is  the 
bitter  apple  of  the  shops.  Encyc. 

BIT'TER-ISH,  a.  Somewhat  biner ;  bitter  in  a  mod- 
erate degree.  Goldsmith. 

BIT'TER-ISH-XESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  moder- 
atelv  bitter.  Encyc. 

BIT'TER-LY,  adv.    With  a  bitter  taste. 

2.  In  a  severe  manner ;  in  a  manner  expressing 
poignant  grief;  as,  to  weep  bitterly. 

3.  In  a  manner  severely  reproachful ;  sharply  ;  se- 
verelv  ;  angrilv  ;  as,  to  censure  bitterliu 

BIT'TERN,  71.  *[D.  butoor;  Fr.  butor;  Com.  fdabittcr.] 
A  fowl  of  the  Grallic  order,  the  ardea  stellaris, 
(Linn.,)  a  native  of  Europe.  This  fowl  has  long 
legs  and  neck,  and  stalks  among  reeds  and  sedge, 
feeding  upon  fish.  It  makes  a  singular  noise,  called 
by  Dr>'den  bumping,  and  by  Goldsmith  booming. 

Encyc.      ] 


BIV 


BIT'TERN,  n.    [from  biUcr.]    In  ,'Jt  ir^/rt-,  ihc  Lrir; 

remaining  after  the  t^ali  w  cr 

hided  ofl",  and  the  sail  taken 

turned,  and,  being  again  boil*  'i 

in  used  in  the  preparation  of  i 

pliatc  of  magnesia,  and  of  GU. 

phate  of  soda. 
9.  A  vcr>*  bitter  compound  of  (iua^ii,  c^yc. 

dicus,  ic,  used  by  fraudulent  brcwen  in  :.  . 

ling  beer.  r 

BIT'TER-.\E?-S,  n.     [from  6 j^.]    A  bilUT  t 

ratluT  a  (^juality  in  thinga  which  excite*  a  bi. 

agreeable  sensation  in  tlie  ton^ie. 
•2.  In  a  Jiguratice  aeivie,  extreme  *■■<■■ 

hutrcd  ;  or  rather  an  excessive  degr«  ■ 

ness  of  passions  and  euiotiooji;  a^,  tii  f 

anger.    Eph.  iv. 

3.  Sharpness;  severity  of  temper. 

4.  Keenness  of  reproach  ;  piquancy  ;  bitine  -  :  : 

5.  Keen  sorrow  ;  painful  afllicUua  ;  vexation  i  deep 
distress  of  mind. 

H:inna>i  was  in  biHcmoM  (A  loal,  —  1  Sun.  L    Jci  ■'  "- 

In  the  gall  vf  bitterness;  in  a  state  of  cxir- 
piety  orcnmity  to  God.    Acts  viiL 

Root  of  bitterness;  a  dangerons  error,  or 
tending  to  draw  persons  to  apustasv.    Heb.  \ 

BIT'TERS,  71.  pi.  A  liquor  in  which  bitter  herb- 
are  steeped ;  generally  a  spirituous  liquor,  f 
cause  of  intemperance,  of  disease,  and  cf  p' 
death! 

In  the  materia  mcdiea,  the  term  bltlerj  is  appi;'.u  lo 

such  medicinal  substances  as  are  characterized  bv 

their  bitterness.  Cnllm.  ' 

The  simple  bitters  arc  properly  such  as  exert  only  a 

tonic  power  on  the  digestive  organ-. 

BIT'TEU-SALT,  ti.  Epsom  salt  ;~sulphate  of  magnesia. 

BIT'TER-SPaR,  71.  A  sparry  mineral,  restrnibhng 
calcareous  spar,  but  consisting  of  carbonate  of  iiine 
and  carbonate  of  magnesia.  It  is  the  cr>-6lalliz«d  va- 
riety of  dolomite  or  magnesian  limestone.         t're. 

BIT'TER-SVVEET,  n.  [bitter  and  sweeL]  A  sp^xies 
of  Solanum,  a  slender,  climbing  plant,  whos?  rv-ol, 
when  chewed,  produces  first  a  bitter,  then  a  sweet 
taste.  Encyc 

BIT'TER-\T:TCH,  n.  [biuer  and  retch.]  A  species 
of  Er\uin,  or  lentil,  cultivated  for  fodder.     EnctK. 

2.  A  genus  of  plants,  known  by  the  generic  name 
OrobuSy  remarkable  for  their  beautiful  papilionac-ous 
flowers.  The  tubercles  of  one  species  are  in  great 
esteem  among  the  Highlantiers  of  Scotland,  who 
chew  them,  when  drj-,  to  give  a  better  relu^h  to  their 
liquors. 

BIT'TER-WORT,  71.  [&(««■  and  wort.]  The  plant 
called  gentian,  Gcutiana,  which  has  a  remarkaMy 
bitter  taste. 

BIT'TIXG  ppr.    Putting  the  bits  in  the  mouth. 

BIT'TOUR  or  BIT'TOR,  71.     The  bittern.     Dr.        . 

BITTS,  n.  pi.    [Irom  the  same  root  as  bite.] 

A  frame  of  two  strong  pieces  of  timber  fixed  per- 
pendicularly in  the  furc  part  of  a  ship,  on  which  to 
lasten  the  cable?.  There  are  also  topsail  sheet-bats^ 
pauUbitts,  carrick-bitis,  &lc.  Mar.  Diet. 

BITT,  V.  t.  To  put  round  the  bills  ;  as,  to  biu  the  ca- 
ble,in  order  to  fasten  it  orlo  slacken  it  out  gradually, 
which  is  called  veering  awau.  .Mar.  Diet. 

BI-TuME',  n.  Bitumen,  so  written  for  the  sake  of  tho 
rhvmc.  .Vcy. 

BI-TOiM'ED,  a.    Smeared  with  bitumen.  ShaL 

BI-TU'.MILN,  71.  [L.;  Fr.  bitume;  Sp.  hctun;  1%.  be- 
tume.] 

This  name  is  used  to  denote  various  infiammable 
substances,  of  a  strong  smell  and  of  different  consist- 
encies, which  are  found  in  the  earth.  There  are 
ee\'eral  varieties,  most  of  which  evidently  pass  into 
each  other,  proceeding  from  naphtha,  the  most  tluid, 
to  petroleum,  a  viscid  tluid,  maltha,  inon.'  or  less  civ 
hesive,  elastic  bitumen  or  mineral  caoutchouc,  and 
asphallum,  which  is  sometimes  too  hard  lo  be 
scratched  bv  the  nail.  A'ichulson.     Clfarrland. 

BI-TC'MI-NaTE,  r.  u    To  impregnate  with  bitumen. 

BI-Tu'MI-XA-TELl,;ip.  or  a.  Impregnated  with  bitu- 
men. 

BI-TU-MI-NIF'ER-OUS,  a,  [bitumen  and/rro,  to  pro- 
duce.] 

Producing  biliimen.  Kineax. 

BI-TU-:MIX-i-ZA'T10X,  n.  The  process  of  forming 
bitumen.  Mantdl. 

BI-Tu'MIX-IZE,  r.  U  To  form  into  or  impregnate 
with  biiumen.  ZJ^  -Vd/. 

BI-Tu'MIX-IZ-IXG,  ppr.    Formine  bitumen. 

BI-Tu'MI-XOUS,  a.  Having  the  qualities  of  bitumen  ; 
compounded  with  bitumen  ;  containing  bitumen. 

Million. 
Bituminotis  Umestene  is  of  a  lamellar  strucnirr,  sus- 
ceptible cf  polish,  of  a  brown  or  black  color,  and, 
when  rubbed,  emitting  an  unpleasant  smeU,  Tlat 
of  Dalniatia  is  su  charged  with  bitumen  Uiat  it  may 
be  cut  like  soap.  ^^' 

Bituminous  shale  ;  an  argillaceous  shale  imptvf  Ra- 
ted with  bitumen,  usually  accompanying  coal. 

Brande, 

BI'V.-VLVE,  n.     [L.  bis,  twice,  and  ra/w,  L.  ra/ra-J 
A  molluscous  animal,  having  a  ahcRy  covenng, 


TONE,  BIJLL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.— C  as  K ;  Ol  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


1SJ5 


BLA 

rnnsi!(tini7  of  two  part3  OF  valves,  joined  toffolher  by  i 
iTiieni  al  tlio  canio  or  hinge,  or  a  shell 
(WO  iKirts,  which  (tpyn  and  »lmu     AI«o, 
..  ^   .    __^        which  the  Mt-ed-tase  oppiiH  or  pplll--*  inio 
iwo  iwrtri  ur  valves.  Enetj.'.    Bnwtle. 

BI'VALVE,  )  a.     IlavinR  two  shells  or  volvos 

BI-VALV'lJ-LAR,  >     which  opt-ii  and  shiu,  aa  ihe 

ni-V AI-V'OUS,  >  oyster,  or  two  jKirts  or  vidves 
whirho]>cnBt  maturity,  ns  Uie  sccd-veASL'ld  of  certain 
pinnts.  Martyn. 

BI-VALTLT'ED,  a.     [L.  tw,  twice,  and  cauliA 

liKvins  two  vaults  or  an:liL-».  Barlow. 

BT-VKN'TKAL,  a.     [L.  bi»  and  rfn/<T,  belly.] 

Having  two  bellies  ;  a?,  a  biveutral  nitis'clc.  Bailey. 

BIV'I-OL'S,  a.     [\,.  bivius  ;  bis  and  ria,  way.] 
Having  two  ways,  or  leading  two  wayit. 

Broirn. 

B/r'OI7.3C,  (biv'wak,)  n.  [Fr.  This  word  i.^  prob- 
ably coviposed  of  be  and  tho  Teutonic  nxit  of  iniAr, 
iratch  ;  Sax.  Kwtrtn,  to  wake,  to  watch  ;  L.  vigUo ; 
G.  ifdf-V,  a  guard  ;  tcachen^  tu  walch.] 

The  guard  or  walch  of  a  whole  arn»y,as  in  cases  of 
fTTiat  danger  of  surprise  or  attack ;  t>r  an  enciunp- 
lui-nt  without  tents  or  covering. 

Blf'OUJiCy  V.  t.  To  watch  or  be  on  {?unrd,  as  a 
whole  array;  to  encamp  during  the  iiigiit  without 
tenia  or  covering. 

[This  word  anslicized  would  l>e  beteatch.] 

BIXHVORT,  n.    A  plant. 

BIZ'AN-TTXE.    i?ee  IWzantise. 

BI-ZARRE',  (hc-zir',)  a.  [Fr.]  Odd;  fantastical; 
whunslcal ;  exlravapant. 

BI.AU,  r,  t.  [W.  llavaru,  to  speak  ;  D.  labhery^  pmllle  ; 
Ir.  dabnirr^  a  babbler;  lahkraim^  to  speak;  Cliauccr, 
labbe^  a  blabber.] 

1.  To  uiter  or  toll  in  a  thoughtless  manner ;  to  pub- 

listi  secreta  or  trifles  williout  discretion.    It  implies, 

says  Johnson,  ratlier  thoughtlessness  than  treachery, 

but  may  be  used  in  either  sense.  Dnjden. 

3.  To  tell  or  utter,  in  a  s^ood  sense.  Shak. 

BLAU.r.  i.    To  tattle  ;  to  tell  tales.  Shak. 

BLAB,  n.  A  babbler;  a  telltale  ;  one  who  betrays  se- 
crets, or  tells  things  which  ought  to  be  kept  secret. 

BLAB'BER,  «.    A  tattler;  a  telltale. 

BLAB'BIXG,  ppr.  Telling  indiscreetly  what  ought 
to  be  concealed  ;  tattling. 

BLACK,  0.  [Sax  6/ac,  and  6/ifc,  black,  pale,  wan, 
livid  ;  blacian,  fttecaji,  to  become  pale,  to  turn  white, 
to  become  black,  to  blacken;  6/<rc,  ink;  Sw.  blek, 
pal?,  wan,  livid  ;  bltck,  ink  ;  bUka,  to  insolate,  to  ex- 
pose to  the  sun,  or  to  bleach ;  also  to  lighten,  to 
flash;  D.  tleek,  pale;  bleekm,  to  bleach;  G.  bleiehj 
pale,  wan,  bleak ;  bleukntj  to  bl'::ach  ;  Dun.  bUrk.  ink  ; 
bUe^j  pale,  wan,  bleak,  sallow  ;  bh^e,  to  bleach. 
It  is  remarkable  that  b!aekj  blraf:^  and  bUachy  arc  all 
radically  one  word.  The  primarj- sense  seems  to  be, 
I»ale,  w^an,  or  sallow,  from  which  has  proceeded  the 
present  variety  of  significations.] 

1.  Of  the  color  of  night ;  destitute  of  liglit ;  dark. 

2.  Darkened  by  clouds  ;  as,  the  heavens  black  willi 
clouds. 

3.  Sullen  ;  having  a  cloudy  look  or  countenance. 

Sfiak. 

4.  Atrociously  wicked ;  horrible  ;  as,  a  black  deed 
or  crime.  Dnjdcn. 

.'».  Dismal;  mournful;  calamitous.  S/iak. 

Black  and  blue :  the  dark  color  of  :i  bruise  in  the 

rtesb.  which  is  accompanied  with  a  mixture  of  blue. 

BLACK,  7J.    That  which  is  destitute  cf  li^'ht  or  white- 
ness ;  the  darkest  color,  or  rathi-r  a  destitution  of  all 
color;  as,  a  cloth  has  a  good  black. 
9.  A  negro ;  a  person  whose  skin  is  black. 
3.  A  black  dress,  or  mourning ;  as,  to  be  clothed 
in  black. 

BLACK,  V.  f.    To  make  black  ;  (o  blacken  ;  to  soil. 

Boyle. 

BLACK'-ACT,  n.  [black  and  aeU]  The  English  stat- 
ute 9  Geo.  I.,  which  makes  it  felony  to  appear  armed 
in  any  park  or  warren,  &:c.,  or  to  hunt  or  steal  deer, 
&c.,  wil!i  the  face  blacked  or  disguised.  BtarksUrne. 

BLA(*K'-.\RT,  n.    Conjuration. 

BLACK' A-5I0OR,  n.  {black  aiid  rnoar.]  A  negro  ;  a 
black  man. 

BLACK-BALL,  n.  [black  and  &ai/.]  A  composition 
of  tallov.'j  &.C.  for  blacking  shoes. 

2.  A  ball  of  black  color,  used  as  a  negative  in 
voting. 

BL.\CK'BALL,  r.  t.  To  reject  or  negative  in  choos- 
ing, bv  ptiiiing  black  balls  into  a  ballnt-bnx. 

BLACI^'BaR,  a.  \hladi  and  bar.^  A  plea  obliging 
the  plainliiT  to  assign  the  place  of  trespass.      Jisk. 

BLACK'BER-RY,  n.  [Sax.  blacberian;  black  and 
berry.] 

The  berr>'  of  the  bramble  ;  a  popular  name  applied 
to  di.Terent  species  or  varieties  of  the  genus  Rubits, 
and  their  fnnt. 

BLACK'DIRD,  n.  [black  and  bird.]  In  Ensfland,  a 
species  of  4hrush,  the  Turdu-s  Merula,  a  singing-bird 
with  a  fine  note,  but  verj-  loud.  In  jJmcrie/i,  this 
name  is  given  to  different  birds,  as  to  the  Orartila 
(pii^fula,  or  crow  blackbird,  and  to  the  Oriolus 
phcenireas,  or  red-winged  blackbird,  (Stunius 
predatorius,  Wilson.) 

BI^\CK'BoARD,  It.    A  board  used  in  schools,  &c., 


HLA 

for  writing,  drawing  lines,  and  ^Tirioue  other  pur- 
poses of  instruction. 
BLACK'-BOOK,  «.  [black  and  book.]  Tho  black- 
book  of  thV-'Exche(]uer  in  England,  is  a  book  said  to 
have  been  composed  in  1175,  by  Gervals  of  Titbur>*. 
It  eoiiiains  a  description  of  the  Court  of  Exchequer, 
its  oliictT:*,  their  nink;)  and  privik-geH,  wnses,  prr- 
(jUtsiteiTj  and  Jurisdiction,  with  the  revenues  of  the 
crown,  in  money,  prain,  and  cattle.  JCneye. 

2.  .Any  book  which  treats  of  necromancy.     P.nnjc. 

3.  A  book  compiled  by  order  of  the  visitors  of  nnui- 
nsteries,  under  llenr>'  Vlll.,  containing  a  tU-taibd 
account  of  Ihe  enormities  prncliced  i[i  religious 
houses,  to  blacken  them  and  to  hapten  their  diissolu- 
tion.  Kneyc. 

BLACK'-BRO\V-£D,  a.     [black  and  broir.]     Having 

black  eyebrows  ;  gloomy  ;  diurnal ;  threatening  ;  as, 

a  blatk-browrd  gust.  Dnjdcn. 

BLACK'-imt'O-NV,  n.    [black  mti  bryony.]    A  plant, 

the  Tamus.  Kncyc. 

BLACK'-CANK'EU,  ».    A  disease  in  turnips    and 

other  croi»s,  produced  by  a  species  of  caterpillar. 

Farm.  Kncyc. 
BLACK'eAP,  w.     [black  and  cap.]    A  bird,  the  Mo- 

tacilla   atricnpitla,  or   mock-nighiincati- ;   so    called 

ftom  its  black  crown.    It  is  common  in  Europe. 

Kncyc.     Pennant 
9.  In  cookery^  an  apple  roasted  til!  black,  to  he 

served  up  in  a'disli  of  boiled  custard.      JMa.<!on. 
BLACK'-CA'J'-TLE,  n.     [black  and  catiU:]     Cattle  of 

the  bovine  genus,  as  bulls,  oxen,  and  cows,  whatever 

may  be  their  color.     [Engllsli.]  Johnson. 

BLACK'-CIIALK,  (-chawk,)  v.     A  mineral  of  a  blu- 

iali-black  color,  of  n  slaty  texturo,  and   soiling  the 

fingers  when    handled;   a  variety  of  argillaceous 

slate.  .  Ure. 

BL.\CK'-€o.*\T,  ji.    A  coTT.nion  and  familiar  name 

for  a  cler;r\itir.n.  as  ^-rd-coitt  is  for  a  soldier. 
BLACK'€o'CK,  ».     \hiack  \i\u\  cadi.]     A  fowl,  called 

also  blacX:- grouse  and  bladi-ffume,  the  Tetrao  tt'trix  of 

Linnaeus. 
BL.ACK'DaY,  ju    a  day  of  gloom  and  disaster.    Shak. 
BLACK'-DEATII,  (blak'deth,)  n.   The  black  plague. 
BLACK'DROP,  «-    A  liquid  prepanilinn  of  opium  in 

vinegar. 
BLACK'-K.V'GLE,  n.    [black  and  eagle.]    In  Scotland. 

a  name  jjiven  to  the  t'alco  fulvus,  the  white-tailed 

eagle  of  Edwards. 
BLACK'-EARTH,  (-erth,)  n.     Mold  ;  earth  of  a  dark 

color  Woodward, 

BLACK' /CD,  (blakt,)  pp.    Made  black  :  soiled. 
BLACK'i;.\,(blak'kn,)r.  (.  [Sax.  &i<ccd«.  Sec  Black.] 

1.  To  rnake  black. 

The  linportntion  of  ilava,  that  Iiai  htadcened  half  America. 

Franklin. 

2.  To  make  dark  ;  to  darken ;  to  cloud. 

3.  To  soil. 

-1.  To  sully  reputation;  to  make  Infamous;  as, 
vice  blackens  the  character. 

BLACK'fiM,  V.  i.    To  grow  black  or  dark 

BLACK'£X-i:D,  pp.     Slade  black. 

«LACK'£.V-ER,  n.     He  that  blackens. 

BLACK'K.NMNG,  ppr.     .Making  black  ;  darkening. 

BLAt'K'ER,  a.  comp.     Mori!  black. 

BLACK'EST,  a.  superl.     Most  black. 

BLACK'-E^-ED,  a.     Having  black  eyes.        Dryden. 

BLACK'-FaC-£D,  (-faste.)  a.    Having  a  black  face. 

Skak. 

BLACK'FISH,  n.     [black  and  Jish.]     In   the  United 

States,  a  fish  cau^lit  on  the  rocky  shores  of  New 

England  ;  the  Tautog,  {iMbnts  amcricaniis.)  JIass.  Rep. 

2.  A  small  kind  of  whale,  about  twenty  feet  long. 

BL.ACK'FLUX,  n.  A  mixture  of  carbonate  of  iwtash 
and  charcoal,  obtained  by  deflagmling  tartar  with 
half  its  weiclit  of  niter.  Brande. 

BLACK'-FOR-EST,  n.  [black  and  f,n-est.]  A  forest 
in  Genuany,  in  Swabia  ;  a  part  of  the  ancient  Her- 
cynian  forest. 

BliACK'FRl-AR,  n.  Blackfriars  !«  a  name  given  to 
the  Dominican  order,  called  also  Predicants  and 
Preaching  friars  ;  in  Fnince,  Jacobins.    Kncyc. 

BLACK'GUAUD,  ».  [said  to  be  of  WurA- and  guard; 
but  is  it  not  a  corruption  of  blackard^  black-kind .''] 

One  who  uses  abusive,  scurrilous  language,  or 
treats  olliers  with  foul  abuse. 

BLACK'GUARD,  v.  t.  To  revile  in  scurrilous  Ian- 
guagCk     r/-n?r.J 

BLACK'GUARD,  a.    Scurrilous;  abusive. 

BLACK'GIURD-IS.M,  n.  The  conduct  or  language 
of  a  blarktinard. 

BLACK'-GUM,«.  An  .American  tree,  of  the  genus 
JVi/.wa,  growin'_'S(tutIi  of  Philadelphia.  Tho  wood  is 
solid,  and  not  apt  to  split,  and  henco  isu^cd  for  naves 
or  hubs,  and  in  ship-building.  Oardner. 

BLACK'MEXRT-ED,  a.  Having  a  black  or  malig- 
nant heart. 

BLACK'IXG,  ppr.    Making  black. 

BLACK'ING,  H.  A  substance  used  for  blacking  shoos, 
variously  niado ;  any  factitious  matter  for  making 
things  black.  Kncyc.    Jish. 

BLAcK'ISH,  a.  Somewhat  black;  moderately  black 
or  d.ark. 

BLACK'^ACK,  n.  A  name  given  by  miners  to  blend, 
a  mineral  called  also  false  galena.    It  is  an  ore  of 


BLA 

zinc,  in  combination  with  iron    and  sulphur;  eul- 
phiu-et  of  zinc,  JsTichotsoti, 

'i.  A  leathern  c\ip  of  old  times. 
BLACK'-LE/VD,  (led,)  n.    A  mineral  of  a  dark  steel 
gray  color,  and  of  a  scaly  texture,  cnnipiMed  of  cur 
bon,  Willi  a  small  jwrtion  of  iron.    This  natn(-,6WA- 
frtij,  is  improper,  as  it  conutins  no  lead.     It  is  i^dled 

£himbogo-.\\\ii  graphite^  as  It  is  used  for  |)em>IIs, 
ACK'IjEG,  11.    A  term  applied  to  nolorlipus 
biers  and  cheats. 
BLACK'-LEGS,  w.    In  some  parts  of  l^ntlaiid,  a  dl»- 
euse  among  calves  and  sheep.     It  is  a  t^ort  d"  jelly 
which  seilles  in  the  legs,  and  sumetlines  in  the  neck. 

I'neye, 
BLACK'-LET'TER,  w.    A  term  applied    to  the  old 
English  or  modern  Gothic  letter,  in  which  the  early 
English  manuscripts  were  written,  and  the  rtrst  Kng- 
lish  books  Were  printed.  i'ninde. 

BLACK'-LET'TER,  a.    Written  or  printed  in  black- 
letter  ;  as,  a  black-tetter  nianuHcri|>t  or  iMiok. 
2.  Btudoius  of  books  in  black-lettA^-r. 


gam- 


'  Ki'iiiUe  a.  biack'UtUr  miui  I  " 


Jioad«n. 


BLACK'LY,  ado.    Darkly  ;  atrociously. 

BLACK'-MAIL,  «.    A  certain  mtc  of  money,  com, 

cattle,  or  other  thing,  anciiutly  ])aid,  in  (tie  iiortli  of 

England,  to  certain  men,  who  wen-  allied  to  robbers, 

to  be  by  them  protecttul  Irttm  pillage.    Cotrrl.    Knrve. 

2.  Black-rent,  or  rents  paid  in  com  or  tlesh.  Kncuc, 

BLACK'-MOX'DAV,  n.  Easter  Monday,  in  :tt  lid. 
III.,  which  was  mibly, obscure,  and  so  cold  thnt  men 
died  on  iiorseback.  Slmne, 

BLACK'- MOXKt'',  n.pl,  A  denomination  given  to  ilie 
Benedictines.  Kncyc. 

BLACK'-MOUTH-ED,  a.  Using  foul  or  scurrilous 
language.  h'tllmgbrck. 

BLACK'NESS,  it.  The  quality  of  being  hl»ek  ;  black 
'color;  darkness;  atrociousncss  or  enormity  in  wick- 
edness. 

BLACK'-PIG'MENT,  n.  A  ver>-  fine,  light,  carbonn- 
ceous  substance,  or  lainp-black  ;  prepan-d  rbitfly  for 
themannfariure  of  printers'  ink.  iiy  a  rerciii  pniress, 
it  Is  obtained  bv  burning  common  coal-tar.       Crc. 

BLACK'-Pr,'D'D"£NG,  «.  A  kind  of  food  made  of 
blood  and  grain.  Johnson. 

BLACK'-Ui>D^  ?j.  [blacJi  and  rod.]  In  England^  the 
UFher  belonging  to  the  order  of  the  carter  ;  so  called 
from  the  black  rod  which  he  carries.  He  is  of  the 
king's  chamber  and  usher  of  parliainenl.       Coieel. 

BlacJi  row  grains;  a  species  of  iron  stone  or  ore, 
found  in  the  mines  about  Dudley  in  StatfordHhire, 
England.  Kncyc. 

BLACK'-SkA,  k.  [black  and  sea.]  The  Euxine  Sea, 
on  the  eastern  border  of  Europe. 

BLACK'-SHEEP,  n.  [black  and  sheep.]  In  Orimtal 
history,  the  ensign  or  standard  of  a  race  of  'i'nrkmans 
in  Armenia  and  Mesopotamia.  Kncyc. 

BLACK'-SIL'VER,  11.  A  mineral,  called  also  Briitlc 
silver  orr, consistingofshver,  antimony, and  sulphur. 

BLACK'SMITH,  h.  [black  and  smiUi.]  A  smith  wlio 
works  in  iron,  and  makes  iron  utensils  ;  more  projH 
erly,  an  iron-smith. 

BLACK'-SNaKE,  n.  A. serpent  of  a  black  color; 
two  species  are  found  in  -Vmerica.  They  arc  of  the 
genus  Coluber,  which  is  not  poisonous. 

BLACK-STRA1<£.^,  ill  a  ship,  are  a  range  of  planks 
immediately  above  the  wales  in  a  ship's  side,  covered 
with  tar  and  lamp-black.  Kncyc. 

BLACK'STR;U',  71.  A  name  of  a  liquor  drank  by 
the  vulgar. 

BLACK'TaIL,  n.  [black  and  tail.]  A  fi^h,  a  kind 
of  perch,  called  also  a  ruff  or  pope,  John.ion. 

BLACK'THORN,  n.  [black  and  thorn.]  A  specie* 
of  Prunus,  called  she.  It  grows  ten  or  twelve  feci 
high,  very  branchy,  and  armed  with  sharp,  strong 
spines,  and  hearini:  small,  round,  black  cherries.  It 
is  much  cultivated  for  hedges.  Kncyc. 

BLACK'TIN,  v.  [blaeJi  and  tin.]  Tin  ore,  when 
dressed,  stamped,  and  washed,  ready  for  melting. 
It  is  the  ore  comminuted  by  beating  into  a  black 
powder,  like  fine  sand.  Kncyc. 

BLACK'-TRE;:JS-i':D,(-trest,)  a.  Having  black  tresses. 

RLACK'-VIS-A6-£D,  a.  Having  a  dark  visage  or 
appearance.  Mamton. 

BLACK'-VOM'IT,  n.  A  copious  vomiting  of  dark- 
colorod  matter,  resembling  coflee  grounds  ;  or  the 
substance  so  discharged ;  one  of  the  most  fatal  at- 
tendants of  the  yellow  fever. 

BLACK'-WADD,  71.  [black  and  irndd.]  An  ore  of 
manganese,  found  in  Derbyshire,  England,  and  used 
as  a  drying  inuTcdient  in  paints.  It  is  remarkable 
for  takins  fire  when  mixed  with  linseed  oil  in  a  cer- 
tain proportion.  Kneye* 

BLACK'-WAL'XUT,  m.  A  well-known  American 
tree,  {JugUri-^  nigra,)  the  wood  of  which  is  of  a  dark 
color,  forming  a  beautiful  material  for  cabinet  work. 

BLACK'-W/iSH,  H.  A  lotion  made  by  mingling  calo- 
mel and  lime-water. 

BLACK'WORK,  ».  [black  and  icork.]  Iron  wrought 
by  blacksmiths ;  so  called  in  distinction  from  that 
wrought  bv  whitesmiths.  Kneyc. 

BLAD'-AP'PLE,  n.  In  botany^  the  Caclns,  or  a  spe- 
cies of  it.  Fam.  of  Plants. 

BLAD'DER,  n.    [Sax.  bladr^  bladra^  bleddra,  u  blad- 


FaTE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MkTE,  PREY.  — PLXE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — N6TE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK. 


BLA 

der  and  WW,  a  puff  of  wind,  also  a  goblet,  fruit,  the 
bnxncb  of  a  tree ;  W.  jdedren,  a  bladder ;  Sw.  and 
Dan-  blad^  a  page,  a  leaf,  Ens.  a  blade;  D.  bladj  a 
leaf,  page,  sheet,  a  board,  a  blade^  a  plate  ;  G.  blatt,  a 
leaf;  blatter,  a  blister,  which  is  our  bladder.  The 
Germans  express  bladder  by  6?<i>:c,  D.  A^aa^,  which  is 
our  bla-.e.  Hence  we  obser\-e  that  the  sen^e  is  taken 
from  swelling,  extending,  dilating,  blowing;  Sax. 
hlavan^  to  blow  ;  W.  blot^  or  blwVi,  a  puff  or  blast ; 
W.  pled,  extension,  from  USd,  breadth  ;  L.  l(UtL3.'\ 

!.  A  bag  or  sac  in  animals,  v/hich  serves  as  the 
receptacle  of  some  secreted  fluid  ;  as,  the  urinanj 
bladder,  the  g-all  bladder,  Slc.  By  way  of  eniineuce, 
the  word,  in^coniraon  language,  denotes  the  urinar>- 
bladder,  either  within  the  animal,  or  when  taken  out 
and  intialed  with  air.  Eneyc.    Johnson. 

2.  Any  vesicle  or  blister,  especially  if  filled  with 
air,  or  a  thin,  watery  liquor. 

3.  in  botamj,  a  distended  membranaceous  pericarp. 

MaHijn. 
BLAD'DER-£D,  a.    Swelled  like  a  bladder.     Dryden. 

2.  Put  up  in  bladders  ;  as,  bladdered  lard. 
BL.^'DER-AN"GLING,  71.    Fishing  by  means  of  a 

baited  hook  attached  to  an  inflated  blad'der. 
BLAD'DER-NUT,  ti.     [bladder  and  nut.]     A  genus  of 
plants,  with  the  seneric  name  of  Staphylea.    They 
have  three  capsules,  inflated  and  joined  by  a  longi- 
tudinal suture.  Eneijc. 

2.  The  African  bladder-nut  is  the  Royena. 

3.  The  laarel-lsaved  bladder-nut  is  a  species  of  Ilex, 
linim,  or  holly.  Fam.  of  Plants. 

BLAD'DER-SEN'NA,  or  bastard-senna;  a    genus  of 

plants,  called  in  botany  Colutea.       Fam.  of  Plants. 
The  jointed-podded  bladder-senna  is  the  Coronilla. 
Fam.  of  Plants. 
BLAD'DER-V,  a     Resembling  a  bladder  ;  containing 

bladders. 
BLaDE,  n.     [Sax.  bhsd,  bled,  a  branch,  fruit,  herbs, 

goblet,  a  phial,  the  broad  part  or  blade  of  an  oar  ;  Gr. 

rAari's,  broad.    The  radical  sense  is  to  shoot,  extend, 

dilate.     See  Bladder-] 

1.  Properly ,  the  leaf,  nrflat  pan  of  the  leaf,  (li^ila,) 
of  gramineous  plants,  though  the  terra  is  oflf-n  ap- 
plied to  the  spire. 

In  this  sense  of  leaf,  Vie  tenn  is  mncJi  ziseil,  in  the 
SoiUAem  States  of  JVortk  America,  far  the  leaves  of 
maize  which  are  used  as  fodder. 

2.  The  cutting  part  of  an  instrument,  as  the  blade 
of  a  knife,  or  sword,  so  named  from  its  length  or 
breadth.  Usually,  it  is  made  of  iron  or  steel,  but 
may  be  of  any  other  metal,  cast  or  wrought  to  an 
edge  or  point.    Also,  the  broad  part  of  an  oar. 

3.  Tlie  blade  of  the  shoulder,  shovltler-hlade ,  or  blade- 
boiie,  is  the  scapula,  or  scapular  bone.  It  is  the  broad 
upper  bone  of  the  shoulder,  so  called  from  its  resem- 
blance to  a  blade  or  leaf. 

4.  A  brisk  man  ;  a  bold,  forward  man  ;  a  rake. 
BLaDE,  V.J.    To  furnish  with  a  blade, 
BLaDE'BoNE,   71.    The  scapula,  or  upper  bone  in 

the  shoulder. 

BLaD'ED,  -pp.  Having  a  blade  or  blades.  It  may  be 
used  of  blade  in  the  sense  of  a  leaf,  a  spire,  or  the 
cutting  part  of  an  instrument. 

2.  In  mintralogii,  composed  of  long  and  narrow 
plates  like  the  blade  of  a  knife.  Cleaveland. 

BLaDE'S.MITH,  n.    A  sword  cuUer. 

BLaD'ING,  ppr.    Furnishing  with  a  blade. 

BLaIN,  71.     [Sax.  blegene ;  D.  blein.] 

A  pustule  ;  a  botch  ;  a  blister.  In  farriery,  a  bladder, 
growing  on  the  root  of  the  tongue,  against  the  wind- 
pipe, which  swells  so  as  to  stop  the  breath.  Encyc. 

BLaM'A-BLE,  fi.  [See  Blame.]  Faulty;  culpable; 
re  ore  hen  si  ble  ;  de=er\ins  of  censure.  Dryden. 

BLaM'A-BLE-NESS,  71.  '  Culpableness ;  fault;  the 
state  of  being  worthy  of  censure.  Whitlock. 

ELaM'A-BLY",  (Kir.  Culpably;  in  a  manner  deserv- 
ing of  censure. 

BLa-ME,  v.  t.  [Fr.  JiAmer,  for  blasmer;  It.  biasmare,  to 
blame ;  biasmo,  for  blasmo,  bianie.  ITie  Greeks  have 
the  root  of  this  word  in  t:fXaG(f>t}fi£'>ij  to  blaspheme, 
and  it  seems  to  be  of  the  same  familj'  aa  Fr.  blesser, 
to  injure,  that  is,  to  strike.  See  Blemish.  But  it 
19  not  clear  that  the  noun  ought  not  to  be  arranged 
before  the  verb.] 

1.  To  censure;  to  express  disapprobation  of;  to 
find  fault  with;  opposed  to  praise  or  compiend,  and 
applicable  most  properly  to  persvns,  but  applied  also  to 
tilings. 

I  wuhstood  Uin,  becauae  he  was  to  be  llamtd.  — Gal.  ii. 

1  must  blame  your  conduct ;  or  I  must  blame  you 
for  neglecting  business.  Legitimately,  it  can  not  be 
followed  by  of. 

2.  To  bring  reproach  upon ;  to  blemish ;  to  injure. 
[See  Blemish.] 

She  h;ul  blamed  her  noble  blocd.     [06s.]  Spenter. 

BLaME,  n.  Censure  ;  reprehension  ;  imputation  of  a 
fault :  disapprobation  ;  an  expression  of  disapproba- 
tion for  something  deemed  to  be  wrong. 

Lei  rre  bujT  the  t/am«  forerer.  —  Geo.  xlin. 

•?.  Fault ;  crime ;  sin ;  that  which  is  deserving  of 
censure  or  di.'iapprobation. 

TbiU  w*  piioiiM  K-  hf  lY  and  without  b:ame  licforc  him  in  love.  — 
Epli.  i. 


BLA 

3.  Hurt ;  injury. 

And  glancing  rlown  his  ihieM,  from  blame  him  fairly  bleiL 

Sjjtnter. 
The  sense  of  this  word,  as  used  hy  Spenser,  proves 
thai  it  is  a  derivative  from  the  root  of  blemish. 

To  blavip,  in  the  phrase.  He  is  to  blame,  signifies 
blamable,  to  be  blamed.  This  is  a  pure  Saxon  phraxc. 
A  like  use  of  to  is  seen  in  to-tlay^  to-night,  and  in 
together,  a  compound. 

Blame  is  not  strictly  a  c/uirge  or  accusation  of  a 
fault ;  but  it  implies  an  opinion  in  th.-;  censuring  par- 
ty, that  the  person  censured  is  fiuilly.    Blamr  is  ihe 
act  or  expression  of  disapprobation  for  what  is  sup- 
posed to  be  wrong. 
B1jaM'£I>,  (blamd,)pp.     Censured  ;  disapproved. 
BLaME'FIJL,  a.    Faulty  ;  meriting  blame  ;  reprehen- 
sible. 
BLaJIE'FUIj-LY,  adv.    In  a  blameful  manner. 
BLAME'FyL-NESS,  n.    State  of  being  blameful. 
BLaME'LESS,  a.    Wilhoiit  fault ;   Innocent ;  guilU 
less ;  not  meriting  censure. 

A  bishop  (Jicn  must  be  blameUia.  —  1  Tim.  tii. 

Sometimes  followed  by  of. 

We  ttill  be  blameless  of  Uiis  tliine  oalh.  —  Josh.  il. 

EL.^ME'LESS-LY,  adv.  Innocently;  without  fault 
or  crime.  Hammond. 

BL.aME'LESS-NESS,  71.  Innocence  ;  a  state  of  bc-ing 
not  worthy  of  censure.  Hammond. 

BLAM'ER,n.  One  who  blames,  finds  fault,  or  censures. 

BLaME'WOR-THI-NESS,  (-wur-thc  nes,)  n.  'i'he 
quality  of  deserving  censure. 

BLaME'WOR-THY,  a.  [blame  and  worthy.]  De- 
serving blame;  eensiuable;  culpable;  reprehensible. 

Martin. 

BLaM'ING,  ppr.    Censuring  ;  finding  fault. 

BLAN€'.\RD.  n.    [Fr.  bl-anc,  white,  and  ard,  kind.] 
A  kind  of  linen  cloth  manufactured  in  Normandy, 
so  called  because  the  thread  is  half  blanched  before 
it  is  wove.  Encvc. 

BLANCH,  V.  t.  [Fr.  blanchir:  It.  bianchire,  the  Tsup- 
pressed  as  in  blame;  Sp.  blanquear;  Port,  branqueary 
Z  changed  into  r;  Eng.  blank.     See  Bleach.] 

1.  To  whiti^n ;  to  take  out  the  color,  and  make 
white  ;  to  obliterate.  Dryden. 

9.  To  slur;  to  balk;  to  pass  over;  that  is,  to 
avoid;  to  make  empty.     [Oi^•.J  Bacon. 

3.  To  make  wliite  by  stripping  of  the  peel ,  as,  to 
blanch  almonds.  Wiseman. 

4.  In  gardening,  to  whiten  by  excluding  the  fight, 
as  the  stalks  or  leaves  of  plants,  by  earthing  them  up, 
or  tying  them  together.  Brande. 

BLANCH,  V.  i.    To  evade;  to  shift  ;  to  speak  softly. 

Johrv^on. 
Rather,  to  fail  or  withhold  ;  to  be  reserved  ;  to  re 
main  blank,  or  empty. 

Books  wiil  speai  plain,  when  counselors  l>lanch.  Bacon. 

ELANCH'M),  (blancht,)  pp.    Whitened. 

BLaNCH'ER,  7J.  One  who  whitens;  also,  one  who 
anneals  and  cleanses  raonev. 

BLANCH-IM'E-TER,  n.  [blajich,  and  Gr.  pcrpov, 
measure.] 

An  instrument  for  measuring  the  bleaching  power 
of  oxjnnuriate  [chlorid]  of  lime,  and  potash.    Ure. 

BLANCH'ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Whitening  ;  making  white. 

BLANCH'ING,  n.  The  act  of  whitening.  In  coinage, 
the  operation  of  giving  brightness  to  pieces  of  silver, 
by  heating  them  on  a  peel,  and  afterward  boiling 
them  successively  in  two  pans  of  copper,  with  aqua 
fortis,  common  salt,  and  tartar  of  Montpelier,  then 
draining  off"  the  water  in  a  sieve.  Sand  and  fresh 
water  are  then  thrown  over  them,  and,  when  dry, 
tliey  are  rubbed  with  a  towel.  Encyc. 

The  covering  of  iron  plates  witli  a  thin  coat  of  tin 
is  also  called  blanching.  Encyc. 

In  gardenintr,  the  term  blanching  is  applied  to  the 
process  of  whitening  ihe  stalks  or  leaves  of  plants, 
by  earthing  them  up,  or  tying  them  together,  so  as  to 
exclude  the  light,  or  diimnish  its  intensity.  Brande. 
Blanch  fenn,  or  blank  farm,  in  ancient  law,  a  white 
farm,  was  one  where  the  rent  was  paid  in  silver,  not 
in  cattle.  Encyc. 

Blanch-holding ;  in  law,  a  tenure  by  which  the  ten- 
ant is  boimd  to  pay  only  an  elusory  yearly  dutj'  to 
his  superior,  as  an  acknowledgment  to  his  right. 

Encyc. 

BLANCH'ING-Lia'UOR,  (-lik'or,)  ti.  The  solution 
of  chlorid  of  lime  for  bleaching;  called  by  workmen 
chemic.  Porter. 

BLAjXC-MAjVGE',     }  (blo-monje',)  n      [Fr.  w^hite 

BLAJ^C-jMjSJV'GER,  S      food.] 

In  cookery,  a  preparation  of  dissolved  isinglass, 
milk,  sugar,  cinnamon,  <k.Q.,  boiled  into  a  thick  con- 
sistence. Encijc. 

BLAND,  a.  [L.  Mandus;  Fr.  blond;  G.  hnde,  gelinde, 
mild, soft;  iSw.lindra;  G.lindcrn;  B.lindcren;  Dan. 
lindre ;  to  soften  or  mitigate ;  Dan.  lind,  sot^,  mild, 

gentle;  L.  lenis,  lentus;  At.     _X!  lana,  lo  be  mild, 

soft,  gentle,  placid,  smooth,  Imient.    See  Relen't.J 

Mild;  sof^;  gentle;  as,  bland  w^ords;  bland  zeph- 
yrs. Jililton.     Thomsoju 


1' 


BLA 

BLAND-a'TION,  71.    GroM  flattery.    [Aot  Mtrf.j 
BLAND-IL'O-UUENCE,  n.    [L.  btaiuins,  mild,  ar.J   ' 

tot/aor,  to  Kpeak.] 
Fair,  mild,  flattering  speech. 
BLAXD^mn,  0.  C    [h.  blandior ;  iL  btamdire :  ^'    ' 

diar,  blandir;  Old  Eng.  bUtmliie.]  L 

To  soften  ;  to  careid ;  to  flatter  by  kind 

afTcctJonate  actions. 
BL.\.ND'I.SH-EIl,n.    One  that  flatten*  with  •  : 
BL.WD'KSH-ING,  ppr.     Soothing  or  flatu. 

fair  wordM. 
BLAND'iSH-I.\G,  ji.    BlandiihmenL 
BLAND'ISH-MENT,  71.    Softwwl*;  kiriA  mju-s-rht-^ ; 

caresses;  expre.^Jiion  of  kindi; -'      -  ■    ■ 

expressive  of  aflectiun  or  ku  . 

win  the  heart. 
BLAND'NESS,  71,    Stale  of  I'-au-  b. . 
BLANK,  a.     [Fr.  blanc;  IL  bianco;  tf, 

Ger,  blank;  Dan.  ifanA,  shining;  ? 

shining;  blankia,  to  shine.    See  Blea<.ii. 

1.  Void;  empty;  consequently  whilcj'a*,  a  btank 
paper.  ^ 

2.  White  or  pale ;  as,  the  blank  mooiL       MlUxm.       1 
',i.  Pale  from  fear  or  terror ;  hence,  confuted  ;  c;n-  ! 

founded;  dispirited;  dejected. 

Ailjun  —  utcimb^  tiood,  uul  trank. 

4.  Without  rh>Tne ;  a«,  Warul  verse,  vct" 
thyme  is  wanting. 

fi.  Pure  ;  entire ;  complete.  /. 

C.  Not  containing  balls  or  bullets;  as,  i- 
tridges. 

This  word  is  applied  to  various  of; 
ally  in  the  sense  of  destitution,  * ' 
blank  line,  a  blank  apace,  in  a  book,  i.-^ . 
BLANK,  71.    Any  void  space  :  a  void  sjiace  on  fWip^T, 
or  in  any  written  instrument. 

9.  A  lot  by  which  nothing  is  gmned  ;  a  ticket  in  .1 
lottery  which  draws  no  prize, 

3.  A  paper  imwritien ;  a  paper  wiUiout  mark.*  or 
characters. 

4.  A  paper  containing  the  substance  of  a  legal  in- 
strument, as  a  deed,  release,  wnt,  or  execution,  wit ii 
vacant  spaces  left  to  be  filled  witli  names,  dat.-,  cc- 
scriptions,  ate. 

5.  The  point  of  a  target  to  which  an  arrow  i«  di- 
rected, marked  with  white  paper.    [Little  iiseJ.'    "-'-•' 

6.  Aim;  shot.     [Obs.] 

7.  Object  to  which  any  thing  is  directed. 

8.  A  small  copper  coin  formerly  current  ;^ 
at  tlie  rate  of  5  deniers  Tournobt.  Ther--  ^■ 
pieces  of  three  blanks,  and  of  stx  ;  but  th-, ; 
become  moneys  of  account. 

9.  In  coinage,  a  plate  or  piece  of  gold  or 
and  shaped,  but  not  stamped. 

Blank-bar ;  in  law,  a  common  bar,  or  a  p 
which,  in  an  action  of  trespass,  is  put  it: 
the  plaintifi'to  assign  the  place  where  th 
was  committed. 

Point-blank  shot ;  in  gunner}",  the  shi! 
leveled  horizontally.  The  distance  bt: 
piece  and  the  point" where  the  shot  first  v 
ground  is  called  the  point-blank  range:  tin 
ceeding  on  a  straight  line,  without  cun'in^;. 

BLANK,  V.  t.    To  make  void  ;  to  annul. 
9.  To  deprive  of  color,  Ihe  ind!*x  of  Ii 
spirits;  to  damp  the  spirits;  to  dispirit  v: 
as,  to  blank  the  lace  of  jov.  SMak.     V 

BLANK-CAU'TIilDGE,  n.     A  cartridge  l.: 
powder,  but  having  no  bail. 

BLANK'ED,  (blankt^)  pp.    Confused  ;  dispmi.  l. 

BLANK'ET,  ji.  [Fr.  blanchet^  the  blonkct  of  a  printmr- 
pres9.1 

1.  A  cover  for  a  bed,  made  of  coarse  w.    '  '  - 
woven,  and  used  fur  securing  against  coUl. 

are  used  also  bv  soldiers  and  seamen  for  c 

2.  A  kind  of  pear,  sometimes  written,  .ni.  1  ..1 
French,  blanquet. 

3.  Among  printers,  woolen  cloth,  or  white  hair-e,  t.> 
lay  between  the  t\  mpans.  Prir.r.  r 

BLANK'ET,  r.  t.  To  toss  in  a  blanket  by  ^\ 
ishment ;  an  ancient  custom.  ThecmprTir 
to  sally  forth  in  dark  nights,  and,  if  i. 
drunken  man,  he  administered  the  discip: 
blanket. 
2.  To  cover  with  a  bhuiket. 

BLANK'ET-ING,  ppr.    Tossinn  in  a  blanket. 

BLANK'ET-ING,  n.    The  punishment  of  \oss\nz  in  a 
2.  Cloth  for  blanket*.  [blankeL 

BLANK'LV,  adv.  In  a  blank  manner;  with  paleness 
or  confusion. 

BI^.VNK'NESS,  H.    Slate  of  being  blank. 

BLANK'- VERSE,  n.  Any  ver?e  without  rhvme  :  ajv 
pliii-d  particularly  to  the  heroic  verse  of  five  feci  with- 
out rhyme. 

SiwJA'-Qt/fTTfi'jCblan-ket',)  ».  [Fr.]  ' 
a  white  fricassee. 

BLARE,  r.  i,  [Old  Belsic  blarrn :  Tcut  : 
ptoro,  10  cry  out,  to  bawl,  to  weep :  It  W.  - 
noise,  or  voice.  The  radical  sense  is  to  stj 
forth,  or  to  spread.] 

1.  To  roar ;  to  bellow.     [Utile  used.! 

2.  To  sweal  or  melt  away,  as  a  candle 
This  is,  I  believe,  usually  called ,fl*aY. 


TONE,  BULL,  IINITE.— AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K ;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


laT 


BLA 

BLABE,  n.    Roar ;  noise.    [Little  used,] 

And  ugi\  (or  loltle'a  frutr*.  Bartow. 

Q.  A  small  copper  coin  of  Benii  nearly  of  the  same 

value  as  tliu  batz.  Enetjr. 

PLAK'NKY,  n.  Smoolli,  deccitilil  talk  ;  flattery.  [Irish.] 
BLAS-PIIeMC,  v.  t.    [iU.  fiXaTr-niu-.    Thu  first  yyl 

Inhlr  I-  the  same  as  in  Olume,  biasmr,  denoting  injuty  ; 

probably,  Fr-  bUsser,  to  liun,  that  is,  to  strike ;  L. 

Wi>,  lasiis.      Hence   in   Sp.  blanfanabte  i»   btamable. 

The  huit  syllable  is  the  Or.  0r;/i(,  to  speak.] 

1.  To  spt-ak  of  tlie  Supreme  Ueint:  in  terms  of  impi- 
ous irn-vercnce ;  to  revile  or  speak  reproachfully  of 
God,  or  tlic  Holy  Spirit.     I  Kin»6  xxi.    Mark  iii. 

3.  To  -speak  evil  of;  to  uller  abusw  or  calumny 
aRaiiist ;  to  speak  nproachfully  of.  Pope. 

BL.\S-Piin.ME',  r.  t.    To  utter  blasphemy. 

He  iltU  sIiaJI  b'<up/ie:T*t  ag-unjt  ihe  Holy  Spiril  ■Ii.aII  not  lx>  f.l^ 
giren.  ^Murk  iii. 

2.  To  arrogate  the  prerogatives  of  Gotl. 

This  nuii  biatpfiemcth.  Who  cad  Ibr^e  niu  but  God  ?  —  MaU. 
U.    Majli  ii. 

BL.\S-PHF:M'ER,  n.  One  who  blasphemes ;  one  who 
speaks  of  God  in  impious  and  irreverent  terms. 

1  Tim.  i. 

BLAS-PHeM'ING,  ppr.  Uttering  impious  or  reproach- 
ful words  concerning  God. 

BLAS'PHE-MOUS,  a.  Containing  blasphemy  ;  calum- 
nious ;  impiously  irreverent  or  reproachful  toward 
God.  Sidney. 

BL.\S'PnE-I\lOUS-LY,  adv.  Impiously  ;  with  impi- 
ous irreverence  to  God. 

BLASTHE-.MY,  n.  An  indignity  ofTerod  to  God  by 
words  or  writing  ;  reproachful,  contemptuous,  or  ir- 
reverent words  uttered  impiously  against  Jehovah. 

Blatpfiemtf  b  nn  injury  orr«rc'd  to  God,  by  dciiyiiip  thnl  wliicli  is 
due  aiid  l>?lon«in^  to  luni,  or  uUnbutiDg  to  hiin  tliiit  whicti 
U  not  njR'OTbfo  to  Im  tiatuR-.  Linwood, 

In  the  middle  ar;es,  blasphemy  was  used  to  denote 
simply  the  blaming  or  condemning  of  a  person  or 
thing.  Amonc  the  Greeks,  to  blaspheme  wiis  to  use 
words  of  ill  ompn,  which  they  were  careful  to  avoid. 

Encyc 

2.  That  which  derogates  from  the  prerogatives  of 
God.    Mark  ii. 

BLAST,  n.  [Sax.  blrst,  a  pulf  of  wind,  a  blowing; 
Sxv. blast;  Dan.  blojit;  Ger.  bla^en;  D.  blaazcni  Dan. 
bUese:  Sw.  bla^a,  to  blow;  whence  Ger.  blase,  D. 
bldo-Sy  Sw.  blasa^  a  bladder.  Hence  Eng.  bluze^  which 
is  primarily  a  bloiein^  or  s^ceUin^.  Ice.  blocs,  to  blow. 
Qu.  Fr.  blaser,  to  bum  up,  to  consume.  The  prima- 
ry sense  is  to  rush  or  drive ;  hence  to  strike.] 

1.  A  gust  or  puff  of  wind  ;  or  a  sudtlen  gust  of 
wind. 

3.  The  sound  made  by  blowing  a  wind  instrument. 

Sfuzk. 

3.  Any  pernicious  or  destructive  inllucnce  upon 
animals  or  plants. 

■1.  The  infection  of  any  thing  pestilential ;  a  blight 
on  plants. 

5.  A  sudden  compression  of  air,  attended  with  a 
shock,  caused  by  the  discharge  of  cannon. 

6.  A  flatulent  disease  in  sheep. 

7.  A  forcible  stream  of  air  from  the  mouth,  from 
the  bellows,  or  the  like. 

8.  A  violent  explosion  of  gunpowder,  in  splitting 
rocks,  and  the  explosion  of  inflammable  air  in  a 
mine. 

9.  The  whole  blowing  of  a  forge  necessary  to  melt 
one  supply  of  ore  ;  a  common  use  of  the  word  among 
workmen  in  forges  in  America. 

BLAST,  r.  (.  [Literally,  to  strike.]  To  make  to 
wither  by  some  pernicious  inllucnce,  as  too  much 
heat  or  moisture,  or  other  destructive  cause ;  or  to 
check  growth  and  prevent  from  coining  to  maturity 
and  producing  fruit ;  to  blight,  as  trees  or  plant**. 

2.  To  alfect  with  some  sudden  violence,  plague, 
calamity,  or  destructive  influence,  which  destroys  or 
caut^es  to  fail ;  as,  to  blast  pride  or  hopes.  TJie  figu- 
rative senses  of  this  verb  are  taken  from  the  blastintr 
of  plants,  and  all  express  the  idea  of  checking 
growth,  preventing  maturity,  impairing,  injuring, 
destroying,  or  disitppointing  of  the  intended  effect; 
as.  to  blast  credit,  or  rcpiilation  ;  to  bla.st  dr^signs. 

3.  To  confound,  or  strike  with  force,  by  a  Inud 
blast  or  din.  ShaJi. 

4.  To  split  rocks  by  an  explosion  of  gunpowder. 

Tht-y  did  uot  tlop  to  blatt  thi»  ore.    Fhrtter'a  Knim'a  Traorlt. 

BLAST'ED,  pp.  Affected  by  some  cause  that  checks 
growth,  injures,  imjwirs,  destroys,  or  renders  abor- 
tive ;  split  by  an  explosion  of  gunpowder. 

BLAST'ER,  n.    He  or  tliat  which  blasts  or  destroys. 

BLAST'-FUR-XACE,  n.  A  furnace  for  smelting  ores, 
in  which  the  supply  of  air  is  furnished  by  a  very 
powerful  bellows,  or  other  pneumatic  apparatus. 

Bratulr. 

BLAST'ING,  ppr.  Affecting  by  a  blast;  preventing 
from  coming  to  maturity  ;  frustrating;  splitting  by  an 
explosion  of  gunpowder. 

BLAST'LN'G,  n.    A  blast ;  dostniction  by  a  pernicious 
cause. 
3.  The  act  of  splitting  by  an  explosion  of  gunpowder. 


BLE 

BLAST'.MENT,  n.  Blast;  sudden  stroke  of  some 
destructive  cause.  [Supeniedcd  by  Blast  and  Rlast- 
ittc]  Shak. 

BLAS-TOeXR'POUS,  a.  [Gr.  ffXaoroSt  g^rm,  and 
jt'ipT.it,  fruit.] 

In  botanij,  gennlnating  inside  the  pericarp,  Jis  the 
mangrove.  Brandc. 

BLXST'-PIPE,  n.  .\  pljM;  in  a  locomotive  engine  to 
carry  the  waste  steam  up  the  chimney  ;  also,  a  pipe 
to  urgr-  the  fire  by  creating  a  stronger  current  of  air. 

BLA'TANT  a.  [See  Bleat.]  Bellowing  as  a  calf. 
[A*o(  xisedA  Dnjdcn. 

BLATE.fl,     Bashftil.    [Sro«u;i.] 

BLAT'TER,  r.  i.  [fironi  the  root  of  bleat.]  To  make 
a  senseless  ni>ise. 

BL  AT'TER-EIt,  n.  A  noisy,  blustering  boaster.  [Mit 
used.]  Spcii:icr. 

BLAT'TEK-IXG,  ppr.    Blustering. 

BLAT'TER-ING,  ».    Senseless  blustering. 

BLAY>».    [Seo  Bleak.]    A  small  river  flsh,  the  bleuk. 
^  Aiiisttorth.    Johitson. 

BLAZE,  n.  [Sw.  Mo^a;  G.blaaen;  1>.  &!<u):mi  ;  Dan. 
bltcse,  to  blow,  and  blusae,  to  burn,  hlair,  glisten  ; 
ICng.  to  blush .-  Sax.  blaze^  n  lamp  or  torch  ;  Dan.  bhut ; 
Fr.  blaser.  The  word  seems  prinuirily  to  express 
rushing  or  flowing,  or  viohmt  agitation,  and  ex- 
pansion.] 

1.  Flame;  the  stream  of  light  and  heat  from  any 
body  when  burning,  proceeding  from  Iho  combustion 
of  inflanunabh;  gas. 

2.  Publication  ;  wide  diffusion  of  report.  In  this 
sense,  we  observe  the  radical  sense  of  dilatMimij  as 
well  as  that  of  li<rhL 

3.  A  white  spot  on  the  forehead  or  face  of  a  horse, 
descending  nearly  to  the  nose. 

4.  A  white  spot  made  on  trees  by  removing  the 
bark  with  a  hatchet. 

.'».  Light ;  expanded  light ;  as,  the  blaze  of  day. 
G.  Noise;  agitation;  tumult. 
BI^aZE,  v.  i.    To  flame  ;  as,  the  fire  blazes. 

2.  To  send  forth  or  show  a  bright  and  expanded 
light. 

Tli<?  llilrd  fair  morn  now  biased  upon  Uic  maio.  Popf. 

3.  To  be  conspicuous.  ' 
BLAZE,  V.  t.    'i'o  make  public  far  and  wide. 

To  bUtze  lho»(*  virtiir^i  wliich  tbr^  good  would  liuJe.  Pope. 

2.  To  blazon.  [JVot  used.  See  Blazon.]  Pcarluim. 

3.  To  set  a  white  mark  on  a  tree,  by  paring  off  a 
part  of  t)ie  bark.  Cltalmers. 

BLaZ'/U),  pp.  or  a.  Published  far  and  wide;  marked 
with  a  white  spot ;  as,  a  blazed  tree. 

BL.^Z'ER,  ?i.    One  who  publishes  and  spreads  reports. 

BLAZ'ING,  ;);jr.  Flaming;  publishing  far  and  wide  ; 
marking  with  a  spot. 

BLaZ'ING,  a.  Emitting  flame  or  light ;  as,  a  blazing 
star. 

BLaZ'ING-STAR,  II.  A  comet;  a  star  that  is  ac- 
companied with  a  coma  or  train  of  light. 

BLA'ZON,  (bla'zn,)  w.  (.  [Vr.blaaonnrr;  It.  blasoiiare ; 
Sp.  blasonar,  to  blazon ;  blason,  heraldry.  It  is  a  de- 
rivative of  blaze.] 

1.  To  explain,  in  proper  terms,  the  figures  on 
ensigns  armorial.  Addisotu 

2.  To  deck  ;  to  embellish  ;  to  adorn. 

Shf^  IJazont  in  drc.id  smika  lior  liidooiis  (orm.  GarOt. 

3.  To  display  ;  to  set  to  show ;  to  celebrate  by 
words  or  writing.  ShaJ:. 

4.  To  blaze  about ;  to  make  public  far  and  wide. 

5.  To  display  ;  to  exhibit  conspicuously. 

'I'hcre  pride  aiu  blazoned  on  Ui'  unmcAninj  brow.    TrurtdtuU. 

BLa'ZON,  71.  The  art  of  drawing,  describing,  or  ex- 
plaining coats  of  arms;  perhaps  a  coal  of  arms,  as 
nsed  by  the  French.  Pcacham. 

2.  Publication  ;  show  ;  ct^lebration ;  pompous  dis- 
play, either  by  words  or  by  other  means. 

BL.X'ZOX-iCD,  (bla'znd,)  pp.  Explained,  deciphered 
in  the  manner  of  heralds;  published  abroad;  dis- 
played pompously. 

BLa'ZON-ER,  71.  One  that  blazons;  a  herald;  an 
evil  sneaker  or  propagator  of  scandal. 

BLa'ZuN-ING,  ppr.  Explaining,  describing,  as  her- 
alds; showing;  publishing;  blazing  abroad;  dis- 
plaving. 

BLA'^ZON-RY.  71.  The  art  of  describing  or  explaining 
coats  of  arms  in  proper  terms. 

BLkA,  n.  The  part  of  a  tree  whicli  lies  immediately 
under  the  bark.     [I  believe  not  used.]         Chambers. 

BLEA'BER-RY,  71.  A  British  plant  and  its  fruit,  a 
species  of  Vacciniuin,  having  small  leaves  like  those 
of  box-wood,  and  little  purple  berries.     Partimrtaiu 

BLkACH,  v.  t.  [Sax.  bhpcan  ;  D.  blcekm  ;  G.  blcichcn ; 
Sw.blcka;  Dan.  6/<?nT,  to  whiten  or  4/racA;  I),  bttiken, 
to  appear,  to  show  ;  Dan.  blik,  a  white  plate  of  iron, 
or  tin  plate;  blecg,  pale,  wan,  Eng.  bleaJc:  Sw.  blek, 

id. ;  hlcka^  to  shine  ;  At.  i_JiXj  balaJuiy  to  open  or  be 

opened,  to  shine ;  ^:\Aj  balaja,  id.     It  is  not  im- 
probable that  blank  and  blanch  are  the  same  word. 


BLE 

with  a  nasal  sound  cusually  uttered  and  afterward 
written  before  the  final  consonant.] 

To  whiten  ;  to  make  white  or  whiter,  by  removing 
the  original  color  ;  applied  to  many  tJiin;rSf  bul  parlio 
vlarly  to  cloth  and  Otread.  Bleaching  is  variously  per- 
formed, but  in  general  by  sleeping  the  cloth  in  lye, 
or  a  solution  of  pot  or  pearl  ashes,  and  then  exposuig 
it  to  the  solar  rays. 

Bleaching  is  now  generally  performed,  on  the  large 
scale,  by  means  of  ihlorino  or  ttie  uxyniuriatic  acid, 
which  has  the  property  of  whitening  vegetable  sub- 
stances. Cfjc. 

For  this  purpose,  a  solution  of  chlorid  of  lime  is 
genenilly  employed. 

BLk.VCH,  v.  I.  To  grow  wliito  In  any  manner.   SJuik. 

BLeACH'A'D,  (bleecht,)  pp.  or  a.  Whiteneil;  made 
\W»ile. 

BLliACH'ER,  n.  One  who  whitens,  or  whose  occu- 
pation is  to  whiten  cloth. 

BLeACH'ER-V,  II.  A  place  for  bleaching  ;  as,  a  wax 
bleacherif.  Tvokc. 

BLkACM'-FIkLD,  h.  A  field  where  clotii  or  jam  is 
bleached. 

BLi!:AClI'ING,ppr.  Whitening;  making  white;  be- 
coming white. 

BLEACH'ING,  n.  The  act  or  ort  of  whitening,  cs- 
peciallv  cloth. 

BLr,A(Ul'I.\a-POW-DER,H.  A  powder  for  bleach- 
iiig,  consistmg  of  chlorid  of  lime. 

BLkAK,  a.  [Sax.  blac,  blak,  black  and  pale,  or  wan  ; 
iu(rerypaliidu.s,fa.ieus,paUus.  It  appears  llmt  origi- 
nally this  word  did  not  denote  perfect  whiteness,  but 
a  wan  or  brown  color.  This  Is  from  the  same  root 
as  blade  and  bleach.    Sec  Bleach.] 

1.  Pale.  [But  iwt  often  used  in  Oiis  sense  in  Jlntrrica, 
as  far  as  my  observations  extend.]  Oowrr. 

2.  Open  ;  vacant ;  exposed  to  a  free  current  of  air ; 
as,  a  bleak  hill  or  shore.  This  is  the  true  sense  of  the 
word  ;  hence,  cold  and  cheerless.    A  bleak  wind  is 

-  not  so  named  merely  from  its  coldness,  but  from  its 
blowing,  without  interruption,  on  a  wide  waste  ;  al 
leajt  this  is  the  sense  in  America.  So  in  Addison  : 
"  Her  desolation  presents  us  with  nothing  but  bleak 
and  barren  prospects." 

BLkAK,  n.  A  small  river  fish,  five  or  six  inches  lung, 
so  named  from  its  whiteness.  It  be!ongs  to  the 
genus  Cyprinus,  and  is  called,  also,  by  contraction, 
b'ay.  Enajc. 

BLeAK'LY,  ad.    Cold.'y.    ■-'%• 

BLkAK'NESS,  71.  Openness  of  situation ;  exposure 
to  the  wind  ;  hence  coldness.  Mddtson. 

BLK/VK'YjO.    Bleak ;  open  ;  unsheltered  ;  cold  ;  chill. 

Dryden. 

BLr-AR,  a.  [D.  blaar;  Dan.  blare.,  a  blister,  a  bladder 
or  bu'bble.j 

Sore  with  a  watery  rheum,  applied  only  to  the 
eyes.  /<'  Estra  nge. 

BLe.AR,  v.  t.  To  make  sore  ;  to  affect  with  sorem-sa 
of  eyes,  or  a  watery  humor;  to  make  dim,  or  partially 
obscure  the  *-ight.  Raleirrh.     Dnjdcn. 

BLeAR'KI),  pp.    Dinmied  bv  a  watery  humor. 

BLeAU'ED-NESS,  71.  The 'state  of  being  bleared,  or 
djjnmed  with  rheum.  IViscman. 

ULeAII'IXG,  ppr.     Dimming  with  a  humor. 

BLE.-\R'E9-i':D,  (-Ide,)  a.  Having  sore  eyes  :  having 
the  eyes  dim  with  rheum  ;  dim-sighted.       Butler. 

BLeAT,  v.  i.     [Sax.  bUrtan  ;    h.  biaUro ;   D.    bUeten  ; 
Sw.  bladra,  plitddra ;   Dan.  pludre.     It  coincides   in 
elements  with  L.  plaudo.] 
_To  m;ike  the  noise  of  a  sheep ;  to  cry  as  a  sheep. 

BLeAT.  71.    The  cry  of  a  sheep. 

BLeAT'ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Crying  as  a  sheep. 

BLeAT'ING,  h.    The  cry  of  a  sheep. 

BLEB,  71.      [This  word  belongs  to  the  root  of  blah, 
blubber.] 
A  little  tumor,  vesicle,  or  blister. 

Are'^nic  aboundi  with  iiir  blebt.  KJrioan. 

BLEB'BY,  a.     Full  of  blebs.  Phillips. 

BLED,  prcL  and  pp.  of  Bleed. 

BLEED,  V.  i.  ,•  pre(.  and  p/7.  Bled.  [i^nx.  blcdan ;  T). 
bheden;  G.  blutcn}  to  bleed;  allied,  perhaps,  to  Gr. 

1.  To  lose  blood  ;  to  run  with  blood,  by  whatever 
means  ;  as,  the  arm  blcals. 

2.  To  die  a  violent  death,  or  by  slaughter. 

'J'h'-  lamb  tliy  riol  dooim  lo  bletd  lo-d(iy.  Pojye. 

3.  To  issue  forth,  or  drop  as  blood,  fVom  an  incis- 
ion ;  to  lose  sap,  gum,  or  juice  ;  as,  a  tree  or  a  vine 
bleeds. 

Por  mc  the  balm  rfiall  hlted.  Pope. 

The  heart  bleeds,  is  a  phrase  used  to  denote  extreme 
pain  from  -^'inpaihv  or  pity. 

BLEED,  V.  t.  To  let  blood;  to  take  blood  from  by 
opening  a  vein. 

RLEED'ING,  ppr.  Losing  blood;  letting  blood;  los- 
ing sap  or  juice. 

BLEED'ING,  n.  A  running  or  issuing  of  blood,  as 
from  the  nose  ;  a  hemorrhage  ;  the  operation  of  let- 
ting blood,  as  in  surgery ;  the  drawing  (jf  sap  from  a 

BLEIT,  \„     r^_^,  ,.,;,,,_  n  u.^de.]      f^ree  or  plant. 

and  the  northern  conn 
ties  of  England.  Johnson. 


BLA 7%   I  '*'     t*^"^'  ^^'^^ '"  ^'  *''"" 
Bashful :  used  in  Scotland  and 


TONE,  Bl'LL,  r.MlE.  — AX'LiEK,  \  I"CIOU.S.      €  ad  K ;  <5  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  ClI  as  SH ,  TH  as  in  TIUS 


BLE 

BLEM'ISH,  r.  (.  [in  Fr.  blemir  is  to  grow  pale,  and 
blSmCy  from  the  ancient  blesme,  is  pale,  wan ;  Arm. 
biem ;  Norm,  b'.asme,  blamed ;  blemish^  and  blesmys, 
broken;  blejni^hment^  blemissment,  infringement,  prej- 
udice ;  blesme,  pale,  wan  ;  from  btesser,  to  injure,  or 
its  root,  from  which  was  formed  the  noun  blesme, 
pale,  wan,  or  bladi  and  blue,  as  we  should  now  say  ; 
and  the  ^  being  dropped,  blamer  and  blemir  were 
formed.    See  Blame.] 

1.  To  mark  witli  any  deformity  ;  to  injure  or  im- 
pair anything  which  is  well  formed,  or  excellent  j 
to  mar,  or  make  defective,  either  the  body  or  mind. 

Sidney- 
's. To  tarnish,  as  reputation  or  character;  to  de- 
fiune.  Dnjden. 

BLK-M'ISH,  71.  Anv  mark  of  defonnity  ;  any  scar  or 
defect  that  diminishes  beauty,  or  renders  imperfect 
that  which  is  well  formed. 

2.  Reproach  ;  disgrace  ;  that  which  impairs  reputa- 
tion ;  taint ;  turpitude  ;  deformity.  Hooker. 

I  BLEM'ISH-/n),  (blem'isht,);';;.   Injured  or  raaiTed  by 
any  mark  of  deformity  ;  tarnished  ;  soiled. 
BLEM'ISII-ING,  p/jr.    Marking  with  deformity;  tar- 
nishing. 
BLEM'iSH-LESS,  c.    Without  blemish  ;  spotless. 
BLEM'ISH-^IENT,  H.  Disgrace.  [LitUeused.]  Morton. 
I  BLEXCH,  r.  I.  [This  evidently  is  the  i/awc/i  of  Bacon, 
j       (see  Blanch,)  and  perhaps  the  modern  fiinck.'\ 

To  shrink  ;  to  start  back  ;  to  give  way.        hhak. 
BLENCH,   V.  t.     To  hinder  or  obstruct,  says  Johnson. 
But  the  etymology  explains  the  passage  he  cites  in  a 
diflerent  manner,    "  The  rebels  carried  great  trusses 
I      of  hay  before  them  to  hhnch  the  defendants'  fight." 
!      Carew.    That  is,  to  render  the  combat  blank ;  to  ren- 
!      der  it  ineffectual ;  to  break  the  force  of  the  attack  ; 
to  deaden  the  shot. 
BLENCH,  n.    A  start  or  shrinking  back.  Shak. 

BLENCH'£D,  (blencht,)  pp.     Rendered  ineffectual; 

shrunk. 
BLENCH'ER,  ;i.    That  which  frustrates. 
BLEXCH^-HuLD-ING,  n.    A  tenure  of  lands  upon 
the  payment  of  a  small  sum  in  silver,  btanck,  that  is, 
white  monev. 
BLENCH'ING,  ppr.     Shrinking.  BJackslone. 

BLENCH'ING,  n.    A  shrinking  back  ;  a  giving  way. 
BLEND,   V.  t.     [Sax.  blendiauy  to  blend  and  to  blind  ; 

eEblcndan,  to  mix,  to  stain  or  dye  •.  blindan,  to  blind  ; 
.  blindcii ;  Ger.  blenden^  to  blind ;  Dan.  blande,  to 
blend  or  mix  ;  bUndc,  to  blind.] 

1.  To  mix  or  mingle  together ;  hence,  to  confound, 
so  that  the  separate  things  mixed  can  not  be  distin- 
guished. 

2.  To  pollute  by  mixture  ;  to  spoil  or  cornipt. 
[Obs.]  Ssenscr. 

3.  To  blind.     [Obs.] 

BLEND,  V.  i.    To  oe  mixed  ;  to  be  imited. 

There  is  a  lone  of  solcnin  and  sacred  feeUng"  that  blends  with  our 
coiivivLtlily.  Irving. 

BLENDE,  71.  [Ger  blenden^  to  blind ;  blende,  a  blind  or 
screen.  ] 

An  ore  of  zinc,  called,  also,  mock-lead,  false  galena, 
and  black-jack.  Its  color  is  mostly  yellow,  brown, 
and  black.  There  are  several  varieties,  but  in  gen- 
eral, this  ore  contains  more  than  iialf  its  weight  of 
zinc,  about  one  fourth  sulphur,  and  usually  a  small 
portion  of  iron.  In  chemical  language,  it  is  "a  sulphu- 
ret  of  zinc.  Pourcroy.     Clcaceland.     Thomson. 

BLEND'ED,  pp.     Mixed  ;  confounded  by  mixture. 

BLEND'ER,  n.    One  that  mingles  or  confounds. 

BLEND'ING,  ppr.  Mingling  together;  confounding 
bv  mixture. 

BLEND'OUS,  a.    Pertaining  to  blende. 

BLEND'-WA-TER,  n.  A  distemper  incident  to  cattle, 
called,  also,  more-koutrh.  Encyc. 

BLEN-NOR-RHCE'A,  n.     [Gr.  0\evva,  mucus,  and 
/5f:6),  to  flow.] 
An  inordinate  discharge  or  secretion  of  mucus. 

BLEN'NY,  n.     [Sax.  blinnan,  to  cease.]  {Brande. 

A  name  common  to  different  species  of  fishes,  usu- 
ally of  small  size,  of  the  genus  lilennius,  and  of  the 
order  Jusulares,  (Linn.) 

BLENT,  the  obsolete  participle  of  Blekd.      Spenser. 

BLESS,  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  Blessed  or  Blest.  [Sax. 
bledsian,  bletuari,  bletsi-ran,  and  blcssian  ;  whence, 
bletsiiug,  blcdsung,  a  blessing  or  benediction.  W. 
UM^  a  gift,  a  favor,  a  blessing.] 

1.  To  pronounce  a  wisii  of  happiness  to  one ;  to 
express  a  wish  or  desire  of  happiness. 

And  kaac  called  Jacob  and  blessed  htm.  —  G?n,  xxviii. 

2.  To  make  happy ;  to  make  successful ;  to  prosper 
in  temporal  concerns ;  as,  we  are  blest  with  peace 
and  plenty. 

The  Lord  thy  God  shall  hles»  thee  in  all  thou  doesL  —  Dent,  xv, 

3.  To  make  happy  in  a  future  life. 

BUsted  an?  the  dead  who  die  in  ih-i  Lord.  —  Re7.  xiv. 

4.  To  set  apart  or  consecrate  to  holy  purposes ;  to 
make  and  pronrviice  holy. 

And  Cod  hUssed  the  Eevenlb  day  and  eanctifieU  it.  —  Gen.  ii. 

5.  To  consecrate  by  prayer;  to  invoke  a  blessing 
upon. 

And  Jeans  took  the  five  loaves  and  llw  two  fishes,  and  looldn*  up 
to  heaven  he  blessed  them.  —  Luke  ix. 


BLI 

f}.  To  praise  ;  to  glorify,  for  benelits  received. 

Bless  Uio  Lord,  0  my  aoul,  and  all  that  is  within  mc.  —  P»,  ciii, 

7.  To  praise;  to  magnify;  to  extol,  for  excellcncea. 
Ps.  civ. 

8.  To  esteem  or  account  happy;  with  the  recipro- 
cal pronoun. 

The  nniiona  shall  bites  lliemselves  in  lilm.  — Jer.  Iv. 

9.  To  pronounce  a  solemn,  prophetical  benediction 
upon.    Gen.  xxvii.    Deut.  .xxxiii. 

10.  In  this  line  of  Spenser,  it  may  signify  to  tJirow, 
for  this  is  nearly  the  primary  sense. 

His  sparkling-  blade  about  his  head  he  hlsal. 
Johnson  supposes  the  word  to  signify  to  wave  or 
bruiidi.sh,  and  to  liave  received  this  sense  from  the  old 
rite  of  blessing  a  field,  by  directing  the  hands  to  all 
parts  of  it. 

Bless,  in  Spenser,  for  Miss,  may  be  so  written,  not 
for  rhyme  merely,  but  because  bless  and  blhs  are  from 
the  same  root. 

BLESS'£D,  (blest,)  pp.  Made  happy  or  iirosperoua; 
extolled  ;  pronounced  happy. 

BLESS'ED,  a.  Happy  ;  prosperous  in  worldly  affairs  ; 
enjoying  or  pertaining  to  spiritual  happiness  and  the 
favor  of  God  ;  enjoying  or  pertaining  to  heavenly  fe- 
licity. 

BLESS'ED  THIS'TLE,  v.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Cen- 
taurea,  sometimes  used  in  decoctions,  for  a  bitter. 

BLESS'ED-LY,  adv.  Happily  ;  in  a  fortunate  manner. 

BLESS'ED-NESS,  n.  Happiness;  felicity;  heavenly 
joys  ;  the  favor  of  God. 

2.  Sanctity.  Sfiak. 

BLESS'ER,  7(.  One  that  blesses  or  prospers  ;  one  who 
bestows  a  blesshig. 

BLESS'ING,  ppr.  Making  happy  ;  wishing  happiness 
to;  praising  or  extolling  ;  consecrating  by  prayer. 

BLESS'ING,  n.  Benediction  ;  a  wish  of  happiness 
pronounced  ;  a  prayer  imploring  happiness  upon  an- 
other. 

2.  A  solemn,  prophetic  benediction,  in  which  hap- 
piness is  desired,  invoked,  or  foretold. 

This  is  the  5fess4Jtg- wherewith  Moses  —  blessed  the  cliildrcn  o( 
Isiacl.  —  Deut.  xxxiii. 

3.  Any  means  of  happiness ;  a  gift,  benefit,  or  ad- 
vantage ;  that  which  promotes  teniporsl  prosperity 
and  welfare,  or  secures  immortal  felicity.  A  just 
and  pious  magistrate  is  a  public  blessing.  The  divine 
favor  is  the  gieali-^^t  blessinir. 

4.  Among  the  Jews,  a  present ;  a  gift ;  either  be- 
cause it  was  attended  with  kind  wishes  for  tiie  wel- 
fare of  the  giver,  or  because  it  was  the  means  of  in- 
creasing happiness. 

Take,  1  pray  tliee,  ray  hlcesins  that  is  brought  to  thee. — Gen. 
xxxiii. 

BLEST,  pp.  of  Bless. 
BLEST,  G.     Made  happy. 

2.  Making  happy  ;  cheering. 

While  Uiesc  blest  aounds  my  ravished  ear  aasjiil.        TrumbuU. 

BLe'TON-I$:\I,  n.  The  faculty  of  perceiving  and  in- 
dicating subterraneous  springs  and  currents  by  sen- 
sation ;  so  called  from  one  JBleton,  of  France,  who 
w^jis  supposed  to  possess  this  faculty.  Encyc. 

BLk'TON-IST,  ti.  One  supposed  to  possess  the  fac- 
ulty of  perceiving  subterraneous  springs  by  sensa- 
tion. Encyc. 

BLEW,  jrret.  of  Blow. 

BLeYME,  n.  An  inflammation  in  the  foot  of  a  horse, 
between  the  sole  and  the  bone.  Farrier^s  Diet. 

BLIGHT,  (blite,)  v.     [Q,\x.  Sax.  bltecVm,  scurf,  leprosy.] 

1.  A  disease  incident  to  plants,  affecting  them  va- 
riously. Sometimes  the  whole  plant  perishes  ;  some- 
times only  the  leaves  and  blossoms,  which  will 
shrivel,  as  if  scorclied. 

2.  Any  thing  nipping  or  blasting. 

In  America,  I  have  often  heard  a  cutaneous  erup- 
tion on  the  human  skin  called  by  the  name  oC  blights. 
This  is  tlie  nettle  Uchcn  {lichen  urticosus,)  an  crujj- 
tion  of  very  minute  reddish  pimples,  appearing  in 
spots  or  more  generally  dilfused.  Qoml. 

3.  A  name  given  to  certain  downy  species  of  the 
aphis,  or  plant  louse,  destructive  to  fruit-trees. 

BLIGHT,  V.  t.  To  affect  with  blight;  to  blast ;  to 
prevent  growth  and  fertility  ;  to  frustrate. 

BLTGHT'ED,  pp.     Blasted  ;  frustrated. 

BLTGHT'ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Blasting;  frustrating. 

BLTGHT'ING,  v.     Act  of  blighting. 

BLTGHT'ING-LV,  adv.     By  blasting. 

BLIN,  V.  t.     [Sax.  bliunan.] 

To  stop  or  cease.     [06s.]  Spcjiser. 

BLIN'J,  a.  [Sax.  blind;  G.  D.  Sw,  and  Unn.  blind; 
Sax.  blendan,  to  blend  and  to  blind.  This  is  tlic  same 
word  as  blend,  and  was  so  written  by  Spenser.  See 
Blend.    Obscurity  is  from  mixture.] 

1.  Destitute  of  the  sense  of  seeing,  either  by  nat- 
ural defect,  or  by  deprivation  ;  not  having  sight. 

2.  Not  having  the  faculty  of  discernment ;  desti- 
tute of  intellectual  light ;  unable  to  understand  or 
judge;  ignonmt ;  as,  authors  are  blind  to  their  own 
defects. 

Blind  should  be  followed  by  to  ;  but  it  is  followed 
bv  of  in  the  phrase  blind  of  an  eye. 
'3.  Unseen  ;  nut  of  public  view;   private;  dark; 


BLI 


uometimc.-*  implying  contempt  or  c«iiKurc ;  u,  a  bUmd 
corner.  Hooter. 

4.  Dark ;  obscure ;    not    ca£y  to  be  found ;  noc 
easily  diticcrnible  ;  ax,  a  blnul  path. 

5.  IleedteHs  ;  inconRidcratc ;  undcUberating. 

Ttiij  plan  ts  r^ornrnendtHl  aeitber  to  blbid  tpatdbaHoa  out  to 
blind  rr:pr(/UiLiun.  tidtm&stt  Jo^. 

6.  In  Scripture,  blhvi  implies  not  only  want  of  dis- 
cernment, but  monil  depravity. 

BLIND,  V.  L    To  make  blind  ;  to  deprive  of  liefat. 

2.  To  darken  ;  to  objure  to  the  eye. 

Such  darkaeu  iUnds  (h".  sky.  Dryien. 

3.  To  darken  the  understanding ;  as,  to  hUmi  cbe 
mind. 

4.  To  darken  or  obscure  to  the  undervtanding. 

He  endeavored  to  bind  and  conibund  tlx  cootrovrrrr. 

S:Uur  -'■•■ 

5.  To  eclidse.  fw 
BLIND  or  BLINDE.    Sec  Bleicde,  an  ore. 
BLIND,  71.    Something  to  hinder  the  sight. 

Civility  casts  a  bUnd  wf-r  the  duty.  CErtnrgt. 

2.  Something  to  mislead  the  eye  or  the  tindcrvtand- 
ing  ;  as,  one  thing  serves  aa  a  blind  for  another. 

3.  A  screen;  a  cover;  as,  a  blind  for  a  window, 
or  for  a  Imrsc. 

BLTND'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Deprived  of  sight ;  deprived  of 
intellectual  discernment;  made  dark  or  obscure. 

BLIND'FOLD,  a.  [blind  and  fold.]  HaWng  the  eyes 
covered  ;  having  the  mental  eve  darkened. 

BLINUTGLD,  c.  L  To  cover  the  eyes;  to  hinder 
from  si^eing. 

BLTNI)'FoLD-ED,  pp.  Having  the  eyes  covered; 
liindered  from  seeing. 

BLI\D'FoLD-ING,  ppr.  Covering  the  ejes  ;  hinder- 
ing from  j-eeing. 

BLINTJ'iNG,  ppr.  or  a.  Depriving  of  sight,  or  of  un- 
derstanding ;  obscuring. 

BLTND'LY.  adv.    Without  sight  or  understanding. 
9.    Witiiout    discerning    the    reason ;    implicitly ; 
v.ithout    examination ;    as,    to   be    blindly    led    by 
another.  Dryden.  ' 

3.  Without  judgment  or  direction.  Dryden. 

BLIND'-MAN'S  BALL,  n.  A  species  of  Fungus,  Ly- 
coperdon,  or  puff-ball.  Fam.  of  FlanV.' 

BLIND'-MAN'S  BUFF,  n.  A  play  in  which  one  per- 
son is  blindfolded,  and  hunts  out  the  rest  of  Uio 
companv.  Johnson, 

BLiND'NESS,  n.  Want  of  bodily  sight ;  want  of  in- 
tellectual discernment;  ignorance.  Locke, 

BLTND'-NET'TLE,  n.    A  plauU 

BLINDS,  71.  pi.  in  Vie  vtiliuiry  art,  a  defense  made  o( 
osiers  or  branches  interwoven,  and  laid  across  two 
rows  of  stakes,  four  or  five  feet  asunder,  of  the 
lieight  of  a  man,  to  shelter  the  workmen,  and  pre- 
vent their  being  overlooked  bv  the  enemv.    Encyc 

BLIND'-SER'I'E.NT,  ti.  A  reptile  of  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope,  covered  with  black  scales,  but  spotted  with 
red,  white,  and  brown.  Diet,  of  A'aL  fli-t. 

BLIND'-SIDE,  71.  [blind  and  side.]  The  side  which 
is  most  easily  assailed  ;  or  the  side  on  which  the 
party  is  least  able  or  disposed  to  see  danger ;  wcik- 
noss ;  foible  :  weak  part.  Siri/t 

BL!M3'-VES'SEL,  ti.  With  cAemists,  a  vessel  with 
an  opening  on  one  side  onlv.  Johnson. 

BLIND' WO Ri\I,  Jt.  [blind  and  worm.]  A  small  ophid- 
e:in  reptile  or  serpent,  called  also  Wcto  Korm^a,  sj>ecies 
of  Anguis,  about  eleven  inches  long,  covered  with 
scales, "with  a  forked  tongue,  but  harmless. 

DicL  of  J^'at.  ITisL 

BLINTC,  V.  f.  To  shut  out  of  sight ;  to  avoid,  or  pur- 
posely evade;  as,  to  blink  the  question  before  the 
house. 

BLINK,  V.  I.  [Sax.  6/ican,  to  shine,  to  twinkle; 
btiriend,  clothed  in  while ;  abliean,  to  appear,  to 
whiten  ;  D.  blikken,  to  glance,  to  twinkle,  and  blink- 
en,  to  shine,  to  glitter;  bhjken,  to  appear  or  show  ; 
Sw.  blinka,  to  wink,  lo  connive;  blanka^  to  shine, 
to  twinkle  ;  G.  blieUcn,  to  look,  to  glance ;  blinkrn^  to 
glance,  to  shine,  to  twinkle,  to  wink ;  Dan.  bUake^ 
to  blink,  to  glance,  to  wink,  to  shine,  to  glitter.  This 
contains  the  s;uiie  radical  letters  as  light.} 

1.  To  wink  ;  to  twinkle  with  the  eye. 

2.  To  sec  obscurely.  Johnson., 
Is  it  not  to  see  with  tlie  eyes  half  shut,  or  with 

frequent  winking,  as  a  person  with  weak  eyes? 
One  eye  was  bUitinng,  and  one  kg  was  lame.  Poy. 

BLINK,  71.     A  glimpse  or  glance.  Hall. 

BLl.N'K,  n.     Blink  of  ice,  is  the   dazzling  whiteness 

about  the  horizon,  occasioned  by  the  n'fleciion  of 

li;:ht  from  fields  of  ice,  at  sea.  .Mar.  Diet. 

BLl.N'K'ARD,  «.     [blink  and   ard,  kind.]     .\    person 

who  blinks  or  has  bad  eyes ;  that  which  twmklcs. 

or  glances,  as  a  dim  star,  which  appears  and  disn|>- 


pears. 


IfaketcilL 


BLINK'ERS,  R.  pi      Blinds  for  horses  ;  expansions  of 

the  bridle  to  prevent  a  horse  from  seeing  objects  at 

his  sides. 
BLINK'lNG.p;/r  or  a.  Winking  :  twinkling:  eradmg 
BLISS,  H.     [Sax   bliss,  joy,  alacritj-,  exultation:  Wi.*- 

sian,  to  rejoice,  to  exult,  to  congraiulate,  to  applaud  ; 

also  blit^-tan,  to  rejoice.     See  Bless  and  Blithe.] 
The  Iiighest  degree  of  happiness;    bit  ssedness ; 


TtJNE,  BULL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — e  as  K ;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  Til  as  in  THIS, 


17 


I '.»;") 


BLO 

fflicUy  ;  used  of  ftlicity  in  general,  when  of  an  ex- 
alted kind,  but  appropriattly,  of  Iieavenly  joys. 

Hooker.     Pope. 

BIJSS'FJJL,  a.  Full  of  joy  and  felicity  ;  happy  in  the 
highe^it  degree.  Spmsrr. 

BLISS'FrL-LY,  adv.    In  a  blissful  manner.  Shtrneood. 

lJLIr=S'Fl:l^XESS,  n.  Exalted  happiness;  felicity; 
fullncssof  Joy.  Barroto. 

IJLISS'LEriS,  (I.    Destitute  of  bliss.  Hatekinn. 

HLIS'SO.M.  c.  I.  fw.  6/i/*,  bhjsiaWj  to  crave,  tliat  ia, 
to  reach  torwardT] 

To  be  lustful ;  to  catenvaul.     [Little  used  ] 

!»LISS-I'KO-D0l"ING,  a.    Producing  bliss. 

Ui^  S'TER,  n.  [G.  blajir^  and  blatter.  It  is  radically 
the  sanie  woid  as  bladdery  in  a  ditlbrcnt  dialect.  See 
Bladder,  Blast,  and  Blaxe.] 

1.  A  thin  bladder  on  the  ckin,  containinj  watery 
matter  or  serum,  whether  occa^ion-d  by  a  burn,  or 
other  injury,  or  by  a  vesicatory.  It  is  formed  by 
rai.^ing  the  cuticle. 

2.  /Vny  tumor  made  by  the  separation  of  the  film 
or  skin, "as  on  plants  ;  or  by  the  swelling  of  the  sub- 
stance at  the  surface,  as  on  steel. 

3.  A  vesicatorj' ;  a  pkister  of  Spanish  flies,  or  other 
matter,  applied  to  raise  a  vehicle. 

BLIS'TEK,  v.  i.     To  rise  in  blisters.  Dnjdni. 

BLIS'TER,  v.  t.    To  raise  a  blister,  by  any  Inirt,  burn, 

or  violent  action  upon  the  skin  ;  to  raise  a  blister  by 

a  medical  application,  or  vesicatorj . 
2.  To  raise  tumors  on  iron  bars  in  a  furnace,  in 

the  process  of  couvertini;  iron  into  steel. 
BL1S'TER-FL1?,  (  n.     The  Spanish  fly,  (CantJta- 

BLIS'TER-UEE'TLE,  i      ris   vesicatoria;)    used    in 

raisin?  blisters. 
BLIS'TER-PLXS'TER,  n.    A  plaster  of  Spanish  flies, 

desiirneii  lo  raise  a  blister. 
BUS'J'ER  £D,  pp.     Having  blisters  or  tumors. 
BElS'TER-IXCf,  ppr.    Raising  a  blister;  appl>nng  a 

blistorins  plaster,  or  vesicatory. 
BLIS'TER-V,  a.  l^ill  of  blisters. 
BLITE,  7?.     [L.  blitum  ;  Or.  ^Xtrov.] 

1.  A  genus  of  plants,  called  Strawberry  Spmaeh, 

Enetjc, 

2.  A  species  of  iVmaranth,  or  flower-gentle. 

Fam.  of  Plants. 
BLITHE,  a.  [Sa\.  blithcy  and  blcatha,  b'lcaXhCy  gay, 
jovful.  This  IS  probably  the  same  word  as  bliss ;  h. 
L^usi  Eng.  irlwl.  Pee  Bliss  and  Glad.  The  Ir. 
/(/A,  happiness,  seems  to  be  the  original  word  with- 
out the  prefix.] 
Gay ;  merry  ;  joyous  ;  sprightly  ;  mirthful. 

Por  tlut  tar  f;nialc  troop  Uwu  Mwcst,  that  wemcd 
Of  iT)  U'.;:^'t,sioblilkt,  wimooUi,  so  p^y.  Milton. 

nLrT(IE'Fi;L,  a.     Gav  ;  full  of  gaycly. 
BLiTHE'LV,  flrfp.    In  a  gay,  jovful  manner. 
BLiTHE'.VEr^S,  ji.    Gayety;  aprightliness ;  the  qual- 

itv  of  beinc  blithe. 
BLtTlIE'SuME,  a.    Gav  ;  merry  ;  cheerful.     Philips. 
BLITHE'SO.ME-NESS,  n.    The  quality  of  being  blillK:- 

some ;  gavelv. 
BLOAT,  y.  t.    [This  word  may  ho  allied  to  bhtddcr^ 

from  the  sense  of  inflating,  swellin? ;   W.  WwfA,  a 

puff,  a  blast ;  bhjt/ia^,  a  fat  paunch,  a  bloated  person.] 

1.  To  swell  or  make  tiirgul,  as  with  air ;  to  inflate  ; 
to  puff  up;  hence,  to  make  vain;  followed  by  np, 
but  without  necessity.  To  bloat  up  with  praise  is 
less  elegant  than  to  bhat  with  praise.       Dnjden. 

2.  To  swell  or  make  turgid  with  water,  or  other 
means ;  as,  a  blnateA  limb.  In  mtdiciiif-,  it  properly 
denotes  a  swelling  of  the  surface,  from  the  effusion 
of  serum  in  the  cellular  membrane  —  a  morbid  en- 
largement, often  accomiKinied  with  softness. 

BLOAT,  F.  i.     To  ^row  turgid  ;  to  dilate.     ArbtLthnot, 
BLOAT,  a.     Swelled  ;  tur^iid.     {Xot  xiscd] 
BLoAT'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Swelled  ;  grown  turgid  ;  inflated- 
BLoAT'ED-NESS,    ji.     A    turgid    stale ;    dilatation 

from   inllation,  ricbilitv,  or  any  morbid  cause. 
BLOAT'ER,  n.     A  dried  herring.     [See  Blote.] 
BLoAT'IXG, /»;»r.    Swelling;  inflating. 
BLoAT'lNG,  n.    A  stale  of  being  swelled  or  bloated. 
BLOB'BER,  n.    [Ir.  plab^  or  pluibiny  from  swelling, 

pushing  out,  as  in  ft.'cft,  blubber;  W.  llicb,  a  bul"ing 

out.    Qu.  bulby  by  transiiosition.    See  Blubrer-J 
A  bubble;  pronounced  by  Iho  common  people  in 

America,  blubber.    U  is  a  legitimate  word,  but  not 

elegant.  Carew. 

BLOB'BER-LIP,  n.     [blobber  and  Up.']     A  thick  lip. 

Dnjdcn. 
BLOB'BER-LIP-PED,  (blob'ber-lipt,)  a.    Having  thick 

lips.  ViZstransc 

BLOCK,  71.     [D.  blok;  Gor.  block i  Fr.  bloc;  W.  ploc, 

from  llocy  a  mound  ;  phriaic,  to  block,  to  plug  ;  Russ. 

plakhoy  a  block.    The  primary  sense  is,  set,  fixed,  or 

a  mass.] 

1.  A  heavy  piece  of  timber  or  wood,  usually  with 

one  plain  surface;  or  it  is  rectangular,  and  rather 

thick  than  long*. 
9.  Any  mass  of  matter  with  an  extended  surface  ; 

aa,  a  block  of  marble,  a  piece  rough  from  the  quarry. 

3.  A  raassT,'  body,  snljil  and  heavy  ;  a  mass  of  wood, 
iron,  or  other  metal,  with  at  least  one  plain  surface, 
such  as  artificers  use. 

4.  A  continuous  row  of  buildings;  as,  a  block  of 
bouses. 


BLO 

^.  The  wood  on  which  criminals  arc  boheade«i 
ti.  .\ny  obstruciiun,  or  cause  of  obiilrn^iioii ;   « 
stop  ;  hinderniice  ;  obstacle. 

7.  A  pulley,  or  a  j*ystem  of  pulleys,  mounted  in  its 
frame  or  shell,  with  itn  band  or  strap.  A  blocit  con- 
sists of  one  or  more  pulleys  fir  sheaves,  in  a  groove 
of  which  Uie  rope  runs,  fastened  in  a  shell  or  frame 
by  pins,  on  which  they  revolve  ;  of  a  fhell  or  frame 
inclosing  the  pulley  or  pulleys  ;  and  of  a  strap  or 
band,  consisting  of  a  ro|K^  encompAssing  the  shell, 
and  attached  by  an  eye  of  rope  or  a  hook  to  some 
object.  "  Rd.  Encye. 

Blocks  for  standing  rigging,  c:illed  demJ-eyesy  are 
shells,  without  sheaves  or  pulleys.  P.  Cyc. 

8.  A  blockhead  ;  a  stupid  fellow. 

9.  Among  nitttr.i  in  wuod^  a  fonn  made  of  hard 
wood,  on  which  they  cut  figures  in  relief  with 
knives,  chisels,  Ate.  Encyc. 

ID.  The  woode.:  mold  on  which  a  hat  is  funned. 
11.  In  falconry^  the  perch  whereon  a  bird  of  prey 
is  kepL  Eneyc. 

BLOCK,  r.  (.  [Fr  bloquer;  Port,  and  Sp.  bloqtuar;  It. 
bUtccarc] 

To  inclose  or  shut  up,  so  as  to  hinder  egress  or 
passage ;  to  stop  up ;  to  obstruct  by  placing  obstacles 
in  the  way;  often  followed  by  up;  as,  to  bhck  up  a 
town,  or  a  road. 

BLOCK-A  DE',  n.  [L.  hioccato  i  Port,  bloqueado,  blocked 
up;  Sp.  bloqur.0  [Fr.  blocus.] 

The  shutting  up  of  a  place,  formed  by  surrounding 
it  with  hostile  troops  ur  ships,  or  by  posting  them  at 
all  the  avenues,  to  prevent  escape,  and  hinder  sup- 
plies of  provisions  and  amnmnition  from  entering, 
with  a  view  to  compel  a  surrender,  by  hunger  and 
want,  without  regular  attacks. 

To  constitute  a  blockade^  the  investing  power  must 
l>e  able  to  apply  its  force  to  every  poinl  of  practicable 
access,  so  as  to  render  it  dangerous  to  attcm[)t  to  enter ; 
and  there  is  no  blockade  of  that  port  where  its  lorce 
can  not  be  brought  to  bear.       Kent's  Commentaries. 

BLOCK-aDE',  I'.  /,  To  shut  up  a  town  or  fortress,  by 
posting  troops  at  all  the  avenues,  to  compel  the  gar- 
rison or  inhabitants  to  surrender  by  means  of  hun- 
ger and  want,  without  regular  attacks ;  also,  to  sta- 
tion ships  of  war  to  obstruct  all  intercourse  with  a 
town  or  nation. 

BLOL'K-AD'En,p;».    Shut  up  or  inclosed  by  an  enemy. 

BLC^CK-aD'ING,  ppr.     Besieging  bv  a  blockade. 

BLUCK'HEAU,  n.  [block  and  head.]  A  stupid  fel- 
low ;  a  diilt ;  a  person  defirienl  in  understanding. 

BLOCK'HEAn-EI>,  (-hcd'c(l,)a.    Stupid;  didl.   Shak. 

BLOCK'HEAn-LY,  a.    Like  a  blockhead. 

BLOCK'-IIOUSE,  71.  [block  and  house.]  A  militar>- 
edifice  or  fortress,  so  called  because  constructed 
chieflv  of  timber.  P.  Cue. 

BLOClv'ISH,  a.  Stupid  ;  dull ;  deficient  in  under- 
standing. Shak. 

BLOCK'ISH-LY,  adc.    In  a  stupid  manner.    Harmar. 

ItLOCK'ISH-NESS,  n.     Stupidily  ;  dullness. 

Bl.OCK'LIKE,  a.     Like  a  block;  stupid.     Jlnk^cdl. 

1U.(M.'K'-PRINT-ING,  V.  The  art  or  art  of  printing 
from  engraved  blocks  of  wood. 

BLOCK'-'TIN,  71.  [block  and  fin.]  Tin,  as  it  comes 
in  blocks  from  the  foundrj-. 

BLOM'ARY,  71.     [See  Bloom,  a  mass  of  iron.] 

The  first  forge  through  which  iron  passes  after  it 
is  melted  from  the  ore. 

BI.OXDE,  71.  [Fr.]  A  [)erson  of  very  fair  complex- 
ion, with  light  iiair  and  light  blue  eyes. 

BLO\D'-LaCE,  77.    Lace  made  of  silk. 

RLOXK'ET,  a.     Grav.     [.Vu(  used,]  Spenser. 

BLOOD,  (blud,)  n.  [Sax.  blod ;  Sw.  and  Dan.  bhd; 
Ger.  blutj  blood  ;  bluttny  to  bleed  ;  D.  bhrd,  blood  ; 
bloedeny  to  bleed  ;  allied,  perhaps,  to  Gr.  6'Xi'^w.] 

1.  The  fluid  which  eirculates  through  the  arteries 
and  veins  of  the  human  body,  and  of  other  animals, 
which  is  essential  to  the  preservation  of  life.  This 
fluid  is  generally  rod.  If  the  blood  of  an  animal  is 
not  red,  such  animal  is  called  ex-ian^uions\  (l)loodless,) 
or  white-blooded  ;  the  blood  being  white,  or  white 
tinged  with  blue. 

9.  Kindred ;  relation  by  natural  descent  from  a 
common  ancestor ;  coneahguinity. 

God  hath  made  of  one  blood  ull  nnliom  of  tlie  cartti.  —  Acta  xvij. 
Hence   the  word   is  used  for  a  child ;  a  family ; 
a  kindred;    descent;  lineage;  progeny;    descend- 
ants, &c 

3.  Royal  lineage ;  blood  royal ;  as,  a  prince  of  the 
blood. 

4.  Honorable  birth  ;  high  extraction  ,  as,  a  gentle- 

5.  Life.  [man  ol  blood. 

Shall  1  not  rcqiiirc  his  blood  al  your  luinda  i  —  2  Saxa.  ir. 

6.  Slaughter;  murder,  or  bloodshcdding. 

1  will  tiTcn^  the  blood  of  Jetxeel  upon  Ihs  house  of  Jehu. — 

Uoacai. 
The  voice  of  thy  lJroUl(^^"^l  blood  crieih  to  me  from  tl«  ground.  — 

Gen.  iv. 

7.  Guilt  and  punishment. 

Vour  blood  Im)  upon  yo\ic  own  hcaili,  —  AcU  xviii. 

8.  Fleshly  nature ;  the  carnal  part  of  man,  as  op- 
posed to  the  spiritual  nature,  or  divine  life. 

Who  were  born,  not  of  6nh  and  Hood,  nor  of  th^^  will  of  '.ht 
H'sth,  nor  of  ihc  will  of  mnn,  but  of  God. —  John  i. 


BLO 


^ 


9.  Man,  or  human  wisdom,  or  reason. 

Fl.-^i  nud  Hood  h\\h  not  nvrnliMl  it  (o  Ubix,  tut  niv  t\itb#r  wb» 
is  m  liraveji.  —  Matt.  xvi. 

10.  A  sacramental  symbol  of  tlie  blood  of  CbriA. 

Ttiii  ii  my  b'ood  of  the  New  I'nL-iinent,  which  \m  klied  tar  iht 
'    11  uf  fcini.  —  Mail,  xxvi. 


11.  The  death  and  sulferings  of  Christ. 

Being  now  lustili^l  by  liii  Hood,  wc  riiott  he  wvwl  from  urntih 
Uirough  him. —  Rom.  v.  9.     Kph.  i. 

13.  The  jirice  of  blood  ;  that  which  is)  obtained  by 
shedding  blood,  and  seizing  goodn. 

Woe  to  him  tliat  bui1dL-th  a  town  nnih  blood.  — Hab.  ti.     AcU  I. 

13.  Temper  of  mind  ;  state  of  the  passions;  but, 
in  this  sense,  accompanied  witli  cold  or  rcarniy  or 
other  qualifying  word.  Thus,  tn  commit  an  act  in 
eotd  bloody  is  to  do  it  deliberately,  and  without  sudden 
passion.  fVarm  blood  denotes  a  temper  inflamed  or 
irritated ;  to  wai^n  or  heat  the  bloody  is  to  excite  the 
passions. 

M.  A  hot  spark  ;  a  man  of  fire  or  spirit ;  a  rake. 

If).  The  juice  of  any  thing,  especially  if  red  ;  as, 
"  the  blood  of  grapes."    Gen.  xHx. 

fV/tole  blood.  In  ktr,  a  kinsman  of  the  tchoU  bhwd 
ia  one  who  descends  from  the  same  couple  of  ances- 
tors ;  of  the  half  bloody  one  who  descends  from  either 
of  them  singly,  by  a  second  marriage.  Encye. 

BLOOD,  V.  U    To  let  blood  ;  to  bleed  !)>;  opening  a  vein. 

2.  To  slain  with  blood.  Addison.     Dryden. 

3.  To  enter  ;  to  inure  to  blood,  as  a  hound.  Spenser, 

4.  To  heat  the  blood;  to  exasperate.     [Unusnal] 

Bacon. 

BLOOD'-BAP-TISM,  71.  In  the  ancient  churchy  a  term 
applied  to  the  martyrdom  of  those  who  had  not  been 
baptized.  They  were  considered  as  baptized  in  blood, 
and  this  v.-as  regarded  as  a  full  sub!»iitule  for  literal 
baptism.  Colrmaji. 

BL0OD'-RE-SPOT'TED,(i.    .Spotted  with  blood.  Shak. 

BLGOD'-BoLT'ER-£D,fl.  [blood  and  bolter.]  Sprin- 
kled with  blood.     [JVotvsed.]  Maelnth. 

BLOOD'-BROTH-ER,  v.    Brother  by  blood  or  birth. 

BLOOD'-eOL'OR^KD,  n.     Httviiig  the  color  of  blood. 

BL0OD'-eOX-.'^uM'L\(;,H.   Wastinclhelilood.   Sliak. 

BLOOD'-DRE.N'CH-A'D,  (-drencht,)  a.  Drenched  in 
blond. 

BLOOD'-DRUNK,  o.     Drunk  with  blood.        .^fore. 

BL0OD'-DV-i=:D,  fblud'dlde,)  a.    Dyed  with  blood. 

BLOOD'ED,  pp.  Bled  ;  stained  with  blood  ;  inured  to 
blood. 

BLOOD'-FLOW-ER,  n.  [blood  and^Ioic/r.]  HnMuan- 
thus,  a  genus  of  plants,  natives  of  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope.  Enev- 

BL50D'-FROZ-EN,  a.      Having   the  blood  chill    I 

.S"r7C77,s'  r. 

BLOOD'-GUILT-Y,  (blud'gilt-y,)  a.    Guilly'of  m 
der.  Fairfa  1 

BLOOD'-GUILT-I-NESS,  n.    [blood  and  ^liU.]     i  i 
guilt  or  crime  of  shedding  blood.    Ps.  li 

nL0OD'-lIORSE,n.  A  horse  whose  bIot)d  or  linean 
derived   from   the    purest  and  most    highly-pn/    I 
origin  or  stock. 

BLOOD'-HOT,  a.  [blood  and  hot.]  As  warm  as  bbuid 
in  its  natural  temperature. 

BLOOD'-HOUND,  71.  [blood  and  hound.]  A  variety 
of  dog,  with  long,  smoofh,  and  pendulous  ears,  re- 
markable for  the  acuteness  of  its  smell,  and  emiiloyed 
to  recover  game  which  has  escaped  wounded  from 
the  hunter,  by  tracing  the  lost  animal  by  the  blood  it 
had  spilt ;  whence  the  name  of  the  dog.        Encyc. 

BLOOD'I-LV,  adi\  In  a  bloody  manner;  cruelly; 
with  a  disposition  to  shed  blood.  Shak. 

BLOOD'I-A'ESS,  n.  The  stale  of  being  bloody ;  dis- 
position to  shed  blood. 

BL0OD'IXG,;7pr.  Letting  blood ;  staining  with  blood; 
inuring  to  btuod,  as  a  hound. 

BLOOD'LE^:.'!,  a.     Without  blood  ;  dead. 

2.  Without  shedding  of  blood  or  slaughter:  as,  a 
bhodless  victory.  ShaJi.     iVuVcr. 

3.  Without  spirit  or  activity.  Shak. 
BLOOD'LESS-LY,  adv.    Without  bloodshed. 
BLOOD'LET,  v.  L    To  bleed;  to  let  blood. 

Arbuthnol. 

BLOOD'LET-TER,  ti.  One  who  lets  blood,  as  in  dis- 
e;ises  ;  a  pldebotninisU  tfiscman. 

BL0OD'LET-TIN(;,  ti.  [blood  and  IcL]  TJie  acl  nf 
letting  blood,  or  bleeding  bv  opening  a  vein. 

BLOOD'-WAKK-£D,  (blud'rnilrkt,)  a.  Marked  with 
blood. 

BLOOD'PUD-DING,  ti.  [blood  and  pudding.]  A  pud- 
ding made  with  blood  and  other  materials. 

BLOOD'-RED,  a.    Red  .as  blood. 

BLOOD'ROpT,  n.  A  plant  so  named  from  the  color 
of  it-^  root;  a  species  of  Sanguinaria,  (S.  canadmsii,) 
called  also  PuccooUy  Tunncric,  and  Red  root 

liigelote. 

BLOOD'-SHAK'£N,  a.  Having  the  blood  in  commo- 
tion. Junsnit. 

BLOOD'SHED,  n.  [blvf>n  and  shed.]  The  shedding 
or  spiUing  of  blood  ;  slaughter;  waste  of  lit'c;  the 
crime  of  shedding  blood-  Spenser 

BLOOD'SHED-DER,  n.  One  who  sheds  Wood;  a 
nuirderer. 

BLOOD'SHED-DING,  71.  The  shedding  ol  blood  :  'Jj* 
crime  of  shedding  blood.  flonulies. 


F.\TEy  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— MeTE,  PRgY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOQK — 


130 


rF 


BLO 

BLOOD'SHOT,  a.  [blood  and  shooU]  Red  and  in- 
flamed by  a  turgid  state  of  the  blood-vessels,  as  iu 
diseases  of  ibe  eye.  OartJi. 

BLOOD'SNAKE,  n.  A  species  of  snake,  the  Hienior- 
rhus.  .  f  ^'^• 

BLOOD'-SPAV-tN,  ti,  [blood  and  .■^•pavnu]  A  dilata- 
tion of  the  vein  that  runs  alons  the  inside  of  the  hock 
of  a  horse,  forminc  a  soft  swelling.  Eacyc. 

BL0OD'-?PILL-ING,  a.    Shedding  blood. 

BLOOD'-SPIT-TER,  n.    One  who  spits  blood. 

BL0OD'-STaIN-£D,  a.  Stained  %Yith  blood  ;  also, 
guiltv  of  murder. 

BLOOb'SToNE,  n.  [blood  and  stone.]  A  green  si- 
licious  stone  sprinkled  with  red  jasper,  as  if  with 
blood  :  hence  the  name. 

BLOOD'SUCK-ER.  r*.    [blood  and  sr.ck.] 

I.  Any  aninial  that  sucks  blood  ;  specifically  applied 
9.  A  cruel  man  ;  a  mnrdc-rer.  [to  tJie  leech. 

BLOOD'SUCK-LXG,  a.    TJiat  sucks  or  draws  blood. 

Skak. 

BL0OD'SWELL-£D,  a.     Swelled  with  blood. 

BL0OD'THIRST-I-NES9,  n.  Thirst  for  shedding 
blood. 

BLOOD'THIRST-Y,  a.  [blood  and  thirst,]  Desirous 
to  shed  blood  ;  murderous. 

BLOOD'VES-SEL,  ti.  [blood  and  vessel]  Any  ves- 
sel in  which  blood  circulates  in  an  aninial  body;  an 
arten'  or  a  vein. 

BLOOb'WARM,  a.    Warm  as  blood  ;  lukew:uTn. 

jiddison, 

BLOOD' WITE,n.   [blood  and  wite,n.  fine  or  penalty.] 
In  anciait  law^  a  fine  or  amercement,  paid  as  a 
composition  for  the  sliedding  of  blood. 

BLOOD'WOX.  a.    Won  by  shedding  blood.      Scon. 

BL00D'WOOD,w.  [blood  and  awo(f.]  A  name  given 
lo  logwood,  from  its  color. 

BLOOD'WOKT,    (blud'wiu-t,)   n.     [blood    and   wort.] 
A  plant,  a  species  of  Rumex. 

BLOOD'-WOR-THV,  a.    WorUiv  of  blood. 

BLOOD'Y,  a.    Stained  with  blood. 

2.  Cruel;  murderous;  given  to  the  shedding  of 
blood  ,■  or  having  a  cruel,  savage  disposition  ;  applied 
to  animals. 

3.  Attended  with  bloodshed  ;  marked  by  cruelty  ; 
applied  to  tilings;  as,  a  bloody  battle. 

BLOODT,  V.  L    To  stain  with  blood.        Overbury, 

BLOOD'Y,  adv.  Very  ;  as,  bloody  sick,  bloody  drunk, 
r  This  is  ver7f  vulgar,] 

BL0OD'Y-E?-£:i5,  (blud'dy-Ide,)  a.  Having  bloody 
or  cruel  eyes. 

BL0OD'Y~FaC-£D,  (blud'dy-faste,)  a.  Having  a 
bloody  face  or  appaarance.  Shak. 

BLOOD'Y-FLUX,  71.  [blood  and  ^itr.]  The  dysen- 
tery, a  disease  in  which  the  discharges  from  the 
bowels  have  a  mixture  of  blood.  Arbuthnot. 

BL0OD'Y-FLUX-£D,  (blud'dy-fluxt,)  a.  Afflicted 
with  the  blood v-flii--c. 

BLOOD'Y-H.^iVD,  ».  [blood  and  hand.]  A  hand 
stained  with  the  blood  of  a  deer,  which,  in  the  old 
fore.^  laws  of  England,  was  sufficient  evidence  of  a 
man's  trespass  in  the  forest  against  venison.    Ash. 

BL0OD'V-nUXT-IXG,a.    Huntins  for  blood.  Sliak. 

BLOOD'Y-LVG,  ppr.    .^tainii'.-.'  with  blood. 

BLOOD'Y-.MIXD'ED,  a,  [bUod  and  mind.]  Having 
a  cruel,  ferocious  disposition ;  barbarous ;  inclined 
to  shed  blood.  Drydeti. 

BLOOD' Y-RED,  a.    Having  the  color  of  blood. 

BLOOD'Y-SCEP'TER-£D,  a.  Having  a  scepter  ob- 
tained by  blood  or  slaughter.  Shak. 

BLOOD'Y-SWEAT,  (blud'dy-swet,)  v.  [blood  and 
STceat,]  A  sweat,  accompanied  by  a  discharge  of 
blood ;  also,  a  disease,  called  sweating  sickness^  which 
formerly  prevailed  in  England  and  other  countrie?. 

BLOOM,  71.  [Goth,  bloma;  D.  bloem;  G.  blame;  Sw. 
blomme  ;  Dan.  blomster ;  W.  blodcn,  blawd,  from  the 
root  oCblow  ;  Sas.  blowan,  contracted  from  blodan,  or 
blathan.  Blossom  is  a  dialectical  form  of  the  word, 
from  the  same  root    See  Blossom.] 

1.  A  blossom:  the  flower  of  a  plant ;  an  expanded 
bud. 

Wliile  openioj  o^ooms  difTiae  iheir  sweets  arouiui.  Pope. 

2.  The  opening  of  flowers  in  genera! ;  flowers 
open,  or  in  a  state  of  bicssoraing ;  as,  the  trees  are 
clotlied  with  lloom. 

3.  The  stale  of  youth,  resembling  that  of  blossoms  ; 
a  state  of  opening  manhood,  life,  beauty,  and  vigor , 
a  Stat'-  of  health  and  growth,  promising  higher  per- 
fection ;  as,  the  bloom  of  youth. 

4.  The  blue  color  upon  plums  and  grapes  newly 
gathered.  Johnson. 

BLOOM,  r.  i.  To  produce  or  yield  blossoms ;  to 
flower.  ' 

a.  To  be  in  a  state  of  healthful,  growing  youth  and 
vigor :  to  show  the  beauty  of  youth  ;  as,  blooming 
iJLOOM,  V.  t.    To  put  forth  as  blossoms.  [graces. 

Ctiaiitafcle  aflecUon  bloomed  them.  Hooker. 

[JV*o£  in  nse.] 
BLOOM,  n.     [Sar.  bloma^  a  mass  or  lump  ;  W.  plvnn  ; 
Arm.  plom,  plawm,  or  bUntm  ;  Fr.  plumb  ;  Sp.  plomo  : 
it.  mombo ;  L.  plumbum^  lead,  properly  a  lump.] 

A  maps  of  iron  that  has  passed  tJis  bIomar>',  or 
undergone  the  first  hammering. 
BLOO:.f'.VR-Y.    See  Blomabt. 


BLO 

BLOOM'ING,  jipr.    Opening  in  blossoms;  flowering. 
2.  Thriving  in  health,  beauty,  and  Wgor;  showing 
the  freshness  and  beauties  of  youth. 

liis  b!ooTJng  laurel*  gr-.ccd  ihc  rr.UBcs'  teal.  TrumLuU. 

BLOOM'ING-LY,  adv.    In  a  blooming  manner. 

BLOO.M'IXG-NESS,  7t,    State  of  being  blooming. 

BLOO.M'Y,  a.  Full  of  bloom;  flowery;  flourishing 
with  the  vigor  of  youth  ;  as,  a  bloomy  spray  ;  blooniy 
beauties. 

BLoRE,  n,     [This  is  a  different  orthography  of  Blare, 
which  see.] 
The  act  of  blowing ;  a  blast.    [JVIjJ  vsed.] 

Chapman. 

BLOS^SOM,  71.  [Sax.  blosm,  blosma^  bloslvt^  bl/t.-ftvm, 
and  blosan,  a  blossom  ;  blosiauni,  blostmian^  to  blos- 
som ;  D.  blocsscm^  a  blossom  ;  G,  bluthe^  a  blossom  ; 
allied  perhaps  to  G.  bloss^  Dan.  Wo(,  naked  ;  G. 
bliisseii,  Dan.  blottCy  to  uncover  ;  W.  bloden^  a  flower, 
blodeaaw,  to  blossom,  from  blaiod,  meal,  bloom  ;  Gr. 
0\aaTt)na^  a    bud,  probably  from  the  same  root ; 

S}T.      >"^  blas^  to  germinate,  to  flourish,  to  put  forth 

leaves.] 

1.  The  flower  of  a  plant,  or  the  essential  organs  of 
reproduction  with  their  appendages.  The  term  has 
been  applied  by  some  botanists,  and  is  also  applied  in 
common  usage  to  the  corol ;  a  general  tenn,  more 
commonly  used  than  flower  or  bloom,  when  we  have 
reference  to  the  fruit  which  is  to  succeed.  Thus 
we  use  flowers,  when  we  speak  of  shrubs  cultivated 
for  ornament;  and  bloom,  in  a  more  general  sense, 
as  flowers  in  general,  or  in  reference  to  the  beauty 
of  flowers. 

2.  This  word  is  used  to  denote  the  color  of  a  horse, 
that  has  white  hair3  intermixed  with  sorrel  and  bay 
hairs  ;  otherwise  peach-colored.  Encyc. 

BLOS'SOM,  V.  i.    To  put  forth  blossoms  or  flowers; 
lo  bloom  ;  to  blow ;  to  flower. 
2.  To  flourish  and  prosper. 

The  desert  sliaJ!  blossom  as  tli^  rose.  —  U.  xxxv. 

BLOS'SOM-£D,  (blos'sumd,)  prrt.  of  Blossom. 

EL0S'90M-ING,;»/)r.     Puttmg  forth  flowers ;  blowin?. 

BLOS'SOM-ING,  w.     The  blowing  or  flowering  of 

BLOS'SOM-Y,  n.     Full  of  blossoms.  [plants. 

BLOT,  V,  t.  [Goth.  blauVtjan  ;  Sw.  plottra  ;  Dan.  pUt, 
a  spot,  stain,  blot :  plitte^  to  blot  or  stain  ;  L.  Utjira, 
(whence  lituro,  oblitero,)  without  the  prefix ;  and  D. 
kladden,  with  a  difl^erent  one.] 

1.  To  spot  with  ink  ;  txj  stain  or  bespatter  with 
ink ;  as,  to  blot  a  paper. 

2.  To  obliterate  writing  or  letters  ■nith  ink,  so  as 
to  render  the  characters  invisible,  or  not  distin- 
guishable ;  generally  with  out^  as,  to  blot  oitt  a  word 
or  a  sentence. 

3.  To  efface ;  to  erase ;  to  cause  to  be  unseen  or 
forgotten  ;  to  destroy  ;  as,  to  blot  out  a  crime,  or  the 
remembrance  of  any  thing. 

4.  To  stain  with  infamy ;  to  taniish  ;  to  disgrace  ; 
to  disfigure. 

Biol  uot  thy  iiiDoconce  witli  giiiltleai  Wood.  Raise. 

5.  To  darken. 

He  sung  ii<r.v  eartli  blots  the  moon's  gilJed  wane.  Coisley, 

C.  In  Scripture,  to  blot  one  out  of  the  book  of  lifr,  i.^ 
to  reject  him  from  the  number  of  those  who  are  to 
be  saved.  To  blot  out  a  name,  a  person,  or  a  nation. ;.: 
to  destroy  the  person  or  nation  ;  to  exterminate  or 
consume.  To  blot  out  sins,  is  to  forgive  them.  Sins 
ara  compared  to  debts,  which  are  recorded  in  God's 
book  of  remembrance,  and,  when  paid,  are  crossed 
or  canceled. 
BLOT,  71.  A  spot  or  stain  on  paper,  usually  applied  to 
ink. 

2.  An  obliteration  of  sometliiug  written  or  printed. 

Drijdrn. 

3.  A  spot  in  reputation  ;  a  stain  ;  a  disgrace ;  a  re- 
proach ;  a  blemish.  Shak. 

A.  Censure ;  scorn ;  reproach. 

He  that  reljuk^lli  Uifi  wicked  geiir.lh  a  blot.  —  Pivv,  ix. 

5.  In  backgammon,  when  a  single  man  lies  open  to 
be  taken  up.  John^^on, 

BLOTCH,  71.  [Sax.  blacVia,  a  scab  or  leprous  afiec- 
tion.] 

A  pustule  upon  tlie  skin  ;  an  eruption,  usually  of  a 
Inrge  kind. 

BLOTCH,  V.  t.     To  blacken.  Harmar. 

BL5TE,  V.  t.  [The  affinities  of  this  word  are  not 
clearly  ascertained.  In  Sax.  blotAn  is  to  sacrifice,  in 
Goth,  to  serve  or  worship;  in  Arm.  bloda  is  to  sofien  ; 
"W.  plyz,  soft ;  phjzaw,  to  soften  :  Dan.  blode,  Sw. 
ifofa,  to  soften.] 
To  drj'  and  smoke  :  as,  to  blote  herrings, 

BLOT' ED,  pp.    Smoked  and  dried. 

RLOT'TED,  pp.    Stained  ;  spotted  ;  erased. 

BLOT'TER,  n.    In  counting-houses,  a  waste  book. 

ELOT'TING,  ppr.  Spotting  with  ink ;  obliterating ; 
staining. 

BLOT'TiXG,  jj.  The  making  of  blots;  staining  or 
obliterating. 

BLOT'TIXG-Pa'PER,  v..  a  kind  of  paper  made  with- 
out size,  serving  to  imbibe  wet  ink,  and  thus  prevent 
blots. 


BLO 


BLOT'TI.VG-LY,  arfp.     By  bJoUing. 

BLOUSE,    i  (blowz,)    It.     A  light,  loo^  ?rj^;rj-M    r-- 

BLOWSE,  i      Bembling  a  frock  c<»at. 

BLOW,  n.     [Thi«,  probably,  tjt  a  ojnlri' '    ! 

the  primary  scnBe  niiitit  be,  to  strikf-.  i, 

throw,  that  i.^.  to  drivr;.    I  hav.-  not  i 

cognate  dialects.    If^oroUiT 

it  corresponds  in  ehfuientJi  \' 

~Xr,yr,  L.  fligo^  Eng.  Jtvj^.      I 

written  like  the  verb  to  hUnr,  it 

to  blossom.    The  letter  1(M  i - 

the  original  ^va^  blod,  or  bio' \ 

word  baa  the  elements  ufloud,  -.aij'.-.. 

1.  The  act  of  »<trlking  ;  more  een' : 
a  violent  application  of  the  hand,  fi 
ment^  to  ati  object. 

2.  The  fatal  titruke;  a  suoke  Uiat  kOU;  bencc, 
death 

3.  A.I  act  of  hostility ;  a<f,  the  natinn     •^ 
the  first  blow.     Hence,  to  come  to  bl^ 

in  comba*,  whether  by  individual-^,  ■. 
nations  ;  and  when  by  nations,  ii  in  ^\  t. 

4.  A  sudden  calamity  ;  a  Budden  or  ti:\':n  evil,  Fn 
like  manner,  plaga,  in  Latin,  givea  rij»  to  tlie  En?. 
plague. 

5.  A  single  act ;  a  fiudden  event ;  as,  in  gain  cr  lu«c 
a  province  at  a  blow,  or  b}'  one  blow.  At  a  ttrokc  u 
used  in  like  manner. 

G.  An  ovum  or  egg  deposited  by  a  fly  on  flab  ot 
other  substance,  called  a  Jly-bLm, 

BLoW,  t?.  i. ;  prrt.  Blew  ;  pp.  Blowt.      '^--    ■ ' 

blowan,  to  blow  as  wind  ;  blowan,  lo  i 

as  a  flower ;  D.  hlvnjtfn.  to  blossoii- 

swell  or  inflate  ;  L.  ^,  to  blow,    'lij.-  ^-..i-i.  ,.:.;- 

bly,  is  from  the  same  root  as  bloontj  btosvomy  Wm»,  a 

flower;  W.  bloden.     See  Blossom.] 

1.  To  make  a  currerM  of  air  ;  to  move  a*  air ;  as, 
the  wind  bUnes,  Often  used  nith  it;  aa,  tC  blamm  a 
gale. 

2.  To  pant ;  to  puff ;  to  breathe  hard  or  qaiclc 

Ilert  is  Mr>.  P.\z^  at  ih-  door,  iw^^uin*  onJ  b^ouvtg.    Skek, 

3.  To  breathe ;  as,  to  6/010  hot  and  cold. 

4.  To  sound  with  being  blown,  as  a  hom     - 
pet.  .'     ' 

5.  To  flower  ;  lo  blossom  ;  to  bloom  ;  as  r !  ■ 

How  fc.'otrr  ibp  citron  grove. 
To  bloio  over ;  to  pa=;s  away  without  effect :  ' 
or  be  dissipated  ;  as,  the  storm  or  the  clouds 
over. 

To  Mow  up;  to  rise  in  the  air;  also,  to  ^    :      .  .. 
and  scattered  by  the  explosion  of  gunpowder. 
BLoW,  c  t.    To  throw  or  drive  a  current  of  air  up-jn  : 
as,  to  blouj  the  fire  ;  also,  to  fan. 

2.  To  drive  by  a  current  of  air;  to  impel ;  a--,  tbf 
tempest  blew  the  ship  ashore. 

3.  To  breathe  upon,  for  the  purpose  of  w^r-.,  ■:. 
as,  to  blow  the  fingers  in  a  cold  day. 

4.  To  sound  a vnnd  instrument;  as,  5t7i- •: 

5.  To  spread  by  report.  ,    .- 

Aud  througti  t!ie  court  hia  courtesy  w«  blosTi.  Dtyl:-.. 

G.  To  deposit  eggs,  as  flies. 

7.  To  form  bubbles  by  blowing. 

8.  To  swell  and  inflate,  as  veal ;  a  pratt:ce  ei 
butchers. 

9.  To  form  glass  into  a  particular  sliapo  by  ibo 
breath,  as  in  glass  manufactories. 

10.  To  melt  tin,  aftt-r  having  been  ^oa:^^  d  in  ;_■.  i 
rid  of  the  sulphur  and  arsenic. 

11.  To  put  out  of  breatli ;  to  cause  to  i: 
fatisue  ;  as,  lo  blow  a  horse.  Sir  IV.  - 

To  blow  away ;  lo  dissipate  ;  lo  scatter  with  w;n.i. 

To  blow  down;  to  prostrate  by  wind. 

To  blow  off;  lo  shake  down  by  wind  ;  as,  to  .'i'.  :- 
off  friiil  from  trees  ;  to  drive  from  land  ;  as,  to  bh" 
off  a  ship. 

To  blow  out ;  to  exlingtiish  by  a  current  of  nir :  n^ 
a  candle. 

To  bloto  up;  to  fill  witli  air;  to  swell ;  as,  to  /-.Vw 
up  a  bladder  or  a  bubble. 

9,  To  inflate  ;  to  pulT  up;  as,  to  blote  (ij)  one  with 
flattery. 

3.  To  kindle  ;  as,  to  Wow  up  a  contention. 

4.  To  burst,  lo  raise  into  the  air,  or  to  -.    "  -  ' 
the  expiation  of  sunpowdtT.    Fgurctirei  . 

ter  or  bring  to  naught  suddenly  ;  as,  to 

-scheme. 

To  blow  upon;  to  make  stale;  as,  to  */o:.^  ir.^-!  an 

author's  works.                                             .-? '  ■  >  '"■ 
BLOW,  n.     A  flower:   a  blossom.      ' 

This  word  is  in  general  use  in  the  I': 

legitimate.    In  the  Tulrr^  it  is  use.: 

general,  as  we  use  blowth. 
2.  Among  seameny  a  pale  of  wind.    This  also  is  a 

legitimate  word,  in  general  use  in  Iht*  t'niti-d  .^-tleft. 
BLoW'DALL,  JL    [W</w  .and  ball.]    The  dnv     •    -' 

of  the  dandelion,  formed  by  the  pappas. 

blossom  has  lalieu.  S-  • 

BLOWER,  n.    One  who  blows;  one  who  is  t.r,.,,.. .. 

in  melting  tin. 

2.  A  plate  of  iron  or  tin  used  to  mcrease  the  cur- 
rent of  air  in  a  chimnt'V. 
BLOW-FLY,  n.  A  species  of  dipterous  insect,  ^Musta 


TtNE,  BULL,  UNITE.  —  AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K ;  0  as  J;  S  as  Z  ;  Cl!  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THI:? 


131 


BLLI 

eamaria,  Linn.,)  vcn'  inmblosonio  in  Biimmer,  from 
na  (I'lMisitint;  its  ecK^  i^'i  Hesli.  Partington. 

B1-fy\V'lS(i,  ppr.  .Miikiiii;  a  ciirrcnt  of  air  ;  tircuthin': 
quick  ;  sotintling  a  wind  instrument  j  inflalingj  im- 
pt^liins  by  wind  ;  mcliiiig  tin. 

BLOW'ING,  n.  Tlio  itiution  of  wind,  or  act  of  blow- 
in  e. 

BLOWN,  p;».  Driven  h>' wind  ;  fanned;  sounded  by 
blowing  ;  spread  by  report ;  swelled  ;  inHated  ;  ex- 
panded, aa  a  bl(i:^som;  out  of  breath  j  as,  Ilie  horse 
was  verj*  much  blown. 

Blown  upon  ;  made  common  or  stale ;  as,  a  passage 
in  an  author  not  yet  blown  upon.  Addison. 

DL6\V'-riPE,  «.  [bloie  and  pipe]  An  instrument  I»y 
wliicli  a  blast  or  current  of  uir  is  driven  through  the 
tiame  of  a  lamp  or  candle,  and  that  tlame  directed 
upon  a  tninerol  substance,  to  fuse  or  vitrify  iL 

Blojc-pipf  of  the  artist:  a  conical  tube  of  brass,  glaji:?, 
or  other  substance,  usually  a  quarter  of  an  inch  in 
rtiaraeter  at  one  end,  and  Gapillarb-,  or  nearly  so,  at  the 
oilier,  where  it  is  beni  nearly  to  a  right  angle.  This 
is  used  to  propel  a  jet  of  air  from  the  lun'.;};,  through 
the  tlame  of  a  lamp  or  candle,  upon  the  substance  to 
be  fused. 

Blou>-pipe  of  thf  mineralosist ;  the  same  instmment, 
substantially,  us  the  foreguint.;,  but  u^tially  fitted  with 
an  ivory  or  silver  nioutli-piecc,  and  with  several 
movable  jets,  to  produce  Haines  of  ditferent  sizes.  Its 
othce  is  to  produce  instantly  n  furimce  heat,  on  mi- 
nute fragments  of  mineral  substances,  supported  on 
charcoal,  by  platina  forceps,  &c. 

Compound  blow-pipe  of  Dr.  Hare,  invented  in  1801 ; 
an  in>?irument  in  which  oxygen  and  hydrogen,  pro- 
pelled by  hydrostatic  or  other  pressure,  coming  from 
separate  reservoirs,  in  the  proportions  requisite  to 
form  water,  are  made  to  unite  in  a  capillary  orifice, 
at  the  moment  when  they  are  kindled,  'i'lie  heat 
produced,  when  the  focus  is  formed  on  charcoal  or 
any  non-condu*'ting  substance,  is  such  as  to  melt 
everything  but  the  diamond,  to  burn  the  metals,  and 
to  dissipate  in  vapor,  or  in  gaseous  forms,  most  known 
substances. 

The  blow-pipe  of  Newman,  Clarke,  Ace.,  is  the 
compound  blow-pipe  of  Dr.  Hare,  with  some  unim- 
portant nindifications.  SiUiman. 

BLOW'-I'OIN'T,  n.  [blow  and  point,]  A  kind  of  play 
among  children.  Johnaon. 

BLOWSE,  (I.  A  light,  loose  {^rment  rcftembling  a 
frock  roat. 

BLOWTJI,  «.  \lT.blatii,blaithy  a  Mower  or  blossom; 
D.  bloctzd  ;  Ger.  blfiOte.) 

Bloom  or  blossom,  or  that  which  is  expanded.  It 
.•signifies  bloom  or  blossoms  in  general,  or  the  stale  of 
blossoming.  Thus  we  say,  trees  are  now  in  their 
bloirth^  or  they  have  a  fuW'blowth.  Rich.  Diet. 

BLOWZE,  (blow?,,)  71.  [from  the  some  root  a3  blusli, 
which  seeJ] 

1.  A  ruddy,  fat-faced  woman.  Hall. 

2.  A  cap. 

BLOWZ'Y,  a.    Ruddy-faced ;  fat  and  ruddy;  hi^^li- 

colored. 
BLUB,  V.  t.     To  swell.     l^Tot  in  use.]     [See  Bli;h.] 
BLUB'BKR,  ».     [i>GC  BLoBBEn,  Blub,  and  Bleu.] 

1.  A  blobber,  or  bubble.  [^  common^  vulgar  word, 
but  legitimate.] 

2.  The  fat  of  whales  and  other  large  sea  animals, 
of  which  is  made  train-oil.  It  lies  immediately  un- 
der the  skin  and  over  the  muscular  flesh. 

3.  Sea  nettle,  or  sea  blubber ;  the  medusa.  Enctjc. 
BLUB'HEK,  v.  i.    To  weep  m  such  a  manner  as  to 

swell  the  cheeks.  Johnson. 

If  I  mistake  not,  this  word  carries  with  it  tlie  idea 
of  weeping,  so  as  to  slaver. 
BLUB'BER,  v.  u    To  swell  the  checks  or  disfigure  the 

face  with  weeping. 
BLUB'BER-£:D,  pp.  or  a.    Swelled ;  big ;  turgid  ;  as,  a 

blubbered  lip. 
BLUB'BER-ING,  ppr.    Weeping  so  as  to  swell  the 

cheeks. 
BLUD'GEON,  tu     [Goth,  hlyggwan^  to  strike.] 

A  short  slick,  with  one  end  loaded  or  thicker  and 
heavier  than  the  other,  and  used  a.s  an  offensive 
weapon  by  low  persons. 
BLOE,  (bill,)  a.  [Sax.  i/eo,  hleoh,  Ucow^  color;  D. 
blaauw  ;  Ger.  blau ;  Dan.  hlaac ;  Sw.  Wa,  bine  ;  Sw. 
blijy  Dan.  bbje^  Ger.  bid,  lead,  so  named  from  it;* 
color ;  Slav.  pUivu  ;  Fr.  bleu ;  Corn,  bhii.] 

One  of  the  seven  colors,  into  which  the  rays  of 
light  divide  themselves,  when  refracted  through  a 
glass  prism.  There  are  various  shades  of  blue,  as 
tikij-blus  or  azurtf  Prussicin  blue^  irutigo  blue^  smcUt 
blue,  Ulc.  Kirwnn.     Encyr. 

Prussian  blue;  &  chemical  compound  of  iron  and 
cyanogen.  Ure. 

The  blucs^  (a  contraction  for  blue  dcoils ;)  loxv  spirits ; 
melancholy. 
To  look  blue ;  to  be  confounded  or  terrified.  Orose. 
BLt'E,  V.  L    To  make  blue;  to  dye  of  a  blue  color; 

to  make  blue  by  heating,  as  metals,  Sec. 
BLGE'-BIRD,  n.    Jbhie  and  bird.]     A  Binall  bird,ver>- 
common  in  the  United  States;  the  Motacilla s:Mis, 
Linn.,  (Silvia  siatisj  Wilson'a  Ornith. ;  siali     fVil- 
aonij,  Mass.  Rep.)    The  upper  pan  of  Ih*^   ^ody  is 


BLU 

blue,  and  the  throat  and  breast  of  a  dirty  red.    It 

makes  it^  nest  in  the  hole  of  n  tree. 
BL0E'-BO.\-.\ET,  h.     [blue  and  bonnet.]    A  plant,  a 

s|>ecies  of  Crnlauroa.  Fnm.  of  Plants, 

BLOE'-BOQK,  n.     A  book  containing  the  names  of  all 

thepersdnsin  theen»p|i>yinenlortlie  U.S. government. 
BLCE'-BOT'TLE,  n.     [blue  and  bottle.]     A  plimt,  the 

Centaurea  Cyanun,  which  grows  among  corn.    'J'his 

and  the  former  plant  receive  their  names  from  their 

blue  bottle  shaped  flowers. 
2.  A  flv  with  a  large  blue  belly.  Johjuton. 

BLOE'UKEAS'I',  (blu'bresi,)  u.     A  fiinall  species  of 

Euro]H;an    bird,    called    also   Blue^throated    warbler ^ 

(Si/lviai^mciea,  Latham.) 
BLOE'-CAP,  II.     [blue  and  cap.]     A  fish  of  the  sal- 
mon kind,  with  blue  spots  on  its  head. 

Diet.  ofJVat.  m^t. 

0.  A  species  of  small  bird,  called  also  blue-titmouse, 
or  tomtity  the  Parses  cftruleu.i.  Partington. 

BLOE'-DEV'/LS,  n.  pi.    Lowness  of  spirits;  hypo- 
chondria.    [  Cullorptitti,]  Orose. 
BL0E'-EY-/;D,  (-Ide,)  a.    Having  blue  eyes.  Drydcn. 
BLCE'-FISH,  II.    [blue  and  Jish.] 

1.  A  fish,  a  species  of  Corypliiena,  of  the  order  of 
Tlioracics,  found  about  the  Bahamas,  and  on  the 
coast  of  Cuba.  Knaje. 

9.  A  fish,  allied  to  the  mackerel,  common  on  the 
shores  of  New  England  ;  the  Tcmnodon  mltMor. 

BLC'E'-HAIR-ii:D,  a.    Having  hair  of  a  blue  color. 

Milton. 

BLCE'-J()HN,Ti.  AmongTHmffr.'i,fluor  spur,  a  mineral, 
found  in  the  mines  of  Derbyshire,  and  tabricatcd  into 
vases  and  other  ornamental  figures.  Kncyc. 

BLOE'-LIGIIT,  (-lite,)  n.  A  composition,  burning 
with  a  blue  flame,  used  ns  a  night  signal  in  ships. 

BLOE'LY,  ado.    With  a  blut;  color.  Swijl. 

BLCE'NESS,  V.  Tlie  quality  of  being  blue ;  a  blue 
color.     _  Boyle. 

BLuE'-Pk'TER,  n.     In  the  British  viarine^  a  blue  flag  , 
with  a  white  square  in  the  center,  used  as  a  signal  lor 
sailing,  to  recall   boats,  4cc.    It  is  a  corniption  of 
Blue  Rrpcate)\  one  of  the  British  signal  lla^s. 

BL0E'-STOCK'I.\G,  n.  A  term  applied  to  literary 
ladies,  and  usually  with  the  imputation  of  pedantry. 
It  is  derived  from  the  name  given  to  certain  meetings 
held  by  ladies  in  liio  days  of  Dr.  Johnson,  for  con- 
versation with  distinguished  literarj'  men.  One  of  the 
most  eminent  members  was  a'  Mr.  Stillingfieet,  wiio 
always  wore  blue  stockings,  and  who  was  so  much 
distinguished  for  his  conversational  powers,  that  his 
absence  at  any  time  was  felt  to  bo  a  great  loss,  so 
that  the  remark  became  conmion,  "  We  tan  do  notli- 
ing  without  the  blue  stockings.^*  Hence  these  meet- 
ings were  sportively  called  bluestocking  chibs,n.nfl  the 
ladies  who  attended  them,  blue-stockings. 

BoswelPs  Life  of  Johnson. 

BLtJE'-THRoAT,  n.  [blue  and  throat.]  A  bird  with 
a  tawny  breast,  marked  v.'ith  a  sky-bluo  crescent,  in- 
habitinK  the  northern  parts  of  Eurojie  and  Asia. 

BLOE'-VE[N-£D,  (-vand',)  a.  Having  blue  veins  or 
streaks.  Sliak. 

BLUE  VIT'RI-OL,  v.    Sulphate  of  copper. 

BLOE'Y,  a.    Somewhat  blue. 

BLUFF,  a.     [Perhaps  allied  to  W.  Iticfj  Eng.  leap,  from 
shooting  forward.] 
Big;  surly;  blustering.  Dryden. 

BLUFF,  7).  A  high  bank,  almost  perpendicular,  pro- 
jecting into  the  sea  or  a  river ;  a  high  bank  pre- 
senting a  sleep  front.  Belknap.    Mar.  Diet. 

BLUFF'-ROW-£D,  a.  [bluff  and  boie.)  Having  broad 
and  flat  hows.  Mar.  Diet. 

BLUFF'-IIEAD-ED,  (-hed-cd,)  a.  [bluff  nnd  head.] 
Having  an  upright  stem.  Mar.  Diet. 

BLUFF'NESS,  n.  A  swelling  or  bloatedncss ;  surli- 
ness. World. 

BLUFF'Y,  a.  Having  bluffs,  or  bold  projecting  points 
of  land. 

BLtJ'ISH,  a.    Blue  in  a  small  degree.  Pope. 

BLO'ISH-IjY,  ado.    In  a  bluish  mannei. 

BLO'ISII-NESS,  71.    A  small  degree  of  blue  color. 

Boyle. 

BLUN'DER,  V.  i.  [This  word  seems  to  be  allied  to 
the  Gr.  TrXawiOJ,  to  err ;  and  to  flounder.  This  sense 
of  the  latter  is  to  move  with  sudden  jerks,  and  irreg- 
ular motions.  In  Dan.  blunder  is  to  wink,  twinkle, 
or  dissemble  ;  allied  to  Fr.  loin.] 

1.  To  mistake  grossly  ;  to  err  widely  or  stupidly. 

Johnson. 

2.  To  move  without  direction, or  steady  guidance; 
to  plunge  at  an  object ;  to  move,  speak,  or  write  witli 
sudden  and  blind  pnxipitance  ;  as,  to  blunder  upon 
a  reason ;  to  blunder  round  a  meaning.  Pope. 

3.  To  stumble,  as  a  horse ;  a  common  vse  of  Vie 
word. 

BLUN'DER,  7(.  A  mistake  through  precipitance,  or 
without  due  exercise  of  judgment ;  a  gross  mistake. 

BLUN'DEU-BUSS,  n.  [blunder  and  D.  bus,  a  tube  ; 
Dan.  biisse  ;  ijw.  lAissa,  a  gun.] 

1.  A  Phort  gun  or  fire-arm,  with  a  hu-go  bore,  capable 
of  holding  a  number  of  balls,  and  intended  to  do 
execution  without  exact  aim. 

2.  A  stupid,  blundering  fellow.  HalliweU. 
BLUN'DER-£D,   pp.     Done    or    spoken  with    gross 

mistake. 


BLU 

BLUi\'DER-ER,  n.  One  who  is  apt  to  blunder,  or  lo 
make  gross  mistakes  ;  n  careless  jwrsou. 

BLUi\'DER-IIEAD,(-lied,)7i.  [Wi<m/cr  and  head.]  A 
stupid  frilow  ;  one  who  blund«;rs.  LTslrange. 

BLUN'DEU-ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Moving  or  acting  with 
blind  preripitance  ;  mistaking  grossly  ;  stumbling. 

BLUN'D£K'LNG-LY,  adv.    In  a  bhinderinij  manner. 

Lcwin. 

BLUNT,  a.     [from  the  root  of  Gr.  ap{i\vvw^  to  dull.] 

1.  Having  a  thick  edge  or  point,  as  an  iuslrtunent ; 
dull ;  not  sharp. 

2.  Dull  in  understanding ;  slow  of  discernment 

Sliak. 

3.  Abnipl  in  address  ;  plain  ;  unceremonious  ; 
wanting  Uie  forms  of  civility  ;  rough  in  manners  or 
s|)eech.  Bacon. 

4.  Hard  to  penetrate.     [Unusual.]  Pope. 
BLUNT,  V.  t.    To  dull  the  edge  or  point,  by  making  it 

thicker. 

2.  To  repress  or  weaken  any  ajipetite,  desire,  or 
I>ower  of  the  mind  ;  to  impair  the  force  of  any  pas- 
sion which  alfecu  the  mind,  or  of  nny  evil  or  good 
which  aflects  the  body  ;  as,  to  blunt  the  edge  of  love, 
of  pain,  or  of  suffering. 

Your  wucL'xi  cudeavore  will  Ur  cxert««l  to  b/ioil  tlto  ctiDpt  of 
p:dn.  Dwlght. 

BLUNT'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Made  dull ;  weokened  ;  im- 
paired ;  repressed. 

BLUNT'iNG,  ppr.  Making  dull  ;  repressing  ;  im- 
pairing. 

BLUNT'ING,  Ti.    Restraint.  Taylor. 

BLUNT'LY,  ado.  In  a  blunt  manner;  coarsely; 
plainly ;  abruptly  ;  without  delicacy,  or  the  usual 
forms  of  civility. 

BLUNT'NESS,  n.  Want  of  edge  or  point ;  dullness  ; 
obtuseness  ;  want  of  sharpness. 

2.  Coarseness  of  address;  roughness  of  manners  ; 
rude  sincerity  or  plainness. 

BLUNT' WIT-TED,  a.    [blunt  and  jnit.]    Dtdl;  stupid. 

tihak. 

BLUR,  V.  [I  have  not  foimd  this  word  in  any  other 
language,  but  probably  it  is  allied  tit  the  \V.  llur, 
black  and  blue,  livid,  L.  luridtut.] 

A  dark  spot ;  a  stain  ;  a  blot,  whether  U[>on  paper 
or  other  substance,  or  upon  reputation.  Sout/i. 

BLUll,  c.  (.  To  obscure  by  a  dark  spot,  or  by  any  foul 
matter,  without  quite  efl'acing. 

2.  To  sully ;  to  stain  ;  to  blemish  ;  as,  lo  blur  repu- 
tation. Butler. 

BLUR'RiSD,  (blurd,)  pp.  Darkened  or  stained ;  ob- 
scured. 

BLUR'IUNG,  ppr.    Darkening  or  staining;  spotting. 

BLURT,  V.  t.     [Allied  probably  to  Jlirt.  to  throw.] 
To  throw  •ul,  or  throw  at  random,  hastily,  or 
unadvisedly;    to  utter  suddenly  or  inadvertently; 
commonly  with  owf,  and  applied  to  words.     Toutig. 

BLUin''£i),  pp.    Thrown  out  hastily. 

BLURT'ING,  jrpr.    Throwing  out  or  utti-rcd  hastily 

BLUSH,  V.  i.  [D.  bloozem  Sw.  blyas^  lo  blush  :  Dan 
blusse,  to  blaze  or  glisten  ;  blusscl,  blushing  ;  D.  Wiw, 
a  blush ;  Sw.  bloss ;  Dan.  bias,  a  torch ;  Dan.  blurs 
I'ed,  to  blush  or  be  ashamed  ;  Ir.  loise,  loisi,  flame. 
It  implies  a  throwing  out,  or  spreading.  Flash  may 
be  from  the  same  root.    See  Blaze.] 

1.  To  redden  in  the  cheelcsorface  ;  to  he  suddenly 
suliused  with  a  red  color  in  the  cheeks  or  face,  from 
a  sense  of  guilt,  shame,  confusion,  modesty,  dilfi- 
dence,  or  surprise,  followed  by  at  or  for,  before  tlie 
cause  of  blushing  ;  as,  blush  at  your  vices  ;  blush  for 
your  degraded  countrj*. 

la  ()i<?  presence  of  the  ah.'uiiflets  bjk)  untilunliinfr,  tli)*  yoant;  ol- 
lemlcr  is  fulioiocd  lo  Uuth.  BuekrruntUr. 

2.  To  bear  a  blooming  red  color,  or  any  soft,  bright 
color  ;  as,  the  blushing  rose. 

lie  bcoro  his  blushing  honon  tliiclc  upon  him.  Shak. 

Shakspeare  has  used  this  word  in  a  transitive  sense, 
to  make  red,  and  it  may  be  allowable  in  i>oeIr>'. 
BLUSH,  n.  A  red  color  suffusing  the  cheeks  only,  or 
the  face  generally,  and  excited  by  confusion,  w  hich 
may  spring  from  shame,  guilt,  modesty,  ditlidence, 
or  surprise. 

Tlie  rosy  blush  of  love.  7VnmbuU. 

2.  A  red  or  reddish  color. 

3.  Sudden  apjiearance ;  a  glance ;  a  sense  taken 
from  the  sudden  suffusion  of  the  face  in  blushing; 
as,  a  proposition  appears  absurd  at  first  blutk.  Locke. 

BLUSII'ET,  n.     A  young,  modest  girl.     [JVot  v.ied.] 

BLUSH'FUL,  a.     Full  of  blushes.  Thomson. 

HLUSH'FIJL-LY,  adr.    In  a  blushful  manner. 

BLUSH'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Reddening  in  the  cheeks  or 
face  ;  bearing  a  bright  color. 

BLUSH'ING,  7(.  Tlie  act  r)f  turning  red  ;  the  appear- 
ance of  color  on  the  cheeks. 

RLUSH'L\G-LY,  adr.    In  a  blushing  manner. 

BLUSH'LESS,  a.  Unblushing;  past  blushing;  im- 
pudent. Marston. 

BLUSH' V,  a.  Like  a  blush;  having  the  color  of  a 
blush.  Hartey. 

BLUS'TER,  V.  i.     [Sax.  blasian,  to  blow.    Probably 

allied  to  blnze,  blast;  Dan.  blusse,  to  blaze,  to  rage.] 

1.  To  be  loud,  noisy,  or  swaggering  ;  lo  bully  ;  to 

puff;  lo  swagger,  as  a  liirbuleni  or  boasting  person. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— MkTE,  PRgY.  — PINE,  M.-UliNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE.  WQLF,  BOQK.— 


BOA 

2.  To  roar,  and  be  imnultuous,  as  wind  ;  to  be 
boi-''lcrniis  ;  to  be  windy;  to  liurrj'- 

BLUS'TEK,  n.  Xoistr ;  tuiiuilt;  boastinp  ;  boistoroiis- 
ness  ;  turbulence;  roar  of  a  tempest;  violent  wind  ; 
hurry;  any  irregular  noise  and  tumult  from  wiiiil,  or 
from  vanitV. 

BLUS'TER-ER,  n.  A  swaggerer;  a  bully;  a  noisy, 
tumultuous  fellow,  who  makes  great  pretensions 
from  vanitv. 

BLUS'TER-iiN'G,  n.    Noisy  pretension;  swagsering. 

BLUS'TER-ir<G,  ppr.  Making  a  noise  ;  pufling  ; 
boasting. 

BLUS'TER-IXG,  a.    Xoisv  :  tumultuous;  windv- 

BLUS'TER-ING-LY,  adv.'  In  a  blustering  manner. 

BLUS'TROUS,  a-    Noisy;  tumultuous;  boastful. 

Hudibra.i. 

BO,  exdam.  [W.  fric]  A  word  of  terror  ;  a  custom- 
ary sound  uttered  by  children  to  ffighten  their  fellows. 

BO'A,  ".  A  genus  of  serpents,  of  the  class  Amphibia. 
the  cliaracters  of  which  are,  that  the  beJly  and  tail  are 
furnished  witli  scuta.  It  includes  the  largest  species 
of  serpent,  the  B.  consti-ictor^  sometimes  30  or  40 
feet  long.  Cyc. 

Bo' A,  11.  A  fur  tippet,  large  and  round  ;  so  called 
from  its  resemblance  to  the  boa  constrictor. 

BO'A  €ON-STRieT'OR,  n.  The  scientific  name  of  a 
large  and  powerful  serpent,  sometimes  30  or  40  feet 
long,  found  in  the  tropical  parts  of  America.  It  has 
a  regular  succession  of  spots,  alternately  black  and 
yellow,  extending  the  whole  length  of  the  back,  and 
derives  its  name  trom  its  crushing  its  prey  to  death 
in  its  coils.  The  name  has  also  been  loosely  applied 
to  other  large  serpents  which  crush  their  prey,  par- 
ticularly of  the  genus  PijOicnij  found  in  Asia  and 
Africa.  P.  Cite.     Brande. 

B0;A\-ER'Ge3,  n.  pi.  Sons  of  thunder;  an  appella- 
tion siven  by  Jesus  Clirist  to  his  two  disciples  James 
and  John. 

Bo.Ul,  n.    [Sax.  bar]  Com.  fiora,  a  boar;  D.  6cer,  a 
bear  or  boar ;  Ger.  cAw,  a  boar,  and  a  gimlet  or  auger ; 
also,  ebersducein,  boar-swine.    Uu.  L.  aper  and  vcr- 
res;  Sans.  vaToha.] 
The  male  of  swine  not  castrated. 

BOAR,  V.  u  In  the  manege,  a  horse  is  said  to  boar, 
when  he  shoots  out  his  nose,  raising  it  as  high  as  his 
ears,  and  tosses  his  nose  in  the  wind.  Huojc 

BO.^RD,  71.  [Sax.  bord  and  bred,  a  board,  or  table  ; 
Goth,  baurd;  Sw.  bord,  and  brdde;  D.  board,  a  board, 
a  hem,  border,  margin  ;  Ger.  bord,  a  board,  a  brim, 
bank,  border ;  and  bret,  a  board,  or  plank  ;  Dan.  bord, 
a  board,  a  table  ;  brtxdt,  a  hoard,  or  plank  ;  and  bred, 
a  border;  W.  bwrz,  a  board  or  table  ;  Ir.  bord,  a  table, 
a  border.  This  word  and  broad  seem  to  be  allied 
in  origin  ;  and  the  primary  sense  is  to  open  or  spread, 
whence  broad,  dilated.] 

1.  A  piece  of  timber  ^awed  thin,  and  of  consider- 
able length  and  breadth  compared  with  the  thick- 
ness, used  for  building  and  other  purposes. 

2.  A  table.  The  table  of  our  rude  ancestors  was 
a  piece  of  board,  perhaps  originally  laid  upon  the 
knees.  "  Lauti  cibum  capiunt ;  separata  singulis 
sedes,  e£  sua  cuique  mensa."  The  Germans  wash 
before  they  eat,  and  each  has  a  separate  seat,  and 
his  own  table.  Tacitus,  Dc  Mor.  Genu.  H^. 

3.  Entertainment ;  food  ;  diet  ;  as,  the  price  of 
board  is  two,  live,  or  seven  dollars  a  week. 

4.  A  table  at  which  a  council  or  court  is  held  ; 
hence  a  council,  convened  for  business,  or  any  au- 
thorized assembly  or  meeting ;  as,  a  board  of  directors. 

5.  The  deck  of  a  ship ;  the  interior  part  of  a  ship 
or  boat ;  used  in  the  phrase  on  board,  aboard.  In 
this  phrase,  however,  the  sense  is  primarily  the  side 
of  the  ship.     7o  go  aboard,  is  to  go  over  the  side. 

6.  The  side  of  a  ship.     [Fr.  bord;  Sp.  borda.l 

Now  hoard  to  boa,rii  the  rival  vessels  ro^'.  Dryden. 

To  fall  over  board:  that  is,  over  the  side. 

To  go  by  tJic  board,  is  for  the  mast  of  a  ship  to  be 
broken  off,  and  thrown  over  the  bord  or  side  ;  hence 
used  figuratively,  to  denote  a  complete  sweep  or 

Board  and  board;  side  by  side.  [destruction. 

7.  The  hue  over  which  a  ship  runs  between  tick 
and  lack.  To  make  a  good  board,  is  to  sail  in  a 
straight  line,  when  close  hauled.  To  make  short 
boards,  is  to  lack  frequently.  Jfar.  Diet. 

8.  A  table  for  artificers  to  sit  or  work  on. 

9.  A  table  or  frame  fur  a  game  ;  as,  a  chess  board,  &.c. 

10.  A  body  of  men  constituting  a  quorum  in  ses- 
sion ;  a  court  or  council ;  as,  a  board  of  trustees ;  a 
board  of  officers. 

11.  The  boards,  or  college  boards,  in  the  English 
universities,  are  the  official  list  of  the  members  of 
the  university. 

Board,  v.  U  To  lay  or  spread  with  boards  ;  to  cover 
with  boards. 

2.  To  enter  a  ship  by  force  in  combat,  which  an- 
swers to  storming  a  city  or  fort  on  land. 

3.  To  attack ;  to  make  the  first  attempt  upon  a 
man.    In  Spenser,  to  accost.     [Ft.  cborder.]     [Obs.] 

Bacon.     SfiaJi. 

4.  To  place  at  board,  for  a  comp^nsation,  as  a 
lodger. 

5.  To  furnish  w!th  food,  or  food  and  lodging,  for  a 
compensation  ;  as,  a  man  boards  ten  students. 


BOA 

BO.ARD,  v.  I.    To  receive  food  or  diet  as  a  lodger,  or 

without  lodgings,  for  a  compen^fatinn  ;  as,  he  boards 

at  the  moderate  price  of  two  dollars  a  week. 
BoARD'A-IJLE,  a.     That  may  be  hoarded,  aa  a  ship. 
ilOARD'ED,  pp.  or  a.     Covered  with  hmirds  ;  entered 

by  armed  men,  as  a  ship ;  furnished  with  food  for  a 

compensation. 
BoARD'ER,  n.    One  who  has  food  or  diet  and  lodging 

in  another's  family  for  a  reward. 
3.  One  who  boards  a  ship  in  action ;  one  who  is 

selected  to  board  ships.  Mtr.  Diet. 

BoARDTIVGj/i/jr.     Covering  with  boards  ;  entering  a 

ship  by  force  ;  furnishing  or  receiving  board,  as  a 

lodger,  for  a  reward. 
BoARD'ING,  71.    The  act  of  entering  a  sliip  by  force 

in  combat. 
9.  The  act  of  covering  with  boards,  and  aI?o  the 
3.  The  same  as  Bgard;  food;  diet,  [covering  itself. 
BoARD'IJVG-SCHOOL,  it.    A  school,  the  scholars  of 

which  board  with  the  teacher. 
BoARD'-RuLE,  it.    A  figured  scale  for  finding  the 

number  of  square  feet  in  a  hoard  without  calculation. 

_  Jfaldiman. 

BoARD'-Wa-OES,  71.  id.    Wages  allowed  to  servants 

to  keep  themselves  in  victuals.  Dryden. 

BoAR'ISH,  a.    [from  ftoa?-.]    Swinish;  brutal;  cruel. 

Shak. 
BoAR'-SPl!:.\R,  n.    A  spear  used  in  hunting  boars. 

Spenser. 
BoAST,  V.  i.     [W.  bostiaw,  to  boast,  to  toss,  or  throw  ; 

G.  paiistcn,  to  blow,  swell,  bounce;  Sw.  p'dsa,  Dan. 

puste,  id. ;  Q.U.  Gr.  (bvfraio,  to  inflate  ;  Kuss.  kkvastayu, 

to  boast ;  L.  fastus.'] 

1.  To  brag,  or  vaunt  one's  self;  to  make  an  osten- 
tatious display,  in  speech,  of  one's  own  worth,  prop- 
erty, or  actions. 

Not  of  woiks,  lest  any  man  sliould  haaaL  —  Eph.  iL  9. 

2.  To  glory;  to  speak  with  laudable  pride  and 
ostentation  of  meritorious  persons  or  things. 

I  boast  of  you  to  i!i-;m  of  Macedonia.    St.  Paul.    2  Cor.  is. 

Usually,  it  is  followed  by  of;  sometimes  by  in. 

3.  To  exalt  one's  self. 

With  your  month  you  have  totwled  ng^iust  me.  —  Eiek.  xsxv. 

BoAST,  v.  t.  To  display  in  ostentatious  language;  to 
speak  of  with  pride,  vanitj-,  or  exultation,  with  a 
view  to  self-commendation. 

Ll'sI  men  should  bocisl  tht-ir  specious  deeds.  I^FsHon, 

2.  To  magnify  or  exalt. 

They  hoasl  ihemsclvcs  io  the  multitude  of  Uieir  riches. — Ps. 
xlix. 

3.  To  exult  in  confident  expectation. 

Boast  not  thyself  of  to-morrow.  —  Prov.  x;:vii. 

BoAST,  n.  Expression  of  ostentation,  pride,  or  van- 
ity;  a  vaunting. 

Thou  lu^Uiesi  ihy  boast  of  the  law. -^  Rom,  ii. 

a.  The  cause  of  boasting;  occasion  of  pride,  van- 
ity, or  laudable  exultation. 

Trial  by  peers  is  th?  boost  of  tlic  British  nation. 

BoAST'ER,  71.    One  who  boasts,  glories,  or  vaunts, 

ostentatiously.  Bmjlc. 

BoAST'FlJL,  a.    Given  to  boasting;  ostentatio"us  of 

personal  worth  or  actions.  S//«/;. 

BoAST'EUL-LV,  adv.    In  a  boastful  manner. 
BOAST'FUC-NESS,  n.    State  of  being  boastful. 
BOAST'ING.  3?;)r.    Talking  ostentatiously;  glorying; 

vaunting. 
BoAST'ING,   H.      Ostentatious    display   of  personal 

worth  or  actions ;  a  glorj-ing  or  vaunting. 

Where  is  hoastins  "'cn  i  —  Rom.  iii. 

B6AST^ING-LY,  adv.  In  an  ostentatious  manner; 
^■'ith  boasting. 

Bo\ST'IVE,a.   Presumptuous.    [U.tusual.]  Shcnstonc. 

Bo  *ST'LESS,  a.     Without  ostentation.      Thomson, 

Boat,  (bote,)  r*.  [Sax.  bat;  Sw.  bat;  Dan.  baad;  W. 
bd/t ;  Ir.  bad  ;  D.  boot ;  G.  bot,  a  boat ;  It.  dun.  batteUo, 
a  little  boat,  whence  Fr.  bateau ;  Sp.  bote,  a  boat.] 

1.  A  small  open  vessel,  or  water  craft,  usually 
moved  by  oars,  or  rowing.  The  forms,  dimensions, 
and  uses,  of  boats  are  very  various,  and  some  of 
them  carry  a  light  sail.  The  dit^erent  kinds  of  boats 
have  different  names  ;  as,  lung-boat,  laneh,  barge, 
pinnace,  jolly-boat,  cutter,  yawl,  ferry-boat,  ichernj, 
Jiloses-boat,  piutt,  felucca,  Jishing-boat,  perogue,  &c. 

2.  A  small  vessel  carrying  a  mast  and  sails;  but 
usually  described  by  another  word  ;  as,  vi  packet-boat, 
passage-boat^  adcicc-boat,  &c.  Johnson, 

Boat,  c.  t.  To  transport  in  a  boat ;  as,  to  boat  goods 
across  a  lake.  Rep.  on  Canals.    Ash. 

BoAT'A-BLE,  a.  Navigable  for  boats,  or  small  river 
craft.  Ramsay. 

BoAT'ED,  pp.    Transported  in  a  boat. 

BoAT'-BILL,  7(.  [boat  and  biU.]  The  name  of  a 
species  of  bird,  the  Cancronia  cochlearia,  a  native 
of  the  tropical  parts  of  South  .Vmerica.  It  is  of  the 
Grailic  order,  witli  a  bill  four  inches  long,  notunhke 
a  boat  with  the  keel  uppermost,  or  like  the  bowls  of 
two  spoons,  placed  with  the  hollow  parts  towards 
each  other.  Encyc,     Partin^on. 

BoAT'-FLy,  I  J(.    A  nami;  conimon  to  different 

BoAT-IN-SECT,  \  species  of  Ileuiiplerous  insects, 
of  the  genus  Notonecla.  Encyc. 


BOD 


BOAT'-HOOK,  n.  [boat  and  kook.'\  An  iron  htolt 
with  a  ffojnt  on  the  back,  fixed  to  a  long  pole,  to 
(mil  or  push  a  boat.  Mar.  Did. 

BOAT'IN(;,  ;y;,r.    Tra/wporting  in  boats. 

BOAT' I  ^G,  71,  The  actor  practice  of  Bailing  or  trans- 
porting in  XmkxXs. 

2.  In  Perxia,  a  punishment  of  capital  ofl%;nder«,  br 
laying  them  on  the  back  in  a  boat  which  b  covered, 
where  they  peri«h.  Emcme. 

BO-A'TIO.\,n,  {Uboo.]  A  crying  out:  a  roar.  [.Wl 
used.]  D'^    ■ 

BO.VT'.MAN*,    )  n.  [boat  and  man.]     A  man  w  ; 

BoATS'MAN,  (     ages  a  boat;  a  row*rr  of  a  tx.  r . 

DrydJnu     Prior. 

BOAT'-ROPE,  71.  [boat  and  rope.]  A  rope  to  fasten  a 
iKKit,  usually  called  a  painter. 

BOAT'-SHAP-£D,  (Lote'^hipte,)  a.  Having  the 
shape  of  a  Iwat ;  navicular  ;  cymbifonn  ;  hollow  like 
a  boat ;  as  the  valve  of  some  pericarp*.        Martwn. 

B5AT'S\VA(.\',  (in  seamcn'a  language,  Wm,)  n.  [eax. 
batsicein,  from  bat,  boat,  and  ttc^jt^  swain,  a  boy  or 
servant  J 

An  officer  on  board  of  ships,  who  han  cliar^e  of  the 
boats,  sails,  rigging,  colors,  anchors,  cablttt,  and  cwd- 
age.  His  ollice  ia  also  to  «rummon  the  cicw  to 
their  duty,  to  relieve  the  watch,  a-wirt  in  the  neces- 
sary business  of  the  Hhip,  fteizc  and  puniiih  orTendcra, 
&c.  He  ha.<!  a  mate  who  haschargeof  the  Ion:!  Nvir, 
for  setting  forth  and  weighins  anchors,  v 
lowing,  and  mooring.    Mar.  Did.    Encifc. 

BOB,  ji.     A  short,  jerking  action  ;    as,  a  £ 
head. 

2.  Any  litllo  round  thing,  that  plays  loosely  at  the 
end  of  a  string,  cord,  or  movable  machine;  a  little 
ornament  or  pendant  that  hangs  bo  as  to  play  loosely. 

DrHdat. 
Our  common  people  apply  the  word  to  a  Knot  of 
worms,  on  a  string,  used  in  fishing  for  eeU. 

3.  The  words  repeated  at  the  end  of  a  stinza. 

L*  Estrange, 
•i.  A  blow ;  a  shake  or  jog  ;  a  jeer  or  flouL 

jJinsKorth.    Ascham. 

5.  The  ball  of  a  short  pendulum.  Enewc 

6,  A  mode  of  ringing.  Johnjson. 
7    A  bob-wig,                                              Shenstone. 

BOB,  r.  r.  To  move  in  a  short,  jerking  manner ; 
as,  to  bob  one's  head,  to  bub  a  courtesj-. 

2.  To  beat ;  to  shake  or  jog.  SJudc 

3.  To  cheat ;  to  gain  by  fraud.  Shak. 

4.  To  mock  or  delude.  AinsrecrVt. 

5.  To  cut  short. 

BOB,  r.  i.  To  play  backward  and  fonvard;  to  play 
looseJy  agaiust  any  thing.  Drydrn. 

2.  To  angle,  or  fish  for  eels,  or  to  catch  eels  with  a 
bob.  Eacyc. 

BO-BANCE',  (bo-bans',)  n.    .\  boasting.    [Xot  in  use.] 

Chaaccr. 

EOB'B£D,  pp.  Moved  short  and  quick ;  beat  or 
shaken  ;  cheated  ;  gained  by  fraud  ;  deluded. 

BOB'GIX,  71.  [Fr.  bobine  ;  I),  babyn.]  .\  small  pin  or 
cylindrical  piece  of  wood,  with  a  head,  on  which 
thread  is  wound  for  making  lace.  ,\  similar  instru- 
ment, bored  through  to  receive  an  iron  pivot,  and 
with  a  border  at  each  end,  is  used  in  spinning,  \o 
wind  thread  or  silk  on  ;  a  spool. 
2.  Round  tape. 

BOB-BIX-ET',  71.  .A.  kind  of  lace  which  is  wrought 
by  machines,  and  not  by  hand.  Eneric  Don,  E<cn. 

BOB'BI.XG.  ppr.  Playing  back  and  "forth;  striking; 
ducting;  ancling  for  eels. 

BOB'BIN-WORIC,  n.  [bobbin  and  tcork.]  Work  woven 
with  bobbins.  Grnr. 

BOB'-CHER-RY,  77.  [bob  and  ckerry.]  .\mong  cAi/- 
drcn,  a  play  in  which  a  dierrj-  is  hung  so  as  to  bob 
against  the  mouth,  and  be  caught  with  the  teeth. 

Johnson. 

BOB'O-LINK,  M,  The  popular  name  of  the  rice-bird 
or  reed-bird,  of  the  genus  Icterus. 

BOB'STaYS,  n,  pU  [froftand  stay.]  Ropes  to  confine  the 
bowsprit  of  a  ship  downward  to  the  stem.  Mar.  Diet. 

BOB'T.^IL,  71.  [bob  and  rail.]    A  short  tail,  or  a  tail 

cut  short.  Shak. 

2.  The  rabble;  used  m  contempt.         Bramstcn. 

BOB'TaIL-£D,  a.     Having  the  hair  or  tail  cut  short. 

VE.<trangf, 

BOB'-U*IG,  )  71.  [bob  and  ycig.]    .\  short  wig. 

B0B'T.^II^WIG,    i  Spectator. 

Boe'.VSI.VE,  71.  [Fr.]  A  sort  of  fine  linen  or  buci;- 
rani.  Joknscn. 

BoCE,  71.    The  spams,  a  beautiful  fish.  Ask. 

BOCK'E-LET,  \  n.    A  kind  of  long-winged  hawk. 

BOCK'E-RET,  \  JokmsoK. 

BOCK^ING,  71.  A  particular  sort  of  cloth,  like  baiie 
or  drusset. 

BOCK'LAND.     See  Bookla:td.  Excve. 

B6DE,  V.  L  [Sax  bodian,  bodigan,  to  foretell,  to  iin^r 
or  announce  ;  6i>rf,  an  order,  mandate,  or  edict ;  Jvwro, 
a  messenger,  or  preachLr;  Sw.  bod,  a.  messace,  an 
embassy  ;  beboda,  to  tell  or  relate  ;  S-ax.  ^fA.wi-pt,  to 
offer  or  bid,  to  relate,  tell,  or  announce,  to  comnian  I, 
to  show,  to  promise,  Radicallv,  this  is  the  same 
word  as  Hid,  which  see.  The  radical  sense  is,  .0 
utter,  to  drive  out  the  voice.] 
To  portend  ;  to  foreshow ;  to  presage ;  to  icdicaie 


TONE,  ByUL,  UNITE .IN^'GER,  VI"CI0US.  — C  as  K ;  0  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  YH  as  in  THIS. 


BOD 


BOI 


~  spmctbing  future  by  signs  ;  to  be  iho  omen  of ;  most 
gfneraUy  ufplicd  to  Vuiiga  i  as,  our  vices  botit  evil  10 
till-  i;iiuiilrv. 

iroui;,  f.  1.  '  To  foreshow ;  to  precise. 

Thb  ted««  wdl  10  you.  Dfyltn. 

llfSUE,  n.    An  omen.  Cliavur. 

?.  A  stop.     [See  Abidi.I 
Bfi'liGD,  pp.  or  a.    Prcsacea  i  omened. 
liOl'E'.ME.NT,  n.    An  oinen ;  portent;  prognostic;  a 

f,ii.-  Iiowing.     [0»».]  Shak. 

liOUGi;,  t.  L    [See  BoncLi.]     To  boggle;  to  stop. 

\j\:,l  used.]  *■'"■*• 

nOUGE,  n.     A  botch.     [Jfol  used.]  mulaci. 

UOD'IlB,  n.    Stays  ;  a  waistcoat,  quilted  Willi  wliale- 

b(UU',  worn  by  women.  Johtt^DH. 

1)0D'1-£D,  (bod'id,)  a.  [from  budy.]    lloving  a  body 

BOD'I-LEPS,  o.  [See  Dodv.]  Having  no  body  or 
iiKiterial  form  ;  incorporeal.  Dttvies. 

IIOD'I-I.I  NESS,  n.    Corporeality.  Minsheii. 

UOD'l-LY,  a.  iinving  or  coiit.iining  a  body  or  nialc- 
rial  form  ;  corporeal  ;  as,  6.ii.'iii(  dimensions.  SoiiUi. 

2.  Relating  or  pertaining  to  the  body,  in  distinction 
f.om  the  mind  ;  as,  boMy  defects  ;  bodily  paiii.  Locke. 

3.  Real ;  actual ;  as,  bodily  act.  Skali. 
BOD'l-LY,  aip.    Corporeally;  united  with  a  body  or 

matter. 

It  b  liU  hunun  uilure,  in  wliicb  Uic  OoilheiKl  il«<-U«  iKXi-y- 

tVaUs. 


2.  In  respect  to  the  entire  body  or  mass  ;  entucly  ; 
completely  ;  as,  to  carry  away  bodily. 
DOIJ'ING,  j>pr.  or  a.  [from  bode]    Foroshowmg;  pre- 

BOU'ING,  7!.    An  omen.  Bp.  Ward. 

BOU'KIN,  n.  [Ir.  bod,  a  limb,  that  is,  a  point,  a  shoot, 
with  the  termination  kin,  used  as  a  diminutive;  Gr. 
0aTOi,  a  thorn.) 

1.  An  instrument  of  steel,  bone,  ivory,  or  the  like, 
with  a  small  blade,  and  a  sharp  point,  for  making 
holes  by  piercing.  A  liko  instrument  with  an  eye, 
for  drawing  thread,  tape,  or  ribhuii  through  a  loop, 
&c.  An  instrument  to  dress  the  hair.  Miiisan. 
9.  A  dagser.     Wot  in  use.]  Cluiitcer. 

B0D'Li5I-A.\,  a.    Pertaining  to  Sir  Thomas  Bodlcy, 
who  founded  a  celebrated  library  at  Oxford,  in  the 
Ititli  century. 
BOD'Y,  ;i.     [Sa.\.  bodi;;,  stature,  trunk,  spine;  body; 
that  which  is  set  or  fixed.] 

1.  The  frame  of  an  animal ;  the  material  organized 
substance  of  an  animal,  whether  living  or  dead. 

Be  nol  aiixiou*  for  your  body.  Matthew.    Luke. 

a  The  main  central  p.art  of  an  animal,  in  distinc- 
tion from  the  head  and  extremities. 

3.  Alatter,  is  oppoaed  to  spirit.  Hooktr. 

A.  A  person  ;  a  human  being ;  sometimes  alone, 
more  generally  with  .,-wnic  or  jio ;  as,  somebody ;  nobody. 

5.  Reality,  as  opposed  to  representation. 

A  sliaiiow  of  thing*  to  come,  but  ilie  body  \i  of  Chrijil.  —  Col.  ii. 

C.  A  collective  mass ;  a  number  of  individuals  or 
particulars  united  ;  as,  the  body  of  mankind.  Cluris- 
tians  united,  or  the  church,  is  called  the  body,  of 
which  each  Christian  is  a  member,  and  Christ  the 
head.     1  Cor.  xii.  12,  27. 

7.  The  main  anny,  in  distinction  from  the  wings, 
van,  or  re;ir.  Also,  any  number  of  forces  under  one 
commander.  Clarendon. 

8.  A  corporation ;  a  number  of  men,  united  by  a 
common  tie,  by  one  form  of  government,  or  by  t)ccu- 
pation  ;  as,  the  legislative  body  ,•  the  body  of  the 
clergy  ;  body  corporate  ;  bodti  politic. 

In  phy.nes,  any  distinct  portion  of  matter,  perceived 

by  the  senses,  or  any  kind  of  matter,  taken  gener- 

In  geometry,  a  soUd  figure.  [ically. 

9.  The  main  part ;  the  bulk  ;  .is,  the  body  of  a  tree ; 
the  body  of  a  coach,  of  a  ship,  &:c. 

10.  .\ny  extended  solid  substance;  matter;  any 
substance  or  mass  distinct  from  others  ;  as,  a  metal- 
line body:  a  floating  body;  a  moving  body;  a  light 
body ;  a  heavy  body. 

It.  A  pandect;  a  general  collection;  a  code;  n 
system  ;  as,  a  body  of  laws  ;  a  body  of  divinity. 

12.  Strength  ;  as,  wine  of  a  good  body. 

13.  Among  painters,  colors  bear  a  body,  when  they 
arc  capable  of  being  ground  so  fine,  and  of  being 
mixed  so  entirely  with  oil,  as  to  seem  only  a  very 
thick  oil  of  the  same  color.  Encyc. 

14.  The  unrenewed  part  of  man,  or  sensual  af- 
fections. 

But  1  keep  umier  my  body.  —  1  Cor.  ix. 

15.  The  extent ;  the  limits. 

Ciiuie  to  come  hrro  on  aiidi  a  day,  twelve  free  «nd  Uwfijl  men  — 
from  the  body  of  yotir  connly.    fhrm  of  a  Venire  Faciae. 

BOD'Y,  V.  U    To  produce  in  some  form. 

Iin;i^nwion  bodiet  Ibrlji  Ihi:  Ibr.iii  of  thing?.  S^V, 

BOD'Y-CLoTHES,  ii.  vl.  [body  and  dotju]     Clothing 
or  covering  for  the  body,  as  for  a  horse.      Addison. 

BOD'Y-GUARD,  >i.    The  guard  that  protects  or  de- 
fends the  person  ;  the  life-guard.    Hence,  security. 

Portcus. 

BOD'V-POL'I-Tie,  It.    The  collective  body  of  a  na- 
tion under  civil  government. 


BOD'Y-SNATCH-ER,  n.  One  who  secretly  <  kinters 
the  botlies  of  the  dead  in  churchyards,  lor  the  pur- 
poses of  dissection.  jWi-'  Martineau. 

BOU'V-S.NA TCll-lNG,  n.  The  act  of  robbing  of  thu 
grave  tor  the  purposes  of  dissection.  Miss  Martincau. 

BOG,  11.  [Ir.  bog,  autl ;  boaacli,  a  marsh ;  boglia,  a 
bow  ;  li,i"-7Mi//i,  to  bend  ;  Sax.  bugan ;  U.  boofien,  to 
bend.  Soft  is  llexible,  yielding  to  pressure,  bending. 
See  Bow.] 

1.  A  quagmire  covered  with  grass  or  other  plants. 
It  is  defined  by  war.A  and  morass,  but  dilTers  from  a 
marsh,  as  a  part  from  the  n  hole.  Wet  grounds  are 
either  bogs,  which  are  the  softest,  and  too  soft  to  b.'ar 
a  man  ;  Inarshcs  or  fens,  which  are  less  solt,  but  very 
wet;  or  stcamps,  which  are  soft,  spongy  land,  upon 
the  surface,  hut  sustain  man  and  heasl,  and  are  olicn 
mowed. 

2.  A  Utile  elevated  spot  or  clump  ol  earth,  in 
marshes  and  swamps,  filled  wiib  roots  ond  grass. 
[  THis  is  a  common  use  ttftlic  word  in  J^eio  Knglaiul.] 

BOO,  V.  t.    To  whelm  or  plunge,  as  in  mud  and  mire. 

Jonson. 
BOG'-BEA.M,  II.  [bog  and  bean  :  called  buclc-bean.] 
iMeuyanthes,  a  plant,  the    marsh-trefoil,    which 
grows  in  moist  and  marshy  places,  having  beautiful 
llowers  and  intensely  bitter  leaves.  Jiootlu 

DOG'-liEK-KY,  n.  [bog  and  berry.]  .\.  species  ol 
Dxycoctus,  a  name  of  the  cranberry  growing  in  low 
lands  and  marshy  places.  F.im.  of  Plants. 

BOG'OLE,  i:  i.     (Qu.  VV.  Incgwl,  a  terriryiiig.] 

1.  To  doubt ;  to  hcsitaU; ;  to  stop,  as  if  afraid  to 
proceed,  or  as  if  impeded  by  unforeseen  diflicullies ; 
to  [day  fast  and  loose. 

(jranviUe. 


Wc  boggle  at  every  imiuutd  appcarana'. 

2.  To  dissemble.  ,  HotccU. 

BOG'GLE,  V.  t.  To  embarrass  with  difficulties;  a 
popular  or  vulgar  use  of  the  word  in  tlic  United  States. 

BOG'GL£D,w  Perplexed  and  impeded  by  sudden_ 
dinicullies;  embarrassed. 

BtJG'GLEU,  n.  '  .\  doubter  ;  a  timoroui  man.    Sltak. 

BOG'GLING,  ppr.  Starting  or  stopping  at  dilficulties  ; 
hesitating.  „,    , 

HOG'fJLlSlI,  a.     Doubtful.     [JVot  tuicd.]  Taylor. 

W  IG'G  Y,  a.  [from  bag.]    Containing  bogs  ;  full  of  bogs. 

ItOG'-HOUSE,  n.  [bog  and  lunise.]     A  house  of  ollice. 

BOG'-L.VND,  a.  [log  and  land.]  Living  in  or  per- 
taining to  a  marshy  country.  Drydcn. 

bog'gle  I  "•    t^^- '"'"'  *  ''"B'"''"'  °''  eoi'iinO 

.\  bugbear  ;  a  specter. 

liOG'-.MOSS,  71.  The  Spagnum,  a  genus  of  aquatic 
moss  jilants. 

BOG '-ORE,  n.  .\n  ore  of  iron  found  in  boggy  or 
swampy  land ;  a  variety  of  brown  iron  ore,  or 
liiiionitc. 

BOG'-RUSH,  n.  [bog  and  rush.]  A  rush  that  grows 
ill  bogs,  the  Schteuus.  Pennant. 

BOG'-SPAV-IN,  II.  [bog  and  spaoin.]  In  horses,  an 
encysted  tumor  on  the  inside  of  the  hough,  contain- 
ing a  gelalinous  matter.  Encyc. 

BOG'-TROT-TER,  ii.  [bog  and  trot.]  One  who  lives 
in  a  boggv  country.  Joknson. 

BOG'-WllOBT,  II.  [6o»  :ind  mlioH.]  The  bilberry  or 
whortleberry  growing  in  low  lands.  Fam.  of  Plants. 

BO-llK.-V,  n.     [Grosier  informs  iis  that  this  is  named 
from  a  mountain  in  China,  crUlcd  foK-j  or  yoo-y. 
Vol.  i.  467.] 
A  sort  of  coarse  or  low-priced  tea  Irom  China ;  a 

Bfi'HUN  tj'PAS.    See  Upas.  [sort  of  black  lea. 

BOl'SU,     (  n.     In  t/K  iiiusmii  finp'",  a  nobleman  ;  a 

BOY'AU,  )  lord  ;  a  person  of  quality  ;  a  soldier. 
This  word  answers  nearly  to  baron  in  Great  Britain, 
and  other  countries  in  the  west  of  Europe. 

Toohe.    EUtn. 

BOI'A-RIN,  n.  In  Russia,  a  gentleman ;  a  person  of 
distinction  ;  the  master  of  a  family. 

Tookc.     RiLss.  Diet. 

BOIL,  V.  i.  [Fr.  bouittir;  L.  buUio;  It.  bollire ;  Sp. 
buUir,  to  boil  ;  L.  buUa,  a  bubble  ;  Russ.  but,  the  noise 
of  boiling  water ;  It.  liolla,  a  bubble,  or  blister;  Elh. 

(^^(hfalch,  Ainh.  d^^  falc,  to  boil ;  W.  bdau,  to 
spring.    Uu.  Sax.  wraifcn,  to  well,  to  boil.] 

1.  To  swell,  he.avc,  or  be  agitjited  by  the  action  ol 
heat ;  to  bubble ;  to  rise  in  bubbles ;  as,  tiie  water 
boih.  In  a  chemical  sense,  to  pass  from  a  li<iuid  to 
an  auriform  state  or  vapor,  at  the  boiling  point. 

2.  To  be  agitated  by  any  other  cause  than  heat ; 
as,  the  boiling  waves  which  roll  and  foam. 

3.  To  bo  hot  or  fervid ;  to  swell  by  nativ.;  heat, 
vigor,  or  irritation  ;  as,  the  bailing  blood  of  youth  ;  his 
blood  bods  with  auger. 

4.  To  be  in  boiling  water  ;  to  suft'cr  boiling  heat  in 
water  or  other  liquid,  tor  cookery  or  other  purpose. 

5.  To  bubble ;  to  effervesce ;  as  a  mixture  ol  an 
acid  and  a  carbonate. 

7b  boil  away  ;  to  evaporate  by  boiling. 

To  boil  over,  is  to  run  over  the  top  of  a  vessel,  as 
liquor  when  thrown  into  violent  agitation  by  heat  or 
otlier  cause  of  effervescence. 
BOIL,  ti.  t.  To  dress  or  cook  in  boiling  water ;  to 
seethe  ;  to  extract  the  juice  or  quality  of  any  thing 
by  boiling. 


BOL 

2.  To  prepare  for  some  use  in  boiling  liquor ;  as, 
to  boil  silk,  thread,  or  cloth.  To  form  by  boiling  and 
evaporation.  This  word  is  applied  to  a  variety  of 
processes  for  diUerent  purposes;  as,  to  boil  salt  or 
sugar,  jcc.  In  general,  boiling  is  a  violent  agitation, 
occasioned  by  heat ;  to  bod  a  liquor  is  to  subject  it  to 
heat  till  it  bubbles,  and  to  bod  any  solid  substuuce  is 
to  subject  it  to  heat  In  a  boiling  liquid. 
BOIL,  n.  [D.  built  Ger.  beulc:  Dan.  bylde;  Sax.  bUt; 
Arm.  bail,  a  blister  ;  Sw.  bula,  a  protuberance ;  D. 
bol,  plump ;  Ger.  bolle,  a  bud,  n  gem  ;  Ir.  buile,  rage, 
madness  ;  Pcis.  pallo,  a  wart,  an  ulcer,  a  boil ;  VV. 
bal,  a  jironiinence.] 

A  circumscribed  subcutaneous  inflammation,  cliar- 
actorized  by  a  pointed  pustular  tumor,  and  suppurat- 
ing with  a  cenlnil  core  ;  a  penincutus. 
BOIL'A-RY,  71.    The  water  which  arises  from  a  salt 
well,  belonging  to  one  who  hos  no  right  in  the  soil. 

Bouvier. 
BOIL'BD,  pp.  or  0.    Dressed  or  cooked  by  boiling ; 

subjected  to  the  action  of  boiling  liquor. 
BOIL'ER,  II.     \  person  who  boils. 

2.  A  vessel  in  which  any  thing  is  boiled.  A  large 
pan,  or  vessel  of  iron,  copper,  or  brass,  iiseil  in  dis- 
tilleries, pot-ash  works,  ami  the  like,  for  boiling  largo 
quantities  of  litptor  at  onrc. 
BOIL'ER-Y,  11.  A  place  for  boiling  sidt,  and  Ilie  ap- 
paratus. Johnson. 
BOIL'ING,  ppi-.  or  a.  Bubbling  ;  heaving  in  bublilis ; 
being  agitated  as  boiling  liquor  ;  swelling  with  heat, 
ardor,  or  piLssion  ;  dressing  or  preparing  for  some  pur- 
pose by  hot  water. 

Boiling  point;  tlio  temperature  at  which  a  Hind  is 
converted  into  vapor,  with  the  phenomena  ol  ebul- 
lition. This,  in  water,  is  212' ;  in  alcohol,  170" ;  in 
ether,  9e°  ;  in  mercury,  06'.  Brandt. 

BOIL'ING,  II.  The  act  or  slate  of  bubbling ;  agitation 
by  heat;  ebullition;  the  act  of  dressing  by  hot 
water;  the  act  of  preparing  by  hot  water,  or  of  evap- 
omting  by  heat. 
BOIS'TER-OaS,  0.  [Dan.  past,  a  puff,  a  blast ;  pitxc, 
and  Sw.  pustu,  to  blow  ;  I).  bysUr  ;  Dan.  bister,  fu- 
rious, raging  ;  W.  bwyst,  wild,  savage,  whence  droit.] 

1.  Loud  ;  roaring ;  violent ;  stormy ;  as,  a  4oij- 
terous  wind. 

2.  Turbulent;  furious;  tumultuouB ;  noisy;  as,  a 
boisterous  man. 

3.  Largo  ;  unwieldy  ;  huge ;  clumsily  violent ;  as, 
a  iioiiteroits  club.     [Obs.]  Spenser.      ' 

4.  Violent ;  as,  a  boisterous  heat.  Woodaard. 
BOIS'TEll-OUS-LY,  ado.     Violently ;  furiously  ;  with 

loud  noise  ;  tumultiiously. 

BOIS'TER-OUS-NESS,  7i.  The  slate  or  quality  of 
being  boisterous  ;  turbulence  ;  disorder  ;  lumullu- 
ousness. 

Bo'LA-KY,  a.  [See  Bolh.J  Pcrtammg  to  bole  or 
clay,  or  partaking  of  its  nature  and  qualities.  Brumi. 

BOL'BI-TINE,  17.  An  epithet  given  to  one  of  the 
channels  of  the  Nile,  by  which  its  waters  are  dis- 
charged into  the  Mediterranean.  It  is  Ihe  second 
from  West  to  East,  but  nearly  filled  with  sand. 

D^Anville.     Encye. 

BOLD,  a.  [Sax.  hald,  bcald  ;  D.  boat,  contntcted  ;  It. 
baldo,  bold  ;  baldanza,  presumption  :  imbaldan-.ire,  to 
embolden.  The  sense  is,  open,  forwiud,  msliing 
forward.]  . ,     .     , 

1.  Daring;  courageous;  brave  ;  intrepid  ;  tearless ; 
applied  to  men  or  otlur  animals  ;  as,  bald  as  a  lion. 

2.  Requiring  courage  in  the  execution;  executed 
with  spirit  or  boldness  ;  planned  with  courage  and 
spirit :  as,  a  bold  enterprise. 

3.  Confident ;  not  timorous. 
Wc  were  bold  in  our  Ijod  to  ape.tlt  to  yon.  —  I  Tlip».  ii. 

4.  In  (111  ill  sense,  rude,  forward,  impudent. 

5.  Licentious ;  showing  gre.lt  liberty  of  fiction  or 
expression  ;  as,  the  figures  of  an  author  .are  bold. 

6.  Standing  out  to  view  ;  striking  to  the  eye  ;  as, 
bold  figures  in  painting,  sculpture,  and  architecture. 

7.  Steep ;  abrupt ;  prominent ;  as,  a  bold  shore, 
which  enters  the  water  almost  perpendicularly,  so 
that  ships  can  approach  near  to  land  without  danger. 

Where  ibc  bold  ope  iw  wiiminu  fureheiiJ  ream.       Trumbull. 

To  malic  bold ;  to  take  freedoms ;  a  common,  but 
not  a  correct  phrase.     To  be  bold,  is  better. 

Hold,  71.  u    To  make  daring.     [jVot  used.]        Hall. 

BOLD'£N,  II.  (.  To  make  bold  ;  to  give  confidence. 
This  is  nearly  disused,  being  superseded   by  Em- 

BOLDEM.  ASCIUUIU 

BoLD'ER.  a.  camp.    More  bold  or  daring. 
BoLD'EST,  a.  superl.     Most  bolil  or  confident. 
B6LD'-P.4CE,  71.  [bold  and  /ace.]     Impudence  ;  saucl- 
ness  ;  a  term  of  reprehension  and  reproach. 

L^EsIrt 


^Estrange. 
B0LD'-F.4C-KD,  (lastc,)  a.  Impudent.  BramkalL 
BoLD'LY,  aJv.  In  a  bold  manner ;  courageoiislv  ;  in- 
trepirllv  :  without  timidity  or  fe.ar  ;  with  confidence. 
Somejnies,  perhaps,  in  a  bad  sense,  for  impudently. 
BOLD'NESS,  r.  Courage;  bravery;  intrepidity; 
spirit;  fearlessness.  I  can  not,  with  Johnson,  inter- 
pret this  word  by  ftirliluile  or  magnanimity.  Boldness 
docs  not,  I  think,  imply  the  firmness  of  mind  which 
constitutes  fortitude,  nor  the  elevation  and  generosity 
of  magnanimity. 


FATE,  F.^R,  F/VLL,  ViTHAT.  -  METE,  PREY.  -  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  -  NOTE,  DOVE^MOVE,  WQLF.  BQQK.  -  ^__  || 


134 


BOL 

9.  Prominence  ;  ihc  quality  of  exceeding  tiie  ordi- 
nor>"  nilcs  of  scnipulous  nicety  iind  cautitm  ;  applied 
to  style,  crpressioti,  and  mrtaphors  in  laiig-uave ;  and  to 
Ji<rures  iu  jmintht:,',  scutptiire,  and  architecture. 
"3.  Freedom  from  timidity  ;  liberty. 

Great  is  my  boldness  of  speech  towanj  you.  — 2  Cor.  vii. 

4.  Confidence  ;  confident  trust. 

We  have  boldness  and  access  with  cunfideuo'.  ■ — Eph.  iii. 

5.  Freedom  from  bashfulness ;  assurance  ;  con- 
fident mien.  Bacun, 

6.  Proniinence  j  steepness ;  as,  the  boldness  of  the 
shore. 

7.  Excess  of  freedom,  bordering  on  impudence. 

Hooker. 
BoLD'-S FIR' IT-ED,  a.   HavinR  bold  spirit  or  courage. 
BoLK,  71.     [S\v.  bol;  Dan.  6«;.] 

I.  The  body  ur  stem  of  a  tree.  Drijdcii. 

9.  A  measure  of  corn,  containing  j^ix  bushels. 

Mortimer. 
Bot-E,  n.  A  kind  of  fine  clay,  often  highly  colored  by 
iron.  Its  color  is  reddish  yellow  of  v;irious  shades, 
often  with  a  tinpe  of  brown,  sometimes  passiuj^  to 
reddish,  yellowish,  or  blackish  brown,  flesh  red,  or 
yellowish  white.  It  is  opaque  or  a  little  translucid, 
especially  at  the  edges,  in  the  red  and  yellow  vari- 
eties. It  is  compact,  and  its  fracture  conchoidal.  It 
is  brittle,  smooth,  a  little  unctuous,  and  receives  a 
polish  from  the  finder  nail.  It  adheres  to  the  tongue, 
melts  by  degrees  in  the  mouth,  and  impresses  a  slight 
sense  of  asfringency.  Ckaveland. 

ATmenian  bolp,  is  of  a  bright  red  colnr  with  a  tinge 
of  yellow,  harder  than  the  other  kinds,  and  of  a 
roush,  dusty  surface. 

Bale  of  Blois,  is  yellow,  lighter  than  the  other  kinds, 
and  it  efl^ervesces  with  acids. 

Bohemian  boh,  is  of  a  yellow  color,  with  a  cast  of 
red,  and  of  a  flaky  texture. 

French  bole,  is  of  a  pale  red  color,  variegated  with 
specks  of  white  and  yellow. 

Lemnian  bole,  is  of  a  pale  red  color. 
SileMan  bole,  is  of  a  pale  yellow  color.  Encijc. 

BO-Le'RO,  n.    A  favorite  dance  in  Eijpain. 
BO-LET'IC,  a.    Boletic  acid,  is  an  acid  discovered  by 
Braconnot  in  the  juice  of  the  Boletus  fomcntariusj 
vwr.j)seitdo-iaiuaritL$. 
BO-Le'TUS,  n.     [L.]    A  genus  of  Mushrooms,  con- 
mining  nianv  species. 
BO'LIS,  n.     [L.,  from  Gr   $0X1^,  a  dart;   /jaAAw,  to 
throw.] 

A  fire-ball  darting  througli  the  air,  followed  by  a 
train  of  light  or  sparks. 
B6LL,  n.     f  VV.  bid,  a  seed-vessel ;  Sax  bolla,  a  bowl.] 
The  pod  or  capsule  of  a  plant,  as  of  flax  ;  a  peri- 
carp.   Bole,  a  measure  of  six  bushels,  is  sometimes 
written  in  this  manner. 
BoLL,  V.  i.    To  form  into  a  pericarp  or  seed-vessel. 

The  barley  was  in  the  e.ir  ami  (Jit:  fl^ix  w»s  tolled.  —  Kx.  ix. 

Heb.  hv^^i  Gr.  cnspfiaTi^oi',  as  imnslated  by  the 
Seventy. 

BOL'LARD  TIM'BERS,  in  a  ship,  or  knight-lieads, 
are  two  timbers,  rising  just  within  the  stem,  one  on 
each  side  of  the  bowsprit,  to  secure  its  end. 

Mar.  Diet. 
In  docks,  bollards  are  large  posts  set  in  the  ground 
on  each  side,  to  wliich  are  lashed  large  blocks,  througli 
which  are  reeved  the  transporting  iiawsers  for  dock- 
ing and  undocking  ships.  Eitcijc. 

BOLL'INGS,  71.  pi.  Tollard  trees,  whose  tops  and 
branches  are  cut  off.  Ray. 

BO-L6GN'A-SAU'SA0E,  (bo-lo'na-,)  n.  A  large 
sausage  made  of  bacon,  veal,  and  pork-suet,  chopped 
fine^and  inclosed  in  a  skin. 

BO-LoGN'I-AN  SToiVE,  (bo-lo'ne-an  stone,)  71.  Ra- 
diated sulphate  of  barytes,  found  in  roundish  masses, 
composed  of  radiating  fibres,  first  discovered  near  Bo- 
logna.   It  is  phosphorescent  when  calcined. 

EoL'STER,  71.    [Sax.  bolster ;  Sw.  bolster ;  Ger.  pol- 

o 

ster ;  Dan.  bolstcr-djjne,  a  feather  bed  ;  Pers.  clXCil  U 

balislit.    In  Dutch,  bolster  is  a  husk,  cod,  or  sheih] 
1.  A  long  pillow  or  cusliion,  used  to  support  the 

iiead  of  persons  lying  on  a  bed  ;  generally  laid  under 

the  pillows. 
9.  A  pad,  or  quilt,  used  to  hinder  pressure,  support 

any  part  of  the  body,  or  make  a  bandage  sit  easy 

upon  a  wounded  part ;  a  compress. 

3.  In  saddlery,  a  part  of  a  saddle  raised  upon  the 
bows  or  hinder  part,  to  hold  the  rider's  thigh. 

Farrier's  Diet. 

4.  In  ship^j  a  cushion  or  bag,  filled  with  tarred 
canvas,  used  to  preserve  the  stays  from  being  worn 
or  chafed  by  the  masts.  Mar.  Diet. 

BOL'.STEU,  V  t.    To  support  with  a  bolster,  pillow,  or 
any  soft  pad  or  quiit. 
9.  To  support ;  to  hold  up  ;  to  maintain.     South. 
BoIj'STER,  r.  ;.    To  lie  together,  or  on  the  same  bol- 
ster. Shak. 
BoL'STER-ED,  a.    Swelled  out;  supported. 
BoL'STER-ER,  71.     A  support.-r. 
BoL.'STER-IXG,  n.    A  propping  up  or  supporting. 

Taylor. 


BOM 

BoLT,  7(.  [Dan.  bolt;  Ruas.  bolti  D.  bout;  G.  botzen; 
Sax.  bolta,  calapulta,  that  which  is  driven,  from  the 
root  of  Gr.  fJaWo},  L.  pello.] 

1.  An  arrow;  a  dart ;  a  pointed  shaft.    Dryden. 

2.  A  strong  cylindrical  pin,  of  iron  or  other  metfil, 
used  to  fasten  a  door;  a  plank,  a  chain,  &c.  In 
ships,  bolts  arc  used  in  the  sides  and  decks,  and 
have  different  names,  as  lag-bolts,  eye-bolts,  ring- 
bolts, chain-bolts,  &c.  In  gunnery,  there  are  prise- 
bolts,  transom-bolts,  traverse-bolts,  nnd  hrackct-boUs. 

3.  A  thunder-bolt ;  a  stream  of  lightning,  so  named 
f n  m  its  darting  like  a  bolt. 

'1.  The  quantity  of  twenty-eight  ells  of  canvas. 

Kncyc. 
Bolt  vftright;  as  erect  or  straight  up  as  an  arrow 
placed  on  its  head.  Orose. 

BoLT,  V.  t.    To  fa-sten  or  secure  with  a  bolt  or  iron 
pin,  whetlicr  a  door,  u  plank,  fetters,  or  any  thing 
else. 
9.  To  fasten ;  to  shackle  ;  to  restrain.  Sluik. 

3.  To  blurt  out ;  to  utter  or  throw  out  precipitately. 

I  luite  when  vice  can  bolt,  her  nrjumPiita.  Milton- 

In  this  sense  it  is  often  followed  by  cut. 

■1.  To  throw  precipitately;   to    swallow  without 
cliewing  ;  as,  to  holt  food  down  one's  throat. 
BoLT,  r.  t.     [Russ.  bolUnjn,  to  shaltc,  agitate,  babble  ; 
IVorm.  biiltrr,  a  bolting  si:;vp.] 

I.  To  sift  or  separate  bran  from  flour,  by  passing 
the  fine  part  of  meal  througli  a  cloth. 

9.  Among  sportsmen,  to  start  or  dislodge,  used  of 
conies. 

3.  To  examine  by  silting  ;  to  open  or  separate  the 
parts  of  a  subject,  to  find  the  tmlh ;  jicnerally  fol- 
lowed by  ouL  *'  Time  and  nature  will  bolt  out  the 
truth  of  things."     [ludrgaiiL]  L  'Estrange. 

4.  To  purify  ;  to  purge.     [Unusual.']  Shak. 

5.  To  discuss  or  argue,  as  at  Gray's  Inn,  where 
cases  are  privately  discussed  by  students  and  bar- 
risters. Encyc. 

BoLT,  11.  I.  To  shoot  forth  suddenly ;  to  spring  out 
with  speed  and  suddenness  ;  to  start  forth  like  a  bolt ; 
commonly  followed  by  out  j  as,  to  bolt  out  of  the 
2iouse,  or  oiU  of  a  den.  Dryden. 

BoLT'-AU-GER,  7!.  \bolt  and  anger.']  A  large  borer 
used  in  ship-building.  Ash. 

BoLT'-BoAT,  n.  [bolt  and  boat.]  A  strong  boat  that 
will  endure  a  rough  sea.  Ash. 

BoLT'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Made  fast  with  a  bolt ;  shot  forth  ; 
sitled  ;  examined. 

BoLT'ER,  71.     An  instrument  or  machine  for  sep- 
arating bran  fr<mi  flour,  or  the  coarser  part  of  meal 
from  tile  tiner. 
9.  A  kind  of  net.  Johison. 

BoLT'-HEAD,  (-bed,)  n.  [bolt  and  head.]  .  A  long, 
straight-neclceri,  glass  vessel  for  chemical  distillations, 
called  also  a  7natrass  or  receiver.  Johiison. 

BoLT'ING,  ppr.  Fastening  with  a  bolt,  or  bolts; 
blurting  out;  shooting  forth  suddenly;  separating 
bran  from  flour;  sifting;  examining;  discussing; 
dislodging. 

BoLT'ING,  71.  The  act  of  fastening  with  a  bolt  or 
bolts;  a  sifting;  discussion. 

B6LT'INa-€L0TII,  n.  [bolt  and  clotJu]  A  linen  or 
hair  cloth  of  wliich  bolters  are  made  for  sifting  meal. 

Encyc. 

BoLTaN(J-HOUSE,  n.  [bolt  and  house.]  The  house 
or  place  wjiere  meal  is  bolted.  Johnson. 

nriLT'ING-HUT0H,7i.    A  tub  for  bolted  flour. 

BoLT'LNG-JIILL,  n.  [bolt  and  77ii«.]  A  machine  or 
engine  fur  sifting  meal.  Encyc. 

BoLT'ING-TUB,  71.    A  tub  to  sift  meal  in. 

BoL'TON-ITE,  ti.  A  granular  rainertU  of  a  grayish 
or  yellowish  color,  found  m  Bolton,  Massachusetts ; 
chiefly  composed  of  silica  and  magnesia. 

BoLT'-RoPE,  71.  [bolt  mid  rope.]  A  rope  to  which 
tlie  edges  of  sails  are  sewed  to  strengthen  tliem. 
That  part  of  it  on  the  perpendicular  side  is  called  the 
leech-rope  ;  that  at  the  bottom,  the  foot-rope  ;  tliat  at 
tlie  top,  the  head-rope.  Mar.  Diet, 

BCLT'SPRIT,  n.  [From  the  universal  populiu-  pro- 
nunciation of  this  word,  this  may  have  been  the 
original  word  ;  but  I  doubt  it.]    See  Bowsprit. 

BoLT  UP-RIGHT',  a.  ot  adv.     Perfectly  upright. 

Bo'LUS,  71.     [L.  bolus;  Gr.  /JwAof,  a  mass.]       [Good. 

A  soft  mass  of  any  thing  medicinal  made  into  a 

large  pill,  to  be  swallowed  at  once.    It  may  be  of 

any  ingredients,  made  a  little  thicker  than  honey. 

Encyc. 

BOMB,  (buniO  71.     [L.  bombus ;  Gr.  0<ip0oS'] 

1.  A  great  noise  Bacon. 

9.  A  large  shell  of  cast  iron,  round  and  hollow, 
with  a  vent  to  receive  a  fusee,  which  is  made  of 
wood,  and  filled  with  inflammable  matter.  This 
being  filled  witii  gunpowder,  and  the  fusee  driven 
into  the  vent,  the  fusee  is  set  on  fire,  and  the  bomb 
is  thrown  from  a  mortar,  in  such  a  direction  as  to 
fall  into  a  fort,  city,  or  enemy's  camp,  when  it  bursts 
with  great  violence,  and  often  witJi  terrible  effect. 
The  inventor  of  bombs  is  not  known ;  they  came 
into  common  use  about  the  year  103-}.  Encyc. 

3.  The  stroke  upon  a  bell. 

BOMB,  V.  (.  To  attack  with  bombs ;  to  bombard.  [JV^ui 
used.]  Prior. 


BON 


BOMB,  r.  I.     'J'o  Hound.  B.  Jvmxom. 

BO.M'UARD,  (bnm'iwrd,)  n.    [imni  and  are/,  kind.  Kr. 

boinbardg;  J^p.  ami  IL  buinbarda.] 

1.  A  piece  of  Hhort,  thick  ordnance,  with  a  bre»- 

mouth,  fiirnmrly  utjt-d  ;  notn-  ■  •  ' '     ■ 

of  three  huiidruil  ixmrid-*'  ', 

ba-iili^k,  and  by  the  Dutch 
But  the  thing  and  the  nam..  .1.    ...  ,.„,^-.  „.  .-  . 

Encyc. 

2.  An  attack  with  bomb« ;  bombardmf;nL   BarU/^. 


3.  A  barrel ;  a  drinkinc-veaseL     [Ob».] 
BOM-nXRD',  (bum-bard',)  c.  L  To  attack  wil 


Ash. 

„  —   -ith  bomb* 

thrown  Irorn  mortars, 
BOM-BARD'ED,  pp.    Attacked  with  bombii. 
BoM-BAUD-li-:ll',  n.  On*:  whose  bu-sincju  '\a  lo  altcnd 

the  loading  and  firing  of  mortins. 
B0M-IJAUD-If:ll'  BEE'TLE,  n,     A  kind  -  •■  ' " 

the    hrachinus    crepitatu,  which,    under     . 

danger,  makes  a  discharge  like  that  ui 

with  a  sort  of  smoke  ;  hence  the  name.     \  „■   u  .... 

is  also  applied,  from  the  same  circuuulanct-,  10  oUier 

species  of  the  same  genus. 
BOM-B.\RD'L\G,    ppr.       Attacking   with  '-  ■' 

bombs. 
BO.M-BARD'.ME\T,  n.    An  attack  with  ' 

act  of  throwing  bombs  into  a  town,  for 

BOM-BAR'DO,  Ti  A  musical  instrument  - 
kind,  much  like  the  bassoon,  and  used  lj. 
the  hautbov. 

BOM-BA-sr.\'      f  n.   [Fr.]  A  twiUed  fabn 

BOM-BA-Z]t.\E',  i  the  warp  is  silk,  an  1 
worsted  ;  ordinarily  black. 

BOJi'BAST,  (l)um'basl,)  n.  Originally,  a  ~ 
loose  texture,  u^td  to  swell  earincnljj.  11 
sounding  words ;  an  intlaled  style;  fu.-i: 
ous  attempt,  by  strained  description,  to  r 

or  familiar  subject  above  its  rank,  wha...  ....; 

of  being  sublime,  never  fails  to  be  ridiculous. 

fnorc 

BOM'BAST,  a.    High-sounding;  inflated  ;  b'?  v-->uu.,n 
meaning. 

BOM-BAST'I€,  a.   Swelled ;  high-soundin.' 

fi;,    ■ 

BOM'BAST-RY,  n.     Swelling  words  wm 

meaning ;  fustian 
BOM'BaTE,  ;j.    a  salt  fonncd  by  the  con. 

bombic  acid  with  a  base.  / 

BOM'BAX,  n.    The  cotton-tree. 
BOM-BA-ZET',  Ti.    A  sort  of  thin  woolen  c  ;^:.i. 
BOMB'-CHEST,  h.     [bomb  rxn<\  che.^t.]     A  chesi  ii.l-  i 

with  bombs,  or  only  with  giinpowder,  placed  iukI- t 

ground,  to  make  destruction  bv  its  dLsplosion. 
BOM'Bie,  a.     [L.  bombyz,  a  silk-worm.] 

Pertaining  to  tlie  silk-wonn ;  as,  bombic  acid. 
BOM'BIC  ACID,  7t.     An  animal  acid  obtained  from 

silk  worms  and  raw  silk.    Its  ejtistencc  as  a  distinct 

acid  is  now  denied. 

[The  proper  term  is  bombydc  acid.j 
B0M-EI-La''J'ION,  71.     [L.  bombiio.] 

Sound;  report;  noist-.     [Litiie  used.]        Broxn. 
BOi\I'BITE,  «.    A  bluish-black  mineral  of  m...v.i..m,. 

composition,  found  in  Bombay  ;  apparonti 

of  flinty  slat'„'. 
BOMB'-KETCH,    >  n.    A  small  ship  or  • 
BOMB'-VES-SEL,  \       structed   for  thmv. 

into  a  fortress  from  the  sea,  and    built  r 

strong,  in  order  to  sustain  tlie  shocks  ( 

the  discharge  of  the  mortar?.     They  pi. 

rigged  ;ls  ketches.                                        ->.' 
BOMB'-PKOOF,  (bumS)a-    Secured  again,  i  i„ 

of  bombs. 
BOMlt'-SHELL,  (bum'shcU,)  n.    A  bomb,  or  hollow 

globe  of  iron,  lo  be  filled  with  powder,  and  thrown 

from  a  mort;ir. 
BOM-BYC'I-NOUS,  a,    [L.  bomb^dtttUy  ft^im  bombyz, 

a  silk-worm.] 

1.  Silken  ;  made  of  silk. 

2.  Being  of  the  color  of  the  silk-wonn  ;  transpo- 
rent  with  a  yellow  lint.  Danca* 

BO.M'BYX,  TI.     [h.]    The  silk-worm. 
BON,  a.     [Ft.,  from  L.  bonus.] 

Good  ;  valid  as  security  for  something. 
BON,  (bong.)  ji.    [Fr.  ban,  good.] 

A  good  s;tying  ;  a  jest ;  a  tale.  Spatser. 

BO'J^^A-FVDE,  [L.]    With  good  faiUi ;  without  fraud 

or  deceplmn. 
BO-NaIR',  a.     [It.  banarioy  from  L.  fronit.*.] 

Complaisant ;  Yielding.    [Jv'ot  used.] 
BO-NA-P.\RT'K-iVN,  a.    Pertaininc  lo  Bonaparte. 
B6'NA-PivUT-lSM,  n.    The  pohcy  or  manners  of  Bo- 
naparte. /_-■,-  ■--~':-^f- 

Bo'NA-P.\RT-IST,  n.    One  attached  to  V 

Bonaparte. 

BO'J\;-A  PER-I-TtPBA,   [L.]    Perishable  ^ 

BO'jVA  RrVBA,  m    [It.,  a  fine  gown.]  [ijoMco-. 

A  showy  wanton.  SA-si. 

BO-Na'SUS,  n.    [L.]    A  species  of  Bos.  or  v,  i  i  ,.v. 

witli  a  long  in:uie  ;  a  native  of  Asia  and 

is  of  the  size  of  a  bull. 
BOjyBOjVy  (bong'bong,)  «.     [Ft.]    Sugar  c.,.:.  :  -  ^ 

crv;  as»g;ir-plum. 
BOJV  CIIRETIFJ\^,  (bon-kret'yen,)  ».      [Fr.,  good 

Cluistian.]    A  kind  of  pear. 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K ;  6  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CU  as  SU ;  TU  as  in  THIS. 

1^ 


BON 

BO.VD,  II.     ri?ai.  bond.     Seo  Hand  and  llitvo.] 

1.  Any  thing  tliat  binds,  u^  a  cord,  a  chain,  a  rope ; 
a  band. 

2.  Ligament ;  Uint  whicli  holds  things  together. 

3.  Union  ;  connection  ;  a  binding. 

hH  wilb  Ix  so  conslnictnl  u  to  rial?  a  good  bond.    Mortimer. 

•I.  In  t/te  plvral,  chains ;  iinprisonnicnl ;  captivity. 

He  IijUi  iluiit:  nolliiii^  wortlijr  of  il<-iitli  or  of  bontU,  —  Acta. 

5.  Causo  of  union  ;  cement  whjcli  unites  ;  link  of 
connection ;  as,  the  bontU  of  affection. 

Ch-tiit;  y  tin  bOTtd  of  [«-r£-cui«« Col.  tii. 

6.  An  obligation  iinpo^in^  a  mom)  duty,  n*t  by  a 
vow  or  proniist?,  by  law,  or  other  means 

7.  In  (aie,  an  obligation  or  deed  by  which  a  person 
binds  himself,  his  heirs,  executors,' and  admini.sim- 
tors,  to  pay  a  certain  sum  on  or  before  a  future  day 
appointed.  This  \<t  a  :tin^fle  botul.  lint  n>^ually  a  con- 
dition is  added,  that,  if  the  oblicor  shnll  do  a  certain 
act,  or  pay  a  certain  sum  of  money,  on  or  before  a 
time  Pp*'CiIied,  the  obli<;ntion  shall  he  void  ;  other- 
wise it  shall  remain  in  full  force.  If  the  condition 
is  not  perl'urmed,  the  bond  becomes  forft-iicd,  and  the 
obligor  and  his  heirs  lire  liable  to  tlie  paymenl  v(  Uie 
whole  sum.  'BlacL-iUnu. 

8.  In  arehitecturcy  a  peculiar  mode  of  disposin-j 
bricks  in  a  wall ;  as,  Ka^Hiih  bonO^  where  one  course 
consists  of  bricks  with  their  ends  toward  the  face 
of  the  wall,  called  beader.-i,  and  the  next  course  of 
bricks  with  their  lengths  parallel  to  the  face  of  the 
wall,  called  stretchers  ;  Fhmish  bond^  where  each 
course  consisUj  of  headers  and  stretchers  alternate- 
ly. Braiule, 

BOND,  o.  [for  bound.]  In  a  state  of  servitude  or  sla- 
very ;  captive. 

Wbethrr  we  be  Jews  or  Gentiles ;  whether  \«  be  boiut  or  fa-o.  — 
1  Cor.  xii. 

BOND,  P.  (.  To  0VC  bond  for,  as  for  duties  or  customs 
at  a  custom-house  ;  to  secure  payment  of,  by  giving 
a  bond. 

On  th-ir  reshipment  and  txportutimi,  ol^inl  clranocn  \\erc 
pven,  til  which  no  mcnUoti  wiu  tnailc  tint  Uw:  cnTt(o  con- 
iutnl  o(  bonded  or  dcbcniurcd  goods.      War  in  Ditsuist. 

In  the  United  Stales^  it  is  applied  to  the  goods  on 
which  the  customs  arise,  and  to  the  duties  secured 
by  bond. 
BOND' AGE,  11.  Slavery  or  involuntary  servitude; 
captivity  ;  imprisonment  ;  restraint  of  a  person's 
liberty  by  compulsion.  In  ancient  English  lawj  vil- 
lenage. 

S.  Obligation ;  tie  of  duty. 

lie  murt  resolve  not  to  be  brought  urnlcr  th^:  bondage  of  obef^rving 
oalha.  South. 

3.  In  SeripturCy  spiritual  subjection  to  sin  and  cor- 
rupt passions,  or  to  the  yoke  of  the  ceremonial  law  ; 
servile  ftnr.     Heb.  ii.    Gal.  ii.     Rom.  vhi. 

BOXD'-eUED'IT-OK,  n.  A  creditor  who  is  secured 
by  a  bond.  Blnckstonc. 

BOXD'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Secured  by  bond,  as  duties. 
bonded  goods,  are  those  for  the  duties  on  which, 
bonds  are  given  at  ihu  custom-house. 

BOXD'.MaID,  71.  [band  and  maid.]  A  female  slave,  or 
one  bound  to  service  without  wages,  in  opposition  to 
a  hired  servant. 

BO.ND'MAN,  n.  [bond  and  man.]  A  man  slave,  or  one 
bound  to  ser\*ice  without  wages.  In  old  English  laity 
a  villain,  or  tenant  in  villcnage. 

BOXD'-SERV-ANT,  «.  [bond  nnd  sen  ant,]  A  slave  ; 
one  who  is  subjected  to  the  autliority  of  another,  or 
whose  person  and  liberty  are  restrained. 

IIO.\n'-HERV-ICE,  71.  [bond  and  ^cn-icc]  The  con- 
dition of  a  bond-ser\'ant  j  slaverj'. 

BON"D'-SL.\VE,  ji.  [bond  nnd  slave.]  A  person  in  a 
state  of  slaTery ;  one  whose  person  and  liberty  are 
subjected  to  the  autliority  of  a  master. 

BONDS'MAN,  Ti.     [bond  mid  man.]     A  slave.     [Obs.] 

Drrham. 
2.  A  surety' ;  one  who  is  bound,  or  who  gives  secu- 
rity, for  another. 

BO\ns'\VO.M-AN,  ;  71.     [bond  and  icommu  I    A  wom- 

IU)Nr)'\yO.M-/VN,    S     an  slave.  A  ./o«.wn. 

BOX'Dl'L",  n.  A  si)ecies  of  Guilandina,  or  vickar-treFy 
the  yellow  nickar,  a  climbinj?  plant,  a  native  of  the 
West  Indies,  bearing  a  pod  containing  two  hard 
seeds  of  the  size  of  a  child's  marble.  Ennjc. 

B5NE,  n.  [jSax.  ban ;  Sw.  ben  ;  1).  beniy  bone  or  leg  ; 
Ger.  bein,  a  leg ;  Dan.  been,  leg  or  bone.  Tlie  sense 
probably  is,  that  which  is  set  or  fixed.] 

I.  A  firm,  hard  substance,  of  a  dnil  white  color, 
composing  the  skeleton  or  tinner  part  of  the  body, 
in  the  higher  orders  of  animals.  The  bones  of  an 
animal  support  all  the  softer  parts,  as  the  tlcsh  and 
vessels.  They  var>'  in  texture  in  diifcrenl  bones,  and 
in  different  parts  of  the  same  bone.  The  long  bones 
arc  compact  in  their  middle  portion,  with  a  central 
cavity  occupied  by  a  network  of  plates  and  fihi-rs, 
and  cellular  or  spongy  at  the  extremities.  The  tlat 
bones  are  compact  externally,  and  ecllrilar  internally. 
The  bones  in  a  fetus  are  soli  and  cartilaginous,  but 
they  gradually  harden  with  age.  'I'he  ends  of  the 
louL'  bones  are  larger  than  the  middle  part,  which 
renders  the  articulations  more  firm,  and  in  the  fetus 
Jhey  are  distinct  portions,  called  epiphijaes.  Bones  arc 


BON 

supplied  with  blood-vessels,  and  in  the  fetus,  or  in  a 
diseased  stale,  are  ver>-  vascular.  They  are  also  fur- 
nished with  nerves  and  nb>orbents,  though  less  easi- 
ly delected  in  u  sound  slate,  'i'hey  are  covered  witli 
a  thin,  strung  mcmbmne,c:dled  the  ;frnWff-um,  which, 
together  with  the  bones,  has  ver>'  lillle  sensibility  in 
a  sound  stale,  but  when  intlunu'd  is  extrriiiely  sensi- 
ble. 'I'heir  cells  and  cavities  are  occupied  by  a  fatly 
substance,  called  the  incdulla  or  marrow.  'J'hey  con- 
sist of  earthy  matter  railnr  more  Uian  half,  fatty  mut- 
ter one  tenth,  and  cartilage  about  one  third  of  the 
whole.  The  earthy  matter  gives  them  their  solidity, 
and  consists  of  phosphate  of  lime,  with  a  small  por- 
tion of  carbonate  of  linie  and  phosphate  of  magnesia. 
Ci/c.  fi'istar.  Thomson, 
2,  A  piece  of  bone,  with  tiragments  of  meat  adher- 
ing to  it. 

To  be  upon  the  bonesy  is  to  attack.  [Little  uscdj  and 
vulvar.] 

To  make  no  bonesy  is  (o  make  no  scniplu  ;  a  meta- 
phor taken  from  a  dog  who  greedily  swallows  meat 
that  lias  no  bones.  Johnson. 

Bone.^ ;  a  sort  of  bobbins,  made  of  bones  or  ivory, 
for  weaving  lace  ;  also,  dice.  Johnson. 

BONE,  V.  t.    To  take  out  bones  from  the  flesh,  as  in 

cookery.  Johnson. 

2.  To  put  whalebone  into  stays.  W.^A. 

Bo\E'-aCE,  n.  {bone  and  ace.]  A  game  at  cards,  in 
which  he  who  has  the  highest  card  turned  up  to  him 
wins  the  bone,  that  is,  one  half  the  stake.     Encyc. 

BoXE'-ACIIE,  (-ake,)  n.    Pain  in  the  bones.    Uliulc. 

BCNE'-liLACK,  n.  The  black  carbonaceous  sub- 
stance into  which  bones  are  converted  by  calcina- 
tion, in  close  vessels  :  cidled  also  animal  charcoid.  It 
is  used  us  a  decolorizing  material  and  as  a  black  pig- 
ment. Ure. 

B6N'KD,  pp.    Deprived  of 'bones,  as  in  cookery. 

BoN'A'D,  a.  Having  bones  j  used  in  composition ;  as, 
hish-boncdy  strong-boned. 

Bo.N'E'-DUST,  71, '  Ground  or  pulverized  bones,  used" 
as  a  powerful  manure. 

BOiNE'-EARTII,  (-erth,)  n.  The  earthy  residuum  af- 
ter the  calcination  of  bone,  consisting  chiefly  of 
phosphate  of  lime. 

BG.\E'-LACE,  7J.  [bone  and  lace.]  A  lace  made  of 
linen  thread,  so  called  because  woven  with  bobbins 
of  bone.     \^Obs.] 

BO.VE'LESS,  a.  Without  bones ;  wanting  bones ;  as, 
boneless  gums.  Shah. 

BONE'-SET,  1*.  (.  [bone  and  set.]  To  set  a  dislocated 
bone  ;  to  unite  broken  bones.  U^iscman. 

BoXE'-SET,  71.  A  plant,  the  thoroughwort,  a  siwcies 
of  eupatoriuui. 

BoNE'-SET-TER,  n.  [bone  and  set.]  One  wliose  oc- 
cupation is  to  set  and  restore  broken  and  dislocated 
bones. 

BoXE'-SET-TING,  v.  'J'hat  branch  of  surgery  which 
consists  in  replacing  broken  and  luxated  bones;  the 
practice  of  setting  bones. 

BoNE'-SPAV-IX,  M.  [bone  and  spavin.]  A  bony  ex- 
crescence, or  hard  swelling,  on  the  inside  of  the  hock 
of  a  horse's  leg;  usually  cured  by  blistering  and  firing, 
or  caustic  blisters.  Kncvc. 

BO-NET'TA,  71.     A  sea  fish.     Qu.  Bonita.     Herbert. 

BON'FIRE,  n.     [Fr.  iwr,  good,  and  Jive.] 

A  fire  made  as  an  expression  of  public  joy  and  ex- 
uUati(tn. 

BON'GRaCE,  7f.     [Fr.  bonne  and  grace.] 

A  covering  for  the  forehead.  [A'^otitsed,]  Beanvi. 

Bn'M-FORM,  a.    Of  a  gooii  shape. 

B0N'I-F5",  r- ^    To  convert  into  good.     [^TotMsed.] 

CudiDorOi. 

BoN'INGJ,  ppr.    Depriving  of  bones. 

BO-Xt'To,  71.  [Sp.]  A  fish  of  the  Tunny  kind, 
growing  to  the  lengtli  of  three  feet,  found  on  the 
American  coast  and  in  tlie  tropical  climates.  It  has 
a  greenish  back,  and  a  white,  silvery  belly. 

IlawksiDorOt.     Pennant.     Diet,  of  JSTat,  Ifist, 

BOJtT'MOT'y  (bong'nio',)  n.  [Fr.  ban,  good,  and  vioty 
a  word.]     A  jest ;  a  witty  repartee. 

BOJ^J\rK  BOVCHKy  (bon  boosh,)  n.  [Fr.]  A  deli- 
cious morsel  or  mouthful. 

BON'NET,  71,     [Fr.  bonnet;   Sp.  bonete:   Ir.  boinead ; 
Arm.  boned.] 

1.  A  covering  for  the  head,  in  common  use  before 
the  introduction  of  hnts.  The  word,  as  now  used, 
signifies  a  cover  for  the  head,  worn  by  females,  close 
at  the  sides,  and  projecting  over  the  forehead. 

2.  In  fort^catioTiy  a  small  work  witli  two  faces, 
having  only  a  parapet,  with  two  rows  of  palisades 
about  10  or  12  feet  disLinl.  Generally,  it  is  raised 
above  the  salient  angle  of  the  counterscarp,  and  com- 
municates with  the  covered  way.  Enaje. 

Btmuct  d  prctre,  or  priest's  bonnet,  is  an  outw'ork, 
having  at  the  head  three  salient  angles  and  two  in- 
ward. Johnsoji. 

'3.  In  sea  language,  an  addition  to  a  sail,  or  an  ad- 
ditional part  laVed  to  the  foot  of  a  sail,  in  small  ves- 
sels, and  in  moderate  winds.  Mar.  Diet. 
BON'NET-ED,  a.     Wearing  a  bonnet. 
BON'NET-PEP'PER,  n.    A  species  of  Capsicum,  or 

Guinea  pepper.  Fam.  of  Plants. 

BON'NI-BEL,  71.     [Fr.  bonne  and  belle.] 

A  handsome  girl.  Spenser. 


BOO 

BON'NI-LASS,  n.     [bonny  and  laM  -     ^  .-uautifiil  girl. 

Spenser. 
BON'M-LY,  a</p.     [See  Bow.xv.j    Ss:r.',  hantlsomo- 

ly  ;  ptuinply. 
B0\'.\1-.\ESS,  n.     Gayely;  hasutWD>iuess  ;  pluinp* 

ness.     [Littie  used.] 
BON'.VY,  a.     [Fr.  &o;(,  bonney  good;    ^  bonus.    See 

Boo^.l 

1.  Handsome  ;  beautiftil, 

Tttl  bonnt/  Siisnu  sped  acron  the  plain .  Coy. 

2.  Gay ;  merry ;  frolicsome  i  checrfaJ ;  bliiiie. 

BliUic  ami  bonoij,  Shak. 

3.  In  familiar  language-y  plump,  irf  plump  and 
heidthfiil  itersons  are  most  inclinei.  to  iiiirlh. 

[  This  teord  is  much  used  in  Scotlanc  , 

BON'NV,  71.  Among  tnincrsy  a  bed  o>  ore,  differing 
from  a  stpiat  in  being  round,  whereas  a  squat  is  flat; 
or  a  distinct  bed  of  ore,  that  communicates  with  no 
vein.  B  liley.    Enciie, 

BON'NY-eLAB'BER,  w.      [ftu.  bonnyy  or  Ir.  b'aitu, 

milk,  and  clabber :  At.  uJ  labay  blessings ;  G.  lab  i  D. 
leby  rennet.] 
A  word  used  in  Ireland  for  sourl'utlennilk. 

Johnson, 
It  is  used,  in  America,  for  nny  milk  tliat  is  turmd, 
or  become  thick  in  the  process  of  souring,  and  ap- 
plied only  to  that  part  which  is  thick. 

BON'TEX,  7(.     A  niUTOW  woolen  stuff. 

£OJV^-7'"OJV,Cbong'tong',)  71.  [Fr.]  The  hight  of  the 
fashion. 

BOWUM  MJiG'J\rUMy  [L.J  A  kind  of  plimi.  .Johnson. 

Bo'XUS,  71.  [L.]  A  premium  given  for  a  loan,  or  for 
a  charter  or  other  privilege  gnmted  to  a  company. 

2.  An  extra  dividend  to  the  Klinrcholders  of  a  joint- 
stock  company,  out  of  accumulated  profits.     Oilbrrt. 

BOJ^-Vl-VAJ^^'y  (bong-ve-vilng',)7i.  [Fr.]  A  good 
fellow  ;  a  jovial  companion. 

B5'XY,  a.     [from  bone.]    Consisting  of  bones  ;  full  of 
bones  ;  pertaining  to  bones. 
2.  Having  large  or  prominent  bones  ;  stout ;  strong. 

BOX'ZE,  (bon'zy,)  n.  A  Boodhist  priest^  a  name  used 
in  China,  Tonkin,  and  the  ncighhormg  countries. 
In  China,  tht;  bonzes  are  the  priests  of  the  Fohists, 
or  sect  of  Fohi.  They  an?  distinguished  from  the 
laity  by  their  dress.  In  Japan,  lliey  arc  gentlemen 
of  taniily.  In  Tuukin,  eyer>-  pagoda  has  at  least  two 
bonzes  belonging  to  it,  and  some  have  thirty  c)r  forty. 
In  China,  ihe  nnrnber  of  bonzes  is  estimated  nt  fitly 
thousand,  and  they  are  represented  as  idle,  dissolute 
men.  Enajc. 

BOO'BY,  7(.  [Sp.  boboy  a  dunce  or  idiot,  a  ruff  for  the 
Kjck,  a  bufloon,  tlie  bird  bobo.  Qw.  Gcr.  bube,  a 
boy.] 

1.  A  dtmce :  a  stupid  fellow ;  a  lubber ;  one  void 
of  wisdom  or  intellect.  Prior. 

2.  A  fowl,  allied  to  the  Pelican  genus,  the  Sula 
fusca,  of  a  brown  and  white  color,  uuich  varied  in 
different  individuals.  This  fowl  is  found  among  the 
Bahama  Ish's,  feeds  upon  fish,  and  lays  its  eggs  on 
the  bare  rocks.  It  has  a  joint  in  the  upper  matidiblo, 
by  which  it  can  raise  it  without  opening  the  mouth. 

Encyc. 

BOO'BY,  a.    Having  tlie  characteristics  of  a  booby. 

BOO'BY-HUT,  ".  A  kind  of  covered  sleigh,  so  ciillcd 
in  the  eastern  part  of  the  United  States. 

BOO'BY-HUTCH,  w.  A  clumsy,  ill-contrived,  cov- 
ered carriage  or  seat,  used  in  the  cast  part  of  Eng- 
land. Forby. 

BOODII,  n.  \n  ICastcrnAsiayW  general  name  for"tho 
divinity.  Jilalcom. 

B0OnH''lSM,  n.  A  system  of  religion  in  Ea.slern 
Asia,  embraced  by  more  than  one  third  of  the  human 
race.  It  teaches'that,  at  distant  intervals,  a  ifoo(/A, 
or  deity,  appears,  to  restore  llie  world  from  a  state  of 
ignorance  and  decay,  and  then  sinks  into  a  stale  of 
entire  non-existencej  or  rather^  perhaps,  of  bare  ex- 
istence without  attnbutos,  action,  or  consciousness. 
This  state,  called  Jn'trvana,  or  J\''icbnn,  is  regarded  as 
the  ultimate  supreme  good,  and  the  highest  reward 
of  virtue  among  men.  Four  Boodhs  have  thus  ai>- 
peared  in  the  world,  and  passed  into  J^irvana,  the 
last  of  whom,  Gaudania,  became  incarnate  about 
GOO  years  before  Christ.  From  his  death,  in  .543  Ii. 
(T.,  many  ihousand  years  will  elapse  before  tlie  ap- 
pearance of  anotlier ;  so  that  the  system,  in  the  mean 
time,  is  practically  one  of  pure  atheism.  The  objects 
of  worship,  until  another  Itoodh  appears,  are  the  rel- 
ics and  images  of  Gaiidama.  E.  E.  Salisbury.  Malcom. 

BOODHTST,  71.  One  who  maintains  the  doctrines  of 
Boodhism. 

BOOK,  71.  [.Sax.  boc,  a  book  and  the  beech-tree  ;  Golh. 
boka ;  Icelandic,  book  ;  D.  boeky  a  book,  and  Ihe  mast 
of  beech  ;  henke,  a  beech-tree  ;  G.  buck,  a  hook,  and 
buchCy  a  beech  ;  Dan.  bog  ;  Sw.  bok ;  Russ.  bnk ;  Gyp- 
sy, bucfios.  Like  the  Latin  liber,  book  signifies  pri- 
marily bark  and  beech,  the  tree  being  probably  named 
from  its  bark.] 

1.  A  general  name  of  eyer>'  literary  composition 
which  is  printed  ;  but,  appropriately,  a  printed  com- 
position bound  ;  a  volume.  The  name  is  given  also 
to  any  number  of  written  sheets  when  bound  or 
sewed  together,  and  to  a  volume  of  blank  paper,  in- 


FaTE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MeTE,  PRgY.  — PINE,  AL^filNE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOQK.— 


136 


BOO 

tended  for  any  species  of  writing,  as  for  memoran- 
dums, for  accounts,  or  receipts. 

2.  A  particular  part  of  a  literary  composition ;  a 
di^^sion  of  a  subject  in  tlie  same  volume, 

3.  A  volume  or  collection  of  sheets  in  which  ac- 
counts are  kept ;  a  register  of  debts  and  credits,  re- 
ceipts and  expenditures,  &.c. 

[n  books :  in  kind  remembrance  ;  in  favor. 

I  vna  to  much  in  his  books,  that  at  hla  deu^as?  he  left  itic  hia 
lainp.  Aihlison. 

Without  book ;  by  memorj' ;  without  reading ;  with- 
out notes  J  as,  a  sermon  was  delivered  wiUtout  book. 
This  phrase  is  used  also  in  The  sense  of  wit/iout  au- 
thority .'  as,  a  man  asserts  without  book. 
BQQK,  V.  t.    To  enter,  write,  or  register  in  a  book. 
BgOK'-A€-€OUNT',  n.     [bouk  and  account.]    An  ac- 
count or  register  of  debt  or  credit  in  a  book. 
BpOK'BlXD^ER,  n.    [book  and  bind.]    One  whose  oc- 
cupation is  to  bind  books. 

BOOK'BTXD-ER-Y,  n.    A  place  for  binding  books. 

BOOK'BiXD-ING,  n.  The  art  or  practice  of  binding 
books  ;  or  of  sewing  the  sheets,  and  covering  them 
with  leather  or  other  material. 

BOpK'CASE,  n.  A  case  with  shelves,  and,  common- 
iv,  doors,  for  holding  books. 

BOOK'-DEBT,  (-det,)  n.  A  debt  for  goods  delivered, 
and  charged  by  the  seller  on  his  book  of  accounts. 

BOOK'£D,  (bo^kt,)  pp.   Entered  in  a  book  ;  registered. 

BOOkFIJL,  a,  [boolc  and  full]  Full  of  ^notions 
gleaned  from  books  ;  crowded  with  undigested  learn- 
in?.  "        Pope. 

BOOK'IXG,  ppr.    Registering  in  a  book. 

BOOK'ISH,  (1.  Given  to  reading  ;  fond  of  study  ;  more 
acquainted  with  books  than  with  men.  SkaJc. 

Bp9K'lSH-LY,  ode.  In  the  way  of  being  addicted  to 
books  or  much  reading.  Thurlow. 

BOOK'ISH-XESS,  n.  Addictedne?s  to  books :  fond- 
ne:^s  for  studv.  Whitlock. 

BOOK'-KEEP-ER,  tj.  [book  an«l  keep.]  One  who 
keeps  accounts,  or  the  accounts  of  another  ;  the  of- 
ficer who  has  the  charse  of  keeping  the  books  and 
accounts  in  a  public  office. 

BpOIv'-KEEP-L\G,  n.  [6oo£  and  keep.]  The  art  of 
recording  mercantile  transactions  in  a  regular  and 
systematic  manner;  the  art  of  keeping  accounts  in 
such  a  manner,  that  a  man  may  know  the  true  stale 
of  his  business  and  property,  or  of  his  debts  and 
credits,  by  an  inspection  of  his  books.  The  books 
for  this  purpose  are,  1.  A  Waste  Book,  or  Blotter,  in 
which  are  registered  all  accounts  or  tmnsactions  in 
the  order  in  which  they  take  place  ;  2.  The  Journal^ 
which  contains  the  accounts  transferred  from  the 
waste  book,  in  the  same  order,  but  expressed  in  a 
technical  style;  3.  The  Ledger^  in  which  articles  of 
the  same  kind  are  collected  together,  from  the  jour- 
nal, and  arranged  under  proper  title?. 

In  addition  to  these,  several  others  are  used  ;  as, 
cash-book  ,■  book  of  charges  of  merchandise ;  book  of 
house-expenses  ;  iiivoice-book  ;  sates-book  :  bill-book  ; 
receipt-book ;  letter-book ;  pocket-book ;  the  use  of 
which  may  be  understood  from  the  names.    Encyc. 

B00K'-KNO\VL-EDGE,  (-nolMcj,)  v.  Knowledge 
gained  bv  reading  books. 

BOOK'LAXD,  M.     [6oot  and   land.]     In   <>M  English 

BOCK'LAXD,  (  laws,  charter  land,  held  by  deed 
mider  certain  rents  and  free-services,  which  differed 
nothme  from  free  socage  lands.  This  species  of  ten- 
ure has  given  rise  to  the  modern  freeholds.  Blackstone. 

BOOK'-LEAR.VED,  a.  [book  and  learn.]  Versed  in 
books;  acquainted  with  books  and  literature;  a  terra 
sometimes  implying  oh  ignorance  of  men,  or  of  the 
common  concerns  of  life.  Drijdcn. 

BOOK'-LEAR\-ING,  n.  Learning  acquired  by  read- 
ing; acquaintance  with  books  and  literature  ;"  some- 
times implying  want  of  practical  knowledge.  Sidney. 

EOOK'LE.Srf,  a.  [book  and  less.]  Without  books ; 
unlearned.  Skenstone. 

BOOK'-MAD-.VESS,  n,  A  rage  for  possessing  books ; 
bibliomania. 

BOOK'-MaK-ER,  7^  One  who  writes  and  publisiies 
books. 

BOOK'-MaK-ING, 
publishing  hooks. 

BOOK'-.MAX,  11.  [book  and  man.]  A  man  whose 
prolVssion  is  the  studv  of  books.  Shak. 

BOOIv'-MaTE.  7!,     [book  and  mate.]     A  school-fellow. 

BQ0K'-^ir\D-ED-NES3,  «.     Love  of  books.        [Skal:. 

BgOK'-,MUS-LIN,  71.  [Originally  buke  muslin.]  A 
particular  kind  of  mushn. 

BOOK'-OATH,  )i.  The  oath  made  on  the  book,  or 
Bible.  sIulIc. 

BOQK'SELL-ER,  n.  [book  and  ^elL]  One  whose  oc- 
cupation is  to  sell  books. 

BOOK'.SELL-IXG,  71.  The  employment  of  selling 
books. 

EOQK'-STALL,  n.  A  stand  or  stall,  commonly  in  the 
op^n  air,  for  retailing  books. 

BOOK'STAND,  n.  A  stand  or  frame  for  containing 
books  offered  for  sale  in  the  streets. 

B00K;.SToXE,  n.     See  Bibliolite. 

BgOK'SToRE,  n.    A  shop  where  books  are  kept  for 

_i^^i  [C:  S.  ;1  called  in  England  a  bookseUer's  shop. 

BOOK'U'OR.Nf,  (-wurm,)  n,  [book  and  worm.]  A 
worm  or  mite  that  eats  holes  in  books.  i 


BOO 


BOR 


The  practice  of  ^vriting  and 


2.  A  student  closely  attached  to  bonks,  or  addicted 
to  study  ;  also,  a  reader  without  judgment.     Pope. 

BOO'LEY,  n.  In  Irclundy  one  who  has  no  fieiiled 
habitation,  but  wanders  from  place  to  place  with  hia 
flocks  and  herds,  living  on  their  milk,  like  the 
1  artars.  Spenser. 

BOOM,  71,  [D.  boom,  a  tree,  a  pole,  a  bcaniy  a  bar,  a 
rafter;  Goth,  bagins ;  Get.  bautn;  Eng.  beam;  U. 
boomen,  to  push  forward  with  a  pole ;  Dan.  bom,  a 
rail  or  bar.] 

1.  A  long  pole  or  spar,  run  out  from  various  parts 
of  a  ship,  or  other  vessel,  for  the  purpose  of  extend- 
ing the  bottom  of  particular  sails ;  as,  the  jib  boom^ 
studding-sail  boom,  inain  boom,  square-sail  boom,  &c. 

Mar.  Diet. 

2.  A  strong  iron  chain  cable,  or  line  of  spars  bound 
together,  extended  across  a  river,  or  the  mouth  of  a 
harbor,  to  prevent  an  enemy's  ships  from  passing. 

3.  A  pole  set  up  as  a  mark  to  direct  seamen  how 
to  keep  the  channel  in  shallow  water. 

4.  A  hollow  roar,  as  of  waves. 

BOOM,  V.  i.  [Snx.  byma,  bymr,  a  trumpet :  bymian,  to 
blow  or  sound  a  trumpet;  D,  bomme,  a  drum  :  bom- 
men,  to  dnim  ;  W.  biomp,  a  hollow  sound.  We  see 
the  senses  of  sounding,  uttering  the  voice,  swelling, 
and  rushing  forward,  are  connected.] 

1.  In  marine  langiuige,  to  rush  with  violence,  as  a 
ship  under  a  press  of  sail. 

2.  To  swell ;  to  roll  and  roar,  as  waves. 

The  hoarse  waves  boomm^  to  the  ocean  ahore.  BiWiouse. 

3.  To  cry  as  the  bittern.  OoldsmWt. 
The  JJutch  use  bom  for  the  sound  of  an  empty 

barrel ;  and  bommen  is  to  drum. 

BOOM'ING,  irpr,  or  a.  Ru.'-hing  with  violence  ;  roar- 
ing, like  waves. 

BOOM'E-RANG,  n.  A  wooden  weapon  used  by  the 
natives  of  Australia.    [See  Ktlee.J 

BOON,  71.  [\j.  bonus;  Fr.bon;  Norm,  boon;  It.  buono; 
Sp.  btieno :  Port,  bum,  good.] 

1.  A  gitt;  a  grant;  a  benefaction j  a  present;  a 
favor  granted.  ^ddism. 

2.  [Dan.  biin,  Sw.  b'dn,  a  petition.]  A  jirayer  or 
petition.  .^sk. 

BOON,  a.     [Fr.  bvu  ;  L.  bonus.] 

Gay;  merrj' ;  kind;  bountiful;  as,  a  boon  com- 
panion. Jililton. 

BOON,  ».  The  refuse  or  useless  vegetable  matter  from 
dressed  flax.  Library  of  Ent,  Knowledge. 

Bo'OPS,  n.  A  genus  of  fishes,  of  the  order  McanViop- 
ten/gii,  found  mostly  in  the  Mediterranean.    Brande. 

BOOR,  )(.  [Sax.  ^cbur,  a  countrjnian  or  farmer;  D. 
boer,  a  nistic  or  farmer ;  G.  bauer,  a  countr>'man  and 
a  builder,  from  baucn,  to  build,  to  cultivate;  Sax. 
byan,  or  bugian,  and  gebugian  ;  D,  bouwen  ;  Dan. 
bygge ;  Sw,  byggia,  to  build.  Boor  is  a  contracted 
word.] 

1.  A  countryman  ;  a  peasant ;  a  rustic ;  a  plowman  ; 
a  clown  ;  hence,  one  who  is  nide  in  manners,  and 
illiterate.  Dryden. 

9.  A  name  given  to  the  Russian  peasants. 

BOOR'ISH,  a.  Clownish;  rustic;  awkward  in  man- 
ners; illiterate.  Shak. 

BOOR'ISH-LY,  lulv.    In  a  clownish  manner. 

BOOR'ISH-NESS,  n.  Clownislmess ;  rusticity  ;  coarse- 
ness of  manners. 

BOOSE,  71.     [Sax.  bosig,  bosg  :  Heb.  and  Cli.  D13K,  a 

stall  or  crib;   Ar.  jwaJJ  ahasa,  to  shut  up  or  im- 
prison.] 

A  stall  or  inclosure  for  an  ox,  cow,  or  other  cattle. 
[A'ot  wsed,  or  local.] 

BOOSE,  )  ,,         V       .      r-^,.   ...    -  1 

BOOZE  \  ("^^^j)  ^'  '•     L^^  •  ^"-'j  ^^  immerse.] 

To  drink  hard  ;  to  guzzle.     [Vulgar.]     .Maunder. 

BOOS'ER,  71.    One  who  guzzles  liquor;  a  tippler. 

BOOST,  i\  t.  To  lilt  or  raise  by  pushing  ;  to  push  up. 
[A  common  vulgar  word  in  JVcio  England.] 

BOO'SY,  (boo'zy,)  a.  A  little  intoxicated  ;  merry  with 
liquor.     [Vulgar.]  Hollaway, 

BOOT,  V.  t.  [Sax.  bot,  bote,  reparation,  satisfaction,  a 
making  good,  amends  ;  Goth,  botyan,  to  profit  or 
help  ;  Sw.  bdt,  a  fine  ;  D.  boete,  finej  penalty,  repent- 
ance ;  boeten,  to  amend  or  repair ;  G.  busse,  boot,  fine, 
penance ;  bussrn,  to  amend ;  Dan.  bodde,  to  repair, 
or  requite  ;  biiile,  to  expiate,  or  make  atonement ;  W. 
buz,  profit ;  buziaw,  to  profit.  We  observe  this  word 
is  from  the  root  of  better,  denoting  more,  or  advance ; 
Eng.  buL  Tlse  primar>'  sense  of  the  root  is  (o  ad- 
vance, or  carrj'  forward.] 

1.  To  profit*;  to  advantage. 

It  aliall  not  boot  them.  Hooker. 

But  more  generally  followed  by  it,  —  what  boots  it  ? 
Indeed,  it  is  seldom  used,  except  in  the  latter  phmse. 

2.  To  enrich  ;  to  benefit. 

IwiUfcoorthw.    [Obs.]  Shak. 

BOOT,  71.  Profit;  gain;  advanUtge ;  that  which  is 
given  to  make  the  exchange  equal,  or  to  supply  the 
deficiency  of  value  in  cue  of  the  things  exchanged.    I 

S/iak.      ; 

2.  To  boot ;  in  addition  to :  over  and  above  ;  be-  I 

sides ;   a  compensation  for  the  difference  of  value  I 


between  thinpi  bartered;  m.  I  wflJ  gire  tar 
fur  yours,  wiili  one  hundred  doUan  tc  hooL    [Sax.  to   '  I 
bote.    The  phrw*;  in  pure  Saxon.] 
'.'>.  Sjwil:  plunder.     fS<e  Booty.]  Hkak.       ' 

BOOT,  n,     [Fr.  botU,  a  boot,  a  bunch  ;  Ir.  bulau  :  W. 
botasen,  botas ;   Sp,  bota,  a  boot,  a  butt,  or  ca»k,  a     1 
leather  bag  to  can>'  liquors  j   Port  beta  ;  IL  *oto, 
boots,  a  cask.] 

1.  A  covering  for  the  leg,  made  of  leaXber,  and 
united  with  a  «boe.  Thbi  irarment  wa*  .r.«ii-.!i. 
intended  for  honM.mf-n,  but  m  now  gen'  r 

by  gentlemen  on  frwL    The  dilTcreot  M>rt 
ing-boots,  worn  in  water;   hunzing-^ocu,  ._ 
kind,  for  Bp<->rt«mcn  ;  jack-boats,  a  ftiong  kiiid,  fur 
horsemen  ;  and  haJf-boott.  1 

2.  A  kind  nf  rack  fcr  the  leie,  (onwilv  u-. /I  t,. 
torture  criminals.    Thin  was  mad 

fast  to  ihf-  let:-'  by  amU;  or  a  b<>  t 
wet  and  drawn  upon  llir-  k-g^,  an'l  • 
fire,  eo  as  to  c<mlnict  and  pquei  zr-  t 

3.  A  box  covered  with  leather  irj 
a  coach.    Also,  an  apron  or  Icaihe.- 

or  chair,  to  defend  personH  from  rain  mni  muiL  ^  'i  hu     1 
latter  application  is  local  and  impropfrA 

4.  In  the  plural,  boou.  a  '-•  r.niit  m  )  '.  U  uni 
blacks  the  boots  ;   formerly  ■ 

BOOT,  r.  L     To  put  on  btjot'-. 
BOOT'-€'ATCH-ER, n.    [boct  .. 

at  an  inn  whose  business  i^  to  ^<i\l  \i'J. 

clean  them.     \Obs.] 
BOOT'-CRIMp;  n.    A  frame   or  la^t    u"^  : 

makors  for  drawing  and  .shaping  the  bod' 
BOOT'ED,  pp.  ora.   Haytni:  booUj  on. 
BOOT-KK',  n.    A  word  somctimea  used  f '  r  , 

short  boot. 
BO-O'TeS,  n.    A  northern  constellation,  consistior,   '  ( 

according  to   Flamstccd^s  catalogue,    of  fifty  f  4:    ' 

Stan. 
BOOTH,  n.    [VV.  bwth ;    Ir.  boith  or  boVi 

Russ.  budka;  Ch.  ma  bUk,  a  house,  and  t. 

anight;  also  in  the  Ar.  Sam.  Syr.  Etli,  anJ  Ibb,     . 

bdh,  a  house  or  booth,  a  nest  fur  birds.     Probably  the 

sense  is,  a  dwellins,  tVom  lodging,  abidinc-'  ! 

A  house  or  shed  built  of  boards,  bougb- 

or  other  slight  materials,  for  a  temporarj-  r< 
Bible.     • 
BOOT'-Ho.=  K,  71.    [boot  and  hosu]    Stocks  .j 

spatterdashes,  in  lieu  of  boots, 
BOOT'-JACK,  71.    A  machine  for  drawing  ■  :. 
BOOT'LEG,  71.    [boot  and  leg.]     Leather  cut  out  fur   , 

the  leg  of  a  boot.  Ash,       '■ 

BOOT'LESS,  a,     [from  boot.]    Una\-ailing ;  unprofit-  | 

able  ;  useless  ;  without  advantas*;  or  success.  SAai.       1 
BOOT'LESS-LY,  ad.    Without  use  or  profit.  ! 

BOOT^LESS-NESS,  71.    State  of  biinc  una^-ailinc. 
BOOT'TOP-PING,  71.     [boot  and  top.]     The  operation     I 

of  cleansing  a  ship's  bottom  near  the  surface  of  tlic 

water,  by  scraping  off  the  grass,  slime,  shells,  ice, 

and  daubing  it  with  a  mixture  of  L-illow,  sulphtu, 

and  resin.  Mar.  XHcL 

BOOT'-TREE,  /  77.     An  instrument  to  stretch  and 
BOOT'-LAST,  \     widen  the  leg  of  a  boot,  consisting 

of  two  pieces,  shaped  like  a  leg,  between  which, 

when  put  into  the  boot,  a  wedge  is  driven.    Ejiofc. 
BOOT'Y,  n.    \^w.  bijtc;  Dan.  bytU;  D.  buit;  G.  bemU; 

IL  bottino ;  Sp.  botin ,-  Fr.  butin ;  D.  buitciL,  to  fore. 

See  BrT.J 

1.  Spoil  taken  from  an  enemy  in  war;  plunder; 
pillage.  MUlen. 

2,  That  which  is  seized  by  violence  and  robbery. 

Slutk. 
To  play  booty,  is  to  play  dishonestly,  with  an  intent 
to  lose.  JokMsoju 

BO-PEEP',  n.  [bo,  an  exclamation,  and  peep.]  The 
act  of  looking  out  or  from  behind  something  and 
drawing  back,  as  children  in  play,  for  the  purpose  of 
frightening  each  other.  Shak.     Drvdeju 

BOR'A-BLE,  a.  [See  Bor£.]  That  may  be 'bored. 
{Little  used.] 

BO-RACH'IO,  71,  [It.  boraecia,  a  leather  bottle  for 
wine;  Sp.  borracho,  drunk.] 

1.  A  bottle  or  cask.    [-Vo(  tised.]  Drydea. 

2.  A  dnmkard.  Congrerc 
BO-RAC'ie,  (bo-ias'ik,)a.    [Sec  Borax.]    Pertaining 

to  or  produced  from  borax. 
Boracic  acid :  a  compound  of  a  peculiar  element,  i*'.-- 

ron,  with  oxygen.    It  is  gcneniHy  obtained  mmi  tv- 

rax,  by  adtiing  sulphuric  acid.    It  i-^  also  found  n.i- 

tivo,  in  certain  mineral  sprimrs  in  Italy. 
BO'RA-CITE,  n.    A  miiienU  coniposed'of  bofacic  acid 

and  magnesia ;  a  native  borate  of  macnesia. 
B0R'A6E,  (bur^rage,)  n.    .\  plant  of  "the  genus  Bo- 

raso. 
BOR'A-JfEZ.    See  Babomkti. 
BO'RaTE,  iu    a  salt  formed  by  the  combinatitm  of 

boracic  acid  with  a  base.  FOvrerof. 


BO'RAX,  71.    [Pers.  s  ,^  ;  Ar.  3j^  fttfrdUm,  ftona 

O  *J  baraka,  to  shine ;  Ross,  bum.] 

Biborate  of  soda ;  a  salt  formed  by  a  combisatioa 
of  boracid  acid  witli  soda.    It  is  brought  from  the 


TONE,  ByLL,  liNITE.— AN"GER,  Vr'CIOUS.  — €  as  K ;  6  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SHj  TH  aa  in  THIS. 


18 


i37 


BOR 

East  Indies,  where  il  is  said  to  be  found  at  the  bot- 
tom or  on  the  luar&in  of  certain  lakes,  p:utictiliuly  in 
Tbibet.  It  h  said  to  be  artiAcially  prepared  in  Pi-r- 
Ria,  like  niter.  It  cumcs  in  tlucu  atalca.  I.  Cruile 
burax,  tincul,  or  chrj  :>oco]ln,  froui  PenJin,  in  {ireeniHh 
masse:^  of  a  greasy  feel,  or  in  opaque  preen  e.ry>lulH. 
2.  Iturnx  of  China,  somewhat  purer,  in  Hniult  plates 
or  masses,  irreinilarly  cr>jftullized,  and  of  a  tlirly 
white.  3.  Dutcti  or  purified  bura:c,  in  (Hirtions  of 
transparent  crystals,  which  is  the  kind  generally 
used.  It  it!  an  excellent  llux  in  docinio^tic  opera- 
tions, and  useful  in  sodering  mctuls.  Hooper. 

BOR'BO-RYGM,  (bor'bo-rim,)  n.  [(iopffopvyftas^  a 
nimMijig.l    A  rumbling  noise  of  wind  ui  the  bowels. 

I'OKLl'AOh,  71.     See  noRpLANDs.  [Tudil. 

IJOIiUTL,         I  u.     [Fr.  bordft,  a  brothel ;  D.  bordeet; 

BOK-DEL'LO,  i  Ger.  bvrdeU ,-  It.  bordciio ,  Sp.  burdcl ; 
Ann.  bordeU;  from  bord^  a  liouse.  Tlii.s  is  the  £n^. 
brothel.] 

A  brothel ;  a  bawdy-house ;  a  house  devoted  to 
prostitution.  B.  Jonson. 

IIORD'KI^LER,  n.  The  keeper  of  a  brothel,  iiovscr. 

UORD'ER,  II.  [Fr.  and  Arm.  bord ;  Sp.  bordo ,-  Port. 
borda  ;  It.  bordo.     See  Boaiu).] 

The  outer  edge  of  any  Uiingi  the  extreme  {Ktrt  or 
surrounding  line;  the  confine  ur  exterior  limit  of  a 
country,  or  of  any  region  or  tract  of  land  ;  the  exte- 
rior part  or  edge  of  a  garment ;  the  rim  ur  brim  of  a 
vcs8t:l,  hut  not  often  applied  to  vessels  ;  tlie  exterior 
part  of  a  garden,  and  iKiice  a  bank  raised  at  the  side 
of  a  (garden  for  the  cultivation  of  (lowers,  and  a  row 
of  plants  y  in  short,  the  outtir  part  or  cdye  of  thiiigs 
too  numerous  to  be  spociticd. 

In  botanijj  tlie  Umbtui  or  upper  spreading  part  of  a 
nionnpJtalous  corol.  Martijn. 

liORU'ER,  V.  I.    To  confine ;  to  touch  at  the  edge, 
side,  or  end ;  to  be  contiguous  or  adjacent ;  with  on 
or  upon  ;  as,  Connecticut,  on  the  north,  borders  on  er 
upon  Alassachusetts. 
2.  To  approach  near  to 

Wit  which  bordert  upon  proEincncu  deserves  (o  W  brnadrd  aa 
fully.  Tillolton. 

BORD'ER,  V.  U  To  make  a  border  ;  to  adorn  with  a 
border  of  ornaments ;  a^,  to  border  a  garment  or  a 
garden. 

2.  To  reach  to ;  to  touch  at  the  etigc  or  end  j  to 
confine  upon ;  to  be  contiguous  to. 

Shifba  and  Ra&iiuh  bordtr  ihc  Pcraian  (iair,  Raiegh. 

'i.  To  confine  within  bounds ;  to  limit.   [JVo(  used."] 

ahak. 

BORD'ER-£D,  pp.  Adorned  or  furnished  witli  a  bor- 
der. 

BORD'EK-ER,  n.  One  who  dwells  on  a  border  or  at 
the  extreme  part  or  confines  of  a  country,  region,  or 
tract  of  land  ;  one  who  dwells  near  to  a  place.  Bacon. 

BORD'ER-LNG,  ppr.  or  a.  Lying  adjacent  lo  j  forming 
a  border. 

BORD-ILVLF'PEN-NY,  fbord-hap'pcn-ny,)  «.  Money 
paid  for  setting  up  boards  or  a  stall  in  market.  Burn. 

BoRD'-L/VN13,  n.  [bord  ;xx\A  land.  See  IJoard.J  In 
old  lawj  the  dcmam  land  which  a  lord  kept  in  liis 
hands  for  the  maintenance  of  his  bordj  board,  or  ta- 
ble.        _  Hpiimart. 

BoRD'-LoDE,  j  H.    Ibordand  loatl.]     The  service  re- 

BoRD'-LOAD,  (  quired  of  a  tenant  to  carry  timber 
from  the  woods  to  the  lord's  house ;  also,  the  quan- 
tity of  provision  ])aid  by  a  bord-man  for  bord-land. 

Bailey. 

BORD'-MA.V,  n.  [bord  and  man,]  A  tenant  of  bord- 
land,  who  supplied  his  lord  with  provisions.  Kncyc. 

B0RD'-RA6-ING,  71.  An  incursion  upon  the  borders 
of  a  couutn'.     [Obs.]  Spenser, 

BORD'-SERV-ICE,  n.  [bord  and  service.}  The  ten- 
ure by  which  bord-land  was  held,  winch  was  the 
payment  of  a  certain  quantity  of  provisions  to  the 
lord,  in  lieu  of  this,  the  tenant  now  pays  sixpence 
an  acre.  Encyc. 

BORD'URE,  71.  In  heraldry^  a  tract  cr  compass  of 
metal,  color,  or  fur,  withm  the  escutcheon  and 
around  it.  Baileu. 

B6RE,  V.  t.  [Pax.  borian;  Sw.  bora;  D.  boorai;  Ger. 
hohreni  Dan.  borer ^  to  bore;  D.  boor;  Ger.  bohrcr; 
Dan  borre,  a  borer  j  L.  foro^  and  perforo,  to  bore,  to 
perforate :  lluss.  burav^  a  borer ;  Gr.  ttci/jw,  to  pierce 
or  iranslix ;  also,  to  pass  over,  in  which  sense  it  co- 
incides with  fcn^j.  The  Celtic  6cr,  bear,  a  spit,  L. 
tJCTMjfrora  thrusting  or  piercing,  coincide  in  elements 


with  this  rooL    Pers.  S  wu  birali,  a  borer.] 

1.  To  perforate  or  penetrate  a  solid  body, and  make 
a  round  hole,  by  turning  an  auger,  gimlet,  or  otho.* 
instrument.  Uence,  to  make  hollow  j  to  form  a 
round  hole  ;   as,  to  bore  a  cannon. 

2.  To  eat  out  or  make  a  hollow  by  gnawing  or  cor- 
roding, as  a  worm. 

3.  To  penetrate  or  break  through  by  turninj!  or  la- 
bor ;  aa,  to  bore  through  a  crowd.  Qay. 

A.  To  weary  by  tedious  Iteration. 
BoRE,  V.  i.    To  be  pierced  or  penetrated  by  an  instru- 
ment that  turns;  as,  tliis  timber  does  not  bore  well, 
or  is  liard  to  bore. 


BO'R 

S.  To  pierce  or  enter  by  boring ;  as,  nn  nuger  borej 
3.  To  push  forward  toward  a  certain  point,    [well. 

liorins  lo  tlic  WMt.  Dnf'.tn, 

■\.  With  Iwrncmcn,  a  hor^c  bores^  when  Ite  carries 
Ids  nose  to  the  ground  Diet. 

f).  In  a  transitive  or  intransitive  sense^  lo  penetrate 
the  ciirth  by  means  of  a  chisel  ur  other  cutting  instru- 
ment, withdniwing  the  dust  and  fragments,  at  inter- 
vals, by  means  of  a  scooping-iion  or  other  appropri- 
ate instrument,  for  the  purpose  of  ascertaining  tlie 
pre5ence  of  minerals,  us  veins  of  ore  or  beds  of  coal, 
or  for  obtaining  springs  of  water,  as  In  Artesian 
wells,  or  fountains  of  salt  water,  dtc. 
BORE,  n.  The  hole  made  by  boring.  Hence,  the  cav- 
ity or  hollow  of  a  gun,  cannon,  pistol,  or  other  fire- 
arm ;  the  raliber,  whether  fornnd  by  boring  or  not. 

2.  Any  instrument  for  making  holes  by  boring  or 
turning,  as  an  auger,  gimlet,  or  wimble. 

3.  A  person  or  thini^  That  wearies  by  iteration. 
BORE,  H.    A  tide  swelling  above  another  tide.    Burke. 

A  sudden  inlhix  of  the  tide  into  a  river  or  narrow 
strait,  contacting  witli  the  water  from  above.   Cyc. 

II^RE.  prrt.  of  Bear.     [See  Beau.] 

BoRE'-COLE,  It.  A  variety  of  cabbage,  whose  leaves 
are  not  formed  into  a  compact  head,  but  arc  loose, 
and  generally  curled  or  wrinkled.    Fam.  of  Plants 

B6'RE-AL,  a.     [L.  borealis.     See  Bobeas.] 

Northern ;  pertaining  to  the  north  or  the  noith 
wind.  Pope. 

Bo'RE-AS,  H.  [L.  borcfis :  Gr.  ffopea?,  the  north  tvind  ; 
Russ.  buryuy  ;i  storm  or  tempest ;  buran^  a  tempest 
with  snow.    Tlie  Russ,  gives  the  radical  sense! 
1'he  nurthern  wind  ;  a  cold,  norlheily  wind.  Milton. 

BOR'^D,  (bOrd,)  pp.  Perforated  by  an  auger  or  other 
turning  instruiueiit ;  made  hollow;  wearied  by  te- 
dious iteration. 

BO-REE',  V.  [Fr.J  A  certain  dance,  or  movement  in 
common  time,  or  four  crotchets  in  a  bar;  always  be- 
ginning in  the  last  quaver  or  lost  crotchet  of  the 
measure.  Btisby. 

BoR'ER,  n.    One  who  bores;  also,  an  instrument  to 
make  holes  with  by  turning. 
2.  Terebella,  the  jjiercer,  a  genus  of  sea  worms, 

BoR'IXG,  n.  [that  pierce  wood 

1.  The  act  of  boring ;  a  place  made  by  boring. 

2.  The  chips  made  by  perforating  a  body  are  called 
borin^j. 

BoR'ING,  ppr  Perforating  by  an  auger  or  other  turn- 
ing instrument ;  making  hollow  ;  wearying  by  tedi- 
ous itenition. 

BORN,  (baurn,)  pp  of  Bkar.  Brought  foitli,  as  an  an- 
imal. A  very  useful  distinction  is  observed  by  good 
authors,  who,  in  the  sense  of  produced  or  brought 
forth,  write  tliis  word  born  ;  but,  in  the  sense  of  car- 
ried, write  it  biirnc.  Tliis  dillerence  of  orthography 
renders  obvious  the  ditrerencc  of  pronunciation. 

1.  7*0  6c  born,  is  to  be  produced  or  brought  into  life. 
*'  Man  is  bom  to  trouble."  A  man  born  a  prince  or  a 
beggar.  It  is  followed  by  of  before  the  mother  or 
ancestors. 

i\lan ,  thai  is  born  of  teaman,  is  of  f;w  days  iind  full  of  ti'ouble.  — 
Job  xiv. 

2.  To  be  born,  or  born  again,  is  to  be  regenerated 
and  renewed  ;  to  receive  spiritual  life.    John  iii. 

BoRNE,  pp.  of  Beah.   Carried;  conveyed  ;  supported  ; 

defrayed. 
BOR'iMTE,  It.    The  tellurite  of  bismuth.         Dana. 
BO'RON,  H.  The  radical  or  elementary  base  of  boracic 

acid.  Parke. 

BOR'OUGH,    (bur'ro,)   n.     [Goth,  batrgs;  Sax.  friir^', 

burh,  be.orh,  bcorg,  byriir ;    Ir.  bro^ ;   Fr.  boiirg;  It. 

borgo;    Sp.  burgo  ;   D.  burg  and  berg;   Dan.  bor^ ; 

Arm.  bourg ;   G.  Ifurg  and  berg ;  Gr.  -rrvpyoi  ;  AT. 

s  o  ^ 

jr-  *.j  borachoa  ;  Sans.  bura.  Tliis  word,  in  Saxon,  is 

interpreted  a  hill,  heap,  mountain,  fortification,  cas- 
tle, tower,  city,  h(»usc,  and  tomb.  Hcnco  Perga  in 
Pamphylia,  Bergen  in  Norway,  Burgos  in  Spain,  and 
probably  Prague  in  Bohemia.  In  W.  bwr,  bmrr,  sig- 
nifies a  wall,  ram[)art,  or  work  for  defense,  and  btcr- 
dais  is  a  burgess.  But  the  original  sense  probably  is 
found  in  tlie  verb  Sax.  bcorgan,  D.  and  G.  bergen, 
Russ.  bcrcgu,  to  keep,  or  save,  that  is,  to  make  close 
or  secure.  Hence  it  coincides  with  park,  and  L.  par- 
cits,  saving.  (See  the  next  word.)  If  the  noun  is  the 
primary  word,  denoting  hill,  this  is  from  throwing  to- 
gether, collecting  ;  a  sense  allied  to  that  of  raakmg 
fast  or  close.] 

Originally,  a  fortified  city  or  town  ;  hence,  a  hill, 
for  hdls  were  selected  for  places  of  defense.  But  in 
later  times,  the  term  eitij  was  substituted  to  denote  an 
episcopal  town,  in  which  was  the  see  of  a  bisliop, 
and  that  of  borough  w;ls  retained  for  the  rest.  At 
present,  the  name  is  given  appropriately  lo  such  towns 
and  villages  as  send  representatives  or  burgesses  to 
parUameuU  Some  boroughs  are  incorporated,  others 
are  not.  Bladaslone.    Kncifc. 

In  Connecticul,  this  word,  borough,  is  used  lor  a 
town,  or  a  part  of  a  town,  or  a  village,  incorporated 
with  certaui  privileges,  distinct  from  those  of  other 
towns  and  of  cities. 


«os 

.In  Scotland,  a  borough  is  a  body  cor^'Orate,  cnnolat- 
ing  of  the  inhabitants  of  a  certain  district,  erected  by 
the  sovereign,  with  a  certain  jurisdiction.  Boroughs 
are  erected  to  be  held  of  the  sovereign,  as  is  general- 
ly the  ease  of  royal  boroughs  ;  or  of  the  superior  of 
the  lands  included,  :is  in  the  cose  of  boroughs  of  re- 
gality and  barony.  Royul  boroughs  are  generiUly 
erected  for  the  advaiitjige  of  trade.  Eitajc. 

BOR'OUGH,  (bur'ro,)  «.  [Sax.  ior/wc,  a  surety ;  bor- 
gian,  to  borrow;  borg,  interest;  barj^a,  a  debtor,  u 
surety ;  borgwed,  a  promise  or  bond  lor  appearance, 
a  pledge;  borg-brijce,  burg-breok,  violation  of  pledge; 
borghand,borlJtaiid, il  surety  or  b;ul ;  bcorgan,  to  keep, 
guard,  or  preserve  ;  G.  and  D.  borgen,X\i  borrow.  See 
the  preceding  word.] 

In  Saxon  riRir-j,  a  main  pledge,  or  association  of 
men,  who  were  sureties  or  free  pledges  to  the  king 
for  the  good  behavior  of  ear.li  other,  and  if  any  of- 
fense wjis  committed  in  Uieir  district,  they  were 
bound  to  have  the  ollender  furlhcouiing.  'i'he  as- 
sociation of  ten  men  was  called  a  tit/itng  or  decenna- 
rij;  the  presiding  man  was  called  the  iithing-vinn  or 
hea/l-bor'nigh ;  or,  in  some  places,  bordhoUter,  boroui^lOa 
elder  This  society  was  called,  also,  friburg,  frec- 
burg,  fVauk-plcdge.  Ten  tithings  formed  a  hxtndrrd, 
consisting  of  that  number  of  sureties,  and  this  de- 
nomination is  still  given  to  the  districts  comprehend- 
ed in  the  association.  The  term  seems  lo  have  been 
used  both  for  the  society  and  for  each  surety.  Tlio 
word  main,  hand,  which  is  attached  to  this  society, 
or  their  mutual  assurance,  indicates  that  Die  agree- 
ment was  ratified  by  shaking  hands. 

Speinuuu  Blackstone.  Cowel, 
Some  writers  have  suggesled  ihal  the  application 
of  this  word  to  towns  sprung  from  these  associations, 
and  of  course  was  posterior  lo  them  in  lime.  [See 
Kncyc.,  art.  Borough.}  But  the  word  was  used  for 
a  town  or  castle  in  other  nations,  and  in  Asia,  doubt- 
less long  before  the  origin  of  tlie  frank-pledge. 

BOR'OUGH  EN"GLISH;  a  customary  descent  of  lands 
and  tenements  to  the  youngest  son,  instead  of  tho 
eldest;  or,  if  the  owner  leaves  no  son,  to  the  young- 
est brother.  BUiekstone.     Cowel. 

BOR'OUGH  HE.\D;  the  same  as  HEAD-BoiiouaH,the 
cliief  of  a  borough.  ./J.*/*. 

BOR'OUGH  HOUU'EIt,  n.  Ahead-borough;  a  bors- 
holder.  ./ish. 

BOR'oUGH-MAS-TER,  «.  The  mayor,  governor,  or 
bailiti'  of  a  borough.  ^sh. 

BOR'OUGH-MON"GER,  (bur'ro-mung'ger,)  v.  One 
who  buys  or  sells  the  |)ulrouage  of  a  borough.  Booth* 

BOR'UEL,  a.     Iliislic  ;  rude.  :Spcitjcr. 

BOR'RoW,  (bor'ro,)  i\  L  [Sax.  /yor^WaH,  to  bonow; 
D.  borgcn,  to  borrow,  lend,  or  trust ;  Ger.  borgcit,  the 
same;  Dan.  borgc,  lo  borrow;  borgen,  bail,  surety, 
pledge,  warranter,  main-penior  ;  icr^"-,  trust,  creitit ; 
Sw.  borgaii,  a  giving  bail ;  borg,  a  fortress.  The  pri- 
mary sense  is,  to  make  fast  or  secure.] 

1.  To  lake  from  another  by  request  and  consent, 
with  a  view  to  use  the  thing  taken  for  a  time,  and 
return  it,  or,  if  the  thing  talten  is  to  be  consumed  or 
Irausfencd  in  the  use.  then  to  return  an  ecpiivalent 
in  kind  ;  as,  to  borrow  a  book,  a  sum  of  nmney,  or  a 
loaf  of  bread.     It  is  opposed  to  lend. 

2.  To  take  from  another,  tor  one's  own  use;  to 
copy  or  select  from  the  writings  of  another  author; 
as,  to  b(*rrow  a  passage  from  a  printed  book  ;  to  bor- 
row  a  title. 

3.  To  take  or  adopt,  for  one's  own  use,  scntinienta, 
principles,  doctrines,  and  tiie  like  ;  as,  to  borrow  in- 
struction. 

4.  To  take  for  use  something  tliat  belong^  lo  an- 
other; to  assume,  copy,  or  imitate  ;  :is,  to  burrow  a 
shape  ;  to  borrow  the  manners  of  another,  or  his  style 
of  writing. 

BOR'RoW,  Tu  A  byrrowing;  the  act  of  borrowing. 
[JVoi  used.] 


But  of  your  ro>'al  presence  I'll  atlvciitiirc 
The  borrow  of  a  week. 


MoA. 


BOR'RoW-£D,  pp.  Taken  by  consent  of  auolher,  to 
be  returned,  or  its  equivalent  in  kind ;  copied ;  as- 
sumed. 

BOR'RoW-ER,  71.  One  who  borrows ;  opposed  to 
lender.     [See  the  verb,] 

2.  One  who  takes  what  belongs  to  another  to  use 
as  one's  own. 

BOR'RoW-ING,  ppr.  Taking  by  consent,  to  use  and 
retiu-n,  or  to  return  its  equivalent ;  taking  what  be- 
longs to  another,  to  use  as  one's  own  ;  copyuig;  as- 
suming ;  imitating. 

BOR'RoVV-ING,  n.  Tile  act  of  borrowuig.  [See  the 
verb.] 

BORS'HOLD-ER,  n.  [A  contraction  of  buhr's  caldor^ 
borough's  elder,  the  elder  or  chief  of  a  borough.] 

The  head  or  chief  of  a  tithing,  or  burg  of  ten  men ; 
the  head-borough.  /MinbcrU    Spclman. 

Bo'RU-RET,  n.  A  combination  of  boron  with  a  sim- 
ple body. 

BOS,  n.  [L.]  In  zoology,  the  technical  name  of  a  ge- 
nus of  quadrupeds.  The  characters  are,  the  liorns 
are  hollow  within,  and  turned  outward,  in  the  form  of 
crescents ;  there  are  eight  fore  teeth  in  tlie  under 
jaw,  but  none  in  Ihc  upper ;  there  are  no  dog  teeth. 


FATE,  FAE,  FAhh,  WH-^T.  — MeTE,  PKfiY.  — PINE,  MAEINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  VVQLF,  BQOK. 


i;j8 


BOS 

It  includt^s  the  common  ox,  the  bison,  the  buffalo, 
and  oth*:r  species.  Enajc. 

b6'!?A,  ».  An  intoxicating  drink,  used  by  the  Egyp- 
tians, obtained  fruin  the  meal  of  darnel  and  hemp- 
seed. 

BOSG'AGK,  It.  [Ft.  boscage,  now  bocasej  a  ijrovp ;  It. 
boscoi  Dun.  hxtsk;  Ger.  buscli,  a  wood,  or  properly  a 
thicket  or  underwood  ;  Enj;.  btish.'\ 

1.  Wood  :  underwood  ;  perliaps,  sometimes,  lands 
covered  with  underwood  ;  also,  a  iliicket. 

3.  Jn  old  lau?s,  food  or  sustenance  for  cattle,  which 
is  yielded  by  bushes  and  tree;:.  Coicel, 

'3.  With  painters,  a  landscape  repretjeuting  thicketss 
of  wood.  Eitcijc. 

BOSH,  71.    Outline  ;  figure.  Chalmers. 

KOSU'IJOK,  II.    A  kind  of  antelope  in  South  Africa. 

5Sy^'.'i'-1>''ii  In.   rXt.6o^-c//fH9,  a  little  wood,  from  &05- 

In  ^rardenhiir,  a  grove  ;  a  compartment  turmed  by 
brandies  of  trees,  regularly  or  irregularly  disposed, 
according  to  fancy.  Encyc. 

BOSK'Y,  a.  [See 'Boscage. J  Woody  ;  covered  with 
thickf-is.  Milton. 

BO'SOM,  II.  [Sajc.  bosin,  bosam  ;  D.  boezcm  ;  G.  btisai. 
Qu.  Ch.  ni'^a  or  n;o,  the  breast,  uber,  mamma.] 

1.  The  breast  of  a  human  being  and  the  parts  ad- 
jacent. 

2.  The  folds  or  covering  of  clothes  about  the 
breast. 

Pul  thy  lund  iu  thy  bosom.  —  Ex.  iv. 

3.  Embrace,  as  with  the  arms ;  inclosure ;  com- 
pass ;  often  irapipng  friendship  or  alTectiou  ;  as,  to 
live  in  the  Oo,<om  of  a  church. 

•!.  The  breast,  as  inclosing  the  heart ;  or  the  inte- 
rior of  the  breast,  considered  as  the  seat  cf  the  pas- 
sions. 

Auger  resteih  In  the  bosom  of  Ibols.  —  Ecclf^.  vii. 

Their  soul  «Tis  poured  into  their  raolh:;r's  bosom.  —  Lam.  ij. 

5.  The  breast,  or  its  interior,  considered  as  a  close 
place,  the  receptacle  of  secrets. 

If  1  cohered  my  uaus^ressioiia  as  Ad;ui),  by  Liding  my  iniquity 
in  my  botom.  —  Job  xxxi. 

6.  Any  inclosed  place  ;  the  interior  ;  as,  the  bosom 
of  the  earth  or  of  the  deep. 

7.  The  tender  affections ;  kindness  ;  favor ;  as,  the 
son  of  his  bosom ;  the  wife  of  thy  bosom. 

He  &h^)  carry  ^ic  laiobs  jn  his  bosom,  —  Isa.  zl. 

8.  The  arms,  or  embrace  of  the  arms.    Ps.  cxxix. 

9.  Inclination  ;  desire.     [JVbt  used.'\  S/iak. 
Bosom,  in  composition,  implies  intimacy,  affection, 

and  confidence;  as,  a  bosom-friend,  an  intimate  or 
confidential  friend  ;  bosom-lover,  bosom-interest,  bosom- 
secret,  &;c.  In  such  phrases,  bosom  may  be  considered 
as  an  attribute  equivalent  to  intimate,  confidential, 
dear. 
BO'SOM,  V.  t.  To  inclose  in  the  bosom  ;  to  keep  with 
care. 

Bosom  tip  mycounsel.  Shak. 

±  To  conceal ;  to  bide  from  view. 

To  liippy  convents  tasomed  deep  in  Tints.  Pope. 

BO'SOM-ED,  pp.    Inclosed  in  the  breast;  concealed. 
BO^SOM-ING,  ppr.    Putting  in  the  bosom. 

•2.  Embracing,  as  a  fond  mother  her  child. 
Bo'SOX,  7J.    A  boatswain;    [a  popular,  but  corrupt 
pronunciation.} 

The  raeny  boson.  Dnjden. 

BOS-Po'Rt-AN,  a.  [from  Bosporus.]  Pertaining  to 
a  bosponis,  a  strait  or  narrow  sea  between  two  seas 
or  a  sea  and  a  lake. 

The  Alsns  forocJ  the  Bosponan  Vings  to  pay  them  tribute,  and 
extcrnunated  the  Tamiaus.  Tooke. 

The  kings  of  the  Cimmerian  Bosporus  are  here  re- 
ferred to, 
BOS'PO-RUS,  77.    [Gr.  puvs,  an  ox,  and  -ono^,  a  pas- 
sage.] 

.\  narrow  sea,  or  a  strait  between  two  seas,  or  be- 
tween a  sea  and  a  lake,  so  called,  it  is  supposed,  as 
being  an  ox-passage,  a  strait  over  which  an  ox  may 
swim.  So  our  northern  ancestors  called  a  strait  a 
sound,  that  is,  a  swivi.  The  term  Bosporus  has  been 
particularly  applied  to  the  strait  between  the  Sea  of 
Marmora  and  tlie  Black  Sea,  called  the  Thradan 
Bosporus ;  and  to  the  strait  of  Caffa,  called  the  Cim- 
mcriari  Bosporus,  w  hich  connects  the  Piiius  Mieotis, 
or  Sea  of  .izof,  with  tiie  Euxine.  D'Mnville. 

:;OSS,  «.  [Fr.  bosse;  Arm.  bo^i.  In  D.  bos  is  a  bunch, 
;i  bundle,  a  truss,  a  tuft,  a  bush,  a  sheaf,  whence 
bosch,  G.  biuch,  a  bush  or  thicket.  In  \V.  b6tk  is  the 
Ijoss  of  a  buckler,  the  nave  of  a  wheel,  and  a  bottle,- 
and  hence  W.  boUtel,  a  rotundity,  a  bottle  or  any 
round  vessel,  a  wheal  or  blister.  A  boss  is  a  protuber- 
ance, either  from  shooting,  projecting,  or  from  col- 
lecting and  forming  a  mass.] 

1.  A  stud  or  knnb;  a  protuberant  ornament,  of 
silver,  ivory,  or  other  material,  used  on  bridles,  har- 
ness, &;e, 

2.  A  protuberant  part ;  a  prominence  ;  as,  the  boss 
of  a  buckler. 

?:  A  projecting  ornament  at  the  intersections  of 
j       the  ribs  of  ceilings  and  in  other  situations. 
I  Oif.  Glos. 


BOT 

■1.  A  water-conduit,  in  form  of  a  titn-bdlitd  figure. 
Aah.    Badey. 
BOSS,  71,     [D.  batu,  maaler.]^    Among  mee/iania,  llic 
master-workman   or  Bupermtcndcnt.      [Thia  word 
originated  among  the  Dutch  settlers  of  New  York, 
but  is  now  used  extensively  in  the  other  Slates.] 
BOSS' AGE,  71.  [from  bo.-<s;  l-'r.  bossagc.] 

1.  A  stone  in  a  building  which  has  a  projccture, 
and  is  laid  rough,  to  be  afterward  carved  into  mold- 
ings, rapitals,  coats  of  arms,  &.c.  Enctje. 

2.  Rustic  work,  consisting  of  stones  wliich  ad- 
vance bcvond  tlie  naked  or  level  of  the  building,  by 
reason  of  indentures  or  channels  left  in  tlic  joinings, 
chiefly  in  the  corners  of  edifices^  and  called  riistie 
quuim.  The  cavities  are  sometimes  rouiul,  some- 
times beveled,  or  in  a  diamond  fonn,  sometimes  in- 
closed with  a  cavetto,  and  sometimes  witJi  a  listel. 

Encye. 
EOSS'£D,  (host,)  pp.     Studded  ;    ornamented   with 

bosses.  Sliak. 

BOSS'lVE,  a.     Crooked  ;  deformed.  Osborne. 

BOSS'Y,  a.      Containing  a  boss;  ornamented  with 


His  head  reclining  on  liis  bossy  ehiclil.  Pope. 

BOS'TRY-eHITE,  v.    [Gr.  yJor/^'Xis.] 

A  gem  in  the  form  of  a  lock  of  hair.  .^sh. 

BOS'VEL,  7(.    A  plant,  a  species  of  Crowfoot. 

.hhnson. 

BOS'WELL-ISM,  n.     A  peculiarity  of  Boswell. 

BOT.    See  Boxs. 

BO-TAN'ie,  )  n.     [See   Botany.]      Pertaining  to 

BO-TAN'IC-AL,  \  botany  ;  relating' to  plants  in  gen- 
eral ;  also,  containing  plants  ;  as,  a  botanic  parden. 

Botanic  garden  :  a  garden  devoted  to  the  culture  of 
plants,  collected  for  the  purpose  of  illustrating  llie 
science  of  botany. 

BO-TAN'ie-AL-LY,  adv.  According  to  the  sjstcm 
of  botauv. 

BOT'AN-IST,  77.  One  skilled  in  botany  ;  one  versed 
in  the  knowledge  of  plants  or  vegetables. 

BOT'A-jN'iZE,  v.  i.  To  seek  for  plants,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  botanical  investigation. 

He  could  not  obtain  pcnnission  to  botajiize  upon  Alount  S.ibber. 
Niebuhr,  Trans. 

BOT' A-NTZ-ING,  77.    The  seeking  of  plants  for  botan- 
ical purposes. 
BOT-A-NOL'0-6Y,  n.     [Gr.  (ioravri,  a  plant,  and 
\oyoq,  discourse.] 
The  science  of  botany.  Diet. 

B0T'A-N0-i\IAN-CY,  n.  [Gr.  f^oraur,,  a  plant,  and 
pai'T£ta,  divination.] 

An  ancient  species  of  divination  by  means  of 
plants,  especially  sage  and  fig-leaves.  Persons  wrote 
their  names  and  questions  on  leaves,  which  llicy  ex- 
posed to  the  wind,  and  as  many  of  the  letters  as 
remained  in  their  places  were  taken  up,  and,  being 
joined  together,  contained  an  answer  to  the  question. 

EncTfc. 

BOT'A-NY,  n.     [Gr.  fforavi,  a  plant;   Pers.  X»  5J 

botali,  a  shrub  ;  probably  allied  to  biul,  to  shoot.] 

Botany  is  the  science  which  treats  of  the  structure 
of  plants,  tlie  functions  of  their  parts,  their  places  of 
growth,  their  classification,  and  tlie  terms  which  are 
employed  in  their  description  and  denomination. 

TuUy. 
BO-TAR'GO,  II.     [Sp.]     A  relishing  sort  of  food,  made 
of  the  roes  of  the  mullet,  much  used  on  the  coast  of 
the  Meditermnean  as  an  incentive  to  drink. 

Johnson.      Chambers. 
BOTCH,  /(.     [It.  bozza,  pron.   botzn,   a  swelling,  or 
rather  pezzo,  a  piece  ;  the  latter  is  the  Eng.  pauh.) 

1.  A  swelling  on  the  skin ;  a  large  ulcerous  af- 
fection. 

Botches  and  Wains  must  all  hia  flesh  imhoss.  Affltort. 

2.  A  patch,  or  the  part  of  a  garment  patched  or 
mended  in  a  clumsy  manner ;  ill-finished  work  in 
mending. 

3.  That  which  resembles  a  botch ;  a  part  added 
clumsily  or  unsuitably. 

If  those  wools  are  not  notorious  botches,  I  am  deceived. 

Drydeit. 

BOTCH,?:.  (.  To  mend  or  patch  with  a  needle  or  awl, 
in  a  clumsy  manner,  as  a  garment ;  to  mend  or  re- 
pair awkwardly,  as  a  system  of  government. 

Hudibras. 
9.  To  put  together  unsuitably,  or  unskillfully  ;  to 
make  use  of  unsuitable  pieces. 

For  tre.-uon  botdied  in  rhyme  wUl  be  tliy  bane-  Dryden. 

3.  To  mark  with  botches. 

Toiinj  Hylas,  botched  with  stains.  Gartli. 

BOTCH'A'D,  (botcht,)p;;.  Patched  clumsily  :  mended 
unskillfully  ;  markeil  with  botches. 

BOTCH'ER,  7'.  A  clumsy  workman  at  mending;  a 
mender  uf  old  clotlies,  whether  a  tailor  or  cobbler. 

BOTCH'ER-LY,  a.  ^'oting  awkwardness  of  perform- 
ance. 

BOTCH'ER-Y,  n.  A  botching,  or  that  which  is  done 
by  botching. 

BOTCH'l^'G,  ppr.    Patching  or  mending  clumsily. 


BOT 

nOTCH'Y,  a.    Marked  with  bocch«i ;  full '.: 
BOTE,  ».     [The  old  ortliography  of  boot,  bui  r 
in  law,  in  comp<j-ition.     See  Boot.] 

1.  In  law,  coiu[n:if^aliun  ;  aini:Dd«;  fOtulariK^n  , 
a^,  man-bbU,  a  comp'::nj»alion  for  a  mau  slain.  Al»<>, 
payment  of  any  kind.  ' 

2.  A  privilet;';  •      " 
compoiiitiou  as 
Mupptiei),  necc^h;.; 

wood  to  repair  a  rt-,  i-.  .  ,.:  i  ,'  • 

firc-botr;  so  plam-hntf,  cart-ifor  . 

repairing    inijtriiintnbi    of  Ua 

hedgc-bote,  wocnl  for   Iiedges  or  r  u< 

were  privileges  enjoyed  by  icnanln  u-. 

sy  litem. 
BOTE'LESS  fl.    In  vain.     [&  ■   :" 
BOTH,   a.     [Sa.T.   tmUi,   buucv, 

bayot/t^;)   Ir.    bcit;    Sw.  bada :    '    .    . 

Oct.  beide;  in  ancient  African,  r.2  ba,  Lcli,  l\  -. 

Buxt.  mm.]  ' 

Two,  considered  as  di<tinct  from  ollBcr»  or  ' , 
thcni-sclves  ;   the  one  and  th«  other;  Fr.   • 
deiix;  Pun  etVauire;  as,  here  are  two  b«- 
them  botJu 

This  word  is  often  ;.: 
which  it  is  connected. 

He  uiiiJenlamli  huv  ton>:r 

'  0^1 

[t  is  often  used  as  a  Eubtititule  tar  n 

And  Abnhairi  took  tirKp  Mnd  oxra .    .-  !    ~ 
Wh ;  and  both  o(  thrta  noile  > 

Both  often  represents  two  m 

U':  tt-ill  not  Lr-ar  lAe  :ott  of  Iom  rr. 
lotM  0/  Ail  iMtate ;  but  tM  wi.. 
fujvl  for  bot^i.  1 1 

Both  oden  pertains  toadjeci  1 

in  this  case  generally  precede^  tfi-m 

as,  he  endeavored  to  render  commtT.:- 

ti^ettus  and  infamous.  .'•.' 

BOTH  ER,  r.  t.  To  tease  or  perplex. 
BOTH'MC,  i  a.  Pertaining  to  B<.t 
BUTH'M-AX,  j      on  the  Baltic,  and  I 

of  the  same  name,  on  the  same  .>■ 

called  from  the  province,  which  it  r>- 

crton  uses  BoUtnic  as  u  noun  fur  the  :: 

uses  Bothnian  in  the  same  manner. 

Pink.,  art.  Sirerfm.     C- 
BOTII-RO-DEN'DROX,  n.    [Gr.  pt>0.^    .u  i 

An  extinct  genus  of  Coni/erir,  found  in  coal  I'jrma- 

tions.  HttmUi,       I 

B0-T6'T6E,  rt.    A  bird  of  the  parrot  k'md,  of  a  tine 

blue  color,  found  in  the  Philippine  Ifles. 

Dkt.  of  JVaL  Hiet. 
BOT'RY-OII),         '(  a   [Gr./?orovf.a  bunch  of  grapes, 
BOT-RY-OID'AL,  i     and  eicj's,  form:    Fr.  bittu,  a 

bunch  or  bundle ;  Arm.  bed,  bcL,  a  grape.] 

Having  the  form  of  a  bunch  of  grapes  ;  Uke  a  dus- 
ter of  "irapcs,  as  a  mineral  presenting  an  aggreeatioQ 

of  small  globes.  Kincan.     P/alJips, 

BOT'RY-O-UTE,  n.    [Gr.  fjjTovij  supra,  and  XiOa^ 

a  stone.] 
A  variety  of  datbolite,  occurring    in  boio*o'd^ 

forms,  and   consisting  of  silica,   bcumdc  acid,  and 

lime,  with  a  larger  proportion  of  water  than  in  the 

more  common  varieties  of  datimlitc.  Varna.        1. 

BOTS,  71.    (Generally  used  iu  the  plural.)    [Fr.  brr'.   " 

end,  as  in  their  first  swge  they  resemble  lli 

a  fine  tliread.^ 
A  species  ol  small  worms,  found  in  ttif 

of  horses.     They  are  ilie  larccs  of  a 

trus  or  gadfly,  which  deposits  its  ei:- 

the  h;urs,  generally  of  llie  fore  legs  an  . 

they  are  taken  into  Uie  mouth  and  swaiK  .'. 

word  is  also  applied  to  the /arrr-*  of  other  >; 

CEstrus,  founil  undt;r  the  hides  of  oxen,  iu 

trils  of  sheep,  &c.  <->- 

BOT'TLE,  «.     [Fr.botitaiU;  Arm.  boutaHH:  Ir.  bcia\   ,| 

biiidcal;  W.  both,  a  boss,  a  bottle,  the  nave  rf  ri     * 

wheel;  bot,  a  round  bodj  ;  bota^;  from  lk  .    . 

a  buskin;  6ortf7ij,  a  button  ;  and  from  fcO 

has  also  bothdl,  a  bottle,  a  round  vessel, ;. 

blister  ;  Sp.  bouila,  a  bottle,  and  botUla,  a  >: 

bag,  from  bvta,  a  leather  bag  for  wine,  a  bL 

a  boot;  It.  battiglia,  a  bottle  ;  botU,.i  butt,  a 

boots  ;  Russ.  butiUiii,  a  bottle.    In  G.  beut^'- 

IHirse,  seems  to  be  the  Sp.  botilla.     In  Fr. 

boot,  a  bunch,  or  bundle,  bcUe  dcfcH.  a  b-" 

It  would  seem  that  bottle  is  primaril> 

the  sense  of  swelling,  buliiing,  or  • 

bunch;  if  so,  the  word  w;is  onginaii. 

bags  of  skins  used  as  bottles  in  Asia-   \  t: 

ry  sense  is  nut  easily  ascertained.    The  A  r 


U*  batia,  a  duck,  Sp.  pato,  and  "  uiceus  oiriaccas  in 

quo  liquidiora  circumferunt  viator^--.**     '^-  ' 

1.  A  hollow  vessel  if  glass,  wocki. 
material,  with  a  narrow  mouUi,  for 
r>mg  liquors.  The  Orit;iital  naii 
leather  for  the  conveyance  of  \U\\: 
kind  are  tlie  twlllvs  nuntiiued  in  ^ 

new  wine  into  new  froi/io'.''    In  tui>  , •  •■■ 

ica,  glass  is  used  for  liquors  o."  Ul  kinds  ;  ana  nnn- 


TONE,  BULL,  TiNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.— €  asK;  GasJ;  SasZ;  CHas  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


_J| 


139 


BOT 


BOU 


BOU 


ers  use  small  ke^  or  hollow  vessels  of  wood,  which 
ore  oiled  bottles.  The  small  kinds  of  glass  bottle<^ 
are  called  tuaU  ur  phials. 

2.  The  cunti'iils  of  a  hottle  ;  ns  much  as  a  bottle 
contains  ;  but  trom  the  size  of  bottles  used  for  wine, 
porter,  and  cider,  a  bottle  is  nearly  a  quart ;  a^,  a  bot- 
tle of  wine  or  of  porter. 

3.  A  quantity  of  hay  in  a  bundle  ;  a  bundle  of  hav. 
BOT'TLE,  r.  f.    To  put  into  butllefl ;  as,  to  botUe  wine 

or  porter.    This  includes  the  stuppiug  of  the  bottles 

with  cork 3. 
BOT'TLE-aLE,  n.    Bottled  ale.  Shak. 

BOT'TLE-eOM-PAN'lOX,  i  n.  A  friend  or  com- 
BOT'TLE-FRIE.\D,C-frend,)  ]  panion  in  drinking. 
BOT'TLA'D,  pp.  or  a.    Put  into  hollies  j  inclosed  in 

bottler. 
2.  Ha\'inc  a  protuberant  belly.  Shak. 

BOT'TLE-FLOVV-ER,  n.     A  plant ;  the  Centaurea 

cvanus,  or  blue-bottle.  Fam.  of  Plantj!. 

BO'T'TLE-GLASS,  n.    A  coarse,  green  glass,  used  in 

the  manufhcture  of  bottles.  Ure. 

BOT'TLEl-GOUKD,  n.  The  common  gourd,  {Lagena- 

ria  vulfTari".) 
B0T'TLE:-i\6S-ED,  a.     Having  a  nose  bottle -shaped. 
B0T'TLE:-S€RE\V,  (bot'tl-skm,)  n-  A  screw  to  draw 

corks  out  of  bottles. 
BOT'TLING,  ppr.    Putlinf;  into  bottles. 
UOT'TLING,  71,    The  act  of  putting  into  bottles. 
BOT'TOM,  71.     [Sax.  botm  :  Sw.  botten  ,■  D.  bodem  ;  G. 

botlen.    It  seems  to  be  allied  to  Gr.  0aO"i;^  and  to  the 

Russ.  jmrf,  a  valley,  padatfu^  to  fall.    The  sense  is 

from    throwing  down,  setting,  laying,  or  beating 

down  ;  a  dialect,  perhaps,  of  basi.s.     Class  Bd.] 

1.  The  lowest  part  of  any  thing;  as,  the  bottom  of 
a  well,  vat,  or  ship ;  the  bottom  of  a  hill. 

2.  The  ground  under  any  body  of  water ;  as,  the 
bouom  of  the  sea,  of  a  river,  or  lake. 

3.  The  foundation  or  groundwork  of  any  thing, 
as  of  an  edifice,  or  of  any  system  or  moral  subject  j 
the  base,  or  tliat  which  supports  any  superstructure. 

4.  A  low  ground  ;  a  dale  ;  a  valley  ;  applied^  in  tlte 
United  States,  to  Vie  flat  lands  adjoining  rivers,  ^-c.  It 
is  so  used  in  some  parts  of  Kngland.  Mitford. 

5.  The  deepest  part;  that  which  is  most  remote 
irom  the  view  ;  as,  let  us  cxanime  this  subject  to  the 
bottom. 

G.  Bound ;  limit. 

Tlierc  is  no  hmom  m  ms  volupluouiocu.  S}idk. 

7.  The  utmost  extent  or  depth  of  cavity,  or  of  in- 
lellecty  whether  deep  or  shallow. 

I  do  Kc  ibc  boUom  or  Justice  ShnUow.  Shak. 

8.  The  foundation,  considered  as  the  cause,  spring, 
or  origin  ;  the  first  moving  cause  ;  as,  a  foreign  prince 
is  at  the  bottom  of  the  confedenicy. 

9.  A  ship  or  vessel.  Goods  imported  in  foreign 
bottoms  pay  a  higher  duty  than  those  imported  in  our 
own.  Hence,  a  state  of  hazard,  chance,  or  risk ; 
but  in  this  sense  it  is  used  chietly  or  solely  in  the 
singular.  We  say,  venture  not  loo  much  in  one  bot- 
tom ;  that  is,  do  not  hazard  too  unich  at  a  single  risk. 

10.  A  ball  of  thread.  [W.  botjcm,  a  button  ;  Corn. 
id.     See  Bottle.] 

11.  The  bottom  oj  a  lane  or  altaj,  is  the  lov/est  end. 
This  phrase  supposes  a  declivity*;  but  it  is  olYep  used 
for  the  most  remote  part,  when  there  is  verj-  little 
declivity. 

12.  7'A«  bottom  of  beer,  or  other  liquor,  is  the  grounds 
or  dregs. 

13.  In  the  languaffc  of  jockcijs,  stamina;  native 
strength :  as,  a  horse  of  good  bottom. 

BOT'TO^I,  V.  t.  To  foimd  or  build  ui>on  ;  to  fix  upon 
as  a  support ;  followed  by  on;  as,  sound  reasoning 
is  bottomed  on  just  premises. 

2.  To  furnish  with  a  seat  or  bottom  ;  as,  to  ioUom 
a  chair. 

3.  To  wind  round  something,  as  in  making  a  ball 
of  thread.  skaJi. 

BOT'TOai,  r.  i.  To  rest  upon,  as  its  ultimate  supporL 

KinJ  oa  vviiat  foundatioti  a  proposilion  bottoms.  Locke. 

BOT'TOM-ED,  pp.  Furnished  with  a  bottom  ;  having 
a  bottom. 

This  word  is  often  used  in  composition  ;  as,  a  flat- 
bottomed  boat,  in  which  case  the  compound  becomes 
an  adjective. 

BOT'TOM-fXG,  ppr.  Founding  ;  building  upon  ;  fur- 
nishing with  a  bottom. 

BOT'TOM-T.AND,  h.     Pee  Bottom.  So.  4. 

BOT'TOM-LESS,  a.  Without  a  bottom ;  applied  to 
water,  caverns,  Ace,  it  signifies  f;iihomlcss,  whose 
bottom  can  not  be  found  by  sounding  ;  as,  a  bottomless 
abyss  or  ocean. 

BOT'TO^I-RY,  71.  [from  bottom.]  The  act  of  borrow- 
Ing  money,  and  pledging  the  keel  or  bottom  of  the 
ship,  that  is,  the  ship  itself,  as  security  for  the  repay- 
ment of  the  money.  The  contract  of  bottomry  is  in 
the  nature  of  a  mortgage  ;  the  owner  of  a  ship  bor- 
rowing money  to  enable  him  to  carry  on  a  voyage, 
ajid  pledging  the  ship  as  security  for  the  money.  If 
the  ship  is  lost,  the  lender  loses  the  money  ;  'but  if 
the  ship  arrives  safe,  he  is  to  receive  the  money  lent,' 
w^ith  the  interest  or  premium  stipuLited,  although  it 
may  exceed  the  legal  rate  of  interest.    The  tackle  of 


the  ship,  also,  is  answemhie  for  the  debt,  as  well  as 

the  ]>erson  of  the  borrower.     When  a  loan  is  made 

upon  the  goods  shippt-d,  the  borrower  is  said  to  take 

up  money  at  respondentia,  as  he  is  bound  pernonally 

to  answer  the  contract.  Blackstonr.     Park. 

BOT'TO.\-Y,  n.     [from  the  same  root  as  bud,  button.} 
In  heraldry,  a  eross  bottomj  tcnuinates  at  each  end 

in  three  buds,  knots,  or  buttons,  resembling,  in  some 

measure,  the  three-le;ived  grass.  £mci/c. 

BOU-CHET',  n.     [Fr.]    A  sort  of  pear. 
BOUD,  n.  An  insect  that  breeds  in  malt  or  other  grain  ; 

callcti,  also,  a  weeriL  Vict, 

BOU'DOIR,  (bood'wor,)  jr.     [Fr.]     A  small,  private 

room  for  curiosities,  &c. 
2.  A  lady's  private  room. 
BOUGE,  (bo'oj,)  r.  i.     [Fr.  bonge,  a  lodge,  the  bilge  of 

a  cask ;  from  (he  nwt  of  bow,  which  see.] 
To  swell  out.     [LitUe  nscd.] 
BOL*(jE,  71.    Provisions.     [Awt  in  use."]  Jonson. 

BOUGEI,  (bou,)  H.  {^^x.  bo^y  boh,  or  bogh,  the  shoul- 
der, a  branch,  an  arm,  the  oody  of  a  tree,  a  stake,  a 

tail,  an  arch,  or  bow  ;  Sw.  bog;  Dan.  hoc ;  from  the 

same  root  as  bote,  to  blend,  lo  throw  ;  Sax.  bugan.'j 
The  branch  ol  a  tree ;  applied  to  a  branch  of  size, 

not  to  a  small  shoot. 
BOUGHT,  (bawl,)  pret.  and  pp.  of  Bi'v.     [See  Biv.] 
BOUGIIT,  fbawl,)  n.    [D.bogt,ii  bend,  a  coil;  from 

boogcn,  to  bend.    Sec  Bight.] 

1.  A  twist ;  a  link ;  a  knot ;  a  flexure,  or  bend. 

Milton.     Broxon. 

2.  The  mrt  of  a  sling  that  contains  the  stone. 
BOUGHT'Y,  (baw'ly,)  a.     Bending.  Sherwood. 
BOU-Glli',  (boo-zhc'j)  n,    [Fr.,  a  wax  candle  ;   Sp. 

bugia.] 

In  surgery,  a  long,  slender  instrument,  that  is  in- 
troduced through  ihe  urethra  into  the  bladder,  to  re- 
move obatruclions.  It  is  usually  made  of  slips  of 
waxed  linen,  coiled  into  a  cylindrical  or  slightly-con- 
ical form  by  rolling  them  on  any  hard,  smooth  sur- 
face. It  is  also  mndv  of  catgut,  elastic  gum,  and 
metal ;  but  those  of  waxed  linen  are  generally  pre- 
ferred. Hooper.     Dorsey. 

BOUIL'LO:^,  (bool'yon,)  n.  [Fr.,  from  bouiUir,  to  boil. 
See  Boil.]    Broth  ;  soup, 

BOUK,  r.  I.  To  nauseate  so  as  to  be  ready  to  vomit. 
[Loeal.\ 

BOU-L^VN'GER-ITK,  7i.     [from  M.  Boulanger.] 

A  bluish  or  lead-gray  ore  (a  sulphuret)  of  antimony 
and  lead.  Dana. 

BoUL'DER.     See  Bowlder. 

BoUL'DEK-WALL,  «.  [Rather  Bowlder- Wall.  See 
Bowlder.] 

.\.  wall  built  of  round  flints  or  pebbles  laid  in  a 
strong  mortar,  used  where  the  sea  has  a  beach  cast 
up,  or  where  there  is  a  plenty  of  Hints. 

BiLilder^s  Diet. 

BOU-LET',  71.  [from  the  root  of  ball,  or  bowl ;  Fr. 
bovJe.] 

In  tfie  manege,  a  Iiorse  is  so  called  when  the  fi^tlock 
or  pastern  jomt  bends  forward,  and  out  of  its  natural 
position.  Kncijc. 

BOU'LE-rARD,(hoo'lc-vAT,)  n.  [Fr.]  Originally,  a 
bulwark  or  rampart  of  a  fortification  or  fortified  town. 
Now  applied  to  the  public  walks  or  streets  occupying 
the  site  of  demolished  fortifications. 

B6ULT.     [An  incorrect  orUtography.]     See  Bolt. 

BoUL'TIN,  71.  [from  the  root  of  bolt;  Sp.  bulto,  a  pro- 
tuberance.] 

In  architecture,  a  molding,  the  convexity  of  which 
is  just  one  fourth  of  a  circle,  being  a  member  just 
below  the  plinth  in  tlic  Tuscan  and  Doric  capital. 

Encijc. 

BOUNCE,  r.  i.  [D.  bonzcn,  to  bounce  ;  bons,  a  bounce  ; 
allied  probably  lo  bound ;  Arm.  bonndieia  ;  Fr.  bonilir.  j 

1.  To  leap  or  spring  ;  to  fly  or  rush  out  suddenly. 

Out  bounced  ilv  tmuUlL  SiB\ft, 

2.  To  spring  or  leap  against  any  thing,  so  as  to  re- 
bound ;  to  beat  or  thump  by  a  spring. 

A^TUQsL  his  bo&om  bounctd  his  heaving  licart.  Dnjden. 

3.  To  beat  hard,  or  tlmmp,  so  as  to  make  a  sudden 
noise. 

Another  bounced  as  Lard  i\a  he  could  knock.  Swift. 

4.  To  boast  or  bully  ;  used  in  familiar  speech. 

Johnson. 

5.  To  be  bold  or  strong.  Shale. 
BOUNCE,  iu    A  heavy  blow,  thrust,  or  thump,  with 

a  large,  solid  body. 

The  bouTtce  buret  open  Ihe  door.  Dnjden. 

2.  A  loud,  hca^-y  sound,  as  by  an  explosion. 

Shali.     Oay. 

3.  A  boast ;  a  threat ;  in  low  language.    Johnson. 

4.  A  bold  lie ;  as,  that  was  a  bounce.    QoUUmith. 

5.  A  fish  ;  a  species  of  dog-fish  or  shark.  Kncyc. 
BOUN'CER,  n.    A  boaster;  a  bully  ;  a  bold  lie  ;  infa- 

mUiar  language.  Johnson. 

BOUX'CING,  ppr.    Leaping ;  bounding  with  violence, 
as  a  hea\*j'  body  ;  springing  out;  thumping  with  a  [ 
loud  noise  ;  boasting ;  moving  with  force,  as  a  heav}',    BOUX'Tl-llEDE,  ( 
bounding  body.  IJOLX'TMIKAI),  ( 


BOUN'CING-I.Y,  adv.    Boastingly. 

BOUND,  71.  [Norm,  bonne,  boune,  a  bound  ;  homl,  lim- 
ited ;  bundcs,  limits;  from  bind^  baud,  that  which 
binds ;  or  from  Fr.  bondir,  to  spring,  and  (ionotiiig 
the  utmost  extent] 

1.  A  limit ;  the  line  which  comprehends  the  win  ' 
of  any  given  object  or  space.  It  ditlers  from  bouuc  : 
rtj.    See  Ihe  latter. 

Bound  is  applied  to  kingdoms,  states,  cities,  town^^, 
tracts  of  land,  and  to  territorial  jurisdiction. 

2.  A  limit  by  which  any  excursion  is  restraineii  ; 
the  limit  of  indulgence  or  desire;  as,  the  love  of 
money  knows  no  bounds. 

3.  A  leap;  a  spring;  a  jump;  a  rebound.  [Fr. 
bondiry  to  spring.] 

4.  In  dancingj  a  spring  from  one  fool  to  the  other. 
BOUND,  r.  t.  To  limit ;  lo  terminate  ;  to  fix  the  fur- 
thest point  of  extension,  whether  of  natunil  or  moral 
objects,  as  of  land,  or  enipire,  or  of  passion,  desire, 
indulgence.  Hence,  lo  restrain  or  confine;  as,  to 
hound  our  wishes.     To  bound  in,  is  hardly  legitimate. 

2.  To  mention  Ihe  boundaries  of  a  country  ;  as,  to 
bound  France. 

3.  To  make  lo  bound.  Shak. 
BOUND,  V.  i.     [Fr.  bondir;  Arm.  boundi^za.] 

i.  To  leap ;  to  jump ;  lo  spring  ;  to  move  forward 
by  leaps. 

Before  Lis  lord  the  ready  Hpnnipl  bounds.  Pope. 

2.  To  rebound  ;  but  tJie  sense  is  the  same. 

BOUND,  jtreL  and  pp.  of  Bind.  As  a  participle,  made 
fast  by  a  band,  or  by  chains  or  fetters ;  obliged  by 
moral  ties  ;  confined  ;  restrained. 

2.  As  a  participle,  or  perhaps  more  properly  an  ad- 
jectice,  destined  ;  tending ;  going,  or  intending  to  go, 
"with  to  or  for;  as,  a  ship  is  bound  to  Cadiz,  or  for 
Cadiz. 

The  application  of  this  word,  in  this  use,  is  taken 
from  the  orders  given  for  the  government  of  the  voy- 
age, implying  obligation,  or  from  tending,  stretching. 
So  destined  implies  being  bound. 

Bound  is  used  in  composition,  :is  in  ice-bound,  wind- 
bound,  when  a  sliip  is  confined  or  prevented  from 
sailing  bv  ice  or  bv  contrarv  winds. 

BOUND' A-RYj  u.    'A  limit ;  'a  bound.  .Tohnson. 

This  word  is  thus  used  :ts  synonymous  with  bound. 
But  the  real  sense  is,  a  visible  mark  designating  a 
limit.  Bound  is  the  limit  itself,  or  furlliest  point  of 
extension,  and  may  be  an  imaginary  line  ;  but  Imund- 
ary  is  the  thing  which  ascertains  the  limit ;  termiiuts, 
not  Jinis.  Thus,  by  a  statute  of  Connecticut,  it  is 
enacted,  That  ihe'inhabilants  of  every  town  shall 
procure  its  bounds  to  be  set  out  by  such  marks  and 
boundaries  as  may  be  a  plain  direction  for  the  future ; 
which  marks  anil  boundaries  shall  be  a  great  henp  of 
stones  or  a  ditch  of  six  feet  long,  &c.  This  distinc- 
tion is  observed  also  in  the  stiitute  of  Massachusetts. 
But  the  two  words  are,  in  ordinary  use,  confounded. 

BOnND-BAlL'IFF,H.  An  otfictr  appointed  by  a  slier- 
ilTto  execute  process  ;  so  denominated  from  the  bund 
given  for  the  faithful  discharge  of  his  trust. 

BUieJistone. 

BOUND'ED,  ;)^.    Limited;  confined:  restrained. 

BOUNl)'£N,  [from  bind.]  It  was  originally  a 
participle,  but  is  now  used  only  as  an  adjective  ; 
as,  it  is  our  bonndcn  dutv. 

BOUXD'KN-LY,  ode.    In  a  dutiful  manner. 

BOUND'ER,  n.    One  that  limits  ;  a  boundarv. 

hcrbrrt. 

BOUND'ING, p;»r.  Limiting;  confining;  restraining, 
leaping;  springing;  rebounding;  advancing  with 
leaps. 

BOUND'ING-SToNE, ;  77.    A  stone  to  play  with. 

BOUiVD'-SToNE,  \  Dnjdcn. 

BOUND'LESS,  a.  Unlimited  ;  uncontined  ;  imme;us- 
urable ;  illimitable;  as,  boumllcss  space;  boundless 
power. 

BOUND' LESS-LY,  adv.    Without  bound  or  limit. 

BOUND'LESS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  with- 
out limits.  SoutJt. 

BOUN'TE-OUS,  a.  [Sec  Bounty.]  Liberal  in  char- 
ity ;  disposed  to  give  freely  ;  generous  ;  munificent ; 
beneficent;  free  in  bestowing  gifts;  as,  bountrmis 
nature.    It  is  used  chiefly  in  poetry  for  bountiful. 

Johnson. 

BOUN'Tl^OUS-LY,  adc.  Liberally  ;  generously  ; 
largely  ;  freely. 

BOUN'TE-OUS-NESSj  7i.  Liberality  in  bestowing 
gifts  or  favors;  munificence;  kindness. 

BOUN'TI-F[JL,  a.  [bounty  and  full.]  Free  to  give  ; 
liberal  in  bestowing  gifts  and  favors;  munificent; 
generous. 

God,  the  bountiful  Author  of  ourixiog.  Locke. 

It  is  followed  by  of  before  the  thing  given,  and  to 
before  the  person  receiving. 
BOUN'TI-FIJL-LY,  adv.    "Liberally  ;    largely ;    in  a 

bountiful  manner. 
BOU.\'TI-FUL-NESS,  n.    The  quality  of  being  boun- 
tiful ;  lihf^raljly  in  the  bestowment  of  gil^  and  fa- 
hed,)  i  [vora. 

(-hed,)  >  n.    Goodness.     [Obs^ 


BOUN'CI.NG,  a.     Stout;  strong;  large  and  heavy;  a    BOLN'TI-HOOD 
customary  sense  in  the  United  States;  as,  a  bouncing  1  BOUN'TV,  ti.  [Fr.  bonte,  goodness,  excollence,  favor; 
lass.  I      It  bontd;  L.  bonitas,  from  bonus,  good.] 


FaTE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— MeTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  M.\fiINE,  BIRD.  — N5TE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOQK. — 


140 


BOV 

1.  Liberality  in  bestowing  gifts  and  favors;  gener- 
osity ;  munificence.  TJie  word  includes  the  gift  or 
favor,  and  ibe  kindness  of  disposition  with  which  it 
is  bestowed  ;  or  a  favor  bestowed  with  a  benevolent 
dispositicii.  This  di=tingiiislies  it  from  a  mere  gift. 
It  is  also  observed  by  Johnson,  tliat  it  differs  from 
charitij,  as  a  present  from  an  almsj  in  not  being  be- 
stowed upon  persons  absolutely  necessitous.  This 
ia  oft^n  the  case  ;  but  bounty  includes  chariiy^  as  the 
genu:4  comprehends  the  species ;  charity^  however, 
doe^  not  necessarily  include  bounty^  for  charity^  or  an 
aimsy  may  be  given  with  rc-luctance. 

The  word  may  be  used  also  for  a  free  gift;  2  Cor. 
is.  5  ;  or  a  disfwsition  to  give,  without  the  gift;  good- 
ness in  genend.  Spenser. 

-2.  A  premium  offered  or  given  to  induce  men  to 
enlist  into  the  public  service ;  or  to  encourage  any 
branch  of  industry,  as  husbandry*,  manufactures,  or 
commerce. 

Queai  Jinnt^s  iounty  ;    a  provision  made  in  her 
reign  for  augmenting  poor  clerical  livings. 
i;DU-Q.UET',  (boo-ka'j)  h.    [Fr.,  a  plume,  a  nosegay ; 
Ami.  bogedt  It.  boschetto.    See  Bush.] 

1.  A  nosegay  ;  a  bmich  of  flowers. 

2.  An  agreeable  aromatic  odor,  which  ig  perceived 
on  dm'.^ing  the  cork  of  any  of  the  finer  wines. 

Encyc.  of  Dom.  £con. 
BOURD,  (boord,)  n.     A  jest.     [Obs.]  Spenser. 

BOUKD'ER,  H.    A  jester.     [Obs.] 
BOUR'noX,  n.    A  pilgrim'3  stafl. 
BOURi^EOIS',  (bur-jois',)  «.     [It  appears  to  be  a 
French  word,  but  I  know  not  the  reason  of  its  ap- 
plication to  types.] 

A  small  kind  of  printing  types,  in  size  between 
long  primer  and  brevier. 
BOUK  CEON,  (bur'Jun,)  v.  i.     [Fr.  6o»rg-tfon,  a  bud  ; 
Ann.  bourgeon^  a  button,  or  a  bud.] 

To  sprout ;  to  put  forth  buds ;  to  shoot  forth,  as  a 
branch.  OoldstniUi. 

BoURS,  Ji.     [Fr.  b&rne,  a  limit;  borner,  to  bound.    In 
the  sense  of  a  stream.  Sax.  bunt ;  Sw.  brnnn :  D. 
bron:  H.  brunneti;  Dan.  bixJnd.l 
I.  A  bound ;  a  limit. 


That  undiscovered  coiintir,  firom  whose  toitni 
No  trvveler  rediros. 


Shak. 


9.  A  brook  ;  a  torrent ;  a  rivulet.  [In  this  sense  ob- 
solete; but  relaiited  in  many  names  of  tomns^  scaled  on 
tiic  bavlis  of  streams.  In  Scotland,  it  is  still  iiscd  i/t  tJie 
sense  of  a  brook,  but  tlmj  icrite  it  burn.] 

BOURN'LESS,  a.    Without  limits. 

BOUK'NON-ITE,  ;?.  .\n  ore,  consisting  of  lead,  anti- 
mony, copper,  and  sulphur;  occurring  in  steel-gray 
crystals,  often  aggregated  into  shapes  like  small  cog- 
wheels, Dana. 

BODRSEy  (boors,)  w.  [Fr.]  The  French  name  for  an 
exchange. 

BOUSE,  >(booz,)  V.  i.    [Arm.  6cu:i,  to  overflow;  to 

BOOSE,  i  drown  ;  VV.  bo-.i ;  Old  D.  buysen.  In  Russ. 
buza  is  a  drink  brewed  from  millet.     Tookc] 

To  drink  freely;  to  tope;  to  guzzle,  [./i  vulgar 
vord.]  Spenser. 

BOU-STRO-PHe'DON,  n.  [Gr.  0ovs,  an  ox,  and 
S-p£'!>o),  to  turn.] 

This  word  is  used  to  express  the  ancient  mode  of 
writing,  in  Greece,  in  alternate  lines,  one  from  right 
to  lell,  and  the  nest  from  left  to  right,  as  fields  are 
plowed. 

BoUS'Y,  (booz'y,)  a.  Drunken;  intoxicated.  [Ful- 
g^'fj^  Drydcn. 

BOUT,  n.     [Fr.  bout,  end,  or  It.  botta,  a  stroke.] 

A  turn ;  as  much  of  an  action  as  is  performed  at 
one  time ;  a  single  part  of  an  action  carried  on  at 
successive  intervals  ;  essay ;  attempt. 

Sidney.     Dryden. 

BOUT,  n.  [It.  beuta^  or  hevuta,  a  drinking,  from  bcre, 
or  bevere,  to  drink  ;  L.  bibo  ;  Fr.  buirc;  Sp.  bebcr.] 

We  use  this  word  tautologically  in  the  phrase  a 
drinking-AoiiJ  ,■  or  the  word  is  the  same  as  the  pre- 
ceding. 

BOU-TADE',  (boo-Uid',)  n.   [Fr.,  from  houtcr;    Sp. 

botar;  It.  buttare,  to  thrust ;  Eng.put ;  allied  to  bud.] 

Properly,  a  start ;  hence,  a  whim.     \J\'ot  English.] 

BOU-TANT'.    See  Arc  Boutant.  [Swift. 

BOUTE'-FEU,  (boot'fu,)  n.      [Fr.,  from  boater,  to 
throw,  and  feu,  fire  ;  or,  accordmg  to  Thomson,  from 
boutCj  a  match.  Q,u.  from  the  root  of  Eng.  bate  or  better.] 
An  incendiary  ;  a  makebate.     [Ao£  English.] 

Bacon. 

BOU'TI-SaLE,  h.  [Qu.  sale  of  booty,  or  from  boute,  a 
match.     Thomson.] 

A  cheap  sale  ;  or,  according  to  others,  a  sale  by  a 
lighted  match,  during  the  burning  of  v.-hich  a  man 
may  bid.     [A'otused.]  Hayward. 

BOUTS-Rl..ilES',  (boo-re-ma',)  n,  pi.  [Fr.]  Words 
that  rhyme  given  to  be  formed  into  verse.  Smart. 

BO'VATE,  71.    [In  Law  L.  bovata,  from  bos,  bovis,  an 

01.1 

An  ox-gate,  or  as  much  land  as  an  ox  can  plow  in 
a  year ;  Cowe!  says  -23  arres. 
BO'VEY-COAL,  m.  Crown  liignite,  an  inflammable 
fossil,  resembling,  in  many  of  its  properties,  bitumin- 
ous wood  ;  found  at  Bovey  Hatfield,  near  Exeter,  in 
England.    Its  structure  is  a  little  slaty  ;  its  cross  frac- 


BOW 

tureevon  orconchoidal,  witba  resinous  luster,  some- 
what shining.  It  is  brittle,  burns  with  a  weak  flame, 
and  exhales  an  odor  which  is  generally  disagreeablr. 

BOV'ID,  a.     [L.  io...]  [  QUacdawl. 

Relating  to  that  tribe  of  ruminant  mammals,  of 
which  the  genus  Bos  is  the  type.  It  comprehenda 
the  genera  Catoblepas,  Ovibos,  and  Eos. 

Bo'VLXE,  a.  [Low  L.  bovinus,  from  bos,  bovis^  an  ox  ; 
W.  buj  bnw,  bug,  buwg,  and  the  verb  bugiatOy  to  bel- 
low.] 

Pertaining  to  oxen  and  cows,  or  the  quadrupedal  of 
the  genus  Bos. 

Thi»  animal  is  the  Ktron^at  antl  ficTCCst  of  Uic  bovine  genui. 

Barroi^M  Tras. 
The  ox-born  souls  nipan  noOiing  mcurr  Umn  Uf  n^hl  liriii*  sotth 
wlio  issued  irotn  their  allffgorical  iiiotbcr,  ihr  butine  a«. 

f'ahtr, 
BOW,  V.  t.     [Sax.  bugan,  bygan :  W.  bwaii,  and  bacu, 
to  bend,  to  grapple ;  G.  biegen,  beugen  ;  D.  boogen^ 
buigen;  rtw.  bijja;  Dan.  biJje,  to  bend.] 

1.  To  bend  ;  to  inflect ;  a?,  to  bcw  vines. 

2.  To  bend  the  body  in  token  of  respect  or  civility ; 
a<?,  to  bow  the  head. 

3.  To  bend  or  incline  toward,  in  condescension. 

Boio  down  tiiioe  ear  to  llic  poor.  —  Ecck-s. 

4.  To  depress  ;  to  crush  ;  to  subdue. 

His  h-avy  hand  bath  boiscd  you  lo  llif  ^avp. 
He  toicTjt  the  natiooa  to  bi^  v.' ill. 

BOW,  V.  i.  To  bend;  to  curve ;  to  be  inflected;  to 
bend,  in  token  of  reverence,  respect,  or  civility;  of- 
ten with  dovm. 

This  is  the  idol  to  wliicit  the  world  loiot. 

2.  To  Stoop ;  to  fall  upon  the  knce^. 

The  people  boi^fd  upon  their  knees.  — Judgirs. 

3.  To  sink  under  pressure. 

They  sloop ;  they  boio  down  togpL'iLT,  —  Isiiah. 

BOW,  71.  An  inclination  of  the  head,  or  a  bending  of 
the  body,  in  toi;en  of  reverence,  respect,  civility,  or 
submission. 

Bow  of  a  ship,  is  the  rounding  part  of  lier  side  for- 
ward, beginning  where  the  planks  arch  inward,  and 
Terminating  where  they  close,  at  the  stem  or  prow. 
A  narrow  bow  is  called  a  lean  bow  ;  a  broad  one,  a 
bold  or  bluff  bow. 

On  tlieboWy  in  navigation,  is  an  arch  of  the  hori- 
zon, not  exceeding  45  degrees,  comprehended  be- 
tween some  distant  object  and  that  point  of  tlie 
compass  which  is  right  ahead.  J\Iar.  Diet. 

BoW,  n.  [See  Bow,  to  bend.]  .^n  instrument  of  war 
and  hunting,  made  of  wood,  or  other  elastic  mailer, 
with  a  string  fastened  to  each  end.  The  bow,  being 
bent  by  drawing  the  string,  and  suddenly  returning 
to  its  natural  state  by  its  elastic  force,  throws  an  ar- 
row to  a  great  distance,  and  with  force  sufficient  to 
kill  an  animal.  It  is  of  two  kinds,  the  long-bow,  and 
the  cross-bow,  arbalet,  or  arbalest.  The  use  of  the 
bow  is  called  archery. 

9.  Any  thing  bent,  or  in  form  of  a  ciuve  ;  the  rain- 
bow ;  the  doubling  of  a  string  in  a  knot ;  the  part  of 
a  yoke  which  embraces  the  neck  ;  &c. 

3.  A  small  machine,  formed  with  a  stick  and  hairs, 
which,  being  drawn  over  the  strings  of  an  instrument 
of  music,  causes  it  to  sound. 

4.  A  beam  of  wood  or  brass,  with  thiee  long  screws 
that  direct  a  lathe  of  wood  or  sleel  to  any  arch  ;  used 
in  forming  draughts  of  ships,  and  projections  of  the 
sphere,  or  wherever  it  is  necessary  to  draw  large 
arches.  Harris. 

5.  An  instrument  for  taking  the  sun's  altitude  at 
sea,  consisting  of  a  large  arch  of  9C  degrees  grad- 
uated, a  shank  or  staff,  a  side-vane,  a  sight-vane,  and 
a  horizon-vane  ;  noio  disused.  Eneyc. 

6.  An  instrument  in  use  among  smiths  for  turning 
a  drill ;  with  turners,  for  turning  v/ood  ;  with  hatters, 
for  breaking  fur  and  wool. 

7.  Bows  of  a  saddle,  are  the  two  pieces  of  wood 
laid  archwise  to  receive  the  upper  part  of  a  horse's 
back,  to  give  the  saddle  its  due  form,  and  to  keep  it 
tight.  Farrier^s  Diet. 

8.  In  architecture,  a  circular  end  of  a  church,  apart- 
ment, or  building.  Elmes. 

BoW'-BEAR-ER,  7(.  [bow  and  bear.]  An  under  of- 
ficer of  the  forest,  whose  duty  is  to  inform  of  tres- 
passes. CowcL 

b6W'-BEN'T,  a.     [bow  and  beiU.]  Crooked.  .VUton. 

BoW'-€0M'PAS-SES,(b6'kum'pas-sez,)n.;)/.  A  pair 
of  compasses,  with  a  bow  or  arched  plate  of  metal 
riveted  to  one  of  the  legs,  upon  which  the  other  leg 
slides,  to  steady  the  motion. 

BoW'-DRILL,  u.  a  drill  worked  by  a  bow  and 
spring. 

BoW'-Dli'E,  V,  A  kind  of  scarlet  color,  superior  to 
madder,  but  inferior  to  the  true  scarlet  grain  for  fix- 
edness and  duration  ;  first  used  at  Bow,  near  Lon- 
don. Encyc. 

BOW'-^RaCE,  71.  In  sea  language,  a  frame  or  com- 
position of  junk,  laid  out  at  the  sides,  or  bows,  of 
ships,  to  secure  them  from  injury  by  ice.       Encyc. 

B^W'-HAXD,  71.  [bow  and  hand.]  The  hand  that 
draws  a  how,  Spenser. 

BOW'IE-KXTFE,  (bo'e-nife,)  n.  A  long  knife,  or  dag- 
ger, used  by  hunters  and  others  in  the  \Ve5tern  States. 


BOW 


nOW'-LEG.n.    A  crooked  leff.  7.      - 

hOW'-LKG-iiED,  (ba'legd,)a.     [Acw  and  i<^.      ;  . 

ine  rriK-tked  k-gs,  X.*a  ,... 

BOW'LEH.S,  a.    Destitute  of  a  bow. 
BOW'-MAN,  n.     [bow  and  man.]    A  man  who  iwes  a 

bow  ;  an  archer.    Jerein.  iv.  23. 
BOW'-3IA.\,  n.  The  man  who  row*  ti 

in  a  br^at. 
B6W'-.\ET,  Tu     [boa;  ami  nft,}     An' 

ing  lobrtera  and  crawliah,  caJl    ; 

in  made  of  two  round  wicker  I 

end,  one  (jf  which  ift  thrust  int' 

mouth  in  a  little  rim  bent  inward.  > 

BOW'-PE.\,  71.     A  metallic  ruling-pi-n,  ha%  . 

part  which  holds  the  inic  boie<d  out  lowu  i    : 

middle. 
BOW'-PinCE.  n.    [bote  and  pUee.]    A  pi««  of  wd- 

nancc  rarried  at  the  bow  of  a  khlp.  Fitr-t' 

BOW'-SHOT,  71.    [bow  and  sh^tU]    TI. 

an  arrow  may  [taiiii  when  uhot  fruci 

xxi.  Iti. 
B6W'-WI\'D0W.    See  Bat-Wisdow. 
BOW'A-BLE,  a.    Of  a  flexible  disposiiion.    [Jk'u  ia 

use] 
BOW' AD,  (bowd,)  pp.     Bent ;  cnnth^rd  ;  nuWucd. 
BOW'£D,  pp.  or  II.     Bent ;  like  a  bow. 
BOWELS,  n.  pi.    [G.  baurh  :  D.  buik ;  Sw.  hmk  ;  Dan. 

bug ;  Fr.  boyau;  \V.  bog;  a  swelling;  fto^d,  tiie  na- 

vef.    The  sense  is,  proiubcrance.j 

1,  The  intestines  of  an  animaj ;  the  cntn'!*,  f^ 

pccially  of  man  ;  the  heart.    'J  <!;or.  ri,  12. 
"J.  The  interior  part  of  any  thing  ;  o^,  tht 

the  earth. 
3.  The  peat  of  pity  ■  r  "      "  lience,  i-n-!  r 

ness,  compa-^sion ;  a  sc 
Bowel,  in  the  singuliir.  u<»ed  for  gv*. 

BOW'EL,  r.  (.  To  take  out  me  l..w»_is  ;  to  evi,  .     ■ 

to  penetrate  the  bowels.  .9i/isieortJ>.    . . 

BOW'EL-LE.Si-,  a.    Without  tenderness  or  pr. . 
B(JW'ER,  71.    |from  bow.]    .^n  anchor  earned  :it  iii': 

bow  of  a  ship.     There  are  generally  two  boteert, 

called  frst  and  second,  great  and  little,  or  bcjt  and 

small.  Eac^c. 

BOW'EU,  71.  [Sax.  bur,  a  chamber  or  private  apart- 
ment, a  hut,  a  cottage  ;  W.  bier,  an  inclosure.^ 

1.  A  shelter  or  covered  place  in  a  gaidtn.  ;:  ,' 
with  boughs  of  trees  bent  and  twined  logti.. 
differs  from  arbor  id  that  it  may  be  round  tr  . 
whereas  an  arbor  id  Ion:  and  arched.  Jiftltou.  i.  ici -. 

2.  A  bed-chamber;  any  room  in  a  house  except 
the  hall.  Spenser.    .Vosoi. 

3.  A  country-seat ;  a  cottage.  Shenstone.  B.  Jonscn. 
A.  A  shady  recess ;  a  plantation  for  shad^-. 

Jr.  ^n-rn. 
BOWER,  r. /,    To  embower  ;  to  inclos*.  >     . 

BOWER,  r.  i.    To  lodge.  .^ 

BOWERS, )  n.  pi.  [from  bow.]  Muscles  that  t>._:  .  : 
BOWRS,      i      joints,  Spensfr.  .Vdsvn, 

BOWEU-Y,  a.  Covering  ;  shading,  as  a  bower  :  also, 
containing  bov.'ers.  Thoinjtn. 

A  bo-Mry  iiiaic  tlwt  ihatJf*  the  ptiiple  ritaxrx  T'r-K—.it-:.'. 

BOWESS,  i  71.    A  voung  hawk,  when  it  begins  to  get 
BOWET,    J     out  of  the  nest ;  a  term  in  fiileonr\-. 

£nnrc  Jjk, 
B0W6E,  V.  i.    To  swell  out.     [Se*'  B«T'<7r.i 
BOWGE,  r.  L    To  perforate  ;  :i     " 

[I  do  Tiot  find  this  leord  in  c 
BOW'ING,  ppr.     Bending;  sUH>pii;_';    j.:;-.!;  . 
BOW'IXG-LY.  adr.     In  a  benduig  manner. 
BoWL,  n.     [Sax.  bolla.    In  Latin,  xoli  is  th     , 
of  the  hand.] 

1.  A  concave  vessel  to  hold  liquors,  rather  wid-- 
than  deep,  and  thus  distinguished  from  a  cup,  w  hich 
is  rather  deep  than  wide. 

2.  The  hollow  part  of  any  thing ;  as,  tJie  .' 
spoon. 

3.  A  basin  ;  a  fountain.  BacoJt. 
BflWL,  n.     [D.  bol ;  t>.  boule ;  Sp.  bola ;  Ann.  U^  a 

ball;  W.pW.] 

A  b;dl  of  wood  used  for  play  on  a  level  plat  of 
ground. 
BOWL,  r.  i.    To  plav  with  bowls,  or  at  bowling. 

2.  To  roll  the  ball  at  cricket. 

3.  To  move  rapidh',  smoothly,  and  like  a  ball ;  as, 
Uie  carriage  bowUd  aJong. 

BoWL,  V.  t.  To  roll,  as  a  bowl  ;  also,  to  pell  with  any 
thing  rolled.  S*uik. 

To  bowl  out,  in  cricket,  is  to  Knock  down  one's 
wicket  bv  bowling. 

EOWL'DER,  n.  [from  bovl]  A  stone,  of  a  roundish 
form,  and  of  no  delenninate  size,  found  on  the  sea- 
shore, anil  on  the  banks  or  in  the  channels  of  nvers, 
AiC,  woni  smtwth  or  rounded  by  the  action  of  water ; 
a  pebble.  Jctknsv^.     F*^'^, 

The  term  boteUer  L*  now  used  in  c^    '    .    '"     ^    '^' ' 
ed  masses  of  any  rock,  found  out  a 
parenlly  transporied  from  their  oricin.. 
Bowlders  of  granite,  otVn  of  gnai  »i.    . 
common  on  Uie  surface  of  the  most  rtcer: 

,  tions. 

Bc'jWL'DER-STOXE.    See  Bottldkb. 

B5WL'DER-WALL,  n.    .\  waU  constructed  of  peb 


TCNE,  BULL,  tJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — G  as  K ;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  a.«  in  THIS. 


»ox 

bles  or  bowlders  of  flint  or  otber  .silicious  stones,  | 

which  hnve  been  rounded  by  the  action  of  wiitrr.    j 

BttildtT^s  Diet.      I 

BOVVL'ER,  ».    One  who  plays  a!  bowls,  or  who  rolls  I 
in  cricket. 

BOWLINE,  71  [Sp.  and  Port,  bolina;  Arm.  boiUine, 
"  voile  de  biais  pour  recevoir  le  vent  de  c8t^,'*  a 
slanting  sail  to  receive  a  side  wind,  Ore^oirr;  Fr. 
bouline^u  tack;  bouUnery  to  tack,  to  turn  one  way 
and  the  other,  to  dodf^o  ur  shift.  But  in  Danish  it  is 
bogline^  the  liiu'  of  the  bow  or  bend.] 

A  rope  fastened  near  the  middle  of  tlie  leech  or 
perpendicular  edire  of  the  ^^quare  sails,  by  subordinate 
parts,  called  ^^td/r.^•,  and  used  to  keep  the  weather 
edge  of  the  sail  tigbt  forward,  when  the  ship  is  closir- 
hauU-d.  Mar.  Diet. 

Bowline-bridles  are  the  ropes  by  which  the  bnwlino 
is  fastened  to  the  leech  of  the  sail.  Kncfje. 

BOWL'IiVG,  n.  The  act  of  rolling'  bowls,  or  the  ball 
at  cricket.  Burtm. 

BOWL'IN'C;, /;;?r.  Playing  at  bowls;  rollint!  tliu  bull 
at  cricket;  moving  sinoothlv  and  rapidly  along. 

BOVVL'ING-AL'LKV,  «.  In  Oic  UniUd  Statejiy  a  place 
for  pla\  ins  at  bowls. 

BOWLMXG-ORKEN,  ;i.  [botrl  and  ffrten.']  A  level 
piece  of  ground  kept  suioolh  for  bowling. 

2.  In  i^ardcnin^f  a  pnrterr<?  in  a  grove,  laid  with 
fine  turf,  with  companments  of  divers  rigures,  with 
dwarf  trees  and  other  decorations.  It  may  bo  used 
for  bowling;  but  tlie  French  and  Italians  have  such 
greens  lor  omaniont.  Etteije. 

BOWSE,  V.  I.  In  seamm^s  lan^uafre^  to  pull  or  haul 
liard  ;  as,  to  bowse  upon  a  tack  ;  to  bowse  away^  to  pull 
all  together.  Knctjc 

BOWSPRIT,  Ti.  [bout  and  sprit ;  D.  boegsprict ;  Dan. 
bogsprid ;  G.  bngspriet.     See  Sprit.] 

A  large  boom  or  spar,  which  projects  over  the  stem 
of  a  ship,  or  other  vessel,  to  carrj*  sail  forward.  {^Vhis 
if  probably  tkc  true  ortkoirrapfiv.]  Mar.  Diet. 

B0WSS'£:N,  v.  f.  To  drink  ;  to  drench.  [JVbe  used.] 
Q,u.  bouse. 

BOWSTRING,  71.  The  string  of  a  bow.  The  bow- 
string is  used  by  the  Turks  in  strangling  offenders  ; 
hence,  the  verb  to  bowstring  is  sometimes  used. 

BCW'STRING-KO,  a.     Furniyhed  with  bowstrings. 

BOWYER,  TI.  [fnun  ftow,  a  corruption  of  bower,  like 
saieyer.] 

An  archer ;  one  who  uses  a  bow ;  one  who  makes 
bows.     [Little  iisrd,]  Johnson. 

BOX,  /I.  [Sn.v.  boxj  :i  coffer,  and  the  box-tree ;  L.  btix- 
iw,  the  tree,  and  pyzis^  a  box  ;  Gr.  n-^ts,  a  box,  and 
R-uf  ^5,  the  tree  ;  jri'J,  the  fist ;  Ir.  bugsa,  buksa ;  Sw. 
buzbom ;  Ger.  bucksbaum ;  Dan.  buxbom,  the  box-tree  ; 
Ger.  WJcAjsr,  a  box  ;  It.  bosso,  the  box-tree  ;  bossolo,  a 
box  ;  Sp.  box,  the  tree  ;  Port,  buro,  the  tree  j  &itra,  a 

O  ^  ^ 
stopple;  Pers.  lyvJU  ftorfl^, buxus, bo\-tree ;  Ar.the 

same.  Bor  may  be  from  closeness,  applied  to  the 
shrub,  tlie  fist,  and  the  case.] 

1.  A  coffer  or  chest,  either  of  wood  or  metal.  In 
general,  the  word  bor  is  used  for  a  case  of  rough 
boards,  or  more  slightly  made  than  a  chest,  and 
used  for  the  conveyance  of  goods.  But  the  naniR 
is  applied  to  cases  of  any  size  and  of  any  materi- 
als ;  as,  a  wooden  ftoz,  a  tin  box,  an  iron  box,  a 
strong  box. 

2  The  quantity  that  a  box  contains ;  as,  a  box  of 
quicksilver;  a  box  of  rings.  In  some  cases,  the  quan- 
tity called  a  box  is  fixed  by  custom ;  in  others,  it  is 
uncertain,  as  a  box  of  tea  or  sugar. 

3.  A  certain  seat  in  a  phiy-house,  or  in  any  public 
room. 

4.  The  case  which  contains  the  mariner's  compass. 

5.  A  money-chest. 

6.  A  tree  or  shnib,  the  Buxus  semptrorrcns^  used  for 
bordering  flower-beds.  The  name  is  Jilso  given  to 
otber  species  of  the  genus.  The  Africtm  box  is  the 
Myrsine. 

7.  A  blow  on  the  head  with  the  hand,  or  on  the 
ear  with  the  open  hand. 

8.  A  cylindrical,  hollow  iron,  used  in  wheels,  in 
which  liie  axle-tree  runs.  Al^o,  a  hollow  tube  in  a 
pump,  closed  with  a  valve. 

BOX,  r.  u    To  fight  with  the  fist;  to  combat  with  the 

hand  or  fist. 
BOX,  r.  L    To  inclose  in  a  box  ;  abw,  to  furnish  with 

boxes,  as  a  wheel  or  block. 
3.  To  strike  with  the  hand  or  fist,  especially  the 

ear  or  side  of  tlie  head 

3.  To  rehea^:o  the  several  jwints  of  the  compass 
in  their  proper  order.  Encyc 

4.  To  make  a  hole  or  cut  in  a  tree  to  procure  the 
sap ;  as,  to  box  a  maple. 

5.  To  sail  round.     [Sp.  boxar.'^ 

Tu  box  off;  to  divide  off  into  tight  co-partmenU. 
BOX'-eO.AT,    n.     An  overcoat,  originally  worn  by 

coachmen. 
BOX'-DRaIN,  n.  An  under-ground  drain,  boxed  up  on 

the  sides  and  top,  and  covered  with  earth.     Srande. 
BOX-EL'DER,  7i.  The  a^-iii-leaved  m;ipU-.  (jjccr  wc^n- 

do,  Linn. ;  jYcguTtdium  aceroides,  Moencb,)  a  native  of 

North  America. 


BRA 

BOX'-LOB-BY,  n.  In  a  theater,  the  lobby  leading  to 
the  bote*. 

BOX'-TIfORN,  »i.  Ibox  and  thorn.]  A  plant,  the  Ly- 
ciuin,  or  a  species  of  it.  Fam.  of  Plants. 

BOX'-i'HEE,  ft.  The  box,  (Buxus  snnperrirens,  Linn.) 

IJOX'f;n.  (lio\t,)  pji.  Inclosed  in  a  box  ;  stmck  on  the 
txad  with  the  list  or  hand  ;  furnished  with  a  box  or 
hollow  iron,  as  a  wheel. 

BOX'/TN,  (bt'x'n,)  a.  Made  of  box-wood  ;  re.sembltng 
box.  Dntdai.     Oai/. 

BOX'ER,  w.     One  who  fights  with  his  list. 

BOX'HAUL,  r.  t.  To  veer  a  ship  in  :•.  particular  man- 
ner, when  close-liaulcd,  round  on  to  the  other  tack. 

Chitmbcrs. 

BOX'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Inclosing  in  a  box  ;  striking  with 
the  fist ;  furnishing  with  a  box. 

ROX'I.\G,  71.  The  uct  of  fighting  with  the  fist ;  a  com- 
bat with  the  fi^t. 

BOY,  H.  [Pors.  baeh,  a  Imy  ;  W.  bac^rm,  from  taf ,  lit- 
tle ;  Arm.  battel,  a  child";  bugale,  boyish  ;  Sw.  poikc. 
a  young  boy  ;  Don.  pog:  Fr.  page  (See  Beagli:  anti 
Pug.)  Bojf  is  a  contracted  word,  and  probably  the  L. 
puer,  for  pugcr,  for  we  see  by  pudla  that  r  is  not  rad- 
ical. So  the  Gr.  jrniy  probably  is  contracted,  for  the 
derivative  verb,  ratCfo,  forms  rjtf<o,  -ai\Btt^.  The 
itidicul  letters  probably  are  Bg  or  Pg.j 

A  male  child,  from  birth  to  the  age  of  puberty  ;  but 
in  generil,  applied  to  males  under  ten  or  twelve  years 
of  age  ;  a  lad.  Sometimes  it  is  used  in  contempt  for 
a  young  man,  indicating  imniatiuity,  want  of  vigtpr 
or  judgment. 

BOV,  V.  t.    To  treat  as  a  boy.  Johnson. 

Bather,  to  act  as  a  boy ;  to  imitate  a  boy  in  action. 
The  passage  in  Shakspeare,  in  which  this  word  is 
found,  is  supposed  to  allude  to  tlie  practice  of  boys 
acting  women's  parts  on  the  stage. 

I  shrill  6LC  sHinc  nqiifaldii^  Cloopiira  boy  my  "Tcitncaa. 

Sfe  Mason's  Sup.  to  Joliriaon. 

BOY'AR,  n.  A  nobleman  of  Russia,  Transylvania, - 
&C.     [See  BoiAit.] 

BOY'AU,  (boy'o,)  n. :  pi.  Hovaux.  [Fr.  boyau,  a  gut, 
and  a  branch  of  a  tree.] 

In  fortijiration.,  a  ditch  covered  with  a  parapet, 
ser\'ing  as  a  communication  between  two  trenches. 

Encye. 

BOY'-BLIND,  a.  Bhnd  asaboy  ;  undiscerning.  {Obs.] 

Beaum.  ^*  Fl. 

BOY'EU,  TI.  A  Flemish  eloop  with  a  castle  at  each 
end.  Rnctjc. 

BOY'IIOOD,  71.  [boy  and  kood.]  The  state  of  a  boy, 
or  of  immature  age.  Swift. 

BOY'ISH,  a.  Belonging  to  a  boy ;  childish  ;  trifling  ; 
resembling  a  boy  in  manners  or  opinions;  puerile. 

Hhafc. 

BOY'ISH-LY,  adv.     Childishly  ;  in  a  trifling  manner. 

Sherwood. 

BOYaSFI-NESS,  n.  Childishnesa ;  the  manners  or  be- 
havior of  a  hoy. 

BOY'ISM,  71.    Childishness;  puerility.  Dnidcn. 

2.  The  state  of  a  boy.  fVdrton. 

BOY'S'-PLaY,  ji.  Childish  amusement;  any  thing 
trifling. 

BO-Yu'XA,  71.  A  large  serpent  of  America,  black 
and  slender,  having  an  intolerable  smell.  Also,  a 
hamUf^s  rejitilo.  Diet,  of  JVttt,  Hist. 

BP;  an  abbreviation  of  Bishop. 

BRA-BANT'INE,  a.  Pertauiing  to  Brabant,  a  province 
of  the  Netherlands,  of  wliicli  Brussels  is  the  capital. 
Statf,  Papers,  vol.  ii. 

BRAB'BLE,  ii.     [D.  brabbelcn,  to  stammer.] 

A  broil ;  a  clamorous  contest ;  a  wrangle.     [  Obs.] 

Shnk. 

BRAB'BLE,  v.  i.  To  clamor;  to  content  noisily.  [Obs.] 

Bcaum.  dj*  Fl. 

BRAB'BLER,  t;.  A  clamorous,  quarrelsome,  noisy  fel- 
low ;  a  wrangler.      [Obs.]  Shnk, 

BR^VB'BLING,  ppr.    Clamoring;  wrangling.     [Obs.] 

BRAC'CaTE,  a.     [h.  bracca,  breeches.] 

In  ornithology,  furnished  with  feathers  whicli  con- 
ceal the  feet. 

BRaCE,  n.  [Fr.  bras;  Sp.  brazo  :  Port,  brago ;  Arm. 
breach,  or  bi-'h  ;  Ir.  brae,  and  raigh  ;  W.  hraic ;  Corn. 
brcel:,  or  brch;  h.  brachiuni;  Gr.  fipa-xtciv,  the  arm. 
This  word  furnishes  a  clear  :uid  decisive  evidence  of 
the  change  of  a  palatal  letter  into  a  sibilant.  The 
change  comes  throu[rh  the  Spanish  or  other  Celtic 
dialect,  brarh,  brazo,  the  Sp.  :  being  originally  a  pal- 
atal or  guttural ;  thence  to  the  Fr.  bras,  and  Eng. 
brace.  In  likt;  manner,  Durazzo  is  formed  from  Dyr- 
rachium.  The  Greek  verbs  furnish  a  multitude  of 
similar  changes.  'J'liis  word  furnishes  also  a  proof 
that  b  is  a  prefix ;  for  in  Irish,  brar-  is  written  also 
rai^h.  The  sense  of  arm  is,  that  which  breaks  forth, 
a  snoot.  From  bras,  the  French  have  embrasstr,  to 
embrace,  and  in  Sp.  hrazas  is  braces,  and  brarear  is  to 
brare,  and  to  swing  the  arms.  Brace,  in  naval  affairs, 
is  in  D.  bras  ;  Dan.  bras,  and  brase,  to  brace.  Qu.  Is 
this  the  same  word  as  the  Fr.  bras^  an  arm?] 

1.  In  architecture,  a  piece  of  timber  framed  in  with 
bevel  joints,  to  keep  the  building  from  swerving  ci- 
ther way.  It  extends  like  an  arm  from  the  post  or 
main  timber. 

2.  That  which  holds  any  thing  tight ;  a  cincture  or 
bandage.    The  braces  of  a  drum  are  not  bands. 


BRA 

3.  A  pair;  a  couple ;  as,  a  brace  of  ducks.  It  is 
used  of  persons  only  in  contempt,  or  in  n  si  vie  of 
dndbry. 

4.  In  mutic,n  line  or  bracket  placed  vertinilly  at 
the  beginning  of  each  set  of  staves  in  a  score,  serv- 
ing lo  binrt  them  together.  Brande, 

.">.  A  thick  strap,  wliich  supports  a  carriage  on 
wheels. 

6.  A  crooked  line,  in  printing,  connecting  two  or 

more  words  or  lines ;  thus,  .'^  '.  ( 

It  is  used  lo  connect  triplets  in  poeli-j'. 

7.  In  marine  language,  a  rope  reeved  ihrongli  a 
block  at  the  end  of  a  yard,  to  square  or  tniverae 
the  yard.  Tlie  name  is  given  also  to  piect  s  uf  iron 
which  are  used  as  supports;  such  as  the  poop  Irin- 
terns,  &c.  Mar,  Diet. 

8.  Brace,  or  brasse,  is  a  foreign  measure  answering 
to  our  fathom.     [Fr.  brasse,  fatlinui.j 

9.  Harness;  warlike  preparation  ;  as  we  say,  jjftrd- 
ed  for  battle.  S'tak. 

10.  Tension  ;  tightness.  Holier. 

11.  Bractis;pL^  suspenders  ;  the  straps  that  si i  tain 
pantnloons,  &c. 

12.  The  braces  of  a  drum,  are  the  cords  on  the  sides 
of  it,  for  tightening  the  heads  and  snares. 

13.  A  curved  instrument  of  iron  or  wnod,  ftr  boring 
holes  and  driving  screws,  by  pressure  agiiinst  Iba 
breast.  J^ehuUan. 

BR.\('E,  V.  t.  To  draw  tight ;  to  tighten  ;  to  bind  or 
tie  close ;  to  make  tigbt  and  firm. 

9.  To  make  tense;  to  strain  up;  us,  to  brace  a 
drum. 

3.  To  furnish  with  braces  ;  as,  to  brace  a  building. 

■1.  To  strengthen ;  to  increase  tension  ;  as,  '.o  braxa 
the  nerves. 

.^.  In  marine  language,  to  bring  the  yards  to  either 
side. 

To  brace  abmU,  is  to  turn  the  yards  round  for  tbe 
contrary  tack. 

To  brace  sharp,  is  to  cause  the  yards  to  have  tbo 
smallest  possible  angle  with  the  keel. 

To  brace  to,  is  to  check  or  ease  off  the  lee  braces,' 
and  round  in  the  weather  ones,  to  assist  in  tacking. 

Mar.  Diet. 
BRXC'ED,  (lirast,)  pp.  Furnished  with  braces  ;  drawn 

cloce  and  light ;  made  tense. 
BRSCE'LET,  n.     [Fr.  brasscht,  and  bracrlrt ;  It.  ftpoc- 
ciale,  braecialctto  ;  Sp.  hrazaltU'.     See  Bii.\cr.] 

1.  .An  ornament  for  the  wrist,  worn  by  ladies.  This 
ornament  seems  anciently  to  have  been  worn  by  men 
as  well  as  women. 

2.  A  piece  of  defensive  armor  for  the  arm. 

Johnson, 
BRa'CER,  7t.    That  which  braces,  binds,  or  makes 
firm ;  a  band  or  bandage;  :Us<i,  armor  for  the  arm. 

Chancer. 
2.  A  medicine,  which  gives  tension  or  toue  to  any 
part  of  the  body. 
BU.\eH,  71.     [Fr.  braque;  D.  brak ;  It,  bracco,  a  selling 
dog ;  Sp.  braco,  pointing  or  setting,  as  a  pointer.] 
A  bileh  of  the  hound  kind.  Shak. 

BRACII'I-AL,  a.     [L.  brnchinm,  from  the  Celtic  braic^ 
brae,  the  arm.] 
Belonging  to  the  arm  ;  as,  tlie  brachial  artery. 

Hooper. 
BR.\€na-ATE,  a.     [See  BnACHiAi,.]'  In  botany,  hav- 
ing  branches  in  pairs,  decussated,  all  nearly  hori:ion- 
lai,  and  each  pair  at  right  angles  with  the  next. 

Martnn. 
BRACH'I-O-POD,  11.  i  [Gr.    (ipaxiov,    tbe    arm, 

BRACIM-OP'O-DA,  n.  pi.  (     and  ttn&n,  foet.] 

Terms  applied  to  a  class  or  order  of  molluscous  an- 
imals, characterized  by  two  fleshy  arms,  or  l;:biai 
processes,  which  they  can  protrude  or  withdraw,  and 
which  serve  for  prehension. 
BRACirMAN,  j  71.    One  of  the  sacerdotal  order 

HR.\>riN,  (bhl'min,)  j  of  India.  The  braehmans  are 
a  branch  of  the  ancient  gymnosophists,  and  remarka- 
ble fur  the  severity  of  their  lives  aiid  manner:^ 

BRA€II-Y-eAT-A-LEe'Tie,  7i.  [Gr.  ponxvi,  sliort, 
and  KOTiiXnicTiKo^,  deficient.] 

In  Orrrk  and  Latin  prosody,  a  verse  wanting  two 
syllables  at  Its  t'-rmination. 
BRA€H-Y-I)I  A<;'0-NAL,  n.    The  shortest  of  the  di- 
agonals in  :i  rliuinbic  prism. 
BRA-CHVG'RA-PHER,  lu     [See  the  next  word.]    A 

writer  in  short  hand.  Oanton. 

BRA-CHYG'KA-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  /?r'aX"f.  8''fri,  and 
ypa'lin,  a  writin-r.j 

The  art  or  practice  of  writing  in  short  hand  ;  ste- 
nography. B.  Jonsou. 
BR.\-eHYL'0-GY,  v.     [Gr.  fifiax^i,  short,  and  ,>»jof, 
expression.] 

In  rhetoric,  the  expressing  of  any  thing  in  tbe  most 
concise  manner. 
BRA-eirVl"TER-OUS,  a.     [Gr.  (ipaxvi,  short,  and 
jrrcoof,  wing.] 

In  ornithology,  a  term  denoting  that  the  v/ings, 
when  folded,  do  not  reach  to  the  base  of  the  tail. 

Brande. 
BRA-CHYST'O-CHRONE,  n     [Gr.  0paxiar>j?,  .short- 
est, and  xpoi-o;,  time.] 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT  —  MgTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.. 


U2 


BRA 

A  cun't;,  in  wiiicli  a  body,  descending  by  the  force 

of  gravity,  moves  through  a  given  space  in  the  short- 
est time. 
BRAeil'Y-TVP-OUS,  a.      [Gr.  /ipaxvg,  fihort,  and 

TVTTo^j  form.] 
In  miria-alo^j,  of  a  short  form.  Mohs. 

BEA€H-y-U'ROUS,  a,    [Gr.  ^nax^Sj  short,  and  ovpOj 

tail.] 
Short-tailed  ;  a  term  appHed  to  a  tribe  of  Crustacea, 

compreliending  the  crabs.  P.  Cye. 

BRaC'IXG,  ppr.      Furnishing  with  braces;   making 

tight  or  firm. 
liRAC'ING,  11.      Act  of  bracing,  or   slate  of  being 

braced. 
BRACING,  a.    Having  the  quality  of  giving  strength 

or  tone. 
BRACK,  /(.    [Gcr.  bruck ;  Dan.  brak  ;  Xorm.  breh ;  from 

break,  whicli  see.] 
An  ojiening  caused  by  the  parting  of  any  soUd 

body ;  a  breach ;  a  broken  part. 
BRAL'K'i^N,  rt.    Fern.     [See  Brake.] 
BRACK'ET,   T(.     [Fr.  braqucr,  to  bend.     Q,n.  Oriental 

1-13,  Ar.  Ch.  Heb.  3yr.  Sam.  and  Eth.,  to  bend  the 

knee  ;  hence  it  :-ignilies  tlie  knee.] 

1.  Among  workers  in  timber,  an  angular  wooden 
stay,  in  form  of  the  knee  bent,  to  support  shelves, 
scaffold-:,  and  the  like. 

2.  The  cheek  of  a  mortar  carriage,  made  of  strong 
plank.  Enciic. 

:i.  In  printing,  a  term  appHed  to  hooks  ;  thus,  [  ]. 

BRACK'ET,  i\  i.    To  place  within  brackets. 

BRACK'ISH,  a.  [D.  brak,  overflowed  ;  qu.  from  break, 
or  Gr.  /i,or\(j,  to  water.  Perhaps  applied  to  land  on 
which  s:dt  watur  has  flowed.] 

Sail,  or  salt  in  a  moderate  degree  :  it  is  applied  to 
any  water  p:iriiallv  saturated  with  sail.        Bacon. 

BRACK'ISH-NE.SS,"7i.  The  quality  of  being  brackish; 
saltness  in  a  small  degree.  Ckeijne. 

BRACK'Y,  fl.    Brackish.     [A'otnsed.] 

BRAC'TE-A,  i  n.      [L.    Ainsworth  writes  bractra,  or 

BKACT,  \       brattra.] 

In  botany,  an  abnormally  developed  leaf,  grouing 
upon  the  peduncle  of  a  flower.  It  diflers  from  other 
leaves  in  sliape  or  color,  and  is  generally  situated  on 
the  peduncle,  so  near  the  flower  as  easily  to  he  mis- 
taken for  a  perianth. 

BRAe'TE-.\TE,  a.  [from  bractca.]  Fumislied  with 
bracts.  Barton. 

BRACT'ED,  a.     Furnished  with  bracts.        Martyn. 

BRAC'TE-fJLE,  n.     A  little  bract.  De  Cando'lle. 

BRA€'TE-0-LATE,  a.     Furnished  with  bracteoles. 

BRACT'LESS,  a.    In  botamj,  destitute  of  bracts. 

BRAD,  in  Saxon,  is  broad,  and  occurs  in  names ;  as,  in 
Bradford,  broadford. 

BR.\U,  n.  [.\rm.  brand,  a  point;  Ir.  b rod,  or  braid; 
Dan.  broad,  a  goad  or  sting  ;  Ch.  I0"i3,  barat,  a  dart, 
a  borer.] 

A  particular  kind  of  nail,  used  in  floors  and  other 
work,  where  it  is  deemed  proper  to  drive  nails  entire- 
ly into  the  wood.  For  this  purpose,  it  is  made  with- 
out a  broad  head  or  shoulder  over  tlie  shank. 

Moxoj}. 

BRAD'Y-Pas,  n.    The  sloth,  which  see. 

BRAG,  V.  7.  [W.  bragiaw,  to  swell,  to  shoot  up,  to 
brag;  bran,  a  sproutini^,  malt;  bra^ii,  to  malt.  It 
coincides  with  Dan.  brag&r,  to  crackle,  Gr.  jSoaxw, 
Eng.  to  brag,  and  many  other  words  signifT,'ing  to 
treoft,  or  shoot  forth.     See  Brave.] 

To  boast ;  to  display  one's  actions,  merits,  or  ad- 
vantages ostentatiously  ;  to  tell  boastful  stories  ;  fol- 
lowed by  of;  as,  to  brag  of  a  good  horse,  or  of  a.  feat. 
Sidney.  Skak. 
To  brag  on,  is  vulgar  ;  indeed,  the  word  itself  is  be- 
come low,  and  is  not  to  be  used  in  elegant  composi- 
tion. 

BRAG,  71.  A  boast  or  boasting ;  ostentatious  verbal 
display  of  one's  deeds,  or  advantages  ;  the  thing 
boasted.  JStdtoiu     Bacon. 

Spenser  has  used  this  word  as  an  adverb  for 
proudly. 

BRAG,  n.    A  game  at  cards.  Chesterfield. 

BRAG-GA-Do'CIO,  (brag-ga-do'sho,)  n.  A  puffing, 
boa-;ting  fellow.  Drydcii. 

BRAG'GARD-ISM,  n.     [Old  Fr.  braggardisc] 
Buastfulness ;  vain  ostentation. 

BRAG'GART,  n.  [brag  and  art,  ard,\i\nCL.]  A  boast- 
er ;  a  vain  fellow.  Skak. 

BRAG'G.\RT,  a.    Boastful ;  vainly  ostentatious. 

Donne. 

BRAG'GER,  n.    One  who  brags  ;  a  boaster. 

BRAG'GET,  n.    [W.  bragawd.    See  Brag.] 

A  liquor  made  by  fermenting  the  wort  of  ale  and 
mead.  Oinen. 

HRAG'GIXG,  n.    Act  of  boasting. 

IJRAG'GrXG,  ppr.     Boasting. 

BRAG'GI\G-LY,  adv.     Boa.'^tingly. 

BRAG'LESS,  a.  Without  bragging  or  ostentntion. 
[  Unusiml]  Skak. 

BRAG'IjY,  adv.  Finely;  so  as  it  may  be  bragged  of. 
[Ao/  used.]  Spensrr. 

BRXH'M.A,  71.  The  first  person  in  the  trinity  of  the 
Hindoos ;  the  creator.  The  other  two  are  Plsftnuo, 
the  preserver  or  redeemer,  and  Siva,  the  destroyer. 

Encyc.  J9m, 


BRA 

BR\H-MAN'I€,  a.    Pertaining  to  Iho  brachmanu.      i 
BRAH'MLX,  ;i.    a  priest  among  the  Hindoos. 
BRaID,   v.  t      [t»ax.  bredan,  to  hniid  ;  Old  Eng.  brcdc  ; 
Dan.  brridr.,  to  npbraid.J 

1.  To  weave  or  infold  three  or  more  strands  to  form 
one. 

2   In  dome.'^tic  concrrn.-t,  to  mingle  by  rubbing  in 
some  fluid  or  sotl  subsianc45 ;  as,  to  braid  starch. 

Forby. 

3,  To  reproach.     [Ohs.]     [See  Upbraid.] 

4.  To  break  ;  to  tear;  lo  start.     [Obs.] 

BRAID,  n.  A  string,  cord,  or  other  texture,  formed  by 
weaving  together  diflerent  strands. 

2.  A  start.  SachvitU:. 
BRaID,  a.    Deceitful.  ShaJ:. 

Chancer  used  the  Saxon  word  brrde,  to  deceive. 
This  is  the  figurative  sense  of  braid,     [06s,] 

BRaID'EU,  pp.  or  «.  Woven  together;  commingled 
by  rubbing. 

BRaID'ING,  ppr.  Weaving  or  interlacing;  commin- 
gling by  rubbing. 

BUArii,   H.     [Fr.  braycr,  a  b7-ail,  or  truss,  a  contracted 
word.] 
I.  A  piece  of  leather  to  bind  up  a  hawk's  wing. 

Baiieij. 
9.  In  vavin-ntion,  brails  are  ropes  passing  through 
pulleys,  on  the  niiz'/en-mast  and  yard,  and  fastened 
to  the  aftmost  leech  of  the  sail  in  diflerent  p!ace?i,  to 
truss  it  up  close.  Also,  all  ropes  employed  to  haul 
up  tlic  bottoms,  lower  corners,  and  skirts  of  the  olher 
great  sails,  for  the  more  read\  furling  of  them. 

Alar.  Diet. 

BRaIL,  v.  t.  To  brail  up,  is  to  haul  up  into  the  bniils, 
or  to  truss  up  with  the  brails.  Mar.  Vict. 

BRaIN,  n.  [Sax.  bnEgan,  brcgai,  bragrn ;  D.  brein ; 
Gr.  fipcyn'i,  properly,  the  fore  part  of  the  head,  or 
sinciput:  also,  llie  brain.] 

1.  Th.-i  soft  mass,  or  viscus,  inclosed  in  tlie  crani- 
imi,  or  skull,  forming  the  most  important  and  most 
largely  developed  portion  of  the  nervous  system,  and 
the  seat  of  the  intellect  and  t^niotions.  It  consists  of 
two  larger  portions,  the  cerebrum  and  crrchcUnm,  and 
of  certain  smaller  parts,  situated  at  their  base.  From 
tlie  smaller  parts,  at  its  base,  proceed  the  spinal  mar- 
row, and  certain  pairs  of  nei-ves,  part  distributed,  as 
nerves  of  special  sensation,  on  the  organs  of  sense, 
and  part,  as  nerves  of  common  sensation  and  motion, 
to  the  head  and  neck.  The  term  has,  also,  been  ap- 
plied to  the  cerebrum,  in  distinction  from  the  cerebel- 
lum, or  little  brain. 
9.  The  understanding.  Ifale. 

3.  The  aftections  ;  fancy  ;  imagination.  [Umisnal.] 

Skak.     Sandytc. 

BRAIN,  D.  t.    To  dash  out  the  brains ;  to  kill  by  beat- 
ing out  tlie  brains.  Pope.     Dryden. 
9.  To  conceive  ;  to  understand.    [JVi>(  used.]   Sluik, 

BRAIN'-Fk'VER,  ?i.  An  old  term  for  an  infl;unma- 
tion  of  the  brain. 

BRAIN'ISH,  a.  Hot-headed  ;  furious  ;  as  L.  ctrrbro- 
sns.  Shale 

BRAIN'LESS,  a.  Without  understanding  ;  silly  ; 
thoughtless ;   witless.  7'ickel     Shak. 

BRAIiX'PAN,  71.  [brain  and  pan.]  The  skull  which 
incloses  the  brain.  Drydnu 

BRaIN'SICK,  a.  [brain  and  sick.]  Disordered  in 
the  understanding;  giddy;  thoughtless,      KnoUf.-i. 

BRAIN'SICK-LY,  adv.  Wcaldy  ;  with  a  disordered 
understanding,  Skak. 

BRAIN'SICK-NESS,  n.  Disorder  of  the  understand- 
ing ;  giddiness;  indiscretion. 

BRaIN'THROB,  n.    The  throbbing  of  the  bniin. 

BRAIT,  71.    Among  jewelers,  a  rougli  diamond. 

BRAKE,  pp.  of  Break.     [Obs.]     [See  Break.] 

BRAKE,  n.  [W.  firwg;  \r.  fraork:  Port,  brrjo ;  Sp. 
brezo ;  Dan.  brrgne  ;  G.  brcche :  L.  erica:  Gr.  roocw, 
cptcKco,  to  breaJc.  So  named,  probably,  from  its  rough- 
ness or  broken  aiipearauce.J 

1.  A  name  given  lo  diflerent  sptjcies  of  fern,  of  the 
genus  Pteris,  particularly  to  the  female  fern,  (P. 
aquilina;)  also  to  diflerent  species  of  fern  of  other 
genera.  The  name  is  also  used  collectively  in  the 
plural,  (brakes.) 
'J.  A  place  overgrown  with  brake.  Encyc. 

3.  A  thicket;  a  place  overgrown  wilh  shrubs  and 
brambles.  Johnson. 

4.  In  thr   United   States,  a  thicket  of  canes  ;  as,  a 
cane-brake;  hut  I  believe  used  only  in  composition. 

Eilieott, 
BRAKE,  71.   [See  Break.]    An  instrument  or  machine 
to  break  flax  or  hemp. 

9.  The  handle  or  lever  by  which  a  pump  is  worked ; 
that  is,  brae,  brachium,  an  arm. 

3.  A  baker's  kneading-trough. 

4.  A  sharp  bit,  or  snuflle. 

5.  A  machine  for  conlining  refractory  horses  while 
the  smith  is  shoeing  them.  .Tohnson. 

C.  That  part  of  the  carriage  of  a  mo^-able  batter}', 
or  enirine,  which  enables  it  to  turn.  Fairfax, 

7.  A  large,  heavy  harrow  for  breaking  clods  after 
plnunhing;  called  also  a  rfrnn^. 
BRAKE.  J).  An  instrument  attached  to  wheels,  par- 
ticularly to  the  wlieels  of  carriages,  and  especially 
iiiilroad  cars,  which,  by  pressing  on  the  wheels,  re- 
tards or  stops  their  motion. 


The  wife  of  a  Bramin. 


BRA 

BRAKESMAN,  n.     'I'lie  man  wtioee  tmiune«  is  to 

manage  the  brake  mi  rathvavf, 
liRAK'V,  a.    Full  of  bnik<_-»';  abounding  v.-:ih  bn:.. 

hh'*  or  Mhrubi  ;  rough  ;  thorny. 
BRAM'A,     \n,     [Br^um,    Pimiuiif. 
I'RL'il'A,      >      I^primtLi  ;  It.  prwmA,  '.   ■ 

BRAH'MA,  )    frum,  orifiin,  tKpinuii: . 
Tlje  chief  deity  of  ilie  Indian  nu' 

;w  the  creator  of  alt  ibiriL'-. 
BRA.M'BLE,  ».     f.^ax.  - 

bic,  rubuH,  veprcH  ;  D. 

bramble;  Ger.  bromb-- 

hmmble.     ThiK  plant,  prr,!, 

berrj-  or  iu  prickle-!,    lice  ii 
'I'hi-  raHplH-rrj'  bu.-h  or  bl  i 

Common  to  diiri.rcnl  Kpecie.t  *ii  I'l 

eluding  the  ri.-ipl>'_rry   and   black; 

anned  with  prickl'-'i ;  hunce,  m  </ 

anv  rougii,  prickly  Mhnib. 
BRAM'BLE-HW*'5H.    "•     [brambU   -.; 

bramble,  or  a  collection  of  bnunblc!!  - 

BRAM'BLi^D,  (bnun'bld,)  a.    OvenTonm  trUl*  brun- 

bles. 
BRA.M'BLE-XET,  ti.     [bran^''  ' 

or  a  net  to  catch  birds. 
BRAM'BLING,  ^  n.      A  bird. 
BRAM'BLE,      i     the  mount.-nt.  iin.-f,.  /,■•■-  <. 

BRAM'BLY.  adr.    Full  of  brambles. 

BRXH'MIN,  i  "•    [SeeBRACHMA^.] 

A  priest  among  the  Hindooti  and  other 

India.     There  are  several  orden*  of  Bnr: 

of  whom  are  vcr>*  cornipt  in  ili<  :: 

live  sequestered  from  the  world,  i! 

lion  and  indolence.    They  ar**  th- 

understand  the  r^anscrit,  or   .; 

country,  in  which  their  t  ;> 

and  lo  ihem  are  European  Ij 

knowledge  of  the  languace.     i  «iey  v.<>: 

the  supposed  crentor  of  the  worid,  but  ; 

subordinate  deities. 
BRA.M'IN-ESS, ; 
BUaM-L\-E!:',  i 
BR.\-MIX'I€;-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  ih*»  Rrimin«.  "r 

their  doctrines  and  worship ;  as,  ti- 

icni. 
BRaM'IN'-ISM,  n.    The  religion,  o- 

trine^,  of  the  Bramins. 
BRAN,  71.   [W.  bran,  composed  of  6  and  rhan,  a  p!c«, 

from  rhnnu,  lo  rend  or  tear  ;  Arm.  brcan  ;  Ir.  aiid  Fr. 

bran.      In  Italian,  brano  is  n  piece  or  bit.    Ann. 

ranna  ;  It.  rannam,  lo  tear.] 
The  proper  coal  of  the  seed  of  wheat,  rye.  nr  rth--f 

farinaceous  grain,  sepamled  from  the  fluur  * 
BRANCARD,  H.  [Fr.]  A  horse  litu-r.  -' 
BR  A  NCII,  n.     [Fr.  braitdu  ;  Arm.  branc^^.     . 

radical,  this  word  coincides  wilh  W.  iraif,  ui-   r,';i'. 

a  shoot.    This  is  probably  the  facl.] 

1.  A  shoot  of  a  tree  or  other  plant:  a  lim*- :  7 
bough  shooting  from    the    stem,  or  fr' 

branch  or  bough.  Johnson  restricts  th-. 
.^ hoot  from  a  main  bough;  but  the  dctin... 
ranted  neither  by  etymolop>'  nor  usage. 

A  division  of  a  main  stem,  supporting  the  leav-  5 
ami  fniclifi cation.  Mer*-^. 

An  arm  of  a  tree  sprouting  from  tl. 

2.  Any  ami  or  extended  part  sh 
from  the  main  lH)dy  of  a  thing  : 
candlestick  or  of  an  artery-.  Menr- 
a  smaller  stream  ninning  into  a  ! 
ceedtng  from  iu  Also,  the  shoot 
an  an  tier, 

3.  Any  member  or  part  frf  a  body,  or  sj-stem  . 
distinct  article  ;  a  section  or  subdivision  ;  as,  chari. . 
is  a  branch  of  Christian  dut>'. 

4.  Any  individual  of  a'family  descending  m  .-i 
collateral  line;  any  descendant  fnmi  a  conuiwi 
{Kircnt  or  stock, 

5.  Braiie/ics  of  a  bridle;  two  pieces  of  bent  inn. 
which  be.ir  the  bit,  tlie  cross  clmins.  and  tV  r  r 

C\  In  arcMircture,  bmneJie^s  of  i'lr' 
(d'tlothic  v.-xults,  imversing  from  v  i: 
diagoniUly,  and  forming  a  cr^iss  i . 
arches,  winch  mako  the  sides  of  the  .~«piar 
tliese  arches  are  diagonals. 

7.  .\  warrant  or  commission  given  to  a 

8.  .\  chandelier, 

BRANCH,  c.  i.    To  shoot  or  spread  in  br 
ramifv ;  as  a  plant,  or  as  horns. 

±  Tii  divide  into  separate  parts  or  ^ 
as  a  mountain,  a  stream,  or  a  moral 
ramify.  ,,    . 

3.  To  speak  difl'nsively  ;  to  ra-ifcc  many  di^inclwns 
or  divisions  in  a  discourse. 

4.  To  have  horns  shoolinff  ouL 
BRa.NCH,  r.  f.    To  divide  as  into  branch^ 

subordinate  divisions. 

f}.    To    adorn    with    ncodle-worfe,    r 
branches,  riowejs,  or  twigs. 
Bll.\NCH'i:D,  (br:uichlO  rr-    DJridwl  or  ^ 
bratiches ;  sep;uaied  inIo^-:■      '      '         '  •' 

witli  branches  ;  furnished  \> 


TONE,  BJJLL,  TTNITE.  —  AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — G  as  K ;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  YH  as  in  THI& 


14-A 


BRA 

BRANCH'£D-WOI{K,(bnmchi'\vurk,)n.  The  carved 
and  sculptured  leaves  and  branches  in  monuments 
and  friezt  >. 

BRXNCH'ER,  n.    One  that  shooLs  forth  branches. 
2.  A  youns  hawk  whfii  it  begins  to  leave  the  nest 
and  take  to  the  branches. 

BRANCII'ER-Y,  M.  The  ramification'^  of  the  vessels 
(lidpersed  through  tin:  pulpy  iKiri  of  iViiit. 

Kncye.    Jish. 

BRAXCH'I-iE,  «.  pi.  [L.]  Cills ;  a  term  apphed  to 
the  or!;:an9  of  respiration  in  certain  animals  whicli 
live  in  water,  as  fishes  and  cni:^tacea. 

BRAXCH'I-NKSS,  n.    PnMntss  of  branches.  Johnson. 

BKaNCU'IXG,  ;»/jr.  t^hootiiiK  in  branches;  dividing 
into  s-'veral  iubordinale  parln. 

BRANCHING,  a.  I'urnished  with  branches;  shoot- 
ing out  bniiichcs. 

BRAN€li'I-0-POD,  n.  \       [Gr.  /?pajX'^»  gWl«i 

BRAN€n-I-OP'0-D.-\,  n.  pi.  \  and    ttovs,    ttuJos, 

fool.] 

Terms  denoting  an  order  of  crustacea,  (•enerolly 
very  small  or  minute  ;  so  named  from  tlieir  feet,  or 
locomotive  extremities,  liavingbccn  supposed  to  i)er- 
form  the  function  of  gills.  P.  Ctjc. 

BRANCH-I-OS'TE-GOUS,  a.  [Gr  (^f>ayx^ay  gills, 
and  T^yo^i  ^  covering.] 

Having  gUI-covers,  or  covered  gills, as  a  branckioste- 
ffous  fish;  covering  the  g'Hs,  as  the  branckiostegous 
membrane  ;  belongint;  to  the  gill-covers,  as  the  branclt- 
iostc^oiLS  rays.  The  branchiogtc<ri  are  an  order  of 
fishin  the  Ijinntean  system,  the'rays  of  whose  fins 
are  bony,  but  whose  gill-covers  are  destitute  of  bony 
rays.  Enn/c. 

BR.'VNeHT-REME,  h.     [Gr.  )5oa>^(«,  and  L.  rcmus.] 
An  animal  that  has  legs  terminating  in  a  bundle  of 
setifunn  branches,  connected  with  its  respiration. 

Klrbtf. 

BRANCH'-LEAF,  n.    A  leaf  growing  on  a  branch. 

Jifartyn. 

BRANCU'LESS,  a.  Destitute  of  branches  or  shoots  ; 
without  anv  valuable  product ;  barren  ;  naked. 

Hhak. 

BKANCH'LET,  «.  A  little  branch;  a  twig  ;  the  sub- 
division of  a  branch.      Martipi.    .^siat.  Rcsearc/ics. 

RRXNCH'-PE-DUN'CLE,  (-dunk'l,)  n.  A  peduncle 
springing  from  a  branch.  MarOjn. 

RRANCH'-PI-LOT,  n.  A  pilot  who  has  a  branch  or 
public  commission. 

Laws  of  MaasadttuieUs  a»d  JWw  York. 

BRaNCH'Y.o.  Full  of  branches;  having  wide-spread- 
ing branches.  Pope. 

BRAND,  n.  [Sax.  brand;  D.  brand;  G.  brand;  Dan. 
briFnde ;  Sw.  brand:  from  briinua^  brcnncn,  to  burn. 
t?ee  Burs.] 

1.  A  burning  piece  of  wood  ;  or.a  ^lick  or  piece  of 
wood  partly  burnt,  whether  burning  or  after  the  fire 
is  extinct, 

2.  A  sword,  either  from  brandishing,  (Fr.  brandiTj) 
or  from  its  glittering  brightness  ;  now  obiolctc^  unless 
ill  poetrnj.  MUon. 

3.  A  tluinder-bolt.  Oranvilic. 

4.  A  mark  made  by  burning  with  a  hot  iron,  as 
upon  a  criminal,  or  upon  a  cask ;  a  stigma ;  any  note 
vf  infamy.  Bar^n.    Drydcn. 

5.  A  dfsease  in  vegetables,  by  which  their  leaves 
and  tende  bark  are  partially  destroyed,  as  if  burnt ; 
called  also  burn.  P.  Cijc 

BRAND,  V.  U  To  burn  or  impress  a  mark  with  a  hot 
iron  ;  as,  to  brand  a  criminal,  by  way  of  punishment ; 
or  to  bra-.id  a  cask,  or  any  thing  else,  for  the  purpose 
of  fixing  a  mark  upon  it. 

2.  To  fix  a  mark  or  character  of  infamy,  in  allu- 
sion to  the  branding  of  criminals  ;  to  stigmatize  as 
infamous ;  as,  to  brand  a  vice  with  infamy. 

Raicc.     Jiddison. 

BRAND'ED,  pp.  or  a.  .Marked  with  a  hot  iron  ;  stig- 
matized. 

BRAND'-GOOSE,  n.  A  species  of  w  ild  goose,  of  the 
genus  Anas,  usually  railed,  in  Ajnerica.  branU 

BRAN'DI-KD,  (bran'did,)  n.  Mingled  with  brandy; 
made  stronger  by  the  addition  of  brandy. 

BRAND'ING,  ppr.  Impressing  a  mark  with  a  hot 
iron ;  fixing  a  stigma  or  mark  of  reproarh. 

BRAND'ING-I-RO.V,  (-I-um,)  «.    An  irt.n  to  brand 

BRAND'-I-RON,{-I-um,)M.    A  branding-iron.   [with. 
2.  A  trivet  to  set  a  pot  on. 

BRAND'ISH,  r.  (.  [Fr.  brandir;  Port,  brandir;  Sp. 
blandtr,  r  changed  into  /,-  It.  brandire:  probably 
allied  to  Fr.  brcnlcr,  to  shake.] 

i.  To  move  or  wave,  as  a  weapon  ;  to  raise  and 
move  in  various  directions  ;  to  shake  or  flourish  ;  as, 
to  brandish  a  sword  or  a  cane.  It  often  indicates 
thraUening. 

2.  To  play  with ;  to  flourish  ;  as,  to  braridish  syl- 
logisms. Lockr. 

BRAND'ISH-AT>,  (brand'isht,)?^.  Raised  and  waved 
in  the  air  with  a  flourish. 

BRAND'ISH-ER.  ».    One  who  brandishes. 

BRAND'ISII-ING,  ppr.  Raising  and  waving  in  the 
air :  flounshing. 

BRAND'LING,  n.    A  kind  of  worm.  JVallon. 

BRAND'-NEW,  (-nu,)  a.  [.See  Brand.]  Cluite  new  ; 
bright  as  a  brand  of  fire.  Tatler. 

[This  word,  though  now  vulgar,  was  considered 


BRA 

bv  Spelmau  as  peculiarly  elegant  and  appropriate. 
Rich.  DicL] 

BRAN'DV,  H.  TD.  brandcn;  Ger.  brennen,  to  distil; 
brandcH,  to  boil  ;  brenncr^  a  distiller ;  G.  brannttcein  ; 
Fr.  brandevii^  brandy.    See  Burn.] 

.\n  ardent  spirit  distilled  from  wine.  This  is  the 
appropriate  sense,  tltough  the  same  name  is  now- 
given  to  spirit  ditiiillcd  from  other  liquors,  and  in  the 
United  Slates  particularly  lu  that  which  is  distilled 
from  cider  and  i)eaches.  In  tin-  north  of  Europe,  the 
term  is  also  applied  to  a  spirit  obtained  from  grain. 

BRAN'DV-WINE,  h.     Brandy.  fiiscman. 

BR.Ai*t"GLE,  n.     [Huss.  bran,  war,  strife,  noise,  broil ; 

branyti^lo  hinder,  to  scold  ;   L.frcndco.    Q.u.  irranclc  , 

Brangle^in  Scottish,  signifies  to  shako,  or  to  threaten  ; 

Fr.  branlcr.] 

A  wrangle;  aequabblo;  a  noisy  contest  or  dispute. 

Swift. 

BRAN"GLE,  r.  t.     To  wrangle  ;   to  dispute  conten- 

tiouslv  ;  to  s(piabble.  Swift, 

BRAN''GLK-MENT,  h.     Wrangle ;  brangle. 
BRAN"GLER,  n.    A  (piarrelsome  person. 
BRAN"GLING,  ».     A  quarrel.  WhiOack. 

BR.ANK,  j(.      [So  named,  probably,  from  its  joints, 

breaks.    "Galli(e  quocpie  suum  genus  farris  dcdere  ; 

quod  illic  brance  vocant,  apud  nos  sandalum,  nilidis- 

simi  grani."    Plin.  18.  7.) 

1.  Buckwheat,  a  species  of  Polygonum;  a  grain 
cultivated  mostly  for  beasts  and  poultry  ;  but  in  the 
United  States,  the  flour  is  much  used  fur  malting 
breakfast  cakes, 

2.  In  some  parts  of  England  and  Scotland,  a  scoW- 
ing-bridhy  an  instrument  for  correcting  scolding 
women.  It  consists  of  a  head-piece,  which  incloses 
the  head  of  the  oflender,  and  of  a  sharp  iron,  which 
enters  the  mouth  and  restrains  the  tongue. 

PlotL    Encyc. 

BRAXKTR-SINE,  ti,     [brank  and  ursus,  a  bear.] 

Beards 'breechy  or  Acanthus,  a  genus  of  plants,  of 
several  species.  The  leaves  of  the  common  sort  are 
said  to  have  furnished  the  model  of  the  Corinthian 
capital. 

BRAX'LIX,  71.  A  species  of  fish  of  the  salmon  kind, 
in  some  places  called  the  Jingrtj,  from  five  or  six 
black  lines  or  marks  on  each  side  resembling  fingers. 
It  is  found  in  rapid  streams.         Diet.  ofJVat,  Jfist. 

BRAN'-NEW.     See  ISranu-new. 

BR.VA''NY,  a,  [from  bran.]  Having  the  appearance 
of  bran  ;  consisting  of  bran.  H'i^cman. 

BRAN'SU!!,  71.     A  brawl,  or  dance.     [JVot  used.] 

Spenser. 

BRANT,  ?i.  [Qu.  brandy  burnt  or  brown.]  A  species 
of  wild  goose,  of  the  genus  Anas  ;  called  also  brent 
and  brand-rroose,  which  see. 

BRANT,  a.  "Sleep.  Todd. 

BRANT'-FOX,  w.  A  kind  of  fox,  the  rwlpes  alopcx, 
smaller  than  the  common  fox,  and  distinguished  by 
the  blackness  of  its  feet.  BooVi. 

BRa'SEN,  (bm'zn,)  a.  Made  of  brass.  [See  Brass 
and  Hka/.ex.] 

BRASH,  a.    Hasty  in  temper;  impetuous.        Grose. 
2.  Brittle.     [Loca^ 

BR.^'SIER,  (bra'zhur,)  h.  An  artificer  who  works  in 
brasd.  Franlilin. 

2.  A  pan  for  holding  coals.     [See  Brass.] 

BRA-SIL'.     See  Brazil. 

BRASS,  71.  [Sax.  bras;  W.  pris;  Corn,  brest;  Ir. 
p7-as.  In  Welsh,  pris  signifies  brass^  and  what  is 
quick,  ready,  sharp,  smart,  also  haste,  fuel,  and 
prcsu,  to  render  imminent,  to  hasten,  to  render 
present.  The  latter  sense  indicates  that  it  is  from 
tlie  Latin.  But  I  see  no  connection  between  these 
senses  and  brass.  'J'liis  word  may  be  named  from 
its  bright  color,  and  be  allied  to  Port,  braza,  Sp. 
brasasj  live  coals,  nhraznr,  abrasar,  to  burn  or  in- 
flame ;  but  the  real  origin  and  primary  Fcnsc  are  not 
evident.] 

1.  An  alloy  of  cnppfr  and  zinc,  of  a  yellow  color, 
usually  containini;  ahoiil  one  third  of  its  weight  of 
zinc;  but  llie  propurliotis  are  variable.  The  best 
brass  is  made  by  cenu^ntalion  of  calamine,  or  the 
oxyd  of  zinc  with  granulated  copper.        Thomson. 

2.  Impudence  ;  a  brazen  face. 
BRASS'-IiAND,    ?(.    A  company  of  musicians  who 

j)erform  on   instrmuenis  of  brass,  as  ttie  trumpet, 
bugle,  *£C. 

BRaSS'-FOIL,  n.  Dutch  leaf,  or  Dutch  gold  ;  formed 
by  beating  out  plates  of  brass  to  great  thinness. 

BRASS' AGE,  n.  A  sum  formerly  levied  to  defray  the 
expense  of  coin;ir;e.  Brat'idi. 

BRASS'ART,  n.  in  platr  armor,  the  piece  which  pro- 
tected the  upper  part  of  the  arm,  from  the  elbow  to 
the  shoulder.  Brande. 

BRASSE,  71.  Tiie  pale,  spotted  perch,  with  two  long 
teeth  on  each  side  ;  the  I^ucioperca.  JJsh. 

BRAS'SET,  71.    A  casque  or  head-piece  of  armor. 

BR/VS'SI-CA,  7J.     [L.]     Cabbage.  Pope. 

BRASS'I-XESS,  «.  A  quality  of  brass;  the  appear- 
ance of  brass. 

BRASS'-PAV-KD,  a.     Hard  as  brass.  Spenser. 

BRASS-VIS'AG-J-;D,  *;.     Impudent.  Chalmers. 

BRASS'V',a.     Pertaining  lo  brass  ;  partaking  of  brass; 
liard  as  brass  ;  Jiaving  ilie  color  of  brass. 
2.  Impudent ;  impudently  bold. 


BRA 

BR.VST,  lu    Burst.    [Ao(  in  use.]  Spenser. 

BRAT,  n.     fG.  bruU 

1.  A  child,  80  cnlled  in  contempt. 

2.  Olfspring ;  progeny. 

BRAUL,  II.  Indian  cloth  with  blue  and  white  stripes, 
called  tnrbanU  Encyc. 

BRA-VA'DO,  n.  [Sp.  braraia;  Fr.  bravotle.  See 
Bravk.] 

A  boast  or  brag  ;  an  arrogant  menace,  intended  to 
intimidate. 

BRAVE,  a.  [Fr.  brave;  Arm.  brao;  Sp.  Port.  It. 
bravo:  D.  braqf:  Sw.  br(if;  Dan.  brav ;  Ger.  brav, 
whence  braviren,  to  look  big,  to  bully  or  hector.  In 
Sp.  and  Vort.  bravo  signifies  Z^ruer,  valiant,  strenuous, 
bullying,  fierce,  wild,  savage,  rude,  unpolished,  ex- 
cellent, fine  ;  bravear,  to  bully,  to  menace  in  an 
arrogant  manner ;  frrayaisaswellof  thesea  ;  bravcza, 
valor,  and  fury  of  the  elements.  'I'he  word  brave 
expresses  also  a  showy  dress ;  Arm.  bragalj  to  be 
well  dressed,  fine,  spruce,  of  which  brao  seems  to  bo 
a  contraction.  The  word  bears  the  sense  of  open, 
bold,  expanding,  and  rushing,  vaunting.  It  is  doubt- 
less contracted,  and  probably  from  the  root  of  bra};.] 

1.  Courageous  ;  bold  ;  daring ;  intrepid  ;  fearless 
of  danger;  as,  a  brave  warrior.  It  usually  unites 
the  sense  of  courage  with  generosity  and  dignity  of 
mind,  qualities  often  united.  Bacon. 

The  braMman  wUl  not  delibenteljr  do  nn  injuiy  to  liis  fellow. 
niFui.  ^noft. 

2.  Gallant ;  lofty ;  graceful ;  having  a  noble  mien. 

S!iak. 

3.  IVIagnificent ;   grand  ;   as,  a  brave  place. 

Denham. 

4.  Excellent;  noble;  dignified.  [But  in  modem 
usagCy  it  lias  nearly  lost  its  application  to  things.] 

5.  Gaudy  ;  showy  in  dress,  [.Ar.  0>J  haraka,  tii 
adorn.]     [Ois.]  Spenser. 

BRAVE,  71.  A  hector;  a  man  daring  beyond  d'l^- 
crelion  or  decency. 

Hul  braoes  like  ihi^r  may  fj»lit.  Dryden. 

9.  A  boast ;  a  challenge  ;  a  defiance.  SliaJi. 

3.  In  Jiinericaj  an  Indian  warrior  is  called  a  brave, 
a  term  first  applied  by  the  French. 
BRAVE,  V.  t.    To  defy  ;  to  challenge ;  to  encounter 
with  courage  and  fortitude,  or  without  being  moved ; 
to  set  at  defiance. 

The  ills  of  love  I  can  bniM. 

The  rock  Ui:it  braMs  llie  teiinpctt.  Dryden. 

2.  To  carry  a  boasting  appeiirance  of;  as,  to  brave 
that  which  they  believe  not.  Baenn. 

BRAV'KD,  pp.    Defied  ;  set  at  defiance  ;  met  without 

dismay,  or  being  moved. 
BR.AVE'LY,  adv.    Courageously  ;  gallantly ;  splendid- 
ly ;  ia  a  brave  manner ;  heroiccdly. 
In  Spciiscry  finely  ;  gaudily. 

2.  In  colloquial  vsagc,  in  good  health  ;  or  much  re- 
covered from  illness.  J^mfotk.    Suffolk. 

[In  this  sense  tJie  term  is  still  occasionally  used  in 
America.] 
BRAVER,  a. ;  camp,  of  Brave. 

BRAV'ER-V,  71.  Courage  ;  heroism  ;  undaunted  spirit ; 
intrepidity  ;  gallantry;  fearlessness'\>f  danger ;  often 
united  with  generosity  or  dignity  of  mind  which 
despises  meanness  and  cruelty,  and  disdains  to  take 
advantage  of  a  vanquished  enemy. 

The  iliielist,  ill  proving  his  bravery,  uhows  that  he  thinks  it  siis- 
pecltfii.  Anon. 

2.  Splendor ;  magnificence  ;  showy  appearance. 

Thf  bravery  oT  their  liokling  omameiiU.  —  U.  iii.        Spenser. 

3.  Show  ;  ostentation  ;  fine  dress.  Bacon. 

4.  Bravado;  boast.  Bacon.  Sidney. 
.'i.  A  showy  person.  Spenser. 
[In  Vw  hist  four  senses,  Viis  word  is  nearly  antiquated.] 

BRAV'EST,  a. ;  suprrl.  of  Brave. 

BRaV'IXG,  ppr.    Setting  at  defiance  ;  challenging. 

BRa'VO,  n.  [It.  and  Sp.]  A  daring  villain  ;  a  bandit; 
one  who  sets  law  at  defiance ;  an  assassin  or  mur- 
derer. Qov.  of  Vie  Tongue. 

BRA'VO.  intcrj.    Well  done. 

BR.\-Vu'RA,  71.  [Sp.,  a  boasting.]  An  air  charac- 
terized by  minute  divisions,  giving  several  notes  to  a 
syllable,  and  requiring  great  force  and  spirit  in  the 
performer.  P.  Cyc. 

BRAWL,  v.i.  [G.  brullcn;  D.  bntllcn;  Dan.  vraale 
and  briilc;  Sw.  vrala,  to  roar  or  bellow;  Fr.  braiUer; 
Arm.  brailhat,  to  brawl  or  be  noisy;  L.  prmlior;  W. 
broliaWf  to  boast,  to  brag ;  brawl,  a  shooting  out,  a 
boast.  1 

1.  To  quarrel  noisily  and  indecently  ff'iMs. 

2.  To  speak  loud  and  indi^cently.  ShaJ:. 

3.  To  roar  as  water ;  to  make  a  noise.  Ska!;. 
BRAWL,  V.  u  To  drive  or  beat  away.  Sliah. 
BRAWL,  ».     [NoruL  branl] 

i.  Noise;  quarrel;  scurrility;  uproar.      Hoolcer. 

2.  Formerly,  a  kind  of  dance,  said  to  resemble  the 
modern  cotillon.  S!iak.     B.  Jonson.     Oray. 

BRAWL'ER,  71.     A  noisy  fi.-llow  ;  a  wrangler.  Aiilijfe. 
BRAWL'1N(;.  n.     The  act  of  quarreling. 
BRAWL^ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Quarrelling  ;  quarrelsome. 
BRAWL'ING-LV,  adv.    In  a  quarrelsome  manner. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MeTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  AlARYNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.- 


BRE 


BBAWX, » ■     f  I*  aprugnusy  c.iro  apragna.] 
"l.  Tlie  flesii  of  a  hoar,  or  the  animal. 
o*  The  fleshy,  protuberant,  muf^cular  jiart  of  the 
body.  Pmcham. 

3  Bulk;  muscular  strengtii.  Drydcn. 

4  The  ann,  from  its  muscles  or  strength.    Siiak. 
5*  The  (lesh  of  the  boar  or  of  swine,  collared  so  as 

to  squeeze  out  much  of  the  fat,  boiled  and  pickled. 
BRAWN'£U,  a.     Brawnv  ;  strong.  Spenser. 

BRAVVN'ER,  "-  A  boar  killed  for  the  table.  King. 
BR\WN'I-NES.S,  71.    The  quality  of  being  brawny  ; 

strensth  ;  hardiness.  Locke. 

BRAW'N'V,  a.    Musculous  ;  fleshy  ;   bulky  ;  having 

large,  strong  muscles  ;  strong.  Dryden. 

BR^Y    r.  f.     [l^ai.  bracan;    Fr    broijer^  to  jKmnd  or 

bruise;   In-aire,  to  rear,  or  bray  as  an  ass;  Arm. 

lrrf<nti,  to  roar;  Norm,  l/niir,  to  cr>* ;   to  brag;   Gr. 

Bpaxu  f  W.  briicaiCy  to  hrrak  in  pieces,  to  rub  or 

grind;  breyan,  a  quern;    Ir.  bra,  a  handmill.     tfee 

Bbag  and  Break,]  .    ,  „ 

1.  To  pound,  beat,  or  grind  small  ;  as,  to  broy  a 
fooi  in  a  mortar.    Prov.  xxvii. 

2.  V.  i.  To  make  a  harsh  sound,  as  of  an  ass. 

Drydeii. 

3.  To  make  a  harsh,  disagreeable,  grating  sound. 

Jtlilton. 
BRaY,  n.    The  harsh  sound  or  roar  of  an  ass ;  a  harsh, 
frating  sound. 

2.  Shelving  ground  ;  a  declivity  or  slope  of  a  hill. 
[Scottish,  braeT]  Fairfax. 

BRAY,  n.    [\V.  bre,  a  mount  or  peak,] 

A  bank  or  mound  of  earth.     [Obs.]  Herbert. 

BRaY'ER,  n.    One  that  brays  like  an  ass.         Pope. 
2.  An  instrument  to  temper  ink  in  printing-offices. 
Bailey.     Joknsim. 
BRAY'I\G,piw.   Pounding  or  grinding  small;  roaring. 
BRaY'IXG,  n.    The  noise  of  an  ass. 

2.  Roar;  noise;  clamor.  Smith. 

BRaYLE,  71.    See  Brail. 
BRaZE,  r.  U     [Fr.  braser.] 

1.  To  Boder  with  an  alloy  of  brass  and  zinc. 

J\Iozon. 

2.  To  harden  to  impudence ;  to  harden  as  with 
brass.  Skak. 

BRa'ZEN,  (bra'zn,)  a.    Made  of  brass ;  as,  a  brazen 
helmet.  Dnjdni. 

2.  Pertaining  to  brass  ;  proceeding  from  brass  ;  as, 
a  braztn  din.  S/iak 

3.  Impudent;  having  a  front  like  brass. 

Brazen  age,  or  age  of  brass  ;  in  mythology,  the  age 
which  succeeded  the  silver  age,  when  men  had  de- 
generated from  primitive  purity. 

Brazen  dish,  among  miners,  is  the  standard  by  which 
other  dishes  are  gauged,  and  is  kept  in  the  king's  hall. 
[England.] 

Brazen  sea;  in  Jeiolsh  antiquity,  a  huge  vessel  of 
brass,  cast  on  the  plain  of  Jordan,  and  placed  in  Sol- 
omon's temple.  It  was  10  cubits  from  brim  to  brim, 
5  in  bight,  30  in  circumference,  and  contained  3000 
baths.  It  was  designed  for  the  priests  to  wjish  them- 
selves in,  before  they  performed  the  service  of  the 
temple.  Eiicyc. 

BR.^'ZSN,  (bra'zn,)  v.  i.    To  be  impudent ;  to  bully. 

■Arbuthnot. 
BRa'Z£N-BRO\V-ED,  a.    Being  of  shameless  impu- 
dence. Brown. 
BRa'ZSN-FaCE,  n.    [brazen  and  face.]     An  impu- 
dent person  ;  one  remarkable  for  effronterA'.    Shah. 
BRa'Z£X-FaC'£D,  (bra'zn-faste,)  a.  Impudent ;  bold 

loexcess  ;  shameless.  Drydtn. 

BRa'Z£\-LY,  adv.    In  a  bold,  impudent  manner. 
BR.A'Z£\-\ESS,  71.    Appearance  like  brass.    In  this 
sense,  brassiness  is  the  more  correct  word. 
2.  Impudence;  excess  of  assurance. 
HRa'ZIER.    See  Brasier. 

1!RA-ZIL',  )  n.     [Port,  braza,  a  live  coal,  or 

CRA-ZIL'-WOOD, )  glowing  fire.  This  name  was 
iiiven  to  the  wood  for  its  color;  and  it  is  said  that 
King  Emanuel,  of  Portugal,  gave  this  name  to  the 
country  in  America  on  account  of  its  producing  this 
wood.  It  was  first  named  Santa  Cruz,  by  its  discov- 
erer, Pedro  Aivares  Cabral.  Lindley^s  Jsi'arrative  of  a 
Voyage  to  BrazU.    Med.  Rep.  Hex.  9,  vol.  3,  200.] 

BrazU,  or  brazil-itood,  is  a  very  heavy  wood,  of  a 
red  color,  growing  in  Brazil  and  other  tropical  coun- 
tries. It  is  used  in  manufactures  for  dyeing  red.  It 
is  the  produce  of  the  C(X-^alpi7iia  echinata. 
BRAZ-I-LET'TO,  n.  A  kind  of  red  dyeing-wood,  in- 
ferior to  the  brazil-wood,  brought  from  Jamaica,  the 
produce  of  two  species  of  Cssalpinia,  (C.  brasilicnsis 
and  C.  crista.)  See  Brazil-Wood.  Bancroft. 
BRA-ZIL'IAN,  (bra-zd'yan,)  a.     Pertaining  to  Brazil ; 

as,  Brazilian  strand.  Barloic. 

BRA-ZIL'-NUT,  71.    The  Juvia  ;   the  nut  of  a  large 

South  American  tree  ;  the  Brrtholletin  excelsa. 
BRaZ'ING,  71.    The  act  of  uniting  by  an  alloy  of  brass 

and  zinc. 
BREACH,  71.    [Fr.  breche;  D.  breitk:  Ger.  bruch;  Sw. 

brack:  Dan.  brak :  Sp.  and  Port,  brecha.  See  Break.] 
1.  The  act  of  breaking,  or  state  of  being  broken  ;  a 
rupture  ;  a  break  ;  a  pap  ;  the  space  between  the  sev- 
eral parts  of  a  solid  body  parted  by  violence  ;  as,  a 
breack  in  a  garment  or  in  a  wall. 


BRE 

2.  The  violation  of  a  law  ;  the  violation  or  non- 
fulfilliuerit  of  a  contnic  t ;  the  non-performanc«  of  a 
moral  duly  ;  non-performance  of  duty  bi.ing  a  breach 
of  oblisation  as  well  as  a  positive  transgreiLsion  or  vi- 
olation. 

Every  breach   of  tli?   public  on^a^menta  la  bartTiiI  (o  ptllic 
credit.  HatnUlon. 

3.  An  opening  in  a  coast.  [J^ol  its-iMi/.]     Spenser. 

4.  Separation  between  friends  by  means  of  enmity  ; 
difference  ;  quarrel.  Clarendon. 

5.  Infraction;  injury;  invasion;  as,  a  frrmcA  upon 
kingly  power.  Clarendnn. 

G.  Bereavement ;  loss  of  a  friend  and  il.*t  consequent 
afiliction. 

7.  A  violation  of  the  public  peace,  as  by  a  riot,  af- 
fray, or  any  tumult  which  is  contrary  to  law,  and 
destructive  to  the  public  tranquillity,  is  called  a  breach 
of  the-  peace. 

BREACH,  V.  t.  To  make  a  breach  or  opening,  as  in 
the  walls  of  a  fortification.  Life  of  fVeliington. 

BUE.\CH'ri;L,  a.     Full  of  breaches. 

BReACH'Y,  a.    Apt  to  break  fences.  HoUoaay. 

BREAD,  (bred,)  v.  [Sax.  bread;  Ger.  brot,  brod;  D. 
brood;  Sw.  briid  ;  Dan.  briJd;  Qu,  Gr.  /ipi-yroi,  any 
thing  esculent.  If  the  word  signifie.i  food  in  general, 
or  that  which  is  eaten,  probably  it  is  the  Heb.  and 
Ch.  ni*i3,  from  m3,  barah,  to  eat  or  feed.  But, 
in  German,  it  signifies  loaf  as  well  as  bread.  *'Ze- 
hen  brot."  ten  loaves.  It  may  therefiiro  signify, 
primarily,  a  lump  or  portion.] 

1.  A  mass  of  dough,  made  by  moistening  and 
kneading,  and  usually  fermenting,  the  flour  or  meal 
of  some  species  of  grain,  and  baked  in  an  oven  or 

2.  Food  in  general.  [pan. 

In  UiL-  sweat  of  thy  face  shalt  thou  cat  bretul. — Gen,  iu. 
Givo  us  this  day  our  daily  bread.  Lord't  Prayer. 

3.  Support  of  life  in  general ;  maintenance. 

U  the  r:\vard  of  virtue  bread  ?  Poj'e. 

Bee-bread.     See  Bee. 

Ship-bread  ;  bread  for  ships  ;  hard  biscuits. 

Cassada-bread.     See  Cassada. 

BREAD,  r.  t.     [Sax.  brcedan.    See  Broad.] 

To  s[)read.     Us'ot  used.]  Ray. 

BREAD'CHIP-PER,  71.  [broad  and  chip.]  One  who 
chips  bread  ;  a  baker's  servant ;  an  under  butler. 

Shak. 

BREAD'-CORN,  7(.  [bread  and  corn.]  Corn  of  which 
bread  is  made.  This,  in  most  countries,  is  wheal  or 
rye  ;  but,  in  some  countries,  bread  is  made  of  other 
grain,  as  of  maize  in  some  parts  of  America. 

BREAD'£i\,  (bred'n,)  a.     Made  of  bread.     Rogers. 

BREAD'-FRCIT-TREE,  71.  [bread,  fruit,  and  tree.] 
The  Artocarpus  incisa,  a  tree  which  grows  in  the 
isles  of  the  Pacific  Ocean,  of  the  size  of  an  apple- 
tree,  producing  a  fruit  of  a  round  or  oval  shape,  and 
as  large  as  a  small  loaf  of  bread,  which  is  eaten  as 
food.  Encyc. 

BREAD'LESS,  a.  Without  bread  ;  destitute  of  food. 

BREAD'-ROOM,  n.  An  apartment  in  a  ship's  hold, 
where  the  bread  is  kept. 

BRE.'VD'-STUFF,  71.  Bread  com,  meal,  or  flour.  [U. 
States.] 

BREADTH,  (bredth,)  n.  [Sax.  brad  and  bred.  SCe 
Board  and  Broad.] 

The  measure  or  extent  of  any  plain  surface  from 
side  10  side  ;  a  geometrical  dimension,  which,  multi- 
plied into  the  length,  constitutes  a  surface  ;  as,  the 
lensth  of  a  table  is  five  feet,  and  the  breadUi  three; 
5  X  3=  15  feet,  the  whole  surface. 

BREADTH'LESS,  a.     Having  no  breadth.        More. 

BREAK,  v.  t.;  pret.  Broke,  [Brake,  obs.;]  pp.  Broke 
or  Broken.  [Sax,  br<£can,  brecan,  to  break,  and  bra- 
can^  to  bray,  as  in  a  mortar  ;  Sw.  braka  j  Dan.  brakke ; 
D.  braaken,  breeken  ;  Ger.  brecken ;  VV.  bregu,  to  break  ; 
brefr,  a  rent  or  rupture  ;  frrcf,  a  breaking  out ;  a  frec- 
kle' Goth,  brikan;  It.  bracaim,  to  break,  to  harrow  ; 
Sp.  and  Port,  brecha,  a  breach  ;  I*,  frango,  fregi,  n 
casual ;  Arm.  fricga;  Ft.  fracas :  Heb.  Cli.  Syr.  Sam. 
and  Ar.  p^D,  farak,  to  break,  to  free,  or  deliver,  to 
separate  ;  Gr,  (poaaaajy  ipoay  n<i.  These  words  seem 
also  to  be  allied  to  n^3  luid  T^fl.  If  the  first  conso- 
nant is  a  prefix,  which  is  probable,  then  connected 
with  these  words  are  the  Gr  pi,-}  vvto  and  rpruoj,  W. 
rhwyrnic.  Arm.  rona,  rega,  to  rend.  IVreck  is  proba- 
bly of  the  same  'family.  The  primary  sense  is  to 
strain,  stretch,  rack,  drive  ;  hence,  to  strain  aijd  burst 
or  break.  It  should  be  noted  that  the  Greek  pn)  tj,  in 
the  --Eolic  dialect,  is  i^orjyri.] 

1.  To  part  or  divide  by  force  and  violence,  as  a 
solid  substance  ;  to  rend  apart ;  as,  to  break  a  band  ; 
to  break  a  tliread  or  a  cable. 

2.  To  burst  or  open  by  force. 

Tli'^  foiiiiUiina  of  the  earlli  viCK  broke  op-,-n.  Bumtt. 

3.  To  divide  by  piercing  or  penetrating  ;  to  burst 
forth  i  as,  the  light  breaks  through  the  clouds, 

Dryden. 
A.  To  make  breaches  or  gaps  by  battering,  as  in  a 
wall.  Shak. 

5.  To  destroy,  cnish,  weaken,  or  unpair,  as  the 
human  body  of  constitution.  Milton. 

6.  To  sink  ;  to  appall  or  subdue ;  as,  to  break  the 
spirits  or  the  pas.^ions.  Philips. 


BRH 

7.  To  cruih ;  U)ldlat^r;  to  dlMip«i'-  i!,-  >-if^t.f-\. 
of,  M  of  an  anny. 

8.  To  weaken  or  impair,  as  the  fz>  - 

9.  'J'o  unn: ;  Uj  tram  to  ubcdicnc?  .  i 

ble  ;  a*,  to  breuk  a  hone.  W 

10.  To  make  bankrupt. 

11.  Todikcord,  diirmtM,  cvcuIjIct,  li,  t>  :  -  

officer.  bm^t. 

12.  To  crack,  to  pdrt,  or  divide,  u  the  ikin ;  to 
open,  ojt  an  apo^etne. 

13.  To  viohu*,  as  a  contract  or  promise,  -  ■ 
a  positive  art  o»ntrary  to  the  prumtae,  or  t. 
or  non-fulfillmenL 

14.  Tu  infringe  or  violate,  u  a  Uw,  vr  3' 
obligation,  f-ith'.r  by  a  positive  act,  or  by  ofi 

of  what  it<i  required.  //'_ 

15.  To  stop ;  to  int/.-nrupt ;  to  cauM  to  cea*c  ,  a*.  u>  . 
hreaJi  conversation  ;  to  frruA  tJr<p.  iAmk. 

16.  To  intercept;  to  chf<k  ;  to  lessen  tbc  r>  r"-  cf. 
as,  to  break  a  fall,  or  a  blow.  / 

17.  To  separate ;  to  part ;  as,  to  krtak  c  : 
friendship.  .-i 

18.  To  dissolve  any  union  ;  sooi'  ' 
as,  to  break  off  a  connection. 

19.  To  cause  to  abandon  :  to  rcforu 
form  ;  as,  to  break  one  of  ill  habits  or 

20.  To  open,  as  a  purpose  ;  to  pri  ,- 
new;  to  make  a  fir-i  il;-- I^.-jf  <.! 
break  one's  miml 

21.  Tofnifir, 

If  pUyi^m  or  e.ir    , 

22.  To  take  away ;  zf^xo  i- 
bread.     Ps.  cv. 

23   To  suetch  ;  to  nrain  ;  to  ......  .  ---,  .^  -.  —  -... 

on  the  wheel. 

To  break  the  back  :  to  strain  or  dislocate  the  rerte- 
br»  with  loo  heavy  a  burden  ;  also,  to  dueh'-  ..'''■- 
fortune. 

To  break  bulk ;  to  begin  to  unload.        M-- 

To  break  cover;  to  come  forth  fhMn  alurk.' 
as  game  when  hunted. 

To  break  a  deer ;  to  cut  it  up  at  tabic.        J 

To  break  fast ;  to  eat  the  first  meal  in  llit  u_.. ,  __. 
used  as  a  compound  word. 

To  break  ground;  to  plow.  Cartic. 

To  break  ground;  to  dig ;  to  open  trenche* ;  and 
hence,  fguratively^  to  commence  an  undcrtaktoe. 

Emeye. 

To  break  the  heart;  to  afllict  grievously:  li.r.T.i-. 
great  sorrow  or  grief;  to  depress  with  sorr 
spair.  I 

To  break  a  jest ;  to  utter  a  jest  uncipcctcti 

To  break  the  neck ;  to  dislocate  iJie  jomu  of  the 
neck.  S*a*. 

To  break  off;  to  put  a  sudden  stop  to ;  to  inlcirupc ; 
to  discontinue. 

BriaJt  ojf  thjriin*  by  ri^hteousDCw,  —  Dui.  I». 

2.  To  sever  ;  to  divide  ;  as,  to  brtak  <tff  a  twig. 

To  break  in:  to  train  or  accustom. 

To  break  sheer.  In  marine  language,  when  9  "hi^  •". 
anchor  is  in  a  position  to  keep  clear  of  t!i 
but  is  forced  by  wind  or  current  out  of  tin: 
she  breaks  her  sheer.  -^l 

To  break  up;  to  dissolve  or  put  an  end  u< ,  ?^,  lo 
break  up  housekeeping. 

2.  To  oi«n,  or  lay  open  ;  as,  to  brtak  vf  a  bed  of 
earth. 

3.  To  plow  ground  the  first  time,  or  alter  Iving 
long  unplowcd.     [-4  comm(m  use  is  the  V.  Stele*.] 

4.  To  separate  ;  as,  to  break  wp  a  company. 

5.  To  disband  ;  as,  to  break  up  an  army. 

To  break  upon  the  vheel ;  to  stretch  and  break  the 
bones  bv  torture  upon  the  wheel. 

To  break  wind;  to  give  vent  to  wind  from  the  body 
backward. 
BRE.aK,  (brake,)  r.  i.    To  part  ;  to  separate  ,  to  dindi- 
in  two  ;  as.  lite  ice  Irfoks  :  a  band  breaks. 

2.  To  burst ;  as.  a  siomi  or  dclugf  brf.:\*,    r^^^ft, 

3.  To  burst  by  dashing  against  s*'nuTr. 
wave  breaks  upon  a  n^k. 

4.  To  oi)en,  as  a  tumor,  or  apostemo. 

5.  To  open,  as  ilie  morning  :  to  show  the  iir-t  i  -ui , 
to  dawn.  .iddist: 

6.  To  burst  fortli ;  to  utter  or  exclaim  Shak, 

I.  To  fail  m  trade  or  other  occupation  :  t    ' 

bank  nipt. 

8.  To  decline  in  health  and  strength  ;  i 

lose  the  natural  vigor.  .■•?.-!;.. 

9.  To  issue  out  witli  vehemence.  P<^t. 

10.  To  make  way  with  Wolence  or  suddennei^ ;  to 
rush  :  often  with  a  particle  :  as,  to  break  u ;  to  break 
in  upon,  as  calamities ;  to  break  tn-er,  as  a  rt<x»d  .  to 
break   our,  as   a   fire  ;   to  break  /t»rtA,  as   light  or  a 

II.  To  come  to  an  explanation.  [sound. 
1  un  to  break  with  ibM  ufOQ  •en*?  tS-'^Jn.  SJal. 

[I  believe  antiquated.]  /. ,.      . 

12.  To  suflVr  an  intemiption  of  friendship ;  to  fall  ouu 

Be  001  aiwl  to  brtcJc  wiih  tixiwrv  B.  Awea. 

13.  To  faint,  flag,  or  pant. 

My  wlI  brtcitA  for  ibe  lon<inff  OwU  It  h»!h  unto  thj  Jodf 
iiKuts.  —  Pi-  cxix. 

To  break  ateay;  to  disengage  itself  from ;  to  nish 


TCXE,  BULL,  UNITE, -.\i\"GER,  VI"CI0U3.-€  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS 


19 


M5 


KRK 


tnun  .  all '  t..  dt3>ohv   :i:«oIf  or  diMlpaic,  u  fog  or 
7'y ;  "tH.  (clouils. 

7>u  '^iXf^v  from;  to  depart  ab- 

'fo  brtj'-.  ^'• .  I"  'lit'  I  I'v  iotce  ;  to  onler  uiiex|*f<t- 
edly  1  to  intnnU'.  Ad.iuvn. 

TV  br<a\  lov.it ;  to  get  free  by  force  ;  to  iveuiw  from 
conAn«-uit?ut  by  violence  ;  to  (^hake  ofT  re^inliit. 

^MiUoM.     Tilh'tMn. 

To  brtak  off;  to  i>an  ;  to  divide  ;  alio,  to  tlc-'i-'t  tud- 
denly.  Bacon. 

T»  break  qfffrom;  to  lart  from  wUli  violence. 

Skak* 

To  '  {■-■.<'      ,,vcr  ItJrlf  by 

{\tt  f>>  ■  breaks  •uf  f 

ft  jtedi^ 

2.  To  appear  in  oruptiont,  an  pUfUiU-s  ;  in  Imve 
puiftulea,  or  aii  t.>II)ure>fceiK'e  tin  Ibe  »k\t\  \  m,  a  rbild 
hrtixhi  out.  Heiicf  WO  Uave  freckle^  from  tbo  root  uf 
break ;  W'ulsb  frref. 

3.  To  tliruw  oil'  restraint^  aiid  bocome  diMwdute, 

Drydm. 

To  break  up  ;  to  di'wolve  ira»'If  and  scponile ;  u*,  n 
company  brraks  tip :  a  intctinj!  breaks  up ;  a  fog  breaki 
up  i  but  more  generally  we  wiy,  fog,  miirt,  or  clouds 
break  ciicniv. 

To  bretik  with :  to  port  in  enmity ;  to  censo  lo  be 
friends  ;  us,  to  break  with  a  friiiid  or  companion. 

Pope. 

Thin  verb  carrlM  wfili  it  its  primitive  sense  of 
Mrainiitj^,  parting^  aeperiiiff.  6ttrstttt>r^  often  with  vio- 
K-ncf,  with  the  consequential  sensrs  of  injurift  defect, 
and  ri/trmUif. 
BnK.\K,  1.  A  Mate  of  belnp  op?n,  or  thff  ftcl  of  fcpi- 
rititm  ;  an  i'i«nin2  nmdo  by  fi-rce  ;  an  opi;n  place. 
It  19  the  winif  wurd  as  bmrk,  drfl^rently  r.*rHlen  an<l 

2.  A  pnuft*  i  an  inlfrniptinn.  [prnnnuncfd. 

3.  A  line  in  writing  or  printing,  noting  a  wr^pen- 
flion  of  the  si-nse,  or  a  stop  in  ilit;  sentence. 

4.  In  a  Atp^  ih"  break  of  the  deck  is  the  pari  wht-re 
it  tLTmirmiii,  and  the  descent  on  to  the  next  rfeck  be- 
low coinnirnce!'. 

5.  The  ftnsl  appearance  of  light  In  the  morning ; 

tlie  dawn  ;  as,  Uie  break  of  day      Ar.  (3*5  farakon^ 

id.,  that  \9,farak. 
(1    In  f-r^f'ri-'ifff.n  rresfi  or  projection  in  any  part, 
I'ty  of  th-*  sntface.   OaHt. 
]■  '  ■  iif  tiring  brok'jn. 

J  .  A  liri:iking  ;  ixUo^  an  al- 

1  .\\    ii,     1,1,   ihi"  ■-  "       -a,  iTi  tr;;ii>porlntion. 
BRF-^K'ER,  )'.    Thi-  prr-.«ii  uh'  hr    lUs  wwy  thing  j  a 
violator  or  iransgrfsnor  ;  u^i,  a  Ir-.-.ur  of  III-.'  law. 

South. 

2.  A  rock  which  breaks  tlie  waves ;  or  the  wave 
Itself  which  breaks  against  a  rock,  a  sand  bank,  or 
the  9hore,  exhibitrng  a  white  foam. 

Jitar.  Diet.    Johnson. 

3.  A  pier,  in»un<l,  or  other  solid  uinller,  placed  in 
a  river,  to  break  the  floating  ice,  and  prevent  it  from 
injiirinit  a  bridge  below  ;  cnllt-d  al^  ite-breaker. 

4    One  thru  breaks  tip  crniind 
h.  A  {If-*lrnvcr.     J^Ucuh  it. 
BRKAKT AST",  (brek'fa>t,)  ».     [breaJi  and  fast.]    The 

firtit  im-al  in  ibc  day ;  or  the  thing  taten  at  the  first 

mral. 
BRKAK'FAST,  (brek'fasi,)  r.  /.     To  fiiniish  with  the 

first  ni'*al  in  the  ini>rning. 
BIEEAK'FAST,  (hruk  fast,)  r.  i.    To  eat  the  first  meal 

in  (be  dav. 
BREAK'FAST-I.NC,  }>pr.    Ealing  or  taking  the  first 

ni-al  in  the  day. 
BREAK'FAST-ING,  «.    A  parly  at  brcokfaaU 

Chtsterfitld, 
BRE.^K'ING,  fbrak'ing,)  jrpr.    Parting  by  vfob-nco  j 

ri'Miliui:  a.-iind"r  ;  ber.imina  bniikntpt. 
BKF.AK'l.\t;-l.N,  n.    Th*j  act  of  b-ibri'img  and  Irain- 

ini:  I"  bibfir. 
BRK  \K'SI  \N.     Sec  BiiAKcuAK 
UUEAK'NEl'K,  n.      [break  and  nmA.]      .\  fall   that 

)irenk.»   tlie  neck  ;   a  ate^p  place  endangering  the 

neck.  ^fuik. 

BREAK'-PROM-ISE,  n.     r&rrcA:  and  ^om'iAc]    One 

who  make4  a  practice  of  breaking  hiA  promise.    [AV 

uahL\  Sfwk. 

BREAK'- VOW,  n.     [brenk  and  rn»/».1     One  who  ha- 

bitiinltv  hn-nk-^  Iii-<  vmv--.     '  ' "  ■       -  *  ■■  Shak. 

BREAK'W.\.TCR,  n.     [>  ■  -r.]    Tbu  hull 

of  nn  old  vcft-'l  riunk  at   ■  la  harbor.  In 

I       break  ur  dimmish  the  l"f-     "i  i.r    i.  ;iveff,  lo  rtecnre 

the  ve^sols  in  harbor.  Mar.  DicL 

S.  A  smalt  bimy  fiuitpned  to  a  ktrge  one,  whr>n  the 

Tops  of  the  hlii-r  1«  noi  lung  enough  to  reach  the  sur- 
face of  the  water.  -^tar.  Did. 
3.  Any  mole,  mound,  or  wnJl,  rai.-od  in  a  river  or 

cstnaOt  oi"  harbor,  to  br*;ak  tiie  force  of  the  waves, 

and  protect  shipping,  &.C, 
BR  P.AM.  n.     [Fr.  brcme :  Ch.  noi-t2K  abntmok:  8p. 

bremtt.] 
A  fi^^H,  tk»  Cfprimat  hnuna,  an  inhabitant  of  lakes 

and  det-p  water,  exlT'-mely  insipid,  and  little  valued. 
KnetfC.     n'alton. 


BRE 

BHCA)1,  F.  (.  In  «Mt  taHftia^^ty  lo  burn  off  (ho  Alth, 
■ucb  as  gnist,  »ea-wcMl,  uokc,  &c.,  from  a  ehip**  but- 
luin  .Mar.  Hut, 

BKK.AST,  (breM.)  n.  (rtax.  breast :  8w.  bri.st ;  I),  burst. 
the  brea-t,  a  lad,  n  ni'trli ;  tl.  brtuit,  brvant,  and 
ifrVftrn.  to  bold  up  tlic  li'-:id,  to  look  big  i  Dan.  broat 
.      -.         .  .•-...      •  f,.,|^  bhiiiisb ;    aI'M.,  br' 


bren«t  ; 
br* 


Ih.u 

bV     : 

uikI  • 


d.-t'.iilr,  di- 


al^), bn/*tf 
bur^l.    Tim 


1 


'I rut  ;  brtJtey  to 
iibi-rance.] 

uit  the  anterior  |iarl  of  the 
I '  other  mammalia  i  fortiicd 
,  fur  the  Kt-rn-lioii  of  milk, 
'  guuieiiiH  and  lh«-  mu^clet, 

.>f  iiiUi.— JotixiLSI. 


III.  rit.  ' 


ihr  f..re  part  of 
ill  the  ImIIv. 
r-"  U>  the  breast 
<\\  een  the  fure 


2.  The  f 
the  hitmnr 

:\.  'i'tu   1 
in  man.      < 
legs,  bflfrtv  111    iulI.. 

4.  Fi^uniiir.ttt^  the  henrl  ;  the  conscience  ;  the 
Uis|HMilit)ii  of  the  mind  ;  the  ailecltons  ;  the  seat 
of  ibt*  alfeetinns  and  pa«slim.t.     dntleu.     Vr^den. 

5.  Kiirniirly,  the  power  of  ringing.  Tu^.^er. 
BREAST,  (brent,)    r.  U     To  meet  in  front ;  to  op|Mi!<e, 

breast  lo  breast.  Ooldjtmilk,    DryJen. 

The  eo»n  brttuted  the  popular  eonrnt  by  mitaliiin;  il>*  il'> 
murrrr.  iVirt. 

BRF-APT'-B.ANn,    n.     A  band  of  ranvn-*,  or  a  rope. 

ria-i.^ed  round  the  body  of  a  man  wiio  hmves  the  lend 
n  sounding,  and  fastened  to  the  rigging  to  prevent 

hi-*  falling  Into  Ihe  sen.  Tuttm. 

BREAST'-MONE,  n.     [breast  and  bone,]    The  bone  of 

the  breast ;  the  .sternum.  Peaeham. 

BREAST'-GASK-KT,  »."    [frr/art  and  reuket.]     One  of 

the  Inrgest  and  UmgesI  of  the  cn?<kcts  or  strings  on 

tlM'  middle  of  the  yard  of  a  ship.  John.ion.^ 

[I  do  notjind  tJus  teord  in  tke  Marinrr*s  Dictionary.] 
BREAS'1''-I)EEP,  a.      Breast-high  ;  ns   high  aa  the 

breast. 
BREAST'ED,   (bresl'cd,)  a.    Having  a  brnad  breast; 

liiivin:^  a  Iiih'  voice.  Fiddf,i. 

BREAST'FASTj  h.     [brea.^  nnd  fa  ft.]     A  large  rope 

to  confine  a  ship  sidewiae  to  a  wharfor  key. 

Mrr.  Diet. 
RREAST'-HIGII,  o,     [breast  and  AtVA.]     High  as  the 

brea!-t.  Snliiry. 

BRKAST'IIOQKS,   «.  pi.    [breajt  and  hook.]     Knees 

placed  acrow!*  the  stem  of  a  ship  lo  strengthen  the 

fore  part  and  unilo  the  bows  on  each  mde. 

Mar.  Diet. 
BREAST'I.VG,  pp"     Meeting  with  the  breast ;  oppO!t- 

ing  in  front. 
Brriudtng  up  a  hedffe.  Is  cutting  the  face  of  it  on 

one  side,  sii  as  to  lay  bare  the  principal  upright  stems 

of  the  planl".  Brande. 

IIUEAS'I'KNOT,  (bresl'nol)  n.     [breast  and  knot.]    A 

knr4  of  ribbons  worn  on  the  breast.  JJddison. 

BREAST'Pl.N,    r..     A  pin  worn  for  a  fastening,  or  for 

orn:iiuent,  on  the  breasl. 
BUI'.AST' PLATE,  n.     [breast  and  plate.]      Armor  for 

the  brtast.  Onrhir. 

2.  A  strap  that  nins  across  a  liorse^s  breast.  j?.'A. 

3.  In  Jf-witth  antiquity^  A  part  of  the  vesl?nent  of  the 
high  priest,  consiHting  of  a  folded  piece  of  the  rich 
embroidered  siulT of  which  Ihe  i-ptiod  was  nmde.  ll 
wn-i  set  with  twelve  precious  alones,  on  which  were 
engraved  the  names  of  Ihc  twelve  tribe-:.      Knetjr. 

BREAST'-PL^■)\^^  n.  [breast  and  ploxr.]  A  r>l«w, 
driv.-n  by  the  breasl,  ust-d  lo  cut  or  pare  lurf. 

BREAST'-RriPR.     See  Biieast-Band.  [.hhnson. 

BREAST'-VVIIEEL,  h.  A  water-wheel,  on  which  the 
ptrenm  of  wnier  strikes  neither  so  high  as  in  the  over- 
shoi  wheel,  nor  ^^u  bnv  ns  in  ihe  under-shot,  but  at 
nn  intermediate  point  between. 

BREAST'WORK,  (brest'wurk,)  n.  In  ftrriifietUion^ 
a  work  thrown  up  for  defense  ;  a  parnpel,  which  see. 

BKEATM,  (breih,)  n.  [Sax.  br,eth^  odor,  scent,  breath; 
G.  bradrm^  steam,  vapor,  breath.] 

1.  The  air  Inholed  and  expelled  in  Uie  respiration 
of  animals. 

2.  Life. 

No  rt»ii  h«  raoro  conlempt  Hum  I  ot  brtr.ih.  Uryden. 

3.  The  state  or  power  of  breathing  freely  ;  opposed 
to  a  slate  of  exhaustion  from  violent  action ;  as,  I 
am  out  of  brfaVi ;  1  am  scarce  in  breath.  Shak. 

4.  Respite;  pause  ;  time  to  breathe ;  as,  let  mo  take 
breath  ;  give  me  some  breath.  Shak. 

5.  Brcoz^ ;  air  in  gentle  motion. 

Cftlm  and  unni^-il  at  a.  ■iimmer'f  te», 

Whi?!!  not  n  bfroltt  of  wind  fljo  o'er  iu  lurfiuv.        Addiaon, 

^i.  A  Hingle  respiration  ;  as,  he  swears  at  every 
breath. 

7.  An  instant  3  the  time  of  a  single  respiration  j  a 
single  act. 

lie  Bnll-t  ,-iiid  1»*  fro«-mi  In  a  breaOi.  Dn/dtn. 

8.  A  word. 

A  brtaOt  Mn  rr.JiV-  th^m,  n*  a  breath  hu  nude.       Qotdsmith. 

BRP.ATII'A-BLE,  a.    That  mav  be  breathed. 
BRP.  ATII'A-HLE-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  breothable. 
BRG.VFIIB,   P.  T.    To  respire;  to  inspire  and  cxpii- 
air.     Hence,  to  live  Pope, 


Shak. 


BRE 

2.  To  take  breatlt ;  lo  rest  from  action  ;  on,  lei  them 
have  time  tu  breathe. 

3.  To  pnsa,  bb  air  I 

To  vrt»u*(>  r^u!  luuutli  tiu  wliul<»Jine  mix  bfiMlA««  in.         Shak,       i 

BRCATHE,!-.  f.  To  inhale,  as  nir,  Into  the  lungs,  and 
expel  it ;  as,  in  breathe  viiul  air.  Dri'drn. 

*J.  To  ii^ecl  by  breathing  ;  lo  infuKo  ;  followed  by  ; 
into. 

AihI  tlM  l^nl  UoJ  hrtaifud  inl«  hia  itosliili  tbe  lirratb  ol  tlf.  ~ 
Uen.  k. 

3.  To  expire  ;  to  ejecl  bybreiabing;  folluwcd  I. 
out  I  as,  to  breathe  out  ihrealening^  and  •■lautibti-r. 

4.  To  exenise;  to  keep  in  breath.  [A€t: 
"nkC  grrj'hoiimli  t.ir  m  r»iit  o  6r»€:J,rf  rt*j«.  6'AbI. 

5.  To  inspire  or  blow  into ;  to  cause  to  sound  1  , 
1,1.  ,  to  frrcoMc  the  flute.  Prwr. 

.  to  emit,  us  breath;  us,  the  lti>v.  n 
/  -  I  IK-rfuine. 

7  ii.  uit^r  soltly  or  in  privole  ;  as,  to  brenthe,  \  , 
vow.  Shtik.      I 

8.  To  give  air  or  vent  to;  lo  open  ;  ui,  tu  hrtafhtfi  I 
vein.     fW.  hrathn,  lo  pierce.]      Johnson.     Dnji'.rn. 

9.  To  expres.4  ;  to  niuoifcat. 

Otlrr  onlcl.-«  t^fothe  111?  •aiii''  ►-T-T*'  inlilt.  hitlirr 

BRftATIP£D,  p/».     Inhalfd  and  exhaled;  respired;  i 
ull-nd.  [ 

BRP.ATH'ER,  n.  One  that  breatlies  or  lives  ;  one  Dut 
nlteni ;  an  Inspirer  ;  one  wtio  animates  or  infuses  bj 
in^'piniiion. 

BUE.\TH'FJ;L,  (broth'ful,)  d.    Full  of  breath  :  full  of  . 

odor.  N/i  -i--r. 

BREA'fH'IXG,  ppr.    Respiring;  living;  iiu.-i  ,.. 
2.  a.     Exhibiting  to  llie  life  ;  as,  breat/nn-  i- .  -a. 

Pvpe. 
RRPATIPING,  n.    Respiration;  the  act  of  inhaltBi 
and  exhaling  air. 

2.  .Air  in  genlb;  motion  ;  applied,  also,  figuratively, 
to  &  gentle  intlucncc  or  r^ieration  ;  as,  tliir  brmt'iiMgs 
of  Die  t^pirit. 

3.  Ajipiralinn;  secret  prayer.  /Vr  ■ . 

4.  Hreathing-pbice  ;  venL  Dnjd,: . 
.*>.  Acrent ;  nspimlion  ;  as,  a  rough  brtathntg. 

BREATil'l.NfVPLACE,  n.    A  pause. 
9.  A  vein. 

BRkATH'I.N'G-TIME.  n.    Pause;  relaxation.  IhU. 

IlKEATM'LESS,  (brel)i'less,)  a.  Being  out  of  brealb; 
Hpf'ni  v.'itii  labor  or  violent  action. 

2.  I>ead  ;  as,  a  breathless  body.  Shnk, 

BRFiATlI'LESS-.NESS,  n.  The  slate  of  being  extmost- 
ed  of  brealli.  .  //aU- 

BRECCIA,  n.     (It.,  a  breach.] 

In  minrraloffyy  an  aggregalc  composed  of  nngiilOT 
fnijiTUfuts  of  llie  Kame  mineral,  or  of  dilf.  ri-ut  miner* 
als,  united  by  a  cement,  and  presenting  a  varnty  of 
colors.  Someliines  a  few  of  the  fragment  .ir-  a  III- 
lie  ronndi'd.  The  varieties  aro  the  sUieiow,  mlear^ 
ousy  and  trap  breccias.  ClrnvtSand, 

BRECCIA-TED,  a.  Uonsi«ting  of  angular  fnigmenu 
cemented  togetlier. 

BRED,  pp.  of  BnEED.  Generated;  produced;  con* 
trived  ;  educatcil. 

BRP.DE,  n.     A  braid.     [A'ot  w.W.1  .^lUison. 

BREECH,  w.     [See  Breach  and  Brbak.]    The  lower  ^ 
part  of  the  body  beliind.  , 

2.  UrcvcbvH  i  but  rarely  used  in  the  sinfTuIar.  SkalU 

3.  Tlie  hinder  part  of  any  thing.  Johnson. 

4.  The  large,  thick  end  of  a  cannon  or  other  fll*-  i 
arm  I 

BREECH,  r.  t.    To  put  into  breeches.  Johnson,  | 

2.  To  whip  on  the  breech.  Ma.isin^.  \ 

3.  To  fasten  with  breeching.  | 
BREECH'/:D,  (breecht,)  pj».  oro.    Put  Into  breeches;  , 

whipped  on  the  breech. 

BREECH'E.*,  (brich'cz,)  n.  pi  [Sax.  hrac,  hracat;  D. 
brofk  :  Arm.  brn-ra,  brages;  It.  brace^  braehr.ise^  eg 
braahes.ie ;  Port,  and  Sp.  brn<ras  ;  Fr.  braiFH  ;  Ir.  breg; 
Low  L.  braec^r :  Dan.  troff,  breeches,  and  broget^d 
various  colors,  mixed,  variegated  ;  W.  hrtj^an,  a  spol- 
ted  covering,  ycolch  plaid  ;  brye^  varieg.ilcd  with 
colors.  "Sarmatic  toiuni  hraeeali  corpus."  Mela,  3. 
1.  See  Plin.  3.  4.  Herod,  lib.  7.  .Stralm,  lib.  15.  uvid. 
Trisl.  fi.  7.  CIuv.  Germ.  Ant.  1.  Ki.  Pelhuitier,  f  ■ 
Cc\U  I.  30.  'I'he  word  seeing  to  be  from  the  r  '  ' 
break,  and  lo  denote, diverse  in  color,  variLgated,  I 
frckltd.     Sec  FcKeKLK.] 

A  garment  worn  by  men,  covering  the  hips  OIW 
thiglis.  It  is  now  a  cIokc  gurmtrnl ;  but  the  word 
formerly  was  used  fur  a  loose  garment,  now  culled 
trotP.-ierSy  htite  bracat.  Otid. 

To  wear  the  brteche.ty  is,  in  the  wife,  to  usurp  the 
authority  of  the  husband.  Juhunun. 

BREECH'hNG,  ppr.  Funiishing  with  breeches,  or 
with  a  breecli. 

2.  Whipping  the  breech  ;  and,  na  a  noun,  a  whip- 
ping. Marlow. 

BKEECH'IXG,  (brich'ing,)  n.  Thai  |Mirt  of  a  liarnoss 
which  comes  round  tlic  breech  of  a  ho^^T. 

2.  In  spinnery^  on  board  of  ship^,  a  strong  rope 
fastened  to  the  rascabcl  or  pommelion  of  a  cannon 
by  a  thimble,  and  clinched  to  ring-bolts  in  the  shlp'a 
side,  lo  prevent  it  from  recoiling  too  much  in  bat»le. 

Mar.  Diet. 


FATE.  FAR.  FALL.  WHAT. -MATE,  PR^Y.-PI-VE,  MARIXE,  BIED.-NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOQK.  - 
146  ^'  ~ 


BRE 


IJEEED,  V.  t. ;  pre),  .nid  pi'-  Bn^D.  [sax.  *"''"^'.  ''™- 
toTio  warm,  10  diU,te,  to  oiK-.i  lo  spread  ;  D.  4«c- 
3m  to  broud;  Oer.  iriit™,  to  brood;  Dal.  fove,  o 
Sad,  dilate,  unf..ia  ;  W.  ;,nf  i  warm  ;  ^rjrf",-..-,  to 
warm,  to  lioat.    Class  Rd.    See  ISkoad.) 

1  To  cenerate  ;  to  encendcr ;  to  hatch  ;  to  produce 
theyoaiisofany  species  of  animals.  1  think  .t  is 
iiever  used  of  plants,  and  m  animals  is  usually  aji- 
nlied  to  the  mother  or  dam.  .,     ,    ,         „    , 

2.  To  produce  within  or  upon  the  body;  as,  to 
hre'ed  teeth  ;  to  breed  worms.  _ 

3.  To  cause  ;  to  occasion  ;  to  produce  ;  to  originate. 
inL-mwrame  anil  Iiisl  bricd  infirmiUfS.  TilloHon. 
AmUoon  breeds  factions.  .""»"■ 

4.  To  contrive;  to  hatch  ;  to  produce  by  plotting. 

H«.l  be  n  henrl  .-lu,!  ii  liivun  lo  breed  il  iu  I  Ukali. 

5  To  Rive  biilh  to  ;  to  be  the  native  place  of;  as, 
a  pond  Weeds  fish ;  a  northern  country  breeds  a  race 
of  stout  men.  ^        ,        , 

6  To  educate  ;  to  instruct ;  to  form  by  education  ; 
often,  but  unnecessarily,  followed  by  ii;) ;  as,  to  bred 
a  son  to  an  occupation  ;  a  man  bred  at  a  university. 
TViinrei  II,",  is  vulgar. 

7.  To  bring  up  ;  to  nurse  and  foster  ;  to  take  care 
of  in  infancy,  and  throuah  the  age  of  youth  ;  to  pro- 
vide for,  train,  and  conduct;  to  instruct  the  mind 
and  form  the  manners  in  youth. 

To  bring  i!v>e  forth  with  pain,  with  ctre  to  breed.        Dryden. 

BREED,  1'.  i.  To  produce  a  fetus ;  to  bear  and  nour- 
ish, as  in  pregnancy  ;  as,  a  femaJe  breeds  with  pain. 

2.  To  be  formed  in  the  parent  or  dam  ;  to  b?  gen- 
erated, or  to  grow,  as  young  before  birth  ;  as,  chiWren 
oryoungirccd  in  tlie"matri.^. 

3.  To  have  birth  ;  to  be  produced  ;  as,  fish  bmi  in 
rivers.        . 

4.  To  be  increased  by  a  new  production. 

But  conid  youth  last,  and  love  stUl  breed,  Ralegh. 

5.  To  raise  a  breed  ;  as,  to  choose  the  best  species 
of  swine  to  breed  from. 

To  breed  in  and  in  ;  to  breed  from  animals  of  the 
same  stoci  that  are  closely  related.     Farm.  Encyc. 
BREED,  n.    \  race  or  progeny  from  the  same  patents 
or  stock. 

2.  A  cast ;  a  kind  ;  a  race  of  men  or  other  animals, 
which  have  an  alliance  by  nativity,  or  some  distinc- 
tive qualities  in  common  ;  as,  a  breed  of  men  in  a 
particular  country  ;  a  breed  of  horses  or  sheep.  Jip- 
vlied  to  men,  it  is  not  elegant.     We  use  race. 

3.  Pro"eny  ;  offspring ;  appUed  to  other  things  than 
animals.  ,       Sliak. 

4.  A  number  produced  at  once  ;  a  hatch  ;  a  brood  ; 
but  for  this,  brood  is  generally  used.  Greie. 

BREED'-BATE,n.  One  that  breeds  or  originates  quar- 
rels.    Will  in  itsc]  SJnA". 

BREED'ER,  71.  The  female  that  breeds  or  produces, 
whether  human  or  other  animal. 

2.  The  person  who  educates  or  brings  up ;  that 
which  brings  up. 

Italy  a:id  Rotn*  have  been  the  best  breeders  o(  worthy  m^n. 

3.  That  which  produces. 
Time  13  the  nurse  and  breeder  of  all  ^otl.  SlifJc. 

4.  One  who  raises  a  breed  ;  one  who  takes  care  to 
raise  a  particular  breed,  or  breeds,  as  of  horses  or 
cattle.  Temple. 

BREED'I.N'G,  ppr.  or  (i.    Bearing  and  nourishing,  as  a 

fetus  ;  engendering  ;  producing  ;  educating. 
BREEDTXG,  n.    The  act  of  generating  or  producing. 

2.  The  raising  of  a  breed  or  breeds  ;  as,  the  fanner 
attends  to  the  breeding  of  sheep. 

3.  Nurture  ;  education  ;  instruction  ;  formation  of 
manners. 

She  had  her  breeding  at  my  fttber'a  charge.  Shtlk. 

4.  £i(irni;o/jmm«icc,  manners;  knowledge  of  cer- 
emony ;  deiwrtment  or  behavior  in  the  external  offices 
and  decorums  of  social  life.  Hence,  good  breeding  is 
politeness,  or  the  qualifications  which  constitute  gen- 
teel deportment.  Encyc. 

BREEZE,  (  n.     [Sax.  briosa,  from  its  sound  re- 

BEEEZE'-FL-?,  i     sembling  a  breeze.] 

A  name  given  to  various  species  of  two-winged 
insects,  of  th-  family  Tabanid.T!,  noted  for  buzzing 
about  animals  and  tormenting  tliem  by  sucking  their 
blood.  The  bot-pj  has  also  sometimes  been  ctiUed 
the  breeie-fiij. 

The  name  breeze  is  also  given  to  dilferent  species 
of  the  genus  CEstrus.  Ct/c.     Encyc. 

BREEZE,  n.  [It.  brezia,  a  cold,  windy  mist ;  Sp.  bri- 
sa,  a  breeze  ;  riw.  brusa,  to  be  fervid,  to  boil,  to  mur- 
mur; Dan.  bruse,  to  rush,  roar,  or  foam,  to  rise  iu 
waves ;  bruusen,  the  rustling  of  the  wind,  a  hum- 
ming or  buzzing,  fi'rment.ation.  In  French  sea  lan- 
guage, iri^c,  a  breeze  ;  Gr. y?  /ii^ti)  and,j^o<i(r(rt.i,toboil ; 
Fr.  brasser,  to  brew  ;  W.  6rys,  hasty,  from  r/tt/.f,  a 
nishing.  These  words  seem  all  to  liave  a  common 
root.  See  RtrsH.l 
1.  A  light  wind  ;'a  gentle  gale. 

Frrf  f.  land  a  gentle  breeze  aroae  at  night.  Dnjden. 

9  A  shifting  wind,  that  blows  from  the  sea  or  froin 
the  land,  for  a  certain  time,  by  night  or  by  day.  Such 
brtezes  are  common  in  the  tropitial  regions,  and  in  a 


BRE 

good  degree  regular.  The  wind  from  the  sea  is  called 
a  sea  breeze,  ami  thtit  from  tile  land,  a  land  breeze.  In 
general,  the  sea  breeze  blows  in  the  day-lime,  and 
the  lantl  breeze  at  night.  The  like  breezes  are  com- 
mon, in  the  suinmcr  months,  in  the  temperate  lati- 
tudes. 
nilEEZE,  1?.  i.  To  blow  gently  ;  a  word  conimm  among 
seamen. 


For  HOW  tlio  Ijrcathiny  aire,  from  oceaii  born, 
Breeze  up  the  bay,  and  ictwl  the  lively  morn. 


Ctrloi!. 


.BREEZE'LESS,  a.    Motionless  j  destitute  of  breezes. 

Sken.'ftone. 
BREEZ'Y,  a.    Fanned  with  gentle  winds  or  breezes  ; 
as,  the  breezy  shore.  Pope. 

2.  .Subject  to  fretiucnt  breezes.  (tray. 

BRll'HON,  17.  In  Irish,  a  judge.  In  ancient  tunes, 
the  general  laws  of  Ireland  were  called  Brrhon  laws, 
unwritten,  like  the  common  law  of  England.  These 
laws  were  abolished  by  statute  of  Edward  III. 

Encyc.  Blaelcstonc. 
BREIS'LA-KITE,  n.  A  newly-discovered  Vesuvian 
mineral,  resembling  a  brownish  or  reddish-brown 
down,  which  lines  the  small  cavities  in  the  lava 
of  Scalla,  and  in  that  of  fJlebano  ;  named  from 
Breislak,  a  celebrated  Italian  naturalist. 

Journal  of  Science.  . 
BREME,  0.    [Sa.x.  brcmman,  to  murmur,  to  fret ;  L. 
fremo.']  ^, 

Cruel ;  sharp.     [JVM  Ksfrf.J  Climcer. 

BREN,  V.  t.     [Sax.  brennan,  to  bum.] 

To  burn.     [Obs.l  Spenser. 

BREN'NAGE,  ?i.  [from  bran.]  In  the  middle  ages,  a 
tribute  or  composition  whicll  tenants  paid  to  their 
lord,  in  lieu  of  bran,  which  they  were  obliged  to  fur- 
nish for  his  hounds.  Encyc. 

ir.S?;i«-     [VV.»'.''.a>.ill.] 

.'^tceji  ;  high.     [Oils.]  Mscbam. 

BRENT,  VI.     A  brani,  or  brand-goose  ;  a  fowl  with  a 

black  neck,  and  a  white  collar  or  line  round  it.   [Sec 

Brant.] 
2.  pp.  Burnt.    [See  Been.]     [Obs.]        Spenser. 
BRE-PHOT'RO-PHY,  ii.    [Gr.  Pptipoi,  an  infant,  and 

Tpeib''),  to  feed.] 
The  nurture  of  orphans. 
BREST,     I  (brest,)  ji.     In  architecture,  the  member  of 
BRE.\ST,  i      a  column,  more  usually  called  torus  or 

tore.     [See  Tonus.]  Encyc. 

BREST'-SUM-IVIER,  n.    In  architecture,  a  piece  in  tlie 

outward  part  of  a  wooden  building,  into  whicli  llie 

girders  are  framed.  This,  in  tlie  ground  floor,  is  called 

a  sill,  and  in  the  garret  floor,  a  beam.  Encyc. 

BRET,  7j.    A  local  name  of  tlie  turbot,  called  also  burt 

or  brut. 
BRET'FJJL,  a.     Brimful.     [Obs.]  Chaucer. 

BRETH'REN,  n. :  pi.  of  Beotheb.     It  is  used   almost 

exclusively,  in  solemn  and  scriptural  language,  in 

the  place  of  brothers,    [fee  Brothes.] 
BRET'TI-CES,  n.  pi.    The  name  given  by  miners  to 

the  wooden  planks  used  in  supporting  the  roof  of 

coal  mines. 
BRiiVE,  V.     [It.  breve;  L.  brevis ;  Sp.  breve;  Fr.  bref, 

short.    See  Brief.]  . 

1.  In  music,  a  note  or  character  of  tune,  equivalent 
to  two  semibreves  or  four  minims.  When  dotteil,  it 
is  equal  to  tliree  semibreves.     [jV^;  noia  used.] 

2.  In  law,  a  writ  directed  to  the  chancellor,  judges, 
sherilTs,  or  other  oflicers,  whereby  a  person  is  sum- 
moned, or  attached,  to  answer  in  the  king's  court. 

Encyc. 

This  word,  in  this  latter  sense,  is  more  generally 
written  brief. 
BRE.-VET',  II.     [from  breve.]     In  French  jisage,  a  doc- 
ument without  seal,  (a  warrant,)  by  which  the  king 
grants  a  favor,  privilege,  title,  or  dignity.       Encyc. 

9.  A  commission  to  an  officer,  which  entitles  him 
10  an  honorary  rank  in  tlie  army  above  his  actual 
rank  and  pay.  Thus  a  brevet  major  serves  as  a  cap- 
tain and  receives  pav  as  such.  Such  commissions 
wore  "iven  to  the  officers  of  the  American  army  at 
the  close  of  the  revolutionary  war,  giving  them  a 
grade  of  rank  above  that  which  they  had  held  during 
service.  Encyc.     Mnrska'rs  Life  of  trash. 

BRE'VI-.\-RY,  V.     [Fr.  breviaire:  h.  brcriarium, Xrom 
breris,  short.     See  lialEi'.] 

1.  An  abridgmeut ;  a  compend  ;  an  epitome. 

.iyhffe. 

2.  A  book  containing  the  daily  seri-ice  of  the  Ro- 
man Catholic  cliiirch.  It  is  composed  of  matins, 
lauils,  first,  third,  sixth,  and  ninth  vespers,  and  the 
compline  or  post  comnninio.  The  Greeks,  also,  have 
a  brer,ar:,.  ,  „  ,  Encyc. 

BRe'VI-.VT,     j  n.    [See  Breve  and  Brief.]    A  short 
BRK'Vl  ATE,  i     compend  ;  a  summary. 

Decay  of  Piety. 
BRk'VI-^TE,  f.  f.    To  abridge.     [jVof  usuL]     [See 

AnPnEVIATE.]  r«         r,  t 

BRE'VI-.V-THKE,  11.    An  abbreviation.   [See  Brief.] 

Johnson. 
BRE-VIP.R',  «.    [Ft.  brcvmtrc :  so  called,  says  John- 
son, from   being  originally  iis:>d  in  printing  a  bre- 
viary.] 
A'  small  kind  of  printing  types,  m  size  between 


BRl 

bourgeois  and  minion.    It  is  much  u!cd  in  printing 
marginal  notes. 

BRE  VIL'O-Qt'ENCE,  n.  [L.  WevU  anil  loquar.]  A 
brief  and  pertinent  mode  of  sjioaking. 

BREV'I-PED,  a.  [L.  frr«-',  short,  and  JJM,  foot.]  Hav- 
ing short  legs,  as  certain  bird-t. 

BREV'IPEl),  n.     A  birti  having  short  l-n'. 

BREV-I-PEX'XATE,  o.    Having  shon  t  o 

denoting  a  family  of  gr;illatory  bir-l- 
Cuvier,)  having  short  wing.*,  includi,^ 

BREV'I-TY,  n.  [L.  kretiUaa,  from  brnis,  short.  Eee 
Brief.] 

1.  Shortness,  applied  to  time ;  as,  the  hreeity  of  hu- 
man life. 

2.  Shortness ;  conciseness ;  contraction  into  few 
words  ;  applied  to  discourses  or  loritingj.       Dnjdejt. 

BREW,  r.  t.  [Sax.  briwan,  to  brew  ;  briic,  br.itli ;  D. 
brouwcn,  to  brew,  *ja  contrive,  to  mix ;  G.  brjurn. 
These  seem  to  be  contractions  of  I!*'-  Golhic ;  Sw, 
briggia !  Dan.  brygge,  to  brew.  Th-  Rtiss.  ha.* 
burtchti.  The  Welsh  has  brirc,  a  boilii..'  stir,  tu- 
mult, from  rhwc,  something  rough  ;  and  il  Iris  .il;,j 
bcrwi,  to  boil  or  bubble,  whence  bertrezn,  t<.  brew, 
from  bar,  fury,  impulse.  Our  word  brex  seems  to  b3 
directly  from  the  Saxon.  The  sense  is,  to  stir,  bt,il, 
or  agitate  with  violence.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  to  boil,  and  mix;  hence  in 
Saxon,  as  a  noun,  it  signilics  broth  or  pottage  j  Oltl 
Eng.  breisis. 

2.  In  a  more  restricted  srnse.  to  make  beer,  ale,  or 
other  similar  liquor,  from  malt ,  or  to  prepare  a  liipior 
from  mall  and  hops,  and,  in  private  families,  from 
other  materials,  by  steeping,  boiling,  antl  feriiicnt.a- 

3.  To  mingle.  [Hon. 
BreiD  me  a  pottle  of  sack.                                     Sfiak. 

4.  To  contrive  ;  to  plot ;  a-s,  to  brca  miscliief. 
Ji.  To  put  in  a  state  of  preparation.    Ciu. 

BREW,  V.  i.  To  be  in  a  state  of  preparation ;  to  be 
mixing,  forming,  or  collecting;  as,  a  storm  bre:es  in 
the  west,  [n  this  sense,  I  do  not  rttcoIK'ct  the  use  of 
the  verb  in  a  transitive  sense,  and  generally  the  pres- 
ent participle  only  is  used  ;  as,  a  storm  is  brewing. 

2.  To  perform  the  business  of  brewing  or  making 
beer  ;  as,  she  can  brew,  wash,  and  bake. 

BREW,  71.  The  mixture  formed  by  brewing;  that 
whicll  is  brewed.  iJai;oii. 

BREW'.\GE,  II.    Malt  liquor;  drink  brewed.    Shak. 

BREW'ED,  (brude,)  pp.  Mixed,  steeped,  and  ferment- 
ed ;  made  by  brewing. 

BREWER,  11.  One  whose  occupation  is  to  prepare 
malt  liquors  ;  one  who  brews. 

BREW'ER-Y,  il.  Abrewhouse;  the  house  and  appa- 
ratus where  brewing  is  carried  ou. 

BREW'HOUSE,  n.  [bmo  and  house.]  A  brewery; 
a  house  apprtipriated  to  brewing.  ^ 

BREW'l.XG,  ppr.     Preparing  malt  liquor. 

2.  In  a  state  of  mixing,  forming,  or  preparing  ;  as, 
a  storm  is  breieing.  Pt*pe. 

3.  Contriving  ;  preparing  ;  as,  a  scheme  is  breunng. 
BRF.W'IiVG,  n.    The  act  or  process  of  preparing  litjuora 

from  malt  and  hops. 

2.  The  quantity  brewed  at  once.  Bae^n. 

3.  Among  sramra,  a  collection  of  black  clouds  por- 
tending a  storm.  -^ar.  DicL 

BREW'IS,  71.     Broth  ;  pottage.     [OJs.l 

2.  A  piece  of  bread  soaked  in  boiling  fat  poltage, 

made  of  salted  meat.  Bailey.    J  >;--.i.i. 

BRI-A'RE-.A.\,  a.     Hundred  handed  ;  Irom  iJncreus, 

a  giant  with  a  hundred  hands.         ,  , 

In   Pers.  X  Li  i>itrii^,  is  a 


BRIBE, 


[Ir.  breab. 


'.  motsel.   Fr.  bribe. 


bribe,  a  half,  piece,  bit,  segment, : 
a  piece  of  bread.] 

1.  A  price,  reward,  gift,  or  favor  ocstowea  orproin- 
iseci  with  a  view  to  pervert  the  judgment  or  corrupt 
the  conduct  of  a  judge,  witness,  or  other  person.  .\ 
bribe  is  a  consideration  given  or  promised  to .-.  per- 
son, to  induce  him  to  decide  a  cause,  give  leslimoiiy, 
or  perform  some  act  contrary  to  what  he  knows  to  be 
truth,  justice,  or  rectitude.  It  is  not  used  in  a  good 
sense  unless  in  familiar  language. 

2.  That  which  seduces. 

Not  tlie  bribes  of  tordid  weolUt  can  sedoce  to  Ijare  tli-v- erei 
blooming  sweets.  -ttfa/ntt. 

BRIBE  V.  t.  To  give  or  promise  a  reward  or  consid- 
eration, with  a  view  to  pervert  the  judgment  or  cor- 
rupt the  conduct.  To  hire  for  bad  piirpose.s  ;  to  pur- 
chase the  decision  of  a  judge,  Uie  testimony  of  a 
witness,  or  the  performance  of  some  act  contrary  to 
known  truth,  justice,  or  rectitude. 
2.  To  gain  by  a  bribe. 


In  famUiar  language,  it  is  sometimes  used  in  a  good 
sense  ;  as,  to  bribe  a  ciiild  to  take  a  medicine. 


ciiild  to  take  a  medicine.    Drj-- 
deil°has''u3ed  the  word  in  a  good  sense,  in  solemn 
fa  "gimge  ;  but  such  use  is  rare,  and  '"/f  >.  If?'  l^J^ 
BRIBE'-DE-VOUR'ING,  a.    Greedy  of  bribiv.  or  pres- 
ents ;  as,  bribe-devouring  kings.  •„•'■,.., 
BRIBE'-PAX'DER,  11.    [inSu  and  panJcr.]    Ojiewho 

procures  bribes. 
•BRIBE'-WCR'THY,  ( 
bribing  to  obtain. 


Burke. 

\bribt  and  irortAK.]    Worth 
Mason. 


TCXE,  BULL,  liNITE.  — AN"GEU,  VI"CIOOS.  — €  as  K 


G  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


J  47 


BRl 


BRIBE'LBSS,  a.    Tbit  can  not  bo  bribetl ;  that  U  not  | 

nHin'KU,  ■.  Oue  who  bribes,  or  payi  fur  eomiiit  i 
|.-,.  l.cc*.  Sa*^-      I 

I  ::t  i:it-Y,  ■.  The  act  or  proclice  of  ctvhiRor  (aktiiR  , 
Ills  for  corrupt  practice^;  tho  act  of  paying  »ir  | 
re  ivicig  a  n-'ward  furn  fiilst  JmlKmenl  ur  ttTitinu-ny, 
t.r  I'ur  lUr  pt-rfunaancf  of  thii!  which  n  kiiuwn  tu  b.- 
illcifal  or  uiiju-t.  U  n  npjJiril  1k>i1i  to  hiiii  who  i;ivt-*, 
anif  !•>  hiiu  who  r(*ccive«  the  couiftfnMiliujt,  but  n\>- 
pro|>naIf  ly  to  the  giver. 

BKK'K,  n.  [Fr.  frrifvr,  a  brick,  and  a  little  luaf:  U. 
ftricc,  or  brue  ;  Anu.  bngen  ;  «uppo*oi!  to  be  o  coli- 
traciioii  of  L.  tmbrrx,  a  eulltr-iiK-,  fruin  itH^er,  a 
«huwrr,  which  i*  probably  a  coinp»uni],  of  which 
the  last  inllabti'  li  from  tir.  Ju\lj,  whence  It,  im- 
briacarst,  io  get  ilruiik.     ?*•«-•  KimiiiTt.J 

1.  A  iiia-id  of  earth,  chi»*i!\  day,  liriii  mMUlciieil 
and  made  fine  by  grinding  or  tr*  adiiig,  llim  fonnrd 
into  a  long  square  in  a  mold,  dried  and  baki'd  or 
burnt  in  a  kiln  ;  used  in  binlduit;^  and  wallt. 

2.  A  loaf  ithaped  like  a  bruk. 

BRICK,  r.  t.     To  lay  or  jave  with  brick-'.  Strift. 

2.  To  imitate  orcminlerfiil  a  brick  wall  on  plarter, 
byitniearing  it  with  red  ocher.and  making  the  Jolnla 
with  an  edge-tool,  filling  ihrm  with  fine  planter. 
7'tf  bnek  up  ■  lo  till  up  with  brick.  [Kncyr. 

BRICK'B  AT,  n.  [brick  and  bat,]  A  piece  or  fragment 
uf  a  bnck.  Baeon. 

BRlt'K'-BUILT,  (-bill,)  a.  Built  with  bricks,  Drffden. 

BRICK'-GLAY,  n.  [brick  and  claij.]  Clay  used  or 
siiitablir  for  making  bricks.  tVoodvard. 

BRICK'-DCST,  n.  [bnek  and  liast.]  Dust  of  pound- 
ed bfickri.  Spectator. 

BRl  K'-EAUTH,  (-erth,)  «.  Clay  or  onrth  used  or 
"Ui    '•!.■  fi>r  bricks. 

BKICt.  KILX,  (kil,)  n.  A  kiln,  or  ftirnace,  in  which 
brick*  ire  baked  or  burnt,  or  a  pile  of  bricko,  laid 
loose,  with  arches  underneath  to  receive  tli.i  wood  or 
fuel  liir  burning  tliem. 

BRICK'-LaV-ER,  h.  [brick  and  lay.]  One  whotw 
occupalum  in  to  build  with  brick;) ;  a  mason. 

BRiCK'-MAK-ER,  n.  [brick  and  nwke.]  One  who 
makes  bricks,  or  whose  occupation  i»  to  make 
brie  kit. 

BRICK'-NOG-GING,  n.  Brick  work  carried  up  and 
filled  in  Wtween  timb  r  framing.  Brande. 

BRICK'-TRIM-.MER,  h.  In  «^fAlIr<■fur^  a  brick  :irch 
abutlins  afiain?i  a  wmHieii  trimmer  in  front  of  a  lire- 
place  In  guard  agiiimit  accidcnU  by  fire.       Brandt. 

BRICK'-UORK,  (wurk,)  h.  The  laying  of  bricks, 
or  a  wall  *t  bricks. 

BRICK'-YARD,  n.    A  place  where  brickn  are  made. 

BRICK'LE,  a.    [from  fr««*.]     Brittle  j  easily  broken. 

iXvt  iurd,]  Spenser. 

ICK'LE-NESS,  n.    BrilllcnuM.     [JVor  ujfd.] 
BRICK'Y,  a.    Full  of  bricks,  or  fonned  of  bricks, 

Spenser. 
BRTD'.'VL,  a.    [See  Bride.]     B«donging  to  ii  bride,  or 
to  a  wedding,  nuptial  j  connubial ;  ns,  bridal  orna- 
mcnLt.  Mdton.     Pope. 

BRID'AL,  «.    The  nuptial  fesliral.  Druden. 

BRID'ALr-TY.   «.     Celebration  of  the  niipliiU  feast. 

i^rot  used.]  Jonson. 

IDE,  II.  [Sax.  brtfd;  Sw.  brud  ;  D.  bruid  ;  G.  braut: 
Dan.  brud ;  Arm.  pryrd^  pried ;  \V.  priod-verch,  pri- 
odoM-vcrcli,  a  bride  ;  Ir.  brideo^ :  W  .  priodi  o  verch, 
lo  be  married ;  Ar.  prietaaL,  lo  niarr)* ;  Com.  benni- 
prioty  a  bride  ;  \V.  priod-raby  a  bride-inab,  bridegroom  ; 
.\rni.  priditlijh,  wedlock.  It  secm«,  by  the  Cellic  di- 
alec'j,  that  brtde  Is  primarily  an  adjective  used  tvith 
the  name  of  maid  or  woman,  as  bridei^room  is  the 
KU  le  wuril  with  the  name  of  a  man.  In  \V.  priatrd^ 
the  root  of  pno'ltjs,  sicnitM's  appropriate,  proper,  fit ; 
priodi.  to  midfr  appropriate,  lo  espouse,  to  marry.] 
1.  A  woman  new  iiiarried.  Johnson. 

But  the  name  is  applied  to  a  woman  at  the  marriage 
festival,  before  she  is  married,  as  well  as  after  the 
ceremony. 

a.  A  woman  esptiused,  or  contracted  lo  be  married. 

Sec  the  case  of  I^wcllyn,  prince  of  Wales.    Henry^a 

Hi4U  of  Britain,  b.  iv.  ch.  i.  sect.  2.     [This  is  the  true 

original  sense  of  tke  icord.] 

BRIDE'-BED,  n.    [bnde  and  bed.]    The  marriage  bed. 

Prior. 
BRTDE'-CAKE,  n.   ['-r.Jr  and  eakt.]    The  cake  which 
IS  inidf  for  the  eii>-it->  at  a  wedding;  called,  in  the 
L'nilid  Statist,  tred.iiniT<uke. 
BRinE'-CII.\M-BER,  «.     The  nuptial  apartment. 
BRIDE'GROOM,    n.     [Onctnally  and   properly  bride 


BRTDE'-M.\ID,  H. 

attend*  till  :t  bruli 
BRIDE'-MW.   a. 

Icn<:      ■  '  -■'. 

I  ha; 


ponr, 

anc 
mi-i 
cd  .< 

has  thu  c.if 
A  man  i. 
ried.    Tlu  ; 
proves  that  the  1.: 

At  irr  tbo«" 
Tfaot  creep  i 
Aadr 


:me;    D. 

I  com- 

.  tiv  our 


or  a  man  about  to  be  mar- 

L.\-iH  ni.;,  cited  by  Johnson, 

J  list. 


BUIl'l.      -  .    ^r^t., 

til  iluin  I*  Tuuml. 
BKIl)  Kl>.  a.     .Made  a  bride. 
imiDE'VVKl.I.,  ».     A  hn.i" 

finrinent  of  disorder!' 


BR] 

[bridf  and  tuaiJ.]     A  woman  who 
:ii  li'  r  wi-dding. 

[bride  aiiil  nutH.]  .\  man  who  at- 
t*ri>uiii  and  bride  ul  tlieir  marriage, 
.'ird  these  word»  proiuMinced  bruit's 
,<d. 
A  ktake  or  pu^t  net  in  the  ground 
B.  Jonson. 


■■  "r»n  for  the  nm- 
lU'd  frniii  the 
'-  rf//,  in  l«on> 

.  M..ii-t«*.     Ji'hn»jn. 

i',  or  ftrjfr,  brfcg  ; 
;  Cer.  brMeke  i 


..  .  idsgroom  t  nr. 


riy  !■ 
inlace  built  near  Nf.  Bn 
don,  which  wan  turned  .i>i- ..  ..  •  . 
BRlDtiE,    H.     [Hai.  bne,  bruff,  bni\ 
Dan.  broe  :  Hw.  bry^j^ta,  bro  :  D.  bru 
I'm*.  bn:,';f.] 

1.  Any  Klruciure  of  wmmI,  Klone,  brick,  <ir  iron, 
mi'f^-d  o\  I  r  a  river,  jxind,  or  lake,  fi»r  llif  puitMiv'r'  of 
men  and  other  anlmaN.  Among  nide  ntitions,  bridges  i 
are  iometiim-s  fttriiied  of  other  matrnid'< ;  and  i*iime-  , 
times  lliry  are  formed  of  boat*,  or  lo;-*  of  wihmI  1>  - 
Ing  on  the  water,  fawleiied  together,  covered  with 
plankfi,  and  ciUled  Jlotitinff  bridtjrs.  A  bridge  iivcr  a 
marsh,  is  made  of  logo.  i>r  other  materials,  laid  upon 
the  surface  of  tliu  earth. 

Pendent  or  hanrring  bridges  oro  Mot  supported  by 
fHtoils,  but  by  the  [H-cullar  structure  of  the  fnime,  resi- 
mg  only  on  the  nbulments. 

A  drav  brid^r^  is  one  which  is  made  with  hinges, 
and  mav  be  raised  or  opeueii.  Huch  bridges  are  con- 
slrucb  if  in  fortifiailions,  lo  hinder  lln-  passage  of  a 
ditch  or  moat ;  and  over  rivers,  that  the  passage  of 
vessels  may  not  be  interrupted. 

A  Jtyinj!  bridije^  Is  matle  of  poiiltMms.  ligh!  IkniIj, 
hollow  beams,  empty  casks,  or  the  like,  'i'hey  are 
made,  as  iK-cu'^ion  requireH,  for  the  itassitgeof  annies. 

A  fiijin^  bridjfe,  is  also  conslnicl'd  in  such  a  mau- 
ner  aslo  move  fn<m  one  side  of  a  river  to  the  (<llier, 
being  made  fast  in  iho  middle  of  the  river  by  a  cable 
and  an  anchor.  Encue. 

2.  The  npiter,  iKtny  part  of  the  nose  Is  called  the 
bridge  (/  the  nosr. 

3.  The  part  of  a  stringed  instrument  of  music,  over 
which  the  strings  are  sUetched,  and  by  which  lliey 
are  raised. 

■I.  In  gunnery^  the  two  pieces  of  timber  which   go 

between  the  two  tmnsoms  of  a  gun-carriage.  Kncyc. 
BRIDt^E.   r.  f.    To  builil  a  bridge  or  bridges  over ;  as, 

to  brid-^e  a  river. 
2.  'I'o  erect  bridges  on  ;  to  make  a  passage  by  n 

bridge  or  bridges.  Mdton. 

BRIDGE'-UEAD,  (bed,)   n.     A  fortiticilion  covering 

the  extremity  of  a  bridge  nearest  Ihe  enemy.     [IV. 

tfte  dupont.]  P.  Cue. 

BRIDC;'/;n,  pp.    Covered  or  furnished  with  a  bridge. 
BRl  DC  E'  LESS,  a,     I  laving  no  briilge, 
BRIDO'l.NG,pi>r.  Ereclmg  a  bridge  ;  building  abridge 

over. 
BRIDO'Y,  a.     Full  of  bridges.     [AVI  used.^   Skeneond. 
BRI'DLE,   (I.     [Sax.  frri///,  or  bndtl ;  Fr.  bride;  .Arm. 

brid ;  D.  brcidelj  a  bridle ;  Sp.  brida^  the  reins  of  a 

bridle  ;  Port,  brula.] 

1.  The  instrument  witli  which  a  horse  is  governed 
and  restrained  by  a  rider  ;  consisting  of  a  head-stall, 
a  bit,  and  reins,  \viih  other  aptiendages,  according  to 
lis  [Kirliculiir  form  and  uses. 

2.  A  restniiiii ;  a  curb  ;  a  check.  Watts. 

3.  A  short  piece  of  cable,  well  pen'cd,  ntt:iched  lo 
a  swivel  on  a  chain,  laid  in  a  harbor,  and  llic  upi>cr 
end  dniwn  into  a  »<hipand  secured  u>  ihu  bills.  1  he 
use  is  in  enable  a  shi[),  when  moored,  lo  veer  with 
the  wind  and  tide.  Mar.  Diet. 

Botehne  bridle.iy  are  short  legs  or  pieces  of  ro(>e,  run- 
ning ihruugh  iron  thimbles,  by  which  the  bowline  at- 
taches lo  dilTerenl  places  on  the  leech  or  edge  of  a 
largo  sail.  Mar.  Diet. 

BRI'DLE,  p.  t.  To  put  on  n  bridle;  as,  to  bridle  a 
horse. 

2.  To  restrain,  guide,  or  govern  ;  lo  check,  curb, 
or  control  j  as,  to  bridle  the  passions ;  "  tu  bridle  a 
muse."  Pope- 

BridU  the  rxcuraloru  of  foulh.  DwighL 

BRI'DLE,  r.  i.    To  hold  up  the  head,  and  draw  in  the 

chin. 
BRI'DLED,  pp.     Having  a  bridle  on  ;  restrained. 
BRI'DLE-IIA-VD,  n.     [briiUe  and  hand.]    The  hand 

which  holds  the  bridle  in  riding.  Sidney. 

BRI'DLE-\V.\Y,  n.  A  path  for  travelers  on  horseback. 

Bancroft. 
BRI'DLER,  iL    One  that  bridles;  one  that  restrains 

and  governs.  MUlon. 

BRI'DLING,  ppr.    Putting  on  a  bridle;  restraining; 

curbing. 
2.  Holding  up  the  head,  and  drawing  in  the  chin. 

Thr  fcrif.'inf  trrtm  a(  wrfiklei)  tirowi.  JVumftu//. 

BRII>-00.\',  n.  A  light  snaffle,  or  bit  of  a  bridle,  in 
addition  to  the  principal  bit,  and  having  a  distinct 
rein. 

BRIP.F,  a.  [Fr.  brff;  It.  9p.  and  Port,  breve  :  L,  breris, 
whence  brerw,  lo  shorten,  abbreriate.  Brecin,  in 
Latin,  is  doubtless  contracted  from  the  Or. /?« nuf, 
whence  to  abridge.  The  Greek  word  coincides  in 
elements  with  break.] 


BRl 

Short  ;  concise.  It  is  used  chiefly  of  lnn«tit|e, 
ili-icounies,  writiiigii,  and  time  ;  ai*,  u  briff  ^|Ulce,  a 
hnrf  review  of  a  book.  6hak>>iH'nre  appli*  m  it  iq 
tears,  lo  nature,  kc.  A  lillle  brief  auUuirity,  t«  u. 
thority  ver\-  limited. 
BRIEF,  n.  ]ln  this  sense  the  word  has  been  recelfQl 
Into  niiksi  of  the  languages  of  Europe.]  ^ 

1.  All  epitome  ;  a  short  t>r  coiici-e  writing. 
is  the   tjeneral  sense  of  the  word,  an  e\|)luine<| 
Zouaras  on  tlte  council  of  Carthage,     it  was 
used  a«  earlv  as  tjie  ihinl  century  aAer  Christ. 

Spttt 
In  modern  times,  an  apoitoliral  brief  U  a 
which  till-  |M>|>i'  diT^[uitrhes  to  a  princ*-  or  other 
gisirate,  relatmg  lo  publie  alluirs.  .\  fcnr/ is  dli 
giiished  from  a  bull,  in  being  more  concise,  writtflM 
on  |i.'ipT,  sealed  vMili  red  wav,  atid  imprr->vi(i  w}^^ 
the  M'al  of  the  tbhenuaii,  ir  Peter,  in  a  iMMit.  .\  ftall 
Is  more  anipb',  written  on  |>arcliineiit,  un.l  ^..-iln.! 
with  lead  or  preen  wax. 

2.  Ill /dir,  an  abridgment  of  a  client's  < 

out  for  the  instruction  of  counsel  on  a  triiil  l   

F.iiryc.     Juiiiison* 

Also,  a  writ  summoning  a  man  to  answer  to  any 
action;  or  any  precept  of  the  king  in  writing,  ImmuIhi 
from  any  court,  whereby  ho  commands  a  thing  In 
be  done.  Cwicrf, 

In  Seats  laip,  a  writ  iitsuing  from  the  rhaiirin-,  dl* 
reeled  to  any  judge  ordinary,  rommanding  anil  U|> 
Ihorizing  that  judge  to  call  a'jury  lo  inquire  into  tlM 
ca>e,  and  U|H>n  their  verdict  lo  pronounce  senlencA. 

Kneye, 

3.  A  letter  fHtienl,  from  proper  authority,  auilia^ 
Izing  a  collection  or  charitable  contribution  of  niunajf 
in  churches,  fur  any  public  or  private  purpose. 

Bniudt, 

4.  A  summation  or  brief  sialcnienl  in  writing. 
In  MU:tiV,  the  word,  if  I  mistake  not,  Is  now 

ten  brere. 
BKI  r.F'LES.^,  a.     Having  no  brief. 
BRIRF'LY,  a£/e.     ConcUely  ;  in  few  words.    Bi 
BRlKF'.\E^^,n.    Shortness;  conciseness  in  dii 

or  writing.  CSu 

BRI'ER,  n.     [?ax.  ftr<rr ;  Ir.  briar,  a  prickle;  Fr 

yere,  heath  ;  .\rm.  brug.    The  latler  shows  this  won 

to  be  from  the  r^Hit  of  rough.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  u  prickly  plant  or  tdtnib.  U, 
V,  ll.    Judges  viii.  7. 

2.  In  a  limited  sense,  Ihc  eweet-brii-r  and  the  wUd- 
brier,  sjiecies  of  the  rose. 

BltrEK-Z-JD,  (bri'erd,)  a.    Set  with  briers. 

BRI'ER- ^'',u.    Full  of  briers  ;  rough;  thorny.  Johmmit, 

BRI'ER-Y,  H.     A  plaro  where  briers  grow. 

BRIG,  the  termination  of  names,  signifies  a  bridgt^  01^ 
perhaps,  in  some  cases,  a  town,  or  burg. 

BRIG,  71.  [from  brigantine.]  A  ves«el  with  two  ina^ 
square  rigged,  or  rigged  nearly  like  a  ship's  main- 
mast and  tbremast.  The  tenii^  however,  is  varioof- 
ly  applied  by  the  mariners  of  dtHercnt  nations. 

Mar.  Diet 

BRI-G.aDE',  tu      [Fr.  brigade  i  It.  brigata;   Sp.  and 


Port  brigada;  perhaps  frotu  Ar.  i^JLtji  farikon,  :i; 
men,  turba  hominum  mojor ;  that  is,  a  division,  fr>: 


o>. 


/aroid,  lo  break.    This  word  comes  to  tiB  frc: 


the  south  of  Euroi>c,  and  may  have  tjcen  introduced 
into  t^pain  bv  ihe  .Moors,  li"  tliis  conjecture  is  net 
well  founded,  I  know  not  the  origin  of  the  word. 
See  Cast.  IlepL  Col.  3081.] 

.\  party  or  division  ttf  troops,  or  soldiers,  whetbcr 
cavalrj-  or  infantrj',  regular  or  militia,  commanded  bjr 
a  brigadier.  It  consisLs  of  an  indeienniiuite  numba 
of  regiments,  squadrons,  or  ballalions.  A  brigade  of 
horse  is  a  body  of  eight  or  ten  squadrons  ;  of  infill- 
tr>',  four,  five,  or  six  baiudions  or  regiments.  A 
brigade  of  artillerj'  consisLs  of  six  pieces,  with  ustt- 
ally  140  men.  A  brigade  of  sappers  consists  of  only 
eight  men. 

BRI-GADE',  r.  L  To  form  into  a  brigade,  or  into 
brigades. 

BRM;AD'En,  pp.    Formed  into  a  brigade. 

BRI-GAlJ'INt;,  ppr.     Fonning  into  a  brigade 

BRl  GaDE'-M.A-JOR,  n.  [See  Major.]  An  offi.  : 
appointed  by  the  brigadier,  lo  assist  him  in  the  m m 
ac'-nienl  nnd  ordering  of  his  brigade. 

BRlG-.\-Dir:R'  or  BRIG-A-Dir.R'-OEN'ER-AL,  « 
[Fr.,  from  brigule.] 

The   general  olTieer  who  commands  a    liriga'i 
whether  of  horse  or  fool,  and  in  rank  next  below   . 
major-ceneral. 

BUIG' \.\D,  n.      [Fr.  brigand:   W.  brigant,  a  moan- 

toineer,  a  plunden:r,  from  W.  brig,  a  lop  or  summH.] 

A  robber ;  a  freebooter ;  a  lawless  fellow  wbo 

lives  by  plunder,  or  who  belongs  to  a  band  of  rolh 

bers.  tyarburtan. 

BRIG'AND-AOE,  n.    Theft;  robbery;  plunder. 

ft'arburton, 

BRIG'AN-DIXE,  n.  [Q.\i.  the  origin  of  this  word.  In 
Pers.  praghe  is  a  helmet.] 


FATE,  FAR.  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PRBV.  — PINE,  AL\Rt.\E,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WpLF,  BpQK.— 
)45  ' 


BRI 

Anciently,  a  coat  (if  mail.  The  name  has  ceased 
lo  be  U!-etl,  willi  the  disuse  of  the  thing.  It  con- 
sisted of  thin,  jointed  scales  of  plate,  pliant  and  easy 
to  the  bodv.  Enajc. 

nUIG'AX-TIXE,  n,  TFr.  bngantin;  Arm.  bngantim; 
It.  bri "amino ;  Pp.  bergannn  ;  Port,  bargantim;  D. 
btrkonUiiu  Qu.  from  L.  aphractum,  Gr.  •I'PoaKTos,  a 
vessel  without  a  deck,  uncovered.  It  is  usually  de- 
rived from  brigand.]     [See  Brig.] 

BRIGHT,  (brlte,)  a.  [Sax.  beorkt,  brikt,  bifrht,  or  bnjht, 
clear, shining,  whence  AetirAtnMjbrighinis.'j&ci'rAfiflH, 
Goth,  bainiyan,  lo  shine  or  be  clear,  or  to  manifest  j 
Ar.  Cli.  Ileb.  Syr.  and  Eih.  p"i3,  to  shine,  or  more 

probably,  Eth.  II^U  bareah,  to  shine,  as  the  Eth. 

participle  "I  I^C/  i  berht  or  bereht,  corresponds  ex- 
actly with  ilie  Saxon.  I  have  not  found  this  word 
in  anj'  other  Teutonic  or  Gothic  language,  and  the 
original  verb  is  lost  in  the  Saxon.  In  Sa\on,  beorh- 
thtcile  or  brihthwile  signifies  a  moment,  the  twinkling; 
of  an  eye.  Tliis  directs  lis  to  the  primary  sense  of 
the  verb,  to  shine,  which  is,  to  shoot,  to  dart,  to 
glance.  That  this  is  the  primary  sense,  we  have 
evidence  from  the  Sax.  bnjhtm,  which  is  a  deriva- 
tive from  bryhty  and  which  signifies  a  moment,  that 
is,  the  time  of  a  shoot,  or  dartmg,  like  glance.'] 

1.  Shining;  lucid;  luminous;  splendid;  as,  a 
bright  sun  or  star  ;   a  bright  metal. 

if.  Clear;  transparent;   as  liquors.         Hiomson. 

3.  Evident  J  clear;  manifest  to  the  mind,  as  light 
is  lo  the  eyes. 

Tlie  evidence  of  this  Irulh  is  bright.  Walls. 

4.  Resplendent  with  charms ;  as,  a  bright  beauty  ; 
the  brightest  fair.  Pope. 

5.  Uluminatcd  with  science  ;  sparkling  with  wit ; 
as,  the  brightest  of  men.  Pope. 

6.  Illustrious ;  glorious ;  as,  the  brightest  period  of 
a  kingdom.  Cottoiu 

7.  In  poptdar  language^  ingenious ;  possessing  an 
actii'e  mind. 

8.  Promising  good  or  success;  as,  ftrfV/ii  prospects. 

9.  Sparkling  ;  animated  ;  as,  bright  eyes. 
BRIGHT' j:N,  (brii'n,)  v.  t.    To  make  bright  or  bright- 
er: to  make  to  shine  ;  to  increase  luster. 

2.  To  make  luminous  by  light  from  without,  or  by 
dispelling  gloom  ;  as,  to  brighten  sorrow  or  prospects. 

[Philips. 

3.  To  cheer ;  to  make  gay  or  cheerful. 

Joy  brighUiiS  hU  crcsl.  MilCo7i. 

4.  To  make  illustrious,  or  more  distinguished  ;  as, 
to  brighten  a  character.  Sioifi. 

5.  'I'o  make  acute  or  witty.  Johnson. 
BRIGHT'£N,  (brit'n,)  v.  i.    To  grow  bright,  or  more 

bright ;  to  clear  up  ;  as,  the  sky  brightens. 

2.  To  become  less  dark  or  gloomy ;  as,  our  pros- 
pects brighten, 

nRIGHT^f:X-£D,  pp.     Made  bright  or  more  bright. 

UUIGMT'J^W-ING,  ppr.     Making  bright  or  brighter. 

BRIGHT'ER,  a.  comp.     More  bright. 

iiRIGHT'EST,  a.  superl.     Most  bright. 

BRIGIIT'-BITRN-ING,  a.  Burning  with  a  bright 
Ihme. 

BRrGHT'-E?-£D,(-ide,)<i.   II;i\-insbri?htev«--^.  Oray. 

BRTGHT'-HAIR -fJD,  a.     Having  bright  liair.  MilUnu 

BRxGHT'-HaR-.\ESS-£D,  (-hAr'nest,)  a.  Having 
glittering  armor.  Jifdton. 

BRIGHT'-Hu£D,  a.    Having  a  bright  color. 

BRIGHT'-SHIN-LXG,  a.    Sliining  with  splendor. 

Spenser. 

■iRiGHT'LY,(brite'ly,)(«/i?.    Splendidly;  with  luster. 

[iRrGHT'NESS,  (brlte'ncss,)  «.  Splendor;  luster; 
glitter.  South. 

2.  Acuteness,  applied  to  the  faculties ;  sharpness 
of  wit ;  as,  the  brightness  of  a  man's  parts.   Prtoi: 

ORI-GoSE',  a.  [from  brigue.]  Contentious.  [J\'ot 
iwed.l  Puller. 

3RIGUE,  (breeg,)  n.  [Fr.  brigne  ;  Sp.  brega;  It.  bri- 
gdj  strife,  disquiet ;  Ir.  brcaghean,  lo  debate,  to 
quarrel.] 

A  cabal;  intrigue;  faction;  contention.  {Little 
w.sci.1  C/iaucer.     Chesterfield. 

iRIGUE,  (breeg,)  v.  i.  To  canvass  ;  to  solicit.  [Lit- 
tle used.]^  Hurd, 

IRtGU'ING,  (brceg'ing,)  ppr.  Canvassing  ;  soliciting. 

3R1LL,  «.  A  fish  allied  to  the  turbot,  (the  Pleuronec- 
tz-j  rhombu,-f.)  much  esteemed  in  England  for  food. 

^RII^L^J^'T'E,  (bril-Iant'e,)  [It.]  In  music,  in  a 
gay  and  lively  manner.  Brande. 

miLL'IAX-CY,  (bril'yan-cy,)  n.  [See  BRiLLiiSX.] 
Splendor  ;  glitter  ;  great  brightness. 

3RILL'IA-\T,  (bril'yant,)  a,  [Fr.  brdlaat,  sparkling, 
from  ArW/rr,  to  shine  or  sparkle  ;  It.  brillante,  spark- 
ling ;  brillo^  joy,  gladnesa,  also  tipsy  ;  Sp.  brdlar,  to 
L'litler;  briUtidor,  hrWhant ;  6rt/^o,  splendor ;  Ger.  and 
Dan.  brUle,  a  pair  of  sjiectacles ;  hence  Eng.  beryl 
and  pearl.] 

1   Sparkling  with  luster;  glittering;  as,  a  br'dliant 
gem  ;  a  brilliant  dress. 
2.  Splendid  ;  shining ;  as,  a  hriUiant  achievement. 

Washington  wna  more  solicitous  to  r.voiit  fat-il  mistakes,  tiian  to 
p^rlorm  briUiant  ex^laita.  Antes. 

IRILL'IANT,  n.    A  diamond  of  the  finest  cut,  formed 


BRI 

into  facets,  so  as  to  reflect  the  light,  by  which  it  ie 
rendered  more  glittr>ring.  It  has  a  face  or  flat  table 
at  the  middle  or  the  top,  and  is  thus  distinguished 
from  a  rose  diamond,  which  comes  oft'  to  a  point  or 
angle.  Jlcbert. 

2.  In  Uie  manege,  a  bri^k,  high-spii  ilt d  horse,  with 
a  stately  carriage.  Eneyc. 

BKILL'IANT-I.Y,  mZr.     Splendidly  Warton. 

BRILL'IANT-NESS,  n.    Brilliancy  ;  splendor  ;  glitter. 

Johnson. 

BRILLS,  n.    The  hair  on  the  eyelids  of  a  horse. 

BRIM,  n,  [Sax.  bnjmm;  Sw.  brdm  ;  Dan.  bnrmmc; 
Sax.  ryman,  to  enlarge ;  probably  the  extent  or  ex- 
treme.) 

1.  Ihe  rim,  lip,  or  broad  border,  of  any  vessel  or 
other  thing  ;  as,  the  brim  of  a  hat,  or  of  a  vessel. 

2.  The  upper  edge  of  a  vessel,  whether  broad  or 
not ;  as,  the  brim  of  a  cup  or  glass. 

3.  The  top  of  any  liquor;  the  edge,  or  that  next 
the  border  at  the  top. 

The  feet  of  the  pricsLs  were  dipped  in  tlic  brim  of  tlie  water  — 

Josh.  iii. 

4.  The  edge  or  brink  of  a  fountain ;  the  verge. 

Drayton. 

BRIM,  a.  [Sa.x.  bnjmr.]  Public;  well  known;  cele- 
brated.    [JV*«(  in  7tse.]  Warner. 

BRIM,  V.  t.    To  fill  to  the  brim,  upper  edge,  or  top. 

jyiilton. 

BRIM,  V.  i.     To  be  full  to  the  brim.  Phdips. 

BRIM'FIJL,  a.  [brim  and  full.]  Full  to  the  top;  com- 
pletely full ;  as,  a  glass  brimful ;  a  heart  brimfid  of 
sorrow. 

BRIM'FgL-XESS,  H.    Fullness  to  tlie  top,  [JVotvscd.] 

Shah. 

BRni'LESS,  a.  Having  no  brim.  .^thli.^mi. 

BRIM'.MER,  71.     A  bowl  full  to  the  top.  Dnrden. 

BRIM'MING,  fl.  Full  to  the  top  or  brim  ;  as,  a  i/Wm- 
7niitg  paiL  Drydcn. 

BRIM'SToNE,  n.  [Sax.  bnjne,  combustion,  and  stone, 
burn-stone,  or  burmng-stonc.  See  Brand  and  Bl'rn.] 
Sulphur  ;  a  hard,  brittle,  inflammable  substance,  of 
a  lemon-yellow  color,  which  has  no  smell,  unless 
heated,  and  which  becomes  negatively  electric  by 
heat  and  friction.  It  is  found,  in  great  quantities, 
and  sunutimes  pure,  in  the  neighborhood  of  volcanoes. 
It  is  an  ingredient  in  a  variety  of  minerals  and  ores. 
The  sulphur  of  commerce  is  procured  from  its  natu- 
ral beds,  or  artificially  extracted  from  pyrites. 

Hooper.     J^icholson. 

BRIM'STON-Y,  a.  Full  of  brimstone,  or  containing  it ; 
resendiling  brimstone  ;  sulphurous. 

BRIND'ED,  a.     [It.  brinato,  spotted.] 

Marked  with  spots;  tabby  ;  having  difiVrent  colors. 

Milton. 

BRIN'DLE,  n.  [from  brind,  the  root  of  brinded.]  Tlie 
state  of  being  brinded  ;  spottedness.      Richardson. 

DRIN'DLL'D,  n.  Spotted  ;  variegated  with  spots  of 
different  colors.  Addisvn. 

BRINE,  n.  [Sax.  irf/»r,  brine,  and  a  burning,  from 
brrnnan,  to  burn.] 

1.  Water  saturared  or  slnmgly  impregnated  with 
salt,  like  the  water  of  the  ocean.  .-Vitificial  brine  is 
used  for  the  preservation  of  the  fiesh  of  animals,  fish, 
vegetables,  &-C. 

2.  The  ocean  or  sea.  .MiUon. 

3.  Tears,  so  called  from  tlieir  saliness.  Shah. 
Leach  brine  is  brine  which  drops  from  corned  sail  in 

drj'ing,  which  is  preserved  ti>  b^  boiled  again.  Encyr. 
BRINE,  ('.  t.    To  steep  in  brine,  as  corn,  lo  prevent 

smut ;  also,  to  mix  salt  with  ;  as,  to  brine  hav.  Enajc. 
BRINE'-PAN,  V.     [brine  and  pan.]     A  pit  of  salt  wa- 
ter, where,  by  Ihe  action  of  the  :s,\u\,  salt  is  lormed 

by  crj'staJIization. 
BRINE'-PIT,  H.   [brine  m\d  pit.]  A  salt  spring  or  well, 

from  which  water  is  taken  to  be  boiled  or  evaporated 

for  making  salt.  Encyc. 

BRINK'-SPRING,  n.    [brine  and  spring.]     A  spring  of 

salt  water.  Encyc. 

BRING,  i\  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  Brought.     [Sax.  bringan  ^ 

Sw.  bringa ;  Dan.  briiigc ;  D.  brengen ;   G.  bringen ; 

Goth,  briggan.  We  see  by  brought,  D.  bragt,  anrf  the 

Gothic  briggan,  that  n  is  not  radical.] 

1.  To  fetch  ;  to  bear,  convey,  or  lead  from  a  dis- 
tant to  a  nearer  place,  or  to  a  person  ;  as,  bring  me  a 
book  from  the  shelf;  bring  mo  a  morsel  of  bread.  In 
this  sense,  it  is  opposed  to  carry  ;  and  it  is  applied  to 
the  persojL  bearing  or  Icatling,  in  opposition  to  sending 
or  transmitting  by  another. 

2.  To  produce  ;  to  procure  as  a  cause ;  to  draw  to. 

Notliing  bringf  a  man  more  honor  tliau  to  bc  invaiiably  jiisl. 

3.  To  attract  or  draw  along. 

Iti  dialillation  the  \i  iter  brings  over  with  it  Another  substauce. 

4.  To  cause  to  come  ,  to  cause  to  proceed  from  a 
distant  place,  in  company,  or  at  the  same  time  ;  as, 
to  bring  a  boat  over  a  river  ;  to  bring  a  horse  or  car- 
riage ;  to  bring  a  cargo  of  dry  goods. 

5.  To  cause  to  r,ome  to  a  point,  by  moral  influence ; 
used  of  the  mind,  and  implying  previous  remoteness, 
aversion,  alienation,  or  disagreement ;  as,  to  bring 
the  mind  to  assent  to  a  proposition  ;  or  to  bringli 
man  to  terms  by  persuasion  or  argument.  lu  this 
sense,  it  is  nearly  equivalent  to  persuade,  prepaii  upon, 
or  induce.    The  same  process  Is  efl'ected  by  custom, 


BRI 

and  other  causes,  Ilobit  bringx  ns  to  relish  things 
at  firrit  disagreeable  ;  reflection  brings  a  man  to  his 
Ben<**s  ;  and  whether  the  process  is  slow  or  rapid,"the 
>;ense  of  the  verb  is  the  flame.  To  bring  to  the  mind 
any  thing  before  and  forgott4;n,  w  Xorecall;  but  the 
sense  of  bring  in  the  tiame. 

The  primary  sense  is  to  leadj  draw,  or  caujse  to  come , 
the  sense  oC conrrytng  or  bmring  is  secondary. 

The  use  of  thin  verb  is  so  extcnusive,  and  incorpo- 
rated into  so  many  peculiar  phra-scs,  that  it  is  not  ea-y 
to  reduce  its  significarions  wiiliin  any  precise  limits. 
In  general,  the  verb  bring  implies  motion  fri  m  a  place 
remote,  either  in  a  literal  or  figurative  sense.  It  is 
used  with  various  modifying  words. 

To  bring  back,  is  to  recall,  implying  previous  depart- 
ure, cither  in  a  literal  or  figurative  sense. 

To  bring  about ;  to  bring  to  pans  ;  lo  effect ;  to  ac- 
complish ;  to  bring  to  the  desired  issue. 

To  bring  forth,  is  tti  produce,  afl  young  or  fruit; 
also,  to  bring  tu  light;  that  is,  to  make  manifest,  lo 
disclose. 

To  bring  funcard;  to  cause  to  advance  ;  to  produce 
to  view. 

To  bring  in ;  to  import ;  to  introduce  ;  lo  bear  from 
a  remote  place  within  a  certain  precinct ;  to  place  in 
a  particular  condition  ;  lo  collect  things  dispersed  ;  to 
reduce  witiiin  the  limits  of  law  and  government ;  lo 
produce,  as  income,  rent,  or  revenue ;  lo  induce  to 
join,  &-C. 

To  bring  off;  lo  bear  or  convey  from  a  distant 
place  ;  as,  to  bring  offinvn  from  an  isle  ;  also,  lo  pro- 
cure lo  be  acquitted  ;  to  clear  from  condemnation  ;  to 
cau=e  to  escape. 

To  bring  on  ;  to  cause  to  begin  ;  as,  to  Irring  on  an 
action.  .^Iso,  to  originate  or  cause  to  exist ;  as,  to 
bring  on  a  disease.  Also,  to  bear  or  convey  from  a 
distance  ;  as,  to  bring  on  a  quantity  of  goods.  Also, 
to  attend,  or  to  aid  in  advancing  ;  as,  to  bring  one  on 
his  way. 

To  bring  over ;  to  bear  across  ;  as,  lo  bring  over  dis- 
patches ;  to  bring  ot-cr  passengers  in  a  boat.  Also,  to 
convert  by  persdasion  or  other  means  ;  lo  draw  to  a 
new  party  ;  to  cause  to  change  sides,  or  an  opinion. 

To  bring  out ;  lo  expose ;  to  detect ;  to  bring  lo 
light  from  concealment;  as,  to  bring  out  an  accom- 
plice or  his  crimes. 

To  bring  under ;  lo  subdue  ;  to  repress ;  to  restrain  ; 
to  reduce  to  obedience;  also,  to  bring  beneath  any 
thing. 

To  bring  up  :  to  nurse  ;  to  educate  ;  to  instmct ;  lo 
feed  and  clothe ;  to  form  the  manners,  and  furnish 
the  mind  with  knowledge.  The  phrase  may  compre- 
hend all  these  particulars.  .Also,  to  introduce  to  prac- 
tice ;  as,  to  bring  up  a  fashion  or  ceremony.  Also,  to 
cause  to  advance  near ;  as,  lo  bring  up  forces,  or  the 
body  of  reserve.  Also,  to  bear  or  convey  upward.  In 
nai'igalion,  to  cast  anchor. 

2V  bring  down ;  to  cause  to  come  down.  Also,  to 
humble  or  abase  ;  as,  to  bring  down  high  looks. 

To  bring  to ;  in  navigation,  to  check  the  course  of  a 
ship,  by  arranging  the  sails  in  such  a  manner  that 
they  shall  counteract  each  (»tiier,  and  keep  her  nearly 
stationary-.  She  is  then  said  to  lir  to.  The  plin^se  is 
used  also  in  applying  a  rope  to  the  capstan. 

To  bring  by  the  lee  ;  lo  incline  so  rapidly  to  leeward 
of  the  course,  when  a  ship  sails  large,  as  lo  bring  the 
lee-side  suddenly  to  the  windward,  and,  by  laying 
the  sails  aback,  expose  her  to  the  danger  of  overset- 
ting. .Mar.  Diet, 
BRlN<;'F.R,  n.     One  who  brings  or  conveys  to. 

Bringer  in  :  the  person  who  introduces. 

Bringrr  up:  an  instructor  ;  one  who  feeds,  clothes, 
and  educates  ;  also,  one  who  is  in  the  rear  of  an  army. 

.^scJiam. 
BKING'ING,  ppr.     Bearing  to;  conveying;  pei-suad- 

ing  ;  causing  to  come. 
BRING'ING-FORTH, ».    Production.  Shak, 

BRIN'ISH,  a.     [from  6n«c.]     LJke  brine  ;  salt;  some- 
what salt ;  saltish. 
BRIN'ISH-NESS,  n.    Saltness ;  the  quality  of  being 

saltish. 
BRINK,  n.     [Dan.  and  Sw.  brink;  W.  bryncpt;  Ir. 
breach,  bruMit ;  from  break.] 

The  edge,  margin,  or  border  of  &  sleep  place,  as  of 
a  precipice,  or  the  hank  of  a  river. 
BRIN'Y,  a.     [from  brine,]     Pertaining  to  brine,  or  to 
the  sea;  partaking  of  the  nature  of  brine;  salt;  as,  a 
triH// taste  ;  the  briny  flood.  Drydcn.    jiddison^ 

BRISK,  0.  [This  word  may  be  of  the  same  f;inuly 
with  frisk  and  fresh,  which  see.  W.  brysg,  from 
brys,  quick ;  brysiaw,  to  hasten,  coinciding  wiUi 
press;    from  W.  rhy.^,  a  rushing.     See  Rush.] 

1.  Lively  ;  active  ;  nimble  ;  gay  ;  sprightly  ;  viva- 
cious; applied  to  animals;  as,  a  brisk  young  man;  a 
brisk  horse. 

2.  Full  of  spirit  or  life;  eflTervcscing,  as  liquors; 
as.  brisk  cider. 

3.  Livelv  ;  buvninc  freelv  ;  ai»,  a  brisk  fire. 
BRISK  or  BRI^K  UP,  c.  t.'   To  m:iks  lively;  to  en- 
liven :  to  animate. 

BRISK  UP,  V.  I.  To  come  up  w  illi  life  and  speed  ;  lo 
take  an  erect  or  bob!  aititudt 


BUISK'ET,  H.     fan.  Fr.  brccJtet.] 
The  breast  ol  an  animal ;  or  tli 


lat  [lart  of  the  breast 


TtJNE,  BJJLL,  t^NlTE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.— €  as  K ;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


BRO 

Ihal  liBJ  next  to  the  ribi ;  llie  fure  part  of  the  neck 
v(  a  tionu.-,  at  tlic  &liouldi'r  duwu  lu  the  fore  legi*. 

Baitetf. 
PKf-K    I  OOKLNG,  a.     HoUng  a  lively  look. 
I  '-.     Actively  ;  vigorously  ;  with  life  nnd 

Boyle.     Hitu. 
r  -.14.     LiveliucM  ;  vigur  in  arliun  ;  qiiiik- 

;  rivocity  ;  ciri'rvrsriiice  of  liqunnf. 

'  ri-'I,)  H.     (Sax.  brL-tl,  and  bynt;  t'w. 

>  )>ristli',  a  bnirth  ;  G.  bonte^  br»llo  ; 

'ip;    Dan.  bnjsUy  tu  «trut.     The 

1.  r  i.f  sivinc,  I'-Twrially  that 

mtov  .\  t'ur  nmking  brll^tK-3;  ^^tm- 

-  <_i  ;nibt.M:i.ncc  on  pinnlit,  In  ft<rii»  of  a 

'ii  liair.  MiMyn. 

t.     IVt  rrvrl  tii  bristlrji ;  to  tirct  in  dt*- 

!  r,  ll^e  a  swiiic ;  aa,  to  brintlf:  tin-  tnti. 

I  lin-'ttf  ;  ri!*,  to  brijOe  a  Ihrrnd.  Juhn^.'ii. 

■■.'■.  I.    To  riso  or  ^talld  enxl ;  as,  llu-  liair 

i-r'  'If-.  Urtjitep. 

•i.  'I'u  raiiu  the  head  and  lilrui,  a^  in  angtr  or  defi- 

nnci  :  n=i,  a  inin  &ri;ft/««  up  to  ani'thcr.     In  thiii  siiitte 

11  in  the  United  t-'tnleii,  but  gen- 

:  I,)  }>p.ox  a.    Raised  in  bristles; 

■\\  l.ri-tk-!i. 

i:>l/:U,  <i.     Armed  with  hriMtlct;.  Kirbtj. 
-  i:.Ul-l.\G,  d.     Ilavine  hriMlt'^.    Kirby. 
1.1.   I.IKi:,  a.     StUr  aH  n  bri^'ilt'. 
i  l.t:-SHAI»-K[),  (r.rlrt'l-sliipt,)  a.     [t,rL-<th  a\u\ 
]     Of  tho  tliicKiiL-bs  and  length  of  n  bristle,  a.i 
:i  )    ir'.  Martyn. 

BHIS'TMNG,  (brM'ling,)  pm-.     Rising  in  briMl-s. 
BIU-^'TI.V,  fbns'ly,)  a.    Thick  t^et  with   briMlo^s  or 
:,k(-  brisilf>i;  ronuh.  Baaui. 

I.uW-EKt   ".      A   species  of    Lychnis, 
'tiun,  ur  catchtly.  Fum.  nf  PlanLi. 

titii-   I  ■.|.-.-ir)M-:,  i  M.  Hock  cr^':<uil,Mrcryolr»l^ 

Uitl.<  rul^Ur  A->l(>\l),  I      i.f.pmrii.tV^nndinarock 
near  (litr  city  u(  Kri^tnl,  in  Kngland,  and  freipiently 
ii-^d  for  nrnaiiiL'ntal  pnrpose.'*. 
UlUSIOUVVA-'IKK,   n.     Tbe    water    of   a   warm 
fipfing  near  lliu  city  of  llriBtuI,  in  England. 

^jIi.     Eucyc. 
BKIT,  M.     A  fiffh  of  tliti  herring  kind,  (rJype^t,)  from 
DHL*  to  four  inrhi's  long,  fonnil,  at  s^iiiie  iit-aj<tin><,  in 
iiiiinen^e  numbers  on  the  eadlcm  cou^t  nf  New  Eng- 
land. M<iifs.  Rqtort. 
BUI-TAN'NIA,  ».     A   metallic  compound   or  alloy, 
Ci>usi-.tini;  chiL'tly  of  bliK:k-iin,  witli  ^iuwi  antimony, 
and  a  ^^mall  pro^Kirtion  of  cupper  and  bnuoi. 

Eneyc  Dom.  Eeon. 
.....  ....     -j^.^  ^^     Pertaining  lo  Britain;   or,  in  its 

F(i  Great  BriUiin.     Il  i-;  npiilicd  almost 

>  the  tilte  of  thu  king  ;  a^,  Hi^  Britan- 

The   Britannic  Catalogue,  {Catalo^tis 

iji  a  catalogue  of  thu  stars,  prepared  by 

mil  It,,     t  V.  I.    To  be  or  become  over-ripe,  as  ivheat, 
BRIGHT,  \      b;irley,  or  hi)|M.  Johnaon. 

U  kuiiio  not  that  this  teurd  is  tued  in  tlir  UniUd  d/ute.^.] 

BRIT'ISII,  0.     Pertaining  to  Great  BriUtin  or  it^  in- 

lialiitaiiL').     It  15  fioraelimes  applied  to  the  language 

of  ilie  VVelHh. 

BRIT'ISll-Gl/M,n.    A  snb^^tanco  of  a  brownish  color, 

and  Viry  soluble  in  cold  water,  furnied  by  heatinc 

t|r>  .itiirrb  ;it  n  teuipemhirc  of  about  liora  Falir.     Il 

'  ,  in   ild  pruperticii,  with  dextrine,  and  m 

Mun,  as  a  subiititutc  for  gum,  in  stiireii- 

^.   r.     A  native  of  Britain. 
\,.i.     Brilmh.  Spender. 

'  \A-l,  a.     [Sax.  brittan^  Ari/tfin,  to  break  ;  Sw. 
.   .  ^.  Dan.  bryde^  id.;  VV.  frmii,  a  bn;aking;  Sam. 

A*\S    brat;   Ch.    n->Oj   Ar.    A^   farata;  Syr. 
Zj-a  /'^^  •'  ^leb.  T\B  to  port,  to  break.    Sec  pAar.] 
IViw  iv   i.r,,v..„    or  easily  breaking  Hhort,  without 
part*   rtnt  frum  the  subslance  ; 
1  IT  tenacious;  arf,  briiilc  nUme  or 
t^JrbutUnot. 
In  a  brittle  manner.  SkTvood, 
Aptnerts   to  break  ;    fragility; 
■""'    '...-'...  Uaylc 

i  '■       'Z  carri:igc,  with  a 

I   as   to  give    vjiace 
--.-■■   .      1  on  a  jonrmy. 
Ctli/.t;,  H.      iiic  fiudlly.      [Sue  HiiKEZK.] 
BRoACII,  n.     [Fr.  brocht^  a  spit,  faucet,  or  n"«II  i  W. 
pnic,  ;i  [lin;-l.  :i  -i.ilt ;   |i.  brofco^  a  peg ;  broctiare^  to 
pnrf.  inll,  a  tack.     It  denotes  a  shoot, 

a  sli .'  iig.J 

I-    ^     ,  in  somp  parts  of  the  English  do- 

miniotis,  an  a^vl,  nnd  a  bodkin.  Eneye. 

S.  A  uiusical  instrument  played  by  turning  a  han- 
dle. J.;kuson, 

d-  A  <  laap  ur  small  utenail  to  faiitcn  a  vest.     [Sec 
Brooch.] 
4.  A  Bfiri  of  the  head  of  a  young  stag.  Johnjoii. 


BRO 

5.  A  candle  rod,  Ettcye,  Dom,  Econ. 

BROACH,  r.  I.     [\V.  predate,  to  thru*t  or  stab.] 
1.  To  >pit ;  to  pierce  as  with  a  spit. 

JUok.     Hakncitt. 
'■2.  To  tap;  to  pierce,  as  a  ca«k,  in  order  to  draw 
tjie  liipior  ;  lience,  tn  let  out.  Uutlibraa. 

n.  'I'o  oiK-ii,  as  a  Nture.     [UntuuaL]  KuuUfJ. 

4.  To  utter  ;  to  |>vo  out ;  to  publUli  dmt ;  to  make 
public  what  was  before  unknown ;  oa,  tu  broach  an 
opinion.  Siri/t. 

To  broacM  to ;  in  navigation,  to  inrline  Middciily  to 
windward,  no  as  lo  lay  the  kiIU  ubitrk  tind  f\(Kjse 
the  v»"*se|  to  the  danger  of  overselling.   .Vnr.  Ihct. 
BUiiACH'KD,  (br.Vbl.)  J'i».   t'pilted  ;  tapi»ed  ;  opened  ; 

iitiiTi-d  ;  fir^t  ptitiliobed 
BROArH'KR,  n.     \  «pit ;  one  who  broaches,  opens, 

or  ull»  rs  ;  u  flret  publi>her.     Drudea.     VKstranKt, 
RKAAni'f.N'G,  ppr.     Piercing  with  a  »pit ;  tapping; 

(IrHt  divulging. 
HIlftAD,  (brawd,)  a.  [Sat.  brad;  Hw.  brtd;  D.  breed ; 
Grr.  brcit ;  Diiiu  breed,  brtKul ;  Arm.  brudi,  brudrin,  lo 
piibti^ti.  This  word  and  spretui  seem  to  bo  formed 
on  the  root  "n*^,  or  m^,  to  o|H'n,  exlriid,  spread  ;  In 
Syr.,  to  Ko;  L.  eradior;  a  ro<)t  of  extensive  use.] 

1.  Wide  ;  extended  in  breadth,  or  fniui  side  tu  side, 
as  duitinguished  from  louf^,  or  extended  from  end  to 
end.  It  is  opposed  to  narrcwi  as,a&rt>iu/  street;  a 
broad  table.  Drydriu      'J'emplr. 

2.  Wide  ;  uxtenslvo  ;  vast  *  vlh.  the  broad  expanse 
of  ocean. 

3.  Large;  as,  a  frrodJ  mixture  of  falsohiKul.  Locke. 

4.  Open;  clear;  not  covered,  contined,  or  con- 
cealed ;  a<«,  in  broad  sunshine. 

5.  Gross ;  coarse  ;  as,  broad  mirth  ;  browl  nonsense. 

Pope.     Drydrn. 
G.  Plain;  tending  to  obscenity;  a«,  a  broad  com- 
nu'iiL  Vryden. 

7.  Bold  ;  not  delicate ;  nut  reserved ;  as,  broad 
words.  Sliak. 

8.  Comprehensive. 

h  nmtf  If  iiryl   llnl  tt*r    tcordi   m  ■; 

ciioijj(ti  tu  iikdiHk*  lln  Cuo.'.     J> 

Broad  a.i  ton ^ ;  eq\m\  i\\Mm  li> 
BROAD'-AX,  II.    [hrvad  nm\  ax. ^    I'.TmrUj,  ;i  miliciry 

Wfn|iori.     In  mndcrn  li.^u^'-r,  an  ux  for  liLwini;  limber. 
BR(»AD'-nACK-KD,   (bnwd'bukt,)    a.      [broad    and 

liark.]     Ilavini!  a  broad  l«ick.  Bartow. 

BRO.\D'-BU')\Vi\,  a.  [broad  and  blow.]    Full  blown. 

Shak. 
RROAD'-HnT'TOM-fH),  a.     H.iving  a  wid.-  boituin. 
nilO.Ul'-BUEAST-ED,  a.     Havin-:  a  bnwd  breasl. 
BKOAD'-BltlM-.M/jn,  (bniwd  brinid,)  a.     [broad  ami 

brim.]     Having  a  briKid  brim.  Bramston. 

BROAD'-Ca.ST,  n.   [broad  and  cojU]    Amoiic/ornicr.v, 

a  castinc  or  throwing  seed  from  the  baud  tor  disjwr- 

siun  in  sowins. 
BROAD'-CAST,  wlc.     By  scatU'ring  or  throwing  ul 

l.irge  from  Wxc.  hand  ;  as,  to  sow  broad-casL 
BROAn'-C-VST,  a.  Cast  or  disperst-d  u|)on  the  ground 

witii  Ititi  band,  as  seed  in  sowing  ;   jiiposuil  to  plant- 
ing in  bills  ur  rows. 
BROAD'-CHEST-ED,   a.     Having  a  broad  chest  or 

thiirnx. 
BROADCLOTH,  h.     A  spt'cies  of  woolen  clolli,  ao 

raii-d  from  its  bre:idth. 
BROAD'-E9-£D,  (hmwd'Tdp,)a.  Having  a  wide  view 

iiT  survey  ;  as    broad-cyrd  day.  S/uiA. 

BROAD'-FRONT-ED,    (brawd'frunl-ed,)   a.     Having 

a  brcKiil  frunl ;  aitplial  U)  catile.  Chapman. 

RROAD'-IIEAD-ED,  a.     Having  a  bnxid  head.    ScotL 
BRO.\D'-HORi\-y-.D,  a.    Having  wide-spread  horns. 

Hnlaet. 
BROAD'-Ll~.AF-£D,  (bniwd'lceft,)n.  [broa^t  and  tcuf.] 

Ilavinc  broad  leaver*.  ffbodicard. 

BROAD'-MOU'i'H-£D,  a.     Having  a  wide  mouth. 

Irving. 
BROAn'-PlECF,,  m     [broad  and  piece.]     A  piece  of 

gold'  coin  broader  than  a  guinea.  Eitcye. 

BUOAD'-SkAL,   n.    Tlic  gre.it  seal  of  England;  the 

public  seal  of  a  country  or  state      As  a  verb,  not 

nsL-d. 
BIlOAD'-SH6UL-DKR-f:D,  a.    [broad  XinA  dioidder.] 

Bru-id  across  the  slioiiltlers.  Spectator. 

BllOAO'SIDE,  n.     [broad  nnd  side.]    A  discharge  of 

all  the  gun.s  -n  one  side  of  a  ship,  nb;jve  nnd  below, 

at  the  suine  time.  Jitar.  Diet. 

2.  The  side  uf  a  ship,  above  the  water,  from  tbe 
bow  lo  the  quarter.  Mar.  DicL 

3.  In  priiuin^,  a  sheet  of  paper  cnntainmg  one 
large  jiage,  or  printed  on  ont*  side  only.  JoA;won. 

nROAlJ'-^?PREAD,  (spred,)  a.     Wide  spread. 

IJROAD'-SPKF.AD-[.\G,  t/.    Spreading  widely.   Shal^ 

BROAD'-SWoRD  n,  [broal  and  steord.]  .\  sword 
Willi  H  br.k.-id  blnde  and  a  culling  edgi?.       WiVcman. 

BROAD'-TSIL-A;n,  a.     Having  a  bro;id  Liil.    Snndys. 

BR<  lAD'-WrSE,  adr.  [broad  and  icwc]  In  the  direc- 
tion nf  ihc  breadth.  Boyle. 

BROAD'K.V,  (brawd'n,)  c.  i.  To  grow  broad.  [Unu- 
tfttat.  1  'ritomson. 

BROAD'EN,  r.  o.  To  make  broad ;  to  render  mor^- 
broAd  nr  comprehensive. 

HRd Alt  r.R,  (hrawd'er,)  a.  cump.    More  broad. 

Bit(r\n'r:=T,  a.  anpert.     Mo.-t  broad  ' 

BRO,\lJ  ISH,  d.    Raiber  bfoad.  Rustell.      \ 


BRO 


UROAni.V.    bniu.i'l 
BK-'     ' 


In  n  broad  inannrr. 
'  xunt  from  side  laiidaj 

<  riiue.H^.  l>rydttL       \ 

BKi  '  '  •  •■  prnhubly  from   f>r«db^  , 

till,  tu  tiuiiii  ni  ii^id  :u  Miiliruitli-ry  ;  so  Fr.  frrodkuriL 

B  luimpliti'l  or  stitched  bmik.J 
tiilk    siiilf,   vtiriegaied   with   gold  and  i<ilvi*r,  or 

mis<;d  and  enncbed  with  flowers,  fuliagt-,  iind  oUi< 

er  ornann-nt^.  Enet/r.    Spun.  Iheu 

BRO-CAD'I'.D,  a.  Woven  nr  woiked,  as  bn^cude,  wUh 

gold  and  ctlvt-i. 
**.  Drt-B-ed  in  brocade.  JuUiunn. 

BRO  CADE-SHELL,  n.    The  trivial  namu  of  the  lo- 

nils  t;ensrupliieiis.  Qyc. 

BRO't'AGi;,  ft.     [See  Hroui:,  Bbokcr.J 

1.  The  premium  i>r  romiuission  of  a  brikir.  tti< 
gain  or  prullt  derived  fnun  tmnsacting  bn 
Cither  uieii,  as  brokers,  either  In  u  good  ui  i 

2.  Tbe  hire  givtn  for  any  unlfuvfil  ullii' ,     y.i,,  ,. 

3.  The  tiMde  id'  u  broker;  a  d'-:iliii;;  in  old  llnnt;-. 

4.  'I'liu  business  of  a  broker;  the  tnuis.irtions  i.i 
conimrrrtal  busiaess,  as  buying  nnd  prlling,  fi)r  othet 
men.     [.^<-<-  Biioke,  BnoKtn.] 

fl.  The  art  of  pimping.  AA* 

HRO'*A-TEL,  /         ru      I.        .n 

BRO-CA  TEL'LO,  \  "'     t^P-  bro^tcL] 

1.  A  calcareous  stone  <»r  marule,  compofifd  iTfrng- 
menU  of  four  colors,  while,  gmy,  yellow.  i 

Foartri-ii,     .\ 

2.  A  kind  of  coarse  brocade,  u>e<l  chieil>  i 
try.    Newman  says  it  is  madr  of  bemp  and  ~ilk. 

Enc\ir,     ^'rwiitan^s  Spun,  t)uK 
BUOe'CO-LI^  II.     fit.  broecoto,  sprouts  ;   Fr.  broeid^.] 
A  subvanety  of  the  cauliflower,  havuig  the  b>  .i<] 
generally  of  a  dnrk-greon  or  purjile  color. 
BROCirAN-TITE,  «.     [from  Drochant  An  Villiir-,; 
A  basic  Hiilpliale  of  cupjwr,  occurring  In  t  luerald- 
green  trystaL-t. 
DROCiJE;  the  true,  but  not  the  common  orihugroplqr 

of  Bnuicii. 
BROCK,  »,     [f^ax.  broc;  Ir.  broc;  Corn,  id.;  W.  hrott 
a  b;ul^er,  and  nulse,  din,  tumult,  foam,  anger;  brt^ 
to  cbal'o,  fume,  wax  fierce^  from  rhac,  a  rough  Kounaj 
rJiocain,  tu  gruiit.     Omen.} 

A  badger.  [See  Badoub.]  1'hc  Rus>ians  c:iU  k 
bar.<uk.  In  Ir.  brcch  is  a  wolf,  a  wild  savage,  and  I 
badger. 
BROtJK'ET,  n.  [See  Brock.]  A  red  deer  two  yean 
old.  Bailey  writes  this  brock  or  brocket.  The  Frenrli 
write  it  brvcard. 
BROD'E-KIN,  II.     [Fr.  brodajuin.] 

A  buskin  or  half-boot.  Eehard. 

BRG'GAi\ii<,  Ti.  pi.    Stout,  coarso  shoes;  Hie  same  II 

Broruc,  which  see. 
BROG'GLE.  r.  i.    To  fish  for  ccl^     [JV.*(  used.] 
BROGUE,  (urug,)  n.    [Ir.  brog.  a  shoe,  a  Iiuuse.}  {''^Ilfrt 

1.  A  stout,  coarse  shoe.    '*  Clouted  brogucj"  bi  ||^|g,^ 
Shak.-^peare,  signify  shoes  whose  .-^oles  aie  studdtti 
witli   nails,  ur  cloul^.     Hi  tbe    Highlands  u(  Scot- 
land, it  is  made  of  liorsc-hidu  with  tlie  liair  on. 

Q.  A  cant  word  for  a  corrupt  dialect  or  manner  of 
pronuncialinii.  Ftinfokar. 

3.  BroiratA  is  used  by  ^lienstone  for  brerdu.*,  fnun 
llie  Irish  broS' 

BRoGUE'-MJ^K-ER.n.  A  maker  of  brogues,  .fohm,^. 
BROID,  V.  t.    To  braid.     [Obs.]     [See  Braio.) 
BRtJiDER,  r.  (.     [Fr.  broder  ;  Sp.  and  Port.  I'ordar^  to 
embroider ;  Ann.  brouda,  to  prick  ;  D.  burduuren^  lo 
embroider;  W.  brodiatc,  to  make  Ci>inpart,  to  dan, 
to  embroidi;r  ;    braiid,  a   broacb,  an  embroidering 
frame.     Ou.  Hob.  :ii»d  Ar.  H-i3  brad,  s|H)tled.] 
To  adorn  with  figures  of  ncedle-ivork. 

A  r^'r,  ,1  broi'Ured  coat,  .iiwl  a,  ginil'*.  — Exotl. 

BROrD'EH-ER,  h.     One  that  embroiders. 

BROID'ER-V,  n.  Embroidery  ;  ornamental  ncodJo- 
work  wrought  ujwn  cloth.     [Sec  EMnnoiDciL] 

Tukii. 

BROIL,  (I.  [Fr.  brouilleruy  from  brouiUcr,  to  mix,  coB- 
fuund,  embroil ;  It.  broglia,  tumult ;  hro^liare,  to  em- 
broil. From  this  verb  we  have  rod,  to  disturb,  M 
lees.  (Sec  Ruil.)  The  jirimary  sense  is.  to  stir,  to 
agitate.  It  may  be  allied  to  brawl,  and  tlie  French 
bridtr.] 

.\  tunmit ;  a  noisy  quarrel ;  contention  ;  discord, 
either  between  individuals  or  in  the  stale. 

Shak.     GranvUU. 

BROIL,  r.  (.  [an.  Fr.  braler.  I  believe  this  U  ttom 
bro-.tiUir.  to  aglUit.?.] 

To  agilale  with  heat ;  to  drcsi?  or  cook  over  coob, 
before  tbe  (Ire ;  but  more  gencruJIy  upon  a  gridiron 
over  coals.  iJnidai. 

BROIL,  c.  i.  To  be  subjected  lo  the  action  (if  beat, 
like  meat  over  iJie  fire;  lo  be  grcally  heai'd,orlo 
sweat  with  heni. 

Whcir  bave  you  teen  broiling  7  Sliok. 

BROTTi'^D,  pp.  or  a.    Cooked  or  dressed  by  hcaL  i 

BROIL'ER,   ji.     One  that  excites  broils;  ttiat  which  ji 
dressc.-*  bv  broiling. 

BRCML'IXG,  ppr.  or  </.  Cooking  over  coals  ;  iweating. 

BRoICE,  c.  i.  [Siix.  Irtuan,  to  use,  enr;^loy,  enjoy  ;  to 
cat  or  chew  ;  to  brook ;  to  profit ;  broce,  use ;  bree, 
use,  gain  ;  b.'.jc-,  gain,  profit,  fruit,  fructttt ;  a  vioU- 


Up 


PiTE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT — METE,  rREV.-PI.\E,  MARINE,  BIRD.-NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK. 


150 


liRO 


tion  cr  liieaking;  S\v,  bruka:  G.  braudien ;  Dun. 
brufft ;  D.  gibraiken,  to  use  (ir  employ  ;  L.  fruor,  tor 
frucifrt  whence  frnctns^  fruit ;  Gr.  jr^jaeJw,  iTfja^aj, 
-oflj^u      See  Practice.] 

To  iransuct  business  for  another  in  trade  ;  tn  act 
oa  agent  in  buying  and  selling,  and  other  commercial 
business  ;  to  transact  business  by  an  agent. 

Bacon.     Sfbali. 
[TJilstcord  is  liule  used,  at  hast  tu  jimerica;   and 
jTnff/r.sA  writer.^  seem  to  have  used  it  in  a  low  sense.] 

BRoKl^,  prit.  and  pp.  of  Bre&k. 

BRO'K£N,  (brok'nj  pp.  or  a.  from  Break.  Parted  by 
violence;  rent  asimdt-r  5  infirm;  made  bankrupt. 

BR6'K£X-BAClv-£D,  (bro'kn-bakt,)  n.  A  broken- 
backed  ship,  is  one  whiclx  is  so  wt-akenL-d  in  her 
fmriie  as  to  droop  at  each  end.  jMar.  Diet. 

BRO'K£N-BEL-LI-£D,  (bro'kn-bel-lid,)  a.  Having  a 
nijuured  hellv.  Sandys. 

BR6'KE-\'-IIEXRT-ED,  a.  [break  and  hcar-L]  Hav- 
ing the  spirits  depressed  or  crushed  by  grief  or  de- 
spair. 

BRO'K£.\-Ly,  adv.  In  a  broken,  interrupted  man- 
ner ;  without  a  regular  series.  HakewUL 

BRo'K£.\-MeAT,  h.  Meat  that  has  been  cut  up ; 
friiimenls.  Swift. 

BR0'K£N-\ESS,  n.    A  state  of  being  broken;  une- 
venness. 
2.  Contrition  ;  as,  brokenness  of  lieart. 

BEd'K£-\-\VIXD,  71.  [break  and  wind-l  A  disease 
in  horses,  often  acctunpanied  with  a  preternatural 
enlargement  of  the  lungs  and  lieart,  wluch  disables 
them  from  bearing  fatigue.  Encyc. 

BEo'K£N-VVI>.'D-ED,  a.    Having  short  breath,  as  a 

BRo'KER,  n.     [from  broke.]  [horse. 

1.  An  agent  or  negotiator,  who  is  employed  by 
merchants  to  make  and  conclude  bargains  for  them, 
for  a  fee  or  rate  per  cent.,  or  who  transacts  other  busi- 
ness for  his  employers. 

Brokers  are  of  several  kinds. 

^1.)  Ezcliange-brokers,  who  make  and  conclude  bar- 
gains for  otiiers  in  matters  of  money  or  merchandise, 
learn  the  rate  of  exchange,  and  notify  their  em- 
ployers. 

(3.)  Stock-brokers,  who  are  employed  to  buy  and 
sell  shares  in  the  stocks,  whether  of  the  public 
funds,  of  banks,  or  of  other  corporations. 

(.t.)  Pawn-brokers,  wlio  make  it  their  business  to 
lend  money  upon  pawns,  that  is,  property  deposited 
in  pledge. 

(4.)  Insurance-brokers,  whose  business  is  to  procure 
the  insunmce  of  vessels  at  sea  or  bound  on  a  voyage. 

In  the  United  States,  the  business  of  a  stock-broker 
and  an  insurance-broker  is  often  or  generally  carried 
on  by  the  same  person. 

2.  One  who  deals  in  old  household  goods.  Johnson. 

3.  A  pimp  or  procurer.  Skak.    Johnson. 
[In  the  tiDo  latter  sejtses,  the  vord,  I  believe,  is  never 

used  m  America,  unless  in  cant  lan^nnge,] 
BRo'KER-AGE, ;(.    The  business  or  employment  of  a 

broker.  Burke. 

2.  The  fee,  reward,  or  commission  given  or  charged 

for  transacting  business  as  a  broker. 

AndersmCs  Comm. 
BRo'KER-LY,  a.     Mean  ;  ser\ile  Jonson. 

BRo'KER-y,  n.     The  business  of  a  broker.    [J^ot 

u.^ed.]  Hall. 

BRo'KIXG,  ;)pr.    Transacting  business  as  a  broker; 

pmciiced  by  brokers,  Sliak. 

BRo'MAL,  n.   An  oily,  colorless  fluid,  obtained  by  the 

action  of  bromine  on  alcohol. 
BRo'MATE,  71.    A  compound  of  bromic  acid  with  a 

base. 
BRo.ME,  71.    A  tenn  used  by  the  French  chemists  for 

bromine.     [See  Bromine.] 
BRoME'-T.KaSS,  n.     A  name  common  to  different 

spiccies  of  atass,  of  the  genus  Eronius. 
BR6'.MI€  .\C'iX),  n.    An  acid  compound  of  bromine 

and  oxygen. 
BRo'-MlD,  7).    A  compound  of  bromine  with  a  metal- 
lic or  combustible  base. 
BUO'MIXE,  n,     [Gr.  il'uyuo;,  fetid.] 

An  elementary,  acidifying  and  basifying  substance, 

found  in  sea  water  and  marine  productions.    It  is  a 
^  decp-redjiuid,  wliose  smell  is  very  offensive. 

The  subdivisions  or  ramifica- 
'  the  trachea  in  the  lungs. 

BRON€H'I-AL,  a,    [Gr.  fSooyxoij  the  windpipe.] 

iIelont;ing  to  the  brunchiK,  or  ramifications  of  the 
windpipe  in  the  lungs. 

The  bronchial  arteries,  are  branches  from  the  supe- 
rior part  of  the  descending  aorta,  accompanying  the 
bronchia,  or  branches  of  the  trachea. 

Bronchial  irUinds :  lymphatic  glands,  situated  near 
the  root  of  the  lungs,  at  the  bifurcation  of  the  tra- 
chea, and  at  the  subdivisions  of  the  bronciiijc. 

Bronchial  membrane;  the  raucous  membrane  lining 
the  bronchia. 

[The  term  bronehial  has  been  applied,  also,  to  the 
whole  extent  of  the  air-lube  of  animals,  including 
the  trachea  (bronchus)  and  its  ramifications,  (bronchi, 
or  bronchia:.)  The  terms  bronchial  membrane  and 
bronchitis  have  also  been  used  coextensivelv.  Good. 
P.  Ojc] 


aec-p-reu  nuia,  wnose  sinel 
BRO\€H'I-iE,)^      ,     „. 

BRoxena-A,  {"•/•   ^p: 


JBRO 

BROXCII'IC,  a.     'Jhe  same  as  Rhonchial.  \ 

BRONCil-l'TIS,  n.     An  inlliunination  of  any  part  of 

the  bronchial jneinhrane. 
BRO\€U'0-Ci-:LE,  n.     [Gr,  ^/jOjxoSj  Ihe  windpipe, 
and  K'lAii,  a  tumor.] 

An  enlarged  tliyroid  gland;  a  tumor  on  the  fore 
part  of  the  neck,  called  goiter,  and  Derbyshire  neck. 
Quincy.     Coze. 
BRON€H-OPH'0-NY,  n.      [Gr,  /ipujX'S  and  .^ci>,/, 
voice.] 

In  auscultation,  the  sound  of  the  voice  audible  in 
the  bronchial  tubes ;  occurring  only  in  certain  dis- 
eases. 
BRONeH-OT'0-:\IY,  !f.    [Gr.  0tvjyX'n,  the  windpipe, 
and  Tofir,,  a  cutting,] 

An  incision  into  the  windpipe  or  larynx,  between 
the  rings  }  called,  also,  trackeotomy^  or  laryngotomy. 
Quincy.     Coze. 
BRONeil'US,   n.     [L. ;  Gr.  Ppoy\os.] 

The  trachea  or  windpipe. 
BROND,  71.    A  sword.     [See  Bba.nd.] 
BROxV-TOL'O-GY,  n.      [Gr.  ^oyir//,  thunder,   and 
Xo}o(,  discourse.] 

A  discourse  or  dissertation  upon  thunder,  contain- 
ing an  explanation  of  its  causes  and  phenomena. 

Encyc. 
BRONZE,  (bronze  or  bronze,)  n.     [Fr.  bronze;  Arm. 
iro/if;  ;  It.  bron-.o ;   Sp.   brance.     In   Ital.  bronzino  is 
sunburnt.     It  may  take  its  name  from  its  color,  from 
burn,  brown.] 

1.  A  compound  of  copper  and  tin,  to  which  other 
metallic  sulistances  are  sometimes  added,  especially 
zinc.  It  is  brittle,  hard,  and  sonorous,  and  used  fur 
statues,  bells,  and  cannon,  the  proportions  of  the 
respective  itigredients  being  varied  to  suit  the  partic- 
ular jmrposes.  J^iTichulson.     Encyc. 

2.  A  color  prepared  for  the  purpose  of  imitating 
bronze,  of  two  kinds,  the  yellow  and  the  red.  The 
yellow  is  made  of  fine  copper  dust ;  the  red,  of  coji- 
per  dust  with  a  little  pulverized  red  ocher,     En^c. 

3.  Among  antiquaries,  a  term  applied  to  figures  of 
men  or  beasts,  urns,  or  other  pieces  of  sculpture, 
which  the  ancients  made  of  bronze.  Encyc. 

4.  Any  statue  or  bust  cast  of  bronze,  whether 
original  or  a  copy  of  an  antique.  Encyc. 

0.  Among  viedal'ists,  any  copper  medal.      Encyc. 
BRONZE,  V.  t.    To  imitate  bronze,  by  means  of  cop- 
per dust  or  leaf  fastened  on  the  outside,  as  gold  leaf 
is  in  t'idiiig.  Encyc. 

2,  'I'o  harden,  or  make  like  brass.  Young. 

3,  To  make  of  th'i  color  of  bronze. 
BRONZ'ED,   (bronzd  or  bronzd,)  pp.  or  a.     Made  to 

resemble  bronze;  browned. 

BRONZ'ING, /?pr.  Imitating  bronze;  turning  to  the 
color  of  bronze. 

BRGXZ'LN'G,  n.  The  act  or  art  of  miitating  bronze, 
hy  means  of  copper  dust  or  leaf,  or  by  any  other 
method.  Encyc. 

BRGXZ'ITE,  n.  [from  bronze]  A  variety  of  horn- 
blende, iiaving  nearly  the  luster  of  bronze,  and  allied 
to  hypersthene,  called  by  Haiiy,  dinlla^e  metalloide. 
It  is  by  some  regarded  as  a  distinct  species. 

BRoOCH,  (broche,)  n.  [Slav,  obrutch,  a  ring,  a  cu"cle, 
a  bracelet.] 

1.  An  ornamental  utensil  for  fastening  the  vest,  or 
the  bosom  of  a  shirt,  as  formerly  used  in  America. 
It  is  usually  made  of  silver,  ol^en  round,  with  a 
tongue  cro;;sing  its  diameter,  sometimes  with  two 
tongues.  It  formerly  was  used  in  England,  as  it  was 
in  America,  and  is  still  in  the  Highlands  of  Scotland, 

2.  A  jewel,  [Encyc. 

3.  Wilh  painro-;?,  a  painting  all  of  one  color.  Diet. 
BRoOCH,  V.  t.    To  adorn  oi-  furnish  with  brooches  or 

jewels,  Shak. 

BROOD,  c.  i.  [Sax.  brod,  a  brood  ;  and  hrmdan,  bredan, 
to  dilate  or  eilend,  to  warm,  to  divulge,  to  spread  ; 
D.  broeden,  to  brood  ;  Ger.  briHcn,  to  br<X)d  ;  brut, 
brood  ;  W.  brwd,  warm ;  brydiaw,  to  warm.  The 
sense  is,  to  warm,  or  to  coyer,  to  spread  over.] 

1.  To  sit  on  and  cover,  as  a  fowl  on  her  eggs,  for 
the  purpose  of  warming  them  and  hatching  chickens, 
or  as  a  hen  over  her  chickens,  to  warm  and  protect 
them. 

2.  To  sit  on ;  to  spread  over,  ad  with  wings  ;  as, 
to  sit  brooding  over  the  vast  abyss.  Mdton. 

3.  To  remain  a  long  time  in  anxiety  or  solicitous 
thought ;  to  have  the  mind  uninterruptedly  dwell  a 
long  time  on  a  subject  j  as,  the  miser  broods  over  his 
gold.  Dnjden. 

4.  To  mature  any  thing  with  care.  Bacon. 
BROOD,  t*.  (.    To  sit  over,  cover,  and  cherish ;  as,  a 

hen  broods  her  chickens. 
2.  To  cherish. 

You'll  brood  yoiir  sorrows  on  a  Uiroiie.  Dnjden. 

BROOD,/?,  [Sax, frro*^.]  Offspring;  progeny;  formerly 
used  of  human  beings  in  elegant  works,  and  we  iiave 
brother  from  this  word ;  but  it  is  now  more  gener- 
ally used  in  contempt. 

2.  A  hatch  ;  Itie  3  oung  birds  hatched  at  once  ;  as, 
a  brood  of  chickens  or  of  ducks. 

3.  That  which  is  bred ;  species  gennnited ;  that 
which  is  produeed. 

Libya's  broodjot  poison.  Addison. 


BRO 

4.  The  act  of  covering  Ui&  eggii,  or  of  Lr 
[UnujtuuL] 

BnooD'En,p;;.    Covered  with  the  wings;  dien.-hcd. 

BROOD'LXG,  ppr.  Sitting  on  ;  covering  and  warm- 
ing ;  dwcllint;  on  with  anxiety. 

BROOD'-MAHE.  n.    A  mare  kepi  for  bret^ding. 

liKOOD'Y,  a.  I  a  slate  of  hilling  on  cggi  for  hatch- 
ing ;  inclined  u  eiU     [Unusuul.]  Jiay. 

BROOK,  n.  f3a.x,  brcc,  or  brooc.  As  the  sen'M;  is  a 
stream  or  nowmc,  it  may  be  the  D.  brock,  G.  brucA, 
a  marsh,  and  allied  to  Gr.  (iucxt^y  or  IJpvujj  to  rain, 
to  pour,  to  flow,  Eolic  /?pva(,  a  brook.  Sear  the 
site  of  ancient  Troy  is  a  stream  caUed  Thymbrec, 
Thymbrins.] 

A  small  natural  stream  of  water,  or  a  current  flow- 
ing from  a  spring  or  fountain  less  than  a  river.  In 
some  parts  of  America,  ran  is  used  iji  a  like  sense; 
but  run  is  also  applied  to  larger  streanw  than  brovk. 

BROQK,  V.  t,  [Sax.  brucan,  tty  u^e,  employ  or  perform, 
to  eat  or  chew  ;  bracan,  bruan,  to  break  ;  Gr.  /^p  t  .^^tj, 
to  cat,  to  grind  the  teeth.] 

lAUrally,  to  che\v  or  digest,  as  the  Fr.  digerir. 
Hence, 

To  bear;  to  endure;  to  support;  as,  young  men 
cannot  brook  restraint.  Hooker.    Drvden 

BRQOK'LET.  n.    A  small  brook. 

BROOK'-LTME,  ri.  [brook  and  Ume.]  A  plant,  the 
Veronica  Beccabunga,  with  blue  flowers  in  loose  lat- 
eral spikijs.  Encyc* 

BROOK'- -MIXT,  n.    The  water  mint. 

BROOK'-WEEU,  n.  A  plant,  water  pimpernel,  the 
Samotus,  Muhlenberg. 

BROOK'Y,  a.    Abounding  with  brooks.  Dyer.. 

BROOM,  ».  [Sax.  brum;  D.  brem,  braam;  Ir.  brum. 
This  is  the  simple  root  of  brtvnble.] 

1.  A  plant,  the  ■S/;tir£iu?R  ^'Ciipdriurn,  Linn. ;  (Cytisus 
scopaj-ius,  Lamarck  ;)  the  common  broom  of  the  Eng- 
lish wastes.  Dijer*s  broom  or  dyer^s  tcerd,  so  called 
because  used  in  dyeing  yellow,  is  the  Qenista  tinctoria. 

Spanish  broom,  is  a  species  uf  Spartiutn ;  and 
Bxtcher''s  broom,  is  the  Ruscns. 

2.  A  besom,  or  brush  with  a  long  handle,  for  sweep- 
ing floors ;  so  called  from  being  originally  made  of 
the  broom  plant.  In  America,  brooms  are  made  of 
the  tops  of  broom-corn,  or  of  some  species  of  wood 
splintered,  chiefly  ash.  The  latter  siiecies  of  broom 
is  furnished  by  "the  natives  of  the  countr}-.  The 
original  broom,  made  of  shrubs  or  twigs,  is  still  used 
in  stables. 

BROOM.    See  Bkeam, 

BROOJI'-eORN,  n.  [broom  and  com.]  A  species  of 
Sorghum  or  Guinea-corn,  with  a  jointed  stem,  like  a 
reed,  or  the  stem  of  maize,  rising  to  the  hisht  of 
eight  or  ten  feet,  bearing  a  head  of  which  brooms 
are  made.     It  is  the  Sorghum  sacdiaratum. 

BROOM'ING,  (a  ship.)    See  Bream. 

BROOM'LAND,  )i,  [broom  and  land.]  Land  pro- 
ducing broom.  Mortimer. 

BROOM'RaPE,  7!,  The  Orobanche,or  strangle  wc~''.. 
a  genus  of  Bntisli  epiphyte  perennial  plants. 

BROOM'STaFF,  }  71.    [See  Staff  and  Stk  k. 

BROOM'STICK,  \      st-nff  or  handle  of  a  bro^;;:. 

Shak.     S-f!. 

BUOOM'Y,  a.    Full  of  broom  ;  containing  broom. 

Mortimer.     SKift. 

BRo'SEN,  a.     Burnt.     [jYot  used.] 

BROTH,  (brauth,)  71.  [Sax.  broth  ;  lubrodo;  U.broOi; 
Sp.  brodio ;  lr.  bruitkiru,  to  bod.  Uu.  D,  Ifraadcn,  to 
roast ;  W.  brotli,  a  stirring  or  tumult.] 

1,  Liquor  in  which  flesh  is  boded  and  macemted, 
usually  with  rice  and  herbs,  or  some  ingredient  to 
give  it  a  better  relish. 

2.  In  ^7Jimca,the  word  is  often  applied  to  foaming 
water,  and  esiKicially  to  a  mixture  of  snow  and  wati-r 
in  the  highways,  wiiich  is  called  snov>-broth. 

EROTH'EL,7i.  [A  dialectical  orthography  of  Bordel, 
which  see.] 

A  house  of  lewdness  ;  a  house  appropriated  to  the 
purposes  of  prostitution  ;  a  bawdv*hause  ;  a  stew, 

BROTH'EI^ER,  71.    One  tiiat  frequents  brothels. 

BROTH'EL-HOUSE,  71.    A  brothel. 

BROTU'EL-RY,  n.    Lewdness ;  obscenity. 

Hal!.    Jonsjn. 

BROTH'ER.  (bmth'er,)  7?. ;  ph  Brothers  or  Brethren. 
[Goth,  brothajr ;  Sax.  brother  or  brethcr;  Sw.  and 
ban.  broder ;  D.  broedcr,  from  broedcn,  to  brood,  to 
breetl;  G.  brudcr;  Sans,  trader  or  bhratre;  Russ. 
hral  i    Dalmatian    briuA ;    L.  Jratsr ;   Gr.    tpparnp, 

tpi,aro)ii;    Pers.    jJiijj  boradar;  Com.  bre^ar :  Ir, 

brathair ;  W.  brated :  Sam.  abrat :  Fr.  frire^  from  L. 
fralcr:  Pp.  frayle,  a  friar;  It.  fratello,  brother,  and 
/rate,  friar  ;  Ann.  breuir.  By  the  Dutch,  it  appears 
that  Uiis  word  signifies  one  of  the  brood  or  breed. 
The  common  plural  is  brothers;  in  the  sulenin  stylo, 
brethren  is  us-m!.] 

1.  A  ntiman  male  bom  of  tjie  same  father  and 
motljer.  A  male  by  one  of  the  parents  only  is  called 
a  half-brother,  or  brother  if  the  half  blood. 

Btcckstone. 

2.  Any  one  closely  united  ;  an  associate ;  as,  a 
band  of  brothers. 


TCXE,  BULL,  XiNITE.  — AN"GER,  VF'CIOUS.— €  as  K ;  0  as  J  ;  S  ns  Z ;  ClI  as  SlI ;  TH  as  in  THIS, 


BRU 

3.  One  ihftl  resembteji  onoUitT  In  mannrn. 

lla  Oat  U  ilomfui  in  lua  work  b  brMh*r  u>  buu  Uut  k  s  ptal 
Wvtrf.  —  Prw».  i»iii. 

In  Sertpture,  the  u-rm  brothrr  \»  a|)[)lied  to  a  ktn>- 
maii  by  bluml  riture  roinoir  th;iii  a  koii  uf  the  miiik* 
pomii^  ;  Hi  in  tht-  cuite  oX  Almihitiii  uiiil  Lot,  Jncub 
and  Laban.  PiTHinxuftliu  liiiiiic  pruft-ssitin  call  each 
oIImt  bruihrr^  as  Juilgf^,  cUTuynifit,  pri>fc)»-4un!  of  re- 
ligion, inrnibers  iif  tHKii'tirs  uiiitvd  in  a  common 
caui*-,  munk!4,  and  tlin  like. 

Kingn  B*ve  to  carli  other  ttie  title  of  brother. 
C'lerR)  men  addrc(>s  iheir  concre^utionA  by  the  title 
of  hret\ren.  In  n  more  Kent-ml  ik-ni*e,  brother  or 
brethren  in  used  fur  nmn  in  i;cncral ;  all  men  heinR 
children  uf  the  »ame  (ininitive  ancei>tura,  and  form- 
ing i<ne  race  uf  beings. 

BrvtJtrr-^rrman  in  a  brother  by  (ho  fathered  and 
niutlu-rN  side,  in  conlrndiHiinctton  to  a  uterine  broth- 
er, or  hv  the  mntlier  only.  Enaic. 
BROTH '^:K-II00D,  n.     [brvthrr  and  HootL]     The  state 
I       or  ijualiiy  of  beiiif!  a  brollier.  Locke. 
I          '2.  An  association  of  men  for  any  purpose,  as  a  so- 
]       ciely  of  mimka ;  a  fraternity.                           Daciej. 

3.  A  class  of  men  of  the  same  kind,  profcsMion,  or 
I       ornipation.  jtddison, 

,    HKoTH'KR-IN-LAW,  n.    The  brother  of  a  husband 
I       or  wile  ;  niso,  a  <«i>ter'H  InHbund. 
,    niUVfirKRLE^S,  d.     Withuul  a  brother.  Shak. 

l;lt(Vni't:it-LrKF,  a.     Uecoming  a  brother.       Sliak. 
l;K0rHr.R-LI-NES3,  n.     ^\:\W  of  beini-  brotherly. 
BKOfH'Klt-LOVE,  n.     Hrollierly  nllVnii.n.       ShaU. 
BKOTIIXR-LV,  (bnilh'erle,)  a.     i'eriajninc  to  broth- 
ers ;  siuh  as  is  natural  for  broUiers  ;  beroniinp  brolli- 
ers  ;  kind  ;  aA'eclionaie  ;  a.^.  brotherlii  Invc,  Baetm. 

s?hak-*p<;are  uses  tiiis  woro  ao  an  atfverb.    "  I  speak 
biit  brotherly.^'*     Ihit  tlic  usc  IS  not  authorized. 
BRi»U(;HT,  (braut,)  prr(.  and   pp.  of  Bring.     [Sec 

Hhi '«<;.] 
BROW,  It.     [Sax.  &rtrif,  bruica;  D.  braautt;  G.  braut ; 
Russ.  brov ;  Ir.  &r<i,  frmi,  eyebrow,  and  abhra^  the  eye- 
lid j   i?aiis.  frmiran,  bra;  Gr.  o^pvjj  o^pus;  Pcrs. 

J  J  JO- 

*«J  or  «v^l  boro  or  abro  ,-  and  Uic  last  syllable  of 

I*,  patyebra.     It  IS  probably  contracted  from  br^,  and 
Bignitien  an  edge,  border,  or  projection.] 

1.  The  prominent  ridge  over  the  eye,  forming  an 
arch  abttvu  the  orbit.  I'hu  takiii  of  this  arch  or  ridge 
ia  moved  by  muscles,  which  contract  it  in  a  frown, 
and  elevate  it  in  joy  or  surprise.  Ilencc,  to  knit  the 
broicsy  \*  to  frown.  Enetje. 

2.  The  hair  that  covers  the  brow,  forming  an  arch, 
called  the  etfcbrotc. 

3.  The  forehead.  Hence,  the  general  air  of  the 
countenance.  ShaJi.     IVatlrr. 

4.  The  edge  of  a  steep  place,  as  the  brink  of  a 
river  or  precipice  ;  as,  the  brow  of  a  hill.       Bacon. 

5.  A  fringe  of  coppice,  adjoining  to  the  hedge  of  a 
field.  Mason. 

BROW,  r.  L  To  bound  ;  to  limit ;  to  furm  the  edge  or 
Uirder  of.  Milton. 

BROW'-A.\T-LER,  n.  [broio  and  antUr.]  The  first 
!*t;irt  that  -rrows  on  a  deer's  head.  Bailey. 

BROW'BiiAT,  p.  (.  [brow  and  brat.]  To  depressor 
bjar  down  with  haughty,  stem  looks,  or  w  ith  arro- 
gant sj)eech  and  dogmatic  assertions  ;  or,  in  general, 
to  )i».-ar  down  by  impudence. 

BRoW'Br,AT-£.\,  p/).     Overborne  bv  impudence. 

BRO\V'BeAT-I.\G,  pp^.  Overbearmg  with  severe 
brows,  Kiern  looks,  or  positive  assertions. 

BROWBGAT-I.VG,  n.  A  bearing  down  with  stern 
looks,  supercilious  manners,  or  confident  assertions. 

BRUW'BOUN'D,  a.  [bruw  and  botuid.)  Crowned  ; 
having  the  head  encircled  as  witli  a  diadem.  Shak. 

BROW'KD,  (hrowd,)  a.    Formed  into  a  border. 

BROW'I.KSS,  a.     Without  shame.  JJtUi^m. 

BROW'-I'CST,  n.  [brow  and  posu]  Among  builders, 
a  beam  that  goes  across  a  building.  Eneyc. 

BROW'SICK,  a.  firow  nnd  sick.]  Dejected  ,  hang- 
ing the  head.     [^Vot  uaerf.)  Suckling. 

BROWN,  a.  [Sax.  brun;  D.  bruin;  Ger.  braun;  Dan. 
brumm;  Fr.  brun;  gp.  and  It.  bruno ;  from  the  verb 
to  bum.] 

Dusky  ;  of  a  dark  or  du!>ky  color,  inclining  to  red- 
ness;  but  the  shades  ore  various,  as  Spanish  brotcny 
London  broten,  clove  brvrn,  lawny  brown.  Broken 
rcsulis  from  a  mixture  of  red,  black,  and  yellow. 

BROW.N,  c.  L    To  make  brown  or  dusky.       [Kirwan. 

Brovna  Uk  dim  Toia!,  ami  dirV-iia  cWp  Uic  grorca.    Barlov, 

2.  To  give  a  bright  brnwn  color  to  articles  of  iron, 
as  gunbarrclff,  by  fonnmg  a  thin,  uniform  c(jat  of 
oxyd  on  their  surface.  Ure. 

BROW.N'-BILL,  lu  [brown  and  bill.]  A  weapon  for- 
merly used  by  the  Enclish  fort  soldiers.  The  origin 
of  the  name  is  not  stated  ;  hut  from  it,  brown  musket 
is  8aid  to  have  derived  its  ap[>ellaiion.  Johnson. 

BROW.N'-eOAL,  w.     Wood  coal,  or  lignite.      [See 

LiCMTE.] 

BRO  WN'IE,  n.  In  Scottish  aupemtitions,  a  good-natured 
spirit,  who  wai  supposed  uflen  to  perform  important 
services  around  the  house  by  night,  such  as  thrash- 
ing, churning,  &c. 


BRU 

BROWN'ING,  N.  The  act  or  0|>erBtion  of  giving  u 
brown  color  to  articles  of  iron,  as  gun-bnrreh,  4tc. 

BROWNM8I1,  a.  tiomewhal  brown  -y  Imiined  to 
brown.  A'fnran. 

BROW.N'I^.M,  n.  1'he  doctrines  or  religious  creed  of 
the  llrov\'ni^I-i,  wild  iiiaiiilain  that  any  bo<ly  of  pri>- 
fenMng  fliri.-tians,  iiniled  under  one  pastor,  or  coui- 
miiiiing  logetlur,  constiiiileit  a  churcli  independent 
of  anv  other.  Encyc. 

BROW.\'l.-*'r,  n.  A  follower  of  RoUrt  Brown,  a  pu- 
ritan, or  di!i>enter  from  the  Church  of  England,  who 
lel^  Eneland  with  his  congregation,  nnd  setiN-d  at 
Mtddb  h<iri>li,  in  Zealand.  He  was  the  head  of  a 
p:iri\  of  [iidf[»4-ndents  in  church  government.   Eneyc. 

BIKiWN.NK.-^.-i,  n.     A  brown  color.  Sulnni. 

BRoW.N -Sl'Ali,  n.  A  siMirrj*  or  cr>stalli7.ed  variety 
of  dolomite,  of  a  reddisli-brown  color,  from  the  pres- 
ence of  u  small  portion  of  oxyd  of  Iron  and  manga- 
nese. 

BROWN'-STOl'T',  n.     A  BUi«'rior  kind  of  porter. 

BROWN'-STUD'Y,  n.  [brown  and  ^^tiuly.]  GIm>my 
study;  dull  lh(>ughtfulne:4s  ;  meditation  directed  to 
no  certain  object.  Morris, 

BROW.N'-WORT,  II.  [brourn  and  wort.]  A  plant; 
rriinella. 

2.  A  species  of  Scnipliularia,  (the  S.  vernalisy  or 
yellow  fipvort,)  witli  brown  stalks. 

Encye,     Earn,  of  Plants. 

BROW.X'Y,  a.     Brown.     [A*t.(  used.]  Shak. 

BROWSE,  r.f.  [t;r./?o(j(r<ctj,  to  eat  or  browse, /jffxjffcf, 
food  ;  but  probably  these  words  may  Iw  Irom  irprvutjt ; 
Arm.  bruut,  brouez,oi  bruust^  sprouts,  buds  ;  Fr.  brouty 
broutrr;  Mm.  brousta^  or  bnmia,  to  browse.  It  is 
allied  to  brush ;  W.  brwyf,  luxuriant  growth  ;  r/iiry*, 
vigor,  luxuriance,  wantonness.] 

Tt»  eat  the  ends  of  branches  of  trees  and  ehnibs, 
or  the  >oung  shoots,  as  cattle,  or  deer.  Spenser.  Sbak._ 

BROWSE,  p.  i.  To  feed  on  the  lenilcr  branches  or 
shoots  of  shrubs  and  trees,  as  cattle,  sheep,  nnd 
goals.  .IrbuthnoL     Shak. 

BROWSE,  (brows,)  n.  The  tender  branches  or  twigs 
of  trees  and  shrubs,  fit  for  the  food  of  cattle  and 
otIiL-r  animals. 

BRl>WSE'-VVOOD,  n.  Shrubs  and  bushes  upon 
which  animals  browse. 

BROWS'IN'G,  ppr.  Feeding  on  branches,  shrubs,  or 
Kh«Kit-i  of  trees. 

BRO'CI-.NA,  i  n.    A  vegetable  alkaloid,  extracted  from 

BRO'CIM',  i  thu  false  angiiHiura,  or  bark  of  the 
Sirychnos  Nux  Vomica.     It  is  now  called  romieinr. 

BRO  CITE,  ».  Native  hydrate  of  magnesia;  a  while, 
pearly  mineral,  having  a  thin,  foliated  slntctiire,  like 
laic.  It  was  named  in  honor  of  A.  Bruce,  Esq.  The 
name  brucUe  has  also  been  given,  by  .Vmerican  niin- 
eralogisL-f,  to  chontlrodite.  Dana. 

BRC'IN,  n.  A  familiar  name  given  to  a  bear,  from 
the  French  brnn^  brown.  Pope*;/  Dunciad. 

BROISE,  (brfize,)  r.  f.  [Sax.  brysan,  to  bniise  ;  Fr. 
briser^  to  break  or  bruise;  froL-ser^  lo  bruise;  Arm. 
brousta.] 

To  crush  by  beating  or  (munding  with  an  instru- 
ment not  edged  or  pointed.  When  applied  to  living 
animals  or  vegetables,  a  bruise  is  a  contusion,  or  in- 
Jury  of  a  i>art  without  solution  of  continuity,  as  by 
the  blow  of  a  blunt  inHtmnienl.  When  apjdied  lo 
ininenils  and  similar  substances,  to  bruise  signifies  lo 
break  them,  nnd  ofU^n  lo  reduce  them  lo  a  coarse 
powder. 

BRUISE,  n.  A  contusion  ;  a  hurt  U{>on  the  flesh  of 
animals,  upon  plants,  or  other  bodies,  with  a  blunt 
or  heavy  instrument. 

BROIS'f-b,  pp.  or  a.  Crushed;  liurt  or  broken  by  a 
blunt  or  heavy  instrument. 

BROIS'ER,  71.  A  concave  tool  for  grinding  the  specula 
of  telescopes.  Cfutmbers. 

2.  In  viiirrar  langua^e^  a  boxer. 

BROISE'WORT,  (bruze'wurt,)  n.  [bruise  nnd  wort.] 
A    plant ;  comlrcy.  Johnson. 

BRCIS'I.NG,  ppr.  Crushing;  breaking  or  wounding 
by  a  tiliint  or  heavy  instrument. 

BROIS'ING,  n.  In  popular  language,  a  beating  or 
iKjxing. 

BRCIT,  (brute.)  n.     [Fr.]    Report:  nimor;  fame. 

BROIT,  V.  u    To  reiwrt ;  to  noise  abroad.      RaUgh. 


BROIT^ED./j/j.    Uc'portcd. 
BROIT'ING,  ppr.     Reporting. 

BRO'MAL,  fl.     [L.  brumoy  winter,  bmmalis  ;    Span. 
bruma,  winter,  fog,  or  mist.] 

Belonging  lo  the  winter.  Brown. 

BROME,  n.     [Fr.  brume;  Sp.  bruma.     See  Brimal.] 
.Mist  ;  fog  ;  vapors.     [LitUe  used.]  Barlow. 

BRIN,  i  n.    A  river  or  stream.     [Bum  is  still  used  in 
BURNji      ScoUand.]  JOis.] 

BRU-iNETTE',    «.     [Fr.,  from    frrun,    brown.      Sec 
Brow  14.] 
A  woman  with  a  brown  or  dark  complexion. 
BRUN'ION,  (brun'yun,)  n.     [Fr.  bru!rn<m.] 

A  sort  of  fruit  between  a  plum  and  a  peach. 

Trepouz. 
BRU.\S'WICK-GREEX',n.  A  compound  of  one  part 
chlorid  of  copper,  and  three  parts  oxyd  of  copper, 
the  latter  performing  the  function  of  an  acid  ;  a  ler- 
cupmle  or  chlorid  of  copper;  used  for  paper  hang- 
ings and  in  oil  p;iinting. 


BRU 

BRU.NT,  n.  [\}tin.brynile,nmi  frruti.ff,  urdor,  ardency, 
burning  heat.  It  is  the  Dutch  frrum/,  lire,  (lame,  tr^ 
dor,  from  the  common  root  of  burn,  brennan,  brand. 
This  shows  the  radical  iiense  of  6nrH.    See  BifRif.] 

1.  'J'he  heal,  or  iilmuxt  Ttolence,  uf  an  onset;  Uu 
strength  or  violence  uf  any  contention  ;  as,  tlie  vrmt 
uf  a  battle. 

2.  The  force  uf  a  blow ;  violence ;  shock  of  uy 
kind.  Jlijtibras. 

'J.  A  sudden  en'ort.  Bp.  Halt, 

BRU.'^n,  n.     [Fr.  brome ;  It.  brusca;  Sp.  ftnwru,  bruia; 

probably  allied  to  browse^  W.  brwys,  thick,  bmncliing, 

rr»»m  rA(py.<,  vigur,  luxuriance,  or  pro,*,  brushwood. 

.\  brunh  In,  pnniardy,  nproiiis,  fihoots.j 

1.  An  intitruineiit  for  cleaning  any  thing  of  dust 
nnd  din  by  liclit  rubbing,  as  tloors,  luniiture,  bouii. 
&c.  BrUNlies  originally  were  made  of  tthrubs  ursiiiaU 
branches  of  trees  lied  togi-iher,  and  such  ure  yet  UMd 
for  coarse  piir[M»s«'s.  But  thtr  materials  mint  used  tn 
bristles  set  in  wood.  I'uinters  use  a  small  bnixh  lo 
lay  colors  on  their  targe  pieces.  Silversmiths  um.-  a 
w  ire  bruhh  for  scnibbing  eilver,  coppi-r,  or  bn-'s  In 
order  to  gilding ;  and  there  is  a  ini!lhu<l  of  staining 
leather  by  rubbing  the  color  on  the  skin  with  a  bruab. 

Encue, 

2.  Brunches  of  trees  lopped  ofl';  bnishwood;  a 
sense  ctmimon  in  the  United  State.*. 

3.  The  small  trees  and  shrubs  of  a  wood ;  or  % 
tliicket  of  small  trees.  Eneyc 

4.  A  skirmish  ;  a  slight  encounter ;  also,  an  oiu 
saiilt ;  a  shock,  or  rude  treatment,  from  collision  ;  as 
we  say  a  scouriit-f,  a  rub. 

C*.  In  c/ec/rici(t/,  Ihi;  luminous  app^-arance  of  electric 
matter  insuing  in  diverging  rays  from  a  point.  Eneyc, 

C).  A  bushy  L-til ;  as,  the  brush  of  a  fox. 
BRUSH,  r.  t.    To  sweep  or  rub  with  a  biiish  ;  a4,  in 
bru.th  a  hnl. 

2.  To  strike  as  with  a  bru«h  ;  lo  strike  lightly,  by 
passing  over  the  surface,  without  injury  or  impres- 
sion; as,  to  brush  the  arm  in  passing;  to  bruali  the 
briny  llo<id.  Drydrn. 

3.  To  paint  with  a  brush ;  hence,  to  &rtL<A  v/r,  U 
oAcn  used  for  cleansing  in  general.  Pope. 

•1.  With  off;  to  remove  by  brushing;  as,  U)  bruA 
off  dust.  Also,  to  carry  away  by  an  act  like  tliat  of 
brushing,  or  by  [Kissing  over  lighllv,  as  by  wind. 

Bentley. 

5.  To  move,  as  a  brush  ;  to  pass  over  with  a  light 
contact.  Dryden. 

BRUSH,  r.  i.    To  move  nimbly  in  haste  ;  lo  move  lo 

lightly  as  scarcely  lo  be  |)erceived  ;  as,  lo  brush  by. 

Prtor 
S,  To  move  or  skim  (»ver,  with  a  slight  r<iiiiact,  or 

without  much  impression.  Dryden. 

BRUSH'MJ,  (brusht,)  pp.  Rubbed  with  a  brush ;  struck 

lighllv. 
BRUSli'ER,  H.    One  who  brushes. 
BRUSII'L\G,p;jr.  Sweeping  or  nibbing  with  a  bru^h; 

striking  gently  ;  moving  nimbly  in  haste;  skimming 

over  lightly. 
BRUSH'fNG,  H.    A  rubbing  or  sweeping. 
BRUSH'ING,  a.    Brisk  ;  light ;  as,  a  brushing  gtdlop. 

Encyc, 
BRUSH'LTKE,  n.     [briwh  and  like.]     Resembling  B 

brush.  .^siat.  Rrs. 

BRUSII'-WHEELS,  n.pl.     Wheels  which  move  each 

olher  without  cogs.    TIte  rubbing  surfaces  are  often 

covered   with  rough  huirs,  sometimes  with  wouico 

cloth  or  bufl*  leather. 
BRUSH' WQOn,  H.      [ftpM-vft  and  wood.]      Brush;   ■ 

ihicket  or  coppice  ot  small  trees  and  shrubs ;  also, 

branches  of  trees  cut  off".  Druden. 

BRUSH'Y,  a.    Resembling  a  brush;  rough;  snaggy; 

having  long  hair.  Boyle. 

BRUSK,  a.     [Fr.  brusque] 

Rude;  rough.  fVotton. 

BRUS'SELS  SPROUTS,  n.    The  iwpular  name  of  a 

delicate  variety  of  cabbage.    They  consist  of  small 

green  heads,  each  a  cabbage  in  miniature,  of  about 

one  or  two  inches  in  diameter,  which  sprout  forth 

from  an  upright  stem  or  stalk.     Encyc.  Dam.  Econ. 
BRUS'TLE,  (brus'l,)  r.  i.     [Sax.  bra.iiiian,  to  crackle; 

G.  brausot ;  Dan.  bruse :  Sw.  bruj>a ;  from  the  root  of 

rustle.] 
Tc  crackle  ;  to  make  a  small,  crackling  noise;  lo 

rastlf,  as  a  silk  garment ;  lo  vapor,  as  a  bully. 
BRUS'TLING,  Hfr.     Crackling;  rustling;  vaporing. 
BRUT,  r.  i.     [Fr.  broutn-.] 

To  browse.     [JVbt  in  use.]  EveUjr.. 

BRO'TAL,  0.    [See  Brute.]    Pertaining  to  a  brute, 

as,  brutal  nature. 
2.  Savage  ;  cniel ;  inhuman  ;  brutish  ;  unfecl'ng, 

like  a  bnitc ;  merciless ;  as,  brutal  courage ;  bnttai 

manners. 
BRU-TAL'I-TY,  n.     Inhumanity  ;  savagencss  ;  churi- 

ishnesa  ;  insensibility  to  pity  or  sliame.  I^eke. 

BRO'TAL-IZE,  v.  t.  To  make  brutal,  churlish,  or  in- 
human. 

All  eratl  puniafarneoU  bnttalise  the  bean.  Z.  Sv^/t 

BRO'TAI^TZE,  v.  i.  To  become  brutal,  inhuman,  or 
coarse  and  beastly.  J1ddi.*on, 

BRO'TAL-LY,  adv.  Cruelly;  inhumanly;  in  a  coarse, 
churlish,  or  brutal  manner.  ArbuthnoU 


FATE.  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — M£TE.  PREY— PINE,  .MARINE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLr    f^K.- 

"752" 


BUC 

BRCTE,  a.  [Fr.  brut,  from  L.  brutiis,  senseless,  irra- 
tional ;  It.  and  Sp.  brato.  This  word  may  be  the  Ch. 
Hm^a  foreign,  strange,  as  the  ancients  expressed 
wildness  and  savapeness  by  verbs  which  signify  to 
depart  or  be  distant.] 

1.  Senseless  :  unconscions  ;  as,  the  brute  earth. 

Benlley. 

2.  Irrational ;  ferine  ;  as,  a  brute  beast.        SoutJt. 

3.  Bestial ;  in  commuti  with  beasts  ;  as,  h-iife  vio- 
lence. Jiltlton. 

4.  Rough  ;  uncivilized  ;  insensible  ;  as,  a  brute  plu- 
losopher.  Pope. 

BRuTE,  Tu  A  beast ;  any  animal  dcstilflte  of  reason; 
and  of  course  the  word  comjjrchends  all  animals  ex- 
cept maUy  but  is  applied  mostly  to  the  larger  beasts. 

5.  A  brutal  prr^on  ;  a  savage  in  heart  or  manners  ; 
a  low-bred,  unfeelins  man. 

BRUTE,  V.  t.  for  Bri-it,  to  report.     [.Voi  used.] 
BROTE'LY,  adv.    In  a  rude  manner.  Milton. 

BRuTE'iN'ESS,  7t.     Brutality.     [Obs.]  Spenser. 

BRu'TI-F?,  V.  t.    To  niakf  a  person  a  brute ;  to  make 

senseless,  stupid,  or  unfeeling  Congreve. 

BRU'TISH,  a.    Like  a  brute  or  beast ;  as,  a  brutuih 

form.  Jirdton. 

2.  Insensible  ;  stupid  ;  as,  brutish  men.       Orcw. 

3.  Unfeeling  ;  savage  ;  ferocious  ;  brutal. 

4.  Gross  ;  carnal ;  bestial.  Shak.     South, 

5.  Ignorant;  uncivilized;  untaught.         Hooker. 
BRu'TISH-LY,  adv.    In  the  manner  of  a  brute ;  gross- 
ly ;  irnUionally  :  stupidly  ;  savag'Mv.  South. 

BRU'TI;SH-\ESS,  iu  Stupidity  ;  insensibility  ;  brutal- 
ity ;  savageness  ;  the  qualitiL-s  of  a  brure.      Spratt. 

BRU'TIS.M,  n.  The  nature  or  characteristic  qualities 
or  actions  of  a  brute;  extreme  stupidity,  or  beastly 
vidgarity.  '    Dtoi^ku 

BRt^'TUM  FUL'MEJ>r,  [I,.]  A  loud  but  harmless 
threatening. 

BR?'0-NINE,  n.  An  alkaloid  obtained  from  the  root 
of  the  white  brjxmy,  (B.  alba.)  It  is  a  yellowish- 
brown,  bitter  substance,  and  is  em-^-tic  and  cathartic. 

BR?'0-iVY,  7(.     [L.  bnjonia :  Gr.  /Sovt^yia.] 

A  name  common  to  the  different  species  of  tiie  ge- 
nus Briponia.  The  root  of  the  rough  or  white  bryony 
is  a  strong,  irritating  cathartic.  Encijr,.     Coxe. 

Bhick  brijomj,  is  the  popular  name  of  a  genus  of 
plants  called  Tamus.  Enajc. 

BUB,  71.    A  cant  word  for  strong  malt  liquor.   Prior. 

BUB,  r.  U    To  throw  out  in  bubbles.     [JWi  jt?crf.J 

SacJcviile. 

BUB'BLE,  n.  [D.  bobb&l;  Sw.  huUa;  from  swelling, 
inflation.] 

1.  A  small  bladder  or  vesicle  of  water  or  other  fluid 
inflated  with  air.  J^eicton. 

2.  Any  thing  that  wants  firmness  or  solidity ;  a 
vain  project;  that  wliich  is  more  specious  than  real. 
Hence,  a  false  show  ;  a  cheat  or  fnuul. 

Bacon.     Dnjden. 

3.  A  delusive  sciieme  of  speculation ;  an  empty 
project  to  raise  money  on  imaginary-  grounds;  as,  the 
South  Sea  bubble.  '  Swift. 

4.  A  person  deceived  by  an  nntply  project.  Prior. 
BUB'BLE,  V.  i.    To  rise  in  bubbles,  as  liquors  when 

boiling  or  agitated.  Shak.     Dnjden. 

9.  To  nin  with  a  gurgling  noise ;  as,  a  bubbling 
stream.  Pupc. 

BUB'BLE,  V.  t.    To  cheat ;  to  deceive,  or  impose  on. 

.iddi^on. 

BUB'BLER,  n.    One  who  cheats.  Digby. 

BUB'BLING,  ppr.  or  a.  Rising  in  bubbles;  nmning 
with  a  gurgling  noise  ;  cheating. 

BUB'BLY,  a.     Abounding  in  bubbles;  bubbling. 

BUB'BY,  lu    [from  the  same  root  as  bobble  and  bubo.] 
A  woman's  breast.  jirbutlinot. 

BtJ'BO,  n.    [Gr.  ihvfio}f,  L.  bubo,  a  swelling.] 

An  inliammation,  with  enlargement,  of  a  lymphat- 
ic gland,  particularly  in  the  groin  or  axilla. 

BU-BON'0-CeLE,  n.  [Gr.  ^ov0i.ju,  the  groin,  and 
KijAfj,  a  tumor.] 

Hernia  ingumalis,  or  inguinal  rupture;  a  tumor 
in  the  groin,  formed  by  a  prolapsus  of  the  intestines 
or  omentum,  or  both  ;  the  abdominal  ring,  or  opening 
for  the  passage  of  the  spermatic  chord  in  the  tendon 
of  the  external  oblique  muscle  of  the  abdomen.  Ejicyc, 

BO'BU-KLE,  n.     A  red  pimple.     [J\'ot  u^ed.]      S/iak. 

BUe-€A-XEER',  (  n.     [Fr.  boucaner,  to  bruil  fish  or 

BUe-A-X[ER',  (  flesh,  to  hunt  o.\eu  fortheirskins.] 
Primarily,  a  buccaneer  is  said  to  be  one  who  dries 
and  smokes  flesh  or  fish  after  tiie  manner  of  the  In- 
dians. The  name  was  first  given  to  the  French  set- 
tlers in  Hayti  or  Hispaniola,  whose  business  was  to 
hunt  wild  cattle  and  swine.  It  was  afterward  ap- 
plied to  the  piratical  adventurers,  chiefly  English  and 
French,  who  combined  to  make  depredations  on  tlie 
Spaniards  in  America.  Encuc 

BUCCAL,  a.     [L.  bucca,  the  cheek;  W.  boc] 

Pertaining  to  the  cheek.  The  buccal  glands  are  the 
email  salivary  glands  situated  on  the  inside  of  the 
cheeks,  between  the  mucous  membrane  of  the  mouth 
and  the  mascles. 

BUe-CEL-LA'TION,  «.     [L.  bucceUa,buccea,D.TaoMth- 

Tne  act  ol  breaking  into  large  pieces. 
BUe'CI-NAL,  a.    Trumpet-shaped. 
BUC-CI-Na'TOR,  n.     [L.  from  buccinm/i,  a  trumpet.] 


BUC 

A  muscle  of  the  cheek,  inserted  into  the  angle  of  the 
mouth ;  so  called  from  its  use  in  blowing  the 
trumpet. 

BU€'CI-NITE,  n.  Fossil  remains  or  petrifactions  of 
the  shells  called  Buccinum.  Jameson. 

BU-CENT'AUR,  n.  A  mythological  beast,  half  ox 
and  half  man.  Brandc. 

2.  The  state  barge  of  Venice. 

BU-CEPH'A-LUS,  n.    The  name  of  Alexander's  horse. 
2.  An  animal  of  the  gazelle  tribe,  of  tJie  size  of  a 
hind. 

Alexander's  horse  was  called  Bucephalus  from  his 
jarge  head,  p'oi.?,  ox-head. 

Bu'CE-ROS,  n.  A  genus  of  birds,  inhabiting  the 
warmer  countries  of  Africa  and  Asia.  The  name 
hornbill  is  common  to  the  different  species.  The 
Rhinoceros  lionibill,  or  horned  Indian  raven,  is 
common  in  the  East  Indies. 

BUeil'OL-ZITE,  H.  A  fibrous  mineral  of  great  hard- 
ness, and  of  a  grayish  or  yellowish  color,  consisting 
chiefly  of  silex  and  alumina. 

BUCK,  n.     [G.  bauchc,  beuche;   Sp.  bu^ada,] 

1.  Lye  in  wljicli  cloth  is  soaked  m  tlie  operation 
of  bleaching  ;  the  liquor  in  which  clothes  are  washed. 

Eacyc.     Johasuii. 

2.  The  cloth  or  clothes  soaked  or  washed  in  lye. 

ShaJc. 

BUCK,  V.  t.  [Ger.  bcuchen  ;  Dan.  byge ;  Sw.  byka  ; 
Arm.  bugad ;  Norm.  buer.  This  verb  is  retained  in 
the  L.  imbuo,  for  inibucj,  or  imbugo,  to  steep,  tinge,  or 
imbue.] 

To  soak  or  steep  in  lye,  a  process  in  bleaching:  to 
wash  or  steep  in  lye  orsuds.  Encyc.     S/mk. 

BUCK,  n.  [Sax.  buc,  bucca:  D.  bok;  Ger.  and  Sw. 
bock:  Sp.  toque;  W.  ftwy  ,■  It.  becco.  This  Italian 
word  signifies  a  bill  or  brak,  the  mouth,  the  helm  of 
a  ship,  the  pipe  of  a  still,  and  a  buck.  We  see  it  is 
the  same  word  as  beak,  from  thrusting ;  Dan.  fiui, 
wiience  buJike,  to  nmi  or  thrust  piles.  Ir.  boc  or  poc  ; 
Corn,  byk;  Fr.  bouc;  Aim.  bouch  ;  Kalinur,  6t/n-ra,  a 


stag,    Qu.  Eth, 


nrhn 


bahak,  tlie  male  of  sheep  or 


goats^ 

1.  The  male  of  the  fallow  deer,  of  tlie  goat,  the 
sheep,  the  nibbit,  and  liarc.  It  is  applied  only  to  the 
smaller  quadrupeds. 

2.  A  gay,  dashing  young  fellow. 

BUCK,  V.  i.  To  copulate  as  bucks  and  does.  Mortimer. 
BUCK'-BASK-ET,  n.     [buck   and    basket.]     A  basket 

ill  which  clothes  are  carried  to  the  wash.     Shak. 
BUCK'BeAN,  Ti.    This  is  properlv  Boqbean,  which  see. 
BUCK'^'D,  (bukt,)  pp.     Soaked'in  lye.  .^slu 

BUCK'ET,  7i.     [Sax.  buc;  Fr.  baquct;  Ir.  buicead;  Sw. 

hue ;  Dan.  bakT] 

1.  The  vessel  in  which  water  is  drawn  out  of  a 
well ;  it  is  nearly  in  the  form  of  a  pail. 

2.  A  vessel  or  pail  used  at  sea  to  draw  water  up  at 
the  side  of  a  sliip,  for  washing  the  decks,  &c. 

Mar.  Diet. 

3.  A  vessel  made  of  leather,  nearly  in  the  form  of 
a  pail,  but  narrower  and  deeper,  used  to  convey 
water  by  hand  for  extinguishing  fires;  a  fire  bucket. 

4.  In  a  water  wheel,  a  term  applied  to  ca^'ities  on 
the  rim  of  the  wheel,  into  which  the  water  rushes, 
causing  the  wheel  to  revolve. 

BUCK'ET-FUL,  ii.    As  much  as  a  bucket  will  hold. 
BUCK'E?E,  n.      A  tree,  the  .Esculus   flava,  {Pavia 

fiava,  Decand.,)  indigenous  in  the  ^Vestern  States. 

Hence,  the  name  given  to  an  inJiabitant  of  Ohio. 
BUCK'ING,  ppr.    Soaking  in  lye,  in  the  process  of 

bleaching;  washing. 
BUCK'IXG,  n.    The  act  or  process  of  soaking  cloth  in 

lye  for  bleaching  ;  also,  the  lye  or  liquor  ;  a  washing. 
Encyc.     Ash. 
BUCK'ING-STOOL,  n.    A  washing-block. 
BUCK'iSH,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  buck,  or  gay  young 

fellow  ;  foppish.  Smart. 

BUCK'LE,  (buk'I,)  n.     [Fr.  bouclc^  a  buckle,  a  ring,  a 

knocker;    bouclir,  to   curl,  to   ring,  to  buckle;    Ir. 

bacla ;  Arm.  boucU    In  Sp.  bucle  is  hair  curled.    In 

W.  barn,  ba^ellu,  and  baglu,  si"iufy,  to  bend,  hook,  or 

grapple.     Sax.  bugan,  to  bow.] 

1.  An  instrument  made  of  some  kind  of  metal,  for 
fastening  together  certain  parts  of  dress,  as  the  straps 
of  shoes,  knee-bands,  ifcc,  or  other  straps  and  hands, 
as  in  a  harness.  The  forms  are  various  ;  but  it  con- 
sists of  a  ring  or  rim  with  a  chape  and  tongue. 

2.  A  curl,  or  a  state  of  being  curled  or  crisped,  ad 
hair.  Spectator. 

3.  In  coaL'!  ofcrmsj  a  buckle  is  a  token  of  the  surety, 
faith,  and  service,  of  the  bearer.  Encyc. 

BUCK'LE,  V.  t.     To  fasten  with  a  buckle,  or  buckles. 

2.  To  prepare  for  action  ;  a  metaphor,  taken  from 
buckling  on  armor.  Spenser. 

3.  To  join  in  battle.  Haytcard. 

4.  To  confine  or  limit. 

A  sp.in  buckles  id  hk  sum  oC  age.  iSfiak. 

BUCK'LE,  V.  i.  To  bend  ;  to  bow  ;  as,  to  buckle  un- 
der life.  Shak. 

To  budde  to  ;  to  bend  lo  ;  to  apply  with  vigor ;  to 
engage  with  zeal.  Locke. 

To  buckle  in ;  to  close  in  ;  to  embrace  or  seize  the 
body,  as  in  a  scuffle  ;  a  popuUir  use  in  America. 


BUD  • 

To  buckle  witJi}  to  encounter  with  embrace;  to  join 

in  cUise  combat.  Dryden.    • 

BUCK'LA'D,  (lmk'id,)pp.    Fasu-ned  with  a  buckle. 

BUCK'LER,  n.     [W.  bwccUif :  Fr.  bouelitr  ,■  Ir.  buidar.] 

A  kind  of  shield,  or  pi<?ce   .f   defensive  armnr, 

anciently  used  in  war.    It  was  C(inpoi»ed  of  w(K>d, 

or  wickers  woven  together,  covered  with  akin  cr 

leather,  fortified  with  plates  of  hav-a  or  other  metal, 

and  worn  on  the  left  arm.    On  the  middle  was  an 

utnbo,  boss,  or  prominence,  very  unefut  in  causing 

stones  and  darts  to  glance  off.    The  buckler  often 

was  four  feet  long,  and  covered  the  whole  Uwly. 

Encyc 
BUCK'LER,  r.  t.    To  shield  ;  to  defend.    [JVot  i«<d.l 

Shak. 
BUCK'LER-HEAD-ED,  (-hed'ed,)  a.    Having  a  head 

BUCK'LER-TlioRN,  n.    Christ's  ihom.     Johnson. 

BUCK'LING,  n.    A  fastening  by  a  buckle. 

BUCK'LLVG,  ppr.     Fastening  with  a  buckle. 

BUCK'MAST,  «■     [iu«A,  that  is,  if«A,  and  m  r. 
Tlie  mast  or  fruit  of  the  beech-tree.         J,':nL-oii. 

BUCK'RAM,  n.      [Fr.   bou^an;    It.   buclurame :    lyt.    ' 
from  It.  bu^irCy  to  make  holes.] 

A  coarse  linen  cloth,  stiffened  with  glue,  used  in 
garments  to  keep  them  in  the  form  intended,  and  for  ' 
wrappers  to  cover  cloths  and  other  mercbandi.sc. 

Encyc. 

BUCK'RAM, a.    Siifi';  precise.  Fvlke. 

BUt'K'KAMS,n.  The  same  as  wild  garlic.  Johnson. 

BUCKS'llORX,  71,  [buck  and  horn.]  A  plant,  a  spe- 
cies of  plantain,  (Corotiopus  plantago.) 

The  tcnrtcd  buckshorn,  is  a  species  of  Coclilearia,  or 
scurvy  grass.  Fam.  of  Plants. 

BUCK'SKIN,  n.  The  skin  of  a  buck.  As  an  adj., 
made  of  leather  prepared  from  tlie  skin  of  a  buck. 

Ash. 

BUCK'STALL,  n.  [bttck  and  staiL]  A  toil  or  net  lo 
take  deer.  Encyc. 

BUCK'THORN,  n.  [buck  and  thorn.]  The  popular 
name  of  a  genus  of  plants,  called  WtamtiiL-',  of  many 
species.  The  common  purging  bur.kthoni  grows  to 
the  hight  of  12  or  14  feet,  and  bears  a  black  berrj*, 
which,  when  green,  is  used  to  dye  yellow,  and  when 
ripe,  green.  The  bark  also  dyes  yellow.  Sea  Burk- 
tliorn  is  the  popular  name  of  a  genus  of  plants,  Killed 
Hippophae.  Encyc     Fam.  of  Plants. 

BUCK'\\'He.AT,  v.  [D.  boek-wcit;  Ger.  buchweitun. 
Literally,  beecli-wheM,  so  called  from  its  seed  re- 
sembling in  shape  the  mast  of  the  bei;ch.] 

A  plant,  a  species  of  Polygonum,  (P.  Fagopyrum,) 
the  seed  of  which  is  used  as  a  grain;  called  also 
brank.  It  is  cultivated  as  food  ftir  beasts,  and  the 
flour  is  much  used  in  America  for  breakfast  cakes. 

BU-COL'ie,  a.  [Gr.  i3ovKo>.oi,  a  herdsman  ;  iSivKoX- 
iKii,  pastoral ;  L.  buculus,  an  ttx  ;  bucolicus,  per- 
taining to  cattle,  pastorjil ;  W.  and  Corn,  bu^ait  or 
bygel;  Ir.  buachail,  a  shepherd.     See  Bovim:.] 

Pastonil ;  relating  to  countrj'  affairs  and  to  a  shep- 
lierd's  life  and  occupation.  Johnson. 

BU-COL'IC,  71.    A  pastoral  poem,  representing  rural 
aifairs,  and  the  life,  manners,  anil  occupation  of 
shepherds  i  as,  the  bucolics  of  Theocritus  and  Virgil. 
Dryden.     Encyc 
2.  A  writer  of  pastorals.  fVijj-ton, 

BUD,  H.  [D.  bot;  Fr.  boutonf  It.  boUone,  a  bud  or  but- 
ton; Ir.  abaidh,  a  bud;  Sp.  baton;  Arm.  Aouton,  lit- 
erally a  push  i  Sp.  botar,  to  push  or  thrust,  lo  vow  ; 
Gr.  i^vTov;  >pvui,to  plant  or  beget,  contracted  from 

tpiTOi;   Ch.  122;  ;  Ar.   dloO   nabata ;  allied  to  pout, 

Fr.  bouder.   See  Class  Bd,  No.  34.] 

1.  A  gem  ;  the  shoot  of  a  plant ;  a  small  protuberance 
on  the  stem  or  branches  of  a  plant,  containi.Tg  ttiJ 
rudiments  of  future  leaves,  or  of  a  flower.  It  is 
called  liy  botanists  a  hybernacle,  or  winter  lod^a,  or 
receptacle  of  the  leaves  or  flowers  of  plants,  c;ir!  is 
an  epitome  of  a  flower,  or  of  a  shoot,  which  is  to  be 
unfolded  the  succeeding  summer.  It  is  covered  with 
scales,  which  are  intended  lo  defend  tiie  inclosed 
rudiments  from  cold  and  other  external  injurie-s. 

Buds  are  of  three  kinds;  that  conuiining  the 
flower;  that  containing  the  leaves;  and  that  con- 
taining both  flower  and  leaves.       MilTie.     Martyii. 

2.  An  unexpanded  flower ;  as,  the  bud  of  a  rose. 
BUD,  V.  I.     To  put  forlli  or  produce  buds  or  gems. 

Job  xiv.  0. 

2.  To  put  forth  shoots;  to  grow  as  a  bud  into  a 
flower  or  shoot.  Dryden. 

3.  To  begin  to  grow,  or  to  issue  from  a  stock  in  Uie 
manner  of  a  bud,  as  a  horn.  Dryden. 

4.  To  be  in  bloom,  or  growing  like  a  young  plant. 

Shak. 

BUD,  r.  U  To  inoculate  a  plant ;  to  insert  the  bud  of 
a  plant  under  the  bark  of  another  tree,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  raising,  upon  any  stock,  u  species  of  Iruil 
different  from  that  of  the  stock. 

BUD'DED,  pp.     Put  forth  in  buds  ;  inoculated. 

BvD'DHA.    See  Boooh. 

BuD'DHISM,  n.  The  doctrines  of  the  BudiUusU  m 
.Asia.     [See  Boodh.] 

BUD'DING,  ppr.    Putting  fortli  buds  ;  inoculating. 


L 


TONE,  B^JLL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.— €  as  K ;  0  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS 


20 


153 


IJ  L  1' 


BUG 


i:i;i>  IH\<;.  ^.  The  prKf.-Mi  uf  tntitfiting  a  bml  of  one 
li  dark  uf  anotlur,  fur  pwjjagalion  ; 

■Mon.  P-  Cjfe* 

1:1   >  *-.  "•     Stnic  of  buddiiiK. 

».     Ill  Miftin;,',  a  large,  «iuare  frame  of 
"■.I  in  w:nhing  tin  ore.        ,1.ik.     K^ctft. 
.      r.  1.      AinoHK  Minrr/,  to  wash  uri?. 

Bailetj.     .1  h. 
BPDE'-LIGirr,  R.     [ftoni  ButU,  ilie  re^iiknc  of  Hip 
inventor,  (1.  Ourney.]     An   hitrnH*- whin:  lijilit.pro- 
il<ic«->l  liy  burning  a  punfictl  ciml-tni^  in  a  com(Kmn(! 
Xf^uiil  limp,  of  a  pecnii.ir  cdiintnirtton.  Ure. 

Ul  IM'.I'.  ■    f.     '^I'r.  nntl  Nunn.  bougrr,  to  stir  or  wn-;.] 
>  i    to  ^tir  ;  to  wai;.     In  America,  icag 

1 .  t-  ctpiivalent  to  bud;;e  ;  but  the  use  of 

1  ■.  .Ilmt.  HAak. 

'  r        .1  fikin  or  fur  of  lumbs.  Bailey, 
I  ind.  Bailey, 

'  .1      !■  triml.     [Obs.]  Jiihiuon. 

Hl'lHii:  II  \i  H  K  I.nus-  a  ronipany  uf  men  clothed 
in  Ihiil:  ii'-vvn^  lined  wiili  lamb's  fur,  who  accompany 
the  lord  ninyor  of  lAtndun  at  his  iniuii'iimtion. 

Bailey.    Jiah. 

BUDOE'-BAR-REL,  it.    A  small  barrrl  with  only  ont* 

head  ;  on  the  otliu-r  end  a  pieci'  of  leaUu-r  is  riuiled, 

which  in  drawn  togeUaT  n(H>n  strings  likt*  a  purtw. 

It  is  used  for  carr>-ing  powder,  with  a  gun  or  mortar. 

Kncsjc. 
DUDCE'NESS,  n.  gccmnesti;  severity.  [-Vui  ujaL] 
BUDti'EK,  n.  One  who  moved  or  stint  from  hi^  place. 

BUDCE-RO,  n.    A  large  Bengal  plcasure-boa!. 

MaUom. 
BUDO'ET,  n.     [Fr.  bou^reue;  Ann.  bougeden ;  Norm. 
bou-*f  :  perhaps  from  the  root  of  batr.] 

1.  A  ba^  ;  a  little  sack,  with  its  cuntonta.     Ht-ncc, 
a  !<tock  or  store;  as,  a  budget  of  hivcntiuiif'. 

L^EsUaH;/f. 
S.  The  papers  respecting  the  linances  of  the  Urit- 
Mi  niiidn.    This  word  in  now  u^ied,  in  a  similar 
•I  Prance. 
»  tht  biul:;et ;  to  lay  before  a  legislative  body 
iicial  estimates  and  plans  of  the  oicciitive 
cuVl  Tiiintrnt-  Price. 

BUDO'Y.  a.    Consisting  of  fur.     [JVot  used,] 
BUD'LET,  n.  [from  ftuJ.]    A  litUe  bud  springing  fh>m 
n  parent  bud. 

We  hiTfl  a  cHtcrioo  to  (Ikdnfuuh  one  Inul  from  lUMlher,  or  the 
[ar-ni  bod  from  tl.o  oumerutn  huiUtU  wfakh  are  iti  oti- 
apnn;.  Dandn. 

BUFF,  n.    (Contracted  from  bu^Oy  or  buff-^kin.} 

1.  ntitT-'-vin;  a  sort  of  leather,  prepared  from  Uie 

lUlo,  dns.«rit  wiih  oil,  like  chamois.  It 

-mj;  buniinlters,  belts,  pouches,  gloves, 

■i.|.>!i.     'I'lie  skins  of  oxen,  elks,  and 

Ciller  auHuals,  dressed  in  like  manner,  are  aliw  called 

buffi.  Encye. 

2.  A  military  coal,  made  of  biilf-skin  or  similar 
leathtr.  SHak. 

3.  The  color  of  buff;  a  light  yellow. 

4.  A  yellow,  viscid  coat,  formed  on  the  surface  of 
blcMM)  dmwn  under  certain  circunii^tances. 

BUFF,  r.  f.    To  strike.     [See  BlfketJ 
BrF'FA-LO,  ji.    /IL  and  i?p.  hufalo;  Fr.  ftriflc;  L.  hi- 


\      •  flc^of  the  bovine  genua,  the  Bos  btibaliu, 

illy  from  India,  but  now  found  in  most  of  the 

rronntries  of  the  eastern  continent      It  is 

■id  Ie!«s  docile  than  the  common  ox,  and  is 

'  marshy  places  and  rivers.    The  name  is  also 

a^i'Ii'-d  to  wild  oxen  in  ^eneml,  and  particularly  to 

llie  bison  of  North  Amenca.    [See  Bison,] 

Cijc     Cucier. 
BL'F'FA-I.O-UOBE,  «.     Tlie  skin  of  the  bison  of 
North  America,  incorruclly  called  buffiUOy  prepared 
with  the  hair  on. 
Bl^l'F'-eOAT,   «.     A  close,  military  bodice,  without 
»>leevcs,  made  of  btiflalo-nkin,  or  otlier  claiitic  materi- 
al ^  BooUi. 
r.'            I                                  I  .,  iien,!  (luck,  ur  biiffel- 
I,  Linn.,)  a  bird  with  a 
!  whos.:  apparent  size  is 
Cf  I'ly   iiuri  ;i-.  il   tty   tti-     I'lillness  of  its   feathers, 
found^  in  winter,  In  the  rivers  uf  Carolina. 

Calciby.     Pcnnaid. 

BUFF'ER,  n.    A  cushion,  or  apparatus  with  strong 
spring-').  Ill  deaden  the  fcH/ri>rconcujwion  betwcon  a 
moving  hot\y  and  one  on  which  it  strike",  as  at  the 
cndd  of  a  railway  carriage  ;  sometimes  called  buffing- 
apparatus.  Smart. 
BUPF'ET.  n.     [Fr.  h^ffrt ;  II.  buJfi-Uo  ;  Sp.  b^frt^.] 
A  cupboard,  or  set  of  shelves  for  plates,  glai^-^,  chi 
na,  and  other  like  furniture.    U  was  foTmi:rly,  ami 
i--  -till  in  ■nrno  parts  of  the  countr>',  a  closet  or  a|»art- 
i  nn  one  side  of  a  ro*im  ;  but  in  more 
Hes,  it  has  lieen  laid  aside,  and  asidi^ 
itcd,  which  i'*  now  considered  as  the 
ifnf,  as  far  as  my  knowledge  extends,  the 
iim  become.  In  a  griat  nK-asurr-,  obsolete,  cx- 
uiiong  the  common  people,  by  whom  it  is  prf»- 
nininr*jd  bcffnt, 
nCFF'ET,  n.     [It.  frNjfeUo ;  Sp.  and   Port,   b^far^  to 
blow,  to  puff;   Norm,  bvff^j  a  blow  ;   W.  pqff/iio,  to    BUG'GY,  «i. 
thump.    Sec  Buffoo.-*  ana  Puff.]  I 


A  blow  Willi  the  tttft ;  u  box  on  the  ear  or  faco  ;  a 
slni).  MiUuH. 

BUFF'KT,  r.  (.  To  rtrike  with  the  hand  or  flit  ;  to 
box ;  to  boat. 

Tlr>  tfit  in  luj  i\Ct  uul  l*{ftUd  Itlw.  —  M&IL  XftvL 

2.  To  beat  in  contuntlun  \  to  contend  ngalutft ;  ui, 

tu  buffit  llif  billows.  Otxay. 

ni'l'F'i:  T,  r.  I.    To  exorciM'  or  iilay  at  boxing.  Shuk. 
BiaT'KT-EU,  ;*ji.    tflruck;  btaUn.     1  Cor.  w.  II     I 

Pet.  II.  "Af. 
BIFT'ET  FR,  ti.  One  who  biifrrls  ;  a  Imxer.  Johnson. 
UCFi'KT-I.NU,  ppr.   Hlrikiug  with  the  hand  ;  boxing  ; 

rontriiding  uKuiuHt. 
Ul.'FF'ET-INO,  u.    A  linking  with  the  hand. 

S.  A  «ucce«iiinn  of  blowi ;  contention  ;  attack  ;  op- 

pcMition. 

lie  wttm  U  ban  Lc«n  a  ^•\<K  of  dtam  gravrli,  but  lirmnl  f^r 
iliimllon,  mkI  flttwl  to  cnilm  Itw  fc'ijfrfnf*  lA  Uw  niJc»t 
iioniu  Wirt. 

BUFF'IN,  «.    A  sort  of  c«anjc  Btuff;  as,  bvMit  gowns. 

Mastingcr. 
lU'F'FI.R,  H,    [Fr.]    Tho  bufTalo 
BUF'Fl.E,  r.  i.     To  piiz/Jc  ;  Ui  be  ul  a  li>i»s.      iiic'\ft. 

This  is  probuhlv  tli»  e>amo  word  as  Bafflk. 
BUF'I'I.K-HK.U*,'(-hed,)  II.    [iuj/fc  and  AtdJ.]    One 

who  li:is  a  large  head. 
BUF'FI.K-III:AD-I:I),  (burtl-hed-«'d,)  a.      Having  a 

larg<>  head,  like  a  bufTalo;  dull  ;  stupid  ;  fiHilish. 
BUF*FO^  n.  [IL]  The  comic  actor  in  an  opera. 
BUFFOON',  «,  [Fr.  bonbon;  iL  buffo;  Sp.  bufun  a 
bntnmn,  comical  ;  It.  brjfare  and  buffarCy  to  trine, 
juke,  play  the  fool;  t^p.  brfar,  to  mock  or  ridicule; 
bufarf  Id  blow,  I'r  puff  with  anger,  to  snort ;  i'ort.  iJ. 
Thew  verbs  indicate  the-origin  of  biitfooner>'.  The 
nxil  of  buffi t,  puff,  f'ignilies  to  drive,  to  pu^h,  to  ^^^ike. 
See  FtrFF.] 

1.  A  man  who  makes  a  pnicticeof  aiiuising  others, 
by  low  tricks,  antic  gestures  and  postures,  jokes  and 
oilier  vulgar  pi eiLian tries.    A  droll ;  a  mimic. 

Johnston.     Kncye. 

2.  He  thai  uses  in<lecrnt  railler>'.  Onrth. 
BUF-FOO\'  V.  t.  To  make  ridiculous.  Gtanville. 
UUF-FOO.\'kR-Y,  H.   The  arts  and  practices  of  a  buf 

fo*m ;  low  jt'SUi ;  ridiculous  pranks  ;  vulgar  tricks  and 
|K)stun-s.  JohiiMin. 

Do'flcn  has  placed  the  accent  improperly  on  the 
first  syllable. 

BUF-FOON'ING,  n.     Buffoonery. 

Dryden.      Qutkrit's  Quint, 

BUF-FOON'ISII,  a.     Like  a  buffoon  ;   consisting  In 
low  jettt>i  or  geslureft, 

BUF-FOO.N'IS.M,  n.     The  pmcUces  of  a  huffoon 

BCF-FOQN'-LtKE,  a.    Kcsembling  a  bufloun. 

Shenrood. 

BUF-FOON'LV,  a.    Consiiiting  of  low,  vulgar  tricks. 
[Litlie  used.] 

BCF'FV,  a.    Hcscmhling  Uie  bnff  of  thu  blood  in  color 
and  texture ;  as,  llio  buffy  coat  of  the  blood. 
2.  Pertaining  to  hiiff  on  the  blood. 

BO'FON-ITE,  H.     [L.  bufo^  a  toad.] 

Toad-stone,  conkiilenrd  as  a  fossil  loolh  of  the  An- 
arrhichas  or  sea-wolf,  formeriy  much  esteemed  for  its 
imaginary  virtues,  and  worn  in  rincs.  It  was  named 
from  an  opinion  tltat  it  w:ls  found  in  the  h<;ad  of  a 
t<ad.  Eneyr„ 

BUG,  n.     (Uu.  W.  6af,  Ltj^an^  small.] 

In  common  language^  the  name  of  a  vast  miillitude 
of  insects,  which  iiife.sl  houses  and  plants.  In  loaU 
ngy,  thirf  word  is  applied  to  the  insects  arranged  im- 
der  the  genus  C'imex,  of  which  8»?veral  Imnrlred  s|H;- 
cies  are  described.  liu^rs  belong  to  the  order  Ilemi|>- 
tera.  They  are  furnished  with  an  tntlccted  rostnim 
or  beak,  and  with  antennic  longer  than  the  thorax, 
and  the  wings  are  lolded  together  crosswise.  'l"he 
hack  is  flat,  the  throat  margined,  and  the  feet  ar*; 
formed  for  running.  Some  siwcies  have  no  wings. 
'J"he  hoiisc-bug,or  bed-bug,  is  a  troublesome  and  dis- 
gusting insect.^  Encye.     Cyc 

The  insecid  of  the  genus  Cimex  fLinn.)  now  form 
nn  extensive  group,  divided  into  trilw.'',  families,  and 
genera.  Ed.  Eacyr. 

BUG,  (  n.     [ W.  bwgy  a  hobgoblin  or  scjirecrow  ; 

BUG'BEAR, )      bugaduj  to  terrify ;  Russ,  bukOj  a  sprite 
O  - 
or  gfibliu.    In  Pers.  ^y  L*  bank,  is  fear.] 


BUL 

BUG'GY,  N.     A  li|fht  vehicle,  tu  be  drawn  by  onQ 

horae. 
BO'GLE,  I  n.     [W.  bugatL  a  kheplu  rd      (Sea 

BC'GLE-HOKN,  \      Bucolu.)   '1  Jie  t.liephcrd*s  hurn, 

or  from  the  same  root  as  the  Fr.  keMgUr^  lu  belluw, 

from  its  btiiind.] 

1.  A  bunting  Imrn.  Speiurr.     Skak. 

>.*.  /\  military  instrument  of  muhic. 
BO'fJLE,   N.     An  elongated  Kla>w  bnul,  of  vsrloui  col* 

oi:i,  tlioii;-li  more  coiniiionly  black.  .McCalloeJi.  fikdL 
BC'GLE,  H.     [U  bugnla^  or  bagdlv.] 

.A  name  C4inimon  to  dillen-nt  hiH'cies  of  iilanU,  o| 

the  geiuirt»\jiigu,  natives  of  Eiiro|te.  Enepc 

HC'(>LE,  i  !!■    Names  that   have  been  given, 

BO'GLE- WEED,  \      in  Amertra,  to  the  l.ycopiia  idn- 

nalu?-.  and   Lycopus  virgiiiieuM,  vulued   by  ttomc  M 

renit-dieH  for  henioptvr<is,  ur  spitting  of  blood. 
BC''GIX,  II.     [U  bucu'lujy  an  ox.] 

A  Mitt  of  Willi  ox.  PkUlip0, 

BGj'GLOS'H,    II.     [L,   bdglos»u*  ;   Gr.  /?utpj  Acatratif,  of 


iCGLOc^H,    II.      [J/,   baglossus;   Gi 

/?ji'(,  an  ox,  and  jA(.jTff(i,  tongue.] 

Thu  popular  name  of  a  geiuu 


\  frightful  object;  a  walking  specter  j  anything 
Imaginary  that  is  considered  as  frightfitl. 

Locke.     Pope. 
BUO'BEAB,  r.  i.  To  alarm  or  frighten  witii  idle  phan- 
toms. Jlrchhp.  King. 
BUG'GEK,  TI.    [Fr.  buagre ;  Sp.  bujarron  ;  D.  boggcren, 
verb.] 

One  guilty  of  the  crime  agaln^jt  nature.  A  vile 
wretch  ;  a  term  a/  rrproadt. 
BUG'GER-Y,  71.  The  unnatural  and  detectable  crime 
of  carnal  intercounieof  man  or  woman  with  a  beast ; 
ur  of  human  beings  unnaturally  with  each  other. 
Sodomy.  Encye. 

BUG'GI-NF-SS,  TI.     [from  buggy.]    The  state  of  being 
infected  with  bugs. 

[from  bill/.  ]    .'\)>ounding  with  bug». 

Johnson. 


iui«  of  planiii,  called 
Anchuria,  used  jn  dyeing  and  coloring, 
'i'he  umidl  tcild  l/uglo,*g,  is  the  AB|MTUgo 
The  riper^d  bugtoda^  is  the  Echium. 

BUG '-WORT,  11.    Aplant,theCimicifiiga.  Muhlenberg. 

BCIlL,(baie,)ii.  .'\  name  given  toliglitand  coinpliraU'd 
figures  of  brass,  uiibiirnii>lied  gold,  &.C.,  net,  as  an 
ornament,  into  surfaces  of  ebony  or  other  dark  wood, 
or  u(  to^loiw•^hell.         Brande,     Kuey.  Dom.  Ecvn. 

BC HL' WORK,  (bide' wnrk,)iu  Work  in  which  wood 
is  inlaid  with  baliL 

BUIIR'STO.\E,(bnr'Bloiie,)ii.  A  bubspecies  of  r<dexor 
quart/,  occurring  in  amorphous  imisses,  compact,  like 
liorn>tone,  but  containing  a  crealer  ur  lesn  number  ol 
irregular  cavities.    It  is  used  for  mill-slones. 

Cleavdand. 
This  word  U  often  written  Bf  BasioriK. 

BUILD,  (bild,)  r.  f.  ,  pret.  Blmlt;  pp.  Built,  (bitt.) 
The  regular  pret.  and  pp.,  Builoco,  is  Mime- 
limes  iit'ed.  [Sax.  byldan^  lu  conlUm  ;  byld,  bytdt, 
bylttOf  constancy,  rir'innei«s  ;  InUtk^  a  model,  an 
iniilge  ;  Hw.  bdtUi  ;  U.  afbctlden,  vrrbrelden  ;  Ger. 
bildeny  abl/ilden  ;  Dan.  biUIr;  aJbUde,  to  HJiupe,  fortn. 
design,  delineate,  represent,  cotiiilerfeit  ;  Sw.  and 
Ger.  bild;  D.  btrld,  image,  statue,  figure,  representa- 
tion. The  primary  sense  is  to  set,  tix,  or  make,  aod 
the  orthography  bUd  would  be  more  accordant  wltb 
thu  derivation.] 

1.  To  frame,  constniet,  and  raise,  as  an  edifice  or 
fabric  of  almost  any  kind,  as  a  hunse,  Utrii,  shop, 
ship,  or  vessel,  a  wall,  or  otlier  stniclure  of  art  ;  to 
unite  materials  into  a  regular  structure  fur  uitc  or 
convenience. 

2.  To  raise  by  art ;  to  frame  or  shape  inlo  a  partic- 
ular form  ;  iis,  to  buitd  up  a  liead-drutuj  in  a  cone. 

Spectator. 

3.  To  raise  any  thing  on  a  8up|K)rt  or  foundation ) 
as,  to  build  our  hope-s  on  air. 

4.  In  Seripturr,  to  increase  and  strengthen  ;  to  c** 
nienl  and  knit  together ;  Ui  settle  or  esUiblisli,  and 
preserve,    ^cts  xx.  3iJ.    Epk.  ii.  22.     1  Sojn.  ii.  35. 

BUILD,  (bild,)  r.  i.  To  exercise  the  art  or  {vacUce 
Ltie  business  of  building. 

'i'o  buUiI,  (o  iiliiiit,  wiiatevcr  you  intend.  Popt. 

9.  To  constniet,  rest,  or  depend  on  as  n  fuiindn- 

tion  ;  a«,  to  build  on  the  opiniims  of  others,  Addison, 

BUILDER,  (bild'er,)  n.    One  who  builds  ;  one  wlioie 

occupatiim  is  to  build;  an  architect,  a  shipwright, a 

mason,  &.c. 

2,  A  creator. 

Wl>oK  bidiiitr  aoil  maker  b  Coil.  —  Ucb.  jli. 
BUILD'L\G,Cbild'ing,)iipr.    Framing  and  erccUng; 

renting  on. 
BUILD'ING,  (bdd'ing,)  n.     A  fabric  or  edifice  con- 
structed for  use  or  convenience,  as  a  house,  a  churcbi 
n  shop,  &c. 
BUILT,  (bill,)  pp.    Framed  and  raised  ;  coustrucied. 
BUIL'l',  (bill,)  «.     Fonn;  shajie ;  general  figure  of  a 
structure  ;  as,  the  built  of  a  ship.  Dryden.  Mar.DiO- 
2.  SiHicies  of  building.  Tempt*. 

BUL,  n.    The  common  flounder.  Ckambaw. 

BULB,  n.  [Gr.  fJuXiJoi ;  I^  bulbus^  a  bulb  or  r«ind 
root;  Fr.  bidbc;  it.  bulbo ;  Sp.  bulbo,  an  onion,  or 
bulbous  root ;  \V.  bat,  bot,  protuberance.) 

A  scaly  body  fnrmed  on  a  plant,  ali-)ve  or  benaath 
Uie  Mirfarc  of  llic  ground,  emiuing  nuits  from  h« 
base,  and  producing  a  *-tem  from  its  center.  It  i*  al- 
ways fiinncd  of  imbricated  scaled.  A  solid  bulb  liaa 
no  existence.  LindUy. 

BULB,  r.  i.     To  bulb  out,  is  to  project  or  be  pixJlubenuU. 

[LitUe  used.]  Evelym 

BULB-A'CEOUS,  a.     Bulbous.     [/  belicce,  not  used.] 

Johuen. 
BULB'£D,  (bulbd,)  a.     Round  hejided 
BULB-IF'EU-OUS,  a-    Producing  bull»<» ;  as,  *u/*t/*^ 

ous  stems.  Eaton, 

BL'LnOU."^,  a,    Conlahiing  bulbs  nr  a  bulb  ;  growing 

from  bulbs;  round  or  roundish.      Martyti.    Milne. 

2.  Containing  a  knob,  or  protuberant  part;  swell- 
ing out ;  presenting  rounded  i-levation-*.      Ktnoan. 
BITL'BUL,  71.    The  nightingale  of  the  Persians,  rep- 
resented by  the  poets  as  enamored  of  the  opening 


FATE,  FAR.  Tf^hL,  WHAT.— METE,  PRBY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE.  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 
15i        ~ 


BIJL 

rosebud,  ond  perched  on  some  neighboring  stem,  as 
pouring  oiit  his  song  in  her  ear.  Booth. 

Ijm,'ClII.N,  «.    A  \  omii;  male  calf.    Dfkker.    Marston. 

BULOE,  K.  A  iiiffereiit  orthography  of  Bilge.  [W. 
bwlgy  bulk  ;  balc^  proiuincut ;  Sax.  bulgian,  to  bellow, 
from  stccUin^  out.] 

The  bUge  or  protuberant  part  of  a  cask ;  protu- 
berance. 

BUL6E,  p.  i.    To  swell  out;  to  be  protuheraiif.  .Moxoii. 
2-  To  bilge,  as  a  ship.     [See  Bilge.]        Jh-yden. 

BUI*<5'ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Swelling  outj  bilging. 
2.  As  :m  adj.,  protuberant. 

DO'LI-MV,     in.      [U.  buiimia;    Gr.  iSov'Si,iia,   /3ov, 

BU-LIM'I-A,  \     great,  and  Ai/ios,  hunger.j 

A  vnracioii.s  iippetile ;  a  di^e;tsc  in  which  the  pa- 
tient h:is  a  perpetual  and  insatiable  appetite  for  food, 
and  ofirn  faints,  if  not  indulged.  FMcyc. 

BULK,  n.  [\y.  biclg,  bulk  :  halciaic,  to  t^well,  to  be 
jHOUd  :  Ir.  buU^  great,  strong;  Kuss.  IilVuhju,  to  boil, 
to  bubble  ;  D.  bulkeii,  to  low  or  bellow  ;  Dan.  bulk^  a 
bunch  on  tiic  back  ;  Sax.  bulgian,  to  low.] 

1.  Magnitude  of  material  substance  ;  whole  dimen- 
sions ;  size  of  a  thing ;  as,  an  ox  or  ship  of  great 
bulk. 

2.  The  gross ;  the  majority ;  the  main  mass  or 
body  j  as,  the  bulk  of  a  debt ;  the  bulk  of  a  nation. 

Swift,     ^dduoji. 

3.  Main  fabric.  Sfiak. 

4.  The  whole  content  of  a  ship's  hold  for  the  stow- 
age of  goods.  JCncyc. 

5.  A  part  of  a  building  jutting  out.  SUak. 
To  break  bulk,  in  seamen's  language,  is  to  begin  to 

unload.  Mar.  Diet. 

In  bulk  ;  in  a  mass,  or  solid  state  ;  as,  pork  iu  bulk, 
or  bulk  pork,  i.  e.  pork  not  cut  up  or  prepared  for 
packing. 

Lailrn  in  bulk  ;  having  the  cargo  loose  in  tlie  hold, 
or  nut  inclosed  in  boxes,  bales,  or  casks. 

^  s(dc  by  bidk,  is  a  sale  of  goods  as  they  are,  with- 
out weight  or  measure.  Bouvier. 
BULK'-MEAD,  ».     [bulk  and  head.]     A  partition  in  a 
ship,  made  with  boards,  &.C.,  to  form  separate  apart- 
ments.                                             Encijc.    Jilar.  Diet. 
BULK'I-NESS,  n.    Greatness  in  bulk,  size,  or  stature. 

Locke. 
BULK'Y,  a.    Large ;  of  great  dimensions ;  of  great 

size.  Dnjden, 

BULL,  II.     [G.  bull ;  W.  bwla ;  Russ.  vol.     Qn.  from 

his  S(*x,  or  from  bellowing;  Sw.  biila ;  Dan.  bole.] 

1.  The  male  of  bovine  quadrupeds,  or  of  the  dif- 
ferent species  of  the  genus  Bos,  of  which  cow  is  the 
female. 

2.  In  a  scriptural  sense,  a.a  enemy,  powerful,  fierce, 
and  violent. 

Maii^  buUs  tuvTe  comp;\s3eil  me.  —  Ps . 

3.  Taurus,  one  of  the  twelve  signs  of  the  zodiac. 
BPLL,  H.    [It.  boUa,  a  bubble,  a  blister,  a  seal,  or 

stamp,  the  pope's  bull;  Fr.  bulU;  L.  bullae  a  boss, 
and  an  ornament  worn  on  a  child's  neck.  This 
name  was  given  to  the  seal  which  was  appended  to 
the  edicts  and  briefs  of  the  pope,  and,  in  process  of 
time,  applied  to  the  edict  itself.     Spdman.] 

A  letter,  edict,  or  rescript  of  the  pope,  published  or 
transmitted  to  the  churches  over  which  he  is  Jiead, 
containing  some  decree,  order,  or  decision.  It  is 
usid  chiefly  in  mailers  of  justice  or  of  grace.  If  the 
former,  the  lead  or  seal  is  hung  by  a  hempen  cord  ;  if 
llie  latter,  by  a  silken  thread.  The  lead  or  bull  is 
impressed  on  one  side  with  the  heads  of  St.  Peter 
and  St.  Paul,  on  the  other  with  the  name  of  the  pope 
and  the  year  of  his  pontificate.  The  writing  is  in 
the  old  round  Gothic  letter;  and  the  instmraent  lias 
about  it  a  cross,  with  some  text  of  Scripture  or  reli- 
gious mott(^).  Lunier.     Eucyc 

The  Golden  Bull,  so  called  from  its  golden  seal,  is 
an  edict  or  imperial  constitution,  made  by  the  em- 
peror Charles  IV.,  (1356,)  containing  the  fundamen- 
tal law  of  the  German  empire. 

Leatlen  iu^/^^  were  sent  by  theempenTs  of  Constan- 
tinople to  patriarchs  and  princes,  and  by  the  grandees 
of  the  empire,  of  France,  Sicily,  &.C.,  and  by  patri- 
archs and  bishops. 

JVazea  bulls  were  in  frequent  use  with  the  Greek 
emperors,  who  thus  sealed  letters  to  their  relations. 

Eiicijc. 
BtiUs  and  bears:  a  cant  term  among  stock-brokers 
for  buyers  and  sellers  of  stocks  on  speculation. 

B^JLL,  n.  A  Wonder  or  contradiction  ;  more  exactly, 
an  apparent  congruity,  but  real  incongruity,  of  ideas, 
suddenly  discovered.  Rev.  SijUncy  SmiUi. 

BJJLL  (a  prefix)  signifies  a  bull,  or  large,  or  having  a 
large  head. 

BJJLL'-BaIT-IXG,  n.  [&w/^  and  bait.]  The  practice 
of  baitine  or  exciting  bidls  with  dogs.        Addison. 

B^LL'-BEEF,  n.  {hull  and  bc^.]  The  tlesh  of  a 
bull ;  coarse  beef.  nhak. 

BJJLL'-BEG-GAR,  n.  [bull  and  berrirar.]  Something 
terrible  or  frightful.  .^yliffe. 

BpLL'-€ALF,  C-kif,)  H.  [hull  and  calf.]  A  male 
calf;  a  stupid  fellow.  $hak. 

DyLL'-DOG,  n.  [htdi  and  do^.]  A  variety  of  dog,  of 
a  particular  form,  and  of  remarkable  coumge ;  so 
named,  probably,  from  being  employed  in  baiting 
bulls,  or  from  the  size  of  the  head. 


BUL 

BIJLL'-FaC-£D,  (-iaste,)  a.    Having  a  large  face. 

Drydeiu 
BIJLL'-FeAST.    See  Bill-Fioht. 
BJJLL'-FIGIIT,  ?i.     [WZand^VA*-]     A  combat  with 

a  bull ;  an  amu:^pment  among  the  Spaniards  and 
Portuguese.  A  horseman,  called  a  torrcadur  or  pica- 
dor, attacks  u  bull  in  a  circus  or  inclosed  arena,  in 
presence  of  multitudes  of  spectators,  irritating  him 
with  a  spear,  till  the  bull  ruHhes  upon  the  horse,  and 
perhaps  dismounts  the  rider.  At'ter  the  bull  has 
been  tormented  a  lung  lime,  the  horseman  leaves 
him,  and  some  persons  on  foot  attack  him,  and 
plunge  <iarts  into  his  neck;  and,  at  a  signal  given 
by  the  president,  the  barbarous  .sport  is  ended  by  the 
dagger  of  a  malador.  Kncyc. 

BIJLL'-FINCII,  n.  [hull  and/«c/i.]  A  bird  allied  to 
the  grossbeak,  whose  breast,  checks,  and  throat,  are 
of  a  crimson  color;  the  Loria  pyrrhula,  Linn.,  {Pyr- 
rhula  vulgaris,  Urisson,)  and  the  Rubicilla  of  the  older 
naturali:sts. 

BI^ILL'-FLY,  {  n.    TIic gadfly,  a  stinging  insect  which 

BIJLL'-BEE,  S      torments  cattle.  Philips. 

BULL'-FROG,  n.  [hull  and  froff.}  Tiie  Itana  ocel- 
lata,  a  large  species  of  frog,  found  m  North  America, 
of  a  dusky-bniWD  color,  mixed  with  a  yellowish- 
green,  and  spotted  with  black.  These  frogs  live  in 
stagnant  water,  and  utter  a  loud,  croaking  sound, 
from  whicii  they  probably  received  their  name.  The 
bullfrog  of  New  England,  is  the  Rana  pipints. 

•Mass.  Rep.     Liiisley. 

BIJLL'-HRAD,  71.    [hull  and  kcad.'l    A  genus  of  fishes, 
the  Coitus,  with  a  head   broader  than  the  body, 
whence  the  name.     The  CoUus  gobis,  or  river  bull- 
head, of  England,  is  also  called  the  Mitler^s  thumb. 
Kncyc.     Cijc. 
2.  A  stupid  fellow  ;  a  lubber.  Johnson. 

.1.  A  small,  black  water- vermin.  Philips. 

BULL'S'-EVE,  n.  [bull  mid  eye.]  Among  £cu;«ck,  a 
piect;  of  wood,  in  the  form  of  a  ring,  answering  the 
purpose  of  a  thimble.  Mar.  Diet. 

2.  Aldcbaran,  a  star  of  the  first  magnitude  in  the 
constellation  Taurus.  Ash. 

3.  Among  seamen,  a  small,  obscure  cloud,  ruddy  in 
the  middle,  portending  a  great  storm.  Encyc. 

4.  In  architecture,  a  sm;UI,  circular  or  ellipticid  open- 
ing or  window. 

BtJLL'S'-NoSE,  71.  In  architecture,  the  external  angle 
of  a  polygon,  or  of  two  lines  which  meet  at  an  ob- 
tuse angle.  Gwilt. 

BULL'-TROUT,  77.  [bull  and  trout.]  A  large  species 
of  trout,  {Salmo  trutla;)  called,  also,  sa/;noii-/roKf,  and 
sfa-(roH(,  thicker  than  the  common  sort,  which,  like 
the  salmon,  ascends  rivers  periodically  to  spawn.  Its 
back  has  a  bluish-green  gloss,  and  there  are  several 
black  spots  on  the  sides.     Cyc.     Diet,  cf  J^at.  Hist. 

ByLL'-WEED,  n.     Knapweed.  Johnson. 

BULL'-WORT,  n.     Bishopsweed.  Johnson. 

BUL'LA,  n.  The  name  of  a  genus  of  univalvular  tes- 
taceous MoUusca. 

2.  A  bleb ;  a  vesicle,  or  an  elevation  of  the  cuticle 
containing  a  transparent  watery  fluid. 

BIJLL'ACE,  n.  The  wild  plum,  a  species  of  Prunns, 
(P.  insititia;)  called,  also,  hullace-plum,  and  bullace- 
trce;  a  native  of  England.    Fain,  of  Plants.  Encyc. 

2.  The  bully-tree;  a  species  of  Chrjsophyllum,  a 
native  of  the  West  Indies.  Fam.  of  Plants. 

BJJLL-AN'TIC,  a.  [from  hull.]  Designating  certain 
ornamental  capital  letters,  used  in  apostoUc  bulls.  It 
is  used  also  as  a  noun.  Frij. 

BIJLL'A-RY,  71.     A  collection  of  papistical  bulls. 

BUL'LATE,  a.     [h.  buUnlus.]  [South. 

Having  elevations  like  blisters.  In  botany,  a  bul- 
late  leaf,  is  one  the  membranous  part  of  which  rises 
between  the  veins  in  elevations  like  blisters. 

Martijn. 

BIJL'LEN-NaILS,  71.  pi  Nails  with  round  heads  and 
"short  shanks,  turned  and  lackered.  Gwdt, 

BJJLL'ET,  71.  [Fr.  boulct,  dim.  of  bonlc,  a  ball.  See 
*Ball.] 

A  bail  of  iron  or  lead,  called  also  sftot,  used  to  load 
guns  for  killing  man  or  beast.  Balls  for  cannon  are 
made  of  iron  ;  musket-balls  are  matle  of  lead. 

BIJLL'E-TLV,  n.  [Fr.  bitlletin,  a  ballot,  a  packet,  a 
certificate  ;  Sp.  boletin,  a  ticket,  or  warrant ;  bolcta,  a 
ticket,  a  billet  ,■  Port,  bolcta ;  It.  bullctta,  hullcttino  ; 
properly,  a  roll.] 

1.  Areport  ot  a  state  of  facts,  issued  by  authority, 
as  of  military  operations,  or  of  the  licalth  of  some 
distinguir^hed  personage. 

2.  In  a  wider  scn^e,  any  public  notice  or  announce- 
ment, especially  of  news  recently  received. 

BflLL'E-TIN-BoARD,  7i.      A  board  on  which  nn- 
nouncements  of  news  arc  put  up,  particularly  at 
news-rooms,  printing-ofiices,  &c. 
BULL'I-£D,  (biil'lid,)  pp.     Insulted. 
BIJLL'ION,  rbui'yun,)  n.     [Fr.  billon,  base  coin.J 

Uncoined  gold  or  silver  m  the  mass.  The  precious 
metals  are  called  bullion,  when  smelted  and  not  per- 
fectly refined  ;  or,  when  refined,  but  in  bars,  ingots, 
or  in  any  form  uncoined,  as  in  plate.  Encyc. 

In  politicaX  economy,  this  word  is  used  to  denole 
gold  and  silver,  both  coined  and  uncoined.  P.  Cye. 
BIJL'LI-RAG,  V.  f.    To  insult  in  a  bullying  manner. 

Todd. 


BUN 

ByLL'ISH,  a.    Partaking  of  the  nature  of  a  bu.1,  or 

blunder  Mdton. 

BJJLL'IST,  n.    A  writer  of  Papal  bulla.       Ilarmar. 

BlJL'Lri'E,  n.  A  petrified  tshell,  or  the  fossil  rcniain)i 
of  shells,  of  the  genus  Bulla.  Jaine.ioit. 

BUL  LI"TIO.\,  (li-h'un,)  n.    [L.  bulUo.    See  fiou..] 
The  act  or  state  of  boiling.    Superseded  by  Ebi'l-  ! 
LiTio:*.  Bacon.        i 

BJJLL'OCK,  n.     [Sax.  buUuca;  G.  bulloch^:) 

An  ox,  or  castrated  bull.    In  America,  it  is  applied   ' 
to  a  full-grown  ox. 

BULL'OCK'S-E?E,  (-1,)  n.  A  small,  Uuck  glasa  or 
skylight,  in  a  covering  or  roof. 

BJJLL'Y,  71.    [Sw.  biila,  to  bellow ;  6ui/CT-,  a  tumult ; 
I)an.  bullen,  swelled,  puffed  up;  or,  more  directly,  I 
from  Sax.  bulgian,  to  bbllo\v'.]  I 

A  noisy,  blustering,  overbearing  fellow,  more  dr?- 
tinguished  for  iusolenct-  aud  empty  menaces  than  fur 
courage,  and  disposed  to  provoke  quarrels.  A'l'ii-.f'.:. 

BJJLL'Vj  f.  f.    To  insult  aud  overbear  Willi  If 
blustermg  menaces. 

BJJLL'Y,  V.  7,    'I'o  be  noisy  and  quarrelsome.  . 

BJJLL'Y-ING,  n.  Act  of  bullying,  or  state  oi  ut.ug 
bullied. 

BJJLL'Y-ING,  ppr.    Insulting  with  threats. 

UJJL'RUSII,  H.  [boU,  or  boU,  and  rush.]  A  large  kind 
of  rush,  growing  in  wet  land  or  water,  and  without 
knots,  says  Johnson;  but  Dr>den  calld  it  Ihe  knoUj/ 
bulrwsh. 

'i'he  name  bul>-ush  is  applied,  in  England,  to  the 
Scirpus  lacw^tris,  and  also  to  the  'Pypha  laiifolia,  and 
T.  angUi>t\foUa,  (P.  Cyc, ,)  in  America,  to  the  Jancus 
rffusus. 

BULSE,  n.  A  certain  quantity  of  diamonds.  Wrcxall. 
[India.] 

BUL'TEL,  71.  [See  Bolt.]  A  boUer  or  bolting-clotli ; 
also,  bran.     [JSTot  used.] 

BiJL' VV ARK,  It.  [Sw.  bolvdrck :  D.  boljcerk  ;  Ger.  boll- 
werk;  Dan.  holvtsik ;  from  D.  bol,  plump,  and  a  balL 
Sw.  hula,  W.  bal,  a  protuheraucc,  and  work;  a  pro- 
jecting or  outwork.  Fr.  boulevard  ;  Sp.  and  Port,  ba- 
luartc ;   It.  baluardo.] 

1.  \n  fortification,  a  bastion,  or  a  rampart;  a  mound 
of  earth  round  a  place,  capable  of  resisting  cannon- 
shot,  aud  fnruKd  with  bastions,  curtains,  &c.  Encyc 

2.  A  fortification  ;  also,  any  means  of  defense  ;  as, 
a  navy  is  the  bulwark  of  a  nation. 

3.  Tliat  which  secures  against  an  enemy  or  exter- 
nal annoyance;  a  screen  or  shelter;  means  of  pro- 
tection and  safety. 

Salvaliou  vnW  God  appDiiU  for  walls  aiul  btUiuirit.  —  U.  xxri. 

BUL'WARK,  r.  f.  To  fortify  with  a  rampart ;  to  se- 
cure by  a  fortification  ;  to  protect.    Addison.  Bartoic. 

BUM,  71.    The  buttocks  ;  the  part  on  which  we  sit. 

Johnson. 

BUM,  V.  i.    To  make  a  noise.  Marston. 

BU.M-B.\IL'IFF,  71.     [A  corruption  of  boujid-baUig] 
In  England,  an  under-bailiff;  a  subordinate  civil 
officer,  appointed  to  ser\'e  writs,  and  to  make  arre.-ts 
and  executions,  and  bound  with  sureties  for  a  faith- 
ful discharge  of  his  trust.     \A  vulgar  word.] 

BUM'BARD,  71.     See  Bombard.  [Blackstvnc. 

BUM'BAST,  7(.  [A  dififerent  orthography  of  Bombast, 
which  see.] 

1.  A  cloth  made  by  sewing  one  stuff  ujwn  another ; 
patchwork.  Grnc. 

2.  Linen  stuffed  with  cotton  ;  stuffing;  wadding. 

Ska;.. 
BUM'BLE-BEE,  ji.     [L.  bombus,  a  buzzing.] 

A  large  bee,  sometimes  called  humbU-bec ;  so  named 
from  its  sound. 
BUM'BoAT,  71.    A  small  boat  for  canjing  provisions 

to  a  ship  at  a  distance  from  shore.  .Mar.  Diet. 

Bl.'M'KIN,  n.  [See  Blmpkis.]  A  short  boom  project- 
ing from  each  DOW  of  a  ship,  to  extend  tlieclew  of  the 
foresail  to  windward. 

2.  A  small  out-rigger  over  the  stem  of  a  boat,  to 
extend  the  mizzen.  Mar.  Diet 

BUMP,  n.  [W.  pjomp,  a  round  mass;  pwmpiaw,  to 
tliump ;  allied  to  L.  bombus,  and  Eng.  pomp,  from 
swelling,  thnisting  out.] 

1.  A  swelling  or  protuberance.  Drydai. 

2.  A  thump  ;  a  heavy  blow. 

BUMP,  r.  (.    To  make  a  loud,  heavj*,  or  hollow  noise. 

as  the  bittern.    It  is  also  written  boom.    [U*.  hwnip.] 

Dryden 
BUMP,  v.t.    To  strike,  as  with  or  against  any  thing 

large  or  solid ;  as,  to  bump  the  head  against  n  wall ; 

to  thump. 
BUMP'ER,  /!.    A  cup  or  glass  filled  to  the  brim,  or  idl 

the  liquor  runs  over.  Dryden. 

2.  A  crowded  house  at  a  tlicater,  &c.,  in  honor  of 

some  favorilo  performer. 
BUMP'KIN,  71.    [ftunip,  large,  swelling,  and  fcin.  Sax. 

ci^Tt,  kind,  genus.] 
An  awkward,  i»eavy  rustic ;  a  clown  or  country 

lout.  i->^'- 

BUMP'KIN-LV,«.  Clownish.  [jVbt  asfrf-]  RiehuTdstm, 
BUN,  n.     A  kind  of  cake. 
BUNCH,  71.    [W.  pwng ;  Dan.  bunkc^  frynAr,  a  heap,  or 

heaped  measure.] 
1.  A  protuberance  :  a  hunch  ;  a  knob  or  lump;  as, 

the  ftiiJicA  on  a  camePs  back.  ZsoiaA. 


TONE,  BJJLL,  qNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — e  aa  K  j  C  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH ;  'f  U  as  in  THIS. 


155 


BUO 

^  \  fi'i'i.  •     ->  nnri.i,  r  . .f  th«  iKtinp  kind  KTuwrng 
fctRrih-  f  >n.  Drifden. 

3.  A  :  •  il  tugcUitrr;  a«,  a  5hikJ| 

of  kr>^. /-v*'. 

4.  A  coUrrtKiti  ui  iliiiig«  i  11  knot ;  UR,  a  &HNfA  uf 
tiair  ;  n  bumcM  uf  inre*.  Spmjcr. 

nr\('ll,  r.  i.     To  i»wrll  oul   in  n  jiroluberaiiec  ;  In  be 

proiiibrrjnl  or  rouinl.  H'ootirari/, 

BCNCII,  r.  r.     Tu  form  or  Ue  in  a  bunrh  or  tmnctif*. 
Bl  \<  n  -itvrK-ED,   (bakt,)  a.      lltuKck  and  kacJt.] 

Il  on  the  back  ;  rrixiVed.  SAak, 

y.\  -.  n.     Thr  quality  of  being  btiiichy,  or 

.  .     lube*.  .'yAn*i'rt. 

1  ,   u.     Growing  in  hiinctir«  ;  likr  a  bnncli ; 
'  ifts.  (imp. 

i,.  .  .L.  ».  [Sax.  hfndtl;  D.  ionrfc/ ;  G.  bund^  Atw- 
o>i .  AW.  bindet,  and  Aunf.  Thifl  word  is  formed  ttxnm 
the  root  of  bind,  b<inJ,  bvnd.] 

I.  A  niimN^r  of  ihinfr*  put  togtther. 
9.  A  roll ;  nny  thing  bound  or  rolird  into  a  ronvc- 
nii'nt  fonn  for  conveyance;  aj»,  a  AM»ni/«  of  lace ;  a 
buKdU  of  hay.  Spfttator. 

BUN'DLE,  r.  c.  To  tie  or  bind  in  a  bundle  or  roll; 
ottta  followed  by  up ;  a.<t,  to  bundle  up  clothed. 

IjHke.     Sseift, 
To  biatdle  of;  to  wnd  a  penwn  olT  in  n  hurry,  or 
pet.  IloUoicay. 

Ul'NG,  n.  [Fr.  bondon  ;  G  spund ;  D.  sponds  ;  W.  btengj 
a  bung-hole.l 
The  {itoppie  of  the  orifice  in  tbe  bilge  of  c  cask. 

Mortimer. 
BUNG,  r,  f.    To  stop  the  orifice  in  the  bilge  of  a  cask 

with  a  buna  ;  to  clow  up. 
Br.\"G.\-L5\V,  n.    In  Bentral^  a  country  bouse  or  cot- 
tage, crectrd  by  Europeans,  and  constnictcd  of  wood, 
ktiiitKHi,  inntx,  and  tb.ilch.  Jtlulcom. 

BUNG'-DRAW-ER,  n.  A  wooden  mallet,  of  a  pecu- 
li;ir  f.tnii,  i'iir  lakin^:  the  bunji  out  of  a  cask.  [Local.] 
BL'.\fV-H6LE,  n.  [bun^  and  hoU.]  The  holt;  or  ori- 
fice iu  the  bilge  of  a  cask.  Sometiineit  shortened  into 
Bi-xa. 
BUN"GLE,  (bung'gl,)  r.  i.  To  perform  in  a  clums}', 
awkward  manner;  a.s,  to  bungle  in  making  shoes. 

Drtfden. 
BUN"GLE,  r.  f.  To  make  or  mend  clumsily;  to  botch  ; 

to  roanaee  awkwardly  ;  with  up.  Drydm. 

BUX'GLE,  n.     A  botch;  inaccuracy;  gro^i^  blunder  ; 

clum«>'  performance.  Ray. 

\\\\    c;i,KU.  n.     A  clumsj',  awkward  workman;  one 

v\<^fm■i  without  skill.  Peacham. 

II  NO,  ppr.    Ptrrfonninp  awkwardly. 

.  .  ..     .LING,  a.   Clumsy  ;  awkwardly  done. /?ry<fCTU 

BU*\   GLL\G-LY,  adr.    Clumsily;  awkwardly. 

Benile^. 
BUXK,  R.    [Dan.  bynke^  a  mealtub  ;  Sw.  mfUk-bunke^ 
a  milk-pan.] 

A  cose  or  box  of  boards  for  a  bed  ;  a  teord  used  in 
some  parts  of  Jimerica. 
BUXK'ER,  n.     A  large  bin  or  receptacle  fofTarious 

things,  as  coals,  Sec. 
BUN,     in.    |Scot.  fruii,6M»iii ,-  U.  bunnn  ;  Gr.  (iovvoi. 
BL'NX,  i      a  hill,  and  a  cako  oflercd  to  deities,    if 
signifies  a  mas^  or  collcctton.J 

A  small  rake,  rT  a  kind  of  sweet  bread.      Oay. 
BL'X'IOX,  (bun'yun,)  n.     An  excre^ence  or  ball  on 

the  crcat  too  corrcspondin*:  to  a  com. 
BUNT,  n.    Tlie  middle  pan,  cavity,  or  belly  of  a  sail. 

Mnr.  Diet. 
BUNT,  r.  I.     To  swell  out ;  as  the  sail  bunUf, 
2.  In  popular  langnagfy  to  push  with  tho  horns ;  to 
bult.     rScf  roi5T.] 
BUNT  EU,  «,     A  cant  word  for  a  woman  who  picks 
up  rags  in  the  streets  ;  hence,  a  low,  vulgar  woman. 

Johjiaon. 
Bl^'T'DiG,  n.    A  name  common  to  dificrcnt  species 
nt'  iJir  cenus  Emberira,  as  the  English  or  common 
:.  and  the  snow  buntinc.    The  rice  bunting, 
ink,  is  a  species  of  Icterus. 
;NG, /n.     [tier.  &uii(,  D.  froiif,  streaked,  or  of 
CUNT  INE,  \      dilTercnt  colors.] 

.\  thin,  woolen  stulT,  of  which  tho  coltirs  or  flags 
and  signals  of  ohips  are  made.  Mar.  Diet. 

BUNT'LLVES,  w.  pi.  Rope^  fastened  to  crincles  on 
the  bottoms  of  square  sails,  to  draw  them  up  to  their 
yards.  Mar.  Diet. 

BUOY,  (bwby,)  PI.  [I'r.  bourr,  a  buoj-  •  D.  fton,  a  buoy, 
a  lodge  or  hut,  a  fetter  or  Hhackle,  a  hnndculi'; 
Au  M  II.  t..  h  tipr,  to  buoy;  Gcr.  boy ;  Dan.  boy ;  Rusa. 
'  .1  buoy  ;  probably  from  tlio  nxjt  of  3ax. 

'  I.  that  is,  to  set,  be  fixed,  or  stalionar)- 


J.  A  lioul. 

2.  .\  floatinz  mark  to  point  out  tho  position  of  ob- 
jects beneath  the  water,  a.-*  ancliom,  vhoaN,  riK^k**, 
&c.  Buoys  arc  of  various  k;nds;  as,  fan-*ii«i/,<,  in 
lliu  form  of  a  cone  ;  hkh-Akoc/.*,  which  arr  larce  in 
the  mifi'li'  nii.l  t.infrinj;  nearly  to  a  [loint  at  each 
cud  ;  '  i'ty  ca.iks  employed  to  buoy  up 

flir  c  1  nchoracp. 

Lifi  i  ,  -  ,  -  intended  to  >tupport  persons  who 
have  I'dlli-n  into  Die  water,  until  a  boat  can  bo  dis- 
patched to  :^ave  them. 

To  stream  Uu  buoy,  is  to  let  it  fall  by  the  ship's  sid«* 
into  the  water,before  Icttiog  go  the  aDcbor.  Mar.  Diet 


BUR 

BUOy,  (bwdy,)  r.  u    To  keep  utloal  in  n  fluid  ;  to  bear  I 

up,  or  kct-p  fiuui  liinking  in  a  fluid,  im  in  walt-r  or 

Oir  ;  with  up.  H'ovdieard. 

*i.  To  liupport  or  hustahi ;  toke<*p|>oinbiuking  into 

ruin  or  drsimndi-ncy.  tim-*  Charltj. 

X  To  fi\  tiuctv^,  as  a  direction  lu  niurlncrs. 
BUOY,  r.  i.     'I'o  tUnit ;  to  rise  by  tfiirrttii-  llghlntiM. 

Pope. 
BUOY'AN-C'V.  (bw«y'nn-sy,)  n.    The  i|u:ility  of  fltcit- 

ing  on  the  nurfacr'of  water,  or  In  the  atniosjiticre ; 

sfierirlr  liehlne5x. 
BUOV'ANT.  a.     Flmiting  ;  light ;  that  wdl  not  sink  ; 

having  the  quality  of  rising  or  ll^mtihg  in  a  fluid. 

Thomson, 
3.  Bearing  up,  aa  a  fluid ;  sustaining  another  body. 

Wnusuai.]  Drtfdrm. 

BCOV'.\NT-Ly,  adr.     In  a  buoyant  maniirr. 

Coleridge, 
BUOV'KD,  (bwUyd,)/ip.     Kept  afloat  on  woler ;  sup- 

|>or1i-d. 
BUOY'I.VG,  ppr.     Keeping  afloni ;  sustaining. 
BUOY'-ROPE,  ».     [buov  and  rojic]     The  ruiic  which 

fiL-ttf^ns  a  buoy  to  an  anchor. 
BU-I'RE3'Ti-DAN*,  n.  p!,    A  tribe  of  coleopterous 

insccLt,  of  brilliant  mr-iiUlic  colors.  Kirby. 

BUR,     \ 

DOUR,  >  [Sax.  burA  signifies  a  chamber  or  a  cottage. 
BOR,     S 
BUR,  B.     [Sax.  &urrr,  burdock  ;  \\.  bar,  a  bushy  licad 

or  buncli;  !r.  btrrr^  a  bunch  or  knub;   Fr.  bourrfe, 

bush.i 

1.  Any  nmgh  or  prickly  cnvelupe  of  the  seeds  of 
planis,  whiihiT  a  j>frsi>ti'nl  calyx,  pericarp,  or  projKT 
ctmt,  as  tif  the  chi^liiut  and  burduck. 

2.  A  rnui;hnt'ss  in  ^ouiidini;  Mil-  letter  r. 

3.  .\  lirttad  ring  of  iron  behind  tho  place  for  the 
hand  on  a  »:i>onr  liscd  in  tilting.  Kncyc.  _ 

BUR'BOT,  n.  [from  L.  barbatus,  so  named  from  its 
beard.] 

A  fish  of  the  genus  Gadns,  (G.  I^ta^)  sha[H-d  like 
on  eel,  but  shorter  and  thicker,  with  a  tlat  head,  and 
on  the  nose  il  has  two  small  beards,  and  anollur  on 
the  chin.  It  is  di-i^isling  in  api)eaninf  e,  but  dilicatt- 
fiHxI.     It  is  calird  alsii  ed-pout.  Eneye, 

BUR'DE-LAIi*,  ».     A  sort  of  gra|>e.  JoKn.*on. 

BUR'DtN,  (bur'dn.)  WrilU-n  also  Burtiikn.  [Sax. 
fryrdrn,  hyriXen ;  Sw.  Uirda ;  Dan.  byrde ;  G.  bUrde ;  It, 
beart  or  beirt ;  Gr.  ^o/iroj ;  Fr.  fardeau  ;  Arm.  ford : 

from  bear  ;  L,  fcro  or  porto ;  Pcrs.     ^  yj  btirdan^  to 
carr>-.    See  Bear.]  *^  ■^' 

1.  That  which  i-t  borne  or  carried  ;  n  load.  Hence, 

2.  'I'lial  whirh  is  borrit-  with  labor  or  ditliculty  ; 
that  wliicli  is  grievous,  wearisome,  or  oppressive. 

Milton. 

3.  .\  birth.  Shak. 

4.  [Fr.  bourdon,  a  drone.]  The  verse  rciM-atcd  in  a 
song,  <)rlhii  return  of  th''  ih;'mu  at  the  end  of  each 
verse;  the  chorus;  so  calh^d  from  the  application  of 
this  wi>rd  to  the  drime  or  hoMi,  ami  tlin  piin;  or  strinfi 
which  plays  it,  in  .^n  insiriinicnl.  A  chord  which  is 
to  be  divided,  to  perform  the  int.jrvals  of  music,  wlien 
opL-n  and  undivided,  is  also  called  the  burden.  Eacyr. 

5.  In  common  lan^ua-^c,  that  which  is  often  repeat- 
ed ;  a  subject  on  whic))  one  dwells, 

a.  A  fixed  quantity  of  certain  commoilities ;  as,  a 
burden  of  gnd  steel,  120  pounds. 

7.  'i'liL-  amtenLs  of  a  ship  ;  the  quantity  or  number 
of  tons  a  vessel  will  carry ;  as,  a  ship  of  a  hundred 
tuns  burden, 

8,  A  club,     f vVot  in  use.}  Spenjsn; 
HUR'DAW,  (bnrMn,)  r.  L    To  load  ;  to  lay  on  a  heavy 

load  ;  to  encumber  with  weicliL     Hence, 

S.  'i'o  ojipress  with  any  thing  grievous  ;  ai«,  to  bur- 
den a  nation  with  taxes. 
3.  To  surcharge  ;  lus,  to  burden  the  memory. 
BUR'D/rN-£l),  pp.  or  a.   I^oaded  witli  weight ;  cncum- 

Iiered ;  oppressed. 
BUR'D/rN-ER,  w.     One  who  loads ;  an  oppressor. 
Bl'R'DKN-OUS,  a.    Grievous  ;  heavy  to  be  borne  ;  op- 
pressive. Hidnry. 
j          2.  Cumberdonn:  ;  nseleStJ.                              MUton. 
I  BUR'DEN-SO.ME,  a.     Heavy  ;  grii;vous  to  be  borne  ; 
causing  uneasiness  or  fatigue  ;  oppressive.  Dnjden. 
ni'R'DKXvSuMH-I, Y,  o//r.   In  a  burdensome  manner. 
nrU'DKN-J^OME  NESS,  n.    The  quality  of  being  bur- 
densome ;  heaviness ;  oppressiveness. 
BUR'DOCK,  ».     [bur  and  dock,]    Tho  popular  name 
of  a  genus  of  plant-s  called  Jirdinin,    Thoy  arc  troub- 
lesome weeds. 
Thr  Itiser  burdock  is  a  species  of  Xanthimn. 
BO'REAU,  (bu'ro.)  n.    [Fr.  bureau,  an  olfice,  a  table,  a 
court,  a  chest  of  drawers;  Sp.  bureoy  a  court  of  jus- 
tice ;  Arm.  burell ;  Fr.  &ur«,  a  cloth.    The  primary 
senst'  is  a  rioth  covering  a  tabic,  like  czcJteqacr.    Lu- 
nier.] 

I,  A  cheT.t  of  drawerri,  fur  keeping  i«.'i[>t!rs  or  clothe;'. 
S.  A  de{iartment  for  the  transaction  of  business  by 
a  public  functionary'.     On  Oie  continent  of  Europe,  the 
highest  de|Kinmcnts,  inmost  countries,  have  the  name 
I      of  bureau:  .is,  th'-  bureau  of  Die  minister  of  foreign 
I      airairs.     In  Englaml  and  .America,  the  term  is  con- 
fined to  mfcrior  and  subordinate  departments. 


BUR 

In  SpMtiik,  tUia  word  bureo  is  u  court  of  JuiUee 
for  the  trial  of  ihjrsons  belonging  to  llie  kingV  house- 
hold. 

BU-REAt'eRA-CY,  (bu-rfl'kra  se,)  m.  Asy^I.min 
which  the  bti^iiicss  of  goveriunnit  is  earrt<-il  on  In 
di'partnif-nis,  each  under  the  control  of  a  chief,  in 
cont^adl^llnction  from  a  sy^lel^  in  which  tin  <  iriirr< 
of  goveniinenl  have  a  co-ordinate  aulhorit\.    j 

"  /. 

BU-RE'l*rE',  M.  In  cAffflwfrj/,  an  inslrumeiit.  n        ■    i 
by  Gay-Lussar,  for  the  mirpoe  of  dividing  a  thud  uUo 
huniiredilisorihoUKtnulhs.roiiMstingof  a  laigi 
ualcd  glass  tulH',  and  a  smaller  |iarallel  tube,  com 
ed  with  the  former  at  llie  ba-k.',  and  recurved 
ton.  P,     , 

BURG,  H.  [This  is  the  same  word  as  IIorouoh, 
only  ditference  being  in  tho  pronunciation  of  the 
letter] 

A  borough  ;  originally,  n  fortified  town,  but  _ 

city  or  to\^  n,  which  sends  memin-rs  to  [mrliameal^ 
wluiber  incorporated  or  not.     [See  Itoiioitiii.] 

BURG'AGi-:,  ri.  [fnun  burg.]  In  English  foif,  tenvt 
in  burgu[.'e,  or  burgage  tenure,  is  tenure  in  »ocagi| 
applied  to  cities  or  towns,  or  where  Iioum-s,  or  landl 
which  were  formerl\  the  site  of  houses,  in  an  anrI«M 
borQUgh,  are  held  or  some  lortl  In  common  - '  '  '  . 
a  certain  established  rent ;  a  remnant  of  > 
crtv.  Bii.  . 

BURG'A-MOT,  ».     A  variety  of  [war.     [See  Ueih,* 

MOT.] 

2.  A  kind  of  perfume.     [.See  Bekgamot.] 
UrRfi'A-NET,  )  n.     [Fr.  bourgmsrnote^  from  burg^  In 
BURG'0-XET,  \      the  sense  of  eovrring  or  guarding.^ 

A  kind  of  helmet,  the  Spanisli  murrion. 

Spenser.     Shak, 
BUR-CEOIS',  Tt.     [Fr.  bourgeois,  pronounced  boordh 
tear',  from  bourg,  burg.] 
A  burgess. 
BUR-CEOIS',  (bur-jois',)n.  .\  species  of  Ivpe,  or  print- 
ing letter,  smaller  than  long  primer,  and  larger  tbaB 
brevier.     [See  UoL'Rorois.] 
Bl'R'GEO.N.     .See  nounccoN. 
BUR'GESS,  n.     [Fr.  bourgroii,  from  bourg^  burg.] 
I.  An  inhabitant  of  a  borough,  or  wnlled  town, 
one  who  pos-iesses  a  tenement  therein  ;  a  citizen 
freeman  of  a  borough.  Hlaekstant, 

3.  A  representative  of  a  borough  in  |KirliamenL 

Btaeksumt_ 

3.  A  magi-'-'trate  of  certain  towns.  EncfC  _ 

4.  Before  tlie  revolution,  the  representatives  In  tht 
popular  branch  of  llie  legislature  of  Virginia  w 
called  frurfffc-wr.* :  as,  the  house  of  burgesses.    It  is  now 
called  the  house  of  delegaUs. 

BUR'G  ESS-SHIP,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  a  bM^ 
g(.-ss.  South, 

BURG'GRAVE,  n.  [G.  burggrafi  burg,  a  fortress  or 
fortified  town,  and  graf,  a  count.] 

A  title  in  Germany  ;  applied,  originally,  to  one  np- 
jxiinted  to  the  command  of  a  burg ;  but  anerwara 
it  became  hereditary,  with  a  domain  attached.  Some 
of  the  buTggrarcs  were  immediate  members  of  the 
fonner  German  empire.     Erteh  and  Orubrr,  Eneyr. 

BURGH,  (burg,)  n.  A  different  orthognpliy  of  Bi  •■,. 
BoROLT.ii,  which  see. 

BURGII'-UOTE,  n.  [ftur^A  .ind  ftofc]  In  oW 
contribution  toward  the  building  or  re)»airing 
lies,  or  walls,  for  the  defense  of  a  city  or  town. 

Exi 

BURGII'-BRCCH,  n.     \hurgh  and  break.]     A  fine 
posed  on  a  burgh,  for  a  breach  of  the  peace.  [Knj 

BURGM'ER,  V.     [from  bur^.]      An  inhabitant 
bursli  or  borough,  who  enjoys  the  privil.ges  uf 
boruuch  of  which  he  is  a  freeman.     In  Amenea,  ttll 
applied  to  any  native  citizen,  especially  in  the  staEt 
of  New  York. 

BURGH'ER-.MAS'TER,  n.     Sec  Bunco-MASTKR. 

BlfRGirERSHIP,  n.  The  state  or  privilege  of^ 
burgher.  jff 

BURGH'-M.\S-TER,  H.  [^^Mri'A  and  m<L,Irr.]   A  bnigF^ 
nitL'^ter  ;  also,  an  officer  m  the  tin  mines,  who  din*ctt 
and  lays  out  the  mcers  for  the  workmen,  call,  d  aluo 
bailiff,  and  bar-master.  Ennr. 

BUKGH'.MuTE,  n.  [burgh  and  mote,  meeting.]  Tli 
court  of  a  burgh  or  borough.  Enrt/f. 

BURG'LAR,  n.  [burgh  or  burg,  n  house,  and  Anr 
laer,  a  thief;  whence  Fr.  tarrun.] 

One  guilty  of  nocturnal  housc-brcahing  ;  one  w  h 
breaks  and  enters  a  mansion  house,  with  Intent  i 
commit  a  felony  Coi^- 

Itl.'RG-LA'RI-AN,  n.     .\  person  guilty  of  burglar). 

BURG-La'RI-OUS,  a.    Tertalning  to  burglar)';  cm- 

etituting  tbe  crime  of  burglary. 

To  corn*  douTO  a  diimocT  la  Icid  a  burglariotu  ciiirr. 

Blaekttorn. 

BURG-La'RI-OUS-LY,  ade.  With  an  ihl'iit  to  c(^!l 
roit  burglary  ;  in  the  manner  of  a  burglar. 

Blaekstaiie 

BL'RG'LA-RY,  n-  The  act  or  crime  of  norlni., 
hou^-breaking,  with  an  iiit;;nt  to  cuitnit  a  f  lot  . 
To  constitute  this  crime,  the  act  must  be  comnnti 
in  (he  night,  nr  when  iJiere  is  mit  da>li^lil  eiicu 
to  discern  a  ni:in's  far.-.  It  must  bf  in  a  maii-i 
house,  or  ill  an  adjoin. ng  budding  whicit  i-  a  paM 
parcel  of  tbe  mansion.     Thsru  must   be  an  aciu  - 


F.»n:,  F.\R,  FALL,  WU^T.— M£TE,  PRBY — PTXE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  UQQK.- 


BUR 


breaking  and  an  entry;  but  an  opening  made  by 
the  oliVmlor,  as  by  taking  out  a  pane  of  gUiss,  or 
lifting  a  window,  nii^^ing  a  latch,  picking  a  lock, 
or  removing  any  lasitning,  iimounts  to  a  breaking; 
and  putting  in  of  the  hand,  after  such  breaking,  h 
an  entr}-.  The  act  must  also  be  done  witli  an  in- 
tent to  commit  felony.  B!tn:kstone. 

BURG'O-MAS-TER,  h.  [bur^  and  ma.'^ter.]  A  burgh- 
master  ;  a  magistrate,  or  one  employed  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  a  citv.  The  burgomasters  are  the  chief 
magistrates  of  the  great  towns  in  Holland,  Flanders, 
and  Gernianv. 

9.  An  atpiatic  bird,  the  glaucous  gull,  {Larits  glau- 
cas,)  common  in  arctic  regions,  which  lays  its  eggs 
in  llie  li'tles  of  rocks.  Ed,  Encyc 

lJUR'tJOl  T,  (bur'goo,)  u.  A  kind  of  thick  gruel 
used  bv  seamen. 

^UR'GRaVK,  ".  [biirg  and  C.  graf,  D.  graaf,  a 
count.] 

In  some  European  countries^  an  hereditar>-  governor 
of  a  town  or  castle. 
[Properly  Bcrcgb-\.ve,  which  see.] 

BUR'GU.\'-1)Y,  II.  A  kind  of  wine,  so  called  from 
Bur'nmily  in  France.  S/ieiistone. 

BUR'GL'.VDY  PITCH,  n.  Turpentine  from  which 
the  essential  oil  has  been  distilled  off,  with  the  addi- 
tion of  water.    It  is  used  for  planters. 

BURU  is  the  same  as  burg,  burgh,  with  the  aspirate. 
It  is  Saxon,  and  signifies  a  cit)',  a  castle,  a  house,  or 
tower.  Hence,  in  composition,  it  si^ilies  defense, 
protection  ;  as,  ctecnburh,  (queen-burh,)  a  woman 
ready  to  assist ;  Cuthburh,  eminent  for  assistances. 
GibsoJi's  Camden. 

BUR'I-AL,  (ber'ri-al.)  ».  [See  Bcrt.]  The  act  of 
burjin;;  a  deceased  person  ;  sepulture  ;  interment ; 
the  act  of  depositing  a  dead  body  in  the  earth,  in  a 
lomb  or  vault,  or  in  the  water. 

2.  The  act  of  placing  any  thing  under  earth  or  wa- 
ter :  as,  to  bum  seed  in  the  earth. 

BUR'I-AL-PLaCE,  7(.  A  place  appropriated  to  the 
burial  of  the  dead  ;  a  grave-vard. 

BUR'I-AL  SERVICE,  (ber're-al,)  7i.  The  ser\'icc 
performed  at  tlie  interment  of  the  dead. 

BUR'I--ED,  (ber'rid,)  pp.  or  a.  Deposited  in  the  earth, 
or  in  a  crave. 

BUR'I-ER,  (ber'ri-er,)  n.  One  who  buries  a  deceased 
person.  Skak. 

BU'RIN,  It.     [Fr.  burin  ;  Port,  boril ;  It.  bulino.] 

A  graver;  an  instrument  for  engraving.  Johnson. 

BURKE,  V.  u  [from  the  name  of  the  Irishman  who 
first  committed  the  crime,  in  ISiiS.] 

To  murder  a  person  with  the  intention  of  selling 
the  bodv  for  dissection. 

BtllK'/:D.(burkt, );»;>,  Murdered,  as  above,  [JModern.] 

BURK'IXG,  ppr.    Murdering,  as  above. 

BURL,  r.  u    [See  Burly.]    To  dress  cloth  as  fullers 

do.  JollTlSOll. 

2.  To  pick  knots  and  loose  threads  off  from  cloth. 

^sh. 

BUR'LACE,  n  [A  contraction  of  burdtlais.']  A  sort 
of  grape.  Johnson. 

BURL'ER,  n.    A  dresser  of  cloth. 

BUR-LESaUE',  C-lesk,)  a.  [Fr. ;  It,  burlescv,  from 
burlarf,  to  ridicule  ;  burla,  mucker>',  raillery  ;  Port. 
and  Sp.  burlar,  to  jest  or  scoff;  burtesco^  a  wag,  a 
jester.  The  termination  esque  answers  to  Eng.  ish.] 
Jocular;  tending  to  e:icite  laughter  by  ludicroiis 
imaces,  or  by  a  contrast  between  the  subject  and  tiie 
manner  of  treating  it,  as  when  a  trilling  subject  is 
treated  with  era\itv. 

BUR-LESQUE',n,  "Ludicrous  representation  ;  a  con- 
trast between  the  subject  and  the  manner  of  treating 
it,  which  tends  to  excite  laughter  or  ridicule. 

2.  A  composition  in  which  a  trifling  subject  or  low 
incident  is  treated  with  great  gravity,  as  a  subject  of 
great  dignity  or  importance ;  or  a  composition  in 
which  the  contrast  between  the  subject  and  the  man- 
ner of  considering  it  renders  it  ludicrous  or  ridic- 
ulous ;  as  in  Virgil  Travestie,  the  Lutrin  of  Boiieau, 
Butler's  Hudibras,  and  Trumbull's  McFingal. 

BUR-LESaUE',  V.  u  To  turn  into  ridicule;  or  to 
make  ludicrous  by  representation,  as  by  treating  a 
low  or  trillinp  subject  with  great  gravity. 

BUR-LESa'UER,  (bur-lesk'er,)  n.  One  who  bur- 
lesques or  turns  to  ridicule. 

BUR-LET'TA,T(.     [Italian.    See  BcRLESttUE,  Burlt,] 
\  comic  opera  ;  a  musical  farce. 

BUR'LI-.\ESS,Ti.     [See  Burlt.]     Bulk;  bluster. 

Johnson. 

BUR'LY,  a.  [The  sense  probably  is  swelled.  Hence 
it  accords  with  Russ,  burlyUy  to  be  noisy,  to  swell  as 
^ound.    Ou.  W,  broliaw.     See  Burleshue.] 

Great  in  size  ;  bulky  ;  tumid  ;  falsely  great ;  bois- 
terous. Dryden.     Cowley. 

This  word  is  obsolete,  or  nearly  so,  in  America  :  but 
h-Hrl^-burhj  is  conmion,  in  vulgar  use,  for  noise,  con- 
fusion, uproar. 

BURN,  V.  t, ;  pret.  and  pp.  Burxed  or  Bcbst.  [Sax. 
bemauy  btsman,  or  byrnan^  to  hum  :  bryne,  a  burning 
fire,  ardor ;  Sw.  brinna,  br'dnna ;  G.  brninen ;  D, 
brandat  ;  Dan.  br^ndfi,  from  brand ,-  L.  pruna,  and, 
perhaps,  farnit^,  fornazj  a  furnace.  The  primarj- 
sense  is,  to  rage,  to  act  with  violent  excitement.] 
1.  To  consume  with  fire ;  to  reduce  to  ashes  by 


BUR 

the  action  of  heat  or  fire  ;  frequently  with  up  ;  as,  to  i 
bicm  up  wood.  i 

2.  To  expel  the  volatile  parts  and  reduce  to  cliur-  , 
coal  by  fire  ;  as,  to  burn  wood  into  coal.  Hl-mcc,  in  ' 
popular  laitguage,  to  bumi  a  kiln  of  wood,  is  lo  char 
the  wood. 

3.  To  cleanse  of  soot  by  burning;  to  inflame;  as, 
to  burn  a  chimney  ;  an  cztcnsice  v.<e  uf  die  word. 

4.  To  harden  in  tlie  fire  ;  lo  bake  or  harden  by 
he.it ;  as,  to  burn  bricks  or  a  brickkiln. 

o.  To  scorch  ;  to  affect  by  hent ;  as,  to  burn  the 
clothes  or  the  legs  by  the  fire  ;  to  burn  meat  or  bread 
in  cookerj'. 

6.  To  injure  by  fire;  to  affect  the  flesh  by  heat. 

7.  To  dry  up  or  dissipate  ;  with  up ;  as,  io  burn  up 
tares.  Dnjdm. 

8.  To  dry  excessively;  to  cause  to  wiiliir  by  heat; 
as,  the  sun  burns  tlie  grass  or  j)Iants. 

9.  To  heat  or  inflame ;  to  affect  with  cxcessiv.^ 
stimulus  ;  as,  ardent  spirits  burn  the  stomach. 

10.  To  heat  so  much  in  cookerj-,  as  to  give  the 
food  a  disagreeable  empyreinnatic  tasie.  Hence  the 
phrase  burnt  to. 

11.  To  calcine  with  heat  or  fire  .'  to  expel  the  vola- 
tile matter  from  substances,  so  that  they  are  easily 
pulverized  ;  as,  to  burn  oyster  shells,  or  limestone. 

12.  To  affect  with  excess  of  heat ;  as,  the  fever 
burns  a  patient. 

13.  To  subject  to  the  action  of  fire  ;  to  heat  or  drj* ; 
as,  to  burn  colors.  Ennjc. 

14.  In  surgery,  to  apply  an  actual  cautery  ;  lo  cau- 
terize. 

To  bum  up :  to  consume  entirely  by  fire. 
To  burn  out ;  to  bum  till  the  fuel  is  all  consumed. 
BURN,  r.  i.    To  be  on  fire;  to  rliiuie  ;  ns,  the  mount 
burned  with  fire.  Erodus. 

2.  To  shine  ;  to  sparkle. 

0  prince  !  O  niicrefbre  burn  vrmr  pyes  i  Ro'ce. 

3.  To  be  inflamed  with  passion  or  desire ;  as,  lo 
burn  with  anger  or  love.  Thomson. 

4.  To  act  with  destructive  violence,  as  fir?. 

Sli.tll  ihy  wrilh  burn  like  fire?  — Ps.  Ixx:±ic. 

5.  To  be  in  commotion  ;  to  rage  with  destructive 
violence. 

Tlie  groan  still  decp-^ns  nnd  the  commt  bum:;.  Pope. 

6.  To  be  heated;  lobe  in  aglow  ;  as,  the  face  6ur7?5. 

7.  To  bs  affected  with  a  sensation  of  heat,  pain, 
or  acidity  ;  as,  the  heart  burns. 

8.  To  feel  excess  of  heat ;  as,  the  flesh  burns  by  a 
fire  ;  a  patient  bums  with  a  frver. 

To  6u7-n  out ;  to  bum  till  the  fuel  is  exhausted  and 
the  fire  ceases. 

BURX,  7?.     A  small  stream  ;  a  brook.     [Scottish.] 

BURN,  71.  A  hurt  or  injury  of  any  part  of  the  body, 
caused  by  the  action  of  fire. 

2.  The  operation  of  burning  or  baking,  as  in  brick- 
making  ;  as.  tiiey  have  a  good  burn. 

BURN'A-BLE,  a.     That  may  be  burnt.     [Little  use-d.l 

BURN'£D,  )    pp.  or  a.    Consumed  with  fire,  scorched 

BURNT,  \  or  dried  with  fire  or  heat ;  baked 
or  hardened  in  the  fire. 

BURN'EU,  71.  A  person  who  burns  or  sets  fire  lo  any 
thing. 

2.  An  appendage  to  a  lamp  designed  to  promote 
combustion. 

BURN'ET,  n.  A  plant,  the  Poterium  Sanguisorba, 
common  or  garden  burnet.  Tlie  Sanguisorba  offici- 
nalis, is  the  wild  burnet  or  great  burnet. 

BUItX'ET-SAX'I-FRACE,  n.  A  name  common  to 
different  species  of  plants  of  the  g-nus  Pimpinella. 

BURX'ING,  ppr.  Consuming  with  fire;  flaming; 
scorching;  hardening  by  fire;  calcining;  charring; 
raging  as  fire  ;   glowintr. 

BURN'ING,  n.  Combustion  ;  the  act  of  expelling 
volatile  matter  and  reducing  to  ashes,  or  to  a  calx  ;  a 
fire  ;  inflammation ;  the  heat  or  raging  of  passion. 
In  snrgerjf,  actual  cautery  ;  cauterization. 

BURN'ING,  a.  Powerful ;  vehement ;  as,  a  burning 
shame  ;  a  burning  scent.  Shak. 

2.  Much  heated;  very  hot;  scorching. 

Tlio  burning  plaiti^  of  ludu.  5.  S.  StiiUli, 

BURX'ING-GLASS,  v.  [burn  and  glass.]  A  convex 
glass,  which,  when  exposed  to  the  direct  rays  of  the 
sun,  collects  them  into  a  small  space,  or  point,  called 
a  focus,  producing  an  intense  heat.  The  name  is 
given  also  to  a  concave  mirror  which  condenses  the 
sun's  rays  Encyc 

BURN'ING-MIR'ROR,  7i.  A  single  concave  mirror  : 
or  a  combination  of  plane  mirrors,  so  arranged  as 
to  combine  their  ravs  in  one  focus. 

BURN'ING-THORN'Y-PLXNT,  n.  A  species  of 
Euphorbia  or  spurge.  Fani.  of  Plan's. 

BURN'ISH,  V.  t.  [Fr.  bruuir;  D.  bruineercn :  It. 
brutiire:  Sp.  bruntr.  This  word  undoubtedly  is  of 
secondary  fomiation,  from  the  color  of  flamu.  See 
BvRy.] 

To  polish  by  friction ;  to  make  smooth,  bright,  and 
•llossv  ;  as,  to  burnish  sleid.  Dn/deiu 

BURN'ISH,  r.  i.     To  grow  bright  or  glossy.       Sicift. 

BURN'ISH,  71.     Gloss;   brightness  j   lusler. 

Christ.  Obserc. 

BURN'ISH-ED,(burn'i3ht,)p/t.  Polished  ;  made  glossy. 


BUR 

BURN'ISH-ER,  n.  The  person  who  polishes  or  makes 
glossy. 

2,  .An  inslrunient  usted  in  polii^hine,  of  different 
kinds.  It  may  be  a  piece  of  round  ixilii^hed  Ftecl,  a 
dog's  or  wolPs  tooth,  a  piece  of  copper,  agal4;,or  peb- 
bh-,  &c.  It  is  used  for  giving  a  gloss  or  smoothness 
to  meutU,  to  the  edges  of  books,  Alc. 

BURN'ISH-ING,ppr.  Polishing;  making  smooth  and 
glossy. 

BURN'OOSE, )  7t.    [Sp.  alborno;  ;  Port,  albemoi ;  Pers. 

BURN'OS,        i  ,  1 

'.Uvj  ;  Syr.  pO^,*Q  biruna.] 

An  upper  cloak  or  garment,  used  by  the  Arabs. 
Parkhur.tL 

BURNT,;//),  or  a.  from  Burn.  Consumed;  ecorched ; 
heated  ;  sulijected  to  the  action  of  fire. 

BURNT'-kAR,  77.  A  di-icase  in  grain,  by  which  the 
seed  is  rendered  abortive,  and  its  coat  covered  with 
a  black  powder;  the  ebarbon  {co'aX)  of  the  French,  and 
the  brand  of  the  Germans.  P.  Cyc 

BURNT'-OF'I'EU-INC,  71.  [burnt  and  oSer.]  Some- 
thing ortered  and  burnt  on  an  aJiar,  as  an  atonement 
fur  sin  ;  a  sacrifice  ;  called  also  burnt-sacrifice.  The 
offerings  of  the  Jews  were  a  clean  animal,  as  an  ox, 
a  calf,  a  goat,  or  sheep ;  or  some  species  of  vegciable 
substance,  as  bread,  and  earn  of  wheat  or  barley. 

BURR,  n.    A  roughness  in  sounding  the  letter  r. 

2.  The  lobe  or  lap  of  the  ear.  Did. 

3.  The  round  knob  of  a  horn  next  a  deer's  head. 

4.  The  sweetbread.  \E:teyc 
BURR'-MILL'STONE.    See  Buhb-Stone. 
BURU'-PUMP,   )  n.    A  pump,  having  a  staff  of  6,  7. 
BILfiE'-PU.MP,  S     or  8  feet  long,  with  a  bar  of  wood 

to  which  the  leather  is  nailed,  which  serves  instead 
of  a  box.  This  staff  is  worked  by  men  who  pull  it 
np  and  down,  with  a  rope  fastened  to  the  middle  of  it. 

Enctjc. 

P.URR'-SToNE,  I  n.    A  silicious  or  quartz  rock, "con- 

BUHR'-SToNE,  \  laining  many  irregular  ca\ilios, 
and  used  for  mill-sloncs. 

BUR'RAS-PIPE,  77.  An  instrument  or  vessel  used  by 
surgeons  to  keep  corroding  powders  in.       Johnson. 

BUR'-REED,7i.  A  plant,the  Sparganium.  Muhlenberg. 

BUR'REL,  n.  A  sort  of  pear,  called  also  the  red  but- 
Ur  pear,  from  its  smooth,  delicious,  soft  pulp. 

Philips. 

BUR'REL-FL7,  ».    The  ox-fly,  gad-bee,  or  breeze. 

Johnson. 

BUR'REL-SHOT,  n.  [Fr.  bourreler,  to  torment,  and 
shot.'] 

Small  shot,  nails,  stones,  pieces  of  old  iron,  &c  , 
put  into  eases,  to  be  discharged  among  enemies. 

BUR'ROCK,  n.  A  small  wier  or  dam  where  wheels 
are  laid  in  a  river,  for  catching  fish.  Philips. 

BUR'RoW,  V.  A  difl'erent  orthography  of  Burgh, 
Borough,  which  see. 

BUR'RoW,  II.  [Sax.  bijrgen,  a  sepulcher,  byria,%  lo 
bury,  or  beorgan,  to  keep.] 

A  hollow  place  in  the  earth,  where  small  animals 
lodge,_and  sometimes  deiwsit  their  provisions. 

BUR'RoW,  V.  i.  To  excavate  a  hole  in  the  earth  ;  to 
lodge  in  a  hole  excavated  in  the  earth,  as  conies  or 
rabbits.  In  a  more  general  sense,  lo  lodge  in  any  deep 
or  concealed  place.  The  word  seems  lo  include  tlie 
idea  of  excavating  a  hole  for  a  lodge,  as  well  as 
lodging  in  it ;  but  the  verb  is  not  often  used  tnmsi- 
tiveiy  ;  as,  to  burrow  the  earth. 

BUR'lio^V-ING,  ppr.    Lodging  in  a  burrow. 

BURS'AR,  H.  [See  Bchse.]  A  treasurer,  or  cash- 
keeper  ;  as,  the  bursar  of  a  college,  or  of  a  monaster)- ; 
a  purser. 

2.  A  student  to  whom  a  stipend  is  paid  out  of  a 
burse  or  fund  appropriated  for  that  purpose,  as  the 
exhibitioners  sent  lo  the  universities  in  Scotland,  by 
each  presbvter}'.  Encyc.     Johnson, 

BURS'AR-S'IHP,  II.    The  office  of  a  bursar.    Hales. 

BURS'A-RY,  71.     The  treasury  of  a  college  or  mon- 
astery. 
2.  In  Scotland,  an  exhibition.  Encyc 

BURSCH.  (bursh,)  11. ;  pi.  Bukschen.  [Ger.]  A  youlh  ; 
especially  a  student  in  a  German  university. 

BURSE,  (burs,)  11.  [Fr.  bourse,  a  purse,  the  vesicle  of 
the  gall,  the  hull  or  skin  of  seeds,  an  exchange  ;  D. 
bcurs,  a  purse,  an  exchange,  scrotum;  Ger.  biirse,  a 
purse,  an  exchaiigc  ;  D.  biirsj  the  same;  It,  borsa: 
Sp.  and  Port,  bolsoy  a  purse  or  bag,  r  being  changed 
into  I.] 

1.  A  public  edifice  in  certain  cities,  for  the  meet- 
ing of  men^hanls  to  consult  on  matters  of  trade  and 
money,  and  to  negotiate  bills  of  exchange.  This  is 
ihe  name  used  in  many  cities  in  Europe,  but  in 
England  and  America,  such  building  is  called  an 
eichange. 

2.  \n  France,  a.  fund  or  foundation  for  the  main- 
tenance of  poor  scholars  in  their  studies.  In  the 
middle  ageSy  it  signified  a  little  college,  or  a  hall  in  a 
universilv.  E^^cyc 

BURST,  r.'j. .-  preU  and  jfp.  Bctr'^t.  The  old  p.irticirle 
burs*en  is  nearly  obsolete,  [Sax.  byrstan,  burstan: 
n.  barsten;  G.  bersten  :  Dan.  briste:  Sw.  brista,  to 
burst.  The  word  bristle  seems  to  belong  to  bursty 
denoiing  a  s.^of.] 

1.  To  fly  or  break  open  wilh  force,  or  wiih  sudden 


TCNE,  BULL,  ITNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.~€  as  K ;  6  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

157 


BUS 


BUB 


BUT 


)v  away;  to  *priug  frunt; 


BURST, 

B!'R3T^F?f, 
p,...  ,  .. 

I; 
11 


ron- 

.•/I  Kelt. 

I,   lo  hurst 

I'afe. 

or  ^1  upon  niddanly  orwiili  vinlenc«: 
itiexpeclrdly  ;  n<i,  a  souiul  ImrrU  upon 

'   '         *  .-..--         J   -J   I,iJi|,.||  Of 

>  liver  bnrata 

ilh. 

:..  I  '  r.r  IK  '-nn  iriii-  ii'ikui  -■Mi<i«iily  ;  ns,  to 
kmrsi  int  1  u-nr*. 

C.  To  hr-ik  or  n*«b  tn  wUh  vi»I<'in'e  j  aw,  lo  Mrrt 
into  :\  ' 

7.  ',  ,  asiiT)  nlMWMH. 

il  i  ,1  intfii-ilvi'  partlclr;  lu, 

cwf,  /IT-  1.  '.;.-/",  f.-'»  ••.  or    ■'■'(lifer. 

BL'IIST,  c.  (.  To  brrak  or  rciiil  by  font?  or  vhiJcnco  ; 
lo  open  sHddrnly  ;  il«,  to  bttrti  a  chntn  or  n  door  ;  lo 
hunt  n  cannon. 
BintST,  n.  A  snddt-n  brtnkiii!;  fiith  ;  n  dr-ruplion ; 
a  violent  rrndlng ;  mort  approprialelft,  n  Middon  ex- 
pliL'iion  or  ^<(ioolin?!  forth  ;  a",  n  burft  of  lluindcri  a 
barst  of  iipplnuac  ;  ii  bitrjt  ol"  i)a.-»stnn. 

a.  A  rnpmre  or  Iirmin.or  the  nnnntum!  protrusion 
of  the  roiitcnts  uf  the  nbdomcn. 

y;..  or  n.    Artecled  with  a  rupture  or 

hernia. 
)t>pnt'd  or  rent  nsundrr  hy  violpncc. 
r.r^ti,  ,1.    The  state  of  having  a  niplure  ; 
One  that  Inir-t--.  (thf  hernia. 

ppr.    Rending  or  parting  by  violence; 
exploding. 
BURST'-WORT,  n.    The  Hemiaria,  a  plant  fiaid  to 

b^  co-hI  a^inst  hernia  or  ruptures. 
BURT,  II.     A  tlat  li-^h  iiilheturhol  kind.       Jahnson. 
BrRTH'JC.V.    Ste  Bcruen. 

BUR'TON,  fi.    A  sninM  tnrkle  formed  by  two  blocks 

or  pntleys,  u*cd  to  sri  np  trc  tiishten  llie  topmost 

ffhn^iift«,  and  fur  variont  oilier  puri)o:<rrt  ;  railed  also 

■      '    -'      ■'(.':!(.  -V«ir.  Diet, 

;  .)  H.    This  word  is  a  different  orthoR- 

/,  fturA,  bifrou^h.    It  f«iciHties  a  liouse, 

i,,,i.r  ,1 ..r  canttp,  nnd  in  nuiiud  in  many  n;unC3 

of  pl.ir»r'«,  a-*  in  SftrrttjburUy  D-jnlunj^  Jilsiermanbttr^. 
Thf  worit  !•■  iiJ'td  hy  Grew  f'T  fcurru'ir. 
BUR'Y,  (ber'n-,)  r.  L     [Sax.  byrian^  burgan^  lo  bury  ; 
bvrgnty  a  loinb  or  sepulchcr;  allied  to  btorgan^  lo 
save.] 

I.  To  dciKisit  a  dcceajed  person  in  tlie  grave ;  to 
hiter  a  corpse  :  to  rntomb. 
a.  To  rover  wrth  <:irtli,  as  seed  jiown. 

3.  To  bide;  to  conceal;  to  overwhelm;  lo  cover 
wiUi  any  thing;  as,  to  bury  any  one  in  the  ruins 
of  a  city. 

4.  To  wiihdraw  or  conceal  in  retirement;  as,  lo 
bury  oneN  self  in  a  mona-ftory,  or  in  solitude. 

5.  To  commit  to  the  water;  lo  deposit  In  the 
ocean  ;  as,  dead  bo*lif::i  ftirri'-rf  in  Ih?  deep. 

6.  To  place  one  thing  within  another. 

Thy  aasne  ao  burictf  Ui  her.  ahak. 

7  To  forcet  and  forgive ;  to  hide  in  oblivion  ;  as, 
to  frirnr  an  injury. 

To  bury  the  hatthfi^  in  the  strikini;  metaphorical 
Inneinffp  of  Ameriran  Indians,  i.s  to  lay  aside  the 
in^iruiiienLi  of  uiir,  fiirptl  injurii-!?,  and  make  peace. 

BL'lt'Y-INf:,  (bcr'rft-ing,)  ppr.  Interring;  hiding; 
rovt-rinc  wiih  enrtli ;  ovenvlielming. 

Bl.R'VINt;.  (bfr're-inc,)  a.  The  act  of  interring  the 
df-ai)       •■(i-if'ir  ■      ,AiArt  xii.  7. 

Bl'R'^  \r),  M-     A  gTavc->'ard  ;  a  place 

BUR  ^  S     appropri.it''d  to  the  Bcpnl- 

lur  ■        1  cliurcli-jaril. 

BUSH,  II.  L  W.  tt'HcA  ,■  G.  bujeh  ;  Dan.  bivh  ;  ?\v.  buske ; 
lu  Ihtjco  :  Sp.  bosipte;  Port,  bofqap  ;  whenre  i'p.  bo»- 
cagf^  Fr.  boragf.  It.  bonrata^  a  grovo  or  clii-<ler  of 
trees.  Uu.  Gr.  /?jff«'.i,  L.  pateo^  originally,  to  feed 
on  sprouts.] 

1.  A  jihnib;  particularly  a  Bhrub  with  branches 
rbdng  fmm  or  near  the  n>ot ;  a  tlilfk  rhnib  ;  also,  a 
clujiier  of  »hnil«i».    With  hunten*.  a  fox  tail. 

^i'f '    '-.      iWaUrr.     Enair.    ^lih. 


In  I 


xindinc  in  ir'-rri  or  b»*hrs, 

■^<c  of  ihe  word,  as  in  the 

■.  A^      .  u      1   by  Cljimcfr. 

I :<  ili*^   I'.ritiAh 

;  Moiw,  where 

■  nrh.] 

It  a."*  a  tavern 

fi  diti-oniln- 

r  out  ax  a  tav- 

Kii;;li.-ih  proverb, 

F.ncifc. 


roV 
it  mi; 

3.   A  l.riiiiJi  ul  a  U-  ._■  ;. 
sign,     llenr",  sinrc  the  '  - 
ucd,  a  coronated  I'nme  >■' 
em  sign,  i-i  so  called.     Iltn;  • 
"  Good  wine  needs  no  bu!»h." 

[/  JtnotD    iwC   that  this    is  »o  used    in    the    United 
StattJ.] 

4    A  circle  of  metal  let  into  the  sheaves  of  such 
blocks  as  have  iron  pins,  to  prevent  iheir  wearing. 

Mar.  DieL 


'!"<         t\  in  iippllrnblo  to  a  like  rlrrle  In  other  1 
n4  lo  till'  k«7-lii>lo  uf  a  watch,  liie  vent 

( iiiH  ywiit  when  applied  lo  sheave-'  >'  r  ."■  ■•  '  ■  '■,  I 

but  when  npplied  t.i  iIk'  rifculiu  iron  <  ; 

io,  tn   Ainrnra.raltt-il  ii  Icr.     Uu.  It. 

irci*;  bcusitlo,  a  littb-  ln»v.     Ji>hn-«nn  wi,.    - 

BI'J^II,  r.  I.     To  crow  thick  or  iMi-hy.  Mitton, 

ufjHil,  r.  f.    To  fnriiHh  a  Work  with  a  buMi.or  lo  line 

anv  orifice  wilh  ineinl  to  prevent  wearing. 
BUSlriil.,  ».    (I'r.  ftoit.'^-nii ,'  Arm.  b<*fsfl;  Norm,  tnut- 

fet ;  probnitly  from  ftaurr,  boUe^  a  box ;  It.  bostolo, 

thill  If,  a  little  Ixix.J 

1.  A  drj'  measure,  rontuhiing  ei'„'bl  gnllon^.or  four 
pecks.  The  \Vinchc^ter  bnihel,  nsed  in  Kngliinil 
from  the  iiinr  of  lli-nry  VII.  IoiIk-  year  liiif;,  con- 
tain" right  pillions  ol  wheat  ;  each  giillon,  ei^lil 
poundN  III"  wIkiiI,  troy  wei(jht  ;  ihe  |>ound,  twelve 
ounee-i  troy  ;  the  oinKe,  twenty  firrlinc-*,  and  the 
t<terlinc,  thiriy-twu  grains  df  wheal  grtminq  in  the 
middle  of  ihe  ear.  The  coni.nlfi  ant  21.V).1J  Nwlid 
inchc-i,  e^ptivabnl  to  I  i:U  ountem  nnd  M  jM-nny- 
weiglils  irov.  In  l^^'Jii,  liie  iiii(irri:il  buKh'-l  was  in- 
troduced into  Kngland,  contnming  aaiH.l*>J  cnbic 
inches  ;  eo  that  33  of  the  old  or  Winchester  hiit«lielrf 
are  verv  nearly  erpiat  to  3"^  imperial  bushel».  Brandt. 

The  \Vinch'ertUr  bufhel  is  used  still  in  the  United 
Stales. 

ffu.ihfl  signilles  botii  the  <iunntity  or  capacity,  and 
Ihe  vesnil  whicli  will  runtiiui  tlie  quantity.  Itut  :i 
vessel  of  this  kind  i,^  not  in  use.  The  half  bushel 
meaiiurc  is  used. 

2.  In  popular  language^  a  largo  quantity,  Indefi- 
nitely. Johiuvn. 

3.  The  circle  of  iron  in  thi'  nave  of  a  wheel;  in 
America,  cnlb-d  a  frwr-     [^'eo  Bfsir.] 

BIJSH'KK-AC;C,  iu  A  duty  imyabb-  on  rommodilia'J 
by  the  linshil.     [A"»f  uned  in  the  United  HUiteg.] 

HltfHKT.   M.     A  wtM.d. 

Bi;."'H'I  NF.S3,  h.  [from  bush,  btu^hy.]  The  quality  of 
being  bushy,  ihick,  or  inlcrmixed,  like  the  brnuchos 
of  a  bush. 

BUSII'-M.\.V,  II.     [D.  boseh-many  boschje.*'ja,t!t.] 

A  woodriman  ;  a  name  which  Ihe  Dutch  give  to 
a  tribe  of  Willi  and  ferocious  inhubitai^ts  ol"  Africa, 
near  the  Ch\h:  of  Good  Hope. 

BUrMI'MENT,  w.  [from  fcioA,]  .\  thicket ;  a  cliiMter 
of  bushes.    LVut  ustdA  RiiU^h. 

BJjSirV,  a.  [from  buA.]  Full  of  branelies ;  thick 
and  spreading,  like  a  bush  ;  as,  a  biishtf  beard  or 
brier.  Bacon. 

2.  Full  of  buwhetf ;  overgrown  wilh  t^hrubs. 

Dnfdm. 

BUS'I-EI),  (biz.'zid,)  pp.  of  Buit. 

BUS'I-LESS,  (biz'ze-Iess,)  a.  [See  Bt>v.]  Wilhonl 
business  ;  at  leisure  ;  unetnidoyed.  Shak. 

BUS'I-LY,{biy.'/.e-ly,)flf/r.  With  constant  occupation  ; 
actively  ;  eaniesliy  ;  as,  tu  be  bu^tiht  employed. 

•J.  With  an  air  of  hurr>'  or  importance  ;  wilh  too 
much  curiosity  :  importunalely  ;  officiously.  Dryden. 

BUS'I-.NE^S,  (biz'ness,)  n.  [See  Brsv,]  Employ- 
ment; that  which  occupies  ihe  tinie^  attention,  and 
labor  <»f  men,  for  Ihe  pnriiose  of  prohl  or  impri»ye- 
meiil ;  a  iPOrd  of  rzlcnuire  «.«•  and  xud'Jinitc  M-jnifi- 
cation.  Bujinejij  is  a  particular  occupation,  as  agri- 
culture, trade,  mechanic  art,  or  profession,  and  wh-n 
used  of  a  particular  employment,  the  word  admits  of 
the  plural  number,  busines^e-f.  Business  is  also  any 
temporary  employment. 

2.  ,\irairs:  concerns;  as,  a  man  leaves  his&twinMj* 
in  an  unsettled  slate. 

3.  The  subject  of  employment  ;  that  which  en- 
gages the  care  and  attention. 

Yuii  art-  ao  mvich  tlic  liuinttt  of  our  aoul*.  Drydtn. 

4.  Serious  engagement ;  important  occupation,  in 
*  distinction  from  trivial  aflhirs. 

It  •tiotiM  1"^  the  main  ttimnm  of  lift;  lo  Kr.f  Hod,  aud  bt*y  hU 
CO  mil -a  lid*. 

5.  Concern  ;  right  of  action  or  interposing ;  lu, 
what  bu.iint.ts  has  a  man  with  the  disputes  of  others  ? 

0.  A  iwint :  a  matter  of  question  ;  someUiing  lo  be 
examined  or  considered. 

ritnm  to  ^vmi  ht  n  perplexed  biiiine*f.  Baton. 

7.  Something  to  Ik.-  flono ;  emploj-menl  of  Impor- 
tance to  one's  Inlercsi,  opposed  lo  amu/^ement;  as, 
we  have  no  bujiine.''i  in  town. 

TUfy  »rn>  fir  from  ll»-  '/kJonluu,  uiid  hij  do  btuintis  wUli  ;>ny 

0U8.— J...!r»- 

8.  Duly,  or  employment  that  duty  enjoins.  A 
lawyer's  bujincfji  is  lo  do  justiee  to  his  clients. 

To  do  the  bu.finf.-is  for  a  man,  is  to  kill,  destroy,  or 

ruin  nim. 

BlfS'I-NF.rJS-MKE,  fl.     Being  in  tlie  tnte  manner  of 

BUSK,  n.     [Fr.  hnttjnr.]  [business. 

A  piece  nf  steel,  whalebone,  or  woofi,  worn  by 

women  on  Ihc  br*'a«i,  to  form  ihc  shape  ;  a  word  dr- 

Ctndtiit  on  fojtftion.  Donne. 

SK,  ».     A  hush.     [A*of  i/.»rrf.] 
BUSK.  r.  i.     To  be  aetivr  or  btHv.     This  is  probably 
the  Saxon  word  byggian,  lo  busy,  or  the  Sp.  buMcar, 
to  search.     Du.*k   is   still    n-;^!    in    AmTica.      [See 
Bi;9Y.j     Fairfax   useo   it   in   the    swnso   of   prepare^ 


imnsilively,  "to  buak  them  to  batlle.**    In  ihe  BoM 

tish  dialect,  it  signilies  to  drtss  or  att,re. 
BUSK'/:D,  (tmskt,)  a.     W  earing  a  busk.  PoU»k, 

BUSK'ET,  »i.    A  Binall   bush,  or  a  cum|Mmn<- i>t  f^ 

Klinibi  In  a  ganlen.  .*•, 

BUSK'I.V,  n.    A  kind  of  half  boot,  or  hish  ^l 

erlng  the  foot  and  hi;  to  ihe  nii.i.ii.-  .in.i  ti 

nenih  the  kme,  worn  by  ac : 

stage.     The  bu-iklns  of  tlie  n 

soles,  to  raise  the  actors  ami  .    :. 

of  the  |H  rs'ins  they  repre-^i-nted.  ' 

2.  In  clr)s>ic  auihorv,  llie  word  is  used  f<'f 
BUSK.'iN-£U,  (buak'iiid,)  fl.    Dressed  in  bu  ; 

BU.SK'Y,  a.    Bushy ;  wooded  ;  shaded  or  i 
with  trees  or  shrubs;  grn.nillv  u  nttrn  Lo,'        ^.  _ 

Bl-All.j  ^'dA. 


BUSS,N.   [I'cr. 


.^/d(i  ;  Ar.  , 


to   ki.^s ;    Jj.    banio ;    I'r.   baiser ;    Norm 

bt^ar  i    I'ort.  beijar;    It,  bnriare:   D. 

The  verb  may  be  from  iIk-  noun,  an 

the  name  of  the   lip;  at  any  rule, 

radical  sense, topusti ;  Per.  pui,  the  lii> .  > 

bus.  the  lip  ;  D.  pots,  a  ki(*R,  a  yu>^,  w  fin 

girl ;  Sp.  iwo,  a  kiss  ;  Port,  i^ifff,  ilie  li[> 

Kiss;  II.  bado.    This  word,  Bo  veiiiralde  i.  .  .,-  .,„. 

liquiiy  and  general  use,  h.t.s  fallm  into  difrtpnle.] 

1.  A  kis.s ;  a  s;Uule  wilh  the  lips. 

2.  [\ybuU;  G.biiae;  lUiss. 6ijj«(1.]  A  small  vcM^. 
fruniViOto  70  tuns  burden,  carrying  twnmn^i^,  ani 
two  shodif,  or  cnbiiid,  one  at  each  end;  used  in  Ite 
herring  fisliery.  En-'-tje.    ,Mi-    '•  ■•. 

BUSS,  r.  (.    To  kiss  ;  lo  nalute  wilh  the  lip^. 
BUS'!',  H.     [It.  and  Sp.  bmlo  :  Fr.  bnste;  L.  >■ 

1.  In*rHy;>(ti«,  the  figiireof  aporsun  in  n  I  i  ..-..i- 
ing  only  the  head,  shoulders,  and  sloinacli ,  ordina- 
rily placed  on  a  pedestal  or  console.  In  sprakiiiieC 
an  antique,  we  say  the  head  is  marble,  and  ilio  iwd 
porptiyr>-,  or  bronze ;  that  i^,  the  shoulders  and 
stomach. 

2.  The  chest  or  Ihomx ;  the  Imnk  of  Hie  humtt 
body.  /.piryt. 

BI.'ST'ARD,  n.  [bus  and  tarda :  It.  ot»r>.'a .  fr. 
oularde.    Ancient  Celtic,  tarda.    Plln.  10,  'i,\] 

The  Otis  tarda,  a  species  of  bird  of  the  Gndtii 
order,  growing  to  the  weight  of  2.i  or  27  (mcithI-, 
with  a  breadlh  of  wing  of  six  or  seven  fei  i.  It  in- 
habits England,  and  the  temperate  regioiMui  I'linips, 
and  of  parts  oi  Asia  and  Africa,  iVedin;;  «  :i  :'rcen 
corn  nnd  olher  vegetables,  nnd  on  earth-w.  n:[i'.  U 
runs  fast  and  takes  tlighl  with  ditnculty.       r.'i^ifc. 

BUS'TLE,  (bus'l,)  r.  i.  [Tliis  word  may  be  allied  lo 
fitts-u,  or  to  L.  festino.] 

To  slir  quick  ;  to  be  very  active;  to  be  very  quiel 
in  motion,  olicn  or  usually  wiili  the  sense  of  note 
or  agitation. 

And  Iravc  the  world  for  me  lo  buttlt  in.  £3tnk, 

BUS'TLE,  (bus'l,)  n.  Hurry  ;  great  stir  ;  ranid  motloa 
with  noise  and  agitation ;  tumult  from  litirring  or  sfkt 
tation  ;  comliuslion. 

AH  vroulti  have  br^n  well  williout  tJiU  hutttt.  ^/>#(SaH»i  ■ 

BUS'TLER,  (Ims'br,)  n.     An  active,  stirring  pei 

BUS'TLI.N'G,  (luis'ling,)  ptir.  or  a.    Stirring 
actively,  with  noise  or  agiialion. 

BUST'O,  n.    A  bust;  sometimes,  pcriiap?.  ' 
Ktaliie. 

BUS'V,  (biz'zy,)  a.  [Sax.  bysi,  by.fi^;  wh 
business,  btj-igian,  lo  busy  ;  D.  brzig,  bu?-; 
to  biipy,  to  "use.  This  word  appears,  frnni  > 
l«»  be  composed  of  6r,  the  prefix,  and  :i.',  ■ 
se,;  contracted  in  inf.  to  fini,  but  retail 
prel.  IO*,  and  in  the  derivative,  :r^/,  sigh; 
viieibte.  We  find  br-i<ftigen  signifii's  lo  \'\v\ 
ojiinion  is  correct,  the  primary  sense  is  acciui 
closely  in?»pi-ctini:.j 

1.  Employed   with  constant  attention  ;   CHj 

aliout  something  that  renders  intcmnnion  incoOf^ 
nient :  as,  a  man  is  b;tsy  in  posting  his  bo*>ks. 

My  mutjTSS  is  iiu#j/,  niul  Cin  nol  cojiif . 

2.  Actively  employed  ;  occupied  without 
constantly  in  motion  ;  as,  a  bn.-nf  bee. 

3.  Active  in  that  which  does  n.ii  cnnecn 
son  ;  meddling  wilh  or  prying  into  the  afi  i 
crs  ;  officious  ;  importunate  :  lience,  lr«>' 
vexatious.  '^  ■ 

4.  Much  occupied  with  employment;  a->t   a 
day. 

BUS'V,  (biz'zy,)  r.  (.    To  employ  with  constant  altail' 


tion  ;  to  keep  engaged  ;  lo  make  or  keep  busy 
busy  one's  self  with  books. 

To  Lc  b^uict  Willi  g^iiu*  Jintl  apccim. 
BUS'Y-BOD'V,  (biz'zy-bod'y,)  n.  [bwnj  an  ' 
meddling  iK-rson  ;  one  who  officiously  con- 
self  wilh  the  aflairs  of  otiiers.  /  <.'  '■ 
BUS'Y-INO,  (biz'zv-inE,)/»;w.    Constantly  emplnji' 
j  BUS'Y-.MT.ND'ED,  a.     Having  an  .nctivc  mind. 

BUT,  part,  for  bulan.     [Sax.  butan,  biiton,  biJa.  buu, 

i      withoui,  on  the  outsid:-.  abroad:  he-.ce.  except, or 

exrepting,  b??idcs;  Ihal  Is,  separated,  nol  inchideo. 

I      The  verb  is  not  in  the  Saxon  ;  but  in  Dutch  we  tart 


* 


M,  lo      ) 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH*T.  — METE,  PRBY.  —  PIVR,  MARr.NE,  B7RD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOQK. 


IM 


BUT 


Ak  verb  in  ta  primary  sense,  buiien,  to  rove  or  wan- . 
der  to  go  Ireebooting  ;  bud,  hnoiy  ;  baitmi,  o«:t,  with- 
ont'  abroad,  be.^idi-s,  except ;  buiitn  board,  overboard  ; 
huiteii  dear,  out  of  doors  ;  buUcn  huL<,  an  out-lioiise  ; 
buiten  man,  an  out-man,  a  stranger;  G.  bnitr,  booty  ; 
8w.  biju,  bnotv  ;  b'lta,  to  excliangr" ;  Dan.  byue,  booly, 
a  nartina.  division,  distribntiou  ;  bfitte,  to  part,  divide, 
exchanoe,  barter;  Sp.  botiu;  It.  bottino :  Fr.  fr«fiH, 
bootv.  ''I'he  primary  sense  vf  bootit  is  to  rove  or  wan- 
der, to  [lart  or  separate  from  ;  applied  to  persons,  it  is 
lowaiiiier;  applied  to  tilings,  it  may  include  strip- 
ping. But,  then,  is  a  contraction  of  bufan,  and  pri- 
marily a  participle.! 

1.  Except  i  besides  j  unle.-:.=. 

Who  c-vii  il  be,  but  perjured  Lycon  r  SmiUt. 

Tliat  is,  removed,  separated,  excepted.  Lycon  be- 
ing separated,  or  excepted,  wbo  can  it  be : 

And,  but  iiifinnity, 
Which  wails  uron  worn  times,  baili  someihinj  seized 
His  wished  aliilily,  he  bad  hlniaeU 
The  tuuJj)  aaid  waters  iiieasurcd.  Shak. 

T'lat  is,  except,  unless,  separate  tiiis  fact,  tbat  in- 
firmity had  seized  his  ability,  he  had  nieasiu'ed  the 
lands  and  uaters. 

In  this  use,  but,  hntan,  is  a  participle,  equivalent  to 
excepting,  and  may  be  referred  to  the  person  speak- 
ing, or,°more  naturally,  it  is  equivalent  to  PTceptcd, 
and  with  the  following  words,  or  clause,  forming  the 
case  absolute. 

Who  wn  it  be,  Lrcon  bein»  exwpled  i 

And,  but  my  noble  Moor  is  tins  of  mind,  it  were  euough  lo  put 

him  ii>  ill  thinking.  Shak. 

h  can  not  be  bm  Nature  b-ilh  some  direclor,  of  iiifioiie  power,  to 

guide  her  iu  ail  her  wjys.  Hooker. 

There  is  no  question  but  the  king  of  Spain  wiU  reform  most  of 

the  abuses.  Afidison. 

It  is  not  impossible  but  I  nuiy  ^ter  the  complexion  ot  my  play. 

Dryden. 

In  the  last  three  examples,  that  is  omitted  after  but. 

It  is  uot  imposrfWe  but  that  i  itL'.y  cliei-  th^^  complexion  ol  my 
play. 

In  these  and  all  sijnilar  phrases,  but  denotes  separa- 
tion, exception. 

2.  Only  ;  as,  there  is  bitt  one  man  present. 

A  formidable  man  but  to  his  Ericnds.  Dryden. 

This  use  of  but  is  a  modern  innovation,  but  per- 
haps too  firmly  established  to  be  corrected.  In  all 
such  phrases,  a  negative,  nut,  voVuug,  or  other  word, 
is  omitted.  He  is  not  a  formidable  man,  but  to  his 
enemies ;  that  is,  except.  There  is  not  but  one  man 
present ;  that  is,  there  is  nt>t  except  or  besides  one  pres 
enl.  So,  also,  "  Our  light  affliction  is  but  for  a  mo 
ment."  2  Cor.  iv  Our  affliction  is  not,  except  Tir  a 
moment. 

II  they  kill  ub,  v/e  abRll  but  di?.  —  2  Kin^  vii. 

The  common  people  in  America  retain  the  origin- 
Si  and  correct  phrase,  usually  employing  a  nrgative. 
They  do  not  say,  I  have  but  one.  On  the  other  band, 
they  say,  I  have  not  but  onci ;  that  is,  I  have  not  ca- 
cepl  one  ;  except  one,  and  I  have  none.  This  word 
but,  for  buian,  is  not  a  conjunction,  nor  has  it  the 
least  affinity  to  that  part  of  speech. 
BUT,  conj.  [Sax.  bote,  reparation,  satisfaction,  com- 
pensation; and  adverbially,  moreover,  further,  that 
is,  something  added  to  make  good,  to  supply  that 
which  is  wanted,  from  betau,  to  make  better,  or 
more,  to  amend,  that  is,  to  advance;  D.  bocte;  Sw. 
biite;  Dan.  baade:  VV.  buz,  advantage.  So,  in  Ger. 
aber,  but,  is  the  Eng,  oi^rr.  In  son:e  of  these  lan- 
guages, it  denotes  a  fine  or  penance,  that  which 
makes  satisfaction.  In  Danish,  profit  ;  baade,  to 
gain  or  profit  ;  W.  hiziaw  ;  Goth,  botijan,  id.  :  G. 
busse,  bvssm  We  use  this  word  as  a  noun,  in  the 
phrase,  He  gives  a  guinea  to  boot,  that  is,  to  make 
good,  to  satisfy,  or  by  way  of  addition ;  and  as  a 
verb,  in  the  phrase,  What  boots  it?  what  gain  or 
profit  is  it?  It  is  radically  the  same  word  as  bet 
in  better;  and  the  radical  sense  is,  to  advaTice.J 

More  ;  further  ;  notin'T  an  addition  to  supply  what 
is  wanting  to  eUtcidatc  or  niodiiy  the  sense  of  the 
preceding  part  of  a  spniencc,  or  of  a  discourse,  or  to 
continue  the  discourse,  or  to  exhibit  a  contrast. 

Now  abide  l.-iidi,  hope,  ch-irily,  these  three;  but  the  gi-eatest  of 

these  is  charity,  —  1  Cor.  Jtiii. 
When  pride  coroeih,  then  cometli  shame;  fcutwilh  the  lowly  Is 

wisdom.  —  Prov.  xi. 
Our  v.-anis  are  many  and  grievous,  but  quite  of  anoUicr  land. 
The  house  of  represcntatiBes  were  well  agreed  in  passbg  the 

bill;  fiuttlie  s>!aate  difisent^d. 

This  word  is,  in  fact,  a  noun,  equivalent  to  addition 
or  supply ;  but,  in  grammatical  construction,  no  in- 
convenience results  from  considering  it  to  be  a  con- 
nective. 
BUT,  n.  [Fr.  bout,  end,  extremity,  and  6k(,  end,  aim, 
design  ;  Arm.  but  or  baut.  It  is  sometimes  written 
butt,  espf^cially  when  applied  to  the  end  of  a  plank. 
U  cnincides,  in  sense  ami  fUinents,  with  L.  peto,  Sp. 
6o/f ,  a  thrust,  botar,  to  cast,  It.  botta,  botto,  boUare, 
Fr.  bot-te,  bonder,  Eng.  void,  and  many  other  words. 
S.-eBuTT.] 

1.  An  end  ;  a  limit ;  a  bound.  It  is  used  particu- 
larly for  the  larger  end  of  a  thing,  as  of  a  piece  of 
timber,  or  of  a  fallen  tree  ;  that  which  grows  nearest 
the  earth     It  is  not  often  appli-d  to  the  bound  or  lim- 

G^  jand  ;  yel  buiUd,  for  bouniled,  is  often  used. 


BUT 

3.  The  end  of  a  plank,  in  a  ship's  side  or  bottom,  i 
which  unites  witli  another  ;  generally  writt-n  Bt-xr. 

X  A  mark  or  object  of  ridicule. 

4.  The  foot  or  end  of  a  play. 
BUT,  V.  i.    To  be  bounded  by  ;  to  lie  contiguous  lo  ;  a 

word  used  in  .^mcriai.     [Si-e  Ant;T.j 

BUT'-END,  71.  [but  and  end.]  The  hirgest  or  blunt 
end  of  a  thing ;  as,  the  but-md  of  a  musket,  or  of  a 
piece  of  timber.  This  word  is  tautological,  but  and 
end  signifying  tlin  samn  thing  ;  tmless  but  is  consid- 
ered as  equivalent  to  sirr.lUng,  prctubcrant. 

BIJTCIl'EK,  n.  [Fr.  bouchcr;  Arm.  boozer,  a  butcher ; 
Fr.  bouchcrie  ;  It.  becchcria,  butchery,  shambles.  'J'he 
primary  sense  probably  is  to  stick  or  stab,  as  the  Fr. 
bouchcr  signifies  to  stop,  that  is,  to  set,  to  thrust.] 

1.  One  wlio  slaughters  animals  for  market ;  or  one 
whose  occupation  is  to  kill  animals  for  the  table.  The 
word  may,  and  often  does,  include  the  person  who 
cuts  up  and  sells  meat. 

2.  One  who  kills  men,  or  commands  troops  to  kill 
them  ;  one  who  sheds,  or  causes  to  be  shed,  htmiau 
blood  iji  abundance  ;  applied  to  princes  and  conqucrois 
icho  delight  in  icar,  or  arc  remarkable  for  destroying  hu- 
man life.  Locke. 

BUTCH'ER,!'.  t.  To  kill  or  slaughter  animals  for  food, 
or  for  market. 

2.  To  murder;  but  emphatically  applied  to  murder 
committed  witli  unusual  cruelty,  or  circumstances  of 
uncommon  barbarity. 

BUTCH'ER-BIUD,  ji.  The  shrike  ;  a  name  common 
to  different  species  of  birds,  of  the  genus  Laniiis. 
One  species  of  this  genus  is  called  king-bird,  from  its 
courage  in  attacking  hawks  and  crows.         Encijc. 

The  king-bird  is  now  arranged  under  the  genus 
Muscicapa,  {M.  tifi-anmis.)  Ed.  Enajc. 

BUTCH'ER-£D,  pp.  or  a.     Killed  ;  slaughtered. 

BUTCH'ER-IiVG,  ppr.     Slaughtering. 

bI'TCH'EK-LI-NESS,  n.  A  cruel,  savage,  butcherly 
manner.  Johnson. 

BUTCH'ER-LV,  a.  [from  bntcltsr.}  Cruel ;  savage  ; 
murdernns  ;  grosslv  and  clumsily  barbarous.   Shak. 

BIJTCH'ER'S-BRObM,  n.  A  plant,  the  Ruscus  acu- 
leatns,  called  also  knec-hoUy.  It  is  used  by  butchers 
for  brooms  to  sweep  their  blocks.  Enc7ic. 

BIJ'J'CH'ER-ROW,  V.     A  row  of  shiimbles.    JVhulock. 

BJJTCM'ER-Y,  n.  The  business  of  slaughtering  cattle 
for  the  table  or  for  market.  Pope. 

9.  Murder,  especially  nmrder  committed  with  unu- 
sual barbarity  ;  great  slaughter.        Shak.    Dryden. 

3.  The  place  where  animals  are  killed  for  market; 
a  shambles,  or  slaugliter-house ;  also,  a  place  where 
blood  is  shed.  Sliak. 

BUT'LER,  n.  [Fr.  boutcillicr,  from  bouteille,  a  bottle, 
that  is,  tlie  bottler;  Ir.  buitleirj  a  butler,  from  bmdel, 
boidCj  a  bottle.] 

A  servant  or  olFicer  in  the  houses  of  princes  and 
great  men,  whose  principal  business  is  to  take  charge 
of  llie  liquors,  plate.  &c.  Formerly,  an  officer  m  the 
court  of  France,  being  the  sam^j  as  the  grand  echan- 
son,  or  erpat  cup-bearer,  of  later  times.  Encijc. 

BUT'LER-.VGE,  n.  A  duty  of  two  shillings  on  every 
tun  of  wine  imported  into  England  by  foreigners  or 
merchant  strangers.  It  was  a  composition  for  the 
privileces  granted  to  them  by  King  John  and  Edward 
I.,  and  originally  nc-ived  by  the  crown  ;  but  it  has 
been  granted  lo  certain  noblemen.  It  was  called  but- 
leragc,  because  originally  paid  to  the  king's  butler  for 
the  king.  Black.^tone.     Enci/c. 

BUT'LER-SHIP,  H.  The  office  of  a  butler.  Oen.xl.i21. 

Bl'T'ME.NT,  n.  [Old  Fr.  aboutcment,  from  &w«(,  bat, 
end.] 

1.  A  buttress  of  an  arch  ;  the  supporter,  or  that 
part  which  joins  it  to  the  upright  pier.  Encyc. 

2.  Tlie  mass  of  stone  or  solid  work  at  the  end  of  a 
bridge,  by  which  the  extreme  arches  are  sustained. 
The  mass  of  stone  at  the  end  of  a  timber  bridge, 
witliout  arches,  is  called  by  the  .same  name.  It  is 
written  also  Abutment. 

BUT'SIiXFT,  V.  [but  and  shaft.]  An  arrow  to  shoot 
at  butts  with.  B.  Jonson. 

BUTT,  n.  [See  But.]  Literally,  end,  furthest  point. 
Hence,  a  mark  to  lie  shot  at ;  the  point  where  a  mark 
is  set  or  fixed  to  he  shot  at.  Dryden. 

2.  The  point  to  which  a  purpose  or  effort  is  direct- 
ed. Shak, 

X  The  object  of  aim  ;  thi^  thing  against  wiiich  an 
attack  is  directed.  Clarendon. 

Hence, 

•1.  The  person  at  whom  ridicule,  jests,  or  contempt 
are  directed  ;  as,  the  butt  nf  ridicule.         Spectator. 

5.  A  push  or  tlirust  given  by  the  head  of  an  ani- 
mal ;  as,  tbe  butt  of  a  ram.  Also,  a  thrust  in 
fencing. 

6.  A  cask  whose  contents  are  126  gallons  of  wine, 
or  two  hogsheads  ;  called  also  a  pipe.  A  butt  of  beer 
is  108  gallons,  and  from  1500  to  22(10  weight  of  cur- 
rants is  a  6wU.   \&ax.  butte  or  bytt ;  Sp.  bota.]  Johnson. 

7.  The  end  ol  a  plank  in  a  ship's  side  or  bottom. 
^Tar.  Diet. 

3.  A  particular  kind  of  hinge  for  doers,  &c. 

9,  Butts  and  bounds.     See  Bl'tts. 

10.  Ji  butt's  length:  the  ordinary  distance  from  the 
place  of  shooting  to  the  butt,  or  mark  ;  as,  not  two 
pair  of  butts^  length  from  the  town.         Rich.  Diet. 


BUT 

BUTT,  r.  I.  IW.  pvstiaw,  lo  butt,  to  thrust;  It.  bultare; 
Sp.  botar  ;  Port,  botjtr,  to  thrust  or  throw  ;  Fr.  hottt,  a 
thrust ;  from  the  Kanie  root,  probably,  as  6uC,  bout;  L. 
peto.] 

To  thrust  the  head  forward  ;  to  strike  by  thrusting 
the  head  against,  a.-^  an  ox  or  a  ram.  fVolUnu  Dryden. 
BUT'TED,  pp.    Struck  with  the  head. 

2.  a.     Havint;  abuttals  ;  us,  the  land  is  butted  and 
bounded  as  follows. 
BUT'TER,  rt.     [Sax.  biUer,  hiUcra;  D.  boier;  Gir.  iu^ 
tcr;  It.  butyruin;  Gr.  liohrVyiv.]  \\ 

An  oily  substance  obuiincd  from  cream  or  milk  by  i 
churning.  A<;ilation  separitcs  the  fat  or  oily  jjart  of  { | 
milk  from  the  serous  and  curdy  part,  called  butm^  \\ 
milk. 

Batter ;  in  tftc  old  chemistry,  a  name  given  to  some  of 
the  chlorids,  fioin  their  soft,  butyraceotu)  consistence, 
when  recently  prepared  ;  as, 

Butter  of  antimony;  now  called  the  sesyuicfUorid  of 
antimony,  and  obt;iined  by  distilling  a  mixture  of  cor- 
rosive sublimati;  and  antimony. 

Batter  of  arsenic  ;  the  .sesquithlnrid  of  arsenic,  ob- 
tained by  a  like  process. 

Batter  of  bUmath  ;  the  clilorid  of  bismuth. 
Butter  of  tin  ;  sublimated  murlat'-*  of  tin. 
Butter  of  zinc;  the  chlorid  of  zinc. 
Butter;  in  vegetable  dirmi^lry,  a  nam^-  given  to  cer- 
tain concrete  fat  oils,  which  remain  solid,  or  of  a  but- 
>  ractoiis  consistence,  at  the  ordinary  temperature,  as 
those  of  the  cocoa-nut  and  th»!  cacao. 

Butter  of  cacao  ;  an  oily,  concrete,  white  matter,  ob- 
tained from  the  cacao-nut,  by  bruising  the  nut  and 
boiling  it  in  water,  or  by  heat  and  expression. 

JVicJtolum,     Thomson. 
BUT'TER,  V.  t.    To  smear  with  buttor. 

2.  To  increase  the  stakes  at  every  throw  or  every 
game  ;  a  cant  term  amomf  tramestrrs.  Joluison. 

BUT'TER-BUi\lI*,  7t.     The  bittern.  Johnson. 

BUT'TER-BURR,  n.  A  plant,  a  species  of  Tnssilago, 
or  coll's-foot,  ( 7'.  Petasites,)  growing  in  wet  land, 
with  very  large  Uave-s.  Fam.  of  Plants.  Encyc. 
BUT'TER-eUP,  (  It.  A  name  given  to  a  species  of 
BUT'TER-eUPri,  \  Ranunculus  or  crow-foot,  wirh 
briglit  yellow  flowers;  called  also  golden-cup  and 
king's-cup  ;  the  euckoo-buds  of  Shakspeare. 

Fam.  of  Plants.    Lef. 
BUT'TER-FLOW-EU,  n.     A  yellow  fiower;  the  but- 
tercup. Oay. 
BUT'TER-FL?,  n.    [So  named  from  the  color  of  a 
yellow  species.    Sax.  butcr-Jlege  or  baiter-JUoge.    See 
Fly.] 

A  name  common  to  the  different  species  of  lepidop- 
terous  insects,  of  the  genus  P.apilio,  {Linn. ;)  proiK;rly, 
in  the  third  and  last  stage  of  their  exisiruce.  They 
have  four  wings  imbricated  with  a  kind  of  downy 
scales  ;  the  tongue  is  convoluted  in  a  spiral  fitrm  ;  and 
the  body  is  hairy.  The  species  are  numerous.  They 
are  now  considered  as  forming  a  group,  subdivided 
into  tribes,  families,  and  genera.  Butterllies  proceed 
from  the  chrysalides  of  caterpillars  ;  caterpillars  pro- 
ceed from  eggs  deposited  by  buttertiics;  they  then 
change  into  chr>'salides,  which  produce  butterflies, 
which  again  deposit  ih^-ir  eggs. 
BUT'TER-FLf-SHELL,  n.  The  popular  name  of  a 
genus  of  Testaceous  .Mollusca,  with  a  spiral  unilocu- 
lar shell,  called  VoluUu  Ejtcyc 
BUT'TER-IS,  7t.    An  instrument  of  steel  set  in  wood, 

fur  paring  the  hoof  of  a  horse.  Farrier^s  Did. 

BUT'TER-MILK,  ».  The  milk  that  remains  after  the 
butter  is  separated  from  it.  Jcthnson  calls  this  trliey ; 
but  whey  is  the  thin  part  of  the  milk  after  the  curd 
or  cheese  is  sejiarated.  Buttermilk,  iu  America,  is 
not  called  jchey. 
BUT'TER-NUT,  71.     [butler  and  nut,] 

1.  The  fruit  of  an  .\merican  tree,  the  Juglans  cine- 
rea,  so  called  from  the  oil  il  contains.  The  tree 
bears  a  reseml)lance.  in  its  general  appearance,  to 
the  black  walnut,  so  called,  it  is  sometimes  called 
oihmt  and  white  loalnuU  The  tree  is  called  also  but- 
ternut or  butternut-tree.  Dr.  31.  Cutler  calls  it  Juglans 
catliartica.    It  is  the  Juglans  cinerca  of  others. 

BeU:nap. 

2.  The  nut  of  the  Carvocar  nuciferum,  a  native  of 
South  America,  called  "also  the  Savuari,  (vulgarly 
Sutrarro7D)  nut 

BUT'TER-PRIXT,  )n.  .\  piece  of  car\'ed  wood, used 

BUT'TEK-ST  \:MP,  \     to  mark  crakes  of  butter. 

BUT'TER-T0i>TU,7i.  A  broad  fore  tooth.  Johnsott. 

BUT'TER-WIFE,        i  n.    A  woman  who  sells  but- 

BUT'TER-We^M'AN,  i      ter.    Johnson, 

BUT'TER-WORT,  71.    A  species  of  Pingnicula,  (P. 
vul-raris,)  a  plant  growing  on  bogs  or  soft  grounds. 
The  leaves  are  covered  with  soft,  pellucid  prickles, 
which  secrete  a  glutinous  liquor;  and  mdk,  which     _ 
has  been  strained  through  it,  acquire-s,  in  a  day  or  |l 
two,  consistency,  and  is  an  agreeable  food,  used  m     ' 
the  north  of  Sweden.  -^''^'C^-. 

BUT'TER-Y,  a.  [from  butter  ]  Having  the  qualities 
or  appearance  of  butter.  Harcey. 

BUT'TER-Y,  n.  An  apartment  in  a  house  where  but- 
ter, milk,  provisions,  and  utensils  are  kept.  In  some 
colleges,  a  room  where  liquors,  fruit,  and  refreslimsnis 
are  kept  for  salo  to  the  students. 

BUT'TIXG,p;»r.    Striking  with  the  head. 


TuNE,  BJJLL,  TJNITE  —  AX"GER,  VI"C10U3.  — G  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


I 


59 


BUY 

BUT'TOCK,  ■.    Tlie  niii)i>,  or  Uie  protuberant  port 
behind, 
a.  The  convcxliv  of  a  ship  behind, undtrthe  stem. 
Mar.  Diet. 
BtfT'TON,  (bul'n,)  «.     [Fr.  bouton^  a  billion,  a  bud  ; 
W.  tutiun,  or  boticm:  L'uni.  bottum;  ll.  boltone ;  £<|i. 
.'  >'<>(,  a  b'lttun  ur  bud  ;  Iritiii  the  ruui  ul'  !>ui/,  Ihul  in, 
I  -  itli  nr  prolubrraiuc.     Set'  Butt.] 

1.  A  kix'lt)  n  i>inull  ball;  n  catch,  UMfd  tu  Tujilt'ii 
iMi;t'th<r  the  diiri.Tiiii  |>urt^  uf  dn^«H,  made  of  uictnl, 
■ilk,  iii'>li;iir,  ivuud,  dec. 

Q.  Any  kiiub  ur  ball  fiiiilencd  tu  another  body  ^  a 
unall  protuberant  bt-)dy.  Jiovlf.     Pope. 

3.   A  bud  ,  a  KfUi  I'l'  u  plant.  '  Shal. 

•4.  'J'lif  billion  of  the  n'inn  of  n  bridle,  U  a  ring  of 
Irath'T,  »i(li  tilt'  rt-ins  passed  tlirough,  which  runi 
alonj;  tbe  leneth  of  the  reins.  Eneyc, 

5.  A  Hilt  picco  vf  wood,  turning  on  a  nnll  ur  screw, 
to  fa'trn  doors. 

C.  A  small,  round  ina-ts  uf  metal,  fuuiid  at  the  bot- 
tom of  a  crucible,  in  cli>->mical  (.-xpfrimeiitif,  or  whicli 
remaluii  on  the  cupi'l,  in  the  procfits  of  assayini;. 

/k'iehoUori.     Brandt. 
7.  The  Hen-urchin,  an  animal  which  hrn*  pricklen 
in'^tend  of  feet.  JimstcortS. 

IJIT'TOX,  (but'n,)  r.  (.    To  fasten  with  a  button  or 
biiltnnrt ;  to  lnclo«o  or  make  stcure  with  buttons; 
f\(\vv\  followed  with  up ;  as,  to  button  up  a  waistcoat. 
5.  To  drtsA-  or  clotlie.     [.Vut  tiseU.] 
BrT'TON-BJ^SH,  n.    The  popular  name  of  tlie  Ceph- 

nlanthui  occidt-nlolis. 
nU'I" TO\->:i),  pp.     Fastened  with  a  button. 
BL'T'TON-MoLK,  m.    The  hole  or  loop  in  which  a 

button  is  cau;;lit. 
BL'T'TON-INt;,  ppr.    Fastening  with  a  button. 
BUT'TO.N*-M.\K-ER,  n.    One  who^e  occupation  Is  to 

make  buttons. 
BUT'TOX-STO-NE,  n.  A  s|)eciea  of  figured  slono,  or 
hard  lliiit,  resembling  a  button,  cunsi;>tlng  of  two 
Uidics  which  ap|>enr  to  be  the  tilling  up  of  holes  In  a 
shfll.  .\  spt'cit'-t  has  been  found  finely  striated,  like 
a  mohair  button.  This  name  is  given  al^o  to  a  t^pe- 
cies  of  slate  found  in  the  inarquisate  of  Bareith. 

llncyr. 
BUT'TOX-TREE,  n.    The   t'onocarpus,  a  genus  of 
plants,  natives  of  the  West  Indies. 

Fain,  of  Plants.     Encye, 
nUT'TOX-UT^ED,  n.    The  popular  name  of  a  genua 

of  plants,  the  Spcrmacoce.  Fam.  of  Plants. 

BL'T'T0X-\V(>OI*,  n.  The  Plalanus  occidentalis. 
Western  plane  tree,  a  large  tree,  growing  in  North 
.America,  pruducing  rough  balls,  from  which  it  Is 
named.  I'he  wimmI  is  hard,  and  used  for  windlasses, 
whfi  N,  nnd  Uhnks.  Belknap.     Mease. 

BUT"I'KE:>.S,  n.  [This  word  appear:*  to  be  composed 
of  fru/,  end,  and  (nu*,  or  some  word  of  that  family.] 

1.  A  prop;  a  wall  or  abutment,  built  archwise, 
stTvinp  to  support  another  wall  on  the  outside,  when 
viT>'  high,  or  haded  with  a  heavy  superstructure. 

Encye. 

2.  Any  prop  or  support.  South. 
BUT'TRESS,  r.  t.     To  support  by  a  buttress  ;  to  prop. 
BUT'TRESS-KI),  (but'tre.st,)pp.  or  a.    Supiwrted  with 

a  butir(!59.  Ward. 

HI'TTS,  n.  pi.  [from  bulL]  A  place  wliere  archers 
meet  to  shoot  at  a  mark.  ^Vlso,  short  pieces  of  land 
in  nrable  ridges  and  furrow's.  Encyr. 

BuU.i  and  bounds  arc  the  abuttals  and  boundaries 
of  land.  JlitUoway. 

BC T'WIXK,  n.     A  bird.  Johnson. 

BrT-Y-R.\'CEOUS,  )  a.      [from     butyram,     butter.] 

BCT'Y'-ROUt*^  \      Having  the  qualities  of  but- 

ter ;  res«*mbhng  butter.     Encijc.     .Yidiol.wn.     Flayer. 

BU-TVR'ie,  a.  Butyric  arid  is  an  acid  futind  in  but- 
ter ;  an  oily,  limpid  Muid,  having  the  ttwU  of  rancid 
butter,  and  an  acrid  taste,  with  a  sweeti^-^h  after-taste, 
Ilk'-  that  of  ether. 

BCTVRIXE,  n.  A  peculiar  oily  matter,  existing  in 
I  iti'  r.  ;i-->4K:iatcd  with  oleine  and  stereine. 

I'.rx  1,  Ml  H,fl.    Belonginc  to  the  box-tree, 

i:l  \  I  \  A,  /  n.     ,\n  alkahiid  obtained  from  the  Btuus 

ill  X'LNE,    I      srmprTTirefiji,  or  common  hox. 

iJL'X'tt.M,  a.  [S&x.  bor^um^  from  fto;;,  a  bow,  Au^nn,lo 
t>end,  and  nrm,  some.] 

1.  utMrdicnl ;  obsequious,  readv  to  obey.     [Oft.*.] 

Milton. 

2.  Gay;  lively;  bri*k.  Miltvn. 

3.  Wnnlon  ;  Jolly.  Dryden. 
flUX'O.M-LY,  ride.    Obediently.     [Obs.] 

'2.  Wantonly  ;  amorouslv.  Johnson. 

BUX'OM-XESrf,  rt.      Meek'ne=s;   obedience.      [Oba.] 

S.  Briskness;  amorousness.  [Chaucrr. 

BUY,  (bj,)  r.  f. ;  prd.  and  pp.  Bou<;ht,  (bawt.)  [Sax. 
bigan   ot  byegan,  hy^an  ;  (.loth,  buffuan,  to  buy.] 

1.  To  acquire  the  property,  riglii,  or  title,  to  any 
thing,  bj-  paying  a  con^idemiion  or  an  equivalent  in 
nuney.  It  dilfers  from  ftaz-rrr  only  in  this  —  that  in 
barter^  the  Consideration  or  equivalent  is  flomf*  >pe- 
cies  of  commodity  ;  in  purchajt,  the  consideration  is 
money  paid  or  promised.  To  purchase  ;  to  acquire 
by  paying  a  price  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  seller  j  op- 
poMd  to  sfli. 

2.  To  procure  by  a  consideration  given,  or  by 
something  that  is  deemed  worth  the  thing  bought; 


BY 

to  procure  at  n  price  ;  as.tofrii^  pleaiure  withpreiM; 
to  otm  favor  with  llaltery.  Dcnham. 

3.  'I'm  bribe  ;  to  corrupt  or  twrvert  the  Judgment, 
by  |>ayuiK  a  eoiiiiidenitiuii. 
'  7i>  buy  off;  to  inllueiiee  lo  roiiipliauco  ,  (o  cause  tu 
bend  ur  yield  by  Hume  coiiHidenitiun  ;  as,  tu  Aujr  ujf 
coiii-eienrr  ;  to  detach  by  a  coiuider.itioii  given;  lu, 
tu  bay  vjf  one  from  a  |>arty. 

To  buy  out ;  to  buy  oil',  or  detach  from.         Skak. 

!2.  'I'll  purrhasu  the  dhare  or  f<)iares  uf  it  penKin  In 
a  stock,  liiiiil,  or  |>arliier'<liip,  by  which  the  seller  is 
M'ltumted  iVoni  the  eoiniuiiiy,  and  the  purchut»er 
takes  his  place  ;  as,  .\  butt.i  vut  B.  *l'u  purchase 
stock  in  any  fund  or  pnrliKT->hip,  is  to  buy  tn. 

To  buy  en  credit,  is  to  piirclru^'  a  thing,  on  a  proin- 
bie  ill  fart  or  in  law,  to  make  payment  at  a  future  day. 

To  buu  the  rr/u-al.  It  to  give  money  fur  the  right  of 
purchasing,  at  a  lited  price,  at  a  future  lime. 

To  buy  ihr  small  poi,  lu  imiuUi  Wales,  is  lo  receive 
it  by  intHulatioii.  Eneyc. 

In  popular  language,  to  buy  is  to  |Kiy  dear  fur,  as  in 
Chaucer. 
BU?,  r.  i.    To  negotiate,  or  treat  about  a  purchase. 

I  will  ^uy  wtUi  5UM  and  ■rll  with  jruu.  Shai. 

lUTVER,  Ti.    One  who  buys  ;  a  purchaser.     fVotton, 
BUY'l.XG,  (by'ing,)ppr.    Purchasing.  o  - 

BUZZ,  V.  I.    [It.  &u::«ar^,  to  whisper;  Per".  A*X-»  jj 

baiidan,  to  blow,  as  wind.] 

1.  'I'o  make  a  low,  humming  sound,  as  bees;  to 
make  the  t^uund  of  :,  with  an  e.xpiration  of  breath  be- 
tween the  tongue  nnd  the  roof  of  ttie  mouth  or  upper 
teeth. 

2.  'I'o  whisper ;  to  speak  w"ith  a  low,  humming  voice ; 
to  make  a  low,  liumming  sound.    Shak.    Hayufurd. 

BUZZ,  r.  (.    'J*o  whisper ;  lo  spread,  as  report,  by 

wliispur»,  or  to  sprcau  secretly.  Bentiey, 

BUZZ,  ».    The  noise  of  bees;  lilso,  a  whisper. 

South.     Bacon. 
BUZZ'.ARD,  ».     [I>.  buiaard;  G.  bussaarj  busshard ;  It. 

o  -• 
boizago  i  Fr.  bnzcy  buse^  or  basard;  Pera.   ',L»  &au:,  a 

hawk.] 

1.  A  species  of  Faico,  or  hawk,  tlie  Faleo  htteo: 
a  rapacious,  but  sluggisli  bird  ;  tbe  breast  usually  of 
a  yellowi^ll  white  ;  the  upper  parts  of  a  deep  brown. 
In  some  parts  of  .\mericn,  according  to  Pennant,  it 
is  calh;d  the  /freat  hcn-hauky  from  its  feeding  on 
poultry.  Pennant,     Eneyc. 

The  bird  referred  to  by  Pennant  is  tlie  Faleo  buteoi- 
desy  or  short-winged  buzxard.  Mass.  Rep. 

2.  A  blockhead  ;  a  dunce.  Johnson, 
BUZZ'ARD,  a.     Senseless  ;  stupid.  Milton. 
BUZZ'ARU-ET,  ii.    A  species  of  Fnlco,  or  hawk,  re- 
sembling the  buz/.unl  in  most  respects;  but  its  legs 
are,  in  projiorlion,  rather  longer.                  /*CTinan(. 

BUZZ'ER,  n.  A  whisperer;  one  who  ts  busy  in  tell- 
ing tales  secretly.  Shak. 

BUZZ'I  XG,  ppr.  or  a.  Making  a  low,  humming  sound ; 
whispering  ;  tattling  in  secret. 

BUZ'ZL\G-LY,  ode.     AVitli  a  low,  liumming  sound. 

BY,  prep.  [Sax.  be  or  bis ;  Goth,  bi ;  Sw.  and  Dan.  be. : 
1).  by;  G.  bci;  all  contracted  from  big.  This  word, 
in  composition,  is  olten  written  ftf,  as  in  because,  be- 
sie^re.  In  Sw.  and  Dan.  it  is  used  only  in  composi- 
tion. The  Sw.  and  Dan.  pa/i,  and  Russ.  po,  may  be 
from  a  diJlereiil  root,  although  tJicy  arc  nearly  allied 
in  signilication,  and  may  be  the  same  word  dirter- 
riitly  written.  I'his  preposition  occurs  as  a  prefix  in 
all  the  Shemitic  languages,  contracted,  indeed,  into  3. 
(See  the  Introduction.)  The  prinuirj'  :iensc  is,prf,«j(- 
iu<r,  close,  wear,  at  f  but  in  GoUi.  nnd  Sax.  it  signi- 
lies,  also,  about,  according  to,  on,  with,  af^ainjty  after, 
&.C.  In  some  of  these  senses,  it  coincides  with  the 
Russ.  po.  The  original  verb  lo  which  this  word  be- 
longs, most  probably  signifies  to  pas?*,  to  go,  or  come, 
lo  <rrive,  to  pre.^s.] 

1.  Near;  rh»se :  as,  sit  by  me  ;  that  house  stands 
by  a  river.  So  in  It.  prcs.-'o,  from  I..  pres.ms ;  Fr.  pris, 
avprli.  ilencc,  by  was  tormerly  used  for  asainsi: 
as,  in  our  translation  of  the  Bible,  "  though  I  know 
notliing  by  myself,  {oihv  e^mvrw  avvaiia,)  1  Cor. 
iv.  -i.  This  use  of  the  word  continued  down  to  the 
time  of  Baxter. 

2.  Near,  in  motion  ;  a.-*,  to  move,  go,  or  pass,  by  a 
church.  But  it  seems  in  other  phrases,  or  with  a 
verb  in  the  jiast  lime,  to  signify  past,  gone  beyond  ; 
as,  the  procession  is  gone  by:  the  hour  is  gone  by; 
John  went  by.  We  now  use  past  a.s  an  equivalent 
word  ;  the  pnH"e.ijion  is  gone  ptut.  Oonc  by,  is  in 
siricinew*  tautology,  as  now  used  ;  but  I  apprehend 
by  wignifies  primanlv  near 

.1.  Through,  or  with,  denoting  the  agent,  means, 
instrument,  or  cause  ;  ils,  a  city  is  destroyed  by  fire  ; 
profit  is  made  by  cnminerce ;  to  take'  by  force. 
This  use  answers  to  that  of  the  Latin  per,  through, 
denoting  a  iKissinc,  acting,  agency,  or  instrii mentality. 

•I.  "  I>.iy  fey  day;"  "year  by  year;"  "article  by 
article."  In  these  plinu-ies,  (>/ denotes  passing  from 
one  to  another,  or  each  particular  separately  taken. 

5.  "  Bylhc  space  of  seven  years."  In  this  phrase, 
by  denotes  through,  [la-ssing,  or  continuing,  during. 


BYR 

G.  *'  By  this  time,  the  sun  had  risen."  Tile  word 
here  setuns  tu  dcitute  at,  present,  or  eotne  to. 

7.  According  to;  u^',  this  upiwant  by  h\»  own  aiv 
count ;  Iheie  are  good  rules  to  live  by. 

ti.  On  ;  as,  to  pass  by  land  ur  wattrr;  great  batilni 
try  sea  and  land.  In  the  latter  phrase,  at  ur  on  niigtjt 
be  substituted  for  l>ij. 

9.  It  is  placed  before  words  denoting  quantity, 
measure,  or  propMiiion  ;  as,  to  sell  by  the  pound  ;  to 
work  by  the  rod  ur  perch  ;  this  lino  is  lung<-r  by  ■ 
tenth. 

]U.  It  |(i  used  lo  represent  the  means  or  instrument 
of  swearing,  or  atfirming ;  as,  to  swear  by  heaven, 
or  by  earth  ;  to  allitiu  bit  all  that  is  sacred. 

11.  Ill  the  phriLse,"  lie  lius  a  cask  of  wino  fty  him,** 
by  denut«-s  nearness  or  presence. 

12.  **Tu  sit  by  uiie's  »elf,"  is  to  sit  alone,  or  with- 
out comiKinv. 

13.  "  i'o  bt  present  fry  attorney."  In  this  phrase, 
fry  denotes  means  or  instrument ;  Uirough  or  m  Uw 
presence  of  a  Mubstitute. 

l\.  In  the  phnise,  "  north  by  west,"  the  senu 
seems  lo  be,  north  poAsing  to  the  west,  inclining  or 
going  wesi\vard,  or  near  west. 

As  an  adverb,  by  deiioti's,  also,  nearness,  or  prcA* 
ence ;  as,  there  was  no  ihtsuii  by  \ii  the  lime.  Hul 
BOine  noun  is  undemtiMHl.  So,  in  the  utirise  "to 
{toss  or  g(»  frj/,"  there  is  a  noun  uiidersii»ud. 

By  and  by,  is  a  phra.se  denuting  nearness  in  timej 
in  a  short  time  iiOer  ;  presently  ;  S4ion. 

Wlicn  nrnrcutioTi  niW-ih,  brckLUn  uf  tltQ  wuni,  by  orwf  by,  he  b 
o|T.-.i.i«-.l.  -  .M.ut.  xi». 

By  the  by,  signifies,  as  we  proceed  or  pass,  (Pr  en 
passant,]  noting  s<uuething  interposed  in  the  progr^n 
of  a  discourse  which  is  distinct  from  the  main  sub> 
jccl.  The  old  phrase,  "on  the  by,"  on  the  ]KiK.saga, 
is  now  obsolete. 

To  stand  by,  is  to  stand  near,  or  to  support. 
By,  in  lullaby,  and  in  the  nursery,  a  word  used  in 
lulling  infants  to  sleep,  is  evidently  allied  to  wordi 
founuin  many  languages,  signifying  to  rest,  or  b« 
fpiiet,  or  to  appease  ;  that  is,  to  press,  Ui  sutp,  as  the 
Gr.  TTriii'<>,  L.  paeo.  It  is  used  in  Russia,  as  with  us^ 
bayu  frill.  'l'hi!<,  pndiably,  is  the  same  word  as  the 
foregoing. 

By,  or  bye,  in  by-laxc,  [Sax.  bilace,]  is  probably  tbe 
Sw.  by,  Dan.  bye,  a  village,  town,  borough,  or  cily^ 
fnuii  Sw.fri/^'x'^iu,  Dan.fri/ir^fr,  G.  fraiicn,  D.  boutrcn,lo 
build,  Sax.'fri/an,  to  inhabit;   tliat  is,  a  town-law, a 
municipal  law. 

In  the  common  phrase  {tuod-by^  by  cipnifies  paa- 
int!,  ffoing.  'i'hc  phrase  signifies,  a  good  going,  i 
pros|>erous  passage,  and  it  is  precisely  equivalent  to 
fareterll,  [Sax.  faran,  to  go,  go  iceU,]  may  you  have  a 
good  going,  equivalent  to  goodnperd  in  the  phrase  "lo 
bid  one  good  speed."  [Nut  Ood  speed,  as  is  gciitrally 
read  and  understood.] 

By  is  used  in  many  compound  words,  in  most  rf 
which  we  observe  the  sen.se  of  nearness,  clo^iencai, 
or  a  withdrawing  or  seclusion. 

B?'ARD,  »i.  A  piece  of  leallier  crossing  the  breast, 
used  by  the  men  who  drag  sledges  in  coal  mines. 

Brandt. 

BV-BI,OW,  Tt.     A  side  or  incidental  blow. 

B?'-nUs'I-.N'ESS,  (-biz'ncss,)  n.  Business  aside  of  the 
common  mode. 

BV^-eoF'FEE-IIOUSE,  »i.  A  cofl'ee-housc  in  an  ob- 
scure place.  JiddLfon. 

Bt'-COX-CERN'iMENT,  n.  An  affair  distinct  from 
the  main  business.  Drydttu 

BY'-CUU.N-KR,  n.     A  private  corner. 

BV-DE  PEXD'EXCE,  ti.  An  ap|)endagc  ;  thnt  Hhlch 
dei)emls  (HI  something  else,  or  ia  distinct  from  the 
main  dencndpncc.  Shak, 

BY'-DE-SIGX',  (-du-8ln',)  n.    An  incidental  design  or 


purpose. 


Itudibras. 


BV'-DRIXK-IXG,  IX.    A  private  drinking. 

BY'-EXD,  T(.  Private  end  ;  secret  purpose  or  advan- 
tage. L'F^-'trange. 

BY'-GONE,  (-gnwn,)  a.  Past ;  gone  by.  Ul  by-gona 
be  fry-*ro7iw,  let  the  |Kist  be  forgolleii.    [Scottish.] 

Orew. 

BY'-IN'TER^EST,  n.  Sclf-inlcrcst ;  private  advanuge. 

.^Uerbury. 

BY'-L.\NE,  n.  A  private  lane,  or  one  oui  of  the  usual 
road. 

BV'-LAW,  n.  [Dan.  fry,  n  town.]  A  town  law  ;  the 
law  of  a  city,  town,  or  private  corporation.   Bacon. 

BY'-MAT-TKR,  n.    Something  incidental.     Bacon. 

BY'-XA.ME,  n.    Nickname  ;  incidental  uppellalion. 

Camden, 

BV-\aME,  r.  t,     'J'o  give  a  nickname  lo.     Camden. 

BV'-PAS'S.\GE,  It.  A  passage  by  the  by  or  way  ;  or  a 
by-way. 

BT^-P,\ST,  a.  Past ;  gone  by.    [Scotj>  di^rct.]     Cheyne, 

BV'-PA'J'H,  II.   A  private  path  ;  an  obscure  way.  Shak, 

B5'-PLAY,  n.  On  the  stage,  a  scene  which  is  carried 
on  n.side,  and  commonly  in  dumo  show,  while  the 
main  action  pnxecds,  with  a  view,  ordinarily,  to  en- 
hance the  sixirl. 

BV'-PL  R'POSE,  71.  An  indirect  or  concealed  purpose 
or  de.^ign. 

BT'-RE-tfPEGT',  n.    Private  end  or  view. 

Bacon.     Dryaen, 


Fate,  far,  fall,  what.  — mete,  prbv— plne,  marine,  bird.  — note,  dove,  move,  wolf,  boqk — 

_  _ 


CAH 

nY'-Rc5AD,  H.  A  private  or  obscure  road.  Swijl. 
I>?'-K(.)OiM,  H.  A  private  room  or  apartment.  Skak. 
BV'-SPEECH.  ».     .V;i  i.i'.-idental  or  casiuU  speech,  not 

directly  relating  to  tin;  po;i.t.  Hooker. 

p,9'_SPKM..  »■  [Sax.  bifr^eli.]   A  proverb.  [Aot  w-scrf.] 
UV'S'i'  \.\i.)-EK,  n,     [Sax.  btg.^landan,  to  stand  by.] 
One  u  ho  stands  uear ;  a  spectator ;  one  who  has 

no  conct-rn  witli  the  business  transacting.       Locke. 
!;^'-S'J"KKET,  n.  A  separate,  private,  or  obscure  street. 
[jY'-STUoKE,  n.     An  incidental  or  sly  stroke. 
IJt'-TLIR.\-ING,  ji.     An  obscure  road'.  Sidiuij. 

ltY'-^'lE\V,  (-VU,)  71.    Private  view;   self-interested 

purpose.  jStta-bunj. 

■iV'-WALK,  n.  A  secluded  or  private  walk.  Dnjdm. 
IJY'-VVaY,  n.    A  secluded,  private,  or  obscure  way. 

..Addison. 
37'_\VEST,  a(/y.    Westward;  to  the  west  of.  Davics. 
(j5'_\Vri'E,  n.    A  secret  stroke  or  sarcasm.    Milton. 
jy'-WOUli,  w-     [Sax.  6(,  or  big^  and  word,  as  in  big- 

cwid,  and  bigspell.   Either  a  passing  word,  or  a  town 

saying-] 


n  the  third  letter  in  the  English  alphabet,  and  the 
U^  second  articulation  or  consonant,  is  a  palatal, 
nearly  corresponding  in  sound  with  the  Greek  «, 
kappa,  and  with  the  Hebrew  d,  caph.  It  bears  a 
middle  place,  in  pronunciation,  between  the  aspirate 
n,  and  the  palatal  J.  It  is  a  Konian  character,  bor- 
rowed from  the  Or.  >:,  or  from  the  Oriental  o,  which 
was  used  in  languages  written  from  ri?ht  to  left,  and 
when  inverted,  and  the  corners  rounded,  becomes  C. 
In  the  old  Etruscan,  it  was  written  0,  with  the  cor- 
ners rounded,  but  not  inverted  ;  in  Arcadian,  C,  as 
now  written.  That  its  sound  in  Latin  was  the  same, 
or  nearly  the  same,  as  that  of  kappa,  may  be  known 
from  tJie  fact  lli;U  the  Greeks,  while  the  Latin  was 
a  living  language,  wrote  kappa  for  the  Roman  C. 
Perhaps  the  same  character  may  be  the  basis  of  the 

Arabic  ^ 

As  an  abbreviature,  C.  stands  for  Ctiiusj  Carolus^ 
Ozsar,  coiidemnoy  &.c.^  anA  CC.  for  co7isulibus.  As  a 
numeral,  C.  stands  for  100 ;  CC.  for  200  ;  &.c. 

In  inusie,  C  after  the  clef  is  the  mark  of  common 
time,  in  which  each  measure  is  a  semibreve,  corre- 
sponding to  A.  C  is  also  the  name  of  a  note  in  the 
scale ;  the  key  note  major,  and  the  third  minor,  of 
the  natural  scale.  Encijc. 

In  English,  C  has  two  sounds,  or  rather  it  repre- 
sents Ino  very  ditfeient  articulations  of  the  organs  j 
one  close,  like  K,  which  occurs  before  n,  o,  and  u  ; 
the  other  a  sibilant,  precisely  like  s,  which  occurs  be- 
fore c,  i,  and  y.  Tlie  former  is  distinguished  in  this 
vocabulary  by  €,  which  may  be  called  Av.  In  Russ., 
C  is  precisely  the  English  5,  as  it  was  in  the  old  Greek 
alphabet  C  before  k  is  mute  ;  as  in  brick^  sick. 
A-a'BA,  n.  A  square  stone  in  the  temple  at  Mecca, 
regarded  with  adoration  by  I\Iohaniniedans,  as  pre- 
sented by  an  angel  to  AbrriJiain.  The  entire  temple 
is  sometimes  called  by  this  name.  Brands. 

AB,  n,    A  covered  carriage  with  two  or  four  wheels, 
drawn  bv  one  horse. 
AB,  71.     [Heb.  Ch.  3p  kal.] 

An  Oriental  dry  measure,  being  the  sixth  part  of  a 
seah  or  satum,  and  the  eighteenth  of  an  ephah,  con- 
taining two  pints  and  five  sixths  English  and  Amer- 
ican corn  measure. 

.\-BAL',  71.  [Fr.  c-abale^  a  club,  society,  or  combina- 
tion ;  It.  cabnloy  knowledge  of  secret  things  ;  Sp.  ca- 
hday  secret  science;  cabal,  perfect,  just,  exact;  Heb. 
72P  kabal^  to  take,  receive,  accept ;  Cli.  to  cry  out,  to 
hawl;  also,  to  take  or  receive ;  also,  to  be  dark ;  to 
(•liscure  ;  Syr.  to  accuse,  oppose,  or  censure,  to  cavil ; 
Kth.  to  accept,  to  pour  out;  Sam.  to  accept,  and  to 
darken ;  Ar.  to  admit  or  accept,  as  agreeable :  to 
c<ime;  to  be  surety;  to  give  bad.  (See  Class  Bl.) 
'Ihi8  word  seems  to  include  the  significations  of  sev- 
eral biliteral  roots.  Ciu.  \V.  cafacl,  to  get  or  obtain; 
or  ffacaetu,  10  hold.  The  primar>' sense  of  the  root 
seems  to  he,  to  catch  or  seize  by  rushing  on,  or,  in 
fienenU,  to  press,  to  drive  ;  hence  the  sense  of  collec- 
tion, combination,  and  accusation.] 

1.  A  numbtr  of  persons  united  m  some  close  de- 
sign ;  usually  to  promote  their  private  views  in  church 
or  slate  by  intrigue.  A  junto.  It  is  sometimes  sy- 
nonymous wilh  faction^  but  a  cabal  usually  consists 
of  fewer  men  than  a  party,  and  the  word  generally 
implies  close  union  and  secret  intrigues.  This  name 
wa3  given  to  the  ministrv  of  Charles  II.,  ClilTord, 
Ashley,  Buckingham,  Arlington,  and  Lauderdale,  the 
initials  of  whose  n.ame3  compose  the  word. 

2.  Intrigue  ;  secret  artifices  of  a  few  men  united  in 
a  close  design.  Drydcn. 


CAB 

A  conijnon  saying ;  a  proverb  ;  a  saying  that  has  a 
general  ctirr'ncv.  Bacon. 

B^E,  7).     [Sax.]  "A  .'.veiling.  Oihson, 

2.  In  plaij  or  ffa  r  .• ;  a  station  or  place  of  an  indi- 
vidvial  player. 
B?RE,  n.     Acov.  Jiousr*.     [ScottiWt.J 

BYS'ius,  I  "•     ^^''  ^"'''''^'  '"*'f"-J 

1.  A  silk  or  linen  hood.     [JSTol  in  use]       Ooiccr. 

2.  The  llireads  or  fibers  by  which  the  molluscous 
animals  of  the  genera  Pinna,  Bypomya,  IMyi:dus,and 
others,  attach  thrniselvea  to  extraneous  bodies. 

BY.S'SLNE,  a.     Made  of  silk;  having  a  silky  or  flax- 
like appi'arance.  Cules. 
BYS'SO-LITE,  Ti.    [Gr.  ^vaoog,  fine  flax,  and  Xi&oi, 
stone  ;  so  called  from  its  resemblance  to  moss.] 

A  variety  of  amianthus  or  hornblende  asbestus,  oc- 
curring in  short,  silky  fibers. 
BYS'SUS,  7(.     [L.  hyssus;  Cr.  Svaao^,  fine  linen,  or 
cotton. 

!.  Among  the  atidaiLf,  a  cloth  of  exceedingly  fine 


c. 


€AB'A-LA,  «.  [See  tlie  preceding  wonl.  It  is  from 
the  sense  of  reception.] 

Tradition,  or  a  mysterious  kind  of  science  among 
Jewish  rabbins,  pretended  to  have  been  delivered  to 
the  ancient  Jews  by  revelation,  and  transmitted  by 
oral  tradition;  serving  for  the  interpretation  of  the 
hidden  sense  of  Scripture.  This  science  consists 
chiefly  in  understanding  the  combination  of  ccilain 
letters,  words,  and  numbers,  whicli  are  alleged  to  be 
significant.  Lvery  letter,  word,  number,  and  accent 
of  the  law  i3  supposed  to  contain  a  mystery,  and  the 
cabalist^  preiend  even  to  foretell  future  events  by  the 
study  of  this  science.  Encyc.     Buck. 

eA-B.'\L',  ?'.  f.  To  unite  in  a  small  party  to  promote 
])rivatc  views  by  intrigue;  to  intrigue;  to  unite  in 
secret  artifices  to  cll'ect  some  design.  Drt'dm. 

€AB'A-LIS.M,  11.    The  secret  science  of  the  cabalists. 

€AB'.\-LIST,  7(.  A  Jewish  doctor  who  professes  the 
study  of  the  cabala,  or  the  mysteries  of  Jewish  tra- 
ditions. 

CAB-A-LIST'ie,         )  a.    Pertaining  to  the  cabala,  or 

CAB-A-LIST'IC-AL,  )  mysterious  science  of  Jewish 
traditions  ;  containing  an  occult  meaning. 

CAB-A  LIST'ie-AL-LV,  adi:  In  the  manm-r  of  the 
cabalist:;.  Herbert. 

CAIi'.V-LiZE,  V.  i.  To  use  the  manner  or  language  of 
the  cabalists.     [JV((f  much  used.] 

€A-BAL'LEK,  n.  One  who  unites  with  others  in  close 
designs  to  ellect  an  object  by  intrigue  ;  one  who  cabals. 

CAB'AL-LT.VE,  a.  [L.  citbalUnus,  from  caballus^  a 
horse;  Iluss.  kubda,  kobicia,  a  mare;  Ir.  capall;  Fr 
chccalj  a  horse;  cavalc,  a  mare;  It.  cavalla ;  Sp. 
caballi!.] 

Pertaining  to  a  horse  ;  as,  cahalUnc  aloes,  so  called 
from  its  being  given  lo  horses  as  a  purge.       Encyr. 

€A-BAL'LL\G,  j)pr.  Uniting  in  a  cabal ;  intriguing 
in  a  small  party. 

CVB'A-ItET,  V.     [Fr. ;  allied,  probably,  to  cchin.] 
A  tavern  ;  a  house  where  liijuors  are  retailed. 

Bramliall. 

CAB'BACE,  71.  [It  cappuccio ;  Corn,  kavat^k;  Ir. 
gahaisdCy  trabaistc.  This  word  is  probably  from  the 
root  of  caput,  a  head  ;  It.  capuccioj  a  head  ;  Sp.  ca- 
beza;  Fr.  caboche,  a  head.  Hence  D.  kabuis-kool, 
head-cole,  or  kcailfd-coh:  In  Fr.  chouz-cabus  is  cab- 
bage-headed, or  cabUa^c-hcail.     See  Cap,  Cope.] 

1,  The  popular  name  of  a  genus  of  plants,  caHed  in 
botany  Brassica,  of  several  species,  some  of  which 
are  cultivated  for  food,  'i'he  leaves  are  large  ami 
fleshy,  the  pods  long  and  slender,  and  the  seeds 
globular.  The  kinds  most  cultivated  are  the  common 
cabbage,  called,  with  us,  the  dnan-hatd,  the  Savoy, 
the  broeroUi  the  cauHfiuwer,  the  sugar-loaf,  and  tlie 
cclcwort. 

Dog's  eabbiigc  ;  a  name  given  to  the  Thelygonum 
cynocrambe.  Fam.  of  j'lant,-: 

Sea-cabbage;  the  sea-beach  kale,  or  sea-culewort, 
a  genus  of  plants,  called  Cratnbe.  They  arc  heiba- 
ceous  esculents,  with  perennial  roots,  producing 
large  leaves,  like  those  of  cabbage,  spreading  on  the 
ground.  Encyc, 

2.  Cloth  purloined  by  one  who  cuts  out  garments. 

Perry. 
€.^B'B.\0;E,  r.  i.    To  form  ahead  in  growing;  as,  a 

plant  cabbages.  Johnson. 

C-VB'BAGE,   v.   t.     [I),   kabassen,   lo   steal;    kabas,   a 

hand-basket  ;  Old  Fr.  cabasscr.] 
To  purloin  or  embezzle,  as  pieces  of  cloth,  after 

cutting  out  a  garment,  Jirbut/iuoL 

e.-VB'BAG-KI),  (kab'bajd,)/);^.    Purloined,  as  cloth  by 

him  who  cuts  out  a  garment. 
€.-\B'BAC-IN'G,  ppr.    Purloining,  as  pieces  of  cloth. 


CAH 

texture,  it  is  disputed  whether  of  cotton,  linen,  or 
silk. 

2.  A  luft  or  thread  of  fiben  by  which  the  .Mytilus, 
Pinna,  and  other  shelL,  arc  attached  to  contiguous 
bodies. 

3.  The  generic  name  of  a  genus  of  filamentous 
fungi.  Most  of  the  species,  arranged  under  thw  ge- 
nus, are  now  regarded  as  the  young  of  other  fungi. 

4.  The  a-ibeslufl,  composed  of  parallel  fiber*,  ii  by 
some  called  by  this  name.  J<,'choUon. 

BYZ'AN'J',  )  V.     [from  Byzantium.]     A  gold  coin 

BYZ'A\-'I'I.\E,  (  of  the  value  of  fifteen  pounds  ster- 
ling, so  called  from  being  coined  at  Byzanthim.  Also,  I 
a  piece  of  gold,  of  the  value  of  fifteen  ptjunds,  oITerod 
by  the  king  on  certain  festivals.  Camden.  A.ih. 
BY-ZAN'TLXE,  (  a.  Pertaining  to  Bvzanlium,  an  an- 
BV-ZAN'TIAN,  i  cienl  city  of  Thrace,  siiuaiid  on 
the  Bospliorus.  In  the  year  ;m,  Constaiiiinc  the 
Great  took  possession  of  Byzantium,  enlarged  and 
eujbenished  It,  and  changed  its  name  to  Constanti- 
iiop'p-  D'AnviUt.    Encyc, 


eAB'BA6E-XET,  h.    A  small  net  to  boil  cabbage  in. 

Shciutonc. 

€AB'BAGE-TREE,  n.  The  cabbage-palm,  a  sprries 
of  Arcca,  the  A.  vltraccu,  a  native  of  warm  climat^^. 
Tliis  tree  grows,  with  a  straight  stem,  to  the  hight 
of  170  or  200  feet.  Its  branches  grow  in  a  circular 
manner,  and  the  lowermost  ones  spread  horir,ontally 
witii  great  regularity.  The  fibers  of  the  leaves  arc 
used  for  making  cordage  and  nets.  On  the  lop 
grows  a  substance  called  cabbage,  lying  in  thin,  snow- 
white,  brittle  flakes,  in  taste  resembling  an  almond, 
but  sweeter.  This  is  boiled  and  eaten  witli  flesh, 
like  other  vegetables.  When  this  is  cut  out,  the 
tree  is  destroyed.  Encyc. 

€AB'BACE-WOKM,  (-wunn,)  n.    .An  insect  Johnson. 

€.\B'Ia-I,  .7.  An  animal  of  South  America  resem- 
bling a  hog,  living  on  the  margins  of  bikes  and  riv- 
ers, and  feeding  on  fish.  It  is  a  species  of  Cavy, 
called,  also,  Vuck-noscd  tapir. 

Did.  ofJVat.  Hist,     Encyc. 
The  cabiai  is  now  ranked  in  a  distinct  genus,  of 
which  it  is  the  only  species,  (llydrochcnis  Capybara.) 

CAB^IN,  n.  [Fr.  cabane,  a  cabin,  a  cottage;  caban, 
a  cloak  ;  It.  eapanna^  a  cottage  ;  Sp.and  Port,  cabana, 
a  hut  or  cottage;  Ir.  caban;  \V.  caban,  from  cab,  a 
hut,  cot,  or  booth,  made  in  the  form  of  a  cone,  with 
rods  set  in  the  ground,  and  tied  at  the  top;  Gr. 
Ka^aiTi,  from  wairi;,  a  stable  or  inclosed  place.] 
L  A  small  room  ;  an  inclosed  place.  Spe}iscr. 
9.  A  cottage  ;  a  hut  or  small  house.  Stcif*. 

3.  A  tent ;  a  shed  ;  any  covered  place  for  a  tempo- 
rary residence.  Fairfax. 

4.  An  apartment  in  a  ship  for  oflicers  and  passen- 
gers. In  large  ships,  there  are  several  cabms,  the 
principal  of  which  is  occupied  by  the  commander. 
In  small  vessels,  there  is  one  cabin  in  the  stern  for 
the  accommodation  of  tlie  olficers  and  p,issengers. 
Tlie  bed-places  in  ships  are  also  called  cabins. 

Encyc.  Mar.  Dh\ 
CAB'IN,  V.  i.  To  live  in  a  cabin  ;  to' lodge.  Sha!:. 
CAB'IN,  r.  t.     To  confine  In  a  cabin.  SJiak. 

e.\B'IX-B0Y,  71.    A  boy  whoso  duty  is  lo  wail  on 

the  officers  and  passengers  on  board  of  a  ship. 
€AIJ'li\-£D,  pp.  or  a.    Inclosed  in,  or  furnislied  with, 

a  cabin.  Jlilton. 

€AB'[N-ET,  71.     [Fr.  cabinet;  It  ^afiincUo;  Sp.  ga- 

binctc.     See  Cabin.] 

1.  A  closet ;  a  small  room,  or  retired  apartment 

Bactn. 

2.  .\  private  room,  in  which  considlalions  are  held. 

Dryden. 

3.  The  select  or  secret  council  of  a  prince  or  exec- 
utive government ;  so  called  from  tliu  apartment  In 
wliich  it  was  originally  held.  Encyc. 

4.  .\  piece  of  furnilure,  consisting  of  a  chest  or 
box,  with  drawers  and  doors.    A  private  bn:^.    Stcifi. 

0.  Any  close  place,  where  things  of  value  are  re* 
posited  ior  safe  keeping.  Tatdor. 

6.  A  hut ;  a  cottage  ;  a  small  house.    [Ofio^.] 

Spetisir. 
CAB'IX-ET,  V.  ^    To  inclose.  {IMde  itcrA]    HoictL 
€-VB'IX-ET-eOL'.V'CIL,  n.      A  council   held  with 
privacy ;  the  confidential  council  of  a  prince  or  ex- 
ecutive magistnite.  Baeev., 

2,  The  members  of  a  privy  council ;  a  select  num- 
ber of  confidential  counselors.  Oay. 
€AB'IN-ET-ED,pp.    Inclosed  in  a  private  apartment, 

or  in  a  cabinet 
€AB'IN-ET-M.aK  ER,«.    \  man  whose  cccnpauon 
is  to  make  cabinets,  tables,  bureaus,  bedsleads,  and 
other  similar  furniture. 
CAB'IN-LVG,  ppr.     Inclosing  in  a  cabin. 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS."e  as  K ;  C  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  :   Til  as  Sll  ;  Til  ^•<  in  THIS. 


2\ 


l(jl 


CAC 


.T  the 


D.  Diih.  iiiitl 
Hues,  kabala^ 


eAB'IX-MATE,*.    Ooe  who occupiea lh« same  cabin  | 

ultlt  ariMthcr.  Beaum. 

CAH-I  Ui^  \N,  n,     [Sea  the  words  below.]    One  of 

Fab  er. 

I  ital  "^SJ,  (0  bu  fltroiif*  or 

,  A,  to  hv  Kreat;  wlu-iicc  it 

t  '  Miuii,  I)  lord,  and,  in  umiuc 

connnon  In  till  llii*  SUe- 

I  .  I  ir.  with  u  itrtfix.l 

J  .,      .  . n  .Lt.    .1  -IT      ^    '.'t.-  .ilv 

rh.-i 


of  .-. 

rcl;i^.... 

iar  tlilhifricc  over  (lie  »t:i 
In  truth,  the  iianio,  u  ' 
miffhiif  i'nc.«,  su'eni"  '■'  •'  ' 
potcU  btinpt  th;i(   i 
oprratluns  of  naln 

Hr: .. 

CA'BLE,  Cka'bl,)  «.'  t^r-  ""'i  i>-  ^"^  * 
G.  kahfl ;  Arm.  cAoi/ ;  Ir.  cabla  ox  gabla 
a  btpiul ;  Ileb.  Ch.  Syr.  and  Ar.  S23,  a  chuin  ;  as  a 
verb,  to  lie  or  liiiid  ;  or  Ss'i,  to  tic  or  make  fiist,  and 
a  rope.  If  the  lir^l  Utter  of  the  Uriihl:il  word  is  a  pr*"- 
flx,thi!i  coincides  wiihfto/r.  a  |inckaL'e,lhat  is,  ft  lie.] 
A  large,  stroiic  rope  or  chain,  ii^ed  lo  niain  a  vej?- 
sel  at  anchor,  li  i:i  made  iiKualty  of  hemp  or  iron, 
but  may  be  made  of  other  material.  Wi^y-c  cables 
are  of  difTL-rcnl  sizes,  according  to  the  bulk  of  ihc 
vessel  for  which  they  art-  intended,  fr^.m  llireo  to 
twenty  inches  in  circnmfercnce.  A  cable  \a  com- 
posed of  three  stninds,  each  slmnd  of  three  ro|M.v, 
and  each  rope  of  three  twists.  A  ship'a  cable  U  usu- 
ally liW  faihoiiiu,  or  7:?0  feet,  in  length.  Hence  tlie 
cj[prc&aiun,  a  eable^J  lcn*lA. 

Stream  cable,  la  a  hawser  or  rope,  smaller  than  ihe 
bower  cables,  lo  moor  a  chip  hi  a  place  sliellcrcd 
from  winil  and  heav>'  seas, 

Tv  pay  uut,  or  to  verr  out  the  cahU-,  is  lo  slacken  It, 
thai  ii  may  run  oui  of  the  tiliip. 

Tif  serrt  lA«  cahle^  is  tu  bind  it  roniid  with  ropes, 
canvas,  &c.,  lo  prevent  its  being  worn  or  galled  in 
Ibe  hawse. 

TV  slip  tXe  cable.  Is  to  let  it  run  out  end  for  ci:d. 

Mar.  DUL 
CabUjt ;  in  artAUrcturej  wreallicd  circular  moldings, 
resembling  a  rf)pe. 
GA'BLED,  c.    Fastened  with  a  cable. 

a.  Having  the  arcbiteclural  ornament  cilled  a  eoi^^. 
€AH'LKT,  n.    A  UUle  cable.  .1/ar.  DH, 

eA'CLlv-TlSR,  B.    Tlie  place  where  the  cables  arc 

coiK'd  awav.  .Var.  Diet. 

€A-IiOCH'KD,  I  (ka-boshl'O  a.  In  heraUry,  having  the 
CA-BOSir£D,  I     head  cut  close,  so  aa  to  have  no 

iir.  k  1,  n.  Diet. 

«  I  H.     [G.  labiuCy  a  little  room  or  hut ; 

'  ..  ,\     Dan.  kabitsf,  a  C04ik'*  room  in  a 

.      CIl  ir33,  to  hiile  or  covt-r.  or  Ueb.  Ch. 

\^'^^t  *^  ^'^i*  ^'  furnace.    lu  Dutch,  sombuij  is  an 

oven,  furnace,  or  ctM»k*s  room.] 

1.  The  cook-room  or  kitchen  of  a  fihip.  In  smaller 
vc*seb,  il  is  on  Inclosed  fireplace,  hetirth^  or  Riove, 
for  cookings  on  thu  main  deck,  bi  a  ship  of  war, 
the  cook-room  is  called  a  ffolley.  Mar.  Did. 

'2.  A  box  that  covers  the  chimney  in  a  shiih 

Jincue. 
eAB-RI-O-LET',  (kah-re-o-la'j)  n.    [Fr.  cabriolet,  from 
ufrru?/;,  a  goat-leap  ;  1^  eajtra.^ 

A  onehorse  chaise,  will)  a  calash  top,  and  a  cov- 
I  rirr:  Til  \\u-  lygd  and  lap.  Smart. 

•  '.  pi.    Small  lines  made  v{  spun-yam,  to 

,  ic'uc  tackles,  and  the  like,  Eiicyc 

»  -  i-ki'o,)  71.    T  he  choculaic-tree,  a  specie:^ 

ui  i Uti>l>ruiua,  a  nailve  of  the  We-<1  Indies.  This 
tree  grows  about  tv.t'nty  fet  t  hif;!i,  liL-aring  pod?-' 
which  are  oval  and  [loiiited.  The  nuts  or  seed^  arc 
numerou-*,  and  lodged  in  a  white,  pilhy  stibslance. 

Eitcyc. 
€ACH'A  LOT.  n.     A  cetaceous  fish,  the  Physoter  or 
Bpt-rn  The  princi]>al  spcciis  are,  the 

bla<  I  a  dorsal  fin,  and  the  round-head- 

ed, •■  -n  the  back,  and  with  a  nstula  in 

the  &1IUUU  I'rom  ibis  whale  a  obtained  the  R}K.-rma- 
crii,  lliicyc. 

€JJClfK,  (kosh,)  n.    [Fr.]    A  hole  in  the  ground  for 
hiding  and  pn-st-rvuifz  iir<tvi>-UMi!<  whirh  it  i;^  incon- 
veniciil  lo  carry  ;  used  by  scIilL-rrf  in  the  we.-:t. 
€A-CIIKe'TIC.        i  a.    (See  Cacjuixv.]    Having  an 
CA-eUEC'Tie-AL,  (      in  habit  of  body  ;  of  a  de- 
ranged or  vitiated  state  of  the  body,  without  fever. 

Cfie. 

2.  Pertaining  (o,  or  partaking  of  the  nature  of,  a 
carhe.w. 

CjSC/T.rr',  ■::  I  !i  :;'.*  .>.  'rr..ff.m''.f',rr,  toconcc.il.] 
/.  1-Uer  of  state, 

foi  ■ 
C.-\-ti:  ijfuf,  ill,  and 

f{ts,  iiiit-.:,  l"r-:  :a  i\.-',  to  Iiav.  ,^ 


CAD 

A  vietou«  ctat«  of  the  powers  of  tlio  binly  ;  ■  de- 
rauced  mate  of  Ihe  conalitulioii,  without  fever  or 
nervous  disru"*.-.  Kncyc.     C*>ie, 

/'-  '   -'     '."'-^  .  ii' •  Mi-.Thid  artcctlon  of  Ihe  func- 

li,.i  '    \  nipalhotlc  nervo,  not 

GAl'i  ftinnatio.  ] 

1 

CA(  '.  ".     [Sold  to  be  fVuni 

/'  -  --  Ltuchoria,  and  cAoIon,  a 

itile  chalcedony,  a  variety  of 
[■H  common  chulcfduny,  and 
with  flint. 

The  Meiicon  word  ttom 
.    '.,:,,  \\ hich  see. 

[1«  eitctf.] 
Ihe  IhhIv  by  stool.  Pope. 

,  .       .      i:  1;L,  n.     [Said  to  be  from  L.  car^.] 

A  lir-li  which  i*  said  lo  void  ejcn'ment-'  when  pur- 
sued. Others  say,  a  llsh  which  eaten  prmluc*--^  lax 
Imw  I  N.  Skinner.     JuhifOH. 

I  '     f.  I,    [D.  JtaaJfcriCTi,  to  chatter ;  Gcr.jfUfAfrH, 
.  10  gnpgle  ;  D.  ;!fij^tfclm,  to  chatter ;  Eng. 
I'l  A'U'f/<">"  Dan.  Adf/f,  lo  cluck,  as  a  hen; 
SjK  C4i£4ire4iry  to  cackle  or  crow.] 

1.  To  make  a  particular  nubte,  as  a  goose  or  a  hen. 

Dryden.     Shak. 
'H.  To  laugh  with  a  broken  noise,  like  the  cackling 
of  a  goose ;  lo  ffi^^le,  which  is  a  word  from  the  Fame 
rool.  JlrbutJttwt. 

3.  To  prate  ;  to  pmtlle  _:  to  tatUe  ;  to  talk  in  a  silly 
manner.  Johttsoii. 

€ACK'LE,  n.    Tlie  broKen  uoise  of  a  goose  or  hen. 

Dryden. 

2.  Idle  talk  ;  sillv  prattle.  Johnson. 
CACK'LEIl,  n.    A  fowl  that  cackles. 

2.  A  telltale ;  a  tattler.  .Tohn^orC 

€.\CK'MNG,ppr.  or  a.     Making  the  noise  of  a  goose 

or  hen.  .hhnson. 

eACKXIN'G,  w.    The  br  or  hen. 

Home  was  t=avcd  hv  tli 
€A*;-0-€IIVM'I€,  ■     (  '  ■]    Hav- 

CAe  oeilVM'IC-AL,  i      lUK  the  Uuuls  of  the  body 

vliial.  il.  e-pLciallv  the  hlo<jd.  Encye, 

eAC'O  CIIVM-V,  I'l.  [Gr.  «  i^i^xv/iio,  of  xaKOi,  HI, and 

\t.^riij  juice.] 

A  Vitiated  slate  of  the  humors  of  the  body,  espe- 
cially of  the  blood. 
eAC-O-DE'MOX,  H.     [Or.  xacuf,  evil,  and  iatpuVf  a 

demon.] 
An  evil  spirit.  Shak. 

GAe-O-E'THRS,  n.     [Gr.  KUKOriOtia  :  jcaxof,  vicious, 

and  fjCoiT,  manners.] 

1.  A  bad  custom  or  habit ;  a  bad  dtspasition. 

2.  In  medicine^  a  bad  quality  or  disposition  in  dis- 
ease ;  an  inelirahte  nlrer.  Parr.      Coze. 

C^C'O'L'THKS    SCIU  BBX'DI,    [U]     A  diseased 

proprn-iity  for  writing. 
e.veOG'RA-1'HY,  n.    [Gr.  koko^  and  j  oa^^-K] 

Bad  spellinj». 
€A-COL'0  CY,  n.     [Gr.  KQKOi  and  Xoj'Oj.] 

Bad  spi-akiii". 

lAao;rl!ox'le-..VL,  \  "•  Soun"ing  i.a«wy. 
e.VCiJriru-N(H'.^,  a.     Ilarsh-sounding. 
€A-C01'H'0-.\V,  H,     [ffa«  .c,  ill,  and  <pu*vT},  voice.! 

1.  In  rhetjtric^  an  uncouth  or  disagreeable  sound  of 
words,  proceeding  from  the  meeting  of  harsh  letters 
tir  syllables.  Kiicijc. 

0.  In  medicine,  a  depraved  voice ;  an  jdiered  stale 
of  the  voice.  Ctrre.     Encyc. 

3.  In  viu.ftc.  a  combination  of  discordant  sounds. 
eACO-TECII-NY,  71.    [Gr.  kuko^  and  tcxv^.] 

A  rnmipl  art. 

€A-€OT'itOPHY,  n.     [Gr.  A-airos  and  Tpo;*?.] 

Bad  f.inil  or  bad  nutrition.  Coze. 

€.VCOX'Ei\K,  ».  [Gr.  «uif«s  and  Icvoq."]  A  mineral 
occurring  inycllowishjradiatin|;  tuf^,and  consisting 
of  phosphoric  acid  with  alumina,  tluoric  ncid,  and 
water 

CA-eC'.MIN-ATE,  v,  U    To  make  sharp  or  (Minted. 

eA€'Ttrs,  n.  A  genus  of  plants,  remarkable  for  Iheir 
largo  and  beautiful  /lowers,  and  tlic  grotesque  shapes 
these  plants  often  assume.  Brandt. 

C.\D,  n.    A  boy  at  Ihe  door  of  an  omnibus. 

2.  A  runner  or  messenger;  somclimes  called  cadie. 
CADX'FEU^n.     [I..]     A  corpse.  [ScoUish, 
€A-DAV'EU-OI'S,  a.     [L.  cadaver,  a  dead  carcass, 

from  eadn,  to  fall.] 

1.  Having  Ihe  appL'arance  or  color  of  a  dead  human 
body  ;  intc  ;  wan  ;  ghastly  ;  as,  a  cadaverous  look. 

2.  Ilavini;  th>*  qualities  of  a  dead  iKwiy.  Arbuthnot. 
CA-UAV'ER-OUS-LY,  adv.    In  a  cadaverous  form. 
eA-DAV'ER  0US-NES9,  n.    The  quality  of  being 
e.AD'DIS,  n.     [(iu.  I*,  eadus,  a  cask.]        [cada^'crous. 

].  A  kind  of  tape  or  ribbon.  Shak. 

9.  A  kind  of  wonn  or  grub  found  in  a  case  of 
straw.  Johnnon. 

Tli''  ei^UV..  •.-,rir.-  {ciddlre  jporms,  or  cose  worms) 
ar'  :^  in?«;cts,  of  the  gi^nua 

I  :  :     of  tubes,  constructed 

!i;,  \traiieous  materials,  as 

^niii-  vi  .iiinl,  :^ln;lls,  ur  Ifits  of  wood,  leaves,  jtc. 


CAD 

They  inhabit  fre&li  wnler,  btreatiu,  or  |vtud4,  r.u  l 
ramiug  about  its  |Kiitable  dwelling,  from  vtliich  \'.\ 
htniland  for.*  feet  pMiud-.  AVIi.-n  dii.luiU. d,  t!i  , 
withdraw  eiiiireh-  wiilun  iii<  t,  tuii.  ■;. 

CAD'HOW,  H.     Ach..'  Rj„. 

CAD'DY,  n.     A  small  l»a. 

CADE,  a.    [O.ii.  W    f  .      r  guard  ;  or  A- 

^Ui  kauda,  to  lead  or  govern,  to  be  led,  lobe  tu'. 

mUsivc.] 
Tamo,  bred  by  hand  ;  dunie^liealed  jas^aruifdaiiil 
GADE,  r.  £,    To  bring  up  or  nourish  by  hand,  or  wnti 

londerneiui ;  to  tame. 
CADE,  n.  [L.  codtu:  Gr.  kiihi,  a  cask,  taSiot;  a  |'>ii 

or  liltlo  catk  ;  allied,  iierlmps,  to  U'.  ca/Zte,  to  hol.l,  t 

keep.] 
A  barrel  or  ca^k.    A  cade  of  herrings  is  the  qiin'> 

tity  of  five  hundred  ;  of  Minii-^,  ;i  Ui-  h  .'tkI.   J'.u  , 
CADE'-OIL,  II.     In  ff^- 

Germany  and  Fnm-  ■ 

the  wood  iif  the  Jum^ 

countries  cada.  l.nij.:.    .\uiHit'. 

CADE'-WOR.M,  j(.    The  same  a>«  Cai-di». 
CA'PEXCE,    /  n.     [Fr.  cadence;  i-p.  and  Port,  av' 
CA'DEN-CY,  t      cia ;  I.,  cadrns,  from  cadn,  in  f-M  ;  W 

ctcyiate  ;    Cum.  kodJia;    .Arm.  kuedha,  or  /.;.':<t{  Ij. 

eadam,  eitdaim;  II.  eadere;  t?p.  caer;  I'orl.  enhir ;  Fr. 

cheoir.  ] 

1.  A  fall ;  a  decline;  a  state  of  sinking.   Mdii>< 

2.  A  fall  of  the  vnice  in  readine  •■!  -jii ;.:  in- 
the  end  of  a  seiiieiice  :  nl>o,  the  i 

ill  the  gentrul  modulation  of  toii' 

reading  or  speaking,  n  certain  tou'-  i 

called  the  iei'.or  /.rt-npfr,  on  which  iuimI  i.i  lin  v.ud* 

are  pronc;iiTiced,  ::iid  the  fall  of  the  voice  h  i..\v  thy 

tone  i.-i  ealk-d  eadencr.  I.nrve, 

The  ordinar>-  cadence  is  a  fall  of  the  last  t-yllable 
of  a  sentence  only. 

3.  The  genenil  tone  of  reading  verse.  "The  ea- 
drnee  of  one  line  must  be  a  rule  to  that  of  ih'^  next ; 
as  the  i^ound  of  the  funnermiisl  slide  gcntU  iniutbal 
which  follows.'*  Drviim, 

^.  Tone  ;  sound  ;  as,  hoarse  cadence.         .Vutun. 

5.  In  music,  repose  ;  the  termination  of  a  hiirmoni. 
cal  plirase  on  a  npose  or  on  a  iicrfect  chord,  lliieife. 

Also,  the  manner  of  closing  a  song;  einli'  Ms-hmeol 
01  the  close.  Hii.'jy. 

6.  In  horiiemanshipy  an  equal  measure  or  prui^ortloii 
obFer\'ed  by  a  horse  in  all  his  inntioiis.  iJ;jcyc> 

7.  In /i/raJt/ri/,  the  disiiitctinii  of  fairiili^.-.  Chalnen. 
Ca'DENCE,  v.  t.    To  regulate  by  musical  in^     nr--. 

eA'DENC-£D,  (ki'densi,)  pp.  or  a.    Havii 
ular_cadcncc  ;  as,  \ve\\<Qdcnced  music.     A 

C-V-DkNE',  n.    A  species  of  inferior  carpet  impuiUil 
frnm  the  Levant.  Encye. 

CA'DEXT,  a.     [L.  cadais.\ 

Fiilling  down;  sinking.  Jnhnson, 

CA-DEX'ZA,  Ti.     [It.     See   Cadkkce.]     The  fall  Of " 
modulation  of  the  voice  in  singing.  -  , 

CA-DET',  H.     [Fr.  cadet:   It.  eadettv;  Sp.  cadete.    In  .  \ 
French,  properly,  the  second  son.     OcbcKn.    But  in  ' 
general,  the  younger  son  or  brother,  or  the  ymingeit] , 

1.  The  younger  of  two  brothers;  theyoii'iL''>'t  «n. 

■•  -fiart 

2.  A  gentleman  who  carrie;'  arms  in  a  i<^im«ii, 
as  a  private  man,  with  a  view  t»i  acqutn  milium' 
skill,  and  obtain  a  commission.  His  scr-.  ice  is  vol- J 
iintar}-,but  he  receives  pay,  and  thus  is  disiinc'iiibcd  ' 
from  a  volunteer.  -^^h^*    |  1 

3.  A  voung  man  in  a  miUiar>'  school.  ,  ' 
e.VDEU''  (ku-du',)«,   Astrawworm.   [f-ec  CiiDOii.] '  I 

2.  An  Irish  mantle.  1 1 

CADGE,  r.  (.    To  cjvrr^'  a  burden.    [Xut  in  use.\   Mtf 
CADG'ER,  n.    One  who  brings  butter,  epps,  and  pi»\-, 
Irj-  to  the  market  from  the  countrv* ;  a  liuck^^er. 
'[/  beiieve  not  used  in  the  Uitiied  States.]    [JohHSOm, 

CA'DI,  (ka'de,)  r.    [Ar.  iSAs  kaidon,   a   governor, 

from  iUf  katida,  to  lead,  rule,  or  govern ;  Eng.  gvUe.i 

Hence  alcaide.] 

In  the  Tiirk-L^h  dominions,  a  judge  in  civil  allkir*  ; 
usually  the  judge  of  a  town  or  village,  for  the  judjc. 
of  a  ciiy  or  province  is  called  moida.  Eneye. 

CA-DIL'LAC,  n.    A  sort  of  pear.  J,.}inton.    ^ 

€Al)-Ml"^'A^^  |fl.    Relating    lo  Cadmus,  a    repitc^l 
CAD'MI-A\,  \     prince  of  Thehes,  who  introduee^J 
into  Greece  the  sixteen  simple  letters  of  Ihc  i^E^I^I^I 
—  (1,  (i,  y,  f^  I,  I,  K,  X,  ft,  i;  0,  tt,  n,  cr,   r,  v.     Ttff^ 
are  called  Cadmcan  lettt-rs. 

'J'his  personage  niay  be  a  fabulous  bein. 
a  person  ever  existed,  he  may  have  been  ■ 
his  knowledge  of  letters  ;  for  in  Ihe  ant: 
kadeem  flignilied  Icitguage;  Ir.  a'Otlba. 
relate  ;  ceadack,  talkative  ;  ccadal.  a  slor\'. 
have  been  namea  from  his  eminence  ' 
DTp  kadam,  to  precede  ;  Anibic,  to  cm  ■ 
the  sense  of  priority  and  antiquity  ;  or  h. 
denote  a  man  from  the  East. 


1- 


FATE,  FAri.  rAi.i,.  v."iiAT.  — >;i:Ti:.  irev.  —  pt.nt.  marine,  bird.  — note,  vq\~e,  move,  wolf,  bqoic— 


CAI 


€AD'MI-A.  71.  An  oxyd  of  zinc  which  collects  on  the  I 
sides  of  furnaces  where  zinc  is  sublimed,  as  in  bra^s 
founderies.  This  substance  is  readily  volatilized  on  I 
charcoal,  by  the  oxy-hydro;,'en  blowpipe,  and  it  biims 
with  tiie  usual  beautiful  combustion  of  zinc.  Pul- 
verized, mixed  with  charcorJ  powder,  wrapped  in 
sheet  copper,  and  heated  with  the  compound  blow- 
pipe, it  readiJv  forms  bi-ass,  Silliman. 

Cadmia  fossilis ;  a  term  by  which  calamine,  or  the 
common  ore  of  zinc,  was  fonneriy  known  ;  whence 
the  name  given  to  the  new  metal  cad7nium,  first  dis- 
covered in  that  ore. 

GAD'MI-UJI,  n.  A  metal  discovered  by  Stromeyer,  in 
1817,  in  carbonate  of  zinc.  Its  color  is  a  fine  while, 
with  a  sliade  of  bluish  gray,  resembling  that  of  tin. 
Its  texture  is  compact,  its  fracture  hackly,  and  it  is 
susceptible  of  polish.  It  is  ductile  and  malleable, 
and,  when    fused,  crystallizes  hi    octahedrons.    It 

.  melts  below  a  red  heat,  and  suffers  but  slight  change 
in  air.  U^^-     Cleaveland. 

GA-Du'CE-AN,  a.    Belonging  to  aiercury's  wand. 

GA-Du'CE-US,  n.  [L.]  In  antiqiiitij.  Mercury's  rod  ; 
a  wand  entwisted  by  two  sorpt-nts,  borne  by  Mercu- 
ry as  an  ensign  of  quality  and  ofiice.  On  medals 
the  Caduceus  is  a  symbol  of  good  conduct,  peace, 
and  prosperity.  The  rod  represents  power ;  the  ser- 
pents, wisdom ;  and  the  two  wings,  diligence  and 
acti\ilv.  '  Enajc. 

GA-DO'CI-TY,  n.    [L.  cadacus,  from  caio,  to  fall.] 
Tendency  to  fall.     [Litlie  used.]  Chesterfield. 

€A-DC'€OUS,  a.     [L.  supra.] 

Falling  off  quickly,  or  soon  after  development; 
as  the  envelopes  of  a  flower,  when  they  fall  off 
nearly  as  soon  as  thfy  are  expanded. 

C/E'CI-AS,  .'I.  [L.]  A  wind  from  the  north-east, 
[and  in  Latin,  according  to  Ainsworth,  from  the 
north-west.]  Jifdion. 

CJE'CVM,  n.  [L.]  In  anatomy^  the  commencement 
of  the  large  intestine,  forming  a  ctd-de-sacj  or  closed 
tube,  before  the  insertion  of  The  small  intestine,  and 
having  near  ils  closed  extremity  a  small  process  or 
appendage  called  the  vermiform  appendage,  {appea- 
dicula  vermif-trmis.)  The  term  ctsca  (plural)  is  ap- 
plied to  small  lateral  appendages  of  the  intestinal 
canal,  similar  to  the  vermiform  appendages,  as  in 
birds  and  ti^Jies. 

Ci£-SA'RI-AN.    Pee  Cesarias 

CjE-SO'R.'\  or  C^-SU'RA,  w,  [Fr.  cesure  ;  It.  cesiira; 
L.  c*za'ura,  from  cado,  c*£sum,  to  cut  ofil] 

A  pause  in  verse,  so  introduced  as  to  aid  the  re- 
cital, and  render  the  versification  more  melodious. 
It  divides  a  verse  or  line  into  equal  or  unequal  parts, 
Ils  most  pleasing  effect  is  produced  when  it  is 
placed  at  the  end  of  the  second  foot,  or  in  the  mid- 
dle, or  at  the  end  of  the  third  foot.  S/teridaii. 

CjE-SU'RAL,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  cssura, 

asPE,  (kaf  fa,)  n.     [Fr.]     A  coffee-house. 

CAF'E-NET,  71.     [Fr.  cafe.] 

In  Turkey,  a  hotel  or  house  of  rest  for  travelers. 

€AF-Fe'I€,  a,  Caffeic  acid ;  an  acid  obtained  from 
coffee,  in  the  fonn  of  a  white  powder,  which,  when 
heat-d.  yields  the  peculiar  aromatic  odor  of  coffee. 

€AF-FE'iN,  n.  A  white,  bitter,  crj-stallizable  sub- 
stance, obtained  from  coffee,  and  having  the  cora- 
po?itir»n  uf  an  alkaloid. 

€AFTRE,  (-fer,)  n.  [Arabic;  whence  Ca^aWa,  in 
Africa.]  Ati  unbeliever;  a  name  given  to  &  people 
in  ?omh  Africa,  who  reject  tlie  Mohammedan  faith. 

€AF'TA\,  n.  [Persic]  A  Persian  or  Turkish  vest, 
or  garment.  Johnson. 

eAG,  n.  [Fr.  caque ;  Dan,  kag ;  allied  probably  to 
Mo-c,  that  which  holds  ;  Sax.  c^^gian,  to  malie  fast. 
See  Keg.] 

A  small  cask,  or  barrel,  differing  from  the  barrel 
only  in  size,  and  containing  a  few  gallons,  but  not  of 
any  definite  capacity.     It  is  generally  wriiten  Keg. 

Ca6E,  ».     [Fr.  catrc;  D.  kouw,  and  kooi.     See  Cag.] 

1.  A  box  or  inclosure,  made  of  boards,  or  with  lat- 
tice ^vork  of  wood,  wicker,  or  wire,  for  confining 
birds  or  beasts.  For  the  confiuemeut  of  the  more 
strong  and  ferocious  beasts,  a  cage  Is  sometimes 
made  of  iron.  "  Encyc. 

2.  An  inclosure  made  with  palisades  for  confining 
wild  beasts.  Johnson. 

3.  A  prison  for  petty  criminals.  Johnson. 

4.  In  carpentry,  an  outer  work  of  timber,  inclosing 
another  within  it ;  as,  the  cage  of  a  windmill,  or  of 
a  staircase.  Encyc. 

€A6E,p.i.  To  confine  in  a  cage  ;  to  shut  up  or  confine. 

e.*6'£D,  pp.     Confined  in  a  cage.  \^Donne. 

€aG'L\G,  ppr.    Confining  in  a  cage. 

€AG'MAG,  n.  Tough,  old  gesse  sent  to  market; 
tou^h,  dry  meat.     ~  Smart. 

■e^-SlER',  (ka-heer',)  n.  [Fr.]  LiteraUy,  a  number 
of  sheets  of  paper  put  loosely  together  j  but  now  ap- 
plied to  the  sucrcssive  portions  of  a  work  when 
printed  in  parts  or  numbers. 

€A-I.\'Cie,  a.  Caincic  acvl;  an  acid  obtained  from 
the  bark  of  the  root  of  a  Brazilian  shrub,  the  cahinca, 
a  species  of  Chiococca.  It  is  now  called  tlie  c/tiococ- 
eie  acid. 

CA'ie,        )  n.    [Fr.  caique.]     A  skiff  belonging  to  a 

CAiaUE,!      galley. 

CAI'MA^.    SeeCAVMAX. 


CAL 

CA  I-RAj  (sa-c-ri',)  ;(.  [Fr.  Literally,  it  (the  revo- 
lution) sfiaU  go  on,]  The  burden  of  a  famous  soug 
during  the  French  revolution.  Brandt. 

€.Alll.\,  71.     [Gaelic  and  Welsh  earn,) 

A  heap  of  stones;  a  term  applied  to  heaps  of 
stones  of  a  roundtd  or  conical  form,  erected  by  the 
early  inhabitants  of  the  British  Isles,  apparently  as 
sepulchral  monuments. 

CaIRN'GOKM  SToNE,  71.  A  yellow  or  brown  vari- 
ety of  rock-cryst.-U,  or  crystallized  quartz,  found  in 
the  mountain  uf  Cairngorm,  in  Scotland.     Brandc. 

GaLS'SOX,  n.     [Fr.  from  caisse.  a  chest.     See  Case.] 

1.  A  wooden  chest  into  which  several  bombs  are 
put,  and  sometimes  gunpowder,  to  be  laid  in  the  way 
of  an  enemy,  or  under  some  work  of  which  the 
enemy  intend  to  possess  themselves,  and  to  bs  fired 
when  they  get  possession.  Encyc. 

2.  A  wooden  frame,  or  chest,  used  in  laying  the 
foundation  of  the  pier  of  a  bridge.  Encyc. 

3.  An  anmiunition  chest,  or  wagon. 
CaI'TIPF,  71.     [Fr.  chetifi   it.  cattivoj  a  captive,  a 

slave,  a  rascal ;  catticare,  to  master,  to  enslave.  This 
word  is  from  the  L.  captious,  a  captive,  from  eaplo  or 
capto^to  take.  Tlis  sense  of  knavery  is  from  the  nat- 
ural connection  between  the  degradation  of  a  slave 
and  vice.  This  word,  from  its  derivation,  should  be 
spelt  caitif.] 

A  mean  villain  ;  a  despicable  knave  ;  it  implies  a 
mixture  of  wickedness  and  missrv.  Johnson. 

GaI'TIFF,  a.    Belonging  to  a  caitiff;  base  ;  vile. 

eAJ'E-PUT,  71.    An  essential  oU  from  the  East  Indies, 

resembling  that  of  cardamoms,  obtained  from  the 

leaves  of  a  species  of  Melaleuca,  (M.  cajuputi.)  Enc. 

This  word  is  now  written  cajuput,  (pronounced 

cayoapoot,)  from  its  Hindoo  name,  KayupuU. 

€A-JoLE',  r.  f.  [Fr.  cajolcr,  e7tjoler;  Arm.  cangeoU. 
ft  appears  by  the  derivatives  of  enjolcr,  that  the  last 
part  of  these  words  is  from  joli,  pretty.] 

To  flatter  ;  to  soothe  ;  to  coax  ;  to  deceive  or  delude 
by  flatter^-.  Hudibras. 

GA-JoL'ER,  n.    A  flatterer  ;  a  wheedler. 

€A-J6L'ER-Y,  7i.    Flattery  ;  a  wheedling  to  delude 

Burke. 

CAJoL'ING,  ppr.  Flattering  ;  wheedling  ;  deceiving. 

GaKE,  71.    [D.   koek;   G.  kuchcn;   Dan.    kage ;   Sw. 


kaka;  Ch.  "ips  ;  Per 


s.^l£ 


kaiika 


;   S>T.  loOD 


koka.    The  sense  seems  to  be,  a  mass,  or  lump.] 

1,  A  small  mass  of  dough  baked  ;  or  a  composition 
of  flour,  butter,  sugar,  or  other  ingredients,  baked  in 
a  small  mass.  The  name  is  applied  to  various  com- 
positions, baked  or  cooked  in  diliVrent  shapes. 

9.  Somethincin  the  form  of  a  cake,  rather  flat  than 
high,  but  roundish  ;  as,  a  cake  on  a  tree. 

3.  A  mass  of  mailer  concreted  ;  as,  a  cake  of  ice. 

Dryden. 
In  JVeio  England,  a  piece  of  floating  ice  in  a  river 
or  lake. 

4.  A  hard  swelling  on  the  flesli ;  or  rather  a  con- 
CiPtion  without  such  swelling. 

€aKE,  r.  (.    To  form  into  a  cake,  or  mass. 

CaKE,  v.  i.  To  concrete,  or  form  into  a  hard  mass,  as 
dough  in  an  oven,  or  as  flesh,  or  any  other  substance. 

jiddison. 

€aKE.  r.  i.    To  cackle.     [JVot  used.]  Ray. 

CaK'£0,  (kiikt,)  pp.    Formed  into  a  hard  mass. 

GaK'ING,  ppr.     Forming  into  a  hard  mass. 

GaK'IXG,  n.    The  act  of  fi-rming  into  concretions. 

GAL'A-BASH,  n.  [S[>.  calabaza,  a  pumpkin,  a  gourd, 
a  calabash  ;  Port,  calaba^a.  Q,u.  Gr.  k^iX-tj-,  a  water- 
pot,  or  pitciier.] 

1.  A  vessel  luado  of  a  dried  gcurd-shell,  or  of  the 
shell  of  a  calalw.sli-trec,  used  for  containing  liquors, 
or  goods,  as  pilch,  resin,  and  the  liki:.  Encyc. 

2.  A  popular  name  uf  the  gourd  plant,  or  Cucur- 
bila.  Fam.  of  Plants. 

CAL'A-BASH-TIIEK,  ii.  A  tree  of  two  species, 
known  in  botany  by  the  generic  name  of  Crescen- 
tia.  The  Citjelu  has  nanow  leaves,  but  a  large, 
round,  or  oval  fruit.  The  Lalifolia  has  broad  leaves. 
The  shell  of  the  fruit  is  used  for  cups,  bowls,  dishes, 
and  othiT  utensils.  Encyc. 

CAL-A-BOOSE',  71.  A  corruption  of  the  Spanish 
word  calabuzQ,  prison.  Used  iu  the  South-western 
States. 

GA-LaDE',  h.  The  slope  or  declivity  of  a  rising 
manege-sround.  Encyc. 

GA-La'ITE,  n.  A  name  given  to  the  turquois, 
which  see. 

GAL-.\-3IAN€'0,  n.  [Fr.  caUimanque,  calmande;  D. 
kalmink;  G.  kalmank:  Sp.  calamaco.  Q.U.  Sp,  maca^ 
a  spot.] 

A  woolen  stufl",  of  a  fine  gloss,  and  checkered  in 
the  warp.  Encyc. 

GAL'.A.-MAR,       \n.     [Sp.   cnlumar:  It.    calamaia,    an 

GAL'A-MA-liy,  !     inkhorn,  and  this  anunal.] 

An  animal  having  an  obhmg  body,  and  ten  legs. 
On  the  btiliy  itxc  two  bladders  containing  a  black 
fluid,  which" the  animal  emits  when  pursued.  It  is 
called  also  sca-slecoe,  and  cuttlc-f.sk:  liOligo  vulgaris, 
prek<",  or  pen-fish.        Sp.  Diet.     Did.  ofJ^aL  SxsL 

GAL'A.M-BAC,  n.     [Sp.  catambxico.] 
Agallochurn,  which  see. 


CAL 

GAL'AM-BOUR,  n.  A  epecies  of  agallochurn,  or  alo*^^ 
wood,  of  a  dusky  or  mottled  color,  of  :  '  : ' "  '"     ' ' 
texture,  and    less    fragrant    than  c:.i 
wood  is  used  by  cibinet-makers  and  > 

G-IL-A-MIF'ER-OUS,  a.  [l^  calamus  ;itiu  jr^.i  .. 
term  denoting  plants  luiviug  a  lung,  hollow,  knotted 
stem.  Ckambtre. 

GAL'A-ilINK,  ji.  Lapis  talaminaris,  an  ore  of  zinc, 
consisting  of  oxyd  of  zinc  and  carbonic  acid,  (carbon- 
ate of  zinc.)  Itfl  color  is  white,  oflon  v.ilh  graiitli, 
greenish,  or  brownish  shades.  It  uccuni  usuxUly  iu 
spheroidal  or  stalactitic  concretions,  and  scmi  times 
crystallized  in  acute  rhombohedrons. 

Electric  calamine;  an  ore  of  zinc,  (silicloim  oxyd  of 
zinc,)  formerly  cun.sidered  a  variety  of  the  preceding, 
consisting  of  silica  and  oxyd  of  zinc,  with  several 
per  cent,  of  water.  It  crystallizes  in  prisms,  which 
become  electric  when  healed.  It  does  not,  like  cala- 
mine, dissolve  with  eflervescencc  in  nitric  acid. 

GAL'A-MLNT,  ti.  [h.  eaUminUia;  Gr.  KaXapnOn' 
pteOa,  mentha,  menla,  mint.] 

A  plant,  of  the  genus  Calamintba,  ao  aromatic 
plant,  and  a  weak  corroborant.  Eneye. 

Water  calaminl  is  a  species  of  Slentha,  or  mint. 

CAL-A-MIS'TRaTE,  v.  t.  To  curl  or  frizzle  the 
hair.    [JVtit  used.]  Cot^ace. 

€AL-A-MIS-TRa'TION,  n.  The  act  of  curiiiig  the 
hair.     [JVt/(  \tscd.] 

GAL'A-ailTE,  n.     [L.  calamus,  a  reed.] 

A  variety  of  hornblende,  allied  to  tremoUte.  It 
occurs  iu  imperfect  or  rounded  prismatic  crystals,  of 
a  vitreous  luster,  longitudinally  striated,  and  some- 
times resembling  a  reed,  whence  the  name. 

GA-LAM'I-TOUS,a.  [Ft.  calamiUuz.   See  Calamitv.] 

1.  Very  na.-:eriible  ;  invulved  in  deep  distr'-- ■  •  " 
pressed  wilh  infeUcity ;  wretched  from  mi-:' 
applied  to  men.  Johnson,     C 

2.  Producing  distress  and  miser>- ;  making  v. . .  ;^.. 
ed  ;  applied  to  external  circumstances ;  as,  a  calamitous 
event.  MUton, 

3.  Full  of  misery;  distressful;  wretched;  applied 
to  state  or  condition,  Soiuh. 

GA-LAM'I-TOt'S-LY,  adv.  In  a  manner  to  bring 
great  distress. 

GA-LAM'1-TOUS-NESS,  n.  Deep  distress;  wretch- 
edness; misery  ;  ihc  quality  of  producing  miscrj-. 

GA-LAiri-TV,   n.     [L.   calamitas.     Uu.  Ar.  *JlS> 

kalama,  to  wound  ;    Heb.  Ch-  d'?3,  kalam,  \ 
ashamed.     Under  Ihis  root  the  S>Tiac  ha^ 
The  sense  of  the  verb  is,  to  strike,  to  bea:  ^_    ... 
But  the  origin  of  the  word  is  uncertain.]  ■. 

Any  great  misfortune  or  cause  of  miser>' ;  gener-  | 
ally  applied  to  events  or  disasters  which  produce  ex- 
tensive evils,  as  loss  of  crops,  earthquakes,  conflagra- 
tions, defeat  of  armies,  and  the  like.  But  it  is 
applied  also  to  the  misforluues  which  bring  great 
distress  upon  individuals.  JUUton,    Prior. 

The  dcliberaiions  of  caiaimty  are  rarely  vtias.  Barkt. 

€AL'A-MUS,  n.    [L.,  from  Gr.  x«Aa/xoff,  a  stalk  cr 

f> 

stem,  a  reed,  stubble ;  Etii.  and  Ar.  aJ^,  kalamaxL, 

calamus  scriptorius,  a  writing  reed,  or  pen.  The 
verb  in  Arabic  signifies  to  cut  or  pare.  But  qu.,  for 
it  would  seem  to  be  allied  to  cuZ/mua] 

1.  The  generic  name  of  the  Indian  cane,  called 
also  Rotang.  It  is  without  brandies,  has  a  crown  at 
the  top,  and  is  beset  wilh  spines.  Encyc. 

2.  In  antiquity,  a  pipe  or  fi.stula,  a  wind  instrumt  nt, 
made  of  a  reed  or  oaten  stalk.  Encyc- 

3.  A  reed,  used  anciently  as  a  pen  to  write  cu 
parchment  or  papyrus.  Eunjc. 

4.  The  root  of  a  sort  of  reed,  or  sweet-^*  ented 
cane,  used  by  the  Jews  as  a  perfume.  It  is  a  l;nt>tty 
root,  reddish  witiiout  and  while  within,  and  fiilod 
with  a  spongj-  sub.stance.    It  has  an  aromatic  smell. 

Brown.     CabaiL 

5.  The  sweet  flag,  called  by  Linnaeus  .ieorus 
Calar^us.  Encyc 

GA-LAiVDO,  [II.  eaiure,  to  decrease,]  in  music^ 
directs  to  a  diminution  of  time  and  sound,  till  the 
sound  is  nearly  lost  to  the  ear. 

GA-L.A^''DRA,  n.  A  species  of  lark,  with  a  thick 
bill,  the  upper  part  of  tlie  body  of  a  reddish  brown, 
spotted  wilh  black,  wilh  a  body  thicker  than  the 
skvlark.  Pennant. 

GA-L.Ai\'DRE,  n.  The  French  name  of  a  species  of 
insect  of  the  beetle  kind,  ver>'  destructive  in  grana- 
ries ;  the  conunon  grain  weevil. 

GA-LAN"G.Vy,  It.    A  species  of  white  paiTOl.  jSsh. 

GA-LA^^H',  n.  [Fr.  eaieclte;  D.  kaUs;  Sp.  calesa; 
Riiss.  koliiiska.] 

1,  A  li"ht  chariot  or  carriage  with  very  low  wheels,  ' 
used  for  Uiking  the  air  in  parks  and  gardens.  It  is  , 
open,  or  covered  wilh  mantlets  of  cloUi,  thai  are  let 


down  at  pleasure. 


Eiicic 


o    A  covt-r  fur  tlie  he.id  sometimes  used  bv  ladies. 
3.  A  hood  or  top  of  a  carriage  whidi  can  be  thrown 

back  at  pleasure.  


TCNE,  BfJLL,  tZNITE.— AN"GER.  VI"CIOUS.  — G  asK;  GasJ;  SasZ;  CHas  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

~  163" 


CAL 


CAL 


CAL 


t'\I.'C\lll>'.  "•     White  vitriol.  I 

vi;iKn,tur>  fumie,  "-'I  f"'""^'  c..Umal.oil  of  ranJ  , 
^n    ri,>.h,  a..d  u..,v«li,.6  th.n.  a.lo  fr.t.    £««. 
CALc' AR  ATK,  a.    [  I.,  fu/tar,  a    pur,  tali,  the  liMl ; 
If.  co/*'.  a  slinj  or  gt'ad.]  ,    i 

I.  t'uri.islica  with  n  »pur ;  a*,  a  taUaratt^otiA,  in 

a'i'n'.'lmpc,  rcMmbling  a  cock's  .pur ;  as,  acalramit 

e\Ue?''RF.O-AR-fiIULA'CEOUS.  o.  Con«l«Ilng 
of  .r  ciitainini!  cnlcnrroiu  and  areiHaceoua  tarUi. 

C  \l,  CXIiE  O-UI-TO'MIN-OUS,  a.  Coiwullni!  of  or 
rnuliniMH  linifand  bitunvn.  .     '->'''• 

C  m!-C.\KEO-SI-I.I"CIUU3,  a.  Coniirting  of  or 
colllninins  calcan-ou«  and  «iliclou«  •■"«•'. 

eAl'eA'Rf-0-SL'LTllUU-OU3,  a.    [Soo  CiL.  and 

"m"'!"!"'  Ilmo  and  milphnr  in  combination,  or  por- 
wk.i.jof  lK.tli.  „      ^*"''?'"- 

CM.-Ll'ltK-OUS,  a.     [L.  raUitriiu.     PfetALt.J 

rartakiPB  of  tile  nature  oflune  ;  l.avmg  tbe  qiiall- 
tifi  of  liiue  i  containing  lime  ;  nj,r<i;<-«rfo«>  earth  or 
El,,,,,'  Kiictje.     Atneaa. 

,     ■  'A  ;  a  term  fonmrly  n|>plird  lo  lime. 

r;  crvstnlli/eil  carboniiti-  ol  Inae. 
CM    ■  .<  NUiS,  n.     llualily  of  being  culca- 

C.\'l^e"\-VAL'LA,  1).    A  kind  of  .wcet  wine  from 

e\l.'C?"  JTED  a.    r  L.  ca/i-Mlu*,  (Voui  rufcci",  a  shoe] 

Sliui'l  ;  fitted  with' or  wenring  shoes.        Jokntoii. 
eM'flVUOM,".   [.■^eeC.i.^LccDoNV.]   W  ith  Jewelers, 
n  foul  vein,  like  c^ialeedony,  in  sollie  precious  stones. 
eAI,CK  l)0.\;iC^^   )„     [ScoCinuccDO.'.v.]     i-**^ 

Pertaliiing  to!  or'rescmblinj;  clrilcedony.    Encjrc. 
OAUCED'O-NY.   Sec  Ciiii.ci:Do.Nr,  Uie  more  correct 

CAfclF'Si-OU?,  a.  [of  caix,  lime,  and  f,ro,  lo 
produce.] 

Containing  liino  , , 

OAL'CI-FOR.M,  0.     [of  Mir,  lime,  and /.n-iiio,  fomi.] 

In  tlie  form  of  calx.  _,  .     ^„,, 

CAL-Cl-MO -UrrE,  ».     [of  ca(x,  liine,  and  miirm,  salt 

"  AwciM  of  earthy  mineral,  of  the  muriatic  genua 
of  a  blue  or  olive  green  color,  of  the  consistence  ol 
clav  It  consists  of  calcareous  earlli  and  mngncsia 
tinged  with  iron.    The  term  Is  now  «'"'^'-|)^'^^ 

CM^rlN'A-BLE,  o.  [See  C*i.cim:.]  That  may  be 
ralrinsd  ;  c;i|>able  of  feeing  reduced  to  a  friable  slate 
by  the  action  of  lire.  ,„  tJtcyc. 

C\l.fl-X^TE  r.  I.  To  calcine.  [See  Calcisk.] 
CM  Cl-'S  v'TlOX,  n.  [from  M/rinf.]  The  operation 
of  esiiLllin?  from  a  substance,  by  heat,  some  vo  alile 
mailer  with  which  it  is  coiiibim-d,  ami  thus  ilisin- 
tcgraling  it  and  reducing  it  to  u  triable  st.ile.  1  lius 
carbonate  of  lime  is  reduced  to  lime  by  c<.(cmiiiiK>i,  or 
the  exnulsion  of  carbonic  acid. 

2.  'I'he  operation  of  reducing  a  metal  to  an  oxyd, 

or  metallic  call.    This,  in  modern  chemistry,  is  called 

ezydation, 

CM  Cl.N"\-TO-RY,  a.    A  vessel  u.sed  in  cnlciiialion. 

CALCINE',  or  CAL'CINE,  r.  I.     [Fr.  calcmer ;  It. 

Cdicinorc  ;  Sp.  co'cinue ;  from  M/,t.     See  C*n.] 

1    To  reduce   a  substance  to  a  powder,  or  to  a 

friable  st.ite,  by  the  action  of  heat ;  or  to  expel  from 

a  substance  some  volatile  matter,  combined  with  it, 

ts  the  carbonic  aiid  from  limestone. 

a  To  oxydize,  as  a  metal ;  lo  reduce  to  a  metallic 

calx.  .  ,         ,  1  , 

3.  To  dissolve  :  lo  destroy  the  principles  which 
nnlte  Dcnkam. 

CAL-ci.VE',  or  CAI.'CINE,  r.  i.  To  bo  converted 
Into  a  |K)»der  nr  friable  substance,  or  into  a  calx, 
by  the  ndioi'  of  heat.  .Kealon. 

C.AUI-'I.N'KI',  pp.    Reduced  to  a  friable  state  by  heaU 

CAb-Cl.V'INO,  ppf-     Rendering  friable  hy  he.at. 

€\L'CI-TR.^TE,  r.  I.     [L.  cuJcilro.J    To  kick. 

C  M^CI-TR.\'TION,  ».    The  act  ol  kicking.    fioM. 

c\l'CI-U.M,  n.  [from  L.  caii.)  The  metallic  basis 
of  lime.  ,  ^'■■•l'.- 

€.\Le'-SIN-TER,  n.  Calcareous  sinter;  »i:dnciiUc 
r:irbormtc  of  lime. 

€Al,C'-!^rAR.  '••  Calcareous  spar,  or  cryslallizcd  car- 
bonate of  lime.  ^        .  , 

CM  C'-Trrr,  It.  Calcnreous  lufa.  .A  loose,  porous 
ileposit  cf  carbonate  of  lime,  from  walcra  holding  it 

CVVeU-LA-RLF,,  a.     [Sec  C.ii.ci-i.»te.1    That  may 

be  calculated,  or  ascertained  by  calnilatinn. 
eAL'CU-I..\-RY,  a.     [I.,  cafcii'.",  npcbblc.) 

\  con-erits  of  little  »;ony  knots  dr^por.icil  ihrousli 

the  pareuchvmaof  the  pear  and  other  fruits,  fycyc. 
CAL'eU-LA-RV,  a.     Relatiris  to  the  disexw  of  the 

stone  in  the  bladder.  ,    ,    .  .  a„ 

CM.'OU-LJTE,  r.  L     [Fr.  atlctiltr:  It.  calcfare;  Sp. 

udiular;   L.  caJculo;  from  chUuIm,  a  pebble;  Ar. 


Syr 


JL\j',  kalkai,  gravel.l 


1.  To  compute  ;  lo  reekoil ;  to  add,  sulitmcl.  inul   | 
liply,  or  divide  any  mm-,  for  the  pun-we  of  fiiiding 
Hie   iilllount,  dulVrence,  or  other   re.ull.     .' I"".  '•• 
c«Uulatf  the  ex|»iis.-s  of  erecting  a  liuii«e,  is  to  est 
mate  and  add  together  the  seveml  sums  wlurll  tacll  1 
Bart  of  the  iiialeriaN  and  the  work  will  r.»t.  , 

2.  To  nseertain  bv  the  use  of  lablM  or  numbers ; 
as,  to  ealculatf  an  eclipse.  ,      ,   ,        ' 

3.  To  foMii  tables  u|ion  niaihematical  principiei, 
as  lognrillinis,  ephemerides,  tc.  

4.  'I'o  compute  the  situation  of  the  planets  nt  a 
certain  lime,  for  astrological  purpose.- ;  as, '"  <•'''^"■ 
laic  (Ar  birii  of  a  person.  **"*• 

!S  To  adjust  bv  computation  ;  to  fit  or  prepjiro  li) 
Hie  nda|.lation  of  the  mean-  to  llie  end  ;  as,  to  co/cu- 
lale  a  sysu-m  of  laws  for  a  tree  [leople. 

R.-IJ  j'.jii  b  eateulauJ  for  our  bcnf  111.  IVIution. 

CAVCVLXTF.,  V.  i.    To  make  a  compulation;  as, 
we  ealcihl,  lietter  for  oupu-lves  than  lor  others. 

In  .Wie  K„'iiinJ,  this  word  is  ofleii  eiiulv.ll.  Ill  to 
iulf.i.l  or  ..iir;.;.f,  Unit  i-,  t"  make  arrniiBemilil-i,  and 
form  a  plan  ;  as,  n  man  ca/fu/ulfj  to  go  a  jouniey. 
'i'hls  u-e  of  the  word  spring.'  from  the  praetiro  ol 
computing  or  tMmatms  the  various  eircumslances 
whirli  concur  to  liilluence  the  mind  In  forining  its 
del.  rminalioiis,  but  it  Is  not  samlioned  by  tngllsh 

eAL'cir-I..^-TEn, ;.;..    Computed  ;  reckoned  ;  suited  ; 

adapted  bv  d  situ. 
CAI/CU-L-X-TlNi;,    JVC.      Coinputuij;    reckoning, 

adapting  bv  design  ;  iidjusting. 
eAL-CU-L.V'l'liJ.S,  11.    The  art,  practice,  or  manner, 
of  eompuling  hy  iiiiiiib.rs ;  the  us.-  of  nuiiibcni,  by 

uililil ,  sublniclioh,  iiiulliplication,  or  division,  for 

Hie  purpose  of  arriving  at  a  certain  result.  1  lius 
aunputntions  in  !u,troiioiiiy  and  geoiii  try,  for  niakinj 
tables  of  numbers,  arc  called  caUiilaliuiu.       F.ncyc. 

a  The  result  of  an  aritiiinelical  operation  ;  com- 
pulation ;  reckoning.  .  IlMker. 

3.  Estimate  formed  in  the  mind  by  comparing  the 
various  circumstances  and  facts  which  inlluencc  its 
deli-rminntion.  ,     ,  .- 

eAL'CU-LA-TIVE,   a.      Pertaining    to    calculation  ; 

tending  to  calculalc.  Bitrkt. 

eAL'eU-I.A-TOR,  a.  One  who  computes  or  rcckmis ; 
one  who  estimates  or  considers  the  force  and  cflecl 
of  causes,  with  a  view  to  form  a  correct  eslimalc  ol 
the  ctlects.  ,     ,  .- 

eAL'CL'-LA-TO-RY,  a.    Delonging  to  calculation. 

Jtin»90n. 
eM.'CUI.E,  n.    Reckoning ;  computation.     [Ots.] 
CAL'CU-U,  II.  vl.  of  Calculoj,  which  see. 
CM.'CU-LOU.S,  <i.      [Supra.]     Stony  ;  gritty  i   hard, 
like  ,-tonc  ;  as,  a  culculoiu  concretion.  Brmcn. 

0.  Afl'eclcd  with  the  gravel  or  stone  ;  as,  a  calruhua 
person.  ,      ,  *''"'■''•  , 

eAI/eU-LL-S,a.  [I..  See  CalculatcJ  Any  hard, 
solid  concretion,  rormed  in  any  p.art  oft  he  body,  as 
the  stone  in  tlie  bladder  or  kiiliieys,  called  vnnari/ 
M/cuiii..-,  or  a  gall-stone,  called  Wian/ calcu/i,.,. 

o  In  tiiJl/innoticj,  the  term  caUuliu  is  applied  to 
various  branches  of  algebraical  analysis,  riiiis  the 
mcreniM  and  intt^ral  calculus  is  a  method  of  calcu- 
lation in  which  cpiantilies  are  supposed  to  undergo 
certain  variations  of  value,  to  facilit-itc  invcsligalioiis 
respecting  them.  The  iuuaml  is  tlio  Inverse  of  11  e 
dJcrcntial  calculus  The  object  of  the  latter  is  to 
derliicc,  from  given  algebraic  expressions,  certain 
olher  expressions,  called  diffcrcMuih:  thai  of  tile 
former  is,  from  given  expressions,  to  find  others,  of 
which  they  are  the  dilVerenlials.  I  he  expressions 
sought  in  the  latter  case  arc  called  in(cj:r<i/.>,  the  terms 
inUund  and  differential  being  cornlative.  The  cu/cu- 
/u..  of  tar;a(.i.n,.  may  lie  regarile.l  as  a  department 
of  the  dillerenlial  and  integral  calculus,  in  \yliich 
Hie  investigations  arc  of  a  peculiarly  general  and 
recondite  character.  „  •''•  D.  Stanley. 

CAL'URfiN,  (kawl'dron,)  n.  [Old  Fr.  chnuldron,  now 
ihaudroni  llasquc  unUta,  to  Ileal ;  fnWarM  a  great 
kettle  ;  It.  caldaia,  or  caUaro,  a  caldron  ;  caUo,  heat 
and  hot;  Sp.  calda,  heat;  caWcar,  lo  heal,  to  weld 
iron ;  cMera,  a  caldron  ;  Port.  caWeira,  a  caldron  ; 
L.  caUarium,  id. ;  c<iWa,  hot  water  ;  caUdu.>,  hoi,  from 
ca/co, to  be  hot.  Tlii-  is  from  the  root  of  Eng.  $cald.\ 
\  large  kettle  or  boiler,  of  copper,  or  other  metal, 
fiiniished  with  a  movable  handle  or  bail,  with  which 
lo  hang  it  mi  a  cliiinneyhook.  Addison. 

CA-LBOIIE',  (ka-lish'.)  SceCM.mi. 
eM..-E-00'NI-A.N',  <i.  Pertaining  to  Culedoni.a,  an 
ancient  name  of  Scotland.  The  termination  in  sig- 
nifies a  country,  and  w.as  adiled  by  Uie  Ronians. 
Calcdon  si^niifies,  probably,  the  hill  or  town  of  the 
Oath,  or  Oirfi,  the  primitive  iiihahilanLs. 
e.M..-E  UC'.NI-.'V.N',  11.    A  native  of  Caledonia,  now 

Scotland. 
C.\l.'F.-nON-rrE,  ».    a  mineral  of  a  green  color,  con- 
si.-ling  of  the  sulphate  and  carbonate  of  lead,  and 
carbonale  of  copper. 
eAL-E-F.^'CIE.\T,  a.     [Sec  Cvlekactiox,  Caleit.] 

\Vaniiin2  ;  heating. 
CM^r.-F;('CIE.\T,  ».    That  which  warms  or  heats. 
CAI.-n  FACTION,  n.     [L.  caV-facao,  from  caltfatm, 
1      lo  make  warm.    See  Caleft.] 


I.  Tho  ncl  or  openitioli  of  warming  or  healing ; 
the  production  of  beat  in  a  bmly  by  the  action  of  tlr», 
or  by  the  cominuniculioii  of  heat  I'rum  ollur  bodies. 

t'.nciic 
o    The  litate  of  being  heated.  Johnson, 

CM~E  FAC'TIVE,     (  o.    [.-'.e  Caliiaction.)    That 
CAL-i;-FA<"TO-l[Y,  I      makes   warm   or  hot;   Hiu 

communic^ttes  heat. 
e.M.'E  rV,  r.  i.     [L.  oili:<i>,  to  become  warm  or  ha; 
from  raifuand^o  or/ucio.] 

■I'o  -row  hot  or  warm  ;  lo  be  healed.         flroien. 

C\L'r  KV   e.  (.     To  make  warm  or  hot.      Juhm^yn. 

ClI'lll  HOURG,  II.     [Fr.,  from  a   liennan  Count 

Kabbiuberg,  noted  for  his  blunden  in  Hie   hunch 

hincimge.l      A  pun.  Bcanl,. 

CAI.'ENIlAll,  n.     [I>.  M/onfirioM,  on  account  book. 

1  A  register  of  tho  year,  In  which  the  nioiithi, 
weeks,  and  days,  are  set  down  in  ord.r,  witli  the 
feast-  ob-irved  bv  the  church,  tec. ;  an  almanac.  It 
was  BO  named  rtoiu  the  Roman  Col'nd.r,  the  nanir 
given  to  the  llrst  day  of  the  niontli.  and  written,  la 
largo  letters,  at  the  head  of  each  inoiitli.  [tfcc 
Cauii>o..]  ,         ,     *-'"!^ 

2  An  orderly  table  or  enumeration  of  jicrsons  or 
Hiings.  Hn'uc 

3.  In  coiifTcM,  B  lUl  of  bills  prepared  for  Hie  anion 

of  thai  body.  .    ,    .     .  , ,  i. 

-I    In  £»i/iw*  court.,  a  list  of  criminal  causes  which 

stand  for  trial.     In  some  of  the  American  Stale.,  tin 

term  is  extended  to  embrace  civil  causes,  as  arraago* 

"  cXi  Jac  monOt ;  tt  Bolar  inonih,  n«  il  stands  in 
almanacs.  .  ,      ,„. 

C\I.'E.N-I)\R   r.l.     To  enter  or  wrde  in  a  ealeaJar. 

CAL'EX-UER,  r.  (.  [Fr.  calcndreri  Sp.  calfslnr,  to 
heat,  lo  urge,  or  press  forward  ;   from  calto,  to  be 

'"•ri  press  between  rollers,  for  the  purpose  of  iiiiikin! 
smooth,  glossy,  and  wavy  ;  as  woolen  ami  silk  stall, 
and  linen-.  ,  ,  . 

C\I.'EN-DER,  a.  A  machine  or  hoi  press,  used  ID 
manufactories  to  press  cloths,  for  the  |iiirpose  of 
makiii"  them  snuKitli,  even,  and  glossy,  laying  tha 
nap,  watering  them,  and  giving  theiii  a  wavy  ip- 
neanime  II  consists  of  two  thick  rollers  or  cylin- 
der-, placed  between  boards  or  planii-,  the  lower  onj 
being  lixed,  the  upper  one  limvable,  and  bjaded  Witt 
a  great  weight.  .  ,         ,      ,««!«• 

e  M.'EN-DEIt-EI),  pp.     Smoothed  by  calinderillj. 
CAI-'EN-DER  ING,  ppr.     Making  smooth  and  gloMjr, 

l.v  being  pres-ed  between  rollers, 
e  \'L'EN-D11EK,  71.    The  person  who  calenders  clolll. 
f  \  l,EN'l)Rie-AL,  o.     Pertaining  lo  a  calclidar. 
CAL'E.VDS,  II.  pi.     [li.  tahnda,  from  co/o,  Gr.  AoAru, 

Eng.  to  call.    See  Call.]      ,        ,        ,        , ..i. 

Among  the  Romans,  tlie  first  day  of  each  month 
The  origin  of  this  name  is  dillercntly  related.  V  «m 
BUPIK.SCS  il  lo  have  originated  in  the  practice  of  noti- 
fying the  time  of  the  new  mcmn,  by  a  prie-l,  WHO 
calltduM  or  proclaimed  the  fact  to  the  people,  and 
the  number  of  the  calends,  or  the  day  of  the  none* 
Others  allege  ihai,  the  people  being  convened,  tho 
poiitifex  proclaimed  the  several  fea-ts  or  liol.ilay.  IB 
the  niontli  — a  cu-toin  which  was  discontinued  in  the 
year  of  K.unc  450,  when  the  fasti  or  calendar  wM 
set  up  in  public  places,  lo  give  notice  of  the  fc'SliyoU. 
Encvt.  Adam'.K  flom.  Antu/. 
CAI-'EN-TtlRE,  a.  [Sp.  calcnlnra,  heat,  a  fevir  wllh 
irregular  pul-e  ;  calcntar,  to  '"at ; /'oui  U  cal«,  W 
be  hot.  liuss.  kalyu,  to  heat,  to  make  red  or  red  h*. 
A  violent  fever,  attended  with  great  heat,  incident 
lo  iiersons  in  hot  climates,  especially  natives  of  codCT 
climates.  Il  is  attended  with  delirium,  and  one  of 
the  symptoms  is,  that  the  person  alTected  imaglMI 
Hie  si'a  to  be  a  green  field,  and  sometimes,  altnD|«> 
ing  to  walk  in  it,  is  lost.  F.ntyt.     Cou. 

e  VLES'CENCE,  n.     [I..  caJcjM.] 

Growing  wamiHl ;  growuig  heat. 

f  X I  I'  fk  ill  >  a. ;  pi.  Cai.vij,  (kivz.)  [Sax.  etalft  8W. 

^w]/T)ai:'M;f  1).   *-.(/,•   and  live  verb  kolc.n^io 

calve,  to  vomit ;  G.  Ml. :  k.Mtn.    The  primary  son* 

is  issue,  from  throwing  out.     Hence  the  word  is  .!► 

plied  to  the  protuberaiil  part  of  the  leg,  a  push,  a 


well.] 
I.  ■The  yc 


young  of  Hie  cow,  or  of  the  bovine  gcniU 

°^j.''lnl'S,r,  a  doll ;  an  ignorant,  slupUl  pcrwn; 

a  weak  or  cowardly  man.  P'',''!'^,\„ 

11.  The  thick,  fleshy  part  of  the   leg  belimd.  10 

called  from  its  protuberance.  .J   ,'i'"  „,-, 

\   ■nc,alrtsofthtlip^,\n  ^}«t'\^'^"   I    rCI 

offerings  of  prayer,  praise  and  thanksgiving.  ««•"- 

CXLF'-UKB,  a.     Resembling  a  calf.  *rr"^ 

exLF'-SKlN,  71.    The  hide  or  skin  of  a  calf;  ot 

leather  made  of  the  skin. 
CAI-'I-jlER,  j  „      jFr.  and  Sp.  talibr:] 
'^'^1.  The  diameter  of  a  body;  as,  ll.e  caiiicr  rf  a 
column,  or  of  a  bullet.  c  u.  STre 

a  The  bore  of  a  gun,  or  the  extent  of  its  bore. 
3.  Figuraiivcly,  the  capacity  of  a  man  s  '«'^^i^ 

Calibrr-tompasita,  calibers,  or  calipert !    a  »ort  Clf 


FATE.  F.n.  FALL,  WnAT.-M£TK,  PREV-PINE,  M.MttNE,  D^.-NOTE.  DOVE.  MOVE,  WOLF.  BQpK- 


164 


CAL 


compasses  made  with  nrchc-tl  legs,  to  talie  the  diam- 
eter of  round  budic-3,  as  mast^,  shot,  &i:.  The  le<;s 
move  on  an  arch  of  brass,  on  which  are  marked  the 
inches  and  half  inches,  to  show  liow  far  tlie  points 
of  the  compasses  are  opened  asunder.  Knajc. 

Caliber-rule;  punner'd  calipers,  nn  instrument  in 
which  a  riplit  line  is  so  divided,  as  that,  the  first  part 
beins  ctjual  to  the  diamelLT  of  an  iron  or  leaden  hall 
of  one  pound  weiglit,  the  other  parts  are  to  tht?  first 
0,3  the  uiainetcrs  of  balls  uf  two,  three,  four,  &c., 
pounds  arc  to  the  diameter  of  a  ball  of  one  pound. 
It  is  used  by  ensinetrs  to  determine,  from  a  ball's 
weight,  its  diameter  or  caliber,  and  rice  versa.  Encyc. 

eAL'FcE,  II.  [L.  calix  ;  Fr.  ealke;  Sax.  calicy  a  cup  ; 
(jr.  Kv\ti.  It  is  usually  written  chalice,  but  on  ety- 
mological princiiilc3,  incorrectly.] 

A  cup  ;  appropriately,  a  communion-cup,  or  vessel 
used  to  administer  tJie  wine  in  the  sacrament  of  the 
Lord's  supper  It  is  used  by  the  Roman  Catliolics  in 
the  mass. 

CAL'I-€0, 11.  [Said  to  he  from  Calicut^  in  India.]  A 
kind  of  cotton  cloth.  In  England,  white  or  unprint- 
cd  cotton  clotli  is  called  calico.  In  the  United  States, 
calico  is  primed  cotton  cloth,  having  ditlerent  colors. 
I  have  never  heard  this  name  given  to  the  unprinted 
cloth.  Calico  \\  as  originally  imported  from  India, 
hut  is  now  manufactured  in  Europe  and  tlie  United 
Slates. 

GAL'I-CO-I'RINT'EII,  ii.  One  whose  occupation  is 
to  print  calicoes. 

€AL'I-€0-PRINT'ING,  n.  The  art  or  process  of 
printing  or  impressing  figured  patterns  on  calico. 

eAL'IU,  a.     [L.  calidns\  from  cu/fo,  to  be  hot.] 

Hot;  burning;  ardent.  Johnson. 

€A-LID'I-TY,  71.    Heat.  Brown. 

CAL'I-DUeT,  n.  [L.  caXcoy  to  ba  hot,  calor,  heat,  and 
diico^  to  lead.] 

A  pipe  or  canal  used  to  convey  heat  to  the  apart- 
ments of  a  house,  by  the  transmission  of  hot  air  or 
steam. 

eA'LlF,  n.  Written  also  Caliph  and  Kalif.  [from  Ar. 

4_jiX:i  IJialafa,  to  succeed.  Hence  a  calif  is  a  suc- 
cessor, a  title  given  to  the  successors  of  Moliammed.] 
A  siiccessor  or  vicar;  a  representative  of  Moham- 
med, bearing  the  same  relation  to  him  as  the  pope 
clairn-i  to  bear  to  St.  Peter.  Among  the  Saracens, 
or  Mohammedans,  a  talif  is  one  who  is  vested  with 
supreuu*  dignity  and  power  in  all  matters  relating  to 
religion  and  civil  policy.  Tliis  title  is  borne  by  the 
grand  seignior  in  Turkey,  and  by  the  sophi  of  Persia. 

E.ne.ijc, 

f;or 
Harris. 

€AUI-Ga'TIOX,  n.  [L.  caligatio,  dimness,  from  cat- 
X'fo^  to  he  dark.] 
Ilarkncss ;  dimness;  cloudiness. 
In  medical  auUtors,  caiigation^  or  caligo,  is  a  dimness 
of  sight,  from  any  obstruction  to  the  passage  of  light 
to  the  retina,  whether  fruui  opacity  of  the  cornea,  or 
of  the  crystalline  or  other  humors,  or  their  capsules, 
or  from  an  obstructed  pvipil. 

€A-LIG'IN-0US,  «,     Dim;  obscure;  dark. 

CA-Llti'I.N'-Ol'S-LY,  aitc.     Obscurelv. 

eA-LlO'I.\-OUS-.\ESS,  n.     Dimness;  obsruritv. 

€AL-I-GUArH'ie,  a,  [Infra.]  Pertaining  to  elegant 
penmanship.  IV'arton. 

€A-LIG'RA-PIIIST,  n.    An  eL-gant  penman. 

€A-LIG'RA-PHV,  «.     [Or.  xaX'^s,  fair,  and  )pavuj,  to 
write ;  KaWiynaino.'] 
Fair  or  elegant  writing,  or  penmanship.    Prideaiix. 

Ca'LIX,  n.  A  compound  metal,  of  whicli  the  Chinese 
make  tea-canisters  and  the  like.  The  ingredients 
seem  to  be  lead  and  tin.  Encyc. 

€AL'[-PASH,  )  /(.    That  part  of  a  turtle  which  be- 

€AL'I-rEE,  i  lotigs  to  the  upper  shell  is  called 
calipash,  and  that  part  which  belongs  to  the  lower 
shell,  caliper.  Encyc,  if  Dom.  Econ. 

CAL'I-PERS,  )    n.  pi.  Comp:isses  with 

CAL'I-PER-t'uM'PAS-SES,  i  cun.-ed  legs,  for 
measuring  the  caliber,  or  diameter,  of  round  bod- 
ies. Braiide. 

€AL-IS-THEN're,  a.    Pertaining  to  calisthenics. 

€AL-IS-THEX'ies,  ti.  [Gr.  koXos,  beautiful,  and 
adcvo^,  strength.] 

The  art,  science,  or  practice,  of  healthful  exercise 
of  the  body  and  limbs,  to  promote  strength  and  grace- 
ful movement. 

GAL'I-VER,  n.  [from  caliber.]  A  kind  of  hand-gun, 
musket,  or  arquebuse.  Hhak. 

Ga'LIX,  n.     [L.  calixi  Gr.  (fuXi^]     A  cup. 

It  ia  sometimes  erroneously  used  for  Calyx,  which 


^AKimM-r^  }  ".  Tlie  office  or  dignity  of  a  call 
KAL'IF  VtE     ^     ^'"'  ^f^'^ninif^^t  ^^^  '^^l'^-  ^'^ 


€AL<l\jE,  (  *'•  '•    ^^^'  '■"^'/"'■'■j  to  chalk.] 

To  copy  a  drtiwing,  by  rubbing  the  back  of   it 

with  red  or  black  chalk,  and  thiai  tracing  the  lines 

through  on  paper,  &:c.,  by  means  of  a  blunt  style  or 

needle. 
€ALK,  (kauk,)  r.  f.   [Qu.  the  connection  of  this  word 

with  the  Sp.  calnfelrar  :  It.  ealafatare. ;  Port,  calnfctar  ; 

Arm.  caltfeti ;  Er.  ealfeter,  to  smear  with   cement  or 


CAL 


mortar  ;  Ar.  L-J^5  kalafa,  to  sto])  the  scams  of  nhips 
with  fine  musy,  Alc,  and  pay  them  over  with  pitch  ; 
Sam.  ill.  It  may  be  rorruptcd  from  this  word  ;  if  not, 
it  may  he  fronithc  Dan.  kalk,  calx,  lime,  or  mortar; 
but  this  seems  n<Jt  probable.  'I'he  Germans  and  Danes 
have  borrowed  the  Spanish  and  French  word  to  ex- 
press the  idea.  Skinner  deduces  the  word  from  Fr. 
calnge,  tow.] 

1.  To  dri\'e  oakum,  or  oh!  ropes  untwisted,  into 
the  scams  of  a  ship,  or  other  vessel,  to  prevent  their 
leaking  or  admitting  water.  After  the  seams  an^ 
tilled,  they  are  covered  with  hot,  melted  pitch  or 
resin,  to  keep  tiie  oakum  from  rotting. 

2.  In  some  parts  of  .America,  to  set  upon  a  horse  or 
ox  ehoeii  armed  with  simrp  points  of  Iron,  to  prevent 
tlieir  slipping  on  icR  ;  that  is,  to  atop  from  slipping. 

CALK,  (kauk,)  v.  In  J^cw  Kiiirlund,  a  bharp-pointcd 
piece  of  iron  on  a  slute  for  a  horse  or  an  ox,  called  in 
Great  iiritain  culliin  ;  used  to  prevent  the  animal  from 
slipping. 

Also,  an  instrument  with  sharp  points,  which  per- 
sons wear  on  their  feet  to  prevent  t^lipping  on  the 
ice.     lU.  S.] 

CALK'i^U,  (kauk'cr,)  ».  A  man  wlio  calks;  some- 
times, )if  rhaps,  a  calk  or  pointed  iron  on  a  horse-shoe. 

CALK'A'D,  (kaukd,)  pp.  Having  the  scams  stopped  ; 
I'urnished  witii  shoes  with  iron  points. 

CALK'IN,  n.  A  calk,  or  sharp  jmint  in  a  liorse'3  shoe, 
to  prevent  slipping. 

€ALK'L\G,  (kauk'ing,)  ppr.  Stopping  the  seams  of 
a  ship;  putting  on  shoes  with  iron  points. 

CALK'ING,  (calk'ing,)  ?L  In  painfi/i;?-,  tiic  covering 
of  the  hack  side  of  a  design  with  bhu  k  l.-ad,  or  red 
chalk,  and  tracing  lines  through  on  a  waxed  plate, 
or  wall,  or  olher  matter,  by  passing  lightly  over  each 
stroke  of  the  design  with  a  point,  wiiich  leaves  an 
impression  of  the  color  on  the  plate,  paper,  or  wall. 

Chambers. 

CALK'IXG-I-RON,  (kauk'ing-T-urn,)  ti.  An  instru- 
ment like  a  chisel,  used  in  c;ilking  shipi. 

GALL,  r.  (.  [L.  calo  ;  Gr.  kuSccj  ;  Sw.  kalla;  Dan. 
UaUlc  :  \V.  iralir,  to  call ;  D.  kallai^  to  talk  ;  Ch.  sSd 
in  Aph.  to  crt//,  to  thunder;  Heb.,  to  hold  or  restraip, 
which  is  tlie  Gr.  xtoXvio,  h.  caula  ;  Syr.  Sam.  and 
Eth.,  to  hold  or  restrain  ;  Ar.,  to  keep;  L.  cclo.  The 
primary  sense  is  to  press,  drive,  or  strain.  We  find 
the  like  elements  and  signification  in  Sax.  gicllnu,  f)r 
pjllan,  to  yell ;  Dan.  gale,  to  crow.  Class  Gl.  Tlie 
W.  n-«/(o  is  connected  in  origin  witli  gaUa,  to  be  able, 
to  have  power,  may,  can,  Eng.  couhl^  llie  root  of  gal- 
lant, L.  •raUlLS,  &c.] 

In  n  general  scu-ae,  to  drive  ;  to  strain  or  force  out 
sound.    Hence, 

1.  To  name;  to  denominate  or  give  a  name. 

Anil  God  called  th:  Ii-rhl  day,  ami  the  darkiiesa  he  coiled  nijht. 
—  Gen.  i. 

2.  To  convoke;  to  summon;  to  direct  or  order  to 
meet;  to  assemble  by  order  or  ])ul)lir  notice;  often 
with  togeUier  ;  as,  the  king  called  his  council  to- 
grthcr ;  the  president  called  together  the  congress. 

.3.  To  rerpiest  to  meet  or  come. 

II*r  ifDl  his  s-rrants  to  rf ;/  lli-'in  th.il  wrelmli'.'-n.  — Malt.  xxii. 

4.  To  invite. 

Bcciitsn  1  ]nve  allied,  :i!iil  yc  r':i"iL«eO.  —  Prov.  i. 

."i.  To  invite  or  summon  to  come  or  be  present ;  to 
invite,  or  collect ;  as,  call  all  your  senses  to  you. 

G.  To  give  notice  to  come  by  authority ;  to  com- 
mand to  come  ;  as,  call  a  servant. 

7.  To  proclaim  ;  to  name,  or  publish  the  name. 

Nor  pirish  cl.-rk,  uli-i  cvi.'/jt  llic  pdalin  sn  clear.  Cay. 

8.  To  appoint  or  d.'sigiiate,  as  for  an  office,  dtity, 
or  employment. 

Sep,  I  h.^vo  called  ly  Tinmr  Ec/..lt«-l.—  Kx.  y.rxi. 
Puiil,  called  lo  he  iin  apohtlc.  —  H..'iii.  i. 

!).  To  invite  ;  to  warn  ;  to  exhort.    Is.  xxii.  12. 

Crude  n. 

10.  To  invite  or  draw  Into  union  with  Clnisl ;  to 
bring  to  know,  believe,  and  obey  the  gospel.  Rom. 
viii.  28. 

11.  To  own  and  acknowledge.     Ifeb.  ii.  xi. 

12.  To  invoke  or  appeal  to. 

1  («,'!  God  fur  n  wilntss.  —2  Cor.  i. 

I'X  To  C(-tcem  or  account.  Is.  Iviii.  .5.  Jlatt.  iii.  I.i. 

To  call  doion ;  to  invite,  or  to  bring  down. 

'J'o  call  back;  to  revoke  or  retract;  to  recall;  to 
siniimon  or  bring  hack. 

To  call  for ;  to  demand,  recpiire,  or  claim;  as,  a 
crime  calls  for  punishment ;  or  lo  cause  to  grow. 
Ezek.  xxxvi.  Also,  to  speak  for  ;  to  ask  ;  to  request ; 
as,  to  call  for  a  dinner. 

7'rt  call  in  ;  to  collect ;  aSj  to  call  in  debts  or  money  ; 
or  to  draw  from  circnlatmn  ;  as,  to  call  vt  clipped 
coin  ;  or  to  summon  together;  to  invite  to  come  to- 
gether ;  as,  to  call  in  neiyhbors  or  friends. 

To  call  forL'i ;  to  bring  or  summon  to  action  ;  as,  to 
call  forth  all  tlie  faculties  of  the  miml. 

'J'o  call  off;  to  summon  av/ay  ;  to  divert ;  as,  to  call 
off  the  attention  ;  to  call  off  workmen  from  their  em- 
ployment. 


CAL  i 

To  call  up,  to  bring  into  view  or  recollection  ;  as, 
lo  call  up  the  image  of  a  deceaecd  friend ;  also,  lo 
bring  into  action,  or  disciubion  ;  a^,  to  call  up  a  bill 
before  a  legislative  body. 

To  cull  octr ;  to  read  a  list,  name  by  name  ;  to  re- 
cite separate  particulars  in  order,  as  a  roll  of  nameji. 

Tu  cult  out;  lo  summon  to  fight ;  to  cliallenge  ;  al- 
Eo,  to  hiummon  into  service  ;  um,  to  colt  out  the  militia. 

To  call  to  mind;  to  recollect;  to  revive  in  memory. 
CAIjL,  r.  i.  To  utter  a  loud  tound,  or  to  addre^is  by 
liame  ;  to  utter  the  namo  ;  sometimes  with  to. 

The  angel  of  God  calteil  to  Hagar.  — G-rn-  ixi. 

2.  To  stop,  without  intention  of  titaying  ;  to  make 
a  short  stop  ;  u-s,  to  call  at  the  inn.  'V\m  use  John- 
son supposes  to  have  originated  in  IIil-  custom  of  de- 
noting one'*  presence  at  the  door  by  a  call.  It  i-j 
common,  in  this  phnise,  to  use  at ;  as,  to  call  at  the 
inn  ;  or  on  ;  as,  to  call  on  a  friend.  This  applicatii.n 
seems  to  be  equivalent  to  ifpcak,  D.  kalteru  Let  ui 
.^prfik  at  this  place. 

'To  call  on  ;  lo  make  a  short  visit  to ;  also,  to  solicit 
payment,  or  make  a  demand  of  a  debt-  in  a  tMfo- 
logical  sense,  lo  pmy  to,  or  worship  ;  as,  to  adt  oh  the 
name  of  the  Lord.     Qcn.  iv.    To  repeat  solemnly. 

Drydcn. 

To  call  out :  to  utter  a  loud  voice  ;  to  bawl ;  a  pop- 
ular use  of  the  phrase. 
CALL,  H.   A  vocal  address,  of  summons  or  invitation ; 
lis,  he  will  imt  come  at  a  call. 

2.  Demand  ;  requisition ;  public  claim ;  as,  liilcn 
to  tlic  calls  of  justice  or  humanity. 

;i.  Divine  vocation,  or  suminoas;  as,  the  call  of 
Abraham. 

■1.  Invitation  ;  request  of  a  public  body  or  society  ; 
as,  a  clergyman  has  a  call  to  ^^3llle  in  the  ministrj'. 

5.  A  summons  from  heaven  ;  impulse. 

Kt.  P.I  111  Iflicvcd  he  h;ul  ;i  cn.V,  when  lie  i-rrwcuVrU  ih-C!.[i>    ! 
li-m^.  iociff. 

6.  ,\uthority  ;  command.  Dcnfiam. 

7.  A  short  visit ;  as,  to  make  a  call ;  to  give  one  a 
call;  that  is,  a  speaking  to  ;  D.  koUen.  To  give  one 
a  call,  is  to  stop  a  moment  and  speak  or  say  a  word  ; 
or  to  have  a  short  conversation  with. 

8.  Vocation;  employment.  In  this  Ecnse,  tailing 
is  generally  used. 

0.  A  naming ;  a  nomination.  Bacon. 

10.  Among  hunters,  a  lesson  blown  on  the  horn,  lo 
comfort  tiie  hound-^.  Encyc 

11.  Among  seamen,  a  whistle  or  pipe,  used  by  the 
boatswain  ami  his  mate,  to  summon  the  sailors  to  , 
tJieir  duty.  Kncijc. 

12.  The  English  name  of  the  mineral  called  by  the 
Germans  tungsten  or  wolfram.  Encyc 

13.  Among  fowlers,  a  noise  or  cr\'  in  imitation  of  a 
bird,  or  a  pipe  to  call  birds  by  imitating  their  voice. 

Encyc     Baileif. 

14.  In  legislative  bodies^  the  call  of  the  house,  is  a 
calling  ove>  the  names  of  the  members,  lo  discover 
who  i5  absent,  or  for  other  puriwsc  ;  a  calling  of 
names  with  a  view  to  obtain  answers  from  the  per- 
sons named. 

CALL'A'D,  (kauld,)  pp.  Invited  ;  summoned  ;  nd- 
'dresscd  ;  named  ;  appointed  ;  iiivoked  ;  asscmbkd 
by  order ;  recited. 

CALL'EU,  rt.     One  who  calls. 

CAL'LAT  ("•    Atrull,  orascold.  [.Votiwerf.]   SJtak, 
eAL'LET,'r.  i.     To  rail ;  to  scold.     [A"o(  in  use] 
CAL'LID,  <T.    Cunning. 
CAL-LID'I-TY,  ».     [L.  ealliditas.] 

Skill ;  discernment ;  shrewdness. 
eAL-LTG'RA-PHY,  n,     [Gr.  K.i\\t}pa<*,ia.] 

Fair  or  elegant  penmanship. 
CALL'IXG,  p/»r.   Inviting;  summoning;  naming;  ad- 
dressing ;  invoking. 
eALL'IN(i,  II.   .\  naming,  or  inviting;  a  reading  over 
or  reciting  in  order,  or  ii  call  of  names  with  u  view 
to  obtain  an  answer,  as  in  legislative  bodies. 

2.  Vocation  ;  i)rofession  ;  trade  ;  usual  occupation, 
or  emplovment.  Pope.     Swift.     1  Car.  vii.  20. 

H.  Class  id  persons  engaged  in  any  profession  or 
emplt)ymcnl.  Hammojul. 

4.  Divine  summons,  vocation,  or  invitation. 
Giv>*  all  dlligouce  t»  nuke  yoiir  caiUns  ^od  etxiion  aure.  —  2 
PcL  i. 
CAL-LT'O-PE,  (kal-li'o-py,)  ».     lu  pagan  mirthaiogv, 
the  muse  that  presides  over  eloquence  and  heroic 
pnetrj-. 
CAL'LI-PERS.     Pee  CALirERS. 
CAL-LIS-THEN'ICS.     See  Calisthb.tics. 
CAL-LOS'I-TV,  «.     [Vr.  callosite ;  h.  eailositas.    See 
Callous.] 

Hardness  of  skin,  which  as-sumes  a  horny  consist- 
ence in  places  exposed  to  constant  pressure ;  the 
hardness  of  the  cicatrix  of  ulcers.  Coic. 

CAL'LOUS,  a.  [L.  callus,  hardness  ;  callfo,  to  be  ban!, 
to  know  or  be  skilled  ;  Eng.  could,  which  see.] 

1,  Hard  ;  hartlened  ;  indurated  ;  as  an  jdccr,  or 
some  part  of  the  bodv.  lilsemoju 

2,  Hardened  in  mind  ;  insensible ;  unfeelmg. 

Drtfden. 
eAL'LOUS-LY,  a.lv      In  a  haidencd  or  uufceliug 
manner. 


TGNE,  BPLL,  tJNITE.  — AN"GER,  V1"CI0US.  — C  as  K ;  0  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  Til  as  in  THIS. 
" 1(>G 


CAL 


CAL 


CAL 


■i-litd 


eAL'LOU8-.\ESS,  n.     Har.lnM*,  i 
U>  Uu  ioJf :  Inneimibillty,  api>ti<d  I 

GAL'LOW,  o.     [Ir.  calik ;  U  caltiu,  ^M  ;  i;.  kiM  i  D. 
U  , 
ktal:   rr.  dutnc ;  Pert.  ^  kal;  Rom.  got,  laid. 

nalti-tl ;  giltyn,  »  li«  utrippcil.) 
U.~«itui.^  or  fcatlicra  ;   naked ;   unfle(le<-'Y  "  » 

eA'l!''l"i'S.  n.'  ^L.  caOiw,  flrom  eaUfO,  lo  be  liard  ;  Sans. 

Miatuml  ImrdniM  In  lliii  body,  partic- 

iviii,  as  on  llio  liandi  or  fitl,  Iruni  frlc- 

|,r  ■..uti-,  oj  llio  hardrnod  edgt-a  of  a  wound 

,  I  If  new  KTowlli  of  i»»oou»  inallcT  botwiin  the 

,Mr,  niilli-»  of  IVaclured  bonr»,  "tnin-  lonnitu  tlici". 

CaI.M,  (k-lni,)u.     IFr.  f.Wm»,  Sli.caJmui  II.  cdjMo;  11. 

io/i'.      Uu.  Gr.  \,.Aji.i  ;    lu  atUrt,  lo  dfcrtano  or 

:ih:iU' ;  S|>.  calar^  lo  niiik.] 

1.  Still;  n"'"';  l)il»«  at  rent,  aa  the  air.     Hence, 
not  Hlorinv  or  teinprstuou* ;  us,  a  coin  day. 
a  UndiKturlicd  ;  not  aiiituUd  ;  af,  a  caln  sea. 
;i.  Undisturbed  li)|>a*«ion  i  notaeitatid  orexciled  ; 
r-ii-t  •  triniiMil,  iH  Ilii'  iniiiil,  leni|Kr,  or  atlinlion. 
'•    -  •     ■     :  iiiiy  ;i|iikli  fret'doni  from 

iiiiico  ;  apptieti  to  the  tU- 
,1.111...  South. 

■    I ,.  -;:ii  .  ui.iui.i.iis  the  windorclcincnta; 
iilipexse,  allay,  or  uacily,  as  the  mind  or  |>as- 

Drudcn.     AtUrburi). 

I, ROW-ED,  o.  WearhiB  the  lotik  of  ctlmness. 

i;    II.    The  innion  or  thing  that  calms,  or  has 

.  r  In -till,  and  make  i|uiel ;  that  which  allays 

Mi;i.     .More  calm.  [or  iiuclhcs. 

.  .    u;»cW.     .Most  calm. 

.        r.     Stillins  i  a|i|>ea,sing. 
tM.ii  i.>.:.ir.     In  a  iiuict  manner;  without  distutb- 
anre,  ai;iiation,  tumult,  or  violence ;  without  passion ; 

qitiellv.  .    . 

CAt.M'NF.?S,  a.    Qnietncss;  stdlnesa ;  tranquillity ; 
oppUid  fi'  tht  danenLi. 

•J.  tiiiletncss  ;   inildne.'a ;  unruffled  state  j  applied 
til  the  miHii,  pa.*sioiut^  or  temper. 
e.lL.M'Y,  (kilni'e,)!!.    Calm;  qiUct;  peaceable. 

Speruer.     Coulej. 
eA-LOG'IlA-PlI Y,  n.     [Or.  xa\<s  ond  >  oi'!>n.] 
Glegnnt  penmanship.    [See  CiiJ-ioRAPiir.] 

€AI.'0-MEL,  n.  [Qu.Gr.  «<,\oi, fair,  and  ;itXai, black, 
or  .iCthiops  mineral.] 

A  paiiiimiion  of  mercury,  much  used  in  medicine. 
It  Is  the  dichlorid  of  mercury,  or  a  compound  o' '"o 
equlvidinU  of  mrrcurj'  and  one  equivalent  of  chlo- 
rinf.  It  is  usually  formed  by  rubbinc  together  mer- 
ind  corrosive  sublimate,  in  certain  definite  pro- 
is  and  then  subliming. 
V  il'ie,  n.     [L.  color,  iKtlU] 

1  111-  principle  or  matter  of  heat,  or  the  simple  cle- 
ment of  heal.  Larouier. 

The  agent  to  which  tho  phenomena  of  heat  and 
coinbuiition  are  a.scribod.  ^'*** 

Cnloric  rxfnmb  ail  hoUa.  //#wy. 

CA-LOU'ie,  0.    Pertaining  to  the  matter  of  heat. 
eA-LOR'l-FERE,  M.      [L.  coior,  heat,  and  /(to,  to 
bear.] 

An  apparatus  for  conveying  and  distributing  heat ; 
a  term  particularly  applied  to  an  apparatus  for  heat- 
ing CMwrvatories,  kc,  by  means  of  hot  water  cir- 
culatlni;  iu  tubes.  ^r''* 

eAL-O-UIF'ie,  a.    That  has  tho  quality  of  producing 
heat :  causing  heat  j  lie.ating. 

Calorific  roi/it:  the  invisible,  heating  rays  which 
emanate  from'  the  sun,  and  from  burning  and  heated 
tKXlies.     The  calorilic  rnus  of  the  sun  and  other  hl- 
mir,  'i<  tKiilies,  are  dilTerLiiI  from  the  luminous  or 
.  and  poMoivs  dilTerent  rcfrangibilities. 
i  fA'TIO.N,  n.    The  production  of  heat, 
niim.al  heat. 
CAL-il  i;iM  I'.-TER,  n.     [L.  ca/or,  heat,  and  Gr.  (i.'r- 
por,  measure,] 

An  apparatus  for  measuring  relative  quantities  of 
heat,  or  the  si>ecific  ralnric  of  bodies  ;  or  an  instru- 
ment for  mix-uring  tin  heat  given  out  by  a  body  in 
cooling,  from  the  quantity  of  ice  It  melts  ;  invented 
by  Lavoisier  and  l-aplac.'. 
€A-!.OR-l-.Mf)' i'OR.n.  [calorie,  and  L.  moli^r,  mover.] 
A  galvanic  instrument,  for  evolving  caloric,  in 
which  the  calorific  influence  or  cITccts  arc  attend- 
ed by  scarcely  any  electrical,  but  great  magnetic 

nower^ aare. 

e.\-I.OTTE',  (  ,      rp,  r^l„ii,  1 
C.VLOTE',    !»•    [Fr-coKKC.] 

1.  A  cap  or  coif,  of  hair,  satin,  or  other  stuff,  worn 
in  Roman  Catholic  countries,  as  an  ecclesiastical 
ornament. 

2.  In  orcAilfcture,  a  round  cavity  or  depression,  in 
form  of  a  cup  or  cap.  Lathed     id  pla'^--  •'    ■•     ■'  'i 
dimini.'h  the  elevation  of  a  cnapfd,  ■ 
Sec,  which  would  otherwise  be  too  :  ' 

1       pieces  of  the  apartment.  Ilin,-'.     *,,..,,.. 

'   €.\L'0-TS1'E,  n.     [Gr.  itiiXoj,  beautiful,  and  rvxai. 


typ<-  1  .\  name  given  by  .Mr.  Vox  'i'albot  to  hu  in- 
vention fur  making  pictures  on  paper  or  other  sub- 
•tanc.s   l.v  till-  up.  Iiey  of  light-  Oittept 

evulc'E'ify,  i  "•  '''•   ^^'-  '"^'"  """"  >""" '■■■'•I 

Slonks  iif  the  Oreik  church  of  three  orders  ;  orcA- 

on,  or  novi. ■■ I    ,.r   ■  ,.r.,r*,mi; 

and  the  in.'i  '  >  "": 

al.<o  dlviil.  4  .nnd 

perform  all   t  ^^ ''" 

live  lu  R.-|ru 
which  thr> 

r«/iur.«,  wti.. -Mill  i.T I ■ 

em",  on  the  luuunliims,  and  live  on  uliiui  luiui»lua 
lo  Ihini  bv  the  inonii~l.  lies.  ..'■'I^'f', 

eALP,...  A^ •    ■ • " •  "f" '''"'''■ 

black,  grav.  'wT  i'' «  ■ 

called  al«.  .  ,  >"»  '""'- 

mediate  bet".. ••  ' ■        ,"    """Jl-r 

AiriraJi.     tteactlanil.     thdipa. 

eAl.aUK,  r.  (.     See  Calk.  ,„,-,. 

CAL'TUOP,  n.     [Sax.  rollr,rppt.  a  «pccies  of  IhlsUC, 

rendered  by  Lye,  Rhninnus,  and  Conliius  stellalus. 

Tho  French  has  rAaiii.-f(ro»e.     The  Italian  ealcatrrji- 

polo  is  from  caleare,  to  tread,  and  Inliolo,  a  thl-lle  ;  L. 

triltuttlg.] 

1.  A  k 


1.  /I  nind  of  thislle,  tho  I^alin  Trlbuhis,  with  a 
roundish,  prickly  pi-rirarp,  eompo?eil  of  five  united 
capsules,  each  of  which  i',  on  oil'-  -ide,  gll.linus,  of- 
ten armed  with  three  or  fi  ir  dai;j.  rs  ;  on  the  other 
side,  angular,  conver;;iiig  with  tnusversu  cells.  II 
grows  in  France,  Italy,  and  Spain,  aiiuuig  corn,  and 
u>  very  troublesome,  as  the  prickle.s  run  mlo  llie  feel 
„r  j^iilP  •    Faw.  ./  Plant/.    MiUrr. 

«  111  militant  affairs,  an  iiislruinent  with  four  iron 
points  dismiseil  In  a  triangular  form,  so  that,  Ihrce  c.l 
them  being  on  the  ground,  the  olli.r  |>oiiils  upward. 
These  are scallercd  on  the  ground,  where  an  enemy  s 
caVBlr\-  arc  to  pass,  lo  impede  their  progress  by  en- 
dnng.  fina  the  horses'  fcil.  Encii,:  Dr.  Mhion. 
eA-LUM'UA,  7U  [from  kalamb,  lU  native  name  in 
Mozambique.]  . 

\  plant,  tile  Cocculus  palmatiis,  growing  in  Mo- 
zambique. The  rout  of  this  plant,  a  bitter  tonic,  is 
much  used  in  medicine.  .    ,     ,  ., 

£;^\L.'IT_>|  fciT,  n.  Among  the  aboriirtnalA  of  Jsmcriea,  a 
pii>e,"iised  fur  smoking  tobacco,  whose  bowl  is  usually 
of  soft  red  stone,  like  marble,  nnd  llie  tube  a  Ion" 
reed,  ornamented  with  fe.ath.rs.  The  calumet  is  used 
as  a  symbol  or  inslniment  of  peace  and  war.  Jo 
accent  the  calumet,  is  to  agree  to  llie  terms  of  peace, 
and  to  refuse  it,  is  to  reject  them.  The  calumet  of 
peace  is  used  to  seal  or  ratirv  conlracu  anil  alliances, 
lo  receive  strangers  kindly,  and  to  travel  with  safety. 
The  c.iluinet  of  war,  dilTcrently  made,  is  uicd  lo  pro- 
cl.aiiu  war.  ,    _ 

CA-LUM'NI-ATB.r.  (,  [Sec  Ciuiiisi.]  To  accuse 
or  charge  one  falsely  and  knowingly  with  some 
crime  oir.nse,  or  something  disreputable;  toslandei. 
CA-LU.M'.S'l-A'lE,  T.  i.  To  charge  falsely  nnd  know- 
iiiglv  with  a  crime  or  oft'euse ;  to  propagate  evil  re- 
ports with  a  design  to  injure  the  repiiUition  ol  another. 
eA-LUM'NI-A-TED.w.oru.  Slambred  ;  falselyaud 
nialiciiiiisly  accused  of  what  is  criminal,  immoral,  or 
disgraceful.  . 

eA-LUM'.M-A-TING,  rv-  Slandernig. 
e  ALL'  M-.NI-A'TION,  n.  False  accusation  of  a  crime 
or  olTense,  or  a  malicious  and  false  reprcgcnt-ition  of 
Ihe  words  or  actions  of  another,  with  a  view  to  in- 
jure his  good  name. 
€A-LU.M'.NI-A-TOR,  n.  One  who  slanders  ;  one  who 
falsely  and  knowinglv  accuses  another  of  a  crime  or 
oflense,  or  nialiciously  propagates  false  accusations 

e  Vr.UAI'.N'I-.'V-TO-RY,  a.    Slanderous.      Montana. 

eA-LuSl'NI-OlJS,  a.    Slanderous  ;  bearing  or  imply- 
ing caliimnv  ;  injurious  lo  reputation. 

e.\-H."M^^'l-0|■^J-LV,  n-.'c.     slanderously. 

€  V-LU.M'NI-OUS-NESS,  ii.     Slandcrousness. 

Up.  .Vorlon. 

€\L'UM-NY,  n.  [L.  calunmia;  Fr.  e/domniei  It.  co- 
lumttia.  If  in  is  radical,  this  word  may  be  allied  to 
calamtii,  both  from  the  sense  of  falling  upon.  Pish- 
ing, or  throwing  on.  If  m  is  not  radical,  this  word 
may  bo  the  Gothic  holon,  to  calumniate,  Sawn  liolan, 
lo  rush  upon.  The  word  is  found  in  Ir.  fudmne, 
cahiiuny,  gailimnifihiM,  lo  calumniate  or  reproach.] 
Slander ;  false  accusation  of  a  crime  or  oflense, 
knowingly  or  maliciiiusly  made  or  reporled,  to  Ihe 
injim-  of  another ;  faL-e  represenUition  of  facts  re- 
proac'hful  to  another,  made  by  design,  nnd  with 
knowledge  of  its  falsehood  ;  sometimes  followed 
by  on. 

Nt-[k«l«l  ealamny  «x-n  cxjItw.  Murply^t  Thatui. 

CAL'VA-RY,  n.     [L.  adcaria,  from  caira,  a  skull  or 
scalp:    Ir.   calb,   the   head;   Sp.   cchario,  calcal   II. 

"la  place  of  skulls;  particularly  the  place  whet« 
Christ  was  crucified  on  a  small  hill  west  of  Jerusalem. 
In  Romaa  Cath.>lic  eountric-^,  a  kind  of  chapel  raised 
on  a  hillock  near  a  cily,  m  a  place  of  devotion,  in 
memory  of  the  place  whf  re  our  Savior  sutTered. 
2.  In  heraldry,  a  cross  so  e;dled,  set  uiion  steps 


resembling   tlie    cross   on  which   our  Savior  wai 
crucified.  .    ^      „ 

3.  Ill    archiuclxre,   a    chapel,  erected    by   Aoauii 

Cathr' 1  liill,  in  which  ore  reiirescnied  Ihe  my«- 

Xffti  >lenlh.  h'drmt. 

CXL\  [from  c/i//;  Sax.  ea(^an.] 

1,  :      it  >ouiig,  as  a  cow. 

'J.  In  u  ii.^:^r'!i^ricid  sciijc,  nnd  sflrnrtifflcs  6t/ iPojuf 
reproach,  as  trhea  applud  to  the  humon  race,  lo  brinf 
I',. rill  ,  I"  produce. 

\UUT,  It.     A   plant,  snapdragon,  Ab- 

.  t    To  cut  In  slices.     [AVI  is  iur.\ 

B.  J.  '■  <•: 

eXLV'ER,  p.  i.    To  shrink  by  culling,  and  n..t  i  .11  ii. 

pieces.     Lvul  in  i««.l  C.dus. 

eAI.-VILLF.',  »-     [Fr.]     A  sort  of  apple. 

eAL'Vl.\li?M,  «.  The  llleolngiiul  leiuls  ordoctrlBei 
of  CnUIii.  \^  h"  wns  iKini  in  Picnrdy,  in  Franre.  sn-l 
1,1  ■  ;.. lessor  of  diviliilj',  and  lii.i 

n  ,  ;  vn.    The  dislintuishing  ■ 

of  1  ire,  original  tin,  particului 

nnd  r.  pr.iliiai.jii,  particuhir  rideni|ilion,  ■ 
grace  in  regeneration,  or  a  change  of  lie:i'' 
spirit  of  (iiKl,  jiistincjitlou  by  free  grace,  i>ers. 
of  the  sainis,  and  Ihe  Trinity. 

CAL'Vl.N-IST,  a.  A  follower  of  Cnlvin ;  one  who 
ilnbrares  Ihe  llieological  doctrines  of  Clilvin. 

H\I.-VI.\-IST'IC,         la.     Pertaining  to  Calvin,  01 

e  M,.-\'I.N-l''^T'ie-.\L.  \     to  his  opinions  in  theulog}'. 

eVL'VLN'-IZE,  r.  (.    To  convert  to  Calvinism. 

C.\I.V'l.^ll,u.  [(Voniray.)  Like  a  call".  (  More  prap 
eriy,  Caufhii.)  Hhcldm. 

CAL'Vl-TY,  a.     lialdncss. 

e.\LX,  n. :  pi.  Caliu  or  Caixp.i.  [L.  c<ilr  i  s«i 
uale,  a  stone,  calculus,  and  chalk  ;  I),  kalk  :  G.  talk  i 
.«w     J.  ('.'..   Pto.    ',-/'.-:  Fr.  rfiaui.     'file  same   wt«il 

pjj^  '  Mid  the  heel,  and  from 

j|.  lone.     The  word  tb«n 

p,'.  .  -r   rlod,  or  hard  mass, 

and  IS  i.llit'l  I"  '■■■"'■  II  'olz  is  from  yXa,  lin 
usual  orthography  was  not  ob«cr\'ed  by  the  LatUH. 
See  Calculate.]  . 

Pnivrrln,  lime  or  chalk  ;  lull  mart  r.jrpropnaUf, 
Ihc  substance  of  a  metal  or  mineral  »  huh  reiiiaiM 
after  being  subjected  to  calcination  by  heal,  s.iliitloll 
by  acids,  or  detonation  by  niter,  and  which  is  at 
may  be  reduced  lo  a  fine  pow.lcr.  Metallic  calus 
arc  now  called  oryds.  They  weigh  noire  '"»"  "» 
meml  from  which  they  are  produced,  being  c.inibinMI 
with  o.wgen.  .       Coir.     "cire. 

Cn/x  naliva  ;  native  calx,  a  kind  ol  marly  larUi,  tt 
n  dead  whitish  color,  which,  in  water,  bubbles  or 
hisses,  and  without  burning  will  make  a  cement,  UU 
lime  or  gypsum.  ,  ,.   ,      . 

Oilz  riea,  quick  lime,  is  lime  not  slaked. 
CA-LYC'IiN-AL,  jo.    Pertaining  lo  a  caly. 
eAL'V-CI.NE,      i      on  a  calyx. 
eAL'V-CLE,  n.     [h.  calyculiu.    .'■ee  Calti.  • 

In  (.olani/,a  row  of  small  Ic.allets,  at  the  base  ■  ( 
the  calyx,  bn  the  outside.  The  calt/cle  of  the  «<ed  n 
the  outer  proper  covering  or  crown  of  Uie  seed  ad- 
hering lo  it,  to  faciliuale  its  dispersion.       .darlyn. 

o    In  zoolomj,  a  term  applied  lo  the  small  cup-lIM 

prominences"  containing  each  a  i>olyp-cell,  coverlni 

tho  surface  of  many  corols. 

GA-LVe'lJ-LATE,  j  a.     Having  a  calycle  at  the  bM« 

eAL'Y-eLED,         (     on  the  ouuido ;  used  of  UM 

calyz.  . 

GA-LYP'TRA,  n.     [Gr.  «n,\rirrn»,  n  cover.] 

The  c.dvx  of  mosses,  according  to  Llnnmus  ;  nsi 
not  properly  a  calyx.  It  is  a  kind  of  veil  ..r  cowl, 
which  covers  or  is  placed  over  the  top  ol  the  onlhel, 
like  an  extinguisher.  .Warl,,i..    -"•'!* 

The  calaptra  of  mosses  is  an  apnendage  of  U» 
capsule.  It  at  first  closely  Invests  the  capsule,  and 
its  summit  is  the  stigma.  As  the  capsu  s  approacBol 
maliirilv,  Ihc  caliiptra  is  delaclied  belinv,  and  ap- 
pcndedlo  the  stigma  like  a  hood.         Cyc.     '""'J*- 

The  calmira  of  mosses  is  that  part  of  Ihe  mem- 
branous covering,  inclosing  the  sporangium  or  theca. 
(capsule,)  which,  when  Ihe  membrane  bursts  nrouM 
aslhetheca  appro.aclies  maturity,  is  carrii^upaod 
sustained  on  the  summit  of  the  laior.  '■\'""2„. 
The  tlirca  was  considered  as  an  anllier  by  LlnnBUS, 
Bflcrwards  as  a  capsule,  or  proper  seed-vessel,  sm- 
mounted  by  a  stigma.  It  is  now  regarded  as  a  flj- 
ra..^um,or  vessel  inclosing  the  '1«"«,  which  cor- 
resiwnd  to  the  seeds  In  the  higher  orders  of  plants. 
C.\-LYP'TRI-FOR.M,  a.     Having  the  form  of  a  c»- 

eX'LVX,  a. ;  pi.  Calvii..  [L.  ca.ytl  Gr.  '°>''(>  • 
llower  not  opened,  a  husk  or  shell.  It  has  been  can- 
founded  wilh  «uXi(,  calii,  a  cup.] 

1.  The  outer  covering  of  a  llower,  being  h<"«[: 
mination  of  the  cortical  cpidennis  or  o""' ''i"", " 
the  plant,  which,  in  most  plants.  Incloses  ano  sup 
p<,rts  the  bolt.mi  of  tho  corol.  In  Linniens  ..  syslemi 
It  eoniprehends  Ihe  perianth,  the  involucrum,  ids 
ameut,  the  spath,  Ihe  glume,  llie  calyplra,  and  Ul« 
volvn  ■"''"'•■     -"'"-'i/n.     \"'T'- 

The  opinion  of  LinniDus  that  the  calyx  Is  'he  M»- 
tinnalion  of  the  epidermis  is  now  "'"«"''"=^^ 
ncous.  Ed.E<uye.    Svalh. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  VVnAT.-METE,  PREY.-PINE.  MARINE.  BIED-NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE.  WQLF,  BQgK- 


166 


CAM 

The  calyx  ic  the  most  exterior  integument  of  a 
flower,  consisting  of  several  verticillate  leaves, 
Isrpals,)  united  by  tlieir  margins  or  distinct,  usually 
of  n  green  color,  and  of  a  less  delicate  texture  than 
llic  corol.  Lmdleij. 

Tlse  cahjTj  as  tlius  defined,  corresponds  to  the 
periaiitlt  of  Linn^us. 

2.  A  membranous  sac,  inclosing  each  papilla  of  the 
hidney,  opening  at  its  apex  into  the  pelvis  of  the 
kidney  ;  called  also  infuiuiibul-uvK 

€AL-ZOONS',  n.  yiL     [Sp.  calzones.] 

Drawers.     [A'^e  Englislu]  Herbert 

€AM,  ».  A  projection  on  a  wheel,  which,  by  its  revo- 
lution, produces  an  alternating  niotioti  in  machinerj'. 

GA-MA'IIiC,  n.  A  painting  in  which  there  i?  only 
one  rnlor,  and  where  the  lights  and  sliades  are  of 
gold  wrought  on  a  golden  or  azure  ground.  When 
the  ground  is  yellow,  the  French  call  it  cirage  ;  when 
gmy,  grisaille.  This  work  is  chiefly  ufed  to  repre- 
sent basso-relievos.  These  pieces  answer  to  the 
aovoxfi^t"^~'^i  OT  m<»iochromesj  of  the  Greeks. 

Encyc. 

€AM'BEU,  71.  [Fr.  camhrer^  to  arch,  to  vault,  to  bend, 
from  L.  camera,  a  vault,  a  chamber.] 

Among  builders,  camber,  or  camher-bcam,  is  a  piece 
of  timber  cut  archwise,  or  with  an  obtuse  angle  in 
the  middle,  used  in  platforms,  where  long  and  strong 
beams  are  required.  As  a  verb^  this  word  signifies 
to  bend,  but  1  know  not  that  it  is  used. 

A  cambered  deck,  is  one  which  is  higher  in  the  mid- 
dle, or  arched,  tut  drooping  or  declining  toward  the 
stem  and  stern  ;  also  when  it  is  irregular. 

GAM'BER-ING,  ppr,  or  a.  Ecnding;  arched;  as,  a 
deck  lies  cambering. 

€AM'BI-AL,  a.    Belonging  to  exchanges  in  commerce. 

PtirL 

GAJI'BIST,  71.  [It.  cambista,  from  eambio.  exchange; 
Sp.  id,-] 

A  bunker ;  one  who  deals  iji  exchange,  or  is  skilled 
in  the  science.  Christ.  Obs. 

eAM'BIST-RY,  7i.  The  science  of  exchange,  w^eights, 
measures,  &c.  Park. 

eAM'BI-UM,  n.  In  botany,  a  viscid  secretion,  which, 
in  the  spring,  separates  the  alburnum  of  an  exoge- 
nous plant  from  the  liber,  or  inner  bark.      Liiidley. 

€AM-BoCE',  7?.    See  Gamboge. 

€AM-BOOSE',  n.  [D.  kombms.']  A  ship's  cook-room 
or  kitchen.     [See  Caboose.] 

€AM'BREL,  n.  A  crooked  piece  of  wood,  or  iron,  to 
hang  meat  on.    [See  Gamrbel.] 

€aM,'BRI€,  n.  A  species  of  extremely  fine  white 
linen,  made  of  flax,  said  to  be  named  from  Camltray, 
in  Flanders,  where  it  was  first  manufactured.  Cam- 
bric is  also  made  of  cotton. 

€aME,  jjrff.  of  Come,  which  see. 

€aME,  71.  A  term  applied  to  slender  rods  of  cast 
lead,  of  which  glaziers  make  their  turned  lead  for 
receiving  the  glass  of  casements.       Gjcilt.     Encyc. 

€AM'EL,  71.  [L.  camelusi  Gr.  >ia/iJj>os  ;  D.  and  Dan. 
kamed;  G.Icamel;  Heb,  Sj-r.  andEth.^o;  gamaI;Ch. 


H^Di;  Ar.  Jk4»s>.    The  Arabic  verb,  to  which  this 

word  belongs,  signifies  to  be  beautiful,  or  elegant,  to 
please,  or  to  behave  with  kindness  and  humanity. 
In  Sax.  gamde,  or  gamol,  is  a  camel,  and  an  old 
man ;  gamol-feax,  one  that  has  long  hair ;  gamoU 
ferhtli,  a  man  of  great  mind.  In  W.  the  word  is 
camjnarc,  a  crooked  horse.] 

1.  A  large  quadruped  used  in  Asia  and  Africa  for 
carrj-ing  burdens,  and  for  riders.  As  a  genus,  the 
camel  belongs  to  the  order  of  Pecora.  The  charac- 
teristics are  :  it  has  no  horns  ;  it  has  six  fore  teeth  in 
the  under  jaw  ;  the  canine  teeth  are  wide  set,  three 
in  the  upper  and  two  in  the  lower  jaw  ;  and  there  is 
a  fissure  in  the  upper  lip.  The  dromedary,  or  Ara- 
bian came!,  has  one  bunch  on  the  back,  four  callous 
protuberances  on  the  fore  legs,  and  two  on  the  hind 
legs.  The  Bactrian  came!  has  two  bunches  on  tiie 
back.  The  llama  of  South  America  is  a  smaller 
animal,  with  a  smooth  back,  small  head,  fine  black 
eyes,  and  very  long  neck.  The  pacos,  or  sheep,  of 
Chili,  has  no  bunch.  Camels  constitute  tiie  riches 
of  an  Arabian,  without  which  he  could  neither  sub- 
sist, carrj-  on  trade,  nor  travel  over  sandy  deserts. 
Their  milk  is  his  common  food.  By  the  camel's 
power  of  sustaining  abstinence  from  drink  for  many 
days,  and  of  subsisting  on  a  few  coarse  shrubs,  he  is 
pectiliarly  fitted  for  the  parched  and  barren  lands  of 
Asia  and  Africa. 

2.  In  Holland,  camel  (or  kameel,  as  Coxe  writes 
it)  is  a  machine  for  lifting  ships,  and  bearing  them 
over  the  Pampus,  at  the  mouth  of  the  River  Y,  or 
over  other  bars.  It  is  also  used  iu  other  places,  and 
particularly  at  the  dock  in  Petersburg,  to  bear  vessels 
over  a  bar  to  Cronstadt.  Coze.     Encyc. 

€AM'El^BACK-ED,  (-bakt,)  a.  Having  a  back  like 
a  came! ;  humpbacked.  Fuller. 

€A-M£'LE-ON  MIN'ER-AL,  ru  [See  Chameleon.] 
A  compound  formed  by  fusing  together  pure  potash 
and  black  oxyd  of  manganese,  whose  solution  in 
water,  at  first  green,  passes  spontaneously  through 
the  whole  series  of  colored  rays  to  the  red  ;  and  by 


CAM 

the  addition  of  potash,  it   returns   to  ila  original 
green.  Ure. 

This  is  called  manganate  or  inanganesate  of  pot- 
ash; the  black  oxyd  of  manganese  here  performing 
the  functions  of  an  acid. 

eA-MEL'0-PARD  or  €AM'EL-0-PARD,  n.  [came- 
Ins  and  pardalis.'] 

Tile  giraffe,  a  species  constituting  the  genus  ca- 
mflojiardalis.  This  animal  has  two  straight  horns, 
without  branches,  six  inches  long,  covered  with  liair. 
tnmcatcd  at  the  end,  and  tufted.  On  the  forehead 
is  a  tubercle,  two  inches  high,  resembling  another 
horn.  The  fore  legs  are  not  much  longer  than  the 
hind  ones,  but  the  shoulders  are  of  such  a  vast 
length,  as  to  render  the  fore  part  of  the  animal  mucii 
higher  than  the  hind  part.  'J'he  head  is  like  that  of 
a  stag  ;  the  neck  is  slender  and  elegant,  furnished 
with  a  short  mane.  The  color  of  the  wholj  animal 
is  a  dirty  white,  marked  with  large,  broad,  rusty 
spots.  This  animal  is  found  in  the  central  and  ea^it- 
eni  parts  of  Africa.    It  is  timid,  and  not  fleet. 

Encye. 

CAM'E-0, 77.  [It.  camm^o."]  A  precious  stone  carved 
in  relief;  opjioscd  to  aa  intaglio.,  which  is  cut  into  the 
stone.  Originally  the  onyx,  and  afterward  the  agate, 
were  used  for  this  purpose.  In  the  true  cameo,  a  stone 
is  used  having  two  layers,  (and  sometimes  more,)  of 
diflferent  colors  ;  and  the  art  consists  in  so  cutting,  as 
to  appropriate  these  difierent  colors  to  different  parts, 
or  elevations  of  the  work.  Shells  are  also  used  for 
cheaper  work  of  the  same  kind.  Elmes. 

CAM'E-RA  Lu'CI-DA,  n.  An  optical  instnmient, 
which,  by  means  of  a  style,  lenses,  &c.,  gives  the 
outlines  of  external  objects  on  paper,  or  canvas,  so 
that  an  artist  can  sketch  the  subject.  Elmcs. 

€AIM'E-RA  OB-S€u'RA,  or  dark  ehamha-;  in  optics, 
an  apparattis  representing  an  artificial  eye,  in  which 
the  images  of  external  objects,  received  through  a 
double  convex  glass,  are  exhibited  distinctly,  and  in 
their  native  colors,  on  a  white  sm-face  placed  on  the 
focus  of  the  glass  within  a  darkened  chamber. 

CAM'E-RADE,  w.  [L.  camera,  a  chamber.]  One  who 
lodges  or  resides  in  the  same  apartment ;  now  Com-' 
RADE,  which  see. 

€AM-E-RA-LIST'ie,a.  [Infra.]  Pertaining  to  finance 
and  public  revenue. 

€AM-E-RA-LIST'I€S,  n.  pi,  [G.  cameralist,  a  finan- 
cier. In  Sp.  camarisla  is  a  minister  of  state; 
camarilla,  a  small  room.  The  word  seems  to  be  from 
L.  camera,  a  chamber.] 

The  science  of  finance,  or  pulilic  revenue,  compre- 
hending the  means  of  raising  and  disposing  of  it. 

Grimkc, 

eAJI'ER-ATE,  V,  U     [L.  camerOj  from  ccJ7iera,  a  cham- 
ber, properly,  an  arched  roof.] 
To  vault ;  to  ceil.     [Little  itsed.] 

CAM'ER-A-TED,pp.  or  a.  [L.  cameratas,fioui  camera.] 

1.  Arched  ;  vaulted 

2.  a.  In  eonck^logy,  a  term  applied  to  shells  which 
are  divided  by  transverse  partitions  into  a  series  of 
chambers,  traversed  by  a  siphon  ;  called  also  cham- 
bered shells. 

€AM'ER-A-TING,  ppr.    Arching. 

€AM-ER-a'TION,  71.    An  arching,  or  vaulting. 

CAM-E-Ro'NI-AN,  n.  A  name  given  to  the  follow- 
ers of  Richard  Cameron,  in  Scotland,  who  refused  to 
accept  the  indulgence  granted  to  the  Presbyterian 
clergy  in  the  persecuting  times  of  Charles  II.,  lest,  by 
so  doing,  they  should  be  understood  to  recognize  bis 
ecclesiastical  authority. 

€AM'IS,  n.  [It.  camice.]     A  thin  dress.  [JVof  English,] 

GAM-IS-aDE', /i.  [Fr.  from  chemise,  a  shirt ;  It,  ca- 
7nicia ;  Sp.  camisa.] 

An  attack  by  surprise,  at  night,  or  at  break  of  day, 
when  the  enemy  is  supposed  to  be  in  bed.  This 
word  is  said  to  have  taken  its  rise  from  an  attack  of 
this  kind,  in  which  the  soldiers,  as  a  badge  to  dis- 
tinguish each  other,  wore  a  shirt  over  their  ai'ms. 

Encyc. 

€AiM'IS-A-TED,  a.    Dressed  with  a  shirt  outward. 

Johnson, 

GAM'LET,  71.  [from  camel ;  sometimes  written  Came- 
LOT.]  A  stufl"  originally  made  of  camel's  hair.  It  is 
now  made,  sometimes  of  wool,  sometimes  of  sUk, 
sometimes  of  hair,  especially  that  of  goats,  with 
wool  or  silk.  In  some,  the  warp  is  silk  and  wool 
twisted  together,  and  the  woof  is  hair.  The  pure 
Oriental  camlet  is  made  solely  from  the  hair  of  a  sort 
of  goat,  about  Angora.  Camlets  are  now  made  in 
Europe.  Encyc. 

€AM'LET-ED,  a.    Colored,  or  veined.         Herbert, 

€AM'MOCK,  n.  [Sax.  cammoc  or  cammcc]  A  plant, 
petty  whin,  or  rest-harrow,  Ononis. 

eA-MOYs'     ^     t^*"-  <^"""'  ^''  <="'">  crooked.] 

Flat ;  depressed.  [.Applied  only  to  the  nose,  and  lit- 
tle jiscfL] 

eA'MOUS-£D,  (ka'must,)  a.    Depressed  ;  crooked. 

B.  Jonson. 

Ca'-MOUS-LY,  adv.    Awry.  Skclton. 

€AMP,  71.  [L.  campus;  Fr.  camp  and  champ;  Arm. 
camp ;  It.  Sp.  and  Port,  campo ;  Sax.  camp.  The 
sense  is,  an  open,  level  field,  or  plain.  See  Cham- 
pion and  Game.] 


CAM 

1.  The  ground  on  which  an  army  pitch  their  tt-iits, 
whether  for  a  night  or  a  longer  lime. 

2.  The  order  or  arrangement  of  tents,  or  ■ 
tion  of  an  army,  for  rest ;  af,  to  pilch  a  azmp. 

.1.  An  army,  or  body  of  troops,  encamped  on  lliu 

f^ame  field.  Ilumr. 

€AMP,  r.  t.oTi.  Torcst,  or  lodge,  as  an  army,  or  travel- 
ers in  a  wilderness;  to  pitch  a  camp;  to  fix  tents. 

[Sec  Encami*.] 
eAMP-IJED'STEAD,    (-bed'sled,)    ii.     A    bcdirtcad 

made  to  fold  up  within  a  narrow  space,  aji  u«td  in 

war  ;  a  tres^el  bedstead. 
€AMP'-HOY,  n.    A  hoy  that  eerves  in  a  camp. 

Ij 
€AMP'-FIGHT,  n.    In  law  wriler$,  a  trial  b> 

the  legal  combat  of  two  champions,  for  Uie  <. 

of  a  controversy.     [Camp  in  W.  is  a  ^axnCf  and  cchi- 

piair  is  to  contend.] 
€AMP'-STOOL,  71.    A  seat,  or  stool,  with  croBS-tegs 

to  fold  up. 
CAiMP-VIN'E-GAR,  71.    A  mixture  of  vinegar  with 

Cayenne  pepper,  soy,  walnul-ketchup,  anchovies, 

and  garlic. 
eAM-P.\G'NOL,  71.    A  species  of  rat  with  a  short  tail. 

^trby. 
C.\M-PaIGX',  (kam-piine'j)  ti.     [Fr.  campa^ne;    It. 

campagna;  Sp.  compana;  Port,  eompanha,  from  canp. 

This  should  be  written  campain,  as  Mjtford  writes 

it.i 

1.  An  open  field;  a  large,  open  plain  ;  -an  extensive 
tract  of  ground  without  considerable  hilL^.  [See 
CIIAMPAu;^■.] 

2.  The  lime  that  an  army  keeps  the  field,  either  in 
action,  marches,  or  in  camp,  without  entering  into 
winter  quarters.  A  campaign  is  usually  from  spring 
to  autumn,  or  winter ;  hut  m  some  instances,  armies 
make  a  winter  campaign. 

€ARI-PaIGN',  v.  i.    To  serve  in  a  campaign. 

.Musgrave. 
CAM-PaIGN'ER,  71.    One  who  has  served  in  an  anny 

several  campaigns  ;  an  old  soldier  ;  a  veteran. 
€AJI-Pa'NA,  ti.    [L.]    The  pasque-flower. 
eAM-PA'NI-A,  71.    A  large  extent  of  open  country; 
applied  to  the  country  round  Rome,  &.c. 
2.  A  campaign.    [Ois.l 
€AM-PAX'I-FORM,    a.     [L.  campana,    a  bell,    and 
forma,  form.] 

In  botanif,  in  the  shape  of  a  bell ;  applied  to  flowers. 
€AIVI-PA-i\i'LE,  7(.    In  architecture^  a  clock  or  bell 

tower.  EXmes. 

eAM-PA-N0L'0-6Y,  n.    [L.  campana^  and  Gr.  Xoj-oj.] 
Art  of  ringing  bells  ;  properly,  a  treatise  on  the  art. 
€AiI-PAN't|-LA,  71.     [L.]    The  bcU-llower. 
€AM-PAN'Ij-LATE,  a.     [L.  campamda,  a  little  bell-] 

In  bolanii,  in  the  form  of  a  bell ;  bell-shaped. 
€A-M-PeACH'Y-WOOD  ;  [from  Campeachy^  in  Mex- 
ico.]    See  Logwood. 
CAM-PES'TR.AX,     i  a.     [L.  campestris.  from  campus, 
CAM-PES'TRI-AN,  \     a  field.] 

Pertaining  to  an  open  field ;  growing  in  a  field,  or 
open  ground.  JVortimer. 

CAM'PHeNE,  71.     [A  contraction  of  campliogsn.] 

.\  name  recently  proposed  for  pure  oiZ  of  turpentine, 
(commonly  called  spirit  cf  turpentine,)  and  lately 
nmrh  used,  in  order  to  disguise  tlic  nature  and 
character  of  the  substance,  when  it  is  to  be  sold 
for  burning  in  lamps- 
eAM'PilO-OEN,  7U  [Gr.  K^p^jwav,  or  Au^^orpa, 
camphor,  and  yivvatt^,  to  produce,  because,  by  com- 
bination with  a  certain  definite  proportion  of  oxjgcn, 
campho^rcn  becomes  camphor.] 

A  hydrocarbon,  composed  cf  eight  equivalents  of 
hydrogen,  and  ten  of  carbon ;  the  basyle  of  cam- 
phor. 
eAM'PHOR,7i.    [Low  L.  coinpAcra;  Fr.  cawpAre;  It. 
canfora  ;   Sp.  aUanfor ;  Port-  caiifora ;  D.  and  G.  A<iin- 


Jer, 


Ar.  ^^1^3 


cajoTt 


kaforon,  from     ^.j 

kafara,  Heb.  Cli.  and  Syr.  1D3  k{\far,  to  drive  off, 
remove,  separate,  wipe  away ;  hence,  to  cleanse, 
to  make  atonement.  It  seems  to  be  named  from  its 
purifying  effects,  or  from  exudation.  It  will  be 
seen  Uiat  Uie  letter  m  in  this  word  is  ca.^ual.J 

A  solid  concrete  substance,  from  Uie  Launis  Cara- 
phom,  Linn.,  or  Indian  laurel-tree,  a  large  tree  grow- 
ing wild  in  Borneo,  Sumatra,  6l.c.  It  is  a  whitish 
translucent  substance,  of  a  granular  or  foliated  frac- 
ture, and  somewhat  nnctuous  to  the  iVel.  It  has  a 
bitterish  aromatic  taste,  and  a  verj'  fragrant  smell, 
and  is  a  powerful  diaphoretic. 

Encyc,     Lunier.    AOan. 
Camphor  is  a  protoxrd  of  camphogen. 

€AM'PHOR,  V.  (,    To  impregnate  or  wash  with  cani- 
plior.     [Little  Ti,*frf.] 

€AM-PHOR-A'CE0US,  a.   Of  tlie  nature  of  camphor; 
partaking  of  camphor.  Barta'%. 

€AiM'PHOR-aTE,  v.  U     To  impregnate  witn  caui- 
phor.  ^         ,  . 

€AM'PnOR-ATE,  n.     In  cjtemistry.  a  salt  formed  by 
the  combination  of  camphoric  acia  willi  a  base. 

€A.'M'PH0K-ATE,  a,    PcrUiining  to  camphor,  or  iok- 
prcgnated  with  it. 


TCNE,  BULL,  UNITE. —  AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K ;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SII ;  TH  as  in  THIS 


H)7 


CAN 


CAN 


CAN 


€AM'PIIOIl-XTED,  a.    liiiprcgnalcU  wiUi  cnniplior. 
GAM  riHiR'IC,  a.    rcrtaiiiing  lo  caiiii>liur,  ur  [virUk- 

liis  of  it.«  ijualities.  .       , . 

Camplurr.c  acid;  a  er>'«l:i!lizcj  aclil,  pru4luc«d  iiy 

|(iugillgt>iiuh  or  rcpeatid  distillation  of  camphor  willi 

nilru'  :iL-iJ. 

^_.\M  ,.ii.,>-  ..rr     „      A  fragrant,  limpul  oil,  obtained 
'  aromatiea ;  ciUiNldcrcd  an  aua- 

^'  \  'IK-  ir,-.    i((iin  whlcli  cain- 

ttr,  ihctv  an-  two 
•r ;  OIK',  a  niiivL' 

, I  kind  ;  the  other, 

fi   Jn|Mii,  wiiuli   nj.icmblcs  Iht*  hay-lr«f, 

Mack  or  purple  lurriej.     Hut  tho  tr»i*  (jrows 

-  ,.i.,  .ir:<      'ih.-    t.  lii  M  liiii  k.  ttir-  hark  of  a 

iij,  closr. 

iiki-d,  luiil 

,   ,.  ..     ,   .  ,  '1  <';iHip'i*"'» 

I*  nit  a^mii,  uiiii  ilivi.icl  uiU>  pii'CtH,  ami 

,>hur  taken   out  ;   it  luMtig   luuiitt  in   miull, 

:.  .1  iUikr,-,  ■<itimted  ptTptiuliciitaily,  in  irrfg"l:>r 

V  jri",  111  and  nvar  the  renter  of  the  ircp.  It  in  then 
rcif  ii'illy  sittkcd  and  \v;uihcd  in  :.uapy  watt  r,  !o  cep- 
r.nitf  tVitni  it  all  cxtrancouri  tnatier.  ll  w  thin 
Ii.i-^.«|  through  lliree  tiievr.i  of  dillereiit  lixlure,  lo 
tliMiL-  it  into  three  cort-t,  hoad,  lieliy,  iiiul  tVK>t  rain- 
plic  r.  Camphor-oil  i^  camphor,  befurc  the  nperutiom* 
of  nature  have  reduced  it  to  a  concrete  funn ;  luul 
concrete  camphor  may  be  reduced  to  oil  by  nitric 
ni-id.  .^siat.  Res.  iv.  1, 

Camphor  funns,  with  nitric  acid,  a  liquid  com- 
pound, (iiLlnite  of  camphor.)  Oru/iatn. 

Camphor  is  ubtaincd  from  the  Ctimplwra  ojHcinarttm. 
fU-mrus  Cninphora,  Linn.,)  a  native  of  China  and 
Japan,  and  fmin  thr  Dnjobnlam'py  aromnliea^n  native 
of  Horneo  and  i^uniatm.  The  ramplmr  from  the  lut- 
t-r  i-i  harder,  more  brittle,  and  more  highly  valued, 
part;cul:ulv  in  the  Ex-^t. 
eAMI"I.NG,V/r  Encamping. 
CAMP'INU,  II.     A  playing  at  football.  Bryan/. 

CAMP'I-ON,  It.     A  plant  i  the  iwpular  name  of  the 

lArlini^. 
CASI'CS,  |)i.      [Ti.   eatitija.]      A    thin    drc.-?.      [.Vol 
CAM'IS,    \      En^lifh.]  Upense-r. 

CA.M'-WpOn,  n.  A  tropical  wood,  used  in  dyeiiig  ; 
said  lo  bcilio  produce  of  the  Daphia  uitiday  a  native 
of  Sierra  Tv-xme. 
CAN.H.  \D.kan;  P:ix.canna:  C.kanne;  Van.  kande  : 
Sw.  kanna:  Com.  hannath  ;  Pan?,  kundha:  probably 
from  holdinj;,  containing  ;  \V.  c:nnu  or  jtahh,  lo  con- 
lain,  »-<in,  caiKicily,  a  murtise  ;  En;:,  gatn,  in  carpen- 
ir)-,  llence  \V.  can/,  a  circle,  a  hoop,  a  fence  round 
a  yard,  a  hundred  ;  I^.  centum  :  Ttrui.  AunW,  in  litin- 
dred.     See  Cent,  and  llt^DRCD,  and  Ca:<,  infVa.] 

A  cup  or  vessel  for  liquors,  in  modern  timc^  made 
of  metal ;  as,  a  can  of  ale. 
CAN',  r.  i. ;  prrt.  Could,  which  i-*  from  another  root. 
[See  CocLD.]  [Can  is  from  the  Sax.  crnnan^  to  know, 
lo  bear,  or  produce ;  Goth,  kunmin ;  .Sax.  cunnan,  to 
know,  to  be  able  ;  cunuian.  to  try,  to  attempt,  to 
prove;  cinJ,  cyn,  ir^rynr/,  kind  ;  h.  f;er.u^  ;  I),  kuitnen^ 
lo  know,  lo  understand,  to  hold,  lo  conLain,  lo  be 
alilj.  like  the  Ft.  .'uroir ;  Dan.  kunne,  (ttrn,  indie. 
pr  -^inc.,)  to  be  able  ;  kirndc,  to  know  ;  Sw.  kdnna, 
riMW  ;  kanna,  to  be  able;  G.  kcnncn,  to  know; 
-  I'-ri,  lo  be  able.  Hence  cunning,  that  15,  know- 
Inn,  skillful,  experienced ;  G.  kUnnen,  a  being  able, 
ability,  knowledge  ,  kttnd,  public  ;  kundr,  knowlcdf^c, 
aequatnlaiice.  The  'I'cutonic  and  Gothic  words  unite 
with  the  Greek  j enact,  to  begtt,  as  a  male,  and  to 
bo;:r,  as  a  female,  which  is  connected  with  j  tvopai^ 
to  be  bom  or  produced.  Cun,  cffinon,  and  jfwato, 
are  probnbly  the  same  word ;  and  ihc  Sax.  finnan, 
in  the  compounds  a^rinnnn^  bra'utttnn,  oit^innan^  to 
begin,  is  from  the  same  root.  The  primary  sense  i,-i, 
to^Rlrain,  to  stretch,  to  urge  or  tbma  wiUi  force, 
which  gives  the  sense  of  producing,  and  of  holding, 
containing,  which  is  the  primary  sense  of  knoteinffy 
comprehending  ;  and  straining  gives  Ihc  Hcmu)  of 
power.    The  Sax.  ciifiaian,  lo  try,  is  to  strain.    (Sec 

Kk5.)  Ar.  '.L^3  ka:inaj  lo  bo,  the  ttubsLantivo 
verb  ;  ol^o,  to  become,  lo  bo  mndr,  lo  endure  ;  nlso, 

to  create,  to  gencrnlc,  lo  form;   j.rA.9  fta/iiim,  to 

know ;  Heb.  and  Ch.  »>3,  to  fit  or  prepare,  to  form  or 
fashion;  whrncc  right,  fil ;  a-t  we  have  rij?A/ ,•  Sax. 
reht;  L.  rectus,  from  re^rv,  lo  nil^,  that  is,  to  slrniu, 
stretch,  make  stmiglit ;  Syr.      '^  kan,  to  begin  to  be, 

and  Its  derivatives,  lo  plant  or  cstabliab,  to  create, 

lo  be  prepared  ;  Eth.  0(1/1  kan,  to  hf,  lo  become, 
lo  be  made ;  Ch.  and  Sam.  an  the  Hebrew.  Sec 
CIn>-3  On,  No.  09.  38,  and  r^.  4-7.  1^.  Arc  Cnn,  in 
EnglL-ih,  i"  treated  aj  an  '  "         :n  of 

I       tJie  infinitive  bring  omitu  i  /  can 

g  J,  instead  of  I  cart  to  go.  g".] 

1.  To  be  able;  to  have  ^uiiiiu  -u  u^in  'r  phys- 


IL. 


icol  power.  Oiio  mail  can  lif\  a  weight  which  aiuillicr 
can  not.  A  UoKO  can  nni  a  ccilaiii  disilancc  tii  a 
given  lime. 

2.  To  have  mcan«  or  in-ini.n  :,!..  which  supply 
IKivver  or  ability.  A  man  .e,  or  fit  out 
u  ship,  if  he  has  Iho  n  A  imlion 
Mn  not  prosecute  a  war  u  orcrcdil.  I 
will  lend  >ou  a  tliourand  ilulUra  if  1  cjju 

3.  To  be  |)o?<;iibli'. 

Nk<xki>tLis  *^kl,  lluw  con  titnr  iLliip  Le  f  —  JoHii  B. 

4.  To  have  adcipialo  moml  jiowor.  A  man  can 
Indulge  In  pleaiiim\or  he  can  retrain,  lie  oih  reytralii 
lilM  npiK-lite.i,  if  hu  will. 

5.  i Vi  have  jiisi  or  k'iial  coinpcUnl  pciwcr,  that  l», 
riplil ;  to  he  free  frum  any  rt>Iralnl  of  moral,  civil, 
or  pohlical  obliRalUui,  or  imm  any  (►o'.itive  pndiibi- 
lioii.  \Vc  can  u»e  a  highw  ay  for  travel,  for  this  is 
|K'riiiilled  by  law.  A  man  ran  or  ant  not  hold  an 
olVire.  'I'he  Jew(«  could  not  rat  ctrlaiii  kind-t  of  ani- 
n\nU  whirh  wenr  declared  to  bo  unclean.  The  house 
of  conun<>n!4,  ni  En;;taud,  rui  iiupeach.but  the  house 
of  lord^  only  can  try  impi-achmentH.  In  general,  we 
rail  do  whatovor  noithor  the  law*  of  God  nur  of  man 
forbid. 

IIqw  ran  1  (lo  tills  prml  wlclmIn^M  bimI  ilnnpliutGoJf  —  Gen. 

zxxli. 
I  oin  not  go  b^oiitl  ih^  wont  uf  ibo  Lonl  my  Qou,  to  do  lea  or 

taotv.  — Niijii.  xxii. 
C.  To  have  nnlumi  strenglli,  or  capacity;  to  bo 
susceptihtu  of;  to  bo  able  nr  free  to  undergo  any 
change,  or  produce  any  til'ect,  by  the  laws  and  con- 
«litulion  of  nature,  or  by  divine  appointment.  Silver 
catt  be  melted,  but  can  not  be  changed  into  gold. 

CVin".'  ■    .  .    " '■■--   ..-'-J.-o^uI. 

Ca'  »?  — Jaiwci  ill. 

CVt  . 

7.  To  hii\'  I  jth,  nbilily,  fortilude^ 
patience,  &.c.,  in  a  ihi.v.^ivc  Aen:u;.  He  can  not  bear 
reproof.    I  can  not  eiiduru  this  iii)|)cninence. 

Tlib  U  &  h-irti  •»)l»y  ;  —  wlw  nm  li-jr  i',  ?  —  Jo!iii  »i. 

8.  To  liave  the  requinito  knowledge,  cTpericncc, 
or  skill.  Young  men  are  not  admitted  members  of 
college,  till  lliey  can  translate  Latin  and  Greek.  An 
astronomer  can  calculate*  an  cclip*ie,  tliougli  lie  can 
not  make  a  coat. 

9.  To  have  strength  of  incjinaiion  or  motives  suf- 
Hcient  to  overcome  ob.sincles,  imiicdimcnts,  incon- 
venience, or  ot''<T  objection. 

11,-  ■  I  ^  1  not  eonir,  —  Luki*  xir. 

1  <  .  tc  uf  lib  Inipontinitr,  iio 

10.  Ill  iiivr  viiio' ii-iii  iijui.  iiy;  OS,  a  vessel  can 
not  hold  or  contain  the  whole  quantity. 

CA.N,  r.  f.     'I'o  know.     [.Vot  in  use.]  Spenser. 

e.-\.\'-nUOV.  n.    In  .•ieamciLthip,  a  buoy  in  form  of  a 

cone,  made  large,  and  sometimes  ]iainlc(I,  n3  a  mark 

lo  designate  slioal?,  &c.  JUVir.  Diet, 

e.AN'-HOOK,  n.    .\n  instrument  to  sling  a  cask  by 

the  ends  of  its  slaves,  formt  d  by  reeving  a  piece  of 

nqie  llirouyh  two  Hal  hook^,  and  splicing  its  eiuis 

togelhi-r.  -Mar.  Diet. 

e.V-N'A'Dl-AN,  a.    Pertaining  lo  Canada,  an  extensive 

countrj-  on  the  iiortli  of  the  l/niled  .'^tatcs, 
CA-NA'DI-A.N',  n.    An  inhabitant  or  native  of  Canada. 
CA-J^AlLLFJ,n.     [I-.  eanu,  a  dog;   Er.  canaille;  Sp. 

eanalla  ;  Port,  eanalhn  ;  It.  c/inaj/m.] 
The  lowest  clns^  "f  people  ;  the  nibble ;  llie  vulgar. 
CAN'A-KI.V,  n.     A  liills  can  or  cup.  S}mk. 

C.\-NAL',  ".     [L.  earudi*,  a  channel  or  kennel;  those 

being  the  same  word  dilferently  written  ;  Fr.  cmwl; 

Arm.  can,  or  eanol ;  Sp.  and  Port,  eanol  ,■  It.  eanalc. 

(See  Cane.)    It  denoloa  a  pruisage,  from  shooting,  or 

pa-.<ing.] 

1.  A  iiassngc  for  wat-  r;  a  water  course  ;  proiwrly, 
n  l-.»ng  trench  or  excavation  in  the  enrlh,  fur  conduct- 
ing water,  and  confining  it  to  narrow  limits  ;  but  the 
I'-rm  may  be  apjilied  to  other  watcr-coursis.  It  is 
cliii:(l)  applied  lo  artificial  cuts  or  |>assages  for  water, 
used  for  tmnsporlntion  ;  whereas  c/uiuafi  ia  applica- 
ble to  a  natiinl  watf;r-<:ourse. 

Tin  er.ual  frum  t!v:  llmtiun  to  I<.'\k<i  Eiic,  U  one  or  Hie  ocrftkst 

woria  vi  ntU 

2.  In  anntomtj,  a  duel  or  passage  in  Ihc  body  of  nn 
animal,  through  which  any  of  the  juices  flow,  or 
other  substances  pass ;  cir,  more  generally,  nny  cy- 
lindrical or  tubular  raviiy  in  the  hody,  whether  oc 
cupicd  by  a  solid,  tluid,  or  aiirifunn  substance ;  as 
Ihc  canil  of  tin:  '^pine,  the  semicircular  canals  of  the 
internal  tar.  the  aliuu-nlary  conal,icc. 

3.  A  surt^u-al  instnmient ;  a  splint.  Coze. 
C.\-N.AL'-lJo.\T,  V.    .\  boat  nsed  on  canal". 
CAN'AI^enAL,  Ji.     Sec  Cankei.-Coal. 
CAX-A-MC'-IJ-LATF,,      }  a.     [h.  canaliculattL",  from 
CAN-A-Lie'-U-IiA-'PEI),  i      canalictilujiy  a  liltlo  pipe, 

from  atnalii,  canna,  a  pi|M.'.1 

Channeled  ;  furrowed.    In  botamj,  having  a  deep 
longitudinal  groove  above,  and  convex  undemeatli; 
applied  to  t/ie  stem,  leif,  or  petiole  of  planL<.   Jitartijn. 
C-V-Na'RY,  n.     Wine  made  in  Ihc  Canary  Isles. 

2.  An  old  dance.    Shaksprare  has  used  the  word 
as  a  verli,  for  to  doner,  in  a  kind  of  cant  phrase. 
C.\-\A'RY-niRD,  rt.   A  ringing  bird  from  the  Canary 
Isles,  a  species  of  Eiingilla.    The  hill  is  conical  and 


fitrnighl ;  the  body  in  yellowish  white ;  the  pnum 
feathers  of  llie  wings  and  tail  arc-  greenish.  Thetftt 
birds  are  now  bred  in  other  countries. 

CA-N.\'ttV-GIlASS,  It.  A  plant,  the  Phalaiis,  whon 
seeds  are  coUecled  for  canarj'-hirds. 

CA.N'CEL,  r.  (.  [Fr.  cant^Wrr,*  Porl.  canccllar;  L.  rtu- 
celloy  to  deface,  projM'rly,  to  make  crossbars  or  lat- 
tice-work ;  htnce,loinakecn>ss|im'son  writin;;,fri>m 
cancelti,  crots-bars  or  latticework  ;  Gr.  *<;  ir\i» ;  Syr. 
and  Ch.  Sp:?  kankel,  id.l 

1.  To  cross  the  lines  of  a  wiiting,  and  deface  thcin  , 
to  blot  out  or  ol'litemto. 

0.  To  annul,  or  doiioy  ;  as,  lo  canal  an  obtlg.iUuii 
or  a  debt. 

3.  In  printing,  to  suppress  and  reprint,  f»>r  the  sake 

of  Riib-^tituling  other  matter  ;  as,  lo  canal  a  ikic. 
CAN'CEL.n.     In;ir(iir/iij/^,theMlppreK>iiinaiul  t  • 

ing  of  a  page  or  more  of  a  work  ;  Ihi  purt  thu 
C.V.N'CEI- LATE,a.  Consi^tiIlg  of  a  netw»-rk  .  i 

without  inlermediale  |Kirencliyma,  us  thu  Ie.i\ii  ui 

certain  plants. 
C.VN'CEULA-TED,  a.     [h.  eanceVatM,  canctlh.] 

1.  Cross-barred  ;  marked  with  cro^s  lines.  Orcie. 

2.  Cellular,  as  the  porous  stnicluru  of  bones. 

Mimtell. 
CAN-CEL-LA'TION,  «.    Tho  act  of  defacing  by  Kt-m 

lines  ;  a  canceling.  ' 

C.\N'CEL-£:D,pp.    Crossed;  oblileralcd  ;  annulled. 
CAN";EL-LNG,p/»r.    Crossing;  obliterating;  aiinull- 

CAN'CER,  m  [L.  cfln«r;  Sax.  cancre  ;  Fr.  cancre;  D. 
kanker  ;  Sp.  cangrrjo,  eancro  ;  It.  cancro,  canehrro  ;  Gr> 
<coj  ^tf  This  HceniB  lo  be  the  same  word,  Uioiich  up- 
pli.rd  lo  Iho  shell ;  «<i/)ic(i'yf,  a  cancer,  is  a  dirrereol 
word.  From  the  Greek,  Iho  Latins  have  cmcAa, 
Eng.  roHcJt.  But  H  is  not  radical ;  for  this  is  uiiluuU- 
fcdly  the  \V.  cuco.i,  Eng.  cocMlc;  Fr.  coi{udte,  coguCf  It, 
coccia.  These  words  are  probably  from  the  same  rofll 
as  Sp.  ftfcar,  to  wrinkle,  iwict,  or  make  wry  fnCDfj 
Ir,  euachaim,  to  fold  ;  Eng.  coc/.7f,to  shrink  or  pucker: 
verbs  which  give  the  primary  seiif-e.  It  is  to  be  noted 
that  cancer  and  canker  are  the  same  word  ;  cu/:/.fr  U*- 
liig  till:  original  pronunciation.] 

i.  Tlie  cnib  or  crab  li.-ih.    The  temi  cancer -■ 

plied,  as  a  generic  name,  by  Einnani",  to  a 
tensive  genii'!  of  animals,  marked  by  Iiini  in 
Ins<rcta,  order  Apteni,  corresponding  lo  the  lu-t  ii.i.« 
orders  of  Cuvi*  r's  class  Crustacea,  and  including  tlM 
crab,  lobster,  shrimp,  crayfiiih,&.c.  The  term  is  now 
confined  to  a  genus  of  CmsUicea,  including  only  tJiO 
common  Euroiwan  crab  and  a  few  allied  ^pecit•s. 

2.  In  aAronunvi,  one  of  the  twelve  siynn  of  the  so> 
diac,  represented'  by  ihe  form  of  a  crab,  and  limiting 
Die  sun's  course  northward  in  summer;  hence,  tli« 
sign  of  the  summer  solstice. 

3.  In  medicine,  a  roundish,  hard,  unequal,  scirrhoM 
tumor,  wliicli  usually  tilcerales,  is  very  painful,  and 
gcnenUly  fatal.  In  the  moat  limiud  scii.se,  a  morbid 
artl'dion  of  the  mamma,  commencing  with  (in  une- 
ven livid  induration,  marked  by  cancrifonn  ddatcd 
vessels,  and  usually  icrminaling  in  a  malignant  pha- 
gedenic ulcer;  the  carciniut  o(  Good.  In  a  wore  gc$h 
eral  sense,  any  local  alTection  commencing  with  an 
induration,  and  terminating  in  a  phagedenic  ulcer,  or 
any  malignant  phagedenic  ulcer,  whether  aimmeil- 
cing  with  an  induration  or  not. 

eA.\'CEU-ATE,  r.  i.  To  grow  into  a  cancer;  to  bfr 
como  canci-roiis.  VKstrange, 

eAX-CER-A'TIOX,  ii.  A  growing  canccrou?,  or  into 
a  cancer. 

eAN'CEK-OUS,  a.  Like  a  cancer ;  having  the  qiiali- 
lies  of  a  cancer.  iVisanan* 

C.\N"CElt-OUS.LY-  adc.    In  the  manner  of  a  cancer. 

CAN'CER-OUS-.NESS,  v.    The  state  of  being  cancer 

€AN'€RI-FORM,  a.    Cancerous.  [oui 

2,  Having  the  iVirin  of  a  cancer  or  crib. 
C.VN'CRIXE,  a.    Having  the  quahtics  of  ii  crab. 
eAN'eHITE,  w.    [from  cancer.]    A  fossil  or  petrifi-  d 

crab.  Fonrcroif. 

eAiN-HE-LA'DnnM,rt.    [I-] 
1.  .\  UJI  support  fur  a  lamp. 
G.  A  candlestick  with  branches. 
eAN'DENT,  a.     [Ii.  uindcnBt  front  candco,  to  be  wh;' 
or  hot.    Sec  the  verb  to  Cant.] 

Very  hot;  hcat.d  to  whiteness  ;  glowing  with  hint. 
CANM)!  GAXT,  a.    Growing  while.  DiU. 

CAX'DIU,  a.    [L.  enndidusj  white,  from  eandco^  tu  lit 
white  ;  W.  cojiu,  lo  bleach.    SJee  Cant.] 
1.  White.  Dryden 

[Bat  in  this  sense  rarely  used.] 
a.  Fair;  open  ;  frank  ;  ingenuous;  free  from  nndoc 
bias  ;  disposed  to  think  and  judge  according  lo  tniUl 
and  justice,  or  willioul  partiality  or  prejudice ;  applad 
to  persons^ 

3.  Fair ;  just ;  impartial ;  applied  to  thing* ;  M,  a 
candid  view,  or  construction. 

€AX'DI-DaTE,  k.  [L.  candidatiu,  from  candtdut, 
while  :  those  who  sought  ofiices  in  Rome  btlDf 
obliged  lo  wear  a  xvhitc  gown.] 

1.  One  who  seeks  or  aspires  to  some  office  or  prjv 
ilege,  and  who  oflcra  himself  for  the  same ;  usualljr 
followed  by  /or;  as,  n  candidate  for  Ihc  office  ot  sher- 
iff i  a  cawiidate  for  baptism  or  confirmation. 

2.  One  who  is  in  contemplation  for  an  office,  or  for 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WIL>T.— METE,  PRBV.— PINE,  .MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  VVQLF,  BQOK.— 
_  . 


CAN 


CAN 


preferment,  hy  tlioso  who  have  power  to  elect  or  ap- 
point though  he  does  nut  offer  himself. 

3.  One  who,  hy  his  ser^'ice:^  or  actions,  wiU  or  may 
justly  obtain  prelemicnt  or  reward,  or  whose  conduct 
teiids  to  secure  it ;  us,  a  candidate  for  pniise. 

4  A  man  who  is  quahlied,  according  to  the  rules 
of  the  church,  to  preach  the  gospel,  and  take  the 
charge  of  a  jiarish  or  religious  society,  and  proposes 
to  settle  in  the  ministry.    [  United  States.] 

5.  One  who  is  in  a  state  of  trial  or  probation  for  a 
reward,  in  another  life  ;  as,  a  candidate  for  heaven  or 
for  clcmity.  ,      , ,  ■  ,  -  , 

€AN'DIt>-LY,  adv.  Openly;  frankly;  without  tncK 
or  disguise ;  ingenuously, 

€AN'DID-NESS,  n.  Openness  of  mmd  j  frankness  ; 
fairness ;  ingenuousness. 

eAX'DI-£D,  (kan'did,)  pp.  or  a.  [from  cdiidy.']  Pre- 
served with  sugar,  or  incrustcd  with  it ;  covered  with 
crjstals  of  sugar  or  ice,  or  wiih  matter  resembling 
them  ;  as,  candied  raisins. 

€AN'DI-F?,  V.  t.  or  t.  To  make  or  become  wliite,  or 
candid. 

€AN'DLE,  71.  [L.  Sp.  and  It.  candcla  ;  Fr.  chandcUe ; 
Sax.  canddi  Pers.  kandit;  Ann.  cantolf  W.  canwyll; 
Ir.  cainneal ;  from  L.  caiidco,  to  shine,  to  be  white,  or 
its  root.  The  priniar>'  sense  of  the  root  is,  to  shoot, 
to  throw,  to  radiate.     See  Cant  and  Chant.] 

1.  Along,  but  small,  cylindrical  body  of  tallow, 
wax,  or  spermaceti,  formed  en  a  wick  composed  of 
linen  or  cotton  threads,  twisted  loosely,  used  for  a 
portable  light  of  domestic  use. 

2.  A  li2hl.  ^,     ^ 

3.  A  light ;  a  luminary.  In  Scripture,  the  candle  of 
the  Lord  is  the  divine  favor  and  blessing.  Job  xvix.  3  j 
or  the  conscience  or  understanding.     Prov.  x.\.  27. 

Ercommunication  hy  inch  of  candle,  is  when  the  of- 
fender is  allowed  time  to  repent,  wliile  a  candle  burns, 
and  is  then  excommunicated. 

Sale  by  inch,  of  candle,  is  an  auction  in  which  per- 
sons are  allowed  to  bid  only  till  a  small  piece  of  can- 
dle bums  out. 
Medicated  candle;  in  medicine,  a  bougie. 
Rash  candles,  are  used  in  some  countries  ;  tliey  aie 
made  of  the  pith  of  certain  riuUts,  peeled  except  on 
one  side,  and  dipped  in  crease.  Encyc. 

CAN'DLE-BER-IIY-TREE,  n.  Tl:e  Myrica  cerifera, 
or  wax-bsaring  myrtle;  a  shrub  common  in  Xorth 
America,  from  the  berries  of  ^vhich  a  kind  of  wax  or 
oil  is  procured,  of  whicli  candles  are  made.  The  oil 
is  obtamed  by  boiling  the  b:'rri('S  in  water;  the  oil, 
rising  to  the  surface,  is  skimmed  otF,  and  when  cool, 
is  of  the  consistence  of  wax,  and  of  a  dull  green 
color.  In  popular  language,  this  is  called  bay-berry 
taUow. 
eAN'DLE-ROMB,  (kan'dlbum,)  v.  A  small  glass 
bubble,  fill:-'l  with  water,  placed  in  the  wick  of  a 
candle,  wliere  it  bursts  with  a  report. 
CAN'DLE-foAL.  See  Cannel-Coal. 
€AN'DLE-HoLD'ER,  n.  [candle  and  hold.]  A  per- 
son that  iK'Ids  a  candle.  Hence,  one  that  remotely 
assists  another,  but  is  otherwise  not  of  iinpoilance. 

Shak. 
e.WDLE-LIGIIT,  C-lIte,)  7?.   [candle  and  li'^rht.]   The 
light  of  a  candle ;  the  necessary  candles  for  use. 

J\folineux. 
€AN'DLE-^IAS,  n.     [candle  and  viass.  Sax.  incessa; 
eandle-feast.'] 

The  feast  of  the  church,  celebrated  on  the  second 
day  of  Febniap,',  in  honor  of  the  purification  of  the 
Virsin  .Alary,  so  called  from  the  great  number  of 
lights  used  on  that  occasion.  This  feast  is  supposed 
to  have  originated  in  the  declaration  of  Simeon,  that 
our  Savior  was  "  to  be  a  liglit  to  ligliten  the  Gentiles." 
On  this  day,  the  Roman  Catholics  consecrate  all  the 
candles  and  tapers  which  are  to  be  used  in  their 
chiirclies  during  the  whole  year.  In  Rome,  the  pope 
performs  the  ceremony  himself,  and  distributes  wax 
candles  to  the  cardinals  and  others,  who  carry  them  in 
procession  through  the  great  hall  of  the  pope's  palace. 
The  ceremony  was  prohibited  in  England  by  an  or- 
der of  council  in  1548.  But  Candlemas  is  one  of  the 
four  tenus  for  paying  and  receiving  rents  and  inter- 
est; and  it  gives  name  to  a  law  term,  beginning  Jan. 
]5,  and  ending  Feb.  3.  Encyc. 

CAN' OLE -STICK,  7i.    [ca7tdlc  andsttVfc;  Sax.  cujirfci- 
sticca.] 

An  instniment  or  utensil  to  hold  a  candle,  made  in 
different  forms  and  of  different  materials;  originally, 
a  stick  or  piece  of  wood. 
€AN'DLE-STUFF,  n.    [candle  and  .£«#.]    A  material 
of  which  candles  are  made,  as  tallow,  wax,  Slc. 

Bacon. 
eAN"'DLE-\VAST^ER,  n.     [candle  and  ionste.'l     One 
who  v.a-^tes  or  consumes  candles  ;  a  hard  r^tunent,  or 
one  who  studies  by  candlelight ;  a  ?p?ndtlnifl. 

B.  Jonsun.     Shak. 
CAN'DLE-WICK,  n.    The  wick  for  candle;?. 
eAN'DLKS-ENDS,n.p?.  Scraps ;  fragments.  Beawn. 
€.\N'DOCK,  n.    A  plant  or  weed  that  grows  in  rivers. 

JValton. 

CAN'DOR,  71.    [h.  candor,  {torn  candco,  to  be  white.  1 

Openness  ol  heart ;  frankness  ;  ingenuousness  of 

mind  ;  a  disposition  to  treat  subject-s  with  fairness  ; 

freedom  from  prejudice  or  disguise  ;  sincerity.    fVat/j. 


CAN'DY,  V.  t.  [It.  eandirc,  to  candy,  to  preserve ; 
candito,  candied  ;  Fr.  candir.  'i'his  seems  not  to  be 
the  Latin  condin,  for  the  Italian  has  also  coadire. 
Possibly  it  may  be  from  L.  candco,  to  be  white.    Cut 


in  Ar.  Osa^  kaiul,  kandoUj  'n  tli; 


saccliarinc  matter 
and  it  is  the 


of  the  sugar-cane,  or  concrete  Bugar, 
same  in  Persian  ;  Satis,  kkand.] 

1.  To  conserve  or  dress  with  sugar;  to  boil  in  sugar. 

2.  To  form  into  congelations  or  crystal.'.      Shak. 

3.  Fi^itrut.ccly,  to  cuver  or  incrust  with  congela- 
tions, o'r  crystals  of  ice.  Drydcn. 

CAN'DY,  r.  (.  To  form  into  crystalP,  or  become  con- 
gealed; to  talve  on  the  form  of  candied  sugar. 

€.\N'Dy,7i.    A  species  of  confectionery,  or  compound 
of  sugar  with  some  otlicr  substance,  as  sugar  candy^ 
molasses  candy,  izc. 
2.  In  Bainhay,  a  weight  of  5G0  pounds. 

€AN'Dy-ING,  ;»;»/•.    Conserving  with  sutiar. 

eAN'DY-ING,  n.  'J"he  act  of  preserving  simples  in 
substance,  hv  boiling  them  in  suear.  Encyc. 

€AN'DY-TUFTS,  /*.     A  plant,  the  Iberis. 

Fam.  of  Plants. 
9.  A  Cretan  flower.  Tate. 

GaNE,™.  [L.canna;  Gr.  varva  ;  Fr,  can ne  ;  W.caicn; 
?\).cana;  Port,  cana  oi  ctinna  :  it.  canna;  Arm.  cunen; 
Heh.  Ch.  Syr.  and  Ar.  n:p.  In  the  Arabic,  a  word 
of  tiiis  fanidy  signifies  a  subterraneous  passage  for 
water,  or  canal.    It  probably  signifies  a  shoot.] 

1.  Ill  botanu,  this  term  is  "applied  to  several  species 
of  plants  bL-longiug  to  different  genera,  such  as 
Arundo,  Calamus,  Saccharum,  &c.  Among  these 
is  the  bamboo  of  the  East  Indies,  with  a  strong  stem, 
which  serves  for  pipes,  poles,  and  walking-sticks. 
The  sugar-cane,  a  native  of  Asia,  Africa,  and  Amer- 
ica, furnishes  the  juice  from  which  are  made  sugar, 
molasses,  and  spirit.     [See  Sugar-Case. j 

2.  A  walking-stick. 

3.  A  lance  or  dart  made  of  cane.  Drydrn. 

4.  A  long  measure,  in  several  countries  of  Europe; 
at  Naples, the  h-ngth  is 7  feet  3^  inches ;  in  Thoulouse, 
in  France,  5  feet  S\  inches;  in  Provence,  £lc.,  6  feet 
5r  inches. 

€aNE,  v.  t.    To  beat  with  a  cane  or  walking-stick. 
€aNE'-BUaKE,  71.    [cane  and  brake.]     A  thicket  of 
canes.  ElUcott.      ' 

€aNE'-HOLE,  n.     [cane  and  hole]     A  hole  or  trench 
for  planting  the  cuttings  of  cane,  on  sugar  planta- 
tions. Edwards^s  fV.  Indies. 
€aNE'-MILL,  n.    A  mill  for  grinding  sugnr-cancs,for 

the  manufacture  of  sugar. 
€aXE'-TUASII,  71.    [caneumXtra^h.]    Refuse  of  canes, 
or  macerated  rinds  of  cane,  reserved  for  fuel  tn  boil 
the  cane-juice.  Edwards^s  fV.  Indies. 

€A  NT:S'CENT,  a.     [L.  canrsccns.] 

Growing  white  or  hoary. 
eA-NI€'U-EA,  )  ».      [L.   caniculdj  a  little   dog,  from 
€ANa-eUEE,    \      eanis,  a  dog.] 

A  star  in  the  constellation  of  Canis  Major,  calK-d 
also  the  Do<r-star,  or  Sirius  ;  a  star  of  the  first  mag- 
nitude, and  the  largest  and  brightest  of  all  the  fixed 
stars.  From  the  rising  of  this  heliacally,  or  at  its 
emersion  from  the  sun's  rays,  the  ancients  leckoutd 
their  dog-days. 
GA-NIC'U-LAR,  c,     [L.  caniciilaris.] 

Pertaining  to  tlic  dog  star. 
€A-NINE',  a.     [L.  caninus,  from  eani^,  a  dog.] 

Pertaining  to  dogs  ;  having  the  properties  or  qual- 
ities of  a  dog  ;  as,  a  ccHiHe  appetite,  insatiable  hunger; 
cGJiine  madness,  or  hydrophobia. 

Canine  teetlii  the  sharp,  pointed  teeth;  on  each  side, 
between  the  incisors  and  giinders ;  so  named  from 
tlieir  resemblance  to  a  dog's  teeth.  In  man  and 
most  of  the  mammalia,  there  are  two  of  them  in  each 
jaw,  one  on  each  side  of  the  incisors. 

Canis  Major;  the  Greater  Dog;  a  constellation  of 
the  southern  hemisphere,  under  the  feet  of  Orion ; 
including  Sirius  or  the  dog-star. 

Cnnis  Minor ;  the  Etsser  Hog  ;  a  constellation  of  the 
northern  hcniisphere,  Just  below  Gemini,  inchidmg 
Procyon,  a  star  of  th.-  first  magnitude.  Brande. 

CaN'ING,  71.    A  beating  with  a  stick  or  cane. 
CANTS-TER,jt.    [L.  canislriim  :  Gr.  Kaiutrrfioi;  if:y>;?, 
or  Kaytiii' ;  Fr.  cana^-itre  ;  Port,  canastra  ;  Sp.  canasta.] 
Properly,  a  small  basket,  as  in  Dryden ;  but  more 
«-/-Hfrfi//v,  a  small  box  or  case,  for  tea,  coffee,  &c. 
eANK'ER,  Tt.     [L.ca::ccr;  Sax.  cancere  or  canere  ;  D. 
kankcr ;  Fr.  chancre ;  It.  canchcro.     This  is  the  Latin 
cancer,  with  the  Roman  pronunciation,  SeeCANctn.] 

1.  A  disease  incident  to  trees,  which  clauses  the 
bark  to  rot  and  fall. 

2.  A  popular  name  of  c-^Main  small,  eroding  ulcers 
in  the  mouth,  paiticularly  of  children.  They  are 
generally  covered  with  a  whitish  slough.  [See 
Aphth.*:.]  Cyc. 

3.  A  virulent,  corroding  ulcer;  or  any  thing  that 
corrodes,  corrupts,  or  destroys, 

Sncrile^^  nuv  imvc  nn  onOn?  cnnker.  AtSerbun: 

Ami  l!i':Ir  wi.'r»l'  will  «.At  as  >li.;h  .i  mitktr.      2  Tim.  ii. 


4.  An  eatipg,  corroding,  virulent  Immor 
sion. 
.'3.  A  kind  of  rose,  tlie  dog-rose, 


,     COllO- 
Shak. 
Pcacham.    SliaJ;. 


CAN 

6.  Infarrieryf  a  running  tbnish  uf  tbc  worst  k»M  , 
a  diiicajic  in  Iiorscs'  feel,  discharging  a  felid  mailer 
frnm  the  cleft  in  Ihe  niiddli:  of  the  (r«e-         Encyc 
GANK'Ell,  V.  t.    To  eat,  corrodi.',  corruiil,  conduine,  in 
tile  manner  that  a  canceraflecta  the  Uxly.    HcrbrrU 
2.  'I'o  infect  or  pollute.  yliidiion. 

CAXK'ER,  V.  L  To  grow  corrupt ;  to  decay,  or  n-.TStc 
away  by  means  of  any  noxious  cause  ;  10  grow  rusty, 
or  to  he  oxvdized,  as  a  metal.  itacon. 

eANK'ER-IilT,  a.    biltcn  with  a  cankered  or  enven- 
omed tootii.  SJuJi. 
eA.N'K'ER-^;D,  pp.  or  a.    Eaten,  corroded,  or  corrtj|itcd. 

2.  a.     Crahhed  ;  uncivil.  !ypciurr. 

CANICKIl -AD-LY,  ode.    Crossly  ;  .adversely. 
C.\NK'ER-FI-?,  71.     A  fly  that  preys  on  fniit. 

Wo/ton. 
eANK'ER-LIKE,  a.      Eating  or  corrupting   like    a 

canker. 
e.VNK'ER-OUS,  n.  Corroding  like  a  canker. 
CANK'EB-VVOR.M,  ".  A  worm  di  itmctivc  to  trees 
or  plants.  In  .^menVd, this  naiiic  is  given  lo  a  worm 
that,  in  some  years,  destroys  the  leaves  and  fruit  of 
apple-trees,  'i'his  animal  springs  from  an  e-rg  do- 
posited  by  a  miller,  that  issues  from  the  ground. 

K.  C.  Hcrrick. 
CANK'ER-Y,  a.    Rusty. 

CW'.NA-UINE,  a.  [L.  cannabinuSf  from  wmnaftti, 
hemp.] 

Pertaining  to  hemp;  hempen. 
e.\N'i\EL-C6AL,  j  n.    A  fo-ssil  coal  of  a  black  color, 
e.VN'DLB-eO.VL,  !     sufficiently  hard  and  solid  to  lie 
cut  and  polished.    It  burns  nadily,  wilh  a  clear  yel- 
low  flame,  and  on  this  account  has  been  used  .is  a 
substitute  for  caudles.    It  is  sometimes  used  for  ink- 
holders  and  toys. 
CAN'XE-aUIN,  n.    White  cotton  cloth  from  the  Ex-.t 

Indies,  suitable  for  the  Guinea  trade.  Kncy.. 

e.\N''NI-DAL,  n.  [This  word  is  probably  of  Indian 
origin.  Columbus,  in  his  narration  of  his  discov- 
eries, mentions  certain  people  called  Cjitibih;  but 
in  the  isles,  he  remarks,  the  natives  lived  in  great 
fear  of  the  CariliaU,  or  people  of  Caribuy  called,  in 
Hispaniula,  Cdrib.  Hence  it  seems  that  CanihaU  and 
Calibre,  are  the  same  word  differently  pronounced.] 

A  human  being  that  eat-s  liumrin  llesh ;  a  man- 
eater,  or  anthropophagite.  Bacon,    Bcatlcti. 
CAN'iN'l-BAL-IS.M,  n.    The  act  or  practice  of  eating 
human  flesh  by  mankind. 
2.  .Murderous  cruelty  ;  barharitv.  Barlir. 
€.\S'NMi.VL-LY,  aih.    In  the  ni.-uincr  of  a  cannibal. 

Sluil:. 
e.VN'NOX,  n.    [Fr.  canon;  Arm.  cajion  or  vrnol!  D. 
hanon;   G.    haiioiici   Sp,  canon,  i  Port,   cunliain;    It. 
carnioTC.     Probably  from   L.  canna,  a   tube.     See 
Case.] 

A  large  military  engine  for  throwing  balls,  and 
other  instruments  of  death,  by  the  force  of  gun- 
powder. Guns  of  this  kind  arc  made  of  iron  or 
brass, and  of  ditiercnt  sizes,  tarrjing  b.alls  from  three 
or  four  pounds  to  forty-eight  pounds'  weight.  In 
some  countries,  llisy  have  been  made  of  much 
larger  size.  The  smaller  gnus  of  this  size  arc 
called  Jtrrd-piccc.^. 
G.V.X  .\ON-.^DE',  ii.  The  act  of  disclmrgmg  cannon 
and  throwing  balls,  for  the  purimse  of  destroying  an 
army,  or  battering  a  town,  ship,  or  fort.  The  term 
usually  implies  an  attack  of  some  continuance, 
e  \N-NON'-.XDE',  r.  (.  Toatlack  with  heaiT artiller)' ; 
lo  throw  balls,  nr  other  deadly  wcaiwns,  as  chain- 
shot  or  langragc,  against  an  enemy's  army,  town, 
foitress,  or  ship  ;  to  batter  with  cannon  shot. 
e.\N-XON-ADE',  r.  i.    To  discharge  cannon  ;  to  play 

with  large  guns. 
e\N-NO.N' AD'El),  pp.    Attacked  with  cannon  shot 
CA_N'-NO?J-.\D'ING,  rpr.    Battering  wilh  cannon  shot. 
e.VN'NO.V-BALI,,  II.    A  ball,  usually  made  of  cast 
iron,  to  bo  thrown  from  cannon,     amuon-butlct,  of 
the  like  significatirm,  is  not  now  used.    Caunon-balls 
were  originallv  of  stone. 
e.VN'NO.N-Iio.NE,  ji.    'I'hc  single  mcUicarpal  or  meta- 
tarsal bone  of  the  hoise.  Brandt. 
CAN'NO.\-MET'AI.,  ii.    A  variety  of  bronze  ;  or  an 
alloy  of  copper  and  tin,  in  the  pro|>ortion  of  about 
9  to  1. 
CAN-NO.V-kER',  ( 11.    A  man  who  manages  cannon ; 
eAN-NON-IER',  i     an  engineer. 
CAN'NON-PROOK,  ii.    Proof  against  cannon-shot 
CAN'N0-\-SIIO'r,  II.     .■V  b;dl  fer  cannon ;  also,  Ulc 

range  or  distance  a  cannon  will  throw  a  ball. 
GAN'NOT,  [can  and  not]    These  words  are  usually 
united,  but  certainly  without  good  reason ;  canst  and 
not  are  never  united, 
e AN'NU-L.VR,  a.     [L.  canna,  a  tllbo.] 

Tubular  ;  having  the  form  of  a  lube.         Encvc 

e.VN'NY,  )a.      Cautious;  w.ary;   skUlfiil ;  dextitws. 

CAN'NIE,  !      [ScMisk.]  •B"J»^ 

CA-NOE',  (ka-lioo',)  il.     [Fr.  cmiot :  Sp.  canoa:  It.  ca- 

nocor  canon.    This  is  slid  to  be  of  Indian  origin  ;  as 

all  the  Spanish  historians  of  America,  when  they 

first  mention  the  word,  give  an  ci|ilanaUon  ol  it: 

"  Ilia  in  terrain   siiis  linlribus,  quas  aiiwas  vocani, 

eduxenint."     P.  .Vai-liir.]  .,    r.u    \.^., 

1    A  boat  n«cd  bv  ruile  nations,  formed  of  the  body 

or  trunk  of  a  tree,  '.•sicavaltd,  by  cutting  or  burning, 


TONE,  BIJLL,  IINITE.-AN"CKR,  VI"CIOi;s.-e  as  K  ;  <5  as  J  ;  S  as  2;  CH  as  SlI  j  "fU  as  in  'i 


THIS 


22 


1 6a 


n 


CAN 


CAN 


"  now  usrd,  I 
rjxisey.    It 


r*f|.     In  I-^h.  'ill  Jranaa,  Rlrnlrtes  In  set.  tu  | 


Thp  »eiii«n  of  ran- 

:    .1.] 

<r  Pill"  of  tliwlrinc 
:tiiU  coiitlrincil  by 

. .  -  I,  ,-, ,-, ...u  £^  In  n'lipion,  or  :i 

_   '  iiion  of  |)oIicy  or  discipline,  by  s  p-neral  nr  pro- 

'.t  council. 
■J.  A  law  or  rule  in  general. 

3.  The  Kcnuinc  books  of  the  Holy  Scriptures,  called 
ihe  .<acred  fanon,  or  j»i'neml  nilc  of  moral  unil  rcliK- 

■    ■    i -vcn  by  m-ipiratitm. 

rv  ol  iho  church  ;  a  jH-rson  "ho  po»- 
11(1  or  rrvenui-  allottvil  fur  thi-  pcrfonii- 

,,,, ,,..iu^  ser\'ict!  in  a  caliitdnil  or  collegiate 

church. 


A  cartlinal  coiion,  is  onn  attached  to  a  Ghurch^  iitear' 
r;  ^i  fn  n  parish, 

are  ytniUR  canons,  not  tn  or- 
I  in  any  partirular  chapterf. 

havin'c  no  revenue  or  prebend, 

title  auil  dignities  of  canons,  a  voice 
mill  a  place  in  the  choir,  till  a  prebend 


nuit  ' 


rpihtl 


r-mt  fAurrA,  wcrw  IhoMJ  for 
•~  wixH  Inllfetrd,  an  Idolaif}', 

ti.      ...  ...    (..uen«  which 

iH  tc-tiuioiii- 
iic  Cdiuuiun- 


i-om^n  eancmji ;  such  as  did  not  officiate  In  tliefr 
canonries;  opiwscd  to  taansionary  or  rcjittmtiory  ean- 

OJW. 

Jjiy^  see-ular^  or  honorary  canojtj ;  laymen  ndmltted, 
out  of  honor  or  respect,  into  ii4ime  chapter  of  canons. 

//  .-,.'  r  .;■.,.,;,  ■  who  live  an  ascetic  life,  in  monas- 
ity,  and  who,  to  the  practice  of 
Id  the  profession  of  vows. 

.     ,_ who  have  only  the  thinl  part  of 

the  revenue  v(  liie  canouicalc.  Excifc. 

5.  In  monagteria,  a  book  containing  the  rules  of  Ihe 
order. 

C    \  ;    alnti  acknowledged  and  canon- 

ized I  '   aholic  church. 

7.  c  _'*,■  the  entire  office  of  the  niftss, 
bill  pariicuhuly  ilie  secret  words  of  the  mass  from 
the  preface  to  the  pater,  in  the  middle  of  which  Ihe 
prie=t  consecrates  the  host.  The  iMJople  are  to  re- 
hearse this  pan  of  the  service  on  their  knees,  and  in 
a  voice  lower  than  can  be  lieard. 

Roman  Ctithotic  Church. 

8.  In  ancUnt  musicy  a  rule  or  nurttiod  for  detertnlu- 
ing  the  intervals  of  notes,  invented  by  I'tolemy. 

Eneyc. 
0.  In  modfm  music^  a  kind  of  pen»cl"al  fugue,  in 
which  the  different  parts,  beginning  one  alUr  anotli- 
er,  repeat  incessantly  the  same  air.  Busby. 

10.  in  ef^metry  and  ch^fbra^  a  gcneml  rule  for  the 
solution  of  cases  of  a  given  kind. 

11.  lnpAarmarj/,a  rule  for  compounding  medicines. 

12.  In  surgertfj  an  instrument  used  in  sewing  up 
wounds. 

Caiuin  Ittv},  is  a  collection  of  ecclesiasticjl  laws, 
serving  as  the  nile  of  church  go\'emment. 
C.VN'ON-BIT,  ir.    That  part  of  a  bit  let  into  a  horse's 

\-ES3,  n.    A  woman  who  enjoys  a  prebend, 
:,  by  the  foundation,  to  maids,  without  obllg- 
'leni  to   make  any   vows,    or   renounce    the 
Eneyc. 

i-N'ie^AL  (  "*     [^- W""*'**'^*] 

IVrtainlng  toacanon  ;  according  In  ihc  canon  or 
rule. 

Cananieal  books^  or  canonical  Scnptarr,''^  arc  lliose 
books  of  the  Scriptures  which  are  admitted  by  the 
canons  of  the  church  to  be  of  divine  origin.  The 
Koman  Catholic  church  ndnnts  the  AjKicryphal 
books  to  be  canonical  ;  the  Protestants  reject  them. 

Canvnital  houri^  are  Certain  slated  times  of  the  day, 
fixed  by  the  ecclesiastical  laws,  or  appropriated  to 
the  ofiircs  of  praytr  and  devotion.  In  Orrat  Brit- 
ain^ these  hours  arc  from  eight  o'clock  lo  twelve  in 
the  f-r'  iiM-n.  !>■  fur-^  and  after  which  marriage  can 
not  1  ■  ■   rrned  in  the  church.  Encye. 


C 

a  chi 
clercr 
der? 


iibmi^siou  to  the  canons  of 
rubmir^slon  of  the  inferior 
nnd  of  other  religious  or 


.  arc  such  as  the  church 
may  iuUict,  aj  cjicommunlcation,  degradation,  pen- 
ance, &c. 

Canojiical  tiff,  is  the  method  or  rule  of  living  pre- 
scribed bv  the  ancirnt  rlcrg>'  who  lived  in  communi- 
ty, a  cuiH'e  of  living  prescribed  f«-r  clerks,  b-^s  rigid 
than  the  monastic,  ana  more  restrained  than  the  sec- 
ular. 


r^  an  appellation  given  to  thorr 
I'esiaiiient  \\  liich  ore  called  g**" 

E:>cyc. 

\U-LY,  adr.     In  ninnnner  ngrooable  to 


i    .  ...  Al--NF^rf,  «.    Tho  quality  of  being  ca- 

nonical. 

CA-NON'ie-AT.ai,  tt,pL  The  ftill  droM  of  the  clergy, 
.,  .,r,   v»  ii.  I.  thrv  ofticinie. 

I  \'VKt  n.    'J'lie  olTico  of  a  canon,  ^cyt, 

'  TY,   i(.    The  i^talc  of  belonging  to  the 
. ^  iiulnu  iKHiks  of  Scripture. 

t.^.S  u.s-lo'i",  n.  A  professor  of  canon  law;  one 
Hkilled  ill  tiio  study  and  pruclict^  of  ecclesiastical 
law. 

CAN-UN-I8T'IC,  a.  Having  Iho  knowledge  of  a  can- 
onist. 

CAiN-O.N-I-ZA'TIi^.V,  M.  [.'5eo('\Nowizi:.]  The  act 
of  declaring  a  man  a  saint,  or  nither  the  act  of  rank- 
ing a  deceased  pt-rsoii  in  (lie  catologne  of  salnl>< 
culli-d  a  canon.  'I  his  act  Is  preceded  by  beatification^ 
and  by  an  examination  into  tlie  lifu  ainl  miracles  of 
the  jierson ;  after  which  the  pojte  decrees  tlio  canon 
ization.  .Addison.     Encyc.      | 

2.  The  slate  of  b<ing  F-.iiiited 

€AN'0.\  IZK.  r.  (.  [from  canon. J  To  declare  a  man 
a  Niinl,  anil  rank  him'  in  ilio  catalogue  called  a 
uinon. 

€AN'ON-IZ-£D,  yp.    Declared  to  bo  a  saint 

CAN'(>N-TZ-I.\(i,  ppr.    Declaring  to  bo  a  saint. 

t;.\.\'ON.RV,      I  n.     An  eeeleyiastical  benefice,  In  a 

e.AN'OX  SIlll',  i  cathedral  or  collegiate  church, 
which  has  a  prebend  ur  slated  allowance  out  t.l" 
the  revenues  of  tiie  church  commonly  anni.xed  lo 
it.  The  iHiiefice  lilk-d  by  a  canon.  .\  prelK*nd  may 
subsist  without  acaiionryj  but  a  canonicate  is  in- 
sepamlilr  from  a  prebend.  ^gliffc.     EHotc, 

CAS'OVl-ED,  (kan'o-pid,)  a.  [Sec  Caso?t.1  Cov- 
ered wiih  a  cantmy.  Jiiitton. 

CAN'O-PY,  II.  [Gr.  Ktoytojrctovy  a  pavilion  or  net 
spread  over  a  bed  to  keep  off  gnatd,  ft-um  Ktovuxpt 
a  gnat.] 

1.  A  covering  over  a  throne,  or  over  a  bed  ;  more 
generally,  a  covering  over  the  head.  So  the  sky  is 
called  a  canopy^  and  a  crntepy  is  l>omc  over  the  head 
in  processions. 

2.  In  architerUtre  and  ficuIpturCy  a  magnificent  dec- 
oration, serving  to  cover  onu  cruwii  an  altar,  throne, 
tribunal,  ptiljiit,  chair,  or  the  like.  Encyc 

CAX'O-PY,  p.  t.     To  cover  with  a  canopy.     Drydcn. 

CAN'O-PY-I.N'G,  ppr.     Covering  with  a  canopy. 

CA-.NG'ROU??,   a.     [L.  c^nonw,  from  «i«o,  lo  sing.] 
Musical ;  tuneful.  Brown. 

C.\-NC'UOUS-NESS,  n.    MusicUness. 

€ANT,  r.  £.  (L.  canto,  lo  sing;  Sp.  cantor;  Port.  lU, 
to  sing,  to  chant,  to  recite,  to  creak,  to  chirp,  to  whis- 
tle ;  It.  cantarCy  to  sing,  to  praise,  to  crow  ;  Fr.  dtan- 
ter;  ,\rm.  cana;  from  L.  cjino.  to  sing.  The  primary 
sense  is,  to  throw,  thru5t,  or  drive,  as  in  «r»  ;  a  Hen3e 
retained  in  the  phmse  to  cant  over  any  thing,  in 
singinc,  it  im[)lies  a  modulation  nr  inflection  of  voice. 
In  Welyh,  can,  with  a  dili'erent  sound  of  ihc  vowel, 
sicnilif^s  a  song,  and  while,  L.  cano,  cantis,  and  caneo. 
These  arc  from  Uie  ^anic  root,  and  have  Uie  same  rad- 
ical sense,  to  throw  or  shoot,  as  rays  of  light,  to 
shine,  probably  applied  to  the  sun*s  morning  nty^. 
\V.  eanuy  to  sing  ;  Sanscrit,  <snna ;  Persic,  kaudam.] 

1.  in  popular  usaffc,  to  give  a  sudden  thnist  or  im- 
pulse ;  as,  lo  cant  round  a  stick  of  timber,  to  cant  a 
foot  ball.  Forby^s  East  .An^ha. 

2.  To  incline  or  pitch  forward,  as  a  cask,  to  make 
it  run  more  freely. 

3.  To  speak  with  a  whining  voice,  or  an  alfected, 
singing  tone. 

J  In  this  sensty  it  w  usually  intransitite.] 
.  To  sell  by  auction,  or  to  bid  a  price  ut  auction. 

Siein. 
CANT,  n.    A  thrust,  push,  or  other  impulse,  with  a 
Htiddcn  jerk  ;  as,  to  give  a  ball  a  cant. 
[Ttiij  is  t/te  lityral  sat^r.] 

2.  An  inclination  from  a  horizontal  line  ;  as,  to  be 
on  the  cant,  Tetton. 

3.  A  whining,  singing  manner  of  speech  ;  a  quaint, 
aflfectcd  mode  of  uttering  words,  either  iu  conversa- 
tion or  preacliing. 

4.  I'ho  whining  speech  of  beggars,  as  in  asking 
alms  and  making  complaints  of  iheir  dirtresses. 

5  The  peculiar  words  and  phrases  of  professional 
men  ;  phrases  often  reiR-ated,  or  not  well  authorised. 

6.  Any  barbarous  jargon  in  speech. 

7.  Whining  pretension  lo  goodness.        Johnsmt. 

8.  Outcry  ai  a  public  bale  of  goods ;  a  call  for  bid- 
ders at  an  auction.  Sv)\ft 

This  use  of  the  word  is  precisely  equivalent  to 
auction,  audio,  a  hatekinf^,  a  crying  out,  or,  in  the 
vulgar  dialect,  a  singing  out ;  but  I  believe  not  in  use 
in  the  United  Slates. 


The  hind  bow  of  a  saddle.    UootX, 


CAN 

CANT,  II.    [D.  ftdiif  n  comer.] 

An  external  anqle  or  ipioin  of  a  building.   OteiiL 
.\  nil-be  ;  a  corner  or  retired  place.        B.  ./on.*9iu 
Cant  timbers,  in  a  k hip,  are  llioiw  which  ai--  ■  "»-  H 
nied  at  the  two  ends.  .Vc . 

C-».V-7'.';i?'/-/.r,  [It.,]  in  miwic,  denotes  an 

Pertaining  to  Caiitubria,  on  tlw  Ii 
Spain.  It 

.  A.\,  ri.    A  Student  or  gradual'- if  iti«>  i, 
uiiivrrnily  vi  Cambridge,  Kng. ;  often  abrbl 
Cantab. 
€AN'TA-L.rV-F.R,  ;  n.    [cant/e  and  mcm.   Qii.  . 

CAN'TI-LEV-KR,  (     /airym,  Ihe  lip  of  the  iail«<.    i 
Brm\de.\  \\ 

In  ar<kitf4:tureyB.  pi<  cc  of  wood,  framed  min  ihf 
(Vonl  or  side  of  a  house,  to  suspend  ilie  mubl 
raves  over  it. 
CAN'TA-LOl'PE,  I  «.     A   smalt,  round    v,u 
CAN'T.A-LELJP,    t     muskmelon,  of  a  vcr}-  dtiiCAlc 

flavor. 
CA\-TA'TA,  Tt.     [Italian,  from  cantare,  to  smg ;  U 
canto.'] 

A  iH>em  set  to  music  ;  a  comuosition  or  song,  in- 
termixed with  recitatives  and  airs,  chiefly  inieiidad 
for  a  single  voice. 
CAN-TA'TION,  n.    A  sinpine.    [Ao(  used.] 
e.VN-i  f^EiV,  n.     [It.  canttna^ 

A  tin  vessel  used  by  soldieni  for  cnrr>'lng  liquor 

fur  drink.    It  is  also  made  of  wood,  in  the  form  of  a 

keg.  C'tambm 

€AX'Tf;L, 

CAN'TLE,  . 

CANT'ER,  r.  i.  [Arm.  cantreat  or  canlrcn,  to  run,  to 
rove,  or  ramble,  from  tossing  or  leaping,  canting. 
See  CAr»T.] 

'I'o  move  as  a  horse  tn  a  moderate  gallop,  ralHins 
Ihe  two  fore  feet  nearly  at  the  same  tiiue,  with  a  Un;i 
or  sjiring. 
CANT'EIt,  r.  f.    To  ride  uiion  a  canter. 
eA\T'F,R,  n.    A  moderate  gallop  ;  a  Canlerbur>-  gaUo|iL 

2.  One  who  cants  or  whines. 

eANT'KR-BUR-V,  (kant'cr-ber-r>',)  "■    A  rtotpiacta 

for  music,  portfolios,  loose  papers,  &c.,  bebig  a  eland 

with  divisions.  6ii\crL 

e.\NT'ER-BUR-Y-BELL,  n.    A  species  of  Campa*. 

ula.     [See  ni;M.-Fi.owi:n.] 
CANT'ER-BL'R-Y-GAL'LOP,  n.    The  moderate  gal- 
lop of  a  horse,  commonly  called  a  canter  :  said  lo  bt 
derived  from  the  pilgrims  riding  to  Cantiitbur>'  al  tbli 
pace. 
eAXT'ER-BL'R-Y-T.\I..E,  n.    A  fabulous  slory ;  m 

called  from  the  tales  of  Chaucer. 
CANT'EIl-KI).  i>p.    Ridden  upon  a  canter. 
€ANT'ER-I.N"(^.  ;/pr.    Moving  or  riding  willi  a  mod- 
crate  gallop. 
€AN-THAU'I-DES.  «.  pL  [from  caiUharvty  which  see.] 

Spanish  flies,  used  to  raise  a  blister. 
€AN-TUAU'I-niN,  n.    [Infra.]    That  peculiar  sub- 
stance,  existing  iu  the   Caittharis  vesicatoria,  which 
causes  vcsiralion.  Thomson. 

CAN'TIIA-HIS,  n.     [Gr.  xa^Oaoif.] 

The  Spanish  fly  or  blister-beetle.  This  fly  is  nine 
or  ten  liues  in  length,  of  a  shining  yellow  green  « 
bronze  color,  mixed  with  azure,  and  lias  a  naiiseoui 
smell.  It  I'ceds  upon  the  leaves  of  trees  and  hhmbi, 
pref<?rring  the  ash.  Tliesc  flies,  when  bruised,  on 
universally  used  as  a  vesicator>'.  The  largest  come 
from  Ilnlv,  but  the  best  from  Spain. 
CANTIi'U'S,  71.    [Gr.  »:ai  Ooj ;  D.  Aan(,  a  comer.] 

An  angle  of  the  eye ;  a  canty  at  each  extremity  of 
the  eyelids  ;  the  greater  Is  next  to  the  nose,  the  lesser 
towards  the  temple.  Encye, 

€.\-N'TI-eLE,  n.  [Sp.  and  It.  cantico ;  L.  canUam^ 
from  canto.    Sec  Ca:<t.] 

1.  \  song.  In  the  plural.  Canticles,  the  Song  of 
Songs,  or  Song  of  Solomon,  one  of  the  Hooks  of  tlM 
Old  Tcstimenl. 

*!,  A  canto ;  a  division  of  a  song.    [Oftj.]    Spenttr* 

€AN'TILE,  V.  t.    I'o  cut  to  pieces. 

€AX'TIL-LATE,  r.  L     [L.  cantUUi.    See  Cant 

To  chant ;  lo  recite  with  musical  tones.  M. 

CAN-TII^EA'TION,  n.    A  chanting ;  recitation  with 

mtisiral  niOiUiIations. 
CANT'ING,  ppr.  or  k.    Throwing  with  u  sudden  Jerk 
or  impulse ;  tossing. 

2.  Speaking  with  a  whine  or  song-liko  lone. 

3.  ».  Ridirulnus  pretense  of  goodness. 
CANT'ING-LY,  adc.    With  a  cant. 
CAN'T'IXG-NESS,  n.    Quality  of  uttering  in  cant 
CAN'TION,  «.    A  song  or  verses.  [JK'otused.]  Spenstr. 
CAN'TLE,  n.     [Arm.  chantdl ;  Fr.  chantcau,  wheneo 

echaiitillon:  'Enf'.  scantlinf^.] 

A  fragment ;  a  comer  or  edge  of  any  thing  j  Um 
hind  bow  of  a  saddle.    [  Obs.]  fihnk. 

CAN'TLE,  t.  (.    To  cut  into  pieces ;  lo  cut  out  a  piece. 

[  Obs.]  Drydau 

CANT'LET,  n.    A  piece  j  a  little  comer ;  a  frapmenL 

Drydrn. 

CAN'TO,  n.    [It.  cantoy  a  song ;  L.  cantus.    See  Cist.) 

A  part  or  division  of  a  poem,  answering  to  what 

in  prose  is  called  a  book.     In  It'ilian,  canto  is  a  song, 

and  it  signifies  also  the  treble  part,  lirsl  treble,  or 

highest  vocal  part,  or  the  leading  melody. 


FATE,  PAR,  FALL,  WH^T.  — MJETE,  PRBY^.  — PI\E,  M,\RtNE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 

■■■—.;  -  ■  -    -   —   ,       _j|^^  nM 

170 


CAN 

€.\N'TON,  «.  [It.  caitUnCj  a  corner-stone,  and  a  can- 
ton ;  Sp.  canton  ;  Port,  canlo,  a  corner ;  Fr.  canton^ 
a  corner ;  a  part  of  a  countrj-,  a  district ;  Arm.  can- 
ion  :  D.  kant ;  G.  kcnte :  D.  kandt,  a  corner,  point, 
edce,  border.  The  Welsh  unites  canton  with  can(, 
a  Jiundred,  L.  centum,  Sax.  kund^  for  cantrev  is  a  cir- 
cuit or  division  of  a  country,  from  cant,  a  hundred.] 

1.  A  smili  portion  ofland,  or  division  of  territory; 
originally,  a  portion  of  tenilory  on  a  border  j  also, 
the  inhabitants  of  a  canton. 

2.  A  small  portion  or  district  of  territorj',  consti- 
tuting a  distinct  state  or  government,  as  in  Switzer- 

3.  In  hcraldrijf  a  corner  of  the  shield.  [land. 

4.  A  distinct  part,  or  division  j  as,  the  cantons  of  a 
painting  or  other  represi^ntation.  Bumct. 

eAN'TON,  r.  t.     [Sp.  acantonar.] 

1.  To  divide  into  fmall  parts  or  districts,  as  terri- 
tory;  to  divide  into  distinct  portions.  Locke.  Addison. 

3.  To  allot  separate  quarters  to  different  pails  or 

divisions  of  an  army  or  body  of  troops. 
C-^lN'TON-AL,  a.     Pertaining  to  a  canton ;  divided 

into  cantons. 
eA.V'TOX-£D,  pp.     Divided  into  distinct  parts,  or 

quarters ;  lodged  in  distinct  quarters,  as  troops. 
GAX'TON-IInG,  ppr.    Dividing  into  distinct  districts  ; 

allulting  separate  quarters  to  each  regiment. 
€AN'TON-IZE,  r.  (.    To  canton,  or  divide  into  small 

districts.  Davies. 

CAN'TON-MEXT,  ri.    A  part  or  division  of  a  town 

or  village,  assigned  to  a  particular  regiment  of  troops ; 

separate  quarters.  JMarshaU. 

€A-N'TRAP,  »,    An  incantation  or  spell. 

2.  Mischief  artfullv  perfonned.     [Scottish.} 

€.\N'TKEF;  !  "'     f^-  '^^'^'*'^] 

A  hundred  villages,  as  in  Wales.  Encyc. 

C.\N'V'AS,   n.      [Fr.    canevas,   canvas,    and   chancre, 

hemp;  Arm.  canavas;  Sp.  caViainazo  ,-  Port,  canavw  j 

It.  caiiavaccio,  canvas,  and  cauapa,  hemp ;  D.  kanefas, 

canvas,  and  hennep,  hemp ;  G.  kancfass,  canvas,  and 

hcT^f,  hemp;  Dan.  canefas;    L.  caimaiis,  hemp;  Gr. 

K.iVi'alhi  i  Ir.  canblias,  canvas,  and  canaib,    hemp; 

Russ.  kancpJtas.    It  is  from  the  root  of  cjnna,  cane; 

perhaps  a  diminutive.] 
1.  A  coarse  cloth  made  of  hemp  or  flax,  used  for 

tents,  sails  of  ships,  painting,  and  uther  purposes. 
9.  A  clear,  unbleached  doth,  wove  regularly  in 

little  squares,  used  for  working  tapestry  with  the 

needle. 

3.  Among  the  French,  the  rough  draught  or  mode! 
on  which  an  air  or  piece  of  music  is  composed,  and 
given  to  a  poet  to  finish.  The  canvas  of  a  song  con- 
tains certain  notes  of  the  composer,  to  show  the  poet 
the  measure  of  the  verses  he  is  to  make. 

4.  Among  seamen,  cloth  in  sails,  or  sails  in  general ; 
as,  to  spread  as  much  canvas  as  the  ship  will  bear. 

€AN'VAS-eLI.MD-ER,  C-EiUm'er,)  n.  A  saUor  that 
goes  aloft  to  handle  sails.  Skak. 

eAN'V.\5-BACK,  n.  A  kind  of  duck,  the  Anas  val- 
Usneria,  highly  esteemed  for  the  delicacy  of  its  flesh, 
found  in  the  rivers  of  the  Cliesapeake  Bay,  and  de- 
riving its  name  from  the  color  of  its  back.  Encijc.  Am, 

€AN'VASS,  V.  t.  [Old  Fr.  cannabasscr,  to  beat  about 
or  shake,  to  examme.    Jxmius.     Skinner.] 

1.  To  discuss ;  literally,  to  beat  or  shake  out,  to 
open  by  beating  or  shaking,  like  the  L.  discutio. 
This  is  the  common  use  of  the  word  j  as,  to  canvass 
a  subject,  or  the  policy  of  a  measure. 

2.  To  examine  returns  of  votes  ;  to  search  or  scru- 
tinize ;  as,  to  canvass  the  voles  for  senators. 

3.  To  go  through  in  the  way  of  solicitation  ;  as,  to 
aznvass  a  district  for  votes. 

CAN'VASS,  c.  7.  To  seek  or  go  about  to  solicit  votes 
or  interest ;  to  use  efforts  to  obtain  ;  to  make  interest 
in  favor  of:  followed  by  /or;  as,  to  canvass  for  an 
office,  or  preferment ;  to  canmassfor  a  friend. 

CAN'VASS,  71.  Examination ;  close  inspection  to 
know  the  state  of;  as,  a  canvass  of  votes. 

2.  Discussion ;  debate. 

3.  A  seeking,  solicitation,  or  elTort  to  obtain. 
€AN'VASS-ED,  (kan'vast,)   pp.     Discussed :  exam- 

med. 

€AN'VASS-ER.  n.  One  who  solicits  votes,  or  goes 
about  to  make  interest.  Burke. 

2.  One  who  examines  the  returns  of  votes  for  a 
public  officer. 

€AX'VASS-ING,  ppr.    Discussing;  examining;  sift- 

•    ms:  seekinc 

eA.\'V..\5S-ING,  n.  The  act  of  discussing,  examin- 
ing,  or  making  interest. 

eA'NY,«i.  [from  cane.]  Consisting  of  cane,  or  abound- 
ing with  canes. 

n  m  h  ^^'-H*'®  ***"  ^^"^^  J  ^>  ^'^y  wagons.  ^^^lton. 

^^rN--ZOXE,n.  [It.,  a  song.  See  Cast.]  A  song 
or  air  m  two  or  three  parts,  with  passages  of  fugue 
and  imitation;  or  a  poem  to  which  music  may  be 
composed  in  the  style  of  a  cantata  -V'hen  set  to  a 
piece  of  instrumental  music,  it  si^ifies  much  the 
same  as  cantata;  and  when  set  to  a  sonata,  it  sig- 

c  ?1l.  ^^"J**^^'  ^^  ^  *'"^'^  movement.    Bailey.    Busby. 

CAN-ZO-.N  ET',  7..     [It.  cnnzonetta.] 

A  little  or  short  song,  in  one,  two,  or  three  parts. 
u  sometimes  consists  of  two  strains,  each  of  which 
13  8UDg  twice.    Sometimes  it  is  a  species  of  jig. 


CAP 


CAP 


CAOUT'CHOUC,  (koo'chook,)  77,  India  rubber,  an 
elastic  substance  produced  from  the  Herea  Ouianen- 
sis,  and  various  other  plants.  It  is  impermeable  to 
water. 

€A0UT'CHOU-CINE,  (koo'choo-sin,)  n.  A  highly 
inflammable,  and  very  light,  volatile,  oily  liquid,  ob- 
tained by  distillation  from  caoutchouc.  Brande.  It 
is  called  caoutchine  by  Graham. 

€AP,  77.  [Sax.  cM^)pe,  a  cap,  and  a  cape,  a  cloak  ;  D. 
kap  ;  G.  kappe  and  kmibc ;  Dan.  kapjic,  a  robe  or  coat ; 
Sw.  kappa,  id. ;  It.  cappa,  a  cap,  a  cloak ;  W.  cap ; 
Fr.  chape,  ckapcaxi ;  Arm.  chap  or  cap.  The  sense  is 
probably  that  which  is  put  on.  Class  Gb,  No.  70: 
also  31,  36.] 

1.  A  part  of  dress  made  to  cover  the  head, 

9.  The  ensign  of  a  cardinalate.  Shak. 

3.  The  top,  or  the  uppermost ;  the  highest. 

Thou  art  the  cap  of  foole.  Shak. 

4.  A  vessel  in  form  of  a  cap.  Wilkirwi. 

5.  An  act  of  respect  made  by  uncovering  the  head. 

L^Ejftrnntre. 

Cap  of  cannon  :  a  piece  of  lead  laid  over  the  vent 
to  keep  the  priming  dry  ;  now  called  an  apron. 

Cap  of  maintenance- :  an  ornament  of  stat^*,  carried 
before  the  kings  of  England  at  the  coronation.  It  is 
also  carried  before  the  mayors  of  some  cities. 

In  ship-building,  a  cap  is  a  tliick,  strung  block  of 
wotid,  used  to  confine  two  masts  together,  when 
one  is  erected  at  the  head  of  another. 
€AP,  V.  L  To  cover  the  top,  or  end  ;  to  spread  over  ; 
as,  a  bone  is  capped  at  the  joint  with  a  cartilaginous 
substance. 

The  cloud-capped  towers.  SJiak. 

2.  To  deprive  of  the  cap,  or  taJce  off  a  cap. 

To  cap  verses,  is  to  name  alternately  verses  begin- 
ning with  a  particular  letter;  to  name  in  opposition 
or  emulation  ;  to  riarae  alternately  in  contest. 

Johnson. 
CAP,  V  i.    To  uncover  the  head  in  reverence  or  civil- 
ity.    [JVoi  used.]  Shak. 
€a-PA-BIL'I-TY,  n.     [See   Capable.]    The  quality 
of  being  capable ;  capacity  ;  capableness. 

Shak.    Lavoisier,  Trans. 
€a'PA-BLE,  o.     [Fr.  capable,  from  L.  capio,  to  take. 
See  Class  Gb,  No.  68,  09,  7n,  83.] 

I.  Able  to  hiiid  or  contain;  able  to  receive;  suf- 
ficiently capacious;  often  followed  by  of;  as,  the 
room  is  not  capable  o/receivuig,  or  capable  of  holding 
the  company. 

9.  Endued  with  power  competent  to  the  object; 
as,  a  man  is  capable  of  judging,  or  he  is  not  capable. 

3.  Possessing  mental  powers  ;  intelligent ;  able  to 
understand,  or  recei^'e  into  the  mind  ;  having  a  ca- 
pacious mind  ;  as,  a  ca/*aWe  judge  ;  a  capable  instructor. 

4.  Susceptible  ;  as,  capable  of  pain  or  grief.     Prior. 

5.  Q,rmlifted  for;  susceptible  of;  as,  a  thing  is  ca- 
pable  of  long  duration ;  or  it  is  capable  of  being  colored 
or  altered. 

6.  dualified  for,  in  a  moral  sense  ;  having  legal 
power  or  capacity ;  as,  a  bastard  is  not  capable  of  in- 
heriting an  estate. 

7.  Hollow.     [J\rot  VOID  used.]  Shak. 
Ca'PA-BLE-NESS,  n.    The  state  or  quality  of  being 

capable;  capacity  ;  power  of  understanding  ;  knowl- 
'   edge.  Killingbeck. 

€A-PAC'I-FY,  v.  t.     To  qualify.     [Unusual.'] 

BarroiD.     Good. 
€A-Pa'CIOUS,  (ka-pa'shus,)  a.    [L.  capax,  from  capio, 

to  take  or  hold.] 

1.  Wide  ;  large  ;  that  will  hold  much  ;  as,  a  capa- 
cious vessel. 

2.  Broad;  extensive;  as,  a  capnciows  bay  or  harbor. 

3.  Extensive  ;  comprehensive ;  able  to  take  a  wide 
view  ;  as,  a  capacious  mind. 

CA-Pa'CIOUS-LY,  ado.    In  a  capacious  manner  or 

decree. 
€A-PA'CtOUS-NESS,  n.      Wideness ;  largeness;  as 

of  a  vessel. 

2.  Extensiveness  ;  largeness;  as  of  a  bay. 

3.  Comprehensiveness ;  power  of  taking  a  wide 
survey  ;  applied  to  the  mind, 

€A-PAC'I-TaTE,  v.  t,     [See  CAPAciTy.]     To  make 

capable;  to  enable;  to  furnish  with  natural  power; 

as,  to  capacitate  one  for  understanding  a  theorem. 
2.  To  endue  with  moral  qualifications  ;  toqualify; 

to  furnish  with  legal  powers;  as,  to  capacitate  one 

for  an  office. 
CA-PAC'I-Ta-TED,  pp.     Made  capable  ;  qualified. 
CA-PAC-I-Ta'TION,  77.    The  act  of  making  capable. 
CA-PAC'I-TY,   71.     [L.  capaeitas,  from   capax,   capio; 

Fr.  capacite.] 

1.  Passive  power;  the  power  of  containing,  or 
holding ;  extent  of  room  or  space ;  a*,  the  capacity 
of  a  vessel,  or  a  cask. 

2.  The  extent  or  comprehensiveness  of  tlie  mind  ; 
the  power  of  receiving  ideas  or  knowledge  ;  as,  let 
instruction  be  adapted  to  the  capacities  of  youth. 

3.  Active  power  ;  ability ;  applied  to  men  or  things : 
Init  less  common  and  correct. 

The  world  doea  not  include  a  cause  endued  with  such  capaa6ts. 

BlnckmoTe. 

4.  State;  condition;  character;  profession  ;  occu- 
pation.   A  man  may  act  in  the  capacity  of  a  me- 


chanic, of  a  friend,  of  an  altornty,  or  of  a  sUitcsman 
Ife  may  have  a  natural  or  a  political  capacity. 

5.  Ability,  in  a  moral  or  legal  Hcnue ;  q^ialification  : 
legal  power  or  right ;  as, a  man  or  a  coriM.ialion  may 
have  a  capacity  to  give  or  receive  and  hold  estate, 
fi.  In  geometry,  the  solid  contenU  of  a  body. 
Capacity  for  heal;  in  ehemiitry,  that  pruji'-rf.     .f    ■. 
body  which  determines  the  ipmnlity  of  heat  n  ■ 
ry  to  raise  its  temperature  a  given  number  of  d.    ■ 
CAP-A-PIE',  (kap-a-pce^,)  [from  theFr.]    From  head 

to  foot ;  all  over  ;  as,  anned  cap-d-pie. 
GA-PAR'I-S(>.\,  77.     [Sp.  caparazon;  Port,  eaparazam, 
a  cover  put  over  the  saddle  of  a  horse,  a  cover  for  a 
coach  ;  Fr.  caparazon.] 

A  cbith  or  covering  laid  over  the  saddle  or  furni- 
ture of  a  horse,  especially  a  euinpter  horse  or  horse 
of  suite.  Milton. 

€A-PAR'I-S0N,  V.  t.  To  cover  with  a  cloth,  as  a 
horse.  Dryden. 

2.  To  dress  pompously  ;  to  adorn  with  rich  dress. 

Shak. 
eA-PAR^-S0.\-KD,   pp.       Covered    with    a   cloih; 

dressed  pompously. 
CA-P/VR'I-SOi\-I.\G,  ppT.    Dressing  pompously. 
CAP'-CaSE,  v.    A  covered  case.  Burton, 

CAPE,  71,  [Sp.  and  Port,  eabo;  It.  capo;  Ft.  cap;  D. 
/iaap  ;  Dan.  leap ;  L.  caput ;  Gr.  ac^uA*)  ;  Sang,  eabala, 
head.  It  signifies  end,  furthest  point,  from  extend- 
ing, shooting.] 

1.  A  head-land  ;  properly,  the  head,  point,  '.r  Irr- 
mination  ofa  neck  of  land,  erunding  sonc;  *I-  ■ 
into  the  sou,  beyond  the  common  shore  ;  aiiu 

the  name  is  applied  to  the  neck  of  land  itself,  .:.  .  . 
initely,  as   in    Cape   Cod,   Cape  Horn,   Cape  if  ffov' 
Hope.     It  differs  from  a  pronionlor>'  in  Ihi.^,  that  it 
may  be  high  vr  low  land ;  but  a  promontory  is  a 
high,  bold  termination  ofa  ucck  of  land. 

2.  The  part  of  a  garment  hanging  from  the  neck 
behind  and  over  the  shoulders. 

The  word  cape,  used  as  a  prefix  in  compound 
words,  as.  Cape-jasmine,  Cape-.spurge,  or  :i8  an  ad- 
jective, as  Cape  wines,  denotes  particularly  the  Cape 
of  Good  Hope. 

CAP'E-LAN,  n.  A  small  fish,  about  six  inches  in 
length,  shoals  of  which  appear  off  the  coasts  of 
Greenland,  Iceland,  and  Newfoundland.  Thcv 
constitute  a  large  part  of  the  food  of  the  Greenland"- 
er.^.  Pennant, 

CA-PEL'LA,  71.  A  bright  fixed  star  in  the  left  shoul- 
der of  the  constellation  Auriga.  Encyc. 

CAP'EL-LET,  77.  A  kind  of  sweUing,  like  a  wen, 
growing  on  the  heel  of  the  hock  on  a  horse,  and  i-ii 
the  point  of  the  elbow.  Encrje. 

Ca'PEK,  v.  i.  [Fr.  cabrer,  to  prance  ;  cabriole,  a  go:it- 
leap,  a  caper ;  It.  capriola,  a  wUd  goal,  a  caper  in 
dancing;  Sp.  cabriola;  L.  caper,  a  goal.  Bui  prtib- 
ably  caper  is  from  the  root  of  cupio,  which  signifies 
not  merely  to  seize,  but  to  shoot  or  reach  forward,  <>r 
to  leap  and  seize.  Hence  it  is  probalile  that  Uiis 
word  coincides  in  origin  with  Dan.  kippe,  to  leap, 
whence  Eng.  to  skip.] 
To  leap  ;  to  skip  or  jump  ;  to  prance ;  to  spring. 

Skak. 

CA'PER,  77.  A  leap  ;  a  skip  ;  a  spring  ;  as,  in  dancing 
or  mirth,  or  in  the  frolic  ofa  goat  or  Iamb 

Ca'PEU,  71.  [Fr.  eapre:  Aim.  capresen  ;  Sp.  and  Port. 
alcaparra ;  It.   cMppero  ;   I^.   capparis :   D.   kappcr ;  G. 

"  kaper;    Syr.  kapar :   Ar.  yA^^  kabaron.     The  ,Vr. 

verb  signifies  to  increase.] 

The  flower-bud  or  unexpanded  ilower  of  the  caper- 
bush,  (Capparis  spinosa :)  nmch  used  for  picklmg. 
The  buds  are  collected  before  the  flowers  expand, 
and  preserved  in  vinegar.  The  bush  is  a  low  shrub, 
generally  growing  from  the  joints  of  old  walls,  from 
fissures  in  rocks,  and  amongst  rubbish,  in  the  south- 
ern parts  of  Europe.  Eneye. 

Ca'PER-BUSH.     See  Caper. 

Ca'PER-CUT-TIXG,  71.  A  leaping  or  dancing  in  a 
fri'licksome  manner.  Beaum.  and  Fl. 

Ca'PER-ER,  v.  One  who  capers,  leaps,  and  skips 
about,  or  dances. 

Ca'PER-IN'G,  ppr,  or  a.    Leaping  ;  skipping. 

Ca'PI-AS,  71.     [L.  copio,  to  lake.] 

In  law,  a  writ  of  two  sorts  ;  one  before  judgment, 
called  a  capias  ad  res^pondendum.  Where  an  original 
is  issued,  to  lake  the  defendant,  and  make  him 
answer  to  the  plaintiir:  ihe  other,  which  issues  after 
judgment,  is  of  divers  kinds  ;  as,  a  capias  ad  satisfa- 
ciendum, or  writ  of  execution  ;  a  capias  pro  ,^e;  a 
capias  ut  legatum  ;  a  ctipias  in  irithcrnam.     Blackstmte. 

CA-PIB'A-RA,  71,  .Vn  animal  partaking  of  the  form 
ofa  hog  and  ofa  rabbit,  the  cabiai. 

C.-VP-IL-Ea'CEOUS,  a.     [L.  capillaecus,  hair>-.] 

Having  long  filaments;  resembling  a  hair.  [Sec 
Capillart.] 

CAP-IL-LaIRE',  n.  [Fr.]  OrisinaUy.  a  kind  of  sir- 
up, extracted  from  Slaidcn-hair.  IVow,  any  simple 
sirup  flavored  with  omnse-llowrr  water.    Brandt, 

CA-PIL'LA-MENT,  n.     [I..  capilUmentHin,  fmm  capi/- 
lus,  hair,  probablv  a  little  shool-J 
I.  In  botany,  a"  filament ;  a  small,  fine  thread,  like 


TONE,  BJTLL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VT"CIOUS C  as  K;  6  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SU ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


CAP 

a  lialr,  Ihnt  cron^t  in  the  hiiilJIe  of  u  riourr,  Willi  u 

litUf  knob  at  ttio  u.p  ;  n  t  hive. 
*J.  One  ul'  Iht;  fiuc  liber*  or  ulani(;ut.t  of  uUicli  llir 

in»r\va  arr  romuosed. 
CAP-II^I^AU'I-TV,  H.  Tbe^ctalr  or  cimdilionuf  being 

capilliin. 
CAF'IL  I. A  KY  or  €A -PIL'L.X  UY,  a.    [U  eapUIarij, 

from  fa.":'„«,  iniir.l 

I.  Ki  M  niMiiig  a  nair ;  Tint*,  iiiintttr,  Kninll  in  diani- 
'.'ter,  llicM-^li  lunit ;  a^,  a  eir-t-iiarv  iiiU^  «r  jiipr  ;  a  f.j;>- 
lu'dr^  ^\^<i-l  lit  niiiiiial  boUifs,  »urh  a>  tlir  ininulu 
lamiriciiiuii-  -a"  i..    (.Im...|  \r-«  I..  ./''ufVi,  f. 

•i.  In  6.' 
a  It-nii  III' 
a  cla-w  (if  i 

c^ifrcspuiiil .  tj  iltc  liiilcr  t  Uttt»,  iii  IJit  :?■  AUiii  im-Ui- 
f*\y  wtiicli  t> -:tr  llitir  lluwcr  aiiiJ  Truil  uii  (lie  back  of 
the  Irnfur  iVuiiil.  Mtlnc 

'riM--*  iiTin  M  apiilii-tl  ul.-io  to  U-avrs  \\  hirli  arc  luncor 
ttmi  tht  Hciar<-(>u«  or  hn^tlc  Ht:u|M'd  li-af,  to  filandit 
rrAt;int»Ii:.?  li:iin,  tuilic  lil:iiiu-ittf4,ti<  tin-  ^l>l(^aIhl  tu 
Uip  itipjHit  ttr  dow  n  alfixtd  Id  Miinc  ^c**d*.  .Vtirfvn. 

II.  IVii.nnin;  In  rapillnn- tiibc^,  or  to  the  ca|>illar>- 
vewcls,  or  rapiltaric.if  in  auiinal* ;  rxn^  c>i;nlU:rjf  action. 

i/n;  nJe.  Dane  ia . 
Oii'ltanj  attraction  uiid  repuhiait ;  U-nii*  dt'iiutmc 
the  catiite  wliich  deU-ruiincij  ilic  a^^cciit  or  dt'scent  of 
a  fluid  in  a  rap))lar>-  tube  al>ov**  or  btlow  the  level  v( 
(he  siirrounding  fluid,  when  the  tube  is  dipp*-d  in 
that  fluid.  /*.  Cyc 

t'AP'n*-LA  KY,  ».     .\  (me  vchs«1  or  canal. 

Thv  capillaries  nre  llie  minute  vc-tsds  c.f  the  saii- 
f:uiiitM>u.-«  f:ystem,interpmc-d  bciweeii  the  arteries  and 
veins, 
CAP-IUL.X'TlON.n.  A  blood-vcs«cI  like  a  hair.  [AVe 

M  Hst.y  Broicn. 

CA-PIL'LI-FORM,  a.    [I*  eapUIus^  n  hair,  and  farma, 
fonn.] 
In  Ihi*  xhapc  or  fonn  of  a  hair,  or  of  hairs.  Kinean. 
CAI"I-TAL,  a.  [L.  capitalisy  frvui  caput j  liie  Iwad.  See 
C*rt.l 

1.  LttfraUy^  peitainin:*  lo  the  head  ;  nn,  a  capitnl 
brulM,  in  .Mdton,  a  bruise  on  the  head.  IThij  use  is 
KOt  commo:t.1 

2.  Ftisttraiieelu.,  as  the  heail  is  t\f.  hiffheA  part  of  a 
KO*^  chief;  princijvil ;  Hn^t  in  ini|Mirtancv  ;  n^,  a  cap- 
itid  cily  or  town  ;  the  capital  articles  of  n'licion. 

3.  Punishable  by  \i<t*»  of  the  head  or  of  lift; ;  incur- 
ring the  forfeiture  of  life  ;  punishable  with  death  ;  as. 
trca.<Mn  and  murder  are  cnpital  otrens«i  or  crim«''s. 

•\.  Takiiic  away  life  ;  a.",  a  eapiinl  p-mi  hnienl :  or 
atlcctins  lit!' ;  as,  a  capital  trial. 

5.  Gre:i(,  initK>rtant,  though  perhaps  not  chief;  a.-), 
a  town  pft-s''<-»e!(  captUU  advaiitasi-s  tor  trade. 

IJ.  K'irte;  of  crcat  size  ;  as,  rajiital  letiers,  which 
are  of  diirtrcnl  form, and  lari:erth:in  rnmrnon  letters. 

Capital  sfifck,  is  (he  sum  of  iiion-y  or  Mtuck  which  n 
merchant,  hanker,  or  nuinufarturer  einplo\s  in  his 
biisine-'it ;  eitlier  the  original  stock,  or  that  stock  auf- 
iiientcd.  Also,  the  sum  of  money  i)r  >ti_K-k  which 
cr.ch  p;irtu(-T  coiitribulos  lo  the  joint  fund  or  stock  of 
the  partnership  ;  also,  thi>  common  fund  or  stock  of 
the  coniimiy,  wiu  iher  incnrponited  or  not. 

A  capital  cit^  or  (own,  is  the  metropolis  or  chief  city 
of  an  empire,  kingdom,  state,  or  proving-.  The  ap- 
plication of  the  epithet  indicates  the  city  to  be  the 
largest,  ur  lo  Ik:  the  scat  of  govrrnmenl,  or  both.  In 
many  insttnces,  the  capita],  that  i^,  the  largest  city, 
is  not  the  seal  of  gnvcmmcnt. 
C.\P'1-TAL,  n.     [L.  eapiteUitm.} 

The  upivrmivst  part  of  a  column,  pillar,  or  pilaj^ter, 
Fcr%'ins;  as  the  head  or  crcwnluc,  and  placed  imme- 
diately over  the  idiaA,  and  under  the  entablature. 

Kncyc. 

By  the  customary  omission  of  the  noun,  to  which 
Ihe  adjective  capital  refers,  it  stands  for, 

I.  The  chief  city  or  town  in  a  kingdom  orslAlc; 
a  meiropoli*. 

i  A  larcc  1  Iter  or  typ?,  in  printing. 

3.  A  ytock  in  tr.ide,  in  manufactures,  or  in  any 
biiainr^xi  rcipiiring  the  r\pcnditure  of  money  wilh  a 
vir*w  to  prollL 
CAP'I-TAL-IST,  n.  A  man  who  has  a  capit;il  orslock 
in  trade,  Usually  dcnolin:;  a  man  of  large  property, 
which  is  or  may  l»c  employed  in  business. 

Hurkr.     Slrpktn.*. 
G AP'I-TAL-LY,  orfr.    In  a  uipiUil  or  exccUciit  man- 
ner ;  ni>bly  ;  finely. 

'2.  In  a  way  involving  the  loss  of  life  ;  ns,  to  ptm 
l-h  cap'taliif. 
eAP'I-TAL-.NESS,  «.   A  capital  olfcnse.   [FMUe  H.^etl.] 

ShtrKood, 
€AP'1-TaTE,  «.    [I*.  capitatHJi^  from  caput,  a  head.] 

In  bdan^t  growing  in  a  head,  applied  lo  a  flower, 
or  sttemn.  Martyn.     Lee. 

€AP-I- TA'TION,  K.     [L.  capiuitio,  from  copntj  the 
head.] 

1.  Numeration  by  (he  head;  a  numbcrinc  of  [ler- 
^Clit.  tiruicn. 

0.  A  tax,  ur  impo^ittion,  upon  each  head  or  pcr^ton  , 
a  poll-tax.     Sometimrs  wriitin  tapttation-tai.    EUtcije. 
C/IP'ITK,  n.     [L.  caput,  the  head,  abl.l 

In  Kngliih  latDy  a  tenniil  in  oiyur^  itr  m  ckirf,  \s  one 
who  holds  lands  immcdiati'ly  of  the  king,  oaput^  the 


CAP 

he.id  ur  lord  pmuuMnit  of  all  lainU  in  Iho  Kincdoui,  I 
by   knuhrp  tseivict*  or  by   mk-is".     Thw   1.  nure  i-  , 
railed  t-ftMrc  iM  ttiptif  i  btit  it  ua3  aU>li->hed  in   Ktig- 
laud  bv  ;j  fhat^^  II.  --'4.  Bl<itksU>ftr. 

C.\P'l-'l*OL,  N.  {\m  camtitl.um.  from  caput,  Ihe  head.) 
1.  The  irinpic  of  Jupiter,  In  Itunie,  aiid  a  fort  or 
ra-'^lle,  (Ut  the  .MiMit  (.'apilolinuii.  In  this  the  «eiiate 
of  Itoinr  aiicienily  a  M-nddcd  ;  and  on  the  :iauie  place 
1^  utill  lilt'  city  Iiall  or  tuv\  n  hour.-,  where  the  coii- 
tieivatori  id'  llu-  lUiui.iiis  hold  (heir  mettinf;x<  'I'he 
•^niiie  name  wnn  civrn  to  the  prinriiial  t'.-mph-n  of  ihe  ' 
Koumii-«  in  tin  If  i-tdi  uies.  Ilneyc.      | 

•J.  'J'he  ediiieo  occuiitrd   by   the   con;:n>«  of  Ihe  , 
riilted  SL^tl■s  in  their  delilK'mlion«.    In  ixune  flat'-s, 
ilie  stair  hoti^e,  or  houfc  in  which  the  legirluture  j 
lioUH  lis  EHTSsioiiit;  a  euvemni'Ut  hi>us<r. 

C.\P-l-1'0'Ll-AN,a.   Pertaining  lolhecapitol  In  Koine. 

ir.lHville. 

CAP'I-TOUTXK.u.  rtrUilninj:  to  ih  ■  capitd  in  Komc. 
'i'he  Oipitoline  gtviteji  were  nnnual  cruiie-i  intttitiilrd 
by  Caniillus  in  honor  of  Jupiier  CapitKliinm,  and  in 
ct>nimemonilion  <  f  (he  preservatii^u  of  ilu^  rapitol 
from  ihe  (jauN,  and  other  cnmes  institutid  by  Do- 
niitian,  and  celebrated  i-very  live  yearn.  Knrtie. 

C.\-PITM'-LAlt,      ^11.  [L.  c4ipifui«Mi,  a  head  or  chap- 

eAPIT'lI-LA-UY,  i     ler.j 

1.  An  art  jKiosed  in  a  ehapler,  cither  of  knights, 
canons,  or  religious. 

'*,  The  body  of  lawn  or  ^^tatutcs  of  a  chapter,  or  of 
an  ecclc^iiafitiral  council.  'I'his  name  is  alfo  given  to 
Ihe  lawF,  civil  ami  ecclesia-xtical,  made  by  Charle- 
magne and  other  priiiceii,  in  eenenU  councilH  and 
oSiSemtilies  of  the  people.  Souie,  indeed,  have  al- 
leged Ihnt  these  are  suf>i>leiueuls  to  laws.  They  are 
BO  called  because  they  are  divided  into  cltapten)  or 
sections.  Kiic^c 

3.  The  meml»er  of  a  chapter. 

CA-PIT'li-LAR-LY,  adr.  In  lli::  fonn  of  an  eccle»ias- 
licaJ  chapter.  Srrift. 

eA-PIT'lJ-LA-UY,  a.  Relating  lo  (he  chapter  of  n  ca- 
thedral. lyurUin, 

CA-l'IT'n-L.\TE,  r.  i.     (from  capitutum,  supra.] 

1.  To  draw  up  a  wriling  in  chapters,  heads,  or  ar- 
ticles. Shak, 

[But  this  sense  is  vot  ustiaK] 

'J.  To  surrender,  as  an  anny  or  garrison,  lo  an  ene- 
my, by  Ireatv,  in  which  the  tenus  of  surrender  are 
!<pecifled  and  agreed  lo  by  the  parties.  'J'ho  term  i:> 
applicable  to  a  g;uTi>iui,  or  to  ilif>  inlmbituiiLs  of  a  be- 
sieged plire,  or  to  an  nrmy  or  lr(K)|is  in  any  hitiiation 
ill  whirh  they  arc  subdu^<l  or  conipetl-d  to  submit  to 
a  victorious  enein^'. 
eA-PIT-l:-L.\'T10l\,  ».  The  act  of  capitulating  or 
surrendering  to  an  enemy,  n|>oii  stipulated  lerm:^  or 
conditions. 

2.  The  treaty  or  instruinciit  contiining  lite  condi- 
(i(uis  of  surrender. 

3.  A  rt  iliicing  lo  heads  j  a  formal  ngreeuienl.  [JVol 
nttich  iLsr-iJ.] 

4.  In  Qrrman  poUtijy  n  contract  made  by  tlic  empe- 
ror wilh  the  electors,  in  the  names  of  the  princes  and 
stalc-s  of  the  empinr,  before  lie  is  raised  to  the  inijw- 
rial  dignity. 

€A-PiT'i;-LA-TOIl,  n.    One  who  capitulates. 

S/irneoofL 
CAP'I-TULE,  n.  A  summary.  [JSr.>t  in  use.]   IVickliff. 
€A-Pri''t'-LL'.M,Ti.    [L.]    In  hotany,  a  species  orinode 
of  inflorescence,  in  which  the  flowers?  are  sessilf,  on 
the  Mime  liori/.ontal  plane  of  the  [teduncle.    It  differs 
from  the  iiuibrl  in  the  circiiinst-nice  thai  the  flowers 
of  the  umbel  have  jH-dicels. 
eA-PCVI,  (  pC've,)  H,    A  balsam  of  the  Ppani^ll  \\c»\ 

Indies.     [.See  Coi'aiha.1 
€AP'.\0-.MA\-CY,  II.     [Gr.  <caT;o[,  smoke,  and  pav- 
r.i'i,  divination.] 
Divination  by  the  ascent  or  motion  of  smoke. 

SpcHse.r. 
eAP'XO-MuR,  H.    [Gr.  jcT^-sf,  smoke,  and  /lot^Hi,  a 
p:irt.] 

A  transparent,  c<ih»rles9,  oil  like  fluid,  obtained 
from  llnr  smoke  of  organic  bodies. 
C.\-POCII',  (ka-iKioUh',)  H.     [i^p.  captichOy  a  Iio(kI  -,  Vt. 
eapiice.] 

A  monk's  hood  ;  also,  the  liood  of  a  cloak. 
CA-POCII',  r.  t.    To  cover  wilh  a  liooil ;  and  heiicc, 
lo  hoodwink  or  blind. 


CapoucJied  ft>iir  mtiJiu  of  tlK-  lynml, 


JliuJibrot. 


This  is  the  sense  given  in  Pickering's  Aldine  edi- 
tion, and  is  much  more  probable  IhanJuhniwn^s  con- 
jnciure,  "  to  take  oil*  Ihe  hixnl." 

GA'POX,  rt.  [Sp.  c/tpon;  Port,  capam;  I(.  cappoue;  Fr. 
chapoH  ;  I^  capo;  Ir.  eabun  ;  \K  kapoen  ;  G.  kapaun  ; 
Arin.cabnn;  iiw.  and  Dan.  kapun;  Gr.  *.a-u>v*  Q.i\. 
the  nxd  of  Fr.  couperJ] 

A  ctYirated  cock  \  a  rock  chicken  gelded  as  foon 
as  he  quits  his  dam,  or  as  soon  a*  he  begins  to  crow, 
lor  the  purp:»se  ff  improving  his  flesh  for  the  Irtlil'. 

r.\'ro.\,  r^  f.     To  castrate,  as  a  cfiek.  Birch. 

CAP-ON-IkRE',  II.  [Fr.  r^p  caponcra  ;  \i.  eapponirra, 
a  little  cut  or  trenrh,  an«l  ji  Ki^ems  lo  be  allitd  !•> 
eapon^  Hp.  caponar,  lo  cut  or  curtail.] 

In  j'urtif  cation^  a  covered  Indgineiil,  stink  four  or 


CAl'  I 

live  I't-t  into  the  ground,  (-iict>in|<:i.-M'il  t\  iiti  a  iion- 
|K-[,  utMjilt  tuo  feit  lii;:li,  tirrvilK'  lu  .uiijKiit  bevervl 
plaiikr*,  laden  with  eailh.  It  is  l:ir;ie  4  Luii;:!)  lu  coo- 
laia  lu  or  *JJ  noldier*,  and  i"  plio'ed  lu  the  ctaci^,  at 
Ihe  (Wlrfinity  of  Iti'*  iounter>caip,  and  in  dry  iiUNit«, 
Willi  I  iiibratiuic^  or  looit-ltolcit,  ihroui:h  which  the 
i»uldier><  may  lire.  Harris.     Eiteye,      I 

.\  pa^'Uge  fioni  cuie  |iart  of  a  work  to  another,  pnh 
lecled  on  t  aeli  ttide  by  a  wnll  or  |mra[K:l,  an<l  iKun»>  \ 
limes  covered  overhead.    When  there  is  a  parapet  l 
on  one  Mite  only,  it  is  called  a  tiemi-cupoutere.  i 

C'.X'PO.N'-IZE,  r.  (.    'I'o  c:i>lra!e  a  fowl.  Barrtngtvn, 

CA  POT',  [Fr.,  pnibut'ly  from  L.  eapio,  lo  ^ei.'.e^)  ] 

A  winiitiig  of  all  the  tricks  of  curds  at  Ihe  ;;ameof  i 

pttiuet.  ./f'tii^an.      I 

CA-I'OT',  r.  (.  'J'o  win  all  the  tricks  of  card*  at 
pii]uet. 

eA-POTC,  It.  [Fr.]  A  long  cloak  for  females,  co^ 
erin;;  fnuii  head  to  feet. 

CAP'-P.\  PKlt,  e.  A  Coarse  paper,  so  called  from  bo> 
iug  Ufj  d  to  make  ca|>s  to  htitd  comtiiodilior.  Bu^U. 

CAP'PF.It,  n.  [from  cup.\  One  wlioce  busin.-s.4  u  to 
make  or  sell  cairt. 

CAP'RATE,  B.  A  sail  foniicd  by  Ihe  union  of  caprlc 
acid  wiiii  u  ba«e. 

eAP'REOLATE,  a.    [L.  cavreoliUj  a  tendril,  1 1 
eriy  a  nhf>ot,  from  the  root  of  aipra,  a  go;it.J 

lu  ^oMni/,  haviuc  tendrils,  or  filiform  f<ptral  rlasp- 
ers,  by  which  plaiiU  fiwten  Ihemsclveiito  other  Iwd- 
ics.  as  In  vliM'i,  pe.xs,  ^zc.  Uarria.     .Mirtvin, 

€.\P'PiIC  ACID,  n.  An  acid  obtained  fruiu  biUleri 
which  cry»taIli/^H  in  needles  al  .VJ',aiid  becomes  en- 
tirely liquid  nt  C-r.  It  has  the  (iccuhar  odur  of  ilio 
goal. 

r.i  pnraCfO,  (kaprCt'cho,)  [It.,  freak,  whim.]  A 
liKfs.-,  irregular  kind  of  music. 

■CA  PRtC-a-0'SO,  (ka-prCt-che-a'so,)  [It]  A  term 
denoting  a  free,  f:iiitasllc  style  of  music. 

G.'V-PinCE',  (ka  prces',)  v.  [Fr.  eaariee ;  Pp.  nnd 
Pi.'rt.  capricJio;  II.  capriceio,  a  shaking  in  fever, 
rigors;  also,  whim,  freak,  fancy.  1  cusiw-Ct  this 
word  lo  bo  foniied,  with  a  prefix  ca,  on  the  r^uA  of 
frtak,  brfak  ,  ilcnotliig,  primarily,  a  nudih-n  biirriing, 
breaking,  or  i^Lulini:.  .So  we  see,  in  Italian,  mjfftia^ 
and  cdhia^lio,  a  mail.  In  early  Engli^ili  \\  ritt  rs,  it  is 
written,  arcor.ling  to  the  f^punuh,  eapricho.  If 
formed  from  ilie  root  of  capio^  eapcTj  Ihe  primary 
sense  Is  (he  ^^aIlle.] 

A  sudden  start  of  I  he  mind;  a  sudden  change  of 
opinion  or  humor;  a  whim,  freak,  or  |tarticulu 
fanrv. 

eA-PlhCII'IO,  n.    Freak;  fancy.     [Otv.]        s\ak. 

eA-PRI"CIOLV,  (ka-prish'us,)  a,  rreaki<:li  ;  whiio- 
sical ;  ajit  to  etiangc  opinions  suddenly,  or  to  rttart 
from  one's  purpose  ;  unsteady  ;  changpabic;  lickUi 
fanciful  ;  subject  lo  change,  or  irregularity ;  as,  a 
man  of  a  capnrious  temper. 

CA-PRI"riOL;5LY,  flrfr.  In  a  capricious  manner; 
whimsically. 

CA-PKl"Cloa.^i\ESS,  «.  The  quality  of  being  ted 
by  caprice;  whimsicalness  ;  unsteadiness  of  puriKWO 
of  opinion. 

2.  Unsteadiness;  liablcness  lo  sudden  changes; 
a-*,  the  c'lpriciouinrss  of  fortune.] 

eAP'Rl-COK\,  M.  [L.  capricomuSf  eaper^  a  goal,  and 
corwu,  a  liorn.] 

One  of  the  twelva  signs  of  the  zodiac,  the  wintar 
Mitstice  ;  represented  on  ancient  monuio'cits  by  UH 
figure  of  a  goat,  or  a  lieure  having  the  lure  |iart  Ukl 
n  goat,  and  llie  hind  |Kirt  like  a  flsh.  £rtcyc> 

GAP'RID,  a,     [L.  capra   a  goat.] 

Relating  to  that  tribe  nf  ruminant  mammalS|  of 
which  the  genus  Capra  is  the  ly[»c.  ll  ciiin|iro- 
liend-<  the  gen*m  .^ntilope,  Capra,  OrtSy  and  Damaiig, 

CAP  Itl  Fl  UA'TION,  H.     [L.  caph/taitio.] 

The  5:up|iosed  impregnation  of  the  ovules  of  the 
fruit  of  III'-'  lig  by  an  insect,  uhirh  pfuelratcd  it  and 
carries  in  the  ]Hi||en  adhering  to  hts  bo<ly. 

'ihis  is  a  pncess  for  accel-niing  ihe  ripening  of 
Ihe  flg,  in  the  Levant,  by  tinsp':nding,  on  Hie  culta'a- 
led  fig,  braurlies  of  the  wdd  fig,  that  bring  with  tlicm 
a  small  insect,  (a  species  of  Cynips,  Linn.,)  which, 
by  pumturing  Ihe  fniil  for  the  purp!l^e  (if  letting 
its  egg-,  simply  hastens  ripening.  T  hi:?  tflecl  may 
he  also  prwluc'ed  merely  by  puncturing  the  fruit  with 
a  neerllc  dip[K:d  in  oil.  P.  Cyc 

CAP'KI  F6LE.  n.     [L.  raprifoUum.] 

Iluuevsiickfe ;  wcKwlbine.  Spntser. 

€.\P'RM'OR.M,  a.   [L.  caper,  a  goat,  and//r;.ia,  furnuj 
Hiving  thn  form  of  a  go;it.  Kclrctic  Keriat, 

CA-PRK'i'E-.NOirH,  a.    Produced  by  a  go:il. 

e.XP'KI.NE,  n.  A  sub-sUance  found  in  butter,  which, 
wilh  hiityrin  and  caprone,  gives  it  its  peculiar  agreea- 
ble tai'tc  and  odor.  It  is  a  comimuiid  of  ca[iric  odd 
nnd  givcera,  (glycerin,)  or  a  capnte  of  gU  cera. 

GAP'RI-OLE,  ij.  [Fr.,  now  cabricU;  i:=p.' and  Port. 
cabriole  ;  It.  caprwla,  a  cnpcr,] 

In  (Ar  rwnfjfc,  capriok-s  arc  li;ap<  that  a  hone 
inake^  in  the  kame  place  without  advancing,  in  such 
a  iiiannrr,  that  when  he  is  at  the  hight  of  the  leap, 
he  j  rks  out  wilh  his  hind  le;;-',  even  and  near,  ll 
iUir TS  from  the  croupade  in  (his,  that,  in  a  croupnde, 
a  horre  fh^s  not  ffhow  his  (^ho<;«;  and  front  a  balo- 
Uid'!,  in  which  be  does  not  jerk  out.    Farrier**  Diti. 


* 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  —  METE,  PRfiV — PINE,  SLAKINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WpLF,  BQQK.— 


CAP 


e\P'Rl-PEn,  a.     [L.  ecper^  n  qoat,  :uid  pcs^  f«w»t.] 
riaviiii!  f''t  like  iho^e  of  a  ^'oat. 

CAP'RO-ATE,  H.  A  salt  formed  by  llic  union  ot  caI^- 
roic  acid  uilh  a  base.  .     ^  , 

C^P-Ro'IG  ACID,  n.  An  acid  obtained  from  hulter, 
in  tliL-  n>rm  of  a»  oily,  limpid  fluid,  having  the  odor 
of  sweat,  and  a  nauseous,  swcetisli  ta?te. 

C\P'Kf>NI^)  n.  A  substance  found  in  butter;  a 
conipoi'iiid  of  caproicacid  and  gIycera,Cglycerin,)ora 
caproate  of  glvcera.     [See  Caphini;.] 

€AP'SHf:AF,  ».  The  top  sheaf  of  a  stack  of  grain; 
the  crowner. 

CAP'SI-Fl'-^Ii  "•     GiiinC'i  pepp'^r.  Ciiambers. 

e\P-SIZE',  c.  (.  To  upset,  or  overturn;  a  senjitan^s 
'j,!,ra.r.  -^'far.  Diet. 

CAPSJZ'F.X),  (kap-slzd')  pp.     Over.^et. 

€AP-SIZ'1XG,  j>pr.     Overiarnin.2. 

CAP'-SUl'AltES,  n.  pi.  Strong  pintes  of  iron  which 
com?  over  the  trunnions  of  a  cannon,  and  keep  it  to 
it3  place. 

CAP'ST/VA',  71.  Sometimes  written  Capster.v.  [Fr. 
cabestait;  Sp.  cubcftraitte ;  Port,  cabrc^tante,  from 
ciibrcsto,  Sp.  ca&fstro,  a  halter;  L.  capistnim;  Sax. 
eeiidUr,  or  c^rAwtr,  a  halter.  The  Spanrsli  has  also 
cabrin,  an  axletree,  and  cabrio,  a  rafter.  Capstan  is 
probably  from  L.  capio,  to  hold,  with  some  other 
word.l 

A  strong,  massy  column  of  timber,  formed  like  a 
truncated  cone,  and  having  its  upper  extremity 
pierced  to  receive  bars,  or  levers,  for  winding  a  rope 
round  it,  to  raise  great  weights,  or  perform  other  ex- 
iraoniinarv  work  that  requires  a  great  power.  It 
mav  lie  let  down  through  the  decks  of  a  ship,  and  so 
fixed  that  the  work  is  performed  by  a  horizontal 
mntion.  -^^or.  Diet. 

CAP'Sf-LAR,        )  IInllM\"    like  .i  i-hp-t 

t-AP'SU-LA-RY,  i  ''•     "^""^' '  "^^  ^  '-"^-^* 

9.  Cdp.y'tilar  ligament^  is  that  which  surrounds  eve- 
ry movable  articulation,  and  contains  the  synovia 
like  a  bag.  Hooper. 

CAP'SU-LATE,     )  a.    Inclosed  in  a  capsule;  or  as  in 

€AP'SU-L.\-TED,  \      a  chest,  or  box.  [Botany.] 

GAP'SULE,   )  ;i.     [L.  capsula,  a  little  chest,  perliaps 

e.\P'SL"-LA, )      from  capio,  to  take.] 

1.  In  hotamj,  a  pericarp  which  is  "one,  or  many- 
celled,  many-seeded,  superior,  dry,  dehiscent  by 
valves,  always  proceeding  from  a  compound  ovari- 
um." Lindlnj. 

9.  A  small  saucer  made  of  clay,  for  roasting  sam- 
ples of  ores,  or  for  melting  them  ;  also,  a  small,  shal- 
low, evaporating  dish. 

CAP'TAIX,  (kap'tin,)  «.  [Fr.  capitaine  ;  ^p.capilan; 
Port,  ecpitam;  It.  capitano;  from  Ij.  caput,  the  head. 
In  the  feudal  laws  of  Europe,  the  tenn  was  applied 
to  tenants  in  ca/ji(c,  who  were  bound  to  attend  their 
prince  in  his  wars,  at  the  head  of  soldiers  ;  and  from 
thi-  practice  the  name  had  its  origin,  or  from  their 
command.] 

1.  Li!fraUij,  a  head,  or  chief  officer;  appropriately ^ 
the  miliuiry  officer  who  commands  a  company, 
whether  of  infantrj',  cavalry,  artillery,  or  matrosses. 

2.  The  commander  of  a  ship  of  war,  or  of  a  mer- 
chantman.   But  the  latter  is  often  called  a  master. 

3.  The  commander  of  a  militar>'  band,  a  sense 
that  occurs  in  the  Scriptures  ;  as,  a  captain  of  fifty. 

4.  A  man  skilled  in  war,  or  mililarj-  affairs;  as, 
Lord  Wellington  is  a  great  captain. 

5.  A  chief  commander.  SUak.  But  in  this  sense 
rarely  used,  but  in  composition. 

Captain- general  is  the  commander-in-chief  of  an 
anny,  or  of  the  militia.  The  governor  of  a  State  is 
captain- general  of  the  militia.     [United  States.'] 

Cnptiin-lieutenant  is  an  officer,  who,  with  the  rank 
of  a  captain,  and  pay  of  lieutenant,  commands  a  com- 
pany, or  troop.  Thus  the  colonel  of  a  regiment  be- 
ing the  captain  of  the  first  company,  that  company  is 
commanded  by  a  captain-lieutenants 

Captain  BasfiaWj  or  Capudan  Bashaic,  In  Turkey,  is 
the  hiirh  admiral. 
CAP'TAtN,  a.    Chief;  valiant.  Shak. 

e.\P'T.\I\-CY,  71.  The  rank,  post,  or  commission  of 
a  capLiin.  Washington. 

2.  The  jurisdiction  of  a  captain,  or  commander, 
as  in  South  America. 
CAP'TAI\-RY,  n.    Tlie  power,  or  command,  over  a 

certain  di>trici;  chieftiinship.     Spenser.     Johnson. 

eAP'TAI.N-SHIP,   V.    The  condition,  or  post,  of  a 

captain,  or  chief  commander.  Shak. 

2.  The  rank,  quality,  or  post,  of  a  captain.  In 
lieu  of  this,  Captaiscy  is  now  U33d. 

3.  The  command  of  a  clan,  or  govemnienl  of  a 
certain  district.  Davies. 

i.  Skill  in  mililarj'  affairs. 
CAP-Ta'TION,  n.     [L.  captatio,  from  capto,  to  catch.] 
The  act  or  practice  of  catching  favor,  or  applause, 
by  flatter\-,  ur  address.  ^'^'S'  Charles. 

C\P'TIO.\,  n.     [L.  captio,  from  capio,  to  seize.] 

1.  In  liiip,  a  certificate,  stating  the  time  and  place 
of  executing  a  commission  in  chance^^',  or  of  taking 
a  deposition,  or  of  the  finding  of  an  indictment,  and 
the  court  or  authority  before  which  such  act  was  per- 
formed, and  such  other  particulars  as  are  necessan' 
to  render  it  legal  and  valid.  A  caption  mav  b.-  ])laced 
at  the  head  or  fuot  of  a  certificate,  or  on  the  back  of 


CAP 

an  indictment.    The  word  caption  Fijniifies  n  takiiig^ 
but  it  includes  the  particulars  above  mentioned. 

2.  The  act  of  taking  or  arresting  a  iierson  by  judi- 
cial process.     [Little  ttscil.] 

The  use  of  the  word  in  any  other  than  a  technical 
sense,  is  not  ronsidered  to  bt;  well  authorized. 
CAP'TIOUS,  (kap'shus,)  a.     [L.  captiosus,  from  capto, 
to  catch.] 

1  Disposed  to  find  fault,  or  niise  objections  ;  apt 
to  cavil,  as  in  popular  language,  it  is  said,  apt  to  catch 
at ;  as,  a  captioas  man. 

2.  Fitted  to  calch,  or  insnare ;  insidious;  as,  a 
captious  question.  Locke. 

3.  Proceeding  from  a  caviling  disposition;  as,  a 
captious  objection,  or  criticism. 

€.AP'TIOUS-LV,  nilr.  In  a  cajitious  manner;  with 
an  inclination  or  intention  to  object,  or  censure. 

Locke. 

€AP'TIOUS-NESS,  w.  Disiwsiiiou  to  find  fault ;  in- 
clination to  object ;  peevislincss.  iMckc. 

CAP'TI-VaTE,  v.  t.  [L.  captivo,  from  captions,  a 
prisoner,  from  capU),  to  take;  Fr.  cajniocr;  Sp.  cantl- 
var  i  Port,  cativar  ;  It.  cattivare.] 

1.  To  take  jjrisoner  ;  to  seize  by  force  ;  as  an  en- 
emy in  war.     [Oft.^.]    Shak.     Locke.     B.  Trumbull. 

a.  To  subdue;  to  bring  into  bondage.  A'ini' CAaWc5. 

3.  To  overpower  and  gain  with  excellence  or  beau- 
ty ;  to  charm ;  to  engage  the  affections;  to  bind  in 
love.  Addi^yon* 

4.  To  enslave  ;  with  to  ;  as,  captivated  to  error. 

LocJie. 
GAP'TI-VATE,  a.     Taken  prisoner.  Shak. 

eAP'TI-VA-TED,  pp.     aiade  prisoner  ;  charmed. 
eAP'TI-VA-TIXG,  ppr.  or  a.    Taking  prisoner;  en- 
gaging the  alVeclions. 

2.  a.     Having  power  to  engage  the  affections. 
€.AP-TI-Va'TIO.\,  v.    The  act  of  takhig  a  prisoner  ; 

a  taking  one  cajttive. 
€AP'TIVE,   n.     [Fr.  cnptif;   Sp.  cautivo;   It.  cattivu, 
whence    Eng.  caitiff;    L.   capticus,  from  captoy  to 
seize.] 

1.  A  prisoner  taken  by  force  or  stratagem  in  w:ir, 
by  an  enemy;  followed  by  t^};  as,  a  captive  to  the 
victor. 

2.  One  who  is  charmed  or  subdued  by  beauty  or 
excellence  ;  one  whose  affections  are  seized,  or  who 
is  held  by  strong  lies  of  love. 

.3.  One  who  is  insnared  by  love  or  flatter}',  or  by 
wiles.     2  Tim.  ii.  9tl. 

4.  A  slave.    Anciently,  captives  were  enslaved  by 
their  conquerors.    But  in  modern  times,  they  are  not 
made  slaves  in  Christian  countries;  and  the  word 
captire,  m  a  literal  sense,  rarely  signifies  a  slave. 
GAP'Tl  VE,  a.    Made  prisoner  in  war  ;  kept  in  bond- 
age, or  confinement ;  as,  captive  souls.         Drydcn. 
%  Holding  in  confinement ;  as,  captive  chains. 
CAP'TIVE,  V,  t.    To  take  prisoner  ;  to  bring  into  sub- 
jection.    [  Obs.]  Drijtien.     Prior. 
€AP-TIV'I-TY,   71.     [Fr.  captivite  ;  L.  captivitas,  from 
capto,  to  seize.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  a  prisoner,  or  of  being  in  the 
power  of  an  enemy  by  force  or  the  fate  of  war. 

Dnidcn. 

2.  Subjection  to  love.  Addison. 

3.  Subjection ;  a  state  of  being  under  control. 

Eriiisiner  into  captivity  every  Uiou^bt  to  the  obedience  of  Ciiiitt. 
'1  Cor.  r. 

4.  Subjection;  servitude;  slavery. 

But  I  see  aiiotiier  law  in  my  membere  —  lirinjinj  me  ioto  ca^ 
licily  to  Uie  law  of  wii.  —  Rura.  vii. 

To  lead  captivifij  captive,  in  Scripture,  is  to  subdue 
those  who  have  held  others  in  slaverv,  or  captivity. 

P.^■.  Ixviii. 
CAP'TOR,  n.     [L.  capio,  to  take.] 

One  who  takes,  as  a  prisoner  or  a  prize.    It  is  ap- 
propriately one  who  takes  a  prize  at  sea. 
CAP'TURE,  (kapl^yur,)  n.     [L.captura;  Fr.  capture: 
from  L.  capio,  to  take.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  the  act  of  taking  or  seizing  ; 
as,  the  capture  of  an  enemy,  of  a  ship,  or  of  booty, 
bv  force,  surprise,  or  stratagem. 
*9.  The  thing  taken  ;  a  prize;  prey  taken  by  force, 
surprise,  or  stratagem. 

3.  Seizure  ;  arrest ;  as,  the  capture  of  a  criminal  or 
debtor. 
€.A.P'TtJRE,  r.  (.    To  take  or  seize  by  force,  surprise, 
or  stratagem,  as  an  enemy  or  his  property  ;  to  take 
by  force  under  the  authority  of  a  commission  ;  as,  to 
capture  a  ship. 
€.AP'Tint-KD,  (kapt'ynrd,)/.p.  orti.    Taken  as  a  prize. 
CAP'TITR-ING,  ppr.     Seizing  as  a  prize. 
CA-PUCCI-0,  (ka-puch'i-o,)"?!.    [It.]    A  capuchin  or 

hood. 
eA-PlJCH'£D,  a.    Covered  with  s  hood.  [Little  used.] 

Brown. 
€AP-U-CHtX',  (kap-yu-sheen',)  n.  [Fr.capucine,  from 
capuee,  a  hood  or  cowl.] 

1.  .-\  garment  for  females,  consisting  of  a  cloak 
and  hood,  made  in  imitation  of  the  dress  of  capu- 
chin monks.  Johnson. 

2.  A  pigeon  whose  head  is  covered  with  feathers. 
CAP-U-CHr.N',  n.  One  of  the  monks  of  the  order  of  St. 

Francis,  who  cover  their  heads  «'iih  a  capuUy  cap- 


CAR 

fcrAoft,  ;i  stuff-cap  or  cowl.  Tliey  are  clothed  id 
brown  or  gray,  go  barefooted,  and  never  shave  their 
facew.  Enc^c. 

C\P'lJ-CIN'n,  n.    A  i»j>ecie8  of  monkey,  the  sagoo  or 

€AP'I*.LI.\',  H.     'Ihc  .Mexican  cherr\-.  [«/. 

CA'PUT,  (ki'pul,)  )f.  [L.,  the  hr^d.]  In  Cambridge, 
Kng.,  a  council  of  the  uiiiversiiy,  by  which  ever>' 
grace  mnsi  tte  approvi-d  before  it  can  be  tsubmittcd 
to  the  senate.  It  coutti^u  of  the  vic4:-cbancelIor,  a 
doctor  of  each  of  the  faculties  of  divinity,  law,  and 
medicine,  and  two  niast>;r>i  of  art»,  chu^-n  annually 
by  the  senate.  Comb.  CaL 

CA'PUT  MOW  TUUM,  [f*.]  Dead  matter;  lees; 
worthless  remains. 

2.  Ill  cheiiiixtnj,  the  residuum  of  distillation  or  sub- 
limation, after  tile  volatile  matter  has  been  driven  off 
by  heat.  Aikm. 

Hence,  wortlib-rfs  residunin.  Junius. 

G.\R,  CAKR,  CHAR,  in  uame^  of  placet,  \i  sometimes 

the  Celtic  Caer,  a  town  or  city,  as  in  Caermarthen. 
GAR,  71.  [W.  ear  ;  fr.  earr,  carra,  or  eairt ;  Arm.  qarr  ; 
I),  and  G.  karre :  Sw.  kdrra  :  Dan.  karre ;  Sp.  It.  and 
Port,  earro;  I*,  carrun,  ur  currus ;  Ft.  char,  whence 
chariot ;  Sax.  crat,  a  cart.  The  sense  is  probably  tak- 
en from  running  on  wlieels.    See  Cu'ebekt.] 

I.  ,\  small  vehicle  moved  on  wheels,  usually  drawn 
by  one  horse.  Jolauon. 

2  In  poetical  lauguagCj  any  vehicle  of  dignity  or 
splendor;  a  chariot  of  war,  or  of  triumph. 

Jirdton.     Prior. 

3.  The  cons«llation  c;illed  C.'iarles^s  H^ain  or  the 
Bear.  Dnfden. 

4.  A  carriage  for  nmning  on  rails,  in  a  railroad. 

C^R'niNT^  *^*'  i  "•  ^^^'  '^^™'""'" '  •'^P-  "^^'•o*'"^ ''  I*-  "'-] 
A  !-hort  gun  or  fire-arm,  ranging  a  ball  of  24  to  the 
pound,  borne  by  light  horsemen,  and  hanging  by  a 
bell  over  tile  lelt  shoulder.     The  barrel  is  two  feet 
and  a  half  long,  and  stuiietimes  furrowed. 

e.VR-.\-BI-N'EKR',  n.  A  man  who  carries  a  carabine ; 
one  who  carries  a  longer  carabine  than  others,  which 
is  soinelimes  used  on  fool.  Eneye, 

CAR'AC,  i(.  [Port,  carraca:  Fr.  caraque ;  Sp.  carraca; 
allied  to  It.  carico,  a  burden,  cargo.] 

A  large  ship  of  burden  ;  a  Portuguese  Indiaman. 

eAR'.\-eAL,  Ti.     [Turkish  kara,  black,  and  kal,  ear.]. 
A  species  of  Ivnx,  (Felts  caracaJ,  Linn. ;)  a  native 
of  Northern  Africa,  and  South-western  .\sia-   Its  col- 
or is  a  uniform  reddish-brown  ;  its  ears  black  exter- 
nally, and  tipped  with  long,  black  hairs. 

CAR'A-CoLE,  71.  [Fr.  eararole,  a  wheeling  about; 
Sp.  caracal,  a  small  cone,  a  winding  staircase,  a  snail ; 
It.  caraeollo,  a  wheeling.] 

1.  In  the  manege, Ji  semi-round,  or  half  turn,  which 
a  horseman  makes,  either  to  the  right  or  left.  In  the 
army,  the  cavalry  make  a  caracole  after  each  dis- 
charge, in  order  to  pass  to  the  rear  of  tlie  squadron. 

Eneije, 
Q.  In  architecture,  a  Staircase  in  a  helLx  or  spiral 
form.  Encyc 

CAR'A-CoLE,  r.  i.   To  move  in  a  caracole ;  to  wheel. 

CAR'A-eOL-IXG,  ppr.     Moving  in  a  caracole. 

CAR'A-COL-I,  (  kol-e,)  7i.  A  mixture  of  gold,  silver, 
and  copper,  of  which  are  made  rings,  pendants, 
and  other  tovs  for  the  savages. 

CAR' A-MEL,  71.  [Fr.]  Anhydrous  or  burnt  sugar ;  a 
black,  porous,  sliming  substance,  obtained  by  heal- 
ing sugar  to  a  high  tempenUure.  It  is  soluble  in  wa- 
ter, which  it  colors  a  dark  brown,  and  is  used  for 
coloring  spirits,  &c.  It  gives,  when  heated,  a  pecu- 
liar odor,  called  the  odor  of  caramel. 

CVR'.VT,  71.  [It.  earato;  Fr.  carat;  D.  karaat :  G.  ka- 
rat ;  Gr.  (fioarior,  a  little  honi,  a  pod,  and  the  berry 
of  a  pod,  used  for  a  weight  of  four  grains.  From  UK- 
Greeks  it  is  said  the  Arabians  bonowed  tlieir  j5%S 

karat,  a  weight  used  in  Mecca,  equal  to  the  twenty- 
IViurth  of  a  denarius,  or  denier.  See  Ca^uU,  Col. 
3448,  and  Ludolf,  199.] 

1.  The  weight  of  four  grains,  used  by  goldsmiths 
and  jewelers  in  weighing  precious  stones  and  pearls. 

Encyc, 

2.  The  weight  that  expresses  the  fineness  of  gold. 
The  whole  mass  of  gold  is  divided  into  24  equal 
parts,  and  as  many  24ih  parts  as  it  contains  of  pure 
gold,  it  is  called  gobl  of  so  many  carats.  Thus  gclJ 
of  twunly-two  parts  of  pure  metal,  is  gold  of  twenty- 
two  carat.--.  The  carat  in  Great  Britain  is  divided  in 
to  four  grains  ;  among  the  Germans,  into  twelve 
parts;  and  among  the  Frencli,  into  thirty-two. 

Encye, 

3.  The  value  of  any  thing.    [Obs.]     B.  Jonson. 

'  S  ^^o^  ^- 

€.AR'A-VAX,  71.     [Ar.    '\ ^j.Ji  kairaican,  (rom  \jS 

karau,  to  stretch  along,  to  follow,  to  proceed  fmm 
place  to  place.     Sp.  utravana :   Fr.  axrarane.    Pers. 

1.  .\companvoftraveIers,pdgr»n3,  or  merchants, 
marching  or  proceeding  in  a  body  over  the  deserts  of 
Ar.ibia,  or  other  region  infested  with  robbers. 

2.  A  large,  close  camaire  on  springs.  lor  conveying 
wild  beasts  when  carried  round  as  a  show. 


TuXE,  BULL,  IJMTE.— AN"GER,  VrCIOUS.  — G  as  K ;  0  as  J ;  S  as  Z;  Cll  as  f-H  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


173 


r 


CAR 


CAR 


CAR 


CAR  \  V  ^N'MA  BV,  (  «.    A  pUoc  ODpolnud  for  n- 
CAK  '\  V\\  .-^K-ltA  i-^'VlliB    "I"'    '"'"'"'II  -^f"; 

V..,      u   ku.a  of  ...»,   «h.l.'  Ihr  caravan.  t..l  nl 

clou.  fuurt  in  Oie  iinddU-.  tI?  ,^ 

eABA-VEl.,j».    (Sp..^rar,Ja.  ll.   caraclh  :  Ir.  CO- 

1  \ -mill  VOW"!  "■•  ll"-  <^»«-"'  •"  '■"'""•  ,V"r^  '" 
Ihu  lierriiiB  rl»l'«0-  I'l'""  *"■"""  ■""  "'"""''  '^""° 
•2a  to  :i«)  l"U»'  burden.  ,  i      . 

•>    \  liehl   round,  oWfMlilulica  ihlp.      J^iim*. 

Fr.  Wrri ;  S|i.  iueartrta  or  alMniAuejio  ;  D.  krrat ;  Ar. 


L., 


jtomtfiya.] 


'\  biennial  plnnl,  the  e<r«m  carwi  of  LinniBUs,  with 
.lni°r  root  liko  i  pamnep,  which,  when  youiig,  1. 
iSLml  •I'he  Jied.  have  un  aron.Mic  .u.-il  and 
r  ar.".  puiisenl  ta.le.  The,  are  u„  d  .n  co.jfec l.on- 
"r^ ,  ind  lu«o  in  u.ed.c.ne  a»  a  can.i...a..vc.   £.q;r. 

,  "  l"\    litter,  cr,stall.«.ble  .ub.lance,  obta.nea  by 
h"  ncUol^  of  ■...fie  n.-.J  "U  il.'liS"  »'"'  «>"■«»'.'"•.' 

acW,  and  lln>  filler  i.rmciplt;  of  Wcllor. 
Pxn'ltlN'K.     Soe  Cahabi^k-  .  _. 

»i»  "  Fr.  r^..rI,L.  an.  Gr.  .a,*...,  to  dry,  or  the  root 

of  ehiir.  Ru:*^.  cAarr^u,  lt>  burn.]  . 

\r;ime..tarv.c«.ulm.t.l.le  substance,  c.x  ,tinR 
Bure  and  cr\stairiled  ill  the  dli.il.on.l,  and  bome- 
Knei  in  BTHphite,  and  fonninu  the  ba.s.s  ol  an.m.-U 
a  ^d  V  -CeS  chlrrcoal,  ..nd  of  coke.  By  ■"<-»"■■'  °f 
a  ^vamc  apparalu.,  it  b  found  to  he  caiabl.-  of  fu- 

e?R-B0N--i'CEOUS,  a.  Pertaining  or  relatn.g  to,  or 
conlainU.g,  or  composed  of,  carbon  ;  a.,  a<ri.m.c«.». 

CUt'llO^N^DF.,  n.  rfro.n  carta,  supra.]  In  ccok<:ry. 
1    h    fowl,  »;  the  Wc,  cut  ..cross,  sca^soned   and 

1 ,1  „n  coals.  ,    .  %'r!: 

(M;  IID-NADE,  r.  r.    To  cut  or  hack.  Mai. 

t-\Ul>ON-ATE,  -1.  I..  tAf.«L,(rv,  a  salt  lorined  \>\  lb, 
union  of  carl«.n.c  acid  with  a  l,Me  ;  n-s  Ih'^  carbonate 
ol'liine,<:<ir4on.iK  of  copper.  „i„  ...i,. 

rARDON-A-TED,  o.     Combined  with  carbonic  acid. 
airl,'<,-.aud  <cMr, :  mich  mineral  wulen.  m  arc  .m- 
precnated  with  carbonic  ac.d.  „j  „f  , .... 

e\R-BON'ie  ACID,  n.     An  ac.d  com|K«d  of  on. 
equivalent  of  carbon,  and  two  equ.valcnu  of  oi>- 
fen,  or  .n  which  oxyijon  combines  ni  the  g»:^'' » 
proi^rtion  with  carbon.     1.  ens  -s  "»''"  ':^,''"  "/> 
circumstances,  when  uncomb.ned,  .n  tlie  state  of  .. 
i^',  but  Ims  b«n  liiiuelled  by  very  powerful  pressure 
I,  was  fornterly  called  JizM  '■"-'f"?'"'-^''^  ""?("" 
,«,   a..d  crrUrceiLi  aal,  or  acid   of  chalk.     It   .s 
Kuid,  in  some  places,  .n  a  Htale  of  pas  ;  ««;■"«'" 
the  ...mosphere,  anil  is  disen«ased    '<'"'  f"?'''"';"^ 
liquors,  a..d  from  dccompoains  vegetable  and  animal 
substances,   and  is   given  off  .n   '"'"'V'''""-     '',   '^ 
heavier  than  common  a.r,   and  subsides   into  low 
places,  vaults  and  wells.  , 

CAR-UON'ie  OX'VD,  ...     A   L-n^ous  co.npoun.l  of 
one  equiv..le..l  of   carbon,  a,.,    one  equ.va^enl  ol  | 
onien.     II  is  fatal  to  animal  In.-,  cxt.ngu.shes  con.- 
bu'Uon,  a..d  bums  with  a  pale  blue  Hanie,  forming 
carbonic  acid.     It  api>arenlly   possesses  combinu.g 
acid  properties,  and  ..my  be  called  carbmo^  aad. 
CAK-BO.N-IF'EU-OUS,  a.  {carlto  ond/cro,  to  bcar.J 
Producing  or  coi.la.ning  carbon  or  c«il. 

**  KtrtEOHy  Geol. 

This  term  Is  properly  applied  to  strata  or  formaUons 
containing  rml.  ^  _  . 

CAR-BOX-f-7.X'TI0N,  n.    The  act  or  pr.Kcss  of  car- 
bonizing. 
CXR'I10N.T7,F.,  T.  t.    To  convert  iulo  carbon  hy  com- 
bu-         -■■     "'lion  of  fire,  or  by  other  means,  as 
In  .  fonccutrated  acids  on  animal  and 

v't  -ce... 

eXK  I    '  >  I'.  '  i'.   VP-     Converted    into   carbon    or 

charcoal.  ^  ...         ,    „ 

C.\B'llOS-I/.-IXG,  rpr.    Converting  into  c.irbon. 
£;;jlli|l().\.()_llVnKOU.«,  a.  [carbon,  and  Cr.  vi)6ip, 

water.  I    i,'<.inpo..d  of  c.Tibon  and  hydrogen. 
CAB'BO-PUL'PIIURF.T,  ...     A   term   formerly   np- 
Dlicd  to  the  c..mi«iiiids  formed  by  the  actio.,  of  the  i 
disulphurel  of  carbon,  on  the  r.ictalllc  and  alkal.ne 
metallic  snlphurels.  .      ,  ,         I 

1    exR'BOY,  n.     A  large,  globular  bottle  of  green  pla.ss,  > 
Inclosed    In   ba.ket-work  for  prtilect.o..  ;    used  e.- 1 
j       pecially  for  carrying  corrosive  liqunm,  as  sulphuric  | 

eXR'Bl--.N'-eLE,  (klr'bunk-1,)  n.     [L.  c<ir4ujicii/a.<,  a 
little  coal,  frou.  carbo.]  _„;„f..i  ' 

J  ;Vn  anlhrax  :  an  inflainraatory  lun.or,  or  painful 
gangrenous  boil  or  nicer.  C"7f.     Ihoprr. 

"A  beautiful  gem,  of  a  deep  red  color,  with  a 
mrxlure  of  scarlet,  called  by  the  Greeks  anihra,  : 
found  in  the  East  Indies.     It  is  usually  found  pure, 


of  an  angular  llgure,  a..d  adhering  Jo  «  heavy. 
fr„iB...o..fsto.,e,lf  .lie  .mery  kind.  Its  usual  .  ze 
Isniarlv  a  quarter  of  an  .nrh  in  length,  o.id  two 
birds  of  IlK,  III  di.imet.r.  When  held  up  to  the 
su...  It  lo.se«  ,ts  deep  tiMFe,and  becomes  etaclly  ol 
the  color  of  abuniinc  coal.  x    , ,'■'',%.. 

Tho    m...eral    hero    described,    is    probably    the 
Oriental  mby,  or,  at  least,  some  crystallised  vanely 

"'•rKl'Scle  of  the  ancienU  Is  .up,.^r,l  ,.;  h»ve 

been  n  garnet.  x.     ...      ' 

3.  In  hmUiy,  a  charge  or  bcariii:: 
eighlradii,  four  of  which  .nake  aeon 

the  other  four,  a  saltier.  a.,   .viih  "car- 

CAU'llf.N  eL/-I).  (kir'buiik-ld,)  o.     Set  with  cor- 

C^lMl'l'-Vt-'r-'rAit,  a.     Ileloughig  to  a  carbuncle; 

'reseiilliliii'   I  '  irl'iiucle;  red-,  inlla.ned. 

GARB  -NCI     I.A'I-IOX,  ...     [I..  C'.rl.u..cuJ^(.e,  fro... 

„rt"«.  "^N  to  bur,,  to  a  coni,  to  lihuH.     See  Cii-bo,..) 

The  blading  of  the  young  hudj  of  tree,  or  plants, 

by  excessive  heal  or  cold.  ^I'.r^'^i.l, 

fXll'llL-  KET  II.  A  combinaliou  of  carbon  w.tli 
■gon.o  other  iubstance,  the  resulli.ig  comiwuml  not 
Sga  acid  or  base!  More  ri..et  y  a  co...po....d 
of  cirbon  with  a  basiliable  or  ae.d.uable  substance, 
in  which  the  carbon  is  the  elec.rcHiKgalivo  ini^e- 

eAR'BU-RET-ED,  o.  Co...binid  will,  carbo..  h.  the 
*"  .Imer  of  a  carburet ;  as,  carJar,-„i  hydrogen  po. 
Carburrtrcl  hmlm.-r'n  I'o.Ms  n  term  iippliert  to  va- 
rious gaseous  comi«...nas  of  carbon,  jiarticularly  to 
two  dehnile  com,K.ui.ds,  the  ,.ro(oc.:rl..,rrt  "/  *!^'-- 
U,  or  heavy  carbi.reted  hydrogen  composed  of 
one  .-quivale.ft  each  of  rarlHin  and    lydroRen,     .1 

gen,  comiios.d  of  one  e.|Uivalc.it  of  carbon,  ami  Ivjo 
enuividents  of  hydrogen.  ,, 

^C„rbur.ud  isapplied  In  certah.giuieuus  compounds. 
Thus  we  sav,  rarburttvl  hydrogen.  fjiHuna... 

eXR'CA-JOL', ...    The  glutton,  a  voracious,  carn.vo- 

erR'eA'NKl^i:    (Fr.MrcM,achalni  H- """"'•I 

A  chain  or  collat  of  jewels.         Slut.     ""*"""• 

GAtt'eAS.*,   n.      [Fr.    carmsc  i    It.   carcmie  I    iNori... 

Mrkovs,  a  mast,  ind  a  carcass.     Q.i.  Gr.  .....y.^e'"-) 

1  The  bmlv  of  ananim^.l ;  usually,  the  body  when 
dea.1.  It  is  i.ot  applied  to  the  l.viug  bo.1,-  ^'  '  'i' 
human  species,  except  in  low  or  lu.licrous  l.inguage    , 

2  The  decaying  ri.naii.s  of  a  lu.lky  0....g,  as  ol  a 

""s'  Thf  Srae  or  mam  parts  of  a  thing,  .,nfi..isl.e,l 
or  wilhout  ..mau.ent.    This  seems  to  be  the  pnmary 

_.i        r^ tiA  n/.rt  vvnrd.l  Halt, 


to  cofil ;  Jr.  cir,  u  comb.     It  see.ns  that  tar.1,  a..d  I. 
corrfuu.:,  are  the  same  word,  and  probablv  III.    i.l m: 
(Ka.W)  \»  the  original  word,  or  both  are  fr.i' 
luo.l    root.      The    Fre..cl.   corjj   is  a  corj 
stalks  of  the  nrtlchuke.     ArUcltukc  Is  so  l\  i  i 

cartiicbiikt.y  i  »       ,,i 

An  i..Ktrunient  for  con.b...g,  opening,  and  br.okl.ic 
W(K.I  or  Hat,  freeing  it  from  the  c.K.ts..r  pi.rt.,ju>J 
,-,„„.  ex.ni.ieou,  .n..tt.-r...  It,  IS  made^by  _iWrtjjj 


sense  o.  li.e  ^oi...     l-^v.-  . — —     ^,    _.„„^,^. . 

CA U'C.VSS,  I.      [It.  carcosau ;  bp.  car.au ,-  ^ r.  rarcoiair , 

"■.vr^ou'case  or  hoUow  vessel,  about  the  stee  of  a 
bo...b,  of  a.,  oval  ngure,  filled  w.lh  ™n.b.  » fb  e  and 
other  s..bslancc9,  an  meal-powder,  sall|xt.;r,  sul- 
p  ur.  Liken  glis,  turpc.ili..e,  4.e.,  to  be  throw.. 
lv;,m'a,norlari..lo  i  town,  to  set  '"' .«»  .^"';'"',?^ 
It  has  two  or  three  apert.ires,  fro...  "  1""^'. '''•-.  "; 
blazes,  a..d  the  light  s„.„el.i..is  s.'rves  as  a  lirc<e  '"" 
in  tl.rJwi..g  shells.  It  is  eq...p|K,d  w.th  P  •"-''»'- 
rels,  loaded  with  iwwd.^  to  the  muzzle,  which  tx 
nloJe  as  the  co.niiosition  bun.s  down  to  then., 
^ht  i.!7tr,....e..t  is  irobably  uamed  fr-.n  tlie  rd,»  of 
iron  that  for...  it,  which  rese...blelhe  r.bs  of  a  hu.nan 

t.ite;ic.     .Viir.  JJici> 

exR^CEi,  LAMP,  r..    A  lamp  uf  French  invention, 

*^i,  which  the  oil  is  n.is,Ml  tl.r....gh  tubes  'V  ^'ock- 
work,  so  lui  co..linually  to  overllow  at  th  ^ ''."  °  i-  . 
the  burning  wick,  thus  producing  a  very  bca,.t,lul 
and  brillia...  light.  Ancjc    Dum.  1x0,1. 

Ca  R'CEL-AO  E,  II.     [  L.  career.] 
Prison  fee.s.     [A'ot  in  use.) 

C\R'CEU,  n.     [U]     A  slaniug-post. 

e\n'(--ER-AI.,  a.     B<long;..g  to  a  pruson. 

eAR-CI-XO'.MA, ...    [Gr.  «a,o«.vv,iu,  from  tapKirau, 

'TraJc'cr  r^',i  turgescence  of  the  veins ^^l.e 

€A*(u'cl-NO'.M  .\-TOUS,  a.  Cancerous ;  like  a  cancer, 
or  tending  to  iu  ... .  1 

eXRD,  n.  (Fr.  carte;  Pp.  Port,  and  It.  carla ,  I.. 
Ma"a,  Gr.'  V^o'ns!  D.  *aarti  G.  tarte;  Dan.  kort : 
IrTcairt;  perhaps  fro.n  bark,  L.  corta,  U.  ca.rt  or 
cairt,  or  the  same  rool.l 

1  A  paper  or  pasieb<i.ird  of  an  oblong  figure, .... 
which  arc  pah.teil  ligures  or  points  ;  u.-cd  '»^»m'_;- 

2  A  niece  of  piislcboard  used  for  conlaming  a 
person's  name,  and  often  his  iuhUess,  or  an  .nv.ui- 
tion.  or  business  advertisement. 

3.  A  note  published  by  Bo...e  one  in  the  p.i|Krs, 
co..uu.ing  a  brief  statement,  eM>tanation.ri-q.icsl,tc. 

4.  The  laiKT  on  which  the  po.nls  of  the  coraposs 
are  marked 


lro..i  exiniiieoun  11,11,,, i.     ••■■',       — .  ,.■   ,, 
bent  l..lh  of  wire  in  n  thick  piece  of  leather.ua  | 
nailiiii;  this  10  a  liieco  of  oblong  board,  to  which  k  1 
ha.iille  .s  iillaci.ed.  , 

Uul  w  <H.I  and  cotton  ore  now  generally  caiJnl  In 
u.ills  by  te.th  fixe.l  on  a  wheel  .noved  by  water. 
eXKI>  r.  I.  To  comb,  or  o|Rn  wik.I,  lla\,  he.im,j 
with  a  card,  for  the  pl.riswe  of  clea..Miig  .1  of  e* 
neoi.s  ...alter,  ».|w.niling  the  courser  piuts,  and  p. 
ing  ll  ll.ie  and  sort  for  nun.i.ng. 
GXIIU' \  .Mt.\|-.  .1.  [Gr.]  Tho  na..ie  of  a  genu*  of 
Planls;'ll.'e  is.pultir  nan.es  of  several  spicies  of 
which  are  lady',  smock,  cuckow  flower,  ...ea4<«r 
cress.  &c.  , 

CARD'A-.MOM,  ...     [Gr.  «a.ir^u(iM|ioi'.J 

A  ph...t  of  the  genus  A..u.ii.i.m,  ..nd  .Is  seeit  • 

native   of  India.     The  se.  d,  of  li...  plan,    whto 

grow  in  a  |kmI,  have  a  warn.,  aro..iatic  tla>"r,«B* 

are  used  in  ...cdicinc.  ,"7^ 

CXBD'ED,  pp.  or  a.     Combed  i   opened;   cleu 

with  eras.  ,       ,       , 

exKD'ER, ...    One  xvho  cards  wool;  also, one 

plays  .....ch  at  cards.  1^ 

CAU'lll-AC,  ja.     (L.  corJiacu. ;    Gr.    «ap«H 

CXK-DI'Ae-AL,  (     from  ...iiJiu,  the  heart.] 

1.  I'lrtnining  to  the  heart.  , 

•A  Evciti.ig  action  ii.  the  heart,  Ihroi.gl.  tho  1, 

dium  .if  the  stomal!.;  having  Ibe  q...dil.v  .f  stlL 

lalh.g  action  in  the  sysle.n,  hivigorating  III-  "pU^M, 

and  giving  strength  and  ch.erli.h.ess.      .W,  -    I  .n 

Tile   caW    eciScc    of  the   stomach,   .:.l-laUo 
cardia,  is  the  upiK-r  or  left  orilic- ;  «"«'"■■''■.'"*'  , 
vici..ity  to  the  heart,  or  its  supposed  sy..ip..ui>  «llh 

exR'lJI-Ae,  n.    A  medicine  which  excites  action  1. 

the  slo.i.aeh,  and  anin.ates  the  spirits. 
eXR'l.l  ACl;,  ...     A  precious  stone.  ,,,„  .,_-    I 

CAR-lll-AL'i:;!  A,(n.     (1..;  Gr.    <aoi...,    the   bMII,  |. 
C.lR'Dl-AbOY,     i      and  uA)o$,  p.a.n. 

The  heartburn,   a  v.olenl  sensation  of  In  it  »oa 

ucri.no..v  in  the  ..pp.r  or  left  pr.r.ce  of  the    :  ■■..»ch, 

seemh.gly  »l  the  hearl,  but  ris.ng  ...to  the  u-  ..plid|.u. 

It  is  called  also  the  carrf.ac  pa.«u.».  ^. 

€AR'I)I-.NAL,  a.     [L.  carJinoJ.s.said  to  be  from  «!»»,    ■ 

"  Chief,  prli.cipal,  pree..iincnt,  or  fui.dain.nl  d  ;  ft, 
the  carJinaJ  viru.es,  » l.ich  pr.gi..is  sii|ip.i>eil  10  W 
justice,  prudence,  telupi-ronce,  and  forti.iid.'. 
C.\R'l>l-NAL,T..  An  ecclesiastical  prince  .mil       unun 
'Cnlholic  church,  who  hasav.ii.r  ...the  c,  n.kive  al 
the  .leelion  of  a  pope,  who  .s  taken  Iroui  1 1     r  m.Tr 
her.    The  cardinals  are  ilivided  ...l.i  Un- 
orders, containing  six  bishops,  fifty  prie  1 
teen   deacons,   making  seve..ty.     1  he 
the  sacred  college,  and  compose  the  ]«']■■      '     '■''■ 
(iriginallv  they  were  s„bordl..a.e  m  r..nk  '"  bi-li'l- 1 
but  they  have  now  the  precedcce      1  he  .l.c--  01  • 
cardimU  is  a  red  sctaine  or  cass<H-k,  a  rock.-l,  a  •hat 
purple  .na..lle,  a..d  a  red  hat.         i-ncjc     •V""«* 
2.  A  woman's  short  cloak.  ^.,  _,   ,.„„j_ 

C„rdinalJlo,ccr ;  a  plant,  a  uat.ve  of  North  A.ncrio. 
tho  /.oJrJia  carJina/i.;  «o  caUcd  fro.u  Its  bnllunl  ttd 

"Car'dinat  numbers,  un  tho  "'"»'«"  .'"''', 'jf-'^S 

&c.,  in  distinction  from  ;irs(,  scmk J,  Wi.rd,  &c, »  hlcn 
are  called  ordiiml  n.....bers. 


n^Mon  llw  card,  liul  .iuiioii  U  Uio  g.Jc. 


Ptjpt. 


€XRD,  v. .-.   To  play  m..cb  at  cards  ;  to  gain.  Johnsm. 

CARD   n.     [D.  ;.aarrf ;  G.  kardcl^chc ;  Da...  kardi ;  Sn . 

'karda:  Fr.car.fe.-  Aim.  eacardoncr  I  Sp.  Mi-da,  teasel, 

and  a  card  ;  Port  cariia,  a  card,  and  carrfa.  a  thl=uc  ; 

L.  carduuj  .-  It.  carrfo,  a  thistle  and  a  card  ;  Li.  care, 


re  ejoiei.  i/iu.'tw*  ••'■ —  •  -  '^ 

Cardinal  jioinU,   in  co-miop-apnil,  ar.-  ' 
tersections  of  the  horiz<in  w.th  the  met  ■ 
prin.e  vertical  circle    or  north  and  6.  " 
west.     In  astraloiTi,  the  cardinal  po.uu  ar.  111    .1  mi. 
and  setting  of  the  sun,  the  Z,-nill.  a..d  -Na.  r. 

Cardinal  si'iK,   in    ojlronomt/,   are   Aries,   um, 

*^XK"r,>.7crpn.dence,  Justice,  U=.np.r.n». 

"'^S'^"in.(s    are  those  which  blow  fVom  to 

€Xtt'm-NSi"ATE,  >n.    The  office  rank,  or  dig«l.y 
eXR'DI-NAL-SHIP,        of  a  cardinal. 
eXU'UI-NAUZE,  r.  (.    To  make  a  '^'''"^^i^* 

CrRIl'lXG,  rP''-     Couibing,  as  fiax,  wool,  &c. 

"    Playing  "t  canls.    [I.ii'l'.  ujcrf.]  , 

eARb'lNG, ...    Thr  act  of  breaking  or  cleaning  will' 

CXBD'iNG-MA-CHlNE',  ».  A  .nachiiio  for  cmh- 
ing,  breaking,  and  cleansing  w«il  alld  «!!»"■  J^ 
ciosisLs  of  cylinders,  thick  set  w.th  teeth,  and  movw 
bv  the  fierce  of  water,  steam,  ice.  ^ 

eAR'l  I-OIl),  I..    (Gr.  wo^.a,  hearl,  .ind  ^'in,(orn^. 

''""Vn  algebraic  cLrve,  so  called  from  .Is  '--'^^'^^j;" 

eiVoTol/O-tiY,  ...     The  science  which  treaU  e. 

e.i  R-lll^i.-^.  ".  Inllammallon  of  the  l-^JV  "'^;^;' 
of  the  hcnrt.  ^ 


FATE,  FAR.  FALL.  WHAT.-METE.  PBEV-^^I^^B.  MARINE.  BI^D.-NOTeTdOVE.  MOVE,  WQLF.  BQQK^- 


174 


CAR 

CXKD'-MAK-ER,  ».  [card  aiid  maJccr.]  A  maker  of 
cards. 

€XRD'-MATCn,  n.  [card  and  match.]  A  inalch  made 
by  dippiug  pieces  of  card  iu  molted  sulphur. 

Addison, 

CXR-DOON',  n.     [Sp.  cardan ;  L.  cardaits.] 

A  s[)ecies  of  Cyniira,  resembling  the  artichoke,  but 
larcer.  Ckavibers. 

CARD'-Ta-BLE,  n.  The  inble  appropriated  to  the 
use  of  pamesters,  or  u^ed  for  playing  cards  on. 

2.  A  table  one  of  whose  leaves  folds  over  on  to 
the  other. 

€AR'DU-L'S  BEN-E-DIGTa^S,  n.  The  herb  blessed 
thistlr. 

€aRE,  n.  [Sax.  cor,  eara  ;  Goth,  kar^  hara ;  Ir.  car  ; 
L.  cura.  In  Welsh,  cur  is  care,  anxiety  j  also,  a 
blow,  or  beating,  a  throb;  carawy  to  beat,  strike,  or 
throb,  to  fight ;  curiaw^  to  trouble,  vex,  pine,  or 
waste  away.  In  L.  euro  signifies  to  care,  and  to 
cure.  In  Sp.  curar  is  to  prescribe  medicine  ;  to  salt 
or  cure,  as  ncsli ;  to  season,  as  timber  ;  to  bleach,  as 
cloth;  intransitively,  to  recover  from  sickness;  and 
reciprocally,  to  take  care  of  one's  self.  In  Italian, 
curare  is  to  cure,  attend,  protect,  defend,  and  to 
vaiue  or  esteem.  In  French,  curer  is  to  cleanse ; 
"  curer  les  dens,"  to  pick  the  teeth ;  cure  is  a  ben- 
efice. The  primary  sense  is,  to  strain,  or  stretch,  as 
in  care,  attention ;  and  curious  is  stretching  tbrward  ; 
but  the  sense  of  separating,  or  driving  off,  is  com- 
prehended, wliich  gives  tjie  French  sense,  and  the 
sense  of  prying'  into  is  included  in  carious.  The 
sense  of  liealing  is  from  tlmt  of  care,  or  mrdcing 
sound  and  strong.  The  Welsh  sense  of  beating  is 
from  driving,  thrusting,  coinciding  with  strahiing. 
See  Cark  and  Cl'be.] 

1.  Concern  ;  anxiety  ;  solicitude  j  noting  some  de- 
gree of  pain  iu  the  mind,  from  apprehension  of  evil. 

Th?y  shall  est  breiil  by  weight  .-uiJ  v.-ilh  care.  —  Ezek.  W. 

2.  Caution ;  a  looking  to ;  regard ;  attention,  or 
heed,  with  a  view  to  safety  or  protection,  as  in  the 
phrase,  "  take  care  of  yourself." 


3.  Charge  or  oversight,  implying  concern  for 
safety  and  prosperity ;  as,  he  was  "under  the  care  of 
a  physician. 

That  which  comeili  upon  m*  daily,  l!ie  care  of  all  ilie  cliui-ch-s. 
—  2  Cor.  xi. 

4.  The  object  of  care,  or  watchful  regard  and  at- 
tention ;  as,  "  Is  she  thy  care  7  "  Dnjden. 

GaRE,  v.  i.  To  be  anxious  or  solicitous  :  to  be  con- 
cerned about. 

jM.LS'.r^r,  carcst  thou  not  that  we  perish  f  —  Mark  iv. 

2.  To  be  inclined  or  disposed ;  to  have  regard  to  : 
witli/yr  before  a  noun,  and  to  before  a  verb.  "  Not 
carijiif  to  observe  the  wind."  "  Great  masters  iu 
paintinii  never  care  for  drawing  people  in  the  fash- 
ion." In  this  sense  the  word  implies  a  less  degree 
of  concern.  The  difii;rciit  degrees  of  anxiety  ex- 
pressed by  this  word  constitute  the  chief  differences 
m  its  sjgnifiration  or  applications. 

GARE'-eRAZ--ED,  a.  [care  and  craze,]  Broken  or 
disordered  by  care  or  solicitude  ;  as,  a  care-crazed 
mother.  S/w/:. 

CaRE'-DE-FS'ING,  a.    Bidding  defiance  to  care. 

Skenstonc. 

€aRE'-T0N-£I1,  a.    Tuned  by  care ;  mournful. 

SJuik. 

€aRE'-WOUXD-ED,  (-wound-ed  or  -vvoond-ed,)  a. 
Wounded  witli  care.  May.' 

CA-REEN',  V,  t.  [Fr.  carnto-,  from  carene^  the  side 
and  keel  of  a  ship ;  L.  carina ;  Sp.  carciiar ,-  Port. 
querenar^  It.  carcnare.] 

In  sea  language,  to  heave  or  bring  a  ship  to  lie  on 
one  side,  for  the  purpose  of  calking,  repairing,  cleans- 
ing, or  paying  over  with  pilch  the  other  side. 

Mar.  Diet. 

€A-REEN',  V.  i.  To  incline  to  one  side,  as  a  ship  un- 
der a  press  of  sail.  Mar.  Diet 

CA-REEN'£!D,  pp.    Laid  on  one  side  ;  inclined. 

GA-REEN'ING,  ppr.  Heaving  down  on  one  side ; 
inclining. 

€A-REEN'ING,  n.  The  act  of  heaving  down  on  one 
side,  or  inclining,  as  a  ship. 

CA-REER',  jr.  [Fr.  carriere ;  Sp.  carrera  ;  Port,  carrei- 
ra  i  it.  carriera.  It  is  from  the  root  of  ear,  and  L. 
eurro,  from  the  sense  of  running.] 

1.  A  course ;  a  race,  or  running  ;  a  rapid  running  ; 
speed  in  motion.  JVillcins.    Prior. 

2.  General  course  of  action  or  movement ;  proced- 
ure J  course  of  proceeding. 

Continue  tind  proceed  in  hsuor'a  (liir  caretr.  Dnjden. 

3.  The  ground  on  which  a  race  is  run.    Johnson, 

4.  In  Ute  manege,  a  place  inclosed  with  a  barrier, 
in  which  they  run  the  ring.  Encyc. 

5.  In  falconry,  a  flight  or  tour  of  the  hawk,  about 
120  yards.  JUnajc 

CA-REER',  V.  i.    To  move  or  run  rapidly. 

When  a  Bliifi  is  decked  out  in  all  b'-r  wnvua,  every  sail  swelled, 
ftnd  careering  g.\y\y  over  the  cuiling  waves,  how  lofty,  how 
giUIoiu  8b^  «pp.ara  I  Irving, 

t/A-REER'ING,  ppr.    Running  or  moving  with  spued. 


CAR 

eARE'FJJL,  a.     [See  Cabe.]     Full  of  care ;  au.\ioua  j 

solicitous. 

Martha,  thou  urt  careful  cuid  troubled  (ibout  iii:.iny  tlujigs.  — 
Luice  X. 

2.  Provident  ;  attentive  to  snpimrt  and  protect  ; 
with  of  or  for. 

Thou  btist  been  cartful  for  us  with  all  cipp.  — 2  Ktnn  i». 
VVtiat  could  a  cartful  lather  inon:  hare  don;?  i  Drytign. 

In  present  usage,  careful  is  generally  followed  by 
of;  as,  careful  of  health. 

3.  Watcliful ;  cautious  ;  giving  good  heed  :  as.  be 
careful  to  maintain  good  works ;  be  careful  of  your 
conversation. 

■4-  Filling  with  care  or  solicitude ;  ex[)osing  to  con- 
cern, anxiety,  or  trouble  ;  full  of  cures. 

Kaia.?d  to  a  careful  higlit.  l^tak. 

€aRE'FIJL-LY,  adv.  With  care,  anxiety,  or  solici- 
tude. 

Tliougli  lie  sought  it  carefuUij  witli  tears.  —  Ileb.  3tii. 

9.  Heedfully ;  watchfully;  attentively;  as,  con- 
sider tliesc  precepts  carefully. 

If  llio;i  carefully  hearken  to  Uie  Lord.  —  Deul.  xv. 

3.  In  a  manner  that  shows  care. 

Envy,  how  carefully  doca  it  look  !  Collier. 

4.  Providently  ;  cautiously.  Johnson. 
eARE'FJJL-NESS,  h.    Anxiety  ;  solicitude. 

Drink  Uiy  watLT  with  trembling  and  with  carefulness.  —  Ew^k. 

2.  Heedfulne.ss  ;  caution  ;  vigilance  in  guarding 
apainst  evil,  and  providing  for  safely. 

CaRE'LESS,  a.  [care  and  less.  Sax.  leas  ;  Goth.  laus. 
See  Loose.] 

1.  Having  no  care;  heedless;  negligent  ;  unthink- 
ing ;  inattentive;  regardless;  unmindful;  followed 
by  of  or  about ;  as,  a  careless  mother  ;  a  mother  care- 
less of  or  about  her  children,  is  an  unnatural  parent. 
9.  Free  from  care  or  anxiety  ;  whence  undisturbed  ; 
cheerful. 

Thus  \vi*;Iy  careless,  innocently  gay.  Pope, 

3.  Done  or  said  without  care  ;  unconsidered ;  as,  a 
careless  throw  ;  a  careless  expression. 

4.  Not  regarding  with  care ;  unmoved  by  ;  uncon- 
cerned for  ;  as,  careless  qf  money  ;  careless  of  conse- 
quences. 

5.  Contrived  without  art.  Bp.  Taylor. 
€aRE'LESS-LY,  flf/y.     In  a  careless  manner  or  way  ; 

negligently  ;  heedlessly  ;  inattentively  ;  without  care 
or  concern. 

CaRE'LESS-NESS,  n.  Heedlessness ;  inattention  ; 
negligence  ;  manner  without  care. 

e.-VR'EN-TANE,  ?(.     [Fr.  qnarantaine,  forty.] 

A  papal  indulgence,  multiplying  the  remission  of 
penance  by  forties.  Taylor. 

G.A-RESS',  V.  t.  \V\:  caresser ;  Arn\.  cheri^za,  lo  ca- 
ress, and  to  cherish ;  W.  earedigaio ;  It.  carczza,  llat- 
ter>',  a  caressing ;  careggiare,  to  coax,  flatter,  esteem  ; 
Sp.  caricia,  a  caress  ;  acariciar,  to  caress,  cherish,  ftui- 
dle  ;  Port.  id.  It  may  be  from  the  common  root  of  L. 
cams,  Fr.  ekcr,  chcrir,  W.  car.  But  some  difficulties 
att^-nd  this  hypothesis.] 

To  treat  with  fondness,  aflection,  or  kindness  ;  to 
fondle  ;  to  embrace  witli  tender  aflection,  as  a  parent 
a  child.  SoutJi, 

€A-RESS',  n.  An  act  of  endearment ;  any  act  or  ex- 
pression of  aflection  :  an  embracing  with  tenderness  ; 
as,  conjugal  carejises.  Milton. 

GA-UESS'iJD,  (ka-rest'j)  m».  Treated  or  embraced 
with  afl'rction. 

CA-KESS'iNG,  jspr.  Treating  with  endearment  or 
aflection. 

€A-KESS'ING-LY,  adv.    In  a  caressing  manner. 

€a'RET,  71.  [\..  caret,  X\\iM^  is  wanting,  from  carco, 
to  want]  In  writing,  this  mark,  a,  which  shows 
that  something,  omitted  in  the  line,  is  interlined 
above,  or  inserted  iu  the  margin,  and  should  be  read 
in  thai  place. 

€XR'GA-gON,  n.    A  cargo,  which  see.  UoiceU. 

€aR'GO,  71.  [W,  carg,  a  load,  cargu,  to  load,  from 
cur,  a  vehicle;  Port,  earga;  Sp.  carga,  a  loati,  bur- 
den, charge ;  Sp.  cargo,  aload  ;  cargazon,  id. ;  cargar, 
to  load,  to  cftargc;  It.  carico,  a  load,  or  ch'irgc;  cari- 
care,  to  load,  to  charge;  Fr.  cargaison,  a  cargo; 
charge,!^  charge  or  load;  chargcr.to  load,  burden, 
charge  ;  Arm.  carg.     See  Chahge.J 

Tiie  lading  or  freight  of  a  ship;  the  goods,  mer- 
chandise, or  whatever  is  conveyed  in  a  ship  or  other 
merchant  vessel.  The  lading  within  the  hold  is 
called  the  inboard  cargo,  iu  distinction  from  horses, 
cattle,  and  other  things  carried  on  deck.  The  per- 
son employed  by  a  merchant,  lo  proceed  with,  over- 
see, and  dispose  of  the  lading,  is  called  a  supercargo. 

CAR'GOOSE,  7f.  A  fowl  belonging  to  the  genus 
Colymbus,  called  the  crested  diver.  The  cheeks  and 
throat  are  surrounded  with  a  long,  pendant  rufl",  of  a 
bri"ht  tawny  cohir,  edged  with  black.  The  breast 
and  belly  are  of  a  silvery  white.  It  weighs  two 
pounds  and  a  half. 

€A'RI-A-TED,n.  Carious.  [JVotused.]  [See  Carious.] 

G.\R'I-BOO,  H.     A  ipiadruped  of  the  stag  kind. 

CAR'I-GA,  n.  A  genus  of  plants,  one  species  of  which 
is  popularly  sailed  Papnw;  also  the  trivial  name  of 
the  species  of  Ficus,  which  produces  the  common  fig. 


CAR 

eAR'ieA-TDRE,  it.  [It.  caricature,  fonned  from 
canca,  a  load,  earieare,  to  loail.     SeeCAi!f;o.] 

A  figure  or  description  in  which  beaiiti'js  are  con- 
cealed and  blemishes  exaggerated,  iMit  blill  bearing 
a  resemblance  lo  ihc  object.  Eneye. 

eAR'l-C.\-TL'RE,  r.  (,  'J'o  make  or  draw  a  carica- 
ture ;  to  represent  as  more  ugly  than  the  life, 

LyttUton. 

e.VR'I-CA-Ttia-£D,pp.  Made  ridiculous  by  grotesque 
resemblance. 

€AR'I-e.V-TUR-I.NG,  ppr.  Making  ridiculous  by  gr - 
tesque  resemblance. 

€AR'l-eA-TIJR-I.S'J'  n.    One  who  caricauires  oilier^. 

eAK-I-COG'RA-Pliy,n.  [L.  carei,  sedge,  and  ;/>i^i,;, 
lo  describe.] 

A  description  of  the  plants  of  the  genus  Carcx  or 
Sedge.  Dewey.     Journal  of  Science. 

CAR'i-eOUS,  a.     [L.  carico,  a  fig.J 

Resembling  a  fig  ;  an  epithet  given  to  tumors  thai 
resemj)le  a  fig,  such  as  occur  often  in  the  piles.  Enc':<- 

eA'RI-icS,  n.  [L.]  The  mortification  or  a  bone  ;  an 
iilciT  of  a  bone. 

CAR'II,  LO.V,H.  [Fr.l  A  little  bell.  Also,  a 
air  in  music,  adapted  lo  the  performance  <>i 
bells  or  clocks.     [See  Carol.]  L\ 

€.\H'l-NA'VE,      )  a.     [L.  cannaius,  from   caruia,  .i 

CAR-I-Xa'TED,  i      keel.] 

In  botany,  shaped  like  the  keel  of  a  ship;  haviu-* 
a  loiigiiudinal  prominency  on  the  back,  like  rt  ' 
applied  lo  a  calyx,  corol,  or  leaf.  M 

C.V-UIN'TIIIX,  77.     A  name  given  to  such  n. ;  - 
varieties  of  hornblende  as  are  jet-black,  shining,  :;;i'J 
easily  cleavable.  ShqiarJ. 

€.\R'r-OLE,  71.    [Fr.]     A  small,  open  carriage. 
9.  A  covered  cart, 
3.  A  kind  of  calash. 

eA-KI-OS'I-TY,  n.  [See  Cabies.]  Mortification  or 
ulceration  of  a  bone.  lyiscninn. 

Ga'RI-OUS,  a.     Mortified ;  ulcerated  j  a3  a  bone. 

JViseman. 

CXRK,  71.  [W.  care,  care,  restraint;  career,  a  prison, 
I.,  career ;  Sax.  care,  care  ;  ceareiai:,  lo  cark,  to  creak, 
to  gnimble.    The  primary  sense  is,  lo  straiiu] 

Care  ;    anxiety  ;    concern  ;    solicitude  ;    d:  'r 
[Obs.]  i- 

CARK,  V.  i.  To  be  careful,  an.\ious,  soUcilon-.  , 
cerned.     [Obs.]  Sid'uy. 

e.KRK'ING, p;7r. or u.  Distressing;  perplexing;  giving 
anxiety.     [06a-.] 

CARL,  71.  [Sax.  carl,  a  male,  whence  Carolus,  Charlt,. 
The  word  signifies  primarily,  strong,  robust;  %vhence 
the  English  carl-cat  ami  Ciirl-hemp;  house-earl,  vl  dt>- 
mestic  ser\"ant ;  Ger,  kerl,  a  fellow  ;  kcrl-hafl^  mascu- 
line, stout.    See  Churl.] 

1.  A  rude,  rustic,  rough,  brutal  maji.    [0&^.]    [See 
Cm.'RL.l 
•2.  A  Kind  of  hemp.  Tusser. 

GARL,  i:  i.    To  act  like  a  churl.    [JVot  in  use.]  Burton. 

GAR'LINE,       ■ 

GAR'OLIXE, 

G\R'iV\g'  (  "•  ^^'''  '■'""^'"o"'*  or  fscarliiigue.] 
A  piece  of  timber  in  a  ship,  ranging  fore  and  aA, 
from  one  deck  beam  to  another,  directly  over  the 
keel,  ser\'ing  as  a  foundation  for  the  body  of  the 
ship.  On  the-u  rest  the  ktlgos  on  which  the  planks 
of  Ihe  deck  are  made  fast,  Kucye,    Mar.  Did. 

CarliiiC  kncfs,  are  timbers  in  a  ship,  lying  across 
from  the  sides  to  the  hatchway,  and  sening  lo  sus- 
tain the  deck.  Ettcifc. 

CAR'LINE-TniS'TLE,(kur'lin-lhis'sI,)  n.  The  pop- 
ular n:nue  of  some  species  of  plauLs. 

CARL'ISH,  I     See  Churlish 

CaRL'ISH-NESS.  !       *^^  »-HURLl,H. 

GAR'LOCK,  71.  A  sort  of  isinglass  from  Russia,  made 
of  the  sturgeon's  bladder,  and  used  in  clarifying 
wine.  Encsic 

G.^vR'IiOT,  w.  .  A  countryman.  [See  Carle.]  lJ\'ct 
used.]  Skak. 

GAR-LO-VIN'CI-AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  Charlemagne ; 
as,  the  Carlovingian  race  of  kings. 

GAR'MAN,  n.  [ear  and  man.]  A  man  whose  em- 
ploj  iiu-nt  is  to  drive  u  cart,  or  to  convey  goods  and 
other  Iliiims  in  a  c;urt. 

GAR'MKL-h\,      (  a.     Btlongiug  lo  the  order  of  Car- 

CAR'JIEL-ITE,  i      melites.  JTeeter. 

GAR'MEL-ITE,  n.  .\  monk  of  an  order  established 
on  Mount  C:innel,  in  Syria,  iu  the  liith  centurj-. 
The  Carmelites  have  four  tribes,  and  they  have  now 
ihirtv-eight  pn>vinces,  besides  the  congn^gntiou  in 
.Mantua,  in  which  are  firty-four  monasteries,  under 
a  vicar-genenil,  and  the  congregations  of  barefi.v:ea 
Carmelites  in  Italy  and  Spam.  They  wear  a  scapu- 
lary,  or  small  woo'ltu  habit,  of  a  brown  color,  thrown 
over  the  shoulders.  £Bryc 

9.  A  sort  of  pear. 

GA R-Ml X' A-TI V E,  a.  Expt  Ring  wind  from  the  body  : 
warmins:  antisi>asmodic. 

GAR-^lI^^\  TIVE,  u.    [L.  carmen,  a  charm,  because 


A  .silver  coin  iu  Naples. 


it  ads  sudd.-nly,  as  a  charm  f^ 
because^  among  the  :ii;- 
companieit  by  tlie  siuj::. 
A  medicii:  •  which  i   ^ 
edy  colic  and  ilatuleucn-s. 


il'I^osed  to  do,  and 
miion  i^'as  ac- 


rid, or  torem- 


TONE,  BULL.  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS G  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CU  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


CAR 

CXR'AirNF.,  n.  [Fr.  carmin  ;  9p.  earmm;  Vott.  cur- 
mim;  It.  carratHio  ;  from  the  same  rmjt  m  crimson  ; 
Port,  farrftrjr/d,  criin-iiMi  ;  Sp.  carmeji^  crimson  and 
cocblneaJ  potvdcr ;  II  cAa-mwi',  criiusoHi  and  ekeraust 


cocbJueal,  kcrme* ,  Ar.  % 


yj' 


kirmiZf    kirmizomy   a 


berry,  and  an  Inject,  used  in  dyi^ine.] 

A  puwilrr  or  pigment,  ul'n  iH'aulifiil  rt'd  orciimtKin 
color,  bordi-rtni*  mi  purple,  and  iii*«*d  by  ititintcnt  in 
ntiiituturt.*,  thdii^'h  mrfly,  i>n  nrroiiiit  nf  im  {;rc:it 
pricf*.  It  U  prepiired  hy  di^Hohing  cocliiiienl  in  nn 
alk.ilinc  IjT,  and  precipitating  it  liy  nluni. 

hiiieye.     S'tckohon. 

Tlii«  xa  pru,'H.'rly  a  /oAc,  or  a  roinbinntiun  of  tlic  col- 
oriiti;  principle  ul  cochineal  with  alnmiiio. 

S.  Thu  pi!re  colorinz  mutter  or  CDluruiR  principle 
of  cochineal ;  precipitriled,  by  sjNintuncou'*  t-vupori- 
tioM,  from  the  alcohulic  linctiiri^  of  ctH-hineul,  in  the 
fonn  of  crystals  of  a  fine  red  rulor. 
CXU'NAOii,  n.  [Fr.  carnage;  t^p.  f.irHifrr(u,  carnace, 
and  shambles ;  It.  cariiiteaioy  flesli -meat,  and  car- 
vaecia^  carrion  ;  Port,  cartiaaeiu^  from  L.  curo^  tlch.] 

1.  LiUraHtft  tlcsh,  or  heaps  of  lU-sh,  o;*  la  shojn- 
ble*. 

3.  Slaughter ;  great  de;<trucUon  of  men  ;  havoc ; 
ma«!Uicre.  Jlayieard. 

CAR'-NAL,  a.  [Fr.  charntJ ;  L.  carnaVuff  from  earoj 
tlvAh.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  Hesh;  fleshly;  sensual  j  opposed 
to  spiritual;  n^,  enrnal  pleasure. 

2.  Being  in  thu  nulnral  state ;  unrcgenoratc. 

Tly-  cartkcl  nilnd  i»  ciiiiil!^  J^.iUiit  C!t.«l.  —  Rom.  vl'ti. 

3.  IV'tlaininc  In  the  curcmonial  law  ;  ns,  carnal 
ordinniice-t.     Ilcb.  ix.  10. 

4.  Lecherous;  lu.itful ;  libidinouii;  given  to  sen- 
sual indulgence.  Skak. 

CarHttl  knoirled^t ;  soxu;il  inlercour!?c. 

C\R'\ALr-lSM,  N.  The  indulgence  of  carnal  nppc- 
lilc-". 

GAR'NAI^IST,  n.  One  given  to  the  indulgence  of 
sensual  appetitCji.  Burton. 

C.\K'.NAL-ITK,  i(.    A  v.'orldly-mindcdman. 

jindersoH. 

CAR-XAL'I-TY,  n.  Fleshly  lust  or  desires,  or  the 
hidulcence  of  those  lusts  ;  sensuality.  South. 

2.  Cni^^ness  of  mind  or  desire;  love  of  sensual 
plea-.iir**-'.  TiUotson. 

C.VR'NAIrlZC,  c.  (.  To  make  camal  j  to  debjwc  to 
rnmalitv.  Sr.ott. 

CAR'NAffLV,  (u/r.  In  a-camni  manner;  according 
to  the  tiesh  ;  in  a  manner  to  gratify  the  llcsh  or  scn- 
itiial  desire,     /^f  xvjii.  20.     Rom.  viii.  fi. 

fAR'.NAI^.MT.\I)'i:n,  a.     Worldly-minded.     More, 

C\R'.NAL-M1.NDXU-.\Ej:.S,  h.    Grossni-ss  of  mind. 

EUii. 

CAR-N'A'TION,  n.  [Fr.  canuUion,  the  naked  part  of  a 
picture,  flesh  cidor;  It.  incarnatiHo ;  airna-rionCj  com- 
plexion ;  Sp.  camaia  ;  Port,  carnai,  from  l*,  carOy 
llesh.] 

1.  Fleah  cnlor ;  the  pnrM  of  a  picture  tvliich  arc 
naked,  or  without  drapery,  exhibiting  the  natural 
color  of  the  llesh.  Enetjc. 

2.  The  (topular  name  of  a  species  of  the  genus  of 
plants  called  iJianfAi/.",  80  named  from  the  color  of 
ilif  flower. 

CAR-NA'TIOX-i-'D,  o.    Made  like  carnation  color. 
CaR-NEL'IAiV,  (kilr-nd'yan,)  n.     [Ft.  comatine ;  Sp. 
armerina.] 

A  siliciuus  8tonp,n  variety  of  chalcedony, of  n  deep 
red,  flesh-red,  or  reddish-white  color.  It  is  tolerably 
hard,  capable  of  a  good  polish,  and  used  for  seals. 
Kncyc.  Clraceland. 
CAR'-NKIMVORK.  (wurk,)  n.  In  ship-building,  the 
putting  ti.ii'  ilier  the  timbers,  beams,  and  planks,  as 
distinsuish'd  from  clineh-tcork.  Enctjc, 

CAR'.NX-OLS,  a.     [L.  carnm.^,  from  caro,  flesh.] 

H'sh)- ;  havine  the  (piaUiies  of  flesh.  Haij. 

CAR'XKY,n.  .\  disease  ofhorsfs,  in  which  the  mouth 

is  BO  furred  that  Ihey  can  n<it  eat.  Chambers. 

CAR-Nl-FI  GA'TION,  ju    [Infra.]    A  turning  to  flesh. 

Ch-imberj, 
CAn'M-F?,  r.  I.     [from  L.  caro,  enmh,  flesh.] 

To  form  tiesli ;  to  receive  flesh  in  growth.   Ifale. 
C.^R'NI-VAL,  n.     [I*,  earnirr.lf,  farewell  to  meat.] 
A  festtvnl  d^lebraled  with  merriment  and  revelry 
in  Roman  Catholic  countries,  during  the  week  before 
I^^nt. 
€AR-NIV'0-RA,  B.  p/.    ,^n  order  of  animals  which 

subsist  on  ilenh,  as  the  hyena.  CunVr. 

€AR  NIV-l)-RAU'I-TV,  n.    [Infra.]   Greediness  of  ap- 
petite for  flesh.  Pope. 
€AR-NiV'0-R0C3,  a.     [L.  caro,  flesh,  and  roro,  to 
cat.] 

Eating  or  feeding  on  flesh;  an  epithet  applied  to 

animals  which  naturally  s^'ek  flesh  for  food,  as  the 

lion,  tiger,  doe,  *^'<*l'i  itc 

€AR-.\OS'I-TY,  n.   [Fr.  canuwW,  from  I*  caro,  flesh.] 

A  little  fleshy  excrescence  in  the  urcUini,  tho  neck 

of  the  bladder,  &c. 

CAr'So^e',!^    ^'^^^'    [SecCAR:.soc..] 


CAR 

CAU'OH,  ».     [9\\.  alsarroba;  W.  tarruba.) 

'i*hecari'b-tre<',  ('eratoniitrtiliipio,a  native  of  Spain, 
Italy,  and  the  Levant.  It  is  an  I'Vor^Tren,  gruu  lug 
in  hrdftes,  and  prtKlucing  Kmi;,  fl:il,  brown  colored 
|MM|ri,  flilcd  with  a  mealy,  Hucciilent  pulp,  of  a  hWi-<-i 
i-*h  tx^tr.  In  times  of  bcarcily,  Iheiie  puds  are  eaten 
by  |xMir  |M-oplo,  but  they  ure  iipi  to  cause  griping;  and 
1.11  bowels.  .Mdltr.     F.ncMC. 

t'A  Rr)CllE',  (ka  rftsli',)  n.     [It.  carruria      Scj"  Cah.] 

A  carriage  of  pleasun*.  Barton. 

CA-UO0ll'i!:i>,  (ku  rusht',)  a.    Placed  in  a  carochi*. 
Beaum.  and  Ft. 
CAR'OL,    H.     [II.   farola;  W.   raratpl :   Arm.  eoroU^  a 
dance  ;  W,  cor.  Corn,  karol^  a  choir.] 

A  song  of  joy  and  exullattuii ;  a  song  of  devotion  ; 
or  a  song  In  genenU. 

7>r-if(/cjt.     Spenser,     Baron.    Milton. 
e.Ml'Oli,  r.  i.     [It.  carolare;  W.  earoU  t  Ann.  earoUi, 
to  dance,  to  sing  Invc-tfoiigif.] 
I'o  sing  ;  to  wurblo  ;  to  slug  In  Joy  or  festivity. 
Prior      Shak. 
C.AR'OL,  r.  t.    To  pnitso  or  celebrate  in  son^. 

Miltun. 
CAR-0-U'.\A,  r.    [<■">»"  Girolu.*,  Charles  II.]    The 
nameof  iwoof  the  Atlantic  States  in  North  /Vinerica, 
r.'dird  jVurlh  Carolina  and  SouUi  Carolina. 
eAR'OL-IXG,  II.    A  song  of  praise  or  devotion. 

Speiu/er. 
€AR-0-LIN'I-AN,  a.    Pertaining  to  Carolina. 
eAR-0-MN'l-.\N,  «.    A  native  or  inhabitant  of  Car- 
olina. 
€AR-0-r.IT'I€,  a.     Decorated  with  branche.?. 
CAU'O-MEL,  ».    Tho  sn\ell  exhal.;d  by  burnt  sugar. 

[Sec  Caiiaukl.]  Ure. 

CA-ROT'ID,  a.  I^Gr.  *(ip(JT(J;f.J  The  carotid  artfritjt^ 
in  the  body,  are  twoarteries, thu  richt  and  Icit,  wliich 
convey  the  blood  from  the  aorta  to  tlie  head  and  brain." 
The  ancients  supposed  drowsiness  to  bo  seated  in 
these  arteries.  [Gr.  A(ipo<.] 
C.V-UOUS'AL,  (ka  rouz'al,)  n.  [Sec  Carouie.]  A 
feast  or  festival.  JoUngtm. 

Out,  in  ./Jmerienj  il  signifies  a  noisy  drinking  bout, 
or  reveling. 
CA-ROrSE',  (ka-rou7.',)  r.  i.  [Fr.  earronse^  hard  drink- 
ing.    I  know  not  the  real  origin  of  this  word.    In 


Pers. 


■jij= 


)  knroi,  signifies  hilarity,  singing,  dan- 


cing. In  GcT.raiuchen  signifies  to  rush,  to  fuddle.   In 
Ir.  craofol  is  drunkenness,  from  craos,  excess,  rovcl- 

To  drink  hard  ;  to  gu/.zle.  In  the  United  States,  it 
signiHes  also  to  be  noisy,  as  bacchanalians. 

CA-ROUSE',  (ka-rou//,)  ».  A  drinking  match  ;  a 
hearty  drink  or  full  draught  of  liijuor;  a  noisy  drink- 
ing match. 

€A-ROL'S'ER,  II.  A  drinker;  a  toper;  a  noisy  revel- 
er, or  bacchanalian. 

CA-RUrs'ING,p;;r.    Drinking  hard  ;  rcve  ing. 

€A-R0U:^'IN'G-LV,  adv.    In  a  carousing  manner. 

CARP,  p.  i.  [L.i-(ir/jo,  to  seize,  catch,  pick  ;  It.  carpire; 
Sp.  and  Port,  enrpir,  to  tear  or  scratch.  See  Carte.] 
Literally,  to  snap  or  catch  at,  or  to  pick.  Hence,  to 
censure,  cavil,  or  find  fault,  particularly  without  rea- 
son, or  iietulantly  ;  futluwed  by  at. 

No,  not  n  \ovK\\  or  mil  (o  fcnidi, 

AnrI  fit  my  ncUoiu  carp  iind  catcli.  Herhert. 

C^RP,  ".  [Fr.  and  Port,  carpc;  Sp.  carpa  ;  It.  ear}tio- 
ne;  Ann.  carpen;  Russ.  karp;  D.  karper;  G.  karpfen; 
Dan.  karpe ;  Sw.  karp  ;  Low  L.  carjtio,  from  carpo,  to 
seizc.J 

A  fish,  a  species  of  Cyprinus,  an  excellent  fish  for 
ponds.  These  fishes  breed  rapidly,  grow  to  a  large 
size,  and  live  to  a  great  age.  Knajc, 

CAR'PAL,  a.  [I*,  carpus,  the  wrist]  Pertaining  to 
the  carpus,  or  wrist-  Enetjc. 

CAU-PA'TIII-AX,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Canutes,  a 
range  of  mountains  between  Poland,  Hungary,  and 
Transylvania. 

CAR'PEL,  in.   In  Aofant/,  a  small  seed-vessel  or 

€AR-PEL'LU.M,  \  pericarp,  that  is,  one  of  a  group 
produced  by  a  single  flower.  Ve  Cand. 

A  carpel  is  formed  by  a  folded  leaf,  the  upper  sur- 
face of  which  is  turned  inward,  the  lower  outward, 
and  the  margins  of  wJiich  develop  one  or  more  buds, 
which  nrc  the  o\'nI(ts.  Lindley. 

Tiiu  latter  definition  is  founded  on  the  thr^orj'  of 
nielainorphosJ4,  or  abnormal  development,  in  plants. 

€'AR'PEL-LA-RV,  a.  Belonging  to  carpel.*,  or  con- 
laininc  them.  JJndlnj. 

eAR'PE.N'-TERj  n.  [Fr.  charpentirr;  Sp.  carpintcro; 
Port,  carpentnro  ;  It.  carpentirrr,  a  carlwrighl,  or 
coach-maker;  L.  carpentartuJi,itQm  carpcntum,a,  cliar- 
iot.] 

An  artificer  who  works  in  timber;  a  frnmer  and 
builder  of  houses  and  of  ships.  Those  who  build 
houses  are  calhd  house-carpenters ;  and  those  who 
build  ships  are  called  .•'hip- carpenters. 

In  .New  England,  a  distinction  is  often  made  be- 
tween the  man  who  frames  and  the  man  whoexecutes 
the  interior  wood  work  of  a  hou-^e.  The  framcr  is 
the  carpenter,  and  the  finisher  is  called  a  joiner.  'I'Jiis 
distinction  is  noticed  by  Johnson,  and  seems  to  be  a 
genuine  English  distinction.  But,  In  some  other  parts  j 


CAR 

of  America,  as  in  New  York,  the  term  earjttnter  \ti. 
rhides  both  the  fnuner  and  the  jouur ;  and,  in  liulh, 
both  br.inchi-s  of  businesi>  are  often  perfoniud  by  the 
^anu1  p  rM.n.  The  word  is  never  applied,  as  In  Italy 
and  Sp:iiii,  to  a  coach  maker. 

CaK'I'K.N  iKV,  IK    Thu  art  of  cutting,  framing,  nnd 
Joining  tiinbLT,  In  the  construction  of  buildings;  dl 
vided  into  houae-earpenlry  ami  ghip-carpcnlry. 
'J.  Till!  work  of  a  car]>enter. 

CAIIP'I'R,  n.    (Jne  who  carps  ;  a  eaviltr. 

CAR'PET,  H.     [I  know  not  the  origin  of  this  word.) 

1.  A  covering  lor  floors,  tables,  stairs,  K.k.  Tub 
covering  Is  usually  made  of  wool,  wrouclil  with  a 
needle,  or  more  generally  in  a  loom,  but  Is  si>iit<-tiiu«i 
made  of  other  materials.  The  manufacture  is  of  As)> 
atic  origin,  but  hius  been  inlruduced  into  many  |tmu 
of  Euroir-',  anil  into  the  United  Slates. 

2.  \Ai\c\  gniund  covered,  as  with  grass ;  as,  a  erany 
carpet;  a  carpet  of  green  gras-j.  Shak.     Hatj. 

To  be  on  the  carpet,  Is  to  be  undi^r  rou'^ideniiion  ;  to 

he  the  subject  of  delibi-nitlon.    The  French  p1iniU| 

to  br  on  thf  tapu,  is  used  In  the  like  senst-. 

Carpet  kni»hf,  in  ShaksjK-are,  Is  a  knight  \\\m  eit- 

joys  ease  and  security,  or  luxury,  ami  hxs  not  knowii 

the  hardshlpM  of  the  field. 

Carpet  monfter  Is  used  in  a  like  sense. 
C,\R'PET,  r.  (.    To  cover  with  a  carpet;  to  spread 

with  car|M-ts.  Bacon.     Derhaau 

e.X.R'PE'l'-ED,  pp.  or  a.    Covered  w  ilh  a  carpel. 
CAR'PET-IXG,  n.    Cloth  for  car])els  ;  cariiets  In  gen- 

cril. 
CAR'PET-STRIP,  n.   Tho  piece  under  a  door  to  rate 

it  above  the  carpet. 
CAR'PE'l'-WALK,  (-wawk,)  «.    A  walk  on  sniooU 

turf.  *  F.vrhin. 

CARP'ING,;i/>r.orH.  Caviling;  captious;  ceii^orunit. 

Haiti. 
CARP'ING,  n.    The  act  of  caviling;  a  cavil  ;  unrea- 
sonable censure. 
€ARP'L\G-LV,adr.  Captiously  ;  in  a  car[)in{;  manner. 

Camiltn. 
CARP'-^IP.ALS,  n.    A  kind  of  coarse  cloth,  made  In 

the  north  nf  England.  I'htlUps. 

CAR'PO-LITE,n.  [Gr.jcdprr^if,  fruit,  and  A((/.j»,htone.) 
Petrified  fruits,  of  which  tJiu  most  remarkablo  am 
nuts  Converted  into  silex. 
CAR-POL'O-CIST,  II,    [Gr.  *ca,offOf,  frull,  and  >ey«, 
to  speak.] 
One  who  describes  fruit*. 
e.S.R-P0L'0-6V,n.     [Supra.]    A  description  of  fruln. 

Owe. 
More  fitrictly,that  division  of  botany  which  relatoi 
to  the  btructurc  of  seeds  and  seed-vessels,  or  of  tlie 
fruit. 
CAR'PUS,  71.    [L.]     In  anatomy,  that  part  of  the  skel- 
eton forming  the  wriet,   consisting   of  eight  small 
bones,  arranged  in  two  rows. 
CAU'RA-WAY,  w.    See  Carawat. 

au  Ul'l'tl'I    I  "'    ^^  anow  used  in  cross-bows. 
CAR'RI-.\  BLE,  a.    That  may  be  carried.    [Xot  n 

w.<f.]  Sherieood, 

CAR'RIAGE,  (kar'rij,)  n.    [Fr.  diarriafre,  from  ckar- 

Tier,  to    carry  i    It.    carrcggiOf  or    carriaggio.    Sm 

Casrt.] 

1.  1'he  act  of  carrying,  bearing,  transporting,  ot 
conveying;  x^,  the  carriage  of  sounds.  Bacon. 

2.  'I'lie  act  of  taking  by  an  enemy  ;  conquest ;  ao- 
quisitioii.     [Ob.*.]  Knolies. 

3.  That  which  carries,  especially  on  wheels;  • 
vcliiclc.  This  is  a  general  term  for  a  coach,  chariot, 
chaise,  gig,  sulky,  or  other  vehicle  on  wluels,  oa  i 
cannon' carriage  on  trucks,  a  bloek-carrmije  for  inorton, 
and  a  truck-carriage.  Appropriately,  the  word  is  ap- 
plied  to  a  coach  ;  and  carts  and  wagons  are  larvly, 
or  never,  called  carriages. 

A.  The  price,  or  expense,  of  ranylng. 
5.  Tiiat  which  is  airried  ;  burden ;  as  baggage, 
vessels,  funilture,  &c. 

And  Davu)  IcA  lii«  carriage  In  l)ic  luiiiiltorthc  kc^prrorthl 
carriage.  —  I  Sxm.  xvii.     {Lilde  utt4L\  Sptnstr. 

G.  In  a  moral  sense,  the  manner  of  carrying  one*i 
self;  behavior;  conduct;  deportment ;  personal 
manners.  Bocon.    Dnjdtn. 

7.  .Measures;  practices;  management.         Shak, 

CAR'RLAOE-HUltSE,  H.  A  horse  kept  for  dmuinf 
a  carriage.  Booth. 

eAR'RIAtJE-MAK'ER,!!.  One  whoso  occupation  ll 
is  to  make  carriages. 

CAR'RI-ROO.     See  CABinoo. 

CAR'RICK-HENI),  n.    A  iKirticuIar  kind  of  knot 

CAU'RICK-IJITTS,  n.  pt.  In  a  ship,  the  bills  which 
support  the  windlx«s.  .Mar.  Diet 

eAR'RI-i:D,  (kar'rid,)  p/j.  Borne;  conveyed;  trans- 
ported. 

CAR'RI-ER,  n.  [See  Carrt.]  One  who  crtrries; 
that  w  hich  carries,  or  conveys  ;  al50,  a  messenger. 

2.  One  who  js  employed  to  carry  goods  for  oth- 
ers for  a  rew.nrd  ;  also,  one  whose  occupation  l-i  to 
carry  goods  for  otlicrs,  called  a  comm-m  carrier;  a 
i>iirter. 

CAR'RI-ER  PIO'EON,  n.  A  piceon  that  convcyi 
letters  from  place  to  place,  tho  letters  being  tied  lo 
Ih.!  neck. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PRB^.— PINE.  MARtNE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE.  WOLF,  BOOK.  - 
— 


OAR 

CAR'RI-ON,  K.  fit.  caro^nia;  Sp.  carroha ;  Tr.  cka- 
roirnei  Arm.  Ciiroitn  ;  V.  kuronjc] 

1.  'VUi-  ilead  iiml  puirt'fyiuc  liody  or  flr.^li  of  niii- 
nials  ;  lU>li  socDrruptcd  as  to  be  iinrit  fur  food.  Pupc. 

2.  A  \\  iirtllles.-s  woman  ;  i  term  of  reproach,     Skuk. 
€AU'KI  t'\,  a.     Krliilins  t"  dead  iirid   piitrofying  car- 

ca-sdcsj  f.jeding  oji  carrion  ;  :is,  n  carrion-crow.  Shak. 

CAll-RoS-ADE'y  11.  [It  is  said  to  be  from  Carron,  in 
Scotland,  where  it  was  first  made.] 

A  short  piece  of  ordnance,  iiavinf^  a  largo  caliber, 
and  a  chamber  for  the  powder,  like  a  mortar.  This 
species  of  cannon  is  carried  on  the  upper  works  of 
ships,  as  the  poop  and  forecastle,  and  is  very  useful 
in  close  engagements.  .Mar.  Diet.     Eneijc. 

CAR-ROON',  n.     In  London,  a  rent  received  for  the 

privilege  of  driving  a  cart.  j9sh, 

2.  A  species  of  cherry.  Tooke,  Rils-,-. 

€AR'ROT,/i.     [lUcarota:  Fr.  caroKr;  Low  h.carota.] 
An  esculent  root,  of  a  yeUow  color,  of  the  genus 
Dauciis,  cultivated  for  the  table,  and  for  cattle. 

e.AJl'ROT-V,  fl.  Like  a  carrot  in  color  j  an  epithet 
given  to  red  hair. 

eAR'RO^\"S,  H.  pL  In  Ireland^  people  who  wander 
about  and  get  their  living  by  cards  and  dice  ;  stroll- 
ing gamesters.  Spenser. 

CAH'RY,  r.  t.  [W.  cariaio^  from  car,  a  dray,  drag,  or 
wagon  ;  Fr.  charrter ;  Arm.  charrcat,  or  charrecui ; 
Sp.  acarrear ;  Dan.  kiorc ;  S\v.  ki'ora ;  G.  karreii. 
These  verbs  signify,  primarily,  to  cany  on  a  cart,  or 
car,  and  are  evidently  from  the  noun.  IJnt  the 
English  carnj  coincides  also  with  the  L;itin  i'"^r», 
our  vulgar  ken^j ;  for  the  sense  of  behavior  can  hardly 
proceed  from  the  moviiig  of  a  wheel  carriage,  nnr 
indeed  can  some  other  senses  of  this  word.  But  the 
priiuan'  ?ense,  in  both  cases,  is  to  move.] 

1.  Tu  l)t;ar,  convey,  or  transport,  by  sustaining  and 
moving  the  thing  carried,  either  by  bodily  slreiiL'tli, 
upon  a  beast,  in  a  vehicle,  or  in  any  kind  of  \\ater- 
craft.  In  general,  it  implies  a  moving  from  lUc 
speaker  or  the  place,  present  or  near,  to  a  place  more 
distant,  and  so  is  opposed  to  bring  and  fetch,  and  it 
is  often  followed  by  from,  aicay,  off,  out. 

He  sli.ill  carry  Wv  laJiibs  in  his  bosom.  —  la.  xl. 

Wlicn  lie  dieih,  he  slijJl  car'y  iioUiin^  away.  —  Ps.  xlix. 

2.  To  convey  ;  as,  sound  is  carried  in  the  air. 

3.  To  elTect ;  to  accomplish  ;  to  prevail ;  to  gain 
the  object ;  as,  to  carry  a  point,  measure,  or  resolu- 
tion ;  to  caj^y  a  prize  ;  sometimes  followed  by  U. 

Whose  wills  will  carry  U  over  Ihe  reel.  Locke.    Burke. 

4.  To  bear  out ;  to  face  through. 

If  a  man  carries  it  off,  there  u  so  much  muney  savfil. 

L'l-JnU-znge. 

5.  To  urge,  impel,  lead,  or  draw,  noting  moral 
impulse. 

Fridc  or  passion  will  carry  a  man  u>  great  K'ngthi. 
Mm  fire  carried  awiiy  wnlj  imaginajy  pruapecu.      See  Epli.  iv. 
U.    Heb.  xui.  9. 

6.  To  bear  J  to  have. 

In  Mme  ve^laLles,  we  see  someihiii^  tlwt  carriet   n  kind  of 
analogy  to  seuse.  Hale. 

1.  To  bear  ;  to  show,  display,  or  exhibit  lo  view. 

The  aspect  of  every  one  in  the  family  carries  &.i(isra£tJoii. 

Aii/Uion. 

8.  To  imply,  or  import. 

To  quit  fcimier  tenets  carries  an  impataiion  of  i; 

9.  To  contain,  or  compiise 

Ht  (bought  it  carried  something  of  arguineni  in  it,  to  provp  that 
doctrine.  Walls. 

10.  To  extend,  or  continue  in  iiine  ;  viS,  in  carry  an 
historical  account  to  the  first  a^'es  of  the  world  ;  but 
usually  with  a  jiiirticle  ;  as,  to  carry  up,  or  carry 
bark,  lo  carry  foricard. 

U.  To  extend  in  space  ;  a.^,  to  ca)Ty  a  line,  or  a 
boundary  ;  or  in  a  moral  seij^e ;  as,  to  carry  ideas 
very  far. 

1'2,  To  support,  or  sustain. 

Carry  camomile  on  sticks.  Bacon. 

13.  To  bear,  or  preduce,  as  t/ees. 

Set  them  a  reasonable  depth,  and  they  will  carry  mor*  shouts 
upon  theaieiA.  Bacon. 

14.  To  manage,  or  tumsact,  usually  with  on  ;  as, 
to  carry  on  business. 

15.  To  carry  one^a  self;  lo  behave,  conduct,  or 
demean. 

He  carried  hknwlf  insoletit'j.  Cia<  endon. 

Sometimes  with  it ;  as,  he  carried  it  high. 

16.  To  remove,  !ead,  or  drive. 

And  he  carried  nw ay  nil  nia  citile. — Gen.  xxxi. 

17.  To  remove  ;  to  cause  to  go. 

And  the  king:  o(  As-^yria  did  corry  away  Israel   lo  Assyria.  — 2 
Kii*g»  xviii. 

18.  To  transport  ;  to  affect  with  extraordinary  im- 
pressions on  the  mind.     R'-.o  xvii. 

19.  To  fetch  and  bring. 

Yoiui»  wlWps  |pi\ni  eaaijy  lo  rir-i/,  Anh/im. 

SO.  To  transfer;  as,  lo  carry  an  account  to  the 
ledger. 

Wor  was  lo  be  dL^crted  from  Urcccc  by  being  carried  into  Asia. 

Mil/ord. 


Locke, 


CAR 

21.  In  military  affairs,  to  obtain  possession  of  by 
force  ;  as,  to  carry  the  outworks  of  a  place. 

To  carry  roah  :  to  bear  injuries.  .Mason. 

To  carry  coals  to  Jv'eircastlc ;  to  take  things  to  a 
place  where  they  already  abound  ;  ti)  lose  one's  labor. 

To  carry  off;  to  remove  to  a  distance ;  also,  to 
kill ;  as,  to  be  carried  off  by  sickness. 

To  carry  on  ;  to  prom-jto,  advance,  or  help  forward  ; 
to  continue  ;  as,  to  carry  mi  a  design  ;  to  carry  on  the 
administration  of  grace. 

a.  To  manage,  or  prosecute  i  as,  to  carry  on  hus- 
bandry. 

3.  To  pro.'iccutc,  continue,  or  pursue  ;  as,  to  carry 
on  trade,  or  war- 

4.  To  conduct  in  a  wild,  rude  manner;  a.-;,  he 
carries  on  at  a  great  rate. 

To  carry  through;  to  .support  to  the  end;  to  sus- 
tain, or  keep  from  failing,  or  being  subdued. 

Gr.tce  will  carry  n  man  tliroush  .ill  ililliculiifs.         flainmoiid. 

To  carry  out ;  to  bear  from  within  ;  also,  to  sustain 
to  the  end  ;  to  continue  to  the  end. 

To    carry   away,   in   seamanship,  is   lo   break ;   to 
carry  sail  till  a  spar  breaks  ;  as,  lo  carry  away  a  fore- 
topmast. 
GAR'RY,  1-.  i.    To  run  on  rotten  ground,  or  on  frost, 
which  sticks  lo  ilie  feet,  as  a  hare.  Johnson. 

9.  To  bear  the  head  in  a  particular  manner,  as 
a  horse.  When  a  horse  holds  his  head  high,  with 
an  arching  neck,  he  is  said  to  carry  well.  Wlien  he 
lowers  his  head  too  m.ich,  he  is  said  to  carry  low. 

3.  To  convey,  Li  piipel  ;  as,  a  gun  or  mortar  car- 
ries well  ;  but  this  (.,■  elliptical. 
CAll'llV-ALL,  ».     [Corrupted  from  c«r,'o/e.]     Alight 
vehicle  t\>r  one  horse,  naving,  usually,  four  wheels, 
find  il.  signed  to  carry  a  mnnber  of  persons. 
GAU'RV-ING,  ppr.  Iluaring,  conveying,  removing,  &c. 
GAR'llV-ING,  71.     A   bearing,  conveying,  removing, 
transporting. 

Carnjinis  trade;  the  trade  which  consists  in  the 
transportation  of  gooils  by  water  from  country  to 
country,  or  place  lo  place. 

We  arc  rivaU  with  llii?in  in  naiigation  and  the  carrying  trade, 
falcralisl.  Jay. 

Carrying  wind,  among  horsemen,  is  a  lossing  of 
the  nose  as  high  as  the  horse's  ears.  Encyc. 

GAU'RY-TaLE,  7/.     A  tale-bearer.     [J^ot  used.] 
€ARSE,  77.    Low,  fertile  land,  adjacent  to  a  river. 

[Scottish.] 
€ART,  n.     [W.  cart',  Sax.  criBt,  crat;  Ir    cairt;  Russ. 
karet.     See  Car.] 

1.  A  carriage  with  Lwo  wheels,  fitted  to  be  drawn 
by  one  horse,  or  by  a  yoke  of  oxen,  and  used  in  hus- 
bandry, or  commercial  cities,  for  carrs'ing  heavy  com- 
modities. In  Great  I'ritain.  carts' are  usually  ilrawn 
by  horses.  In  America,  horse-carts  are  useil  mostly 
in  cities,  and  vr-carts  m  the  country. 

2.  A  carriage  in  Jien^-ral.  Temple.     Dryden. 
eXRT,  V.  t.    To  carry  or  convey  on  a  cart;  as,  to  cart 

iiay. 
2.  To  expose  in  a  c;ut,  by  way  of  punishment. 

€aRT'A<jE,  n.  The  act  of  carrying  m  a  cart,  or  the 
price  paid  tWr  carting. 

€aK'TA-RET,  /(.     f.SHxican.]     A  col.         Stephens. 

€aRT'-B6TE,  /(.  In  English  law,  wood  to  which  a 
tenant  is  entitled  fur  making  and  repairing  carts  and 
other  instruments  of  hu:~bandry. 

€XRT'ED,  pp.     Borne  or  exposed  in  a  cart. 

eXRT'-HORSE,  H.     A  horse  that  draws  a  cart. 

G.^RT'ING,  ppr.     Cniiveying  or  exposing  in  a  cait. 

GaRTTNG,  77.     Tile  a:n  of  carrying  in  a  cart. 

€ART'-jaDE,  77.  A  Surry  horse  ;  a  horse  used  in 
drawing,  or  tit  only  for  the  cart.  Sidne^y. 

€ART'-L.oAD,  n.  A  load  borne  on  a  carl ;  as  much 
as  is  usually  carried  ai  once  on  a  cart,  or  ns  is  suf- 
(icient  t(i_load  if. 

GART'-RoPE,  71.  A  rope  for  binding  hay  or  other  ar- 
ticles on  a  carl. 

€ART'-RUT,  n.  'i'lie  cut  or  track  of  a  cart-wheel. 
[See  Route.] 

GART'-TTRE,  n.  Tlie  lire,  or  iron  bands,  used  to  bind 
the  wheels  of  a  carl. 

GART'-WaV,  n.  A  way  that  is  or  may  be  passed 
with  calls,  or  other  wheel  carriages. 

GART'-WHEEL,  h.    The  wheel  of  a  cart. 

CART'-WIilP,  7(.  A  large  whip  used  in  driving  ani- 
mals in  carts. 

GART'VVRTGIIT,  ».    An  artificer  who  makes  curls. 

CARTE-JSLAJrCHE',  (klrt-bliinsh',)  ».  [Fr.,  while 
paper.] 

A  blank  pai)er,  signed  at  llie  bottom  with  a  person's 
name,  and  somelim^.s  sealed  with  his  seal,  given  lo 
anorher  person,  with  permission  to  superscribe  what 
conditions  he  pleases.  Hence,  unconditioned  terms; 
unlimited  power  to  decide.  Encyc. 

GAR-TEL'  or  GAR'TEL,  7i.  [It.  cartel h ;  Fr.  Pp. 
and  Port.  r«7-^7  ;  fiom  L.  chartnln.] 

1.  A  writing  or  agreement,  between  states  at  war, 
for  the  exchange  ol  prisoners,  or  for  some  mutual  ad- 
vantage ;  also,  a  vessel  employed  to  convey  the  mes- 
senger on  this  orrasion. 

2.  A  letter  of  defimce  or  challenge  ;  a  challenge  to 
single  combat.  This  sense  the  word  has  still  in 
France  and  Italv ;  but  with  us  it  is  obsolete. 


CAR 


A  cartel,  or  carUt-^kip,  i.t  a  uliip  employed  in  the  ez- 
cliangc  of  priiiorujrs,  or  in  carrying  propositions  to  an 

cneniv. 


CA  R'TEL,  7,'.  i.     To  defy.     [  Obs.]  B.  Jonsm 

CART'ER,  71.    'J'he  man  who  drives  a  cart,  or  wh 


Jonson. 
,    _     hose 
occupation  is  to  drive  a  cart. 

€AR-Tk'SL\.\',  (kar-te'zhan,)  a.  Pertaining  to  llie 
philo^;opilL•r  Ihii  Cartes,  or  to  his  philosophy,  which 
taught  the  doctrine  of  vortexes  round  the  min  and 
planet^. 

GAR-Tii'SIA.V,  H.  One  who  adopts  the  philosophy  of 
Des  Carles. 

GaR-THA-GIN'I-AX,  a.  Pertaining  to  ancient  Car- 
tha^'e,  a  celebrated  city  on  the  northern  coast  of 
Africa,  about  twelve  milci  from  the  modem  Tunu«. 
It  was  founded  by  the  Phenicians,  and  destroyed  by 
the  Romans. 

CAR  TII.\-GL\'I-AN,  77.  An  inhabitant  ornativc  of 
Carthage. 

GAR'TH.A-MIXE,  n.  A  red  coloring  matter,  ohlainrd 
from  the  flowers  of  ihc  safflower,  {Carthamus  tindu- 
rus  ;)  jiroperly,  cartltamic  acid, 

GAU'TIIA-MUS,  71.  The  generic  name  of  Ca-'tard 
saflron.  [if^ce  Safflower.]  From  its  flower  is  ob- 
tained a  valuable  red  dye,  and  also  llie  rouge  used  by 
laiiiir.'.  c/rc. 

CAR-TIIO'SIAN,  (kar-lhii'zhan,)  71.  One  of  an  order 
of  monks,  so  called  from  Chartreuse,lhe  place  of  iheir 
inslitution.  They  are  remarkable  for  their  au.^Wrjiy. 
They  can  not  go  out  tif  their  cells,  except  lo  church, 
nor  s|)cak  to  any  person  without  leave.  Knrye. 

GAR-TIIO'SLA.\,  a.  Pertaining  lo  the  order  of  monks 
aboV(f  named.  Chambers. 

GAR'TI-LAGE,  71.  [L.  cartilage;  Ft. cartilage.  I  sus- 
pect this  and  the  English  gri-'tie  to  be  Ihe  same  word ; 
the  r  being  transpused,  cartiJ  for  cratil.] 

Gristle  ;  a  smooth,  solid,  elastic  substance,  sorter 
than  bone,  of  a  pearly  color  and  homogeneous  tex- 
ture, witlioul  cells  or  cavities.  It  is  invc.-led  with  a 
particular  membrane,  called  perichondriam,  which,  in 
the  articular  cartilage,  is  a  reflection  of  the  s}  novial 
membrane.  Cyc.     IV'itar. 

GAR-TI-LAG'IN-OUS,  a.  Pertaining  loor  resembling 
a  cartilage  ;  gristly  ;  consisting  of  cartilage.     Itay. 

2.  In  ichthyology,  cartilaginous  Jj.'ihes  tXTC  Ihit^e  whose 
muscles  are  .supported  by  cartilages,  instead  of  bones, 
or  whose  skeleioii  is  cartilaginous.  Many  of  tlii-se 
are  viviparous,  as  the  ray  and  shark,  whose  young 
are  excluded  from  nn  egg  hatched  within  lliem. 
Otiiers  are  oviparous,  as  the  sturgeon.  Some  of  ihfm 
havi.*  no  nill-covers,  but  breathe  through  apertures 
on  the  sidL-s  of  ihe  neck  or  top  of  the  head  oihers 
have  gill-covers,  but  destitute  of  bony  rays 

Encuc.     Etl.  Encyc- 

GXR-TOG'RA-PIIER,  71.     One  who  makes  chart->' 

GAR-TOGR.VPU'ie-AL,  a.  Perlaniing  lo  cirtog- 
raphv. 

GAR-tO  GRAPH'IG-AL-LY,  adv.     By  cartographv. 

GAR-TOG'RA-PUY,  71,  [Gr.  xauri};  L.  cJiarta,  and 
Gr.   J  iu;^f/,J 

The  art  or  practice  of  forming  charts  or  maps  of  a 
roiinirv. 

GAR-'I'dOX',  T(.  [II.  cartone,  pasteboard  ;  Sp.  and  Fr. 
carton:  from  L.  charta,  paper.] 

In  painting,  a  design  drawn  on  strong  pa|>er,  to 
be  al"terward  calked  ihrough,  and  tmnsferrt-d  nn  the 
fresh  piaster  of  a  wall,  to  be  painted  in  fresco.  .\Uo, 
a  design  colored  for  working  in  Mosaic,  tapestry,  &.c. 

Encyc. 

GAR-TOUCH',  (kilr-tootch',)  w.  |^Fr.  cartoueAe ;  Sp. 
cartuc.ho  ;  Port,  cartuso ;  It.  cartaccta^  a  cartridge,  a  l>it 
of  paper,  from  carta,  paper.] 

1.  A  case  of  woon,  aUiut  three  inches  thick  at  the 
bottom,  girt  with  marliu,  holding  aboui  four  hundred 
musket  balls,  and  S'X  or  eight  iron  balls  of  a  |>ound 
weight,  to  be  fired  oul  of  a  howiiz,  for  defending  a 
pass.  .\  lartouch  is  sometimes  made  of  a  slobular 
ibrm,  and  tilled  with  a  ball  of  a  pound  weicht ;  and 
sometimes  tor  guns,  being  of  a  ball  of  a  half  or  quar- 
ter of  a  pound  weight,  tied  in  the  form  of  a  bunch  of 
gmpes,  on  a  tompion  of  wood,  and  coated  ovt-r. 

Encyc 

2.  A  portable  box  for  charges.  [See  Cartrioi;e- 
Ros.j 

3.  \  roll  or  scrtill  on  the  cornice  of  a  column. 

Cvles. 
A.  The  name  ai»plied  by  CliampoUion  lo  the  ellip- 
tical ovals  on  ancient  Egyptian  monuments,  and   in 
papyri,  containing  groups  of  characters  expresj^ing 
Ihv.  names  or  titles  of  kings  or  Pharaohs. 

GAR'TRIDGE,  n.    [A  corruption  ofMrJoHcAJ 

A  case  of  pasteboard  or  parchment,  holding  Ihe 
charge  of  powder,  or  powder  and  ball,  for  a  c.innon. 
mortar,  musket,  or  pistol.  The  cartridges  iVir  small 
arms,  prepared  tV>r  battle,  contain  Ihe  iwwder  and 
ball ;  those  for  cannon  and  morlars  are  made  of  paste- 
board or  tin.  Cartridges,  without  balls,  an^  called 
blank  cartridges. 

GAR'TRIUGl-^-BOX,  n.  A  case.  iisuaMy  of  wood, 
covered  wilh  leatlur,  witli  cells  lor  carn-dges.  It  is 
worn  upon  a  bell  thrown  over  Uie  left  shoulder,  and 
hangs  a  little  lulowihe  pocket -hole  on  the  right  side 

GAR'TKIDGE-PA'PER,  n.  Thick,  stout  jwper,  of 
which  cartridges  .ore  made.  Smart. 


TONE,  BJiLL,  yXITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOi;i^.  — C  aa  K ;  G  as  J  i  S  as  Z  i  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THI.^. 
23  ~^  177 


CAS 


CAS 


front 
\ 


[Fr.  edrtulairt:  Sp.  ccrtutario, 

, .f  rir^T'l,   ft«   nf  a   monarten'. 


I  eASeXDE',  n.     \Tr.  eattaile  :  fp.  cifada  ;  \t.  cataUa, 
(t'lm  ea'car,',  I  >  iliII.] 

A  wairri'.iM  ;  n  'TMii  fnU  or  llnwins  i :'  water  uvor 
ft  prt'clplce,  in  a  rivi  r  or  nn!«ril  stream  ;  or  on  aitili- 
rial  fall  ill  a  pirJi-n.  'i'lii'  woni  l»  nppllod  lo  MU 
Hint  an-  li-^t  than  a  cataract. 


Enr.  tjiv.    KeUutm. 
CAK'UN-CI.E,  (kar'iink-l,)  n.     [U  carunntta,  from 
card,  llcKli.]  ,  .  .       , 

1.  A  small  flcsliy  cicreKenc*,  eltnrr  natural  or 
morbid.  ,     ^     /'"f'- 

"    A  naked,  flp^liy  uxrnjscencc  on  the  head  of  cer- 
tain IjIrcN,  as  tho  wotllej  of  the  king  vulture,  the 
ttir":---.-.  .'.-r. 
,  ■I,  AH,  a.    In  the  fonn  of  a  eanincic, 

,  I.A-'rEU,  a.      Having  a  lleshy  cicn's- 

:1,  rieshy  protuberance.  Kncye. 

t'Ai:\i;,  r.  r.     [Sax,  cwiyUn,  cear/an;  D.  tcrrcji;  G. 

kcrben ;  Dun,  kanc ;  L,  carfo  See  Ar,  >^^^^  cJianba, 

and  (__j»ii  kan^a,  lleb.  Hin,  and  Ch,  a-o,    Clasa 

Kb,  No.  2G,  Q-,  30.] 

1,  To  cut  Into  small  pieces  or  slices,  as  meat  at  ta- 
ble, 

2,  To  cut  wood,  stone,  or  other  matonal,  into  some 
particular  form,  with  an  iustniment,  usually  a  chisel ; 
lo  engnivc ;  to  cut  figures  or  denies  on  hard  mate- 
rials, 

3,  To  make  or  shape  by  culling;  »a,  to  carve  an 
image. 

4,  To  apportion ;  to  distribute ;  to  provide  at  pleas- 
ure i  to  select  and  take,  as  to  one's  self,  or  to  select 
and  give  to  .-inotlier.  ^!"^' 

5,  To  cut ;  to  hew.  SicJi. 
To  ccrce  out,  is  to  cut  out,  or  to  lay  out,  by  design  ; 

to  plan, 
exRVE,  c,  i.    To  eii'  up  meat!  followed  somclimes 
by  for;  a--,  to  r :       /r  all  ihe  Kuesls. 

2,  TocN-  .       .  ,  . 

3,  Toi  . 
eXRVE,  n. 

prnvetl  ;  I'i 
CAR'VKl., 

S,  The  1 
CARVEIl, 

tor ;  'tir  v. 
Wli  . 


HO 

■  ivrl,  am 
•  n-iualiv  fot 


.1. 1 


-it   uf 


1.  iiiid  Puit.  rofii,  a  box  or 

li.ti.   I,:.  ,.     'I'hr    Vr.nrll 


.  -culptor. 

<i.      Cut  or  divided  ;  cn- 

'■1.     f  J''***  Caiuvvel.] 
'  ■    '  '     r. 

iiblo ;  .1  sculp- 
:il  will,  uronc 
ij'-ijden.     Shak. 


•.Ill 'J. 

ni;,  ns  mealv  cutting 
:niiiiii':;  disthhulinR. 
■lie,  ns  nuat ;  the  act 
;  or  btune;  scutjtture  ; 


in  •itiii)-',  W'     !,  ■ 

eXRVING,  n.  i 
or  nrt  nf  cutting  l 
fipirr^  carvctl.  _ 

exft'VIST,  II.  In/oZcoftrw,  aliawk  which  is  of  proper 
afe  itiid  training  lo  I>c  cnnled  on  tlic  hand.  [A  cor- 
ruption of  rarry-jist.\  Bovt.'t, 

€.\Il-Y-A'T£S,        i    n.pt.    In  nrcAi/rc/ur*.  figim-.^  of 

€AU-Y-AT'I-0r:5,  \  women  drt?«^r(I  in  long  mbL-s, 
after  Uie  A-iatic  roann-.^r.  srr\inK  to  support  entabla- 
tures. Tin;  Athenians  iia.l  hnn  bms  at  war  with 
the  Carvans:  the  Intt-r  ^--t":  ai  Iciictii  \-ainpiiyhL(I, 
and  their  wivcii  1-  I  ilrcckSj  to  iierp-jluaic 

this    ivenl,  er. .  m   which   figures  of 

womrn,  drcsise.l  ■«:  manner,  were  uwd 

to  Mipport  entab::a  ir  -.  ('::i-r  fcunlo  tisures  were 
aftrrward  u^cA  in  the  same  manner,  but  they  were 
calli-d  bv  tile  same  name.  Enq;e. 

The>'were  called  Canjatiflcf,  from  Carya,  a  city 
in  the  Poloponiu'su*:,  which  sided  with  the  IVr- 
tiian.o,  and  on  Uiat  account  was  packed  by  the  other 
Greeks,  its  males  butchered,  and  iU  females  reduced 


IVVTV. 


Ctjc, 


CAR-V-A'l''ie, «.    PerUining  to  Iho GaT>an8orCar}'al- 

idet. 
eAn-Y-O-PRYI^LA'CEOUS,    a.    A    term    denolins 

rHnt''.  or  a  family  of  planL-*,  with  car^'ophylleous 

f  rTL'LE-OUS,  a.  [Gr.  raooo^uXAoi',  clove- 

t.  rm  apptiod  to  enroll  bavin:;  five 
p.  ;  rlnw-^  and   expanded  limb^,  in  a 

tut  in  the  pink  or  clove-silly  flower. 

€A-K>  '  'I'  ."l:-.  ".     [Gr.  (coora,  a  walnut,  and  ottcj, 
to  ?ce.] 

In    Mjtim.   n    p"n»*nrp   wliirh    U  one-re", led,  ono- 

pr    '    ■  ■  ' ' '    •'!'"  intccu- 

.viih  the 

<bl.>:  hi 

h\- 


in 


th.'   <   V.K 

two  or  til 

having  1.; 

and  maiz" 

CA-SARCA, 


n.    A  fowl  of  the  g-'nu"  Anas,  called 


alM>  Rtidtia  ^ose^  larger  than  a 
Ru-flvin  and  Liberia. 
eAS't'A-lIEL.  n.     [  P.-rt.  ca*«rei ,  gp 
bell,  a  button  or  knob  al  the  end  nf  : 
The  knob  or  poiumelof  acannon  \>' 


mallard,  found  in  t  ^ 


Mine  iH  the  T*i\  cojii. 

Bt*em-<  to  be  a  derivat 

indiMli-*  t"'  '  ^■'■■'  '-  1 

Inn  to  t 

noted  n  i 

made  of  t.  .  .    ...:  ; .., ..-  ^    —    '  •- 

?-'~^  castutj  lo  bind  or  tic] 

1.  Acoverinp,box,  or  ulieath;  that  which  Incloses 
or  c<intainw  ;  as,  a  case  ft»r  knlvea  ;  a  ease  for  books ; 
a  watch  otvc  .-  a  pillow  ciwr. 

2.  A  receptacle  fur  types  in  n  prinling-ofTice. 
a  'i'l:o  outer  pirt  of  a  budding.  .IddUon. 

4,  A  certain  qunulity  ;  n*^  a  ease  of  crown  glarf.-'. 

5.  A  buildinuunfurntsbed.     [.Yot  turd.] 
C.^SE,  n.  ^    To  cover  with  a  axse  ;  to  surround  with 

any  material  that  sliall  inclose  or  defend. 

ii.  To  put  in  a  case  or  box. 

:i.  To  strip  off  a  case,  covering,  or  the  skin.  [Un- 
vsuaL]  Shak. 

€XSE,  n.     [Fr.  eas;  U.' eojo;  Sp.  and  Port  eo*o ;  Ir. 
ca.i ;  L.  casusy  from  eatlo,  lo  fall.] 

1.  Liferai/y,  thai  which  (him.  comes,  or  happens; 
nn  event.  Hence,  the  particular  state,  conditifin, 
or  circumstances  that  befall  a  prrr'nn,  or  In  which  he 
Is  placed  ;  a?,  make  the  ca^tf  your  own  ;  this  is  tlie 
case  with  my  friend ;  ibi;'  i-^  his  present  ease. 

li.  An  individual  ivcuin-nce  or  particular  Instance 
of  disease  ;  as,  a  case  of  fi-vvr. 

3.  The  Plate  of  the  bctdy,  with  respect  to  health  or 
disease  ;  as,  he  i-  ..i  a  conHumplive  ei^e. 

To  be  in  i^cnU  eaxf^  Is  to  he  fat ;  and  thin  phrase  is 
sometimes  abridged,  t4}  be  in  ease;  applied  to  beasts, 
but  nut  to  men,  except  in  a  fi.»n.>ie  rather  ludicrou.-?. 

■1.  A  question ;  a  state  of  facta  involving  a  ques- 
tion for  discussion  or  decision ;  as,  the  lawyer  slated 
the  ease, 

5,  A  cause  or  suit  in  court;  as,  the  case  was  tried 
nt  the  last  term.  In  this  sense,  case  is  nearly  s)-nony- 
mous  with  cdiuc,  whose  primary  sense  is  nearly  the 
same. 

p.  Ill    -  jntlectionof  noun^jor  a  change 

of  temi  ■'>■'?  a  ditrerenco  of  relation  in 

that   W'M  .  <>r  to  thi^   thin^    represented. 

The  \*arialu.n  ut  iinuw  and  adjectives  is  called  ilr- 
elen::ii'it ;  both  case  and  r/f.:.'r*i.v.u/i  ,si{;nifying /<i'//Hi' 
or  feanxns  from  Hie  first  state  of  the  word,  'i'lins 
Ubtr  \*  a  book  ;  Ubri,  of  a  book  ;  /f6n>,  to  a  hook.  In 
other  Wiird^,  co.-'c  denotes  a  variation  in  the  termina- 
tion of  a  noun,  to  show  how  the  noun  neL*  upon  the 
verb  with  wliirh  it  is  ronnecled,  or  is  acted  upon  by 
it,  or  by  an  Hcml-  The  cafes,  except  the  nominative, 
arc  called  obtupie  case?. 

7.  A  boi  in  which  merchandise  is  iwcked  for 
transportation. 

In  case,  is  a  phrase  denoting  con-Iition  or  suppa-^i- 
tion;  literally,  in  th'^  event  or  contingency;  if  it 
ehmild  so  fall  oiit  or  liap;i;n. 

Phi  Otr  case  ;  suppose  the  event,  or  a  certain  state 
of  things. 

.Action  on  Vtr  eastj  In  Mw,  in  an  action  in  which 
the  whole  cause  of  romplainl  is  set  out  In  the  writ. 

Btaehitone, 
CaRE,  p.  I-    To  put  cases.  [JVot  in  tifc]  I? I'lstratxge. 
t'AS'ED,  (kSste,)  pp.    Covered  with  a  rase. 
CaSE'-MJIuI) -KN.r.  f.    To  harden  tlic  onler  pnrt  or 
superficies,  as  of  iron,  by  convening   it   into  ?t<el, 
while  the  inierinr  retains  the  tnuuhnes?  of  maltenbic 
iron.    Thi""  may  l>e  done  by  putting  the  iron  into  an 
iron  bo\,  with  a  cement  of  animal  or  vegetable  chrir- 
coal,  and  c.Tposing  it,  for  some  Iiouri,  t'l  a  red  heat. 

Encye, 
eASE'-IIARD-EX-ED,  j)p.  or  a.     Having  the  outside 

hardened. 
€XSE'-HARD-f:N-ING,  rpr.      Hardening    Uie  outer 

part. 
CASE'-HXRD  EN-ING,  v.     The  act  or  process  of 

converting  the  surface  of  iron  into  steel. 
GA'^Ii-lGj  a.    [I.,  rajfru.*,  cheese.] 

D-notms  the  ariJ  of  cheew. 
Ga'^^IMN",  n.     The  curd  or  roapilable  portion  of  milk. 
A  -ub'iance  id<  iiticul  in  paijKriies  and  composition 
u  ;tii.  i-.r!;i  1-  r.iiiid  in  certain  Ii:;;iiminous  plants  and 
'   ''le  eojein  or  legumitu  Graham. 


CAS 

1.  In  fi'ii/Uatian,  a  vault  of  niasoii'a  work  Id  Dm  I 
Hank  of  ;.  i'T  '■  'n,  next  to  tin-  rurtaln,  Knmevhll 
inclwK  I  litwu.-i  [he  capital  uf  the  bnxtlon,  tttrvini  u     , 
a  batter)  to  defend  tho  face  of  the  op|x)?>ili-  bai^DQb,  |i 
ami  the'inoat  or  ditch.  C^amlifrs,      ^ 

2.  ,\  will,  with  ild  subterraneous  braurhew,  dttf  to  ; 
the  imi«'ia;;o  nf  the  bastion,  till  the  miner  in  heaiqu 
work,. and  air  given  lo  the  mine.  Ihnii. 

C.^SE'.M.^T-KD,  o.     I'umished  with  a  caseunte. 

CASE'.ME.ST,  ».     [It.  ca.„imnlo,  a  I 

1.  A  i»art  of  a  ni«vable  window, 
a  lar-rtT,  made  lo  turn  anil  open  on  i: 

2.  .\  honow  molding,  usually  oik-  mviM  m  .i, 
fourth  of  a  i  ircle.  ttcje. 

t  ASirMr.NT-M),  a.    Having  casement*. 
'   I'S,  fl.     [l.  fiiseuj,  citeese.] 
mini;  to  cheese;   hke  cheese;   having  thr 
I  ^  of  cheese. 
'i'lii'  fit-itous  principtf ;  casein. 
CA'»i:itN,  ti.     [Fr.  ciwenie;  Sp.  cnjcrno,  f^om  mm,  » 
slnil  nr  tiduse.] 

A  1  .dBing  for  Foldlers  in  garrison  towns,  nsojllj- 
near  the  riinpart ;  barracks. 
C.'^^'^.  -Sill  il'.  11.     .Musket  balls,  stones,  old  lren,fce., 

'..  be  dlscliarced  from  cannon. 
('  The  basis  ofcheesc  ;  the  purlftet  cM 


n.    A  large  table  knife,  for- 

1  \N,  n.    Among  priaUrt,  one  who  works  at 
.  or  seta  tvpc  ;  a  compositor, 

, ,.l.\'i'E,;i.    I  Fr,  cajemfite ;  lu  CMitmaWX  i  Sp.and 

I'ort,  etutimaUi;  trom  ca>d,  a  hoiLsc.] 


e.\.-^i;  -UOll.M,  (wurm,)  It.    A  worm  lint  innkoill. 

sell"  a  case.    [^See  Cmois.]  .7iiVij«. 

€.\S11,  lu    [Fr.  caisic  I  Sp.  and  Port,  care,  a  rlieat,  toi, 

coder.     See  Caic.I 

Money  ;  primarily,  ready  money,  money  !n  cnesi 
or  on  hand,  in  bank  or  at  command.  It  isprt^eHy 
silver  and  gold  ;  but  since  the  iiistilnlioii  or  banks. 
It  denotes  also  bank  notes  equivalent  to  innnev. 

To  pn»  in  cash.U  opjxned  to  payment  in  (tMIs, 
coininoiliiies,  or  labor,  as  In  barter, 

e,\SII,r,  (.  To  turn  into  money,  or  to  exrlLinpni 
money  ;  as,  to  cash  a  note  or  an  order, 

2.  To  pay  money  for  ;  as,  the  eleik^  of  a  liank  <*si 
notes  when  pre.^-nted.     [^trn-antiU  u*a;.'<.l 

CASH,  e.  (.    To  discard.    For  l".i>iiiti<.     [.Vul  Mii] 

eASH'-AceoL'.NT',  n.  An  account  ef  money  le- 
ci-ivi-d,  p.iiil,  or  nn  hand. 

e.\Sir-li<T9K,  "■  ^  ^""^  '"  nhieh  is  kept  a  rcftstn 
or  acrnuiil  of  money  reoived  or  paid. 

e.\Sir>:i>,  (kanbt,)  pp.  Exchanged  for  coin,  otolbfi 
money  eipiiealont. 

CASIl'liW,  11.  [A  corruption  of  .4c<yuo,  Uie  Ftencli 
ottliograpliy  of  the  naliie  name.] 

A  tree  of  the  West  Indies,  .\nacardiuni  ■  ■■  il.  ntalf , 
liraring  a  kiiliicy-shaped  nut.    The  rcri 
large  as  an  orange,  and  full  of  an  aclil  .: 
is  ollen  used  to  make  piilirh.     To  thr 
receptacle  prows  a  nut,  of  llic  size  of  a  li  i:  "^  lii-l 
ney,  llio  shell  of  which   is  hard,  and  the  kernel, 
which  Is  sweet,  is  covered  with  a  thin  liliii.  Knewc 

eAP!l'E\V-.\U'l,  n.  A  mil  at  one  citremily  of  the 
fniit  of  the  cashew-tn^e,  containing  n  hlark  Ikjuot 
used  in  marking  linen.  &.C.  llebert 

e.\SH.U":R',  (kash^wr',)!!.  [Fr.  cairsicr ;  Ir.  ciusimi 
Sp.  cazeri) ;  Port,  eazriro ;  from  coxa,  a  box,  whence 

One  who  h.as  charge  of  money;  a  rnh Aeepn. 
In  B  6<in/;in?  in^ti/iitioii,  tllCf<ii/iier  isthi- 1  rtir.rwlio 
superintends  the  books,  payini-nt-j,  and  i  .-•ipls  o( 
the  bnnk.  He  al<o  si-ms  or  countersigns  the  noto, 
nnd  .•superintends  all  the  tmnsaetinns,  under  the  w- 
der  of  the  direcKirs. 
€ASII-IkR',  r.  (.  [Fr.  c/nsfr,  lo  break  ;  It.  c<ij«K,to 
annul,  blot  out,  erase.] 

1.  To  dismiss  from  nn  office  or  place  .r  tmn,  by 
annulling  the  commission  ;  to  break,  as  for  Bal- 
condiiet,  and  therefore  with  reproach  ;  as,  to  ccihrr 
an  otliccr  of  the  anny. 

2,  To  dismiss  or  di.-^card  from  scr\M-e  or  from 
504^iely,  Jidtlison,     Drij'l'''-     •'^kSA- 

a.  To  reject ;  to  annul  or  vacate.    Lor:,.,    ■'ytili. 

CASII-lKlI'/;!!,  (kashKXrd',)  pp.  Disnieied;  oiJ- 
riinleil  ;   annulled.  ' 

CASIIIP.R'ER,  n.  One  who  reject-s,  di.iciuds,  it 
bre^iks  ;  as,  a  foshUrcr  of  mMlian-lls.  i^ur^ 

('APll-ir;R'I.Vf;,  ppr.     Discarding  ;   dismisstni;  : 

t;ASII'lNG,pi>r.     Elchanging  for  money.        [ser. 

eASIl'-KEEP-ER,  n.  One  intnistcd  with  the  kecpii ; 
of  moncv.  , 

CASH'MitRE,  n.  A  rich  and  costly  kind  of  sliawr 
so  railed  from  the  rountry  where  first  made. 

eASlI'iHJ,  n.    Tile  jiiire  or  gnni  of  a  tree  in  til-   : 

e^!i'ISO,rpr.    Covering  wilb  a  c.-iac.  (li 

eSS'I.NG,  n.     The  act  or   nperalion   of  plasti  r 
house  with  mnrLar  on  the  niiLside,  and  -lrii\' 
whdc  wet,  by  a  ruler,  with  the  comer  of  a  ir 
to  make  it  resemble  the  Joints  of  freestone.    E 
2.  A  covering ;  a  case. 

O/J-S/'.VO,  (ka  .se'no,)  n.      [It]     A  term  a|iplii'l 
the  continent  of  Europe,  to  a  club-llouse,  or  baHil.'r: 
used  for  social  meetings,  having  rooms  M  pntilit 
aniusemciit,  rcadinii-ro.iins,  iic. 

CASK,  n.     [Sp.  and  Port,  c-um.]  . 

.\  close  vessel  for  ennlaining  liquors,  formeo  ni 
staves,  headings,  and  hoops.  This  is  a  general  lenn- 
comprehending  the  pi|>e,  hogshead,  butt,  barrel,  Ilc. 


FATE,  FAB,  FALL,  WII*T.-M£TE,  PRBV.  — PLNE,  M^VRINE,  BIRD.-NOTE,  DuVE,  MOVE,  WQLF.  r.QQK.  — 
17s 


CAS 


€J|*!K'ET  re.    (rf»"i-  of  '^'^''-     ^^  Case.]    A  small 
cbest  or  box,  for  jewels  or  other  small  articles. 

Shak. 
•*>   In  seamen's  language,  ,i  small  rope,  fastened  to 
gr^ineis  or  liitle  rin^s  "iwn  the  yards,  used  to  fasten 
Se  sail  to  the  yard  in  furling.  Enaje. 

This  is  usually  written  Gasket. 
rXSK'ET,  r.  (.    To  put  in  a  little  chest.  Shah. 

GAS  PI-AX,  a.     [Caspi(r,  a  word  applied  to  a  pass  in 
the  ranee  of  Mount  Taum-i.    Plin.  5, 27.  D'.^nvPUc] 
An  epithet  given  to  a  large  lake  between  Persia 
and  Astracan,  called  the  Caspian  Sea. 
^jXSQUE, )  n.    [Sp.  and  Port,  oasco :  Ft.  casque :  Arm. 
CX&K         )      casquen^  casqed;  L.  cassis.     See  Case.] 
A 'head-piece  J   a  helmet;   a  piece   of  defensive 
armor,  to  cover  and  protect  the  head  and  neck  in 
battle. 
e-iiSat'E'-SHAP-ED,  (k'isk'shapt,)  a.    Shaped  like  a 

casque. 
eASS,  V.  t,    [Fr.  casser;  L.  qmsso.] 

To  quash  i  to  defeat ;  to  annul.    [JVyt  now  used.] 

Ralegh. 
€ASS'A-DA,  \  n.    A  spscies  of  the   genus  ^anipha, 
CASS'A-DO, !     (Jatropha,  Linn.)    The  roots  of  the 
manihot,  or  bitter  cassada,  and  of  the  janipha,  are 
made  into  a  kind  of  bread,  which  serves  for  food  to 
the  natives  of  Africa  and  the  AVest  Indies,  and  they 
are  also  roasted  and  eaten  like  potatoes.    They  yield, 
also,  a  ^eat  quanlitv  of  starch,  v,-hich  the  Brazilians 
export  in  small  lumps,  under  the  name  of  tapioca. 
GAS'SiiTE,  V.  t.     [Ft.  casser.     See  Cashier-j 

To  vacate,  annul,  or  make  void.     [  Obs.]      JCuij. 
€.\S-Sa' TION,  TJ.    The  act  of  annulling.    In  France, 
the  Court  of  Cassation  is  the  highest  court  of  appeal, 
having  power  to  break  (casser)  or  reverse  the  decis- 
ions of  the  courts  below.  Brande. 
e.^'SA-VA,  n.    A  kind  of  starch  or  fecula,  obtained 
from  the  root  of  the  Janipha  manihot.    [See  Cassada.] 
eAS'SE-PA-PER,  n.    Broken  paper;  the  two  outside 

quires  of  a  ream. 
CAS'&IA^  (kash'}-a,)  n.    [Fr.  casse ;  It.  cassia ;  Gr.  and 
L.  a.    Uu.  Heb.  mp. 

A  genus  of  plants,  of  many  species,  among  which 
is  the  senna. 

Cassia  is  also  the  name  of  a  species  of  Laurus,  the 
bark  of  which  usually  passes  under  the  name  of  cin- 
ftemon,  differing  from  real  cinnamon  chiefly  in  the 
strength  of  its  qualities.  From  a  plant  of  this  kind 
was  extracted  an  aromatic  oil,  used  as  a  perfume  by 
the  Jews.    Zr.  xxx.    Ps.  xlv.  8.  Encyc. 

Cassia  buds:  the  unespanded  flowers  of  a  species 
of  Cinnamomusn,  {Laurus^  Linn.,)  brought  from  the 
]^t  Indies.    They  are  of  a  dark-brown  color,  with 
an  aromatic  taste,  like  that  of  cinnamon. 
GAS-SID'E-OUS,  a.    [L.  cassis,  a  helmet.] 

Helmet-shaped  ;  a  term  applied  to  an  irregular  cor- 
ol,  having  the  upper  p-lal  dilated  into  a  broad,  hel- 
met-shaped leaf,  as  in  aconitum. 
€.\S'SI-DO-XY,  n.     [Fr.  cassidoine.] 

The  popular  name  of  a  species  of  GnaphaUum, 
cotlonweed,  cudweed,  or  goldylocks ;  also,  of  La- 
vandula stfBchas,  or  French  lavender. 
e.'iS'SI-MERE,  n.     fSp.  casimira.] 

A  thin,  twilled,  woolen  cloth.  Encyc.    . 

e.\S-SI-XETTE',  ju    A  cloth  made  of  a  cotton  warp, 
and  the  woof  of  very  fine  wool,  or  wool  and  silk. 
Encyc.  of  Dom.  Ecoii. 
€AS-SI'NO,  71.    A  game  at  cards.  Chalmers. 

CAS'SI-O-BER-RY,  n.  The  popular  name  of  the  fruit 
of  the  genus  Cassine  j  also  of  the  fruit  of  Viburnum 
laevigatum. 
€AS-SI-0-Pe'IA,  C-pS'ya)  n.  A  constellation  in  the 
northern  hemisphere,'  situated  near  to  Cepheus,  as 
the  fabulous  Cassiopeia  was  wife  to  Cepheus,  king 
of  Ethiopia.  Encyc. 

CAS-SI-Te'RI-A,  71.    [L.  cassiteron,  tin.] 

A  kind  of  crystals  which  appear  to  have  an  ad- 
mixtirreof  tin.   The  color  is  brown  or  whitish.  [Obs.] 

Enajc. 
CAS'SI-US  (purple  of,)  n.    [from  the  name  of  the  dis- 
coverer, M.  Cassius.]    A  beautiful  purple  color,  ob- 
tained from  the  chlorid  of  gold  by  means  of  tin; 
much  vahied  fi»r  the  beautiful  color  which  it  gives  to 
gla-'fs  or  enamel. 
CAS'SOCK,  n.     [;?p.  casaca  ;  It.  casacca  ;  Fr.  casaque.l 
1.  Formerly,  a  cloak  or  gown  worn  over  the  other 
garments.  Shak. 

9.  A  close  garment,  resembling  a  long  frock  coat, 
worn  by  cl^Tiiymen  uf  the  Roman  Catholic  and  Epis- 
copal churches,  under  the  surplice  or  gown.  HooJi. 
C  AS'SOCK-£D,  (kas'sokd,)  a.   Clothed  with  a  cassock. 

Tw  ausotked  liuQtsnnn.  Cotoper. 

€AS-SOX-.aDE',  n.      [Fr.]     Cask-sugar;  sugar  not 
refined,  Encyc 

CAS'SO-W.A-RY,  It.     [Sp.  casuil.] 

A  Inrge  bird  of  the  genus  Casuarius,  nearly  as 
brec  a.-»  the  ostrich,  which  it  much  resembles  ;  but 
its  legs  are  thicker  and  stronger  in  proportion.  The 
■.ving:^  arc  so  small  as  not  to  appear,  being  hid  under 
llie  f  .vthers.  The  head  is  armed  with  a  helmet  of 
homy  substance,  consisting  of  plates  one  over  anoth- 
er. It  nms  \vith  great  rapidity,  outstripping  the 
swiftest  racer.    The  cassowary  is  found  only  in  the 


CAS 

Bouth-eastem  parts  of  Asia,  and  nowhere  without 
the  !n.»pic«.  Encyc.     Partin^n. 

C AS-Sr.MO'XAR,  n.  An  aromatic  root,  Zingiber 
Cassumunar. 

C.^ST,  V.  t.;  pret,  and  pp.  Cast.  [Dan.  kaste;  Sw. 
kasta.  Q.H.  Arm.  ca^z,  pp.  ca^zet,  to  send,  to  throw. 
See  Class  Gs,  No.  1,  St*.  In  Dan.  ct  blind  kast,  is  a 
mtrs-?,  and  to  cast  is  the  radical  sense  of  guess.  In 
Xomian,  gistcs  signifies  cast  up,  and  this  seems  to  be 
the  participle  of  gesir,  to  lie  down  j  toiie  down  may 
be  to  tlu-ow  one*s  self  down.  This  verb  coincides, 
in  sense,  with  the  VV.  cothi,  to  throw  off.  See 
Castle.] 

1.  To  throw,  fling,  or  send  ;  that  is,  to  drive  from, 
by  force,  as  from  the  hand,  or  from  an  engine. 

Uagar  cast  the  child  under  a  Blinib. — Gpq.  xxi. 
Uzaah  prepared  slings  to  cast  stones.  — 2  Chron.  xxvl, 

2.  To  SOW  ;  to  scatter  seed. 

If  a  man  shoitid  cast  seed  ir.to  lit?  ground.  —  Mark  iv. 

3.  To  drive  or  impel  by  %'iolencc. 

A  roJghly  west  wind  cast  Ihc  Iccusis  into  the  sea.  — Ex.  x. 

4.  To  shed  or  throw  off;  as,  trees  cast  their  fruit ; 
a  serpent  casts  his  skin. 

5.  To  throw  or  let  fall ;  as,  to  cast  anchor.  Hence, 
to  cast  anchor,  is  to  moor,  as  a  ship,  the  effect  of  cast- 
ing the  anchor. 

G.  To  throw,  as  dice  or  lots ;  as,  to  cast  lots. 

7.  To  throw  on  the  ground,  as  in  wrestling.  So  a 
horse  is  cast,  when  entangled  on  a  rope,  and  thrown 
down.  Shak. 

8.  To  throw  away,  as  worthless. 

His  carcaas  waa  cast  in  the  way.  —  I  Kin^  xKi. 

9.  To  emit  or  throw  out. 

This  casts  a  sulphureous  smell,  Woodtrard. 

10.  To  throw,  to  extend,  as  a  trench  or  rampart, 
including  the  sense  of  digging,  raising,  or  forming. 

Thy  enemies  siull  east  a  trench  about  thee.  —  Luke  xix. 

11.  To  thrust ;  as,  to  cast  into  prison, 
li  To  put  or  set  in  a  particular  state. 

Both  chariot  and  hoise  are  cxtsl  i-ilo  a  dead  sleep.  —  Ps.  lixvi. 

13.  To  condemn ;  to  convict ;  as  a  criminal. 

Both  tiied,  and  Lolhwere  east.  Dryden. 

U.  To  overcome  in  a  civil  suit,  or  in  any  contest 
of  strength  or  skill ;  as,  to  cast  the  defendant  or  an 
antagonist. 

15.  To  cashier  or  discard.  Shak, 

16.  To  lay  aside,  as  unfit  for  use  ;  to  reject ;  as  a 
garment.  Addison. 

17.  To  make  to  preponderate  ;  to  throw  into  one 
scale,  for  the  purpose  of  gi\'ing  it  superior  weight ; 
to  decide  by  a  vote  that  gives  a  superiority  in  num- 
bers ;  as,  to  cast  the  balance  in  one's  favor ;  a  casting 
vote  or  voice. 

18.  To  throw  together  several  particulars,  to  find 
the  sum  ;  as,  to  cast  accounts.  Hence,  to  throw 
together  circumstances  and  tacts,  to  find  the  result ; 
to  compute  ;  to  reckon ;  to  calculate ;  as,  to  cast  the 
event  of  war. 

To  cast  and  s^e  how  mauy  things  there  are  which  a  man  can  not 
do  himaeltl  Bacon, 

19.  To  contrive  ;  to  plan.  Temple. 

20.  To  judge,  or  to  consider,  in  order  to  judge. 

MUton. 

21.  To  fix  or  distribute  the  parts  of  a  play  among 
the  actors.  .Addison. 

^3.  To  throw,  as  the  sight ;  to  direct,  or  turn,  as 
the  eye ;  to  glance ;  as,  to  cast  a  look,  or  glance,  or 
the  eye. 

23.  To  found  ;  to  form  into  a  particular  shape,  by 
pouring  liquid  metal  into  a  mold ;  to  run ;  as,  to  cast 
cannon 

Thou  shalt  cost  four  rings  of  gold  for  it.  -Ex.  xrv. 

24.  Fitnirativdy,  to  shape;  to  form  by  a  model. 

fTatts. 

25.  To  communicate;  to  spread  over;  as,  to  cast 
a  luster  upon  posterity  ;  to  ca.'^t  splendor  upon  actions, 
or  light  upon  a  subject. 

To  cast  aside;  to  dismiss  or  reject  as  useless  or  in- 
convenient. 

To  cast  aieatf:  to  reject.  Lev.  xxvi.  Is.  v.  Rom. 
si.  Also,  to  tlirow  away;  to  lavish  or  waste  by  pro- 
fusion ;  to  turn  to  no  use ;  as,  to  cast  away  life. 

Addison. 

Also,  to  wreck,  as  a  ship. 

To  east  by ;  to  reject ;  to  dismiss  or  discard  with 
neglect  or  hate,  or  as  useless. 

Shak.    Lotkf.. 

To  cast  down;  to  throw  down  ;  to  deject  or  depress 
the  mind. 

Why  art  tliou  cast  dovn,  O  my  soul  ?  — Ps.  xlii. 

To  cast  forth;  to  throw  out,  or  reject,  as  from  an 
inclosed  place  ;  to  emit,  or  send  abroad  ;  to  exhale. 

To  cast  ojf;  to  discard  or  reject;  to  drive  away  ;  to 
put  off;  to  put  away  ;  to  disburden.  Among  hunts- 
men, to  leave  behind,  as  dogs ;  to  set  loose,  or  free. 
Amonc  seamen,  to  loose,  or  untie. 

To  ca.'>t  out ;  to  send  forth  ;  to  reject,  or  turn  out ; 
to  throw  out,  as  words  ;  to  speak  or  give  vent  to. 

To  ea^t  up  ;  to  compute  ;  to  recK  >n ;  to  calculate  ; 


Bertlley. 


CAS 

as,  to  cast  vp  accoimts,  or  the  cost    Also,  to  eject ; 
to  vomit. 

To  cast  on ;  to  refer  or  resign  to.  South. 

To  M.rt  one's  Keif  on  ;  to  resign  or  yield  one'i  telf 
to  the  disposal  of,  without  reserve. 

To  cast  young  ;  to  miscany ;  to  suffer  abortion. 
Oen.  xxxi. 

To  ecL^t  in  the  teeth ;  to  upbraid  ;  to  charge  ;  to  twit. 
So,  in  Danish,  "  kaste  en  i  juritii,"  to  cast  in  the 
nose. 

To  cast  off  copy:  to  ascertain  how  many  pri-  *    ! 
pages  will  be  made  by  a  manuscript,  by  setting' 
portion  for  trial.  /?,- 

CXST,  V.  i.    To  throw  fcrtvard,  as  the  ti 
a  ^'iew  to  some  del/rmination  ;  or  to  t ; 
in  the  mind  ;  to  contrive ;  somi_lim( 
abouL 

I  east  In  u.nT\il  mint]  to  seclc  her  out. 

To  cast  about  how  to  pei&rm  or  otciln.  Bacon, 

2.  To  receive  form  or  shape.  ] 

MrftU  will  cast  uid  mold.  H'oodaerd, 

3.  To  warp  ;  to  twist  from  regular  shape. 

BtiiiT  is  said  to  east  or  «rnrp,  when  it  •ll^rs  iu  finUiesi  or  ftr-ipht-    i 
RCS3.  3foroti.       . 

Jfote,  —  Qist,  like  throw  and  warp,  implies  a  wind-   i 
ing  motion.  | 

A.  In  seamen's  language,  to  fall  off,  or  incline,  eo  as   . 
to  bring  the  side  of  a  ship  to  the  wind  ;  applied  par-    i 
ticularly  to  a  ship  riding  with  her  head  to  the  wind,   '. 
when  her  anchor  is  first  loosened. 
CAST,  71.    The  act  of  casting ;  a  throw  ;  the  thing 
thrown  ;   t!ie  form  or  slate  of  throwing ;   kind  or 
manner  of  throwing. 

2.  The  distance  passed  by  a  thing  thrown  ;  or  the 
space  through  which  a  thing  thrown  may  ordinarily 
pass  ;  a.'^,  about  a  stone's  cast.    Luke  xxii. 

3.  A  stroke  ;  a  touch. 

Thia  w-os  a  cast  o(  Wood'a  poLitlci.  Si^Jt, 

4.  Motion  or  turn  of  the  eye ;  durection,  look,  or 
glance ;  a  squinting. 

Tliey  let  you  see  by  one  aist  of  the  tft.  AJ£scn, 

5.  A  throw  of  dice ;  hence,  a  state  of  chance  or 
hazard. 

It  b  sn  even  cast,  wbcthtr  thi  array  a'loujd  march  this  waf  cr 
that  way.  SovA. 

Hence  the  phrase  the  tost  east,  is  used  to  denote 
that  all  is  ventured  on  one  throw,  or  one  effort. 

6.  Form;  shape. 

An  heroic  poem  in  another  casL  Prior. 

7.  A  tinge  ;  a  slight  coloring,  or  slight  decree  of  a 
color ;  a^,  a  cast  of  green.  Hence,  a  slight  alteration  in 
external  appearance,  or  deviation  from  natural  ap- 
pearance. 

The  natiTC  hoc  of  itsolinion' 
Is  KcViiccI  o'er  -.vi"h  the  pale  cast  of  tboa^t.  Shot. 

8.  Manner;  air;  mien  ;  as,  a  peculiar  earf  of  coun- 
tenance. This  sense  iniplii^s  the  turn  or  manner  of 
throwing  ;  as,  the  neat  east  of  verse.  Pijpe, 

9.  A  flight ;  a  number  of  ha^\  ks  let  go  at  once. 

Sidnev. 

10.  An  impression  in  plaster;  a  small  statue  of 
bronze,  plaster,  &c.  Enqfc. 

11.  AmoT\g  founders,  &  tube  of  ^\■ax,  fitted  into  a 
mold,  to  give  shape  to  metal. 

12.  A  cylindrical  piece  of  brass  or  copper,  slit  in 
two  lengthwise,  to  form  a  canal  or  conduit,  in  a 
mold,  for  conveying  metal. 

13.  Amonii  plumbers,  a  little  brazen  funnel,  at  cne 
end  of  a  mohl,  for  castinc  pipes  without  >(i'.!ering,  by 
means  of  which  the  melted  metal  is  poured  into  the 
mold.  Encyc, 

14.  Whatever  is  cast  in  a  mold. 

15.  An  unexpected  opportunity  or  advantage;  as, 
she  had  sometimes  the  cast  of  a  cart,  i.  e.  opportu- 
nity of  riding.  Sir  fValter  ScoU 

16.  An  assignment  of  the  parts  of  a  play  to  the 
several  actors. 

17.  A  trick.  Martin. 
CAS-Tii'LI-.^X,  a.  Pertaining  to  Castalia,  a  cool  spring 

on   Parnassus,  sacred  to  the  muses  ;  as,  Castalimi 
fount.  Poetry. 

e^VS'TA-NET,  n.  [Sp.  castaiieta,  eastahuela;  Port,  cas- 
tanheta ;  Fr.  castagneitej  IL  eastagneita.  This  word 
seems  to  be  from  castana,  a  chestnut,  so  named  from 
the  resemblance  to  two  chestnut*.] 

An  instnunent  composed  of  small,  concave  shells 
of  ivory  or  hard  wood,  shaped  lite  spoon*,  plared  to- 
gether, fastened  to  llie  thumb,  and  beat  wiih  tlie 
middle  finger.  This  instmmi-nt  is  used  by  the 
Spaniards,  "Moors,  and  Bohemians,  as  an  accompa- 
niment to  their  dances,  sarabands,  and  guitars. 

Span.  Diet.     Enc^c. 

€aST'.\-AVAY,  71.  [cast  and  atray.]  That  which  is 
thrown  awav.  .\  person  abandoned  by  God,  as  un- 
worthv  of  his  favor ;  a  n^probate.    1  Ccr.  ix.  27. 

€\ST'.i-W.A  Y,  a.    Rejected  ;  useless ;  of  no  v^ue. 

Rdegi. 

eXSTE,  ».    [Pert,  casta,  race  or  lineaee.] 

In  HindostaTi,n  name  siven  first  by  the  Portuguese 
to  the  severrJ  cla'^ses  into  which  stx-itty  isdi\id:d, 
with  fixed  occupation?,  whicit  have  come  down  &om 


TONE,  ByLL,  T;XITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS €  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


]T9 


CAS 

the  earlle«t  np-i.  1'lif  nririuul  ca-itej^  ailM  in  San- 
■cfU  ramuy  or  clor^^  aro  tour,  viz.,  the  Bramim,  or 
e-irrrd  urder ;  tht*  Chfkterte^oj  soltlicri*  iiiiil  inlcrs  ; 
tilt*  Bicty  f'ut.<^yti,  vr  hii.sbandint-n  nii<l  mrri'liitiiU ; 
AnJ  Itid  Sinidrri^  Sudra,iy  or  liiborerx  uiid  iia-chuiucs. 
iV  .  o*-roiis  niiit'tl  classf.i,  or  caatfj,  have  rtpruiig  up 
ill  11.:;  iiruettrMoriiriiu.  Ilrnc<<,  11  SfpufUU;  und  lUed 
ordc,    r  class  ill  socitly.  /'.  Cy<- 

CAS  '(  KL-LAN,  n.    [tip.  castetlan  :  Fr.  cAauIain.    See 

A  governor  or  conxtable  of  a  castle.  In  Pvlund^ 
the  nnine  of  n  digiiily  or  chnrpo  ;  n  kind  of  liciiltMi- 
ant  (if  a  province,  coinnmiidini:  )>nrl  of  a  iMiluliitiito 
uiulrr  II  [>ahitiiiu.  The  cuxtellani  uro  m-iiaturi  ui  llin 
lowt-r  clnsij,  titling,  in  the  diet-*,  on  low  sfots  brhind 
the  n^tljimea.  Eitcuc. 

€AS  Ti:i,-LA-Ny,  «.  [SfO  CA*Ti.e.]  Tlio  lonlBhip 
btflontftng  to  a  castle ;  or  the  extent  of  iin  lund  und 
Juristliction.  Philip*. 

rAS'7'KL-L..^-TED,  a.  Inclottcd  in  a  building  afi  a 
fuiintiiin  ur  cistern.  JohiuoH, 

3.  Adorned  with  tiirTctii  and  batilemontji,  like  a 
castit*. 

CA.S-'l'EL-LA'TIO.V,ii.  The  act  of  fortifying  a  house, 
and  rendering  it  a  ca-slJe. 

€AST'KH,  n.  [from  ciuU]  One  who  llirow-;  or  catt^, 
or  who  makes  castings  in  metal,  i^c. :  one  who  com- 
pute:! \  a  calculator  \  one  who  calculates  fortuno.t. 

Jiddison. 
3.  A  Kinalt  phial  or  vessel  for  the  table  j  a.s,  a  set 
of  casters. 

3.  A  small  wheel  on  a  swivel,  on  which  furniture 
is  cast^  or  rolled,  on  the  floor,  in  any  direction. 

4.  Oiii'  who  make^i  casting!* ;  a  founder.  [ors. 

5.  One  who  assigns  Ihn  jmrts  of  a  iday  to  the  acl- 
e.XST'EUS,  n.pL    A  stand  with  hottlcH  lor  oil,  vine- 
gar, &c. 

CAS'TIG.^TE,  r.  U    [L.  autigOy  from  castas^  chaste. 

(i«.  Elh.  lUJn  ffosia^  to  chasten,  correct,  chide. 
The  French  U!*c  ehdtier,  from  castas^  chaste;  Ann. 
autiia :  Sp.  and  Port,  ca.-itiff'iir ;  It.  eajti^are.] 

To  chastiae ;  to  punish  by  stripes;  to  correct;  to 
cha.>iten  ;  to  check.  ahak, 

CAS'Ti-G.^-TED.  pp.    Punished  ;  corrected. 

€,'AS'TI-G,\-TING,  ppr.  Punishing ;  correcting ;  chas- 
tising. 

e.VS-Tl-G.^'TIOX,  n.  Punishment ;  corrccUon  ;  pen- 
anco;  discipline;  emendation ;  restraint. 

Boyle.     Hale. 

2.  Among  the  Romans,  a  military  punishment  in- 
flicted on  olTendcrs,  by  beating  with  a  wand  or 
switch.  Eneyc. 

CAS  TI-GA-TOR,  n.    One  who  corrects. 

t;.\S'TI-G.\-TO-RV,  a.  Tending  to  correction  ;  cor- 
rective ;  punitive.  BramhalK 

CAS'TI-GA-TO-RY,  n.  An  engine  formerly  used  to 
puniahnnd  correct  arrant  scolds,  called  aUo  a  JitrAin^' 
ftoot,  or  trtbueket,  SlacLttonc. 

€AS'TILE-SOAP,  w.  A  kind  of  fine,  hard,  while,  or 
mottled  i<wap,  made  with  olive  oil  and  sitda. 

eVS-TIL'IA.N,  0.     Pertaining  to  Castile,  in  Spain. 

€.\S-T1L'IAN,  (kas-til'yan,)  n.  An  inhabitant  or  na- 
tive of  Castile,  in  Spain. 

GAST'ING,  ppr.  Throwing;  »^cndiiig;  computing; 
calculating;  turning;  giving  a  preponderancy ;  de- 
ciding; running  or  throwing  into  a  mold,  to  give 
shape;  assigning  parts  in  a  play.    [See  C.\it.] 

CAST'ING,  n.    The  act  of  casting  or  rounding. 

Q.  That  which  Is  cast  in  a  mold  ;  any  vessel 
formed  by  casting  melted  metal  into  a  mold,  or  in 
sand. 

3.  The  taking  of  casts  and  impressions  of  figures, 
busts,  medal-'t,  ice. 

4.  The  xisigning  of  parts  in  a  play. 

5.  Tlie  warping  of  a  board. 

Casting  of  drapcrifj ;  the  proper  distribution  of  the 
fold^  of  gannents,  in  painting  and  sculpture. 
€aST'1.\G-NET,  n.    A  net  which  is  cast  ami  drawn, 

in  diitmction  from  a  net  that  is  set  and  left.  May. 
€.\ST'l\«;-VOTE,  (ft.  The  vote  of  a  presiding  offi- 
GaST'INCJ- VOICE,  i  cer,  in  an  .T-^siMnbly  or  coun- 
cil, which  decides  a  question,  when  the  votes  of  the 
assembly  or  house  are  equally  divided  between  the 
Bthrmative  and  negative     [  (/mted  SiaUs.]      Coze, 

Wbea  tfam  wu  u  «qua]  ro\e,  die  ^Tejiiur  li.vl  UiooMtinf- 
•o*«.  B.  TntmbuU. 

C.XST'-T'ROX,  (-I'urn,)  n.  Iron  run  from  the  smell- 
ing furnace,  into  pigs  or  in^'ols,  or  into  molds  for  vn- 
riou<i  ntenniis ;  a  comiKjtind  of  rarbun  and  iron. 

€AS'TLE,  fkas'sl,)  n.  [Snx.  eastd ;  U  cast f Hum,  from 
eastrum:  D.  kaiteel;  Ann.  ga^teU;  X.irm.  diastel; 
Ft.  cSAUau  :  Vor\.  eastelh  ;  It.  i'K;  W.  fujf,  envelop- 
ment, from  eUs,  a  being  s*'pantLd  (;r  in-itilaled,  ha- 
tred, envy,  a  castle  ;  easieil,  a  cju-^Ik-,  whiince  e/ia- 
tellu,  to  surround  ;  ca.<ul^  a  cloak,  a  chasuble.  The 
Welsh  ca.1  gives  the  prini-iry  s'*n'*e,  whi''h  Is  to  sep- 
arate, to  drive  off:  hence,  to  defenil.  It  la  probably 
from  this  root  the  Latins  had  cn.*a.  We  ob-'-'ne,  in 
the  Welsh,  cdj  signifies,  st-parated,  a  castle,  and 
hatred,  envy  ;  also,  hateful^  odious  ;  and  ea-iiavr,  a 
hater,  a  persecutor ;  eajmon,  to  iiersecutc,  to  chase. 
Hence  the  radical  sense  of  hatred  is  a  driving  off.] 


CAS 

I.  A  houso  lortifled  fur  defense  agninxt  an  enemy  ; 
a  fortri-k*.  'i'he  term  st-trns  to  include  the  house  mid 
the  wu)N  or  fiihur  works  around  il.  In  old  vntrnt, 
Ihn  Word  i-i  inrtl  fur  a  luu'ii  or  villat^e  furtifit-d. 
*J.  The  huu-<e  or  manxiun  of  a  nobleman  ur  prlnci-. 
3.  In  (I  «Aj;j,  Ihere  are  two  luins  ndbd  by  ihis 
name  ;  ihvfvrecaaiir,  a  short  deck  in  tJiu  fore  |Min  of 
a  ship,  uhuve  the  upjier  dt*ck  ;  and  the  hindcastle,  at 
the  Mtfrn. 

Cojtle  in  tke  air ;  a  visionar)'  project ;  a  schcino  that 
has  no  Mdid  foundnlion. 

e.AS'TLE,  (kasM,)  r.  t.  In  the  puinc  of  chess,  to 
cover  the  kin(i  with  a  castle,  by  a  certain  niovo. 

Eneyc. 

eAS'TIJ-:-BUIL.D'ER,  (kas'sl-blld'er.)  n.  One  who 
fonns  vioionaf)-  schemes. 

€AS'TiJ;-lll'IM)'!i\G,  N.  The  act  of  budding  cob- 
tlcs  in  the  air- 

C.VS'TLr.-CROW.V-i:D,  a.    Crowned  with  a  castle. 

€AS'TLKI),  (kas'sld,)a.  Fnniished  with  castles;  as, 
a  ewtled  elephant.  Druden. 

e.\S'TLG-GLJAUU,  n.  A  feudal  tenure,  or  knight 
sen'iee,  which  obliged  the  tenant  to  pt-rfurin  service 
within  the  reahn,  witliout  limitation  of  time. 

LyUcUou. 

GAS'TLE-RV,  ».    Tlic  government  of  a  castle. 

Blount. 

GAS'TLET,  K.     A  small  castle.  IMand. 

GAS'TLE-wARD,  ji.  An  imposition  laid  upon  sub- 
jects dweltiii^  within  a  certain  distJimu!  of  a  castle, 
for  the  puri>aso  of  maintaining  watch  and  ward  in 
the  raslle.  Eneye. 

GAST'l.l.NG,  «.    An  abortion  or  uburtlve.      Brown, 

C.\S''J'OU,  n.  [I..  ea.iton;  Fr.  Sp.  and  Port,  id.;  Gr. 
KaaTuif}.     See  Ar.  Class  Gs.  No.  42.J 

1.  A  beaver,  an  umphiDions  quudrui>ed,  with  a 
flat,  ovate  tail,  short  ears,  a  blunt  nose,  small  fuxo 
feel,  and  large  hind  feet. 

2.  [L.  ca.ilorfuin.]  A  substance  of  a  strontj,  pen- 
etrating smell,  when  fresh,  of  a  yellowish  or  light 
brown  color,  but  when  dried,  of  a  reddish  brown  ; 
obtained  from  two  secretory  sacs,  one  in  caeh  groin 
of  the  beaver.  It  has  been  regarded  as  an  aiitispaa- 
inodic. 

3.  In  astronomy^  a  moiety  of  the  constellation 
Gemini,  called  also  .Apollo. 

Castor  and  Pollux  ;  in  meieorolof^y,  a  fierj*  meteor, 
which,  at  sea,  appear  sometimes  adhering  to  a  part 
of  a  ship,  in  the  form  of  one,  two,  and  even  three  or 
four  balls.  When  one  is  seen  alone,  it  is  called 
Helena,  which  |>ortends  that  the  severest  part  of  the 
storm  is  yt  to  cnine.  'J'wo  appttaring  at  once  are 
denominated  Castor  and  PoUttXy  or  Tyndaridtr,  and 
portend  a  cessation  of  the  slonn.  Chambers. 

GAS-TO'RE-UM,  n.  [L.]  Castor;  the  peculiar  sub- 
stance found  in  two  ingiiinal  sacs  of  the  heaver. 

GAS'TO-RI.VE,  n.  An  animal  principle  discovered  in 
castor,  and  prepared  by  boiling  cjistor  in  six  times  its 
weight  of  alcohol,  and  filtering  tJie  liquor.  From 
this  is  de|K>sited  th«!  ctstorine.  Brandt. 

GAS'TOR-OIL,  Ti.  [A  corrupliim  of  Casttis  oil,  the 
plant  producing  it  having  formerly  been  called  .^^^tiu 

The  oil  of  the  llicinus  communis,  or  PahuaChristi, 
a  plant  of  the  West  Indies,  wliich  grows  to  the 
higlit  of  twenty  feet  in  ono  sexson.  The  oil  is 
obtiiiiad  from  the  nuts  or  seeds  by  expression  or 
decoction.  That  obtained  by  decoction  is  prefencd, 
as  less  liable  to  become  rancid,  being  free  from  tlie 
mucilage  and  acrid  matter,  which  is  mixed  with  the 
oil  when  expressed.    Il  is  a  mild  catharlic.  Encyc. 

GAS'TOR-Y,  n.  An  oil  drawn  from  castoreum,  and 
used  in  the  preparation  of  colors. 

GAS-TRA-ME-T.\'TION, «.  [L.  eastrametor,  to  en- 
camp, castra,  camp,  and  vietior^  to  measure  or 
sur\'ey.] 

Thi;  art  or  act  of  encamping;  the  marking  or  lay- 
ing out  of  a  cuinp.  Murphy^s  Tacitus. 

GA.S''J'RaTE,  r.  (.    [h.  castro;  Fr.  diatrer,  for  chattrer; 

Sp.  and   Port  castrar ;    II.  castrate ;    Ar.        yj^ 

khaUai;  Elh.    7nQ)  to  castrate;   Ch.  Nxn,  to  cut 
out  or  olf.     Cl.-iss  Gs,  No.  41,  4'i.] 

I.  To  geld  ;  to  deprive  of  the  testicles ;  to  emas- 
culaln. 

a.  To  Lake  away  or  retrench,  as  the  obsceii';  i>arts 
of  a  writing. 

3.  To  Like  out  a  leaf  or  sheet  from  a  book,  and 
render  it  imperfect. 

GAS'TRa-TEI),  pp.  or  a.  Gelded  ;  emasculated  ;  pu- 
rified from  obscene  expressions. 

CAS'TKaTIXG,  ppr.  GeidiuL' ;  liking  away  the  ob- 
^ecnu  part*  of  a  writing. 

CAS-TKa'TION,  n.  The  act  of  gelding;  the  act  or 
practice  of  making  eunuchs  ;  the  act  of  laktn;;  away 
the  ob:icene  parts  of  a  writing  ;  the  act  of  fikinsr  out 
a  leaf  or  sheet  of  a  book.  In  botany,  the  cutting  utf 
of  the  anthers,  or  to(W  of  the  stamens  of  fl«'  vers, 
before  the  ripening  of  tlie  pollen. 

GA.<-TUa'TO,  H.  |lt  .See  CiSTiiATt.J  Amalep_-r- 
S4in  emasculated  for  the  purpose  of  nnproving  his 
V  >ice  for  a  singer  Sw^fL 


CAT 

G.\.'^'TREIi,  I  n.      A  kind  of  hawk,  reseinbtini  Uu 
KES'TKEL,  i     hinnor  hi  shape  and    ttiu  hob5y  in 

fl/X*. 

C.\S  TRE.N'SI.W,  a.     [\,.  eastrensis,  from  caitr%^  % 

cHinp,]     Helonging  to  a  eaiiip. 
GAST'-HTEEL,  n.    Hlcel  that  has  been  ftised  in  a 

crucible,  usually  without  any  addition  of  cliarcotL 

and  then  cH.->t  into  bun.  (jr*, 

GA«'lv-AI.,  (kazh'yu-al,)u.    [Vt.tasurl:  Sp.  and  Pwt 

casual :  It.  eo-^uale  i  from  I>.  outu,  a  full     See  Cux 

and  AeciuKKT.] 

I    Fulling  ;  happi-niiig  or  coming  to  p;tsR  williout 

design  in  the  iMTsun  or  persons  alfecled,  and  witliotti 

bo'jij;  foreseen  or  expecl*td  ;  accidental  ;  forluituui; 

couiing  by  chance;  as,  the  parties  had  a  C(i.>iia/mi> 

c/*unter. 
'i.  Occasional  ;  coming  at  certain  times,  without 

regularity,  in  distinction  from  stated  or  regular;  u, 

cn.iual  rx^K*n!«os. 
3.  Takmg  place,  or  beginning  to  exist,  without  an 

efhcieiil  intelligent  cause,  and  without  design. 

Atli'-Uu  u^:H  t)kA<  lite  riUuiic?  ul  Utlnj^  U  catuai.    Dieigtu. 

GAS'i;-AL-LY,    adc.      Accidentally;     fortuiiouil)  ; 

without  denlgn  ;  by  ctianc45. 
GA»'IT.AL-NESS,  H.     AaridcnlaliHss;  the  quality  of 

being  cfLsual. 
GA3'lJ-AL-TY,  n.    Accident;  tliat  which  comes  bjr 
chance  or  witliout  design,  or  without  being  foroiHWli{ 
contingency. 

Q.  Any  injury  of  the  boily  from  accident,  wheUier 
resulting  in  death  or  not ;  and  by  a  nu-tonyiny,  deatli| 
or  other  misfortune,  occasioned  by  an  ncndeiii. 

In  military  returti.*,  Uie  head  of  cuhuulltes  eiiibmCM 
all  men  who  die,  desen,  or  are  dismiMied.     CampiiQ. 
3.  In  ticoLt  ttiie,  an  emolument  due  from  a  va«iJ 
to  his  superior,  beyond  the  stated  yearly  duliex,  upon 
certain  casual  events.  Eneyc 

GAS'lj-IST,    (kazh'yu-isl,)    n.      [It    Sp.    and    Kit 
casuista ;  Fr.  ca-tuiste  ;  from  L.  casus  ;  a  cofir.] 
One  who  studies  and  resolves  cases  of  conscience.    | 

The  Jud^nriit  of  aoy  auuitt  or  l««nMxl  dlvlna  U  iiiS  »uftdnl 
to  pve  Liin  oiufuKiice.  AwA. 

GAS'tJ-LST,  r.  i.    To  play  the  part  of  a  casuist 

^fia^ii. 

GAS  U-IST'IG,         )  a.      Relating  to   cases  of  eoD- 

CAS-C-IST'IG-AL,  \  science,  or  to  cases  of  doublAl] 
proprietv.  Soatk. 

G.\S'1^-IST-KY,  (kazh'yu-ist-re,)  n.  The  science  or 
doctrine  of  cases  of  conscience;  the  science  of  re- 
solving cases  of  doubtful  j)ropriet>  J  or  of  deterniininf 
ttie  lawfulness  or  unlawtulness  of  what  a  iiifiii  inijr 
do  by  rules  and  principles  drawn  f^om  the  ScripturM. 
from  the  laws  ol  society,  or  from  equity  and  nntufif 
reason.  Pope. 

CA'Sas  FOCD'ERfS,  [h.]  The  case  slipulnted  by  II 
treaty;  that  which  comes  within  the  teriiiM  rtf  com*  'I 
pact.  [lMtoofJ\'iiiioiuA      \\ 

CAT,  n.     [Ir.  eat;  Fr.   chat;  D.  kat ;   Dan.  Ut ;  Sw.    , 
katt;    G.  kuter,   or    katze;    1..  catiis;    Vulpsir  Grmk  |, 
Karti,  or  yiiToi  ;  It  gatto ;  Port,  and  fJp.  goto;  \ap. 
id.;  Pol.   kol;  Rubs,   kots ;   Turkish  keti ;   W.  eoth; 
Com.  kalfi ;  Arm.  gai  or  kaz  ;  Basque  catua.    In  Ar. 

^ijt  kitta  or  l^ita,  is  a  male  cat    Class  Gd,  No.  .Vj.j 

1.  A  name  applied  to  certain  species  of  cariiivoroiu  p 
quadnipeds,  of  the  genus  Fclis.  'i'he  domestic  cat  I 
needs  no  description.  Il  is  a  deceitful  animal,  and 
when  enniged,  extremely  sjiileful.  It  is  kept  in 
houses,  chietly  for  the  pur|H>sc  of  catching  raL^  and 
mice.  The  wild  cat  is  much  larger  than  the  do- 
mestic cat  It  is  a  stntng,  I'erocious  animal,  Itviagln 
the  forest,  and  very  destructive  to  poultry  and  lambs. 

The  wild  cat  of  Europe  is  of  the  same  species  wiUi  | 
the  domestic  cat ;  the  cataniounl  of  Nonh  America 
Ls  much  larger,  and  a  distinct  sixrcics.     Ed.  Enejfe.       i 

2.  A  ship  formed  on  the  Nonvepian  model,  having  I; 
a    narrow    stern,   projeeting   quarters,   and   a  deep 
waist    It  is  strong  built,  from  four  to  six  hundred 
tuns  burden,  and  cinpli>yed  in  the  coal  trade. 

3.  A  strong  tackle  or  combination  of  pulleys,  to 
hook  and  draw  an  anchor  perjiendicularly  up  to  tbe 
cat-head  of  a  ship. 

4.  A  double  tnpod,  having  six  feet 

Ctit  ufnine  tails  ;  an  instrument  of  pnnifhmenl.  con- 
sisting of  nine  pieces  of  line  or  cord  fastencu  toa 
piece  of  thick  ro[W',  and  having  Ihree  knots  at  inter*    j. 
vals,  used  to  flog  i»lfender^  on  board  of  ships.  |( 

Cat  in  pan.     The  proverbial  expression,  "  to  turn  a 
cat  in  a  pan,"  denotes  a  sudden  change  of  on< ' 
party  in  politico  or  religion,  for  the  sake  vf  being  t 
the  ascendant ;  as  a  cat  always  romes  down  on  Ii 
legs,  however  turned  or  thrown.  Toom. 

GAT'-BIKI),   (-burd,)  n.     An   American  bird,  win 
cry  resembles  that  of  a  cat ;  the  Turdwt  feiieoi. 

GAT'-BLOCK,  n.  A  two  or  three  fold  block  with  an  ,, 
iron  strop  and  large  hook,  used  to  draw  up  an  anchor  , , 
to  the  cat-head.  .V<ij-.  DitL 

C.\T'.S'-EVE,  n.  A  variety  of  quartz,  or  chnlred-n. 
exhihiiinc  yiilloivisli,  opalescent  reflections  fn-m  «  i' 
in,  e'^jKcially  apparent  when  cut  with  a  convex  *■'<' 
face.      These    reflections,    which    resemble  mni 


FaTE,  Far.  FjVLL,  WII^T.— .MP.TE,  PRfiY.  — PINE,  MARXNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE.  DOVE,  MOVE,  WpLF,  BQQVL- 


CAT 

those  observable  in  the  eye  uf  a  cat,  Jiave  given  name 
lo  the  mineral.    It  is  tided  as  a  ycni. 

CAT'-EY-A'D  (kal'Ido,)  ".    Having  eyes  like  a  cat. 

€AT'-FALL,  ?i.  In  s/ups,  a  lope  u>-eil  in  hoisting  the 
anchor'iip  to  the  ciit-head. 

£;j\X'-FISil»  n.  A  species  of  the  squalus,  or  sliark. 
The  cat-fish  of  the  Xorlh  American  rivers  is  a  spe- 
cies of  cottudy  or  bitU-firiid, 

GAT'S'-FQOT,  71.  A  plant  of  llic  genus  gUchoiaaj 
ground  ivy,  or  pill. 

CAT'-HARP-INGS,  n.  pi  Ropes  servinjr  to  brace  in 
the  shrouds  of  the  lower  masts  beliind  tiieir  respec- 
tive yard^,  to  tighten  the  shrouds,  and  give  more 
room  to  draw  in  the  yards,  when  the  ship  is  close- 
hauled.  J^Tar.  Diet. 

CAT'-HEAD,  n.  A  strong  beam  projecting  horizon- 
tally over  a  ship's  bows,  carrying  two  or  three 
sheaves,  about  which  a  rope,  called  the  mtrfall,  passes, 
!ind  cotnnmiiicales  with  tlic  cat-block.    Mar.  Diet. 

€A'rS'-HEAD,  (-bed,)  k.    A  kind  of  apple. 

€AT'-HQQK,  it.  A  strong  hook  fitted  to  the  cat- 
block.  '  -^lar.  Diet. 

€AT'-L!KE,  a.    Resembling  a  cat. 

eAT'-MINT,  ».  A  plant  of  the  genus  Ncpeta,  so 
called  because  aiL^  eat  it. 

CAT'S'-PAW,  n.  Among  sp(7;nr7(,alightair,  perceived, 
in  a  c;dm",  by  a  rippling  of  the  surface  of  tlic  water; 
also,  a  particular  turn  in  the  bight  of  a  ropr,  made  to 
hook  a  tackle  mi.  Mar.  Diet, 

2.  A  dupe;  the  instrument  whicli  aimther  uses  to 
accomplish  his  designs.  [Derived  from  the  story  of 
the  monkey  whi  used  the  paws  of  the  cat  to  draw 
the  roasting  chestnuts  out  cf  the  firej 

€AT'-SALT,  n.  A  sort  of  salt  beautimlly  granulated, 
formed  out  of  the  bittern,  or  leach-brine,  used  for 
making  hard  soap.  Encyc. 

CAT'-SIL-VER,  H.     A  mineral ;  a  variety  of  mica. 

CAT'-TaIL,  71.  [cat  and  tail.]  The  popular  name  of 
a  tall  rccd,  Tijpha  latifolia^  having  insignificant  flow- 
ers in  a  long,  dense,  cylindrical  spike,  at  the  end  of 
the  stem.  Its  long,  flat  leaves  are  much  used  for  tlie 
bottoms  of  chairs. 
2.  A  substance  growing  on  nut-trees,  pines,  <Stc. 

Bailcij. 

€.\T-.VBAP'TIST,  n.     [Gr.  vara  and  /jaTrifrrfjs.] 
One  who  opposes  baptism.  Featlcy. 

e.\T-A-eAUS'Tie,  a.     [Gr.  K-araKavTis^  a  burning.] 
CatcniisUc  curi'c^',  in  geometry,  are  that  species  of 
caustic  curves  which  are  formed  by  reflection. 

Bailey.     Eiicyc. 

€AT-A-€HRe'SIS,  n.  [Gr.  Karaxpriaa,  abuse,  from 
Kara,  against,  and  xnaojtat,  to  use.] 

An  abuse  of  a  trope,  or  of  words  ;  a  figure  in  rhet- 
oric, when  one  word  is  abusively  put  for  another,  or 
when  a  word  is  too  far  wrc^^ted  from  its  true  signifi- 
cation ;  as,  a  voice  hcautifal  lo  the  ear. 

Smith.  Bailey.  Johnson. 
A  catachresis  is  a  trope  which  borrows  the  name  of 
one  thing  to  express  another,  or  a  harsh  trope  ;  as 
when  Milton,  speaking  of  Raphael's  descent  from 
heaven,  says,  he  "  sails  between  worlds  and 
worlds."  Here  the  novelty  of  the  word  sails  en- 
livens the  image.  So  in  Scripture  we  read  of  the 
"  blood  of  the  grape."     Deut.  xxxVi. 

eAT-A-CHRES'Tie,        )  a.      Belonging  to  a  cata- 

eAT-A-€HRES'Tre-AL,  \  chresis ;  forced;  far- 
fetched ;  wrested  from  its  natural  sense. 

Jokiisou.    Brown. 

GAT-A-GHRES'Tie-AL-LY,  adv.  In  a  forced  man- 
ner. Kvchjn. 

€AT'A-eLYSM,  n.  [Gr.  jfarJ*rXu(7//os,  a  deluge,  from 
(faravXii;',',  to  inundate.] 

A  deluge,  or  overflowing  of  water ;  particularly 
the  flood  in  Noah's  days.     [Little  used.]  Hall. 

In  geology,  this  term  has  been  used  to  denote  va- 
rious inundations,  or  deluges,  supposed  to  have  oc- 
curred at  different  periods,  and  to  Inve  deposited 
different  formations  of  diluvian,  or  drift. 

eAT'A-€oMB,  (-kome,)  n.  [probably  from  Gr.  Kara, 
and  Kiijijlii,  a  hollow,  or  recess.] 

A  cave,  grotto,  or  subteiTaneous  place  for  the  burial 
of  the  dead.  It  is  said  to  have  been  originally  ap- 
plied to  the  chapel  of  St.  Sebastian,  in  Rome,  where, 
the  ancient  Roman  calendars  say,  the  body  of  St, 
Peter  was  deposited.  It  is  now  applied  to  a  vast 
number  of  subterraneous  sepulchers,  about  three 
miles  from  Rome,  in  the  Appian  Way  ;  supposed  to 
be  the  cells  and  caves  in  whicli  the  primitive  Cliris- 
tians  concealed  themselves,  and  in  which  were  de- 
posited the  bodies  of  the  primitive  martyrs.  These 
arc  visiltd  by  devout  people,  and  relics  are  taken 
from  them,  baptized  by  the  pope,  and  dispersed 
through  Romnn  Catholic  countries.  Each  catacomb 
is  three  feet  broad,  and  eight  or  ten  high  :  along  the 
side  walls  are  sepulchral  niches,  closed  with  thick 
tiles,  or  pieces  of  mtirble.  Catacombs  are  found 
also  at  Naples,  and  in  other  places.  Encyc. 

eAT-A-€OUS'TieS,  71.    [Gr.  K.traKov^.y,  to  hear.] 
That  part  of  acoustics,  or  the  doctrine  of  sounds, 
^yhich  treats  of  reflected  sounds.    But  the  distinc- 
tion is  d«emed  of  little  use.  Encyc. 

GAT-A-DI-Op'TRie,         \a.      [Gr.  Kara  and  6wz- 

eAT-A-DI-OP'TRie-AL,        Tonau  to  sn,-  through.] 
Reflecting  light. 


CAT 

eAT'A-DuPE,  n.   [Fr.,  from  Gr.  Kara  and  Sovttkj}^  to 
sound.] 

A  cataract,  or  waterfall,     f  JVt»(  in  use]    Brctocr. 
CAT-A-FAL'CO,  71.     [It.,  a  scaftbld.]     A  teniporar>' 
Etmcturc  of  carpentrj',  decorated  v,-ith  iiaintings  and 
sculpture  reprc.Nonting  a  tomb,  or  cenotaph,  and  used 
in  funeral  solemnities.  Gwitt. 

€AT-AG-MAT'[€,  a.     [Gr.  Karayiia,  a  fragment.] 
That  has  the  quality  of  consolidating  broken  parts: 
promoting  tho  union  of  fractured  bones. 

IVitctitnii.     Core. 
CAT'A-GRAPH,7t.  [Gr.  k'it'i  and  }*.a(/.M,  to  describe.] 
The  first  draught  of  a  picture ;  also,  a  profile. 

Chambers. 
CAT-A-LEG'Tie,  a.     [Gr.  Kara  and  \(y<j.] 

In  prosody,  wanting  a  syllable  at  the  end,  or  ter- 
minating in  an  imperfect  foot;  as,  a  catalcctic  verse. 
CAT-A-LEP'SIS,  I  H.      [Gr.     fc-araAr,t^(c,   a    seizing, 
GAT^VLEP-SY,   \      Unm     KaTa)\ait0tti'o)j    to     take, 
seize,  or  invade.] 

A  sudden  suppression  of  motion  and  sensation, 
in  which  the  patient  is  speechless,  senseless,  and 
fixed  in  one  posture^  with  iiis  eyes  open,  without 
seeing  or  understanding.  The  word  is  applied  also 
to  a  retention  of  the  breath,  or  of  tiie  hutnors,  and 
lo  the  interception  of  the  blood  by  bandages. 

Encvf^.     Coze. 
CAT-A-LEP'Tie,  a.    Pertaining  to  catalepsy. 
eAT'A-LO-GiZE,  v.  t.    To  insert  in    a    catalogue. 

[JSTot  u.trd.]  Coles. 

eAT'A-LOGUE,(kat'a-log,)  n.     [Gr.  K-araX'yos  i  Kara 
and  A  ^j  0?,  according  to  words.} 

A  list,  or  enumeration  of  tiie  names  of  men,  or 
things,  disposed  in  a  certain  order,  often  in  alphabet- 
ical order  ;  as,  a  catalogue  of  the  i^tudents  of  a  col- 
lege, or  of  books,  or  of  the  stars. 

Catalogue  ratiOHn^, fra-zon-a';)  a  catalogue  of  books 
classed  according  to  tlieir  subjects.  Brands. 

GAT'A-LOGUE,  v.  t.  [As  above.]     To  make  a  list  of. 

Herbert. 
^A-TAL'PA,  71.     A  large  tree  of  the  banks  of  the 
Mississippi,  which,  in  blossom,  has  a  beautiful  ap- 
pearance.    It  is  the  Catalpa  cordifolla. 
eA-TAL'Y-S!IS,  n.     [Gr.  Kara\v(7'ii.] 

1.  Dissolution.  Taylor. 

2  In  chemistry^  a  decomposition  and  new  combina- 
tion produced  among  the  proximate  and  elementary 
principles  of  one  or  more  compounds,  by  virtue  of 
the  mere  presence  of  a  substance  or  substances 
which  do  not  of  themselves  enter  into  combination. 
€AT-A-LYT'ie,  a.     Relating  lo  catalysis. 

Catalytic  force  ;  that  modification  of  the  force  of 
chemiciU  afiinity  wliicli  determines  cataljsis. 
GAT'A-MA-RAN',  n.  In  naval  language^  a  kind  of 
raft,  used  for  fishing  and  landing  goods,  on  the 
Coromandel  coast  of  India,  and  on  the  coast  of  Bra- 
zil. The  term  was  also  applied  lo  the  fiat-bottomed 
boats  constructed  by  Bonaparte,  for  the  invasion  of 
England. 
€AT-A-Me'NI-A,  ».     [Infra.]    The  monthly  flowing^? 

of  females. 
eAT-A-ME'NI-AL,  a.     [Gr.   vra/u/ftcif;    Kara  and 
/iTji',  a  month.] 

Pertaining  to  the  calamenia,  or    menstnial  dis- 
charges. 
€AT'A-MTTE,  n.     [L.  caUtmitu^.] 

A  boy  kept  for  unnatural  purposes. 
€AT'A-MOU.\T,  71.    Cat  of  the  niLtuntain,  the  wild 

cat. 
CAT-AN-AD'RO-MOUR,  a,      [Gr.    (f.tra,    ara,    and 
*J/"'M^S*]     In  ichthyolvgy,  passing  once  a  year  from 
salt  water  into  fresh,  aiid  rifiiirning. 
€AT-AN'URO-MOUS,    a.      In    ichthyology,    moving 

once  a  year  from  salt  water  into  fresh.       Knowlcs. 
GAT'A-PASxM,  n.     [Gr.  KarayTnafia.] 

A  dry  powder  for  sj^inkling  the  body.  Coze. 

€AT-A-PELT'[e',  a.     Pertaining  to  the  catapult.    As 

a  I'onii,  liir  catapult. 
€AT-A-PET'AL-OUS,  a.     [Gr.  Kurtt  and  TrcTa\ot>.] 
A  term  applied  to  petals  of  a  flower  when  held  to- 
gether by  stamens,  which  grow  lo  their  bases,  as  in 
the  mallow.  Braiide. 

eAT-A-PHON'I€S,  11.    j"Gr.  Kara  and  ^cjyr?,  sound.] 
The  doctrine  of  reflected    sounds,   a  branch  of 
acoustics.  Encyc. 

eAT'A-PHRAGT,  71.     [L.  catapkracta;  Gr.  Kural^-iaK- 
ro5,  from  <far(i';,oafT(T',',  to  arm  or  forlify.| 

1.  In  the  ancient  military  art,  a  piece  ot  heavy,  de- 
fensive armor,  formed  of  cloth  or  I'^athcr,  strength- 
ened with  scales  or  links,  used  to  defend  the  breast, 
or  whule  body,  or  even  the  horse,  as  well  as  the 
rider.  Encyc. 

2.  A  horseman  in  complete  armor.  Miltuu. 
€AT'A-PHRA€T-ED,  a.     In  loo/on-i/,  covered  with  a 

liard,  callous  skin,  or  with  horny  or  bony  plates  or 
scales,  closely  joined  together,  like  Uiose  of  the  Ro- 
man soldiers  called  cataphracti:  hence  the  term. 

€AT'A-PLASM,  n.  [Gr.  KararrXaofia,  from  Kara^rXnc- 
(7CJ,  to  anoint,  or  to  spread,  as  a  plaster.] 

A  poultice  ;  a  soft  and  moist  substance  lo  he  ap- 
plied to  some  part  of  the  body,  to  excite  or  repel 
ileal,  or  to  relax  the  skin,  &,c.  When  mustard  is  an 
ingredient,  it  is  called  a  o.r;m/«.sm.  E.icyc. 

GAT'A-PUCE,  7t.    The  herb  spurge.     [  Obs.]  Chaticer. 


CAT 

€AT'A-PULT,  It.  [Gr.  KaraTreXTm ;  L.  aUajntha; 
Kara  and  ncAr//,  a  target,  or  more  probably  from 
raAAw  or  fiaWtjj  lo  throw,  or  drive,  L.  peUo-i 

A  military  engme  used  by  the  ancient  Greeks  nr.-i 
Romans  for  throwing  t^tones, darts,  and  arrow-,  -r,^  u 
an  enemy.  Some  of  these  would  throw  a  slon-  •  t  n 
hundred  iwundrf  weight.  Mnjord. 

eAT'A-RACT,  n.  [L.  aitaracla ,  Gr.  *ar5;j.i«r»75, 
fmnt  KOTtioaaaio^  to  brci^ik,  or  fall  with  violence, 
from  liaacL}^  lioi'-s,  to  Strike,  or  da£h.] 

1.  A  great  fall  of  water  over  a  precipice,  as  that 
of  Niagara,  of  the  Rhhie,  Danube,  and  Nile.  It  is  a 
cascade  upon  a  great  ucale. 

The  Uerncndyua  aUaraeU  of  Amei^  ihuoderiag  In  1)1    -  !-    • 
ludci.  Irc.r^. 

2.  In  viedicine  and  surgery^  an  opacity  of  the  cr>-^ 
talline  lens,  or  its  capsule  ;  a  di.-ord^r  in  the  eye,  by 
which  the  pupil,  which  is  usually  black  and  trans- 
parent, becomes  opaque,  blue,  gray,  brown,  &c.,  by 
which  vi;uon  is  impaircl  or  de«troyod.  Enc*;c. 

CAT-A-RAGT'OUS,  a.    Partaking  of  the  nature'of  a 

cataract  in  the  eye. 
eA-T\RRir,  (ka-tilr',)   n.     [L.  catarrh  us  ;   Gr,  Knra- 

fiooi,  from  Kuraojuo},  to  flow  down.] 

1.  A  defluxion,  or  increased  secretion  of  mucus 
from  the  membranes  of  the  nose,  fauces,  and  bron-   . 
chi.T,  with  fever,  sneezing,  cough,  thirst,  lassitude, 
and  loss  of  appetite,  and  sometimes  an  entire  loss  of 
tast4- ;  called  also  a  cold,  coryza.     An  epidemic  ca-   I 
tarrh  is  called  injlumza.        Hooper.     Coze.     Encic. 

2.  In  popular  language,  a  chronic  affection  of  the 
mucous  membrane  of  tlie  nostrils  and  fauces. 

GA-TARRH'AL,  (ka-tir'ral,)     \a.     Pertaining  to  r-i- 
CA-TXRRII'UUS,  (ka-tar'rus,)  \     tarrh,  produced  by 

it  or  attending  it ;  as,  a  catarrhal  fever. 
G.\-TAS'TE-R1SM,  71.     [(Jr.  Karaan-H'^ii'iiy  from  Jtti- 

TaarEoil,<o,  lo  distinguish    with    stars,  or  to  place 

among  Hie  stars  ;  Kara  and  'i^r;? 0,  a  star.] 
A  amsteltation,  or  a  placing  among  the  stars. 
e.\-TAS'TRO-PHE,  n.     [Gr.  Kara^JTooiiir},  an  end  or 

overthrowing,  from  KaTacTotiixa^  lo  subvert ;  xara  and 

tTT'U*Af''-] 

1.  The  change  or  revolution  which  produces  the 
final  evt-nt  of  a  dramatic  piece  ;  or  the  unfolding  and 
winding  up  of  the  plot,  clearing  up  ditficulties,  and 
closing  the  play.  The  ancienls  divided  a  play  into 
the  protasis,  epitasis,  catastasis,  and  catastrophe ; 
the  ijitroduction,  continuance,  bightening,  and  de- 
velopment or  conclusion.  Johnson.    Encyc. 

2.  A  finaJ  event ;  conclusion ;  generally,  an  un- 
fortunate conclusion,  calamity,  or  disaster. 

3.  Ill  geology,  a  supposed  change  in  the  globe  from 
sudden  physical  violence,  causing  elevation  or  sub- 
sidence of  the  solid  parts,  or  a  cataclysm  of  the 
waters. 

€A-TAS'TRO-PHIST,  tj.  In  geology,  one  who  be- 
lieves in  catastrophes,  or  in  changes  in  the  globe, 
from  violent  physical  causes ;  a  non-uniformist, 

CAT'GALL,  71.  [eat  and  ealL]  A  squeaking  instru- 
ment, iised  in  playhouses  to  condemn  plays. 

Johnson,     Pope. 

GATCH,  V.  L  ;  pret.  and  pp.  Ca-tched  or  Capcht.  [Sp. 
coger,  to  catch,  coinciding  in  elements  with  Gr. 
ntxcio.  The  orthography  o(  caught  determines  the 
radical  letters  to  be  Cg.] 

1.  To  seize  or  lay  hold  on  with  the  hand  ;  carry- 
ing the  sense  of  pursuit,  thrusting  forward  the  hand, 
or  rushing  on. 

And  ihoy  cajne  upon  UJm  and  eau;ht  him.  — Acts  ti- 

2.  To  seize,  in  a  general  sense  ;  as,  to  a^eh  a  ball ; 
to  catch  hold  of  a  bough. 

3.  To  seize,  as  in  a  snare  or  trap ;  to  insnare  ;  to 
entangle. 

They  acRt  certain  of  the  Pliwisws  rikI  of  the  Herodians,  to 
i-atch  Uiin  in  his  words.  —  Mark  xii. 

■1.  To  seize  in  pursuit ;  hencfi,  simply  to  overtake ; 

a  popular  use  of  the  word. 

lie  nn,  tmt  could  not  catch  hia  companion. 

5.  To  take  hold  ;  to  communicate  lo. 

The  fire  caught  the  ftdjoiniitj  building. 

6.  To  seize  the  affections ;  lo  engage  and  attach 
to  ;  as,  lo  eatch  the  fair.  Dryden. 

7.  To  take  or  receive  by  contagion  or  lufcclion ; 
as,  to  catch  the  measles  or  sm;ill-itox. 

8.  To  snatch ;  to  take  suddenly  ;  as,  to  catch  a 
hook  out  of  the  hand. 

9.  To  receive  something  passing. 

The  svvclUnir  siils  no  more 
Calch  ihe  seft  ain  :uid  wanton  in  the  aky.  7Vwr»iu.'u 

To  catch  at ;  to  endeavor  to  seize  suddenly. 

To  calcJi  at  cJl  opportuitilin  of  subTcriing  ihc  state.   .Hditon. 

To  catdi  up  ;  to  snatch  ;  to  take  up  suddenly. 
€.\TCH,  V.  i.    To  communicate  ;  to  spread  by  infect- 
ing; as,  a  disease  will  catch  from  man  to  man. 

2.  To  seize  and  hold  ;  as,  a  hook  catches.  I 

GATCH,  n.     Seizure  ;  the  act  of  seizmg. 

2.  Any  thing  that  seizes  or  takes  hold,  as  a  hook. 

3.  The  posture  of  seizing ;  a  state  of  preparation 
lo  catch,  or  of  watching  an  opportunity  to  seize  ;  as, 
to  lie  upon  the  cntch.  Addison. 

4.  A  sudden  advantage  taken.  Dry*len. 


TiJNE,  BULL,  UNITE.  — AN^GEU,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  asK;  GasJ;  SasZ;  CHasSH;  TUasin  TUIS. 

1^ 


CAT 


CAT 


CAT 


5.  Tlw  ihiug  cnueUi,  cuMiik'red  u  u  ti^t*  of 
iMire  ;  ptufil ,  wlv.iiilusc. 

6.  A  snaicli ;  a  abort  Interval  afseUon. 

lilvut«ca»iiil)/mtA«i.  toc»i. 

7.  A  lillltj  portion. 

Mfo  r«*i*»  ft  "«*  rf  »  piTtV  *"7' 

- •!.-    >..^i.irtn      wlti  ri-in.  t 


A  ba»e,  and  calltJ  ca/«A 
n  bl;uk  «..liitioM,  c.illicl 
•  in:iii-i,  n  rf<I  !■"' 


It  i'miii)^  Willi  alkallua 
.  alka- 

,,_         iilace* 

I  10  ill  iiloUuvltJ,  "1  buildiliBS 
,  whcro  lllu  calcclliit  laugllt  llio 


;  or  a  pirr*'  lor  thrct;  or  more  . 
■  lead*  and  Uw  other*  follow   in 
;;,ir',c.    £ii.(4y._ 
M  N,  II.    A  dilcU  or  dram  oa  Ulo  "idc  of  a  I 
...  surfii-n  waltr.     .\ta<>.  a  ditch  on  the 

.,  .  .iii»l,  to  iM-  ' ■'    '  "  ''  '■      „       , 

:    \-BLE,  «.      i  ',    ('"'■f-J. 

!  i;ic    ».     Hi:  ''""  wi'":'' 

■  .  or  in  which  •".  .1" ■■ 

KI.V,   ri.     A  plaiil  ol    the  gouiis  l.>cnnu ; 

:  1  .\G,  pfr.    !j«iiiD5 ;  lakinj  hold  ;  iiisnariiig  ; 

I  IN'lJ,  a.     CommuMicatinB,  or  tliat   may  bo 
t  il,  by  contagion  ;  iiifectioua ;  an,  a  di* 

\  fiTiW,  (-mcdMo,)  n.  A  meadow  which 
•  r  fruiii  a  »iiriog  or  rivulet  on  the 

.  VIN,  ».     A  bargain  made  with 

r  Ihu  purchase  of  his  itpi;ct.-incy, 

Bnurirr. 

[coidk  and  pniii».l     Somclhine 

....  .M.irlv  a  bonk  or  painphUi,  adapicil 

.r  tasw,  and  Inu-ndcd  to  gain  money  in 

.      r.  ...■.     ....  1      .    ,11      llv     lu'-iil.")        A 


line  e 
€AT  1- 

wh. . 

adjo.. 

doclriii'  -  ."  i-  "- J.  ,. 

One  who  n  111  tile  rt"<  ruilimcnl.t  i.i 

one  who  i«  receivlna  in«truellun  and  , 

».lf  f..r  teiiitiHin.     'I'l'  ■    "•  "   ^n"!;"" 

1,1"  lull. villi;  p:ir«ii' 

the  pruiLlliles  of  t 

adniilled  lo  tliui  .:  ■: 
I      and  the  «iBn  of  the  rrt>"-i. 
eAT-E-Cllf-.ME.N'iCAI,, 
'      clullnciu.  „ 

e.vr-E-euo'MEN-isT, ». 


.     II',   11.;:. -It.  ■X  III 

'lliey  were 

..i,n  of  liandu, 

F.Jic^c. 

Ovlongine   to   cioc- 


A  catcchiiinen. 

Bp.  MtfTion, 

;„„.li..I    I" 


e.\T-E.coii-E-M.vr'ie,  •>     i"  '■ 

word  which  in  e.ipiiW, 
n«  a  rrrni,  or  prcdicaie  i>; 
€AT-E-GOR'ie-AL,  a.     u-    -    '  -     '    '    '    ' 

'"l.'ALolml?i««ltive;   exprc.,;   not  rela.ivo  or 
liypolhetical ;  as,  a  aiUgorial  proposition,  syllogism, 

eVr"tt:OR'ie-.\L-LY,  adn.    Absolutely  ;  directly  ; 


exprc«.,ily ;  positively  ; 
CA'l  'E-GO-RV,  n.     [Cr 


'as,  lo  afllmi  taugoricaUi/. 


J  .:,ioms, 

C\TCir-VVORD,  II.  .\inonI  ii«or»,  the  Ku>l  word  ol 
Iho  prereding  «iicaker,  which  reminds  one  that  lie  is 
10  speak  next.  .... 

0.  Among  pri»</-rj,  the  word  placed  at  the  bottom 
of  each  paso,  under  llio  l.tsl  lin-,  which  is  to  be  iii- 
seited  M  Iht  Arst  word  on  the  following  pogc. 
C.tTE.  n.     S.-eC>TEi.  ,     „,. 

eVr-E-CHET'ie-Al.,  «.  [S«o  CATtcHns.J  Relat- 
ing lo  oral  in<ln:  •  ■■  -■'  ■  itirularly  in  tlio  first 
principle-*  of  the  i  'i- 

o    It-lTin-   I,.  Ill  a.<kmg  questions 

,„j  ..iv.iJing  to  the   ancient 

man 

^-  :.-al  meihoJ  of  argiiag.  AdJiMti. 

■  ■■      i;  cilUl  ICALLY,    ode.      By   question    and 

..■  r:  in  llic  way  of  oral  iii.<truction. 
,    \  I    1.  eiil.NE.     See  Catichlic  .\ciD. 
t:  V  r  li-ClII-*.^'TIO.\',  n.     Thi;  act  of  calechlslng. 
C.Vr'E-elllSE.  r.  1.     [Gr.  <.ir>n.iC  j,  and  Kai-itxifj,  to 
sound,  to  ulier  sound,  to  teach  by  tlic  voice  :  from 
<  iTj   and    nx'u,  to  gound,  whence  ccAo.    Hence 
Mrr)x;il<rij,   itirFixKr/ioj,  caUcluat,  caUckum,  mstruc- 
tion.l  .  . 

1.  To  inslnict  bv  .i.*kinii  que-iiions,  receiving  an- 
swers, anil  oir.rin;.  X|il.inaliun.i  and  corrections. 

2.  Toqin^ilion:  to  inttrrugate ;  lo  examine  or  I17 
by  question',  and  sometimes  with  a  view  to  reproof, 
by  clicitine  answers  from  a  person,  which  condemn 
lii.'  own  ciuliicl, 

3.  Apfraprialrlii,  to  ask  questions  concerning  tlie 
doctrines  of  the  Christian  religion ;  lo  inlerrugate 
pupils  and  give  instruction  in  the  principles  of  re- 
limiin. 

f.XT'E-eillS-tTJ,  (kai'e-kud,)  pp.    Instructed. 
e.VT'I"  '-H!?  r.i:.  !i.    One  who  catechises;  one  who 
in-'  ii.in  and  answer,  and  particularly 

1" llij  Christian  ttliirion. 
■ ,  jipr.     In^ilntcling  in  mdimenla  or 


to  nrcii-^e,  show,  delnonstralc  ;  «ara  and  a)0(Jieji,  to 
speak  in  an  assembly,  to  hannguo  or  denounce,  from 
a>pa,  a  forum,  judicial  tribunal,  or  inarket.J 

'in  lijTic,  a  series  or  or.ler  of  all  tlio  proi  icates  o 
altribules  contained  under  a  ginus.  The  school 
pil.sipll.rs  duslribnt.  d  all  the  .ibj.,ct^  of  ..ur  thoughts 
ind  ,d.L  into  giner.  or  cla.«-s.  ArisUilIe  made  u-n 
categories,  vi/..,  sub.^tunee,quantily,qnality,  relation, 
action,  passion,  lime,  place,  sllualion,  and  "»^_d.^ 

€  \T-E-NS'RI-.-\N,  I  a.  [I...  ca/cnariiw,  from  cauna^  a 
■ ■' '         '      clii 


eAT'E.NA-RY, 

Relating  to  a  chain 


_-iain.] 

,  like  a  chain. 


e.vr  . 

Xnnr.;i.l.J. 
T'E-eflliM,  (kat'c-kixni,)  ■.     [Gr.  KiTnX":i"i-i 
\.  A  form  of  instruction  by  means  of  questions 
Mid  answers,  porticuloily  in  the  principles  of  re- 
ligion. 

a.  .\n  ,  I  m,nl-irv  b,x>k  conUining  a  summary  of 
pp.  i,r  art,  but  appr. .priatcly  in 

pi;  form  of  qiicstinns  and  an- 

f.,^  ,.  ith  Di'lcs,  explanations,  and 


fAI 


t.. 


iriJXiffr-ijj.] 

■-.  rnrf,  nr  tiy  question  and 
,      1  by  the  church 

,'  lo  a  catechist. 


:eni  extract,  ob- 
.  irom  the  .Vcacia 
^^  Itcnt-aiii-  :i  Itr^e  portion  of  lan- 

„,  !,  Tkamsat.     Vrc. 

CA  I  VO'ID,  a.    An  acid  solulde  in  boil- 

ins  iv.;;.r,c.  Til,iin.;d  in  thai  portion  of  catechu  which 
is  Insoluble  in  cold  water.    It  was  at  first  considered 


Relating  to  a  ciiain  ;  iiiiu  i>  v..".—     •  ■•- -- 

aUtnarian  curce,  Ul  Reometry,  Is  formed  by  a  rijpo  or 
chain,  of  uniform  density,  hanging  friely  between 
two  miints  of  suspeni-ion,  whether  U.o  points  are 
horiMulal  or  not.  •'("V"-  ^"'JJ';,  . 

CAT'E-NiiTE,  r.  L  [L.  calfnn,  a  chain;  O.  kou  , 
Sans.  Avua.tvhcncct.'Ucnu,  to  bind.]  ,  ,  „t. 

To  chain,  or  ratlicr  lo  connect  in  a  series  of  links 

G  \T'I>N.\-TED,  pp-    Connected  as  links  in  a  chain. 
CAT'E-NA-TING,  ppr.      Connecting  as  links  in   a 

€  \T-E^Na'TION,  It.  Connection  of  links,  union  of 
'parts,  as  in  a  chain ;  regular  connection.    tSce  Cos- 

CA-TEN'll°LATE,  a.     Consisting  of  little  links  or 

"^  ?i"iw(ariil  hL<tor>j,  presenting,  on  the  surface,  a  sc- 
ries of  oblong  tubercles,  reseiiililing  a  chain.  Braiule. 

CA'TER,  r.  i.  [In  It.  caUnrc  is  lo  gel;  accaUore,  lo 
bc"  or  borrow.  In  I'r.  nc'Mrr  is  to  buy  ;  Nonn.  acat, 
a  buying.  The  Fr.  ./u  (er,  for  ^.it.-ffr,  to  beg,  seems 
lo  be  a  different  word.    See  CATEncn.) 

To  provide  food  ;  to  buy  or  procure  provisions  ;lol- 
lowed  by  M  ;  as,  to  c»Wr/ur  the  sparrow.      SHak. 

CA'TER,  .1.    A  provider.     [See  CATtnia.]  ^OJd^ng. 

CA'TER,  n.    The  four  of  cards  or  dice  ;  so  written  for 

Fr.  quatre, 
€i'TER-GOUS'/N,  {-kuz'n,)  n.  AquatTC-consin^re- 

motc  relation.  *fT;;    , 

[  The  Urm  is  cammonli/  use)  in  ru/«a'«  »/  "c  J""!/  oj 
claiming  remote  consangaimty.^  .      „.  i  ,„ 

eX'TER-ER,  n.  [from  coier.  In  Chaucer,  acluitm, 
nurchaser   or  caterer,  U  evidently  from  achrur,  lo 

'  A  provider,  buver,  or  pur^•cyor  of  provisions. 

CkauctT,  OmU  Tales,  570.     See:*. 
€A'TER-ESS,  n.   A  woman  who  caters  ;  a  female  pro- 

€  It'ER-PiVlAR,  n.  [The  ctymolog>-  of  this  word 
is  uncertain.  The  la-st  comiionenl  part  of  the  word 
may  be  from  Fr.  ;.«<■.■,  to  pillage  or  peel,  or  from  I-. 

''  Tlio  ccJorcd  and  often  hairy  lava  of  Uio  UpiJapier- 
ou.«  insects.  This  lenn  u  also  applied  lo  Uiu  laivic 
of  other  insects,  such  aa  the  TeaUircJn,  or  saw-nj , 
but  is  more  g.nemllv  confined  to  the  leptdoptera. 
Caterpillars  are  produced  immediately  from  the  egg; 
they  arc  furnished  Willi  several  pairs  of  feet,  ami 
have  Iho  shape  and  .appearance  of  a  worm.  I  hey 
contain  the  embryo  of  the  perfect  insect,  incloscil 
wiUiin  a  muscular  envelope,  which  is  thrown  rB 
when  the  insect  enters  the  nymph  or  chr>  sails  stale, 
in  which  il  remains  for  some  lime  as  if  inanimate. 
It  then  throws  off  its  last  envelope,  and  emerges  a 
perfect  insccL  Calerpillam  generally  feed  on  leaves 
or  succulent  vegcuablcs,  and  ore  sometimes  very  ao- 
stnictive.  Ed.F.ncjc     Kirbn. 

€AT'ER-PII^I.AR-J";.\T'ER,   n.      A  worm  bred  in 
the  body  of  a  caterpillar,  which  cats  it.  JCiioic. 

€AT'ER-\VAUI.,  r.  i.     [Probably  from  cot  and  moicl. 
It.  guaioiare,  Eng.  icoii.] 


To  rrj-  or  wr.nl,  as  caU  in  rutting  lime ;  to  iHkt 

5)1  .   noise. 

fVl  ING,  n.     The  cry  of  caU ;  a  ll«l», 

(li   ,  or  cr\*. 

CA'Tl.i:  i .  I  he  place  where  provisions  are  Ofr 

C  VTEi   B.  pi.     Delicious  food  or  viands  ;  dalnlics. 
cXT'Gt'T   n.     The  liiteslines  of  sheep  and  .<ll,r  uil 

luals  dried  and  twisted,  used  for  fUingn  of  violilM 

and  other  inslriiments. 
•i  .\  sort  of  linen    or  canvas,  wilh  wul     l■■■'■■• 

slices.  -     .r,    I- 

eATH'A-RINE-WIIEEL,  i.       In  OoOuc  m 

an  omameiiud  window,  or  coiniiartmcBi  - 

dow,  of  a  circular  lunn,  wiUi  roielles  or  ; 

divisions  or  siK.kes. 
eATH'A-RIST,  a.     [Gr.  KiiOanm,  pure.] 

One  wlio  prelcndji  to  more  purity  than  olhcn  po. 

C."'^Til.\R'.'?lS,  a.     [Gr.  Infta-l      ruitaliull ;  alvlM 

di-i  ti:it;!.H  ;  evacuation. 
C\   riUl.'I'ie,  II-     [Gr.  laOjprnot,  flora  ««• 

e  \-TllAR'Tie-AL,  1     Duoiuu,  «aiy.iip".',  lo  puig«,««- 

'Oaoot,  clean,  lata  and  „.:><.;  lo  remove,] 

t'urging  ;  cleansing  Ih.-  bowels  ;  promotlml  cv«t«- 

ations  by  stool;  puigalive. 
€A-TIIAR'Tie,  a.     .\  medicine  thai  prom. 

disdiMges,  and  thus  d.aiises  Uio  Uuniach 

els  ;  a  purge  ;  a  purgative. 
CA-TI1AR'T1C-aLlY,  adv.    In  Uie  manner  of  a  ta 

eA-'lMIAR'TIC-ALNESS,  n.      The  quality  of  pi>. 

moling  disrimrges  from  the  bow'els. 

eA-Tli.\R'TI-NA,  (  n.    A  doubtful  alkaloid,  lUc  v 

e\-THAR'TINE,  i    live  puigativeprinci|i '■" 

elil  species  of  Cassia,   |Kipillarly   known 
more  nc.  nlly  calle.l  iirnnin. 

eATIl'E-DR..\or€A.TIIE'DUA,  11.      [G,.,    

appropiiaielv,  Uie  chair  or  seal  ol  a  person  ui  «■. 
Ihority,  as  a  chief  or  lecturer. 
eA-TllF.'IlRAL,  lu      [LaU  caAedrai   Gr.  .aOrifS,  » 
The  ca(«iar»  or       chair  or  seat,  from  .ara  and  inpa.  a  sc^j'-J  .       , 

The  sec  or  scat  of  a  bishop  ;   the  prmciiol  cuan  .1 
in  a  diocese.  ,       ,       ,  ....,.,. 

eV-Tlir-'DRAL,,  0.  Pertaining  to  Uie  chiir.h  whleli 
'is  Iho  bishop's  seal,  or  head  cliurcli  of  a  dioceje; 
containing  liie  see  of  a  bishop;  as,  a  a.<*.*«i 
church ;  calhedral  service.  ,     .    ,       .      ,1 

2.  Resembling  Uie  aisles  of  a  caUiedral ;  a»;/^ 
dral  walks.  „  .    .        ...  ' 

CATH'E  DRA-TED,  a.    Kelalmg  lo  Uie  1. 
the  chair  or  office  of  a  tiachcr. 

GATll'E-RlNE-PEAR.n.    A  sort  of  small  | 

€\TI1'E-TER,  n.  [Gr.  «a(/iTi)p,  from  «o)iii/ii,  to 
Uinisl  in  ;  A.ir..  and  iDHi,  to  send.]  „,,,,,,,  ' 

In  iur.'fn;,  a  tubular  insimmcnt,  usuni 
silver,  to' be  introduced  into  the  lila.lder,  ' 
Ulc  urine,  when  Uie  n.atural  discharge  Is 
also,  a  sound  lo  search  for  Uie  sU.iie,  ..    •■-.■- 
iniiilu  of  silver  or  elastic  gum.  t-!"^c-    '-•"'■ 


ver  or  eiasiic  guiu.  ^,.~,..    ----- 

In  ge.m.tr«,  a  Le  or  radius  falling  1-  n-»JM: 
larlv  on  anollier.  Thus  the  citlcl.  of  a  ''-''^^"^ 
triangle  are  the  two  sides  Ihal  include  ^t'"/^'^^- 

^^'dJ^^^'lf  •ncidenee,  in  c<.to;,lri«  Is  a  right  toe 
drawn  from  a  radiant  point,  perpendicular  to  I  lie  rs- 
fleeting  line,  or  the  plane  ofifie  speculum,  .T^jirtor. 

from  the  eye,  or  Uom  any  point  »f  »''« .'"^''^^J.^f'Jfc    . 
perp.-ndicular  10  Uie  piano  of  reflection,  ^^  oMBc 

"trlrSlxcca.c,  a  eaacc.  is  a  perpendicular  Ita^ 
supposed  to  pass  ihrough  the  middle  of  a  cjlindncai 
body.    Also,'  the  center  of  the  Ionic  vol  n,-.  Lner-^^ 

CATH'ODE,  (kat'ode,)  a.    [Gr.  «ar,i,  .1." 
6.!of,  wav.l     In  rl«(ro-<ftfoii.-lJ-y,  the  » 
Ihc  electric  current  leaves  substances  1  . 
it  passes,  or  the  surface  at  which  Uio  •r'v  '  ',  v;^, 
passes  out  of  Uie  eh^nrolyle  ;   oj.posed  lo  ««^«J 
equivalent  to  negnticc  poU.  ^^ 

CAT'llOLES,  a.     In  ulupt,  two  small  holes  »»«», 
above  Ihc  gunroom  ports.  i»„«. 

^S'^:^h/wiiS;\^cr^i::';"r;:-:i^; 

^"i.Tnt^sil-ofglreil;  as,  ...e^-;,f,S?rn 
Origimdly  this  epithet  w.as  given  'o  t  e  Chr-nin 
church  in  general,  but  is  now  claimed  b)  Uif  '•• 
ralliolic  church  ;  and  in  stricln.  ss  there  is  no  m 
Cahoic  cuirch  or  univeival  Cl.rislian  comnnui. 
The  cpilhet  is  sometimes  set  in  opi«siUon  to*««W. 
rectartf,  or  sr-higmalic  ...       ^;„i  ,.r  l.isrfcd : 

2.  Liberal ;  uol  narrow-minded,  partial,  or  bl»i«o . 
as,  a  catliolic  man. 

3.  Liberal ;  as,  aOholU  pnnciplM.  rMatkt 

4.  Pertaining  10  or  affecting  the  Roman  CaUwuei . 
as,  CalltoUc  emancipation.  „-i—  which 

bi/A«;.i:  epMltj  ;  llie  episUes  of  the  apof  f  L*! „ 
are  addressed  lo  all  the  faithful,  and  not  to  ■  pMUf" 

lar  church.  .  ,     „„„.„  r«ilio- 

CATH'O-Lie,  n.    An  adherent  of  Uie  Roman  luw 

lie  church.  ^^^_^^ 


FATE,  PAR,  FALL 


\VU.\T.-METE,  PREY.-PI.se,  M-ARINE,  BIRD.- NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE.  VVQLF.  BQQK— 


CAT 

€A-THOL'ie-AL,  a.    General. 

€A-THOL'I-CrsM  or  €ATfr-0-LI-ClS>f,  n.  Adher- 
ence to  the  Roman  Catholic  church. 

2.  Universality,  or  the  orthodox  faith  of  tlie  whole 
church.  '  Pecr:!On. 

3.  More  generally,  liberality  of  sentiments. 

This  U  the  renofl-ned  s?;\l  of  Ca^liolidsm.  E.  D.  Gr\fftn. 

CATU-O-LICT-TV,  iu  The  system  of  doctrine,  disci- 
pline, and  worship,  held  by  t'hi?  Churcli  of  Rome.  In 
this  sense,  the  word  is  ust;d  chiefly  by  Roman  Catli- 
olie  writers. 

2.  Tlie  system  of  doctrine,  discipline,  and  worship, 
held  in  common  by  the  Latin  or  Roman  Catholic 
Church,  the  Oriental  or  Greek  Church,  and  a  part 
of  the  Church  of  England  —  or  the  system  held  by 
the  fathers  and  councils  of  the  lirst  live  centuries. 
In  tliis  sense,  the  word  is  used  by  some  ^Titers  of 
Ihe  En;:lish  Church.  L.  Bacon. 

CA-THOL'I-CIZS,  r.  (.  To  become  a  Roman  Catho- 
lic    [Little  used.] 

€ATH'0-LI€-LY,  adv.  Generally;  in  a  catliolic 
manner.  ^Vr  L.  Canj. 

eATH  0-Lie-XESS,  H.    Universality.  Brecint. 

e.VTHOL'IC-OX,  71.  [Gr.  KaOoXiKov  la^a,  universal 
remedy.] 

A  remedy  for  all  diseases  ;  a  universal  remedy  i  a 
remedy  supposed  to  be  etTicacious  iii  purging  away 
all  humors ;  a  panacea ;  a  kind  of  soft  purgative 
electuaiv,  so  called. 

€A-THOL'ie-OS,  u.  The  spiritual  head  of  the  Ar- 
menian Church,  who  ordains  bishops,  and  conse- 
crates the  sacred  oil  used  in  religiotis  ceremonies. 

Coleman. 

€AT-ILI-Na'RI-AN,  «.  Resembling  Catiline,  the 
Roman. 

CAT-I-LI-Na'RI-AN,  II.  One  who  resembles  Cati- 
line. 

CATT-LIX-ISM,  n.  The  practices  of  Catiline,  tlie 
Roman  conspirator ;  conspiracy. 

CAT'KIN,  n.  [from  cat  and  kin,]  In  botamj,  an 
ament,  a  species  of  inflorescence,  consisting  of  many 
scales  ranged  along  a  stalk,  slender  as  a  thread, 
which  is  the  common  receptacle,  as  in  hazel,  birch, 
oak,  willow,  poplar,  £cc. ;  so  called  from  its  resem- 
blance to  a  cat's  tiiil.  JMartijit. 

CAT'LING,  n.  A  dismembering  knife,  u?ed  by  sur- 
geons. Harris. 

9.  The  down  or  moss  growing  about  walnut-trees, 
resembling  the  liair  of  a  cat.  Harris. 

3.  Catgut,    an.  Shak. 
CAT'.MlXTj  [  Ti.    A  plant  of  the  genus  Nepeta,  some- 
€AT'XIP,      \     what  resembling  mint.    Cats  are  fond 

of  itj^and  hence  the  name. 

€A-To'X[-AX,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  resembling  Calo, 
the  Roman,  who  was  remarkable  for  his  severity  of 
manners  :  erave  ;  severe  j  inflexible. 

€AT-0-XIXE'-TaILS,  n,    A  whip  with  nine  lashes. 

€A-TOP'TER.     ( 11.     [Gr.  xara-royr.        See  Catop- 

€A-TOPTROX,  )     THIC3.] 

A  reflecting  optical  glass  or  instrument ;  a  mirror. 
[Obs.]  nut. 

€A-TOP'TRTe,  }         re-      .^ 

CA-TOP'TRie-AL,  i  "^     t*^"  Catoptkius.] 
Relating  to  catoptrics,  or  vision  bv  reflection. 

€A-TOP'TRICS,  n.  [Gr.  Karo-TpUos,  from  KaroTT- 
rpoi'y  a  mirror,  from  a-otj,  against,  and  oizTOfiat,  to 
see.] 

That  pnrt  of  optics  wliich  explains  the  properties 
of  reflected  lipht,  and  particularly  that  which  is  re- 
flected from  mu-rors  or  polished  bodies.  Eacyc. 

CA-TOP'TRO-MAX-CY,  n.  [Gr.  KaraTTrpoixu^Tua ; 
ifaroT7p7i,  a  mirror,  and  fiavTeia,  divination.] 

A  species  of  divination,  among  the  ancimtSy  which 
was  performed  by  letting  down  a  mirror  into  water, 
for  a  sick  person  to  look  at  his  face  in  it.  If  his  coun- 
tenance appeared  distorted  and  ghastly,  it  was  an  ill 
omen  ;  if  fresh  and  healthy,  it  was  favorable.  Encuc. 

€AT'-PIPE,  n.    See  Catcalu 

CAT'SUP,  n.     See  Catchcp,  Ketchup. 

CAT'TLE,  71.  sin^.  or  pi  [Xorm.  catal^  cfiastdy  and 
chatters,  goods,  commodities,  movables  ;  Ami.  chct-al, 
beasts ;  Port.  gado.  In  Syr.  and  Ch.  nj  and  n*';  sig- 
nify a  flock,  herd,  possession,  goods.  But  Spelman 
alleges  that  the  word  chattel  is  contracted  from  capita^ 
lia,  captalj  from  caput^  a  word  used  in  the  middle  ages 
for  all  goods,  movable  and  immovable,  answering 
nearly  to  the  use  of  Gr.  KZipaX^uny,  Acts  xxii.  28, 
^■(jAAuu  KapaXatov,  "  with  a  great  price,  or  sura  I  ob- 
tained this  freedom."  Q,u.  Sp.  caiu/ai,"wea!tb,  prop- 
erty, capital  sum.  Cattle  may  be  from  the  root  of  It. 
eattare^  to  get,  and  denote  possessions.] 

1.  Beasts  or  quadrupeds  in  general,  ser%'ing  for  till- 
age or  other  labor,  and  for  food  to  man.  In  its  pri- 
marj"  sense,  the  word  includes  camels,  horses,  asses, 
all  the  varieties  of  domesticated  horned  beasts  or  the 
bovine  genus,  sheep  of  all  kinds,  and  goats,  and  per- 
haps swine.  In  this  general  sense  it  is  constantlv 
used  in  the  Scriptures.  See  Job  i.  3.  Hence,  it  would 
appear  that  the  word  properly  signifies  possessions, 
poods;  but  whether  from  a  word  originally  signify- 
ing a  beast,  —  for  in  early  ages  beasts  constituted  the 
chief  part  of  a  man's  property,— or  from  arootsigni- 
fymg  to  ^et  or  possess  J  Gr.  Kraofiotj  It.  cattare,  or 


CAU 

from  capitaJia,  it  is  not  easy  to  determine.  This  word 
is  restricted  to  domestic  beasts ;  but,  in  England,  it 
includes  horses,  which  it  ordinarily  does  not  in  the 
United  States,  at  least  not  in  New  England. 

2.  In  the  United  States,  cattle,  in  common  usage, 
signifies  only  beasts  of  the  bovine  genus,  oxen,  hulls, 
cows  and  their  young.  In  the  laws  respecting  do- 
mestic beasts,  horses,  sheep,  asses,  mules  and  swine 
are  distinguished  from  c-oitle,  or  neat  cattle.  Tims  the 
law  in  Connecticut,  requiring  "  that  ail  the  owners 
of  any  cattle,  sheep,  or  swine,  shall  earmark  or  brand 
all  tJieir  cattle,  sheep,  and  swine,"  does  not  extend  to 
horses.  Yet  it  is  probable  that  a  law,  giving  dam- 
ages for  a  trespass  committed  by  eatile  breaking  into 
an  inclosure,  would  be  adjudged  to  include  horses. 

In  Oreat  Britain, heasU  are  dislinguisli^d  into  black 
cattle,  including  bulls,  oxen,  cows  and  their  young, 
and  small  cattle,  including  sJicep  of  all  kinds  and 
goats. 

3.  In  rfprtfflc/i,  human  beings  are  called  caM/(f.  Shak. 
€AT'TLE-SH6\V,  7i.    An  exhibition  of  domestic  ani- 
mals for  prizes,  or  the  encouragement  of  agriculture. 

CAT'TY,  n.     A  Chinese  weight  of  1}  pounds. 

CAU-eA'SL\X,     )  a.    Pertaining  to  Mount  Caucasus, 

€AU-€A-Se'AN,  \    in  Asia.  .^s.  Re-icarckes.  Pinkcrton. 

CAU'eUS,  n.  A  word  used  in  America  to  denote  a 
meeting  of  citizens  to  agree  upon  candidates  to  be 
proposed  for  election  to  offices,  or  to  concert  meas- 
ures for  supporting  a  party.  The  origin  of  the  word 
is  not  ascertained. 

€AU'DAL,  a.     [h.  cauda,  a  tail.] 

Pertaining  to  a  tail,  or  to  the  thread  which  termi- 
nates the  seed  of  a  plant.  Botany. 

CAU'DATE,        /  rr  j  .      n 

€AU'D.A-TED,  r-     [L-«»"^.ata.l.] 

Having  a  tail;  having  a  long  termination  like  a 
tail.  Fairfax. 

€AU'DEX,  n.;  pi.  Caudexes.  [L.]  In  botany,  the 
stem  of  a  tree.  Linnaeus  uses  thu  word  fnrthe  stock 
wiiich  proceeds  from  a  seed,  one  part  ascending,  and 
forming  the  body  above  ground  ;  tlie  other  descend- 
ing, and  putting  forth  roots.  Martyn.     Dartcin. 

CAU'DLE,  7(.  [Fr.  chaudeau,  from  cfiatui,  warm  or 
hot,  by  contraction  from  L.  calidus  or  its  root;  It. 
caldo.'] 

A  kind  of  warm  drink  ;  a  mixture  of  wine  and 
otiier  ingredients  prepared  for  the  sick.     Wiseman. 

CAU'DLE,  V.  t.  To  make  or  prepare  caudle,  or  to  dress 
with  caudle.  Sliak. 

€AUF,  7!,    [Probably  from  the  root  of  cojftr.] 

A  chest  with  holes  for  keeping  fish  alive  in  water. 

Ash. 

€AUGHT,  (kawt,)  prct,  ^mApp.  of  Catch. 

€AUK.    See  Cawk. 

CAUL,  7f.  [L.  caula,  a  fold,  from  the  root  othold.  See 
Hold.] 

1.  In  anatomy,  a  membrane  in  the  abdomen,  cover- 
ing tlie  gieatest  part  of  the  lower  intestines,  called, 
from  its  structure,  7-ettcH/«77i,  a  net,  but  more  generally 
tJie  omentum;  also,  a  little  membrane  sometimes  en- 
compassing a  child  when  born  ;  the  amnion.  Encyc. 

2.  A  kind  of  net  in  which  females  inclose  their 
hair;  the  hinder  part  of  a  cap.  Drydcn. 

3.  Any  kind  of  net.  Greic. 
eAU-LES'CENT,  a.     [L.  caidisj  a  stalk  ;  Gr.  r.av\oi. 

See  Cole.] 

In  botany,  having  an  herbaceous  stem,  which  bears 
both  leaves  and  fructification. 
€AU-LIF'ER-OUS,  a.    [L.  caulis,  a  stem,  and  fcro,  to 
bear.] 
In  botanif,  the  same  as  Caulescent. 
€AU'LI-FLO\V-ER,  n.     [It  cavoljiore;  L.  caulis  ;  W. 
cawl,  D.  kool,  and  fiower^ 

A  variety  of  Brassica  or  cabbage,  well  known  and 
much  esteemed. 
€AU'L[-FORM,a.  [L.  cduiis,  a  stem,  and /ffnTic,  form.] 

Having  tlie  form  of  a  caulis. 
CAU'LIXE,  (-lin,)  c.     [L.  caulis,  a  stalk.] 

In  botany,  growing  immediately  on  a  caulis 
CAU'LIS,  H.     [Gr.  KavXai.] 

An  herbaceous  stem,  bearing  both  leaves  and  fruc- 
CAULK.     See  Calk.  [tification. 

€AU-MAT'ie,  fl.    Of  the  nature  of  cauma,  wliich  i.s 

a  simple  phlogistic  fever. 
€AUP'0-NATE,  v.  i.     [L.  caupoiwr.'] 

To  keep  a  victualing  house.     [JVot  in  ■use-'] 
CAUP'O-XISE,  V.  U    To  sell  wme  or  victuals.     [Xot 

in  use.]  Warburtvn. 

€AUS'A-BLE,a.   [See  Cacse.]    That  may  be  caused, 

produced,  or  eftecled.  Ash. 

CAUS'AL,  a,  [See  Cause.]  Relating  to  a  cause  or 
causes ;  implying  or  containing  a  cause  or  causes  ; 
expressing  a  cause. 

Causal  projiosiUoiis  arc  where  two  pruposltions  are  JoUietl  by 
cauj^  wonb,  as  that  or  because.  WclU. 

CAUS'AL,  71.  In  grammar,  a  word  that  expresses  a 
cause,  or  introduces  the  reason.  Harris. 

€AUS-AL'I-TY,  ;i.  The  agency  of  a  cause  ;  the  ac- 
tion or  power  of  a  cause,  in  producing  its  effect. 

S.  In  phrenology,  the  faculty  of  trachig  effects  to 
their  causes. 

CAUS'AL-LY,  adv.  According  to  the  order  or  series 
of  causes.  Johnson.     Brotcn. 


CAU 

€AUS'AL-TV,  TI.  Among  miners,  ihc  lighter,  earthy 
[jarts  of  ore,  carried  off  by  wa-sliing.  Encyc. 

€AUS-A'TIO\,  71.  I'he  act  of  causing  or  producmg  ; 
the  act  or  agency  by  which  an  effect  b  produced. 

Brown. 

eAUS'A-TlVE,  a.    That  exprcssof  a  catuc  or  reason  ; 

also,  that  cffeclH  as  a  cause.  Johnson. 

eAUS'A-TIV'l>LY,  adv.    In  a  causative  manner. 
€AUS-A'TOR,  «.    One  who  cautiea  or  produces  an 

effect.  brotrn. 

CAUSE,  (kau/,,)n.    [Fr.  eowjff ,- gp.  PorL  r  i..l  I',  r-r    c. 

L.  causa,  from  the  Celtic ;  Weldh  r 

power,  allied  to  caU,  effort,  ceir.a\e,  t-. 

ter,  to  attempt ;  Arm.  cans  or  cor.    TIi-  , 

is  to  urge,  press,   impel,   like  frmior,  whet. 

hence,  to  accuse,  to  attack  or  follow  with  a  ■ 

The  root  of  this  word  coincides  with  lli  a  .  i 

cojij&c.,  wliich  express  a  driying.     .'. 

which  moves,  excites,  or  impels,  to  a  ■ 

in  law,  a  pressing  for  a  claim.  (.See  Ut -^ 

salie,  and  thin^,  have  the  like  radical  scii-^.J 

1.  A  suit  or  action  in  court ;  any  IcgaJ  iiroMsa 
which  a  party  institutes  to  obtain  hi:*  demano,  or  h>- 
which  he  st;eks  his  right,  or  hu»  supposed  right.  This 
is  a  legal,  scripturalj  anil  rK)|)ular  Uro  of  the  word, 
coinciding  iitarly  with  case,  from  c^o,  and  actiouj 
from  a^fo,  m  urge  or  drive. 

The  cause  oI\»l\i  p^irtics  lUall  uipe  before  tlie  JwljCft.  —  Ex. 

2.  That  which  produces  an  ciVcci;  that  wUicIi  im- 
pels into  existence,  or  by  its  agency  or  operation 
produces  what  did  not  before  exist ;  that  by  virtue  of 
which  any  thing  is  done  ;  that  from  which  any  Ibiug 
proceeds,  and  without  wliich  il  would  not  exiii. 

Cause  b  a  Eubetajkcc  cxcitiu^  iu  ponrr  uiIQ  act,  to  ookc  ^  tiiiog 
tjcgiu  lo  \k.  L&dce. 

3.  The  reason  or  motive  tliat  luges,  movca,  or  un- 
pels  the  mind  to  act  or  decide. 

For  this  ctiute  hire  I  r.^ixrd  up  Ptunioh.  —  Ex.  ii. 
Aail  D.ivid  Slid,  Is  ibciu  nol  a  auue  7  —  I  Saxa.  xru. 

4.  Sake ;  account. 

I  did  it  not  (or  liU  csuce  d»t  bad  done  the  vron'.  — ' 3  Cot.  VO- 
[Se«  Sale.] 

5.  That  which  a  party  or  nation  pursues  ;  or  rath- 
er pursuit,  prosecution  of  an  object.  We  say,  Bible 
societies  are  engaged  in  a  noble  cause.  [See  the  first 
definition.]  Hence  the  word  cause  is  used  lo  denote 
that  which  a  i>erson  or  thing  favors;  that  to  which 
the  efforts  of  an  intelligent  b.-ing  are  directed,  as, 
to  promote  religion  is  to  advance  the  aiu.sc  of  God. 
So  we  say,  the  cause  of  truth  or  of  justice.  In  ail 
its  applications,  cause  retains  somuthing  of  its  origi- 
nal meaning —  struggle,  impelling  force,  coulesC, 
effort  to  obtain  or  to  effect  something. 

0.  Tfit/iout  cause ;  without  good  reason  ;  without  » 
reason  or  motive  lo  justify  the  act. 

Tacy  hate  me  tsilhout  cause.  —  Pfe.  xxxt.  box. 

CAUSE,  V.  t.    To  produce ;  lo  bring  iulo  existencf. 

Thej  caused  fre.it  joy  lo  all  the  trjlhren.  —  Acts  iv. 

9.  To  effect  by  agency,  power,  or  influence. 

I  will  cause  it  to  rain  on  th?  ewth  forty  d^ys.  —Gen.  »n. 
I  ivill  aiuse  him  to  fall  by  th«  s\vord.  —  S  Kiu^  itx. 

CAUSE,  V.  i.    To  assign  insufficient  cause.     [Obs.] 

Spenser. 

CAUS'ED,  pp.    Produced;  effected;  brought  aboul- 

CAUSE'LESS,  (kauz'less.)  c.  Having  no  cause  or 
producing  agent.  Blackmore. 

9.  Without  just  ground,  reason,  or  motive;  as, 
causeless  hatred  ;  causeless  fear. 

Fairfax.     Bailer.     Prov.  XXVl. 

CAUSE' LESS-LV,  (kauz'less-ly,)  adv.  Without  cause 
or  reason.  Taylor. 

CAUSEXESS-NESS,  (kauz'Iess-neas,)  n.  The  stale 
of  being  causeless.  Hammond. 

CAUSER,  n.  He  that  causes;  the  agent  by  which 
an  effect  is  produced.  Johnson.     Sidr.ey. 

CAUSE'VVAY,  )  71.     [Norm,  calsait :  Fr.  chausee,  for 

CAU'SEY,  i  chaulsec,  a  bank,  or  niist:d  nay; 
Arm.  chau<;zer,  the  hank  or  mole  of  a  pond.  The 
Spanish  has  calzada,  a  causey,  or  way  paved  and 
raised  ;  Port,  calzada,  a  pavement,  and  stones  used 
in  paving.  Both  these  words  are  evidently  from  the 
same  root  as  Sp.  calzas,  PorU  cal^ado.  Pp.  eahado^ 
hose,  loose  breeches,  trowsers,  shoes,  Fr.  c.kausse; 
and  the  French  word  is  evidently  the  same,  with  the 
loss  of  I.  The  sense  is  probably  taken  from  pulling 
on,  covering,  Port.  cal;ar,  to  put  on  shoes  or  stock- 
ings, to  pave  ;  Sp.  cahar,  id. ;  L.  adceo,  calceus.] 

A  way  raised  above  the  natural  level  of  the  ground, 
by  stones,  earth,  timber,  fascines,  &c..  serving  as  a 
dry  passage  over  wet  or  marshy  cround.or  as  a  mole 
to  confine  water  to  a  pond,  or  restrain  it  from  over- 
ffowing  lower  ground.  Also,  a  road  laid  regularly 
with  stones.  , 

€AUSE'\\AY-inj,  )  a.    Having  a  causey,  or  raised 


€AU'SEY-£D, 


way. 


Z>!n>Ai, 


ekU-SIU'ie-.\L,  a.     [L.  causidicus,  causa  and  dw.] 
"  Pertaining  to  an  advocate,  or  lo  Uie  maintenance 
and  defense  of  suits.  >  -     •      >  * 

€AVS'l^G,ppr.    Producing;  effecting;  bringing  into 

"Being. 


TONE,  BJJLL,  IINITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K ;  6  as  J ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SU ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


CAU 

CA'^S'Tir,         I  a.  (<!r.  »<»t"Tr4«o(,froin*ar.»,  ifaoffw, 
fi\US'TIf  AI.,  I     I.I  bum.] 

Burning  ;  cornxlin^  ;  dt^slroyiiig  Uk-  loxture  of  an- 

tJ-  Fi^.  Hrvt-re  ;  n*.  n  faujfic  rrni.irk. 
L'aujtie  eurre  ,  in  gftimetiy,  a  curve  In  wliirtl  llir 
mys  unisHtt  rrlli'clctl  ttr  refnirtL-d  h)  .-iiiollier  ciirvi*. 
are  larij^.-iit".  Thiii  «urvi*  is  of  twu  kiniU,  viz.,  the 
cittucutuiiCy  fiirinetl  hy  rcAi-rliitii,  niiil  the  diaeauatie^ 
r<intiL-(l  hy  rt'fncliun.  Otntt. 

C{\V:i"V\t'^  H.  Ill  lafiiirme,  iuiy  fnih^lnnce  wliirli,  iip- 
(ilii-tl  to  living  :tiiitniil'<,  iicH  liki-  Cirt\  in  rorriHlin}; 
tlio  inrt  and  dl^.-H>Iving  it^  ti-vture  ;  un  I'.tchurulic. 
iMnnr  eaiuUc  :  n  |»ri'|tariliun  of  sUvi-r,  otitalnt-d  by 
iiulittion  ill  nitric  ntnl,  ninl  uHeruaid  fused  in  a 
rnn  ibif.     It  in  n  iiitral»>  nf  silvrr.  ^'^cAl^lsoH. 

CAL'S  riCI  TV,  m.  'llM'  qu;i|:iy  of  aciins  like  lUr 
•  •■I  iiiiun.d  iimttcr,  mf  lUe  iinnlity  vf  cinnbinins  with 
111'-  |irinriptrj»  of  ut^nnixed  suU^tancfri,  iind  dcwlniy - 
in;*  iheir  tt'.xturc.  'i'hii*  quality  Uolonc^t  tu  conci'ii- 
trttL-d  acidH,  ptire  itlkulix,  and  mmw  inclallic  rtoJlii. 
'2.  Fti!.  neverily,  cutting  remark. 

€4US'Tie-NESS,  «.    Thf  quality  of  being  can-iiic. 

iScvU, 

CAU'TEL,  N.     [L.  eautfta^  from  carro,  to  luke  cnrc.] 
"  Caution.     \)^vt  wrd.]  ^        SJuik, 

eAU'']'EI*-OUS,  a-     [Fr.  wM/f'ntx,  fruni  L.  eauula.] 
1.  Cautious;  war>' ;  provident.  9VotCoa, 

3.  Cunnine;  (reacheroud;  wily.  Spetiser. 

CAC'TEI^OLTS-LY,  aJr,     Cunningly  i  fclily  ;  treach- 
erously. Bacon. 
'J.  Cautiously  ;  warily.                                 Brown. 

eAt"TEL-OUS-N*ESS,  «.    Cautiousness. 

CAC'TEK,  n.     A  searing  hot  iron.  Mitiaheu. 

eXU'TEU-ISSI,  R.    The  application  of  cautery. 

Ferraaii. 

CAU-TEIH-ZA'TIO\,  n.  [.See  CAUTEnizt.l  In 
furgerii^  the  art  of  burnine  or  searing  sonic  morbid 
[Kift,  by  Ilic  apiiliralion  of  rtre.  This  in  done  by 
liuniing  tow,  cotton,  nioxa,  t>panidli  wat,  pyramidi- 
rul  piece.-*  of  liucRi  &c.,  or  more  generidly  i>y  a  hot 
iron.  Enair. 

C,\U'TER-IZE,  r.  (,  {Fr.  eauteriser;  Sp.  and  Port. 
eauteriutr ;  It.  cautrrtziare  f  Gr.  Kavrqpta^Kiif  fn>ni 
KaoTfiOt  a  burning  or  branding  iron,  from  «ui(>>,  to 
bum.] 

To  Durn  or  scar  with  fire  or  a  hot  iron,  as  morbid 
fle^h. 

eAU'TEIMZ-KD,  pp.  or  o.  Burnt  or  scared  with  a 
hot  iron. 

GACTKK-TZ-IN<3,  ppr.     Burning,  as  with  a  hot  iron. 

ei\IJ'TEU  IZ-ING,  M.  The  act  of  burning,  as  with  a 
hot  iron. 

€^U'TER-Y,  ».  [Gr.  Kavrtptoi^ ;  L.  cautcriaau  See 
Cactcrizi:.] 

A  burning  or  waring,  as  of  morbid  lle>h,  by  n  hot 
Iron,  or  by  caniitir  ncdicine^  that  burn,  corrode,  ur 
destroy  any  Nolid  part  of  an  animal  body.  Tlic 
burnins  by  a  hut  iwn  \*  called  (ic/ua/ cautery ;  that 
b>  cau*tjr  medicines, /ff/'iifi/U  cautery*. 

GAC'TIOX,  It.  [I,,  cautio ;  Fr.  caution;  Bp.  eaueina ; 
from  I*,  raren,  to  take  care.  See  Class  Gb,  \o.  3,  .*i2, 
63,  83.  The  sen^L-  of  caceo  is  probably  lo  retire,  or 
to  stop,  check,  or  hold.) 

1.  I'rovident  care;  prudence  in  rojmrd  lo  danger; 
wariness,  consiniing  in  a  careful  allention  lo  the 
probable  elTecis  of  a  measure,  and  a  judicious  course 
of  conduct  to  avoid  cvilij  and  the  arts  of  designing 
men. 

Catition  b  the  luraor  to  dcfeod  us  agadiut  Imposition  «oJ  tUc  lU- 
tscks  of  rvil. 

2.  Security  for,  nearly  the  senw  of  tlic  French 
caution  f  bail. 

Tbr  pailbunml  wmiA  ^vc  hb  nujntjr  luf&cicnt  cauUon  (hat  the 
was  abooU  be  prowcubcO.  Clartndon. 

3.  Proinston  or  wcurity  again^'t;  measures  taken 
for  security  ;  as,  the  ndes  and  tautions  of  govern- 
mi-nt. 

•I.  Precept;  advice;  injunction;  warning;  exhor- 
tation, intended  as  wcurily  or  guard  against  evil. 

5.   ^Vi'or/tf,  a  \varnin2,  or  reason  for  caution  ;  aj", 
the  manner  he  hriit  bun  was  a  caution. 
CAI'TION",  r.  f.    To  give  notice  of  dancer  ;  to  warn  ; 
to  e\hort  to  take  heed. 

GAfT'TIONA-RY,  a.  Containing  caution,  or  warn- 
ing to  avoid  danger  ;  as,  cautionary  advice. 

i>.  (iivcn  OS  a  pledge  or  in  security  ;  as,  a  caution- 
artf  town. 

e.^C'TlOSKDy  pp.  Warned;  previously  admon- 
ished. 

CAC'TIO.V  EU,  n.  In  ScoU  /aw,  the  (K-r^on  who  is 
bound  for  another  to  the  performance  of  an  obli- 
gation. 

€AU'TION-ING,  ppr.  Warning;  giving  previous 
notice  of  danger. 

eAU'TION-RY,  n.  In  ficots  fair,  the  act  of  giving 
Fccnrity  fur  another,  or  the  obligation  by  which  oni- 
person  becomes  engaged  an  security  fur  another,  that 
he  shall  pay  a  aum  of  money  or  perlonn  a  deed. 

F.ncyc. 

€Ai:'TIOi;.«,  a.  Wary;  watchful;  careful  lo  avoid 
evils  ;  attentive  to  examine  probable  tlfects  and  con- 


CAV 

Kt|urnceN  uf  ineasiires^  w  iih  a  view  to  nvoid  dnnj;er 
ur  iiii<ifortnii<- :  prudent ;  circum>iK*el. 
C,\U'TH)C.H-LY,  oJr,      With  caution;   hi  a   wai>', 

McriiiMiluui*  maiiiKT. 
CAU'TIOCS-.N'ESS.  H.     Th.'  quality  of  beinfi  cau- 
tious ;  walchfulncM  ;    provident   care  ;   clrcuiuKpec- 
lion  ;  pniih'nco  with  regard  to  danger.        .'iJilijuT^ 
CAVALCADE,  n.     [Vr.  oicaleadc ;  rijK  rafta7i'.ui«i ;  IL 
caraUtitit.     Hee  CivAi.ar.] 

A  pri»ces!»ion  of  [lerKons  on  horseback  ;  a  formal^ 
[Ktin|M>us  inarch  of  hor»eiiien  and  equipage,  by  way 
of  )»ar.ide,  or  to  cnirc  a  tiitinipli,  the  public  ciiiry  of 
a  porBtio  of  diPtinction,  Ace 
CAV-A-I.Il^.U',  n.      (Fr.    See   C^talbt.]      A  horsc- 
niaii,  esp<-xiiilly  nn  armed  htinieiiian  ;  a  knigliL 
'.2.  A  gay,  uprightly,  military  man. 
3.  The  uppellalluii  of  th<*  iwrty  of  King  Charh's  I. 

Steffi. 
■1.  In  fori\fifation^  an  elevation  of  earth,  siiuatetl 
ordinarily  in  the  gorge  of  a  bastion,  bunlered  with  a 
lKira|N-t,  with  embnv.<<ures.  A'ricvc. 

S.  In  the  manesf,  one  who  nndenilands  honH'iiiun- 
nhip ;  one  hkilled  in  the  art  of  riding. 
G.AV-A-LIP.U',  a.    Gay;  xprighlly  ;  warlike;  bmvc ; 
generous.     [Ohf.] 

2.  Iiuu::litv;  distlainful. 

3.  Perlaming  to  the  cuvati'^rs,  or  parly  of  Charles  I. 
CAV-A-HfiR'IS.M,  II.    The  practice  or  principles  of 

cavaliers.  Scott. 

CAV-A-LIER'LY,  adv.  Haughtily  ;  arrogaiUly  ;  dis- 
dainfully. IVarburtoH. 

CAV-A-Lir.K'XESS,  it.  IlaughtineiM ;  a  dii»dainful 
manner. 

GAV'.VL-ltY,  «.  [Fr.  cantlrrtf,  from  cavalirry  a  liorse- 
mnn,  and  this  from  chmd^  a  horse,  whence  cavalcade ; 
It.  carallo,  a  horse,  cnr/i/icr.-,  earalcata  ;  Sp.  caballoy 
caballrro,  eabalgfuta^  from  L.  caballiu,  n  horse  ;  Ir- 
capall  and  padl ;  Itiisd.  kubUa.  a  maru  ;  Gr.  Ka/iaXXrjSt 
u  |Kick-horsc.] 

A  bttdy  of  military'  troops  on  lior(<es;  a  cencml 
term,  including  light-horse,  drag^Miiit;,  and  other 
b(Hlir-s  of  men,  i^erving  on  horseback.  Encyc. 

CA'VATE,  r.  t.     ri..  cam,  to  make  hullow.] 

To  dig  out  and  iiiak':  hollow  ;  but  supcnteded  by 

EXCAVATK. 

CS'V^-TED,  pp.    .Made  hollow. 

CAV-A-Tlf'NX,  (kav-a-trr'nA,)  n.  [It.]  In  miwic,  a 
Hliort  air,  wiih.iut  a  r  lum  or  second  part,  which  is 
sometimes  relu;\ed  by  recilalivc.  Biuby, 

CA'VA-TIXG,  pi,r.     Makinc  hollow. 

GA-Va'ZIO.V,  (ka-va'/hu  I,)  n.  [U.  caro,  to  hollow.] 
In  arckiiecturcy  the  iindt  rdtL'zing  or  hollowing  of  the 
earth,  for  the  foundation  of  a  building,  or  for  cellar- 
age, allowed  to  be  the  sixth  part  of  the  liight  of  the 
building.  Johnson.     Bailey, 

CAVE,  n.     [Fr.  cave;  E.  caeca;  Sp.  cuevaj  lUcava; 

Arm.  caffy  or  can ;  W.  ogov ;  Hindoo,  gopa ;  At.  i«jlj» 

JlauAa,  to  dig  out  or  excavate,  or  t       sLsfc  iraiifiij  lobe 
hollow.     Class  Gb,  No.  8,  71.] 

A  hollow  plac^'  ill  th<T  earth  ;  a  subterraneous  cav- 
ern ;  a  den.  This  may  Iw  iiaiunl  or  nrtilicial.  The 
primitive  inhaliitanlsof  the  earth,  in  many  countries, 
lived  in  caves;  and  the  present  inhabitants  of  t;ome 
parts  of  the  earlli,  (Specially  in  the  high  northern 
latitudes,  occupy  caves,  jwrticularly  in  winter. 

IjoI  dwrlt  in  n  com,  Ix*  and  tiU  rLtiightire.  — Ofn,  zix. 

Caves  were  also  used  for  the  burial  of  the  dead. 

AlTTitmn  boned  Sanili  in  tht  cax  o(  Ute  t»:\A  of  M.tciipchb. — 
G'-n.  xxiii. 

Bacon  applies  the  word  to  the  car;  "  the  care  of  the 
car  ;"  but  this  application  is  unusual. 

€aVE,  v.  t.     To  make  hollow.  Spenner. 

CAVE,  c.  i.     To  dwell  in  a  cave.  Shak. 

To  cave  in  ;  to  fall  in  and  leave  a  hollow,  as  earth 
on  the  side  of  n  well  or  pit.  When,  in  digging  into 
the  earth,  the  side  is  cxcivated  by  a  falling  of  a  quan- 
tity of  earth,  it  is  said  to  rave  in,  Forbij. 

€A' VE-A,  «.  (L.]  In  ancient  architcctnre,aicitn  applied 
to  the  dens  or  stables  for  wild  beasl-^,  untter  the  seats 
and  around  Ihe  arches  of  an  amphitheater.    Elmts. 

€.\'VE-AT,  II.     [I*,  caveat^  let  him  beware,  from  ea- 

Vf0.\ 

1.  In  /auj,  a  process  in  a  court,  especially  in  a  spir- 
itual court,  to  stop  proceedings,  as  In  stop  the  proving 
of  a  will ;  also,  to  prevent  the  institution  of  a  clerk 
lo  a  benefice.  Btackstonc. 

In  ^mertca^  it  is  uned  in  courts  of  common  law. 

Cranch*M  Reports. 
3.  Intimation  of  caution;  hint;  warning;  admo- 
nition 

3.  In  the  patrnl  latvs  of  the  United  Statej^  a  descrip- 
tion of  some  invention,  designed  to  be  patented, 
lodged  in  the  office  before  the  patent  right  is  taken 
ouL  It  o[>erali's  as  a  bar  to  applications,  respecting 
the  same  invention,  from  any  other  quarter. 
CA'VE-AT,  r.  f.     To  ent»  r  a  caveat. 

Judge  Inne.-j  CrancJi*s  Report.i. 
CA'VF^AT  EMP'TOH.     I^t  the  purchaser  beware; 
that  is,  let  him  examine  the  quality  of  what  he  buys, 
since  the  risk  lies  with  him.  Bouvier. 


CAV 

€A'VE-A-TINt;,  n  In  feHeinff^  in  the  shlHing  the 
Nword  fn>ni  one  side  of  that  of  your  advereury  to  tht 
other.  F-myc 

CA'VE-A-Tt)ll,  II.    One  w  lio  eniers  a  cirvt-al. 

Jud'jc  tnne.i,  Cranek'g  ReporU, 

CAV'EHN,  H.  [E.  corrrrta.  Sp  I'ort.  and  W.'d.  Tbb 
wonl  (ieems  to  be  roiniNwed  of  cneH.*,  nnd  Ihe  8ti. 
#ni,  a  M-i:ret  place.    S-r  Tavi:iix  and  Haiis.] 

A  deep,  hollow  place  ill  the  earth.  In  geiienili  It 
dilTirrs  from  ctir^  in  greater  drplh,  and  in  being  ap^ 
plied  must  UMUutly  to  nutuml  hollowit  or  chusnid. 

\\An\i  »tUi  lu  tavtrna  >t>it  aiwl  iWp.  U'ani, 

CAV'ER\-f;n,  a.     Full  of  cavernii  or  det^p  chft»mi , 

having  caverns. 

'2.  InhiilHling  a  cavern.  Pcpr. 

€A  V'ERN-OCS,  (I.     [L.  eavernonui.]     Hollow  ;  lull  of 

caverns  ;  Oiled  with  mnall  cavities.  h'vuiliearil. 

[Fnbcr    iiaes    cavernaly    which    Is    less    rcgulurlr 
formed. ] 
CA-VER.N'ir-EOUS,  a,    [L.C(ircriiii;ii.]     Full  i-f  litllo 

cavities  ;  as,  carrrnuloua  melKl.  BlacM, 

CA-VET'TO,   fi.     [from   It.  etiro.]     In  arebitrttttre,  | 

holhiwed  iiiolding,  whosi>  profile  is  the  (piuilranl  of  i 

circle  ;  usrd  priiici)ially  in  corniceH,  tfwilt. 

eAV'E-ZO.N,     j  n.     [Fr.  cave^on,  irr  eaccjjion  !   It.  cfr 

€A V'ES-i^OX,  i     veizonCj  u  mu/.zle  for  a  horse,  from 

cdrarc,  to  ilmw.] 

A  sort  of  no^e-band,  of  iron,  b-ather,  or  wiksI, 
fioTiK-iiines  Hat,  and  sometimes  hollow  or  iwi-i'<l. 
which  is  put  on  Die  nose  of  a  horse  to  wrinc  it,  tii»l 
thus  to  forward  the  Huppling  and  breaking  of  lntii. 
Fiirrirr*A  Dirt. 
CA-\7ARE,  (ka-veer',)/n,     [Sp.  eabtut;  It.   cav:<.'' . 
CAVIAR,  (kav'e-ar,     (  , 

^^  ^  AT..\.Kji^^khabiar.      Tli 

Arabic  verb  yX^  khabaray  from  which  this  word  u 

fonned,  Hignifies  to  try,  to  strain,  or  press,  and  lo 
season  with  fat.  It  may  coincide  with  the  Gr.  rttpind, 
L.  erperior.] 

'J'hfj  roes  of  certain  largo  fish,  prepared  and  salted. 
The  best  is  made  from  the  roes  of  the  ^lerll•I,  ntur- 
geon,  Kirvruga,  and  beluga,  caught  in  the  lakes  or 
rivers  of  Russia.  The  roes  are  put  into  li  bait  with  a 
strong  brine,  and  pressed  by  wringing,  and  tlirn  dried 
and  put  in  c.-isks  or  into  cisterns,  perforated  at  bottum, 
where  they  are  pressed  by  heavy  weights.  TUr  ihiot- 
c^'t  sort  is  trodden  with  the  feet.  'J'ooke. 

Caviare  w:is  considered  as  a  delicacy,  by  some.  In 
Shakspeare^s  time,  but  not  rt-lished  by  most.  Hence 
Hamlet  says  of  a  certJiin  play,  '*  'Tw;is  caviare  to  the 
genrml,"  :  e  to  the  common  people,  who  could  noC 
relish  or  understand  it. 

CAVI-COKX,  71.  [L.  captu  ami  c^rnH.J  A  niminanl 
animal  having  the  horns  hollowed  like  a  sheath,  and 
planted  on  a.  bony  proc4.'ss  of  the  front,  as  tlie  aiile> 
lope. 

CAV'IL^  V.  i.  [Sp.  ravdar  ;  Port.  enviUar  ;  It.  ravdlartt 
h.  cavdlor;  D.  kibbelen  ;  Oriental  V^P  ;  Ch.  to  cry  wt 
or  complain  ;  Syr.  to  accuse,  op[Kwe,  cen-urc.] 

1.  To  raise  captious  and  frivolous  olijfrctions ;  to 
tlnd  fault  without  good  reason  ;  followed  by  aL 

II  If  bcltrr  lo  rrruon  Unn  to  raeU.  Anon, 

2.  To  advance  futile  objections,  or  to  frame  sopli* 
isms,  for  the  sake  nf  victor)*  in  an  argument. 

CAVIL,  r.  (.    To  receive  or  treat  with  objections. 

Will  ihou  fn]«y  the  jowl, 
ThcQ  earU  Utc  condilJoiu  ?  .ViHrvi . 

l^'ot  usual.]  j 

GAV'IE,  n.  False  or  frivolous  objections  ;  also,  a  fal-  j 
Incioiis  kind  of  reason,  bearing  sonio  resemblance  lo  i 
tnith,  advanced  for  the  sake  of  victor}-. 

Johnson.     Encif. 
GAV'IL-ER,  n.     One  who  cavils  ;  one  wlm  is  njit  lu 
rai^  captious  objections;  a  captious  disputant. 

Addifon. 
€AV'IE-I\G,  ppr.  or  .i.    Raising  frivolous  objtction*.  1 
CAVIEIXG,  n.    The  raising  of  frivolous  olijiclioii'. 
CAVIL-ING-LY,  ailo.    In  a  caviling  manner. 

SiiervtooiL 
CAV-IL-LA'TIOX,   w.      [L.   catiUatio.)      Thr-  act  or 
jiractice  of  cavding-^  or  raising  frivolous  objections 

Ifooker. 
CAVir^OUS,  a.     Captious;  unfair  in  argiinnnt;  apt 

lo  object  without  gofrtl  reason.  JitjUffr. 

CAVIL-OUS-LY,  adv.    In  a  cavilous  manner;  cap- 

tiouslv.  JifiUon. 

CA  VII^OUS-NESS,  Ti.    Cantlousness  ;  disposition  or 

aptitude  to  raise  frivolous  onjections. 
CAV'l.N',  TU     fFr.,  from  L.  carw-y,  hollow.) 

In  the  military  art,  a  hollow  way,  or  natural  hollow, 
adapted  to  cover  troops,  and  facilitate  iheir  approach 
to  a  place.  Johnson.     Bailey. 

CA  Vl-'J'Y,  n.  [L.  cavitiu;  Fr.  caviU  ;  from  U  cavtt»% 
hollow.] 

A  hollow  place  ;  hollownc^s  ;  nn  o|K>ning;  as,  the 
cavity  of  the  month  or  throat.  [This  is  a  teord  o/vrrjf 
general  stgnyfication.] 

CAV'O-LI.V-ITE,  n.    [from  CavoUni,  a  Neapolitan  nat- 
uralist.] 
A  variety  of  Xepheline,  which  see. 
CA'VY,  71.     A  genus  of  quadnipcds,  embracing  the 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WU^T  — M£TE,  PRfiY.— PIXE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQh 

ig4  _____ 


CEI 

Guinen  pig,  holding  n  niiddtc  place  between  tlie  mu- 
rine and  Icpnhnu  trib(v=.  Encyc. 

€A\V,  r.  I.    [Probably  from  ihc  sound;  Sax.  ceo,  a 
crow  ur  ii  jay.] 
To  cry  likf?  a  crow,  rook,  or  nivcn. 

€A\VK,  )  n.    A  name  given  by  iiiirRTs  to  an  opaque, 

eXUK,  1  mjunsive,  or  corajiuct  varict*-  uf  juijilialo  of 
baryta. 

€AU'K'Y,  s.    Pertaining  to  cawk  j  like  cawk. 

IVoodward. 

CAW-ING,  H.    TJie  cry  of  the  crow,  ruok,  or  raven. 

€AX'OU,  V.  [Sp.  ciua^  caron.]  A  cliesi  of  ores  of  any 
metal  liiat  has  Iieen  burnt,  ground,  and  washed,  and 
is  readv  to  be  ri^^fined.  Chalmers, 

CaV-EX.VE'  PEP'FER,  n.  A  very  pungent  pepper, 
the  produce  of  some  z^pecies  of  ('apsicuui. 

eAY'MAN,  ».  An  animal  of  llie  genus  Laceita,  found 
in  the  WV st  Indies  ;  tiie  allig:iiur. 

CA-Z^e'.        \  (ka-zeek',)  ».     The  title  of  a  king  or 

eA-ZiQUE',  (  chief,  among  several  tribes  of  Indians 
hi  America. 

Cease,  v.  l.  [Fr.  cesser;  Pp.  cpsar;  Port,  cesser;  It. 
cessare;  L.  cc^i^o.^ 

1.  To  slop  moving,  acting,  or  spenking;  to  leave 
offi  to  give  over;  followed  by  from  before  a  noun. 

ll  is  an  honor  for  ;i  rr.a.n  to  cea^e  /ram  slhfi?.  —  Pror.  xx. 

2.  To  fail ;  to  be  wanting. 

Tbe  poor  ahaJl  never  cease  am  of  ilie  laml.  —  Dent,  sv, 

3.  To  stop  ;  to  be  at  an  end  ;  a?,  the  wonder 
erases ;  tiie  storm  has  ccascil. 

4.  To  be  forgotten. 

1  tvoul'l  make  the  remembrance  of  litem  to  cease.  —  Deiit.  xjcsii. 

5.  To  abstain  ;  as,  cease  from  anger.     Ps.  xxxvii. 
To  cease  from  labor,  is  to  rest ;  to  cease  from  strife, 

is  to  be  quiet ;  but  in  such  phra.-es  the  sense  of  cease 
is  not  varied. 
Cease,  v.  t.    To  put  a  stop  to  ;  to  put  an  end  to. 

Ceage  lliis  imiiio'is  ra^.  Milton, 

l^Biit  in  tJiis  use  Oie  phrase  is  irnierally  cUipticaL'] 
Cease,  71.     Extinction.     {J\''ot  in  tisr.]  S/talc. 

CEAS'/CD,  (seest,)  pp.    Stopp;-.! ;  ended. 
CeASE'LE.sS,  a.    AV'ithout  :i  stop  or  pause ;  inces- 
sant;  continual;  without  intermission. 

All  tlifsc  witli  fcnaeless  pniise  his  worki  l>chu1<J.  Milton. 

2.  Endless  ;  enduring  forever ;  as,  the  ceaseless  joys 
of  heaven. 

Ce.^SE'LESS-LY,  adv.    Incessantly  ;  perpetually. 

Domie. 

CeAS'IXG,  ppr.  Stopping;  ending;  desisting;  fail- 
ing. 

CeAS'IXG,  n.    C-'Ssation;  stop;  intermission. 

CE€-€HfX',  (rhe-keen',)  71.  A  coin  ofltaly  and  Bar- 
barj-.     [See  ZECHi?r.] 

Ce'CI-TY,  j?,    [L.  oEcitas,  from  avcus,  blind.] 

Blindness,  Brown, 

CE-€C'TIEN-CY,  n.    Tendency  to  blindness. 

Ce'DAU,  ji.  [L.  cedrtts ;  Fr.  cedre  ;  Sp.  and  It.  cedro  ; 
from  Gr.  kcSoos  ;  Syr.  J -3;  Heb.  nip  kadar,  to  be 
dark.]  '^ 

.\  free.  This  nairie  is  given  to  diflercnt  species  of 
the  Juniper,  and  to  a  species  of  Piniis.  The  latter  is 
that  which  is  mentioned  in  Scripture.  It  is  an  ever- 
green, grows  to  a  great  size,  and  is  remarkable  for 
its  durability. 

CE'DAU-j;n,  a.    Covered  or  fiirni-hed  witli  cedars. 

Ce'DAR-UKE,  a.     ResemblinL'  a  cedar.  B.  .Tvnson. 

Ck'DARN,  a.     Pertaining  to  the  ccdnr.  Milton. 

Cede,  v.  t.  [Fr.  eerier :  Sp.  and  Port,  cedrr  ;  It.  cedere  ; 
L.  ccdo;  W.  gaditf  gadaw;  Eng.  to  i^uit.  (See  (iviT 
and  CoynE.)  This  coincides  also  with  the  Gr.  xa^^^, 
txa^'v.'] 

1.  To  yield  ;  to  surrender  ;  to  give  up  ;  to  resign  ; 
as,  to  cede  a  fortress,  a  province,  or  couTitry,  by  trea- 
ty. This  word  is  appropriately  used  to  denote  the 
relinquishment  of  a  conquered  city,  fortress,  or  terri- 
tory, to  the  former  sovereign  or  proprietor. 

2.  To  relinquish  and  grant;  as,  to  ca/c  all  claims 
to  a  disputed  right  or  territorj'. 

The  people  must  cede  to  the  governrr.enl  som---  of  tlieir  natur.U 
'"■^'>l3.  Jay. 

CeD'ED,  pp.  ore    Yielded  ;  stirrenilerefl ;  given  up. 

CE-DIL'LA,  71.  A  mark  used  on  the  Frcncli  c,  [thus  5,] 
to  show  that  it  is  to  be  sounded  like  .*. 

CeD'ING,  ppr.    Yielding;  giving  up. 

Ce'DRAI",  71.    A  species  of  citriiU-tr^je.  PaHas.  Tuokc. 

Ce'DRLNE,  (sf'drin,)  a.     Belonging  to  cedar. 

Ce'DRY,  a.     Having  the  color  or  prop  rties  of  cedar. 

CED'ULE,  H,     A  scroll ;  a  writing.  CutTrave. 

CED'U-OUS,  a.    Fit  to  be  felled.  Evelyn. 

CeIL,  r.  (.  .[tip.  cielo,  heaven,  a  roof  or  ceiling;  It. 
cieiw;  Fr.  del,  heaven,  a  cnnopy,  a  tester  ;  L.  ctElum. 
Qu.  Gr.  koi\q^.  This  word  indicates  its  original  ap- 
phcation  to  vaulted  build  in  :;s,  without  divisions  into 
stories  ;  such  as  many  of  the  public  edifices  in  Eu- 
rope, but  which  are  rarely  seen  in  America.] 

To  overlay  or  cover  the  inner  roof  of  a  building  ; 
or  to  cover  the  top  or  roof  of  a  room. 

And  tlie  greater  house  he  ceHtd  with  fir-tiue.  —2  Chroo.  iii. 

CEIL'ED,  (seehl,)  pp.  or  a.  Overlaid  with  .imber, 
or  with  plastering. 


CEL 

CElL'ING,;)/ir.  Covering  the  top  of  a  room  or  build- 
ing. 

CeIL'ING,  71.    The  upper  horizontal  or  curved  »ur- 

facc  of  an  apartment,  op[H»5ite  the  floor.     It  may  he 

of  hoards,  or  of  lath  and  plastering.     Hence  ceiling 

is  used  for  the  up[jer  part  of  a  room. 

2.  In  ship  huildtii^r,  the  inside  planks  of  a  ship. 

CeIL'ING-£I),  «.     Furnished  with  a  ceiling. 

It'ifrd.iicorth. 

CEL'AN-DINK,  71.  [D.  celedonic:  It.  ccUdonia;  L.  cite- 
lidonia;  Gr.  \iAi(*;i'nwc,  from  xcXiSuf,  a  swallow.] 

A  plant,  swallow-wort,  horned  or  prirkly  poppy, 
growing  on  old  walls,  among  rubbisii,  and  in  w;i.sle  j 
places.  'J'he  lesser  celandine  is  called  pile-wort,  a  spe-  i 
cies  of  Ranunculus.  'J'he  name  is  also  given  to  the  j 
Bocconia,  a  plant  of  the  West  Indies,  ••allrd  the  , 
greater  trce-celaiidine.  Tlie  true  orlhn^rapriy  would 
be  Chelipine.  Coze.     Fain,  vf  Plants. 

CEL'A-TURE,  n.  [L.  c<rlatura,  from  ctclo,  lo  engrave 
or  emboss.] 

1.  The  net  or  art  of  engraving  or  einborsing. 

2.  That  which  is  engnived.  IJukcmill. 
CEL'E-BRANT,  n.     One  who  performs  a  public  relig- 
ious rite;  applied  particularly  to  ihe  otliciating  priest 
in  the  Romati  Catholic  churcli. 

CEL'E-BRATE,  »-.  (.  [Ir.  ceilcahradh  ;  Fr.  ri^lcbrer ; 
Sp.  and  Port,  crlcbrar;  It.  eclebrare;  L.  celcbro,  from 
celeber,  famous.  The  Russ.  has  slaclyn.  (iu.  the 
root  of  Gr.  dAftw.] 

1.  To  praise;  to  extol ;  to  commend  ;  to  give  praise 
to  ;  to  make  famous  ;  as,  to  celebrate  the  name  of  the 
Most  High. 

The  ^ave  cannot  celebrate  thee.  — Is.  xxxviii. 

2.  To  distinguish  by  solemn  rites;  to  keep  holy. 

From  even  to  cvca  shall  ye  celebraU  your  Sahbath.  —  Lrv.  xxiii. 

3.  To  honor  or  distinguish  by  ceremonies  and 
marks  of  joy  and  respect ;  as,  to  celebrate  the  birth- 
day of  Wasiiiiigton  ;  lo  celebrate  a  marriage. 

4.  To  mention  in  a  solemn  manner,  whether  of  joy 
or  sorrow.  Johnson, 

CEL'E-BRa-TED,  pp.    Praised  ;  extolled  ;  honored. 
2.    a.     Having    celebrity  ;    distinguished  ;    well- 
known. 

CEL'E-BRa-TIXG,  ppr.     Praising;  honorin::. 

CEL-E-BRa'TION,  It.  Solemn  performance;  a  dis- 
tinguishing by  solemn  rites  ;  as,  the  celebration  of  a 
marriage,  or  of  a  religious  festival. 

2.  A  distinguishing  by  ceremonies,  or  by  marks  of 
joy  or  respect ;  as,  tlie  celebration  of  a  birthday,  or 
other  anniversary. 

3.  Praise  ;  renown  ;  honor  or  distinction  bestowed, 
whether  by  song?,  eulogies,  or  rites  and  ceremonies. 

Clarendnn, 
One  who  celebnites.  Boyle. 
Famous ;   renowned.      [Litt!e 

Grew, 
adc.    Willi  praise  or  renown. 


CEL 


2 


CEL'E-BR.\-T0R,7». 
CE-Le'BRI-OUS,   a. 

vsed.} 
CE-Le'BRI-OUS-LY\ 


[LitUe  used.'] 
CE-Le'BRI-0 


6uS-i\ESS,  77.  Fame ;  renown.  [Litdc. 
•used.'] 
CE-LEB'RI-TY,  v.  [L.  cclehritas.']  Fame  ;  renown  ; 
Die  distinction  or  Iionor  publicly  bestowed  on  a  na- 
tion or  person,  on  cliaracier  or  exploits;  the  distinc- 
tion bestowed  on  whatever  is  great  or  remarkable, 
and  manifested  by  praises  or  eulogies  ;  a^,  the  rr/rft- 
ritij  of  the  duke  of  \Vellingtou  ;  the  celebrity  of  Ho- 
mer, or  of  the  Iliad. 

En^liiDd  acquired  celebrity  from  the  tiiumphs  of  Marlhoroiiirh. 

T.  Datie*. 

2.  Public  and  splendid  transaction  ;  as,  the  celebri- 
ty of  a  marriage.  In  this  sense,  as  u.sed  by  Bacon, 
we  now  use  celrbratwn. 

CEL'E-RI.     See  Celerv.- 

CE-Le'RI-AC,  77.  A  variety  of  celery,  called  also  the 
turnip-rootc-d  celery.     [See  Celery.] 

CE-LER'I-TY,  v.  [L.  celeritas;  Fr.  eelcrite  :  Sp.  cele- 
ridad;  It.  celeritd^  Irom  L.  celer,  swift;  Oriental  '?p, 
swift,  light;  Gr.  keWo^.'] 

1.  Rapidity  in  motion;  swiftness;  speed;  applied 
most  generally  In  !>  idles  moving  on  or  near  the  earth  ; 
as,  the  celerity  of  a  horse,  or  of  a  fowl.  We  speak 
of  the  velocity  of  snund  or  of  light,  or  of  a  planet  in 
its  orbit.  This  distJnclion,  however,  is  not  general, 
nor  can  the  diflerent  uses  of  the  two  words  be  pre- 
cisely defined.  We  apply  cc/cri/y  rather  than  velocity 
to  tliougkt;  but  there  seems  to  be  no  reason,  except 
usage,  %vhy  the  two  words  should  not  be  synon- 
ymous. 

2.  An  aftection  of  motion  by  which  a  movable 
body  runs  through  a  given  space  in  a  given  time. 

Encyc. 
CEL'E-RY,   iu     [Fr.cderi;  D.seUlcry;  G.seJlcrii  Gr. 

{!e\iI'OV  ] 

A  plant,  a  species  of  Apium,  cultivated  for  the 
table. 
CE-LES'TIAL,  (sc-lest'yal,)  a.    [L.  ca:lestis,  from  cffi- 
lum,  ctslum,  heaven.] 

1.  Heavenly  ;  belonging  or  relating  to  heaven ; 
dwelling  in  heaven  ;  as,  celestial  spirits  ;  celestial 
joys.  Hence  the  word  conveys  the  iiU:a  of  superior 
excellence,  delight,  purity,  &.c.  Drytlen. 

9.  Belonging  lo  the  upper  regions,  or  visible  heav- 
en ;  as,  celestial  signs  ;  Ihc  celestial  globe. 


3.  Descending  from  heaven  ;  as,  a  suit  of  e^tiiml 
arnmr.  Pvpe. 

CE-LES'TIAL,  n.    An  inhabitant  of  heaven.   Pope. 

CE-LES'TIAL-IZE,  (w:-leat'y;il-I/.c,)  v.  L  To  make 
cclcsli'il 

CE-LES'TIAI^TZ-KU,  pp.     .Maile  c/lcstiaL    Qt,  Rr7 

CE-LE.S'TIAL-LY,  adc.  In  a  heavenly  or  iraiuport- 
ing  manner 

CE  LES'TI-rt-ED,  pp.     .Made  heavenlikc. 

CE-LKS'TI-F?,  V.  L  To  rximmunicaic  nomclhrng  of 
a  heavenly  nature  to  any  thing.  f-Vof  itsed.)    Bnnen. 

CE-LES'TI-FY-INO,  ppr.     Making  heavcniike. 

CEL'ES-TI,\,     i  71.    In  imntralogK,  native  sulphate  of 

CEI/ES-'J'I.NE,  (  ritniiitlan,a  inineral  sonaraed  from 
its  occa.HJunal  delicate  blue  colt>r.  Vr^. 

CEL'ES^TINS,7i.pi.  A  rchgiryu  order,  founded  by  Cc-I- 
estin  V.  in  the  VAUx  cenlun,-.  They  have  nioety-^it 
Convents  in  Italy,  and  twiinty-one  m  France.  They 
rise  two  hours  after  midnight  to  My  iiiatins.  They 
eat  no  flesh  except  when  sick,  and  fast  often.  Their 
habit  is  a  white  gown,  a  ctpuchc,  and  a  black  ecap- 
ular>'.  Encyc. 

CE'LI-AG,  a.  [L.  cfriiacusi  Gr.  KotAtuKoj,  from  «9iA«i, 
tiie  belly.} 
Pertainmg  lo  the  lower  belly,  or  intestines. 

Arbu'Jinot 

CE-Ein'A-CY  or  CEL'I-BACY,  n.  \U  ealeba,  an 
uimiarried  person;  <»r/iAa<iL9,  a  single  life.] 

An  unmarried  st^ite  ;  a  single  life.  It  v*  most  fre- 
quently, if  not  always,  applied  to  males,  or  to  a  vol- 
untary single  life. 

They  look  on  celihary  lu  an  acc'inrd  tXxir.  Spedaw. 

CEL'I-BATE,  71.    A  single  life  ;  celibacy  ;  chiefly  n^^ 
when  speaking  of  the  single  life  of  the  Roman  Cath- 
olic clerg>'.  Enryc. 
2.  A  person  who  is  unmarried.             RuJi.  Diet. 

CEL-ID-OG'RA-PHY,  ti.  A  description  of  apparent 
spots  on  the  disk  of  the  sun,  or  on  planets. 

CELL,  n.  [L.  ccUa  ;  Ir.  ceaH:  Sp.  celda  :  Port,  and  lu 
cclla ;  D.  keltU^,  a  cellar  ;  G.  kciler ;  Sw.  keJlare ;  Dan. 
keldcr ;  W.  cell.  It  has  the  elemcnUs  of  the  U  ccioy 
to  conceal,  and  of  the  English  iiold.] 

1.  A  small  or  close  apartment,  as  in  a  prison,  or  a 
bath. 

2.  A  cottage;  a  cave;  a  small  or  mean  place  of 
residence.  Prior. 

3.  A  small  cavity  or  hollow  plac^,  variously  ap- 
plied ;  as,  the  celU  of  the  brain  ;  the  cells  of  a  honey- 
comb, &.C. 

4.  In  botany,  a  hollow  place  In  a  pericarp,  particu- 
larly in  a  capsule,  in  which  seeds  are  lodged.  Ac- 
cording to  the  number  of  these  c.-lls,  pericarps  are 
calli;d  undoctdar,  biheular,  trilocular,  k.c.     Marlyn. 

5.  In  anatomy,  a  little  bag,  or  bladder,  containing 
fluid  or  other  matter ;  as,  the  adipose  cells,  containing 
fel  Enajc 

6.  A  religious  house.  Chancer. 

7.  In  ancient  architecture,  the  cell,  or  cdla,  was  Ihe 
part  of  a  temple  within  the  walls. 

CEL'LAR,  71.     [L.  cellarium.     See  Cell.] 

A  room  unaer  a  house  or  other  buildmg,  used  as  a 
reposilor>-  of  liquors,  pro\isions,  and  other  stores  for 
a  familv. 
CEL'L.\R-A6E,  n.    The  room  for  a  cellar  :  a  cellar, 
OT  cellars. 
2.  Charge  for  storage  in  a  cellar.  Smart. 

CEL-LA-RET',  ti,  A  case  of  cabinet  work,  for  hold- 
ing bottles  of  liquors. 
CEL'LAR-iST,  ( 71.  An  officer  in  a  nwnastery  who 
CEL'LAR-ER,  \  has  the  care  of  the  cell.ir,  or  the 
charge  of  procuring  and  keeping  the  provisions; 
also,  an  officer  in  chapters,  who  has  the  care  of  the 
temporals,  and  particularly  of  dislribuling  bread,  wine, 
and  money  lo  canons,  on  account  of  tlKir  attendance 
in  the  choir.  Eicyc 

CEL-LIF'ER-OUS,  a.    [L.  eella,  and  fero,  to  bear.] 
Bearing  or  producing  cells.  Encyc 

CEL'LU-LAR,  a.     [L.  eellida^  a  little  eeU.\ 

Consisting  of  cells,  or  conlaining  cells.  Kirrrcn. 
The  cellular  membrane  or  tissue,  in  animal  bodies,  is 
composed  of  an  infinite  number  of  minute  cells, 
communicating  with  each  other.  It  invests  ever>- 
fiber,  and  seems  to  be  the  medium  of  connection 
between  all  parts  of  the  body.  I'he  cells  ser^-e  as 
reservoirs  for  fat.  Kncyc 

Cellular  tissue;  in  planL^,  that  kind  of  elementary 

org.anic  matter  which  answers  to  the  Ilesh  in  animals. 

It  is  found  in  all  plants,  and  often,  as  iu  mosses, 

constitutes  their  entire  substance.  P.  Cye, 

CEL'I.C  LAR,  TI.     A  plant  having  no  spiral  vessels, 

and  which  is  Iloweriess.  IJndley. 

CEL'LU-LA-TED,  a.     Formed  with  cells.  CaldtetlU 
CEL'LULE,  TI.     A  small  cell. 

CEL-LU-LIF'ER-UL*S,a.  [L.  erWw/a,  a  little  cell,  and 
fero,  to  bear.] 

Bearing  or  producing  little  cells. 

Diet,  qf  -^•a^  HisL 
CEL'LU-LoSE,  a.    Conlainnig  cells. 
CELS'I-TUDE,  «.     [L.  celsitudo.} 

Hight;  elev;ition.  '^^ '    . '"■ 

CELT,  n.     One  of  the   primitive   inhabitants  ot   tae 

south  of  Euroju-.     [."^ee  Celtic] 
CELT-I-Be'RI-.\.N',  a.    Pertaining  to  Celiibena  and 


TONE,  BI^LL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  V1"CI0US.— €  as  K ;  6  as  J  ;  S  as  7- ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


24 


la'i 


CEN 


CEN 


lt«  inhnliiiniiw,  Ibe  L'oHibert,  of  Cella  of  tho  Hwroa, 

-      ■■  -  ■■    ^    Tin. 
r  .  \N',n.    An  iiiluiMlant  of  rdlibciltt. 

I  .  VV,  eett^  a  covert  vt  nlH'Uor ;  cHtiadj 

n  >(   u.^^lU  in  a  covert,  an  inhabilant  uf  the 
I,  a  Celt;  cWn,  lu  conccnl,  L.  «/«;  Gr,  KiArui, 

tvtLiinin?    l«   th*»    primitive    Inhabitant*  of  Uie 

M.iitli    mid    wti-t  of  F.^ro^»o,   or  m  ih«  enrlv  luhab- 
ii:im*  oi  Italy,  iJniil,  Hpain,  and  Britain.     We  «ay, 
tVJitc  naiiunti:  CeWe  custnniH;  Ctlue  urigin. 
CKLT'IC,  n.     *J  bt)  lanijuice  of  llir  LVUn. 
CKLT'i-CI«M,  «.    Thf  munncrd  and  ciirtom*  of  llie 

Cell*.  JTarloB. 

CELT'19,  ».     Tlie    nyttlc-lrce,  n    pfnii-*  of  sevi^rnl 

species:  anionp  which  nrc  the  An^driili^ior  tioiiiht-rn, 

■   ■•  MVf  of  Africa  and   tho  t**.ui!i  cf  Kiirojie ;  the 

A,  prowini;  in  Anneni^t  and  i':iiirica  ;  and  llic 

III,  jfnin'inK  in  Virsinin.  »«<-.     7\»*>iv. 

\\\n.    [U  cr'tientum  ;  VT.eimrnt:  Mm.amant; 

.'ifHto^    the    ifroundwork    of  a  Imilding  3   It. 

■  .  an  ewiiy  or  enK'rim''nl.l 

;.  Any    iilmitiuux   or   utli-r   MibsUiiKO   rapnbh*   of 

uniting  iRidic-f   in   chw*©  colw-Hii'ii,  rw  nturtar,  Kh'o- 

soIdfT,  &.O.     in  i'Mi/'/Mi','-,  n-in- lit   ilriioti-**  a  ^'roncl■^ 

kind  of  niortnr  than  that  which  is  ordinarily  used. 

Eneijc. 

2.  Bond  of  union  ;  thai  which  unites  firmly,  as 
IKTSons  in  fricndMhip,  or  men  in  wiclety. 

3.  Powdirrs  or  iKistc!',  tittrruundinc  liodies  in  jhiIh 
and  cnif  ildes,  for  chemical  pun»o«*'9. 

This  word  ia  pronounced  cc-mtM'  by  Brnnde  and 

Snuirt.  ^ 

CE-.MKNT',  r,  (.      To    unite    by  the    applicnlum  of 

qliitinona  substances,  by  mortar  which  hnrdnns,  or 

otliyr  iiiiittcr  that  prodiicoH  cohesion  of  boUios. 

2.  To  unite  liniily  ur  rlasely  ;  iih,  to  cement  all  i»arlH 
of  the  ciinmuinitv  ;  to  cement  friundship. 
CI-:-Ml::i\T',  V,  i.    'ro  tmito  or  become  solid  ;  to  unite 

and  colicn.^  .SAarp. 

CEM-EtNT-A'TION,  tt.    Tho  act  of  cementing }  Uie 
act  of  unilinz  bv  a  suitable  substance. 

i  In  chemistrtf,  a  process  which  consists  in  uur- 
ronndins  n  solid  body  with  the  imwdor  of  olber  sub- 
stances, and  hentini;'  the  whole  to  rtdneiw.  Iron  is 
thus  converted  into  steel,  glasn  into  jiorcclain,  Ate 

hrande 
CE-MnNT'A-TO-UY,    a.      Cementing  ;    having    the 

(]iialitv  of  uniting  firmly.  Kncijc. 

\y.  M I :  N'T' ED,  pp.  or  a.     United  by  comenl ;  changed 

IIH  III;  (irmlv  united  ;  consolidated. 
I  ;:NT't:rt,n.    Tho  person  or  thing  thai  cements. 

■''   i\<;,   ppr.    Of    a.      Uniting    by    cement; 
means  of  a  cenirni ;  uniting  closely ; 

K_'^.,. i  I0U8,(8em-<'n-lifh'iis,)a.     EJavingthe 

quniity  01'  cementing.    Forsyth.     Uniting  as  cement ; 
coimlutinatinc  ;  tendinj:  to  unite  or  consolidate. 

t'KM'K-TEK-V,  n.  [L.  eameto'iumi  Gi.  Koturjrnpiovy 
from  Kotfiaej^  to  sleep.] 

A  place  whcro  the  dead  bodies  of  human  beings 
are  buried.  Addison. 

CEN'A-TO-RY,  a.     [h.  utnaiariuSi  from  w«a,  snppcr, 
cano^  to  sup.] 
Pertaining  or  relating  to  supper.  Brown. 

CEN'O-BITE,  n.  [Gr.  JCMt-j/^or/jjin  r^mmunilv,from 
K<nvoi^  common,  and  /?ios,  hie,  /Jcjoj,  to  live.] 

One  of  a  religious  order,  who  live  in  a  convent,  or 
in  community  ;  in  opposition  to  an  anchoret,  or 
liTmit,  who  lives  in  solitude.  Kncyc 

CEX-O-BIT'ie,         (  rt.     Living  in  community,  as 

CEN-O-BITae-AL,  |      men  belonging  to  a  convcnL 

StillintfJUut, 

CE'XO-BY,  n.  A  place  whcro  persons  live  in  wwn- 
munitv.  Burk. 

CEN'O^TAPII,  (sen'o-taf,)  n.  [Gr.  (rcvora^ier,  from 
jcivoj,  empty,  and  -apogy  a  tomn.] 

.\n  empty  tomb  erected  in  honor  of  some  deceased 
person ;  a  monument  erected  to  one  who  is  buried 
elsewhere.  Johii.'^on.     Kncye, 

CEN'riE,  (sens,)  n.  [L.  cmstts.  a  valuation,  n  register- 
ing, a  tax  ;  ernseoj  to  enroll,  to  tax.  Qu.  Ch.  CSp,  to 
impose  a  fine.] 

1.  .'V  public  rate  or  lax.  Bacon. 

2.  Condition  ;  rank.     [  Obs.]  B.  Jonson. 
CENSE,  r.  (.     [Ft.  meenaer.     .Sec  Ixct^sc] 

To  perfume  with  odors  from  burning  subHtances. 

Onjden. 
CENS'ER,  n.     [E'"'  tncmsoiri    Sp.  tHcensario;   It.  in- 
cetifierc.     3ec  Nce*»9i:.1 

A  vase  or  pan  in  whicii  incense  Isbumed.    Among 

fAe  Jew.',  a  kind  of  chafing-dish,  covered  by  a  dome, 

and  suspended  by  a  chain,  used  to  offer  perfumes  in 

sacriflce^a.  £ncye. 

CENS'IXG,  ppr.    Perfuming  with  odors. 

CE.VSIO.V,  (sen'shun,)  n.     (L.  eensio.    See  Ce:<«e.] 

A  rate,  tax,  or  assessment.  J.  HaiL 

CEN'SOR,  Ti.     [1..  cen.*or      S. .-  (Et.r.^ 
1.  An  officer  in  ancient  i 
lo  register  the  clfects  of  i 

according  to  the  propert}  .  I, 

and  to  inspect  the  mannurs  t.f  lii..  4  iii/.<  iii,  wiilt 
power  lo  censure  vice  and  imnu»rali!y  \\y  inllicling  a- 
public  mark  of  ignominy  on  the  offender. 


3.  One  who  in  em|MtwtfreJ  lo  cxaiiiino  all  manu- 
■cripls  and  l>ouks,  before  iJiey  are  comiuiM-id  to  the 
pre«s,  and  to  sec  thai  they  contain  nothing  hcriU'..: 
or  inimonil.  KneifC. 

:i.  t  tiM'  w  ho  is  given  lu  censure.  Dnjdtn. 

I  '  ^  I'W  <i-     Belonging  to  n  censor,  or  lu  the 

I       ■  vN,|      correction  uf  public   niorals ;  as, 

,  wer. 
u.  Tull  «'f  rcn^uri'.  [More  properly  CitsiORiout.] 
CEN-SO'RI-Ol'.-^,  a.  A'ltlii.il  to  reusure  ;  apt  to 
blame  or  condemn  ;  s':Ter.-  ni  making  remarks  on 
otheri*,  i^r  <iii  their  writings  or  manners ;  ulUsn  im- 
plynig  111  naiuT'-,  iltilH'rality,  or  uncharitablencs«  ;  as, 
u  ertiM'rious  critic. 

a.  Implying  or  expressing  censure;  as,  censorions 
remarks 


CEN-riO'llI  (tr-^ 
CEN-SO'KI  ' 
condi'inii  .  1 

a.  *j'h'-  M ' 
CEN'?^MK-i.nu:, 

CEN'riOU-Smi' 


i.v. 


.     In  a  censorious  manner, 
jtispositiun  to  blame  and 
<  nriiiring  or  reproaching. 
•  ceiiBorioUK.  [Tutjlor. 

..(.rioiH. 

olhee  i>r  dignity  of  a  censor  ; 
tJie  lime  during  wtiich  n  censor  holds  his  olfice. 
CE.N'JsU- Al.,  (-feu'shu-al,)  a.     [L*.  crasualix,'] 

Relating  to,  or  ciuitalning  u  census ;  liable  to  be 

ntrd.  Whitakrr.     Kucifc. 

CEN'SUR-A-BLE,  a.     ftsce   Cen»u»«.]     Worthy  of 

coiisur'ti  ;  blamablo  ;  culpable  ;  reprehensible  ;  faulty  ; 

as.  a  efn,-iurabU  i>ersou,  or  censurubie  conduct. 

CEN'tJUll-A-lll.E-NESrt,   it,      Bbiinablcness ;    fitness 

lo  h«  censured.  iVhtUock. 

C'EN-SIiK-A-BI,Y,(wfw.    In  umanner  worthy  of  blame. 
CEX'SliUE,  (sen'shur,)  v.     \\^.  ent.^ura  ;  Vt.  cewtiirt ; 
Sp.  Port,  and  IL  cctuttra  ;  from  L.  cc/wey,  crn.ior.] 

1.  An  finlimalc  or  judgment  witliout  implying  dis- 
appnilmtion.     [Obs.]  Burnet. 

a.  'i'hu  act  of  blaming  or  finding  fault  and  con- 
deuming  as  wrung;  applicable  lo  the  moral  conduct^ 
or  to  the  works  of  ineii.  When  applied  to  poriions, 
it  Is  nearly  equivalent  lo  blame,  npruof,  r('|)reheu- 
iiion,  reprimand.  It  is  an  expref^.-tion  of  disapitroba- 
tioii,  whicli  oiteii  itn|ilie>j  pprouf. 

U.  Judicial  sentence; ;  judgment  that  condemns.  An 
ecclesiastical  censure  is  u  sentence  of  condennialion, 
or  penalty  intlicted  on  a  member  of  a  church  for  inal- 
conduct,  by  which  he  is  ilrprivcd  of  the  communion 
of  the  church,  or  prohibited  from  executing  the 
sacerdotal  ofHce.  Eucyc. 

CEN'SURE,  (scn'shur,)  tJ.  t.  [fr.  censarcr ;  Sp.  cm- 
surar.] 

To  find  fault  with  and  condemn  as  wrong  ;  to 
blame  j  to  express  disapprobation  of;  as,  to  censure 
a  man,  or  his  manners,  or  his  writings. 

Wo  Uugh  at  Tuiiiy  oftcncr  than  wo  ccnturt  prid«. 

BuckmiatUr. 

5.  Tu  condemn  by  a  judici:U  sentence,  oa  in  ecclo- 
siasticnl  affairs. 
3.  To  estimate.     [JVuI  in  ujf.]  SAaA. 

CEN'.'^URE,  r.  i.    To  judge.     [JVo£  m  tw«.] 
CE\'SUR-i;U,  (sen'flhurd,)  pp.    Blamed  j  reproved  ; 

ctindcmned. 
CEN'Syill.N'G,  ppr.    Blaming  ;  finding  fault  with. 
CEN'SL  K-ING.  11.     A  blaming  ;  reproach. 
CEN'SUS,  n.     [L.  fnmi  ccnsto.     See  C'E.fSE.] 

1.  In  (uxcient  RomCy  an  authentic  deckiration  made 
before  the  ccnstirs,  by  the  citizens,  of  their  names 
and  places  of  abode,  'i'his  declaration  was  regis- 
tered, and  contained  an  enumuratiun  of  all  their 
lands  and  estates,  their  quantity  and  quality,  with 
the  wives,  children,  domestics,  tenaiiL'^,  and  slaves, 
of  each  citizen.  Hence  the  word  signifies  this  enu- 
meration or  register,  a  man's  whulo  subsumcc,  and 
the  tax  imposed  according  to  each  man's  |)roperly. 

2.  In  fAe  United  State.f  of  America,  on  eimmcration 
of  the  inhabitants  of  all  the  States,  uaken  by  order  of 
the  congress,  to  funiish  the  nile  of  apportioning  the 
rctircsentation  among  Uic  Stati-s,  and  tho  number 
of  representatives  tu  which  each  State  is  entitled  in 
the  contrress;  also,  an  enumeration  of  the  inhab- 
itants uf  a  State,  taken  by  order  of  its  legislature. 

CENT,  n.  [Fr.  cent ;  Sp.  ciento ;  Port.  c«nto  ;  It.  cento ; 
from  L.  ecntumj  formed  on  the  Celtic,  VV.  cnn(,  Ann. 
caiUj  Com.  kanz.  The  VVelsli  cant  signifies  a  circle, 
hoop,  wheel,  or  rim,  a  wattled  fence  round  a  jard  or 
corn-floor,  hence  a  coinplelu  circle,  a  hundred.  It  is 
probable  Uiut  the  Teutonic  and  Gothic  hurid,  in   hun 


drciJ,  is  the  same  word.  Ar.  tXAib  hamlon,  a  hun- 
dred, and  the  sanm  root  gives  /jirfm,  Hindu.  Sec 
Hundred.] 

1.  A  hundred.  In  commerce,  per  cenL  denotes  a 
certain  rale  by  the  hundred  ;  as  trn  per  cent,  is  ten  in 
the  hundred^  whether  profit  or  loss.  This  rale 
called  prrcmta(re. 

2.  In  tJie  United  States  of  Jlmerica,  a  copper  coin 
whose  value  is  the  hundredth  part  of  a  dollar. 

CENT' AGE,  n.    Rate  by  the  cent  or  hundred. 

CEN'TAUR,  n.     [L.  eentaurus ;   Gr.  Kivravooi.     Gu. 
dci  r:'.i,  to  smir,  and  rnvfoi,  n  bull.] 

1.  In  mtftnnlo^ry^  a  fabulous  bcinjr,  supposed  to  be 
half  mail  and  half  horse.  It  has  been  suppr.sed  that 
this  fancied  monster  originated  among  the  Kapithx, 


CEN 

:t   I  ■>•      '   hn  first  invented  the  ait  of    \ 

ht.  .  iHJi  tlio  origin  of  Uio  fablu  :ind  ol  ^ 

iii*.-  iiaiue  r.'  ili'iiMflll. 

3.  A  consiellaiion  uf  the  soutlieni  bemtRpti 

CEN'TAUR  IZE,  r.  1.    To  perform  the  acts  if  vt  (0 
bti  hke,  I  C4  ntuur ;  lo  bo  a  man,  and  oct  liko  a  bruli, 

CEN'TAUR-LIKE,  a.    Having  the  up|>eai  1    . 

rentaiir. 
CEN'TAt*  IIV,  .r.    [I>.  entlaurca;  Gr.  «n  ra 

■|  ,  iiaiiiu  of  various  pluntfl.    Tin  /r>*ff 

c/   •  !■  -  iif  Enthnea. 

CEN    ,  (  \S,ii.      A  iM-TBon  n  hundred  yem 

old. 
CEN'TE-NA-RY,  11.     [Ij.  eenUnarius,  fr«>m  trntum,  A 

hundred.] 
'J'he  numbe.-  of  a  hundred  ;    as,  a   eenttnary  of 

years. 
CEN'TE-NA-RY,  a.    Relating  lo  n  hundred  ;  cuniM- 

ing  of  a  hundred. 
CEN-TEN'MAIi,  a.     [L.  eentam,  a  hundred,  and  on- 

niw,  a  year.] 

1.  Consisiin?  of  a  hundred  years,  or  ceniplctUll 
that  term.  .'I.uon, 

2.  Pertaining  to  a  hundred  years. 

3.  Uappcning  every  hundred  years.  i 
CE.N'TER,  /  Ti.    [Gr.  *.  iTpoc,  a  point,  guad,  or  rjiur, 
CEN'TKl^  )     from  *.ci'r/:(,),  to  prick:   L,  cnUruwi;  Ir. 

centre;  Sp.  centre;  Port,  tind  II.  td.] 

I.  A  point  equally  di.^tant  fniin  the  extremilltis  of 
a  line,  figure,  or  body  ;  the  middle  point  or  place  of 
any  thing. 

'J.  Tho  middle  or  central  object.     In  an  army,  Hit- 
body  of  troops  orrupying  the  plucu  in  ttui  linti 
twecn  the  wings,     lit  o  jHe^l,  the  diviri».:i 
the  van  anti  rear  of  the  line  of  ballle,  aii 
the  weuiIi'T  fli\i-;<.M  ami  Ire,  in  the  order 

3.  A>iM   :  :  iiousc.  [.V 

'i'bcK  I  all  unhoritjr  Into  our 


To  be  collected  lo  a  poi^l. 


Center  of  tf'inii'Ji  in  meeJinnie,^,  the  !■ 
which  all  the  |»arts  of  a  body  i-.\;irt!y  Im 
other,  f-o  that  when  that  point  is  bxij*, 
whole  body  is  supitorted.  fi 

Center  cf  motion  ;  the  point  which  rema 
while  all  the  other  parts  of  a  body  move  r- 

CEN'I'ER,  i  V.  t.    To  place  on  a  center  ;  ' 
CEX'TRE,  i      central  point. 
2.  To  collect  to  a  point. 

Thjr  )oy%  are  antered  nil  in  me  ilone.  /Vi^r, 

CEN'TER,  >      . 
CEN'TRE,  i  '•  *' 

Our  hoj*«  miut  etnter  on  ourvlTC*  bIcim-.  DryJi-^ 

2.  To  be  collected  lo  a  point ;  to  rest  on. 

3.  To  be  placed  in  the  middle.  Mdton. 
CEN'TER-BIT,  /  ».      An   instniinenl   turning  <  n 
CEN'TRE-BIT,  \      center,  for  boring  circular  hbl>  *. 
CEN'TER-A'D, /pp.     Collected  to  a  jioint  or  ctnf  r . 
CEN'TRKD,      i      fixed  on  a  central  p.iint. 
CEN'TER-ING,  I  ppr.    Placing  on  the  ccnlir ;  collect- 
CEN'TKING,      (      ing  to  a  point. 
CEN'TER-ING,  n.      In    arehitutttre,  the    temponilT 

woodwork  or  framing  on  which  any  vault;  tf  work 
is  constnicted.  (iiriU. 

CEN-'i'ES'I-MAL,  a.     [h.  centtsiatusj  from  coiX««,» 
hundred.] 

The  Imndrodih.     As  a  noun^  the  next  step  of  pn* 
grcssion  after  decimal  in  the  arithmetic  of  fractiuoi. 

.hhnsaiL 
CEN-TE9-I-MA'TI0N,  n.    [L.  eentcsimus,  supra.) 
\  mililar>'  piini^i^tmicnl  for  desertion,  inuiiny,  Of 
-         .         ._   A    -.   selected 


in  a  hundreo 


the  like,  wher. 
for  execution. 
CEN''I"ES.M,  7t.     ri..  cfM(AstmiM.] 

Tlie  hundredth  part  cf  an  integer  or  tijin?.     [AW 
used.]  Bailnt. 

CEN-TI-CIP'IT-OUS,  a.     Having  a  hundred  hf  adt. 
CEN-TIF'!-noUS,  a.    Divided  into  a  hundred  paitJ. 
CEN-TI-FO'LI-OUS,  a.    [li.  ecntumj  a  hundred,  and 
ftdiiim,  a  leaf.] 
Havin;&a  hundred  leaven.  Bailni.    Jvhnson. 

CEN'TI-GRADE,  a.    [L,  ec«ium,  a  hundrcil,  and  tfi» 
rfiw,  a  degree.] 

Consisting  of  a  hundred  degrees;  graduated  inlol 
hundred  divisions  or  equal  parts. 

Ceiiticrrade  tliernometrr  ;  a  IliermAmclcr  having  W 
distance  lutwcen  Ilie  freezing  and  boiling  p^ihlBOl 
water  divided  into  Juf)  degrees. 
CPJ>fri'OIiA.)I.ME,  n.    [L.  centum  and  frram.} 

In  French  men.^urr,  the  hundredth  pari  of  a  pramlDfr 
rSeo  Gram.] 
CEN-TIL'I-T^ER,  \  n.      [L.  centum,  and  Fr.  hf«,  or 
Ct-JT'TI-U-TRE,  \      litron.] 

'I'hc  hundredth  part  of  a  litre,  a  HtUe  more  than 
G-10  of  a  cubic  inch. 
CEN-TII.'O-UITY,  H.     (Ii.  cmtum  and  loquor.} 

A  hundredfold  di.ocuurse.  Burton. 

CEA'-77.>/>:',  (.-in-lcem',)  n.     [Fr.]  The  hundrcdlD 

part  of  a  franc 
CEN-TIM'F--TER,  |  n.     [L.  eenluiTiy  a  hundrcd,aiMl 
CE^'iTI^JF^TRE,  j      Gr.  ptrpov^  iiiea^urc.] 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WU^T.— METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQI.F,  BQQK.— 


186 


CKN 

Tu  FrCJich  measure,  the  hundredth  pait  of  a  meter, 
laUtci  more  than  39-100  of  an  inch,  Engliish  measure. 
C/inVf.  Ohs.  X.  192. 

CK-V-TIN'O-DY,  H.     Knot^S;5.     [AVi  itstd.] 

CEN'TI  rEl>,  n.      [L.  ceiitipeda;  cc/itH"t,  a  liundred, 
and  prj-,  a  foo!.] 

A  general  term  applied  to  insects  having  a  gieat 
number  of  feet.  They  belong  tu  the  order  iMjTiapo- 
da.  Anions  them  the  geiuis  Scolopentlra  includes 
'arge,  venoiuous  species,  attaining,  nut  uufrequently, 
in  iropicnl  climates,  a  length  of  six  inches  or  mure. 

CEN'TI-FEi:,  for  Okntiped,  is  not  used. 

CENT'JJER,  ti.     [L.  centum,  ccnltnuriiu-;.] 

Jn  metalUirg^ij  and  afsaijin^,  a  dociniaslic  hundred  ; 
a  weight  divisible  first  into  a  hundred  parts,  and 
then  into  smaller  piirts.  I'he  nietalluryisls  use  a 
wciciit  divided  into  a  hundred  equal  parts,  each  one 
pound;  the  wholj  they  call  a  centner:  the  pound  is 
divided  into  thirty-two  parts,  or  half  ounces ;  the 
half  ounce  into  t^'o  quarters  ;  and  each  of  these  into 
two  drams.  But  the  assayers  use  difl'erent  weights. 
\Villi  them  a  centner  is  one  dram,  to  which  the  other 
parts  lire  proportioned.  Encyc. 

CEN'TO,  71.     [h.  cento,  patched  cloth,  a  rhapsody.] 
A  composition  formed  by  verses  or  passages  from 
different  autJiors,  disposed  in  a  new  order.    Encijc. 

CEN'TR.\L,  a.     [L.  centralis.] 

Relating  to  the  center  j  placed  in  the  center  or 
middle  ;  containing  the  center,  or  pertaining  to  the 
parts  near  the  center. 

Ciittral  farcer ;  in  meehnnics,  the  two  antagonist 
forces,  (the  centripetal  and  centrifugal,)  by  whose 
united  action  bodies  are  caused  to  revolve  round  a 
central  point,  HcberU 

CEN  TRE.    See  Cesteii. 

CEN-TRAL'I-TY.  n.     Tiie  state  of  being  central. 

CEX-TR.\L-I-Za'TION,  71.    Act  of  centralizing. 

CE.VTR.VL-rZE,  r.  (.    To  draw  to  a  central  pointj 
to  bring  to  a  center.  Calhoun. 

CEXTiCAL-LV,  a<if.    With  regard  to  the  center;  in 
a  central  manner. 

CEN'TRie,  a.    Placed  in  the  center  or  middle. 

CEX'TRie-AI^LY,  mlc.    In  a  central  position. 

CE\'TRI€-AL-NESS,  iu    Situation  in  the  center. 

CEN-TRIF'U-G.IL,   a.       [L.   centrum   and  fagio,  to 
flee.j 

1.  Tending  to  recede  from  the  center.  The  centrif- 
ugal  force  of  a  body  is  that  force  by  which  all  bodies, 
moving  round  another  body  in  a  curve,  tend  to  fiy 
off  from  the  axis  of  their  motion,  iii  a  tangent,  to  the 
periphery  of  tlie  cu^^'e.  Eucijc. 

2.  In  botany^  expanding  first  at  the  siunmit,  and 
later  at  the  base,  as  a  flower.  Lindlcy. 

CEN-TRIP'E-TAL,  a,     [L.  ecntrum  and  peio,  to  move 
toward.] 

1.  Tending  toward  the  center.  Centriprtal  force,  is 
that  force  which  draws  or  impels  a  body  toward 
some  point  as  a  center ;  as  in  case  of  a  planet  re- 
volving round  the  sun,  the  center  of  the  system. 

2.  In  botany,  expanding  first  at  the  base  uf  the  in- 
florescence, and  later  at  the  summit,  as  a  flower. 

Lindley, 
J^ole.  —  The  common  accentuation  of  centrifugal 
and  centripetal  is  artificial  and  harsh.    The  accent 
on  the  first  and  third  syllables,  as  in  circumpolar, 
would  be  natural  and  easy. 

CEN-TUM'VIR,  n. ,-  pi.  Centcm'viri.    [L.  centum,  a 
hundred,  and  vir,  a  man.} 

A  name  given  to  certain  judges  in  ancient  Rome, 
appointed  by  the  pretor,  to  decide  common  causes 
among  the  people.  At  first,  three  were  taken  from 
each  of  the  tliirty-fivc  tribes,  making  one  hundred 
and  five,  though,  for  the  sake  of  the  round  number, 
they  were  called  centumviri.  The  number  was  af- 
terward increased  to  one  hundred  and  eighty,  Avith- 
out  a  change  of  their  title.  Smithes  Diet. 

CEN-T(JM'Vr-RAL,  a.    Tertaining  to  the  centumvir 

CEN-T[JM'V[-UATE,  h.    The  office  of  a  centumvir. 

CEN'Tij-PLE,  a.     [Fr.,  from  L.  cc.Uuplez,  ccntuniy  and 
plico,  to  fuld.j 
A  hundred  fold. 

CEN'TU-PLE,  V.  t.    To  multiply  a  hundred  fold. 

CEX-TO'PLI-CATE,    v.  t.     [L.  centum   and  pUcatuSj 
folded  ;  Sp.  ccntiiplicar,  to  maJte  a  hundred  fold.] 
To  make  a  hundred  fold. 

CEN-TC'PLI-€A-TEr>,  pp.    iMade  a  hundred  fi.ld. 

CEN-TO'PLI-€.\-TING,  ppr.      Making    a    hundred 
fold.  ^ 

CEN-TO'Rl-AL,  a.     [from  century.]    Relating  to  a 
century,  or  a  hundred  years  j  as,  a  ccnturial  sermon. 

Wh'in  the  thinl  centarial  lubilee  of  New  England  shall  com?, 
who  of  U3  will  UiCQ  be  living  lo  paxlicipaU;  tlie  General  joy  I 

J.  Vr^QOdbridge. 

CEN-TO'Rt-ATE,  r.  (.    [L.  ccnturio,  to  divide  into 

hundreds,  or  coiupanie?.] 

To  divide  into  hundreds.  Johnson.    Bailey. 

CEN-TO'RI-ATOR,  j  „.      [Fr.  centuriaUur,  from    L. 

CEN  TU-ltlST,  \      cmturia^  a  century^  or  from 

eenlurioy  lo  divide  into  hundred!^.] 

An  histo  ian  wlio  distinguishes  time  into  centuries  j 
as  in  the  Universal  Church  History  of  Magdeburg. 

CBN-TO'RI-ON,  n.    [L.  centurw,  from  centum,  a  hun- 
dred ] 


CER 

Among  the  Romans,  a  military  officer  who  com- 
manded a  hundred  men,  a  century,  or  company  of 
infantry,  answenn-:  to  the  captain  in  niodcrn  armies. 
CEN'TU-RY.    ^scnt'yu-rc,)    /(.      [L.    ccnturia,    from 
centum,  a  liiinored.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  a  hundred  ;  any  thing  con- 
sisting of  a  hundred  parts. 

2.  A  divisiun  of  the  Ruman  people  for  the  purpose 
of  electing  magisimtes,  and  enacting  laws,  the  peo- 
ple voting  by  centuries  j  also,  a  company  consisting 
of  a  hundred  men. 

3.  A  period  of  a  hundred  years.  Tins  is  the  most 
common  signification  of  the  word;  and  as  we  begin 
our  modern  computation  of  lime  from  the  incarna- 
tion of  Christ,  the  word  is  generally  applied  lo  some 
term  of  a  hundred  years  subsequent  to  that  event; 
as,  the  first  or  second  century,  or  the  tf-n(Jt  century.  If 
we  intend  to  apply  the  worn  lo  a  difierent  era,  we 
use  an  explanatory  adjunct;  as,  the  third  century 
before  the  Christian  em,  or  after  Uie  reign  of  Cyrus. 

4.  The  Cmturici  of  Ma^dcbur<r  ;  a  title  given  to  an 
ecclesiastical  history,  arranged  in  Ihiiteen  centuries, 
compiled  by  a  great  number  of  Protestants  at  Mag- 
deburg. 

CEOL.  [Sax.,  a  ship,  L.  celoz,  or  Eng.  Uecl]  This 
word  is  sometimes  found  prefixed  lo  names. 

CEPH-AL-AL'<:;ie,  a.  [Infra.]   Relating  to  headache. 

CEPII'AL-.\Lr-(5Y,  n.     [Gr. /fE0aAuX>iu,  «£(^aX*7,  the 
head,  and  nXj  y?,  pain.] 
The  headache. 

CE-PHAL'ie,  a.  [Gr.  Ke-pa\iKOi,  from  K£<pa\ii,  the 
head.] 

Perlnining  to  the  head;  as,  cephalic  medicines, 
remedies  fur  disorders  in  the  head.  Th'  cephalic 
vein,  wliich  runs  along  the  arm,  was  so  nained  be- 
cause the  ancients  used  to  open  it  for  disorders  of 
the  head.  Enc7jc. 

CE-PHAL'ie,  TU  A  medicine  for  headache,  or  other 
disorder  in  the  head. 

CEPH'AL-0-EX-TRAeT'OR,  7t.  .\n  instrument  to 
extract  a  fetus  by  clasping  the  head.  Casanova. 

CEPH'AL-0-POD,  71.  [Gr.  KcpaXri,  head,  and  iruoa, 
the  feet.] 

In  natural  history,  a  molluscous  animal  character- 
ized by  a  distinct  head  surrounded  by  a  circle  of  long 
arms,  by  which  it  crawls  and  seizes  objects.  The 
sepia,  or  cuttle-fish,  is  one  of  these  animals.  The 
name  cephalopod  alludes  to  the  fact  that  the  feet,  or 
arms,  are  arranged  about  the  head,  or  appear  to  pro- 
ceed from  it.  Dana. 

CEPH-A-LO-POD'ie,      I  a.  Belonging  to  the  cephal- 

CEPH-A-LOP'0-DOUS,  J      opods. 

CE-PHe'U3,  71.  A  constellation  in  the  northern  hem- 
isphere. 

CE'PHUS,  71.  A  water-fowl  of  the  duck  kind  ;  also,  a 
species  of  monkey,  the  Mona.     Diet,  of  J^aL  Hist. 

CE-Ra'CEOUS,  a.  [L.  cera,  wax.]  Wax -like;  par- 
taking of  the  nature  of  wax. 

CER'A-SIN,  H.     [L.  cmtyiis.] 

Any  gummy  substance  which  swells  in  cold  water, 
but  does  not  readily  dissolve  in  it.      Urc.    Dr.  John, 

CER'A-SITE,  n.     [L.  cera-Hum,  clierr^-.] 

A  petrifaction  resembling  a  cherry.  Cyc. 

2.  The  native  muriate  of  lead.  Dana. 

CE-RAS'TeS,  n.     [Gr.  Kcoarm,  from  Kena^,  a  horn.] 
In  zoology,  a  genus  of  poisonous  African  serpents 
with  horns.  Brande. 

Ce'RATE,  h,     [L.  ccj-a(«7;t,  from  cera,  wax.] 

A  thick  kind  of  ointment,  composed  of  wax  and 
oil,  with  other  ingredients,  applied  externally  in  va- 
rious diseases.  Cyc. 

Ce'Ra-TED,  a.     [L.  ceratus.] 
Covered  with  wax. 

CER'A-TRIN,  7(.  The  bitter  principle  of  Iceland 
m  OSS. 

CER'BE-RUS,  ji.  [L.]  In  mythology,  a.  monsteT  in  the 
shape  of  a  dog,  guarding  the  entrance  into  the  infer- 
nal regions,  and  described,  by  difi"erent  ancient  wri- 
ters, as  having  three,  fifty,  and  even  a  hundred 
heads. 

CeRE,  n.  The  naked  skin  that  covers  the  base  of  the 
bdl  in  some  birds,  as  in  those  of  the  hawk  tribe. 

Encyc. 

CeRE,  v.  L     [L.  cera,  wax.] 
To  wax,  or  cover  with  wax, 

Ce'RE-AL,  a.     [from   Ceres.] 
grain,  as  wheat,  n'e,  &c. 

CE-RE-a'LI-A,  71.  pi.      '  ' 
grain: 


fi^iseman. 
Pertaining  to  edible 
HumboUlL 
A  technical  term  for  tlie  edible 
ProuU 


CER-E-BEL'LUiM,  n.     [L.  cerebellum.] 

The  hinder  and  lower  part  of  tlie  brain,  or  Uie  lit- 
tle brain.  Coze* 

CEr'e-BRINE  S°-     [from  L.  ««6riwi,  the  brain.] 

Pertaining  to  the  cerebrum,  or  brain. 
CER'E-BRUiM,  71.     [L.]    The  front  and  larger  part  of 

the  brain. 
CeRE'CLOTH,  n.     [L.  cera,  wax,  and  clot}i.\ 

A  cloth  smeared  with  melted  wax,  or  with  some 
ffummy  or  glutinous  matter.  Bacon. 

But  the  English  word  for  a  cloth  used  to  cover 
wounds  is  sear-cloVi ;  Sax.  sar-clotJi,  a  sore-cloth. 
CkR'/''D,  (seerd,)  pp.    Spread  over  with  melted  wax. 
CeRE'MENT,  h.     [L.  cera,  wax.] 


CER 

Clotlbi  dipped  in  melted  wax,  with  which  dead 
bodies  are  infolded,  when  embalmed.  Jokiuon. 

CERE-.MO'.M-AL,  a.     [See  Cep.emo?»t.] 

1.  Ittrl'itiiic  In  ceremony,  or  external  rite;  ritual; 
according  to  the  formn  of  eslabli'^hed  riteu  ;  as,  «rfr- 
manial  irxaclncs.".  It  ia  particularly  applied  lo  tlie 
forms  and  rites  of  the  Jcwiwh  religion  ;  a^,  Ihe  cere- 
monial taw,  or  worr<hip,  ad  durtingui^tied  from  the 
moral  and  judicial  law. 

2.  Formal;  ob»er\'ant  of  old  forms;  exact;  precise 
in  manners.  Dryden. 

In  this  latter  sense,  CEneuoMious  ui  now  uaed. 
CER-E-MO'NI-.^L,  n.  Outward  form;  cxlcnial  rit«, 
or  CMtiiblisJied  forms,  or  rites,  including  all  Ih-j  f  ^rnui 
prescribed  ;  a  system  of  rule^  and  ceremoniiH,  <.u- 
joined  hy  law,  or  established  by  custom,  wlietfi(.r  in 
religious  worship,  in  social  intercourse,  or  in  the 
courts  of  princes. 

2.  The  order  for  rites  and  forma  in  the  Roman 
Catholic  church,  or  the  book  containing  the  rulctf 
prescribi^d  to  be  observed  on  solemn  occa.'.ions. 
CER-E-Mo'NI-AL-LY,  adr.  According  lo  riles  and 
corenmnies  ;  as,  a  person  cereiaoniaUy  unclean  ;  an 
act  ceremonially  unlawful.  Jfdt/m. 

CKR-E-M6'.\I-< )UP,  a.  Consisting  of  outward  forma 
and  riles  ;  as,  the  ccrcmonioiut  part  of  worship. 

In  this  flense,  Ceremonial  is  now  used. 

2.  Full  of  ceremony,  or  solemn  forms.         f^'mJ:. 

'A.  According  to  Hie  rules  and  forms  pres.  r, 
customar>'  ;  civil;  formally  rcapcclful.    "  ' 
(uLs  phrases."  .-i  ■ 

4.  Formal ;  according  lo  Ihe  rulea  of  civility  ;  as, 
to  take  a  cerctnonious  leave. 

5.  Forinal ;  exact ;  precise  ;  too  observant  of  forms. 
CER-E-.\Io'XI-OLj'?>-LY,  ai/c.    In  a  ceremonious  man- 
ner ;  formally  :  with  due  forms. 

CER-E-Mo'.M-OUS-NEP?!,  7t.  The  use  of  customary 
forms ;  Ihe  practice  of  loo  much  ceremony ;  great 
formnlitv  in  manners. 

CER'Iv .MO-NY,  n.  [L.  Sp.  It.  Port,  cercmoniai  Fr. 
ecremonie.] 

1.  Outward  rite  ;  exlemal  form  in  religion. 

St.  Forms  of  civility ;  rules  establifibea  by  custom 
for  repnlating  social  intercourse. 

'3,  Outward  forms  of  state  ;  the  forms  prescribed 
or  established  by  order  or  custom,  serving  for  the 
purpose  of  civility  or  magnificence,  as  in  levees  of 
princes,  the  reception  of  embassadors,  ice. 

Master  of  ceremonies  ;  an  officer  who  superintends 
the  reception  of  embassadors.  A  person  who  regu- 
lates the  forms  to  be  observed  by  the  company,  or 
attendants^  on  a  public  occasion. 
Ce'RE-O-LiTE,  7(.  [L.  cera,  wax,  and  Gr.  XiJoy,  a 
stone.] 

A  substance  which  in  appearance  and  softness  re- 
sembk'S  wax;  sometimes  confounded  with  steatite. 
Cyc     Cleateiand, 
Ce'RE-OUS,  a.    [L.  cercusj  from  cera,  wax.] 

\V;ixen  ;  like  wax.  Gayton. 

Ce'ReS,  «.  [L.l  In  mytJwlogy,  the  inventor  or  goddcS3 
of  corn,  or  rather  the  name  of  com  deified. 

2.  One  of  the  asteroids  or  small  planets  revolving 
between  the  orbits  of  Mars  and  Jupiter.  It  was  dis- 
covered by  M.  Piazzi,  at  Palermo,  in  Sicily,  in  ISOl. 

Ce'RIN,  n.     [L.  cera,  wax.] 

1.  A  peculiar  substance  which  precipitates,  on 
evaporation,  from  alcohol,  which  has  been  digested 
on  gnited  cork.  Cxc 

2.  Tiie  part  of  common  wax  which  dissolves  in 
boiling  alcohol.  Brande* 

3.  A  variety  of  the  mineral  Allanite. 
CE-RL\TH'I-A^'S,  ;i.  pL    A  set  of  heretics,  the  earliest 

of  the  Gnostic  seels,  so  called  from  Cermthus,  one 
of  the  first  heresiarchs  in  the  church.  They  denied 
Uie  divinity  of  Christ,  but  they  held  Uiat,  in  his  bap- 
tism, a  celestial  virtue  descended  on  him  in  the  form 
of  a  dove,  bv  means  of  which  ho  was  consecrated 
by  the  Holy  Spirit  and  made  Christ.  Enciic. 

Ce'RiTE,  H.  [See  Cerium.]  The  silicious  0x5- d  of 
cerium,  a  rare  mineral,  of  a  pale  rose  red  color,  wiih 
a  tinge  of  yellow.       Haiiy,    Jamejon.     CUavdand. 

Ce'RI  UM,  M.  A  nutal  discovered  in  Sweden,  in  the 
mineral  ccrite,  and  so  called  from  the  planet  Ceres. 
It  is  of  a  great  specific  gravity ;  its  color  a  grayish 
wlnte,and  its  texture  lamellar.     Diet.  ofJ^'at.  Hlsl. 

CER'NU-OUS,  a.     [h.  cernuus.] 

In  botartif,  ha\ing  the  lop  curved  downward. 

CE-RO-GR.-UMI'ie.-VL,  a.     PerUiining  lo  cerography. 

CE-ROG'RA-PIUST,  n.  One  who  is  versed  in,  or  who 
practices,  cerography. 

Cl-MlOG'RA-PllV,  H.  [U  cera,  wax,  and  Gr.  ypapa, 
lo  write.] 

1.  A  writing  on  wax. 

2.  The  art  of  engraving  on  wax,  spread  on  a  sheet 
of  copper,  from  wliich  a  slereoUpe  plaie  is  taken. 

^^  S.  E.  M.^rse. 

CE-RO'MA,  V.  In  ancient  architecture,  that  part  of  the 
ancient  baths  and  gvnuiasia  in  which  bather?  and 
wresUcrs  used  to  anoint  themselves  w  ith  a  compo- 
sition of  oil  and  wax.  .    ^^'f'  , 

CER'0-MAN-CY,  «.  Divinalion  by  droppmg  melted 
wax  in  water.  .  ,     .  1.  ,  w 

CE-ROON',  71.  [from  the  Spanish.]  .\  bale  or  pact- 
age  made  of  skins. 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.— C  asK;  ClasJ;  SasZ;  CHas  SH ;  YH  as  in  THIS. 


CER 

CE-RO  PLAS'TIC,  n.  In  sculpture,  the  art  of  model- 
ing nr  of  funiiiiiK  iii'"*!*"!^  m  wax.  Flmes. 

CER'RI-AI.,  a.     rirtjuiitng  to  Uic  Ccrria.ur  liiltpr  oak. 

Ckaucer. 

CER'RIS,  n.     [L.]    The  bitter  oak. 

CER'TALV,  (uer'tin.)  a.  [Fr.  terta'ai;  Sp.  derioi  It. 
and  Port,  certo  ;  from  L.  (ffftu.] 

1.  Sun-  ;  true  ;  iinilouhtrd  ;  iinquestiori:ible  ;  that 
can  not  be  denied  ;  existing  in  fuel  nnd  inilli. 

Tltf  iliTAiu  b  cvloin,  kimI  Ibr  IntrfpivUuuu  *iuc.  —  Dau.  iL 

2.  Assured  in  ratnd  ;  having  no  doub<« ;  followed 
by  o/,  before  a  noun. 

lluwrrrr,  I  with  (Krv  harr  flxnl  my  lr'(, 

Crrkun  lo  tinikr^  likr  (Icxiui  of  iWth, 

Conaun  with  ih^.  AfLfton. 

To  in**-  hrr  crrtain  t>/  Uw  mJ  r*riiL  Ihyign. 

3.  rnfnihnK :  always  produrinR  the  intended  ef- 
fect ;  a-t,  wf  may  have  a  etrtain  remedy  for  a  disease. 

4.  Not  doubtful  or  casual ;  really  eiit«ting. 

Virtue  thit  diiwu  n»r  w»y» 
Throojfh  etrtain  ii\agvn  to  uncrrt.iln  pnvU*.  />-yf#n. 

5.  Stated  ;  fixed ;  determinate ;  regular 

Ve  ihaU  gt-lhet  ft  ctrfain  rate  «vrr/  lUj.  — Cz.  x«l. 

6.  Particular. 

IVn  eune  i  crrtiiiii  poor  wklov.—  Muk  xS. 
In  £A«  ptural  numbrr^  a  particular  part  nr  aum- 
ber  ;  some  ;  an  intlelinite  |>art,  iiiiinber,  or  tiunnlity. 
"  Hannrii  came,  he  and  eertatn  nun  of  Juilati."     **  1 
mourned  crrtatn  days."    .Veh.  i.  2,  Cu 

In  the  liiltcr  !*cn!«c,  it  it*  used  art  a  noun  ;  a.i,  "  cer- 
tain alw  of  vour  own  ptx-tn  have  said."    Jlcts  xvii. 
CCH'TAIN-LV,  adv.    Without  doubt  or  question  ^  in 
truth  and  fact. 

CtriaiiC^  tliij  woi  n  riflitcoui  nuu,  — Luke  xiUl. 
2.  Without  failure. 

lie  Hkl,  I  ukil  orrUifCy  ictum  to  Iher. — Gen.  XTJB, 

TER'TAIN-XESS,  n.    Certainty,  which  we. 
CER'TAI-N-TY,  (der'lin-tc,)  n.     A  fixed  or  real  state  ; 
truth ;  fact. 

Know  in  ft  trrtaint^,  ih.nt  ilw  litmt  four  Go<l  will  no  Diorc  drin 
out  itynr  n^tk'tu. — Juah.  xxiii.     I.ukt^  1. 

2.  Full  o^umnce  of  mind  ;  exemption  from  doubt. 

CrrMrvfy  w  ihc  frrM'lHioa  o(  the  •(pwin-.-nt  or  dMagrmnriil  of 
D<jr  rl<-^>.  Lodk*. 

3.  Exuniption  from  failure  ;  as,  the  crrtoin/y  of  an 
event,  or  of  the  success  of  a  medicine. 

The  «rrftunty  o/  funithmrot  b  ilie  mfc-A  i-cuntjr  ftfaJiuI  crimn. 

4.  Refcularity  ;  fKltled  utatc. 

CER'TES,  adv.    Certainly;  in  truth;  verily.     [Oft*.] 

Ouiueer. 
CER-TIF'I-€ATE,   n.      [Fr.   certijicat;    It.  urtijicato. 
See  CrBTiFT.J 

1.  In  a  seneral  serue^  a  written  testimony  not 
■worn  to;  a  tlcclamtion  in  writing,  »<igned  by  the 
party,  and  inlL-ndcd  to  verify  a  fact. 

2.  In  (1  more  /idrficn/ar  ^cnjff,  tilt  writtrn  declara- 
tion, under  tliL*  hand  or  iwnl,  or  both,  of  some  pub- 
lic officer,  lo  be  used  as  evidence  in  a  ctmrt,  or  to 
Rubstantrate  a  facL  .\  certificate  of  Ihis  kind  may 
be  considered  as  civen  under  the  oath  of  otficc. 

3.  That  bu  cfrtijjcatr,  ia  where  the  evidence  of  Ihe 
person  certifying  is  the  only  proper  criterion  of  the 
point  in  dispute;  na,  when  ttic  i^sue  is  whether  a 
ptrr?on  waji  absent  in  the  army,  this  is  tried  by  tJie 
ctrtilicaic  of  the  inarc^chall  of  tlie  army,  in  writing 
under  his  «cal.  ii!.:ck.<!one. 

CER-TIF'I  GATE.  r.  t  or  i.  To  give  a  certiticUc  ; 
to  lodfie  a  certificate  with  the  proper  officer,  for  the 
purpoiio  of  bi-'ing  exempted  from  the  payment  of 
tixes  to  support  the  mini^trj-,  in  a  luiri^h  or  eccle- 
ciaylical  society.  J\>ff  Enj^latui. 

2.  To  give  a  certificate  to,  acknowledging  one  to 
be  a  parishioner. 

But  lucii  ctrt^/kaUd  privD  con  gain  no  ^-tlleiwnt. 

Bladcttoi't,  K  I,  eh.  9. 
X  To  verify  by  certificate. 
CER-TIF'ieA-TED,  pp.      Declared  ;    verified   by  a 

ri  rtificate, 
CEK-TIF'I-CA-TIXG,;>/.r.     Furnishing  with  a  certifi- 
cate ;  verifvine  bv  a  certificate. 
<'ER-TI-F1-0a'TIO.\,  n.    The  art  of  certifving. 
CER'TI-FT-f.U,  pp.  or  a.     [See  ftRTirT.]  'Testified 

tr>  in  wnimg  ;  assured  ;  made  cerinin  ;  informed. 
CER'TI-FI-ER,  n.    Onr  who  certifies,  or  a:>sures. 
CER'TI  F*Y,  r.  t.     [Fr.  errUjicr;  Sp   ^rt^ear  ;  IL  cer~ 
tyficcre ;    Xxivr  It.  ecrttjico ;  frotn  certiw,  certain,   and 
/ocio,  to  make.] 

1.  To  testify  lo  in  writing ;  to  make  a  declaration 
in  writing,  under  Iinnd,  or  hand  and  seal,  to  make 
known  or  establish  *  •"    ' 

The  Juil(T«  thAll  cr-  r.;«l|or,  ftnd  upoa 

TIk  ]uilrr  >h*ll  err;,  y ^  ,^,,, ;  Utc  fr^boU  come 

cbiefl/  in  quniiuc.  B!a£kttont. 

2.  To  give  certain  infonnntion  to ;  applied  to  per- 
sons. 

We  hftre  i#Dt  «id  ttrt^fiH  ihc  king.  —  Eua  it, 

3.  To  give  certain  information  of;  applied  to  tkuig$. 

TUi  U  d^s^iMl  lo  iwri(^y  tlvwe  (liingi  ttt.i1  ar*  conArmcd  tif 
Gttl'i  1*1  oT.  Hammond, 


CES 

It  is  fcllawt^i  by  ef.  after  the  |M'r*on,  and  befm^e  iho 
thing  t"ld  ;  ^'.  1  errii^f.f>l  \»>u  of  the  fact. 
CER'Ti  FY  lN(i,  pjir.  Ci'ving  a  written  u-stimony, 
ur  certificate ;  Kiving  rertaiu  notice;  making  cer- 
tainly known. 
CKR-TIO-RA' RJ^  n.  (Ixiw  L.  certitfnw,  from  ccrfiu, 
trrfiVr.) 

.K  writ  issuing  out  of  (^hancrry,  King**  Hencli,  or 
other  superior  eourt,  to  coll  up  thu  records  of  iin  infr- 
rlor  court,  or  remove  a  cause  then*  depiulnip,  tlint 
It  may  b**  tried  in  tiie  sujHTior  court.  This  writ  is 
obtained  u[K)n  complaint  of  a  iiart\ ,  that  h^  ha-^  not 
received  justice,  or  thnl  he  con  nulliavu  an  iin|inrtiul 
trial  in  Uie  inferior  c<nirt.  Encye. 

CER'TI  TUDE,  n.  [Low  L.  cntdudo^  from  certu.*, 
certain.] 

Certiunty ;   oMuranco ;   (yccdom  from   doubt. 

Drydem. 
CER'ULE.  a.     [I,.  f*ni/eiw.]     Blue.  I^tr. 

C^^RC'I.E-AN,    \    a.     [L.  c^ru/eiu  ;    It.  and  Sp.  ce 
CtRO'LE-OUS,  i        ruieo.] 

8ky-ridored  ;   blue.  TKomnon. 

CER  l/-UF'ie,  a.     Producing  a  blue  or  sky-color. 
CER'C-LIiV,  M.     Indigo  disftolvcd   iti   sulphuric  ncid, 

used  in  dyeing  Siuon  blue.  Bigdow. 

CE-RO'.MEX,  n.     r  L.  cn-o,  wax.] 

The  wax  or  vehow  matter  secreted  by  the  ear. 
Cfi'RUSE,  n.     [Fr.  cermc  i    L.  and  It.  cenuaa;  Sp. 
cerusa,] 

White  lead  ;  a  carbonate  of  lead,  produced  by  ox- 
|to>«ing  the  mctiU,  in  thin  plates,  to  the  vapor  of  vine- 
gar.    Lend  is  sometimes  found  native  in  tlic  form  of 
ceruB4\ 
CK'RCS-£:i),(sO'rusl,)  a.     ^Vashed  with  a  preparation 

of  white  lead.  Biaam.  and  fl. 

CEll'Vl-GAL,  a.  [L.  cfreix,  the  neck,  whence  cer- 
vieaJii.] 

Belonging  to  the  neck;  as,  the  eerrieal  nerves, 
cervical  vessels.  Encyc, 

CER'VINE,  o.  [I«  ccrvinus;  Pp.  cfrtinn ;  from  I*. 
(/■mu,  u  deer  ;  \V.  carte ;  Corn,  and  Arm.  karu ; 
Kamtchalka,  karo.] 

Pertaining  to  the  dnr,  or  to  animals  of  the  genus 
Cervus. 
CB-*A'RE-AN,  a.    The  Crjtarean  opiTation  is  the  tak- 
ing of  a  child  from  the  womb  by  rutting  ;  an  opera- 
tion which,  it  is  :iaid,  gave  biah  to  Cxsar,  the  Roman 
emperor. 
Ci:S-PI-TI"TIOU.S,  C-tish'us,)  a.    [J^  cespu^  turf.] 
IVrt-Tinins  lo  turf;  made  of  lurl.  Oough. 

CES'PI  To^jE,  a.    ^L.  ccjprj,  turf.J 

In  botnnii,  growing  in  lufls. 
CE.S'PITO0S,  a.    Pertaining  to  turf;  turfy. 

A  CfrpUaus  or  turfjr  \i^a\.  h-is  many  alrma  from  the  runr  root, 
lau^ljr  tbnnlni;  a  cioac,  thick  ctq<ct  or  rruuiog.   Martyn. 

CESS  (tks  a  n^not,  a  rate  or  tax,  and  as  a  rn-ft,  to  rate  or 
lay  a  tax)  is  probably  a  comiption  of  assess,  or  from 
the  same  root.     It  is  not  iised.  Spenser. 

CESS  or  CESSE.     Out  of  all  crsse  fans  cesfse,  is  with- 
out stay ;  excessively.  Shak. 
CESS,  r.  i-     [L.  cessOf  to  cease.]     To  cease.     [Obs.] 

Spainer. 
2.  To  neglect  a  legal  duty.     [Obs.]  Cotcet. 

CESS'ANT,  a.    Ceasing;  intennilting  action. 

Montague, 
CES-SA'TION,  n.     [L.  cessatio^  firom  cesso,  to  cease] 

1.  A  ceasing  ;  a  stop  ;  a  rest ;  tlie  art  of  discontin- 
uing motion  or  action  of  any  kind,  whetlicr  tem- 
porary or  final. 

2.  A  ceasing  ur  susp^n^ion  of  ojicmtion,  force,  or 
effect ;  as,  a  cessation  of  the  laws  of  nature. 

A  cessation  of  arms  ;  an  annisticc  or  truce,  agreed 
to  hy  the  commanders  of  armit.«i,  to  give  time  for  a 
capitulation,  or  for  other  purposes. 

CES-SA'VlTy  71.  [L.  cessoy  to  cease  ;  cessavit,  he  hath 
ceased.] 

In  laiCy  a  writ  given  by  statute,  lo  recover  lands, 
when  llie  tenant  or  occupier  has  ceased  fur  two  years 
to  perform  the  service  wliich  constitutes  the  condi- 
tion of  his  tenure,  nnd  has  not  sufficient  gocwts  or 
chattels  to  be  distrained,  orthe  tenant  has  so  inclosed 
the  land  that  the  lord  cannot  come  upon  it  to  distrain. 

Blaekstone. 

CES'SER,  n.  [.^^e  Cuss.]  A  ceasing;  a  neglect  lo 
perform  services  or  payment  for  two  years.  [See 
Cessatit.]  Blackstone. 

CES-SI-BIL^I-TY,  n.  [Sec  Cede  and  Cession.]  The 
ocl  of  giving  way  or  receding.    [AiU/e  iwcrf.]    Dif^by. 

CES'SI-ULE,  a.  [See  Cede.]  Giving  way  ;  yielding  ; 
easy  to  give  way.  IXgby. 

CES'SIOX,  (sesh'un,)n.  [L.  ctssto;  Fr.  couum;  from 
Ij.  cedo,  cessum,     St-c  Cede.] 

J.  The  act  of  giving  way;  a  yielding  lo  force  or 
impulse.  Bacan. 

2.  A  yielding,  or  burTcnder^  as  of  propcrtj-  or 
rights,  to  another  person  ;  particularly,  a  surrender 
of  conquered  territor>'  to  its  former  proprietor  or 
sovereign,  by  treaty. 

3.  In  the  ctvd  /oic,  a  voluni:iry  ^^lr^cnder  of  a  p«  r- 
flon's  effects  to  Ins  crediton>,  to  avoid  imprisonment. 

Kncijc 
A.  In  ecdesiasticat  late^  the  leaving  of  a  benefice 
withotit  dispensation  or  being  ullierwisf;  qualified. 


CHA 


I  iHfon  IS  created  a  tiit<hop,(ir 
IMii  U  i;ikes  nnuihii  tnntlice, 
.  ilu'  iK-nt-fices  are  vuid  by  m*- 


Whin   M 

wilt  11  r 

without 

5IPH,  w  illiL  .j[  r-  ^^isiiiition.  Kneyc 

CES'sli  >.\-A-RY,  J.  Having  sunondered  effr-cta  ;  u, 
a  cf.^moniini  banknipt.  .Martin. 

CE.'^.S'.MEX'l',  ft.     An  asscwmenl  or  lax.     [Xvi  vatd.] 

t'ES'SOlt,  II.  [L.  cej.-:o,  to  erase.]  In  /aiP,  he  that  nci- 
K-ttH,  flit  two  yeani,  to  jierfonn  the  Btnice  by  whtca 
he  holds  lands,  )io  that  he  incurs  the  danger  of  Uif 
writ  of  cessavit,     [five  Ccisa%  it.)  CoteeL 

2.  An  OHsissor,  or  taxer. 

CE:*S'-POOL,  n.  A  cavity-  funk  in  the  earth,  to  w- 
ceivo  and  retain  Uio  sedimenl  of  water  convi-ycd  tn 
dntins. 

CEST,  n.     [Infm.]     A  lady»ii  girdle.  Colltn4. 

CEST'CS,  II.     [L.,  from  Cr.  «(rro(.] 

The  cirille  of  Vi-nus,  or  marriage  girdle,  amoni 
the  Creeks  and  Romans. 

CE-SC'RA,  or  CE-SO'RA,  n.  [Fr.c^*ure;  It.  unini 
L.  or^ira,  from  etrdo,  e<rsum,  to  cut  ofT] 

A  pause  in  v<rx',  so  introduced  ns  to  aid  ihe  reci> 
tal,  and  lender  the  versification  more  niili>di<>iiri.  |( 
<livides  a  verst-  or  line  intc)  equal  or  une4|iiiil  )>;iitik 
lis  most  pIcHsin?  ertL-rl  is  protluc-d  when  i(  i-  |iUc«d 
nl  the  end  of  llie  r<eeond  foot,  or  in  the  miildl-  ,  or  tt 
the  enil  (.f  the  third  finit.  S.\rndan. 

CE  SC'RAL,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  cesuro. 

CE-TA'CE-.'\,  n.  pt.  f  In  natural  hintanj,  terms  applied 

CE-TA'CEA.\,  n.  \  to  the  order  of  Celaceous  onl 
mals  ;  marine  mammalia.  [See  the  next  word.]  BttL 

CE-TA'CEOU.';,  (sc-U'ahus.)  a.  [L.  cete;  Gt.  Ktiroft 
a  whale.] 

Pertaining  to  the  Cetaeea:  In  longing  to  tin'  whale 
kind.  The  cetar^ous  fishes  include  the  genera  >lun- 
odon,  BaU'na,  Physcter,  and  Delphinus.  They  have 
no  gills,  but  an  aperture  un  the  top  of  the  head,  und 
a  flat  or  horizontal  tail.  Thty  arc  prcdareous  la 
their  habit--'.  /.Hcyc. 

C£'T.\TE,  II.     A  compound  of  c^ttc  acid,  with  a  base. 

CAi rreuL 

CET'TE-RACII,  n.  A  trivial  name  of  a  y]..  cics  of 
Aspleninm,  or  splccnwort. 

Ck'TIC,  a.    [L.  rrfiM,  a  whale.] 

Pertaining  to  the  whale,  'nic  ectte  acid  in  a  pecu- 
liar substance  obtained  from  the  si>ermaceti.     Un, 

CG'TIN,  lu     [L.  crtus,  a  whale.] 

A  name  given  to  pure  spermiiceti  by  Chrvrnil. 

€ET-0  LOC'ie-AL,  a.  [from  ceiolo-ry.]  Pertainiii| 
to  cetolog)*. 

CE-T0L'O^5IST,  71.  One  who  is  versed  in  the  natu- 
ral hlstor>'  of  the  whale  and  iLs  kindred  aniniali. 

CE-TOL'0-<jY,  n.  [Gr.  *./)ruj,  a  whale,  and  Aoji, 
discourse.] 

The  doctrine  or  natural  histor>'  of  cetaceous  ani- 
mals. /Jc/.  Kneyc 

CE'TCS,  n.  [Supra.]  In  oMrontmy,  the  Whale,  i 
large  constellation  or  the  southern  liemisphi-re. 

CkV'LA.V  ITK,  n.  [from  Crtjhn.]  A  dingy  blae. 
or  grayish  Mack,  variety  of  spinel.  It  is  also  called 
vlevnaste.  C>jr,     Ure. 

CHAB'A-SIE,      )  n.     [Gr.  \tt3aI^to{,  one  of  twenty 

CliAB'A-SITE,  )  species  of  stones  mentioned  in  the 
poem  TTcot  Aifl'Jc,  ascribed  lo  Orpheus.  This  trrm 
was  introduced  into  modem  niinenilogy  by  Qoz 
d\\nlic.     Schabasil,  Werner.] 

A  mineral  classed  with  the  Zeolites,  nmirring  la 
oblique,  plassy  cn.>tals,  (rhombohedronrf.)  having 
nearly  the  form  ot^  Ihe  cube.  Other  crvftals  have 
the  form  of  double,  six-sided  pyramids.  It  is  either 
colorless  or  tinged  with  red  or  a  shsidc  ipf  \ellnw. 
The  principal  constituents  are  silica,  alumina,  and 
lime,  with  '20  per  cent,  of  water.  Gineluiite,  leoyne, 
acadioliie,  nnd  sedererile,  are  considered  varieties  or 
this  ininenil.  Jjana. 

CHACE.     See  Chase. 

ClIA-COON',n.  [Sp.  ehae4ma.]  .\  dance  like  a  saraband. 

CHAD,  (shad,)  tt.    A  kind  offish  ;  the  shad.  Carer. 

CHAFE,  r.  f.  [Fr.  echanffer;  Sp.  *.'catfar,  to  warm; 
Port,  esealfiir,  to  poach  or  boil  y\\\  tly  ;  from  the  root 
of  L.  ealeo,  whence  ealffio,  calfacu    \ 

\.  To  excite  heal  or  infiammnti-  i  by  friction ;  ns, 
to  cfwfe  the  skin  ;  also,  to  fret  and  wear  by  riibblnf  i 
05,  to  chafe  a  cable. 

2.  To  excite  heal  in  the  mind  ;  to  exrile  passion; 
to  inflame  ;  to  make  angrj- ;  to  cause  to  fret ;  lo  prfr 
vokc  or  incense.  2  &im.  xvii.  & 

3.  To  excite  violent  action;  to  cause  lo  rape;  ai| 
the  wind  chaffs  the  ocean. 

4.  To  perfume  ;  rather,  to  stimulate,  or  agitate ;  to 
excite  by  pungenl  odors. 

IJ1^»,  whow  •Ofot  dioftd  Uw  air.  Sudtting. 

CHAFE,  r.  i.  To  be  excited  or  Iicatcd ;  lo  rage;  to 
fret ;  to  be  in  violent  action.  Pope. 

2.  To  act  violently  w^tn,  by  rubbing  ;  to  Oct 
against,  as  waves  against  a  tliore. 

Tlk-  UDublcd  Tiber  ehajini  wiOi  liii  sboira.  Shak. 

3.  To  be  fretted  and  worn  by  nibbing ;  as,  a  caWe 
CHAFE,  n.     Heat,  excited  by  friction.  [eheff 

2.  Violent  agitation  of  the  mind  or  passion-;  h-  >' 
fret;  p:is8ion.  Oirndf- 

CIlAF'fc'D,  (chaf^,)  pp.  or  a.  Heated  or  frtiled  b> 
nibbing;  worn  by  friction. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— METE,  PREY.  — PINE.  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


rrrJ 


CHA 

CHAF'ER,  n.    One  who  chafes. 

CUaF'ER.w.     [Sax.ctafor;  D.  kecer ;  G.  kdfrr.] 
An  insect,  a  species  of  Scarabreus,  or  beetle. 

CHaF'ER-Y,  n.  [from  dtafe.]  In  iron  icorks^  a 
forge  in  which  the  metal  is  subjected  to  a  welding 
jicat.  JVichoison. 

CHAFE'-^VAX,  :i.  In  En^land^  an  officer  belonging 
to  the  lord  chancellor,  who  fiu  the  wax  for  the  seal- 
ing of  writs.  Harris. 

CHAFF,  n.    [Sax.  ceaf:  D.  kaf;  G.  kaffA 

I.  The  husk  or  dry  calyx  of  com  and  grasses.  In 
cnmmoti  lan^ua^Cy  the  word  is  applied  to  the  husks 
when  sepanited  from  ihe  corn  by  thrashing,  riddling, 
or  winnowing.  The  word  is  soractinies  used,  rather 
improperly,  to  denote  straw  cut  small  for  the  food  of 
cattle.       '  .Martifn.     Enajc. 

9.  Refuse ;  worthless  matter  ;  especially  that  which 
is  light,  and  apt  lo  be  driven  by  the  wind.  In  Scrip- 
(jirt,  false  doctrines,  fruitless  designs,  hypocrites,  and 
ungodly  men,  are  compared  to  chaff.  Ps.  i.  4.  Jer. 
xxiii.  S3.    /.'-.  xxxiii.  11.    JIatt.  iii.  12. 

CHAFF  -CUTTER,  n.  A  machine  for  cutting  up 
straw,  Ice,  into  chaff. 

CUAF'FER,  c.  L  [Sax.  ceapian  ;  D.  koopen  ;  G.  kaufcn  ; 
Sw.  kapa :  Dan.  kidber,  to  bargain  or  buy.  It  seems 
lo  be  radically  Ihe  same  word  as  cheapo  cheapen^  and 
chap  in  chapman.     See  Cheap.] 

To  treat  about  a  purchase  ;  to  bargain  ;  to  haggle ; 
to  m-gotiate ;  to  chop  and  change  ;  as,  to  chaffer  for 
preferments.  Dryden. 

CHAF'FER,  V.  t.    To  buy ;  to  exchange.       Spenser. 
[In  this  .-.CTL'-c  it  is  obsolete.] 

CHAF'FER,  7N    Merchandise.  [JVot  in  use.']  Skclton, 

CHAF'FER-ER,  n.  One  who  chaffers;  a  bargainer; 
a  buyer. 

CUAF'FER-ING,  ppr.  or  a,    Bargainins;  buying. 

CHAF  FERX,  n.    A  vessel  for  heating  water.  ILoeal.] 

CiL\F'FErv-Y,  n.  Traffic;  buying  and  selling.  [Obs.] 

Spcjiser. 

CHAF'FIXCH,  n.  [chaf  and  fnch.]  A  species  of 
birds  belonging  to  the  FringilHds  or  Finch  family, 
which  are  said  to  delight  in  chaff,  and  are  admired 
for  their  song. 

CII.XFF'LE:?^,  a.    "Without  chaff.  Sfiak. 

CHAFF'WEED,  it.  A  plant,  cudweed,  a  species  of 
Gnaphaliuni ;  but  this  name  is  given  also  to  the  Cen- 
tunculiis.  Muhlenberg. 

CHAFF%  a.  Like  chaff;  full  of  chaff ;  light;  as, 
ehafftj  straws;  chaffy  opinions.     Brovsn.    GlanvVle. 

CHAF'IXG,  71.    Slate  of  being  mbbed  by  friction. 

CHaF'IXG,  ppr.  Heating  or  frettmg  by  friction ;  vex- 
ing or  fretting  the  mind. 

CHaF'IXG-DISH,  71.  [chafe  and  dish.]  A  dish  or 
vessel  to  hold  coals  for  heating  any  thing  set  on  it ; 
a  portable  grate  for  coals. 

CHA-GRIX',  (sha-grin',)  n.  [Fr.  This  word,  ap- 
plied to  a  particular  kind  of  skin  or  leather,  is  said 
to  be  derived  from  a  Turkish  word,  sanri,  Fr.  croupe. 
The  skin  is  dressed  so  a=  to  present  on  its  surface  lit- 
tle eminences.  See  Shagheen.] 
Ill-humor ;  vexation ;  peevishness ;  frelfulness. 

Pope, 

CUA-GRIN',  (sha-grin',)  f.  t.     [Fr.  cka^ner.] 
To  excite  Ul-humor  in  ;  to  vex;  to  mortify. 

CHA-GRIX'£D,p;7.     Vexed  ;  fretted;  displeased. 

CHaIX,  n.  [Fr.  chatne,  for  duiisnc:  Norm,  cadene,  and 
ehnpu;  .\xm.  chaden,  cudenn,  or  jadmn  ;  Sp.  cadeiia; 
Port,  eadea ;  It.  aOena ;  L.  catena  ;  D.  keten ;  G.  kette ; 

Sw.  kddia;  Dan.  kede;  W.  cadwen;  Qu.  .\r.  il^^l 
^    -  S 

from  fcX^^l  akada,  to  bind  or  make  fast.] 

1.  A  series  of  links  or  rings  connected,  or  fitted  in- 
to one  another,  usually  made  of  some  kind  of  metal ; 
a?,  a  chain  of  gold,  or  of  iron  ;  but  the  word  is  not 
restricted  to  any  particular  kind  of  material.  It  is 
used  often  for  an  ornament  about  the  pereon. 

2.  That  which  binds ;  a  real  chain ;  that  which 
restrains,  confines,  or  fetters ;  a  bond. 

If Go<I  spared  not  the  aujr^ls  th.it  siuiied,  but  delivered  ihem  into 
cJliTifU  of  (l^trtness. — 2  Pet.  iL 

3.  Bondage;  affliction. 

Mt  Kath  nuile  my  chain  heavy.  —  Lam.  iii. 

4.  Bondage ;  slaverj'. 

la  deayotiwn  (he  people  sleep  soundly  in  iheir  duuM.     Ames. 

5.  Ornament.    Prov.  i.  9. 

6.  A  series  of  things  linked  together;  a  series  of 
things  connected  or  following  in.  succession ;  as,  a 
chain  of  causes,  of  ideas,  or  events  ;  a  chain  of 
being. 

7.  .\  range,  or  line  of  Uiin^  connected  ;  as,  a  chain 
of  mountains. 

S.  A  series  of  links,  forming  an  instrument  to 
measure  land. 

9.  .\  siring  of  twisted  wire,  or  something  similar, 
to  hang  a  watch  on,  and  for  other  purposes. 

10.  In  France,  a  measure  of  wood  for  fuel,  and  va- 
rious commodities,  of  various  length. 

11.  In  ship~buildi7i<r^  chains  are  strong  links  or  platt*3 
crf^n,  bolted,  at  the  lower  end,  to  the  ship's  side, 


CHA 

used  to  contain  the  blocks  called  deadeycsy  by  which 
tiie  shrouds  of  the  mast  are  extended. 

1-2.  The  warp  in  weaving,  as  in  French, 

13.  C/iairi,  in  surveying  land,  Is  in  length  four  rods 
or  perches,  or  sixty -six  feet.  It  consists  of  one  hun- 
dred links,  each  link  7-Aj2    inches. 

Chain-wales,  (af  a  ship.)     See  Channel. 

Top-chatn  ;  on  buard  a  ship,  a  cliaiii  to  sling  the  sail- 
yards  in  time  of  battle,  to  prevent  their  falling,  when 
the  ropes  that  support  them  are  shot  away.  Encyc. 
CHAIN,  r.  t.  To  fasten,  bind,  or  connect  with  a  chain  ; 
to  fasten  or  bind  with  any  thing  i!i  the  manner  of  a 
chain. 

2.  To  ensla%'e  ;  to  keep  in  slaverj-. 

And  whicit  moro  bl'jsl?  who  chained  bis  couiilrv,  xty, 

Or  lie  whose  virtue  siglied  lo  lose  a  diiv  ?  Pope. 

3.  To  guard  with  a  chain,  as  a  harbor  or  passage. 

4.  To  unite;  to  form  chain-work. 
CH.\IN'-ED,  pp.  or  a.     Made  fast  or  bound  by  a  chain ; 

connected  by  a  chain  ;  bound  ;  enslaved. 

CHAIX'IXG,  ppr.  Binding,  fastening,  or  connecting 
withachain;  binding,  or  attaching  to;  enslaving. 

CHaIX"'LES.S,  a.     Having  no  chains. 

CHAlX''-PU>iP,  n.  A  pump  consisting  of  a  long 
chain,  equipped  with  a  sufficient  number  of  valves 
or  buckets,  moving  on  two  wheels,  one  above,  the 
other  below,  passing  downward  through  a  wooden 
tube,  and  returnmg  through  another.  It  is  managed 
by  a  long  winch,  on  which  several  men  may  be  em- 
pioved  at  once.  Encye. 

CHaIX'-SHOT,  71.  'I'wo  balls,  or  half  balls,  connect- 
ed by  a  chain,  and  used  in  naval  battles  to  cut  down 
masts,  or  cut  away  slirouds  and  rigging. 

Cn.\IX'-\VORK,  77.  Work  consisting  of  threads, 
cords,  and  tlie  like,  linked  together  in  the  form  of 
a  chain,  as  lineal  chaining  or  tambour-work,  reticu- 
lation or  net-work,  tc.  Ed.  Encye. 

CH.\IR,  H.  [Fr.  chaire,  a  pulpit,  contracted  from  Xorm. 
cadiere,  as  chain  from  catena  i  Aim.  cadcrii,  or  cador; 
Ir.  cnOiaoir ;  L.  cathedra ;  Gr.  K:ttii6iJa,  connected  with 
KuUi^-'pat,  to  sit,  Kara  and  t^onai ;  W.  cadair,  a  seat 
or  stool.] 

1.  A  movable  seat ;  a  frame  with  a  bottom  made 
of  different  materials,  used  for  persons  to  sit  in  ; 
originally,  a  stool,  and  anciently,  a  kind  of  pulpit 
in  churches. 

2.  A  seat  of  justice,  or  of  authority  ;  as,  a  chair  of 
state. 

3.  A  seat  for  a  professor,  or  his  office;  as,  the  pro- 
fessor's chair. 

4.  The  seat  for  a  speaker  or  presiding  officer  of  a 
public  council  or  assembly  ;  as,  the  speaker's  chair; 
and,  by  a  metonymy,  the  speaker  himself;  as,  to  ad- 
dress the  chair. 

5.  A  sedan  ;  a  vehicle  on  poles  borne  by  men. 

6.  A  pulpit.  Burnet, 

7.  A  two-wheeled  carriage,  drawn  by  one  horse ; 
a  gig- 

8.  Supreme  office  or  magistracy. 

\Vh*>n  Governor  Sliute  came   lo  the  chair,  ssverrd   nl  the  old 
coaiicUurs  were  liid  aside.  Be'knap. 

9-  The  iron  blocks  which  support  and  secure  the 
rails  in  a  railway. 

10.  Chair,  and  chair-day,  are  used  by  Shakspearc 
for  the  evening  of  life  ;  as,  "  In  thy  chair-days  tlius 
to  die  in  ruffian  battle."  Toone. 

Should  briti;  thy  &ifi-;r  to  his  drooping  chair,  SJm-i. 

Curule  chair ;  an  ivory  seat,  placed  on  a  car,  used 
by  the  prime  magistrates  of  Rome. 

CHAIR,  V.  L  To  carry  publicly  in  a  chair  in  triumph  ; 
applied  to  a  candidate  for  office  who  has  gained  his 
election.     [Eng.] 

CHaIR'£D,  pp.  or  a.    Carried  or  seated  on  a  chair. 

CHaIR'IXG,  ppr.  and  n.  Carrying  a  successful  can- 
didate in  a  chair,  in  token  of  triumph.     [Eng.] 

CHAIR'iM.AN,   n.    The  presiding  officer  or  spe alter  of 
an  assembly,  association,  or  company;  particularly  of 
a  legislative  house  ;  also,  the  president  or  senior  mem- 
ber of  a  committee. 
2.  One  whose  business  is  to  carrj-a  chair.  Drnden. 

CHAIR'MAN^HIP,  n.  The  office  of  a  chairman  ur 
presiding  officer  of  a  meeting.  Purriana, 

CHAISE,  (shaze,)  n.  [Fr.  cfiaiscj  a  seat  or  chair.  Uu. 
It.  seggia,] 

A  two-wheeled  carriage  drawn  by  one  horse ;  a 
gig.    It  is  open  or  covered. 

€HA-La'ZA,  71.  [Gr.]  In  botany,  ai  small,  brown 
spot  upon  the  testa  of  a  seed,  formed  by  the  union 
of  certain  vessels  proceeding  from  the  hilum  ;  a  part 
of  a  seed,  springing  from  an  expansion  of  the  raphe, 
where  it  comumnicates  with  the  base  of  the  nucleus. 

JAndley. 

CHAL-CE-D0X'I€,  a.    Pertaining  to  chalcedonv. 

CHAL-CED'O-XT,  or  eHAL'CE-DO-XY,  n.  '[from 
Chalcedony  a  town  in  .Asia  .Minor,  opposite  to  Byzan- 
tium. Pliny  informs  us  that  Chulredon  signifies 
the  town  of  blind  men.  The  last  syllable,  then,  is 
,  the  Celtic  rfriH,  English  town,  a  fact  that  the  histo- 
rian should  n:it  overlook.     Plin.  lib.  5,  39.] 

.\n  uncr>st:illized,  translucent  variety  of  quartz, 
having  a  whitish  color,  and  a  luster  nearly  like  wax. 
It  is  found  covering  the  sides  of  cavities  in  amygda- 


CHA 


^ 


loid,  and  formini;  stalactites  in  the^  cavitifs,  and  U     ' 
a  depo'^it  from  infiltrated  etlicious  wmut*       AVii   ri 
rAa/f^Jo;»y  of  different  colors  is  arranged   in   -i.  ; 
it  cont-titutcr*  agate;  and  if  tiie  stripes  are  all   1,..:. 
zontal,  it  is  onyz.     ChryAOpraac  ii  green  eJududony  . 
camelian^  a  flesh-red,  and  Bord,  a  grayish-red  va-   i 
ricty.  I 

€HAI*-CED'0-NVX,  tl  A  variety  of  agale,  in  which 
white  and  gray  layers  alternate.  CUavdawd. 

CHAI/CITE,  71.     [Gr.  \a>KOi,  bra«.] 

Sul[)hatc  of  iron,  of  a  red  color,  so  far  calcined  ai 
to  have  to^t  a  considerable  part  of  its  acid.  Fourcroy. 

CIIAI^COG'KA-PHEK,  in.    [Infra.]      An  engraver 

CHAI^COG'R.VPHIST,  J     on  copper  and  brass. 

eHAL,-eOG'RA-PHY,  r.      [Gr.  xaAicof,  brass,  and 
;  oii<!)<.i,  to  write.] 
The  act  or  art  of  engraving  on  copper  or  brass. 

CHAL-DA'ie,  a.  Pertainins  to  Chaldea,  anciently  a 
country  on  the  Frat  or  Euphrates,  in  Asia,  called,  in 
Scripture,  Shinar.  Of  this  Babylon  was  the  princi- 
pal citv._ 

eil  AL-Da'IC,  n.  The  language  or  dialect  of  the  Chal- 
deans. 

€HAL'DA-IS.M,  ft  An  idiom  or  peculiarity  in  the 
Chaldee  dialect.  Parkhtirtt, 

CHAL-Dk'A.V,  n.    .\n  inhabitant  of  Chaldex 

ClIAL'DEE,  a.     Pertaining  lo  Chaldea. 

CHAL'DEF.,  71.  The  language  or  dialect  of  the  Chal- 
deans. 

ClIAL'DROX,  \n.     [Fr.  ehaudron;   Sp.  calder(m;   It, 

CH.\I/DER,     \     cdWfnur,  a  kettle.  The  same  word 

CH.\L"'DROX,  >  a^  caldron.  Chalder  is  nol  in  use  in 
the  United  States.] 

A  measure  of  coals  consisting  of  thirty-six  bushels. 
[Pronounced,  in  England,  cAatcl'dron  or  cJkU'dron.] 

CHAL'ICE,  71.  [Fr.  cnliee:  Sp.  ealiz;  It.  ealice:  D. 
kelk;  G.kelch;  L.  caliz ;  Gr.  KvXt^.  It  should,  from 
its  etymology,  have  been  written  Calice.]  I 

A  cup  or  bowl ;  usually,  a  communion-cup. 

CHAL'[C-i."U,  (chal'ist,)  a.  Having  a  cell  or  cup  ;  ap- 
plied by  Shakspeare  to  a  fiower;  but  I  belierc  Utile 
used. 

CHALK,  (chawk,)  n.  [Sax.  ceale;  D.  Dan.  and  G. 
kalk;  Sw.kalrk;  W.eale;  Com.  kalch;  Ir-cailk:  L. 
calx  ;  Fr.  chaux.  The  Latin  calx  is  limestone,  chalk- 
stone,  and  the  heel,  and  calco  is  to  kick  and  lo  tread. 
In  Italian  calca  is  a  crowd.  The  sense  then  is,  a 
mass  made  compact,  a  clod  or  lump.  If  the  Greek 
xaXt  J,  flint,  gravel,  is  the  same  word,  the  Latins  de- 
viated from  their  usual  practice  in  writing  caU,  for 
ehalx.  These  words  are  probably  connected  in  origin 
with  callus.] 

A  well-known  calcareous  earth,  of  an  opaque  while 
color,  soft,  and  admitting  no  polish.  It  contains  a 
large  portion  of  carbonic  acid,  and  is  a  vaneiy  of  car- 
bonate of  lim^.  It  is  used  as  an  absorbent  and  anti- 
acid.  Cleavdand.    J\''icholson.     Kinean.    Jjikin. 

Black  cJialk  is  a  species  of  earth  used  by  painters 
for  drawing  on  blue  paper. 

Red  chalk  is  an  indurated  clayey  ocher  used  by 
painters  and  artificers. 

French  chalk  is  steatite  or  soapstone,  a  soft  magne- 
sian  mineral. 

CHALK,  r.  U  Tu  rub  with  chalk  ;  to  mark  with  chalk. 

2.  To  manure  with  chalk,  as  land. 

3.  From  the  use  of  chalk  in  marking  lines,  the 
phrase  to  chalk  out  is  used  to  signify,  to  lay  out, 
draw  ont,  or  describe  ;  as,  to  chalk  out  a  plan  of  pro- 
ceeding. 

CHALK'-€UT-TER,  ».    A  man  that  digs  chalk. 

Wbadirard. 

CHALK'/.D,  (chawkd,)  pp.    Marked  with  chalk. 

CHALK'I-XESS,(chawk'i-ness,)  n.  The  state  of  being 

CHALK'LXG,  ppr.    Marking  with  chalk.         [chalky. 

CHALK'-PIT,  H.    A  pit  in  which  chalk  is  dug. 

Johnson. 

CHALK'-STOXE,  ti.  In  inedieine,  a  concretion  in 
tlie  hands  and  feet  of  men  violently  affected  by  the 
gout,  once  supposed  to  be  of  a  chalky  natun^  but 
composed  chiefly  of  uric  acid  in  combination  with 
soda.  Brand f. 

2.  A  small  lump  of  chalk.  Isaiah. 

CHALK'V,  (chawk'y,)  a.  Resembling  chalk;  as,  a 
chalky  taste. 

2.  White  with  chalk  ;  consisting  of  chalk ;  as, 
chalky  cliffs.  Roice. 

3.  "impregnated  with  chalk  ;  as,  chalky  water. 
CH.AL'LEXGE,  n.      [Xunn.  calen^e,  an  accusation  ; 

chalungCy  a  claim  ;  challenger,  to  claim  ;  from  the  nK>l 
of  call,  Gr.  A-aArw,  «c.\.V:.',  t..  calo.     See  Call.] 

Literally,  a  cilling, orcrjing  out,  the  primarj- sense 
of  many  words  expressing  a  demand  ;  as,  claim,  L. 
ciamo.     Hence,  appropriatelij, 

1.  A  calling  u|Hin  one  to  fight  in  single  combat ;  an 
invitation  or  summons,  verbal  or  written,  to  decide  a 
controversy  by  a  duel.  Hence,  the  letter  containing 
the  summons  is  also  called  a  challenge. 

2.  .\n  invitation  to  a  contest  of  any  kind  ;  as,  a 
ehalten<re  lo  a  public  debate. 

3.  The  act  of  a  sentrj-,  who  challenge  those  who 
apttear  at  his  posL  ( 

4.  A  claim  or  demand  made  of  a  nght  or  supposed 
right. 

Thci*  niiat  U-  no  <AaVenge  of  lupenoriiy.  QiiiMr. 


TONE,  BIJLL,  UXITE.  — AN"GER,  V1"CI0US.  — €  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  Cll  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

l1^ 


CHA 


at  1 


pnr 

hill 


trn 
of  ' 


.<IM'nlni;  mid  ro'iigoriioundfi  I 
•  111'  Ihfir  trunM'.  KHcye.      I 

II  lo  jun'M;  the  rlnim  *if  n 
I    11  i>,-i  .'ihnll  tuit  nil  in  trial  uikui 
that  ij,  a  cnlliiif!  tlti-in  otT.    'I'tu- 
■  t  •r*vcn.  t-^i'i  ^n  «"ivil  nn<l  crlTniniil 
".   to  ills-  ; 
..-  riplit ' 
I  or  ar- 
rnv.  ''"t^f  to 

fft'f  ilic  liiw 

all..  ,    t"  thf 

favor,  i-i  \\\\-  n  U\r  ptn>  iiii  :  ■■  ^  ■-!'■'  iii  i  iiii-T.  In 
rriminnl  cnses,  n  pri^oiifr  inny  cIiuIIciiko  twrnly  ju- 
nir<  wT'li'vit  f»--'i2ning  a  cause,  'i'his  is  cnllt-J  a 
per.  re.  Bliiekstone. 

7.  .  iM  excrptlon  U»  a  pcRon  as  not  le- 

gnllv  vote.     [Unitett  Stutr.*.] 

CHAI.'l.l.Ni'i:,  r.  f.    To  call,  invite,  or  nimmnn  to 
an^wrr,  f«jr  an  oflbnFf*,  \>y  slneli'  coinbit  nr  duel. 

i  To  ciUl  to  a  conicit  of  any  kitid  ;  as,  I  ehiUen^e 
a  man  to  prove  what  he  assi'rt'-*,  iniplyint!  ilcfiance. 

3.  To  actviso  ;  to  call  to  !iij>\\  'T.     >j»r»..r.    SSak, 

4.  To  cliiin  as  dno  ;  to  dcnuinil  «■•  »  right ;  as,  the 
Supreme  BcingrAu/.V/i^'i-.v  oiirruvcrmcr  luul  lininn;!i'. 

5.  In  latr,  to  call  otl'  a  jitror,  or  jurors  ;  or  to  de- 
mand that  jurors  shall  not  sit  in  trial  upon  a  cause. 
[Sell  the  nonn.] 

6.  In  tlcetion^^  to  object  to  a  person  as  not  qiialiJiod 
to  vote.     [  United  States.'\ 

7.  To  call  tit  the  performance  of  conditions, 
CnAI-'I-F.NGE-A-BLE,  o.    That  may  be  challenged  ; 

tJiat  niav  In-  callfil  to  an  account.  Sadltr, 

ClIAL'^fiNG-rT),  pp.  or  a.    Culled  to  combat  or  to 

contest;  claimed;  demanded  a*  due;  called  from  a 

Jurj'. 
CHAl/LEXt^-F.R,  n.     One  who  cballcnjicfl  ;  one  who 

invites  to  a  single  combat ;  one  who  calls  on  another 

by  way  of  defiance.  Shak. 

Q.  One  who  claims  superiority  ;  one  wlio  claims 

any  thing  as  his  right,  or  makes  pretensions  to  it. 

Hooker. 
3.  One  who  calls  a  juror,  or  a  jur)-,  from  the  trial 

of  hU  cause. 
CIIAL'LENG-IXG,ppr.    Summoninc  to  a  ducl^  or  to 

contcjit;   claiming  as  a  right;  defying;  calhng  off 

from  a  Jury. 
CHAL'LIS,  "(shal'Iy.)  n.      An  ilegant,  IwUled,  fine 

woolen  fUbnc,  used  for  ladies*  dresscff. 

Kneuc.  qf  Dom.  Econ. 
€HA-LYB'E-A\,    a.  [InlVa.]     Pcriaining  to  steel  well 

tempered.  Milton. 

eilA-LYO'E-ATE,  n.    [L.  eJtidyhx  :  Gr.  xaXvip,  steel; 

Ciu.  t'mm  CAo/i/fti.  a  town  near  the  Euxine.] 
Impregnated  with  particles  of  iron;  as,  chalybeate 

waters. 
CIlA-LYll'E-ATE,  n.    Any  water  or  other  liquor  into 

whirli  iron  enters. 
€IIAM,  (kam,)  n.    The  sovereign  prince  of  Tartar)'. 

rsmallv  written  Khax. 
CUA-MXdE',  (sha-mide',)  n.     [Fr.,from  \\.chiamata, 

a  calling;  chiamare^  to  c.ill ;  L.  damn;  S]i.  Itojnada ; 

Port.  cAaraoi/a,  from  cAaiiiar,  to  call.     See  Claim.] 
Fn  tear,  the  btat  of  a  dnim  or  sound  of  a  tnunpet, 

iiiviiiii::  an  enemy  to  a  parley  ;  as  fur  making  a  prop- 
osition fur  a  Iructi,  or  lor  a  capitulation.         Eiicijc. 
CIIAM'BEK,  (I.     [Fr.  cftambre  ;  Arm.  campr^  eambr;  It. 

ccmera;  Port.  Sp.  ramarn  :  J^  camera;  Gr.  ro/zapa,  an 

arched  roof,  vault,  or  upjwr  gallcr)',  a  chamber;  D. 

kamer;  G.  kammer;  Sw.  knmmare;  Dan.  kammer;  Ch. 

•^Op  to  arch  ;  Eth.  *P^'^L,  kamare,  an  arch  or  vault.] 

I.  .An  apartuiunt  in  an  npi>cr  storj',  or  in  a  story 
above  Uie  lower  lloorof  a  dwelling-house,  often  used 
as  a  Induing  room. 

S.  Any  retired  room  ;  any  private  apartment  which 
a  |»crM)n  occupies ;  as,  ho  called  on  the  judge  at  hts 
cMamber. 

Jb«rph  entCTVil  Uilo  his  c/idmUr  umJ  vt\iL  —  Gen.  xUiL 

3.  Any  retired  place. 

Il.-r  hc'iM  b  tlic  «»T  to  bcD,  going  litnra  to  th«  cfituiAtrt  of 
Jratb.  —  Pror.  »&. 

•).  A  hollow  or  cavity ;  as,  the  chamber  of  the  eye. 

Sharji. 

5.  A  place  where  an  assembly  me<  is,  and  the  as- 
sembly llscif,  applied  particularly  to  legislative  and 
Judicial  bodies;  as,  star  chamber;  imperial  chamber; 
chamber  of  accounts;  ccclrsiastical  chamber;  privy 
chamber ;  chamber  of  peer.'*,  6i.c. 

G.  Inr:;'"—  '^ —  The  rAam&<Tof  a  mort:ir  is  tlial 
part  of  111  fie  pcmder  lirs. 

7.  A  ;  .  "r  bomb-chfvnbcr^  a  place  un- 
der grouii.i  ;■ '•••A  p«>wder  and  bombs,  where 

ihey  may  be  sale,  and  sf^ured  from  rains. 

8.  The  eftamber  of  a  mme  ;  a  place,  ccnerally  of  a 
cubical  form,  where  the  powder  U  confined. 

9.  A  species  of  ordnance.    Qu.  Camden. 

10.  The  clouds.    Ps.  civ. 

II.  (Certain  liouthcm  constellations  which  are  hid 
from  us. 

The  diamberi  c(  Utt  loatti.  —  Job  ix. 

CHAM'BER-eOUN'CIL,  «.  A  private  or  secret  coun- 
cil. Shak, 


CHA 

CUT*'  '■•  "  ♦■' 'I'.N'HF.I.,  M.  A  rounifelor  who  ([Ives 
t,  .  private  apartment,  but  does  not  ad- 

\  ij  court. 

Cll.\  '1  I'l  H  "i  COM'.MEROE,  ii.  A  board  to  pro- 
tect the  infrests  ttf  romnicrce,  chosen  from  among 
till-  nu-riliutii-i  and  traders  uf  a  citv. 

CH.^M'BEK-WI.N'DOW,  n.  The  window  of  achain- 
lier. 

CII.^M'BKR,  r.  i.  To  reside  In  or  occupy  as  a  cham- 
ber. 

3.  I'o  bo  wanton  :  to  Indulge  in  lewd  or  immodeift 
behavior.    Rom.  xiii. 

CIIAM'BER,  r.  t,    Toiihut  up,  as  In  a  chamb<T.  Shak. 

Cll.\M'BEU-i:D,  pp.  or  a.    Shut  up,  as  in  a  chamber. 

Hhtik. 

0.  a.  In  f^cAo/o^,  divided  into  compartments  by 
waltrt  nr  iKirliiions  ;  as,  a  chambered  kIk'II.  lineklund, 

CHJ^M'BER-En,  n.  One  who  intrigues,  or  hidul^f;  in 
waiilunno*^.  HhtiJ:. 

CIIA^l'BER-FEL'LOW,  n.  One  \vho  bleeps  in  the 
snme  apartment.  Spectator. 

CMAM'nER-IlANG'ING,  n.  Tapestry  or  hangings 
for  a  rliambcr. 

Cn.\M'HEK  ING,  n.  Wanton,  lewd, Immodest  beha- 
vior-   Horn.  xiii. 

CIUM'BEn-LAIN,C-lin,)»t.  [Fr.fA/imfte/Mn;Arm.cam- 
bretan  ;  Pp.  camarero ;  Port,  camareiro  ;  It.  camerlinpo  ; 
D.  karirrUnir  ;  Dan.  kammer-herre  ;  L.  camerarhLt.] 

1.  An  oflicer  charged  wilh  the  direction  and  man- 
agement of  the  private  aparlnienls  of  a  monarch  or 
noble.  He  was  originally  keeper  of  the  trorisuro 
chamber ;  and  hence,  in  some  municipal  corpora- 
tions, the  term  denotes  treasurer.  'I'lie  lord  cham- 
berlain of  Great  Hrilarin  is  ilie  sixth  officer  of  the 
crown.  To  him  bilong  Iivtr>'  and  lodging  in  the 
king's  court ;  on  coronation  day,  he  brings  to  the  king 
his  apparel,  his  swoid,  scabbard,  dtc.  lie  dressoR  and 
undresses  the  king  on  that  day,  and  wails  on  him  be- 
fore and  al>er  dinner.  To  him  also  belongs  the  rare 
of  providing  all  things  in  the  house  of  lords,  in  lime 
of  parlinuu-nt.  Under  him  are  the  gentleman  usher 
of  the  black  rod,  and  other  officers.  The  lord  cham- 
berlain uf  the  household  has  tho  oversight  of  all  of- 
ficers belonging  to  the  king's  chambers,  except  the 
precinct  of  the  Itcd-chamber,  of  the  wardrobe,  phy- 
sicians, chaplains,  barbers,  Aic,  and  administers  the 
oath  to  all  officers  abtive  stairs. 

The  chamberlains  of  tho  exchequer  of  London,  of 
Chester,  of  North  Wales,  ice,  are  receivers  of 
rents  and  revenues.  F.ncyc.    Johnson, 

2.  A  servant  who  has  the  care  of  the  chambers  in 
an  inn,  or  hotel, 

CHaM'BER-I.AIN'-SHTP,  n.    The  office  of  a  chnm- 

CH.^M'nEK-LTE,  n.     Urine.  [berlain. 

CIIA.M'BER-MaID,  n,  A  woman  who  has  the  care 
of  chambers,  making  the  bed!',  and  cleaning  the 
rooms,  or  who  drcs.se-s  a  lady,  and  wait.^  upon  her  in 
hor  apartment. 

CIIa.M'HKK-POT,  v.    a  Vessel  used  in  bed-rooms. 

CIl.AM'IlEIi-rRAe'TICE,  «.  The  practice  of  coun- 
selors at  law,  who  give  their  opinions  In  private,  but 
do  not  appear  in  court. 

CHAM'BREL,  n.  Tho  joint  or  bending  of  the  upper 
part  of  a  horse's  hind  leg.  In  New  England,  pro- 
nounced (sambrci^  which  see. 

€H.\-.ME'LE-ON,  -n.  [I,,  ehaina^leon  ;  Gr.  \attai\cbttf.] 
An  animal  of  the  genus  Lacerta,  or  Ii/.ard,  with  a 
naked  body,  a  toil,  and  four  feet.  Tho  body  is  six 
or  seven  inches  long,  and  the  tail  five  inches  ;  with 
this  it  clings  to  the  branches  of  trees.  The  skin  is 
cold  to  the  touch,  and  contains  small  grains,  or  emi- 
nences, of  a  bluish-gray  color  in  tho  shade,  but  in 
the  light  of  the  sun,  nil  parts  of  the  bmly  become  uf 
a  gniyish-brown,  or  tawny  color.  It  has,  however, 
the  power  of  greatly  changing  its  color.  It  is  a  na- 
tive of  Africa  andAsia.  Encyc 

eilA-MK'LE-ON-IZE,  r.  ^  To  change  into  various 
colors.  Diet, 

CHAM'FER,  r.  (.  [Corrupted  fVom  Fr.  tdianercr^  to 
hollow,  to  cut  sloping;  Ann.  chancra;  said  to  be 
from  cancer.'^ 

1.  To  channel ;  to  cut  a  furrow,  as  in  a  column, 
or  to  cut  into  a  sloping  form,  or  bevel. 

Johnson,     Baileu-     Eneyr. 

2.  To  wrinkle.  Shak. 
CIIAM'FEU,     j  )i.  A  small  gutter,  or  furrow,  cut  in 
CHAM'FRET,  (     wood,  or  other  liard  material. 

2.  A  slope,  or  btvel. 
CIlAM'FER-tD,  jv>.  or  a.     Cul  Into  furrows,  or  cut 

sloping,  or  bi^vcling. 
CHAM'FER-ING,  ppr.    Cutting  a  gutter  in  ;  cutting 

in  a  slope,  or  bevel. 
CHAM'TTE,  II.    Fos-fil  remains  of  the  Chama,  a  shell. 
CHAM'LET.    Sec  Camlet. 

CII.\M'0I9,  (flham'my  or  slm-moi',)  n.  [Fr.,  from  IL 
camoiza  :  Sp.  gatnuzu,  from  ffamo,  a  bucK-]^ 

An  animal  of  the  goat  kind,  wliose  skm  Is  made 
into  soil  leather,  called  chamnui^  or  chamois  leatJur. 
It  is  now  arranged  with  the  antelopes.      Cneier, 
€H.-\.M'0-.MILE,  w.    [Gr.  \n;iai,on  the  ground,  and 
/itjAqi.',  an  apple.] 

The  popular  name  of  the  Jlnthemia  nobilis  ;  a  bitter 
plant,  nmch  used  in  mudicine. 
CHAMP,  c.  L    [Fr.  champatjcr^  I  have  not  found,    dii. 


C II  A  ( 

Gr.  Aarrrtj,  for  m  is  oAen  catual  beloro  a  lablul,tuiil 
in  Gr.  )afi>!>ai  Is  the  jaws.] 

1.  To  bile  with  rriK-ated  action  of  the  teeth ;  as,  a 
horse  chaiupg  the  bit. 

2.  To  bite  into  small  pieces;  to  chew;  tomastlcatQ; 
to  devour,  Dryden. 

CHAMP,  r.  I.  To  chew  ;  to  nerfonn  the  action  of 
biting  by  r<-|>eated  motion  of  the  teeth  ;  n>*,  to  chamf 
U|K)n  the  bit.  Jlooker. 

CIIAM-P.\GNK',  (^ham-pTine',)  B.  A  kind  of  brisk, 
sparklinc  wine,  from  Cliampagne,  in  France. 

CHAM-PAIGN',  n.  [from  camp,  or  the  same  root.]  A 
(In,  n.N'n  ronntry.  Bacon.    Milton, 

CHA-M-l'AIilX',  (Nliam-pinc',)  fl.     Level,    open  j  u 

a  rhnvi\iiu<rn  fOUUlrj*. 

CllAM-l'.WN',  n.  In  hrmldry,  champain^  or  poht 
champain,  is  a  mark  of  di'>honor  in  the  cout  of  nrmi 
of  him  who  has  killed  a  jirisonerof  war  after  be  hu 
a**ked  for  quarter.  F.^nic. 

Cir.-iMP  DP.  MARS,  (shing  do  m'Irr,)  [I'r.  1  l.tfrallf, 
the  fn'M  of  Maifi ;  an  extensive,  oi»en  t^p  .<  m  Parts, 
u.>«ed  for  militar>'  reviews  and  public  aniscinblu ". 

CIIAMP'/.D,  pp.     Bitten  ;  chewed. 

CHAMP'ER,  «.    One  that  champs,  or  bites. 

CIIAM'PER-TOR,  v.  [See  CirAMrEnTv.]  In  U^, 
one  who  is  Kuilly  of  champerty,  which  see. 

CHAM'PER-'I'V,  7J.  [Fr.  rhnmpart,  field-rent ;  cJianw, 
J.,  eatnpu-^,  a  field,  and  pari,  a  share,  or  pariir,  to  al- 
vidc,  campvm  pftrtire,'\ 

A  species  of  maintenance,  being  a  bargain  with  a 
plaintiff,  or  defendant,  to  divide  the  land,  or  .■•— 
niatt(--r    in    suit,    be:\veen    them,  if  they    pr 
wherenp<in  the  eliamportor  Is  to  rnrry  on  the  i 
suit  at  lii-i  own  expense.    Tiie  purchase  <>f  a  ^\ui,  v, 
of  tile  right  of  suing,  Blaekstorr. 

CIIAM-PIGN'ON,  (sham-pin'yon,)»i.  [Fr.]  A  kind 
of  edible  nnishroom. 

CHAMP'IXO,  ppr.    Biting  with  repeated  action 

CIlAM'i'I-0.\,  w.     [Fr.  champion;  .Arm.  campyon;  Sp. 

campeon;  Poxl.  cmnpeam^  or    eampiam  ;  It.   earr-- 

D.  hamper,  or    kampve^rr ;   G.  hampfrr.     In  ■■•' 
'I'eutonic  dialccLs,  Mm;>,  or  fc(i«rp.  f*ii:riillesa  r. 
and  in  some  of  llieni,  a  canp:  Sax.  campa,  a  ■ 
and  a  combat ;  cempn^  a  soldier,  warrior,  or  \ 
tor;  W.  camp,  a  game,  a  feat;  campiaw,  to  r-  ■ 
in  a  game.     Here  we  have  the  origin  of  thr  i  .t..i 
campus.     It  was  originally  the  phiin,  or  oiteii   plac- 
appropriated  to  games, sports, and  athletic  exerci  <■<.] 
i.  A  man  who  undertakes  a  combat  tn  the  plncd 
or  cause  of  another.  Boron, 

2.  A  man  who  fichts  In  his  own  cnuse  in  a  dnrl. 

3.  A  hero;  a  brave  warrior.  Hence,  one  who  Is 
bold  in  conti-st ;  as,  a  champion  for  the  truth. 

CH.VM'Pi-ON,  r.  /.     To  chalhnce  to  i  combat.    S*«t 

CHAMTIOX  /:i»,  pp.     Challrn-jcd  to  combat. 

CIIAM'PI-O.V  KSH,  It.     .\  iVmale  champion.    /        ;. 

CM  AM'PI-ON-ING,  ppr.     Cliallenping  to  eombi' 

CIIAMTI-ON-SHIP,  «.    State  of  being  a  clianii.i.ii. 

JV:  JI.  lire. 

CllAM-PoL'LION-lST,(shara-p5l'yun-i8t,)  v.  A  fW- 
lower  of  tybampollion  tho  younger,  in  respect  lo 
Egj'plian  hieroglyphics. 

CHANCE,  V,  [Fr.  chiince;  Nonn.  eheaunce;  .Arm. 
chan^: ;  D.  kans  ;  G.  sdianze.  This  seems  to  be  from 
tho  [larticiple  of  the  French  verb  chroir,  to  fall,  Sp. 
caer^  from  the  L.  ctulo,  or  directly  from  the  Latin 
coflejtSy  cailfiitia.] 

1.  An  event  that  happens,  falls  out,  or  takes  place 
without  bcin^  ronlrived,  intended,  expected,  or  li>re- 
seen  ;  the  effect  of  an  unknown  cause,  or  the  unii- 
cual  or  unexpected  effect  of  a  known  cause ;  :..  ci- 
dent ;  casualty ;  fortuitous  event ;  as,  time  uDil 
cliance  happen  to  all. 

By  cJinnce  rt  prWt  come  ilovti  IhAl  wny.  — Lulia  x. 

9.  Fortune;  what  fortune  may  bring;  as,  they 
must  take  their  chance, 

3.  An  event,  good  or  evil ;  success  or  misfonunc , 
luck.  ^""'. 

4,  Possibility  of  an  occurrence  ;  opportunity. 

Vour  larljihlp  my  Jltvc  a  efiance  lo  i-*c.-»p':  Uiii  (wMn-».   >^^■f/L  ' 

CHANCE,  r.  i.    To  happen  ;  to  fall  out ;  to  come,  Of  ' 
arrive,  without  design  or  expectation. 

If  n  UrJ'i  ncfi  chanctt  tw  \^  brfijn-  tti-«.  —  Dcul,  xxU.  , 

Al),  C-UC.-1,  tril  111  wtmt  tiAlh  chanced  to-iluy.  Shak, 

CHANCE,  a.  Happening  by  chance;  casual;  as,  t 
chance  comor. 

CirxNCE'A-BLE,  a.    Accidental;  casnal ;  fnrtutlous. 

CHa.NTE'.V-BLV,  ado.    Casually;  bv  chance. 

CHa\CR'-COM-ER,  (-kum'er,)  n.  One  who  comes 
1-1  llv.  .^ddi^om 

*  •  hlinst,)  pp.  of  Ckaitce. 

'  :.,  a.     Hazardous  ^pen*erm 

en  \  %■    i.^i.,  iinr.     Happening, 

CIIANCE'-MED'LEY,  n.  [chance  and  medley^  a  mix- 
ture ;  but  more  propi^rly,  chaudemell.  Norm.  Fr.,a  hot 
debate,  strife,  or  quarrel ;  chand,  hot,  from  L.  culidtfy 
and  mcUcry  for  Tncdcrj  to  mix.J  i 

In  /<i(r,  the  killing  of  another -in  self-defence  npon 
a  sudden  and  uiipremedilaied  encouni<T.  Th'- 1  r'l 
has  been  ^onletimer!  applied  to  any  kind  of  li'i'i- 1 
by  misadventure,  but,  in  ^Irictne-'K,  ,?*  applir-'  !■  ' 
such  killing  only  as  h:tp)K:ns  in  defending  on- '  ' 
against  assault.         Blackstone,    P.  Cyc.    Dtn.i 


FATE,  FAR,  FAU.,  WHAT.  — METE,  PRfiY.  — PINE,  MARtNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 

190  ' 


CHA 

CllAN'CEL,  n.  [Fr.  chancel^  cr  chonrcaa;  L.  canccUi^ 
!:iaices,  or  cross-bars,  inclosinp  Ih'j  place  ;  Sp.  cancel^ 
e.tiidlla,3i  wooden  screen,  a  wicker  gate  ;  It.  canccUo, 
bnlUf^tradcs;  Gr.  cij-vAij;  CIi.  Vp;p  fcaii!cel,or  kaii- 
kail,  network;  Syr.  iiL    S?e  Cancel.] 

That  part  of  a  church,  between  the  altar^  or  com- 
ni'inion  table,  and  the  balustrade,  or  raihnf:,  that 
incloses  it,  or  that  part  where  the  altar  is  placed  ; 
formerly  inclosed  with  lattices,  or  cross-bars,  as  now 
with  rails.  Eunjc.    Johnson. 

CHAN'OKL-LOR,  n.  [Ft.  c?ianceUcr ;  Arm.  chmceither, 
nr  aincdlcr ;  Sp.  eanciller ;  Port.  chanccUcr ;  It.  can- 
cklitre;  D.kanselicr:  G.kanzlcr;  Sw.  canUter;  Dan. 
I  kaiiijicr  or  eantslcr  ;  L.  eancellariiiSj  a  scribe,  SL^crcta- 
ry,  notary,  or  chancellor  ;  from  caucclloy  to  make  lat- 
tice-work, to  cancety  or  blot  cut  by  crossing  the  lines ; 
or  fruiii  canceUiy  lattices,  because  the  secretary  sat 
bphind  lattices.] 

(>ri^millij,  a  chiff  notary  or  scribe,  under  the  Ro- 
man emperors;  but  in  England,  in  later  times,  an 
oJlicer  invested  with  judicial  powers,  and  particu- 
larly with  the  superintendence  of  all  cliarters,  letters, 
and  other  onicial  writingsof  the  crown,  that  required 
to  be  solemnly  authenticated.  Hence  this  officer 
became  the  keeper  of  the  greal  seal.  From  the  Ro- 
man empire,  this  office  passed  to  thj  church,  and 
hence  ever>'  bishop  has  his  chancellor, 

Tiie  lord  hi^h  chancellor  of  Great  Britain.,  or 
keeper  of  the  ^eat  scal^  is  the  highest  officer  of  the 
crown-  He  is  a  privy  counselor  by  his  office,  and 
prolocutor  of  the  house  of  lords  by  prescription.  To 
h:in  belongs  the  appointment  of  all  justices  of  the 
peace;  he  is  keeper  of  tlie  king's  conscience,  visitor 
of  all  hospitals  and  colleges  founded  by  the  king, 
giiarrfian  of  all  charitable  uses,  and  judge  of  the  high 
Court  of  Chancery, 

Chancellor  of  an  ecclesiastical  court,  is  the  bishop's 
lawyer,  versed  in  the  civil  and  canon  law,  to  direct 
the  bishop  in  causes  of  the  church,  civil  and  crimuial. 

Chancellor  of  a  caUicdral,  is  an  officer  who  hears 
lossons  and  lectures  in  the  church,  by  himself  or  his 
vicar,  inspects  scliools,  hears  causes,  applies  the 
seal,  writes  and  dispatches  letters  of  the  chapter, 
keeps  the  books,  &c. 

Chancellor  of  the  ezckeqjter,  is  an  officer  who  pre- 
sides in  that  court,  and  takes  care  of  the  interest  of 
the  crown.  He  has  power,  with  the  lord  treasurer, 
to  lease  the  crown  lands,  and  with  others,  to  com- 
pound for  forfeitures  on  penal  statutes.  He  is  the 
highest  finance  minister  of  the  British  government. 

ClmncciloT  of  a  university,  is  an  officer  who  seals 
the  diplomas,  or  letters  of  degree,  &;c.  The  chan- 
cellor of  Oxfurd  is  usuallj'  one  of  the  prime  nobility, 
e'ected  by  the  students  in  convocation  ;  and  he  holds 
the  office  for  life.  He  is  the  chief  magistrate  in  the 
government  of  the  university.  The  chancellor  of 
i  Cambridge  is  also  elected  from  among  the  prime  no- 
'  bility;  he  does  not  hold  his  office  for  life,  but  may 
^e  elected  every  three  years. 

Cliancdlor  ofOie  order  of  the.  Garter,  and  other  niil- 
!taiy  ordere,  is  an  officer  who  seals  the  commissions 
and  mandates  of  the  chapter  and  assembly  of  the 
knights,  keeps  the  register  tf  their  proceedings,  and 
delivers  their  acts  under  the  seal  of  their  order. 

Johnson.     Kncije. 

In  France,  a  secretary  is,  in  some  cases,  called  a 
chancellor.  In  Ute  United  States,  a  chancellor  is  the 
judge  of  a  coiut  of  chancery  or  equity,  established 
by  statute. 

In  Scripture,  a  master  of  the  decrees,  or  president 
of  the  council.  Ezra  iv. 
CH;i\'CEL-LOR-.«HIP,  n.  The  office  of  a  chancel- 
lor; the  time  during  which  one  is  cliancellor. 
CH\N'CE-RY,  H.  [Fr.  chancellerie  ;  Arm.  canccUery  ; 
Sp.  chancilleria ;  It.  cancclleria;  L.  canccllaria,  from 
eancdli,  lattices,  or  from  the  judge,  who  presided  in 
the  court.] 

1.  In  Great  Britain.,  the  highest  court  of  justice, 
next  to  the  parliament,  consisting  of  two  distinct 
tribunals ;  one  ordinanj,  being  a  court  of  common 
law ;  the  other  extraordtnanj,  or  a  court  of  equity. 
The  ordinary  legal  court  holds  pleas  of  recognizances 
acknowledged  in  the  chancery,  writs  of  scire  facias 
for  repeal  of  letters  patent,  writs  of  partition,  and  all 
personal  actions  by  or  against  any  officer  of  the 
court.  But  if  the  parties  come  to  is.iue  in  fact,  this 
court  can  not  try  it  by  a  jury  ;  but  the  record  must  be 
delivered  to  the  King's  Bench.  From  this  court  issue 
all  original  writs  that  pass  under  the  great  seal,  com- 
missions of  charitable  uses,  bankruptcy,  idiocy,  lu- 
nacy, &c, 

1'he  extraordinary  coiut,  or  Court  of  Equity,  pro- 
ceeds upon  rules  of  equity  and  conscience,  moderates 
the  rigor  of  the  common  law,  and  gives  relief  in 
cases  where  there  is  no  remedy  in  the  conunon  law 
^  2.  In  the  United  States,  a  court  of  equity,  [courts. 
L  H.\N'''eRE,  (sliank'er,)  n.  [Fr.  chancre ;  Arm.  ckancr. 
The  same  as  cancevj  canker7\ 

A  venereal  ulcer. 
CriAN'CROUS,  (shank'rus,)  a.     Ulcerous;    having 

the  qualities  of  a  chancre. 
CUAN-DE-LlER',  (shan-de^leer',)  w,    [Fr.  id.-,    Sp. 
canddcro  i  It,  candcltcre;  Arm.  cantolozr,  or  cantulcr; 
from  L.  cattdela,  a  candle,  from  eaneo,  to  shine.] 


CHA 

1.  A  frame  with  branches  to  hold  a  number  of 
candles,  to  illuminate  a  public  or  large  room. 

2.  In  fortification,  a  movable  parapet,  serving  to 
support  fascines  to  cover  pioneers. 

CHXND'LKR,  n.  [Clu.  Fr.  chandelier ,-  or  rather  Teu- 
tonic/idJiJ/cr.     See  ConN'-CiiANDLER.] 

A  general  term  for  a  dealer,  the  particular  meaning 
being  determined  by  a  prefix,  as,  taIlow-cA«7Ki/cr, 
ship-cAa/frf/fr,  &c. 

CHaND'LF;R-LY,  adv.    Like  a  chandler.       MiUon. 

CHAND'LER-Y,  n.  The  commodities  sold  by  a 
chandler. 

CIIAND'RY,  71.    The  place  wliere  candles  are  kept. 

B.  Jonsun. 

ClIAN'FUIN,  n.    The  fore  part  of  a  horse's  head. 

CHaXCE,  r.  ^  [Fr.  clumber;  It.  can  ^iarc ;  Arm.  ece- 
inchi  Norm,  ckainant;  exchanging,  (in.  Is  this  rad- 
ically the  same  word  as  It.  cambio,  cambiare,  Sp.  id.  ?] 

1.  To  cause  to  turn  or  pass  from  one  state  to  an- 
other ;  to  alter,  or  make  difterent ;  to  varj'  in  exter- 
nal form,  or  in  essence;  as,  to  change  the  color  or 
shape  of  a  thing;  to  change  the  countenance;  to 
change  the  heart  or  life. 

9.  To  put  one  thing  in  the  place  of  anotlier;  to 
shirt. ;  as,  to  change  the  clothes. 

Be  cicau  and  change  your  garmentii.  —  Gen.  xrjcT. 

3.  To  quit  one  thing  orsute  for  another;  followed 
hy  fur;  as,  persons  educated  in  a  particular  religion 
do  not  readily  cluingc  Sifor  another. 

4.  To  give  and  take  reciprocally;  as,  will  you 
change  conditions  witli  me  .-* 

5.  To  barter;  to  exchange  goods;  as,  to  change  a 
coach  for  a  chariot. 

6.  To  quit,  as  one  place  for  another ;  as,  to  change 
lodgings. 

7.  To  give  one  kind  of  money  for  another  ;  to  alter 
the  form  or  kind  of  money,  by  recei\'ing  the  value 
in  a  different  kind  ;  as,  to  cAano-c  bank  notes /i)r  silver ; 
or  to  give  pieces  of  a  larger  denomination  for  an 
equivalent  in  pieces  of  smaller  denomination ;  as,  to 
change  an  eagle  for  dollar's,  or  a  sovereign  for  sLv- 
pf-nces,  or  to  change  a  dollar  into  cents ;  or,  on  the 
other  hand,  to  change  dollars  for  or  into  eagles,  giv- 
ing money  of  smaller  denomination  for  larger. 

8.  To  become  acid  or  tainted  ;  to  turn  from  a  nat- 
ural state  of  sweetness  and  purity ;  as,  the  wine  is 
changed;  thunder  and  lightning  are  said  to  clutnge 
milk. 

To  change  a  horse,  or  to  change  hand,  is  to  turn  or 
hear  the  horse's  head  from  one  hand  to  the  oilier, 
from  the  lert;  to  the  riglit,  or  from  the  right  to  the 
left.  Farrier's  Diet. 

CHaNGE,  v.  i.  To  be  altered  ;  to  undergo  variation ; 
as,  men  sometimes  change  for  tlie  better,  often  for 
the  worse. 

I  am  Jeliovuli ;  I  change  not.  —  Mai,  ili. 

2.  To  pass  the  sun,  as  the  moon  in  its  orbit ;  as, 
the  moon  wUl  cliange  the  14th  of  this  month. 

CHaNOE,  71.  Any  variation  or  alteration  in  form, 
state,  quality,  or  essence;  or  a  passing  from  one 
state  or  form  to  another;  as,  a  change  of  counte- 
nance ;  a  cliangc  of  habits  or  principles, 

9.  A  succession  of  one  thing  in  the  place  of  an- 
other; vicissitude  ;  as,  a  change  of  seasons  ;  a  change 
of  objects  on  a  journey  ;  a  change  of  scenes. 

3.  A  revolution  ;  as,  a  change  of  government. 

4.  A  passing  by  the  sun,  and  the  beginning  of  a 
new  monthly  revolution  ;  as,  a  change  of  the  moon. 

5.  A  difterent  state  by  removal ;  novelty;  v:irit:ly. 

Our  fathers  dU],  Tor  change,  to  France  repair.  Drylen. 

6.  Alteration  in  the  order  of  ringing  bells  ;  variety 
of  sounds. 

Four  bclU  adinit  twenty-fynr  changes  in  riiijing.  I/aider. 

7.  That  which  makes  a  variety,  or  may  be  substi- 
tuted for  another. 

Thirty  changes  of  raiment.  —  Jiiitgi:'3  xiv. 

8.  Small  coins  of  money,  which  may  be  given  for 
larger  pieces. 

9.  The  balance  of  money  paid  beyond  the  price  of 
goods  purchased  ;  as,  I  gave  the  clerk  a  bank  note 
for  his  cloth,  and  he  gave  me  the  citange. 

10.  Tlie  dissolution  of  the  body ;  death. 

All  the  days  of  niv  appointed   tinie  will  I  wait,  till  my  change 

.     cojiv-.-Johxi'v. 

11.  Change,  for  exchange;  a  place  where  merchards 
and  others  meet  to  transact  business  ;  a  building  aji- 
propriated  for  mercantile  transactions. 

12.  In  arithjuctic,  permutation  ;  variation  of  num- 
bers. Thirteen  numbers  admit  of  0,237,020,890 
changes,  or  different  positions. 

CnAi\6E-A-RIL'I-TY,  n.    Changeableness,  lehich  is 

gcneridhj  used.  Fleminf. 

CHaN<5E'A-BLE,  rt.    That  may  change;  subject  to 

alteration;  fickle;    inconstant;   mutable;  variable; 

as,  a  person  of  a  chnngcnblc  mind. 
2.  Having  the  quality  of  suffering  alteration   of 

external  appearance  ;  as,  changeable  silk. 
OHtvNOE'A-BLE-NESS,  n.      The  quality  of  being 

changeable;   fickleness;   inconstancy;    instability; 

mutability. 
2.  Pusceptibilitv  of  change,  or  alteration.   Booker. 
CII.^N(5E'A-BLY,"(irfy.    Inconstanilv. 


CUA 

CIIAXO'ED.  pp.  or  a     Allcrcd ;  varied  j  turned  ;  con- 

vcrtrd  ;  shifted. 
CHAXGE'FJJL,    a.      Full    of  change  ;    inconstant  ; 

mutable;  jickle;   uncertain;  subject  to  alteration 

Pope. 
CHANGE'LESS,  a.    Constant;  not  odmiUlng  alu-rz- 

tion. 
CHaNCE'LI.NG,  71.     [change  and  ling.     U  i- 

word  originated  in  a  Hupenrtillouj*  opinion  th 

ste;il  children,  and  put  ollieni  that  are  uglyai.^^  -:..,,>.  .l 

in  their  places.    Johtisoju] 

1.  A  child  L-ft  or  taken  in  Uie  place  of  another. 

2.  An  idiot ;  a  fool.  Dnjden.  '  I 

3.  One  apt  to  change  ;  a  waverer. 

4.  Any  thing  changed  and  put  in  the  ;,;..-  ._. 
another.  &tiak, 

Cil.^XG'ER,  H.  One  who  alters  the  form  of  any  thing. 

2.  One  that  is  employed  in  clianging  and  di&cotini- 
ing  money  ^  a  money-changer. 

3.  One  given  to  change. 

CHaNG'IXG,  ppr.  or  a.    Altering;  turning;  putting 

one  thing  for  another ;  shifting. 
C'H.aNG'LS'G,  71.    An  altering,  or  putting  one  thing  for 

nn^other. 
C'IIaNG'IXG-PIeCE,  77.    A  term  of  contempt  for  one 

who  is  fickle  or  changeable.  Shak. 

CHAX'NEL,  7J.     [Ir,  cainneal;  Fr.  canal;  I*,  axnaiis; 

Arm.  can,  or  canol.     It  is  a  different  spelling  of 

canaL^ 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  a  passage  ;  f.  place  of  passing 
or  flowing  ;  particularly,  a  water-coureic. 

2.  The  place  where  a  river  flows,  including  tli? 
whole  breadth  of  tlie  river.  But  more  appropriaidn, 
the  deeper  part  or  hollow  in  which  tbc  principal 
current  flows. 

3.  The  deeper  part  of  a  strait,  bay,  or  harbor,  where 
the  principal  current  flows,  either  of  tide  or  fresh 
water,  or  which  is  the  most  convenient  for  the  track 
of  a  ship. 

4.  That  through  which  anything  passes;  means 
of  passing,  conveying,  or  transmitting;  as,  the  news 
was  conveyed  to  us  by  different  channels. 

5.  A  gutter  or  furrow  in  a  column. 

G.  An  arm  of  the  sea;  a  strait,  or  narrow  sea,  be- 
tween two  continents,  or  between  a  continent  and 
an  isle ;  as,  the  British  or  Irish  cluinnel. 

7.  C/wnne/j  of  a  ship  ;  broad  pieces  of  plank  bolted 
edgewise  to  the  outside  of  a  vessel,  and  used  fur 
spreading  the  lower  rigging.  R.  II.  Dana,  Jr. 

ClIAN'iXEL,  V.  t.  To  form  a  channel ;  to  cut  chan- 
nels in ;  to  groove ;  as,  to  channel  a  field  or  a  column. 

fTotton. 

CHAX'XEL-i3),p;7.  or  a.  Having  channels  grooved 
longitudinally. 

CHAi\'XEL-lNG,  ppr  Cutting  channels;  grooving 
longitudinally. 

CHANSON,  (shan'son,)  n.    [Fr.]    A  song.      Shak, 

CHANT,  V.  t,  [Fr.  chanter;  h.  canto,  canltts ;  W. 
a^anu ;  Arm.  cana,  caimein ;  IL  cantarc  ,*  ?p.  siul 
Port,  cantar;  L.  cano.     See  Cant.] 

1.  To  sing;  to  utter  with  a  melodious  voice  ;  Uiat 
is,  to  cant  or  throw  the  voice  in  modulations. 

The  chctrrful  bird*  do  cftani  rft-evt  mmic  ^jinwfr. 

2.  To  celebrate  in  song ;  as,  to  chant  llie  praises  of 
Jehovah. 

3.  To  sing  after  the  manner  of  a  chant. 
CHANT,  V.  i.    To  sing;  to  mako  melody  with  the 

voice. 

They  chant  to  the  «ouii<l  of  tb«  viol. —  Adh*  vi. 

2.  To  sing  after  the  manner  of  a  chant. 
CHANT, 71.    Song;  melody. 

2.  A  peculiar  kind  of  sacred  music,  in  whfch  prciso 
is  sung  with  less  variety  of  intonation  than  in  com- 
mon airs. 
CHANT'ED,  p/).    Sung;  uttered  whh  modulations  ot^ 

voice  after  the  manner  of  a  chant, 
CHANT'ER,  71.    One  who  chants;  a  singer  or  song- 
ster. Pope. 

2.  The  chief  singer,  or  priest  of  the  chantn. 

Grt^ory. 

3.  The  pipe  which  sounds  tlie  tenor  or  trcWc  in  a 
bagpipe. 

CHANT'I-CLEER,  w.    [chant  and  clear,  Fr.  dair.] 
A  cock,  so  called  from  the  clearness  or  loudness  of 
his  voice  in  crowing.  DrtfdeTt. 

CH.\NT'ING,p/>r.  ore.  Singing;  uttering  a  melodious 
voice ;  repealing  words  with  a  singing  voice  after 
the  manner  of  a  chant. 

CHANT'LXG,  7i.  The  act  of  singing  or  uttering  after 
the  manner  of  a  chant. 

CHANT'RESS,  «.    .\  female  singer.  Jmtt.vi. 

CHANT'RY,  7J.    [Fr.  chantrcrie,  from  cJuutt.] 

An  endowed  chai>cl  where  one  or  more  priests 
daily  sing  or  say  mass  for  the  souls  of  the  donors,  or 
such  OS  tliev  appoint.  C^treL 

eHA-OL'0-(iY,  77,    A  treatise  on  chaa«,  or  chaotic 

CHA'OS,  (ka'os.)  ji.  [U  chai\-!:  Gr.  yaoi.)  [matter. 
That  conftision,  or  confused  mass,  in  which  mat- 
ter is  supposed  to  have  existed,  bctore  it  wa--i  sep- 
arated into  its  dift'ereiit  kinds-,  and  reduced  to  order 
by  the  creating  power  of  Goil:  "  Uudi5  indigestaque 
uioles."  '  Ocii. 


TONE,  BIJLL,  IJNITE.— AN"GER,  VF'CIOUS.— €  as  K;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


CHA 


*J.  Any  iiiixi-<l  iiiitx^,  n-iihoiii  Uuo  lorm  or  order; 
114,  a  ekaoji  of  iiial*-rt»lit- 

1  Coiifii-ioii ;  disunUr;  a  Btaif  hi  wlilch  lilt-  p;irti 
nrr  miiti-*tin(!iiwlK^d.  DoMue, 

GilA-i  >  r  It',   a-      itriieiitliliiit;  chaos;  coiifu«ed  ;   a^i, 
till':  raitli  wa«  uriitinnlly  iu  n  chaotte  »\Mc. 


CHAPorCHAP.t*''.  [Ar. 


jabbUy  to  cut  ulTur  uut. 


tu  ca«tnile ;  t_»l.>  jait^d,  tu  «plU,  rvnd,  Irnr,  or  cleave, 

lo  cut.     Il  «L-cnH  to  bo  allied  to  llio  U.  nnd  I),  kappen^ 
Dan.  kapper^  Vr.  evuprr ;  Imt  tlit'jK)  Qgrfo  Wtlfr  willi 


kabaa  or  katjafa^  In  cut. 

Seo  Cii'>r  and  Gapc.] 
To  cl'*ave,  split,  crack,  or  oin-n  liiii;:iludinallv,  a^ 

tliL*  Murrarc  of  llie  earth,  or  Uw  t^kiii  and  ileth  of  tlio 

hniid.     I)r>-  weather  chaps  thr  earth  ;  cold  dry  wind* 

c>\'ip  the  h:iiidH. 
CII  \r  or  CIIAr,  p.  I.    To  crack  ;  to  opon  in  lonp  5lit.i  ; 

ns,  ihi"  t'artli  chaps;  the  hands  chap. 
CMVr  or  CHAP,  N.      A   longitudinal  cleO,  (Wp,  or 

ihink,  OH  in  the  surface  of  the  earth,  or  in  the  hand^ 

vt  r-f  t. 

CHAP,  H.     [Sax.  c«q«,  a  beak,  or  chap;  pi.  ceqfluj^ 

thi;  chap'*.] 
The  upper  ami  lower  part  of  tlic  mouth  ;  the  Jaw. 

It  id  ap)ilit'd  to  beasts,  and  vulsarlv  tu  men  ;  gener- 
ally in  the  pluml.ihe  dmps  or  immth. 
CHAI',  «.    A  man  or  a  boy  ;  a  youth.  It  is  used  oldo  in 

thf  ».-n-*e  nf  a  buyer.    *'  If  you  w  ant  to  sell,  here  in 

vour  ch4ip."    In  this  ^ende  it  cuincideii  with  chapman. 

fSeoCiiiiii'.]  Steele. 

CHAP,  r.  i.     [Hax.  eeupian,'] 

To  cheapen.    [Mot  useil.] 
CJl.iP-^HHj9L',  n.  [Sp.,  from  cAuparrOy  an  evergreen 

oak.] 

A  thicket  nf  low  evergreen  oaks.  JVeipman'*  DicL 
L'HAP'-IIOOK,   n.     [See  Chai-max  and  Cheap.]     A 

Mmall  1jo»'>J(,  carried  about  for  sale  by  hawkers. 
CHAPK,  It.     [Fr.fhapc^ihv  luncue  of  aburkU-ja  cover, 

a  churchnmn'n  cofM-,  the  head  of  an  alembic  ;  Arm. 

ehiip  i  Sp.  chapa^  a  thin  plaie  of  metiil  covering  some 

kind  of  work.     Uu.  cap.\ 

1.  The  catch  of  any  thing,  m  thr-  hook  of  a  scab- 
bard, or  the  catch  of  a  buckle,  by  which  il  i.t  held  to 
the  back  otrap. 

2.  A  brans  or  nilvtr  tip,  or  ca<*e,  that  strengthens 
the  end  of  a  scabbard.  Joknj<un.     Phillips. 

CJL'iP'F^IU,  (shap'po,)  rt. ;  pJ.  Chape  iut,  (nhap'pfizc.) 
[Fr.]     A  hat ;  in  Heratdni,  a  cap  or  boinuJt 

C//.iP'E.iU  BRAS,  (shap'iMi  bhi.)  it.  A  military  hat 
which  can  be  flattened  and  put  under  the  arm, 
(bras.) 

CHAP'EI.,  N.  [Fr.  cAaptUe ;  U  capella;  .\rm.  chapel; 
Sp.  eaptltiiy  a  chapel,  a  hood  or  cowl,  a  chapter  of 
cullfpians,  a  proof-sheet;  Port.  c<j/«!//ii  ;  It.  rappella; 
II.  kapfl:  from  the  same  root  as  cap.  It  is  said  that 
the  king^  of  France,  in  war,  carried  Si,  Miirtin's  hat 
into  the  fi'ld,  which  was  kept  in  a  lent  us  a  precious 
relic,  whence  the  place  took  the  name  fnpfUa,x\,  little 
liat,  and  the  priest  who  had  the  custody  of  the  tent 
was  called  capeilanuj,  now  chaplain.  Hence  the 
word  chapel  came  to  signify  a  private  oratory. 
£ae*/c.     Lunirr.\ 

1.  A  hunse  for  public  worship,  erected  separate 
from  a  chiirth  ;  primarily,  a  private  oratory,  or  house 
of  worship  belonging  to  a  private  person.  In  Great 
Britain  there  are  several  sorts  of  chapels  ;  as, 
parochial  fhapels,  distinct  from  the  mother  church  ; 
chaptU  which  adjoin  to  and  arc  a  part  of  the 
church  ;  such  were  formerly  built  by  honorable  p-r- 
sons  for  bur>'ing-place9 ;  chapels  of  easr^  additiuiKil 
churches,  biidt  in  large  parishes,  fur  the  accommo- 
dation of  tlu'  inhabitunt^  ;  free  ehapeLt,  which  were 
founded  by  the  king  of  England  ;  ehapeh  in  the  uni- 
rrrnUtA,  places  of  worship  belonging  to  particular 
colleges  ;  tlnmestie  chapeh,  built  by  noblemen  or  gen- 
tlemen for  the  uAe  of  their  families.  Kncijc. 
•2.  In  England,  n  placr  of  wopihip  f4ir  dissenters. 

3.  A  philter's  work-hoiiiie  ;  f>aid  to  ha  so  called 
because  printing  wa.i  rir^t  carried  on  in  a  chai>el. 
Al»o,  an  association  of  workmen  in  a  prinling-ollice. 

Brande.     Bailey.     Kneyc. 

CIIAP'EI..  p.  (.    To  deposit  in  a  chapel.    Beaum.  ^  Ft. 

CIIAPE'I<KS3,  a.     Without  a  chape. 

CHAP'EL  KT,  (  ^     ,p,  ,L^„,;„  1 

rllAP'M'.T.        !"•     [^r.  chapelet] 

A  pair  of  Htimip  leathers,  with  stlmips,  joined  at 
t)ie  top  in  a  S4irt  of  lenilier  buckle,  by  which  they  are 
made  r:i>l  lo  ihtf  frame-work  of  the  saddle,  after  thiy 
have  bcuii  adjusted  to  the  length  and  bearing  of  iha 
rider.  Farritr's  Did, 

CHAP'EI^I.NO,  n.  The  act  of  turning  a  whip  round 
in  a  light  breeic  of  wind,  when  closc-haulrd,  ho 
that  sh"  will  lie  the  same  way  as  before.  .Mar.  Diet. 

CIIAP'EI.-Ij.\-NV,  II.  A  place  founded  within  >'*>uic 
cliiirch  and  dependent  thereon.  ^fl^r. 

CII.\P'£L-RY,  n.  1  he  boundu  or  Jurisdiction  of  a 
fh'ipH. 


CHA 

CIIAI"K-Rfl.\,  (shap'e-rfin,)  m.  [Fr.]  A  hood  or  rap 
worn  by  the  knights  of  tlu  Carter  in  llhir  habits.  It 
was  anciently  wurii  by  mrii,  women,  uobb-s,  mid 
IHipiilace  ;  afterward  ii|ipri>priiit>d  to  dorttirs  and  li- 
centiates in  ii'lk-gt-i.  I  lie  name  then  passed  to  rvt- 
tain  devuTt  placed  on  the  fi-rihemU  of  lior*e-'<  which 
drew  the  hearse  111  |Miiii|Kius  fiiiientls. 

3.  One  who  attends  u  lady  to  public  places  tis  a 
guldi'  and  pruleetor.  Johnxon.     Kneve. 

rHAP'IMU'.N'.  (^Iiap'e  ron.)  p.  t.  To  attend  a  lady  to 
pulihr  iiliuei  us  a  guide  and  protector. 

CIIAPE-KO.X'KU,  pp.  Waited  on  in  u  public  awtem- 
biy  b\  a  friend  or  protector. 

ClIAPK  KON'INC.ppr.  Attending  on  n  female  tn  a 
public  assvjiiblv. 

CI^^I"-FA^L,-KN,  (chop'fawhi,)  a.  [ehap  nnd  /alt.) 
Having  iho  lower  chap  depressed  ;  hence,  dejreted  ; 
dispirited  ;  silenced.  H-  Jonjun. 

CIIAV'I-TER,  II.  [Vr.  chanitritu ;  U.eapiteUo;  L.  tap- 
itelluiHy  from  cajiu/,  a  head.  This  is  a  dilTercnt  word 
for  Capital.] 

I.  The  up|M.'r  part  or  mpitnl  of  a  rohimn  or  pillar. 
[Ob.*.]     [See  Capital] 

S.  That  which  is  delivered  by  the  nioulli  of  the 
Justice  in  his  chargi:  lo  the  inipiest.  Kncyc. 

CHAP'LAIX,  (-tin,);*.  [Fr.  chaprlain  ;  Sp.  eopellan  i  It. 
caprllano  ;  L.  eapellanuji ;  from  ehaprl.] 

1.  All  ecclesiastic  who  has  a  chapel,  or  who  [H-'r- 
forms  setvice  in  a  cliap.I.  Th-  king  of  Creat  Britain 
has  forty-eight  cha|)l!iiiis,  who  attend,  four  enrh 
month,  to  perform  diviuo  nervice  for  the  royal  fam- 
ily. Princes  also,  and  persons  of  quality,  have  chap- 
lains, who  ortkiatc  in  their  chapels. 

2.  .\  cicrcyman  who  bi'longs  to  a  ship  of  war,  to  n 
regiment  of  iiiiul  furce^,  orto  some  public  inHtitution, 
for  performing  divine  (tervtcc. 

3.  .\  clergyman  who  is  retained  to  perform  divine- 
service  in  n  family. 

Chaplmii.1  of  the  popfy  arc  auditors  or  Judges  of 
causes  in  the  sacred  palace-  Enrue. 

CHAP'LAIN-CV,  B.    The  office  or  dtatlon  of  a  chap- 
lain. 
CIIAP'LATN-SIHP,  n.     The  office  or  business  of  a 
chaplnin. 
i!.  'J'he  poss;ssion  or  revenue  of  a  cliapel.  Johnson. 
CH.VP'LESH,  a.    Without  any  tiesh  nlwul  Ihe  mouth. 
CHAP'LET,  It.     [Fr.  chapelct.]  [Bailey.     Sh.ik. 

1.  A  carland  or  wreath  lo  be  worn  on  the  head  ; 
the  circle  of  a  crown. 

2.  A  siring  of  heads  used  by  the  Unman  Catholics, 
by  wliich  they  count  the  number  of  their  pniyers. 
They  are  made  sometimes  of  coral,  of  wood,  of  dia- 
monds, &c.,  and  are  called  patcrnogtrrs.  The  inven- 
tion w  ascribed  to  Peter  the  lleniiit,  who  probably 
learnt  it  in  Ihe  East,  as  tlic  Orientals  use  a  kind  of 
chnplel,  calleil  x\  chain,  rehearsing  one  of  the  perfec- 
tions of  Cod  on  each  link,  or  head.  Tlie  Great  .Mogul 
is  said  to  have  eisbieen  of  these  chains,  all  precious 
stones.  The  Turks  also  use  a  kind  of  chaplet  in 
reciting  their  prayers.  F.nr.ye. 

3.  In  arehitrcturr,  a  little  molding,  carved  into 
round  beads,  pearls,  olives,  or  the  like. 

4.  In  horsemanship,  a  chapelet,  which  see. 

r*.  A  lull  of  featlH-rs  on  a  peacock's  head.  Johnson. 

l>.   A  small  chap-l  or  shrine.  JTamrnuml. 

CH.\P'MAN',  n.;  pi.  Chapmi;.-*.      [Sax.  ceapmun  ;    1). 

koopman;  G.  katlfmann;  I).  kiUbmaiul.    See  Cheap.] 

1    A  cheapcntT  ;  one  that  oilers  as  a  purchaser. 

Thpir  chapmen  liwy  Iciri)-.  Drydrn. 

2.  A  seller;  a  market-man.  Shak. 

CHAP'PKI),  (chapt,)  pp.     Cleft;  oi>ened,  as  the  sur- 

fuee  or  skill. 
CHAP'PINC,  ppr.    Cleaving,  as  the  surface  or  skin. 
CHAP'py,  a.     Full  of  chaps  ;  cleft. 
CH.\PS,  n.  p\.    'J'he  mouth  or  jaws.     [See  Chap.] 
CII.APT.     Sie  Chappeo. 
CHAP'TEK,  n.     [Fr.  ehapitre;    \..  capitulum^  ahead; 

It.  capitoln  :  Sp.  capitulo ;  from  L.  caput,  the  head.] 

1.  A  division  of  a  book  or  treatise  ;  as.  Genesis 
contains  fifty  chapters.  Ileiiru  the  plirase,  To  the  end 
of  the  chapter^  that  is,  throughout ;  tu  the  end. 

Johjuon. 

2.  In  ecelesiastical  pi'Hiy,  a  society  or  community  of 
clergjmcn,  belonging  lo  u  cathedral  or  colleuialc 
church.  F.aeiic. 

3.  An  organized  branch  of  some  society  or  frater- 
nity, as  of  the  freemasons,  &c. 

4".  A  pLice  where  delinquents  receive  discipline  and 
correction.  Jiyli^e. 

5.  A  d'C retal  episUe.  AyUffe. 
CIIAP'TEK,  r.  t.  To  tax  ;  lo  correct.  Drwien. 
CIIAP'TER-IIOUSE,  n.     A  house  where  a  chapter 

nieet.'i.  Bailey. 

CHAP'TREL,  n.  [Uom  chapiter.'^  The  same  as  im- 
»05f.  Mozon. 

CHXR,  n.     A  delicious  lish  inhabiting  deep  lakes  In 
muuntainous  regions,  and  prefi.-rred  to  the  salmon. 
F.ncyc.  of  Dom.  Econ. 

CHAR,  ri.  In  England,  work  done  by  ihe  day  ;  a  sin- 
gle Job,  or  task.  In  .Veie  England ,  it  is  pronounced 
chore,  which  see.  I  know  not  the  origin  of"  the 
Word.  In  Sax.  crrre^  ^y^y  signifies  a  time,  a  Kim, 
occasion,  from  eerran^  cyrran,  to  turn  or  return. 


CHA 

CHAIt,  r.  (.    To  p!*rfonn  a  business.  Mat, 

CHAIl,  r.  i.  To  work  at  oihern.  huusts  by  Ihe  Jay, 
without  being  a  hired  servant ;  to  do  small  jubs. 

BaUey.     Johnjion. 
I'lIAR'-WOM-AN,  ».   A  woman  hired  fur  ihUI  warfe, 
or  for  single  days.  JnhnnuM, 

[Chur-man  and  Char-woman  orr,  /  beliere,  not  uMt 
iM  Wfficrird.] 
CHAR,  r.  I.  [Russ.  japi/M  or  rAaryu,  to  roast  or  burnt 
or  ;,'oryu^  U)  burn,  or  be  burnt;  and  with  a  prvflx, 
9garayu  or  .>i!oraya,  to  burn  ;  Fr.  charr^e.  n'tlie*.  Uu. 
Heb.  Ch.  Ivth.  i'>n.  Class  Gr,  No.  2i,  23.  Tliii 
seems  to  be  the  root  of  I<.  earbo.     See  Chahk.] 

J.  To  burn  or  reduce  to  coal  or  carbon  ;  to  rediica 
to  charcotJ,  by  exjH-Uing  all  volatile  m.ilter  frmn 
W(hk1.  Thin  Iti'duiie  by  burning  wood  hlowiy,  uuJor 
a  covering  of  turf  and  eiirtJi. 

2.  To  eX|M'l  all  volatdt;  matter  from  stone  or  eaith 
by  heal. 

Tbr  ftUHift  or  r^nli  (harrti  frotii  »II  loreiffu  fidiUe  liifn>l[<>tiU. 

CHAR'ACT,  I  n.    fScc  Ciiaractm.]     An  Insrriiitioii. 

CIIAR'ECT,  t      (-Vot  IM  use.]  HktUan. 

CH.VR'AC  TKR,  ii.  [L.  charaettr;  Fr.  caraet^re:  Pp. 
raraetcr;  \\.  carattere ;  ilr.  xaoniTu;},  from  the  verb 
Xtifjaffffoj,  x^9'^^^^\  X**P"C'''»  ^  BcraiK',  cut,  on- 
grave.] 

1.  A  mark  made  by  cutting  or  engniving,  iii  t.n 
stone,  iiietul,  or  other  hard  material ;  hence,  a  to  oi. 
or  figure  made  with  a  pen  or  style,  on  pip'-r,  tir<iii  \ 
inalerial  used  to  contain  writing;  a  letter  i*r  liijir. 
used  lo  form  words  and  couimiiriiciile  idea-*.  Clitu 
arters  are  lurral,  as  Ihe  letters  ol  an  alphab<rt ;  nu- 
meral, as  the  arithmetical  figun-s  ;  emble  mat  teat  or 
syinbi'licalf  which  exjtress  things  or  ideas  ;  mill  abbrt' 
viations  ;  as,  C.  for  cnifion,  a  hiiliilred  ;  lb.  fur  h'&ra,  a 
pound  ;  A.  D.,  .^niio  Domini ;  &c. 

2.  A  mark  or  figure  made  by  stamping  or  iniprc^ 
sion,  as  on  coins. 

3.  Th"  inimner  of  writing;  the  peculiar  form  of 
letters  nsud  by  a  particular  j^erson. 

You  kiiuw  Ui"  (hariuUrio  be  your  br&tlti-r't.  Shai. 

4.  The  peculiar  qualities  impressed,  by  nalur>*  -r 
habit,  on  u  peri^tm,  which  disiintiuish  him  from  i.iii- 
er* ;  these  conslilute  rcoi  cA/irarfrr,  and  the  qualiiiLri 
which  he  is  supjHjscd  to  [Kisstss  coiistiiut'-  hi-i  ejti' 
mated  character,  or  reputation.  Hence  \vv  wiy,  a 
character  is  not  formed,  when  the  [x^rstju  has  not  ac- 
quired stable  and  distinctive  qmUitier^. 

ti.  An  account,  description,  or  representation  of 
any  thing,  exhituting  ita  qualities  and  Ihe  cirruin- 
stauccs  altending  it ;  as,  lo  give  a  bad  character  to% 
town,  or  to  a  mad. 

G.  A  person  ;  as,  the  assembly  consisud  of  varioui 
tjiaraetersy  eminent  c/»arac/fM,  and  ow  ehararter*;  aU 
the  diameters  in  the  pmy  appeared  to  advantage. 

Th"  iti^aiUit'n'  of  di*tiiigui«l»cd  clinmcUrt.  HvitxM. 

7.  By  way  of  eminence,  distinguished  or  good 
qualities;  those  which  arc  esteemed  and  respected; 
and  thu^e  wliich  are  ascribed  to  n  persnn  in  cominoa 
estimation.  We  inquire  whether  a  stringer  is  a  luaa 
of  character. 

8.  Adventitious  qualities  impressi'd  by  office  or  sta- 
tion ;  the  qualities  Iliat,  in   piilillc  estimation,  belntiK 
tu  a  person  in  a  particular  siaiiun,  as  when  we  n^k 
how  a  magistrate  or  commander  supports  his  chara^  \ 
Ur.  \i 

9.  The  peculiar  qualities   or  properties  by  which  ' 
one  tiling  is  distinguished  from  auoiJier,  as  aninmis 
plants,  nnd  minerals. 

Thf-w  iitup-rU-*,  wbrii  rmriloTiHl  ftir    tti'-  ptirpo*?  of  <IU<riuiii.» 
ting  iLinvmU,  or"  cillnl  ciianurUrt.  C/MMfonrf. 

10.    Ilistinctive    quality    of    any    kind    stronglr  | 
marked,  particularly  energy  or  force ;  as,  a  man  n 
said  to  have  no  eharaet/Tj  or  a  great  deal  of  eharuc'rr. 
€IIAK'Ae  TER,  r.  f.     To  engrave  ;  to  in-rribe. 

Milton.     Skal. 
2.  To  describe;  to  distinguish  by  particular  m»rtis  : 
or  IraiU.  Mitford. 

eHAR'AC-TER-Kl),  p/).      Engraved;   in^^crihrd  ;  di»-  ! 

tingiiished  hv  a  particular  character.  Mtif»r4. 

GH AR'AC-TKR  la.M,  ».    The  distinction  of  ch.ira' i  r 

Bp.  iirll. 

2.    A   particular    oaisrct    or    configuration  of  Oie  j 
lu-avens.  Enctfc 

CHAR  AC-TER  IS'Tie,         (  a.     [Gr.  xafyaKreioitrri-  " 
eilAR-ACTKR-IS'Tie-AI-,  i      '^s,  from  \  i.<,i*r/;  . 
That  eon^tlllltes  the  character  ;  that  marks  lie-  [• 
culiar  difitiiiclive  qiinlities  of  a   p<tsjjii  or  Ibing  ; 
generosity  is  often  a  cAarflfifriifi'c  virtue  of  a  briv 
man.  ' 

It  is  followed  hy  of;  as,  gensrosity  is  choraeten 
•/trill'  braven'. 
CH  \R-AC-TEIM.^'Tie,  n.     Th.at  which  corolii-n- 
a  chararler ;  that  which  characterizes;  ibnl  wli.tJ* 
distinguishes  a  pifrson  or  thing  from  another. 

li.vrmioii  i«  ilic  eharactMMtic  olMnmr^T.  Pope. 

2.  In  0raminar,  Ihe  principal  letler  of  a  word, 
which  is  presLn'ed  in  most  of  its  tenses,  in  its  derif- 
atives  and  compounds. 

The  charactavtic  of  a  logarithm.  Is  its  index  or  ex- 
pr>neni.  


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— METE,  PRBY.  — PINE,  MAUtNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  HgVK. - 


lji2 


CHA 

The  characteristic  triausle  of  a  curve,  in  geometry, 
is  a  reclilinear  right-unslcti  triangle,  whose  Iiypot- 
cnuse  makes  a  part  of  the  curve,  not  sensibly  dif- 
ferent from  a  rijiht  lint-.  Encyc. 

CHAU  AC-TKR  iS'Tie-AL-LY,  ado.  In  a  manner 
that  iii>[iii'_'rij-li..-!  charat-ti-r. 

eilAH-Af  IKR-IS'Tie-AL-.XESS,  n.  The  state  or 
qualities  ollning  characteristic. 

S;HAR-AG  iER-I-ZA'TION,  n.  Act  of  character- 
izins. 

DIlAR'Ae-TEU-IZE,  r.  (.     [Gr.  xaoa«7  7/ptCw.] 

1.  To  gii'e  a  character,  or  an  account  of  the  per- 
sonal qualities  of  a  man ,  to  describe  by  peculiar 
qualities. 

2.  To  distinsiiish ;  to  mark,  or  express  the  cliar- 
acter ;  to  exliibil  the  peculiar  qualities  of  a  person 
or  thing ;  as,  Iiumility  characterizes  the  true  Chris- 
tian J  the  hero  is  characterized  by  bravery  and  mag- 
nanimity. 

The  lyiwm  of  medialion  has  characUrized  die  eiiUre  scheme  of 
iliviiie  ilispeiualioii.  Thodey. 

3.  To  engrave  or  imprint.     [Little  iiscd.]      Bale. 

4.  To  mark  with  a  peculiar  stamp  or  figure. 

European,  Aaialtc,  (uid  African  faces  are  oU  cha7-aclerized. 

Arbulhnot. 

;HAR'Ae-TER-TZ-JSD,    (kar'ak-ter-Tzd,)   pp.      De- 
scribed nr  distin-ruished  bv  peculiar  qualities. 
;HAR'AC-TER  TZ-ING,  ppr.     Describing   or   distin- 
guishing bv  peculiar  qualities, 

;lIAR'A€^tER-LESS,  a.  Destitute  of  any  peculiar 
character.  ShaJc. 

:riAR'A€-TER-Y,  n.     Impression  ;   mark  ;  distinc- 
tion.    UYot  used.]  S!iak. 
IIA-RaDH',  (sha-rade',)  ii.     [Said  to  be  from  the 
name  of  the  inventor.] 

A  composition,  in  which  the  subject  must  be  a 
word  of  two  or  more  syllables,  each  forming  a  dis- 
tinct word  ;  and  these  syllables  are  to  be  concealed 
in  an  enigmatical  description,  first  separately  and 
then  together.     Example  : 

Mj  Jirgt,  vhen  a  Frenchman  is  leajiiing'  English,  serves  hiJii 
lo  swear  by.  My  second  is  either  liajr  or  coru.  My  whole 
a  ibe  ilehght  of  the  .-vg?.     Gar-rick.  Encyc. 

HAR'CoAL,  n.  [char  and  coal.  See  Char.]  Coal 
made  by  charring  wood  ;  the  remains  of  wood  burnt 
under  turf,  or  in  other  c ire um stances  to  exclude  air, 
and  frnin  which  all  watery  and  other  volatile  matter 
has  been  expt-llt^d  by  heat.  It  makes  a  strong  heat, 
and  is  used  in  furnaces,  forges,  private  families,  &c. 
It  is  black,  liriltle,  light,  and  inodorous,  and,  not  being 
decomposable  by  water  or  air,  will  eudui'e  for  ages 
withtml  alteration. 
HARD,  H.     [Fr.  duirde;  1..  carduiis.] 

The  leaves  of  artichokes  tied  and  wrapped  all 
over,  except  the  top,  in  straw,  during  autumn  and 
winter,  'i'his  makes  them  gro\v  white  and  lose 
some  of  their  bittLiness.  Chambers. 

Chords  of  beet,  are  |)lants  of  white  beet  transplanted, 
producing  great  tops,  which,  in  the  midst,  Iiave  a 
large,  white,  thick,  downy,  cotton-like  main  shoot, 
which  is  the  true  chard.  Mortimer. 

HAR'FROX,  71.  A  defense  for  a  horse's  head,  made 
of  plates  of  steel  or  pieces  of  leather.  Brande. 

HXRCiE,  (chiirj,)  v.  t.  [Fr.  charger;  Arm.  carga; 
Sp.  cargar ;  It,  caricare^  or  carcarc :  Port,  carregar. 
It  would  seem  from  the  Welsh,  that  this  word  is 
from  car,  a  cart  or  other  vehicle,  and  that  the  noun 
charge  or  cargo  was  first  formed,  and  tiit-rtfore 
ouEhl  in  arnmgement  to  precede  the  verb.  If  the 
verb  was  first  formed,  the  primary  sense  would  be, 
to  load,  to  throw  or  put  on  or  in.  I  think  the  fact  lo 
h'i  otherwise.     See  Cargo.] 

1.  To  rush  on  :  to  fall  on ;  to  attack,  especially 
with  fixed  bayonets  ;  as,  an  army  charges  the  enemy. 

2.  To  load,  as  a  musket  or  cannon ;  to  thrust  in 
powder,  or  powder  and  ball  or  shot. 

3.  To  load  or  burden  ;  to  throw  on  or  impose  that 
which  oppresses  ;  as,  to  charge  the  stomach  witli  in- 
digestible food  ;  or  to  lay  on,  or  to  fill,  witliout  op- 
pressing; Qa,Xo  charge  the  memory  with  rules  and 
precepts  ;  to  charge  the  mind  with  facts. 

4.  To  set  or  lay  on  ;  to  impose,  as  a  tax ;  as,  the 
land  is  charged  with  a  quitrent :  a  rent  is  charered  on 
llie  land. 

5.  To  lay  on  or  impose,  as  a  task. 

The  fospel  ckargeOt.  us  wiih  piety  [oward  God.  Tillotson. 

6.  To  put  or  lay  on  ;  as,  to  ch/irge  a  building  with 
ornaments,  often  implying  superfluity. 

7.  To  lay  on,  as  a  duty  ;  followed  by  witJt. 

The  commander  charged  the  oScer  mih  die  eiecution  of  ihe 
project.  —  S«  Uvn.  xl.  4. 

8.  To  intrust  to  ;  as,  an  officer  is  cliarcred  with  dis- 
patches. 

9.  To  set  to,  as  a  debt ;  to  place  on  the  debit  side 
of  an  account ;  as,  to  charge  a  man  with  the  price 
of  goods  sold  lohmi 

10.  To  load  or  lay  on,  in  words,  something  wrong, 
reproachful,  or  criminal ;  lo  impute  to;  as,  to  ckanrc 
a  man  with  thef^, 

^Il7°  '"^  °"  '"  ^ords  ;  to  impute  to ;  followed  bv 
on  before  the  person  ;  a>i,  to  charge  a  crime  on  the 
otlender ;  to  charge  evil  consequences  oji  the  doc- 
innes  of  the  Stoics. 


CHA 

12.  To  censure  ;  to  accuse. 

In  all  thifi  J&b  ritiucJ  uot,  iior  charged  God  foolishly.  —  Job  1, 

13.  To  lay  on,  give,  or  communicate,  as  an  order, 
command,  or  earnest  request ;  to  enjoin  ;  to  exiiort. 

Charge  iliem  thn(  arc   rich  in   this  world,  thai  ihty  be  not  hi^h- 
niindwi.  — ITim.  vi. 

In  this  sense,  when  the  command  is  given  in  the 
name  of  God,  or  with  an  oath,  the  phrase  amounts 
to  an  adjuration. 

To  adjure  ;  to  bind  Jiy  an  oath.     I  Sam.  xiv.  28. 

14.  To  give  directions  to;  to  instruct  authorita- 
tively ;  as,  Ihe  judge  rhargcd  the  grand  jury  to  in- 
quire respecting  breaches  of  the  peace. 

15.  To  communicate  electrical  matter  to,  as  to  a 
coated  vial,  or  an  electrical  battery. 

CHAR6E,  V.  i.  To  make  an  onset.  Thus  Glanville 
says,  "  Like  your  heroes  of  antiquity,  he  diarges  in 
iron  ;  "  and  we  say,  to  diarge.  with  fixed  bayonets. 
But  in  this  application,  the  object  is  understood  ;  to 
charge  the  enemy. 

CflARGE,  11.  [Fr.  charge;  Arm.  and  W.  curg;  Sp. 
carga,  cargo  ;  Port,  carga,  carrega ;  It.  carica,  carco  ; 
Eng.  cargu.] 

1.  That  which  is  laid  on  or  in  ;  in  a  general  sense, 
any  load  or  burden.  It  is  the  same  wttrd  radically 
as  cargo. 

2.  The  quantity  of  powder,  or  of  powder  and  ball 
or  shot,  used,  or  proper  to  be  used,  in  loading  a  mus- 
ket, cannon,  or  other  like  instniment. 

3.  An  onset ;  a  rushing  on  an  enemy  ;  attack  ; 
especially  by  moving  troops  with  fixed  bayonets. 
But  it  is  used  for  an  onset  of  cavalry,  as  well  as  of 
infantry. 

4.  An  order,  injunction,  mandate,  command. 

Mosi;s  gave  Joshua  a  clutrge.  —  Num.  xxvii. 

Tlio  kiiig  guve  cliarge  couceriiing  Absalom.  —2  Sam.  xviii. 

Hence, 

5.  That  which  is  enjoined,  committed,  intrusted, 
or  delivered  to  another,  implying  care,  custody, 
oversight,  or  duty  to  be  performed  by  the  person  iii- 
trusted. 

I  gave  Haiiani  charge  over  Jerusalem.  — Nch.  vii. 

Hence  the  word  includes  any  trust  or  commission  ; 
an  office,  duty,  employment.  It  is  followed  by  of  or 
ucer:  more  generally  !)y  of.     Hence, 

ft.  The  person  or  thing  committed  to  another's 
custody,  care,  or  management;  a  trust.  Thus  the 
people  of  a  parish  are  called  the  minister's  charge. 


CHA 


The  starry  gunnliaa  drove  his  charge  a 
To  some  fresh  pasture. 


Dryder 


7.  Instructions  given  by  a  judge  to  a  jiuy,  by  a 
bishop  to  his  clergy,  or,  among  Presbyterians,  &:c., 
by  a  member  of  an  ordaining  council  to  one  who  is 
set  as  pastor  over  a  congregation,  or  lo  the  congrega- 
tion themselves.  The  word  may  be  used  as  synony- 
mous with  command,  direction,  exhortation,  or  injunc- 
tion, but  always  implies  solemnity. 

8.  ImpuUition  in  a  bad  sense;  accusation. 

Lay  noi  tliia  sin  to  Uietr  charge.  —  AcU  vij. 

9.  That  which  constitutes  debt,  iji  commercial 
transactions;  an  entry  of  money,  or  the  price  of 
goods,  on  the  debit  side  of  an  account. 

10.  Cost ;  expense  ;  as,  the  charges  of  the  war  are 
to  be  borne  by  the  nation. 

11.  Imposition  on  land  or  estate;  rent,  tax,  or 
wbatevLT  constitutes  a  burden  or  duty. 

12.  In  militanf  affairs,  a  signal  to  attack  ;  as,  to 
sound  the  charge. 

13.  The  posture  of  a  weapon  fitted  for  an  attack 
or  combat.  ;., 

Their  armed  slivea  hi  charge,  ShaJ:. 

14.  Among  fitrrirrs,  a  preparation  of  Ihe  consist- 
ence of  a  thick  decoction,  or  between  an  ointment 
and  a  plaster,  used  as  a  remedy  for  sprains  and  in- 
flammations. 

15.  In  keraldnj,  that  which  is  borne  upon  the 
color  ;  or  the  figures  represented  on  the  escutcheon, 
by  which  the  bearers  are  distinguished  from  one 
another. 

16.  In  electrical  CTpcriments,  a  quantity  of  electrical 
fluid,  comnmnicateti  to  a  coated  jar,  vial,  or  pane  of 
glass. 

17.  In  painting,  eliarge,  or  overcharge,  is  an  exagge- 
ration of  character  in  torm,  color,  or  expression. 

Elmes. 
A  charge  of  lead,  is  thirty-six  pigs,  each  containing 
six  stone,  wanting  two  pounds. 
CHAR(5E'A-BLE,  a.     That  may  be  charged  ;  that  may 
be  set,  laid,  hnposed  ;  as,  a  tluty  of  forty  per  cent 
is  chargeable  on  wine. 

2.  Subject  to  be  charged ;  as,  wine  is  chargeable 
with  a  duty  of  forty  [>er  cent. 

3.  Expensive  ;  costly  ;  as,  a  chargeable  family. 

4.  Laying  or  bringing  expense. 

Beciusfl  wc  would  not  be  ehnrgeable  lo  any  of  you.  —  1  Thess.  ii. 

5.  Imputable  ;  that  may  be  laid  or  attributed  as  a 
crime,  fault,  or  debt ;  as,  a  fault  chargeable  on  a  man. 

6.  Subject  to  be  charged  or  accused ;  as,  a  man 
chargeable  with  a  fault  or  neglect. 

CHAK<iE'A-BLE-NESS,  ri.      Expensiveness  ;    cost; 
costliness.  Boyle, 


CHARGE' A- BLY,  ode.    Expensively;  at  great  coat. 

AjieJiam. 

CHARG'.ED,  pp.  Loaded  ;  burdened  ;  allackea  ,  laid 
V\  ;  Inatntcled  ;  imputed  ;  accused  ;  placed  to  the 
debt ;  ordered  ;  commandi^d. 

CHAIVGE  D'AF-FAlRE:y',  (shSr'zhi  daf-fiir',)  n 
[Fr.]  A  periion  inlnisted  with  the  public  interest  in 
a  foreign  nation,  in  the  place  of  an  embauailor  oi 
other  miniHtcr. 

CHXRCE'FJ;L,  a.    Expensive;  costly,    [yot  tuetL] 

8hak. 

CHAR6E'LESS,  a.  Not  expensive  ;  free  from  ex- 
pense. 

CHARG'ER,  Ti.  In  Scots  laie,  one  who  chargen  anoth- 
er in  a  suit. 

2.  A  large  dish.    J\rum.  vii. 

3.  A  horse  used  in  battle. 
CHXRGE'-HOUSE,  n.    A  school-houBc.    [Obt.]    Skak. 
CHARG'ING,  ppr.     Loading;   attacking;  layfne  on; 

instnicting;  commanding;  accu4ing ;  imputing. 
Cn AR'l-LY,  adv.     [See  Chaht.]     Carefully;  warily; 

frugally.     [LitUe  use/L]  ShaJc. 

CHAR'I-NEftS,  II.     Caution;  care;  nicety;  iwpipu- 

lousness.     [Little  used.]  SA/  V. 

CHAR'ING,  for  Chorino,  doing  chores,  is  UB*-d  i  , 

Coleridge. 
CH.ART-OT,  TI.     [Fr.  chariot,  from  char,  a  car,  which 

see  ;  Sp.  It.  carro ;  It,  carrrtla.] 

1.  A  half  coach  ;  a  carriage  with  four  wheel-',  and 
one  seat  behind,  used  for  convenience  and  \i\t.-t\jurf-. 

2.  A  car  or  vehicle,  used  formerly  in  war,  drawn 
by  two  or  more  horses,  and  conveying  two  nn.-u 
each.  These  vehicles  were  sometimes  armed  wiUi 
hooks  or  scythes. 

CHAUa-OT,  r.  t.    To  convey  in  a  chariot.     MtU/^rt. 

CHAR'LOT-ED,  pp.     Borne  in  a  charioL       Centper. 

CHAR-I-OT-EER',  ».  The  person  who  drives  or 
conducts  a  chariot.  It  is  used  in  speaking  of  mili- 
tarj-  chariots,  and  those  in  the  ancient  games,  but 
not  of  modern  drivers.  Johnson,    Jiildison. 

CHAR-I-OT-EEUaXG,  ppr.     Driving  a  charioL 
2.  a.     Using  a  chariot. 

CHAR'I-OT-.MAN,  n.  The  driver  of  a  charioL 
2  Chron.  xviii. 

CHAR'I-OT-RACR,  ju  A  race  with  chariots,  a  sport 
in  which  chariots  were  driven  in  contest  for  a  prize. 

.Addison. 

CHAR'I-TA-BLE,  a.  [Fr.  See  Chabitv.]  Benevo- 
lent and  kind  ;  as,  a  eharitable  disposition. 

2.  Liberal  in  benefactions  to  the  poor,  and  in  re- 
lieving them  in  distress  ;  as,  a  chariuible  man. 

3.  Pertaining  to  charity;  springing  from  charily, 
or  intended  for  charity  ;  benevolent ;  as,  a  charUabU 
institution,  or  society  ;  a  charitable  piirimse. 

4.  Formed  on  charitable  principles  ;  favorable ; 
dictated  by  kindness  ;  as,  a  charitable  construction 
of  words  or  actions. 

CHAR'[-TA-BLE-XESS,  n.     The  disposiUon   to  be 
charitiible,  or  the  exercise  of  charily. 
2.  Liberality  to  the  poor. 

CHAU'I-TA-BLY,  adv.  Kindly  ;  liberally  ;  benevo- 
lently ;  with  a  disposition  to  help  the  poor  ;  favorablv. 

CHAR'I-TY,  Ji.  [Fr.  charitc;  L.  charitas,(^T  eariias : 
\V.  cariad  :  Sp.  caridad ;  Port,  caridade ;  It.  atritd, 
caritade.  Qu.  Gr.  \noti.  The  Latin  caritas  is  from 
cartLs,  dear,  costly,  whence  beloved  ;  and  the  word 
was  sometimes  written  charitas,  as  if  from  the  Gr. 
Xuoif.  The  Latin  cams  would  seem  to  be  from  the 
verb  careo,  to  want,  as  deamess  arises  from  scarcity. 
Of  this  we  have  an  example  in  the  English  dear, 
whence  dearth,  which  shows  the  primary  sense  of 
dear  to  be  scarce.  But  qu.  tile  Oriental  "^p^.  Class 
Gr,  \o,  5li.j 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  love,  benevolence,  good-will ; 
thai  dispositi<m  of  heart  which  inclines  men  to  think 
favorably  of  their  fellow-men,  and  to  do  them  good. 
In  a  theohijical  sense,  it  includes  supreme  love  to 
God,  and  universal  good-will  to  men.  1  Cor,  xiii. 
Col.  iii.     1  Tim.  i. 

2.  In  a  >nore  particular  sttise,  love,  kindness,  aftec- 
tion,  tenderness,  springing  from  natural  relations; 
as,  the  charities  of  father,  son,  and  brother.  Mdton. 

3.  LibenUily  lo  the  poor,  consisting  in  alins-givine 
or  benefactions,  or  in  gnituilous  services  lo  relieve 
Iheui  in  distress. 

4.  Alms ;  whatever  is  bestowed  gratuitously  on 
the  poor  for  their  relief. 

5.  Libemlity  in  gifts  and  services  lo  promote  pub- 
lic objects  of  utility,  as  lo  found  and  support  Bible 
societies,  missionary-  societies,  and  others. 

6.  Candor  ;  liberality  in  judging  of  men  and  tlioir 
actions;  a  disposition  which  inclines  men  lo  think 
and  judge  favorably,  and  lo  put  the  best  constniciion 
on  words  and  actions  which  the  case  will  admit. 

The  liighest  excrose  of  charily  is  chajiiy  tov-wl  ihc  aiKUiritt- 

bit'.  Buotour-flrr.         I 

7.  Any  act  of  kindness  or  benevolence;  as,  the 
charities  of  life. 

8.  A  charitable  instiiution.  D.  TTehster.       \ 
Sisters  of  charity,  in  the  Roman  Catholic  church,  are 

an  order  or  society  of  fi-males  whose  office  is  to  at- 
tend the  sick. 
CH.\R'I-TV-SeHOOL  is  a  school  mainl-imed  by  rol- 
untar\'  contributions  for  educating  poor  children. 


TONE,  B^JLL,  IJNITE AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS C  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


CHA 


CIIA 


CHA 


CUARK.  c.  (.    (Uu.  e*«r,  01  Ch.  l-in,  Ar.  Oy=»- »«- 

[Mt  uicd.]     [See 

Cmk~l'-rA-KP,  (sliar-c-vo-roe',)  n.    [Fr.l    A  mock 
'     'utiles,  tin  noms.&c, 


charla- 
L.  s'^- 


rtika,  I"  bum.; 

To  bum  to  a  coal ;  to  cnor. 
Char.] 
IUH/-y ,  ,  ,     ,..    , 

aemiiide  of  Ji'*coriIiinl  music,  kettleSv 
draiBiii'il  K.  annoy  and  iusull.     It  woa  at  Aral  direct 
id  aeuinst  wiiliiwi  who  niarriiHl  a  eecoiiil  Mm;  at  nil 
advanced  agi' ;  but  is  now  citindi'd  to  oilier  occu- 
sioiiH  of  iuH:liirii:il  .'iiinovunco  and  insult. 

CH*KL'A-T.\.S,C»liaii  atan,)  1-     [Kr.,  from  It.  ciar- 
tatanu,  n  )|mitk,  from  eiarltire.  to  pnile  i  Hp. 
Ian,  from  rharlur,  to  [irato  ;  I'orl.  charUr,  id. 
ru.V,  A'<irri(»;  Cr.  J  r).»i'(j,] 

One  who  pralcK  much  in  liU  own  favor, and  makes 
unwarraiilablu  prctcnaious  to  skill ;  n(|uack  ;  an  cm- 
nine  ;  a  mountebank.  Bromi.     BalUr. 

ClURL-ATA.N'ie-AL,  a.  QuBckisli ;  making  uu- 
due  prctinsi.ins  to  skill;  Igiiortinl.  Coiclry. 

CUXllL-A.I'AN'KJ-AL-LY,  adu.  .Mlet  tlio  manner 
.if  a  eliarlatim. 

Cllvltl.'A-T.V.N-UY,  (sliirl'a-lan-r>-,)  n.  Undue  pro- 
it  iisiuns  to  skill  i  quackery;  wheedling;  deception 
by  fair  words.  ,       Jahnaon. 

CIIX1U,ES'S-\V.^I.V,  «.  [Charles,  Celtic  karl,  a  m.an, 
or  rustic     See  \V.iis.] 

In  iLilrommy,  seven  sUirs,  more  commonly  called 
the  /)n.;irr,in  lllu  constellation  called  Ursn  Major,  or 
the  Ureal  Hear.  Knci/c. 

[The  word  seems  to  denote  the  Tiulic'a  warn,  or 
waeon,  •■^u  called  from  its  shape  ;  the  four  stars  cor- 
responding to  the  body,  and  the  otlicr  Uirco  to  the 
tongue  or  neap. —  £J.]  . 

CIIXK'I.Ol'K,  II.  [Sax.  ccr/i«.  tcac,  in  Saxon,  is  a 
Itck :  but  the  same  word  occurs  ill  hemlock,  and  it 
prubablv  signilles  a  plant  or  root.] 

The  English  name  of  the  Uaphanus  Raphaiilslrum, 
and  Siiiapia  arvensis,  very  pernicioiis  weeds  among 
grain.  One  kinil '  .^yellow  llowers;  another,  while, 
with  jointed  p..d^  ^c.    Kiuyc. 

Cll.Xit.M,  ".  ['■'r*  eharme;  Nonn.  eartne,  or  ffarmr: 
Arm.  dtalm ;  L.  c<irra«n,  tt  song,  a  verso,  an  outcry,  a 
cliium.  Il  coincides  with  tlio  VV.  garm,  an  outcry, 
garmiaie,  to  shout.  Sax.  cirni,  or  cijrm,  outcry,  noise. 

1.  Words,  characters,  or  other  things  imagined  to 
poSLS^rflii  Home  occult  or  uiiiiit'-lligible  [lower  ;  hence, 
a  magic  power  or  s|k'I1,  by  which,  with  the  supposed 
assUtnnctf  of  the  devil,  witches  and  sorccrors  have 
been  siiplioscd  to  do  wonderful  things.  Spell ;  en- 
chantment.    Hence, 

2.  That  which  has  power  to  subdue  opposition, 
and  gain  the  allections  ;  that  which  can  pleaso  irre- 
sistibly ;  that  which  delights  and  attracts  Uie  heart; 
generally  in  the  plural. 

Tlir  iiiii;^  of  natur,^  and  Um  eSarmi  of  mt.  Addison. 

CtOotUvfool  oii\y  IrMiy^  chanru  to  hA  Pop4. 

CII.\R>I,  r.  (.  To  subdue  or  control  by  incantation  or 
secret  influence. 

I  wit!  ienj  ■cr^J.iiU  among  you  —  wluch  wUl  not  be  diarmtd.  — 
Jcr.  »iii. 

2.  To  subdue  by  secret  power,  especially  by  that 
which  pleases  and  deligbu  the  mind ;  to  allay  or  ap- 
pease. 

Miuk  die  flciwst  grler  can  therm.  Pope. 

3.  To  give  exfluisite  plea-sure  totlie  mindorscn.sefi ; 
to  delight ;  as,  wo  were  charmed  witli  the  conver- 
sation. 

Tb:  arrial  ioii*iter  d\armt  m  wiUi  licr  mclo<liou»  Dole*.  ^Inon. 

4.  To  fortify  with  charms  against  evil. 

I  Lr-ar  a  rharoud  \ik,  wtiich  niiul  not  yield. 
[JVut  in  iue.1 

5.  To  make  powerful  by  charms, 
(i.  To  summon  by  incantation.     Suik. 
7.  To  teni|ier  agreeably. 

CHARM,  c.  i.    To  si^unil  iiarmoniciilly. 

CIIAR^^IA,  n.    A  fish  resembling  the  sea-wolf. 

CllAlt.M'fJt),   pp.  or   a.      Subdued   or  defended 
ch.iniis  ;  delighted  ;  enclinntcd. 

CIIXK.M'EU,  n.  One  that  charms,  or  has  power  to 
charm  ;  one  that  uses,  or  has  the  power  of  enchant- 
ment.    Drut.  .xviii.  11. 

2.  One  whn  delights  and  attracts  the  allections. 
CIIAR.M'ER-ESS,  n.  .\n  incli;intress.  CAaurrr. 
ClIARM'FJ^'L,  a.  .\bt>unding  with  charms.  Cwic/cy. 
CUAR.M'LNG,  ^;7r.     Using  charms  ;  enchanting. 

3.  a.  Pleasing  la  the  highest  degree ;  delighting. 

Miuic  la  but  an  etefnnt  anj  tJiarminf  apron  of  elocotiou. 

E.  Porter. 

CIIAR>l'I.Nr>-LY,  adc.  Delightfully  ;  in  a  manner  to 
charm,  or  to  give  delight. 

S!k  imiled  rery  eharmingly.  Addinn. 

CHARM'ING-.NESS,  n.  The  power  to  please.  Johnson. 
CIIAR.M'LESS,  0.    Destitute  of  charms.  Sxift. 

CIIAR-.Ni;'eO,  »,     A  sort  of  sweet  wine.  Shak. 

CIIXR'.N'EL,  a.     [Fr.  charnrt,  carnal,  tieshly  ;  charnier, 

a  charnel-bonse,  a  larder ;  Ann.  cameil ;  Sp.  enmero  ; 

It.  camiiio;  L.  eamaiii,  carnal,  frolf.  'Mro,  llesh.] 
Containing  Hesh  or  carcas.-i4.>3.  Miiton. 


Shak. 

Johnson. 

Johnson. 

Spenser. 

MlUon. 


by 


CllX  R'.N"  ELr-lli  iL'SE,  n.  A  place  iiud.'r  or  n  ir  churrh- 
i-s,  where  the  bunes  of  the  dead  nro  rep'^.led.  .ii- 
cioiilly,  a  kind  of  (lortico  or  g:Uler.i ,  in  or  near  a 
churchyard,  over  which  the  bones  of  tlie  dead  were 
laid,  alter  the  flesh  was  consumed.  Eiicyc. 

eHA'lUi.V,  11.  [Gr.J  In  Mv"ui(iii'!i,  Iho  son  of  Erebus 
and  .N'ox,  whose  ollice  wa.s  to  ferry  the  souls  of  the 
deceased  over  ilio  waters  of  .\cheron  niiil  Styx,  for  a 
piece  of  monev. 

CIIARTIE,  (shor'po,)  n.    [Fr.]    Lint  for  dressing  o 

wound.  r  rt  1 

CIIA  RR,  II.    A  flsh,  a  siiecles  of  Salmo.    [See  Char.] 
CllX  It'KED,  (chlril,)  pp.  or  a.    [ftoin  char.]    Reduced 
to  coal. 

Charred  wood;  wood  whoso  outer  surface  is  car- 
bonized. 
CIIAR'RING,  ppr.     Reducing  to  coal;  depriving  of 

volatile  matter. 
CIIXR'RY,  a.    [See  CiiAB.]    Pertaining  to  charcoal ; 
like  clmrciial,  or  partaking  of  its  i|u.alitles.  Aacoisicr. 
CUART,  n.   [L.  charta,  the  same  us  Caiid,  which  sec.] 
An  liydrographicnl  or  marine  map ;  a  draught  or 
projection  on  paper  of  soin!'  part  of  the  earth's  super- 
ficies, with  the  consls,  isles,  rocks,  banks,  channols, 
or  entninccs  into  harbors,  rivers,  and  bays,  the  points 
of  compass,  soundings  or  deplli  of  water,  &c.,  to  reg- 
ulate the  courses  of  ships  in  their  voyages.      Tile 
term  chart  is  applied  to  a  marine  map ;  mu;i  is  applied 
to  a  draught  of  some  iwrtion  of  land. 

A  ;i/a'ic  churl,  is  a  representation  of  some  part  of 
the  superlicies  of  the  globe,  in  which  the  meridians 
are  supposed  parall.l  to  each  other,  the  parallels  of 
latitude  at  equal  distances,  and  of  course  the  degrees 
of  latitude  imd  longitude,  arc  every  where  equal  to 
earh  other. 

MrreiUor's  rhart ;  a  chart  constructed  on  the  prin- 
ciple of  .Mercator's  [irojection.    (See  Piiojr.eTioN-.l 

Olobiilar  chart !  a  chart  coiistruited  on  a  globular 
projection.     [See  Puojkctiov.] 

SeleuoirrapJuc  charts,  re[ire3enl  tile  spots  and  appear- 
ances of*the  moon. 

7'o^of  m/i/iicc/mrfs,  are  (Irauglltsof  particular  places 
or  small  parts  of  the  earth.  Eitajc. 

CHAR-TA'UEOOP,   (shus,!  a.      Uescmbling  jiaper ; 

quite  oiiaque,  like  most  leaves.  Lindlcii. 

ClIARTE,  (sh;irt,)  II.    The  constitution  or  fundamen- 
tal law  of  the  French  monarchy,  as  ealablished  on 
the  restoration  of  Louis  XVIII.,  in  1811.      Brande. 
ClIAR'TER,  71.     [Fr.  charlre,  from  L.  dmrta.     See 
Card.] 

1.  A  written  instmment,  executed  with  usual  forms, 
given  as  evidence  of  a  grant,  contmct,  or  whatever 
is  done  between  man  and  man.  In  its  more  usual 
sen-se,  it  is  the  instrument  of  a  grant  conferring  pow- 
ers, rights,  and  privileges,  either  from  a  king,  or 
other  sovereign  power,  or  from  a  private  person  ;  as, 
a  charter  of  exemption,  tliat  no  person  shall  be  iinpan- 
neled  on  a  jurv  ;  a  diartcr  of  pardon,  &.C.  The  char- 
ters, under  which  most  of  tile  colonies  in  America 
were  settled,  were  given  by  the  king  of  England,  and 
inconiorated  certain  persons,  with  powers  to  liohi  tlie 
lands  granted,  to  establish  a  government,  anil  make 
laws  for  their  own  regulation.  These  were  called 
charter  governments. 

2.  Any  instruincnl,  executed  with  form  and  so- 
lemnity, bestowing  rights  or  privileges.  SoaOi. 

3.  Privilege  ;  immunity  ;  exemption. 

My  nioOicr, 
Who  li:i»  a  charter  to  extol  lier  bbixl, 
Wlicu  ihc  duea  pitiijc  Inc,  grieves  nie.  Shak, 

CHAR'TER,  r.  t.    To  establish  by  charter. 

Buchanan. 
2.  To  hire  or  let  a  ship  by  charter.  [See  Chabter 
Party.] 

CHAR'TER-LAND,  n.  Land  held  by  charter,  or  in 
socage.  Cii*«. 

CHAR'TER-PXU'TY,  n.  [Ft.  chartc-partie,  ti  divided 
charter,  from  the  practice  of  culling  the  instrument 
in  two,  and  giving  one  pari  to  each  of  the  contract- 
ors.] 

In  commerce,  an  a<jreement  respecting  the  hire  of  a 
vessel,  and  the  freiglit.  This  is  to  be  sii;ncd  by  tlie 
proprietor  or  master  of  the  ship,  and  by  the  merchant 
who  hires  or  freights  it.  It  must  contain  the  name 
and  burden  of  the  vessel,  the  names  of  the  master 
and  freighter,  the  price  or  rate  of  the  freight,  the  time 
of  loading  and  unloading,  atld  oilier  slipulated  con- 
ditions. Encyc. 

ClIXR'TER-ED,  pp.  or  a.  Granted  by  charter;  as, 
chartered  rights  ;  chartered  power.  D.  Ramsntj. 

2.  Invested  with  privileges  by  charter  ;  privileged. 

3.  Hired  or  let,  as  a  ship.  [Shak. 
CIIAR'TER-IN'G,  ppr.    Giving  a  charter;  establishing 

S.   Miring  or  letting  bv  charter.  [by  charter. 

CIIART'IS.M,  n.  [from  charter.]  In  Kngtaail,  the 
principle  of  a  political  party  who  desire  universal 
8ufl"rage,  the  vote  bv  ballot,  annual  parliaments,  and 
other  radical  reforms,  as  set  forth  ill  a  document 
called  lliv  people's  charter.  P.  Cyc. 

CIIAK  T'lST,  71.  One  infected  with  chartism,  or  radi- 
cal principles. 

ClIAKT'LESS,  a.  Without  a  chart ;  of  which  no  chart 
has  been  made  ;  not  delineated  on  paper :  as,  the 
chartless  main.  r^rhw. 


CHAR-rli:USE',  (shilr-trooie',)  n.  [Fr.|  .\  cele- 
brated i; -'■  ry  of  Carthusians,  in  the  mouiilains 

of  Uaiiiihilly,  111  France.  The  regulations  are  ex- 
ceedingly severe. 

ClIART'lJ-LA-IlY,  II.     [Fr.  ehartnlaire     See  Carto- 

LAHY.] 

All  olTicer  in  the  ancient  Latin  4iurcli,  who  hud 
the  care  of  charters  and  other  papers  of  a  public  na- 
ture. Blackslone  uses  this  word  for  a  record  or  regis- 
ter, as  of  u  monastery. 

CIIAR'Y,  a.    [Sax.  tMri^r.    See  Care.] 

Careful;  wary;  frugal.  Shah. 

CIIAS'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  bo  chased ;  lit  for  the 
chase.  Goieer. 

CHASE,  r.  (.  [Fr.  ehaeser  ;  Arm.  chajzeal ;  Sp.  rotor; 
Port,  eafflr  ;  It.  caeciare.  The  clemenls  are  Cg  or  Ck ; 
and  the  change  of  a  palalid  to  a  sibilant  reseiiibloii 
that  in  liraee.] 

1.  LitcruUij,  10  drive,  urge,  press  forward  with  vc- 
heinence  ;  henco.to  pursue  for  the  purpose  of  taking, 
as  game  ;  to  hunt. 

2.  To  pursue,  or  drive,  as  a  defeated  or  flying  ene- 
my.    Leo.  xxvi.  7.     Deal,  xxxii.  30. 

'3.  To  follow  or  pursue  as  ail  object  of  desire :  to 
pursue  for  the  purpose  of  taking ;  as,  to  cluise  a  sJiip. 
4.  To  drive  ;  to  pursue. 

ChnJied  by  tlicir  broUier'a  eitdleM  Tnnlic«.  KnOU*. 

To  chase  away,  is  to  compel  to  depart ;  to  disperse. 

To  chase  virtiils.    See  Enchase. 
CH^SE,  K.    Vehement  pursuit;  a  running  or  driving 
after,  as  game,  in  hunting;  a  Hying  enemy,  in  war; 
a  ship  at  sea,  &c. 

2.  Pursuit  Willi  an  ardent  desire  to  obtain,  as  pleas- 
ure, profit,  fame,  &c. ;  earnest  seeking. 

3.  Tlb-it  which  may  be  chased  ;  that  which  is  usu- 
ally taken  by  the  chase  ;  as,  beasts  of  c/i«.*c. 

4.  That  which  is  pursued  or  hunted  ;  as,  seelt 
some  other  cha-ne.  So,  at  sea,  a  ship  cliascd  is  called 
the  chase. 

r,    In  (am,  a  driving  of  cattle  to  or  from  a  place. 

r>.  An  open  ground,  or  place  of  retreat  for  deer  and 
other  wild  beasts  ;  dillering  from  a  forest,  which  U 
not  private  property,  and  is  invc.-ted  with  piivil.geij, 
and  from  a  park,  which  is  inclosed.  A  chase  ii  pri- 
vate property,  and  well  stored  with  wild  boasts  or 
game. 

7.  [Fr.  chassc!  Sp.  coxa;  It.  cM.ia.  Sec  Caie  and 
Cash.]  An  iron  frame  used  by  printers  to  confine 
types,  when  set  in  columns  or  pages. 

8.  A  wide  groove. 

9.  Cluise  of  a  gnn  ;  the  forward  jiart,  from  the  trun- 
nions to  the  swell  of  the  inoulh.   I'ark's  Pantiilogy. 

10.  A  term  in  the  game  of  tennis. 
Chase  guns;  in  a  ship  of  war,  guns  used  in  chasing 

an  enemy,  or  in  defending  a  ship  when  chased.  These 

ilave  their  ports  at  the  head  or  stern. 
CI1.\S'ED,  (cliast,)  pp.  or  a.     Pursued  ;   sought  ar- 

dentlv  ;  driven  ;  embossed. 
CIIAS'ER,  71.    One  who  chases ;  a  pursuer ;  a  driver; 

a  hunter. 

2.  A  term  applied  to  guns  at  the  head  and  stem  of 
a  vessel,  for  firing  when  in  cliasc.  Brande. 

3.  An  eiicliasur.     [.See  En-chase.] 
CIIAS'I-liLE.     Sec  Chasuiile. 
CIIAS'I.N'G,  ;)/ir.    Pursuing;  driving;  hunting;  em- 
bossing on  metals. 

CIIaS'ING,  71.    The  act  or  art  of  embossing  on  metals. 
eilASM,  (kazni,)  n.     [Or.  xaaaa,  L.  chasma,  from  Gr. 
Xao),  \arjKoi,  x'l'i'W,  to  open.] 

1.  A  cleft  ;  a  fissure  ;  a  gap  ;  properly,  an  opening 
made  by  disrupturc,  as  a  breach  in  the  earth  or  u  rock. 

2.  A  void  space  ;  a  vacuity. 

Between  ihe  two  proponiliom,  that  die  gospel  is  tnie,  nnil  thai  It 
is  fiils^,  what  a  learlul  cliatm  I  Tlic  unseujeil  reason  liorcn 
over  it  in  tiiaiiwy.  D^ckmntUr. 

eHASM'BD,  (kazmd,)  a.    Having  gaps  or  a  chasin. 

eilASJI'Y,  a.    Abounding  with  chasms. 

CIIAS'SE-I.AS,  71.     A  sort  of  grape. 

CHAS'SEUR,  Cslfis'siiur,)  7i.  [Fr.,  a  huntsman.]  In 
military  affairs,  one  of  a  body  of  cavalry,  liglil  and 
active,  trained  for  rapid  movements. 

CHASTE,  a.  [Fr.  clmste:  .Vrm.  cAo-rt:  It.  Sp.  and  Port 
rii.^Io  ,■  from  L.  castas.  Sax.  case,  I),  kalisch,  G.  kernel, 
Sw.  kysk,  Russ.  clUstei,  are  probably  from  the  same 
root.  'Qu.  Ir.  caidlu  1  suppose  tlie  primary  sense  to 
be,  separate,  from  tlie  Oriental  practice  of  sciiucster- 
ing  females.  If  so,  castas  accords  with  the  root  of 
castle,  W.  ctts :  and,  at  any  rale,  the  word  denotes 
purity,  a  sense  taken  from  separation.] 

1.  Piue  from  all  unlawful  commerce  of  sexes.  .Ap- 
plied to  persons  before  marriage,  it  signifies  pure  iroin 
all  sexual  commerce,  iindefilcd  ;  applied  to  named 
persons,  true  to  the  marriage  bed. 

2.  Free  from  obscenity. 

Wliilo  they  behold  your  c.'jnste  conveisatioii.  —  1  Pel.  ill. 

3.  In  language,  pure ;  genuine ;  nncornipt ;  free 
from  barbarous  words  and  phrases,  and  from  quaint, 
aflt'cteii,  extravagant  expressions. 

CHASTE'-E5-£D,  f-ide,)  a.     Having  modest  eyes. 

Collins. 
CIIASTE'-TREE,  7i.    The  Agnus  casfus,  or  Vlter  ;  n 
tree  that  grows  to  the  bight  of  eight  or  ten  feet,  pro- 


FJTE,  FAR,  FALL,  WII^T.  — MeTE,  PREY.— PI.NE,  MAKI.NE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  L.:VE,  MOVE,  \V(?LF,  BOOlv 
__ 


CHA 


CHK 


CHE 


ducing  spikes  of  flowers  at  the  end  of  every  strong 
shoot  in  autumn.  SiiiUer. 

CHaSTE'LV,  ado.  In  a  chaste  manner ;  without  un- 
lawful commerce  of  sexes  ,  without  obscenity  ;  pure- 
ly; witliout  barbarisms  or  unnatural  phrases. 

CHaS'T£X,  (chiis'n.)  v.  t,  [Ft.  chatier^  iox  diastier  ^ 
Arm.  eastien  :  Russ.  chischu.j 

].  To  correct  by  punishment ;  to  punish  ;  to  inflict 
pain  for  the  purpose  of  reclaiming  an  offender  ;  as, 
to  chasten  a  son  witii  a  rod. 

I  »-ill  cAasUn  him  wilh  the  rod  of  men.  —  2  Sara.  vii. 

9.  To  afflict  by  other  means. 

As  many  as  I  love  I  rebuke  and  chasten.  —  Rev,  iii. 
I  diastened  my  soul  willi  lasting.  —  Ps.  txix. 

3.  To  purify  from  errors  or  faults. 

CHaS'TA'X  -ED,  ychas'nd,)  pp.  or  a.  Corrected  ;  pun- 
ished ;  afflicted  lor  correction  ,  purified  from  faults. 

CHaS'T£\-ER,  71.  One  who  punishes  for  the  purpose 
of  correction. 

CHaSTE'NESS,  n.    Chastity;  puritj'. 

CHaS'T£N-I.VG,  ppr.  Correcting  j  afflicting  for  cor- 
rection. 

CHaS'TJEX-IXG,  n.  Correction  ;  suffering  inflicted 
for  the  purpose  of  reclaiming. 

No  diaslerdng  for  ihe  present  seemc^th  to  be  joyous,  but  jrievous. 

—  Heb.  xii. 

CHAS-TIS'A-BLE,  a.    Deserving  of  chastisement. 

Skcrwood. 

CHAS-TISE',  V.  t.  [Fr.  ckcttier;  Arm.  castiza.  tV-  in 
chaste^  castas.  The  Latin  casli^o^  Sp.  and  P  :  .  ,  <i- 
ffOTy  It.  gastigare,  are  formed  with  a  different  termi- 
nation. "We  have  dta^tise  from  the  Armoric  dialect.] 

1.  To  correct  by  punishing;  to  punish;  to  inflict 
pain  by  stripes,  or  in  other  manner,  for  the  purpose 
of  puoisiiing  an  offender  and  recalling  him  to  his 
duty. 

I  vUl  chastise  you  seven  times  Or  your  sin.  —  Lev.  xsvi. 

2.  To  reduce  to  order  or  obedience  ;  to  restrain ;  to 
awe ;  to  repress. 

Tlie  say,  s-xial  sense, 
By  decency  chasoicd.  T^oTTison. 

3.  To  correct ;  to  purify  by  expunging  faults;  as, 
to  chastise  a  poem. 

CHAS-TIS'£D,  (cha3-tlzd',)pp.   Punished  ;  corrected. 

CHAS'TISE-MENT,  (chas'tiz-ment,)  n.  [Fr-  chati- 
ment :  Arm.  ca-stiz :  from  chaste.] 

Correction;  punishment;  pain  inflicted  for  pun- 
ishment and  correctionj  either  by  stripes  or  other- 
wise. 

ShaJI  I  so  much  dishonor  my  foir  stars, 

On  equM  terms  to  ?ive  him  chaslisemenl  7  Shale. 

I  have  \x)n\e  chasasemeni ;  I  will  not  oil'eud  anymore — Job 

XX3iV. 

The  chastisement  of  oitr  peace,  in  Scripture^  was  the 
pain  which  Christ  suffered  to  purchase  our  peace  and 
reconciliation  to  God.    Is.  liii. 

CHAS-TIS'ER,  H.  One  who  chastises  ;  a  punisher  ;  a 
corrector. 

CHAS-TIS'ING,  ppr.  Punishing  for  correction ;  cor- 
reclir,?. 

CHAS'TI-TY,  71.  [L.  castitas ;  Fr.  eliastete;  Sp.  castl- 
dad;  \U  castitd;  from  L.  ca.-^u=t,  chaste.] 

1.  Purity  of  the  body  ;  freedom  from  all  unlawful 
commerce  of  sexes.  Before  jnan-iagCy  purity  from  all 
commerce  of  sexes ;  after  marriage^  fidelity  to  the 
marriage  bed. 

a  Freedom  frora  obscenity,  as  in  Janguage  or  con- 
versation. 

3.  Freedom  from  bad  mixture ;  purity  in  words  and 
phrases. 

4.  Purity ;  unadulterated  state ;  as,  the  chastity  of 
the  gospel.  Gibbon. 

CHAS'T-BLE,  n.  In  the  Roman  Catholic  churchy  an 
outward  vestment  worn  by  the  priest  in  saying 
mass,  having  a  large  embroidered  or  gilt  cross  on 
the  back,  and  a  pillar  in  front,  designed  to  be  em- 
blematical of  Christ's  sufferings. 

CHAT,  r.  i.  [G.  kosciiy  to  talk,  or  prattle  ;  Jr.  ceailach, 
talkative;  ceadac,  a  story  or  narrative;  ?p.  cotorra,  a 
magpie  ;  eotorrera,  a  hen-parrot,  a  talkative  woman  ; 
Gr.  K'j>rt\Xf.>,  to  prate;  D.  hoetere/ij  to  jabber,  and 
kwetlrrerty  to  chatter;  hontrrt,  id.] 

1.  To  talk  in  a  familiar  manner  ;  to  talk  without 
form  or  ceremony.  Mdton.    Dryden. 

2.  To  talk  idly  ;  to  prate.  Johnson. 
CHAT,  V.  L     To  talk  of.     [.Vof  in  7tse.]  Sfmlc. 
CHAT,  ru    Free,  familiar  talk  ;  idle  talk  ;  prate. 
CHAT.  n.    A  twig,  or  little  stick.     [See  Chit.] 
CHAT-EAU',  (shat-to',)  n.     [Fr.,  a  castle.    See  Ca3- 

tleJ    A  castle  ;  a  seat  in  the  countrj*. 
CHAT'E-LET,  (shat'e-let,)  v.  A  little  castle.  Chambers. 
CHAT'EL-LA-.\Y,  n.     [Fr.  chatcl!enie.] 

The  lordship  or  jurisdiction  of  a  castellan,  or  gov- 
ernor of  a  castle,     [See  CA3TELL\:»r.] 
CHA-T0Y'A.\T,  a.     [Fr.  chnt,  cat,  and  (eH,  eye.] 

Havmg  a  changeable,  undulating  luster,  or  color, 
like  that  of  a  cat's  eye  in  the  dark. 
CHA-TOY'ANT,  n.  A  hard  stone,  a  little  transparent, 
which,  being  cut  sniooth,  presents  on  its  surface  and 
in  the  interior  an  undulating  or  wavy  light.  It  is  of 
a  yellowish-gray  color,  or  verging  to  an  olive-green. 
It  rarely  exceeds  the  size  of  a  filbert. 

DieU  of  J\raL  Hist. 


CHA-TOY'MENT,  71.  Changeable  colors,  or  changea 
bleness  of  color,  in  a  mineral ;  play  of  colors. 

Cleaceland 

CHAT  PO-T.\'ToES,  7t.pl.  Small  potatoes  fit  only  for 
pigs,  &c.  Brande. 

CHAT'TAH,  H.     In  [ndia^  an  umbrella. 

CHAT'TED,  pp.  Talked  familiarly,  or  on  light  sub- 
ject^^ 

CHAT'TToL,  (chat'l,)  n.  [See  Cattle.]  Primanhj, 
any  article  of  movable  goods.  In  viodem  usage,  the 
word  chattels  comprehends  all  goods,  movable  or  im- 
movable, except  such  as  have  the  nature  of  freehold. 
"  Chattels  are  real  or  personal.  Chattels  real,  are  such 
as  concern  or  savor  of  the  realty,  as  a  term  for  years 
of  land,  wardships  in  cliivaliy,  the  next  presentation 
to  a  church,  estates  by  statute  merchant,  elegit,  and 
the  like.  Chattels  personal,  are  things  movable,  as 
animals,  furniture  of  a  house,  jewels,  corn,  &c." 

Blaclcstone. 

CHAT'TER,  V.  i.  [See  Chat.]  To  utter  sounds  rap- 
idly and  indistinctly,  as  a  magpie  or  a  monkey. 

9.  To  make  a  noise  by  collision  of  llje  teelli.    We 
say,  the  teeth  chatter,  when  one  is  chilly  and  sJiiver- 
ing. 
3.  To  talk  idly,  carelessly,  or  rapidly  ;  to  jabber. 

CHAT'TER,  71.  Sounds  like  those  of  a  pie  or  monkey  ; 
idle  talk. 

CHAT'TER-BOX,  n.     One  that  talks  incessantly. 

CHAT'TER-ER,  ;;.     A  prater;  an  idle  talker. 

•J.  A  name  given  to  some  species  of  dentirostral 
birds,  from  tlicir  loud  and  monotonous  notes.  They 
feed  chiefly  on  berries.  Sicaitisov. 

CHAT'TER-IXG,  ppr.  or  a.  Uttering  rapid,  indistinct 
sounds,  as  birds;  talking  idly;  moving  rapidly  and 
chushing,  as  the  teeth. 

CHAT'TER-ING,  n.  Rapid,  inarticulate  sounds,  as 
of  birds  ;  idle  talk  ;  rapiti  striking  of  the  teeth,  as  in 
chilliness. 

CH.'VT'TING,  ppr.     Talking  familiarly. 

CHAT'TY,  a.    Given  to  free  conversation  ;  talkative. 

CHAT'WOOD, /(.  Little  sticks  ;  fuel.  BaUejj.  Johnson. 

CHAUF'FER,  n.     [Fr.  chauffer,  to  heat.] 

\n  chemistrij,  a  small  furnace,  a  cylijidrical  box  of 
sheet  iron,  open  at  the  top,  with  a  grate  near  the  bot- 
tom. Fijfe. 

CHAU-MOxN-TELLE',  n.    [Fr.]     A  sort  of  pear. 

CHAUN,  H.     A  cap.     [A^oi  in  use.]     [See  Yawn.} 

CH  AUN,  V.  i.     To  open  ;  to  yawn.     [jVot  in  use.] 

CHAUNT.     See  Chant. 

CHAV'EN-DER,  /  rp-     r,  n 

CHEV'EN,  i"*     [F'- c/teyc5«c.] 

The  chub,  a  fish. 
CHAW,  V.  t,  [Sax.  ceoiean ;  D.  kaauwen  ;  G.  Icaucn  ;  Ir. 
ciignaini,  or  cognaim  ;  Ann.  jaoga,  or  chaguein ;  coin- 
ciding wilh  jatc,  which  in  Arm.  is  javcd,  gaved,  or 
chagdl,  and  as  cheek  and  jaw  are  often  united,  tliis 
word  coincides  with  Sax.  ccac^  ccoca.  It  is  most  cor- 
rectly written  and  pronounced  cltaio ;  but  chew  is 
deemed  most  elejrant.] 

1.  To  grind  with  the  teeth;  to  masticate,  as  food 
in  eating  ;  to  ruminate,  or  to  che\v,  as  the  cud. 

2.  To  ruminate  in  thought ;  to  revolve  and  consid- 
er.    [Obs.] 

CIIAW,  71.  [.\  different  spelling  of  jaw.  See  Chaw, 
sujtra.] 

1.  1  he  jav/.  Ezel:  xxix.  4.  But,  in  modeni  edi- 
tions of  the  Bible,  it  is  printed  jaw. 

9.  In  vulgar  language,  a  cud  ;  as  much  as  is  put  in 
the  mouth  at  once. 

CHAW'DRON,  V.     Entrails.  Shale. 

CHA W£D,  (chaud,)  pp.    Cliewed. 

CHAWING,  ppr.     Chewins. 

CHXY'-ROOT,  71.  The  rout  of  the  Oldenlandia  um- 
bellata,  used  in  giving  thi;  beautiful  red  to  the  31a- 
dras  cottons.  It  is  also  called  cltaija-root  and  choy- 
rout. 

CHii;AP,  a.  [Sax.  ceap,  cattle,  business,  or  trade,  a 
price,  a  pledge  or  pawn,  a  selling  any  tfung  that  may 
be  bought  or  sold  ;  ceapian,  cijpan,  to  buy,  to  sell,  to 
negotiate,  to  gain  ;  D.  koop,  a  bargain  or  purchase ; 
"tc  koop  zetten,"  to  set  to  sale  ;  "  goed  koop,"  cheap, 
good  purchase  ;  koopm,  to  buy  ;  G.  kaufen  ;  Dan.  ki- 
iiber ;  Sw.kapa;  Russ.  kupayu  ;  L.  canpo  ;  Eng.  to 
cheapen,  to  chaffer,  chap-man,  chap-book,  to  chop  and 
change.  The  sense  is,  a  purchase,  and  good  cheap  is 
a  good  purchase  or  bargain.  Hence,  probably,  omit- 
ting good,  we  have  cheap.] 

1.  Bearing  a  Idw  price  in  market ;  that  may  be 
purchased  at  a  low  price  ;  that  is,  at  a  price  as  low 
or  lower  than  the  usual  price  of  the  article  or  com- 
modity, or  at  a  price  less  than  the  real  value.  The 
sense  is  always  comparative  ;  for  a  price  deemed 
cheap  at  one  time  is  considered  dear  at  another. 

It  is  a  principle  wliich  the  progress  of  poliucal  science  liaa  clearly 
rsrahlished,  a  principfe  ihal  illustrates  at  onc<  the  wi&ilom  ol 
til-;  Creator  and  tJie  blindness  of  hmunn  cupidity,  Ih.U  ii  is 
cheaper  to  hire  the  labor  of  freemen  than  to  compel  lue  labor 
of  slavr>i.  L.  Bacon. 

9.  Being  of  small  value  ;  common  ;  not  respected  ; 
as,  cheap  beauty. 

Make  not  yourself  cheap  in  the  cyc5  of  the  world.  Anon. 

CHEAP,  n.  Bargain;  purchase;  as  in  the  phrases, 
good  cheap,  better  cheap ;  the  original  phrases  from 
which  we  lla^■e  cheap.     \Obs.] 


CIIJ":.\P'£N,  (chL-p'n,)c.  I.   {S^x.  ceapian.  SeeCnzAP, 
sup  raj 

1.  To  attempt  to  buy;  to  ask  the  price  of  a  com- 
modity ;  to  chaffer. 


To  shops  in  crowds  the  dangled  females  fly. 
Pretend  lo  tJienpen  gooU»,  but  tiothiu*;  buy. 


Sidjt 


2.  To  lessen  value.  Dryden. 

CHeAP'£N-£D,  (chSp'nd,)  pp.    Bargained  for;  beat 

down  in  price. 
CHkAP'£N-ER,  7(.    One  who  cheapens  or  bargains. 
CHeAP'^N-ING,  ppr.     Bargaining  for;  chaftcring; 

beating  down  the  price  of. 
CHkAP'ER,  a.  comp.     More  cheap  ;  less  expensive. 
CHkAP'EST,  a.  sjiperl.     Most  cheap  ;  least  costly. 
CHkAP'LY,  adv.    At  a  small  price  ;  at  a  low  rate. 
CHeAP'NESS,  7(.     Lowness  in  price,  considering  the 

usual  price,  or  real  value. 
CHeAR.    See  Cheer.  ^  ^  - 

CHeAT,  v.  t.  [Sax.  eeatt.  In  At.  c  .Xsi.  itA<idaa,  sig- 
nifies to  deceive, circuHivent,  seduce;  lo  fail,  to  hide, 
to  disguise,  to  defraud;  iL^3   kaida,  signifies  to 

deceive,  to  lay  snares;  Eth.  ijtidi  cAtet  or  Airt,  sig- 
nifies lo  ciieat,  to  deceive,  to  defraud.] 

1.  To  deceive  and  defraud  in  a  bargain ;  to  de- 
ceive for  the  purpose  of  gain  in  selling.  Its  proper 
application  is  to  commerce,  in  which  a  person  uses 
some  ails,  or  ntisrepres'^ntations,  or  withholds  some 
facts,  by  which  he  deceives  the  purchaser. 

2.  To  deceive  by  any  artifice,  trick,  or  device,  with 
a  view  to  gain  an  advantage  contrary  to  common 
honesty  ;  as,  to  cheat  a  person  at  cards, 

3.  To  impose  on  ;  to  trick.  It  is  followed  by  of  or 
out  of,  and  colloquially  by  into,  as  to  clieat  a  child  into 
a  belief  that  a  medicine  is  palatable. 

CHEAT,  V.  A  fraud  committed  by  deception  ;  a  trick  ; 
ijnposition  ;  iniposEure. 

2.  A  person  wJio  cheats;  one  guilty  of  fraud  by 
deceitful  practices. 

CHeAT'A-BLE-NESS,  77.    Liability  to  be  cheated. 

Hammond. 

CHeAT'-BREAD,  C-bred,);!.  Fine  bread  purchased, 
or_not  made  in  llie  family.     [Little  itsed.] 

CHeAT'ED,  pp.    Defrauded  by  deception. 

CHeAT'ER,  n.  One  who  practices  a  fraud  in  com- 
nierce. 

CHeAT'ING,  2>pr.  or  a.  Defrauding  by  deception; 
iinp'sin^  on. 

CHeAT'ING,  h.  The  act  of  defrauding  by  deceitful 
arts. 

C1IeAT'ING-LY,  adv.    In  a  cheating  manner. 

CHECK,  V.  t.  [Fr.  echec,  pi.  cchecs,  which  we  have 
changed  into  chess;  Sp.  xaque,  a  move  at  chess; 
xaque  dc  mate,  check-mate  ;  Port.  laque,  a  check  ; 
Tagoafe,  a  rebuke.  Sp.  and  Port.  xai]uima,  a  halter ; 
It.  scacco,  Ihe  squares  of  a  ciiess-board  ;  scacchi, 
chess-men  ;  scacco-tnat/o,  check-mate  ;  scarcato,  check- 
ered ;  Low  L.  scaccarium,  an  exchequer,  Fr.  cchi^uier ; 
G.  scJtach,  chess  ;  schackmatt,  check-mate  ;  D.  sdiaaky 
cJiess ;  sciiaaJi-mat,  clieck-mate ;  Dan.  skak,  chess, 
crooked,  curving  ;  skak-mat,  check-mate  ;  skakrer,  to 
barter,  chaffer,  chop  a?ul  change  ;  Sw.  scltach,  chess ; 
schuch-maU,  check-mate  ;  Russ.  scliach,  ciieck,  chess  ; 
sciiach-mat,  check-mate.  In  Spanish,  xaque,  zcque,  is 
an  old  man,  a  shaik,  and  laco,  a  jacket.    These  latter 

words  seem  tu  be  the  .Ar.  ^Lw  shaich,  or  -^Lii  ; 

the  latter  is  rendered  lo  grow  old,  to  be  old,  to  blame 
or  rebuke,  under  which  we  find  shaila  the  former 
signifies  to  use  diligence,  quasi  to  bend  to  or  apply  ; 
also,  to  abstain  or  turn  aside.    In  Arabic  we  find 

also  jXwvd  shakka,  to  doubt,  hesitate,  halt,  and  in 
Hebrew  the  same  wor<l  l^cr  signifies  to  still,  allay, 
sink,  stop  or  check,  to  obstruct  or  hedge:  T»^  a  hedse. 
Wq  liave,  in  these  words,  clear  evidence  of  the  njan- 
ner  in  which  several  modern  nations  express  the 

Sliemitic  C,  or  ji,.] 

1.  To  stop;  to  restrain;  to  hinder  or  repress;  to 
curb.  It  signifies  to  put  an  entire  stop  to  nuttion,  or 
to  restrain  its  violence,  and  cause  an  abatement ;  to 
moderate. 

2  To  rebuke  ;  to  chide  or  reprove.  Shak. 

3  To  compare  any  paper  with  its  counterpart  or 
with  a  cipher,  with  a  view  to  ascertain  its  authen- 
ticiry ;  to  compare  corresponding  papers;  to  control 
by  a  counter-register. 

4.  To  make  a  mark  against  names  in  going  over 
a  list. 

5.  In  seamanship,  to  ease  off  a  lillle  of  a  rop*%  which 
is  too  stiffly  extended  ;  also,  lo  st-ppcr  the  cablK. 

Mar.  Diet. 
CHECK,  V.  i.    To  stop  ;  to  make  a  stop  ;  wilh  qU 

The  mind  checkt  a',  aiiy  vigorous  undenaldn*.  Lackt. 


TX3NE,  BULL,  UNITE.  — A.\"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K ,  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


195 


CHE 


0   To  clash  ur  loterftrre. 


Baton. 
Drydem. 


3.  T  rrprritition. 
[7'^  are  Mjt  frtfuent.^ 

CHECK.".  A  'i"i>i  lumlorance;  rrbufT;  sudden  nv 
■iraint,  ur  canlinucd  rcstraml ;  curb  i  control ;  gov- 
emuitrnt. 

•J.  That  which  stopif  or  nstniins,  a--*  rcpruof,  ivpri- 
nmiul,  rrbuke,  nliKlit  ur  dwgii»t,  iViu,  upiirrhcn-ilon, 
a  person  ;  any  »tup  or  ub.iinirii(in.  CttrrfnJi'ti. 

X  A  mark  pni  ii'_'iiin''t  niuin-*  in  Roinj!  ovt-r  u  list. 

4.  A  lokfn  i;i\tru  to  nilroad  |»ui*«  nKt-rs,  stTVinc  to 
i,t  ntifv  th'-ni  iii  claiming  Iheir  luii-^nK'',  &c.     Also, 

.  -  iinliir  t4>krn,  to  identily  Ihiwtf  who  gu 
tn  Tt-iuni. 

r-i/,  when  a  hikwk  ror-i:ikes  her  proper 
I.  imIIi.w    nMiki),  pies,  or  othi'r  fowls,  tiiat 
.  f.  -•  li-r  in  ht-r  Might.  Bailey.     Knajc. 

<:  1  Jir  corrvjipon»ienl  cipher  of  a  bank  note;  a 
correiijtonding  indenture  ;  any  counter- register. 

John-ton. 
7.  A  term  in  chew,  when  one  purly  obliged  the 
other  eitlier  to  niuve  or  Runrd  hb:  king. 

e.  An  ord»-r  fur  money,  drawn  on  a  banker  or  on 
the  ca.'fhirr  of  a  tKuik,  payable  to  the  bearer. 
This  i*  a  senst-  derived  from  that  in  definition  6. 

0.  In  popular  use,  die<Xertd  cloth;  cA«A  for 
ektekercd. 

Cluck,  or  cAfeJc-rvU :  a  roll  or  book  runlainin:;  tlie 
names  of  penMinit  who  are  attendanbi,  and  in  the 
[lay  of  a  kin:;  or  gnat  itersonage,  as  (loniestic  ser- 
vants. Baiifi/      Etieye. 

Clfrk  ofthf  e\edt,  in  the  British  king's  houstjhold, 
hx-s  the  check  and  control  of  tlie  yt-omen  of  the 
i:  1  tr.i,  and  all  the  usht-ni  belunRin^  to  the  royal 
!    1,  : . ,  Uie  care  of  the  watch,  Alc.    Bailey.     Eneye, 

L  rii  f/Uu  cAfck:  in  the  British  royiil  dock-yards, 
M  an  odicer  who  keeiw  a  register  of  all  the  men  em- 
[doyed  on  board  his  majesty's  ships  and  vessels,  and 
of  all  tlu'  artificers  in  the  servicti  of  the  navy,  at  llie 
port  whtre  he  is  setlli-d. 

CHKCK'-BOQK,  a.  A  book  containing  blank  checks 
u\K>n  a  bank.  Buucier. 

I'liKrK'KU,  j  w*-     Slopped;   restrained;    repressed; 

CHl-CKT,      \     curbed;  moderated  ;  controlled  ;  re]>- 

nnialldrd. 

ClIKOK'ERj  r.  (.  [from  cA/ot,  or  perhaps  directly  from 
tlif  Kr.  cMi^Mifr,  a  clicss-board.  Norm.  <wcAf^b-,  or 
c-\^krr<,  exchequer.] 

1.  To  variegate  with  cross  lines;  to  form  into 
little  Miuares,  like  a  chess-bttard,  by  lines  or  stripes 
of  dilTtrent  colors.     Hence, 

SL  To  diversify  ;  to  variegate  with  different  qual- 
ities, scenes,  or  events. 

Oar  nuadi  ur,  m  b  wrrr,  ehecktrtl  wi'Ji  triil)i  and  fiilK^tood. 

Addisen. 

CHECK'ER,  n.  One  who  checks  or  restrains ;  a  re- 
buker. 

2.  A  chess-board. 

CHECK'ER,  \  n.    \Vork  varied  alternately  as 

CHECK'ER-WOKK,  1      to  its    colors   or   materials; 

Work  ronsistinc  of  cross  lines. 
CHEi'K'ER-iCD,  pp.  or  u.     Diversified  ;  variegated. 
CllKOK'ER;?,  ri.  pt.    Draughts;  a  common  gamu  on 

a  rht'ckere«l  board. 
CIlEl'K'ING,  ppr.     Stopping;  curbing;  restraining  ; 

MiiMi-'rating ;  controlling;  rebuking. 
CIiniK'LESS,  a.    That  can  not  be  checked  or  re- 

■^triiiifd. 
CHEiK'-MATE,  ti.     [See  Check.    Mate  is  from  the 

root  of  the  Sp.  and  Port,  matar,  to  kill.     .\r.  Ch.  Syr. 

Hcb.  Eth.  Sam.  n^o  motA^  to  die,  to  kill.] 
1.  Thf!  movement  in  the  game  of  chess,  which 

stops  all  further  moving,  and  ends  the  game. 
•J.  >'ixi*ra/ireiy,  defeat ;  overthrow.  Spejiser. 

CHECK'MaTE,   p.  f.    To  make  a  move  in   chess, 

which  stops  .-Ul  further  moving,  and  ends  the  game. 

Hence,  to  arre-t  and  defeat.  Sketton. 

CHECK'MaT-ED,  pp.    Stopped  in  the  game  of  chess. 
CUECK'M.\T-I\ti,  ppr.      .Making  a  last  move   in 

chess. 
CHECKS,  a.    A  term  applied  to  a  kind  of  checkered 

cloth,  as  ginghams,  plaidi«,  &.c. 
CHEUK'Y,  h.     In  heraiiry^  a  border  that  has  more 

than  two  rows  of  clncki  rs,  or  whtii  the  bordure  or 

sliM'ld  is  checkered,  like  a  chess-board.  Eacyc. 

CHEEK,  n.     {Sai    tenc^  ceoca  ;  H.kaak;  thii)  is  proba* 

lily  the  same  Word  as  jaw,  Fr.  jou^,  Arm.  ^aved,jarrd, 

ronnrci*  d  with  yiot^a,  rhaijuri,,^  to  chaw,  or  chew, 

for  the  words  cAm,  chrrk,  and  jaw,  are  confounded  ; 

inr  same  word   which,  in  on-'  diab-ct,  sigiiilk's  the 

cheek,  tn  another  xtgnilics  the  jaw.     Oena  in    Latin 

ii  the  Engli-ii  chin.] 

I.  Thc.-idc  of  the  facebelowthe  eyes  on  each  side, 
a.  Among  mechanics,  eJierk,*  are  those  pieces  of  a 

ninchtn'*.  or  other  kind  of  workman-hip,  which  form 

com-sjNindJng  sidt-s,  or  which  are  double  and  alike  ; 

as,  the  cheeks  of  a  print  ingpn-.^i,  which  stand  per- 

IM-ndicuLirand  sup|Nirt  the  three  somiiors,  the  head, 

sh'lvcs,  and  winter;  the  cXtrks  of  a  turner's;  lathe; 

the  eXetks  of  a  glazier's  vise  ;  the  chrrka  of  a  mortar, 

and  ftf  a  inin-carriage ;  the  cheeks  of  a  roast,  which 

serve  lo  sustain  the  tresUe-trces,  ice. 


CHE 

Cktek  bujifwl i  closeness;  proximity.        Btaum. 

CHEEK'-BONE,  m.    The  bone  of  the  cheek. 

CIIEEK'^:D,  (cheekt,)  a.    Brought  near  the  cheek. 

Cotton, 

CIIEEK'-TOOTH,  n.    Tlie  hinder  tooth  or  insk.  Jorl  \ 

CHEEP,  r.  (.    To  chirp,  as  a  small  bird.  [i.  U. 

CHEER,  r.  t.  [Fr.  rhire ;  Arm.  cArr,  cheer,  cnterUiin- 
ment ;  Ir.  -jairim^  to  call,  shout,  extol,  rejoice  ;  Gr. 
Xai<)w,  to  rejoice,  to  hail  or  salute.  The  primary 
MinM!  is,  to  call  out  or  shout,  as  in  joy  ;  a  tk-'nse  re- 
tained in  jovial  companies,  to  ^ve  cA«m,  and  among 
seamen,  to  salute  a  ship  by  cheers.  Orient.  Nip 
kara.Y 

1.  To  salute  with  shouts  of  joy,  or  cheer«,  or  with 
stamping  or  oilier  expressions  of  applause. 

2.  To  djspr-l  glo4un,  sorrow,  silence,  or  apathy  ;  to 
cause  to  rejoice  ;  to  gladden  ;  to  make  cheerful ;  as, 
to  cheer  a  lonely  desert ;  the  cheering  rays  of  the  sun  ; 
good  news  cheers  the  htart. 

a.  To  infuse  life,  spirit,  animation;  to  incite;  to 
encourage  ;  as.  to  cheer  the  hounds. 
CHEER,  r.  (.    To  grow  cheerful ;  to  become  gladsome 
or  Joyous. 

At  B^it  of  (bee  my  gloomy  soul  cheers  up.  Phiitips. 

Ctiter  up,  my  buU. 
CHEER,  n.  A  shout  of  joy  ;  as,  they  gave  three  cherrs. 
Also,  stamping,  or  other  expressi<)ns  of  applause. 

2.  A  state  of  gladness  or  joy  ;  a  state  of  animation 
above  gloom  and  depression  of  spirits,  but  below 
mirth,  gayety,  and  jollity. 

Son,  be  of  focKl  dteer;  Ihy  »iii»  are  Eorgiren  tli«.  — Matt.  U. 
Tliya  wciv  tJicy  nil  of  gw>ii  cheer,  aiul  llwy  al*o  took  »omc  meat. 
—  Act*  xxvii. 

3.  Mirth  ;  gayety  ;  jollity,  as  at  a  feast. 

4.  Invitation  to  gayety.  Stick. 

5.  Entertainment  ;  that  which  makes  cheerful ; 
provisions  for  a  feast.  Shak. 

Ttic  nbli;  w;iB  loaded  wilh  gooJ  ehttr.  Irmng. 

G.  Air  of  countenance,  noting  a  greater  or  less  de- 
gree of  cheerfulness. 

Ilii  wonli  tlirir  drooping  c^Mr 
Euli^jhtcncd.  JMLfton. 

CHEER' J!:D,  pp.    Enlivened  ;  animated  ;  made  glail. 
CHEER'ER,   n.    One  who  cheers;  he  or  that  which 
gladdeng. 

Thou  theercr  of  our  d^iys,  iroUon, 

Prime  duerer,  lighl.  Tlionitijn. 

CHEER'FIJL,  a.  Lively ;  animated  ;  having  good 
spirits  ;  moderately  joyful.  This  is  the  most  usual 
signification  of  the  word,  expressing  a  degree  of  an- 
imation less  than  mirth  and  jollity. 

2.  Full  of  life;  gay;  animated;  mirthful;  music- 
al ;  as,  the  eJucrftd  birds. 

3.  Expressive  of  good  spirits  or  joy ;  lively ;  ani- 
mated. 

A  mcrrr  henrt  nudcdh  a  dieer/ul  count^n .loce.  —  Prov.  xr, 

CHEER'FllLr-LY,  adv.  In  a  cheerful  manner;  with 
alacrity  or  willingness;  readily;  with  life,  anima- 
tion, or  good  spirits. 

CHEER'FIJL-\E:?S,  TU  Life;  animation;  good  spir- 
its ;  a  slate  of  moderate  joy  or  gayety  ;  alacrity. 

He  Dial  •howeiti  mercy,  wilL  cheer/ulnegg,  —  Rom.  xb. 

CHEER'I-LY,  tide.     With  cheerfulness  ;  with  spirit. 

CHEER'I-NE.S.S,  n.     Cheerfulness. 

CHiZER'IXG,  ppr.  or  a.    Giving  joy  or  gladness  ;  en- 

liveniiiL' :  encouraging;  nnimatiiig. 
CHEER'l.NG-LY,  adv.     In  a  cheerful  manner. 
ClIEEU'lSH-NESri,   n.     State  of  cheerfulness.     [JVbt 

in  u.sY.l  .Milton. 

CHEER'LE.SS,  a.    Without  joy,  gladness,  or  comfort ; 

gloomy  ;  destitute  of  any  thing  to  enliven  or  animate 

the  spirits.  SpeiLser. 

CHEER'LESS-NESS,  n.     Slate  of  being  drsiilute  of 

cheerfulness  or  comfort. 
CHKER'LY,  a.     Gay;  cheerful  ;  not  gloomy. 
CHEEIl'lA',  adv.    Cheerfully;  heartily;  briskly. 
CUHCRTP,  ;  V.  t.     Tc  make"elieerful ;  to  enliven  ;  to 
CHIR'Rirp,   i      chirp.     [CoWoyuio/.]         Dr.  aiajnc. 
CHEER'Y,  a.   Gay  ;  sprightly  ;  having  power  to  make 

gay- 

Come,  let  lu  liie,  and  n\iaA  a  cheery  bowl.  Gay. 

CHEESE,  n.  [Sax.  cc,s-r,  or  ey.ic;  It.  cais ;  W.  caws; 
Corn,  kcs  ;  Arm.  cans ;  L.  casctts ;  Sp.  queso ;  Port. 
oueijo ;  D.  kaas ;  G.  kdfc ;  Basque,  gasna,  or  gazta. 
The  primary  sense  is  to  curdle,  to  congeal,  from  col- 
lecting, drawing,  or  driving ;  \V.  disiaic,  to  curdle. 
Perhaps  it  is  allied  to  squeeze.'] 

1.  'J'he  curd  of  milk,  coagulated  usually  by  rennet, 
separated  from  the  serum  or  whey,  and  pressed  in  a 
vat,  hoop,  or  mold. 

2.  A  mxss  of  pomace  or  ground  apples  placed  on  a 
press.  Kiiciic  of  Dum.  Kcoii. 

CIIEESE'-CaKE,  n.  A  cake  made  of  soft  curds,  su- 
gar, and  butler.  Prior. 

CIIEESE'-MO\"GER,  (-mung'ger,)  n.  One  who 
deals  in  i)r  sells  cheese.  B.  Joiwon. 

CHEESE'-PaR-LN'G,  n.  The  rind  or  paring  of  cheese. 

Dcaum, 

CIIEESE'-PRESS,  n.  A  press,  or  engine  for  pressing 
curd  in  the  making  of  cheese.  Qay. 

CHEE5E'-REN-\ET,  ti.  A  plant,  ladies'  bcd-Btraw, 
Galium  verum. 


CHE 

CHEESE'-VAT,  w.  The  vat  or  case  in  wiiich  curds 
are  confined  lor  pressing.  QlanvilU, 

CHEES'Y,  a.  Having  the  nature,  qualities,  tasio,  or 
form  of  cheese. 

CHEF-irtKUVRE,  (shef-doov'r,)  n.  [Fr.]  A  ma»- 
ter|>iece  or  performance  in  arts,  ^c. 

ci'eg'oe;  I  "■   [^''-  ''"■''""''  "'"""■J 

A  tropical  insect,  that  enters  thb  skin  of  the  fei-t 

antl  nmliiplies  incredibly,  causing  an  itching.  Entyc^ 
It  is  written,  also,  chiggcr,  chigoe,  jigger. 
CHEI  lidP 'ri:K,H.  [[Gr   x£'«,  the  hand,  and 

€HEI  UiiP'TEK  A,  ii.pl.  )      rj-cpoi/,  wing.] 

Ti  riii-i  applied  to  aniinids  whose  anterior  toes  are 

connetii;d  by  a  membrane,  and  whose  feet  thus  ser\'o 

for  wings,  as  the  hat.  Lunier. 

€HEI-ROP'TER-OUS,   a.     Belonging  to  the  Cheirop- 

lera. 
CHEI-RO-THK'RI-UM,  «.    [Gr.  x^o,  hand,  and  On- 

plot',  benst.]     An  animal  whose  footsteps  alone  have 

been  found  in  Germany.    It  is  aometinics  .^pelt  c/ii'ro- 

therium. 
CHEIC  O'A,  Tt.    The  Chinese  iKtrcehiin  clay. 
CllEL'I-DON,  n.     [Gr.]     A  brown  fly  with  silvery 

wings. 
em:  LIF'ER-OUS,  a.   [Gr.  xnM^  a  daw,  and  L  /cr.», 

to  bear.] 

Furnished  with  claws,  as  an  animal. 
eilEL'l-FORM,  a.     [L.  chela,  a  claw,  and  form  ] 

Having  tht-  form  of  a  claw. 
CHK  Ld'i\I-A\,  H.    )  [Gr.  xtXutvr},  a  torloise.J  Terms 
CIIE-Lo'Nl-A,  H.  pi.  \      applied  to  animals  of  the  lor- 

toi^c  kind. 
CHE-LCNI-AN,  a.    Pertaining  to  or  designating  ani< 

mals  of  the  tortoise  kind. 
CHK'LY,  (kC-'le,)  n,     [L.  chela;  Gr.  xn)^n,  a  claw.] 
I'he  claw  of  a  shell-fish.  BroirH. 

€HEM'ie-AL,  (kim'i-kal  or  kem'i-knl.)    [See  Cmkm- 

iBTRY.]     Pertaining  to  chemistry;  as,  a  chemical  op 

enition. 

2.  Resulting  from  the  operation  of  the  principles 
of  bodies  by  decomposition,  combination,  &.c. ;  as, 
chemical  changes. 

3.  According  to  the  principles  of  chemistry* ;  as,  a 
chemical  combination. 

€I1EM'I€J-.'\L-LY,  fliiu.    According  to  chemical  prin- 
ciples ;  by  chemical  process  or  operation. 
CHE-MJSE',  (she-mez',)  n.    [Ft.  chemiise  ;  It.  cainise, 


caimis ;  Sp.  camisa ;  It.  camicia ;  Ar.  lj<1^^9  kamit- 

zoii;  ."Vmli.  id.] 
1.  A  shift,  or  undergarment,  worn  by  females. 
9.  A  wall  that  lines  the  face  of  any  work  of  earth. 

CHEM-I  SETTER  (shcm-e-zet',)  n.  [Fr.]  An  under 
garment,  worn  over  the  chemise. 

CHE.M'l.ST,  (kim'ist  orkem'ist,)  n.  A  persou  versed 
in  chemistry  ;  a  professor  of  chemistry. 

€HEM'IS-TRY,  (kim'is-lr>-  or  kem'is-try,)  n.  I'Fr. 
cJumie ;  Sp.  chimia :  IL  and  Port,  chimicu.  The 
Orthography  of  this  word,  from  its  derivation  and 
the  analogy  of  other    European  languages,  would 

properly   be  chimistry.      It   is  tlie  Arabic    Ijl^a^™* 


kimia^Wie  occult  art  or  science,  from 


kamai. 


to  conceal.  This  was  originally  the  art  or  science 
now  called  alchemy;  the  art  of  converting  baser 
metals  into  gold.  The  order  of  Diocletian,  directing 
search  to  be  made  for  books  treating  of  the  wonder- 
ful art  of  making  gold  and  silver,  and  all  that  should 
bo  found  to  be  committed  to  the  flames,  proves  the 
origin  of  this  art  to  be  as  remote  as  the  close  of  the 
third  century  ;  and  it  was  probably  somewhat  earlier. 
Gibbon,  ch.  13.  It  is  not  improbable  that  this  art  was 
used  in  counterfeiting  coins.  'I'he  common  orthogra- 
phy is  from  x^*^)  tt*  wi^'t  or  fuse  ;  the  old  orthography 
was  from  xvo,  the  same  word,  diderently  written  ; 
both  having  no  foundation  but  a  random  guess.  If 
lexicographers  and  writers  had  been  contented  to 
take  the  orthography  of  the  nations  in  the  south  of 
Europe,  where  the  origin  of  the  word  was  doubtless 
understood,  and  through  whom  the  word  was  intro- 
duced into  England,  the  orthography  would  have 
been  settled,  uniform,  and  corresponding  exactly 
with  the  pronunciation.] 

Chemistry  is  a  science,  the  object  of  which  is  lo 
discover  tlie  nature  and  projierties  of  all  bodies  by 
auHlysis  and  synthesis.  Maci/uer. 

Chemistry  is  that  science  which  explains  the  inli- 
niate  mutual  action  of  all  natural  bodies.  Fourcroy. 

Analysis  or  decomposition,  and  synthesis  or  combi- 
nation, are  tlie  two  methods  wliich  chemistry  uses  to 
accomplish  its  purposes.  Fourcroy.     Hooper. 

Chemistry  may  be  defined,  the  science  which  in- 
vestigates the  composition  of  material  subst-tiices, 
and  the  permanent  changes  of  constitution  which 
tlieir  mutual  actions  produce.  Urc. 

Chcmulry  may  be  defined,  that  science,  the  object 
of  which  is  to  discover  and  explain  the  changes  of 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MeTE,  PRBV.  — PItNE,  MARYNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQQK.- 

196 


CHE 

^(■luiKoltlon  lliat  occur  aniuns;  tlie  integrant  and  con- 

^iTtueni  rvirts  nf  diirerenl  bodies.  Hairy. 

CMnni^try  is  the  science  which  treats  of  those 

events  and  changes   in  namral    bodies   which  are 

not  accompanied  by  sensible  motions.      Thomson. 
Chemistry  is  justly  considered  as  a  science,  but  the 

pniclic.ll  operauons  may  be  denominated  an  art. 
Chrmistrp  relates  to  those  operations  by  which  the 

intimate  nature  oi  bodies  is  changed,  or  by  which 

they  acquire  new  properties.  Damj. 

CHEQUE.     See  Check. 
CHEU'UER.     See  Checker. 
CHER'IFF,  n.    Written  also  Sheriff.    The  prince  of 

Mecca  ;  a  high  priest  amon?  the  Mohammedans. 
CHER'ISH,  r.  £.     [Fr.  cJierir:  Aim.  dieri^za  ;  from  Fr. 

ther,  dear ;  W.  cir^  bounty ;  ctriatCy  to  pity,  to  cherish. 

See  Caress.] 

1.  To  treat  with  tenderness  and  affection  ;  to  give 
warmth,  ease,  or  comfort  to. 

We  xrere  fvnlJe  amon?  you,  even  as  a  uurse  cJteriiheth  hcr 
The  damsel  wa5  Ciir,  iiid  ckerished  tiie  kin^.  —  1  Kings  i. 

2.  To  hold  as  dear  ;  to  embrace  with  affection  ;  to 
foster  and  encourage  ;  as,  to  cherish  the  principles 
'.■(  virtue  ;  to  cherish  religion  in  the  heart. 

3.  To  treat  in  a  manner  to  encourage  growth,  by 
protection,  aid,  attendance,  or  supplying  nourish- 
ment ;  as,  to  cfieri^h  tender  plants. 

4.  To  harbor  ;  to  indulge  and  encourage  in  the 
mind ;  as,  to  cherish  ill-will,  or  any  evil  passioiu 

CHER'ISH-£D,  (cher%ht,)  pp.  or  a.  Treated  with 
tenderness  ;  wanned  ;  comforted ;  fostered. 

CHEIIISH-ER,  71.  One  who  cherishes ;  au  encour- 
ager ;  a  supporter. 

CHER'ISH-ING,  ppr.  Warming;  comforting;  en- 
couraging; fostering;  treating  with  affection. 

CHERISH-TNG,  n.     Support ;  encouragement. 

CHER'ISH-L\G-LY,  adv.  In  an  affectionate  or  cher- 
ishiu2  manner. 

CHER'ISH-MENT,  n.  Encouragement; comfort  [Obs,] 

€HER'MeS.     See  Kermes. 

CHE-ROOT',  7u  A  kind  of  cigar.  The  genuine  che- 
root is  from  Manilla,  in  the  Fhilippuie  I.^lands,  and  is 
hishiv  prized  for  the  delicacv  of  its  flavor. 

eHER-O-FOT'A-MOS,  n.  [Gr.  xotuos,  a  hog,  and 
:7oraftO';j  river.]  An  animal  of  the  order  of  pachy- 
demiata,  allied  to  the  hog,  now  extinct. 

CHER'RY,  Ti.  [Fr.  cerise:  L.  cerasius:  It.  ciriegia; 
Port,  cer^ ;  Sp.  cereza ;  Ann.  geresen  ;  D.  kars,  or 
krieJi :  G.  kirsche :  Sw.  kirsbar ;  Dan.  kirseb<Br :  so 
named,  it  is  said,  from  CerasiLs,  a  city  in  Pontus, 
near  the  Euxine,  whence  the  tree  was'imported  in- 
to Italy.] 

The  miit  of  a  tree,  a  species  of  Prunus,  of  which 
there  are  many  varieties,  as  the  red  or  garden  cherrj*, 
the  red-heart,  the  white-heart,  the  black  cherry,  the 
black-heart,  and  several  others.  The  fruit  is  a  pulp 
inclosing  a  kernel.  It  is  related  that  this  fruit  was 
brought  from  Cerasus,  in  Pontus,  to  Italy,  after  the 
defeat  of  Mithridates  by  Lucullus,  A.  R.  6S0,  and  in- 
troduced into  England  by  the  Romans,  about  120 
years  aften^ard,  A.  D.  55. 

Barbadoes  cherry,  is  the  genus  JIalpighia,  of  several 
species.  The  berries  are  red,  cherrj--shaped,  acid, 
and  eatable. 

Bird  cherry,  is  a  species  of  Prunus,  the  common 
laurel,  or  lauro-eerasus.  Lee. 

Also,  the  Planus  Padus.  Encyc. 

Cornelian  cherry  is  the  fruit  of  the  Comus,  cornel- 
tree,  or  dog-wood.  It  is  a  small,  acid,  cherrj--like, 
eatable  berr\'. 

Lhcarf  cherry,  is  the  fruit  of  a  species  of  Lonicera, 
or  honey-suckle. 

Hottmiot  cherry,  is  the  fruit  of  a  species  of  Cassine. 
The  fruit  is  a  trispermous  berry,  of  a  dark,  purple 
color. 

Winter  cherry,  is  a  name  of  the  fruit  of  the  Phy- 
salis,  a  genus  of  many  species.  It  is  a  berry  of  the 
size  of  a  small  cherry,  inclosed  in  an  inflated,  blad- 
der-like calyx.  This  name  is  also  given  to  a  species 
of  Solanum.  Fam.  of  Plants. 

CHER'RY,  a.  Like  a  red  cherry  in  color;  red,  ruddy, 
blooming  ;  as,  a  cherry  lip  ;  cherry  checks. 

CHER'RY,  n.  A  cordial  composed  of  cherry  juice 
and  spirit,  sweetened  and  diluted.  The  wild  cherry- 
is  most  generally  used  for  this  purpose,  being  steeped 
for  some  days  in  spirit,  which  extracts  the  juice  of 
the  fruit ;  the  tincture  is  then  sweetened  and  diluted 
to  the  taste.  This  cordial  is  moderately  bitter  and 
a.«tringent.    It  is  sometimes  made  of  the  mazzard. 

CHER'RY-CHEEK  .ED,  (-cheekt,)  a.  Having  ruddy 
cheeks,  Congreve. 

CHER'RY-PIT,  71.  A  child's  play,  in  which  chenj^- 
stones  are  thrown  into  a  hole.  Shak. 

CHER  RY-TREE,  n.  A  tree  whose  fruit  is  cherries, 
in  the  more  appropriate  sense  of  the  word.  The 
name  is  mostly  given  to  the  common  cultivated  trees, 
and  to  that  which  produces  the  black  wild  cher- 
ry. The  wood  of  the  latter  is  valued  for  cabinet 
work. 

CHER'SO-N'e3E,  Ti.     [Gr.  xtouovn'ja<i  ^  X^.'^f'os,  land, 
or  uncultivated  land,  and  vnGo^,  an  isle.] 
A  peninsula ;  a  tract  of  land  of  any  indefinite  ei- 


CHE 

I      lent,  which  is  nearly  surrounded  by  water,  but  united 

I      to  a  larger  tract  by  a  neck  of  land,  ur  i>ihnius  ;  as, 

i  the  Cimbric  Chersonese,  or  Jutland  ;  tiie  Taaric  Cher- 
sonese, or  Crimea. 

CHERT,  71.  In  mineralogy,  an  impure  variety  of 
quartz,  or  flint,  of  various  dull  shades  of  color.  It 
includes  petro^ilex  and  hornstone. 

CHERT'Y,  a.     Like  chert ;  containing  chert.  Pennant. 

CHER'UB,  n.:pU  Cherubs;  but  the  Hebrew  plural 
CHEBrBiM  is  also  used.  [Heb.  ^^■^J  kerub.  In  Ch. 
and  Syr.  the  corresponding  verb  signifies  to  plow ; 
and  the  word  is  said  to  signify,  properly,  any  image 
or  figure ;  if  so,  it  may  have  been  named  from  en- 
graving.  But  this  is  uncertain,  and  the  learned  are 
not  agreed  on  the  signification.] 

A  figure  composed  of  various  creatures,  as  a  man, 
an  ox,  an  eagle,  or  a  lion.  The  first  mention  of 
cherubs  is  in  Gen.  iii.  24,  where  the  figure  is  not 
described  ;  but  their  office  was,  with  a  flaming  sword, 
to  keep  or  guard  the  way  of  the  tree  of  life.  The 
two  cherubs  which  JMoses  was  commanded  to  make 
at  the  ends  of  the  mercy-seat,  were  to  be  of  beaten 
work  of  gold  ;  and  their  wings  were  to  extend  over 
the  mercy-seat,  their  faces  toward  each  other,  and 
between  them  wa^  the  residence  of  the  Deity.  Ez. 
x.w.  The  cherubs,  in  Ezekiel's  vision,  had  each 
four  heads,  or  faces,  the  hands  of  a  man,  and  wings. 
The  four  faces  were,  the  face  of  a  bull,  that  of  a 
man,  that  of  a  lion,  and  that  of  an  eagle.  They  had 
the  likeness  of  a  man.  Eirk.  iv.  and  x.  In  2  Sam. 
xxii.  11,  and  Psclm  xviii.  Jehovah  is  represented  as 
riding  on  a  cherub,  and  flying  on  the  wings  of  the 
wind.  In  the  celestial  hierarchy,  cherubs  are  repre- 
sented as  spirits  next  in  order  toseraphs.  The  hiero- 
glyphical  and  emblematical  figures  embroidered  on 
the  vails  of  the  tabernacle,  are  called  cherubs  of  cu- 
rious or  skillful  work.  Ex.  xxvi. 
A  beautiful  child  is  called  a  cherub. 

CHER-u'BI€,         i  a.    Pertaining  to  cherubs;  angelic. 

CHER-U'BI€^AL,  i  Sheidon. 

CHER'L'-BIM,  n.     The  Hebrew  plural  of  Cherud. 

CHERT-BIX,  a.     Cherubic;  angelic.  S/iak. 

CHER'U-BI\,  ».     A  cherub.        "  Dryden. 

CHER'UP  ;  a  corruption  of  chirp,  which  see. 

CHER'VIL,  71.  [Sax.  cerJUle,  a  contraction  of  L.  chisr- 
ophyttum :  Gr.  xa:pji;)uAAyi,  \ctioio,  to  rejoice,  and 
(pvXXai-,  leaf.] 

The  popular  name  of  a  plant,  of  the  genus  Cheero- 
phyllum. 

CHES'A-PeAK,  71,  A  bay  of  the  United  States, 
whose  entrance  is  between  Cape  Charles  and  Cape 
Henry,  in  Virginia,  and  which  extends  northerly  into 
Maryland  270  miles.  It  receives  the  waters  of  the 
Susquehannah,  Potomac,  Rappahannoc,  York,  and 
James  Rivers. 

CHES'I-BLE.    See  Chasuble- 

CHES'LIP,  71.    A  small  vermin  thatlies  under  stones. 

CHESS,  n.     [Fr.  eehecs.     See  Check.] 

An  ingemous  game  peribrmed  by  two  parties  with 
different  pieces,  on  a  checkered  board,  that  is,  a  board 
divided  into  sixty-four  squares,  or  houses.  The  suc- 
cess of  the  game  depends  almost  entirely  on  skill. 
Each  gamester  has  eight  dignified  pieces,  called  a 
king,  a  queen,  two  bishops,  two  knights,  and  two 
rooks,  or  castles ;  also  eight  pawns.  The  pieces  of 
the  parties  are  of  different  colors.  Encyc. 

CHESS,  n.  [I  do  not  find  this  word  in  any  English 
diclionar>' ;  nor  do  I  know  its  origin  or  aflinities.  In 

Persian,  i  \m^  khas,  or  gas,  signifies  evil,  depraved, 

and  a  useless  weed.] 

In  JVeiv  England,  the  Bromus  Secalinus,  a  grass 
which  grows  among  wheat,  and  is  S^ipposed  to  be 
wheat  degenerated  or  changed,  as  it  abounds  most 
in  fields  where  the  wheat  is  winter-killed.  It  bears 
some  resemblance  to  oats.  This  fact  is  mentioned 
by  Pliny,  Nat.  Hist.  lib.  18,  ca.  17.  "  Primum  omni- 
um frumenti  viiium  avena  est ;  et  hordeum  in  earn 
degenerat."  This  change  of  wheat  and  barley  into 
oats  he  ascribes  to  a  moist  soil,  wet  weather, 
bad  seed,  &c  This  opinion  coincides  with  ob- 
servations in  America,  as  wlieat  is  most  liable  to 
perish  in  moist  land,  and  often  in  such  places,  almost 
all  the  wheat  is  killed,  and  instead  of  it  chess  often 
appears.  But  this  change  of  wheat  into  chess  is  now 
denied,  and  the  common  opinion  is  affirmed,  by  the 
ablest  botanists,  to  be  erroneous. 

CHESS'-AP-PLE,  71.     A  species  of  wild  service. 

CHESS'-BoARD,  n.  The  board  used  in  the  game  of 
chess,  and  from  the  squares  of  which  c/iess  has  its 
name. 

CHESS'-MAN,  n.    A  piece  used  in  the  game  of  chess. 

CHBSS'-PLaY-ER,  «.  One  who  plays  chess;  one 
skilled  in  the  game  of  chess. 

CHESS'-TREE,  n.  In  ships,  a  piece  of  wood  bolted 
perpendicularly  on  the  side,  to  confine  the  clews  of 
the  main  sail. 

CHESS'OM,  n.     Mellow  earth.  Bacon. 

CHEST,  n.  [Sax.  ee^t  or  cyst;  h.  ci^ta;  W.  cist:  It. 
cisde;  Gr.  Kt~Tr]y  G.  kiite ;  D.  kisti  Sw.kista;  Dan. 
ki^te.     See  Chest^tut.] 

1.  A  box  of  wood,  or  other  material,  in  which 


CHK 

goods  are  kept  or  transported.    It  differs  from  a  trunk 
in  not  being  covered  with  skin  or  leather. 

2.  The  trunk  of  the  body  from  the  neck  to  the 
belly ;  the  thorax.  Hence,  broad-cliested^  narrow- 
chested  ;  having  a  broad  or  narrow  chest. 

3.  In  commerce,  a  certain  quantity  ;  as,  a  chest  of 
sugar  ;  a  chest  of  indigo  ;  &,c. 

Chest  of  drawers,  is  a  case  of  movable  boxes 
called  drawers. 

CHEST,  t.  L    To  reposit  in  a  chest ;  to  hoard. 

Johnson. 

CHEST'ED,  a.  Having  a  chest,  as  in  thick-cAf^ted; 
na.TTn\v -chested. 

CHEST'-FOUi\D-ER-L\G,  ».    A  disea'!e  in  horses, 
like  the  pleurisy  orperipneumony  in  the  human  body. 
Farrirr*s  DicL 

CHEST'NUT,  (ches'nut,)  ti.  [Sax.  cystcl,  and  the 
tree  in  Sax.  is  cystbeam  or  cystenbeam;  L.  castanea, 
the  tree  and  the  nut;  Fr.  c/tataigtie;  .\iui.  gLstenen, 
or  gcstenen;  W.  enstan  ;  Sp.  castana;  Port,  castanlia ; 
It.  ciistagna;  G.  kastanie ;  Sw.  Dan.  kastunie:  from 
Welsh  cast,  envelopment,  the  root  of  castle,  from 
separating,  defending ;  so  named  from  its  shell,  or 
cover.    It  is  often  written  Chessut.] 

The  fruit,  seed,  or  nut  of  a  tree  belonging  to  the 
genus  Castanea.  It  is  inclosed  in  a  prickl}'  pericarp, 
which  contains  two  or  more  seeds. 

CHEST'XUT,  a.  Being  of  the  color  ofa  chestnut ;  of 
a  brown  color.    It  is,  perhaps,  rarelv  used  as  a  noun. 

CHEST'NUT-TREE,  n.  Castanea  Vesca  ;  the  tree 
which  produces  the  chestnut.  This  tree  grows  to  a 
great  size,  with  spreading  branches.  It  is  one  of 
the  most  valuable  timber-trees,  as  the  wood  is  very 
durable,  and  forms  in  America  the  principal  timber 
for  fencing.  The  timber  is  also  used  in  building, 
and  for  vessels  of  various  kinds. 

Diearf-chestnat,  or  chincapin,  is  another  species  of 
Castanea. 

Horse-chestnut  is  a  tree  of  the  genus  uEsculus. 
The  common  tree  of  this  sort  is  a  native  of  the  north 
of  Asia,  and  admired  for  the  beauty  of  its  flowers. 
It  is  used  for  shade  and  ornament,  and  its  nuts  are 
esteemed  good  food  for  horses.  The  scarlet-flowering 
horse-chestnut  is  a  native  of  Carolina,  Brazil,  and 
the  East,  and  is  admired  for  its  beauty. 

The  Indian  Rose-chestnut,  of  the  genus  Mesua, 
bears  a  nut,  roundish,  pointed,  and  marked  with 
four  elevated  longitudinal  sutures. 

Encyc.     Fam.  of  Plants. 

CHES'TOX,  n.     A  species  of  plum.  Johnson. 

CHe'T.'^H,  t(.  The  hunting  leopard  of  India;  the 
Feiis  jubata._ 

CHEV'A-CHIe,  (shev'a-she,)  ti.  An  expedition  with 
cavalry.     [JVot  used.]  C/iauccr. 

CHEV-AL',  H.  [Fr.]  Literally,  a  horse  ;  and  hence,  in 
composition,  a  support  or  frame.  Thus  a  cheval- 
glass  is  a  large  swing-glass  mounted  on  a  frame,  &.C. 

CHEV-AL'-DE-FRISE',  generally  used  in  the  plural, 
Cheval'x-de-Fbise,  (shev'o-de-freez.)  [Fr.  cheval^ 
a  horse,  and  frise,  any  thing  curled,  rough,  en- 
tangled ;  the  liorse  of  frise,  or  frizzled  horse. 
Hence  called  also  turnpike,  tourniquet.] 

1.  A  piece  of  timber  traversed  with  wooden  spikes, 
pointed  with  iron,  five  or  six  feet  long  ;  used  to  de- 
fend a  passage,  stop  a  breach,  or  make  a  retrench- 
ment to  stop  cavaln.-. 

2.  A  kind  of  tritnming. 

CHEV-A-LIeR',  (shev-a-leer',)  ti.  [Fr.,from  cAera/,a 
horse  ;  Sp.  caballero.     See  Cavalry.] 

1.  A  knight ;  a  gallant  young  man.  Shak. 

2.  In  heraldni,  a  horseman  armed  it  all  points. 
CHEV'EX,  ri.     [Fr.  chcce^ie.]  [Encijc. 

A  river  fish,  the  chub. 

CHEV'ER-IL,  71.  [Fr.  chevreau,  a  kid,  from  ehevre,  a 
goat,  L.  caper,  W.  gavar,  .-Vnn.  garricq,  gavr.]^ 

Soft  leather  made  of  kid-skin;  hence, a  yielding 
disposition  ;  yielding  or  pliable.  [Used  as  a  noun  or 
adjective.]  Shak. 

CHEV'ER-IL-IZE,  r.  /.  To  make  as  pliable  as  kid- 
leather.  Montagu. 

CHEV'I-SXXCE,  (shev'e-zans,)  n.  [Fr.  ehcrir,  to 
come  to  the  end,  to  perform,  to  prevail,  from  chef, 
the     head,    literally   the    end.       See    Chief    and 

.A.CHIETE.J 

1.  Achievement ;  deed  ;  performance ;  enterprise 
accomplished.     [  06^.]  Spenser. 

2.  In  late,  a  making  of  contracts ;  a  bargain. 
Stat.  13  Eliz.  7. 

3.  An  unlawful  agreement  or  contract.  21  Jam.  17. 

4.  An  agreement  or  composition,  as  an  end  or 
order  set  down  between  a  creditor  and  his  debtor. 

Encuc. 
CHEV'ROX,  n.     [Fr.,  a  rafter  ;  W.  ceber;  Arm.  gebr.]    I' 

1.  In  heraldry,  xin  honorable  ordinarj',  representing 
two  rafters  of  a  house  meeting  at  the  top.     Bailey. 

2.  In  architecture,  an  ornament  in  the  form  of  zig- 
zag work.  Qic'dt. 

3.  The  distinguishing  marks  on  the  sleeves  of 
non-commissioned  officers'  coats.  CampbelL 

CHEV'R0X-£D,  Cshev'rond,)a.     Having  a  clie\Ton, 

or  the  fonn  of  it.  B.  Jonson. 

CHEV'RO.X-EU  (shev'ron-el,)  h.     A  small  che\Ton. 
CHEV-RO-TaIN',  n.     [from  Fr.  c/tevre,  a  goat.] 
The  smaUest  of  the  antelope  kind. 


TOXT:,  BULL,  UXITE.  — A.X"GER,  VI"CI0US.  — C  as  K ;  6  as  J ;   S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


19^ 


CHI 


D.  kaauton ;  G. 


VH    *V,  (rhu.)  F.  t,     [StkX.  eeotettn 
\  <i'H.    S«*  Ch.»w.1 

I.  T«  bar  mid  prind  with  the  teeth  ;  to  innstlcate, 
as  fwwl,  tt>  (irejarc  ii  l'.«r  lieKluiiium  and  di|ti-'lii>n. 

i    lu  ruiiHMutt;  ill  Ihr  Uioughlt* ;  to  lutHlittttc  ;  ad, 
to  c/fic  riveriKe.  SAa*. 

y.   It.  rhaiiip;  to  hits,  hold  or  roll  about  in  Uie 
nio4ith  ;  as,  to  chete  lotiutco. 

4.  To  liuile,wiihuut  swallowing.  Skak. 

Cil£W,  P.  i.    To  champ  upou  ;  to  ruminate. 


that  which   is 

hctil  III  the  niotith  at  once-,  a  cud.     [J'ulffar.] 


CMCW,  n.     That  which  Is  chewed 


CIIKW*;D,  (chudejpp.    Ground  by  th«  teeth;  mas- 

ticiiifd. 
CIUHV'ET,  (chu'elO  n.      A  kind   of  pie,  made  of 

chupiw'd  substances. 
CIIKW'IN*;,  ppr.  or  «.    Grtndinp  with  the    teeth; 

nm-iticatin^  ;  ruminating  ;  meditating  ;  champing. 
CllfA.  n-     A  bowitiful  >ffxlcan  plant. 
C'lirAN.u.     Pertaining  to  C*tno, an  isle  in  the  Ixvant. 
CAidit  eartA;  a  mf-^lirinnl,  den^i',  compact   kind  of 

earth,  from  Chios,  used  anciently  aa  un  a.siringenl, 

aiid  a  cosmetic.  Enojc. 

ChiaR  titrpentinr,  or  Cirprui   turprntine,  in   prticured 

from  the  Pi-*tacia  Terebinthus.     It  is  of  the  consist- 

f  nc  of  honey,  cl*?ar,  and  of  »  yellowish  while. 
eill-X'KO  OS-eC'RO.     see  Clabe-oiibci're. 
CHI- V.S'TO-Ln'E,H.   [Gr.  xiacrof, decussated.]    Sec 

ANDAl.f  SITE. 

CHIB'BAL,  n.     [Fr.  cibouU.] 

A  liinall  sort  of  onion.  Beaumont, 

CHI-e.\.\'E',(she-kSne',)  n.     [Yt.  chicane  ;  Arm.  ci«i« 
or  eiranerei.     Uu.  Sax.  gicican^  to  deceive.] 

1.  In  /air,  shift;  tum ;  trick;  cavil  ;  an  abuse  of 
judlcinry  proeecdingis,  by  artilices,  unfair  practices, 
or  idle  objections,  which  tend  to  perplex  a  cauae, 
pu7,7.le  the  judge,  or  impose  on  a  party,  and  thus  to 
diiay  or  pt  n'ert  justice. 

•J.  In  t/i^»/?,sophit--tr>' ;  distinctions  and  subtleties, 
that  tend  lo  perplex  the  question  and  obscure  tlie 
tnilh.  Locke. 

W.  Any  artifice  or  stratagem.  Prior. 

CHI-CANE',  r.  i.     [Fr.  cktatner.} 

To  nsi-  shifU,  cavils,  or  artifices.  Burke. 

CHI  e.WER,  H.     [Fr.  cAicanr«r.] 

One  who  use^  shifts,  turns,  evasions,  or  undue  ar- 
tifices, in  litigation  or  dir^pules  ;  a  caviler  ;  a  sophis- 
ler;  an  unfair  disputant.  Jjocke. 

CHI  CAN'ER-\%  (she-kin'er-y,)  v.     [Fr.  chieanrric] 
Swpliistr)- ;  mean  or  unfair  artifices  lo  perplex  a 
rniiM-  and  obscure  the  truth. 
fill*    *"i  t-KY,  H.     The  Cichorium  Iniybus  ;  also  called 
One  species  is  cultivated  in  England  a-"  a 
.:    1  ,  and  another  species  is  used  in  France  to  nthil- 
t.r.a.-  cdiree. 
rtlK'U'ES,  II.  pi.    Dwarf  peas. 

cnH'U'LIXG,  i  71.    A  vetch  or  pen,  of  the 

CHICH'MNG-VETCH,  j  genus  Lalhyrus,  used  in 
Germany  fur  fuud,  but  inferior  to  other  kinds. 

MUcr. 
CHICK,  r.  i.    To  sprout,  as  seed  in  the  ground;  to 

veRtiate.  Chalmrrs. 

CHICK,  I  n.     [Sax.  cicen  ;  D.  kuikcn ,■  G.  kvchlcin  ; 

CHICK'EX,  i      au.  Russ.  chikaw,  to  peep.] 

1.  The  young  of  fowls,  particularly  of  the  domestic 
hen,  or  gaitinaceons  fowls. 

2.  A  person  of  tender  year:?. 

3.  A  word  of  tenderness. 

CHICK-A-REE',  n.  The  American  red  squirrel,  the 
Seturua  Hudsonius. 

CHICK'E.X-UEART'ED,  a.  Timid;  fearful;  cow- 
ardly. 

CHICK'KX-POX,  n.  A  mild,  contagious,  eruptire  dis- 
ease, gen^'rally  appearing  in  children. 

CHICK'LING,  M.     A  small  chick  or  chicken. 

CHICK'-P£A,  n.     [L.  cictr;  G.  kUhcr :  Sp.  cAicAaro.J 
The  popular  name  of  a  species  of  tiie  genus  Cicer  ; 
a  native  of  Spain,  where  it  is  used   in  olios.     It  is 
umalliT  than  the  common  pca- 

CHICK'-WEED,  n.  The  popular  namn  of  a  species 
of  Stellnria.  The  common  chick-weed,  with  white 
bloswHns,  atTorda  a  remarkable  instance  of  the  sleep 
of  plants  -,  for,  at  nicht,  the  leaves  approach  in  [mirs, 
una  inclnse  the  tender  rudimtmts  of  the  young  shoots. 
The  leaves  are  cooling  and  nutritive,  and  are  deemed 
excellent  food  for  ptr^ons  til'  a  consumptive  habit. 
They  are  deemed  useful  also  for  swelled  breasts. 

Encyc      fViseman. 

CHIDE,  r.  (. ,'  iwrt.  Chid,  [Chode  is  obs. ;]  parL  Chid, 
CHiDDcrr.  [Sax.  cidan,  to  chide,  to  sctild  ;  \V.  coii, 
to  chide,  to  press,  to  straighten  ;  Ch.  tSSp,  to  scold, 
to  brawl,  to  fight.    Qu.  \\^  cad,  a  battle.) 

Luerallif,  to  scold  ;  to  clamor ;  to  utter  noisy  words ; 
that  is,  to  drive.     Hence, 

I.  To  scold  at ;  lo  reprove  ;  to  utter  words  in  anger 
or  by  way  of  disapprobation  ;  to  rebuke ;  as,  to  cAtde 
one  for  his  faults. 

3.  To  blame ;  to  rcproitch ;  as,  to  chide  folly  or  neg- 
ligence. 

To  chide  from,  or  chide  away,  l9  to  drive  away  by 
scolding  or  reproof. 

CHIDE,  r.  i.    To  scold ;  to  clamor ;  to  And  fault ;  to 


CHI 

contend  in  words  of  anger ;  sometimes  followed  by 
witA. 

The  people  did  fAJtfc  Willi  MoKa.  — Kx.  xvli. 

2.  To  quarrel.  Shak, 

a.  'I'o  make  a  rough,  clamorous,  retiring  noise ;  as, 
the  ckidintr  flood.  Shak. 

CHTDE,  n.     Murmur;  gentle  noise.  Thotn^un, 

CHID'ER,  n.    One  who  cliides,  clamors,  reproves,  or 

rebukeH. 
CH1D'ER-E3S,  n.    A  female  who  chides.    [JVot  used.] 

Chaucer. 
CHID'ING.ppr.  Scolding;  clamoring;  rebuking;  mak- 

ini;  a  hIlr^h  or  continued  noise. 
CillD'ING,  ».     A  scolding  or  clamoring  ;  rebuke;  re- 
proof. 
CHID'ING-LY,  adv.    In  a  scolding  or  reproving  mon- 

CHir.r,  a.  TFr.  ehtf,  the  head,  that  is,  tlie  top  or  high- 
est jioint ;"  Norm.  cJtiff:  Sp.  iffe;  U.eeap;  ll.  capo. 
It  IS  cvidt-ntlv  from  the  t-aiiie  root  a-s  the  L.  caput,  tJr. 
jTfi^iA/;,  and  'Eng.  etipr,  hut  through  the  Celtic,  prob- 
ably from  fhooling,  extending.] 

1.  Highest  in  ofltce  or  rank  ;  principal ;  as,  a  ehirf 
priest ;  the  chief  butler.     Or/i.  xl.  9. 

Among  tbt  chit/  rulcn,  niniiy  bcliev«l  on  him. — John  xii. 

2.  Principal  or  nuwt  eminent,  in  any  quality  or 
action  ;  most  distinguiKhed  ;  having  most  influence  ; 
commanding  most  respect ;  taking  the  lead  ;  most 
valuable  'iiost  iiu|}ortunt ;  a  word  of  extensive  use  ; 
as,  a  country  chitf  in  arms;  agriculture  is  tlie  chitf 
cmpluymenl  of  men. 

Tlii?  hnml  of  ilio  pnivxt  aiid  rulvn  liaUi  been  diitf  in  UU*  tre*- 
pn». —  t^i  iz, 

3.  First  in  affection  ;  most  dear  and  familiar. 

A  wlibprrer  »cp:ir.it':lU  eUie/  fiiotitb.  —  Pror.  xvi. 

CHliiF,  K.  A  commander  ;  jiarticularly  a  military 
commander  ;  the  person  who  heads  an  army  ;  equiv- 
alent to  the  modern  terms  cmumandcr  or  ffencral-in- 
chiej,  captain- !;ener at,  or   trcneralissimo.     I  Ch.  xt. 

2.  'I'hu  principal  person  of  a  tribe,  lamily,  or  con- 
gregation, &.C.     J^tun.  iii.    .fob  xxix.     MatL  xx. 

3.  Ill  cJiirf;  in  Engli^^h  law,  in  capUe.  To  hold 
land  in  ddef,  is  to  hold  it  directly  from  the  king  by 
lionorable  personal  services.  Blacltstone. 

■1.  In  hcralJrij,  the  upper  part  of  the  escutcheon, 
divided  into  three  points,  dexter,  mutdle,  and  smistcr. 

Brande. 
In  chiff,  imports  something  borne  in  this  part. 

5.  In  Spenser,  il  seems  to  signify  soinclhing  like 
nchievenienl,  a  mark  of  distinction  ;  as,  chaplets 
wrought  with  a  chief.  Johnson. 

6.  This  word  is  often  used  in  the  singular  number 
to  express  a  plurality. 

1  look  ilic  c/ii*/  of  your  tribe*,  wiia  men  aud  known,  and  mado 

thrm  hiinds  over  yoii.  —  Doiil,  i.  15. 
Thc«!  were  ihc  cJiie/  of  llio  olficcra  Uial  were  over  Solomon's 

work.  —  1  Kiiigv  ix. 
In  these  phrases,  chief  may  have  been  primarily  an 
ndjectivc  ;  that  is,  chief  men,  chief  persons. 

7.  The  principal  [art;  llie  most  or  largest  part  of 
one  thing  or  of  many  ;  as,  the  dtief  of  the  debt  re- 
mains unpaitl. 

The  pcopli:  tiX)k  of  Ihc  ipoU,  ah^p  itnd  ojten,  the  efti*/  of  the 
tiling!  which HhoulU  have  been  wlttrly  dwo^yed.  —  1  Sam.  xv. 
He  imolc  the  cAiV  of  llicir  strcnglJi.  —  Pa.  Ixvlii. 

CHIKF,  a<lr.     Chiefly. 

CHI  F.F'ACE,  I  n.    A  tribute  by  the  head.     [Obs.] 

CHl":V'AGE,   i  Chnaibers. 

CHIkF'DOM,  71.     Sovereignlv.  Spenser. 

CHIkF'ESS,  fchccfes,)  ji.     A  female  chief. 

CHIkF'-JUS'TICE,  T(.  The  presiding  justice;  partic- 
ularly the  presiding  judge  in  the  courts  of  Common 
V\r/.is,  and  King's  Ilenrli,  in  England,  and  of  the 
Stipreme  Court  of  the  United  Ptitte.'^,  and  also  of  the 
Supreme  Court  in  some  of  the  States. 

CHIkF'-JUS'TICE-SHIP,  71.  The  office  of  chief- 
justice.  Story. 

CHIkF'LESS,  a.    Without  a  chief  or  leader.  Pope. 

CHIeF'LY,  (u/p.    Principally;  eminently;  in  the  first 
place ;  as,  it  chiefly  concerns  tis  to  obey  the  divine 
precepts. 
2.  For  the  most  part. 

In  ihi  pan*  of  the  Idnjjilom  where  the  eeLatea  of  the  dtsaentcra 
cW^y  iny.  Steifl. 

CHIkF'RIE,  (chef 're,)  n.  A  small  rent  paid  lo  the 
lord  parnmount.  Spenser^n  Ireland. 

CHIkF'TAIN,  (-tin,)  v.  [from  cAiV/,  Norm.  cArcenfcow, 
formed  like  captain,  capitaine.] 

A  captain,  leader,  or  commander;  a  chief;  the 
head  of  a  troop,  anny,  or  clan.  It  is  most  commonly 
used  in  the  latter  sense.  The  chieftaiiiKof  the  High- 
land clana,  in  Scotland,  were  the  prijicipal  noblemen 
and  gentlemen.  F.ncve. 

CHIkF'TAIjN-CV,      )n.     Headship;  captaincy;"  the 

C'IUiiF'TAli\-SHlP,  (      government  over  a  clan- 

Johnson.     Smollett. 

CHIkV'A.N'CE,  tj,     [Norm,  ehivisanee.     See  Cheti- 

BAMCE.] 

An  unlawful  bargain;  traflic  in  which  money  is 
extorted.     [  Obs.]  Bacon. 


CHI 


cHliiVE', 
CHEVE, 


[Fr.  chevir.    Sec  Aciiiuvx  J 

To  come  to  an  end  ;  to  issue  ;  to  succeed.    [  Qb$  ] 
Literally^  a  ta 


CHIF-FOJ^'IFM' ,  (shif-fon-eer',j  ». 
ccptacle  for  rags  or  shreds. 

2.  A  movable  and  oniomcntol  cupboard  or  recep- 
tacle. Smart. 

CHIF'FV,  n.    An  instant, 

CHIG'GER,  ^    SrePHFriiE 

CUIIVBLAIX,  X.   ichilli  Sax.  ceU,  cold,  and  blain.] 
A  blain  or  sore  produced  by  cold  ;  a  tumor  afiect- 
ing  Uie  hands  and  feet,  accom|>anied  with  intlatnina- 
tion,  pain,  aud  sometimes  ulceration.  Kncifc. 

CHII/BLAiN,  r.  ^     To  produce  chilblains. 

CHILD,  n. ;  pi.  Chiluhen.  [8ax.  ciW;  in  Dim.  kuld 
is  progeny,  kulde  is  coldness,  and  kider  is  In  blow 
strong.  ChUd  is  undoubtedly  issue,  that  whicJi  h 
produced.] 

1.  A  son  or  a  daughter ;  a  male  or  female  descend- 
ant, in  the  first  degree  ;  the  immediate  progeny  of  pa- 
rents ;  applied  to  the  human  race,  and  chielly  to  n  in-r- 
Hon  when  young.  The  term  is  applied  to  inlaulf*  from 
their  birth  ;  but  the  time  when  they  cease  ordinarily 
to  be  so  cjilled,  is  not  defined  by  cusltmi.  In  strict- 
ness, a  child  is  the  shoot,  issue,  or  produce  of  the 
parents,  and  a  person  of  any  age,  in  respect  to  the 

An  infant.  [parents,  is  a  child. 

Ilngur  cruti  Ihe  diiW  under  one  of  die  ihntl".  —  Gnt.  xxl. 

It  signifies  also  a  person  of  more  advanced  years. 

Jf  phlha'8  dniiL'hter  w.-ia  hb  only  chitd.  —  J>iil|ft.-»  xi. 
The  child  ehiUl  bchiivc  hhnjcif  proudly.  —  li.  lii. 
A  curae  will  be  on  Uio»o  who  corrupl  the  momU  of  tlielr  cJiltdrtn. 

J.  Ciartn. 

Tlie  application  of  ch'dd  to  a  female,  in  opposition 
to  a  male,  as  in  Shnkfipeure,  is  not  lecltimate. 

2.  One  weak  in  knowledfie,  experience,  judgmenl, 
or  attainments  ;  as,  he  is  a  mere  child. 

Behold,  I  wn  not  Bp^ak,  tlir  1  nm  n  c/ii/c/.  —  Jtr.  I. 

3.  One  young  in  grace.     1  John  ii. 
One  who  IS  humble  and  docile.    Matt,  xviii. 
One  who  is  unfixed  in  principles.     F.ph.  iv, 

4.  One  who  is  born  again,  spiritually  renewed  and 
ad<)plod  ;  as,  a  child  of  God. 

r>.  One  who  is  the  product  of  another;  or  whoM 
principles  and  morals  are  the  product  of  another. 

Thou  child  of  the  devil.  —  Acu  xiH. 

Tiiat  which  is  the  product  or  cfluct  of  something 
else. 

This  noble  p.-usion,  cJiUd  of  intcpily.  Shak. 

6.  In  the  phira/,  the  descendants  of  a  man,  how- 
ever remote  ;  as,  liie  dtiidrcn  of  Israel ;  the  children 
of  Edoui. 

7.  The  inhabitants  of  a  country ;  as,  tlic  cliildrai 
of  Seir.    2.  Chron,  xxv. 

To  be  with  child ;  lo  be  pregnant.  Oen.  xvi.  1 1 .  xix.  36. 

CHILD,  tJ.  i.    To  bring  children.  Shak. 

OHILD'-BEaR-ING,  ppr.  or  a.      [See   Bear.] 
Bearing  or  producing  children. 

CHILD'-ltEAR-iNG,n.  The  act  of  producing  or  bring- 
in"  forth  rhUdren  ;  parturition.       Mtlton.    Jiddison. 

CHlLD'BED,T(.  [child  aiui  bed.]  The  .stale  if  a  wo- 
man  bringing  forth  a  child  or  being  in  labor ;  jmr- 
turition. 

CHILD'BIUTH,  (-burth,)  v.  [child  and  birth.]  1  lie 
act  of  bringing  forth  a  child  ;  travail ;  labor  ;  as,  the 
pains  of  childbirth.  Taylor. 

CHlLDE,  71.  A  cognomen  formeriy  prefixed  lo  his 
name  by  the  oldest  son,  until  he  surccedt-d  to  the 
titles  of  his  ancestors,  or  gained  new  honors  by  his 
own  prowess.  Booth. 

CHILD'El),  fl.    Furnished  with  a  child.     [.Yot  used.] 

CHILD'ER-MAS-DaY,  ;i.     [child,  Tn/w.^  and  daij.] 
An  anniversary  of  the  church  of  England,  held  on 
the  2»th  of  December,  in  commemoralmu  of  the 
children  of  Bethlehem  slain   by  Herod  ;  called  also 
Iimocmts'  Daii.  Bailey.     Kncye. 

CHTLD'HOQDJji.     [Sax.  eildhatl.     See  Hoou.] 

1.  The'  state  of  a  child,  or  the  time  in  which  per- 
sons are  children,  including  the  time  from  birth  to 
puberty.  liut  m  a  more  restricted  sense,  llie  state  or 
time  from  infancy  to  puberty.  Thus  we  say,  tnj'ancy, 
chddhood,  youth,  and  manhood, 

ChildJiood  and  yondi  arc  vanily.  —  Eccl«.  xi. 

2.  Tlie  properties  of  a  child.  Dryden. 
CHILD'LXG,  ppr.      [The    verb   to   child   is   not  now 

used.] 
Bearing  children;  producing;  :i?,r.htldwg  women. 
"  Jirbut]inoU 

CniLD'I9H,a.    Belonging  toa  child;  trifling;  puerile. 

Wlien  I  became  a  man,  1  put  uway  childith  Oimg*.  —  I  Cor.  xili. 

2.  Pertaining  lo  a  child ;  as,  childish  years  or  age ; 

eJiildish  sports. 
:j.  Pcrtaming  to  children;  ignorant;  silly;  wcaK; 

as,  chiliiisk  fear.  ,  .,,     , 

CHILD'ISH-LY,  adv.    In  the  manner  of  a  child;  in 

a  trifling  way  ;  in  a  weak  or  foolish  manner. 
CHILD'lSlI-NESS,7i,   Trirtingness,  puerility,  the  state 

or  qualities  of  a  child,  in  reference  to  manners.    But 

in  reference  to  the  mind,  simplicity,  harmlessness, 

weakness  of  intellect. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MeTE,  PRfiY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BOQK.— 


198 


CHI 

CHTLD'LESS,  a.  DesUlute  of  children  or  offspring. 
1  Sam.  XV.  3'3. 

CHILD  LESS-NES?,  n.  Stale  of  being  without  chil- 
dren. EvereU. 

CHILD  LIKE,  a.  Resembling  a  child,  or  that  which 
btjlongs  to  children ;  becoming  a  child;  meek;  sub- 
missive ;  dutiful ;  ;is,  dtildlike  obedience. 

CHILDLY,  a.    Like  a  chdd. 

CHIL'DREX,  n. :  pi.  of  Child. 

€HIL'I-AD,  (fcU'e-ad,)  n.  [Gr.  xiXtaj,  from  x'^'«)  ^ 
thousand.] 

!.  A  thousand  ;  a  collection  or  sum,  containing  a 
thousand  individuals  or  particulars.  Holder. 

2.  The  period  of  a  thousand  years.  Encyc. 

€HIL'I-A-GO.\',    n.      [Gr.    xtXta,    a   thousand,  and 
\  (ovtQy  a  corner.] 
A  plane  figure  of  a  Uionsand  angles  and  sides. 

Barlow, 

€HrL-I-A-HE'DROX,  n.    [Gr.  x'-^'".  a  thousand,  and 
ijoffl,  a  base.] 
A  solid  figure  of  a  thousand  equal  sides  or  faces. 

€HIL'I-.!IR€H,  (kil'e-ark,)  n.  [Gr.  x'^'^'j  a  thousand, 
and  (ipxos,  a  chief.] 

The  military  commander  cr  chief  of  a  thousand 
men. 

CHIL'I-ARCH-Y,  n.  A  body  consisting  of  a  tliousand 
men.  Mitford. 

€HIL'I-ASM,  (fcil'e-azm,)  «.     [Gr.  X'Xta.] 

The  millennium,  or  thousand  years  when  Satan  is 
to  be  bound.    Rev.  xs. 

CHILI-AST,  71,  [Supra.]  One  of  the  sect  of  millen- 
narians.  

eH[L-I-FA€'TrVE.    See  Chtlifactite. 

€H[L-I-OL'LTER.     S.-e  Kiloliter. 

CHIL-I-OM'E-TER.     See  Kilometer. 

CHILL,  n.  [Sax.  crle,  cijle,  cyl,  cold  ;  celan,  to  be  cold ; 
D.  kil :  allied  to  Fr.  geler,  L.  ^clo^  geVuhis.  See  Cold, 
which  appears  to  be  radic;iJly  the  same  word.  The 
word  cele  in  Saion  is  a  noun.] 

1.  A  shivering  with  cold  ;  rigors,  as  in  an  ague  ;  the 
cold  fit  that  precedes  a  fever  ;  sensation  of  cold  in  an 
animal  body  ;  chilliness.     [See  Cold  and  Heat.] 

2.  A  moderate  degree  of  cold ;  chilliness  in  any 
body  ;  that  which  gives  the  sensation  of  cold. 

3.  Figuraticehj^  a  check  to  feelings  of  joy;  as,  a 
chill  come  over  the  assembly. 

CHILL,  a.  Cool ;  moderately  cold  ;  tending  to  cause 
shivering  ;  as,  the  chUl  vapors  of  night. 

2.  Shivering  with  cold. 

My  chiU.  veiiis  freeze  with  despair.  Ro-xe. 

3.  Cool ;  distant ;  formal ;  dull ;  not  warm,  animat- 
ed, or  affectionate  ;  as,  a  chill  reception. 

4.  Depressed ;  dispirited  ;  dejected  ;  discouraged. 
CHILL,  r.  u  To  cause  a  shivering  or  shrinking  of  the 

skin  ;  to  check  circulation  or  motion  ;  as,  to  ckiU  the 
blood  or  the  vems.  The  force  of  this  word  lies  in 
expressing  the  shivering  and  shrinking  caused  by 
cold. 

2.  To  make  cold,  or  cool ;  as,  tlie  evening  air  chills 
the  earth. 

3.  To  blast  with  cold  ;  to  check  the  circulation  in 
plants,  and  stop  their  growth.  Blackmore. 

A.  To  check  motion,  life,  or  action  ;  to  depress  ;  to 
deject;  to  discourage;  as,  to  chiU.  the  gayely  of  the 
spirits.  Rogers. 

CHILL'ED,  pp.   :Made  cool ;  made  to  shiver  ;  dejected. 

CHIL'LI,H.  The  pod  ofthe  Cayenne  or  Guinea  pepper. 

CHILL'I-NESS,  H.    A  sensation  of  shivering  ;  rigors. 
2.  A  moderate  degree  of  coldness ;  as,  the  cliilli- 
nftfs  of  the  air,  which  lends  to  cause  a  shivering. 

CHILL'ING,  -ppr,  or  a.    Cooling  ;  causing  to  shiver. 

CH!LL'rNG-LY,  adv.    In  a  chilling  manner. 

CHILL'XE?S,  :(.    Coolness  ;  coldness  ;  a  shivering. 

CIJILL'Y,  a.  Cool ;  moderately  cold,  such  as  to  cause 
shivering  ;  as  a  ckilhj  day,  night,  or  air. 

eUIL'O-GRAM.     See  Kilogram. 

eUlL'0-POD,  n.    [Gr.  \tt\o;,  a  lip,  and  jtouj,  a  foot.] 
In  zoolo^jj  an  animal  of  the  order  of  myriapods 
or  centipeds,  in  which  the  lower  lip  is  formed  by  a 
pair  of  feet-  Brande. 

CHIL'TER.V  HUND'REDS,  n.  A  tract  in  Bucking- 
hamshire and  Oxfordshire,  Eng.,  to  which  is  attached 
the  nominal  office  of  steward,  under  the  crown.  As 
members  of  parliament  can  not  resigii  their  seats, 
when  they  wish  to  go  out  they  accept  this  nominal 
office  or  stewardship,  and  thus  vacate  their  seats. 

Braiide. 

CHIMB,  n.    The  edge  of  a  cask,  &c.     [See  Chime.] 

CHIME,  It.  [Chaucer,  chimbe;  Dan.  kimer^  to  tinkle, 
to  tingle,  to  toll  a  bell ;  L.  campana^  a  bell,  from  its 
sound,  whence  It.  scampanare^  to  chime.] 

1.  The  consonant  or  harmonic  sounds  of  several 
correspondent  instruments. 

Instroments  that  made  melodioaa  chime.  Milton. 

2.  Correspondence  of  sound. 

LoTe  —  haimonized  the  cJuJTie.  DryJen, 

3.  The  musical  sounds  of  a  set  of  bells  struck  with 
hammers.  Shak. 

4.  Correspondence  of  proportion  or  relation.  Qrtic. 

5.  A  kind  of  periodical  music,  or  tune  of  a  clock, 
produced  by  an  apparatus  annexed  to  it 

6.  A  set  of  bells  which  chime  or  ring  in  harmony. 


CHI 

CHIME,  V.  i.  To  sound  in  consonance  or  harmony ; 
to  accord. 

To  make  the  roagh  recital  aptly  chimM.  Prior. 

2.  To  correspond  in  relation  or  proportion. 

Father  and  son,  husband  and  wife,  corrcl.ilive  terras,  do  readUy 
chime.  Locke, 

3.  To  agree  ;  to  fall  in  with. 

He  oflcn  cJiimcil  in  with  the  diacoune.  Arbulhitot. 

4.  To  agree ;  to  suit  with.  Locke. 

5.  To  jingle;  to  clatter.  SmiUi. 

The  sely  ioDge  may  wel  ring'*  and  e}umi}e.  diauccr. 

CHIME,  r.  U  To  move,  strike,  or  cause  to  sound  in 
harmony.  Dnjdi'.n. 

2.  To  stiike  or  cause  to  sound,  as  a  set  of  bt;lls. 
CHIME.  7!.     [D.  kirn  ;  G.  kimine,  edge,  brim.] 

The  edge  or  brim  of  a  cask  or  lub,  formed  by  the 
CHiM'ER,  n.    One  who  chimes,    [ends  of  the  staves. 
CHI-Me^RA,  n.     [L.  chimara;  Gr.  X'/'*'/''^)  ^  go^t,  a 
monstrous  beast.] 

1.  In  fabulous  history,  a  monster  vomiting  flames, 
with  the  head  of  a  lion,  the  body  of  a  goat,  and  the 
tail  of  a  diTigon ;  supposed  to  represent  a  volcanic 
mountain  in  Lycia,  whose  lop  was  the  resort  of  lions, 
the  middle  that  of  goats,  and  the  foot  that  of  serpents. 
Hence, 

2.  In  modn-n  lisaor,  a  vain  or  idle  fancy  ;  a  creature 
of  the  imagination,  composed  of  contradictions  or 
absurdities,  that  can  have  no  existence  except  in 
thought.  Enajc. 

CHI-M^eRE',  (ki-mere',)  n.     [It.  ciamarc.'] 

The  upper  robe  worn  by  a  bishop,  to  which  lawn 
sleeves  are  usually  attached.  Hook. 

€HI-MER'ie-AL,  a.  Merely  imaginary  ;  fanciful ;  fan- 
tastic ;  wildly  or  vainly  conceived  ;  that  has,  or  can 
have,  no  existence  except  in  thought. 

CHI-MER'ie-AL-LY,  adv.     Wildly ;  vainly ;  fanciftil- 

_  ly  ;  fantastically. 

CHIM'IN-AGE,  ?(.     [Fr.  chemin  ;  Sp.  camino^  a  way.] 
In  lawy  a  toll  for  passage  through  a  forest.    Cowel. 

CHI.M'ING,  ppr.  [from  chime.]  Causing  to  chime  ; 
sounding  in  accordance. 

€Hr:M'IS-TRY.     See  Chemistry. 

CHI-^I'XEY,  n.;  pi.  Chimneys.  [Fr.  cheminee;  Arm. 
ciminal,  or  cheminal',  G.  kamin;  Corn,  chimbla  ;  Ir. 
sim'dcurj  Sp.  ckimenea;  It.  cammiiio;  L.  caminus;  Ch. 


JiDp;  Ar.    _a^3  kaminonj  Gr.  Kapn'o^;  Russ.  kamin. 

It  seems  originally  to  have  been  a  furnace,  a  stove,  or 
a  hearth.] 

1.  In  architecture,  a  body  of  brick  or  stone,  erected 
in  a  building,  containing  a  funnel  or  funnels,  to  con- 
vey smoke,  and  other  volatile  matter,  through  the 
roof,  from  tlie  hearth  or  fireplace,  wlu-re  fuel  is  burnt. 
This  body  of  materials  is  sometimes  called  a  stack  of 
chimnc7js,  especially  when  it  contains  two  or  more 
funnels  or  passages. 

2.  A  fireplace  ;  the  lower  part  of  the  body  of  brick 
or  stone  which  confines  and  conveys  smoke. 

3.  A  tall  filass  to  surround  tlie  flame  of  a  lamp. 
CHI.M'NEY-IJoARD,  n.  A  fire-board,  which  see. 
CHIM'NEY-eOR'NER,  n.     The  corner  of  a  fireplace, 

or  the  space  between  the  fire  and  tlie  sides  of  the 
fireplace.  In  the  Northern  States  of  America,  fire- 
places v.-ere  formerly  made  sis  or  eiglit  feet  wide,  or 
even  more,  and  a  stool  was  placed  by  the  side  of  the 
fire,  as  a  seat  for  children,  and  this  often  furnished  a 
comfortable  situation  for  idlers.  As  fuel  has  become 
scarce,  our  fireplaces  are  contracted,  till,  in  many  or 
most  of  our  dwellings,  we  have  no  chimney-coniere. 
2.  In  a  more  enlarged  sense,  the  fireside,  or  a  place 
near  the  fire. 

CHIM'NEY-HOOK,  n.  A  hook  for  holding  pots  and 
kettles  over  a  fire. 

CHIM'XEY-MON'EY,  (-mun'ny,)  -n.  Hearth-money, 
a  duty  paid  for^each  chimney  in  a  house.     [Eng.] 

CHIM'NEY-PIeCE,  n.  An  ornamental  piece  of  wood 
or  stone  set  round  a  fireplace. 

CHJM'M:Y-P0T,  n.  A  cylinder  of  earthen  ware, 
resembling  in  appearance  a  stone  pot,  placed  at  the 
top  of  chimneys  to  prevent  smoking. 

CHIM'NEY-SWEEP'ER,  7(.  One  whose  occupation 
is  to  sweep  and  scrape  chimneys,  to  clean  them  of 
tlie  soot  that  adheres  to  their  sides. 

CHIM-P.AJS'ZEE,  n.  An  animal  ofthe  ape  kind  ;  tiie 
African  orang-outang.  Diet.  J\'at.  Hist. 

It  is  now  considered  a  distinct  species.     Cuvicr. 
u 

CEIN,  71.     [Sax.  einne;  Pets.    *  Aj^jaitTif  D./cm;  G. 

kirnij  Dan.  Icind,  the  cheek  ;  Sw.  kind;  L.  gena;  Gr. 

J  £1/1)$.    The  sense  is  probably  an  edge  or  side,  and 

allied  to  chine.] 
The  lower  extremity  of  the  face,  below  the  mouth  ; 

the  point  of  the  under  jaw. 
CHI'NA,  71.     A  species  of  earthen  ware,  made  in 

China,  and  so  called  from  the  country  ;  called,  also, 

China  ware,  and  porcelain.     [See  PoBcELAm.] 
CHI'XA-OR'ANGE,  n.    The  sweet  orange,  said  to 

have  been  originally  brought  from  China. 


CHI 

CHI'XAR,  7t.    A  tree  of  India 

CHI'NA-ROOT,  71.  The  root  of  a  species  of  Smilax, 
brought  from  the  East  Indies,  of  a  pale  reddish 
color,  with  no  sraell,  and  rer>-  little  taste. 

CHINCA-FIN,  n.  Tiie  dwarf  chestnut,  Castanca 
pumila,  a  tree  that  rises  eight  or  ten  feet,  with  a 
branching,  shrubby  stem,  producing  a  nut. 

CHINCH,  ?(.     [Qu.  It.  civiice,  L.  cimci.  corrupted.] 
A  kind  of  bug  of  a  disgusting  smell,  wiiich  does 
great  injury  to  wheat  and  other  grains. 

Diet.  J^at.  HisU 

CHIN-CHIL'LA,  7?.  A  small  animal  of  South  Amer- 
ica, producing  a  beautiful  fur  known  by  this  name 

Brande. 

CHIN'eOUGH,  (-kauf,)  n.  [D  kind^  a  child,  and  kuch, 
a  cough.] 

A  disease,  often  epidemic  among  ch'ldren.  It  con- 
tinues for  some  weeks,  and  is  attended  witli  violent 
paroxysms  of  coughing.  From  a  particular  noise 
made  in  coughing,  it  is  al=o  called  Aoo;;iHo--cough. 

CHINE,  7(.  [Fr.  echine ;  It.  schiena  ;  Arm.  cliein.  It 
may  be  allied  to  chin.  In  GeiTnan,  schiene  is  the 
shin,  also  a  clout,  a  splint ;  and  rad-schiene  is  the 
band  of  a  wheel ;  Russ.  schina.] 

1.  The  back-bone  or  spine  of  an  animal. 

2.  A  piece  of  the  back-bone  of  an  animal,  with 
the  adjoining  parts,  cut  for  cooking,  corresponding 
to  a  baron  of  beef  or  a  saddle  of  mutton. 

3.  Tiie  chime  of  a  cask,  or  the  ridge  formed  by 
the  ends  of  the  staves.  Stat,  of  Pennsylvania. 

CHINE,  V.  U  To  cut  through  the  back-bone,  or  into 
chine-pieces. 

CHIN'-ED,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  back.  Beaum.  and Fl. 

CHI-NeSE',  a.     Pertaining  to  China. 

CHI-NeSE',  n.  sing,  and  pi.  A  native  of  China ;  also, 
the  language  of  China. 

eHIN"GLE,(shing'gl,)7i  Gravel  free  from  dirt.  [See 
Shingle.]  Donne. 

CHIN"GLY;  a  less  common  spelling  of  Shinglt. 

CHINK,  71.  [This  word  may  be  a  derivative  from  the 
Saxon  einan,  or  ginian,  geonan,  to  gape,  to  yawn  ;  Gr. 
Xrtii'w;  or  from  the  common  root  of  these  words. 
Sax.  cina,  or  cinu,  a  fissure.] 

A  small  aperture  lengthwise  ;  a  cleft,  rent,  or  fis- 
sure, of  greater  length  than  breadth  ;  a  gap  or  crack  ; 
as,  tlie  chinks  of  a  wall. 

CHINK,  V.  i.     To  crack  ;  to  open.  Barret. 

CHINK,  V.  t.    To  open  or  part  and  form  a  fissure. 

CHINK,  r.  f.  [See  Jingle.]  To  cause  to  sound,  by 
shaking  coins  or  small  pieces  of  metal,  or  by  bring- 
ing small,  sonorous  bodies  in  collision ;  as,  to  chink 
a  purse  of  money.  Pope. 

CHINK,  V.  i.  To  make  a  small,  sharp  sound,  as  by 
the  collision  of  httle  pieces  of  money,  or  other  sono- 
rous bodies.  JivbuOinot. 

CHINK'Y,  a.  Full  of  chinks  or  fissures;  gaping; 
opening  in  narrow  clefts.  Dnjdcn. 

CHIN'NED,  a.     Having  a  long  chin.  Kersey, 

CHlN'aUA-PIN.     See  Chincapin. 

CHINSE,  V.  t.  In  naval  affairs^  to  tlirust  oakum  into 
the  seams  or  chinks  of  a  ship  with  a  chisel  or  point 
of  a  knife,  as  a  temporary'  expedient  for  calking. 

Mar.  Diet. 

CHINTZ,  n.  [D.  chits;  G.  ziti;  Snns.  cArrt;  Hindoo, 
checnt;  Per.  chinz,  spotted,  stained.] 

Cotton  cloth,  printed  with  flowers  and  other  de- 
vices, in  a  number  of  diflerent  colors. 

CHIOP-PINE',   (chop-peen',)   n.      [Sp.   chapin;   Port. 
chapim.    It  is  said  to  be  of  Arabian  origin.     It  can 
not  be  the  L.  crepis,  Gr.  vo^-is,  unless  a  letter  has 
been  lo:^t.] 
A  high  shoe,  formerly  worn  by  ladies.  Shak. 

CHIP,  CHe.\P,  CHIP'PING,  in  the  names  of  places, 
implv  a  market ;  from  Sax.  ceapan,  cypan,  to  buy  or 
sell."  [See  Cheap.] 

CHIP,  H.     [from  the  root  of  chop.     Fr.  coupcau.'] 

1.  A  piece  of  wood  or  other  substance,  separated 
from  a  body  by  a  cutting  instrument,  particularly  by 
an  ax.  It  is  used,  also,  for  a  piece  of  stone  separated 
by  a  chisel  or  other  instrument,  in  hewing. 

9.  A  fragment  or  piece  broken  oflT;  a  small  piece. 

CHIP,  V.  t.  "To  cut  into  small  pieces,  or  chips;  to  di- 
minish by  cutting  away  a  little  at  a  time,  or  in  small 
pieces  ;  to  hew.  Shak. 

CHIP,  r.  i.    To  break  or  fly  off"  in  small  pieces,  as  In 

CHIP'-AX,  71.    An  ax  for  chipping.         [iH-tters'  ware. 

CHIP'-HAT,  71.  A  hat  made  of  wood  split  into  thin 
filaments. 

CHIP'PED,  (chipt,)  pp.  Cut  in  chips,  or  small  pieces ; 
hewed. 

CHIP'PER,  V.  i.     To  chirp  or  chirrup.  Forby. 

In  JVcio  En^land^  this  word  is  colloquially  used  as 
an  adjective,  for  lively,  cheerful,  talkative,  as  kipper  is 
used  in  the  Craven  dialect, 

CHIP'PING,  ppr.    Cutting  off  in  small  pieces. 

CHIP'PING,  71.  A  chip;  a  piece  cut  off  or  separated 
by  a  cutting  or  ensraving  instrument  ;  a  fragment. 

9.  The  flying  or  breaking  off  in  small  pieces  ofthe 
edges  of  potter's  ware  and  porcelain.  Encyc. 

€HT-RA'GRA,  n.     [See  below.]     Gout  in  the  hand. 

eHI-R.'\G'Rie-.\L,  a.  [from  diiragra,  hand-gout; 
Gr.  x^'o,  the  hand,  and  ay  pa,  seizure.] 

Having  the  gout  in  the  hand,  or  subject  K"  that 
disease.  Broicn. 


TuNE,  BULL,  TiN^TE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


CHI 


CHIRK,  (cliurk,)  a.  [Probably  allicil  to  chirp;  I). 
eirtktnt  uhs.  Uit.  f-'ni.  eearcian,  U*  cr(.-nk.  CbailCfr 
\isci  the  verb  lo  cMirk,  iii  llie  m-iisc  cif  cMirp^  or  chut- 
li-r.  Tiic  nurd  i.*  fDunil  in  tlu*  Riiss.  cAirAoyu,  to 
clitriL     It  w  coIK^uial  in  New  KiikIuiiiI.] 

Livdyi  tJicrrfiil ;  in  good  ^tjiirits ;  in  n  comfortable 

Klatr. 

CIIIKK,  r.  i.    To  chirp.    [Oft*.]  Cfcawcr. 

ClllllM,  r.  i.     [Sni.  ryriHun.] 

To  wine  nrt  ti  liinl.     [AV(  tn  ujf,] 

CIII'KO-URArH,  (kl'ro-ftnii;)  n.  [Gr.  x«ip,  tbc  band 
and  ytxtffiuiy  lu  whtt^^.J 

1.  JlNcienit^,  a  wriiuic,  ivhich^  ri>qiiiring  n  counter- 
part, \v;n  t-nsro.-tcii  twice  on  iht'  same  piece  of 
parcJmient,  with  a  spjic\j  bciwi'trn,  in  which  wiw 
wnlii-n  thi'  woril  eJiiroirraphum,  throu<:h  whicli  the 
IKirchiiienl  was  cut,  and  one  i»;irt  pivi-n  to  rncli  p;irty. 
ll  answtTcd  to  what  is  now  call-d  a  (hartcr-yarty. 

•*.  A  llnr,  Ko  called  from  the  nianniT  of  cngriws- 
in^,  wliicli  IS  stih  retained  in  the  chiro^rapher'aoiricc 
in  Kngland.  Enryc. 

CHI-Rot^'KA  rilCR.N.  [SecCHinooKArH.]  He  that 
exercises  or  profess*'^  the  art  or  biisincsH  of  writiiiR. 
In  y.nglaiiJ,  the  chiropraplier  of  rtnes  is  an  officer  in 
the  coniniun  ph-aif,  who  en^osties  fniea  acknowl- 
ud'^ed  in  that  ruurt,  and  delivers  tlic  indentures  to 
til*-  iKirtif?'.  Encyc. 

fill  ICO  (JKAPH'ie,         \a.      pertaining   to  chirog- 

♦lMI  Ko.f:RAPiri€-AL,  )     raphv. 

cm  KOII'RA  PlIIriT,  ;j.  One  wiio  tells  fortunes  by 
e.vuniining  the  hand.     [JWt  a  Ugitimatc  ir&rJ.] 

Jirbuthnot. 

eUt-ROGRA  PHY,  n.  [See  CHinocRAPH-J  The  art 
of  writiiii:,  or  a  writing  w*ith  one's  own  hand. 

CHI  RO-LDG'ie-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  chirology. 

CHI-ROL'O-GldT,  H.  [Gr.  xup^  the  hand,  and  A-jyoy, 
diticourtt'.] 

One  who  cunimunicat&'4  thoughts  by  coigns  made 
with  the  blinds  and  fingers. 

eHI-ROL'O-GY,  II,  [See  CiiinoLo(;i-*T.]  The  art  or 
practice  of  contnuinicating  rhoiights  liy  si<!ns  made 
by  the  hands  and  lingers;  a  .stihstitule  fer  lati^ua-j*- 
or  discourse,  much  nseit  by  ilie  deaf  and  dumb,  and 
bv  others  who  eoniinunicatc  wilh  them.        Hailn/. 

eHt'RO-MAN-CKR,  ».  [See  Cmiiu.mancv.]  One 
who  ait;_'inpt3  to  foretell  liiture  events,  or  to  tell  the 
fortunes  and  dispositions  of  iktsohs,  by  inspecting 
til*"  hands.  '    Drylcit. 

€UI  RO-.MAN-CY,  n.  [Gr.  x^o,  the  hand,  and  iiav 
Tca^  divination.] 

Divination  by  the  hand  ;  palmistry  j  the  art  or  pmc- 
tice  of  alteni|>tms  lo  foretell  events,  or  to  discover 
the  disposition  of  a  person,  by  insjKrcting  the  lines 
and  lineaments  of  his  hand.  Brown. 

eHI'RO-MAX-IST,      I  fi.      One  who  foretells  future 

€HI'RO-.MAN'-TIST,  i  events,  in  relation  to  an  in- 
dividual, by  insjiecling  his  hands. 

CHI-RO-MA.N'TIC,  tu  Pertaining  to  chiromancy,  or 
divination  by  the  hand. 

ChiromAutic  ilreoi->lioii.  Gretlman. 

CHI-RO-NOM'ie,  a.  Relating  to  the  art  of  moving 
the  hands  in  orator>'. 

GHI-RO.N'O-.MY,  n.  [Gr.  x£(0,  the  hands,  and  vouoi, 
rule.] 

The  art  or  rule  of  moving  the  hands  in  oratory  ; 
gesture. 

ern'RO-PLAST,  n.  [Gr.  xci.o,  the  hand,  and  n-Aaffffu, 
lo  form.] 

An  instnimenl  to  form  the  hand  for  playing  on  the 
piano- forte. 

CHI-ROP'O-DKST,  «.     [Gr.  xan  and  royj.] 

Literally,  one  who  handles  the  feet ;  a  surgeon  for 
the  feel;  acorn-cutler.  The  term  is  sometimes  ap- 
plied lo  one  who  removes  excrescences  from  the 
jtands. 

CHT-ROS'O-PHIST, «.    A  fortune-teller. 

CHIRP,  (churp,)  c.  i.     [Ger.  zirpcn,] 

To  make  the  noise  of  cerliiin  small  birds,  or  of  cer- 
L-iin  insects ;  as,  a  chxrpinir  ];irk,  or  cricket.  Thomson. 

CHIRP,  r.  u    To  make  chtxrful.  Pope. 

CHIRP,  11.  A  particular  voice  of  certain  birds  or  in- 
sect*i.  Spectator. 

CHIRP'ER,  IF.    One  Uiat  chirps,  or  is  cheerlul. 

CHIRP'l.NG,  ppr.  Alaking  the  noise  of  certain  small 
birds. 

CHIRP'IXG,  II.  The  noise  of  certain  small  birds  and 
insects. 

CHIRP'ING-LY,  tuiv.    In  a  chirping  manner. 

CfJlRRE,   r.  i.     [.Sax.  eeorUin,]     To  coo,  as  a  pigeon. 

CHIR'RL'P,  F.  t.  To  chuenip ;  to  quicken  or  animate 
by  rhir|iing  ;  as,  to  chirrup  one's  Iiorse. 

CIII-RL'R'CKON,  n.  [Gr.  \£i«oti/>voj,  one  who  oper- 
ates with  the  hand,yio,thH  hand,  and  f,o>o5,work; 
li.  eJiiruTfriig  ;  Fr.  chirurgicn  ;  Sp.  ciriijano  ;  Port,  sur- 
giam,  or  cirnrgiaia ;  It.  chiruriro  ;  Arm.  surg^yan.] 

A  surgeon  ;  one  whose  profession  is  to  heal  dis- 
case>*  by  manual  uiierations,  instruments,  or  external 
applicattnn'i.  [This  ill-sounding  word  is  obsolete, 
and  it  now  appears  in  the  fonn  of  SuacEort,  which 
secj 

eHI-RUR'CiEKY,  n.     [Gr.  x^tpovpyia.    See  Chibub- 
OEo:(.J 
That  part  of  Uie  medical  art  which  consists  in 


CIIL 

healing  diseases  and  wounds  by  instruments  and  cx- 
Urnal  applications;  now  writi"  n  Si'iuitiiv. 

CHI-RUK'tMC,         id.    Pen  lining  to  surgerj',  or  to. 

CHI  KCR'GIC-.M.,  i  the  art  of  healing  diseases  and 
wounds  by  manual  oiienitions,  instnimcnts,  or  ex- 
ternal applirations. 

2.  Having  ipuililies  useful  in  external  applications, 
for  heiUiiig  disi-ases  or  injuries. 
It  is  now  written  Suhoical. 

CHIS'EL,  n.  [Fr.  ei^eau,  a  chisel ;  ciieter^  tp  engrave  ; 
Arm.  gUcll ;  Sp.  ctncW ;  Heb.  p3,  Ch.  DU  or  NIJ,  or  Ar. 

•  *fc  elia:zaj  to  cut,  hew,  or  car\'e.    See  Class  On.] 

An  Instnimenl  of  iron  or  steel,  used  in  carpentry, 
Joinery,  cabinet  work,  masctnry,  sculpture,  &.C.,  either 
fur  paring,  hewing,  or  e""glng.  Chisels  are  of  dif- 
ferent sizes  ond  shapes,  filled  for  piuticnlar  uses. 

CHIS'EL,  V.  u  To  cut,  pare,  gouge,  or  engrave  with 
a  chisel. 

CHIS'EL-KD,  pp.  or  a.  Cut  or  engraved  with  a  chisel. 

CHIS'EL-JNG,  ppr.    Cutting  with  a  chisel. 

CHIS'LEO,  n.  [Heb. i"?  CD, from  the  Ar.^.,^'^^  An^i/a, 

lo  be  tor|)id  or  cold.]  "^ 

'J'he  ninth  month  of  the  Jewish  year,  answering 
to  a  jiart  of  Novmiher  and  a  part  of  December,  in 
the  modern  division  of  tlie  year. 
CHIT,  n.     [SaJi.  ci/A,  a  shoot  or  twig,  from  thrusting 
out.] 

1.  A  shoot  or  sprout ;  the  first  shooting  or  germina- 
tion of  a  seed  or  plant.     \Um\cc, 

2.  A  child  or  babe,  in  fainiUar  language. 

3.  A  freckle  ;  that  is,  a  push. 

CIH'i',  r.  ?.    To  sprout ;  to  shoot,  jus  a  seed  or  plant. 

CHIT'CHA']',  n.     [See  Chat,  Chattkk.] 
Prattle  ;  familiar  or  trilling  talk. 

CIIIT'TKR-LKNG,  n.    The  frill  to  the  breast  of  a  shirt. 

Qascoiirnc. 

CHIT'TER-LING?.  71.  pi.  The  smaller  intestines  of 
swine,  &c.,  fried  for  food. 

CHIT'TY,  a.     Childish;  like  a  bah;.-.  Johnson. 

*J.  Full  of  chits  or  sprouts. 

CIIIV'AI.-Rie,  (shiv'al-rik,)  a.  Partakuig  of  the  char- 
acter of  cliivahy. 

OIIIV'AL  ROL'S,  (shiv'al-nis,)  n.  [See  Chivalrv.] 
Pertaining  to  chivalry  or  kuiglit-crrantry  ;  warlike; 
bold  ;  gallant.  Spenser. 

CHIV'AL-ROUS-LY,  fshiv'al  rus-lL-,)  ado.  In  a  chiv- 
alrous manner  ;  bcddlv  ;  palhintly.  Benjamin. 

CHIV'.VL-RY,  (shiv'al-ry,)  ».  [Fr.  chrralcric,  from 
diccalicr,  a  knight  or  horseman,  from  cheral,  a  horse; 
Sp.  cahalleria;   It.  eavaUcria.     Sec  Cavalry.] 

1.  Knighthood  ;  a  military  dignity,  founded  on  the 
service  of  soldiers  on  horseback,  called  knights;  a 
service  formerly  deemed  more  honorable  tlian  service 
in  infantr}'.  Bacon. 

2.  'I'he  qualifications  of  a  knight,  as  valor  and  dex- 
terity in  arms.  Shah. 

3.  Tlic  system  of  knighthood  ;  the  privileges,  char- 
acteristics, or  maniKTs  of  knights  ;  the  practice  of 
knight-errantrj',  or  the  heroic  defense  of  life  and 
honor.  Drytle.n. 

4.  An  adventure  or  exploit,  as  of  a  knight.  Sidney. 

5.  Tlie  body  or  order  of  knights.  Shah. 
G.  In  Kn^li^h  law,  a  teinire  of  hinds  liy  knight's 

service  ;  that  is,  by  the  condition  of  performing  ser- 
vice on  horseback,  or  of  performing  some  noble  or 
military  service  to  his  lord.  This  was  general  or 
special ;  general,  when  the  tenant  held  per  sercitittm 
viditare,  without  spueitication  of  the  particular  ser- 
vice ;  special,  when  tlie  particular  service  was  desig- 
nated. When  the  tenant  held  only  of  the  king,  the 
tenure  was  regal;  when  he  held  of  a  common  per- 
son, it  wixs  called  covimon.  This  service  was  also 
grand  scrgcantry,  as  when  the  tenant  was  bound  lo 
perform  service  to  the  king  in  Iiis  own  person  ;  and 
petit  scrgcantry,  wUcii  he  was  bound  to  yield  to  the 
king  aunnally  some  small  thing,  as  a  sword  or  dag- 
ger. Chivalrj'  that  might  be  held  of  a  common  per- 
son was  called  escuagr,  scatagiuin,  or  shield  service. 

Blackstonc. 
Court  of  clticalnj  ;  a  court  formerly  lield  befure  the 
lord  liigh  constable  and  earl  marshal  of  England, 
having  cognizance  of  contracts  and  other  matters  re- 
lating to  deeds  of  arms  and  war.  It  had  jurisdiction 
both  of  civil  and  criminal  causes,  but  no  jiowcr  to 
enforce  its  decisions  by  line  or  imprisonment,  not 
being  a  court  of  record.    It  is  now  nearlv  extinct. 

CHIVE.     See  Civk.  [Blachstone. 

cm  V'ES.  If.  pi.  Ill  hotnrnt,  slender  threads  or  filaments 
in  ihr  tii.i--Miti-  of  plarits.     [See  Stamen.] 

CIILA.M'V  IMIMKK,       i  n.     [Gr.  xAn/^i'i,  a  cloak,and 

CllI-AMYPIl  (J-RirS,  i       ,},tncn,  to  bear.] 

A  small  South  American  quadruped,  allied  to  the 
armadillo.  It  is  covered  with  a  shell  or  coal  of  mail, 
like  a  cloak.  JIarlan. 

CHLi^'.MYS,  71.  [L.  and  Gr.l  A  tunic,  or  loose  coat, 
worn  by  the  ancient-*  over  the  vest  or  doublet.  FJmes. 

GHLO-KA-Ck'TIC  acid,  n.  An  acid  formed  by  the 
action  of  chlorine  on  acetic  acid.  Dana. 

€IIL5'RAL,  71.    A  liquid  compound  of  chlorine,  car- 


Clio 

bon,  and  o\ygcn,  obtained  by  the  action  of  chlorine 
upon  ulcohni. 

CHLO'RA'l'E,  H.  [See  Chlobisk.]  A  compnnnd  of 
chloric  acid  wilh  a  salifiable  base.  {Vr, 

CHLO'RIC,  a.  Pertaining  to  chlorine,  or  obtauird 
from  it ;  us,  chloric  acid.  Urr. 

Chloric  acid  is  that  acid  of  rhlurine  and  oxygen 
which  contains  the  greatest  propuriioii  of  the  oxygen. 

GHLO'RID,  «.  [See  CiiLoniNi;.]  A  non  acid  com- 
pound of  chlorine  with  another  clement. 

CHI.O-RID'ie,  a.    Pertaining  lo  a  chlorid.  Ure. 

CHLO'RI.N'E,  (  n.      [Gr.  xAw/xys,    green;    so  named 

CLo'RIN,       S     froni  its  color.] 

Chloric  gas  ;  a  new  name  given  to  what  has  been 
called  oiynmriatic  gas.  This  subslaiice  has  hilherto 
resisted  all  efforts  to  decompose  it;  and,  as  it  is  iit>t 
known  lo  contain  oxygen,  and  is  a|)imrently  a  siinplu 
substance,  It  has  been  deiioininateil,  from  its  color, 
dilorinc,  or  chtcric gas.  It  forms  about  sixtj'  percent. 
ofc(unmon  salt;  and  is  a  powerful  agent  111  bleach- 
ing and  disinfecting.  Daci/. 

Clll.O-RI'O-DLN'E,  )  n.  A  compound  of  ehlorinc 

CMLO-RI-OD'ie  ACID,  (      and  Iodine. 

CIILO'IUS,  H.     [Gr.  xXiouoi,  green.] 
The  green  finch,  a  small  bird. 

eilLO'RITE,  71.     [Gr.  xAw.o'.s,  green.] 

A  soft,  olive-green  mineral,  tonsisting  of  niiiiiite 
scales,  and  somewhat  soapy  to  the  touch.  It  Is  allied 
to  talc,  but  contains  also  silica,  magnesia,  and  alu- 
mina. Dana. 

CHLo'RITE,  71.  A  salt  formed  of  chlorous  acid  and  a 
base.  Urc.     Kiricnn. 

CHLO-RIT'ie,  a.  Pertaining  lo  or  containing  cIiIih 
ritc  ;  as,  chloritic  sand.  Lycll. 

eilLO'RO-eXR-UON'.'C,      }a.  Tlic  terms  chhruair- 

CHLO'RO-CaR'BOiV-OUS,  \  bonic  acid  and  chhro- 
carlwnous  acid  are  applied,  the  former  by 'J'homson, 
and  liie  latter  by  Uri',  to  a  cninpoiind  of  ehhirine  and 
carbonic  oxyd,  fornied  by  exposing  a  inixliire  of  ilie 
two  gases  to  the  direct  solar  rays.  It  was  discoveied 
by  Dr.  J.  Davy,  niul  called  by  him  photigrnegas. 

CHI-O'RO-CV-AN'iC,  a.  Composed  of  chlorine  and 
cvnmigen. 

CH"L0-U(>M'E-TER,  71.     [Gr.  x>^<"P"i  !i"'I  //fr/ior.] 
An  instrument  for  testing  tlie  decoloring  or  bleach- 
ing [lowers  of  chlorid  of  liine. 

eilLO-ROM'E-TRY,  71.  The  process  for  testing  the 
bleaching  power  of  any  combination  of  chlorine,  t'rc. 

CHLtJ-Ro'PAE,  71.  [Green  opal.]  A  greenish,  earlliy 
niinenil,  consisting  of  silica  and  oxyd  of  iron,  with 
18  to  20  per  cent,  of  water.  Dana. 

eilLo'RO-PHANE,  71.  [Gr.\A(j/>(;s, green, and. />uicw, 
lo  show.] 

A  variety  of  fluor  spar,  from  Siberia.  When  placed 
on  a  heated  iron,  it  gives  a  beautiful  emerald-green 
light.  Cleavcland.     Cyc. 

€I1L()-R0-PIK^'ITE,  71.  [Gr.  \>w/)-j?,  green,  and  0at. 
o(,  blackish.] 

A  rare  mineral  found  in  small  nodules  ;  il  consists 
p/^incipally  of  silica  and  iron,  with  a  little  alumina. 
It  has  been  supposed  to  be  decomposed  olivine. 

Clearelantl. 

CIILo'RO-PHYL,  71.   [Gr.  xAojoo?,  green,  and  ^vAAt, 
leaf.] 
The  green  mailer  of  the  leaves  of  vegclabl;':^. 

rclleticr. 

CHLO-Ro'SIS,  71.     [Gr.  x\>.>p'^5,  green.] 

1.  The  green  sickness,  a  disease  of  females,  cliur- 
acterized  by  a  pale  or  greenish  hue  of  the  skin,  weak- 
ness, palpitation,  dyspepsy,  «tc.  Coze. 

2.  A  disease  in  plants,  causing  ihcm  to  tiini  of  a 
pale  hue. 

CHLO-ROT'IC,  a.    Pertaining  to  clilorosis  ;  as,  chh- 

rotir.  alfections.  Med.  Rrp. 

2.  AtFected  by  chlorosis;  as,  cJihrotic  nuns.  Batlie. 
eill-O'ROUS,  fi.     CIdorous  acid  is  that  acid  of  chlcprine 

and  oxygen  which  contains  the  smallest  projiortion 

of  oxvgcn. 
CHIA)  ROX-AE're,    a.     Chloroialic  ether;    an  oxalic 

etlier  containing  chlorJntr  instead  of  hydrogen. 

Chloroxalic  acid  was  formerly  used  for  ddoracctie 

arid.  Dana. 

CMLo'RU-RET,  71.    A  comiwund  of  chlorine  :  a  name 

formerly  given  to  what  is  now  called  a  chiond. 
CIIoAIC.     See  Chokk. 

CHO'AN-TTE,  ti.     A  zoophyte  of  the  chalk.     MantrlL 
CHOCK,  B.  i.     To  fill  up  a  cavity,  (to  choke  ;)  as,  "  the 

wood  work  exactly  chocked  into  the  joints."     Fuller, 
y    To  encounter.     [See  Shock.] 
CHOCK,  71.     A  wedge,  or  something  to  confine  a  cask 

or  other  body,  by  chocking  into  the  space  around  it. 

[Henre    the   word    chock-full,  meaning  completely 

niled.     Todd.     So  chock  up  means  completely  up.] 
2.  ,\n  enrounter.     [See  Shock.] 
CHOC'O-LATE,  71.     [Fr.  chocolaf,  Sp.  and  Port,  c/io- 

eolatr  :  It.  cioccolata,  from  cacao.'\ 

1.  A  paste  or  cake  composed  of  the  roasted  Kernel 
of  the  cacao,  wilh  other  ingredients,  usually  .  lilili! 
sugar,  cinnamon,  or  vanilla.  1'iie  nut  is  first  ground 
fine,  mixed  with  the  ingredients,  and  put  in  a  mold. 

2.  The  liquor  made  by  dissolving  chocolate  iu  boil- 
ing water. 

CH0e'O-LATE-H0USE,w.  A  house  where  company 
may  be  served  with  chocolate. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— MkTE,  PRgY.  — PINE,  MAIUNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  nOQK.— 
'200  "^  ^ 


CHO 


CHOe'O-LATE-XUT.     See  Cacao. 
CHoOE,  the  old  preterit  of  Chide,  which  see. 
CHOICE,  ».     [Fr.  choix  i  Arm.  choas:  Sa.x.  cyse;  D. 
keus:    See  Choose.] 

1.  The  act  of  choosing  ;  the  vohintary  act  of  se- 
lecting or  separating  from  two  or  innre  things  that 
which  is  preferred  ;  or  the  determination  of  the 
mind  in  preferring  one  thing  to  another  ;  election. 

Te  know  how  tli.it  a  good  w  hile  n^  Uod  in,ulc  cfioice  .-wnong  ui, 
that  the  Gentiles  by  my  mouili  shouIJ  hear  !he  word  ol  the 
gospel,  and  believe.  —  Acts  xv. 

9.  The  power  of  choosing  j  option. 

Where  there  is  force,  tliere  can  be  no  choice. 

Of  these  altemativea  we  huve  our  own  choice.  Anon. 

3.  Care  in  selecting ;  judgment  or  skill  in  distin- 
guishing what  is  to  be  preferred,  and  in  giving  a 
preference. 

I  ima^ie  Cesar's  apcphlhe^ia  were  collected  with  JnJgrnent 
ana  choice.  Bacon. 

4.  The  thing  chosen  ;  that  which  is  approved  and 
selected  in  preference  to  others  ;  selection. 

Nor  Ii-i  thy  conquests  only  be  her  choice.  Prior, 

5.  The  best  part  of  any  thing ;  that  which  is  pref- 
erable, and  properly  the  object  of  choice. 

In  the  cftot«  of  our  scpulchers  bun'  ihy  (lend.  ^Gen.  xxiu. 

6.  The  act  of  electing  to  office  by  vole  ;  election. 
To  make  choice  of:  to  choose  ;  to  select ;  to  separate 

and  take  in  preference. 
CHOrCE,  a.      Worthy  of  being    preferred;    select; 
precious ;  very  valuable- 

My  ckoicesl  houra  of  life  an;  lost,  SicifU 

My  revenue  is  better  than  choice  silver. —  Prov.  viii. 

2.  Holding  dear  ;  preserving  or  using  with  care,  as 
valuable  ;  Irugal ;  a?,  to  be  choice  of  time,  or  of  ad- 
vantages. 

3.  Selecting  with  care,  and  due  attention  to  prefer- 
ence ;  as,  to  be  choice  of  one's  company. 

CHOICE'-DRAWiV,  a.    Selected  with  particular  care. 

Shak. 
CHOrCE'LESS,  (chois'less,)  a.    Not  having  the  power 

of  choosing  ;  not  free.  Hammond. 

CHOICE'LY,  (chois'ly,)  adr.    With  care  in  choosing  ; 

with  nice  regard  to  preference  ;  with  exact  choice  ; 

as,  a  band  of  men  choicely  collected. 
•3.  Vahiabiy  ;  exceilently  ;  preferably;  curiously. 
3.  With  great  care ;  carefully  ;  as,  a  thing  choicely 

preserved. 
CHOICE'NESS,  (chois'ness,)  h.     Valuablcness  ;  par- 
ticular value  or  worth  ;  as,  the  dwicencss  of  a  plant, 

or  of  wine. 
€HOni,  (quire,)  ?^.     [L.  cJioriis  :  Gr.  xoooi  ;  Fr.  chaur : 

Sp.  Port,  and  It.  euro  ;  Sax.  cltor ;  D.  choor ;  G.   ckor ; 

.\i.   jL^D  haura^  to  go  round,  to  collect,  or  bind. 

See  Chorus.] 

1.  A  collection  of  singers,  especially  in  divine  ser- 
vice, in  a  church. 

9.  Any  collection  of  singers. 

3.  That  part  of  a  church  a[»propriated  for  the  sing- 
ers. In  Congregational  and  some  oHier  churches, 
the  singers  are  placed  in  certain  scats  in  the  galleries. 

4.  In  cathedrals,  and  coUefrinte  churches  and  chap- 
eU,  thai  part  of  a  church  eastward  of  the  nave,  and 
separated  from  it,  usually,  hy  a  screen  of  open  work. 
TJiis,  in  parish  churches,  is  called  the  chancel. 

5.  In  nunneries,  a  large  hall  adjoining  to  the  body 
of  the  church,  separated  by  a  grate,  where  the  nuns 
sing  the  office. 

€HOtR'-SER'\^ICE,  (qu're'-)  n.  The  service  of  sing- 
ing performed  by  the  choir.  JVarton. 

CHoKE,  v.t.  [Sax.  aceoran.  In  Ann.  couc],  or  goucq-i 
is  the  neck,  with  which  choke  may  be  connected,  in 
the  sense  of  narrowness,  or  compression.  The  sense 
of  choke  is  to  stuff,  thrust  down,  or  stop  ;  or  to  com- 
press, or  bind  tight.  (The  Sp.  aho-sar  is  the  Port. 
afo^ar,  L.  suffbco.)  It  is  probably  allied  to  the  Sp. 
cegar,  to  shut,  L.  cacus,  Eng.  key,  Tax.  c*c^.] 

1.  To  slop  the  passage  of  the  breath,  by  filling  the 
windpipe,  or  compressing  the  neck.  The  word  is 
used  to  express  a  temporary  or  partial  stoppage  ;  as,  to 
choke  with  dirt  or  smoke  ;  or  an  entire  stoppage  that 
causes  death  ;  to  suffiDcate  ;  to  strangle.     Mark  v. 

2.  To  stop  by  filling  ;  to  obstruct ;  to  block  up  ;  as, 
to  choke  the  entrance  of  a  harbor,  or  any  passage. 

3.  To  hinder  by  obstruclinn  or  impediments;  to 
hinder  or  check  growth,  expansion,  or  progress;  as, 
to  choke  plants  ;  to  choke  the  spreading  of  the  fruit. 

Bacon. 
Thoma  choke  them.  —Malt.  xiii.     Luke  viii. 

4.  To  smother,  or  suffocate,  as  fire.  Dryden. 

5.  To  suppress,  or  stifle ;  as,  to  choke  the  strong 
conception.  Shak, 

6.  To  offend  ;  to  cause  to  take  an  exception  ;  as,  I 
was  choketl  at  this  word.  Swift. 

We  observe  that  this  word  generally  implies  crowd- 
ing, stuffing,  or  covering.     A  channel  is  choked  by 
stones  and  sand,  but  not  by  a  boom. 
CHoKE,  V.  i.  To  have  the  windpipe  stopped  ;  as,  cat- 
tle are  apt  to  ch^ke  when  eating  potatoes. 

2.  To  be  offended  ;  to  take  exceptions. 


CHO 

CH6KE,  ji.  The  filamentous  or  capillary  part  of  the 
artichoke.  Johnson. 

CHoKE'-CHER-RY,  n.  The  popular  name  of  a  spe- 
cies of  wild  cherry,  remarkable  for  its  a:stringent 
qualities. 

CHoK'£D,  ;>/».nro.  Suffocated;  strangled;  obstructed 
bv^ filling;  stilled;  suppressed  ;  smothered. 

CHoKE'-D.\MP,  IK  Noxious  vapor  (carbonic  acid 
gas)  in  well?,  coal  mines,  and  other  pits. 

CHOKE'-FULT.,  n.  [choke  and  fall.]  Full  as  possi- 
ble ;  quite  full. 

CHoKE'-PE.iR,  M.  A  kind  of  pear  that  has  a  rough, 
astringent  taste,  and  is  swallowed  with  difficulty,  or 
which  contracts  the  parts  of  the  mouth. 

2.  An  aspersion  or  sarcasm  by  which  a  person  is 
put  tn  sik-nce.     [-4  low  tn-in.]  Claiissa, 

CHoK'ER,  n.  One  that  chokes  another ;  one  that 
puts  another  to  silence;  that  which  can  not  be  an- 
swered. Johnsoji. 

CHoKE'WEED,  n.     A  plant  so  called. 

CHoK'ING,  ppr.  or  a.     Suffocating;  strangling. 

CHoK'Y,fl.  That  tends  to  suffocate,  or  has  power  to 
suffocate. 

€HOL'A-GOGUE,  (kol'a-gog,)  n.  [Gr.  xoXr;)a}Oi, 
from  xuXt,,  bile.] 

A  medicine  that  has  the  specific  quality  of  evacu- 
ating the  bile. 

CHOL'ER,  (kol'er,)  n.  [L.  cholera;  Gr.  x-Af/Ja,  from 
XoAfj,  bile.] 

1.  The  bile.  By  the  superabundance  of  this  fluid, 
anger  was  formerly  supposed  to  be  produced  ;  or 
perhaps  the  opinion  was,  that  the  bile  caused  the  in- 
flamed appearance  of  the  face  in  anger.     Hence, 

2.  Anger  ;  wralh  ;  irritation  of  the  passions. 
CHOt,'ER"-A,  n.    A  sudden  evacuation  of  the  aliment- 
ary canal,   both  upward  and  downward;  popularly 
called  cholera  iiwrbus. 

€HOL'EU-A  .-XS-PHYX'I-A,  ti.  A  disease  differing 
from  ordiTiary  cholera  morbus  in  a  more  rapid  prog- 
ress, in  producing  more  violent  spasms,  in  asphyxy, 
or  cessation  of  pulse,  and  speedy  death.  It  is  called 
al:=o  Jisintic  cholera. 

€iIOL'ER-ie,  a.     Abounding  with  choler.    Dryden. 

2.  Easily  irritated  ;  irascible  ;  inclined  to  anger  ; 
as,  a  choleric  man. 

3.  .'\ngry;  indicating  anger;  excited  by  anger: 
as,  a  choleric  speech.  Ralegh.. 

€HOL'ER-ie-NESS,  n.  Irascibility;  anger;  peevish- 
ness. 

eH(J-LES'TER-ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  cholestcrine,  or 
obtained  from  it ;  as,  cholejitcric  acid.  Urc. 

eHO-LES'TER-INE,  n.  [Gr.  \oX^,  bile,  and  ctiocos, 
solid.] 

A  fatty  substance,  resembling  spermaceti,  found  in 
the  bile  and  biliary  concretions. 

CHO-LI-A.M'BIG,  n.  [L.  clwliambi.]  A  verse  in  poe- 
try having  an  iambic  foot  in  the  fifth  place,  and  a 
spondee  in  the  sixth  or  laat.  BcnUey. 

CHO V TRY,  n.  A  Hindoo  caravansera,  or  empty 
house,  fur  the  use  of  travelers.  Malcom. 

eHON'DRO-DiTE,  n.  A  light-yellow,  brittle  mineral, 
occurring  disseminated  through  primary  limestone, 
as  in  New  Jersey,  and  Orange  county,  New  York. 
Regular  crj'stals  can  rarely  be  distinguished.  It  is 
sometimes  brownisli,  reddish,  or  apple-green. 

Chondrodite  consists  of  silica,  fluorine,  and  mag- 
nesia. It  has  been  called  hracite  in  the  United 
States.  Dana. 

CHON-DROL'O-GY,  n.    [Gr.  X'>v6pnq.,  a  cartilage,  and 

Ao>"5.] 

The  history  of  cartihiges. 
€HON-DROP-TE-RY0'I-AN,   n.      [Gr.  \oi>:pci  and 

7rr£^u.] 
A  term  applied  to  an  order  of  fishes,  characterized 

by  the  gristly  nature  of  the  spines  which  support  the 

fins.  Cnvicr. 

CHON-DROP-TE-RYG'I-AN,  a.     Gristly  finned. 
CHOOSE,  (chuze,)  v.   U:   prrf.  Chose  ;  pp.   Chosen, 

Chose.     [Sax.   ccoann  ;    1).   kieicn:  G.   kiesea;    Sw. 

kesa ;    Ice.  kionsa ;    Fr.  chi'isir :    Arm.  clioasa :    Pers. 

ghozidan.    The  Hebrew    has  tt'tr'p  to   collect.    See 

Class  Gs,  No.  40,  70,  71.  j 

1.  To  pick  out ;  t<i  select ;  to  take  by  way  of  pref- 
erence from  two  or  more  things  offered  ;  to  make 
choice  of;  as,  refuse  the  evil  and  choose  the  good. 

Tlic  mail  the  Lurd  doth  choose  shall  be  holy.  —Num.  xvi. 

2.  To  take  in  preference. 

Lc:  us  choose  to  U8  jnd  jinent.  —  Job  xxxiv. 

3.  To  prefer  ;  to  choose  for  imitation  ;  to  follow. 

Envy  not  the  oppressor,  and  choose  none  of  his  ways.  —  Frov.  iii. 

4.  To  elect  for  eternal  happiness ;  to  predestinate 
to  litb. 

Many  are  cnlhd,  bnl  fi-w  cfio'en.  —  Matt.  xx. 

For  hia  elect's  sak<-,  whom  ho  hnth  chosen.  —  M^rk  xiii. 

5.  To  elect  or  designate  to  office  or  employment  by 
votes  or  suffrage?.  In  the  United  States,  llie  people 
choose  representatives  by  voles,  usually  by  ballot. 

CHOOSE,  V.  i.     To  prefer  ;  as,  1  choose  to  go. 

2.  To  have  the  power  of  choice.     The   phrase,  he 
can  not  c/toose  but  stay,  dcimtes  that  he  has  not  the 
power  of  choice,  whether  to  slay  or  nut. 
The  verb,  in  these  phrases,'  is  really  transitive ; 


CHO 

llic  following  verb  standing  as  the  object,  instead  of 

a  noun. 
CHOOS'ER,  n.      He  lliat  chooses  ■,  he  that  has  the 

power  or  right  of  clioosing  ;  an  elector. 
CHOOS'ING,"  ppr.    Selecting;  taking  in  preference; 

electing. 
CHOOS'ING,  n.    Choice ;   election.     Cluntsim;  n(iU.i, 

in  music^  a  tenn  applied  to  two  or  more  notes,  either 

of  whicli  may  be  taken  at  the  option  of  tJie  performer. 
CHOOS'ING-LY,  ado.     By  choosing. 
CHOP,  V.  t.     [G.  and  D.  happen;  Dan.  Icappar ;  Gr. 

Kf}TT-(ji;    Fr.  coiiper ;   Norm,  copper  or  coiiper ;  At. 


or  j_jIa£ 


kabacha  or   kayafu,   to   cnt. 


Class  Gb,  No.  47,  51.] 

1.  To  cut  otr  or  separate,  by  striking  with  a  siiarp 
instrument,  either  by  a  single  blow,  or  by  repeateil 
blows;  as,  to  chop  oil" a  head  ;  to  chop  wood. 

2.  To  cut  into  small  pieces  ;  to  mince  ;  n-<,  to  rliap 
meat ;  to  chop  straw. 

3.  To  grind  and  mince  with  the  teeth  ;  lo  devour 
eagerlv ;  with  up ;  as,  to  diop  up  an  entertainment. 

Dnjdm. 

4.  To  break  or  open  into  chinks  or  fissures ;  to 
crack  ;  to  chap.     [See  Chap.] 

CHOP,  V.  :.  To  catch  or  attempt  to  seize  with  the 
moutli.     [JVot  ujed.] 

To  chop  i.t  Ihe  shadow,  ami  lose  (he  siibstonc?.     VEttra»sc. 

•2.  To  light  or  fall  on  suddenly.  Johnson. 

If  this  is  a  legitimate  sense,  it  indicates  that  tlie 
primary  sense  is,  to  throw,  thrust,  or  strike.  It  is 
not  in  common  use. 

To  chop  in ;  to  become  modish.    [JVot  wscJ.] 

mUon. 

To  cPjp  out ;  to  give  vent  to.   [JVot  used.]   Beaum. 
CHOP,  0.  (.     [Sax.  ccapian,  cijpan,  to  buy  or  sell.    See 
Cheap.] 

1.  To  bi:y,  or  rather  to  barter,  truck,  exchange. 

2,  To  eicliiinge  ;  to  put  one  thing  in  the  place  of 
another  ;  s^?,  to  chop  and  change  our  friends. 

1.'' Estrcmgc 
n.  'I'd  'jjnuy  ;  to  altercate  ;  to  return  one  word  or 
thi.-.g  {.-x  another. 

Let  act  the  council  chop  with  thr  jujgp.  BMOn. 

CHOP,  ».  i.    To  turn,  vary,  change,  or  shift  suddenly  ; 

as,   in  seamen's  phrase,  the  wind  chops^  or  chops 

ahiiut. 
Tlie  various  senses  of  this  verb  seem  to  center  in 

that  of  thrusting,  driving,  or  a  sudden  motion  or  e.v- 

ertion  of  force. 
CHOP,  «.    A  piece  chopped  off;  a  small  piece  of  meat ; 

as,  a  mutton  chop. 

2.  A  crack  or  cleft.  See  Chap,  which,  with  the 
broad  sound  of  a,  is  ol^en  pronounced  chop. 

3.  The  chap;  the  jaw:  pi.  the  jaws ;  Ihe  mouth, 
the  sides  of  a  river's  mouth  or  channel.    [See  Chap.] 

4.  In  China,  a  pennit  or  stamp. 

CHOP,  n.  A  Chinese  word  signifyingquality  ;  as,  sUk 
or  goods  of  the  first  chop. 

CHOP'-CHUKCH,  ».  A  exchange  or  an  exchanger 
of  benefices. 

CHOP'-FALL -EN,  (-fawl-n,)  n.  Dejected:  dispirited. 

CHOP'-IIOUSE,  II.  .\  house  where  provision  ready 
dressed  is  sold. 

CHOP'IN,  V.  [Fr.  chopinc]  .1  liquid  measure  In 
Prance,  containing  nearly  a  pint  \Vinchester  meas- 
ure.   In  Scotland,  a  tjuart  of  wine  measure. 

CHOP'PKD,  (chopl,)  pp.  or  a.     Cut ;  minced. 

CHOP'PING,  ppr.  Cutting;  mincing;  buying;  bar- 
tering. 

CHOP'PING,  n.     Stout ;  lustv  ;  plump.  Bnrke, 

CHOP'PING,  V.     [Sp.   chapin.]     A  high-heeled  shoe, 
worn  by  ladies  in  Italy.     [See  Chioppise.] 
9.  A  cutting  ;  a  mincing  ;  from  chop. 

CIIOP'PING-BLOCK,  n.  A  block  on  which  any  thuig 
is  laid  to  be  chopped. 

CHOP'PI.NG-KNIFE,  n,     .\  knife  for  mincing  meal. 

CHOP'PY,  a.     Full  of  clefts  or  cracks. 

CHOPS.     See  Chop. 

CHOP'STICKS,  n.pt.  Twosmall  sticks  of  wood, ivorj-, 
&c.,  held  by  the  Chinese  between  Ihe  thumb  ami 
fingers,  and  used  to  convey  food  to  the  mouth. 

eHO-RA(5'le,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  choragus;  as, 
choragic  monuments. 

€H0-Ra'GUS,  n.  (Gr.  ^oorjios,  X"!"";  •''l"!  ciyM.'] 
In  AUiens,  a  term  applied  to  those  who  superintended 
a  musical  or  theatrical  entertainment,  and  provided 
a  chorus  at  their  own  expense. 

eHo'R.\L,  a.  [from  chorus.]  Belonging  to  or  compos- 
ing a  choir  or  concert ;  as,  choral  syraphonitT?. 

Milton, 
2.  Singing  in  a  choir;  as,  choral  seraphs. 

eHo'R.VL-LY,  adr.     In  the  m.anner  of  a  chorus. 

€HORD,  (kord,)  n.  [L.  chorda:  Gr.  \opi''?,  an  intes- 
tine, of  which  strings  were  made.  When  it  signifies 
a  string  or  small  rope,  in  general,  it  is  written  cord. 
See  Cord.] 

1.  The  string  of  a  musical  instrument.      .Wdton. 

2.  In  music,  the  combination  of  two  or  more  souni9 
uttcreil  at  the  same  time,  according  to  the  laws  of 
harmony ;  as  a  third,  fifth,  and  eighth,  which  are 


TONE,  BJJLL,  UNITE.  —  AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K ;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


26 


201 


Clio 


CHR 


CHR 


,^rf..-<  ,A,H,.  or  rnnv.nM.ci«.  TM  fourth  and 
i'iine,  <lra«;i,  or  supposed  to 
•  in  nrt  of  a  circle  to  the  otlifr. 

il.,K    .1.-. urc»ari-,.Unejo>mng^.e 

cjlreiuiejes  01  tlmt  nrc.  Orylen. 

*"""'="■. T,%.''%mnS;  ft™W,ed  with  strinp.. 

„',l„l  ireclic.n  of  the  penis,  under  which  it 
r;ibly  curvinl. 
SC,  ppr.    Fumixhine  with  iitrin?s. 

(kllB.  Mor.l     In  .imrrua,  Ihl^  word  dc- 
„  .,.  -  Mnall   vo  k  ^  a  dou.eslic  kind,  ■'^,';'»>'»P"jh'ji 

uire   i.c.     ISce  Cll»B-]  ,  , 

ciK.i;-i:ris't:o-PAL,a.   [Gr. x«poi.  ?'=•«.  ■^'''' '• 

°'r;.rt'a,I;inno  U>e  power  of  a  sufltagan  or^local 

ClioR-fe-PIS'eaPUS,  n.  a  local  or  sulTragnn  hishop. 

cHaSEE','!     foil  of\L  s>W,les,tl,o  flr..  long 

nnili-d  ;  as,  noiri/iltts,  mu^'fll.^-  r.i«;j<.. 

eHO-RI-AM'BlC,  a.    Pertainmg  to  a  cKorm.njj^^  _ 
riiiS'RI-0\    It.    FGr.  vooiov  or  vtopiov ;  the  latter 
"^"SmJ tob:.  alhei  to  xSpcc,  to  ^'o'''.  "^h 'Cilns 
In  maiomy,  the  Mtcrior  membrane  nlnch  mve.is 

€l'l"o'msT,"n""[Pr.  d^lsu.]    A  sinser  in  a  choir. 

CHOR'IST-ER,  II.  [from  cAoru.',  cAoir.J  . 

*^"  i    wiaMj.'a  singer;  one  of  a  cho.r;  a^j^^gr  m 

'  """Swho  lead,  a  choir  in  church  music.    This 

nse  in  the  United  Slates. 

,    '  .CRV-PIIER,  n.     [See  CnoROGnvrnv.J     A 

I,  vvhu'di'cnbcs  a  particular  region  or  counlrj' ; 

„r  ,.n,-  Mho  forms  a  map  or  map:,  of  partic^ar  re- 

€H.5"RO-GR'"pVrte-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  chorogia- 
p^;  d°c  ipUveof  parJicular  regions  or  countries; 
bving  d„«n  or  marking  the  bounds  of  PJ"'"'':" 

€iro-RO.GRAPH'ie-.\L-LY,  »<;...  In  a  clioro^P''- 
ical  n.anner;  in  a  manner  descr.pt.ve  of  particular 

emfiRob'K A-PHY,  n.  fGr.  x"'."!.  =»  P'^«  <"  "•'P""' 
and  )  on  iw,  to  describe.]  ,  „,i„«nn 

The  art  or  practice  of  raakmg  a  map  or  description 
of  a  particular  region,  countr)',  or  province ;  or  ol 
marking  its  limiu.^ound.,  or  posrt.on.  Choro^^aphy 
differs  from  geo^raplni,  as  the  description  Of  a  par- 
liculS  JoiMUrS  diffe'^fVom  that  of  th.  "hole  earth; 
and  from  topo!:rai*:j,  as  the  description  of  a  country 
dUTers  from  that  of  a  town,  city,  or  diiitrict.  Eiwyc. 
eilO'ROID,  n.  [Gr.  x".""''.  "  particular  membrane, 
and  ft^o(,  likeness.]  ,       _,     „f  ,i.« 

In  anaiimy,  a  term  applied  to  several  parts  of  the 
bo<ly  that  resemble  Uie  chorion  ;  as  the  inner  mem- 
brane investing  the  brain,  or  the  pia  mater ;  the 
second  coal  of  the  eye  ;  the  fold  ol  the  carotid  artery 
in  the  brain,  in  which  is  the  pineal  gland. 

Coze.    Enajc. 

eilo'RUS,  B.    [L.  Aorui;  Gr.  x"? "t  ■'  Sax.  chor;  Fr. 

rJurur  ;  D.  cAoor  or  loor  ;  Sp.  and  IL  tmro  ;  Ir.  cm-a ; 

W.  cHr.    In  Welsh,  the  word  signifies  a  round  or 

circle,  a  choir.    If  the  primary  sense  is  a  circle,  or  a 

company,  the  word  may  be  referred  to  the  Ar.^U 


CIIOSR,  (sh65 


[Fr.  ckoss;  Sp.  torn,  suit,  cause, 

iru  wii."" ;  L- Mi"°-    (i^e  C»l>i^' 


^:i^^r!:;^^ifi-rs;.^-^Sg.'prosecu.io. 

*''^;;^'i^"pr;i;;^r^*i^^ti"ni  »  ngUt  toposses,K>»;l 
„r  hat  w  ic  1.  may  b.  .leiiinnded  and  recovend  by 
«,i  or  aV  o  "l  law.  Thus  money  due  on  a  bond 
^  no  e  is  """»«  .-.  action  :  a  recompense  for  damage 
Soi^ls  a  ri^«.  in  <.rt>"«  •■  t"«  former  proceeding  from 
an  L-pr"  7  the  latter  from  an  impluJ,  contract.  A 
?om™t  Sec  ted  is  ac;,..«myo...r.-.i<„.,-  «  contrac 
PiLculorv  conveys  only  a  cAo«  in  action.  A  c*».e 
L.^  ,s^a.rexed\o  a  place,  as  a  mill  or  Ihe  like  ;  a 

•^pfeLd  out  ftakeii  it.  preference;  elected  ;  predesti- 
natcd  :  desiciialcd  to  otBce. 

2  a.    t'elecl;   distinguished  by  preference;   em- 
inent. 


lenu 
HI.  cJoien  eaplaira  ore  dro»™<l  ■"  """I*;?- ;;: "'."Jirt  a. 

CHOU'ANS,  (slim/an/,,)  >i.  pi.  Royalist  insurgnnls  on 
the  R(Cer  l' <.\re,  during  the  French  t^volutlons-^^^^I^hey 

CimCciT,T,?hu[;j'»"-[Fr.  cUuc,.:  Ir.  ra,.,  «ax.  'ceo 
or  «o-/i.  ^This  word  may  be  the  same  M  jac*,  in 
iarkdaw.     It  appears  to  be  a  Cornish  word,  j 
■'   The  C»raii  cAo«„W.  is  a  bird  of  the  genus  Corv  is 

Mharered.     U  ^^  -Jj^j^-^J^S."^ 
C/muyi  is  also  applied  to  the  jackdaw.  Cyc. 

CHfiULE.    See  Jowl. 

CHfiUL'TRY.    See  CiioLTnT.  , 

CHOUSE,  V.  I.    [This  word  may  be  from  the  root  of 


laura,  to  go  round,  to  collect,  to  bind ;   or  to 


iorrJ,  to  relum,  to  repeat.  Class  Gr,  No.  3S,  34.  If 
the  radical  sense  is  to  sing  or  shoul,  it  may  be  alUed 
to  Gr.  voiou.    The  former  is  most  probable-.] 

1  A  number  of  singers  ;  a  company  of  persons 
singing  111  concert;  hence,  a  piec-.-  iK-rfurmed  by  a 
whole  company  in  concert.   Pr;,J««.  P„pi..1.Ui.<on 

o   The  i«;r-ions  who  are  supposed  to  b.liuM  wnal 
paSes  in  Uieacts  of  a  tragedy,  and  sing  their  senti- 
ment, between  the  acU.  ShuJt.    Johnson. 
3.  The  song  between  the  acts  of  a  tragerly. 

Joltnjon. 
4    Verses  of  a  song  in  which  the  company  Join  the 
singer ;  or  the  union  of  a  company  with  a  singer,  in 
repeating  certain  couplets  or  verses  at  certain  pcri- 
,,,1.  in  a  song.  ,       Johnson.    Encyc 

,    \  musical  conip.«ilion  of  two  or  more  TOrts. 
C  Among  the  Greeks,  a  chonu  consisted  of  a  num- 
ber of  singeis  and  dancers. 


to-Mi ;  Arm.  couj-.cia,  or  conchcia ;  Ar.  (j«L=-  '■'"'"- 
ia,  to  deceive  or  defraud  ;  Eth.  rhft®  c/,aja»a,  to 

•VodS/t'cMeiud  ;  foUowed  by  «/,  in  Hud 
bras  ;  but  in  America  by  out  of:  as,  to  c7.oi<.«  one  out 
of  his  money.     [It  is  noio  vulvar.]    Dryden.    Sk|R. 

CII0USE,7i.    Oiiewho  is  easily  cheated;  a  tool ,  a 
simpleton.  ,  ,  -  !.„„«, 

2.  A  trick;  sham;  imposition.  T"-"",' 

C1I0US'£D,  (ihoust,)  pp.    Cheated  ;  defrauded  ;  im- 
nosed  on. 

CIIOUS'I.NG,  PPI-.    Cheating:  imposing  Oil. 

C    OW'DF.R  n.  In  A'«  F.n%nd,  a  dish  of  f>f  ""''e'l 

with  biscuit,  salt  pork,  tc.    In  S',Pi'"'f '.''Mf,?,  -oS 
pastemadeofmilk.cggs.sugar.andftoiir.  In  he     ca 

of  England,  clioadcr-bnr  is  a  liquor  made  by  boiling 
Mark  spruce  in  water  and  mixing  with  it  molasses. 

CHOWDER,  r.  (.    To  make  a  chowder. 

CIIOWTER  V.  u     To  grumble  like  a  fro?  or  a  fro- 

ward  child.  ^^  ,.„,',',?"■ 

GlIUK-MA-TIS'TieS,  11.    [Gr.  XW""'".  "f  ""rL^,, 
The  science  of  wealin  ;   a  branch   of  political 

economy.  ,^  o       i 

eiIRES-TOM'.\-TIIY,  ti.    [Gr.  xf^nropa^tia.^ 

A  book  introductory  to  t^ic  learning  of  languages, 
containing  selected  passages,  with  notes,  explana- 
tions, &c.     {Qtrman.\ 
eilRIS.M,  (krizm,)  ii.      [Gr.  XP'"/'"'  "O""  ^:-'"'">  '° 

""unraliit ;  unction.  In  tho  Bomoa  CalSwUc df  G«j* 
cAiircL,  oil  consecrated  by  the  bishop  and  u^edn 
the  administration  of  baptism,  coufiniiatioii,  ordina- 
tion, and  extreme  unction.  It  is  prepared  on  Holy 
Tlmreclay  with  much  ceremony,  and,  ui  some  cases, 
mixed  « ith  balsam.  .  „  ,S' 

CIIKIS'MAL,  a.     Pertaining  to  chrism.         Brmnt. 

r  IRlS-MA'-l'lON,  »i.  The  act  of  applymg  the  chrism, 
or  conserrali-d  oil ;  in  baptism,  by  the  priest ;  m  con- 
firmation, by  the  bishop.     In  ordination,  it  w^J^^j"> 

eHRl's'M"vTO-RY,  n.    A  vessel  to  hold  the  'oil  for 

enRls"6M,«.  [See  Chrism.]  A  child  that  dies 
within  a  'montli  after  its  birih  ;  so  called  from  Hu: 
chrisom  cloth,  a  linen  cloth  anointed  v.'ith  holy  oil, 
which  was  formerly  laid  over  a  clidd's  face  when  it 
washapti7xd.    Also,  the  cloth  itself.  inct/c. 

CIIRT.ST.ji.  [Gr.  xftoTtti,  anointed,  from  XP'".  to 
anoinLj  .         .    ,,,„  o.. 

The  AsoisTEo;  .an  appellation  given  to  the  sa- 
vior of  the  world,  and  synonymous  with  the  Hebrew 
Mf.<.iaii.  It  was  a  custom  of  antiquity  to  conse- 
crate persons  to  tho  sacerdotal  and  regal  offices  by 
anointing  them  with  oU. 
eHRlST'-CROSS-ROVV,  (kns'kros-ro')  n.  An  old 
term  for  the  alphabet,  probably  from  Ihe  cross  usual- 
ly set  before  it.  .  .  WhMoA. 
eilRIS'TiflN,  (kris'n,)  1. 1.  [Sax.  crutrnm ;  V.  Ur^- 
ttncn.     Sec  Uhrut.] 

I.  To  baptize,  or  rather  to  baptize  and  name ;  to 
initi.ate  into  the  visible  church  of  Christ  by  the  appli- 
cation of  water  ;  opp(ir<i  to  persons.  And  .as  a  name 
is  given  to  the  person  in  the  ceremony,  hence. 


■>   To  name  ;  to  dr.  .minatc ;  applied  u,  tliing.i. 
"  liunteu 

fURIS'T£N-D01I,  (kris'n-dum,)  n.  [Sax.  cri^«n<lom, 
"isSa,  Christian,' kiid  dom,  power,  judgment,  rale, 
iiiritttliction.     See  Christ.J  ■   ,    i  ,    i 

^?  The  territories,  countries,  or  regions  inliabi  .d 
bv  Christians,  or  those  who  profess  lo  believe  m  the 
Chri    ai     e  s"on ;  particuMy,  all  countries  gov- 
emed  by  Christian  sovereigns  and  institutions 
o.  ■j-he  whole  body  of  Christians.  ^'■'"'•J.-,,^ 

5   Chrislianity  ;  the  Christian  religion;  ^,  while 

c/illVs^TyN^i^roSls^-ing,)  ppr.     Baptizing  and 

rnui's'TE.V-lNG,  n.    The  act  or  ceremony  of  bap- 
^t'zmg  ami  naming;  initiation  into  the  Christian  re- 

enSlS'TIAN,  (krist'yan,)  a      [Gr.  X^":'"""!  <,^; 

crUliano  ;  Arm.  cr..*7i ;  W.  c"-'.'?"-  .  f  "=  ^'""'"•J 

1.  A  believer  in  the  religion  ol  Christ.         ^  „,., 

2.  A  professor  of  his  behef  in  the  religion  of  Clinst. 
5    A  real  disciple  of  Christ ;  one  who  •^du^V'^    " 

the  liiUh  of  the  Christian  religion,  am  stud  e-  o  fal- 
"w  the  example,  and  obey  the  P"^"!'^',"^ ^H.' ,"'  't,? 
believer  in  Christ  who  is  characterized  by  r«U  piet>. 
4.  n'a?c;craisr,i.c,  the  word  C'.mr,.-i-u,  .ncl.id« 
all  who  are  born  in  a  Cliristian  country  or  of  CUris- 

€llRIi?TIAN,  a.      [See  the  nounj     rertaining  to 

Christ,  taught  hv  him,  or  received/rom  hiin ;  as,  the 

C/iri^(iaii  religion  ;  CAri^ian  doctrines.  „..,,„„ 

a.  Professing  the  religion  of  Christ ;  as,  a  CTrntian 

,  '^"3."lielonging  to  tlio  religion  of  Christ ;  relating  to 
Christ,  or  to  his  doctrines,  precepts,  and  example  ;  as, 
Cliristian  profession  and  practice.  . 

4.   Pert.aining  to  the  church;  ecclesn.sUcal^i_^as, 

eilR^^TIAN,'":-,.    To  baptize,    [^ot  -^]  >";f-. 
CHRIS'TIANMS.M,  (krist'yan-izm,^  n.    [Or.  x."'""-'" 
vi(T/io5.    See  Cheut.1 

1.  Tho  Christian  religion.  ,  ,     „, 

2.  The  nations  professing  Christianity.  AAii^". 
CHRIS'TIA.N-ITE,  n.     Sec  A.iorthiti:,  with  wli.ui 

eilRIS^^TS'l'-TY  Ckrist-yan'e-te,)  «.     [See  Chiu.- 

"Th'e'felTgiontf'-ihristians;  or  the  system  of  doc- 
trines  and  precepts  taught  by  Christ,  and  recorded  by 
the  evangelists  and  apostles. 

„nd'  rc,H,Wic,  Chri.liaM'j  a  olikc  n,>i>li«Uc,  '^'"'\^""^ 
friindly  10  llKii  "11-  , 

eilRIS-TIAN-I-ZA'TION,  n.  The  act  or  process  of 
converting  to  Christianity.  „.   .    .        ,„  „ ... 

eiIRIS'TI.\N-IZE,  V.  t.  To  make  Christian  ;  to  con- 
vert to  Christianity  ;  .-is,  to  C/.r«lia«r.c  P-'iff- 

CHRISTIAN -r/.-£D,  pp.  or  a.    Converted  to  Clir.s- 

€Mr'!s'TIAN-TZ-ING,  ppr.    Converting  to  Christiaii- 

eHRl's'TIAN-'uiCE,  a.    Becoming  a  Christian.  SJa/.;. 
C  IR  S'TIAN-LY,  <^v.    In  a  Christian  manner  i  m  i 

maimer  becoming  the  principles  of  the  Christian  re- 

licion  or  the  profession  of  tliat  religion.  , 

ei  U  s'tIAX-.N-.^MI-.,  «.     The  name  given  m  bap- 

ti'ili,  as  distinct  from  the  gentilitious  or  sun.ame. 
€llRli-TIA.V-OG'KA.l'Il\*,    ii.       A    lescripUon    of 

rhTKiinn  nations.     fJVor  w-^cd.]  ru^n^. 

CHlul-TrC'O-UST,  «.     [Chri^us  and  co!»,  to  cull,- 

vale  1     A  worshiper  of  Christ.  .     r^,   •  , 

CIIRIST'LESS,  a.    Uaving  no  interest  in  Clmrt.^^^ 

CHRIST'MAS,  rkris'mas,)  n.    [C'lm!  ai)d  mass.  Sax. 
m,r.:<sa,  a  holv  day  or  feast ;  D-kcrsmts.]  , 

1  I'he  festival  of  the  Christian  church,  o^ser  ul 
anmiallv  on  the  25th  d.ay  of  December,  in  meim.r>  of 
?he  birth  of  Christ,  and  celebrated  by  a  partic.ilar 
church  sen'ice.    The  festival  includes  twelve  day». 

eHRisT^M  a's-BOX;  n.  A  box  in  which  little  presents 

^  are  deposi-ed  at  Chfistinijs ;  'S^.f^f  ""'V^nllitmher 
elIIU.-5T'MAS-DAY,  71.     The  Both  day  of  December, 

when  Clirislmas  is  celebrated. 
PIIRIST'MAS-FLOVV-ER,  n.    Hellebore. 
I    rIt'M AS-ROSE,-..     Aplant  of  the  ficnus  "cl- 

lebonis,  producing  beautiful   white   flowers  about 

eimi'STOL'o-tSY,  n.  [Gr.  xp'<":'«  "^,*  ^7°'-'^ 

en^^^^^^  '^r?;^ni;;-^iunis  a 

«rna 'fontd  Sy  tfifc^hr^^  acVi  w4f  U' 


v,T.    FXR.  FALL.  WHAT.-METE^PREY.-PI-NE,  MARINE,  HmO. I^^T^:^VE,  MOVE.  WQLF,  BOOK.- 


202 


CHR 

CHRO-MAT'ie,  (I.  [Gr.  \.)w//nr(vo?,  from  x."*^'^') 
color,  from  xui^^yU.^,  lo  color.  Xoaa,  xooiCw,  seem  to 
be  a  liiaL'ciical  ortlicvgraphy  oftlie  ?ame  word.] 

1.  Helulins  to  color.  Dryden. 

2.  Noting  a  particular  species  of  music,  whicli  pro- 
ceeds by  severul  semitones  in  succession. 

Busbtj. 
€HRO-MAT'I€,  n.     [Supra.]    A  kind  of  music  that 
proceeds  by  several  consecutive  semitones,  or  st-nii- 
toaic  intervals  J  or  it  denotes  accidental  semitones. 

Rousscatu 
CHRO-MAT'ie-Alr-LY,    edv.      In    the     chromatic 

manner. 
eHRO-M  AT'ieS,  n.    The  science  of  colors  ;  that  part 
uf  optics  which  treats  of  the  properties  of  the  colors 
01  li^ht  and  of  natural  bodies.  Encyc. 

€HRO-MA-T0G'KA-PHY,  ?u     [Gr.  xpt^J/^a,  color,  and 
j(;a>.-:,  description.] 
A  treatise  on  colors. 

eUKO'JH-UM,  I  '••    t«^-  W"^".  color.] 

A  metal  consisting  of  a  porous  mass  of  aggluti- 
nated grains,  very  hard,  brittle,  and  of  a  grayish- 
white  color.  Its  texture  is  radiated.  In  its  highest 
degree  of  osydation,  it  passes  into  the  state  of  an 
acid,  of  a  ruby -red  color.  It  takes  its  name  from  the 
various  and  beautiful  colors  which  its  osyd  and  acid 
communicate  to  substances  into  whose  composition 
they  enter.  Chrome  is  employed  to  give  a  fine  deep 
green  to  the  enamel  of  porcelain,  to  glass,  &c. 

The  oxyd  of  chrome  is  of  a  bright  grass  green  or 
pale  )'ellow  color.  Cleareland. 

CHRo'Mie,  o.  Pertaining  to  chrome,  or  obtained 
froiii  it ;  as,  chromic  acid. 

Chromic  yeilow :  the  artificial  chromale  of  lead,  a 
beautiful  pigment. 

€HRO\'ie,  I  a.     [Fr.  cJironiqite ;  It.  Sp.  a-onico  ; 

€UROX'ie-AL,  )     Gr.  xo^fff^f)  ftooi  XPO^'^iy  time, 

duration.    See  Ar.    •  jj  karana.    Class  Rn,  Xo.  15.] 

Continuing  a  long  time,  as  a  disease.  A  chronic 
dise.i=e  is  one  which  is  inveterate  or  of  long  contin- 
uance, in  distinction  from  an  acute  disease,  which 
speedily  terminates. 
eHRO\''[-eLE,  n.  [See  Chbo:jic.]  An  historical 
register  or  account  of  facts  or  events  disposed  in  the 
order  of  time.  It  is  nearly  synonjnnous  with  annals. 
In  general,  this  species  cf  writing  is  more  strictly 
confined  to  chronological  order,  and  is  less  diffuse 
than  the  form  of  writing  called  history. 

2.  In  a  more  apteral  sensc^  a  historj'.         Dryden. 

3.  That  which  contains  history. 

Europe  —  her  TCry  roias  tell   die  history  of  limes  gone  by,  and 
every  molJering'  stone  is  a  diTOnlcle.  Iming, 

4.  Chroniclesj  pi. ;  t^vo  canonical  books  of  the 
Old  Testament. 

CHRO-VI-CLE.  t.  t.  To  record  in  history  or  chron- 
icle ;  to  record  ;  lo  register.  Spenser.     Ska/:. 

€HRO\'I-€LKD,  pp.    Recorded  ;  registered. 

€URO.\'I-eLER,  n.  A  writer  of  a  clironicle;  a  re- 
corder of  events  in  the  order  of  time ;  an  historian. 

CHROX'ieLI-NG,  ppr.    RecordinH. 

t'HKUN'iaUE,  (fcron'ik,)  n.      A  chronicle.     Addison. 

eHRO.\'0-GRAM,    \  lu     [Gr.  xpoi'^f,  time,  and  j'po/x- 

€URON'0-GR-VFH,  J  pm,  a  letter  or  writing,  from 
j;j'i^('j,  to  write.] 

An  inscription  in  which  a  certain  date  or  epoch  is 
expressed  by  numeral  letters ;  as  in  the  motto  of  a 
medal  struck  bv  Gusuivus  Adolphus  in  1639. 
Christ Vs  DVX  ;  ergo  trIV3IphVs. 

€HROX-0-GRA.M-MAT'I€,         /  g.    Belonging  to  a 

€HRO\-0-GRA.M-.>L\Tie-AL,  \  clironc.gram,  or 
containing  one. 

€HROX-aGRAM'iIA-TiST,  iu  A  writer  of  chron- 
ograms. 

€HRO-N0G'RA-PHER,  n.  [Gr,  xo'^vo^^  time,  and 
ypai^oj,  to  describe.] 

One  who  writes  concerning  lime  or  the  events  of 
time  ;  a  chronologer.  Tooke, 

€HRO-XOG'RA-Pay,  n.  The  description  of  time 
pa-^t.     [Little  iised.^ 

€HRO-XOL'O^GER,  )  n.      [See    Crboxologt.]      A 

€HRO-\OL'0-GlST,  \  person  v-'ho  attempts  to  dis- 
cover the  tnie  dates  of  past  events  and  transactions, 
and  to  arrange  them  under  their  proper  years,  or 
divisions  of  time,  in  the  order  in  which  they  hap- 
pened. 

a.  One  who  studies  chronology,  or  is  versed  in  the 
science. 

€HaO-\O-L06'ie,         )  a.    Relating  to  chronologj- ; 

€HRO-\0-LOG'ie-AL,  j  containing  an  account  of 
events  in  the  order  of  time;  according  to  the  order 
of  lime. 

€flR(>N0-L06'IC-AL-LV,  adv.  In  a  chronological 
mp.nncr ;  in  a  manner  according  with  the  order  of 
time,  the  series  of  events,  or  rules  of  chronology. 

€HR0-.NOL'0-GV,  n.  [Gr.  xp^voXoyia;  xpoi'OSj 
lime,  and  >oy^,  discourse  or  doctrine.] 

The  science  of  time  ;  the  method  of  measuring  or 
computing  time  by  regular  divisions  or  periods,  ac- 
cording to  the  revolutions  of  the  sun  or  moon ;  of 
asceitaining  the  true  periods  or  years  when   past 


CHU 

events  or  transactions   took  place,   and   arranging 
them  in  their  proper  order  according  to  their  dates. 

If  iiisltirj"  without  chronology  b  liirk  aiij  coafuscd,  chronology 
without  hiswry  u  tiry  aiid  Lispinl.  .-l.  HolTnea. 

€HRO-NOM'E-TER,  n.  [Gr.  \p0y05,  time,  and  fiemov, 
measure.] 

Any  instrument  that  measures  time,  or  that  divides 
time  into  equal  portions,  or  that  is  used  for  that  pur- 
pose, as  a  cluck,  watch,  or  dial ;  particularly,  an  in- 
strument that  measures  lime  with  great  exactness. 
Chronoscope  is  now  rarely  used. 

To  rate  a  chronometer,  is  to  ascertain  the  exact  rate 
of  its  gain  or  loss  as  compared  with  true  time,  for  the 
sake  of  making  the  proper  allowance  in  computa- 
tions dependent  thereon.  Gerry. 

eiIRO-i\0-MET'Rie,         )  a.    Pertaining  to  a  chro- 

eHRO-.\0-M£T'RI€-AL,  i  nometerj  measured  by 
a  chronometer.  Parriana. 

€HRO-i\O.M'E-TRY,  71.  The  art  of  measuring  time  ; 
the  measuring  of  time  by  periods  or  divisions. 

Crichton. 

CHRVS'A-EID,  0,    Pertaining  to  a  chrysalis.  Oood. 

CHRVS'A-LID,  71.    See  Chrtsalis. 

€HRYS'A-LIS,  (kris'a-Iis,)  n. ,-  pi.  Chrt-sal'i-des. 
[L.  chrysalis,  Gr.  xpvaaXXis,  a  grub,  from  its  golden 
color,  \py(JW5,  gold.] 

The  particular  form  which  butterflies,  moths,  and 
some  other  insects  assume,  before  they  arrive  at 
their  winged  or  perfect  state.  It  is  called  also  anrcUa, 
from  aurum,  gold.  In  this  form,  the  animal  is  gen- 
erally in  a  state  of  rest  or  insensibility,  without  tak- 
ing nourishment.  The  external  covering  is  usually 
smooth  and  glossy  ;  sometimes  hair>-.  The  name  is 
taken  from  the  yellow  color  of  certain  species  j  but 
thev  are  of  ditftrent  colors,  as  green,  black,  &c. 

€HRVS'0-BER-YL,  n.  [Gr-xou^-os,  gold,  and/JjjpvA- 
Acji,  ber>i.] 

A  yellov.'ish-green  gem,  next  to  sapphire  in  hard- 
ness, consisting  of  alumina  and  the  earth  glucinn. 
On  account  of  a  peculiar  opalescence  presented  by 
the  crystals,  the  mineral  has  been  called  eymopkane, 
from  KVfi'ij  wave,  and  <paiv:o,  to  appear.  j3lcxandrite 
is  the  name  of  an  emerald  variety  from  the  Ural 
Mountiins.  Dana. 

eilRYS'O-CHLORE,  n.  [Gr.  X'^V'^og,  gold,  and  x^w- 
pos,  green.] 

A  species  of  mole  at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  tlie 
fur  of  which  reflects  most  brilliant  metallic  hues  of 
green  and  gold. 

€HRYS'0-€OL-LA,  n.  [Gr.  xPvaoKo'S'X'io,  glue  of 
gold,  xf>'"'^^  'ind  A(j>Afl.]  A  name  given  by  the 
Greeks  to  borax,  and  also  to  the  green  or  blue  car- 
bonate of  copper.  Clcaveland. 

eHRYS-OG'RA-PHY,  n.     [Gr.  xpvaocy  gold,  and  )pa- 
4>n,  description.] 
A  writing  in  fetters  of  gold. 

CHRYS'O-LITE,  n.  [Gr.  x/'^'o-ofj  gold,  and  Xi0o5, 
stone.] 

A  mineral,  called  by  Haiiy  and  Brogniart,  peridotc, 
and  by  Jameson,  prismatic  chrysolite.  Its  prevailing 
color  is  some  shade  of  green.  It  is  harder  than 
glass,  but  less  hard  than  quartz;  often  transparent, 
sometimes  only  translucent.  It  occurs  sometimes 
ill  crystals,  sometimes  in  small  amorphous  masses  or 
grains,  and  sometimes  in  rolled  pieces.  Olivine  is  a 
variety  of  this  species,  of  a  bottle-green  color;  it  is 
disseminated  frequently  through  basalt.     Cleaveland. 

CHRYS-OL'O-GY,  n.     [Gr.  xpt-coi,  gold,  and  )^o}os.] 
That  branch  of  political  economy  which  relates  to 
the  production  of  wealth. 

€HRYS'0-PRASE,  n.  [Gr.  X!^V70iipa(70S  j  XPTO'oSj 
gold,  and  "^oacoi/,  a  leek.] 

A  mineral,  a  variety  of  quartz.  Its  color  is  com- 
monly apple  green,  and  often  extremely  beautiful. 
It  is  transhicent,  or  sometimes  semi-transparent ;  its 
fracture  even  and  dull,  sometimes  a  little  splinterv', 
sometimes  smooth  and  slightly  conchoidal ;  its  hard- 
ness little  inferior  to  that  of  flint.  Clcaveland, 

CHUB,  n.  [This  word  seems  to  signify  thick  head, 
or  a  mass  or  lump.  In  Pers,  chui)  or  chob  is  a  club. 
See  Class  Gb,  Nos.  1  and  2.] 

Ariver  fish,  called  also  Cheteiv,  of  the  genus  Cy- 
prinus.  The  body  is  oblong,  nearly  round ;  the  head 
and  back  green  ;  the  sides  silver}',  and  the  belly 
white.  It  frequents  deep  holes  in  rivers  shaded  by 
trees  ;  but  in  warm  weather  floats  near  the  surface, 
and  furnishes  sport  for  anglers. 


CHUB'BED, 


a.    Like  a  chub ;  short  and  thick. 


CHUB' BY, 

CHUB'BED- XESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  chubby 

CHUB'FaC-£D,  (-taste,)  a.    Having  a  plump,  round 

face.  Addison. 

CHUCK,  v.  i.    To  make  the  noise  of  a  hen  or  partridge, 

when  she  calls  her  chickens. 
CHUCK,  V.  t.    To  call,  as  a  hen  her  chickens. 
CHUCK,  V.  i.    To  jeer  ;  to  laugh.     [See  Chuckle.] 
CHUCK,  if.  (.     [Fr.  choquer;    Russ.  chokayu,  to  strike 

gently  ;  Port,  and  Sp.  chocar.] 

1.  To  strike  or  give  a  gentle  blow ;  as,  to  chick  one 
under  the  chin. 

2.  To  throw,  with  quick  motion,  a  short  distance ; 
to  pitch.     [  Fttio-ar.j 

CHUCK,  n.    The  voice  or  call  of  a  hen. 


cnu 

9.  A  sudden,  small  noise. 

3.  A  word  of  endeannent,  corrupted  from  ckiek^ 

4.  A  slijihi  blow  under  Ihe  chin.  [chicken 
CHUCK'-FAR-THING,  n.    A  play  in  whichafanhing 

is  pitched  into  a  hole. 

CIIUCK'-HOLE,  71.    A  steep  hole  in  a  wagon  rut. 

[Local.] 

CHUCK'LE,  (chuk'kl,)  r.  U    [from  chuck.]    To  call, 
as  a  hen  her  chickens. 
2.  To  fondle ;  to  cocker.     [Qu.  W.  coeru.     See 

CHUCK'LE,  n.  A  short,  suppressed  laugh.  [Cockeh. 

CHUCK'LE,  V.  i.  [Ch.  "im  cfiuck  or  huk,  to  laugh. 
See  Class  Gk,  No.  18,  and  Giggle.] 

To  laugh  in  a  suppressed  or  b.-oken  manner;  to 
feel  inward  triiunph  or  exultation. 

CHUCK'LKD,  pp.    Fondled;  caUed,  as  by  a  hen. 

CHUCK'LE-HEAD,  (clmk'1-hed,)  71.  A  person  with 
a  large  head  ;  a  dunce.  Enoiclcs.  Bailey  says,  a  rat- 
tling, noisy,  empty  fellow.    [Vuttrar.] 

CHUCK'LE-HE^U>-ED,  a.    Large  or  thick  headed. 

Smart. 

CHUCK'LING,  ppr.    Fondling ;  calling,  ns  a  htn. 

CHUCK'LING,  n.  Suppressed  laughter;  inward  tri- 
umph or  exultation. 

CHUD,  V.  t.    To  champ;  to  bite.     [Obs.]    Sf.aford. 

CHu'ET,  n.     Forced  meat.  Jiacon. 

CHUFF,  n.     [Perhaps  W.  ajf,  a  stock  or  stem ;  cij/tatTj 
to  become  torpid.] 
A  clown  ;  a  coarse,  heavj%  dull,  or  surly  fellow. 

CHUFF'I-LY,  adc.    In  a  rough,  surly  manner;  clown- 

CHUFF'I-NESS,  n.    Surimess.  [ishly. 

CHUFF'Y,  a.  Originally,  fat  or  swelled  out,  especially 
in  the  cheeks ;  as,  a  chtiffy  lad.  Rich.  Diet.  Hence, 
2.  Figuratively,  surly  ;  angry  ;  stomacliful.  In 
JsTeiD  England,  this  word  expresses  that  displeasure 
which  causes  a  swelling  or  surly  look  and  gnmibling, 
rather  than  heat  and  violent  expressions  of  anger. 
[Used  in  Sussex  and  Kent,  Eng.] 

CHUK,  n.  A  word  used  in  calling  swine.  It  is  ths 
original  nrune  of  that  animal,  which  our  ancestors 
brought  with  them  from  Persia,  where  it  is  still  in 
use.  Pers.  chuk,  Zend,  chuk,  a  hog  :  Sans,  su^ara. 
Our  ancestors,  while  in  England,  adopted  the  W'ebli 
Inec,  hog  ;  but  chuck  is  retained  in  our  popular  name 
of  tcoodchuck,  that  is,  wood  ho^.  This  is  a  remarka- 
ble proof  of  the  original  seatot  the  Teutonic  nations. 
I  have  taken  cluilc  from  Adelung.  The  French  co- 
chan  may  be  the  same  word. 

CHUM,  7f.  [Arm.  chomm,  or  chommein,  or  ham,  to 
dwell,  stay,  or  lodge  ;  Fr.  chdmer,  to  rest.  Q,u.  Sax. 
ham,  home.] 

A  chamber-fellow  ;  one  who  lodges  or  resides  in 
the  same  room  ;  a  word  used  in  colleges. 

CHUM,  V.  i.  [from  the  noun.]  To  occupy  a  chamber 
with  another.     [Used  in  American  colleges.] 

CHUMP,  n.  A  short,  thick,  heavy  piece  of  wood, less 
than  a  block.  Johnson, 

CHUNK,  71.  A  short,  thick  piece  of  wood,  metal,  &c. 
[Local  in  England,  colloquial  in  America.] 

CHU-NAM',7i.  The  name  in  India  for /imc;  andhence, 
stuccn^  &c.  Alalcom. 

CHURCH,  71.  [Sax.  circe.  circ,  or  cifric;  Scots,  kirk, 
which  retains  the  Saxon  pronunciation ;  D.  kerk ; 
G.kircke;  S\v.  kyrckia  f  D^B.  kirke ;  Gr.  KVOiaKov^  a 
temple  of  God,  from  Kvpta<oi,  pertaining  to  a  lord, 
or  to  our  Lord  Jesus  Christ,  from  kvoios,  a  lord; 
Russ.  tzerkov.] 

1.  A  house  consecrated  to  the  worship  of  God, 
among  Christians  ;  the  Lord's  house.  This  seems  to 
be  the  original  meaning  of  the  word.  The  Greek 
c^K'M]>jin,  from  ckk^Xu.),  to  call  out  or  call  together, 
denotes  an  assembly  or  coUection.  But  KvpioKo;, 
KvpioKov,  are  from  Kvotos,  lord,  a  term  applied  by 
the  early  Christians  to  Jesus  Christ  ;  and  the  house 
in  which  they  worshiped  was  named  from  that  title. 
So  KvpcuKa  signifies  church  goods,  boJta  ecclcsiastica  ; 
KvptiiKT),  sc.  fjucpti,  the  Lord's  day,  dies  dominica. 

2.  The  collective  body  of  Christians,  or  of  those 
who  profess  to  believe  in  Christ,  and  acknowledge 
him  to  be  the  Savior  of  mankind.  In  this  sense,  the 
church  is  sometimes  called  the  catJiohc  or  unitersal 
church.  Johnson.     Ettcyc. 

3.  The  collective  body  of  saints  in  heaven  and  on 
earth,  colled  the  invisible  church. 

4.  A  particular  number  of  Christians,  united  un- 
der one  form  of  ecclesiastical  government,  in  one 
creed,  and  using  the  same  ritual  and  ceremonies ; 
as,  the  English  church  i  the  Gallican  church;  tlie 
Presbyterian  church ;  the  Roman  Catholic  church  ; 
the  Greek  church. 

5.  The  followers  of  Christ  in  a  particular  city  or 
pro\'ince  ;  as,  the  church  of  Epbesus,  or  of  Antioch. 

6.  Tlie  disciples  cf  Christ  assembled  for  worship 
in  a  particular  place,  as  in  a  private  house.  Col.  iv. 
[See  No.  9.] 

7.  The  worshipers  of  Jehovah,  or  the  true  God, 
before  the  advent  of  Christ ;  as,  the  Jewish  church. 

8.  The  body  of  clergj^  or  ecclesiastics,  in  distinc- 
tion from  the  laitv.    Hence,  ecclesiastical  authorit}-. 

0.  An  assembly  of  sacred  rulers  convened  in 
Christ's  name  to  execute  his  laws.  Crudcn.  Brou:n. 

10.  The  collective  body  of  Christians,  who  have 
made  a  public  profession  of  the  Christian  religion, 
and  who  are  united  under  the  same  pastor;  in  dia- 


TuNE,  BULL,  IGNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K ;  (5  as  J ;  S  as  Z;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS 


ClIU 


CIC 


Unction  from  thost-  wlio  belong  to  the  s&mo  porbh,  or 
eccleilaslical  society,  but  have  inuUo  no  profeulon  of 
their  faith.  .  ^  .1.       «■ 

CHUKCII  r.t.  To  perform  with  anyone  the  onice 
of  rtiuriiins  ihank.f  lu  the  church,  aacr  any  signal 
delivcmiice,  ai  from  Iho  dangers  of  chiUlbirth. 

Johnson. 
CHURCH'-ALE,  »-     A  wake  0rfea.1l  comuu'uiorntory 

of  ihv  dedication  of  the  church.  Johusvit. 

CHl'UCH'-AT-TTRK',  n.    The  habit  in  which  men 

otTictntc  in  divine  ser\'ice.  Hookrr. 

CHL'IU'H'-AU -TIIOR'I-TY,  h.     Eccletiiaslical    pow- 
er; spiritual  jurisdiction.  Attrrhury. 
CIIL'RC'H'-BEXCH,  b.    Tho  »oal  in  the  porch  of  a 

church. 
CIIL:RCH'-BU-RI-AL,  (ber-ry-ol,)  n.    Burial  accord- 

Inf:  to  the  ritea  of  the  church.  JiyUffe. 

fllL'KCH'-DISTI-PLINE,    m.       Discipline    of    the 
rhurch,    intended    to   correct    tlio    olTenjica    of   its 
nicinlM'P?. 
fllLKCH'DOM,  n.    The  government  or  auihonty  of 

Un'  church. 
CULUCH'-FOUND'ER,  n.    He  that  builds  or  endows 

a  church.  Jlooker. 

CHURCII'-GO-ER,    it.      One  who    usually  goes  to 

rhurch. 
rnriU'H'-C;5-ING,  a.    Usually  atlendin];  church. 
(HrRCIl'-HIS'TO-RY,  n,     Histor>-  of  the  Christian 

ilmrch;  erclcsinslical  historw 
CHIKCHING,  «.     The  act  of  uflering   thanks  in 

•  Inirch  aher  childbirtli. 
CML'RCir-LAND,  n.    Land  Iwlonging  to  a  church. 

JWrcrtori. 
i'lU'RCH'-LTKE,  a.    BecominR  the  church. 
niL'ltCir-LIV'lMG,  n.    A  benefice  in  an  established 

church. 
CUrRCll'.M.\N',  n.    An  ecclesiastic  or  clergyman; 
one  who  miniijiers  in  sacred  thing!*. 

2.  An  Episcopalian,  as  disiinsuished  from  a  Pres- 
byterian or  Concrecalioualist,  &c. 
CH'L'RCH'MAN-SHIP,   n.     Suite  of  hting  a  church- 
man, or  of  belonging  to  Uio  established  church. 

Ec.  Rev. 
CHURCir-MEM'BER,  h.     A  member  in  comumnion 

with  a  church  ;  a  professor  of  rclijiion. 
CIirRCir-MEM'BER-SHIP,    n.     Slate  of  being   a 

rhurch  member. 
ClirRCir-MO'SIC,  n.     The  service  of  singing  or 
chanting  in  a  church, 
i.  Murtic  Piiilrd  to  church  service. 
Cnr'RCH'-PREFER'MKXT,    n.      Benefice    or    ad- 

vnnceniont  in  the  churrh. 
CHI'RCH'^HIP,  «.  Institution  of  the  church.  Sou/A.  | 
CIIL'RCH'-WAR'DEX,  n.  A  keeperorpiardianof  the  | 
church,  and  a  rt-pre.^enlative  of  the  parish.  Churrh- 
wardtiifl  arc  appointed  by  the  minister,  or  elected  by 
the  |)arishioner?*,  to  superintend  the  church,  its  pro|>- 
erly  and  concerns,  and  the  behavior  of  the  parish- 
ioners. For  these  and  many  otlier  purposes,  they 
po.ssess  corporate  powers.  Johiison.     Eneyc. 

CHL*RCH'-WaY,  w.    The  way,  street,  or  road,  that 

Icad^^  to  the  church. 
CHL'RCII'-WORK,  h.    Work  carried  on  slowly. 

Chalmers, 
CHURCH'-YARD,  n.     The    ground  adjoining  to  a 
church,  in  which  the  dead  are  buried ;  a  remetcrj*. 

Johnson. 
CHURL,  n.  [Sax.  ceorl ;  D.  kaerd;  G.  krrl;  Dan. 
karl.  It  signifies,  primarily,  a  maj»  or  rather  a  male, 
for  it  was  applied  to  other  anim;ils,  as  a  crtW-co/,  a 
male  cat ;  and  males  are  named  from  their  strength, 
or  the  sex  implies  it ;  Iiencc,car/-A«/np  denoted  strong 
hemp.  IIiLscarla,  a  hoiue-carl^  or  servant ;  biLscarUtj 
a  ship^scarL  9cc  Spclman.  Hence  the  name  C%ar/e.«, 
Oiroluj.l 

1.  A  rude,  surly,  ill-bred  man.  Sidney. 
9.  A  rustic  j  a  counlr>*man,  or  laborer.  Dnjden. 
3.  A  mi:^eri  a  nisgard.    /*.  xxxii. 

CHURLMSII,  a.  Rude  ;  surly  ;  austere  ;  sullen  ; 
rough  in  temper;  unfeeling:  uncivil. 

2.  Pclliah  ;  narrow-minded;  avaricious.      King. 

3.  [Of  things.]  Unpliant  ;  unyielding  ;  cross- 
grained  ;   harsh ;   unmanageable  ;  a-s,  churlish  metal. 

Bacon. 

4.  Hard  ;  firm  ;  as,  a  cJturllsh  knot.  Shak. 

5.  Obstinate  ;  as,  a  churlish  war.  Bacon. 
CMURL'I^H-LY,  adr.     Rudely  j  roughly;  in  a  churl- 

i.'sh  manner. 

CHURL'ISH-XES3,  n.  Rudeness  of  manners  or 
temper ;  but  generallv  the  word  refers  to  the  temper 
or  disposition  of  minif;  tiullcnniss;  austerity;  indis- 
position to  lcindne«s  or  courtesv. 

CIIURL'Y,  c    Rude;  boislerousi 

CHURME,  (  n.     [Sax.  cyj-m,  clamor;   eyrnuin,  to  cr>* 

CHIRM,        t       out;  W.  fttrrt.] 

Noise  ;  clamor,  or  confused  noise.     [Obs.]    Bacon. 

CHURN,  n.  [:-ax.  nrm,  cyrin^  or  en-ene,  a  chum,  crr- 
nany  to  churn  ;  D.  Jbirn,  kamen  ;  Dan.  kirrne,  kirmer. 
Qu.  Sax.  ciimin,  to  tiim.j 

A  vessel'  in  which  cream  or  milk  i^  agitated,  for 
separating  the  oily  parts  from  the  caseoun  and  serous 
parts,  to  make  butter. 

CHUR.V,  r.  L  To  stir  or  agitate  cream  for  making 
butter. 


2.  To  shake  or  agiUite  with  violence  or  continued 
motion,  as  in  tho  oi>enitiou  of  making  butter. 
CHURN'^'D,  I'p.     Agitated  ;  made  into  butter. 
CIU'RN'ING,  ;./»r.     .\gitaling  to  make  butter;  shak- 
ing ;  stirring. 
CHURN'ING,  n.    The  npemtion  of  making  butter  from 
cream  by  agitation  ;  a  shaking  or  stirring. 
*J.  As  much  butter  as  i^  mnde  at  one  o(Hnition. 
CHURN'-ST.\FF,  h.    The  slulT  or  iuslniuu  nt  used 

tn  churning. 
CHITRR'-U'OR.M,  i'.    [Sax.  ryrrfln,  to  tuni,and  irorm.] 
An  insect  that  turns  about  nimbly,  called,  also,  a 
fan-cricket.  Johnson.     Badey. 

CHC»E.    See  Choosb. 

CHO'SITE,  n.     A  decomposed  variety  of  chrjsolite. 

Ure. 
CHCTE,  Collate,)  n.     [Fr.]     A  fall. 
eH7-.\'/'!€,  a.     [from  tho  initials  oi carbon ^  hydrogen^ 
and  aiotr.'l 

A  term  applied  to  tlie  com]x>unds  of  hydrocyanic 
acid. 
€HT-LA'CEOUS,  a.     [See  Ciivlc]      Belonging    to 

chvle  ;  consisting  of  chyle. 
eil^LE,  (kile.)  n.     [Gr.  \tAof,  juice,  humor.] 

In  animal  bodies,  a  white  or  milky  fluid,  prepared 
from  the  chyme.     It  is  absorbed  by  the  lacteal  ves- 
sels, by  whicli  it  is  conveyed  into  the  circulation, 
assimilated  intii  bloud,  and  converted  into  nutriment. 
Kncifc.     Quiney.     Coze. 
CHYL-I-FAC'TIOX,  h.     [chyle  hnA  L.faeio.] 

The  act  or  process  by  which  cliyle  is  formed  from 
food  in  animal  bodie.'*.  .drbntJinoL 

GHYL-I-FAC'TIVE,  a.     Forming  or  changing  into 

chyle  ;  having  the  power  to  make  chyle. 
CHY-LIF'ER-OUS,  a.    [L,  chylus  and /..to.] 

Transmitting  chyle.  Cheyne. 

eH?-LO-PO-ET'I€,  a,     [Gr.  xi'Ao$>  chyle,  and  iroira), 
to  make.] 

Chylifartive ;   having  llie  power  to  change  into 
rli\ie  ;  making  chyle.  Jlrbuthnot. 

CHYL'OU.<,  a.     [from  ehyle."]    Consisting  of  chyle,  or 

partaking  of  it.  JirbuthnoU 

€H^ME,  (kime,)  n.     [Gr.  xf/'o^'i'^ce.] 

That  particular  modification  which  food  assumes 
aAcr  it  has  undergone  the  action  of  the  stomach.  Cyc. 
Among  Uie  older  aiiUivrs,  juice  ;  chyle,  or  the  finest 
part  of  the  chyle  conl;iined  in  tlio  lacteals  and  tho- 
racic duct ;  any  humor  incrassated  by  concoction, 
whether  fit  or  unfit  for  preserving  and  nouri^liing 
the  body.  Knaic     Coze.     Bailey. 

CHYM'ie,  CHY.M'IST,  eUYM'TS-TRY.    See  Chem- 
ical, Chemist,  Chemistry. 
€HYM-I-FI-€a'TION,  h.    The  process  of  becoming 

or  of  forming  chyme. 
CHYM'I-FIED,  pp.     Fonned  into  rhyme.        Qood. 
CIIYM'I-FY,  r.  t.    To  form  into  chyme. 
CHVM'OUS,  a.     Pertaining  to  thyme. 
CI-HX'RI-OUS,  a.     fL.  cibariiuty  from  cibus^  food.] 

Pertaining  to  food  ;  useful  forfiKul ;  edible.  Johnson. 
CIB'OL,  n.     [Fr.  ciboule;  L.  cepuh.] 

A  sort  of  small  onion. 
CI-BO'RI-U.M,  n.     [L.]     In  architecture^  an  insulated 
building,  comi>osed    of  an    arclied  vault    on    four 
columns. 

9.  The  coder  or  case  containing  the  host  in  Roman 
Catholic  ceremonies. 

3.  The  tomb  of  a  martyr,  when  sculptured  and 
used  as  an  altar. 
•1.  Any  insulated  tabernacle. 
5.  .\  lar^e  drinking  cup. 
G.  The  Egvptian  bean. 
CI-CA'D.A,  n.  '  [L,    See  CicAn.J     A  term  applied  to  a 
group  of  insects  of  many  species,  living  on  trees  and 
shrubs,  and  celebrated  for  their  powers  of  song,  or 
slirill  chir[),  embracing  the  tree-hopp<-rs,  frog-Iiopper, 
&c.    In  America,  ihev  are  generally  called  locusts. 
Cie'A-TRie-LE,  (sik'a'-trik-l,)  ».    [L.  cicatrtcida^  from 
cicatrix.] 

The  germinatin"  or  feUiI  point  in  the  eiubrjo  of  a 
seed  or  the  yelk  of  an  egg  ;  as,  germinating  eictUride. 

Jtart4>n. 
CIG'A-TRI-SIVE,  a.    Tending  to  promote  the  forma- 
tion of  a  cicatrix. 

CIC^A-TrVcE,  !  "•     f^-  '^'''^'•"'  fr-  ci«Urice.] 

A  scar  ;  a  little  seam  or  elevation  of  flesh  remain- 
ing afU-r  a  wound  or  ulcer  is  healed.  Encyc. 

CI€'.\-TRT-Z.\NT,  11.  [from  cicatrize.]  A  medicine 
or  application  that  promotes  the  formation  of  a  cica- 
trix, such  as  Armenian  bole,  powder  of  tuity,  &c. 
It  is  called,  also,  an  cjdiaroticj  epulotic,  iiicarnatirey 
afglutinant^  &,c,  Encyc. 

CI€>-A-TRI-Za'TION,  ju  The  process  of  healing  or 
forming  a  cicatrix  ;  or  the  slate  of  being  healed, 
cicatrized,  or  skinned  over. 

CIC'A-TRIZE,  r.  L  To  heal  or  induce  the  formation 
of  a  cicatrix,  in  wounded  or  ulcerated  flesh  ;  or  to 
apidy  medicims  for  thnt  pur]>ose. 

Cie'A-TRrZE,  r.  i.  To  hwil  or  he  healed;  to  skin 
over;  as,  wounded  flesh  eicuiriies. 

ri€'A-TRTZ-£Dj  pp.  or  a.  Healed,  as  wounded  flesh  ; 
having  a  cicatrix  formid. 

CI€'A-TRIZ-ING,  pjtr.  Healing  ;  skinning  over  ; 
forming  a  cicatrix. 


CIM 

CIC'E-LY,  n.  .\  plant,  n  species  of  Chtrrophyllum. 
The  sweet  cicely  of  Europe  is  Myrrhis  odorata  ;  tho 
sweet  cicely  of  New  England  is  Osmorrhiza  longis- 
tvlis. 

C/C-E-fiO'JV*E,  (chii-chc-ru'ne  arsis-o-rfl'ne,)  n.  [from 
Cicero.]  A  guide  ;  one  who  shows  strangers  the  cu- 
riosities of  a  place.  Mdiion, 

CIC-E-R<^'NI-AN,  a.  [from  Cic^.-;',  the  Roman  or:i- 
tor.l     Resembling  Cicero,  eitlur  in  style  or  action 


in  style,  dittuse  and  flowing  ;  in  manner,  veh'-monl. 
ClC-E-Ro'NI-AN-ISM,  n.     Imitation  or  resemblance 

of  thr  st\  le  or  action  of  Cicero. 
CICH-O-UA'CEOUS,  a.     [from  L.  cichoriumj  succory, 
or  wild  endive.] 

Having  the  qualities  of  succory.  Flot;rr. 

CI-CIS'BE-IS.M,  H.    The  slate  or  conduct  of  n  rici>l*o. 

CIC-JS-BE'O,    (che-chis-hi'o  or  se-ais'be-o,)  ».     [It.] 

A  dantiler  about  females;   the  professed  gallant  ol 

a  married  woman.  Snu  lUtt. 

CIC'lI-R-'iTE,  ».  t.     [L.  eieur^  tame  ;  eicuro,  to  tanie.l 

To  iJime  ;  to  reclaim  from  wildness.     [FMiU  used.] 

Cie-t^-R.^'T10.\,  n.    The  act  of  taming  wild  animals. 

[IMtle  used,] 
CI-CO'TA,  n.     n^  cicuta:  W.  eeffid ;  Fr.  ciViw;  Arm. 
ehna-ud.    Tlie  \Velsh  is  from  cci^,  a  choking.] 

The  Cow-bane,  a  genus  of  plants  containing  three 
species,  one  European  and  two  Ameritun.  The 
European  species  Is  called,  popularly,  wofrr-hnnloek. 
The  name  cicuta  is  sometimes  applied  to  Coniuin 
maculatum,  or  oflkinal  hemlock.  It  was  likewise 
one  of  the  ancient  names  of  a  jwison,  now  unkiunvn, 
ttOiich  was  used  in  the  execution  of  criminals. 
CID,  71.     [.\x.  sad,  lord.]     The  name  of  an  epic  potm 

of  the  Spaniards.  Brundc 

CI'DER,  n.     [Fr.  cidrc  or  sidre;  It  *iV/ro,-  Sp.  .*iV/ra  ; 
Ann.  ciVrr;  Port,  cidra^  a  citron,  and  cider.    This 
"  can  not  be  the  Gr.  ciKCpa,  unless  the  radical  letter  has 
been  changed.] 

Tlie  juice  01  apples  expressed,  a  liquor  used  for 
drink.  The  word  was  formerly  used  to  sisnify  the 
juice  of  other  fruit-:,  and  other  kinds  of  strong  liquor ; 
but  it  is  now  appropriated  to  the  Juice  of  apples,  be- 
fore and  after  fermentation. 
CI'DER-IST,  Tu     A  maker  of  cider.  Murtimer. 

CrDER-KIN,  n.  The  liquor  made  of  the  gross  matter 
of  apples,  after  the  cider  is  pressed  out,  and  a  quan- 
tity of  boiled  water  is  added ;  the  whol.'  steeping 
forty-eight  hours.  Phillips. 

[The  two   last  teords^  I  bcUcve,   arc  little   used  in 
Jim  erica.] 
CI  /3£-Fj1JY7*,  (sede-vang',)    [Fr.]    Formerly  ;  used 
to  designate  men  who  have  been  in  office  and  retired. 
CIER<iE,  n.     [Fr.     Uu.  L.  eera.] 

A  wax  candle  used  in  religious  rites. 
CI-GXR',  n.  [Sp.  cifTorro,  a  small  roll  of  tobacco  for 
smoking.  In  Sp.  cigarra  is  the  L.  cicada,  the  balm- 
cricket,  or  locust.  Port,  cigarra ;  and  in  Sp.  cigarron 
is  a  large  species  of  that  animal,  and  a  large  roll  of 
tobacco.] 

A  small  roll  of  tobacco,  so  formed  as  to  be  tubular, 
used  for  smoking.     Cigars  are  of  Spanish  origin. 
CIL'ER-Y,  n.    Tlie  drapery  or  foliage  carved  on  the 

heads  of  columns.  Owilt. 

CIL'I-A,  Ti.  pi.  [L.]    The  eyelids. 

2.  In  botany,  long  hairs  upon  the  margin  of  a  vege- 
table body.  Hramlf. 

3.  In  zoology^vcTy  mmwlfi  filaments,  whir!i  project 
from  animal  membranes,  and  are  endowed  with  the 
power  of  vibratory  motion. 

CIL'I.\-RY,  a.  [L.  d/ia,  the  eyelashes,  or  edge  of 
the  eyelid.] 

Belonging  to  the  eyelids ;  pertaining  to  the  cilia  in 
animals  or  vegetables.  Ray- 

CI  L' I  A -TED    !  "'     \.^^^^  ^*  c'''"'")  ^  above.] 

In  botany,  furnished  or  surrounded  with  parallel 
filaments,  or  bristles  resembling  the  hairs  of  the  eye- 
lids ;  as,  a  cdiated  leaf,  &c.  Encye..     Martyn. 

CI-LI"CI0US,  (se-lish'us,)  a.  [from  L.  cdSum,  whence 
cdicium,  hair  cloth.] 

Made  or  consisting  of  hair.  Brotpn. 

CIL'I-O-GRADE,  m.     [L.  eilinm  and  grodittr.] 

An  animal  that  swims  by  means  of  cilia.  The 
word  mav  be  used  adjeclivelj. 

CI'MA.     See  CvMA. 

CIM'B.\L,n.     [lu  ciambella.]     A  kind  of  cake. 

CI-MAR'    See  Chimere  and  Simar. 

CIM'BRIG,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Cimhri,  the  inhah- 
ilaiits  of  the  modem  Jutland,  in  Denmark,  which 
was  anciently  called  the  Cimbric  Chn-fonese,  Hence 
the  modern  names,  Cymni,  Wales,  Cambria  ;  Cymro, 
a  Welshman;  Cymreig,  Welsh,  or  the  Welsh  lan- 
guage ;  names  indicating  the  Welsh  to  be  a  colony 
of  the  Cimbri,  or  friim  the  same  stock. 

CIM'BRie,  n.     The  languaije  of  the  Cimbri. 

CI-ME'LI-ARCH,  n.  ^Cr.  KnpiXto^,  precious  furni- 
ture, and  iio\oi.  a  chief.] 

A  supcrintentient  or  keeper  of  valuable  things  be- 
longing to  a  church. 

CliM'E-TER,  n.  [Fr  cimiterre ;  Sp.  and  Port  eimitarra ; 
It.  scimitarra.] 

A  short  sword,  with  a  convex  edce  or  reciirvatcd 
point,  used  by  the  Persians  and  Turks,  [''his  word 
is  variously  written  ;  but  it  is  a  word  of  foreign  ori- 


FATE,  FXR,  FALL,  WH^T.  — MeTE,  PREY.  — PTNE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.— 


204 


cm 

gin,  and  it  is  not  material  which  ortiiograpliy  is  used, 
provided  it  is  unlfnrni.] 

CI'AUSS,  n.     [L.  cimex.]     The  bed-bug. 

CIM-Mfi'RI--'^^,  a.  Pertaining  tu  Cunmcritaa,  a  town 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Palus  Mceotis.  The  ancients  pre- 
tended lliat  this  countr>-  was  involved  in  darkness  ; 
whence  the  phrase  Cimmerian  tlarknesSf  to  denote  a 
deep  or  continual  obscurity.  The  country  is  now 
called   Crimea,  or  Krim-Tartary. 

CIM'0-LITE,  «.  [Gr.  xi^oAra  ;  L-  cimi}Ua,  so  called  by 
Pliny  ;  said  to  be  from  Cimolus,  an  isle  in  the  Cretan 
Sea,' now  Argentiera.] 

A  species  of  clay  used  by  the  ancients  as  a  remedy 
for  erj-sipelas  and  other  inflammations.  It  is  white, 
of  a  loose,  soft  texture,  molders  into  a  fine  powder, 
and  effervesces  with  acids.  It  is  useful  hi  taking 
spots  from  cluth.  Another  species,  of  a  purple  col- 
or, is  the  steatite  or  soap-rock.  From  another  spe- 
cies, found  in  the  Isle  of  Wight,  tobacco-pipes  are 
made.  Pliny^  lib.  35,  17.     Encyc. 

CIN-CHo'NA,  B.  [So  named"  from  the  Countess  del 
CiruJton.] 

The  Peruvian  bark  tree,  quinquina,  of  which  there 
are  numerous  species. 

CIN-CHo'Nl-XA,  )  71.    An  alkaloid  obtained  from  the 

CIX'€HO-\IXE,   [     bark  of  several  species  of  Cin- 

ClN-CHo'XI-A,  )  chona,  and  one  of  the  medicinal 
active  principles  of  this  bark. 

CINCT'CUE,  (sinkt'yur,)  tt.  [L.  ci?tcUira,  from  cingo, 
to  surround,  to  gird  ;  It.  citttura ;  Fr.  ceinture.] 

1.  A  belt,  a  girdle,  or  something  worn  round  the 
body.  Pope. 

2.  That  which  encompasses  or  incloses.     Bacon. 

3.  In  architecture,  a  ring  or  list  at  the  top  and  bot- 
tom of  a  column,  separating  the  shaft,  at  one  end, 
from  the  base ;  at  the  other^  from  the  capital.  It  is 
supposed  to  be  in  imitation  of  the  girths  or  ferrules 
ancientlv  used  to  strengthen  columns.      Cliambers. 

CIN€T'UR-jED,  a.  Having  a  cincture  or  girdle. 
CIN'DER,  n.  Chiefly  used  in  the  ply  Cinders.  [Fr. 
eendre;  It.  eenere :  Sp.  anita  ;  L.  cinis,  ashes.  In  W. 
siitdw  is  the  cinders  or  scoria  of  a  forge  ;  Sax.  sinder, 
the  scoria  of  metals  ;  D.  -.indel ;  Sw.  siiuitr.  tiu.  Gr. 
Kovciy  KOviOy  dust,  ashes.] 

1.  Small  coals,  or  particles  of  fire  mixed  with  ash- 
es ;  embers, 

[TTiis  is  Vie  usual  sense  of  the  word  in  -America.] 
■2.  Small  particles  of  matter,  remaining  after  com- 
bustion, in  which  fire  is  extinct ;  as,  the  cinders  of  a 
forge. 

[/  believe  this  word  is  never  used  as  synonymous  with 
ashes.] 
CDi'DER-WEXCH,    )  n.    A  woman  whose  business 
CLN'DER-WOM'AN,  ]     is  to  rake  into  heaps  of  ashes 

for  cinders.     [J^ot  known  in  jSmerica,]  Johnson. 

CIX'DER-Y,  a.    Resembling  cinders,  or  composed  of 

them. 
CI-V-E-FAe'TIOX,  n.    Reduction  to  ashes. 
CIN'-E-Ra'CEOUS,  }  a.     [L.  cinereus,  from  cinis,  ash- 
CIX-Z'RE-OUS,        \      es.] 

Like  ashes  ;  having  the  color  of  the  ashes  of  wood. 
CIX'E-RA-RY,  a.     Pertaining  to  ashes.  [Martyn. 

CIX-E-Ra'TIO\,  n.     [from  L.  cinis,  ashes.] 

The  reducing  df  any  thing  to  ashes  by  combustion. 
CIX-E-RI"TIOUS,  a.  [L.  ciuericius,  from  cinis,  ashes.] 
Having  the  color  or  consistence  of  ashes.     Chnjne-. 
CIX-ER'U-LEXT,  a.    Full  of  ashes. 
CIX"GA-LeSE,  tu     A  native  of  Ceylon. 

a.  Pertaining  to  Ceylon. 
CIX"GLE,  n.     [It.  cean^al ;  L.  cingnlam,  from  cingo, 
-    to  gird.] 

A  girth  i  but  the  word  is  little  used.     [See  Scr- 

CINGLE.] 

CIX'XA-BAR,  n.     [Gr.  Kivva/Saot;  L.  ctnnabarts  i  Per- 


sian  jljjjj  kanbar.] 

Red  STilphuret  of  mercury  or  quicksilver.  It  occurs 
native,  in  brilliant  red  crj-stals,  and  also  i'j  amorph- 
ous masses  of  different  shades  of  red  and  brown. 
It  is  very  hea\y,  and  gives  out  fumes  of  quicksilver 
when  heated.  In  tJie  aii^,  it  is  called  vermilion^  and 
is  used  as  a  paint.  The  compound  made  artificially, 
by  a  union  of  mercur>'  with  sulphur,  is  the  vermilion 
of  commerce. 

Hepatic  cinnabar,  is  an  impure  cinnabar  of  a  liver- 
brown  color,  and  sub-metallic  luster.  Dana. 

CIX'XA-BAR'IXE,  a.  Pertaining  to  cinnabar;  con- 
sisting of  cinnabar,  or  containing  it ;  as,  cinnabarine 
sand.  JouTTi.  of  Science. 

ClX'X,\-.MOX,  n.  [Gr.  Kivfafiov^  or  Kifpaptiopov  ;  L. 
ciHnamomum.  Q,u.  It.  eanneUa;  Sp.  eanela;  D.  ka- 
neel:  Fr.  canndle.     It  is  the  Heb.  P33p.] 

The  hark  of  two  species  of  Laurus.  The  true  cin- 
namon i«  the  inner  bark  of  the  Laurus  Cinnamomum, 
a  native  of  Ceylon.  The  base  cinnamon  is  from  the 
Laurus  Cassia.  The  true  cinnamon  is  a  mo^t  grateful 
aromatic,  of  a  fragrant  smell,  moderately  pungent 
lasle,  accompanied  with  some  degree  of  sweetness 
and  astringency.  It  is  one  of  the  best  cordial,  car- 
minative, and  restorative  spices.  The  essential  oil 
is  of  great  price.  Encyc.     Hooper. 

Cinnavwn-icaterlA  made  by  distilling  the  bark,  first 


CIR 

infused  in  barley-water,  in  spirit  of  wine,  brandy,  or 
white  wine. 

Clove-cinnamon  is  the  bark  of  a  tree  growing  in 
Brazil,  which  is  often  substituted  for  real  cloves. 

White-cinnamon,  or  Canella  alba,  is  the  bark  of  a 
tree  growing  in  the  West  Indies,  of  a  sharp,  biting 
taste,  like  pepper. 

CIX'XA-MOX-SToXE,  n.  A  rare  mineral,  from  Cey- 
lon, of  a  hyacinth-red  color,  yellowish-brown,  or 
honey -yellow  ;  sometimes  used  in  jewelry.  It  was 
called  bv  Haiiy  Essonite.  Cleaveland. 

CIXCiUE,'  (sink,)  n.  [Fr.,  five.]  A  five ;  a  word  used 
in  games. 

CIXaUE'-FOIL,  7(.  [Fr.  cinque,  five,  and /fuiZ/g,  a 
leaf,  L.  fulium.'] 

A  creeping  plant,  often  called  ficc-jingcrcd  grass  ; 
a  species  of  Potentilla. 

9.  In  OoUiic  ardtitecture,  an  ornamental  foliation, 
having  five  pomts  or  cusps,  used  in  windows,  pan- 
els, &c. 

CIXQUE'-PaCE,  n.    [Fr.  cinque,  five,  and  pas,  pace.] 
A  kind  of  grave  dance.  Sliak. 

CIXaUE'-PoRTS,  71.  pi.  [Fr.  cinque,  five,  and  ports.'] 
Five  havens  on  the  eastern  shore  of  England,  to- 
ward France,  viz.,  Hastings,  Romney,  Hylhe,  Dover, 
and  Sandwich.  To  these  ixirts  Winciielsea  and  Rye 
have  been  added.  These  were  anciently  deemed  of 
so  much  imporumce,  in  the  defense  of  the  kingdom 
against  an  invasion  from  France,  that  they  received 
royal  grants  of  particular  privileges,  on  condition  of 
providing  a  certain  number  of  ships,  in  war,  at  their 
own  expense.  Over  these  is  appointed  a  warden, 
and  each  had,  before  the  Reform  Act,  a  right  to  send 
two  members  to  parliament,  called  barons  of  the  cinque 
ports.  Coicel.     BlarJcstonc.     Encyc. 

CINaUE'-SPOT-TED' a.     Having  five  spots.  SluiJc. 

CIX'TER,  n.  [Fr.]  In  architecture,  the  timber  fram- 
ing erected  in  apertures  between  piers  to  support 
voussoirs,  or  materials  of  an  arch  when  in  building, 
till  they  are  keyed.  Elmes. 

CI'UX,  n.  [Fr.  cion  or  scion.  DilTerent  modes  of  spell- 
ing the  same  word  are  very  inconvenient ;  and  what- 
ever may  have  been  the  original  orthography  of  this 
word,  cion,  the  most  simple,  is  well  established,  and 
is  here  adopted.] 

A  young  shoot,  twig,  or  sprout  of  a  tree,  or  plant, 
or  rather  the  cutting  of  a  twig,  intended  for  ingraft- 
ing on  another  stock  ;  also,  the  shoot  or  slip  inserted 
in  a  stock  for  propagation. 

CI'PHER,  H.  [Fr.  chiffrc ;  Arm.  chiifr  or  cJifr ;  It.  cifcra 
or  cifrai  Sp,  and  Port,  eifra  ;  D.  ciiffirr  ;  G.  ziffer;  Dan. 

ciffer :   Sw.   zi^a ;    Russ.  tsiphir ;   Ar.  yX^a  siforon, 
empty,  and  a  cipfier.]  " 

1.  In  ariUiinetic,  an  Arabian  or  Oriental  character, 
(of  this  fonn,  0,)  which,  standing  by  itself,  expresses 
nothing,  but  increases  or  diminishes  the  value  of 
other  fig\ires,  according  to  its  position.  In  wliole 
numbers,  when  placed  at  the  right  hand  of  a  fig- 
ure, it  increases  its  value  tenfold  ;  but  in  decimal 
fractions,  placed  at  the  left  hand  of  a  figure,  it  di- 
minishes the  value  of  that  figure  tenfold. 

2.  A  character  in  general.  Ralegh. 

3.  .\n  intertexture  of  letters,  as  the  initials  of  a 
name,  engraved  on  a  seal,  box,  plate,  coach,  or  tomb  ; 
a  device;  an  enigmatical  character.  Anciently,  mer- 
chants and  tradesmen,  not  being  permitted  to  bear 
family  arms,  bore,  in  lieu  of  them,  their  ciphers,  or 
initials  of  their  names,  artfully  interwoven  about  a 
cross.  Encyc. 

4.  A  secret  or  disguised  manner  of  writing;  certain 
characters  arbitrarily  invented  and  agreed  on  by  two 
or  more  persons,  to  stand  for  letters  or  words,  and 
understood  only  by  the  persons  who  invent  or  agree 
to  use  them.  This  is  a  mode  of  communicating  in- 
formation bv  letters,  in  time  of  war,  with  a  view  to 
conceal  facts  from  an  enemy,  in  case  the  letters 
should  be  intercepted.  This  art  has  given  rise  to 
another  art,  that  of  deciphering;  and  hence  cipher  is 
used  for  a  key  to  unravel  the  characters.  To  have, 
or  to  learn  a  cipher,  is  to  be  able  to  interpret  it. 

CI'PHER,  r.  L    In  popular  language,  to  use  figures,  or 

to  practice  arithmetic.  ' 

CI'PHER,  r.  t.    To  write  in  occult  characters. 

Hayicard. 
2.  To  designate  ;  to  characterize.  S}iak. 

CI'PHER-IXG,  ppr.   Using  figures,  or  practicing  arilh- 
2.  Writing  in  occult  characters.  [metic. 

CI'PHER-IXG,  71.    The  act  or  art  of  computmg  by 

numbers. 
Ci'PHER-KeY,  (si'fer-kC,)  n.    A  key  fur  deciphering 

writings. 
CIP'0-LLX,  71.     [Qu.  It.  cipvlla,  an  onion,  cipolUna, 
a  shalot.] 

A  green  marble,  from  Rome,  containing  white 
zones.  It  consists  chiefly  of  carbonate  of  Inue, 
with  quartz,  shistus,  and  a  small  portion  of  iron. 

J^icholsoiu 
CIP'PL'S,  71.     [L.]     .K  small  pillar  or  column,  usually 
having  an  inscription,  used  by  the  ancients  for  vari- 
ous purposes,  often  as  a  funeral  monument. 
CIRC.     See  Circus. 


CIH 

CIR'CaR,  71.  A  name,  in  India,  for  dwtrict  or  proe- 
ince.  Rennell. 

CIRCAS'SIAX,  a.    Pertaining  to  Circassia  in  Asia. 
2.  A  term  applied  to  a  kind  of  woolen  cloth. 

CIR-Ck'AX,  a.  Pertaining  to  Circe,  the  fabled  daugh- 
ter of  Sol  and  Perseis,  who  was  supposed  to  possess 
great  knowledge  of  magic  and  venomous  herbs,  by 
which  she  was  able  tochann  and  fascinate,  and  then 
change  into  swine.  Bryant. 

CIR-CEX'SIAX,  a.  [L.  circencts,  games  of  the  cireus.l 
Peruming  lo  the  Circus,  in  Rome,  where  were 
practiced  games  of  various  kinds,  as  running,  wrest- 
ling, combats,  &c.  The  Circen>iaii  games  accom- 
panied most  of  the  feasts  of  the  Romans ;  but  the 
grand  games  were  held  five  days,  commencing  on 
the  IStli  of  September.  Lempritre.     Encyc. 

CIR'CI-XAL,     i  a.     [L.  circinus,a.  compass;  drcino, 

CIR'CI-XATE,  }      lo  go  round.     See  Circle.] 

Rolled  in  spirally  downward,  the  tip  occupying  the 
center ;  a  term  in  foliation  or  leafing,  an  in  fenis. 

Jfartyn. 

CIR'CI-NaTE,  r.  t.     [L.  circino,  to  go  round.] 
To  make  a  circle  ;  to  compass. 

CIR-CI-Xa'TIOX,  71.  An  orbicular  motion.  [Aot 
lUitd.]  Bailty. 

CIR'CLE,  (sur'kl,)  n.  [Fr.  cerde;  It.  circolo ;  L.  cir- 
cuits, from  circus  ;  Gr.  kiokus  ;  Sp.  ccrco  ;  It.  ccrdiio ; 
from  the  Celtic,  W.  cyrc,  from  ctor,  a  circle,  a  limit ; 

Ar.  jL^b  kara,  to  go  round.    Class  Gr,  No.  32, 34.] 

1.  In  geometry,  a  plane  figure,  comprehended  by  a 
single  curve  line,  called  its  drcumferenct,  every  luirt 
of  which  is  equally  distant  from  a  point  called  the 
center.  Of  course  all  lines  drawn  from  the  center  to 
the  circumference,  or  periphery-,  are  equal  to  each 
other. 

a.  In  popular  use,  the  line  that  comprehends  the 
figure,  the  plane  or  surface  comprehended,  and  the 
whole  body  or  solid  matter  of  a  round  substance,  are 
denominated  a  cirde ;  a  ring  ;  an  orb  ;  the  earth. 

He  thM  fiiltelh  on  the  drcie  of  the  eanh.  —  la.  xl. 

3.  Compass  ;  circuit :  as,  the  cirde  of  the  forest. 

Shak. 

4.  An  assembly  surrounding  the  principal  person 
Hence,  any  companv,  or  assembly  ;  as,  a  circle  of 
friends,  or  of  beauties.  Hence  the  word  came  to 
signify  indefinitely  a  number  of  persons  of  a  partic- 
ular character,  whether  associated  or  not;  as,  a  po- 
litical circle;  the  circle  of  one's  acquaintance;  hav- 
ing, however,  reference  to  a  primary  association. 

0.  A  series  ending  where  it  begins,  and  perpetually 
repeated  ;  a  going  roimd. 

Thiis  ill  a  drdt  runs  the  pe:isant's  pain.  Drydtn. 

6.  Circumlocution;  indirect  form  of  words. 

Fletcher. 

7.  In  logic,  an  inconclusive  form  of  argument, 
when  the'same  terms  are  proved  in  orbem  by  the 
same  terms,  and  the  parts  of  the  syllogism  alternately 
by  each  other,  directly  and  mdirecily  ;  or  when  the 
foregoing  proposition  "is  proved  by  the  following,  and 
the  following  is  inferred  from  the  foregoing;  as, 
*'  that  heavy  bodies  descend  by  gravity,  and  that 
gravity  is  a  quality  by  which  a  hea\->-  body  de 
scends."  Encyc.     Olanville.     Watts. 

8.  Circles  ofOte  sphere,  are  either  great  eirdes,  which 
divide  the  sphere  into  equal  parts,  as  the  equator. 
Sec,  or  small  eirdes,  which  divide  jt  into  unequal 
parts,  as  the  polar  circles. 

9.  Cirdes  of  altitude,  or  almucanUirs,  are  circles  par 
allel  to  the  horizon,  having  theu  common  pole  in  the 
zenith,  and  diminishing  as  they  approach  the  zenitli. 

10.  Cirdes  of  latitude,  in  astrofiomy,  are  great  circles 
perpendicular  to  the  plane  of  the  ecliptic,  passing 
through  its  poles  and  through  every  star  and  planet. 

11.  Cirdes  of  longitude,  in  astronomy,  are  lesser  cir 
cles  parallel  to  the  ecliptic,  diminishing  as  they  re- 
cede from  it. 

12.  Circle  of  perpetual  apparition,  at  any  given 
place,  is  the  boundar)-  of  that  space  around  the  ele- 
vated pole,  within  which  the  stars  never  set  Its 
distance  from  the  pole  is  equal  to  the  latitude  of  the 
place.  ^-  Olmsted. 

13.  Circle  of  perpetual  ouullation,  at  any  given 
place,  is  the  boundary- of  th»l  space  around  the  de- 
pressed pole,  within  which  the  stars  never  rise. 

D.  Olmsted. 

14.  Diurnal  cirdes,  are  immovable  circles  supposed 
to  be  described  by  the  several  stirs  and  other  poinu 
in  the  heavens,  in  their  diunial  rotation  round  the 
earth,  or  fiitlier  in  the  rotation  of  the  cartli  round  its 
axis. 

15.  Horary  cirdes,  in  dialing,  are  the  lines  which 
show  the  hours  on  dials.  .     . 

16.  Circles  of  the  empire:  the  provinces  or  princi- 
palities of  the  former  German  empire,  which  had  a 
ri-'ht  to  be  present  at  the  diets.  Maxiindian  1.  divr- 
dtd  the  empire  into  six  circles  at  first,  and  afterwards 
into  ten  ;  Austiia,  Burgundy,  Lower  Rhine,  Bavana, 
Upper  Saxonv,  Franconia,  Swabia,  Lpper  Khme, 
Westphalia,  and  Lower  Saxony. 

17.  Driiidical   cirdes,   in   BrUL^h    topography,    are 


TONE,  BJJLL,  tJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — G  as  K ;  G  u.^  J  ;  Ei  A3  Z ;  CH  as  Slij  TUasiuTHIS^ 


CIR 


CIR 


certain  anclenl  inclosurcs  fonned  by  rude  slones  cir- 
cularly arranged;  as  Slonclifiigt.',  near  SatLsbiiry. 

Kmeye. 
ClR'eLE,(9ur'kl,)c.  fc    To  move  round;  to  rovolvo 
round. 

AuJ  oUier  pbocM  drtU  other  aun*.  /'op*. 

fi.  To  encircle ;  to  cnconnpass ;  to  ffiirround ;  lo 
IncloM.  Prior,     Pvpf, 

3,  719  cirtte  in;  to  confine  :  to  keep  togetticr. 

CJ".  t'l.W  r.  ,.    To  move  circularly;  n.%  the  bowl  cir- 

(  I  iiidod  ;  encompa-s^cd  ;  inclosed. 

CI:-.  ii^  Iho  fonn  of  a  circio  ;  round  ; 

ft-».  tliK  iiii>>iirs  cifcied  orb.  SJtak. 

CIR'eLCU,  H.    A  mean  poet,  or  elrculir  poet 

B.  Jonson. 
CIR'ei.ET,  B.     A  little  circle  ;  a  circle  ;  an  orb.  Pope. 
C1K'CLL\(J,  p/n-.ora.    Knconipa*iing  ;  gninir  round  ; 
iricIo^iiiR;  n  s  the  c;>r/irt*  vcar* ;  tho  ciVc'i/ii' canopy. 
ClR'eO-Ci-iLE,    (sur'kff-M.if,)    ii.    [Gr.  «i/;<jys,  and 
*,-»j,\r.]     A  varix  or  dilalntiun  of  the  sp:;nuatic  vein; 
a  vnritK'elo  ;  licrnia  varicosa.     [See  Cirsocele.J 
CIR'CUn',  (sur'kit,)  n.     [Fr.circait;  L.  eircuituj ;  of 
eircOy  ciream,  ami  re,  to  go.] 

I.  The  art  of  iiinving  or  passiiijr  round ;  a^i,  tin? 
periodical  eirctut  of  the  earth  round  the  sun,  or  uf 
the  moon  rmind  the  earth.  fVatLf. 

O.  The  space  incltwcd  in  a  circle,  or  within  certain 
liiiuU-*.  Milton. 

3,  Any  space  or  extent  measured  by  traveling 
rounil.  Mddison. 

■I.  Tliat  which  encirclus  ;  ii  ring  ;  a  diadem.  Shak. 
5.  In  EnsUxnd^  the  journey  of  judges  through  sev- 
cTuI  counties  or  boroughs,  for  thu  purpose  of  holding 
courts.  In  the  United  SSufej,  the  journey  of  judges 
through  certain  slate^j  or  counties  for  the  s:uno  pur- 
\tosc. 

ti.  'I'he  counlie3  or  states  in  which  tlic  same  judge 
or  judiT'-'s  hold  courts  and  administer  justice.  It  is 
commnn  to  designate  a  certain  nmuber  of  counties 
lo  form  a  circuit,  and  to  assign  one  or  moro  judges  to 
each  circuit.  The  courts  in  the  circuiU  are  called 
cirenU  courts.  In  the  government  of  the  United 
State^f  a  certain  number  uf  stales  form  a  circuit. 

7.  A  long  d<'duction  of  reason.  Donne. 

8.  In  law,  a  longer  course  uf  proceedings  than  is 
necessary  to  recover  the  thing  sued  for. 

Ce'cel.     Ennjc    Johnson. 
Bntley  gives  lliis  as  the  definition  of  Circuitt. 
CIR'eUIT,  p.  i.    To  move  in  a  circle ;  to  go  round. 

Philips. 
CTR'CUIT,  r.  t.  To  move  or  go  round.  jyartcn. 
CTK-CITIT-EKR',  ii.  One  that  travels  a  circuit.  Pope. 
ClR-eU-r'TIO.N,  (sur-ku-ish'un,)  n.  [L.  circuitio.] 
The  art  of  going  round;  compass ;  circumlocu- 
tion. l/.ittJe  useit.]  Hooker. 
ClReO'I-TOUS,  a.    Going  round  in  a  circuit;  not 

direct  :  a-*,  a  eircuitoits  road  or  course. 
CIR-fO'(-TOU3-LY,  a^r.    In  a  circuit. 
CIR-GO'I-TV,  «.    A  going  round;  a  course  not  di- 
rect, ^sh. 
CIR'GU-LAR,  a.     [L.  cireularls.    See  Circle.] 

1.  In  the  form  of  a  circle  ;  round  ;  circumscribed 
by  a  circle  ;  as,  the  sun  appears  to  he  circular. 

2.  Successive  in  order;  always  returning. 

Roscommon. 

3.  Vulgar;  mean;  circumfonuicous;  as,  a  ctreiiMr 
{tocU  .    Dennis. 

A.  Ending  in  itself;  used  of  a  paralogism,  where 
the  secund  proposition  at  once  proves  the  tirst,  and  is 
proved  by  it.  Joliitson.     Baker. 

5.  Adure»:»nd  to  a  circle,  or  to  a  number  of  persons 
having  a  common  interest ;  as,  a  circular  letter. 

fi.  Circular  tine*,  are  straiglit  lines  pertaining  to  the 
circle,  as  ?inca,  tangents,  secants,  Sec. 

7.  Circular  numbers^  are  those  whose  iwwers  ter- 
minate in  the  same  digits  as  the  roots  themselves; 
na  5  and  6,  who«c  squares  are  25  and  3d 

Bailetj.     Barlow. 

8.  Circular  sailing^  is  Uie  metho<l  of  sailing  by  the 
arch  of  a  great  circle.  Enajc. 

riR'cr-LAR,  n.    A  circular  letter,  or  paper. 

LAR'I-TY,  n.    The  state  of  being  circular. 
LAR-LY,  adr.    In  a  circular  manner  ;  in  the 
t'  a  circle  ;  in  the  form  of  going  and  reluming. 
Cli:  11  -LATE,  (sur'ku-late,)  v.  i.    [Fr.  nrcu/w;  L. 
circuin,^ 

1.  To  move  in  a  circle ;  to  move  or  pass  round ;  to 
move  round  and  return  to  the  same  point;  as,  the 
blood  cireulaie.i  in  (he  body. 

2.  To  pass  from  place  lo  place,  from  person  to  per- 
son, or  from  hand  lo  hand  ;  to  be  diffused  ;  as,  mon- 
ey circulates  in  the  country  ;  a  story  arailaUs  in 
lijwn. 

3.  Tu  miiVc  ruund  ;  to  run  ;  Ui  (low  in  veins  or 
ch  lunels,  or  in  an  inclosed  place;  as,  tlie  sap  of 
plants  Circulates  :  water  circuUUes  in  the  earth,  or  air 
in  a  city  or  house. 

CTR'eU-LATE,  r.  L  To  cause  to  pass  from  place  to 
I-bce,  or  from  person  lo  person;  to  jtut  about:  to 
spread  ;  as,  lo  ctrcuI^U^  a  report ;  to  areulate  bills  of 
cn-diL 

CIR'eU-LA-TED,  pp.    Caused  to  pass  round. 


ClR'CU-LA-TI.NGj  ppr.  or  a.  Moving  or  passing 
ruunil ;  la^^'^iiig  Irom  one  to  another. 

CIR'et'-l.A-TI.\G  I>EC'I-MAL,  ii.  In  aritJimeticy  a 
term  applied  lo  dcriinals  in  which  two  or  more  figures 
arc  tori-itanily  rfjwatcd  in  the  same  order.    Brande. 

CIR'CU-LA-TIM;  .\1£'1)I-U.M,  h.  The  ciurency  or 
money  of  a  country. 

CIR-eC-L.VTIO.V,  n.  The  act  of  moving  round,  or 
ill  n  circle,  or  in  a  course  which  brings,  or  lends  to 
bring,  the  moving  body  to  the  poinl  where  its  motion 
begnii ;  xs,  the  ctrcutatton  of  the  blood  in  the  body. 

a.  A  series  in  which  the  same  order  is  preserved, 
and  thing-*  return  to  the  same  state. 

3.  The  act  of  going  and  reluming ;  or  of  passing 
from  place  to  place,  or  from  person  lo  person ;  as, 
the  eircaUaion  of  money. 

A.  Currency  ;  circulating  coin,  or  notes,  or  bills, 
current  for  coin. 

5.  In  chenti.^tnjj  circulation  is  an  operation  by 
wliicli  the  same  vniM>r,  raised  by  fire,  falls  hack  to  be 
returnL>d  and  distilled  scvenU  times. 

CIR-CU-LA-TO'Rl-OUd,  fi.  Traveling  in  a  circuit, 
or  from  house  to  house.     [Little  used.]         Borrow. 

CIR'€U-L.\-Tu-RY,  a.     Circular;   as,  a  circulatoiij 
2.  Circulating.  [letter. 

CIR'CC-LA-TORY,  n.  A  chemical  vessel,  in  which 
that  which  rises  from  the  vessel  on  the  fire  is  col- 
lected and  cooled  in  another  fi.\ed  upon  it,  and  falls 
down  again.  Johnson. 

CIR-CC^I-AC'I-TaTE,  v.  t.    To  agitate  on  all  sides. 

ClR-CUM-AM'ill-EN-CY,  ji.     [L.  circum,  around, and 
antbio^to  go  about.     Sec  Amdiest.] 
The  act  uf  surrounding  or  eneompassing.     Brown, 

CIR-CU.M-.\.M'iiI-E.\T,  a.  Surrounding  ;  encompass- 
ing ;  inclosing  or  bjing  on  all  sides ;  used  particu- 
larly uf  the  air  about  tlie  eiirfli. 

CIR-CU.M-AjI'BU-LaTE,  v.  j.     [L.  circuniainbulo,  to 
walk  round  ;  circum  and  ainbulo.] 
To  walk  round  nbouU 

CIR-eUM-AM-UU-LA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  walking 
ruund. 

CIR-eU.M-CELL'lON,  w.  [L.  circum^  about,  and 
cclla,  a  cell,  or  cellar,    llcncc,  a  vagrant.] 

In  diurch  hL.tortj^  one  of  a  set  of  illiterate  peasants 
that  adhered  to  the  Dunatists  in  the  fourtli  century. 

JilUncr. 

CIR'CUM-CISE,  r.  L  f  L.  circumddoj  cireumj  around, 
and  cidoj  la  cut;  Fr.  circoncire}  Sp.  circoncidar j  It. 
circoncidcre.'] 

1.  To  cut  oil"  tlie  prepuce  or  foreskin  of  males  ;  a 
ceremony  or  rito  in  the  Jewish  and  Mohammedan 
religions.  Tlic  word  is  applied  also  lo  a  practice 
among  some  nations  of  performing  the  like  opera- 
tion upon  females. 

2.  'Vo  put  0(1'  the  sins  of  the  flesh ;  to  become 
spiritual  or  holy.     Col.  ii.  II, 

CIR'eUM-CTS-A"D,  (sur'kum-slzd,)  pp.  or  a.  Having 
the  pn-'iiuce  cut  olf ;  sjiirilually  purified. 

CTR'CC.M-CI^-ER,  n.  One  who  performs  circumcis- 
ion. JilUton. 

CIR'CU.M-CIS  IXG,  ppr.  Cutting  ofl'  the  prepuce ; 
purifvJng  spiritually. 

ClR-€llM-CIS'IOX,  (sur-kum-sizh'un,)  n.  The  act 
of  cutting  olf  the  prepuce  or  foreskin. 

2.  Rejection  of  the  sins  of  the  flesh ;  spiritual 
purification,  and  acceptance  of  the  Christian  faith. 

3.  The  Jews,  as  distinguished  from  Gentiles. 

Col.  iv.  11. 
CIR-eUM-CLO'SION,  n.    The   act  of  inclosing  on 

all  sides. 
CIR-CUM-eUR-SA'TlON,  n.    [L.  circum,  about,  and 
curso,  to  run.] 
I'he  act  of  running  about.     [JVo(  used.]  Barrow, 
CIR-eCM-DUCT',    V.    t.      [L.    circumduco ;     circnnty 
round,  and  diuo,  to  lead.] 

To  contravene ;  to  nullify ;  a  term  of  civil  law. 

[LiUle  used.]  ..lyliffe. 

ClR-eU.M-DUe'TION,  «.    A  leading  about.    [LUac 

itscd.]  Hooker. 

2.  An  annulling;  cancellation.     \LitUc  used,] 

CIR'CU.M-FER,  r.  (.    [L.  ciramfcro.] 

To  bear  or  carry  round.     [Act  m  tisc.]       Bacon. 
ClR-eUM'FER-EiNCE,  «.  [L.  circumfcrcntia,  from  cir- 
cnm,  rounil,  and  /rro,  to  carry.] 

1.  The  line  that  goes  round  or  encompasses  a  fig- 
ure ;  a  periphery  ;  applied  particularly  to  the  line  that 
goes  round  a  circle,  sphere,  or  other  figure  approach- 
ing these  in  form.  Milton. 

2.  The  space  included  in  a  circle.  .Milton.    Dnjden. 

3.  An  orb  ;  a  circle  ;  any  thing  circular  or  orbic- 
ular ;  OS  in  Milton,  speaking  of  a  shield. 

The  broad  arcun\fertncc 
Hung  on  Itit  aboulcten  like  Uie  mooo. 

CIR-CUM'FER^ENCE,  v.  L  To  include  in  a  circular 
space.     ysTot  used.]  Brown. 

ClR-eUM-FE-REt\^'riAL,  o.  Pertaining  to  the  cir- 
cumference. Parkhurst. 

CIR-eU.M-FE.RE.\'TOR,  n.  .\n  instrument  used  by 
surveyors  for  taking  angles.  It  consists  of  a  brass 
index,  and  circle,  all  of  a  piece,  and  carries  a  mag- 
netic needle  suspended  above  the  renter  of  the  cir- 
cle.   The  circle  is  graduated  into  3^  degrees.    Only 


CIR 

a  rough  appro-ilmation  lo  the  trith  is  obtained  by  this 

instruni' 111.  Brande. 

ClR'CI.'.M-FLEeT,  v.t.    To  place  the  circumflex  on  \ 

word. 
CIR'eifM-FLEeT-ED,  pp.     Having  the  circumflex. 
CIR'eUM-FLECT-ING,  ppr.    Placing  Ihe  circuiniley 

on  a  word. 
CIR'etlM-FLEX,  n.    [L.  circwnficiua ;  efrcum^  lound, 

and  Jlicto,  to  bend.] 

1.  A  wave  of  the  voice  embracing  both  a  rise  and 
fall  on  the  same  syllable.  h'atker. 

2.  A  character,  or  accent,  denoting  a  rise  and  fall 
of  the  voice  on  the  same  long  syllable,  iiutrkcd  in 
Greek  thus  (-,)  and  in  Latin  thus  (^.) 

CIR'eUM-FLEX,  V.  U    To  mark  or  pronounce  with 

the  accent  called  n  circumflex.  IViilkfr. 

ClR-eC.M'FLU-E.VCE,  n.     [L.  circumjluou  ;   cireum, 

round,  and  Jiuo,  lo  flow.] 
A  flowing   round  on  all  sides ;  an  inclosure  of 

waters. 
CIR-eUM'FLU-E.VT,  a.    Flowing  round;  surrouml- 

iiig  as  a  fluid  :  as,  circumfincnt  waves.  Pope. 

CIR-eUM'FLU-OUS,  a.     [L.  cireuufjlnus.    Sec  Cin- 

CUftlFLUKNCi:.] 

Flowing  round  ;  encompassing  as  a  fluid  ;  circum- 
fluent. Jililtoiu     Pope, 

CTR-eU.M-FO-RA'NE-AN,     )  a.     [L.  circumfuraacus ; 

CIR-CUM-FO-Ra'NE-OUS,  !  circumj  around,  and 
furiSy  a  door,  or  abroad.] 

Going  about ;  walking  or  tvandering  from  house  lo 
house;  as,  a  cf'rcunt/tfrancoiu  fiddler  or  piper  ;  circum- 
foraneous  wits.  MdisoHf  Sped.  17. 

Circuittforaneous  vtusicians,  male  and  female,  are 
daily  seen  at  the  doors  of  hcdels  in  France ;  and 
sometimes  tliey  enter  tlie  room  where  a  company 
is  dining,  and  entertain  them  with  music,  expecting 

"   a  franc  or  a  few  sous  as  a  reward.  \V. 

CIR-CUM-FOSE',  p.  (.  [L.  circu7»/«^"w;  ciVcu-zh,  and 
/undo,  fasus,  to  pour.] 

1.  To  pour  round ;  to  spread  round,  aa  a  fluid. 

Bacon. 

2.  To  spread  round  ;  to  surround.  Jililton. 
CTR-eU.M-FO'SILE,  a.     [L.  circum,  and  fusUijy  that 

may  be  melteil.] 
That  may  be  poured  or  spread  round  ;  as,  circum- 

fusilc  gold.  Pope, 

CIR-eCM-FO'SION,  7t.     [See  Cibcumpusk.] 

The  act  of  pouring  or  spreading  round  ;  the  sLiio 
of  being  poured  round.  Johnson. 

CIR-CU.M-GEd-TA'TIOX,  n.  [L.  circum  and  ges- 
tatio.] 

A  carrying  about.  Taylor. 

CtR-eUM'tiJY-RATE,  {-ct.     [L.  ciVcum   tiud  gyrus,  :i 

CIR-eUiM-G^RE';        i      tnrnmg  round.] 

I'o  roll  or  linn  round.     [Lililc  used.]  Ray. 

CTR-eUM-CY-UA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  turning,  roll- 
ing, or  wiiirling  round  ;  the  lurning  of  a  limb  in  its 
socket.  Qh»ici/.     Ckcyve. 

CIR-eC.M-I"TrON,  (sur-kum-ish'un,)  n.  A  going 
round. 

CIR-eUM-JA'CENT,    a.      [L.    circumiaeens ;   circum 
and  jacco,  to  lie.] 
Lying  round  ;  bordering  on  ever>'  side.  Johnson. 

CIR-€CM-LI-Ga'TION,  71.  [L.  circumligo,  to  bind 
round  ;  circum  and  ligo,  to  hind.  J 

The  act  of  binding  round;  the  bond  with  which 
any  thing  is  encompassed.  Johnson. 

CIR-eUiM-LO-Cu'TIOiV,  n.  [L.  circumlocutio  ;  circum 
and  lociUio,  a  speaking,  loquor^  to  speak. ^ 

A  circuit  or  compass  of  words ;  a  periphrase;  the 
use  of  a  number  of  words  lo  express  an  idea,  when 
a  suitable  term  is  not  at  hand,  or  when  a  speaker 
chooses  to  avoid  the  use  of  a  single  term,  cither  from 
delicacy  or  respect,  or  with  a  view  to  soften  the  force 
of  a  direct  expression,  or  fur  other  reason. 

CIR-€UM-LOe'U-TO-RY,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  circum- 
locution ;  consisting  or  cuntaincd  in  a  compass  of 
words  ;  iK!ri[diraslic.  Shcnstone. 

CIR-€UM-MCR'£D,  a.      [L.    circum  and    7Hums,  a 
wall.] 
Walled  round;  encompassed  with  a  wall.  Sluik. 

CIR-eUM-NAV'l  GA-JJLE,  a.  [See  CincusiNATi- 
OATE.J    That  may  be  sailed  round.  Ray. 

CIR-euM -VAVa-GATE,  v.  t.  [L.  circumnarigo; 
circum  and  nam^ro,  to  sail,  from  navis,  a  ship.] 

To  sail  round  ;  to  pass  round  by  water ;  as,  lo  cir- 
cuv\navi"ate  the  globe. 

CIR-ClJM-i\AV'I-GA-TED,  pp.    Sailed  round. 

CIR-eUM-NAV'I-GA-TING,  ppr.     Sailing  round. 

ClR-eUM-NAV-I-GA'TlOX,  u.  The  act  of  sailing 
round.  Arbathnoi. 

CIR-CUM-NAV'I-Ga-TOR,  71.    One  who  sails  round. 

CIR-CUM-PLI-eA'TION,n.  [L.  circumplicoi  circum 
and  plico,  to  fold.j 

A  folding,  wimling,  or  wrapping  round  ;  or  a  state 
of  being  iuwnipped.     [Little-  used.]  BaiUy. 

CIR-CCM-PrVLAR,  a.  [L.  circum^  and  Eng.  polar.] 
About  the  pol.; ;  ;ui  appellation  given  lo  stars 
which  are  so  near  tlie  nurlh  pole  as  to  revolve  round 
it  without  setting.  The  number  of  these  depends  on 
the  latitude  of  the  spectator.  We  anply  it  to  the 
north  polar  region  and  stars,  but  the  word  is  appH- 
cabb?  to  either  pole. 

CIR-€CM-P0-SI"TI0N,  71.     [L.  circum  and  posiUo.] 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WU/lT.  — METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  I^IARtNE,  BIRD N5TE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BpOK.— 

206 


CIR 

Tbe  act  of  placing  in  a  circle,  or  the  state  of  be- 
ing so  piaced.  Evelyji. 
CIR-CUM-Ra'SION,  (-ra'zhun,)  n.     [L.  ctrcumrasio  ; 
circurn  and  rado,  to  ?have.J 
The  act  of  suaving  or  paring  round.     [Little  used.] 
CIR-rUM-Ro'TA-KV,  a.    Turuing,  rolling,  or  whirl- 
ing round.                                                        Shenstone. 
CIR-€L;M-RO-Ta'TION,  n.    [L.  circum  and  retatioj 
rotation,  from  roto^  to  turn  round.] 

The  act  of  rolling  or  revolving  round,  as  a  wheel ; 
circumvoluiion ;  the  state  of  being  whirled  round. 

Gregorif. 
CIE-€U3I-SCIS'SILE,  (-sis'sil,)  a.     [L.  drcum^ciiidOy 
to  cut  round.] 

This  epithet  describes  a  mode  of  dehiscence  in  bot- 
any, i^ccurring  by  a  transverse,  circular  separation  of 
the  sides  of  the  ovarv. 
CIR-€UM-S€RlB'A-lJLEj  a.    C:ii>ahle  of  being  cir- 
cumscribed. 
C1R-€L'M-S€RIBE',  «.  ^      [L.  arcumscriho ;   circum 
and  scriboj  to  draw.} 
LiieraUj!,  to  draw  a  line  round.    Hence, 

1.  To  inclose  within  a  certain  limit;  to  limit, 
bound,  confine. 

Toa  are  above 
Tbe  lilUe  forms  vbLch  dreumscribe  your  5?x.  SaulAtm, 

2.  To  write  round.    [LittU  used.] 
CIR-eUM-S€RiB'£D,  pp,  or  a.    Drawn  round,  as  a 

line ;  limited  ;  confined. 

In  sreometrij,  this  word  is  applied  to  a  figure  which 
is  dra'wn  round  another  figure,  so  tiiat  all  its  sides  or 
plane?  touch  the  inscribed  figure.  Encye. 

ClR-CVyiSCRiB'l^G,  ppr.  ^Drawing  a  line  round; 
inclosing  ;  limiting  ;  confining. 

CIR-€L'-M-S€RIP'Ti-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  circum- 
scribed or  limited  bv  bounds. 

CiR-eU.AI-^€RlP'TIOX,  n.  The  line  that  limits  ; 
limitation  ;  bound  ;  confinemenL  Shak. 

2.  The  termination  or  limits  of  a  body ;  Uie  ex- 
terior line  which  determines  the  fonn  or  magnitude 
of  a  body.  Ray, 

3.  A  circular  inscription.  Ashinote. 
Cni-€UM-S€RIP'TIVE,  a.     Defining   the    external 

form;  marking  or  inclosing   the    limits  or  super- 
ficies of  a  bodv.  Grew. 

CIR-eUM-SeRlP'TIVE-LY,  adv.  In  a  limited  man- 
ner. JiTontag^u. 

CIR'€UM-SPE€T,  a.  [L.  ctrcumspectus  ;  circum  and 
spedo,  to  look.] 

Literally^  looking  on  all  sides;  looking  round. 
Heuce, 

Cautious ;  prudent ;  watchful  on  all  sides ;  ex- 
amining carefully  all  the  circumstances  that  may 
afiect  a  determination,  or  a  measure  to  be  adopted. 

CIR-eUM-SPEe'TlUN,  71.     [L.  circumspectio.l 

Catilion ;  attention  to  all  tiie  facts  and  circum- 
stances of  a  case,  and  to  the  natural  or  probable 
consequences  of  a  measure,  with  a  view  to  a  cor- 
rect coui^s  of  conduct,  or  to  avoid  danger. 

ClR-€L'M-SPE€T'l  VE,  a.  Looking  round  ever>-  way  ; 
cautious ;  careful  of  consequences ;  watchful  of 
danger.  Pope, 

CIR-eL-M-SPEeT'I\rE:-LY,  cdv.  CauUousIy;  vigi- 
lantly ;  heedfully  ;  with  watchfulness  to  guard 
against  danger. 

CiR't;L^M-!5pEeT-LY,aJr.  Caatiously  ;  with  watch- 
fulness every  way ;  with  attention  to  guard  against 
surprise  or  danger.  Ray. 

CIR'eUM-SPEeT-NESS,  n.  Caution  ;  circumspec- 
tion ;  vigilance  in  guarding  against  evil  from  ever>' 
quarter.  Wotton. 

CIR'eUM-STAXCE,  n.     [L.  clrcumstantia^  from  rir- 
cumstansy  standing  about ;  circum  and  sto^  to  stand.] 
Lilcraily,    that    which    stands    around    or   near. 
Hence, 

1.  Something  attending,  appendant,  or  relative  to 
a  fact,  or  case ;  a  particular  thing,  which,  though 
not  essential  to  an  action,  in  some  way  affects  it ;  the 
same  to  a  moral  action  as  accident  to  a  natural  sub- 
stance ;  as,  the  circumstan£€j  of  time,  place,  and 
persons,  are  to  be  considered. 

■2,  One  of  the  adjuncts  of  a  fact,  which  make  it 
more  or  less  criminal,  or  make  an  accusation  more 
or  less  probable  ;  accident ;  something  adventitious ; 
incident ;  event.  Johnson. 

3.  Circumstances;  in  the  plural,  condition,  in  re- 
gard to  worldly  estate ;  state  of  property ;  as,  a  man 
in  low  eirrunstances,  or  in  easy  circu^nstances. 

CIR'eUM-ST.lNCE,  V.  t.  To  place  relatively,  or  in  a 
particular  situation.  Donne. 

CIR'eCM-STAN-CiJD,  (sur'kum-stanst,)  pp.  or  a. 
Placed  io  a  particular  manner,  with  regard  to  attend- 
ing facts  or  incidents  ;  as,  circumstanced  as  we  were, 
we  could  net  escape. 

CiR'€UM-STA^T,  a.  Surrounding.  [Litde  usedyOr 
not  at  all] 

CIR-€U.M-6T.\N'TIAL,  a.  Attending  ;  relating  to, 
but  not  essential. 

2.  Consisting  in  or  pertaining  to  circumstances,  or 
to  particular  incidents. 

Tae  (uual  chnrac:er  of  human  testunony  it  fiubstontal  Uulh 
iiudcr  aratnuianaal  jmtXy.  Paley. 

3.  Incidental ;  casual.  Donne. 

4.  Abounding  with  circmn stances,  or  exhibiting 


CIR 

all  the  circumstances ;  minute  ;   particular ;  as,  a 
circumstantial  account  or  recital. 

5.  In  iawy  circumstantial  evidence  is  that  which  is 
obtained  from  circumstances,  which  necessarily  or 
usually  attend  facts  of  a  particular  nature,  from 
which  arises  presumption.  Blackstone. 

CiR-€U.M-STAN'TI.\L,  n.  Circumstantials,  in  the 
plural,  are  things  incident  to  the  main  subject,  but 
of  less  importance ;  opposed  to  esscittcals  :  as,  the 
circuTTistantiah  of  religion.  Addison. 

CIR-eUM-STAN-TIAL'I-TY,  n.  The  appendage  of 
circumstances ;  the  state  of  any  thing  as  modified  by 
c  ircu  mstances.  Joh  nsan. 

2.    Particularity     in     exhibiting     circumstances  ; 
minuteness  ;  as,  the  circumstaTitiality  of  a  story  or 
description. 
CiR-eU.M-STAX'TI.\L-LY,  adv.      According  to  cir- 
cumstances ;  not  essentially  ;  accidentally. 

Olanvdte. 
2.  Minutely;  exactly;  in  every  circumstance  or 
particular.  Broome. 

CIR-€UM-STAX'TI.\TE,  r.  t.  To  place  in  particular 
circumstances;  to  invest  with  particular  accidtnts 
or  adjuncts.  Bra:nhall. 

2.  To  place  in  a  particular  condition  with  regard 
to  power  or  wealth.  Swift, 

{This  word  is  little  used.] 
ClR-eUJI-TER-RA'XE-OUti,  a.     [L.  circum^  about, 
and  terra,  earth.] 
Around  the  earth.  HidyweU. 

CiR-CUM-UX'DU-LaTE,  v.  t.     [L.  circum.  and  un- 
dulattts.] 
To  flow  round,  as  waves. 
CIR-eU.M-VAL'LATE,  r.  t.     To    surround  willi    a 
[Little  used.]  [rampart. 

CiR-€U-M-VAL-LA'TION,  n.  [L.  circumvalloy  to  wall 
round  ;  circum  and  vallo,  to  fortify  with  a  rampait.] 

1.  In  tJie  art  of  vary  a  surrounding  with  a  wall  or 
rampart ;  also,  a  wall,  rampart,  or  parapet  with  a 
trench,  surrounding  the  camp  of  a  besieging  army, 
to  prevent  desertion,  and  guard  the  army  against 
any  attempt  of  an  enemy  to  relieve  tlie  place  be- 
sieged. Encyc. 

2.  The  rampart  or  fortification  surrounding  a  be- 
sieged place. 

frote.  —  This  word,  from  the  Latin  vaUo,  or  vallum, 
vtdlus,  denotes  properly  the  icall  or  rampart  thrown 
up ;  but  as  the  rampart  is  formed  by  entrenching, 
and  the  trench  makes  a  part  of  the  fortification,  the 
word  is  applied  to  botli.     [See  Eng.  Wall.] 

CiR-CLJM-VEe'TION,  n,      [L.  circum  and  veho,  to 
carr>-.] 
A  carrying  about.    [JVoi  used.] 

ClR-eUM-VENT',  r.  t.  [L.  circumvenio  ;  circum  and 
TCTrio,  to  CODie.] 
LiteraUjjy  to  come  round ;  hence, 
To  gain  advantage  over  another,  or  to  accompli.>h 
a  purpose  by  arts,  stratagem,  or  deception ;  to  de- 
ceive ;  to  prevaU  over  another  by  wiles  or  fraud  ;  to 
delude  ;  to  impose  on.  J^IUtoiu    Dryden. 

CIR-eUM-VENT'ED,  pp.  Deceived  by  craft  or  strat- 
agem ;  deluded. 

CiR-€UM-VENT'IXG,;jpr,    Deceiving ;  imposingon. 

CIR-eUM-VEN'TION,  n.  The  act  of  prevailing  over 
another  by  arts,  address,  or  fraud ;  deception  ;  fraud  ; 
imposture ;  delusion.  South. 

2.  Prevention  ;  preoccupation.     [Obs.]        Sluik. 

CIR-eU.M-VEXT'IVE,  a.  Deceiving  by  artmces ; 
deluding. 

ClR-€UM-VE3T',  c.  (.     [L.  circunwestio ;  circum  and 
vestio,  to  clothe.] 
To  cover  round,  as  witli  a  garment.  TVution. 

CIR-€UM-V0-La'T10N,  n.     [L.  circumvolo  ;  circu/n 
and  volo,  to  fiy.] 
The  act  of  flying  round.     [Liuie  used.] 

CIR-eUM-VO-Lu'TlOX,  n.  Tlie  act  of  rolIingro!ind  ; 
the  state  of  being  rolled ;  also,  the  thing  rolled 
round   another.  j^rbuVinot.     WdUins. 

2.  In  architecture,  a  turn  in  the  spiral  line  of  the 
Ionic  capital.  Owilt, 

CIR-eUM-VOLVE',  (su.  kum-volv',)  c.  ^  [L.  circum- 
volco  ;  circum  and  volvo,  to  roll.] 

To  roll  round  ;  to  cause  to  revolve ;  to  put  into 
a  circular  motion.  OliiiwUlc. 

CIR-eUM-VOLVE',  V.  i.    To  roll  round  ;  to  revolve. 

CIR-eUM-VOLV'ii;D,  ;]p.  Rolled  round;  moved  in 
a  circular  manner. 

ClR-€U>I-VOLV'ING,;»pr.  Rollinground ;  revolving. 

CIR'eUS,  n.j  pi.  Circuses.  [L.  circus;  Fr.  cirque; 
It.  circo ;  Sp.  circo ;  Gr.  ativvis  ;  whence  circle, 
which  see.] 

1.  In  aiUtguiiy,  a  long,  oval  edifice,  used  for  the 
exhibition  of  games  and  shows  to  the  people.  The 
Roman  circus  was  encompassed  with  porticos,  and 
furnished  with  rows  ofseats.  rising  one  above  another, 
for  the  accommodation  of  spectators.  The  Circus 
Ma.Timu.=  was  nearly  a  mile  in  circumference. 

.^dam.     Encyc. 

2.  The  open  ar^a,  or  space  inclifc-ed,  in  which  wrre 
exhibited  games  and  shows,  as  wrestling,  fighting 
with  swords,  staffs,  or  pikes,  running  or  racing,  dan- 
cing, quoits,  &.C. 

3.  1  n  modem  times,  a  circular  inclosiuc  for  the  ex- 
hibition of  feats  of  horsemanship. 


CIT 

CTRL  71      An  Italian  bird  about  the  5izp  of  a  sparrow. 

J>ict  qf  J^'aL  Iftst, 
CXR'RIIO  POD,  n.    See  Cirriped. 
CIR-RIF'ER-OUS,  a.    [L.  cirrus,  a  tendril,  and  fero, 
to  bear.] 
Producing  tendrils  or  claspers,  as  a  plant. 
CIR-RIG'ER-OUS,  a.    [L.  cirrus  and  gero.] 

Ha%-int„'  curled  locks  of  hair. 
CIR'RI-PED,  R.     [L.  cirrusy  a  lock  of  hair,  and  pes,  a 
foot.} 

A  general  term,  applied  to  animals  of  the  barnacle 
kind.  The  feet  are  long  and  slender,  and  curve  to- 
gether into  a  kind  of  curl.  They  are  inclosed  in  a 
more  or  less  conical  cell,  having  some  resemblance 
to  those  of  certain  mollusca ;  yet  they  belong  properly 
to  the  class  Crustacea.  Dana. 

CIR'RO-eO'MU-LUS,  n.     [L.  cirrus  and  cumulus.'] 
In  meteorology,  a  cloud  which  is  composed  of  the 
cumulus  broken  up  into  small  masses,  presenting  a 
fleecy  appearance,  as  in  a  mackerel-back  sky. 

D.  Olmsted. 
CIR'RO-STRa'TUS,  n.     [L.  cirrus  and  stratus.] 

In  mcteorohgy,  a  cloud  having  the  characters  of  the 
stratus  ill  its  main  body,  but  of  the  cirrus  on  its  mar- 
gin. D.  Olmsted. 
CIR'ROUS,  a.    [L.  cirruSy  a  cari.] 

In  botanyy  terminating  in  a  curl,  or  tendril ;  as,  a 

cirrous  leaf.  Martyn. 

CTR'RUS,  71.    [L.,  a  lock  or  curl.]    In  meteoro'.ugyy  a 

name  given  to  one  of  the  four  fundamental  clouds, 

from  its  fibrous  appearance,  resembling  carded  wool. 

D.  Olmsted. 
2,  .\  fossil  turbinated  shell  of  the  chalk.  Mantdl. 
CIR'SO-CeLE,  71.     [Gr.  kiocq^,  a  dilated  vein,  and 
Kr,\Ti,  a  tumor.] 

A  varix,  or  ddatation  of  the  spermatic  vein ;  hernia 
varicosa.  Quincy.     Coze. 

CIS-ALP'IXE,  a.  [L.  cis,  on  this  side,  and  Alpes,  Alps, 
whence  alpinus,  alpine.] 

On  this  side  of  the  Alps,  with  regard  to  Rome ; 
that  is,  on  the  south  of  the  Alps  ;  opposed  to  transal- 
pine 
CIS-AT-LAX'Tie,  a.  Being  on  this  side  of  the  At- 
lantic Ocean.  Stonf. 
CIS'PA-DAXE,  17.  [L.  cis,  on  this  side,  and  FadiiSy 
the  River  Po,  whence  Padanus.] 

On  this  side  of  the  Po,  with  regard  to  Rome ;  that 
is,  on  the  south  side.  Stephms. 

CIS'SOID,  71.    [Gr.  KiccjOi,  ivy,  and  ztSog,  form.] 

In  geometry,  a  curve  of  the  second  order,  invented 
bv  Diodes.  Bailey.    Encijc. 

CIST,  n.     [Gr.  Kicrri,  a  chest.] 

In  architecture  and  sculpture,  a  chest  or  basket ; 
usually  applied  to  the  baskets  employed  in  processions 
connected  with  the  Eleusinian  mysteries.  [See  also 
Ct3T.]  Brande, 

CIST'ED,  a.    Inclosed  in  a  cyst.     [See  Cysted.] 
CIS-TER'CIAN,  7[.     [Cisteaux,  in  France.] 

A  monk,  a  reformed  Benedictine. 
CIS'TERX'',  n.   [L.  cisterna  ;  cista,  and  Sax.  tsm,  place, 
repository.] 

1.  An  artificial  reservoir  or  receptacle  for  holding 
water,  beer,  or  other  liquids,  as  in  domestic  uses,  dia- 
tillerics,  and  breweries. 

2.  A  natural  reser^'oir ;  a  hollow  place  containing 
water,  as  a  fountain  or  lake. 

CIST'ie,a.    See  Cystic. 
CISTa'S,  H.     [Gr.  KicTos.] 

The  rock-rose,  a  genus  of  plants,  of  many  species, 
most  of  them  natives  of  the  southern  parts  of  Europe. 
Some  of  them  are  beautiful  evergreen,  flowering 
slirubs,  and  ornamental  in  gardens.  Encyc. 

CIT,  n,  [Contracted  from  citizen.]  A  citizen,  in  a  low 
sense;  an  inhabitant  of  a  city  j  a  pert  townsman  ;  a 
prasmatical  trader.  Pope. 

CIT'A-DEL,  71.  [Fr.  citadcUe;  lUdttadeUa;  Sp.  cinda- 
dcla ;  from  the  It.  citta,  city.] 

A  fortress  or  castle,  in  or  near  a  cit}-,  intended  for 
its  defense ;  a  place  of  anus.  Johnson.    Encyc. 

Ci'TAL,  w.  [from  cite.]  Reproof;  impeachment. 
[Little  used.]  Shak. 

2.  Sunmions ;  citation ;  quotation.    [Little  used,] 

Johnson. 
Ci-Ta'TIOX,  71.    [L.  citatioy  from  cito,  to  cite,  which 
see.] 

1.  A  summons  ;  an  official  call  or  notice,  gi^-en  to 
a  person  to  appear  in  a  court  and  answer  to  a  de- 
mand ;  a  call  or  notice  to  appear,  in  various  other 
cases,  and  the  paper  containing  such  notice  or  call. 

2.  Q.uotation ;  the  act  of  citing  a  passage  from  a 
book,  or  from  another  person,  in  his  own  words; 
also,  the  passage  or  words  quoted. 

TFatts.    JiUerhury. 

3.  Enumeration  ;  mention.  Harvey. 
CI'TA-TO-RY,  a.    Citing  ;  calling  ;  having  the  power 

or  fonn  of  citation  ;  as,  letters  cilatory.  Ayliffc. 

CITE,  V.  t.  [L.  cito,  to  call;  Fr.  ciUr;  It.  citarc ;  Sp. 
and  Port,  citar;  Goth,  haitan  ;  Sax.  htrtan,  orhatan,  to 
call,  order,  command ;  G.  keissm,  whence  Eng.  be- 
hest; D.  hceten;  Sw.  hcta;  D.in.  AcJrr.  The  same 
word  in  Dutch  and  Danish  signifies  to  heat.  The 
sense,  then,  is  to  rouse,  push,  drive,  stimulate.  See 
Excite,  Incite.] 
1.  To  call  upon  officially  or  authoritatively ;  to  sum- 


TC-VE,  E?;LL,  L'XITE.  — .'VX"GER,  VI"CI0US.  — €  as  K;  0  as  J  ; 


;  Z :  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 
'  207~ 


CIT 


nion ;  to  ftive  legal  or  odtcial  notice,  aa  to  a  delend- 
aiit  to  appear  in  court,  to  answer  or  defend. 

Milton, 

•'»  To  enjoin  ;  to  direct ;  to  summon  j  to  order  or 
urgl-.  ^""'^ 

X  To  quote  ;  to  nnine  or  repeal,  u  a  po^wage  or  the 
wutiii  of  anotliLT,  either  from  a  book  or  from  verbal 
communication  ;  as,  to  cite  a  passage  from  Scripture, 
or  lo  ciu  the  very  words  a  man  utters. 

Bacon.     Drydau 

4.  To  call  or  name,  in  supinirt,  proof,  or  confirma- 
tion ;  us,  to  cite  an  auUionly  to  prove  a  [winl  in  law. 

i'JT'EDtpp.    Quoted;  summoned. 

CIT'ER,  w.    One  who  cites  or  etuminons  Into  court. 
2.  One  who  quotes  a  i>assage  or  the  words  of  an- 
other. 

CIT' ESS,  n.   [See  CiT.l    A  city  woman.   [Little  lued.] 

CITII-AltlS'Tie,  a.     [L.  cithara,  a  harp  or  lyre.] 
Pertaining  to  or  adapted  to  the  harp,  or  appropria- 
ted lo  the  accompaniment  of  the  harp.    AIuj.  Diet. 

ClTirr.KN,  n.  [li.  citJiara;  It.  citara;  Sp.  citora ;  D. 
cyter :  Cr.  Kicaua.] 

A  litringcd  musical  instrument,  among  (Ac  ancients, 
Ihe  precise  form  uf  which  is  not  known,  hut  it  bore 
w>me  resemblance  lo  the  modern  guitar,  the  name  of 
which  is  evidently  from  this  ancient  word. 

CIT'I  CISM,  «.  [from  cU.]  The  mannera  of  a  cit  or 
citizen.  ^-  Jo>tson, 

CIT'I-KO,  (sil'id,)  a.     Belonging  lo  a  city.  Draijton. 

Crr'UiKAl)E,  a.  Kelatine  to  a  tribe  of  spiders  whoso 
leg-s  arc  usually  fit  oidy  for  runiiiiit;. 

CTT'ING,  I'pr.    Quoting  ;  summoning. 

CIT'I-'/*:.N,  (sil'e-zn,)  m.  [Fr.  eituyen  ;  U.  citttulino ; 
Sp.  eiudoilmno  :  Tort,  cidadam ;  from  It.  citta,  Sp.  ciu- 
dad,  a  city.    See  Citv.] 

1.  The  n.itiveof  a  cily,  or  an  inhabitant  who  enjoys 
the  freedom  and  privileges  of  the  city  in  which  he  re- 
sides ;  the  freeman  of  a  city,  ai  distinguished  from  a 
foreigner,  or  one  noi  entitled  to  its  fniitchise^. 

2.  A  townsman  ;  a  man  of  trade ;  not  a  gentle- 
man. Shak. 

X  An  inhabitant;  a  dweller  in  any  city,  town,  or 
place.  Dnjden. 

A.  In  a  general  senate,  a  native  or  permanent  resi- 
dent in  a  city  or  country  ;  as,  the  citizens  of  London 
or  Philadelphia;  the  citizaisvf  the  United  Slates. 

5.  In  tAe  United  States,  a  person,  native  or  natural- 
ized, who  has  the  privilejje  of  exercising  the  elective 
francliLsc,  or  the  qualiticittions  which  enable  him  lo 
vote  for  rulers,  and  to  purchase  and  hold  real  estate. 

ir  th«  oXLzrnf  of  the  Uiiit«^l  Stntes  »lioaUI  not  be  Tre^  aiiil  hnppy, 
the  butt  will  be  enfiniy  tbeir  own.  Washiiigfon. 

CIT'I-ZK.V,  a.     Having  the  qualities  of  a  citizen. 
CIT'l-Zf:\-E.SS,  II.     A  female  citizen.  [Rari-.]    Booth. 
CIT'I-ZA.'N  SHIP,  H.     The  state  of  being  vested  with 

the  rights  and  privileges  of  a  citizen.     Bp.  Jlorne. 
CIT'l-ZE.N-SoL'UIEK,  (sit'e-zn-sdrjer,)  n.   One  who 

is  both  a  soldier  and  a  citizen,  as  our  militia,  or  the 

French  national  guard. 
CIT'R.ATE,  H.     [  1^  citms,  a  citron,  or  lemon.] 

In  chemistry,  a  sail  fonned  by  a  union  of  toe  citric 

acid,  or  acid  of  lemons,  with  a  base. 

Tbe  Liuoii  yif-Iib  dtrau  of  Vitnt.  l/rt. 

CIT'RENE,  n.  .\  crystalline  compound  of  hydrogen 
and  carbon,  obt:iined  from  the  essential  oil  of  lemons. 

CIT'RIC,  a.  Belonging  to  lemons  or  limes;  as,  citric 
acid. 

CIT'Rie  AC'W,  lu  An  acid  obtained  from  the  juice 
of  lemons.    It  i-t  found  also  in  soma  other  substances. 

CIT'RIL,  n.    A  beautiful  song-bird  of  Italy. 

DicL  of  A'aL  HtsL 

CIT-RI-Na'TION,  n.  [See  Citbine.]  The  turning 
to  a  yellow -green  color. 

CIT'RI.VE,  (-rin,)  a.     [h.  citrimu.] 

Like  a  citron  or  lemon  ;  of  a  lemon  color  j  yellow, 
or  greenish  yellow. 

CIT'RI.NE,  R.     [L.  citrinus.] 

A  yellow,  pellucid  variety  of  quartz.  Dana. 

CIT'RON,  n.     f  h>.  citron  ;  L.  citreum,  or  cifrum.] 
The  fruit  of  Ihe  citnin-tree,  resembling  a  lemon. 

Cri''RON-TREE,  n.  Tlie  tree  which  produces  the  cit- 
run,  of  the  genus  Citnis.  It  has  an  upright,  smooth 
stem,  with  a  branchy  head,  rising  from  five  to  fifteen 
feel,  adorned  with  targe,  oval,  sitear-shapcd  leaves. 
To  the  saiDu  genus  belong  the  lemon-tree,  orange- 
tree,  Sec.  Encyc. 

CIT'KOX-W.\-TER,  n.  A  liquor  distilled  with  the 
rind  of  citrons.  Pope. 

i  IT'KUL,  Ti.  The  pompion  or  pumpkin,  so  named 
frntii  its  yellow  color.     [/  btlieve  not  used.] 

I'lT'TEUN.     See  Citiicrx. 

CIT' Y,  lu  [Fr.  cit^  ;  It  citto,  dUade,  or  cittaU ;  Sp.  ciu- 
ditd ;  Port,  cidade  :  from  the  I..atin  cicitas.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  a  large  town  ;  a  large  number 
of  houses  and  inhabitants,  established  in  one  place. 

2.  In  a  more  appropriate  .^m/e,  a  Corporate  town  ;  a 
town  or  collective  body  of  inhabitants,  incorporated 
and  governed  by  particular  ollicers,  as  a  mayor  and 
aldermen.  This  is  the  sense  of  the  word  in  the 
United  States.  In  Great  Britain,  a  borough  town 
corporate,  which  is  or  has  been  the  seat  of  a  bishop, 
or  the  capital  of  his  sec,  is  called  a  city. 

'.).  The  collective  body  of  citizens,  or  the  inhab- 


CIV 

Itanti  oi  n  city  ;  as,  when  wo  say,  the  city  voted  to 

establish  a  market,  and  the  eiry  repealed  the  vole. 
CIT'V,  o.     Pertaining  to  a  city  ;  as,  city  wives  ;  a  city 

feast ;  eiiu  manners,  Shak. 

CIT'Y-€OL'RT,  n.     The  municipal  court  of  a  cit}', 

consl  ling  of  the  mayor  or  recorder  and  aldermen. 
CTVE*   n.     [Ft.  cice;  L.  cena.]  [(J.  States. 

A  species  of  leek,  of  the  genua  Allium,  growing 

In  tufts. 

o  ^  ^ 

CIVET,  n.  [Fr.  eiveU*;  IL  libetto;  Pent.  .iLtJ  ra- 
bad  ;  the  sweet  scent  of  any  beast ;  Ar.  .iwj  tobba- 

don,  cream,  and  civet;   ».iLjj    zibadtUon,   a  civet 

cat.    The  .Yrabic  verb  signifies  to  make  butter,  and 
this  substance  may  be  named  from  its  resemblance 

to  it.] 

A  substance,  of  the  consistence  of  butter  or  honey, 
taken  from  a  bag  under  the  tail  of  the  civet  cat.  It 
is  of  a  clear,  yellowish  or  brownish  color;  of  a 
strong  smell,  and  ofFcrisivo  when  undiluted,  but 
agreeable  when  a  small  portion  is  mixed  with  an- 
other substance.     It  is  used  as  a  perfume.      Enaje. 

CIVET  CAT,  «.  The  animal  that  produces  civet,  a 
species  of  Viverra.  This  animal  hears  a  resemblance 
to  a  polecat,  or  to  a  fox  ;  it  is  of  a  cinereous  color, 
tinged  with  yellow,  marked  with  dusky  spots  dis- 
posed in  rows.  It  inhabits, India,  Guinea,  Ethiopia, 
and  Madagascar.  Encyc. 

CIVIC,  a,     [L.  ciriciw,  from  ctcis,  a  citizen.] 

Literalhi,  pertaining  to  a  city  or  citizen;  relating 
to  civil  atVairs  or  honors.  Pope. 

The  civic  crown,  in  Roman  atTairs,  was  a  crown 
or  garlan<l  of  oak  leaves  and  acorns,  bestowed  on  a 
soldier  who  had  saved  the  life  of  a  citizen  in  battle. 

CIVIL,  a,  [L.  civilis,  from  ciww,  a  citizen  ;  Fr.  cipiV; 
It.  civile;  Sp.  ciril.  Qu.  the  Welsh  rau,  to  shut,  in- 
close, fence,  hedize  ;  fur  the  nide  inliabitiuits  of  an- 
tiquity fortified  their  towns  with  hedges,  stakes,  or 
palisades.] 

1.  Relating  to  the  community,  or  to  the  policy  and 
government  of  the  citizens  and  subjects  of  a  state  ; 
as  in  the  phrases,  civU  rights,  cicil  government,  civil 
privileges,  civil  war,  civil  justice.  It  is  opi)oscd  to 
criminal;  as,  a  civil  suit,  a  suit  betxveen  citizens 
alone  ;  where;i3  a  criminal  process  is  between  the 
state  and  a  citizen.  It  is  distinguished  from  ccclesi- 
astUiil,  which  resjjects  tlie  church  ;  and  from  military, 
which  respects  Uie  army  and  navy. 

2.  Relating  to  any  man  as  a  member  of  a  commu- 
nity ;  as,  civil  power,  ciril  rights,  the  power  or  rights 
which  a  man  enjoys  as  a  citizen. 

3.  Reduced  lo  order,  rule,  and  government ;  under 
a  regular  administration  ;  implying  sonic  refinement 
of  manners ;  not  savage  or  wild  ;  as,  civil  life,  civil 
society. 

4.  Civilized;  courteous;  complaisant;  gentle  and 
obliging  ;  well-bred  ;  aflable  ;  kind  ;  having  the  man- 
ners of  a  city,  as  opposed  to  the  rough,  rude,  coarse 
manners  of  a  savage  or  clown. 

When:  cipU  «pccch  and  Bod  pcreiiasion  huug.  Prior. 

5.  Grave  ;  sober  ;  not  gay  or  showy. 

Till  dcU-»uiied  mom  rxppeor.  AJIiton. 

6.  Complaisant ;  polite  ;  a  popular  colloquial  use  of 
the  word. 

7.  Ciril  death,  in  law,  is  that  which  cuts  otV  a  man 
from  civil  society,  or  lis  rights  and  benefits,  as  ban- 
ishment, outlawry,  excommunication,  entering  into  a 
monastery;  Sec,  as  distinguished  from  natural  death. 

8.  Civil  late  ;  in  a  general  sense,  the  law  of  a  state, 
city,  or  countPr' ;  but  in  an  appropriate  sense,  the 
Roman  law  ;  the  municipal  law  of  the  Roman  em- 
pire, comprised  in  the  Institutes,  Code,  and  Digest  of 
Justinian  and  the  Novel  Constitutions.   Blackstone. 

9.  Civil  list ;  in  England,  formerly,  a  list  of  the  en- 
tire expenses  of  the  civil  government ;  hence,  the  of- 
ficers of  civil  government,  who  are  paid  from  the 
public  treasury  ;  also,  the  revenue  appropriated  lo 
support  the  civil  government.  By  a  late  law,  the 
civil  list  now  embraces  only  the  expenditures  of  the 
reigning  monarch's  household.     Brande.    Blackstone. 

The  nrmy  of  Jjines  11,  wiia  paid  out  of  liia  ririi  lUt.   Hamilton. 

10.  Civil  state ;  the  whole  body  of  the  laity  or  citi- 
zens, not  included  under  the  mditary,  maritime,  and 
ecclesiastical  states. 

11.  Civil  war;  a  war  between  the  people  of  the 
same  state  or  city  ;  opposed  to  foreign  tear. 

12.  Civil  year ;  the  legal  year,  or  annual  account 
of  time  which  a  government  appoints  to  be  used  in 
its  own  dominions,  as  distinguished  from  tlie  natural 
year,  which  is  measured  by  the  revolution  of  the 
heavenly  bodies.  Bailey.     Encyc. 

13.  Civil  architecture;  the  archilertiire  which  is 
employed  in  constructing  buildings  for  the  purposes 
of  civil  life,  in  distinctitm  from  inilitar>-  and  naval 
architecture,  as  private  houses,  palaces,  churches,  &c. 

14.  This  term  is  often  employed  in  contrast  with 
military  ;  as,  a  ciril  hospital ;  the  ciril  service,  ice. 


CLA 

CIVIL  EX-6I-NEER', ».  One  employed  in  civil  en- 
gineer! ni:. 

CIVIL  E.N'-GI  NEER'ING,  n.  The  science  or  art  of 
constructing  canals,  railmads,  docks,  and  other  pub 
lie  improvements,  as  distinguished  from  Nii/ifun/ engi- 
neering, which  is  confined  to  war. 

CI-VIL'IAN',  (se-vil'yan,)  n.  [from  civil.]  One  who 
is  skilled  in  the  Roman  law  ;  a  professor  or  doctor 
of  civil  law.  Eunje^ 

2.  In  a  more  extended  sense,  ono  who  is  versed  :n 
law  and  governmenL 

3.  A  student  of  the  civil  law  at  tho  university. 

Oraves. 

4.  One  whose  pursuits  are  those  of  civil  life,  not 
military  or  clerical. 

CI  VIL-IST,  n.     A  civilian.     [JVof  in  use,] 
CI-VIL'I-TV,  71.      [L.  ciriii/as,  from  civilis,  civi\ ;    It. 
cicUita;  Bp.  civilidad.] 

1.  'I'he  stite  of  being  civilized  ;  refinement  of  man- 
nera ;  applial  to  nations,  as  distinguished  from  the 
rudeness  of  barbarous  nations. 

Spejuier.     Davits.     Denham. 
[Thii  sense  is  obsolescent  or  obsolete.] 

2.  Good  breeding  ;  politeness  ;  complaisance  ;  cour- 
tesy ;  deconrm  of  behavior  in  the  tre.-itmenl  of  oth- 
ers, accompanied  with  kind  otfires,  and  allcntion  to 
their  wants  and  desires.  Civility  res|>ect3  manners 
or  external  deportment,  and,  in  the  plural,  civilities 
denote  acts  of  politeness. 

Clarendon.     South.     Dnjden. 
CIV-II>-I-Za'TION,  n.     [See  Civilixi:.]     The  act  of 
civilizing,  or  the  state  of  being  civilized  ;  the  stale  of 
being  refined  in  manners  from  the  grossness  of  sav- 
age life,  and  improved  in  arts  and  learning. 
2.  The  act  of  rendering  a  criminal  process  civil. 


[JVot  used.] 
CIV'IL 


L-IZE,  V.  t.   [It.  civiliziarci  Fr.  civUiser;  Sp.  and 
Port,  civiliiar  ;  from  civil.] 

To  reclaim  from  a  savage  state  ;  to  introduce  civil- 
ity of  manners  among  a  people,  and  instruct  them  in 
the  arts  of  regular  life.  Locke.  Waller.  Denham, 
C1VIL-IZ-£D,  ;v'.  or  a.  Reclaimed  from  savage  life 
and  manners  ;  instructed  in  arts,  learning,  and  civil 
manners. 

Such  >nlc  of  cniud--nce  and  duty  in  open  market  is  not  rcconctlfi- 
bl<!  wiih  Uk  pmtnt  ftUt«  of  civilized  society.     /.  Quincy. 

CIVIL-IZ-ER,  V.     One  who  civilizes ;   he  that  re- 
claims olht  IS  from  a  wild  and  savage  life,  and  teach- 
es them  the  rules  and  customs  of  civility. 
2.  That  which  reclaims  from  savageness. 

CIVIL-IZ-ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Reclaiming  from  savage 
life  ;  instructing  in  arts  and  civility  of  manners. 

CIVIL-LV,  adr.  In  a  manner  relating  to  govem- 
inent,  or  to  the  rights  or  character  of  a  member  of 
the  community.  Jlookcr. 

2.  In  a  manner  relating  lo  private  rights  ;  opposed 
to  criminally ;  as,  a  process  ctri//|/  commenceil  for  the 
private  satisfaction  of  a  party  injured.  ^^yliffe. 

3.  Not  natunilly,  but  in'  law ;  as,  a  man  civilly 
dead. 

4.  Politely  ;  complaisantly ;  gently ;  with  due  de- 
corum ;  courteously  ;  as,  we  were  civUly  treated. 

Dry  den.     Prior. 

5.  Without  gaudy  colors  or  finery ;  as,  chambers 
funiishcd  civilly.     [Obs.]  Bacon. 

CIVISM,  n.     [L.  civis,  a  citizen.] 

State  of  citizenship  ;  patriotism. 
CIZ'AR,  V.  U    To  clip  with  scissors,     [J^ot  in  use, nor 

correct.]  Beaum  and  Ft. 

CIZE,  for  Size,  is  not  in  use. 

CLAB'BER,  I  n.  Milk  turned,  become  thick 

BOX'NY-CL.^B'BER,  j     or  inspissated.    [G.  lab,  D. 

leb,  rennet.] 
CLACK,  r.  I.    [Fr.  daquer,  to  flap  or  snap;  clitptet,  a 

mill-clappcr  ;  cUqucter.  to  dock  ;   W.  cleca,  degijr;  Ir. 

clagaiin  ;  D.  hlakkrn  ;  Sax.  clocean,  to  cluck  :  L.  <flocio. 

Probably  from  ihe  root  of  the  Lat  hquor,  (Jr.  A(i*w, 

XntfOK     See  Cluck,  and  Class  Lg,  No.  27.] 

1.  To  make  a  sudden,  sharp  noist;,  as  by  striking 
or  cracking  ;  to  clink  ;  to  click. 

2.  To  utter  words  rapidly  and  continually,  or  with 
sharp,  abrupt  sounds  ;  to  let  ihc  tongue  run. 

CL.^CK,  n.  [W.  dec,  a  sharp  noise,  a  crack,  tale- 
bearing ;  deca,  clecian,  degyr,  lo  clack,  lo  crack,  to 
tattle.     See  the  verb.] 

1.  A  sharp,  abrupt  sound,  continu.illy  re|»eated, 
such  as  is  made  by  striking  an  object,  or  by  bursting 
or  cracking  ;  continual  talk  :  as,  we  do  not  wish  to 
hear  his  clack;  a  common  expression.  Hence  the 
word  is  used  for  the  tongue,  the  instrument  of  clack- 
ing, Butler.     Prior. 

2.  The  instrument  that  strikes  the  hopi»i*r  of  a 
gristmill,  to  move  or  shake  it,  for  discharging  the 
com.  And,  according  to  Johnson,  a  bell  that  rings 
when  more  com  is  required  to  be  put  in. 

To  cladi  wool,  is  to  cut  oft" the  sheep's  mark,  which 

makes  it  weigh  less,  and  yield  less  duty.     [-Kot  used, 

I  brlirre,  in  .America.] 
CLACK'ER,  TI.    One  that  clacks  ;  tlmt  which  clacks. 
CLACK'ING,  ppr.   or    a.     Waking    a    sharp,    abrupt 

sound,  continually   repeated ;  talking   continually ; 

tattling  ;  rattling  with  the  tongue. 
eL.\CK'L\G,  n.    A  prating. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MeTE,  PREY — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK — 


CLA 

€LAD,  pp.  [See  Clothe.]  CloliieU  ;  invested,  cov- 
ered as  niui  a  garment. 

Jprobcmm  had  d.aii  himsetl'  niih  a  ueve  ^niieal I  Kin^  xi. 

The  fielula  Aie  dad  ia  chMrfuI  ^mn. 

For  ydad,  see  Ycl*,d. 
'  CLaIM,  p.  (.     [L.  damo,  to  cry  out,  to  call   upon  ;  It. 
I       damare,  or  chiamare  ;  Port,  damar ;  Sp.  Uamar ;  Sax. 
I       bUmjuaH  ;  S\v.  glainma  ;  It.  ^lamaim.] 
I  1.  To  call  for  ;  to  ask  or  seek  to  obtain,  by  virtue 

;  of  authority,  right,  or  supposed  right ;  to  challenge  as 
!  a  right ;  to  demand  as  due ;  a^,  to  claim  a  debt ;  to 
'       daim  obedience  or  respect. 

3.  To  assert  or  maintain  as  a  right ;  as,  he  daims 
to  be  the  best  poet  of  the  age. 

3.  To  have  a  right  or  title  to  ;  as,  the  heir  ctidms 
the  estate  by  descent ;  he  daims  a  premise. 

4.  To  proclaim.    [  Obs.]  Spenser. 

5.  To  call,  or  name.    [Obs.] 

eLini,  n.  A  demand  of  a  right  or  supposed  right ;  a 
calling  on  another  for  something  due  or  supposed  to 
be  due  ;  as,  a  daim  of  wages  for  ser%'ices,  A  claim 
implies  a  right,  or  supposed  right,  in  the  claimant  to 
something  which  is  in  another's  possession  or  pwwer. 
A  claim  may  be  made  in  words,  by  suit,  and  by  other 
means.  Tlie  word  is  usually  precedi'd  hy  mak.'.  or 
laf ;  to  make  daim  ;  to  lai/  elaha. 

2.  A  right  to  claim  or  demand  ;  a  title  to  any  deK 
privilege,  or  other  tiling  in  possession  of  another  3 
as,  a  prince  has  a  daim  to  the  tliroue. 

Hocner's  croim*  to  Uie  first  rank  uDoog-  epic  fo^js  have  mely 
beea  discuad.  Anon. 

3.  The  tiling  claimed  or  demanded. 

4.  A  loud  call.  ^eruer. 
[  77us  oriental  sejise  of  the  icord  is  noic  obsolete.] 

€LAIM'A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  demanded  as  due. 

eLAlM'AXT,  71,    A  person  who  claims  ;  one  who  de- 
mands any  thing  as  bis  right. 
2.  A  person  who  has  a  right  to  claim  or  demand. 

€I*aIM'£D,  pp.  Demanded  as  due;  challenged  as  a 
right;  asserted;  maintained. 

CLaIM'ER,  n.  A  claimant ;  one  who  demands  as 
due. 

GLaIM'IXG,  ppr.  Demanding  as  due  ;  challenging 
as  a  right;  asserting;  maintaining;  having  a  right 

*;L.\IM'LESS,  a.     Having  no  claim.  Tto  demand. 

€LAffi'-OB-i?€LRE'.     See  Clare-Obscure. 

€LaER-VOY'.\_N'CE,  n.  [Fr.]  LiUraUy,  clear-sight- 
edness :  a  power  attributed  to  persons  in  a  mesmeric 
state,  of  discerning  objects  which  are  not  present  to 
the  senses. 

GLaIE-VOY'AXT,  a.  Discerning  objects  wliich  are 
not  present  to  the  senses. 

CLAM,  71.  [See  tlie  verb.]  The  popular  name  of 
certain  bivalvular  shell-fish,  of  many  species,  and 
much  valued  for  food. 

GLAM'-SHELL,  n.    The  shell  of  a  clam. 

CLAM,  r.  £.  [Sai.  d<£miaii,  to  glue;  D.  Idant^  clam- 
my; fym,  glue ;  G.  i/amm,  close,  clammy;  klemmeuy 
to  pinch ;  Dan.  k/ammerj  to  cling ;  ft/en*mer,  to 
squeeze,  or  pinch ;  lim^  glue ;  limer,  to  glue  ;  Umag- 
tig,  clammy.  Qu.  W  dtfmu,  to  bind  or  tic  a  fenot. 
See  Lime,  and  Class  Lm,  No.  1,  5,  9,  13.] 
To  clog  with  glutinous  or  viscous  matter. 

L' Estrange. 

CLAM,  V.  i.    To  be  moist.     [Litde  usetL]       Dnjdeii. 

CLAM,  V.  L  In  bell  ringing,  to  unite  sounds  in  the 
peal.     [Eno-.]  Smart, 

CLX'ilASTjO.    [See  Claim.]     Crjiug  ;  beseeching. 

Tkonison. 

CLAM'BER,   V.   i.      [from  dimb,   or  D.   klampen,   to 
grapple.] 
To  cUmb  with  difficulty,  or  w  ith  hands  and  feet. 

Jiddison. 

CLAM'BER-ING, ppr.  Climbing  with  effortand  labor. 

CL.^I'SII-XESS,  n.  [SeeCLAMMv.]  The  state  of  be- 
ing viscous  ;  viscosity  ;  stickiness;  tenacity  of  a  soft 
substance.  .  Mozoii. 

CLAM'MY,  a,  fSee  Clam.]  Thick  j  \iscous ;  adhe- 
sive; soft  and  sticky ;  glutinous ;  tenacious;  as, 
bodies  dammy  and  cleaving.  Bacon. 

Cotd  sweat,  in  clamnuj  drops,  hi»  limbs  o'erspread.      Dryden. 

CLAM'OE,  ji.  [L.  damor ;  Fr.  dcmeur;  It.  glam; 
Sax.  klem.     See  Claim.] 

1.  A  great  outcry  ;  noise  ;  exclamation  ;  vocifer- 
ation, made  by  a  loud  human  voice  continued  or 
repeated,  or  by  a  multitude  of  voices.  It  often  ex- 
presses complaint  and  urgent  demand.  Shak.  Prior. 
3.  Figtirattrdy,  loud  and  continued  noise,  as  of  a 
river  or  other  inanimate  things.  J3ildison. 

GLAM'OR,  V.  U    To  stun  with  noise.  Bacon. 

To  damor  beUsj  is  to  multiply  the  strokes. 

JVarburton. 
CL..M'OR,  r.  i.  To  utter  loud  sounds  or  outcries  ;  to 
talk  loud  ;  to  utter  loud  voices  repeatedly  ;  to  vocif- 
erate, as  an  individual ;  to  utter  loud  voices,  as  a 
multitude ;  to  complain  ;  to  make  importunate  de- 
oiands.  shak.     Bacon. 

Tho«  w1k»  meat  loiidl;  damor  for  huenj  do  not  most  iibora]]/ 
^nm  it.  Anon. 

*'  damor  your  tongues,"  in  Shakspeare,  if  intend- 
ed to  mc^n,  "  stop  from  noise,"  is  not  English. 
Perlia[is  the  word  was  dam  up.  to  clog  or  stoD.  or 
used  for  iu  *^' 


CLA 


CLA 


CLAM'OR-ER,  n.     One  who  clamors.      Chesterjield. 

€LAM'OR-IXG,  ppr.  Uttering  and  repeating  loud 
words;  making  a  great  and  continued  noise;  par- 
ticularly io  complaint  or  importunate  demands. 

CL.AM'OR-OUS,  a.  Speaking  and  repeating  loud 
words  ;  noisy ;  vociferous ;  loud  ;  turbulent. 

Hooker.     Pope.     SwlfL 

eL.\M'OR-OUS-LY,  ode.    With  loud  noise  or  xvords. 

CLAiWOR-OUS-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of 
being  loud  or  noisy. 

CLA.MF,  71,  [D,  klamp:  G.  klammer,  klemmett;  Dan. 
klamp  ;  W.  clymuy  to  tie.] 

1.  In  genera/,  something  that  fastens  or  binds  ;  a 
piece  of  timber  or  of  iron,  used  to  fasten  work  to- 
gether J  or  a  particular  manner  of  uniting  work  by 
letting  boards  into  each  other. 

2.  An  instrument  with  a  screw  at  one  end,  used 
by  joiners  to  hold  pieces  of  wood  together. 

3.  Inshtp-ifiiilding,  a  Diick  plank  on  the  inner  part  of 
a  ship's  side,  used  to  sustain  the  ends  of  the  beams. 

4.  A  smooth,  crooked  plate  of  iron,  furelocked  on 
the  trunnions  of  a  cannon  to  keep  it  fast  lo  the  car- 
riage. Clamps  are  also  used  lo  strengthen  masts, 
and  to  fasten  the  masts  and  bowsprits  of  small  \  es- 
scls  and  of  boats.  JUar.  Diet, 

■:>.  _*  large  mass  or  pile  of  bricks  laid  up  for  burn- 
ing, vhich  the  end  of  one  brick  is  laid  over 
another  and  a  space  is  \ct\  between  the  bricks  for 
the  fire  10  ascend.  Encyc. 

'^lamp-irons;  irons  used  at  the  ends  of  fires  to 
keep  the  fuel  from  falling.  Bailey. 

Clamp-miils ;  nails  used  to   fasten  on  clamps    in 
ships. 
CLAMP,  T.  t.    To  fasten  with  clamps. 

9.  In  joinery,  to  fit  a  piece  of  board  with  tne  grain, 
to  tlie  end  of  another  piece  of  board  across  the  gi-ain; 
as,  to  damp  a  table  to  prevent  its  warping.   Jiloxon. 
CLAMP'ED,   (klauipt,)  pp.     United  or  strengthened 

with  a  clauip. 
CLAMP'LXG,  ppr     Fastening  or  strengthening  with  a 

clamp. 
GL.\N,  n.     [Ir.  dann,  or  dand,  children,  posterity;  a 
tribe,  breed,  generation,  family.    Erse,  dau  or  klaan. 
Perhaps  G.  Uein,  small.] 
i.  A  race  ;  a  family  ;  a  tribe.     MUton.     Dryden. 
Hence, 

9.  In  Scotland,  a  tribe  or  collection  of  families 
united  under  a  cljieftain,  usually  bearing  th?  same 
surname,  and  supposed  to  be  descended  from  a  com- 
mon ancestor. 

3.  In  contempt,  a  sect,  society,  or  body  of  persons 
closely  united  by  some  common  interest  or  pursuit. 

Jv'ote — In  Russ.  koUeno  signifies  a  knco,  and  a 

family,  nice,  or  tribe ;  Irish  glun,  the  kn^^c,  and  a 

GLAN'CU-L.\R,  a.     [It.  dancularius.}        [generation. 

Clandestine  ;  secret ;  private  ;  concealed.    [Little 

used.] 

€LAN^eU-LAU-LY,  ado.     Privately:  secretU-.     [Lit- 

Ue  tised.]  ■       ■- 

€LAN-DES'TIXE,  (-tin,)  a.     [h.  dandesttnus.] 

Secret;  private;  hidden;  withdrawn  from  public 
view.    It  often  bears  an  ill  sense,  as  implying  craft 


or  deception,  or  evil  design. 

eL.\X-DES'TUVE-LY,  ode.  Secretly  ;  privatily  ;  iu 
secret. 

€LAN-DES'TI.\E-NES3,  ?i.  Secrecy ;  a  state  of  con- 
cealment. 

CLA-\-DES-TIN'I-TY,  n.    Privacy  or  secrecy. 

CLANG,  r.  t.  ori.  [I,,  dango,  to  sound  ;  G.  klan^r  ;  I>, 
klank;  Sw.  klang  ;  D^n.  klang ;  Gr.  »cAa; ;  (■>,  KAa;^, 
xXay^o),  ctr>a>oi-.  It  appears  from  the  Greek,  that  n 
is  not  radical,  and  that  this  word  bKlrrngs  lo  C^lass 
Lg,  coinciding  with  diiilc,  dank,  and  probably  with 
clack.] 

To  make  a  sharp,  slirill  sound,  as  I»y  striking  me- 
tallic substances ;  or  to  strike  with  a  sharj)  sound. 

They  clanged  iheir  soundiDg  arms.  Prior. 

CLANG,  71.  [L.  clangor;  G,  klang;  D.  klank.  Sec  the 
verb.] 

A  sharp,  shrill  sound,  made  by  striking  together 
metallic  substances,  or  sonorous  bodies ;  as,  the  dang 
of  arms ;  or  any  like  sound  ;  as,  the  dano-  of  truinpela. 
This  word  iniplies  a  degree  of  harslmess  in  the 
sound,  or  more  harshness  than  dink.  MtUon. 

CLAX"GOR,  (klang'gor,)  n.  [L.]  A  sharp,  shrUI, 
harsh  sound.     [See  Clang.]  Dnideiu 

€LAX"GOR-OUS,  a.    Sharp  or  harsh  in  sound'. 

Spectator. 

CLAN"GOUS,  (klang'gus,)  a.  Making  a  clang,  or 
a  shrill  or  harsh  sound.  Brown. 

CLANK,  n.  [See  Clasg.]  The  loud,  shrill,  sharp 
sound  made  by  a  collision  of  metallic  or  other  so- 
norous bodies.  Spectator. 

CLANK,  V.  u  or  j.  To  make  a  sharp,  shrill  sound  ;  to 
strike  with  a  sharp  sound ;  as,  tiie  prisoners  danli 
their  chains. 

CLAN'NISH,  a.  Closely  united,  like  a  clan  ;  disposed 
lo  adhere  closely,  as  the  members  of  a  clan. 

CLAN'NISH-LY,  adv.    In  a  clannish  manner. 

CLAN'NISH-NEi^S,  n.  Close  adherence  or  disposition 
to  unite,  as  a  clan 

CL.\N'SHIP,  n.  A  state  of  union,  as  in  a  family  or 
clan  ;  an  association  under  a  chieftain.  Eucvc 


CLAP,  c.  t. ;  preL  and  pp.  Clapped  or  Clapt.  fD.  klan- 
pen,Uappen:  Dan.  Uapper ;  Sw.  klappa:  G.  klappm 
or  k'affrn ;  Russ.  Ueplyu.  The  Dutch  and  Geniian 
won.s  signify  to  dap  or  strike,  and  to  talk,  clatter, 
prate.  Sax.  cUapian  or  dirpian,  to  call,  to  sp^ak 
whence  ydeped,  [obs. ;]  VV.  depian,  to  clack,  lo  babble, 
Irom  uep,  a  lapping,  lUpiaio,  to  tap,  to  lick.  Th^ 
sense  is  to  send,  drive,  or  strike,  L.  atapa,  a  slap.] 

I.  To  strike  with  a  quick  motion,  so  as  lo  make 
a  noise  by  the  w.llision  ;  to  strike  with  something 
broad,  or  havnig  a  fiat  surface  ;  as,  to  dap  the  hands  ; 
to  dap  the  wings.  /^^^,     Dryden. 

^M    ^o,V"'''^t»  to  drive  together ;    to  shut  hastdv  ; 
followed  by  to  :  us,  to  dap  to  the  door  or  gale. 
„    ,  Locke.     Sb'ik, 

J.  lo  thrust  or  drive  together  ;  to  put  one  thin"  to 
another  by  a  hasty  or  sudden  motion  ;  followed  by  to, 
OH,  or  irt  ,■  as,  to  dap  the  hand  to  the  mouth  ;  to  dap 
spurs  to  a  horse  ;  to  dap  on  a  ^^addU*. 

_,  WatVt.     .^'Iditun.     Dnidtn. 

4.  1  o  thrust ;  to  put,  place,  or  send  ;  followed  by 
in,  intv,  under,  over,  tc. ;  as,  lo  dap  one  umi^  the 
hatches ;  to  dnp  one  into  Bedlam ;  to  dap  a  board 
*""■'•  ^  [>'t-  Slink.     Spectator. 

5.  To  applaud  ;  to  manifest  approbation  or  praise 
by  strikmg  the  hands  tngelher;  a^,  to  clap  a  per- 
formance on  the  stage. 

6.  To  infect  with  venereal  fwison.  Wiseman. 
To  dap  up ;  lo  make  or  complete  hastily  ;  as,  to  dap 

up  a  peace.  shak.     Hoicd. 

2.  To  imprison  hastily,  or  with  little  delay. 
£1 T  *  ¥>  -  Sandus. 
CLAP,  V.  t.    I'o  move  or  drive  together  suddenly  with 

noise. 

Tiie  iluon  around  uie  c2ap:.  Druden. 

9,  To  enter  on  with  alacrity  and  briskness ;    to 

drive  or  thrust  on  ;  as  we  say  lo  reapers  or  mowers, 
dap  in,  or  dup  to  ;  that  is,  enter  on  the  work,  beoin 
without  delay,  begin  briskly. 

3.  To  strike  the  hands  together  in  applause. 

Bid  ihera  dap.  Sf-ak. 

CLAP,  7;.  A  driving  together ;  a  thrust  and  collision 
of  bodies  with  noise,  usually  bodies  with  broad  sur- 
faces. 

Give  the  door  a  ciap.  Svi/t. 

9.  A  sudden  act  or  motion  ;  a  thrust. 

Pay  all  debts  ai  oae  clap.  Sui/t. 

3.  A  burst  of  sound  ;  a  sudden  explosion  ;  as,  a 
dap  of  thunder. 

4.  An  act  of  applause  ;  a  striking  of  hands  to  ex- 
press approbation.  Jiddison. 

5.  A  venereal  infection.     [Fr.  dapoir ;  D.  klapaor.] 

Pope. 

G.  \\  ith  falconers,  the  nether  part  of  the  beak  of  a 
I''"i^\"li-  BaiUii. 

CLAP'BOARD,  (klab'bord,)  h.  A  thin,  narrow  haard, 
for  covering  iiouses.     [U.  St<Ues.] 

The  word  is  also  used  as  a  verb  for  lo  cover  with 
clapboards. 

In  England,  according  to  Bailey,  a  clapboard  is 
what,  in  America,  is  called  a  stave  tor  casks. 

CLAP'-DISH,  n.    A  wooden  bowl  or  dish. 

CLAP'-DOC-TOR,  71.  One  who  is  skUIed  in  healing 
the  clap,  or  venereal  disease.  Toiler. 

CLAP'-NET,  n.  A  net  for  taking  larks,  united  with 
a  luoking-ghiss.  Baiiey.     Encyc. 

CLAP'PSn,  (klaptj  pp.  Thrust  or  put  on  or  Uisfther  ; 
applauded  by  striking  the  hands  together ;  infected 
with  the  venereal  disease. 

CLAP'PER,  n.  A  person  who  claps,  or  applauds  by 
clapping. 

9.  That  which  strikes,  as  the  tongue  of  a  bell,  or 
the  piece  of  wood  that  strikes  a  mill-hopper. 
3.  A  burrow  or  inciosure.     [06*.] 

CLAPTER-CLAW,  r.  t.     [dap  and  daw.]      To  fiaht 
and  scratch.     Smart.     Hence, 
9.  To  scold  ;  to  abuse  with  the  tongue  ;  to  revUe. 
Skak.     Hudibras. 

CLAP'PING,  fipr.  Driving  or  putting  on,  in,  over,  or 
under,  by  a  sudden  motion  ;  striking  the  hands  to- 
gether. 

CLAP'PING,  n.  The  act  of  striking  the  hands  to- 
gether, ordinarily  by  way  of  applause. 

CLAF'-TRAP,  n.      A  trap  for  clapping  in  Iheatei^.   I 
Hence,  a  trick  or  device  to  gain  applause. 

CLARE,  n.    A  nun  of  the  order  of  St.  Clare. 

Clialmers. 

CLAR'E\-CEO_X.    )  (klar'en-shu,)  n.     In  Great  Brit- 

CL.VR'EN-CIEuX,  (  airt,  the  second  king  at  arms, 
s'j  called  from  the  duke  of  Clarence,  and  appointed 
hy  Edward  lY.  His  ofiice  is  to  marshal  and  dispose 
the  funerals  of  nil  baronets,  knights,  and  esquires,  on 
the  south  of  the  River  Trent.  Bailey.     Encyc 

CLaRE'-OB-SCCRE',  71.  [L.  darus,  clear,  and  obsca- 
rus,  obscure.] 

Light  and  shade  iu  painting;  or  the  particular  dis- 
tribution of  the  lights  and  shades  of  a  piece,  with  re 
sped  to  the  ease  of  the  eye  and  the  effect  of  Iht. 
whole  piece  ;  also,  a  design  of  two  colors.     Encyc 

CLAR'ET,  «.  [Fr.  dairet,  from  dair,  clear  j  It-  cte- 
retta.] 

A  species  of  French  wine,  of  a  clear,  pale  red 
color.  Thomson 


TONE,  BJJLL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.— €  as  K ;  (5  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THI.^. 


27 


30J) 


eLAK'l  CHORD.  ..    IL.  rfarM,  c\au,  and  c*enii,  a 

"Tfi.  ~  '    '    "'• '" '"'"" "' '  'p'""'  •"'"' 

,1.  monithord* 
rf  dcarnis  i   uoilwuliuly  the  clrannB  or  nnii.S  ol 

ei.'\R''l  Kl"f;i).(klMV  nJ.,);T-or<..  PurifKa;  made 
fiiElFIEK  ».  Tliut  which  clantu-3  or  punfiM -, 
*'Is  whiu-.  uf  egeS  I'l-'^'J.  "'">  '*"'S'°*'>  "^^f^f" 

"'a''A''TO»sel  ill  whlcli  li.iuor  l«  clnrifiwl. 
-  Il.a.jiiis's  .Vril.  ItrpKS- 

eU.IR'1-P'.  "••'•      [Pf-  ''<"■!''■'■'■•'  "•  «'"'"■!'>""'  '""'"' 
r.  clunu,  cU'ar,  aiid/oci",  tuiiKikf.] 

l!  To  make  d.ar  ;  lo  purily  I  mm  feculenl  malU'r 
lo  d.r.ait^  ;  I"  fino;  "I'PI'"'  ynuularly  (u  iijuTj, 

as    lo  eltirtfn  wilir  or  sini|».  , 

i    To  mfiko  cl«.r;   lo  brichten  or  llhimmate ;  <.p- 

eLvR'l-K?,  c.  i.     To  clear  up ;   lo  grow  clear  or 
bright. 


eiJlSP'EK,  ».     He  or  Hint  which  l1  itps;  "  nnlly  H 
lenTlril  of  a  vine  or  other  lihiit,  which  IwiiiM  i....,.d 
soiiiilhiiig  for  siiiniort. 

n  x-^l"KUfl>,  o-     Furnished  with  tendrils. 

PI '»'-i|"l\(;   m>r.or<i.    Twining  round  ;  ciitching  and 
Mdiiigi  elnbracingi  inclosing;  ahulUng  or  fiiaten- 

"'o'VnVotoM.' surrounding  the  stem  at  the  base,  as 

i~*-f  Miirtijn. 

ei"xM"-KNIFE,  (nifc,)  «.    A  knife  whiclui.l.U  int.. 

Ci"a<S  "f  *'rb.  ctiusts,  a  class,  a  rtect,  a  tronp,  tiint  is, 
a  colleciioii  i  It.  cl-w«.-  fr.  class'::  !?l>.  c/a.-«.  Arm. 

clinter,  a  bunch.  This  sccnia  to  be  a  brunch  of  the 
root  of  L.  c/iiu'/u,  c/(i".«us.] 

1.  An  order  or  rank  of  persons  ;  a  number  of  per- 
sons In  siKiety,  sup|Kised  lo  have  sonio  resemblniice, 
or  coimlity,  in  rank,  education,  property,  tnlenUs,  and 
the  like ;  as  in  the  phrase,  all  classa  of  men  in  so- 
ciety. 

The  iraOcn  of  p~lry  m»y  be  JUUnpUhal  into  O"^''^'' 


ei^S'.«l  lA'  INO,  ppr.    Forming  a  cl«M  or  claaet; 

ornu'.'ins  in  -^u  or  ranks. 
eUXI^S'l.-.G,  ppr.    ArranRiiig  in  a  class  or  clatsea. 
CL  \S'S1.<,  11.     Class  ;  order ;  sort.  Clarendon. 

•2.  A  judicatory  in  the  Uifonued  Dutch  and  French 

churches,  corresponding  lo  a  prtsbijtenj. 
3    A  conventiun  or  assembly.  MilUrn. 

€LAT'TER,  i:  i.     [D.  kliilerm,  kUuertn  ;  \V.  cincltawi 

Sax.  clalniugc,  a  clattering.     Uu.  Fr.  eclaur  j  1..  latro, 

to  bark  ;  Sax.  Uyd,  loud.     It  seems  to  be  a  diiiiinu. 

1^  To  make  nUtlins  sounds ;  lo  make  rejiented 
sharp  sounds,  as  by  striking  sonorous  bodies  ;  as,  to 
chUcr  on  a  shield.  Vry.lnl. 

2  To  utter  continual  or  repeated  sharp  suuiiils,  or 
rattling  sounds,  by  being  struck  together ;  as,  ci«u«r- 

'"s  "t'o  talk  fast  and  idly  ;  to  run  on ;  to  rattle  with 

the'tongue.  Spriurr. 

eL.Vfl'liR,  V.  t.    To  strike  and  make  a  rattling  iiuue. 


yoii  clatter  ■till  your  brjieii  tctUe. 


Swi/l. 


o   To  cmw  or  become  clear  or  fine  ;  to  becoinc 
nu'rV  as  iMluors.     Cider  rhrtfie..  by  ferlmntalion. 

CI.VR'i-FV-I.N'O,  ppr.  or  ...     .Making  clear,   pure,  or 
I'lr  "III  ;  d.fecatuig  ;  growing  dear.  ,..■■,. 

ei   \1    I  O.S,  .1.     IFr.  elairan:  Sp.  clarm!  It.  cA.or  «0 
V.n.elcr.n,t   fmni  L.  claru,,  clear,  from   Us  shrill 

'"A'kild  of  tnimp'l,  wlin.ie  tube  is  narrower  and  its 
,„m.  more  acute  and  shrill  than  that  of  the  coiuinon 

eKl"'!  l">NBT',  j  n.     [Fr.  clarinrlU.]  A  wind  instni- 

ri  AR'     NKT  mem   of  limsie,   wilh   a  mouth 

l«nakiug  Ufa  truuiiK.t  form,  and  played  on  by  means 

of  hiiles  ami  kt'>':*.  ,  , 

eUA  lll:*'<»-N*»^*^-  '■     i^'-  cUtriu  aiul  sonns.\ 

CUARI-TL-I)E,   a.      Clearness;    splendor.     j^He 

,^l  -t  Btautn.  and  t  i. 

CLArVtY,  a.    [Fr.  ciortd;   I.,  elariuis,  from  clams, 

"'ci'irness  i  brightness ;  splendor,    [tiubasnl.] 
Bacon.     Bromn. 
CI.A RT,  r.  I.    To  rtaoh, siniar,  or  spread.        «ro«. 
CIJkRT'V,  o.     Wei :  slipper>'-  .?'!.%. 

ri  \R'V    r.  i.    To  make  a  loud  or  shrill  noise.    [JVo( 

.  .  *  Ooiain^. 

eCvRY    «-     [A  rornlplion  of  Sclarra.'\      A  plant  of 

the  cen'us  Salvia,  or  s;ige  ;  Salvia  ^;clarea. 

ei  \'BY-\VA  'I'Kll    «.      A    composuion   of  lirandy, 

sugar,  clarv'll..w.n.,  and  cinnamon,  with  a  Imle  ain- 

her"ri«  dis-idved  in  it.     It  is  a  cardiac,  and  helps  dl- 

■i\  n  I'.itciie. 

eUAsi'l   0.  i.    [D.  kl'Usm  ;  G.  klal.tckcn,  klittcJun  i  Dan. 

"l  To  strike  against ;  l»  drive  against  with  force. 
jVuw  —Till-  S'-nse  of  this  word  is  simply  lo  strike 
aBainst  ir  m.tl  with  force;  but  when  two  sounding 
holies  strike  log.lher,  the  etr.cl  is  a  sound.  Hence 
the  w.iiil  .fun  iu.pii's,  to  strike  Willi  a  noise;  :ui, 
eJiu/li,.^  anus.  Dcnitam. 

o   To  iiieil  in  opiHwilion  ;  to  he  contrary ;  lo  act 
in~a  contrary  direction ;    to   inlerferB,  as  opposing 
peraoiis,  iiiinds,  views,  interests,  tc. ;  as,  the  opin- 
ions of  nun  rla.<li :  ciMhinu  interests.    South.  Bacm. 
Ii«fepe.«li..i  )urwUcUi>ra-a.>il.l  ii«  M  '^^tjj'',  Thenl. 
CL\SH,  r.  (.     To  strike  one  thing  against  another, 

with  sound.  .       .  Drfden. 

el..\f^H.  '..      A   inciling  of  bodies  with  violence;    a 
striking  b.celher  Willi  noise  ;  .(illision,  or  noisy  collis- 
ion of  bodi.s  ;  as,  Ihe  ela.-:h  of  arms.  Pofte.  Denham. 
y.  flpiKwilion  ;   conlrndiclion  ;   as  between  difler- 
in<  or  contending  inten^sls,  views.  |iur|>034s,  &.c. 

Jlllerhitrtf.     Denliam, 
el.-'VSH'IN'!.  PP'-    Striking  against  with  noise  ;  meet- 

inB  Ml  ..p|««ili"n;  iipi»>sing;  inLrftring. 
el.VSII'ISC,  a.    Inu-rfering;  opposite;    as,  claihmg 
inr  n->.ls.  „■  r 

CI.A^=II'1N0,  a.       A  striking  ngainst ;    collision  of 

ls.di.-. .  ..ppnsition.  llotcel. 

CLAHiri.MM.V,  adr.    With  clashing. 
ClAf^P,  ".     Ilr.  cla^ha:  rlap.ie^  Cfitiucer.\ 

I.    \  ii....k  for  fastening ;  a  c;ilch  ;  a  small  hook  to 
I,,  ■'  ■!.,■  ct.vers  of  a  iKK.k,  or  the  dilTerenl 

.,  Til.  of  a  li.II,  kc.  Mdi.^an. 

iiinice ;  atlirowingofthearinsaroiind. 
Shak. 

GLASP  ".  I.    1*"  *"'"'*  *'^  fasten  together  with  a  clasp. 
'  Pifpe, 

o   To  I  I'V  tw  ining  ;  to  surround  and 

cling  to  i'ivy.  .Wllon. 

X  T 'd  In  Ihe  hand;  or  simply  lo 

inrinse  or  .  iiri  :n|.:i^  \vllM  Ihe  flng.'rs.  Bitcm. 

4.  To  einbrnc  rl.isely  ;  to  throw  the  arms  round  ; 
to  catch  »  ill]  ih'  :^'iiis.  Mltott.     Dryden. 

■SS. 

1.     Fastened  with  a  clasp ; 
i/.sod  ;  encompassed  ;  r^iigliL 


2  A  number  of  students  in  a  college  or  school,  of 
the  same  slan.ling,  or  pursuing  Ihe  same  studies.  In 
colleges,  the  stu.leiits  entering  or  bcconiiiig  members 
the  same  year,  and  pursuing  the  same  studies.  In 
academies  and  schwils,  the  pupds  who  learn  the 
same  lesson,  and  recite  together.  In  Rome  cases, 
sliiilenl.s  of  diff.rent  sUindiiigs,  pursumg  the  same 
studies  and  r.ciliug  together,  or  ntlending  the  same 
professor,  or  the  same  course  of  lectures. 

3  Scientific  division  or  arrangement;  a  set  ol 
beings  or  things  having  sonu-lhing  in  coiiiinon,  or 
raniied  un.lcr  a  coninion  denominalion.  Hence,  in 
lotjh'nj,  animals  are  divided  into  classes,  as  quad- 
rUDi'.ls,  birds,  fishes,  tc.  So,  in  botany,  plants  arc 
Brraii"ed  in  classes  Classes  arc  iia(ur(i(  or  arltjicial : 
natural,  when  fi.uiided  .in  natural  relations  or  resem- 
blances ;  anilicial,  when  formed  arbilrarily,  for  want 
of  a  coniplelf  knmvle.lge  of  natur.il  relalions.  Marlyn. 

el.XSP  r.  1.  To  armnge  in  a  class  or  chasses,  lo  ar- 
raii"e'  in  s:ls,  or  ranks,  according  to  some  mclliod 
founded  on  naliil  distinctions;  to  place  togclll.;!, 
or  in  one  division,  men  or  tilings  which  have,  or  arc 
slipiHised  to  have,  suniellliug  ill  common. 

2  To  place  in  ranks  or  divisions  students  that  are 
pursuing  the  same  studies;  to  form  into  a  class  or 
classes.  ,   .  ,  I 

eLXSS'BD,  (klist,)  rr-     Arranged  in  a  class  or  in 

CLAS'Sie  I  «.      [L.  dassicus;  Fr.  cUtsii/ne ;  It. 

CI.AS'Sie-AL,  (  rlassir^ :  Sp.  clasito  ;  from  U  classis, 
the  first  order  of  Uoin:>n  citizens.] 

1  Relating  to  ancient  Creek  and  Roman  authors 
of  the  first  rank  or  estimation,  which,  in  mo.  i-rn 
limes,  have  been,  and  still  are,  slii.lied  as  the  licst 
moilels  of  fine  writing.  Thus  Aristotle,  Pl.alo,  De- 
inoslhcms.'I'hucyilides,  &c.,  among  the  Greeks,  and 
Cicero,  Virgil,  l.ivy,  Sallusl,  Cesar,- .and  lacitus, 
among  the  Latins,  are  clagsieat  authors.     Hence, 

1  P.rlaining  to  writers  of  the  first  rank  an;ong 
the  moderns  ;  being  of  the  first  or.ler ;  conslitiiting 
Ihe  iK'st  niodi-l  or  authority  as  an  author ;  as,  Ad- 
dison and  Johnsuu  are  Knglish  cla.tsical  writers 
Hence,  classical  denotes  pure,  chaste,  correct,  re- 
fined ;  lus,  a  cla.t.iical  taste ;  a  clasiicai  style. 


5.  T" 
ei.xsP'f : 

shut  ;  .  ■ 


M  l,ivrrr.jol.  Ho*ct«  u  like  Pompey'i  column  at  Alcxainlria, 
U.»-.-nii»  ^l<:m  111  etaiiic  Ji-nity.  Iraog. 

3.  r.rlaining  to  a  class  or  Classis. 
ei.  \S'SIC,  11.  An  author  of  the  first  rank  ;  a  writer 
whose  style  is  pure,  correct,  and  refineil ;  primarily, 
a  Greek  or  Roman  author  of  this  chanirur;  but  the 
word  is  applieil  to  writers  of  a  like  character  m  any 
nation.  ,   ,     „      Pope. 

"    A  book  written  bv  an  author  of  the  hrsl  class. 
CI.AS'SIC-AL-LV,  adv.     In  the  malin.r  of  cKlsses ; 
according  to  a  regular  order  of  classes  or  sets. 

11  woukl   \x  l.r.iiuuBUe  to  bear   all   l!»  •I«'l''«  iloUub   I"  die 
tncnMfT.  1/  lli-y  were  nol  clastkaUi/  amoisi.;.!. 

'•  Kerr^f  Laeouier. 

2.  In  a  classical  manner ;  according  lo  the  manner 
of  classical  authors 
€L\S-SIC-AL'I-TV,    In.    The  quality  of  being  clas- 
eUAS'.sie  Al^NEsa,  (     sical. 

OL AS-SlF'ie,  a.  Constituting  a  class  or  classes; 
noting  classification,  or  the  order  of  distribution  into 
g^l^  Med.  P.cpof.  lici.  2. 

eL\S-SI-FI-CA'TION,Ji.  [SeeCLijsii-v.l  The  act 
of  forming  into  a  class  or  classes ;  dislriliulion  into 
sets,  sorts,  or  ranks.  Enficld'i  Phil.     l:ncm. 

ei.AS'Sl-Fl-eA-TO-RY,  a.    Peit;iiiiing  lo  cl.T.ssifica- 

tion  ;  that  admits  of  classification.        Jjm.  Kclccltc 
ei.AS'.SI-FI-£l),    pp.    or   a.      Arranged    in    classes; 

fi.rm.il  into  a  chuss  or  classes. 
Cl.AS'Sl-FV,  r.  (.     [I.,  rioixia,  a  class,  and  /uciu,  to 
make  i  a  wuril  of  modern  coinage.] 

To  make  a  cl;uss  or  classes  ;  to  distribule  into 
chLsses;  to  arrange  in  sets  according  to  some  com- 
mon properties  or  characters. 

Tlw-  ilwa*-*  nivl  c-tniillu"*  are  not  tcienlifically  eiaaiijied. 
roolti,  Hull.  Emp.  i.  531.  S-ie  .U«>  .iUtic'M  Utur,,  1«. 
B:n'k't  CltemUtry,   I.  M3.     ir.i;»A,  15.  11.     Steuart,  E!. 


Phi!.  1.  187. 


2.  To  dispute,  jar,  or  clamor.    [j«  loic  word.] 

.Vurfoi. 
CLAT'TER  n.     A  rapid  succession  of  abrupt,  sluiril 
sounds,  iii'ule  by  Hie  collision  of  ineUllic  or  olhot 
sonorous  bodies  ;  rattling  sounds.  'xctfl. 

«  'I'umuliuous  and  confused  noise ;  a  repetition 
ofTibr.ipl,  sliarp  sounds.  Swift-     fak- 

CLAT' TER-Elt,  ...     One  who  clatters  ;  a  babliler. 
CI.AT'TEU-I.M;,  ppr.  or  a.    Making  or  uuering  sharp, 
abrupl  sounds,  as  by  a  collision  of  sonorous  bodies; 
talking  fast,  with  noi.se;  rattling. 
ei.AT'TER-lNG,  lu     A  rattling  noise. 
ei.AT'TEIt-ING-Ly.mir.     With  clattering. 
CLAU'UE.NT,    a.      [h.    claiidciui :    claado,   to  shut.] 
Siiiuting  ;  confining ;  drawing  Uigclhcr ;  as,  a  clau- 
dcjit  muscle,     f  tiu/e  I'sprf.)  . 

CLAU'Dl-CANT,".    Halting;  limping.     [Little used.] 
«LAU'D1-CaTE,  v.  i.     [L.  tUmtd,ctJ,  10  limp,  from 
cidndas,  lame.]    To  halt  or  limp.     [LiUU  used,  or  not 

CLAU-Dr-eA'TION,  n.    A  halting  or  limping,    [til- 

tle  u.v.'d.l  .  .  I      ,     i. 

CLAUSE  II.     [Fr.  clause  ;  L.  cfoii-siirn,  (rmnelauJo,  to 

shut;  Gr.   tcXtta,  «A£..rros;    W.  claws  I  hn^.  close; 

Sax.  Ididan,  to  cover :  AM,  a  cover,  a  hd,  which  sec 

'/.itcr'ally,  a  close',  or  inclosurc.  Hence,  thai  which 
is  incluile'd,  or  contained,  within  certain  limils. 

1  In  laniuage,  or  grammar,  a  member  of  a  |ierl04 
or  sentence  ;  a  subdivision  of  a  sciiten.-e,  m  wliich 
Ihe  words  are  inseparably  connected  with  e;icli  oilier 
in  sense,  and  can  not,  with  piopmty,  be  separated  by 
a  Doint ;  as,  "  There  is  reason  lo  thinklhat  he  after- 
ward rose  to  favor,  and  obtained  several  honors, 
civil    and    military."      In    this    sentence    are  two 

'  o  "au  article  in  a  contract  or  other  writing ;  a  dis- 
tinct part  of  a  contract,  will,  aprecment,  cliarlei, 
co'niiiission,  or  oUier  wnling  ;  a  distinct  stipula  ion, 
condition,  proviso,  grant,  covenant,  *cc.         7""- . 

CLAUS'TUALITE,  v.  .Native  seleniiu^t  v(  lead, 
haviiig  a  lead-gray  color.  ,  """f" .. 

ei.AU.s'TltAL,  a.  [L.  cJttttsii-ura,  an  inclosurc,  Irom 
ciando.     Sec  CuiUSE.] 

Kelating  to  a  cloister,  or  religious  house ;  as,  a 
e(aiw(n.i  prior.  ,      „     .      •«!/'#•• 

eLAU'SU-L.VB,  a.    Consisting  of  or  having  claii»es. 

CLAUS'URE,  (khiw'zhiir,)  n.  [See  Claimi:.]  Tho 
act  of  shuiung  up  or  conlining  ;  confineinenl.  [Ulr 
tlcv^aL]  ,         ,  ,        ''"'''"•      j 

o   In  anaUmy,  an  imperforated  canal. 

Coze.     Quiney. 

CLX' VATE,      j  J.     [i^.  clana ;  Eng.  a  eluh  ;  W.  chrpa.] 

''''"l.^Cluh'shiped  ;  having  the  form  of  a  club  ;  grow- 
ing gradually  thicker  toward  the  top,  as  certain  part* 
"r  ^  ,  „,  .Morton, 

""^^gTwith  knobs.  fy^odtrL. 

CI.A  VE.  t/rct.  of  Cleave.  ....        .  ,i. 

C  AV'BL-LS-TED,  a.  An  epithet  applied  to  potash 
and  pearlash,  {cUvcllati  ci.rr«,)  froin  the  biMels  of 
wood  with  which  they  were  burnt.     Smart.     Com. 

eLS'VI-A-RY,  II.  [L.  claeis,  a  key;  Gr.  tAt.s,  con- 
tracted from  «A£iJoM  ;  L.  claudo.] 

In  ,«,«.c,  an  index  of  keys,  or  a  scale  of  lincj  »"« 
sinces  F.nc!jc.,  art.  Clef. 

eiAVl'-eHORD,  «.     [L.  clavis,  a  key,  and  chorda,  a 

''a"  musical  instrument  of  an  oblong  fi'-"'';''.  "f  ■''« 
nature  of  a  spinel.     The  strings  are  nii.llle.l   w  th 
small  hits  of  fine  woolen  cloth,  to  soften  the  sniinds, 
,wcV  ill  7.......mM.     [Sec  CLAalciiono.)  f-''V- 

€LAV'I-eLE,  n.  [t.  clamctla,  a  tendrd,  th.jus.a 
little  key  or  fastener,  from  r.'new,  a  key  or  '"•'>-i 

•J'he  collar  bone.  There  are  two  '^'"'"''-'' °' '.^ '^ 
nel  bones,  joined  at  one  end  to  the  scapula  or  si  id 
der  bone,  and  at  the  oth.-r  to  the  sternum  ^^[^i^'^ 

eil'AV'I-eOR.V,  71.    The  name  of  a  ftimily  of  inserts. 

eLA'VI-ER,  n.     [L.  ciaii*,  a  key.       In  miuic,  an  0»- 

^niLlagc  of  all  the  keys'of  an  organ  or  piajm^ 


FaTR.  F,^n.  FAI.L,  WHAT.- METE,  PRI-Y.-PTXE,  MAR«NF.,  BTRD.-JiCTE^VE^MOVE^^WQ^ 


21  a 


I 


CLE 

representing  all   the   sounds  used  in  melody  and 

hannonv. 
€LA-VIO'U-LAR,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  collar  bone  or 

clavicle. 
€IiAV'I-6ER,  n.      [L.  davis^  a   key,  ana  giro,  to 

cam^] 
One  who  keeps  the  keys  of  any  place 

Ch.  Reti^.  Appeal. 
CLAW,   n.     [Sax.  claio ;   G.   Idauc;  D.   klaaino;  Dan 

}dov  ;  Sw.  W^/,  or  klo.] 

1.  The  sharp,  hooked  nail,  of  a  beast,  bird,  or  other 
animal. 

Erery  beasl  that  pciiletli  th*;  boof,  and  cloaTeth  the  cleft  into  two 

dans,  aiid  cheweth  the  ctid,  ye  shall  eaL  —  DeoU  xit. 
His  nails  were  growa  liie  biiOs*  cUtvs.  —  Dan.  W. 

9.  The  whole  foot  of  an  animal  armed  with 
hooked  nails. 

3.  The  hand,  in  contempt. 
€LAW,  r.  (.     [Sax.  clatccn.]    To  pull,  tear,  or  scratch 
with  the  nails.  Shak,     South. 

2.  To  scratch  or  tear  in  general ;  to  tickle. 

Sha?i.     Jltulihras. 

3.  To  flatter.     [Obs.]  Shak. 
To  claw  off  ox  ateaij :  to  scold  or  rail  at.  L^Estrange. 
5.  In  seamaTUihTp^  to  turn  to  windward  and  beat, 

to  prevent  falling  on  a  lee  shore.     Hence, 
3.  In  vulvar  lamrua^e,  to  get  off  or  escape. 
€LAWBACK,  n.  [daw  and  back.]    One  who  flatters  ; 

a  sycophant ;  a  wheedler.  JeinK 

€LAW£D,  (klawd,)  pp.    Scratched,  pulled,  c^  r  ,rn 

with  claws. 

9.  a.  Furnished  with  claws.  Orew. 

€LAWING,  ppr.    Pulling,  tearing,  or  scratching  with 

claws  or  nails, 
CLAWING  OFF,  n.    The  act  of  beating  or  working 
off  from  a  lee  shore,  or  from  another  vessel. 

Totteii. 
CLAVV'LESS,  c    Destitute  of  clav/s. 

Journ.  of  Science. 
€LaY,  ;i.    [Sax.  dag;  G.  klei;  D.  kleij  W.clm;  Dan. 
kLeg-,  viscous,  sticky.] 

1.  The  name  of  certain  substances  which  are  mix- 
tures of  silex  and  alumine,  sometimes  with  lime, 
magnesia,  alkali,  and  metallic  oxyds.  A  species  of 
earths  which  are  firmly  coherent,  weighty,  comi)act, 
and  hard  when  dry,  but  stiff,  viscid,  and  ductile 
when  moist,  and  smooth  to  the  touch  ;  not  readily 
diffusible  in  water,  and  when  mixed,  not  readily 
subsiding  in  it.  They  contract  by  heat.  Clays  ab- 
sorb water  greedily,  and  become  soft,  but  are  so 
tenacious  as  to  be  molded  into  any  shape ;  and  hence 
they  are  the  materials  of  bricks  and  various  vessels, 
domestic  and  chemical.  Enajc.     Cleatdand. 

2.  In  poetry  and  in  Scripture^  earth  in  general. 

Domic. 

1  also  am  formed  out  of  UieCi'oy.  —  Job  xxxlii. 

3.  In  Scripture,  clay  is  used  to  express  frailtj', 
liableness  to  decay  and  destruction. 

They  thai  tlweU  in  liouscs  uf  cluy.  — Job  iv. 

CLaY,  r.  t.    To  cover  or  manure  with  clay.  Mortimer. 
2.  To  purify  and  whiten  with  clay,  as  sugar. 

Edwards,  W.  Ind. 
€LaY-BRaIX'£D,  a.    Stupid.  Shak. 

CLaY'-BUELT,  (kla^bilt,)  a.    Built  with  clay. 
€LaY'-€oLD,  a.    Cold  as  clay  or  earth  ;  lifeless. 

Roice. 
CLaY'ED,  pp.  or  a.    Covered  or  manured  with  clay. 
2.  Purified  and  wliiiened  with  clay  j   as,  clayed 
sugar.  Edwards. 

€LaYES,  n.  pi     [Fr.  elaie,  a  Jiurdle  ;  W.  dicud.] 

Infortijieatiofi,  wattles  or  liurdles  made  with  stakes 
interwoven  with  osiers,  to  cover  lodgments. 

Chambers. 
CLaY'EY,  a.    Consisting  of  clay  ;  abounding  with 

clay;  partaking  of  clay  ;  like  clay. 
€LaY'-GROUND,  n.    Ground  consisting  of  clay,  or 

abounding  with  it. 
€LaY'IN'G,  ppr.    Covering  or  manuring  w-ith  clay. 

0.  Piiriljing  with  clay. 
€L.XY'I3H,'  a.     Partaking  of  the  nature  of  clay,  or 

containing  particles  of  it. 
€LaY'-LA\D,  /  It.      Land    consisting    of    clay,    or 
€LaY'-S01L,    (     abounding  with  it. 
€LaY'-MaRL,  71.    A  whitish,  smooth,  chalky  clay. 

Jllortiincr, 
CLaY'.MoRE,  n.      A  large  sword,  used  formerly  by 

the  Scottish  Highlanders. 
€LaY'-PIT,  n.     A  pit  where  clay  is  dug.     Woodward. 
CLa  Y'-SLaTE,  II.    In  rnineralogij,  argillaceous  schist ; 

argillite. 
€LaY'-STo.\E,  n.  A  mineral,  the  tkmstein  of  Wer- 
ner, and  inditrntM  clay  of  Kirwan.  It  resembles 
compiu-t  limestone  or  calcareous  marl.  Its  texture  is 
porous,  compact,  or  slaty.  Its  color  is  gray,  often 
tinged  with  y^-tlow  or  blue  ;  also  rose  or  pale  red,  or 
bniwiiish  red,  and  soinntirnes  greenish.  Cl^acdand. 
CLeAX,  n.  rSax.  di£nt ;  W.  glan  or  glain  ;  Ir.  glan ; 
Arm.  glwi,  "Tile  prjjnnry  sense  seems  to  be,  to  open 
or  to  remove,  to  separate.] 

In  a  gt:tter(d  f:ea,if.,  free  from  extraneous  matter,  or 
whatever  ii  iiijiiriuus  or  offensive  :  hence  its  signifi- 
cation depends  on  the  nature  and  qualities  of  the 
substances  to  which  it  is  applied. 


CLE 

1.  Free  from  dirt,  or  other  foul  matter  j  as,  dean 
water  ;  a  clean  cup  ;  a  dean  floor. 

2.  Free  from  weeds  or  stones ;  as,  clean  land  ;  a 
dean  garden  or  field. 

3.  Free  from  knots  or  branches ;  as,  dean  timber. 
In  America,  clear  is  generally  used. 

4.  Free  from  moral  impurity ;  innocent. 


Who  can   bring  a  dean  thing  out  of  i 
Acts  xv'iiJ. 


I  unclean?  —  Job  xiv. 


5.  Free  from  ceremonial  defilement.  Lev.  s. 
JVam.  xix. 

C.  Free  from  guilt  j  sanctified  j  holy.  John  xiii. 
Ps.  li. 

7.  That  might  be  eaten  by  the  Hebrews.  Oen. 
vii.  viil. 

8.  That  might  be  used.    LuJce  x\. 

9.  Free  from  a  foul  disease  j  cured  of  leprosy.  2 
Kings  V.    Matt.  vjii. 

10.  Dextrous  j  adroit ;  not  bungling ;  free  from 
awkwardness ;  as,  a  dean  fer.t ;  a  dean  boxer. 

11.  Free  from  infection  ;  as,  a  clean  ship.  A  clean 
bill  of  health  is  a  certificate  that  a  ship  is  dean^  or 
free  from  infection. 

€LeAN,  adv.  Q,uite  ;  perfectly  ;  wholly  ;  entirely  ; 
fully;  indicating  separation  or  complete  removal  of 
every  part.  "  The  people  passed  clean  over  Jordan." 
Josh.  iii.  "Is  his  mercy  dca7i  gone  forever.'"  Ps. 
Ixxvii.  This  use  of  dean  is  not  now  elegant,  and  not 
used  except  in  vulgar  language. 
9.  AVithout  mLscarriage  ;  dextrously. 

Pope  cone  oQicUan  with  Homer.  Henley. 

CLkAN,  V.  t.  [Sax.  dancn ;  W.  glanaii.  See  the 
adjective.] 

To  remove  all  foreign  matter  from ;  to  separate 
from  any  thing  whatever  is  extraneous  to  it,  or  what- 
ever is  foul,  noxious,  or  offensive,  as  dirt  or  filth 
from  the  hands,  body,  or  clothes  ;  foul  matter  from  a 
vessel ;  weeds,  shrubs,  and  stones  from  a  meadow  ;  to 
purify.  Thus  a  house  is  cleaned  by  sweeping  and 
washing  ;  a  field  is  cleaned  by  plowing  and  hoeing. 

CLeAX'^D,  pp.    Freed  from  filth  or  dirt. 

CLK/VN'ER,  v.     a  person  or  thing  that  cleans. 

CLkAN'-HAXD-ED.  a.     Having  clean  hands. 

€LkAN'-HEART-ED,  a.    Having  a  piue  heart. 

CLkAX'IXG,  ppr.    Freeing  from  filth. 

CLeAN'IXG,  7j.     The  act  of  making  clean. 

9.  The  afterbirth  of  co^vs,  ewes,'<Scc.      Gardiner. 

GLEAX'LI-NESS,  (klen'li-ness,)  n.  [from  deaidij.] 
Freedom  from  dirt,  filth,  or  any  foul,  extraneous 
matter.  j^ddUion. 

9.  Neatness  of  person  or  dress  ;  purity.       Swift. 

CLEAX'LY,  (klen'ly,)  c.  [from  dean.]  Free  from 
dirt,  filth,  or  any  foul  mutter  ;  neat ;  carefully  avoid- 
ing filth.  Dryden.    Addison. 

2.  Pure  ;  free  from  mixture  ;  innocent ;  as,  cleanly 
joys,  Glaninlle. 

3.  Cleansing;  making  clean;  as,  c?€an?y  powder. 

Prior. 

4.  Nice ;  artful ;  dextrous  ;  adroit ;  as,  a  cleanly 
l)lay  ;  a  cleanly  evasion.     [Ois.] 

Spens'^r.     L'Estrange. 

CLEAIV'LY,  (klen'ly,)  adv.  In  a  clean  manner ; 
neatlv  ;  without  fiith.  Shak. 

CLeAN'NESS,  n.  Freedom  from  dirt,  filth,  and  for- 
eign matter ;  neatness. 

2.  Freedom  from  infection  or  a  foul  disease. 

3.  Exactness;  purity;  justness;  correctness;  used 
of  language  or  style;  as,  deanness  of  expression. 
[Obs.]  Dryden, 

4.  Purity ;  innocence. 

In  Scripture,  cleanness  of  hands  denotes  innocence. 

Cleanness   of    teeth    denotes    want    of    provisions. 

jimos  iv.  6. 
CLEANS'A-BLE,    (klenz'a-bl,)    a.      That     may    be 

cleansed.  Sherwood. 

CLE/VNSE,  (klenz,)r.  L     [Sax.  dionsianj  from  chnie, 

clean  J 

1.  To  purify;  to  make  clean;  to  remove  filth,  or 
foul  matter  of  any  kind,  or  by  any  process  whatever, 
as  by  washing,  rubbing,  scouring,  scraping,  purging, 
ventilation,  &lc.  ;  as,  to  cleanse  the  hands  or  face  ;  to 
cleanse  a  garment ;  to  deanse  the  bowels  ;  to  deanse  a 
ship  ;  to  cleanse  an  infected  house. 

2.  To  free  from  a  foul  or  infectious  disease;  to 
heal.     Lev.  xiv.  4,  8.    Mark  i.  42. 

3.  To  free  from  ceremonial  pollution,  and  conse- 
crate to  a  holy  use.    JVftm.  viii.  15.    Ezek.  xliii.  20. 

4.  To  purify  from  guilt.    1  John  i.  7. 

5.  To  remove  ;  as,  to  deanse  a  crime.       Drydeiu 
CLEANS'ED,  (klenzd,)  pp.      Purified  ;  made  clean  ; 

purged  ;  healed. 
CLEAXS'ER,    (klenz'er,)    ji.      He    or    that    whicli 

cleanses  ;  in  medicine^  a  detergent.  Arhntknot. 

CLEAXS'ING,  (klenz'ing,)  ppr.     Purifying;  making 

clean  ;  purging ;   removing  foul  or  noxious  matter 

from  :  freeing  from  guilt. 
CLEANSTNG,  (klenz'ing,)  a.      Adapted  to  cleanse 

and  purify. 
CLEANS'ING,  (klenz'ing,)  v.    The  act  of  purifying 

or  purging.    Mark  i.  44.    Luke  v.  14. 
CLEAX'-TCrBER-CD,  a.    AVell-proportioned.    [JVo( 

i>i_uj-f.]  Shak. 

CLeAR,  a.     [\V.  claer,  clear,  bright,  from  llaer,  a  re- 


CLE 

flux,  Uaeru,  to  ebb,  to  clear,  or  W.  cglar,  clear,  from 
llur,  extended,  [like  floor;]  Ir.  gleair,  lear^  Irir,  and 
glor;  Arm.  sclcar ;  L.  eU-rus;  Fr.  clair ;  Sp.  and 
Port,  daro;  It.  chiaro ;  I).  Uaar ;  G.  klar;  Sw.  and 
Dan.  klar.    See  GLiUE  and  Globv.] 

1.  Open  ;  free  from  obstruction  ;  as,  a  clear  plat  of 
ground  ;  the  way  is  clea7\ 

9.  Free  from  clouds,  or  fog  ;  serene ;  as,  a  dear 
day. 

3.  Free  from  foreign  matter ;  unmixed  ;  pure  ;  as, 
dear  water ;  dear  sand  ;  dear  air ;  dear  glass. 

4.  Free  from  any  thing  that  creates  doubt  or  un- 
certainty ;  apparent ;  evident  ;  manifest ;  not  ob- 
scure; conspicuous;  that  is,  open  to  the  mind;  as, 
tlie  reason  is  dear. 

5.  Unclouded  ;  luminous  ;  not  obscured  ;  as,  a 
dear  sun  ;  a  dear  shining  after  a  rain.    2  Sam.  .xxiii. 

6.  Unobstructed  ;  unobscured  ;  as,  a  dear  view. 

7.  Perspicacious;  sharp;  as,  a  rJ^jr  sight. 

8.  Not  clouded  with  care,  or  niftled  by  passion; 
cheerful  ;  serene  ;  as,  a  clear  aspect.  Mdton. 

9.  Evident;  undeniable;  indisputable;  as,  the 
victory  was  clear.  Milton. 

10.  Q,uick  to  understand  ;  prompt ;  acute. 

MoUier  of  science,  now  I  feci  Iby  power 

WiUiin  me  clear.  '  Milton. 

11.  Free  from  guilt  or  blame;  innocent ;  unspotted  j 
irreproachable.    2  Cor.  vii. 

In  acli'iii  fiiittiful,  auJ  in  bouor  dear.  Popt. 

12.  Free  from  bias ;  unprepossessed ;  not  preoc- 
cupied ;   impartial ;  as,  a  clear  jiidgmenL    Sidney. 

13.  Free  from  debt  or  obligation  ;  not  liable  to 
prosecution  ;  as,  to  be  dear  of  debt  or  responsibility. 

Qay. 

14.  Free  from  deductions  or  charges ;  a^,  clear 
gain  or  profit.  Locke. 

15.  Not  entangled;  unembarrassed;  free;  as,  the 
cable  is  dear.  A  ship  is  c/far,  when  she  is  so  remote 
from  shore  or  other  object,  as  to  be  out  of  danger  of 
striking,  or  to  have  sea  room  sufficient. 

16.  Open  ;  distinct;  notjarring,  or  harsh  ;  as,  a  c/car 
sound  ;  a  dear  voice. 

17.  Liberated  ;  freed  ;  acquitted  of  charges ;  as,  a 
man  has  been  tried,  and  got  dear. 

18.  Free  from  spots  or  any  thing  that  disfigures  ; 
as,  a  dear  skin. 

Clear  is  followed  hy  from  or  by  of. 

Tliou  shall  be  clear  from  Uua  my  oatli.  —Gen.  xxiv. 

Tii'^  ail-  is  dear  o/danip  cxhalatloas.  Temple. 

eL£AR,  flf^u.    Plainly;  not  obscurely  ;  manifestly. 

2.  Clean  ;  quite  ;  entirely  ;  wholly  ;  indicating 
entire  separation  ;  as,  to  cut  a  piece  dear  ofl' ;  to 
go  dear  away ;  but  in  this  sense  its  use  is  not 
elegant. 

Clear^  or  in  tJte  clear,  among  joiners  and  carpenters, 
is  applied  to  the  net  distance  between  two  bodies, 
where  no  other  intervenes,  or  between  their  nearest 
surfaces  ;  e.  g.,  to  the  space  within  walls,  or  lengtli 
and  bicadtli  clear  or  exclusive  of  the  thickness  of  the 
wall. 
CLEAR, I',  t.  To  make  clear  ;  to  fine  ;  to  remove  any 
thing  foreign  ;  to  separate  from  any  foul  matter  ;  to 
puri^  ;  to  clarify  ;  as,  to  dear  Uquors. 

2.  To  free  from  obstructions  ;  as,  to  clear  the  road. 

:j.  Tofreefrom  anything  noxious  or  injurious;  as, 
to  dear  the  ocean  of  pirates ;  to  dear  the  land  of 
enemies. 

4.  To  remove  any  encumbrance,  or  embarrass- 
ment; often  followed  by  off  or  away  ;  as,  to  dear  off 
debts  ;  to  dear  away  rubbish. 

5.  To  free;  to  liberate,  or  disengage;  to  exonerate; 
as,  to  dmr  a  man  from  debt,  obhgation,  or  duty. 

6.  To  cleanse;  as,  to  dear  the  hands  from  filth; 
to  clear  the  bowels. 

7.  To  remove  any  thing  that  obscures,  as  clouds  or 
fog ;  to  make  bright ;  as, "la  dear  the  sky  ;  *omettnie3 
followed  bv  up.  Dryden.     Milton. 

8.  To  free  from  obscurity,  perplexity,  or  ambiguity  ; 
as,  to  clear  a  question  or  theoiy  ;  to  dear  np  a  ca-e  t.r 
point.  Priur. 

9.  To  purge  from  the  imputation  of  guilt ;  to  jus- 
tify or  vindicate. 

How  shall  we  clear  ourselves  ?  —  fJen.  iliv. 

That  will  by  no  means  clear  the  guilty.  —  Ex.  sxxiv. 

10.  In  0  legal  sense,  to  acquit  on  trial,  by  verdict ; 
as,  the  prisoner  has  been  tried  and  dcarcil. 

11.  To  make  gain  or  profit,  beyond  all  expenses 
and  charges ;  as,  to  clear  ten  pet  cent,  by  a  sale  of 
goods,  or  by  a  voyage. 

12.  To  remove  wood  from  land  ;  to  cut  down 
trees,  remove  or  bum  them,  and  prepare  land  for 
tillage  or  pasture ;  as,  to  clear  land  for  wheat. 

13.  To  leap  over  ur  pass  by  without  touching,  or 
faiUire  ;  as,  to  dear  a  hedge  or  ditch.  Jr.  StdW. 

To  clear  a  skip  at  tJic  cusloni-homc,  is  to  exhibit  tho 
documents  required  by  law,  give  bonds,  or  perforin 
other  acts  requisite,  and  procure  a  permission  to  sau, 
and  such  papers  as  the  law  requires. 

To  dear  Vte  land,  in  seamen's  language,  is  to  gain 
such  a  distance  from  siiore,as  to  have  open  sea  room, 
and  be  out  of  dancer  tVom  the  lanfl. 

To  dear  Vie  liold',  is  lo  empty  or  unload  a  ship. 

To  dear  a  shivfor  action,  or  to  dear  for  actwn,  is  to 


TONE,  B^JLL,  U?^1TE.  — AN'^GER,  VT'CIOUS.  — €  as  K  ;  G  as  J;  S  as^;  ClI  as  SII ;  TII  as  in  THIS. 


CLE 


CLE 


CLE 


"icinove  all  encumbmncca  (Vom  Ihc  decks,  and  pre- 

iKtrf  for  an  ensagemenl.  .     j        ^       . 

€LP\R   r.  *.    'iobecoine  free  from  clouds  or  fog ;  to 

■^cCMiuL'  fair  i  often  fi.lltuvcd   by  upy  off,  or  away  ;  as, 

the  sk)'  dears  f  the  wealhcr  c/eor^  up ;  it  c/^orj  away  ; 

it  clear  J  off.  ^  .,_ 

2.  To  bo  disengaged  from  encumbrancM,  distress, 

orTiitiiiiglements  ;  to  become  free  or  disengaged. 
He  ib&t  eirari  at  once  will  rd»r«e.  Bacon. 

CI-EAR'AGE,  n.    The  removing  of  any  thing.     [Lit- 

tle  u^r:L]  ,  .  . 

CI.P.AK'AXCK,  ».    A  certihcate  that  a  ship  or  vessel 

lin-»  been  f/MreJ  at  the  custom-liousti  pcrraltsion  lo 

ei.P.AR'i:D,  pp.  or  a.  Purified  ;  freed  from  foreign 
iiiiltsr,  or  from  encumbrance  ;  made  manifest ;  made 
Ijiiiiiious  ;   cleansed;   11  berated  ;    acquitted  j  disen- 

S:tu'.d. 

ei.KAR'ER,  n.  That  which  clears,  purifies,  or  en- 
Ii^Iitens  ;  that  which  hrijihteus.  Addison. 

CL.i^AR'l^'G,p;^^.  Piirifymgj  removing  foul  mailer, 
encumbrances,  or  obstructions ;  making  evident,  or 
luminous;  cleansing;  liberating;  disengaginp ;  ac- 
niiitlinp  ;  making  gain  beyond  all  ctjsts  and  charges. 

eL£AK'ING,  n.  A  defense  ;  justification  ;  viudica- 
lion.    2  Cor.  vii. 

'J.  A  place  or  tract  of  land  cleared  of  wood  for 
cullivntion  ;  a  common  iwf  of  the  vord  in  America. 
•X  The  act  of  making  clear. 

eLE.\R'I.V<l-UOUSE,  n.  A  place  in  London,  where 
bankers  meet  daily,  lo  exchange  drains  and  settle 
balances.  .yPCuUoch. 

CLeAR'LY,  ode  PlaiiUy;  evidently;  lully  ;  as,  the 
fact  is  clearly  proved. 

2.  Without  obstruction  ;  luminously  ;  as,  lo  shnie 
clearly. 

3.  With  clear  discernment;  as,  to  understand 
cUarlii.  , 

4.  iVithoiit  entanglement  oreonfusion.      Bacon. 

5.  Plainly;  honestly;  candidly. 
Deal  cttarl^  anJ  impartially  wiih  ywor»-'Ivc».  TdloUon. 

C.  Wilhoul  reserve, evasion,  orsublerfuge.  Dacies. 
€LEAR'XES3,  h.  Freedom  from  foul  or  extnmeous 
mailer ;  purity  ;  as,  the  clearness  of  water,  or  other 
iitiuor. 

±  Freedom  from  obsimrtiim  or  encumbrance ;  as, 
the  dearntss  (tf  the  jrrouiul. 

3.  Freedom  from foHS  or  clouds  ;  openness;  as, the 
dearnejs  of  the  sky.  It  generally  expresses  Icrss  than 
brightnejf  or  spleiiJor.     hU.  xxiv. 

■1.  Dislincmess  ;  perspicuity  ;  luminousness ;  as, 
the  clearness  of  reason,  of  views,  of  arguments,  of 
explanations. 

5.  Plainness,  or  plain  dealing  ;  sincerity  j  honesly ; 
faime;$s ;  candor.  Bae^n, 

6.  Fri-cdoin  from  imputation  of  ill.  Shnk. 

7.  Freedom  from  spots,  or  any  thing  that  dis- 
figures ;  as,  the  rtearncss  of  the  skm. 

CLkAR'-SEE-ING,  a.  Having  a  clear  sight  or  under- 
standing. 

eLEAR'-SHTN'ING,  a.  [dear  and  shine.]  Shining 
with  brightness,  or  unobstructed  splendor.       Shak. 

CLeAR'-SIGUT'ED,  a.  [dear  and  si^kL]  Seeing 
with  clearness;  having  acuteness  of  sight ;  discern- 
ing ;  perspicacious  ;  as,  clear-sighted  reason  ;  a  dair- 
aiffArrJ  judge.  I 

€LEAU'-SIGI1T'ED-XESS,  ii.     Acute  disccmmenL 

Bp.  Barlotr. 

€LEAR'-STXRCH,  v.  U  [dear  and  stareli.]  To 
stiffen  with  starch,  and  then  clear  by  clapping  with 
the  hands  ;  as,  to  dear-starch  muslin. 

€L£AR'-c>TaRCH-/:D,  (slilrchl,)  pp.  or  a.  Stiffened 
with  starch,  and  then  cleared  by  clapping. 

€LkAR'-6TaRCH'I:R,  n.    One  who  clear-starches. 

€I.EAR'-ST.\R4:H'1.\G,  ppr.  Sliir.minc  with  starch, 
and  then  ct';aring  by  cl:ipping  in  the  hands. 

2.  n.  The  act  ufstifl".-iiins  with  starch,  and  then 
clearing bv  clapping  in  the  lian<is. 

CLE.'VR'-S'rO-RV,  n.  In  Oothic  ardiiteeture,an  upper 
story,  or  row  of  windows  in  a  church,  tower,  or 
oilier  erection,  rising  dear  above  the  adjoining  purls 
of  the  building.  Ohss.  of' Arch. 

CLEAR'-TOX-£n,  o.    Having  a  clear  sound. 

<;L£AT,  n.  [Uu.  the  root  of  L.  daudo^  Gr.  k^hOoov^ 
the  fastener.] 

1.  A  narrow  strip  of  wood  nailed  on  in  jiiiner}'. 

2.  A  trrm  applied  lo  small  wooden  projections  in 
tackle,  lo  fasten  ropes  by. 

€IjKA V'.\-HLE,  a.     That  may  cleave  or  be  divideil. 

CLkAV'AGK.b.    The  act  of  cleaving  or  splitting. 

2.  In  mtarraio^,  the  cajKibilily  observed  in  crystals 
lo  undergo  mechanical  division  in  certain  fixed 
directions.  Dana. 

CLEAVE,  c.  L  :pret.  CuTBOrCLCATED.  [Snx.deofia'i, 
eliofian^  to  split  and  to  adhere;  dijian,  to  adhere; 
D.  kleeven  :  G.  klebm  or  kleiben  ;  Dan.  kltxbrr,  klebcr  ,- 
Sw.  klibba ;  Russ.  Upnu.  The  old  preterit,  date^  is 
obsolescenL] 

1.  To  stick  ;  to  adhere  ;  to  bold  to. 

h\j  Won  eliart  lo  my  «)rin.  —  P«.  6\, 

I>-l  my  touj^ue  cltavt  to  the  roof  of  my  mouth.  —  Pf.  cxzxvii. 

CVat-«  (t>  thai  which  ii  ^ooA,  —  Rom.  iji. 

2.  To  unite  aptly  ;  lo  fit ;  to  sit  well  on.      Skak. 


3.  To  unite  or  he  united  closely  in  interest  or  affec- 
litm  ;  to  adhere  with  strong  attachment. 

A  mM>  thall  Itotc  iaihpr  and  molhcr,  and  ele<ir<  to  hii  wife,  - 

Gra.  II.     MM.  zLx. 
Cmm  to  Jchofih  your  God.  —  Jo«h.  x  xlU. 

€LfiAVE,  r.  t,;pret.  Clevt  ;  pp.  Clbit  or  Cleaved. 
The  old  pret.,  duve,  is  obsolete  ;  dace  is  obsolescent. 
The  old  participle,  c/ortn,  is  ubsolescenl,  or  rather 
used  at  nn  adjective.  [Sax.  dcojian,  or  dijian  ;  D. 
klooven;  O.  klieben  :  Sw.  khtftca;  Dan.  klover:  Russ. 
lopayti :  Gr.  \:-i<i.  This  word  seems  to  he  connected 
with  the  I*,  liber,  free,  and  bark,  book,  libera^  lo  free, 
Fr.  Itrrrr^  whence  delirer.] 

1.  To  part  or  divide  by  loreJ  ;  lo  split  or  rive ;  to 
open  or  sever  Ihe  cohering  p  irts  of  a  body,  by  cutting, 
or  by  the  appliralion  of  foKro  ;  as,  lo  deave  wood  ;  lo 
deace  a  rock  ;  lo  deace  the  11  od.     Pj:  Ixxiv. 

Jtrdton.     Dryden. 

2.  To  part  or  open  naturally. 

Frrry  l>^.i«f  thil  eltajulh  iho  cleft  Into  two  cU»'«.  —  Deut.  xw. 

CLEAVE,  r.  ?.  To  part ;  to  open  ;  to  cmck  ;  to  sep- 
arate, as  pan,^  of  cohering  bodies ;  as,  the  ground 
deaves  by  frosU 

Tho  Mount  of  Olive*  ih&ll  cltaot  In  Uic  mliUt  (hereof.  —  Zcch. 
xiv. 

CLkAV'/.'D,  pp.    Split ;  rived  ;  divided. 
€LeAVE'LA.ND-ITE,  n.  [from  Professor  CUaveland,'] 
A  mineral,   generally  ot  a  while  or  prayish-while 
color,  sometimes  blue,  or  bluish,  or  reddish  ;  called 
also  siHrious  felspar,  or  albiU.  Phillips. 

CLkAV'ER,  71.  One  who  cleaves ;  that  which 
cleaves;  a  butcher's  instrument  for  cutting  animal 
bodies  into  joints  or  pieces."  Arbidhnot^ 

CLEAVING,  ppr.      Sticking;  adhering;  uniting  to. 

Also,  spJilting  ;  dividing  ;  riving. 
CLEAVING,  n.  The  forcible  separation  of  a  body 
into  parts,  particularly  of  wood  in  the  direction  of 
its  fibers. 
CLkCHE,  ;t.  In  heraldry,  a  kind  of  cross,  charged 
with  another  cross  of  the  same  figure,  but  of  the 
color  of  the  field.  Encyc. 

CLEDOE,  ti.     Among  miners,  the   upper   stratum   of 

fuller's  earth. 
CLEDO'Y,  o.    An  epithet  applied  lo  stubborn,  tena- 
cious soils,  or  those  mixed  with  clay.        IhUoway. 
CLEF,  n.     [Fr.  drfi  L.  daris,  a  key,  the  fastener.] 
A  chanicter  in  music  placed  at  the  beginning  of  a 
staff,  lo  determine  the  degree  of  elevation  occupied 
by  that  staff  in  the  general  cfaviary  or  system,  and  to 
point  out  tlie  munes  of  all  the  notes  wliieh  it  con- 
Uiins  in  the  line  of  that  cUf.  Hoitsscau. 

CLEFT,  pp.  oro.  from  Cleave.   Divided  ;  split ;  parted 

asundi.-r.  Jfillon. 

CLEFT,  II.     A  space  or  opening  made  by  si»litting  ;  a 

crack  ;  a  crevice  ;  as,  the  clrfl  of  a  rock.    Is.  ii.  21. 

Addison, 
2.  A  disease  in  horses;  a  crack  on  the  bought  of 
the  pastern.  Farrier's  Did. 

2.  A  piece  made  by  splitting  ;  as,  a  deft  of  wood. 
[This  word  is  sometimes  written  Clift.] 
CLEFT'- FOOT-ED,  a.    Having  a  cloven  foot. 
CLEFT'-GKXFT,  r.  (.  [deft  and  grafu]     To  ingraft 
by  cleaving  the  stock  and  inserting  a  cion.  Mortimer. 
CL'EFT'-GUAFT-ING,   «.     A   mode   of  grafting,   in 
whieli  the  cion  is  inserted  in  a  cleft  made  in  the 
I      stork.  Brande. 

CLEG,  V.    The  horsefly;  Dan.  klo'g. 
CLF.M,  V.  t.     [G.  klemmen.] 

To  starve.     [JVot  in  use.]  Jonson. 

CLEM'A-TIS,  n.      The    virgin's  bower    a  climbing 

plant ;  so  called  from  its  dcmaia,  or  tendrils. 
eLE.M'EN-t;V,  TI.     fL.  dementia,  from  demens,  mild, 
smooth;  whence  I-'r.  clcmmce.   It.  demcnza,  Sp.  de~ 
mencia;  W.  Uim,  smooth  ;  Heb.  Dn?  to  be  soft,  mild, 
gentle.] 

1.  Mildness  ;  softness  ;  as,  the  clemency  of  the  air. 

Dryden. 

2.  .Mildness  of  tcm[ier;  gentleness  or  lenity  of  dis- 
jHisition  ;  disposition  lo  treat  with  favor  and  kindness. 

I  pr.i.  ih«   tlinl  thou  wouldfjrt  h?ar  la  of  thy  c/frnt ncy  a  few 
wonls.  —  Acts  xxiv. 

3.  Mercy  ;  dispoaition  to  treat  with  lenity,  to  forgive, 
orlo  spare,  as  offenders;  tenderness  in  punishing; 
opposed  lo  severity,  harshness,  or  rigor.     Addison. 

•\.  Softness  in  respect  to  the  elements ;  as,  the 
demcitett  of  the  season.  Dryden. 

CLEM'E'XT,  a.  Mild  in  tem[>er  and  disposition; 
gentle;  lenient;  merciful;  kind;  tender;  compas- 
smnalc. 
CLEM'ENT-I.NE,  a.  Pertaining  lo  Su  Clement,  or  to 
his  compilations  ;  or  lo  the  constitutions  of  Clement 
the  Fifth. 
CLBM'ENT-LV,   adv.      With   mildness    of  temper; 

mercifully.  Taylor. 

CLE\(;H.     See  Clinch. 

CLkPE,  r.  t.  or  i.     [Sax.  depan,  cleopan,  clypan,  lo  cry 
out ;  W.  dcpiaio,  lo  clack.  J 
To  call,  or  name.     [Obs.]  ShaJi. 

For  vdrvfd,  see  Yclei-kd. 
CLEP-SAM'MI-A,  n.     [Gr.  /tXcffroj,  to  hide,  to  steal, 
and  afifioc,  sand.] 

An  insinimenl  for  measuring  lime  by  sand,  like 
an  hour-glass.  Broton. 


eLEP'SY-DR.\,  n.    rL.,from  Gr.  K^cti/vSpa;  KAcfrrw« 
to  steal,  lo  hide,  and  t(S(.'o,  water.] 

1.  A  timepiece  used  by  the  Greeks  and  Romans, 
which  measured  lime  by  the  discharge  of  a  certain 
ipiantity  of  water.    Also,  a  fountain  m  G.eece. 

2.  A  chemical  vessel. 
CLERE'-STO-RY.    See  Cleab-Stort. 
CLER'GI-C.\L,  a.     Pertaining  lo  the  clergy.     (JVot 

used.]     [See  Clebical.]  MiUan. 

CLER'Cy,   n.      [Fr.    derg6;    Norm,    derktis,    derex, 
clergy,  or  clerks,  and  clergie,  literature  ;  Arm.  doer, 
the  plural  oC  cloareeq,  a  clerk  ;  Corn,  chireff;  Ir.  eleir, 
clergy,  and  dcirrioeh,  a  ckrk    or    clergyman ;    L. 
clerusj  cUrictis,  which  would  seem  to  be  from  the 
Gr.  jfXrjoof,  lot  or  jwrtion,  inheritance,  estate,  and 
the  body  of  those  who  perform  sacred  duties  ;  whence 
aA/joou,  lo  choose  by  lot.  lo  make  a  clerk,  cln-iatm 
facert.     In  1  Peter  v.  3,  llie  word  in  the  plural  seeiiu 
lo  signify  the  church  or  body  of  believers ;  it  is  r.u- 
dered  God's  herilaj^e.     In  W.  dn-  signifies  teachers 
or  It-arned  men  of  tlic  druidical  order ;  drrig,  belong-  ] 
Ing  to  the  cler,  clerical.    It.  Sp.  clero,  from  the  Latin. 
The  application  of  this  word  to  ministers  or  eccle-  [ 
sia.siical  teachers  stems  lo  have  originaled  in  llu-ir  : 
possessions,  or  separate  allotmenls  of  land  ;  ur  fnmi 
lh(!  Old  Tt^tanient  denomination  of  tlie  priests,  f.T 
the  tribe  of  Levi  is  there  called  the  lot,  heritage,  or  j 
Inheritance  of  the  Led.] 

1.  The  body  of  men  set  apart,  and  consecrated,  by  ' 
due  ordination,  to  the  service  of  God,  in  the  Chris- 
tian church  ;  the  body  of  ecclesiastics,  in  disiini  linri 
from  the  laity.     In  England  Ihe  tenn  is  confined  u< 
ministers  of  the  established  church.  Hooker.    Kncyc. 

2.  Tlie  privilege  or  benefit  of  clergy. 

If  coiiviaod  of  adcr^yublo  felony,  lie  u  cntiUt-d  cqiinlly  lolik 
cltTgy  after  ola  uAqk  conviclioii.  BUideiume. 

Beneft  ofdergy;  in  English  lata,  originally,  the 
exemption  of  the  persons  of  clergymen  from  criminal 
process  before  a  secular  judge ;  a  privilege  wlii'Ii 
was  extended  to  all  who  could  read,  such  per-om 
being,  in  the  eye  of  the  law,  derici,  or  clerks,  lint 
this  privilege  has  been  abridged  and  modified  by 
various  statutes.  Sec  Blackstone,  b.  4,  cli.  28.  In 
the  United  States,  no  benefit  of  clergy  exists. 

CLER'GY-A-BLE,  a.  Entitled  lo  or  admitting  the 
benefit  of  clerpv  ;  as,  a  dergiiablc  felony.    Blackstone. 

CLKR'CY-M.VN',  ju  a  man  in  hnly  orders;  a  man 
regularly  authorized  to  preach  the  gospel,  and  ad- 
minister its  ordinances,  according  to  the  forms  and 
rules  of  any  particular  denomination  of  Christians. 
In  England,  none  but  ministers  of  the  EsUiblished 
Church  beiir  the  name  of  der-rymen. 

CLER'IC,  71.    A  clerk  or  clergjinan.  Hurslcy. 

CLER'IC-AL,  a.      [L.  dcrictis;    Gr.  KXnptKOS.     See 
Cleb^v  and  Clehk.] 
Relating  or  pertaining  lo  the  clergy. 

CLER'I-SY,  ?i.  The  literati,  or  well-educated. 

CLERK,  71,  [Sax.  cleric,  derc,  dere ;  h.  clericus ;  Gr. 
xAijotKoj.    See  Clehgy.] 

1.  A  clergj'man,  or  ecclesiastic ;  a  man  in  holy 
orders.  Clerk  is  still,  in  England,  the  leg;tl  appella* 
lion  of  a  clergyman.  Ayliffr. 

2.  A  man  that  can  read. 

Evt'rv  one  that  could  read  —  being  actountcd  a  cUrk, 

Biadctione. 

3.  A  man  of  letters;  a  scholar.      Sidney.     South. 

'J'lie  foregoing  significations  are  found  "in  the  Eng- 
lish laws,  and  histories  of  the  church  ;  as,  in  the  rude 
ages  of  the  church,  learning  was  chiefly  confined  to 
the  clerg}'.     In  modern  usage, 

4.  A  writer;  one  who  is  emplojed  in  the  use  of 
the  pen,  in  an  olhce,  public  or  private,  for  keeping 
records  and  accounts  ;  as,  the  clerk  of  a  court.  In 
some  cases,  derk  is  synonymous  with  secretary:  but 
not  always.  .A  clerk  is  always  an  oflicer  subordinate 
lo  a  higher  officer,  board,  corporation,  or  [terson  ; 
whereas,  a  secretary  may  he  cither  a  subordinate 
officer,  or  the  head  of  an  office  or  department. 

5.  An  assistant  in  a  shop  or  store,  who  sells  good", 
keeps  accounts,  &,c. 

6.  A  layman  who  is  the  reader  of  responses  in 
church  service.  Johnson. 

CLERK'-aLE,  v.    [derk  and  ale.]     In  Rngland,  the 

fr.i-;!  pf  thf  parish  elerk.  H'arton. 

CLEItK'I.KSS,  a.     U-nomnt  ;  unlearned.    JVaterhansc. 
CLERKXIKE,  a.     Like  a  cirrk  ;  learned.  Shak. 

CLEUK'LY,  a.     Scholar-like.  Crnnmer. 

CLEKK'LV,  adr.     In  a  learned  manner.   Gascoifme. 
CLERK'SIIIP,  7(.     A  slate  of  being  in  holy  orders. 

Bladistone. 

2.  Scholanhip.  Jidinson, 

3.  The  office  or  business  of  a  clerk  or  writer. 

Swift. 

CLER'O-M.-ViN-CY,  lu     [Gr.  jcX/?oo5,  lot,  and  ^avrtta, 

divination.] 
A  divination  by  throwing  dice  or  litlle  bones,  and 

observing  the  points  or  marks  turned  up.       Bailey. 
CLER'-STO-RY.     See  Cleah-Stobt. 
CLkVE,  )  in  the  composition    of   names,  denote   a 
CLIF,      >       place  situated  on  or  nen,r  a  cliff,  on  the 
CLTVE,  )      side  of  a  hill,  rock,  or  precipice  ;   a.H, 

Cleareland,  Clifton. 
CLEVER,  a.     [i  know  not  the  radical  letters  of  this 

word.    If  the  elements  are  clb,  or  lb,  the  affinities 


FATE,  FXR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MkTE,  PRgY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQQK.— 
_  — 


CLI 

may  be  Russ.  lovkie^  convenient,  dextrous,  itlovka^ 
Uexteritv,  craft,  lavlyu,  to  lake  or  seize,  as  if  allied 
to  Gothic  lo/a.  It.  /nm&,  AV.  Uair,  the  hand.  In  Tr. 
/kJ^  is  a  thong  or  loop,  a  plait  or  fold,  and  craft,  cun- 
ning ;  ZiiiflcA,  sly,  crafty  J  tubam,  to  bend.    In  Eth. 

(v  I  I,  ^oAawi, signifies  ingenious, ready,  skillful,  and 
the  verb,  to  understand,  or  be  skillful.  If  r,  in  clecrr, 
is  from  (t,  as  in  many  other  words,  the  affinities  rnay 
be  Sas.°o-^ftiio,  knowing,  skillful,  industrious,  wise, 
which-is'  the  G.  kht^y  D.  kloek,  Dan.  klog^  Sw.  klok. 
Let  the  reader  judge.] 

1.  Dextrous ;  adroit  in  using  tools  or  other  means 
of  accomplishing  an  end  with  address  and  skill ;  as, 
a  cUxer  artisTin,  or  clever  chambermaid. 

2.  Expert;  ingenious,  handling  aP  subjects,  requir- 
ing intelligence  and  ability,  with  skill,  dexterity, 
and  success  ;  as,  a  clerer  reWewer,  a  d^xer  debater. 

It  does  not,  however,  denote  the  highest  order  of 
talent,  much  less  creative  genius. 

3.  Executed  or  performed  with  adroitness  and 
dexterity  ;  as,  a  dccer  review,  a  dcvcr  speech,  or 
cktcr  device  or  trick.  Jiddison. 

A.  In  JWiP  England,  good-natured,  possessing  an 
agreeable  mind  or  disposition.  In  Great  Britain, 
this  word  is  applied  to  the  body  or  the  iulellect,  in 
respect  to  ailroitness  of  action  ;  in  ,9merica,  it  is  ap- 
plied chiefly  to  the  temper  or  disposition.  In  Oreat 
Britain,  a  decrr  man  is  a  dextrous  man,  one  who 
performs  an  act  with  skill  or  address.  In  JVeir 
£ttgland,  adeter  man  is  a  man  of  a  pleasing,  obliging 
disposition,  and  amiable  manners,  but  often  imply- 
ing a  moderate  share  of  talents.  Fitness,  suitabk'- 
ness,  gives  both  senses  analogically ;  the  former 
applied  to  the  body  or  intellect ;  the  latter,  to  the  dis- 
position, or  its  qualities. 

In  some  of  the  United  States,  this  word  is  applied, 
as  in  England,  to  the  intellect,  denoting  ingenious, 
knon'insr,  discerning. 
€LEV'ER.-LV,  adc.    Fitly  ;  destrouslv  i  handsomelv. 

Butler. 
€LEV'ER-XESS,  h.    Dexterity ;  adroitness  ;  skill. 

Johnson, 

2.  Mildness  or  agreeableness  of  disposition  ;  oblig- 
ingness ;  good  nature.  JVeic  England. 

eLEv'v,'  i  "•   [^"-  ^-  ^'"'^^-^■3 

.■Vn  iron  bent  to  the  form  of  an  ox-bow,  with  the 
two  ends  perforated  to  receive  a  pin,  used  on  the 
cod  of  a  cart-neap,  to  hold  the  chain  of  the  forward 
horse  or  oxen  ;  or  a  dratt  iron  on  a  plow.  [Local  in 
England.]  J^eio  England. 

GLEW,  (klu,)  n.  [Sax.  deow,  eliice;  D.  kluwcn  ;  G. 
kloben ;  L.  ghbus.  The  word  signifies  a  ball  or  a 
lump.  In  VV^elsh,  dob  is  a  knob  or  boss  ;  dwpa  is  a 
dub  or  knob  ;  dap  is  a  lump  ;  all  from  roots  in  lb  ; 
Hob,  a  lump,  a  lubber.] 

1.  A  baU  of  thread.  Spenser. 

2.  The  thread  that  forms  a  ball ;  the  thread  that  is 
used  to  guide  a  person  in  a  labyrinth.  Hence,  any 
thing  that  guides  or  directs  one  in  an  intricate  case. 

WatL<!. 

3.  The  lower  comer  of  a  square-sail,  and  the  aft- 
most  comer  of  a  stay-sail.  Jilar.  Did. 

GLEW,  (klu,)  T.  L    In  seamanship^  to  truss  up  to  the 

yard,   by   means    of  clew-gamets  or   clew-lines,   in 

2.  Todirect.  [order  to  furling. 

eLEW'ED,  (kllde,) pp.    Trussed  up,  as  sails. 

€LEW'-GaR'XETS,  n.  pi.  In  marine  language^  a  sort 
of  tackle,  or  rope  and  pulley,  fastened  to  the  clews  of 
the  main  and  foresails,  to  truss  them  up  to  the  yard. 

CLEWING,  (klu'ing,)  ppr.     Trussing  up. 

CLEVV'-Ll-NES,  n.pL  These  are  the  same  tackle,  and 
ased  for  the  like  purpose,  as  clew-gamets,  but  are 
applied  to  the  smaller  square-sails,  as  the  top-sail, 
lop-gallant  and  sprit-saUs.  Mar.  Did. 

€LICK,  p.  I.     [D.  klikken;  Fr.  diqaeter,  to  crack  j  di- 
guetj  a  mill-clapper.    See  Clack,  to  the  root  of  which  i 
this  word  belongs.] 
Literaily,  to  strike.     Flence, 

To  make  a  small,  sharp  noise,  or  rather  a  succes- 
sion of  small,  sharp  sounds,  as  by  a  gentle  striking. 

The  iolemn  death-watch  clicked.  Gay, 

CLICK,  71.  In  seximen's  language,  a  pall,  or  small 
piece  of  iron,  falling  into  a  notched  or  ratchet  wheel, 
att;iched  to  the  winches  in  cutters,  &;c.  Mar.  Did. 

CLICK,  n.    A  small,  sharp  sound. 
2.  The  latch  of  a  door.     [Local.] 

CLICK'ER,  n.  The  ser^-ant  of  a  salesman,  who  stands 
at  the  door  to  invite  customers.  [./S  laio  word,  and 
net  used  in  the  United  States.] 

CLICK'ET,  71.  The  knocker  of  a  door.  [J^Tot  used  hi 
Ae  UniUd  Sud^^,'\ 

tJIJCK'ING,  ppr.  or  a.     Making  small,  sharp  noises. 

CLICK'ING,  7t.    A  small,  sharp  noise. 

CLI'ENT,  n.    [Fr.  dmxt ;  It.  diente ;  Sp.  id. ;  L.  diens.] 

1.  Among  the  Romans,  a  citizen  who  put  himself 
under  the  protection  of  a  man  of  distinction  and  in- 
fluence, who,  in  respect  to  that  relation,  was  called 
ha  patron.     Hence,  in  modem  usage, 

2.  One  who  applies  to  a  lawyer  or  counselor  for 
advice  and  direction  in  a  question  of  law,  or  com- 
mits his  cause  to  his  management  in  prosecuting  a 


CLI 

claim,  or  defending  against  a  suit,  in  a  court  of  jus- 
tice. Bacon.     Taylor. 
3.  A  dependuut.  B.  Jonson. 

€LI-ENT'AL,  a.     Dependent.     [ Unusual.]      Burke. 

€LT'ENT-ED.  a.     :?upplicd  with  clients.  Career. 

CLi-EN-TeLE',  )i.  Tiie  condition  ur  office  of  a  client. 
[Op.*.]  Bp.  Hall, 

CLI' EXT-SHIP,  H,  The  condition  of  a  client ;  a  state 
of  Iieing  under  the  protection  of  a  patron.  [Clientele 
is  not  used.]  Dryden. 

CLIFF,  71.  [Sax.  dif,  dij}\  or  cltof;  D.  klif,  or  klip  ;  G. 
and  Oan.  klippc  :  Sw.  kUppa  ;  W.  clip  ;  L.  clicus ; 
probably  from  cleaving,  Sax.  clifian,  de^Jian.] 

1.  A  sleep  bank  ;  as,  the  cliffs  of  Dover.  So,  in 
Sa.von,  the  cliffs  of  the  Red  Sea.  Orosius,  supposed 
by  Alfred. 

2.  .\  high  and  steep  rock  ;  any  precipice. 

This  word  has  been  sometimes  written  CLiFT,and, 
if  from  cleaving,  rending,  coincides  v-'ith  cleft  in 

CLIFF,  (in  music.)    See  Clef.  [origin. 

CLIFF' Y,  (I.    Having  cliffs  J  broken;  craggv.  Harmar. 

CLIFT'ED,  a.     Broken.  Congrcvc. 

CLt-.MAC'TER,  n.  [Gr.  nXtfiaKrnp,  the  step  of  a  lad- 
der, from  KX(/((if,  a  ladder  or  scale  ;  L.  dimactcr.] 

1.  A  critical  year  in  human  life  ;  but  climacteric  is 
more  generally  used. 

2.  .\  certain  space  of  time.    [JSTot  vsed,]    Brown. 
CLI-MAC'TER-ie,  i  a.      [Gr.  xXitiaKTnfUKOi  ;   L. 
CLI-MAC-TER'I€^AL, )      dimacUricus,  from  climax, 

a  ladder.     See  Climax.] 

Literally,  noting  a  scale,  progression,  or  gradation  ; 
appropriately,  denoting  a  critical  period  of  human  life, 
or  a  certain  number  of  years,  at  the  end  of  which  a 
great  change  is  supposed  to  take  place  in  the  human 
constitution.     [See  tlie  noun.] 

CLI-MA€'TER-IC,  n,  A  critical  period  in  human 
life,  or  a  period  in  which  some  great  change  is  sup- 
posed to  take  place  in  llie  human  constitution.  The 
critical  periods  are  supposed,  by  some  persons,  to  be 
the  years  produced  by  multiplying  7  into  the  odd 
numbers,  3,  5,  7,  and  9 ;  to  which  others  add  the 
81st  year.  The  63d  year  is  called  the  grand  climacteric. 
It  has  been  supposed  that  these  periods  are  attended 
with  some  remarkable  change  in  respect  to  health, 
life,  or  fortune.  Brown,     Dryden.     Pope. 

CLI-MA-TXRCH'ie,  a.  [Gr.  kXihi,  climate,  and  apxij, 
dominion.] 

Presiding  over  climates.  Paus.  Trans.,  J^ote. 

GI'T'MATE,  n.  [Gr.  ^AI;in,•  whence  L.  c/f/nd ;  It.  and 
.^pan.  dima  ;  Fr.  diniat.  Q,u.  from  Gr.  kXii/lo,  to  lean 
or  incline,  or  the  root  of  dimax.] 

1.  In  geography,  a  part  of  the  surface  of  the  earth 
bounded  by  two  circles  panillel  to  the  equator,  and 
of  such  a  breadth  that  the  longest  day  in  the  parallel 
nearest  the  pole  is  half  an  hour  longer  than  that  near- 
est the  equator.  The  beginning  of  a  climate  is  a 
parallel  circle,  in  which  the  longest  day  is  half  an 
hour  shorter  than  that  at  the  end.  The  climates 
begin  at  tlie  equator,  where  tiie  day  is  twelve  hours 
long;  and,  at  the  t-nd  of  the  tiist  climate,  the  longest 
day  is  twelve  and  a  half  hours  long:  and  this  in- 
crease of  half  an  hour  cnnsiitutts  a  climate,  to  the 
polar  circles ;  from  which  climates  are  measured  by 
the  increase  of  a  month.  Johnson.     Encijc. 

2.  The  condition  of  a  place  in  relation  to  the  various 
phenomena  of  the  atmosphere,  as  temperature,  mois- 
ture, Sec.  Thus  we  say,  a  warm  or  cold  divtate;  a 
moist  or  dry  dimatc;  a  favorable  climate;  a  genial 
climate. 

CLI'MATE,  V.  i.    To  dwell ;  to  reside  in  a  particular 

region.  Shak.     Hist  of  St,  Domingo. 

[Little  used,  and  hardhi  legitimate] 
CLI-MAT'IC,         \  a.     Pertaining  to  a  climate  or  cli- 
CLI-MAT'IC-AL,  \      mates;  limited  by  a  climate. 
CLI-MA-TIC'I-TY,  ».     The  property  of  climatizing. 
CLI'MA-TIZE,   r.  t.    To  accustom  to  a  new  climate, 

as  a  plant. 
€Ll'MA-TIZE,  V.  i.   To  become  accustomed  to  a  new 

climate  ;  as,  plants  will  dimutize  in  foreign  countries. 
CLI'-MA-TIZ-KD,  pp.  Accu?tonied  to  a  new  climate. 
CLI-MA-TOL'O-GY",  ».     [Gr.  K\tna  and  Xoyog.] 

The  science  of  climates;  or  an  investigation  of  the 

causes  on  which  the  climate  of  a  place  depends. 

Brande. 
€LI'MA-TURE,  n.  A  climate.  [Little  used.]  Shak. 
CLi'MAX,   H.      [Gr.  K^ipa^,  a  scale  or  ladder;  L. 

climax,  perhaps  from  the  root  of  the  VV.  lUiinu,  to 

step,  stride,  leap,  Uam,  a  step,  stride,  leap.    Jr.  lei- 

mim,  leim,  or  Irom  the  root  of  climb.] 

1.  Gradation  ;  ascent ;  a  figure  of  rhetoric,  in 
which  a  sentence  rises,  as  it  were,  step  by  step :  or 
in  which  the  expression  which  ends  one  member  of 
the  period  begins  the  second,  and  so  on,  till  the  pe- 
riod is  finished;  as  in  the  following:  'MVhen  we 
have  practiced  good  actions  a  while,  they  become 
eas>' ;  and,  when  they  are  easy,  we  begin  to  take 
pleasure  in  them;  and,  when  they  please  us,  we  do 
them  frequently;  and,  by  frequency  of  acts,  they 
grow  into  a  habit."  Tillotson. 

2.  A  sentence,  or  series  of  sentences,  in  which  the 
successive  members  or  sentences  rise  in  force,  im- 
portance, or  dignity,  to  the  clo.-e  of  the  sentence  or 
series.  Dryden. 

CLIMB,   (klime,)   c.  i. ;    prct.   and  pp.   Climbed,    or 


CLI 

Clomb,  but  the  latter  is  not  elegant.  [Sax.  diman 
or  dimban;  D.  klimmen  ;  G.  id.  The  corresponding 
word  in  Dan.  is  ktijver:  Sw.  klifwa.] 

1.  'I'o  creep  up  by  little  and  little,  or  step  by  step  ; 
to  mount  or  ascend,  by  means  of  the  hands  and  feet; 
to  rise  on  any  fixeil  object,  by  seizing  it  with  the 
hands  and  lifting  the  body,  and  by  thrusting  with 
the  feel ;  as.  to  cUmb  a  tree  or  a  precipice. 

AikI  lie  ran  lelore  and  climbed  -jp  inlo  a  Bjciinore-lrtc.  —  Luln 
xix. 

2.  To  mount  or  ascend  with  labor  and  difficulty. 

Shak. 

3.  To  rise  or  ascend  with  a  slow  motion. 

Black  vapors  ciimb  aloft.  Dryden. 

4.  To  mount  or  ascend  by  means  of  tendrils  or  ad- 
hesive fibers  ;  applied  to  plants. 

CLLMB,  (kliin,)  v.  t  To  ascend  by  means  of  the 
hands  and  feet,  implying  labor,  difficulty,  and  slow 
progress  ;  as,  to  climb  a  wall  or  a  steep  mountain. 

Prior. 

2.  To  mount  or  ascend,  with  labor  or  a  slow  mo- 
tion ;  as,  to  climb  the  ascents  of  fame.  Prior. 

3.  To  mount  or  ascend  by  means  of  tendrils  or  ad- 
hesive fibers  ;  applied  to  plants. 

CLTMB'A-BLE,  (kllin'a-bl,)  a.    That  may  be  climbed. 

Sherwood. 

CLt.MB'i;D,  (klimd,)  {rp.  Ascended  by  the  use  of 
the  hands  and  feet,  or  by  tendrils;  ascended  with 
labor. 

CLiMB'ER,  (kllm'er,)  n.  One  who  climbs,  mounlf, 
or  rises,  by  the  hands  and  feet ;  one  who  rises  by  la- 
bor or  effi»rt. 

2.  A  plant  that  creeps  and  ri^es  on  some  supjtort. 

Mortimer. 

3.  One  of  an  order  of  birds  that  climb,  as  the  wood- 
pecker. They  have  two  toes  before  and  two  behind. 

CLI.MB'ER,  r.  i.     [from  climb,  or  a  difiVrent  orthogra- 
phy of  clamber.] 
To  climb  ;  to  mount  with  effort.  [.Vot  U5«(/.]  Tusser. 
CLIMB'IXG,  ppr.  or  a.     Ascending  by  the  use  of  the 
hands  and  feet,  fir  by  tendrils  ;  ascending  with  diffi- 
culty. 
CLIMiVIXG,  (klim'ing,)  n.     The  act  of  ascending. 
CLI.ME,  II.     [from  dimate,  or  directly  from  Gr  and  L. 
dima.] 

A  climate  ;  a  tract  or  region  of  the  earth  ;  a  poeti- 
cal word,  but  sometimes  used  in  prose.    [See  Climate.] 
Whatever  clime  lU-i  sun's  brigbl  circle  waniis.  Aruton. 

CLINCH,  V.  t,  [D.  klinkcn,  to  clink  or  rivet ;  klink,  a 
latch,  a  rivet ;  Dan.  klinke,  a  latch;  Sw.  klinka;  Fr. 
dcnche;  allied  to  cling,  link,  W.  dided,  a  latch.] 

1.  To  gripe  with  the  hand  ;  to  make  fast  by  bend- 
ing over,  fulding,  or  embracing  closely.  Thus,  to 
clinch  a  nail,  is  to  bend  the  point  and  drive  it  closely. 
To  dineh  the  hand  or  fist,  is  to  contract  the  fingers 
closely  into  the  palm  of  the  hand.  To  clinch  an  in- 
strument, is  to  close  the  fingers  and  thumb  round  it, 
and  hold  it  f;ist. 

2.  To  fix  or  fasten  ;  to  make  firm  ;  as.  to  clinch  an 
argument. 

CLINCH,  V.  .\  word  used  in  a  double  meaning;  a 
pun;  an  ambiguity;  a  duplicity  of  meaning,  with 
identity  of  expression.  Johnson. 

Here  one  poor  word  a  liuodird  clinches  nukes.  Pope. 

2.  A  witty,  ingenious  reply.  Bailey. 

3.  In  s€atiicn''s  lavgiutge,  the  part  of  a  cable  whicli 
is  fastened  to  the  ring  of  an  anchor  :  a  kind  of  knot 
and  seizings,  used  to  f;isten  a  cable  to  the  ring  of  an 
anchor,  and  the  breeching  of  a  gun  to  the  rine-bolls 
in  a  ship's  side.  Mar.  Diet. 

CLINCHED,  (klincht,)  pp.    Made  fast  by  doubling  or 

embracing  closely. 
CLINCH'ER,  n.   *TJiat  which  rlinchcs ;  a  cramp  or 

piece  of  uon  bent  down  to  fasten  any  thing.  Pope. 

2.  One  who  makes  a  smart  reply.  Badey. 

3.  Fi'ritratircli/,  that  which  makes  fast. 
CLINCH'ER-RUiLT,  (  ,  .  ,,  v  (  a.    Made  of  clincher- 
CLINK'Ell-BIIlLT.     \  ^■°"''-'  j      work. 
CLINCH'ER-U'ORK,  (-wurk,)  n.  In  ship-building, the 

disposition  of  the  planks  in  the  side  of  a  boat  or  ves- 
sel, when  the  lower  edge  of  ever>'  plank  overlays  the 
next  below  it,  like  slates  on  the  roof  of  a  house. 

Mar.  Diet. 

CLINCHING,  ppr.  Making  fast  by  doubling  ove.  or 
embracing  closely ;  griping  with  the  fist. 

CLING,  r.  i  ;  prd,  and  pp.  Clung.  [Sax.  dingan,  to 
adhere  and  to  wither  ;  Dan.  khmger,  to  grow  in  clus- 
ters ;  klynge,  a  heap  or  cluster.  See  the  transitive 
verb  below.] 

1.  To  adhere  closely;  to  stick  to;  to  hold  last 
upon,  especially  by  winding  round  or  embracing; 
as,  the  tendril  of  a  vine  dings  to  its  support. 

Two  babes  of  love  close  c/inpn»  to  ber  waisl.  Pope. 

2.  To  adhere  closely  ;  to  stick  to,  as  a  riscons  suIk 
stance.  niscman, 

3.  To  adhere  closely  and  finnly,  in  interest  or  af- 
fection ;  as,  men  of  a"  party  ding  to  tlieir  eader. 

CLING,  V.  U    To  dry  up,  or  wither. 

Till  Lunine  riinff  tliec.  Shak. 

In  Saxon,  cUngan  is  rendered  to  fade  or  witlier, 
viarccsco,  as  well  "as  to  ding.    In  this  sense  is  used 


TONE,  B^LL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K  ;  6  as  J ;   S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


:j, 


betl, 

iiicai 


CLI 

farctingQAy  pp.  fartttn^jat.  The  mtltcnl  sense,  then 
appvan  to  be,  to  crintriri  ur  ftmw  together;  and  diy 
iuK,  uitliering,  b  -  ■  -liriukmg. 

\The  tatUr  use  'j-oUtf.] 

€LI.\G'L\(;,  p;»r.  .\  i>  ;  sticking  to;  wind- 

itiff  roiiiKl  :inil  hiilditi;:  I  >. 

CLI.\t;'>iVt\£^,  n.  ff/m;;  and  stgneJ]  A  variety  of 
p.  nil,  uhuMj  pulp  adhered  clik^ly  lo  Uic  stone. 

t  I.iVii'V.a.     Ai>t  to  clin<; ;  adhe«ii-e. 

■IS  IC,         )a.     [Gr.  *A(»-i><'f,  from  jcXi*-!*,  a  bed 

I  1.1  \  IC-AL,  (  from  x^tva^  (o  recline.  Sec  Lca 
In  a  irfitcral  senst,  pertnininc  to  a  bed.  A  din 
lecture  ifi  a  dbicourso  delivered  at  the  U'dsidc  of  ih. 
**ick,  or  fr.iiii  notes  taken  at  thf  bedside,  by  a  phy- 
tiicijtn,  with  a  view  to  pnictiral  instruction  in  the 
healing  art.  Clinical  medicine  i^  iJie  practice  nf  med- 
icine i.n  jKitieiits  in  bed,  or  in  huspit-Ui.  A  clinieal 
convert  is  a  convert  on  his  death-bed.  Anciently, 
p<  rsons  receiving  baptism  on  their  deilh-br<ls  were 
r;tMfd  cUnia.  Corr.     Encye.      Tatjlor. 

•"M  VIC,  n.    One  confined  to  the  bed  by  sickness. 

(I  IN'!C-AL-LY,  adv.    In  a  clinical  manner;  by  the 

CI. INK,  r.  u  [Sw.  klin*ra;  T)nn.  Uimrcrj  klinker :  D. 
klinkfn:  G.  klinffoi.  This  seems  to  be  a  dialectical 
orthography  of  clan:^^  elanky  I,,  elaiieo ;  and,  if  n  is 
not  radical,  Ihey  coincide  with  dackj  elicky  wil\i  the 
radical  sense,  to  strike.] 

To  rins  or  jingle  ;  to  utter  or  make  a  small,  sharp 
suund,  or  a  succession  of  such  sounds,  as  bv  striking 
small  metallic  or  other  sonorous  bodies  toKc'ther. 

Prior.     Oay. 

CIJNK,  n.  A  sharp  sound,  made  by  the  collision  of 
t-ruall  sonorous  bodies.  Spenser,  according  to  John- 
p^'ii.  uses  the  word  for  a  knocker. 

CLIXK'ER,  n.    Vitreous  matter  which  collects  in  fur- 
naces where  stone  coal  is  used. 
9.  A  vrrj-  hard  kind  of  brick. 

CLINK'I.NG,  ppr.  Making  a  snial),  sharp  sound,  or 
succession  of  sounds. 

€LlXK'tfTO.\E,  «.  [cUnk  and  stone,  from  its  sono- 
n'usness.    See  pHosoutXE.] 

A  mineral  which  has  a  slaly  atnicture,  and  is  gen- 
erally divisible  into  tabular  masses,  usually  thick, 
^  niiimes  thin  like  those  of  areillite.  The  cross 
!  -■■'  :ure  is  coiunionly  splintery.  Its  colors  are  dark 
ii;sh-jn^y,  yellowish,  bluish,  or  ash-pray  j  and  it 
1-^  usually  translucent  at  the  edpes,  sometimes  opaque. 
It  occurs  in  extensive  masses,  often  composed  of  co- 
lunmar  or  Labular  distinct  concretions,  more  or  less 
:■  ::  il.ir.  It  is  usually  fotmd  among  sccondarj'  rocks; 
^  lie  times  resimg  on  basalt,  and  covered  by  green- 
■'  '■'•  •  CUavelaiid. 

tXl  .\OM'E-TER,n,  [Gr.  KXiy^i,  to  lean,  and  pLtTpot>j 
measure.] 

-An  instrument  for  measuring  the  dip  of  mineral 
^^'■^'t'l-  Ure. 

»-  MN  O-MET'Rie-AL,  a.     Performed  by  a  clinora- 


CiJ.NU'UAXT,  (kiiiik'ant.)  n. 

L'litter 


[Fr.]    Tinsel ;  faise 


CLINU'UAXT, (kJink'ant,)a. [ Fr.]  Glittering: dressed 
in  tinsel  Onerj-.     [jVot  English.]  Shak. 

CLT'O,  n.  [Gr.  kXeho.]  In  vttjtAology,  the  muse  who 
presided  over  history. 

€LfP,  r.  (.  [Sai.  ciypan;  Dan.  kUpper;  Sw.  klippa. 
I  he  sense  seems  to  be,  to  strike,  to  cut  off  by  a  sud- 
den stroke.  The  Danish  word  signiilea  not  only  to 
cut  off  with  scissors,  but  to  wink  or  twinkle  with  the 
eyes.  In  oar  popular  dialect,  a  c/ip  is  a  blow  or  stroke  ; 
as  to  hit  one  a  dip.  Cut  is  used  in  a  like  sense.  The 
radical  sense,  then,  is,  to  strike  or  drive  with  a  sud- 
den clTort,  thnist,  or  spring.] 

1.  To  cut  off  with  shears  or  scissors;  to  separate 
I  y  a  sudden  stroke  ;  especially,  to  cut  off  the  ends  or 

■  t'l  a  thioK,  to  make  it  shorter  or  narrower,  in 
''■'■  '.iuctiun  from  shavinc  and  paring,  which  are  per- 
lonntd  by  rubbing  the  instrument  close  to  the  thine 
shaved  ;  as,  to  c/ip  the  hair;  to  dip  wings. 

But  loYc  h»J  dipped  l«  wl.igj,  and  cut  liliu  short.       Dryden. 

2.  To  diminish  coin  by  paring  the  edge.     Locke. 

3.  ro  curtail;  to  cut  short;  as,  to  dip  the  kins's 
E"5'»»'-       ,  .addison? 

4.  I  o  confine ;  to  hug ;  to  embrace.     [LitUc  ^^scd.] 
—.,...  Shak. 
ro  diptL,u  n  vulgar  phnwe,  in  JiTcie  England,  for 

to  nm  with  speed,  and  was  so  used  in  f;iIconr)*.  So 
rut  IS  used  ;  cut  on,  nm  fast.  This  seems  to  bo  the 
meaning  of  Dr>'dcn :  — 


CLO 

CLfP'REK,  «.  One  who  clips ;  especially  one  who 
cut^  off  tlic  edges  of  coin.  Jlddison. 

0.  A  vessel  built  lor  fu>t  sadirig. 
eUP'PING,  ppr.     Cutiin-   off  or    (.hortcning    with 

(Shears  or  scissors;  dimiiilHliing  coin  by  paring  off 
the  edgiH  ;  curtailing. 

GLIP'PI.VG,  H.  The  act  of  cutting  off,  curtailing, or 
diminishing. 

9.  That  which  is  clipped  off;  a  piece  sepanited  by 
clipping  I^cke. 

CLIQUE,  (kleek,)  n.  [Fr.]  A  nanow  circle  of  per- 
sons ;  a  party  ;  used  commonly  in  a  bad  sense. 

CLIV'ERS,  n.  A  plant,  the  (Galium  aparine;  called 
also  froasr-^roj.^,  or /ifiiriff.  It  has  a  stiuarc,  roticli, 
Jointed  stem  ;  the  Joints  hairy  nt  the  base,  with 
eitflit  or 'on  narrow  lenves  at  each  joint.       Enttjc. 

CLIV'I-TV,  rt.     Inclination  ;  ascent  or  descent. 

ei.OAK,  I  H.     [Pax.  lack;  D.  taken.    In  Chaucer, /dAc 

CLOKE,  j      is  cloth.] 

1.  A  loose  outer  garment  worn  over  other  clothes, 
both  by  men  and  women. 

9.  A  cover;  that  which  conceals;  a  disguise  or 
pretext ;  an  excuse  ;  a  fair  pretense. 

GLO.AK, }  r.  f.    To  cover  with  a  cloak. 

CLOKE,  S  2.  To  hide  j  to  conceal;  to  use  a  false 
coverin-.'.  Sptnser. 

CI-OAK'-HAG,  Ti.  A  bag  in  which  a  cloak  or  other 
clolhcs  .'ire  carried  ;  a  portmanteau. 

CLOAKKI),  (klukt,)  pp.  Covered  with  a  cloak; 
concealed  under  an  e\tern:il  covering. 

CLOAK'KD-I.Y,  adv.     In  a  concealed  manner. 

CLOAK'I.NG,  ppr.  Covering  with  a  cloak  j  hiding 
under  an  external  covering, 

eLO'CHARD,  n.    [from  dotk,  Fr.  dodie.] 

A  belfiy.     f^Voi  vscd.]  JTcever. 

€LOCK,  V.  [Sax.  dii^irn,  duc^a;  D.  klok;  G.  klocke  ; 
Van.kiokke;  Sw.  kiocka;  Fr.  dodic:  Arm.  cloch^oj 
deck  ;  It.  do^ ;  W.  ddc ;  property,  a  bell,  and  named 
from  its  sound,  from  striking,  it  coincides  in  origin 
with  cladi  and  dvdc.  L.  jrhdo,  Ch.  >h>.  Class  Let, 
No.  27.    See  Cluck.]  ^ 

1.  A  machine  consisting  of  wheels  moved  by 
weights,  so  constructed,  that  by  a  uniform  vibration 
of  a  pendulum,  it  measures  time,  and  its  divisions, 
hours,  minutes,  and  seconds,  with  great  exactness. 
It  indicates  the  hour  bv  the  siroke  of  a  small  ham- 
mer on  a  bt'll. 

The  phrases,  wAxif  o\-Iodi  is  it?  it  is  nine  o^dode, 
seem  to  be  contracted  from  tcliat  of  Vic  dock  7  it  is 
nine  of  the  dock 

2.  A  figure  or  figured  work  in  the  ankle  or  side  of 
a  stocking. 

CLOCK,  r.  (. 


CLO 


ifii-L 


To  call. 
C'LOCK'-MaK-RR,  I.. 

is  to  make  clocks. 
eLOCK'-SET-'JKR,  >i 

[All!  itstrf.l 


artificer  whose  occupation 


rScc  Cn;cK. 
All 


Some  fajceti  Macpi  .it  wMt  her  erf  d-5i;ni«l. 
And,  r       her  rurmof  Ok  mnrrf  mUir-), 

Ar»  M  ch«Ji,  mid  dtp.  U  doun  the  wind. 


3"* 


,    '"'  """^  "ould  seem  to  be  allied  to  lliat  of  Uap. 
CLIP,  n.    A  blow  or  stroke  with  Iho  band  :  as,  he  hit 
him  a  clip,     yvem  ExgUtru!.] 

2.  An  embrace  ;  that  is,  a  throwinc  tlic  arms 
'O"'"'-  Sidnnj. 

3.  A  sheep-shearinir. 

4.  The  product  of  slicep-slie,-u1ng;  as.there  will  be 
J  larje  c^ip  tills  year.  Ftiriy.  Thw  is  relain-d  in 
Now  England, 

GLIPTfiD,  jpp.  or  o.    Cut  off;  cut  short;  curtailed; 
t/LlFT,        (     diminished  by  paring. 


One  wlio  regulates  the  clock. 
.  .  Shak. 

eLOCK'-\VoRK,  »i.  The  machinery  and  niovemenls 
of  a  clock ;  or  tliat  part  of  the  movement  which 
strikes  the  hours  on  a  bell,  in  distinction  from  that 
part  which  measures  and  e\liihit.i  the  time  on  the 
face  or  dial-plate,  ivllich  is  called  walch-wnrk.   Encyc. 

a  Well-adjusted  work,  with  rejular  movement. 
€LOD,  II.  [I).  Wui(,  a  clod;  C.  khts :  Dan.  khds  { 
Sw.  klot,  a  lof,  stock,  or  stuinp ;  Dan.  klodc ;  I),  /.tool, 
a  ball ;  G.  loth,  a  ball ;  D.  tood,  lead,  a  ball ;  Sw.  and 
Dan.  /orf,  id.  ;  W.  cinder^  a  heap.  Ctorf  and  c/ot  seem 
to  be  radically  one  word,  sijrnifyiiijj  a  mass  or  lump, 
from  coileclin?  or  bringing  tosilher,  or  from  condens- 
ing, setting,  fixing.  In  Saw  cliid^  a  rork  or  bill,  may 
be  from  the  same  root.  Sec  Cla<s  I.d,  .\o.  8,  9,  10, 
10,  21!,  35,  3i;,  40.    Oil.  Gr.  xX'oOi,',  to  form  a  ball.  | 

1.  A  hard  lump  of  earth  of  .any  kind  ;  a  mass  of 
earth  cohering.  Baton.    Drydm. 

3.  A  lump  or  mass  of  inctal.     [Uldc  used.]  MilUm. 

3.  Turf;  the  ground.  Swift. 

4.  That  which  is  earthy,  b;ise,  and  vile,  as  the 
body  of  man  compared  to  Ins  soul.  Miltmi.  BitrncU 

!i.  A  dull,  gross,  stupid  ftllow;  a  dolt.     Diydcn. 
6.  Any  thing  concreted.  Carttc. 

CLOD,  V.  L  To  collect  into  concretions,  or  a  thick 
mass  ;  to  coagulate  ;  as,  clodded  gore.  Milton. 

[See  Clot,  which  is  more  generally  used.l 
CLOD,  r.  (.    To  pelt  with  clods. 
eLOD'DY,  a.    Consisting  of  clods;  abounding  with 
clods. 


2.  Earthy  ;  mean  ;  gross. 


€LOD'HOP-PER,  n.     A  clown  ;  a  dolt. 
CLOD'PATE,  n.    A  stupid  fellow;  a 


skull 


dolt;  a  thick- 


€1.0D'PAT-ED,  a.  Stupid  ;  dull ;  doltish.  ,^rbuthnx>t, 
tLODPOLL,  n.  A  stupid  fellow;  a  dolt;  a  block- 
head. Shak. 
GLOG,  r.  (.  [W.  deiTj  a  lump ;  c/wj-,  a  swelling, 
roundness ;  do;r,  a  large  stone ;  Ihc,  a  mound,  a 
dam  ;  Wo»,  an  augment ;  llo-ri,  to  make  compact  to 
hire,  L.  loco:  Ir.  /oc,  a  stop;  locaim,  to  hinder. 
These  coincide  with  Eng.  lock,  in  primary  sense,  or 
may  be  from  the  same  rout.  Hut  do'r,  though  of  the 
same  family,  seems  not  to  be  du-eclly  derived  from 
either  of  these  words.] 

1.  To  load  or  fill  with  something  that  retards  or 
hinders  motion  ;  as,  to  dag  the  channel  of  a  river: 
to  do^  a  passage. 


2.  To  put  on  any  thing  that  encumbirs,  with  a 
view  to  hinder  or  restniin  leaping;  to  shacklo  as, 
to  doii  a  beast. 

3.  To  load  with  any  thing  that  encumbora ;  to 
burden  ;  to  embarrass ;  as,  to  dog  connnerco  with 
iin|)osttions  or  restrictions.  .^ddiaon. 

4.  'I'o  obstnict  natural  motion,  or  render  it  diffi- 
cult ;  to  liindf.'r;  to  impede. 

GLOG,  r.  L  To  coalesce  j  to  unito  and  adhere  in  a 
cluster  or  mass. 

Myte  it  •on.elJmci  with  a  broom,  Uutt  tbt  ■c*ili  (lag  not  !»> 
pclher.  B^lyn. 

2.  To  form  an  accretion ;  to  be  loaded  or  encum- 
bered with  extraneous  matter. 

Tlw  teeth  of  Uie  saw  wlit  t»!-gin  to  rfof.  S\arp. 

€LOG, «.  Any  thing  put  upon  an  animal  to  hinder 
motion,  or  leaping,  as  a  piece  of  wood  fastened  to 
his  leg. 

2.  An  encumbrance;  that  which  hinder?  motion, 
or  renders  it  ditBcu  It;  hinderancc;  impediment. 

SL-iTciy  U  Ihc  gTC.itPst  clog  lo  arn-ctilniion.  Suifl. 

3.  [Qu.  Fr.  daque;  Pp.  and  Port,  iratndia;  Ann, 
galoi:;:]  \  term  applied  to  overshoes  with  thick 
soles  or  leather  or  wood  for  wet  weather. 

4.  A  wooden  shoe.     [Pmrincial  in  Eii'rltind.} 
€LOG'G£D,  (klo2d,)   pp.  or  a.      Wearins   a  clog; 

shackled  ;  obstructed  ;  loaded  with  encumbrance. 
eLOG'GI-NESS,  II.    The  si,ite  of  bf  in-,'  clofrg'-d. 
€LOG'GING,  ppr.     Putting  on  a  clog  ;  loading  with 

encumbrance;  obstructing;  impeding. 
€LOG'GV,  a.     That  clogs,  or  Jias  power  lo  clog; 

thick  ;  gross. 
€LOIS'TER,  T7.     [Fr.doUrr:  Sax.  daustr,  nTdit^trr; 

Arm.  </aii.-/r,  or  docstr;  Sp.daiiairo;  It.  dftuslro.  ur 
.     duostro  ;  D.  kloostcr;  G.  kloster;  Dan.  and  Sw.  /.!.■'■ 

tcri  W.    daws,   dtci/s;    It.  dabhstttr;   L.  damtru^n, 

from  datijs-us,  pp.  of  daudo.    See  Eng.  Close.] 

1.  Literally,  a  close  ;  a  close  or  inclosed  place.  A 
nionastcn-  or  nunnery ;  a  house  inltabitcd  by  nion!  ^ 
or  nuns. 

2.  In  archiUcturc,  an  arcade  or  colonnade  aroii-'i^l 
an  open  court. 

3.  in  a  more  Umiicd  sense,  the  principal  part  ( l  ;: 
regular  monaster}*,  consisting  of  a  square,  cr<-.  t.  il 
between  the  church,  the  chapter-house,  and  il.  ■ 
refectorj',  and  over  which  is  the  dormitory.  'Hi 
proper  use  of  the  cloister  is  for  the  monks  to  nu-'  t  :ii 
for  conversation.  The  cloister  is  square,  and  ha:.  >r- 
name  from  being  inclosed  on  its  four  sides  vv.ili 
building.^.  Hence,  in  architecture,  n  building  is  >;:•.! 
to  be  in  the  form  of  a  cloister,  when  there  are  bcill- 
ings  on  each  of  the  four  sides  of  the  court.  Enrvr. 

CLOIS'TER,  r.  t.    To  confine  in  a  cloister  or  raon:-; 

tcry 
2.  To  shut  up;  to  confine  closely  within  wji'l 

to  immure  ;  lo  shut  up  in  retirement  from  the  W';;!'. 
€L01S'TER-AL,  a.    Confined  to  a  cloister;   reirr   : 

from  the  worid ;  recluse.    Sometimes  shortened  into 

Cloistral.  lyalton. 

eLOIS'TER-/n),  pp.    Shut  up  in  a  cloister;  inhabil- 

ing  a  monastery. 

2.  a.    Solitar)- ;  retired  from  the  worid.        Sha.':. 

3.  Uuilt  around,  as  a  court:  inclosed.       IVulton. 
CLOI.S'TER-ER,  n.    One  belonging  to  a  cloister. 
GLOIS'TER-ING,  ppr.    Shutting  up  in  a  monaster}'; 

ctmfining;  secluding  from  the  world. 

GLOIS'TRESS,  n.  A  nun  ;  aVvoman  who  lias  vowed 
religious  retirement.     [Liule  used.]  Shak, 

CLoKE,  H.     See  Cloak. 

€LoKE'-HAG,  n.     See  Cloak-Bao. 

CLO  .mi:,  pret.  of  Climb. 

CLONG,  oUi  part,  of  Clino. 

CLON'IG,  a.     [Gr.  nXoiost  ^   shaking  or  irregular 
motion.j 
Shaking;  convulsive;  irregular;  as,  c/ome  spasm. 

Cize. 
Clonic  spasm^  is  that  in  which  the  muscles  or  mus- 
cular fibers  contract  and  relax  alternately,  in  quick 
succession,  producing  ihc  appearance  of  agitation,  as 
in  epilepsy  ;  used  in  contradistinction  to  (onic  spasm, 

CLOOM,  r.  t.     [Sax.  cLnnan.] 

_To  close  with  glutinous  matter.  [Local]  Mortimer. 

CLOSE,  (kloze,)  v.  u  [Fr.  dos;  Ann.  verb  c^osc,  or 
chsein  ;  part,  closet ;  from  tlie  L.  participle  dausus,o{ 
dattdoy  to  shut;  Fr.  dorre;  It.  chiudere;  chiuso;  D. 
/t7iii.*,  an  inclosure.  The  D.  sluiten,  G.  sddie^scn, 
schloss,  Dan.  sluttcr,  Sw.  sUita,  arc  from  the  same 
root,  with  a  prefix.  Gr.  KUiut^  for  k^ci^qw,  whence 
kXc-.^,  a  key,  davis,  that  which  shuts  or  fastens  ;  W. 
c/flfrs-,  choysy  a  close,  a  cloister  ;  Sa.x.  Mid,  a  lid,  tlie 
shutter  ;  hiidan^  lo  cover  ;  Ir.  deithim,  dudaim.  SeC 
Clas.';  Ld,  No.  I,  8,  9,  10.] 

].  To  shut ;  to  make  fast  by  pressing  together,  or 
by  stopping  an  open  place,  so  as  to  intercept  a  poa- 
sage,  in  almost  any  manner  ;  as,  to  dose  the  eyes  ,  to 
dose  a  g;ite,  door,  or  window.  In  these  and  other 
cases,  dosing  is  performed  by  bringing  an  object  be- 
fore the  opening.  To  close'a.  book,  is  to  bring  the 
parts  together. 

The  Lord  hath  do.teit  y nor  CT(n. — U,  xxlx. 
He  doted  ihe  book.  —  Luke  ir, 

9.  To  end;  to  finish;  to  conclude;  to  complete; 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.- METE,  PREY. -PINE,  MARtNE.  BIRD, -NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOpK. - 


214 


CLO 


to  bring  to  a  period ;  as,  to  dose  a  bargain,  or  con- 
tracL 

One  (higril  strppjr  did  our  studies  dott.  Dryaen, 

3.  To  unite,  as  the  parts  of  a  breach  or  fracture  ; 
to  make  whole ;  to  consolidate  ;  often  followed  by  up. 

Tlie  Lorvl  dostd  tip  the  flesli  instead  thcrwf.  —  Gfii.  ii. 

4.  To  cover ;  to  inclose  j  to  encompass  j  to  over- 
whelm. 

The  dejHhs  dosed  rrv  rouud  :\U)!tt.  — Jonah  ii. 

5.  To  inclose;  to  confine.    [See  Ixclose.] 
G.  To  move  or  bring  tosellier :  to  miitc  separate 

bodies  or  parts ;  as,  to  dose-  the  ranks  of  an  army. 
ei.oSE,  c.  t.   To  unite  ;  to  coalesce  ;  to  come  together, 
ns  ^]l^  part!  of  a  wound  or  fracture,  or  parts  separa- 
ted ;  often  followed  by  on  or  upoiu 

The  &t  dose'i  upon  lh»  bind;.  —  JudgM  in. 
The  earth  cioeed  upon  iJicm.  —  Num.  xvj. 

9.  To  end ;  to  terminate,  or  coine  to  a  period  j  as, 
the  di'bate  do^/ed  at  sl\  o'clock. 

To  dose  on  or  upon  ;  to  come  to  a  nuilual  agreement; 
to  ajree  on  or  join  in. 

Kruice  and  HoJlaod  mi^hl  dose  upon  seme  nwasurrs  to  our 
disadvaiila^.  Temple. 

To  dose  with  :  to  accede  to  ;  to  consent  or  agree  to  ; 
as,  to  dose  icith  the  terms  proposed.  When  followed 
by  the  person  with  whom  un  agreement  is  made,  to 
make  an  agreement  with  ;  to  unite  with  ;  as,  to  dose 
tritJi  an  enemy. 

He  took  ihQ  lime  when  Riclinni  w:is  deposed, 

And  liigii  ."md  low  teilh  happy  H.orry  closed.      DryJen. 

In  this  sense,  to  dose  w  with  is  less  elegant 
To  dose  with  ;      )  to  unite  ;  to  join  closely  ;  to  gmp- 
To  dose  in  with:]      pie,  as  persons  in  a  contest; 
applied  to  wrestlers,  when  they  come  to  close  em- 
brace for  scuffling. 
€LoSE,  ;r.    An  inclosed  place  ;  any  place  surrounded 
by  a  fence  or  other  body  which  defends  or  confines 
it,  particularly  a  small  field,  or  portion  of  land. 

2.  Conclusion;  termination;  final  end;  as,  the 
dose  of  life ;  the  dose  of  day  or  night. 

3.  A  temporary  finishing ;  a  pau^e ;  rest ;  cessa- 
tion ;  intermission. 

,Ai  I'vi^Ty  dose  she  made,  ih'  allciidin^  throii"^ 
Replied,  and  bore  the  Inmlcii  of  tlie  son*.  Druden. 

4.  The  manner  of  shutting. 

The  ctoors  of  plank  were  ;  their  dou  exquisite.  Oiapman. 

5.  A  grapple  in  wrestling.  Bacon. 
CLoSE.  a.    Shut  fast ;  tight ;  made  fast,  so  as  to  have 

no  opening ;  as,  a  d.osc  bo.\  ;  a  dose  vizard. 

2.  Having  parts  firmly  united;  compact;  dense; 
applied  to  solid  substances  of  any  kind  ;  as,  the  dose 
texture  of  wood  or  metal. 

3.  Having  parts  firmly  adhering ;  \iscous ;  tena- 
cious ;  as  oil,  or  glue.  Wilkins. 

4.  Confined  ;  stagnant;  without  ventilation  or  mo- 
tion ;  as,  dose  air. 

5.  Confined  ;  retired. 

While  l>avid  fiept  hirascU  close.  —  1  Cliron.  ]ui. 

6.  Hid  ;  private ;  secret ;  as,  to  keep  a  purpose  dose. 
JVnm,  V.     Luke  ix. 

7.  Confined  within  narrow  limits;  narrow;  as,  a 
dose  alley. 

8.  Neaj ;  within  a  small  distance  ;  as,  a  dose  fight 
or  action. 

9.  Joined  ;  in  contact,  or  nearly  so ;  crowded ;  as, 
to  sit  dose. 

10.  Compressed,  as  thoughts  or  words  ;  hence, 
brief;  concise;  opposed  to  loose  or  diffttse 

Where   the  original   is   close,  no  version   can  reacli   il  in  the 
same  compass.  Diyden. 

11.  Very  near,  in  place  or  lime ;  adjoining,  or  near- 
ly so. 

I  sa-x-  him  come  dose  to  th»  ram.  —  Dan.  tCi. 

Th'^y  sailed  dose  by  Crr^te.  —  Acta  ixvii. 

Some  dire  misfonuue  follows  dose  belund.  Pope. 

19.  Having  the  quality  of  keeping  secrets,  thoughts, 
or  desisns  ;  cautious ;  as,  a  dose  minister  Hence, 
in  friendships  trusty  ;  confidential.  Shak. 

13.  Having  an  appearance  of  concealment ;  imply- 
ing art,  craft,  or  wariness  ;  as,  a  dose  aspect.  Shak. 

14.  Intent;  fixed;  attentive;  pressing  upon  the 
object ;  as,  to  give  dose  attention. 

Keep  your  mind  or  lhou*hu  dose   to   the  business  or  subject. 

Xorftc. 

15.  Full  to  the  point ;  home  ;  pressing  ;  as,  a  dose 
argument ;  bring  the  argument  dose  to  the  question. 

Dnjden. 

16.  Pressing ;  earnest ;  warm  ;  as,  a  dose  debate. 

17.  Confined ;  secluded  from  communication ;  as, 
a  dose  prisoner. 

18.  Covetous ;  penurious ;  not  liberal ;  as,  a  dose 
man. 

19.  Applied  to  the  weather  or  air,  dose,  in  popular 
language,  denotes  warm  and  damp,  cloudy  or  foggj', 
or  warm  and  relaxing,  occasioning  a  sense  of  lassi- 
tude and  depression.  Perhaps,  originally,  confined 
air. 

90.  Strictly  adhering  to  the  original ;  as,  a  dose 
translation. 

3!.  In  hcraldTnj^  drawn  in  a  coat  of  arms  with  the 
wings  close,  and  in  a  standing  posture.         Bailey. 


CLO 

Clme  dedioH  :  an  election  in  which  the  votes  for 
the  different  candidates  are  nearly  equal. 

Close  mt/^ ;  an  election  in  which  the  number  of 
votes  forditfi^ent  persons  or  different  sides  of  a  ques- 
tion is  nearly  equal. 
CLOSE,  n-iv.'     Closely;   nearly:  dcnse.y;   secretly; 
pressingly. 

Behind  her  denth 
Close  fullowed  p:»cc  for  pace.  Jl/iiton. 

eLoSE'-B.\.\D-ED,  a.  Being  in  close  order;  closely 
united.  Mlton. 

CLoSE'-CaR-RjED,  a.  fllade  close  by  bars;  firmly 
closed. 

CLoSE'-ROD-I-iSD,  (-bod-id,)  a.  Fitting  the  body  ex- 
actlv  ;  setting  close,  as  a  garment.  JiijUffe. 

CLoSE-CO.M-MuN'ION,  t(.  The  practice,  in  some 
sects,  of  admitting  none  even  to  occasional  commun- 
ion at  the  Lord's  supper,  except  those  who  embrace 
the  distinctive  peculiarities  of  the  sect. 

Close  communion  ;  with  Baptists^  communion  in  the 
Lord's  supper  with  their  own  sect  only. 

€LoSE'-€OM-PA€T'ED,  a.  Being  in  compact  order; 
compact.  Addison. 

CLoSE'-COR-PO-Ra'TION,  11.  A  body  or  corpora- 
tion which  fills  its  own  vacancies,  and  is  not  open  to 
the  public. 

€Lo3E'-eOUCH-£D,  (-koticht,)  a.    Quite  concealed. 

Mdton. 

€LoSE'-eiJR'TAlN-£D,  a.  Inclosed  or  surrounded 
with  curtains.  Milton. 

CLoSE'-FIST-ED,  a.   Covetous;  niggardly.  Berkeley. 

€Lo:SE'-HANr>-En,  a.     Covetous;  penurious.  Hale. 

eLo.SE'-HAXD'ED~NESS,n.  Covetousness.  ffolyday. 

eLoSE'-HAUL-£D,  a.  In  seamanship,  having  the 
tacks  or  lower  comers  of  the  sails  drawn  close  to 
the  side  to  windward,  and  the  sheets  hauled  close 
aft,  in  sailing  near  the  wind,  i.  e.,  near  that  point 
from  wliicii  the  wind  blows.  Enctjc. 

CLoSE'-PENT,  a.     Shut  close.  Dnjden. 

CLOSE'-aUAR'TERS,  n.  pi.  Strong  barriers  of  wood 
used  in  a  ship  for  defense  when  the  ship  is  boarded. 
Hence,  to  come  to  dose  t/'.oirtcrs,  is  to  come  into  direct 
contact  with  an  enemv.  Mar.  Diet. 

eLoSE'-J>HUT,  a.     Shut  closely. 

CLoSE'-STOOL,  V.  A  chamber  utensil  for  the  con- 
venience of  the  sick  and  infirm. 

eL6SE'-T0i\GU-£;D,  (-tungd,)  a.  Keeping  silence  ; 
cautious  in  speaking.  Sliak. 

CLoS'-ED,  pp.  or  a.  Shut;  made  fast;  ended;  con- 
cluded. 

CLOSE' LY,  adv.  In  a  close,  compact  manner  ;  with 
the  parts  united,  or  pressed  together,  so  as  to  leave 
no  vent ;  as,  a  crucible  closely  luted 

9.  Nearly  ;  with  little  space  intervening  ;  applied  to 
space  or  time  :  as,  to  follow  closely  at  one's  heels  ;  one 
event  follows  dosely  upon  another. 

3.  Intently  ;  attentively  ;  with  the  mind  or  thoughts 
fixed ;  witli  near  inspection ;  as,  to  look  or  attend 
dosdy. 

4.  Secretly;  slily.     \jKoi  miLch  ■used.'^  Carew. 

5.  With  near  affection,  attachment,  or  interest ;  in- 
timately ;  as,  men  dosdy  connected  in  friendship; 
nations  closely  allied  by  treaty. 

6.  Strictly;  within  close  limits;  without  commu- 
nication abroad  ;  as,  a  prisoner  do.':dy  confined. 

7.  With  strict  adherence  to  the  original ;  as,  to 
translate  closely. 

CLoSE'XESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  shut,  pressed  to- 
gether, or  united.  Hence,  according  to  the  nature  of 
the  thing  to  which  the  word  is  applied, 

2.  Compactness  ;  solidity  ;  as,  the  closeness  of  text- 
ure in  wood  or  fossils.  Bacon. 

3.  Narrowness  ;  straitness,  as  of  a  place. 

4.  Tightness,  in  building,  or  in  apartments;  firm- 
ness of  texture,  in  cloth,  dtc. 

5.  Want  of  ventilation  ;  applied  to  a  close  room,  or 
to  the  air  confined  in  it.  SwifK 

6.  Confinement  or  retirement  of  a  person  ;  recluse- 
ness  ;  solitude.  Shak. 

7.  Reserve  in  intercourse  ;  secrecy  ;  privacy  ;  cau- 
tion Bacon. 

8.  Covetousness  ;  penuriousness.  Addison. 

9.  Connection  ;  near  union  ;  intimacy,  whether  of 
friendship  or  of  interest ;  as,  the  closeness  of  friend 
ship,  or  of  alliance. 

10.  Pressure ;  urgency ;  variously  applied  ;  as,  tlie 
doseness  of  an  argument,  or  of  debate  ;  the  closeness 
of  a  question  or  inquhy 

11.  Adherence  to  an  original;  as,  the  closeness  of  a 
version.  [ishes. 

CLoS'ER,  n.  A  finisher;  one  that  concludes  or  fin- 
2.  A  piece  of  brick  used  to  close  a  course  of  brick- 
CLoS'ER,  n.;  comp.  of  Close.  More  close.  [work. 
CLoS'EST,  a. ;  supcrl.  of  Close.  Most  close. 
CLOS'ET,  Ti.  A  small  room  or  apartment  for  retire- 
ment ;  any  room  fur  privacy 

When  Uiou  prayest,  enter  into  thy  closet.  — Malt.  vi. 

2.  An  apartment  for  curiosities  or  valuable  things. 

Drydeii. 

3.  A  small,  close  apartment,  or  recess,  in  the  side 
of  a  room,  fur  repositing  utensils  and  furniture. 

CLOS'ET,  V.  t.    To  shut  up  in  a  closet ;  to  conceal ;  to 
take  into  a  private  apartment  for  consultation.    Swfi-. 
€LOS'ET-ED,  pp.    Shut  up  in  a  closet ;  concealed. 


CLO 

€L()S'ET-ING,  ;»fr.    Shutting  up  in  a  private  room; 

concealing. 
CLOS'ET-SIN,  (klo7.'ct-sin,)  n.     Siii  committed   in 

privacy.  Bp.  Ifall. 

ei  ,OSH,  n.    A  disease  in  the  feel  of  cattle,  called  also 

the  foitndn:  Baileij. 

CLoffi'ING,  ppr.  Shutting ;  coalescing ;  agreeing;  end- 
in;!. 

CLtiSiXG,  rt.  That  ends  or  conclude.^ ;  aSj  a  dosing 
word  or  letter 

CLo^'ING,  ;t.     End  ;  period  ;  conclusion 

CLoS'URE,  (klo'zhur,)  n.  The  act  of  slmlting;  a 
closing.  Boyle. 

2.  That  which  closes,  or  shuts  ;  that  by  which  sep- 
arate parts  are  fastened  or  made  to  adhere       Pope. 

3.  Inclosure;  that  which  confines.  S.'uik. 

4.  (Conclusion.  Shnk. 
CLOT,  n.     [See  Clod.]     A  concretion,  particulariy  vi 

sol^  or  fluid  matter,  which  concretes  into  a  mass  or 
lump  ;  as,  a  dot  of  blood.  Clod  aiul  dot  appear  to  be 
radically  tlie  same  word  ;  I)ut  we  usually  apply  rlod 
to  a  hard  mass  of  eartli,  and  dot  to  a  mass  of  sofi'?r 
substances,  or  fluids  concreted. 

CLOT,  r.  i.  To  concrete  ;  to  coagulate,  as  soft  or  fluid 
matter,  into  a  thick,  inspissated  mass  ;  as,  milk  or 
blood  dots. 

2.  To  form  into  clots  or  clods  ;  to  adhere  ;  as,  cht- 
ted  glebe.  Philips. 

CLOT'-BTRD,  n.    The  common  CEuanthe  or  English 

CLOT'-BUR,  V,     [G.  hlette.]     Burdock.  [ortolan. 

CLOTH,  (kloth  or  klawth,)  v.  [Sax.  dath:  D.  kleal, 
cloth,  and  kUcdfin,  to  clothe;  G.  kleid,  Ulciden ;  Sw. 
kUulc^  klddai  Dan.  hlaule,  khrder.  The  plural  is  regu- 
lar, Cloths  ;  but  when  it  signifies  garments,  it  is  writ- 
ten Clothes.] 

1.  A  manulacture  or  stuff  of  wool  or  hair,  or  ol 
cotton,  flax,  hemp,  or  other  vegetable  filament-i, 
formed  by  weaving  or  intertcxture  of  threads,  and 
used  for  garments  or  otber  covering,  and  for  various 
other  purposes ;  as,  woolen  dotJi,  linen  dotJi,  cotton 
cloth,  hair  doth. 

But  d»th  is  often  used  for  a  fabric  of  wool,  in  con- 
trad  i.-ti  net  ion  to  that  made  of  other  material. 

9.  The  covering  of  a  table  ;  usually  called  a  table- 
cloth. PfP^- 

3.  The  canvas  on  which  pictures  are  drawn.  [Jvot 
used.]  Dryden. 

4.  A  texture  or  covering  put  to  a  particular  use ;  as, 
a  doth  of  state.  Hayicard. 

5.  Dress  ;  raiment.     [See  Clothes.] 

I'll  ne'er  distruet  my  Gwl  for  doth  and  bread.  Qtwirto. 

6.  Tiie  covering  of  a  bed.     [.Vo£  xised.]       Prior. 

7.  The  dotlL,  is  familiiuly  used  for  the  clerical  profes- 
sion or  clerg>' ;  so  we  say,  a  person  oiyonrdoth.  Smart. 

CLoTHE,  V.  t. :  preL  and  pp.  Clothed  or  Clad.  [See 
Cloth.] 

1.  To  put  on  garments  ;  to  invest  the  body  with 
raiment ;  to  cover  with  dress,  for  concealing  naked- 
ness and  defending  the  body  from  cold  or  injuries. 

Th~  Lonl  God  made  coats  of  skin  and  doshed  tlie.-i;.  —  lien.  iii. 

2.  To  cover  with  something  ornamental. 

Kiiibroidi.-red  purple  dolhes  the  goldeu  beds.  Pope. 

But  eloVie,  without  the  aid  of  other  words,  seldom 
signifies  to  adorn.  In  this  example  from  Pope,  it  sig- 
nifies merely  to  cover. 

3.  To  furnish  with  raiment ;  to  provide  with  clothes ; 
as,  a  master  is  to  feed  and  doVie  his  apprentice. 

4.  To  put  on  ;  to  invest ;  to  cover,  as  with 
ment ;  as,  to  dothe  thoughts  with  words. 

[  will  dolhe  her  priesis  with  salvation.  — Ps.  cxxxii. 
DrowsiiR-ss  sliall  c.'ol/ic  a  man  ftitli  ra^  —  Prov.  xxiii 
Let  tiiem  be  doUied  widi  shiime.  —  Ps.  xxxt. 

5.  To  invest ;  to  surround  ;  to  encompass. 

The  Lonl  is  doOted  with  majesty.  —  Ps.  xciii. 
'i'hon  art  dolhed  with  honor  and  majeaty.  —  Ps.  civ. 

6.  To  invest ;  to  give  to  by  commission ; 
clothe  with  power  or  authority 

7.  To  cover  or  spread  over ;  as,  the  earth  is  dothed 
CLOTHE,  V.  i.    To  wear  clothes.  [with  verdure. 

Care  no  more  to  dothe  and  e^L  Shak. 

eLoTH'£D,  pp.  Covered  with  garments;  dressed; 
invested  ;  furnished  with  clothing. 

CLOTHES,  (kl6lhzorkloze,)H.  :p/.  of  Cloth.  Cover- 
ing for  the  human  body  ;  dress  ;  veslmenU  ;  vesture  ; 
a  general  term  for  whatever  covering  is  worn,  or 
made  to  be  worn,  for  decency  or  comfort. 

It  I  may  touch  but  his  doOies  I  shall  be  whole.  —  Mark  v. 

2.  The  covering  of  a  bed  ;  bed-clothes.       Prior. 
CLoTHES'-BXSK=ET,  n.    A  large  basket  for  holding 

or  carrying  clothes.  . 

CLoTHES'-BRUSU,  ti.    A  brush  for  removmg  dust, 

&c.,  from  cloths.  .  ^*"'"- 

CLoTHES'-LINE,  n     A  line  on  which  clothes  aie 

huns  out  to  drv. 
CLoTH'IER,  (kloth'yer,)  n.    In  English  authors,  a  man 
who  makes  cloths  ;  a  maker  of  cloth.         Johnson. 

[fn  litis  sense,  I  believe,  it  is  not  used  m  the  United 

States:  certainly  not  in  A>?p  E:i;^land.]  .     .     ,  „ 

2.  In  Jlncrica,  a  man  whose  occupation  is  to  full 

arul  dre.-s  chilh.  .  .^.  .,.,^ 

CLoTH'ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Covermg  with  or  puttm 


gar- 


to 


:  on 


TuNE,  BULL,  1;NITE.  — AN"GER,  VI'^CIOUS.  — C  as  K ;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  Sil ;  Til  as  hi  THIS. 


iVo 


CLO 


CLO 


vc»imcrit4  ui"  any  kind  i  providing  willi  gannents  ; 
iiive>>iiiis  -J  cuvering. 
eiAf  iriNG,  M.  GariuenU  in  general ;  clothes ;  drc«i ; 
raiiiif  lit ;  cuvtring. 

.\  *  lor  tiM  —  my  clolMng  wu  a-tclicloth.  —  i'«.  xxxt. 

2.  TUo  art  or  practice  of  making  clolli.   [Unufual.] 

TUB  kJnff  took  hk-vftm  to  liiAlruct  tiic  rcfiii;<:c«  from  KUinlrr" 
in  itM  Kit  ol  cioLung.  Ray. 

ei-OTIi'-SllKAR-ER,  n.    One  who  tUicors  cloth,  and 
j       iVt-t-i*  it  frum  ■u[>ertluuus  nap. 

I   CLO'lH'  -WOUK-EIt,  (-work-,)  n     A  maker  of  cloth. 

Scott. 

eLOT'POLL,  R.    A  thickskull  ;  a  blockhead.    [5ee 

ClOUTiH-L.] 

GLOT'TED,  pp.  or  a.    Concreted  into  a  mass  ;  inspis- 

satird  ;  .'unitTing  in  a  lump. 

Clotted  crm/n;  cream  obtained  by  warming  ni-w 

milk. 
eLO'i*'TER,  p. ».    [from  clot,]    To  concrete  or  gntlicr 

into  limips.  Dnjden. 

CLOT'TI.\G,ppr.    Concreting;  inspissating ;  forming 

itiio  clots. 
CLOT'TV,  a.    [from  f/yf.]   Full  of  cloto,  or  small,  hard 

mask's  ;  full  of  concretions,  or  clod-*. 
GLOLM),  II.     II  liavc  not  fuund  this  word  in  any  other 

languaso.    The  sen  so  is  obvions — a  collection.     Its 

elonicntd  are  thnsd  of  c/«rf,  and  Lat.  cUtudo.] 

1.  A  collection  of  visiblt;  vapor,  or  watery  particles, 
suspended  in  the  atmosphere,  at  sonic  altitude.  A 
like  collection  of  vapors  near  the  earth  is  usually  called 
fog.  Locke. 

I  do  «1  my  bow  in  tli*;  c'oud.  —  Ocn.  ix. 
Bcliolil  n.  white  dowt.  —  Kcv.  xiv. 

The  clouds  arc  distributed  into  four  fundamental 
classes,  dcpt-nding  on  their  prevailing  form:*,  viz., 
cuiaulus,  ^rrrttiw,  fi/Tiw,  and  tiiiuhns:  and  three  sulior- 
tlinalc  varieties,  composed  of  niixtuns  of  the  others, 
viz.,  clrrihcumHlus,  cirrvstratitjj  and  camulo-stralus. 
[See  these  words.]  D.  OUnsud. 

2.  A  collection  of  smoke,  or  a  den^ic  colh-ction  of 
dust,  rifling  or  lloaling  in  the  air ;  as,  a  cloud  of  dust. 

A  cto'uf  of  inccitBO.  —  l^u-k.  vr.i. 

3.  The  dark  or  varied  colors,  in  veins  or  spots,  on 
Hiunes  or  other  bodies,  are  called  elouda. 

A.  A  snat  miillitudn  ;  a  vast  collection  ;  as, a  cloiid 
of  witnesses. 

&winff  we  an  cncomp;.u«eil  wiUi  to  great  n  cloud  of  witii'-Mca.  — 
lltt).  xii. 

5.  Figuratirel^.  a  stale  of  obscurity,  darkness,  or 
danger  ;  as,  amidst  the  clouds  of  war  ;  u  cloud  hung 
iivtT  his  character;  there  was  a  cloud  thrown  oveJ- 
tlnir  prosptcts. 
CLOUD,  r.  u  To  overspread  with  a  cloud  or  clouds  ; 
as,  the  sky  is  clouded;  clouds  intercept  the  rays  of  the 
sun.    Hence, 

3.  To  obscure  ;  to  darken  ;  as,  to  elotul  the  day,  or 
truth,  or  riia  on. 

'.i.  I'o  darken  in  veins  or  spots;  to  variegate  with 
colors  ;  as,  clouded  marble. 

4.  Tn  make  of  a  gloomy  aspect ;  to  give  the  appear- 
ance of  snllcnness. 

WtiAt  vuUco  fuiy  cloudt  hb  acomfiil  brow.  Pope. 

5.  To  sully  ;  to  tarnish.  Shak. 
CLOUD,  r.  i.    To  grow  cloudy  ;  to  become  obscure 

with  clouds;  sometimes  followed  by  over;  as,  the 

akv  riou'lj  otfT. 
CLdUD'-AS-CE.VDlNG,  a.  Ascending  to  the  clouds. 

Stindtjjt. 
CLOUD'-BER-RY,  n.    A  plant,  called  also  knot-berry ; 

Kii>)iis  cbauixmorus. 
€I.OL'i»'-B<  iltN,  a.    Bom  of  a  cloud.  Dnjden. 

CLut;i>'-CAPT,  a.    [doud  and  cap.]     Capped  with 

cluuds  ;  touching  the  clouds  ;  lofly 

The  doitd-tapt  lowrr*.  Shok. 

CLOUD'-eOM-PEL'LER,  n.  He  that  collects  clouds  ; 
Jove. 

CLOUD'-eOM-PEL'LING,  a.  Collecting  clouds  ;  or 
driving  clouds ;  as,  ctoud-compelliitjr  Jove. 

IVallcr.     Dnjden. 

€LOUD'-eOV'ER-£D,(-kuv'erd,)  a.  Enveloped  with 
clouds.  Youji'T. 

CLOUD'-DIS-PEL'LING,  a.  Having  power  to  dis- 
perse cloudK.  Dnjden. 

CLorn'-E-€LIPS'£D,  (-c-klipsl',)a.  Eclipsed  by  a 
cloud.  Shak. 

CLOl'^D'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Overcast;  overspread  with 
cIoud«;  ob?rured ;  darkened;  rendtrcd  gloomy  or 
sullen  ;  vari-  ^ated  with  colored  spola  or  veins. 

eLUUD'-FE.\C-£D,  (fen^l,)  a.    Fenced  with  clouds. 

€LOrn'-GIRT,  (-gurt.)  a.     Girt  with  clouds. 

CLOLDI-LV,  adr.  [from  cloudy.]  With  clouds; 
darkly  ;  obscurely.  Dryden. 

€LOUD'|..\E.SS,  n.  The  slate  of  bciuR  overcast  with 
clouds ;  as,  the  eloudincjs  of  the  atnio><phere. 

Ifarcetj. 

2.  Obscurity ;  cloom  ;  want  of  brichtness. 

3.  Darkness  of  appearance;  varitgalion  of  colors 
in  a  fossil  or  other  body. 

4.  Ap{>earance  of  gloom  or  sullenneu ;  as,  cloudi- 
ness of  aspect. 

€LOUD'ING,ppr.  nr  a.    Overspreading  with  clouds  ; 


obscuring;  giving  an  uppear.mco  of  gloom  or  aiillcn- 

ness  ;  variegatinii  with  colors. 
€LOUD'-KlSS-L\G,  a.     Touching  the  clouds.    Shak. 
CLUUD'LESS,  a.     Heine  without  a  cloud;  uncloud- 
ed; clear;  bright;  luminous;  aa^  cloudless  akica. 
€LOUU'LESS-LV,  odv      Without  clouds. 
CLOUD'-PIP-RC-ING,  a.    Penetrating  or  rising  above 

the  clouds.  Philips. 

CLOUD'-TOPT,  a.    Ilavmg  the  lop  covered  with  a 

cloud.  Gruy. 

eLOUD'-TC-UCH-IXG,  (tuch-ing,)  a.    Touching  the 

clouds.  Sandys. 

CLOUD'-VVRAPT,  (-rapt,)  a.    Involved  in  clouds. 

£fitcriuff. 
CLOUD'Y,  a.    Overcast  with  clouds;  obscured  with 

clouds ;   oBf  a  chudy  day  ;   a  cloudy  dky ;   a  cloudy 

night. 

2.  Consisting  of  a  cloud  or  clouds;  as,  a  cloudy 
pillar.    Ex.  x.wiii.  D. 

3.  Obscure  ;   dark  ;    not   easily  understood ;    as. 


doudij  and  confused  notions. 


JVatts. 


OLU 

9.  [from  cleave]  The  parts  into  w  liicli  garlic  sep- 
arates, when  the  outer  skin  is  leuioved.  Tate. 

3.  A  certain  weight ;  seven  pounds  of  wool ;  eiKht 
pounds  of  cheese  or  butter.     [A'ot  used  in  Amniea.) 

€LOVE-CIL'LY-FLO\V-ER,  h.  A  species  of  Dian- 
llms,  bearing  a  beautiful  (lower,  cultivated  in  gar- 
dens ;  called,  also,  carnation  pink. 

jVb(f .  —  Some  w rilers  suppose  lliat  pUUj-fiowrr uhould 
be  written  Jii/y-^oirfr.  But  qu.,  is  it  not  a  corruption 
of  the  French  ifirojlr,  clou  de  {.nrojlr^  cloves  ;  f'iri'flie, 
a  gilly-flower  ;  girojlier^  a  stock-gilly-flower ;  L.  cary- 
opliullits.  Chaucer  wrote  cloue  frilofre.  Cant.  Tales, 
13,093.  The  Italians  write  c^rofano^  probably  fur 
garofulo;  Arrn.  tsnwjlcs,  gnwficn.  J)*hn>on  supposes 
the  plant  so  called  from  the  snictl  of  the  llower  re- 
sembling that  of  cloves  ;  but  it  is  probably  from  \n 
shape,  the  nuil-llower,  as  in  Dutch.     [See  Clovk.J 

CLO'VTCX,  (klO'vn,)  pp.  or  a.      [from   cleave.]      I)|. 


\.  Having  the  appearance  of  gloom  ;  indicating 
glooni,  anxiety,  sullenness,  or  ill-nature;  not  open 
or  cheerful ;  as,  cloudy  looks.  Spenser.     Shak. 

5.  Indicating  gloom  or  sullenness;  its,  c/«Hrfi/ wrath. 
C.  .Marked  with  veins  or  spots  of  dark  or  various 
hues,  as  marble. 
7.  Not  bright;  as,  a  cloudi/  diamond.  Boyle. 

CLOUGH,  (kluf,)  «.     [Sax.  chuirh^  a  cleft.] 
A  cleft  in  a  hill. 

CLOUGII,  (klof,)  Ti.  In  commerce^  an  allowance  of 
two  pounds  in  every  liuiidred  weight,  after  tare  and 
tret  have  been  deducted,  for  the  turn  of  the  scale,  that 
the  commodity  may  hold  out  in  retailing ;  often  writ- 
ten CLorv.     It  is  little  used. 

CLOUT,  71.  [Sax.  duty  a  patch,  a  plaster,  a  plate,  a 
seam  or  joint;  Sw.klut;  \V.  cmt.  a  patch,  u  clout; 
datiaw,  to  patch  ;  Sax,  ffeclutcd,  sewed  together, 
clouted,  patched  ;  geseeod  mid  gcc/udeduni  scon^  shod 
with  clouted  shoes.  This  undoubtedly  signifies 
patched  shoes,  for  c/u/,  in  Saxon,  dues  not  signify  a 
nail.  The  word  clont^  a  nail,  may  be  from  the 
French  c/om,  doulrr,  from  L.  clacus,  from  the  root  of 
L.  eioudo,  chido.  Whether  clouted  frro/fuf.v,  in  Shak- 
speare,  signify  palclurd  shoes  or  shoes  studded  with 
nails,  let  the  critic  determine.  Such  shoes  are  com- 
mon in  England,  and  were  formerly  worn  in  Ameri- 
ca. The  primary  sense  is,  to  thrust  or  put  on  ;  hence 
the  sense  of  blow  ] 

1.  A  patch ;  u  piece  of  cloth  or  leather,  &c.,  to 
close  a  breach. 

2.  A  piece  of  cloth  for  mean  purposes.      Spenser. 

3.  A  piece  of  white  cloth,  for  archers  to  shoot  at. 
\JVot  now  iwc^/.l  Shak. 

4.  An  iron  plate  on  an  axle-tree,  to  keep  it  from 

5.  [Vr.  clouy  douicr.]     A  small  nail.  [wearing. 

6.  In  rit/5'ar/a»5iifl«T,u  blow  with  the  hand.  [JVcw 
England.]  Chalmers. 

CLOUT,  r.  (.  To  patch  ;  to  mend  by  sewing  on  a 
j)icce  or  patch  ;  as,  clouted  .ihoon,  in  Milton.  This  is 
the  sense  as  vindersto<id  by  Johnson.  -Mason  under- 
stands the  word  clouted  to  signify  nailejfy  studded 
with  small  nails,  from  the  French  doulcr^  and  the 
following  words  in  Sliaks[)enre,  "  whose  rudeness 
answered  my  slejis  too  loud,"  give  some  counte- 
nance to  .Mason's  inter  pre  t;tt  ion  In  this  case,  the 
verb  dout  must  signify,  to  nail,  or  fasten  with  nails  ; 
to  stud. 

2.  To  cover  with  a  piece  of  cloth.  Spenser 

3.  To  join  clumsily  ;  as,  clouted  sentences. 

^scluim 

4.  To  cover  or  arm  with  an  iron  plate 

5.  To  strike  ;  to  give  a  blow.  Bcaum. 
CLOUT'ED,  pp.  or  a.     Patched;  mended  clumsily, 

covered  with  a  clout. 

Chmtcd  cream,  in  Gay^  is  evidently  used  for  dotted 
cream,  i.  e.,  cream  obtained  by  warming  new  milk. 

Brantlc. 

CLOUT'ER-LY,a.    Clumsy;  awkward.    Mortimer. 

CLOIJT'LN'G,  ppr.     Patching  ,  covering  with  a  clout 

CLo'VATE,  a.  In  conchologij,  an  epitliet  applied  to  a 
shell  which  is  thicker  toward  the  top  and  elongated 
toward  the  base.  Qdbcrt. 

CLdVE,  pret.  of  Cleave.     |  Obs.]  Spenser. 

CLOVE,  n.     [D.  kloof.     Sec  Cleave.] 

A  cleft  ;  a  fissure  ;  a  gap  ;  a  ravine.  This  word, 
though  projwrly  an  appellative,  is  not  often  used  as 
such  in  English  ;  but  it  is  appropriated  to  particular 
places,  that  are  real  clefts,  or  which  appear  as  such  ; 
as,theC/orcof  Kaaterskill,  in  the  State  of  New  York, 
and  the  Stony  Clove.  It  is  properly  a  Dutch  word. 
Journ.  of  Science. 

CLOVE,  n.  [Sax.  dufc ;  Fr  clou ;  Sp.  daco  ,•  Port  cra- 
ro ;  from  L.  davus^  a  nail ;  so  called  from  its  resem- 
blance to  a  nail.  So  in  D  kruidnagdj  herb-nail  or 
spice-nail.] 

I.  A  very  pungent  aromatic  spice,  the  unexpandcd 
flower-bud  of  the  clove-tree,  Caryophyllus,  a  native 
of  the  Molucca  Isles.  The  tree  grows  to  the  size  of 
the  laurel,  and  its  bark  resembles  that  of  the  olive. 
No  verdure  is  seen  under  it.  At  the  extremities  of 
its  branches  are  produced  vast  numbers  of  flower- 
buds,  which  are  at  first  while,  then  green,  and  at 
last  red  and  hard.    These  are  called  cloves.    Eneye. 


:.     Having  the  foot  or  hoof 
divided  into  two  parts,  as 


vided ;  parted. 

CLr)'V£:N-FOOT-ED, 

CL0'V£N-1Io6F-£D; 
the  OX ;  bisulcous. 

CLoVE'-PINK,  TI.  The  clove  gilly-flowcr  or  carna- 
tion pink. 

CLO'VER,  In.        [i^ax.   dtrfcr-wyrt     clovcr- 

CLO'VEK-GRASS,  i  wort;  G.  klec  ;  I),  kinver ; 
Dan.  klcver  or  klec.  The  Saxon  word  is  tendered 
also  marigold  and  violet.  The  Dutch  word  signifiea 
a  dub.  1'he  name,  then,  signifies  club-grass^  club- 
wort,  L.  clava,  from  its  flower  Dan.  hlebber,  to 
clfuccj  to  cling.] 

A  gonus  of  plants,  called  Trifolium,  trefoil,  or 
three-leafed,  Fr.  trejle.  The  species  are  numerous. 
The  red  clover  is  generally  cultivated  for  fodder  and 
for  enriching  land.  The  white  clover  is  also  excel- 
lent food  for  cattle,  either  green  or  dry,  and  from  its 

*  flowers  the  bee  collects  no  small  portion  of  its  stores 
of  honey. 

To  live  in  clover,  is  to  live  luxuriously,  or  in  abun- 
dance ;  a  phrase  borrowed  from  tlie  luxuriant  growth 
of  clover,  and  the  feeding  of  cattle  in  clover. 

CL6'VER-£D,  a.     Covered  with  clover.       Thomson. 

CLOWN,  71.     [L.  colonus,  a  husbandman.] 

1.  A  counlryman  ;  a  rustic  ;  hence, 

2.  One  who  has  the  manners  of  a  rustic  ;  a  churl ; 
a  man  of  coarse  manners  ;  an  ill-bred  man. 

Sidney.     Dryden.     Swiff. 

3.  The  fool  or  buffoon  in  a  play,  circus,  <tc. 
CLOWN'AGE,  71.    The  manners  of  a  clown.    [JVot  in 

■use.]  B.  Jonson. 

CLOVVN'ER-Y,   n.      Ill-breeding  ;    rustic  behavior  ; 

rudeness  of  manners.  [Little  used.]  VEstrangr. 
CLOWN'ISH,  a.    Pertaining  to  or  resembling  clowns; 

consisting  of  rustics ;  as,  a  clownish  neighborhood. 

Dnjden. 

2.  Coarse  ;  hard;  rugged;  rough;  as,  clownish 
hands.  Spenser. 

3.  Of  rough  manners  ;  ill-bred  ;  as,  a  downtsh  fellow. 

4.  Clumsy  ;  awkward  :  as,  a  clmcnL-ik  gait     Pn(rr. 
CLOVVN'ISH-LY,  adv.     In  the  manner  of  clowns; 

coarsely  ;  rudely. 

CLOWN'ISH-NESS,  ti.  The  manners  of  a  clown  ; 
rusticity ;  coarseness  or  rudeness  of  behavior ;  in- 
civility ;  awkwardness.  Dnjdrn.     Locke. 

CLOY,  V.  t.  [from  Fr.  clouery  or  the  root  of  the  word, 
the  L.  cludo,  claudo ;  coinciding  in  elements  with 
glut,] 

1.  Strictly,  to  fill;  as,  to  cloy  &  harbor  by  sinking 
ships  ;  to  doy  one's  couch  with  tears.      Rich.  Diet. 

Hence, 

2.  To  glut,  to  satisfy,  as  the  appetite ;  to  satiate. 
And  as  the  appetite,  when  satisfied,  rejects  addition- 
al food,  hence,  to  fill  lo  loathing,  to  surfeit. 

Wiio  ciin  cloy  ihe  linnjnry  c<lffe  of  oppcuie 

By  b;ue  Imiiginauoii  oFa  fe.-ui?  Shak. 

3.  To  spike  up  a  gun;  to  drive  a  spike  into  llic 
Vtnt  Bailey.     Johnson. 

4.  In  farricnu  to  prick  a  liorse  in  shoeing.    jJaA. 
[In  Uie  two  latter  senses,  I  bdicve  the  word  is  little 

used,  and  not  at  all,  in  .America.] 

CLOY'ED,  (kloyd,)  pp.  Filled  ;  glutted  ;  filled  to  sa- 
tiety and  loathing  ;  spiked  ;  pricked  in  shoeing. 

CLOY'ING,  iijtr.  or  a.  FilUng ;  fdling  to  satiety  or 
disgust. 

CLOY'LESS,  0.    That  can  not  cloy,  or  fill  to  satiety. 

CLOY'MENT,  n.  Surfeit;  repletion  beyond  the  de- 
mands of  appetite.     [Litilc  tuc^l.]  Shak. 

CLUB,  71.  [W.  clopa,  elwpa,  coinciding  with  dap,  a 
lump,  and  cloh,  clobyn;  G.  klUpfd;  D.  klavcr ;  Sw. 
klubba  ;  Dan.  klubbe  ;  h.  clava.  The  sense  is  probalily 
a  knob  or  lum|),  VV.  Ihcb,  Hob,  whence  lubber.  It  is 
evidently  connected  with  cleave,  lo  stick  or  cling, 
Dan.  kUbber.] 

1.  Properly,  a  stick  or  piece  of  wood,  with  one  end 
thicker  and  heavier  than  the  other,  and  no  larger 
than  can  be  wielded  with  the  hand. 

2.  The  name  of  one  of  the  suits  of  cards ;  so  named 
from  its  figure. 

3.  An  association  of  persons  who  meet  under  cer 
Iain  self-imposed  regulations,  for  the  promotion  of 
some  common  object,  as  literature,  science,  hilarity, 
politics,  &c. 

4.  An  association  for  the  support  of  a  club-bouse, 
which  see. 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WHAT.  — M£TE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BppK. — 
216  ^''^ 


CLU 

5.  The  dividend  of  expense  at  a  club  or  some  meet- 
inu ;  ;i3,  to  jKiy  one's  clr.b.  Hudibnig. 

Club  of  Hercules.  The  stor>-  of  Hercules  with  his 
club  originated  in  the  use  oTclubsy  as  weapons  of  war 
and  other  achievements,  among  rude  nations,  before^ 
the  invention  of  other  instruments  and  the  use  of 
iron.  Hence  ^triking^  beatings  was  tlie  first  mode  of 
kilting;  and  hence  smite  and  daij,  properly  signifying 
to  sCnAe,  came  to  signify  lo  kill.  Hi^rculcs  was  the 
leader  of  a  savage  band,  wJio  wielded  liie  heaviest 
club;  and  henti:  the  dub  was  the  origin  of  the  scep- 
ter^  which  is  in  tlie  sliajw  of  a  club,  coinciding  with 
Latin  sdpio.  Any  bold  warrior  at  tlie  head  of  a  pred- 
atory baud  was  a  Hercules. 
€LIj'B,  f.  L     [VV.  elapimoj  to  form  into  a  lump.] 

1.  To  join,  as  a  number  of  individuals,  to  the  same 
end  ;  to  contribute  separate  powers  to  one  end,  pur- 
pose, or  effect. 

Till  srrosser  atoms,  tuinUing  in  thi?  s-!renin 

Oi  fiiicr,  niadiy  met,  ;;iid  clubbed  iulo  a  dream.        Dryden, 

2.  To  pay  an  equal  proportion  of  a  common  reck- 
oning or  charge. 

€LUB,  V.  t.  To  unite  for  the  arconiplishment  of  a 
common  end  ;  as,  to  club  exertions. 

2,  To  raise  by  a  proportional  assctsraent ;  as,  to 
dub  the  expense. 

3.  In  common  parlance^  to  raise  or  turn  uppermost 
the  breech  or  club  of  a  musket ;  as,  the  soldiers  clubbed 
their  muskets. 

ehVB'BED,  (klubd,)  pp.  Collected  into  a  sura  and 
averaged,  as  different  expenses. 

2.  United  to  one  end  or  elfect. 

3.  Shaped  like  a  club.    jSsiat.  ii(WP(ir<-A&*,  v.  213. 

4.  Having  the  breech  turned  upward,  as  a  musket. 

5.  Heavy,  like  a  club.  Ckaucer. 
€LUB'BER,  in.  One  who  belongs  to  a  partv,  club,  or 
€LUB'B(ST,  \     association.  '  Bnrlcc. 
€L[JB'BIXG,   ppr.    Joining  in  a  club;  uniling  to  a 

common  end. 

€LUB'-FIST,  H.     A  large,  hea\'y  fist. 

€LUB'-FIST-ED,  a.     Having  a  large  fist.      Howell 

€LUB'-F0OT,  H.     A  sliort,  deformed  foot. 

€LL'B'-f66T-ED,  a.     Having  short  or  crooked  feet. 

€LUB'-HEAD-ED,  a.    Having  a  thick  head.  Der/uim. 

€LUB'-HOU^E,  M.  An  establishment  for  furnishing 
meals,  and  a  place  of  rendezvous,  to  a  select  number 
of  individuals,  called  loosely  a  club,  to  which  addi- 
tions can  be  made  only  by  ballot.  Each  member  pays 
an  annual  tax  for  the  support  of  the  house,  and  re- 
ceives his  raeais  and  other  refreshments  at  their  ac- 
tual cost.  Chambers^s  Jilag. 

€LUB'-LAW,  71.  Government  by  clubs,  or  violence  j 
tlie  use  of  arms,  or  force,  in  place  of  law  ;  anarchy. 

Addison. 

€LUB'-MAN,  n.    One  who  carries  a  club. 

GLUB'-.MOSS,  Ji.  A  kind  of  inorfs,  Lycnpodium  dava- 
tum^  whose  minute  seeds  are  burnt  in  theaters  to  im- 
itate ligiilning.  Bramle. 

€LUB'-KOOM,  n.  The  apartment  in  which  a  club 
meets.  JiMison. 

eHJB'-RUSH,  Ji.    A  genus  of  plants,  the  Scirpns. 

Muhle:iber<r. 

eLUB'-SHAP-ED,  (shapt,)  a.  Shaped  like  a  club  ; 
growing  thicker  toward  the  lop  ;  cl.tvated.  JSIartm. 

CLUCK,  V.  i.  [Sax.  cloccan  :  Dan.  kliilikpr  ;  Sw.  klw- 
ka ;  G.  glucken. ;  D.  lUoklieii :  W.  clwcian^  clucian  ;  Arm. 
clodtat;  L.  glodo :  It.  diiocciare;  Sp.  clocar,  doqucar  i 
Ch.  aV;.  Class  Lg,  No.  27.  (See  Clack  and  Clock.) 
The  Gr.  K\u)^ro  seems  to  be  the  same  word,  as  it 
gives  KX'.oyiiog ;  the  guttural  passing  into  <,  as  in 
many  Greek  verbs  j  and  hence  Fr.  ghiisser.  See 
Brace.] 

To  make  the  noise,  or  utter  the  voice,  of  the  do- 
mestic hen,  wlien  sitting  on  eggs  for  hatching,  and 
when  conducting  her  chickens.  This  voice,  witJi 
the  change  of  the  vowel,  is  precisely  our  word  clack 
and  i-/-)ci,and  is  probably  an  onomatopy.  [See  Clack 
and  Clock.] 

CLUCK,  T.  L    To  call  chickens  by  a  particular  sound. 

GLUCK'I-XG,  ppr.  or  a.  Uttering  the  voice  of  a  hen  ; 
calling  oliickens. 

GLUCK'ING,  7u  The  noise  of  a  hen  when  she  calls 
her  chickens. 

CLuE.     See  Clew. 

CLUMP,  n,  [G.  klump;  D.  klomp  ;  Sw.  Uimp ;  Dan. 
kliimp,  a  Jump:  W.  damp.  It  i-:  lu-np  with  a  prefix. 
It  coincides  with  plumps  and  L.  plunbiun,  lead  ;  as 
the  D.  hodj  G.  lotJi,  Dan.  fnd,  Kng.  ZeaV,  coincide 
with  c/wr/.  It  signifies  a  mass  or  collection.  If  r/i 
is  the  final  radical,  see  Chss  Lm,  Xo.  1,  4,  .5,  9.  L. 
glftmus.] 

1.  A  thick,  irhort  piece  of  wood,  or  other  solid  sub- 
stance; a  shapeless  mass.  Hence  dumper,  a  clot  or 
clod. 

2.  A  cluster  of  trees  or  shnibs  ;  formerly  written 
Plump.  In  some  parts  of  England,  it  is  an  adjective 
signifying  luztj,  unhandy.  Bailnj. 

3.  Tlie  comprcs.-ed  clay  of  coal  strata.      Brande. 
€LUMP'ER,  V.  U    To  form  into  clumps  or  masses. 
CLUMPS,  T(     [from  dump.^    A  stupid  fellow  ;  a  num- 
skull.    {Vulvar.]  Bailey. 

CLUM'SLLY,  adb:  [from  duvisy.]  In  a  clumsy  man- 
ner; awkwardly  ;  m  an  unhandy  manner;  without 
readiness,  dexterity,  or  grace. 


CLY 

CLUM'SI-NESS,  71.  The  qtiality  of  being  short  and  ' 
thick,  and  moving  heavily  ;  awkwardness  ;  unhand- : 
iuess  ;  ungainlincss  ;  want  of  rradines;^,  nimlilcncss, 
or  dexterity.  CulUer. 

CLUM'SV,  (7.  [from  clumpy  lump.]  Proper^?^,  short  and 
thick,  like  a  dutnp  or  lunp.     Hence, 

2.  Moving  heavily,  slowly,  or  awkwardly  ;  as, 
chiJtisy  fingers. 

3.  Awkward;  ungainly;  unhandy;  artless;  with- 
out readiness,  dexterity,  or  grace  ;  as,  a  cUaiLfjj  man  ; 
a  dainsjj  fellow. 

4.  Ill-made  ;  badly  constructed  ;  as,  a  clumsy  gar- 
ment ;  dutiisij  verse. 

CLUXCH,  11.  Among  miners,  indurated  clay,  found 
in  coal-pits  ni'Xt  to  the  coal.  Kinrnn.     Bailey. 

GLUXG,  pr-;.  and  pp.  of  Clixo,  which  sec. 

CLUNG,  V.  i.     To  shrink.     [J^ot  used.]     See  Cling. 

CLu'NI-AC,  71.  One  of  a  reformed  order  of  Benedic- 
tine monks,  so  called  from  Cluui,  in  Burgundv. 

CLUS'TER,  71.  [Sax.  duster.  It  seems  to  b-  from  the 
root  of  dose,  L.  daitsn.-if  daustrain,  daudo,  a  collect- 
ing or  crowding  togetlier ;  Sw.  kla^a,  a  cluster  of 
grapes  ;  Dan.  klase.  The  latter,  in  orthograpiiy,  co- 
incide nearly  with  dass.  In  Welsh,  dws  is  compact, 
neat  ;  clysa,  to  make  compact  ;  dioijs  is  a  close.] 

1.  A  bunch  ;  a  number  of  things  of  the  same  kind 
growing  or  joined  together  ;  a  knot ;  as,  a  cltLstcr  of 
raisins. 

2.  A  number  of  individuals  or  things  collected  or 
gathered  into  a  close  body ;  as,  a  dnstp)-  of  bees  ;  a 
duster  of  peoi)Ie.  Milton.     Dryden. 

3.  A  number  of  things  situated  near  each  other; 
as,  a  duster  of  governments  in  Italv.     J.  Mams. 

CLUS'TER,   r.  i.    To  grow  in  clusters  ;  to  gather  or 

unite  in  a  bunch,  or  bunches  ;  as,  dustpring  grapes. 

Milton. 
2.  To  Cfdlect  into  masses;  as,  the  men  duster  to- 

gelher;  i he  c^i/^fcW/i^' snow.  Thomson. 

CLUS'TER.  V.  r.    To  collect  into  a  bunch  or  close 

body. 
CLUS'TER-ED,  pp  or  a.     Collected  into  a  cluster,  or 

cruwd  ;  crowded. 
CLUS'TER-GRaPE,  n.     A  small,  black  grap?. 

Mortiiucr. 
CLUS'TER-ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Growing  in  a  cluster,  or 

in  liimches;  uniting  in  a  bunch,  or  in  a  flock,  crowd, 

or  clos^;  body. 
CLUS'TER-I.VG-LY,  adv.    In  clusters. 
CLUS'TER-Y,  a.     Growing  in  clusters,         Johnson. 
2.   Full  of  dusters.  Bailey. 

CLUTCH,  V.  t.     [This  seems  to  be  from  the  root  of 

Sax.  liFccan,  to  seize,  whence  gd<sccan,  id.     If  not, 

I  know  not  its  origin.    It  may  be  allied  to  lock  and 

laUh.] 

1.  To  double  in  the  fingers  and  pinch  or  compress 
them  together;  to  clinch.  [If  n  is  not  radical  in 
dinek,  this  may  he  from  the  same  root.] 

2.  To  seize,  clasp,  or  gripe  with  the  hand;  as,  to 
c/tttcA  a  dagger  ;  to  c/a/c/i  prey.  Shak.     Herbert. 

3.  To  ssize  or  grasp ;  as,  to  dutdi  the  globe  at  a 
grasp.  CoUier. 

CLUTCH,  71.    A  griping  or  pinching  with  tlie  fingers  ; 

seizure ;  grasp. 
2.  A  projecting  tooth,  tu  otiier  piece  of  machinery', 

for  connecting  shafts  witli  each  otlier,  or  witli  wheels, 

so  as  to  be  disengaged  at  pleasure.  Ihhert. 

CLUTCH'iiJD,  (klucht,)  pp.    Seized;  grasped. 
CLUTCII'ES,  H.  pi.  'J'he  [laws  or  talons  of  a  rapacious 

animal,  as  of  a  cat  or  dog. 
2.  The  hands,  in  the  sense  of  rapacity  or  cruelty, 

or  of  power.  Undibras.     S'ulUngjieet. 

CLUTCH'ING,  ppr.    Seizing  with  the  hand. 
CLUT'TER,  n.     [VV.  duiler,  a  heap  or  pile,  from  du- 

daw,  to  bear,  to  bring  together,  to  heap.     It  lias  the 

elements  of  L.  daudo.] 

1.  A  confused  assemblage  ;  as,  a  clutter  of  words. 

He  saw  what  a  clutter  ihcre  was  witli  huge  poU,  pan5,  and  spits. 

L'Estrange. 

2.  N'oise  ;  bustle.  [This  sense  seems  allied  to 
clatter,  but  it  is  not  the  sense  of  tiie  word  in  New 
En  Inland.] 

CLUT'TER,  r.  t.  To  crowd  together  In  disorder  ;  to 
fill  with  things  in  confusion;  as,  to  duttcr  a  room ; 
to  r! utter  the  house. 

CLUT'TER,  r.  j.  To  m.ake  a  hustle,  or  fill  with  con- 
fusion. 

The  English  lexicographers  explain  this  word  by 
noise  and  bustle,  but  probablv  bv  mistake. 

€L.VT'TER~ED,  pp.  Encumbered  with  things  in  dis- 
order. 

CLUT'TER-ING,  ppr.     Encumbering  with  things  in 

CLYP'E-ATE,  a.     [L.  dypeus,  a  shield.]      [confusion. 
Shaped  like  a  Roman  buckler. 

eLY.S'Mie,  a.     [Gt.  KXvapn.] 
Washing;  cleansing. 

CLYS'TER,  w.  [Gr.  ',Aii(Tr/70,  from  K'Sv^f^,  to  wash  or 
cleanse  ;  L.  chj.-iter ;  D.  kllsteer;  G.  Uystier ;  Fr.  dis- 
tere;  H^n.  kh.hcer.] 

An  injection  ;  a  liquid  substance  injected  into  the 
lower  intestines,  for  the  purpose  of  promoting  alvine 
discharges,  rciiL-viug  from  costiveness,  and  cleansing 
the  bowels.  Sometimes  it  is  administered  to  nourish 
and  support  patients  who  can  not  swallow  aliment. 

CLYS'TER-IZE,  c.  t.     To  apply  a  ciysa-r. 


COA 

CLYS'TER-PIPE,  n,  A  tube  or  pipe  used  for  injec- 
tion'-". 

CLVS'TER-VVTSE,  adv.    In  the  manner  of  a  clyster. 

CO ;  a  prefix,  signifying  with,  in  conjunction.  [Sec 
Co  s.] 

eO-A-CERV'ATE,  v.  t.  [L.  coacervo ;  can  and  accrco, 
to  heap  up  ;  acervus.  a  heap.] 

To  heap  up  ;  to  pile.     [Little  used.] 

eO-A-CERV'ATE,  a.     [L.  coacereatiu.] 

Heaped  ;  raised  into  a  pile  ;  collected  into  a  crowd  ; 
accumulated.     [Litilc  use<L]  Bacon, 

eO-.-VC-ER-YA'TION,  7i.  The  act  of  heaping,  or  stale 
of  being  heaped  togetlier.     [LittU  vsctL]       Bacon. 

CoACH,  71.  [Fr.codie;  Arm.  coi'cA;  IL  mmAw,  a  coach 
or  coach-box ;  Sp.  coche,  a  coach  and  a  coasting- 
barge  ;  Port,  cache ;  D.  koett,  a  coach  and  a  couch  ;  G. 
ktit'iche.  This  word  seems  to  be  radically  a  ermch  or 
bed,  (Fr.  coudte,  coucher,)  a  covered  bed,  on  wheeU, 
for  conveying  the  infirm.] 

A  close  vehicle  for  commodious  traveling,  home  on 
four  wheels,  and  drawn  by  horses  or  other  animals. 
It  differs  from  a  chariot,  in  having  seats  in  front  ;ia 
well  as  behind.  It  is  a  carriage  of  state,  or  for  pleas- 
ure, or  for  traveling. 

Hackucy-coach ;  a  coach  kept  for  hire.     In  some 
cities,  they  are  licensed  by  authority,  and  numbered, 
and  the  rates  of  fare  fixed  by  law. 
Mail-coach;  a  coach  that  canies  the  public  mails. 
Stagc-efiach ;    a  coach  that  regularly  conveys  pas- 
sengers from  town  to  town.     [See  Stage.] 

CoAOII,  I  n.     An  apartment  in  a  large  ship  of  war, 

COUCH,  \  near  the  stern,  the  roof  of  which  is  funned 
by  the  poop.  Mar.  Diet. 

CoACH,  V.  t.    To  carry  in  a  coach.  Pope. 

CoACH-BOX,  T(.  The  seat  on  which  the  driver  of  a 
coach  sits.  .Arbuthnot. 

CoACH'FUL,  71.     As  many  in  a  coach  as  it  will  hold. 

CoACH'-HiRE,  n  Money  paid  for  the  use  of  a  hired 
coach.  Dryden. 

CoACH'-HORSE,  n.  A  horse  used  in  drawing 
coaches. 

CoACH'-HOUSE,  7(.  A  house  to  shelter  a  coach 
from  the  weather-  Swift, 

C6ACH'-M.aK-ER,  n.  A  man  whose  occupation  is  to 
make  coaches.  SwifL 

CoACH'MAN,  71.    The  person  who  drives  a  coach. 

Prior. 

COACH'MAN-SHIP,  71.    Skill  in  driving  coaches. 

Jenyns. 

CO- ACT',  V.  t.    To  act  together.     [JVot  ^ised.]    Shale. 

CO-ACT'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Forced  ;  compelled.  [JVot 
used.]  B.  Jonsoiu 

CO-ACTION,  ?(.  [L.  coadio,  coactus,  cogo  ;  c 071  and 
agn^  to  drive.] 

Force;  compulsion,  either  in  restraining  or  impel- 
ling. South, 

CO-ACT'IVE,  a.    Forcing;  compulsory;  having  the 

power  to  impel  or  restrain.  Ralegh. 

2.  Actinir  in  concurrence  S/iak. 

eO-ACT'IVE-LY,  adv.     In  a  compulsory  manner. 

eO-AD'JU-MEXT,  7;.     Mutual  assistance. 

CO-AD'JU-TANT,  a.     [L.  cm  and  0^711^71.^  helping.] 
Hel|)iiig;  mutually  assisting  or  operating.    Philips. 

CO-AD-JO'TOR,  71.  [L.  eon  and  arf/i^or,  a  helper ;  ad- 
j:ito,  to  help.] 

1.  One  who  aids  another ;  an  assistant;  a  fellow- 
helper;  an  associate  in  operation. 

2.  In  the  canon  law,  one  who  is  empowered  or  ap- 
pointed to  perforin  the  duties  of  another.    Johnson. 

3.  In  the  Roman  Catholic  church,  the  assistant  of  a 
bishop  or  other  prelate.  Bran/le. 

eO-AD-Ju'TOR-SHIP,  71.     State  of  a  coadjutor  ;  joint 

assistance.  Pope. 

CO  AD-Ju'TRIX,  Ti.     A  female  assistant.     Smollett. 
CO-AD-Ju'VAN-CY,  ti.     [L.  con  and  adjucans ;  adju- 
ro,  to  assist.] 

Joint  help  ;  assistance  ;  concurrent  aid  ;  co-opera- 
tion,    [pttlc  iiscd.]  BroiPit. 
€0-.ADJu'V.AJVT,  71.     In  mcdicme,  an  ingredient  in 
a  prescription  designed  to  aid  some  otlier  ingredient. 
CO-AD'lT-xNATE,  n.      [L.   coaduitatus;    con,   ad,  and 
unitio,  from  7iHK5.] 

In  botany,  roaduiinfc  leaves  are  several,  united  at 
the  base.  The  word  is  used  also  to  denote  one  of 
the  natural  orders  of  plants  in  Linnaeus's  system. 

Marty  n. 
CO-AD-lJ-NI"TION,  (-ni?h'un,)  71.     [L.  con,  ad,  and 
vnus,  one.] 

The  union  of  different  substances  in  on^  mass. 
[Little  used.]  HaU, 

€0-AD-VEN'TUR-ER,  n.     A  fellow -adventurer, 

Howell. 
eO-AF-FOR'EST,  r.  t.      To  convert  ground  into  a 

forest.  HowcU. 

CO-a'GENT,  71     An  assistant  or  associate  in  an  act 

Bcaum. 
CO-AG-MENT',  r.  U      [L.  coagmento,  to  join  or  ce- 
ment ;  con  and  aginen,  a  compact  body,  from  ago,  (o 
drive.] 

To  congregate  or  heap  together.      {-Vot  used.] 

OlanviiU. 
eO-AG-MENT-A'TION,  71.    Collection  into  a  mas?  or 
united  body  ;  union  ;  conjur.-ction.     [LitiU  itsed.] 

B.  Jonson. 


TONE,  BJJLL,  UNITE.— AN"GER,  YU'CIOUS.  — C  as  K  ;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  ClI  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS 


28 


217 


COA 


COA 


COA 


CO  \':-MEXT'ED,<i.  CniisrcgatcdiheaiicillogcUicr; 
,  oni.  mai.    ILiulc  uftJ.]  "'''"'■'"'■ 

L'l-Tv,  n.  TUc  capacity  uf  beins  co- 
Ure. 


l.A-BIL'l 
,  LA-BLE, « 


,  u  >-u-'>'  -  [9fC  CoAOrnxr.]  Tliiit  may 
luT.U-d  ;  caiiabloof  coiiReiliilsorcliaiiBinRfrom 
lid  10  an  InspUsaleJ  slnlo  ;  m,  cvagulal,U\ympU- 


(,■■'   \ 

l>f  CCI11 -  ,       . 

a  liquid  10  an  InspUsaled 
CO-ACH-LANT,  n.    Tliat  wlilcli  producea^coagula- 

Co"AG'n-LATE,  r.  I.  [L.  coa:,'vl« ;  Kr.  cMi'ofer ;  It. 
J^'ulare ;  S[K  ccguUr.  Usually  c.n-ldcred  as  from 
cZ'o,  f<.«  and  «}o.  Uul  prubaWy  11..^  laM  component 
l«irtof  tlw  word  U  the  VV.  ceuUiu,,  to  curdle,  the  root 

of  i'f/ij  and  cvngeaL]  ,     .      . 

To  c..l.cret«;  to  JurdUv,  to  conical;  to  change 
from  a  lluid  into  a  filed  substance  or  soliil  muss  :  as, 
to  CMrulale  blood  ;  rinnit  cMi'u/ufM  '"'„ '• ,  •  , 
wor.l  fs  generally  applied  to  the  change  of  lluids  into 
substances  like  cur.l  or  butter,  of  a  luMleraie  con- 
Bistencc,  but  not  hard  or  impenetrable. 

f.O-  VG'U-LaTE,  r.  i.  To  cunllo  or  congeal ;  to  tunl 
from  a  fluid  into  a  consistent  state,  or  fixed  sub- 
«uince ;  to  thicken.  ^         «<■""•    f  "»''• 

n )-  \G'IJ-I.A-TEI),  pp.  or  a.    Concreted  ;  curdled. 

r()-.\G'li-LA-TlNG,  wr.    Curdlini; ;  congealing. 

t;o-  \G-lj-LA'TION,  «.  The  act  of  changing  from  a 
lluiil  to  a  fixed  state  ;  concretion  ;  tile  sUate  ol  being 
coanilated  ;  Uic  body  formed  l.y  coagulating. 

^  .^rouWnel. 

eO-AG'U-LA-TIVE,  a.  That  lias  the  power  to  cause 
concretion.  .  .  BoijU. 

eO-\G'U-LA-TOK,  II.    That  which  causes  coagula- 

eO-AG'U-LUM,  n.  A  coagulated  mass;  as  curd,  a 
clot  of  blood,  separated  by  cold,  acid,  &c. 

Enajc.     Coxc 

eO-A  I'TI,  71.    A  species  of  monkey  in  South  America. 

eOAK.    Sec  CoKi.  .      „  ,     ,     Ti 

eO  \L,  n.  [Sal.  ccl  or  coll :  G.  kohle ;  D.  kaol ;  Dan. 
Ill ;  Sw.  kol ;  Ir.  »im( ;  Corn,  kolan ;  Kuss.  ngol.  Uu. 
Ileb.  ^nj.  It  is  from  Uie  sense  of  glowing,  raging, 
for  ill  Dan.  kulrr  signifies  to  blow  strong.] 

1.  \  piece  of  wood,  or  other  combustible  substance, 
ignited,  burning,  or  charred.  When  burning  or  ig- 
nited it  is  called  a  live  coal,  ai  burning  coal,  or  coal 
of  in-    \Vbcn  the  fire  is  extinct,  it  is  called  charcoal. 

•i  in  tilt  lanna-c  of  clicmisU,  any  substance  con- 
taining oil,  which  has  been  exjiosed  to  a  fire  in  a 
close  Vfoel  so  that  its  vobitile  matter  is  expelled, 
and  it  can  sustani  a  red  heat  without  further  decom- 

l«8itioil.  „  ■?f!"'V 

3.  In  mi/KTofoOT,  a  solid,  opaque,  inflammablo  sub- 
stance, found  in  tiio  earth,  and,  by  way  of  distinc- 
tion, called  fosM  coal.  It  is  divided  by  recent  min- 
eralogists into  three  species,  anthracite  or  glance 
coal,  black  or  bituminous  coil,  and  brown  coal  or 
lignite  ;  under  which  are  included  many  varieties, 
Mich  as  cannci  coal,  Bovcy  coal,  jet,  &c. 
eO.VL,  r.  (.  To  burn  to  coal  or  charcoal ;  to  char. 
Carcw.     Bacon, 

2.  To  mark  or  delineate  with  charcoal.   Camlcii. 
[.«.»  a  rrrb,  UlLi  aord  is  liuU  used.] 

eO.\L'-I!.^SK-ET,  n.    A  large  basket  for  carr>'ing  or 

ine.asuriiig  cliarco-al. 
eO  \L,'-ULACK,  a.    Black  as  a  coal ;  very  black. 

Vnjden. 

€5.\L'-B0X,  n.  A  bos  to  carry  coal  to  the  fire.  Swift. 

eC^L'-FISII,  n.  A  species  of  Gadus  or  cod,  named 
from  the  color  of  its  back.  It  grows  to  the  length 
of  two  feel  or  two  and  a  half,  and  weighs  about 
thirty  pounds.  This  fish  is  found  in  great  numbers 
about  the  Orkneys,  and  the  northern  parts  of  lirit- 
ain.  Did-  of  JVu(.  Hint. 

eo.\L'-CXRT,  n.  A  cart  employed  in  conveying  coal. 

eOAL'-Et-ED,  a.    Haviiis  eves  as  black  as  a  coal. 

eOAL'-FlBLD,  n.  A  field  for  co;U  ;  a  bed  of  fossil 
coal. 

eOAL'-FIRE,  n.    A  fire  of  which  coal  is  the  fuel. 

eOAL'-FURM-A'TION,  ii.  Ill  c'olo^ij,  the  formation 
or  group  of  strata  in  which  coal  is  found. 

eO  VI.'-lli5.'VV'ER,  a.  One  who  is  employed  in  car- 
rying coal,  and  especially   in  discharging  it  from 

CO AI.'-IIOD,  71.    .\  kettle  for  coal.  [coal  ships. 

CoAI.'-IIOUiJE,  n.   A  house  or  shed  for  keeping  coal. 

eOAL'-.MEAS-';itB,  (l:5le'in.:zliur,)  ii.  Tile  meas- 
ure used  in  .Tsc'ertaining  the  qnanlily  of  coal. 

COAL'-MEAS-UKES,  (nie/.irurz,)  n.  j>l.  Strata  of 
roal  with  the  attendant  rocks. 

€oAL'-ME'TER,  n.    One  apiraintcd  to  mea.sure  coals. 

eOAL'-MI.N'E,  n.    \  mine  or  pit  containing  mineral 

coal. 
CoAL'-MTN'ER,  n.    One  who  works  in  a  coal-mine. 
Cf)  A  L'-.MOUSE,  71.    A  small  species  of  titmouse,  with 

a  black  head 
Cf)VL'-OF-FICE,  71.    .\n  ofTicc  of  a  coal-dealcr. 
eOAL'-PIT,  71.     .\  pit  where  coal  is  dug.    In  .Smcr- 

icft,  a  place  where  charcoal  is  made. 
CoAL'-i^ellT-TLE,  71.     A  vessel  for  carrying  coal. 
eOAI.'-SHIP,  71.    A  ship  employed  in  transporting 

coal. 
C0.\L'-ST6NE,  n.    A  kind  of  cnnnel  coal. 


eOAL'-\VORK,(-wurk,)n.    A  coalery  ;  a  pi . 
coal  is  dug,  including  the  machinery  for  raising  ^i 

eoTli'-YARD,  71.  An  inclosure  for  the  deposit  of  co.al. 

€OAL'Eil-Y,  II.  A  coal-mine,  coal-pit,  or  place  where 
coals  are  ilug,  with  the  engines  and  machinery  used 
in  discharging  the  water  and  raising  the  coal.  Eaciic. 

eO-A-I.ESCE',  (ko-u-less',)  f.  i.  [L.  caaUaco,  from 
coaUo :  con  Ulld  alcsco,  from  ulco,  or  oteo,  to  grow.l 

1.  To  grow  together  ;  to  unite,  as  seiiarate  bodies, 
or  separate  parts.  Into  one  body,  as  separate  bones  in 
an  infant,  or  the  fingers  or  toes.  Encyc. 

2.  To  unite  and  ndlu  re  in  one  body  or  mass,  by 
spontaneous  approiiinalion  or  attraction  ;  as,  vapors 
c»a(c.<ce.  Aete(»«. 

3.  To  unite  in  society,  in  a  more  general  sense. 


The  Jcvt  wcro  locawble  oteaalgiclns  vAlh  other  imlloiii. 

CampbtU,  Prelim.  Distert. 


eO-A-LES'CE.N'CE,  77.    The  act  of  growing  together ; 

the  act  of  uniting  by  natural  affinity  or  nttniction  ; 

llie  state  of  being  united  ;  union  ;  concretion. 
eO-A-LES'CING,  ppr.    Growing  or  coming  together ; 

uniting  in  a  body  or  mass ;  uniting  and  adhering 

together.  .     , 

€0-A-LES'CENT,  a.    Growing  together ;  united. 
eOAL'lER,     j     c„„  Collier. 

eO'A-LITE,  7).  (.    To  unite  or  coalesce.    [.Vuf  m  ti«.] 

Bolinirbrokr, 

eO-A-LI"TION,  n.  Union  in  a  body  or  mass  ;  a  com- 
ing together,  as  of  separate  bodies  or  parts,  and  tln;ir 
union  ill  one  body  or  mass ;  as,  a  coalitmu  ot  atoms 
or  particles.  Bentlcij. 

2.  Union  of  individual  persons,  parties,  or  states. 

eO-A-Ll"T10.\-IST,  j  71.    One  who  joins  or  promotes 

€0-A-LI"TION-ER,  !     a  coalition. 

eo-AL-Lt',  71.  A  joint  ally ;  as,  the  subject  of  a 
co-all„.  .   .  ,       ^5""' 

€5AL'V,  a.  Like  coal;  containing  coal;  of  the  na- 
ture of  coal.  MilU,n. 

eO.'VM'INfiS,  71.  pi.  In  ships,  the  raised  borders  or 
edges  of  the  hatches,  made  to  prevent  water  from 
running  into  the  lower  apartments  from  the  deck. 

Mar.  DicL 

CO-AN-NEX',  11.  (.    To  annex  with  something  else. 

eO-  \r-PRE-llE.\D',e.l.  To  apprehend  with  another. 
[Little  n.inl.]  Brown. 

eO-Al'-TA'TlON,  71.    [L.  con  and  aplo,  to  fit.] 

The  adaptation  or  adjustment  of  parts  to  each 
other.  Bo>jle. 

e8:ARCT'kTE,  \  "■  '•  [I-- "''""  '■ "" »""  "'"•1 

1.  To  press  together ;  to  crowd ;  to  straiten  ;  to 
confine  closely.  ■^",1^'" 

2.  To  restrain  ;  to  confine.  Jiyltffc. 
eO-XRGT'ATE,  a.  Pressed  together.  Humble. 
€O-ARe-T.\'TI0N,  71.    Confinement;  restraint  to  a 

narrow  space.  Bacon. 

2.  Pressure  ;  contraction.  Ra'J. 

3.  Restraint  of  liberty.  Bravlhall. 
COARSE,  II.    [This  word  may  be  allied  to  oross,  and 

the  Latin  crassiu! ;  for  similar  transpositions  of  letters 
are  not  uncommon.] 

1.  Thick  ;  large  or  gross  in  bulk ;  comparatively 
of  large  diameter ;  as,  coarse  thread  or  yani ;  coarse 
hair;  coarse  sand.  This  seems  to  be  the  primary 
sense  of  the  word  ;  opposed  to  fin"  of  slender. 
Hence,  ,        , 

2.  Thick  ;  rough  ;  or  made  of  coarso  thread  or 
yam  ;  as,  coarse  cloth. 

3.  Not  refined ;  not  separated  from  grosser  parti- 
cles or  impurities  ;  as,  coarse  metal ;  coarse  glass. 

Slial[. 

4.  Rude  ;  rough  ;   unrefined  ;  uncivil ;  as,  coarse 

5.  Gross  ;  not  delicate.  [manners. 
The  coarser  tie  of  human  law.  Tliorjuion. 

C.  Rude  ;  rough  ;  unpolished  ;  inelegant ;  applied 
to  langmtre.  Dnjdcii. 

7.  Not'nicely  expert;  not  accomplished  by  ,irt  or 
education  ;  as,  a  coarse  practitioner.        ArbnVinot. 

8.  Jlean;  not  nice;  not  refined  or  elegant;  as,  a 
coarse  perfume  ;  a  coarse  diet. 

CoARSE'LY,  adn.  Rougllly  ;  without  fineness  or  rc- 
fini-menl ;  ruilely  ;  inelegantly  ;  uncivilly  ;  meanly  ; 
witliout  art  or  polish.  Brown.     Drydcn. 

CO.VRSIi'NESS,  71.  Largeness  of  size  ;  thickness  ; 
as,  the  coarseness  of  thread. 

2.  The  quality  of  being  made  of  coarse  thread  or 
yarn  ;  whence  thickness  and  roughness ;  as,  the 
coarseness  of  cloth. 

3.  Unrefined  state ;  the  state  of  being  mixed  with 
gross  particles  or  impurities ;  as,  the  coarseness  of 
glass.  Bacon. 

4.  Roughness  ;  grossness  ;  rudeness  ;  applied  to 
manners ;  as,  the  coarseness  of  a  clown.  OartJi. 

5.  Crossness ;  want  of  refinement  or  delicacy ; 
want  of  polish;  as,  the  coarseness  of  expression  or 
of  language.  VEstrange. 

fi.  Meanness ;  want  of  art  in  preparation  ;  want 
of  nicety  ;  as,  the  coarseness  of  food  or  of  raiment. 
eO.VRS'ER,  a.  J  cump.  of  Coarse. 
CoARS'KST,  a.;  siiperl,  of  Coarse. 
I  eO-A.S-SESS'OR,  71.    [Sec  Assess.]     A  joint  assessor. 


wliereiCO-AS-SOM!^'.  7-.  '.    ;     ;  and  as.wnr.]    To  aisiime 
-,.  foiii  wuh  another.  lln^iiH. 

COAST,  71.  (L.  casta,  a  rib,  side,  or  coast ;  V.'.  cat; 
Fr.  cite,  old  Fr.  costc  ;  It.  costii ;  Sp.  ca..t.i ;  Port.  ij. ; 
D.  /.ii.-l;  G.  kitsU.  Hence,  to  acco.H.  Seo  Class  Gs, 
No.  18,  2.''.,  07.  The  word  properly  signifies  a  side, 
limit,  border,  the  exterior  part,  from  MdiKic/n.] 

I.  The  exterior  line,  limit,  or  border,  of  a  country, 
as  in  Scripture :  "  From  the  river  to  the  ullennust 
sea  shall  your  coa.-'t  be."  Dnt.  xi.  "  And  ships 
shall  come  from  the  coast  of  Chittim."  A'lot.  ixiv. 
Hence  the  word  may  signify  the  whole  country 
within  certain  limits.    Ec.  x.  4. 

".  The  edge  or  margin  of  the  laud  next  to  the  sea; 
the  sea-shore.  This  is  the  more  common  application 
of  the  word  ;  and  it  seems  to  be  used  for  sea-cousl, 
the  hordi^r  of  the  sea.  Hence  it  is  never  used  fur 
the  bank  of  a  river.  .,,..,     i     „ 

3.  A  side ;  applied  to  objects  mdrfinilehj,  l>ij  Uaron 
andJ^cioton.  [This  is  a  correct  use  of  tlie  tcord,  but 
11010  tibsolcte.] 

4.  The  country  near  the  seashore ;  as,  populous 
towns  along  the  coast.  .     ...  ■ 

r/ie  coast  is  clear,  is  a  proverbial  phrase,  sigllifvuig, 
the  danger  is  over ;  the  enemies  have  marclud  oil, 
or  left  the  coast.  .,  pr;idr«. 

COAST,  V.  i.    To  sail  near  a  coast ;  to  sad  by  or  near 
the  shore,  or  in  sight  of  land. 

The  .-iiicicuU  coaaUd  oaly  in  Uicir  navijj.aiun.  ;irliul/tnol. 

2.  To  sail  from  port  to  port  in  the  same  country. 
Co  AST,  1'.  f.    To  sail  by  or  near  to;  as,  to  coo.-!  the 
American  shore.  r«i    i 

2.  To  draw  near  ;  to  approach  ;  to  follow.     [Oiis.J 

Spenser. 
CoAST'-UOOK,  71.    A  rock  on  a  co,TSt.      Coleridge. 
eOAST'-SED'I-MENT,   71.      Sediment  lodged  on  a 
-   coast.      ■  fluLips. 

CoAST'ED, !);).    Sailed  by. 

COAST'ER,  K.  One  who  aails  near  the  slioie.  Drijilen. 
2.  A  vessel  that  is  employed  in  sailing  along  a 
coast,  or  is  licensed  to  navigate  or  iraik-  Mom  port  to 
port  in  the  same  country.  In  the  United  Btatcs. 
coasting  vessels  of  twenty  tuns  burden  and  upward 
must  be  enrolled  at  the  custom-house. 
Co.VST'ING,    7<i7r.  or   a.     Sailing  along  or  near  a 

coast. 
COAST'I.NG,  71.    The  act  of  sailing  along  or  ucat  a 
shore.  ,  ,„    . , 

2.  The  sport  of  sliding  down   a  hill-sidc,  upon 
sleds  or  sledges,  in  winter.     [Used  in  the  Eastern 
States,  and  also  in  New  lirunswick,  wliere  lliis  appli- 
cation of  the  word  may  possibly  have  original,  (1  aiuoac 
the  Acadians,  from  cite,  old  Fr.  coste,  a  hill  siile.— iV.j 
CoAST'lNQ-PI'LOT,  71.     A  jiilot  who  conducts  ves- 
sels along  a  coast.  .  .   , 
eoAST'lNti-TRADE,  71.    The  trade  which  is  earned 
on  between  the  different  ports  of  the  same  country, 
or  under  the  same  jurisdiction,  as  distinguished  from 
foreign  trade.                                                           ,    . 
CoAST'ING-VES'SEL,  71.     A  vessel   employed   in 

coasting ;  a  coaster. 
eoAST'VVISE,  adv.    By  way  of  or  along  the  coast. 
COVT,  11.     [Fr.  coUc;  It.  cotla;  Ir.  cotai  Corn.  Atl/i; 
Pol.  kotz.    It  may  be  from  the  root  of  tile  Russ. 
over,  and  he  allied  to  but.    The  prunury 


ch 


kutaiju,  to  cover,  and  he  allied  to  but.  The  pri 
sense  may  be,  that  which  is  spread  over  or  put  on. 
But  such  words  are  sometimes  Iroiii  verbs  which  sig- 
nify to  strip,  or  to  repel.  The  Gr.  neoUto  has  tlie 
like  elements,  but  the  sense  seems  to  be,  to  Willi- 
draw.  I  question  whether  coat  has  any  connection 
with  the  Shemitic  ]ns,  Gr.  x'-^'"<  ■'  ""'"•  ''"' 
word  in  Ch.  Syr.  and  Ar.  signifies  fiax.] 

1  \n  uiiper  garment,  of  whatever  material  it  may 
be  made.  The  word  is,  ill  modern  times,  generally 
apjilied  to  the  garment  worn  by  men  next  over  the 
vest.  ,  ,  ^      -i 

(ioil  nnile  cunta  of  ftkin  iind  clolheil  lh''ni.  —  lJ:-n.  I'l. 
Jacob  mnclL-  Joii.;pti  a  coal  of  iimiiy  col^ni.  —  Gi-ii.  XXXVU. 
U'--  shall  put  on  Uie  holy  linen  coal.—  Levit.  xvi. 
GuIUth  waa  armed  wiOi  a  conl  ot  mall. —  I  bain.  xni. 

o    A  petticoat ;  a  garment  worn  by  infants  or  young 
lildreii.  ,       ,      '■"f';., 

3.  The  habit  or  vesture  of  an  order  of  men,  luai- 
caling  the  order  or  office. 

Men  of  his  coal  should  be  mindlnf  their  pTTiyen  S^/t. 

So  wc  say,  "  men  of  his  clotli." 
4    Evternal  covering,  as  the  fur  or  hair  of  a  beast, 
the  skin  of  serpents,  the  wool  of  sheep,  &c.    Mlton. 

5.  A  tunic  of  the  eye  ;  a  membrane  lliat  serves  as 
a  cover;  a  tegument.  ,     „°'m,. 

6.  The  division  or  layer  of  a  bulbous  root ;  a;.,  the 
coati  of  an  onion. 

7  A  cover;  a  layer  of  any  fiiibstance  covering 
another  ;  as.  a  coat  of  tar.  pitch,  or  varnish  ;  a  coat 
of  canvas  round  a  mast ;  a  cuat  of  tin-foil. 

8.  That  on  which  ensigns  armoria,  are  portraycu, 
usually  called  a  coat  0/  arni.s'.  Anciently,  kms  iw 
wore  a  habit  over  their  arms,  reaching  as  low  as  liie 
navel,  open  at  the  sides,  with  short  sleeves,  on  which 
were  the  armories  of  the  knights,  embroidered  in 
gold  and  silver,  and  enameled  with  beaten  tine 
rarions  colors.  This  habit  was  diversi  .e..  v  111 
bands  and  fillets  of  sever.-a  colors,  placed  aliTnal.i), 
and  called  devices,  as  being  divided  and  cc.npoaed  ot 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.-METE,  PREY PINE.  MARINE,  BIRD.  -  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQQK.- 


ai6 


I 


COB 

several  pieces  seweii  together.    The  repR^seutation 
of  these  is  slUI  called  a  coat  of  arms. 

0.  A  cuct  of  mail,  is  a  piece  of  armor,  in  form  of  a 
shirt,  consisting  of  a  networfe  of  iron  rings. 

10.  A  card  J  a  foat-ca?-rf,  is  one  on  wliith  a  king, 
quceu,  or  knave,  is  painted. 

€oAT,  F.  t.  To  cover  or  spread  over  with  a  layer  of 
any  snbstiuice  ;  as, to  coat  a  retort ;  to  coat  a  ceiling; 
to  coat  a  vial. 

2.  To  cover  with  cloth  or  canvas ;  a?,  to  ccat  a 
mast,  or  a  pump. 

GoAT'-XU-MOR,  n.  A  coat  cf  arms  j  armorial  en- 
si2n>.  Blackstone.     Shcjtstone. 

eO.'X.T'-GAKD,  Tt.  Acard  bearing  a  coated  figure,  viz., 
tlie  king,  queen,  or  knave ;  now  corrupted  into  Court- 
card.  SjnaH. 

€oAT-EE',  n.    A  coal  vrith  short  flaps. 

eOAT'ED,  pp.  Covered  with  a  coat ;  loricatcd  ;  cov- 
ered or  overspread  with  any  thing  that  defends ; 
clLithtfd  witli  a  membrane. 

2.  a.  Having  concentric  coats  or  layers,  as  a  bul- 
bous root.  MaHiin. 

€0-a'T!,  ii.  An  animal  of  South  America,  resembling 
the  raccoon,  but  with  a  longer  body  and  neck, 
shorter  fur,  and  smaller  eyes ;  the  Vtverra  iiasiia  of 
Linnreus. 

CoA'r'ING,pi)r.  Covering  with  a  coat  j  overspread- 
ing. 

GOAT'IXG,  )i.  A  covering,  or  the  act  of  covering ; 
lorication ;  any  substance  spread  over  for  cover  or 
defense  ;  as,  the  coating  of  a  retort  or  of  a  vial. 

2.  Cloth  for  coats  ;  as,  merchants  advertise  an  as- 
sortment of  coatings. 

CoAX,  V.  t     [W.  cocrt',,  to  fondle,  to  cocker  ;  cocyr,  a 

.  coaxing,  indulgence  J  Sp.  coca r,  to  malie  wry  faces, 
to  coax.] 

To  wheedle ;  to  flatter ;  to  soothe,  appease,  or  per- 
suade by  flattery  and  fondling  ;  to  lead  on  hy  kind 
treatment ;  to  bring  about  by  management.  '\Ji  col- 
hquinl  word.]  •  UE.-ilrange. 

€o.\X'/:D,  (koxt,)pp.    Soothed  or  persuaded  by  flat- 

eoAX'ER,  n.    A  wheedler  ;  a  flatterer.  [tery. 

CoAX'IXG, /t^r.    AMieedling;  flattering. 

eoAX'IXG,  71.  Tlie  act  of  wheedling  or  leading  on 
bv  kind  treatment;  managing. 

CoAX'ING-LY,  adc.    By  coaxing. 

COB,  n.  \\V.  cob  or  cop^  a  top  or  tuft,  a  thump  ;  Gr. 
Kv(i/i;  G.kopf  the  head;  D.  kop;  Sax.  cop.] 

1.  The  lop  or  head ;  a  covetous  wretch ;  a  foreign 
coin.  BaUetj. 

[Ill  tJicse  senses,  not  used  in  jlmerica.'] 

2.  In  .America,  the  receptacle  of  the  maize,  or  Amer- 
ican com ;  a  shoot  in  form  of  a  pin  or  spike,  on 
which  grows  the  com  in  rows.  This  receptacle, 
witli  the  com,  is  called  the  ear. 

3.  .\  soa-fowl,  the  sea-cob.  [It.  ^ahbiano,  a  cob, 
sea-mew,  or  gull.] 

4.  A  ball  or  pellet  for  feeding  fowls.  Bailey. 

5.  In  some  parts  of  England,  a  spider.  Old  Dutch 
kjjp,  or  koppf,  a  spider,  retained  in  ko^psspin^  spinne- 
kop^  a  spider 

0.  A  close-built,  strong,  hardy  kind  of  pony. 

7  Clay  mixed  with  straw  ;  as,  in  cob-walls,  which 
are  used  in  constmcting  cottages  in  some  parts  of 
England. 

8.  A  large  cobble  stone.  Rick.  Diet. 

COB,  V.  u  Among  sadors  and  soldiers,  to  punisli  by 
striking  the  breech  with  a  flat  piece  of  wood,  or  with 
•}  board.  Mar.  Diet. 

Co'BALT,  71.  [D.  cobalt.  This  is  said  to  be  the  G. 
kobold,  a  goblin,  the  demon  of  the  mines  ;  so  called 
by  miners,  because  cobalt  was  troublesome  to  miners, 
and  at  first  its  value  was  not  known.] 

A  metal  of  a  reddish-gray  or  gray i:^h- white  color, 
very  brittle,  of  a  fine,  close  grain,  compact,  but  easily 
reducible  to  powder.  Tt  ciystallizes  in  bundles  of 
needles,  arranged  one  over  anotlier.  It  is  never 
found  in  a  pure  state ;  but  usually  as  an  oxyd,  or 
combined  with  arsenic  or  its  acid,  with  sulphur,  iron, 
&c.  its  ores  are  arranged  under  the  following  spe- 
cies, viz.,  arsenical  cobalt,  of  a  white  color,  passing  to 
steel  gniy ;  its  texture  is  granular,  and  when  heated, 
it  exhales  the  odor  of  garlic  ;  gray  cobalt,  a  com- 
pound of  cobalt,  arsenic,  iron,  and  sulphur,  of  a 
white  color,  with  a  tinge  of  red  ;  its  structure  is 
foliated,  and  its  crj-stals  have  a  cube  for  their  prim- 
itive form  ;  sulphuret  of  cobalt,  compact  and  massive 
in  its  stmcnire ;  oxyd  of  cobalt,  brown,  or  brown- 
ish-hlack,  generally  friable  and  earthy  ;  sulphate  and 
arseniatc  of  cobalt,  both  of  a  red  or  peach-blossom 
color,  the  former  soluble  in  water.  The  impure  oxyd 
of  cobalt  is  called  zaffcr;  but  when  fused  with  three 
parL^  of  siiicious  sand  and  an  alkaline  flux,  it  is 
converted  into  a  blue  glass,  called  smalt.  The  great 
use  of  cobalt  is  to  give  a  permanent  blue  color  to 
glass  and  enamels  upon  metals,  porcelain,  and 
earthen  ware^.        Fourcroy.    Encyc.     Cleaccland. 

Cobalt-bloom  ;  acicular  arseniate  of  cobalt. 

Cobalt-crust ;  earthy  arseniate  of  cobalt. 
€0-Bj^LT'IC,  a.    Pertaining  to  cobalt,  or  consisting 

of  it;  resembling  cobalt,  or  containing  it. 
€o'BALT-I;\E,  71.    A  crystallized  mineral,  of  a  silver 
or  yellowish  color,  composed  chiefly  of  the  arseniate 
and  sulphiuet  of  cobalt.  Dana. 


COO 

COB'BING,  71.     A  beating  on  the  breech  with  a  flat 

piece  of  wood. 
COB'BLE,  n.    A  small  fish  boat.    JT.  Scott.  [Scottish.] 
COB'BLE,  i    n.     [Eng.  copple.    This  seems 

eOB^BLE-SToNE,  (  to  be  of  Welsh  origin,  W. 
cjtb,  a  mass,  a  cube,  or  cob,  cop,  head,  top.] 

A  roundish  stone  ;  a  pebble ;  supposed  to  be  a 
fragment,  rounded  by  tlie  attrition  of  water.  We 
give  this  name  to  stones  of  various  sizes,  from  that 
of  a  hen's  egg  or  smaller,  to  that  of  large  paving 
stones.  These  stones  are  called  by  the  English 
copple-stones,  and  boicUler-stones,  or  boiclders.  The 
latter  name  is  among  us  known  only  in  books. 

COB'BLE,  V.  t.  [In  Persic,  ^L**.^^  kobal,  is  a  slioe- 
maksr.] 

1.  To  make  or  mend  coarsely,  as  shoes  ;  to  botch. 

Shak. 

2.  To  make  or  do  clumsily  or  unhandily;  as,  to 
cobble  rhymes.  Dryden. 

eOB'BLER,  n.    A  mender  of  sJioes.  Addison. 

9.  A  clumsy  workman.  Shak. 

3.  A  mean  person  Dryden. 
eOB'BLES,  (kob'blz,)  n.  pi.     Lumps  of  coal  from  the 

size  of  an  etm  to  that  of  a  foot-ball.  Brandc. 

COB^BLIXG,>pr.     Mending  coarsely. 
eOB'BY,  a.     Stout  ;  brisk.     [JVot  in  use.j     Chaucer. 
eOB'CAL,  77.    A  sandal  worn  by  ladies  in  the  East. 
COB'COALS    ov    eOB'BLES,  n.  pi.      Large    round 

coals. 
eO-BEL-Ll6'ER-ENT,  a.    [See  Belli  geiient.]    Car- 

r>ing  on  war  in  conjunction  with  another  power; 

ordinarily,  in  accordance  with  some  previous  ar- 
rangement or  stipulation. 
eO-BEL-LlG'ER-ENT,  it.    A  nation  or  state  that  ciu"- 

ries  on  war  in  connection  with  another. 
COB'I-ROX,  (kob'i-um,)  Tt.     [See  Cos.]     An  andiron 

with  a  knob  at  the  top.  Bacon. 

CO-BISH^OP,   71.     A  joint  or  coadjutant  bishop. 
COB'LE,  Ji.     [Sax.  cuople.]  [Aylije. 

A  boat  used  in  the  herring  fishery. 
COB'LoAF,  n.     [Sax.  ccp  and  loaf.]     A  loaf  that  is 

irregular,  uneven,  or  cmsty  ;  applied  also  to  personal 

appearance.  Qdbcrt. 

COB'NUT,  n.    A  boy's  play,  or  a  hazel-nut  so  called, 

used  in  play ;  the  conquering  nut.      Ask.    Barret. 
CO-BOOSE',  77.     See  Caboose. 
COB'SToNE,  77.     See  Cobble. 
eOB'SWAN,  n.     [cob,  head,  and  swan.}     The  head  or 

leading  swan.  B.  Jonson. 

COB'- WALL,  77.     A  wall  made  of  unburnt  clay,  mixed 

with  straw.  Brande. 

COB' WEB,  77.     [cob  or  koppe,  a  spider;  D.  spinnekop ; 

Sax.   atter-coppa,  poison  spider.    In  Ch.   ''Jio,  is  a 

spider's  web.] 

1.  The  line,  thread,  or  filament  which  a  spider 
spins  from  its  abdomen  ;  the  network  spread  by  a 
spider  to  catch  its  prey.     Hence, 

2.  Any  snare,  implying  insidiousness  and  weak- 
ness. Johnson. 

In  this  sense,  it  is  used  adjectively,  or  in  composi- 
tion, for  thin,  flimsy  ;  as,  a  cobweb  law. 

Dryden.     Swift. 
Or  slender,  feeble  ;  as,  the  cobweb  thread  of  life. 
Buckminster. 
COB'WEB-BED,  (kob'webd,)  a.    In  botany,  covered 
with  a  thick  interwoven  pubescence.  JVlartyn. 

9.  Covered  with  cobwebs. 
COB'WEB-Y,  a.    Covered  with  cobwebs.      Hooker. 
Co'CA.Ti.    A  highly  stimulating  narcotic,  the  dried 
leaf  of  the  Ery5irozylon  coca,  a  plant  found  wUd  in 
Peru.  P.  Cyc. 

€0C-aGjN:E',  (kok-ane',)  n.  An  imaginary  country  of 
idleness,  luxury,  and  delight.  Hence  applied  to 
London  and  its  suburbs.  SmarL 

Co'CA-LON,  Tt.    A  large  cocoon,  of  a  weak  texture. 

Encyc. 
eoe-CIF'ER-OUS,  a.     [L.  coccus  and  fero,  to  bear  ; 
Gr.  KOKKu^,^  berry,  grain,  or  seed,  or  a  red  berry 
used  in  dyeing  ;  W.  coc,  red. 

Bearing  or  producing  berries  ;  as,  cocciferons  trees 
or  plants.  Q_iuncy. 

eOCeO-LITE,  77.  [Gr.  kokko^,  a  berry,  and  Xido^,  a 
stone.] 

A  variety  of  augite  or  pyroxene  ;  called  by  Haiiy, 
granuliforin  pyroxene.  Its  color  is  usually  some 
shade  of  green.  It  is  composed  of  granular,  distinct 
concretions,  easily  separable,  some  of  which  present 
the  appearance  of  crystals  whose  angles  and  edges 
have  been   obliterated. 

Cleaccland.     Diet,  ofJ^at.  IlisL 
COC'CU-LUS  IN'DI-eUS,  V.    [L.]    The  fruit  of  the 
Anamirta  paniculata,  a  narcotic,  emetic,  and  cathar- 
tic, often  added  in  small  quantity  to  malt  liquors. 
COCCYX,  n.     [Gr.  kokkv(.] 

In  anatomy,  a  small  bone  at  the  lower  extremity  of 
the  OS  sacrum. 
COCH'I-NeAL,  71.  [Sp.  cockinilla,  a  wood-louse,  and 
an  insect  used  in  dyeing;  It.  cocciniglia;  Fr.  cocke- 
jiUle  ;  from  the  Gr.  KOKKn^,  as  the  cocTiinea!  was  for- 
merly supposed  to  be  the  grain  or  seed  of  a  plant, 
and  this  word  was  formerly  defined  to  be  the  grain 
of  the  Hex  glandtfera.  Sec  Gregoir's  Armoric  Dic- 
tioTiaj^j.] 


coc 

An  insect,  the  Coccus  cacti,  a  native  of  the  warmer 
climates    of  America,    particularly  of   Oaxaca,  in 
Mexico.    It  is  found  on  several  species  of  cacijts,  par- 
ticularly on  that  called  J^opal  or  Indian  fig-trec.    The 
female,  which  alone  is  valued  for  its  color,  is  ill- 
shaped,  tardy,  and  stupid  ;  the  male  is  small,  slender, 
and  active.     It  is  of  the  size  of  a  tick.    At  a  suitable 
time,  these  insects  are  gathered  and  put  in  a  pot, 
where  they  are  confined  for  some  time,  and  tlien 
killed  by  the  application  of  heat.    These  insects, 
thus  killed,  form  a  mass  or  dmg,  which  is  the  proper  1 
cochineal  oT  the  shops.    It  is  used  in  giving  red  colors,   I 
especially  crimson  and  scarlet,  and  for  making  car-   : 
mine.    It  has  been  used  in  medicine,  as  a  cardiac,    , 
sudorific,  alexipharmic,  and  febrifuge;  but  is  now 
used  only  to  give  a  color  to  tinctures,  &.c.      Eucye. 
eOCH-LE-AR'I-FORM,  a.     Having  Uie  form  of  a 

snail-shell,  or  of  the  ear.  Dana. 

eOCH'LE-A-RY,  )  a.  [L.  cochlea,  a  screw,  the  shell 
COCH'LE-ATE,  J  of  a  snail ;  Gr.  icixAo^,  from 
eOCH'LE-A-TED,  )     -tcx-Xr.-,  to  turn  or  twist.] 

Having  the  form  of  a  screw  ;  twisted  like  a  snail- 
shell  ;  spiral;  turbinated;  as,a  c*Jc/i/cutcpod..Varti/7i. 
COCH'LITE,  71.     [Gr.  ifox^'^i,  a  snail.] 

A  fossil  shell,  having  a  mouth  like  that  of  a  snail. 

Jiforin. 
COCK,  71.    [Sax.  coc  ,■  Fr.  eoq  ;  Arm.  gocq  ;  Sans,  kuka ; 
Slav,  kokosck.    The  sense  is,  that  wliich  shoots  out 
or  up;  It.  cocca,  the  tip  of  aspindlc, the  topor  crown; 
L.  cacuinen.] 

1.  The  male  of  birds,  particularly  of  gallinaceous 
or  domestic  fowls,  which,  having  no  appropriate  or 
distinctive  name,  are  called  dunghill  fowls,  or  ba7-n- 
door  fowls 

2.  A  weather-cock ;  a  vane  in  shape  of  a  cock. 
[It  is  usually  called  a  weatker-cock.]  [Skal:. 

3.  A  spout;  an  instrument  to  draw  out  or  discharge 
liquor  from  a  cask,  vat,  or  pipe  ;  so  named  from  its 
projection. 

4.  The  projecting  comer  of  a  hat.  Addison, 

5.  A  small  conical  pile  cf  hay,  so  shaped  for  shed- 
ding rain,  called  in  England  a  cop.  VVlien  hay  is 
dry,  and  rolled  together  for  carting,  the  heaps  are  not 
generally  called  cocks,  at  least  not  in  New  England. 
A  large  conical  pile  is  calk-d  a  stack. 

G.  The  style  or  gnomon  of  a  dial.  Ckavihers. 

7.  The  needle  of  a  balance.       Bailey.    Johnson. 

8.  The  piece  which  covers  the  balance  in  a  clock 
or  watch.  Bailey. 

9.  Tlie  notch  of  an  airow.     [It.  cocca.]  Johnson. 

10.  The  part  of  a  musket  or  other  fire-arm,  to 
which  a  flint  is  attached,  and  which,  being  impelled 
by  a  spring,  strikes  fire  and  opens  the  pan  at  the 
same  time. 

11.  A  small  boat.  [W.  cwc,  Ir.  coca,  D.  and  Dun 
kaaa-.  It.  cocca.]  It  is  now  called  a  cock-boat^  which 
is  lautologj-,  as  cock  itself  is  a  boat. 

12.  A  leader  ;  a  cliief  man. 

Sir  Andrew  is  ihe  cock  of  the  cWb.  Addison. 

13.  Cock-crowing ;  the  lime  when  cocks  crow  in 
tlie  morning.  Shak. 

Cock-a-hoop,  or  cock-on-the-hoop  ;  a  phrase  denoting 
triumph;  triumphant;  exulting.  [Qu.  Fr.  cog  d 
huppc.     Bailey.]  Camden.     Shak.     Hudlbras. 

Cock  and  a  bull ;  a  phrase  applied  to  tedious,  trifling 
stories. 
COCK,  V.  t.    To  set  erect ;  to  turn  up ;  as,  to  cock  the 
nose  or  ears.  Addison. 

2.  To  set  the  brim  of  a  hat  so  as  to  make  sharp 
corners  or  points;  or  to  set  up  with  an  air  of  pert- 
ness.  Prior. 

3.  To  make  up  hay  in  small  conical  piles. 

4.  To  set  or  draw  back  the  cock  of  a  gun,  in  order 
to  fire.  Dryden. 

COCK,  V.  7.    To  hold  up  the  head;  to  strut;  to  look 
big,  pert,  or  menacing.  Dryden.    Addison. 

2.  To  train  or  use  fighting  cocks.     [Little  used.] 

3.  To  cocker.     [JViJi  in  use.]  [B.  Jonson. 
eOCK-ADE',  71.      [Fr.    cocardei    Sp.    cocarda;   Port. 

cocar,  or  cocarda.] 

A  ribbon  or  knot  of  ribbon,  or  something  similar, 
worn  on  the  hat,  usually  by  ofticers  of  the  army  and 
navy,  sometimes  by  others.  It  most  usually  desig- 
nates the  militarj'  character;  sometimes  political 
parties. 
COCK-aD'ED,  a.    Wearing  a  cockade.  Young. 

eOCK'.\L,  7/.     A  game  called  kuclde-bonc.      Kinder. 
COCK-A-TOO',  71.    A  bird  of  the  parrot  kind. 

Herbert, 
COCK'A-TRICE,  77.     [Fr.  cocatrix,  from  coc,    Junius 
mentions  the  word  as  in  D.  kocketras.    The  Irish  call 
it  rioghr-natJiair,  the  king-serpent,  answering  to  bas- 
ilisk.] 
A  serpent  imagined  to  proceed  from  a  cocks  egg 
Bacon.     Taylor.     Is.  xi.  8  ;  hx.  5. 
COCK'-BILL.    In  seamen^s  language,  the  anchor  is  a 
cock'bUl,  when  it  is  suspended  perpendicularly  from 
the  cat-head,  ready  to  be  let  go  in  a  moment. 

Mar.  Diet. 
eOCK'-BoAT,  71.   A  small  boat.    [See  Cock,  No.  11  ] 
COCK'-BRaIN-£D,  a.    Giddy  ;  rash.  Mdtoju 

eOCK'-BROTII,  77.    Broth  made  by  boilmg  a  cock. 

Harvey. 


TONE,  BPLL,  IJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  aa  K  ;  6  as  J;  S  as  Z;  CH  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS 

^ •  219 


coc 

eOCK'-CHAF'ER,  n.  Tiie  May-bug,  or  dorr-becUo,  a 
hliccies  of  Scafab»iiii. 

eoCK'-t*KO\V,  i(.     A  cock-crowing.  Coleridge. 

€UCK'-t'KOW-I\G,  «.  The  time  at  which  cocks 
crow  ;  t-nrly  tnoniiiif;.    Mark  xiii. 

€0('K'/.'l»,  (koki,)  pp.  or  a.    'I*umcd  up  and  fonninK 
a  point,  Mi  ihu  brim  of  u  hat. 
'i.  Mitdc  into  a  cock,  a.<>  hay. 
'S.  Having  thu  cuck  dniwn  back,  na  a  pin. 

eOCK'KR,  r. /.     [W.  rocru.     Sic  Coa\.J 

To  fundlv ;  to  indulge  ;  to  treat  witii  tcndRrnC'<.H  ; 
to  pnm[>cr.  Lotke.     Sictft, 

COCK'KR,  n.    One  who  follows  cock  fighting. 

Johnson. 
Q.  A  sort  of  spatterda^h.  Bp.  Halt. 

eOCK'ER-EU,  n.     A  young  cock.  Dn,tltn. 

t'OCK'Ell  ING,  n.     Indulgence.  .MUton. 

COCK'E'i',  a.     Brisk  ;  pert.  Sbn-teood, 

eOL'K'ET,  «.  [Uu.  I'r.  eacheiy  Arm.  eac/ieoty  a  seal.] 
A  s*  al  of  the  ciistoni-housp  ;  a  royal  neal ;  mlhcr, 
a  scroll  of  parchment,  sealed  and  delivered,  by  tlio 
othcenn  of  the  custom-house,  to  mcrcliant.s,  as  a  war- 
rant that  tlii-ir  merchandiHo  is  entered.  The  othcc  of 
t'nlr\'.  Sprlman.     Coicet.     Kncijc. 

eoCk'ET-RRE.-VD,  n.  The  finest  sort  of  wheat 
bread.     Qm.  stamped  bread. 

eOCK'-EVE,  {-!,)  n.  A  jquinting  eye    [.Yvrf.  HanLi.] 

Forby. 

€OCK'-FTGIIT,  )  n.    A  matcli  or  contest  of  tjamc 

eoCK'-FIGHT-ING,  j  rocks;  a  barbarous  sjMtrt  of 
the  ancients  and  modems,  in  which  cocks  arc  set  to 
light  with  each  other,  till  one  or  the  other  is  con- 
quered. Bacon.    AdtlUon, 

€OCK'-IIEAD-ED,  (-hed-ed,)  a.  Having  a  head  like 
that  of  the  cock. 

e<JCK'-liOKSE,  a.  On  horseback;  iriumpbant; 
cxultinp.  Prior. 

GOl'K'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Turning  up,  as  the  brim  of  a 
bat,  &.C.     [See  Cock,  the  verb.] 

COCK'ING,  n.     Cock-ficbting.  Beaum.  and  Ft. 

CiJCK'LE,  (kok'l,)  n.  [Sax.  cocccl,cocel,  or  code  f  Ir. 
cagal;  Sp.  nnd  Port,  joyo;  Fr.  coqudkot.] 

.\  plant  or  weed  that  grows  among  corn,  the  corn- 
rose,  a  species  of  .-Vgrostemma.  It  if  also  applied  to 
the  Lolium  or  darnel. 

GOCK'LE,  n.  [Fr.  coque^  coiptiUe;  L.  cochlea;  W. 
cocos,  pi. ;  Gr.  "fuxXoj,  ftoxAiiif,  from  Kox^f-^y  t« 
turn  or  roll.  Probably,  by  giving  ibi;  x  ^  iiat^al 
sound,  Gr.  Koyxn^  L.  concha^  are  from  the  same  root, 
whence  KoyxvAiuv,  L.  condijjUum,  It.  conchiglia. 
See  CoNCH.J 

1.  A  small  testaceous  shell ;  or  rather  a  genus  of 
shelL^,  the  Cardium.  'i'he  general  characteristics 
are :  sbell>(  nearly  equilateral  and  equivalvular ; 
hinge  with  two  small  teeth,  one  on  each  side  near 
the  beak,  and  two  larger  remote  lateral  teeth,  one  on 
each  side  ;  prominent  ribs  running  from  the  hinge  lo 
the  edge  of  the  valve.  Curirr.     Linnaus. 

2.  A  mineral  ;  a  name  given  by  the  Cornish  miners 
to  shirty  or  schorl.  JVldtolson. 

3.  A  young  cock.     [Obs.]     [See  Cocxereu] 

Spettser. 
rorK'IiE,  r.  t.  or  t.    To  contract  into  wrinkles,  lo 

.tbrink,  pucker,  or  wrinkle,  as  cloth.  Bailey. 

eoCK'Lf-T),  pp.     ContractCil  into  folds  or  wrinkJea  ; 
2.  Having  shells.  [winding. 

eOCK'LER,  n.    One  that  takes  and  sells  cockles. 

Gray. 
eOCK'LE-STAIRS,  n.  pi.    ^Vinding  or  spiral  stairs. 

Chambers. 
eOCK'-LOFT,  n.     [See  Cock.]     The   top  loft;   the 
upper  room  in  a  house  or  other  building;  a  lumber 
'■o^'"'  Dryden.     Swift. 

GOCK'-.MAS-TER,  n.    One  who  breeds  game  cocks. 

L'EstraH<rc. 
€OCK'-MATCH,  n.     A  match  of  cocks;  a  cockfight. 

.Addison, 
COCK'NEV,  n,  [Mo^t  probably  from  I^.  coquina.  a 
kitchen,  or  coyumo,  to  cook  ;  Fr.  coquin^  idle  ;  Fr. 
cocaffncy  It.  cucca^na^  an  imaginary  country  of  idle- 
ness and  luxiir>-.  In  some  ancient  |»oetry,  the  word 
Kerns  to  signify  a  cfwk. 

"  And  yet  I  ray,  ly  my  «mj1,  I  tiave  no  tall  bcKon, 
No  no  cokr/wy,  liy  ChmU-,  co|n|)|tr«  to  nuike." 

"  At  that  fewl  wrjT  ilvy  lerr-rd  in  rich  amy, 
Erery  fire  uid  lire  hul  a  cokertM^." 

Sec  note  on  Chaucer's  Canterbury  Tales,  line  4206. 
Edinburgh,  1782.  Hence,  a  citizen  who  leads  an 
idle  life,  or  never  leaves  the  city.] 

1.  A  native  of  London,  by  way  of  contempt. 

WatU.     Shak. 

2.  An  effeminate,  ignorant,  despicable  citizen. 

Shak. 
eOCK'NEV-IS.M,  n-    The  condition,  qualities,  man- 
ner.'^, or  dialect  of  a  cockney, 
eOCK'.VEV-LIKE,  a.    Resembling  the  manners  of  a 

cockney.  Burton. 

COCK'-P.-VD-DLE,  n.    The  lump  fi-^h  or  sea-owl. 

Eneyc. 
GOCK'PIT,  n.     A  pit  or  area,  where  the  game  cocks 
fight.  Shak. 

2.  The  privy  council  room  at  Westmirifiter  has 
this  name,  because  built  on  the  cockpit  of  Whitehall 
palace.  Brande. 


COD 

3.  In  akipa  of  leur,  a  riMun  or  apartment,  in  which 
the  wounded  men  are  dre-^sed  ;  Htttiati>d  near  the 
after  hatchway,  under  the  lower  gun-deck.  The 
forr-coekpU  in  a  place  lf:t()iiig  to  the  niag:t/.ino  passage 
and  tlie  store-room  of  llie  boatswain,  gunner,  and 
carpenter.  Jlar.  DicL 

GOCK'ROACH,  n.  'I'ho  popular  name  of  a  genus  of 
insects,  the  Ulatta,  nf  several  spcrinrt.  They  have 
four  semicrustaceous  wings,  and  resemble  the  beetle  ; 
the  heail  is  inllected  toward  the  brt^ast ;  the  feelers 
are  hard  like  bristles  ;  the  elytra  and  wings  arc  plain, 
and  resemble  piirchnient.  'i'liese  animals  are  very 
troublesome,  as  they  enter  chest^i  of  clothes,  nie;il- 
tiibs,  pantries,  and  infest  beds.  They  avoid  the 
light,  and  have  a  very  unsavory  smell.  Encyc. 

COCK.S'eO.MB,  lu    The  caruncle  or  comb  of  a  cork. 

2.  A  plant.  This  name  is  given  to  the  Celosia 
cristata,  the  Pedicularis  or  lousewort,  and  the  Ulii- 
nanthus  or  yellow  rattle.         Fam.  of  Plants.     Lee. 

3.  ,\  fo|),orvain,  silly  fellow.     [.See  Cuxcomb.J 
eOCKS'HEAD,  (bed,)  n.     A  pliuit,  the  Iledysarum 

or  sainfoin.  Fam.  of  Plants. 

eOCK'SHU'J',  n.  The  close  of  the  day,  when  fowls 
go  to  roost.  Shak. 

€OCK'SPUK,  n.  Virginia  hawthorn,  a  species  of 
medlar.  Mdler. 

eOCK'SORE,  (shure,)  a.  ConfidenUy  certain.  [A 
low  word.]  Pope. 

The  term  is  metaphorically  derived  from  the  cock 
of  a  firelock,  as  being  much  more  certain  to  fire 
than  the  match  of  the  old  matchlock,       lloUoway. 

eOCK'SWAIN,  H.  [Contracted  into  Coxen.]  [See 
Swain.] 

An  otnccr  on  board  of  u  ship,  who  has  the  care  of 
the  boat  and  the  boat's  crew.  Mar.  Diet. 

eOCK'-WEED,  Ti.  A  plant,  called  also  diitandcr  and 
pep()erwort.  Juhnson. 

Co'CoA,  (ko'ko,)  n.    A  name  given  to  a  simple  prep- 
oration  of  the  ground  kernels  of  the  caeao  or  cftocolaie^ 
tree,  considered  more  healthy  than  chocolate.  Loudon, 
[The  proper  word  would  be  Cacao,  the  name  of  the 
plant.] 

€O'C0A,  (ko'ko,)  n.  [Sp,  coco;  Port,  eoeOy  the  nut, 
and  eoqueirOy  the  tree  ;  It.  cocco  ,•  Fr.  coco.] 

A  tree  belonging  to  the  genus  Cociis,  of  the  order 
of  Palmie;  and  the  fruit  or  nut  of  the  tree.  This 
tree  grows  in  the  warm  climates  of  both  the  Indies. 
It  rises  to  tlie  hipht  of  GO  feet,  and  the  stem  is  like 
an  apothecary's  pestle,  of  equal  thickness  at  the  ends, 
but  somewhat  smaller  in  the  middle.  The  bark  is 
smooth,  of  a  pale  brown  color,  and  the  tree  often 
leans  lo  one  side.  The  leaves  or  branches  arc  H  or 
15  feet  long,  about  28  in  number,  winged,  of  a  yellow 
color,  straight  and  tapering.  The  nuts  hang  in  clus- 
ters of  a  dozen  each,  on  the  top  of  the  tree.  The 
husk  of  this  nut  consists  of  strong,  tough,  stringy 
filamrnls,  resembling  c(jars<;  oakum.  Tliis  covers  a 
hard  shell,  which  contains  a  while  kernel,  thai  is 
wholesome  food,  and  a  liquor,  which  is  a  cooling 
beverage.  Encyc. 

eO'COA-NVTj  71.    The  nut  or  fruit  of  the  cocoa-tree. 

eOeOON',  71.     [Fr.  cocon,] 

An  oblong  ball  or  cjisr  hi  which  the  silkworm  in- 
volves itself,  formed  by  threads  whicli  compose  silk. 
This  term  is  also  applicil  lo  the  envelope  of  other 
larviE. 

€0-€00.\'ER-Y,  71.  A  building  or  apartment  for  silk- 
worms, when  feeding  and  forming  cocoons. 

eoe'TILE,  a.     [Ij.  coctili-^'y  from  coipm,  to  cook.] 
Made  by  baking  or  exposing  to  heat,  as  a  brick. 

COG'TION,  n.     [L.  coctiOy  from  coquoy  to  cook.] 

The  act  of  boiling  or  exposing  to  heat  in  liquor. 
In  medicine,  that  alteration  in  the  crude  maltcr  of  a 
disease,  whicli  fits  it  for  a  discharge  ;  digestion. 

Core.     Encyc. 

COD,  )  K,    A  species  of  fish,  of  the  genus  Gadus, 

eOD'FiSU,  i  inhabiting  northern  seas,  but  particu- 
larly the  hanks  of  Newfoundland,  and  the  shores 
of  New  England.  It  is  much  used  for  food.  "[Sec 
Haddock.} 

eOD,  ».  li^nx.coddiW.cod,ctcd;G.hodr.  Probably, 
in  a  different  dialect,  Fr,  cosse,  or  ecossc] 

1.  Any  Imsk,  envelope,  or  case,  containing  tlie 
seeds  of  a  plant ;  a  pod.  JSIortimer. 

2.  A  bag  ;  the  scrotum. 

_  3.  A  pillow.     [J\'ot  in  use.] 

Go'DA,  71.  [It.]  In  mnsicy  the  close  of  a  composition, 
or  an  additional  close. 

COD'DEI),  a.     Inclosed  in  a  cod.  Mortinier. 

eOD'DKR,  H.    A  gatherer  of  cods  or  peas.   Johnson. 

eOD'DV,  a.     Husky,  Sherwood. 

CODE,  71.  [L.  codez,  or  corde-z;  Fr.  code;  It.  codice  i 
Sp.  coditro.  The  Latin  word  signifies  the  stem  of  a 
tree,  and  a  board,  or  number  of  boards  united,  on 
which  accounts  were  kept.  So  the  Greeks  used 
cxcSnj  a  board,  for  a  like  purpose,  from  *txK w,  to  cut 
or  split ;  whence  L.  scheda,  a  sheet,] 

1.  A  collection  of  the  laws  and  constitutions  of  the 
Roman  ernpcnirs,  made  by  order  of  Justinian,  con- 
taining twelve  books.  Tlie  name  is  also  given  to 
other  collections  of  Roman  laws  ;  as,  the  Theodosian 
cade.     Uence,  in  general, 

2.  Any  orderly  collection  or  digest  of  laws. 

Pope.     Black.stone. 


COE 


iC'I-WA,  ) 

?,'IA,      \  n.     [Gr 
t'lNE,    S 


Kuif^ctOj  a  poppy-hcaii.] 


eo-Dic' 

CO-DK' 
CO-D^' 

An  alkaloid,  obtained  fVom  opium,  and  one  of  its 

medicinal  active  principles. 
CO' DF,X.  n.     [L.]     A  iiianuscri|'t ;  a  hook  ;  a  code. 
eOD'GKR,  71.     [Sp.  ctJrt'rrjlo  catch.    Chulmcrs.     Hence 

he  defines  the  word  by  miser.     Hut  the  primary  sense 

is  by  no  means  obvious.     I  take  it  to  be  a  corruption 

of  eottageTy  Norm,  cotier.] 

A  rustic  ;  a  clown  ;  a  miserly  man. 
C0I>'I-C1L,  n.     [L.  codieiUiiSy  dim.  of  code z.] 

\  writing  by  way  of  supplement  to  a  will. 
CUD  ICIL'L.VRY,  a.     Of  the  nature  of  a  codicil. 
eO-DI-FI-CA'TION,  71,    The  act  or  process  of  reducing 

laws  to  a  code  or  system. 
CO'Dirr-KD,  pp.     Reduced  to  a  code. 
CO'DI-FMiR,  (    7(.    One  who  forms  or  redures  to  a 
eO'DlST  (       code. 

CO'DI-Fy.  V.  L      [code  and  facio.]    To  rcduc«  lo  a 

code  or  digest,  as  laws. 
CO'DI-FV-L\G,  n/ir.     Forming  into  a  code. 
CO-DIL'L.'V,  n.    The  coarsest  part  of  hemp  which  is 

sorted  out  by  itself.    The  term  is  also  applit  tl  tci  the 

coarsest  part  of  fiax.  SvCuHoeh. 

CO-DILLE',  (ko-dil',)  ».     [Fr.  codiUe;  Sp.  codilloy  the 

knee,  a  joint;  codo,  the  elbow,  that  is,  a  turn  or  a 

fastening.] 
A  term  at  ombre,  when  the  game  is  won.     Pope. 
GOIl'LE,     /  V.  t.    'J'o  parboil,  or  soften  by  the  heat  of 
COD'DLE,  i       water, 

eOD'LE,  V.  t     To  make  much  of,     [J\'u/  in  iwr.l 
COD'LING,  )  n.     An  apple  codled  ;  or  one  suilaiilefor 
COD'LIN,     \      codling,  or  used  for  that  piir|M»se. 
COD'LING,  11.     A  voung  cod,  [Bacon.     Mortimer, 

€0-EF'FI-CA-CY,"7i,     [con  and  cgicacy,  L.  rtjicio.] 
Joint  eiiicacy  ;  ihe  power  of  two  or  more  tliinj* 

acting  together  to  produce  an  efll*ect.  Brown. 

€0-EF-FI"CIEN-CV,7i.    [con  nn^  effi dene tj;  L.  fj/icm,] 
Co-operation  ;  joint  power  of  two  or  more  tilings 

orcauses  acting  to  the  same  end.  Ofanville. 

€0-EF-FI"CIENT,(fish'ent,)  a.   [eon  and  L.  rfficicns.] 

Co-operating  ;  acting  in  union  to  the  same  end, 
€0-EF-FI"CIENT,  n.    That  which  unites  in  action 

with  something  else  to  produce  the  same  elTect. 

2.  In  idgcbrn,  a  number  or  known  quantity  put  be- 
fore letters,  or  (piantities,  known  or  unknown,  and 
into  whicli  it  is  supposed  lo  bo  multiplied  ;  as,  in 
3  :r  and  a  a-,  3  and  a  are  tlie  coclficicnts  of  x. 

3,  UifliLjionsy  the  coefficient  of  any  geneniiing  term 
is  the  quantity  which  arises  from  Ihi^  divi.sion  of  that 
term  by  the  generated  quantity.    Cliambers.    JJmlcy. 

eO-KF-FI"CIE.\T-LY,  o/^;.     Uy  co-operation. 
eO-ELD'ER,  71.    An  elder  of  the  same  rank.  'I^rapp. 
€0-E-LKC'TION,  n.    Joint  election. 
COi'LI-AC,  )  n.   [Gr.  «o(X(<ii')5,froui  *(rti,\ia,  thebelly  ; 
Cl':'liI-.\C,    )      allied  perhaps  to  kih.\js,  hollow.] 
Pertaining  to  the  belly,  or  to  the  intestinal  canal. 
Ca^liac  artery,  is  tlie  artery  which   issues  from  tbc 
aorta  just  below  the  diaphragm.  Encyc. 

C'cliac  piu^sion;  the  lientery,  a  flux  or  diarrhea  of 
undigested  food.  Coze. 

Caiiac  vein;  a  vein  of  the  intestinum  rectum. 

Cozf. 
€0-EMP''TION,  n.      [L,  coemptio  ;   con  and   cmo,  lo 
buy.] 

The  act  of  purchasing  the  whole  quantity  of  any 
commodity.  Hacon. 

€0-EN-JOY',  V.  u    To  enjoy  together.  Howell. 

eO-EN-JOY'i-JD,  pp.    Enjoyed  together. 
eO-EN-JOY'INGjW.     Enjoying  together. 
GO-K'CiUAL,  a.     [L.  con  and  einudi.f^  equalj 

Equal  with  another  person  or  thing  ;  of  the  same 
rank,  dignity,  or  power.  Shak. 

GO-r,'UUAL,  n.     One  who  is  equal  to  another. 
GO  E-dUAL'LTY,  ti.    The  state  of  being  equal  with 

another  ;  ecpialily  in  rank,  dignity,  or  power. 
GO-K'aUAL-LY,  ndo.    With  joint  equality. 
eO-ERCE',  (ko-ers',)  r.  t     [L.  cocrcco  ;  con  and  arceo, 
to  drive  or  press,] 

1.  To  restrain  by  force  ;  to  keep  from  acting  or 
transgressing,  particularly  by  moral  force,  as  by  law 
or  authority  j  to  repress.  Ayliffc. 

2.  To  compel  i  to  constrain. 

Tbfbi*  aiiis~«  —  cotTced  by  Uiose  which  prccciird,  ^nd  eoereing 
those  which  follgwcd.  Dioighl,  Thiol. 

COERCED,   (ko-erst',)   pp.      Restrained    by  force j 
compelled. 

GO-ERC'I-ULE,  a.    Tliat  may  or  ought  to  be  restrained 
or  compelled. 

CO-ERC'I-BLE-NESS,  iu    The  state  of  being  coerci- 
ble. 

GO-ERC'ING,  (ko-ers'ing,)  ppr.  Restraining  by  force  j 
constraining. 

GO-ER'CION,  n.      Restraint_,   check,   particularly  by 
law  or  authority  ;  compulsion  ;  force.  South. 

GO-ERC'IVE,  0.    That  has  power  to  restmin,  par- 
ticularly by  moral  force,  as  of  law  or  authority. 

JIdohrr.     Dryden. 
2.  Compulsorv  J  constraining;  fi-rciiitr. 

CO-ERC'I  Vi:-LY,  ailv.     By  constraint, 

CO-ES-SEN'TIAL,   a.      [con   and   essential,   from  L. 
esscntiali.*.     See  Esskwce.] 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WHAT.— METE,  PRBY,-PTNE,  MARtNE,  BIRD. -NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.- 
220  ' 


COF 

rartaking  of  the  same  essence. 

Wo   bie«  ao>1   magnify   llul  cotesenont   Spirit,  etcinnlly  pn>- 
ceediin'  from  Uie  i\iUier  ouil  Sou.  Hooker, 

eO-ES-SEi\-TIAL'I-TY,  n.  Participation  of  Uie  same 
essence.  Johtisun. 

€0-ES-SEN'TIAL-LY,  adv.    In  a  coessential  manner. 

€(>-ES-TAB'LISH-.>lE>'T,  n.    Joint  establishment. 
Bp.  of  Landaff. 

eO-ES-TATE',  n.  An  estate  or  state  of  equal  rank, 
or  estate  in  alliance. 

€0-E-'J'a'NE-OUS,  a,  [L.  comtaneus  i  con  and  tritw, 
age.    CfiETAXEAN  is  rarely  used.] 

Of  the  same  age  with  another  ;  beginning  to  exist 
at  tlie  same  time  ;  with  to.  "  Every  fault  has  penal 
effects  cottaneous  to  the  act."  But  witk  may  be  pref- 
erable to  tQ.  This  word  is  sometimes  used  as  sj-iion- 
ymous  with  cotemparary  ;  but  coetaneous  seems  prop- 
erly to  denote  cotemporary  in  origin,  rather  than  co- 
temporarj-  in  existence  at  any  other  period.  It  may, 
however,  be  used  in  both  senses. 

€0-E-T.\'XE-0Ue5-LY,  adv.  Of  or  from  the  same  age 
or  beginning.  DwiglU. 

€0-E-TERN'AL,  a.     [L.  con  and  atenimJ] 

Eipi.iUy  eternal  with  another.  Mdton. 

eO-E-TERX'AL-LY,  adv.    With  equal  eternity. 

Hooker, 

eO-E-TERM'I-TY,  n.  Existence  from  eternity  equal 
with  another  eternal  being  j  equal  eternity. 

Hammond. 

CO-K'VAL,  u        l.  coi£Vv^;  con  and  cevum^  age.] 

Of  the  same  age  j  beginning  to  exist  at  the  same 
lime  i  of  equal  'ig-  ;  usually  and  prupcrly  followed  by 
isitJi.  JIiilc.     Pope.     Bentley. 

eO-E'VAL,  7u  One  of  the  same  age  ;  one  who  begins 
to  exist  at  the  same  tune.  It  is  not  properly  used  as 
synonvmous  with  cotemporary. 

eO-E'V'OUS,  a.     The  same  us  Coetal,  but  not  used. 

€0-EX-E€'U-TOR,  n.    A  joint  executor.        [South. 

€0-EX-Ee'U-TRIX,  «.    A  joint  executrix. 

CO-EXIST',  V.  L     [L.  con  and  existo.     See  Exist.] 
To  exist  at  the  same  time  with  another  ;  followed 
by  icith.  Hale.     Locke. 

€U-EX-IST'EXCE,  n.  Existence  at  the  same  time 
with  another  ;  followed  regulaily  by  wiUi.     Locke. 

eO-EX-IST'EXT,  a.  Existing  at  the  same  time  witli 
another. 

€0-EX-[ST'I\G,  ppr.  or  a.  Existing  at  the  same 
tune  with  another ;  regularly  followed  by  with. 

Locke.     Bentley. 

€0-EX-TEND',  v.  i.  [L.  con  and  cxtendo.  See  Ex- 
tend.] 

To  extend  through  the  same  space  or  duration  with 
another ;  to  extend  equally  ;  as,  one  line  coextenils 
with  another;  or,  perhaps,  in  a  transitive  sense,  to 
coexteiid  a  line  with  another. 

€0-EX-TEXD'ED,pp.  Being  equally  extended.  Orew. 

€0-EX-TEXD'L\G,ij;n-.  Extending  through  the  same 
space  or  duration  with  another. 

€0-EX-TEN'sroN,  71.  The  act  of  extending  equally, 
or  the  state  of  being  equally  extended.  Hide. 

€0-EX-TEX'SIVE,  a.  Equally  extensive  j  having 
equal  extent. 

€0-EX-TE\'SIVE-LY,  a^lc.    Of  equal  extent. 

€0-EX-TEN'SIVE-NESS,  n.  Equal  extension  or  ex- 
tent. 

eOF'FEE,  n.  f  Fr.  cafe  ;  It.  caffe  ;  Sp.  cafe  ;  Port.  id. ; 
G.  kaffee;  D.  koffy;  Ar.  cahnaU,  or  cahoe/i,  which  the 
Turks  pronounce  cakvch.  This  plant  is  said  to  be  a 
native  of  Ethiopia.] 

1.  The  berry  of  a  tree  belonging  to  the  genus  Cof- 
fea,  growing  m  Arabia,  Persia,  and  in  other  warm 
climates  of  Asia  and  America.  It  will  grow  to  the 
hight  of  16  or  IS  feet,  but  its  growth  is  generally 
stinted  to  5  feet,  for  the  convenience  of  gathering 
the  fruit.  The  stem  is  upright,  and  covered  with  a 
light-brown  bark ;  the  branches  are  horizontal  and 
opposite,  crossing  each  other  at  every  joint,  and  form- 
ing a  sort  of  pyramid.  The  flowers  grow  in  clusters 
at  the  root  of  the  leaves,  and  close  to  the  branches ; 
they  are  of  a  pure  white,  and  of  an  agreeable  odor. 
The  fruit,  which  is  a  berry,  grows  in  clusters,  along 
the  branches,  under  the  axils  of  the  leaves.  Encxjc 

'2.  A  drink  made  from  the  berry  of  the  coffee-tree, 
by  decoction.  The  bei-r>-  is  tirst  roasted,  and  then 
ground  in  a  mill,  and  boiled.  The  use  of  it  is  said 
to  have  been  introduced  into  France  by  Thevenot, 
the  traveler,  and  into  England,  in  1652,  by  a  Greek 
servant  called  Pasqua.  The  best  coffee  is  said  to  be 
the  Mocha  coffee,  from  Arabia  Felix.  The  coffee  of 
Java,  Buurbon,  and  the  West  Indies,  constitutes  an 
importint  article  of  commerce. 

€OF'FEE-€UP,  71.  A  cup  from  which  coffee  is  drank. 

eOF'FEE-tlOLSE,   n.     A   hou^^e   of   entertainment, 
where  guests  are  supplied  with  coffee  and  other  re- 
freshments, and  where  men  meet  for  conversation. 
Prior.     Swift. 

2.  A  house  of  entertainment  for  boarders  or  lodg- 
ers; a  hotel  ;  an  inn,  whicli,  in  some  cities,  is  also 
an  exchange,  where  merchants  meet  to  transact 
business. 

j  GOF'FEE-MAX,  n.    One  who  keeps  a  coffee-house. 
I  Addison. 

!  epF'FEE-NULL,  n.    A  small  mUl  for  grinding  coffee. 


COG 

€OF'FEE-POT,  n.  A  covered  pot  in  wiiich  coffee  is 
boUetl,  or  in  which  it  is  brought  upon  the  table  for 
drinking. 

eOF'FER,  7(.  [Fr.  coffrc;  Arm.  couffr,  cujfr;  Ir.  cofra  ; 
Sp.  cofre;  Port,  id.;  D.  and  G.  hiffen  Dan.  koffcrt; 
Sw.  id.;  W.  co/uicr,  from  cu/,  a  hollow  trunk.  The 
same  French  word,  coffre^  signilies  a  coffer^  and  the 

s 
trunk  of  the  body,  and  a  coffin.   In  Ar.  yAJtJi  kafiroity 

is  a  chest  or  basket.    The  primary  sense  is  probably 
a  holder,  or  a  hollow  place.] 

1.  A  chest  or  trunk  ;  and,  as  a  chest  is  customarily 
used  for  keeping  money,  hence, 

2.  A  chest  of  money  ;  a  treasure.  Bacon 

3.  In  architecture,  a  sunken  panel  in  the  ceiling  of 
a  vault  or  dome,  or  in  the  under  side  of  a  Corinthian 
or  Composite  cornice,  ordinarily  decorated  with  a 
rose,  a  pomegranate,  or  otiier  enrichment.      OicU. 

4.  In  fortification Sy  a  hollow  lodgment  across  a  dry 
moat,  from  (j  to  7  feet  deep,  and  from  Ui  to  Yti  broad  ; 
the  upper  part  made  of  pieces  of  limber,  raised  2 
feet  above  the  level  of  the  moat ;  which  little  eleva- 
tion has  hurdles  laden  with  earth  for  its  covering, 
and  serves  as  a  parapet  with  embrasures.  It  is  raised 
by  tlie  besieged  to  repulse  besiegers,  wlieu  they  en- 
deavor to  pass  the  ditch.  Chambers.     £ncyc. 

GOF'FER,  V.  t.     To  rcposit  or  lay  up  in  a  coffer. 

Bacon, 

eOF'FER-DAM,  n.  A  curb  or  close  box  of  tnnber, 
made  water-tight,  and  fixed  in  the  bollom  of  rivi-rs, 
or  other  water,  as  a  barrier  to  exclude  the  water  dur- 
ing The  progress  of  some  work ;  used  in  laying  the 
fuundatioii  of  piers  and  abutments  in  deep  water. 

eOF^FER-£l),  pp.     Laid  up  in  a  coffer. 

€OF'FER-ER,  n.  The  cofferer  of  the  king's  house- 
hold, in  Great  Britain  :  a  principal  olhcer  of  the  court, 
next  under  the  cttntroller.  He  was  also  a  white-staff 
officer,  and  a  member  of  tlie  privy-councd.  He  had 
the  special  charge  and  oversight  of  the  oilier  officers 
of  the  household.  Ttiis  ottice  is  now  suppressed,  and 
the  business  is  transacted  by  the  lord  steward  and 
paymaster  of  the  household.  Cowel,     Enctjc. 

C0F'FER-1.\G,  ppr.    Depositing  in  a  coffer. 

eOF'FlN,  n.  [Fr.  coffre.  See  Cofkkr.  In  French, 
coffin  is  a  candle-basket;  Gr.  Ku.pivoi ;  Js'orm.  Fr.  co~ 
Jin,  a  basket ;  Sp.  cojin;  radically  the  same  word  as 
co^er.] 

1.  The  chest  or  box  in  wliich  a  dead  human  body 
is  buried,  or  deposited  in  a  vault. 

2.  A  mold  of  paste  for  a  pie.  Jvkusun. 

3.  A  paper  case,  in  the  form  of  a  cone,  used  by 
grocers.  Johnson. 

4.  In  farriery^  the  hollow  part  of  a  horse's  hoof; 
or  the  whole  hoof  above  the  coronet,  including  the 
coflin  bone,  whicli  is  a  small  sjiongy  bone  in  the 
midst  of  the  hoof,  and  possessing  the  whole  form  of 
the  hoof.  Bailey.     Farrier^s  Diet, 

5.  In  printing,  a  wooden  frame  inclosing  the  stone 
on  which  the  torm  is  imposed. 

COF'FIN,  V.  t.    To  put  in  or  inclose  in  a  coffin. 

Shak.     Donne. 
€OF'FIN-£D,  pp.     Inclosed  in  a  coflin. 
€OF'FlN-LESS,  a.     Having  nu  colfin.  JVilsoii. 

COF'FIN-tMAK-ER,  n.    One  who  makes,  or  whose 

oflice  is  to  make,  coflins,  Tatler. 

eO-FOUND'ER,  V.     A  joint  founder.  fFeectr. 

GOG,u.  t.    [VV.  cvtgiaWflo  make  void,  to  deceive,  from 

cocg,  empty,  vain.] 

1.  To  flatter  ;  to  wheedle  ;  to  srdiice  or  draw  from, 
by  adulation  or  artiflce. 

I'll  cog  ilieir  hcarU  from  UiL-m.  Shak. 

9.  To  obtrude  or  thrust  in,  by  falsehood  or  decep- 
tion J  as,  to  cog  in  a  word  to  serve  a  purpose. 

StilUnirftcet.      Tillut.wn.     Dennis. 
To  cog  a  die  ;  to  secure  it  so  as  to  direct  its  fall ;  to 
falsify  ;  to  cheat  in  playing  dice.      Dryden.     Swift. 
COG,  V.  i.     To  deceive  ;  to  cheat ;  to  lie.   Tasser.  Shak. 

2.  To  wheedle. 

COG,  n.  [W.  cocosy  cogs  of  a  wheel ;  Sw.  kugge.  Uu. 
Sp.  coger,  to  catch,  or  Welsh  coiWy  a  mass  or  lump, 
coir^  a  mass,  a  short  piece  of  wood.] 

I'he  tooth  of  a  wheel,  by  which  it  is  connected  in 
niution  with  another  wheel  or  body. 
2.  A  tnck  or  deception.     [Ofts.] 

COG,  t'.  (.     To  fix  a  cog;  to  furnish  with  cogs. 

COG,  )  71.    A  boat ;  a  fisliing-boat.     It  is  probably 

CU(i'GLE,  )      the  W.  cwc,  Ii.  coca.     [See  Cock.] 

CO'GEN-CV,  H.  [L.  cogens^  from  cogo ;  con  ana  ago^ 
to  drive.] 

Force;  strength;  power  of  compelling;  litfrrally^ 
urgency,  or  driving.  It  is  used  chiefly  of  moral  sub- 
jects, and  in  relation  to  force  or  pressure  on  the  mind  ; 
as,  the  cogency  of  motives  or  arguments.         Locke. 

C0-Ge'N1-AIj,  for  CostiKNiAL.  [A'ut  used,]    fVarton. 

Go'GENT,  a.     [See  Cogency.] 

1.  Forcible,  in  a  physical  sense ;  as,  the  cogent  force 
uf  nature.  Prior. 

2.  Urgent  ;  pressing  on  the  mind  ;  forcible  ;  pow- 
erlul ;  not  easily  resisted  ;  as,  a  cogent  reasun  or  ar- 
gument. 

The   ti&rmoa;   of    ihe   luiivene   fLUiiislics    cogent  proorB  ot    a 
D(.-icy.  Anon. 


COG 

€o'GE\T-LV,  adv.    With  urgent  force;  with  power- 
ful impulse  ;  forcibly.  Locke. 

COG'G-t;D,  f  kogd,)  pp.    Flattered  ;  deceived  ;  cheated  ; 
thrust  in  deceitfully  ;  falsified  ;  furnished  with  cogs. 

eOG'GER,  n.    A  flatterer,  or  deceiver. 

€OG'GER-Y,  V.     Trick  ;  falsehood.  fVutsojt. 

eOG'GING,  ppr.    Wheedling;  deceiving;  cheating ; 
inserting  deceitfully  ;  fixing  cogs. 

COG'GING,  H,     Cheat;  deception;  fallacy.   Beaum. 

eOG'GLE-SToNE,  n.    A  small  pebble. 

eOG'I-TA-BLE,  a.     [See  Cogitate.]     That  may  be 
thought  on  ;  that  may  be  meditated  on.     Johnson. 

€OG'I-TaTE,  v.  i,     \Xj.cogito.     Varro  says  from  cogo, 
quasi  coagitu,  to  agitate  in  the  mind.    But  the  Gothic 
hugyan,  and  Sax.  hoffiau,  signify  to  think.] 
To  think  ;  to  meditate.     [Uttle  n^ed.] 

eOG-I-TA'TlOX,  n.    The  act  of  thinking ;  thought; 
meditation  ;  contemplation. 

Hooker.     Bentley.     M'dtun. 
2.  Thought  directed  to  an  object;  purpose.   Bacon. 

eoG'I-TA-TIVE,  a.    Thinking;  having  ihe  power  of 
thinking,  or  meditating;  as,  a  cogituttve  substance. 

Bentley. 
S.  Given  to  thought,  or  contemplation.      Woitvn. 

COG'NATE,  a.     [L.  cognatns ;  con  and  itascor.  to  he 

1.  Allied  by  blood  ;  khidred  by  birth.  [honi.] 

2.  Related  in  origin ;  proceeding  from  Uie  same 
stock  ;  of  the  same  family ;  as,  a  cognate  dialect. 

3.  Allied  in  the  manner  of  formation  or  utterance  ; 
uttered  by  the  same  organs;  as,  a  cognate  letter  or 
sound. 

eoG'iVATE,  n.      In   Scots  law^  any    male    relation 

llirough  the  mother.  Encyc. 

COG'NATE  .NESS,  71.     Slate  of  being  cognate. 

Coleridge. 
COG-Na'TION,  n.     [L.  copiatio.     See  Cognate.] 

1.  In  Die  civil  laic,  kimired  or  natural  relation  be- 
tween males  and  females,  both  descended  from  the 
same  father ;  as,  agnation  is  the  rehition  between 
mules  only  descendeii  from  the  same  stock.  Encyc. 

2.  Kindred ;  relation  by  descent  from  the  same 
original. 

Pride  nod  hard-liettrtt;<laPBs  are  of  near  cognation  to  ingraU- 
tude.  WoUan. 

3.  Relation  ;  participation  of  the  same  nature. 

Bro^ien. 
COGN'IAC,  I  (kon'yak,)  n.    The  best  kind  of  brandy, 
CoG'NAC,   \     so    named  from  a  town  in   France. 
Smart  prefers  tlie  spelling  cogniac. 

f'(  )(^'   \T~«FF''  (        ^^^  COGNIZOR,  COGNIZEE. 

e0G-NI"TI0N,  (-nish'un,)  n.     [L.  cognitio;   cognos- 

co,  cognitii^-y  con  and  nosco,  to  know.] 
Knowled;^e  or  certain  knowledge,  as  from  personal 

view  or  e\peri4rnce.  Shak,     Broien. 

COG'NI-Tl  VE,  a.     Knowing,  or  apprehending  by  the 

understanding  ;  as,  cognitive  power.     [Little  used.] 

Soutli. 
€OG'NI-ZA-BLE,    (kog'ne-za-bl  or  kon'e-za-bl,)    a. 

[Fr.  connc-issable,  from   counoitre^  to   know  ;  It.  cog- 

iiosccrc;    Sp.  conoccry  eonocible ;  Port,  conbecer;  I'rom 

L.  cognoscOj  con  and  nosco  J  to  know  personally;  Gr. 

J  ivojcKOiy  id.] 

1.  That  falls,  or  may  fall,  under  judicial  notice; 
that  may  be  heard,  tried,  ami  iletennined ;  as,  a 
cause  or  action  is  cognizable  before  the  Circuit  Court. 

Tliese  wrun^  are  cugnizable  hy  tli^  e<xlesLi£tical  courts. 

BUickatone. 

2.  That  falls,  or  may  fall,  under  notice  or  observa- 
tion ;  that  may  be  known,  perceived,  or  apprehended. 

The  Ciiu^e  of  mnny  phoiiomena  is  nut  cognizable  by  Uie  senses. 

.-Inori. 

eOG'NI-ZA-BLY,  ado.    In  a  cognizable  manner. 

fVards^irortJi. 
COG'NI-ZAXCE,  (kog'ne-zans  or  kon'c-zans,)  n.  [Fr. 

connoiisance ;  It.   cognoscenta  ;    Sp.   conucencia  ;  Port. 

conliecenCii.] 

1.  Judicial  notice  or  Knowledge;  the  hearing,  tr>'- 
ing,  and  determining  of  a  cause  or  action  in  a  court. 

The  Court  of  King's  Bench  Ltl^os  cognizance  of  civil  luid  criminal 
callous.  Blackstatie. 

Ill  the  Uuited  Stales,  the  District  Courts  have  cogtuzance  of 
inaritime  cauMM. 

2.  Jurisdiction,  or  right  to  try  and  dttciiniiu 
causes. 

The  Cimrlof  King's  EiNich  his  orisiii;il  jmisdiclion  and  cn^ui- 
zance  of  all  mictions  ol  tre£p;ias  vi  elarmis.       Blatkstane. 

3.  In  lawy  an  acknowledgment  or  confession ;  as 
in  fines,  the  acknowledgment  of  the  cognizor  or  de- 
forciant, that  the  right  to  the  land  in  question  is  in 
the  plainlirt"  or  cognizee,  by  gift  or  otherwise;  in 
replevin,  tin;  acknowledgment  of  the  defendant,  Ih.at 
he  took  the  got)ds,  but  alleging  that  he  did  it  h-gally 
as  the  bailifl"  of  another  person,  who  had  a  riglit  to 
distrain.  Blaekstone. 

4.  A  badge  worn  by  a  retainer  or  dependent,  to 
indicate  the  person  or  party  to  which  he  belonged. 

5.  Knowledge  or  notice;  perception;  observation  ; 
as,  the  cognizance  of  the  senses. 

6.  Knowledge  by  recollection.  Speasrr. 
€OG'NI-ZANT,  (kog'ne-zant  or  kon'e  zant,)  a.   Hav- 
ing knowledge  of. 


TtJNE,  BJJLL,  UNITE AN"GER,  VI"ClOUrf.  — C  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  S  a3  Z ;  CII  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


COH 


COI 


€0G-NI-ZOR', 
who  acknowli 


eoc  i\  I-Z ANT,  (kog'ne-zant  or  kon'e-iani  J  o.    Ha»- 

i„ .  kii.wi  I  '■  .>r. 

<».-k»'n-e-7xe',)ii.  Intov, 
n.'vvU-<ti;e(U  or  the  plamlill' 
uico  ol'lund  by  tine. 

Btadistont. 
kog-no-ior',  or  koii-e-itdr',)  ».     One 
Iges  tbo  ri^hl  of  the  pluiiiuir  or  ci»g- 
ni/ce,  hi  a  flue ;  oUlcrwiBo  called  the  Jrfrndnnt  or 
lUffrciant.  BlackMonr. 

C<iO-.Nri'Mi:N.  ;i     ri-.l     A  sumamc.     The  last  of 
lliy  [}  Ml'  Ruiiianfl.     It  describeil 

(!,(;  I,  :  -on  i  as  llie  nomeii  did  the 

^fn^i  ■  was  the  name  of  the  iri- 

divid'iiLil.  ■  llrandr. 

COG-.NO.M'IN-AL,  a.    [L.  to»inwn»ii,  a  surnaiiie;  foil 
and  nitmen^  name.] 

I.  [VrtiiiiiinL'  to  a  Humamo. 
9.  IliiviiiE  th'-' sime  name.    [Litde  u.-ied.]  Broaa. 
C0G-.M)M-1.V  A'TID.V,  II.     \l,.  ro»no«101.] 

.\  surname  ;  the  name  of  n  family  ;  a  name  given 
from  any  accident  or  quality;  a.i,  .\le.\Biider  the 
Ornit.  Brown. 

eOG-NOS'CKNCK,  n.     [Sec  Coonition.J 

Knonledjo  ;  the  act  or  state  of  knoiving.    [Lttuc 

COO-jVOS-CEA'TK,  11.;  ;il.  CoososcESTi.     [It.]    A 


connoipsciir.     \LittU  xtsed.] 
eoU-.N'OS-Cl-DrL'I-TY,  «.     The  quality   of  bcmg 

cngnosciblo.  . 

eOG-NOS'CI-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  known.    UMtU 

COG-NOS'CI-TIVE,  o  Having  the  imwer  of  know- 
ing, Cndwortlt. 

COn-yfyriT,  «.  [U,  he  acknowledges.]  In  law, 
a  term  used  when  the  def.iudajit  acknowFedges  the 
justice  of  the  |il  lintitTs  claim,  or  a  part  of  it,  and 
BulTcra  Judgment  to  be  entered  against  him. 

Blackstone, 

eO-GUXRD'I-AN,  R.    A  Joint  guardian.  Kent. 

Cdr.UE,  n.    A  small  wooden  vessel ;  a  dram,    i Local] 

eOG'-WIIEEL,  II.    A  wheel  with  cocs  or  teeth. 

eO-IIAB'lT,  r.  i.    [L.  cm  and  liabito,  to  dwell.] 

1.  To  dwell  with  ;  to  inhabit  or  reside  in  company, 
or  in  the  same  place  or  country.         Stiles.    Soutlu 

2.  To  dwell  or  live  together  as  husband  and  wife; 
usunllv  or  often  applied  to  |)ersons not  legriUy  married. 

eO-II.\it'IT-.\.\T,  11.  One  who  dwells  with  another, 
or  in  the  tame  place.  Duay  cf  Pietij. 

C0-H.\B-n'A'T10.\,  n.  The  act  or  state  of  dweUing 
together  or  in  the  same  place  with  another. 

Stiles,  EUxt.  Ser.ll. 

2.  The  state  of  living  together  as  man  and  wife, 
wilhuut  being  legally  married.  Bacon. 

eo-II.\lI'IT-I.VG,  ppr.  or  II.  Dwelling  together,  or 
the  act  of  doing  so. 

eO-IIBlil',  (ko-iir',)  n.  [h.  colucrcs ;  cm  and  lucres, 
an  lu-ir.    See  Heir.] 

.A  joint  heir ;  one  who  succeeds  to  a  share  of  an 
inheritance,  which  is  to  be  divided  among  two  or 
more. 

eo-llBLR'ESS,  (ko-air'esa,)  n.  A  female  who  in- 
herits a  share  of  an  estate,  which  is  to  be  dividod 
among  two  or  more  lieirs  or  heiresses  j  a  joint 
heiress. 

eO-HKR'ALD,  «.    A  joint  herald. 

eO-llKRE',  e.  i.  [L.  cohxrca;  can  and  }utreo,  to  slick 
or  cleave  together.] 

).  To  stick  together ;  to  cleave  ;  to  be  united  ;  to 
hold  fast,  as  parts  of  the  same  mxss,  or  as  two  sub- 
stances that  attract  each  other.  Thus  particles  of 
clay  cohere;  polished  surfaces  of  bodies  cohere. 

3.  To  be  well  connected ;  to  follow  regularly  in 
the  natural  order ;  to  be  suited  in  connection  ;  as  the 
parts  of  a  discourse,  or  as  arguments  in  a  train  of 
reasoning. 

3.  To  suit ;  to  be  fitted  ;  to  agree.  Shali, 

CO  IIER'E.N'CE,  III.    .\  sticking,  cleaving,  or  hang- 

CO-illiK'E.N-CY,  \     ing  together  ;  union  of  parts  of 

the  same  btwly,  or  a  cleaving  together  of  two  bodies, 

by  means  of  attraction  \  applitd  to  all  eabstances,  sulid 

orjtuid.  Locke.     Bcitttey, 

2.  Connection  ,  suitable  connection  or  dependence, 
proceeding  fron  the  natund  relation  of  parts  or 
things  to  each  other,  as  in  the  parts  of  a  discourse, 
or  of  anv  svstcni ;  consistency.  Ifoo!:tr.  Locke. 
CO-IIkU'ENT,  a.  ^sticking  together;  cleaving;  as 
the  [tarts  of  bodies,  solid  or  fluid.  Arbuthnut. 

2.  Connected  ;  united,  by  some  relation  in  form  or 
order  ;  followed  by  to,  but  rather  by  wi'h.       AncA'r. 

3.  Suitable  or  suited  ;  regularly  adapted.     Shak. 

4.  Consistent ;  having  a  due  agreement  of  parts  ; 
as,  a  coherent  discourse.  Or  obs' mug  due  agree- 
ment ;  as,  n  coherent  thinker  or  reasoner. 

€0-I!kR'ENT-UY,  oJc.  Ina  rnherent  manner;  with 
dnj  tfuineclion  or  agrccinenl  of  parts. 

€0HE-SI-H1L'I-TV,  I..  1  he  tendency  which  one 
part  of  inalttr  evinces  to  unite  with  another  part  of 
matter,  so  as  to  form,  out  of  dilFerent  bodies,  one 
rommoii  mass.    It  is  opposed  to  dicifibilitij.    Oooti. 

eo-ilK  SI-BLE,  a.     Capable  of  cohesion. 

€0-llE'SIO.\,  (he'zhun,)  n.    [Ir.  coMione;   from  L. 
cohiXji,  prct.  otcohareo.] 
I.  The  act  of  sticking  together ;  the  state  of  being 


united  by  natural  altraelton,  as  the  constituent  par- 
ticles of  homogeneous  bodies  which  unite  in  a  mass, 
by  a  natural  tendency  ;  one  of  the  dill'eronl  species 
of  attraction.  AVietoii.     ArbuthnoU 

9.  Coiiiier-ii4in  ;  dependence  ;  as,  the  cohesion  of 
ideas.     Hut  in  this  sense,  see  CoiiKBKMci:.    Lacke 

eO-lli5'SIVE,  a.  That  has  tho  power  of  sticking  or 
cohering ;  tending  to  unite  in  a  muss,  and  to  resist 
separation.  mchoUon. 

eo-ll  K'S  I V  E-I-Y,  ado     With  cohesion. 

C0-1IE'.*IVE-NESS,  «.  The  quality  of  being  cohe- 
sive ;  the  quality  of  adhering  together ;  as  particles 
of  matter. 

eO-IIIlt'IT,  1'.  (.    [I.,  cohibea.]    To  restrain. 

CO-lllll'ri'KU,  pp.     Uestralned. 

eO-lllI)'lT-I,\i:,  pyr.    Restraining. 

eo-IIl-I!I"TloN,  11.    [E.  eohibUio.]    Uindcrnncc  ;  rc- 

e0'llO-ll.\TE,  e.  t.     [Port,  eohorar.]  [straint. 

Among  cartij  tUeniiils,  to  repeat  tho  distillation  of 

the  same  liquor,  or  that  from  the  same  body,  pouring 

the  liquor  back  upon  tho  matter  remaining  in  the 

vessel.  Bailcii.    Kiiojc. 

eO'llO-BA-TED,  ;.;>.     Repeatedly  distilled. 

GO'llO-ll.^-TING,  ppr.     Uistilling  repeatedly. 

eO-lIO-U.\'T10N,  II.     [Sp.  ce/io4ocioii.l 

The  operation  of  repeatedly  distilling  tho  same 
liquor,  or  that  from  the  same  substance.     Enci/c. 

CO-HOES',  j  II.    .\  fall  of  water,  or  falls ;  a  word  of 

CO-IIOZE',  t     Indian  origin  in  .America. 

eO'IlORT,  a.  [L.  cohorsi  Fr.  cohorte;  It.  eoorte;  Sp. 
cohortc ;  iVrt.  it/.l 

1.  Among  Uie  koimms,  a  body  of  about  five  or  six 
hundred  men  :  each  cohort  consbted  of  three  mani- 
ples, and  each  maniple  of  two  centuries ;  anil  ten 
cohorts  constituted  a  legion.  Adorn,  Rom.  Ant. 

2.  Ill  poetry,  a  band  or  body  of  warriors.  Milton. 
CO-HORT-A'TION,  n.    Exhortation;  encouragement. - 

[JVut  ascd.]  Diet. 

eOlF,  II.  [Fr.  coiffe  ;  Arm.  coeff;  It.  cuffui,  a  cap  ;  Sp. 
cofia,  1  net  of  silk  or  llu-cad  worn  on  the  bead  ;  Port. 
coifa,  a  caul.] 

A  kind  of  caul,  or  cap,  worn  on  the  bead  by  ser- 
geants at  law  and  others.  Its  chief  use  was  to  cover 
the  clerical  tonsure.  Kncyc. 

eOIF,  V.  t.    To  cover  or  dress  with  a  coif. 

eolF'KD,  (koift,)  a.    Wearing  a  coif. 

eolPFUllE,  II.     [Fr.]     A  head-dress.         Addison. 

eolGNE,  for  Coix.     [See  Coin,  a  corner.]        Slink. 

COIGNE,  ( tJ.  i.  To  live  by  extortion.  [An  IriskiBord.] 

COIN'Y,  S  DryskclL 

COIL,  V.  t.  [Fr.  eueillir  ;  perhaps  Gr.  tiXcoi,  or  KvXtoj. 
See  the  roots  SSj  and  Snp,  Class  Gl,  No.  5,  48.] 

To  gather,  ;is  a  line  or  cord,  into  a  circular  lorm  ; 
to  wind  into  a  ring,  as  a  serpent,  or  a  rope. 

eOIL,  II.    A  rope  gathered  into  a  ring  ;  on  shipboard, 
a  single  turn  or  winding  is  called  a  fake,  and  a  range 
of  fakes  is  called  a  tier. 
2.  A  noise,  tumult,  bustle,  confusion. 

Baiieif.    Johnson. 

eOIL'BD,  pp.  or  a.  Gathered  into  a  circular  form,  as 
a  rope,  or  a  serpent. 

eoiE'I.NG,  ppr.  Gathering  or  winding  into  a  ring  or 
circle. 

COIN,  11.  [Fr.  com,  a  corner,  n  wedge ;  Arm.  coij-ii ; 
Sp.  cspiitia,  a  corner,  and  cano,  a  wedge  ;  Port, 
juina;  U.  cuncus ;  Gr.  yuftai  Ir.  niiiiiic;  W.  gaini;, 
or  cyn,  a  wedge.  The  pronunciation  of  this  word, 
by  our  common  people,  is  ^itinc,  or  quoin,  when  aji- 
piied  to  a  wedging  stone,  in  masonry.  Soo  the  next 
word.] 

1.  A  corner  or  c.Mcnial  angle;  a  jutting  point,  as 
of  a  wall.  Shak. 

Riuitie  coins !  stones  jutting  from  a  wall,  for  new 
buildings  to  be  joined  to.  Bailey. 

2.  .\  wedge  for  raising  or  lowering  a  piece  of  ord- 
nance. SaiUy. 

•J.  A  wedge  or  piece  of  wood  to  lay  between  casks 

on  shipboard.  •  Bailey. 

COI.V,  n.     (Sp.  ennit ;  Port,  canlio,  a  die  to  stamp 

money ;  Sp.  aciiiiar,  to  coin  or  impress  money,  to 

wedge;  Port,  cunliar;  It.  conio,  a  die;  cimiare,  to 


com 


Fr.  com;  .\t.  .'.\J9  kauna,  to  hammer,  forge, 


or  stamp.  The  sense  is,  to  strike,  beat,  or  drive, 
coinciding  with  tho  French  coiipter,  or  cornier. 
Hence  we  see  that  coin,  whether  it  signifies  a  cor- 
ner, a  wei  ge,  or  a  die,  is  from  the  same  root,  from 
thrusting,  driving.] 

Primarily,  the  die  employed  for  stamping  money. 
Hence, 

I.  Money  stamped  ;  a  piece  of  metal,  as  gold,  sil- 
ver, copiHr,  or  other  metal,  converted  into  money, 
by  impressing  on  it  marks,  figures,  or  characters. 
To  make  good  money,  these  impressions  must  be 
made  under  the  authority  of  government.  That 
which  is  stamped  without  authority  is  called/u/.*c  or 
counterfeit  coin.  Formerly,  all  coin  was  made  by 
hammering;  but  it  is  now  impressed  by  a  machine, 
or  mill. 

Current  coin,  is  coin  legally  stamped,  and  circula- 
ting in  trade. 

.Ancient  coins,  are  chiefly  those  of  the  Jews,  Greeks, 


COK 

and  Romans,  which  are  kepi  in  cabinets  as  curioi- 
ities. 

S.  In  architecture,  a  kind  of  die  cut  dia::onally, 
after  the  manner  of  a  llight  of  a  staircase,  serving 
at  bottom  to  support  columns  in  a  level,  and  at  top 
to  correct  the  inclination  of  an  entablature  suppuii. 
ing  a  vault.  i'li^e. 

3.  That  which  serves  for  payment. 

Tlij  lu«  of  preaciit  ailvanuiy:  lo  flcsli  and  lilood  U  ivpaU  in  t 
notilcr  cmn.  Ilamtnon^. 

COIN,  V.  t.  To  stamp  a  metal,  and  coiiveri  it  Into 
money  ;  to  mint. 

9.  To  make  or  fabricate  for  general  use ;  as,  to 
coin  words.  ShaJc 

3.  To  make ;  to  forge ;  to  fubricr.te  ;  in  an  ill  urns* ; 
as,  to  coin  a  lie  ;  to  coin  a  fuble.  Ilndibras,  Dri/drn. 
eOI.N".\6E,  11.  The  act,  art,  or  practice,  of  siaiiqiiu| 
metallic  money.  Arbulhnot. 

2.  Coin ;  iniuicy  coined  ;  stamped  and  legitimated 
metal  for  a  circulating  medium. 

;i.  Coins  of  a  particular  stamp;  as,  the  coinagt  at 
George  III. 

•1.  The  charges  or  expense  of  coining  money. 

5.  A  making;  now  production;  formation;  as, 
the  coinage  of  words. 

6.  Invention  ;  forgery  ;  fabrication. 
Till*  is  Uie  vcrj  coinage  ol  your  Lmln.  Stiak, 

eO-IN-CIDE',  II.  i.  [I.,  con  and  iiicido,  to  fall  on  ;  in 
and  eado,  to  fall.  See  CAOEScr.,  Caic.  Low  L. 
coinciilo!  .Sp.  foiiicidir  ;  Fr.  coiiicirfcr.] 

1.  To  fall  or  to  meet  in  the  samo  point,  as  two 
lines  or  bodies ;  followed  by  wi(/i. 

If  tlio  oqnator  nnd  the  odiptJc  hail  coindtUd,  It  woultl  liivc  no. 
dercd  Uio  luiHual  revolution  uf  itio  cnrlli  uiclci*.     Chnjnt, 

2.  To  concur ;  to  be  consistent  lyith  ;  to  agree ;  as, 
the  judges  did  not  coincide  in  opinion. 

Tlij   rul.-a   uf  rlelit  jiulgmeiil  nnd   ol  good  r»tiocliialiiill  olUll 
eoincids  wiin  c^ch  oUicr.  Walti. 

eO-I.N'Cl-DE.N'CE,  n.  The  falling  or  meeting  of  two 
or  more  lines,  surfaces,  or  bodies,  in  tho  same  point. 

Beitiiey, 

2.  Concurrence ;  consietency ;  agreement ;  as,  ili« 
coineidenct  of  ^vo  or  more  opinions ;  coincii/cnM  of 
evidences.  ^'''''■ 

3.  A  meeting  of  events  in  time;  concurrence;  a 
happening  at  the  same  time ;  as,  coincidence  of  events, 

€0-IN'CI-OENT,  a.  Falling  on  the  same  point ; 
meeting,  as  lines,  surfaces,  or  bodies  ;  followe.l  by 

a.  Concurrent ;  consistent ;  agreeable  to ;  followca 
by  viUh. 

Cliriiititinily  lenche«  iiolhinff  but  nlint  la  p<^rf'-cUy  colnrirffftt 
loifA  tjie  ruling  principles  of  n  virluoiin  iniul.  Aoutl. 

eO-IN'CI-DENT-LY,  alio.    With  coincidence. 
eO-IN-CID'ER,  n.    He  or  that  which  coincides  or 

concurs. 
eO-IN-CID'ING,ppr.  or  a.    Meeting  in  tho  same  point; 

agreeing ;  concurring. 
eO-IN-Dl-e.\'TlON,  71     [L.  con  and  indicatto,  from 

iiirfico,  to  show.]  . 

In  medicine,  a  sign  or  symptom,  which,  with  other 

signs,  assists  to  show  the  nature  of  the  ilise.'ise,  and 

the  proper  remedy  ;  a  concurrent  sign  or  symptom. 
eOl.N'/il),  pp.  or  a.    Struck  or  stamped,  as  iniiiity; 

made  ;  invented  ;  forged. 
eOIN'ER,  11.    One  who  stamps  coin;  a  mintir;a 

maker  of  moncv.  Addison. 

2.  A  counterfeiter  of  the  legal  coin  ;  a  maker  of 
base  money. 

3.  An  inventor  or  maker,  as  of  words.    Camden. 
eO-IN-HAn'IT-ANT,   It.      One   who    dwells  with 

another,  or  with  others. 

eO-lNll!:i:'lT-ANCE,  Ti.    Joint  inheritance. 

CO-lN-llEH'lT-OR,  II.    A  joint  heir;  a  coheir. 

eOI.X'ISW,  ;i;ii-.  St-imping  money;  making;  invcll^ 
ing;  forging;  fabricating.  ,       ,, 

eOl.N'l.NG,  II.  The  act,  art,  or  practice,  of  making 
stamped  metallic  money. 

€0-IN'UUI-N.\TE,  V.  t.     (L.  eoir,quino.] 
To  pollute.     [jVot  nscdT] 

eO-LN-aUI-NA'TION,  n.    Defilement.     [Mlusrd.] 

CO-IN-STAN-Ta'XE-OUS,  a.  Instantaneous  at  the 
same  moment. 

COIR,  II.  A  material  for  cordage,  consisting  of  ths 
fibers  of  the  cocoa-nut ;  also,  tho  cordage  made  of 
this  material.  .       ,  ''•  Cijc. 

eolS'TRIL,  II.  [Said  to  be  from  kc^rel,  a  degenerate 
hawk.] 

I.  A  coward  ;  a  runaway.  Shak     Johnson, 

•i.  A  young  lad.  Bailey 

eOlT,  II.     A  quoit,  which  see. 

COIT'iNG.    Sec  CiuoiT. 

eO-l"T10.N,  (ko-ish'un,)  n.  [L.  coitio,  from  coco,  to 
come  together ;  con  and  eii,  to  go.]  . 

A  coming  together ;  chielly  tho  venereal  inter- 
course of  the  sc.\es  ;  cnpul.ilion.  area. 

eO-JOIN',  «.  (.    [L.  eonjuiiFO.    SeeCoNJOis.] 

To  iofn  with  another  in  the  same  office.  l/.im« 
used.]  ^'"^• 

eO-JOTlOR,  II.  One  who  swears  to  another's  credi- 
bility. Woll'in. 

e5KE,  n.    Fossil  coal  charred,  or  deprived  of  its  Mia- 


F.\TE,  FXR,  fall,  WHAT.  — METE,  PRgY.  — PINE,  MARKNE,  DIRD — NOTE,  DOVE,  JIOVE,  W(JLF,  BOOK.— 


COL 

men,  sulphur,  or  oUier  extraneous  or  volatile  matter 
by  fire,  and  thus  piepared  for  uxoiting  intense  lieat. 
Encyc.     Cieavelaiid. 

€oKE,  V.  ^    To  convert  into  coke. 

€OL'AX-DER,  (kul'len-der,)  n.  [L.  colo,  to  strain  ; 
Fr.  coukr,  to  lluw,  to  trickle  down  ;  coidatity  flowing ; 
cnutoir,  a  colander.] 

A  vessel  with  a  bottotn  perforated  witii  Hlllc  holes 
for  strainin"  Iiiiuoi"s.  In  America,  this  name  is 
given,  I  believe,  exclusively  io  a  vessel  of  tin,  or 
other  metal.  In  Qrcat  Britain,  the  name  is  given  to 
vessels,  like  sieves,  made  with  hair,  osiers,  or  twigs. 
May.     Hay.     Dryden. 

€0-L.\'ReS,  n.    The  genuine  wine  of  Portugal. 

€0-La'TION,  71.  The  act  of  straining,  or  purifying 
liquor,  by  passing  it  through  a  perforated  vessel. 
[LiUle  iwerf.J 

eOL'A-TlJRE,  J(.  The  act  of  straining;  the  matter 
strained.     {Little  used.] 

eOL'BER-TlNE,  ?:.    A  kind  of  lace  worn  by  women. 

Jokiisan. 

€OL'€ni-CINE,  K.  A  vegetable  alkaloid  obtained 
from  Colchicum  Autumiiale. 

eOL'CHI-eiT.^I,  Ti.  The  meadow  saiFion  of  English 
writers,  a  tenn  applied  to  a  gt-'nus  of  bulbous-'iooted 
plants  found  in  many  parts  of  Enrops.  From  the 
bulbs  of  the  Colchicum  Autumnale,  a  medicine  1i 
prepared,  which  is  used  as  a  remedy  for  the  gout 
ami  rlieumatism.  Partitis'ton,     Loudon. 

€OL'eO-THAR,  n.  The  brown  red  oxyd  of  iron 
which  remains  after  the  distillation  of  the  acid  from 
sulphate  of  iron;  used  for  polishing  glass  and  oilier 
substances.  It  is  called  by  artists  crocus,  or  crocus 
martis.  Encyc.      Urc. 

The  sulphate  of  iron   is  called  colcoHiar  or  ckalcile, 
when  the  calcination  has  been  carried  so  far  as  to 
drive  off  a  considerable  pait  of  the  acid.   Fourcroy. 
[See  CHiLciTE.] 

Gold,  a.  [Sax.  cald;  G.  kali;  D.  ftoiu/,  contracted; 
Goth,  calds;  Basque,  a-aldti :  Sw.  kail;  Dan.  kuld; 
and  the  noun  kulde.  The  latter  seems  to  be  con- 
nected with  kul,  a  coal,  and  kider,  to  blow  strong. 
But  the  connection  m:iy  be  casual.  In  Swedish, 
bij/a  signifies  to  cool,  and  to  burn  ;  thus  connecting 
cool,  cvldy  v/ith  tlie  L.  caleo,  to  be  hot.  Botli  cold 
and  heat  njay  be  from  rushing,  raging,  and  this  word 
may  be  from  the  same  root  as  n-aie.  If  not,  cool 
wmild  seem  to  be  allied  to  L.  eelo.] 

1.  Not  warm  or  hut ;  gehd  ;  trigid  ;  a  relative  term. 
A  substance  is  cold  to  thetoucli  when  it  is  less  warm 
th^n  the  body,  and  wlien,  in  contact,  the  heat  of  the 
body  passes  from  the  body  to  the  substance ;  as,  cold 
air;  a  coW  stone  ;  cold  water.  It  denotes  a  greater 
degree  of  the  quaJity  than  cool.     (See  the  noun.] 

2.  Having  the  sensation  of  cold  ;  chill ;  shivi:ring, 
or  inclined  to  shiver  ;  as,  I  am  cold. 

3.  Having  cold  qualities  ;  as,  a  c-jld  plant.     Bacon. 

4.  Frigid;  wanting  passion,  zeal,  or  ardor;  indif- 
ferent; unconcerned;  not  animated,  or  easily  ex- 
cited into  action  ;  as,  a  cold  spectator ;  a  cold  Chris- 
tian ;  a  cold  lover,  or  friend  ;  a  cold  temper. 

Hooker.    Addison. 

Thou  art  neither  coW  nor  IioL  —  Rj?v.  iii. 

5.  Not  moving;  unaflecting;  not  animated;  not 
able  to  excite  feeling  ;  spiritless  ;  as,  a  cold  discourse  ; 
a  cold  jest.  Addison. 

6.  Reserved;  coy;  not  alTeclionate,  cordial,  or 
friendly  ;  indicating  indifference  ;  as,  a  cold  look  ;  a 
coUl  return  of  civilities  ;  a  cold  reception.     Clarendon. 

7.  Not  heated  by  sensual  desire.  Shah. 

8.  Not  iiasty  ;  not  violent  Johnson. 

9.  Not  affecting  the  scent  strongly.  Shnk. 
_  10,  Not  having  the  scent  stronsiy  affi;cted.  Shctk. 

€oLD,  IT.  [Sax.  cele,  cyl,  cyle;  D.  koelte,  hoxide;  G. 
kdlu.    See  Cool.] 

1.  The  sensation  produced  in  animal  bodies  by  the 
escape  of  heat,  and  the  consequent  contraction  of 
the  fine  vessels.  Also,  the  cause  of  that  sensation. 
Heat  expands  the  vessels,  and  cold  contracts  them; 
and  the  transition  from  an  expanded  to  a  contracted 
state  is  accompanied  with  a  sensation  to  which,  as 
well  as  to  the  cause  of  it,  we  give  the  denomination 
of  cold.  Hence  cohl  is  a  privation  of  heat,  or  the 
cause  of  it.  Encyc,     Bacon. 

a.  A  shivering;  the  effect  of  the  contraction  of 
the  fine  vessels  of  the  body;  chdlincss,  or  chillness. 

Dryden. 
3.  A  disease  ;    indisposition  occasioned  by  cold  ; 
catarrh. 

€oLD-BI,r)OD'ED,  f-blud'ed,)  a.  Having  cold  blood. 
_  2.  Without  sensibility,  or  feeUng  ;  hard-hearted. 

CoLO'ER,  a.  comp.    More  cold. 

€6LD'EST,  a.  sunerl.     Most  cold. 

eaLD^-FINCH,  n.  A  species  of  Motacilla,  a  bird 
frequenting  the  west  of  England,  with  the  head  and 
bark  of  a  brownish  gray,  the  belly  white,  and  the 
quill  f._-aihers  and  tail  black.  Did.  ofj^at.  Hist. 

eol.D'-HEXrvT'En,  a.  Wanting  passion  or  feeling  ; 
indiff.Tent. 

eCLD'-HEART'ED-LY,  adv.  In  a  cold-hearted  man- 
ner 

eOI.D'-HEART'ED-NESS,  n.  AVant  of  feeling  or 
sensibdity. 


COL 

€oLD'-SHoUL'DER.  To  give  the  cold  shoulder  to 
any  one,  is  to  treat  him  willi  cool  neglect 

eCLD'ISlI,  a.    Somewhat  cold 

CoLD'LY,  adv.  In  a  cold  manner  ;  without  warmth  ; 
without  concern ;  without  ardor  or  animation ; 
without  apparent  passion,  emotion,  or  feeling;  with 
indifference  or  negligence  ;  as,  to  answer  one  coldly ; 
a  proposition  is  coldly  received. 

CoLD'NESS,  7(.  Want  of  heat ;  as,  the  coldness  of 
water  or  air.  When  the  heat  or  temperature  of  any 
substance  is  less  than  that  of  the  animal  body  ex- 
posed to  it,  that  stale  or  temperature  is  called  coldnas. 

2.  Unconcern;  indifference  ;  a  frigid  state  of  tem- 
per; want  of  ardor,  zeal,  emotion,  animation,  or 
spirit;  negligence;  as,  to  receive  an  answer  with 
coldness;  to  listen  with  coUlness. 

3.  Want  of  apparent  affection,^rkindnes5  ;  as,  to 
receive  a  friend  with  coldness. 

4   Coyness-  reserve-  indifference;  as,  to  receive 
addresses  with  coldness. 
5.  Want  of  sensual  desire,  frigidity;  chastity 
CoLD'-SHORT,  a.    Brittle  when  cold,  as  a  meta. 
eoLE,  n.     [Sax.  caid,  coicl,  or  caiccl ,-   L.  caulis  ;  Gr. 
Kuv^og;  D.  kool;  G.  kohl;  Sw.  knl;   Dan.  knal;  W. 
caicl ;  Ir.  colts,  coitis  ;  It.  carolo;  Sp.  col;  Port,  coave; 
Arm.  ca)(linf  cohn;  Fr.  chou.] 

The  general  name  of  all  sorts  of  cabbage  or  Bras- 
sica  ;  but  we  generally  use  it  in  its  compounds,  cole- 
idert^  cauliflower,  &:C. 
CoLE'-MO'USE,  H.    See  Coal-Mouse. 
eO-LE-OP'TER-AL,  a.    Coleopterous. 
eO-LE-OP'TER-AN,  n.    )  [Gr,  koXcoc,  a  sheath,  and 
eO-LE-OP'TER-A,  n.  pi.  \      rrrco.n-,  a  wing.] 

A  term  applied  to  an  order  of  insects,  havmg  crus- 
taceous  elytra  or  shells,  which  shut  and  fjnn  a  lon- 
gitudinal suture  along  the  back,  covering  the  wings 
which  lie  beneath,  as  the  beetle. 
eO-LE-OP'TER-OUS,  a.    Having  wings  covered  with 

a  case  or  sheath  ;  belonging  to  the  Coleoptera. 
CoLE'-PERCH,  n.     A  small  fish,  less  than  tlie  coni- 

nion  perch.  Diet,  of  A''at.  Hist. 

€oLE'-SEED,  v.     The  seed  of  the  navew,  Napus 

sativa,  or  long-rooted,  narrow-leafed  rapa ;  reckoned 

a  species  of  Brassica  or  cabbage.  Encyc. 

2.  Cabbage  seed.  Mortiyner. 

GoLE'-W'ORT,  «.  [cole  and  wort,  Sax.  wyrt,  an  herb.] 

A  particular  species  of  cole,  Brassica,  or  cabbage. 
COL'ET,     )  n.     A  corruption  of  Acolvte,  an  inferior 
eOL'LET,  (      church  servant,  wliich  see.        Hook. 
eOL'IG,  ?i.     [h.  colicus ;  Gr.  KtjAi\of,  from  x-wAwr,  the 
colon.] 

In  general,  a  severe  pain  in  the  bowels,  of  wliich 
there  are  several  varieties;  as,  bilious  colic,  hysteric 
colic,  nervous  colic,  and  many  others. 

Core.     Quinry. 

eOL'ie^AL  I  ''•    ^^ecting  the  bowels.  Jllilton. 

eOL'ICK-Y,  a.    Pertaining  to  colic. 

€OE'IN,  n.    A  bird  of  the  partridge  kind,  found  in 

Anteric^  and  the  West  Indies,  called  also  a  (inail. 
eOL-I-SE'UM,  71,     [It.  coliseo.]    The  amphitheater  of 

Vespasian  at  Rome,  the  largest  in  the  Avorld  ;  also 

written  Colosseum. 
€OLL,  V.  t.  To  embrace.   [JV*o£  in  vse.]    [See  Collar.] 

Spenser. 
eOL-LAB'O-RA-TOR,   tj.      [Fr.    coIhborate.ir.]      An 

associate  in  labor,  especially  literary' or  scientific. 

[Recent,]  j     SilUman. 

eOL-LAPSE',  n.    A  falling  together,  as  of  the  sides 

of  a  hollow  vessel. 
2.  An  exlrenie  depression  of  the  bodily  energies. 
COL-LAPSE',  (kol-laps',)  7j.  i.     [L.  collabor,  coUajtstts ; 

con  and  labor,  to  slide  or  fall.] 
To  fiill  tngeiher,  as  the  two  sides  of  a  vessel ;  to 

close  by  falluig  together  ;  as,  the  fine  canals  or  ves- 
sels of  the  body  collapse  in  old  age.  Arbuthnot. 
eOL-LAPS'£D,'(kol-lap3t',);j/(.  or«.    Fallen  together  ; 

closed. 
eOL-LAP'S!ON,  (-shun,)77.    A  state  of  falling  togetli- 

er  ;   a  state  of  vessels  closed. 
eOL'LAR,   7).      [L.   coUarc;   Pr,   collier,   collet;  Arm. 

colyer ;  It.  cuUare;  Sp.   collar;  from  L.  collmn,  the 

neck.] 

1.  Something  round  the  neck,  as  a  ring  of  metal 
or  a  cimin.  The  knights  of  several  orders  wear  a 
chain  of  gold,  enameled,  and  sometimes  set  witli 
ciphers  or  other  devices,  to  which  the  badge  of  the 
order  is  appended.  Encyc. 

2.  The  part  of  a  garment  \^'hich  surrounds  the 
neck.    Job  xxx.  18. 

3.  A  part  of  a  harness  fur  tlie  neck  of  a  horse  or 
other  beast,  used  in  draught. 

4.  Among  seamen,  the  upper  part  of  a  stay  ;  also,  a 
rope  in  form  of  a  wreath,  to  wliich  a  stay  is  confined. 

5.  In  architrcture,  an  horizontal  piece  of  timber  con- 
necting and  bracing  two  opposite  rafters.  Brnnde. 
Also,  a  ring,  cincture,  or  astragal.  Owilt. 

To  slip  the  collar,  is  to  escape  or  get  free ;  to  dis- 
entangle one's  self  from  difficulty,  labor,  or  engage- 
ment. Johnson. 

A  collar  of  brawn,  is  the  quantity  bound  up  in  one 
pareel.     [J^ot  used  in  America.]  Johnson. 

€OL'LAR,  V.  t.    To  seize  by  the  collar 

2.  To  put  a  collar  on 


COL  I 

To  collar  beef,  or  other  meat,  is  to  roll  it  up  and   i 

bind  it  close  with  a  siring.     [English.] 
eOL'LAR-AGE,  7i.    A  tax  or  fine  laid  for  the  coKars 

of  wine-drawing  horses.     [Eng,]     Bailey.     Encyc 
COL'LAR-Bk.V.M,  71,      In  archiucture,  an  horizontal 

piece  of  timber  connecting  and  bracing  two  opposite 

rafters  ;  also  called  collar.  OicHl. 

eOL'LAR-BoNE,  n.    The  c!a\irle. 
COL'LAR-DaY,  71.     A  day  on  which  knights  appear 

at  court  in  tiioir  collars.  Smart, 

€0L'LAR-£D,  pp.    Seized  by  the  collar 

2.  Having  a  nollar  on  the  neck. 
COL-LAT'A-IJLE,  a.    Capable  of  being  collated. 
COL-LaTE',  v.  t.     [L.  collatum,  colluius  f  con  and  ln- 

tnm,  latas  ;  C(uisidered  to  be  the  supine  and  participle 

of  fcro,  confrro,  but  a  word  of  distinct  origin.] 
Literally,  to  bring  or  lay  together.     Hence, 

1.  To  lay  together  and  compare,  by  examining  the 
points  in  which  two  or  more  things  of  a  similar  kind 
agree  or  disagree  ;  applied  particularly  to  vmnuscripU 
and  books ;  as,  to  collate  copies  of  Uie  Hebre\v  Scrii>- 
tures. 

2.  To  confer  or  bestow  a  benefice  on  a  clergj-mao, 
by  a  bishop  who  has  it  in  his  own  gift  or  patronage; 
or,  more  strictly,  to  present  and  institute  a  clergy- 
man in  a  benefice,  when  the  same  person  is  both  the 
ordinary  and  the  patron  ;  followed  by  to. 

If  llie  p.itron   nej^lircu   lo   present,  the   bUiiop  m.iy  collate  hU 
clerk  to  the  churcli.  B'-iicksbjue. 

3.  To  bestow  or  confer.  Taylor. 

A.  To  gather  and  place  in  order,  as  the  sheets  of  a 
book,  for  binding. 
GOL-LaTE',  v.  i.     To  place  in  a  benefice,  as  by  a 
bishop. 

If  the  bishop  neglects  (o  eoUale  witltiii  six  mouthy,  the  right  to 
do  it  (lex'olves  on  the  aivUtushop.  Encyc. 

COL-LaT'ED,  pp.  Laid  together  and  compared;  ex- 
amined by  comparing  ;  presented  an8  instituted,  as  a 
cicrgjnnan  to  a  benelice. 

€OL-LAT'ER-AL,  a.  [L.  collateralis ;  con  and  latera- 
lis, from  latas,  a  side.] 

1.  Being  by  the  side,  side  by  side, 'on  the  side,  or 
side  to  side. 


In  his  brijht  radiiuice  and  collateral  light 
Ahiat  1  bo  comforted,  not  in  his  sphere. 


.SSuLt. 


Colliiteral  jn-essnre,  is  pressure  on  the  side.  So  we 
say,  ciiUatcrid  circumstances ;  circumstances  which  ac- 
company a  principal  event. 

2.  In  genealogy,  descending  from  the  same  stock 
or  ancestor,  but  not  one  from  the  other ;  as  distin- 
guished from  lineal.  Lineal  descendants  proceed  one 
from  another  in  a  direct  line  ;  co?/aKfroi  relations  spring 
from  a  common  ancestor,  but  from  different  branches 
of  that  common  stirps  or  stock.  Thus  the  children 
of  brothers  are  collateral  relations,  having  different 
fathers,  but  a  common  grandfather.        Blackstone. 

3.  Collateral  security,  is  security  forthe  perfonnancc 
of  covenants,  or  the  payment  of  money,  besides  the 
principal  security. 

4.  Running  parallel.  .Toh:ison. 

5.  Diffused  on  either  side  ;  springing  from  relations; 
as,  colliiteral  love.  jMilton. 

G.  Not  direct,  or  immediate 

If  by  direct  or  collalcrcd  hand.  57iofr. 

7.  Concurrent ;  as,  collateral  strenglli.  Allcrbury. 
eOL-LAT'ER-AL,  n.    A  collateral  relation  or  kins- 
man. 
eOL-LAT'ER-AL-LY,  adi\    Side  by  side;  or  by  the 
side. 
9.  Indirectly.  Dryden. 

3.  In  collateral  relation  ;  not  in  a  direct  line  ;  not 
lineally. 
eOL-LAT'ER-AI^NESS,  n     The  state  of  being  col- 
lateral. 
eOL-LAT'ING,  jipr.     Comparing;  presenting  and  in- 
stituting. 
€OL-La'TION,  n.    The  act  of  bringing  or  laying  to- 
gether, and  comparing;  a  comparison  of  one  copy  or 
thing  of  a  like  kind  witli  another.  Pope. 

2.  The  act  of  conferring  or  bestowing;  a  gift.  Ray. 

3.  In  the  canon  law,  the  presentation  of  a  clergj*- 
man  to  a  benefice  by  a  bishop,  who  has  it  in  his  own 
gift  or  patronage.  Collation  includes  both  presenta- 
tion and  institution.  When  the  patron  of  a  church 
is  not  a  bisliop,  he  presents  his  clerk  for  admission, 
and  the  bishop  institutes  him  ;  but  if  a  bishop  is  the 
patron,  his  presentation  and  institution  are  one  act, 
and  are  called  collation.  Blackstottc, 

4.  In  common  lair,  the  presentation  of  a  copy  to  its 
original,  and  a  comparison  made  by  examination,  to 
ascertain  its  conformity ;  also,  the  report  of  the  act 
made  by  the  proper  olBcers.  Encyc. 

5.  In  Scots  law,  the  right  which  an  heir  has  of 
throwing  the  whole  heritable  and  movable  estates  ol 
the  deceased  into  one  mass,  and  sharing  it  eqiratly 
with  others  who  are  of  the  same  degree  of  kindred. 

6.  A  repast  between  full  meals ;  as,  a  cold  collation 
Collation  of  seals,  denotes  one  seal  set  on  tin;  same 

label,  on  the  reverse  of  another.  Encyc. 

eOL-LA-TI"TIOUS,  (-tish'us,)  a.  Done  by  the  dis- 
tribution of  money. 

COL-La'TIVE,  a.  Advowsons  are  presenUttive,  r.ol- 
lativc,  or  donative.    An  advowson  eoUativc  is  where 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CI0US.  — C  as  K  ;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z :  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

3S3 


COL 

Ihe  bUhop  and  pninm  aro  one  nnd  the  Hamfi  ptrwon  ; 
In  which  cawj  the  bwhop  can  not  prt'senl  to  hiniiwlf, 
but  he  duf*,  by  one  act  of  c(illntii)n  or  cunferriiiK  th«! 
benetico,  the  whulo  thil  U  dune,  in  cunimun  rjwtn, 
by  both  prriKntation  and  institution.       BlackjUme. 

€Ol^-I^ATOU,  H.  One  who  colhiti**  or  conip.ires  inan- 
u«crip(^  or  copies  of  books.  Addison, 

2.  One  who  collate:!  to  a  benefice,  aji  when  the  or- 
dinary and  patron  are  thu  same  person.         Jlijltffe. 

COI*-LAUl)',  p.  U     [U.  caltaudo.) 

To  tinitc  in  praising.     [Little  wted,]  IfavelL 

COI/I.E.AGUE,  (korieeg,)  n.  [L.  eolU^a  :  Fr.  col- 
le^e;  It.  coUe-ra;  Sp.  catena;  Xj.  con  and  le^o^  lo 
choose,  or  Ifj^o,  to  send,  or  /li^D,  to  bind.  'I'bis  word 
is  ditriTcntly  nccentt^d  tiy  difTcrenl  spt-akers  :ind  lexJ- 
cot:nipher:i.     I  huvc  fullnwed  the  latest  authuritii^K.] 

A  partner  or  associate  in  the  same  olfice,  eniploy- 
uicnt,  or  coiiunission,  civit  ur  ecclc-.Hia>tical. 

MUtoii.     Siciji, 
It  is  novor  used  of  partner;)  in  trade  or  nianiifac- 
(ures. 

€OULGAGlIF/j  (kol-leeg'j)  r.  (.  or  i.  To  iinito  with 
in  tlie  ^^nie  uthcc. 

COL-LEAGCKD,  (kol-Ieegd',)pp.  United  as  an  ns- 
-joriatf!  in  llie  snine  olBcc. 

i'oi.'LKAGITE-SllIP,  H.  Partnership  in  orrif-e.  MJion. 

*'<  tlrlAlCV,  r.  f.  [L.  coUi:jOf  coltrctum  ;  con  and  Irgo^ 
to  giiiher ;  (Ir.  Acj  i.>.] 

1.  To  gather,  as  separate  persons  or  thing:«,  into 
one  b<Kty  or  place  ;  to  assemble  or  brine  logcllier ;  as, 
t(»  collect  men  into  an  army  ;  lo  collect  ideas  ;  to  cuUtct 
p:irlicular^  into  one  sum. 

2.  To  gain  by  ob^Tvalion  or  information  ;  a^,  from 
all  that  can  be  collected^  the  public  peace  will  not  xoon 
be  interrupted. 

3.  To  gather  from  premises;  to  infer  as  n  conse- 
quence. 

Which  conjequQDce,  I  conceive,  b  vriy  ill  eoUeeied.       iMckt. 

•I.  To  gather  money  or  revenue  from  debtors ;  lo 
demand  and  receive  ;  as,  lo  collect  lajtes ;  to  collect 
the  rusiom^  ;  to  collect  accounts*  or  dcbtii. 

5.  To  gather,  as  crops  ;  lo  reap,  mow,  or  pick,  and 
secure  in  proper  repositories  ;  as,  to  collect  liay,  corn, 
or  fruits. 

6.  To  draw  together;  to  bring  into  united  action  ; 
as,  lo  collect  all  tlie  strength,  or  all  the  powers  of  the 

7.  To  obtain  from  contribution.  [mind. 
To  colled  oiie^s  self,  irf  to  recover  from  surprise,  or 

a  disconcerted  state  ;  to  gain  command  over  the 
thoughts,  when  dispersed  ;  over  the  passions,  wlien 
tumultuous;  or  the  mind,  when  dismayed. 

Shak.     Milton. 

eOL-LEer',  r.  I.  To  run  together;  to  accumulate; 
as,  ptis  collects  in  an  abscess ;  sand  or  snow  collects 
in  banks. 

COL'LEGT,  n.      A  short,  comprelienslve  prayer;   a 

prayer  adapted  to  n  inrticular  day  or  occasion,  and 

read  together  with  oilier  parts  of  tlie  cliurch  service. 

Brande.      Taylor. 

2.  .'Vrollertion  or  gatherinsof  mouev.  [Little  iLsed,] 

eOt^LEe-TA'-\E-A,  M.p/.  [L.,  things' collected.]  In 
literature,  a  term  applied  lo  a  selection  of  p.issages 
from  various  authors,  usually  made  for  the  purpose 
of  instruction.  Braiide. 

eOL-LEe-TA'NE-OUS,  a.     [L.  cvlUctaneus.] 
Gathered  ;  collected. 

et)I^LEeT'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Gathered  ;  assembled ;  con- 
gregated \  drawn  together. 

2.  a.  Recovered  from  surprise  or  dismay  ;  not  dis- 
concerted ;  cool ;  firm;   prepared. 

COL-LEeT'ED-LY,  ado.  In  one  view ;  together;  in 
ime  body  ;  in  a  cool,  prepared  slate  uf  mind. 

eOL  LE€T'EI)  .\F..S.S,  n.  A  collected  state  of  the 
mind  ;  recovery  from  surprise. 

eOL-LEeT'I-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  collected  or  gath- 
ered ;  that  may  be  inferred. 

2.  That  may  be  gathered  or  recovered  ;  as,  the 
debts  or  taxes  are  or  are  not  coUettihU. 

COI,  UEGT'ING,  p/>r.  or  a.  Gathering^  drawing  to- 
gether ;  as-iombling. 

COLr-LE€'TIO.\,  n.  The  act  of  gathering  or  assem- 
bling. 

2.  The  body  formed  by  gathering  ;  an  assemblage, 
or  assembly  ;  a  crowd  ;  as,  a  collection  of  men. 

3.  A  contribution  ;  a  sum  collected  for  a  charitable 
purpose. 

Kow  cMioem'mz  Uir  coUacQon  for  tin- 


uiiit*.  —  1  Cor.  xvi. 

4.  A  gathering,  a?;  of  matter  in  an  abscess. 

5.  The  act  tif  deducing  conse<)uences  ;  reasoning; 
inference.     [L'ttle  uAoiJ]  John.inn.     Jlooktr. 

6.  A  coroilar>'  ;  a  consectary  ;  a  deduction  from 
premises  ;  consetpienre.  Johiu^on.     Hooker. 

7.  A  biMik  mnipiled  from  other  bwiks,  by  the  put- 
linc  together  of  parts  ;  a  compilation  ;  as,  a  collection 
of  essays  or  sermi>ns. 

COU-LEe-TI"TIOUrf.  (-tiah'us,)  a.     Gathered  up. 
eOL-LEGT'IVE,  a.     [L  eoOectwus:  Fr.  coUeetif;  It. 
eolUttivo.\ 

1.  Pornipd  by  Catherine  ;  eatliered  inio  a  nnss, 
sum,  or  body  ;  congregated,  or  aesri'cated.     Siei/t, 

2.  Deducing  consequences;  reiisoning;  inferring. 

BrotOH. 

3.  In  prammary  expressing  a  number  or  multitude 


COL 

united  ;  a-',  a  collective  noun  or  name,  which,  though 
in  the  singtilar  number  itself,  denotes  more  ttian  one  ; 

as,  co'npani/,  ariii»,  troop,  ojsenibl^. 

€OI#-LEe'I''lVE-LV,  ado.  In  a  mass,  or  body  ;  in  a 
collected  state  ;  in  the  aggregate  ;  unitedly  ;  in  a  state 
of  combination  ;  a.s,  the  citizens  of  a  slate  collectively 
consideretl. 

COL-LECT'IVE-.NESS,  ii.     A  slate  of  union  ;  mass. 

GOL-LECT'OK,ii.  One  whocollectsor  gathers  things 
which  are  scattered  or  scpamte. 

2.  A  compiler  ;  one  who  gathers  and  puis  together 
parts  of  books,  or  .scattered  pieces,  in  one  hook 

3.  In  botitny,  one  who  gathers  plants,  without 
Kluilying  botany  as  a  science.  Eneye. 

Also,  a  term  applied  to  l)ie  dense  hairs  covering 
the  styles  of  some  phtnts.  Brandr. 

4.  .\n  officer  appointed  and  commissioned  lo  col- 
lect and  receive  customs,  duties,  taxes,  or  toll. 

Temple. 

5.  A  bachelor  of  arts  in  Oxford,  who  is  appointed 
to  superintend  some  scholastic  proceedings  in  Lent. 

Todd. 
eOL-LEeT'OR-SHIP,  (  n.      The  office  of  a  collector 
eOI.-LEt-T'OR-ATE,  \      of  customs  or  taxes. 

2.  The  jurisdiction  of  a  collector,  ^siat.  ReaeareJics. 
eOL-LEG'A-'i'A-RV,  7i.     [L.  eon  and  /r^'",  to  send.] 
In  the  civil  late,  a  person  who  has  a  legacy  left  to 
him,  in  common  with  one  or  more  other  persons. 
Chambers.    Johnson. 
€OL'IjEGE,  ».  [L.  eolleifium  ;  co?t  nnd /c^o,  to  gather.] 
In  1^  primary  sense,  a  collection  or   assembly. 
Hence, 

1.  In  <i  general  sense,  a.  collection,  assemblage,  or 
Society  of  men,  invested  \Vith  certain  powers  and 
rights,  performing  certain  duties,  or  engaged  in  some 
common  employment  or  pursuit. 

2.  In  a  particular  sense,  an  assembly  for  a  political 
or  ecclesiastical  purjwse  ;  as,  the  collesre  of  electors, 
or  their  deputies  at  the  diet  in  Ratisbon.  So,  also, 
the  coUci'e  of  princes,  or  their  deputies:  the  coUcire 
of  cities,  or  deputies  of  Ihe  imperial  cities  ;  the  col- 
lege of  cardinals,  or  sacred  college.  In  Russia,  the 
deinmiination  coUetre  is  given  to  councils  of  slate, 
courts,  or  assemblies  of  men  intrusted  with  the  ad- 
ministration of  the  government,  and  called  imperial 
colleges.  Of  ttiese,  s(»me  are  supreme,  and  others 
subordinate;  as,  the  supreme  imperial  college;  the 
cullctre  of  foreign  alfuirs  ;  the  college  of  war;  the  ad- 
miralty wWc^*- ,-  the  roWe^c  of  justice ;  the  college  of 
commerce  ;  the  medical  coUe/re. 

Wm.  Tookc,  il.  335,  356. 
In  Great  Britain  and  Ute  United  Stoics  ofJimeriea,  a 
society  of  physicians  is  called  a  college,  ^o,  also, 
there  are  colleges  of  surgeons  ;  and  in  Britain,  a  col- 
lege of  philosophy,  a  college  of  henilds,  a  college  of 
justice,  ficc.  Colleges  of  these  kinds  arc  usually  in- 
corporated or  established  by  the  supreme  power  of 
the  state. 

3.  An  establishment  or  edifice  appropriated  to 
the  use  of  students  who  are  acquiring  the  languages 
and  sciences. 

•1.  The  society  of  persons  engaged  in  the  pursuits 
of  literature,  ineluding  the  olTicers  and  students. 
Societies  of  thi.'  kind  are  incorporated  and  endowed 
with  revenues. 

5.  In  foreign  universities,  a  public  lecture. 

6.  A  colleriion  or  community ;  as,  a  college  of 
bees.     I  Unusual.]  Dniden. 

€OL'LEGE-LIKE,  a.  Regulated  after  tlie  iimnner  of 
a  college. 

€OL-Lf:'Gl-.VL,  a.  Relating  to  a  college;  behmging 
to  a  college  ;  having  the  properties  of  a  collejjr. 

COI^LE'Gf-AX,  n.  -V  member  of  a  college,  jiarticu- 
larly  of  a  literary  institution  so  called ;  an  inhah- 
itanl  of  a  college.  Johnson. 

€OI*-I,F/Gl-ATE,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  college  ;  as,  col- 
legiate studies. 

2.  Containing  a  college  ;  instituted  after  the  man- 
ner of  a  college  ;  as,  a  collegiate  society.     Juliuson. 

3.  A  collegiate  church  is  one  that  has  no  bishop's 
see,  but  has  the  ancient  retinue  of  a  bishop,  canons, 
and  prebends".  Of  these,  some  are  of  royal,  others 
of  ecclesiastical  foundation  ;  and  each  is  regulated, 
in  matters  of  divine  service,  as  a  cathedral.  Some 
of  these  were  anciently  abbeys  which  have  been 
secularized.  Encyc. 

eOL-LE'Gl-ATE,  H.    The  member  of  a.  college. 

Burton. 
COI/LET,  n.     [Fr.  collef,a.  collar,  or  neck,  from  L. 
coUum.] 

1.  Among  jeicrlers,  the  horiKontal  face  or  plane  at 
the  bottom  of  brdliants ;  or  the  part  of  a  ring  in 
which  the  stone  is  set.  Etwyc.    Johnson. 

2.  In  glas.i -making,  that  part  of  glass  vessels  which 
sticks  to  Ihe  iron  instrument  uwed  in  taking  the  sub- 
stance from  the  meltingpot.  Encyc. 

3.  .Anciently,  a  band  or  collar. 

4.  A  term  iised  by  turners.  Johnson. 

5.  In  botany,  the  nerk  or  part  of  a  plant  from 
which  spring  the  ascending  and  descending  axes. 

^*-i»  T     fn  Lindley. 

eOL-LET'ie,  a.  Having  the  property  of  gluing; 
agglutinant.  Encyc. 


COL 

eUL-LET'lC,  n.     [Gr.  -foAA»jruos.] 

An  a:!glutinant.  EHCxfc. 

1  GOL-LTl>F.',  r.  I.    [L.  collido  ;  eun  and  Urdo,  to  strike.] 
To  strike  or  dash  against  rath  other.  Brotrn. 

COL-LII>'L\G,  ppr.     Striking  or  dashing  aKninst. 
Gt»LL'IElt,  (kol'yer,)  «.    [from  eual.]     A  digger  of 
cnal  ;  one  ulio  works  in  a  coal  iniiic.  Johnson. 

2.  A  coal  merchant,  or  dealer  in  ctial.        Bacon. 

3.  A  coiLslirig  vessel  employed  in  the  coal  tnide,  or 
In  transporting  coal  from  the  porl.-i  where  il  is  re- 
ceived fr<im  the  mines,  to  the  ports  >vhere  it  is  pur- 
chased fur  consumption. 

GOLL'IER  Y,  (kol'yer-y,)  H.    The  place  where  coal 

is  dug.     [See  CoALEnv.J 
2   TUr  coal  tmde.    Qu. 
€OL'LI-FLOVV-EK.    See  Cauukloweh. 
GOL'LI  GaTE,   r.   ^     [L.   eolligoi   con  and   ligo,  lo 

hind.]    'I'u  lie  or  bind  together. 

The  )]ii-c^i  of  Uinslitu  nrc  eoUigaUd  In  rowt.  Nkh.  Diet, 

COL'LI-Ga-TED,  pp.    Tied  or  bound  together. 

€OI,'Li-GA-TING,  ppr.     Binding  logelher. 

COL-LI-Ga'TION,  h.     A  binding  together    Brown. 

GOL-LI-MA''l'IO.\,  n.  [I>.  colli  mo  ;  con  nnd  limes,  a, 
limit.  Ainswortli  sugyesls  that  it  may  be  an  ermr, 
and  that  colUneo,  con  ami  lijua,in  the  real  reading; 
hul  eotlimo  is  in  pt^rfccl  !inabit;>'  wilh  other  woidrf  of 
like  signification.  To  aim  la  lo  direct  to  the  litnii  or 
end.] 

1.  The  act  of  aiming  at  a  mark ;  aim  ;  the  act  of 
leveling,  or  of  directing  the  sight  to  a  fixed  ohjeol. 

.Asiat.  Re.frarrk. 

2.  In  a  telescope,  the  line  of  collimation,  is  tlie  line  of 
sight,  or  a  straight  line  passing  ihruugb  the  cenli-r  uf 
the  objecl-glass. 

GOL-LI-Ma'TOR,  n.     An  instrument  for  ascertaining 

the  horizontal  poiiiL 
€OL-LIN-E-.\'TION,H.     [h.  colUncQ ;  con  and  luua, 

u  line.] 
The  act  of  aiming,  or  directing  in  a  line  lo  a  fixed 

object.  Johuton. 

GOIj'LIN'G,  71.     [L.  ccUuni,  the  neck.]     An  embrace; 

dalliance.     \jXot  usrd,]  Chaucer. 

G0L-MN"GUAL,  (-ling'gwal,)  u.  Having  ur  pertiin- 

ing  to  the  same  language. 
GOL-Lia'UA-IJLE,  (kol-lik'wa-bl,)  a.     [See  Colli- 

quATE.]    That  may  be  liquefied,  ur  melted ;  liable 

lo  melt,  grow  sot^,  or  become  lluid. 
GOI^Lia'UA-MENT,  n.    The  substance  formed  by 

melting;  that  which  is  melted.     Bailey.    JoUnson. 

2.  Technically,  the  felal  part  of  an  i!gg ;  the 
tmnsparent  fluid  in  an  egg,  conUiining  the  first  rudi- 
ments of  the  rliick.  Coie.     Encyc. 

3.  Tile  first  rudiments  of  an  enibrjo  in  generation. 

Core. 

COI/LI-QL'A.NT,  fl.  That  has  the  power  of  dissolv- 
ing or  melting. 

GOL'LI-QU.aTE,  1%  i.  [L.  coUiqueo;  con  and  liqueo, 
to  melt.    See  Liquid.] 

To  mi-It ;  to  dissolve ;  to  change  from  solid  to 
fiuid  ;  to  become  liquid.  Brown. 

GOL'IJ-Un.ATr:,  v.  u    To  melt  or  dissolve. 

COL'Ll-QUA-TEn,  ;>;>.  Melted;  dissolved;  turned 
from  a  .solid  to  a  fluid  substance.     Boyle.     Harvey. 

eOL'L[-aiiA-TL\G,  ppr.     Melting;  dissolving. 

GOL-LI-UUa'TION,  7i.    The  act  of  melting. 

lioyle. 
2.  A  dissolving,  flowing,  or  wasting;  apjilied  to 
the  blood,  when  it  does  not  readily  coagulate,  and  to 
the  solid  parts,  when  they  waste  away  by  excessive 
secretion,  occasioning  fluxes  and  profuse  clammy 
sweats.  Coze.     Encyc.     Quinci/. 

GOL-LIU'UA-TIVE,  (kol-lik'wa-tiv,)  a.  .Melting; 
dissolvinii;  applied  to  excessive  evacuations,  which 
melt  down,  as  it  were,  the  strength  and  substance  of 
the  body. 

eoi^Lia-UE-FAG'TION,  (kol-lik-we-fak'shun,)  n. 
[L.  collii/urfacio.] 

A  melting  together;  the  reduction  of  different 
bodies  into  one  mass,  bv  fusion.  Bacon, 

GOL-LI"SIOX,  (kol-lizh'un,)  n.  [L.  collu:io,  from 
collido,  collisi ;  eon  and  Urtlo,  to  strike  or  hurt.] 

1.  The  act  of  striking  Ujgether ;  astriking  together 
of  two  hard  boilies.  Milton. 

2.  The  stale  of  being  struck  together;  a  clash- 
ing.    Hence, 

3.  Figuratirely,  a  state  of  opposition ;  interfe- 
rence ;  as,  a  collision  of  interests,  or  of  parties. 

4.  A  running  against  each  other,  as  ships  at  sea. 

Marshal  on  Insurance,     lyalsh. 
GOL-LIT'I  GAXT,  n.    One  who  litigates  or  wrangles 

with  anolh<;r. 
GOL'LO  CaTE,  r.  L    [L.  eoUoco ;  con  and  loco,  to  set 

or  place.]     To  set  or  place  ;  to  set ;  to  station. 
eOL'LO  C.^TE,  n.     Set;  placed.  Bacon. 

GOI/LO-G.\-TED,  pp.    Placed. 
GOL-LO-C.A-TIXG,  ppr.     Setting  ;  placing. 
€OL-LO-Ca'TION,  n.     [L.  colloaitio.'] 

1.  A  setting;  the  act  of  placing;  disposition  in 
place. 

2.  The  .state  of  being  placed,  or  placed  with  fome- 
thing  else.  Bnt-nn. 

€OL-L0-GO'TION,  n.  [L.  collocutio:  con  and  hcu- 
tio,  from  loquor,  to  speak.] 


FATE.  F.\R.  PALL.  W    AT. —  ME    E,  PRgY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.— 
1«4  -^"^ 


CO  I, 

A  speaking  or  converging  together;  conference; 
mutual  di^^coursp.  Badey.     Joh'ison. 

eOL-LO-CC'TOR,  71.  One  of  the  specUiers  in  a  dia- 
logue. 

eOL-LoGUE',  V.  U     To  wheedle.     [Jv'ot  in  nse.\ 

€Of/LOP,  Ji.    A  small  slice  of  meat ;  a  piece  of  flesh. 

Driidcn. 
9.  In  burlesque^  a  child.  Shal:. 

3.  In  Job  xw  27,  it  seems  to  have  tlie  sense  of  a 
thick  piece  or  fleshy  lump.  "  He  maketh  coUops  of 
fat  on  his  flanks."  Thid  is  the  sense  of  the  word  in 
New  England. 

€0L-L6'UUI-AL,  a.  [See  CoLLoqur  ]  Pertaining 
to  common  conversation,  or  to  mutual  discourse  ;  as, 
colloquial  language  ;  a  colloquial  phrase. 

eOL-Lo'aUI-AirlSM,  n.  A  colloquial  form  of  ex- 
pression. 

€OL-Lo'QUI-AL-LY,  adc.     Bymulnal  conversation. 

eOL'LO  aUIST,  n.    A  speaker  in  a  dialogue. 

Malone. 

€OL'LO-Q,iri'',  n.  [L.  colloquium;  con  and  loquor,  to 
speak.] 

Conversation  ;  mutual  discourse  of  two  or  more  ; 
conference ;  dialogue.  Mdion.     Taylor 

eOL'LoW.    See  Collv. 

€OL-LU€'T.\N-CV,  n.  [L.  cuUuctar;  con  and  luctor^ 
to  struggle.] 

A  struggling  to  resist;  a  striving  against;  resist- 
ance; opp;isition  of  nature. 

€OL-LUe-TA'TIO.\,  n.  A  struggling  to  resist;  con- 
test ;  resistance  ;  opposition  ;  conti-ari»^*v.  Woodward. 

eOL-LUDE',  V.  i.  [h.  collado  ;  con  and  Udo,  to  play, 
to  banter,  to  mock.] 

To  play  into  the  hand  of  each  other;  to  conspire 
in  a  fraud  ;  to  act  in  concert.  Johnson. 

€OL-LuD'ER,  n.    One  who  conspires  in  a  fraud. 

eOL-LuD'IXG,  ppr.     Conspiring  with  another  in  a 

€0L-LUD'IXG,  11.    A  trick  ;  collusion.  [fraud. 

€OL-LU'SION,  (-zhun,)  it.  [L.  coUusio.  See  Col- 
lude.] 

J.  In  law,  a  deceitful  agreement  or  compact  be- 
tween two  or  more  persons,  for  the  one  party  to  bring 
an  action  against  the  other,  for  some  evil  purpose,  as 
to  defraud  a  third  person  of  his  right.  Coircl. 

A  secret  understanding  between  two  parties,  who 
plead  or  proceed  fraudulently  against  each  other,  to 
the  prejudice  of  a  third  person.  Encyc. 

2.  In  general,  a  secret  agreement  and  co-operation 
for  a  fraudulent  purpose. 

€OL-Lu'SIVE,  a.  Fraudulently  concerted  between 
two  or  more  ;  as,  a  cuUiuivc  agreement. 

€OL-Lu'SIVE-LY,  adv.  By  collusion ;  by  secret 
agreement  to  defraud. 

eOL-Lu'SIVE-NESS,  n.  The  quahty  of  being  col- 
lusive. 

eOL-Lu^SO-RY,  a.  Carrying  on  a  fraud  by  a  secret 
concert;  containing  collusion. 

eOL-LU'VI-ES,  71.  [L.]  Filth;  a  sink;  a  mixed 
mass  of  refuse  matter. 

€OL'LY,      I  n.     [Supposed  to  be  from  coal.] 

eOL'LoW,  i  The  black  grime  or  soot  of  coal  or 
burnt  wood.  Woodward.     Burton. 

eOL'LY,  V.  U  To  make  foul ;  to  grime  with  the  smut 
of  coal.  Shak. 

eOL'LY-RITE,  n.     [Gr.  KoWvnioi;  infra.] 

A  variety  of  clay,  of  a  white  color,  with  shades  of 
gray,  red,  or  yellow.  Cleavcland. 

eOL-LYR'I-(JM,  n.  [L.;  Gr.  koWvowv.  Uu.  from 
/ctjAtxj,  to  check,  and  pio^y  defluxion.] 

A  lotion  intended  to  prevent  excessive  discharges, 
now  applied  only  to  eye-waters.  Brands. 

COL'.MAR,  n.     [Fr.]     A  sort  of  pear. 

eOL'O-CYNTH,  n.     [Gr.  Koh^Kwei^.] 

The  coloquintida,  or  bitter  apple  of  the  shops,  a 
kind  of  cucumber,  I'rom  Aleppo  and  from  Crete.  It 
contains  a  bitter  pulp,  which  is  a  drastic  purge.  Encyc 

COL-0-CYNTH'lN,  n.  The  supposed  active  medici- 
nal principle  of  the  colocynth.  P.  Cue 

eO-L6GNE'-EARTH,  (ko-loue'erth,)  n.  A  kind  of 
hght  bastard  ocher,  of  a  deep  brown  color,  nut  a 
pure  native  fossil,  but  containing  more  vegetable 
than  mineral  matter  ;  supposed  to  be  the  remains  of 
wood  long  buried  in  the  earth.  Jfdl. 

It  is  an  earthy  variety  of  lignite  or  brown  coal. 
Cleavcland. 

eO-LoGXE'-WA-TER,  (ko-l6ne'wg-ter,)  n.  A  liquor 
composed  of  spirits  of  wine,  oil  of  lavender,  oU  of 
rosemary,  essence  of  lemon,  and  oil  of  cinnamon. 

€OI.'0-LITE,  71.    [Gr.  koj\ov,  the  colon,  and  AcJ';. 
stone.] 
A  name  given  to  the  fossil  intestines  of  fishes. 

Co'LON,  Ti.  [Gr.  KcoXot',  the  colon,  a  member  or 
hmb.1 

1.  In  anatomy,  the  largest  of  the  intestines,  or 
rather  the  largest  division  of  the  intestinal  canal ; 
beginning  ai  the  csciim,  and  ascending  by  the  right 
kidney,  it  pas8e3  under  the  hollow  part  of  the  liver, 
and  the  bottom  of  the  stomach,  to  the  spleen  ;  thence 
descendmg  by  the  left  kidney,  it  parses,  in  the  form 
or  an  S,  to  the  upper  part  of  the  cs  sacrum,  where, 
from  its  straight  course,  the  canal  takes  the  name  of 
'■*2**"^  Encyc.      Quincy. 

2.  In  oraniTTWr,  a  point  or  character  furmed  thus  [:], 
used  to  mark  a  pause  greater  than  that  of  a  semi- 


COL 

colon,  but  less  than  that  of  a  period  ;  or  rather,  it  is 
used  when  the  sense  of  the  division  of  a  period  in 
complete,  so  as  to  admit  a  full  point ;  but  somr^thing 
is  added  by  way  of  illustration,  or  the  description  is 
continued  by  an  additional  remark,  without  a  neces- 
sary dependence  on  the  foregoing  members  of  the 
sentence.    Thus, 

A  brute  arrives  at  a  point  of  perfecUoii  ha  tan  ncTer  pass :  in  a 
few  years  he    has  all   Uic  emlowmeiits    he  is  capable  ot. 
Sped.  No.  iii. 
The  colon  is  often  used  before  an  address,  quota- 
tion, or  example.    "  Mr.  Grey  was  followed  by  Mr. 
Erskine,  who  spoke  thus :  '  I  rise  to  second  the  mo- 
tion of  my  honorable  friend.'  "    But  the  propriety  of 
this  depends  on  the  pause,  and  this  depends  on  the 
form  of  introducing  the  quotation ;  for  after  say, 
said,  or  a  like  word,  the  colon  is  not  used,  and  seems 
to  be  improper.    Thus,  in  our  version  of  the  Scrip- 
tures, such  members  are  almost  invariably  followed 
by  a  comma:  "But  Jesus  said  to  them,  'Ye  know 
not  what  ye  ask.'  " 

The  use  of  the  colon  is  not  uniform  ;  nor  is  it 
easily  defined  and  reduced  to  rules.  Indeed,  the  use 
of  ii  might  be  dispensed  with  without  much  incon- 
venience. 

€OL'0-NEL,  (kur'nel,)  n.  [Fi:  colonel ;  It.  ctdonncllo  i 
Arm.  coronal;  Sp.  coroncl ;  Port,  coronet;  from  It. 
colonna,  Fr.  colonnc,  a  column,  It.  colonnello,  the  col- 
umn of  a  hook.] 

The  chief  commander  of  a  regiment  of  troops, 
whether  infantry  or  cavalry.  He  ranks  next  below 
a  brigadicr-generai.  In  England,  colonel-Ucutenant  is 
the  commander  of  a  regiment  of  guards,  of  vvhicli 
the  king,  prince,  or  other  person  of  eminence,  is 
colonel.  Lieiitcnant-colunel  is  the  second  oflicer  in  a 
regiment,  and  commands  it  in  the  absence  of  the 
colonel. 

€OL'0-NEL-CY,  (kur'nel  cy,)         )  Ji.      Tiie    office, 

eOL'0-NEL-SHIP,  (kur'nei-ship,)  (  rank,  or  com- 
mission of  a  colonel.  Swift.     Washington, 

€0-Lo'NI-AX.,  a,  [See  Colont.]  Pertaiiiing  to  a 
colony ;  as,  colonial  government ;  colonial  rights. 
[Coi.osicAL  is  not  in  use.] 

€OL'0-NIST,  n.  [See  Colo:«y.]  An  inhabitant  of  a 
colon V.        BlackstoRC.     Marshall,  Life  of  Washinf^lon. 

€0L-0-NI-Z.\'TI0N,  n.  The  act  of  colonizing,  or 
state  of  being  colonized. 

Colonization  society  ;  a  society  in  the  United  States 
designed  to  aid  free  blacks  in  emigrating  to  Africa. 

€OL-0-NI-Za'TION-IST,  n.  A  friend  to  coloniza- 
tion, particularly  to  the  colonization  of  Africa  by 
emigrants  from  the  colored  population  of  the  Uni- 
ted States. 

eOL'0-NIZE,  V.  t.  [See  Colony.]  To  plant  or  estab- 
lish a  colony  in  ;  to  plant  or  settle  a  number  of  the 
subjects  of  a  kingdom  or  state  in  a  remote  country 
for  the  purpose  of  cultivation,  commerce,  or  defense, 
and  for  permanent  residence.  Bacon. 

The  Greeks  colotiized  tlie  soiitli  of  Italy  and  of  Fraiiw. 

2.  To  migrate  and  settle  in,  as  inhabitants. 

English  Puritans  colonized  t^ew  England. 

eOL'0-NlZE,  V.  i.    To  remove  and  settle  in  a  distant 

country' ;  as,  to  colonize  in  India.  Buchanan, 

e0L'0-NlZ-£D,7>;?.    Settled  or  planted  with  a  colony. 
eOL'O-NtZ-ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Planting  with  a  colony. 
eOL'O-NIZ-ING,  71.    The  act  of  establishing  a  colony. 

This  state  papier  ^\^s  bjen  adopted  as  llie  basis  of  :i]l  hi^r  laiT 
colonizings.  7bu/;e,  i.  62*2. 

C0L-ON-N.ADE',  H.  [It.  colonnata,  froui  colonna,  a 
column;  Sp.  colunata  i  Ft.  colojinade.  See  Coll'iin.] 
1.  In  architecture,  a  series  or  range  of  columns, 
placed  at  regular  intervals.  Bailder''s  Diet.  .Addison. 
9.  Any  series  or  range  of  column?.  \Vhen  dis- 
posed in  a  circle,  or  when  surrounding  a  building 
of  any  shape,  tliey  are  called  a  peristyle :  when  the 
rows  of  columns  are  double  or  more,  they  form 
a  polystyU.  Pope. 

eOL'O-NY,  n.  [L.  colonia,  from  colo,  to  cultivate.] 
1.  A  company  or  body  of  people  transplanted  from 
their  mother  country  to  a  remote  province  or  coun- 
try, to  cultivate  and  inhabit  it,  and  remaining  stibject 
to  the  jurisdiction  of  the  parent  state  ;  as,  the  British 
colonies  in  America,  or  the  Indies  ;  the  Spanish  colo- 
nics in  South  America.  When  such  settlements, 
in  later  times,  cease  to  be  subject  to  the  parent  state, 
they  are  no  longer  denominated  colonies. 

The  first  ftMilcrs  of  New  Rutland  were  ih?  best  of  Englishmen, 
well-educated,  ilevout  ChrisliauB,  and  /.i-alous  lovers  of  lib- 
eny.     There  waa  never  a  colony  formed  of  belter  materials. 

Ames. 

a.  The  countiy  planted  or  colonized  ;  a  plantation  ; 
also,  the  body  of  inhabitants  in  a  territory  colonized, 
including  the  descendants  of  the  fir;t  planters.  The 
people,  though  born  in  the  territory,  retain  the  name 
of  colonists,  till  they  cease  to  be  subjects  of  the  pa- 
rent state. 

3.  A  collection  of  animals ;  as,  colonics  of  shell- 
fish. Encyc. 

eOL'O-PHA-NY.    See  Colophont. 

€OL'D-PHOX,  n.  An  inscription  on  the  last  page  of 
a  book,  before  title-pages  were  used,  containing  the 
place  or  year,  or  both,  of  its  publication,  the  print- 
er's name,  occ.    The  word  is  derived  from  a  Greek 


COL 

proverb  respecting  the  peojile  of  Colophon,  in  Ionia 
tliat  they  always  came  hindcrmost. 

Brande.      Warlon 
eOL'O-PnON-rJ'E,  n.     [Supra,  from  the  oily,  or  its 
resin  color.] 

A  variety  of  garnet,  of  a  rtsinous  fracture,  and  a 
reddisii  yellow  or  brown  color,  occurrinir  in  small, 
amorphous,  granular  masses.  Diet.  J^'at.  ffist. 

€OL'0-PHO-NY,  71.     Black  rosin;  the  dark-colored 
resin  obtained  by  the  distillation  of  turi'fntine. 

lirande. 
It  is  so  named  from  Coloplion,  in  Ionia,  whence 
the  best  was  formerly  brought  The  sprlling  Colo- 
PHANY,  given  by  Ure,  st^ems,  therefore,  to  be  erro- 
neous. 
eOL-0-aUINT'I-DA,  n.  [Gr.  KoXoKVvQti ;  L.  colocyw- 
thi^:.] 

The  colocynth,  or  bitter  apple,  the  fruit  of  a  plant 
of  the  genus  Cucumis,  a  native  of  Syria  and  of 
Crete.  It  is  of  the  size  of  a  small  orange,  cont;iining 
a  pulp  which  is  violently  purgative,  but  sometimes 
usf.ful  as  a  medicine.  Cluimb'-rs. 

COL'ORj  (kul'lur,)  n.     [L.  color;  It.  colore;  Sp.  Port. 
color  ;  r  r.  cauleur.] 

1.  In  physics,  a  property  inherent  in  light,  which, 
by  a  difference  in  the  rays  and  tliK  laws  of  refraction, 
or  some  other  cause,  gives  to  bodies  particular  ap- 
pearances to  the  eye.  'J'he  principal  colors  are  red, 
orange,  yellow,  green,  blue,  indigo,  and  violet. 
White  is  not  properly  a  color;  as  a  white  body  re- 
flects the  rays  of  light  without  separating  tlieni. 
Black  bodies,  on  the  contrary,  absorb  all  the  rays,  or 
nearly  all,  and  therefore  black  is  no  distinct  color. 
But  in  common  discourse,  white  and  black  are  tie- 
nominated  colors  ;  and  all  tlie  colors  admit  of  many 
sliades  of  dilference. 

2.  Appearance  of  a  body  to  the  eye,  or  a  quality 
of  sensation,  caused  by  the  rays  of  light ;  hue  ;  dye ; 
as  the  color  of  gold,  or  of  indigo. 

3.  A  red  color ;  the  freshness  or  appearance  of 
blood  in  the  face. 

My  clieeka  no  longer  did  their  color  boast.  Dryden. 

A.  Appearance  to  the  mind;  as,  prejudice  puts  a 
false  color  upon  <.>bject3. 

5.  Superficial  cover  ;  palliation  ;  that  which  serves 
to  give  an  appearance  of  right ;  as,  their  sin  admit- 
ted no  color  or  excuse.  -^"J"  Charles. 

(!.  External  appearance ;  false  sho'.v ;  pretense ; 
guise. 

Under  the  color  of  commending  him, 

I  have  acc'--ss  my  own  love  10  prefer.  S^iak. 

[See  Jicts  xx-vii.  30.] 

7.  Kind;  species;  character;  complexion. 


8.  That  which  is  used  for  coloring ;  paint ;  as  red 
lead,  ocher,  orpiment,  cinnabar,  or  vermilion,  &,c. 

9.  Colors,  with  a  plural  termination,  in  the  mili- 
tani  art,  a  flag,  ensign,  or  standard,  borne  in  an  army 
or  fleet.     [See  Flag.] 

10.  In  law,  color,  in  pleading,  is  when  the  defendant, 
in  assize  or  trespass,  gives  to  the  plainiifi"  a  color  or 
appearance  of  title,  by  staling  his  title  specially ; 
thus  removing  the  cause  from  the  jury  to  the  court. 

Blackstone. 
Water  colors,  aje  such  as  are  used  in  painting  with- 
out being  mixed  with  oil.  Encyc. 
eOI/OR,  (kul'lur,)  V.  t.  To  change  or  alter  the  exter- 
nal appearance  of  a  body  or  substance  ;  to  dye ;  to 
tim^e;  to  paint;  lu  stain;  as,  to  color  cloth.  Gen- 
erally, to  color  is  tj  change  from  white  to  some  other 
color. 

2.  To  give  a  specious  appearance ;  to  set  in  a  fair 
light;  to  palliate;  to  excuse. 

He   colors  tlie  faiseUood  of  j'Eneas  by  an  express  command  of 
Jupiter  to  forsake  :he  queen.  Dryden. 

3.  To  make  plausible ;  to  exaggerate  in  representa- 
tion, j^ddison. 

To  color  a  slranger'^s  goods,  is  when  a  freeman  al- 
lows a  foreigner  to  enter  goods  at  the  custom-house 
in  his  name,  to  avoid  the  alien's  duty. 

eOL'OR,  V,  i.  To  turn  red  ;  to  have  color  come  into 
the  cheeks  from  embarrassment,  anger,  itc. 

eOL'OU-A-BLE,  a.  Designed  to  cover  or  co!iceal  ; 
specious;  plausibli;;  giving  an  appearance  of  right 
or  justice;  as,  a  colorable  pretense;  a  cvlumblc  ex- 
cuse. Spenser.     Hooker. 

€0L.'OR-A-BLE-NESS,  n.  Speciousness ;  plausible- 
ness. 

COti'OR-A-BLY,  ade.  Speciously  ;  plausibly  ;  with  a 
fair  external  appearance.  Bacon. 

€6l'0R-.\TE,  a.     [L.  coloratus,  from  coloro,  to  color.] 
Colored;  dyed,  or  tinged  with  some  color.     [Lit- 
tle used.}  R'"J' 

eOL-OR-X'TION,  (kul-lur-a'shun,)  n.     [L.  coloro.] 
Tlie  art  or  practice  of  coloring,  or  the  state  of  be- 
ing colored.  Bacon. 

€OL'OR-A-TIIRE,  ti.  In  music,  all  manner  of  varia- 
tions, trills,  fcc,  intended  lo  make  a  song  agreeable. 

Encyc. 

€CL'OR-£D,  (kul'Iurd,)  pp.  or  a.  Having  the  exter- 
nal appearance  changed;  dyed;  tinged;  pamled  or 
stauicd. 


TONE,  BULL,  TJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"C10US.  — C  as  K ;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z  ;  ClI  as  SH  ;  Til  as  in  THIS. 


29 


yys 


COL 


COM 


COM 


-irn..  ,1  :   1- 


;i\  ins  ;i  (llversily  of  liuM. 
.  I'.  [Bacon. 

Africans  or    their 


a  Hit- 
3.  li 

&/. 

•lll'.t  I,:.-  tia-  .i.mluy  of  tineing  i  "bio  lo  give  eolor 
or  mil  t"  "111" 'K"''^'-  ,  ■      •'VT"""- 

foL'oil-INfi,  ppr.  or  a.    Dyeing ;  staining ;    mgniR. 
2.  Givins  a  fair  Mtomil  appearance  ;  palliniinB  ; 

eOl"ol"-I.VO,  n.  The  act  or  art  of  pivini;  a  color  ; 
the  itnlo  rf  111  inp  colored  ■,  color. 

■1    \  »,«  ciuu*  ipiwaniiice  ;  fair  artiflcm    roprcaen- 
larioM  ;  a-s  llie  ftor>-  Ins  a  t.^loring  of  tnllli. 

3    Anions  j.a.,i(rr:.,  the  n.unncr  ol  applying  colors, 

or  the  inixiurc  of  light  and  slia.lo  lormeil  by  Uio  va- 

|iciin  colors  employed.  .i„,„, 

€OLOR-I:'T,  ».  fSiipra.]    One  who  colors ;  a  painter 

"uioeiceli  in  giving  thi  proper  colors  to  his  designs. 

fOL'OR-LESS,  a.  [Supra.]  Deslituio  of  color;  not 
distingiil.*cd  bv  any  h""  i  transparent ;  as^clorlus 

eSt^i^:. "'  ft    (See  CccnO     Like  a  colos- 

eOUO.s^rc.W,       sns ;  very  large  ;  liuge ;  gipiitic. 

eon^OS-PP'lJ.M,".    The  name  given  to  the  largest 

nniphilliraler  In  ll.c  world,  tint  of  Vespasian ;  also 

€0  L"™m°i!r''tl..  nnd  Cr.l  A  statue  of  a  gigan- 
tic sl/e  '11  <•  most  reinarkaine  colossus  of  anliquity 
was  on-  at  llh'«l«,  a  statue  of  Apollo,  so  high  that 
It  is  said  ships  might  sail  between  its  legs. 

eOLOS'SUS-WISE,  ade.    I"  the  manner  of  n^co- 

eoI'l'MT-AGE,  II.  Tho  system  of  disUibutuig  tracts, 
COL'i'oKT-KUR,  j  ».    (Fr.  olpvruur,  a  carrier  on  his 

*'"'i)if™,vV,'l''i.:-ddl  .n 'iiilt  in  rrcint  usays,  one  who 
tinvels  for  til-  ..;o  and  diitiibution  of  religious 
tracts  and   books.  u     ..  . 

euL'STA  KF,  Ti.  A  Blalf  for  carrjing  burdens  by  t«  o 
per-ions  on  their  shoulders.     [Loml.] 

eOLT,  n.     [Sax.  coll.]  .       .      ,.   „, 

1  The  yoiiiis  of  the  c<iiline  genus  of  animals,  or 
llorw  kiml.  In  Auietica,  coH  is  equally  applied  to 
the  male  or  fi mala,  and  lliis  is  unquestionably  cor- 
rect.   The  unL-  is  called  a  Itorse-coU,  and  the  fem.ilc 

"^  "  .■\'yonnsrfoolisli  fellow  ;  a  |icr.,on  without  expe- 
rience or  stability.  ^   ,.     ,.,  ..^•,„ 

CoLT  r.  i.  To  frisk,  riot,  or  frolic,  like  a  coll  j  to  be 
l,r,.ntious.     [AVI  !..««).]  ,  ,  ,  ^P'Sf'i: 

COLT,  r.  (.    To  befool.     [JVu(  .<sci/.]  ,,_  *''"*• 

eOLT'S'-FDOT,  n.  The  popular  name  of  fussilaso 
Farfara,  a 'plant  whose  leaves  were  once  much  ein- 
iiloyed  In  medicine.  The  name  is  also  given  to  a 
IJcIrs  of  Cacniia.  Fam.  of  Plants. 

C01.'I".'^'-'I'<>'>TII,   n.     An  imperfect   or  superfluous 

loi.th  in  voung  hordes.  JoW;i. 

a.  A  love  of  youthful  pleasure.    [/.lUie  ust(l.\ 

W.-:;  nvl,  l.onlSand«:  . 

Your  oj;i>(ootA  '»  not  wt  cast.  ol^*. 

eol.l'T.ll,  11.  [I.:  cul"r,  a  colter  or  knife  ;  that  Is, 
the  ciiucr .-  Fr.  couUc  ;  It.  coUro  ;  VV.  cijUtaar ;  I). 
Aoutfi-.-  t!.  A-,.//rr.l  .        ,v  , 

The  fore  iron  of  a  plow,  wllli  a  sharp  edge,  that 
cul^  the  i-arth  or  sod. 
eni.T'lsli,  <i.    Like  a  colt ;  wanton ;  fnsky  ;  gay. 
COL'U-BEIl,  11.     [L.,asen>entoradder.]      [C4.|iicfr. 
In  ■.oolo'ry,  a  genus  of  serpents.     Linna;us  placed 
under  this"  genus  all  serpents,  whether  venomous  or 
not,  wlio<e  scales  beneath  the  Uiil  are  arranged  in 
pnirs ;    iMit  Cuvier  and  laU'r  authors  restrict  it  to 
Ihnse   having   transverse   plates    on    the  belly,   the 
plates  under  tile  tall  forming  a  double  roiv,  a  flat- 
tened  hiail,  with  nine  larger  plates,  teeth  almost 
equal,  and  no  poison  fangs.  P'  (^yc. 

eOL'nillll.NIi,  a.     [I.,  co/utri.iu.'.] 

ne'lating  to  the  coluber,  or  to  serpents  ;  cunning  ; 
crnftv.     [l,MhMsrd.'\  Jc<hiuail. 

eOL'l*''!-!.  \  iiV,  II.  [h.  colitmbarittm,  from  co/i(«i6(i, 
n  ,,    r.^laiitfn;    It.  eolnt  or  coliim;    .-\nn. 

,  'ii»,  a  pig.on  or  dove.     In  Russ. 

,-  ■  .  of  a  sky-blue  azure,] 

.V  dovc  rut  ;  a  pigeon-house. 
eO-LL'M'n.\TE,  n.    A  salt  or  compound  of  columbic 
nril  V.  Itli  a  base. 

l-A.N',  a.     Pertaining  to  til"  United  Slates, 
rira,  discoverL-d  liy  O'limitia.^. 
MIC,  a.    rcil.aiuing  lo  cohimhium ;  as,  co- 

lur.i^ic.  aciil.  .       . 

eOI.  U.M-IIIF'ER-OL'!',  a.  Producing  or  containing 
coliimbium.  PhUlips. 

eoL'UM-nlNE,  a.  Like,  or  pertaining  to,  a  pigeon 
or  dove  ;  of  a  dove  color,  or  like  the  neck  of  a  d.ivc. 

eOL'i:.M-UIN'E,  n.     [U  c,lir«b,r.a.] 

1.  The  popular  name  of  .\qMilegia,  a  genus  or 
plants  of  several  species.  The  Tlialictrum,  or 
ineadow-nie,  is  also  called  fialArrrrl  culumUnr. 

2.  Tho  heroine  in  pantomime  enlenainments. 

rcnniJi^. 

The  name  of  the  mistress  of  Harlequin  In  our 
p.antomiines.  Todd's  Jjhnsitn. 


f  Cblomtiiio  Is,  In  Italian,  a  diminnti.o  term  ol  en- 
dMrmenl,  "  pretty  liillo  dove,"  (Plant.  tJas.   1,  5U, 
"  Meus   pullus   passer,  luea  columba,  ml     epus  ; 
Asin  as   loa,  "UlciRilurmeanaliculum.columbam, 
vel  catelliim,  llinindinem,  moneduhiiu,  passtrculuin, 
nutillum  ;  ")nnd  it  denotes,  in  old  Italian  comedy,  the 
name  of  a  maid-servuut,  who  is  a  perfect  coquette,  in 
which  resjiecl  the  character  famUiar  to  our  Lnglish 
Blace  varli-s  from  tho  protoly|K-.  —  E.  H.  ll.J 
CO-I.IIM'HITK,  II.    The  ore  of  columbiuin. 
t'0-LU.M'lll-UM,  n.     (fnim  Oiluraiio,  America.] 

\  metal  llrst  discovered  in  an  ore  or  oxyd,  found 
in'conncclicut.nl  New  London,  near  the  house  of 
Clovenior  NVilithrop,  and  by  liim  transmitted  to  .Sir 
Hans  Sloane,  by  whom  it  was  deposited  in  the  llrit- 
isll  Museum.  Tho  same  incl.d  was  aacrward  dis- 
covered in  Sweden,  and  called  (aiiKi/iim  and  its  ore 
lanlaUf.  Ckarrland. 

eO-LU.M'BO.    Sec  CiLUMn*.  .      ,  , 

eOL-U-.MEL'LA,  n.  In  dolany,  the  central  column  In 
n  capsule,  taking  its  rise  from  the  receptacle,  and 
having  tlie  seeds  fixed  to  it  all  round.  Marlyn. 

The  axis  of  tlie  fruit.  .      ,    Lmdtaj. 

a  In  condwIoTi/,  tlie  upriglit  pillar  in  the  center  of 
most  of  the  univalve  shells.  Humble. 

eOL'UJIN,  (kol'lum,)  ii.  [L.  celumuo,  eolumnu  V\ . 
color,  a  stalk  or  stem,  a  prop  ;  cotovyn,  a  column  ;  Ir. 
colbh,  a  stalk,  a  column  ;  Arm.  couloueiin  ;  t  r.  colonuc ; 
II  colonna  ;  Sp.  eoliiiima ;  Port,  coliimna,  or  coluua. 
This  word  is  from  the  Celtic,  signifying  tho  stem  of  a 
tree,  such  stems  being  the  first  columns  used.  1  lie 
primary  sense  is  a  slioot,  or  that  which  is  set.] 

1.  Ill  arcliUectun,  a  long,  round  iiody  of  wood  or 
stone,  used  lo  support  or  adorn  a  building,  composed 
of  a  base,  a  shaft,  and  a  capital.  Tlie  shaft  Uipers 
from  the  base,  in  imilation  of  tho  stem  ol  a  tree. 
Tliere  arc  five  kinds  or  orders  of  columns.  1.  1  he 
Tuscan,  rude,  simple,  and  massy  ;  the  liiglit  of  winch 
is  fourteen  semi-diaineters  or  modules,  and  the  dimi- 
nution at  the  top  from  one  sixth  to  one  eighth  of  the 
inferior  diameter.  0.  The  /Jeric,  which  is  Iiext  in 
strcn'th  t.)  the  Tuscan,  has  a  robust,  niasculine  as- 
nect;  its  highl  ii  sixteen  modules.  3.  '1  he /oiiic  is 
Inore  slender  than  the  Tuscan  and  Doric  ;  its  liiglll  18 
ci"htccn  modules.  4.  The  CorinMai:  is  more  deli- 
cate in  its  form  and  proportions,  and  cnriclled  with 
ornaments  ;  its  bight  should  be  twenty  modules 
5.  Tlie  Com;«isile  is  a  species  of  the  Corinthinn,  and 
of  the  same  highl.  .  ™"J'- 

In  strictness,  the  sliaa  of  a  column  consists  ot  one 
entire  piece ;  but  it  is  often  composed  of  dinerent 
nieces,  so  united  as  to  have  the  appearance  of  one 
entire  niece.  It  differs,  in  tliis  respect,  from  a  iii"ni;, 
which  primarily  signifies  a  pile,  composed  of  small 
nlec's.  But  tile  two  tilings  are  unfortunately  con- 
rouniied  ;  and  a  column,  consisting  of  a  single  piece 
of  timber,  is  called  a  pi/ior,  or  pile. 

o  All  erect  or  elevated  structure,  resembling  a  col- 
umn in  architecture ;  sus,  the  ustrwiomicui  column  at 
Paris  a  kiml  of  liollow  tower,  with  a  spiral  ascent  to 
tlie  top ;  L'uoMo'iic  column,  a  cylinder  on  wliicll  the 
hour  of  the  dav  is  indicated  by  the  shadow  ol  a  style  ; 
miHrnri/  colnm'u,  among  the  Romans ;  tnumplud  col- 

""3.''Any  body  pressing  perpendicularly  on  its  base, 
and  of  the  same  diameter  as  its  base  ;  as,  a  column  ot 
water,  air,  or  mercury. 

4  In  Oic  wiliuinj  art,  a  large  body  of  troops  draw  n 
«n  in  deep  files,  with  a  narrow  front;  as,  a  solid  col- 
ii'mi.  So,  also,  numbers  of  airqis  in  a  fleet  following 
each  other  in  order. 

,T  Anion"  pniircrs,  a  division  of  a  page  ;  a  pirpen- 
dlculars"l  of  lin.^s  se|riniled  from  another  set  by  a 
liti-  or  blank  s|mcc.  In  manuscript  books  and  pa- 
llors any  separate  perpendicular  line  or  row  of  words 
or  fi'oires.  A  page  in.iv  contain  two  or  more  columns  ; 
and"  in  arithmetic,  many  co/uran.s  of  figures  may  be 

C.'^lii  tolaiii/,  the  aggregate  stamen  of  a  plant  whim 
the  filaments  are  united  into  a  tube  around  the  styles, 
as  ill  tho  Slalvaceous  plants,  whicli  have  been  called 
Culuiiini/crji,  i.  e.,  column-bearers.    The  united  sta- 
mens and  styles  of  the  plants  of  which  the  genus 
OrcAti  is  the  type,  is  called  a  column. 
eO-LU.M'.N'AR,  a.     Formed  in  columns;  having  the 
fom.  of  columns  ;  like  the  shaft  of  a  column ;  as,  co- 
lumnar sp;ir. 
eoL'U.MN-KD,  fkorumd,)  a.    Having  columns. 
eO-LORE',  n.     [Gr.  toXuu.oo!  ;  ».-oX'ic,  mutilated,  and 
oiipii,  a  tail ;  so  named  because  a  part  is  always  be- 
neath the  hori'/.on.] 

In  o.,(re:io:iij  and  geography,  the  colures  are  two 
great  circles,  suiiposed  Ui  intersect  each  oilier  at  right 
ancles,  ill  the  poles  of  the  world,  one  of  them  pass- 
ing through  the  solstitial  and  the  other  through  the 
equinnctial  points  of  the  ecliptic,  vi/,,,  Cancer  and 
Capricorn,  Aries  and  Libr.a,  dividing  the  eclqilic  iiilo 
four  equal  parts.    The  points  where  these  lines  in- 
tersect tlie  ecliptic  are  called  cardinal  painls.    Barhtc. 
eOL'ZA,  n.     .\  variety  of  cabbage  whose  seeds  altord 
an  oil  used  in  lamps,                                             'f";,. 
COM,  in  comiwsition,  as  a  prefix,  Ir.  comh,  or  coirnh,  W  . 
cym  or  cyo,  L,  com  or  cum,  denotes  aiUt,  to,  or  o;ainsU 
eO'.MA,  B.     [Gr,  xoiiia,  lethargy,]  


Lethargy;  uoiing;  a  preternatural  propensity  to 
sleep ;  a  kind  of  stupor  of  diseased  perwius.  t'or«. 
eO'.MA,  II,     (L,,  from  Gr,  ito/irj,  a  head  of  liair.  | 

1  In  iolaiiu,  a  species  of  bract,  terminating  tho 
stem  of  a  plant,  in  a  tuft  or  busli ;  as  in  Crown-iiii- 
pcrial,  ,  ,  Jlf'irlw, 

n  In  astronomy,  the  envelope  of  a  comet ;  a  dense 
nebulous  covering,  which  surrounds  the  niiclriu,  or 

body  of  a  comet.  

eO'.MXRT,  n.     [con  and  mart.]     A  treaty;  article; 

agreement.     [0>...]  .       »''"*•, 

€0'M^TE,n,  [L,  coi/ietus,  from  coma ;  \T.rmmh,fuibh.\ 

Ilalr>' ;  encompassed  with  a  coma,  or  bushy  ap|R-ar- 

nnce,  like  hair,  ,      .  ,  „  .    *'"'" 

Cu'MATE  n,    fco  and  mole,]    A  fellow-mate  i.r  com- 

na'nion  JSAok, 

eo'.M-V-'i'OSE,  j  a,    [See  Coma,]    Pretcrnaturally  dla- 
eO'MA-TOUS,  I      posed  to  sleep;  drowsy;   dozing, 

without  natural  sleep  ;  lethargic.         Core,     Ornf. 
eOMU,  (kome,)  11,     [.-;ax.]     A  valley  between  hills  or 

mountains.     llMat.)  BroKU. 

eOMIl  (kOine,)  II.  [Sax.  camb,  a  comb;  cnnbnn,  to 
comb;  G.  Aomn;  D.  lam;  Sw.  »aiim  ;  Dan.  Iiani,  a 
comb  ;  Ir.  ciomaim,  to  comb  or  card.  (In.  I..  como,lo 
dress,  trim,  or  comb,  which  seems  to  be  allied  to  tlie 
Gr  ^n/ii/iJf.  But  the  noun  may  be  the  radical  word 
in  our  language,  and  from  scratching,  scraping  ;  Llh. 


T(''^0  rramea,  to  shave  or  scrape.] 

1  An  instruinenl,  with  teeth,  for  separating,  cleans. 
ini>,  and  adjusting  hair,  wool,  or  flax.  Also,  an  in- 
stliinicnt  of  li'>rn  or  shell,  fur  keeping  the  hair  in  lU 
place  wllen  dressed.  .    „    . 

2.  The  crest,  caruncle,  or  red,  fleshy  tuft,  glowing 
on  a  cock's  head  ;  so  calleil  from  its  indentures,  which 
resemble  the  teeth  of  a  comb. 

3.  The  substance  in  which  bees  lodge  their  honey, 
in  small,  hexagonal  cells. 

■1.  A  drv  measure  of  four  bushels ;  properly  toons. 

rjVot  used  in  the  United  States.} 

eO.MB,  V.  t.    To  separate,  disentangle,  cleanse,  and 

adjust,  with  a  comb  ;  as,  to  comb  hair  ;  or  to  separate. 

cleanse,  and  lay  smo<th  and  straight;  as,  to  eem* 

eoMu!  r.  i.    In  Ac  languaoe  of  .sMiiieit,  to  roll  over,  as 

the  top  of  a  wave  ;  or  to  break  with  a  while  foaiii. 

rUu.  So.  coiiifcir,  to  bend,  or  from  the  English  coinS.l 
eoMl!'-inRl>,  (kr.me'biird,)  n.     A  gallinaceous  fowl 

of  Africa,  of  the  si-ic  of  a  turkey-cock. 
eo.MH'-llUUMilLii.     A  brush  to  clean  combs. 
eoMii'-MAK-KR,  11.      One  whose  occupation  Is  to 

make  combs.  ,  ,        v.   _ 

Co.Mlt'-.MAK-l.VG,  n.    The  art  or  business  of  makmg 

eOM'ISAT  f.  i.  [Pr.  com6a«rc,  com  and  liaUrf,  to  beat 
with  or  against;  It.  combaltrrc:  Sp.  combalir;  lort 
combatir;  Aim.  combadti  or  combiUeiiu    See  Bsat.] 

1.  To  fight;  to  struggle  or  contend  with  an  op- 
posing force. 

Fitnlon  iiic  ;  I  will  not  combat  in  my  uliin.  '^b^- 

This  word  is  particularly  used  lo  denote  private 
contest,  or  the  fighting  of  two  persons  in  a  duel ;  but 
it  is  used  in  a  general  sense  for  the  contention  of 
bodies  of  men,  nations,  armies,  or  any  species  ol  an- 
imals. 

After  Uic  fall  of  Uie  republic,  llie  Koraan.  comb(^U<l  onjyJMjm 

2,  To  act  in  opposition,  Jlfi/lon, 
It  is  followeii  by  icitli  before  the  person,  and  /or 

before  the  thing  sought ;  as,  A  combats  icKA  B  for  hB 

eOM'BAT,  V.  t.  To  flght  with  ;  to  oppose  by  force; 
as,  to  combat  an  antagonist. 

2.  To  contend  against ;  to  oppose ;  to  resist ;  as,  to 
combat  arguments  or  opinions.  , 

eoM'llAT,  11.  A  ftghling ;  a  straggling  to  resist,  over 
throw,  or  conquer;  contest  by  force;  engagement; 
battle  ;  as,  the  coiniol  of  armies. 

o    A  duel ;  a  fighting  between  two  men  ;  roriiiiriy, 

a  formal  trial  of  a  doubtful  cause,  or  decision  of  a 

controversv  between  two  persons  by  swordsor  batons. 

eoM-ItA'l"A-l!LE,  a.    That  may  be  disputed  or  op- 

eoM^lV-YT-AXT,./,   Contending;  disposed  to  contend, 

B.  .fonson. 
eO.M'B  'VT-  -^NT,  V.    A  person  who  combats  ;  any  per- 
son who  nglits  with  another,  or  in  an  army,  or  fleet, 
o    A  duelist ;  one  who  fights  or  contends  in  battle, 
fortlie  decision  of  a  private  quarrel  or  iliirerclice;  a 

3.  A  jierson  who  contends  with  another  In  argu- 
ment or  controversy. 
€0,M'liAT-EU,  p/i.    Opposed  ;  resisted.  /-ort'- 

eO.M'BAT-ER,  It.    One  who  fights  or  contends. 

eoM'BAT-lNG,  ppr.    Striving  lo  resist ;  fighting ;  op 

isisiug  bv  force  or  by  argument. 
eo.M-llAf'IVE,  0.     Disposed  to  combat. 
COM-BAT'lVE-NESS,   n.      Among  p''rcnofo»i»M,  an 

organ  wliich  predisposes  a  person  to  flght ;  d;s|>osltiiin 

to  contend.  _  .    .      , ,.    „, 

eOMU'A-D,  (k3md,)pp,  or  a.    Separated,  denned,  or 

dressed  with  a  comb. 


FATE,  F,XK,  FALL,  WHAT,-MST%  PREY— PI-VE,  MAIH.VE,  BlRa  -  N0TE^D0^_MO\%_W^ 


)a^ 


COM 

eOJMB'ER,  (kom'er,)  n.  One  who  combs  ;  one  whose 
occ'ipat'on  is  to  comb  wool,  &c. 

€OM'Br.K,  (kum'ber,)  ?t.    Encumbrance.    [JVW  u.^ed.] 

eOM'EEll,  n.  A  Ion",  slender  fish,  with  a  red  back, 
found  ill  Comwatl,  England. 

eOM-BIN'A-ULE,  a.    Capable  of  coiabiniiig. 

Chesterfield. 

eOM-BLV'A-BLE-NESS,  ju  State  of  being  combin- 
able. 

COM'BI-XATE,  a.  [See  Combine.]  Espoused  ;  be- 
trothed.    [J\''ot  used.]  Shak, 

eOM-BI-NA'TlON,  71.  [Fr.  eombinaison.  See  Com- 
bine.] In  gcnei-al^  close  union  or  connection. 
Hence, 

1.  Intimate  union,  or  association  of  two  or  more 
persons  or  things,  by  set  purpose  or  asjcenient,  for 
eflecting  some  object,  by  joint  operation;  m  a  good 
sense,  when  the  object  is  laudable ;  in  an  ill  sen.se, 
when  it  is  illegal  or  iniquitous.  When  the  word 
stands  by  itself",  it  is  commonly  taken  in  a  bad 
sense  ;  as,  combituitions  have  been  formed  among  the 
people.  It  is  sometimes  equivalent  to  leag-tLe,  or  to 
conspiracy.  We  say,  a  combination  of  men  to  over- 
throw government,  or  a  combination  to  resist  op- 
pression. 

2.  An  assemblage  j  union  of  particulars  j  as,  a 
combination  of  circumstances. 

3.  Commixture  ;  union  of  bodies  or  qualities  in  a 
mass  or  compound  j  as,  to  make  new  compounls  by 
new  combinations.  J^■   V. 

4.  Chemical  union  ;  union  by  affinity. 

Mix  ary  aciu  ol  tAnar  with  Jry  caR-onate  oC  potnsh ;  no  comli- 
nation  will  ens^ie,  li!l  water  is  add?J.  Henry. 

5.  In  mat^iematics,  the  term  combinations  denotes 
the  different  collections  that  may  be  formed  out  of  a 
given  number  of  Ihinirs,  taken  a  certain  number  at  a 
time,  without  regard  to  tne  orrter  in  which  they  are 
arranged;  and  are  thus  distinguished  from /jCT-mitfa- 
tions,  or  changes,  which  have  reference  to  the  order 
in  which  the  several  quantities  may  be  arranged. 

Barloic. 

6.  Combination  room ;  in  the  Unis-ersity  of  Cam- 
bridire,  Eng.,  a  room  into  which  tlie  fellows  withilraw 
after  dinner,  for  wine,  dessert,  and  conversation. 

€OJI-BINE',  r.  t.  [Fr.  combiner;  It.  combinnrc;  Sp. 
combuiar;  from  the  Low  Latin  combino,  of  com  >ind 
binus,  two  and  two,  or  double.] 

1.  To  unite  or  join  two  or  more  things  ;  to  link 
closely  together. 

Fricudship  coirtblnea  the  hearts  of  men.  .4non. 

2.  To  agree ;  to  accord  ;  to  settle  by  compact. 
[J^Tot  usual.]  Shak. 

3.  To  join  words  or  ideas  together;  opposed  to 
analyze.  Johjison. 

4.  To  cause  to  unite ;  to  bring  into  union  or  con- 
federacy. 

The  violence  of  revolutionary  FtAnc9  oo:;/fhied  flie  powers  of 
Europe  in  opposiUi^n. 

eOM-BINi;',  r.  i.  To  unite,  agree,  or  coalesce;  as, 
honor  and  policy  combine  to  justify  the  measure. 

9.  To  unite  in  friendship  or  design  j  to  league  to- 
gether. 

You  with  your  fjes  cojnbiae.  Drylcn. 

3.  To  unite  by  aflinily,  or  natural  attraction. 

Two  Gubstanccs  which  will   not  cor:ibine   of  themselves,  may 
be  made  to  comUiie  hy  the  iQier.'cntion  of  a  third. 

4.  To  confederate;  to  unite  as  nations;  as,  the 
powers  of  Europe  combined  against  France. 

eO.M-BTN'£D,  (kom-bind')  pp.  or  a.  United  close- 
ly ;  associated  ;  leagued  ;  confederated  ;  chemically 
united. 

€OM-DTN''ER,  n.    He  or  that  which  combines. 

CoMB'IXO,  (kom'ing,)  ppr.  Separating  and  adjusting 
hair,  wool,  &,c.  by  means  of  a  comb. 

Co.^IB'IXG,  n-  Borrowed  hair  combi'd  over  a  bald 
part  of  the  head.     {LoraL']  Bp.  Taylor. 

COM-BTX'LVG,  }rpr.  or  a.  Vniting  closely  ;  joining  in 
purpose  ;  confederatinij;  uniting  by  chemical  affinity. 

€5.MB'LESS,  a.  Without  a  coiub  or  crest;  as,  a 
comhlFss  cock.  Shak. 

CO.M-BUST',  a.     [L.  cmnhastus,  comhiiro.] 

Whon  a  planet  is  in  conjunction  with  the  sun,  or 
apparently  very  near  it,  it  is  said  to  be  combust,  or 
in  combustion ;  an  old  mathematical  term  now  dis- 
used. 

eOM-BU3T'I-BLE,  a.  [Fr.  coinTmsUbU ;  Sp.  id. ;  from 
L.  comburo,  combu-itiim.] 

That  will  take  fire  and  bum  ;  capable  of  catching 
fire;  thus,  wood  and  coal  are  combustible  bodies. 

eOM-BUST'I-BLE,  n.  A  substance  that  will  take 
fire  and  burn  :  a  body  which,  in  its  rapid  union  with 
others,  disengages  heat  and  light.  Ure. 

€OM-BUST'I-BLE-.\ESS,  )  n.    The  qualitv  of  taking 

€0M-BIJST-J-B1L'1-TY,  (  lire  and  burning  ;  the 
quality  of  a  substance  which  admits  the  action  of 
fire  upon  it;  capacity  of  being  burnt.       Lavoisi,:r. 

2.  The  quality  of  throwing  out  heat  and  light,  in 
the  rapid  combination  of  its  subslani^e  with  another 
body.  Ure. 

eOM-nUS'TION,  (kom-bust^yun,)  n.    [Low  L.  com- 
busiw.    See  ComrustJ 
1.  The  operation  of  fire  on  inflammable  substances ; 


COM 

or,  according  to  modern  chcniistr}',  the  union  of  an 
indammable  substance  with  oxygen,  attended  with 
light,  and  in  most  instances  with  heat.  In  the  coui- 
biistion  of  a  substance,  heat  or  caloric  is  disengaged, 
and  oxygen  is  absorbed.  Lavoisier. 

This  theory  of  Lavoisier  being  found  somewhat 
defective,  the  following  definition  is  given.  Com- 
bustion is  the  disengagcmentof  heat  and  light  which 
accompanies  chemical  combination.  Ure. 

Combustion  cau  not  Iw  regarded  as  dop^^ndent  on  any  pecuiiar 
principle  or  form  of  mattfr,  but  must  be  considered  as  a 
gcii?rai  result  of  intense  chemical  action.  Braivie. 

9.  In  popular  language,  a  burning  ;  the  process  or 
action  of  fire  in  consuming  a  body,  attended  with 
hent,  or  heat  and  flame  ;  as,  the  combustion  of  wood 
or  coal. 

3.  Conflagration  ;  a  great  fire.  Hence,  from  the 
violent  agitation  of  fire  or  flame, 

4.  Tumult  ;  violent  agitation  with  hurry  and 
noise  ;   confusion  ;    uproar. 

Hooker.     Ji^IiUon.     Drydeiu 
eOM-BUST'IVE,  a.    Disposed  to  take  fire. 
COME,  (kum,)  I',  i. ,'  prct.  Came;  part.  Come.    [Sax. 

cuman,  or   cwiman  ;  Goth,  ctcivtan,   pret.    cin'om  ;    D. 

koomen,  pret.  kwam  ;  G.  kommen ;  Sw.  kovima  ;  Dan. 

kommer,   to  come.    Qu.  W.  cam.  Ir.  ceim,  a  step. 

And  qu.  the  Ar.  ^Us  lianma;  Hcb.  Ch.  D''p  to  rise, 

or  stand  erect ;  to  set  or  establish ;  to  subsist,  con- 
sist, remain  ;  to  rectify,  or  set  in  order ;  and  in 
Arabic,  to  be  thick,  stiff",  or  congealed.  The  senses 
of  the  words  appear  to  be  very  different ;  but  we  use 
come  in  the  sense  of  rising  or  springing,  applied  to 
corn  ;  the  corn  comes  or  comes  up,  G.  Iceimen.  So  the 
batter  coims.,  when  it  separates  from  the  whey  and 
becomes  thick  or  stiff.  And  is  not  our  common  use 
of  come,  when  we  invite  anoiner  to  begin  some  act. 
or  to  move,  equivalent  to  me,  being  originally 
directed  to  persons  sitting  or  reclining,  in  the  Ori- 
ental manner.''  Coining  implies  moving,  driving, 
shooting  along,  and  so  we  use  set;  we  say,  to  set 
foncard,-  the  tide  set^  northerly.] 

J.  To  move  toward  ;  to  advance  nearer,  in  any 
manner,  and  from  any  distance.  We  say,  the  men 
come  this  way,  wliether  riding  or  on  foot ;  the  wind 
comes  from  the  west ;  the  ship  comes  with  a  fine 
breeze ;  light  comes  from  the  sun.  It  is  applicable, 
perhaps,  to  every  thing  susceptible  of  motion,  and  is 
opposed  to  go. 

2.  To  draw  nigh;  to  approach;  to  arrive;  to  be 
present ;  as,  iJie  lime  has  come. 

Come  thou  and  all  Uiy  house  into  the  ark.  —  Gen.  vh. 
All  my  time  will  I  wait,  till  my  change  conie.  — Job  xiv. 
Winn  shall  I  come  and  appear  before  God?  — Ps.  xlii. 
Then  sliall  tlie  end  coine.  —  Matt.  xxiv. 
Thy  liiugdom  cotti*  ;  thy  will  k?  done.  —  Matt,  vi, 

3.  To  advance  and  arrive  at  some  state  or  condi- 
tion ;  as,  the  ships  came  to  action  ;  the  players  came 
to  blows  ;  is  it  come  to  this.' 

Ilis  30HS  C07ne  to  honor,  aud  he  Imowcth  it  not.  —  Job  lir. 

I  wonder  how  he  came  to  know  what  had  been 
done  ;  how  did  he  come  by  his  knowledge  ?  the  heir 
ciimcs  into  possession  of  his  estate ;  the  man  will 
come,  in  lime,  to  abhor  the  vices  of  his  youth  ;  or 
he  will  come  to  be  poor  and  despicable,  or  to  pov- 
erty. 

In  these  and  similar  phrases,  we  observe  the  pro- 
cess or  advance  is  applied  to  the  body  or  to  the  mind, 
indifferently  ;  and  to  persons  or  events. 

4.  To  happen  or  fall  out ;  as,  how  comes  that.-*  let 
come  what  will.  Hence,  when  fullowed  by  an  ob- 
ject or  person,  with  to  or  on,  to  befall ;  to  light  on. 

Aflor  all  tlnl  has  come  on  us  for  our  evil  deeds.  —  Ezra  ix. 
All  thiii^  come  alike  to  all.  —  Ecclcs.  ix. 

5.  To  advance  or  move  into  view  ;  to  appear;  as, 
blood  or  color  comes  and  goes  in  the  face. 

Spenser.  Shak. 
G.  To  sprout,  as  plants  ;  to  spring.  The  com 
comes  or  comes  up.  "  In  the  coming  or  sprouting  of 
malt,  r.s  it  must  not  come  too  little,  so  it  must  not 
come  too  much."  Mortimer.  So  Bacon  uses  the 
word  ;  and  this  use;  of  it  coincides  nearly  with  the 
sense  of  cip,  quom,  2  Kings  xix.  26,  and  in  the  same 
chapter  inserted  in  Isaiah  xxxWi.  27.  It  is  the  G. 
kcimen,  Icelandic  kvimn,  to  bud  or  germinate. 

7.  To  becom.-'. 

So  came  I  a  widow.  Siiak. 

8.  To  appear  or  be  formed,  as  butter;  to  advance 
or  change  from  cream  to  butter;  a  common  use  of 
the  word  ;  as,  the  butter  comes.  Hudibras. 

9.  Come,  in  the  im[>erative,  is  used  to  excite  atten- 
tion, or  to  invite  to  motion  or  joint  action ;  come,  let 
us  go. 

Thu>  i«  the  h<:ii  ;  coirw,  lei  us  Idll  him.  —  Matt.  xxj. 

When  repeated,  it  sometimes  expresses  haste  ; 
come,  corne.  Sometimes  it  expresses  or  introduces 
rebuke. 

As  the  sense  of  come  i.s  to  move,  in  almost  any 
manner,  in  it^  various  applications,  that  sense  is 
modified  indtftnltoly  by  other  words  used  in  con- 
nection with  it.     Thus,  with  words  expressing  ap- 


COM 

7;rt?ac/i,  it  denotes  advancing  nearer;  with  word? '-x- 
pressing  departure,  asfromj  of,  out  of,  &.C.,  it  deiiulci 
motion  from,  ScC. 

To  come  about ;  to  happen  ,  to  fall  out ;  to  come  to 
pass;  to  arrive.  How  did  these  things  come  about? 
So  the  French  vcnir  d  buuij  to  come  to  the  end,  that 
is,  to  arrive. 

To  come  about ;  to  turn  ;  to  change  ;  to  come  round. 
The  wind  will  come  about  from  west  to  east-  The 
ship  comes  about.  It  is  applied  to  a  change  of  senti- 
ments. 

On  belter  tlioiighU,  and  my  ur^etl  reasons, 

Tlfy  arc  come  about,  and  won  to  tli?  true  tide.       B.  Jofuon. 

To  come  again;  to  return,     '■'-.n.  xxvlii.    Lev.  xiv. 

To  come  after;  to  follow.  -  xvi.  Also,  to  come 
to  obtain  ;  as,  to  come  after  a  buuk. 

To  come  at;  to  reach;  to  arrive  within  reach  of ; 
to  gain  ;  to  come  so  near  as  to  be  able  to  take  or  pos- 
sess. We  prize  those  most  who  are  hardest  to  come 
at.    To  come  at  a  true  knowledge  of  ourselves. 

Also,  to  come  toward,  as  in  ultacking.       [Jlddison. 

To  come  away  ;  to  depart  from  ;  to  leave ;  u>  issue 

To  come  back  ;  to  return.  [from. 

To  co?ne  by;  to  pass  near;  a  popular  jdirase.  Also, 
to  obtain,  gain,  acquire  ;  that  is,  to  come  near  at,  or 
close. 

Examine  how  you  cnme  by  all  your  sevle.  Dryden, 

This  is  not  an  irregular  or  improper  use  of  this 
word.  It  is  precisely  equivalent  to  possess,  to  sit  by. 
[See  Possess.]  So  in  Ger.  bekommen,  D.  bckoomcn,  to 
get  or  obtain  ;  tlie  by  or  be  prefixed. 

To  come  down  ;  to  descend. 

Th'i  L'jrd  will  come  doion  oo  Movmt  Smru.  —  Ei.  xls. 

Also,  to  be  humbled  or  abased. 

Your  princJpiililiea  shall  coTJte  dovm. — Jer.  xi::. 
Co}M  doion  from  ihy  giory.  — Jer.  xirili. 

To  come  for  i  to  come  to  get  or  obtain;  t"  comt; 
afte; 

7'(j  come  forth ;  to  issue  or  proceea  trom.  Oen.  xv- 
Is.  xi.     JiUcak  v. 

Also,  to  depart  from  ;  to  leave.    Mark  is. 

Also,  to  come  abroad.    Jer.  iv. 

To  come  from  ;  to  depart  from  ;  to  leave.  In  popu- 
lar language,  this  phrase  is  equivalent  to,  where  is 
his  native  place,  or  former  place  of  residence  ;  wlitrc 
did  this  man,  this  animal,  or  this  plant,  originate. 

To  come  home  ;  that  is,  to  come  to  home,  or  the  house ; 
to  arrive  at  the  dwelling.  Hence,  to  come  close ;  lo 
press  closely  ;  to  touch  the  feelings,  interest,  or  rea- 
son.   [See  Home.] 

To  come  in  ;  to  enter,  as  into  an  inclosure. 

Also,  to  comply  ;  to  yield  ;  as,  come  in  and  submit. 

Also,  lu  arrive  at  a  port,  or  place  of  rendezvous  ; 
as,  the  Ileet  has  come  in. 

Also,  to  become  fashionable ;  to  be  brought  into 
use. 

Silken  garments  did  not  coTne  in  till  late.  Aj-buLhuo:. 

AJso,  to  enter  as  an  ingredient  or  part  of  a  compo- 
sition. 

A  iiJcc  sense  of  propriety  coTjtea  in  to  liigliten  tJ»^  cbarac*-^r. 

Also,  to  grow  and  produce ;  lo  come  to  maturity 
and  yield.  If  tiie  corn  comes  in  well,  we  shall  have 
a  supply  without  importation.    Crops  come  in  light. 

.A.1S0,  to  lie  carnally  witli.     Qcn.  xxxviii. 

To  come  in  for;  to  arrive  in  time  to  lake  a  share. 
Johnson  says  this  phrase  is  taken  from  hunting, 
where  the  slow  dogs  lake  nothing.  Qu.  But  Uie 
sense  in  which  we  now  use  the  phrase  has  no  refer- 
ence to  time  or  slow  movement.  It  is,  to  unite  W'^'i 
others  in  taking  a  part. 

The  rest  came  in  for  sutuidies.  Smift. 

To  come  into  ;  to  join  with  ;  to  bring  help. 

Also,  and  more  generally,  to  agree  to ;  to  comply 
with  ;  to  unite  with  others  in  adopting ;  as,  to  come 
into  a  measure  or  scheme. 

To  come  near;  to  approach  in  place.  Hence,  meta- 
phorically, to  approach  in  quality  ;  to  arrive  at  nearly 
the  same  degree  in  a  quality,  or  accomplishment ;  to 
resemble.  Temple. 

To  come  nigh,  is  pv^ularly  used  in  like  senses. 

To  come  no  near,  in  seamanship,  is  an  order  to  the 
helmsman  not  to  steer  so  close  to  the  wind. 

To  come  of;  to  issue  from ;  to  proceed  from,  as  a 
descendant. 

0/  Priam's  royal  race  my  mother  came.  Dryden. 

Also,  to  proceed  from,  as  an  effect  from  a  cause. 

This  comes  of  judjpn^  by  the  eye.  L'Eslranse. 

Whence  come  wars?   Come  tbcy  not  o/ your  lusls?  — J.^mcs  iv. 

To  come  of;  lo  depart  from  ;  to  move  from  on. 
AJso,  to  depart  or  deviate  from  a  line  or  ptiiut ;  to 
become  wider  ;  lo  dilate.  Bacon. 

Also,  to  escape  ;  to  get  free. 

It  they  come  off  siife,  call  tlieirdehverancc  a  iniiacle.  Addison. 

Hence,  to  end ;  to  arrive  at  the  final  issue;  as,  to 
come  off  with  honor  or  disgrace. 

To  come  off  from  :  to  leave  ;  to  quit.  Ftlton. 

To  come  off,  is  also  u<ed  for  ta.ke place;  .is,  the  meet- 
ing came  off  at  such  a  time. 

To  come  on ;  to  advance  ;  to  proceed  ;  as.  come  on, 
brave  boys ;  night  is  coming  on.  So  wc  say,  the  young 


TtKE,  BIJLL,  IJNITE  —  AaVGEIl,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K ;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


927 


COM 


man  comes  vn  well  in  hw  ftudiea  ;  and  the  phnwc  of- 
ten dtrno««'a  n  prc»iKr«»iH  atlvnncr,  succoKsfiil  im- 
pruVfincnL  S>  we  say  of  plants,  they  come  on  well, 
Uiwy  Rruw  or  tiirive ;  thai  Ls,  they  proMed. 

AUo,  to  fall  on  ;  to  happen  to. 

Le«  tfixi  mm  on  you  which  ^  Bpoktn  of  la  tbe  propbeb.  — 
Acttxid. 

AI.-w),  to  invade  ;  to  rush  on. 

To  cmae  uver;  to  pas*  above  or  across,  or  from  one 
side  to  another.  In  dUtiUtUion,  to  ri5«  and  pass  over, 
as  vajwr. 

Also,  to  pass  from  one  party,  side,  or  army,  to  an- 
other ;  to  change  sides. 

To  eomt  out :  to  deport  or  proceed  from. 

l^wT  •ruiico.'M  out  ■nUnjTOaiRiCttir.er.— l>r».  xv. 

Also,  to  become  public ;  to  escape  Irom  conceal- 
ment nr  privacy  ;  to  bo  discovered  ,  as.  tlie  truth  is 
come  out  at  Inst. 

Also,  to  be  puolisneu,  as  a  book.  The  worK  comes 
out  in  quarto. 

Also,  to  end  or  come  to  an  issuo  ;  a-n,  how  will  this 
alfair  come  out  ?  he  has  come  out  wtll  at  lasL 

Also,  to  apiKiar  after  being  clouded,  and  to  shine  ; 
as,  the  siin  Ikis  come  ouL 

To  comf  out  of;  to  issue  forth,  as  from  conflncment, 
or  a  cloise  place  ;  to  proceed  or  dtjwrt  from. 

Also,  to  i.<sue  from,  as  desrendurits. 

Kliig»  thall  COM*  out  of  tliw.  —  Gen.  xvU. 

7*0  cortit  out  vtith;  to  give  publicity  to ;  to  disclose. 
To  come  short  i  to  fail  i  not  to  accomplish.     [Boyle. 

All  kaTe  unnr<\  anil  atne  tKortol  tb**  flory  of  God.  — Rom.  IS. 

To  come  to ;  to  consent  or  yield.  Swift. 

Also,  to  nmounl  to  ;  as,  the  taxes  com£  to  a  large 

Also,  to  recover,  as  from  a  swoon.  [sum. 

To  come  together ;  to  meet  or  assemble. 

To  come  to  j>ass  :  to  be  ;  to  hapi>en  ;  to  fall  out ;  to 
be  elfeclcd.  The  phrase  is  much  used  in  the  com- 
mon version  of  the  Scriptures,  but  is  seldom  found 
in  modern  English  writings. 

7*0  come  up  :  to  ascend  ;  to  rUc. 

Also,  to  spring  ;  to  shoot  or  rise  above  tlie  earth,  as 
a  planL  Bacon. 

Also,  to  come  into  use,  as  a  fashion. 

To  come  up  the  capstern^  in  seamanship,  is  to  turn  it 
the  conlrar\-  wav,  so  as  to  slacken  the  rope  about  it. 

To  come  iip  the  tackle  fall,  is  to  slacken  it  gently. 

To  come  up  to  ;  to  approach  near. 

Also,  to  amount  to. 

AIw,  to  advance  to  ;  to  rise  to. 

To  comeup  teiVi:  to  overtake,  in  following  or  pur- 

BUiL 

Tt>  come  vpon  ;  to  fall  on  ;  to  attack  or  invade. 

7\)  come;  in  futurity  ;  to  happen  hereafter.  In  times 
to  come.    Success  is  yet  to  come. 

Tike  ft  Ic-ue  ibr  yi*n  to  conn.  I.oeke. 

Come  is  an  intransitive  vtrb,  but  the  participle  come 
is  much  used  with  the  substantive  verb,  in  the  pas- 
sive form.  "  The  end  of  all  flesh  is  come."  I  am 
come,  thou  art  come,  he  is  come,  we  are  come,  &.c. 
Thim  use  uf  tlie  substantive  verb,  for  have,  is  perhaps 
too  well  established  to  be  rejected  ;  but  have  or  has 
should  be  used  in  such  phrases.  In  the  phrase,  "  come 
Friday,  come  Candlemas."  there  is  an  ellipsis  of  cer- 
tain words  ;  as,  tchen  Friday  shall  come. 

Comey  come,  the  repetition  of  cwmf,  expresses  haste, 
or  exhortation  to  hasten.    Sometimes  it  introduces  a 
threat. 
^rtME.  (kiim,)  n.     A  sprout.  [J^Tot  used.]    Jifortimer. 
fX>ME'-OFF,  n.     Means  of  escape  ;  evasion  ;  excuse. 

^%>  do  nol  w»nt  thk  com»-<iff,  Grtllntan,  1?2. 

€0-ME'DI-AN,  n,  [Sec  Comedt.]  An  actor  or  play- 
er in  comedy  ;  or  a  player  in  general,  male  or  female. 

Camden. 
2.  A  writer  of  comedy.  Peacham. 

€OM'E-DY,  n.  [L.  comadia;  Gr.  jc'V'J^'a-  <iu.  from 
K'.<ftn,  a  villaf;e,  and  i')^rr,  a  song,  or  rather  i(Ci<5(i>,  to 
sine,  and  denoting  lliat  the  comedian  was  a  strollin 
sinzer  ;  or  whi-lher  the  first  syllable  is  from  <r ''^Tf,  a 
merr>*  feast,  whence  comic,  comical,  the  latter  indicat- 
ing that  the  comedian  was  characterized  by  buffuon- 
ery.  Th<-  latter  coincides  in  elements  with  the  En<;- 
lish  pame,] 

A  dramatic  composition,  intended  to  represent  the 
lighter  passions  and  actions  of  mankind,  whicli  are 
to  be  imitated  in  l:\nguage,  dress,  and  manner,  by 
actors  on  a  stage,  for  the  amusement  of  spectators. 
The  termination  of  the  intrigue  is  happy,  and  the 
design  is  amusenienL 

CO.ME'M'LV,  (kum'le  ly  l  ado.  In  a  suitable  or  de- 
cent mann'a'.     [Utile  u»ed,]  Shcneood. 

€OME'LI-NE.'=S,  (kum'Ie-ness,)  n.  [See  Comei.v.] 
That  which  is  bfcominc,  fit,  or  sitit;ihlc,  in  form  or 
manuer.  Comeliness  of  person  implies  synimL'try  or 
due  proportion  of  [>arts  ;  comeline.*s  of  manner  implies 
decorum  and  propriety.  **  It  signifies  something  less 
forcible  than  brauty,  less  elegant  than  jracr,  and  less 
light  tlian  prettiness."  Johnson. 

A  earfl'-M  tum^Hmtt  »ith  eomrly  car".  Sfidneij 

llr  hAtii  ae  fbrtn  nor  eomtiinMtt.  —  U.  liu.  2. 

COME'l.Y,  (kum'ly,)  a,  [from  come.  The  sense  of 
suitableness  is  often  from  meeting,  coming  tngettier. 


COM 

whence  adjuring,  putting  in  onler.    So,  in  Latin, 
eonrenienSf  froio  eoncenio.] 

1.  Properly,  bcroming ;  suitable;  whrncr,  hand- 
some ;  graw'fiil.  Applied  to  ptrson  or  form,  it  denotes 
symmetry,  or  due  pru|>ortion ;  but  It  expresses  loss 
than  beautiful  or  elegant. 

I  havr  fc^'it  R  ►>«  of  J*"*^  —  ■  comtlij  pcnmt,  —  1  Sain,  xvl, 
I  will  not  cofiAcaJ  tii*  comt.'y  pniporlion.  —  Job  ^U. 

2.  Decent ;  suitable  ;  proper ;  becoming ;  suited  to 
time,  place,  circumstances,  or  persons. 

Pr»U.'  b  comety  for  Ihc  uprijtbt.  —  P«.  xxxlil. 

li  It  fOJWiy  UiU  R  •■nmaji  pny  w  O-xl  luitovcrvd  t  —  1  Cor.  xl. 

O,  wli-U  n  U'orlil  U  Utia,  when  wli^tt  it^iiety 

Kortfiioiid  lilin  tluit  bt-w  U  I  Shaic. 

Handsomely ;  gracefully. 
.^scham. 
eOM'ER,  n.     One  that  comes,  one  who  approaches ; 

one  who  has  arrived,  and  is  present. 
eOM-ES-SA'TION,  «.     fL.  comessatto.' 

Feasting  or  reveling.' 
€0-ME.S'Tl-BLE,  a.     [Fr-J      Eaiaoie. 


eO.ME'LY.  (kum'ly,)  ado. 


Gr. 


Kopnrrji! 


Halt 
.Vu(   used,] 

lyottoji. 

from  Koprj, 


eOM'ET,  Ti.      PL.  cometa; 
coma,  hair;  a  nairy  star.] 

A  term  applied  to  those  members  of  the  solar  sys- 
tem which  consist  either  wholly  or  in  part  of  nebu- 
lous matter.  They  usually  move  in  very  eccentric 
orbits,  having  the  sun  in  the  focus,  api)roaching  very 
near  to  the  sun  in  their  perihelion,  and  ri;ceding  to  a 
very  great  distance  from  it  at  their  a[)helion.  A 
comet,  when  perfectly  formed,  consisis  of  three 
parts,  the  nucleus,  the  envelope,  or  coma,  and  tlio 
tail ;  but  one  or  more  of  these  parts  is  fretjuently 
wanting.  D.  Olmsted. 

€OM'ET,  n.     A  game  at  cards.  Southcme. 

€OM-ET  A'RI-UM,  n.  An  astronomical  instrument. 
intended  to  represent  the  revolution  of  a  comet  round 
the  sun.  Enctjc. 

eOM'ET-A-UY,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  comet.    Chcync 

€0  MET'ie,  a.    Relating  to  a  comet. 

eOM'ET-LIKE,  a.     Resembling  a  comcL         Shak. 

eOM-ET-OG'RA-PHY,  ti.  [comely  and  Gr.  joa^w,  to 
describe.] 

A  description  or  treatise  of  comets. 

eOM'FIT,  )7i.      [D.  konfvt;    G.  confetti    Dan. 

€OM'FIT-URE,  i  confcct;  Fr.  conft,  confiture;  It. 
confitto,  confettura,  or  confezioiie ;  Sp.  confttc ;  Port. 
confeito  ;  from  the  L.  coiifcctura,  confcctus,  conficio, 
con  aixdfaciu,  to  make.] 

A  dry  sweetmeat ;  any  kind  of  fruit  or  root  pre- 
served with  sugar  and  dried.  Jvhnson. 

eOM'FlT,  (kuin'tit,)  v.  U    To  preserve  dry  with  sugar. 

Cowley. 

eOM'FIT-MAK-ER,  n.  One  who  makes  or  prepares 
comfits. 

eOM'FORT,  (kum'furt,)  p.  (.  [Low  L.  conforto ;  Fr. 
eonforter ;  Arm.  cdnforti,  or  conftrta ;  It.  confortare ; 
Sp.  and  Port,  confortar ;  Ir.  conth-fhvrtach,  comfort, 
and  fui-tuchd,  id. ;  furtaiffhimAo  relieve  or  help  ;  from 
the  L.  eon  and  fortts,  strong.) 

1.  To  strengthen  j  to  invigorate  j  to  cheer  or  en- 
liven. 

I.i»lil  cxMlIeth  in  comforting  Die  ipirits  of  men.  Bacon. 

Comfort  yc  your  hcnrU.  — G?ii.  xviii. 

2.  To  strengthen  the  mind  when  depressed  or  en- 
feebled ;  to  console  ;  to  give  new  vigor  to  tlic  spirits  ; 
to  cheer,  or  relieve  from  depression  or  trouble. 

Hb  fricnc!*  tame  to  mourn  with  hbn  ami  to  comfort  him.  — 
Job  li. 

3.  In  /air,  to  relieve,  assist,  or  encourage,  as  the 
accessory  to  a  crime  after  tlio  fact.  Blackstune. 

eOM'FORT,  n.  Relief  from  pain  ;  ease ;  rest,  or 
modenile  pleasure  after  pain,  cold,  or  distress,  or 
uneasiness  of  body.  Tlie  word  signifies,  properly, 
new  strength,  or  animation  ;  and  relief  from  pain  is 
often  tjie  effect  of  strength.  In  a  popular  sense,  the 
wordsignifies,  rather  negatively,  the  absence  of  pain, 
and  the  consequent  iiuiet,  than  positive  animation. 

2.  Relief  from  distress  of  mind  ;  the  ease  and 
quiet  which  is  experienced  when  pain,  trouble,  agi- 
tation, or  affliction,  ceases.  It  implies,  also,  some 
deeree  of  positive  animation  of  the  spirits,  or  some 
ple;isurable  sensations  derived  from  hope,  and  agree- 
able prospects ;  consolation. 

L«t  me  alone,  that  I  mny  take  comfort  a  little.  — Job  X. 
D&ugliK^r,  be  of  good  comfort ;  tliy  faith  hath  made  thee  whole. 
—  Mitt.  ix. 

3.  Support ;  consolation  under  calamity,  distress, 
or  danger. 

I.^t  Oiy  ir.*rcifiil  kindness  be  lor  my  comfort.  — Pa.  ciix. 

4.  That  which  gives  strength  or  support  in  distress, 
difficulty,  danger,  or  infirmity  ;  as,  pious  children 
are  the  comfort  of  their  aged  parents. 

5.  In  IntD,  support;  assistance;  countenance;  en- 
coumgeinent ;  as,  an  accessory  aflurds  aid  or  com- 
fort to  a  felon. 

6.  That  which  gives  security  from  want,  and  fur- 
nishes moderate  enjoyment ;  as,  the  comforts  of  life. 

€OM'FORT-A-BLE,  a.  lleing  in  a  stat^;  of  ca«f,  or 
moderate  enjoyment;  as  a  person  after  sickness  or 
pain.  Thi^  is  the  most  common  use  of  the  word  in  Vir 
United  States. 


COM 

2.  Admitting  comfort ;  that  may  afford  comforL 

Who   un   nmiiiUr  liiiii   a  con\fortaUe    app^Anuioe    !•  rifr*  his 
tlreailful  Jinlg^  i  SouOi. 

3.  Giving  comfort;  affording  consolation;  :iit,  be 
comfortable  to  my  mother.     [Obs.]  Shak. 

Tlie  word  of  my  lord  Uic  king  thall  nov  bo  com/ortabU.  —  2 
Sain.  xiv. 

-1.  Placing  above  want,  and  afibrding  moderate 
enjoyment ;  as,  a  comfortable  provision  for  life. 

€0M'FORT-A-ULE,  »i.  A  wann  coverlet  for  a  bed, 
containing  down  or  cotton  quilted  in.     [America.] 

€0M'FORT-A-ELE-NESS,  «.  The  stale  of  eiij,.ying 
comfort. 

COM'FORT-A-BLY,  ado.  In  a  manner  to  give  com- 
fort or  consolation. 

SpcAlc  ye  cofT>forlabty  to  Jcnu&Ieni.  —  Ii.  xl. 

•2.  With  comfort  or  cheerfulness :  without  dcs{»air. 

hone  com/ortaot{/  niu  checrtolly  lor  'Jod'i  penomiano*. 

Unmmorut. 

€OM'FORT-ED.  pp.      Strengthened  ;  consoled  .  en- 

coil  raced 
€OM'FORT-EU,  n.     une  *vno  administers  comfort  or 

consolation;  one  who  strengthens  and  supports  tlie 

mind  in  distress  or  danger. 

I  looko'l  for  com/ortera,  but  fjtnvl  none.  — Pi.  bdx. 
Alift-mblc  comforteri  are  yc  all.  — Job  xvL 

2,  The  title  of  the  Holy  Spirit,  whose  office  it  if 
to  comfort  and  support  the  Christian. 

But  tlio  Comforter,  ih*!  Holy  Spirit,  wlwrn  the  Fnther  will  aead 
in  my  nainc  —  ho  will  teadi  you  all  Lliinp.  —  Jolin  xlv. 

3.  A  knit  woolen  tippet,  long  and  narrow. 
eOM'FORT-FlJL,  a.    Full  of  comfort. 
€0M'FOKT-ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Giving  strength  or  spir- 
its ;  giving  ease  ;  cheering;  encouraging;  consoling. 

COM'FORT-LESS,  a.  Without  comfort ;  without  any 
-  thing  to  alleviate  misfortune  or  distress. 

I  wiil  not  l<'-ive  you  copifortlesa.  —  Joliti  xiv. 

eOM'FOKT-LESS-LY,  adv.  In  a  comfortless  manner. 

COM'FORT-LESS-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  comforl- 
less. 

eOM'FORT-RESS,  ti.    A  female  that  affords  comf.trl. 

eOM'FREY,  I  (kum'fry,)  w.     [Uu.  L.  cunfirmo,  equiv- 

eOM'FIlY,     J      aleiit  to  cujis.'Udo.] 

'J'lie  popular  name  of  a  genus  of  plants,  the  Sym- 
phytum. 

€0M'1C,  a.    [L.  eomicus ;  Gr.  KO)[itKOi.     Sec  Comedt.] 

1.  Relating  to  comedy,  as  distinct  from  tragedy. 

2.  Raising  mirth  ;  fitted  to  excite  nurriment.  Shak. 
eOM'ie-AL,  a.     Relating  to  comedy  ;  coinic.     Gay. 

2.  Exciting  mirlh  ;  diverting  ;  sportive  ;  droll. 

Addison. 
We  say  a  buffoon  is  a  comical  fellow,  or  his  story 
or  his  manners  are  comical. 
€OM'ie-AL-LY,  atlc.    In  a  manner  befitting  comedy. 
2.   In  a  couiical  manuer  ;  in  a  manner  to  raise 
mirth. 
€OM'I€-AI^NES.S,  M.    The  quality  of  being  comical  j 

the  power  or  quality  of  raising  mirth.  Johnson. 

eOM'ING,  ;»pr.  [See  Come.]  Drawing  nearer  or  nigh; 
approaching  ;  moving  toward  ;  advancing. 

2.  a.     Future  ;  yet  to  come  ;  as,  in  coming  ages 

3.  Forward  ;  ready  to  come. 

How  coming  to  the  poet  every  miiv.  Popt. 

tTlie.  lalXcr  sense  is  now  umutual.] 
'ING,  n.    The  act  of  coming  ;  approach. 
2.  The  state  of  being  come  ;  arrival. 

The  I^nl  halli  blessed  thcc  mom  my  fominy.  — Geo.  xxx, 

eOSriNG-IN,  n.    Entrance. 

I  know  thy  going-out  and  thy  coming-in.  —2  Kiug«  xii. 

2.  Beginning;  commencement;  as,  the  cotning-m 
of  the  vear.    2  Kings  xiii. 

3.  Income  ;  revenue.    [JVot  now;  used.]        Sliak. 

4.  Compliance  ;  submission.    [JVol  in  tuie.] 
Ma.idnger. 

CO-.^V'TI-.^,  (ko-mish'e  a,)  n.  pi.  [L.j  In  ancient 
Rome,  a  term  applied  to  the  assemblies  of  the 
people,  for  electing  officers  and  passing  laws, 

€0-.MI"TIAL,  (ko-mish'al,)  a.  [L.  comitia,  an  assem- 
bly of  the  Romans  ;  probablv  fonned  from  cum  and 
CO,  Ir.  eoimh,  W.  cym,  or  eyv.\ 

1.  Relating  to  the  comitia  or  popular  assemblies  of 
tlK  Romans,' for  electing  officers  and  passing  laws. 

MidiUrton. 

2.  Relating  to  an  order  of  Presbyterian  assemblies. 
Bp.  Bancroft. 

eOM'I-TY,  71.     [L.  eomiias,  from  comes,  mild,  affable; 

Ir.  caomh.] 
Mildness  and  suavity  of  manners  ;  courtesy  of  in- 

lercuurse  between  individuals  or  communities  ;  civil- 

iry  ;  good-breeding.    Well-bred  people  arecharactw- 

ized  by  comity  of  manners. 
CO.M'MA,  n.     [Gr.  Ao/i/ja,  a  segment,  from  «.j-r'.',  to 

cut  off.]  r  -,    ■         .- 

1.  In  trri/tMo- and  printing,  this  point  [,J  denoting 
the  shortest  pause  in  reading,  and  separatnig  a  sen- 
tence into  divisions  or  members,  according  lo  the 
construction.  Thus,  "  There  is  not  a  just  man  upon 
e.irth,  that  doeth  good,  and  sinneth  not."  '•  \  irUie, 
wit,  knowledge,  are  excellent  accomplishments. 
"  Live  soberly,  righteously,  and  piously,  in  Uie  pres- 
ent world." 

2.  In  mnsie,a  name  applied  to  the  interval  betivecn 


FaTE,  far,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MeTE,  PREY.— PLVE,  JIAEXNE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  .MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


COM 

the  major  and  tlio  minor  lone  ;  also  applied  to  some 
othuT  small  intervals.  Ed.  Encyc. 

3.  Distinction.  Addison. 

eOM-MA2VD',  V.  L  [It.  covmndare;  Sp.  comatidar,  man- 
dar ;  Arm.  coumandt ;  Fr.  commander ;  ccni,  or  com, 
and  L.  matido,  to  command,  to  commit  to  ;  Basqne 
vtanatu  :  litertUly,  to  send  to,  to  send  forth,  from  the 
same  root  as  commendy  demand^  and  L.  monco.  See 
Class  Mn.l 

1.  To  bid  ;  to  order  ;  to  direct ;  to  charge  ;  imply- 
ing authority,  and  power  to  control,  and  to  require 
obedience. 

We  will  Evcrilice  to   the  Lonl  our  God,  »s  he  shall  commajid 

us.  —  Kx.  viii. 
I  know   tlial   he   [Abnvliam]   ■will   command    liis    children   and 

Ilia  househoUi  afier  him,  and  they  will  keep  the  way  of  the 

Lord.  —  Gen.  xviii. 

2.  To  govern,  lead,  or  direct ;  to  have  or  to  exer- 
cise supreme  authority  over ;  as,  Lord  Wellington 
commanded  an  army  in  Spain  ;  he  commanded  the 
army  at  the  battle  of  Waterloo. 

3.  To  have  in  power ;  to  be  able  to  exercise  power 
or  authority  over ;  as,  a  militar)'  post  commtmds  the 
surrnimdinj  country  ;  a  fort  commands  tiie  liarbor. 

■i.  To  overlook,  or  have  in  the  power  of  the  eye, 
wittiout  obstruction. 

One  side  commajidi  i  Tie*-  of  the  finest  garden  in  the  world. 

Additon. 

5.  To  direct ;  to  send. 

The  Lord  sh-ii!  command  ihe  Wcssin*  on  thee,  —  Bcil.  xx\  iii. 
The  Lord  wUl  cojnmand  his  loviiij  kiud.iess.  —  Pi.  xlii. 

6.  To  have  or  to  exercise  a  controlling  influence 
over :  as,  a  sood  magistrate  commands  the  respect  and 
affections  of  the  people. 

€OM-MXND',  V.  i.  To  have  or  to  exercise  supreme 
authority  ;  to  possess  the  chief  power  ;  to  govern  ; 
as,  the  general  commands  with  dignity  and  human- 
ity.    What  gem^ral  commands  in  Canaila.' 

€OM-MXND',  V.  The  right  or  power  of  governing  with 
chief  or  exclusive  authority;  supreme  power;  con- 
trol ;  as,  an  officer  has  a  brigade  under  his  command  ; 
he  tUces  command  of  the  army  in  France  ;  an  appro- 
priate military  term. 

2.  The  power  of  controlling;  governing  influence  ; 
sway. 

He  .issumcd  an  .-ilsolute  commaiid  over  liis  readers.     Dryden. 

3.  Cogent  or  absolute  authority. 

Command  and  force  may  often  create,  but  can   never  cure,  an 
aversion.  Locke. 

4.  The  act  of  commanding;  the  mandate  uttered  ; 
order  given. 

The  c.-ipl.Tin  »ives  command.  Dryden, 

5.  The  power  of  overlooking,  or  surveying,  with- 
out obstruction. 

The  slf^epy  str.»nd 
Which  overlooks  the  vale  with  wid-?  command.  Dnjrlen. 

G.  The  power  of  governing  or  controUing  by  force, 
or  of  defending  and  protecting  ;  as,  the  fortress  has 
complete  comTnaitd  of  the  port. 

7.  That  which  is  commanded  ;  control ;  as,  a  body 
of  troops  under  command.  Marshall. 

8.  Order;  request;  message;  any  communication 
desired,  or  sent;  a  complimentary  use. 

9.  A  body  of  troops,  or  any  naval  or  militarj-  force, 
under  the  command  of  a  particular  oflicer. 

€OM-MX\D'A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  commanded. 

€O^I-MAN-DaNT',  n.  [Fr.]  A  commander;  a  com- 
manding officer  of  a  place  or  of  a  body  of  forces. 

Smollett. 

€OM-MAND'A-TO-RY,  a.  Having  the  force  of  a  com- 
mand. 

€OM-M.^NT)'ED,  pp.  Ordered;  directed;  governed; 
controlled. 

€OM-MAND'ER,  n.  A  chief;  one  who  has  supreme 
authority;  a  leader  ;  the  chief  officer  of  an  army,  or 
of  any  division  of  iL  The  term  may  also  be  applied 
to  the  admiral  of  a  fleet,  or  of  a  squadron,  or  to  any 
supreme  oflicer;  as,  the  commander  of  the  land  or  of 
the  naval  force  ;  the  commander  of  a  ship. 

2.  In  the  nary,  an  officer  who  ranks  above  a  lieu- 
tenant and  below  a  captain. 

3.  One  on  whom  was  bestowed  a  commandry. 

4.  A  heavy  beetle  or  wooden  mallet,  used  in  pav- 
ing, &;C. 

[This  gives  ns  the  primary  sense  of  L.  mando,  to 
send,  to  drive.] 

5.  .An  instniraent  of  surgery.  Wiseman. 

Among  several  orders  of  kni^fit^,  a  district  under 
the  control  of  a  member  of  the  order,  who  received 
the  income  of  the  estates  belonging  to  the  knights 
within  that  district,  and  expended  part  for  his  own 
use,  and  accounted  for  the  rest.  Brande. 

There  are  strict  and  regular  commandr^s,  obtained 
by  merit,  or  in  order ;  and  others  are  of  grace  and 
favor,  bestowed  by  the  grand  master.  There  are  al- 
so commandries  for  the  religious,  in  the  orders  of  St. 
Bernard  and  St.  Anthony.  Encyc. 

eOM-MANU'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Bidding;  ordering;  di- 
recting with  authority  ;  governing;  bearing  rule;  ex- 
ercising supreme  authority  ;  having  in  power  ;  over- 
looking without  obstruction. 


COM 

5.  a.  Controlling  by  influence,  authority,  or  dig- 
nity ;  as,  a  man  o^  commanding  manners  ;  a  command- 
in^r  eloquence. 

€0M-MaND'1\G-LY,  adv.  In  a  commanding  man- 
ner. 

€OM-MAND'MENT,  iu  A  command  ;  a  mandate ; 
an  order  or  injunction  given  by  authority  j  charge; 
precept. 

Why  do  ye  transs^ress  the  commajidment  of  God  ?  — Matt,  xv. 
This  is  the  first  and  gre^it  commajuiiitent,  ■ —  Matt.  xxii. 
A  new  commandmer.l  1  give  to  you,  that  ye  love  one  anotiier. 
—  John  xiii. 

2.  By  way  of  eminence,  a  precept  of  Ihe  decalogue, 
or  moral  law,  written  on  tables  of  stone,  at  Mount 
Sinai ;  one  of  the  ten  commandments.     Ex.  xxxiv. 

3.  Autliority  ;  coercive  power.  Skak. 
€0M-I\1AND'RESS,  ii.    A  woman  invested  with  su- 
preme authority.                                                 Hooker. 

€U.M'.MARK,  «.     [Fr.  comarquc;  Sp.  comarca.] 

Tile  fronjier  of  a  countrv-  Shclton. 

€0M-aiA-TE'RI-AL,  a.  [con  and  matn-inl.]  Consist- 
ing of  the  same  matter  with  anotJier  thing.  Bacon. 

eOM-MA-TE-RI-AL'I-TV.  n.  Participation  of  the 
same  matter.  Johnson. 

€OM-yiAT'W,  a.  Having  short  clauses  or  sentences  ; 
brief;  concise- 

COM'.'^IA-TIS.M,  71.  Ltrom  comma.'^  Briefness:  con- 
ciseness in  writing.  Bp.  Horsley. 

€OM-MEAS'mt-A-BLE,  a.  [See  Measure.]  Hav- 
ing a  common  measure.  But  Comme.x5urable  is 
genemily  ii-:ed. 

COMME  IL  FAUT,  (kom-il-fo,)  [Fr.]  As  it  should  be. 

€0M-ME.M'0-RA-BLE,  a.  Memorable  ;  worthy  to  be 
remembered,  or  noticed  with  honor.     [See  Memura- 

BLE.J 

€OM-MEM'0-RaTE,  v.  L  [L.  commemoro,-  con  and 
mcmoro,  to  mention.     See  Memorv.] 

To  call  to  remembrance  by  a  solemn  act ;  to  cele- 
brate with  honor  and  solemnity  ;  to  honor,  as  a  per- 
son or  event,  by  some  act  of  respect  or  afl*eclion, 
intended  to  preserve  the  remembrance  of  that  per- 
son or  event ;  as,  the  Lord's  supper  is  designed  to 
commemorate  the  siiflerings  and  dying  love  of  our 
Savior. 

eOM-MEM'O-RA-TED,  pp.  Called  to  remembrance 
by  some  act  of  solemnity 

e0M-:MEM'O-RA-TING,  ppr.  Celebrating  with  hon- 
or by  some  solemn  act. 

eOM-MEM-O-RA'TION,  n.  The  net  of  calling  lo  re- 
membrance by  some  solemnity  ;  the  act  of  honoring 
the  memor>'  of  some  person  or  event  by  solemn  cel- 
ebration. The  feast  of  shells  at  Plymouth,  in  Massa- 
chusetts, is  an  annual  commemoration  of  the  first 
landing  of  our  ancestors  in  Ii>2f}. 

Commemoration  day,  at  the  university  of  Oxford, 
Eng.,  is  an  annual  solemnity  in  honor  of  the  benefac- 
tors of  the  university,  when  orations  are  delivered, 
and  prize  compositions  are  read  in  the  theater.  It 
is  the  gieat  day  of  fe&tivitv  for  the  year.         Hubcr. 

€OM-MEM'0-RA-TIVE,  a.  Tendmg  to  preserve  the 
remembrance  of  something.  Atterbury. 

€OM-ME.M'0-RA-TO-RY,  a.  Serving  to  preserve  the 
memory  of. 

eOM-MEXCE',  (kom  mens',)  v.  i.  [Fr.  commenccr; 
Port,  comeear ;  Sp.  comenzar;  It.  cominciare:  Arm. 
coumangz.     Perhaps  com  and  initio.'\ 

1.  To  begin  ;  to  take  rise  or  origin  ;  to  have  first 
existence  ;  as,  a  state  of  gbiry  to  commence  after  this 
life  ;  this  empire  commencid  at  a  late  period. 

2.  To  begin  to  be,  as  in  a  change  of  character. 

Let  not  learning,  too,  ccmmcnce  its  foe.  Pope. 

3.  To  take  a  degree,  or  the  first  degree,  in  a  uni- 
versity or  college.  Bailey. 

eOM-MENCE',  V.  t.  To  begin  ;  to  enter  upon  ;  to  per- 
form the  first  act ;  as,  to  commence  operations. 

'3.  To  begin;  to  originate;  to  bring;  as,  to  covv- 
vtence  a  suit,  action,  or  process  in  law. 

€OM-MENC'£D,  (kom-menst',)  pp.  Begun;  origi- 
nated. 

COM-MENCE'MENT,  (kom-mens'ment,)  n.  Begin- 
ning; rise;  origin;  first  existence;  as,  the  com- 
mencemcnt  of  New  Style,  in  1753;  the  commencement 
of  hostilities  in  1775. 

2.  The  time  when  students  in  colleges  commence 
bachelors  ;  a  day  in  which  degrees  are  publicly  con- 
ferred in  the  English  and  American  universities. 

€OM-MENC'ING,i)'j;r.  or  a.  Beginning;  entering  on  ; 
originating. 

€0>f-ME.\D',  V.  t.  [L.  commcndo  ;  con  and  mando  :  It. 
commendare  :  Port,  encommendar ;  Fr.  re  commander  ; 
Sp.  comamlar,  to  command^  and  formerly  to  cornmend. 
This  is  the  same  word  as  command,  differently  ap- 
plied. The  primarj'  sense  is,  to  send  to  or  throw  ; 
hence,  to  charge,  bid,  desire,  or  entreat.] 

1.  To  represent  as  worthy  of  notice,  regard,  or 
kindness  ;  to  speak  in  favor  of;  to  recommend. 

1  commend  to  you  Phcbe,  our  sist'„T.  —  Rom.  xvi. 

2.  To  commit ;  to  intnist  or  give  in  charge. 

Rither,  into  Uiy  lianda  1  commenl  my  spirit.  —  Luke  rxiii. 

3.  To  praise  ;  to  mention  with  approbation. 

The  princs  commenihd  Sarai  before  Pharaoh. 

The  LopJ  comtnentled  ihe  unjiist  sl/;ward.  Bible. 


COM 

4.  To  make  acceptable  or  more  acceptable. 

But  meat  commendedi  ui  not  to  God.  —  I  Cor.  viii. 

5.  To  produce  or  present  lo  favorable  notico 

'i'hc  chorus  Lad  un  occnaon  of  commanding  ibcu  vniees  to  llie 
king.  Dryd£n. 

f   To  send  or  bear  to. 

These  draw  Uie  cliaiigt  wliich  Latinos  scndf , 

And  die  rich  presPnt  to  Uie  prince  commends.  Dryden. 

eOM-MEND',  Ti.     Commendation.    [JVot  tised.]    Shak. 

eOM-MEND'A-BLE,  a.  [Ft.  recommandablo ;  lU  com- 
mendable. Formerly  accented  improperly  on  the 
first  syllable.] 

That  may  be  commended  or  praised  ;  worthy  of 
approbation  or  praise  ;  laudable. 

Order  and  decent  ceremonies  iu  the  church  ar«  eomjnendable. 

Bacon. 

€OM-MEND'A-BLE-NESS,  it.  State  of  being  com- 
mendable. 

eOM-MEiND'A-BLY,  adv.  Laudably  ;  in  a  praise- 
worlhy  manner. 

eOM-MEND'AM,n.  [L.]  In  ecclc.-^iast.icaUaw,  in  En^- 
iand,  a  lienefice  or  living  commended^  by  the  king  or 
head  of  the  church,  to  the  careof  acler;iyman,tohold 
till  a  proper  pastor  is  provided.  This  may  be  tempo- 
rary or  perpetual.  BlacL-'totie. 

The  trust  cir  administration  of  the  revenues  of  a 
benefice  given  to  a  layman,  to  hold  as  a  deposit  for 
sLx  nionliis,  in  order  to  repairs,  &.C.,  or  to  an  ecclesi- 
astic, to  perform  the  pastoral  duties,  till  the  benefice 
is  provided  wrili  a  regular  incumbi-iit.  Encyc. 

eOM-MEND'A-TA-RY,   n.     f  .^r.   commcndataire ;    It. 
commendatario,  commendatore.  j 
One  who  holds  a  living  in  commendain. 

eOM-MEND-A'TION,  n.     [L.  commmdatio.] 

1.  The  act  of  commenduig;  praise;  favorable  rep- 
resentation in  words  ;  declaration  of  esteem. 

Need  we,  as  some  others,  lel'.ers  o(  commendation  7  —  2  Cor. 

2.  Ground  of  esteem,  approbation,  or  praise;  that 
which  presents  a  person  or  thing  to  another  in  a  fa- 
vorable light,  and  renders  worthy  of  regard  or  accept- 
ance. 

Good-nature  is  the  most  goillike  commendation  of  a  man. 

Dryden. 

3.  Service  ;  respects  ;  message  of  love.  Shak, 
J^'otc.  — In  imitation  of  the  French,  we  are  accus- 
tomed to  use  recommendation,  &c.,  for  commendation. 
But,  in  most  instances,  it  is  better  to  use  the  word 
witliiiiit  the  prefix  re.  A  letter  of  commendation  la 
the  preferable  phrase. 

eO.M-MEXD'A-TOR,  n.  One  who  holds  a  benefice 
in  coinmendam.  Chalmers. 

eOM-MEXD'A-TO-RY,  a.  Which  serves  to  com- 
mend ;  presenting  to  favorable  notice  or  reception  j 
containing  praise  ;  as,  a  commendatory  letter. 

Bacon.     Pope. 
2.  Holding  a  benefice  in  commendara  ;  as,  a  com- 
mcndatorif  bishop. 

eOM-MEND'A-TO-RY,  w.   A  commendation  ;  eulogy. 

South. 

eOM-ME.\D'ED,  pp.  Praised:  represented  favorably  j 
committed  in  charge. 

COM-MEND'ER,  n.    One  who  commends  or  praises. 

€Or>I-MEND'Ii\G,  ppr.  Praising  ;■  representing  favor- 
ably ;  comniitfing  or  delivering  in  charge. 

eOM-MENS'AL,  n.     [L.  con  and  mensa,  table.] 

One  That  eats  at  the  same  table.     [Obs.]     Chaucer. 

€OM-MEN-SAL'I-TY,  7i,  [Sp.  com7ne7isalia ;  L.  coth- 
mensalis ;  con  and  mensa,  a  table.] 

Fellowsliip  at  table  ;  the  act  or  practice  of  eating 
at  the  same  table.     [Little  used.]     Brown.     QHltes. 

€OM-MEN-SU-RA-BIL'I-TY,     i  n.  [Fr.  commensura- 

€OM-MEN'SU-RA-BLE-.\ESS,  ]      btlitc.] 

The  capacity  of  being  compared  with  another  in 
measure,  or  of  being  measured  by  another,  or  of 
having  a  common  measure.  Broicn.    Hale. 

eOM-MEN'SU-RA-BLE,  a.  [Fr.,from  con  and  L.  men- 
sura,  measure.     See  Measure.] 

That  have  a  common  measure  ;  that  may  be  meas- 
ured by  the  same  number  or  quantity.  Thus  a  yard 
and  a  foot  are  com/nensurable,  as  both  may  be  meas- 
ured by  inches.  Commensurable  numbers  are  those 
wliich  may  be  measured  or  divided  by  another  num- 
ber without  a  remainder,  as  12  and  18,  which  may 
be  measured  by  6  and  3. 

Commensurable  sards,  are  those  which,  being  re- 
duced to  their  least  terms,  become  tnie  figurative 
quantities  of  their  kind,  and  are  therefore  as  a  ra- 
tional quantity  to  a  rational  one.  Barlow. 

eOM-MEN'SU-RA-BLY,  adv.  In  a  commensurable 
manner. 

€OM-MEN'SU-RATE,  a.  [It.  conmensurare  ;  Sp.  eon- 
mensnrar,  whence  conmensurativo :  con  and  L.  mcnsu- 
ra,  measure.] 

1.  Having  a  common  measure. 

2.  Equal;  proportional;  havini;  equal  measure  or 
extent ;  as,  we  find  nothing  in  this  life  commcnsuraU 
to  our  desires. 

eOM-MEN'SU-RATE,  v.  t.    To  reduce  to  a  common 

measure. 
COM-MEN'SU-Ra-TED,  pp.    Redticed  to  a  common 

measure. 


TuNE,  BULL,  UNITE.  —  AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SU ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

229 


COM 

€OM-MEN'SU-UATE-LY,  adc.  Wiih  (he  capacity 
of  iiieo^urio^  ox  being  uieasurcJ  by  some  other 
thing.  Holder. 

2.  With  equal  measure  or  eittnt, 

€O.M-ME\'Slf.RATE-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  being 
coniinrii9uralf«.  Foster. 

CO.M-MEN'SU-RA-TING,  yyr.  neducmg  to  a  cora- 
juon  nieiiMuro. 

€OAI-MKN-Si;-RA'TtON,  n.  Proportion,  or  propor- 
tion in  measure ;  a  state  of  having  a  cuinnion  measure. 

All  fllix'ia  U««  In  a  pankulir  ninintnturation,  i-r  propcRloo 
of  ai-9  thiRf  to  anotbcr.  South. 

COM'ME.NT,  r.  i.  [L.  commcRUfT,  to  cast  in  the  mind, 
to  think,  to  devise,  to  compose  ;  from  con  nnd  rnr/u, 
mind,  ur  ihc  same  root.  It.  comentare;  Vr.  cotnmcnteri 
Sp.  coineiUar  i  Voit.  commentxir.     Sec^  .MirvD.1 

1.  To  write  nutos  on  the  work^  of  an  auiiior,  with 
a  view  to  illustmlc  his  meaning,  or  to  explain  par- 
ticular passages  ;  lu  cxptaiii ;  to  e\|K>und;  to  nnno- 
tale  ;  followed  by  oh.  We  say,  to  comment  on  an  au- 
tlior,  or  vit  his  writing.-".  Dryden.     Pope. 

2.  To  make  remarks,  observations,  or  crilicisms, 
cither  on  a  book,  or  writing,  or  on  acliunv,  events,  or 
opinions.  Shak. 

eO.M'.MEiVT.  p.  L    To  explain.  Fuiler. 

2.  To  feign;  to  devise.     [Obs.]  Spenser. 

eOiM'ME.NT,  «.  A  note,  intended  to  illuslrate  a  writ- 
ing, or  a  ditTicult  passage  in  an  author  :  annotation  ; 
explanation  ;  exposition  ;  as,  the  comments  of  Scotl  on 
Lhe  Scriiitures. 

2.  Th.-it  which  explains  or  UltiscnKes ,  a.-^,  a  man's 
conduct  is  the  best  comment  on  Iiis  declarations.  Pov- 
erty anil  disgrace  are  very  significant  annments  on 
Uwdness,  gambling,  and  dissipation. 

3.  Kcmark ;  observation. 

In  iiKh  B  tim«  B*  (hit,  Et  It  not  meet 

'I'tut  trery  ake  otfenw  ahould  bear  lt«  comment.  Shak 

"""""■IRNT-A-RY,  n.    A  comment;  exposition;  ex- 
A.<Mi:  ilhistration  of  difiicult  and  obscure  pOB- 
.11  an  author. 
'.,.  A  book  of  comments  or  annotations. 
'J.  An  historical  narrative  ;  a  memoir  of  paiticulor 
tr;in:^;ictions  ;  as,  the  OmHifM^iWfj  of  Cesar. 
eO.M'MENT-A-RY,  r.  L    To  write  notes  upon.     [Lit- 

tie  tued.) 
eOil'ME.V-TATE,  v.  (.  To  make  comments ;  to  write 

notes  upon.  Purs,  qf  Lit. 

GOiI'ME.\T-A-TOR,  n.    One  who  comments;   one 
who  writes  annotations;  an  expositor;  an  annotator. 
[The  accent  on  the  first  syllable  and  that  on  the  third 
are  nearly  fipml.] 
eOM-MENT-A'TOR-SHJP,  n.    The  office  of  a  com- 

nit^ntntor. 
eO.M'MEM'J'-ER,  n.    One  that  writes  comments;  an 
2.  One  who  makes  remarks.  [nnnotator, 

eOM'.^IENT-IXGj  ppr.    Making  notes  or  comments 

on  Si>nit-thing  «:atd  or  written. 
eOM-ME.\-TI"T10US,(kom-mcn-tish'us,)a.  [L.com- 
mmtitiuji.] 
Invented  ;  feigned  ;  imaginar}'.  Qlanvitle, 

€OXI'MERCE,  n.  [Fr.  eummrrce  ;  L.  commerciutn  ,*  eon 
and  taereor,  to  buy  ;  men,  mereo.  See  Class  Mr,  No. 
3.  It.  commereio :  Sp.  evmereio ;  Port,  commercio.  For- 
merly accented  on  the  second  syllalile.] 

1.  In  a  general  sen^ty  an  intercliange  or  mutual 
change  of  goods,  wares,  productions,  or  property  of 
any  kind,  between  nations  or  indivirluals,  cither  by 
barter,  or  by  purchase  and  sale  ;  trade  ;  traffic.  Com- 
merce is  fureiirn  or  inland.  Foreiipi  commerce  is  the 
trade  wliich  one  nation  carries  on  witli  another;  in- 
land commerce^  or  inland  trade^  is  the  trade  in  the  ex- 
cliange  nf  commodities  bt;tween  citizens  of  the  same 
nation  ur  state.    Jictice  commerce.     See  Active. 

2.  Intercourse  between  individuals ;  interchange 
of  work,  busiu'-'ss,  civilities,  or  ainusemenls  ;  mutual 
dealings  in  common  life. 

3.  Familiar  intercourse  between  the  sexes. 

4.  Interchange ;  reciprocal  communications  ;  as, 
there  is  a  vast  commerce  of  ideas.  U.  tVib,^tcr. 

eOM..\IF.RCE',  r.  i.    To  traffic  ;  to  carry  on  trade. 
2.  To  hold  intercourse  with.  [Ralei^^h, 

Aaii  looU  comnurcing  wiih  the  tkln.  Milton. 

eO>!-MER'CIAL,  (kom-mer'shal,)  a.  Pertaining  to 
cornnierre  or  trade ;  a-*,  commercial  concerns  ;  commcr- 
eial  relations. 

2.  Carrying  on  commerce  ;  as,  a  commercial  nation. 

3.  Proceeding  from  trade ;  as,  commereiat  benefita 
or  prortL"*, 

CO.M-.MER'CIAI^LY,  adc.    In  a  commercial  view. 

Burke. 
€OM-MER'CINO,  ppr.    Holding  intercourse  with  ;  as, 

and  ItKik:*  commercing  witli  the  skies.  JUilton. 

COM'MBRE,  (-mire,)  n.     [Pr.  mere.] 

A  common  moiher. 
eOM-MET'ie.  a.    Giving  a  gloss  or  beauty, 
COM'.MI-GRAtE,  V.  i.     HL  MWBMjTd,-  con  i 

to  mi  grate.) 
To  migrate  together ;  to  move  in  a  body  from  one 

country  or  place  to  another,  for  pcnnanent  resilience. 

[LitiJe  wett.] 
euM.MI-GRA'TION,  n.    The  moving  of  a  bodv  of 

people  from  one  country  or  place  to  another,  with  a 

liew  to  pennanent  residence.  Woodward. 


[L.  coinmi^o ;  con  and  miffro, 


COM 

COM-.MI-NA'1'IO.N,  n.  [L.  eomminatio ;  con  and  mi- 
Hoijo,  a  tlirentcning,  from  minor^  to  threaten.  See 
Me:iaci:.] 

1.  A  threat  or  threatening ;  a  denunciation  of  pun- 
ishment or  vengeance. 

2.  'J'he  n>cital  of  God's  thrcatenings  on  stated  days ; 
an  office  in  the  Lilurg>-  of  the  Church  of  England, 
appointed  to  be  read  on  Ash  Wednesday,  or  on  the 
first  day  of  I^-nt.  Eneijc. 

€0.M  MIX'A-TO-RY,  a.  Thnalening;  denouncing 
puni!<hnient.  B.  Jonson. 

eOM-.ML\"GLE,  (-iniiig'gl,)  r.  f.  [con  and  mingle.] 
To  mix  ttigether ;  to  mingle  in  one  mass,  or  mli- 
mately  ;  to  blend.     [See  Mi;«ole.]  Shak. 

€OM-MI.\"GLE,  V.  i.  To  mix  or  unite  together,  as 
ditTereut  ^uh>itancC8.  Bacon. 

eOM-MIN"(;LK[),  pp.    Mingled  together. 

€OM-MIN"GLI\G,  ppr.     Mingling  together. 

COM-MIN' IT-ATE,  r.(.    To  grind     [JVut  used.]    [See 

CoUMISUTE.] 

€OM-.MI.\MJ-I-BLE,  a.    Reducible  to  powder.  Brown. 

GOM'MI-NOTE,  r.  t.     [L  comminuo;  con  and  minuo, 

to  lessen,  from  the  root  of  mhwr;  It.  mion^  mi»,  fine, 

small,  tender  ;  W.  main,  man ,-  Ax.     -^  manna,  to  di- 
minish.   Class  Mn,  No.  5.] 

To  make  small  or  fine  ;  to  reduce  to  minute  parti- 
cles, or  to  a  fine  powder,  by  breaking,  pounding,  ras|>- 
ing,  or  grinding:  to  pulverise:  to  triturate  ;  to  levi- 
gate, li  is  chiefly  or  wholly  np])iicd  tu  substances 
hot  liquid.  Bacon, 

eOM'MI-N0-TF-D,p;».  or  a..  Reduced  to  fine  particles; 
pulverized  ;  triturated. 

eoM'MINO-TING.ppr.  Reducing  to  fine  particles; 
pulverizing;  levigating. 

eo.M-.MI-NO'TION,  n.    The  act  of  reducing  to  a  fine 
powder  or  to  small  particles  ;  pulverization. 
2.  Attenuation  ;  as,  co/7i;7iijiu{iofi  of  spirits.  Bacon. 

€0M-MIS'EK-A-BLE,  a.  [See  Com.mi9Erate.]  De- 
serving of  commiseration  or  pity ;  pitiable ;  Uiat  may 
e.xcitc  sympathy  or  sorrow. 

Tlih  eommiterable  penon,  >Mwiinl.  Boron. 

[LiiUe  xtsul.] 
€O.M-MIS'Ek-aTE,  t.  (.     [L.  commxscror;   con  and 
misercor^  to  pity.     See  Miserable.] 

1.  To  pity  ;  to  compassionate  ;  to  feel  sorrow,  pain, 
or  regret,  for  another  in  distress  ;  applied  to  persons, 

\Vc  (hould  eommiscrtUe  those  who  groan  bciicalh  the  weishl 
of  dgc,  itiicAM,  or  w.\ni.  Denham. 

9.  To  regret ;  to  pit>' ;  to  be  sorry  for ;  as,  to  com- 
miserate our  mutual  ignorance.  Locke. 
eOM-MIS'ER-A-TEO,  jrp.    Pitied. 
eOM-MIS'ERA-TING,  ppr.    Pitying;  compassionat- 
ing ;  feeling  sorroxv  for. 
€OM-MIS-ER-A'TION,  n.    Pity  ;  compassion ;  a  sym- 
pathetic  suffering  of  pain  or  sorrow  for  the  wants,  af- 
iliclion;',  or  distresses  of  another. 

I  can  not  think  of  these    poor  Uchided  crcatuiea  but   viih 
eomnnitTti  tion. 

eOM-MIS'ER-A-TIVE-LY,  adv.     From  compassion. 

eOM-MlS'ER-A-TOR,  n.     One  who  pities.    Broton. 

eOM-MIS-SA'KI-AL,  a.  [See  CosiuissARt.]  Pertain- 
ing to  a  commissary. 

Smollett  uses  Comuissorial;  but  this  is  not  regu- 
lar nor  authorized. 

€0M-MIS-Sa'RI-AT,  n.  [Sp.  comisariato.  See  Com- 
missary.! 

The  omce  or  cmploj-mcnt  of  a  commissar}* ;  or  the 
whole  body  of  officers  in  the  commissary's  depart- 
ment. TookCy  Russ.  i.  575. 

€OM'MIS-SA-RY,  n.  [Fr.  eommissaire ;  It,  and  Port. 
commissario ;  Sp.  comtsario;  Low  L.  commtssarius  i 
from  commissiUf  eommitto  ;  eon  and  miUo,  to  send.] 

J.  In  a  general  sense,  a  commissioner ;  one  to  whom 
is  eommitted  some  charge,  duly,  or  office,  by  a  supe- 
rior power ;  one  who  is  sent  or  delegated  to  execute 
some  office  or  duty,  in  the  place,  or  as  the  represent- 
ative, of  his  superior. 

2.  In  ecclesiastical  late,  an  officer  of  the  bishop,  who 
exercises  spiritual  jurisdiction  in  places  of  the  dio- 
cese so  far  distant  from  the  episcopal  see,  that  the 
chancellor  can  not  call  the  people  to  the  bishop's 
principal  consistory  court,  without  putting  them  to 
inconvenience.  .BijUjfe.     Encyc. 

3.  In  a  miliuirij  sense,  an  officer  who  has  the  charge 
of  furnishing  provisions,  clothing,  &c.,  for  an  army. 
Commissaries  are  distinguished  by  diiferent  names, 
according  to  their  duties  ;  as,  commissary- general,  who 
is  at  the  head  of  the  department  of  supplies,  and  has 
under  him  deputy  commissaries  and  issning  commissar 
Tics  i  the  liiltitr  to  issue  or  distribute  the  supplies. 

4.  An  officer  who  musters  the  army,  receives  and 
Inspects  the  muster-rolls,  and  keeps  an  account  of 
the  strength  of  the  army.  lie  is  called  the  eommis- 
sartj-iTcneral  of  musters.  The  commissary  of  horses 
has  the  inspection  of  the  artillery  horses;  and  the 
eoinmiisary  of  stores  has  charge  of  all  the  stores  of 
the  artillerv.  Eiicye. 

C0.\I'MIS-SA-RY-6EN'ER-AL,  «.  The  head  of  the 
commissarj*  department. 

eOM'AilS-SA-RY-SHIP,  n.  The  office  of  a  commis- 
sary, JJijliffe. 


COM 

eO.M-M!S'SION,  (-misli'un,)  n.  [Fr.  commission  ;  It 
commisione:  Sp.  comisii'n  ;  L.  commissio,  with  a  diffirr- 
cnt  application,  from  contmiUo ;  eon  and  mitto,  to 
scnd.J^ 

1.  The  act  of  committing,  doing,  iwrfomiing,  or 
peri>elmting  ;  as,  the  commission  of  a  crime. 

2.  The  act  of  committing  or  sending  to ;  the  act  of 
Jntnisting,  as  a  charge  or  duty. 

3.  A  writing  from  proper  authority,  given  to  a  per- 
son as  his  warrant  for  exercising  certain  powers,  or 
the  iK'tformance  of  any  duty,  whether  civil,  ecctesi* 
astical,  or  militan,*.     Hence, 

4.  The  thing  committed,  or  power  and  authority 
given. 

5.  By  a  metom/mijj  a  number  of  persons  joined  in 
an  office  or  trust. 

G.  In  commerce,  the  state  of  acting  under  authority 
in  the  purchase  and  sale  of  goods  fur  anotlier.  To 
trade  or  do  business  on  commission,  ia  to  irny  or  skW 
ibr  another  by  his  authority.     Hence, 

7.  The  allowance  made  to  a  factor  or  ronimission 
merchant  for  transiicting  business,  which  is  a  certain 
rate  per  cent,  of  the  value  of  the  gooils  bought  or  sold, 

8.  To  put  a  ship  into  commission,  is  to  seiul  it  forth 
on  public  ser^'ice  after  it  has  been  laid  up. 

9.  To  put  the  great  seal  into  cummis.-iion,  Is  to  place 
it  in  the  hands  of  conmiissioners  during  the  jK-riod 
that  intervenes  between  the  going  out  of  one  lord 
keeper  and  the  accession  of  another. 

Commissio^i  of  bankruptcy^  is  a  commission  is.'<uing 
from  the  chancellor  in  Great  Britain,  and  in  other 
countries  from  some  proper  authority,  appoinimg 
and  empowering  certam  persons  to  examine  into 
the  facts  relative  to  an  alleged  bankruptcy,  and  to 
secure  the  bankrupt's  lands  and  effi^cts  for  the 
creditors. 

Commission  of  lunacy,  is  a  commission  issuing  from 
the  Court  of  Chancer)-,  to  authorize  an  inquiry 
whether  a  person  is  a  lunatic  or  not. 

Commission  ojicer,  in  tJtc  armp  or  navy,  is  an  officer 
who  has  a  commission,  in  di^tniction  from  subaltern 
officers. 
€OM-.MIS'SION,  (kom-mish'un,)  v.  U  To  give  a 
commission  to  ;  to  empower  or  authorize  by  com- 
mission. The  president  and  senate  appoint,  but  the 
president  commi-isions.  Unitat  States. 

2.  To  send  Willi  a  mandate  or  authority. 

A  choacn  Utnd 
He  fir>t  eommUsiona  lo  the  Laiiita  land.  Dtyden. 

3.  To  authorize  or  empower. 

Alt(f.  —  CoMMissio.fATE,  in  a  like  sense,  has  been 
used,  hut  nirelv. 

eOM-MIS'SION-AL,      )  a.    Appointed  by  warrant. 

€OM-MIS'SION-A-RY,  \       [Liule  nsetl.] 

CO.M-.MIS'SION-£D,  pp.  or  a.  Furnished  with  a 
commission  ;  empowered  ;  autliorizcd. 

eOM-Mlri'SIOX-ER,  ;i.  A  person  who  has  a  com- 
mission or  warrant  from  proiwr  authority,  lo  perform 
some  office,  or  execute  some  business,  for  the  person 
or  government  which  employs  him,  and  gives  him 
authority ;  as,  commis.'fioners  for  settling  the  boundi 
of  a  stale,  or  for  adjusting  claims. 

eOM-.M!?'SION-L\G,  ppr.  Giving  a  commission  to; 
funiisliing  with  a  warrant  ;  em|)owcring  by  letters 
patent  or  other  writing;  authorizing. 

eOM-.MIS'SION-MER'CIIAXT,  n,  A  merchant  who 
transacts  business  as  the  agent  of  other  men,  in 
buying  and  selling,  and  receives  a  rate  percent,  as 
his  commission,  or  reward. 

eOM'.MIS-Sl^RE,  ?(.  [L.  cointnissnra,  from  eommitto. 
commissus  :  literally,  a  sending  or  thrusting  together.] 

1.  A  joint,  seam,  or  closure  ;  the  place  where  two 
bodies,  or  parts  of  a  body,  meet  and  unite  ;  an  inter- 
stice or  cleft  between  particles  or  parts,  as  between 
plates  or  lamella;. 

2.  In  arcfiitectiire,  the  joint  between  two  stones, 
or  application  of  the  surface  of  one  to  that  of  another. 

3.  In  anatomy,  a  suture  of  ihe  cranium  or  akuU ; 
articulation  ;  the  comers  of  the  lips.  Also,  certain 
parts  in  the  ventricles  of  the  brain,  uniting  the  two 
hemispheres.  Coxe. 

€O.M-MIT',  V.  t.  [L.  conuniUo,  to  send  to,  or  thnist 
together;  con  ana  mitto,  to  send  ;  Fr.  mcttre,  to  put, 
set,  or  lay ;  commcttre,  to  commit  ;  IL  mettcrcy  contr 
mettcrc ;  Sp.  meter,  comttcr;  Port,  meter,  cornet^,] 

Liurallvy  lo  send  to  or  upon  ;  to  throw,  i)ul,  or  lay 
upon,    ifcnce, 

1.  To  give  in  tnist ;  to  put  into  the  hands  or  power 
of  another  ;  to  intrust ;  with  to. 

Commit  thy  way  to  the  Lord.—  Pn.  xxxvii. 
Tho    thinf^  ihou  hast  heard  of  mc,  commit  to  failbfiil  mCD. — 
•2  Tim.  ii. 

2.  To  put  into  any  place  for  preservation  ;  to  do- 
posit  ;  as,  lo  commit  a  passage  in  a  book  to  memory ; 
to  commit  the  body  to  the  grave. 

3.  To  put  or  send  to,  for  confinement ;  its,  to  com- 
mit an  offender  lo  prison.  Hence,  for  the  sake  of 
brevity,  commit  is  used  for  imprison.  The  shertft"  liM 
commuted  the  offender. 

The»'j  two  were  comnutted,  at  Icixl  reiinuned  oi  their  liberty. 

Oartndon. 

4.  To  do ;  to  effiict  or  perpetrate  ;  as,  to  commit 
murder,  treason,  felony,  or  trespass. 

Thou  shall  iiol  commit  adultery.  —  Ex.  xx. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— MeTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQQK.— 
230  " 


COM 


5.  To  join  or  pitt  tosctlier,  for  a  contest ;  to  match ; 
foUowed  by  tcitAi  a  Latinism. 

llov  dcK^  Fliilopohs  commil  Iti«  oppoueot  vith  th^  respon'leiit. 
ILUHf  M«rf-]  More. 

C.  To  place  in  a  state  of  hostility  cr  Jocongmity. 
f*  Gfiaatitungshoit^tui  lung  word;?."  But  this  seems 
to  he  tile  s;iine  sigiiificatiuu  as  t!ie  firegoing. 

7.  To  pJi*ose  or  endanger  by  a  preliminary  step  or 
decision  v. iiich  can  not  be  rec:illed  ;  as,  to  commit 
the  peace  of  a  country-  by  espousing  tlie  cause  of  a 
beUigereiU. 

Yofj  auflit  !»«■«  a'^fied  tjciy  duly  of  poUtiCAl  friendsliip  with- 
oaicoa^milUiig  the  bauot  u(  jour  sovem^t.        Junius. 

B.  To  engage  ;  to  pledge ;  or  to  pledge  by  implica- 
tion. 

The  •cnrnO  addressed  letters  to  Geo.  Gates  and  to  Gi:n. 
Ueaih,  caaiioiiin*  Uiem  avruost  any  suddoii  assent  to  the 
fToposAl,  vhidi  mi^r  poestbljr  be  coa&ideml  as  connuldng 
the  laiih  of  the  Cuiied  states.  Martfiaii. 

And  with  the  reciprocal  pronoun,  to  eonimit  oite^s 
selfj  is  to  do  some  act,  or  make  some  declaration, 
which  may  bind  tbs  person  in  honor,  good  faith,  or 
consistency,  to  pursue  a  certain  course  of  conduct,  or 
to  adhere  to  the  tenure  of  that  d;;claration. 

9.  To  refer  or  intnist  to  a  committee,  or  select 
number  of  persons,  for  thnir  consideratiou  and  report ; 
a  term  of  lepslation  :  as,  the  petition  or  the  bill  is 
eommiaed.  is  it  the  pleasure  of  the  house  to  commit 
the  bUl : 

10.  To  commit  fidltt,  is  to  commit  to  prison  for  trial, 
in  distinction  from  a  temporary  commitment  while 
under  examination.  Bouvicr. 

€OiI-MlT^ME^'T,  ju  The  act  of  committing  ;  a 
sending  lo  prison  ;  a  putting  into  prison  ;  imprison- 
meuL  It  is  equivalent  to  sending  or  patting  in  sim- 
ply ;  as,  a  commitment  to  the  Tov**r,  or  to  r^ewgate  ; 
or,  for  the  saie  of  brevity,  omitting  the  name  of  the 
place,  it  is  equivalent  to  putting  into  prison  ^  as,  the 
oifender  is  secured  by  commitment. 

2.  An  order  for  confining  in  prison.  But  more 
generally  we  use  mittimus. 

3.  The  act  of  referring  or  intrusting  to  a  committee 
for  consideration  ;  a  term  in  legislation :  as,  the  com^ 
mitment  of  a  petition  or  a  bill  to  a  select  number  of 
persons  for  consideration  and  report. 

4.  The  act  of  delivering  in  charge,  or  intrusting. 

5.  A  doing,  or  perpetration,  as  of  sin  or  a  crime ; 
commission.  Clarendon, 

6.  The  act  of  pledging  or  engaging ;  or  the  act  of 
exposing  or  endangering.  [See  the  verb,  Nos.  7 
and  3.]  HamiUon, 

€OM-iUT'TAL,  n.    A  pledge,  actual  or  implied. 

€OM->nT'TED,  pp.  Delivered  in  trust  ;  given  in 
charge  j  deposited  ;  imprisoned  ;  done  ;  perpetrated  ; 
engaged ;  exposed  ;  referred  to  a  committee. 

Fi^ij  commiUed}  committed  to  prison  for  trial. 
[See  Commit.] 

€OM-MIT'TEE,  n.  One  or  more  persons  elected  or 
appointed,  lo  whom  any  matter  or  business  is  referred, 
either  by  a  legislative  body  or  either  branch  of  it,  or 
by  a  court,  or  by  any  corporation,  or  by  any  society, 
or  collective  body  of  men  acting  together.  In  legis- 
lative bodies,  a  house  or  branch  of  that  body  may 
resolve  or  form  itself  into  a  committee,  called  a  cum- 
miuee  of  the  whole  house^  when  the  speaker  leaves 
the  chair,  and  one  of  the  members  acts  as  chairman. 
St/znding  committees  are  such  as  continue  during  aie 
existence  of  the  legislature,  and  to  these  are  com- 
mitted all  matters  that  fall  within  the  purposes  of 
their  appointment ;  as,  tlie  committee  of  elections^  or 
of  privileges,  &lc.  Special  committees  are  apiwinted  to 
consider  and  report  on  particular  subjects. 

eOM-MIT'TEE-SHlP,  n.  The  office  and  profit  of 
committees.  Milton. 

€0M-5UT'TER,  v.  One  who  commits;  one  who 
does  or  perpetrates.  South. 

€OM-MIT'Tl-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  coramitted. 
'  lAttle  xLsed.^  Broitm. 

€OM-.MIT'TING,  ppr.  Giving  in  trust;  depositmg ; 
imprisoning:  perpetrating  ;  engaging  ;  referring  to  a 
committee ;  exposing. 

COM-MIX',  V.  t.  [L.  commisceo,  commixtus ;  con  and 
vusceo.,  to  mix.     [See  Mix.] 

To  mix  or  mingle;  to  blend;  to  mix,  as  different 
substances.  Bacon.    JVeioton. 

€OM-MIX',  V.  L    To  mix  ;  lo  mingle.  Skak. 

€O.M-MIX'£D.  (kom-mixt',)  pp.    Slixed  ;  blended. 

€0M  MIX'IXG,  ppr.     Mixmg;  blending. 

eOil-MIX'TION,  (kom-mix'chun,)  n.  Jliiture;  a 
blending  of  different  ingredienla  in  one  mass  or 
compound.  Brown. 

CoMMixionis  used  by  Shakspeare,  but  is  hardly 
legitimate. 

€0.\UAUXT'UEE,  (kom-mixt'yur,)  n.  The  act  of 
mixing  ;  the  state  of  being  minted  ;  the  blending  of 
ingredients  in  one  mass  or  compound.  Bacon. 

2.  The  mass  formed  by  mingling  different  things  ; 
composition :  compound.     Bacon.     Shak.     WoUon. 

3.  In  Sects  laic,  a  method  of  acquiring  property,  by 
blending  different  substances  belonging  to  different 
prt^ietors.  Eneye. 

£a>M-iM6DE',  n,  [Ft ,  from  I*,  tommodusj  conveni- 
ent; con,  or  com,  and  modus,  manner.    See  Mode.] 


CO.AI 

1.  A  kind  of  head-dress  formerly  worn  by  ladies. 

Addison. 

2.  A  chest  of  drawers,  often  with  shelves  added, 
and  oilier  conveniences. 

€0M-iMo'DI-0U3,  a.  [Fr.  commode;  It.  comodo;  Sp. 
id. ;  L.  commodus.     See  Mode.] 

Convenient;  suitable;  fit;  proper;  adapted  to  its 
use  or  purpose,  or  to  wants  and  necessities ;  as,  a 
commodious  house  or  room. 

Tlie  Uaven  wm  not  commodiout  to  winter  in.  —  Acts  xxrii.  12. 

It  is  followed  by  for  before  a  noun  ;  as,  a  place 
commodious  for  a  camp. 

eOM-Mo'DI-OUS-LY,  adv.  Conveniently  ;  ina  com- 
modious manner ;  suitably ;  in  a  manner  to  afford 
ease,  or  lo  prevent  uneasiness  ;  as,  a  house  commodi- 
ously  situated  ;  we  may  pass  Ufe  commodiously  with- 
out the  restraints  of  ceremony. 

€OM-Mo'DI-OUS-NESS,  h.  Convenience  ;  fitness  ; 
suitableness  for  its  purpose  ;  as,  the  commodiousness 
of  a  house  or  an  apartment ;  the  commodiousness  of  a 
situation  for  trade. 

eOM-MOD'I-TY,  «,  [L.  commoditas  ;  It.  comoditd  ;  Fr. 
commodity  :  Sp.  eomodidad  ;  Port,  commodidade.  See 
Commode.] 

1.  Primarily,  convenience  ;  profit  ;  advantage  ; 
interest.  "  Men  setk  their  own  commodity."  In 
this  sense  it  was  used  by  IFnokcr,  Sidney,  &.C. ;  but 
this  is  nearly  or  wholly  obsolete. 

2.  That  which  affords  ease,  convenience,  or  advan- 
tage ;  any  thing  that  is  useful,  but  particidarly  in 
commerce,  including  every  thing  movable  that  is 
bought  and  sold,  goods,  wares,  mercliandise,  produce 
of  land  and  manufactures.  Unless,  perhaps,  ani- 
mals may  be  excepted,  the  word  includes  all  the 
movables  which  are  objticls  of  commerce. 

CommodiHes  rre  movables,  voluAble  by  money,  the  coniiiio:i 
measure.  Locke. 

The  principal  use  of  money  ia  to  sa»e  the  eommiiUiuon  of  more 
bulky  commodities.  Arb'tthnol. 

Staple  commodities,  are  those  whicli  are  the  produce 
or  manufacture  of  a  counlry,and  constitute  the  prin- 
cipal articles  of  exportalinn.  Thus  flour  is  the  staple 
commodity  of  New  York  and  Pennsylvania  ;  flour 
and  tobacco,  of  Maryland  and  Virginia  ;  cotton  and 
rice,  of  Soutli  Carohua  and  Georgia  j  cotton  and 
sugar,  of  Louisiana. 
€OM'MO-DoRE,  n.  [This  word  is  probablya  corrup- 
tion of  the  Italian  eoinandatore,  a  commander;  or 
the  Spanish  comendador,  a  superior  of  a  monastery, 
or  a  knight  who  holds  a  commandrj-.] 

1.  The  officer  \\\\o  commands  a  squadron  or  de- 
tachment of  ships,  destined  on  a  particular  enter- 
prise. In  Uie  British  marine,  a  naval  officer  having 
the  temporary  rank  of  rear-admiral.  Brande. 

2.  A  title  given  by  courtesy  to  tlie  senior  captain, 
when  two  or  more  siiips  of  war  are  cruising  in  com- 
pany. Totten. 

3.  The  convoy  or  leading  ship  in  a  fleet  of  mer- 
chantmen, which  carries  a  light  in  her  top  to  conduct 
the  oilier  sliips. 

eOM-MOD-L>LA'TION,  n.     [L.  con  and  modulatio.] 
Measure:  agreement.     [LitiU  used.]       Hakewdl. 


eOMOIOIGXE;  Mnoin,)  n.  [Fr.]  A  monk  of  the 
same  convent.     \JVijt  in  use.]  Sclden. 

eOM^MOX,  a.  [Li.  communU;  Fr.  commun ;  Arm. 
coumun  ;  It.  comune  ;  Sp.  comun ;  Port,  commum;  Golh. 
gamains;  Sax.  genusn;  G.  gemein  ;  D.  gcmeen:  Sw. 
gemtn ;  Dan.  gemcen ;  It,  camann  ;  Goth,  gamana,  a  fel- 
low, fellowship.  This  word  may  be  composed  of  cnm 
and  man,  men.,  tlie  plural  me)i  being  equivalent  to 
people  and  vulgiis.  The  last  syllable  is  clearly  from 
the  root  of  many,  which  seems  to  belong  lo  the  root 
of  man,  and  mean  is  of  the  same  family.  Hence  we 
see  the  connection  between  common  and  viean,  as 
vulgar,  from  vulgus,  Eng.  folks.] 

1.  Belonging  equally  to  more  than  one,  or  to  many 
indefinitely  ;  as,  life  and  sense  are  common  to  man 
and  beast';  the  common  privileges  of  citizens  ;  the 
common  wants  of  men. 

9.  Belonging  to  the  public;  having  no  separate 
owner.    The  right  to  a  highway  is  common. 

3.  General ;  serving  for  the  use  of  all ;  as,  the 
common  prayer. 

4.  Universal ;  belonging  to  all ;  as,  the  earth  is 
said  to  be  the  common  mother  of  mankind. 

5.  Public  ;  genera!  ;  frequent ;  as,  common  report. 

6.  Usual  ;  ordinary  ;  as,  the  common  operations  of 
nature  ;  the  common  forms  of  conveyance  ;  the  com- 
mon rules  of  civility. 

7.  Of  no  rank  or  superior  excellence;  ordinary. 
Applied  to  men,  it  signifies,  not  noble,  not  distin- 
guished bj'  noble  descent,  or  not  distinguished  by 
office,  character,  or  talents ;  as,  a  common  man ;  a 
common  soldier.  Applied  to  tJiings,  it  signifies,  not 
distinguished  by  excellence  or  superiority ;  as,  a 
common  essay  ;  a  common  exertion.  It,  however,  is 
not  generally  equivalent  to  mean,  which  expresses 
something  lower  in  rank  or  estimation. 

8.  Prostitute  ;  lewd  ;  as,  a  common  woman. 

9.  In  grammar,  such  verbs  as  signify  both  action 
and  passion  are  called  cojnmon;  as,  aspemor,  I 
despise  or  am  despised  ;  also,  such  nouns  as  are  both 
masculine  and  feminine;  as,  parens. 


COM 

10.  A  com-non  bud,  in  botany,  is  one  that  contains 
both  leaves  and  flowers  ;  a  common  peduncle,  one 
that  bears  several  flowers  ,  a  common  perianth,  one 
that  iucloses  several  dblincl  fmcti  heat  ions ;  a  com- 
mon recqituclcj  one  that  connects  several  distinct 
fructifications.  Martyn. 

Common  divisor,  or  measure,  in  mathematics,  is  a 
nuir.ber  or  quantity  that  dividus  two  or  more  num- 
bers or  quantities  without  a  remainder. 

Common  law;  in  Great  Britain  and  tJte  United 
States,  the  umorittcn  law,  the  law  llial  receives  its 
binding  force  from  immemorial  usage  and  tmiversal 
reception,  in  distinction  from  the  written  or  stalnte 
law.  That  body  of  rules,  principles,  and  customs, 
wliich  have  been  received  from  our  ancestors,  and 
by  which  courts  have  been  governed  in  tliejr  judi- 
cial decisions.  The  evidence  of  this  law  is  to  be 
found  in  the  reports  of  those  decisions,  and  the 
records  of  the  courts.  Some  of  ihirse  ndes  may 
have  originated  in  edicts  or  statutes  which  are  now 
lost,  or  in  the  lerms  and  conditions  of  particular 
grants  or  charters  ;  but  it  is  most  probable  that  many 
of  them  originated  in  judicial  decisions  founded  on 
natural  justice  and  equity,  or  on  local  customs. 

Common  pletu'i :  in  Great  Britain,  one  of  the  kJng*s 
courts,  now  held  in  Weslminsler  Hall.  It  consists 
of  a  chief  justice  and  three  other  justices,  and  has 
cognizance  of  all  civil  causes,  real,  personal,  or 
mixed,  as  well  by  original  writ  as  by  removal  from 
the  inferior  courts.  A  writ  of  error,  in  the  nature  of 
an  appeal,  Ues  from  this  court  to  the  Court  of  King's 
Bench.  Blackstom. 

In  some  of  tJie  American  States,  a  court  of  coinmon 
pleas  is  an  inferior  court,  whose  jurisdiction  is  lim- 
ited to  a  county,  and  it  is  sometimes  called  a  county 
court.  This  court  is  variously  constituted  in  ditier- 
ent  States,  and  its  powers  are  defined  by  statutes.  It 
has  jurisdictii-n  of  civil  causes,  and  of  minor  of- 
fenses ;  but  its  final  jurisdiction  is  ver>'  luuited  ;  all 
causes  of  magnitude  being  removable  to  u  higher 
court  by  appeal,  or  by  writ  of  error. 

Common  praifer ;  the  Uturgy  of  the  Church  of  Eng- 
land, which  all  the  clergj-  of  the  church  are  enjoined 
to  use,  under  a  penalty.  Encyc. 

Common  recovery :  a  legal  process  for  barring  en- 
tails, remainders,  6cc.     [See  Recovery.] 

Common  time  ;  in  music,  the  name  given  to  those 
varieties  of  time,  in  which  the  measure  consists  of 
two  or  of  four  equal  portions.  Edin.  Encyc. 

In  common  ;  equally  wit!i  another,  or  with  otliers  ; 
lo  be  equally  used  or  participated  by  two  or  more  ; 
as,  tenants  ui  common:  lo  provide  for  cliildren  in 
common  ;  to  assign  lands  to  two  persons  in  common, 
or  to  twenty  in  common;  we  enjoy  the  bounties  of 
Providence  in  common. 
GOM'MOX,  n.  A  tract  of  ground,  the  use  of  which 
is  not  appropriated  to  an  individual,  but  belongs  lo 
the  public,  or  to  a  number.  Thus  we  apply  the 
word  to  an  open  ground  or  space  in  a  highway,  re- 
served for  public  use. 

2.  In  law,  an  open  ground,  or  that  soil  the  use  of 
which  belongs  equally  to  the  inhabitants  of  a  town 
or  of  a  lordship,  or  lo  a  certain  number  of  [iroprie- 
tors;  or  the  profit  which  a  man  has  in  the  land  of 
another  ;  or  a  right  which  a  person  ha^  to  pasture  his 
cattle  on  land  of  another,  or  lo  dig  lorf.or  catch  fish, 
or  cut  wood,  or  the  like;  called  common  of  pasture, 
of  turbary,  of  piscar>',  and  of  estovers. 

Common,  or  right  of  common,  is  appendant,  appurte- 
nant, because  of  vicinage,  or  in  gross. 

Common  appendant,  is  a  right  belonging  to  the  own- 
ers or  occupiers  of  arable  land  to  put  commonable 
beasts  upon  the  lord's  waste,  and  upon  the  lands  of 
other  persons  within  the  same  manor.  This  is  a 
matter  of  most  universal  right. 

Common  appurtenant,  may  be  annexed  to  lands  in 
other  lordships,  or  extend  lo  other  beasts,  besides 
those  which  are  generally  commonable  ;  this  is  not  of 
common  right,  but  can  be  claimed  only  by  immemo- 
rial usage  and  prescription. 

Common  because  of  vicinage,  or  neighborhood,  is 
where  the  inhabitants  of  two  townships,  lying  con- 
tiguous to  each  other,  have  usually  intercommoned 
with  one  another,  the  beasU  of  tlie  one  straying  inlo 
the  other's  fields  ;  this  is  a  permissive  right. 

Common  in  gross,  or  at  large,  is  annexed  to  a  man's 
person,  being  granted  lo  him  and  his  heirs  by  deed  ; 
or  it  mav  be  claimed  by  prescriptive  right,  as  by  a 
parson  oi*  a  church  or  other  corporation  sole. 

Blaekstone, 
eOM'MON,  r.  I.    To  have  a  joint  right  with  others  in 
common  ground.  Johnson. 

2.  To  board  together ;  to  eat  at  a  table  in  common. 

Eneye. 
eOM'MOX,  adv.    Commonly.  S/iak. 

eOM'MON-€AR'RI-ER,  n.  One  who  undertaKes 
for  hire,  to  transport  goods  from  one  place  lo  another 
Such  a  carrier  is  liable  for  all  losses  and  injuries  V 
the  goods,  except  lliose  which  have  happened  in  con 
sequence  of  the  act  of  God.  or  of  the  enemies  of  'J}o 
counlrv,  or  of  the  owner  of  tlie  property  hims*"!f. 

Bo  drier. 
eOM'MON-eOUX'ClL,  Ti,    The  councU  of  a  cit>'  or 
corporate  town,  empowered  lo  make  by-laws  for  the 


TONE,  BULL,  IJNITE.— AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS — €  as  K ;  G  as  J ;  8  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

-  23r 


COM 

(Dvurniiient  of  the  citizens.  Thu  common-council 
uf  London  ron:!!^!:*  of  two  huUSL'i« ;  ttio  upper  liotisi-, 
coniptMtrd  o(  Itie  lord  iii:iyor  and  aKlfnncii ;  and  lliu 
lowt-r  lioui^e,  of  tilt*  cummun-council-nicn,  elected  by 
tin-  :!evrial  wards.  In  iiioi^t  of  the  .American  cities, 
tliP  m:iyor,  uldcrmen,  and  cominoncoiincil-men  con- 
Mlilulu  one  body,  called  a  Cuurt  of  Common-Council. 

[Ttia  coinniun-coiiiicils  »omelinie!i  i^msiiil  of  two 
lioUiH-ii,  eliiitiilit-rs,  or  courts,  (as  at  Norwich,)  and 
(•oniftimei  form  only  one.  The  city  of  London  i^ 
divided  into  twenty-lunr  wards  ;  the  supreme  ma[;is- 
Irate  of  each  ward  han  tlif  title  of  alderman;  the 
twenty-four  aldermen,  with  the  lord  mayor,  form  the 
Court  of  AUinrmen :  each  ward  annually  chooses  a 
c<^rt:iin  niiintuT  of  tli--  inhabitant:),  who  arc  sworn  to 
aj*«>i!jt  the  aldermen  with  their  advice  in  all  public 
nlTairs,  aiirl  they  fonn  the  Court  of  Common- CuunctL 

—  K.  11,  n  1 

COM'MON-eorX'Crr^M.VN,  n.  a  member  of  a 
comuion  council. 

t:O.M'MUN-CKrCR,  n.  A  crier  whose  occupation  is 
to  ^ive  notice  of  lost  thinc^. 

eO.M'.MOX-IIALL,  H.  .\  hall  or  house  in  which  citi- 
zens in-'tt  f<»r  bu^ine^:^ 

t'O.M'MO\-LA\V.    See  Lvw  and  Common. 

COM'MON-LAW'YEK,  «.  One  versed  in  common- 
law.  Spehnait. 

eO.M'MOX-LQQK'I.NG,  a.  Having  a  common  ap- 
pcamncc. 

COM  MON-I'LiiAS,  ir.  p/.  A  court  for  trial  of  civil 
rausfs.     [^ce  CoMMOx.] 

COM  MO.N-^E-VSK,  n.  Sound  practical  judgment; 
the  instantaneous  decision  of  unpt-rverled  n^ason. 

€OM'.M0N-A-I(LE,  a.     Held  in  conunnn.         Bacon. 
•2.  That  may  be  postured  un  common  land. 

CftnmoTMbit  Uruta  are  rithcr  tea»t*  of  (he  plow,  or  such  ai 
nidmir?  ihc  ground.  liUickMtone. 

€OM'MO.\-.\GE,  H.  The  ripht  of  pasinrinc  on  a  com- 
mon ;  the  joint  right  of  using  any  tiling  m  common 
with  oilier^.  Johnson. 

€OM'MO.\-AL-TY,  jt.  The  common  people.  In  Qrtal 
Britain,  all  classes*  and  ronditions  of  people  who  are 
below  the  rank  of  nobility. 

Tlifl  eommonalttf,  like  Uic  iiobillly,  nre  divided  Into  eoTcral 

dpjr.TB.  Biacktione. 

In  t.hc  United  Stateji,  commonalty  has  no  very  defi- 
nite tiisn ideation.  It  is,  however,  used  to  denote 
thai  part  of  the  people  who  live  by  labor,  and  are  nut 
liberally  educated,  nor  elevated  by  office  or  profes- 
sional pursuits 
2.  The  bulk  of  mankind  Hooker. 

COM'MO.\-ER,  H.  On :  of  the  lower  rank,  or  common 
people  ;  one  under  the  degree  of  nobility.   Addison. 

2.  A  member  of  tli'j  house  of  commons.       SaifL 

3.  One  who  has  a  joint  right  in  cotimion  {ground. 

Jiacon. 

4.  A  Ftudent  of  th;  second  rank  in  the  University 
of  Oxford,  EnR.,  (corresponding  to  a  pntsionrr  at 
Cambriilge,)  who  is  not  dependent  on  the  foundatit  ii 
for  support,  but  iwj  s  for  his  board  or  commons,  to- 
gether with  all  otiier  charges.  Hubcr. 

5.  A  prostitute.  Shak. 

6.  A  partaker.  Fuller. 
€0M-MO-NI"TIO,V,  (-nish'un,)  ti.     [L.  commonitio. 

See  MoNiTiorc.] 
Advice;  wamiig;  injitruction.     [Ur  tie  used.] 
eOM-MON'1-TIVE,  a.    Warning;  monitory.     [Little 

iua/.I 
€OM-MO\'I-T0-RY,  a.    Calling  to  mind  ;  giving  ad- 
monition. Foe. 
CO.M'MON-LY,  adv.    Usually  ;  genendiv  ;  ordinarilv  ; 

frequently;  for  the  most  part;  as,  confirmed  habits 

rotnmonlii  runtinue  through  life. 
eoM'MO.N'-.VKrfS,  11.     Frequent  occurrence;  a  slate 

of  being  common  or  usual. 
2.  Equal  iKuticiiKition  by  two  or  more.      [Little 

u-^td.  I 
€0>I'.MO\-PLaCE,  a.     Common,  trite,  not  new  or 

eitmordmiry. 
eO.M'MO.N-PLACE,  n.    A  mrmoramlum  ;  a  common 

topic. 
eOM'MOX-PLXCE,  r.  t.      To  enter  in  a  common- 
place-book, or  to  reduce  to  general  beads,      Fdton. 
eo.M'MnN-PL.^CE'-UOOK,  n.      A  book    in  which 

things  to  he  reniembjreil  are  record'Ml. 
€OM'MON-PLAC-f:n,  (plOst,)  a.    Entered  in  a  com- 

mnnplacc  book. 
€O.M'.MO.\S,  fi.  pi.    The  common  people,  who  inherit 

or  possess  no  honors  or  titles  ;  the  vulgar. 

Chaucer.     Shak.     Dniden. 

2.  In  England,  the  lower  house  nf  parliament,  con- 
sisting of  the  representatives  of  ciiies,  boroughs,  and 
counties^  rhost-n  by  men  possessed  of  the  property  or 
qualifiration^  reipiired  by  law.  This  Imdy  is  called 
the  house  of  commons.  The  house  of  represontativcs, 
in  North  Carolina,  bears  the  .^ame  name. 

3.  Common  ffroiouls  :  land  possessed  or  used  by  two 
or  more  yjer^ons  in  comnum.     [See  Commo.-*.] 

4.  Food  provided  at  a  cojnmon  table,  as  in  colleges, 
where  many  persons  eat  at  the  some  table,  or  in  the 
same  hidl. 

Thrlr  zommoTta,  though  but  cearK,  were  notbiDf  •cant. 

J>ryitn. 


COM 

Doctors  Commons^  in  London ;  a  college  founded  by 
Dr.  Harvey,  for  the  professors  of  the  civil  law,  where 
the  civilians  common  together.  The  houiH)  was  con- 
sumed in  the  great  Are  in  IGGC,  but  rebuilt  in  U>72. 
To  this  college  belong  thiriy-four  proctors.  Encye. 
€OM'MO\-TY,  a.  In  Sfots  laic,  land  belonging  to 
two  or  more  common  proprietors  ;  or  a  heath  or  mnir, 
of  which  there  has  been  a  promiscuous  possession 
by  pastunigp.  Eacye. 

€OM-MO.N-\VEAL',         i    n.  [See    Wi:al    and 

eOM'MON-WEALTII'     \       Wealth.] 

1.  An  established  form  of  government,  or  civil 
polity  ;  or,  more  generally,  a  slate  ;  a  body  politic, 
consisting  of  a  certain  jK>rtion  of  men,  united,  by  com- 
pact or  tacit  agreement,  under  one  form  of  govern- 
ment and  system  of  laws.  This  term  is  applied  to 
the  government  of  Great  Hrilain,  which  is  of  a  mixed 
character,  and  to  olher  governments,  wtiicli  are  con- 
tiidered  as  free  or  popular,  but  rarely,  or  improperly, 
to  an  absolute  government.  A  connnonwealth  is 
properly  a  free  state  ;  a  popular  or  representative  gov- 
ernment ;  a  republic  ;  a^,  the  commonaealth  of  .Mas- 
sachusetts. The  word  signifies,  strictly,  the  common 
good  or  happiness;  and  hence,  the  form  of  govern- 
ment Hup[K)scd  best  to  secure  the  public  good. 

2.  The  wliolo  body  of  people  in  a  state  ;  the  pub- 
lic. Shnk. 

3.  The  territory  of  il  state  ;  as,  all  the  land  within 
the  limits  of  the  commiunccaltlt.  JMassachusetLi. 

4.  Tlie  Commonwealth  ;  in  English  htstortj,  the  form 
of  government  established  on  the  death  of  Charles  I., 
and  which  existed  under  Oliver  Cromwell  and  liis 
son. 

eOM-MO\-WEALTH'»  MAN,  n.  One  who  favored 
the  English  commonweulth.  [See  Commonwealth, 
No.  4.1 

COM'MO-RANCE,    }n.      [L.   commoraiiSj   commoror; 

eOM'MO-HAN-CY,  \  con  and  mororj  to  stay  or  de- 
lay.] 

A  dwelling  or  ordinary  residence  in  a  place;  abode; 
habitation. 

Commoraney  coDsiili  in  uiually  lying  there.  Biaekitone. 

COM'MO-RANT,  a.  Dwelling;  ordinarily  residing ; 
inhabiting. 

All  fr^'liolderi  within  Ihe  prcctncl  —  and  nil  penons  eommorant 
th.  rein — arc  obligct  to  .lUoiid  rlic  courl  Icci.      Btackalone. 
eOM-Mo'RI-ENT,  a.     [L.  comtnorienn.} 

Dying  at  the  same  time.  Buck. 

€OM'.M0TH-ER,  «.    A  godmother.     [Little  used.] 
eOM-iMO'TION,  n.     [L.  commotio,  eommoKco;  con  and 
moveo.     See  Move.] 

1.  Agitation  ;  as,  the  commotion  of  the  sea. 
9.  Tumult  of  people  j  disturbance  ;  disorder,  which 
may  amount,  at  times,  to  sedition  or  insurrection; 
as,  the  commotions  of  a  slate. 


3.  Agitation  ;  perturbation  ;  disorder  of  mind  ; 
heat  ;  excitement. 

lie  wiilil  not  d^^bate  without  commotion.  Clarendon. 

eOM-Mo'TION-ER,  n  One  who  excites  commotion. 
[Little  used.]  Bacon. 

eOM-MOVE^  V.  t,     [L.  commovro.     See  Move.] 

To  put  in  motion  ;  to  disturb  ;  to  agitate  ;  to  unset- 
tle ;  a  poetic  word.  7'homson. 

€0M-M0V'/:D,  pp.     Moved  ;  agitated. 

COM-MOV'ING,  ppr.     Agitating. 

€OM-MO.\'AL,  (u     Pertaining  to  a  commune. 

CO.M-.M0NE',  V.  i.  [Fr.  cojnmunter;  W.  cijmuHajo ; 
Arm.  communya.  The  Welsh  word  is,  by  Owen,  con- 
sidered as  a  compound  of  cj/,  a  prefix  equivalent  to 
CO  and  c^H  in  Ijatin,  anil  ymun;  yjn  noting  identity, 
and  unaw,  to  unite.  If  the  word  is  formed  from  cy 
or  cujn  and  unus,  it  is  radically  different  from  com- 
mon. Rut  the  Latin  communico  accords  with  this 
word,  and  with  common,] 

1.  To  converse  ;  to  talk  together  familiarly  ;  to  im- 
part sentiments  mutually,  in  private  or  familiar  dis- 
course ;  followed  by  leitk  before  the  person. 

Anil  iht-ro  will  I  meet  and  commune  tinlh  lliec.  —  Ex.  xxv. 

2.  To  have  intercourse  in  contemplation  or  medi- 
tation. 

Commune  with  your  own  hparl  on  your  bed.  —  P».  iv. 

3.  To  partake  of  the  sacrament  or  Lord's  supper; 
to  receive  the  communion  ;  a  common  lufc  of  the  word 
in  America,  <i.s-  it  is  in  the  IVdsh. 

COM'MUjVE,  n.  A  small  territorial  district  in  France, 
one  of  the  subordinate  divisions  of  the  country  in- 
troduced in  the  late  revolution.  In  the  country,  a 
commune  sometimes  embraces  a  number  of  villages, 
whilo  some  largo  cities  are  divided  into  a  number 
of  communes. 

COMMCA^I-BUS  AJVWIS;  ohc  year  with  another; 
on  an  average, 

COM-MV'.V/.BUS  LO'CIS-;  one  place  with  another; 
on  a  medium. 

€OM-MU-NI-€A-BIL'I-TY,  n.  (See  Communicate.] 
The  quality  of  being  communicable;  capability  of 
being  imparted   from  one  to  another.        Johnson. 

COM-MO^M-eA-DLE,  a.     [Fr.]    That  may  be  com- 


COM 

municalcd  ;  capable  of  being  Imparled  from  one  to 
another;  as,  knowledge  is  communicable  by  words. 

Loat  Miu,  to  dire  tio  mora  commuiueahlt.  Milion, 

Eurikd  life  U  cvinmuuicaitla  lo  all.  Hooker. 

2.  That  may  be  recounted.  Milton. 

3.  ComnniiiicatiTe  ;  ready  to  impart.     [JVvt  used.] 

B.  Jonson. 
€OM-M0'NI-eA-nLE-NESS,  n.    The  stale  of  being 

communicable. 
eOM-MC'M-CA-RLY,  adv.    With  coniniunication. 
CO.M-MO'M-CANT,  ».    One  who  communes  at  the 

Lord's  table  ;  one  who  is  entitled  lo  partake  of  llm 

sacrament,  at  the  celebration  of  llie  Lord's  supiHT. 
Hooker.     Attrrbitni. 
€O.M-M0'NI-€ATE,  v.  t,     [L.  communico:  fn.m  com- 

munii',  common;   lU  comunicare  {   Sp.  eomunicar ;   Fr. 

commnni//urr.] 

1.  To  imparl;  lo  give  lo  another,  os  a  partaker; 
to  confer  for  joint  possession  ;  to  bestow,  us  ihiit 
which  the  receiver  is  to  hold,  retain,  use,  or  enjoy; 
with  to. 

Wlici^  (iod  Is  worsliipeJ,  (hurc  ho  commutiicalta  lili  lilmiiig« 
and  holy  iiiflu«.-nc'->.  Tayhr, 

Let  him  thnl  i»  (nughl  in  (he  word  eommunicata  to  him  that 
U-nchctU  in  nil  j^ood  thin^,  — Oal.  vi. 

2.  To  impart  reciprocally,  or  mutually ;  to  have  or 
enjoy  a  sliare  of;  followed  by  witli. 

Common  licnofita  nru  to   l>e  communicated  ieilh  (dl,  but  p<>cu- 

liiir  iKrir-filB  wilk  choiw.  Sacon. 

But  Diomcilo  dctirca  my  company, 
And  atill  eommunicatea  iua  prniac  with  me.  Dryden. 

3.  To  impart,  as  knowledge:  to  rcvcnl ;  to  give, 
as  information,  eithrr  by  words,  signs,  or  signuh; 
as,  to  communicate  intelligence,  news,  opinions,  or 
facts. 

Formerly,  this  verb  had  icitlt  before  the  person  re- 
ceiving; as, '*  He  commuiiicatrd  those  thoughts  only 
with  the  Lord  Digby."  Clarcndoiu  But  now  it  has 
to  only. 

4.  To  deliver  ;  as,  lo  communicate  a  message  ;  — lo 
give  ;  as,  to  communicate  motion. 

eoM-MO'NI-€A'I'E,  i).  1.  To  partake  of  the  Lord's 
supper.  Taylor. 

Instead  of  this,  in  America,  at  least  In  JVVuj  Eng- 
land, rommunc  is  generally  or  always  used. 

2.  To  have  a  commuuicalion  or  passage  from  one 
to  another;  to  have  the  means  of  passing  from  one 
lo  another;  as,  two  houses  commuHicwfc  with  each 
other  ;  a  fortress  communicates  with  the  country  ;  the 
canals  of  the  body  communicate  with  each  other. 

ArbuOmot. 

3.  To  have  intercourse  ;  applied  to  persons. 

4.  To  have,  enjoy,  or  sufler,  reciprocally ;  to  have 
a  share  with  anotlier. 

Yc  havp  (ioiif  well  that  ye  did  communicate  with  my  affliction. 
-Phil.lv. 

GOM-MCXI-eA-TED,    pp.     Imparted   from  one  to 

another  ;  bestowed  :  delivered. 
eOM-M0'NI-e.\-TI\G,  ppr.      Imparting;   giving  or 

bestowing;  dt_'Iivcring. 
9.  Partaking  of  liie  sacrament  of  llie  Lord's  supper. 

3.  Leading  or  conducting  from  place  to  place,  as  a 
passage  ;  connected  by  a  passage  or  channel ;  as,  two 
lakes  communictttinff  with  each  other. 

4.  Having  intercourse  by  words,  letters,  or  mes- 
sages; corresponding. 

eOM-MU-NI-CA'TION.  n.  The  act  of  imparting, 
conferring  or  delivering,  from  one  to  another;  as, 
the  communication  of  knowledge,  opinions,  or  facts. 

2.  Intercourse  by  words,  kilters,  or  messages  ;  in- 
terchange of  thoughts  or  opinions,  by  conference  or 
other  means. 

AbntT  hnd  communiaition  wich  the  eldera  of  lirncl,  nyUtg, 
Ye  loufht  lor  Duvid  ni  liriici  pa»l  tu  be  king  over  you.— 
2  Sam.  III. 
Let  your  communication  b**,  yoa,  yea  ;  nay,  nny.  —  MuU.  r. 
In  1    Cor.  XV.   33,   "  Evil   comviunicntions   corrupt 
good  manners,"  the  word  may  signify  conversation, 
colloquial  discourses,  or  customary  association  ana 
familiarity. 

3.  Intercourse  ;  interchange  of  knowledge  ;  cor- 
respondence;  good  under»landing  between  mea 

SrcrfU  may  Iw  curried  lo  fur  aa  lo  Biop  Ihf  commumcation 
iK'CCssaiy  among  nil  who  have  tlic  iniinngcmctit  of  ntl  nre. 

Siei/t 

4.  Connecting  passage ;  means  of  passing  from 
place  lo  place  ;  as  a  strait  or  channel  between  seas 
or  lakes,  a  mad  between  cities  or  countries,  a  gallery 
between  apartments  in  a  house,  an  avenue  between 
streets,  &,c.  Keep  open  a  communication  with  tlic 
besieged  place. 

5.  'i'hat  which  is  communicated  or  imparled.  The 
liouse  received  a  communication  from  tlie  governor 
respetting  the  hospital. 

6.  In  rhetoric,  a  trope,  by  which  a  speaker  or 
writer  takes  his  hearer  or  reader  as  a  partner  in  bin 
sentiments,  and  says  wc,  instead  of  /or  you.  Beattie. 

€OM-MC'NI-e.V-TIVE,a.  Inclined  Ui  coinmunicale  ; 
ready  to  impart  lo  others.  In  the  sense  of  liberal  of 
ben^ts,  though  legitimate,  il  is  little  used. 

y.  Disposed  to  impart  or  disclose,  as  knowledge, 
opinions,  or  facts  ;  free  to  communicate  ;  not  reserved. 

We  linve  piUd  for  our  want  of  p'udcnce,  nnd  delcrminc  for  ihe 
fuiuru  lo  be  lee*  eommumcalive.  3w\ft. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  —  METE,  PRgY.— PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BOOK.- 

232  ~  ■ 


COM 

€OM-SrO'M-€A-TIVE-NESS,  n.  The  quaJitj-  of  be- 
iii2  cotnniunicative  ;  readiness  to  impart  to  others; 
freedom  from  reserve,  JVorris. 

€OM-Mu'M-eA-TOR,  n.    One  who  communicates. 

Diciffht. 

€OM-MC"M-eA-TO-RY,  a.    Imparting  knowledge. 

Barrow. 

€OM-Mf^N^ING,  ppr.  Conversijig  familiarly  j  having 
familiar  intercourse. 

COM-MON'ING,  n.  Familiar  converse ;  private  inter- 
course. -E.  T.  Fitck. 

COM-MON'ION,  (kom-mun'yun,)  n.  [L.  ctfmmunio; 
Fr.  catnmunioit ;  It.  comunione ;  Sp.  comanion ;  Port. 
comtminham.     See  Commo.n.] 

1.  Fellowship ;  intercourse  between  two  persons 
or  more;  interchange  of  transactions  or  offices;  a 
state  of  giving  and  receiving;  agreement ;  concord. 

We  are  natunUly  led  to  seek  communion  ami  K'llowship  with 

others.  Hooker. 

What  communion  halh  lioht  with  tlatkiiess? — 2  Cor.  ti. 
The  communion  of  the  Hol^  Spirit  be  nith  you  aJi. — 2  Cor. 

xid. 

2.  Mutual  intercourse  or  union  in  religious  wor- 
ship, or  in  doctrine  and  discipline.  The  Trotestant 
churches  have  no  communion  with  the  Roman  Cath- 
olic church. 

3.  The  body  of  Christians  who  have  one  common 
faith  and  discipline.  The  three  gram!  communio?is 
into  which  the  Christian  church  is  divided,  are  those 
of  the  Greek,  the  Roman  Catholic,  and  the  Protestant 
churches. 

4.  The  act  of  communicating  the  sacrament  of  the 
eucharist;  the  celebration  of  the  Lord's  supper;  the 
participation  of  the  blessed  sacrament.  The  foiu'th 
council  of  Lateran  decrees  Uiat  every  believer  shall 
receive  the  communion  at  lea<t  at  Kaster.        Enajc. 

5.  Union  of  professing  Christians  in  a  particular 
church  ;  as,  members  in  full  communinn. 

Communion-service,  in  the  liturgy  of  the  Episcopal 
church,  is  the  office  for  the  administration  of  the 
holy  sacrament. 

€0M-MuN10N-IST,7i.   One  of  the  same  communion. 

Dury. 

€05!'MU-NISM,  n.     [Fr.  commune,  common.] 

Community  of  property  among  aJI  the  citizens  of  a 
state  :  a  state  of  things  in  which  there  are  no  indi- 
vidual or  separate  rights  in  property  ;  a  new  French 
word, nearly  sjnonymous  with agrarianism^ socialt^m, 
and  raiiicalism. 

€OM'iIU-NIST,  n.  An  advocate  for  a  community  of 
property  among  citizens.  Some  persons  of  this  sect 
contend  also  for  a  community  of  females,  or  a  pro- 
miscuous intercourse  of  the  sexes. 

COM-MtF'NI-TY,  H.  [L.  communitns:  It.  comunitd; 
Sp.  eomunidad  ;  Fr.  communaute.     Sec  Common.] 

1.  Properly,  Common  possession  or  enjoyment ;  as, 
a  com^munity  of  goods. 

Una  coaSrmalion  of  the  original  community  of  all  things. 

iMckf, 

2.  A  society  of  people  having  common  rights  and 
privileges,  or  common  interests,  civil,  political,  or 
ecclesiastical ;  or  living  under  the  same  laws  and 
regulations  ;  as,  a  community  of  monks. 

3.  Society  at  large;  a  commonwealth  or  state ;  a 
body  politic  ;  the  public,  or  people  in  general. 

[In  this  sense,  the  term  should  not  be  used  abso- 
lutely,  like  the  word  society;  a*;,  the  interests  of  com- 
munity require  this ;  but,  the  interests  of  the  commu- 
nity, &c.] 

4.  Commonness;  frequency.     [O65.]  SJiak. 
€OM-Me-TA-BILa-TY,  n.     [See  Commute.]    The 

quality  of  being  capable  of  being  exchanged  or  put, 
one  in  the  place  of  the  other. 

€OM-MC'TA-BLE,  a.  [L.  commutabili^.  See  Com- 
mute.] That  may  be  e.'cchanged,  or  mutually 
changed ;  that  may  be  given  for  another.  In  pki- 
lolo^j,  that  may  pass  from  one  into  another  ;  as,  the 
letter  b  is  commutable  with  v ;  or,  in  Celtic,  b  and  mk 
are  armmtitable. 

€OM-.MU-Ta'TIOX,  n.  [L.  commutatw.  See  Com- 
mute.] 

1.  Change ;  alteration ;  a  passing  from  one  state  to 
another.  South. 

2.  E.Tchange  ;  the  act  of  giving  one  thing  for  an- 
other ;  barter. 

The  use  of  money  is  to  save  the  commutaUon  of  more  bulky 
Commodities.  Arbuihiiol. 

3.  In  law,  the  change  of  a  penalty  or  punishment 
from  a  greater  to  a  less ;  as  banishment  instead  of 
death. 

Soils  arc  allowable  in  the  spiritual  coarts  for  money  agreeil  lo 
be  given  as  a  commufalion  lor  penance.  Blacktlone. 

€OM-Mu'TA-TIVE,  a.  [Fr.  commufatif;  It.  commu- 
tativo.     See  Commute.] 

Relative  to  e-tchange  ;  interchangeable;  mutually 
passing  from  one  to  another;  as,  c(mw7iii/a(icc  justice, 
justice  which  is  mutually  done  and  received,  between 
men  in  society. 

To  cultivate  on  habitual  r<»:irrl  In  eommulaXive  justice.   Burke. 

€OM-MC'TA-TIVE-LY,  adv.  Bv  way  of  reciprocal 
exchange.  Brown. 

eOM-MOTE',  V.  L  [L.emnmuto;  con  and  mu/o,  to 
change.    See  Mutable  and  Mutatios.I 


COM 

1.  To  exchange  ;  to  put  one  thing  in  the  place  of 
another;  to  give  or  receive  one  thing  for  another; 
as,  to  commute  our  labors  ;  to  commute  pain  for  pleas- 
ure. 

2.  In  laic,  to  exchange  one  penalty  or  punishment 
for  another  of  less  severity  ;  as,  to  commute  death  for 
transportation. 

€OM-MuTE',  V.  i.  To  atone  ;  to  compensate  ;  lo 
stand  in  the  place  of;  as,  one  penalty  commuUj  for 
another. 

€OM-MuT'ED,  pp.    Exchanged. 

eOM-MCTlXG,  ppr.    Exchanging. 

€OM-Mu'TU-AL,  a.  [con  and  mutual]  Mutual;  re- 
ciprocal; used  in  poetry. 

There,  with  commulanl  zenl,  we  both  hati  strove 

In  aclE  c)f  ilear  benevolence  and  love.  Pope. 

€6'M0SE,  a.     [L.  comosus,  hairy.] 

In  botany,  ending  in  a  tuft  or  kind  of  brush. 

Brando. 
COM-PACT',  a.       [L.  compacUis,  compin^o ;   con  and 
pan^o,  pactus,  to  thrust,  drive,  fix,  make  fast  or  close ; 
antiq.  pago,  paco ;  Gr.  iriiy  irw.     See  Pack.] 
Literally,  driven,  thrust,  or  pressed  together.  Hence, 

1.  Closely  and  firmly  imited,  as  the  particles  of 
solid  bodies  ;  firm  ;  close  ;  solid  ;  dense.  Stone,  iron, 
and  wood  are  compact  bodies.  A  compact  leaf,  in  bot- 
any, is  one  having  the  pulp  of  a  close,  firm  texture. 

2.  Composing ;  consisting. 

A  wandering  fire, 
Compact  of  unctuous  vapor.  Milton, 

This  sense  is  not  common,  [See  the  verb.]  Com- 
pact seems  to  be  used  for  compacted.  So  in  the  fol- 
lowing example. 

3.  Joined  ;  held  together.     [Little  iised.] 

A  pipe  of  seven  rccils,  compact  with  wax  together.    Psacham. 

4.  Brief;  close;  pithy;  not  diffuse;  not  verbose; 
as,  a  compact  discourse. 

€OM'PA€T,  n.     [L.  compactunu] 

An  agreement ;  a  contract  between  parties ;  a 
word  that  may  be  applied,  in  a  general  sense,  to  any 
covenant  or  contract  between  individuals  ;  but  it  is 
more  generally  applied  to  agreements  between  na- 
tions and  states,  as  treaties  and  confederacies.  So 
the  constitution  of  the  United  States  is  a  political 
contract  between  the  States;  a  national  compact.  Or 
the  word  is  applied  to  the  agreement  of  the  individu- 
als of  a  community. 

Tlie  law  of  na.iioi)s  depentJa  on  muliial  compacts,  treaties, 
leagues,  &c-  Blackalone. 

In  the  beginnings  of  speech  there  was  on  imphcit  compact, 
founded  on  common  consent.  South. 

eOM-PACT',  V.  t  To  thrust,  drive,  or  press  closely 
together;  to  join  firmly;  to  consolidate;  to  make 
close  ;  as  the  parts  which  compose  a  body. 

Now  the  brig'it  sun  compacta  ihe  precious  stone.     Blackmore, 

This  verb  is  not  much  used.  The  participle  is 
more  frequent ;  as,  the  earth's  compacted  sphere. 

Roscommon. 
The  solida  are  more  strict  aod  compacted.  A'buihnol. 

2.  To  unite  or  connect  finnly,  as  in  a  system. 

The  whole  boily  fitly  joined  to^elher  and  compacted.  —  Eph.  iv. 

3.  To  league  with. 

Tlioii  pernicious  woman. 
Compact  witli  her  that's  gone.  ^lak. 

4.  To  compose  or  make  out  of. 

If  he,  compact  of  jars,  grow  musical.  Shai. 

In  the  two  last  examples,  compact  is  used  for  com- 
pactcil. 

€O.M-PA€T'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Pressed  close  ;  finnly  united 
or  connected. 

eO.M-PA€T'ED-LY,  adv.    In  a  compact  manner. 

eOM-PACT'ED-NESS,  71.  A  state  of  being  compact ; 
firmness  ;  closeness  of  parts  ;  density,  wlicnce  results 
hardness.  Digby. 

eOM-PA€T'ER,  n.    One  who  makes  a  compact. 

€OM-PA€T'I-ELE,  a.     That  may  be  juined. 

eOM-PACT'lNG,  ;;/»r.  Uniting  closely  ;  consolidating. 

COM-P ACTION,  n.  The  act  of  making  compact ;  or 
the  state  of  being  compact.  Bacon. 

€OM-PA€T'LY,  adv.  Closely;  densely;  with  close 
union  of  parts. 

€OM-PAeT'NESS,?t.  Firmness;  close  union  of  parts  ; 
density.  Boyle. 

eOM-P.\€T'IJRE,  7(.  Close  union  or  connection  of 
parts;  structure  well  connected  ;  manner  of  joining. 

Spenser. 

COM-Pa'GeS,  n.  [L.]  A  system  of  structure  of  many 
parts  united.  Ray- 

eOM-PA(S-IN-A'TION,  71.  [L.  compago.  See  Com- 
pact.] 

Union  of  parts  ;  structure ;  connection ;  context- 
ure.    [Little  used.']  Brown. 

eOM'PA-NA-BLE,  a.    Companionable.     [Ohs.] 

€OM'PA-NA-BhE-NESS,  ».      Sociableness.      [Obs.] 

Sidney. 

€OM-PAN'I-A-nLE,  a.    Social.    [Obs.]  Bacon. 

€OM-PAN'I-A-BLE-NESS,  iu    Sociableness.     [Obs.] 

Bp.  Hall. 

€0M'PA-NI-£:D,  pp.    Associated  with  ;  attended. 

eOM-PAiV'ION,  (kom  pan'ynn,)  n.     [Fr.  compagnon; 


COM 

Arm.    compai-snun;     It.    compagno ;     Sp.    eompaiiero  f 
Port,  companhdro  :  Ir.  companach.     See  Company.] 

1.  One  who  keeps  company  with  another:  one 
with  whom  a  person  freqsiently  associates  and  con- 
verses. *'  It  differs  from  friend"  says  Johnson,  "  a? 
acquaintance  from  conjitience."  The  word  docs  not 
necessarily  imply  friendship ;  but  a  eoinpanian  is 
often  or  generally  a  friend. 

A   companior.  uf  fooli  ili.UI  be  destroyed Prov.  xiii. 

2.  One  who  accompanies  another  ;  as  two  persons 
meeting  casually  and  traveling  together  are  called 
companioTis.      So  soldiers  are  called  companions  in 

3.  A  partner  ;  an  associate.  [arms. 

Epaphrodiiiis,  my  brotlier,  .tnd  companion  in  labor,  and  fdlow- 
Boldier.  —  Plii!.  Li. 

4.  A  fellow  ;  a  mate.  Shak. 

5.  A  term  sometimes  applied  to  a  knight ; ;  1  distinc- 
tion from  the  knights  c<)nmianders  of  the  same  order. 

6.  A  sort  of  wooden  porch,  placed  over  the  en- 
trance or  staircase  of  the  cabin,  in  merchant  ships. 
Hence  the  cabin  stairs  are  called  the  companion-way^ 
and  the  ladder  by  which  officers  ascend  to  and  de- 
scend from  the  quarter  deck  is  called  the  companion 
ladder.  Mar.  DicL 

€OM-PAN'ION-A-BLE,  a.  Fit  for  good  fellowship ; 
qualified  to  be  agreeable  in  company;  sociable; 
agreeable  as  a  companion.  Clarendon. 

€OM-PAX'ION-A-BLY,  ado.  In  a  companionable 
manner. 

COM-PAN'ION-LESS,  a.    Having  no  companion. 

eOM-P.'VN'ION-SHIP,  71.     Fellowship  ;  association. 

SItak. 
2.  Company  ;  train.  Skak. 

eOM'PA-NY,  (kum'pa-ne,)  7t.  [It.  compagnia;  Sp. 
compania;  Port,  companhia;  Fr.  compagnie :  not  from 
cum  and  pani.s,  bread,  a  mess  or  number  of  men  eat- 
ing together,  as  is  commonly  supposed  ;  but  from 
aim  and  pannns.  Cloth,  Teutonic /a/i«e  or  vaan,  a  dag. 
The  word  denotes  a  band  or  number  of  men  under 
one  flag  or  standard.  What  decides  this  question  is, 
the  Spanish  mode  of  writing  the  word  with  n  tilde, 
titled  71,  compnnia,  foi  this  is  the  manner  of  writing 
pano,  cloth ;  whereas  panis,  bread,  is  written  pan. 
The  orthography  of  the  word  in  the  other  languages 
is  confirmator>'  of  this  opinion.] 

1.  In  military  affairs,  the  soldiers  united  under  the 
command  of  a  captain  ;  a  subdivision  of  a  regiment, 
consisting  usually  of  a  number  from  sixty  to  one  hun- 
dred men.     But  the  number  is  indefinite. 

2.  Any  assemblage  of  persons  ;  a  collection  of  men, 
or  other  animals,  in  a  very  indefinite  sense.  It  may 
be  applied  to  a  small  number,  or  any  multitude  what- 
ever ;  as  in  Scripture  we  read  of  a  co/npani/ of  priests, 
a  company  of  prophets,  and  an  inmunerable  company 
of  angels  ;  also,  a  company  of  horses. 

3.  An  assemblage  of  persons  for  entertainment  or 
festivity ;  a  party  collected  by  invitation  or  other- 
wise. 

4.  Persons  that  associate  with  others  for  conversa- 
tion or  pleasure  ;  society  ;  as,  let  your  children  keep 
good  company. 

5.  The  state  of  being  a  companion  ;  the  act  of  ac- 
companying ;  fellowship;  society;  as,  we  cannot 
enjoy  the  company  of  licentious  men. 

I  will  keep  thee  company,  Drydm. 

G.  A  number  of  persons  united  for  the  same  pur- 
pose, or  in  a  joint  concern ;  as,  a  company  of  mer- 
chants or  mechanics  ;  a  company  of  players.  The 
word  is  applicable  to  jirivate  partnerships  or  to  incor- 
porated bodies  of  men  Hence  it  may  signify  a  firm, 
house,  or  partnership  .  or  a  corporation  ;  as,  the  East 
India  Company,  a  baiiRing  or  msuraiice  company, 

7.  The  crew  of  a  ship,  including  the  officers  ;  also, 
a  fleet. 

To  bear  company;  to  accompany  ;  to  attend  ;  to  go 
with  ;  denoting  a  temporarj'  association. 

His  faiilif.il  ilog  slult  bear  him  company.  Pope. 

To  keep  company  ;  to  accompany  ;  to  attend  ;  also, 
to  associate  with  frequently  or  habitually ;  hence,  to 
frequent  public  houses.  Prov.  xxix. 
c6m'PA-NY,  7'.  t.  To  accompany;  to  attend;  to  go 
with  ;  to  be  companion  to.  [But  ,\ccompasy  is  gen- 
erally used.] 
€OiM'PA-NY,  i\  i.  To  associate  with ;  to  frequent 
the  company  of. 

I  wrote  you  not  lo  company  with  fornicators. —  1  Cor.  v. 

2.  To  be  a  gay  companion.     [Obs.]  Spenser. 

3.  To  have  commerce  with  the  other  sex. 

Bp.  Hall. 
COM'PA-iVY-ING,  ppr.    Associating  with  ;  accompa- 
nying ;  attending. 
€OM'PA-RA-BLE,  a.    [L.  eomparahilis.  See  Compare.] 
That  may  be  compared  ;  worthy  of  comparison  ; 
being  of  equal  regard;    that  may  be  estimated  as 
equal. 

There  is  no  blessing  of  life  comparable  to  the  enjoyment  of  a 

discreet  and  virluoua  friend.  AdiUton. 

The  precious  sons  of  Zion,  comparable  lo  fine  gold.  —  Lam.  iv. 

€OM'PA-RA-BLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  or  degree  wor- 
thy to  be  compared,  or  of  equal  regard.         ft'otlon. 

eOM'PA-RATES,  n.  pi.  In  logicj  the  two  things  com- 
pared to  one  another. 


TGNE,  B^LL,  UNITE.— AN"GEJl,  VI"CIOUS.— C  as  K ;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


30 


233 


COM 


COM 


C*ni  rA-IU'TION,   n. 


\II'A-TIVE, 


R. 'Ill  If. 

\\  liiclt 
of  mii'th. 


cuiiipiu-id   with  a  fcalli^r, 

,  wlien  coinparird  wilh  iron. 


Provision;   tx  oiaking  pro- 

[L.  comparatious  i    lU  ccm- 

:uit  piisiiive  or  ab- 
1,1'  a  body  i»  Uial 
it  Willi  Uic  weiglit 
K  ii:.i\  :i  •  callfd  liea\'>-,  when 
wtii^ti  wiiuld  be  called 
f  o  v(  comparative 


llShl,. 

guou  iir  fV'U. 

a.  Ilavinftliepowcrof com|iarlngilinerenttnin(!5; 
as'n  c^imparathe  facillly.     Qii.  OlmcUU. 

a.  In  ^rni/BHiar,  cxprcssinc  mure  or  leKS.  The  cuin- 
paratiri'iii-KTi:!.-  of  an  ailjoctive  f\|iri:«cs  a  gvpalir  or 
Ir'^s  ilt'^rc'e  111'  a  quanllly,  or  quality,  tlian  the  [los- 
•!■.  ,  iL",  bri^llUr,  or  mere  bri^'ht  i  sinaller ;  finer ; 
■rr:  weaker. 
.  'pnnitwe  aniOom;/ :  that  branch  of  anatomy 
«  hull  treats  of  the  anatomy  of  man  and  ol  oilier 
animal'  in  one  omnecleil  view,  in  order  to  compare 
Ihem  logelllef,  and  arrive  at  general  conclusions. 

Ena/e.  Am, 
eOM-P.\R'.\-TI  VE,  n.  One  who  is  equal,  or  pretends 

to  be  an  n\\in\.     f  Au£  note  iwrJ.]  Shak. 

€OM-P\R'.VTIVE-LY,  adt:.  In  a  stale  of  compari- 
son i  I'V  comparison  ;  accordiuR  to  estimate  made 
by  com'parisun  ;  not  positively,  absolutely,  or  in  itself. 
A  thins  is  eomparalicelij  heavy,  when  it  is  compared 
with  .something  less  li-..a\-y.  Taper  is  cotnparaUcely 
light  or  heui-y  ;  light,  when  omipared  with  lead;  and 
heaey,  when  compartid  with  air. 

How  <!»■,  comi>amlie«l!(,  ur  Uw  iiuUiiKi  ofa  wiM  applicalion 
of  lime  aii-3  lalcnu  I  ^non. 

eO.M-PARE',  V.  t.  [L.  camparo,  to  prepare,  to  provide 
or  procure,  lo  make  equal,  to  compare ;  wii  and  yiiro, 
to  prep.are  ;  It.  parare,  to  dress,  trim,  adorn  ;  also,  lo 
parru;  Sp.  parar,  to  prepare,  to  halt,  to  slop,  to  pre- 
vent, to  detain,  to  sLiKe  at  curds ;  Port,  parar,  to 
stop  or  cease  to  go  forward ;  to  meet  or  connne 
uptra  ;  to  touch  or  be  bounded  ;  to  tend  ;  to  drive  at 
some  end ;  to  aim  at ;  lo  come  to ;  lo  hinder ;  lo 
parry,  or  ward  olT;  to  turn  or  change  in  inclination 
or  morals  ;  lo  lav  or  stake,  as  a  wager ;  Sp.  paraila 
a  hall,  stop,  paiisc;  a  fold  lor  cattle;  a  relay  of 
hoTSeii  or  mules ;  a  dam  or  bank ;  a  bet,  stake,  or 
wager ;  a  parade,  or  place  of  exercise  for  troops  ;  Port. 
id. ;  Arm.  para  :  W.  parodi,  to  prepare.  This  seems 
to  be  the  N-ia  bara,  of  the  Shemilic  languages.  The 
primary  sense  is,  lo  tlirow,  drive,  or  strike;  hence, 
to  drive  or  force  off,  lo  sejiarale,  to  pure;  hence,  to 
trim,  or  dross,  which  may  be  from  separating,  as  in 
the  French  parer  des  euir^,  lo  dre.ss  or  curry  leather  j 
or  from  seumg  off,  as  we  e.iprcss  the  idea,  that  is,  by 
cnlareemenl,  or  dispUiy  ;  or  from  setting  in  order,  as 
we  say,  to  fix.  The  sense  of  compare  is  allied  to  the 
Portuguese  applicilion  of  the  word,  to  come  to,  to 
meet ;  and  the  L.  par,  etpial,  belongs  to  the  same 
root,  and  seems  to  be  included  in  comparo.  One  of 
the  principal  significalious  is,  lo  stop;  that  is, to  set; 
lo  fix.  In  fencing,  it  is  to  intercept  by  thrusting  the 
weapon  aside.  In  gaming,  it  is  lo  lay  or  throw 
down.  All  the  senses  unite  in  tlial  of  extending, 
thrusting,  or  driving.  \V.  par,  that  is,  contiguous, 
prcparediUM,  a  poir,  a  fellow,  Kiig.  p'rr,  L.  par.  The 
latter  word  seems  to  -•■ifinify,  extended,  or  reaching 
to,  and  10  be  closely  allied  to  tlic  Portuguese  sense 
of  contiguity.] 

1.  To  sel'or  bring  things  togetlicr  in  fact  or  in  con- 
templation, and  to  examine  tlie  relations  they  bear 
to  each  other,  with  a  view  to  asccrutin  their  agree- 
nienl  or  dis-igrcemenl ;  as,  tjj  compare  two  pieces  of 
cloth,  two  tables,  or  coins ;  lo  cumpare  reasons  and 
arguments  ;  lo  eoinparr  ]ilea.sure  with  pain. 

In  comparing  movable  tilings,  it  is  customary  lo 
bring  Ihein  together,  for  cxauiinalion.  In  comparing 
things  immovable  or  remote,  and  abstract  ide-is,  we 
bring  them  lugctlicr  in  the  mind,  :is  far  a-s  we  are 
able,  and  consider  them  in  connection.  Comparison 
therefore  is  really  collation,  or  it  includes  it. 

2.  To  likrn ;  io  represent  as  similar,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  illustration. 

StAnn  compared  lh.r  people  to  ibe  i«.A,  and  ctalon  aad  co\in- 
»;UQra  10  Uvr  wind!  :  for  ibM  tbc  lea  would  be  ultn  and 
qiiW,  \i  (he  windx  did  not  trouble  [t.  Bacon.  ■ 


In  this  sense  compare  is  followed  by  to. 

3.  To  examine  the  relations  of  tilings  to  each 
other,  with  a  view  to  discover  their  relative  propor- 
tions, quantities,  or  qu.alities  ;  as,  to  compare  two 
kingdoms,  or  Iwo  mouiit.iins,  tzith  each  other ;  to 
r  T'prtre  the  number  ten  icilA  Tifleen ;  to  compare  ice 

■ ';  crysuil ;  lo  compare  a  clown  with  a  aancing- 
111  i^ter  or  a  dandy. 

In  this  sense  compare  is  followed  by  with, 

A.  In  grammar,  lo  fonn  an  adjective  in  the  de- 
grees of  comparison ;  as,  bUicJii^h,  black,  blacker, 
blaekejL 

5.  To  get ;  to  procure  ;  to  obtain ;  as  in  Latin. 
[Obs.]  Spetuer. 

COM-PaRE',  r.  t.    To  hold  comparison ;  to  be  like  or 
equal. 

2.  To  Tie.     'Obs.]  Spenser. 

eOM-PARE',  •      The  state  of  being  compared  ;  com- 


pamtive  csiimale;  comiiarison  ;  pjssiijM'U  iif  enter- 
ing into  comparison,  or  being  considered  as  eti.iJ. 

TtieU  inutll  r«ll'J«  mij  ool  bold  eompare 

Willi  our  ull  »lil|».  WalUr, 

2.  Simile ;  similitude  ;  Ulustrallon  by  comparison. 

JokHson. 
[  TMi  noun  ia  in  tue,  but  can  not  be  emuiderei  aj 

elei'anL]  .      .      ■., 

€0JI-P.1R')^D,  pp.    Set  together  and  examined  with 

resp.rl  lo  likeness  or  uiilikeness,  agreeiiunl  or  dis- 

Rgniuuiit;  likened;  represented  as  similar. 
CO.M-l'.tR'ER,  n.     One  who  comiiares  or  makes  a 

coiiiptirisun.  , 

eoM-1'AH'I.N'G,  ppr.     Examining   the   rolations   of 

things  to  each  other  ;  likening. 
eOM-P.\K'I.NG,  n.    Acl  of  comp.Tring.  Bttrtcr, 

eO.M-P.VR'I-.SON,    n.      [It.    comparalione :    Sp.    eimi- 

parneion  i    Fr.  comparauon  ;    Port,  comparagam  ;    1. 

coinparatio.     See  CoMFAns.] 

1.  The  acl  of  couiiiaring ;  the  acl  of  considering 
the  relation  beltveen  persons  or  tilings,  with  a  view 
lo  discover  their  agreeineiil  or  resemblance,  or  Uleir 
disagreement  or  difference. 

\Vc  leani  10  ionn  ii  coir:cl  ewlmalc  of  mcii  wid  Uieir  nclloiii 
by  cotnpariMOn.  Anon. 

2.  The  State  of  being  compared. 

If  we  ilKhlly  cttlTiwte  t^Iint  tve  wll  good  and  evil,  we  ihall  find 
it  lit»  ii'iucli  lu  com;Mr«on.  I^cte. 

3.  Comparative  estimate  ;  proportion. 

Who  is  left  ftinonj  you  tlial  aaw  Ihi*  bou»e  in  iu  firet  glory? 
And  how  do  you  »;o  it  now  I  Is  it  not  in  your  cyc»  in 
cor/i;iari<on  of  il  aa  iiolhin^  t  —  Hag.  il. 

.1.  In  grammar,  the  formalion  of  an  adjective  in  Ha 
sevenil  tiegrees  of  signification  ;  as,  strong,  stronger, 
stroiigctt;  grcenijh,  green,  greener,  greenest ;  glorious, 
more  glorious,  most  glorious.  In  English,  there  are 
strictly  four  degrees  of  comparison 

5.  A  simile;  similitude,  or  illustralion  by  si- 
militude. 

Whenrunto  shall  we  Ulren  die  kingdom  of  God  ?  Or  with  what 
compariion  ihiill  we  coinpan:  ii  t  —  Murk  W. 

C.  In  rhetoric,  a  figure  by  which  two  things  are 
considered  with  regard  to  pro|)erty  or  quality,  which 
is  common  to  Iheiii  both  ;  as,  a  hero  is  like  a  linn 
in  courage.  Here  cinirage  is  common  lo  hero  and  lion, 
and  constitutes  tlie  point  of  resemblance.      Encyc. 

Th*  diilinction  between  «ini;ilud«  and  ia>m/wri#on  ia,  thut 
the  /omwr  Iwa  p-ferciic*.  Io  the  qitalHij;  the  tatt£r,  to  the 
ouanltty.  CotnparUon  u  between  more  and  left ;  aimiii- 
tude  i»  between  good  and  tad.  Hannibal  — hunj  lilie  a 
tempcat  on  the  (recliviliea  of  the  Alpa — ia  ft  llkcncaa  by 
aimilitude.  The  iublimily  of  the  acriptural  propheU  ex- 
ceed* that  of  Homer,  as  much  aa  thunder  ia  louder  than  a 
whbper—  la  a  likeiiesa  by  comparison. 

J.  Q.  Adarra,  lecl.  tx. 

But  comparison  has  reference  to  quality  as  well 
as  quantity. 

eOM-FA  R'l'',  r.  (.  [Fr.  compartir ;  It.  compartire:  Sp. 
compartir,  eon,  or  ctwn,  and  parltr ;  L.  partio,  to  divide. 
See  FiBT.l 

To  divide  ;  to  mark  out  a  plan  or  design  into  us 
several  parts  or  subdivisions.  Walton. 

eOM-PXKT'ED  pp.  Divided  into  parts  or  apartments. 

eo.M-l'.IKT'ING,  rj"".  Dividing  or  disposing  into 
parts. 

eo.M-PAR-Tl"TION,  II.  The  act  of  dividing  into 
parts.  In  architecture,  the  division  or  disposition 
of  the  whole  groundplot  of  an  edifice  into  its  va- 
rious apartments.  Encyc. 

2.  Division  ;  part  divided  ;  a  separate  part ;  as, 
amphitheaters  needed  no  eompartitions.        fVotton. 

eOM-P.'4RT'JIE.\T,n.  [Fr.  comjior/iweitt,'  II.  compar- 
(imeiJfo.l 

1.  .\  division  or  sejiarate  part  of  a  general  design, 
as  of  a  picture,  or  of  a  groundplot.    Pope.  Peaehum. 

2.  A  design  composed  of  several  different  figures, 
disposed  with  symmetry,  for  ornament ;  as,  a  foin- 
partment  of  tiles  or  bricks,  duly  arranged,  of  various 
colors,  and  varnished,  to  decorate  a  building.  In  gar- 
dening, compartment.,-  are  assemblages  of  beds,  plots, 
bordtTS,  walks,  &c.  In  hcraldrij,  a  compartment  is 
called  also  a  partition.  Enajc. 

eOM-P.HRT'NER,  n.     A  sharer.  Pearson. 

eOM'PASS,  (kum'pas,)  n.  [Fr.compas;  Sf.  compos; 
It.  compasso ;  Port,  eompasso ;  con,  or  com,  and  Fr.  pas, 
Sp.  paso.  It-  passo,  a  pace  or  step,  L.  passus,  which  co- 
incides wilh  the  participle  oipando,  to  open  or  stretch. 
(See  Pace  and  P.t3s.)  A  compass  is  a  slqipiii^  togeth- 
er. So  in  Spanish  and  Portuguese,  it  signifies  a  beat- 


ing of  time  in  music] 

1.  Stretch;  reach;  extent;  the  limit  or  boundary 
of  a  sjiace,  and  the  space  included  ;  applied  to  time, 
space,  sound,  &.C.  Our  knowledge  lies  within  a  very 
narrow  compass.  The  universe  extends  beyond  the 
compass  of  our  tliouglits.  So  we  say,  the  compass  of 
a  year,  the  compass  of  an  empire,  the  compass  of  rea- 
son, the  compass  of  the  voice. 

And  in  dial  compati  all  the  world  conUlus.  Vn/den, 

2.  A  passing  round  ;  a  circular  course  ;  a  circuit. 

Time  ia  eome  round ; 
And  where  I  did  begin,  there  shall  I  end  : 
My  tile  has  nin  ita  compose.  ^'^•.. 

They  f-teh^d  a  eom;iaa»  of  eeten  days'  Journey.  —  2  Kin«a  ill. 
2  Ssm.  e.     Acu  xxTiii. 


COM 

3.  MtKleratc  boju^j ,  limits  of  Irulh ;  niutleralion ; 

In   two   hundred  yeara,  <1  apeall   wlUilii   compass,)   no  tM'Jk 
coininisaion  had  Ureo   exteuted.  Onviti. 

This  sense  is  the  same  as  llio  first, and  the  iHciiliar 
force  of  the  phrase  lies  iu  the  word  within. 

4.  The  exleiit  or  liinil  of  tlie  voice,  or  of  sound. 
[Sec  .No.  I.] 

5.  An  iuslrument,  often  called  the  maj-iiirr'n  com- 
pass, used  for  directing  or  ascerttiininc  the  courec  of 
ships  at  sea.  Il  consists  of  a  cireiilur  box,  eoiitaliiliie 
a  paper  card  marked  wilh  the  lliiny4vvo  points  of  dl. 
rection,  and  fixed  on  a  magnetic  needle,  that  always 
points  til  tlie  north,  the  variation  exceiited.  The  nee- 
tile,  with  Ihe  card  aluclied  to  il,  liiriis  on  a  pin  iii  llio 
center  of  the  box.  The  box  is  covered  with  glass,  to 
prevent  the  motion  of  the  card  from  being  disturbed 
bv  tile  wind,  and  is  so  suspended  as  lo  remain  al- 
ways in  an  horizontal  position,  notwithstanding  the 
motion  of  the  ship.  Kuejit. 

(,.  An  instrument  used  in  surveying  land,  con- 
structed, ill  the  main,  like  the  manner's  compass; 
but  with  this  difference,  that  the  needle  is  not  filled 
into  the  card,  moving  wilh  it,  but  plays  alone;  the 
card  being  drawn  on  the  btntom  of  the  box.  and  a 
circle  divided  into  3t;o  degrees  on  the  limb.  This  in- 
strument is  used  in  surveying  land,  and  in  directing 
travelers  in  a  desert  or  forest,  miners,  &c.  Encijc. 
eO.M'PASS,  (kum'pas,)  c.  t.  Liicralhj,lo  measure  wiUi 
a  comiiass.    Hence, 

1.  'i  o  stretch  round  ;  to  extend  so  as  to  cmbmce 
the  whole  :  hence,  to  inclose,  encircle,  grasp,  or 
seize :  as,  to  compass  with  the  arms. 

2.  To  surround ;  to  environ  ;  lo  inclose  on  all 
sides  ;  sometimes  followed  by  aromul,  round,  or 
abotU. 

Now,  all  the  bleoalnp 
Of  a  glad  father  eompaai  thee  ahouL  o^*"* 

Wilh  I'svor  will  thou  compati  him  aa  wilh  a  shield.  —  ra.  ». 
■i'be  willows  ol  the  brook  compose  him  about.  — Job  xl. 

3.  To  go  or  walk  round. 
Ye  shall  eompaee  die  tily  — and  the  aeTendi  day  y«  shall 

compoas  ihe  city  aeven  limes.  —  Joah.  Ti. 
For  ye  eoffiposa  aca  and  land.  — Matt.  xxUL 

4.  'i'o  besiege;  to  beleaguer;  to  block  up. 
This  is  not  a  difl'erent  sense,  but  a  particular  appli- 
cation 

Thine  encmiea  shall  cast  a  trendi  olwul  thee,  and  fo~ipcss 
lliee  round,  and  keep  thee  in  on  ceery  sule.  — Luke  xix. 

5.  To  obtain;  lo  attain  to;  to  procure;  lo  bring 
xvithin  one's  power;  to  accomplish. 

If  I  can  «he«k  my  erring  love,  I  will ; 
if  not,  to  eompaei  h^rl'll  use  my  skill. 
ilow  can  you  hope  to  compote  your  designs? 

C.  To  purpose  ;  to  intend  ;  lo  inuigiiie  ;  to  plot;  to 
contrive  ;  as  we  say,  to  go  about  lo  perform,  but  in 
mind  only ;  as,  to  compass  the  death  of  the  king. 

Compaenng  and  imaginine  the  death  of  the  king  are  synony- 
mous l<  rms  ;  eompaae  signifying  the  piirr-'a-'  or  ilrstim  ol 
[he  mind  or  will,  and  not.  as  in  common  sp.  ech.  die 
caro-ing  such  design  lo  ellecl.  li^cX-swne. 

eOM'PASS-BOX,  (kum'pas-)  n.  A  box  for  a  compass. 

et")M'P.\SS-NEE'DLE,n.  The  needle  of  the  conipnss. 

eO.M'PASS-SAVV,  It.  A  sawUiat  cuU  iiia.circular 
manner. 

€OM'PASS-A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  compassed. 

Burl;e. 

€OM'PASS-£D,  (kum'past,)  pp.  Embraced  ;  surround- 
ed ;  inclosed  ;  obtained  ;  imagined. 

€C5M'P.^S:?-£S,  n.  pi.  [Ora  piur  ofcompa.'sseji,  so  named 
from  its  legs  ;  but  pair  is  superfluous  or  iinpro|>er,  and 
the  singular  number,  compass,  is  the  preferable  name.] 
All  instrument  for  describing  circles,  measuring 
figures,  &.C.,  consisting  of  two  pointed  legs  or 
branches,  made  of  iron,  steel,  or  brass,  joined  at 
the  lop  by  a  rivet,  on  which  they  move,  i  here 
lire  also  compasses  of  three  legs,  or  triangular  com- 
pa-sses,  cvlindrical  and  spherical  compa-sses,  with 
four  branches,  and  various  other  kinds.      Enryc. 

€OM'PASS-Ii\G,  ppr.    Embracing  ;  going  round  ;  in- 
closing ;  obtaining;  accomplishing;   imagining ;  in- 
tending. ,    ,     ,,       ,,.  , 
2.  Iu  ship-buildino,  incurvatcd  ;  arched.  .Mar.  IJicl. 

eOM-PAS'.'JlON,  (kom-pash'un,)  n.  [It.  compa.«i<'»e; 
Sp.  cumpaiion ;  Fr.  compas.^on :  Low  I..  compasM, 
compatior ;  con  and  potior,  passus,  lo  suffer.  See  1  A- 
■riENCK.]  .,        ■ 

A  suffering  wilh  another ;  painful  sympathy ;  a 
sensation  of  sorrow  excited  by  Ihe  ilistress  or  misfor- 
tunes of  another  ;  pity;  cominiseration.  Compasnon 
is  a  mixed  passion,  compounded  of  love  and  sorrow  ; 
at  least  some  portion  of  love  generally  attends  the 
nam  or  regrel,  or  is  excited  by  it.  Extreme  duitress 
*e „.,„-  ..LnTirt^a  utiiTiliv  into  at  least  teni- 


Shak. 
Denhoin. 


of  an  enemy  even  changes  enmity  into  at  least  teni. 
porary  affection. 

He,  being  full  of  conpotsion,  forgave  their  Iniiiuily.  — Ps. 

Hia  fuller  had  compassion,  and  ran,  and  fell  on  bis  neck,  and 
kissed  him.  —  Lulte  xv. 

eOM-PAS'SION,  !i.  (.    To  pity.    [J^vtused.\    Shak. 

eOM  PAS'SION-A-BLE,  a.  Deserving  of  pity.  l/.>»- 
Ue  used.]  Barrow. 

eOlI-PAS'SION-ATE,  a.  Having  a  temper  or  dispo- 
sition to  pity  ;  inclined  lo  show  mercy  ;  mercilul ; 


FaTE,  FXR,  fall,  what.  — MeTE,  PRBY.  — PIXE,  marine,  bird.  — note,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


234 


COM 

having  a  heart  that  is  tender,  and  easily  moved  by 
the  distresses,  sufferiDgs,  wants,  and  infirmUies  of 
other?. 

Tacrt   nerer  vas  »  beart  trv'ty  great  and  geoejous,  that  was 
not  also  tender  and  eompcsxionau.  South. 

€OM-PAS'SIOX-aTE,  «■.  t.  To  pity  j  to  commiserate ; 
10  have  compassion  for. 

Co!:ipzesioiaUt  my  painB,  acd  pities  rr^.  Addiaon. 

eOM-PAS'SrON-A-TED,  pp.    Pitied. 

€OM-PAS'5ION-ATE-LY,  adv.  With  compassion  ; 
mercifully.  ClarcntUin. 

€OM-PAS'SION-ATE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  be- 
inc  compassionate. 

COM-PAS' SiOX-A-TIXG,  ppr.  Having  pity  ou  ;  com- 
miserating. 

COM'PASS-LESS,  «.    Haviig  no  compass.  KnowUs. 

€OM-PA-TERN'I-TY,  n.  [con  and  pata-nUy.']  The 
relation  of  a  godfather  to  tlie  person  for  whom  he  an- 
swers. Davies. 

eOM-PAT-I-BIL'I-TV,  n.  [See  CoiiPATiBLE.]  Con- 
sistency ;  the  quality  or  power  of  coesistiiig  with 
something  else  ;  suitableness :  as,  a  compaUbility  of 
tempers. 

€OM-PAT'i-BLE,  a.  [Fr.  compatible ;  Sp.  id.;  Port. 
conqiatirel ;  from  the  L.  competo,  to  sue  or  seek  for  the 
same  thins,  to  agree  ;  coji  and  peto,  to  seek.] 

Consistent ;  that  may  exist  with  j  suitable  ;  not 
incongruous;  agreeable;  followed  by  wiiA;  some- 
times by  tOj  but  less  properly. 

The  poeu  have  joined  qoaJiUes  wliico  i>y  na'.tiie  are  the  most 

compabhie.  Broome. 

The  c£«  of  a  Jegislaior  aad  of  a  judge  are  deemed  not  com- 

To  pardon    oSenders  is  not  always  compadUe   cith   public 
safely. 

eOM-PAT^I-BLE-XESS,  n.      Consistency  ;    fitness  ; 
aereement ;  tlie  same  as  Compatibilitv,  which  is 
genemlly  used. 
eOM-PAT'I-BLY,  (u?c.  Fitly;  suitably;  consistently. 
€0M  Pa'TIENT,  (shent.)  a.     [L.  mk  and  potior.] 
Suflerina  together.     [LittU  vsed.']  Buck. 

€0M-Pa'TRI-OT  or  COM-PAT'RI-OT,  ;t.    [It.  covi- 
patriotta;  Sp.  eompatriota;  con^  or  c(nr.,  and  patriot.'] 
One  of  the  same  country,  and  having  like  interests 
and  feelings.  Burke. 

€OM-Pa'TRI-OT  or  €05I-PAT'RI-0T,  c.      Of  the 

same  countrv.  .Skcnside. 

€0M  Pa'TRI-OT-ISM  or  €0iI-PAT'RI-0T-IS5I,  n. 

Fellow-patriotism. 
CO.M-PEER',  n.     [L.    compar:    con  and  par,  equal. 
See  Peeh.1 
An  equal ;  a  companion  ;  an  associate ;  a  mate. 

PhUips. 
e03I-PEER',  r.  (.    To  equal ;  to  match  ;  to  be  equal 

with.  Shak. 

€0M-PEERS  r.  i.    [L.  ccntpareo.] 

Toappenr.     [Obs.] 
€0M-PEL',  r.  t,     [L.  crnnpelloj  cmnpeUcrc  ;   con  and 
pcRoj  to  drive  ;   Sp.  contpder ,-  Fort-  compcUir.    See 
Peal  and  Appeal.] 

1.  To  drive  or  urge  with  force,  or  irresistibly;  to 
constrain  ;  to  oblige  ;  to  necessitate,  either  by  phys- 
ical or  moral  force ;  as,  circumstances  coiitpel  us  to 
practice  economy. 

Tboa  shall  not  compel  him  lo  serve  as  a  bend  Ecrvaot.  —  I<t11. 

XXT. 

And  Ibey  compel  one  Siroon  to  bear  liis  cross.  —  Mark  xv. 
Co  out  into   the   highways  and  hedges,  and  compel  i]iem  to 
come  in,  that  my  bouse  may  bs  ailed.  —  Lul;;  xlv. 

a.  To  force ;  to  take  by  force  or  violence  ;  to 
seize. 

The  subjects'  griff 
Comes  tbroagh  commisHond,  which  compel  from  each 
A  uxih  pan  of  biM  Bufaetanoe.  Shai:. 

[ThLi  sense  is  harsh,  and  not  eery  commoii.] 

Johnson. 

3.  To  drive  together  ;  to  gather  ;  to  unite  in  a 
crowd  or  company.    A  Lalinism  ;  compellere  gregem. 

In  on;  troop  compcUed.  Dryden. 

4.  To  seize ;  to  overpower ;  to  hold. 

And  easy  sleep  their  weary  limbs  compelled.  Dryden. 

[Unusual.] 

5.  To  call  forth  ;  L.  compellere.     [Obs.]    Spenser. 
€OM-PEL'LA-ELE,  a.    That  may  be  driven,  forced, 

or  cnni^traincd. 

€OM-PEL'LA-BLY,  adv.     Ey  compulsion. 

€O.^I-PEL-La'TION,  m.      [L    eompellatio  ;    compelto, 
cofupeUare^  the  same  word  as  the  preceding)  applied 
to  the  voice  ;  to  send  or  drive  out  the  voice.] 
A  ceremonious  appellation  ;  the  wordof  sjilutation. 

Tfc?  eiympeiimion  of  the  kings  of  France  Ls  by  lire.  Temple. 

€0M-PEL'LA-T0-RY,  a.    Compulsive. 

€0>.i-PEL'Lf;D,  pp.    Forced  ;  constrained  ;  obliged. 

€OM-PEL'LER.  r.     One  who  compels  or  constrains. 

€Oii-PEL'iJ>;G,  ppr.    Driving  by  force ;  constrain- 
ing ;  oIjI  icing. 

eOii'PEMJ,  /  rr  J       T 

€OM-PE.NU'I-UM,  i    "•    l-^*  «™i'«^'""'-J 

In  UUraturc^  an  abridgment  ;  a  summary  ;  an 
epitome  ;  a  brief  compilation  or  composition,  con- 
taining the  pnncipal  heads,  or  general  principles,  of 
a  larger  work  or  system. 


COM 

€OM-PEND-I-A'RI-OUS,  a.  Short ;  contracted.  [Lit- 
th  u^.'d.] 

eOM-PE.\D'I-ATE,  V.  t.  To  sum  or  collect  together. 
[JVot  used.] 

eOM-PEND^I-OUS,  a.  Short  ;  summnrj' ;  abridged  ; 
comprehensive  ;  containing  the  substance  or  general 
principles  of  a  subject  or  work  in  a  narrow  compass  ; 
as,  a  compendious  system  of  cheniistr)' ;  a  compendi- 
ous grammar. 

2.  Short;  direct;  near;  not  circuitous;  as,  a  coct- 
pendious  way  to  acquire  science. 

€Oai-PEND'I-OUS-LY,(Mfo.  In  a  short  or  brief  man- 
ner ;  summarily  ;  in  brief;  in  epitome. 

The  s'lbstancp  of  ChrisLL-iii  bolief  is  ccmpendiously  expressed  in 
a  few  articles.  Anon. 

eOM-PENU'I-OUS-NESS,  n.     Shortness  ;    brevity  ; 

comprehension  in  a  narrow  compass.  Bentlaj. 

€OM-PENS'A-BLE,  a.      [See  C-mpensate.]      That 

may  be  compensated.     [Little  use\<] 
eOM-PEX'SATE  or  COII'PEX-SaTE,  v.  t.     [L.  com- 

penso  :  coil  and  peiiso^  to  prize  or  value,  from  pendo, 

to  wcigii,  to  value.     See  Pendent.] 

1.  To  give  equal  value  to  ;  to  recompense  ;  to  give 
an  equivalent  for  services,  or  an  amount  lost  or  be- 
stowed ;  to  return  or  bestow  that  which  makes  good 
a  loss,  or  is  estimated  a  sufficient  remuneration  ;  as, 
to  cojjtpensate  a  laborer  for  his  work,  or  a  merchant 
for  his  losses. 

2.  To  be  equivalent  in  value  or  effect  to  ;  to  coun- 
terbalance ;  to  make  amends  for. 

The  length  of  the  nighl  and  the  dews  do  compensate  the  heat 
of  the  day.  Bacon. 

The  pleasures  of  sin  never  compensate  the  tinner  for  the  n\is- 
eries  he  suffers,  even  in  this  Jifc.  Aivjn. 

eOM-PEN'SATE  or  €OM'PEN-SaTE,  i-.  t.  To 
make  amends  ;  to  supply  an  equivalent  ;  foUnwed 
by  for:  as,  notliing  can  compensate  for  the  loss  uf 
reputation. 

This  word  is  generally  accented  on  the  second  syl- 
lable, most  unfortunately,  as  any  ear  will  determine 
by  the  feebleness  of  the  last  syllables  in  the  parti- 
ciples compcn' sated,  compcii' sating. 

Each  seeming  want  compeissated  of  coarse.  Pope. 

With  tlie  primary  accent  on  the  first  syllable,  and 
the  secojuian-  accent  on  the  third,  this  dtfect,  and 
the  difficulty  of  uttering  distinctly  the  last  syllables, 
are  remedied. 

€OM-PEN'Sa-TED  or  €0JI'PEi\-S.\-TED,p7J.  Rec 
ompensed ;  supplied  with  an  equivalent  in  amount  or 
effect ;  rewarded. 

COM-PEN'Sa-TING  or  COM'PEX-Sa-TING,  ppr. 
Giving  an  equivalent ;  recompensing ;  remunerating  ; 
making  good  a  deficiency. 

€OM-PEN-Sa'TIOX,  71.  That  which  is  given  or  re- 
ceived as  an  equivalent  for  services,  debt,  want,  loss, 
or  suffering;  amends  ;  remuneration  ;   recompense. 

AM  olher  debts  may  compensation  find.  Dryden. 

The  pleajur?s  of  life  are  no  compensa&on  for  the  loss  of  divine 
favor  and  pro'.ecLioo. 

2.  That  which  supplies  the  place  of  something 
else,  or  makes  good  a  deficiency.  Paley. 

3.  In  laiDy  a  set-off ;  the  payment  of  debt  by  a 
credit  of  equal  amount. 

eOiM-PEN'SA-TIVE,  a.  Making  amends  or  com- 
pensation. 

eOM-PEN'S A-TO-RY,  a.  Serving  for  compensation  ; 
making  amends. 

€OM-PE.\SE',  (kom-pens',)  v.  t.  To  recompense  : 
found  in  Bacon.,  but  not  now  in  use.  [delay. 

€OM-PE-REN'DI-NaTE,  r.  (.    [1..  comperendino.]    To 

COM-PeTE',  v.  i.     [L.  competo  ;  con  and  pdo.] 

1.  To  seek,  or  strive  for  the  same  thing  as  another ; 
to  carry  on  competition  or  rivalry'. 

Our  maniifacturcra  compete  with  the  English  in  making  cotton 
cloths. 

2.  To  Strive  or  claim  to  be  equal. 

The  sa^es  of  antiquity  will  not  dare  to  compete  with  the  in- 
spired auUicrs.  Mitner. 

COM'PE-TENCE,   \    n.     [L.  competens,  competo^  to  be 
eOM'PE-TEN-Cy,  \       meet  or  fit ;  con  and  pcto,  to 

seek  ;  properly,  to  press,  urge,  or  come  to.] 

Primarily^    fitness ;    suitableness ;    convenience. 

Hence, 

1.  Sufficiency;  such  a  quantity  as  is  sufficient; 
property  or  means  of  subsistence  sufficient  to  fur- 
nisJi  the  necessaries  and  conveniences  of  life,  with- 
out superfluity. 

Reason's  whole  pleasure,  all  the  joys  or  seKse, 

Li-;  in  three  words  —  health,  peace,  and  competence.   Pope. 

2.  Sufficiency,  applied  to  other  things  than  prop- 
erty ;  Vat  this  application  is  less  common. 

3.  Legal  capacity  or  qualifications  ;  fitness;  as,  the 
competence  of  a  witness,  which  consisU  in  his  having 
tlie  qualifications  required  by  law,  as  age,  soundness 
of  mind,  impartiality,  &.c. 

4.  Right  or  authority  ;  legal  power  or  capacity  to 
take  cognizance  of  a  cause  ;  as,  the  competence  of  a 
judge  or  court  to  examine  and  decide.  Kent. 

5.  Fitness ;  adequacy  ;  suitableness  ;  legal  suffi- 
ciency ;  as,  the  competency  of  evidence.        SewaU. 

eOM'PE-TENT,  a.  Suitable  ;  fit ;  convenient ;  hence, 
sufficient,  that  is,  fit  for  the  purpose  ;  adequate  ;  fol- 


COM 

lowed  by  to  ;  as^  competent  supplies  of  food  and  cloth- 
ing ;  a  conipctait  force  ;  an  army  competent  to  the 
preser\'ation  of  the  kingdom  or  state ;  a  competent 
knowledge  of  the  worid.  This  word  usually  implies 
a  moderate  supply,  a  sufficiency  without  superfluity. 

2.  Quahfied  ;  fit;  having  legal  capacity  or  power  ; 
as,  a  competent  judge  or  court ;  a  competent  wiine=s. 
In  a  judge  or  court,  it  implies  right  or  authority  to 
hear  ana  determine ;  in  a  witness,  it  implies  a  legal 
rigiit  or  capacity  to  testify. 

3.  Incident;  belonging;  having  adequate  power 
or  right. 

That  is  the  privilege  of  the  infinile  Author  of  things,  wito  3?ver 
slumt^ra  nor  sleeps,  but  ia  not  competerU  lo  any  fuiil': 
being.  Locke. 

It  is  not  competent  to  ibe  defendant  to  allege  fraud  in  :!.-: 
plait)  tiff.  ' 

GOM'PE-TENT-LY,  adv.  Sufficiently  ;  adequately  ;  | 
suitably ;  reasonably  ;  as,  the  fact  has  been  comp.:-  \ 
tendy  proved  ;  a   church   is   competently  endoueii.        ' 

eOM-PET'I-BLE,  a.  [J^'ot  now  used.]  See  Com- 
patible. 

eO.^f-PKT'IXG,  ppr.    Striving  in  rivalry. 

eOM-PE-TF'TlON,  (kom-pe-tish'un,)  n.  [Lor/  L. 
a}inpetitio.]     Sec  Compete  and  Competzscs. 

1.  The  act  of  seeking,  or  endeavoring  to  gain, 
what  another  is  endeavoring  to  gain  at  the  same 
time;  rivalry;  nmtual  strife  for  the  same  object; 
also,  strife  for  superiority  ;  as,  tiie  competition,  of  two 
candidates  for  an  office,  or  of  two  poets  for  superior 
reputation. 

a.  A  state  of  rivalship;  a  stale  of  having  equal 
claims. 

A  portrait,  wiib  which  one  of  Titian's  could  not  come  in 
compedlion,  DryUn. 

3.  Double  claim ;  claim  of  more  than  one  to  the 
s;iine  thing;  formerly  with  to,  now  with  for. 

Comj-'Clilion  lo  the  crown  there  is  none,  cor  can  be.    Bacon. 
Thep.-  is  no  competition  but /or  the  second  place.      Dryitn. 

€OM-PET'I-TOR,  n.  One  who  seeks  and  endeavors 
to  obtain  what  another  seeks;  or  one  who  claim:s 
what  another  claims;  a  rival. 

TIncy  am  nAt  broolc  competitors  in  love.  Shok. 

2.  An  opponent.  Sliak. 
eOM-PET'I-TO-RY,  a.    Rivaling;  acting  in  compe- 
tition.                                      Dangers  of  the  Country. 

€OM-PET'I-TRfx  ^'  i  "'    ^  ^^™^^^  competitor. 
€0M-PI-La'TI0n'  r(.     [See  Compile.] 

1.  A  collection  of  certain  parts  of  a  book  or  books 
into  a  separate  book  or  pamphlet. 

2.  A  collection  or  assemblage  of  other  substances ; 
or  the  act  of  collecting  and  fornung  an  aggregate. 

'  TVcodicard. 

COM-PI-La'TOR,  «.  A  collector.  [JVotused.]  Clianccr. 

GO.M-PlLE',  V.  t.  [L.  compilo,  io  pilfer  or  plunder; 
con  and  pi/o,  to  pillage,  to  ped,  and  to  drive  close ; 
compilctii',  a  pillaging;  It.  compHare;  Ft.  compiler; 
Sp.  and  Port,  compilar.  The  L.  pilo  is  the  English 
to  peel.,  to  strip  ;  but  pilo,  to  make  thick,  or  drive  to- 
gether, is  the  Gr.  m,\'Kj,  lanas  cogo,  coarcto,  consti- 
po.  CompUe  is  probably  from  peeling,  picking  out, 
selecting,  and  pulling  together.] 

1.  To  collect  [Ktrts  or  passages  of  books  or  writings 
into  a  b'lok  or  pamphlet ;  to  select  and  put  together 
parts  of  an  author,  or  lo  collect  parts  of  different  au- 
thors ;  or  to  collect  and  arrange  separate  papers,  laws, 
or  customs,  in  a  book,  code,  or  system. 

2.  To  write  ;  to  compose. 

In  poetry,  th<iy  compile  the  prpases  of  virtuous  men  and  ac- 
tions. Temple. 

3.  To  contain  ;  to  comprise.  [JVoI  \ised.]  Spenser. 

4.  To  make  up  ;  lo  compose.    [J*^ot  used.]     Sltak. 

5.  To  put  together  ;  to  build.  [JVotused.]   Speftser. 
eOM-PIL'£D,  pp.    Collected  from  authors;  selected 

and  put  together. 

€OM-PILE'MEKT,  n.  The  act  of  piling  together  or 
heaping ;  coacervation.     [Little  vsed.]     Woodward. 

GOM-PIL'ER,  7!.  A  collector  of  parts  of  authors,  or  of 
separate  papers  or  accounts  ;  one  who  forms  a  book 
or  composition  from  various  authors  or  separate  pa- 
pers. Bacon.     Swift. 

eOM-PTL'ING,  ppr.  Collecting  and  arranging  parts 
of  books,  or  separate  papers,  in  a  body  or  compo- 
sition. 

COM-PLa'CEJN'CE,    )  n.      [L.  complacens,   complaceo; 

eOM-PLA'CEN-CY,  j  con  and  placeo,  to  please  ;  Fr. 
complaire,  complaisant ;  It.  compiacere,  compiacente  ; 
Sp.  complaccr.] 

1.  Pleasure;  satisfaction;  gratification.  It  is  more 
than  approbation,  and  less  than  delight  or  joy. 

Others  proclaim  the  infinniues  of  a  great  man  with  saiis&ction 
and  complacency,  if  Uiey  discover  none  of  the  like  in 
tliemselves.  Addison. 

2.  The  cause  of  pleasure  or  joy.  ^rdton, 

3.  Complaisance ;  civility ;  soilness  of  manners ; 
deportment  and  adtiress  that  afford  pleasure. 

Complacency,  and  truth,  and  maidy  sweetness^ 
Dwell  ever  on  his  tongue,  and  smooth  his  thoughts. 

.AoGUon. 

In  the  latter  sense,  Complaisasce,  from  the 
French,  is  now  used.    [See  Complaisance  I 


TtP«S,  BULL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CI0US.  — €  as  K ;  6  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

'    235" 


COM 

eOS!-PUl'CENT,  a.    Civil ;  complaisant. 

Tbet  look  up  vriUi  ■  *'>i^  of  eompULant  mwt  la  kiap. 

BuTk«. 

COM-PLA  CE.V'TIAL,  a.  Marked  by  complacence  ; 
ncr.iniiiiodaline.  CA-  «'Vii'.  .Appeal. 

€OMi'LA  *'KN"riAl#-LY,aJr.  In  a  complacential  or 
QCcuiiirnuJutinK  manner. 

eoM  I'LA'CENT-LY,  ode.  Softly;  In  a  coniplacenl 
milliner. 

fi  iM-PLAIN',  F.  I.  [Fr.  compluindre ;  com,  or  com,  and 
';'/•?,  ptuinty  to  lament,  to  bfwail ;  Sji.  plitmr  ;  It. 
::^'iierey  or  coinpian-^ere ;  from  Uio  L.  platiffOy  lo 
-tii\-,  to  lament  If  h  is  not  rudicnl,  tlio  original 
word  waa  pltii^o,  coincidinj;  with  plagu^  Gr.  rX^ijjj. 
Hut  this  is  doubllul.  Tlie  |irimar>-  sense  is  lo  drive, 
whence  lo  strike  and  to  laint-nt,  that  i.",  to  i-trike  the 
liands  or  bre:ists,  as  in  exlreuic  grief,  or  lo  drive  fortli 
Ihe  vuice,  as  in  appello.] 

1.  To  niter  expressions  of  grief;  lo  lament. 

I  *ill  complin  In  l!i«  UitonicM  ol  my  •nlril.  —  Job  vii. 

I  complaintit,  »nd  my  •piri(  w.\j  o»erwUlii«  J.  —  P».  Ux»ii. 

2.  To  niter  expressions  of  consiiro  or  rcaentment ; 
to  murmur ;  lo  find  fault. 

Anl  vtvu  (tie  pco[!]«  complained,  k  diapkoaed  tho  I«oni. — 
Num.  xl. 

3.  To  niter  expression!*  of  uneasiness  or  pain.  lie 
complains  of  lhin<t.     Ho  complains  of  a  headache. 

4.  To  rharge  ;  to  accuse  of  an  oflense  ;  lo  present 
nn  accusation  against  a  person  to  a  proper  officer. 

To  A  C,  onf  of  ihc  jiutlcri  of  Hie  pe»e«  for  the  countj-  of  S, 
eoitplaini  C  O. 

This  verb  is  regularly  followed  by  o/,  before  tlie 
cause  of  grief  or  censure  ;  as,  lo  complain  of  tliirst,  vf 
ignorance,  of  vice,  of  an  offender. 

5.  To  represent  injinies,  particularly  in  a  writ  of 
audita  querela. 

eoM-PLAIN',  c.  f.    To  lament ;  lo  bewail. 

TfK-t  nilglillheip^»ance  inwanlljr  romp^ojfi.       Dan.  Ctt.  War. 

This  use  of  complain  is  uncommon,  and  hardly  le- 
Kitiiimle.    The  phmse  is  properly  elliptical. 

CmM  PLAIN'A-ULE,  a.  That  may  be  complained  of. 
[Xot  in  ujtf.]  Fcltkam. 

COM-PLAl.\C\NT,  Ti,     [Fr.  compIaiznanL] 

1.  A  prosecutor ;  one  who  prosecutes  by  complaint, 
or  commences  a  legal  process  against  a.n  ollcnder  for 
the  recovery  of  a  right  or  penalty. 

II'T  ih.)!!  forTcit  one  mui^ty  (o  llif  uk  of  Uie  town,  aiitl  Ihc  other 
9  moict;  IQ  the  utc  of  die  compiainant. 

Suii.  of  Mattathuaettt. 

2.  The  plaintiff  in  a  writ  of  audita  querela,    ibid. 
GOM-PLaIi\'ER,  n.    One  whocomplains,  or  expresses 

grief;  one  who  lamcnta ;  one  who  hnds  fault ;  a  mur- 
murer. 

The*"  are  murmuren,  nmplaineri,  wafkinp  after  lh(^ir  own 
I.»u.  — Jmle  16. 

eOM-PLAIN'FlIL,  0.    Full  of  complaint.    [JVo(  used.] 

eOM-PL.AlX'l.\G,  ppr.  or  a.  Expressing  grief,  sor- 
row, or  censure  ;  fmding  fault ;  miirmtiring  ;  lament- 
ing ;  acciising  of  an  offence. 

€OM-PLAl.\'lNG,  n.  The  expression  of  regret,  sor- 
row, or  injury. 

eOM-PLAIXT',  n.     [Fr.  complainte;  It.  eompianto.] 

1.  Expression  of  grief,  regret,  pain,  censure,  or  re- 
sentment ;  lamentation  ;  murmuring  ;  a  finding  fault. 

ETcnto-Uay  ii  my  complaint  Unor.  —  Job  xxU'i. 

1  ifioiim  in  my  complaint,  nml  make  k  noiir.  — Pn.  W. 

TtK  Jewi  laiti  many  nnd  grievous  complainfi  ngninil  Pnul.  — 

Acb  zxr. 
1  find  no  en-\K  ot  comptainl.  Hooker. 

2.  The  cause  or  subject  of  complaint,  or  murmur- 
ing. 

The  poTerty  of  ih*  cS^rgj  liatli  been  the  complaint  of  all  who 
wUh  well  to  ibc  church.  Swi/t. 

3.  The  cause  of  complaint,  or  of  pain  and  uneasi- 
ness, in  the  body  ;  a  malady  ;  a  disease  ;  usually  ap- 
pljuil  to  dUordors  not  violent;  as,  a  complaint  in  llic 
)k>wcIs  or  bre.isl. 

4.  Accui^ation ;  a  charge  against  an  offender,  made 
by  a  private  person  or  infurmer  lo  a  juxlice  of  the 
IM-ace,  or  oiher  proper  officer,  alleging  that  the  of- 
fender ha''  violated  the  law,  and  rlaiining  ihe  pen- 
ally due  t*»  the  prosecutor.  It  differs  from  an  infor- 
mation., which  is  the  prosecution  of  an  offender  by 
the  altomey  or  stdicitor-general ;  and  from  a  present- 
mnu  and  indictment,  which  are  the  accu^»ation  of  a 
grand  jury. 

5.  Representation  of  injurie?*,  in  a  (rmeral  sense  ; 
and  apprnpriatelvy  in  a  writ  of  audita  querela. 

eOM'PLAI-SAXCE,  (kotn'pl.V7Jins,)  n.  [Fr.  complai- 
sancCf  from  complaisant^  the  participle  of  comptairc ; 
con,  or  com,  ann  plairc,  lo  ple.ise,  whence  plaisant, 
phrasing,  plai~-rir,  pleasure,  L.  placco,  placere^  the  in- 
finitive changed  into  plaire  ;  II  campiaecnza,  from 
coinpiaecre,  piacrre  ;  Sp.  complacfncia,  complactr.  This 
i^  the  !-amc  word  as  complacence  ;  the  latter  wc  have 
from  the  Latin  orthography.  This  word  affords  an 
example  of  a  change  of  a  polalnt  letter,  in  the  Latin, 
into  a  sibilant,  in  French  ;  c  intt>  .t,] 

1.  A  pleo-'iing  dejmrtment ;  courtesy  ;  that  manner 
of  address  and  behavior,  in  *;fM-ial  iniercours:e,  which 
gives  plea>'ure  ;  civility  ;  obliging  roiiiiescension  ;kind 
and  affable  reception  and  treatment  of  guests  :  cxte- 


COM 

rior  acts  of  civility ;  a-s,  the  gentleman  received  us 

with  complaisance. 

2.  C'ondr^.scension  ;  obliging  compliance  with  the 
wishes  or  humors  of  otlicrs. 

In  compiattance  poor  (Juplil  mourned.  Prior. 

3.  Desire  of  pleasing;  disix>sttion  to  oblige;  the 
principle  tor  the  act. 

Your  complaisance  «ill  not  p<.'TmU  rour  gucila  lo  be  tncom* 
ntixlnl.  ^non. 

eOM'PLAI-SANT,  (kom'pla-zant,)  a.  Pleasing  in  man- 
ners ;  courteous  ;  obliging  ;  desirous  to  please  ;  as,  a 
complaLiant  gentleman. 

!^.  Civil ;  courteous  ;  polite  ;  as,  complaisant  deport- 
ment or  treuliiiint. 

€O.M'I*LAI-SAi\T-LY,  (koin'pla-zanl-Iy,)  adv.  In  a 
pleasing  manner;  with  civility;  with  an  obliging, 
nlliibb*  address  or  deportment.  Pope. 

eOM'PLAI-SANT-NE^S,  n.  CivUity  ;  complaisance. 
[I.ittie  used.] 

eo.M'PL.\-\.\TE,  a.  Flat  or  laminate  ;  having  thin 
plales. 

€().M'PLA-NATE, )  v.  t.    [h.  complano ;  con  nnd  pla- 

€OM-PLANE',        (       nus,   plain.     See  Plane   and 
Plai.n.] 
To  make  level ;  to  reduce  to  nn  even  surface. 

IJerham. 

€OM'PLA-NA-TED,  >  pp.     Planed  to  un  even   sur- 

€OM-PLA.N'£D,         !      face. 

eoM'PLA-NA-TING,  )  ppr.    Reducing  to  a  level  sur- 

€OM-PLAN'l.\G,         i     face. 

COM'PLI'.-MENT,  n.  [L.  complemetUum^  from  complco, 
to  fill ;  con  nnd  pleoy  to  fill.  '  Lilenilly,  a  filling.] 

1.  Fullness  J  completion;  whence,  perfection. 

Thyy,  as  they  fcMtcil,  had  their  fill, 

Tor  iv  full  complemtnt  of  .ill  their  ill.  Hub.  TaUa. 

2.  Full  quantity  or  number  ;  the  quantity  or  num- 
ber limited  ;  as,  a  company  h:w  its  eomplnncnt  of  men  ; 
a  ship  has  its  complement  of  stores. 

3.  That  which  is  added,  not  as  necessary,  but  as 
ornamental  ;  something  adventitious  to  the  main 
thing;  ceremony.     [See  Compliment.] 

Gnrnishcil  ami  decked  in  niodeit  complement  ShaX. 

4.  In  trig^onometry,  the  complement  of  an  arc  or  an- 
gle, is  the  difference  between  the  arc  or  angle  and 
ninety  degrees.  Thus,  if  the  arc  taken  is  thirty  de- 
grees, \U  complement  is  sixty.  Day. 

T).  In  geometry,  the  complements  of  a  parallelogram 
are  the  two  spaces  which,  with  the  parallelugnims 
about  the  diag.mal,  make  up  or  complete  the  whole 
parallelogram.  Brande. 

6.  In  astronomy,  complement  is  used  to  denote  the 
distance  of  a  star  from  the  7.enith.  Barlow. 

7.  AriUtmctical  cumplcmcnt  of  a  number,  is  tfie  dif- 
fercnctt  between  the  number  and  10,  100,  lOHO,  &c. 
Its  principal  use  is  In  working  prop(»rlions  by  loga- 
rithms. Day. 

8.  In  fortification,  the  complement  of  the  curtain,  is 
that  part  in  the  interior  side  which  makes  the  deini- 
gorgp. 

eOM-PLE-.MENT'AL,  a.  Filling;  supplying  a  de- 
ficiency ;  conipletiii'^'. 

€O.M-PLr--ME.\T'A-KV,  ti-  One  skilled  in  compli- 
ments.    [jVot  in  w-sc.l  B.  Jonson, 

CO.M-PLKi'E',  a.  [L.  completusy  from  eompleo ;  con 
and  pletj,  iimsit.,  to  fill ;  It.  compiere.  The  Greek  has 
rA.i(j,to  approach,  to  fill,  contracted  from  rcXat^,  the 
primary  sense  of  which  is,  to  thrust  or  drive ;  and  if 
the  Latin  pteo  is  from  the  Greek,  which  is  probable, 
then  the  originiU  orthography  was  pclco,  compeleo;  in 
which  ca.«e  rrAuoi,  T:i\ao),plco,  is  tho  same  word  as 
tht;  Engli^h^W.  The  Greek  irXriOai  is  said  to  be  a  dt.-- 
rivative.     Literally,  filled  ;  ftiU.l 

1.  Having  no  deficiency  ;  perfect. 

Ami  ye  are  complete  in  htm  who  is  the  he.id  of  nil  principality 
and  power. — Col.  ii. 

2.  Finished  ;  ended  ;  concluded  ;  as,  the  cdifico  is 

complete. 

TIiLs  coiimc  of  vnnily  almost  complete.  Prior. 

In  strict  propriety,  this  word  admits  of  no  compar- 
ison ;  for  that  which  is  complete,  can  not  be  more  or 
less  so.  But  as  the  word,  like  many  others,  is  used 
with  some  indefinileness  of  signification,  it  ia  cus- 
lomary  lo  qualify  it  with  more,  most,  less,  and  least. 
More  complete,  most  complete,  less  complete,  are  common 
expressions. 

3.  In  botany,  a  complete  ilower  is  one  furnished  with 
a  calyx  and  corolla,  VniUant. 

Or  ha_ving  all  the  parts  of  a  flower.  Martyn. 

€OM-PLkTE',  r.  t.  To  finish;  to  end;  to  perfect; 
a?,  to  complete  a  bridge  or  an  edifice ;  to  complete  an 
education. 

2.  To  fill ;  to  accomplish  ;  as,  to  complete  hopes  or 
desires. 

3.  To  fulfill;  to  accomplish;  to  perform;  as,  the 
propherv-  <.f  Daniel  is  completed. 

eOM-PLicT'EI),  pp.   Finished  ;  ended  ;  perfected  ;  ftil 

filled  ;  accomplished. 
€OM-PLiiTiyLY,arfo     Fully;  perfecUy  ;  entirely. 

€OM-PLP,TE'.MENT,  n.  The  act  of  completing'^  a 
finishing.  Drydm. 


COM 

eoM-PLETE'NESS,  ii.  The  state  of  being  complete ; 
perfeoiion.  IVatts. 

€O.M-PLkT'L\G,  ppr.  Finishing ;  perfecting ;  accom- 
plish inc. 

euM-PL£'TION,  n.     Fulfillment;  accomplishment. 

There  vrnt  ■  full,  entire  Imrmony  ami  content  In  ihe  divine 
predictions,  receiving  their  completion  In  Christ.    AViiifA. 

2.  Act  of  completing  ;  stale  of  being  coniplelf  ;  ut- 
most extent ;  perfect  state  ;  as,  tho  geiitlemun  went 
to  the  university  for  tlie  completion  of  his  education 
or  studies. 
eOM-PLK'TIVE,a.  Filling;  making  complete. 

Harris 
€OM-PLK'TO-Ry,  a.     Fulfilling ;  accomplishing. 

Barrotc. 

COM-PLk'TO-UY,  n.  The  evening  service  ;  the  com- 
plin of  the  Koinan  t'aliioiic  church.  Jlonprr. 
eOM'PLEX,  I  a.  [L.  complrrus, 
eOM-PI>E\'i:D,  (kom-plekst',)  \  complex,  embra- 
cing, from  eomplector,  to  embrace ;  eon  and  plecto,  to 
weave,  or  twist;  (tr.  ttXcku};  L.  plico;  \\\  phji^u: 
Ann.  ple<^a  ;  Fr.  plicr;  It.  piegare  ;  Sp.  pie  gar ;  D. 
plooijen,  to  fold,  bend,  or  double.] 

1.  Composed  of  two  or  more  parts  or  things  ;  com- 
posite ;  not  simple ;  including  two  or  more  particti- 
I:u^  connected  ;  as,  a  complex  being  ;  a  complex  idea  ; 
a  complex  term. 

Iilcni  inside  tip  of  scvcrtl  simple  ones,  I  cill  complex ;  such  as 
bcuiiiy,  ^mtitudp,  a  m.tii,  the  univcrK.  Lock*. 

Q.  Involved  ;  difficult ;  as,  n  complex  subject. 
COM'PLKX,  n.     Assemblage;  collection;  complica- 
tion.   {Little  used.] 

This  pmblc  of  ili'.-  wedding  supper  comprehemls  In  It  llie 
wliole  complex  \>i  nil  the  blesaings  and  privilc^i-s  of  iho 
go*pet.  So\ilh. 

GOM-PLEX'ED-NESS,  n.  Complication  ;  involulion 
of  parts  in  one  iniegnil ;  compound  stale ;  as,  tlie 
ecmplev.edite.ss  of  moral  ideas.  Locke. 

eOM-PLEX'ION,  (koin-plex'yun,)  n.  A  complex 
state  ;  condition  ;  as,  to  this  complexion  we  must 
come  at  last.     [Little  used.]  Sfiak. 

2.  The  color  of  the  skin,  particularly  of  the  face; 
the  color  of  the  externa!  parts  of  a  body  or  tiling  ;  as, 
a  fair  eompiczion  ;  a  dark  complexion  i  the  complexion  of 
the  sky. 

3.  'i'lie  temperament,  habitude,  or  natural  disposi- 
tion of  the  body  ;  the  peculiar  cast  of  the  constitu- 
tion, wliicli  gives  it  a  particular  phy!>i(^al  character  ; 
a  medical  term,  lint  used  to  denote  c/tarnctcr  or  descrip- 
tion ;  as,  men  of  this  or  that  complexioiu 


'Tis  ill,  ttion{jh  diflcrent  your  complexiom 
The  fitiiiity  i>t  h*.:ivcn  for  in'ii  ahould  war. 


Drydcf 


eO.M-PLEX'IOX-AL,  a.  Depending  on  or  pertiiining 
to  c(miplexion  ;  as,  complcxional  elHorescenciJS  ;  com- 
plerional  prejudices.  Braien.     Fiildes. 

€OM-PLEX'I0X-AL-LY,  a^lv.     lly  complexion. 

Brmcn. 

eOM-PLEX'IOX-A-RY,n.  Pertaining  to  the  enmplex- 
ion,  or  to  the  care  of  it.  '/'uutor. 

eO.M-PLEX'IOX-£D,  (kom-plex'yund,)  a.  ll;iviiig  a 
certain  lein|)eraiiieul  or  state.  AdiUson. 

€OM-PLEX'l-TY,  v.  The  state  of  being  complex  ; 
coTn[)lexness.  Burke. 

CO.M'PLEX-LY,  adr.    In  a  complex  manner ;  not  siiii- 

i>'y- 

eoM'PLE.\--\ESS,  71.  The  stale  of  being  complex  or 
involved.  Smith. 

eO.M-l'LEX'l_TUE,  n.  The  involution  or  complication 
of  one  tiling  with  others. 

COM-PLFA-ULE,  a.  [See  Complt.]  That  can  bend 
or  yield.  Jililton. 

eOM-PLI'AXCE,  71.  [See  Comply.]  The  act  of  com- 
plying ;  a  yielding,  as  to  a  request,  wish,  desire,  de- 
mand, or  proposal ;  concession  ;  submission. 

I.'-i  ific  kin;;  mrct  compliance  in  your  looks, 

A  free  Biid  ready  yiddm^  to  his  wishes.  Eoui. 

2.  A  disposition  to  yield  to  others. 

n«  wiis  r\  man  (j{  few  words  and  grcxi  compliance. 

Garindon. 

3.  Ohedicnr.e  ;  followed  by  with;  as,  compliance  irith 
a  command  or  precept. 

4.  Performance ;  execution  ;  a:^,  a  compliance  with 
the  conditions  of  a  contract. 

eOM-PLI'ANT,  a.    Yielding;  bending;  as,  the  com- 

pliant  boughs.      [See  Pliant,  which   is  gciicnilly 

used.]  JIilhiH. 

2.  Yielding  to  request  or  desire  ;  civil;  obliging. 

€OM-PLI'A\T-LY,  adv.     In  a  yielding  manner. 

CO>L'PLI-<JA-CY,  7f.  A  state  of  being  complex  or  in- 
tricate, Mttford, 

eOM'PLieATE,  r.  t.  TL.  complico ;  con  and  plico,  to 
fold,  weave,  or  knit,     hce  Comi-lex.] 

1.  Ltterally,  to  interweave ;  to  foltl  and  twist  to- 
gether. Hence,  lo  make  complex  ;  to  involve  ;  to  en- 
tangle ;  to  unite  or  connect  mutually  or  intimately, 
as  different  things  or  parts ;  followed  by  with. 

Our  olTrnse  against  God   hath  been  complicated  with  injury  lo 
men.  7'i//owon. 

So  WC  say,  a  complicated  disease  ;  a  complicated  affair. 

Commotion   in  the  parts   may   complicate   and    dispose   tliem 
after  the  manner  requisiit;  to  nitLke  them  stick.         Boyle. 

2.  To  make  intricate. 


FATE,  F.\R,  FALL,  WHAT.-METE,  PREy.-PINE,  MARtXE,  BIRD.-NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BOQK-  — 
336   ^  ~ 


COM 

eOM'PLI-CATE,  a.  Complex  j  composed  of  two  or 
more  parts  united. 

Tlioojh  the  particular  .icrionsof  war  are  comj/iicale  in  f.icl,  ye[ 
the*  are  sep-iraie  and  'Usliric(  in  n^lit.  li-icon. 

2.  In  botany,  folded  together,  as  the  valves  of  the 

glume  or  chafl'  in  some  grasses.  jMarlipi. 

€OM'PLI-€A-TED,;?p.  oro.    Inler^\*oven  ;  enlaiicled; 

inv'jtved  ;  intricate;  composed  of  two  or  more  things 

or  parts  united. 
CO^rPLr-CATE-LY,  adc.    In  a  complex  manjirr. 
€0.\ri'LI-eATE-XESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  com- 

plicatt-d  ;  involution;  intricacy;  perplexity.    Hale. 
CO.M'PLI-€a-TI.\G,  ppr.    Interweaving  ; 'infolding  ; 

unitiii::. 
eOM-PLl-GA'TIOX,  n.     The  act  of  interweaving,  or 

involving  two  or  more  things  or  parts  ;  the  state  of 

being  interwoven,  involved,  or  intimately  blended. 

The  noiions  ol  a  confused  kiiowletige  are  always  full  of  per- 
pleiily  and  compHcaaons.  MliJHns. 

9.  The  integral,  consisting  of  many  things  involved 
or  interwoven,  or  mutually  united. 

By  admitiii)^  a  complicaton  of  ideas,  the  miod  is  bewildered. 

Waus. 

€O.M'PLI-eA-TIVE,  a.  Tending  or  adapted  to  in- 
volve. 

eOM'PLTCE,  (-plis,)  n.  [It.  complice:  Ft.  Port,  and 
Sp.  it/. :  L.  eompUeo,  crnnphcitum^  complices..  See  Com- 
plicate and  Complex.] 

One  who  is  united  with  another  in  the  commis- 
sion of  a  crime,  or  in  an  ill  design  ;  an  associate  or 
confederate  in  some  unlawful  act  or  design  ;  an 
accomplice.  The  latter  is  now  used.  [See  Accom- 
plice.] Shak.  Clarendon. 
I  €OM-PLIC'I-TY,  (-plis'e-te,)  w.     [Fr.  complidte.] 

The  state  or  condition  of  being  a  complice  or  ac- 
complice. [Littlr-  Its-erf.] 

COM-PU'El),  prcu  of  Comply. 

€0-M-PLI'ER,  n.  One  who  complies,  yields,  or  obeys; 
a  person  of  ready  compliance ;  a  man  of  an  easy, 
yielding  temper.  Swift. 

eOM'PLI-MENT,  n.  [Fr.  id.:  It.  compUmento  ;  Sp. 
eumpltmieiuo,  completion,  perfection,  compliment  ; 
Port,  comprimento,  length,  fulfillment  ;  compliment, 
obliging  words,  from  die  vera  comprir,  to  fulfill,  to 
perfonn  ;  Sp.  cumplir ;  It.  conipiere  ;  L.  compleo.  See 
Complete.] 

1.  An  expression  of  civility,  respect,  or  regard  ;  as, 
to  send  or  make  one's  c-JiuplimenU  to  an  absent 
friend.    In  this  application,  the  plural  is  always  used. 

He  o!i=erveil  few  compliTTunis  in  mailer  of  amis.  Sidney. 

9.  A  present  or  favor  bestowed.     My  friend  made 
me  a  compliment  of  Homer's  Iliad. 
€OM'PU-ME.\T,  V.  t.    To  praise;  to  flatter  by  ex- 
pressions of  approbation,  esteem,  or  respect. 

Munarchs 

SiioulJ  compliment  iheir  foes,  and  shun  their  friends.   Prior. 
SKe  compiimenu  Meuelaus  very  hanJ^uniely.  Pope. 

2.  To  congratulate;  as,  to  compliment  a  prince  on 
the  birth  of  a  son. 

3.  To  bestow  a  present ;  to  manifest  kindness  or 
regard  for,  by  a  present  or  other  favor ;  as,  he  com- 
plimented us  with  tickets  for  tlie  exhibition. 

€OM'PLI-MENT,  r.  i.  To  pass  compliments  ;  to  use 
ceremony,  or  ceremonious  language. 

I  make  ihe  ioterlocutors,  upon  occaiiion,  cjmpUment  wilh  each 
oher.  Boyle. 

eOM-PLI MENT'AL,  a.  Expressive  of  civility  or 
respect ;  implying  compliments. 

Ljnwiia^ri  grow  rich  and  al^uiiddnt  in  complimenlcU  phrases, 
ftnd  such  froi!).  WoUon. 

€OM-PLI-MEXT'AL-LY,  adc.  In  the  nature  of  a 
comphment ;  by  way  of  civility  or  ceremony. 

Broome. 

€O^I-PLr-MEXT'A-RY,  a.  E.xpressing  civility,  re- 
gard, iiT  [(raise. 

€OM'PLl-ME.\T-ED,;;p.    Praised. 

€0M'PLI-.ME.\T-ER,7).  One  who  compliments  ;  one 
given  to  cumpliments  ;  a  flatterer.  Johnson. 

€0M'PL1-ME.\T-I-\G,  ppr.  Praising,  bestowing  on 
as  a  pr-s'^nt. 

eO.M'PIJ.VE,  )  n.     [Fr.  compile  :  It.  covipieta;  from  L. 

CO-MTLI-V,      )      compleo,  complendo,  completus.'] 

The  last  division  of  the  Roman  Catholic  breviary ; 
the  last  prayer  at  night,  to  be  recited  after  sunset;  'so 
called  because  it  closes  the  s^^rvice  of  the  day. 

Johnson.    Encyc.     Taylor. 

COM'PLISH,  for  Accomplish,  is  not  now  used. 

Spenser. 

eOMTLOT,  71.  [French,  of  con,or  com,  zindplot.]  A 
pbitting  together  ;  a  joint  plot ;  a  plot ;  a  confederacy 
in  some  evil  design  ;  a  conspiracy. 

i  know  Lheir  comp!ot  is  to  have  my  life.  Shak, 

eOM-PLOT',  P.  (.  To  plot  together  ;  to  conspire  ;  to 
form  a  plutj  to  jom  in  a  secret  design,  generally 
criminal. 

We  find  ih^m    complotting  to'Mher,  and  contriving  a   new 
•cene  of  miseries  lo  the  Trojans.  '  Pope. 

eOM-PL^'MENT,  n.  A  plotting  together;  con- 
spirncy  Kin^. 

eO.M-PLOT'TED,pp.     Plotted  together:  contnvea. 

eOM-PLOT'TER,  n.  One  joined  in  a  plot  ;  a  con- 
spirator. Dryden. 


COM 

eOM-PI.OT'TING,  ppr.  Plotting  together  ;  conspir- 
ing; contriving  an  evd  design  or  crime. 

eu.\I-PLOT'TING-LY,  adv.     By  complotting. 

€OM-PLU-TE\'SIA-\,  a.  The  Complutensian  copv  of 
the  Bible  is  that  of  Complutum  or  Alcala  de  HenaVcs, 
first  published  in  1575,  by  Cardinal  Ximenes,  in 
Spain. 

eOM-PL-?',  V.  I. ,-  pret.  Complied.  [The  Italian  com- 
;j(inr£-re,  to  humor,  to  comply,  is  the  Latin  complaceoy 
Fr.  complaire.  The  Sp.  cumplir  is  from  compleo,  for  it 
is  rendered  to  discharge  one's  duty,  to  provide  or 
supply,  to  reach  one's  birthday,  to  fulfill  one's  prom- 
ise, to  b?  fit  or  convenient,  to  suffice.  The  Portu- 
guese changes  I  into  r ;  comprir,  to  fulfill,  lo  perform  ; 
hence,  comprimento,  a  complement,  and  a  compliment. 
Comply  seems  to  be  from  the  Spanisli  cumplir,  or 
L.  compleo ;  formed,  like  supply,  from  suppleo  ;  yet  in 
some  of  its  uses,  the  sense  is  deduciblc  froni  the 
root  of  Lat  jdico.  (Sec  Apply  and  Plt.)  It  is  fol- 
lowed by  iDiUi.] 

1.  To  comply  icitli :  to  fulfill ;  to  perfect  or  carry 
into  etfect ;  to  complete  ;  to  perforin  or  execute  ;  as, 
to  comply  iciUi  a  promise,  with  an  award,  with  a 
command,  with  an  order.  So  to  comply  with  one's 
expectations  or  wishes,  is  to  fulfill  them,  or  complete 
them. 

9.  To  yield  to ;  to.  be  obsequious ;  to  accord  ;  to 
suit ;  followed  by  wi(A ,-  as,  to  comply  with  a  man*s 
humor. 

The  truili  of  ibinga  will  uat  comply  tath  our  coiiceiEs. 

TiUoUon. 

€OM-PL-?'ING  with,  ppr.  Fulfilling  ;  performing  ; 
yielding  to. 

€OM-Po.N'E',  o.  /.  To  compose;  to  settle.  [Ohs.] 
[See  CuMPosE.] 

€OM-PoNE',      ;  In  heraldry,  a  bordure,  or  compone,  is 

€OM-PoX'KD,  \  that  formed  or  composed  of  a  row 
of  angular  parts  or  clicckers  of  two  colors. 

€OM-Po'i\ENT  or  €OM'PO-NENT,  a.  [L.  compo- 
nens,  compono  ;  eon  and  pono,  to  place.] 

Literalltj,  setting  or  placing  together  ;  hence,  com- 
posmg  ;  constituting  ;  forming  a  compound  ;  as,  the 
compi/nent  parts  of  a  plant  or  fossil  sulislance  ;  tlie 
component  parts  of  a  society. 

eO.M-Po'NENT  or  COiM'PO-NENT,  n.  A  constitu- 
ent part.  Dighy. 

GO.M-PoRT',i\  (.  [It.  comportare :  Yt.  comporter;  Sp. 
and  Port,  comportar ;  con  and  L.  porta.,  to  bear.  (See 
Bear.)     It  is  followed  by  lotth.] 

To  comport  witli  ;  literally,  to  bear  to  or  with  ;  to 
carry  togetJier.  Hence,  to  agree  with  ;  to  suit ;  to 
accord  ;  as,  to  consider  how  far  our  charity  may 
comport  with  our  prudence.  His  behavior  does  not 
comport  7ritk  his  Station. 

eOil-PoRT',  V.  t.  With  the  reciprocal  pronoun,  to 
behave ;  to  conduct. 

ll  is  curious  lo  ol  serve  how  Lord  Som 
oa  thai  0 


[Little  used.] 

9.  To  bear ;  to  endure ;  as  in  French,  Spanish, 
and  Italian.     [JVot  iLscd.'j  Daniel. 

eOM'PoRT,    71.      Behavior ;    conduct ;    manner    of 
acting. 

I  Imew  them  well,  and  marked  their  rude  comport.    Dri/ilen. 

This  word  is  rarely  or  never  used,  but  may  be  ad- 
missible ill  poelr}'.    We  now  use  deportment.    The 
accent,  since  Drjden's  time,  has  been  transferred  to 
the  first  syllable. 
€0M-PoRT'A-BLE,  o.    Suitable  ;  consistent. 

We  caEt  the  rules  of  lliis  art  into  tome  eomporlabie  method. 

Wollon. 

€0M-P6RT'ANCE,  H.   Behavior;  deportment.  [Obs.] 

Spenser. 
€OM-P0RT-a'TION,  ».    An  assemblage.    [J^Tot  used.] 

Bp.  Riehardsfin. 
€OM-PoRT'ED, ;);».     Behaved;  suited. 
eO.M-PoRT'IiXG,  )>pr.    Behavmg;  suiting. 
eu.M-PoRT'MENT,  n.    Behavior;  demeanor;  man- 
ner of  acting.     [J^ot  noic  nsed.]        Hale.    Jiddison. 
COJVPOS  MEjyfTIS.     " 
otpossum,  pntis.] 
Possessed  of  mind  ;  in  a  s^ouiid  state  of  mind. 
eOM-PoSE',  I'.  (.     [Ft.  composer ;  Arm.  co)nposi ;  from 
the  participle  of  the  L.  compono,  compo'fitus  ;  con  and 
povo,  posittis,  to  set,  put,  or  lay  ;  Fr.  pcaer,  and  in  a 
dilferent   dialect;    Eug.    to  put  i    Sp.   compoiicr;  It. 
cojiiporre.] 

Literally,  to  place  or  set  together.  Hence, 
1.  To  form  a  compound,  or  one  entire  body  or 
thing,  by  uniting  two  or  more  things,  parts,  or  indi- 
viduaJs ;  as,  to  compose  an  army  of  raw  soldiers; 
the  parliament  of  Great  Britain  is  composed  of  two 
houses,  lords  aaid  commons ;  the  senate  <if  the 
United  States  is  composed  of  two  senators  from  each 
State. 

Zeal  otight  to  be  composed  of  the  hi_^heBt  decrees  of  idl  pious 
affections.  '  Spratl. 

9.  To  invent  and  put  together  words  and  sen- 
tences ;  to  make,  as  a  discourse  or  writing ;  to  write, 
as  an  author  ;  as,  to  a-mpose  a  sermon,  or  a  book. 

3.  To  constitute,  or  form,  as  parts  of  a  whole;  as. 


[L.  con  and  pos,  from  the  root 


COM 

letters  compost   syllables,  syllables  compose  words, 
\vords  compose  sentences. 

A  few  ns'.'fid  ihiiip,  confounded  with  many  trifles,  fill  their 
m'>moriea,  ami  compote  iJieir  inlelleclual  poisesuont. 

Waitt. 

4.  To  calm  ;  to  qtiiet ;  lo  appease  ;  to  tranqnillizc  ; 
that  is,  to  set  or  lay ;  as,  to  compose  passions,  fears, 
disorders,  or  whatever  is  agitated  or  excited. 

5.  To  settle  ;  to  adjust ;  as,  to  compose  differences. 
G.  To  place  in  proper  form,  or  in  a  quiet  state. 

In  a  peac.'S.tl  grave  my  corpse  eompo:e.  Dryden. 

7.  To  settle  into  a  quiet  state. 

The  sen  composet  itself  »  a  I.*vcl  snrfiwe.  It  reqaim  nbont 
two  days  to  compose  it  ;ifier  a  gidc.  W. 

8.  To  dispose  ;  to  put  in  a  proper  state  for  any 
purpose.     [Obs.] 

The  army  seemed  well  composed  lo  obtjJn  that  by  Iheir  swords 
which  they  could  not  by  ib'nr  pen.  Ciartndon. 

9.  In  printing,  to  set  types  or  characters  in  a  com- 
posing stick,  from  a  copy,  arranging  the  letters  in  the 
proper  order. 

10.  In  music,  to  form  a  tune  or  piece  of  music  with 
notes  arranging  them  on  the  siaft'in  such  a  manner, 
as,  when  sung,  lo  produce  hannonv- 

eOM-P0S'£D,  pp.  Set  together,  or  in  due  order; 
formed  ;  constituted  ;  calmed  ;  quieted  ;  settled  j 
adjusted. 

2.  a.  Calm;  sedate;  quiet;  tranquil;  free  from 
agitation. 

The  Mtinhian  there  in  sober  triumph  sat, 

Composed  his  iiotiure,  and  his  look  sedate.  Pope. 

€OM-PoS'ED-LY,  adtJ.    Calmly;  seriously;  sedately. 

The  man  very  co-npojuHy  ans.vered,  I  ara  he.     Clarendon. 

GOM-PoS'ED-NESS,  u.  A  state  of  being  composed  ; 
calmness  ;  sedateness  ;  tranciuillity.  WUkins. 

GO.M-POS'ER,  H.  One  who  composes;  one  who 
writes  an  original  work ;  as  distinguished  from  a 
compiler ;  an  author ;  also  one  who  forms  tunes, 
whether  he  adapts  them  to  particular  words  or  not. 

2.  One  who  quiets  or  calms  ;  one  who  adjusts  a 
difference. 

eOM-PoS'ING,p/>r.  or  a.  Placing  together  ;  forming  ; 
constituting;  writing  an  original  work;  quieting; 
settling  ;  adjusting;  setting  types. 

eO.'M-PoS'lXG-STICK,  n.  Among  printers,  an  in- 
strument in  wiiicli  types  are  set  from  the  cases,  ad- 
justed to  the  length  of  the  lines. 

€OiM-POS'ITE,  a.  Made  up  of  parts  ;  as,  a  composiu 
language.  Coleridge. 

2.  In  architecture,  the  composite  order  is  the  last  of 
the  five  orders  of  columns  ;  so  called  because  its 
capital  is  composed  of  the  r<mic  order  grafted  upon 
the  Corinthian.  It  is  of  the  same  proportion  as  the 
Corinthian,  and  retains  the  same  general  character, 
with  tlie  exception  of  the  capital,  in  which  the  Ionic 
volutes  and  echinus  are  introduced,  and  the  Corin- 
thian caulicoli  (or  smaller  branches)  and  scrolls  are 
left  out.  It  is  called  also  the  Roman  or  the  Italic 
order.  Oloss.  of  J3rchiL 

Composite  number;  one  which  can  be  measured 
exactly  by  a  number  exceeding  unity,  as  6  by  2  or  3  ; 
so  thai  4  is  tiie  lowest  composite  number.        Encyc. 

eO.Al-PO-Sr'TIOX,  ;».  In  a  general  sense,  the  act  of 
composing,  or  that  which  is  composed  ;  the  act  of 
forming  a  whole  or  integral,  by  placing  together  and 
uniting  different  things,  parts,  or  ingredients  ;  or  the 
whole  body,  mass,  or  co-npound,  thus  formed.  Thus 
we  speak  of  the  composition  of  medicines,  by  mixing 
divers  ingredients,  and  call  the  whole  mixture  a 
composition.  A  composition  ot  sand  and  clay  is  used 
for  luting  chemical  vessels. 

Vast  pilUi-s  of  6(oue,  cased  over  Arilh  a  composition  thnt  looks 
like  marble.  Addison. 

Hent  and  vivacity,  in  ^ge,  is  aa  excellent  composition  for 
business.  Bacon. 

2.  In  literature,  the  act  of  inventing  or  combining 
ideas,  clothing  them  with  words,  arranging  them  in 
order,  and,  in  general,  committing  them  to  paper,  or 
otiierwise  writing  them.     Hence, 

3.  A  written  or  printed  work;  a  writing,  pam- 
phlet, or  book.  .Addison. 

4.  in  viitsic,  the  act  or  art  of  forming  tunes  ;  or  a 
tune,  song,  anthem,  air,  or  other  musical  piece. 

5.  The^state  of  being  placed  together;  union; 
conjunction ;  combination. 

Coniempliile  things  first  m  their  simple  natures,  and  then  view 
them  in  composilion.  Walls. 

6.  In  Vte  fine  orts,  that  combination  of  the  several 
parts,  in  which  each  is  presented  in  its  due  propor- 
tion. 

By  composi^on  is  meant  the  distribution  and  orderly  pl«ing  of 
ihing^i,  both  hi  genera!  and  particular.  Dryden. 

1.  Adjustment;  orderly  disposition.  Ben  Jonson 
speaks  of  the  composition  of  gesture,  look,  pronunci- 
ation, and  motion,  in  a  preacher. 

8.  Mutual  agreement  to  terms  or  conditions  for  the 
settlement  of  a  difference  or  controversy. 

Ttiiis  v^e  are  agreed ; 
I  cnve  OTir  composilion  may  be  wrilten.  Shak. 

9.  Mutual  agreement  for  the  discharge  of  a  debt, 
on  terms  or  by  means  dilferent  from  those  required 


TCiVE,  BULL,  tJNITE.  —  AN"GER,  VI^CIOUS.— €  as  K  ;  6  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


COM 


COM 


by  the  otiirinn' 
nn-iii  uf  a  dii: 


61V 


en.  in  li  u 


'.ntn't,  'T  by  liw,  «a  by  the  pay- 
by  niaktni!  oUicr  coni- 
■  '|Kit  J,  or  cuinpenisition 


un  of  bank- 


.)  Shak. 
1  11  complex 

.\Viffftii 


A  bar.;,:..,-.  ^  """"' 

ruplcy,  or  by  ' 
lu.  ConsiaU ' 
11.  Tbe  act  t:  -, 

idea  or  conception  •.  upiK«it.l  to  .i«*i.';/.> 

li  'I'lie  JoininK  of  two  worila  in  a  coni|>onnil,  as 
in  Jocit-ciuf ;  ortiio  act  of  forinins  a  wonl  Willi  a 
profii  or  artil,  wliicli  varies  In  signification  ;  as,  rc- 
luni,  from  turn  ;  preconcert,  from  concert ;  mllcss,  from 
enil. 

13.  The  synthetical  inotliod  of  reasoning ;  s>-n- 
Iliesis;  a  nifthtid  of  rcasoiiins  from  known  or  ndiuit- 
ted  truths  or  principles,  as  Iruiii  axiuins  postulates, 
or  propositions  previously  demonstrated,  and  Iruui 
Ilie4  dVducini;  a  clear  knoniedsc  of  the  thing  to  be 
proved  ;  or  the  act  of  collecting  sciittered  parts  of 
knowledge,  and  combining  thcni  into  a  system,  so 
that  the  understanding  is  enabled  distinctly  to  follow 
truth  tUrough  its  dillercnl  stages  ol  gradation.  1  Ins 
method  of  rcasonilia  is  opposed  to  aaa/i/sts,  or  rcsolu- 
Iiuo.  It  begins  Willi  first  principles,  and,  by  a 
train  of  rexsonin;  from  them,  deduces  the  proposi- 
tion«  or  truths  sought.  Composition,  or  syntAesis,  pro- 
ceeds by  collecting  or  combining  ;  analysL!,  otresola- 
tioa,  by  separating  or  unfolding.      Harris.    Ennjc. 

U.  In  »ri.ilm",  the  act  of  setting  types  or  charac- 
ters in  the  com;;o,.iiijr-siici-,  to  form  lines,  and  of  ar- 
ransing  the  lines  in  a  galUy,  to  make  a  column  or 
page,  and  from  this  to  make  a  form. 

15.  lu  cAcmislru,  the  combination  of  dilrercnt  sub- 

..  ,„  .^.  „r  substances  of  different  natures,  by  affln- 

;!i  which  results  a  compound  substance,  dif- 

a  properties  from  either  of  tbe  componeut 

I  ....    Thus  icoJcr  is  a  comjjosition  of  hydrogen  and 

o.\ygen,  which  are  Invisible  gases. 

IG.  Composition  (^forces,  in  mccliznics,  is  the  finding 
of  a  single  force  which  sli.-.ll  be  eiiu.-U  to  two  or  more 
given  forces  when  acting  in  given  directions.  7/cicrt. 
17.  Coni;>osiIi'i">  of  frojiortion,  in  maVilinolics,  is 
when,  of  four  proportionals,  tlie  sum  of  the  first  and 
sicuiid  is  to  the  second  as  the  sum  of  the  third  and 
l".urUi  to  the  fourth.  Barlow. 

eo.M-POS'I-TIVE,    a.     CompoiinJcd ;    having    the 

power  of  conrpounding  or  comixwins 
eOJI-l'llS'l-TOIt,  n.    In  printing,  one  who  sets  types, 
and  makes  up  the  |>ages  and  furins. 
2.  One  who  sets  in  order. 
CO.MPOS-SF.J'i^'OR,  n.    A  joint  iwssessor. 
.  ,  ,M  l'ii>'SI-BLE,  0.  [con  and  possiWc.l    Consistent, 
.i]  Cnillingworth, 

■sT,  n.  Jit.   compoatai   L.  compositam. 
,    ,f„-..^.    See  Compose.] 

in  aarieuUurc,  a  mixture  or  composition  of  various 
manuring  subsUinccs  for  fertiliiing  land.  Compost 
may  be  made  by  almost  every  animal  and  vegetable 
sub'si;ince  in  nature,  with  lime  or  other  earthy 
matter.  .       ,       ,  .       , 

■•    \  miiture  or  composition  for  plasienng  houses, 
\  called  eompo.  Smart, 

'<T,v.t.    To  manure  with  compa'Jt.  jBacon. 
t    :;  ;  Li.ST'i;iU;,  ti.    Soil;  manure.    [^Tol  used.] 

S!tok. 
eO.M-PoS'IJRE,  (kom-po'zliur,)  n.     [Sec  Compose.] 
1.  The  act  of  composing,  or  that  which  is  com- 
posed ;  a  composition ;  a.s,  a  form  of  prayer  of  pub- 
lic composure;  a  hasty  composure. 

In  tbe  compiiurn  of  men,  mncinber  you  arp  a  man.     tl'all*. 

In  this  u!!C,thii  word  has  given  way  toCoMPoaiTiow. 
S>.  Composition  ;  combination  ;  arrangement ;  or- 
der.    [Little  used.] 

Froin  tbe  rariiiui  eompoturit  o(  thCK  eorp(ucI?i,  happen  all 
me  Tarietit«  of  tofica  fcjnnwl  oalof  them.       Weoiuterd. 

3.  The  form,  adjustment,  or  disiwsiiion  of  the  va- 
rious parts. 

In  eompomrt  of  hU  face, 

LireU  a  tiir  but  nianly  grur.  Crashau. 

The  outwanl  form  and  compontrt  of  tbe  toJy.  Duppa. 

4.  Frame ;  make  ;  tcmpeniincnt. 

flu  eompoaurc  inu*t  t«!  rir."  ImleH, 

Whom  thcaethinp  cannot  hlemiiii.  Shak. 

5.  A  settled  stale  of  the  mind  ;  sedatcness  j  calm- 
ness ;  tranquillity. 

When  th?  imaaiona  am  illent,  the  mln<t  cnjoya  lu  nvoat^per^ct 
eompoaura.  WaUt. 

(T/iis  u  the  most  common  use  of  tins  irorit.] 

6.  Agreement ;  settlement  of  ditference" ;  compo- 
sition.    [Little  used.] 

The  tr^ly  at  DxbfWje  Jare  the  GilrM  Iiopea  of  a  happy  «>in- 
poture.  ^ng  CAdrtea. 

€OM-PO-TA'TIO\,  n.      [L.  eompotatio ;  con  and  po- 
tatio,  from  poto,  to  drink. j 
The  act  of  drinking  or  tippling  together. 

Brown.     Philips. 


COM'PO-TA-TOB,  it.    One  who  drinks  with  another. 
I  Pope. 

eOM-POUND',  r.  L     [L.  compono:  con  and  pono,  to 

set  or  put ;  t"p.  eoiaponer ;  IL  comporre,  for  componere ; 

Port,  ciripir.)  ,.      .    • 

1.  To  mil  or  unite  two  or  more  ingredients  in  one 
mass  or  body  ;  as,  to  c<mi;<iriiniJ  drugs. 

Wh<yret  eon>pcunltl>i  any  lite  It,  ahall  be  eul  oI  from  hli 

jieople.  —  Cx.  xax. 
S.  To  unite  or  combine. 


We  : 


'  .ind  oompounSng  Imarra  Into 
Adaiien. 


2.  'i\  .ilutc.     [JVbt  ujcd.]     Shak. 

i.  In  .■,./.rn.:r,  i,>  mute  iwo  or  morc  words;  to 
form  Olio  word  of  iwo  or  more. 

5.  To  scUle  amicably  ;  to  adjust  by^agrcerae^rit  ■  — 
a  difference  or  controversy 


from 


Bacon.     S!iak. 

[In  Uiii sen.ie  ice  noic  use  Compose.! 

C.  To  pay  by  agreement ;  to  discharge,  as  a  debt, 
by  paying  a  purl,  or  giving  an  equivalent  dinVronl 
from  that  stipulated  or  renuired ;  as,  to  compound 

But  we  now  use,  morc  generally,  to  corajiouitd  iciUi. 
fSce  the  verb  intrnnsitivc.] 

7'u  eompouiidfdonu,  is  for  a  person  robbed  to  take 
the  goods  again,  or  other  coiupons,ation,  upon  an 
agreement  not  to  pro.secutc  the  thief  or  robber.  Tliis 
offense  is,  by  the  laws  of  England,  punishable  by 
fine  and  imprisonment.  Blackstone. 

eO>I-POUNU',  r.  i.  To  agree  upon  concession  ;  to 
come  to  terms  of  agrceiucnt,  by  abating  something 
of  the  first  demand  ;  followed  by/ur  before  the  thing 
accei>tcti  or  reiiiitlcd. 

Thrv  were  rl.ii!  lo  compound  for  bis  bare  eommilmcnt  to  llic 
'Tower.  C'arenifon. 

2.  To  bargain  in  the  lump ;  lo  agree  ;  followed  by 
with. 

Compound  leilA  Ihia  fellow  by  Ihc  year.  Sliak. 

3.  To  come  to  terms,  by  granting  something  on 
each  side  ;  to  agree. 

Coni»a!l  compounded  lo  fonibh  ten  oxen  for  tlilrty  poundj. 

PanueUui  and  liU  admiren  ha«e  compourded  with  the  Galcii- 
Ul«.  an<i  broozht  into  nractioa  a  mixed  uie  of  chemical  mctl- 
Idnc  Temple. 

A.  To  settle  with  a  creditor  by  agreement,  and 
disch.argc  a  iltbt  bv  paying  a  part  of  its  amount ;  or 
to  make  an  agreciiient  to  pay  a  debt  by  means  or  in 
a  manner  dill'erent  from  that  sllpulaled  or  required 
by  law.  A  bankrupt  may  compound  with  his  creditors 
for  ten  shillings  on  the  pound,  or  fifty  cents  on  the 
dollar.  A  man  may  eompouiul  toith  a  parson  to  pay  a 
sum  of  money  in  lieu  of  titlics.  [See  CoMrosiTio.i, 
No.  9.]  ,       , 

To  compound  Kith  a  felon,  is  to  take  the  goods 
stolen,  or  other  amends,  upon  an  agreement  not  to 
prosecute  him.  Blackstone. 

eoM'POU.N'D,  0.  Composed  of  two  or  more  ingre- 
dients. 

Compound  aubttaneea  are  made  up  of  two  or  more  limplc 
lotolancea.  "'»"•• 

2.  In  grummar,  composed  of  two  or  morc  words. 
Ink-stand,  ieritin;^-desk,  carelessness,  are  compound 
words. 

3.  In  botany,  a  compound  jloxcr  is  a  species  of  ag- 
gregate flower,  containing  several  florets,  inclosed 
in  a  common  perianth,  on  a  common  receptacle, 
with  the  anthers  connected  in  a  cylinder,  as  in  the 
sunflower  and  dandelion.  .Vartim.     Harris. 

A  compound  stem,  is  one  that  divides  into  branches. 

A  compound  leaf,  connects  several  leaflets  in  one 
petiole,  called  a  emnmon  petiole. 

A  compound  raceme,  is  composed  of  several  lace- 
mulcs  or  small  racemes. 

A  eompouiul  spike,  is  composed  of  several  spicules 
or  spikelets. 

.\  compound  corymb,  is  formed  of  several  small 
corymbs. 

A  compound  umbel,  is  one  which  has  all  its  rays  or 
peduncles  bearing  unibcllules,  or  small  umbels,  at 
the  top. 

A  compound  fructification,  consists  of  several  con- 
fluent florets  :  opposed  to  simple. 

4.  Compound  iiKcrct,  is  interest  upon  interest; 
when  the  interest  of  a  sum  is  added  to  the  principal, 
and  then  bears  interest ;  or  when  the  interest  of  a 
sum  is  put  upon  interest. 

5.  Compound  motion,  is  lliat  which  is  effected  by 
two  or  more  conspiring  powers,  acting  in  different 
but  not  in  opposite  directions.  Barloio. 

6.  Compound  or  Composite  number,  is  that  which 
may  be  divided  by  some  oilier  number  greater  than 
unity,  without  a  remainder;  as  13,  which  m.ay  be 
tliviiied  by  2,  (i  and  9. 

7.  Compound  ratio,  is  that  which  the  product  of  the 
anteceilents  of  two  ttr  more  ratios  has  to  the  product 
of  their  consequents.  Thus  G  to  72  is  in  a  ratio  com- 
pounded of  2  to  I),  and  of  3  to  12.  Day. 

8.  Compound  ipiantity  ;  m  algebra,  a  quantity  com- 
posed of  two  or  more  simple  quantities  or  terms,  con- 
nected by  the  sign  +  (plus,)  or  —  (minus.)  Thus 
a-irb  —  e,  and  bb  —  b,  are  compound  tiuantities.  Day. 

9.  Compound  larceny,  is  that  which  is  accompanied 


COM 

with  llie  agjtravation  of  taking  goods  from  one'i 
house  or  pt'r?oii.  lilacki^tvne, 

10.  Ci/inpuund  time;  in  music^  a  tciiii  a[t))lird  to 
llHise  v:iriclit-'S  of  time  in  which  each  iiu;L-4tire  is 
divided  imo  siJC  equnl  parls.  T.  Ho-ytm^s. 

€0M'1*0U.VD,  n.  A  ma^s  or  body  rrnnd  l.y  the 
union  or  mixture  tf  two  or  more  inErrtilifiiU  *tr  dif- 
ferent suUstuicus ;  Ihe  result  of  coni|»o.^itiun.  Mor- 
tar U  a  compound  of  lime,  Band,  and  water. 

Man  U  A  compound  of  Gi-th  nnU  •firil.  Savik, 

2.  In  thr  East  Indies,  a  yard  round  a  hiiitding;  a 
comijuion  of  tlic  Portuguese  word  campania. 

€OM-rOU.\U'A-HLE,  a.  Capable  of  beinir  com- 
iHiundi-d.  Shervoi'd. 

eOM-POUNn'ED,  pp.  Made  up  of  diflVrcnt  male- 
rials;  mixed  ;  formed  by  union  of  two  or  ninrt-  mih- 
slances. 

€O.M-roUND'ER,  n.  One  who  coinpouiida  or  mixci 
diflerent  thini;s. 

2.  One  who  aUempts  to  bring  parties  to  terms  of 
agreement.     [Littie  med.]  SwifL 

3.  One  who  compounds  with  a  debtor  or  fclun. 

4.  One  at  a  university  who  pays  cxtnmrdiiiarj* 
fee:*,  accordiiig  to  bis  mean^,  for  the  degree  he  tti  lo 
take.  Smart, 

€OM-POUND'ING,  ppr.  Uniting  diflerent  f:ub:<tances 
in  one  body  or  mass  ;  forming  a  mixed  body  ;  nfin-e- 
ing  by  c*>n cession,  or  abatement  of  dcmanils ;  ilis- 
cliarging  a  debt  by  agreement  to  pay  IeS8  than  tbe 
original  sum,  or  in  a  diflerent  nKtimer. 
eOM-rKE-CA'TIOX,  n.     f  L.  con  and  precatio.] 

A  praving  logf^ther.     [Little  u^ed.] 
€OM-FKlVnE.\U',   V.   t.      [X>.  comprthmdo ;  eon  and 
preJtendOy  to  seize  or  grasp  ;  It.  comprmdere,  pmidrre ; 
Sp.  and  Port,  compreliendery  prendtr:  Fr.  eomprendre, 
"prendre.    Tins  word  is  a  compound  of  llic  Lntiii  ton 
and  pros,  and  the  Saxon  hendan  or  hentan,  to  take  or 
seize  ;  ge-kentan,  id.    Wancc  forehmdy  in  Spenser.] 
Literalttf,  to  take  in  ;  to  take  with,  or  together. 

1.  To  contain  ;  to  include  ;  to  comprise. 

Tlie  empire  of  Great  Britiln  eomprthendM  EngUnJ,  ScotlanJ, 
und  Ireland,  willi  their  ilcp^mleiiciirt. 

2.  To  imply  ;  to  contain  or  include  by  implication 
or  construction. 

If  llurc  be  any  other  commandment,  il  [i  briefly  comprelundti 
ill  ihis  Myios,  Thou  iliuUIofe  thy  iieiglttwr  u  OtyMlf.— 
nom.  xiii. 

3.  To  understand ;  to  conceive ;  that  is,  to  take, 
Iiold,  or  contain  in  the  mind  ;  to  possess  or  to  have 
in  iilea ;  according  to  the  popular  phrase,  "  1  tnkt 
your  meaning." 

Go  J  (loelh  great  Ihinji,  which  we  can  nol  eomprthtnd,—Jt^ 

xxxvit. 
It  Lf  not  olwny*  nfc  lo  diabe1)<--ve  a  propoiition  or  |BUtemenl, 

bacatis'j  wf  do  not  comprthttid  it. 

eOM-PRE-HEND'ED,  pp.  Contained  ;  included  ;  im- 
plied ;  understood. 

euM-PItE-HEXP'ING,  p;?r.  Including  ;  comprising; 
und<Mst:inding  ;  implying. 

eOM-FRE-HEX'SIULE,  a.     [L.  compriliensibitis.] 
1.  That  may  be  comprehended  or  included  ;  pos- 
sible to  be  comprised. 

9.  Capable  of  being  understood  ;  intelligible ;  con- 
ceivable by  thn  mind. 

eOM-PUE-HEN'SI-BLE-XlvSS,  n.  Capability  of  be- 
ing undcr-Ufod.  .More. 

€OM-PKE-IIEX'SI-IiL.Y,  adr.  With  great  extent  of 
embrace,  or  comprehension  ;  with  large  extent  of 
signification ;  in  a  manner  to  comprehend  a  large 
circuit. 

The  wordi  wisdcm  and  righicoiunfis'hre  commonlv  m-  I  ntj 
eomprehcneiotly,  sons  lo  •tgnify  all  religion  «tt'l_  v  ii  ir. 


This  word  is    rarely  used.     [See    Compbehew- 

8IVELV.1 

€OiM-PRT*:-IIEX'SlOX,  ti.    [L.  comprehens'w.] 

The  act  or  quality  of  comprehending  or  contain- 
ing ;  a  comprising. 

Ill  the   Old  Tosument  there  U  a  clote  compr<hention  of  the 
Scio;  ill  the  .Veo,  an  open  discovery  of  di;  Old.  Hooker. 

9,  An  including  or  containing  within  a  narrow 
compass ;  a  summary ;  an  epitome  or  compund. 

Tlili  WM<  nnd  nlipoita  Aphoriatn,  in  die  text,  b  the  xim  knd 
comprehenilon  of  all  the  logreilienU  of  human  fajpr'"?"' 

3.  Capacity  of  the  mind  to  understand  ;  power  of 
the  nndtrsilanding  to  rec^iivc  and  contain  idc:is  ;  ca- 
pacity of  knowing;  as,  the  nature  t;f  spirit  is  not 
within  our  comprehension. 

4.  In  rhetoric^  a  trope  or  figure,  by  which  the  name 
of  a  whol^:  is  put  for  a  part,  or  that  of  a  p:irt  for  a 
whole,  or  a  definite  number  for  an  indefinite. 

Harris. 

€0^[-PRE-nEN'SIVE,  a.  Ilavinglhe  quality  of  com- 
prising much,  or  incliidln*;  a  great  extent ;  extenwive ; 
as,  a  comprehensive  cirarlly;  a  camprchcniivr  viow. 
It  Poems  sometimes  to  convey  tlie  sense  of  compre- 
hending much  in  a  small  compass. 

9.  Having  tlie  power  to  comprehend  cr  unnerftnna 
many  thincs  at  once;  ^,ZLCOfnprehenA-ive  hexi^X.  Pope. 

COM-PRE-IIEX'SIVE-T-V,  €iJr.  In  a  comprehens-ve 
manner;  with  ereat  extent  of  embrace 

C0M-PRE-lIEX'^I\X-XE.-::5,  n.    The  quality  of  bc- 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PRgY.— PL\E,  MAR1XE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK. - 


JW8 


COM 

ing  comprehensive,  or  of  inchuling  much  extent ;  as, 
the  cctnprehensiveufss  of  a  view. 

2.  Tlie  quality  uf  including  much  in  a  few  words, 
or  narrow  compass 

Coinp.ir«  ihc  beauty   and   eomprehenshentsa   of  legend*  on 
ajiCKOl  coiu*.  Jj^ton. 

eOM-PKE-HEN'POR,  n.  One  who  has  obtained 
knowledge.   ~[,Yot  in  use]  Hall. 

€OM-rRES-nY-TE'RI-AL,  fl.  Pertaining  to  tlie  Pres- 
b}-terian  form  of  ecclesiastical  ministration.   JUilutn. 

eOM-PUESS',  r.  (.  [L.  eomprcssica,  eomprima ;  con 
and  premo,  pressus,  to  press.  But  the  verb  preitw  and 
participle  prcssus  may  bs  from  different  roots.  Fr. 
presscr :  D.  prcssen ;  Sp.  apretar^  and  prensar.  See 
Press.] 

1.  To  press  together  by  extemaJ  *brce;  to  force, 
urge,  or  drive,  into  a  narrower  comiiais ;  to  crowd ; 
as,  to  compress  air. 

The  wfig^ht  of  a  ibousand  almasptieres  nciU  cotnpntt  wMer 
ixel*e.-u)i»  half  per  cent.  Perkins. 

2.  To  embrace  carnally.  Pope. 

3.  To  crowd  j  to  bring  within  narrow  limits  or 
space. 

Erenis  of  cenlmi'fs — compressed  within  the  conipasa  of  a 
(ififielife.  D.  Vr'ebsUr. 

€0M'PRES5,  n.  In  sur^erij,  a  bolster  of  soft  linen 
cloth,  with  several  folds,  used  by  surgeons  to  cover 
a  plaster  or  dressing,  to  keep  it  in  its  "place,  and  de- 
fend the  part  from  the  external  air,  Enci/c. 

eO.M-PRESS'£D,  (k(im  presi',)  pp.  or  a.  Pressed  or 
squeezed  together ;  forced  into  a  narrow  or  narrower 
compass  J  embraced  carnally. 

2.  In  botanrj,  flatted  ;  having  the  two  opposite  sides 
plane  or  tlat ;  as,  a  campre^^ed  stem.  J^artyn. 

eO-M-PRESS-I-BIL'I-TV,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
compressible ;  the  quality  of  being  capable  of  com- 
pression into  a  smaller  space  or  compass ;  as,  the 
compressibility  of  elastic  fluids,  or  of  any  soft  sub- 
stance. 

eOM-PRESS'I-BLE,  a.  Capable  of  being  forced  or 
driven  into  a  narrower  compass;  as,  clastic  fluids 
are  compressible ;  water  is  compressible  in  a  small 
degree. 

€0M-PRES5'I-BLE-XESS.  n.  Compressibility  i  the 
qualitv  of  beins  compressible. 

€OM-PRESS'L\G,  ppr.    Pressing  tosether. 

€0M-PRE5'S[ON,  (kom-presh'un,)  n.  The  act  of 
compressing,  or  of  pressing  into  a  narrower  compass  ; 
the  act  of  forcing  the  parts  of  a  body  into  closer 
union,  or  dt;nsity,  by  the  application  of  force. 

3.  The  state  of  being  compressed. 
€0M-PRESS'1VE,  a.    Having  pov/er  to  compress. 

SmitJu 

eOM-PRESS'TTRE,  n.  The  act  or  force  of  one  body 
pressing  against  another;  pressure.  Boyle. 

eOM'PRlEST,  H.     A  feUow-priesL     \jXol  in  Jise.] 

MtUon. 

COMPRINT',  r.  t.  [See  Peint.]  To  print  together. 
It  is  taken,  in  latc^  for  the  deceitful  printing  of 
another's  copy  or  book,  to  the  prejudice  of  the  pro- 
prietor.    [i-'Wie  used.}  Philips. 

COMPRINT, «.  The  surrepititious  printing  of  a  work 
belonging  to  another  ;  a  work  thus  printed.     Smart. 

COM-PillS'AL,  n.  The  act  of  comprising  or  coinfire- 
hendins.  Barrow. 

COM-PRISE',  V.  L  [Fr.  compris^  participle  of  com- 
prendre:  L.  comprehtnda.     See  Comprehend.] 

To  comprehend  ;  to  contain ;  to  include ;  as,  the 
substance  of  a  discourse  may  be  comprised  in  a  few 
words. 

CO.M-PRTS'ED,  pp.    Comprehended  ;  contained. 

€0M-PRIS'ING,  ppr.  Containing;  Including;  com- 
prehendin?. 

€OM'PRO-BaTE,  v.  L  To  agree  in  approving;  to 
concur  in  testimony.  EUjoL 

COM-PRO-Ba'TION,  n,      [L.  eoinprohaiio^  comprobo ; 
COR  and  prvbOf  to  prove.] 
Proof;  joint  attestation.     [Little  used.]     Brmen. 

€JOM'PRO-.MTSE,  ti.  [L.  compTomvisiimy  from  com- 
promitto,  to  give  bond  to  stand  to  an  awjird  ;  co7i  and 
pro.itUto,  to  promise  ;  It.  compromesso ;  Fr.  comprontis ; 
Sp.  eompromiso.    See  PaoMisE.] 

1.  A  mutual  promise  or  contract  of  two  parties  in 
controversy,  to  refer  their  difl*erences  to  the  decision 
of  arbitrators. 

9.  An  amicable  agreement  between  parties  in  con- 
troversy, to  settle  their  diflerences  by  mutual  con- 
cessions. 

3.  Mutual  agreement ;  adjustment.  Judge  Chipman. 

[This  is  it'  }isual  si<miJication.} 
eoM'PRO-MISE,  c.  t.    To  adjust  and  settle  a  differ- 
ence by  mutual  agreement,   with    concessions    of 
claims  by  the  parties ;   to  compound. 

2.  To  agree  ;  to  accord.  Shak. 

3.  To  commit ;  to  put  to  hazard  ;  to  pledge  by 
some  act  or  declaration.  Smart. 

[la  this  seitsCj  see  Compromit,  icfticA  is  generally 

vse/i.] 
€0.M'PR0-!NrS-ED,  (kom'pro-mizd,)  pp.    Settled  by 

agreement,  witji  mutual  concessions. 
eOM'PRO-Mls-ER,  n.    One  who  compromises. 
€0M'PR0-Mrs-ING,  ppr.    Adjusting  by  agreement. 


COM 

eOM-PRO-MIS-So'RI-AIi,  a.  Relating  to  a  compro- 
mise. CfuUmers. 

€OM'PRO-M1T,  V.  L  [Fr.  cojnpromcUre ;  It.  compro- 
mettere;  Sp.  eomproineter ;  L.  compromitto;  cam  and 
promitto^  to  promise.] 

3.  To  pledge  or  engage,  by  some  act  or  declaration, 
which  may  not  be  a  direct  promise,  but  which  ren- 
ders necessary  some  future  act.    Hence, 

2.  To  put  to  hazard,  by  some  previous  act  or 
measure,  which  cannot  be  recalled  :  as,  to  compromit 
the  honor  or  the  safety  of  a  nation. 

€0M'PR0-MIT-ED,  pp.  Pledged  by  some  previous 
act  or  declaration. 

CO.M'PRO-MJT-I^G,  ppr.  Pledging;  exposing  to 
hazard. 

CO.M-PRO-VIN'CIAL,  (-shal,)  n.    [con  and  provincial.] 
One  belonging  to  the  same  province  or  archiepis- 
copal  jurisdiction.  Ayliffe. 

eOMPT,  (kount,)  n.     [Fr.  compte,  from  cornputo.] 
Account ;  computation.     [Oi.v.]  Shal:. 

COMPT,  r.  t.    To  compute.     [O&^.J     [See  Coust.] 

COMPT,  a.     [li.  compttis.]    Neat ;  spruce.    [.Voi  used.] 

COMPT'I-BLE,  (kount'e-bl,)  a.  Accountable  ;  sub- 
ject;  submissive      [Of>s.]  Shak. 

COMPT'LY,  flfft'.     Neatly.     [jVoM'a  «5?.]     Siicncood. 

COMPT'NESS,  71.    Neatness.    [jVj:  m  it,e.]  Sherwood. 

COMP'TON-ITE,  n.  A  mineral  from  Vesuvius,  iden- 
tical with  Tlunnsanite,  which  see. 

eOMP-TRoLL',  (kon-tr6l'.)  See  Control,  the  Uue 
spplling. 

eOM-PUL'SA-TIVE,     )  a.    [L.  compiilsusy  from  eom- 

eO.M-PUL'SA-TO-RY,  \  pcllo  ;  Low  L.  compulso. 
See  Compel.] 

Compelling;  forcing;  constraining;  operating  by 
force.  Sltak. 

C05i-PUL'SA-TIVE-LY,a^y.  By  constraint  or  com- 
pulsion. 

eO.M-PtrL'SION,Ti.   [LowL.compiJ^io.  See  Compel.] 
1.  The  act  of  driving  or  urging  by  force,  physiciil 
or  moral;  force  applied;  constraint  of  the  will;  the 
application  of  a  force  that  is  irresistible. 

If  reasoa*  were  as  i.lenty  as  blackberries,  I  woulJ  ^ive  no  maa 
a  reason  on  computsion.  Ska!:, 

A  aian  is  excused  (ir  acu  <!oiie  through  unavoidable  foice  and 
campi^tsion.  Bicckslone. 

9.  The  state  of  being  compelled  or  urged  by 
violence. 

CO.M-PUL'SIVE,  a.  Having  power  to  compel;  driv- 
ing ;  forcing ;  constraining  ,  applying  force  ;  as,  uni- 
formity of  opinions  cannot  be  elfecled  by  compulsive 
measures. 

eOM-PUL'SIVE-LY,  adc.    Bv  comp'ilsion  ;  by  force. 

eO:\I-PUL'SIVE-NESS,  n.     Force;  compulsion. 

eOM-PUL'30-RI-LY,  adv.  In  a  compulsory  manner ; 
bv  force  or  constraint. 

eOM-PUL'SO-RY,  n.  Having  the  power  or  quality  of 
compelling;  applying  force;  driving  by  violence; 
constraining. 

Ja  the  correction  of  vicious  propetuities,  it  may  be  iiec«8sary  to 
resort  to  compulsory  meastirea. 

COM-PUNC'TION,  n.  [L.  compmictio,  compungo ;  con 
and  pungo,  to  prick  or  sling;  It.  compunzione^  eom- 
pugnere^  or  compungrre ;  Sp.  compancion ;  Fr.  coinponc- 
tioii.    See  Pungency.] 

1.  A  pricking;  stimulation;  initation;  seldomused 
in  a  literal  sense.  Brown. 

2.  A  pricking  of  heart ;  poignant  grief  or  remorse 
proceeding  from  a  consciousness  of  guilt ;  the  pain 
of  sorrow  or  regret  for  having  offended  God,  and  in- 
curred his  wrath  ;  the  sting  of  conscience  proceeding 
from  a  conviction  of  having  violated  a  moral  duty. 

He  acknowledf'il  his  disloyah/  to  liie  king,  \vi:h  expressions 
of  sroat  compunction..  Clarendon. 

COM-PUNC'TION-LESS,  a.  Not  feeling  compunc- 
tion. 

CO.M-PUNC'TIOUS,  (kom-punk'shus,)  a.  Pricking 
the  conscience ;  giving  pain  for  offenses  committed. 

I>et  no  compuncdous  viiitiug's  of  nature 

Sdafee  my  (ell  purpose.  Sliak. 

COM-PUNC'TIVE,  c     Causing  remorse.     Johnson. 

€OM-Pu'PIL,  Ji.    A  fellow-pupU.     [Little  itssd.] 

Walton. 

COM-PUR-Ga'TION,  n.  [L.  compurgo  ;  con  and  pur- 
go,  to  purify.] 

In  law,  the  act  or  practice  of  justifying  a  man  by 
the  oath  of  others,  who  swear  to  their  beUef  of  his 
veracity ;  wager  of  law,  in  which  a  man,  who  has 
given  security  to  make  his  law,  brings  into  court 
eleven  of  his  neighbors,  and  having  made  oath  him- 
self that  he  does  not  owe  the  plaintiff,  the  eleven 
neighbors,  called  compurgators y  avow  on  their  oaths 
that  they  believe  in  their  consciences  he  has  affirmed 
the  truth.  Blackstone. 

COM-PL'R-Ga'TOR,  n.  One  who  bears  testimony  or 
swears  to  the  veracity  or  innocence  of  another.  [See 
CompurgationJ 

COiM-PtJT'A-BLE,  c.  [See  Compute.]  Capable  of 
bs-'in?  computed,  numbered,  or  reckoned.         JTalc. 

eO-M-PC-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  compntatie,  from  computo. 
See  CoMPL-TE.] 

1.  The  act  of  computing,  numbering,  reckoning,  or 
estimating;  the  process  by  which  difterent  sums  or 
particulars  are  numbered,  estimated,  or  compared, 
with  a  view  to  ascertain  the  amount,  aggregate,  or 


CON 

other  result  depending  on  such  sums  or  particulars. 
We  find  by  comput/ition  the  quantity  of  provisions 
necessary  to  support  an  army  fur  a  year,  and  the 
amount  of  money  to  i)ay  them ;  making  the  ration 
and  pay  of  each  man  the  basis  of  the  computation. 
By  computations  of  time  or  years,  we  ascertain  the 
dates  of  events. 

2.  The  sura,  quantity,  or  amount  ascertained  by 
computing  or  reckoning. 

We  pass  for  women  of  fifty :  many  additional  yean  are  tlirown 
into  female  compuladont  of  ttus  aalore.  Addi*on. 

3.  Calculation. 

COM-PcTE',  V.  t.  [L.  eitmputoj  con  and  puto,  to  lop  or 
prune;  to  think,  count,  reckon  :  to  cast  up-  The 
sense  is  probably  to  cast  or  throw  together.] 

1.  To  number;  to  count;  to  reckon;  lo  cast  to- 
gether several  suras  or  particulars,  to  ascertain  tha 
amount,  aggregate,  or  other  result-  Compute  the  quan- 
tity of  water  that  will  fill  a  vessel  of  certain  dimen- 
sions, or  tliat  will  cover  the  surface  of  tlie  earth.  Com- 
pute the  expenses  of  a  campaign.  Compute  time  by 
weeks  or  days. 

2.  To  cast  or  estimate  in  the  mind ;  lo  estimate  the 
amount  bv  known  or  supposed  data. 

3.  To  calculate. 

COM-POTE',  71.    Computation.    [Xot  med.]  Brorm. 

eOM-PuT'ED,  pp.  Counted  ;  numbered  ;  reckoneil : 
estimated. 

COM-PuT'ER,  n.  One  who  computes  ;  a  reckoner ;  a 
calculator.  Swift. 

eo.M-PuT'ING,  ppr.  Counting ;  numbering ;  reckon- 
ine;  estimating. 

eOM'PC-TIST,  JI.    A  computer,     frotton.    H.  More. 

eOM'RADE,  71.  [Fr.  camarade;  It.  eamcrata;  Sp.cama- 
rada ;  Port,  cainarada ;  from  camara,  camera^  a  ciiani- 
ber.] 

Literalhj,  one  who  lodges  in  the  same  room.  Hence, 
in  a  more  gena-al  scnscj  a  fallow,  a  mate,  or  compan- 
ion ;  an  associate  in  occupation. 

eOM'RADE-SHIP,  n.    Slate  of  being  comrades. 

COM'UoGUE,  n.    A  fellow-rogue.     [JVot  in  use.] 

B.  Jonson. 

CON,  [with  or  against.]  A  Latin  inseparable  preposi- 
tion or  prefix  to  other  words.  Ainsworth  remarks 
that  con  and  cum  have  the  same  signification,  but  that 
cum  is  used  separately,  and  con  in  composition.  Con 
and  cujfi  may  be  radically  distinct  words.  The  Irish 
comli,  or  coinjiy  is  equivalent  to  the  Latin  con  :  and 
the  VVelsh  cijm,  convertible  into  cyv,  appears  to  be  the 
same  v.'ord,  denoting,  says  Owen,  a  mutual  act,  qual- 
ity, or  effect.  It  is  precisely  equivalent  to  the  Latin 
coiiu,  in  comparoj  compono;  and  tlie  Latin  com^  in  com- 
position, may  be  the  Celtic  com}t  or  cym.  But,  gener- 
ally, it  seems  to  be  con,  changed  into  com.  Ainsworth 
deduces  cu.m  from  the  Greek  cw  ;  for  originally  it  was 
written  cyn.    But  this  is  probably  a  mistake. 

Con  coincides,  in  radical  letters  and  in  significa- 
tion, with  the  Teutonic  gain,  gen,  gean,  igen,  igien, 
in  the  English  again,  against:  Sax.  gcart,  ongean; 
Sw.  igen ;  Dan.  xgien.  Whatever  may  be  its  origin 
or  affinities,  the  primary  sense  of  the  word  is  proba- 
bly from  some  root  that  signifies  to  vicet  or  oppose,  or 
turn  and  meet ;  to  approach  to,  or  to  be  with.  This 
is  the  radical  sense  of  most  prepositions  of  the  like 
import.  [See  the  English  With.  Agai.v.]  So  in  Irish, 
coinne,  a  meeting ;  os  coinne,  opposite. 

Con,  in  compounds,  is  changed  into  I  before  2,  as  in 
coliigo^  to  collect,  and  into  m  before  a  labial,  as  in 
comparo,  to  compare.  Before  a  vowel  or  /:,  the  n  is 
dropped  ;  as  in  coalesco,  to  coalesce,  to  co-operate  ;  co~ 
hibco,  to  restrain.  It  denotes  union,  as  in  conjoin; 
or  opposition,  as  in  conflict,  contend.  Q.n.  W.  garij 
with. 

CON,  [abbreviated  from  Latin  contra,  againsL]  In  the 
phrase  pro  and  con,  for  and  agamst,  con  denotes  the 
negative  side  of  a  question.  As  a  noun,  a  person  who 
is  in  the  negative  ;  as,  the  pros  and  cons. 

CON,  V.  t.  [Sax.  cennan,  connan,  cunnan,  to  know,  to 
be  able,  to  be  skillful  or  wise  ;  and  cennan,  to  bear  or 
bring  forth,  Gr.  yewaco;  and  cunnian^  to  tr>",  lo  at- 
tempt, to  prove,  L.  conor;  whence  cunntnr,  skillful, 
experienced,  or  skill,  experience ;  the  latter  word, 
cunnian,  coincides  in  sense  with  Sax.  angimian,  on- 
ginnan,  to  begin,  to  try,  to  attempt,  h.conor.  \}.kni- 
nen,  to  know,  understand,  or  be  acquainted;  hunnf.i, 
to  be  able,  can,  to  know  or  understand,  to  hold  orcon- 
tain ;  the  last  signification  coinciding  with  the  W. 
gunu,  to  contain.  G.  kenjien,  to  know;  and  kUnneny 
to  be  able.  Dan.  kan,  to  be  able,  pret.  kunde,  whence 
kund..ikab,  knowledge,  skill,  experience.  Sw.  kanna^ 
to  know ;  kuna,  to  be  able,  to  be  skilled,  to  know. 
The  primarj^  sense  is,  to  strain  or  stretch,  which  gives 
the  sense  of  strength,  power,  as  in  can,  and  of  hold- 
ing, containing,  comprehending  ;  as,  contain,  from  con-  ; 
tineo,  teneo,  Gr.  rstvc^y,  L.  tendS.  And  this  significa- 
tion connects  these  words  with  gin,  in  its  compounds, 
begin.  Sax.  beginnan,  anginnan,  &c.,  to  strain,  to  lr>", 
to'stretch  for\vard  and  make  an  effbrt ;  also  with  the 
Gr.  yevvaoi,  h.gi<rnor,to  beget,  or  to  bring  forth.  See 
Class  Gn,  No.  29,  36,  40,  4-3,  45,  53.  In  the  sense  of 
know,  eon  signifies  to  hold  or  to  reach.] 
1.  To  know.     [Obs.] 

Of  muses,  Hobbiijol,  1  eortne  no  e'-;';;1.  Spinser. 


TONT:,  BfJLL,  qNITE.  — AN"GER,  AT'CIOUS.  — €  as  K ;  G  aa  J ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  Sil ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

^39 


CON 

"  I  Mliull  not  eonae  anawtr."    I  shall  not  know  or 

be  «lilc  to  niiswtT.  Chauerr. 

2.  To  iimke  one*))  si-lf  master  of;  to  Hx  in  the  miniJ, 

_r  C4unfnit  to  memorj*  \  as,  to  con  a  Ii'sstm. 

Milton      Holder. 
To  con  tManks;  to  be  pleaded  or  obliccd.or  to  thank 

[  Obi.  ]  Chaucer.     S/t^ik. 

COJ\'  A-M^HE,  rit.1    \Vith  love  or  pleaaiire. 
€0-.\A'TUS,  n.     [U]     Erturt ;  attempt.  Paicy. 

2.  The  tendency  of  a  body  toward  any  point,  or  to 

pursue  \U  C(»tirs^  in  the  same  lincufdlrvctiun.  Paley. 
€ON-eAM'EK-ATE,  r.  (.     [U  conecmero,  to  arch;  con 

and  eaineroy  an  arch,  arched  roof,  or  chamber.] 
To  nrch  over ;  to  vault ;  to  lay  a  concave  over  ;  as, 

a  amcainerated  bone.  Orcv. 

€ON-CAM'EK-A-TED,  pp.    Arched  over. 
€ON'-CAM-EK-A'TION,  n.    An  arching;  anarch  or 

vault ;  an  arched  chamber.  Glancille, 

CON-GAT'E-NaTE,  v.  t.     [It.  eoncatenare^  to  link  to- 

gellier  ;  concatenate ;  Low  L.  concatenatus ;   con  and 

catena,  a  chain  ;  Sp.  eoncadenary  and  encadenar^  from 

eadena.  Ft.  cadene,  a  chain.] 
To  link  together;  to  tmite  in  a  successive  scries  or 

chain,  as  ihinps  de[>ending  on  each  other.    Harris. 
CON-C'AT'E-Na-TED,  pp.     Linked  together;  united 

in  a  series. 
CO\-€AT'E-NA-TING,  ppr.    Linking  together  in  a 

(ieries. 
CON-GAT-E-NA'TION,  n.    A  series  of  links  united  ; 

a  succesaive  scries  or  order  of  things  connected  or 

dependinitoneach  other;  as,aforn:af(7irtti>;iof  causes. 
€ON-€AUSE',  »!.  Joint  cause,  [.mn  tucd.]  Futherby. 
CON-eA-VA'TIOX,  It.    [See  Cowcave.]     The  act  of 

makiiij;  concave. 
€OiN'€AVE,  a.     [L.  concavus;  con  and  cacus^  hollow. 

See  Cave.] 

1.  Hollow,  .ind  arched  or  rounded,  as  the  inner 
surface  of  a  spherical  body  ;  opposed  to  coiwex;  as,  a 
concave  glaas. 

2.  Hollow,  in  a  general  sense;  as,  the  concave  shores 
of  the  Tiber.  Shak. 

3.  In  boUiny,  a  concave  leaf  is  one  whose  edge  stands 
above  the  disk  Martyn. 

eON'e^  VE,  n.    A  hollow  ;  an  arch,  or  vault ;  as,  the 

ethereal  concave. 
eON'CAVE,  r.  L    To  make  hollow.  Seward. 

eoN'CAV-Kl),  pp.     Made  hollow. 
eOX'eAVE-NESS,  n.     Holluwness. 
eO.N'eA  V-L\G,  ppr.     Making  hollow. 
eO\-eAV'I-TY,  II.     [It  concavUd  ;  Fr.  concavit^j  Sp. 

concavidad.] 
Hollowness ;    the    internal  surface  of  a    hollow 

spherical  body,  or  a  body  of  other  figure  -,   or  the 

space  within  such  body.  Wvtton, 

eO.N'-eA'VO-eOX'CAVE,  a.    concave  or  hollow  on 

both  surfaces. 
€0.N-€A'VO-eO\'VEX,  a.    Concave  on  one  side, 

and  convex  on  the  other.     [See  Comvex.] 
CON-€a'VOUj?,  a.    [L.  concaviis.]     Concave,  which 

€ON-€A'VOUS-LY,  adv.  With  hollowness ;  in  a 
manner  to  discover  the  internal  surface  of  a  hollow 
sphere. 

eo\-C  ic.A,L',  V.  t.  [Low  L.  concelo :  con  and  eelo^  to  with- 
hold from  sight ;  Sax.  helan,  Aj?/uh,  gehalan,  gchclan^  to 
heal  and  to  conceal ;  G.A£A/en,to  conceal,  and  A«i7m,  to 
heal ;  D.  herlen,  to  heal  and  to  conceal ;  Dan.  hiCl«r,  to 
conceal ;  W.  c(r/u,  to  hide;  Fr.  celer;  It.  celarc ;  Sp. 
callavy  to  keep  silence,  to  dissemble,  to  abate,  to 
grow  calm  ;  Port,  ealar.  to  conceal  or  keep  close,  to 
pull  or  let  down  ;  "  caia  a  boca,"  liold  your  peace  ; 
also  intransitive,  to  be  still  or  quiet,  to  keep  silence  ; 
coinciding  in  origin  with  ichoU^  all^  holy,  Iwld,  &.c. 
The  primary  sense  is  to  strain,  hold,  stop,  resiniin, 
moke  fast  or  strong,  all  from  the  same  root  as  the 

Sheraitic  Si3,  wSa,  ^k^D,  Ti^TS  kaleoy  Or.  jtwAuw. 
Class  Gl,  \o.  S>,  30.] 

1.  To  keep  close  or  secret;  to  forbear  to  disclose  ; 
to  withhold  from  utterance  or  decku^tion ;  as,  to 
conceal  one's  thoughts  or  opinions. 

I  have  not  conctaUd  (he  word*  or  the  Holy  One.  —  Job  vl. 

2.  To  hide ;  to  withdraw  from  ob:«;r\'ation ;  lo 
cover  or  keep  from  sigiit;  as,  a  party  of  men  con- 
cealed themselves  behind  a  wall ;  a  mask  conctah 
the  face. 

VV'bftt  profit  b  it  If  wc  bUj  our  brother  and  conceal  hia  blood  i 
Geo.  xxjtvii. 

€ON-CSAL'A-BLE,  a.  That  raay  be  concealed,  hid, 
or  kept  close.  Brown. 

CO.V-CeAL'^D,  (kon-«eeId',)  pp.  or  n.  Kept  close 
or  secret ;  hid  ;  withdrawn  from  sight ;  covered. 

€0N-CSAL'ED-LY,  adv.    So  as  not  to  be  detected. 

€ON-Ce.VL'ED-NESS,  n.  A  state  of  being  concaled. 

COX-CeAL'ER,  n.  One  who  conceals  ;  as,  the  con- 
cfoler  of  a  crime.  Clarendon. 

GOX-CeAL'IXG,  ppr.  Keeping  close  or  secret;  for- 
bearing to  disclose  ;  hiding  ;  covering. 

€OX-Ce.\L'ING,  tu  a  hiding;  a  withholding  from 
disclosure. 

eON-C£AL'MEX"r,  n.    Forbearance  of  disclosure  ;  a  I 


CON 

keeping  close  or  secret ;  as,  the  concealment  of  opin- 
ions tir  pas.sions. 

2.  'J'he  act  of  hiding,  covering,  or  withdrawing 
from  sight  ;  as,  the  concealment  uf  the  face  by  a  niusk, 
or  of  tlu'  pi-rson  by  any  cover  ur  shelter. 

3.  The  suite  of  bein^-  hid  or  concealed;  privacy  ; 
as,  a  project  fonned  in  concealment. 

4.  The  place  of  hiding;  a  secret  place;  retreat 
from  observation ;  cover  front  sight. 

The  eicft  itre 
OITon  lu  kind  conccalmtnt  lo  n  (ew, 
Th-irfuoil  It*  iiuccu,  and  iu  mou  (heir  ne«tj.        TTiomton. 

eOX-CEDE',  F.  (.  [L.  coHcedo ;  con  and  cedo,  to  yield, 
give  way,  depart,  desist ;  It.  concederCy  cedere  ,■  Sp. 
conceder,  cedcr ;  Fr.  coneeder,  eeder;  Ir.  ceadaighim; 
VV.  gadael,  and  gadaw^  to  quit  or  leave,  to  permit. 
The  preterit  cc^si  indicates  that  this  word  may  be 
from  a  root  in  Class  Gs.  See  that  Class,  Xo.  67, 
Samaritan.     See  also    Class  Gd,  and    Cedb    and 

CONfiB.] 

1.  To  yield  ;  to  admit  as  true,  just,  or  proper ;  to 
grant ;  to  let  pass  undisputed  ;  as,  the  advocate  con- 
cede.<  the  point  in  question  ;  this  must  not  be  conceded 
without  limitation.  Boyle. 

2.  To  allow  ;  to  admit  to  be  true. 

We  conceiis  ihat  Uicir  ckitoni  wore  lho*c  who  lired  under 
diiFerrrH  iuruit.  Burke. 

eON-Cr:D'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Yielded  ;  admitted  ;  grant- 
ed ;  as,  a  question,  prui)osition,  fact,  or  statement,  is 
conceded. 

eoX-Cf;D'ING,pj>r.    Y'ielding  ;  admitting;  granting. 

CON-CEl'i'',  (kon-seet',)  ».  [lU  concetto  ;  Sp.  concep- 
to ;  Port,  concetto  ;  L.  conrepttis,  from  eoncipio,  to  con- 
ceive ;  con  and  eapioy  to  lake  or  seize.] 

1.  Conception;  tliat  which  is  conceived,  imagined, 
or  formed  in  the  mind  ;  idea ;  thought ;  image. 

In  laughing^  tlierc  crer  precc<Ie(h  n  conceit  oT  ■oincwhni  rldlcu- 
lou«,  and  (hcrcfore  U  u  prop'?r  lo  iniuj.  Bacon, 

2.  Understanding  ;  power  or  faculty  of  conceiving  ; 
apprehension  ;  as,  a  man  of  quick  conceit,  [J^carly 
antiquated.'] 

HoMT  oTicn  did  her  eycH  say  lo  me  that  they  loved  I  yet  I,  not 
looking  fur  luch  a  mnltcr,  tud  aoi  tny  conceit  open  lo  uii- 
dcrtUnd  thcni.  i^ney. 

3.  Opinion  ;  notion  ;  fancy ;  imagination  ;  fan- 
tastic notion  ;  as,  a  strange  or  odd  conceit. 

S<rest  liiou  a  man  wise  in  hii  own  conceit?  there IJ  more  hope 
of  II  fool  than  of  htin.  —  I'rov.  xxrl. 

4.  Pleasant  fancy  ;  gayely  of  imagination. 

On  the  w-iT  (0  the  ^Ujet,  a  freak  took  hirn  in  Uie  head  to  go 
off  -iith  II  conceit.  L'Ettrange. 

5.  Affected  or  unnatural  conception. 

8o(ne  to  conceit  alone  (heir  vorks  corfioe.  Pope. 

6.  Favorable  or  self-flattering  opinion;  a  lofty  or 
vain  conception  of  one's  own  person  or  accomplish- 
nients. 

By  a  li(do  study  and  n  great  conceit  of  htmioir,  be  has  lost  hia 
rvli;;ion.  Bentiey. 

Oat  of  conceit  wiVi ;  not  having  a  favorable. opinion 
of;  no  longer  pleased  with  ;  as,  a  man  is  out  of  coa- 
ceitwit/t  his  dress.  Hence,  to  put  one  out  of  conceit 
witJiy  is  to  make  him  indifl'erenl  to  a  thing,  or  in  a 
degree  disple;ised  with  it.  Tilhtson.     Swift. 

€OX-(;eIT',  v.  U  To  conceive;  to  imagine;  to 
think  ;  to  fancy. 

The  slron^,  hy  eoneeitins  (I>c(H»eIvc»  weak,  arc  tiicrehy  ren- 
dered inactive.  Souitt. 

CON-CeIT'ED,  pp.    Conceived  ;  imagined  ;  fancied. 

2.  parL  a.  Endowed  with  fancy  or  imagination. 
[  Ohs.]  Knolle^. 

3.  a.  Entt.'rtaining  a  flattering  opinion  of  one's 
self;  having  a  vain  ur  too  high  conception  of  one's 
own  person  or  accomplishments  ;  vain. 

If  you  think  m?  (oo  conceited, 

Or  (o  paMioiKjiiickly  heate*!.  Sioift. 

Followed  by  of  before  the  object  of  conceit. 

The  AihenianB  were  con«i«(I  0/ their  own  wil,  »cienw,  and 
polil'-neu.  BtntUy. 

€ON-Cr:IT'ED-LY,  adv.  In  a  conceited  manner; 
fancifully  ;  whimsically. 

Concri'.fiiij  dress  her.  Donne, 

eON-Ci~.IT'ED-XESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  con- 
ceited ;  conceit;  vanity;  an  overweening  fondness 
of  one's  own  person  or  endowments.  Collier. 

CON-Ci".IT'LESS,  n.  Of  dull  conception;  stupid; 
dull  of  apprehension.     [ JVt>(  in  uj>f.]  S/iaJc 

€0N-Ce[V'A-IILE,  o.  TFr.  conccoablc,  It.  concqn- 
bile;  Sp.  eoncrptible.     See  Conceivb.] 

1.  That  may  be  ima<!ined  or  thought ;  capable  of 
being  framed  in  the  mmd  by  the  fiincy  or  imagina- 
tion. 

Il  It  were  nouiUc  lo  coiKrfre  an  JnvenlJon,  whereby  any  con- 
ctitcbie  uei^li(  may  Le  moved  by  any  conceivable  power. 

WiiMin*. 

2.  That  may  be  understood  or  believed. 

It  u  not  conceicaUe  that  it  should  be  the  very  person,  whoic 
th.tpc  and  Toicc  is  aaiumed.  Atleroury. 

€ON-CElV'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
conceivable. 

eOX-CElV',\-BLY,  o<ie.  In  a  conceivable  or  intelli- 
gible manner. 


CON 

€ON-Cr:IVE',  (kon  seeve',)  p.  (.  [Fr.  eouceroir  ;  It. 
eoncepirc ;  Sp,  concebir;  PorL  cunccOer ;  L.  eoncipio; 
r<Fii  nnd  capio,  to  ti(ke.1 

1.  'I'd  receive  into  tlic  womb,  and  breed  ;  to  begin 
the  formation  uf  the  embryo  or  fetus  of  an  animal. 

Thf n  tliill  bhe  t«-  fr'-e  niid  conetiwt  (oeil.  —  Num.  <r,  llcb.  zl, 
EhzaU^th  hnKi  conceived  a  son  hi  her  ot.l  ace.  —  Luke  1. 
In  sin  did  my  mother  eonceiw  me.  —  Pa.  if. 

2.  To  form  in  the  mind ;  to  itnagine ;  lo  devise. 

They  eoncriw  mischirf  ami  Ijjup  forth  vjiiJly.  — Job  x». 
Nebuchailnrziar  b-tth  coiifcJpnf  a  purpose  a^^^ntt  you.  —  Jer. 

xlik. 

3.  To  furm  an  Idea  in  the  mind ;  to  understand ; 
to  comprehend  ,  n-*,  we  cannot  conceive  the  manner 
in  which  spirit  operates  upon  matter. 

4.  To  think  ;  to  be  uf  opinion  ;  lo  have  an  idea, 
to  imagine. 

You  C.U)  hardly  coiiceitu  tliU  man  to  have  U-en  bred  in  (lie 
same  climate.  S»i/i. 

€ON-C£IVE',  V.  i.  To  have  a  fetus  formed  in  the 
womb ;  to  breed  ;  to  become  pregnant. 

Thou  shall  conceive  and  hear  u  son.  —  Juilgrs  xiii, 

2.  To  think  ;  to  have  a  conception  or  idea. 


The  grieved  commons 
Ilurdly  coficeive  of  me.  Shot. 

3.  To  undcn^tand  ;  to  comprehend  ;  to  have  a  com- 
plete idea  of;  its,  I  can  not  conceive  by  what  means 
this  event  has  been  produce  I. 

€OX-Ci':IV'/:D,  (kou-seevd',)  pp.  Formed  in  the 
womb;  framed  in  the  mind;  devised;  imagined; 
undur^tootl. 

COX-CfilVEH,  n.  One  that  conceives;  one  that 
comprehiriids. 

,€OX-C£l  V'lXG,  ppr.  Fonning  a  fetus  in  the  womb ; 
framing  in  the  mind;  imagining;  devising;  think- 
ing; comi)rehending. 

eON-CKlV'lXG,  n.    Apprehension;  conception. 

Shak. 

eON-CEL'E-BRATE,  r.  U  To  celebrate  together. 
[JVot  usfM.]  S/icrtBuiid. 

COX-CEXT',  T(.  [L.  concenttiSj  from  concino,  to  »ing 
in  accordance  ;  con  and  canoy  to  sing.J 

1.  Concert  of  voices ;  concord  or  sounds ;  har- 
mony ;  as,  a  concent  of  notes.  Bucn, 

*3.  Consistency  ;  accordance ;  as,  in  concent  to  a 
man's  own  principles.  Atttrbury. 

CONCEXT'ED,  paH,  a.    Made  to  accord.    Spcv.-ier. 
eON-CEX'TEK,  (  r.  i.      [Fr.   concentrer  ;    It.   cou.-<-<i- 
€ON-CEX'TItE,  (     trare;    Sp.  and  Port,  conccd,.-. 
con  and  L.  ccufruwi,  a  center;    Gr.  Kfi  njof,  a  l'i  1  i, 
a  sharp  point,  a  center;  KCvrciOy  to  prick  or  giud. 
The  primary  sense  is  a  poinL] 

To  come  to  a  point,  or  to  meet  in  a  common  cen- 
ter ;  used  of  converging  lines,  or  otlier  things  that 
meet  in  a  point. 

All  Uio*e  are  like  so  many  lines  drawn   from  several  olijrcu, 
that  in  some  way  relate  to  ttim,  and  concenter  in  him. 

Hale. 

eON-CEN'TER,  \  v.  L    Tc  draw  or  direct  to  a  com- 
€ON-CEN'TRE,  j      mon  center ;  to  bring  to  a  point, 
as  two  or  mure  lines  or  other  things. 

The  hiving  a  purl  leu  lo  aiiimalc,  wilt  serve  (o  concenfer  the 
sjiiriti,  and  make  tiiem  more  active  in  the  reit. 

Decay  0/  Piety, 

CON-CEX'TER-SD,  i  pp.    Brought  to  a  common  cen- 
eOX-CEX'TUf;D,      j     icr;  united  in  a  point. 
eOX-CEX'TER-IXG,  Jppr.     'J'eiidiiij  to   a   common 
eOX-CEX'TRlXG,      i     center  ;  bringing  to  a  center. 
eoX-CEXT'EJIL,  a.     Harmonious.  FotJtert'i. 

€OX-CEX'TRATE,  v.  L  [See  Conce>ter.]  To 
bring  to  u  connnon  center,  or  to  a  closer  union  ;  to 
cause  to  approach  nearer  to  a  point,  or  center ;  to 
bring  nearer  to  each  other ;  as,  to  concentrate  par- 
ticles of  salt  by  evaporating  tlie  water  that  holds 
tiiem  in  solution;  to  concentrate  the  troops  in  an 
army  ;  lo  concentrate  niys  of  light  into  a  fiicus. 

2.  To  increase  the  specific  gravity  of  a  lunly. 
jVdlf.  —  The  verb  concentrate  is  sometimes  accented 

on  the  first  syllable.  'J'he  reason  is,  with  the  pri- 
mary accent  on  the  first  syllable,  and  a  secondary 
accent  on  the  third,  the  pronunciation  of  the  par- 
ticiples, concentrating y  conccntratedy  is  much  facil- 
itated. 

eoX-CEX'TRA-TED,  pp.  or  a.  Brought  to  a  point  or 
center  ;  brought  to  a  citjser  union  ;  reduced  to  a  nar- 
row comiKiss  ;  collected  into  a  closer  body. 

€0N-CEX'TRa-T1XG,  ppr.  Bringing  to  a  point  or 
to  closer  union  ;  collecting  into  a  closer  body,  or 
narrow  compass. 

eoX-CE.V-'i'UA'TIOX,  Ti.  The  act  of  concentrating ; 
the  act  of  bringing  nearer  together;  collection  into 
a  central  point;  compression  into  a  narrow  space; 
the  state  of  bi;ing  brought  to  a  point. 

9.  In  ckcniistryy  the  volatilization  of  part  of  a 
liquid,  in  order  lo  increase  the  slrength  of  the  re- 
mainder. 

€OX-CEX'TRA-TIVE-XESS,  jl  Among  phrenclo- 
gistsy  the  power  or  faculty  of  conccntnling  the  in- 
tellectual force. 

€OX-CEX'TRie,  fl,  [It.  concentrico  ;  Fr.  concentriqae ; 
L.  concentric  us ;  con  and  ccntrunr,  center.] 


FaTE,  far,  FALL,  WH^T.— METE,  PRgY.  — PIXE,  MARlfXE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOU,  BOOK. — 


CON 

Having  a  common  center  ;  as,  tiie  concentric  coals 
of  an  onTcn  ;  tlie  concentric  orbiu  at"  the  planets. 

t;OX-CE.\'TRI€^AL-LY,  adv.  In  a  concenlnc  man- 
ner. 

eO.V-CE.V-TRIC'l-TY,  n.    Stole  of  being  concentric. 

€0\-CF,NT'l^-.\L,  a  [from  cojtcenL]  Harmonious; 
accordant.]  Warton. 

eOX-CEP'TA-GLE,  n.  [L.  conceptaculum ;  from  con- 
cipio.     See  Conceive.] 

1.  That  in  which  any  thing  is  contained ;  a  vessel ; 
a  receiver,  or  receptacle.  TVoodward. 

2.  In  botamj,  a  follicle ;  a  pericarp  of  one  v.ilve, 
opening  longiiudinally  on  one  side  and  having  the 
seeds  loose  in  it.  The  term  has  also  been  applied  to 
the  CiLses  conliuning  the  reproductive  organs  of  such 
plants  as  ferns.  Marttjit. 

CON-CEP'TI-BLE,  a.  [See  Conceivable.]  That 
may  be  conceived;  conceivable;  intelligible.  [Ayt 
^ised.]  i^file. 

COX-CEP'TIOX,  M.  [L.  conceptio,  from  concipio, 
(See  Conceive.)  It.  conceiione;  Sp.  concepcion;  Fr. 
conception.^ 

1.  The  act  of  conceiving;  the  first  formation  of  the 
embr}'o  or  fetus  of  an  animal. 

I  will    grciitly    mulliplj    thy   sorrow  aud    thy   comeyllon.  — 

Cell.  iii. 

2.  Tlie  state  of  beuig  conceived. 

Joy  h.id  liie  like  conctption  ia  our  eyes.  Shd:. 

3.  In  pne«/fiaio?(j^,  apprehension  of  any  thing  by 
the  niiud ;  the  act  of  conceiving  in  the  mind;  that 
mental  act,  or  combination  of  acts,  by  which  an  idea 
or  notion  is  I'onned  of  an  absent  object  of  perception, 
or  of  a  sensation  fonnerly  felt.  When  we  see  an 
obj'Xl  with  our  eyes  open,  we  have  a  perception  of 
it;  when  the  same  object  is  presented  to  the  mind 
with  the  eyes  shut,  in  idea  only,  or  in  niemorj-,  we 
have  a  conception  of  it.      Karnes.     Stewart.     Encije. 

4.  Conct'ption  may  be  sometimes  used  for  tlie 
power  of  conceiving  ideas,  as  when  we  say,  a  tiling 
is  not  within  our  conception.  Some  writers  have  de- 
fined conception  as  a  distinct  faculty  of  the  mind ; 
but  it  is  considered  by  others  as  memory,  and  per- 
haps with  propriety. 

5.  Purpose  conceived  ;  conception  with  reference 
to  the  performance  of  an  act ;  as,  note  his  dangerous 
conception  in  tliis  point.  SkaJi. 

C.  View  or  opinion  ;  apprehension  ;  knowledge. 

And'as  if  beasts  conceivt'd  nhat  renson  were, 

Aad  liiAl  conception  bIiuoIiI  distiitcily  allow.  Daoiea. 

7.  Conceit;  affected  seiitiinentorthougiit.  [Rare.'] 

He  \i  too  full  of  conceptions,  poiiilsof  cp.gi'ani,  aod  wiliiclsms. 

Dryden. 

€ON-CEP'TIOUS,  (kon-sep'shus,)  a.  Apt  to  con- 
ceive ;  fruitful ;  pregnant.     [Jv'ot  now  used.]    Shak. 

€0.\-CEP'TIVE,  a.  Capable  of  conceiving.  [Little 
its'«.'.]  Brown. 

eON-CEP'TU-AL-IST,  n.  One  who  maintains  that 
conceptions  are  the  only  universals  in  philosophy  ;  a 
nominalist.  J.  Murdoch. 

€OX-CEIl\',  V.  t.  [Fr.  concerner;  It.  concernere  ;  Sp. 
concernir;  to  concern,  to  regard,  to  belong  to;  Low 
Latin  concerno ;  eon  and  cct-hw,  to  separate,  sift,  di- 
vide ;  to  see.  If  this  is  the  true  origin,  as  I  suppose, 
the  primary  sense  is,  to  reach  or  extend  to,  or  to  hiok 
to,  as  we  use  regard.] 

1.  To  relate  or  belong  to. 

Preacliiii?  the  tinfJom  of  God  anl  te.icliing  those  tiling 
wt^icli  concern  t^lie  Lord  Je^us  Chrisl.  —  Acia  xxvUi. 

2.  To  relate  or  belong  to,  in  an  emphatical  man- 
ner ;  to  affect  the  interest  of ;  to  be  of  importance  to. 

Our  war*  with  France  h&ve  afiecteJ  iis  in  our  moat  lender 
interests,  and  concerned  us  more  than  tiiose  wiih  auy 
other  nadon.  '       Addison, 

II  much  concerns  iis   to  secure   the    favor   and    protection   of 

God.  Anon, 

3.  To  interest  or  affect  the  passions ;  to  take  an 
interest  in  ;  to  engage  by  feeUng  or  sentiment ;  as,  a 
good  prince  concerns  himself  in  the  happiness  of  his 
subjects;  a  kind  parent  concerns  himself  ui  the  vir- 
tuous education  of  his  children. 

They  think  t!)'msr:[vcs  out  of  die  reach  of  Providence,  nnd  no 
longer  coneerned  to  solicit  his  favor.  Ro^en, 

4.  To  disturb ;  to  make  uneasy;  as,  to  be  much 
atncerned  for  the  safety  of  a  friend.  Dsrham. 

5.  To  intermeddle ;  as,  v.-e  need  not  concern  our- 
selves with  the  affairs  of  our  neighbors. 

ftON-CER.\',  71.  That  which  relates  or  belongs  to 
one  ;  business  ;  affair  ;  a  very  general  term,  express- 
ing whatever  occupies  the  time  and  attention,  or 
affects  the  interests  of  a  person. 

Intermeddle  not  in  the  private  concerns  of  a  fam- 
ily. Religion  is  the  main  concern  of  a  rati^nid  b^ing. 
We  have  no  concern  in  the  private  quarrels  of  mir 
neighbors.  The  industrious  and  prudent  occupy 
their  time  with  their  own  concerns. 

2.  Interest ;  importance  ;  moment ;  that  which 
affects  the  welfare  or  happiness  ;  as,  to  live  iu  peace, 
is  a  matter  of  no  small  concern  to  a  nation. 

Myateriotjj  Kcreu  of  a  lii^h  concern, 

And  wH'hry  truths,  aoliirconvincui,';  Si:n3e, 

Explaiued  by  uoailected  eloquence,  Roscommon. 

3.  Affection  ;  regard  ;  careful  regard  ;  solicitude  : 


CON 

anxiety  ;  as,  why  all  this  concern  for  the  poor  things 
of  this' life? 

0  Marcia,  let  me  hope  tliy  kind  concertia 

And  gcnllc  wishes  follow  me  (o  battle.  Addison. 

All  inipcnitctit  man  feels  no  concern  for  hla  soul.  Anon. 

4.  Persons  connected  in  business,  or  their  affairs 
in  general ;  as,  a  debt  due  to  the  whole  concern;  a 
loss  affecting  the  whole  concern.  Mercantile  Usage. 
€ON-CERN'£D,  pp.  or  a.  Interested  ;  engaged  ;  hav- 
ing a  connection  with  that  which  may  affect  the 
interest,  welfare,  or  happiness  ;  as,  all  men  are  con- 
cerned in  the  propagation  of  truth  ;  we  are  concerned 
iu  the  virtuous  education  of  our  children. 

2.  Interested  in  business  ;  having  connection  in 
business  ;  as,  A  is  concerned  with  E  in  the  East 
India  trade.  Of  an  advocate  or  counselor  we  say, 
he  is  concerned  in  llie  cause  of  A  against  IJ. 

3.  Regarding  with  care;  solicitous;  anxious j  as, 
we  are  concerned  tor  the  fate  of  our  fleet. 

eO\-CERN'ED-LV,  adv.    With  affection  or  interest. 
eON-CERN'ING,;»^;r.    Pertaining  to;  regarding;  hav- 
ing relation  to. 

The  Lord  hath  spoken  'ood  concermng  Israel.  —  Num.  x. 
1  have  nccejilcd  lliec  ccncermng  this  thing.  —  Gen.  xix. 

Tliis  word  has  been  considered  as  a  preposition, 
but  most  impiopsTly  ;  concerning,  when  so  called,  re- 
fers to  a  verb,  sentence,  or  proposition  ;  3.^,  in  the  first 
example,  the  word  applies  to  the  preceding  affirma- 
tion. The  Lord  Iiath  spoken  good,  which  speaking 
good  is  concerning  Israel.  Concerning^  in  this  case, 
refers  to  the  fii-st  clause  of  the  sentence. 
eOX-CERN'MENT,  ?(.  The  thing  in  which  one  is 
concerned  or  interested  ;  concern  ;  affair  ;  business  ; 
interest. 

To  mix  wiih  ihy  conceniments  I  desist,  AliTton. 

Proposiiioui  which  eatteud  only  to  Uie  present  Iif»,  are  small, 
coniii:ip?d  Willi  those  that  have  influence  upou  our  evcrljst- 
iusT  co'icernmenls.  Walls. 

The  great  concernmetit  of  men  is  with  men.  Locke. 

2.  A  particular  bearing  upon  the  interest  or  hap- 
piness of  one;  importance;  moment. 

Experimental  truths  are  matters  of  great  concernment  to 
mankind.  Boyle. 

3.  Concern  ;  interposition  ;  meddling  ;  as,  the 
father  had  no  concernment  in  the  marriage  of  his 
daughter.    In  this  sense,  we  gencially  use  concern. 

4.  Emotionof  mind  ;  solicitude;  as,  tlicir  ambition 
is  manifest  in  iheir  concernment.  In  this  sense,  coh- 
ccrn  is  generally  used. 

€OiV-CEKT',  v.  t.  [It.  conccrtire^  to  contrive;  Sp. 
concci-tar,  to  agree,  \o  adjust,  lo  covenaut ;  Port.  id. ; 
Fr.  concerler ;  from  L.  conceri-y,  to  s'.rive  together ; 
run  and  certo,  to  strive.  Tha  priiaazy  sense  is,  to  set 
or  act  together.] 

To  contri\e  and  settle  by  mulual  coniinunication 
of  opinions  or  propositions;  to  sefJo  or  adjust,  as  a 
plan  or  system  to  be  pursued,  by  conference  or  agree- 
ment of  two  or  more  parties ;  as,  to  concert  meas- 
ures ;  to  concert  a  plan  of  operations. 

COX'CKRT,  n.  Agreement  of  two  or  more  in  a  de- 
sign or  plan  ;  union  formed  by  mutual  communica- 
tion of  opinions  and  views  ;  accordunce  in  a  scheme  ; 
harmony  ;  as,  the  allies  were  frustrated  for  want  of 
concert  in  their  operations ;  the  emperor  and  the  pope 
acted  in  concert. 

2.  A  number  or  company  of  musicians,  playing 
or  singing  the  same  piece  of  nuisjc  at  the  same 
time ;  or  tlie  music  of  a  company  of  players  or  sing- 
ers, or  of  both  united. 

3.  A  singing  in  company. 

4.  Accordance ;  harmony. 
eOX'CERT-PlTCH,  n.     In  music,  the  pitch  or  degree 

of  elevation  genoi-ally  adopted  for  a  given  note,  and 
by  which  the  other  notes  are  governed.         P.  Ciic. 

eON-CERT-A'TION,  n.  Strife ;  contention.  [LitUc 
vsed.] 

eON-CERT'A-TlVE,  a.     Contentious;  quarrelsome. 

eON-CERT'EU,  pp.  or  a.  Mutually  contrived  or 
planned. 

eON-CEllT'L\G,  ppr.    Contriving  together. 

€ON-CERT'0,  n.  [It.]  A  piece  of  music  composed 
for  a  particular  instrument,  which  bears  the  greatest 
part  in  it,  or  in  which  the  performance  is  partly 
alone,  and  i)arlly  accompanied  by  other  parts. 

Brande, 

CON-CES'SION*,  (kon-sesli'un,)  n.  [L.  concessiOy  from 
concede.     See  Concede.] 

1.  The  act  of  granting  or  yielding  ;  usually  imply- 
ing a  demand,  clahn,  or  request,  from  the  party  to 
whom  it  is  made,  and  thus  distinguished  from  giv- 
ing, which  is  voluntary  or  spontaneous. 


2.  The  thing  yielded ;  as,  in  the  treaty  of  peace, 
each  power  made  large  concessions. 

3.  In  rhetoric,  or  debate,  the  yielding,  granting,  or 
allowing,  to  the  opposite  party,  some  point  or  fact 
th.il  may  bear  dispute,  with  a  view  to  obtain  some- 
thing which  can  not  be  denied,  or  to  show  that,  even 
admitting  the  point  conceded,  the  cause  is  not  with 
the  adverse  parly,  but  can  be  maintained  by  the  ad- 
vocate on  other  grounds. 

4.  Acknowledgment  by  way  of  apology  ;  confes- 
sion of  a  fault. 


CON 

€ON-CES'SIO.V-A-liY,a.  Yielding  by  indulgence  or 
allowance. 

€OX-Ci:s'SION-IST,  n.  One  who  ia  in  favor  of  mak- 
ing concessions. 

CON-CES'SIVE,  a.  Implying  concession;  as,  a  con- 
cessive conjunction.  LoictJu 

€ON-CES'SIV'E-LY,  a//i'.  By  way  of  concession  or 
yielding;  by  way  of  admitting  what  may  be  dis- 
putable. Brown. 

€ON-CES'SO-RY,  a.    Conceding;  yielding. 

€ON-CET'TO,n.  [It.  See  Conceit.]  Affected  wit; 
conceit.     [A"y(  English,  nor  in  nse.]  '         S/tenstone. 

eO.VCH,  fkonk,)?!.     [L.  concha  ;  Gt.  Koyx^i  i  It.  con cu  ; 
Sp.  conaia  ;  Ft.  cojufue ;  probably  W.  cocog,  c(»ckles, 
and  perhaps  allied  In  co^iaw,  to  frown,  to  knit  the 
brows,  that  u,  lo  wrinkle.    See  Cakceh.] 
A  marine  shell. 

Adds  orient  pearls,  whicli  from  the  concht  he  drew, 

Dryden. 

eON€H'I-FER,  (konk'e-fer,)  n.  [L.  concha,  a  shell, 
and/ero,  to  bear.] 

Aw  animal  that  produces  or  is  covered  with  a  shell, 
as  the  tortoise ;  applied  particularly  lo  bivalve  mol- 
llisks.  Cuvicr.     Kirhtj. 

€OXeiMF'EIl-OUS,  a.    Producing  or  having  shelU. 

eONCiriTE,  (konk'ite,))!.  A  fossil  or  petrified  concli 
or  shell.  JiTat.  Hist. 

CONCll'OID,  (konk'oid,)  ?i.  [concA,  supra,  and  Gr 
ei6oi,  form.] 

The  name  of  a  curve,  given  to  it  by  its  inventor, 
Nicomedes. 

eOXCH-OID'AL,  a.  In  mineralogy,  having  curved 
elevations  or  depressions,  in  form  like  the  valve  of  a 
bivalve  shell ;  applied  only  to  a  surface  produced  by 
fracture;  the  fracture,  when  of  the  kind  desrribed, 
is  said  to  be  conchoidaL  /' 

€Oi\eH-0-LOO'IO-AL,a.    [Sec  Conchologv.       1 
taining  lo  CiUii;hology. 

eONCH-OL'O-GlST,  ».  One  versed  in  the  natural 
history  of  shells;  one  who  studies  the  nature,  prop- 
erties, and  habits,  of  shells  and  their  included 
animals. 

€0\t'U-OL'0-CY,7(.  [Gr.  ^-ojx'?,  a  shell,  and  Aojos, 
discourse.] 

The  doctrine  or  science  of  shells  and  the  animals 
that  inhiibit  liicm. 

eOXeil-OM'E-TER,  n.      [Gr.  Koyx^t,  a  shell,  and 
/jirficoj,  to  measure.] 
An  instrument  for  measuring  shells.         Barnes. 

eONCH-YL-I  A'CEOUS,  (-shus,)  a.  [from  concli.] 
Pertaining  to  shells  ;  resembling  a  shell ;  as,  conchyl- 
iaccous  impressions.  Kirwan. 

CON€H-YL-I-0L'0-6rST,  )  [from    L.    conchylimn,    a 

eON€II-YL-I-OL'0-G Y.  J  shell-fish.]  Sec  Conch- 
0L0GI3T  and  Conchologv. 

CONCH-YL-I-OAl'E-TRY,  n.   [L.  cojiehyliuw,  and  Gr. 

p£Ti}Oi'.] 

The  art  or  science  of  measuring  shells  or  Uieir 
curves. 

€Oi\eiI-YL'I-OUS,  a.  Of  the  nature  or  species  of 
shells.  _ 

eON'ClA-TOR,  T(.  In  glass-worhs,  the  person  who 
weii:hs  and  proportions  the  salt  on  ashes  and  sand, 
and  who  works  and  tempers  them.  Encyc. 

COJ^'-CIERgE',  (kon-sarj'j)T(.  [Fr.]  A  keeper,  as 
of  a  prison,  a  p;tlace,  &c. 

€ON-CIL'I-A-BLE,  n.     [L.  concilichnlam.] 

A  small  assembly.     [JVot  in  use.]  Bacon. 

eON-CIL'I-.AR,  a.   '[fiom  L.  concilium^  a  council.] 
Pertaining  or  relating  to  a  council.     [Little  used.] 

CON-CIL'LaTE,  (kon-sil'e-ate,)  r.  t.  [L.  concilia,  to 
draw  or  bring  together,  to  unite  ;  a  compound  of  con 
and  calo,  Gr.  KtiXuo,  to  call ;  Ch.  ^'?-N  in  Aph.,  from 
•"V^,  n'?^,  or  nV^,  to  hold  or  keep,  to  trust,  to  finish, 
to  call,  to  thunder;  W.  galw.  Tiie  priniarj'  sense  of 
the  root  is,  to  strain,  stretch,  drive,  or  draw.  Calling 
is  a  straining  or  driving  of  voice.  See  Class  Gl,  Xo. 
30,  35,  48,  49  ;  and  see^CouNciL.] 

1.  To  lead  or  draw  to,  by  moral  influence  or 
power;  to  win,  gain,  or  engage,  as  the  affections, 
favor,  or  good-will ;  as,  politeness  and  hospitality 
conciliate  affection. 

Q.  To  reconcile,  or  bring  to  a  state  of  friendship, 
as  persons  at  variance.  We  say,  an  attempt  lias 
been  made  to  conciliate  the  contending  parties 

eON-CIL'LA-TED.  7)/).  AVon  ;  gained;  engaged  by 
moral  influence,  as  by  favor  or  affection  ;  reconciletj. 

CON-CIL'I-A-TING,  ppr.  Winning;  engaging;  rcc- 
oncUing. 

2.  11.  Winning  ;  liaving  the  quality  of  gtiinlng 
favor ;  as,  a  conciliating  address. 

eON-CIL-I-.\'TION,  n.  The  act  of  winning  or  gain- 
ing, as  esteem,  favor,  or  aflection  ;  recnncilialioii. 

eOi\-CIL'I-A-TOR,  71.  One  who  conciliates  or  recon- 
ciles. 

€ON-CIL'I-.\-TO-RY,  a.  Tending  to  conciliate  or 
reconcile ;  tending  to  make  peace  between  persons 
at  variance ;  pacific ;  as,  the  general  made  ctmcilia- 
iorij  propositions  to  the  insurgents;  tiie  legislature 
adopted  conciliatory  measures. 

€ON-ClN'NI-TY,  n.  [L.  coneinnitas,  from  voncinmiSy 
fit,  concinno,  to  fit  or  prepare  ;  eitlier  from  eon  and 
CGHO,  to  sound  in  accord,  or  the  last  constituent  of 
the  word  may  be  the  Hcb.  and  Ch,  r:?,  lo  fit  or  adapt.] 


TUP^E,  BLLL,  UNITE AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

31  ~  ^^ 


CON 

"     1,  Kitiir>Ji  ouilableueiw;  iicatueas.    [LiUie  ustd.] 

ii.  A  iuiyliiiK  of  wonl-i.  7)fnohiU. 

COS-kSlS'SOVi^t  «•      [^  concinnia.      Sco  Cowcik- 

yii;  fuf tabic ;  agreeable ;  becoming ;  pleasant }  aa, 
a  e7Hciniwui  iiiifrval  in  miiair  ;  a  conciniioui  aystem. 

COJ^CI-0  AD  CLE'RUJV,  (kon'bhtso,)  [U]  Aucr- 
moii  to  tilt-  cbrfiy- 

€0.N''L*10-NA-TUK,  n.  [Infra.]  A  preacUer.  [Ay( 
tH  tue.  1 

eoX'CIO-NA-TO-UY,  a.  [L.  eoncwnatonuSf  from 
c«/jic<o,  nn  asicmbly.] 

Fuitaming  to  prc-:ic]iing  or  discourses  to  public 
asaciiililit'jj.  TTuael. 

eoN-t'I^E',  0.  [L.  eenriyoj,  cnl  off,  briof,  fruiu  con- 
eiilo ;  citn  anil  c*ri/o,  to  cuU  Sec  Class  Gd,  So.  2,  1, 
8,  49,  5i).] 

Brief;  sborl,  applied  to  IniiRuago  or  style;  con- 
taining fuw  wortl-H :  comprclicnsivc;  cuinprehonding 
miicli  in  few  wordrf,  or  ilio  principal  miiltors  onlv ; 
n-i,  in  Gi-ncdis  \vc  iiavo  a  cortcUc  account  of  thu 

It  il^l-r.  which  ffxprrwcth  not  cnoosh,   but  leatc* 
.^iM  to  be  uiiilerrtowJ.  .  «•  Jonson. 

....  ..  ;:;j  ftuUior  li  (oo  brief  and  Mna<0,  amnllljr  a  litll«-. 

eo\-CT3E'LY,  odr.    Briefly  j  in  few  words ;   com- 

?ri*he»HiveIv. 
N-Cl.SFyN'i:SS,  n.    Brevity  in  speaking    or  wri- 
ting ;  aft,  coHcisenrjs  should  not  be  studied  at  tlie  ex- 
pi'iiso  iif  per.spiciiity. 
eoN-ClS'ION,  (kim-si/.li'nn,)  n.     [Low  L.  eoncwio, 
frtjin  f.'fifijuin,  conclih,  to  cut  off;  It.  concistone.] 
JJlrrnlly^  a  cutting  off.     IIuiicc, 
III  Scripture,  tlio  Jews,  or  tliu--e  who  adliered  to 
circumcision,  which,  aftir  o'lr  i?avi(ir's  ileuth,  waa 
no  loiiptT  a  seal  of  Uie  covenant,  but  a  mere  cutting 
uf  the  rtesh. 

B;w.ire  of  doji ;  beware  of  the  eoncirion.  —  Pliil.  Hi. 

CON-CI-TI'TION,  n.    [L.  concitatio.  from  concitOj  to 
stir  or  disturb  ;  eon  nnu  cj(o,  to  stir.] 
Til.'  act  of  stirring  up,  exciliug,  or  putting  in  mo- 
eON  ClTii',  V.  t.    [L.  concilo.]  [lion. 

'J'o  excite.     [Aol  in  iwcj 
€ON-lTr'E:D.  pp.    E.xciled. 
CON-CIT'ING,  ppr.    Exciting. 
€0N-CIT'I-7-K.\,  n.    A  fellow-citizen. 
eOiN-CLA-.MA'TION,  n.     [ L.  co«c/a*/uifio,  Trom    con- 
damn  ;  foil  and  elamo,  to  cry  out.     See  Claim.] 
An  outcr>*  or  bliout  of  many  together.  I)ict. 

eON'eLAVE,  n.  [h.  caitelucr,an  inner  room;  con 
and  clavist  a  key,  or  from  lliu  same  root,  to  make 
fast.] 

1.  A  private  apartment,  particularly  the  room  In 
which  the  cardinals  of  thu  Konian  Catholic  church 
meet  in  privacy,  f(ir  tlie  clectiim  uf  a  pope.  It  con- 
sists (if  a  range  of  small  cells,  or  apartments,  stand- 
ing in  a  line  along  the  galleries  and  hall  of  the  Vati- 
can. £ncyc, 

a.  The  a<!seml)Iy  or  meeting  of  the  cardinals,  shut 
up  for  the  clectiuu  of  a  pa|>e.  Encyc 

;j.  A  private  meeting  ;  a  close  assembly.    GartA, 
€ON'ei.A-ViST.  «,    An  attendant  whom  a  cardinal 
id  allowed  to  take  with  him  into  the  conclave  for  the 
choice  of  a  \>o\v*.  Encyc.  Am. 

CON-Cl*Cl)E',  r.  t.  [L.  eondudo;  eon  and  elaudo^  or 
r.Wd,  to  shut;  Gr.  kXci^ow,  or  aAeiw,  contracted; 
It.  evndtiudcrc  ;  Sp.  conduir  ;  Port.  iti. ;  Fr.  candure. 
Tln!  sense  is,  to  slop,  make  fast,  shut,  or  rather  to 
thrust  together.  Ilencc,  in  Latin,  daado  signifies  to 
Jialt  or  limp,  that  is,  to  stop,  as  well  as  to  shut.  See 
Lid.] 
1.  To  shut. 

The  rtrj  iwnon  of  Chrlil  — wu  only,  touching  bodily  aub- 
■UDce,  tontlwitd  in  Uie  |^avc.  Hooker. 

[Tkij  vjie  of  the  word  is  uncommon.] 
i  To  inchido  ;  to  comprehend. 

Kor  Go'J  listh  mnelutUd  Uicm  a'.l  in  unbelief.  —  Rom.  xi. 
Tttfl  Scripture  h.Aiti-coRciu'ie<f  nil  untlcr  tin.  ^(in).  iii. 

The  meaning  of  the  word  in  the  latter  passage  may 
be,  to  declare  irrevocably,  or  to  doom. 

3.  To  collect  by  reasoning  ;  to  infer,  as  from  prem- 
ises ;  to  close  an  argument  by  inferring. 

ThnrlorB  wo  nneltide,  ihit  n.  mxn  U  JuitUVed  bj  &hb  wllboul 
the  d'^ita  of  the  law.  —  Horn.  iii. 

A.  To  decide  :  to  determine ;  to  make  a  fmal  judg- 
mont  or  determination. 

A*  loucliing  ihe   CrntH-t  wlio  belicirc,   «e   h.%T©  »-riUen   nnJ 
tonciuatd  th.^1  tiie;  otverre  do  luch  Utiiig.  —  Rom.  x\. 

5.  To  end  ;  to  llnisib 

I  vill  eoaduds  ihia  part  «Ilb  the  ipccch  tf  a  counwlor  of 
■ute.  Baton, 

G.  To  stop  or  restrain,  or,  a^  in  /ufc,  to  c»lop  from 
furtht^r  argument  or  proeecding-';  to  oblige  or  bind, 
as  by  aiiihorily,  or  by  one's  t)wn  argument  or  con- 
ccssi'un ;  gent- rally  in  the  passi%'e ;  as,  the  defendant 
is  eonduded  by  his  own  plea. 

If  Uity  will  appeal  to  rtTclaiio.i  f.r  *'   ' -    ■>    ..  .-     .  i  . 

nnelud'.aliy  U. 
I  UD  iioL  cotiii  !cr  Uie  dKi^on  of  i' 
nmoujii  to  A  rtt  Jw&aUa,  "■ 
fnrwiit  l«i'.iiry.  Kf-.:. 


CON 

CO\-CL0DE',  F.  I.  Tu  infur,  08  ft  consc<tucnce  ^  to 
dctormhie.  ^ 

'rito  vroilJ  will  eoMltida  1  IliiI  a  ffullly  cooKi^'nw. 

Arbuttnoi. 

Biil  this  verb  Is  really  transitive.  The  world  will 
eoHc'.ude  that  I  had  a  gikilty  eonscicnce  —  that  is  hero 
the  object,  referring  to  the  subsequent  clause  uf  the 
sentence.     [Seo  verb  transitive,  No.  :t.] 

3.  To  settle  opinion  ;  to  form  a  llnul  Judgment. 

Cad  wo roKCludtf  upou  Ijudrr'j  itittabitily,  u  uur  iniUtor  liAJ 
done  i  jlllprbtiry. 

3.  To  end. 

Atf&iiioflici, 
Tlut,  nuulfl  in  lui(,  totwluiU  In  porjurica.  Drylen. 

1*lio  old  form  of  expression,  to  eorulude  q/',  is  no 
longer  In  use. 

eO.N-CLOD'ED,  d;;.  Shut;  ended;  finished;  deler- 
mincd  ;  Inferred  ;  comprehended  ;  stopped,  or  bnund. 

eON'-CLOD'E.V-CV,  n.  Inference;  logicijl  dciliiciion 
from  premises.  Unte. 

CON-CLOU'ENT,  a.    Bringing  to  a  close  j  decisive. 

Bacon, 

€ON-€L0D'ER,  v.    One  who  concludes.     Monnla^u. 

eON-€I*0I)'ING,  ppr.  Shutting;  ending;  determin- 
ing; inferring;  comprohending. 

?.  a.  Final;  ending;  closing;  as,  the  concludinif 
sentence  of  an  essay. 

eON-CLCIl'ING-LY,  (w/r.  Conclusively;  with  in- 
controvertible e^vidence.     [Little  iwerf.]  Diffhy. 

eo\-CI.O'riI-IlLE,  a.  That  may  be  concluded  or  in- 
ferred ;  determinable.     [Little  tucd.]        Hammond. 

€ON-CLO'SION,  (kon-klu'/.hun,)  n.    [L.  eondusio.] 

1.  End  ;  clo-so  ;  the  last  part ;  as,  the  eondiuiion  of 
an  address. 

2.  The  close  of  an  argument,  debate,  or  reasoning  j 
inference  that  ends  the  discussion  ;  linal  result. 

Lict  u>  lienr  ihe  concUition  uf  [lie  whole  tt).-iltor :  Fc.-vr  GoJ, 
am]  keep  ills  cuDiiatuidmcitU ;  f^r  Una  i4  llie  whole  Oiit^  uf 
nail.  — Eulcj.  xli. 

3.  Determination ;  fin;il  decision ;  as,  after  long 
debate,  the  house  of  commons  came  to  this  condusion, 

4.  Consequence  ;  inference ;  that  which  is  col- 
lected or  drawn  from  premie'e.-* ;  particularly  deduc- 
tion from  propositions,  facLf ,  cxiiorieuce,  or  reasoning. 

5.  The  event  of  experiments  ;  experiment. 

We  praciic^  all  conclusions  of  Rafting  and  luocul.'vlJnp.  [Lit' 
Ue  uted.]  Bacun. 

6.  Confinement  of  the  thoughts  j  silence.  [JVot 
iLgcd.]  Shak, 

eOX-CLO'SIOX-AL,  a.    Concluding.     [A^(  metl.] 
eON-eL0':?IVK,  a.     [It.  condiuivo.]  [Hooper. 

1.  Final;  decisive;  as,  a  conditsive  answer  to  a 
proposition. 

2.  Decisive:  giving  a  final  detcrminaliwu;  pre- 
cluding a  further  act. 

Tho  nyrecinff  Totc»  of  both  houio  were  not,  by  «ny  law  or 
reason,  conclutlst  to  my  Judgment.  ISng  Ctiarltt. 

3.  Decisive  ;  concluding  the  question  ;  putting  an 
end  to  debate  ;  as,  a  eondusive  argument. 

4.  ilcgulariy  consequential. 

Men,  not  knowin*  llw  true  forma  of  >y]Iogi«in«,  wt»  nol  J;no\v 
wtieilier  th?y  arc  made  lu  right  and  coneluths  modci 
and  figures.  Locke. 

eON-CLO'SIVE-LY,  adv.  Decisively;  with  final 
determination;  as,  the  point  of  law  is  conditsivdy 
settled. 

eON-CLC'SIVE-XESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
conclusive,  or  decisive  ;  the  power  of  determining 
the  opinion,  or  of  settling  a  (piestiun  ;  as,  the  coudtt- 
sivcntsji  of  evidence,  or  of  an  argument.  Hale. 

eON-CLO'SO-RV,  a.    Conclusive. 

€ON-eO-AG'U-LATE,  v.t.  [a-»  and  auifrtdate.]  To 
curdle  or  congeal  one  thing  wilh  nnotlicK     Buyle. 

€ON-eO-AG'U-L.A-TED,  pp.    Curdled  ;  concreted. 

eO.N-€0-AG'U-LA-TL\(;,7(;jr.   Concraiiij,' ;  curdling. 

eON-CO-AG-U-LX'TION,  n.  A  coagulating  together, 
as  different  substances,  or  bodies,  in  one  mass. 
Crystallization  of  different  salts  iu  the  same  ineii- 
slruum.  Coze. 

[This  word  is  little  used.] 

CON-COGT',  V.  t.  [L.  concoquo,  concodum  ;  rjm  and 
coijuo,  to  cook.     See  Cook.] 

1.  To  digest  by  the  stomach,  so  as  to  turn  food  to 
chyle  or  nuiriimnt. 

The  vital  fimciioni  are  performed  by  general  and  toiwtai.t  laws ; 
the  food  b  concocted.  Oieyne. 

2.  To  purify  or  sublime  ;  to  refine  by  separating 
the  gross  or  extraneous  matter  ;  as,  concoctrd  venom. 

'I'livmson, 

3.  To  ripen.     [06s.] 

Fruiu  anj  gTTilni  arc  lulf  a  jc.ir  In  concociing.       Bacon. 

4.  f'i^niraticdy,  to  form  and  prepare  in  the  mind  ; 

as,  to  concoct  a  sclicmc. 
eoX-CUCT'KD,  pp.  orfl.    Digested  ;  purified  ;  ripened. 
C0\-eOC'I''ER,  7(.    A  person  who  concocts. 
eOX-COCT'IXc;,  ppr.  Digeellug  ;  purifying  ;  ripening. 
eOX-COC'TKJX,  H.     [I^  eoncodio.] 

1.  Dif^L-stion  or  solution  in  the  stomach ;  the  pro- 

'•y  which  fond  is  turned  into  chyle,  orotherwjric 

'  .i   to  no!iri.-h  the  body;  the  change  which 

-iidtrs'>c.i  in  the  stomach.  Coie.    Encyc. 

I         L'.  .tiaturatiun  ;  the  process  by  which  morbid  mat- 


CON 

ter  is^-paraU'd  from  the  blood  ur  huniurs,  itr  ixiier 
wise  i'hiii(:;i'd  and  prejured  tu  be  thrnwii  off.      Cott. 
3.  A  rip'-uing  ;  the  acceleration  of  any  ihinz  to- 
ward perr.ition.  './I'-'ijoufi. 

eOX-COCT'lVE,  a.  Digesting  ;  having  the  power  of 
di|:t-sting  or  ripening.  Mdton. 

CuX'COL-OU,  (kul-lur,)  a.  Of  one  color  [Xot  in 
xwe.)  Briiten, 

eOX-eOM'I-TAXCE,   )  n.     [L.  con  and  cotmtor,  to 

eON-CO.\J'I-TAX-CY,  J  accompany,  lYoin  wwm,  a 
comiianion.    See  Count.] 

A  being  together,  or  in  connection  with  another 
thing. 

Tlie  afcondary  action  lubaliteili  not  nlone,  but  in  coiiromliBiuy 
wUh  Itir  oilier.  Broien. 

€ON-eOR!'I-TANT,  a.  Accompanying;  conjolnttl 
with;  concurrent;  attending. 

It  hat  pleotcd  our  wi«o  Creator  to  annex  to  »cveml  ohjfcn  • 
concomilnnt  plcusure.  Z^dr*. 

€ON-€O.M'I-TAXT,  ji.  A  companion;  a  prrsna  oi 
thing  that  accompanies  another,  r)r  is  cullateratly  cuu- 
nected.     Jl  is  seldom  applied  to  persons. 

The  oLlier  concomiumt  o(  inpnililudc  U  harbhiMriodiif**. 

South. 
R^proich  ia  a  concomitant  to  gmaineu.  A'Hito*. 

COX-COM'l-TAXT-LV,  adv.  In  company  wilh  otli- 
ers.  Pfiif'^nn. 

eOX  CO.M'I-TaTE,  r.  t.  To  accompany  or  :iti.nil; 
lu  be  collaterallv  connected.     [A'*i'f  used.]    ll'i.  >■■■<,. 

GOX'COKD,  71.  [Fr.  a'^niordr:  L.  eoncordia^  fr<-v.-  rr<,- 
cvrs,  of  eon  and  cor,  eordU,  the  heart.     See  A<  <  .^nn.] 

1.  Agreement  between  persons  ;  union  in  opiiiions, 
ecntiinents,  views,  or  Interests;  peace;  hariuoiiy. 

Wiiiil  concord  halh  Cl.rbl  wUh  lU  IL.I  ?  —2  Cur.  vi. 

2.  Agreement  between  things ;  suitableness.;  har- 
mony. 

If,  nrUiin.-'*  concorj  brokf, 
Anionir  tlif?  conitclhittuiiB,  wiir  were  •iininjf.  MiUitn. 

3.  In  niiuie,  consent  of  sounds;  harmony  ;  the  rr 
lation  between  two  or  more  sounds  which  are  ic-ret*- 
able  to  the  car.    [See  Ciiobd,] 

I'll'.'  man  that  liaih  not  tnii«Ic  in  himiclf, 

NVr  U  not  moved  with  coticord  uf  bwcet  •onixta, 

Ib  fii  lor  trc:iJtoiii.  Si^ak, 

4.  A  compact;  an  agreement  by  stipulation  ;  treaty. 

Jhii'ies. 

5.  In  hi;py  an  agroemciit  between  the  parlies  in  n 
fine,  made  by  k-ave  of  tlie  court.  'I'his  is  an  nr- 
knowledgment  from  the  deforciants  that  the  land  in 
question  is  the  right  of  the  complainant. 

Bltidistoiu. 
G.  In  grammar,  agreement  of  words  in  rm-^tnir- 
tion,  as  adjectives  with  nouns  iu  gender,  iii:m!<  r, 
and  case,  or  verbs  with  nouns  or  pronouns  in  num- 
ber and  [wrson.  Or  coMcord  may  signify  the  ,-;\  Ilm 
of  rules  for  construction  called  synta-r. 

Form  of  con  cord  J  in  ecclesiastical  historyj  is  a  hook 
among  the  Lutherans  containing  a  system  nf  doc- 
trines to  be  subscribed  as  a  condition  of  cummmiiori, 
comprised  at  Tnruau  in  1570.  Eucye. 

ecW-COKD'A-BLE,  a.  That  n:;iy  accord  ;  agreeing: 
harmonious. 

eOXeOKD'A-ULY,  adv.    With  agreement.  Robert. 

COX-COKD'AXCE,  w.       [Ft.  concor dance. ;   It.  eoneor 

danza;   I,,  eoncordans,  from  concordOj  to  agree.    See 

CoNcono.] 

1.  Agreement.  In  Ihissense  Accohdaxce  i    l"  nt-r 

a.  In  frrammar^  concord.    [JsTot  tised.]     [all>  i.^eil. 

3.  A  dictionary  or  inde.^c  in  wliich  all  the  i>i  innp,,! 

words  used  in  the  Scriptures  are  arranged  alplctbLi 

ically,  and  the  book,  chapter,  and  verse,  iu  which 

each  word  occurs,  are  noted  ;   d.-signed  to  !i>-ii--t  an 

inquirer  in  finding  any  passoge  of  Scripture,   b> 

means  of  any  leading  word  in  a  verse  wliich  be  can 

recollect. 

eON-CORD'AX-CV,  v.     Agreement.        Monnta<ftu 

eOX-COHD'AXT,  a.  Agreeing;  agreeable;  lorrc- 
spondent ;  harmonious.  Broan, 

€ON-€ORD'AXT,  7i.    That  wliich  is  accordant. 

Monntagu, 

COX-eORD'AXT-LY,  adv.    In  conjunction. 

eOX-CORD'.VT,  71.  An  agreement  made  by  a  tempo 
ml  sovereign  with  the  pope  relative  to  ecck'siastical 
matters. 

9.  In  tlic  ranon  law,  a  compart,  covenant,  or  agree- 
ment concerning  some  br-neliciary  matter  ;  as,  a  res- 
ignation, pjriuutatiini,  promotion,  and  tiia  like. 

eOX-€ORD'lST,  71.    The  coiupiler  uf  a  concordariPA 
Cii.  Ob^icrver,  March,  Itill. 

eO.N-COR'PO-RATE,  v.  t  [T*  concorporo,  of  nui  anti 
corpus,  a  hodv-j 

'i'o  unite  diftercnt  things  in  one  mass  or  body  j  t.» 
incor|K)rate.    \Liltlc  iwcrf.J  T'lyhr. 

COX-CuR'I'O-IUTE,  u.  i.  To  unite  in  one  mass  oi 
litxly.  Clearrland. 

COX'COR'rO  Ra-TED,  Kp.  United  in  a  mas>  orliwly. 

eOXeORTO-RA-TlXG,  ppr.  Uniting  in  a  mass  or 
bodv. 

eoX-eOR-rO-RA'TION,  n.  Union  of  things  in  om 
mass  or  body. 

eOX'C5URSE,  w.  [Fr.  concours;  Sp.  conciir.w.*  li 
eoncorso;  L.  concursus,  from  coneurro,  to  run  logcllJ 
ur  ;  con  ami  con-o,  to  run.j  


FATE,  PAR,  F^LI.,  WII^T.      METE,  I»RBV.  — PIXE,  MAIUNE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLl\  BOOK.— 


ii^ 


CON 

1.  A  moving,  flowing,  or  running  together;  con- 
fluence; as,  a  lortiiitoua  concourse  of  atoma;  a  con- 
course of  men. 

9.  A  inciting ;  an  assenilily  of  men  ;  an  assemblage 
of  tilings  ;  a  collection  formed  by  a  voluntary  or  spon- 
taneous moving  am!  meeting  in  one  place.    Acts  six. 

3.  Tlie  place  or  point  of  meeting,  or  a  meeting  ;  the 
point  of  junction  of  two  bodies. 

The  drop   will   begin  lo   movo  towartl  the   concoutsi  of  the 

passes.  Neaton. 

[This  application  is  y.misual,'\ 
eON-€RE-ATE',  V.  t.     [con  and  create;  It.  concr€arc.'\ 
To  create  witii,  or  at  the  same  lime. 

Ur.   Taylor  insUls   that  it   is  incoiisUleiit  wiih   the  nature  of 
virtue  iJiat  it  should  be  concreated  with  any  person. 

Bdioards,  Ortg,  Sitt. 

eOX-€RE-AT'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Created  at  the  same 
rime,  or  in  union  with. 

GOX-€RED^IT,  c.  (.  To  intnist.  [J\rot  used.]    Bai-row. 

€ON-€ltE-MA'T[ON,  v.  [L.  concreino,  to  bum  to- 
gether j  con  and  cremo,  to  burn.] 

The  act  of  burning  diflferent  things  together.  [Lit- 
tle u.fed.] 

eON'€RK-.MENT,  n.  [Low  L.  concrementum,  from 
curtcrwcrt,  to  grow  together.     See  Concrete.] 

A  growing  together  i  the  collection  or  mass  formed 
by  concretion,  or  natural  union.  ,     Hale. 

COX-eiiES'Cl^NCE,  rt.  [L.  concrescentiaj  cojicresco. 
See  Concrete.] 

Growth  or  increase ;  the  act  of  grov^'ing  or  increas- 
ing by  spontaneous  union,  or  the  coalescence  of  sep- 
arate particles.  Ralegh. 

eON-CRES'CI-BLE,  a.  Capable  of  concreting  ;  that 
may  congeal  or  be  changed  from  a  liquid  to  a  solid 
state. 

Tli€y  fjrrfied  a  jeruiiiie,  fixed,  eoncrescih!e  oil.        i^urcroy. 
eON'CUETE,  a.    [L.  concrelus,  from  concresco,  to  grow 
togetlier  ;  con  and  cresco^  to  grow.    See  GKO\y.] 

1.  Lifcrallij,  nnitt;d  in  growth.  Hence,  fonned  by 
coalition  of  separate  particles  in  one  body ;  consist- 
ent in  a  mass ;  united  in  a  solid  form. 

The  first  coJtcnte  slate  or  consistent  surface  of  the  diaos. 

Burnet. 

9.  In  log-ie^  existing  in  a  subject ;  not  abstract ;  as, 
the  white  snow.  Here  whiteness  is  coiisidered  as  ex- 
isting in  the  snow,  and  not  as  a  separate  thing. 

Concrete  terms,  while  they  express  the  qiialiiy,   do   alio   ex- 
press,  Of  imply,  or  refer  to  »  subject  lo  which  they  iK^ion  j. 

Walls. 

3.  A  concrete  number  expresses  or  denotes  a  partic- 
ular subject;  as,  tiiree  men;  but  uhcn  we  use  a 
nunibf-r  without  reference  to  a  particular  subject,  as 
three  orfioe^  we  use  the  term  in  the  abstract. 

Barlow.     Bailey. 

4.  In  p/i(m(i!ojTT/,  a  c'/ifrrte  sound,  or  movement  of 
the  voice,  is  one  whicli  slides  continuously  up  or 
down,  as  distinguished  from  a  discrete  movement, 
in  which  the  voice  leaps  at  once  from  one  line  of 
pilch  io_anolher.  Ru^h. 

€OX'€RkTE,  n.  A  compound;  a  mass  formed  by 
concrfetiim,  spontaneous  union,  or  coalescence  of  sep- 
arate particles  of  matt^-T  in  one  body. 

Gold  is  a  porous  concrete.  Benllaj. 

2.  In  pkilosophy,  a  mass  or  compLJUiid  body,  made 
up  of  diiferent  ingredients  ;  a  mixed  body  or  mass. 

Soap  ia  a  factitious  concrete.  Encyc. 

3.  In  logic,  a  concrete  term  ;  a  term  that  includes 
both  th:"' fjiinlity  and  the  subjrct  in  which  it  exists; 
as,  vi^rum^  a  black  thing.  .^insworth. 

4.  fn  architecfure,  a  mass  of  stone  chipping?,  pel>- 
b!es,  &.C.J  cemented  by  mortar,  laid  at  the  foundalinn 
of  v.'alls_m  spimgy  soils.  Brandr. 

€OX-€Rr,TE',  v.  i.  To  unite  or  coalesce,  as  separate 
particles,  into  a  mass  or  solid  body,  chiefly  by  spon- 
taneous cohesion,  or  other  natural  process  ;  as,  saline 
particles  concrete  into  crystals ;  blood  cono'etes  in  a 
bowl.  Applied  to  some  substances,  it  is  equivalent 
to  indurate;  as,  m::tallic  matter  concretes  into  a  hard 
body.  Applied  to  other  substances,  it  is  equivalent 
to  r.i!Hife/ti,  tlncken^  inspissate^  coagul'ttc,  as  in  the 
concretion  of  blood.    Mrhuihnot.   V/oodward.  A^eicton. 

CON-fRi^TE',  V.  t.  To  form  a  mass  by  the  cohesion 
nr  coalescence  of  separate  particles.  JIale. 

eOX-€l{F,T'EI),  pp.  or  a.  United  into  a  solid  mass  ; 
conL'calod,  in^pi^^satcd,  clotted. 

COX-CRkTE'LY,  adv.  In  a  concrete  manner  ;  in  a 
manii'^r  to  include  the  subject  with  the  predicate; 
not  abstractly,  J^orr'ui. 

CO.V-CRkTE'NESS,  n.  A  state  of  being  concrete; 
C4jagiiiation. 

CON  CRrT'ING,  ppr.  Coalescing  or  congealing  in  a 
mass;  b'xoniing  thick  ;  niaking^olid. 

COX-CRk'TION,  (kon-kre'shnn,)  n.  The  act  of  con- 
creting; the  process  by  which  soft  or  fluiil  bodies 
become  thick,  consistent,  solid,  or  hard  ;  the  act  of 
growing  together,  or  of  uniting,  by  other  natural  pro- 
cc:<s,  tlie  small  particles  of  matter  into  a  ma«s. 

9.  The  ma,s:?  or  solid  matter  formed  by  growing  tt>- 
|;othcr,  by  congelation,  condensation,  coagulation,  or 
induration  ;  a  clot ;  a  lump  ;  a  solid  :.:rnstance  formed 
in  the  soft  parts  or  in  the  cavities  of  animal  bodies. 

€ON-€Rt:'TIOi\-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  concretion. 


CON 

eOX-eRr:'TION-A-Iiy,  a.  PeiUining  to  or  made 
up  of  coTuretions  ;  producing  concretions.   Hitchcock. 

eON-CIlK'TIVE,  ti.  Causing  to  concrete;  having 
power  to  produce  concretion  ;  tending  to  form  a 
solid  Ina^;s  from  sepm-ato  particles;  as,  concretise 
juices.  Brown. 

eoX-eRi-:'TUUE,  7(.    A  mass  formed  by  concretion. 

[J^ot  used.] 

eON-CREW',  (kru',)  v.  i.  To  grow  together.  [JVo( 
TLsfti.]  Spenser. 

eON-CRIM-IX-A'TION,  jk    A  joint  accusation. 

eON-CO'IilN-AOE,  ?i.  [Fr.  See  Concubine.]  The 
act  or  pnictice  of  cohabiting,  as  man  and  woman,  in 
sexual  commerce,  without  the  autliority  of  law  or  a 
legal  marriage.  In  a  more  general  sense,  this  word 
is  used  to  express  any  criminal  or  prohibited  sexual 
commerce,  including  adultery,  incest,  and  forni- 
cation. 

In  some  countries,  concubinage  is  marriage  of  an 
inferior  kind,  or  performed  with  less  solemnity  than 
3  true  or  formal  m;uriage ;  or  maiTiage  witli  a 
woman  of  inferior  condition,  to  whom  the  husband 
does  not  convey  his  rank  or  quality.  This  is  said  to 
be  still  in  use  in  Germany.  Enajc. 

In  law,  concubinage  is  used  as  an  exception  against 
her  tliat  sueth  for  dower ;  in  which  it  is  alleged  thai 
she  was  not  lawfully  married  to  the  man  in  whose 
lands  she  seeks  to  be  endowed,  but  that  she  was  his 
concubine.  CowcU 

€ON-C0'KIN-AL,  a.    Pertaining  lo  concubinage. 

CON-Cu'BIN-A-ItV,  n.  One  who  indulges  in  concu- 
binage. 

eON-CO'BIX-.VRY,  a.    Relating  to  concubinage. 

CON-eO'BIN-ATE,  «.  Whoredom  ;  lewdness.  [J^ot 
in  iL^e.]  Taylor. 

eOi\'eu-ET.\E,  (konk'yu-blne,)  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  con- 
cubina,  from  cnncmrdw,  to  lie  together;  con  and  cnm- 
bo,  or  cubo,  to  lie  down.] 

1.  A  ^^■oIuun  who  cohabits  with  a  man  without 
the  authority  tif  a  legal  mavriage  ;  a  woman  kept  for 
lewd  purposes ;  a  kept  mistress. 

Bncon.     Skak.     Drijden. 

2.  A  wife  of  infi,-rior  condition  ;  a  lawful  wife,  but 
not  united  to  the  man  by  the  usual  ceremonies,  and 
of  inferior  contiition.  Sucli  were  Hagar  and  Ketu- 
rah,  the  concubines  of  Abraliain ;  and  such  concu- 
bines were  allowed  by  the  Uoiuan  laws. 

Encyc.     Cruden. 
eON-€UL'e.ATE,  ??.  ^     [L.  concnh:o.]     To  tread  on; 

to  trample  under  foot.  Monntagn. 

eON-CLfL'C.^-TEl),  pp.    Trampled  on. 
CON-CUI-'CA-Tf  NG,  ppr.     Treadiui;  on. 
eON-eUL-CA'TlON,  n.      A  trampling    under  foot. 

[J^iit  much  iise-tl.] 
eoN-CU'PIS-CENCE,  n.    [L.  concupiscentla,  from  con- 

cnpisco,  to  covet  or  lust  after  ;  cnn  and  cupio^  to  desire 

or  covet.] 
Lust ;    unlawful    or    irregular    desire    of  sexual 

pleasvire.     In  a  more  general  sense.,  the  coveting  of 

carnal  things,   or  an  irregular  api)etite  for  worldly 

good  ;  inclination  for  unlawfid  enjoyments, 

Wc  kiiiiw  even  sccilC  concupiscence  lo  be;  sin.  Hooker. 

Sin,  laMii*  occ.isiori  by  the  corfiiuaiitlnieiit,   wrought  hi  mc  all 
uuiiiicr  of  coiicujnscejice,  — Rom.  vii. 

eON-Cu'PIS-CENT,  a.  Desirous  of  unlawful  pleas- 
ure ;  libidinous.  Shak. 

COX-CU-riS-CEN'TIAL,  a.  Relating  to  concu- 
piscence. 

eOi\-eO'PfS-CI-ISLE,  a.  Exciting  or  impelling  to  the 
enjoyment  of  carnal  pleasure  ;  inclining  lo  tlie  at- 
tainment of  pleasure  or  good  ;  as,  concupiscihle  appe- 
tite. South. 

eOX-€UU',  V.  i.  [L.  concurro^iv.  run  together;  con 
and  curro,  lo  run;  It.  conrorrere;  Sp.  concurrir; 
Port,  concorrer ;  Fr.  concourir.] 

1.  To  meet  in  the  same  point ;  to  agree. 

Reason  and  sense  concur.  Temple. 

9.  To  agree  ;  to  join  or  unite,  as  in  one  action  or 
opinion  ;  to  meet,  mind  with  mind ;  as,  the  two 
houses  of  parliament  concur  in  the  measure. 

It  iias  jcifk  before  the  person  with  whom  one 
agrees ;  as,  Mr.  Uurke  concurred  with  Lord  Cliatliara 
in  opinion. 

It  lia.^  to  before  the  effect. 

Extremes  in  m;in  concur  to  general  use.  Pojie. 

3.  To  unite  or  be  conjoined,  with  the  consequrn- 
tral  sense  of  aiding,  or  contributing  power  or  in- 
fluence to  a  common  object ;  as,  various  causes  may 
concur  in  the  changes  of  temperature. 

CO-^-CUU'RENCE,  n.  A  meeting  or  coming  to- 
gether ;  union  ;  conjunction. 

We   have  no  oilier  m'-Msiire  but  of  our  own   ideas,    w»h   the 
concurrence  of  o'.hcr  probable  re.ieijits,  to  persuade  tii. 

Lodce. 

2.  A  meeting  of  minds  ;  agreement  in  opinion  ; 
union  in  design;  implying  joint  approbation. 

Tarqiiin  ili-  Pioud  WM  expelled  by  the  univerial  concurrence 

ui  ii'.M's  iiriil  people,  i>'ioi/l. 

3.  A  meeting  or  conjunction,  whether  casual  or 
intended ;  combination  of  agents,  circumstances,  or 
events. 

Strucic  with  these  great  concurrsnces  of  things.        Crashaw. 


CON 

4.  Agreetnent;  consent  ;  approbation.    Sec  No.  2 

5.  Agrrement  or  c<msent,  implying  joint  aid  or 
contribution  of  power  or  influence. 

From  these  i.iibllmc  images  we  collect  the  gfe.iineii  cf  lbs 
work,  mid  iln;  iiecc»^ity  of  the  divine  conatrrenee  to  Ii, 

liogera. 

G.  A  meeting,  as  of  claims,  or  power ;  joint  rights, 
implying  equality  in  difl'erent  persons  or  bodies  ;  as, 
a  concurrence  of  jurisdiction  in  two  diflerent  cotin-j. 

eON-CUR'REiV-CY,  n.    The  same  as  Concvrhkncp. 

CON-CUR'REXT,  o.  Meeting;  uniting;  accompany- 
ing; acting  in  conjunction;  agreeing  in  the  same 
act;  contributing  to  The  same  event  or  eifecti  o]>- 
erating  witli. 

I  Join  with  these  laws  the  i>.irsopal  presence  of  llie  king's  nan, 
as  a  concurrent  ca.ise  of  Uiis  reformatioii.  Daws. 

All  combinetl, 
Your  beauty,  and  my  impoieiica  of  mind, 
And  his  concun-e/it  llxme,  that  blew  iny  lire.  Dryden, 

2.  Ctdijoined  ;  associate  ;  couf  omitant. 

There  is  no  dillcrencc  between  the  co>icurrc;i(  echo  and  the  lo 
rani,  but  the  quickness  or  sluv/neiss  of  tiie  return.  Dacon. 

3.  Joint  and  e(|ual  ;  existing  together  and  operat- 
ing on  tiie  same  objects.  The  courts  of  tlie  Unitfd 
States,  and  thos'j  of  tlie  States,  have,  in  some  cases, 
concurrent  jurisdiction. 

CON-CUR'UENT,  H.  Tliat  which  concurs ;  joiut  or 
contributory  cause. 

To  all  alfairs  of  importance  (her-;  are  three  necewary  «in<:ur- 
rcnls  —  time,  industry,  »iiU  fucultieE.       Decay  of  P'uVj. 

eON-eUR'RENT-LV,  adv.  With  concurrence :  unit- 
ed! v. 

COX-CUR'RLXG,  ppr.  or  a.  Meeting  in  Iha  same 
point;  agreeing;  running  or  acting  logetlier ;  unit- 
ing in  action  ;  contributing  to  the  same  event  or 
efl'ect;  consenting. 

A  concurring  figure,  in  geometry^  is  one  which, 
being  laid  on  anotiier,  exactly  meets  every  pari  of  it, 
or  one  which  corresponds  with  it  in  all  its  parts, 

eON-eUS-SA'TlON,  n.  [See  Concussion.]  A  vio- 
lent sliock  or  agitation. 

eON-CavS'S£D,  tkon-kust',)  n.    Shaken. 

CON-CUS'SION,  (kon-kush'un,)  7(.  [L.  concussioj 
from  co7icntio,  to  shake,  from  con  and  guatio,  guasso, 
to  shake  or  shatter.  From  the  sense  of  discutio  and 
percutio,  we  may  infer  that  the  primaiy  sense  is  to 
beat,  to  strike,  or  to  beat  in  pieces,  to  bruise,  to  beat 
down,  Fr.  casser^  Eng.  to  quash,  L.  co'do,  cudo.  See 
Class  Gd,  No.  38,  40,  76,  and  Class  Gs,  No.  17.] 

1.  'I'he  acf  of  shaking,  particularly  and  properly 
by  the  stroke  or  impulse  of  another  body. 

It  is  believed  th.it  great  ringin*  of  bells,  in  populous  cities,  hath 
dissip:ited  pcBtilent  air,  which  may  be  irorn  the  concitsiion 
of  the  uir.  Bacon. 

2.  'IMic  State  of  being  shaken  ;  a  shock ;  as,  the 
concussion  of  the  brain  by  a  stroke.  It  is  used  also 
for  shaking  or  agitation  in  general ;  as,  the  concus- 
sion of  the  earth.  Ti'oodward. 

eON-CUS'SIVE,  a.  Having  the  power  or  quality  of 
shaking.  Johnson. 

eOND,  V.  t.  [Fr.  conduire.]  In  seamen's  langtuigr,  to 
conduct  a  ship  ;  to  direct  the  man  at  the  helm  how 
to  sle;ir.  Bailey.     Encyc. 

CON-DEAIN',  '{kon-dem',)  v.  t.  [L.  condcmno;  wi 
and  damno,  to  condemn,  to  disapprove,  to  doom,  to 
devote  ;  It.  condannarc,  dann.:>c ;  Port,  condcuar  ;  Sp. 
id.;  Vi:  condaninar;  Arm.  cont,':iu:ii;  I),  ducmcn,  vcr- 
doenien  ;  G.  verdammcni  S\v.  diima,  fdrdSma  ;  Dan. 
dovnner,furdiimmrr;  Sax.  dcma'i,  fordcman,  to  dcc::i, 
to  (hum,  lo  jvidg',  to  condemn.  See  Damn,  Deem, 
Doom,] 

1.  To  pronounce  to  be  utterly  wrong ;  to  utter  a 
sentence  of  disrqiprobation  against;  to  censure;  to 
blame.  Hut  the  word  often  expresses  more  than 
censure  or  bhunc,  and  seems  to  include  the  idea  of 
utter  rejection ;  as,  lo  condemn  heretical  opinions ;  to 
condemn  one's  conduct. 


We  condemn  mistukee  wiih  nsperiiy, 
with  gentleness. 


fhcrt 


2.  To  determine  or  judge  to  be  wrong,  or  guilty  ; 
to  disallow  ;  to  disapprove. 

Bclovvid,  if  our  heurl  condemn  us  not,  we  have  coufideuce  lo- 
wui'd  God.  —  1  John  iii. 

3.  To  wituess  against ;  to  show  or  provo  to  be 
wrong,  or  guilty,  by  a  contrary  practice. 

The  tiien  nf  N'ineveh  shall  rise  in  judgment  with  thi^  gctlcrMiwa, 
and  sli.ill  condemn  it. —  Matt.  xii. 

4.  To  pronounce  to  be  guilty;  to  sentence  to  pun- 
ishment; to  utter  sentence  against  judici.aliy  ;_  to 
doom;  opposed  to  aajuit  or  absolre;  with  to  before 
the  penally. 

The  Knn  of  man  shall  Ijc  betrayed  unto  the  chief  p>i<sl3,  aitu 
nirli)  ibe  scnliTB,  and  ihey  shall  conrfcr/in  him  Iodca;h. - 
M.ut.  XX. 

lie  tliAt  bcIicvcUi  on  him  is  not  condemned.  —  John  id. 

5.  To  doom  or  sentence  to  pay  a  fine  ;  to  fine. 

And  Uio  kjnsf  of  Kgypi  — rj)iJ«"i"crf  ihf  land  in  a  hundred  lal 
euls  of  sdvct. — '2  Cliron.  xxxvi. 

G.  To  judge  or  prtmounce  to  be  unfit  for  usn 
or  service;  as,  llie  ship  was  condemttcd  as  not  sea- 
worthy. ,  .     . 

7.  To  judge  or  pronr.'jncc  to  be  forfeited ;  as,  the 
ship  and  her  cargo  were  condemned. 


TONE,  BIILL,  TJNITE.  — AN"GEU,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z;  ClI  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  TIIJS. 


)>An 


CON 


CON-DEM'N  \-lII-B,  0.     Thai  may  be  comlcmncd  j 

eoN'-DEM-XA'TlON,  n.  [L.  Mnifrmita(u).l  The  act 
of  c.nd^nninf  i  ilio  juJicinl  act  of  dodarins  one 
jullly,  and  dooming  llinl  lo  iiunishmcnt. 

r«r  the  ]uL!»iD*n(  wai  ly  ooo  (o  corvitmnallin,  —^m.  f. 

i3.  The  Gtate  of  being  condemned. 

VM  tho"  nM  fc«r  Ood.  Melot  Gou  Ml  In  llK  •'"«  nminnna- 
(ion?  — Luke  x«lll. 

3.  Tile  cause  or  reason  of  a  scnlence  of  condem- 
nation.   John  iii.  .        .        .       ■ 

CO.V-DUM  N.\-TO-RY,  o.  Condeniiiuii! ;  lieanng  cou- 
dinination  or  censure  ;  as,  a  condcmnalonj  sentence 
iir  dt'CfL",'.  , 

Ci)N-DE.M.N'£D,  (kon-Ucnid')  pf.  or  n.  Censured  ; 
pnmouncoil  to  bo  wrons,  Riiilly,  wrrtlilc.^s,  or  for- 
ftiled  ;  adjild'lid  or  Bcntinceil  to  iiMhi^liiMc-nt. 

CON-DKM'.N'Elt,  ».     One  » lio  ron.l.nina  or  censures. 

€O.V-l)K.M  NI.Nfi.W"-. or  a.  I'ensiiriui; ;  dirallouing  ; 
pronouncins  to  lie  wron;,  cuilly,  worllile.^s,  or  for- 
f.ited  :  scnlentin'.;  to  punislnnenl. 

eO.V-OEXS'.V-llLi;,  «.  [Sec  Co:<DC.S3i:.]  Capable 
of  brina  conilenaed  ;  that  may  he  compressed  into  a 
smaller  compass,  and  into  a  more  close,  comiKict 
Plate  ;  as,  vajKtr  is  tonilea/iattle. 

eON-DEN.i'A'rE,  r.  (.  [See  Cosdexse.]  To  con- 
dense ;  to  coniprcM  into  a  closer  form  ;  to  cause  lo 
like  a  more  com|>act  .slate  ;  to  make  more  dense. 

€o'.N'-DE.\S'.\TE,  r.  i.    To  become  more  dense,  close, 

or  hard.  .  .  ,  j 

eON-DE.N'S'.^TE,ii.    Made  dense;  condensed;  made 

more  close  or  compact.  Peaclmm. 

€0.\-DENS'S-TEU,  j>j>.     Condensed  ;   made   more 

CON-SeNS'S-TING,  fpr.    Making   more   close    or 

compact.  ,_  .        .       «      ^ 

eO.N-DE.N-SJ'TION,  n.    [L.  coiidiiisatu).    See  Con- 

DETVSE.I  .  .  ., 

The  act  of  making  more  dense  or  eompact ;  or  the 
act  of  causins  the  parta  that  compose  a  body  lo  ap- 
proach or  nnilc  more  closely,  cither  hy  mechanic.-U 
pressure  or  by  a  natural  process  ;  the  slate  of  being 
condensed.  Dew  and  clouds  are  supposed  to  be 
formed  by  the  aimlcn-^alian  of  vapor.  Il  is  opposed  to 
TurrfacluiH  and  cjj;aii-ion.  Condensation  is  applica- 
ble to  any  compressible  mailer  ;  and  from  condensa- 
tion proceeds  incre.xsed  hardness, solidity,  and  weijlit. 

eo.N-UE.\S'.\-TlVE,  a.  Having  a  iKiwer  or  tendency 
to  condense. 

eoX-DE.NSE',  (kondcns',)  r.  I.  [L.  coiiiicnso  ;  con 
and  denso,  to  make  thick  or  close;  It.  coiidcnsarc; 
Sp.  and  Port.  conJnisai- :  Fr.  comlaiser.    See  Desjk.] 

1.  To  make  more  close,  thick,  or  compact;  to  cause 
tlie  particles  of  a  body  lo  appr.iacli,  or  to  unite  more 
closely,  either  hy  their  own  attraction  or  affinity,  or 
by  mechanical  force.  Thus  vapor  is  said  to  he  con- 
deiLsed  into  water  by  the  application  of  cold  ;  and  air 
U  condriisrd  in  a  tube  hy  pnssure.  Hence  the  word 
13  sometimes  equivalent  lo  coinprejs. 

2.  To  make  thick ;  to  ins|iissate  ;  applkd  to  soft, 
compressible  subslunces. 

3.  To  compress  into  a  smaller  comp.T.s3,  or  into  a 
close  body  ;  to  crowd  ;  applied  lo  leparatc  iudiriduaii. 
Thus  we  say,  to  condense  ideas  into  a  smaller  com- 
p.ass.  Drijden. 

eo.V-DEN'SE',  r.  i.  To  become  close  or  more  com- 
pact, as  tluT  particles  of  a  body  ;  to  approach  or  unite 
more  closely  ;  to  grow  thick. 

Vapon  eoniintt  ind  collfiCC  into  im^l!  p.irc:ls.       Sttcton. 

CON-DEXSE',  0.  Close  in  texture  or  comiwsilion ; 
compact;  firm;  dense  ;  condeiisated.  [Sec  Dense, 
which  is  Generally  used.]  Mdton. 

eO.N-DEXS'£D,  (kondenst',)np.  or  tt.  Made  dense, 
or  more  close  in  jKirts  ;  made  or  become  compact ; 
comnrtrsscd  into  a  narrower  compass. 

€ON-UENS'En,  n.  A  pneumatic  engine  or  syringe, 
in  which  air  or  other  elastic  Huids  may  be  compressed. 
It  consists  of  n  cylinder,  ill  which  is  a  movable  piston 
lo  force  the  air  iiilo  a  receiver,  and  a  %'alve  to  prevent 
the  air  from  escaping.  Kneye. 

2.  A  ve^isel,  or  pan  of  machinerv",  in  wliicll  aqueous 
or  spirituous  vapors  are  reduced  ton  liquid  lunn.  This 
may  b»  done  eilhir  by  injecting  a  quantity  of  cold 
waier  into  the  condenser,  as  in  that  of  a  steam-en- 
Eine.  or  hy  immersing  the  condenser  in  another  vessel, 
Ihronch  which  cold  water  contimially  tlows.  Hthcrt. 

eO.V-DE.N'S'lNG,  ppr.  or  a.  .Making  more  dose  or 
compact. 

€ON-DE.N'S'l-TY,  n.  The  slate  of  being  condensed  ; 
densenesa  ;  density.     \The  latter  are  genrralhi  lu^rd.] 

eOXD'ER,  n.     [Fr.cona'mre ;  h.eondueu.     SeeCoNO.] 

1.  A  person  who  stands  upon  a  clilT,  or  elevated 
part  of  the  sea-coast,  in  the  time  of  the  herring  fish- 
er)', to  point  out  to  the  fishermen,  by  signs,  the  course 
of  the  shoals  of  nsh.  C"'"'- 

2.  One  who  gives  directions  to  a  helmsman  how 
to  steer  the  ship.  Enetje. 

eON-DE-SCE.NCE',  n.    Desri'nl  from  superiority. 
eo.\'-DE-SCEND',  r.  i.     [II.  cimdcseeitdrre  ;  Sp.  condo- 

seeiidrr :  Fr.  condesccndre ;  am  and  L.  descendo.    Sec 

Descend.] 


1.  To  descend  from  the  privileges  if  Mii.;rior  niiik 
or  dignity,  to  do  some  act  lo  an  iitiVfior.  which 
strict  Justice  or  the  ordinary  rules  of  civility  do  nol 
require.  Ileii";,to  submil  or  yield,  as  to  an  inferior, 
unplying  an  occasional  relinquisliment  of  distinction. 

Miod  nol  Wsli  \\i\aK*i  t*"!  eondtictvd  lo  ii;ei»  «(  lovT  fiUtc  — 
Koiii.  xU. 


2.  To  recede  from  one*8  rights  in  negotiation,  or 
common  Intercourse,  lo  do  some  act,  which  strict 
justice  does  not  requuv. 

Sp^lii'i  inlyhly  moimrcli, 
111  fmcloiii  cK-meiicy,  dot*  tutvlticindt 
On  lit'-*-,  comlllioiit,  10  l>.eome  jour  fi). ml.  DryJen. 

3.  To  stoop  or  descend ;  to  yield  ;  lo  Bubmit ;  im- 
plying a  relinqiiishment  of  rank,  or  dignity  of  char- 
acter, and  sometimes  a  sinking  into  di  basemenl. 

Cnn  111      I  .  ii'v  1      .  I  l.rckcii,  lO  llcM:"iI, 

Wl:;.  ■,  Itiaimy  mill  I  c*er 

Wi;.  1  al*ur.l  comiiiuuli  ?  A/i.*(im. 

CON-DE-M         I  .:,«.    A  vohllilarj'  yielding  or 

submission  I"  :iii  inlirior. 

Vou  will  oU-tve  [ill  tlifl  TurScil  an  loiiilliiij  eomltittrultiiee, 
wlilch  tici^cakj  lltcir  contempt  of  joii.  A'ron. 

eON-DE-SCEXD'I.\G,  ppr.    Descending  (Vom  rank 
or  distinction   in  the   intercourse  of  life  ;  receding 
from  rights  or  claims  ;  yielding. 
2.  a.    Yielding  to  inferiors  ;  courteiius  ;  obliging. 

COX-DB-SCl".Xr)'IXf;-IA',  ai/r.  By  way  of  yielding 
to  inferiors  ;  willi  voluntary  submission;  hy  way  of 
kind  concession  ;  courteously.  Mtcrliurij. 

eoX-DE-SCi;.N''SION',  n.  Voluntary  d'sceiil  from 
rank,  dignity,  or  jnsl  claims;  reliiiqiiishinent  of  strict 
right  ;  submission  lo  inferiors  in  graining  requests  or 
performing  acts  which  strict  justice  does  not  require. 
Hence,  courtesy. 

It  foi'oida  pride  nnd  conimamla  humilily,  nio<lc(l/,  ftnd  Condi- ^ 
■cenfion  10  oilicn.  TOIolMn. 

Riphael,  oinidu  hia  icnderneaa,  shows  ancli  a  tlt^nlly  and  con. 
dcteennon  In  all  hi*  bcliavlor,  oa  an!  snitjUo  lo  .i  siipcror 
nature.  Addtioo. 

eON-DE-SCEN'SIVE, o.    Condescending;  courteous. 

i?iirreir. 
eON-DE-SCENT',  n.     Condescension.     Wot  ilvci/.] 

Bp.  JML 
COX-DIGX',  (kon-dinc',)  a.     [L.  condi^m;  con  and 
eiiniii-s  worthy.     See  Dicmtv.) 

1.  Deserved  ;  merited  ;  suitable  ;  applied  umiallij  to 
punishment;  as,  tile  malefactor  has  suffered  conAjn 
punishment. 

2.  Worthy  ;  merited  ;  as,  condttr-.i  praise. 
[In  Vie  latter  sense,  seUiim  used.]      {Spenser.     SlMli. 

eOX-DIG'.M-TY,  n.  Merit ;  desert.  In  scftoof  rfiiin- 
ilil,  the  merit  of  human  actions,  which  claims  rc- 
w'urd  on  llic  score  of  justice.  .l/ihicr. 

eOX-nii;N'LV,(kon-dine'lv,)<K/e.  According  lo  merit. 

€OX-UIG.N".NESS,  (kon-dinc'ness,)  n.  Agreeablencss 
to  deserts ;  suitableness. 

COX'DI-.MENT,  w.  [L.  coRdMnentuin,  fre:i;  conuio,le> 
season,  pickle,  or  prescr\-e.] 

Seasoning;  sauce;  that  which  is  used  to  give  relish 
to  meat  or  other  food,  and  to  gratify  the  taste. 

As  for  ra.la!i  and  the  like,  lliey  art)  for  condi-'ncnu,  and  nol  for 
iioiiriihmcuL  Eciean. 

eON-DIS-CI'PLE,  n.  [L.  e<nic/«sci;iuliK ;  con  and  d'la- 
cipulus.    See  DisciPUE.] 

A  schoolfellow  ;  a  tearncr  in  the  same  school,  or 
under  the  same  inslniclor. 

eOX-DlTE',  V.  L     [L.  cotulio,  conditum.] 

To  prepare  and  preserve  witli  sugar,  salt,  spices,  or 
thelikc:  to  pickle;  xs,  to  cim/i/c  pears,  plums,  quinces, 
mushrooms,  &c.     [Liule  used.]        Grew.     Taijlor. 

eOX-DITE'.MEXT,  ii.  A  composition  of  conserves, 
powders  and  spices,  in  the  form  of  an  electuary. 
I /,iH/e  ./«<(.]  Bailctj. 

eoX-l)lT'IXG,;>pr.  Preserving.    [LiMeiiscd.]   Orcw. 

eOX-Dl"T10N,  (kon-dish'un,)  ii.  [li.  eondiUa,  from 
coiuh,  to  build  or  make  ;  to  ordain  ;  properlij,  to  set 
or  fix,  or  to  set  together,  or  in  order ;  con  and  do,  to 
give  ;  properly,  to  send.] 

1.  State ;  a  particiUar  mode  of  being ;  applial  to 
external  circumstances,  lo  tiic  boiij,  to  tlie  mind,  and  to 
ihiws.  We  speak  of  a  good  coiirfitieii,  or  a  bad  con- 
dilion,  ill  reference  to  wealth  and  poverty  ;  in  refer- 
ence ID  licallh  and  sickness  ;  in  reference  to  a  cheer- 
ful or  depressed  disposition  of  mind  ;  and  Willi 
reference  to  a  sound  or  broken,  perishing  state  of 
tilings.  The  word  signifies  a  selling  or  fixing,  and 
has  a  vcn- general  and  indefinite  application,  coin- 
ciding nearly  with  state,  from  sto,  lo  slami,  and  de- 
notes that  iiarticular  frame,  form,  mode,  or  disposi- 
tion, ill  which  a  thing  exists,  at  any  given  time.  .\ 
man  is  in  a  good  fon/iitit>;i,  when  he  is  Ihrivin?.  A 
nation  Willi  an  exhausted  tre.asurs-,  and  burdened 
with  taxes,  is  not  in  a  condition  to  make  war.  A 
poor  man  is  in  a  humble  condition.  Religion  atVords 
consid.ation  to  man  in  every  condtlioA  of  life.  Ex- 
hortations sliould  be  adapted  to  the  comlition  of  the 
mind. 

Conilision,  circumstance,  Is  nol  tlic  tuin^  ; 

B!i»i  is  the  same  In  subject  or  hi  linj.  Pope. 

2.  Quality ;  property ;  attribute. 

h  seemM  lo  us  a  condition  and  property  of  divine  powera  and 
beings  10  be  hl'ltleu  and  unseen  to  otiicn.  Bacon, 


CON 

3.  Slate  of  the  mind ;  temper ;  temperament ;  com . 
plexion.     [.See  No.  1.]  Uliok. 

-1.  Mora!  quality  ;  virtue  or  vice.     Raleigh.     South. 

{These  senses,  howreer,falt  leithin  the  first  li^nirioii,] 

5.  Kank,  that  is,  slate  with  respect  to  the  orders  or 
grades  of  society,  or  to  property ;  as,  persons  of  tho 
best  condition.    '  Ctarriidoa, 

ti.  Tenns  of  a  contract  or  covenant ;  stipulation  ; 
that  is,  that  which  is  set,  fixed,  established,  or  pro- 
posed.    What  arc  the  conditions  of  the  treaty  ? 

Make  our  eonMtion  with  yon  captive  khip.  Dryten. 

lie  sciiilclh  and  desinlli  fondilionf  of  peace.  —  Luke  xlv. 

7.  A  clause  in  a  bond,  or  other  contract,  containing 
terms  or  a  stipulation  that  il  is  lo  be  performed,  and, 
in  case  of  failure,  the  penalty  of  the  bond  is  lo  be  In- 
curred. 

ti.  Terms  given  or  provided,  as  the  ground  of  somc- 
lliing  else  ;  that  which  is  established,  or  lo  be  dene, 
or  lo  happen,  as  requisite  to  another  act ;  as,  I  wUI 
p.iy  a  Slim  of  money  on  condition  you  will  engage  to 
reluiid  it. 

9.  That  which  must  exist,  as  the  ground  or  neces. 
Bary  adjunct  of  somctliing  else. 

€0X-DI"TI0X,  (kon-dish'un,)  v.  i.    To  make  terin« ; 
to  stipulate;  as,  it  is  one  thing  to  ceii<(tlie'i  for  a  good  i 
olUce.  and  another  lo  execute  iL  I 

eOX-Dl"TIO.X,  D  (.    To  contract ;  lo  stipulale.  | 

It  v.a»  nndtlioned  b?l*een  Saturn  and  Til*n,  thal^  Ssluni    [ 
should  lut  to  death  all  Ills  maio  chililrcn  liaUgh.       | 

C0.V-I)I"TI0N-AI.,  a.  Containing  or  depending  on  a 
condition  or  conditions  ;  made  w  illi  liinilalions  ;  not 
uhsolute  ;  made  or  granted  on  certain  terms.  A  foii- 
ditionnl  promise  is  one  which  is  to  bo  iierforiiied  when 
soinelhing  else  stipuhited  is  done  or  has  taken  place. 
A  conditional  fee,  ill  /aic,  is  one  which  is  granieil  ii|Hin 
condition  that,  if  the  donee  shall  die  witlioul  such  imr- 
liciilar  heirs  as  are  specified,  the  estate  shall  revirl  lo 
Ihc  donor.  Hence  it  is  a  fee  restrained  to  particular 
iieirs,  to  the  exclusion  of  others. 

2.  In  grammar  and  (ii'ic,  expressing  a  condiiion  or 
siqiposilTon  ;  as,  a  conditional  word,  mode,  or  tense  j 
a  conditional  syllogism. 

€0N-I)1"T10N-.\I.,  11.     A  limitation.  Bacon. 

C0X-D1"T10N-AL'I-TY,  >i.  The  quality  of  being 
coiiditioiial,  or  limited  ;  limitation  by  certain  lerim. 

C0.\-I)I"'i'IOX-.\L-LY,  adv.  With  certain  liinita- 
tioiis ;  on  particular  terms  or  stipulalions ;  not  abso- 
lutely or  positively.  • 

Wc  Bi-e  Ijr'c  prefcrtneuts  tendered  to  lliin,  tut  condlltoMtlg, 
upon  hi*  doji-;  wicked  offices.  StouW. 

eOX-DI"TIOX--\-RY,  f-dish'un-,)  a.      Conditional; 

sliptilated.     [.Vet  liscJ.J  Aern.'. 

eoX-UI"'l'lO.N-.VrE,  a.    Condilional ;  established  on 

certain  terms.     [.jVoL  used.]  JIaimnond. 

eoX-DI"TIO.V-ATE,  V.  t.    To  qualify;  to  regulate. 

[M,t  in  use.]  „  Bromn. 

€0N-Dl"T10N-£D,  (kon-dish'und,)  ;>;>.    Stipulaledj, 

containing  terms  to  be  performed.  _ 

2.  a.    Having  a  certain  slate  or  qiialiti,:s.    This 

word  is  usually  preceded  by  some  qiialir.nn:;  term; 

as,  ffood-eonditione^l,  ill-conditioned,  best-eoiidilwiuj. 
eo.N'-lH" TIOX-IXG,  iipr.  M.aking  terms  or  conditions 

in  slipulations. 
eo.N-UI"TloN-LY,  adu.     On  certain  terms.     [JVM 

,tsed.]  ,         Sidaei/. 

€0.N'DI-T0-RY,  ii.     [L.  eonditorium,  from  cenile,  10 

hide.] 
.\  repositorv  for  holding  lliings. 
eOX-DO'LA-TO-RY,  a.    Expressing  condolence. 
eOX-DOLE',  V.  i.     [L.  condoico;  con,  with,  and  dolet, 

to  ache,  or  to  grieve.]  . 

To  feel  pain,  or  to  grieve,  at  the  distress  or  misfor- 
tunes of  another. 

Your  frienils  would  have  cause  to  rejoice,  raliier  Uiao  condoli 
with  you. 

It  is  followed  hy  with  before  tho  person  for  whom 
wc  feel  grief.  . 

eo.V-DOLE',  V.  t.  To  lament  or  bewail  tviili  another, 
or  on  account  of  anotlier's  misfortune.    [  Unusual.] 

Why  sl.ould  our  poet  petition  Isb  for  her  safe  delivery,  anil  at 
leiwardroKdo/e  Iwr  miscarriage?         Drydtn.    Mttlon. 

COX  DoLE'.ME.N'T,  ii.  Grief;  pain  of  mind  at  an- 
other's lo=s  or  misforliine;  sorroiv  ;  mourning.  Shot. 

eoX-DO'I.EXCE,  II.  Pain  of  mind,  or  grief  excited 
hy  the  tlistress  or  misfortune  of  another,    .^rbutlinot. 

CO.XnOI.'HR,  n.     One  who  condoles. 

CO.V-Dfil.'IXG,  ppr.    Grieving  at  another's  distr.'ss. 

COX-DOL'l.N'O,  n.    Expression  of  grief  for  another  a 

eoX'bo-MA,  n.    .'Vii  animal  of  the  go.at  kind,  as  large 
as  a  stag,  and  of  a  gray  color.      ma.  offTat.  Hist. 
Il  is  a  species  of  antelope,  the  A.  strepsicaros. 
€0X-D0-X.\'TI0X,  n.     [L.  eondono.] 

The  art  of  pardoning.     [Little  used.] 
COX'DOK,!!.   A  large  bird,  of  the  genus  rui(ur,rouna 
in  the  most  elevated  parts  of  the  Andes,  in  Souin 
America.    It  flies  higher  than  any  other  bitil.     1  he 
reports  of  its  size  have  been  much  exaggeratiul 


Dana. 

eOX-DCCE',  V.  i.    (U  eonduco ;  con  and  duco,  to  lead  j 
6p.  coniucir ;  II.  condurre.]  


FiTE,  F.\B,  FALL,  WHAT.-METE,  PREY.-PIXE,  MARYXE,  BTRD.-NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF.  BQCK. 


244 


CON 

To  lead  or  tend  :  to  contribute ;  followed  by  to. 
Thsy  may  condtxe  to  Turthcr  discoverifs  for  complctuj  llie 
l!»»ry  of  li'ht.  Newton. 

To  condiuc  tOj  includes  the  sense  of  aiding,  tending 
to  produce,  or  funiishing  tlie  means ;  bence  it  is 
sonuniiiiL'a  equivalent  to  promote^  advance,  or  further. 
Virtue  coitducej  to  the  welfare  of  sccietj-.  Beligioii 
conduce^  ti}  lt-nip*>ral  hapiiiness.  Temperance  conduces 
to  health  and  long  life. 

Ill  the  transiiive  sense,  to  conduct^  it  is  not  author- 
ized. 
€0X-DCCE'3IENT,  n.    A  leading  or  tending  to  ;  ten- 
dency Gregory. 
CON'-UC'CENT,  c    Tending  or  contributing  to.  Z,«urf. 
€0.\-fC'CI-BLE,  a.     [L.  conducibilis.] 

Leading  or  tending  to;  having  the  power  of  con- 
ducing J  having  a  tendency  to  promote  or  forwai'd. 

Our  Safior  hath  enjoinsd  us  a  reasonable  service  ;  all  his  laws 
arj  iit  tlieinselves  corufucifi/e  lo  (he  leDix>oiaI  interest  of  ihein 
llMt  observe  thera.  BenUey. 

[This  word  is  less  7(sed  than  Condccive.] 

C0N-Du'CI-BLE-NE5S,  n.    The  quality  of  leading  or 

contributing  to  any  end.  More. 

eOX-Du'CI-CLY,  adv.    In  a  manner  to  promote. 
CO.\-Du'CIXG,  ppr.    Tending  or  contributing. 
€OX-Du'CIVE,  a.    Tliat  may  conduce  or  contribute  j 

having  a  tendency  to  promote. 

Ad  aaioD,  however  conducice  lo  liw  good  of  our  ctt-ntry,  will 
be  represented  as  prejudicial  lo  i(.  Addison. 

€0N-DU'CIVE-NESS,  n,  Tlie  quality  of  conducing 
or  tending  to  promote.  Boyle. 

CO\'DUCT,  n.  [Sp.  conducts;  It.  condotla;  Ft.  con- 
daite ;  from  the  L.  eondactaSi  bat  with  a  dilferent 
sense,  from  conducoy  to  lead ;  con.  and  duco.  See 
Duke.] 

1.  Lita-allij,  the  act  of  leading ;  guidance ;  com- 
mand.   So  Waller  has  used  it. 

Conduct  of  armies  is  a  prince's  a^l. 

2.  The  act  of  convoying  or  guarding :  guidance,  or 
bringing  along  under  protection.  Sha':. 

3.  Guard  en  the  way  j  convoj' ;  escort.        S'tak. 
[TViese  senses  are  now  unusual,  tlwugh  net  improper.'} 

4.  In  a  general  saisc,  personal  behavior ;  course  of 
actions ;  depc^rtment ;  applicable  equally  to  a  good  or 
bad  course  of  actions  ;  as,  laudable  conduct ;  detestable 
conduct.  The  word  seeras  originally  to  have  been 
followed  witJi  Ufej  actions,  affiiirs,  or  other  term  ;  as, 
the  conduct  of  life ;  the  conduct  of  actions ;  lliat  is,  the 
leading  along  of  life  or  actions. 

yoitn^  men,  in  the  cond'icl  jind  rrMnage  of  actions,  embrace 

mure  ih.m  they  can  hold.  Bacon. 

Whit  in  (he  conduct  of  our  life  appears.  Dryden. 

But,  bj'  custom,  conduct  alone  is  now  used  to  ex- 
press the  idea  of  behavior,  or  course  of  life  and  man- 
ners. 

5.  Exact  behavior  ;  regular  life.  [Unusual.']    SieifL 

6.  Management;  mode  of  carrying  on. 

Christ laniiy  has  humanized  tlie  conduct  of  7.'ar.  Pdetf. 

7.  The  title  of  two  clergymen  appointed  to  read 
prayers  at  Eton  CoUece,  in  England.  Jucson. 

eOX-DUCT',  r.  t,  [Sp.  conducir;  Port,  eonduzir,  lo 
conduct,  and  to  conduce  ;  Fr.  conduire ;  It.  condnrrc  ,* 
Ij.  condueo.  But  the  English  verb  is  &om  tlie  noun 
comluct,  or  the  Latin  participle.] 

1.  To  lead;  to  bring  along;  to  guide;  to  accom- 
pany and  show  tlie  way. 

And  Jjitalicamc  to  Gi!^l,  to  conduct  ihe  kiogoTcr  Jordan. — 
3  Sam.  xLx. 

2.  To  lead  ;  to  direct  or  point  out  the  way ;  as, 
the  precepts  of  Christ  will  conduct  us  to  happiness. 

3.  To  lead ";  to  usher  in ;  to  introduce  ;  to  attend 
in  civihty. 

Pray,  receive  them  nobly,  and  corAucl  iliem 

Into  our  presence.  Shak. 

A.  To  give  a  direction  to ;  to  manage ;  applied  to 
things;  as,  the  farmer  conducts  his  affairs  with  pru- 
dence. 

5.  To  lead,  as  a  commander ;  to  direct ;  to  govern ; 
to  command  ;  as,  to  conduct  an  army  or  a  division  of 
troops. 

6.  With  the  reciprocal  pronoun,  to  conduct  07ie^s 
self  is  to  behave.  Hence,  by  a  customary  omission 
of  the  pronoun,  to  conduct,  iri  an  intransitive  sense, 
19  to  behave ;  to  direct  personal  actions.  [Sec  the 
noun.] 

7.  To 
wav 

eoy-DU€T'ED,  pp.  Led  ;  guided  ;  directed  ;  intro- 
duced: commanded;  managed. 

€ONDi;€T-I-BIL'I-TY,  n.  Capability  of  being  con- 
ducted :  rj;,  the  eonductibility  of  the  electric  fluid. 

CO\-I)UeT'f\G,  ppr.  or  a.  Leading;  -escorting; 
introducing;  commanding;  behaving;  managing. 

eOxV-DUe'TION,  n.  The  act  of  traiiung  up.  [JVat  in 
U3t.\  B.  Jonson. 

2.  Transmission  through  or  by  means  of  a  con- 
ductor. Hcnry^s  Ckem, 

eON-DUe-Tr'TrOUS,  (tlsh'us,)  a.  [L.  conductttius, 
from  conduco^  to  hire.] 

Ilin^d  ;  employed  for  wages.  ■^yliffc. 

€ON-DL'€T'IVE,  a.    Directing ;  leading ;  managing. 


'  escort ;  to  accompany  and  protect  on  the 


CON 

eON-DUGT'OIl,  H.  A  leader;  a  guide;  one  who 
goes  before  or  accompanies,  and  shows  the  way. 

9.  A  chief ;  a  commander ;  one  who  leads  an  anny 
or  a  p2oplo. 

3.  A  ilircclor;  a  manage:' :  a  superintendent;  as, 
tJie  conductor  of  a  railroad  train. 

4.  In  surircry,  an  instrument  which  serves  to  di- 
rect the  knife  in  cutting  for  the  stone,  and  in  laying 
up  situists  and  listulas  ;  also,  a  machine  to  secure  a 
fractured  limb.  Coxe.    Encyc. 

5.  In  physics,  a  substance  which  forms  a  medium 
for  the  transmission  of  some  other  substance  or  fluid, 
particulaiiy  of  heat  or  electricity.     Hence, 

6.  A  metallic  rod  erected  by  buildings  or  in  ships, 
to  conduct  lightning  to  the  earth  or  water,  and  pro- 
tect the  buildins  from  its  effects. 

eoN-DUCT'O-RV,  a.  Having  the  property  of  con- 
ducting. 

€ON-DU€T'RESS,  v.  A  female  wiio  leads  or  di- 
rects ;  a  directress. 

eON'DUIT,  (konMit,)  n.  [Fr.  conduit,  the  participle 
of  conduire,  L.  eondueere,  to  conduct ;  Sp.  eonducto  ,* 
It.  condotto  ;  Port,  eonducto.] 

1.  In  ancient  architecture,  a  narrow  passage,  usTially 
under  ground,  for  the  purpose  of  secret  communica- 
tion between  apartments.  Brande. 

2.  A  canal  or  pipe  for  the  conveyance  of  water  ; 
an  aqueduct.  Conduits  are  made  of  lead,  stone, 
cast  Iron,  wood,  ice,  above  or  below  the  surface  of 
the  earth. 

3.  A  vessel  that  conveys  the  blood  or  other  fluid. 

The  conduits  of  my  blood.  Sliak. 

A.  A  conductor 

These  oriians  are  the  nerves,  which  are  the  conduits  to  convey 
thrm  from  without  to  iheir audience  in  the  braiu.     Locke, 

5.  A  pipe  or  cock  for  drawing  otT  liquor.     Skak. 

6.  Any  channel  that  conveys  water  or  fluids;  a 
sink,  sewer,  or  drain. 

CON-DCPLI-CATE,  a.  [L.  conduplicatas,  from  enn- 
duplico,  to  double  or  fold;  con  and  dupUco.  See 
Double.] 

Doubled  or  folded  over  or  together,  as  the  leaves  of 
a  bud.  Jilartyn. 

CON-Du'PLI-CaTE,  r.  t.  To  double ;  to  fold  together. 

eON-DO'PLI-C.^-TED,  a.    Doubled;  folded  together. 

CON-DU-PLLCa'TIOX,  n.     [L.  conduplicatio.] 

A  doubling  ;  a  duplicate.  Johnson. 

eON'DYLE,  (kon'dil,)  n.  [L.  eondyhis;  Gr.  kovSvXos.] 
A  protubjrance  on  the  end  of  a  bone  ;  a  knot,  or 
joint ;  a  knuckle.  Cozr, 

€ON'DYL-OID,  a.  [Gr.  Kov5v\og  and  iih?,  form.] 
The  contlyloid  process  is  the  posterior  protuber- 
ance at  the  extremities  of  the  under  jaw  ;  an  oblong 
rounded  head,  which  is  received  into  the  fo?5a  of 
the  temporal  bone,  forming  a  movable  aiticulalion. 
The  anterior  is  called  the  coroiwid  process.    Encyc, 

eON'DYL-OlD,  n.    The  apophysis  of  a  bone;  the 

■   projecting  soft  end,  or  process  of  a  bone.  Coze. 

CON^DYI^OPE,      (  n.     [Gr.   koi'6.v\<}Sj  a  joint,  and 

eON-DVL'0-POD,  j      -oci,  foot.] 

A  general  lern^  applied  by  Cuvier  to  insects,  Crus- 
tacea, and  spiders,  in  allusion  to  the  fact  that  ihey  are 
articulated  animals  with  jointed  feet.  Dana. 

eoNE,  71.  [Fr.  cone ;  It.  and  Sp.  cono  ;  from  L.  conus  ; 
Gr.  Koi'-'is ;  W.  con,  that  which  shoots  to  a  point, 
from  extending;  W.  co/mi/H,  a  tail;  con  7^,  a  stalk; 
eono,  a  spruce  fellow.  It  coincides  in  radical  sense 
witli  the  root  of  can  and  begin.] 

1.  A  solid  body  or  figure  having  a  circle  for  its 
base,  and  its  top  terminated  in  a  point  or  vertex,  like 
a  sugar-loaf. 

2.  In  botany,  tlie  conical  fruit  of  several  evergreen 
trees,  as  of  the  pine,  fir,  cedar,  and  cypress.  It  is 
composed  of  woody  scales,  usually  opening,  and  has 
a  seed  at  the  base  of  each  scale.  Jlartyn. 

A  cone  of  rays,  in  optics,  includes  all  the  rays  of 
light  wiiich  proceed  from  a  radiant  pttint  and  fall 
upon  a  given  surface,  as  of  a  glass.  Barlow.  Brande. 
A  right  cfljtr,  iswhen  its  axis  is  perpendicular  to 
the  plane  of  its  base,  and  its  sides  equal.  It  is  formed 
by  the  revolution  of  a  right-angled  plane  triangle 
about  one  of  its  sides.  Brande. 

An  oblique  or  scalene  cone,  is  when  its  axis  is  in- 
clined to  the  plane  of  its  base,  and  its  siiles  unequal. 
€0-Ne'INE.     SeeCoNiiNA.  [Bailey.     Brande. 

Co'XE-PaTE.  i  iu     The  Mexican  popular  name  of  au 
CO'NE-PATLJ )     animal  of  the  weasel  kind  in  Amer- 
ica, resembling  the  poK^cat  in  form  and  size,  and  in  its 
fetid  stench.  Itis  the  Mephitis  Americana,  commonly 
called  skunk  in  New  England. 
eo-N'E'-SII.\P--Ei),  (-shapt,)  a.    Having  l!ie  form  of  a 
Co'NEY.    See  Conv.  [cone. 

€ON-FAB'U-LATE,p.i.     FL.  confabulor:  conamlfab- 
ulor,  to  tell.    See  Facle.J 
To  talk  familiarly  together ;  to  chat ;  to  prattle. 

Il  birds  confcbulaU  or  no.     ILillle  tued.]  Co'^per. 

eON-FAB-lJ-LA'TION,  n.     [h.  confabulatio.} 

Familiar  talk  ;  easy,  unrestrained,  unceremonious 

conversation.    Familiarly  abridged  into  confab.  [JVof 

071  elcrant  word,  and  lilllc  itscrf.] 
€ON-FAIl'(J-LA-TO-Ry,  a.     Belonging  to  familiar 

talk.     [Liultused,] 


CON 

eOX-FA-.'^IIL'IAR,  (fa-mjl'yar,)  a.  Very  familiar. 
[J^ut  in  use.) 

euN-F.VR-RE-A'TIOX,  n.  [L.  confarreatia  ;  con  and 
farreo,  lo  Join  in  marriage  with  a  cake,  from  far^ 
com  or  meal.] 

The  solemnization  of  marriage  among  the  Romans, 
by  a  ceremony  in  which  the  bridegroom  and  bridj 
tasted  a  cake  made  of  flour,  with  salt  ami  water, 
called /«r  or  panis  farreus,  in  presence  of  llio  high 
priest  and  at  least  ten  witnesses,      .^ylijfe.    JIdam. 

eON-FAT'ED,  3.    Fated  together.     [A-yf  in  use.] 

COxX-FECT',  c.  (.  To  make  sweetmeats.  [Sec  Com- 
fit.] 

CON'FECT,  H.     [L.  confcctus,  conficio.    See  Comfit.] 
Something  prepared  with  sugar  or  honey,  as  fruit, 
herbs,  roots,  and  the  like  ;  a  sweetmeat.     Harcey. 

eOi\-FE€T'EI),  ;;;;.     Made  into  sweetmeats. 

eON-FECT'JNG,  ppr.     Makini;  into  sweetmeats. 

eON-FEC'TION,  H.  [L.  coT.fcctio^  from  conficio  }  con 
and  facto,  to  make.] 

1.  Any  thing  prepared  with  sugar,  as  fruit;  a 
sweetmeat  ;  something  preserved.  Bacon.    Encyc. 

2.  A  composition  or  mixture.  Bacon. 

3.  A  soft  electuary.  Encyc. 
€0X-FEe'TIO\-ER,  n.     One  whose  occupation  is 

to  make,  or  to  sell,  sweetmeats,  &.c. 

Boyle.    Shak. 
[Confectionery  in  this  sense  is  obsolete.] 
eOX-FEC'TION-ER-Y,  n.     A  place  for  sweetmeats  ; 

a  place  where  sweetmeats  and  similar  things  are 

made  or  sold. 
2.  Sweetmeats  in  general ;  things  prepared  or  sold 

bv  a  confectioner. 
eOX-FEC'TOR,  n.    [L.]    An  ofliccr  in  the  Roman 

games,  whose  business  was  to  kill  any  beast  that 

was  dangerous.  .Milncr, 

eO.V-FEC'TO^RY,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  art  of  making 

sweetmeats.  Beaum. 

€ON-FED'ER-A-CY,  n.    [Low  L.  confa:dcratio ;  con 

and  fa:dcratio,  from  facdits,  a  league.    See  Fedcrai. 

and  V/r.D.] 

1.  A  league  or  covenant ;  a  contract  between  two 
or  more  persons,  bodies  of  men  or  states,  combined 
in  support  of  each  other,  in  some  act  or  enterprise ; 
mutual  engagement  ;  federal  compact. 

The  fn°tiils!iips  of  the  world  are  oft 

Confederacies  hi  vice.  Addiion, 

A  eonfcdcTocy  of  princes  to  check  innovation.  .Inon. 

2.  The  persons,  states,  or  nations  united  by  a 
league. 

Virgil  has  a  whole  confederacy  against  him.  Dryden. 

3.  In  laic,  a  combination  of  two  or  more  persons  to 
cotamit  an  unlawful  act.  Encyc. 

CON-FED'EpL-ATE,  a.     [Low  L.  confadcratus.] 

United  in  a  league  ;  allied  by  treaty;  engaged  in 
a  confederacy. 

Tiiese  were  confedfrale  with  Abniin. — Gen.  xIt. 
Ryilx  is  confederate  with  Ephrjiro.  — Is.  vii. 

eON-FED'ER-ATE,  n.  One  who  is  united  with  oth- 
ers in  a  league  ;  a  person  or  nation  engaged  in  a  coa- 
tederacy  ;  an  ai;\'.  Shidi.     Dryden. 

COX-FED'ER-aTE,  t?.  I.  [Fr.  confedcrer;  Low  L. 
confcdcro.  But  the  English  verb  seems  to  be  directly 
from  the  adjective,  supra.] 

To  unite  in  a  league  ;  to  join  in  a  nnitual  contract 
or  covenant;  as,  the  colonics  of  Ainrrica  confeder- 
ated in  177G;  several  stales  of  Europe  Iiave  some- 
li:nes  confederated  for  mutual  safety. 

By  wi>rd3  men  come  lo  know  nne  another's  tiunds;  by  these 
they  covcnaiiil  and  confcderole.  SouUl. 

eOX-FED'ER-.^TE,  v.  (,    To  unite  in  a  league ;  to 

ally. 

With  these  the  Picrjics  ihcm  confederate.  Daiaeu 

eOX-FED'ER-A-TED,  pp.  or  a.    United  in  a  leag-.ie. 
eoN-FED'EH-A-TIXG,  ppr.    Uniting  in  a  league. 
COX-FED-Eil-A'TIOX,;'.     [Fr.  eanfc:ieration -,  lUeon- 
fcderazionc;  Low  L.  coi-faidrratio  ;  con  a.xid  fa:deratio.] 

1.  The  aet  of  coufedi-rating;  a  league  ;  a  comjMct 
far  mutual  suppoit ;  alliance,  particularly  of  princes, 
nations,  or  states. 

The  Uiroe  princes  enter  i-ito  a  slncl  Ica^ire  and  confederation. 

Bacon. 

2.  The  United  States  of  America  are  sometimes 
called  tlie  confcucration. 

€OX-FER',  r.  f.  [Fr.  eonfcrcr;  It.  confcrire;  Sp.  con- 
fcrir ;  L.  confero ;  con  and  fero,  to  bear,  to  bring  forth, 
to  show,  to  djclarc.    See  BcAn.] 

To  discourse;  to  converse;  to  consult  together; 
implying  couver.-ation  on  some  serious  or  important 
subjeci,1n  distinction  from  mere  talk,  or  light,  famil- 
iar conversation ;  followed  by  toit!t, 

Adonijah  conferred  ■--life  Joab  and  AlMithar.  —  1  Kings  i. 
Fe&lOi  confer  rat  itit/i  the  council.  —  Acts  xxv. 

eON-FER',  r.  (.    To  give  or  bestow ;  followed  by  on. 

Coronation  confers  on  th?  kin  j  r.a  ro>-Al  auihorliy.       S>ut\. 

This  word  is  particularlv  used  lo  express  iho  grant 
of  favors,  benefits,  and  privileges,  to  be  enjoyea,  or 
rights  which  are  to  be  permanent ;  as,  to  confer  on 
one  the  privilcg^-s  of  a  citizen  ;  to  confer  a  title  or  an 
Iionor. 


TONE,  BULL,  UXITE.  —  AX"GER,  VP'CIOUS.— €  as  K;  6  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  Til  as  in  THIS 


a45 


CON 


CON 


2.  To  comjiarp ;  to  examine  by  compaii:»on ;  littr- 

If  «Q  wrif  ''*  *>^  oHxn  ot  ihe  Ukt  fuiure. 

B09U. 

3.  ;  ■  ;:il  L*,  lo  bring 
I0.  Kiucli  tu  the 
slP'i  ■  ^.'y,  cvn/rrs  to 
the  .-I:  i.^lli  "I"  till    iihi.'ii.     ['>'■  .]               O'anrilte. 

t'oN'FKK  KN't'K,  H.     [Fr.  conference;  Sp.  wii/n-nif m ; 

It.  (tuifrrcnza.      Pt'C  CoNKKR.] 

1.  I'Ik- lut  of  convcrsiiif!  uii  a  i^orious  iiiibjecl ;  a 
iliscuurniim  iK^tivern  iwo  or  more,  fur  lliu  purpose 
of  iiiMriictiiin,  consullation,  or  (L-libiraiioii ;  foniml 
ili^tcutirse  ;  Dfiil  (li!icu«^iun  j  as,  tliu  luiiii^itcra  bad  a 
coii/ercHce  at  RiilLsbon. 

For  il'-»   »(!■>  i^nittl   10  br  »o.(iC»hat,  In  con/ertnet  added 
Duihitig  la  iiie.  — Gal.  il. 

2.  A  mcuting  for  consulkitiuu,  discusaion,  or  in- 
structioi). 

3.  Comparison  ',  examination  of  tbin^  by  corn- 
par  L-<on. 

The  mytui'  '■•---  -''   '-.-rr-Uiooi.     Tlic  co»l/*ren«  of  dlf- 
fi-mn  n.  1/ooktr. 

[T^Li  se  .   low  obsoUte,"] 

4.  A  mcvim-,- 'i  iin  uvo  branches  of  0  legislature, 
W  tluir  committee,  to  adjust  dilTorcncca  respecting 
bUIs,  ic. 

5.  A  minted  niectiii^  of  preacliers  in  the  Wesleyan 
Methodist  rhurrh,  for  iransarlin?  business. 

roV-FKU'U/:i),;iji.     Givtn  ;  iMi[Kirl(d;  bestowed. 
•    ^"  '      ■  -MUt,  n.    One  who  confers;  one  who  con- 
who  besloWif. 
.  i  \G,  ppr.    Conversing  together  j  bestow- 
»_   's  1  i.i^UINGjH.    Thi^  :icl  of  bt-stowing.  [ing. 

9,  Coiiipariiion ;  examination. 
C0.\-FER-RO'.MIN-A-TED,  o.    Sodered  together. 

Haoker. 
€ON-FER'VA, «.  ,•  pU  CosrERT.E.  [L.]  In  botantj,  the 
name  of  an  extensive  section  of  the  M-ra,  consisting 
of  simple,  tubular,  jointed  water-weeds.  P.  Cyc. 
eON'-FESS',  F.  L  [Fr.  cot\fe,*scr;  II.  con/essare;  Sp. 
copffsiir ;  Port,  eon/f^scir ;  fnun  L.  eat\fiUor^  confcssum ; 
Ci'.i  aiiil/.:;f.'r.  to  own  or  acknowledge  ;  It,  faoisdin.'] 

1.  'i'o  uwn,  acknowh^iliie,  or  avow,  as  a  crime,  a 
fault,  a  chnrn.-,  a  dvbt,  or  sometliing  that  is  against 
onc'jj  inlL-rest  or  reputation ;  as,  I  coj\fe^3  tlic  argu- 
ment acainiit  mo  is  good,  and  not  easily  refuted ;  let 
U3  frankly  confess  out  sins. 

lluiiLin  £»'jlti  wilh  htimnn  ^\ci  confttM.  Prior. 

"  Confess  Oice  freely  if  thy  sins,"  used  by  Shak 
rpeare,  is  not  legitiiuate,  unless  in  the   sense   of 
Roman  Catholics. 

2.  In  thf  Roman  CaVioUc  churchy  to  acknowledge 
sin5  and  faulL-i  to  a  priest ;  to  disclose  the  state  of  the 
conscience  to  a  priest,  in  private,  with  a  view  to  ab- 
solution ;  sometimes  with  the  reciprocal  pronoun. 

Tte  beauiifol  votary  eoi^fetttd  htrtelf  to  this  celebrated  father. 

Additon. 

3.  To  own,  avow,  or  acknowledge;  publicly  to 
declare  a  belief  in  and  adherence  to. 

WhoCTcr  ihall  eon/eti  i«  before  men. —  Matt.  i. 

4.  To  own  and  acknowledge,  as  true  disciples, 
friends,  or  children. 

Ulm  vQI  I  oonfan  Icfora  m;  Father  who  it  in  hMvcn.— 
M.tti.  X. 

5.  To  own  ;  lo  acknowledge  ;  to  declare  to  be  ime, 
or  to  admit  or  assent  to  in  words  ;  opposed  to  deny. 

T.  -  -•  lo  ihee  that  Uiy  own  right  handc-.n  tart 

1  \\\\  th^y  were  itmigen  .tod  pil^ms  00  the 

6.  I'o  stiow  by  the  effect ;  to  prove ;  to  attest. 

Ted),  thririn;  tr<?fi  eanfKtacd  the  fruIUul  mold.  Pope. 

7.  To  hear  or  receive  the  confession  of  another  j 
as,  the  priest  confessed  the  nuns. 

GON-FESS',  r.  i.  To  make  confession ;  to  disclose 
faulu,  or  the  slate  of  the  conscience;  as,  tills  man 
went  to  Ihe  priest  to  confess. 

COS-FKSS'.\ST,  n.    One  who  confesses  to  a  priest. 

Bacon. 

COX-FESS'A-RY,  n.  One  who  makes  a  confession. 
[.Vot  ttxfiL]  Hall. 

CON-FESS'^D,  (kon-fesl',)  pp.  or  a.  Owned;  ac- 
ktiou  Iiil2cd  ;  declared  to  be  true  ;  admitted  in  words; 
avowrd  ;  admitted  in  disclo^i;  to  a  priest. 

eON-FESS'ED-LY,  (iJc.  By  confL?::ion  or  acknowl- 
edgment ;  avowedly  ;  undcitiatity.  Demosthenes 
wa^^  .-     fV    '■^j.'v  the  greatest  «.:Tilor  in  Greece. 

1  purpose;  a^,  his  object  was  con- 
P  \\\  himself  a  bi^neficc. 

i^O'.s  1  .  .    I'l'T.    Owning;  avowing;  declaring 

to  l;c  i;.ur  ur  rcai ;  granting  or  admitting  by  assent  ; 
rccdiviti':  disclosure  of  eins,  or  \\u  slate  of  the  con- 
.■■'r.ieDce  of  another. 

eo.N  FE-?'i=[O.V,  (kon-fesh'un,)  n.      Th"    acknowl- 
tfiain:-iil   of  a   crime,  fault,  or  .•iometliing  lo  one's 
(:i:^a<ivanl3gc  ;    op  -n    d  (I.nuiion   of    guilt,   failure, 
' ;,  accusation. 

\:'  ,\\\  the  moolh  c  '    to  KiIr*tion.  — Rom.  %. 


S.  Avowal ;  the  act  of  acknowledging  ;  profession. 

Who.  before   PoiiUui  PiUie,  wluie**.-J  a  pood  confrttioii.— 1 
Tiro.  »l. 

3.  The  act  of  disclosing  sins  or  faulla  to  a  pric.«'t ; 
the  disburdcnint  of  the  conscience  privately  to  a 

COnfeHSor:    ' -  ■   '"  ■''    "  -'-"'■'•■  wn/«^W»n. 

4.  Cy^'  ti  fitrinularj"  in 
which  111  '-d;  acr.-.'d  lo 
beasseitU'i - ■•  ,.  .■.iiinar>' to  admis- 
sion into  a  church. 

5.  The  ncknowledgmunl  of  a  debt,  by  a  debtor, 
befiire  a  juslice  of  the  jwace,  &c.,  on  which  Judgment 
is  entered  and  execulion  issued. 

eON-FES'SlO.^-AL,  If.  I'll"'  .^'*at  where  a  priest  or 
confessor   sits   tu   hear  confessions  ;    a   confeaslon- 

eON-FK.S'.'^l(».\-A-kV,  Tt.    [Pp.  wii/Mio/iario.J  [cliair. 
.\  toiifessiuti-^hair,  as  above. 

eON-FES'6lO>-A-RY,  a.  Pertaining  lo  auricular 
confession. 

eON-FES'SION-lST,  n.  One  who  makes  a  profession 
of  faith.  jVoH ii((i''-u. 

eON-FESS'OR,  ».     [Fr.  confteseur -,  Sp.  con/hror.j 
I.  One  who  confesses;  one  who  acknowledges 
his  sins. 

a.  One  who  makes  a  profession  of  his  faith  in  ilie 
Christian  religion.  The  term  was  particularly  ap- 
plied, in  the  early  church,  lo  one  who  confessed  Ihe 
doctrine  of  Christ  before  persLculing  magistrates,  and 
firmly  endured  puni^hmi-nt  fur  defending  the  fuilh. 
If  such  a  one  died  under  his  tormcnls,  lie  was  called 
a  viaritfr.  Hook,  The  term  was  used,  also,  for  such 
Chrisiians  as  lived  a  good  life,  and  died  wilh  the 
repiilalion  of  sanctity.  Kncyc. 

3.  A  priest  of  the  Royiun  Catholic  church,  who 
hears  the  confessions  of  olhers,  and  has  power  to 
gmnt  lliem  absolution. 

eON-FEST',  pp.  or  a.  [For  Co^tessed.]  Owned ; 
op'ju  ;  ackrutwledged  ;  apparent;  not  disputed. 

CON  FEST'LY,  ado.  [For  Confessedly.]  Avowed- 
ly ;  indisputably.     [LUtle  tucd.] 

eO.N"FI-I)A.\T,  n.  m.  i    One  intrusted  with  secrets  ; 

eOX'FI-DAiNTE,  H./.  i  a  confidential  or  bosom 
friend.  [This  word  has  been  spell  confident  by  Mit- 
ford,  Coxe,  and  others,  and  this  spcllina;  would  be 
preferable,  as  more  conformed  to  Ihe  derivation  of 
III.;  word.] 

eON-FIDE',  ».  (.  [L.  eonfido;  con  and  Jlrfo,  to  trust ; 
It.  confidare;  Sp.  Port,  coifjiar;  Fr.  conficr ;  Arm. 
JtitiouU    See  Faith.] 

To  trust;  to  rely  on,  with  a  persuasion  of  faith- 
fulness or  veracity  in  the  person  trusted,  or  of  the 
reality  of  a  fact;  to  give  credit  to;  lo  believe  in, 
with  assurance  ;  followed  by  itu  Tlie  prince  confutes 
in  his  ministers  ;  the  minister  confides  in  the  strength 
and  resources  of  Ihe  nation  ;  we  confide  in  the  veraci- 
ty of  the  sacred  historians ;  we  confide  in  the  truth 
of  a  report. 

CON-FTI)E',r.  (.  To  intrust;  to  commit  lo  the  charge 
of,  with  a  belief  in  the  fidelity  of  the  person  intrust- 
ed ;  lo  deliver  into  possession  of  another,  with  assur- 
ance of  safe  keeping,  or  good  management;  followed 
by  (0.  We  confide  a  secret  to  a  friend  ;  the  common 
interests  of  ihe  United  States  arc  confided  to  the 
congress ;  the  prince  confides  a  negotiation  (0  his 
envoy. 

Thpy  would  tnki'  the  property  out  of  llie  haoda  oftlioMfo  whom 
it  aaa  confided  by  Uie  charter.  Hopkinton. 

CoiigTct*  niJiv,  iiiiiier  ihe  con  sit  mti  011,  eonfiile  ti>  the  Circuit 
Court  Juriulictiou  of  all  ofloiisca  agoiast  Uic  United  S(a[cj. 
Judge  SU)ry. 

eON-FID'ED,  pp.  Inlrusted  ;  comniilled  to  the  care 
of,  for  preser\*ation,  or  for  i>crformance  or  exercise. 

eON'FI-DENCE,  n.  [h.  confidcatiaf  It.  confid^tza; 
Sp.  confianza;  Fr.  confiance,  co7\fidcnce      Scj   Vox- 

FIDE.l 

1.  A  trusting  or  reliance  ;  an  assurance  of  mind  or 
firm  belief  in  Ihe  integrity,  stability,  or  veracity,  of 
another,  or  in  the  truth  and  reality  of  a  fact.  Mu- 
tual coi^dcnce  is  the  basis  of  social  lijippincss.  I  place 
confidence  in  a  statement,  or  in  an  omcial  report 

It  is  belter  to  truat  in  the  Lord,  tbno  to  put  confidence  in  nun. 
—  Pa.  cxriii. 

I  rejoice  Owl  1  Iihtc  confidence  in  you  in  «U  Uuosa. — 2 
Cor.  vii. 

9..  Trust ;  reliance  ;  applied  to  ojie^s  own  (AUUies  or 
fortune;  belief  in  one's  own  competency. 

nil  tim'-a  l.t!nsr  rather  proep-rijus  lluu  calm,  h.ad  niiacd  his 
confidence  by  auccisa.  Bacon. 

3.  That  in  which  trust  is  placed ;  ground  of  trust ; 
he  or  that  which  supports. 

!»ncl  waa  luhamwl  of  B-ih-el  their  confidence.  — Jcr.  xWiil. 
jthoTfth  ah:ill  be  Ihy  eonfidenet.  —  Pro».  iii. 

4.  Safety,  or  assurance  of  safety ;  eccurity. 

Tlicy  ihAll  build  honaca  i\nd  plant  vincyaixls ;  yea,  they  ihall 
dwell  with  confidgnet.  —  t£ek.  xzriii. 

5.  Boldness ;  courage, 

Piradiing  the  kingdom  of  God  with  nil  confidence.  —  IcU 
xxviil. 

6.  Excessive  boldness ;  assnrance,  proceeding  from 
vanity  or  a  false  opinion  of  one's  own  abilities  or  ex- 
cellencies. 

Their  confidtncM  arlicUi  from  loo  much  Crtdit  girtn  to  their  own 
wtU.  Hooker. 


CON 

eO.N'I'I-DE.NT,  a.  Having  full  belief  i  misting ;  rely. 
in;; ;  hilly  ussiircil  j  a5,  Iho  Irwjps  rush  on,  cot\fideia 
of  snr'-fsy. 

1  am  ronAfenI  tlul  much  nuy  Iw  done  low.nl  Un  iinprovempnl 
or  ii)iiloiop)ijr.  iloyif, 

2,  Tusitive;  (lo{pnatica] ;  as,  a  cori/ir/ent  tallccr. 

3.  Tntstin^  ;  withnut  suspicion. 

Ituii>'>,  \ie  n*  Uifl  nnd  ?ncioiii  unto  me, 

,\k  I  -111)  mnjiicnl  nmtltiiiil  U>  thee.  SluJt, 

•).  Dold  lo  a  vice ;  having  an  excess  of  assurouce. 

The  fool  raffeth  nnj  li  witfilenL  —  Prof.  xW. 

€ON'FI-DENT,  n.  One  intrusted  Willi  sccrcU  ;  a  con- 

fldentiul  or  bosom  friend.    Drydat.    Coxe.    Mitfi>nl, 
[TiiLi  irorfV  fias  been  vsttalhj  trriUrn  Conkidawt. 

V'A^  rri^nhir  Eni*lish  orUiit-rrnphii  \ctndd  be  CoSKlui::<T, 

ii.<  T'tvrn  bii  O'cr  and  Jlilford.] 
eoN'riUKN'TIAL,  a.     Enjoyinc  llio  coiifidcnce  of 

nin'tlier ;  trusty  ;  that  may  be  pafuly  trusted  ;  lui,  a 

confidential  frientl. 
','.  That  is  to  be  treated  or  kept  in  confidence ;  I'ri- 

vate  ;  u-^,  a  confidmtial  nuttter. 
3.  Adiiiilted  lo  special  confidence. 
eo.\-l"I-UE.\'Tl.Vl,-LY,  ai/r.    In  confidence;  in  ro- 

liniice  ttr  secrecy. 
€O.V'Pl-r)E.\T-LV,  adv.  With  firm  Inist ;  wilh  slronj 

asstirance  ;  without  doubt  or  wavering  of  opinion ; 

positively;  as,  to  believe  confidently ;  to  assert  cvnfi- 

dcnthf. 

€ON'f  I-DENT-XESS,  n.    Confidence  ;  the  nualily  ot 

slate  of  liaviiig  full  reliance. 
€ON-FID'EK,  n.  One  who  confides  ■  one  who  intnisu 

to  anolhiT. 
€ON-PIU'l.S"G,  ppr.  or  o.    Trusting;  reposing  confl- 

dcnce. 
eOjN  PIG'U-RATE,  r.  i.    [L.  configure.    Sec  Co:<rio- 

URE.] 

To  show  lilte  the  aspects  of  the  planets  toward 
each  other.  Jordan. 

eO.V-FIGU-R.^'TION,  n.    [Fr,  from  L.  confijiim.] 
1.  Evtefn.d  f  rm,  figure,  shape ;  the  figure  which 
bouiitls  a  body,  antl  gives  it  its  external  appeanince, 
constituting  one  of  tlie  principal  dilferences  belf. 
bodies.  -E.-' 

a   Relative  position  or  aspect  of  the  planet      'r 
the  face  of  the  liproscopc,  according  to  Ihe  relative 
po.-'itions  of  the  planets  at  any  lime.  Bailcij.  John.^oH, 
3.  llcseinblance  of  one  figure  to  .another. 

Bailey.    Jone^. 
CON-FIO'IJRE,  r.  (.     [I*  cm^gufo ;  con  and  >^iiri>,  to 
form  ;  fi^nra^  fipure.j 

To  form  ;  to  dispose  in  a  certain  form,  figure,  or 
shape.  BenUea. 

€0.N-F1G'UR-£D,  (kon-fig'yurd,)  pp.    To  dispose  in  a 

certain  form. 
eONFir.'rjR-ING,  piir.    Forming  to  a  figure. 
€0-N'-FI.N'A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  confined  or  lim- 

iteil.  Bp.  riiill. 

eON'FINE,  Ji.  [L.  confinis,  at  the  end  or  border,  ad- 
joining ;  confinium,  a  limit ;  con  and  Jinii,  end,  bor- 
der, limit;  It.  confine^  confina;  Sp.  confinj  Fr.  and 
Fort,  eonjins.     See  Fll«E.] 

Border;cdge;  exterior  part;  tlic  part  of  anyterritory 
which  is  at  or  near  the  end  or  extremity.  II  is  used 
generally  in  the  plural,  and  applied  chiefly  lo  coun- 

"'*     •'-  ■    f>Tt- 


trles,  territory,  cities,  rivers,  &c.    We  say,  th" 
finci  of  France,  or  of  Scotland  ;  and,  jS^iiriKir/  !•  . 
confines  of  light,  of  death,  or  the  grave ;  bill  ; 
tlie  confines  of  a  book,  table,  or  small  piece  of  1 

€0.\'FIi\E,  ».    Bordering  on;  lying  on  liie  In  i 
adjacent ;  having  a  common  boundary.      Joh: 

eO.N'FI.\E,  r.  1.     [Fr.  coii/fncr;  Sp.  wn/iiar;  It. 
no  re] 

To  border  on  ;  to  touch  the  limit ;  to  be  a.lj  • 
or  contiguous,  as  one  territory,  kingdom,  or  si  i 
another;  usually  followed  by  oh;  sometimes  \n 
Englaiiil  confines  on  Scotland.     Cuurecticiit  r 
on  Massachusetts,  New  York,  Rhode  IsLind,  aa.l  u- 
Sound. 

eOX-FINE',  tt.  t     [Sp    canfinar;  Fr.  confincr.    bee 
supra.] 

1.  To  bound  or  limit;  lo  restrain  within  limits; 
hence,  to  imprison  ;  to  shut  up  ;  to  restrain  from  es- 
cape by  force  i>r  insurmountable  obstacles,  in  a  ;:en- 
cral  sense  i  as,  to  coti/ine  horses  or  callle  tu  an  iiiclo- 
sure  ;  to  eot^fine  water  in  a  pond,  to  dam  ;  to  con.fine  a 
garriscm  in  a  town  ;  to  confine  a  criminal  in  pris 

2.  To  immure  ;  to  keep  close,  by  a  voluntary  act ; 
to  be  much  at  home,  or  in  retirement  ;  as,  a  man  eo«- 
flnes  himself  to  his  studies,  or  to  his  house. 

3.  To  limit  or  restrain  voluntarily,  in  some  act  or 
practice  ;  a.s,  a  man  may  confine  himself  to  the  ujc  of 
animal  fond. 

4.  To  tie  or  bind ;  to  make  fast  or  close  ;  as,  to 
coiliftiit  air  in  a  bladder,  or  corn  in  a  bag  or  sack. 

5.  To  restrain  by  a  moral  force  ;  as,  to  eon/ne  men 
hy  laws.  The  constitution  of  the  United  States  an- 
fines  the  States  to  the  exQrcise  of  powers  of  a  local 
nature. 

eON-FIN'En,  pp.  or  a.   Restrained  within  limits  ;  iin- 

prisuii.il  ;  limited  ;  secluded  ;  close. 
eo.X'I'INE-I.ESS,  a.    Boundless  ;  unlimited  ;  without 

end.  «***• 

eON-FINE'JllENT,  n.    Restraint  within  limits;  im- 


FaTE,  far,  fall,  WH/kT.  — METE,  PREY.— PLYE,  M.VRINF.,  BIRD.— NoTE,  Di3\T3,  .MOVE,  WOLF,  BQQK.- 
246  ~  """■  ~ 


CON 

prisonmsnl ;  aiiy  restraint  (if  liberty  by  force  orotJier 
obsticle,  or  neccosity  ;  a^,  the  conjiiumeiU  of  a  debtor 
or  criininal  to  a  prisun,  or  of  troops  to  a  besiegeil 
town.  ,  ^ 

2.  Voluntary  restraint ;  seclusion ;  as,  the  corifme- 
vicHt  of  a  man  lo  his  house,  or  to  his  studies. 

3.  Voluntary  restraint  in  action  or  practice ;  as, 
confincmciit  to  a  particular  diet. 

4.  Keslraint  from  going  abroad  by  sickness,  partic- 
ularlv  bv  childbirth. 

€OX-KTX'F-il,  .V.   He  or  that  which  limits  or  restrains. 

eOX'FIX-ER,  n.  A  borderer;  one  who  lives  on  con- 
fines, or  near  the  border  of  a  country.  Smk. 

a.  He  or  that  which  is  near  the  limit;  a  near  neigh- 
bor; he  or  tl:at  which  is  adjacent  or  contiguous  ;  as, 
co'{jir.crs  in  art;  conjiners  between  plants  and  aui- 
aia!i=,  as  oysters.  H'vaon.     Bacon. 

CON-FIX'IXG,  ppr.  Restraining ;  limiting ;  imprison- 
ing. 

€ON-FIX'I-TY,  77.  FL.  conjinitas.]  Contiguity  ;  near- 
ness ;  neighborhood.  Diet. 

€0N-FIRM'',  (kon-furni',)  r.  «.  [h.ccnjirmo;  con  and 
/nno;  to  make  firm.    See  Firm.] 

1.  To  make  firm,  or  more  firm  ;  to  add  strength 
to ;  to  strengthen ;  as,  health  is  confirmed  by  exer- 
cise. 

2.  To  fix  more  firmly  j  to  settle  or  establish. 

0)nfirming  the  souls  of  ihe  disciples.  —  Aclsxiv. 

I  conjirm  L*i?e  in  ihe  priesthood.  MaccabtiS. 

Otrtfirm  tt:e  crown  to  me  and  to  mtue  beirs.  Shak. 

3.  To  make  firm  or  certain  ;  to  give  new  assurance 
of  truth  or  certainty  ;  to  put  past  doubt. 

The  testimcny  of  Clirisl  was  cxmjir:iied  in  you. —  1  Cor.  i. 

4.  To  fix ;  to  radicate  ;  as,  Uie  patient  has  a  cmi^ 
firmed  dropsy. 

5.  To  strengthen;  to  ratify  ;  as,  to  confirm  Ein  agree- 
ment, promise,  covenant,  or  title. 

tj.  To  make  more  firm  ;  to  strengthen  ;  as,  to  con- 
firm an  opinion,  a  purpose,  or  resolution. 

7.  To  admit  to  the  full  privileges  of  a  Christian,  by 
the  imposition  of  a  bishop's  hands.  Johnson. 

6.  In  Vic  goccriimcnt  of  tJte  United  States^  to  estab- 
lish, assent  to,  or  ratify ;  as,  the  senate  confirms  or 
rejects  the  appointments  proposed  to  them  by  the 
president  of  the  United  States. 

€OX-FiRM'A-BLE,  (kon-furm'a-bl,)  a.  That  maybe 
confinned,  established,  or  ratified;  capable  of  being 
made  more  ctTtaiii.  Brown. 

COX-FlRM-A'TIOX'",  71.  The  act  of  confirming  or  es- 
tablishing ;  a  fixing,  settling,  establishing,  or  making 
more  certain  or  firm  ;  establishment. 

la  Uw  deTense  aiid  oo'ifirmation  of  ibe  gospel,  yc  are  all  partai- 
ers  of  mj-  grace.  —  Piiii.  i. 

9.  The  act  of  ratifying;  as,  tlie  confirmation  of  a 
promise,  covenant,  or  stipulation. 

3.  The  act  of  giving  new  strength ;  as,  the  con- 
firmation of  health. 

4.  The  act  of  giving  new  evidence  ;  as,  the  con- 
firmation of  opinion  or  report. 

5.  That  which  confirms:  that  whicli  gives  new 
strength  or  assurance;  additional  evidence;  proof; 
convincing  testimony  ;  as,  this  fact  or  this  argument 
is  a  cunfirmation  of  wliat  was  before  alleged. 

6.  In  /a7r,  an  assurance  of  title,  by  the  conveyance 
of  an  estate  or  risht  in  esse^  from  one  man  to  anoth- 
er, by  which  a  voidable  estate  is  made  sure  or  una- 
voidable, or  a  p;irticular  estate  is  increased,  or  a  pos- 
session made  perfect.  Blackslone. 

7.  In  church  ajairs,  the  act  of  ratifying  the  elec- 
tion of  an  archbishop  or  bishop,  by  the  king,  or  by 
persons  of  his  appointment.  Blackstone. 

8.  Tlie  act  or  ceremony  of  laying  on  of  hands,  in 
the  admission  of  baptized  persons  to  the  enjoyment 
of  Christian  privileges.  The  person  to  bo  confirmed 
brings  hill  godfather  and  godmother,  and  takes  upon 
himself  ihs  baptismal  vows.  This  is  practiced  in 
the  Greek,  Roman,  and  Episcopal  churches. 

Hammond.     Encyc. 

€0N-F1RM'A-TIVE,  (kon-furm'a-tiv,)  a.  Having 
the  power  of  confirming  ;  tending  to  establish. 

€OX-FiRM'A-TIVE-LY,  adv.  In  a  manner  teiiding 
to  confirm. 

€OX-FIRM-a'TOR,  71.    He  or  that  which  confirms. 

€OX-F1RM'A-TO-RY,   (kon-funn'a-to-r}-,)  a.      That 
serves  to  confirm:  giving  additional  strength,  force, 
or  stability,  or  additional  assurance  or  evidence. 
2.  Pertaining  to  the  rite  of  confirmation. 

€0X-FIRM'£D,  (kon-furmd',)  pp.  or  a.    Made  more 
firm;  strengthened;  established. 
2.  Admitted  to  the  full  privileges  of  the  church. 

€OX-FIRM'ED-XESS,(kon-furm'ed-ness,)7i.  A  fixed 
stale. 

€0\  FiRM-EE',  n.  One  to  whom  any  thing  is  con- 
firm^■d.  -^-■'■A. 

CON-FIRM'ER,  (kon-furm'er,)  n.  He  or  that  which 
confirms,  establishes,  or  ratifies;  one  that  produces 
new  evidenro;  an  attester.  Shuk. 

eOX-FIRM'lXG,  (kon-furm'ing,)  ppr.  Making  firm 
cr  more  firm;  strengthening;  ratifying;  giving  addi- 
tional evidence  or  proof ;  establishing ;  administering 
the  rite  of  confirmation. 

€ON-FIRM'IXG-LY,  (kon-furm'ing-ly,)  «//».  In  a 
manner  to  strengthen  or  make  firm.     B.  Jonaon. 


CON 

eON-FIS'CA-BLE,  a.    [See  Confiscate.]    That  may 

be  confiscated;  liable  to  furfi.lltire.  Eromne. 

€OX-FI6'€aTE  or  COX'FIS-C.I'I'E,  v.  t,     [L.  coiv- 

fisco ;    con  and  fisacsy  a  basket,   hamper,  or  bag ; 

hence,  revenue,  or  the  emperor's  treasure ;  It.  confis- 

carc:  Fr.  confisquer;  Sp.  confiscar.] 
To  adjudge  to  be  forfeited  to  the  pubUc  treasury, 

as  the  goods  or  estate  of  a  traitor  or  other  criminal, 

by  way  of  penalty  ;  or  to  condemn  private  forfeited 

property  to  public  use. 

The  estate  of  ihe  rebels  was  seized  and  confiscated.       Anon. 

eOX-FlS'CATE  or  COX'FlS-eATE,  a.  Forfeited 
and  adjudged  to  the  public  treasury,  as  the  goods  of 
a  criminal. 

eOX-FIS'CA-TED  or  €ONTIS-€a-TED,  pp.  or  a. 
Adjudged  to  the  public  treasury,  as  forfeited  goods 
or  estate. 

eOX-FIS'€A-TING  or  eOX'FIS-eA-TfXG,  ppr.  Ad- 
judging to  the  public  use. 

€ON-FIS-eA'TIOX,  n.  The  act  of  condemning  as 
forfeited,  and  adjudging  to  the  public  treasury,  aa 
the  goods  of  a  criminal  who  has  committed  a  public 
offense.    Ezra  vii.  26. 

eoX'FIS-CA-TOR,  7(.    One  who  confiscates.    Burke. 

€OX-FIS'€A-TO-RY,  a.    Consigning  to  forfeiture. 

Burke, 

eOX'FIT,  n.    A  sweetmeat.     [See  Confect.] 

eOX'FI-TEXT,  H.  [h.  coT^fitcns,  See  Confess.)  One 
who  confi.'sses  his  sins  and  faults.     [JVot  much  used.] 

eOX'FIT-CRE,  n.     [Fr.,  from  confire,  confit ;  L.  cmi- 
fectitra,  coitficiu  :  con  and  facia.    This  word  is  cor- 
rupted into  Comfit,  whicli  is  now  used.] 
A  sweetmeat ;  confection  ;  comfit.  Bacon. 

CON-FIX',  V,  t.     [L.  configo,  confijnun  ;  con  and^o-o,  to 
fix,  to  thrust  to  or  on.     See  Fix.] 
To  fix  down  ;  to  fasten.  S!mh. 

€OX-FIX'£D,  C-fixt,)  pp.  Fixed  down  or  to ;  fast- 
ened. 

eOX-FIX'ING,  ppr.    Fixing  to  or  on  ;  fastening. 

COX-FIX' QRE,  ?i.     The  act  of  fastening.    jMountag-u. 

COX-FLa'GRAXT,  a.     [L.  confiagrans,  confiagro  ;  con 
and ^^0,  to  burn.    See  Flagrant.] 
JJurning  together  in  a  common  flame.       Milton. 

€0X-FLA-GRA'TI0N,  n.  [L.  confiagratio.  See  Fla- 
grant.] 

1.  A  great  fire,  or  the  burning  cf  any  great  mass 
of  combustibles,  as  a  house,  but  more  especially  a 
city  or  forest.  Bcntletj. 

2.  The  burning  of  the  world  at  the  consunnnation 
of  things,  when  "the  elements  shall  melt  with  fer- 
vent heat." 

COX-FLa'GRA-TIVE,  fl.    Causing  conflagration. 
CON-FLa'TIOX,  71.      [L.  confiatta^  frum   confio ;   con 

andj7o,  to  blow.    See  Blow.] 
A  blowing  together,  as  of  many  instruments  in  a 

concert,  or  of  many  fires  in  melting  metals.  Smart. 
eOX-FLEX'CRE,  7(.     A  bending.     [JK'ot  used.] 
CON'FLICT,  n.     [L.  confiictuSf  from  confiigo  ;  con  and 

fiigo^  to  strike,  Eng.  to  fiog^  to  lick;  Sp.  confiicio;  It. 

coiifiitto ;  Fr.  confiii.] 

1.  A  striking  or  dashing  against  each  other,  as  of 
two  moving  bodies  in  opposition  ;  violent  collision 
of  substances;  as,  a  conflict  of  elements  or  waves; 
a  conflict  of  particles  in  ebullition. 

2.  A  fighting;  combat,  as  between  men,  and  ap- 
plicable to  individuals  or  to  armies;  as,  the  conflict 
was  long  and  desperate. 

3.  Contention  ;  strife  ;  contest. 

In  onr  last  conflict,  four  of  his  five  wits  weiil  lialting  off.   Slia!:. 

4.  A  struggling  with  ditficulties  ;  a  striving  to  op- 
pose or  overcome  ;  as,  the  good  man  has  a  perpetual 
conflict  with  his  evil  propensities. 

5.  A  struggling  of  the  mind;  distress;  anxiety. 
Col.  ii. 

6.  Tlie  last  struggle  of  life  ;  agony  ;  as,  the  conflict 
with  death.  Tltvmson. 

7.  Opposing  operations;  countervailing  action; 
collision ;  opposition. 

In  exercising  ihe  righl  of  freemen,  the  man  of  religion  (Xpcri- 
ences  uo  conjlicl  between  his  dnly  and  his  incUnntiou.     . 
J.  Applcton. 

eON-FLTCT',  V.  i.  To  strike  or  dash  against;  to 
meet  and  oppose,  as  bodies  driven  by  violence;  as, 
conflicting  waves  or  elements. 

2.  To  drive  or  strike  against,  as  contending  men 
or  armies;  to  fight;  to  contend  with  violence;  as, 
conflicting  armies 

3.  To  strive  or  struggle  to  resist  and  overcome ;  as, 
men  conflicting  with  difi!iculties. 

4.  To  be  in  opposition,  or  contradictoiy. 

Tbc  laws  of  tbe  Uni'.cd  Stales  and  of  llie  individual  Stales  may, 
in  some  c;ises,  conjlict  with  each  other.       Wkeaton's  Bep. 

COX-FLICT'IXG,  ppr.    Striking  or  dashing  together  ; 
fighting;  contending;  struggling  to  resist  and  over- 
come. 
2.  a.  Being  in  opposition ;  contrary;  contradictory. 

bi  the  al)scnc«  of  all  eonfliciing  cviilence.  Story. 

eOX-FLICT'IVE,  a.    Tending  to  conflict. 
eOX'FLU-EXCE,  71.      [L.  conflnrntia,   from    eonfluo  ; 

con  and^jfo,  to  tlow.     Sec  Flow.] 
1.  A  flowing  together;  the  meeting  or  junction  of 

two  or  more  streams  of  water,  or  other  tluid  ;  also 


CON 

the  i)Iace  of  meeting ;  as,  the  confluence  of  the  Tigris 
and  Euphrates,  or  of  the  Ohio  and  Missis5i[>pi 

2.  The  running  together  of  people  j  the  act  of 
meeting  and  crowding  in  a  place  ;  a  crowd  ;  a  con- 
course i  Vie  latter  icord  is  more  geiterallij  used. 

Temple.     Shah 

3.  A  collection ;  meeting ;  assemblage.      Boyle 
€ON'FLU-ENT,  a.     [L.  confiucns.]    Flowing  togolh- 

cr;  meeting  in  their  course,  as  two  streams;  as, 
confluent  streams.  Blaekmore. 

2.  In  medical  science,  running  together,  and  spread- 
ing over  a  large  surface  of  the  body ;  as,  the  cjiuflucnl 
small-pox.  Enajc. 

3.  In  botany^  united  at  the  base  ;  growing  in  tufls  ; 
as,  conflxient  leaves ;  running  into  each  other :  as, 
confluent  lobes.  Mariyn, 

CON'FLUX,  )t.  [Low  h.  confiuodo,  from  conflao. 
See  Confluence.] 

1.  A  flowing  together;  a  meeting  of  two  or  more 
currents  of  a  fluid.  SiiaJ:. 

2.  A  collection  ;  a  crowd ;  a  multitude  collected  ; 
as,  a  general  conflux  of  people.  Clarendon. 

€0X-FLUX-I-BIL'1-TY,  n.  The  tendency  of  fluids 
to  run  together.     [LitUe  used.]  Boyle. 

CON-FORM',  a.  [L.  conformis;  eon  and^t/rma,  form.] 
Made  to  resemble  ;  assuming  the  same  form  ;  like ; 
resembling.     {Little  used.]  Bacon. 

eOX-FORM',  V.  t.  [L.  conformo ;  con  and  formoj  to 
form,  or  shape,  from/orTJia,  form.] 

1.  To  make  like  in  external  appearance;  to  re- 
duce to  a  like  shape,  or  form,  with  something  else  j 
with  to  ;  as,  to  conform  any  thing  to  a  model. 

2.  Jilore  generally,  to  reduce  to  a  likeness  or  cor- 
respondence in  manners,  opinions,  or  moral  qual- 
ities. 

For  whom  he  did  foreknow,  he  also  dltl    prcdesiiiule  to  bo 

conformed  to  the  image  of  his  Son.  —  Rorn.  v;ii. 
Ee  net  coTi/onjied  to  this  world.  —  Rom.  xii. 

3.  To  make  agreeable  to ;  to  square  with  a  rule  or 
directory. 

Demand  of  them  why  they  conform  not  tUcraselves  to  Ibe 
order  of  ibe  church.  Hooker. 

€OX-FORM',  V.  I.  To  comply  with  or  yield  to;  to 
live  or  act  according  to ;  as,  to  conform  to  the  fashion 
or  to  custom. 

2.  To  comply  with  ;  to  obey  ;  as,  to  conform  to  llie 
laws  of  the  state. 

€OX-FORM'A-BLE,  a.  Correspondent ;  haring  the 
same  or  similar  external  form  or  shape;  like;  re- 
sembling; as,  an  edifice  conformable  to  a  model  or 
draft 

2.  Having  the  same  or  similai'  manners,  opinions, 
or  moral  qualities. 

The  Geniiles  were  not  made  conformable  to  the  Jews,  in  lliat 
wbicli  was  to  cease  at  the  Ctiiuing  v(  Ctiriit.         Hooker. 

3.  Agreeable;  suitable;  consistent;  as.  Nature  is 
conformable  to  herself.  '.fiTcwUm. 

4.  Compliant';  ready  to  follow  directions;  submis- 
sive ;  obsequious;  peaceable;  disposed  to  obey. 

I  have  been  to  you  a  true  and  bttmhle  wife, 

At  all  time  to  your  will  confonnabte.  Sha!:. 

5.  In  geology,  when  the  planes  of  one  set  of  strata 
are  gene'rally  parallel  to  those  of  another  set  lying  in 
contact,  they  are  said  to  be  conformable.  L\ell. 

It  is  generally  followed  by  to,  but  good  writer* 
have  used  tcit/t.  In  its  etj'mological  sense,  tJtat  vtay 
be  conformed^  capable  of  being  conformcdy  it  seems  not 
to  be  used. 

€ON-FOR:d'A-BLY,  adv.  With  or  in  conformity  ; 
suitably ;  agreeably  ;  as,  let  us  settle  in  our  own 
minds  wliat    rules  to  pursue,  and  act  conformably, 

eoX-FORM-A'TIOX,  7f.  The  nnnncr  in  which  a 
body  is  turnied  :  the  particular  texture  or  structure  of 
a  body,  or  disposition  of  the  parts  which  compose  it ; 
form ;  structure ;  often  with  relation  to  some  othor 
body,  and  with  adaptation  to  some  purpose  or  effect. 
Liglit  of  different  colors  is  reflected  from  bodies,  ac- 
cording to  their  different  conformation.  Varieties  of 
sound  depend  on  the  conforjnatton  of  the  organs. 

2.  The  act  of  conforming  ;  the  act  of  producing 
suitableness  or  conformity  ;  with  to  ;  as,  the  conform- 
ation of  our  hearts  and  lives  to  the  duties  of  true 
religion  fi'\:tt.^. 

3.  In  medical  science,  the  particular  make  or  con- 
struction of  the  body  peculiar  to  an  individual :  as,  a 
good  or  bad  conformation.  Encyc. 

€ON-FORM'£D,  pp.  Made  to  resemble  ;  reduced  to 
a  likeness  of ;  made  agreeable  to ;  suiteii. 

eON-FORM'ER,  ti.  One  who  conforms  ;  one  who 
complies  witli  established  forms  or  doctrines. 

€OX-FORM'IXG,  p)?r.  Reducing  to  a  likeness ;  adapt- 
ing ;  complying  with. 

eON-FORM'iST,  71.  One  who  conforms  or  complies  ; 
appropriatchi,  one  who  complies  with  the  worship  of 
the  Clmrchof  England,  or  of  the  established  church, 
as  distinguished  from  a  dissenter  or  non-conformist. 

eON-FORM'I-TY,  n.  Likeness ;  correspondence  with 
a  model  in  form  or  manner;  resemblance  ;  agreement ; 
congniity  with  something  else ;  followed  by  toox  u:ith. 
A  ship  is  constnirted  in  conformity  to  a  model,  or  in 
conformity  with  a  model.  True  happiness  consists  in 
conformuy  of  life  to  Ihe  divine  Ia\\'. 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.— AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  a-s  K;  6  as  J ;  S  as  Z  ;  ClI  as  SII;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


CON 

S:  Consistency ;  ogrecmenl. 

Minr  1  iiUiK'-a  prurr  ilic  ccVunntfy  of  the  (uaj  wlA  (1<e  nt>> 

2.  In  theulo^y,  corre^twndc'ncc  in  mnnncrs  and 
princi|ilcd;  cumpliancu  willi  cstabli^Iit'd  ciistuni^. 

Li't  no!  in  e\fn/ormity  u-iiA  \.\k  woiIlI,  Anon. 

€ON-FORTA'Tl(l.\,  n.     [Sec  Comfort.]      Tlie  act 
of  couifuitlng  or  giving  itircnglli.     [A'vc  used.'\ 

Bacon. 
eOX-FOLTXD',  r.  /.     [Fr.  cot\finutre ;  L.  eonfuitdo  ;  cuii 
and /undo,  1(1  pour  out ;  It.  cof\foHdere;  S\k  and  Port. 
confuuUir.     Liuralti',  to  jKitiror  throw  together.] 

1.  To  inin^lu  and  hli-iiit  difliTcut  things,  8o  thnt 
thuir  fornitf  ur  naturoD  can  not  bo  disliu'^uishf-il ;  to 
mix  in  a  ntuss  or  crowd,  ru  that  indivtdunU  ain  not 

3.  To  throw  into  disorder  [bu  distinguished. 

I^t  u»  JO  itovii.nml  \\\en  con/ouftd  ihrir  LingiMjc. — Gvii.  xi. 

3  To  mix  or  bli-nd,  so  ax  (o  occasion  a  mistake  of 
one  thiiii^  fur  another;  a.t,  men  may  eonfoand  ideas 
with  words. 

A  Aui.l  bvtl/  and  a  vetting  liquor,  brcatuo  Lbey  Afree  In  man; 
iliiiigi,  KTo  woiit  to  be  e0r\fouti4td.  Boyle. 

4.  To  |>L>r|}lex  ;  to  didliirb  tliu  apprelionsion  by  In- 
disttncliu'sd  of  iik>a^  or  words.  ^|L|)  may  confound 
each  other  by  uuinleIIi<;iblo  terms  or  wrong  applica- 
tion of  words. 

5.  To  abnshj  totlirow  the  mind  into  disorder;  to 
cast  down  j  to  make  ai>hamed. 

B«  thou  otn/oitnled,  anJ  brnr  tlijr  iliAme.  —  Ezek.  xvi. 
is'sul  coti/ounded  Uio  Je»'»  al  D.iinoacui.  —  Acu  ix. 

€\  To  perplex  witli  terror  ;  to  terrify  j  to  dismay ; 
to  astonish ;  to  throw  into  consternation  ;  to  stupefy 
with  omnzcmcnt. 

So  ipiki*  iho  Son  or  Cio«l ;  nnil  Sat.in  Itcotl 

A  utiilc  ni  miiitf,  con/outuUd  wlirtl  to  tay.  Milton- 

TtK  muliiludi:  came  logcllicr,  anil  were  co7\founded.  —  Acl»  II, 

7.  To  destroy  i  to  ovcrtlirow. 


So  (Icrp  a  malice  to  eon/oiind  tbo  nee 
Of  mutkiiid  ill  one  mvu 


Mlltan. 


eOX-FOUND'ED,  pp.  Mixed  or  blended  in  disorder; 
perplexed;  nbashcu  ;  dismayed  j  put  to  shame  and 
silence ;  astonished. 

2.  a.  Vcr>'  great ;  enormous  j  as,  a  confounded 
tor>'.     [yttt^ar.] 

eON-FOlJND'ED-IiY,  /7(/e.  Enormously;  greatly; 
shamefully ;  aji,  he  was  confoundedly  avaricious.  [A 
hte  vurd.] 

€O.N-FOU.SD'ED-NESS,  «.  Tlie  stale  of  being  con- 
founded. Mtton. 

COX-FOU.ND'F.R,  ».  One  who  confounds;  one  who 
disturbs  the  mind,  pendexc-J,  refutes,  frustrates,  and 
niiLs  to  shnme  or  sili  ncc ;  one  who  t'-rrifies. 

€0.\-FOL'\D'I.\G,  ppr.  iMixiiis  and  blending;  put- 
ting into  disorder ;  pLTpk'XliLj;;  disturbing  the  mind  ; 
abashing;,  and  putting  to  sliame  and  silence ;  as- 
tonishing. 

eON-FR.\-TER'XI-T V,  v.  [It.  confratcmUa :  Fr.  con- 
fralcmite  ;  con  and  L.  fratcrniUkfj  fratcmitj',  from 
/rater,  brother.] 

A  broUicrhood ;  a  society  or  uody  of  men  united 
for  some  purpose  or  in  some  profession ;  as,  the  con- 
frateri'ihj  of  Jesuits. 

eo.\-rKI-eA''i'IO.\,  n.     [it.  confncaiione,  friction ; 
L.  conf-ico  ;  eon  anri/rico,  to  rub.    See  Friction.] 
A  riihlijng  against ;  friction.  Bacon. 

CON-FUI'EK,  n.     [Fr.  euufrere.] 

One  of  the  same  religious  order.  Weevsr. 

CON-FRONT',  (kon-frunt',)  f.  l  [It.  confrontare ; 
Sp.  and  Poru  confrontar ;  Fr.  confronter ;  con  and 
front,  the  foiclicad,  or  front,  h.  frons.] 

1.  To  sutnd  face  to  face  in  full  view;  to  face;  to 
stand  in  front. 

He  ffuli*,  anil  llitn  con/ronU  the  Lull.  Drytlen. 

2.  To  stand  in  direct  opposition  ;  to  oppose. 

Tit-;  em  anil   wcit  eburchci  did  botli   eon/ront  ihc  Jewa  nnd 
concur  wlili  iliem.  Jtouker. 

3.  To  set  face  to  face ;  to  brinp  into  the  presence 
of;  as  an  accused  person  and  a  witness,  in  court, 
for  examination  and  discover)-  of  the  truth  ;  fol- 
lowed by  with. 

The  witiifMrf  an-  con/ronltd  wiA  the  accuiwl,  the  accused 
%Hl\  one  fli.cilier,  or  tlw  wimcuo  leith  one  another. 

•1.  To  set  toeether  for  comparison  ;  to  compare  one 
thing  with  another. 

When  I  confront  .a  medal  nlth  n  Tcrv,  1  only  jhow  *oii  the 
•ame  deji^n  ciecuted  by  il^lTcrrul  b.ta<U.  Addiion. 

eON-FRON-TA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  bringing  two 
jk-rsons  into  thf  pre-encir  of  each  other  for  examina- 
tion and  (iiscciv('r>*  of  Inilh. 

€ON-FRONT'ED,  pp.  Set  face  to  face,  or  in  oppoei- 
tinii ;  bronchi  into  the  presence  of. 

e<)\-FRON T'lNG,  ppr.  ^•(-■lting  or  standing  face  to 
face,  or  in  opposition,  or  in  prc-«<'ncc  of. 

CON-FUONT'MENT,  H.     C<,mparisnn.  Olnj. 

€ON-FC^F',a.     Mixed;  Cnnfoundcd.  Barrel. 

eON-FCSE',  F.  e.  [L.  corifiMus;  Fr.  confu3f  from  L. 
eonfundo.     .See  Coxfouwd.] 

1.  To  mix  or  blend  things,  so  that  they  can  not  be 
distinguished. 

Mil  ton. 

ited  ooae. 


Siimtilnjf  wumlt  anil  jo'w!%  all  tnn/uMed, 
Errry  bailie  of  the  warrior  b  with  confun 


CON 

9.  To  disordtT,  as,  a  sudtlen  alann  confu^rd  the 
troops  ;  a  careless  book  keejicr  has  confustd  the  ac- 
Coiinix. 

3.  Topcri>Iex ;  to  render  indistinct ;  as,  the  clamor 
tonfuxfd  bis  Ideas. 

4.  To  throw  the  mind  into  disorder;  to  cast  down 
or  nbash ;  to  cause  to  blush ;  to  agitate  by  surprise 
or  shame ;  to  disconcert.  A  sarcastic  remark  eon- 
fu.ied  the  gentleman,  and  be  could  not  proceed  in 
his  argument. 

Confuttd  anil  «adljr  aho  •!  length  replied.  Pope. 

€ON-FCS'KD,  (kon-fazd',)  pp.  or  <i.  Mixed ;  blended  ; 
so  tb;it  tliL'  things  or  p::rsons  mixed  can  not  be  dis- 
tinguished. 

Some  crt-d  one  thini;,  nnd  lomo  nnollier;  lor  lite  nucmbly  was 
co'i/aied.  —  Acu  x\%. 

5.  IVrplexed  by  disorder,  or  want  cf  system  ;  as,  a 
coiifiurd  account. 

3.  .-\basli'jd ;  put  to  the  blush  or  to  sliaine ;  agitated ; 
disconcerted. 

eO.V-FCS'ED-LY,  adv.  In  a  mixed  mass  ;  without 
order  or  scpanitkm  ;  indistinctly;  ni)t  clearly;  tu- 
mulliiously  ;  with  agitation  of  mind  ;  without  regu- 
larity or  system. 

eON-FCS'F.D-NES.S,  n.  A  state  of  being  confused; 
want  of  order,  disimction,  or  clearness. 

The  caitie  of  ttio  con/uatdneat  uf  our  notions  is  want  or  AUen- 
tJon.  Worrit, 

€ON-F0SE'LY,  ad.    Obscurely.  Barret. 

eON-FOS'ING,  ppr,     fliixing ;  confounding. 

CO.V-FO'SIOX,  n.  In  a  general  senscj  a  mixture  of 
several  things  prom iscuuii sly  :  hence,  disorder;  ir- 
regularity ;  as,  the  confasiipi  of  tongues  al  Bab'jl. 

2.  Tumult;  want  of  order  in  society. 

Tlir  whole  city  wni  rilird  witli  con/ation.  —  Acts  x\t. 
God  is  not  the  auilior  ol  confusion.  —  I  Cor.  xlv. 

3.  A  blending  or  confounding  ;  indistinct  combi- 
nation ;  opposed  to  distinctness  or  jter.'ipicttitij  ;  as,  a 
confusion  of  ideas. 

4.  Abashment ;  i*hamc. 

O  LonI,  l>_'t  nv!  never  l«p'U  ^o  confution.  —  Ps.  Ixti. 
Wo  lie  in  shame,  and  our  con/ur;on  corcreih  in.  — Jcr.  iit. 

5.  Astonishment ;  agitation  ;  perturbation ;  distrac- 
tion of  mind. 

Confusion  dwell  In  every  &«.  Spectator. 

6.  Overthrow;  defeat;  ruin. 

Tho  milkers  of  idols  shall  go  lo  cot\fut:on  lo^thor.—  Is.  xl>f. 

7.  A  shameful  blending  of  natures;  a  shocking 
crime,     /jccit.  xviii.  23;  xx.  12. 

eON-FOT'A-ULE,  a.  [See  Confute.]  That  may  be 
confuted,  disproved,  or  overthrown  ;  that  may  be 
shown  to  be  false,  defective,  or  invalid  ;  as,  an 
arKUmcnt  or  a  coarse  of  reasoning  is  confutable. 

€ON-F0'TANT,  n.  One  who  confutes  or  undertakes 
to  confute.  Milton. 

€ON-FU-Ta'TI0N,  n.  The  act  of  confuting,  disprov- 
ing, or  proving  to  be  false  or  invalid  ;  refutation  ; 
overlhr(»w,  as  of  argimients,  opinion's,  reasoning, 
thcorv,  or  error. 

eOX-F'O'TA-TIVE,  a.  Adapted  or  designed  to  con- 
fute. Rich.  DicL 

eON-FOTE',  r.  t.  [L.  confuto;  eon  and  ant./uto;  Sp. 
confutar ,-  It.  eonfntarc.     Class  Bd.] 

I.  To  disprove;  to  prove  to  be  false,  defective,  or 
invalid  ;  to  overthrow  ;  as,  to  confute  arguments,  rea- 
soning, theory,  error. 

y.  To  prove  lo  be  wrong ;  to  convict  of  error,  by 
argument  or  proof;  as,  to  confute  an  advocate  at  the 
bar ;  to  co}*futc  a  writer. 

eOX-FOT'ED,  pp.  Disproved  ;  proved  to  be  false, 
defective,  or  unsound  ;  overthrown  by  argument, 
fact,  or  proof. 

eON-FO'i'E'MENT,  n.  Confutation  ;  disproof.  Jllilton. 

CONFuT'EIt,  71.    One  who  disproves  or  confutes. 

€ON-F0'i"'IN(;,  ppr.  Disproving  ;  proving  to  be  false, 
defective,  or  invalid  ;  overthrowing  by  argument  or 
proof.  _ 

eON'Ci-:,  (kon'jee.)  n.  [Fr.  conge,  leave,  permission, 
discharge,  contracted  from  con^rcd;  verb,  can s'edm;  to 
di-^miss;  It.  eonsrcdo,  leave,  permission  ;  congcdarc,  to 
give  leave;  Arm.  conftea.  The  verb  is  a  compound 
of  con  and  ^ed;  \V.  sadaxe,  to  quit,  to  leave,  lo  per- 
mit ,  gttd,  leave.  Gadaw  is  the  Celtic  form  of  tiie  L. 
ccdo.     Conged  is  thereinre  rnnccdo.] 

I.  I-cave;  farewell;  parting  ceremony.  Sprn.'<fr. 
9.  The  act  of  resju-ct  pf;rfurmed  at  the  parting  of 
friends.     Hence,  the  cuslomary  act  of  civility,  on 
other  occasions ;  a  bow  or  a  courtesy. 

Th?  t»rUin  s-ilutes  you  v-'ilh  conge  profound.  Sa>ift. 

€ON'Ck,  v.  i.  To  take  leave  with  the  customary  ci- 
vilities ;  to  bow  or  courtesy. 

The  preterit, CoNGF.ED,  is  tolerable  in  English  ;  but 
CoxcjEiNO  will  not  be  admitted,  and  Co.xoeeing  is 
an  anomalv. 

COJV^O/': /)'F^Arii/;',  (kon'/.h5-da-leer',)  [Fr.]  Inec- 
dcMa^ttcal  affair  a,  the  kind's  license  or  permission  to 
a  dean  and  chapter  to  choose  a  bishop;  or  to  an  ab- 
bey or  priory  of  his  own  founilalion  to  choose  their 
abbot  or  prior.  The  king  of  Great  Britain,  as  sove- 
reign patron,  liad  fonnerly  the  appoinunent  of  all  ec- 
clesiastical dignities  ;  investing  by  crosier  and  ring, 


CON 

and  afterward  bv  letlera  patent.  But  now  the  kins, 
on  demand,  sends  his  conifc  d*elire  to  lln  il.an  iiud 
chapter,  with  a  k-tter  missive,  containing  the  n:unc 
of  the  person  he  would  have  llicni  elect,  and  if  iliey 
delay  tho  election  twelve  days,  the  nomMi;itiiiii  de- 
vulves  on  the  king,  who  may  ai»iK)iut  by  Irtlers  pa- 
te  III .  En  rye.     Co  ted.     BlacJiston  t. 

CO.N'CE,  «.  \x\  arcUiterture,  t\  nioldnig  in  ft^rm  of  a 
(|uarter  round,  or  a  cavetlo,  which  sei  vtiis  to  separate 
two  members  from  one  another ;  such  as  that  which 
joins  the  shaU  of  the  column  to  the  cincture,  called 
also  apophy^c.  Also,  a  ring  or  fi-rrule,  formerly  used 
on  lire  e\lreiuitics  of  cutumns  tt)  keep  them  from 
splilting;  afl4;rward  imilated  in  stone-work.  ICnaje, 

eON-O; K.-VL',  (kon-jeel',)  v.  t.  [L.  amgih ;  con  tuni 
gelo,  to  freeze;  Fr.  congeter;  It.  congclarc ;  Sp.  eon 
gclar  ;  Arm.  calcdi.  'I'his  may  be  connecleil  with  Hit* 
W.  eeulntOy  to  curdle  or  coagulate,  from  eanl,  a  calPa 
maw ;  also,  rennet,  curd,  and  chyle.  The  h.  gclu 
Iiaa  the  elements  of  cool,  but  it  may  be  a  dillerent 
word.] 

1.  To  change  from  n  fluid  to  a  solid  stale,  as  by 
cold,  or  a  loss  of  heat,  as  water  in  freezing,  liipiid 
metal  or  wax  in  cooling,  blood  in  Hiagnaiing  or  call- 
ing, &c. ;  to  harden  into  ice,  or  into  a  substance  of 
less  solidily.  Cold  congcaU  water  into  ice,  or  vnjior 
inlo  hoar-frost  or  snow,  and  blood  into  a  solid  mass, 
or  clot. 

2.  I'o  bind  or  fix  with  cold.  Applied  to  the  circu- 
lating blood,  it  does  not  signify  absolutely  to  harden^ 
but  to  cause  a  sensation  of  cold,  a  shivering,  or  a  re- 
ceding of  the  blood  from  the  extremities;  as,  llie 
frIghttViI  scene  congealed  Iiis  blood. 

CON-GeAL',  v.  i.  To  grow  hard,  siilf,  or  thick,  from 
loss  of  heat ;  to  pass  from  a  fluid  lo  a  solid  slate ;  to 
concrete  into  a  solid  niass.  .Melted  lead  congeals; 
water  eongcaU  ;  blood  congeals. 

CON-OkAL'A-ULE,  a.  That  may  be  congealed  ;  ca- 
pable of  being  converted  from  a  fluid  to  a  solid  suite. 

eoN-GEAL'A'D,  pp,  or  a.  Converted  inlo  ice,  or  a 
solid  mass,  by  liie  loss  of  heat,  or  other  process; 
concreted. 

€O.\-0KAr,'ED-XES3,  n.     Slate  of  being  congealed. 

C0N-Ck.\L'ING,  ;';jr.  Changing  from  a  liquid  to  a 
solid  slate;  concreting 

eON-GiiAL'iMENT,  n.  A  clot  or  concretion ;  thnt 
which  is  formed  by  congelation.     Al^fo,  CDUgelation. 

CON-GE-La'TION,  71.     [L.  congclatio.] 

The  process  of  passing,  or  the  act  of  converting, 
from  a  fliiid  lo  a  solid  state,  by  the  abstraction  of 
heat ;  or  the  state  of  being  congealed  ;  concretion. 
It  dilfors  from  cj-ystallization  in  tiiis:  in  eoni:clalionf 
the  whole  substance  of  a  fluid  may  become  solid  ;  in 
crystallization,  when  a  salt  is  formed,  a  portion  of 
liquid  is  left.  But  Uie  congelation  of  water  is  a 
real  crystallization.  •  Encm. 

CONG  E:\I-I-N  ACTION,  7i.    Act  of  doubling.     [Obs.] 

CON'GE-N'ER,  n.     [L.  congener ;  eon  and  gcnevj  kind, 
race.] 
A  thing  of  the  same  genus,  kind,  or  nature. 

The  cherrj--tjcc  h."ui  been  often  gnncd  on  the  laorcl,  to  *hlcli  it 
is  a.  congener.  MUler. 

CON'OE-NER,  }  a.    Of  the  Fame  genus,  kind,  or 

CON-GEN'ER-OUS,  i  naliirc  ;  allied  in  origin  or 
cause;  x\s,  congenerous  bodies;  coHOTHCroiw  diseases. 
Bruwn.     Jirhutknot. 

eON-GEN'ER-A-CY,  ti.    Similarity  of  origin. 

CON-GE-NER'ie,  a.  Being  of  the  same  kind  or  na- 
ture. 

eoN-GEN'ER-OUS-XESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
from  the  same  original,  or  of  belonging  to  the  same 
kind.  _  DicL 

GON-Gk'NI-AL,  a.  [L.  eon  and  genus,  whence  gcnl- 
alisj  genial.     See  Generate.] 

1.  I'artaking  of  the  same  genus,  kind,  or  nature  } 
kindred;  cognate;  as,  co»«-cj«Vti  souls. 

2.  Belonging  to  tlie  nature;  natural;  agreeable  to 
the  nature  ;  usually  followed  by  foy  as,  this  severity 
is  not  Congenial  to  him. 

3.  Natural ;  ogrceable  to  the  nature;  adapted  ;  as, 
a  soil  congenial  lo  a  plant. 

CUN-GE  Nr-AE'I-TV,    j  71.    Participation  of  the  same 
CON-GF:'NI-v\L-NESS,  (      genus,  nature,  or  original ; 

cognation;  natural  alfniity  ;  suitableness.     It'otUm. 
€ON-G^yNI-.^L-IZE,  i-.  (.    To  make  congenial. 
€ON-GEN'ITE,      )  a.     [Ij.  cungcniius ;  con  and  geni- 
eoN-GEN'I-TAL,  j      tits,  burn,  from  giguoy  to  beget, 

gignor,  to  be  bom.] 

Of  the  same  birth;  born  with  another,  connate; 

begotten  together. 

Mnny  concliiii'jns,  of  moral  nnd  intellectual  truths,  seem  to  be 

congcnilc  v.':'.h  us.  Ha^e, 

Nalivc  or  congoital  varieties  of  animals.  Lavrenee. 

€ON"GER,  )  (kong'gur,)  n.    [L.  conger,  or  conr 

eOi\"GER-EEL,  i  grus;  Gr.  Koyypoi,  or  }0)ypoi} 
It.  gongro  ;  Fr.  congrc] 

The  sea-eel ;  a  large  species  of  eel,  of  the  genus 
Anguilia,  sometimes  growing  to  the  length  of  ten 
feel,  and  weighing  a  hundr(!d  pounds.  In  Cornwall, 
England,  it  is  an  article  of  commerce,  being  shii)pea 
to  Wpnjn  and  Portujral.  P.  Cye, 

CON-Gii'RI-iiS,  n.  [L.,  from  eongiro^  to  bring  togeth- 
er, to  amass  ;  con  and  gero,  lo  bear  ] 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WIIAT.-MeTE,  PREV.-riNE,  MARINE,  BIRD.-NoTE,  DoVE,  MOVE,  WOLF    ROOK. 
248  


CON 

A  collection  of  several  particles  or  bodies  in  one 
mass  or  nsgregate.  Boyle. 

€ON-0iE6'r',  V.  t.  fL.  congeroj  congestiim;  con  and 
gcro,  to  bear.] 

To  collect  or  gallier  into  a  mass  or  aggregati\ 

eON-<5EST'I-BLE  a.  That  may  be*  collected  into  a 
mass. 

eON-tJES'TION,  (kon-jest'yun,)  n.     [L.  con^cstio.] 
An  unnatural  accumulation  of  blood  in  any  part  of 
the  bodv,  or  any  subordin;ite  .system  of  parts.    Tuilij. 

eON-OEST'IVE,  fit.  Iniiicating  or  attended  by  an 
accumulation  of  blood  in  some  part  of  the  body. 

€ON'(jI-A-RY,  n.  [L.  conjiariumj  from  cong-iuSj  a 
measure ;  Fr.  con^iaire.] 

Properly^  a  present  made,  by  the  Roman  einptrors, 
to  tlie  people;  originally,  in  cum  or  wine  measureil 
out  to  theui  in  a  con^iiis^  a  vesst-l  liuldin^  a  gallon  or 
ralht-r  more.  In  present  u^a^e,  a  gift  or  donative  rt-n- 
re:jcnted  on  a  medal.  Eiicyc.    Adduon. 

€ON-GLa'CIaTE,  v.  i.    [L.  conglacio;  con  and  ghicio^ 
to  freeze  ;  glncics^  ice.J 
To  turn  to  ice ;  to  freeze.  Broxcn, 

GON-GLa-CI-a'TION,  n.  The  act  of  changing  into 
ice,  or  the  state  of  being  converted  to  ice  ;  a  freez- 
ing; congelation.  Brown. 

eOX-GLo'BATE,  a.  [L.  covglohaln.^,  from  coii'jloho; 
con  and  globo,  to  collect,  or  to  make  round  ;  globus^  a 
ball.    See  Globe.] 

Formed  or  gathered  into  a  ball.  A  cimglobate  gland 
is  a  single  or  lymphatic  gland,  a  small,  smooth  body, 
covered  in  a  fine  skin,  admitting  only  a!i  artery  and 
a  lymphatic  vessel  to  pass  in,  and  a  vein  and  a  lym- 
phatic vessel  to  pass  out.  Parr.     C"ip. 

€OX-GLo'BaTE,  r.  (.  To  collect  or  form  into  a  hall, 
or  hard,  round  substance.  Gmc. 

€0.\-GLo'Ba-TED,  pp.  Collected  or  formed  into  a 
ball. 

eON-GL6'BATE-LY,  adv.  In  a  Yound  or  roundish 
form. 

eON-GLO-BA'TIOX,  n.  The  act  of  forming  into  a 
ball ;  a  round  body. 

eON-GLoBE',    r.   t.      [L.   cnnglobo;   con  and    gloho, 
from  ghbiis^  a  round  body.] 
To  "gather  into  a  ball ;  to  collect  into  a  round  mass. 

Jiftlton. 

eON-GLOBE',  r.  i.    To  collect,  unite,  or  coalesce  in 

•  around  mas^.  Milton. 

eoy-GLoM'ED,  pp.    Collected  into  a  ball. 

€ON-GLoB'IXG,  ppr.  Gathering  into  a  round  mass 
or  ball. 

€0N-GL0B'U-L.\TE,  v.  i.  To  gather  into  a  little 
round  mas.^,  or  slobule.  Joluison. 

eON-GLOM'ER-ATE,  a.  [L.  conglomero ;  con  and 
gtouicro^  to  wind  into  a  ball,  from  glomus^  a  ball,  a 
clew.    See  Glomerate.] 

1.  Gathered  into  a  ball  or  round  body.  A  conglom- 
erate gland  is  compo.scd  of  many  sinallL-r  glands, 
whose  excretory  ducts  unite  in  a'  common  one,  as 
the  liver,  kidneys,  pancreas,  parotids,  &.c.  Each  lit- 
tlj  grandulated  portion  furnishes  a  small  tube,  v/hkh 
unites  with  oih-.T  similar  ducts,  to  form  the  common 
excretnr>-  duct  of  the  gland.  Core.    Encijc. 

2.  In  botany^  conglomerate  flowers  grow  on  a 
branching  peduncle  or  footstalk,  on  short  p?diclcs, 
closely  compacted  together  without  order  ;  opposed 
to  diffused.  Martyn. 

3.  Conglomerate  rocks.    See  Puddixg-Stone. 
CON-GLOM'ER-aTE,  r.  f.    To  gather  into  a  ball  or 

round  bodv  ;  to  collect  into  a  round  mass.      Qrcw. 

€ON-GLOJi'ER-ATE,  n.  In  gpology.n  sort  of  pud- 
dinp-^tnne,  or  rock,  composed  of  pebbles  cemented 
together  by  another  mineral  substance,  either  calca- 
reous, siiicio'js,  or  argillaceous.  Brande. 

€OX-GLOM'ER-A-TED,  pp.  or  a.  Gathered  into  a 
hall  or  round  mass. 

€0N-GJ.OM'ER-A-TING,  ppr.    Collecting  into  a  ball. 

eON-GLOM-ER-A'TION,  w.  The  act  of  gathering 
into  a  ball  ;  the  state  of  being  thus  collected  ;  collec- 
tion ;  accumulation. 

eON-GLO'TI-N.VNT,  a.  [See  Cosglutiwate.]  Glu- 
ing; uniting;  healing-  Bacon. 

€0.\-(;i.u'Tl-NA.\T,  71.  A  medicine  that  heals 
woun(Is_, 

€0\-GLC'TI-NaTE,  v.  t.  [L.  conghdino ;  con  and 
gliitino^  from  gbiim^  glue.    Sc-e  Glue.] 

1.  To  glue  together  j  to  unite  by  some  glutinous  or 
tenacious  substanc*:!. 

2.  To  hpal ;  to  unite  the  separated  parts  of  a 
wound  bv  a  tenacious  substance. 

€OX-GLu'TI-NaTE,  v.i.  To  coalesce;  to  unite  by 
the  intervention  of  a  callus.  Johnson. 

€O.V-GL0'TI-Na-TED,  pP'  or  a.  Glued  together; 
united  bv  a  tenacious  substance. 

€0,V-GLu'TI-Xa-TL\G,  ppr.  Gluing  together  ;  uni- 
ting or  fl.tsing  hv  a  tenacious  substance. 

eo,\-GLu-TI-.N.i'TroN,  n.  The  act  of  gluing  to- 
geth'^r;  a  joining  by  means  of  some  tenacious  sub- 
ftancc  ;  a  healing  by  uniting  the  parts  of  a  ivound  ; 
'inion.  ArbuOimiU 

eOX;GLf:'TI-NA-TIVE,  a.  Having  the  power  of 
uniting  Iiy  clue  or  other  substance  of  like  nature. 

€OX-f;L0'Tr-XA-TOR,  77.  That  which  has  the  power 
of  uniting  wounds.  JVoodward 


CON 

CON"GO,  (kons'go,)  n.   A  species  of  black  tea. 

CON-GRAT'U-LAXT,  a.    Rejoicing  in  participation. 

MUtun, 

eON-GRAT'^-LATE,  (kon-grat'yu-Iite,)  v.  t.  [h. 
congratulor ;  con  and  gratulor^  from  grattis,  grateful, 
pleasing.     See  Grace.] 

To  profess  one's  pleasure  or  joy  to  another  on  ac- 
count of  an  event  deemed  happy  or  fortunate,  as  on 
the  birth  of  a  cliild,  success  in  an  enterprise,  victory, 
escape  from  danger,  ice. ;  to  wish  joy  to  another. 
We  congratulate  the  nation  on  the  restoration  of 
peace. 

Formerly  this  verb  was  followed  by  to.  "  The 
subjects  of  England  may  congratulated)  themselves." 
Drydcn.  But  this  use  of  to  is  entirely  obsolete.  The 
use  of  irlVi  after  this  verb,  "  I  congratulate  with  ]ny 
countrx ,"  is,  perhaps,  less  objectionable,  but  is  rarely 
used.  'I'lie  intransitive  sense  of  the  verb  may  there- 
fore be  considered  as  antiquated,  and  no  longer  legit- 
imate. 

eOX-GRAT'IJ-LA-TED,  pp.  Complimented  with  ex- 
pressions of  joy  at  a  hai)py  event. 

eOX-GRAT'U-LA-TING,  ppr.  Professing  one's  joy 
or  satisfaction  ou  account  of  some  happy  event, 
prospiritv,  or  success. 

€ON-GRAT-U-L.^'TIOX,  n.  The  act  of  professing 
one's  joy  or  good  wishes  at  the  success  or  happiness 
of  another,  or  on  account  of  an  event  deemed  for- 
tunate to  both  parties  or  to  tiie  comumnily. 

€ON-GRAT'li-LA-TOR,  n.  One  wlio  offers  congrat- 
ulation. Milton. 

COX-GRATa.T-LA-TO-RV,  a.  Expressing  joy  fur  the 
good  fortune  of  anotlier,  or  for  an  event  fortunate 
for  bntli  parlies,  or  fur  the  community. 

eoX-GREE',  V.  i.     To  agi-ee.     [jYot  in  ii^e.]      Shak. 

€OX-GREET',  V.  t.  To  salute  mutually.  [A'yi  in 
iisc.'\  Shah. 

GOX"GRE-GaTE,  (kong'gre-gule,)  v.  t.  [L.  congrcno  ; 
con  and  jTrrj-,  a  herd,  W.  grc.     See  GnEGAKious.j 

To  collect  separate  persons  or  things  into  an  as- 
semblage ;  to  assemble;  to  bring  into  one  place,  or 
into  a  crowd  or  united  body  ;  as,  to  congregate  men 
or  animals  ;  to  congregate  waters  or  sands. 

Hooker.     Milton.     Skak. 

€ON"GRE-GaTE,  v.  i.  To  come  together;  to  as- 
semble ;  to  meet. 

Eqa.-.la  wicb  cq'.iAh  oficn  congregate.  Dcnhcim. 

€OX"GIIE-GaTE,  a.      Collected  j    compact  ;    close. 

[Litflf^  v^cd.]  Baeon. 

eOX"GRE-GA-TED,p;?.  or  n.     Collected;  assembled 

in  one  place. 
€OX"GRE-Ga-TIXG,  ppr.     Collecting;  assembling; 

coming  together. 
€OX"GRI>GA'TiON,  (kong-gre-ga'shun,)  n.  The  act 

of  bringing  togetlisr,  or  assembling. 

2.  A  collection  or  assemtilage  of  separate  things; 
as,  a  congregation  of  vapors.  Shak. 

3.  More,  generally,  an  assembly  of  persons ;  and 
appropriate! If,  an  assembly  of  persons  met  for  the 
worship  of  God,  and  for  religious  instruction. 

Hooker. 

4.  An  assembly  of  rulers.    JVanu  xxxv. 

5.  An  ajSv-mbiy  of  ecclesiastics  or  cardinals  ap- 
pointed by  the  pope;  as,  the  congregation  of  tlie 
holy  office,  &lc.  Also,  a  company  or  society  forming 
a  subdivision  of  a  monastic  order.  Encyc- 

0.  At  Orford  and  Cambridge^  the  assembly  of  "mas- 
ters and  doctors  for  transacting  the  ordinary  business 
of  conferrins  desrees.  Brande. 

eOX"GRE  Ga'TION-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  congre- 
gulioii. 

2.  Belonging  to  the  system  of  Congregationalism  ; 
appropriately  used  of  such  Christians  as  maintain 
tliat  each  congregation  is  independent  of  olliers,  and 
has  the  right  to  choose  its  own  pastor  and  govern 
itself;  as,  a  Congregational  church  or  mode  of  wor- 
ship. J.  Murdock. 

eON"GRE-GA'TION-AL-ISM,  n.  That  system  of 
church  government  which  vests  all  ecclesiastical 
power  in  the  assembled  brotherhood  of  each  local 
church,  as  an  imlependent  body.  J.  Murdock. 

€OX"GRE-Ga'TIOX-AL-IST,  n.  One  who  belongs 
to  a  Congregational  church  or  society ;  one  wlio 
liolds  to  th3  independence  of  each  congregation  or 
church  of  Christians,  and  the  right  of  the  asst^m- 
bli'd  bretliren  to  elect  their  pastor,  and  to  determine 
all  ecclesiastical  matters.  J.  Murdoch. 

GON"GRESS,  (kong'gress,)  n.  [h.  congressitSj  from 
congredior,  to  come  together;  con  and  gradior,  to  go 
or  step  ;  gradns,  a  step.     See  Grade  and  DEnREE.] 

1.  A  meeting  of  individuals ;  an  assembly  of  en- 
voys, commissioners,  deputies,  &;c. ;  particularly, a 
meeting  of  llie  representatives  of  several  courts,  to 
concert  measures  for  their  common  good,  or  to  adjust 
their  mutual  concerns.  Europe. 

2.  The  assembly  of  delegates  of  the  several  Brit- 
ish colonies  in  America,  which  united  to  resist  the 
claims  of  Great  Britain  in  1774,  and  which,  in  1776, 
declared  the  colonies  independent. 

.3.  The  assembly  of  the  delegates  of  the  several 
United  States,  alter  the  declaration  of  independence, 
and  until  the  adoption  of  the  present  constitution, 
and  the  orgnnizalion  of  the  government  in    1789. 


CON 

During  these  periods,  the  congress  consisted  of  one 
Jiouse  only. 

4.  The  assembly  of  senators  and  represenlalives 
of  the  United  States  of  America,  according  to  the 
present  constitution,  or  political  compact,  by  m  hich 
they  are  united  in  a  federal  republic  ;  the  legislature 
of  the  United  States  consisting  of  two  houses,  a 
senate  and  a  house  of  representatives.  Members  of 
the  senate  are  elected  for  six  years,  but  the  mem- 
bers of  the  house  of  representatives  are  chosen  for 
two  years  only.  Hence,  the  united  body  of  scnatora 
and  representatives  for  the  two  years,  during  which 
the  representatives  hold  their  seaL*!,  is  called  one  con- 
gress. Thus  we  say  the  fust  or  second  session  of 
the  sixteenth  congress. 

5.  A  meeting  of  two  or  more  persons  in  a  contest ; 
an  encounter;  a  conflict.  Drydcn. 

6.  The  meeting  of  the  sexes  in  sexual  connnercc. 
€OX-GRES'SrOX,  n.     A  companv.     [J\~ol  in  iwc] 
eON-GRES'SIOX-AL,    (kon-gresh'un-al,)    a.       Per- 
taining to  a  congress,  or  to  the  congress  of  the  United 
States ;  as,  congressional  debates. 


The  congressional  iiiElitutJott  of  AmpliiOyo 

Meeting,  as  the  sexes.    Brown. 


i  In  Grccw. 

Barlow. 


€ON-GRES'SIVE,  a 
2.  Encountering. 

CON'GREVE  ROCK'ET,  n.  A  verj-  destructive  en- 
gine of  war,  invented  by  Sir  ^VilIiam  Congreve.  It 
is  filled  with  highly  intlammable  materials,  and  im- 
pelled forward,  like  the  common  sky-rocket,  with  a 
contimial  acceleration.  Brande. 

eON-GRC'E',  V.  i.     To  agree.     [JVot  itsed.]         Sluik. 

eOX"GR[J-ENCE,  )  71.  [L.  con'Tuentia,  from  conin-uOf 

eOX-GRO'EN-CY,  \     to  agree,  or  suit.] 

Suitableness  of  one  tiling  to  another  ;  agreement; 
consistency.  More. 

eOX"GRU-ENT,  a.  Suitable;  agreeing;  correspond- 
ent. Dacics. 

eON-GRtJ'I-TY,  n.  Suitableness  ;  the  relation  of 
agreement  between  things. 

There  is  no  congruity  between  a  mean  subject  ntul  a  loftv  style  : 
bill  an  obvious  congmHy  between  an  elt-valed  st-uion  and 
dignified  deportment, 

2.  Fitness;  pertinence. 

A  whole  scDtenco  may  fail  of  its  congruitj  by  wanting  a  panicle. 

Sidney. 

3.  Reason;  consistency;  propriety.  Hooker. 

4.  In  school  divinity,  the  good  actions  which  are 
supposed  to  render  it  meet  and  equitable  that  God 
should  confer  grace  on  those  who  perform  them. 
The  merit  of  congruity  is  a  sort  of  imperfect  qualifi- 
cation for  the  gift  and  reception  of  God's  grace. 

Mdner. 

5.  In  geometry,  figures  or  lines,  which,  when  laid 
over  one  another,  exactly  coincide,  are  in  congruity. , 

eON"GRU-OUS,  a.     [h.  congrmts.]  [Johnson. 

1.  Accordant;  suitable;  consistent;  agreeable  to. 
Light,  airy  music,  and  a  solemn  or  mournful  occa- 
sion, are  not  congruous.  Obedience  to  God  is  congru- 
ous to  the  light  of  reason.  Locke. 

2.  Rational ;  fit. 

It  is  not  congruous  thai  God  should  be  always  frighleninj  mco 
into  an  acltnowlcdgmenl  of  tlie  iruUi.  Ailerbury. 


Suitably  ;    pertinently  ; 
Boyle. 


:  Gr.  * 


K-of.  See  Cone.] 


€ON"GRU-OUS-LV,  ado. 
agreeably ;  consistently. 

1.  Having  the  form  of  a  cone  ;  round  and  decreas- 
ing to  a  point ;  as,  a  conic  figure  ;  a  conical  vessel. 

2.  Pertaining  to  a  cone  ;  as,  conic  sections. 

Conic  section  ,-  a  curve  line  formed  by  the  intersec- 
tion of  a  cone  and  plane.  The  conic  sections  are 
the  parabola,  hyperbola,  and  ellipse.  Bailey. 

eON'lC-AL-LY,"  adv.     In  the  form  of  a  cone.     Boyle. 

eOX'IC-AL-NESS,  7i.  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
conical. 

CON'ieS,  n.  That  part  of  geometry  which  treats  of 
the  cone  and  the  curves  which  arise  from  its  sec- 
tions. Johnson. 

CO'XI-FER,  71.     [L.]     A  plant  bearing  cones. 

CO-jYIF'ER-A,  [L.,mfra.]  71.  pi.  An  order  of  plants, 
which,  like  the  fir  and  pine,  bear  cones  or  tops  in 
which  the  seeds  are  contained.  LyclL 

CO-NIF'ER-OUS,  a.  [L.  conifer,  conifcrus ;  from 
conus  and  fero,  to  bear.] 

Bearing  cones  ;  producing  hard,  dry,  scaly  seed- 
vessels,  of  a  conical  figure,  as  the  pine,  fir,  cypress, 
and  beech.  Martyn.     Encyc 

€o'XI-FORM,  a.  [cone  and  form.]  In  form  of  a 
cone  ;  conical ;  as,  a  coniform  mountain  of  Potosi. 

€0-NI-ROS'TERS,  n.  pi.  [L.  conus,  a  cone,  and  ros- 
truniy  a  beak.]  A  tribe  of  insessorial  birds,  including 
those  which  have  a  strong  bill  of  a  conical  form,  as 
the  crows  and  finches.  Brande. 

eO-NIjI-NA,     •!„      [Or.  .,.«.<.r.] 

An  alkaloid  obtainoil  from  Coni- 
nm  maculatinn.tlio  niortcrn  officinal 
hcmlork,  anil  its  active  medicinal 
principle. 

eO-NI-ROS'TRAL,  a.  Having  a  thick,  conical  besk, 
as  crows  and  finches.  Sicainsoii. 

€0-NIS'TRA,  n.     [Gr.J    'I'Ue  pit  of  a  theater. 


TCNE,  BHLL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


32 


249 


CON 


arbf  mill  of  lime,  cccur- 

n  Ml  --L  (i.niite-^.    Itcontninsilireu  |Kirt« 

uf  magnLaui  to  oiia  of  carlioiiale  uf 

Dana, 

■.  (.    To  ihrow  togctlier,  or  to  throw. 

Mountaffit. 
".  i.    To  gupwt.    [.Vt;(  lUffJ.]         SAo*. 
V  '  '-^  jt.c  1  Oil,  n.    [L*.  eottjiciot  lo  cast  logetherj  co7» 
II  rid  jci-io,  to  l!irow.j 
On"  who  guesses  or  conjectures.    [Bee  Conjkc- 

Siififl. 
RA-BLE,  a.    That  may  iK)  pica-stid  or 

■•''■rtiirej 


UAL,   a.      Dtiwndir- ■ 
!iy  picss ;  05,  a  co- 
ltAI.-LY,  <k/i*.     \Vi 


r  evi- 
'.'inion 


.''y"0  ^"  [L*  conjecture; 
II.  ,  '  ,'.  .1  .  11.  un^ziLara,  or  Mii^AieUura ,*  Sp. 
fo/ijticra  ;  Fort,  conjectitra^  or  cynjeitura.    See  Com- 

JEtTuR.] 

1.  !_■--'!-■•    •■•    .  .1  - —ether  of  pos- 

filbt"  tho  iiiiiid  to 

•^(.iiii  '  t  unknown  ; 

a  gucv-   niJiiLii  ^  11  .1  ^^  .Ivor  prob:\- 

Itihly  ol"  a  fact,  or  on  ;!  ;  j)rr|wni1cr- 

ance  of  opinion  witiioui  ]  \Vu  speak 

uf  future  or  unknown  th..;:.=  .^   ^.u^j. dure j  wad  of 
protintitc  or  unfonnded  conjectures. 
Q.  Idea  ;  notion.  Shak, 

CON-JECT'URE,  (kon-jekt'yur,)  r.  (.  To  guess;  to 
judge  by  gue.-s,  or  by  the  probability  or  the  possibil- 
ity of  a  fact,  or  by  very  slight  evidence  ;  to  form  an 
opinion  at  random.  VVIiat  will  1»l'  the  is-me  of  a 
war,  we  may  conjecture,  but  can  not  know.  He  con- 
jfctured  lli;il'sonie  misfortune  had  happened. 

CO\-JECT'l'K-i;D,  pp.    Guessed;  surmised. 

€0\JEeT'UR-ER,  n.  Onowho  piessea;  a  guesaer; 
one  who  forms  or  utters  an  opinion  witliout  proof. 

Addison. 

€OX-JE€T'UR-IXG,  ppr.    Guessing;  simnisiuK. 

eON-JOB'BLE,  V.  L    To  settle  ;  to  concert,  [Kw/;7or.] 

eON-JOlN',  c.  (.  [Ft.  conjoindrc;  It.  con ffiit^trrtj  or 
ccngiungere }  L.  conjungo ;  con  and  jungOj  to  join. 
See  Joir*.] 

1.  To  join  together,  without  any  thing  intermedi- 
ate ;  to  unite  two  or  more  pfrfon^  or  tJiingi  in  close 
Connection  ;  a.s,  to  conjoin  friends  ;  lo  conjoin,  man 
and  woman  in  marriage.  Lh'ijden.     Shak, 

2.  To  associate  or  connect. 

Lrt  thai  wludi  If  lisi.ns  iiexi  be  newly  conjoined  wiU»  what  !« 

COXJOrX',  r.  I.    To  unite ;  to  Join  ;  lo  league.  SJuiJc. 
eO\-JOIN'£D,  pp,  or  a.    Joined  to  or  with  ;  united ; 

associated. 
eO.\-JOIi\'L\G,   ppr.     Joining    togrihcr;   uniting; 

connecting. 
€ON-JOIN'T',  a.    United  ;  connected  ;  a5::oci;ited. 

Conjoint  deuces;  in  music,  two  notes  which  follow 

each  other  immediately  in  the  order  of  th;:  scale ;  as 
tit  and  re.  Joktuujn. 

Conjoint  tetrachords ;  two  letrachords  or  fourths, 
where  III e  same  note  is  the  highest  of  one  and  the 
lowcjit  of  the  oilier.  En.e\jc. 

CON-'C.i^iT'LY,  ado.    Jointly;  unitedly;  in  union; 

together.  Dnjden. 

eoN-JOIN'T'NESP,  ru  State  nfbt-ing  joined  oruniled. 
€0.\'JLJ-GAL,   a.      [L.   conjugalis,   from    conjuffiurn, 
marriage  ;  cor\jugo,  to  yoke  or  couple  ;  con  and  jugo, 
id.    See  Join  and  Yoke.] 

1.  Belonging  to  marriage;  matrimonial;  connu- 
bial ;  as,  conjugal  relation  ;  conjugal  tit:s. 

a.  Suiiuble  to  the  married  stjiie;  bicoming  a  hus- 
band in  rclniion  to  his  contort,  or  a  ron:?url  in  rela- 
t'.  n  ttj  h'  r  husband  ;  as,  conjugal  allVction. 
<  L  LY,  m/r.    Matrimonially;  connubially. 

•  P.,    r.    t.      [L.    conJHgo,    conjugatus,    io 

ind  jugOj  to  yoke,  lo  marry.     Sec  Joirr 
;;iid  V'-'Ai;.J 
1.  To  jom  ;  to  unite  in  marriage.    [J\''ot  now  used.] 

WoUon. 
9.  In  grammar,  to  dit^tribute  tlio  parts  or  inflec- 
tions of  a  verb  into  the  EL-vt-ral  voices,  modes, 
tenses,  numben),  and  persons,  so  as  to  show  their 
connections,  di.^tinctioim,  and  modes  nf  formatiun. 
I.ii*raUij^  to  connect  all  ilie  indectiim-.  of  a  verb,  ac- 
cordinirtii  th' ;r  derivation,  or  all  thr  variations  of 
one  *.  /'.-A,  as  thLi  v<'rb  iindcrgo«;s  few 

ji       var:  iiin  ronsists  chiefly  in  combining 

!  I       the  '■••  iiiledly  fnnn  the  pevcml  lenses  in 

the  scvl  riLl  \>  t     :;-\ 
I ,   eON'JU-GATE,  n.    A  word  agreeing  in  derivation 
I       with  another  word,  and  therefore  generally  resem- 
bling it  in  signification. 

I  Vp'e  hare  kanol,  in   tofie,  thai  conjugaUt  ;-.rc  n^rocUmM  In 

IMI.IC  only,  and  not  m  U^X  iiramhaU, 

j  COX'JU-GATE,  a.  In  botany,  a  conjugate  leaf  is  a 
;  j  [Mnti'ite  Uaf  which  has  only  one  pair  of  leaflets  ;  a 
i  c-yujiigaic  raceme  has  two  racemtx^  only,  united  by  a 
'I       romninn  peduncle.  Martyn. 

O^-utt-rate  diameter;  in  geometry,  a  diameter  paral- 


CON 

Icl  to  a  tnngcht  ot  the  vertex  of  the  primitive  diiuiu-- 

Ifr.  •^.  -W-   Stf-titrij. 

€ON'.""  '    "      "'1    pp_     Parsed  through  iu  vluuus 

fur; 
eON  ,  ppr.    Passing  through  iU  modes 

of  i. 

eON-Ji-i-GAllUN,  n.     [L.  conjugatio.] 

1.  A  couple  or  pair;  an,  a  conjugation  of  nerves. 
[Little  used.;  ^rown. 

2.  The  act  of  uniting  or  compiling  ;  union;  nn- 
bemblnge.  Bentiey.     Taylor. 

:».  In  .-••..,.  .-iiio  distribution  of  the  several  in- 
flo  .:iiiu:*  uf  a  verb,  in  their  dilffrent 

vu:  -fs,  numbers,  :\\u\  jK;r^ons  ;  a  ccm- 

nc*.i.  . !  all  the  derivative  forms  of  a  verb. 

eON-JLi.Nt'T',  a.     [L.  conjunclus,  from  conjungo.    See 
Co?ijoi.«(.] 
Conjoined:  united;  concurrent.  Shak. 

eON-JU.N'C"TION,  II.     [L.  eonjunctio.    See  CoNJOiff.] 
J.  Union  ;    connection ;  association  by  treaty  or 
othcrv.'isc.  Bacon.     Scul'i, 

2.  In  astrommy,  the  meeting  of  two  or  more  stars 
or  planets  in  Iht;  same  dfgrer  of  the  zodiac  ;  as,  the 
conjunction  of  the  moon  with  the  sun,  or  of  Jupiter 
und  Saturn. 

Heavenly  bodies  arc  said  to  be  in  conjunction  when 
they  aro  seen  in  the  same  part  of  the  heavens,  or 
have  the  sraine  longitude.  The  inferior  conjunction 
of  a  plarK't  is  iU?  iM)'iition  when  in  conjunction  on  the 
same  side  of  the  sun  with  the  earth  ;  tiic  superior 
conjunction  is  its  position  when  on  tliu  side  of  the 
sun  miiSi  distant  from  the  earth.  V.  Olmsted. 

3.  In  gi-anmar,  a  connective  or  connecting  word  ; 
an  indeclinable  word  which  serves  to  unite  sen- 
tences or  the  clauses  of  a  sentence  and  words,  join- 
ing two  or  more  simple  sentences  into  one  compound 
one,  and  continuing  ii  at  the  pleasure  of  tlie  writer 
or  speaker.  This  book  cost  one  dollar  and  ten  cents. 
Virtue  and  vice  are  not  compatible. 

U>^1  c\'.'..\\  Uic  U^it  (L-iy,  ard  (be  dAiiiiett  lie  culled  nig^IiU  — 

Gcti.  i. 
Tii'^  h'^^'^  i>f  llic  riglitcoiw  »h.iU  \x  ^adiieaa,  but  Uie  cxpectfttion 

ol  111.:  \ktcl:«il  (hall  pcrit!i.  —  Frur.  x. 

A.  Tl)C  copulnlion  of  the  sexes.       SiiiUh''8  Tour. 
eO.N-JUNe'TIVE,  a.    Closely  united.  Shaft. 

S.  Uniting;  serving  to  unit-.'. 

3.  In  grammar,  tlio  conjunctive  mode  is  that  which 
follows  a  conjunction,  or  expresses 'some  condition 
or  contingency.  It  is  more  generally  called  sub- 
junctivr. 

ebN-JUXC'TlVE-LY,aJo.  In  conjunction  or  tmion; 
together.  Brown. 

€0i\ J  UN€'TIVE-NESS,  «.  The  quality  of  conjoin- 
ing or  unitinc 

eo:<-JUSCT'LY  ado.    In  union;  jointly;  together. 

CON-JUNCT'URE,  (kon-junkt'yur,)  n.  [Fr.  cvn- 
joncturc.    See  Conjoin.] 

1.  A  joining;  a  combination  ur  union,  as  of 
causes,  events,  or  circumstances ;  an,  an  unhappy 
conjuttcture  of  alTturs. 

2.  An  occasion ;  a  critical  time,  proceeding  from  a 
union  of  circumstances;  as,  at  that  conjuncture, 
peace  was  very  desirable.  Jukcturk  is  usca  ina  like 
sense. 

li.  Union;  connection;  mode  of  union;  as,  the 
conjunctures  of  letters  in  words.  Holder. 

4.  Connection ;  union  ;  consistency. 

I  wrii  willing  to  »nint  to  Preabyteiy  what  wiih  nuuon  it  can  pir- 
tci;;l  (0,  lit  A  Conjuncture  uilb  K{iu«uj>:icy,   King  Charlea. 

CONJU-Ra'TION,  (kun-ju-ra'shun,)  «.  [See  Cox- 
juui:.]  The  act  of  using  certain  words  or  cere- 
monies to  obtain  the  aid  of  a  superior  being  ;  the  act 
of  summoning  in  a  sacred  name  ;  the  pnictice  of  arts 
to  exiK!l  evil  spirits,  allay  storms,  or  perform  super- 
natund  or  eMraordinary'acts. 

CON-JORE',  V.  t,  [L.  conjuro,  to  swear  together,  to 
conspire  ;  con  and  jnro,  to  swear ;  It.  congiurare  / 
f^p.  conjuror;  I'r.  conjurer.] 

J.  To  call  on  or  summon  hy  a  sacred  name,  or  in 
a  solemn  manner ;  to  implore  with  solemnity.  It 
seems  originally  to  liave  signified,  to  hind  by  an  oath. 

I  conjure  joi' !  Ii-l  ItiDi  kiuiw, 
\Vli:ilc'( T  'A-ai  fidue  nguitiM  liini,  Catu  did  it.  AtMUon. 

3.  To  bind  two  or  more  hy  an  oath  ;  to  unite  in  a 
common  design,  llcncc,  intransitively,  to  conspire. 
[ Ati£  ttsiutl.]  Milton. 

CON'JURE,  (kun'jur,)  r.  (,  To  aflcct,  in  some  man- 
ner, by  magic  arts,  as  by  invoking  the  Supreme 
•  Being,  or  by  the  use  i*f  certain  words,  characters,  or 
I  coremunie-s,  to  engage  supernatural  iniluence  ;  as,  to 
I  conjure  up  evil  spirits,  or  to  conjure  down  a  tempest ; 
I      to  conjure  the  stars. 

'  A'ote.  —  It  is  not  easy  to  define  this  word,  nor  any 
word  of  like  imiKirt ;  as  the  practices  of  conjurers 
are  little  known,  or  various  and  indefinite.  The 
use  of  this  word  indicates  that  an  oath  or  solemn  in- 
vocation originally  formed  a  pan  of  the  ceremonies. 

2.  To  conjure  up;  to  rai.'^e  up  or  bring  into  exift- 
encc  without  reason,  or  by  unn:ilur.d  means;  as,  lo 
conjure  up  a  phantom,  to  conjure  up  a  story. 
COiVJUKE,  (kun'jurj  r.  i.  Tu  pnictice  the  arts  of  a 
conjurer  ;  :o  use  arLs  to  <  ngage  the  aid  of  spirits  in 
performing  some  exlraordinarj'  act.  Shok. 


CON 

9.  In  rt  vulgar  seiuie,  to  behave  very  strangely ;  to 
act  like  a  witch  ;  to  play  tricks. 

eo.N'-JCR'TJO,  pp.    Bound  hy  an  oath. 

eON-JORE'.MKXT,  H.  SenouH  injunction;  Rolemn 
demand.  .Milton. 

COX'JU-RER,  (kun'jur-cr,)  u.  One  who  practices 
conjuration  ;  tine  who  pretendFi  to  llie  secrej  art  of 
purforniing  things  suiK-rniiluial  or  cxtiaordinHry,  by 
the  aid  of  supi.rior  powers ;  un  iinposttir  who  pre- 
lends,  by  unknown  means,  to  discover  stolen  poudd, 
fee.  Flencc,  ironically,  a  man  of  shrewd  conjecture ; 
a  man  of  sagacit)'.  Addi.ion.     Prior. 

'CO.\-J  OR'lTs'G,  ppr.    Enjoining  or  imploring  solemnly. 

€ON-NAS'C£i\CE,  n.  [L.  eon  und  nascur,  lo  be 
bt.ni.l 

1.  The  common  birth  of  two  or  more  at  the  same 
time  ;  production  of  two  or  nu)re  tociaher. 

2.  A  beitig  born  or  produced  witli  aiiuther.  Brotetu 

3.  'I'hc  act  of  growing  together,  or  at  the  same 
lime.  Ifiscman. 

CO.V'X.^TE,  a.    [I.,  con  and  naltis,  horn,  from  naseor.] 

1.  Born  with  another;  being  of  the  same  birth  ;  as, 
connate  notions.  SoutA. 

2.  In  botany,  united  in  origin ;  growing  from  one 
base,  or  unitea  at  their  bases ;  united  into  one  body ; 
as,  connoicleaves  or  antliers.  Jitartyn, 

eON-NA'TIOri,  ».     Connection  hy  birth  ;   natural 

union. 
€ON-NAT'U-RAL,  a.  [con  and  natural] 

1.  Connected  by  nature;  united  in  nature;  boni 
v.-ith  another. 

These  ailecttoiu  nre  connatural  U>  uj||  and  ni  wc  grow  up,  - 
iupy.  •  Zi'K*Irfli'i;'. 

2.  Participating  of  the  same  nature. 

And  mix  whli  our  connaturai  dust.  A/i/r  .i 

€ON-NAT-l^-RAL'I-TY,    n.      Participation    of    '.: 

same  nature  :  natural  union.  John.-'on.     Jin'  . 

eON-NAT'U-llAL-IZE,  v.  U  To  connect  bv  nalt:,  . 
eON-NAT'U-RAL-IZ-J-JD.jjp.  Connected  bvnnt'..  . 
€OX-NAT'U-RAL-IZ-ING,  ppr.     Connecling  by  :, 

lure. 
eOM-NAT'U-RAL-LY,  adv.    Dy  the  act  of  nature ; 

originally.  Jlidc. 

€ON-NAT'U.RAL-KESS,    n.     Participation    of   Uie 

same  nature  ;  natural  union.     Johnson.    Pcar.-^on. 
eON-NE€T',  V   t.     [L.   connuto;  con  and  nccto;  It. 

cmtneturc.    See  CIar.s  Ng,  No.  32,  33,  40,  41.] 

1.  To  knit  or  link  together ;  to  tie  or  fiibten  to- 
gether, as  by  something  mterveniiig,  or  by  weaving, 
winding,  or  twiniiiu;.    llence, 

2.  To  join  or  unite;  to  coixjoin,  in  almost  nny 
manner,  either  by  junction,  by  any  intervening 
means,  or  by  order  and  relation.  Wc  connect  letters 
and  words  in  a  sentence ;  we  connect  ideas  in  the 
mind  ;  wc  connect  arguments  in  a  discourse.  The 
Strait  of  Gibraltar  connects  the  Mediterranean  with 
the  Atlantic.  A  treaty  connects  two  nations  'J'lie 
interests  of  agriculture  are  connected  wiili  tliose  of 
commerce.  Families  are  connected  by  marriage  or 
by  friendship. 

€ON-NE€T',  V.  i.  To  join,  unite,  or  cohere  ;  lo  h:ive 
a  close  relation  ;  as,  this  line  of  stagc-cuaches  connects 
with  another ;  this  argument  connects  with  anutliL-r. 

JSurkf. 

€OX-NE€T'EDj  pp.    or  a.  Linlted  togellier ;  united. 

eON-NECT'ED-LY,  ado.  By  connection ;  in  a  con- 
nected manner. 

CON-NECT'lA'G,  ppr.    or  a.  Uniting ;  conjoining. 

€ON-NE€'TIOjV,  u.  [L.  conncxio;  It  connessione. 
See  Connect.] 

1.  The  act  of  joining,  or  state  of  being  joined ;  a 
statu  of  bcin^  knit  or  fastcnt;d  together:  union  by 
junction,  by  an  inien'ening  substance  or  medium, 
by  dependence  or  rekition,  or  by  order  in  a  serie;';  a 
Word  of  very  general  import,  Tiiere  is  a  conncctiva  of 
links  in  a  chain;  a  connection  between  all  parts  of 
the  human  body;  a  connection  between  virtue  and 
happiness,  and  between  this  life  and  the  future ;  a 
connection  between  parent  and  child,  master  and 
servant,  Imsband  and  wife;  between  motives  and 
actions,  and  between  actions  and  their  conscciuenccs. 
In  short,  tlie  word  is  applicable  to  almost  every  thing 
that  has  a  dependence  on  or  relation  to  another 
thing. 

2.  A  relation  by  blood  or  marnage. 

3.  A  religious  sect,  or  united  body ;  as,  the  Pdeth- 
odist  conncctioiu 

€ON-NECT'IVE,fl.    Having  the  power  of  conncctin?. 

CON-NECT'IVE,  h.  In  grammar,  a  word  that  con- 
nects other  words  and  sentences^  a  conjunclina. 
Harris  uses  the  word  for  conjunctions  and  prc]N>si- 
tions.  iltrmts. 

eON-NECTaVE-LY,  ado.  In  union  or  conjunction  ; 
jointly.  Sir/rt. 

CON-NEX',  V.  L     [L.  connexum.] 

To  link  together;  to  join.    [yVofm  lisf.]       Holl. 

eON-NEX'ION,  n.  Connection.  [But  for  the  snkfi 
of  regular  analogy,  I  have  inserted  CorcircTio:!. 
as  the  derivative  of  the  English  connect,  und  woidd 
disc.ard  Ci.nnkxios.] 

€ON-NEX'IVB,  n.  Connective;  having  the  power 
to  connect;  uniting;  conjunctive;  as,  conntzirc  jsir- 
tieles.     [LitUeuscd.]  f^'all^. 


FaTE,  FAR,  FALL,  WU^T.  — Mf.TE,  PRfiY.  — PINE,  MARYNE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQOK.- 

250  - 


CON 

€ON-NrV'AXCE,  n.  [See  Coxkive.]  Ptopcrly,  the 
act  uf  winking.  Hence,, ftg-nrativeltj,  voluntary  bliiul- 
ness  to  an  net  j  intentional  forbearance  to  see  a 
fault  or  other  act,  generally  implying  consent  to  it. 

KTciy  vio;  LiUrprcts  a  onnivance  to  be  r.pprob-itioa.  South. 
CON-XIVE',   r.    i.     [L.  canniveo,  con-iivi  or  comiixi  ; 
con  and  the  root  of  »ic(o,  to  wink.    Class  Ng.] 

1.  To  wink  ;  to  cloa«  and  open  the  eyelids  rap- 
jjly.  Spectator. 

2.  In  a  _^guratice  seiue^  to  close  the  eyes  upon  a 
fault  or  other  act ;  to  pretend  ignorance  or  liHndnc^s  ; 
to  forbear  to  see ;  to  overlook  a  fault  or  other  act, 
and  sulfcr  it  to  pass  unnoticed,  uncensured,  or  un- 
panislied ;  as,  the  father  comiives  at  llie  vices  of 
his  son. 

€ON-iM V'EN-CY,  n.    Connivance ;  which  see. 

Bacon. 
€ON-NIV'ENT,  a.     Shutting  the  ej'es ;  forbearing  to 
gpe.  ■Milton. 

2.  In  anatomy,  the  connivent  valves  are  thoss  wrin- 
kles, cellules,  and  vascules,  which  are  found  on  the 
inside  of  the  intestines.  Enajc. 

3.  In  botany,  closely  united  ;  converging  together. 
eON-NIVER,  a.    One  who  connives.  [Eaton, 
€OX--NIV'ING,  ppr.    Closing  the  eyes  against  faults; 

p.Tinitting  faults  to  pass  unccnsured. 
eo,\"-XOlS-SEuR',  (kon-nis-siir'  or  kon-nis-saur',)  n. 

[Fr.,  from  the  verb  connoitre,  from  L.  cogiioscOi  to 

know.] 
A  person  well  versed  in  any  subject ;  a  skillful  or 

knowing  person  ;  a  critical  judge  or  master  of  any 

art,  pailicularh-  of  painting  and  sculpture. 
eo\-i\OI3-SEuR'SUIP,  n.     The  skill  of  a  connois- 
seur. 
€ON'NO-TaTE,  f.  t,    [cor  and  note,  L.  nolo,  notatus.\ 
To  designate  with  something  else ;  to  imply.   [Lit- 

ils  tiseJ.]  Hammond. 

eoN'NO-TA-TED,  pp.    Designated. 
eoX'XO-TA-TING,  ppf.    Designating. 
eOX-.\0-TA'TION,  H.    The  act  of  making  known  or 

designating  with  something  ;  implication  of  some- 

Ihmg  beside  itself;  inference.  [LiUle  used.']     Hale. 
COS-SoTE'yV.t,    [L.  con  and  nota;   rwtoj  to  mark. 

See  XoTz.] 
To  make  known  together ;  to  imply ;  to  denote  or 

designate  ;  to  include.     [Litdc  used.]  SouVi. 

eoX-Xo T'ED,  pp.    Denoted. 
€ON-.\C'BI-AL,  a.     [L.  connubialls,  from  connuhium; 

con  and  nubo^  to  marry.] 
Pertaining  to  marriage;  nuptial;  belonging  to  the 

state  of  husband  and  wifa  ;  as,  connubial  rites ;  con- 

nabial  love. 
eoN-NU-.UER-A'TION,  n.    A  reckoning  together. 

Porson^ 
eON'NLT-SANCE,  n.  [Fr.  eonnoissance,  from  ccnnoitre, 

to  know,  L.  cognosco.] 
Knowledge.     [See  Coo'izance.] 
eON'NU'-S.-VNT,  a.     Knowing;  informed;  apprised. 

A  neulral  tcsmI,  breaking  a  blockade,  is  liable  to  confiscation,  if 
eonniMfliU  uf  the  blockade.  Dromne. 

€0N-NU-SOR'.     See  Cogmzor. 
eOiN'-NU-TRC'TIOLTS,  a.    Nourishing  together. 
eON'iNY,  a.    [W.  co)w.]    Brave  ;  Une.     [Local] 

Orosc. 
eo'XOro,  n.  [Gr.  Ko}v:u?jr,i ;  xwi ;? ,  a  cons,  and  stS-Jii 
funn.J 

1.  In  geometry^  a  solid  formed  by  the  revolution  of 
a  conic  sectioh  about  its  axis.  If  tlie  conic  section  is 
a  parabola,  th:;  resulting  solid  is  a  parabolic  conoid, 
or  paraboloid  ;  if  an  hyj>erbola,  the  solid  is  an  hyper- 
bolic conoid,  or  hyperboloid ;  if  an  ellipse,  an  ellip- 
tic conoid,  a  splieroid,  or  an  ellipsoid.  Eili'i.  Encyc. 

2.  In  anatomy,  a  gland  in  the  third  ventricle  of  the 
brain,  resembling  a  cone  or  pine-apple,  and  called  the 
pineal  eland.  Encyc. 

€0-i\OlU'AL,  a.    Nearly  but  not  exactly  conical. 

Lindley. 

CO-NOID'ie,         I  a.   Pertaining  to  a  conoid  ;  having 

eO-NOID'I€^AL,  (      the  form  of  a  conoid. 

eO-NO.\I-l-NEE',  n.  One  nominated  in  conjunction 
with  another  :  a  joint  nominee.  Kirby. 

€0.\-aiJAD'KATE,  V,  t.    To  bring  into  a  square. 

eoX-Uf'AS'SATE,  V.  t.     [L.  conquasso.] 

To  rihake.     [Little  iwerf-J  Harvey. 

€OX-aUAS'S.\-'rED,  pp.    shaken. 

€0.\-aCJAS'SA-Tl.VG,  ppr.    Shaking. 

€ON''(ifJER,  (konk'er,)r.f,  [Fr.  con^ucnV,  from  the  L. 
cowjuiro;  con  and  quoTo,  to  seek,  to  obtain,  to  con- 
jQuer ;  Arm.  eomjeuri.  As  qiuETo  is  written,  it  belongs 
to  Class  Gr,  and  its  preterit  to  Class  Gs.     See  Ar. 

I%3  karau  or  quarau,  and  Heb.  Ch.  ipn  to  seek. 

Class  Or,  No.  51,  5.5.] 

1.  To  subdue ;  to  reduce,  by  phj'sical  force,  till  re- 
sistance is  no  longer  made ;  to  overcome ;  to  van- 
quish. Alexander  conquered  Asia.  The  Romans  con- 
quered Carthage. 

2.  To  gain  by  force ;  to  win ;  to  take  possession  by 
violent  means  ;  to  gain  dominion  or  sovereignty  over, 
as  the  subduing  of  the  power  of  an  enemy  generally 
implies  possession  of  the  person  or  thing  subdued  by 


CON 

tlie  conqueror.  Thus,  a  king  or  an  army  conquers  a 
country,  or  a  city,  wliich  is  afterward  restored. 

3.  To  subdue  opposition  or  resistance  of  the  will 
by  mora!  force ;  to  overcome  by  argument,  persua- 
sion, or  other  influence. 

Anna  can'picrs  but  to  save, 

And  governs  but  to  bless.  Smith. 

He  went  lurlh  conquering  aud  to  cotujuer.  — Rev,  vi. 

4.  To  overcome,  as  difficulties ;  to  surmount,  as 
obstacles;  to  subdue  whatever  opposes;  as,  to  coji- 
qucr  the  passions  ;  to  conquer  reluctance. 

5.  To  gain  or  obtain  by  eftort ;  as,  to  conquer  free- 
dom ;  to  conquer  peace ;  a  French  application  of  Vie 
word. 

€ON'Q,UER,  (konk'er,)  v.u  To  overcome;  to  gain 
the  victory. 

Tlie  champions  resol/cd  to  coriquer  or  to  die.  Waller. 

€ON'aUER-A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  conquered, 
overcome,  or  subdued.  South. 

eON'aUER-A-BLE-NESS,  ?).  A  slate  that  admits  of 
being  conquered. 

eoN'aUER-ED,  (konk'erd,)  pp.  or  a.  Overcome; 
subdued  ;  vanquished  ;  gained  ;  won. 

€ON'Q.UER-ESS,  n.  A  female  who  conquers  ;  a  vic- 
torious female.  Fairfax. 

GON'Q,UER-ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Overcoming  ;  subduing ; 
vanquishing;  obtaining. 

eON'aUER-IXG-LY,  (konk'er-)  adv.  By  conquering. 

eO.\'aUER-OR,  (konk'er-ur,)  n.  One  who  conquers  ; 
one  who  gains  a  victory;  one  who  subdues  and 
brings  into  subjection  or  possession,  by  force  or  by 
influence.  The  man  who  defeats  his  antagonist  in 
combat  is  a  conqueroi-,  as  is  tlie  general  or  admiral 
who  defeats  his  enemy. 

CON'QUEST,  (kouk'west,)  n.  [Fr.  conquete;  It.  con- 
quista;  Sp.  id. ;  L.  conquisitus,  qaasittts,  qu^Bstns,  from 
quiproj  to  seek.  The  L.  qutrsici,  quipsitu,-y  coincides  in 

elements  with  the  W.  ceistaw,  Eth.  tUJ  UJ  Class 
Gs,  No.  35.  The  primary  sense  is  to  seek,  to  press  or 
drive  toward.] 

1.  Til',-  act  of  conquering ;  the  act  of  overcoming  or 
vanquishing  opposition  by  force,  physical  or  moral. 
.Applied  to  persons,  territory^  and  tlie  like,  it  usually  im- 
plies or  includes  a  taking  possession  of;  as,  the  con- 
quest of  Canada  by  the  British  troops.  So  we  speak 
of  the  conquest  of  the  heart,  the  passions,  or  the  will. 

2.  Victory ;  success  in  arms ;  the  overcoming  of 
opposition. 

In  Joys  of  conquest  he  resigns  his  breath.  Addison. 

3.  That  which  is  conquered  ;  possession  gained  by 
force,  physical  or  moral ;  as,  Jamaica  was  a  valuable 
conquest  for  England. 

4.  In  a  feudal  sense,  acquest;  acquisition;  the  ac- 
quiring of  property  by  other  means  than  by  inherit- 
ance, or  the  acquisition  of  property  by  a  number  in 
community,  or  by  one  for  all  the  others. 

Blackstone.     Encyc. 

5.  In  the  law  of  nations,  the  acquisition  of  sove- 
reignty by  force  of  arms. 

The  ri^ht  ol  conquest  is  derived  from  the  hws  of  war.     Eruryc. 

6.  The  act  of  gaining  or  regaining  by  effort ;  as,  the 
conquest  of  libertv  or  peace  ;  a  French  phrase. 

€ON-SAN-GUIN'E-OUS,  a.    [L.  consang-uineus,  infra.] 
Of  the  same  blood ;  related  by  birth  ;  descended 
from  the  same  parent  or  ancestor.  Sliak. 

eON-SAN-GUIN'I-TY,  n.  [L.  consangubiitas ;  con 
and  sanguis,  blood.] 

The  relation  of  persons  by  blood  ;  the  relation  or 
connection  of  persons  descended  from  the  same  stock 
or  common  ancestor,  in  distinction  from  affinity  or 
relation  by  marriage.    It  is  lineal  or  collateral. 

Blackstone. 

€0N-SaR  CIN-A'TION,  v.  The  act  of  patching  to- 
gether. 

eON'SCTENCE,  (fcon'shens,)  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  coHsci- 
C7itia,  from  conscio,  to  know,  to  be  privy  to ;  con  and 
scio,  to  know;  It.  cov.scicnza,  or  cuscicnza;  Sp.  conci- 
cncia.J 

1.  Internal  or  self-knowledge,  or  judgment  of  right 
and  wrong  ;  or  the  faculty,  power,  or  principle  with- 
in us,  which  decides  on  the  lawfulness  or  unlawful- 
ness of  our  own  actions  and  aflections,  and  instantly 
approves  or  condemns  them. 

Conscience  is  called,  by  some  writers,  the  moral 
sense,  and  considered  as  an  original  faculty  of  our 
nature.  Others  question  the  propriety  of  considering 
conscience  as  a  distinct  faculty  or  principle.  Tiiey 
consider  it  rather  as  the  general  principle  of  moral 
approbation  or  disapprobation,  applied  to  one's  own 
conduct  and  affections  ;  alleging  that  our  notions  of 
right  and  wrong  are  not  to  be  deduced  from  a  single 
principle  or  faculty,  but  from  various  powers  of  the 
understanding  and  will. 

Encyc    Hutcheson.    Reid.    Edin.  Encyc. 

Ecinj  convicted  by  their  oft-n  eonacience,  th'-y  went  out  one  by 

one. — John  viii. 
The  conscience  manilbsts  its?If  in  the  feeling  of  obU^tion   wc 
expt-rionce,  which  precedes,  attends,  fimt  ll;!lows  our  actions. 
I  P..T.  Fitch. 

Conscience  is  first  occupied  in  ascertaining  our  duty,  before  we 
proceed  to   action  j    Uieii   Iji  judging  of  our  ncliotis  wlmn 
I  performed.  J.  M.  Moion. 


CON 

2.  The  estimate  or  determination  of  conscience ; 
justice ;  honesty. 

Wliat  you  require  can  not,  in  contdenet,  be  deferred.    J^tilon. 

3.  Real  sentiment ;  private  thought* ;  truth;  af;, do 
you  in  conscience  believe  the  story  ? 

4.  Consciousness;  knowledge  of  our  own  actions 

or  thoughts. 

The  swertpst  cordial  wc  rewire,  at  last, 

Is  coneaetice  of  our  virtuous  actiooa  puL  Denhctn. 

[  This  primary  sense  of  the  word  is  iicarly,  perhaps 
wholly,  obsolete.] 

5.  Knowledge  of  tlie  actions  of  others. 

B.  Jonson. 

0.  In  ludicrous  language,  reason  or  reasonableness. 

Half-a-dtJien  fools  aic,  in  all  conscience,  as  many  as  you  should 
rci]uire.  SidfC 

To  make  conscience,  or  a  matter  of  conscience,  is  to 
act  according  to  tlie  dictates  of  conscience,  or  to  scru- 
ple to  act  contrary  to  its  dictates.  Locke, 

Court  of  conscience :  in  En  inland,  a  cnnrt  established 
for  the  recovery  of  small  debts,  in  I^ondon  and  other 
trading  cities  and  districts.  Bladisf^onc. 

€ON'SCIENCE-LESS,  a.    Having  no  conscience. 

Hooker. 

€ON'SC1ENCE-PROOF,  a.  Proof  against  llie  com- 
punctions of  conscience. 

eON'SCIENCE-SMlT'TJSN,  a  Smitten  hy  con- 
science ;  stung  with  remorse.  Allen. 

eON'SCIENC-£D,  (kon'sheusht,)  a.  Having  con- 
science. South. 

eON'SCIENT,  a.    Conscious.     [jVd(  used.]    Bacon. 

eOJJ-SCI-EN'TIOUS,  (kon-she-en'Phus,)  a.  Influ- 
enced by  conscience  ;  governed  by  a  strict  regard  to 
the  dictates  of  conscience,  or  by  the  known  or  sup- 
posed rules  of  right  and  wrong ;  as,  a  conscientious 
judge. 

9.  Regulatf'd  by  conscience  ;  according  to  the  dic- 
tates of  conscience  ;  as,  a  conscientious  probity. 

L'Estrange. 

eON-SCI-EN'TIOUS-LY,  adv.  According  to  the  di- 
rection of  conscience ;  with  a  strict  regard  to  right 
and  wrong.     A  man  may  err  conscientioudy. 

eON-SCI-EN'TIOUS-NESS,  ti.  A  scrupulous  regard 
to  the  decisions  of  conscience ;  a  sense  of  justice, 
and  strict  conformity  to  its  dictates.  Locke. 

All  his  conduct  s-^cmed  marked  with  an  exact  and  unvarying 
conscientioasneBS, 

J.  L.  Kingsley,  Eulogy  on  Prof.  Fisher. 

€ON'SCION-A-BLE,  a.  According  to  conscience ;  rea- 
sonable ;  just. 

Let  my  debtors  have  conedonable  satisfaction.  Wotlon. 

eoX'SCION-A  BLE-NESS,  n.  Reasonableness ;  equi- 
tv.  Dixit. 

€0"N'SCI0X-A-BLY,  ad>}.  In  a  manner  agreeable  to 
conscience  ;  reasonably  ;  justly.  Taylor. 

eON'SCIOUS,  (kon'shus,)  «.     [L.  conscius.] 

1.  Possessing  the  faculty  or  power  ot*^  kno^ving 
one's  own  thoughts  or  mental  operations.  Tims, 
man  is  a  conscious  being. 

2.  Knowing  from  memorj-,  or  without  estmrieous 
information  ;  as,  I  am  not  conscious  of  tlie  fact. 

The  damsel  then  to  Tnncred  sent, 

Who,  conscious  of  ihi;  occaaon,  tl'ared  the  event.        Drydtn. 

3.  Knowing  by  consciousness,  or  internal  percep- 
tion or  persuasion  ;  as,  I  am  not  conscious  of  having 
given  any  offense.  Sometimes  followed  by  to ;  as,  I 
am  not  conscious  to  myself. 

^ii'^'as  ouiy,  consdoas  to  die  sign, 

Presaged  the  event.  Dryden. 

So  we  say,  conscious  of  innocence,  or  of  ignorance, 
or  of  a  crime. 
eON'SCIOUS-LY,  adv.     With  knowledge  of  one's 
own  mental  operations  or  acfsiis. 

IfUiese  ptiTceptions,  viTlh  their  Cjiisciousness,  always  renmined 
hi  die  miiul,  the  s.uiio  thinltiug  thing  would  be  always  con- 
sciously present.  Uicke. 

€0N'SCIOUS-NESS,  v.  The  knowledge  of  sensa- 
tions and  mental  operations,  or  of  what  passes  in 
one's  own  mind  ;  the  act  of  the  mind  which  makes 
known  an  internal  object.      Locke.    Reid.    Encyc. 

Consciousness  of  our  s.nsaiions,   and  consdousness    of   our 

existence,  sfcni  to  be  simultaneous.  Edin.  Encyc. 

ConsdousTiess  must  be  an  esBeniiad  attribute  of  sj»rit.     WdOs. 

2.  Internal  sense  or  knowledge  of  guilt  or  inno- 
cence. A  man  may  betray  his  consciousiiess  of  guilt 
by  his  countenance. 

3.  Certain  knowledge  from  observation  or  experi- 
ence. Oibbon, 

CON'SCRIPX,  a.  [L.  conscriptus,  from  conscribo,  to 
enroll ;  con  and  scriho,  to  UTite.] 

Written  ;  enrolled  ;  as,  conscript  fatliers,  the  sena- 
tors of  Rome,  so  called  because  tlieir  names  were 
written  in  the  register  of  the  senate. 

eON'SCRIPT,  It.  One  taken  by  lot  trom  Uie  conscnp- 
tion  list,  and  compelled  to  serve  as  a  soldier  or  sailor 
[A  word  used  in  FVancc.] 

€0N-SeRIP'TION,  n.    [L.  conscriptio.] 

1.  An  enrolling  or  registerins. 

2.  A  compulsory  cnrullmcnt  of  individuals  of  a 
certain  age,  held  liable  to  be  drafti'rt  for  military  or 
naval  service ;   a  system  v.liich  c\i-steil  among  the 


TONE,  ByLL,  IGNITE.  —  AN"GER,  VI^CIOUS.  — C  as  K;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


CON 


CON 


Roiiiaiin,  and  was  liwl  mtioduced  into  France  at  the 
time  of  the  r.;vnliition.  Brande. 

COS'i^ErCRA'l'E,  c.  I.  [L.  eotuecro ;  con  and  saeroj  to 
conr4*^raie,  from  sacery  sacreil.    See  Sacbed.] 

1.  To  niakt*  or  declnrc  to  be  sarrt-d,  by  certain  cer- 
emonies or  rites  ;  to  approprinle  to  wicred  uses ;  to  set 
npan,  dedicate,  or  devote,  to  the  ncrvico  and  worsbip 
i»I"  God  ;  a^,  to  eonsecraU  a  church. 

,  ^'.  1  I  co'ntcraU  Aaron  und  liU  loiii.  —  Eiotl.  xxlx. 
^     .  ,..,,   ...,l1  fi^kl,  nml  rrat^li  of  InM  and  kroii,  ai«  i-on- 

■J.  'i'o  ciinoriizt' ;  to  exalt  to  the  rank  of  a  saint ;  to 
tmoU  among  the  pods,  as  a  Roman  emperor. 

3.  To  set  apart  and  ble&s  the  eliinenls  in  I  be  cucha- 
rist. 

4.  To  render  venerable;  to  make  respected;  as, 
nik-H  or  principles  consecrated  by  time. 

eo.N'SE-€ltATE,  a.  Sacred ;  contiecraled  j  devoted  j 
dedicated. 

Thry  were  ancmUMl  In  Ihal  corutcrata  place.  Bacon. 

[Thij  tcord  is  note  srldom  used^  untess  in  poetry.] 

CON'S&CRA-TED,  pp.  or  a.  Made  sarred  by  cere- 
innmes  or  sohMnn  ritts  ;  st-piirated  from  a  common  to 
IX  riacred  use  ;  devoted  or  dedicated  to  the  service  and 
\vor-*hip  of  God  ;  made  venenibU'. 

COX'SE-CRA-TED-NKSS,  ".  Flalo  of  being  conse- 
crated. 

C0N'3E-€RA-TING,  ppr-  or  c.  Making  eacred  ;  ap- 
propriating to  a  sacred  use  ;  dedicating  to  the  service 
of  Oixi ;  (Ievolin-4  ;  rendering  venenble. 

eON-vSE-eUA' TION,  n.  Tlie  act  or  cvreuiony  of  sep- 
arating from  a  common  to  a  sacred  u:*,  or  of  dcvo- 
lins  and  dedicating  a  person  or  thing  to  the  service 
and  worsliip  of  God,  by  certain  rites  or  solemnities. 
Consecration  does  not  rtiako  a  person  or  thing  really 
/iwfy,  but  declares  it  to  be  sacred,  tliat  is,  devoted  to 
God,  or  lo  divine  service  ;  as,  the  consecration  of  the 
l)nfst3  among  tlie  Israolites ;  the  consecration  of  the 
vessels  used  in  the  temple  ;  the  consecration  of  a 
bishop. 

2.  Canonization ;  the  act  of  publicly  enrolling  or 
numbering  among  the  acknowledged  s;iints  or  gods  ; 
III'-'  ceremony  of  the  apotheosis  of  an  emperor.   IMe. 

3.  The  benediction  of  the  elements  in  the  euclia- 
ri>i ;  the  act  of  setting  apart  and  blesshig  the  elements 
in  the  communion.  Encyc. 

CO.\'SE-€RA-TOR,  n.     One  who  consecrates ;  one 
who  perfonns  the  rites  hy  which  a  person  or  thing 
is  devoted  or  dedicated  lo  sacred  purposes.  Atlcrbunj. 
eON'SE-CRvV-TO-RY,  a.     Making  saered. 

Bp.  Jdorton. 
eON-SE€;-TA'NE-OUS,  a.    Following  of  course. 

Gilbert. 
€ON'SEC-TA-RV,  a,    [L.  consectariux,  from  conscctor, 
lo  follow  :  con  and  sector,  srquor.     See  Seek.] 
Followmg ;  consequent ;  consequential  j  deducible. 

BTotcn. 
€ON'SEe-TA-RY,  n.     1'hat  which  follows;  conse- 
quence ;  deduction  from  premises ;  corollar>'. 

Woodward. 
€OX-SE-eO'TIO\.  n.    [L.  consccutio,  from  ccnscmior, 
lo  follow  ;  eon  and  sequor,  to  follow.     See  Seek.] 

1.  A  following  or  sequel ;  train  of  consequences 
from  premises ;  scries  of  deductions.  Hale. 

2.  Succession  ;  series  of  things  that  follow  each 
other  ;  as,  a  conjiecution  of  colors.  J^eicton. 

eOX-SEC'U-'i'IVE,  a.  [It.  conscciUivo;  Fr.  consecutif. 
See  CoxsEcuTio.v.] 

1.  Following  in  a  train  ;  succeeding  one  another  in 
a  regular  order  ;  successive  ;  uniiitrrrupted  in  course 
or  succesaiiiu  ;  a-*,  fifty  consecutive  years.     ArbiUJinot, 

2.  Following;  consequential;  succeeding;  as,  the 
actions  of  men  consecutive  to  voljiii.n.  Ijjdct. 

3.  Consecntive  dtorda,  in  music.  Imply  a  succession 
or  repetition  of  Itie  same  consonance  iu  similar  mo- 
tion. Encyc. 

€OX-SEC'lI-TI  VE-I,Y,  adc.  By  way  of  consequence 
or  succession,  in  op{)03ition  to  antecedently  or  casually. 

Diet. 

€ON-SEe'lI-TIVE-NESS,  «.  Stale  of  being  conscc 
ntive. 

€ON-SE-NES'CE\CE,   in.    [L.  conscncsco.  to  "grow 

€ON-SE-XES'CEX-CY,  J     ohl.] 

A  growing  old  :  decay  from  age  ;  ai*,  the  consencs- 
eeaee  of  the  world.  Ray. 

eOX-SEX'SlOX,  n.     rU  ct>n.icn^.    See  Co:*sent.] 
Agreement ;  accord.     [Little  lue^L]  Bentlaj. 

CON-SEXT',  n.  [I*,  consensus;  U.  eonsntso  ;  Fr.  con- 
aentcmcnt ;  Sp.  consnttimiento ;  from  L.  consentio,  to  be 
of  one  mind,  to  agree;  con  and  srniin,  to  think,  feel, 
or  perceive  ;  Sp,  consentir;  Port.  Fr.  id. ;  It.  e.omenttre. 
See  Se:«be  and  Assent.] 

I.  Agreement  of  the  mind  to  what  is  proposed  or 
elalrd  by  another  ;  acconi ;  hence,  a  yielding  of  the 
mind  or  will  to  that  tvtuch  is  proposed  ;  as,  a  parent 
gives  his  consent  to  the  marriage  of  his  daughter. 

We  generally  use  this  word  in  cases  where  power, 
ri^lhL-i,  and  claims,  are  concerned.  We  give  consent, 
when  we  yield  ihat  which  wc  have  a  right  to  With- 
hold ;  but  wc  do  nr)i  give  consait  to  a  mere  opinion 
or  abstract  proposition.  In  this  case,  we  give  our  as- 
sent Hut  a.*sent  is  also  used  in  conceding  what  we 
may  withhold.    Wc  give  our  assent  to  the  marriage 


of  a  daughter.  Consc<iucnlly,  assent  has  a  more  ci- 
tcnsive  application  than  consent.  But  the  distinction 
is  not  always  observed.  Consent  olXen  uinouiits  to 
permission. 

Ikfrjud  ye  not  odc  oiiotlwr,  exMjjt  wiUi  oimanl  for  a  limc  — 
1  (;or.  »a. 

S.  Accord  of  minds  i  agrecmenlj  unity  of  opinion. 

All  with  one  «fn/*«l  ly fan  to  makt  excow.  —  Luke  xiv. 
TKc  M.nipni>  v{  |iric»U  iimi\lcr  l>y  roruciU.  —  IIoi.  vl. 

3.  Agreement;  coherence ;  correspondence  in 
parts,  qualities,  ur  operation. 

SikJi  U  Ok  worM'i  pr'-M  luinnony,  lliat  ipriiiffi 

From  union,  onlcr,  lull  con««fi(  ^  things.  Pope. 

4.  In  the  animal  econumyj  an  agreement,  or  sympa- 
thy, by  which  ono  art'i^cled  part  of  the  system  aflects 
some  distanl  part.  'I'liis  consent  is  sumHJsed  lo  exist 
in,  or  be  produced  bv,  the  nerves,  and  the  arteclions 
to  be  eommunicaled  froiii  one  part  lo  another  by 
means  of  tlietr  rimKic.itions  and  distributions  through 
the  body.  Thus  the  stone  in  the  bladder,  by  yelli- 
cating  the  fibers,  will  produce  spasms  and  colic  in 
the  bowels  ;  a  shameful  thing  seen  or  heard  will  pro- 
duce blushing  in  the  cheeks.  Qniney.     Encyc. 

But  many  facts  indicate  that  other  causes  than 
nervous  communication  produce  sympathy. 
eON-SEXT',  V.  i.     [L.  eonsentio.     Sec  the  noun.] 

1.  Literally,  to  think  with  another.  Hence,  to 
agree  or  accord.  More  generally,  to  agree  in  mind 
and  will;  to  yield  to  what  one  has  the  power,  the 
right,  or  the  disposition  to  withhold,  or  refuse  to 
grant. 

If  iiinnni  onllw  ilice,  content  thou  not.  —  VrMV.  I. 

Anil  Saul  wua  (x>n»enting  to  StcpJicu's  (lc«Ui.  —  AcU  viil. 

Only  let  u»  concent  \o  tlicin,  unil  they  will  dwuU  with  lu.— 
CIcn.  xxxiv. 

9.  To  agree. 
When  thou  8a\vcit  a  UiR-T,  llioii  constnUdtt  w  ith  hlin.  —  I'^.  1. 

3.  To  assent- 

1  consent  lo  tho  Uwv,  thai  it  b  gao^I.  —  Rom.  vli.     I  Tiin.  vi. 

€ON-SEX-TA-Nr:'I-TY,  n.     Mutual  agreement. 
€O.V-PEX-TA'NE-OUS,  a.      [L.  conscntajicns.      Sec 
Consent.] 
Agreeable  ;  accordant;  consistent  wilh  ;  suitable. 

The  piT\eti&i  of  virtu'j  ii  not  eoMttitnneoiis  to  the  unrenewed 
heart.  ^non. 

eON-SEN-TA'NE-OUS-IA",  adc.     Agreeably ;    con- 
sistently ;  suitably. 

COX-SEX-Ta'NE-oUS-NESS,  n.      Agreement;  ac- 
cordance ;  consistency.  Diet. 

eOX-SEXT'ER.  «.    One  who  consents. 

€0N-SEX'T1EXT,  (kon-sen'shent,)  a.  [h.  consnttiins, 
eonsentio.] 
Agreeing  in  mind ;  accordant  in  opinion. 

The  RUihority  due  to  Ui?  consentient  judgment  of  tlic  church. 

Pcaraon. 

€ON'SE-(iUEXCE,  v.     [Ii.  consequcntia,  from  consc- 
quor;  con  and  scquor,  to  follow.     Sec  Skek.] 

1.  That  which  follows  from  any  act,  cause,  princi- 
ple, or  series  of  actions,  iience,  an  event  or  effect 
produced  by  some  preceding  act  cr  cause. 

Shon  the  lil'jrr  conttquence ;  for  kuowj 
Th'-'  day  ihou  'MtMt  thereof,  thou  sIiaII  die.  Afifton. 

'I'hc  eonteijuenees  of  Iiitempenincc  arc  diajmcp,  poverty,  disei-jc, 
and  premature  dcivlh. 

2.  In  lofric,  a  proposition  collected  from  the  agree- 
ment of  oilier  previous  propositions  ;  the  conclusion 
which  results  from  reason  or  argument;  inference; 
deduction. 

Every  rsiJonnI  Ixiing  fa  accountablo  to  lila  Maker ;  man  is  a 
nlfonal  beln J ;  the  cmatqutncg  Oicn  muil  l)C,  Oial  man  ii 
necounloblo  to  liU  M;d(er. 

From  Ihh  trrvin  of  arguni;iil,  Uio  contequenct  is  oUviooB. 

3.  Connection  of  cause  and  eftcct ;  consecution. 

Ifelt 
Tlwt  I  musl  ftfUr  llicc,  with  Uiis  my  son  ; 
Such  fatal  contequenct  uoitca  us  Uircc.  Mtlton. 

4.  Influence ;  tendency,  as  to  eflTccts.  The  sense 
of  consequence.  In  this  use,  is  modified  by  tho  words 
connectetl  with  it;  as,  "it  is  of  little  consequence,''^ 
that  is,  of  little  impnrtance.  small  effects  will  follow  ; 
"  it  isof  7W  consequence,''^  of  no  moment,  no  effect  of 
importance  will  follow  ;  "  it  is  of  great  consequence,^' 
of  great  importance,  great  elTects  will  follow. 

5.  Importance ;  extensive  influence  ;  distinction  ; 
as,  a  man  of  great  consajuence  in  society. 

In  consequence  ;  by  means  of;  as  the  clfoct  of. 
€ON'SE-(iUEXT,  a.     [L.  consequciis.] 

1.  Following  as  the  natural  effect;  with  to  or  on. 

Tlic  riitht  \\*as  eonitquent  to,  and  built  on,  an  Ml  pcrl^ctly  per- 
sonal. Locke. 
Ilis  poverty  W.U  consequent  on  his  vlcea. 

2.  Following  by  necessary  inference  or  rational 
deduction  ;  as,  a  proposition  consequent  to  other  prop- 
osilions. 

eON'SE-aUENT,  n.    Effect ;  that  which  follows  a 
cause. 

Th'-y  wrro  UI  fovcmcd,  whidi  ts  nJways  a  consequent  of  ill- 
pnyin-iit.  Davies. 

2.  That  which  follows  from  propositions  by  rational 
deduction  ;  that  which  is  deduced  from  reasoning  or 
argumentation  ;  a  conclusion  or  inference. 
eOX-SE-aUEN'TIAL,  a.    Following  as  the  effect; 


CON 

produced  by  tho  connection  of  effects  wilh  causes; 
as,  u  conseqttmtial  evil. 

2.  Having  the  consequence  justly  connected  with 
llic  premises;  conclusive. 

TiicM  arjumenU  are  liijhiy  comtr^uentist  and  cniicludout  to  my 
puriviec.  JIalS 

3.  Important 

4.  Assuming  the  air  of  a  person  of  con^eqtienre  ; 
pompous  ;  ayjilied  topcr.tons. 

€ON-SE.QLJEX'TlAL-LY,  o(/tf.  With  just  deduction 
of  consequences  ;  wilh  right  connection  of  idi;is. 

2.  By  consequence ;  not  immediately ;  eventually. 

South. 

3.  In  ft  regular  series ;  in  the  order  of  cause  and 
effect.  Afhlisim, 

4.  With  assumed  importance  j  wilh  conceit. 

Campbell. 

eON-SE-aUEN'TlAL-NESS,  n.  Regular  con.sctu. 
tion  in  discourse.  Diet. 

eoX'SE-OUENT-LY,  aJp.  By  consequence;  by  ne- 
cessary connection  of  effects  with  iheir  causes ;  iu 
consetpience  of  something. 

COX'SK-(iUE.\T-NESS,  n.  Regular  conncrtlon  of 
propositions  following  each  other  ;  consecution  of 
dis■cour^;e.     [IMtlc  used.]        .  Digby. 

GOX-SER'TION,  71.    [L.  conscroy  com/ertum.] 

Junction  ;  adaptation.  Young. 

CO.\-.^KRV'.V-BLE,  a.  [See  Coxseiive.]  That  may 
be  kept  or  preserved  from  decav  or  injury. 

eo.\-SERV'AN-CY,  Ti.     [L.  c'omcroans.     See  Cow- 

SEIIVK.] 

A  court  of  conservancy  is  held  hy  the  lord  mayor 

of  London,  for  the  preservation  of  the  fi:*hery  on  the 

Thames.  Juhnsnn. 

€ON-SEUV'ANT,  (I.    Preserving;  having  the  powor 

-  or  qvialitv  of  preserving  from  decay  or  (iostriiclion. 

eON-SER-VA''J'ION,  H.     [L   conscrvatio.     See  Uon- 

SEUVE.] 

The  act  of  prcscr\'ing.  guarding,  or  protecting; 
preservation  from  loss,  decay,  injury*,  or  violation  ; 
the  keeping  of  a  thine  in  a  safe  or  enlire  state  ;  as, 
the  conservaUou  of  bodies  from  ptirishing;  the  conser- 
vation of  the  peace  of  society  ;  the  cimscrvation  of 
privileges. 

€ON-SKRV'A-TISM,  «.  The  desire  and  ellort  uf 
preserving  what  is  established. 

€OX-SEUV'A-TIVE,  a.  Frcscrvative ;  having  powor 
to  preserve  in  a  safe  or  entire  state,  or  from  loss, 
waste,  or  injury.  Vcacham. 

COX  SKRV'A-TIVE,  n.  One  who  aims  to  preserve 
from  ruin,  innovation,  injury,  or  radical  change  ; 
one  who  wishes  to  maintain  an  institution,  or  form 
of  governiuont,  in  its  present  state.     [Jilodcrn  vsogc] 

€OX-SER-Va'TOR,  71.  A  preserver;  one  who  pre- 
serves from  injury  or  violation.  Jippropriatcly^  an 
officer  who  has  the  charge  of  preserving  the  public 
peace,  as  judges  and  sheriffs ;  also,  an  ollicer  who 
has  the  charge  of  preserving  the  rights  and  privileges 
of  a  city,  corporation,  or  community,  as  in  Roman 
Catholic  universities.  It  is  a  word  of  extensive  ajv 
plication. 

2.  In  Connecticia,Zi  person  appointed  to  superintend 
idiots,  lunatics,  cScc,  manage  their  propirly,  and  pro- 
serve  it  from  waste. 

eoX-SERV'A-TO-RY,  a.  Having  the  quality  of  pre- 
serving from  loss,  decay,  or  injury. 

€ON-SERV'A-TO-RY,  n.  A  place  for  preserving  any 
Ihing  in  a  slate  desired,  as  from  loss,  dcc.iy,  waste, 
or  injury.  Thus,  a  fish-pond  for  keeping  fish,  a 
granaiy  for  corn,  an  ice-house  for  ice  and  other 
things,"  a  receptacle  for  water,  &c.,  arc  called  con- 
servatories. 

2.  A  greenhouse  for  exotics,  often  attached  to  a 
dwelling-house  as  an  ornament.  In  large  conserva- 
tories, properly  so  called,  the  plants  are  reared  on 
the  free  soil,  and  not  in  pots.  Brande. 

3.  A  Bociely  for  promoting,  or  for  preserving,  music 
in  good  taste. 

eOX-SERVE',  (kon-serv',)  v.  t.  [L.  conservo ;  ran 
and  servo,  to  hold,  keep,  or  guard  ;  Fr.  coiiscrvci";  H. 
conscrvarc  ;  Sp.  conservar.  Sec  Class  Sr,  No.  34,  '•i'i, 
39,  40.  45,  and  Class  Dr,  No.  3-3.] 

To  Keep  in  a  safe  or  sound  state  ;  to  save  ;  to  pre- 
serve from  loss,  decay,  waste,  or  injury  ;  to  defi-nd 
from  violation  ;  as,  to  conserve  bodies  from  perishiiitt ; 
to  conserve  the  peace  of  society ;  to  anu'.crvc  (t\x\\^, 
roots,  and  herbs,  witli  sugar,  &c. 

eoN'SERVE,  71.  A  sweelineat  made  of  fresh  fruiL^, 
&c.,  beat  into  one  uniform  mas.?,  with  fine  sugar,  and 
without  boiling.  Encyc.  ofDoin.  Eenv. 

2.  In  ;>/(^rmncy,  a  similar  prfparatinn,  designed  to 
preserve  tlic  flowers,  herbs,  roots,  or  fruits  of  sim- 
ples, as  nearly  as  possible,  in  their  natural  fresli 
state.  Fresh  vegetables  and  sugar  of  the  consistence 
of  honey.  Encyc.     Coze. 

3.  A  conservatory.     [JVot  usual]  Eocly.i. 
eON-SERV'iCD,  pp.    Preserved  in  a  safe  and  soimd 

state;  guarded;  kept;  maintained;  protected;  pre- 
pared with  sugar. 
eoX-SERV'ER,  71.     One  who  conserves;  one  who 
keeps  from  loss  or  injury  ;  one  who  lays  up  for  pres- 
er%*ation  ;  a  preparer  of  conserves.  Ilayward.  Temple. 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WII^T METE,  PRgY PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.— NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


CON 

CONSERVING,  ;>pr.  Keel'ing  in  safety ;  defending ; 
nmiiilaining;  preiKiring  wiih  sugar. 

CON-SKS'SION,  It.     [h.  coiuessio^     See  Session.] 
A  siitins  together.    [Little  usal.  \ 

€ON-SES'SOR,  n.  One  that  sits  with  others.  [Little 
used.] 

COX-SID'ER,  V.  t.  [L.  consideroy  to  consider,  to  view 
attentively,  from  eoiisido  or  coitsideo^  to  sit  by ;  co7i 
anil  sedeo^  to  sit,  (See  Sit.)  The  literal  sense  is,  to 
sit  hi  or  close,  or  to  set  Vie  viind  or  tite  eye  to ;  hence, 
to  view  or  examine  with  attention.] 

1.  To  fix  tlie  mind  on.  with  a  view  to  a  careful  ex- 
amination; to  think  on  with  canej  to  ponder;  to 
study  ;  to  meditate  on. 

Kjiow,  Uicn;fore,    liiis   dcy,  and   consider   it   ui   ihv    heart. — 

DcuC.  iv. 
Hast  iliou  mtis'uleyed  ray  s?rv;mt  Job  ?  —  Job  i. 
Consider  liie  lilies  of  Uie  (i-.-Ul  how  Oiey  grow.  — M-ilt.  vi. 

2.  To  view  attentively ;  to  observe  and  examine. 

Tlie  pri'-sl  sliall  consider  the  lonrosy.  —  hev.  xiii. 

3.  To  attend  to ;  to  relieve. 

EIcss?(I  is  lie  tlui  coruulerelh  Uie  poor.  —  Ps.  xli. 

4.  To  have  regard  to  ;  to  respect. 

Let  lis  consider  one  anoili^r,  ta  provoke  to  love  and  to  jood 
works. — Hcl>.  X. 

5.  To  take  into  view  in  examination,  or  into  ac- 
coimt  in  estimates;  as,  in  adjusting  accounts,  ser- 
vices, time,  and  e.^pense,  ought  to  be  considered. 

G.  In  the  imperative,  eoustjier  is  equivalent  to,  thin  k 
with  care,  attend,  examine  the  subject  with  a  view 
to  truth  or  the  consequences  of  a  measure.  So  we 
use  seCj  observe,  Viink^  atiaid. 

7.  To  requite;  to  reward;  particularly  for  gratui- 
tous services. 
eON-SID'ER,  v.i.    To  think  seriously,  maturely,  or 
carefully ;  to  reflect. 

None   consideredi  in  hii  lieart,  ueiihcr  U  [here  knowledge   or 

uiidcrs'jiDdinj.  —  Is,  xli*'. 
lo  ilia  day  of  advereily  consider.  — Eccbs.  vii. 

9.  To  deliberate ;  to  turn  in  the  mind,  as  in  the 
case  of  a  single  person  :  to  deliboral<;  or  consult,  as 
numbers ;  sometimes  fuHowed  by  o/;  as,  I  will  con- 
sider your  case,  or  of  your  case. 

Thri   apostles  and  eldeis  come    tog'^ih'^r  to    conivler   (./   lliis 
nuilfr,  — Acts  xv. 

3.  To  doubt ;  to  hesitate.  Dnjden. 

eON-SlD'ER-A-BLE,  fl.  fFr.andSp.  See  CoNstoER.] 
That  may  be  considered ;  tiiat  i3  to  be  observed,  re- 
marked, or  attended  to. 

it  a  considerable,  that  some  urns  luive  luid  inseiiplions  on  tliL-m, 
exprpisin^  that  the  lamps  were  boniiiig.  IPiitinj. 

[  This  primary  use  of  Vie  word  is  obsolescetUj  or  venj 
rarely  used.] 

2.  Worthy  of  consideration  ;  worthy  of  regard  or 
attention. 

Eternity  is  infinitely  the  moJl  comiderable  dumlion.     Tlllotson. 

As  that  which  is  worthy  of  regard  is  in  some 
measure  important,  hence, 

3.  Respectable  ;  deserving  of  notice  ;  of  some  dis- 
tinction ;  applied  to  persons. 

M;n  considerable  iu  all  worlliy  professions,  cniinoiit  in  many 
ways  of  lUe.  Spratl. 

A.  Important ;  valuable ;  or  moderately  large,  ac- 
cording to  the  subject.  Considerable  aid  was  ex- 
pected from  the  aJlies.  A  man  has  a  considerable 
estate  in  Norfolk.  A  considerable  sum  of  money  was 
collected.  Formerly  it  was  sometimes  followed  by  to. 
He  thought  his  aid  considerable  to  him. 
€0-\-SID'ER-A-BLE-NESS,  7i.  Some  degree  of  im- 
portance, moment,  or  dignity;  a  degree  of  value  or 
importance  that  deserves  notice. 

The  considerable ness  of  I'linga  is  to  be  estimated  by  thdr  nseful- 
neaa,  or  by  th-ir  efieci:i  on  Bocir^ty. 

eOX-SID'ER-A-BLY,  ade.  In  a  degree  deserving  no- 
tice ;  in  a  degree  not  trifling  or  unimportant. 

And  Europe  still  considerably  g.Uns, 

Both  by  their  good  examples  aiKl  Ui-jir  pnins.      Roscommon. 

€ON-SID'ER-ANCE,  n.  Consideration;  reflection; 
sober  thought.     [JVot  used.]    [See  Consideration.] 

Shafc. 

€ON-SrD'ER-ATE,  a.  [L.  consideratn^.  See  Con- 
sider.] 

1.  Given  to  consideration  or  to  sober  reflection  ; 
thoughtful ;  hence,  serious  ;  circumspect ;  careful ; 
discreet;  prudent;  not  hasty  or  rash  ;  not  negligent. 

^tiJ-as  ii  patient,  eonaiderate,  and  careful  of  his  p»pl^.    Dnj'Un. 

2.  Having  respect  to  ;  regardful ;  as,  considerate  of 
praise.    [LUUe  used.] 

3.  Moilerate  ;  not  rigorous.  Johnson. 
eON-SID'ER-ATK-LV,  adv.   With  deliberation  ;  with 

due  consideralioi.  .calmly;  prudentlv.         Bacon. 
€0\-SID'ER-A  i  fci  iVESS,  ».    Prudence  ;  calm  dtlib- 

eration 
€0\-SIl)-ER-A'TION, «.    [L.  consideratio.    SeeCo.v- 

siderJ 

1.  The  act  of  considering  ;  mcintal  view  ;  regard  ; 
notice ;  as.  let  lis  take  into  consideration  tiie  conse- 
quences of  a  hasty  decision. 

2.  Mature  thought ;  serious  deliberation. 

Let  us  Uiink  with  consideration.  Sidnetj. 


CON 

3.  Contemplation;  meditation. 

The  Icvc  yon  bjar  lo  Mopsi  hUh  brought  you  lo  llic  consUlera- 
lion  of  her  virlu?s.  AV/tiey. 

4.  Some  degree  of  importance  ;  claim  to  notice,  or 
regard  ;  a  moderate  degree  of  respectability. 

Luwn  is  an  author  of  consideration  nmouj  the  Latin  nods. 

Adtluon. 

5.  That  which  is  considered  ;  motive  of  action  ;  in- 
fluence; ground  of  conduct. 

lie  was  obli^d,  anlwedeiit  to  all  oll»(*r  considerations,  lo  search 
.in  (Lsyluin.  Drytlen. 

G.  Reason  ;  that  which  induces  lo  a  determina- 
tion ;  as,  he  was  moved  by  tlie  cmisidcrations  set  be- 
fore him. 

7.  In  law,  the  reason  which  moves  a  cor:tracting 
party  to  enter  into  an  agreement ;  the  material  cause 
of  a  contract:  the  price  or  motive  of  a  stipulation. 
In  all  contracts,  each  party  gives  somi-thing  in  ex- 
change for  what  he  receives. 

A  contract  is  an  agreement,  upon  sufficient  cojisid- 
eration.  This  consideration  is  express  or  i!nplied ;  ex- 
press, when  the  thing  to  be  given  or  done  is  speci- 
fied ;  implied,  when  no  specific  consideration  is  agreed 
upon,  but  justice  requires  it  and  the  law  implies  it; 
as,  when  a  man  labors  for  anotlier,  without  stipu- 
lating for  wages,  the  law  infers  that  hs  shall  receive 
a  reasonable  consideration.  A  good  com-iderrJion  is 
that  of  blood,  or  natural  love;  a  valuable  considtration 
is  such  as  money,  marriage,  &c.  Hence,  a  con.udn-a- 
tion  is  an  equivalent  or  recompense;  that  which  is 
g^iven  as  of  cqtial  estimated  value  with  tliat  which  is 
received. 

€OX-SID'ER-A-TIVE,  a.  Taking  into  consideration. 
[Little  used.] 

eON-SID'ER-£D,  pp.  Tlionght  of  with  care;  pon- 
dered ;  viewed  attentively ;  deliberated  on  ;  exam- 
ined. 

€ON-SID'ER-ER,  n.  A  thinker;  one  who  considers  ; 
a  man  of  reflection.     [Considebator  is  not  in  use.] 

eON-SID'ER-ING,  ppr.  Fixing  the  mind  on  ;  medi- 
tating on  ;  pondering  ;  vievv'ing  with  care  and  atten- 
tion ;  deliberating  on. 

J^''(jte.  —  We  have  a  peculiar  use  of  this  word, 
which  may  be  a  corruption  for  considcrcdj  or  which 
may  be  a  deviation  from  analogy  by  an  insensible 
change  in  the  structure  of  the  phrase.  "  It  is  not  pos- 
sible for  us  to  act  otherwise,  considerinir  llie  weakness 
of  our  nature."  As  a  participle,  this  word  must  here 
refer  to  us,  or  the  sentence  can  not  be  resolved  by  any 
rvile  of  English  syntax.  It  would  b^'  correct  to  say, 
**  It  is  not  possible  for  us  to  act  otherwise,  the  weak- 
ness of  our  nature  being  considered;  "  or,  "  We,  con- 
sidering the  weakness  of  our  nature,  can  not  act  olli- 
erwisc."  But  the  latter  phrase  is  belter  grammar 
than  it  is  sense.  We  use  other  participles  in  like 
manner ;  as,  ^'■Alloicing  for  tare,  the  weight  could  not 
be  more  than  a  hundred  pounds."  These  and  simi- 
lar plirases  are  anomalous.  Uiit  considering'  is  no 
more  a  kind  cf  conjunction^  in  such  a  phrase,  tliau  it 
is  a  novn. 

eOX-SID'ER-IXG,  71.  The  act  of  deliberating,  or 
carefully  attending  to;  hesitation;  as,  many  mazed 
considerln  'rs.  Shak. 

€0N-S1D'ER-ING-LY,  adc.  With  consideration  or 
deliberation.  Hlwlc  Duty  of  Man. 

CON-SIGN',  (kon-slne',)  v.  t.  [L.  cunsigno, to  seal  or 
sign  ;  con  and  sirr-no,  to  seal  or  stamp  ;  signum,  a  sign, 
seal,  or  mark  ;  It.  couscgnare,  to  deposit,  deliver,  con- 
sign ;  Sp.  coJisignar;  Fr.  consigner.  (See  Sign.)  The 
sense  is,  lo  set  to,  to  th7-tist,  or  send.] 

1.  To  give,  send,  or  set  over ;  to  transfer  or  drliver 
into  the  possession  of  anolhrr,  or  into  a  ditferenl 
slate,  with  the  sense  of  fixedness  in  that  state,  or 
permanence  of  possession  ;  as,  at  death  the  body  is 
consigned  to  the  grave. 

lod  men  arc  to  bo  cotisigried 
Auerburij. 

2.  To  deliver  or  transfer,  as  a  charge  or  tmst ;  to 
commit ;  as,  to  consign  a  youth  to  the  care  of  a  pre- 
cejitor  ;  to  consign  goods  to  a  factor. 

3.  To  set  over  or  commit,  for  permiincnt  preserva- 
tion ;  as,  to  consign  a  history  to  writing.     JJddlson. 

4.  To  appropriate.  Dryden. 
CON-SIGN',  (kon-sine',)  v.  i.    To  submit  to  the  same 

terms  with  another  ;  also,  to  sign  ;  to  agree  or  con- 
sent.    [Obs.]  Shak. 
CON-SIG-Na'TION,  n.    The  act  of  consigning ;  the 
act  of  delivering  or  committing  to  another  person, 
place,  or  slate. 

Despair  is  r.  wrlain  consisnalion  lo  eternal  ruiu. 

Taylor.     Park. 

[Little  used,]     [See  Consignment.] 

eON-SIG'NA-TURE,  n.  Full  signature ;  joint  sign- 
ing or  stamping. 

€ON-SIGN'£D,  (kon-sind',)  pp.  Delivered  ;  com- 
mitted for  keeping  or  management ;  deposited  in 
trust. 

eON-SIGN-EE',  (Iton-scnee')  v.  The  person  to  whom 
goods  or  other  things  are  tlelivered  in  trust,  for  sale 
or  superintendence  ;  a  factor. 

eON-SIGN'ER,  (kon-sln'er,)     |  n.    The  person  who 

eON-SIGN-OR',  (kon-se-nor',)  J      consigns;  one  who 


At  tlip  day  of  g.::neral  account, 
over  to  another  slate. 


CON 

sends,  delivers,  or  commits  goods  or  other  things  in 
trust  to  another  for  sale,  or  superintendence. 

€ON-yiG  NI  FI-Ca'TION,  n.  [See  Signift.]  Joint 
signification.  Harris. 

€0N-S1G-NIF'I-CA-TIVE,  a.  [See  Signify.]  Hav- 
ing a  like  signification,  or  jointly  significative. 

Vallancey^  Oram.  57. 

eON-SiGN'ING,(kon  sIne'-,);/;)r.  Delivering  to  anoth- 
er in  trust;  sending  or  committing,  as  a  possession 
or  charge. 

eON-SiGN'MENT,  (kon-sine'-,)  n.  The  act  of  con- 
signing; consignation;  the  act  of  sending  or  com- 
mitting, as  a  charge  for  safe  keeping  or  management; 
the  act  of  depositing  with,  x-^  goods  for  sale. 

2.  'i'he  thing  consigned;  the  goods  sent  or  deliv- 
ered to  a  factor  for  sale  ;  as,  A  received  u  large  con- 
signment of  gooils  from  IJ. 

3.  Tile  writing  by  which  any  thing  is  consigned. 
€0N-S1M'I-LAR,  a.    Having  common  resemblance. 

[Little  used.] 
€ON-Sr-Mn/I-TUDE,7i.   Resemblance.    [Litdeuscd.] 
CON-SIST',  V.  i.    [L.  cousisto  :  eon  and  sisto,  to  stand  ; 

Sp.  consistir  ;  It.  consistere  ;  Fr.  coiisi^irr.] 

1.  To  stand  together;  to  be  in  a  fixed  or  perma- 
nent state,  as  a  body  composed  of  parts  in  union  or 
connection.  Hence,  to  be  ;  to  cxiat ;  to  subsist ;  to 
be  supported  and  maintained. 

He  was   l)cfore    r-.!!  thhiTs,   and  hy  him  all   ttiiiis:3  contist. — 
Col.  i. 

2.  To  stand  or  be ;  to  lie  ;  to  be  contained  ;  fol- 
lowed by  in  ;  as,  the  beauty  of  epistolary  writing 
consists  in  ease  and  freedom. 

3.  To  be  composed;  followed  by  of;  as,  a  land- 
scape should  consist  of  a.  variety  of  scenerj'. 

To  consist  togctficr ;  to  coexist ;  to  have  being  con- 
cuiTcntly. 

Necessity  and  eloctJou  can  not  con*isl  togedtcr  lu  Uic  same  act. 

BramhaU. 

To  consist  wiUi ;  to  agree ;  to  be  in  accordance  with ; 
to  be  compatible. 

lleaiih  consists  aith  IcmpcrAnce  aloac.  Pope. 

eON-SIST'ENOE,    )   n,     A  st.inding  together;  a  be- 
CON-SIST'E.\-CY,  j       ing  fixed  in  union,  as  the  parts 
of  a  body ;  that  state  of  a  body,  in  which  its  com- 
ponent parts  remain  fixed. 

The   coneistenaj    of  hodics   is   divers ;    dense,    rare,    lang-iWe, 
pncuniatical,  vohilile,  &c.  Bacon, 

9.  A  degree  of  density  or  spissitude,  but  indefinite. 

Let  the  juices  or  liquor  he  bjiled  inlo  tli.'  comlftenaj  of  sirup. 

ArbuC'inot. 

3.  Substance;  make;  firmness  of  constitution  ;  as, 
friendship  of  a  \a.stiug  consistency ;  resolutions  of  du- 
rable consistence.  Soutli.    Hammond. 

4.  A  standing  together,  as  the  parts  of  a  system, 
or  of  conduct,  &c.  ;  agreement  or  harmony  of  all 
parts  of  a  complex  thing  among  tlieinsclves,  or  of  the 
same  thing  with  itself  at  different  times  ;  congruity  ; 
unifbrmily  ;  as,  tlie  co7)W.v(e?icy  of  laws,  regulations, 
or  judicial  decisions;  consistency  of  opinions  ;  con- 
sistency of  behavior  or  of  character. 

Thero  is  harmony  and  consistency  in  all  God's  works, 

J.  Lathrop. 

5.  A  Standing ;  a  state  of  rest,  in  which  things 
capable  of  growth  or  decrease  remain  for  a  time  at 
a  stand.  Chambers. 

eON-SIST'ENT,  a,     [L.  consistens.     See  Consist.] 

1.  Fixed  ;  firm  ;  not  fluid  ;  as,  the  consistent  p-arts 
of  a  body,  distinguished  from  the  fluid.       Hai-vey. 

2.  Standing  together  or  in  agreement ;  compatible; 
congruous;  unitorm ;  not  contradictor}"  or  opposed  ; 
as,  two  opinions  or  schemes  are  consistent ;  let  a  man 
he  consistent  with  himself;  the  law  is  consistent  with 
justice  and  policy. 

So  two  consilient  motions  act  the  soul.  Pope. 

eON-SIST'ENT-LY,  a(/i.\  In  a  consistent  manner; 
in  agreement ;  agreeably  ;  as,  to  command  confidence 
a  man  must  act  co}isistently. 
eON-SIS-TC'RI-AL,  I  a.  [See  Consistory.]  Per- 
€ON-SIST'0-RV,  [  taming  or  relating  to  a  con- 
sistory, or  ecclesiastical  court  of  an  archbishop  or 
bishop.  Aylijfe. 

Every  archbishop  and  bishop  of  a  diocese  halli  a  comlHory  court. 

Encyc. 

CON-SIS-To'RI-AN,  a.  Relating  to  an  order  of  Pres- 
byterian assemblies.  Bp.  Bancroft. 

eON-SIST'0-RY,  H.  [L.  conslstoriuvi,  from  consisto. 
See  Consist.] 

Primarily,  a  place  of  meeting  ;  a  council -house,  or 
place  of  justice.    Hence, 

1.  In  the  English  church,  a  place  of  justice  in  the 
spiritual  court,  or  the  court  itself;  the  court  of  every 
diocesan  bisliup,  liL-ld  in  their  cathedral  churches, 
for  the  trial  of  ecclesiastical  causes  arising  ^\ithin  the 
diocese.  The  bishop's  chancellor  or  his  commissarj' 
is  the  judge.  Blackstune. 

2.  In  Vie  Roman  Catholic  church,  an  assembly  of 
prelates  ;  the  college  of  cardinals  at  Rome. 

Pius  w.is  then  hearing  causes  in  censitlory.  Btuon, 

3.  A  solemn  assembly  or  council.  Mdton.    Pcpc. 

4.  A  place  of  residence.    [JSTot  used.]  Shtik. 

5.  In  some  churches,  as  the  Dutch,  a  consistory  is 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.— AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS._e  as  K ;  6  as  J;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


CON 


CON 


iilint'  I<>  a  eJturek  susion^ 
(  imiwilcru  anil  elilers, 

nciatas.     See  Ihe  n«t 


[Obs.]      [See 


eo.\  SO  L  !A  rt:,  11, 

wurd.] 

An  uKKociiite ;  a  jxiitncr  or  confedorato ;  nn  accom- 
plifO-  IlaijiearJ. 

eO.V-SO'CIATE,  r.  I.  [L,  consocitttus^  from  Ctfiuocia  ; 
eon  anil  oireia,  to  unite  ;  gociiu.  a  cuniimnion.  See 
Si.cni_] 

I.  To  unite;  tojuin;  tu  ussoclnli'.  IViillon. 

3.  'J'o  cement  or  held  in  close  union.        Buriiil. 
3.  To  unite  in  an  aitiembly  or  convention,  as  jtas- 
toD  anil  messengers,  or  delegates  of  cliiirchcs. 

Saybrook  Ptatfurm. 
CON-SO'CIATB,  B.  i.    To  unite  ;  to  coalesce. 

BrnlUy. 
2.  To  unite,  or  meet  ina  liiHly  ;  to  form  a  consoci- 
ation I'f  iKiiturs  anil  messengers,     iSaybrvpk  Plat/vrm. 
CO\  .-^u'l"(.\-TKI),  ;i/».  or  a.     Associated  in  a  body. 
CO.N-.'^ri'l'I.A-'I'INCJ,  pjrr.     Uniting  in  a  lioil\-. 
eON  SO-I.'I-A'TID.N',   (kunso-alieS'sliun,)'  n.      Inti- 
nintL'  union  of  persons  ;  feltow.'iliiii ;  alliance  j  com- 
panionship ;  union  of  things.     [  7'Ae  trord  w  Irsa  uscil 
titan  Aksiiciatiotc.]  H'vtUrn. 

a.  An  a.ssembly  of  the  pastors  and  dclegnlcs  of  tlie 

Congregational  churches  within  a  certain  district, 

forming  a  court  of  appeal  from  the  decisions  of  the 

churche.s.  TrumbuWs  llutortj  nf  Coimcclkul. 

€ON-t'0-C'!-A'TION-AL,  o.    Pertjiiuing  to  n  consoci- 

a'-on.  TVuniJiiU. 

CON-SOL' A-DLE,  a.    [Sec  Cosjole.]    That  adinila 

ronifort ;  capable  of  receiviug  consolation. 
eON'SO-LAl'E,  r.  u     To  comfort. 

CoNSOLK.J 

eo:t.SO-L.t'TION , «.  [L.  consolaHo.  See  Console.] 
1.  Cemfor;  ;  alleviation  of  misery,  or  distress  of 
mind  ;  rtiVeshmcnt  of  mind  or  spirits  ;  a  compara- 
'.ire  fljgree  of  happiness  in  distress  or  misfortune, 
i-pringing  from  any  circumstance  that  abates  llie 
evil,  or  supports  and  strengthens  tile  mind,  as  hope, 
joy,  courage,  and  the  like. 

A;rAiiul  Hi-lIi  tni  Aurf, 
WiUi  liiwaid  contolaiions  KcamyKOKA.  Alitton. 

We  hare  great  Joy  mid  contcUuuin  m  Uiy  love.  —  Plillfm.  7. 

a  That  which  comforts  or  refreshes  the  spirits ; 
the  cause  of  comfort ;  as,  tlic  consolation  of  I.-!rael. 
Luke  ti. 

eO.N'SOI,A-TOR,  It.    One  who  comforts. 

eO.\-SOI.'A-'i'0-ltY,  a.     IL.  consotatorius.] 

Tending  to  give  comtort ;  refreshing  to  Ih"  ::;iii(; ; 
assuaging  grief.  Jijwctl. 

CON-SOL' A-TO-RY,  n.  A  speech  or  writinT  con- 
taining topics  of  comfort.  JUiUon. 

CON.S0LK',r.  t.  [l^. consotor ;  It.  consolarti  Sp.  con- 
sulcr;  Ft.  consoler*    1'ho  primary  sense  is  cithrr  to 

Mt  or  allay,  to  give  rest  or  quiet,  .'Vr.  ^Vav  mki,  Heb. 
Toz* ;_  or  the  sense  is  to  strengthen,  in  which  case  it 
coincides  with  the  root  of  sulid.  Tlie  latter  is  most 
prohalile.] 

To  comfort;  to  cheer  the  mind  in  distress  or  de- 
pression ;  to  alleviate  grii;f,  and  give  refreshment  to 
the  mind  or  spirits  ;  to  give  contentment  or  moderate, 
happiness,  by  relieving  from  distress.  Tlie  promises 
of  the  ci.s|icl  may  well  miiio(c  the  Christian  in  all 
the  atllictioiis  of  life ;  it  is  a  consoling  reflection  that 
the  evils  of  life  are  temporary. 

1  un  much  contoltd  by  the  Rflccliofi  UuU  Uie  religion  of  CJjrist 
ha*  ir^n  atlackeil  in  vain  by  all  tbc  wiu  and  phiIo«onlicn 
Mi'i  iu  Irfumpb  hjj  been  complete.  P.  Henrij. 

eON'SfiLK,  n.  [Fr.]  In  archiUctnre,  a  bracket,  or 
shoiild.T-picce  ;  or  an  ornament  cut  upon  the  key  of 
an  arch,  which  has  a  projecture,  and,  on  occasion, 
ser^•es  to  siijiport  little  cornices,  figures,  busts,  and 
vases.  Kncijc 

€ON-S0L'ED,  )>p.    Comforted  ;  cheered. 

eo.V-SoL'Elt,  n.     One  that  gives  comfort. 

eoX-SOI,'l-D.\NT,e.  [See  Consolidate.!  Having 
the  qualily  of  uniting  wounds,  or  forming  new  flesh 

€ON-SOL'i-I)ANT,  ,1.  A  medicine  that  heals  or 
tinites  the  parts  of  wounded  llesli.  Core 

eON-SOL'l-U.vTli,  r.  1.  [It.  u„u^lularc:  Fr.  M.1..0;.- 
i/cr;  Sp.  eomolitlar  i  con  and  L.  solidus,  solid.  See 
Souo.J 

1.  To  make  solid  ;  to  unite  or  press  together  loose 
or  separate  parts,  and  form  a  compact  m.as3 ;  to 
harden  or  make  dense  and  I'lrm. 

lie  fixeil  an-t  nnsoMjttd  Ok  eartli  abore  Uie  vatera.  gurnet. 

2.  To  unite  the  parts  of  a  broken  bone,  or  the  lips 
of  a  wound,  by  means  of  applications.  Eneyc. 

3.  In  a  mure  f;er.eral  seme,  to  unite  various  partic- 
ulars into  one  moss  or  body ;  as,  to  eonsolulale  the 
forces  of  an  army;  to  consolidate  vaiions  fund.s. 
Hence,  in  parliamentant  u.fage,  to  consolidaie  two 
bills  Is  to  unite  them  into  one.  In  lax,  to  consolidate 
benefices  is  to  combine  them  into  one. 

eON-SOL'I-DSTE,  r.  i.  To  grow  firm  and  hard  ;  to 
unite  and  becomo  •olid ;  as,  moist  clay  consolidates 
by  drymg, 


eON  SOL'I-UATK,  0.    Formed  into  a  solid  mass. 

Klyot. 

eo.\-SOL'I-DA-'l'ED,pji.  or  a.  Made  solid,  hard,  or 
conipnci ;  united. 

eON-KOL'I-DA-TINt;,  pfr.    Making  solid  ;  uniting. 

eON-SOI,-I-I)A'TI0N,  o.  The  act  of  making,  or  pro- 
cess of  becoming,  solid;  the  net  of  forming  into  a 
firm,  compact  mass,  body,  or  system. 

2.  Tlio  uniting  of  seveml  particulars  into  one  body  ; 
as,  a  consolidation  of  the  funds.    Jlence, 

3.  The  annexing  of  one  bill  to  another  in  parlia- 
ment or  legislation. 

•I.  The  combining  of  two  benefices  in  one.  Cowd. 
h.  The  uniting  of  broken  bones  or  wounded  flesh. 

eON-SOL'I-D.VTIVE,  a.  Tending  to  consolidate; 
healiiig. 

eON-SOL'Ii\G,  ppr.    Comforting  ;  alleviating  grief. 

CtJN-SOL'ING,  o.  Adapted  to  console  or  comfort ;  as, 
con.^olioft  Mews. 

eoN'SOLK,  71.  pi.  In  England,  three  per  cent,  annui- 
ties, granted  ut  dillerent  times,  and  ut  last  consoli- 
dated into  one  stock  or  fund.  I'hey  constitute  near- 
ly half  tlij  public  debt,  and  hence  their  rise  or  fall  is 
taken  as  an  inde.x  of  the  sl.ate  of  stocks.      Brande. 

eON'SO-NANCE,  ji.  (Fr.,  from  L.  cOTi-ienuntiii,  coii- 
sonans,  from  consono,  to  sound  together ;  con  and  sono, 
to  sound.    See  Sound  and  Tone.] 

1.  Accord  or  agreement  of  .sounds.  In  music,  con- 
sonance  is  nn  accord  of  sounds,  simultaneously  pro- 
duced, wllirh  creates  an  agreeable  sensation  in  the 
ear,  as  the  third,  niili,  and  eighth.  It  denotes,  also, 
the  according  intirval.s.  When  the  interval  of  a  con- 
sonance IS  invariable,  it  is  called  ;ir(/<c( ;  but  when 
it  moy  be  either  major  or  minor,  it  is  termed  imperfect. 

Busby. 

2.  Agreement ;  accord  ;  congruily  ;  consistency  ; 
agreeableiiess ;  suitableness ;  as,  tlio  consonance  of 
opinions  among  judges;  the  coiwoiiaiicc  of  a  ritu.it 
to  the  Scriptures. 

eON'SO-NA.N'T,  a.  Agreeiiic  ;  according  ;  congru- 
ous ;  consistent ;  followed  generally  by  to ;  sometimes 
by  icit/i;  as,  this  rule  is  cvnsunaiu  to  Scripture  and 
rea.son. 

2.  In  music,  com]iosed  of  consonances ',  as,  conso- 
nant intervals. 
eON'SO-NA.\T,  n.  A  letter,  or  element  of  speech, 
having  either  no  vocality,  as  p  and  the  other  nmtes, 
or  only  an  imiicrfect  vocality,  as  4,  /,  &c.  For  this 
reason,  consonants  are  ordinarily  sounded  only  in 
connection  with  a  vowel,  and  hence  the  name.  The 
consonants  are  better  called  articulations,  as  they  arc 
the  names  given  to  the  several  closings  or  jUii;:tion3 
of  the  organs  of  speech,  which  precede  and  follow 
the  openings  of  the  organs  with  which  the  vowels 
arc  uttered.  These  closings  are  perfect,  and  wholly 
intercept  the  voice,  as  in  the  syllables  elc,  ep,  et,  or 
imperfect,  and  adinilling  some  slight  sound,  as  in 
em,  en.  Hence,  some  aniciilatious  are  called  mutes, 
and  others  sctni-rotcels.  'I"he  consonants  begin  or 
end  syllalile-,  and  their  use  is  to  determine  the  man- 
ner of  beginning  or  ending  the  vocal  sounds.  These 
closings  or  configurations  of  the  organs,  being  vari- 
ous, serve  to  diversify  the  syllables,  as  in  uttering  ba, 
da,  pn,  or  ab,  ad,  ap  ;  and,  although  b  and  p  may  be 
considered  as  representing  no  sounds  at  all,  yet  they 
so  modify  the  utterance  of  ab,  ap,  or  ba,  pa,  tllut  the 
slight  dilfeience  between  these  articulations  may  bo 
perceived  as  far  as  the  human  voice  can  be  distinctly 
heard. 

eoN'SO-.N'ANT-LY,  ado.      Consistently;    in    agree- 
ment. 

eON'SO-NANT-NESS,  n.     Agieeablcncss ;   consist- 
ency. 

eON'SO-NOUS,  a.     [L.  consomis.] 
Agreeing  in  sound;  syinphonious. 

eON-S6'Pl-ATE,  e.  (.    To  lull  asleep.     Wot  used.] 

Ci).V-SO-l'I-A'TIO.\-,  II.    A  lulling  asleep.    Wot  usid.l 

€ON'S0-riTE,  JI.  t.     fL.  consoiiio.] 


CON 

9.  To  unite  in  cuniiKiiiy. 

Mo  b-g^iiis  Iu  consort  liiiioclf  wiUi  nicn. 

3.  'I'o  nrcniiipnny.  [JVi/(  tued.] 
eOi\-S()KT'A-llI.K,  a  tjiiitubit!. 
eoN-vS(  JKT'EU,  pp.     Uiiiltd  in  iiKirmge. 


totit. 
Shak. 

IVi'tUnt. 
Miltvn, 


IXGj  ppr.     Uniting  in  cuinpany  wlUi ; 


Fc'IluWHliip.    [J^ot  used.]  Broint. 
.    rctloWaShi;!  i  inirtncr.^lii|' 
The  nanio  of  scverul  (tpcc 


eo\-soirr' 

tiikciuiiiig. 
eON-SUK'TION,  „. 
€0.\'HORT-.SHIP,  I 
eO.\'SOUNI>,   n. 

phintH, 

eoX  .^IT.C'TA-nLE,  a.     Kusv  m  be  seen. 
C*  )\-HI'i:iVTlON,  ».     A  liclioldinp.     [AW  usrd.] 
e<  '.\  Sl'i:c-'1T]'I.TY,  11.    t^icht ;  view.     [A'.>(  uicd.^ 
eo\-.SPi:it'SK>N,  w.    A  hprinkliuB.    [JVVf  useJ.  i 
CON  j^I'i-L'C'i-TV,  H.     Conspicirousnc-as  ;  brii;!.: 

{/aUI<-  u.scd.]  ^^,^ 

eON-SPie'lJ-OUS,  «     [L.  corLspUuusy  from  toi:    . 
lo  look  or  see  ;  coh  nnci  xprcio^  to  see.    Sec  Si-i .  i  i 

1.  Opt-n  lo  lln:  viuw  ;  obvious  lo  tlic  eye  ;  i  .■ 
be  seen;  nianiftslj  us,  to  eland  in  acotwj.. 
place. 

Or  come  I  lc»3  consjncuout.  /.'  ■ 

2.  Obvious  to  ibo  menial  eye ;  clearly  or  c.\t<  t 

ly  known,  perceived,  or  understood.     Ilenc* ,  ■  m 

nent;  fiinious  ;  dislin(iuislii'd  ;  as,  a  mnn  of  c»;i..;..i. 

Hwiw  talents;  a  I:idy  of  conj^pinioiLS  virtue;". 
eON-SVlC'llOUS-hV,  ado.    In  a  conspicuous  man- 

ner ;  obviously  ;  in  a  manner  to  be  clearly  seen  ;  em- 
inently ;  remarkably. 
eON-Sl'ICU-OUS-NESS,  n.    Openness  or  exposure 

lo  the  view  ;  a  sl.ile  of  being  visible  at  a  Jii^lunce; 

as,  the  conspicuousiiess  of  a  tower 
2.  Eminence  :  famo  ;  celebrity  ;  renown  ;  a  state 

of  being  extensively  known  and  distinguished  ;  re, 

the  conjipicuoiLsne.fs  of  an  author. 
CON-Sl»Iit'A-CY,  H.     [L.  conspiration  from  co:  ;      . 

See  CoNspiBE.] 

1.  A  combination  of  me  a  for  an  evil  purjmse  ;  an 
agreement,  between  two  or  more  persons,  to  comirill 
some  crime  in  concert;  pnrticularhj^  a  combinnM.  rj 
to  ii'inmit  treason,  or  exnte  sedition  or  insurn  .  r  :,, 
against  the  government  of  a  state ;  a  plot ;  as,  ;i  r  : 
spiraaj  against  the  life  of  a  king  ;  a  conspiracy  ayauul 
tlie  government.  < 

Moro  ()i:iii  fuTty  hid  mndo  this  contpiraaj.  —  Acta  xxiil. 

2.  In  laWy  an  agreement  between  two  or  more  per- 
sons, falsely  and  nialieioubly  to  indict,  or  procure  lo 
be  indicted,  an  innocent  pci-son  of  felony. 

Blacli.^tyi'. 

3.  A  concurrence;  a  general  tendency  of  i\\  •  nr 
more  causes  to  one  event.  Sidu'  .. 

eON-SPIR'ANT,  a.     [L.  coiispirayis.} 

Conspiring;  plotting;  engaging  m  a  plot  to  com-  , 

mit  a  crime.  s.'inL 

CON-SPI-Ua'TION,  7!.      Conspiracy;    agreement  or  [ 

concurrence  of  things  lo  one  end.  i 

CON-SI'IK'A-'IOH,  JI.    One  who  conspires  ;  one  who  I 

engages  in  a  jilut  to  commit  a  crime,  |Kiriicularly  i 

treason. 
2.  In  ^ijff,  one  who  agrees  with  another  f;dsety  and 

maliciously  to  indict  an  innocent  person  of  ft'li.iiy. 

By  the  Itritish  statute,  a  conspinitor  is  defii'.cd  t  .  i.. 

one  who  binds  himself  by  oath,  covenant,  or  >'\\'  r 

alliance,  to  assist  another  falsely  and  malicioul.  ;  > 

indict  a  person,  or  falsely  to  maintain  pleas.  K-ir.  '> . 
CON-SPIRE',  1!.  i.     [L.  ctnmpiro^  to  plot ;  con  and    ^-i- 

roj  lo  breathe.   IJut  the  primary  sense  is,  to  throw,  Ia 

wind  ;  hence  sjura.,  a  fold,  circle,  wreath,  or  hand; 

and  the  sense  of  (he  verb  is,  lo  breathe  together,  or, 

more  probably,  to  \vind  or  Itand  together.] 
1.  'I'o  agree,  by  oath,  covenant,  nr  ollierwiso, 

commit  a  crime  ;  lo  plot ;  to  hatch  treason. 


To  compose  ;  to  lull  lo  sleep.    \J^ot  xisal] 
CON'SO-PITE,  a.    Calm;  composed.     [J^oiuscd.] 

More. 
CO^'SORT,  71.     [L.  consors;  con  and  sors.  sort,  state, 
kind.l 

1.  A  companion;  a  partner;  an  intimate  associate ; 
parlicularbjn  a  partner  of  the  bed ;  a  wife  or  husband. 

H»  *\n"\<:  chottc  to  Iiv<>,  niid  tlinnncd  to  «■«!, 

Will  [ilcaacd  lo  wiuit  11  contort  of  hia  bed.  Dryden. 

2.  An  assembly  or  association  of  pcrsous,  convened 
for  consultation.  Spenser. 

3.  Union;  conjunction;  concurrence.  Mterbury. 
A.  A  number  of  instrumi-nts  played  together;  a 

symphony;  a  concert.    In  this  sense  concert is  now 
used. 

5.  In  nacigiawn^  any  vessel  keeping  coRipany  with 
another. 

^uccn  c^ynsnrt  i  the  wife  of  a  king.as  distinguished 
from  a  quten  rr.iT-nantj  who  rules  alone,  and  a  tmccn 
douafr/T,  the  widow  of  a  king. 
eOX-SORT',  r.  I.    To  associate  ;  tu  unite  iu  cuuipany  ; 
to  keep  company  ;  followed  by  toiUi. 

Wh-ch  of  ihc  Grccan  clirfj  contorU  iriiA  ihce  ?       Dryden. 


In  huru  and  ulcim  of  th«  bead,  dr7n«3i  moketh  them  more  apt    GON-SORT',  v..t.     To  join  ;  to  many. 
u>  conaoUdaU.  Ba<on.      '  


With  his  «in*or(td  Evi: 


The  scrvnutsof  Ammoii  conipired  agstinn  bim,  and  eJ 

Ving  in  his  own  house.  —2  KingM  xxl. 
Tlicy  eotitpired  ngnimt  Josopli  to  slay  liim.  — Gen.  xxxvii. 

2.  In  ?nir,  to  agree  falsely  and  maliciously  to  indict 
an  innocent  person  of  felony. 

3.  'I'o  agree;  lo  concur  to  one  end;  as,  all  tbingf 
conspi7-e  to  make  us  prosperous. 

Tho  press,  ilu!  pulpit,  nnd  die  stA^, 
CoiiMpire  to  ccnsurv  and  cxjKific  our  a^.  Uatcotnmon. 

COX-SPIR'ER,  71.    One  who  conspires  or  plots ;  a  con- 
spirator. Shak. 

€ON-SPIR'ING,  ;>;/r.  or  a.  Agreeing  lo  commit  n 
crime;  plotting;  uniting  or  concurring  lo  one  end. 
9.  In  mccJianies,  conspiring  forcrs  are  forces  acting 
obliquely  to  each  other,  but  which  may  be  severiJIy 
resolved  into  two  parts,  one  of  which,  iu  each  cil-jc, 
acts  in  the  sauK*  direction  with  the  otner  ;  co-op';rat- 
in^  power::.  D.  Ohnstrd. 

eOX-SPIR'ING-LY,  adv.    In  the  manner  of  a  conspir- 
acy ;  by  conspiracy.  Milton. 

CON-SPIS-Sa'TION,  «.    [L.  conspissatus.} 

The  act  of  making  thick  or  viscous;  thickness. 

More. 

COX-.SPUR-Ca'T!ON,  n.  [L.  c&n^urco;  con  and  spur- 
co^  to  dclilc.J 

The  act  of  defiling;  defilement;  pollution.    [JVU 
in  Hi-f.l  Bp.  JIali. 

CON'STA-BLE,  (kun'sta-bl,)  n.  ISp.  co77deslabte ;  Port. 
id. :  It.  coiicstnbUe ;  Fr.  connctable;  Sp.  condr.y  It.  conte^ 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T.-METE,  PREY.- PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.-N6TE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  DOOK. - 


25^1 


I 


CON 

a  cuuiit,  aiul  L.  stal/uiu:ity  a  sUiblc;  L.  comts  sta!/tdij 
count  of  llio  sLtble.] 

1.  A  liii^li  ul!iceriu  tlis  moiiarcliiculcsUtbli^^limenls 
of  the  nnthlle  ages.  BrauJc. 

The  lorti  fii^li'conitalk  if  England  was  t!ie  seventh 
officer  of  the  crown,  lie  IkuI  flic  care  of  the  coiisijiun 
peace,  in  deeds  of  arms  and  iii:i:tc;rs  of  war,  being  a 
judge  of  the  court  of  chivalry,  now  callv-d  the  court  of 
honor.  To  Uiis  cITiclt,  and  "to  the  carl  niarrflial,  be- 
longed the  cognizance  of  conlnicls,  deeds  cf  arms 
willmut  the  r^aim,  and  combats  ai;d  blazonry  v.'itliin 
the  reahn.  The  povrer  of  tliis  olficer  was  so  great, 
and  so  improperly  used,  that  it  was  abridged  by  the 
13tb  Richard  II.,  and  was  afterward  forfeited  in  the 
person  of  Edward  Stafford,  duke  of  Uuckingbam,  in 
15"21.  It  has  never  been  granted  to  any  person  since 
that  time,  escept  pro  Iiac  vice^  or  on  a  p.irticular  occa- 
sion. E:iCi/c. 

2.  An  officer  of  the  peace.  In  K.tgJan:!,  there  are 
high  constables,  petty  constables,  and  constables  of 
London.  Tlie  high  constables  are  cho?c:i  at  the  court 
leets  of  the  fi-anchiss  or  hundred  over  which  ilioy 
preside,  or,  in  default  cf  that,  by  the  justices  of  the 
quarl'-T  session--,  and  are  removabla  by  the  same  au- 
thority that  apjwints  theiil.  Ths  p3tty  constables  are 
chosen  by  tlie  jury  of  the  court  leet,  or,  if  no  c:i'.irt  is 
heiii,  they  are  apjiointt'd  by  two  justices  of  tliL-  jieace. 
In  London,  a  constable  is  nominated  in  each  precinct 
by  the  inhabitants,  and  coni'inucd  at  the  court  of 
wardmote.  The  duly  of  constibles  is  to  het-p  the 
psacs  ;  and  for  tliis  purpose  they  are  invested  with 
Uie  powerof  arresting  and  iniprJsoniug,and  of  break- 
ing open  houses. 

In  the  United  States,  consiGUc;  are  town  or  city 
officers  of  the  peace,  with  powers  similar  to  those 
possessed  by  the  constables  in  Great  Britain.  They 
are  invested  also  with  powers  to  execute  civil  as  well 
as  criminal  process,  and  to  levy  eseculions.  In  JVeio 
En^tand^  they  are  elected  by  the  inhabitants  of  towns 
in  legal  meeting. 

To  orcrrun  the  constable ;  to  sp-nd  more  than  a  man 
is  worth  or  can  pay  ;  a  vulgar  phrase. 

€0\'STA-ULER-Y,  (kun'sta-bler-y.)  n.  The  body  or 
j'lrijfliciion  of  constables. 

eoX'.'^TA-BLE-SHIP,  n.    The  office  of  a  consUible. 

eO-V'STA-BLE-WICK,  n.  The  district  to  wliich  a 
constable's  power  is  lUnited.  Hale. 

€ON-STAB'U-LA-RV,  c.  Pertaining  to  constables: 
consisting  of  constables. 

CON'STA.V-CV,  n.  [L.  constantla^  from  cmisto;  con 
and  sto,  to  stand.] 

1.  Fixedness;  a  standing  firm;  hence,  applied  to 
God  or  his  works,  immutability  j  unalterable  contin- 
uance ;  a  permanent  state.  Hooker. 

2.  Fixedness  or  firmness  of  mind  ;  persevering  res- 
olution ;  steady,  unshaken  d^tennination ;  particu- 
larly applicable  to  firmness  of  niind  under  suflerings, 
to  steadiness  in  attachments,  and  to  perseverance  in 
enterprise.  Lasting  affection ;  stability  in  Icve  or 
friendship. 

3.  Certainty ;  veracity ;  reality.    S':,-iA-.  Johnsan. 
eON'STANT,  a.     [L.  constans.']  ' 

1.  Fised  ;  fir.ii ;  opposed  to  jluid. 

To  turn  two  fluid  liquors  mXo  a  cojutr.nt  Uxly.  Doy}e. 

[In  this  sense  not  used.] 

2.  Fixed ;  not  varied ;  unchanged ;  permanent;  im- 
mutable. 

Thft  world  'a  a  scene  of  cimisrcs,  ami  to  btf 

Consianl,  iu  n.'»(mc,  were  iiicone'iiiicj'.  Cotsleij, 

3.  Fixed  or  firm  in  mind,  purpose,  affection,  or 
principle  ;  unshaken ;  unmoved  ;  as,  a  coiistant  friend 
or  lover. 

4.  Certain  ;  steady ;  firmly  adherent :  with  to ;  as, 
a  man  roiL-nant  to  Iiis  purpose  or  to  his  duties. 

eON'STANT,  ji.  In  phijsics,  that  which  remains  un- 
changed or  invariable.  Thus  a  quantity,  force,  law, 
&c.,  when  it  continues  unclianged,  is  called  a  con- 
>^ant.  p.  Cue. 

€ON-STAX-TI-NO-POLa-TAX,  a.  Relating  to  Con- 
stantinople,the  metropolis  of  Iho  empire  of  Turkey. 

eON'STANt-LY,  ad.  Firmly  ;  steadily;  invariably; 
continually ;  pergeveringly. 

Rliotla  constanVtj  affirmed  that  it  was  C7eii  so.  —  Acls  xii. 
Tli^se  Ihin^i  I  will  Ihat  ihoii  a£rm  constantiij.  — Tit.  iil, 

eOX'STAT,  n.  [L.,  it  appears.]  In  En^Und,  a  cer- 
tificate given  by  the  clerk  of  the  pips  and  auditors  of 
the  exchequer  to  a  person  who  intends  to  plead  or 
move  fora  discharge  of  any  thing  in  that  court.  The 
effect  of  i  is  to  show  what  appears  upon  the  record 
lespecting  the  matter  in  tjtiestion. 
^2.  An  exemplification  under  the  great  seal  of  the 
enrollment  of  any  letters  patent.  Encye. 

eOiN'STCL-L-ATE,  v.  i.  [Low  L.  constcVcUiLs  ;  con 
and  steVo,  to  shine  ;  stella,  a  star.] 

To  join  liLster;  to  shine  with  t'^'led  radiance  or 
one  general  light.    [LUUe  iised.'] 

Th"?  several  ihin^  u-hicb  engage  our  .,^t;cti3  shine  forJi  and 
comUUaU  in  GtM).  Bo'Ae. 

eOX'STEI^LXTE,  r.  u     To  unite  several  shining 

bodies  in  one  splendor.     [Litde  used.]  Brown. 

€ON'STEL-La-TED,  pp.  or  a.    United  in  one  splen- 

Br07cn. 


dor. 


CON 

2.  Starry ;  set  or  adorued  with  stars  or  constella- 
tions. J.  Barlow. 
eOX-STEL-L.x'TION,  7(.  A  cluster,  assemblage,  or 
group,  of  fixed  stars  ;  a  imniber  of  stars  which  appear 
as  if  situated  near  each  otlier  in  the  heavens,  and 
are  considere4  as  Ibnninga  paiticular  division.  The 
constellations  are  reduced  mostly  to  the  figures  of 
certain  animals  or  otlur  known  things,  as  the  bear, 
the  bull,  the  ram,  the  balance,  &lc. 

i'wr  Ihe  xtiirs  of  h^nvcii,  anil  tlie  cotisteXUuzona  l!i',TCof,  sliall  not 
^iv;  i!n-ir  li^bL — la.  xlJi. 

2.  An  assemblage  of  splendors  or  excellences. 
eON-STER-NA'TION,  n.     [L.  cmstcrnatio,  from  con- 

stcrno ;  con  and  stcrito,  to  throw  or  strike  down.] 

Astonishment ;  amazement  or  horror  tliat  confounds 
the  faculties,  and  incapacitates  a  person  for  consulta- 
tion and  execution ;  excessive  terror,  wonder,  or  sur- 
prise. Soutlu 
GON'STI-PaTE,  v.  t.  [L.  canstipo  ;  con  and  stipo,  to 
crowd,  or  cram,  Eng.  tu  ^Ui^,  to  stop.  See  Stuff  and 
Stop.] 

1.  To  ctowd  or  cram  into  a  narrow  compass ;  to 
tiiicken  or  condense.  Bacon. 

9.  To  stop,  by  filling  a  passage,  and  preventing 
motion  ;  as,  to  constipate  capillary  vessels. 

ArhitOmot, 

3.  To  fill  or  crowd  the  intestinal  canal,  and  make 
costive.  Brown. 

€ON'STI-PA-TED,  pp.     Made  costive. 

eON'.STI-pA-TLVU,  ppr.     Making  costive. 

eON-STI-PA'TION,  11.  The  act  of  crowding  any 
thing  into  a  less  compass  ;  a  pressing  together ;  con- 
densation ;  as,  a  close  constipation  of  particles.  Bentlcy. 
9.  .^lore  «renn-aUrj,  a  crowding  or  filling  to  hard- 
ness the  intestinal  canal,  from  defective  excretion ; 
cosliveness  ;  obstipation  Enatc.    Coze. 

eON-STIT'U-E-\-CY,  71.  The  act  of  con=tituling,  or, 
more  frequently,  the  body  of  constituents.  [Jilodcni 
usngr.  ] 

€0\-S'lIT'lJ-ENT,  a.  [L.  con^titvcns,  coiistUao;  con 
and  fttatuoy  to  set.    See  Statue,  Statl^te.] 

Setting;  constituting;  applied  to  parts  of  a  thing 
that  arc  c.:c;c:itl::l  tu  i{.     l!-'iK-e, 

1.  Necessary  or  essential;  elemental;  forming, 
composing,  or  making,  as  an  essential  part;  as,  oxy- 
gen and  hydrogen  are  the  constituent  parts  of  water. 

Body,  soul,  aiid  reasoUj  are  lliO  tJiree  comlUueiit  parts  nf  a  hkui. 

Drydsn. 

2.  Having  the  power  of  constituting  or  appointing. 
A  niiestion  of  riglit  ai-kes  between  the  conctilueni  and  repres'-ut- 

ative  Iwily.  Junius. 

eOX-STIT'U-ENT,  n.     He  or  that  which  sets,  fixes, 
or  forms  ;  he  or  that  which  constitutes  or  compost-.-. 
1  requiies  a  higher  nod  uo- 
Hale. 


Their  first  coriiposiirc  a:id 

bl  r  oj/tsS,'  if  III  U>aii  cliaiT.: 


2.  That  which  constitutes  or  composes,  as  a  part, 
or  an  essential  part. 

The  lymph  in  those  glandi  is  a  uecessaiy  consdluent  of  die  ali- 
riKiii.  Arbuthnot. 

3.  A  term  applied  to  those  who  appoint  or  elect 
some  one  as  thcu'  representative  to  an  otfice  or  eni- 
ploymeut.  Burke. 

€ON'STI-T0TE,  v.  t.  [L.  constiiuo;  con  and  statao, 
to  set.  (St^e  t?TATUE,  SJTATUTE.)  li.  coTistituire  i  Sp. 
constituir;  Fr.  comgtitiier.] 

1.  To  set ;  to  fix  ;  to  enact :  to  establish. 

We  must  o*xy  laws  appointed  and  comiituted  by  lawful  author- 
ity, not  agniiist  l'.x  law  of  Goi.  Taylor. 

2.  To  form  orcomp;is'j;  to  give  formal  existence 
to  ;  to  make  a  thing  what  it  is.  Perspicuity  c  nsti- 
tittes  the  prime  excellence  of  style. 

Truth  and  reason  constitute  that  iiitcllectu;U  gold.  t)iat  defies  de- 
Elniction.  Johnson. 

3.  To  appoint,  depute,  or  elect,  to  an  oflice  or  em- 
ployment ;  to  make  and  empower.  A  sheriff  is  con- 
stituted a  conservator  cf  the  peace ;  A  has  cojistituted 
B  his  attorney  or  agent. 

€ON'STI-TuTE,  n.    An  established  law.     [Obs.] 

eON'STI-TC-TED,pp.crc.  Set:  fixed;  established; 
made  ;  elected  ;  appointed. 

eOX'STI-Tu-TED  AU-THOR'I-TIES,  n.  pi  The 
magi.itrates  or  governors  of  a  people.  H.  More. 

eOX'STI-TO-TiCR,  n.  One  who  constitutes  or  ap- 
points. 

euX'STI-TO-TING,  ppr.  Setting ;  establishing ;  com- 
posing; cleciin;:;  appointing. 

eOi\-STI-Tu'TIO\,  n.  The  act  of  constituting, 
enacting,  establishing,  or  appointing. 

2.  The  state  of  being;  that  form  of  being,  or  pe- 
culiar structure  and  connection  of  parts,  which 
makes  or  characterizes  a  system  or  body.  '  Hence, 
the  particular  franiv  or  tempennnj-nt  of  the  human 
body  is  called  its  conatitution.  We  speak  of  a  rohun 
or  feeble  cnttstitution ;  a  cold,  phlegmatic,  sanguine, 
or  irriiablu  constUntion.  We  speai;  of  the  constitu'ion 
of  the  air,  or  otlier  substance  ;  the  constitutiDn  of  tiio 
solar  system  ;  the  constitution  of  things. 

3.  'Ihe  frame  or  temper  of  mind,  affections,  or 
passions. 

4.  The  c.=:tablished  funii  of  g;>vernmcnt  in  a  state, 
kingd^.m,  or  country;  a  system  of  fundamf;ntal 
rules,  princii>lcs,and  ordinances,  for  the  government 


CON 

of  a  state  or  nation.  In  free  states,  Ihe  constitution 
ia  paramount  to  the  statutes  or  laws  enacted  by  the 
ligislalurc,  limiting  und  controlling  its  power;  and 
iu  tfie  United  State.^t,  the  legislature  is  created,  and 
its  jKiwcrs  designated,  by  the  constitution. 

5.  A  particular  law,  ordinance,  or  regulation,  made 
by  the  authority  i.f  any  suinrrior,  civil  or  ecclesiasti- 
cal;  as,  the  constittttiunn  of  the  churches;  the  novel 
cona'titutions  of  Justinian  and  his  successors. 

6.  A  system  of  fundamental  principles  for  the  gov- 
ernment of  rational  and  social  beings. 

Tlie  New  Tcatameiit  u  iitc  imr-il  conetitution  ofmodt-m  wxicty. 

Orirnke. 

eON-STI-TO'TION-AL,  a.  Bred  or  inherent  in  the 
constitution,  or  in  the  natural  frame  of  body  or 
mind ;  as,  a  constitutional  infirmity  ;  constitutional 
ardor  or  dullness. 

2.  Consistent  with  the  constitution  ;  authorized  by 
the  constitution  or  fundaincnUil  rules  of  a  govern- 
ment ;  legal. 

An  act  of  congTCM  prohiliitiiig  Ihe  importation  of  sLavci  into  tlic 
United  States  \a  constiiuUoruil . 

3.  Relating  to  the  constitution  ;  as,  a  consiUutional 
doubt.  Paley. 

€OX-STr-T0'TION-AL-I3T,  n.  An  adherent  to  the 
constitution  of  governmenL 

2.  An  innovator  of  the  old  constitution,  or  a 
framer  or  friend  of  the  nev/  constitution,  in  France. 

Burke. 
eON-STr-Tu-TION-AL'I-TY,  n.    The  state  of  being 
constitutional ;  the  state  of  being  inherent  in  the 
natural  frame;  as,  the  constitutionality  of  disease. 
Core.    Med.  Repository. 
2.  The  state  of  being  consistent  with  the  constitu- 
tion or  frame  of  government,  or  of  being  authorized 
by  its  provisions. 

The  Jmlgps  of  llie  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  Slates  have  th: 
power  of  determining  the  constUuUonaiitif  of  laws. 

eOX-STI-TO'TION-AL-LY,  adv.  In  consistency 
with  the  constitution  or  frame  of  government. 

eo.\-STI-'i'u'TION-A-UY,  a.    Constitutional.  IBad.] 

€0X-STI-Tu'T10N-IST,  7.-.  One  who  adheres  to  the 
constitution  of  the  countrv.  BoUnfbrohc. 

eON'STI-Tu-TIVE,  a.  That  constitutes,  forms,  or 
composes ;  elemental ;  essential. 

Tlie  conaridtlice  parts  of  a  eciiismatic  being  tjie  esteem  of  him- 
self ;iiid  contempt  of  others.  Dea-y  of  Pieltj, 

Q.  Having  power  to  enact,  establish,  or  create; 
instituting. 
eON'STI-TO-TIVE-LY,  ado.  In  a  constitutive  man- 
ner, 
CON-STR AiN',  V.  t.  [Fr.  contraindre ;  It.  constri^cre^ 
ov  costr  inhere  i  Sp.  const  re  hir ;  VoTt.constriTi^ir;  from 
L.  canstrin^o ;  con  and  stringo,  to  strain,  to  bintl. 
S'.r  Strain.] 

Iu  a  general  sense,  to  strain  ;  to  press ;  to  urge  ;  to 
drive ;  to  exert  force,  physical  or  umrrd,  either  in 
urging  to  action  or  in  rijstruining  it.    Hsnce, 

L  To  compel  or  force ;  to  urge  with  irresistible 
power,  or  with  a  power  sufficient  to  produce  the 
effect. 

The  spirt  v.Hlhin  mc  a>nslrainelfi  me.  —  Job  xxxii. 
I  w.ns  evnttfoinal  lo  iipperaJ  to  CcKtr.  — Acu  K^viH. 
For  iJie  love  trf"  Christ  £omt/-nineih  iis.  —  3  Cur.  v. 

2.  To  confine  by  force;  lo  restrain  from  escaps  or 
action ;  to  repress. 

?ily  sire  in  caves  conatnuns  U>c  winds.  Dryien. 

3.  To  hold  by  force  ;  lo  press ;  to  confine. 

How  tliv>  etrait  atay&  tlie  skndcr  waat  constrain  t  Gay. 

4.  To  coaslringe ;  to  bind. 

WlKii  wi.iler  iVo^ts  conslraiit  iU:  fitid  withcol.l.        Biyiin. 

5.  To  tic  fast ;  to  bind ;  to  chain  ;  to  confine. 

He  liiofls  in  chstns 
Til!  drowsy  j^roplict^  and  iiia  Itiiibs  consij-ains,  Drytten. 

6.  To  necessitate. 

Y>\A  I'.vte  or  wc  the  adultcious  .ict  iQnaliiun.7  Pofs. 

7.  To  force  ;  to  ravisii.     [JVot  used.]  Shak. 

8.  To  produce  in  opposition  to  nature;  as,  a  con- 
strained Voice;  coitstrainai  notes.  fValler. 

eOX-STRAIX'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  constrained, 
forced,  or  repressed  ;  liable  to  constraint,  or  to  re- 
straint. Hooker. 

€OX-STR.\IX'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Urged  irresistibly  or 
powerfully  ;  compelled  ;  for.-cd  ;  restrained  ;  con- 
fined ;  bound;  imprisoned;  necessitated. 

eOX-STR.ilN'ED-LY,  flt/i\  By  constraint;  by  com- 
pulsion. Hooker. 

€OX-STRaI.\'£R.  iu    One  who  constrains. 

€ON-STRaI.\'I\G,  ppr.  or  a.  Urging  with  irresisti- 
ble or  powerful  force  ;  compelling  ;  forcing  ;  repress-, 
ing ;  confining  ;  holding  by  force ;  pressing;  binding. 

eON-STRAIN'J'',  H.     [Fr.  eoiKminte.] 

Irresistible  forc^,  or  its  effect ;  any  force  or  power, 
physical  or  moral,  which  compels  to  act  or  to  forbear 
action,  or  which  urges  so  strongly  as  to  produce  its 
effect  upon  the  body  or  mind ;  compulsion  ;  restraint ; 
confinement. 

Not  Iv  cc^.slrainl,  hut  tv  my  choice,  I  c\m?.  Ihyden. 

Feed  ii:i>  Hock  cf  t7od,  i;ikiiig  t!ie  oversight  thereof,  not  by  con- 
sUciiiti,  but  wilJiiJffly.  —  1  Pet.  V. 


,TuNE,  B[JLL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  Vl'XTOUS €  as  K ;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  ClI  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


UON 


eON-STUAINTIVE,  a.     Having  power  to  compel. 

Oarew. 
COX-STRICr',  r.  (.    [L.  coitstringo,  eoHstrictutn.    See 

To  dniu-  together;  to  bind;  to  cramp;  lo  dmw 
into  a  narrow  cumpuss  ;  hence,  to  contmct  or  cause 
to  shrink.  ^rbuthnot. 

CO.VSTUICT'ED,  pp.    Drawn  together ;  bouuiJ ;  con- 

eO.N-STKieT'ING.ppr.  Drawing togelUer;  binding; 
cimlmrtinc. 

e0X-STItIt;'TION,  n,  A  drawinc  logithtr  or  con- 
traction, bv  imiiiH  of  some  inhi-ient  power,  or  by 
(ipajm,  OS  dmiiigtiishfd  from  compre^simt,  or  the  pres- 
sure of  exlraiieou.'*  bwlies;  ns,  the  ettnstrictiun  of  ii 
luunele  or  rtber.  It  may,  pcrhnpii,  be  sometimes  used 
as  syiinnviiious  with  compression. 

eoN-iSTitie  T'Olt,  n.  Thai  which  dmws  together  or 
conti:\ct3.  In  anatumif,  a  muscle  which  draws  ti>- 
getlier  or  closcn  an  oritico  of  the  body  ;  as,  the  con- 
strictor labiurum,  a  muscle  of  the  lip.*.  JCncye. 

2.  A  term  apphtd  lo  large  seriM^»t^  ^^'l''*^'*  crush 
tlicir  prey  in  their  folds,  as  Uie  Boa  Constrictor^  &c 

Brande, 

eON-STUIXOE',  (kon-slrinj',)  r.  (.    [L.  coHstringo. 

See  CoNiTRAIN.] 

To  draw  together ;  to  strain  hUo  a  narrow  coui- 
pass  ;  to  contract ;  to  force  to  coniracl  itself. 

Sin>ii»  Ikiuon  contlrinjt,  hnnko  tLc  liU.T»,  mid  coapiUU3  Ihc 
fl^liJJ,  ArbulSttot. 

eON-STRlNC;'£D,pj».    Conlracled  ;  drawn  together, 
eON-STUl.NC'EXT,  a.    Having  Ihe  ciualily  of  con- 

tractiris,  biiulin<;,  or  compressing.    Bacon.    Thoinjson. 
eON-STKlNO'INi;,  ppr.      Dmwing  or  compressing 

into  a  siimller  comp.iss  ;  conlracling;  binding. 
eO\-STKUeT',  r. /.     [L.  coustrao,  coiulructum ;  con 

and  striio,  lo  lay,  dispose,  or  set  in  order;  .Sn.  con- 

struir:  Fr.  con^struirc ;  It.  id.    See  Structure.] 

1.  To  put  together  the  parts  of  a  thing  in  their 
proper  place  and  order ;  to  build ;  lo  form  ;  as,  to 
construct  an  edilke. 

2.  To  devise  and  compose  ;  as,  to  construct  a  now 
system  ;  or  simply  to  frame  or  form  ;  ns,  to  construct 
a  lelescope.  The  word  may  include  the  invention, 
wiih  the  formation,  or  not,  at  the  pleasure  of  the 
wriler.  A  man  constructs  a  ship  uccordmg  to  a 
model ;  or  a  grammar  by  a  new  arrangcmeut  of  prin- 
ciples ;  or  a  planetarium  of  a  new  form. 

3.  To  interpret  or  understand.     [See  Construe.] 

4.  To  construct  an  equation,  in  geometry^  is  to  form  a 
geometrical  ligure  corresponding  lo  the  equation. 

Stanley. 
€OX-STRUeT'ED,  pp.    Built ;  formed  ;  composed  ; 

compiled. 
€0.\-STRU€T'ER,  n.  One  who  constructs  or  frames. 
CON'-STRUCT'I.VG,  fpr.    Building;  framing;  com- 
eOX-STRUe'TK),\,  II.     [L.  construetio.]  [posing. 

1.  The  act  of  building,  or  of  devising  and  forming ; 
fabrication. 

2.  The  form  of  building;  the  manner  of  putting 
together  the  parts  of  a  building,  a  machine,  or  a  sys- 
tem ;  structure  ;  conformation.  Tin-  sailing  of  a  ship 
and  its  capjiclly  depend  chiefly  on  its  construction. 

3.  In  arammar J  syninx,  or  the  iirniugementand  con- 
nection of  words  in  a  si'nit^nce,  ac»-ording  to  established 
usages,  or  Uie  practice  ul  good  writers  and  speakers. 

4.  Sense;  meaning;  interpretation;  explanation; 
or  the  manner  of  understanding  the  arrangement  of 
words,  or  of  underslanding  facts.  Let  us  find  the 
true  construction  ;  or  let  us  give  the  author's  words  a 
sound,  rational,  con^li^tent  con.-itruction.  What  con- 
struction can  be  put  upon  thiij  all'air,  or  upon  the  con- 
duct of  a  man? 

5.  The  manner  of  describing  a  figure  or  problem 
in  geometry.  Johnson. 

The  dmwing  of  such  lines,  such  figure,  &c.,  as  are 
previously  necessary  for  making  any  demonstration 
appear  mure  plain  and  undeniable.  Enajc. 

C.  The  construction  of  ait  equation^  in  geometry,  is 
the  drawing  of  Huch  lines  and  figures  as  are  neces- 
sary for  the  solution  of  a  problem  or  the  demonstra- 
tion of  a  Ihenrt-in.  Stanley.    Johnson. 

eON-STilUe'TRtX  AL,  o.  Pertaining  to  constmc- 
tion  ;  deduced  from  construction  or  inteqtrctalion. 
[  UniLrual.]  fVaterland. 

euN-STItUe'TIOiN-IST,  n.  One  who  construes  a 
writine  or  public  instrument. 

CO\ -S'l'UrCi'IVE,  a.  By  construction;  created  or 
deduced  hy  constniction,  or  mode  of  interpretation  ; 
not  directly  expressed,  but  inferred;  as,  constructive 
treason.  Blatkslone, 

SiiptiUliotu,  cxprcMcd  or  implkd,  fomul  or  eonttruclief. 

Foley. 

*eON-STRl*CT'IVE-LY,  ade.  In  a  constructive  man- 
ner ;  by  way  of  construction  or  interpreuition ;  by 
fair  inference.  Channccy.     United  Statts. 

A  ncuml  must  Iut<>  ootke  of  a  LlockAil'',  rtUi'^r  aclunlijr  bj  n, 
form-'d  infoniuiion,  ur  corulructictli/  by  doUcc  to  bu  rorcm. 
inr-oU  Kent. 

€ON-STRUeT'IVE  .NESS,  ii.  Among  phrenohgistSy 
the  faculty  which  leads  to  the  formation  of  parts 
into  a  whole.  Combe. 

eON  STRUCT'IJRE,  (kon-strukfyur,) n.   An  edifice; 


CON 

pile  ;  fabric.  [For  this,  Sthucturk  is  more  generally  ; 
us<'d.J  BlacJiinore. 

€ON'STK0E,  r.  f.     [L.  construe.     Sec  Construct.] 

1.  To  arrange  words  in  their  iialurul  order;  to  re- 
duce from  a  trnn«posi'd  to  a  natural  oriler,  so  as  to 
disroviT  the  sense  of  a  sentence  ;  hence,  to  niterpret, 
and,  when  applied  lo  a  foreign  language,  to  translate  ; 
lo  rt-nder  into  English  ;  as,  to  construe  Greek,  Latin, 
or  French. 

2.  'I'o  Inierjirel ;  to  explain  ;  to  show  or  to  under- 
stand the  meaning. 

I  pray  Ihal  I  may  d«(  be  »  uuilcnlood  or  coiutrueJ.  Hooier. 

'1  tiiu  wc  arc  pui  tu  curalru*  uid  uinnltruc  our  own  wunl*. 

•^  SuUinsJtttt. 

€ON"STR0-£D.  pp.  Arranged  in  natural  order;  in- 
terpreled  ;  understood  ;  translaled. 

eOiN'STRL'-I.Vt;,  ppr.  Arranging  in  natural  order; 
cximundins  ;  interpreting  ;  Iranslaling. 

eON'STlJ-l'RATE.  v.  t.  [Ucunstupro  ;  con  and  stupro. 
To  violate  ;  lo  debauch  ;  lo  defile.  [lo  ravish.] 

€ON'STU-PR.\-TED,  pjj.    Debauched. 

eON'STU-PRA-'l'LNti,  ppr.     Violatint'.    • 

€0.\-STU-PRA'TIO.N,  m.  The  act  of  ravishing  ;  vi- 
olation ;  defilemenl.  Bp.  Hall. 

eON-SUB-SIST',  r.  i.    To  subsist  together.    [See  Sud- 

gl»T.] 

eO\-SUB-STAN'TIAL,  (-slan'shal,)  a.  [L.  consub- 
stantialis ;  eon  and  substantia.     Sec  Suustanci:.] 

L  Having  the  same  substance  or  essence ;  coes- 
scntial. 

Thi;  orOioJui  believe  the  Sou   lo  Ui  coiuultlntilUU  wlUi  the  Fa- 
ther, i^ncyc. 

2.  Of  the  same  kind  or  nature. 

I[  conllnucU)  n  body  cotuulutantial  with  oiin.  Hooker. 

eON-SUB-STAN'TIAL-lST,  w.  Olio  who  believes 
in  consubstantintion.  Barrow. 

eO.V-SUB-STAN-Tl-AL'I-TY,  (-stnn-shc-al'e-ty,)  -n. 
The  existence  of  more  than  one  in  the  same  sub-' 
stance  ;  as,  the  coelernily  and  consubstantiality  of  the 
Son  with  the  Father.  Hammond. 

2.  Participation  of  the  same  nature.         Johnson. 

eO.V-SUB-S'l'AN'TlATE,  v.  t    [L.  con  and  substantia^ 
substance.] 
To  unite  in  one  common  substance  or  nature. 

JohTison. 

€ON-SUB-STAX'TIaTE,  r.  i.    To  profess  consub- 
stantintion. Dnjden. 
I  eoX-SUB-STA.N'TlA-TED,  pp.   United  in  a  common 
I      substance. 

eON-SUB-STAN'TIA-TING,  ppr.  Uniting  in  a  com- 
mon substance. 

eO.\-SUB-STA\-TI-.\'T10X,  (-she-a'shun,)  n.  The 
union  of  the  body  of  our  blessed  Savior  with  the  sac- 
ramenUil  elements.  The  Lutherans  maintain  that, 
after  consecration  of  the  elements,  the  body  and 
blood  of  Christ  are  substantially  present  with  the 
Kubslancc  of  the  bread  and  wine ;  which  is  called 
con.-ubstantiation^  or  impanation.  Encye. 

CON'.^UE  TODE,  n.    Custom;  usage.  ScoU, 

€O.V-SUE-Tu'DI.\-AL,  n.     Customary. 

CON'SUL,  n.     [L.  consul^  from  eonsulo,  to  cojisidt.] 

1.  The  chiel  magistrate  of  the  ancient  Roman  re- 
public, invested  with  regal  authority  fur  one  year. 
There  were  two  consuls  annually  chosen  in  the  Cam- 
pus Martins.  In  the  first  ages  of  Koine,  they  were 
elected  from  patrician  families  or  nublemen  ;  but,  in 
the  year  of  Rome  '^88,  the  people  obtained  the  privi- 
lege of  electing  one  of  the  consuls  from  their  own 
body,  and  sometimes  botli  were  plebeians.    Kncijc. 

2.  A  cliief  iiia;;i.strate,  among  (Ac  French,  during 
their  revululion,  m  iniilalion  of  the  Itomans,  Bnmde. 

3.  A  person  commissioned  by  a  king  or  slate  lo  re- 
side in  a  foreign  country  as  an  agent  or  representa- 
tive, lo  protect  the  rights,  commerce,  merchants,  and 
seamen,  of  the  state,  and  to  aid  the  government  in  any 
tomnicrcial  transactions  with  sucii  foreign  countrj-. 

4.  An  adviser.     [jVu?  tcrll  authorized.]         Bacon. 
€ON'SUL-A0E,  7i.   A  duty  laid  by  Ihe  Britis^h  Levant 

company  on  imports  and  exiwits  for  the  support  of 

the  company's  affairs.  Eton. 

€ON'SUL-All,  a.    Pertaining  lo  a  consul ;  ns,  considar 

power  ;  consiUar  dignity,  or  privileges. 
€ON'SUL-ATE,  n.     [L.  consulatus.]    TJic  oflice  of  a 

consul.  Addisoiu 

[  This  is  applicable  to  modern  consuls,  as  icell  as  to 

the  Roman.] 

2.  The  jurisdiction  or  extent  of  a  consul's  authority. 

3.  The  residence  of  a  consul.  [KenL 
€ON'SUL  GEX'ER-vVL,  m.     .'V  consul,  In  the  commer- 
cial sense,  appointed  for  several  places  or  over  several 
consuls.                                                          Encyc.  Am, 

€ON'SUIr-SlIIP,  ji.  The  ollice  of  a  consul;  or  the 
term  of  his  utlicc ;  applicable  only  to  Roman  consuls. 

CON-SULT',  t.  i.  [L.  consultOy  from  consnlo,  to  con- 
sult, to  ask  counsel.    The  last  syllabic  may  be  from 

tlic  Ar.  ^Lam  saalaj  Ueb.  Ch.  Sam.  Eth.  Vnst,  to  ask.] 

1.  To  seek  the  opinion  or  advice  of  another,  by  a 
statement  of  facts  and  suitable  inquiries,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  directing  one's  own  judgment ;  followed  by 
tcith, 

Rfthoboam  conttiHed  mth  lh«  old  infn.  —  1  Kin^  xii. 

Da*iil  conMulUd  tgitfi  tlie  CAptiilu  of  Uioiuandi.  —  1  Chron.  xUl. 


CON 

2.  I'o  take  counsel  together  ;  to  seek  opinions  and 
advice  by  mutual  ^tateinenls,  inquiries,  and  reusun- 
iiigs  ;  lo  deliberate  in  ciuninon. 

The  dtlrf  jtHciU  eotuulted  Uul  tlicy  ml^ht  put  Launu  to  (l'.-alb. 
JoUii  xii. 

3.  To  consider  with  deliberation.    LuJic  xlv. 
eOiN-SULT',  V.  L     To  ask   advice  of;    lo   seek  the 

opinion  of  aiitpther,  as  a  guide  to  one's  own  judg- 
nienl ;  as,  to  consult  a  friend  of  parent. 

2.  To  seek  for  inforiiiiition,  or  facts,  in  souiethhig ; 
as  by  examining  buoks  or  papers.  'J'hus,  1  con.-'idied 
several  authors  on  the  subject;  I  consulted  the  uliiciul 
documents. 

3.  To  regard  ;  to  have  reference  or  rcsiwct  to,  in 
judging  or  acting;  lo  decide  or  lo  act  in  favor  of. 
We  are  lo  cunsuU  the  necessities,  rather  than  the 
jdeasures,  of  life.  We  are  lo  eunsult  public  as  wlII 
OS  private  inleresL  IIu  co}isultcd  his  own  safely  in 
flight. 

yin  fiuicy  you  consult,  eontult  your  pune.  Frai]i;Un. 

4.  'i'o  plan,  devise,  or  contrive. 

Tliou  liul  contutu^l  tluTii«  10  Uiy  home,  by  coaiu^  o(l'  utnny 

pco[ilc.  —  Hub.  ii. 
[This  sense  is  unusual^  and  not  to  be  counteiianced.] 
€ON-SULT\  71.    The  act  of  consulting  ;  the  ertVci  of 
consultation  ;  determniaiion  ;  a  council,  or  deliber- 
ating assembly.  Dnjden.     Bacon. 

This  word  is,  I  believe,  entirely  obsolete,  except  in 
poetry.  It  would  be  naturally  accented  on  the  first 
syllable,  bul  the  poets  accent  the  last. 
€ON-SULT-a''I'IOX,  n.  The  act  of  consulting;  de- 
liberation of  two  or  more  persons,  with  a  view  lu 
some  decision. 


'Jlie  clii^f  pHcttjt  held  a  conialtalion  ulth  tlie  ddcra  aiitl 
—  .MjTk  XV. 


criU-i, 


2.  A  meeting  of  persons  to  consult  together;  a 
council  for  deliberation,  as  uf  legal  counsel  retained  in 
u  cause,  or  of  physicians  in  u  dangerous  disease. 

IVisciHuu. 
Writ  of  consultation;  in  lutr,  a  writ  awarded  by  a 
superior  court,  to  return  a  cause  which  had  been  re- 
moved by  prohibition  from  the  court  Christian  to  its 
original  jurisdiction;  so  called,  because  the  judges, 
on  consuUalion,  find  the  prohibition  ill  founded. 

Btiirtistone. 

CON-SULT'A-TIVE,  a.  Having  the  privilegr  of 
consulting.  Bramhall. 

€ON-SULT'ED,  p».  Asked  ;  inquired  of,  for  opinion 
or  advice  ;  regarded. 

eON-SULT'ER,  71.  One  who  consults,  or  asks  coun- 
sel or  information  ;  as,  a  consultcr  with  familiar 
spirits.     Dent,  xviii. 

CO.X-SL'LT'JXG,  ppr.  or  a.  Asking  advice  ;  seeking 
information;  deliberating  and  inquiring  mutually; 
regarding. 

eO*\-S0M'A-BLE,  a.  [See  Consume.]  That  niav 
be  consumed  ;  possible  lo  be  destroyed,  dissiprttiil, 
wasted,  or  spent;  as,  asbestos  is  noi  cofu^umubk  by 
fire.  Wdkin.<. 

The  importaliwu  and  cxportalloii  of  eomunuAU  coin  modi  i  in. 

iMcke. 


N-SOME',  V.  t.    [L.  consul 
take.     So,    in    Engush,  wc 


CON-! 


consumo ;  con  and  sumo,  to 
say,  it  takes  up   time, 
that  is,  it   coH5U)/tM  time.     Sp.  coiisumiri  It.  consu- 
ynarc;  Fr.  consumer.     Class  Sm.] 

1.  'i"o  destroy,  by  separating  the  parts  of  a  ihmg, 
by  decomposition,  as  by  fire,  or  by  eating,  devour- 
ing, and  annihilating  the  form  of  a  sulislancc.  Fire 
consumer  wood,  coal,  stubble  ;  animals  consume  llesh 
and  vegetables. 

2.  To  destroy  by  dissipating  or  by  use  ;  to  expend ; 
to  waste  ;  to  squander  ;  as,  to  consume  an  estate. 

Yc  n»k,  aiid  receive  not,  bocf»u»"  yc  ink  amUs,  ilia  I  yc  may  fo* 
sume  k  upon  your  ln»tJ,  — Jamc*  iv. 

3.  To  spend  ;  lo  cause  to  pass  away,  as  time  ;  as, 
to  consume  the  day  in  idleness. 

Thfir  d;vy»  did  lie  coruui;w  In  vanity.  — P».  Ixxviii. 

4.  To  cause  to  disappear ;  lo  waste  slowly. 

My  fl«(h  is  consumed  away.  —  Job  xxxviil. 

5.  To  destroy ;  to  bring  lo  utler  ruin  ;  to  exter- 
minate. 

IjcI  me  alone  — dial  I  iiuy  consume  Uicm.  — Ex.  xxxii- 

€ON-S0ME',  V.  I    To  waste  away  slowly;   to  bo 
exhausted. 

Their  fleih  —  (hcireyei— Uicir  toiigiic  (hall  consume  aw.iy. — 

Zcch,  xiv. 
The  wiciicd  ihall  pcri»h  —  Uiey  »1ijJ1  coruums.  —  P».  xxxvil. 

eON-SOM'^D,  pp.    Wasted;  burnt  up;   destroyed; 

dissip;ii<*(l  ;  squandered  ;  expended. 
C(>.\-."-:r.\ri:R,    7J.      One     who    consiimes,     spends, 

\\  ;i-ii  -.  iir  ibsiroys  ;  that  which  consumes. 
COX  SCM'IXG,  ppr.    Burning;  wasting;  destroying; 

cx|H:nding  ;  eating ;  devouring. 
2.  a.    That  destroys. 

The  LopI  diy  God  it  a  eoTxiuming  tiro.  —  Dcut.  Iv. 

eON-SU.M'MATE  or  CON'SUM-MATE,  v.  U     [h- 

consummo,  eonsummatas ;  con  and  suwiino,  from  ar/w- 

ma,  sum  ;  Fr.  consummer;  Sp.  conxumar.     See  Sum.] 

To  end  ;  to  finish  by  completing  what  was  in- 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PKEY.  — PINE,  .MARtXE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  .MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.- 
256  '  — — 


CON 

tended ;  to  perfect ;  to  bring  or  carry  to  the  utmost 
point  or  degree. 

Be  Usd  a  mind  to  consutntnaie  the  happiness  of  the  (iiy.  Taller. 

CON-SUM'MATE,  a.  Complete  ;  perfect ;  carried  to 
the  utmost  extent  or  degree  ;  as,  consummate  great- 
ness or  felicitv. 

eON-SU.M'JiA-TED  or  €ON'SUM-Ma-TED,  pp. 
Completed  :  perfected  ;  ended. 

€ON-SL'M'iMATE-LY,  adv.    Completely  ;  perfectly. 

Warton. 

eON-SUJI'MA-TIXG  or  COX'S U.M-Ma-TIXG,  ppr. 
Completing  ;  accomplishing  ;  perfecting. 

eON-SUM-MA'TION,  n.     [L.  consummatio.] 

1.  Completion  ;  end ;  perfection  of  a  work,  pro- 
cess, or  scheme.  JlddisDn. 

2.  The  end  or  completion  of  the  present  system  of 
things ;  the  end  of  the  world.  Hooker. 

3.  Death ;  the  end  of  life.  Shak. 
Cotisummation    of  marriage ;    the    most    intimate 

union  of  tiie  sexes,  which  completes  the  connubial 
relation. 
€ON-SUiMP'TION,  71.    \L.  consumptio.  See  Coxsitme.] 

1.  The  act  of  consuming ;  waste;  destruction  by 
burning,  eating,  devouring,  scattering,  dissipation, 
slow  decay,  or  by  passing  away,  as  time;  as,  the 
consumption  of  fuel,  of  food,  of  commodities  or 
estate,  of  time,  &c. 

2.  The  state  of  being  wasted  or  diminished. 

Eliia  and  Vesuvius  have  not  suffered  aaycon^itieribl'^dimiouiiiin 
or  cojtsumpdon.  WoOtlicorrl. 

3.  In  medicine^  a  wasting  of  flesh  ;  a  gradual  decay 
or  diminution  of  the  body  ;  a  word  of  extensive  signi- 
fcation.  But  particularly,  the  disease  called  pkt/tisis 
pulmunaJis,  pulmonic  consumption,  a  disease  seated 
in  tho  lunss,  attended  with  a  hectic  fever,  cough,  &c. 

eOX-SUMP'TIVE,  a.  Destructive;  wasting;  ex- 
hausting; having  the  quality  of  consuming,  or  dis- 
sipatins  ;  as,  a  long,  consumptive  war.        Mddison. 

2.  Affected  with  a  consumption  or  pulmonic  dis- 
ease ;  as,  coiisumptive  lungs  ;  or  inclined  to  a  con- 
sumption;  tending  to  the  phlliisis  pulmonalis;  ap- 
plied to  the  incipient  state  of  the  disease,  or  to  a  cojistita- 
tion  predisposed  to  it 

eO\-SUMP'TIVE-LY,  adv.  In  a  way  tending  to 
consiunption.  Bcd'locs. 

eO\-t:rMP'TIVE-XESS,  H.  A  state  of  being  con- 
sumptive, or  a  tendency  to  a  consumption. 

eON-TAB'U-LATE,   f.  t.      [L.  cvutabulu:   con  and 
tabula.] 
To  floor  with  boards.  Gayton. 

eON-TAB'q-LA-TED.  pp.    Floored  with  boards. 

€ON-TAB'TJ-La-'J'IXG,  ppr.     Flooring  with  boards. 

€0N-TAn-T|-LA'T10N,  n.  The  act  of  laying  with 
boards,  or  of  flooring. 

CON'TACT,  71.  [L.  crmiattus,  from  contingo,  to  touch  ; 
eoit  and  tan^Oy  to  touch,  originally  tago;  Gr.  Oiyio 
See  ToccH.J 

A  touching;  touch;  close  union  or  juncture  of 
bodies.  Two  bodies  come  in  contact  when  they  meet 
without  any  sensible  intervening  space  ;  the  parts 
that  touch  are  called  the  points  of  contact 

COX-T  ACTION,  n.     The  act  of  touching.    Brown. 

CON-Ta'GION,  (-ta'jun,)  n.  [L.  contaglo,  from  the 
root  of  contingo,  tan^o,  primarily,  tago,  to  touch.] 

1.  Literally,  a  touch  or  touching.  Hence,  the 
communication  of  a  disease  by  contact,  or  the  mat- 
ter communicated.  More  generally,  that  subtile  mat- 
ter which  proceeds  from  a  diseased  person  or  body, 
and  communicates  the  disease  to  another  person,  as 
in  cases  of  small-pox,  measles,  iStc,  diseases  wliich 
are  communicated  without  contact.  This  contagion 
proceeds  from  the  breath  of  the  diseased,  from  the 
perspiration  or  other  excretions. 

2.  That  which  communicates  evil  from  one  to 
another;  infection;  that  which  propagates  mischief; 
as,  the  contagion  of  vice  or  of  evil  examples.  J\ldton. 

3.  Pestilence ;  a  pestilential  disease ;  venomous 
exh:i!ations.  Shak. 

€0X-Ta'GIOX-ED,  (kon-ta'jund,)  a.  Afleclcd  by 
contagion. 

€0N-Ta'i5IOX-IST,  71.  One  who  believes  in  the 
contagious  character  of  certain  diseases,  as  tlie 
plague,  ice. 

€0X-T.\'GI0US,  a.  Containing  or  generating  conta- 
gion ;  catching  ;  that  may  be  communicated  by  cnn- 
Lict,  or  by  a  subtile  excreted  matter;  as,  a  contagious 
disease. 

2.  Poisonous;  pestilential;  containing  contagion; 
aSj  eonta^ioits  air  ;  contagious  clothing. 

3.  Containing  mischief  that  may  hz  propagated; 
as,  contagious  example. 

4.  That  may  be  conmiunicated  from  one  to  anoth- 
er, or  may  excite  like  affections  in  others. 

Hb  g;-niiu  r?nili-Tt:d  bis  coum*e  more  contagious.        Wirt. 

eON-TA'GlOUS-LY,  ado.    By  contaeion. 

€OX-T.\'GlOUS-NESS,  ;i.  The  quality  of  being  con- 
tagious. 

€ON-TaIX',  v.  t  [L.  cvntineo :  con  and  teneo,  to  hold  ; 
lUeontmere;  Ft.  contenir ;  Sp.  contener.  See  Tenet, 
Tekcre.I 

1.  To  hold,  ;ls  a  vessel ;  a^:,  the  vessel  contains  a 
gallon.  Hence,  to  have  capacity ;  to  be  able  to 
hold  ;  applied  to  an  empty  vessel. 


CON 

2.  To  comprehend  ;  to  hold  witJiin  specified  limits. 

Behold,  the  hi^nveii  ami  the  heaven  of  heavens  conoct  contain 
thee.  —  1  Kiii^  viii. 

3.  To  compiehend  ;  to  comprise.  The  history  of 
Livy  contains  a  hundred  and  forty  books. 

4.  To  lioM  ^vithin  limits  prescribed;  to  restrain; 
to  withhold  from  trespass  or  disorder. 

The  kind's  person  contains  the  unruly  people  from  evil  occaaivivs. 

[Obs.]  Spemer. 

Fear  nol,  my  lord  ;    we  can  cordain  oure-ilves.  Shak. 

5.  To  include.  This  article  is  not  contained  in  the 
account.  This  number  does  not  contain  the  article 
specified. 

6.  To  inclose ;  as,  this  cover  or  envelop  contains 
a  letter. 

COX-TaIN',  I',  i.    To  live  in  continence  or  chastity. 
Jiibnthnot  and  Pope,     1  Cor.  vii. 

eOX-TATX'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  contained  or 
comprised.  Boyle. 

€ON-T.\IX'£D,  pp.  Held;  comprehended;  com- 
prised; included;  inclosed. 

COX-TaIX'EU,  n.    That  which  contains. 

eOX-TAlX'lX(i,  p/jr.  Holding;  having  capacity  to 
hold;  coniprelicnding ;  comprising;  including;  in- 
closing. 

eOX-TAJri-XATE,  V.  t  [L.  contamiao ;  con  and  ant. 
tamino.  Clu.  Heb.  Ch.  Syr.  ndO  to  defile.  Class 
Dm,  Xo.  19.] 

To  corrupt  the  purity  or  excellence  of;  to  pol- 
lute ;  as,  to  contaminate  the  blood.  It  is  employed, 
usually,  in  a  figunitive  sense  ;  to  sully  ;  to  tarnish  ; 
to  taint.  Le\vtlness  coH(cmi)m((W character;  coward- 
ic;  contaminates  Jionor. 

Shall  we  now 
Coniamiruire  our  fingers  with  base  bribes  i  Shak-. 

eON-TAMT-XATE,  a.     PoUutcd  ;  defiled  ;  corrupt. 

COX-TA.M'I-Xa-TED,  pp.  Polluted  ;  defiled  ;  tar- 
nished. 

COX-TAMa-XS-TING,  ppr.  or  a.  Pollutmg ;  defiling  ; 
tarnishing. 

€0X-TAM-I-Xa'TION,  w.  The  act  of  polluting ;  pol- 
lution ;  defilement  ;  taint. 

€0X-T.\M'I-XA-TIVE,  a.    Adapted  to  contaminate. 

eOX'TECK,  11.  Quarrel;  contention.  [J^Tot  Eng- 
lish.] Spenser. 

€ON-TE€'TIOX,  n.     [L.  contego.] 

A  covering     [JVot  used.]  Sir  T.  Browne. 

CON-TEM'ER-A-TED,  a.     Violated  ;  polluted. 

eON-TEMN',  (-tern,)  v.  t  [L.  contemno ;  con  and  temno, 

to  despise  ;  It.  contemnere ;  Ar.    *  ,    dfiaama.  to  drive 

away,  to  despise.    Class  Dm,  No.  1,  4.] 

1.  To  despise  ;  to  consider  and  treat  as  mean  and 
despicable ;  to  scorn. 

^;,     111  whose  eyes  a  vile  person  is  contemned.  —  Pa.  xv. 

2.  To  slight ;  to  neglect  as  unworthy  of  regard  ;  to 
reject  with  disdain. 

Wherefore  do  the  wicked  conUmn  Gotl  f  —  Ps.  x. 
They  contemn  the  counsel  of  tlie  Most  High.  —  Ps.  cvii. 

eOX-TEM'XED,  Ckon-temd',)  pp.  Despised  ;  scorned  ; 
sliiililed  ;  nt-ckcted,  or  rejected  with  disdain. 

eOX-TE.M'XER,  n.  One  who  contemns  ;  a  despiser; 
a  scorner. 

€ON-TEM'XIXG,  ppr.  Despising;  slighting  as  vile 
or  despicable ;  neglecting  or  rejecting,  as  unworthy 
of  regard. 

€OX-TEM'PER,  v.  t  [Low  h.  contempcro  ;  ccn  and 
tempera,  to  mix  or  temper.     See  Temper.] 

To  moderate  ;  to  reduce  to  a  lower  degree  by  mix- 
ture with  opposite  or  dift'erent  qualities  ;  to  temper. 

Thii  leavL-s  qualify  and  conlemper  ihs  heat.  Bay. 

€OX-TEM'PER-A-MENT,  n.  Moderated  or  qualified 
degree  ;  a  degree  of  any  quality  reduced  to  that  of 
another  ;  temperament.  Derluim. 

€OX-TEiM'PER-.^TE,  v.  t  [See  Contemper.]  To 
temper ;  to  reduce  the  quality  of,  by  mixing  some- 
thing opposite  or  different ;  to  moderate. 

Brown.      Wiseman, 

€0X-TEM-PER-.\'TIOX,  n.  The  act  of  reducing  a 
quality  by  admixture  of  the  contrary  ;  the  act  of  mod- 
erating or  tempering.  Brown. 

2.  Temperament;  proportionate  mixture;  as,  tlie 
contemperamenf  of  humors  in  dirt'i-rent  b<tdies.  Hale. 

[Instead  of  these  words,  Temper  and  Tempera- 
ment are  now  generally  used.] 

€0\-TEM'PER-.\-TURE,  n.  Like  temperature  or 
tenipc'rament. 

COX-TE.M'PLaTE  or  COX'TEM-PLaTE,  v.  t  [L. 
contemplor.  If  m  is  radical,  see  Class  Dm,  Xo.  3, 
4,  3.5J 

1.  To  vit.-w  nr  consider  with  continued  attentiun  ; 
to  study  ;  In  fiiL-ditate  on.  Thi>  word  expresses  the 
alt<-nti(Hi  of  tin;  mind,  but  sometimes  in  connection 
with  tliat  of  the  eyes  ;  as,  to  contemplate  the  heavens. 
More  gi-n».TaIly,  the  act  of  the  mind  only  is  intended  ; 
a-^,  to  contemplntc  the  wonders  of  redemption  ;  to  con- 
template the  state  of  the  nation  and  its  future  pros- 
pects. ^ 

Teuch  me  to  contemplate  lliy  ^nic--.         Mrs.  Ddamj. 


CON 

2.  I'o  consider  or  Iiave  in  view,  in  reference  to  a 
future  act  or  event ;  to  intend. 

A  decree  of  the  nitional  KisemUy  of  France,  June  23,  1792, 

conttrmplatee  a  tupply  from  the  United  Sloteaof  four  iniUkinB 

of  livp-s. 
There  remain  son-io  particuhre  lo  complete  the  information  eoo- 

lemplaled  Ijy  ilio«e  resolutions.  liimUlon'*  Report. 

If  a  in'-iity  contains  any  stipulatiuris  wliich  eontemplale  a  state  of 

future  war.  Kent'*  C<jmm4ntaTiee. 

€0X-TEM'PL.KTE  or  COX'TEM-PLaTE,  v.  i.  To 
think  studiously  ;  to  study  ;  to  muse ;  to  meditate  ; 
as,  lie  dehghta  to  contemplate  on  the  works  of  crea- 
tion. 

COX-TEM'PLa-TED  or  €OX'TEM-PLa-TED,  pp. 
or  a.  Considered  with  attention ;  meditated  on ; 
intended. 

€OX-TEM'PLA-TIXGoreON'TEM-PLA-TIXG,p;»r. 
Considering  with  continued  attention  ;  meditating 
on  ;  musing. 

€0X-TEM-PLa'TI0X,  ti.     [L.  contemplatio.] 

1.  The  act  of  the  mind  in  considering  with  atten 
tion;  meditation;  study;  continued  attention  of  the 
mind  to  a  particular  subject. 

Con(cmj>/(i(jon  is  keeping  the  idea,  brun^ht  in'^j  the  mbid.  some 
time  aclually  in  view.  Locke. 

2.  Holy  meditation ;  attention  to  sacred  things;  a 
particular  application  of  Vie  foregoing  definition. 

To  have  in  cuntemplation  ;  to  intend  or  purpose,  or 
to  have  tinder  consideration. 

€0X-TEM'PLA-TI3T,  n.    One  who  contemplates. 

eOX-TE-\i'PLA-TIVE,  a.  Given  to  contemplation,  or 
contmucd  application  of  the  mind  to  a  subject ;  stu- 
dious ;  thoughtful;  as,  a  contemplative  philosopher  or 
mind. 

^.  Employed  in  study  ;  as,  a  contemplative  life. 
'3.  Having  rhe  appearance  of  study,  or  a  studious 
habit  :  as,  a  contemplative  look.  Denliam. 

4.  Having  the  power  of  thought  or  meditation  ;  as, 
the  coiitempUitive  facultv  of  man.  Ray. 

eOX-TE.M'PLA-TU-E-LY,  ailv.  With  contemplation ; 
attentivelv  ;  thoughtfullv;  with  deep  attention. 

COX'TEM-PLa-TOR,  n.  'One  who  contemplates ;  one 
employed  in  study  or  meditation ;  an  inquirer  after 
knoulvdpe.  Ralerrli.     Brown. 

eOX-TEM-PO-U.A'XE-OTJS,  a.  [See  Cotempobary.] 
liiving  or  b;.'in^  at  the  same  time. 

eON-TEM-PO-RA'XE-OUS-LY,  adv.  At  the  same 
time  with  smne  other  event. 

eOX-TRM-PO-RA'XE-OUS-XESS,  n.  The  st^te  or 
quality  of  being  contemporaneous.  Oliddon. 

€OX-TEM'PO-RA-R[-XESS,  n.  Existence  at  the  same 
time.  Howell. 

eOx\-TEM'PO.RA-RY,  a.  [It.  Sp.  contemporaneo  ;  Ft. 
contcmporain  ;  L.  con  temporalis ;  cm  and  temporalis, 
tempunirius;  from  tcmpn.:,  time.  For  the  sake  of  ea- 
sier pronunciation,  and  a  more  agreeable  sound,  this 
wotil  i-^  oftnn  changed  to  Cotemforary  ;  and  this  is 
the  preferable  word.] 

Coetaneous ;  living  at  the  same  time,  applied  to 
persons ;  being  or  existing  at  the  same  time,  applied 
to  things  i  ^s,  contcmpiirary  k'mzii ;  contemporary  evenls. 
[See  CoTt-MPonARY,  the  prefentble  word.] 

eoX-TEM^PO-RA-RY,  n.  One  who  lives  at  the  same 
time  with  another;  as,  Socrates  and  Plato  were  ct*;i- 
temporarirs. 

COX-TE-M'PO-RIZE,  r.  /.  To  make  contemporary; 
to  place  in  the  same  age  or  time.     [Olis.]      Brown. 

eoX-TE.M'PO-RIZ-£D,  pp.  Placed  in  the  same  time 
or  ace. 

CO.V-TEMTO-RIZ-IXG,  ppr.  Placing  in  the  same 
time. 

COX-TEMPT',  (kon-tenit',)  n.     [L.  contemptus.    See 

COXTEMS.] 

1.  The  act  of  despising;  the  act  of  viewing  or  con- 
sidering and  treating  as  mean,  vile,  and  worthless; 
disdain  ;  hatred  of  what  is  mean  or  deemed  vile. 
This  word  is  one  of  the  strongest  expressions  of  a 
mean  opinion  which  the  language  affords. 

NoUiing,  says  Loii^inus,  can  {x  great)  the  contempt  of  wlikh  is 

grv'iit.  Arfi/i.TOn, 

2.  The  state  of  being  despised  ;  whence,  in  a  scrip- 
tural sense,  shame,  disgrace. 

Some  shall  awaJte  to  everln^ting  contempt.  — Dan.  xii. 

3.  In  law,  disobedience  of  the  rules  and  orders  of  a 
court,  which  is  a  jHinishable  olfense. 

eOX-TEMPT'I-BLE,  «.    [L.  contemptibUL'.] 

1.  Worthy  of  contempt ;  that  deserves  scorn  or  dis- 
dain ;  despicable  ;  mean  ;  vile.  Intemperance  is  a 
contemptible  vice.  Xo  plant  or  animal  is  so  contempt- 
ible as  not  to  exhibit  evidence  of  the  wonderful . 
power  and  wisdom  of  the  Creator.  The  pride  that 
leads  to  dueling  is  a  contemptible  passion. 

2.  Apt  to  despise  ;  contemptuous.    [jVoi  legitimate.] 

Shak. 

€OX-TEMPT'I-BLE-XESS,  w.  The  state  of  bt-ing 
contemptible,  or  of  being  despised ;  despicableuess ; 
meanness  ;  vib  ness. 

eOX-TEMPT'I-BLY,  ndr.  In  a  contemptible  man- 
ner ;  mcanlv  ;  in  a  manner  deserving  of  contempt. 

€OX-TEMPt'U-OUP,  a.  Manifesting  or  expressing 
contempt  or  disdain  ;  scornful  ;  as,  contemptuous  .an- 
guage  or  manner;  a  contemptuous  opinion.  Jipphed 
to  vien,  apt  to  despise  ;  haushty  ;  insolent ;  .-13,^  na- 
tion proud,  severe,  contemptuous. 


Jiniton, 


TOXE,  BULL,  QXITE.  — AX"GER,  Vr'CIOUS.~e  as  K ;  6  as  J ;  S  as  Z  ;  CFI  as  SII ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


3;i 


2.')7 


CON 


CON 


„ Drydtn. 

Hi'.-  CvlU)  onM  delivciVU  to  tLo 


»«^>: 'iFMPT't -(tL'rf  LY,  uJc     III  a  cmiteiupluous 
manner     u  iti.  -  ^  :u  .  r  ..-.d.ln  :  des,,iU,A.IIy. 

_^  III  ClimrUiu  wfw  jwor,  aiij 

"•■ill*  f  ill' "1  to.ilcmi.1  j   ilisolenco;  Korafulni-ss ; 

CiIn't'f'nU'    r.  >'■     [1-  conUndo;  con  and  Undo,  to 
slr.uli'jroni  ftnw,  Gr.  rci.oT.    SeeTKrto,  TEStT.) 

1.  To  sliive,  or  10  strive  against ;  to  strugelo  m  op- 
position. 

DU4m*  nol  Uie  Moolilw,  nor  conkmi  iritk  them  In  l«lUc,  — 
Drut,  il. 

2.  To  strive ;  to  use  earnest  efforts  to  obtain,  or  to 
defend  and  preserve. 

You  ^'-  -'■-'•'*.  ""''  *'^  ^"i'*  "^'n  Wo* 
C^„v    ■  '    ■■    ■' only  can  bc»low. 

Yi-  .  .-ilfmi/i     '     '  ' 

3.  'iV. .,.-,...;    ....ncstJy ;  to  strive  in  debate. 
TlK-T  Uui  »tre  of  ibt  cUtumeUon  roii»nii«l  irilA  blra.  —  Acu 

xl.    Jolili. 

4.  To  reprove  sliarply ;  to  cliido ;  to  strive  to  con- 
vince and  reclaim. 

TlKn  tonutniid  I  Willi  l!io  nilJn.  —  Nch.  liil. 

5.  To  strive  in  opposition ;  to  punish 

TlK  Ui\l  Gel  ollcJ  1»  cmund  Ijj  Ore.  —  Amot  ril. 

0.  To  quarrel ;  to  dispute  fiercely ;   to  wrangle. 
The  iKirties  ctuilfiiJ  ahcut  irillu.-. 

To  contend  for;  to  strive  to  obtain  ;  as,  two  conipct- 
ilors  ciitlrndfor  the  priic. 
eOiN'-TE.NI)',  V.  I,    To  dispute ;  to  contest. 

Wlien  Catllogn  ilull  conlnui  Uio  M'orlrt  Willi  Roras.  Dijrftn. 
This  tmnsilive  use  of  ciinltiiiJ  is  not  strictiv  legiti- 
mate.   The  phrase  is  elliptical, /ur  being  understood 
after  cmiirnd ;  but  it  is  admissible  in  poetry. 
eO.N-TE.NU'Hl),  ;>;'•    Urged  in  argument  cr debate: 

dislliltiMl  ;  conlJ-stiul. 
eO.N-TE.NU'liNT,  n.    An  antagonist  or  opposer. 

VEntramre. 
CONTEND'ER,  n.     One  who  contends ;  a  combat- 
ant ;  a  ilininpion.  ioc*'-     "'""-■'• 
eo.N-TE.ND'I.NG,  j.;ir.      Striving;    struggling  to  op- 
pose; dcbaliiii:;  urging  in  arguiiient;  quarreling. 
2.  o.  Cl!i>hiu2;   opposing;  rival;      '      - -— ' 
chiiuis  or  inlerc>Ls.  -      t      j 
CO.N-TEN'E-.ME.N  T,  ii.    [con  and  tenraicnt.]     Land 
or  freehold  contiguous  to  a  teni-mcnt. 

Slackslonc.    JVorm,  Diet 
CONTENT',  o.     [L.  coiiUnlus,  from  contincor,  to  be 
held  ;  coil  and  (cnco,  to  hold.] 

LiUToUy,  held,  contained  within  limits ;   hence, 
quiet ;  not  disturbed  ;  having  a  mind  at  peace  ;  easy  ; 
satisfied,  so  as  not  to  repine,  object,  or  appose. 
ConUnl  with  lei'Mjec  in  Uie  riilo  of  pencu.  Pope. 

Ilavliiff  Itwd  and  rijiiiciu,  kl  u»  1»  liwrcwilh  content.  —-  1 
'I'lio.  vi. 
eON-TENT',  I).  1.     To  s.ntisfy  the  mind ;  to  make 
quiet,  so  as  to  stop  complaint  or  opimsition  ;  to  ai>- 
peoso ;  to  make  easy  in  any  situation ;  used  ciiicjitj 
KtUt  the  reciprocal  pronoun. 

Do  not  coiiwnl  >oiii»-1vm  wilji olBcar; ouj  confoKtl  ideas,  where 
timnrr  are  to  Ijc  otjuiiocd.  WMtB. 

Pilate,  uilliiiy  to  ranlenr  the  ptwple,  relcofea  BamUKu,.— 
Mali    XV. 

2.  To  please  or  gratify. 

It  ilL.lh  much  content  me 
To  hwtr  liiin  »o  iiiciiiinl.  Shale. 

COX-TENT',  n.  Rest  or  quietness  of  the  mind  in  tlic 
present  coiidiliun  ;  satisfaction  which  holds  the  mind 
in  peace,  rit^lr.iining  complaint,  opposition,  or  further 
desire,  and  often  iiuplying  a  moderate  degree  of  hap- 
piness. 

\  War  content  lil«  even  lou]  i/tiired, 

By  waul  not  ituJccu,  nor  by  wcaliJj  atlored.  Smtlh. 

Acquiescence  ;    satisfaction  without  examina- 


tliing,  or  to  resist  a  iieitou,  claim,  or  Injury  ;  con- 
test ;  quarrel. 

MulOiuJ.-a  li«t  lUlc  liv'"  in  « linnoll  nli«l  l.y  coiil^iOioi.  amonj 
llr  jyarlbaiK  of  llio  aever.U  colon.  Ai.am. 

2.  Pirifeln  wnnis  or  debate;  quarrel;  angry  con- 
test ; 

.  II,.  and  emfaloglM,  and  wnlrntioiu,  and 

I -law.- Til.  lU: 
Ai       .         -Ill  I  iiiiufOiU^ntion.  —  Prov.  xflii. 

a.  Htrife  or  endeavor  to  excel ;  emulation.    Shalt. 
4.   Kagemess  ;  zeal ;  ardor  ;  vehcmeiico  of  en- 
deavor.   [Ofc*] 

TliU  U  an  end  wortliy  of  our  iitmott  conttntion  to  otrtaln. 

liogirt. 

eON-TEN'TIOUS',  (kon-tcn'shus,)  a.      [Ft.  evnlen- 
tienr  ;  It.  cnilrnzio.^o.] 

1.  Apt  tu  contend  ;  ({iven  to  angry  debate  ;  quar- 
relsnine ;  perverse. 

A  ciiiitinii.,1  OmiiilMj:  In  a  iwlny  day  and  a  ecnfenlioin  woman 
ar;  alik?.  —  Pfuv.  xxvil. 

2.  Kelaling  to  contention  in  law  ;  relating  to  liti- 
gation ;  having  powi^r  to  decide  causes  between  con- 
tending iKirties;  as,  a  court  of  .contem'ioits  junsdic- 
[jQ,,,  Blar.k:itonc. 

3.  Exciting  or  adapted  to  provoke  contention  or 
disputes  ;  as",  a  cimtPntious  subject.  Milncr. 

CO.V-TEN'TlOI'i'-I.Y,  tulc.     In  a  contentious  man- 
ner ;  quarrelsomely  ;  jiervorsely.  Broicn. 


CON 

e<1N-TI!ST'LESS,  o.    Not  to  bo  riisputed.         IIUI, 
eoX-TE.V,  i:  I.    To  weave  together.    [Jfot  iMrrf.J 

Bovle. 
eON'TEXT,  «.     [L.  context  us,  from  coHtcj-o ;  cunaud 
leM,  to  weave.] 

The  general  series  or  composition  of  a  iltscoiinie; 
iiioro  paniciilarlv,  the  parts  of  a.diBcourse  Hhieh  pni- 
cede  or  follow  the  sentence  quolcil ;  the  pa-  -rigcs  of 
Scripture  which  are  near  the  te.xt,  either  ber.ire  it  or 
aller  it.  The  sense  of  a  passage  of  .'icriptiire  is  often 
illiistmted  bv  the  cun(«/. 
CON-TE.VT',  a.  Knit  or  woven  together;  close  ;  nim. 

Drrham, 
eON-TEXT',  V.  L    To  knit  togotbcr.    [JVot  tisnl.] 
eON-TEXT'lj-rvAL,  a.    Pertaining  to  contexture,  or 

to  the  liiiman  frame.  Sir.itli. 

eON-'l'EXl''l'RE,  (kon-tcxt'yur,)  ii.  'I'lie  inierweav- 
ing  several  piirts  into  one  body  ;  the  disposition  and 
union  of  Ihe  constituent  parts  of  a  tiling,  Willi  re- 
spect to  each  other;  comiiosition  of  parts  ;  constitu- 
tion ;  as,  a  silk  of  adininible  contcnurc. 

IIo  waa  iiol  of  any  dellciU  contexture  ;  liU  limb)  rvltti-f  uonly 
tli.\n  dainty.  H'oUoii. 

eO.V-TEXT'UR-ED,  tt.  Woven ;  formed  into  texture. 
eON-TIG-NA'TlON,  «.      [L.    coutlgnatio;    con  and 
tignwn,  a  lieamj 

1.  A  fnuiic  of  beams  ;  a  story.  ifiiiton. 

2.  The  act  of  framing  together,  or  uniting  beams 
in  a  fabric.  *"'•*'■• 


tend  ;  proneness  to  contest ;  perverseness  ;  quarrel 

someness.  ^.        BcnUey. 

eoN-TE.N'T'LESS,  o.  Discontented  ;  dissalisfieil ;  tin 


isy. 


Sliak. 
[Ol>s.] 


eontendint; 


eON-TENT'LY,  mil:.    In  a  contented  way. 
eON-TENT'.MENT,  7i.     [l''r.  coJilciitonnif.] 

1.  Content;  arcstingor  satisfaction  of  mind  with- 
out disquiet ;  acquiescence. 

foiirenl/rteTii,  willioiil  external  honor,  b  Inimilily.^        Orew. 
Gi.i;iineM,  with  eonlenlment,  la  j;reut  gain.  —  1 1  iir.  vi. 

2.  Gratification. 

Al  Panii  llic  rnnce  »rent  a  day,  tc  give  hla  mhid  wmc  eonleiil- 
„,„„.  ll'oaon. 

eOX'TENTS  or  CON-TENTS',  n.  vl.  That  which  is 
contained  ;  the  thing  or  things  helil,  inrluiled,  or 
comiirelieiidi'd  witlliu  a  limit  or  line  ;  as,  the  contnda 
of  a  cask  or  bale  ;  of  a  room  or  a  ship  ;  the  coiKeiKs  of 
a  book  or  writing. 

2.  In  neonietnj,  the  quaiiUty  of  matter  or  space  in- 
cluded ill  cerlain  lines.  Barlow. 

3.  Heads  of  what  a  book  contains  ;  an  index. 
eoX-TERM'IX-A-ULE,  a.    [h.  con  and  tmimiiis.] 

Capalilc  of  the  same  bounds.  IVnHmi. 

CON-TEKM'IN-ATE,  a.    Having  the  same  b  ;iiids. 

B.  Jonson. 
€ON-TliRM'IN-OnS,  I  a.     [h.  conlerminiui ,  con  and 
CON-TERll'lN-AL,     (      Urmimui,  a  border.] 

liordcring  upon  ;  touching  at  tie:  boundary  ;  con- 
tiguous ;  as,  a  people  ceHtcrpHitoits  to  the  Roman  ter- 
ritory. 
et)X-TER-UA'NE-AN,     )  o.     [L.  conterranoits ;   con 
COX-TER-Ra'NE-OUS,  S      and  terra,  country.] 

Beinf  of  tlie  same  country.     [J^ot  used.]      Dici. 
eOX-TES-SE-RA'TION,  ii.     Assembly  ;  collnttion. 
COX-TEST',  e.  1.     [I'r.  coiitcsler,  to  dispute.    The  Sp. 
and  Port.  conlciUir,  and  L.  coiilcstor,  have  a  iliiiV,reiit 
sense,  being  equivalent  to  the  Eng.  allesl.  See  Test.] 

1.  To  ilispilUi ;  to  strive  earnestly  to  hold  or  maiii- 
Liln  ;  to  siniggle  to  defend.  The  troops  contatcd 
every  inch  of  ground. 

2.  To  dispute  ;  to  argue  in  opposition  to ;  to  con- 
trovert; to  litigate;  to  oppose;  to  call  in  question  ; 
as,  the  advocate  contested  every  point. 

Nunc  li:ive  coottstcd  llic  prorioition  ot  tlie*c  aiiciLol  pii-CM. 


3. 

lion. 


eoX-TEX'TlOUS-XESS,  n.     A  disposition  to  con-    (,qjj  .|.j.(.Q,i.q>Y_  „       [gee  CoNriGuoes.]     Actual 

■     "" "■  cont.act  of  bodies  ;  a  touching.  Hale. 

eO.X-TIG'lJ-OUS,  a.     [L.  canU^atls  ;  con    and  Inngo, 
tafo,  to  touch.] 

Touching;  meeting  or  jolniiiR  at  tlic  surface  or 
border  ;  as,  two  contitruous  bodies  or  coiinliies, 

Tiie  ln)iia;a  in  :uicjent  Rome  wore  nol  coiili^Mona,  Enfyc. 

This  word  is  sometimes  u.sed  in  a  wider  sense, 
though  not  Willi  strict  propriety,  for  tuljaccnt,  er  iirar, 
witlloul  bi-iiig  absoluti-ly  in  conUicU 

Usually  followed  by  to.  Bacon  uses  ici(/i,  but  lie 
has  not  been  followed. 

eON-TIG'U-OUS-LY,  oi/e.     In   a  manner  to  Miicb  ; 
without  intervening  space.  Vnjdr.n. 

eON-TlG'U-OUS-XESS,  n.    A  state  of  coii'iiet ;  close 
union  i.f  surfaces  or  borders. 

eON'Tl-MlNCE,  \n.    [L.  coiiliiientw,  from  coiitoiM, 

CO.\"TI-Xi;.N'-CY,  i      to  hold,  or  withhold;  con  anil 
tciico,  to  hold.    !-'ec  Tenet.] 

1.  In  o  general  sense,  the  restraint  which  a  person 
imposes  upou  his  desires  and  passions;  self-colil- 
niand.  .         ,  ,  .      , 

2.  Jlppropriatdv,  the  restraint  of  the  [lassion  fur 
sexual  eiljoymeiit;  resistance  of  concupiscence; 
forbearance  of  lewd  pleasures:  hence,  chastity. 
Hut  the  term  is  usuallv  applied  to  males,  ;ls  chasUly 
is  lo  females.  Pcipio  the  yoiin!;er  exhibited  the  no- 
blest example  of  coulhuincc  recorded  in  |iagaii  his- 
tory ;  iui  example  surpassed  only  by  Ulat  of  Joseph 
in  sacred  history. 

■i.  Forbearance  of  lawful  pleasure. 

Conlent  without  lawful  vencry,  is  eoiilinexce  ;  wiUiout  unlawful, 
is  cluisuiy.  """• 

4.  Moderation  in  the  indulgence  of  sexual  enjoy- 
ment. 

Cli.istily  is  eltlicr  nListinence  or  confiiienre ;  nbsllm-nco  la  tliiU  of 
viri'ioa  or  widows :  conlinence,  ih  ,i  of  manii  d  pinions. 
"  Ihi/or. 

5.  Continuity;  unintcrrupled  course.  [JVoi  mm 
vsed.]  -^'JI'P- 

eON"ri-NENT,  a.     [L.  confinni.s.] 

1.  Refraining  from  unlawful  sexual  commerce,  or 
moderate    in    the  indulgence  of  lawful    pleasure; 

2.  Uestraincd  ;  moderate  ;  temperate.         [chaste. 

Have  n  continent  forbciOance.  ^o*. 

.■).  Opposing;  restrauiing.  S/ui/i. 

1.  Continuous  ;  connected  ;  not  inlerniptert  ;  as,  a 
c/.iitinciit  fever.  Wore  generally  wc  now  say  a  con- 
(iduciJ  fever. 


'ITie  itvie  Is  excelienl ; 
The  sense  Ihey  humlily  taxe  upon  content.  Pope. 

3.  The  power  of  containing  ;  capacity  ;    extent 
within  lilnils  ;  as,  a  slii;i  of  great  content.      Bacon. 

[  tint  in  thu  sen^c  tJle  plural  is  generally  wml.] 

4.  The  term  used  in  the  house  of  lords,  in  Eng- 
land, to  uxpress  nil  assent  to  .a  bill  or  motion. 

eOX-TE.NT-A'TlOX,  n.  Content ;  satisfaction.  [Obi.] 

JlrbuthnoL 
COX-TENT'EO,  pp.  or  a.  Satisfied  ;  quiet ;  easy  in 
mind  ;  not  co:ii|»laining,  opposing,  or  demanding 
more.  The  good  mall  is  contented  with  his  lot.  It  is 
our  duly  to  be  aintenud  witli  tile  disiiensalions  of 
Providenre. 

T  V    ,..)-_     In  [I  contented  manner; 


CON-TEX 

quietly  ; 
COX-TE.N 

quiet;   s.ii.i  ..n  nni, 

event. 
eO.X-TEXT'FUL,  a. 

iued.] 
COX-TEX'TIO.N',  It.    [L.  cmtnlin. 


II.    State  of  resting  in  mind  ; 
mind  with  any  condition  or 

IValton. 
Full  of  contentment.      [A'ut 
Barrow. 
See  Coste:(d.] 


1.  Strife ;  struggle ;  a  violent  elfort  to  obtain  soiue- 


eON-TEST',  V.  i.  To  strive  ;  to  contend  ;  followed  by 
witli. 

'IV  dilTiciiIry  el  an  ar^rnnient  adds  to  the  pleaauro  of  co»tesri*ij 
vith  it,  when  dlere  are  hopes  ol  victory.  Iturnct. 

'9.  To  vie ;  to  emulate. 

of  ir.:iu,  who  dares  in  pomp  irilA  Jove  eonb-st.  Pope. 

eON'TEST,  n.  Strife  ;  struggle  for  victory,  superior- 
ity, or  in  defense  ;  struggle  in  arms.  All  Lutoiie  en- 
gaged in  the  conlcjt  against  France.  The  cojitel  was 
furious. 

2.  Dispute;  debate;  violent  controversy ;  strife  in 
argument. 

Leave  .^11  noisy  contest*,  all  i.T.modeBt  clamors,  and  brawlinc  Ian- 
piase.  H'aus. 

CON-TEST' A-BI.E,  o.    That  may  be  disputed  or  de- 
bated ;  dispuuihio ;  controvertible. 
CON-TEST'A-BLENESS,  n.      Possibility  of  being 

conte.«ted. 
COX-'J'EST-A'TIOX,  B.  The  act  of  contesting ;  strife ; 
dispute. 

Alter  yrais  spent  m  domestic  conlesbuiops,  she  found  means  to 
witiulraw.  Ctarendon. 

9.  Testimony  ;  proof  bv  witnesses.  Barrow. 

Cf>X-TI"ST'EI),  pp.  or  a.  "Disputed. 
ef)X  TE.-<T'IXO,  ppr.     Ilispiiling. 
COX  '11;;=  T'lXG,  n.     The  act  of  contending.  Baiter. 
eOX-TEST'lXG-I.Y,  oJe.    In  a  contenilin;  manner. 


The  north-east  part  of  Asia,  if  not  cnnliiienl  wiili  America. 

tircretcuvi. 

CO.N'TI-NEXT,  V.  In  geography,  a  great  extent  of 
land,  not  disjoined  or  interrupted  by  a  sea  ;  a  con- 
nected tract  of  land  of  great  extent ;  as,  the  e;uitem 
and  western  coiKineiif.  It  difiVrs  from  ail  isle  only 
ill  extent.  New  Holland  may  li'j  deiioniinated  a 
continent.  Britain  is  called  a  continent,  as  opposed 
to  the  Isle  of  Anglesey.  „  .    ,   „, 

Uennl,  IJisl.  BrU.  1,  31. 
In  UprnsiT,  ronlinent  is  used  for  ground  in  suenl. 
9.  That  whicli  contains  anv  thing.    [.V"t  "■■'e''-J 
eON-TI-XENT'.VL,  a.    PerUiining  or    ivlaliiig  to  a 
continent ;  as,  the  continental  i^'uvers  of  Euri4>".    In 
jJiiierim,  pertaining  to  the  United  Stales;  :ls,  Miiti- 
nenlal  money,  in  distinction  from  what  pertains  lo 
the  s''parate  States  ;  a  word  much  used  during  the  res- 
olution. 
CON'Tl-NENT-LY,  adv.     In  a  continent  manner, 

cliastciv  ;  moderately ;  temperately. 
COX-TLVeE',  V.  i.    To  touch  ;  to  happen.     [Ob'  J 
COX-TIX'GEXCE,   I  n.     \L.  conongens;  conttngo,  lo 
COX-TIN'GEN-CY,  1     fall  or  happen  to;  en  and 
fawo,  to  touch.    See 'i'oucH  ] 


FATE,  PXR,  FAIaL,  Wn.\T.— JIETE,  PREY.— PIXE,  MARtXE,  BIRD — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOI.F,  E90'<- — 


20(5 


CON 


South. 

accident;   fortuitous    event.     The 


1.  The  quality  of  being  contingent  or  casual ;  a 
happening ;  or  the  possibility  of  coming  to  pass. 

We  are  not  to  LuiJil  cettaiu  rules  on  the  condn^enc-j  of  hanun 
actions. 

2.  Casualty  , 
success  of  the  attempt  will  depend  ou  contingencies. 
[See  Accident  and  Casualty.] 

€ON-TIN'0ENT,  a.  Falling  or  coming  by  chance, 
that  is,  witbout  design  gr  expectation  on  our  part ; 
accidental :  casual.  On  our  part,  we  speak  of 
chance  or  contingeitcies :  but  with  an  infinite  being, 
nothing  can  be  contingcrU. 

2.  In /aw,  depending  on  an  uncertainty;  as,  a  con- 
tintretit  remainder.  BtacksUme. 

€OX-TIX'GENT,  b.  A  fortuitous  event  ;  that  which 
comes  without  our  design,  foresight,  or  expectation. 

2,  That  which  falls  to  one  In  a  division  or  appor- 
tionment among  a  number  :  a  quota ;  a  suitable 
share ;  proportion.  Each  prince  furnishes  his  con- 
tinaeui  of  men.  monev,  and  munitions. 

€Oy-TIN  GE.\T-LY,  ct/r.  Accidentally  j  without 
design  or  foresight. 

eON-TIN'GEXT-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  con- 
tinsent ;  fortuitousness. 

CON-TIX'U-A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  c^jntinued. 

Jefferson. 

C0X-TIN''U-A1j,  a.  [Fr.  conHnud;  L.  continuus. 
See  Co.NTisuE.] 

1.  Proceeding  without  interruption  or  cessation ; 
unceasing  J  not  intermitting  j  used  in  reference  to 
time. 

He  thAt  hath  a  merry  heart  lulh  a  coniximai.  fcasl.  —  Prov.  it. 
I  tive    jreal    heavioea*    aad    eon&nual   Borrow   of   hear..  — 
Rom.  tx. 

2.  Very  frequent ;  often  rejwated  ;  as,  the  charita- 
ble man  has  continual  applications  for  alms. 

3.  Continual  jererj  or  eontinue^i  fever  :  a  fever  that 
abates,  but  never  entirely  intermits,  lUl  it  comes  to  a 
crisis  ;  thus  distinguished  from  remiaing  and  inter- 
mtting  fever. 

4.  Continual  claim;  in  taw,  a  claim  that  is  made 
from  time  to  time,  within  ever>-  year  or  day,  to  land 
or  other  estate,  the  possession  of  which  can  rot  he 
obtained  without  hazard.  Cowell. 

5.  Perpetual. 

Continual  proporiiojials ;  quantities  in  continued 
proportion.    [See  Continued.]  Brande. 

€ON-TIN'U-AL-LV,  ndc.  Without  pause  or  cessa- 
tion ;  unceasinglj' ;  as,  the  ocean  is  continually  roll- 
ing its  waves  on'the  shore. 

2,  \VTy  often ;  in  repeated  succession  j  from  time 
to  time. 

Thou  fihalt  eal  bread  at  ray  table  contlntuilb/.  — 2  Sam.  ix. 

€OX-TIX'U-AL-XESS,  7(.    Permanence.         mics. 

eOX-TiX'U-AXCE,  n.  [See  Continue.]  A  holding 
on  or  remaining  in  a  particular  state,  or  in  a  course 
or  series.  Apjilied  to  lime,  dunitiou  :  a  state  of  last- 
ing ;  as,  the  continuance  of  rain  or  fair  weather  for 
a  day  or  a  week.  Sensual  pleasure  is  of  short  con- 
tinuance. 

2.  Perseverance ;  as,  no  excuse  will  justify  a  con- 
timtance  in  sin. 

By  palient  conSnuanee  in  well  dyiiij.  —  Rom.  ii. 

3.  Abode  i  residence ;  as,  during  our  coatinuaricc 
in  Paris. 

4-  Succession  unintermpied  ;  continuation  ;  a  pro- 
longing of  existence  ;  as,  the  brute  regards  the  con- 
tinuance of  bis  species.  .Addison. 

5.  Progression  of  time. 

In  thy  l«ok  all  my  members  were  writtea,  iffhicli  in  eontinuance 
were  f^ii-otK.J.  —  Ps.  cxzxbc. 

6.  In  tawy  the  deferring  of  a  suit,  or  the  giving  of 
a  day  for  the  parties  to  a  suit  to  appear.  After  issue 
or  demurrer  joined,  as  well  as  in  some  of  the  previ- 
ous stages  (<f  proceedins,  a  day  is  continually  given, 
and  entered  upon  record,  for  the  parties  to  appear  on 
from  lime  to  time.  The  giving  of  this  day  is  called 
a  contiiiiinnce.         .  "  Blackstone. 

7.  In  the  Ur.it£d  States,  the  deferring  of  a  trial  or 
s:ut  from  one  sLited  term  of  the  couit  to  another. 

8.  Continuity  \  resistance  to  a  separation  of  parts  ; 
a  holding  tosether.     [A'oe  ustd.]  Bacon. 

COX-'i  rX'LT-ATE,  r.  U    To  join  closelv  together. 
eOX-XiX'U-ATE,  a.     [L.  continuatwi.]  [Potter. 

1.  Immediately  united ;  holding  together.  {LiUle 
used.\  Hooker. 

2.  Uninterrupted  ;  unbroken.     \_LiUle  U3cd.'\ 

Peacham. 
eON-TFX'U-A-TED,  pp.     Closelv  joined. 
€OX-TLN'TJ-ATE-LY,  ode.    With  continuity  ;  with- 
out interniption.     [Little  jw^rf.]  WiUdiis. 
eOX-Ti.\-'i;.A-TIXG,  ppr.    Closely  uniting. 
€ON-TIX-U-a'TION,  n.     [L.  continuatio.] 

1.  Eittension  of  existence  in  a  series  or  line  ;  suc- 
cession uninterrupted. 

Ttjcft"  ihinga  riiiiii  he  wciis  of  Providence,  forUie  con/inuaiijn 
of  the  specwrs.  Ray, 

2.  Extension  or  carrying  en  to  a  further  point ;  as, 

l:ie  amtinualion  of  a  stOTy. 

3.  Extension  in  space;  production;  a  carrying  on 
in  length;  as,  the  con^Tuiation,  of  a  line  in  sur^-ey- 
ing. 


CON 

€0X-T1X'U-.-\-TIVE,  h.  An  expression  noting  per- 
manence or  duration. 

To  th'Tse  in:iv  U-  iuLS-mI  conliniiaiivES ;  as,  Rome  reinaiiiB  to  this 
day;  whidi  iitdittk-s  u.1  ieosL  two  propositions,  viz.,  Rome 
was,  ami  Rome  is.  Wallg. 

2.  In  grammary  a  word  that  continues.     Harrlg. 
€ON  TIX'U-a-TOU,  n.    One  who  continues  or  keeps 

up  a  series  or  succession. 
€OX-TIX'liE,  i^kon-tin'yu,)  r.  i.    [Fr.  eontinucr;  L. 

eontinuo;  con  and  tcnco,  to  hold;  It.  continu^re;  Sp. 

continuar.     See  Te.vet.] 

1.  To  remain  in  a  state  or  place ;  to  abide  for  any 
lime  indefinitely. 

The  moititudc  eontitiue  wiUi  nie  uow  ilii-ee  days,  and  have  tiotli- 
iiig  l>  '-\\l.  —  MaU.  XV. 

2.  To  last ;  to  be  durable ;  to  endure ;  to  be  per- 
manent. 

Thy  kicgJom  slioll  not  coiiiini,ie.  —  1  Sam.  xiii. 

3.  To  persevere  j  to  be  steadfast  or  constant  in  any 
course. 

If  ye  coiUinue  iii  my  worl,  tbeu  are  ye  my  disciples  indectl. — 
John  viii. 

€ON-TIN'XTE,  v.  t:    To  protract ;  not  to  cease  from  or 

to  terminate. 

0.  continue  thy  loving-kiudiiess  lo  them  that  kiiow  thee.  —  Ps. 

XXI  vi. 

2.  To  extend  from  one  thing  to  another ;  to  pro- 
duce or  draw  out  in  length.  Continue  the  line  from 
A  lo  B  ;  let  the  line  he  continued  to  the  boundar>'. 

3.  To  persevere  in  ;  not  to  cease  to  do  or  use  j  as, 
to  continue  the  same  diet. 

4.  To  hold  to  or  unite.     [JVot  used.] 

The  navel  conlinuei  the  inf.iut  to  its  mother.  Broian, 

€ON-TIX'lIED,  rkon-tin'yude,)  pp.  or  a.  Drawn  out ; 
protracti-d  ;  produced;  extended  in  length;  extended 
without  interruption. 

2.  a.  Extended  in  time  without  intermission  ;  pro- 
ceeding wilhout  cessation;  uninterrupted;  unceas- 
ing ;  as,  a  continued  fever,  which  abates,  but  never 
entirely  intermits ;  a  continued  base  is  performed 
tlirough  the  whole  piece. 

Continued  proportion,  in  ariOu^cilc  and  algebra^  is  a 
proportion  composed  of  two  or  more  equal  ratios,  iu 
which  the  const-quent  of  each  preceding  ratio  is  the 
same  with  the  antfcc::dcnt  of  the  following  one  ;  as, 
4  :  8  :  8  :  IG  : :  16  :  32.  Day. 

eOX-TiX'T-ED-LY,  ado.  Without  inteiTuption  ; 
without  ceasing.  J\rorris. 

eOX-TIX'U-ER,  n.  One  who  continues;  one  that 
h;is  the  power  of  perseverance.  ShaJ:. 

€ON-TlN'U-ING,  ppr.     Eemaining  fixed  or  ptirma- 
n^nt ;  abiding ;  lasting  ;  enduring  ;  persevering ;  pro- 
tracting ;  producing  in  length. 
2.  a.  Permanent. 

Here  wc  have  no  condnaing  city.  —  Ilcb.  xiii. 
eON-TI-Xu'I-TY,  IU     [L.  continuitas.] 

1.  Connection  uninterrupted  ;  cohesion  ;  close 
union  of  parts;  unbroken  te.vture.  Philosophers 
talk  of  the  solution  of  continuity. 

2.  Law  of  continuity ;  in  2>hysics,i'i\e  principle  that 
nothing  passes  from  one  slate  to  another,  without 
passing  through  all  the  intermediate  stales.     Brande. 

€OX-T1X'U-0.     L't-]     ^"  mrisic,  conlinu.-d. 

€OX-TIN'Xi-OUS,  a.     [L.  continuus.] 

Joined  without  intervening  space;  zs,  continuous 
depth.  Thomson. 

€OX-TIX'TT-OUS-LY,  adv.  In  continuation  without 
intemiiiiion, 

C0J%''-T0li-J</'I-A'7'I,  n.     [It.  contomo,  contornato.'l 

In  numismatics,  a  species  of  medals  or  medallions 

of  bronze,  having  a  curviil  furrow,  {contorno,)  on 

each  sidn,  an'l  supposed  to  have  been  struck  in  the 

days  of  Omstantine  iu.d  his  successoi^.    £7tcyc.  Am. 

eoX-TORT',  V.  t.     [L.  contorquco,  contortusi  con  and 
torquco,  tortus.] 
To  twist  togeiher;  lo  writhe. 

€OX-TOUT'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Twisted  over  each  other 
in  oblique;  directions.  A  cojitortcd  corol,  in  botany, 
has  the  edge  of  one  petal  lying  over  the  next,  in  an 
oblique  direction.  Jllartyn, 

eOX-TOR'TION,  n.     [Fr.  eontorsion;  L.  etrntortio.] 
I.  A  twisting;  a  writhing;  a  wresting;  a  twist; 
wry  motion  ;  as,  the  contortion  of  the  muscles  of  the 
face.  Swifi. 

9.  In  medicine,  a  twisting  or  wre.-^ling  of  a  limb  or 
member  of  the  body  out  of  its  natural  situation  ;  the 
iliac  passion;  partial  dislocation;  distorted  spine; 
contracted  neck.  Encyc.     Coze, 

COX-TOURS  (kon-loor',)  n.  [Fr.  contour;  It.  coii- 
larno  ;  Sp.  id. ;  con  and  tear,  tornoy  a  turn.] 

The  outline  ;  the  line  that  bounds,  defines,  or  ter- 
minates, a  figure.  Eiici/e.     Johnson. 

€OX-TOL'U'-\I-A-TE0,  a.    Having  edges  appearing 

as  if  turned  in  a  lathe.  Encyc. 

COjY'TRA  ;  a  Latin  preposition,  signifying  against, 
in  opposition,  entering  into  the  composition  of  some 
English  words. 

It  appears  lo  be  a  compound  of  con  and  tra,  like 
intra  ;  tra  for  \V.  tras.     Fr.  centre. 

CO.\'TR.\-R.\A'l),  a  [It.  contrabbando,  contrary  to 
proclamation,  prohibited;  Sp.  contrabando ;  Yt.  con- 

\      trcbandc.     See  Ban.] 


aoN 

Prohibited  Contraband  goods  are  such  as  ate 
prohibited  to  he  imported  or  exported,  either  by  the 
laws  of  a  particular  kingdom  or  stale,  or  by  the  lav/ 
of  nations,  or  by  special  treaties.  In  time  of  war, 
arms  and  luunitKuis  of  war  are  not  permitted  hy  one 
belligerent  to  be  transported  to  the  oilier,  hut  are  held 
to  be  contraband,  and  liable  to  capture  and  condem- 
nation. 

eOX'TR.V-BAND,  n.    Prohibition  of  trading  in  goods 
contrary'  to  the  laws  of  a  stale  or  of  nations. 
3,  Illegal  trailic. 

eOX'TRA  BAXD-IST,  n.    One  who  traffics  illegally. 

COjX-TRA-BAS' SO.  [ll.]  The  largest  kind  of  bass- 
viol,  usually  called  the  doublt  ^ass.  Brande. 

COJs^TIL'l  BO'J^OS  MO' RES.  [L.]  Against  good 
uiwals. 

€OX -TRACT',  V.  t  [L.  contraha,  contractum ;  eon  and 
traho,  to  draw;  It.  contrarre;  Sp.  contraer;  Port,  con- 
trahir;  Fr.  contractcr.     See  Dbaw.] 

1.  To  draw  together  or  nearer  ;  to  draw  into  a  less 
compass,  either  in  length  or  breadth  ;  to  shorten  ;  to 
abridge  ;  to  narrow  ;  to  lessen  ;  as,  to  contract  an  in- 
closure  ;  to  contract  tJic  faculties  ;  to  contract  the  pe- 
riod  of  life  ;  to  contract  the  sphere  of  action. 

2.  To  draw  tlie  parts  together ;  to  wrinkle  ;  as,  to 
contract  the  brow. 

3.  To  betroth  ;  to  atBance.  A  contracted  his  daugh- 
ter to  B  ;  the  lady  was  contracted  to  a  man  of  merit. 

4.  To  draw  to;  to  bring  on;  to  incur;  to  gain. 
We  contract  vicious  habits  by  indulgence ;  we  eon- 
tract  debt  by  extravagance. 

5.  To  shorten  by  omission  of  a  letter  or  syllable ; 
as,  to  contract  a  word. 

6.  To  epitomize ;  lo  abridge ;  as,  to  contract  an 
essav. 

COX-tRA€T',  V.  I  To  shrink ;  to  become  shorter  or 
nan"0wer.  Many  bodies  contract  by  the  application 
of  cold  ;  a  hempen  cord  contracts  by  moisture. 

2.  To  bargain ;  to  make  a  mutual  agreement,  as 
between  two  or  more  persons.  We  have  contracted 
for  a  load  of  Hour;  or  we  have  contracted  with  a 
farmer /yr  a  quantiiy  of  provisions. 

COX-TRACT',   [for   Contracted,]   pp.     Affiai.ced  ; 

betrothed.  Shak. 

eON'TRACT,  71.  An  agreement  or  covenant  betwet-n 
two  or  more  persons,  iu  which  each  party  binds  him- 
self to  do  or  forbear  some  act,  and  each  acquires  a 
right  to  what  the  other  promises  ;  a  mutual  promise, 
upon  lawful  consideration  or  cause,  which  binds  iha 
parlies  to  a  perrormance  ;  a  bargain  ;  a  compact. 
Contracts  are  executory  or  executed. 

Sup.  Court,  Cranch's  Rep. 
9.  The  act  by  \vhich  a  man  and  woman  are  be- 
trothed, each  to  the  other.  S.W.-. 

3.  'J'lie  writing  which  contain.^  Ih2  agreement  of 
parlies  with  the  terms  and  conditions,  and  which 
sen'es  as  a  jiroof  of  the  obligation. 

COX-TRACT'EU,  pp.  Drawn  together,  or  into  a 
shorter  or  narrower  compass ;  shiuuk ;  betrothed  ; 
incurred;  bargained. 

2.  a.  Drawn  together;  narrow;  mean;  selfish; 
as,  a  man  of  a  contracted  soul  or  mind. 

Contracted  vein,  or  vena  contracta ;  a  term  denoting 

the  diminution  which  takes  place  in  the  diameter 

of  a  stream  of  water  issuing  from  a  vessel,  at  a  short 

distance  from  the  discharging  aperture.         Hcbert. 

€ON-TR.\CT'ED-LY,  adc.    In  a  contracted  manner. 

Bp.  ^^Tcieton. 
CON-TRACT'ED  XESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  con- 
tracted. 
2.  Narrowness ;  meanness ;  excessive  selfishness. 
eOX-TRACT-I-BIL'I-TY,  iu      Possibility  of    being 
contract'.'d  ;  quality  of  sulfering  contraction  ;  as,  the 
contrnrtihilitv  and  dilalabihty  of  air.  JirbutJtnct. 

eOX-TRACT'I-BLE,  a.    Capable  of  contraction. 

Small  air-Ill  adders  dilat.-;LIo  and  conlrcLcOhle.  ArbtHhrujt. 

eON-TRACT'I-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  sufibr 
ing  conlrariion  ;  contractibiliiy.  Vict. 

eON-TRA€T'U-.E,  a.  Tending  to  contract;  having 
the  power  of  shortening  or  of  drawing  into  smallt-i 
dimensions ;  as,  the  contractile  force  of  certain  elastic 
bodies.         '  Darioin. 

€OX-TRA€T-IL'I-TY,  n.  The  inherent  qiiaUty  or 
force  by  which  bodies  shrink  or  contract.     BaUoes. 

eON-TRACT'IXG,  ppr.  Shortenuig  or  narrowing; 
drawing  together  ;  lessening  dimensions;  shrinking; 
making  a  bargain  ;  betrothing. 

2.  a.  Making  or  Iiaving  made  a  contract  or  treaty  ; 
stipulating  ;  as,  the  contracting  parties  to  a  league. 

COX-TRAC'TION,  n.     [L.  contractio.] 

1.  The  act  of  drawing  logetlier,  or  shrinking;  the 
act  of  shortening,  narrowing,  or  lessening,  extent  or 
dim-jusions,  by  causing  the  parts  of  a  Ixidy  to  ap- 
proach nearer  to  each  other  ;  the  state  of  b;:ing  con- 
tracted. 

Oil  of  vitriol  will  iltrow  Uie  stomach  mto  iiivulunlary  contrac- 

lions.  Arbulhnot. 

The  conlracVon  of  the  hfmrt  is  callol  systole, 
lionio  things  iuJuc-:  a  eoi'iracuon  of  thr  n^rre«-  bc^n. 

2.  The  act  of  shortening,  abridging,  or  reducing 
within  a  narrower  compass  by  any  means.  A  poem 
may  be  improved  by  umi^wns  or  cuntractiims. 

3.  In  nrammar,  tho  shortening  of  a  word,  by  the 


TONE,  BVJLL,  UNITE.— AN"GER,  vr'CrOUS.  — €  as  K ;  6  as  J ;  S  as  Z ,  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


'SA) 


I 


CON 


CON 


iiiiiiisiiiii  cf  u  I  llir  or  svlliiblc  ;  as  can'!  fiil  cdii  n.>(  ; 
»iT.-(  fur  liantrj  or  iu/jKii ;  Siv.  anil  Umi.  ord,  a 

4.  Aconlmrt;  marriage  contract.    [.Vul  wtJ.l 

-^  Alihrcvlaliiiii.  [SIiiA. 

CO.\-'rR.VCl"OK,  n.  One  who  contractu  ;  one  of  llif 
l«rtic«  10  a  bars lin  i  """  "'">  covenants  to  ilo  any 
Ihiii"  I'ur  aniillier.  Tmlor. 

a  l>ne  ivlio  contracts  or  covenants  ujlh  a  joveni- 
nicnt  to  furnish  iirovisions  or  othir  f iiiii)!].",  or  to 
pirfonn  any  work  or  service  fur  Iho  jmblio,  at  a  cer- 
tain price  or  rale. 
CON 'TR.\-I).\NCE,  M.  [Fr.  conlrtilaiut ;  It.  contrad- 
tliinia;  Sp.  contradanza.] 

.\  dance  in  wliicli  llic  partners  are  nrrangeil  in 
opiioailiun,  or  in  opposite  lines. 

[The  nnril  i^  now  more  generally  siiell  nnil  pro- 
nonnced  C'oiNTnr-Dx>ci:,tliough  in  opiRisitlon  lollie 
meaning  and  derivation.! 
COX  TK.\-DieT',  c.  (.    [L.  con'railtco  ;  contra  and 
ijico,  to  speali.] 

1.  To  opiwse  bv  words  ;  to  assert  the  contrary  to 
wli.at  has  been  nsscrlcd,  or  to  deny  what  has  been 
alitrmed. 

U  ij  not  lawful  to  conlTOtikt  a  poiiit  ot  Mtttity  kliown  to  all  iLc 

•■"I'l.  ...         ^'¥'"'v 

Tlis  Jf»-»  — fwltf  Rrtliut  tlw«  lliin?*  wlikhwtre  ipoltcn  by 
Paul,  eotiUcdwSitg  ruiU  l>l.iii.lmtuiiff.—  Acu  xlii. 

2.  To  opiwsc ;  to  be  directly  controrj'  to. 

No  inilti  can  cotdrodlicl  ajiolh-ir  tiuUi.  Iljoktr. 

€0.\-TR  A-DICT'ED,  fp.  Opposed  in  words ;  opposed  ; 
denied. 

COX-TU.\-DICT'ER,  n.  One  who  contradicts  or  de- 
nies ;  an  op|)oser.  Sa'/t. 

euN-TRA-iJICT'lXG,  ppr.  AfTirnjing  llio  contrary  to 
what  lias  been  asserted  ;  denying  ;  opposing. 

COX-TRA-DIC nO.V,  n.     [L.  coatrmliaio.] 

1.  An  assertion  nf  the  contrary  to  what  has  been 
taid  or  affirmed  ;  denial ;  contrary  declaration. 

2.  Opposition,  wlietlier  by  words,  reproaches,  or 
attempts  to  defeat. 

Coniidcr  liiin  Uiat  einlunxl  lUeh  oiUi-adKlion  of  siiiiicn  a^iut 
hiioKir.  —  tlcb.  aii. 

3.  Direct  opposition  or  repugnancy  ;  inconsistency 
with  itself;  inconjruity  or  contrariety  of  things, 
words,  thoughts,  or  propositions.  Tiiese  theorems 
involve  a  ctfittriK/icfioii. 

If  we  pTe?iifc  triilli,  we  Uieirhy  psrccivc  whaKTcr  it  false  in 
eon:radietiou  li>  it.  GmB. 

CO.\-TR.\-Die'TIOX-AL,  a.    Inconsistent.    Wot  in 

„j,l  JlWleu. 

CO.N'-TRA-DIC'TIOU.',  (dik'shus,)  a.  Filled  v.ilh 
contradictions ;  inconsistent.  Collier. 

a.  Inclined  to  contradict ;  disposed  to  deny  or  cavil. 
3.  Opposite ;  inconsistent. 
eoX-TRA-Die'TlOUS-NESS,    ti.        Inconsistency ; 
conlrariely  to  itself.  JVorris. 

2.  Disposition  to  contradict  or  cavil. 
CON'-TR.\-I)ieT'IVI',  a.    Containing  contradiction. 
eo.VTU  A-DICT'I  Vi".  I..Y,  a.fr.    Ry  contradiction. 
COX -TIIA-DICT'O-UI-LV,  a/fr.    In  a  contradictory 
manner ;  in  a  manner  inconsistent  with  itself,  or 
opposite  In  others.  Brotcn. 

eO.\-TR.\-l)l(;T'0-RI-XESS,  n.    Direct  opposition  ; 
I       contrarietv  in  assertion  or  effect.  BaxUr. 

€OX-TRA-l)ier'0-llY,  a.  Aflirming  the  contrary; 
implying  a  denial  of  what  has  been  asserted  ;  as, 
contradicUtry  .assertions. 

2.  Inconsistent ;  opposite  j  contrary ;  as,  conlradie~ 
tory  schemes. 
CON-TRA-DieT'O-RY,  n.    A  proposition  which  de- 
nies or  opposes  another  in  all  its  terms  ;  contrariety ; 
inconsistency. 

It  b  common  vlih  princes  to  will  eoniradictorUt.         Bac3n, 
€ON-TR.\-DIS-TIXeT',  a.  Distinguished  by  opposite 

qualities.  Smith. 

CON-TRA-DIS-TINC'TION,  n.     [contra  and  distinc- 
tion.^ 
Distinction  by  opposite  qualities. 

We  tpeak  of  lint  of  infirmitr,  in  roitirojMlinctfon  to  tlioi'i  of 
[raumption.  South. 

COX-TRA-DIS-TIXeT'I\'E,  a.     Distinguishing   by 

opposiles.  Harris. 

CO.N-TRA-DIS-TrN"GUISII,  f-ting'guish,)  r.  I.  [con- 
tra and  diitiniruijh.'] 

To  distingiiish  not  merely  by  difforential,  but  by 
opposite  qualities. 

These  ar?  our  complex  i>Ieas  of  f^til  ami  lio<ly,ts  conrm/iif!in- 
gu\ih*d.  Lockt. 

€ON-TRA-DIS-TrN"GUIi?II-ED,  (ting'gAvishl,)  pp. 
Di--tin2iiishtMl  hv  opposlle.-*. 

€ON-'I'RA-DIStlN"GUF.?!I-ING,  ppr,  Distingiiisli- 
iii2  hv  opjio'iites. 

eOX-TRA-FItf'ST^RE,  (-fish'yiir,)  n.  [contra  and  ^'- 
sure.]  Ill  sursery.,  n  ri-isurc  or  iVacturo  in  the  im- 
nium,  on  the  side  opposite  lo  thai  which  recttvi  d  the 
blow,  or  at  fsomr  distance  from  if.       Coie.     Knaic. 

€ON-TRA-I\'DI-eAXT,  n.  A  fiymplom  Ihnt  fofhids 
to  treat  a  disorder  in  the  usual  way.  Burke. 

eON-TRA-lX'DI-CATE,  r.  (.  [contra  and  infiicate.'\ 
In  maiiciney  lo  indicate  some  methfwl  of  cure,  con- 
trary to  that  which  Ihp  general  tenor  of  the  disease 


requires  i  or  toft»rhid  that  to  In;  doncwhirh  the  main  I 
scope  of  the  malady  noinlsi  out.      Jiuictij.     Ehcuc.      \ 

eOX-TRA-IN'l»I  t'A-Ti:U,  pp,  ludicntiu;;  ri  mell.uul 
conlnirv  to  ili  ■  u?sual  one. 

eON-'ru'A-l.N'DI-C'A-TlXU,  ppr.  Indicating  a  coii- 
Irnrv  ni'thoil  of  cure. 

COX-TRA-I.\-l)l-eA'TI0N,  n.  An  indicaii-^n,  from 
aomo  peculiar  symptom  or  fact,  that  forbids  the 
method  of  cure  which  the  main  symptoms  or  nature 
of  the  disea.-'e  requires.  .^r'outhnoL 

€0N'-TUAI.'TO,  ;j.  rit.]  In  musk,  the  i)art  imme- 
diately btlow  the  treble,  called  also  the  counter  tenor. 

Brandr. 

€ON'TUA-.MURE,  n.  An  out  wall.  [See  CousTiin- 
uunc] 

€ON-TUA-NAT'lJ-RAL,o.  Opposite  lo  nature.  [Lit- 
tle luied.]  Bp.  Ritat. 

eON-TRA-NT'TEX-CY,  n.    [h.  contra  and  nitor,  to 
strive.] 
Reaction  ;  resistance  to  force. 

eON-'i'RA-P^SE',  F.  t.    To  set  in  oppo.^itiou. 

eOiN-TKA-rO-Sl"TION,  (-zi.'th'un,)  ti.     [contra  and 

Sosilion.]    A  nlacincover  aaainat  ;  oi»po^ito  position. 
N-TRA-PUNT'AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  counterpoint. 
eON-TRA-Pl'-VT'lST,  v.     One  skilled   in  counter- 
point, Mason. 
€ON-'rUA-UEG-XJ-LAR'I-Ty,  n,     [contra  and  regit- 
lar'ttJt.] 
Contrariety  to  rule,  or  to  regularity.          JSTorr!^. 
€ON-'rRA'RI-.\NT,  a,    [Fr.,  from  coiUrariery  lo  con- 
tradict, or  run  counter.] 

Contradictory  ;  opposite  j  incon^jslent.  [Little 
xuscd.]  -ffym- 

eON'TRA-UIES,  (kon'tra-riz.)  n.  yU  [See  Con- 
TRAHV.]  In  logic^  propositions  which  destroy  each 
other,  but  of  wliich  the  falsehood  of  one  docs  not 
cslabli^^l)  tlic  truth  of  the  other. 

ir  (w'l  tjiiiv'Tuilj  diir^r  in  qiiidiiy,  th'-y  nrc  canlrariea  ;  lui,  every 
ciiif  h  a  Irte  ;  no  vine  u  n  tree.  "Vh-M  cjii  never  lie  twili 
UiiL-  lugoilii.T ;  but  they  inuy  bo  belli  f-iUc.  Warn. 

eON-TRA-RT'E-TV,  ti.     [L.  contrarlcta$.    Fee  Con- 

TBAUV.] 

1.  Ojiposition  in  fact,  essence,  quality,  or  princi- 
ple ;  repugnance.  The  expedition  failed  by  means 
of  a  contrariety!  of  wind->.  There  is  a  contrarUtij  in 
the  nature  of  virtue  and  vice  ;  of  l(»ve  and  haired  ; 
of  truth  .ind  falsehood.  Among  men  of  the  same 
profession,  wc  find  a  contrariety  of  opinions. 

2.  Inconsistency  J  quality  or  position  destructive 
of  its  opposite. 

lluw  wti  ilic*e  contmrieljei  agree  ?  Shak. 

eON'TRA-RI-LY,  adv.  In  an  oppo.^ite  manner;  in 
opposition  ;  on  tlie  oilier  side ;  in  opposite  ways. 

€ON'TRA-UI-NESS,  tu     Contrariety  ;   opposition. 

Diet. 

€0N-TRa'RI-OUS,  a.  Contrary  ;  oj)posite  ;  repug- 
nant. Mttto-n. 

eON-TRA'RI-OUS-LY,  adv.    Conlmrily  ;  oppositely. 

S!iak. 

€0X'TRA-RI-WISE,  adv.  [contrary  and  wise,  man- 
ner.! On  the  contrary  ;  oppositely  ;  on  the  other 
hand. 

Not  ro ndcriii?  evil  for  evil,  nor  railing  for  railing ;  bul  contrari- 
win,  blcsiiiig.  —  1  Pet.  Hi. 

€ON'TR.\-RY,  7t.  [L.  contrarins,  from  contra,  against  j 
Fr.  contraire  ;  Sp.  and  It.  coiUrario,] 

1.  Oppnsiie ;  adverse  ;  moving  apainst,  or  in  an 
opposite  direction  ;  as,  contrary  winds. 

y.  Oppnsile  ;  contradirtnry  ;  not  merely  difl'erent, 
but  inconsistent  or  repugnant. 

The  flc»li  lustclh  agoiinl  the  spirit,  nnil  (he  spirit  ajtiiisl  Ilie 
flpali ;  ftiid  these  iiro  contrary,  the  one  to  Uic  oUier. — 
GaL  y. 

This  ailjective,  in  many  phra-'^es,  is  to  be  treated 
prammatically  as  an  adverb,  or  us  on  adjective  re- 
ferring to  a  'sentence  or  allirniation  :  as,  lliis  hap- 
pened contrary  to  my  exper.taliontJ.  The  wonl  hero 
really  belongs  to  the  aflirmalion  or  fact  declared  — 
tkis  happeneAl ;  for  contrary  doe-S  not,  like  ati  adveiJi, 
express  the  manner  of  happening,  but  that  the  fact 
itself  w;ls  contrary  to  my  expect.ition.  .Iccor.ling, 
ag-rceable,  pursuant,  antecedent,  prior,  anterior^  &lC., 
are  often  used  in  the  like  manner. 
€0.\'TK.V-RY,  n.  A  thing  that  is  contrarj*  or  of  op- 
posite qiudities. 

No  eonlrarif  hold  more  nntlpalhy 

Thnn  1  (ind  such  i  knave.  Shak. 

9.  A  pro|)osiiion  contrary  to  another,  or  a  fact  con- 
trary to  vvh;it  is  alleged  ;  as,  this  is  staled  to  bo  a  fact, 
but  [  will  endeavor  loshow  the  contrary. 

On  the  contrary;  in  opposition  ;  on  the  other  sid^. 

Sieift. 

To  the  contrary  ;  to  an  opposite  purjiose  or  fact ;  as, 
he  Baid  it  was  jusl,  but  I  told  him  to  Vie  contrary. 

Tli?y  JmI  it,  not  for  want  of  tnstruCion  lo  tlie  conirary. 

SDUlt>sJttet, 
eON'TRA-RY,  V.  f.     [Fr  eontrarier.] 

To  contradirt  or  oppose.     [Oft.?.] 
eON'TRA  RV-MIND'ED,  a.    Of  a  dificrcnt  mind  or 

miinion.  IlalL 

CONTRAST',  V.  t.  [Fr.  eontrasttr,  Norm.  tV.,  to  con- 
trast ;  It.  contrastarCf  Sp.  and  Port,  cor.trojtar,  to  re- 


CON 

pisl,  tvilhstnnd,  filrive,  debate,  quarrel.  The  primnry 
sense  U,  to  net  against,  or  to  strain,  to  s^trlve.] 

1.  To  Ret  in  op|Kisitioii  diOcrcitt  things  or  qiuili- 
ties,  to  show  the  superior  excellence  of  one  to  atl' 
vantage. 

To  conlrrut  tin'  gooJttui  ()f  Cwl  w  Itli  our  Ttltilijn,  will  t»i>il 
lo  iimlte  lu  htniible  mid  UnukTul. 

Clari,  Srrrn.,  Jii!y  i,  \hU. 

2.  In  painting  and  sculpture,  to  place  figuren  In 
such  opposition  or  dissinkilitude,  that  the  one  shall 
give  greater  visibility  and  cflfcct  to  the  other. 

Tlw  figurca  of  iho  {^iipa  muil  contratt  eitch  other.    Vryltn. 

eON-TRAST%  r.  t.  To  aland  in  contrast  or  opposi- 
tion to. 

The  lolnU  wliich  divide  U»e  landrtone  confrtwl  find  v  will)  tlia 
divWionnl  planca  wliicli  sPpoTittc  Uie  Ixuali  into  pillon. 

LytU. 

CON'TR.KST,  w.  Opposition  of  things  or  qualitieti ; 
or  the  placing  of  opinwile  things  in  view,  to  exluLit 
tlie  superior  excellence  of  one  to  more  a<lvanl:i^r. 
What  u  contrast  between  modesty  and  impudence,  or 
between  a  well-bred  man  and  a  clown  I 

'2.  In  painting  and  sctdpturr^  opposition  or  dissimil- 
irude  of  figures,  &.c,,  by  which  one  contributes  to 
the  visibility  or  etfecl  of  the  oilier.  .hhn.<oH. 

Cnnlrasi,'in  tliis  sense,  is  .applicable  to  Ihiniis  of  a 
similar  kind.  We  never  speak  of  a  contrast  between 
a  man  and  a  mountain,  or  hetween  a  dog  and  a  tree ; 
but  we  obser\-e  the  contrast  between  an  oak  and  a 
sliruli,  and  between  a  palace  and  a  cottage.  ] 

CO.\-TK.\ST'ED,p;;.  or  fl.  Set  in  opposition  j  exam-  i 
ineii  ill  opposition. 

eOX-TR.\yT'IN'G,  ppr.    Placing  in  opposition,  with  a  i 
view  to  discover  the  difterence  of  figures  or  other  | 
things,  and  exhibit  the  advantage  or  excellence  uf 
one  beyond  that  of  the  other. 

€OX'TRA-TE\'OU,  7i.  In  music,  a  middle  part  bo-  i 
tween  the  hnor  and  treble;  cuntialto;  counter. 

COX'TR.aTE-WHEEL,  71.  A  wheel,  the  tecth  of  ^ 
v.'liich  lie  conlrani  to  those  of  the  other  wheels  ;  i.  e.,  ) 
I)anillel  to  the  axis  ;  used  chiefly  for  clock-work.         j 

€0.\-TRA-VAL  LA'TIOX,  n.  [L.  contra  and  vallo, 
to  fortify  ;  Fr.  conircvallatio7i.]  ; 

In  fortificatiun,  u  trench  guarded  with  a  parapet,  | 
formed  by  the  besiegers  between  tlieir  camp  and  llie 
place  besieged,  to  secure  themselves  and  check  sal- 
lies of  the  garrison.  Brandc 

€0X-TRA-VeXE',  V,  U  [It.  contraecnio  ;  contra  and 
vcnio,  to  come.] 

Literally,  to  come  against  j  to  meet.  Hence,  lo  op- 
pose,  but'useil  in  a  figurative  or  moral  sense ;  lo  op- 
pose in  principle  or  effect ;  to  contradict;  lo  obstriicl 
in  operation  ;  to  defeat ;  as,  a  law  may  contravene  the 
pro\isions  of  tlie  constitution. 

€OX-TUA-Vr.i\'/vl),  pp.    Opposed;  obstnicicd.  ' 

COX-TUA-VkN'ER,  11.    One  who  opposes.  i 

COX-TIIA-VkN'ING,  ppr.  Opposing  in  principle  or 
efiect. 

€0.\-TRA-VEN'TION,  n.    Opposition  ;  obstruction  j  , 
a  defeating  of  the  operation  or  eflfect ;  as,  the  pro- 
ceedings of  the  allies  were  in  direc:  conlraventioa  of  ^ 
the  treaty, 

€OX-TRA-VER'SIO.\,  n.     [L.  contra  and  vcrjio,  a  , 
turning.] 
A  turning  lo  the  opposite  side ;  anlislrophe. 

Cungrcve, 

eON-TRA-YEU'VA,  v.     [Sp.  contrayerba  ;   Port,  eon- 
trahcrva ;  contra  and  yerba,  licrva,  an  ha-b,  h.hcrba; 
a  counter  herb,  an  antidote  for  poison,  or,  in  general,  ; 
an  antidote.] 

The  popular  name  of  various  plants,  as  of  some 
species  of  Dorstenia,  Passirtora,  ikc. 

€OX-'I'RKe-TA'TIO.\,  n.     [L.  contrectatio,  tracta.]        \ 
A  touching  or  handling.  Ferraiid. 

CO.V  7*i!£-7'i:.irPS',  (kon-tr-liing',)  n.  [Fr.l  An  un- 
expected accident,  which  throws  every  tiling  into 
confusion. 

€OX-TRin'U-TA-nLE,  a.    That  can  be  contributed. 

eOX-TRIB'(J-TA-KV,  a,  [See  Conthiijute.]  I'av- 
ing  tribute  lo  the  same  sovereign;  conlrihuting  aid 
to  the  same  chief  or  principal. 

1(  WM  sitnaied  on  the  (»nnjc«,  al  the  pbce  where  thli  rivef  ffr 
ccivcd  a  eontnbulanj  ktrc^m.  D'AnoiUe,  An.  Ctog. 

€ON-TRIB'TJTE,  v.  t.  [h.  contribuo  ;  con  and  tribao, 
to  giant,  assign,  or  impart ;  It.  contrihuire ;  Sp.  eon- 
tribuir;  Vr.  eontribucr.     See  Tkiue,  Tribute.] 

1.  To  give  or  grant  in  common  wilh  others;  to  give 
to  a  common  stock  or  fur  a  common  purpose  ;  lo  pay 
a  share.  It  is  the  duty  of  Christians  to  contribute,  a 
portion  of  their  aubstance  for  the  propagation  of  Ihe 
gospel. 

Enehind  eontribiiUt  much  more  Uian  any  other  of  Uie  allk*. 
•  Additon. 

2.  To  impart  a  portion  or  share  to  a  common  pur- 
pose ;  {13,  let  each  man  contribute  his  influence  to  cor- 
rect public  morals. 

eOX-TRIB'UTE,  r.  i.  To  give  a  part ;  lo  lend  a  por- 
tion of  power,  aid,  or  inlhience  ;  to  have  a  share  in 
any  act  or  eflcct. 

There  U  not  a  sin^l-  beauty  la  Uie  piece,  lo  wliich  the  invcnuon 
must  not  cosinhiHe.  *  V' 

€OX-TRIB'TT.TED,  pp.  Given  or  advanced  to  a  com- 
mon fund,  slock,  or  purpose  ;  paid  as  a  sliare. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— MiiTE,  PREY.  — PLVB,  MARiXR,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQQK.— 


CON 

eON-TRlB'tJ-'l'ING,  ppr.  Giving  in  common  with 
ollicrs  to  some  slock  or  purpose ;  imparling  a  sliare. 

eo.\-TRl-B0'TIOX,  7(.  The  act  of  giving  to  a  com- 
nion  stock,  or  in  common  with  others  ;  the  act  of 
lendiu!?  a  portion  of  power  or  iniluence  to  a  common 
purpose  ;  the  payment  of  each  man's  share  of  some 
coiniuon  expense. 

2.  That  which  is  given  to  a  common  stock  or  pur- 
pose, cither  liy  an  inJindual  or  by  many.  AVe  speak 
of  tlie  contribution  of  one  person,  or  the  contribution 
of  a  society.  Contributions  are  involantanj^  as  taxes 
and  imposts  ;  or  voluritary,  as  for  some  undertakins:. 

3.  In  a  militanj  scnsey  impositions  paid  by  a  frontier 
country,  to  secure  themselves  from  being  plundered 
by  the  enemy's  aruiy;  or  impositions  upon  a  country 
in  the  power  of  au  enemy,  which  are  levied  under 
various  pretenses,  and  for  various  purposes,  usually 
for  til:-  support  of  the  army. 

eOiV-TRIB'U-TIVE,  a.  Tending  to  contribute  ;  con- 
tributing; having  the  power  or  quality  of  giving  a 
portion  of  aid  or  influence ;  lending  aid  to  promote, 
iu  concurrence  with  others. 

Tliis  mcaaure  b  cont^ibutite  to  the  same  end.  Taylor. 

eON-TRIB'lT-TOR,  n.  One  who  conlributcs;  one 
Avho  gives  or  pays  money  to  a  common  stock  or  fund ; 
one  who  gives  aid  to  a  common  purpose,  in  conjunc- 
tion with  others. 

eON-TRIB'U-TO-RY,  a.  Contributing  to  the  same 
stock  or  purpose  ;  promoting  the  same  end  j  bringing 
assistance  to  some  joint  design,  or  increase  to  some 
common  stock. 

eON-TRIS'TATE,  v.  U     [L,  contristo,] 

To  make  sorrowful.    [JVbi  used,]  Bacon, 

eOX-TKIS-TA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  making  sad. 
[-Vot  usra.]  Bacon. 

€0\'TRITE,  a.  [L.  contritust  from  conf<Tc,  to  break 
or  bruise ;  cor  and  tera,  to  bruise,  rub,  or  wean  See 
Trite.] 

Literally^  worn,  or  bruised.  Hence,  broken-hearted 
for  sin ;  deeply  affected  with  grief  and  sorrow  for 
having  ulfenUed  God  j  humble ;  penitent  j  as,  a  con- 
trite sinner. 

A  bmkcn  and  a  contrite  lie:trl,  0  God,  thou  wilt  not  despise.  — 
Ps.  H. 

€ON'TRITE-LY,  adv  In  a  contrite  manner;  with 
penitence.  [for  sin. 

€0\'TRITE-NESS,  n.    Deep  sorrow  and  penitence 
eOX-TRl"TION,  (-trish^un,)  n.     [L.  contritio,] 

1.  The  act  of  grinding  or  rubbing  to  powder. 

Jv'nr<ton, 

2.  Penitence  ;  deep  sorrow  for  sin ;  grief  of  heart 
for  having  done  wrong,  especially  towards  an  infi- 
nitely holy  and  benerolent  God.  The  word  is  usu-  j 
ally  understood  to  mean  genuine  penitence,  accom- 
panied with  a  deep  sense  of  ingratitude  in  the  sin- 
ner, and  sincere  resolution  to  live  in  obedience  to  the 
divine  law. 

Fruits  of  more  pleaaing  savor,  from  ihy  seed 

Sown  with  coTitrilion  iu  liis  heart.  lHUlon. 

Imperfect  repentance  is  by  some  divines  called  at- 
trilion. 
€ON-TRIV'A-BLE,  a.    [See  Coxtrive.]    That  may 
be  contrived  j  capable  ot  being  planned,  invented,  or 
devised. 

Perp^tiLil  motion  may  seem  easily  coittrivabtc.  Wilkint. 

€ON-TRIV'.\NCE,  n.  [See  Contrive.]  The  act  of 
InTonting,  devising,  or  planning. 

There  is  no  T,'ork  iinposibic  to  Ui'jae  conlrivanctf:.      WU/jins. 

2.  The  thing  invented  orplanned;  a  scheme ;  plan  ; 
disposition  of  parts  or  causes  by  design. 

Oar  bodies  are  made  accortan*  lo  the  most  orderly  contrivance. 

G!aiwiUe. 

3.  Artifice  j  plot  j  scheme  ;  as,  he  has  managed  his 
cantrivatice  well. 

eON-TRIVE',  V.  (.  [Fr.  controuvcr;  con  and  trouvcrj 
to  find  ;  It.  controvare.] 

1.  To  invent ;  to  devise  ;  to  plan. 

Our  poet  has  always  eome  beautiful  design,  v/liich  he  first  estab- 
hsbcs,  and  then  coiitrioes  the  means  which  will  nalnruily 
conduct  him  to  bis  end.  Dryden. 

2.  To  wear  out ;  as,  three  ages  such  as  mortal 
men  contrive.     Spenser.     ^Obs.] 

[This  must  be  from  the  L.  contero^  contrivi,  and  if 
the  Fr.  controuver,  and  Italian  controvare,  are  the 
same  \vord  differently  applied,  the  primary  sense  is, 
to  invent  by  rubbing,  that  is,  by  ruminating;  or  to 
strike  out,  as  in  forire.  But  the  word  is  probably 
from  trouver,  to  findj 

€0,\-TRTVE',  TJ.  i.  To  form  or  design;  lo  plan;  to 
scheme  ;  as,  how  shall  we  contrive  to  hide  our 
shame  r 

[  Tkis  verb  is  really  transitive,  hut  followed  by  a  verb, 
in  (Ae  place  of  an  object  or  Tiame.'] 

€ON-TRIV'£D,  pp.  or  a.  Invented ;  planned ;  de- 
vised. 

CON-TRT\T^'MENT,  n.    Contrivance  ;  invention. 

€ON-TRIV'ER,  n.  An  inventor ;  one  who  plans  or 
devisei? ;  a  schemer.  Swift.    Shak. 

eON'-TRIV'ING,  ;»pr.    Planning;  forming  in  design. 

€ON-TRr>L',  n,  [Fr.  cantrolle,  a  counter  register  ; 
conlTc  and  roUe,  a  roll,  hst.or  catalogue:  Arm*  couiv- 
ter  roU.] 


CON 

1.  Pnmardij,  a  book,  register,  or  account,  kept  to 
correct  or  check  another  account  or  register  ;  a  coun- 
ter register.  Hence,  clieck  ;  restraint ;  as,  to  speak 
or  to  act  without  control.  Tlie  wind  raged  witiiout 
control.    Our  passions  should  be  under  the  control  of 

-    reason. 

2.  Power  ;  authority  ;  government  ;  command. 
Children  should  be  under  liie  control  o(  tht^ir  parents. 
The  events  of  life  are  not  always  under  our  ccr^'rvl. 

3.  IIe_or  that  which  restrains.  Burke. 
CON-TRoE',  V.  t.    To  keep  under  check  by  a  counter 

register  or  double  account.    The  proper  officer  ctvt- 
trols  the  accounts  of  the  treasury. 

2.  To  check  ;  to  restrain  ;  to  govern. 

I  feci  my  virtue  struggling  in  my  soul ; 

Cut  stronger  jxission  does  it,a  power  control.  Dryden. 

3.  To  overpower  ;  to  subject  to  authority  ;  to 
counteract  ;  to  have  under  command.  The  couj"se 
of  events  can  not  be  controlled  by  human  wisdom  or 
power. 

4.  To  direct  or  govern  in  opposition  ;  to  have  supe- 
rior force,  or  authority  over. 

A  recital  can  not  control  the  plain  words  in  the  panting-  part  of 
a  deeil.  Johnson's  Reports. 

eON-TRoL'LA-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  controlled, 
cliecked,  or  restrained  ;  subject  to  command. 

Pasiioti  is  the  drunkenness  of  the  raind,  aud  not  always  carlrol- 
lable  by  nrason.  South. 

eON-TR6L'L£D,    fkon-trold',)  pp.      Checked  ;    re- 
strained ;  governed. 
eON-TRoL'LER,  n.     [Norm,  countre-roukr.] 

1.  One  who  controls  or  restrains;  one  that  has  the 
power  or  authority  to  govern  or  control. 

The  great  Controller  of  our  fate 
Deigned  to  be  man,  and  hvcd  in  low  estate.  Dryden. 

2.  An  officer  appointed  to  keep  a  counter  register 
of  accounts,  or  to  oversee,  control,  or  verify  tlie  ac- 
counts of  other  officers  ;  as,  in  Great  Britain,  the 
controller  of  the  lianaper,  of  the  household,  of  the 
pipe,  and  of  the  pells.  In  the  United  States,  llie 
duty  of  the  controller  of  the  treasury  is  to  superintend 
the  adjustment  and  preservation  of  the  public  ac- 
counts ;  to  examine  all  accounts  settled  by  the  audi- 
tor, and  certify  to  the  register  the  balances  due  there- 
on ;  to  countersign  all  warrants  drawn  by  the 
secretary  of  the  treasury  wliich  shall  be  warranted 
by  law  ;  to  report  to  the  secretar>'  the  official  forms 
of  all  papers  to  be  issued  in  the  different  offices  for 
collecting  the  public  revenue,  and  the  manner  and 
form  of  keeping  and  staling  the  accounts  of  tho 
persons  employed  in  thcni,  Sec. 

StaL  of  tJte  United  States. 

eOX-TRoL'LER-SHIP,  n.    Tho  office  of  a  controller. 

€ON-TRoL'LING,/»/>r.  or  a.     Checking  ;   governing. 

eOX-TRoL'MENT,  n.  The  power  or  act  of  con- 
trolling ;  the  stale  of  being  restrained  ;  control  ; 
restraint. 

2.  Opposition  ;    resistance  ;   counteraction  ;  refu- 
tation. 
For  this  word.  Control  is  now  generally  used. 

€ON-TRO-VER'SA-RV,  a.    Disputatious.    Bp.  Hall. 

eON'TKO-VERSE,  h.  and  v.  Controvei-sy,  and  to 
dispute.    X^'*-*-] 

eON'TRO-VERS-ER,  i   ji.    A  disputant.    [Obs.] 

€0X'TR0-VERS-OR,  \  JUoitntaga. 

€ON-TRO-VER'SIAL,  (-shal,)  a,     [See  Controvert, 

CONTROVEKSY.] 

RelalJug  to  disputes  ;  as,  a  cojiti-ovcrsial  discourse. 

€ON-TRO-VER'SIAL-IST,  n.  One  who  caiTies  on  a 
controversy  ;  a  disputant.  [The  proper  word  is  Co.v- 
TROvBRTisT,  wliicb  See.] 

eOX-TRO-VER';SIAL-LY,  adi'.  In  a  controversial 
manner. 

€ON-TRO-VER'SION,  n.    Act  of  controverting. 

eOX'TRO-VER-SY,  n.  [L.  coutroversia.  See  Con- 
trovert.] 

1.  Dispute  ;  debate  ;  agitation  of  contrary  opin- 
ions. A  dispute  is  commonly  oral,  and  a  cOTtirt/ucr^y 
in  writing.  Johnson.  Dispute  is  often  or  generally 
a  debate  of  short  duration,  a  temporary  debate ;  a 
controversy  is  otten  oral,  and  sometimes  continued  in 
books  or  in  law  for  niontlis  or  years. 

This  I'-fl  no  room  for  controversy  about  the  title.  Locke. 

Without  conlrooerty,  gi-eat  b   the  mystery   of  godlmesi.  — I 
Tim.  iij. 

2.  A  suit  in  law  ;  a  case  in  which  opposing  par- 
ties contend  for  their  respective  claims  before  a 
tribunal. 

And  by  llicir  word  shall  every  conrroDer#y  and  every  stroke  l>c 
tried.  —  Dciii.  xxi. 

3.  Dispute  ;  opposition  carried  on. 

The  Lord  Inth  a  conlroverty  \v-ilh  lb»  nations.  —  Jer.  »st. 

4.  Opposition ;  resistance. 

And  Btcmmiiig  it  [Uic  torrent]  with  hearts  of  controversy.  Shak. 
€ON'TRO-VERT,  v.  t.  [L.  controvcrto,  controrersoi-  ; 
contra  and  vertOj  vcrsOj  to  turn.  Literally,  to  turn 
against.] 

To  dispute;  to  oppose  by  reasoning;  to  contend 
against  in  words  or  writings  ;  to  deny  and  attempt  lo 
disprove  or  confute  ;  to  agitate  contrary  opinions  ; 
as,  to  contruvrrt  opinions  or  principles  ;  to  controvert 
the  justness  of  a  conclusion. 


CON 

eON'TRO-VERT-ED,  pp.  or  a.    Disputed  ;  opposed 

in  debate. 
€ON'TRO-VERT-ER,  n.    One  who  controverts  ;  a 

controversial  writer.  B.  Jonson. 

eON-TRO-VERT'I-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  disputed  ; 

disptitable  ;  luA  ton  evident  to  exclude  difference  of 

opinion  ;  a'^,  this  is  a  controrertible  point  of  law. 
CON-'illO-VERT'I-BEY,  cdv.      In  a  controvertible 

manner. 
eON'TRO-VERT-ING,piw.    Disputing ;  denying  and 

fittemjiting  to  refute. 
eON^TItO-VERT-IST,  n.    One  who  controverts  ;  a 

disputant;  a  man  versed  or  engaged  in  controversy 

or  disputation. 

Ilow  unfriendly  is  the  spirit  of  tho  coT)troverU*t  to  Ihc  iliEcrm- 
mcnl  of  Ihc  critic  I  Campbell. 

eON-Tu'BER-NAT.,  a.  [L.  contubcrnalis,  from  conlU' 
bcrniiim  ;  con  and  tuberna.] 

Pertaining  to  fellowship  in  a  mess  or  lodging  j  de- 
noting a  species  of  concubinage. 

eON-TU-MA'CIOUS,  (kon'tu-ma'shus,)  a.  [L.  con- 
tumax,  from  eon  and  tnmeo,  to  swell.] 

1.  Litcrallii,  swelling  against  j  haughty.  Hence, 
obstinate;  perverse;  stubborn;  inflexible;  unyield- 
ing; disobedient;  ixs,  Xi  contumacious  c\v\d. 

9.  In  laiB,  willfully  disobedient  to  the  orders  of  a 
court.  Blackstone. 

€0N-TU-Ma'CI0US-LY,  adv.  Obstinately  ;  stub- 
bornly ;  perversely  ;  in  disobedience  of  orders. 

eON-TU-MA'CIOUS-NESS,  n.  Obstmacy  ;  perverse- 
ness  ;  stubbornnei:s  ;  contumacy. 

eO^''TU-MA-CY,  71.     [L.  contumacia,'] 

1.  Stubbornness;  unyielding  obstinacy;  inflexi- 
bility. MUton. 

2.  In  laic,  a  willful  contempt  and  disobedience  to 
any  lawful  summons  or  order  of  court  ;  a  refusal 
to  appear  in  court  when  legally  summoned,  or  diso- 
bedience to  its  rules  and  orders.  Ayliffc, 

€0\-TU-Me'LI-OUS,  a.  [L.  coniumcliosus.  See 
Contumely.] 

1.  Haughtily  reproachful  ;  contemptuous  ;  inso- 
lent ;  rude  and  sarcastic ;  as,  contumcliojis  language. 

Swift, 

2.  Haughty  and  contemptuous  ;  disposed  to  utter 
reproach,  or  to  insult ;  insolent ;  proudly  rude  ;  as,  a 
contumalions  person.  Shak. 

3.  Reproachful;  shameful;  ignominious. 

Decay  of  Piety. 

€ON-TU-Mic'Ll-0US-LY,  adv.  In  a  contumelious 
manner  ;  with  pride  and  contempt ;  reproachfuUy  ; 
rudely ;  insolently. 

€ON-TU-Me'IJ-OU'S-XESS,  n.  Reproach ;  rudeness ; 
contempt. 

€0N'TU-ME-LY,  n.  [L.  contumclia,  from  coiitumeo; 
con  and  tunieo,  to  swell.] 

Rudeness  or  reproach  compounded  of  haughtiness 
and  contempt  ;  contemptuousness  ;  insolence  j  con- 
temptuous language. 


Tlic  oppn-'Esi' 


wrong,  tin;  proud  man's  contumely.      Sliok, 


eOiY-TUND',  V.  t.     [L.  contundo.] 

To  l)r;at ;  to  bruise  by  beating.     [Little  used.] 

CON-TUSE',  I'.  (.     [L.  contusjts,  contundo.] 

To  beat ;  to  bruise  ;  to  injure  the  Ilesh  or  substance 
of  a  living  being  or  other  tiling  without  breaking  the 
skin  or  substance,  sometimes  with  a  breach  of  the 
skin  or  substance.  Bacon. 

eoX-TCS^-ED,  itp.  or  n.    Bruised. 

eOi\-TuS'li\G,  ppr.     Bruising. 

€ON-Tu'SION,  (kon-ta'zhun,)Ti.     [L.  contusio,  fiom 
ccntnntlo  ;  con  and  tundo,  to  beat ;  San.  titd.] 

1.  Tile  act  of  beating  and  bruising,  or  the  state  of 
being  bruised. 

2.  The  act  of  reducing  to  powder  or  fine  particles 
by  beating.  Baco:i. 

3.  In  sur-fery,vi  bniise ;  a  hurt  or  injury  to  the 
flesh  or  sunjc  part  of  the  body  by  a  blunt  instrument, 
or  by  a  fall,  producing  no  breach  or  apparent  wound. 

eO-iVUN'DRUM,  77.    A  sort  of  riddle  in  which  somo   | 
odd  resemblance  is  proposed  for  discovery  bi^tween 
things  quite  unlike  ;  a  quibble  ;  a  low  jest.  Sr.icrt. 

CON'0-SA-BLE,  (I.    Liable  to  be  tried  or  judged. 

eON'lj-SANCE,  n.     [Fr.  cQnnoissance.\ 

Cognizance;    knowledge ;  notice.     [See    Cos^r- 

SANCE.] 

€ON'U-SANT,  a.    Knowing  ;  having  notice  of. 

eON-lt-SOR'.     See  Cocnizor. 

€ON-VA-LESCE',  {kon-va-less',)  v.  i.    To  grow  better 

after  sickness  :  to  recover  health. 
€0.\-VA-LES'CEN'CE,   )ti.     [h.  convalesco.  Xo  grow 
eoN-VA-LES'CEN-CY,  J     stronger  ;  can  and  vatesco, 

to  get  strength,  vako,  to  be  strong,  Eng.  well.    See 

Well  and  Avail.]  i 

Reiicwal  of  health  ;   the  insensible  recover.-  of 

health  and   strength  after  disease  :  the  state  of  a  j 

body  rene\\  ing  its  vigor  after  sickness  or  weakness.     | 
€ON-V.V  LES'CEXT,    a.      Recovering    healtli    and 

strenptli  after  sukness  or  debility. 
€Oi\-VA-EES'Ch\G,  ppr.     Recovering  health. 
eON-VEC'TION,  ».     [L.  convcctio,  from   eonvcho,  to 

convey.] 
A  carrying  ;  the  art  of  carrying  or  conveying ;  as, 

the  convection  of  heat.  Provt. 


TONE,  BULL,  t^NITE.  — AN"GER,  VF'CIOUS.  — C  as  K ;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;   CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


CON 

€U*\-VkN'A-HLE,  a.    rSec  CoriTE-fE  ]    That  may 

by  convt  iR'tl  ur  as.trinblcj.       PanopHstf  >V<ay,  1809. 

•i  ConMistuiit.     [04j.]  Spauer, 

CON-VJL\E',  e.  i.  [I*  eoncatioi  con  and  rmio,  to 
coroej 

1.  To  como  together  i  to  meet;  to  unite}  od  tilings. 
[  l/atuuai.] 

ITw  nj»  of  lijlit  convfrjo  nail  amvent  In  ihe  ejci.    AVitffcm. 

2.  To  come  logclher  ;  to  niecl  in  the  sunn:  plat-c  ; 
to  nssonible  3  ns  i>L-r9on^.  Purlianii-nt  wtU  c^nrf/ir  in 
NuvuiiibtT.  The  two  houfvs  of  the  legislature  cnu- 
vened  nl  twelve  o'clock  The  citizens  cunccned  in 
Ihe  stnio  liuusc 

eON-VC\E',  r.  L    To  cause  to  lu^cinblc  ;  to  call  to- 
gether ;  to  convoke.    The  president  has  irowor  tu 
convene  the  coiigress  on  ^p_'ci;il  occasions. 
S.  T>>  .■^iiiitrii'in  judicially  to  meet  or  appear. 
r  I  \w,  derlci  cut  bo  converud  onljr  tnlbre  an 

€0N  \  .    .  .-.•,  ,,..    Assembled  ;  convoked. 
eON-Vi-..N-KU,  «.    One  who  convenes  or  meets  with 
others.     [  06*.] 
9.  One  who  calls  an  assembly  topeiher.    H'^ncc, 

3.  The  chairman  of  an  organized  body,  as  a  com- 
mittee, it  being  hi^  pruvince  Co  coHPritf  or  call  them 
together.     [Nc.if^i.'.A.] 

eO\-Vi:\'IR.\CK.    In,    [L.  cofirniimiia,   from  con- 
eO\-VK.\'IK.\-CV,  j      vcnio.] 

Liu-rally^  a  coming  together;  a  meeting.    Hence, 
1.  FitnesH  ;  suitableness  ;    propriety  ;    adaptation 
of  one  thing  tu  another,  ur  to  circuni.-^tances.  hooker. 
"■2.  Cuinm6diousnes3 ;    case  ;    freedom  from  diffi- 
culty. 

F.-mj  man  raiut  vuit  aoiMthin*  Tor  tlvs  eonvfuknee  of  hb  UTc. 

Cntamy. 
Tlierc  u  anoih-r  cone^nience  lit  thU  t(i-.-Utixl.  6'wi/T. 

3.  That  which  gives  ease  ;  accommodation  ;  that 
which  is  suited  to  wants  or  necessity.  A  pair  of 
spectacles  is  a  great  convenience  in  old  age. 

4.  Fitniss  (if  time  or  place.  Shak. 
GOX-VkX'IENT,  a.    Fit;  suitable;  proper;  adapted 

to  use  or  to  wants ;  commodious ;  followed  by  to  or 
for  i  usually  by  for. 

SoiTW  uta  uc  pccultuljr  eonetnient  to  pcuticubr  nationt. 

Tiilotton. 

F«<1  mr  wilh  foo^l  convenient  for  me.  —  Prov.  ixx. 

eON-VEN'IENT-LY,  m/o.  Fitly;  mutably;  with 
adaptation  to  the  end  or  elject.  '  That  house  is  not 
conveniently)  situated  for  a  tradesman. 

3.  Cominodiously  ;  with  ease  ;  without  trouble  or 

difficulty.  HfC<umotr/>j'r(^n>n(/t/ accept  the  invitation. 

CON-VeN'IXG,  ji/»r.    Luaiing  together;  calling  to- 

Et'ther. 
€ON-ViiX'I\G,  B.     The  act  of  coming  together; 

convention. 
COX'VEXT,  rt.     [L.  «mopn(u5,  from  cone^fiio,  to  as- 
semble ;  Pr.  courmf.] 

J.  An  assembly  ol  persons  devoted  to  religion  ;  a 
body  of  monks  or  nuns. 

9.  A  house  fur  persons  devoted  to  religion;  an 
abbey  ;  a  monastery;  a  nunnerj*. 
COX-VEXT',  r.  (.     [L.  tonx:cnius^  cQnven\Q.'\ 

To  call  before  a  judge  or  judicature.  Shak. 

€ON-VENT',  r. ».    To  meet;  to  concur.     [JVot  used.'] 

Beaum. 
€OX-A^XT'I-eLE,   n.      [L.  convenUeutum,  dim.  of 
amventiu.] 

1.  An  assembly  or  meeting;  usually  applied  to  a 
meetinc  of  di,-*>onters  from  the  established  church, 
for  religious  worship.  In  this  sense  it  is  used  by 
Engli^Hh  writers  and  in  English  stzttules.  Hence,  an 
assembly,  in  contempt.  Jltterbnnj. 

In  t'le  Uniteil  State^i,  this  word  has  no  approprmte 
QIHilication,  and  is  little  used,  or  not  at  all. 

2.  A  secret  assembly  or  cabal  ;  a  meeting  for  plots. 

Sfi/Jic. 
€ON-VEXT'I-€LE,  v.  i.    To  belong  to  a  conventicle. 

South. 
€OX-VEXT'I.CLER,  n.    One  who  supports  or  fre- 
quents conventicles.  Dnjdcn. 
€OX-VEX'TION,  n.     [L.  eonrentio.    See  Convene.] 

1.  The  act  of  coming  together ;  a  meeting  of  sev- 
eral per.'Jons  or  individuals.  Boyle, 

2.  Union  ;  coalition. 

3.  .\n  assembly.  In  tliis  sense,  the  word  includes 
any  formal  meeting  or  collection  of  men  for  civil  or 
ccclcsinsticnl  purimses  ;  iwirticularly  an  nssemblv  of 
delecate:^  or  representatives  for  consultation  on 'im- 
port-, t.i  . .  .,,    '•-,  civU,  pt<lilir:i|,  or  eccI-jjJnMtical. 

1  -■,  convention  is  llic  uami:  ^'iven  to  an 

cs.'-  niltly  of  the  estates  of  the  realm, 

hfci.i -  ...    kinc'swrit;  :i  -  the  assembly  which 

restorcil  Charl- s  11.  to  the  thmne,  and  that  which 
declared  the  thmne  to  be  abdiral'-d  bv  .lames  II. 

In  the  C/itUed  Sm/r«,this  name  is  given  to  the  as- 
sembly of  representatives  which  forms  a  constitution 
of  govennneni,  or  jwilitical  a  -ofiiition  ;  as,  the  con- 
vention wliich  formed  the  constitution  of  the  United 
SlaU-s  in  1767. 

4.  An  ncrcement  or  contract  between  two  parties, 
ns  between  the  commanders  of  two  armies ;  an 
agreement  previous  to,  or  in  the  place  of,  a  deflnilive 
treaty. 


CON 

€OX-VEX'TION-AI-,  a.     [Ft.  cotwentionnei.] 

1.  Stipulated  ;  foniied  by  agrccmcnL 

0>noen&tTWil  BTcK-*  iwrvoil  1*^  t?ntm-i  on  gmnta,  nuiilr  out 
cf  the  crown  or  knijtiu  tcTvlc«.  itnlt. 

2.  .^risintr  out  of  custom  or  tacit  agreement ;  as,  a 
eoitrfitfioniil  use  of  language. 

€0X-\  KN'TIOX-AL  IS.M.  n.  That  which  ia  received 
or  tj-ialtlislud  by  convriititin  i>r  agreement. 

eOX-VF.X  TIOX-AL'I-TV,  n.  A  conventional  mode 
of  livint;  and  acting. 

€0X-VE\'T10X-.V1,-LY,  ail  In  a  conventional 
manner  ;  bv  tacit  agreement. 

eOX-VEX'TIOX-A-RY,  a.  Acting  under  contract ; 
settled  by  stipulation  ;  conventional ;  ns,  convention- 
artj  tenants.  Curew. 

€OX-VEX'TION-ER,  h.  Onr-  who  belongs  to  a  con- 
vention. 

eOX-VEX'TION-IST,  n.    One  wlio  makcsa  contract. 

eON-VRXT'U-AL,  a.     [Ft.  eonrrntuei.]         [Sterne. 
Itelunging  to  a  convent ;  monastic  ;  as,  conventual 
priors. 

eoX-VKXT'TJ-.\L,  It.  One  that  lives  in  a  convent ; 
a  monk  or  nun.  Jlddison. 

COX-VERGE',  (kon-verj'j)  v.  i.  [Low  L.  converge  ; 
con  and  ver^n,  to  incline.     See  Ver«e.] 

To  tend  lo  one  point ;  t4i  incline  and  a]tproach 
nearer  together,  as  two  lines  which  continually  ap- 
proacli  each  other ;  opposed  to  diverge.  Ijincs  which 
converge  in  one  direction  diverge  in  the  otlicr. 

The  moiinuliu  conrergc  iiilo  :>  oinj^Ie  ri<lgo.  J^erion. 

eON-VERG'ENCE,  )  n.    The  quality  of  converging; 
€OX-VER6'EN-CY,  j      tendency  to  one  point 

Gregory. 
€ON-VER<S'EXT,  o.     Tending  lo   one    point;  ap- 
proaching each  other,  as  they  proceed  or  arc  extend- 
ing. 
eOX-VERO'IXG,  ppr.  or  a.     Tending  to  one  pointy 
upjiroaching  each  oilier,  as  lines  extended. 

Converging  rays;  in  oplicfj  those  rays  of  light, 
which,  proceeding  from  dillerent  points  of  an  object, 
lend  toward  a  sincle  point.  At  this  point  tJicy  cross, 
and  become  divt-rgins  mys.  TCnctjc. 

Converging  scries,  in  maViemaiicSy  is  that  in  which 
the  magnitude  of  the  several  terms  gradually  di- 
minishes. Barlow. 
eON-VERS'A-BLE,  a.     [U.  eonversabile  i  Ft.  conver- 
sable.    See  CoNVEnsE,] 

Qualiticd  for  conversation,  or  rather  disposed  to 
converse  ;  ready  or  inclined  to  mutual  communica- 
tion of  thought's  ;  sociable ;  free  in  discourse. 

Addison. 
€OX-VERS'A-BLE-NESS,  v.    The  quality  of  being 
free  in  conversation  ;  dis])Ositionor  readiness  to  con- 
verge ;  snciabilily. 
CON-VERS'A-BIjY,  adi\     In  a  conversable  manner. 
eOX'VElt-SANCE,  \  It.      Disposition  to  associate  ; 
eOX'VER-aAX-CY,  i       habit  of  familiarity. 
eON'VER-SAXT,    a.      [II.   conversante.      Sec    Con- 
terse.] 

1.  Keeping  company  ;  having  frequent  or  custom- 
ary intercourse;  intimately  associating;  familiar  by 
fellowship  or  cohabitation  ;  acquainted. 

long  u  wc  were  eoneff- 


Eiit  thi;  men  were  vcrj'  giwti  lo  vw  — 

taut  uith  Uiem.—  I  S:\ni.  xxr. 
Never  lo  Ik  iiifccle<l  w»h  d'-ti^tht, 
Nor  convertant  \sith  ca»e  aiul  kUcDCK. 


Shak. 


S.  Acquainted  by  familiar  use  or  study.  We  cor- 
rect our  style,  and  improve  our  taste,  by  being  con- 
versant with  the  best  classical  writers. 

In  the  foregoing  applii:ations,  this  word  is  most 
generally  followed  by  witJt,  according  to  present 
usage.  In  was  formerly  used ;  and  both  in  and 
among  may  bi;  used. 

3.  Concerning;  having  concern  or  relation  to; 
having  for  its  object ;   followed  by  about. 

i'Auciition  is  coiivertmit  about  cliiJt.lrcii.  Walton, 

COX'VER-SANT-LY,  adv.    In  a  conversaiit  or  famil- 
iar manner. 
eOX-VEK-SA'TION,  ti.    General  course  of  manners ; 
behavior ;  deportment ;  especially  as  it  respects  mor- 
al :>. 

Let  your  coneersation  be  a»  bccomc'Ji  Ihc  gospel.  —  Phfl.  i. 
Be  yc  holy  in  nil  nuiincr  of  conctrgalton.  —  I  Pel.  i. 

[In  this  sen^c  nearly  obsolftt."] 

2.  A  keeping  company  ;  f.unili.ir  intercourse ;  inti- 
mate fellowsliiu  or  association ;  commerce  in  social 
life.  Knowledge  of  men  and  manners  is  best  ac- 
quired by  cosn-crsatiuu  with  the  best  company. 

3.  Intimate  and  familiar  acquaintance;  as,  a  con- 
ver.iatlon  wilh  hooks  or  oUkt  objects. 

4.  Familiar  discourse ;  general  intercourse  of  sen- 
timents ;  chat ;  unrestrained  talk,  opposed  to  a  for- 
mal confijrence. 

What  I  iDCDtioocd  in  conc<TttUion  vrt^t.  nut  a  ucw  Uiouf 'it. 

Stei/t. 

f  TViw  is  now  the  most  general  tisr.  of  the  loord.] 
€ON-VER-SA'TI0X-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  conversa- 

tioii ;  dime  in  mutual  discourse  or  talk. 
€ON-VER-SA'TIOX-AL-IPT, ::.    One  who  excels  in 

conversation. 
CON-VER-SA'TION-ED,  a.      .Wquainted  with   the 

manner  of  acting  in  life.     [J^fot  used.)  Beaum,  and  Ft. 


CON 

COX-VERS'A-TIVK,  a.  Relating  to  on  intercoursa 
wilh  men  ;  opposed  to  contempUuive. 

S'M  choae  lo  eiuluc  luiii  wi;h  eonversatiM  qualittc*  of  yoiitb. 

U'ouon. 

COJ*rrf;/i-SJiZ-/-0'A*£:,Ckon'ver-sat-zc-d'na,)«.  [It.]  \ 
.\  meeting  for  conversation,  (KUticulorly  uu  literary  i 
subjects.  Gray.       | 

COX-VERPF.'j  V.  i.  [Ij.  eonvcrsor  ;  con  and  versur,  to 
be  turned  ;  Fr.  converter;  It.  canrersare ;  Sp.  center- 
sar.  LitcraHy^  to  be  turned  to  or  with  ;  to  be  turned 
about.] 

1.  To  keep  company  ;  to  associate;  lo  cohabit;  to 
liold  intercourse  and  be  intimately  acquainted ;  ful*  | 
lowed  by  with  \ 

for  Win  who  lonely  lovw 

To  kO^k  the  (lisLiiU  lUtU,  nntl  Uicre  convertc  .  , 

Wilh  unUuv.  Thornton, 

5.  To  have  sexual  commerce.  Ouardian. 

3.  To  iJdk  ramiiiarly  ;  lo  have  free  intercouri*c  in 
mutual  communication  of  thougtrts  and  npinionii ;  to 
convey  thoughts  recipriHully  ;  followed  by  inf'  Ii-- 
fore  the  person  addressed,  and  on  before  the.sul'jra. 
CbHpn-ic  as  friend  wi(A  friend.  We  have  ofl'-n  . .  i. 
versed  with  each  other  un  the  merit  of  Mihuu'i 
poelrj'. 

[This  uf  note  the  mottt  general  use  pfUicvorJ.} 
COX'VERSE,  H.    Conversiiliun  ;  familiar  discourse  or 
talk  ;  free  interchange  of  ihoughls  or  opinions. 

Fcnncd  by  iliy  contxrte  lt.ipp;'.y  to  »ti>  r 

From  jnve  to  giy,  from  lively  lo  acvorc.  Popt. 

2.  Acquaintance  by  frL*qucnt  or  cuslomar>*  inter- 
course ;  cohabitation;  familiarity.  In  this  souse,  the 
word  may  include  discourse,  or  not ;  as,  lo  hold  ur** 
vrrse  wilh  persons  of  ditrereiit  sectd  ;  or  to  hold  ceih 
verse  with  icrre^lricU  things. 

3.  In  logicy  the  conrcr^£  of  a  proposition  is  that 
which  arises  from  interchanging  the  terms;  i.e., 
pulling  the  predicate  for  the  sulyect,  and  the  subject 
for  the  predicate.  It  should  not  (jis  is  often  done)  be 
confounded  wilh  tlie  contranj  ur  opposite  of  u  propo- 
sition, which  is  formed  by  introducing  the  negative 
itot  or  wo. 

4.  In  maOiemtdxejy  an  inverted  proposition;  thus, 
after  drawing  a  conclnsion  from  something  j:Hp;jo3oi, 
we  invert  the  order,  making  the  coiiclut^ion  the  sup- 
position or  premises,  and  draw  from  it  what  was 
first  suppascd.  Tims,  if  two  sides  of  a  triangle  are 
equal,  the  angles  opi>ositc  the  sides  are  equal ;  and  the 
converse  is  true,  i.  e.,  if  these  angles  arc  equal,  the 
two  sides  are  equal.  Barlow.     Brandc. 

eOX'VEKSE-LY,  adv.    Wilh  change  of  order;  in  a 

contnirv  order  ;  reciprocally.  .lohnson. 

COX-VEK'SIOX,  n.     [L.  convcrsio.     See  Convert.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense^  a  turning  or  change  from  one 
state  lo  another  ;  with  regard  to  substances,  tran»- 
nmtation  ;  as,  a  conversion  of  water  into  ice,  or  of 
food  into  chyle  or  blood. 

2.  In  military  affairs^  a  change  of  front,  as  when  a 
body  of  troops  is  attacked  in  the  flank,  and  they 
change  their  position  to  face  the  enemy. 

3.  In  a  tlicologicnl  or  moral  sense^  a  change  of  heart, 
or  dispositions,  in  which  the  enmity  of  the  heart  to 
God  and  his  law,  and  the  obstinacy  of  the  will,  arc 
sul)dued,  and  are  succeeded  by  supreme  love  to  God 
and  his  moral  government,  and  a  reformation  of  life. 

4.  Change  from  one  side  or  party  to  another. 

Thai  conversion  will  be  siupc-rled  that  npp.T,rcntIy  couctir*  wjlb 
iijti'rwt.  JohnMon, 

5.  A  change  from  one  religion  lo  another ;  as,  the 
conversion  of  the  Gentiles.    Acts  xv. 

6.  The  act  of  appropriating  to  private  use ;  as,  in 
trover  and  conversion. 

Conversion  ofetptations  ;  in  algebra,  the  reduction  cf 
equations  by  multiplication,  or  ihe  manner  of  alter- 
ing an  equation,  wlien  the  quantity  sought,  or  any 
member  of  it,  is  a  fraction  ;  the  reducing  of  a  frac- 
tional equation  into  an  integral  one. 

Encyc.     Bailey.     Johnson, 

Conversion  of  proportion,  in  matJicviatics,  is  when  of 
four  proportion;Us  it  is  inferred  that  the  first  is  to  lU 
excess  above  the  second  as  the  third  lo  its  excess 
above  the  fourth.  Barlotc. 

Conversion  of  propositions,  in  logic,  is  a  changing  of 
the  subject  into  the  place  of  the  predicate,  and  still 
retaining  the  quality  of  the  proposition.  Baihij, 
COX-VEliS'IVE,  fl.  Sociable;  conversable. 
COX  Vl'.RT',  V.  t.  [L.  converto;  eon  and  vtrto,  t) 
turn  ;  coinciding  in  elements  and  signification  wfUi 
barter,  and  probably  from  the  root  of  rnr-v,  vario,  rear, 
6p.  birar,  Port,  virar,  to  turn.     Class  Br.] 

1.  To  change  or  turn  into  another  sub.=!tanee  or 
form  ;  a3,io<:i>»«CT-f  gases  into  waler,orwati'rinto ice. 

2.  To  change  from  one  slate  lo  another;  as,  to 
convert  a  barren  waste  into  a  fruitful  field  :  lo  convert 
a  wilderness  into  a  garden ;  to  convert  rude  savages 
into  civilised  men. 

3.  To  change  or  turn  from  one  religion  lo  another, 
or  from  one  party  or  sect  to  another  ;  a^,  to  convert 
pagans  to  Christianity  ;  to  convert  royalists  into  re- 
publicans. 

4.  To  turn  from  a  bad  life  to  a  good  on«  ;  to  change 
the  heart  and  moral  character,  from  enmity  to  God 


FaTE,  far,  fall,  WH/iT.— Mete,  PRBV.— PIXE,  MARtXE,  BIRD.-iNOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQOK.— 

262      '  ~ 


CON 

and  from  vicious  habits,  to  love  of  Gud  and  to  a  liuly 
lift'. 

XltpiH  j-c  Uttreforc,  and  be  concerted,  Ihat  jwur  siiis  uiuy  1« 

tIffUftI  out.  —  Acts  iii. 
He  thai  conecrUlh  a.  Gtnocr  from  ihe  error  of  Ills  v-^y,  siiall  save 

a  soul  frviii  (k'atli.  —  J^tca  v. 

5.  To  turn  toward*  [MtiuU 

CrysUl  will  callifv  into  ck-cuicity,  ;iQd  concert  llic   aeei He  freely 
piacol.     [Unusuai.]  Broan. 

6.  To  turn  from  one  use  or  de?tin:itijn  to  anolberi 
as,  to  convert  liberty  into  an  engine  of  oppression. 

7.  To  appropriate  or  apply  to  one's  own  use,  or  to 
-personal  benefit  j  as,  to  convert  public  proiierty  to  our 

own  list'. 

3.  To  change  one  proposition  into  auotlier,  so  tlial 
wlwt  was  the  subject  of  the  first  becomes  the  predi- 
cate' of  Ihi  second  ;  as,  all  sin  is  a  transgression  of 
the  law  ;  but  every  transgression  of  the  law  is  sin. 

Ilalc. 
9.  To  turn  uito  another  language.        B.  Jonson. 
CON-VERT',  c.  i.    To  turn  or  be  changed ;  to  under- 
go a  chaitge. 

I'h?  lo*e  of  wicked  friends  concerts  to  fear ; 

That  ('TST,  lo  iLiie.  S/ioi. 

eOX'VERT,  n.  A  person  who  is  converted  from  one 
opinion  or  practice  to  another ;  a  person  who  re- 
nounces one  creed,  religious  system,  or  party,  and 
embraces  anoUier  ;  appUed  particularly  to  those  who 
cimn^e  their  religious  opinions,  but  applicable  to  po- 
litical or  philosophical  sects. 

2.  In  a  more  strict  seitscj  cue  who  is  turned  from 
sin  to  holihess. 

Zion  sli-iil  tc  rwieeiTHxI  wi;h  judgment,  ancl  her  concerts  ivith 
rightcoitsncsa.  —  Is.  i. 

3.  In  monasteries^  a  lay  friar  or  brother,  admitted  to 
the  service  of  the  house,  without  orders,  and  not  al- 
lowed to  sing  in  the  choir.  Enctjc. 

COX-VERT'ED.  pp.  or  a.  Turned  or  changed  from 
one  substance  or  state  to  another  ;  turned  from  one 
religion  or  sect  to  another  ;  changed  from  a  state  of 
sin  to  a  state  of  holiness  ^  apphed  to  a  particular 
use  :  appropriated. 

€OX-VERT'ER,  n.  One  wbo  converts;  one  who 
makes  converts. 

€OX-VERT-I-BIL'I-TY,  n.     [from  convcrtihJc.'] 

1.  The  capability  of  being  converted  or  changed 
from  one  substance,  form,  or  stale,  to  anotlier ;  as, 
the  cintvertibUity  of  land  into  money.  Burke. 

2.  The  quality  of  being  changeable  from  one  let- 
ter to  another  ;  as,  the  convertibility  of  jn.  witli  6,  or  of 
d  into  /.  .^s.  Researdtes. 

€0.\-VERT'I-ELE,  a.     [Fr.,  from  coiivcrtir.] 

1.  That  may  be  changed  ;  susceptible  ol  change; 
transmutable ;  transformable. 

Mini^riU  ai»  not  eonceftibie  into  anotlier  species,  though  of  tli^ 
&UI1C  gTiius.  ifarcet/. 

2.  So  much  alike  that  one  may  be  used  for  another. 
IJstury  and  interest  are  not  now  convertible  tenns, 
tiiough  formerly  ihey  were. 

3.  That  may  be  changed,  as  one  letter  for  another; 
as.  ft,  rf,  and  f  are  convertible  letters. 

eoX-VERT'I-ULE-NESS,  «,     Convertibility. 

eOX-VERT'l-BLY,  aAi:.  Reciprocally ;  with  inter- 
change of  tenns.  South. 

eO.WERT^IXG;  j.pr.     Tiirnin2;  chandng. 

eoX-VERT'IXG^  a.  Adapted  to  convert ;  that  con- 
vert; x'Tjxn  a  state  of  natiue  to  a  state  of  grace. 

COX'Vj!:rT-ITE,  n.     A  convert.     [.Voi  in  iwc] 

eOX'V'EX,  a.     [L.  eonvexu^;  \l.  conresso.'\ 
,   Rising  or  swelling  on  the  exterior  surface  into  a 
spherical  or  round  form;  gibbous;  opposed  to  ctm- 
cane,  which  expresses  a  round  form  of  the  interior 
surface  ;  as,  a  convez  mirror  or  lens. 

COX''VEX,  It.    A  convex  body  ;  as,  heaven's  convex. 

Tidcel. 

€OX'VEX-£D,  (kon'vext,^  a.  Made  convex;  protu- 
i>;:ranl  in  a  spherical  form.  Brown. 

€(>\-VEX'EI>-LY,  adv.     In  a  convex  form.   Brown. 

€0X-VEX'I-TY,  r.     [L.  convexitas.^ 

Tlie  exterior  surtace of  a  convex  body;  a  gibbous 
or  globular  form ;  roundness.        JVVirton.     Bentley. 

€OX'VEX-LY,  ado.  In  a  convex  form;  as,  a  body 
convf^zJ'j  conical. 

€OX'VEX-NESS,  n.    Convexity  ;  which  see. 

€0N-VEX'O-€OX'€aVE,  a.  Convex  on  one  side 
and  concave  on  the  other  ;  having  the  hollow  on  the 
inside  correspond"  ..g  to  the  convex  surface. 

€ON-VEX'0-e^iV'VEX,  a.    Convex  on  both  sides. 

eO.X-VEY',  (kon-va',)  v.  t,  [L.  conveho ,-  con  and  ve- 
Jto,  to  carry,  Sax.  ictBgan,  toegan^  Eng.  to  weigh.  See 
Weigh  and  Wat.] 

1.  To  carry,  bear,  or  transport,  either  by  land  or 
water,  or  in  air  ;  as,  to  convey  a  letter  or  a  package ; 
to  convey  goods  from  England  to  France. 

2.  To  pass,  or  cause  lo  pass ;  to  transmit ;  as,  to 
eoRccy  a  right  or  an  estate  from  father  to  son. 

3.  To  transfer ;  to  pass  a  title  to  any  thing  from 
one  person  to  another,  as  by  deed,  assignment,  or 
oUierwise  ;  as,  to  convey  lands  by  bargain  and  sale. 

4  To  cause  to  pass ;  to  transmit ;  to  carry,  by 
any  medium ;  as,  air  conveys  sound ;  words  convey 
ideas. 


CON 

5.  'J'o  manage  wilii  privacy.    [JX'^i  used.'\ 

1  will  eonceij  Uie  luijiii'-^^  ;is  I  slioll  find  mcnns.  Shak. 

Cu  To  impart ;  to  connnunicate. 

eOX-VEY',  (kon-vi',)  y.  i.     To  play  Ihe  thief.     Shah. 

eOX-VEV'A-RLE,  (kon-va';ubl,)  a.  'I'hat  may  be 
conveyed  or  transA-rred.  Burke  on  the  Sublime. 

eON-VEVAXCE,  (ki.u-vi'ans,)  lu  The  act  of  con- 
veying ;  the  act  of  bearing,  canying,  or  transport- 
ing, by  land  or  water,  or  through  any  medium. 

2.  The  act  of  transinilting,  or  transferring,  as  li- 
lies, estates,  or  claims,  from  one  person  to  another  ; 
transmission;  transferrence  ;  assignment. 

3.  The  instrument  or  means  of  passing  a  thing 
from  place  to  place,  or  person  to  pers!;n ;  as,  a  ve- 
hicle is  a  conveyance  for  persons  or  good?  ;  a  canal  or 
aqueduct  is  a  conveyance  for  water;  a  deed  is  a  con- 
veyance.  of  land. 

4.  Removal ;  the  act  of  removins  or  carrying. 

Shdii. 

5.  Management ;  artifice ;  secret  practices.  [/« 
thi^  sense,  obsolete.]  Spenser. 

€OX-VEV'AX-CER,  (kon-va'an-ser,)  n.  One  whose 
occupation  is  to  draw  conveyances  of  property,  deeds, 
&c. 

euX-VEY'AN-CIXG,  n.  The  act  or  practice  of  draw- 
ing deeds,  leases,  or  other  writings  for  transfeiTing 
the  title  to  property  from  one  person  to  another. 

€OX-VEY'i:D,  (kon-vade',)  pp.  Carried  ;  transmit- 
ted ;  transferred. 

eOX-VEY'ER,  (kon-va'er,)  iu    One  who  conveys; 
he  or  that  which  conveys,  carries,  transports,  trans- 
mits, or  transfers  from  one  person  or  place  to  another. 
9.  A  juggler.  _  Sha!c. 

eON-V'EV'iXG,  (kon-va'ing,)  j;pr.  Carrj-in^  .  trans- 
porting ;  transferring. 

eox  VI-€1X'I-TY,  n.    Neighborhood;  vicinity. 

Warton 

GON-VICT',  r.  (,  [L.  convinco,  convictum;  con  and 
riHco,  to  vanquish  or  subdue  ;  Sp.  convencer ;  It.  con- 
vinccre;  Fr.  convaincrc.  (See  Convince.)  The  verb 
vinco  is  allied  to  vincio^  to  bind,  the  primaiy  sense  of 
which  is,  to  strain,  force,  make  fast ;  hence,  to  sul>- 
duc  ;  and  as  n  appears  to  be  casual,  the  root  is  Vg  or 
Vc] 

1.  To  determine  the  truth  of  a  charge  against  one  ; 
to  prove  or  find  guilty  of  a  crime  charged  ;  to  deter- 
mine or  decide  to  be  guilty,  as  by  the  verdict  of  a 
jury,  by  confession,  or  other  legal  decision.  The 
jury  convicted  the  prisoner  of  felony. 

2.  To  convince  of  sin ;  to  prove  or  determine  to  be 
guilty,  as  by  the  conscience. 

They  who  heard  it,  Ixjin^concieted  by  their  own  conscience,  went 
out  one  by  one.  — Jolm  vui. 

3.  To  confute  ;  to  prove  or  show  to  befalse.  [Obs.] 

Broicn. 

4.  To  show  by  proof  or  evidence ;  as,  to  convict  a 
person  of  error.  Hooker. 

eON-VICT',  pp,  for  Convicted.  Proved  or  found 
guilty.  Shale. 

eOX'VICT,  7t.  A  person  proved  or  found  guilty  of  a 
crime  alleged  against  liira,  either  by  the  verdict  of  a 
jury  or  other  legal  decision. 

eON-VI€T'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Proved  or  determined  to  be 
guilty,  either  by  verdict  of  a  jury  or  by  the  decision 
of  conscience. 

€ON-VI€T'IXG,  ppr.  or  a.    Proving  or  finding  guilty. 

eON-VIC'TION,  n.  The  act  of  proving,  finding,  or 
determining  to  be  guilty  of  an  offense  charged  against 
a  person  before  a  legal  tribunal ;  as  by  confession,  by 
the  verdict  of  a  jurj-,  or  by  the  sentence  of  other  tri- 
bunal, as  in  the  sunmiar>'  convictions  before  commis- 
sioners of  the  revenue. 

2.  The  act  of  convincing,  or  compelling  one  to  ad- 
mit the  truth  of  a  charge  ;  the  act  of  convincing  of 
sin  or  sinfulness  ;  the  state  of  being  convinced  or 
convicted  by  conscience  ;  the  state  of  being  sensible 
of  guilt ;  Eis,  the  convictions  of  a  sinner  may  be  tem- 
porary, or  lasting  and  efficacious.  By  conviction,  a 
sinner  is  brought  to  repentance.  Men  often  sin 
against  the  conviction  of  their  own  consciences. 

"3.  The  act  of  convincing  of  error;  confutation; 
the  act  of  compelling  one  to  acknowledge  his  error, 
or  the  truth  of  what  is  alleged  ;  as,  the  conviction  of 
a  heretic  may  induce  him  lo  abandon  his  errors. 

4.  Strong  belief  on  the  ground  of  satisfactory  evi- 
dence, without  any  implication  of  pre\'ious  error;  as, 
a  conviction  that  there  is  nothing  honorable  which  is 
not  accompanied  with  innocence.  Stedc. 

€OX-VieT'IVE,  a.  Having  the  power  to  convince 
or  convict. 

€ON-VieT'IVE-LY,  adv.    In  a  convincing  manner. 

More. 

eON-VieT'I\^E-XESS,  n.    Power  of  convicting. 

eOX-VINCE',  (kon-vins',)  t*.  t.  [L.  convinco;  con  and 
vinco,  to  vanquish  ;  Sp.  convencer;  It.  convincere;  Fr. 
convaincre.] 

1.  To  persuade  or  satisfy  the  mind  by  evidence  ; 
to  subdue  the  opposition  of  the  mind  to  truth,  or  to 
what  is  alleged,  and  compel  it  to  yield  its  assent ;  as, 
to  convince  a  man  of  his  errors  ;  or  to  convince  him  of 
IhG  truth. 

For  he  mightily  conKnced  ilie  Jews,  showiog  by  Uie  Scriptures 
tlLit  Jc3U3  was  ifie  ChrisL  —  Acta  iviji. 


CON 

2.  To  convict  ;  to  prove  guilty;  to  conslmin  one 
to  admit  or  acknowledge  Iiim^felf  to  be  guilty. 

If  ye  liavc  respctt  lo  jiorsor*,  ye  couiinit  »in,  and  are  convinced 
of  [I'V]  Uie  law  as  mnsg^renon.  — Jame*  it. 

To  cottviiice  all  ikit  are  iin^dly  ainonj  U»cm  of  ail  tbdr  uogoJ- 
ly  dccdfl.  —  Judc  xv. 

3.  To  convince;  to  prove.    [Obs.]  S'lai. 

4.  To   overpower  ;   to  sunnount ;    to  vanquish, 

[Obs.]  Sltak. 

€OX-VTN'CKD,  (kon-vinst',)  rp-  <=rfl.  Persuaded  in 
mind  ;  satisfied  with  evidence  ;  convicted. 

eON-VINCE'.MEXT,  (kon-vins'menl,)  ju  Convic- 
tion.    [Lillfc  used.] 

€ON-VIX'CER,  Ti.  He  or  tiial  which  convinces ;  that 
which  makfs  maniiest.  More, 

€OX-VIN'CI-BLE,  a.    Capable  of  conviction. 

2.  Capable  of  being  disproved  or  refutt^d.  [Litde 
icsed.]  Brown 

eON-VlN'CING,  ppr.  Persuading  the  mind  by  evi- 
dence ;  convicting. 

2.  a.  Persuading  the  mind  by  evidence  ;  capable  of 
subduing  the  opposition  of  the  mind  and  compclliag 
its  assent.  We  liave  convincin-r  proof  of  tli;;  truth  of 
the  Scriptures,  and  of  God's  moral  governniL-nt  of  the 
world 

eoN-VIN'CING-LY,  adv.  In  a  Cfinvincing  manner ; 
in  a  manner  to  leave  no  room  to  doubt,  or  to  comi»el 
assent.  Clarendon. 

€ON-VIN'CIXG-NESS,  n.    The  power  of  convincing. 

€OX-Vl"TrOUS,  (kon-visli'us,)  a.    [L.  concUior.] 
Reproachful.     [Oi,<.] 

eOX-VlVE',  v.t.  To  entertain;  to  feast  [J^Totin 
^ise.]  Shak. 

CON-VIV'I-AL,  a.  [L.  convivalis,  from  convtoti^  a 
guest,  or  convivo,  to  live  or  eat  and  drink  together  ; 
con  and  vivo,  to  live.     See  Victuals.] 

Relating  to  a  feast  or  entertainment;  festal;  so- 
cial ,  jovial ;  as,  ;i  convivial  meeting.  Denkant. 

€ON-VIV-I-AL'I-TY,  n.     The  good  humor  or  mirth 
indulged  at  an  entertainment. 
2.  A  corivivial  spirit  or  disposition. 

CON'VO-CATE,  V.  t.  [L.  convoco^  to  convoke;  can 
and  vocQ,  to  call.    See  Voice.] 

To  convoke ;  to  call  or  summon  to  meet ;  to  as- 
semble by  summons.     [See  Convoke.] 

eON-VO-eA'TION,  n.     [L.  convocaUo.] 

1.  The  act  of  calling  or  assembling  oy  summons. 

2.  An  assembly. 

la  the  first  day  then;  shall  be  a  holy  convocation.  —  Ex.  sii. 

3.  In  the  Church  of  England,  an  assembly  of  the 
clergy,  by  their  representatives,  to  consult  on  ecclesi- 
astical affairs.  It  is  summoned  to  meet  at  the  same 
time  with  parliament ;  but,  for  more  than  a  century 
past,  it  has  been  prorogued  immediately  upon  its  dis- 
sembling. Edin.  Encyc.     Brande. 

4.  In  tJie  University  of  Oxford,  an  academical  as- 
sembly, in  which  the  business  of  the  university  is 
lran?actt!d.  Brande. 

eoX-VoKE',  c.  (.     [li.  convoco ;    Vt.  convoqiur.    See 

VotCE.] 

To  call  together;  to  summon  to  meet;  to  assem- 
ble by  summons.  It  is  the  prerogative  of  the  presi- 
dent of  the  Unitt;d  States  to  convoke  the  senate. 

€OX-VoK'i:D,  pp.  Summoned  or  assembled  by 
order.  _ 

CON-VoK'ING,  ppr.  Summoning  to  convene  ;  as- 
sembling. 

eON'VO-LUTE,      )  a.    Rolled  together,  or  one  part 

€OX'VO-LU-TED,  \  on  another  ;  as,  the  sides  or 
margins  of  nascent  leaves  in  plants,  or  as  the  petals 
and  stigmas  in  Crocus.  Martyn.    Lee. 

eON-VO-Lu'TION,  n.     [L.  convolutio.] 

1.  The  act  of  rolling  or  winding  together,  or  one 
thing  on  another  ;  the  state  of  being  rolled  together. 

9.  A  winding  or  twisting  ;  a  winding  motion  ;  as, 
the  convolution  of  certain  vines  ;  the  convolution  of  an 
eddy.  Tlwmson. 

CON-VOLVE',  r.  t,     [L.  convolvo ;  con  and  volvoy  to 
roll.     See  Wallow.] 
To  roll  or  wind  together ;  to  roll  one  part  on  another. 
€OX-VOLV'£D,  pp.    Rolled  together. 
€OX-VOLV'IXG,  ppr.    Rolling  or  winding  together. 
eON-VOLV'U-LUS,  71.     [L.,  from  convolvo.] 

Bindweed,  a  genus  of  plants  of  many  species. 
GON-VOY',  V.  t.  [Fr.  co7tvcyer;  It.  conviare  ;  Sp.  con- 
voyar;  Port,  comboyar;  con  and  vote,  via,  way,  or  the 
same  root ;  or  more  directly  from  the  root  of  L.  vcho, 
to  carry ;  Sax.  7v<Egan,  wegan,  to  bear  or  cany,  lo 
bring  along.] 

To  accompany  on  the  way  for  protection,  cither  by 
sea  or  land  ;  as,  ships  of  war  convoyed  the  Jamaica 
fleet ;  the  troops  convoyed  the  baggage  wagons. 

When  persons  are  to  be  protected,  the  word  escort 
is  used. 
€0X' VOY,  n.  A  protectin*  force  accompanying  ships 
or  property  on  their  way  from  place  to  place,  eitlier 
by  sea  or  land.  By  sea,  a  ship  or  ships  of  war  which 
accompany  merchantmen  for  protection  from  an  en- 
emy. By  land,  any  body  of  troops  which  accom- 
pany provisions,  ammunition,  or  other  property,  fur 
protection. 

2.  The  ship  or  fleet  conducted  and  protected  ; 
that  which  is  conducted  by  a  protecting  force  ;  that 


TUNE,  BIJLL,  IJXITE.  — AN"GER,  Vl"CIOUS.— C  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS 


:263 


coo 

vrfi^ch  itt  convoyrd.    Tin"  wori!  i<otnL-ltiiK-s  hu-|itil(-?< 

bi^th  Ihe  prMtectiii^  niiil  iirutccli-d  IUm-Ih.    Adtnirattij 

Repcris     JinUfrfon.    BurehiU,    F.nrtjc.    State  Paperj. 

'X  'Vhv  act  of  aUfiiiliiig  fur  (let'uiidc.       MUton. 

4.  t'onvcvaiict'.     [ Obs.]  Shak. 
CO.V-VOY'KU,  (kun-voyd',)  pp.    Aticndcd  on  n  jkuo- 

!Mgc  hy  n  |iri'l«Lttnt;  Turcf. 
G*>X-V<  »V'i.\ti,  pi'r.    AuciidJiig  on  a  voynge  or  pn«- 

vagf,  fur   durciiso  from    ciicniica  ;   atti^iidiiig    uiid 

f^iardinc. 
C»->N-VL'LSE',r.  (.     [I*  eonrdlo^  coiwulsumjConvtUauj ; 

con  nnd  rfllu,  lu  imll  or  pluck.] 

1.  Tu  dntw  or  coiitr.ict,  as  the  iiiiiitcular  |>art.s  of 
nn  aiiliii:d  iHHiy  ;  to  nllcct  b)  irrcKiihir  h|t:uiii3  j  a**, 
lliu  uiiulc  IVaitic  may  bo  conruhat  by  apuiy 

2.  To  » bake  ;  to  atffct  by  violent,  irrugutnr  nctiun. 

Coitpuliins  liravrii  dikI  canti.  Thortmon, 

C*^S-\Vl.S'ED,    (kon-vid:it'0    pp.      Contracted    by 

s|':i-ius;  Hbaki>n  vioK'nlly. 
CO\-VrL.s'h\Gf  ppr.    Allecting  by  tipasniodic  con- 

lnictiun-4;  >hakiii!;  with  violcnrt*. 
€(->N-VUI/.Slt)N,  II.     [L.  eonruhio.] 

1.  A  |ireteni:itural,  violent,  and  involnntnry  cun- 
tntction  of  the  nnisciilar  parts  of  an  nnimnl  body. 

Ehcjjc. 

5.  Any  violent  and  irregular  niulion  ;  tumult; 
commotion  ;  a.",  (loliticat  cotwuL-iioti^. 

CO.X-Vrii'SIOX-A-KV,  II.    Pertaininc  to  ronvnl^^ion. 

CON-VL'L'SIVE,  a.    That  pro<Uice.s  convulsion;  u.^, 

conpul.<ice  f.vjiv  ;  cnitriiLiire  Horrow.  Drijdcn.    I'rior. 

2.  Ali(--ndi'd  Willi  convulsion  or  S(tfuims;  aStConrul- 
*ire  nioliuiis  ;  cannj^ire  ^U'tfc.  Dnjtleiu     Hair. 

eON-VLL'iJIVE-LY,  (u/p.    With  violent  sh.iking  or 

acilation. 
CO'XY  or  eON'Y,  ti.      [D.  konijn  ;   G.  hanin  ;  Sw. 

kuuiii;  Dnn.  kanitie  i  Pr.  con in^ot  conil;  L.cunicidus; 

ll.  (oni-^Uo  i  i»p.  coiicjo;  Ir.  ctunini  W.aonin^.     Tiie 

primary  sens«r  is,  a  snoot,  or  a  slux>ting  along.] 
A  rtbbit ;  a  qnadrupe<l  of  the  geinis  IjC)>us,  which 

hx-*  a  shttit  Util  and  naked  ear^.    In  a  wild  state  the 

fur  is  brown,  but  the  color  of  the  domestic  rabbit  is 

variourf. 
Cd'NY-IIUR-UOW,  (ko'nc-  or  kun'nc-,)  n     A  place 

where  ribbils  burrow  in  the  earth. 
OCNY-CATCU,  (ki'ne-  or  knn'ne-,)  v.  i.     [comj  and 

catch,]     In  tftc  cant  of  tJiiccc^,Xo  cheat;  to  bite;  to 

trick.  Shili. 

eu'XY-e.VrCH-EU.H.    .Vlhier;  a  cheat;  a  sharper. 

[06..] 
eo'NY-eATCil-I\G,  n.    IJanter.    [Obs.]        S/iak. 
eoO,  r.  1.     [Probably  from  the  sonnu.] 

To  crj',  or  make  a  low  sound,  as  pigeons  or  cloves. 

TItomson. 
€00'£D,  (kood,)  pret.  of  Coo. 

COO'ING,  ppr.  or  n.    I'ltering  a  low  sound,  a3  a  dove. 
CfTO'ING,  n.     (nvimtion,  as  the  note  of  the  dove. 
t'OOK,  c.  t.     [Sax.  frrcHcitian  ;  Sw.  kokn  ;  Dan.  koger : 

I),  kooktn ;   ii.  koekcn :   It.  cuoecre ;    Sp.   cocer,  and 

cocinar;  Port,  coiinhar;  L.  £071(0.] 

1.  To  prepare,  a^  victuaLx  fur  thc!  table,  by  boiling, 
roasting,  baking,  broiling,  &c.  To  dress,  as  meat  or 
vegetables,  tor  eating. 

2.  To  prepare  for  any  purpose.  Shali, 

3.  To  throw.     [Oba.  or  toad.]  Grost. 
€-'0(>K,  r.  I.    To  make  the  iu)ise  of  the  cuckoo. 
€OQK,  n.    [Sax.  coc ;  D.  kok  ;  D.  kocfi ;  Sw.  kocJc ;  Dan. 

kok  ;  It.  ciioo' ;  Ir.  coca ;  L.  coquu;^.] 
One  whose  occupation  is  to  prepare  victuals  for 

the  table;  a  man  or  woman  who  dresses  meat  or 

vi-c'lablcs  for  eating. 
eOOK'KD,  (k^kt.)  pp.  or  a.    Prepared  for  the  tal)le. 
Cr>(>K'ER-\,  n.    The  art  or  the  practice  of  dressing 

and  preparing  victuals  for  the  table. 
^*J*^Iv'I.\G,  pitr.ora.    Preparing  victuals  for  the  table. 
C'QC)K'-MAlD,n.     [cook  and  rnaid.]     A  female  servant 

or  maid  who  dressrs  provision.s. 
CrMpK'-UOOM,  11.    [couk  and  room.]   A  room  for  cook- 
ery ;    a  kitchen.      On  board  of  shipjfj  a  galley  or 

caboose. 
CQQK'Yj  n.    [D.  koek  koekje,  a  cake.] 

A  small  cake,  modcratt-ly  sweet. 
COOL,  II.     [Sax.coU  D.koel;  GJiiUit;  Sw.  ImII;  Dan. 

koldy  cold  ;  kiUlcrj  to  cool ;  Aii/t/c,  chilliness ;  kuler.  to 

blow  strong.] 

1.  Moderately  ttAtl  ;  being  of  a  temperature  be- 
tween hot  and  cold  ;  as,  coal  air;  coot  water. 

2.  .Vol  ardunl  or  zealous ;  not  angry  :  not  fond  ; 
not  excited  by  passion  of  any  kind  ;  indiirerent  ;  as, 
a  cool  friend  ;  a  cool  icmiicr  ;  a  cool  lovcr. 

3.  Not  hasty  ;  delibcnitt; ;  as,  a  cool  jiurpoi^e ;  a  cool 
faUchood  or  drccpiion.    Hence, 

■I.  Impudent  in  a  ver>- high  degree,  as,  when  speak- 
ing of  ?onic  trick,  pretension,  itc,  wc  say,  "That  is 
cool." 
5.  Not  retaining  heal ;  light ;  a.i,  a  cool  dress. 
eOOL,  n.    A  modt-nte  stale  of  cold;  moderate  tem- 
perature of  the  air  bulwem  hot  and  cold  ;  as,  the 
cool  of  the  day  ;  thc  cool  of  the  morning  or  evening. 
€OOL,  f.  t,     [Sajt.  colian.  acoUan;  D.koeUn;  G.  /.iiA- 
len ;  Dan.  kUiUr.] 

1.  To  allay  heat ;  to  make  cool  or  cold  ;  to  reduce 
the  temperature  of  a  substance ;  as,  ice  cools  water. 

Semi  Liiariu,  that  be  nwr  dip  tlic  lip  of  lib  finjrr  in  water,  anil 
cool  my  ^]flJue,  —  l.'ikc  xvi. 


COO 

2.  To  mixlinite   eYcitemi-nt  of  IfiuiKT ;    to  allay, 

an  |taKsi<iu  of  any  kind  ;  to  enliu,  as  anger  ;  to  ahai«-, 

as  love  ;  to  moitenite,  as  desire,  zeul,  ur  urdor;  to 

render  imlillVrent. 
GOOL,  r.  r.     'I'o  become  less  Iiol ;  to  lose  lieaL     Let 

tea  or  roHec  <•/«•/  to  thi;  teinpcruturu  of  the  blood  be- 
fore it  be  dntiik. 
2.  I'o  lose  the  heat  of  excitement  or  passion  ;  to 

become  le'fs  ardent,  angry, /eahms,  or  alfectioniite  ; 

to  become  more  inuuenite.    Speak  not  in  a  passion  ; 

first  U-l  your  temper  cool. 
€OOL'-e'UP,  «.    A  bL'Vernge  that  is  cooling. 
eoOI.' /■.'(),  pp.     Made  Irss  hut,  or  less  ardent. 
COOL'EK,  II.      'J'lmt   wliich    cools  ;    any  substance 

which  abates  lioat    or   excitement;   as,  acids   arc 

coolers  to  thc  body, 
2.  A  vessel  iu  which  liipiors  or  others  things  aro 

cooled. 
eOOL'-IIEAD-ED,  (-hed-cd,)  n.  Having  a  temper  not 

ea,5ily  excited  ;  free  from  passion.  Burkr. 

COOh'lSi'w,  ppr.    Abating  Ileal  or  excitement ;  making 

or  becoming  cool. 
eoOL'ING^  a.    Adapted  to  cool  nnd  refresh  ;  as,  a 

cooling  drmk. 
eOOLMSlI,  a.    Somewhat  cool.  GvUhsmiUi. 

eOOL'LV,  adv.    VVilhoul  lu-nt  or  sharp  cold. 

2.  In  a  cool  or  indiJlereiit  manner;  not  cordijilly  ; 

without  passion  or  ardor.     lie  was  coolly  received  at 

court, 
'i.  Without    haste  ;    calmly  ;    dtrliberatcly.      'J'lie 

design  was  formed  coidhj^  and  executed  wiih  firmness. 
eOOL'XESS,  n.    A  nmdenite  degree  of  cold  ;  a  tem- 
perature between  cold  and  heat  ;   as,  the  coolness 

of  the  summer^s  evening.  _ 

2.  A  moderate  degree,  ur  a  want  of  inssion  ;  want 
of  ardor,  or  zeal;  indillerrncc ;  want  of  alfeclion ; 
as,  they  piirted  with  ctm/iicw, 

eOOI^TA.NK'ARD,  n.  An  <dd  English  beverage  of 
various  composition,  but  usuallv  of  ale  with  a  little 
wine,  or  wine  and  water,  with  an  addition  of  lemon 
juice,  spices,  and  barrage,  or  other  savory  herbs. 

Encijc,  JJom.  JEcon. 
€OOL'Y,  ?(.     An  East  Indian  porter  o"r  currier. 
COOiM,  71.     [Fr.  rambouis ;  Sw.  kim,  soot.] 

Soot  that  gathers  over  an  oven's  mouth  ;  also,  tlie 
matter  that  works  out  of  the  naves  or  boxes  of  car- 
riage wheels.    In  Scodani/y  thc  useless  dust  which 
falls  from  coals. 
eoOMB,  (koom,)  I  n.    [Uu.  L.  ciaHK^ii.*,  or  Gr.  KVit- 
€o.MB,(k6m,)       !     /3oi.] 

A  dry  measure  of  four  bushels,  or  half  a  quarter, 
€OOP,  H.     [  D.  Avij/i,  a  tub  ;  knipcr^  a  cooper ;  O.  ki{fc ; 
Fr.  cnce;  li.  cupa^  from  bending,  Imllowness,  or  con- 
taining, hohling.     au.  Gr.  Kvpoi.    The  Latin  cupa 
seems  to  he  both  coop  and  cnp.    See  Cup.] 

1.  A  box  of  boards,  grated  or  barred  on  one  side, 
for  keeping  fowls  in  amfiuemcnt.  It  is  usually  ap- 
plied to  lui.^  boxes  for  keeping  poultry  for  fattening 
or  conveyance  on  board  of  ships,  as  caire  is  used  for 
a  small  box  to  keep  singing-liirds  in  houses.  I  do  not 
know  that  it  is  ever  used  in  America  for  :i  pen  to  con- 
tine  other  animals, 
9.  A  pen  ;  nn  inclosed  place  for  small  animals. 

JohtLson. 

3.  A  barrel  or  cask  for  the  preservation  of  liquors. 

Jokn.son. 

A.  A  tumbrel,  or  close  cart.  Knajc.  Jamic^on's  Diet. 

[  The  t/ircc  last  senses  not  Amcriean.] 

eOOP,  V.  t.    To  put  in  a  coop;  to  confine  in  a  coop. 

Hence,  to  shut  up  or  confine  in  a  narrow  compass ; 

usually  followed  by  up ;  to  coop  up ;  sometimes  by  in. 

The  'I'roj.xiid  cooped  teWiin  lh>-ir  walli.  Dnjden. 

Tliey  aiv  cooped  in  clo*j  by  llic  Laws  of  llic  country.      Locke. 

COOV'KD,  (koopt,)  pp.  Shut  up  in  a  coop;  confined 
to  narrow  limits. 

COO-Pl^E',  71.    A  motion  in  dancing. 

eOOr'i:R,  «.     [from  coop  ;  D.  kuiper  ;  G.  kufcr.] 

One  whose  occupalitm  is  to  make  barrels,  hogs- 
heads, butts,  tubs,  and  casks  of  various  kinds. 

€OOP'EU,  V.  t.  To  do  the  work  of  a  cooper;  to  mend 
or  put  in  order,  as  a  cooper  does  casks. 

COOP'ER-A(jE,  71.    The  price  paid  for  cooper's  work. 

2.  A  |)lacc  where  cooper's  work  is  done.  Jameson. 

3.  The  work  or  business  of  a  cooper.  Perry. 
€0-OP'ER-ATE,  v.  i.    [L.  can  and  opera,  to  work  ;  Fr. 

cooper tr  ;  It.  cocpcrarc  ;  Sp.  cooprrar.] 

1.  To  act  or  operate  jointly  with  anotlier  or  others, 
to  thc  same  end  ;  to  work  or  labor  with  mutual  ell'orts 
to  promote  the  same  object.  It  has  witJi  before  the 
agent,  and  to  before  the  end.  Russia  co-oprratcd  with 
Great  Itritain,  Austria,  and  Prussia,  to  reduce  tlie 
power  of  Bonaparte. 

2.  To  act  together;  to  concur  in  producing  the 
sam"  effect.  Xatural  and  moral  events  co-opcratc  in 
illustrating  the  wisdom  of  the  Creator. 

eo  OP'ER-A-TIXG,  ppr.  Acting  or  operating  to- 
g.^thcr. 

eo-OPER-A'TIOX,  n.  Thc  act  of  working  or  oper- 
ating together  to  one  end  ;  joint  operation  ;  concur- 
rent effort  or  labor ;  as,  the  co-operation  of  the  com- 
bined powers  ;  the  co-o/jrrflOort  of  the  undcrslandin" 
and  the  will, 

eO-OP'ER-A-TIVE,  a.  Operating  jointly  to  the  same 
end. 


COP 

C'0-()P'ER-.\  TOR,  II.  One  who  emlcnvors  jointly 
with  olhers  to  promote  the  same  end. 

C99P'ER-IXG,;i/»r.  Making  c;isks,  or  putting  them  in 
order. 

eOQP'ER-IXG,  n.    The  occupation  of  a  cooper 

eO-OP'TATE,  r.  t,     [L.  eoojiio.] 

To  choose,  or  choose  withlinother.     [A'oi  lurd.] 

€0-0P-'PA''J'IOX,  n.    .Adoption  ;  assumption.  IhmlL 

€0-OR'DI-XAXCE,  n.    Jomt  ordinance. 

eO-OR'DI-XATE,  a.  [L.  con  and  ordinatus,  from  or- 
dino,  to  regulate.     See  Okder.] 

Being  of  eiiual  order,  or  of  thc  same  rank  or  de- 
gree ;  not  subordinate ;  as,  two  courts  of  co-ordinate 
jurisdiction. 

eo-OR'DlNATE  LY,  adv.  In  the  same  order  or 
rank  ;  in  ctpial  degree  ;  without  subordination. 

CO-OR'DI-X.\TE-Xi:ss,  71.  The  stale  of  being  co- 
ordinate ;  equality  of  rank  and  authoritv. 

€0-0R-D1-Na'TION,  71.  The  slate  of  holding  eipul 
rank,  or  of  standing  in  the  same  relation  to  some- 
thing liighcr  or  lower, 

III  the  Iti^li  court    f  pnrliAmcnt  (licrc  ii  a  T.\rc  eo-ontination  vt 
power,  IJoiftU. 

COOT,  n.  [D.  koet ;  VV,  cwtiar.  from  ctcta.  sborl,  bob- 
tailed.] 

A  water  fowl  of  the  genus  Fi(?irfl,  frequenting  lakes 
nnd  other  still  waters.  Tlic  common  cont  has  a  lialil 
forehead,  a  black  body,  and  lubated  toes,  and  is 
about  fifteen  inches  iu  length.  It  makes  its  neat 
among  rushes,  with  grass  and  reeds,  Moating  on  the 
water. 

COP,  7t.  [Sax.  rti/7,  or  copp  ;  W.  cop,  cob ;  I),  hop ;  G. 
kopf;  Vv.coupeaii;  Gr.  *tv/^.] 

I  The  liead  or  top  of  a  thing,  as  in  coft  caslle,  for 
<;»/>-castle,  a  castle  on  a  hill  ;  a  tuft  on  llie  head  of 
birds.  This  word  is  little  used  inAmerica,  unless  cob, 

■    the  spike  of  maize,  may  be  the  same  word.    Chaurn-. 
2.  'i'he  conical  ball  of  thread  formed  on  the  spin- 
dle of  a  wheel  or  spinning-frame. 

eO-PAI'BA,  )  n.     [Sp.  and  Port.]     Balsam  of  copaiba, 

CO-PAI'V'A,  I  or  capivi,  is  a  lic|uid,  resinous  juice, 
tlowing  from  incisions  made  iu  the  stem  of  a  trco 
called  Cupaifcra  ojjicinntis,  gro\\'ing  iu  Spanish  .Anter- 
ic^n,  in  the  province  of  Antioquia.  Tliis  juice  is  clear, 
transpareni,  of  a  whitisli  or  p:ile-yellowi,-^h  color,  iiii 
agreeable  smell,  and  n  bitterish, pungi-nt  taste,  ll  is 
of  the  consisti-nce  of  oil,  or  a  little  thicker.  As  a 
mctlicine,  il  is  corroborating  and  delcrgent.  Eneyc. 

Co'PAI^  71.  [Mexican  copalU^  a  generic  name  o(  res- 
ins.    Chtciifcro.] 

The  concrete  juice  of  a  tree  growing  in  South 
America  and  thc  East  Indies,  hard,  shining,  transpa- 
rent, citron-colored,  and  inodorous.  It  is  not  strictly 
aguni,  nora  rcsin,a3  it  has  not  the  solubility  in  water 
common  to  gums,  nor  that  in  spirit  of  wine  comniua 
to  resins.  In  these  resiwcta  it  rather  resembles  am- 
ber. It  may  bo  dissolved  by  digestion  in  linseed  oil, 
with  a  heat  little  less  thari  sutticient  to  boil  or  de- 
compose the  oil.  This  solution,  diluted  with  spirit  of 
turpentine,  forms  a  beautiful  transparent  varnish. 
Eneyc.     JVickolson. 

CO-PXR'CE-XA-RY,  «.  [co,  or  con,  and  Xorui.;jjra- 
TJifr,  parcenery.     See  Coi'arceker.] 

Parlnership  in  inheritance;  joint  heirship;  joint 
right  of  succession  or  joint  succession  to  an  estule  of 
inheritance. 

eO-PAR'CE-XER,  Tt.  [con  and  parcener^  from  part^ 
Fr.  parti,  L.  jwr.v,  or  the  verb  partir,  to  divide.] 

A  coheir  ;  one  who  has  an  equ:U  jwrtion  of  llic  in- 
heritance of  his  or  lier  ancestor  with  others. 

All  til?  coparcenert  together  make  but  one  ljt.'ir,  ami   hari^bul 

one  cstJtIe  omaii^;  tnein,  Dlaekitane. 

Coj>arceiiert  take  by  descent ;  Joint-tenanU,  by  piiR-li;\»c. 

Btackttont. 

CO-PAR'CE-NY,  71.   An  equal  share  of  an  inheritJincc. 
€0-PaRT'MENT,  n.    Thc  same  as  CoMPAnTME.NT. 

[ A'ui  in  use.]  fVarton. 

€0-PART'XER,  71.     [coti  and  partner.    Sec  Copab- 

CEXEIt.] 

1.  One  who  has  n  share  in  a  common  stock  for 
transacting  business,  or  who  is  jointly  concerned 
with  one  or  more  persons,  in  carrying  011  trade  or 
other  business ;  a  partner;  an  associate,  particularly 
in  traile  or  manufactures. 

2.  A  sharer  ;  a  partaker;  as,  copartners  of  our  loss. 

Mdton. 

eO-PART'.VER-SHIP,  7t.    Joint  concern  in  business; 
a  state  of  having  a  joint  share  .-  a  common  stock,  or 
a  joint  interest  and  concern  in  business,  particularly 
in  tra/U  and  manufactures. 
2.  The  persons  who  have  a  joint  concern. 

eO-PART'XER-Y,  n.  The  state  of  being  coparlncrs 
in  any  undertaking;  not  conlincd,  like  copartiurship, 
to  trade  or  business.  Kinff. 

Go'PA-TAIX,  71.  [See  Cop.]  High-raised;  pointed. 
[J^ot  in  7tse.]  SliaJi. 

eO-PA'TRI-OT  or  eO-PAT'RI-OT,  ti.  A  joint  pa- 
triot. G.  Morris. 

€0-PaY'VA.     Sec  Copaiba. 

Cope,  n.     [W.  cOb;  Sax.  cappe;  D.  kap;  Dan  kappCt 
kaabc  ;  Sw.  kappa  or  kapa ;  Fr.  c/wpr,  whence  clutpeau^ 
a  hat ;  Sp,  capa  ;  It.  cnppa  ;  Port,  capa.] 
1.  A  cover  for  the  head. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.- MicTE,  PREV.-Prxi;,  T.fARYXE,  BIRD. -NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.- 


U()i 


COP 


COP 


9.  AKicerdoUvI  cloak  worn  iii  sacred  ministrations. 
An  ornaiueiit  worn  by  chanters  nnd  subclianlers 
when  they  oliicinle  in  solemnity.  It  reaches  from 
the  shoulders  to  the  feet. 

3,  Any  thing  spread  or  extended  over  the  head ; 
the  arch  or  concave  of  the  sky  ;  the  roof  or  covering 
of  a  house  ;  the  arch  over  a  door,  Sec 

4.  An  ancient  tribute  due  to  the  king  or  lord  of  the 
suil,  out  ci"  the  lead  mines  in  some  parts  of  Dcrby- 
sliirc  Ennjc, 

eOPE,  r.  t.    To  cover  as  with  a  cope.  ^:hlUon. 

9.  To  pare  the  beak  or  talons  of  a  hawk.  Bailey. 

3.  To  embrace.     [  Obs.]  Shak. 

COl*E)  r.   J.     [Dan.  X<r,  contention  ;  kicc^,  to  strive  j 

kappes,  to  strive,  to  equal,  to  en\y  j  Sw.  kif^  strife ; 

kiftpaj  to  contend  or  quarrel ;  kappas,  to  strive ;  to  em- 

ulate ;  Ar.  IjL^b  kafaaj  to  turn  back,  to  drive  away, 
to  thnist,  to  oppose,  to  equal ;  (^JL^b  Aa/ui,  to  be 

sufficient,  to  be  equal,  to  be  like,  to  be  a  substitute. 
ClassGb,  No.  53,  55.] 

1.  To  strive  or  contend  on  equal  terms,  or  with 
equal  strength  j  to  equal  in  combat ;  lo  match  ;  to  op- 
pose with  success. 

Their  generals  ha.ve  not  been  able  lo  cope  wiUi  tiic  troops  of 
AUieus.  Addison. 

Till  Lulher  rose,  no  pmver  coiild  cope  witU  tlis  poiic. 

U.  A.  ClarL; 

He  wris  loo  open  antl  direct  iii  his  «miUi;t,  aiul  poss'iised  too  lit- 
tle raan3ff:raeiit,  lo  cove  wiUi  st>  cool  ami  skilUal  ;i!i  adver- 
saiy.  ^Vh-t. 

9.  To  contend  ;  to  strive  or  struggle  ;  to  combat. 

Uosi  coped  with  host ;  dire  w.-vs  dtc  din  of  w-vr.  Philips. 

3.  To  encounter ;  to  interchange  kindness  or  sen- 
timent":.  Shak 

4.  To  make  return  ;  to  reward.    [O&a-.]       S.'uik. 

5.  To  exchange  or  barter.    [JVot  in  use.]    BaUcy 
€6'PECK.     See  Kopeck. 

€oP'-ED,  Ckopt,)i>p.  or  a.    Covered  with  a  cope. 

eoPE'M  AN,  71.     A  chapman.     [.Xot  iiscd.]         SfiaJ;. 

€0-PEIt'.\t-eAN,  (I.  Pcrlaining  to  Copernicus,  a 
Prussian  by  birth,  who  taught  the  world  the  solar 
svstt-m  now  received,  called  the  Copentican  sj'stem. 

t;oPEi?'-MATE,  71.  [cope  :ind  maU.]  A  companion  or 
friend.    j^Obs.]  Hubbard. 

eoPE'SToNE,  n.    Head  or  top  stone. 

eO-PHo'tflS,  n.     [Gr.]     Deafness. 

€0P'I-/:D,  (kop'id,)  pp.  [See  Copr.J  Taken  off; 
written  or  transcribed  from  an  origiual  or  form  ;  imi- 
tated. 

€OP'I-ER,    }  n.    One  who  copies  ;  one  who  writes  or 

COP'Y-IST,  \  transcribes  from  an  original  or  form  ; 
a  transcriber ;  an  imiUitor ;  also,  a  plngiarj-. 

.^ddi^^on.     Dnjdeii. 

€oP'IXG,  ppr.    Striving  ;  contending. 

GoP'lXG,  n.  [See  Cope,  ?(.]  The  lop  or  cover  of  a 
wall,  usually  made  sloping  to  carry  olf  the  v^-atcr.  1 
Kings  vii.  9.  A  coping  over,  is  a  projecting  work 
beveling  on  its  under  side. 

Co'PI-OUS,  a.  [Fr.  copieux;  It.  copioso;  Sp.  id.;  L. 
eopiosuSj  from  copia,  abundance,  Ir.  coib.    Q,u.  Ch. 

22i  to  collect,  gatlier,  accumulate  j  Ar.  ljO:»  jabau, 
id.    Class  Gb,  No.  2,  5,  55.] 

1.  Abundant;  plentiful;  in  great  quantities ;  full; 
ample  ;  furnishing  full  supplies. 

The  tf  nder  heart  ia  peace, 
And  kindly  poura  its  copious  Ire^iaui^^  Ibrlh 
in  various  converse.  Thomson. 

9.  Furnishing  abundant  matter ;  not  barren  ; 
rich  in  supplies.  The  redemption  of  man  is  a  copi- 
ous subject  of  contemplation. 

Hnil,  Son  of  God,  Savior  of  men  !  tJiy  name 

Shall  be  ihe  copious  matter  of  my  song.  Milton. 

C6'PI-0US-LY,  adv.     Abundantly;    plentifully;    in 
large  quantities. 
1         2.  Largely ;  fully  ;  amply ;  diffusely. 

The  remains  of  antiquity  have  hccn  copiously  described  bv  trav- 
eler. Adduion. 

I  €o'PI-OUS-XESS,    71.      Abundance ;    plenty ;    great 
quantity ;  full  supply. 

9.  Diffusiveness  of  style  or  manner  of  treating  a 
subject ;  as,  the  copiousness  of  Homer.         Dnjdcn. 
COP'iST,  n.     A  copier  ;  an  ill-formed  word. 
€OP'LAXD,  n.     A  piece  of  ground  terminating  in  a 

cop  or  acute  angle.     [A'ut  used  in  jimerica.]       Diet. 
€0-PLA.\T',  c.  j.    To  plant  together.    [^Tot  in  use."] 

Howel. 
eu-PoRTION,  71.    Equal  share.    [JVo(  iiscd.]   Spenser. 
€OPP£I),     /  a.     [See  Cop.1     Rising  to  a  point,  or 
€OP'PL£D,  i     head. 

Copped  like  n  sugnr-Ioaf.  Wiseman. 

eOP'PEL.    See  Cupel. 

€OP'PER,  7t.  [D.  kaper  ;  G.  hupfcr  ;  .^w.  koppar ;  Ir. 
copar;  Corn,  cober  ;  L.  cuprum;  Fr.  cidvre;  Sp. 
cvbrc  ;  Port.  id. ,  Arm.  euevr,  coeore  ;  supposed  to  be 
so  called  from  Cyprus,  an  i:^le  in  the  .Mediterra- 
nean.   Thi<  opinion  is  probable,  as  the  Greeks  called 


it  X"^"'^?  KVTTpi'ii,  Cifprian  brass,  brass   of  Cyprus. 
In  this  case,  copper  was  originally  an  adjective] 

A  metal  of  a  pale  red  color,  tinged  with  yellow. 
Next  to  gold,  silver,  and  platinum,  it  is  the  most 
ductile  and  malleable  of  the  met;Us,  and  it  is  more 
clastic  than  any  metal  except  steel,  and  the  most 
sonorous  of  all  tlie  metals.  It  is  found  native  in 
lamins  or  libers,  in  a  gang  almost  always  quartzous ; 
it  is  also  found  cr>"stallized,  and  in  grains  or  super- 
ficial lamina  on  stones  or  iron.  It  is  not  altered  by 
water,  but  is  tarnished  by  exposure  to  the  air,  and  is 
at  last  covered  with  a  green  carbonated  oxyd.  Cop- 
per in  sheets  is  much  used  for  covering  llie  bottoms 
of  ships,  for  boilers,  and  other  utensils  ;  mixed  with 
tin  ai;d  zinc,  it  is  used  in  cnamcI-painting,  dyeing, 
&c. ;  mixed  with  tin,  it  forms  bell-metal;  with  a 
smaller  proportion,  bronze  ;  and  with  zinc,  it  forms 
brass,  pinclibeck,  &.c.  When  taken  into  the  body,  it 
operates  as  a  violent  emetic,  and  all  its  preparations 
are  violent  poisons.       Foum-oy.    Encyc.    Hooper. 

eOP'PER,  a.     Consisting  of  copper.  Clcavcland. 

COP'PER,  71.    A  vessel  made  of  copper,  particularly  a 
large  boiler. 
9.  Formerly,  a  small  copper  coin. 

Aly  riicnda  filled  my  pocket  with  coppers,  Fraiiklin. 

COP'PER,  7?.  L  To  cover  or  sheathe  with  sheets  of 
copper  ;  as,  to  copper  a  ship. 

€OP'PER-AS,  71.  [Fr.  couperosc;  D.  kopa-rood,  that 
is,  red  copper,  and  koperroest  is  copper  rust,  verdigris ; 
Arm.  coupcrosa,  or  coupcros.] 

Sulphate  of  iron,  or  green  vitriol  ;  a  salt  of  a  pecu- 
liar astringent  taste,  and  of  various  colors,  green, 
gray,  yellowish,  or  whitish,  but  more  usually  green. 
It  is  much  used  in  dyeing  black  and  in  making  ink, 
and  in  medicine,  as  a  tonic.  The  copperas  of  com- 
merce is  usually  made  by  the  decomposition  of  iron 
pyrites.  The  term  cnppcras  was  formerly  synony- 
mous with  vtiriol,  and  inclmied  the  green,  blue,  and 
while  vitriols,  or  the  sulphates  of  iron,  copper,  and 
zinc.  Cleavcland.     Fourcroy. 

eOP'PER-BEL'LY,  7i.  An  American  serpent,  the 
Coluber  eriithro^nslrr. 

€OP'PER-BOT-TO-M-£D,  a.  Having  a  bottom 
sheathed  with  copper. 

eOP'PER-JED,  pp.  or  a.  Covered  with  sheets  of  cop- 
per ;  sheathed. 

€OP'PElt-FAST-EN-£D,  (-fas'snd,)  a.  Fastened 
with  copper  bolts. 

eOP'PER-HEAD,  C-hcd,)  n.  [from  its  color.]  A 
poisonous  American  serpent,  the  Trigonocephalus 
contortrix  ;  the  Boa  contortrix  of  Linnffius. 

€OF'PER-ISH,  a.  Containing  copper ;  like  copper,  or 
partaking  of  it. 

eOP'PER-XoSE,  7!.    A  red  nose.  Sknk. 

COP'PER  PLATE,  n.  A  plate  of  polished  copper  on 
which  concave  lines  are  engraved  or  corroded,  ac- 
cording to  some  delineated  figure  or  design.  This 
plate,  when  cliarged  with  any  colored  liuid,  imparts 
an  impression  of  the  figure  or  design  lo  paper  or 
parchment.  Encyc. 

•2.  A  print  or  impression  on  paper,  &.C.,  from  a  cop- 
perplate. 

COP'PER-SMITH,  7t.  One  whose  occupation  is  to 
manufacture  copper  utensUs, 

COP'PER-WORK,  (-wurk,)  n.  A  place  where  copper 
is  wrought  nr  manufactured.  IVvodward. 

eOP'PER-WORM,  (-wurmO  n.  A  little  worm  in 
ships ;  a  «orm  that  frets  garments ;  a  worm  that 
breeds  in  one's  hand.  Ainszoorih. 

COP'PER- Y,  a.  Mixed  with  copper  ;  containing  cop- 
per, or  made  of  copper  ;  like  copper  in  taste  or  smell. 

Tfbodward. 

eOP'PICE,  )  n.     [Norm,    coiipiz,  from  coiipcr,  to  cut, 

COPSE,       i      Or.  A-o,Trcd.] 

A  wood  of  small  growth,  or  consisting  of  under- 
wood or  brushwood  ;  a  wood  cut  at  certain  times  for 
fuel  or  other  purposes. 

The  rale  of  coppice  lands  will  fall  on  the  discovery  of  coal  mines. 

Locke. 

€OP'PLE-€ROWN,  ;*.  A  tuft  of  feathers  on  the 
lirad  of  a  fowl.  Holloway. 

eOP'PEED,  )  a.     [from  cup.]    Rising  to  a  point ;  con- 

COP'P£D,     i      ical.  Woodward. 

€OP'PLE-DUST,  n.  Powder  used  in  purifying  met- 
als ;  properlVj  cupel  dust. 

COP'PLE-SToNES,  tj.  pi.  Lumps  and  fragments  of 
stone  broke  from  the  adjacent  cliffs,  rounded  by 
being  bowled  and  tumbled  to  and  again  by  the  action 
of  water.  Johnson.     Woodward. 

In  J^'ew  Englfiudy  we  pronounce  this  word  cobble, 
cobble-stones,  and  if  the  word  is  a  diminutive  of  cob, 
cop,  a  head,  or  cub,  a  heap,  we  follow  tlie  Welsh  cob, 
as  the  Euglisli  do  the  same  word  cop,  in  the  Saxon 
dialect.  We  apply  the  word  to  small  rotind  stones, 
from  the  size  of  an  inch  or  two,  to  five  or  six  inches 
or  more,  in  diameter,  wherever  they  may  be  found. 

eOP'RO-LlTE,  n.    [Gr    hottoo^j  dung,  and  Xidoi,  a 
stone.] 
Petrified  dung  of  carnivorous  reptiles.  Buckland. 

eO-PROPirA-GOUS,  a.    Feeding  on  excrements. 

eOP-RO-LlT'IC,  a.  Containing  or  resembling  cop- 
ToliUs.  Humble. 

COPSE,  71.   A  wood  of  small  growth.    [See  Coppice.] 


COP 

€OPSJ:i,  V,  U    To  preserve  underwoods.  Sioi/t. 

eOP'SY,  a.    Having  copses.  Dyrr 

eOP'TIB,  a.  Pel-mining  to  the  descendants  of  llie 
nncicnt  Egyptians,  called  0»/jt*,  or  CophtifOS  distinct 
from  the  Arabians  and  other  inli.'ibitants  of  modern 
Egypt.  I'he  name  is  supposed  to  he  taken  from 
Coplos,  tlie  metropolis  of  the  Tliehaid  ;  as  Egypt, 
A£je-ro5,  is  probably  from  that  name;  Sanscrit, 
a^upta,  inclosed,  fortified.  So  Jtfisraint  and  jMaior 
are  from  -lis  to  inclose,  to  bind,  to  fortify.  Whatever 
may  be  the  origin  of  Copt,  the  adjective  Cpjitic  now 
refers  to  the  people  called  CopUy  who  are  Christians, 
and  to  tlicir  language.     Hence, 

eoP'Tie,  n.  The  i.ino-Mse  of  tho  CopU.  [See  Cla.s3 
Gb,  No.  8,  1!.] 

€OP'U-L.'\,  It.  [h.  See  CopuLATio:?  and  Couple.] 
In  Ugic,llie  word  which  unites  the  subject  and  pred- 
icate of  a  proposition.  Religion  is  indispensable  lo 
hajipiness.  Here  is  is  the  copula,  joining  rdigiun,  tlie 
subject,  with  indispensable  to  happiness,  the  predicate. 

eOP'U-LATE,  <i.    Joined.     [Liulc  usal.) 

eOP'lJ-LATE,  V.  t.     [h.  copula,  to  conple ;  Sp.  copular  : 
It.  copidare ;  Vr.  coupler.    See  Col-i'lk.] 
To  unite  ;  to  join  in  pairs.     [Litltc  itseil.] 

€OP'U-LaTE,  r.  I.  To  unite  in  sexiuU  embrace ; 
applied  to  animals  in  general. 

€0P'l!-L-5-TED,  pp.    Joined  in  pairs. 

eOP'U-L.-v-TING,  ppr.     Uniting  in  pairs  j  embracing. 

eOP-U-L.\'TION,  n.     [L.  copnlatio.\ 

The  act  of  coupling  ;  tlie  embrace  of  the  sexes  in 
the  act  of  generation  ;  coition. 

eOP'U-L.\-TIVE,  a.  That  unites  or  couples.  In 
grammar,  the  copulative  conjunction  connects  two  or 
more  subjects  or  predicates,  in  an  affirmative  or  neg- 
ative proposition  ;  as,  riches  and  honors  are  tempta- 
tions to  pride ;  the  Romans  conquered  Spain,  and 
Gaul,  and  Britain;  neither  wealth  nor  honors  will 
purchase  immortal  happiness. 

€OP'U-L.\-TIVE,  71.    A  copulative  conjunction. 
2.  Connection.     [JVlft  in  use,^ 

eOP'Y,  n.  [Fr.  copie  ;  Arm.  copy  ;  It.  copia  :  Sp.  and 
Port,  copia ;  Ir.  coib,  coibeatUi.  This  word  is  from 
the  root  of  cope,  in  the  sense  of  likeness,  resem- 
blance, Ar.    JtSs  ''O/i',  to  be  like ;  or  it  is  from 

doubling,  and  the  root  of  cii#,  .\r.  ( sLi=3  kaifa. 

Class  Gb,  No.  50.     See  Cope  and  Curr.] 

Literally,  a  likeness  or  resemblance  of  any  kind. 
Hence, 

1.  A  writing  like  another  writing  ;  a  transcript 
from  an  original ;  or  a  book  printed  according  to  the 
original ;  hence, 

2.  Any  single  book,  or  set  of  books,  containing  a 
composition  resembling  the  original  work ;  as,  the 
copil  of  a  deed,  or  of  a  bond  ;  a  copy  of  .Addison's 
works ;  a  copy  of  the  laws ;  a  copy  of  the  Scrip- 
tures. 

3.  The  form  of  a  picture  or  statue  according  to  the 
original  ;  the  iiniuation  or  likeness  of  any  (igure, 
draught,  or  almost  any  object. 

4.  An  original  work  ;  the  autograph ;  the  arche- 
type. Hence,  that  which  is  to  be  imitated  in  writ- 
ing or  printing.  Let  the  child  write  according  to  the 
copy.  The  copy  is  in  the  hands  of  the  printer.  Hence, 
a  pattern  or  example  for  imitation.  His  virtues  are  an 
excellent  copy  for  imitation. 

5.  Abundance.    [L.  copia.]     [Obs.] 

eOP'Y,  !>.  (.  To  WTite,  print,  or  engrave,  according  to 
an  original ;  to  form  a  like  work  or  composition  by 
writing,  printing,  or  engraving ;  to  transcribe  ;  often 
followed  by  out,  but  die  use  is  not  elegant.  The 
men  of  Hezekiah  copied  certain  proverbs  of  Solo- 
mon. ■  ■     , 

2.  To  paint  or  draw  according  to  an  original. 

3.  To  form  according  to  a  model,  as  in  archi- 
tecture. 

4.  To  imitate  or  attempt  to  resemble  ;  to  follow  an 
original,  or  pattern,  in  manners  or  course  of  life.  Copy 
the  Savior  in  his  humility  and  obedience. 

eOP'Y,  I',  j.  To  imitate  or  endeavor  to  be  like  ;  to  do 
any  thing  in  imitation  of  something  else.  A  painter 
copies  from  the  life.  An  obedient  chUd  cojaes  after 
ins  parent. 

They  never  (^il,  when  lliey  copy,  to  follow  die  bad  as  well  as  die 
goal.  Drydtn. 

eOP'V-BOOK,  V.  A  book  in  which  copies  are  written 
or  printed 'for  learners  to  imitate. 

eOP'Y--ED,  (kop'id,)  pp.  Transcribed  ;  imitated  ;  usu- 
ally written  Copied  ;  but  copycd  is  preferable. 

€OP'Y-ER,  II.  One  who  copies  or  tr.inscribes  ;  usual- 
ly written  CoplEn  ;  but  copyer  is  most  regular. 

edP'Y-lIoLD,  71.  In  England,  a  tenure  ot  estate  by 
copy  of  court  roll ;  or  a  tenure  for  which  the  tenant 
hath  iiotliing  to  show,  except  the  rolls  made  by  the 
steward  of  the  lord's  court.  BlacJistoiie. 

eOP'Y-HoLD'EB,  71.  One  who  is  possessed  of  land 
in  copy-hold. 

€OP'Y-ING,  ppr.    Transcribing. 

eOP' Y-ING-PRESS,  II.  A  machine  for  uaking  ^ex- 
act copy  of  any  manuscript  recently  written.  Hcbert. 

eOP'Y-IST,  71.    A  copier;  a  transcriber. 


TCNE,  BIXI,,  UNITE.  — AN''GER,  VI"CIOUS 6  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  ns  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


^65 


COR 

.  .  .  \  l\  (-rite,)  n.    Tlio  uule  right  wliicli  nil 

:  lii.-t  iiui)  ririi;iii:il  lit--r:*ry  coin |>oiiitiu lis  ; 

.t-  ri^iit  til' u II  uiitlhtr  tu  iiriiil,  |iuL)lirili, 

,1  ■.    ii  !  liidov.il  litt-rary  worK.-tj  for  Um  o\vu  bcii- 

rlii ;  lilt-  Uke  rii;lit  in  ihv  li.iiijd  ct  :m  assi^iiue. 

t:0-ilLTAL'LIN,  II.    A  eimill  i|iimlrupcd,  uf  the  wiuir- 

vA  kind,  but  incai>ablc  o(  tiiuibiiig  trcorf. 

Dict.  of  JVuf.  //#.*(. 
roat'E'LieOT,  Kkoko'le-ku,)  ii.    [Fr.]    Wild  [jop- 
t  r.'tL'C'IJ-€0,     I     py  ;    h*;ucf,  the  coin r  of  wild 

:i,H  ,  vl£.,  a  luixliirL'  ut*oriuit;c'  and  bcurkl. 
t  '  •  '  il-  ET',  (kt>-ktl',)  r.  (-    To  atti-iniil  to  uttruct  m>- 
iici',  :iihiiirilinn,  or  love,  from  vaniiy  ;  to  irt'ul  with 
an  iipp -aruiicc  of  tciidernt's:*  ur  regard,  with  u  vk-w 
to  dt-ct'ive  and  disappoint. 

Vou  arc  cofutuing  a  makl  of  liooor.  Siai/U 

eO-OL'KT',  F.  i.  To  trifle  in  love;  to  trcat  a  |ier«on 
with  an  nppounuKc-uf  Aivor,  but  wttha  dcDign  to  de- 
ceive and  uiiiappotnt. 

eO-aUKT'RY,  n.    [Fr.  eoquelirrie.] 

Attempts  to  attract  admiration,  notice,  or  love, 
from  vanity;  atTeclatiou  of  aniuruus  ad\'anccs ;  tri- 
lling: in  love.  Addison. 

eO-aUE'lTE',  (ko-kel',)  n.  [Fr.  cogwrt,  a  beau,  a 
poneml  lover,  a  cock-boat ;  eoquettf^  a  jilt ;  from  tlie 
\VcL<h  or  Celtic  coc^'rw,  a  vain,  fijuuy  wench,  a  co- 
quette, from  coegy  voiii  \  i^p.  c*»}ucta  ;  It.  cirrAa,  an 
owl ;  eiveUarCy  to  play  tlte  wap,  in  trijle,  to  coquet  j 
ciceUwd,  c:«<iuetr}' ;  cicettiiw,  a  vam  yo\ing  fellow.] 

A  vain,  air>',  trilling  girl,  who  endeavors  to  attract 
admiration  and  advancei^  in  love,  from  a  dcjiirc  to 
gratify  vanity,  and  then  rejects  Iicr  lover;  a  jilt. 


Tlic  li^hl  coquttUt  ill  syliili.*  nl'jfl  ivp'ir, 
AntI  ipurt  aufl  flutter  iii  liic  jWlds  vf  air. 


Pope. 


JioU.  —  In  French,  coqtut  is  masculine,  and  cogtutte 
feminine;  bu I.  as  our  lan^ua^'i:  has  no  such  ternii- 
nntiou  for  gender,  it  may  be  better  to  write  coquet  for 
bnth  sexes,  and  for  distinction  [tTcMxinatc  lo  the  word 
when  a|>plied  to  a  man. 

CO-UUKT'TED,  preL  and  pp.  v(  VouueTj  which  sec. 

CO-Ul'E  T'TING,  ppr.  Attraeliuj;  notice  lo  gain  ad- 
niirerrJ,  and  Uieii  rt-jecling  tlicm. 

CO-UriVr'Tlsn.  (ko-kt-t'ish,)  (I.  IV-icticing  cwiuetrv. 

eu-CilET'TI^H-LV,  (ko-ket'ish-ly,)  atlv.  In  a  co- 
qnttti^h  manner. 

fOU.  n.    Tile  measure  of  a  pottle. 

€ORA-eLE,  n.     [W.  acrw^'lc] 

A  boat  used,  in  Wales,  by  fishermen,  made  by 
coverins;  a  wicker  Irani:"  with  leath>  r  or  oil-clotii.  A 
similar  boat  was  used  by  the  ancient  Eg>'pti:uis. 

Brandc. 

€OR'A-eOID,  H.  [Gr.  «o.oaJ,  a  crow,  and  £(f!o<,  form.] 

A  small,  ^harp  process  of  the  scapula,  shaped  like 

a  crow's  beak.    The  name  has  been  extended  to  a 

bone  in  birds,  &.C.,  n-.ar  the  shoulder-joint.     Brandc. 

eOH'A-eOLD,  a.    Shaped  like  a  crow's  beak. 

Bnckland* 

COR'AL,  n.  [L,  coraU'uun;  Gr.  KopaX'^iovj  from  lopn, 
damsel,  and  a\st  ^^^  i  Fr.  coraity  or  coral ;  It.  corolla  ; 
Sp.  corid  ;  D.  koraal :  G.  koraUc  ;  Dan.  kortU.] 

In  zoology  a  substance  consistin;;  clOefly  of  carlio- 
natc  of  lime.  It  is  Uic  solid  secretions  of /.uo[ihytes, 
produced  within  the  tissues  of  the  polyps,  and  corre- 
sponding to  the  skeleton  in  higher  animals.  Corals 
have  often  tfic  form  of  tree^,  s]irub:i,  or  assume  hem- 
ispherical and  nodular  shapes,  ii^ucli  arc  '.nadreporcsy 
astrcas,  and  brain-coral.  The  surface  is  usually  cov- 
ered with  radiated  cells,  each  of  wjiich  marks  tlio 
position  (if  one  of  the  polyp? ;  :ind,  when  alive,  the 
animals  appear  like  (lowers  over  every  part  of  the 
zo«tphyte.  Dana. 

'2.  A  piece  of  coral,  used  by  children  aa  a  play- 
thing. 

eOR'AL,  a.    Made  of  coral ;  resemblins  coraL 

COR'.\L-RAG,  n.  In  gcohffy,  a  ctiralliferous  deposit, 
farming  a  member  of  the  middle  division  of  oolite. 

J  fumble. 

e'.vf  'AL-TREE,  n.  A  genus  of  plants,  Erytlirina,  of 
f  ,veral  si>ecies,  natives  of  Africa  and  America.  They 
are  all  shrubby,  flowering;  plants,  adorned  chiefly 
with  trifoliate  or  tliree-lobed  leaves,  and  scarlet 
spikes  of  p.ipilionaceous  floweiy. 

eOK'AL-WORT,  n.  The  popular  n;une  of  certain 
species  of  plants,  Dentarin,  called  also  tooOt-tc^rtj  or 
t>-ttA-rioht.  Fain,  of  Plants. 

eOR-^VL-LA'CEOUS,  a.  Like  coral,  or  partaking  of 
its  qualitit?. 

eOR-AI^LIF'EK-OUS,  a.    Containing  coral.  OUbeH. 

eOR'AL-LI-FOUM,  o.  [coral  ;ind  form.]  Resembling 
conil ;  forked  and  crooscd.  Rineaa. 

€OR-AL-i.i6'EN-0i;tf,  a.    Producing  cural.  Ilamlle. 

COR'AL-LI.VE,  C-lin,)  a.  Consisting  of  corrU ;  like 
CJiral ;  containing  coral 

eOR'/VL-LINE,  H-  A  submarine,  j^emi-calcareous  or 
calcareous  plant,ct.nsistingof  many  jointed  branches, 
resembltn;.'  some  sjiecies  of  moss,  'i'he  term  has  also 
been  applied  to  certain  minute  corals  growing  in 
moss-like  forms.  Dana. 

eOR'AL-LIN-ITE,  n.    A  fossil  polyi^ier  or  coralline. 
Dict.  Ji'aU  HisU 

€OR'.'VIr-LITE,  R.  A  mineral  subsuuice  or  petrifac- 
tion, in  the  form  of  coral ;  or  a  fossil  polypier,  larger 
than  a  corallinitc.  finoan.     DicL  M'aL  HiaU 


COR 

w!1-a5:I:uIu'al,  \  -■  ["-"■ "»"  «'•  "^"•'  •">'""•] 

Having  the  form  of  coral ;  branching  like  coral. 
Dict.  JCitt.  Jlut. 
eOR'AL-LOID,   u.     A  term  formerly  applied  to  a  spe- 
cies of  minute  curuls  called  Egatra^  and  also  some- 
times t'l  tin*  Oi'r^ania.''.  Encyc, 
CO'liAM  JV'DJCK,     [U]    Ilufore  the  judge. 
CO'R^M  Ji''OJV./C'DICK,     [JU]     Before  one  not  a 

judge  ;  before  one  who  lix-t  nut  jurisdiction. 
eu-KANT',  n.    [Fr.  cuuraut,  running ;  cuurir,  to  run  ; 
L.  eurro.] 
A  lol\y,  sprightly  dance.  Johtison.     Temple. 

CORlt,  ri.     [Ii.  curbi--*.    See  the  nc.\t  word.] 
1.  A  basket  used  in  coaleries. 
S.  .'Vn  onianieiit  in  a  building.  Spenser. 

CORR'A.N'.H.    [L-cvrfrw;  D.  kurf;  G.Iiorb;  Sw. korffi 

Dan.  kurr  :  Fr.  eorbeillc ;  Elh.  Tl4i '  karboy  a  wicker 
basket ;  Kuss.  korban^  a  church  box  or  chest,  a  treas- 
UTv.  Hut,  in  Eihiopic,  kurbnn  is  an  oblatiyii,  that 
wiiich  is  olfert  d  to  God,  a  gill,  sacrifice,  eoincidiug 
with  the  Hub.  p*^p,  fruin  3np,  to  ajiproach,  to  cause 
to  approach,  to  bring  or  ul!er.] 

1.  In  Jeinijih  antitpiitij,  an  otfiring,  faciifice,  or 
oblation  of  any  kind,  presented  before  God.  Gc^rnius. 

h  a  n  ^t,  corban,  by  wlinlsocvcr  tlioii  rni^cUtcvl  be  profitod  by 
mc;  thai  fa,  I  liiivu  <lcvoloil  ttint  to  Uu«l  wlilcti  you  luk  of 
inc,  (iiitl  it  b  no  longer  mine  (o  give.  Eneye. 

%  An  nlms-basket ;  n  vessel  to  receive  gills  of 
charity;  a  gill;  an  alms;  a  treasury  of  the  church, 
where  otlcriugs  are  de|K)sited.  Calmet, 

3.  Among  jfohammcdaits,  a  ceremony  performed  at 
the  foot  of  .Mount  Arufui,  in  .-\rabia,  near  Mecca. 
It  consists  in  killing  a  nuinbvT  of  sheep,  and  distrib- 
uting them  among  the  )>oor.  JCncijc. 
eORUE,  a.     [Fr.  cvurbc]     Crooked.     [J^ot  in  itsc.] 

Spaiser. 
eORU'EIL, (kor'bel,) n.    [Fr. corbcilU ;  ll. corbello.  Sec' 

CoRB\N.] 

In  fortification  f  a.  little  ia.*/;f(,  lo  be  filled  withearlh, 
and  set  upon  a  parapet,  to  .'^belter  men  from  the  lire 
of  besiegers.  Joktison. 

€ORli'EL,  n.     [See  the  prea  ding  words.] 

1.  In  arcfiitcctiire,  the  representation  of  Ii  basket, 
sotuetimes  set  on  the  heads  of  caryatides. 

2,  The  vase  or  lambtir  of  III;:  Corinlliiau  column; 
so  calleil  from  its  resemblance  to  n  basket.    Encyc. 

CORll'EL,  ji.  A  short  piece  of  limber,  iron,  &.c.,  in  a 
wall,  jutting  six  ureigtit  inches,  as  occasion  requires, 
in  tli<!  manner  of  a  shoulder-piece  ;  sometunes  placed, 
for  strength,  under  the  semigirdcr  of  a  platform. 
Tjie  under  part  is  sometunes  cut  into  the  fonn  of  a 
boultin,  sometimes  of  an  ogee,  or  of  a  face,  &c. 

Eacyc.     Johnson. 
2.  A  niche  or  hollow  left  in  walla  for  images,  fig- 
ures, or  statues.  Chambers. 

eOR'nV,  ».    A  raven.     [JVbt  in  iwc] 

eOR'CULE,  j«.      [L.  corculum,  but  in   a    diflerent 

eOR'CLE,  )  sense.  It  is  a  dimiimtive,  from  cor, 
the  heart.] 

In  bolanyj  the  heart  of  the  seed,  or  rudiment  of  a 
future  plant,  attached  to  and  involved  in  the  cotyle- 
don:?. It  consists  of  the  plume,  or  ascending  part., 
and  the  rostcl,  or  radicle,  the  simple  descending  p;irt. 

Martijn. 

CORD,  71.  [W.  cord;  Ft.corde;  It.  corda ;  Sp.  cu'crda: 
V.koord;  L.  chorda;  Gr.  \')u6n.  According  to  the 
Welsh,  this  word  signifies  a  twist,  from  cJr,  Uie  root 
of  clioru.'i.'\ 

1.  A  .'String,  or  small  rope,  composed  of  several 
strands  twisted  together.  lUhab  let  down  the  spies 
by  a  cord  through  the  window.    Jo.^h.  ii. 

2.  A  quantity  of  wood  or  other  material,  originally 
measured  with  a  cord  or  line.  The  cord  is  a  pile 
containing  128  cubic  feet ;  or  a  pile  eight  feet  lung, 
four  feet  high,  and  four  feet  broad. 

3.  In  SeripturCy  the  cortU  of  the  mckcdy  are  the  snares 
with  wliich  they  catch  the  unwary.    Ps.  c-vxix. 

The  cords  of  sin,  ore  bad  habits,  or  the  consequences 
of  sin.     Proc.  v. 

The  cords  of  a  iwan,  are  the  fair,  gentle,  or  natural 
means  of  alluring  men  to  obedience.    Hog.  x'u 

The  cords  of  vanity, arc  wtifldly  vanities  and  pleas- 
ures, profit,  or  preferment ;  or  vain  and  deceitful 
arguments  and  pretenses,  which  draw  invn  to  sin. 

/^.  V. 

To  strcteJi  a  Une  or  cord  about  a  ciit/y  is  to  level  it, 
or  utterly  to  destroy  it.    Lam.  ii. 

The  cords  of  a  tent^  denote  stability.     To  loosen  or 
break  the  cxfrds,  is  to  weaken  or  destroy  ;  to  lengthen 
the  cordiiy  is  to  enlarge.    .Job  xxx.    Is.  liv.    Jcr.  x. 
€ORD,  r.  (.    To  biud  with  a  cord  or  rope ;  to  fasten 
with  cords. 

2,  To  pile  wood  or  other  material  for  measurement 
and  sale  Iiv  the  cord 
eORD'MAK-ER,  H.    One  whose  occupation  is  to  make 

ropes;  but  in  .-Vmcrica  callc:!  rupnaa.'i/T. 
eOKD'WOQD,  H,  Wood  cut  and  piled  for  sale  by  the 
cord,  m  distinction  from  U'ii;r  ir.r^.il ;  properly^  wood 
cut  to  the  length  of  four  feet;  but,  in  this  respect, 
the  practice  is  not  uniform.  In  Scotland^  cordtcood  is 
wood  conveyed  lo  market  on  board  of  vessels,  in  op- 
position to  that  which  is  floated.  BiUfic. 


COR 

eORU' AG  E,  «.  [f=p.  cordajre :  Fr.  id. ;  from  conl.] 
A  tt-riii  applied  In  all  sorts  of  cords  or  reiH'S  used  lu 
the  running:  ri^^riii;^  of  a  ship,  or  kept  in  rt-serve,  in 
sup|il>'  the  plaee  of  that  which  may  be  rendt^red  uu* 
serviceable.  In  a  more  gene  ml  seitsry  the  word  in- 
cliidi-s  all  ropes  and  lines  used  on  huurd  of  shi|Mi. 

eORD'ATE,       I  a.      [L.   cordatus^    with    a    ditferenl 

€OKI*'.A-TED,  i  signification,  from  cor,  the  heart.] 
Havin;;  the  form  of  a  liuart ;  heart-shapt^d  ;  n  lenn 
used  by  naturalist^;  as,  a  cunlale  leaf,  in  butany,  re- 
sembling tile  longitudinal  sixtion  u(  the  heart. 
Hence,  fort'otr-i'W.iH;,',  liL-art-shapi'd  lengthened  ;  o>r-  [ 
date-ltiiicfi'l<ite,  h.-arl-shaped,  gradually  tapering  In- 
ward eacji  e.vtremity,  like  the  hi;ail  of  a  laiHc  , 
cordiUe-snirittatc,  hcart-sliaped,  but  resembling  \\k 
lieail  of  an  arrow.  jt/urfyn. 

eORD'ATE  LV,  adc.    In  a  cordate  fonn. 

CORD'EO,  pp.  or  a.    Bound  or  fiistened  with  cordd. 

2.  Piled  in  a  form  for  measurement  by  the  cord. 

3.  Made  of  cords  ;  furnished  with  cords,     Shak, 
■1.  Striped  or  furrowed,  as  by  cord;*. 

6.  In  heraldry^  a  corded  crejj  is  one  wound  wttli 
cords,  or  nnde  of  two  pieces  of  wood.  Kneyt. 

€0R-1)E-LIICU',  (kor-de-leer',)  «.    [Fr.,  from  c«-Je,a 
girdle  or  cord  worn  by  the  order.] 

A  Franciscan  friar ;  one  of  a  religious  order  fuiiod* 
ed  by  SL  Pnincis  ;  a  gray  friar.  I'he  Cordeliers  wear 
a  thick  gray  cloth,  a  little  cowl,  a  chaperon,  and  i 
cloak,  Willi  a  girdle  of  rope  or  cord,  tied  \\  iih  three 
knots.  Encyc 

eOR'DEL-liVG,  a.    Twisting, 

CORD'I-.VL,  fl.    [Fr.  and  )^\\.  cordial ;  U.cordiale;  fruio 
L.  cor,  the  heart.] 

1.  Proceeding  from  the  heart;  hearty;  sincere; 
not  hypocritical ;  warm  ;  atrectionutc  j  as,  wc  give 
our  friends  a  cordial  reception. 


With  looV*  cf  cordinl  love. 


AiHton. 


2.  Reviving  the  spirits;  cheering;   invigorating; 

giving  strength  or  spirits  ;  as,  cordial  waters. 

tViicmaiu 
CORD'I-AL,  n.    In  medicine^  that  which  suddenly  ex- 
cites the  system,  and  increases  the  action  of  tlie 

heart  or  circulation   when   languid  ;   any  medicine 

which    increases   strength,  raises    the   spiriu,  nnd 

giv<:s  life  and  cheerfulness  to  a  person  when  weak 

and  depressed. 
2.  Aromaiized  and  s^K'ectcned  spirit,  employed  ai 

a  beverage.  Cooley, 

'.i.  Any  thing  that  comforts,  gladdens,  and  cxhUa- 

rates  ;  as,  good  news  is  a  cordial  to  the  iniud. 
€ORL>'l-Ai^IlK.\.RT'ED,  a.     Having  cordial  afl'.*- 

lioii. 
eORD-I-AL'I-Ty,  71.    Relation  to  the  heart.     [A^t 

used.]  Brown. 

9.  Sincerity  ;    freedom    from   hypocrisy  ;    sincupn 

affection  and  kindness ;  as,  our  friends  iverc  received 

Willi  cordiality. 
eOKl)'l-AL  IZE,  V.  t.    To  render  cordial.    Ec.  Itev. 
€ORD'I-AI^rZ-/:i},  pp.    Rendered  cordial. 
€UliU'l-AL-rZ-ING,  jtpr.    Making  cordial. 
eORD'I-AL-LY,  <w/y.    Heartily  ;  sincerely  ;  without 

hypocrisy  ;  with  real  atfeelion.    The  Cliristian  cut' 

dially  receives  the  doctrines  of  grace. 
eOUD'I-AL-i\[:.^S,  H.    Cordiality  ;  hearty  good  uill. 
eORD'IE-Kri'E,  7!.     The  mineral  called  olJierwise 

iolite  and  dicliroite, 
eORD'I-FORM,  a.     [L.  cor^  the  heart,  and  fi^rma, 

form.] 
ileart-shaiied ;    having  the   form  of  the  hiunan 

heart. 
€ORD'I-NEit,  71.     [,\'ot  used.]    See  Cohowamcr. 
eORD'L\G,p/jr.    Binding  with 

urement. 
eOU'DON,  71.     [Fr.  and  Sp.  cordon:  It.  cordonc;  Port. 

conlam.    See  Curd.] 

1.  In  fortification,  a  row  of  stones  jutting  before 
the  nnnpart,  aiid  the  basis  of  the  parapet ;  or  a  row 
of  stones  between  the  wall  of  a  fortress  which  lies 
aslope,  and  the  parapet,  which  is  perpendicular;  serv- 
ing as  an  ornament,  and  used  only  in  fortificatiuiu 
of  stone-work.  Johnson,     Kneye. 

2.  In  mddary  language^  a  line  or  series  of  military 
lK)Sls  ;  as,  a  cordon  of  troops. 

3.  Cvrdon  saiiitairc:  a  line  of  troops  or  military 
po.'Jis  on  the  borders  of  a  district  of  country  infected 
with  disease,  to  cut  oil"  communication,  and  thuj 
prevent  tiie  aisjasc  from  spreading. 

GOR'DO-VAN,  n.    Spanish  leather. 

eoit-OU-ROV,  7i.  A  tliick  cotton  stufl;  corded  or 
ribbed. 

eORD'VVAiN,  Tt.     [Sp.  eordoban;  Port,  eordovami  Fr. 
coj-douatt ;  fRim  Cordova,  or  Cordoba,  in  Spain.] 
Spanish  leatSicr;  goat-skin  tanned  and  dressed. 
Spenser.     Sp.  Diet. 

€ORD'W'AlN-ER,n.  [from  eordwain.l  A  shoemaker. 
This  word  was  formerly  written  rnrtiiners.  It  is  evi- 
dently from  tlie  French  cordotian,  cordouanmer , 
properly,  a  work^-r  in  cordwam,  or  cordovan  leallier. 

CoRK,  7U  [Fr.  ca:iT :  Norm,  core;  Sp,  coraion;  Port 
coracam  ;  It.  cuorc  ;  from  L.  cor,  the  heart,  Gr.  Kcap. 
Poe  Class  Gr.] 

1.  The  heart  or  inner  part  of  a  thing;  particularly 
the  central  part  of  fruit,  containing  the  kernels  or 


ding  with  cords  ;  piling  for  me:t8- 


FaTE,  far,  FALL,  WH^T.  — MeTE,  PR^V.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.— 
266 


COR 

seeds ;  as,  ttic  core  of  an  apple  or  quince.    II  was 
forinerlv  applied  .o  place ;  as,  in  Uic  core  oi"  a  square. 

Ralegh. 

2.  The  inner  part  of  an  ulcer  or  boil.       Dnjden. 

3.  In  archUcctare,  the  interior  part  of  any  tiling ; 
as,  tlie  core  of  a  coliunn  or  wall.  Qailt. 

■1.  A  bo<ly.     [Fr.  corps."]     [J^Tot  tumJ.]         Baccn. 
5.  A  disorder  of  sheep,  occasioned  by  worms  in 
the  liver.  Chambers. 

Coil'Kl^i  (kord,)  fl.  In  the  herring  fisitery,  rolled  in 
i:alt,juul  prepared  for  drj-ing.  -4s/i. 

eO-Kl'.'ijENT.  n.    A  joint  regent  or  ruler.     TTraxatl. 

CO-RK-LX'TlfJNj  «.     CoiTe^ponding  relation.  Kidd. 

eOUi'',  n.  A  basket  for  carrying  coals  and  other  min- 
erals ill  a  mine.  Qdbcrt. 

€0-UI-.A'CEOUS,(ko-re-a'shus,)  a,  [L.  conaccws,  from 
cvrium,  leather.] 

1.  Consisting  of  leather,  or  resembling  leather; 
lough  ;  as,  coriaceous  concretions.  ^rbittfnwL 

3.  In  botany^  stiff,  like  leather  or  parchment ;  ap- 
pUol  to  a  leaf,  a  calyx^  or  capsule.  Martyn. 

eO-RI-AN'DER,  n.    [L.  coriaudrii.m ,  Gr.  kooiuv^  ko^i- 

The  popular  name  of  a  genus  of  planLs  of  one  spe- 
cies. The  seeds  of  this  species  hare  a  strung  smell, 
and,  in  medicine,  are  considered  as  stomachic  and 

carminative. 
€0  KIN'DOX.    See  CoRu:*Dt:M. 
eOR'LN'TH,  n,    A  city  of  Greece.    Hence, 

2.  A  small  fruit,  now  called  Currant  j  which  see. 

Philips.     Broome. 

eO-RINTH'I-AC,  a.    Pertaining  to  Corinth.  D'^nvUlc. 

eO-RINTH'I-AN,  a.  Peitaining  to  Corinth,  a  celebra- 
ted city  of  Greece  j  as,  Corinthian  column  ;  Corinthian 
order;  Corinthian  brass.  The  Corintliian  order,  in 
arrhitecture,  is  the  most  delicate  of  all  the  orders, 
and  enriched  with  a  profusion  of  ornaments.  The 
capital  is  usually  adorned  with  olive  leaves  or  acan- 
thus. Encyc. 

eO-RI'VAL,  71.    [con  and  rival;  written  improperly 

CORRCTAL.] 

A  rival,  or  fellow-rival ;  a  competitor.  SJiak. 

CO-Ri' VAL,  r.  t.    To  rival ;  to  pretend  to  equal.  Shak. 

eaRrvifcfniP,i"-    Joint  rivalry. 

CORK.  ir.  [D.  hurk ;  G.  kork ;  Sw.  karck  ;  Dan.  kork  ; 
Sp.  corcho ;  Russ.  korka;  Fr.  ecoree;  L.  eoHcz^  bark, 
rind,  slielJ,  crust.] 

1.  A  glandiferous;  tree,  a  species  of  Gluercus,  grow- 
ing in  Spain  and  Portugal,  having  a  thick,  rough, 
fungous,  cleft  bark. 

9.  The  outer  bark  of  the  tree,  or  epidermis,  of 
which  stopples  for  bottles  and  casks  are  made.  This 
outer  bark  is  taken  off,  and  a  new  epidt'rmis  is 
formed,  which,  in  sii  or  seven  years,  becomes  fit 
for  use.  This  Hark  is  cdso  burnt  to  make  a  kind  of 
light  black,  called  Spanish  black. 

3.  A  stopple  for  a  bottle  or  cask,  cut  out  of  cork. 
€ORK,  r.  t.    To  stop  bottles  or  casks  with  corks ;  to 

confine  or  make  fast  with  a  cork.     [See  also  Calk.] 
eORK'KD,  (korkt,)  pp.    Stopped  with  a  cork. 
eORK'lXG,  ppr.    Stopping  with  corks. 
•■("•RK'I.NG-PIX,  n.    Apin  of  a  large  size.        Swift. 
oLiRK'tCREW,  (-skrii,)  n.    A  screw  to  draw  corks 

froui  bottles. 
CORK'Y,  a.    Consisting  of  cork ;  resembling  cork  ;  dry 

and  tough  like  cork. 

Bind  fast  his  corky  arms.  Shak. 

eOR'MO-RANT,  n.  [Fr.  cormoran ;  Sp.  corvcjon. 
Cormorant  is  supposed  to  be  corrupted  from  Corcns 
marinusy  sea-raven.  The  Welsh  also  called  the  bird 
morvran^  sea-crow,] 

1.  A  gonus  of  sea-birds,  {Phalacro  corax,)  often 
called  the  sca^raven,  and  distinguished  for  its  voraci- 
ty. The  head  and  neck  are  black  ;  the  coverts  of 
the  wings,  the  scapulars,  and  the  back,  are  of  a  deep 
green,  edged  with  black,  and  glossed  with  blue.  The 
base  nf  the  lower  mandible  is  covered  with  a  naked, 
yellow  skin,  which  extends  under  thii  chin,  and  forms 
a  sort  of  pouch.  This  bird  occupies  the  cliffs  by  the 
sea,  feeds  on  fish,  and  is  extremely  voracious.  Encyc. 

2,  A  glutton. 

€OR'MLrs,  n.  [Gr.  nopnoi.]  In  botany,  the  generic 
name  of  a  stalk  or  stem  of  any  plant. 

n.  c.  miifjeuow. 

2.  The  dilated  base  of  the  stems  of  monocotyledo- 
nous  plautf,  intervening  between  the  root  and  the 
first  buds,  and  forming  the  reproductive  portion  of 
such  plants,  wlicn  they  are  not  caulescent.  Lindley. 
eOR\,  H.     [Sax,  com  ;  D.  koom;  G.  kom;  Dan.  and 
Sw.  konu    Not  improbably  this  word  is  the  L.  trra- 
num.    Such  tnmspositions  are  not  unconunon.     The 
word  si'_niifies  not  only  the  hard  seeds  of  certain 
plants,  \i\ii  hail  and  shot,  L,  grando,  Ir.  granj  grain, 
hail,  shot.    Johnson  quotes  an  old  Runic  rhyme  : 
"  Hagul  er  kaldastur  to7-nc," 
Hail  is  the  coldest  com.    See  Grain.] 

1.  A  single  seed  of  certain  plants,  as  wheat,  lyc, 
barley,  and  maize  ;  a  grain.  In  this  sanse  it  has  a 
plural ;  as,  three  baney  corns  make  an  inch.  It  is 
generally  applied  to  edible  seeds,  which,  when  ripe, 
are  hard. 

2.  The  seeds  of  certain  plants  in  general,  in  bulk 


COR 

or  quantity ;  as,  corn  is  dear  or  scarce.  In  this  sense, 
the  word  comprehends  ali  the  kinds  of  grain  which 
constitute  tlie  foud  of  men  and  iiurses.  In  Great 
Britain,  corn  is  gcnenilly  applied  to  wheat,  rye,  oats, 
and  barley.  In  tJte  finiicd  States,  it  has  the  siinie  gen- 
eral sense,  but  hy  cu.stom  it  is  ai)propriated  to  maize. 
We  are  accustomed  to  say,  the  crop  of  wheat  is  good, 
but  the  corn  is  bad  ;  it  is  a  good  year  for  wheat  and 
rje,  but  bad  for  citrn.  In  this  sense,  corn  has  no 
plural. 

3.  The  plants  which  produce  com,  when  growing 
in  the  field  ;  the  stalks  and  cars,  or  the  stalks,  ears, 
and  seeds,  after  reaping  and  befory  Uirashmg.  We 
say,  a  field  of  forw,  a  sheaf  or  a  shock  of  corn,  a  load 
of  corn.  The  plants  or  stalks  arc  included  in  tlie 
term  corn,  until  the  seed  is  separated  from  the  ears. 

4.  In  surgery,  a  hard  excrescence,  or  induration  of 
the  skin,  on  the  toes  or  some  part  vf  the  faet,  occa- 
sioned by  the  pressure  of  the  shoos  ;  so  called  from 
its  hardness  and  resemblance  to  a  corn. 

5.  A  small,  hard  particle.     [See  Grain.] 
€ORN,  V.  t.    To  preserve  and  season  with  salt  in 

grains  ;  to  sprinkle  with  salt ;  as,  to  corn  beef. 
9.  To  granulate  ;  to  form  into  small  grains.    - 

€ORN'-BASK-ET,  n.  A  large  basket  fo>  carrying  the 
ears  of  maize. 

€ORN'BIXD,  71.    Climbing  buckwheat.     [Local] 

Orosc. 

€ORN'-BLaDE,;i.  Theleaf  of  tht- maize.  Corn-blades 
are  collected  and  preserved  as  fodder,  iu  some  of  the 
Southern  States  of  America. 

eORN'BRASH,  n.  A  coarse,  slK:l!y  limestone,  form- 
ing a  soil  celebrated,  in  Wiltsliire,  England,  for  the 
giovvth  of  com.  Brande.     Mat-tell. 

eORN'-BREAD,  (-bred,)  n.  A  kind  of  bread  or  bread- 
cake  made  of  the  meal  of  Indian  corn. 

€ORN'-CHAND-LER,  n.  [Cltandlcr,  a  dealer  in  can- 
dles, is  supposed  to  be  from  the  Fr.  chamhUcr ;  but 
what  has  this  word  to  do  with  com  and  sliiii,  in  corn- 
chandler  VinA  ship-ckandler  1  In  these  words,  diandler 
seems  to  be  a  corruption  of  the  Teutonic  hainUfr,  a 
trader ;  Sw.  komhandlare,  a  coni-dealer ;  Dan.  handler , 
G.  id.  ;  D.  handclaar.] 
A  dealer  in  com. 

eORN'-CLAD,  a.    Covered  with  growing  com. 

Barlow. 

eORN'-CRAKE,  n.  The  crake  or  land-rail ;  the  cora- 
crow ;  fur /croA'Q,  in  Sw.,  and  kragc  in  Dan.,  is  our 
word  cro7D,  and  the  name  is  probably  taken  from  its 
cry.  The  Dutcli  kraai,  a  crow,  is  contracted  from 
kraag,  and  kraaijen  is  to  crow,  to  vaunt,  to  tell  tales  ; 
G.  krdliCy  krdhcn. 

€ORN'-eUT-TER,  u.  [corn  and  cnt.]  One  who  cuts 
corns  or  jndurations  of  the  skin. 

CORX'FIeLD,  n.     A  field  where  corn  is  growing. 

CORX'-FL.VG,  71.  The  popular  name  of  a  genus  of 
plants,  the  Gladiolus,  of  several  species,  bearing  red 
or  white  (lowers. 

€ORX'~FLoOR,  71.  A  floor  for  com,  or  for  thrashing 
com.    Is.  xxi.    Hos.  is 

€ORN'-FL0W-ER,  n.  A  flower  or  plant  growing 
among  corn,  as  the  hlue-bottle,  wild  poppy,  &c. 

Bacon. 

CORN'-HeAP,  71.     A  heap  of  com.  Hall. 

CORN -LAND,  7i.  Land  appropriated  or  suitable  to 
the  production  of  corn  or  grain. 

eORN'-LAWS,  n.  pi.  In  Great  Britain,  laws  prohib- 
iting the  importation  of  foreign  corn  or  grain  for  home 
consumption,  except  when  the  price  rises  beyond  a 
certain  rate.    Repealed  in  1846.  JWCutloch. 

CORN'-LOFT,  n.    An  apartment  for  corn  ;  a  granary-. 

Skencood. 

€0RN-MAR'y-G6LD,  ti.  The  popular  name  of  a  ge- 
nus of  plants,  the  Clnysanthemum. 

€ORN'-MAS-TER,  n.  One  who  cultivates  com  for 
sale.     [jVy!  used>]  Bacon. 

eORN'ME-TER,  71.     One  who  measures  com. 

eORN'-MILL,  H.  A  mill  for  grinding  com,  more  gen- 
erally called  a  <>rist-mJU. 

eORN'-PARS-lJEY,  n.  The  popular  name  of  a  genus 
of  plants,  the  Sison. 

€ORN'-PiPE,  n.  A  pipe  made  by  slitting  the  joint  of 
a  green  stalk  of  corn.  Johnson. 

€ORN'-ROCK-ET,  n.  The  popular  name  of  a  genus 
of  plants^  the  Bunias. 

€ORN'-RoSE,  n.     A  species  of  poppy,  or  Papaver. 

€ORN'-SAL-AD,  tj.  A  plant,  a  species  of  Valeriana, 
whose  top  loaves  are  said  to  be  a  good  salad. 

CORN'STALK,  (-stawk,)  ti.  A  stalk  of  com,  partic- 
ularly a  stalk  ot  the  maize.  .America. 

eORN'-Vi-O-LET,  71.  A  species  of  Campanula.   Tate. 

€ORN'-WaIN,  7t.     A  wagon  that  carries  corn. 

CORN'AGE,  n,     [from  Fr.  conic,  L.  cornn,  a  horn.] 
An  ancient  tenure  of  lands,  wjiich  obliged  the  ten- 
ant to  give  notice  of  an  invasion  by  blowing  a  horn. 

€0RN'E-A,  n.  [from  L.  cornu,  a  liorh.]       [Biackstone. 

The  strong,  homy,  transparent  membrane  in  the 

fore  part  of  the  eye,  through  which  the  rays  of  light 

pass ;  situated  in  the  sclerotica,  and  considered  by 

some  as  a  portion  of  it. 

€0RN'£D,  (kornd,)  pp.  or  a.    Sprinkled  witli  salt; 
cured  by  salting  ;  as,  eomed  beef. 
2.  Drunk.     [Lutb.]  Grose. 


cou 


eOR'NEL, 

eOR'NEL^TREE, 

e0R-NKL'5AN 


EE,  > 

r-TREE, ) 


[L.  cornus,  from  coriiu,  a 
horn,  or  its  root,  from  ine 
hardness  of  the  wood ;  Sp. 


'^'^Kji?  '  ^^'  '^'^^'^^^^°  '  ^^-  comouiller.] 

Tlie  cornelian  cherry  or  dogwood,  the  popular  name 
of  a  species  of  Cornus.  The  Comus  mascula,  or  cor- 
neli;iii  cherry-tree,  lias  a  stem  of  twenty  feet  liigh, 
branching  and  fonning  a  large  head,  parnished  with 
oblong  leaves  and  small  umbels  of  yellowish- green 
flowers,  succeeded  by  small,  red,  acid,  eatable,  cliur- 
ry-like  fruit.  Encyc. 

eOR-KKL'IAN.    See  Carxelia:?. 

CORNE'MuSE,    \n,     [Fr.  comcmu^e;  come,  a  horn, 

eORN'A-MuTE,  1      and  muse ;  It.  comamtisa.] 

A  bagpipe.  Drayton. 

€ORN'E-OUS,  a.  [L.  corneus,  from  cornu,  a  Iiom. 
See  Horn.] 

Homy  ;  like  horn  ;  consisting  of  a  horny  substance, 
or  substance  resembling  horn  ;  hard.  Brown. 

GOR'NER,  71.  [W.  cornel,  from  corn,  a  point  or  pro- 
jection, a  hom  ;  Com.  hornxd  ;  Ann.  com ;  Ir.  ccama ; 
Sw.  hiirn.  (See  HoR.v  and  Grain.)  Q,u.  Ueb.  Ch. 
Syr.  and  Ar.  pp  karan,  to  shoot.] 

1.  The  point  where  two  converging  lines  meet; 
properly,  the  external  point ;  an  angle ;  as,  wc  met 
at  the  corner  of  the  state  house,  or  at  the  comer  of 
two  streets. 

2.  The  interior  point  where  two  lines  meet ;  an 
angle. 

3.  The  space  between  two  converging  lines  or 
walls  which  meet  in  a  point.    Hence, 

4.  An  inclosed  place ;  a  secret  or  retired  place. 

Tliis  ihiiig  was  nol  done  in  a  eoTjier.  —  Acts  x%v\. 

5.  Indefinitely,  any  part ;  a  part.  They  searched 
every  corner  of  the  forest ;  they  explored  all  corners 
of  the  country 

G.  The  end,  extremity,  or  Umit;  as,  the  comers  of 
tlie  head  or  beard.    Lcc.  xix. 

Corner  teeth  of  a  horse;  the  fore  teeth  between  the 
middling  teeth  and  the  tushes,  two  abuve  and  two 
below,  on  each  side  of  the  jaw,  which  shoot  when 
the  horse  is  four  years  and  a  half  old.  Farrier's  Diet, 

€OR'NER-^D,  (kor'nerd,)  a.  Ha\ing  corners;  hav- 
ing three  or  more  angles. 

€OR'i\ER-e.Al',  T(.  The  chief  embelUshment  or  or- 
nament. Shale. 

eOR'NER-SToNE,  ti.  The  stone  which  lies  at  the 
corner  of  two  walls,  and  unites  them  ;  the  principal 
stone,  and  especially  the  stone  which  forms  the  cor- 
ner of  tlie  fuundation  of  an  edifice. 

Who  liiKI  the  corner-slone  thereof?  —  Job  xxiviii. 
Clirtfli  hiiiijelf  being  Uie  cluef  corner-stone. —  Eph.  ii. 

eOR'NER-TEETH,  7i.  The  four  teeth  of  a  horse,  be- 
tween the  middle  teeth  and  the  tushes. 

eoR'NEK-WiSE,  aJu.  Diagonally;  with  the  corner 
in  front ;  not  parallel. 

eORN'ET,  71.  [Ft.  cornet,  comette;  It,  comctta,  cor- 
ncfto ;  Sp.  eorncta,  from  L.  cornu,  a  horn.  See  Horn.] 
1.  An  instniment  of  music,  in  the  nature  of  a 
trumpet,  sounded  by  blowing  with  the  mouth.  It 
was  of  a  winding  shape,  like  a  horn  ;  used  in  armies, 
and  on  occasions  of  joy. 

David  played  before  the  Lord  on  comets,  —  2  S.-un.  vi. 

9.  In  moilern  usage,  an  officer  of  cavalrj',  who  bears 
the  ensign  or  colors  of  a  troop.  He  is  the  third  officer 
in  the  company.  Encyc. 

3.  A  company  of  cavalry ;  a  troop  of  liorse.  [Jfot 
used.]  Clarendon.     Bacon. 

4.  Tlte  comet  of  a  horse,  [coronet,]  is  the  lowest  part 
of  his  pastern,  that  runs  round  the  coffin,  and  is  dis- 
tinguished by  the  hair  that  joins  and  covers  the  upper 
part  of  the  hoof.  Farricr''s  Diet. 

5.  A  little  cap  of  paper  in  \^luch  retailers  inclose 
small  wares. 

6.  A  scarf  anciently  worn  by  doctors.  Diet, 

7.  A  head-dress.  Diet. 
COR'J^ET-.i-PIS'  TOJ^S,    [Fr.]    A  brass,  wind,  mu- 
sical instrument,  hke  the  French  horn,  but  capable  of 
nuiflh  greater  inflection,  from  the  valves  and  pistoTis 
with  which  it  is  furnished.                            Brande. 

€0RN'ET-Cy,  n.  The  commission  or  rank  of  a 
cornet.  Chcstcrjield.     Stephens. 

€0RN'ET-ER, «.    One  who  blows  a  cornet.  HdcewiU. 

COR'NtCE,  71.  [It.  cornice;  Fr.  eomiche  ;  Sp,  cornisa; 
from  L.  coronis,  Gr.  kuomvis,  Kopoivr],  a  summit,  a 
crown.] 

1.  In  architecture,  the  upper  grand  division  of  .  "'e 
entablature  of  a  column,  or  the  highest  projecture, 
that  which  crowns  an  order.  Brande. 

2.  A  little  projecture  in  joinery  or  masonry  ;  as,  the 
cornice  of  a  chimnev.  Encyc. 

Conucc-ring  of  a  cannon,  is  the  ring  next  from  the 
muzzle-ring  backward.  Encyc 

eORN'I-GLE,  n.     [L.  comiculum,  from  cornu,  a  hora.] 

A  little  horn.  Brown. 

€OR-Nie'U-LATE,  a.     [from  L.  cornu,  a  horn.] 

1.  Horned  ;  having  horns.  More, 

2.  In  botany,  producing  homed  pods  ;  bearing  a 
little  spur  or  horn.  Chambers. 

€ORN-IF'I€,  a.    Froducmg  horn?. 
eORN'I-FORM,  a.     Having  the  shape  of  a  hom. 


TuNE,  Bl/LL,  IJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOLrS C  as  K ;  G  as  3  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS 


2b7 


COR 


eOR-MOJ'ER-OL'3.  o.    [L.  coriti^cr ;  corua,  a  liom, 
;iiiil  aeiv,  lo  bear.) 

Ilunit-il ;  liiiviiie  lioni!* ;  iw,  corni^eroiLi  animals. 
CORN'IN*;,  p/"-'    t*|irinkliiiu  wilh  wilt.         [Brqum. 
eoKN'INU-llOL'SK,  H.     A  house  or  jilaco  wliere  pow- 
der is  •,'nuiulntf  (I. 
Cojt.N'ISlI,  a.    rerlaininc  lo  Cornwall,  in  England; 

ami,  a^  a  nvuit,  llic  lun^iuace  of  Cornwall. 
COKX'IST,  n.    A  |K.'rfurnicr  on  Itio  cornel  or  horn. 
COKN'LESS,  a.    Dcslilulc  of  corn  ;  a?»,  conitfjts  dwell- 

inu-plarc--*.  Tuoke^s  Hojisia. 

COKN'-tiiX.^KK,  n.      The  Colnbcr  guttatus  of  Iho 

Stinihern  L'niltd  Slalcs. 
COH'.yU-JiM'.MO'.YISy  n.     [L.]     A  ftisj»il  shell,  like 

a  rain's  horn  ;  an  amnion  itc. 
COK-NU-€0'IU-A,  7*. ;  pK  Con?(ucori.x.    [L.  eomuj  a 
horn,  and  cpjiia,  )>li;iity.] 

1.  The  hum  of  plenty,  an  emblem  of  uhuiuhinec 
of  I'ruili'. 

'2.  In  architecture  oiid  nculpture^  the  fii^urc  of  a  liorn, 
from  which  fruils)  and  llowers  art*  represented  as 
proceodinC' 
C»->U-NCTE',  c.  (.     [L.  cornutiu,  from  eomuj  a  horn.] 

To  bestow  horns  ;  lo  cuckold.  Burton. 

eOR-N*0T'ED,  pu.ora.    Grained  with  horns  ^  horned; 
Q.  In  AtjfaM)/,  liorn-shn|>cd.  [cuckolded. 

CoK-NO'TO,  n.     [Il.J     A  man  that  wears  the  horns ; 

a  cuckold. 
C"  jU-.N'C'TOR,  n.    A  cuckold-maker.  Jordan, 

Ct'K.N'V,  a.     [L.  cvmuy  a  horn.] 

Ilorny  ;  strong,  fttilT,  or  haril,  like  a  lioni ;  resem- 
bliiiU  horn.  Milton. 

CORN'V,  tf.     [from  com.]    Troducinf;  com;  contain- 
in';  com.  Prior.     Dryden. 
€OR'0-DY,     \  n.     [U.  eorredo,  provision  ;   corredarej 
eOR'RO-DY,  i     to  furnish.] 

An  allowance  of  mt;at,  drink,  or  clothinp,  due  to 
the  kinfi  from  an  abbey,  or  other  religious  house,  for 
the  sustenance  of  such  one  of  liis  servants  as  he 
thinks  good  to  bestow  on  it.  An  allowance  for  tlie 
maiutcnancc  of  any  of  the  king's  servants  living  in 
an  abbey.  Cou;d. 

Corodits  arc  a  right  of  sustenance,  or  to  receive 
certain  allolments  of  victuals  and  provision  for  one's 
maintenance  ;  in  lieu  of  which,  a  pension  or  sum  of 
money  is  sometimes  substituted.  Blnckstone. 

The  king  is  entitled  to  a  corodij  out  of  every  bish- 
opric ;  that  i>9,  to  send  one  of  his  chaplains  to  be 
maintained  by  the  bishop,  or  to  have  a  pension 
allowed  Idl  the  bishop  itromolo.^  him  to  a  benefice, 
[r/iw  has  fallen  into  disuse.]  Blacksiont. 

According  to  the  Italianj  tlic  latter  word  is  the  cor- 
rect orthography. 

eO-llOL'L  \  \  "■    t^  ccroUa,  a  little  crown.] 

In  botamjy  the  inner  covering  of  a  flower.  The 
corol  surrounds  the  i^irts  of  fructification,  and  is 
composed  of  one  or  more  flower  leaves,  called  pciaU. 
It  is  distinguished  from  the  perianth  by  the  fineness 
of  its  texture  and  the  gayness  of  ils  colors ;  but 
there  are  many  exceptions.  It  is  sometimes  inaccu- 
rately called  blossom  and  flower. 

.Martyn.     Eneyc.     Darwin. 

€OR-OL-La'CEOUS,  a.     Pertaining  to  a  cord;  in- 
closing and  protecting  like  a  wreath. 


A  corollaetou9  covering. 


Lee. 


€0R'0L-LA-RY,  n.  [h.  coroUarium,  a  coronet,  from 
ayroita^  a  crown.  Finis  coronal  opus.  Johnson.  Ft. 
eorollaire.] 

1.  An  inference  from  a  preceding  proposition. 

J.  Day. 

2.  A  consequent  tmlh  wl)ich  follows  immediately 
from  some  preceding  trutii  or  demonstration.  Barloio. 

3.  A  surplus ;  [because  the  word  originally  de- 
noted a  priitriily  to  a  person  beyond  liis  due.]    Shak. 

€OR'OU-La TE,      )  a.     Like  u  corolla  ;  liaving  co- 

C0R'0L-1..\-TED,  i     rollaa. 

eOR'OL-LET,     I  H.    One  of  the  partialflowers  which 

eOR'OL-LULE, )  make  a  compound  one ;  the  floret 
in  an  accregate  flowtr.  .Martyii.    Kneije. 

€0-R0'XA,  n.  [L.,  a  crown.]  In  architecture^  a  large, 
flat  meinbrr  of  a  cornice,  usually  of  considerable 
projection,  to  carr}*  off  the  rain  that  falls  on  it,  and 
called  by  workmen  the  drip.  Owdt, 

2.  In  anatomy,  the  upper  surface  of  Uie  molar  teeth 
or  grinders. 

3.  In  botany,  the  rircumferencc  or  margin  of  a  ra- 
diated compound  flower.  Kncyc. 

An  appendage  nf  the  corol  or  petals  of  a  flower, 
proceeding  from  Ute  base  of  the  hmb.  Lindley. 

Also,  tlic  appendage  to  the  top  of  seeds,  which 
enables  them  to  disperse.  Jilartyn. 

4.  In  optics,  a  halo  or  luminous  circle  around  the 
sun,  moon,  or  stars.  Eneyc. 

CUR'O-NAL.  a.    Relonging  to  the  crown  or  top  of  Uie 

head  ;  as,  the  coronal  suture. 
COR'O-NAL,  71.    A  crown  ;  wreath  ;  garland.  Spenser. 

9.  The  first  suture  of  the  skull.  Eneyc. 

€OR'0-IsA-IlV,  a.     Relating  lo  a  crown  ;  seated  on 

the  top  of  the  head,  or  placed  as  a  crown.  Brown. 

CoroAory  vessels,  and  li^ame/its,  in  anatomy,  are 
those  which  spread  round  certain  viscera,  bon(rs,  4cc. 

Brande. 


COR 

O/nmany  orfrriV^;  two  arteries  which  spring  from 
the  aorta,  U^lore  it  leaves  the  pericardium,  and  sup- 
ply the  buh.'tance  of  llio  heart  with  blood.     Encye. 

Coronary  rein ;  a  vein  diffused  over  the  exterior 
surface  ol  the  heart,  receiving  the  blood  fnun  the 
heart.  Coze.    Eneye. 

Stumachic  coronary ;  a  Vein  inserted  into  the  trunk 
of  the  splenic  vein,  which,  by  uniting  with  the  mes- 
enteric, forms  the  vena  porta.  Eneyc 
€0R'0  N.^-TEI>,  0.     In  concholofry^  crowned,  or  girt 
toward  llic  ajxex  with  a  single  row  of  eminences. 

Humble. 
€OR-0-\A'TIO.\>.r?.     [from  L.  corona,  a  crown.] 

1.  The  act  or  solemnity  of  crowning  a  sovereign  ; 
the  act  of  investing  a  prince  wilh  Ihe  insignia  of  roy- 
alty, on  his  succeeding  to  the  sovereignly. 

)2.  The  iH>mp  or  assembly  attending  a  coronation. 

Pope. 

Coronation-oath ;  the  oalh  taken  by  a  monarch  at 
his  coronation. 
eOR'0-NEL,  (kur'nel,)  n.    [Sp.  eoronel ;  Port.  lU  ;  Fr. 
adonel ;  It.  colonclto.  We  follow  the  Spanish  and  Por- 
tuguese orthography  in  our  pronunciation.] 

The  oflicer  who  commands  a  regiment.  {Obs.] 

Spenser. 
eOR'0-NER,  n.     [Law  L.  coronator,  from  corona,  a 
trown.l 

In  England,  an  oflicer  whose  office  is  concerned 
principallv  with  pleas  of  the  crown.  One  chief  part 
of  his  duty  is,  when  a  person  dies,  or  i^  supposed  to 
die,  a  violent  death,  lo  inquire  into  the  manner  of  his 
death.  This  nuisl  be  done  by  a  jury,  on  sight  of  the 
body,  and  at  the  place  where  the  death  happened. 
in  Enf^land,  the  coroner  is  (o  inquire,  also,  concern- 
ing shipwrecks,  and  certify  whether  wrecks  or  not, 
and  \vho  is  in  possession  of  the  goods;  also,  con- 
cerning treasure -I  rove.  As  a  ministerial  oflicer,  the 
coroner  is  the  slierilf's  substitute  ;  and  when  an  ex- 
ception can  be  taken  to  the  sherifl',  for  suspicion  of 
partiality,  process  is  awarded  to  the  coroiter. 

Blackstone. 

In  some  of  the  States  in  America  Uiere  is  a  rAtroncr, 
but  his  jirincipal  or  only  duty  is  to  inquire  into  the 
causes  of  violent  deaih.  In  Connecticut  there  is  no 
such  officer,  the  duty  being  performed  by  a  constable, 
or  justice  of  the  peace. 
eOR'0-i\ET,  n.     (from  L.  corona,  a  crown.] 

1.  An  interior  crown  worn  by  noblemen.  The  cor- 
onet of  a  duke  is  adorned  wilh  strawbeny  leaves ; 
that  of  a  marquis  has  leaves  with  pearls  interposed  ; 
that  of  an  earl  raises  tlie  pearls  above  the  leaves ; 
that  of  a  viscount  is  Hurrouudcd  with  pearls  only ; 
that  of  a  baron  has  only  four  pearls.        Johnson. 

2.  In  poetical  language,  an  ornamental  head-dress. 
Coronet  of  a  horse.     See  Cohnet. 

€OR'0-NET-ED,  a.    Wearing,  or  entitled  to  wear,  a 

coronet 
€0-RO.\'I-FORM,  a.    [L.  corona,  a  crown,  and /orma, 

form.] 

Having  the  form  of  a  crown. 
€0R'0-X0ID,  a.     [Gr.  Kopuyru  a  crow,  and  ct6oi, 

form.] 

Noting  the  upper  and  anterior  process  of  the  end 

of  the  lower  jaw,  cilled  the  coronoid  process.  Cojc. 
COR'0-NULE,  ;i.     [from  L.  corona,  a  crown.] 

A  coronet  or  little  crown  of  a  seed  ;  the  downy  tuft 

on  seeds.  Martyn. 

eOR'PO-RAL,  n.      fit.  caporalc;  Fr.  caporal;  Sp.  ca- 

poral;  from  L.  caput,  head,  or  more  directly  from  the 

Celtic  root  of  caput,  Sp.  eabo.  It.  capo,  Eng.  cape.  Our 

orthography  is  a  corruption.] 

1.  The  lowest  oflicer  of  a  company  of  infantry, 
next  below  a  scrjeant.  He  has  charge  over  one  of 
the  divisions,  places  and  relieves  sentinels,  &.c. 

2.  The  corporal  of  a  ship  of  war,  is  an  officer  under 
the  master  at  arms,  employeil  to  teach  the  sailors  the 
use  of  small  arms ;  to  attend  at  the  gangways  on  en- 
tering ports,  and  sec  that  no  spirituous  liquors  are 
brought,  except  by  iK-rmissionj  to  extinguish  fire  and 
candles,  &c. 

eOR'PO-RAL,  a.     [L.  corporalis,  from  corpus,  body.] 
].  Belonging  or  relating  to  the  body  ;  as,  corporal 
pain,  opposed  to  mental. 
•2.  Material  ;  not  spiritual.     [Sec  Cobfoheai..] 

SltaJc. 
eOR'PO-RAL,      I  H.  A  fine  linen  cloth,  used  to  cover 
eOR-PO-ltA'LE,  \     ihe  sacred  elements  in  the  cu- 
cliarist,  or  in  which  the  sacrament  is  put. 

Palcy.     Chalmers. 
Corporal  oath:  a  solemn  oatli,  so  called  from  the 
ancient  usage  of  touching  the  corporalc,  or  cloth  that 
covered  the  consccralcd  elements.  Pfdcy. 

€OR-PO-RAL'l-TY,  n.    The  state  of  being  a  body  or 
embodied  ;  opposed  to  spirituality. 

If  ihia  \\s\A  b.il)i  uijr  cori'oralitu,  it  in  idogI  subtlo  tuiil  rnXK. 

/talegU. 

eOR'PO-RAI^I^Y,  adv.    Bodily  ;  in  or  wilh  the  body  ; 

as,  to  be  eorporallu  present. 
eOR'PO-RAL-SIHP,  n.    [from  cor7>orfl?.]    A  corporal's 

olFice  or  command.    In  the  ranks,  a  corporal  does 

the  duty  of  a  private,  but  his  pay  is  greater. 
COR'I'O-RAS,  n.    The  old  name  of  the  corporal  or 

ciunmunion-cloth. 


COR-Po'RE-AL-LY, 

or  manner. 
eOR-PO-Rii'I-TY,n. 

of  being  cmbodic<t ; 

The  one  uUriUitcd  c 


COR 

eOR'PU-RATE,  a.  [L.  corporatus,  from  r wr;»oryr,  lo 
be  sJiaped  into  a  bwly,  from  corpus^  body.] 

1.  I  nited  in  a  body,  or  community,  as  a  number 
of  individuals,  who  are  emi>owered  to  tnmhiari  busi- 
ness :ls  an  individual ;  formed  into  a  body  ;  as,  a  «r- 
portUe  assembly,  or  society  ;  u  corporate  town.    Sw'\fi, 

2.  United  J  general ;  collectively  one. 

Tlicy  ADiwc.-  in  a  mrporate  voice.  Shak. 

eOR'PO  RATE-LY,  ado.    In  a  corporate  capacity. 

eolt'ro-RATE-NESd,  n.  The  suite  of  u  cor|Hinitc 
hodv.  Jhct. 

COR 'PO-RA'TION,  n.  A  body  politic  or  cor|>onile, 
formed  and  authorized  by  law  lo  act  as  a  sinale  jwr- 
son  ;  a  society  having  tlic  capacity  of  iriiiip^aciing 
business  as  an  individual.  Corporations  are  af;<rrc- 
trate.  or  sole.  Corpoi-ations  a<rgreftatc  consist  of  two 
or  more  persons  united  in  a  society,  which  is  pre- 
served by  a  succession  of  members,  either  forever, 
or  lill  the  corporation  is  dissolved  by  the  power  that 
formed  it,  by  the  death  of  all  its  members,  by  surren- 
der of  its  charter  or  franchises,  or  by  forieilure.  Such 
corporations  are  the  mayor  and  aldermen  of  cities, 
Ihe  head  and  fellows  of  a  college,  the  dean  and  chu|>- 
ter  of  a  cathedral  church,  Ihe  stockholders  of  a  bank 
or  insurance  company,  &c.  A  corporation  sole  con- 
sists of  one  person  only  and  his  successors,  as  a  king 
or  a  bishop.  Blackstone. 

COR'l*O-RA-T0Il,  n.    The  member  of  a  corporation. 

Strncant, 

€0R'PO-RA-TliRE,  n.  The  slate  of  being  embodied. 
[^"01  in  usc.\  More. 

ei>R  Po'RE-AL,    I  a.     Having  a  body  ;  consi^tingof 

eOR-PO'RE-OUS,  (  aniateiial  body;  materiid  ;  oik 
poscd  to  spiritual  or  immaterial ;  as,  our  corporeal 
frame ;  corporeal  substance. 

eOR-P0'UE-,\L-IST,  71.    One  who  denies  the  exist- 

-  cnce  of  spiritual  substances. 

€OR-PO-KE-AL'I-TY,  h.  The  state  of  being  coriw- 
real. 

adi\     In  body  ;  in  a  bodily  form  ■ 
Richardson. 
The  slate  of  having  a  body,  or 
nialciiality. 
'■}torcit:j  to  God.  SliUinsfltet. 

€OR-POR-I-FI-e."v^TION,  n.     The  act  of  giving  body 

or  palpabilitv- 
€0R-P0R'1-F?,  V.  L  To  embody  ;  to  fonn  into  a  boJy. 

[JVot  uscfL]  Boiile. 

COR'PO-SSArs'T,  n.     [Sp.  cucrppsanto,  holy  body.] 
.\  name  given  by  seamen  to  a  luminous  appearance 

often  beheld,  in  dark,  tempestuous  nights,  about  llio 

decks  and  rigging  of^  a  ship,  but  particularly  at  the 

mast-heads  and  yard-anns,  supposed  to  be  electrical. 

Mar.  Diet. 
Corps,  (kSrc ;  pi.  korz,)  n.  sing,  and  pi.      [Fr.,  from 

L.  corpus,  body.    Being  pronounced  horc,  it   is  nn 

ill  word  in  English.] 

1.  In  viditary  language,  a  body  of  troops;  any  di- 
vision of  an  army  ;  as,  a  corps  dc  rc-'>-ervc. 

2.  A  body,  in'contempt,  as  used  by  Milton  and 
Dryden,  but  probably  pronounced  in  the  English 
manner,  as  corpse. 

3.  A  carcass;  a  dead  body.  [See  Corpse.]  SluUt. 

4.  In  architect  tire,  any  part  that  projects  beyond  a 
wall,  serving  as  the  ground  of  some  decoralitm. 

Oicilt. 
CORPS  DIP-I.O-MA-Ttq,UE',  (UOre  dip-lo-mi-teek',) 
[Fr.]    The  body  of  ministers  or  diplomatic  charao 
ters. 
CORPSE,  (korps,)  »t.    [L.  corpus,  a  body  ;  Ir.  carp  ;  W. 
corv;   Arm.  corf:  It.  eorpo ;  Sp.  eucrpo.] 

'J'lu:  dead  body  of  a  human  being.  Addison. 

€OR'PC-LENCE,    {  n.    [L.  corpulcntia,  from  corpus,  a 
€OIt'PU-LEN-CY,  i     body.] 

1.  Flesliiness  ;  excessive  fatness  ;  a  state  of  being 
loaded  with  flesli,  as  ttie  body  of  a  human  being. 

jJrbuUtnot* 
9.  Spissitudc  ;  grossness  of  matter  ;  as,  corpulence 
of  water.     [Little  used.]  Ray. 

COR'PU-LENT,  n.    Fleshy  ;  having  a  great  or  exces- 
sive quantity  of  fat  or  flesh,  in  proportion  to  the  frame 
of  the  body  ;  as,  a  corpulent  child. 
eOR'PU-LENT-LY,  adv.    In  a  corimlcnt  manner. 
CUH'PUS  cnUIS'Tl,    (body  of  Christ.)    A  festival 
of  tiie  church  of  Rome,  kepi  on  the  next  'i'hurstiay 
after  Triniiv*Sunday,  in  honor  of  the  cucJiarist. 
'_  Encye. 

COR' PUS  J  V^  PIS  CJlJ^''0^rid,     [L.]    The  body 

or  code  of  canon  law. 
COR'PUS  JV'RIS  Cl-vrus,     [L.]      Body  of  civil 

law. 
eOR'PUS-CLE,  (kor'pus-sl,)  n.   [L.  corpusetdum,  dim. 
of  corpus,  body.] 

A  minute  particle,  or  physical  atom;  corpuscles  nxe 
the  very  small  bodies  which  compose  large  bodies, 
not  the  elementary  principles  of  matter,  but  sii|h 
small  particles,  simple  or  compound,  as  arc  not  dis- 
solved or  dissipated  by  ordinary  hcaU 

It  will  adtl  iriii<:li  to  our  Killsf;iciion,  if  tlioso  eorputelta  W"  l« 
diacfjvcrc'l  by  iiiicrotcopcs.  AVwUn. 

€OR-Pr:S'eLJ-LAR,  a.     Pertaining  to  corpuscles,  or 
small  particles,  supposed  to  be  the  consiituenl  male 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  —  MkTE,  PRgY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  Mr>VE,  WOLF,  BOOK. 


U6Q 


COR 

ri.ils  o(  all  large  bodies.  The  corpiLscular  philosophy 
nltcmpls  to  account  for  the  phenomena  of  nature,  by 
the  motion,  figure,  rest,  position,  &.C.,  of  the  minute 
particles  of  matter.  •   Bnciie. 

€OR-PC^€U-La'RI-AN,  a.    Corpuscular,  as  above. 

€OR-PUS-eU-LA'RI-AN,  n.   An  advocate  for  the  cor- 
puscii/ar  philosophy. 

eOR-PrS'CL'LE.     See  Corpuscle. 

€OR-KaDE',  v.  t.    To  rub  off. 

€OR-RaD'ED,  pp.     Rubbed  off. 

eOR-RAD'ING,  ppr.    Rubbing  off. 

€OR-Ra-DI-a'TION,  n.     fL.  con  and   raduitio.    See 
Ray.] 
A  conjunction  of  rays  in  one  point.  Bacon. 

COR-REGT',  n.  [L.  correctiis,  from  corrigo;  con  and 
TetTo,to  set  right ;  rectus,  right, straiglit.  See  Right.] 
^iterailtj,  set  right,  or  made  straight.  Hence,  right ; 
conformable  to  truth,  rectitude,  or  propriety,  or  con- 
formable to  a  just  standard  ;  not  faulty;  free  from  error. 
A  correct  edition  of  a  book  is  exactly  according  to  the 
original  copy.  Correct  manners  correspond  with  the 
rules  of  morality  and  received  notions  of  decorum. 
0'r~ect  principles  coincide  with  the  truth.  Correct 
language  is  agreeable  to  established  usage. 

€OR-RE€T',  r.  t.     [L.  corrcctus,  corrigo ;   con  and 
revo.    See  Right.] 

1.  To  make  right ;  to  rectify ;  to  bring  to  the 
standard  of  truth,  justice,  or  propriety  ;  as,  to  coj^rect 
manners  or  principles.     Hence, 

2.  To  amend  ;  to  remove  or  retrench  faults  or  er- 
rors ;  to  set  right ;  as,  to  correct  a  book  ;  to  correct  a 
copy  for  the  press ;  or  in  printing,  to  correct  the 
press,  or  errors  of  the  press. 

3.  To  bring  back  or  attempt  to  bring  back  to  pro- 
prietj-  in  morals  ;  to  punish  for  faults  or  deviations 
from  moral  rectitude  j  to  diastise  ;  to  discipline  ;  as, 
a  i;hild  should  be  corrected  for  lying. 

Correct  ihy  son,  and  he  ahal!  give  thee  rc5l.  —  Pniv.  xxi*. 

1.  To  obviate  or  remove  whatever  is  wrong  or  in- 
convenient ;  to  reduce  or  changi!  the  qualities  of  any 
thiog  by  mixture,  or  other  application  ;  to  counteract 
whatever  is  injurious  ;  as,  to  correct  the  acidity  of 
the  stomacli  by  alkaline  preparations  ;  to  correct  the 
relaxing  quality  of  water  by  boiling  it  witii  animal 
substance?'.  .^rbuVuwt. 

€0R  RE€T'ED,  pp.  or  a.    Set  right;  freed  from  er- 
rors; amended  ;  punished. 

€ORRE€T'I.\G,   ppr.     Bringing  to  the  standard   of 
truth,  justice,  or  propriety  ;  amending;  chastising. 

€OR-RE€'TIOX,  n.     [L.  correctio.] 

1.  The  actof  conecting  ;  the  act  of  bringing  back, 
from  error  or  deviation,  to  a  just  standard,  as  to 
truth,  rectitude,  justice,  or  propriety ;  as,  the  correc- 
tion of  opinions  or  manners. 

All  Scripiure  is  profiULle  for  correclion. — 2  Tim.  lii. 

9.  Retrenchment  or  emendation  of  faults  or  errors ; 
amendment;  as,  the  correction  of  a  book,  or  of  the 
press. 

3.  That  which  is  substituted  in  the  place  of  what 
is  wrong;  as,  the  corrections  of  a  copy  are  numer- 
ous ;  set  the  corrections  in  the  margin  of  a  proof- 
sheet. 

4.  That  which  is  intended  to  rectify,  or  to  cure 
faults ;  punishment ;  discipline  ;  chastisement  j  that 
which  corrects. 

"Wtthlicild  not  correction  from  Uie  child.  —  Prov,  ixlij. 

5.  In  scriptural  language,  Whatever  tends  to  correct 
the  moral  conduct,  and  bring  back  from  error  or  sin, 
as  afflictions. 


Tlisy  have  refuawi  to  receive  correction.  — Jer.  t. 
Sly  son,  despise  not  the  ch:'^tcniDj  of  the  Loid,  ii 
of  Lis  correction.  —  Prov.  i'L 


jr  le  v/L*ary 


6.  Critical  notice ;  animadversion.  Brown. 

7.  Abatement  of  noxious  qualities  ;  the  counterac- 
tion of  what  is  inconvenient  or  hurtful  in  its  effects ; 
as,  the  correction  of  acidity  in  the  stomach. 

HoiLse  of  eoiTcctioii ;  a  house  wJiere  disorderly  per- 
sons are  confined  ;  a  bridcweli... 

eOR-RE€'T10X-AL,  a.  I'ending  to  or  intended  for 
correction.  Walsh. 

eOR-REe^TOX-ER,  w.  One  that  has  been  in  the 
house  of  correction.     [Awt  its-fi/.]  Sliak. 

€OR-REeT'IVE,  G.  Having  the  power  to  correct; 
having  the  quality  of  removing  or  obviating  what  is 
wrong  or  injurious  ;  tending  to  rectify  ;  as,  corrective 
penalties. 

ilulberries  are  pectoral,  correctiee  of  bilious  iilkili.  Arbulhttot. 

eOR-RE€T'rVE,  n.  That  which  has  the  power  of 
correcting  ;  that  which  has  the  quality  of  altering  or 
obviating  what  is  wrong  or  injurious;  as,  alk^ies 
are  correctives  of  acids ;  penalties  are  correctives  of 
immnra!  conduct. 
2.  Limitation ;  restriction.     [Little  used.]     Hale. 

GOR-RE€T'LY,  a/ip.  In  a  correct  manner;  in  con- 
formity with  truth,  justice,  rectitude,  or  propriety  ; 
according  to  a  standard ;  agreeable  to  a  copy  or 
original;  exactly;  accurately;  without  fault  or  er- 
ror; as,  to  behave  correctly,  to  write,  speak,  or 
think  carrrctly  ;  to  judge  correctlij. 

eOR-REeT'.NESS,  n.  Conformity  to  tnith,  justice, 
or  propriety  ;  as,  the  correctness  of  opinions,  of  judg- 
ment, or  of  manners,  I 


COK 

2.  Conformity  to  settled  usages  or  rules ;  as,  cor- 
rectness in  writing  or  speaking. 

3.  Conformity  to  a  copy  or  original;  as,  the  cor- 
rectness of  a  book. 

4.  Conformity  to  established  nilcs  of  taste  or  pro- 
portion ;  as,  the  correctness  of  design  in  painting, 
sculpture,  or  architecture. 

COR-RECT'OR,  n.  One  who  corrects  ;  one  who 
amends  faults,  retrenches  error,  and  renders  con- 
formable to  truth  or  propriety,  or  to  any  standard  ; 
as,  a  corrector  of  the  press  ;  a  corrector  of  abuses. 

a.  One  who  punishes  for  correction ;  one  who 
amends  or  reforms  by  chastisement,  reproof,  or  in- 
struction. 

3.  That  whicii  corrects;  that  which  abates  or  re- 
nu)ves  what  is  noxious  or  inconvenient  ;  an  ingre- 
dient in  a  composition  which  abates  or  counteracts 
the  force  of  another  ;  as,  an  Likali  is  a  corrector  of 
acids. 

Turpenliiio  ta  a  corrector  of  qiiickiilvL-r.  Qui/io/. 

€OR-REG'I-DoR,  w.     [Sp.]     A  Spanish  magistrate. 

SmoUrtt. 

eOR'RE-LATE,  7i.  [L.  con  and  relaiits.  See  Relate.] 
He  or  that  tthich  stands  in  a  reciprocal  relation  to 
something  else,  as  father  and  son.  South. 

€OR-RE-La'TIOX,  7i.    Reciprocal  relation.    Paley. 

eOR-REL'A-TIVE,  a.  fL.  con  and  relativiis.  See 
Relate  and  Relative.] 

Having  a  reciprocal  relation,  so  tliat  the  existence 
of  one  in  a  reciprocal  stale  depends  on  tlie  existence 
of  another ;  as,  father  and  son,  husband  and  wife, 
are  correlative  terms.  The  term  son  is  correlative  to 
that  of  father. 

€OR-REL'A-TIVE,  n.  That  wliich  is  opposed  to 
something  else  in  a  certain  relation.  The  son  is  the 
correlative  of  his  father.  Darkness  and  light  are  cor- 
relatives.   Rest  is  the  correlative  of  motion. 

€0R-REL'A-TIVE-LY,  adc.  In  a  correlative  relation. 

eOR-REL'A-TIVE-XESS,   n.      The   state    of   being 

eOR-REP'TIOiV,  71.     [L.  corripin.]  [correlative. 

Chiding;  reproof;  reprimand.  Hammond. 

€OR-RE-SPOXD',  v.  i.  [It.  corrispondrre ;  Fr.  cor- 
respondre ,'  Sp.  corrcsponder  ;  from  L.  con  and  respon- 
dco,  to  answer ;  re  and  spondeo,  to  promise.  See 
SpoNsor.] 

1.  To  suit;  to  answer;  to  agree;  to  fit;  to  he 
congruous  ;  to  be  adapted  to.  Levity  of  manners 
does  not  correspond  with  the  dignity  of  the  clerical 
character.  The  length  of  a  n'om  should  correspond 
■tciUi.  the  breadth,  .\cti0n3  should  correspond  with 
words. 

2.  To  he  equal;  to  be  ad'^nuatc  or  proportioned. 
Let  the  means  of  prosecuting  a  war  correspond  toitJi 
the  magnitude  of  tiie  contest. 

3.  To  communicate  by  letters  sent  and  received  ; 
to  hold  intercoui-se  with  a  person  at  a  distance  by 
sending  and  receiving  letters.  We  deliglit  to  cor- 
respond with  those  we  love  and  respect. 

■1.  To  have  direct  intercourse  or  communion. 
TIius  Slilton  speaks  of  man  as  createcl  magnani- 
mous, to  con-espond  with  Heaven.  [Rare.] 
eOU-RE-SPOND'ENCE,  {n.  Relation  ;  fitness  ;  con- 
eOR-RE-SPOND'EX-CY,  i  giuity;  mutual  adapta- 
tion of  one  thing  to  another.  There  is  no  correspond- 
ence hetwcen  a.  poVite  ed\iailiQn  and  clownish  man- 
ners. 

2.  Intercourse  between  persons  at  a  distance,  by 
means  of  letters  sent  and  answers  received.  Tlie 
ministers  of  the  two  courts  have  had  a  corrcspond- 
enee  on  the  subject  of  commerce.     Hence, 

3.  The  letters  which  ]>ass  between  correspond- 
ents. The  correspondence  of  tiio  ministers  is  pub- 
lished. 

4.  Friendly  intercourse  ;  reciprocal  excliange  of 
offices  or  civilities  ;  connection, 

Ijet  nJlilary  periona  hold  gtxid  correspondence  with  the  oLlier 
great  men  in  Uie  stale.  Bacon. 

€OR-RE-SPOND'EXT,  rt.  Suitable;  fit;  congiiious; 
agreeable  ;  answerable  ;  adapted.  Let  behavior  be 
correspondent  to  profession,  and  both  be  correspondent 
to  good  morals. 

€OR-RE-SPOXD'ENT,  ;i.  One  who  corresponds; 
one  with  whom  an  intercourse  is  carried  on  by  letters 
or  messages.  When  A  is  the  coivespondcnt  of  U, 
B  is  the  correspondent  of  A. 

eOR-RE-SPOND'ENT-LY,  adv.  In  a  corresponding 
manner. 

€OR-RE-SPOND'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  CaiTving  on  inter- 
course by  letters  ;  answering;  agreeing;  suiting. 
Corresponding  member  of  a  sucietij,  one  residing  at  a 
distance,  who  is  invited  to  hohl  intercourse  with  the 
society,  and  aid  in  carrj-ing  out  its  designs. 

€OR-RE-SFON'SlVE,  a.    Answerable  ;  adapted. 

Shak, 

€OR-RE-SPON'SIVE-LY,  ado.  In  a  corresponding 
manner. 

eOR'RI-UOR,  71.  [Fr. ;  Sp.  corrcdor,  from  correr  ;  It. 
correre ;  L.  cnrro,  to  run,  to  flow.  TJie  termination 
dor  may,  perhaps,  be  tiie  L.  tor,  as  in  curator,  cursi- 
tor.  Corr«/(ir signifies  a  runner;  hence,  a  running, 
flowing,  or  long  line.] 

1.  In  architecture,  a  gallery  or  open  communication 
round  a  buildin!;,  leading  to  several  chambers  at  a 
distance  from  each  other.  Brande. 


COR 

2.  In  fortification,  the  covered  way  lying  round  the 
whole  compass  of  the  furlitications  of  a  place. 

Harris. 
COR  Rid  ICY' D.a,  n.  pi.     [L.]    Things  or  words  to 

he  corrected. 
€0R'RI-6r-BLE,  a.     [Fr.,  from  I.,  corrigo,  to  correct,J 

1.  That  may  be  set  right,  or  amended  ;  as,  a  corri- 
gible defect. 

2.  That  may  be  reformed  ;  as,  the  young  man  may 
be  corrigil  If. 

3.  Punishable  ;  that  may  be  chastised  for  correc- 
tion.    He  was  aiijudged  corrigible  for  abusive  words. 

eOR'RLOl-BLE-XESS.  n.  The  quality  of  being  cor- 
rigible. 

GOR-RI'VAL,  n.  A  fellow  rival ;  a  competitor. 
More  correcllv,  Corival,  which  sec. 

COR'RI-VaTE,  v.  t.     [L,  coH  and  rivus.] 

To  draw  water  out  of  several  streams  into  one. 
[Little  u.^ed.]  Burton, 

eOR-RI-VA'TIOX,  77.  The  running  of  different 
streams  into  one.     [.Yot  much  used.]  Burton. 

eOR-ROC^O-RAN  r,a.  [SeeCounoBoRAXE.]  Strength- 
ening ;  having  the  power  or  quality  of  giving 
strength  ;  as,  a  con-i'burant  medicine. 

eOK-R'OB'O-RAXT,  »,  A  medicine  that  strengthens 
the  human  bodv  when  weak, 

eOR-ROE'O-KATE,  v.  t.  [L.  corrobaro;  eon  and 
roboro,  to  strengthen,  from  7-cbur,  strength.  Clasj 
Rb.] 

1.  To  strengthen  ;  to  make  strong,  or  to  give  addi- 
tional strength  to  ;  as,  to  corroborate  the  nerves  ;  to 
eoiToborate  the  judgment,  autliorily,  or  habits. 

tVatts.     Wotion, 

2,  To  confirm  ;  to  make  more  certain.  The  news 
was  doubtful,  but  is  corroborated  bv  recent  attvices. 

eOR-ROr.'O-RA-TED,  pp.  or  a.  Strengthened  ;  con- 
firmed ;  rendered  more  certain. 

€OR-ROB'0-Ra-TIXG,  ppr.  or  a.  Strengthening ; 
giving  firmness  or  additional  assurance. 

€0R-R0H-0-Ra'TI0N,  71.  The  act  of  strengthening 
or  confirming ;  addition  of  strength,  assurance,  or 
security  ;  confirmation  ;  as,  the  corroboration  of  an 
argument,  or  of  intelligence. 

€OK-ROB'0-RA-TIVE,  a.  Having  the  power  of 
giving  strengtii,  or  additional  strength ;  tending  to 
confirm. 

eOR-ROB'0-RA-TIVE,  n.  A  medicine  that  strength- 
ens ;  a  corroborant. 

eOR-RoDE',  V.  t.     [L.  corrodo  ;  co it  and  ro(/«7,  to  gnaw, 

Ar.^vijj  afa(//ja,  to  eat  or  gnaw,  (qu.  raw  and  crude;) 

It.   eorradcre,   rodere ;  Fr.    corroder :  Sp.  corroer  f  W. 
rhwtiaw,  to  corrode,  to  rub  or  fret.] 

1.  To  eat  away  by  degrees  ;  to  wear  away,  or  dimin- 
ish by  gradually  separating  small  particles  from  a  body, 
in  the  manner  an  animal  gnaws  a  substance.  Thus 
nitric  acid  corrodes  copper. 

2.  To  wear  away  by  degrees ;  to  prey  upon  ;  to 
impair ;  to  consume  or  diminish  by  slow  degrees. 
Jealousy  and  envy  corrode  the  constitution.  Sub- 
stances are  corroded  by  time.  The  anxious  man  is  a 
victim  to  corroding  care, 

eOR-R6D'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Eaten  away  gradually; 
worn  ;  diminished,  impaired,  by  slow  degrees. 

COR-Ro'DE.XT,  a.  Having  the*  power  of  corroding 
or  wasting  by  degrees. 

€OR*Ro'DENT,  n.  Any  substance  or  medicine  that 
corrodes.  Coxc. 

€OR-Ro'DI-aTE,  v.  t.    That  eats  away  by  degrees. 

Sandys. 

eOR-RO-DI-BIL'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  being  cor- 
rodible. 

eOR-Rci'DI-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  corroded.    Brown. 

eOR-Ron'IXG,  ppr.  or  a.  Ealing  away  gradually; 
impairing ;  wasting. 

eOR'RO-DY.  [See  Cobody.]  But  Corrody  would 
be  the  most  correct  orthographv. 

€OR-RO-SI-BIL'I-TY.     See  Co'hrodibilitt, 

COR-Ro'SI-BLE.     See  Corkodiule. 

eOR-Ro'SI-BLE-XESS,  71.  The  quality  of  being  cor- 
rosihle. 

eOR-Ro'SlOX,  (kor-ro'zhun,)  )i.  [from  corrode.]  Tiie 
action  of  eating  or  wearing  away  by  slow  degrees,  as 
by  the  action  of  acids  on  metals,  by  which  the  sub- 
stance is  gradually  changed.  This  is  effected  by  the 
afiinUy  of  the  menstruum  with  the  component  part3 
of  the  substance,  in  consequence  of  which  the  two 
substances  unite  and  form  new  combinations. 

eOR-Ro'SIVE,  a.  Eating;  wearing  away;  having 
the  power  of  gradually  wearing,  consuming,  or  im- 
pairing ;  as,  corrosice  sublimate  ;  corrosive  care  ;  a 
corrosive  ulcer. 
2.  Having  the  quality  of  frelring  or  vexing. 
Corro.fioe  sublimate ;  an  acrid  poison  of  great  vini- 
lence.    It  is  a  bi-chlorid  of  mercur>*. 

€OR-R6'SIVE,  71.    Tiiat  which  has  the  quality  of 
eating  or  wearing  gradually. 
9.  That  which  has  the  power  of  fretting.     Hooker. 

€0R-R6'Sl\'E-LY,  adv.  Like  a  corrosive;  with  the 
power  of  corrosion  ;  in  a  corrosive  manner. 

€OR-Ro'SIVE-XESS,  n.  The  quality  of  corrtiding, 
eating  away,  or  wearing;  acriicony.  Boyle. 


TOXE,  BULL,  TTXITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS,  — G  as  K  ;  6  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  ClI  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


COR 

€OR'UL'-t:A.NT,  a.    [Seo  ConncoAij:.]     Having  Uic- 

\K,\vtT  lit  i  oiiiracting  into  wrinklen. 
GOK'ltL'  li.v'l'i:,  r.  f.     [1*.  corragoi  con  and  rui'u,  lo 
wrinkk,  in  wiir  vulyjir  lunjjuajjc,  lo  rucJt,  W.  rAyfu, 
X<j  fiirruw.l 

To  wrinkle  ;  lo  draw  or  contmct  inlu  folds  ;  aa,  lo 
corrtfjutf  Iho  akin.  Biiqoh. 

ei>l{'Ki'-<.'ATE,  a.     Wrinkled.  Young, 

tMli  I:       ;.\  TEU,  p;>.  oro.     Wrinklud. 

TING,  ppT.    Contracting  into  wrinklea. 
ilOM,  N.     A  wrinkling ;    contmctiun 

rUU,  II.     A  musclo  whicb  contmcU  thu 
1  ireiiead  into  wriukles.  Cote. 

I.  ,  V.  t.     [1j.  corrajtttLif  from  comimpo^  con 

uiiu  -— .^-,  for  rupijy  lo  break;  Vr.  corrompre;  It. 
corrompcre  ;  Sp.  ctirromper,     Cla^s  Kb.] 
jAirrii'!u,  111  break,  stiparale,  or  Uisdolvo.     tlcncc, 

1.  To  chaii;ie  from  a  .«(iund  to  n  putrid  or  putres- 
cent itlate  ;  to  scpanito  tliu  component  part^  of  n 
body,  ns  by  a  natural  proci'i^a,  wliicb  i;^  3ccuniii;uilcU 
by  a  feiid  'smell. 

2.  To  vitiate  or  dcpmvc  j  to  cbangu  from  good  lo 
bad. 

Ertl  corrnnuiiicUiona  corrupt  jooJ  mannrr*. —  1  (.'or.  i». 

3.  To  wuiiU;,  spoil,  or  consume. 

Lny  not  up  fur  youn^lvr*  treaium  on  caiiIi,  wbcre  mctli  and 
nut  Jolh  corrupt.  —  M.ilt.  ri. 

■4.  To  defile  or  pollute.    Ei.  i^xxii. 
5.  To  entice  from  good  and  aJliire  to  evil.  Q  Car.  xi. 
f*.  To  per\'en  j  to  break,  disobey,  or  miOce  void. 
MaL  u. 

7.  To  |>ervcrt  or  Wtiale  integrity ;  to  bribo ;  as,  lo 
corrupt  a  judge. 

8.  To  debase  or  render  impure,  by  alterations  or 
innovations  :  :i5,  to  corrupt  language. 

9.  To  par\'ert;  lo  falsify  ;  to  infect  with  erroM ; 
ziSy  lo  cmrrupt  the  sacred  text. 

eOR-Rli'T',  c.  I.     To  bectiiiij  putrid  j  ti>  putrefy  ;  to 
rot.    Animal  and  vegctablj  substances  speedily  cor- 
rupt in  a  warm  and  moist  air. 
2.  To  become  viliiited  ;  lo  In^e  purity. 

€OK-RUFT',  a.     [L.  corruptiu  ;  It-  currottu.} 

1.  Changed  from  a  sound  to  a  putrid  slate,  as  by 
natural  decomposition. 

2.  Spoiled  ;  tainted ;  vitiated  j  unsound  ;  as,  cor- 
rupt air  or  bread.  KnoHcs. 

3.  Depraved  j  vitiated  ;  tainted  with  wickedness. 

Tbejf  arc  eorrupl;    thfj   Iwvc  done   obomiiiaUa  worlst.  —  P«. 

XIT. 

The  eanh  u-a«  corni^  bcforo  God.  —  Gcu.  vi. 

4.  Debased  j  rendered  impure;  changed  to  a  worse 
fitato  ;  as,  corrupt  language. 

5.  Nol  penuine;  infected  with  errors  or  mistakes. 
The'  text  is  corrupt 

€01l-KUPT'ED,  p;j.  or  a.  Putrelied ;  vitiated;  de- 
praved ;  spoiled ;  marred ;  bribed ;  infected  with 
error!?. 

eOU-ltUPT'ER,  n.  One  who  c«rrupls ;  oiiu  who 
vitiates  or  taints ;  as,  a  corrupter  of  morals,  or  of 
Christianity. 

2.  One  who  bribes;  that  which  depraves  or  de- 
stroys inti'grity. 

3.  One  wiio  introduces  errors. 
eOR-RUPT-I-BlL'I-TY,  n.    Tlie  possibility  of  being 

corrupted. 
€OR-KUPTa-BLE,a.  [rr. corruptible ;  U.  corruUibile.] 

1.  That  may  be  corrupted  ;  that  may  become  pu- 
trid ;  subject  to  decay  and  destruction.  Our  bodies 
are  corruptible. 

2.  That  may  hs  vitiated  in  qualities  or  principles ; 
susceptible  of  depravation.  Manners  are  corruptible 
bv  fvil  r\-intple. 

eOHrHLPT'1-BLE,  n.  That  whicii  may  decay  and 
perish  i  the  himiaa  body. 

lliis  eorruyMiie  tniut  put  oa  iucorruptioii.  —  1  Cor.  xv. 

eOR-RtTPT'I-BLE-NESS,  ru  Susceptibility  of  cor- 
ruption ;  cormptibilily. 

€OR-RUPT'I-BLY,  arfc.  In  such  a  manner  as  lo  be 
comipiLd  or  vitiated. 

eoR-nUPT'lNG,  ppr.  Putrefying;  depraving;  vili- 
aiing. 

€OR-UUPT'IXG,  a.    Fitted  or  tendmg  to  deprave  or 

eOR-Rl/P'TION,  n.     [h.  corruptio.]  [vitiate 

1.  The  act  of  corrupting,  or  stale  of  being  corrupt 

or  putrid  ;  the  dLslructiun  of  the   natural  form  of 

budii;^',  by  the  s.  paration  of  the  component  part.•^,  or 

by  disorganization,  in  the  process  of  pulrofactiun. 

Thou  will  not  (ufler  thy  Hoi/  On  ■i'?;i.—  P», 

xri. 

3.  Putrid  matter;  pus. 

3.  Putrescence ;  a  foul  state  occaswned  by  putre- 
faction. 

4.  Depravity  ;  wickedness  ;  perversion  or  deterio- 
ration of  moral  principles  ;  loss  of  purity  or  integrity. 

Having  rjcAptd  ih;  con-up&on  that  i>  in  thi!  woild  Ihrou^  lust. 

—  2  Pel-  i. 
Corrupdon  in  elxiknu  is  the  grcal  cocinf  of  frMOoai. 

J.  Axioms, 

5.  Debasement ;  taint ;  or  tendency  to  a  woisc 
state. 

K«p  m;  honor  from  comipbon.  SkaJc. 


COR 

C  Impurity  i  depmvatioii ;  debasement ;  ad,  a  cor-  i 
ruption  uf  language. 

7.  Briber)',     lie  obtained  his  Kuit  by  corruption. 

B.  Ill /(iir\  taint ;  impurity  tif  blood,  in  consequence 
of  an  act  of  attainder  of  tteasuii  or  I'vlouy,  by  whicli 
a  person  is  disabled  to  inherit  lands  from  an  ancestor, 
nor  can  retain  those  in  his  possession,  nor  trunsmit 
Uiem  by  descent  to  his  heirs. 

Ccrru^Jtivti  uf  UlxhI  cnn  U;  removcO  v\>\y  by  act  of  norlLuitt^nl. 

€OR-RUPT'IVB,  0.  UavingUioqualityof  corrupting, 
tiiinling,  or  vitiating. 

It  »1iouM  \r:  cniluctj  wlUi  aoinc  eorruplivt  t]iL\Iity.  Itay, 

eOK-RUPT'LESS,  a.  Not  BUscoptiblo  of  corruption 
or  decay.  Dnjdcn. 

€OU-RUPT'LY,  ade.  In  a  corrupt  ntanner  ;  with 
corruption ;  viciously  ;  wickedly  ;  without  integrity. 

\Vc  lavo  (Iiroll  Ycry  romiptly  itpiliul  Iheo.  —  Nch.  I. 

S.  By  bribery.    Ajudgment  was  obtained  corrupfit/. 
€0R-RUP'1''NESS,  ».    The  stale  of  being  corrupt; 
putrid  state  or  putrescence. 

a.  \  i^Uxlv  of  moral  impurity  ;  us,  the  corruptness 
of  a  judye. 

3.  A  vicious  state;  debasement;  impurity;  as,tho 
corrupt7ie;is  of  language. 
eOU-IUTT'UESS,  71.    A  female  that  corrupts  others. 

Bi:aKm.  and  Ft. 
SOU'SaIR,  li.     [Fr.  corsairc;  Sp.  corsario,  n  cruisuig 
by  a  privateer;  corscarj  to  cruise  ;  It.  corearCj  a  pi- 
rate, from  corsOy  a  course  or  career ;  L.  airsusj  from 
cttrroy  to  run.] 

A  term  ap])lied,  especially  in  the  south  of  Europe, 
to  a  pirate  ;  one  who  cruises  or  scours  the  ocean, 
with  an  armed  vessel,  without  n  commi.>isiou  from 
any  prince  or  stale,  lo  seize  and  plunder  merchant- 
men ;  also,  a  piratical  vessel. 
COU'SAK,  It.     A  specieaof  fox.  Pennant. 

60KSE  or  COM-SE,  n.     [Fr.  corpse  L.  corpus.] 

A  corpse  ;  lite  dead  body  of  a  human  being ;  a 
poetictil  teord,  .Sildison. 

€OK.SE'-EX-eUM'HERl!:D,  a.     Loaded  with  dead 

bodies  ;  as,  the  cor.ic-encumbcral  i>Iain3.        Barlou). 
eoltSE'-PlvES-EXT,  n.    A  mortuaiy  or  present  paid 

at  the  interment  of  a  dead  body.  Blackstonc. 

COUSE'LET,  11.  [Fr.  corselet ;  It.  corsaleOo  ;  from 
corseA 

1.  A  little  cuirass,  or  an  armor  to  ct»ver  the  body 
for  prolcction,  worn  formerly  by  pikomen.     Enctjc. 

2.  TIi;a  jiait  nf  a  winged  insect  to  which  the 
wings  and  leg;»  :ire  attached,  and  which  answers  to 
the  bre:ist  of  otlier  animals. 

€oKSE'LET,  V.  t.    To  encircle  with  a  corselet. 

Bcaum. 
€ORSE'LET-ED,  pp.    Encircled  with  a  corselet. 
e(.>RSE'LET-ING,  jipr.    Encircling  with  a  corselet. 
eOR'SET,  jt.     [Fr.,  from  cyrse.]    A  bodice  ;  jumps  j 
soinelhins  worn  to  give  shape  to  llie  body  ;  used  by 
ladies  and  dandies. 
COR'rfET,  V.  L    To  inclose  in  corsets.    ' 
eOR'SET-ED,  pp.    Confined  in  corsets. 
COR'SET-ING,  ;';>r.    Confining  in  corseU. 
eOR'SET-ING,  n.    The  act  or  pmciice  of  binding  with 

Corsets. 
€ORS'.\ED,  7t.    [.Sax.  eorsnettle,  comp.  of  corse,  curse, 
and  sncDd,  a  mouthful,  piece,  or  bit.     It  is  called  also 
7ied-brcad,  need-bread,  bread  of  necessity.] 

The  morsel  of  execration,  or  curse;  a  piece  of 
bread  consecrated  by  exorcism,  and  lo  be  swallowed 
by  a  suspected  person,  as  a  trial  of  his  innocence. 
If  guilty,  it  was  supposed  that  the  bread  would  pro- 
duce convulsions  and  paleness,  and  find  no  passage. 
If  innocent,  it  was  believed  it  would  turn  to  nourish- 
ment. BULc!;sto7ic. 
COR'  TEOEy  (kor'tinh,)  «.    [Fr.,  from  the  It.  corU^jrio, 
from  carte,  court.] 
A  train  of  attendants. 
COR'TES,  (kor'te/.,)  n.  pi.     [from  corLc^  court,]     The 
Spanish  and  Portuguese  name  of  the  states  of  the 
kingdom,  composed  of  nobility,  clergy,  and  repre- 
sentatives of  cities ;    the  assendily   of  the  states, 
answering,  in  some  measure,  to  the  parliament  of 
Great  Britain. 
•eOR'TEX,  H.     [L.J  Bark,  as  of  a  tree. 
€OK'TI-eAL,  a.    [from  L.  cortcz,  bark.    See  Chart.] 
Belonging  lo  bark  ;  consisting  of  bark  or  rind  ;  re- 
sembling bark  or  rijtd ;  external ;  belonging  to  the 
external  covering  ;  as,  the  cortical  part  of  Uic  brain. 

CIteyne. 
A  cortical  bud,  iu  plants,  proceeds  from  the  scales  of 
the  bark.  Jilarlyn. 

eOR'TI-CATE,      i    a.      [L.   corUeatiu.   from   cortex. 
eOR'TI-e.A-TED,  i       baric.] 

ilaving  or  resembling  the  bark  or  rind  of  a  tree. 

Bruu>n. 
eOR-TI-CIF'EE-OUS,  a.     [cortcz  and  ferOy  to  pro- 
duce.] 
Producing  bnrk,  or  Uial  which  resembles  it.  Did. 
eOlt-TIC'I-FOR.M,  (kor-tis'e-forw,)  a.     [corUz  and 
furnt.] 

Resembling  bark. 

eOR'TI-eOUs'  i  "*    Barky;  full  of  bark.        DicL 


COS 

eOU'TILE,  M.  [It.]  The  ana  or  (»pen  inleriial  court* 
yard  of  adwelhngliousu  or  other  building.  Braadn. 

eO-RUN'0l'M,H.  Acr>sia!lizcd«ir  uKissivemlui-ndof 
extreme  iiardness,  consi.sting  of  nearly  pure  aluaiinn. 
It  is  allied  lo  the  sapphire,  and  is  sometimes  cailctl 
adamantine  simr.  Braiide, 

CO-RLi'S'eANT,  a.  [Sec  Conv9c.\TK.]  Flashing; 
gliliering  tiv  itiishc.'}. 

eOR'USeA'rE,  i*.  i,     [L.  comseo,  lo  llash.J 

To  tlash  ;  to  lighten  ;  to  glitter.  Barloic, 

eOR-US-CA'TION, «.     [L.  coniscatio.'\ 

\.  A  thish  ;  a  sudden  biir:;t  of  light  in  the  clouik 
or  atmosphere.  Btic>^H» 

2.  'I'he  li^ht  produced  by  the  combustion  of  in. 
flammable  g:is  in  the  earth.  .Vrir^rn. 

3.  Fi^nimtively,  intellectual  brilliancy  ;  as,  the  c.r- 
ufcations  of  gcuius. 

Jlrtijieinl  curusentiiins  are  produced  by  |i!io!-;iIji  .!. 
and  sulphuric  acid,  or  by  sulphuric  ati> 
filings. 

COli-VEE',  (kor-vi',)  ».     In  feudal  lauy,  ;in 
to  perform  certain  services,  as  the  repriit  i  I  i,  ; 
icc.y  for  the  feudal  lord  or  sovereign.  Brai^o  . 

€OR-VETTE',  n.  [Fr.  concUci  Sp.  cvntia,  a  b:.;.,  :i 
curvet,  a  boat.] 

.V  sloop  of  war,  ranking  next  below  a  frigate,  and 
carT>'ing  not  more  than  about  twenty  guns.  Ori^fiuat- 
hj^  Corvettes  and  nloops  of  war  were  lit:lil  v^.-mU 
with  only  one  mast,  but  they  are  now  frignle-riL-  ■!, 
wilh  three  musts,and  built  for  fast  saUing.   l.uum. 

€OR-VET'TO.     See  Cojivktte. 

COU'VINE,  a.      [from    corctu<.]      Pertaining  lo  llic 

CUR'VO-RANT.     See  Cobsiouast.  [crow. 

eOR'VUS,  Ti.     [L.  corousy  a  raven.] 

1.  In  astronomy,  a  constellation  of  the  soutlieni 
hemisphere. 

2.  A  militarj'  engine  or  galley  used  by  the  Roiniins 
for  boarding  ships  ui  war.  It  was  a  strun;:  \i\mu  mi 
of  boards  at  the  prow,  movable  as  on  a  f^pindle,  :iuil 
thrown  over  the  side  of  the  enemy's  vessel  win  a 
grapijlcd.  Eneiic. 

eOR-Y-BAX'TIC,  (1.  Madly  agitated  ;  inflr.tnedliko 
the  Corybaules,  the  frantic  priests  of  Cybile. 

Cudwoi-th. 
eOR-Y-D.\L'IN-A, )  7u     An  alkaloid  obUiincd  from 
COR-Y-Da'I-IA,      >      the    root  of  Coiydalis  lubct- 
COR-YD'A-LINE,  >      osa. 

€0-IlY.M'BUS  i  "'  [L.  COT-ywiiiw,*  Gu  Kopvp^ui.] 
Primarily,  a  lop,  head,  or  cluster.  In  vwdern  br!n  j:, 
a  species  of  iji florescence,  in  which  the  lessor  (■.-  \-  -t- 
lial  flower-stalks  are  produced  along  the  cohki.  'i 
stalk  on  both  sides,  and,  though 'of  unequal  !•  i.  ' 
rise  to  the  same  height,  so  as  to  form  an  even  ^.k- 
face,  as  in  Spinea  oinilJlelia,  scurvy-grass,  &,c, 

JiJUue.    J^Iarltjn. 

eO-RYM'BI-A-TED,  a.  Garnished  with  dialers  of 
berries  or  blossoms  in  the  form  of  corvmb.s. 

€OR-YM-BIF'ER-0US,  a.  [L.  corymbifcr ',  conjmb:is 
and /cr«,  to  bear.] 

Producing  corymbs  ;  bearing  fruit  or  berries  in 
clusters,  or  producing  liowen:  iii  clatters.      Jildnr. 

€0-RY.M'BOUS,  a.  Consisting  of  corymbs  ;  in  clus- 
ters. Barton.     L'-f. 

eO-RYM'CU-LOUS,  a.  Having  or  coiuisting  of  imia 
corj'nibs.  BarVr.i. 

eOR'Y-PHENE,  n.  A  fi.sh  with  a  sloping,  triiii.  v  I 
head,  and  the  dorsal  fin  extending  the  whole  1'  i'  ii 
of  the  bark.  Penw:   '■ 

eUR-Y-PHiyUS,  n.  [Gr.  Ki^t/^uiof.]  The  elm  :M 
a  chorus;  any  chief  or  leader;  as,  the  ccnjpfi/.  •: 
theologians.  Sou:  i. 

€OS-CIX'0-MA?J-CY,  n.  [Gr.  KocKiv.v,  a  sieve,  ;tiid 
pavTua,  divination.] 

The  art  or  practice  of  divination,  by  sus|.  lul-ni:  a 
sieve  and  taking  it  between  iwo  finger- 
it  to  the  point  of  a  pair  of  shears,  then   i 
formula  of  words,  and  the  nv.mes  <.f  i 
pccted.      If  tbc   sieve   trembles,   shakes,   ir    Im 
when  any  name  is  repealed,  the  per  .on  \?'  Aovi:\    I 
guilty.    This  divination  is  mentioned  by  Theoriiii;-, 
and  "is  said   to  be  still  practiced  in  some  parts  yf 
England.    The  practice  and  the  name  arc  ftmngcri 
in  America. 

eO-S£'e^V^"r,  71.  [Seo  secant.]  In  geometry,  tlio 
secant  of  the  complement  of  an  arc  or  anyl.N 

COS'BN.     Sec  Cozen.  [i/oWoic. 

€0S'/;N'-AGE.     tee  Co^knagi;. 

eO-SEN'TIE.\T,  (sen'sheiit,)  a.  Perceiving  together. 

Co'SEY,  a.     Snug  ;  comforUible. 

2.  Chatty  or  talkative.  Smart. 

Co'SI-LY,  adc.    Snuglv  ;  comfortably.  A'/narf. 

Co'SIEit,  (kO'zbcr,)  H.  \yr.cousu,a)\idre.]  A  botcher. 
[.\-vt  used.]  SJuik. 

eOS'IN-AGE,  (kuz'in-aje,)  n.  [Fr.  coujtinast,  kin- 
tired.    See  Cocsis.] 

In  law,  a  writ  to  recover  ix>3scssion  of  an  estate  in 
lands,  when  a  stranger  h.is  entered  and  abated,. Tfter 
the  death  of  the  tresail,  or  the  giandfather's  grand- 
falher,  or  other  collateral  relation.  ISlacIuslanc. 

ed'-SINE,  n.  [See  Si.ne.]  In  (rcomtlnj,  the  sine  of 
the  complement  of  an  arc  or  angle.  Barlov). 

eOS-MET'ie,  a.  [Gr.  KoapnTif^oi)  from  Koc/iuj,  order, 
beauty.] 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— MkTE,  PREY.  — PLVE,  MARLXE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.  - 
270  ~      — 


COS 

Beautifying;  improving  b-auty,  purticularly  tiie 
beauty  ofthe  skiu. 

€OS-MET'lC,  71.  Anyexterual  application  that  ren- 
ders the  skin  soft,  pure,  and  white,  and  lielps  to  beau- 
tify and  improve  the  complexion.  E:icijc. 

€OS'MIC,  a.    Cosmical ;  relating  to  th^*  i:niverse. 

eOS'MIC-AL,  a.  [Gr.  KociiiKog^  Irom  >.oj//o;,  order, 
the  world.] 

1.  Relating  to  the  world,  or  to  the  whole  system 
of  visible  bodies,  including  the  earth  and  stars. 

2.  In  ancient  astronomy^  rising  or  setting  with  tlie 
sun  ;  not  acronical.  Brande. 

COS'."\Iie--AXi-LY,  adv.  With  the  sun  at  rising  or  set- 
ting ;  a  star  is  said  to  rise  or  set  cos!>:icaU:!,  when  it 
rises  or  sets  with  the  sun.  Brande. 

€OS-MOG'0-NIST,  71,  [See  Cosmoco.vv.]  One  wlio 
treats  of  the  origin  or  formation  of  iJi:;  uuiv;:r.sc ;  one 
who  is  ver?ed  in  cosmogony.  Eiijidd. 

eOS-MOG'O-XY,  7i.  [GrT Koayioyoviai  K''-sfi'^c^  world, 
>oj(;,  generation.] 

The  generation,  origin,  or  creation  of  the  world  or 
universe.  In  physics,  the  science  of  tiio  origin  or  for- 
mation of  tlie  universe.  Enfield.     Encijc. 

COS-MOG'RA-PttER,  n.  [Sec  Cosmocraphv.]  One 
who  describes  the  world  or  universe,  inclnd-iif;  tlie 
heavens  and  the  earth  j  one  who  is  versed  i;i  cos- 
mography. 

€0?-MO-GRAPH'ie,         )  a.    Relating  to  tlie  general 

€0S-.MO-GRAPII'ie-AL,  \  description  of  the  uni- 
verse; pertaining  to  cosmogrsphv. 

eOS-.^IO-GRAPH  le-AL-LY,  add  In  a  matmer  re- 
lating to  the  science  of  describing  the  universe,  or 
corresponding  to  cosmographv. 

eOS-iiOG'RA-PHY,  H.  ^[GT-'Kocftfypa^ia;  «o(7/(vs, 
the  world,  and  ;  owpt,},  to  describe.] 

A  description  of  the  world  or  universe ;  or  ihe 
science  which  teaches  the  constitution  of  the  wliole 
system  of  u'orlds,  or  the  figure,  disposition,  and  rela- 
tion of  all  its  parts,  and  the  manner  of  representing 
them  on  a  plane.  Brande. 

€OS'iIO-LAIJE,  71.  [Gr.  Kocpio^^  world,  and  Xaiifiavi,}, 
to  take.] 

An  ancient  instrument  for  measuring  distances  iii 
the  heavens  or  on  earth.  Barlow. 

COS-MOL'A-TRY,  7i.  [Gr.  ko^^o^,  world,  and  Aa- 
rprvot,  to  worship.] 

The  worship  paid  to  the  world  or  its  parts  by 
heathens.  CudwortJi. 

eOS-MO-LOG'ie-AL,  a.  [See  Cosmol.cv.]  Rela- 
ting to  a  discourse  or  treatise  of  the  world,  or  to  tlie 
science  of  the  universe  ;  pertaining  to  cosmology. 

€0S-MOL'O-GlST,  ii.  One  who  describes  the  uni- 
verse ;  one  who  is  versed  in  cosmologv- 

€0S-M0L'O-GY,  ti.  [Gr.  KQGu>>j^yid;  ko^--  c,  the 
universe,  and  Aoj  of,  discourse.] 

The  science  of  the  world  or  uaiverss ;  or  a  treatise 
relating  to  the  structure  and  parts  of  iha  system  of 
creation,  the  elements  of  bodies,  the  modifications 
of  material  things,  the  laws  of  motion,  and  tlie  order 
and  course  of  nature.  Eiictjc.    Enfiel-L 

eOS-MO-PLAS'TI€,  a.  [Gr.  Kocfioit  world,  and 
rX'icc-w,  to  form.] 

World -forming ,  pertainins  to  ths  formation  of  the 
world.  "  UaUuwell. 

eOS-MO-POL'r-TAN,  >  Tj.     [Gr.   K'^rnn^,  world,  and 

eOS-MOP'0-LTTE,      j      roAtr;,-,  n  citizen.] 

A  person  who  has  no  fixed  rcsidi-nrc  ;  one  who  is 
nowhere  a  stranger,  or  who  is  at  home  in  every 
place ;  a  citizen  of  the  world.  Howell. 

eOS->IO-POL'I-TAN-ISM,  lu  Citizenship  of  the 
world. 

eOS-MOP'0-LIT-ISM,  71.  Th?  state  of  men,  in 
which  all  nations  form  one  social  community,  free 
from  national  prejudices  and  altncliments,  or  in 
which  the  common  interest  of  t!ic  whole  is  the  object 
of  public  measures. 
2.  Superior  regard  to  the  public  weal.    Chalmers. 

COS-MO-RA'JIA,  71.  [Gr.  Koa-fivsj  v/orld,  and  opntr), 
to  see.] 

A  picturesque  exhibition,  consisting  of  a  number 
of  drawini^s,  which  are  laid  horizontally  round  a 
semicircular  UihU',  reflected  by  uiirrors  placed  oppo- 
site to  th-;ni  diaconiiUy,  and  vitjwcd  through  a  con- 
vex lens  placed  in  front  of  each  mirror.  The  pic- 
lores  ar.^  illuminatwi  by  lamps  so  situated  as  not  to 
be  seen  by  the  spectator.  BrmuU. 

COS-MO-RAM'IC,  n.    Pertaining  to  a  cosmcrama. 

COS'-MO-SPHERK,  ti.  [Gr.  (f7tr,.asand  d'Paioa.]  An 
apparatus  f.,r  showing  the  position  of  the  earth,  at 
any  given  time,  with  respect  to  the  fixed  stars.  It 
consists  of  a  hollow  glass  glub?,  on  which  are  de- 
picted the  stars  forming  the  constellations,  and  with- 
in which  is  a  itrrestrial  glohi^.  Hebcrt. 

G0S3,  n.  A  Hindoo  measure  of  one  English  mile  and 
a  quart ::r,  nearly.  ^  Asiat.  Rts, 

2.  .VK'ebra,  when  first  broutJit  into  Europe,  was 
called  the  Ride  t>f  Cos.'^  probably  from  the  Italian 
^^ola  di  Cosa,  the  rule  of  the  thing,  the  unknown 
nnmb'T  being  called  cosa.  Hence,  old  writers  speak 
of  coAfic  numbcni,  and  the  cns^e  art.  Brande. 

(;OH'e:?A*'IC,  77.  One  of  a  military  people,  skillful  as 
horsemen,  who  inhabit  the  Ukraine,  iu  the  Russian 
cmpir;;. 


COS 

eOS'S.^S,  71.  pi.  Plain  India  muslins,  of  various  qual- 
ities ami  breadtJis. 

eo^^'^ET,  ?i.  [(iu.  G.  kossat,  like  D.  Jmislamy  and 
from  the  root  of  co(,  or  house ;  It.  casicdo^  from  cosa, 
a  hou-se.l 

A  lamb  brought  up  by  hand,  or  without  the  aid  of 
the  dam.     Hence,  a  pet. 

€OS'S[€,  a.    Relating  to  algebra,     [See  Coss.] 

Bp.  Hall. 

COST,  )i.  [G.  D.  Sw.  and  Dan.  iosi;  Ir.  cosdos;  W. 
cost,  coast  and  cost;  Fr.  co-it,-  Arm.  const.  See  the 
verb.] 

1.  The  price,  value,  or  equivalent  of  a  thing  pur- 
chased j  the  amount  in  value  paid,  charged,  or  en- 
gaged to  be  paid,  for  any  tiling  bought  or  taken  in 
barter.  The  word  is  equally  apphcable  to  the  price 
in  money  or  commodities ;  as,  tlie  cost  of  a  suit  of 
clothes  ;  the  cost  of  a  house  or  faiin. 

9.  Expense ;  amount  in  value  expended  or  to  be 
expended ;  charge ;  tliat  which  is  given,  or  to  be 
given,  for  another  tiling. 

1  will  iioe  oEer  burnt- otferid^  without  cost.  —  1  Chron.  xxi. 
Hftvc  we  ciitcn  nt  all  nt  llie  king's  cost?  — 2  Sam.  xix. 
'i'lie  oiet  of  m.'uiilJ.iiiiiig  .iriiiica  is  imnisuse,  and  ol'tcu  ruiiioiia. 

Anon. 

3.  In  late,  the  sum  fixed  by  law,  or  allowed  by  the 
court,  for  chiirges  of  a  suit  awarded  against  the  party 
losiiig,  in  favor  of  the  party  prevailing.  Sec.  The 
jury  llnd  that  the  plaiiit-lf  recover  of  the  defendant 
ten  dollars  witli  costs  of  suit,  or  with  his  cost. 

4.  Loss  or  expense  of  any  kind  ;  detriment ;  pain  ; 
suft'ering.  TJie  vicious  man  indulges  his  propen- 
sities at  a  great  cost. 

5.  Sumptuousness  ;  great  expense-.  Shak. 
€OST,  y.  L  ;  prcU  and  pp.  Cost.     [G.  and  D.  kosten ; 

Dan.  kust^;  Sw.  losta;  Fr.  ci-ater,  fur  coustcr; 
Ann.  coitsta,  coustein ;  W.  costiato ;  It.  costare  ;  Sp. 
costar ;  Port  custar ;  Ir.  co.tiiam.  Tlie  noun  cost 
coincides  in  most  of  these  langua?-s  with  coast  and 
L.  costa,  a.  rib,  the  exterior  part.  The  primary 
sense  of  the  verb  is,  to  throw  or  send  oat,  to  cast,  as 

we  say,  to  lay  out.  Qu.  llie  Ar.  and  Pels.  ijagll2A;>A3 

kostasouy  a  balance,  or  pair  of  scales,  from  Li>wa3 
Icastaa,  to  distribute,  I  call  thi-5  a  transitive  verb.  In 
the  phrase,  a  hat  costs  six  dollars,  the  sense  is,  it  ex- 
pends, lays  out,  or  causes  to  be  laid  out,  six  dollars.] 
3.  To  require  to  be  given  or  expended  in  baiter  or 
purchase  ;  to  be  bought  for  \  as,  this  book  cost  a  d.;l- 
lar ;  the  army  and  navy  cost  four  millions  a  year. 

2.  I'd  require  to  be  laid  out,  given,  bestowed,  or 
employed ;  a.-,  Joliiisuu's  iJictiouary  cost  him  seven 
yem-s*  labor. 

3.  To  require  to  be  borne  or  suffered.  Our  sins 
cost  us  many  pains,  A  sense  of  ingjalitude  to  Jiis 
Maker  costs  the  penitent  sinner  many  pangs  and 
sorrows. 

eOST'AL,  a.  [Fr.  costal,  from  L.  oosta,  a  coast,  side 
or  rib  ;  Sp,  costa^  cost,  and  a  coast ;  costcar,  to  pay 
costs,  to  coa.-it  along.  A  coast  or  side  is  tlie  extreme 
part,  a  limit,  frum  extending,  tJirowing  or  shooting 
out,  Eiig,  to  cast.] 

Purlainiiig  to  the  side  of  the  body  r;r  the  ribs  ;  as, 
costtU  nrrvcs, 
eOST'ARD,  71,     A  head.     [JVot  ivrd.'j  ShaJ;. 

2.  An  appk-  round  and  bulky,  like  the  head. 

Johnson. 
€OST'ARD-MON"GER,/  (-JnunK'gpr,)  ».    An  apple- 
eOST'ER-.MOV'GER,    i      scIUt;" applied  to  hawk- 
ers and  peddlers  who  sell  fruit ;  a  fruiterer, 

Brande.     Rich.  Diet. 
€OS'TATE,       /         ,r         ,1 
€OS'T.A-TED,  r-     l^-c"^*^-] 

Ribbcnl  ;  having  ribs,  or  Ilie  app-jaianct^  of  ribs. 

B7'a7ide. 
€OS'TIVE,  a.     [Contracted  from  It.  rostlpof^},  costi- 
parc,  from  the  L.  constipo,  to  cram,  to  sttiffi  con  and 
stipo,  to  cram.] 

I.  Literally,  crowded,  stullVd,  as  tiie  intestines; 
h;,'nce,  bound  in  body  ;  retaining  fecal  matter  in  the 
bowels,  in  a  liard  and  dry  state  j  having  the  excre- 
ments obstructed,  or  the  motion  of  Ihe  bowels  too 
slow, 
9.  Dry  and  hard  ;  its,  costive  clay.    [.Vot  used.] 

Mortimer. 
€OS'TIVE-LY,  adv.     With  costiveness. 
€0S'TIVE-NE3S,  n.    A  preternatural   detention   of 
the  fecal  matter  of  the  bowels,  with  hardness  and 
dryness;  an  obstruction  or  preternatural  slowness  of 
evncualions  from  the  bowels.  Medicine. 

CO:-T'LESS,  a.     Costing  nothuig,  Barrow. 

€OST'LI-ER,  a.  romp.     iMore  costly. 
eoST'I<I-E^T,  a.  superl.     Most  co^tlv 
€O.ST'i,I-NESS,  n.     [See  Costly.]  '  Expensiveness ; 
gr:^it  cost  or  expense;  sumpluonsness.    Rev.  xviii. 
liJ-  Sidney. 

COST'LY,  a.  [from  cost,]  Of  a  high  price ;  sump- 
tuous ;  expensive  ;  purchased  at  a  great  expense  ;  as, 
a  cosily  habit ;  costly  furniture. 

IVl,:r'  'oo!t  a.  puiind  of  sjrikciianJ,  very  eostlij.  —John  xii. 


COT 


€OST'MA-R5r,  n.    [Gr.  KoiyroSt  L.  ccslusj  an  aromatic 
plant,  and  Maria.    Ar.  and  Pt-rs.  tu«<j'  '.<>■>!.] 
A  species  of  tansy,  or  Tanacctum  ;  alccost. 
eoS'TKEI.,  71.    A  bolUe.     [A'cf  in  use.] 
eOS-TO.ME',  H.     [Fr.  co^itumc,  custom.] 

1.  In  puintijt^,  a  nilc  or  precept  liy  wliicli  an  arti-t 
is  enjuined  to  make  every  jwrson  and  tiling  su.«l.iin 
Its  proper  cliaracter,  observinc  tlic  scene  of  actio;i, 
the  country  or  place,  and  making  tlie  )ial>it»,  arms, 
manners,  and  jiroportions  correxpoiid.  Hence,  ihe 
observance  of  this  rule  in  execution.  Knnw. 

2.  An  established  mode  of  dress,  particularly'that 
which  is  appropriate  to  a  given  age,  place,  per- 
son, &c. 

€0-SUF'FER-ER,  n.    One  who  surtcrs  with  another. 

€0-SLr-PRKME',7i.    A  partal!er<if  supremacy.  S/iaJ;. 

eO-S0RE''J'y,  (-sliure'te,)  ii.  One  who  is  suretv  with 
anotlier.  j/^^.  Jjc„. 

Co'SY.    See  CosEY,  or  Coiv. 

€0T,     J   11.    [Sax.  cot,  cote,  a/tc  :  O.koOi!  D.  kot;  W. 

€oTE,  j  act.  In  \Velsli,  tlio  word  signifie.s  a  cut,  a 
hovel  or  stye,  an  abrupt  lennination,  a  nimp,  a  tail, 
a  skirt.  Cicta,  short,  abrupt,  bob-tailed  ;  cvUiu,  to 
shorten.  This  indicates  that  cot  is  from  cutting  oil", 
and  hence  defending.] 

1.  A  small  house  ;  a  hut ;  a  mean  habitation  j  also, 
a  shed  or  iliclosure  for  beasts.     2  Ckran.  xxxii. 

2.  A  leathern  cover  for  a  sore  finger. 

3.  An  abridgment  of  cufYMcari. 

4.  A  cade  lamb.    [Local.]  Orose 

5.  A  httle  boat. 
GOT      ) 

€OTT  1  "■     [^^^'  ^ot,  cote,  a  bed.    Q.\l.  Gr.  Kotrrj.] 

1.  .\  small  bed. 

2.  On  board  of  ships,  a  bed  frame  suspended  from 
the  beams,  for  the  otiicers  to  sleep  in,  between  the 
decks  ;^  a^|iiece  of  canvas,  extended  by  a  frame. 

eO-TAiV'(5ENT,  71.  'i'he  tangent  of  the  complement 
of  an  arc  or  angle.  Barlow. 

€gTE,  7!.    A  sheejifoiJ.     [See  Cot.] 

GoTE.  7'.  t    To  pass  by  and  turn  before ;  to  gain 
ground  in  coursing,  and  give  a  competitor  the  turn 
[Little  liseil.]  Sliah.     Chapman. 

GO-TEM-PO-llA'NE-OUS,  a.  [Infra.]  Living  or 
being  at  tiie  same  time. 

G0-TEM-PO-K.\'NE-0US-LY,  ado.  At  the  same 
time  with  some  other  evcnL 

CO-TE.M'PO-R.\-UY,  a.  [L.  con,  co,  and  tempus, 
time.] 

Living  or  being  at  the  same  time  ;  as,  cotcmporanj 
authors.    Josephus  was  cotemporarij  with  Vespasian. 
Locke.    Blackstmic. 

GO-TEJI'PO-E.VEY,  71.  One  who  lives  at  the  same 
li:ne  v.-itli  another, 

[ ;  consider  this  word  as  prefer.able  to  conUmporary, 
a:i  bein.^  mure  easily  ji.-onounced.] 

GO-TE,\'ArsT,  71.    A  tenant  in  common.  Kent. 

CO-TE-Rljs:',  (ko-te-ree',)  n.  [Fr.]  A  ciiclc  of  fa- 
miliar friends  ;  a  meeting,  for  social  or  literarv  inter- 
course. Brande. 

GO-TERM'L\-OUf,  a.  [See  Coxtefuiinous.]  Bor- 
dering upon  ;  ailjacent  in  territory.  .Jcjjcrson. 

eO-TiirRN'ATE,      )  a.  Unskilled  ;  rclaUng  to  trage- 

eO-TUUK.\'.-\-TED,  (  dy.  Cocicram. 

GO-TIG'IJ-L.VR,  a.  [L.  coticuli,  from  cos.  a  whet- 
stone.] 

Pertaining  tow  helstones;  like  or  suitalile  for  whet- 
stones. Kirwan. 

eo-TIL'LOi\,    ]  .,„,*:,/,.,,„  ^    (71.   [Fr.,  a  petticoat.] 

€0-TIL'LlOi\,  i  t'^^-''*>""')  j  A  brisk  dance, 
performed  by  eight  persons  together  ;  also,  a  tune 
which  regulaleri  [hi  danrc, 

COT'LAND,  n,    Luiul  appendant  to  a  cotlngc. 

€oT'Q.Uii:AN,  H.  A  man  who  busies  himself  with 
the  affairs  wliich  piupurly  b;^long  \.o  women. 

CO-l'RU.S-TEE',  It,    A  joint  trustee.  Kent, 

eOTS'WoLU,  n.     [Sax.  cote  and  wold.] 

.\  term  applied  to  shecp<;otes  in  an,  ojien  country, 

COT'TAGE,  71,  [Ijom  cot.]  Froperly,  ti.  cot;  a  imtj 
a  small  habitation  for  poor  persons. 

The  s-M-coasl  sli;»il  Ijc  dwelling  tuii  collates  for  sliupherds,  — 
Zcph.  ii. 

The  term  is  also  now  applied  to  snudi  but  neat  and 
tasteful  dwellings. 
COT-TA-Oi-rD,  a.     Pet  or  covered  with  cottages. 
eOT'TA-GER,  It.     One  who  hv.^  in  a  hut  or  cottage, 
0.  In  laiD,  one  who  livt;s  on  tlie  common,  without 
paving  any  rent,  or  having  land  of  his  own. 
eOT'TER,  COT'TAK,  or  ft.)T'T[-ER,  it.    A  cottager. 
eOT'TOX,  (kot'n.)  ;i,     [Fr,  a.ton  ;  i\.  cotone ;  li.  ca- 
das ;  Sp,  alrodoit,  the  cotton  plant,  or  the  wool; 
cotoii,  printed  cotton;  Port,  al^odam:  D,  katoeii ;  W. 
cotwni,  cotton,  dag-wool,  as  if  from  cot,  a  short  tail. 
5  u  3 


But  it  seems  to  he  an  Arabic  word. 


J^ 


kotiitt.,  cor- 


responding with  a  word  in  Ethiopic  and   SjTiac, 
which  signifies  to  be  thin  or  fine.    .And  with  a  com- 
mon dialectical  variation;  it  may  coincide  with  the 
fir^l  syllable  of  gossypium  and  gossatner.] 
1.  A  sort,  downy  substance,  resembling  fine  wooi, 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS — €  as  K ;  6  as  .1 :  S  as  Z :  CH  as  SH  ;  TU  ns  in  THIS 


it 


\>7] 


COL' 

prowinu  hi  tlie  rnpsules  or  pod^  of  Costtyjiiuin,  the 
colton-pt.-inl.    It  j^  tlir  inateri:il  of  a  lurgu  prupurtion 
of  cloth  for  apparel  and  furniture 
*2.  Clulh  made  of  cctlon. 

Ijxenuler-cotton ;  the  popular  nanif*  nf  a  penus  of 
planb),  Sanlolin:i,  of  ocvera)  siiccics  ;  ^hriiba  culti- 
vated in  pardeiis.  One  species,  the  chamiecifparusus^ 
or  AhruUinuni  ftBiiitna,  female  southern-wood,  is 
viil[::irly  called  hrotany.  Encye. 

Philosophic  cotton  ;  flowers  of  zinc,  wliicli  rcscin- 
l)te  cotton. 

Silk-cotton  tree  ;  tlie  popular  name  of  a  pentis  of 
plants,  the  Bombax,  growing  to  a  great  size  in  the 
indies,  and  producing  a  kind  of  cotton  in  capsules. 

Encyc. 
.   COT'TON,  (kol'n,)  a.     Pertaining  to  cotton  ;  made 
I       of  cotton  ;   consisting  of  cotton;  as,  cotton  cloth; 
eoUon  stockings. 

COT'TON,  tj.  i.    To  rise  witli  a  nap.  Johnson, 

2.  To  agree ;  to  unitely  closely  with  ;  a  cant  word. 

SteifL 

€0T'T0N-GIX,  H.  A  machine  lo  separate  the  seeds 
from  cotton,  invented  by  that  celebrated  mechani- 
cian, Kli  Whitney. 

eOT'TOX-GKXSS,  n.  The  popular  name  of  a  genus 
of  |)Inni-J,  the  Eriiiphomm. 

eOT'Tti.N-GKOWI.NO.  a.    Producing  cotton. 

eOT'TON-.MA-Cnt.N'E',  (kot'n-nia-checn',)  h.  A 
inarhine  for  carding  or  spinning  cotton. 

COT'T0.\-MILL,  H.  A  mill,  or  building,  with  ma- 
chincr)'  for  carding,  roving,  and  spinning  cotton,  by 
the  force  of  water  or  steam. 

€OT'T0N-PLANT,  )  n.    A  ])Iiint  of  the  genus  Goa- 

eOT'TON-SIlRUU,  i       sypium,  of  several  specie?, 
all  growiiij;  in  warm  climates.    'J"he  principal  spe- 
cies are,   1.   the    herbaceous    cotton,  with   simooih 
leaves  and  yellow  flowers,  succeeded  by  roundish 
capsules,   full  of  seeds  and  cotton  ;    9.    the  hairy 
American  cotton,  with  hairy  stalks  and  leaves,  and 
yellow  llowers,  succeeded  by  oval  pods  ;  3.  the  liar- 
I       badoes  shrubby  cotton  lias  a  shnibby  stalk,  yellow 
flowers,  and  oval  pods ;   4.   the  arboreuni,  or  tree 
cotton,  with  a  woody,  perennial  stalk,  bears  yellow 
I       llowers  and  large  polls.    The  first  three  specie:;  are 
I       annual  plants  ;  the  last  is  perennial.  Encye. 

I  In  the  Suathern  Statrs  of  ^merica^  the  cotton  culti- 

vated is  distinguished  into  three  kinds  ;  the  nankeen 
cotton,  so  called  from  its  color  ;  the  s^reen  seed  cotton, 
])roducing  white  cotton  with  green  seeds.  These 
grow  in  the  middle  and  upper  countr>',  and  are  called 
short  staple  cotton.  The  black  seed  cotton,  cultivated 
in  the  Io\vcr  country,  near  the  sea,  and  nn  the  isles 
near  the  shore,  produces  cotton  of  a  fine,  white, 
silky  appearance,  very  strong,  and  of  a  lung  staple. 
The  seeds  of  the  long  staple  cotton  are  separated  by 
roller-gins.  The  seeds  of  the  short  stajjlc  cotton  are 
sepamted.with  more  diflkully,  by  a  saw-gin,  invented 
by  Eli  Whitney.  Ramsay.     Drayton. 

eOT'T  OX-PRESS,  n  A  machine  for  pressing  cotton 
into  bales. 

eoT'TO-N-TiirS-TLE,  (kot'n-this-1,)  n.  A  plant, the 
Onopordiim.  Muhlenberg. 

COT'T  OX-WEED,  w.  A  plant,  the  Filaco.  The 
name  is  given  also  to  the  Gnaphaliuio,  cudweed,  or 
guldvlocks. 

C(iT'tOX-VVQOD,  n.  A  tree  of  Uie  poplar  kind, 
the  Populus  Canadensis. 

eOT'TOX-Y,       )  a.    Downy;  nappy;  covered  with 

€OT'T0X-Ot7S,  S      hairs  or  pubescence,  like  cotton. 
2.  Soft,  like  cotton.  \Martyn. 

COT'Y-LE,  )  n.    fflr.  KorvXti,] 

eOT'Y-LA,  (  The  cavity  of  a  bono  which  receives 

the  end  of  another  in  articulation. 

CO-TYL-C'DON,  71.  [Gr.  *roruA7;Ja>i',  from  KOrvKny  a 
hollow  or  cavity.] 

1.  In  botany,  tlie  perishable  lobe  of  the  seeds  of 
plants.  It  involves  and  nourishes  the  embryo  plant, 
and  then  purisht-s.  Some  sueds  have  two  lobes; 
others  one  only,  and  others  none.    Martyn,  Encye. 

2.  In  anatomy,  a  cup-shapod  vascular  body,  adher- 
ing to  the  chorion  of  some  animals.  Brande. 

3.  A  genus  of  plants,  navel-wort,  or  kidney-wort, 
of  several  species.  Eneyc. 

eO-TYL-E'DO-XOUS,  a.  Pertaining  to  cotyledons; 
ha\ing  a  sf-ed-lobe. 

CO-TYl^'l-FOR.M,  a.  In  physioloirn^  an  epithet  applied 
to  such  organs  as  have  a  rotate  figure  with  an  erect 
limb.  GUbtrrL 

€OUCII,  V.  i.  [Ft.  couchf,  a  bed;  coucher^  lo  lie 
down  ;  Norm,  couche,  a  couch,  and  laid  double ;  Sp. 
gacho,  htul  down  slouching;  aracharscylo  stoop,  to 
crouch  ;  Port,  agacharsc ,cca^aparse,  to  stoop,  crouch, 
or  squat ;  .\rni.  coacha  and  scoacha,  our  vulgar  scooch  ; 
D.  huJiken ;  G.  hockcn ;  Dan.  huger.  The  primary 
sense  is,  to  lay  or  throw  down.  See  Class  Cg,  Gk. 
Xo.7,8,9.]  *"       ' 

1.  To  lie  down,  as  on  a  bed  or  place  of  repose 

2.  To  lie  down  on  the  knees;  to  stoop  and  recline 
on  the  knees,  as  a  beast.  i 

Fierce  ti^n  couehtd  uounJ.  Drydtn. 

3.  To  lie  down  in  secret  or  in  ambush ;  to  lie  clo^c 
and  conc;alcd. 

Tin-  cfirl  of  Angui  coucktd  ia  a  furrow.        Jlayieard, 
Judah  couched  u  a  lion.  —Gen.  xiix. 


ecu 

•1.  To  lie ;  to  lie  in  a  bed  or  stratum. 

I>!cH«I  of  the  LonI  Iw  lilt  l,\)nl  — ffji  Uw*  d«\ir,  ajij  for    Uic  tk'oji 
th-M  eoiidvtth  iKiu-atli.  —  Uciii.  xxxhi. 

5.  To  stoop;  to  bend  the  body  or  back  ;  to  lower 
in  reverence,  or  to  bend  under  labor,  {uiin,  or  a 
burden. 

In-tclinr  U  n  >uon;  au,  eouchltig  down  iKtween  two  burdens.  — 

Get),  xllx. 
Ttfie  eoucftingt,  md  llifie  lowljr  courlcski.  Shak, 

€OUCII,  V.  t.    To  lay  down  ;   to  place  ou  o  bed  or 
place  of  rest. 

Where  uiit)riticj  youUi,  wiUi  mmuflcd  l^nuii, 

Doth  couch  hU  linita.  Shak. 

2.  To  lay  down ;  to  spread  on  a  bed  ur  floor ;  as, 
to  couch  malt.  Mortimer, 

3.  7'o  lay  close,  or  in  a  stratum. 

Th-;  wftivre  couch  Uicni*el»c«,  w  cImc  u  ma/  be,  to  Ihc  writer 
of  tiK'  jli>U;.  Burnet. 

4.  To  liido ;  to  lay  close,  or  in  another  body. 

It  U  in  iiv,  nt  llii*  (lity,  to  couch  veu-U  in  walla,  lo  g'.iOicr  (lie 
wind  from  the  top,  and  pou  tt  duwii  in  ipouu  iiiio  n»iiui, 

liacoi: 

5.  To  include  secretly;  to  hide;  or  lo  express  in 
obscure  terms,  that  hnply  what  is  to  bo  understood  ; 
with  under. 


All  this,  and  more,  lis*  couched  wultr  QiIa  allogory, 

Hence, 


"T.' 


'kttmngt. 


G.  To  involve ;  to  include  j  to  comprise ;  lo  com- 
prehend or  express. 

Thii  pw.it  nrgiimont  for  a  fuUire  tUte,  which  Si.  Paul  hath 
couched  ill  itic  wonLi  rvad,  Alterbury. 

7.  To  lie  close.  .  Spenser. 

8.  To  fix  a  spear  in  tlie  rest,  in  the  posture  of 
attack. 

TUny  eoudied  lli'-irspcnn.  A/iton.     DnjJen. 

9.  To  depress  the  condensed  crystalline  humor  or 
film  that  overspreads  the  pujiil  of  the  eye.   Johnson. 

To  remove  a  cataract,  by  entering  a  needle  Ihruugh 
th2  coats  of  the  eye,  and  pushing  the  lens  to  the 
bottom  of  the  vitreous  humor,  and  then  downward 
and  outward,  so  as  to  leave  it  in  the  under  and  out- 
side of  the  eye.  Encye. 

The  true  phrase  is,  to  couch  a  cataract;  but  we 
say,  to  cou(h  the  eye,  or  the  patient. 
eoUCH,  71.    A  bed ;  a  place  for  rest  or  sleep. 

M'dton.     Dnjdcn. 

2.  A  scat  of  repose ;  a  place  for  rest  and  ease,  on 
which  it  is  common  to  lie  down  undressed. 

Milton.     Drydcn. 

3.  A  layer  or  stratum  of  barley  prepared  for  malt- 
ing; as,  a  couch  of  malt.  Brande. 

4.  In  paintinfT^  n  lay  or  impression  of  color,  in  oil 
or  water,  covering  the  canvas,  wall,  or  otlier  matter 
to  be  painted.  Encye. 

5.  Any  lay  or  impression  used  to  make  a  thing  firm 
or  consistent,  or  to  screen  it  from  tlie  weather.  Encye. 

G.  A  covering  of  gold  or  silver  loaf,  laid  on  any 
substance  to  be  gilded  or  silvered.  Encye. 

eOUCH'AXT,  a.  [I-'r.  See  Ctjucn.]  Lying  down  : 
squatting.  In  heraldry^  lying  down  with  the  heatl 
raised,  which  distinguishes  the  posture  o\' coucltant 
from  that  of  dormant,  or  sleeping;  applied  to  a  lit)n 
or  other  beast.  Encye. 

Lecant  n.nd  cuudiant;  in  /<i)r,  rising  up  and  lying 
down  ;  applied  to  beasts,  and  indicating  that  they 
have  been  long  enough  on  land  to  lie  down  and  rise 
up  to  feed,  or  one  night  at  least.  Btackstone. 

€Oi;CH';Ci),  (koucht,)  pp.  Iwid  down  ;  laiil  on  ;  hid  ; 
included  or  involved ;  laid  close  ;  fixerl  in  the  rest, 
as  a  spear;  depressed  or  renuived,  as  a  cataract. 

COUCIPEE,  (koosh'ee,)  n.  [Fr.]  Bedtime,  or  visits 
received  about  bedtime  ;  opposed  to  levee.    Dnjden. 

COIT(>n'ER,  7*.    One  wlio  couches  cataracts. 

i?.  In  old  English  atatuie.^,  a  factor;  a  resident  in  a 
country  Ibr  •rainc.  Encye. 

3.  A  book  in  whicli  a  religious  house  register  their 
acts.  Encye. 

eoUCH'-FEL-LoW,  n.  A  bed-fellow ;  a  companion 
in  lodging. 

COUCII'-GKXSS,  n.  Agropyron  or  triticum  repens, 
a  species  of  grass,  very  injurious  to  other  plants. 

€OUCII'ING,  ppr.  Lying  down  ;  laying  down  ;  lying 
close  ;  involving  ;  incluiling;  expressing;  depressing 
a  cataract. 

eOUCII'IXG,  ».    The  act  of  stooping  or  bowing.  Stiak. 

2.  The  art  of  removing  a  cataract. 

3.  The  spreading  of  malt  to  dry. 
€OIiCH'I^ESS,  a.    Having  no  couch  or  bed. 
COU'G.VR,  H.     An  American  carnivorous  quadruped, 

also  called  puma  and  panUier.  F.neyc.  Am. 

eOUGII,  (kauf,)  n.     [Ou.  D.  kuch.]    The  elements 
are  not  biilli  of  the  same  organ  ;  but  gh  and  /  are 
Bometimcs  interchanged,  as  in  rough,  rujf.    Sec  Class 
-O-  -^ 

Cg,  No.  29,  36.    In  Pew.  ^O^i^  chaftaJi,  and  ^JLi 
chafa,  is  a  cough.] 

A  violent  eflort  of  the  lungs  lo  throw  otT  offending 
matter;  a  violent,  sometimes  invohinlary  and  sono- 
rous, expiration,  suddenly  expelling  the  air  through 
the  glottis.    The  violent  action  of  the  nuiscles  serv- 


cou 

ing  for  expiration  [jives  great  force  to  the  air,  while 
the  contraction  ot  the  gluilis  produces  tht-  souml. 
I'he  air,  forced  violently,  carries  along  witli  it  iho 
phlegm,  or  irritating  matter,  which  causes  the  ellbrt 
of  the  muscles.  Enctfc. 

€OUGM,  (kauf,)  r.  i.  To  make  a  violent  efl'urt  wiib 
noise,  to  expel  the  air  from  the  lungs,  and  evacuate 
any  oflending  matter  that  irritates  the  parts,  ur  ren- 
ders rcspiratiun  dilUeult. 

eoUGlI,  (kauf,)  i!.  r.  To  expel  from  the  lungs  by  a 
violent  efllirt,  with  noise  ;  to  expectorate ;  followed 
by  up :  :w,  to  cuu>rh  up  phlegm. 

eOUtJil'Ell,  (kauf'iT.)  71.     One  that  coughs. 

eOUGH'IXV;,  (kauf-,)  ppr.  Expelling  from  the  hmp 
hy  a  violent  ellorl,  with  noife  ;  expcetorating. 

eoUGH'IXG,  (kaut-,)  n.  A  violent  cflbrt,  wuh  noise, 
to  expel  the  air  from  the  lungs. 

eOULI),  (k'lod.)     [The  past  tense  of  can,  accordiiif  r. 
our  cusiomary  arrangement  in  grammar,  but,  in  ; 
ity,  a  distinct  word,  can  having    no    pa.'l    i. 
Could,  we  receive  through  the  Celtic  dialects,  \.. 
galluy  Corn.  gaJly,  Arm.  guUout,  to  be  able ;  Hcli. 

"73%  Ch.  SnJ,  Eth.  Tlun  to  be  able,  to  prevail ;  L. 
calico.  Either  of  the  Orientiil  verbs  may  be  the  root, 
and  all  may  he  of  one  family.  In  the  past  tense, 
conld  signifies,  was  able,  had  power.] 

1.  Had  suliicient  strength  or  physical  power.  A 
sick  man  could  not  lift  his  hand  ;  Isaac  was  old,  tuid 
could  not  see;  Alexander  could  easily  conquer  the 
efi'eminate  .Asiatics. 

2.  Had  adequate  means  or  instruments.  The  men 
could  defray  tii"ir  own  expenses ;  the  country  wa^i 
exhausted,  and  could  not  support  the  war. 

3.  Had  adequate  moiat  power.  We  heard  the 
story,  but  could  not  believe  it;  the  intemperate  man 
could  h:ivc  restniiucd  his  appetite  Ibr  t>trong  drink; 
he  couUt  have  refrained,  if  he  would. 

My  mind  could  not  be  touMrd  this  ptoplc.  —  Jer.  xv. 

4.  Had  power  or  capacity  by  the  laws  of  its  nature. 
The  tree  could  not  grow  for  want  of  water.  ■ 

5.  Had  competent  legal  power;  had  right,  or  had 
the  requisite  qualilJcatiuns.  Eornu^rly^  a  citi/'-n  could 
not  vote  for  officers  of  guvcrnmenl  without  the  pos- 
session of  some  ])roperty ;  A  U  could  not  be  elected 
to  the  office  of  senator,  for  want  of  estate  ;  B  C,  net 
being  of  the  blood  of  tlie  ancestor,  could  nut  iniicril 
liis  estate. 

C.  Had  sufficient  ca)>acity.  Tiie  world  could  ncA 
Contain  the  books.    John  xxi. 

7.  Was  capable  or  susceptible,  by  its  nature  or 
Constitution,  as  of  some  change.  He  found  a  sub- 
stance that  could  not  be  fused. 

8.  Had  adequate  strength  or  fortitude  ;  as,  he  CD«W 
not  endure  the  pain  or  the  reproach. 

9.  Had  motives  sufficient  to  overcome  obj .actions. 
He  thought,  at  first,  he  could  not  comply  with  the 
request;  but,  after  consideration,  lie  determined  to 
coin|)ly. 

10.  Had  competent  knowledge  or  skill,  lie  couW 
solve  the  most  diflicull  piublems. 

COU'LEUR  DK  KO,<E,(koo'\im-dC'ru7.e,)  [Fr.]  Lit- 
erally, of  a  rose  color ;'  hence,  under  an  aspect  of 
beauty  and  attractiveness ;  as,  to  see  every  thing 
coulenr  de  rose. 

CoUL'TEU.    See  Colteh. 

COU^^IA  KIX',  n.  A  vegetable  proximate  principle, 
obtained  from  the  Tonka  bean,  Counmrouna  odorata, 
and  from  the  flowers  of  the  nudilol.  It  is  used  in 
medicine ;  and  it  gives  flavor  to  the  Swiss  cheestf, 
called  schabziegcr. 

COUN'CIL,  n.  [Fr.  concilc :  Sp.  concilio;  It.  eoiui- 
f(Uoy  concilio;  from  L.  concilium;  con  and  ca/u,  to  call, 
Gr.  Ka'XcM,  W.  galu^,  Ch.  N^-i  in  Aph.,  to  call.  (Sec 
Hold.)  Class  Gl.  This  word  is  often  confounded 
with  couii.^cl,  with  which  it  has  no  connection. 
Council  is  a  collection  or  assembly.] 

1.  An  assemlily  of  men  summoned  or  convened 
for  consultation,  deliberation,  and  advice.  The  kings 
of  England  were  formerly  assisted  by  a  grand  councU 
of  peers. 

The  chief  priesU   and  till  the  council  to'ighl  fivUc  wllncd.— 
MuU.  XX. 

The  word  is  applicable  to  any  body  of  men,  ap- 
pointed nr  convened  for  consultation  and  advice  in 
important  affairs  ;  as,  a  ctmnctl  of  divines  or  clergy- 
men, with  their  lay  delegates  ;  a  council  of  war,  con- 
sisting of  the  principal  oflicera,  lo  advise  the  com- 
mander-in-chief or  admiral ;  a  council  of  physicijms, 
to  consult  and  advise  in  dillicult  cises  of  disease. 

2.  A  body  of  men  specially  designated  to  advise  a 
chief  magistrite  in  the  administration  of  the  govern- 
ment, as  in  Great  Britain. 

3  In  some  of  tite  American  States,  a  branch  of  the 
legislature,  corresponding  with  the  senate  in  other 
Stales,  anil  called  Ic^islutirc  council.      J^cto  Jersey. 

4.  An  u>4-^L mbly  of  prelates  and  doctors,  convened 
for  regulating  matters  of  doctrine  and  discipline  in 
the  church. 

5.  Act  of  deliberation  ;  consultation  of  a  coimcU. 

Mdton. 
Common-conned  of  a  city  ;  in  London,  a  court  con- 
sisting of  the  lord  mayor  and  aldermen  in  one  house, 


f.ate,  Far,  fall,  what.  — mi:te,  pcey.  — pixe,  mapjxe,  itiita— Note,  dove,  move,  wolf,  cook.- 


cou 

and  of  ropreseiitalives  of  ihe  several  wards,  called 
common-councilmen,  in  the  other.  But  more  freneraUij^ 
tUe  coiniium-council  is  considered  as  the  body  of 
representatives  of  the  citizens,  us  distinct  from  the 
mayor  and  aldermen.  Thus,  in  Connecticut,  tlie 
cities  are  incorporated  by  the  name  of  *'  The  Mayor, 
Aldermen,  Common-Council,  and  Freemen,  of  the 
City  of  Hartford,  New  Haven,  &c." 

Ecumenical  council;  in  church  history,  a  general 
council  or  assembly  of  prelates  aiid  doctors,  rejire- 
senling  the  whole  church  ;  as,  the  amncil  of  Nice,  of 
Ephesus,  and  of  Chalcedon.  Encyc. 

Privy  council;  a  select  council  for  advising  a  king 
in  the  administration  of  the  government. 
^ulie  couiictl.     See  Aulic. 

t'OUN'CIL-BoARD.  w.  Council-table  ;  the  table 
round  which  a  council  holds  consultation.  Hence, 
the  council  itself  in  deliberation  or  session. 

eOUN'CTL-OR,  n.  The  member  of  a  council.  [See 
Counselor.] 

€OU\'CIL-Ta-BLE,  7i.     Council-board. 

eO-UN-pER-STAND'JNG,  n.   Mutual  understanding. 

eO-lJ-XiTE',  V.  t.     To  unite.      [J^'ot  used.]      More. 

GOUN'SEL,  11.  [Fr.  council;  Aim.  consailh;  \l.  con- 
siglio ;  Sp.  conscjQ  ;  Port,  consellio  ;  from  L.  consilium, 
from  the  root  ofconsulo,  to  consult,  which  is  probal)ly 

—c - 
the  Heb.  Ch.  Syr.  Sam.  Eth.  hnu,  Ar.  ^Uw  saula, 

to  ask.  Class  SI,  No.  16,  42.  The  radical  sense  of 
the  verb  to  ask  is,  to  set  upon,  urge,  or  press. 
Hence  the  Oriental  verb  is  probably  the  root  of  the 
L.  salio,  as^io,  or  from  the  same  root.  See  the  like 
analogies  in  L.  peto,  to  ask,  to  assail.] 

1.  Advice  ;  opinion,  or  instruction,  given  upon  re- 
quest or  otherwise,  for  directing  tlie  judgment  or 
conduct  of  another  J  opinion  given  upon  defiberation 
or  consultation. 

Every  purpose  is  established  by  counsel.  —  Prov.  ]tx. 
Thou  hast  uot  liearkened  to  my  counsel.  —  2  Cbroa.  xxv. 

2.  Consultation;  interchange  of  opinions. 

We  took  sweet  eounsel  together.  —  Ps.  Iv. 

3.  Deliberation  ;  examination  of  consequences. 

Thpy  all  conft^  Ihal,  in  the  v.orldng  of  that  fiiat  caus^,  counsel 
is  used,  rea£ou  followed,  and  a  way  obsen'ed.        Hooker. 

4.  Prudence;  deliberate  opinion  or  judgment,  or 
the  faculty  or  habit  of  judging  with  caution. 

0,  how  comely  is  the  wisdom  of  old  men,  and  understanding  and 

counsel  to  men  of  honor !  —  Eccius.  xxv. 
The  law  sL^l  pensb  from  the  priest,  and  counsel  from  the  an- 
cients. —  Elzek.  vii. 

5.  In  a  bad  sense,  evil  advice  or  designs ;  art ; 
machination. 

Tlie  counsel  of  the  frowurd  is  carried  headlong.  —  Job  v . 

G.  Secrecy ;  the  secrets  intrusted  in  consultation  ; 
secret  opinions  or  purposes.  Let  a  man  keep  his 
own  counsel. 

7.  In  a  scriptural  sense,  purpose ;  design  ;  will ; 
decree. 

What  thy  eauntel  detemuiied  before  to  be  done.  —  Acts  if. 
To  ihow  the  immutability  of  his  counsel.  — -  Heb.  vL 

8.  Directions  of  God*s  word. 

Thou  shak  guide  m«  by  thy  counsel.  — Ps.  btxiii. 

9.  The  will  of  God,  or  his  truth  and  doctrines  con- 
cerning the  way  of  salvation. 

I  have  not  sJiunned  to  declapi  (o  you  rdl  the  counsel  of  God. — 
Acts  IX. 

10.  Those  who  give  counsel  in  law ;  any  counselor 
or  advocate,  or  any  number  of  counselors,  barristers, 
or  sergeants  ;  as,  the  plaintiff's  counsel,  or  the  de- 
fendant's counsel.  The  attorney-general  and  solicit- 
or-general are  the  king's  counsel.  In  this  sense  the 
word  has  no  phiral ;  but,  in  the  singular  number,  is 
applicable  to  one  or  more  persons. 

€OUN'SEL,  V.  t.     [L.  consilior.'] 

1.  To  give  advice  or  deliberate  opinion  to  another 
fur  the  government  of  his  conduct  ;  to  advise. 

I  counsel  Lhee  to  buy  of  nte  gold  tried  in  the  fire.  —  Rev.  LiJ. 

Q.  To  exhort,  warn,  admonish,  or  instruct.  ^Ve 
ought  frequently  to  counsel  our  children  against  tlie 
vices  of  the  age. 

Tiiry  iliat  will  not  be  counseled  can  not  Ic  helped.    Prankltn. 

3.  To  advise  or  recommend  ;  as,  to  counsel  a  crime. 
[^"ot  much  used.]  Dnjden. 

eoUN'SEL-KEEP'ER,  7i.  One  who  can  keep  a  se- 
cr.n.  Shak. 

eoUN'SEL-KEEP'IXG,  a.     Keeping  secrets.  Shah. 

COUN'SEL-A-BLE,  a.  Willing  to  receive  counsel ; 
di.sposed  to  follow  the  advice  of  others.     Clarendon. 

COUN^SEL-£D,  pp.  Advised  3  instructed  ;  admon- 
ished. 

eOUN'SEL-ING,  ppr.  Advising  ;  instructing  ;  ad- 
monishing. 

COL'N'SEL-OR,  n.  Any  person  who  gives  advice ; 
but  properly  one  \\\\o  is  authorized  by  natural  rela- 
tionship, or  by  birth,  otfice,  or  profession,  to  advise 
another  in  regard  to  his  future  conduct  and  measures. 
.Miithophsl  wa^  David's  counselor.  His  mother  was 
his  counsflor  to  do  wickedly.     2  Cliroiu  xxii.     In 


cou 

Great  Britain,  the  peers  of  the  realm  are  hereditary 
counselors  of  the  crown. 

'J.  One  of  the  members  of  a  council ;  one  appointed 
to  advise  a  king  or  chief  magistrate,  in  regard  to  the 
administration  of  the  government. 

if.  One  who  is  consulted  by  a  client  in  a  law  case; 
one  wlio  gives  advice  in  relation  to  a  question  of  law  ; 
one  wliose  profession  is  to  give  advice  in  law,  and 
manage  causes  for  clients. 

Pricif  counselor;  a  member  of  a  privy  council. 
€OUN'SEL-OR-SHIP,  71.     The  office  of  a  counselor, 

or  privy  counselor. 
COUNT,  I'.  (.  [Fr.  contcr;  It.  coiitarc;  Sp.  Port,  co/i- 
tiir;  Arm.  counta  or  contein.  Q,u.  the  root.  The 
Fr.  has  compter,  also,  from  the  L.  computo  ;  the  Sp. 
and  Port,  compular  ;  and  tlie  It.  computare.  The 
Eng.  count  is  directly  from  confer;  and  it  may  be 
a  question  whether  contcr  and  conlar  are  from  the 
L.  computo.] 

1.  To  number;  to  tcU  or  name  one  by  one,  or  by 
small  numbers,  for  ascertaining  the  whole  number 
of  units  in  a  collection  ;  as,  to  count  the  years,  day.s, 
and  liours  of  a  man's  life  ;  to  count  the  stars. 

Who  can  cou/tt  tin;  dust  of  Jacob  i  —  Num.  xxUi. 

2.  To  reckon ;  to  preser\'c  a  reckoning ;  to  com- 
pute. 

Some  uibes  of  rude  nations  count  their  years  oy  the  coming  of 
certain  birds  among  Uicm  at  certain  seasons,  and  leavuig 
them  at  othi^ni.  Locke. 

3.  To  reckon  ;  to  place  to  an  account ;  to  ascribe 
or  impute  ;  to  consider  or  esteem  as  belonging. 

Abraiiain  believed  in  God,  and  he  coiinUd  it  to  hhii  for  righteous- 
oeis,  —  Gen.  xv. 

4.  To  esteem ;  to  account;  to  reckon;  to  think, 
judge,  or  consider. 

I  count  them  my  enomieis.  ~Ps.  cxxxlx. 
Neither  count  1  my  life  dear  to  myself.  —  Acta  xx. 
1  count  all  Uiiiigs  loss.  —  Phil.  iii. 

5.  To  impute  ;  to  charge.  Rowe. 
COUNT,  V.  i.     To  count  on  or  upon;  to  reckon  upon  ; 

to  found  an  account  or  scheme  on  ;  to  rely  on.  We 
can  not  count  on  the  friendship  of  nations.  Count  not 
on  tlie  sincerity  of  sycophants. 

2.  To  swell  the  number,  or  count ;  as,  each  addi- 
tional one  counts. 

COUNT,  n.  [Fr.  conte  and  compte;  Sp.  cucnta  and  cu- 
cnto ;  It.  conto.  The  Spanish  lias  also  computo^  and 
the  It.  ((/.] 

1.  Reckoning;  the  act  of  numbering ;  as,  tliis  is 
the  number  according  to  my  count. 

9.  Number.  Spenser. 

3.  In  law,  a  particular  charge  in  an  indictment,  or 
narration  in  pleading,  setting  forth  the  cause  of  com- 
plaint. There  may  be  dillereut  counts  in  the  same 
declaration. 

COUNT,  71.  [Fr.  comte ;  It.  conte ;  Sp.  coiide ;  Port.  id. ; 
Arm.  condt ;  from  L.  comes,  comitis,  a  companion  or 
associate,  a  fello'  ■'  traveler.     Q,u.  con  and  eo.] 

A  title  of  forc.e.,1  nobility,  etjuivalent  to  the  Eng- 
lish earl,  and  whose  domain  is  a  cuunty.  An  earl ; 
the  alderman  of  a  shire,  as  the  Saxons  called  liim. 
The  titles  of  English  nobility,  according  to  their  rank, 
are  duke,  marquis,  earl,  viscount,  and  baron. 

Blaclcstone.     Encyc. 

€OUNT'A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  numbered. 

Spenser. 

COUNT'ED,  pp.  Numbered  ;  told;  esteemed;  reck- 
oned ;  imputed. 

eOUN'TE-XAXCE,  n.  [Fr.  cvntenance,fTO\\\  contenant, 
contaiiiinij,  from  contenir,  to  contain,  L.  continco ;  con 
and  teiitii,  to  ludd.] 

1.  Literally,  the  contents  of  a  body  ;  the  outline 
and  extent  which  constitutes  the  whole  figure  or  ex- 
ternal appearance,  .appropriately,  the  human  face ; 
the  whole  form  of  the  face,  or  system  of  features  ; 
visage. 

A  merry  heart  niaketh  a  cliacrful  countenance.  —  Prov.  xv. 
Be  not,  as  Un;  hypocrites,  of  a  sad  countenance.  — Matt.  vi. 

2.  Air ;  look  ;  aspect ;  appearance  of  the  face ;  as 
ill  the  phrase,  to  change  or  alter  the  countenance. 

3.  The  face  or  look  of  a  beast ;  as,  a  horse  of  a  good 
countenance. 

4.  Favor ;  good-will  ;  kindness. 

Thou  liast  made  liim  glad  vAiii  tliy  countenance.  —  Ps.  xxi. 

Hence,  in  scriptural  lang'ua^e,  the  light  of  Ood^s 
countenance  is  liis  smiles  or  favorable  regards,  his  fa- 
vor and  grace  ;  and  to  hide  kis  face  or  countenance  is 
to  manifest  his  displeasure,  and  withdraw  his  gra- 
ciou^■  aids.  So  the  rebuke  of  his  countenance  indicates 
his  auger  and  frowns.     Ps.  Ixxx. 

This  application  of  face  or  countenance,  which 
sfit-ms  to  !>;■  of  high  antiquity,  proceeded  probably 
from  the  pradu  e  of  turning  away  the  face  to  express 
anger,  dispha  iin*,  and  refus:^iJ  — a  practice  still  com- 
mon, but  pruhalily  universal  among  rude  nations. 
The  opposite  inuiiuct  would,  of  course,  express  fa- 
vor. The  grant  of  a  petition  is  accompanied  with  a 
look  direcird  to  the  petitioner;  the  refusal  or  denial, 
with  an  a\eited  face.     Hence, 

5.  Support ;  aid  ;  patronage  ;  rncouragemeiit  ;  fa- 
vor in  promuting  and  maintaining  a  p;=rsi)n  or  cause. 


cou 

Let  religion  enjoin  the  countenance  of  the  laws.  Give 
no  countenance  to  violations  of  moral  duly. 

It  is  the  province  of  tnc  nugb'.nte  to  ^ve  countenance  lo  \irty 
and  vinue.  AUerbury. 

6.  Show ;  resemblance ;  superficial  appeamncc. 

The  election  Iteing  done,  he  made  eounbnonce  &f  grrai  I'-itAtn- 
leiil  tlicreal.  Atcti/i-Ti. 

7.  In  law,  credit  or  estimation.  Cowcl. 

To  keep  tlie  countenance,  is  to  preserve  a  calm,  com- 
posed, or  natural  look,  unnillled  by  j»a.=<.«ion  ;  lo  re- 
frain from  expressing  laughter,  joy,  anger,  or  othc-r 
passion,  by  an  unchanged  countenance. 

Jn  countcitance ;  in  favor  ;  in  estimation. 

If  tlic  profesaion  of  religion  wenr  In  counUnaiK4  unorig  tneo  ot 
distinction,  it  would  tuve  a  tiappy  etl'Cl  ou  vjcv;!/. 

To  keep  in  countenance ;  to  give  assurance  or  cour- 
age to  ;  to  support ;  to  aid  by  favor ;  to  prevent  from 
Bhamc  or  dismay. 

To  put  in  countenance;  to  give  :i«surance ;  to  en- 
courage ;  or  to  bring  into  favor;  to  supjKirt. 

Out  of  countenance ;  confounded  ;  abashed  ;  with 
the  countenance  cast  down  ;  not  bold  or  assur^-d. 

To  put  out  of  countenance ;  to  cauHc  the  counte- 
nance to  fall  ;  to  abash  ;  to  intimidate ;  to  disc*  nccrl. 
eoUN'TE-NANCE.  v.  t.  To  favor  ;  to  encourage  by 
opinion  or  word,-*. 

Tlie  dcsigii)  wax  nutlc  known  to  Uio  miitbtfr,  but  lie  cat !  notiilng 
lo  countenance  it.  Anan. 

2.  'I'o  aid  ;  to  support ;  to  encourage  j  to  abet ;  lo 
vindicate,  by  any  means. 

Neither  stialt  thou  countenance  a  poor  man  fa  hi*  caiuc.  —  Ex. 

xxiii. 

3.  To  encourage  ;  to  appear  m  defense. 

He  coun'.enanced  the  hiiding  In  his  long-boat.  irortun. 

4.  To  make  a  show  of. 

Each  to  lh»;iie  ladies  love  did  counttnane^.  Sperter. 

5.  To  keep  an  appearance.  Shak. 
eOUN'TE-NANU-A'U,  f  koun'te-nanst,)  pp.    Favun-d  ; 

encouraL'cd ;  suppoitcti. 

eoUX'TE-NANC-ER,  11.  One  who  countenances,  fa- 
vors, or  supports. 

eOUN'TE-NANC  ING,  ppr.  Favoring ;  encouraging ; 
snpporling. 

eouXT'ER,  71.  [from  count.]  Afalse  piece  of  money 
or  stanipHd  metal,  used  as  means  of  reckoning  ;  any 
thing  used  to  keep  an  account  or  reckoning,  as  iii 
games. 

2.  Money,  in  contempt.  Shak. 

3.  A  table  or  board  on  which  money  is  caunitd  ;  a 
table  on  which  goods  in  a  shop  arc  laid  for  examina- 
tion by  purchasers. 

In  lieu  of  this,  we  sometimes  see  written  the  French 
CoMPTDin,  from  compter,  computo;  but  counter  is  the 
genuine  orthography. 

4.  The  name  of  certain  prisons  in  London. 

5.  One  that  counts  or  reckons  ;  also,  an  auditor. 
G.  Encounter.     [J^'vt  used,] 

7.  In  ships,  an  arch  or  vault,  whose  upper  part  is 
terminated  by  the  bottom  of  the  stern.  The  ujipcr 
or  second  counter  is  above  the  former,  but  nol 
vaulted. 

8.  A  telltale ;  a  contrivance  in  an  engine  or  car- 
riage to  tell  numbers,  as  of  strokes  or  revolutions. 

9.  In  nntsic,  counter  is  the  name  given  lo  an  under 
part,  to  serve  for  contrast  to  a  principal  part ;  as, 
counter-tenoT,  &c. 

Counter  of  a  horse ;  the  breast,  or  that  part  of  a 
horse's  forehand  which  lies  between  ihe  slutulder 
and  under  the  neck.  Farrter^s  Diet. 

€OUN'TER,  adv,  [Ft.  contra;  L.  contra;  Sp.  and  It. 
contra  ;  probably  a  compound  of  con  and  tra,  as  in  ar- 
tra,  ultra] 

1.  Coutrarj'  ;  in  opposition;  in  an  opposite  direc- 
tion ;  used  cliierty  with  ran  or  go ;  as,  to  run  cou.-Ucr 
to  the  rules  of  virtue  ;  lie  went  counter  to  liis  own  in- 
terest. 

2.  The  wrong  way  ;  conlrarj^  to  the  right  course. 

ShaJ:. 

3.  Contrariwise;  in  a  contrary  manner.     Locke. 

4.  The  face,  or  at  the  face.     [jVoi  use*/.]   Snndys. 
This  word  is  prefixed  to  many  others,  chiclly  verbs 

and  nouns,  expressing  opposition. 

€OIJN-TER-AeT',  v.  t.  [counter  and  act.]  To  act  in 
opposition  to  ;  to  hinder,  defeat,  or  frustrate,  by  cori- 
trar>'  agency.  Good  precepts  will  sometimes  ecitnt'i-- 
act  the  etiects  of  evil  example ;  but  more  gencnilly 
good  precepts  are  counteracted  bv  bad  examples. 

eOUN-TER-A€T'ED,  pp.  Hindered  ;  frustrated  ;  dc- 
fe.ited  by  contrar\'  agency. 

eOUN-TER-.\CT'"lNG,  ppr.  or  a.  Acting  against ;  hin- 
dering; frustrating. 

€0UN-TER-A€'TION,  n.  Action  in  opposition  ;  hin- 
de  ranee. 

eOUN-'IER-ACT'IVE,  n.  One  who  or  that  which 
counteracts. 

eOUN-TER-AOTaVE,  a.     Tending  lo  counteract. 

eOUN-TER-AeT^IYE-I.V,  adv.     Hy  count.-raction. 

eOUN'TER-AT-TRAG'TION,  h.  [counter  and  ct- 
traction.]     Opposite  attrarlion.  Shmstont 

eOUN'TER-AT-TRA€ T  IVE,  a.  Attracting  in  ar.  op- 
posite way. 


_i 


TONE,  BULL,  qNITE.— AN"GER,  VI"C10US.  — C  aa  K  ;  G  as  J  ,  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  Til  as  in  THIS. 


3.5 


273 


cou 

eOUN-'rEK-BAL'ANOE,  r.  t.  [eoantfr  ami  balance.] 
To  \v(ii;l»  ngumst ;  to  weicli  U'juinrit  with  an  c(iual 
wi'iglil ;  to  :ict  :)gui(i^t  with  tyjual  power  or  eirccl ;  to 
countvrv:iil.  A  cotuinn  of  thirty  iiirhen  of  quickc<il- 
ver,  niid  n  column  of  thirty-two  fet-t  nf  watur,  court- 
terbalance  the  wt-ight  of  a  like  culuiuii  of  iht^  whole 
atinospht-re.  The  pleasiirt-s  of  sin  never  C4nmtcrbal- 
auce  the  pnin,  miscr}'i  aud  shume,  which  follow  the 
comini.-i^ioii  of  it. 

eOU.N'TER-BAT^ANCE,  n.  EqiinJ  weight,  power,  or 
agency,  acting  in  opposition  to  any  Ibing. 

Moit^r  b  llic  coiinUrta!aaa  of  all  Uuags  putchaaablo.  Z/Kkt. 

eOUN-TF,R  HAL'AXC-ED,  (bal'ansl,)  pp.  Opposed 
by  i-qnal  weight,  power,  or  etfeeL 

€0(Ji\  TKR-BAL'AXC-IXf;,  ppr.  era.  Opposing  by 
equal  weiphi,  power,  or  operation. 

eOUi\'TEK-BOM),  Ji.  [cuuut.-r  aiiil  bond.]  A  bond 
to  save  hariiilj^s  one  wtio  Ikuj  given  bond  for  nn- 
olher. 

eoUN-TER-BUFF',TJ.  «.  Uo untrr anil  bvff.]  To  strike 
back  or  in  an  opposite  utrection  ;  to  drive  back  ;  to 
stop  bv  a  blow  or  impulse  in  front.  Drydrn. 

COUX'TER-BUFF,  n.  A  blow  in  an  opposite  direc- 
tion }  a  stroke  that  stops  motion  or  cnu&-es  a  recuiJ. 

Sidney. 

COUN-TER-r.UFF'/:D,  (buA,)  pp.  Struck  with  a 
blow  in  opjiosition. 

€OU.\'TEK-€AST,  n.  Delusive  contrivance ;  contra- 
ry cast.  Spemer. 

eOU.N'TER-eAST-ER,  n.  {coanUr  and  casUr.]  A 
caster  of  accounts  j  a  reckoner  i  a  book-keeper,  in 
contempt.  Shak. 

€OL'N'TER-CH.aN0E,  71.  [connter  and  change.]  Ex- 
change ;  reciprocation. 

€OUN-TER-CHAN6E',  v.  U  To  give  and  receive  ;  or 
In  cause  to  i-banpe  placed. 

eOLI.\-TER-CHAi\G'£n,  w-  Exchanged.  In  hcralil- 
ry,  intennixeil,  as  the  colors  of  the  fudd  and  charge. 

CO'U.\-TER-CH.\N0'LN<J,  ppr.  Exchanging  ;  inter- 
mixing. 

eOUN" TER-CnxRGE,  «.    An  opiKtsite  charge. 

eOIJX'TER-CHARM,  n.  [counter  and  cJtcrm.]  That 
wbich  has  the  power  of  di.ssolving  or  opposing  the 
effect  of  a  charm.  Pupe. 

eoU.\-TER-CIiXRM',  r.  (.  To  destroy  the  effect  of 
enchantment. 

€OU.\-TER-CHXRM'£D,  jj;*.  Defeated  by  contrary 
charms. 

COU.\-TER-CH.\R.M'ING,  ppr.  Destroying  llio  effect 
bv  opiKisite  charms. 

eolTN-TER  CHECK',  r.  (.  [counter  iind  check.]  To 
oppose  or  slo[i  liv  some  obstacle  j  to  ciieck. 

€OU.\'TER-CHECK,  7F.  Chick;  stop j  rebuke;  or  a 
censure  to  check  a  reprover.  Bailey. 

€OUN-TER-CHECK'£D,  (-chekt,)  pp.  Opposed  ; 
stopped. 

eOU-N-TER-CHECK'ING,  ppr.  Checking  by  hinder- 
ance. 

€OUN''J'RR-eini-RE\T,  a.  [counter  and  airrcnt.] 
Running  in  an  opposite  direction.  Kirioau. 

€OU\'Ti:a-eL'R-RENT,  iu  A  current  in  an  oppo- 
site direction. 

€0L'^'^EIt-UI3-TI^'e'TI0iV,  n.    contradistinction. 

Jiforc. 

eOUN'TER-DRATN,  n.  A  drain  parallel  to  a  canal 
or  embanked  water-course,  for  collecting  the  soakage 
water.  GioilL 

€OL'X-TER-DRA\V',  r.  (.  [counter  and  draic]  In 
pahttintr^  to  Copy  a  design  or  painting,  hy  means  of  a 
line  linen  clulli,  aji  oiled  paper,  or  oUier  transparent 
matter,  whereon  the  strokes  appearing  through,  they 
arc  triced  with  a  pencil.  Tlie  same  is  done  on  glass, 
and  with  frames  or  nets  divided  inU»  squares  with 
silk  or  thread,  or  by  means  of  inslruinenLs,  as  t!:e 
parallelogram.  Encyc 

eoUN-TER-DRAWING,  ppr.  Copying  by  means  of 
lines  drawn  mi  some  transparent  matter. 

eOUN-TER-DKA\VX',p;).  Copied  from  lines  drawn 
on  somethmg  el>e. 

COUN-TER-EV'1-DENCE,  v.  [cohhOt  and  evidence.] 
Opposite  evidence  ;  evidence  or  testimony  which  op- 
iwsfs  other  evidence.  Burnet. 

€Oi;.N'TER-FE[T,Ckoun'ter-fit,)  v.  K  [Fi:  contrrfatrc, 
contrefait;  centre  and /aire,  to  make;  h.  contra  and 
facio  ;  It.  contraffare,  contraffiitto  ;  J^p.  contrahaeerjCoji- 
traheeho.] 

1.  To  targe  ;  to  copy  or  imitate,  without  aothoriry 
or  right,  ami  with  a  view  to  deceive  or  defraud,  by 
passing  tJie  copy  or  thing  forged  for  that  which  is 
original  or  genuine;  as,  to  counterfeit  coin,  bank- 
notes, a  seal,  a  bond,  a  deed,  or  other  instniment  in 
writing,  the  iiandwriting  or  signature  of  another,  6cc. 
'J'o  make  a  likeness  or  resemblance  of  anything  with 
a  view  to  defraud. 

2.  To  imitate;  to  copy ;  to  make  or  put  on  a  re- 
fK^mblancc ;  as,  to  eounterfcit  the  voice  of  another 
I>erson  ;  to  coxintrrfeit  pielv. 

€OUi\'TER-FElT,  o.  I.  To  feign;  to  dissemble;  to 
carry  on  a  fiction  or  deception.  Shak. 

COU\'TER-FElT,fl.  Forged;  fictilions;  falr^e;  fab- 
ricated without  right ;  made  in  imitation  of  some- 
thing else,  with  a  view  to  defraud,  uy  passing  the 
false  copy  for  genuine  or  original :  :\SyCotinUrfeitco'm  ; 


a  counterfeit  bi>nd  or  deed  :  a  counterfeit  bill  of  e;;- 
cbange. 

2.  As-iuming  the  appearance  of  something  ;  fal^e  ; 
hypocritical ;  ns,  a  ctmnter/eit  friend. 

'3.  Ilaving  the  resemblance  of ;  false  ,  not  genuine; 
ns,  counterfeit  modesty. 

€0UN'TER-FE1T,  (koun'tcr-fit,)  ?(.  A  cheat ;  a  de- 
ceitful person ;  one  who  pretends  to  be  what  he  is 
nut ;  one  who  persunale-'t  another  ;  an  impostor. 

2.  In  /air,  one  who  obtains  money  or  goods  by 
counterfeit  letters  or  false  tokens.  Encyc. 

'3.  Tiiat  which  is  made  in  imit;ition  of  something, 
but  without  lawful  authority,  and  with  a  view  to  de- 
fraud, by  p;issing  the  false  for  the  true.  We  say,  the 
note  is  a  eonntcrfeit. 

€OUX'TER-FErJ'-El),  pp.  or  a.  Forged ;  made  in 
imitation  of  something,  with  a  view  to  defraud  ;  coi>- 
ied  ;  iinit-ited  ;  feigned. 

eOUX'TER-FEIT-ER,  ?i.  One  who  counterfeits ;  o 
forger. 

2.  One  who  copies  or  imitates;  one  who  assumes 
a  folao  appearance. 

3.  One  who  endeavors  to  set  off  a  thing  in  false 
colors. 

eOUN'TER-FEIT-INO,  n.  The  act  of  forging  ;  the 
making  of  a  counterfeit  resemblance. 

eoUN^TEK-FElT-IXG,  ppr.     Forging;  feigning. 

€0UN'TER-FElT-LY,  adv.  By  forgery  ;  falsely  ;  fic- 
titiously. 

€OUN-TER-FER'MEXT,  v.  [counter  and  ferment  ] 
Ferment  opposed  to  ferment.  Addison 

eOUX-TER-FK'SAXCE,  n.     [Fr.  eontrefaisancc.] 
The  act  of  forging  ;  forgery.     [Obs.] 

€OU.\'TER-FOIL,      i  n.    That  part  of  a  tally  struck 

eoUN'TER-STOCK,  i  in  the  exchequer,  which  is 
kept  by  an  otlicer  iu  that  court,  the  other  being  deliv- 
ered to  the  person  who  has  lent  the  king  money  (Ui 
the  account,  and  is  culled  the  6tock.  Bailey.^ 

eOUX'TEIt-FoRT,  H.  [counter  :imi  fori.]  A  buttress, 
spur,  or  pillar,  serving  to  tiupport  a  wall  or  lerrace 
subject  to  bulge.  Chambers. 

€0U.\"lER-(;.\tiE,  n.  [roiiTj^cr  and  fi-flir*.]  In  car- 
pentry, a  metliud  used  to  measure  the  joints,  by  trans- 
ferring, as,  for  in.stance,  the  breadth  of  a  mortise  to 
the  place  where  the  tenon  is  to  be,  iu  order  to  make 
tiicin  lit  each  other.  Owilt. 

€OUN'TER-GUaRD,  n.  [c.ntnC^  and  ^imrJ.]  In  foT- 
tificatioji,  a  small  rampart,  or  work  raised  before  the 
point  of  a  bastion,  consisting  of  two  long  faces  par- 
allel to  the  faces  of  the  bastion,  making  a  salient  an- 
gle, to  preserve  the  bastion,  it  is  sometimes  of  a 
different  shape,  or  <lifft?rcutly  situated.  Encyc. 

eOUX-T£R-lN'FHJ-EXCE,  v.  u  To  liinder  by  op- 
posins;  inlltience.     [Litllc  u^ed.]  ScotL 

€OUN-TER~IX'FLU-EN-Ci':D,C-in'rtu-enst,);7/7.  Hin- 
dered by  tipposing  influom-e. 

eOUX-TER-lX'FLU-EN-ClXG,  ppr.  Opposing  by 
opposing  iiidiieuce. 

eOON'TER -LIGHT,  (-Mlo,)  n,  [counter  am]  H^rht,]  A 
light  opposite  to  any  thing,  which  makes  it  appear  to 
disadvantage.  Chambers. 

eOUX-TER-.\UXD',  V.  t.  [Fr.  cotitromandcr ;  contrc 
and  mander^  L.  mamlo,  to  command.] 

1.  To  revoke  a  former  command  ;  or  to  give  an  or- 
der contrar>'  to  one  I»i;tore  given,  wliicli  annuls  a  for- 
mer command,  and  forbids  its  execution  ;  as,  to  cami- 
tcrmanti  orders. 

2.  7'o  ofipose  ;  to  contradict  the  orders  of  another 
'J.  To  prohibit.     [LiUlr  used.]  JIarcey. 

COUX'TER-MaXI),  n.  A  contrary  order;  revocation 
of  a  former  order  or  command.  SAaV.-. 

eoUX-TERA!Ai\I)'ED,  pp.  Revoked;  annulled,  os 
an  order. 

eOUN-TER-MXND'ING,  ppr.  Revoking  a  former 
order  ;  giving  directions  contrary  to  a  former  com- 
mand. 

eOUN-TER-JlAlU'H',  r.  i  [counter  and  march.]  To 
march  back. 

eOUX'TER-MARCH,  ji.  A  marching  back  ;  a  return 
ing.  Collier. 

a.  A  change  of  the  wings  or  face  of  a  battalion,  so 
as  to  bring  the  right  to  the  left,  or  the  front  into  the 
rear.  Cijc 

3.  A  change  of  nica^ires  ;  alteration  of  conduct. 

Biinict. 
€O0N-TER-MARCII'iJO,  (-luircht,)   j,p.      .Marclied 

eOWX-TER-MXRCH'IXG,  ppr.  or  n.    Marcliing  back. 

COUX'TER-.MaRK,  71.  [covnterfxndviarb.]  A  second 
or  third  mark  put  on  a  bale  of  goods  belonging  to 
several  merchants,  that  it  may  not  be  opened,  hut  in 
the  presence  of  all  the  owners. 

2.  The  mark  of  tlie  gctldsiniths'  company,  to  stmw 
the  metal  to  be  standard,  added  to  that  of  the  arti- 
ficer. 

3.  An  artificial  cavity  made  in  the  teeth  of  horses, 
that  have  outgrown  their  natural  mark,  to  disguise 
their  a<ie. 

4.  .\  mark  added  to  a  modal,  a  long  time  after  it 
has  been  struck,  by  which  its  several  changes  of  val- 
ue mav  bo  known.  Chambers. 

eoUX-'i'Elt-.MXRK',   v.t.    To  mark  the  corner  teeth 
of  a  horse  by  an  artilicinl  cavity,  to  disguise  liis  age. 
Earrier's  Diet. 


COU 

COUN'TER-MINE,  n.  [counter  and  mine.]  InmiUtani 
ajf'airsy  a  Well  and  gallery  sunk  in  the  earth,  nn^ 
running  under  gi-oun<l,  In  search  of  the  enemy's 
mine,  or  till  it  meets  it,  to  defeat  its  effect. 

Jlilttary  Did, 

2.  Means  of  opposition  or  counteraction.  Sidney. 

3.  A  stratagem  or  project  to  frustrate  any  contriv- 
ance. L^Eslrauffe. 

eOUX-TER-.MIXE',  v.  t.  To  sink  h  w  ell  and  giiilery 
in  the  earthy  in  search  of  an  enemy's  mine,  to  frus- 
trate his  designs. 

a.  To  counterwork  ;  to  frustrate  by  secret  and  op- 
posite  measures. 

eorX-'I'i:R-.MI.\'£D,  pp.    Countenvorked. 

€OL'.\-TEIt-.ML\'I.\G,  ppr.  Sinking  a  mine  to  fru»* 
tnttc>  another  mine. 

eOUX''i'i;R-MC-TlOX,  H.    [counur  and  inoHon.]   An 
opposite  motion  ;  a  motion  cuunteiaeling  another. 
Diurbit.     Cidtier. 

eOUX-TER-M5'TIVE,  «.    An  opposite  'motive. 

COUX-TER-iMOVE',  e.  t.  or  i.  To  nmve  in  a  contrary 
direction,  or  in  opposition  to  another. 

COUX'TEil-.MOVE-MENT,  «.  A  movement  in  op. 
position  to  another. 

eoUX-TER-iMOV'lXG,  ppr.  Moving  In  an  opposite 
direction. 

eoiJ.VTER.MORE,  ti.  [Fr.  coulremur;  ronfre  and 
viur,  h.  iiiuru.'!,  a  wall.] 

A  wall  raised  behind  another,  to  supply  its  place, 
when  a  breach  is  made. 

COUX'TER-MCRE,  v.  L  To  fortify  with  a  wall  be- 
hind  another. 

eOUX'TER-M0n-£;D,;)/j.  Fonided  hy  a  wall  behind 
another. 

eOUX'TCR-M0R-ING,p;>r  Fortifying  by  a  waU  be- 
hind another. 

€OUN'TER-NAT'TT-RAL,  a,  [cuuiUcr  and  nnturaL] 
(Contrary  to  nature.  llnnmj. 

eULTN'TER-XE-GO-TI-A'TIOX,  h.  [conntrr  iind  ne- 
iroiiatian.]  iS'egoliatiou  in  opposition  to  other  negotia- 
tion. 

eoUX'TER-XOISE,  n,  [counter  and  noise.]  A  noise 
or  sound  by  wliich  uu'jthcr  noise  or  sound  is  over- 
powered. Calamy, 

euaX'TER-oT7-:X-IXG,  n.  [counter  and  opening.] 
An  apctturc  or  vent  on  the  opposite  side,  or  in  a  uil- 
fcrcnl  place.  Sharp. 

eOUX'TER  r.XCE,  71.  [counter  and  paer.]  A  step  or 
measure  in  opposition  to  another;  contrary  measiif 
or  attempt.  Swifl, 

€OUX'TEIM'.\L-KD,  a.  [counter  and  pale,]  n\  her- 
aldry, is  when  the  escutcheon  is  divided  into  twelve 
pah's  parii'd  perlrsse,  the  twti  colors  being  counter- 
changed,  so  lliut  the  ui>per  and  lower  are  of  different 
colors.  Encyc. 

eoUN'TER-PANE,  n.    A  particular  kind  of  coverlet 
for  a  bed.     [See  Counterpoint.] 
2.  One  part  of  an  indenture.     [  Obs.]  B.  .Tmsoiu 

COUX'TEK-PaRT,  iu  [counter  imd  pnrt.]  The  cor- 
respondent part;  the  part  tiiul  answers  to  aimtlier, 
as  the  two  pajiers  of  a  contract  or  indt-ntures  ;  a  copy ; 
a  duplicate.  Also,  the  part  whieti  lils  another,  ns  the 
key  of  a  cipher.  .^ddi^on.    Johnton, 

S.  In  imuiic,  the  part  to  be  applied  to  another;  as, 
the  base  is  the  counterjtart  to  the  treble. 

,  Bailey.     Encyc. 

eOUN-TER-PAS'SAXT,  a.  [coni,fcr  and  pagsant,]  in 
heraldry,  is  when  two  lions  in  a  ctiat  of  arms  are  rep- 
resented as  going  contrary  ways.     Bailey.    Encyc. 

C<)UX'TER-1'E-TI"T10X,  (-pe-iish'un,)  n.  A  pe- 
tiliuu  in  opp()s[tion  to  anotlier.  Clarendon. 

COUX'TER-l'Ll-:A,  ?/.  [counter  and  pUa.]  .ln/a«,  a 
replication  to  a  plea,  or  request.  CoietL 

eOUX-TEJl-PhOT',  V.  t.  [cauiUer  and  plot.]  To  op- 
pose one  i)lot  to  another  ;  to  attempt  to  truslrate  strat- 
agem hy  stratagem. 

eOUX'TER-PLOT,  ii.  A  plot  or  artifice  opposed  to 
another.  I. ^  Entrance* 

eoaX-Ti:R  PLOT'TING,  n.  A  plotting  in  opiwsition 
to  a  stratagem. 

COUX'TIIR-POIXT,  11.  [Fr.  contrrpoiutc  ;  Arm.  con- 
trcppentcnn  ;  It.  conlrappunto  ;  contr<- and  point.] 

1.  A  coverlet ;  a  cover  for  a  bed,  stitclied  or  woven 
in  squares.    It  has  been  corrupted  into  Cou.vter-' 

I'A.VE. 

2.  In  musicj  counterpoint  is  when  the  musical  cbar- 
crtL-Ts  by  which  the  notes  in  each  part  are  signified, 
are  placed  in  such  a  manner,  each  with  resjwct  to 
uacli,  as  to  show  how  the  parts  answer  one  to  an- 
other. Kneyr.     Busby. 

The  term  is  now  synonymous  with  '/larmtntij,  and 
nearly  so  with  composition,  P-  Cyc 

3.  An  opposite  point.  Sandyt. 
€OUN'TER-POlSE,  v.  t.    [Fr.  contrrpeycr;  It.  cvntrap- 

pe^arci  t^p  contrapcfur ;  contrc^  contra^  and  pescr^  po- 
sary  to  weigh.     See  Poise.] 

1.  To  coimterhalance  ;  to  weigh  against  with  equal 
weight ;  to  he  etiuiponderaut  to  ;  to  e(pial  in  weight. 

The  force-  find  dULnnccof  wtighla  co'tnUrjtoiting  f  icit  oUrr, 
oiijht  lo  be  pfciprycal.  Diiby. 

Tlif  liui»viii«8  of  bodiL-s  rniwt  be  caanlcrpoU^  by  a  plumnwl 
rii»v-ncil  bIwuc  Iho  pulley  to  tiw  nah.  wukins. 

2.  To  act  against  with  equal  power  or  effect;  lo 
balance.    The  wisdom  of  the  senate  may  be  able  to 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  \Vn.>T.  — AlETE,  PREY.  — PIXE,  MARINE.  BIRD.  — NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.- 


97-1 


oou 


cou 


aninterpoist  the    rash    impetuosity  of  a  democratic 

bouse.  . ,      T. 

eOU.V'TER'POISE,  n.  [Fr.  cmtrqxiids :  It.  contrap- 
veso  ;  Sp.  contrapeso.]  . 

1  Equal  "eiglit  acting  in  opposition  to  something; 
equipondcraiico  ;  a  weight  sufficient  to  balance  anoth- 
er in  the  opposite  scale  ;  equal  balance.        JllUlon. 

2.  Equal  (lower  or  force  acting  in  opposition  ;  a 
force  sufficient  to  bal.ince  another  force ;  cquipol- 
lence. 

Tlie  aecood  noble*  are  a  counttrpoise  to  ths  lijghtr  nobility. 

Bacon. 

3,  In  Oie  manege,  a  position  of  tlic  rider  in  which 
his  body  is  diily''balanced  in  his  seat,  not  inclined 
more  to  one  side  than  the  other.  Eiicijc. 

€0UN'TER-POIS--ED,y;).  Balanced  by  an  cqiuvalcnt 
opposing  wcijht,  or  by  equal  power. 

eOUN'TER-l'i  USING,  pjir.  or  o.  Balancing  by  equal 
weight  in  tlie  opposite  scale,  or  by  equal  power. 

eOUN'TER-  POI-SON,  (-poi'zn,)  li.  {aiunter  and  poi- 
son.] 0:ie  poison  thai  destroys  the  effect  of  another ; 
an  antidote ;  a  medicine  that  ob\iates  the  effects  of 
poison.  .SrbuUmot. 

eOUN'TER-fR.A.e-TICE,  n.  Practice  in  opposition 
to  another 

COUN'TER-PRESf?-TIRE,  n.  [counter  andprra.siirc] 
Opposing  pressure  ;  a  force  or  pressure  that  acts  in  a 
contmr\'  direction  BUukmore. 

eOUN'TER-PROJ-ECT,  71.  [counter  and  projret.]  A 
project,  scheme,  or  proposal,  of  one  party,  given  in 
opposition  to  another,  before  given  by  the  other  par- 
ly ;  as  in  the  negotiation  of  a  treaty.  Swift. 

eOUN'TER-PROOF,  n.  [roimScr  and  proo/.]  In  en- 
ffraciiLtr^a  print  taken  off  from  another  fresh  printed, 
which,°by  being  passed  through  the  press,  gives  the 
fifnire  of  th?  former,  but  inverted.  Branilc. 

eO&N'TER-PllOVE,  T.  (.  Icountcr  and  prove.]  To 
take  off  a  design  in  black  lead  or  red  cliall!,  by 
passing  i:  tbroiish  a  rolling  press  with  another  piece 
of  paper,  both  being  moistened  with  a  sponge. 

Chambci-s. 

eOUN'TER-PROV-£D,  pp.    See  the  verb. 

eOUX'TER-PROV-IXG,  ppr.    See  the  verb. 

eOUN-TER-REV-0-Lu'TIOX,  n.  A  revolution  op- 
posed to  a  former  one,  and  restoring  a  former  state 
of  things. 

eOU.\'TEK-REV-0-Ln'TIO.\-.\-RV,  a.  Pertaining 
to  a  counter-revolution. 

€0UN'TER-REV-O-Lu"i'lO.V-IST,  n.  One  engaged 
in  or  befriending  a  counter-revolution. 

€OUN'TER-RoLL,  ii.  (counter  and  roll.]  In  luvo,  a 
counterpart  or  copy  sf  the  rolls,  relating  to  appeals, 
inquests,  &c.  Bailey. 

2.  As  a  verb,  this  word  is  contracted  into  Co.vtkol, 
which  see. 

eOUN-TER-RoL':.IEXT,  II.  A  counter  account.  [See 

COSTROL.] 

COUN-TER-Sa'LI-EXT,  a.  [Fr.  eontrc  and  saiUir,  to 
leap.] 

In  heraldry,  is  when  two  beasts  are  borne  in  a 
coat,  leaping  from  each  other.  Bailey. 

€OUN'TER-Se.\RP,  n.     [Fr.  conlresMrTK! ;  It.  eoiUia- 
searpa;  &p.  contraescarpa ;  eontre  znd  c.^carpe,  Scarpa, 
,     esearpa,  a  slope,  from  the  root  of  carve.] 

In  fortiJicatiDn,  the  exterior  talus  or  slope  of  the 
ditch,  or  the  talus  that  supjwrts  the  earth  of  the  cov- 
ered ^ay ;  but  it  often  signilies  the  whole  covered 
way,  with  its  parapet  and  glacis  ;  as  when  it  is  said, 
the  enemy  have  lodged  themselves  on  the  eounler- 
I       scarp.  Harris.     Eitcrjc. 

I  eOUN'TER-SeUF-FLE,ji.  Opposite  scufHe  ;  contest. 

eOUN'TER-SEAL,i'. !.    To  seal  with  another.  Slmk. 

eOUN'TER-.SE.\L-£D,  pp.    Sealed  with  another. 

eOUN'TER-SEAL-ING,  ppr.     Sealing  with  another. 

€OUN'TER-SE-€0SE',  v.  t.  [counter  and  secure.] 
To  secure  one  who  has  given  security. 

eOUN'TER-.-^  E-eO'RI-T  V,  n.  Security  given  to  one 
who  has  entered  into  bonds  or  become  surety  for 
another.  Bailey. 

€OUX'TER-PENSE,  n.    Opposite  meaning.  HoiceU. 

eOUN'TER-SlGN,  (-sine,)  v.  t.  [counter  and  sign.] 
LiUralbt,  to  sign  on  the  opposite  side  of  an  instrument 
or  writing  ;  hence,  to  sign,  as  secretary  or  other  sub- 
ordinate olficer,  a  writing  signed  by  a  principal  or 
superior,  to  attest  Ihe  authenticity  of  the  writing. 
Thus  charters  signed  by  a  king  are  roimUrsigned  by 
a  secretary  Bank  notes,  signed  by  the  president, 
are  counters!  <rned  by  the  cashier. 

eOUN'TER-SIGN,  n.  A  private  signal,  word,  or 
phrase,  given  to  soldiers  on  guard,  with  orders  to  let 
DO  man  pass  unless  he  first  names  that  sign  ;  a  mili- 
tary watchword.  -Advance,  and  give  the  coitattTsign. 
2.  The  signature  of  a  secretary  or  other  subordi- 
nate officer  to  a  writing  signed  by  the  principal  or 
superior,  to  attest  its  authenticity. 

eOUN'TER-SI(i-N/VL,  ii.  A  signal  to  answer  or  cor- 
respond to  another  ;  a  naral  term. 

€OUN'TER-SIG'NA-TIiRE,  ii.  The  name  of  a  sec- 
retary or  other  subordinate  officer  countersigned  to 
a  writing. 

Below  the  impeiia]  naine  is  commonly  a  counter-si^naturt  of  one 
of  the  c-ujincl  minisurn.  Tooke. 

€OUN'TER-SIGN-£D,  pp.  Signed  by  a  secretary  or 
other  subordinate  otfacer. 


eOUN'TER-SIG.\-ING,  OTr.  Attesting  by  the  signa- 
ture of  a  subordinate  omcer. 

eoUN'TER-SlNK,  v.  t.  To  drill  a  conical  depression 
in  wood  or  metal,  as  in  a  hole  for  a  screw. 

eOUN'TER-SINK,  71.  A  drill  or  bracebit  for  counter- 
sinking. 

t'OaN'TER-SIXK-ING,  ppr.    See  the  verb. 

eOUN-TER-STAT'tjTE,  71.  A  contrary  statute  or 
ordinance.  Milton. 

eOUN'TER-STRoICE,  ?i.  A  contrary  stroke  ;  a  stroke 
returned.  Spenser. 

eOUN'TER-SUNK,  pp.    See  the  verb. 

€OUN-TER-S0RE'TY,  71.  A  counter-bond,  or  a 
surety  to  secure  one  that  lias  given  security. 

€OUN'TER-SWaY,  n.  Contrary  sway  ;  opposite  in- 
(luence.  Milton. 

eOUN'TER-TAL-LY,  71.  .V  Lilly  corresponding  to 
another. 

€OUN'TER-TaSTE,  71.  [counter  and  tuste.]  Oppo- 
site or  false  taste.  Skenstonc. 

eOUN-TER-TEN'OR,  j  71.      [coaiKor  and   Unor.]     In 

€0UN'TER,  i      muxie,  one   of  the   nildille 

parts,  between  the  tenor  and  the  treble;  high  tciiir. 

€OUN'TER-TIDE,  n.  [counter  and  tide.]  Contrar>- 
tide.  Urtitlen. 

€OUN'TER-TIME,  n.  [counter  and  ti7ne.]  In  tlie 
manege,  the  defense  or  resistance  of  a  horse,  that  in- 
terrupts his  cadence  and  the  measure  of  his  manege, 
occasioned  by  a  bad  horseman,  or  the  bad  temper  of 
the  horse.  Eytcyc. 

2.  Resistance  ;  opposition.  Drydcn. 

eOUN'TER-TURN,  71.  The  height  of  a  play  which 
puts  an  end  to  expectation.  Dryden. 

eoUN-TER-VAlL',  V.  t.  [counter  and  L.  vuleo,  to 
avail  or  be  strong.] 

To  act  against  with  equal  force  or  power ;  to 
equal ;  to  act  with  equivalent  effect  against  any 
thing  ;  to  balance  ;  to  compensate  ;  as,  the  profit  will 
hardly  countervail  the  inconveniences. 

Althouffli  thp  enemy  couid  not  counlciiiail  the  king's  d.-uiinge.— 
Esth.  vii. 

COUN'TER-VaIL,  77.      Equal  weight   or  strength  ; 
power  or  value    sufficient   to   obviate  any  ellect ; 
equal  weigiit  or  value ;  compensation  ;  requital. 
Spenser.     South. 
eOUN-TER-VAIL'ED,  pp.    Acted  against  with  equal 

force  or  power  ;  balanced  ;  compensated. 
eOUN-TER-VAIL'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Opposing  with 
equal  strength  or  value;  balancing;  obviating  in 
elfect. 
€OUN'TER-VIEW,  (-vu,)b.  [counter  aaivieiv.]  An 
opposite  or  opposing  view  ;  opposition  ;  a  posture  in 
which  two  persons  front  each  ctlier.  Milton. 

2.  Contrast ;   a  position  in  which  two  dissimilar 
things  illustrate  each  other  by  opposition.       Swift. 
€OUN'TER-VOTE,  v.  t.    To  vote  in  opposition  ;  to 

outvote.  SroU. 

eOUN'TER-WEIGH,  (-wa,)  v.  t.     [See  Weigh.]    To 

weiah  asainst ;  to  counterbalance.  Ascham. 

eoUN'TER-VVllEEL,  v.  t.    To  cause  to  wheel  in  an 

opposite  direction. 
eOUN'TER-VVllEEL-IiN'O,  ppr.     Causing  to  move  in 

an  opposite  direction. 
GOUN'TER-VVINU,  n.    Contrary  wind. 
tlfJU-N-TER-WOllK',  (-work,)!-.  (.    [See  Work.]    To 
work  in  opposition  to  ;  to  counteract ;  to  hinder  any 
etfect  by  contrary  operations. 

That  txununcorlis  e.TcIi  folly  and  caprice.  Pope. 

eOUX-TER-WijRK'LXa,  ppr.     Working  in   opposi- 
tion ;  counteractin::. 
eOUN-TER-WRO'JGHT', (raw!,)));).  Counteracted ; 

opposed  by  contrary  action. 
COUNT'ESS,  71.     [Fr.  conttc-s-c;  ll.contcssai  Sp.  C071- 
desa.     See  Count.] 
•  The  consort  of  an  earl  or  count. 
COUNT'ING,  ppr.    Numbering  ;  reckoning. 
eOUNT'ING-llOUSE,  j  71.     [See  Count,  the  verb.] 
eOUiNT'ING-UOOM,    j      Tht:  house  or  room  appro- 
priated by  merchants,  tr:iders,  and  iiiauufacturers,  to 
the  business  of  keeping  their  books,  accounts,  letters, 
and  papers. 
eOUNT'lN'G,  71.    The  act  of  computing  or  reckoning. 
eOUNT'LESS,  a.     [count  and  less.]    That  which  can 
not  be  counted  ;  not  having  tiie  number  .ascertained, 
nor  ascertainable  ;  innumerable.    The  sands  of  the 
sea-shore  are  countless. 
eOUN'TRI-Fr--ED,  (kun'trc-f  Ide,)  a.    Rustic  ;  rural ; 
having  tlie  appearance  and  manners  of  the  country. 
Toitd.     Rick.  Diet. 
eOUN'TRY,  (kim'trj',)  n.     [The  correct  orthography 
would  be  CoNTRY,  Fr.  contree.  It.  coutrada,  contiarted 
from  L.  coiiterra,  con  and  terra,  land  adjacent  to  a 
city.    Hence,  the  citizens  say,  "  Let  us  go  into  the 
country."  The  Latin  has  coutcrrii:ictLS,  a  countrj-inaii.] 

1.  Properly,  the  land  lying  about  or  near  a  city  ; 
the  territory  situated  in  ilic  vicinity  of  a  city.  Our 
friend  lias  a  seat  in  the  country,  a  few  miles  from 
town.    See  Marie  v.    Luke  viii.     Ilencc, 

2.  The  whole  territory  of  a  kingdom  or  state,  as 
opposed  to  city.  Wo  say,  "  The  gentleman  has  a  seat 
in  lliecoanlrj,"  at  any  distance  from  town  indefinitely. 
Hence, 

I        3.  Any  tract  of  land,  or  inhabited  land  ;  any  re- 


cou 

gioii,  as  dii-linguislnnl  from  other  regions ;  n  king- 
dom, slate,  nr  Itsser  district.  We  speak  of  all  the 
countrica  of  Kurope  or  Asia- 

Aiiti  ih'-y  cam-;  Into  I'l-  country  of  Moab.  —  R-itli  1, 

4.  The  kingdom,  Btatc,  or  territory,  in  whirh  one 
J!)  born  ;  the  land  of  nativity  ;  or  ihf  p-jrticular  dis- 
trict indefinitely  in  which  one  U  born.  America  is 
my  country,  or  England  w  my  couninj. 

Lalxm   uid.   It   miul  nol   be  v>  iooa  U»  our  country. —Gen. 
xxiz. 

5.  The  region  in  which  one  reaides. 


He  wlourn^ 
Ilcb.  xi. 


[1  Mk  Unil  of  promiK,  m  in  a  foreljr*  eounUy.  — 


6.  Land,  as  opposed  to  water ;  or  inhabited  territory. 

TliC  •hiprn'^n  ilccmod  Ibnt  Mxj  drew  near  lo  wme  eovntry.  — 
Aeu  xxvii. 

7.  The  inhabitants  of  a  region. 

All  tlie  country  wept  witli  ft  l<md  tmcc.  —  2  Sajn.  xr. 

8.  A  place  of  residence  j  a  region  of  permanent 

habitation. 

They  declare  rJ;unly  llunt  thej  seek  a  country.  —  lit*,  xl. 
Tli«y  tiesire  a  bclf t  country,  Itol  b,  a  tiesvcniy,  —  lleb.  xL 

y.  In  law,  a  jury  or  jurors;  as,  trial  by  the  caun- 
try,  per  pais. 
eOUN'TRV,  (ktin'try,)  o.  Pertaining  to  the  country 
or  tenitory  at  a  distance  from  a  city  ;  rural ;  nijtie  ; 
as,  a  country  town  ;  a  country  sealj  a  co»/i(rj/ squire  ; 
a  country  life ;  the  country  party,  as  opposed  to  ei/y 
parly. 

2.  Pertaining  or  peculiar  to  one's  own  cotmtry. 

He  spoke  in  liis  country  Ixnguagc,  MacedKe*. 

3.  Rude  ;  ignorant.  Drydei*. 
eOUN'TRY  DANCE,  n.    [Ft.  eontre  danse.}    A  danc« 

in  which  the  partners  are  arranged  opposite  to  each 
other  in  lines.    Originally  and    properly,  Contra- 

DANCE. 

eOUN'TRY-MAN,  n.  One  bora  in  the  same  country 
with  another.  This  man  is  my  countryman.  Sec  2 
Cor.  xi.  2G. 

2.  One  who  dwells  in  the  country,  as  opposed  to  a 
citizen;  a  rustic;  a  farmer  or  husbandman;  a  man 
of  plain,  unpolislied  manners. 

3.  An  inhrthitant  or  native  of  a  region.  What 
countryman  is  he? 

eOUN'TRY  Seat,  n.  A  dwelling  in  the  countrj- 
used  as  a  place  of  rtrtiremenl  fruiu  the  city. 

eOUNT'-WIlKEL,  n.  The  wheel  in  a  clock  which 
moves  round  and  causes  it  to  strike. 

€OLJN'TY,  7!.  [Fr.  compte;  Sp-cvudado;  It.  coatia; 
L.  comitutus.     See  Count.] 

1.  Ori^iiiaHyy  an  earldom  ;  the  district  or  territory 
of  a  count  or  earl.  JV*i/w,  a  circuit  or  particular 
portion  of  a  state  or  kingdom,  separated  from  the 
r;;st  of  ttis  territory,  for  certain  puriKxses  in  the  ad- 
ministrutiun  of  justice.  It  is  called  also  a  skxre. 
[Sec  Shike.]  Each  county  has  its  shcritf  and  its 
court,  wiih  other  olficers  employed  in  the  admini^ 
Iration  of  justice,  and  the  execution  of  the  laws.  In 
Eiip!;iiu!  xht-Si-  are  lifiy-lwo  countie.---,  and  in  each  is 
a  bird-lieiiteiianl,  who  has  couitiiand  of  the  militia. 
'J'he  several  :<talcs  of  America  are  divided  by  law 
into  counties,  in  each  of  which  is  a  county  court  of 
inferior  jurisdiction  ;  and  in  each  the  supreme  court 
of  the  Slate  holds  stated  sessii.tis. 

2.  A  count :  an  earl  or  lord.     [0&6\]  Skak. 
County  palatine,   in    Englanti^  is  a   ccHinty  distia- 

guished  by  particuU-.r  privileges  ;  so  called  a  putatio,  the 
palace,  because  the  owner  bad  oricnially  royal  ptiwers, 
or  the  same  powers,  in  the  admiuislration  ofjuiliee, 
as  the  kin^  hatl  in  his  palace  ;  but  their  powers  arc 
now  abridged.  The  counties  palatine,  in  Kngland, 
are  Lanai^ter,  Chester,  and  Durham. 

Counlti  corporate,  is  a  county  invested  with  partic- 
ular privile^:-s  by  charter  or  royal  grant,  as  Lon- 
don, York,  llristol,  &c. 
eOUr^'TY,  a.  Portnining  to  a  county ;  as,  county  court. 
COU.V'TY  eOt'RT,  n.    A  court  whose  jurisdiction  is 
limited  to  a  county,  and  whose  powers,  in  America, 
depend  on  statutes.     In  England,  it  is  incident  to 
the  jurisdiction  of  the  sheviif. 
eOUN'TY  TOVV.V,  n.    That  town  where  the  various 
courts  of  a  county  are  held.    In  the  IVcstcrn  States,  it 
is  improperly  called  a  county  sceL 

COUP  DE  GliA  CF.'^  (koo-de-gras',)  [Fr.]  Literally^  the 
stroke  of  mercy  by  which  an  executioner  ends  the 
sufferings  of  on*e  <m  the  lack,  &c.,  by  death.  Hence,  a 
decisive,  finisliing  stroke  ;  a  finisher. 

COUP  DE  .U-S/jV,  (koo-de-mang',)  [Fr.]  An  in- 
stantaneou.^  and  unexpected  attack  or  enterprise. 

COUP  £)'(£//,, (koD-dile',)  [Fr.]  Sfight  view  ;  glance 
of  the  eve. 

C0/7P  i>'i>'/'.'ir,  (kooKia-ti',)  [FrO  A  sudden,  de- 
cisive blow,  in  politics  ;  a  stroke  of  jtolicy. 

COUP  DE  SO-i./:/i.',(koo-de-so-IaIe',)[lr.J  Aslroke 
of  the  sun.  .     . 

COUPE',  (koo-p5',)  n.  The  front  apartment  of  a 
French  diligence. 

eOU-PEE',  (koo-pee^)  n.    [Fr.  cou/jo-,  tocut.j 

A  motion  in  d.incing,  wlien  one  lee  is  a  liitle  bent, 
ami  suspijiided  from  the  ground,  and  with  the  other 
a  motion  is  made  forward.  Chambers, 


TOrE,  BULL,  ^NITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K ;  C  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


27;j 


cou 

COUP'LE,  (kup'i»l)  n.  IIV.  couple;  h.  copula;  II.  Su, 
id.;  Ann.  couMe;  I>.  kuppcl:  i^.kuppet;  Hw.  ktfppel ; 
Dan.  fiubbet ;  Ikb.  So2 ;  *  'li-  '</.»  ami  Vop,  lo  duuMe 
or  full!  ;  Syr.  id. ;  Sam.,  to  slnit.] 

1.  Two  of  (he  saniu  sptxiea  ur  kind,  nrid  near  in 
place,  or  considiT^d  tufiutlior ;  as,  a  couple  of  men  ;  a 
couple  of  oranges,  1  Imve  |tl:inlc<i  a  coupU  of  cherry- 
trees.  We  can  not  cull  a  horse  and  an  ox  a  couple, 
nnlci<3  we  add  a  generic  term.  Of  a  horse  and  ox 
freding  in  a  ini^turc,  we  should  f^ay,  a  couple  of  ani- 
mals. Anion^  huntsmen  and  soldior.^,  brace  is  u^-ed 
for  eouiile  :  im,  a  brace  of  ducks  ;  a  brace  of  pistols. 
Couple  dirtiTH  from  pair,  which  implies,  strictly,  nnt 
ojily  things  of  the  sanio  kind,  but  likonef-i,  equality, 
ur  custoniiiry  association.  A  pair  is  a  cou}itCf  but  a 
couple  may  or  may  not  he  a  patr. 

ii.  Two' things  of  any  kind  connected  or  linked  to- 
gether. 

3,  A  male  and  female  connected  by  marriage,  be- 
trothed, or  allied;  ns,  a  married  couple;  a  young 
couple. 

4.  That  whicli  links  or  connects  two  tilings  togeth- 
er j  a  chain. 

COLP'LE,  (kup'p!,)  V.  L  [Ft.  coupler;  L.  eopulo;  Sp. 
eopuliir;  ll.  copulare.] 

1.  To  link,  cliuin,  or  connect  one  thing  with  an- 
other ;  to  sew  or  fa:jten  together. 

Tliou  tioll  couple  the  curtaliu  wiih  hook*.  —  Rx.  xxvi, 

D.  Tomarry;  towed;  tonnite,a:?  husband  and  wife. 

Ti'iUP'LK,  r.  i.    To  embrace,  as  the  sexes.   Dryden. 

CCiUI^L/CI),  (kup'pI'O  PP-  0'  °'  United,  as  two  things ; 
linked ;  married. 

Cor.pled  columns;  in  ardiiUcttire,  columns  arranged 
in  p:tir>)  half  a  diameter  :ip:irt. 

€OUP'LIi-BEG-GAll,  v.  One  who  makes  it  his  busi- 
ness to  iiiarn-  hcgiiars  to  each  other.  Sujift. 

COL'r'LK-.MKXT.  (kup'pl-nicnl,)  h.    Union.  Spenser. 

CuL*I"LCT,  (kup'lL-t,)  H.  [Fr.J  Twoversesj  a  pair 
of  rliymes. 

2.  A  division  of  a  hymn  or  ode,  in  which  an  equal 
number  or  ci|uul  measure  of  verses  is  found  in  each 
part,  called  a  strophe. 

',i.  A  pair ;  as,  a  couplet  of  doves.     [JVot  used.] 

COVV'IASG,  ppr.  Uniting  in  couplcsj  fastening  or 
coniipcting  tostther ;  embrarine. 

COUl"LI.Nf;,  II.    That  wltich  couples  or  connects,  as 
a  hook,  chain,  or  bar  j  as,  the  coupling  of  a  railroad 
car.    2  Chron.  xxxiv. 
2.  The  act  of  coupling. 

COUr'LIXU-UOX,  (kup'pling-box,)  it.  In  viachintnjy 
something  that  poruiaiit-ntly  connects  two  shafts: 
usually,  a  tube  or  strong  cylinder  emliracing  the  end 
of  each  shaft,  with  a  pin  or  holt  passed  through  each. 

Ilchcrt. 

€OUP'MNG-riN,  n.  -A,  pin  UKod  for  coupling  or  join- 
ing togfthrr  railroad  cars  and  other  machinery. 

COU-PO.V,  (koo-pong',)  :i.  [Fr.]  An  interest  cer- 
tificate, printed  at  the  bottom  of  transferable  bonds, 
(state,  railroad.  &c.,)  given  for  u  tenn  of  yeary. 
There  are  a^  many  of  these  cerli  It  rutins  as  tlicre  are 
payments  of  interr^^-t  to  be  niaiie.  At  each  time  of 
payment  one  is  cut  ^Jf,  and  jiresented  for  payment. 
Hence  its  name,  coupon,  or  rut  off. 

€0UR'A6C,  (kur'raj)  «.  [Tr.,  from  eaur,  L.  cor,  the 
liearl ;  Arm.  couraick  ;  Sp.  comge;  Port,  coragcm ;  It. 

corner  trio,] 

Bravery;  intrepidity;  that  quality  of  mind  wliicli 
enables  men  to  encoiriiler  dangerand  diliieultics  witli 
firmness,  or  without  fear  or  depression  of  spirils ; 
valor;  bohtuess  ;  resolution.  It  is  a  constituent  part 
fif  foriitti'lc ;  but  fortitude  implies  patience  to  hear 
continued  suffering. 

Courage  tlt-at  growt  front  coiuOtnlluii  often  roncnkos  .1  msn  ^i-licn 
hr  b*»  Dcciiiioii  fax  It ;  tO'irrtfc  which  iini<a  from  a  seiu"  of 
(Intj  nCiM  in  ».  uniform  )nn)Uicr.  Addison. 

Be  BtniDg  niiil  of  good  couni;«.  —  Deul.  xxxi. 

eOUR-A'GEOUS,  (kur-ra'jus,)  a.  Uravo  ;  bold;  dar- 
ing ;  intrepid  ;  hardy  to  encounter  difficulties  and 
dangers;  adventurous;  enterprising. 

Be  tiMU  tHieng  aiid  courageous.  — Juth.  i. 

€0UU-.\'t5E0US-LY,  ode.  With  courage;  bravely; 
boldly;  stoutly. 

€0UU-A'Gi:OUS-NESS,  71.  Courage;  boldness;  brav- 
ery ;  intrepidity  ;  spirit;  valor. 

eOU-iuiVTO,  (  "•     t^'-  f^"'"*'""^>  running.] 

1.  A  piece  of  musif:  in  triple  time  ;  also,  a  kind  of 
dance,  con^iisting  of  a  time,  a  step,  a  b:tlance,  and  a 
COUpee.  F.ncije. 

2.  A  llllo  of  a  newspaper,  so  called  from  its  rapid 
circulation. 

eOU-R.AP',  n.  A  distemper  in  the  East  Indies ;  a  kind 
of  hcrpeo  or  itch  in  the  annpit^,  groin,  hrea-it,  and 
face.  Enciir. 

eOURR,  r,  i,     [Fr.  eowrber.] 
To  bend.     [JVot  in  ttsr.] 

€OURU,  a.     Crooked.     [Jvot  in  u.^^e.] 

€OUR'ltA-RIL,  n.  Anime,  a  resinous  substance  which 
flows  from  the  Hymenxa,  a  tree  of  South  America  ; 
M=ed  for  varnishing.  F.'urcru-i. 

€OU'RI-ER,  (koo're-er,)  n.     [Fr.  courier,  \ 
to  mil,  li.  eurro.] 


cou 

1.  A  messenger  sent  express  for  convt-ying  iL-ltrra 
or  dis|iatches,  u.^ually  on  public  busineiM. 

2.  Tlio  name  of  a  newsjMiper. 

COURSEj  ri.  [Fr.  course;  tip.  cur.m;  ll.  eorfo ;  U. 
eurja;  Irom  L.  cursus,  from  curro,  to  run,  W.  f**jra, 
Eng.  humj.    Sec  Class  Gr,  No.  7,  15,  33,  :*-I.J 

1.  In  its  fTeucr<il  seiise,  a  passing;  a  moving,  or 
motion  forward,  in  a  direct  or  cur\'ing  line  ;  njtplica- 
ble  to  any  body  or  substance,  solid  or  lluid. 

.Applied  to  animals,  a  running,  or  walking  ;&  mco; 
a  career;  a  passing,  or  passage,  with  any  ucgroo  of 
swifincis  indefinitely. 

Jipplied  to  fiaids,  a'  (lowing,  as  in  a  stream  in  any 
direction  ;  as,  a  straight  course,  or  winding  course. 
It  is  applied  to  water  or  other  liquids,  to  air  or  wind, 
and  to  light,  in  the  sense  of  motion  or  jKissing. 

Applied  to  solid  bodies,  it  signilies  motion  or  pass- 
ing ;  as,  tlio  course  of  a  rolling  stone  ;  the  course  of  a 
carriage  ;  the  course  of  the  earth  in  its  orbit. 

Applied  lu  nnvigatiiin,  It  signifies  a  parsing  or  mo- 
tion on  water,  or  in  balloons  in  air ;  a  voyage. 

2.  The  direction  of  motion  ;  line  of  advancing ; 
point  of  compass,  In  which  motion  is  direrted ;  as, 
what  coMr^-f  shall  the  pilot  steer?  In  technical  lan- 
guage, the  angle  contained  between  tlie  nearest  me- 
ridian and  that  point  of  compass  on  which  a  ship 
sails  in  any  direction.  Mar.  Diet. 

3.  Ground  on  which  a  race  is  run. 

4.  A  passing  or  process;  tin-  progress  of  any  thing ; 
as,  the  course  of  an  argument,  or  of  a  debate ;  a 
course  of  thought  or  reflection. 

5.  Order  of  proceeding  or  of  passing  from  an  an- 
cestor to  an  h'^ir;  as,  the  course  of  descent  in  in- 
licritince. 

6.  Order  ;  turn  ;  class  ;'succc5sion  of  one  to  an- 
other in  office  or  duty. 

Solomon  nppo'intixt  llio  courstt  of  the  prints.  — 2  Ctiroii.  TiQ. 

7.  Stated  and  orderly  method  of  proceeding;  usual 
manner.  He  obtained  redress  in  due  course  of  law. 
Leave  Nature  to  her  course. 

8.  Series  of  successive  and  methodical  procedure; 
a  train  of  acts  or  applications ;  as,  a  course  of  med- 
icine administered. 

9.  A  methodical  series,  applied  to  tJtt  artt  or  «ct- 
CHCc;g;  a  syslemized  nr{LT  of  principles  in  arts  or 
sciences,  for  illustration  or  instruction.  We  say, 
the  auliior  li:is  completed  a  course  of  principle.^  or  of^ 
lectures  in  philosophy.  Also,  thu  order  pursued  by 
a  student ;  ns,  he  has  completed  a  course  of  studies 
in  law  or  pli^sics. 

10.  Manner  of  proceeding;  way  ofllfe  or  conduct; 
deportment;  series  of  actions. 

Th«l  1  itiiclil  finish  my  course  with  Joy.  —  AcU  xx. 
Th'-"ir  courte  ia  evil.  — Jor.  xxiii. 

11.  Line  of  conduct;  manner  of  proceeding;  as, 
we  know  not  what  cowsc  to  pursue. 

12.  Natural  bent;  propensity;  uncontrolled  will. 
Let  not  a  perverse  child  tike  his  own  course. 

i:t.  Till ;  act  of  running  in  the  lists. 

14.  Orderly  structure  ;  system. 

Thu  loni;iic  ectlcth  on  fire  tha  course  of  iiuttire.  —  Jnnicw  iiU 

15.  Any  regular  serien.  In  architecture,  a  contin- 
ued range  of  stones,  level  or  of  the  same  hight 
throughout  the  whole  length  of  the  building,  and  not 
interrupted  by  any  aperture.     A  laying  of  bricks,  Sec 

16.  The  dishes  set  on  table  at  one  time;  service 
of  meat. 

17.  Regularity ;  order ;  regular  succession  ;  as,  let 
the  classes  follow  in  course. 

18.  Empty  form;  as,  compliments  are  often  words 
of  course. 

Of  course ;  by  consequence ;  in  regular  or  natural 
order;  in  the  common  manner  of  proceeding;  with- 
out special  direction  or  provision.  This  eflert  will 
follow  of  course  If  tlie  defendant  resides  not  in  the 
State,  the  cause  is  continued  of  course. 
€OURSE,  V.  t.    To  hunt;  to  pursue  ;  to  chase. 

Wc  coursed  him  at  llic  Uccla.  Sliak. 

2.  To  cause  to  run ;  to  force  to  move  with  speed. 

May. 

3.  To  run  through  or  over.  The  blood  couj-scs  the 
winding  arteries.  The  bounding  steed  courses  the 
dusty  plain. 

Course,  v.  l  To  run  ;  to  move  with  speed ;  lo  run 
or  move  about ;  as,  the  hlood  courses.  SliaJ:. 

Tli-i  gI^:y\^Quni\i  coursed  tlirough  iho  fitlilj. 

COVltS'FA),  (korst,)pp.    Iluntod  ;  chased;  pursued; 

caused  to  run. 
CoURS'ER,  jj.    A  swift  horse;    a  runner;    a  war 

horse  ;  «  word  used  ckirjlij  in  poetry.  IJnjdni.     Pope. 

2.  One  who  hunts;  one  who  pursues  the  sport  of 
coursing  hares.  .hhnson, 

3.  An  order  of  birds  wliich  have  short  wings,  and 
move  chietly  by  running,  as  the  ostricJi,  dodo,  and 
cassowary.  Ktrhy. 

4.  A  disputant.    [J'^'ot  initsc]  H'ood. 
COURS'ES,  V.  pi.    In  a  ship,  the  principal  sails,  as  the 

main-sail,  fonssail,  and  mizzen :  sometimes  the 
name  ii  given  to  the  stay-sails  on  the  lower  masts; 
also  to  the  main  stay-sails  of  all  brigs  and  schooners. 

Jilar.  Diet. 
2.  Catamenia ;  incnstmat  flux. 


COU 

€OUKB'EV,  ».    Part  of  the  hatches  in  a  galley. 

S!icru:cod. 

€0URB'ING,7>pr.  Hunting ;  chaeing ;  running ;  Uow- 
ing;  comtkL-lling  to  run. 

eOURS'lNG,  K.  The  act  ursptntoft  migundhuiit- 
ing  hares,  foxen,  or  deer. 

COURT,  II.  [Sax.  curt;  Ft,  cour  -.tii.  court i  lu 
eorte;  Sp.  corte;  Port,  corte;  L.  cn>'0>  Ir.  cuirt. 
The  primary  sense  and  application  are  not  jH^rfL-clly 
obvious.  Most  probably  the  word  is  from  a  verb 
which  signifies  to  go  round,  to  collect,    \V.  rtrr,  a 

circle:   Ar.  .U    liawa.  to  go  round,  to  collect,  to 

bind.  ITcnce  applied  to  a  yard  nr  inclosnre.  8c6 
Class  Gr,  No.  32,  31.  It  may  pos.^ibly  be  allied  to 
yardj  Goth,  gurds :  or  it  may  he  derived  from  a  verb 
signifying  to  cut  off  or  scparutc,  and  primaiily  a\f. 
nify  the  fence  that  cvits  oft*  or  excludes  access.  TUo 
former  is  most  probable.] 

1.  .An  uncovered  area  before  or  behind  a  hou^s,  or 
in  its  center,  and  in  the  latter  case  usually  suirotind* 
cd  on  all  sides  by  the  buildings ;  in  pupiUar  hiiiguage, 
a  court-yard.  (Jritt. 

2.  A  space  inclosed  by  liouses,  broader  than  a 
Ftrect ;  or  a  space  forming  a  kind  of  rece:;s  from  a 
public  street. 

3.  A  palace ;  the  place  of  residence  of  a  king  or 
sovereign  prince,  Europe. 

4.  The  halt,  chamber,  or  place  where  justice  id  ad- 
ministered. 

Sl.  Paul  wiu  l^rou^h:  Into  the  highest  court  Ui  AUiciu. 

Alltrintry. 

5.  Persons  who  compose  the  retinue  or  council  of 

a  king  or  emperor.  'I'cinpte. 

6.  'J'he  persons  or  judges  assembled  for  hearing 
and  deciding  causes,  civil,  criminal,  military,  navnl, 
or  ecclcsiasUcal ;  as,  a  court  of  law;  a  court  of 
chancer)'  j  a  court  martial ;  a  court  of  admiralty  ;  an 
ecclesiastical  court ;  court  baron,  &c.     lleuce, 

7.  Any  jurisdiction,  civil,  military,  or  ecclegiai- 
tical. 

8.  The  art  of  pleasing;  the  art  of  insinuation, 
civility;  flatter)';  address  to  gain  favor.  Hence  tlio 
phrase,  to  make  court,  to  attempt  to  jdcase  by  Ilailcry 
and  address. 

9.  In  Scripture,  an  inclosed  part  of  the  enirnnco 
into  a  palace  or  house.  The  tabernacle  had  one 
court ;  the  temple,  three.  The  first  v.as  the  court  of 
the  Gentiles;  the  second,  the  court  of  Israel,  in 
which  the  people  worshiped  ;  the  third  was  ilie 
couit  of  the  priests,  where  the  priests  and  Levites 
exercised  their  ministry.  Hence,  places  of  pubhc 
worship  are  called  Ilie  courts  oftJir  Lord* 

10.  In  tJte.  United  States,  a  legislature  consl»<tlng  of 
t\vo  houses ;  as,  the  General  Court  of  RIassatbusulta. 
Tlie  original  constitution  of  Connecticut  establisliod 
a  General.  Court  in  1G39.  B.  TrumhulL 

11.  A  session  of  the  legislature. 

COURT,  V.  t.  In  a  genenil  sense,  to  flatter;  to  en- 
deavor to  please  by  civihlies  and  address ;  a  use  i^ 
the  word  derived  from  the  manners  of  a  court. 

2.  To  woo  ;  to  solicit  for  marriage. 

A  Oiousaiitl  courl  yon,  though  thpy  court  in  vain.  Pops. 

3.  To  attempt  to  gain  by  address;  to  solicit;  to 
seek  ;  as,  to  court  commendation  or  applause. 

Court,  v.  i.  To  act  the  courtier;  to  imitatti  tin- 
manners  of  the  court. 

CoURT-BAR'ON,  n.  A  baron's  court ;  a  court  inci- 
dent to  a  manor.  BLackstonr. 

eOURT'-BRED,  a.     [See  Breed.]     Bred  at  coiirL 

CoUR'r'-BREED-ING,  n.    Education  at  a  court. 

COURT'-BUB-ULE,  n.    The  trifle  of  a  court.  Bcaum. 

COURT'-CHAPa.AlN,  7i.  A  chaplain  to  a  king  or 
prince. 

CoURT'-eUP'BOARD,  n.  The  sideboard  of  ancient 
days.  Skak* 

CoURT'-DaV,  71.  A  day  in  which  a  court  sits  to  ad- 
minister justice. 

€oURT'-DRESa,  7i.  A  dress  suitable  for  an  appear- 
ance at  court  or  levee. 

eoURT'-DRKSS-ER,  n.    A  flatterer.  Locke. 

eOURT'-F ASH-ION,  7i.    The  fashion  of  a  court. 

FuUer. 

CoURT-Fa'VOR,  71.  A  favor  or  benefit  bestowed  hy 
a  court  or  prince.  UEstranfit. 

CoURT'-HANl),  71.  Tim  hand  or  manner  of  wrilini: 
u?ed  in  records  and  judicial  proceedings.        Shidi. 

CoURT'-HOUSR,  71.  A  house  in  which  cstabliehcd 
courts  are  hold,  or  a  house  appropriated  to  courts 
and  public  meetings.  America, 

C6URT'-La-IJY,  71.  A  lady  who  attends  or  is  con- 
versant in  court. 

COUllT'-I-EET,  w.  A  court  of  record  helil  onco  a 
year,  in  a  particul:ir  hundred,  lordship,  or  manor,  be* 
fore  the  stt-ward  of  the  leet.  Blackstone. 

eOURT'-MXU'TIAL,  n.  ;  pi,  CoL-nTs-MutTtAL.  A 
court  consisting  of  military  or  naval  officers,  for  Ibc 
trial  of  offenses  of  a  military  or  naval  character. 

CoURT'-PLXS-TER,  n.  Sticking-plaster  made  of 
silk,  with  some  adhesive  substance,  commonly  gum 
benzoin,  on  one  side.  Ore, 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.- iMeTE,  PRgY.-PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.-NGTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOpK. - 
276  


cou 

eoURT'-YARD,   n.     A  court  or  iiiclosure  round 

Iiouse 

eoL'RT'ED,  ;»/j.  Flattered;  wooed;  solicited  ia  mar- 
riage ;  soujiiit. 

eOUK*r'E-OUS,  (kurt'e-us,)  a.  [iVoiu  court ;  Fr.  cour- 
tois  ;  It.  cortege;  ^p.  cortcs.'J 

1.  Polite ;  well-bred  ;  being  of  elegant  manners ; 
civil;  obliging;  condescending;  applied  to. persons. 

2.  Polite ;  civil ;  graceful ;  elegant ;  complaisant ; 
applied  to  vianners,  4"f. 

€0URT'E-OUS-LY,  adc.     In  a  courtctnis  manner ; 
witii  obliging  civility  and  condcscensu-i  ;  complai- 
^antlv. 
eOUIlt'E-OUS-XESS,  n.    Civility  of  manutrs;  obli- 
ging condeccension ;  complaisance. 
CoURT'ER,  n.    One  wbo  courts  ;  one  wlio  sollcitii  in 

marriase.  S/icnoood. 

eOURT'E-S.AJV,  (kurt'e-zan,)  71.  [Fr.  courtisanc ;  Sp. 
cortcsana:  from  court.] 

A  prostitute  ;  a  woman  wlio  pru&titutes  Iierstif  for 
hire,  especially  to  men  of  rank. 
eOURT'E-SY,  (kurt'e-sy,)  ;,.     TFr.  courtoisie  ;  Sp.  It. 
cortesia;  Port,  cortczia ;  from  Fr.  coitrtoiSj  Sp.  cartes, 
courteous,  from  co7trt.'\ 

1.  Elegance  or  politeness  of  manners  ;  especially, 
politeness  connected  with  kindness ;  civility ;  com- 
plaisance; as,  the  gcTitlenian  shows  great  courtesy  to 
strangers  ;  he  treats  his  fheuds  with  great  courtesy. 

9.  An  act  of  civilily  or  respect;  an  act  of  kindness 
or  favor  performed  with  politeness.    Skalc.     Bacon, 

3.  A  favor  ;  as,  to  hold  upon  courtesy,  tliut  is,  not 
of  right,  but  by  indulgence. 

Tenure  by  courtesy,  or  c.irtesif,  is  where  a  man  mar- 
ries a  woman  seized  of  an  estate  v(  inheritance,  and 
has  by  her  issue  born  alive  which  was  capable  of  in- 
heriting her  estate  ;  in  this  case,  on  the  death  of  his 
wife,  he  holds  the  lands  for  his  life,  as  tenant  by  cur- 
tesy. Blackstoji£. 
COURTE'SY,  (kurt'sy,)  h.  The  net  of  civility,  re- 
spect, or  reverence,  performed  by  a  woman  ;  a  fall  or 
inclination  of  the  body,  corresponding  in  design  to 
the  bow  of  a  gentleman.  Drydcn, 
eOURTE'SY,  (kurt'sy,)  v.  i.  To  perform  an  act  of 
civihty,  respect,  or  reverence,  as  a  woman. 

JVote. — This  word  was  formerly  applit-d   to  the 
other  sex  ;  but  is  nov/  nsed  only  of  the  acts  of  rever- 
ence or  civility  performed  by  women. 
eOURT'E-SY,  V.  t.    To  treat  with  civility.     [J\y£  in 

use.] 
eOUKTE'SY-IXG,  (kurt's>--ing,)  ppr.    Making  an  act 

of  civility  or  respect,  as  females. 
eoURT'IER,  (kort'yur,)  n.    [from  roart.]    A  man  who 
attends  or  frequents  the  courts  of  princes. 

Bacoii,     Drvden. 
2.  One  who  courts  or  solicits  the  favor  of  another  ; 
one  who  flatters  to  please  ;  one  who  possesses  the  art 
of  gaining  favor  by  address  and  complaisance. 

There  was  not  among^  all  our  princes  a  greater  courtier  of  the 
people  than  Richard  III.  .       Sacklin'r. 

€6URT'IER-Y,  n.  The  manners  of  a  courtier.  [J^ot 
used.]  B.  Jonson. 

€oVRr'lNG,ppr.  Flattering;  attempting  to  gain  by 
address  ;  wooing  ;  soliciting  in  marriage. 

eoURT'IXG,  n.  The  act  of  paying  couit;  the  act  of 
solicitins  in  marriage. 

€0URT'LIKE.  a.    PoUte  ;  elegant.  Camden. 

eoURT'LI-XESS,  71.  [See  Courtly.]  Elegance  of 
manner  ;  grace  of  mien  ;  civility  ;  complaisance  with 
^i?nity.  Dig-byj. 

€oL"RT'LIXG,  n.    A  courtier ;  a  retainer  to  a  court. 

B.  Jonsoii. 

eoURT'LY,  a.  [court  and  like.]  Relating  to  a  court ; 
elegant ;  polite  with  dignity,  ajjjdied  to  men  and  man- 
ners; flattering,  applied  to  language.  Pope. 

CoURT'LY,  adv.  In  the  manner  of  courts ;  elegantly  ; 
in  a  flattering  manner. 

eoURT'SIIIP,  n.    The  act  of  soliciting  favor.  Swift. 

2.  The  act  of  wooing  in  love ;  solicitation  of  a 
woman  to  marriage.  Drydcn. 

3.  Civility;  elegance  of  manners.  [Obs.]  Donne. 
€OUS'/X,  (kuz'n,)  n.     [Fr.  cousin.    Q,u.  contracted 

from  L.  eonsobri7ius,  or  consang-uiiteus,  or  is  it  allied 


GOV 


cov 


€OU-TEAU',  (koo-lo',)  n.    [Fr.,  a  knife.]     A  liangcr- 

CoVE,  71,     [Sax.  cof,  cofe,  an  inner  room,  a  den.    Uu. 

Obs.  I.,  covum.    The  Spanish  has  tlic  word  with  the 

Arabic  prefix,  alcaha  and  alcarc ;  Port,  alcova ;  It.  alco- 

ro.   It  may  be  allied  to  cubby,  W.  cwh,  a  hollow  place. 


a  cote  or  kennel ;  or  to  caee.  Ax.  c-O  kabba,  to  arch, 

lU'  i-_>l3  kauba,  to  make  hollow.] 

A  small  inlet,  creek,  or  bay  ;  a  recess  in  the  sea- 
shore, where  vessels  and   boats  may  sometimes  be 
sJieltered  from  Ilie  winds  ami  waves. 
CoVE,  r.  t.    To  arch  ovt-r;  as,  a  coccd  ceiling. 
^„  Swinburne. 

eOV'E-NA-nLE,«.    [OldFr.]    Fit ;  suitable.     [O&3.J 

JVicktiff'r. 
€(>V'E-NANT,  (kuv'e-nant,)  71.  [Fr.  cmivenani,  the 
participle  of  cimvcnir,  to  agree  ;  Ti.  eonvcnio,  am  and 
vmio,  to  come  ;  Norm,  concvence,  a  covenant ;  It.  con- 
venzioncj  from  L.  conventio.  Literally,  a  coming  to- 
gether ;  a  meeting  or  agiecment  of  minds.] 

1.  .\  mutual  consent  or  agreement  of  two  or  more 
persons,  to  do  or  to  forbear  some  act  or  thing  ,  a  con- 
tract;  stipulation.  A  covenant  is  created  by  deed  in 
writing,  sealed  and  executed  j  or  it  may  be  implied 
in  the  contract.  Encyc.    BlacksUme. 

'2.  A  writing  containing  the  terms  of  agreement  or 
contract  between  parlies  ;  or  the  clause  of  agreement 
in  a  deed  containing  the  covenant. 

;j.  In  tkeulo£ry,  the  covenant  of  works,  is  that  implied 
in  the  commands,  prohibitions,  and  promises  of  God  ; 
the  promise  of  God  to  man  that  man's  perfect  obedi- 
ence sliould  untitle  him  to  happiness.  Jlits  do,  and 
line  :  that  do,  and  die. 

TJie  covenant  of  redemption,  is  the  mutual  agree- 
ment between  t!:e  Fatherand  Son,  respecting  the  re- 
demption of  sinners  by  Christ. 

The  covenant  of  grace,  is  that  by  which  God  en- 
gages to  bestow  salvation  on  man,  upon  the  condition 
that  man  shall  believe  in  Christ,  and  yield  ubedience 
to  the  terms  of  the  gospel.  Cruden.     Kneyc. 

4.  In  churdt  affairs,  a  solemn  agreenient  between 
tJie  m'^mbeis  of  a  church,  that  they  will  walk  togetht-T 
according  to  the  precepts  of  the  gospel,  in  brotherly 
a  flection. 
€OV'E-NANT,  (kuv'e-nant,)  v.  i.  To  enter  into  a  for- 
mal agreement ;  to  .stipulate ;  to  bind  one's  self  by 
contract.  A  covenants  with  B  to  convey  to  him  a 
certain  estate.  When  the  terms  are  cvpressed,  it 
has  for  before  tlie  thing  or  price. 

Thoy  coPCTinnted  irWi  iiiin /or  Uiirly  piPc^s  of  silver. — Rl 


To  grant  or  [iromise  by  cove- 
Pledged  or  promised  by 


to  the  Persian 


(J^^^  related,  kindred  f] 


1.  In  a  general  sense,  one  collaterally  rcl  ited  more 
remotely  tlian  a  brother  or  sister.    Bnt, 

2.  .Appropriately,  the  son  or  daughter  of  an  uncle 
oraunt;  the  children  of  brothers  and  sisters  beinir 
usually  denominated  cousins,  or  consin-germans,  (from 
germanus,  of  the  same  stock.)  In  the  second  gener- 
ation, they  are  called  second  cousins. 

3.  A  title  given  by  a  king  to  a  nobleman,  particu- 
larly to  those  of  the  cotmcil.  .Johnson. 

eOUS'/X,  (kuz^n,)  a.     Allied.     [Obs.]  Chancer. 

C0US7N-LY,  (kuz'n-Iy,)   a.     Like  or  becoming  a 

cousin. 
€OUS'SI-XET,  (koos'si-net,)  71.     [Fr.,  a  cushion.] 
In  arclutecture,  a.  stone  placed  on  th5  impost  of  a 
pier  for  receiving  the  first  stone  of  an  arch.    Also, 
that  part  of  the  Ionic  rapilal  between  the  abactis  and 
quarter  round,  which  serves  to  form  the  volute.' 

Gicilt. 


€OV'E-NAXT, 

nant. 
eOV'E-NAXT-ED,pi;.  or  a. 

covenant. 
eOV-E-NAXT-EE',  n.    The  person  to  whom  a  cove- 
nant 13  made.  Blaekstonc. 
eOV'E-NAXT-ER,  ti.     He  who  makes  a  covenant. 

BlackstOJte. 
2.  A  subscriber  to  the  Scotch  national  covenant, 
in  the  reign  of  Charles  I.    Also,  one  of  the  Scotcli 
seceders,  \\ho,  in  1743,  renewed  the  same  covenant. 

J.  Murdock. 
eOV'E-XANT-I.VG,  r,pr.    IMakir.g  a  covenant ;  stipu- 
lating. 
CrjV'EX-OUS.     See  Covin  and  Cov^^-ous. 
CO  VENT,  n.     [Old  Fr.  covcnt,  for  couvetiL] 

A  convent  or  monasteiy.  Bale. 

Hence,  Covent  Qurdcn,  in  London,  is  supposed  to 
have  been  tiie  garden  of  a  convent  on  that  spot. 
COV'ENT-RY,  7(.  Toscndto  Cwi'c/iZry,  denotes,  among 
military  men,  to  exclude  from  the  society  of  the  mess, 
to  shut  out  from  all  social  intercourse,  for  conduct  re- 
garded as  mean  or  ungentiemanly.  Orose. 

[This  phrase  has  been  traced  to  the  times  of  Charles 
I.,  though  with  great  doubt  as  to  its  origin.  'I'he  fol- 
lowing farts,  mentioned  by  Baxter  in  the  narrative 
of  his  life,  may,  perhaps,  furnish  an  explanation. 
Coventry  was  a  stronghold  of  the  Puritans;  and,  at 
tlie  commencement  of  the  troubles,  many  of  tiiis  de- 
spised sect,  in  the  neighboring  couutrv,  "  that  would 
fain  have  lived  quietly  at  home,  were  forced  (by  the 
royalists)  to  be  gone,  arid  to  Coventry  Viey  canic.^^ 
Hence,  the  phrase  to  semi  to  Coventry  may  have  been 
iianded  down  by  the  Cavaliers  to  military  men,  and 
obtained  its  present  application.  —  Kd.] 
€OV'EN-TRY  BLtJE,  n.  Blue  thread  of  a  superior 
dye,  mads  at  Coventry,  England,  and  used  for  em- 
broidery. B.  Jonson.  Tooke. 
COVER,  (kuv'er,)  v.  t.  [Fr.  couvrir;  Sj).  and  Port,  cu- 
brir;  It.  coprlrc  {  Norm,  covcra'  and  convercr ;  from 
L.  cooperio.] 

1.  To  overspread  the  surface  of  a  thing  with  an- 
other substance  ;  to  lay  or  set  over  ;  as,  to  cover  a  ta- 
ble witli  a  cloth,  or  a  floor  with  a  carpet. 

The  valleys  ai^  coaered  with  com.  —  Pa.  Ixv. 

'i'lic  luciisB  sluU  cover  lh<  face  of  the  earth.  —  Kx.  :;. 

9.  To  hide  ;  to  conceal  by  something  overspread. 

11  1  »:\\;  Sinvly  tlv;  darkness  shall  cover  ni'".  — Ps.  cxxxix. 


3.  To  conceal  by  some  intervening  object ;  as,  the 
enemy  was  covered  from  our  flight  by  a  forest. 

4.  To  clothe;  as,  to  cover  with  a  uAta  or  mantle  j 
to  cover  nakedness-.     I  Sam.  xxviii.  14.  Ex.  xxviii.-12. 

5.  To  overwhelm. 

Tli;:  WiUrw  c-rered  lliv  ch.-iriot<  anil  honenteii.  —  Ex.  xiv, 
1.^:1  tiK-iti  U;  covered  willi  rcproacli-  —  V*.  UxL 

G.  To  conceal  from  notice  or  iHinishment. 

Charity  shall  cotfcr  ihs  muItUu-lc  of  »in«.  —  1  Pel.  jr. 

7.  To  conceal ;  to  refrain  from  disclosing  or  con- 
Jessing. 

ilc  thai  coecrttJi  liu  sin  »lull  iiot  f-rosiKr.  —  PruT.  ixriii. 

8.  To  pardon  or  remit- 
ElciKil  is  he  \vho6c  tin  U  anered.  —  P»,  s.xxii. 

0.  To  vail,  applied  to  women.     1  Cor.  xj. 

'I'o  wear  a  hat,  applied  to  men.     Be  covered,  sir. 

lU.  To  wrap,  infold,  or  envelop;  a-s,  to  arvcr  a 
I»ackage  of  gtjoils. 

11.  To  shelter;  U)  protect ;  lo  defend.  A  squadron 
uf  horse  covered  the  troops  on  the  retreat- 

And  the  (Kjfl  v.iiigsi  of  peace  cor-er  liim  aroutni.  Cb-^Cey. 

IQ.  To  brood  ;  to  incubate  ;  aa,  a  hen  eotcrin'r  her 
egSs.  ^  Addi^oru 

13.  To  copulate  with  a  female. 

14.  To  equal,  or  be  of  equal  extent  ;  to  be  equiva- 
lent to  ;  as,  the  receipts  do  not  eoier  the  expenses ;  a 
mercantile  tisc  of  the  irord. 

15.  To  disguise;  to  conceal  hvpocritically. 
K).  To  include,  embrace,  or'  comprehend.     Thi3 

land  was  covered  by  a  mortgage.        ./o/tnson's  Rep. 
Cover,  (liuv'Cr,)   «.     Anything  which  is  laid,  set, 
or  spread  over  another  thing  ;  us,  the  cover  of  a  ves- 
sel ;  the  cover  of  a  bed. 

2.  .\ny  thing  which  vails  or  conceals ;  a  screen  ; 
disguise ;  superficial  appearance.  AlFccted  gravity 
may  serve  as  a  cover  for  a  deceitful  heart. 

3.  Shelter ;  defense ;  protection.  'J'he  troops  fought 
under  cover  of  the  batteries. 

4.  Concealment  and  protection.  Tlic  army  ad- 
vanced under  cover  of  the  night. 

5.  The  woods,  underbrush,  &c.,  which  shelter  and 
conceal  game ;  shelter ;  retreat. 

0.  A  plate  set  on  the  table. 
eOVER-CHlKF,  71.    A  covering  for  the  head.   [Obs.] 
.-,x,,.^^  Ch/iucer. 

€OVER-eLE,  J!.    [Fr.  ]  A  small  cover  ;  a  lid. 
€OY'ER-ED,  (kuv'erd,)  pp.  or  a.     Spread  over;  hid; 
concealed  ;  clothed  ;  vailed  ;  having  a  hat  on  ;  wrap- 
ped ;  inclosed  ;  slicllered  ;  protected  ;  disguised. 
eOV'ER-ER,  n.    He  or  that  which  covers. 
COVER-ING,    jjpr.      Spreading  over;    laying  over; 
concealing;   vaUing ;   clothing;   wrapping;  inclos- 
ing; protecting;  disguising. 
eOVER-Ii\G,  7(.      That  which   covers  ;    any  thing 
spre^id  or  laid  over  another,  whether  for  security  or 
concealment. 

Noah  removed  tte  eovtnr.^  of  the  ark.  —  Gen.  riii. 
He  Epread  a  cioutl  for  a  coverins-  —  Ps.  cv, 
Destrucuou  hatU  no  coecrius.  —  Job  xx-'i. 

2.  A  cover  ;  a  lid. 

Every  oiwn  resscl  t]»at  li-iUi  no  coocring.  —  Num.  six. 

3.  Clothing ;  raiaicnt  j  garments ;  dress. 

They  cause  the  naked  to  lodge  without  clotliin*,  ibal  they  hare 
no  covering  iu  (he  cold.  — Joh  xxi/. 

COVER-LET,  77.  {cover,  and  Fr.  lit,  a  bed.]  The 
cover  of  a  bed  ;  a  piece  of  furniture  designed  to  be 
spread  over  all  the  otiicr  covering  of  a  hcd^  Drydcn. 

eOVER-SHAME,  n.  Something  used  to  conceal  in- 
famy. Dryden. 

eOVER-SLUT,  7t.    Something  to  hide  sluttishncss. 

Surke. 

COVERT,  (kuv'ert,)  a.  [Fr.  couvert,  participle  of 
couvrir,  to  cover.] 

1.  Covered;  hid;  private;  secret;  concealed. 

Wlicihcr  of  opcu  war,  or  cooerl  ^ile.  MUUm. 

9.  Disguised  ;  insidious. 

3.  Sheltered ;  not  open  or  exposed  ;  as,  a  covert 
alley  or  place.  Bacon.     Pope. 

4.  Under  cover,  authority,  or  protection  ;  as,  a 
feme-covert,  a  married  woman  who  is  considered  as 
being  under  the  influence  and  protection  of  her  hus- 
band. 

COVERT,  7?.  A  covering,  or  covering  place  ;  a  place 
which  covers  and  shelters ;  a  shelter ;  a  defense. 

A  til^ernaclc  — for  a  coucri  from  slono  mid  rain.  — !».  ir. 
I  will  trust  in  the  cooerl  of  tiiy  wiiigs.  — Ps.  Ixi. 

2.  A  thicket ;  a  shady  place,  or  a  hiding-place.  1 
Sam.  .XXV.     Job  xxxviii. 

3.  A  terra  applied  to  feathers  of  different  sizes  on 
or  under  the  wings  of  birds.  Brandt. 

COVERT-LY,  adv.  Secretly  ;  closely  ;  in  private  ; 
insidiously. 

Among  llie  peets,  Pcrsius  eorenty  slril-ea  at  N\'ro.      Dryden. 

eOVERT-i\ESS,  jj.    Secrccv  ;  privacv. 

eOVERT-URE,  (kuv'crt-.vu'r,)  ti.  Covering;  shel- 
ter ;  defense.  .Milton.     Bacon, 

2.  In  laie,  the  state  of  a  marrit'd  woniaii,  who  is 
considered  as  under  corrr,  or  the  power  of  her  hus- 
band, and  therefore  called  a  fcmc-eovtrt  or  fcmine- 


TtNE,  BULL,  UNITE. -AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS._€  as  K ;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  ClI  as  SH ;  TH  a.s  in  THIS. 


X*/? 


cow 

couvert.  The  covcnure  of  a  woman  disables  lier 
fit.m  iii;ikin>;  amlrncls  to  Ihe  prejudice  of  herself  or 
hu:ibaml.  ivitiiuut  his  allowance  or  confirmation. 

COV'KRT-WAY,  n.  In  fortincaticfiiy  a  £^paceof  ground 
level  with  the  field,  on  the  edgj  uf  the  ditch,  three  ur 
fuur  fathonit;  broad,  rangini;  quite  round  the  half 
moons,  or  other  wurks,  toivard  the  country.  It  has  a 
|)arai>et  raised  on  a  level,  togftlier  with  ild  banquets 
and  (;]acia.  It  is  called,  also,  the  corridor^  and  some- 
times the  cvunterscarpi  because  il  is  on  the  edge  of 
tJic  scarp.  I/arris.     Enajc, 

GOV'ET,  (kuv'el,)  v.  U  [Fr. convoiter^lo  covel  j  Norm. 
coceiltiittf  covetous  ;  covttist^  greedine.ss  ;  W.  cybyi^  a 
covetous  man  ;  eybyzuy  to  covet.  The  Welsh  word 
is  pronounced  cybythu  ;  and  aj  has  the  power  of  con, 
and  may  be  a  contraction  of  it.  The  last  con^itituenl 
pail  of  the  word  coincides  in  elements  with  the  Latin 
pcto,  and  more  nearly  with  Mie  Gr.  irwlJftj,  to  desire.] 

1.  To  desire,  or  wish  for,  with  eagerness  ;  to  desire 
earnestly  ;  to  obtain  or  possess  ;  m  a  good  sense. 

Covtt  eamesUy  Uw  lr»t  jift*.  —  1  Cor.  xU. 

2.  To  desire  inordinately  ;  to  desire  that  which  it 
is  lawful  to  obtain  or  possess  ;  in  a  bad  sense. 

Tbou    iliAlt  not  ccBtt   Ihy  neigliboi's   hocie  —  wilb  —  or   K^r- 
vant.  —  Ex.  xx. 

eOV'ET,  I',  t.    To  have  an  earnest  desire.     I  Tinu  vi. 
€OV'ET-A-BLE,  a.    Thai  may  be  coveted. 
COV'ET-ED,  yp.  or  a.     Earnestly  desired  j    greatly 

wishr^d  or  longed  for. 
€OV'ET-ER,  (kuv'et-er,)  n.     One  who  covets. 
€0 V'ET-ING,  ppr.   Earnestly  desiring  or  wishing  for ; 

desiring  inordinately  to  obtain  or  possess. 
tO\''iyr-ING,  H,    Inordinate  desire.  Sliak. 

t'OVKT-lNG-LY,  adv.  With  eager  desire  to  possess, 
f  6\''E'r-ISE,  (-is,)  H.  Avarice.  [JW£  in  iwc]  Spenser. 
COV'ET-OUS,  (kuv'el-us,)fl.     [Fr.  convoilctLc] 

1.  Very  desirous  ;  eager  to  obtain  ;  in  a  good  sense  ,' 
as,  covetous  of  wisdom,  virtue,  or  learning. 

Taylor.     Sfuik. 

2.  Inordinately  desirous  ;  excessively  eager  to  ob- 
tain and  possess  ;  directed  to  moitey  or  goods^  avari- 
cious. 

A  bbliop,  then,  must  not  Lc  eoveUms.  —  1  Tini.  iii. 

€OV'ET-OUS-LY,  adv.  With  a  strong  or  inordinate 
desire  to  obUiin  and  possess  ;  eagerly  j  avariciously. 

COV'ET-OUS-XESS,  7i.  A  strong  or  inordinate  de- 
sire of  obtaining  and  possessing  some  supposed  good  ; 
usually  in  a  bad  sense,  and  applied  to  an  ijiordinate  de- 
sire of  wealthy  or  avarice. 

Out  of  tbe  heart  proceeiletli  covetousness.  —  Mark  vii. 
Mortify  ymir  ToetDixn  —  rmlcovelouanest,  which  is  idolatry.  — 
Col.  iii. 

2.  Strong  desire ;  ca;:ernes3.  Slutk. 

COVEY,  (kuv'y,)  n.  [Fr.  couvdc^  a  brood;  couver,  to 
sit  vn  or  brood,  to  lurk  or  lie  hid  j  It,  covarc ;  Sp.  co- 
bijar,  to  brood,  to  cover;  L.  cuOoy  incubo.  See  Class 
Gb,  No.  14,95,31,36,88.1 

1.  A  brood  or  hatch  of  birds  ;  an  old  bird  with  her 
brood  of  young.  Hence,  a  small  (lock  or  number  of 
birds  together;  applied  to  game:  as,  a  covey  of  par- 
tridges. Addison. 

2.  A  company ;  a  set 

€OV'IN,  (kuv'in,)  n.  [au.  An  - -fcX  gabana,  to  de- 
fraud. More  probably  this  word  belongs  to  some 
verb  in  Gb,  signifying  to  conceal,  or  to  agree.  In 
Norm.  Fr.  cocyne  is  a  secret  place  or  meeting.] 

In  lain,  a  colhisivc  or  deceitful  agreement  between 
two  or  more  persons  to  prejudice  a  third.       Cowcl. 

eo'VING,  jj.  [See  Cove.]  The  projection  of  the  up- 
per stnries  of  nouses  over  the  lower  ones  ;  formerly 
a  prevalent  style  of  building.  OwilL 

eOV'IN-OUS,  a.    Deceitful;  colhisive  ;  fraudulent. 

eOW,  ;i. ;  p/.  Cows;  old  pi.  Kine.  [Sax.  cu;  D. 
koei  G.kuJii  Sw.ko;  Pan.  ftoe ;  h.ccvai  Hindoo  jf'o; 
ot  sou  i  Pers.  koh;  Pahlavi  ^ao;  Sans,  g-o,  a  cow, 
and  gau,  an  ox,  godama,  a  cowherd  ;  Keh.  ny;,  to 
low.] 

The  female  of  the  bovine  genus  of  animals ;  a 
quadruped  with  cloven  hoof-*,  whoso  milk  furnishes 
an  abundance  of  food  and  profit  to  the  farmer. 

Sea-cow ;  the  Manatee,  a  cetaceous  herbivorous 
mammal.     [Sec  Sea-Cow.] 

COW,  r.  t.  [Clu.  Ice.  kufica,  or  kuga,  to  depress.]  To 
depress  with  fear;  lo  sink  the  spirits  ur  courage;  to 
oppress  with  habitual  timidity.  S/wk. 

COVV'-BaNE,  n,  [cow  and  bane.}  A  popular  name 
of  the  Cicu/u,  a  genus  of  poisonous  aquatic  plants,  of- 
ten destructive  to  cattle.  Farm.  Eucye. 

eoW'HAGE,   in.     [In  Bcn^nl- ,  al  koo^-hec]  A  Icgu- 

€OVV'-ITCii,  ]  niinous  plant,  the  JUucuna  juruWcTw, 
a  native  of  warm  climates.  It  has  a  fibrous  loot  and 
an  herbaceous,  climbing  stalk,  with  red  papiliona- 
ceous (lowers,  and  leguminous,  coriaceous  poils, 
croiikcd,  and  covered  with  sharp  hairs,  which  pene- 
trate the  skin,  and  cause  an  itching.  A  8irup  made 
from  these  pods  has  been  useii  as  a  vermifuge. 

COWHERD,  n.  [Sec  Herd.]  One  whose  occupa- 
tion it  is  to  aticntl  cows. 

COW'-HOUSE,  n.  A  house  or  buUding  in  which 
cows  are  kept  or  stabled.  Mortimer. 


COW 

€OW'-ltEEP-ER,  Ji.  One  whoae  business  is  lo  keep 
cows.  Broome. 

eOW'-LEECH.  n.  [See  Leech.]  One  who  pro- 
fesries  to  heal  the  diseases  of  cows. 

eOAV'-LEECII-ING,  n.  The  act  or  an  of  licaling 
the  distempers  of  cows.  Mor^mer. 

COWLICK,  H.  A  lufl  of  hair  turned  up  over  the 
forehead,  as  if  licked  by  a  cow.  Porby. 

COW-PXRS-NEP,  T(.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Heracle- 
um  ;  the  wild  p;irsnep. 

COW-PEN,  n.    A  pun  for  cowa. 

COW-POX,  n.    The  vaccine  disease. 

COW-QUaKES,  n.  Uuaking  grass,  the  Briza,  a 
genus  of  plants. 

COWSLIP,     in.    A  plant  of  the  genua  Primula,  or 

eoW'S'-LIP,  \  primrose,  of  seventi  varieties.  The 
American  cowslip  belongs  to  the  gurms  Dudccuthcon  ; 
the  Jerusalem  and  mountain  cowslip,  to  the  genus 
Pulmonaria. 

eoWft'-LUNG'WOKT,  n.      A   plant  of  the  genus 

COW-TREE,  7J.     [Sp.  polo  dc  vaca.]  [V^erbascum. 

A  tree  of  South  America  which  produces  milk,  a 
nourishing  Uuid ;  tiie  GaJaciodcndrou  utile. 

Humboldt. 

eoW^-WEED,  ?!.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Chtcrophyl- 
luni,  or  chervil. 

COW'-WHkAT,  ru  A  plant  of  the  genua  Melarapy- 
rum. 

COWARD,  n.  [Fr.  counrd  ;  Arm.  eouhard;  Sp.  and 
Port,  cobardc.  The  original  French  orthography  was 
culcerty  and  il  has  been  supposed  to  be  from  culum 
vertcrcj  lo  turn  the  tail.  Tliis  t^uggestion  receives 
countenance  from  the  corres)kondiug  word  in  Italian, 
codardoyCoditi-diaj  which  would  seem  to  be  from  coda, 
the  tail  ;  and  it  derives  cpntirmation  from  the  use  of 
the  word  in  heraldry.  In  Welsh,  it  is  cagan,  caggij 
from  the  same  root  as  L.  cuco.] 

1.  A  per.son  who  wants  courage  to  meet  danger  i 
a  })ollroon  ;  a  timid  or  pusillanimous  man. 

A  cotcnrd  does  not  alwny*  escape  wiUi  <li*grace,  but  somptiraca 
loses  Ilia  life.  Soutfi. 

2.  In  fieraldry,  a  term  given  to  a  lion  borne  in  the 
escutcheon  with  his  tail  doubled  between  his  legs. 

Encyc. 
COWARD,  a.    Destitute  of  courage ;  timid  ;   base ; 
as,  a  aboard  wretch. 

9.  Proceeding  from  or  c.vpressivc  of  fear  or  timid- 
ity ;  as,  coicard  crjf ;  coward  joy.  ShaJt.     Prior. 
CO\V'AltD,  V.  t.    To  make  timorous. 
COWARD-ED,  pp.    iMade  cowardly. 
COWARD-ICE,  (-is,)  7J.  [VT.couardise;  Sp.  coi(M-rfw.] 
Want  of  courage  to  face  danger ;  timidity ;  pusil- 
lanimity ;  fear  of  exposing  one's  person  to  danger. 

Coioardict  alone  is  loss  of  fame.  Drvden. 

Dill  couxirdicc,  did  injuslic,  ever  save  a  Kinking  EUte  ?  Amca. 

eOW'ARD-ING,  ppr.     Making  cowardly. 
eoWARD-IZE,  V.  t.    To  render  cowardly. 
eOWARD-IZ  KD,  pp.    Rendered  cowardly. 
COWAIii)-iZ-l\G,  ppr.     Rendering  cowardly. 
COWARD-LIKE,  a.    Resembling  a  co^vard  ;  mean. 
COW'ARD-LI-NESS,  71.  Want  of  courage  ;  timidity; 

cowardice. 
COWARD-LY,  a.    Wanting  courage  to  face  danger; 

timid  ;  timorous  ;  fearful ;  pusillanimous.     Bacon. 

2.  Mean;  base;  befitting  a  coward  ;  ^s,^  cowardly 
action. 

3.  Proceeding  from  fear  of  danger ;  as,  cowardly 
silence.  South. 

COWARD-I^Y,  adv.    In  the  manner  of  a  coward  ; 

meanly  ;  basely.  Knollcs. 

COWARD-OUS,  a.    Cowardly.     [J^otused.]    Barret. 
COWARD-SHIP,  7(.     Cowardice.     [JVat  used.]     S/tak. 
COW£D,  (kowd,)  pp.     Depressed  with  fear. 
COWER,  V.  i.     [W.  cwriaji,  to  squat  or  cower  ;  cwr^ 

a  circle  ;  G.  kaucni.    See  Class  Gr,  No.  32,  34, 37.] 
To  sink  by   bending  the  knees ;   to  crouch ;  to 

squat ;  to  bend  down  through  fear. 

Our  tlaiiie  sits  cowering  o'er  a  kitch(!n  fire.  Dryden. 

COWER,  V.  t    To  cherish  with  care.    [JVbt  uscd.\ 
COWER-ED,  pp.    Cherished  with  care.         [Spender. 
C0WER-ING,p2»r.  or  a.    Bending  down;  crouching  ; 

timorous. 
COWHIDE,  7J.    The  hide  of  a  cow  made,  or  to  be 
made,  into  leatlier. 
2.  A  coarse  riding-whip  made  of  cow's  hide. 
CO^V'HIDE,  t.  t.    To  beat  or  whip  with  a  cowhide. 

Jimeriea. 
eOW'HTD-ING,  71.    A  beating  with  a  cowhide,     ^m. 
COWING,  ppr.    Depressing  with  fear. 
COWISH,  a.    Timorous;  fearful;  cowardly.     [Little 

iwv/.]  Skdi. 

COWL,  n.     [Contracted  from  Sax.  cagh,  cugelc;   L. 
cucullus  i  Ir.  coclud ;  Sp.  coguXla  ;  Port,  cogula,  cucula.  ] 
1.  A  monk's  hood,  or  habit,  worn  by  the  Bcrnard- 
inca  and  Henedictines.    It  is  either  v/hite  or  black. 
What  differ  inure,  youciy,  than  crown  and  cotelJ         Pope. 
9.  A  vessel  to  be  carried  on  a  pole  betwixt  two 
persons,  for  the  conveyance  of  water.         Johnson. 
COWL'-STXFF,  71.     A  stafi'  or  polo  on  which  a  ves- 
sel is  supported  between  two  persons.        SudUing. 
COWL'£D,  a.    Wearing  a  cowl ;  hooded ;  in  shape 
of  a  cowl ;  as,  a  cowled  leaf. 


CRA 

COW-LIKE,  a.    Resembling  a  cow.  Pout. 

CO-WORK'ER,  (-wurk'er,)  n.  One  that  works  witb 
another ;  a  cu-0[)eratur. 

COWRY,  71.  A  small  shell,  the  Cypraamonetayiiaed 
for  money  in  Africa  and  the  East  Indies.  Mnlcon 
states  that  8000  are  etpiivulent  to  a  dollar  utCtdcutta 
and  10,000  at  liankok ;  but  the  value  varies  at  differ- 
ent places. 

COX'COMB,  (-kSui,)  jt.  [cock^s  comb.]  The  lop  of 
the  head.  S/utk, 

2.  A  strip  of  red  cloth  notched  tike  the  comb  of  a 
cock,  which  licensed  fools  wore  formerly  in  their 
caps  ;  also,  the  cap  itself.  Sbajt. 

3.  A  fop;  a  vain,  showy  fellow  ;  a  superficial  pM- 
tender  to  knowledge  or  accomplishments.  Dryden. 

4.  A  kind  of  red  flower ;  a  name  given  to  u  ip»> 
cics  of  Celosia,  and  some  other  plants. 

COX'COMB-LY,  (kbm-)  o.  Like  a  coxcomb.  Ufyi 
used.]  Beaum.  oiid  Ft. 

C0X'e6MB-RY,  (kox'k6m-ry,)  n.  The  manners  of  a 
coxcomb.  Ec.  Rev* 

COX-C'OM'IC-.AL,  «.  Foppish;  vain;  conceited;  a 
low  word. 

COY,  a.  [Fr.  cot,  or  coy,  quiet,  still ;  contracted,  proba- 
bly, from  the  L.  quietus^  or  its  root,  or  from  caiUtu.] 

Modest;  silent ;  reserved  ;  not  accessible;  ^y; 
not  cosily  condescending  to  familiarity 

Like  Dnplino  she,  oa  lovcty  aaJ  as  coy.  WoJJtr. 

COY,  V.  i.  To  behave  with  reserve ;  to  be  silent  or 
distant ;  to  refrain  from  speech  or  free  intercotirse. 

Dryden. 

2.  To  make  difliculty;  to  be  backward  or  unwill- 
ing ;  not  freely  to  condescend,  Slutk. 

3.  To  smooth  or  stroke.  Shalt, 
COY,  for  Decov,  to  allure.    [JVot  in  use,]  SJuik. 
COy'ISH,  a.    Somewhat  coy  or  reserveil. 
eOY'LY,  adv.    With  reserve  ;  with  disinclination  to 

familiarity.  Ouipman. 

eOY'NESS,  n.  Reserve  ;  unwillingness  to  become 
familiar ;  disposition  to  avoid  free  intercourse,  by 
silence  or  retirement. 

When  tKe  kind  nymph  would  coynesw  (cign. 

And  liidcs  but  to  be  lound  a^ii.  OryiM. 

COYS'TREJ^,  n.    A  species  of  degenerate  hawk. 

COZ,  (kuz.)    A  contraction  of  Cousem.  Sknk. 

eOZ'SN,  [k\X7Ji\,)ti.  U  [Clu.  Arm.  county ein,coudiitiny 
concheia,  to  cheat,  or  to  waste  and  fritter  away.  In 
Russ.  kosnodci  is  a  rJieat.    Q,u.  cJwusc  and  cheat.] 

1.  To  cheat ;  to  defraud. 

He  timt  autlcrs  a  govcnitncnt  to  be  nbiucd  by  coreli-uncM  ind 
uegl,'ct,  docs  iiic  same  tiling  with  him  that  corruptly  k(i 
hinincll"  lo  cozen  it.  L^Eilraiige. 

2.  To  deceive ;  to  beguile. 

Children  mny  be  cozened  into  a  knowledge  oftliD  IcttLn. 

Lodcc. 

COZ'£N-AGE,  (kuz'n-aj,)  n.  Cheat ;  trick ;  fraud  ;  de- 
ceit; artifice  ;  the  practice  of  cheating.  Dryden.   Swifl. 

€6Z'KN-El>,  (kuz'nd,)  2'P-  Clieated  ;  defrauded  j 
beguiled. 

eOZ'i^N-ER,  7(.    One  who  cheats  or  defrauds. 

C5Z'£N-ING,  j/jjr.   Cheating;  defrauding;  beguiling. 

CO'ZI-LY,  ad.    Snugly  ;  comfortably.       fV.  Irving. 

CO'ZY,  a.     Snug  ;  comfortable.  W.  Irving. 

9.  Chatty  ;  talkative.  StmrU 

CRaB,  n.  [Sax.  crabba  and  hrefen  ;  Sw.  krabba;  Dan. 
krabbey  krmbs  i  H.hraby  krc<^;  G.  krubbcykrcbs;  Fr. 
ccrcvisse ;  W.  crav,  claws  ;  cravanc,  a  crab ;  cravti, 
to  scratch  ;  Gr.  Kupafias ;  L.  carabus.  It  may  be  al- 
lied to  the  Ch.  a'^s  kcrabhy  lo  plow,  Eug.  to  grave, 
engrave,  L.  scribo,  Gt.  j  ,oa0(.>,  literally,  to  scrape  OS 
scratch.    See  Class  Rb,  No.  30,  18,  &.C.] 

1.  An  animal  of  the  class  Crustacea,  having  the 
whole  body  covered  by  a  crust-like  shell  called  the 
carapaxi  it  has  ten  legs,  the  front  pair  of  wliich  ter- 
minate in  claws.  Crabs  differ  from  lob.sters  and 
shrimps  in  having  the  tail  very  small,  and  concealed 
at  all  times  under  the  body.  Tliere  are  several 
genera,  among  which  the  Cancer  and  Lupa  afford 
the  most  common  edible  species. 

2.  A  wild  apple,  or  the  tree  producing  il;  w 
named  from  its  rough  taste. 

y.  A  peevish,  morose  person.  Johnson. 

4.  A  species  of  crane  much  used  by  masona  for 
raising  large  stones.  OioiU* 

5.  A  wooden  engine,  with  three  claws,  for  launch- 
ing ships  and  heaving  them  into  the  dock.  Phdips. 

6.  A  pillar  used  sometimes  for  the  same  purpose 
as  a  capstan.  Mar.  DicU 

7.  Cancer,  a  sign  in  the  zodiac. 

Crab^s  claw ;  in  Uie  materia  mcdica,  the  tips  of  the 
claws  of  the  common  crab  ;  used  as  absorbents. 

Eneye. 
Crab's  eyes;  in  pharmacy,  concretions  formed  in 
the  stomach  of  the  cmy-fish.  They  are  rounded  on 
one  side,  and  depressed  and  siimated  on  the  other, 
considerably  heavy,  moderately  hard,  and  without 
smell.    They  are  absorbent,  discussive,  and  diuretic. 

Encyc. 

Crab-lice;  small  insects  that  stick  fast  to  the  skin. 

CKAD,  a.    Sour;  rough;  austere.    [Uu.  crab,  supra, 

or  L.  accrbiis.)  . 

CRAB'-AP-PLE,n.    A  wild  apple.    [See  Crab,  No.  2. j 


FATE,  FAR,  FAiL,  WHAT.  — MeTE,  PRgY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  D0\%  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 
278  ~  ' 


CRA 


€RAB'-GUX^S,  n.    A  genus  of  plants,  the  Digitiiria.  I 

€RAU'-'i'ItKK,  u.    The  tree  that  bears  crab-applcs. 

CRAB'-Y.UVS,  ".  The  name  uf  a  diseiise  in  the 
West  Indi;'?,  being  a  kind  of  ulcer  on  the  soles  of 
tlie  feet,  with  hani,  callous  lips.  Eitcyc. 

€RAlJ'iIED,  a.  [fmni  cni/'.J  Hough;  harsh;  aus- 
tere; sour;  peevish;  morose  ;  cynical  ;  applied  to 
the  ttrnper.  ^ha!c. 

2.  Rouph  ;  harsh  ;  applied  to  things. 

3.  DirticuU;  perpleiing;  as,  a  crabbed  author  or 
subject.  Dryden. 

eRAB'ltED-LY,  adv.    Peevishly  ;  roughly  ;  morosely ; 

with  perplfxitv.  Johnson, 

CRAB'BED-NE'SS,  n.    Roughness  ;  harshness. 

2.  Sourness  ;  peevishness ;  asperity. 

3,  Ditficuliv  ;  perplexity. 
GRAB^BV,  «.  "DirticuU.  Moxon. 
CRa'BBR,?!.    The  water-rat.                          Waltoiu 
€RAB'S'-E?ES,  (-ize,)  n.  i>^    Concreticns  formed  in 

the  stomach  of  craw-fish,  and  used  in  medicine. 
CRACK,  V.  t.  [Fr.  craqiier;  D.  kraakcn;  G.  krackcn  ; 
Dan.  krakktr ;  It.  croccare ;  W.  rkecaln  ;  Sp.  rajnr  ; 
Port,  radiar;  probably  from  the  root  of  break,  wreck, 
and  coinciding  with  the  Gr.  epeiKiOy  f>n}vvio;  also 
with  Eng.  creaky  croak.  The  VV.  has  also  crig^  a 
crack,  from  rAi>,  a  notch-  Otoen.  See  Class  Rg, 
No.^.] 

1.  To  rend,  break,  or  burst  into  chinks  ;  to  break 
partially  ;  to  divide  the  parts  a  little  lYom  each  other ; 
as,  to  crack  a  board  or  a  rock  ;  or  to  break  without  an 
entire  severance  of  the  parts  j  as,  to  crack  glass 
or  ice. 

2.  To  break  or  rend  asunder  with  a  sharp,  abrupt 
sound  ;  as,  to  crac':  nuts. 

3.  To  break  with  grief;  to  affect  deeply  ;  to  pain  ; 
to  tiirture ;  as,  to  crack  the  heart.  We  now  use  break 
or  retui.  Shak. 

4.  To  open  and  drink  ;  as,  to  crack  a  bottle  of 
wine.    [Low.] 

5.  To  thrust  out,  or  cast  with  smartness  ;  as,  to 
eraek  a  joke. 

6.  To  produce  a  sharp,  abrupt  sound,  like  that  of 
rending  ;  to  snap  ;  as,  to  cratk  a  whip. 

7.  To  break  or  destroy. 

8.  To  jmpair  the  regular  exercise  of  the  intellectual 
faculties ;  to  disorder ;  to  make  crazy  j  as,  to  crack 
the  brain. 

CRACK,  r.  i.  To  burst ;  to  open  in  chiuks  ;  as,  the 
earth  cracks  by  frost;  or  to  be  marred  without  an 
opcnin:? ;  as,  glass  cracks  by  a  sudden  application  of 

2.  To  fall  to  ruin,  or  to  be  impaired.  [heat. 

The  credit  of  the  exchequer  cracks  whea  ULtle  comes  in  and  much 
goes  ouu     [Not  elegant.]  Dryden. 

3.  To  Utter  a  loud  or  sharp,  sudden  sound  ;  as,  the 
clouds  crnct;  the  whip  cracks.  Skak. 

4.  To  boast ;  to  brag ;  that  is,  to  utter  vain,  pomp- 
ous, blustering  words  ;  with  of. 

Th-  Etbiocs  of  their  Bweel  complexion  crack.    [Not  elegant.] 

CR.^CK,  n.    [Gr.  payas.} 

1.  A  disruption ;  a  cliink  or  fissure  ;  a  narrow 
breach  ;  a  crevice  ;  a  partial  separation  of  the  parts 
of  a  substance,  with  or  without  an  opening;  as,  a 
crack  in  timber,  in  a  wail,  or  in  glass. 

2.  Aburstof  sound  ;  a  sharp  or  loud  sound,  uttered 
suddenly  or  with  vehemence  ;  the  sound  of  any 
thing  suddenly  rent ;  a  violent  report ;  as,  the  crack 
of  a  faUing  house  ;  the  crack  of  a  whip. 

3.  Change  of  voice  in  puberty.  Shak. 
A.  Craziness  of  intellect ;  or  a  crazy  person. 

5.  A  boast,  or  boaster,     [iotr.]  [Addison. 

6.  Breach  of  chastity  ;  and  a  prostitute.     [Low.'] 

7.  A  lad  ;  an  instant.     [J^ot  used.] 

CRACK,  a.  Of  superior  excellence,  having  qualities 
to  be  boasted  of.     [Familiar,  or  low.]         Hollowaij. 

CRACK'-BRaIN-SD,  a.  Having  intellects  impaired  ; 
crazy. 

CRACK'ED,  (krakt,)  pp.  or  a.    Burst  or  split;  rent; 
broken ;  partially  severed. 
2.  Impaired  ;   crazy. 

CRACK'ER,  n.     A  noisy,  boasting  fellow.  Sfiak. 

2.  A  firework  ;  a  quantity  of  gunpowder  confined 
so  as  to  explode  with  noise. 

3.  A  hard  biscuit.  Smart. 

4.  That  which  cracks  anything. 
€RACK'-HE:\IP,  )  71.    A  wretch  fated  to  the  gallows  ; 
€RACK'-RoPE,  \      one  who  deserves  to  be  hanged. 

Shak. 

CRACK'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Breaking  or  dividing  par- 
tially; opening;  impairing;  snapping;  uttering  a 
sudden,  sharp  or  loud  sound;  boasting;  casting 
jokes. 

CRACK'ING,  n.  A  breaking  or  dividi:ig;  a  sharp, 
abrupt  sound. 

€»ACK'LE,(krak'l,)c.  i.  [dim.  of  cracfc.]  To  make 
slight  cracks  ;  to  make  small,  abrupt  noises,  rapidly 
or  frequently  repeated  ;  to  decrepitate;  as,  burning 
thorns  cracklfi. 

CR.ACK'LI.NG,  ppr.  or  a.  iMaking  slight  cracks,  or 
abrupt  noises. 

CRACK'LING,?!.  The  making  of  small,  abrupt  cracks 
or  reports,  fr.:quenUy  repeated. 

Thp  erackiing  of  ihoms  under  a  pot.  —  Ecclee.  vii. 

2.  The  rind  of  roasted  pork.  Perry. 


CRA 

A    hard,  brittle   calte    or   biscuit. 


CRACK'NEL,  n. 
I  Kinns  xiv.  3. 

CRA'DLE,  Ti.  (Sax.  cradcl;  VV.  cryd,  a  rocking  or 
shaking,  a  craale;  cn/t/u,  to  shake  or  tremble;  cnj- 
dian,crijdiaw,'\A.;  from  rAj/i/,  a  moving  ;  IX.  crrathaai  ^ 
to  shake  ;  Gr.  fcpii(?aw,  id.,  and  to  swing  ;  Ht-b.  "nn 
to  tremble  or  shake,  to  palpitate  ;  Syr.  in  Etlsp.,  to 
rub  or  scrape.  Without  the  first  letter,  W.  rkyd, 
Heb.  Ch.   Eth.    TJ?**  to   tremble,  to  shake.      In  Ar. 

tXc  )  ro^a,  to  thunder,  to  impress  terror,  to  trem- 
ble; and  i\j  rada,  to  run  hither  and  thither,  to 
move  one  way  and  the  other,  to  tremble  or  shake. 


The  .\rabic  *X£  j  to  thunder 


coincides  with  the 


Latin  rudo,  to  roar,  and  the  W.  grydiaw,  to  utter 
a  rough  sound,  to  shout,  whoop,  or  scream,  grydwst, 
a  murmur,  from  grijd,  a  shout  or  whoop,  and  this 
from  rhyd;  so  that  crydiaiD,  and  g-rydiaw  are  from 
the  same  root,  and  from  this  we  have  cry,  and  cry 
imj)lies  roughness,  coinciding  with  the  Syriac,  supra, 
to  scrape,  whence  ^rate,  gride,  &c.  See  Owen's 
JVcU^  Dictionary,  and  Castell's  Heptaglot.] 

1.  A  movable  machine  of  various  constructions, 
placed  on  curved  pieces  of  board,  for  rocking  chil- 
dren or  infirm  persons  to  sleep,  for  alleviating  pain, 
or  giving  moderate  exercise. 


Me  lei  the  tender  office  long  enguge 

To  njck  Uie  cradle  of  reposing  age.  Pojie. 

2.  Infancy.  From  the  cradle,  is  from  the  state  of 
infancy  ;  in  the  cradle,  in  a  state  of  infancy. 

3.  That  part  of  the  stock  of  a  cross-bow,  where  the 
bullet  is  put.  Encyc. 

4.  In  surgery,  a  case  in  which  a  broken  leg  is  laid, 
after  being  set.  Encyc. 

5.  In  sJiip-building,  a  frame  placed  under  the  bot- 
tom of  a  ship  for  launching.  It  supports  the  ship,  and 
slides  down  the  timbers  or  passage  called  the  ways. 

Hcbcrt. 
G.  A  standing  bedstead  for  wounded  seamen. 

Mir.  Diet. 

7.  In  engraving,  an  instrument  funned  of  steel, 
and  resfmbling  a  chisel,  with  one  sloping  side,  used 
in  scraping  mezzotintos,  and  preparing  the  plate. 

Encyc. 

8.  In  husbandry,  a  frame  of  wood,  with  long,  bend- 
ing teeth,  to  which  is  fastened  a  scythe,  for  cutting 
and  laying  oats  and  other  grain  in  a  swath. 

CRA'DLE,  V.  t.  To  lay  in  a  cradle ;  to  rock  in  a  cra- 
dle i  to  compose  or  quiet. 

It  cradles  their  fears  to  sleep.  D.  A.  Clark. 

2.  To  nurse  in  infancy.  D.  TVebster. 

3.  To  cut  and  lay  with  a  cradle,  as  grain. 
CRA'DLE,  ('.  I.    To  lie  or  lodge  in  a  cradle.       Shak. 
CRA'DLE-CLoTHES,  n.  pi.    The  clothes  used  for 

covering  one  in  a  cradle. 

eK.\'DL£D,  pp.  Laid  or  rocked  in  a  cradle  ;  cut  and 
laid  with  a  cradle,  as  grain. 

CRA'DLE-SC?THE,(kra'dl-sithe,)n.  A  scythe  used 
in  a  cradle  for  cutting  grain. 

CRA'DLI\G,p;/7-.  Laying  or  rocking  in  a  cradle; 
cutting  and  laying  with  a  cradle,  as  grain. 

CRA'DLING,  7t.    The  act  of  using  a  cradle. 

2.  In  architecture,  a  term  applied  to  tlie  timber, 
ribs,  and  pieces  in  arched  ceilings,  to  which  the 
laths  are  nailed.  Oicilt. 

CRAFT,  n.  rSax.  crc^t,  art,  cunning,  power,  force ; 
G.  Sw.  and  Dan.  kraft,  power,  faculty  ;  W.  crcv, 
crttv,  strong;  crevu,  to  cry,  to  scream,  to  crave; 
cryvau,  to  strengthen,  to  wax  strong  ;  craf,  a  clasp; 
crafu,  to  hold,  to  comprehend,  to  perceive;  crafns,  of 
quick  perception.  The  primary  sense  is,  to  strain  or 
stretch.  Hence  strength,  skill,  a  crying  out,  hold- 
ing, &.C.] 

1.  Art ;  ability  ;  dexterity  ;  skill. 

Poesy  is  tlie  poet's  skill  or  cra/l  of  malting.  B.  Jonson. 

2.  Cunning,  art,  or  skill,  in  a  bad  sense,  or  applied 
to  bad  purposes;  artifice  ;  guile;  skill  or  dexterity 
employed  to  effect  purposes  by  deceit. 

Tlie  chief  priesu  and  scribas  sought  how  ihey  might  take  hira  by 
cra/i,  and  put  him  to  death.  —  Mark  xiv. 

3.  Art ;  skill  ;  dexterity  in  a  particular  manual 
occupation  ;  hence,  the  occupation  or  employment 
itself;  manual  art  ;  trade. 

Ye  kjiow  that  by  this  craft  we  have  our  wealth.  —  Acts  xix. 

4.  A  term  applied  to  all  sorts  of  vessels.     Tottpn. 
Small  erafi,  is  a  term  given  to  small  vessels  of  all 

kinds,  as  sloops,  schooners,  cutters,  &c. 

CRAFT,  r.  j.     To  plav  tricks.     [Jv'ot  in  use.]      Shak. 

CRAFT'I-LY,  fw/y.  [See  Cbaftv.]  With  craft,  cun- 
ning, or  guile  ;  artfully  ;  cunningly  ;  with  more  art 
than  honest)'. 

CRAFTT-NESS,  w.  Artfulness;  dexterity  in  devis- 
ing and  effecting  a  purpose  ;  cunning  ;  artifice  ; 
stratagem. 

lie  udtclh  tlic  wis»  in  their  own  cra/iitiess.  —  Job  v. 
Not  walking  in  cra/Hri^SB,  nor  handling  the  word  of  God  deceit- 
fully.—  2  Cor.  iv. 


CRA 

eHAl'TS'MAN',  II.     All  artificer  j  a  mcclianic  ;  one 

(^killed  in  a  manual  uccupation. 
eilAFlS'MAS-TEIl,  n.    One  skilled  in  l)is  craft  or 

tnide. 
CKaFT'Y,  a.    Cunning;  artful ;  skillful  in  devising 

and  pursuing  a  gclienie,  by  deceiving  olltcrs,  or  by 

taking  advantage  uf  their  ignorance;  wily;  sly; 

fraudtilent. 

He  dicippoiiilfth  the  device!  of  the  erc/ly.  —  Job  r, 

2.  Artful ;  cunning  ;  in  a  good  sense,  or  in  a  laud- 
able pursuit. 

a-ing  CTtifaj,  I  cau^t  you  with  guile.  — 2  Cor.  xii. 

GRAG,  71.  [VV.  Scot,  and  Ir.  craig ;  Gaelic,  mng ; 
Com.  harah ;  .\rni.  garrcvi ;  probably  Gr.  faxta, 
^axis,  from  the  root  ot  /iii  i""<i,  to  break,  like  Tupa, 
in  Latin,  from  the  root  of  rumpo^  rupi,  and  erepiilo, 
from  crcpo,  {See  Cback.)  The  name  is  taken  from 
breakings  L.  frango,  for  frago ;  and  fragosus  and 
craagij  are  the  same  word  with  different  prefixes; 
Eng.  ragged.  The  K/sajoc  in  Cilicia,  mentioned  by 
Strabo  and  Pliny,  retains  the  Celtic  orthography.] 

1.  A  steep,  rugged  rock  ;  a  rough,  broken  rock,  or 
point  of  a  rock. 

S.  In  geology,  a  tertiary  deposit  of  gravel  mixed 
with  shells.  is*- 

eE.\G,ii.  [Sax.  ArMM,  the  neck  ;  Scot.  cra» or  croi^  ; 
Gr.  iiaxtg.  The  same  word  probably  as  the  pre- 
ceding, from  its  roughness,  or  break.  We  now 
call  it  rack,] 

Tile  neck,  formerly  applied  to  the  neck  of  a  hu- 
man bcinp,  as  in  Spenser.    We  now  apply  it  to  the 
neck  or  neck-piece  of  mutton,  and  call  it  a  rtuk  of 
mutton. 
eR.\G'-BUII,T,  (-bilt,)  a.    Duilt  with  crags.  Irving. 
eR.lG'GKD.n.    Fullof  crags  or  broken  rocks;  rough; 
nigged ;  abounding  with  prominences,  points,  and 
inequalities. 
eRAG'GED-NESS,  ii.    The  state  of  abounding  with 

crap?,  or  broken,  pointed  rocks. 
€R.'\G'GI-NESS,  71.    The  state  of  being  cragw. 
CR.-VG'GY,  a.    Full  of  crags ;  abounding  with  broken 
rocks;  rugged  with  projecting  points  of  rocks;  as, 
the  craggy  side  of  a  mountain  ;  a  craggy  cliff. 
CR.^KE,  n.     A  boast.     (See  Crack.]  Sfenser. 

€RaKE,  71.     [Qu.  Gr.  it.otj,  from  koc/cu.] 

The  corn-crake,  a  ruigi-atory  fowl,  is  a  species  of 
the  rail,  Ralius,  found  among  grass,  com,  broom,  or 
furze.  Its  cry  is  very  singular,  crck,  crek,  and  is 
imitated  by  rubbing  the  blade  of  a  knife  on  an  in- 
dented bone,  by  which  it  may  be  decoyed  into  a  net. 

Encije. 
eRSKE'-BER-EY,  7i.     A  species  of  Empelrum  or 

berry-bearing  heath. 
€R.A.M,  V.  t.     rSa.\.  crammian  ;  Sw.  hrama;  coinciding 
in  sense,  and  probably  in  origin,  with  ram.l 

1.  To  press  or  drive,  particularly  in  filling  or  thrust- 
ing one  thing  into  another;  to  stuff;  to  crowd ;  to 
fill  to  superfluity  ;  as,  to  cram  any  thing  into  a  basket 
or  bag  ;  to  cram  a  room  with  people  ;  to  cram  victuals 
down  the  throat. 

2.  To  fill  with  food  beyond  satiety  ;  to  stuff. 
Children  would  be  more  free  from  djseaajs,  if  they  ^eie  not 

cnri'.:Rcd  60  mucii  by  loud  raolhera.  iMdce, 

3.  To  thmst  in  by  force  ;  to  crowd. 
F.^ite  Ii.T8  crammed  us  all  into  one  lease.  DT}^n. 

CRAM,  7'.  i.  To  eat  greeddy  or  beyond  satiety ;  to 
stuff.  PiV^- 

€R.'\.M'BO,  71.  .A  play  in  which  one  person  gives  a 
word,  to  which  another  finds  a  rhyme.  Swift. 

eRAJr.Mf-D,  (kramd,)  pp.  Stuffed ;  crowded  ;  thrtist 
in  ;  filled  with  food. 

CRA.M'M  ING,  ppr.  Driving  in  ;  stuffing ;  crowding ; 
eating  beyond  satiety  or  sufficiency. 

CRA.M'.MUNG,  v.  A  cant  term,  in  Uvc  British  unicersi- 
tics,  for  the  act  of  preparing  a  student  to  pass  an 
examination,  by  going  over  the  topics  with  him  be- 
forehand, and  furnishing  him  with  the  requisite 
answers. 

CRAMP,  7!.  [Sax.  kramma;  D.  kramp;  G.  Dan.  and 
Sw.  krampe ;  It.  rampone,  a  cramp-iron.  Qu.  Ir. 
crampa,  a  knot.  If  771  is  radical,  this  word  may  ac- 
cord with  the  Celtic  crom,  G.  krtcmm,  crooked,  from 
shrinking,  contracting.  But  if  p  is  radical,  this  word 
accords  with  the  VV.  craf,  a  clasp,  a  cramp-iron,  era- 
fa,  to  secure  hold  of,  to  comprehend,  Ir.  crapadh,  to 
shrink  or  contract.  The  sense  is,  to  strain  or  stretch.] 

1.  The  spasmodic  and  involuntary  contraction  of  a 
limb,  or  some  muscle  of  the  body,  attended  with 
pain,  and  sometimes  with  convulsions,  or  numb- 
ness. .  ^    L-   J 

2.  Restraint ;  confinement ;  that  which  hinders 
from  motion  or  expansion. 

A  najTOW  fortune  is  a  crarxp  to  a  great  mind.       L'Eftrange. 

3.  A  piece  of  iron  bent  at  the  ends,  serving  to  hold 
together  pieces  of  timber,  stones,  tc. ;  a  cramp-iron. 
[Fr.  crampon ;  It.  ramponc] 

4.  An  iron  instrament,  haring  a  scrsw  at  one  end 
and  a  movable  shoulder  at  the  other,  used  lor  closely 
compressing  the  joints  of  framework.  ,, ,  _ 

CHAMP,  ti.  U    To  pain  or  affect  with  spasms. 

2.  To  confine ;  to  rcslrtiin  ;  to   hinder  from  ac- 


TCNE,  BULL,  UNITE.  — AN"CER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K ;  6  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

a79 


CRA 


(TRA 


lion  or  oxiKindiou  ;  ns,  tn  cramjt  llio  cxtrtioiis  of  n 
nation  ;  lo  cramp  ihc  Kiniu.<. 

3.  To  I'asttii,  cunliiu",  or  liohl  with  a  cramp  or 
rranip-iroii. 

€ItAMI\(i.    Dillkult ;  knotly.     [f.iuhvaed.] 

CKA.M»''£I*.  (kmiiU,)  pp.  or  a.  Aflecicd  willi  spasm  ; 
coiivulseil  ;  i-niilined  ;  re-ilrainetl. 

€KA.MI"-l'ISHj  n.  Tlie  torpedo,  or  elt-ctric  ray,  the 
touch  of  which  nflocts  a  jwrson  like  elociriciiy, 
causing  a  slight  Hliock,  niid  prodticing  nnmbne;«.'4, 
tremor,  and  sickne^-i  nf  the  titumach. 

€RAMI''ING,  par.     Aircctiiig  with  cramp  ;  confininj;. 

eRA.Ml"-I-IU».\,  (-Mirn,)  M.  An  iron  used  for  fast- 
mini:  Uiiii^^  togetlier  j  a  cranipi  which  .-Jee. 

CUAM  TOONS',  71.  pK  Hooked  pieces  of  iron  some- 
thing like  ilouMe  calipers,  fur  raising  stones,  himber, 
and  other  heavy  materials.  OUbert. 

CUa'NAOJK,  II.    [from  crane.    Low  L.  crana:rium.] 
Tlie  liberty  of  u-'«inj:  u  crane  at  a  wharf  for  rai»- 
inti  wares  from  a  ve^isel  ;  also,  the  money  or  price 
jiaid  for  the  u^e  of  a  crane.  Coicet.    Knctjc. 

CKA.\'HKU-UV,  H.  [crtifie  and  ftrrri/.]  Tho  fruit  of 
a  specie.-i  of  Oxvroccus,  (sour  hefry.)  a  berry  that 
grows  on  a  slender,  htnding  slalk.  It  is  also  called 
vwss-bemj^  or  moor-bemi.  ns  it  prows  only  on  j>eat- 
bogs,  or  swampy  land,  'i  he  berry,  when  npe,  is  red, 
and  of  the  size  ofa  -^mall  cherry,  or  of  the  hawthorn 
berry.  These  bfrries  funn  u  sauce  of  exquisite  fla- 
vor,'and  arc  used  for  tarLs.  TIic  cranbern,'  of  the 
United  Stales  is  the  O.  vtaeroearpus,  that  of  Europe 
is  O.  p^ilitstr'u.  [The  common  pronunciation,  cnim- 
brmi,  is  erroneous.] 

eR.\N*C!I.    Pee  Cn.iu.'icii. 

CilAXli,  n.  [Sax.  cran  ;  G.  krrJni;  D.  Uraan;  Sw.-lrau, 
or  traufi ;  Dan.  kranr,  or  tnine ;  W.  ffaran ;  Corn,  kra- 
mt ;  Arm.  s^^ran  :  Gr.  )  f  oaci's,  whence  geranium^  the 
plant,  craneVbill.  The  word  in  Welsh  signifies  a 
fcliunk  or  shall,  a  crane  ot  heron.  This  fowl,  then, 
may  be  named  from  its  long  legs.  [tin.  \^Pt  to 
shoot.] 

1.  A  micralorj'  bird  of  the  genus  Orusy  belonging 
to  the  gmllic  order.  The  bill  is  straight,  sharp,  and 
long,  with  a  furrow  from  the  nostrils  toward  the 
point  j  the  no5iriIs  arc  linear,  and  the  feet  liave  four 
Iocs.  These  birds  have  long  legs,  and  a  long  neck, 
being  destined  lo  wade  and  seek  their  fo»>d  among 
grass  iinil  reeds  in  marsliy  ground?.  The  common 
crane  is  about  four  feet  in  loneth,  of  a  slender  body. 

2.  A  machine  for  raising  great  weights,  and  mov- 
ing them  lo  a  distance.  It  consists  of  a  horizontal 
arm,  or  pit;ce  of  tindier,  projecting  from  a  post,  and 
furnished  with  a  tackle  or  pulley. 

3.  A  siphon,  or  crooked  pipe',  for  drawing  liquors 
out  of  a  cask. 

CR.\N'K'-FL?,  n.  An  insect  of  the  genus  Tipula,  of 
many  s[;ecies.  The  mouth  is  a  prolongation  of  the 
head ;  the  upper  jaw  is  arched  j  the  palpi  are  two, 
curved,  and  longer  than  the  head ;  the  proboscis  is 
short.  Knajc. 

€RaNE'9'-RILL,  h.  The  jdant  ^cranium,  of  many 
species ;  so  named  from  an  appendage  of  the  seed- 
vessel,  whicli  resembles  the  beak  nf  a  cnme  or  stork. 
Some  of  the  species  have  beautiful  flowers  and  a 
fragrant  scent,  and  several  of  Ihem  are  valued  for 
iheir  astringent  properties.  [See  Crane.]  F.ncijc. 
'J.  A  pair  of  pincers  used  by  surgeons. 

CRa-NI-OG'NO-MY,  It.  [Gr.  Kaaui'ji',  h.  craniumj  the 
skull,  and  Gr.  >  rw/r.u',  index.] 

Tlie  doctrine  or  science  of  uetermining  the  proper- 
ties or  characteristics  of  the  mind  by  Ihc  conforuia- 
lion  of  the  skull.  Gooil. 

CR-A-NI-O-LOO'IC-AL,  a.    P«rrtaining  to  rraniology. 

eRA-M-OL'U-OlST,  71.  One  who  treats  of  craniolo- 
gj*,  or  one  who  is  versed  in  the  science  of  the  cra- 
nium. 

CRA-.\l-OL'0-CY,  n.  [Gr.  Kpavtov,  the  skull,  and 
A>>o$,  discourse.] 

A  discourse  or  treatise  on  the  cranium  or  skull  j  or 
lliD  science  which  investigates  the  structure  and  uses 
of  Uie  skulls  in  various  atnnials,  pariinilarly  in  rela- 
tion to  their  sp{.xilic  charactei  and  iulcllectual  pow- 
ers. E(t.  Knctjc. 

CRA-NI-OM'E-TER,  n.  [Gr.  Koai'tov,  the  skull,  and 
pcTooi^,  measure.] 

An  instrument  for  measuring  the  skulls  of  animals. 

€R5-XI-0-.METTvIC-AL,  a.  rertuiniug  to  craniome- 
try. 

€K.5-NI-0M'E-TRY,  ji.  The  art  of  measuring  the 
cranium,  or  skulls,  of  animals,  for  discovering  their 
specific  diirL-renccA. 

€RA-N'I-OS'eO-PY,  71.  [Gr.  jcoavtoi,  supra,  and  cko- 
TTf.t.if  to  view.] 

The  science  of  the  eminences  produced  in  the  cra- 
nium by  the  bmin,  inleiid'-d  lo  discover  tho  particu- 
lar part  of  the  brain  in  which  reside  ihe  organs  which 
influence  particular  passions  or  faculties.   Kd.  Encyc. 

€Ra'M-L'.M,  71.     [h.  ;  from  Gr.  fc-.^aftm.] 

The  skull  of  an  animal ;  the  assemblage  of  bones 
which  inclose  the  bniin. 

€RANK,;i.  [This  word  probably  belongs  to  the  root 
of  eri:t^e,  krinklr^  to  bend.  D.  krinkrif  a  curl ;  krvn- 
krl,  a  bend  or  winding;  and  AraiiA-,  weak,  is  probably 
from  bending ;  Ir.  freanCy  to  make  crooked.  Uu.  J?i3, 
or  the  root  of  crook.] 


1.  LtteraVij,  a  bend  or  turn.  Hence,  an  iron  axis 
with  a  part  lieiit  like  an  elbow,  for  producing  a  hori- 
zontal or  perpendicular  motion  by  means  of  h  rotnr>' 
motion  or  the  contnir>'.  Thus  the  saw  in  a  snw-mill 
Is  made  lo  rise  and  fall  at  every  turn  of  the  axis. 

3.  Any  bend,  turn,  or  winding.  Shak. 

3.  A  twisting  or  turning  in  speech  ;  n  conceit 
which  consists  in  a  change  of  the  fonn  or  meaning 
of  a  word. 

Q,>h|Ui,  fltiilemiLtf,  niiJ  wanloit  nlks.  MUlon. 

4.  An  iron  bmcc  fur  various  purposes. 

Mar.  Vet. 
CRANK,  a.     [D.  krank  ;  G.  ul.,  weak  ;  Sw.  kraneka^ 
to  afflict ;  Dan.  krankcr,  id.,  or  kranner^  to  careen  a 
ship.l 

1.  In  smmeti^s  lan^uasf^  liable  to  be  oversctj  as  a 
ship  when  she  is  too  narrow,  or  has  not  suflicienl 
ballast,  or  is  loaded  too  high,  to  carr>-  full  sail. 

2.  Stout  J  bold  ;  erect ;  as,  n  cock  crowing  crank. 

Spenser, 
CRANK,         \v.i.     [Sco  Crank,  n.,  and  Crinkle.] 
CR.VNK'LE,  \      To  nin  in  a  winding  course;  to  bend, 
wind,  and  turn. 

Sec  bow  tliifl  river  toino  mc  crankling  In  I  Shak. 

CRAXK'LE,  (krank'l)  r.  /.  To  break  into  bends, 
turns,  or  angles  j  lo  crinkle. 

01(1  Vn^'»  •trxim-^ 
Cratikling  her  Uuik».  PhiVxpa. 

CRANK'LE,  n.    A  bend  or  turn ;  a  crinkle. 

CRAXK'LED,  pp.     Rroken  into  unequal  surfaces. 

CRAXK'LKS,  (krank'lz,)  n.  pi.   Angular  prominences. 

eilAXK'LING,  ppr.  Ilreakmg  into  bends,  turns,  or 
angle?. 

€R.\XK'NESS,  n     Liability  lo  be  overset,  as  a  ship. 
2.  Stoutness ;  erectness. 

CRANK'Y.    Sec  Crank,  a. 

CRAN'XI-X:D,  (kran'nid,)  tt.  [Sec  Cra^nv.]  Having, 
rents,  chinks,  or  fissures  ;  as,  a  crannied  wall. 

Brown.     Shak. 

CRAX'XY,  7f.  [Fr.  craTi ;  Arm.  cran,  a  notch  ;  L.  cre- 
va;  from  the  root  of  renJy  S-jx.  hrnulan ^  or  rcndan  ; 
Ann.  raiina,  to  split ;  crf?t7(rt,  lo  cut  olT;  W.  r/ia7tw,  to 
divide  ;  rhaiiy  a  i)iece;  Ir.  roi/iHtf/i,  or  niinnim,  lo  di- 
vide ;  Gr.  K.ui'cj;  L.  rcmo.  See  Class  Rn,  No. -1, 
13,  IG.] 

1.  Property,  a  rent;  but  commonhjy  any  small,  nar- 
row opening,  fissure,  crevice,  or  chink,  as  in  a  wall, 
or  other  substance. 

In  a   firni  buildin*,  iho  Cnvlitc*  ovghl  to  be  filled  wllh  l-rick  or 
eloiip,  fitted  (o  the  crannict.  Drytlen. 

2.  A  Iiole  ;  a  secret,  retired  place. 

lie  peeped  iiUO  ever}"  cramnj.  Arbulhnat. 

3.  In  ^lass-makiniT,  an  iron  iiislrument  for  fonning 
the  necks  of  glasses.  F.nryc. 

CUAX'XY,  a.    Pleasant ;  praiseworthy.  Bailey. 

CRAX'NY-ING,  a.    Making  crannies. 

CRAXTS,  7(.  pi.     [G.  kranzT] 

Garlands  carried  before  the  bier  of  a  maiden,  and 
hung  over  her  grave.  Shak. 

CRAPE,  71,  [Fr.  cr£pc  and  cr^er,  to  curl,  to  crisp^  to 
frizzle  ;  Arm.  crcp  ;  Sp.  crespnn,  crape  ;  crcfpn,  crisp, 
curled  ;  crc^-parj  to  crisp  or  curl ;  Port,  crespam.  Crape 
is  contracted  from  crcsp,  crisp.  I),  krip,  G.  krcpp^  Dan 
krcp.     See  Citisi".] 

A  thin,  transparent  slufT,  usually  black,  made  of 
raw  silk  gummed  and  twisted  on  the  mill,  woven 
without  crossing,  and  nmcli  used  in  mourning.  Crape 
is  also  used  for  gowns  and  the  dress  of  llie  clergy, 

A  saint  in  rraj>e  in  Iwico  a  3:iinl  in  l.iwn.  Popr. 

GRaPE,  V.  u  To  curl;  to  form  into  ringlets;  as,  to 
crnpc  the  hair. 

CRaP'^D,  (kriipl,)  pp.     Cuiled  ;  formed  into  ringlets. 

CRaP'I.VG,  ppr.    Curling  ;  fonning  into  ringlets. 

CRAP'LE,  7f.     [W.  crar.]    . 

A  claw.  Spenser. 

CRAP'XEL,  n.    A  hook  or  drag.     [Uu.  <rrapncf.] 

CRAP'II-LA,  n.     [L.]     A  surfeit. 

CRAP'U-LEXCE,  n.  [U.  crapula,  a  surfeit.  See 
Crop.] 

Cropsickness  ;  drunkenness ;  a  surfeit,  or  the  sick- 
ness oeeasioned  by  intemperance.  Diet. 

CRAP'U-LEXT,  I  a.   Drunk  ;  surcharged  with  litpior  ; 

CRAP'lJ-LOUS,  !      sick  by  intemperance.  Did. 

CRaRE,  7u    Au  unwieldy  trading  vessel.     [Obs.] 

Shak.     7'oone. 

CRASH,  V.  t.     [Fr.  eerascT,  to  crush.     CjvmA  seems  to 
be  allied  to  criash  ami  to  rush.  Sax.  hrcosan.] 
To  break  ;  to  bruise.  Shak. 

€R.4,SH,  V.  i.  To  make  the  loud,  clattering,  multifa- 
rious sound  of  many  things  falling  and  breaking  at 
once. 

Wticti  convulsions  cli^uve  (li?  lalwring  o.irih. 
IVfrtrr-  the  (li*tn.-Y]  j-nwn  :ippcn»,  U)C  i^oiiriil 
Trcmbirs  nud  hcivu.*,  (he  nndiiiu^  huavra  erath.      Smith. 

CRASH,  71.    The  loud,  mingled  sound  of  many  things 
falling  and  breaking  at  ojice  ;  as,tlic  sound  <i("a  large 
tree  falling  and  its  branches  breaking,  or  the  sound 
of  a  falling  house. 
2.  [L.  <:ro5.5Hs.]     Coarse  hempen  cloth. 
CRASII't'D,  (krashl,);?;*.     Broken  or  bruised. 
I  CRASH'ING,  ppr.  or  a.     Making  or  denoting  a  loud, 
I     clattering  noise. 


CRA 

CR.ASH'ING,  H.    The  sound  of  many  tlnnga  fulling 
and  breaking  at  once. 

There  bIliII  U)  r  great  crushing  Trom  Uic  hilla,  —  Zeph.  I. 

CRA'SIS,  71.     [Gr.  Kpacify  from  Kepavvvpif  or  «cpau, 
to  mix,  lo  temper.] 

1.  The  temper  or  healthy  constitution  of  the  blood 
in  an  animal  body;  the  lomperatnent  which  forms  a 
particular  constiliilion  of  the  blood.  Coic. 

2.  In  fp-amntart  a  figure  by  whicii  two  diflerent  let- 
ters are  contracted  into  one  long  letter,  or  into  a 
diphthong;  as,  oXtjOcu  into  aXnOn;  Tvxtos  into  w 

CRASS,  a.   [I>.  eraa.-tu.'t,  the  same  as  Gross,  which  ««.] 
Gross;  tliick  ;  course;  not  thin,  nor  tine;  applied 
to  jiuids  and  svluU  ;  as,  crass  and  fumid  exhalationi; 
[Little  wed.]  liruien, 

€RASS'.\-.MRXT,  n.  The  ihick,  red  pari  of  the  blood, 
as  di.'-tinrt  from  the  serum,  or  aijueous  part  ;  the  clol. 
CRASS'I-.MEXT,  ».    Thickness.  SmarL 

CRASS'I-TUDE,  71.     [L.  crassitudo.] 

Grn<isness ;  coarseness  ;  thickness ;  applied  to  liquidt 
or  .svlid.-t.  Bacon.     fVoodiuard. 

CRASS'XESS,  77.    GrossnesB.  OlanvUU, 

CRATCH,  7J.     [Fr.  creche.] 

.\  manger  or  open  frame  for  liay.  Spemer. 

The  childish  ainuseiuent  called  viakinir  crateh-cra- 
die  is  an  intended  representation  of  Ihe  figun-  of  tli6 
cratch.  7'oonCt 

CRATCH.    See  Scratch. 

CRATCH'ESS,  n.  pi.      [G.  kriitzCj  the  itch,  cratches ; 
kratzcn,  lo  scratch.] 

In  the  manege,  a  swelling  on  the  p-x^tern,  under  IhS 
fetlock,  and  somellmes  under  the  hoof  of  a  hursc. 
CRaTK,  n.     [L.  crates.] 

A  kind  or  basket  or  hamper  of  wicker-work,  used 
for  the  iransiHirtalion  of  china,  crockery,  and  simitar 
wares. 
CRa'TER,  n,    [L.  crater,  Gr.  voatfjo,  a  great  cup.] 

1.  The  aperture  or  mouth  of  a  volcano. 

2.  A  constellation  of  the  southern  hemisphere,  coD* 
taining  31  stars. 

€RA-TER'I-F0RM,  a.    Having  the  form  of  a  crater. 

ManUU. 
CRAUNCH,  (krinch,)  v.  t.      [D.  scliranssen;  vulgar 

scraunch,] 
To  crush  with  Ihc  tcclh ;  lo  chew  with  violcnc* 

and  noise. 
CRAUNCH'ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Crushing  with  the  tecUl 

with  violence. 
CRA-VAT',  71.     [Fr.  cravatci  It.  cravatta;  Sp.  eorbata; 

Port,  cararala.   In  Dan.,  kraffe,  and  krave,  is  u  collar, 

a  cajje,  the  neck  of  a  shiit,  &.C.] 

A  neckcloth  ;  a  piece  of  fine  muslin,  or  other  cloth, 

worn  by  men  about  the  neck. 
CRAVE,  V.  t.     [SsiX.  crajtaiij  to  crave,  ask,  implore; 

W.  crevu,  to  cry,  lo  cry  for,  lo  crave  ;  crt-e,  a  cry,  a 

scream;  Hw.  krafia;  Dan.  IcrtEver  ;  Ice.  lirrj'a.    (Sec 

Class  Rb,  No.  2,  4,  Syr.)     So  also  D.  rorpcn  ;  Sax. 

hrcopcny  Goth,  hropyaiu  to   cry   out,  as   tnir   vulgar 

phrase  is,  to  rip  out.    The  primary  sense  is,  to  cry 

out,  or  coll.] 

1.  To  ask  with  earnestness  or  importunity  ;  lo  be- 
seech ;  to  implore  ;  lo  ask  with  submission  or  humil- 
ity, as  a  dependent ;  to  beg  ;  lo  entreat. 

As  for  mv  nobler  fricnihi,  I  trace  their  panionn.  Shak, 

Joseph  —  went  In  IwWIy  to  Pikte,  and  craved  ihc  Iwly  of  Jeaui. 
—  MAvkxv. 

2.  To  call  for,  as  a  gratification  ;  to  long  for ;  to  re- 
quire or  demand,  as  a  passion  or  appetite;  as, the 
slomarh  or  appetite  craves  food. 

3.  Sometimes  inirati^-itivchj,  with  for  before  the 
thing  sought ;  as,  I  crave  for  mercy. 

CRaV'£1).  ;v>.  .\3ked  for  with  earnestness;  imploredj 
entrcaleii;  longed  for ;  required. 

?!!-/'Xnv'p    ^"-     [^"-  f''«'"  erarc,  that  is,  one  who 
eR"'V  \NT  )     ^^^^  '""''  '"'*  ^''"'^  *^*''^'"  ^■•""i"''^'"-'*''] 

1.  A  word  of  obloquy,  used,  fornirrly,  by  one  van- 
quished in  trial  by  battle,  and  yi<ldiiig  to  the  con- 
queror. Hence,  a  recreant ;  a  coward  ;  a  wi-nk-heart- 
cd,  spiritless  fellow.  -^hak. 

2.  A  vanquished,  dispirited  cock.  Shak. 
CRA'VioN,  (kra'vn,)  v.  t.    To  make  recreant,  weak, 

or  cowardly.  ShaJi. 

CRA' V£X-£D,  (kra'vnd,)  pp.     I\Iade  recreant  or  coW- 

V.Ra'V EK -IN G,  ppr.     Making  cnwnrdly.  [ardly. 

CRAV'ER,  n.     One  who  craves  or  begs. 

CltAV'ING,7jpr.  or  a.   Asking  with  importunity;  urg- 
ing for  eaniestly  ;  begging  ;  entreating. 

2.  Calling  for  with  urgency  ;  requiring  ;  demanding 
gratification  ;  as,  an  appetite  ernvin<r  food. 

CRA  VIXG,  V.     Vehement  or  urgent  desire,  or  calling 
for  ;  a  longing  for. 

€liA\''l^G-JjY,  adv.   In  an  earnest  or  craving  manner. 

CRAV'ING-XESS,  7i.    The  state  of  craving. 

CRAW,  71.  [Dan.  kroc :  Sw.  Krafra.  This  word  coin- 
cides in  elements  wilh  crop;  W'.eropa;  Sax.  crop; 
l).krop:G.  kropf.  The  Danish  Aroc  signifies  tho 
craio,  and  a  victualing-house,  tavern,  or  ale-house. 
It  seems  to  be  named  from  gathering.] 
The  crop  or  first  stomach  of  fowls.  /wy. 

CRAW-FISH,  f  7(.     [Cra7r  is  contracted   from  crab^ 

CRaY'-FISH,  S     or  from  the   Welsh  cra^,  ashell; 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— Mi'.TE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQOK.- 


CRE 

ptf^i,''i)d  eritfreiiy  sliell-fisli.  (See  Crab.)  Uu.  is  not 
fish,  in  ihese  words,  from  the  last  sjllable  of  tiie 
French  ccrevif.-^e  7] 

A  species  of  CriLstacca  of  the  same  genus  with  the 
lobster,  (.^stiiciis,)  but  stniiller,  and  found  in  fresh- 
water streatu=.  Ft  is  esteemed  vcrj*  delicrite  food. 
eUA\VL,  V.  i.  [D.  krirlcn  :  Scot,  crotcl ;  Dan.  Icrav- 
ier,  to  crawl  up,  to  climb  ;  Sw.  li-rdla,  to  crawl,  to 
fwarm;  D.  grielcn,  lo  swarm  j  frrillcn,  to  shiver  or 
shudder;  Fr~.  frfouilla-^  to  stir  about,  lo  crawl  with 
iiisecls  ;  It.  grillarc,  to  simmer.  Uu.  Dan.  krilUr,  to 
itch.l 

1.  To  creep  ;  lo  move  slowly  by  thrusting  or  draw- 
int;  the  body  along  the  ground,  as  a  worm ;  or  to 
move  slowly  on  the  hands  and  knees  or  feet,  as  a 
human  being.  A  worm  crawU  on  the  earth  ;  a  boy 
craicls  into  a  cavern,  or  up  a  tree. 

2.  To  move  or  walk  weakly,  slowly,  or  timor- 
ously. 

He  wiis  lianlly  able  to  crawl  aboiil  the  room.  Arbulhnot. 

3.  To  creep  ;  lo  advance  slowly  and  slyly ;  to  in- 
sinuate one's  self  i  as,  to  cravnl  into  favor.  [This 
use  is  vulgar.] 

4.  To  move  about j  to  move  in  any  direction; 
itscd  in  contempt. 

Alwiinl  opinions  craicl  about  llie  world.  South. 

5.  To  have  the  sensation  of  insects  creeping  about 
the  body  ;  as,  the  flesh  crawls. 

€RAWL,  n.  [Q,u.  D.  kraal.]  A  pen  or  inclosure  of 
stakes  and  hurdles  on  the  sea-coast  for  containing 
fish.  Jlar.  Diet. 

€RA\VL'ER,?i.  He  or  that  which  crawls;  a  creeper; 
n  reptile. 

€RA\VL'IXG,  ppr.  or  a.  Creeping  ;  moving  slowly 
along  the  ground,  or  other  substance;  moving  or 
walking  slowly,  weakly,  or  timorously  ;  insinuating. 

CRA\VL'ING-LV,  adv     In  a  crawling  manner. 

f  It  \  Y  ) 

€IIaY'ER   1  "■     ^  ^"n'*!'  sea  vessel.     [J\rot  in  use] 

€RaY'-FISII,  n.      The  river   lobster.     [See  Craw- 


€R 


FiSH.l 

aY'ON,  n.     [Fr., 
■p.  ^rcda.l 


from  craie^  clialk,  from  L.  crctn. 


1.  A  general  name  for  all  colored  stones,  earths,  or 
other  minerals  and  substances,  used  in  drawing. 

Knnjc. 

2.  A'kind  of  pencil,  or  colored  cylinder,  to  draw 
lines  with.  It  is  usually  made  of  ]>ipe-cl:iy,  colored 
with  some  pigment.  Dnjdni. 

3.  A  drawing  or  design  done  with  a  pencil  or 
crayon.  Johnson. 

€RaY'OX,  v.  t.    To  sketch  with  a  crayon.    Hence, 
2.  To  sketch  ;  to  plan  ;  to  commit  to  paper  one's 

fir^t  thoughts.  BoUngbrokc. 

eR.AY'ON-£D,  pp.     Sketched  with  a  crayon. 
€RaY'0\-ING,  ppr.    Sketching  or  planning  with  a 

cra\on. 
eR-\Y'ON-PAl\T-ING,  n.  TJie  act  or  art  of  drawing 

with  crayons. 
€RaZE,  r.  (.     [Fr.  ccrascr;  Sw.  I^rossa ;  to  break  or 

bruise,  to  cru.^h.    See  Crush.] 

1.  To  break ;  to  weaken ;  to  break  or  impair  the 
natural  force  or  energy  of. 

Till  length  of  yeare, 
And  scilentarjr  numbness,  craze  my  liinbs.  Miltun. 

2.  To  crush  in  pieces  ;  to  grind  to  powder ;  as,  to 
craze  tin. 

3.  To  crack  tlie  brain;  to  sliatter;  to  impair  the 
intellect ;  as,  to  be  crazed  with  love  or  gi-ief.  Shuk. 

CRAZ'fTD,  pp.ov  a.  Broken;  bruised;  crushed;  im- 
paired; deranged  in  intellect;  decrepit. 

CRaZ'ED-NESS,  n.  A  broken  state;  decrepitude; 
an  impaired  st;ile  of  the  intellect.  Hooker. 

CRaZE'-.MILE,       /  n.      A  mill    resembling  a  grist 

€RAZ'I-\G-MILL,  \      mUl,  used  for  gruidiug  tin. 

Encyc. 

eR.\'ZI-LY,  adv.  [See  Crazy.]  In  a  broken  or 
fra7.^■  manner. 

CRa'ZI-NESS,  n.  [See  Crazv.]  The  state  of  being 
broken  or  weakened;  as,  the crait/ic5s  of  a  ship,  or 
of  the  limbs. 

2.  The  state  nf  being  broken  in  mind;  imbecility 
or  weakness  of  intellect ;  derangement. 

CRaZ'ING,  ppr.    Breaking;  crushing;  making  craz}*. 

€Ra'ZY,  a.     [Fr.  ecrasc.] 

I.  Broken  ;  decrepit ;  weak;  feeble  ;  applied  to  titc 
bodij,  or  cajistitution.,  or  any  structure;  as,  a  crazy 
body  ;  a  craiy  constitution  ;  a  crazy  ship. 

9.  Broken,  weakened,  or  disordered  in  intellect  ; 
deranged,  weakened,  or  shattered  in  mind.  We 
sav,  the  man  is  eraiy. 

€REiGHT,  n.    [Irish.]    Herds  of  cattle.    [J^'ot  tu^ed.] 

Z>avies. 

€REXGI1T,  V.  i.    To  gaze  on  lands.     [jYot  itscd.) 

Dames. 

CReAK,  r.  i.  [W.  crccian^  to  scream,  to  crash  ;  erec,a. 
scream,  a  shriek  ;  connected  with  ereg,  cnjg^  rough, 
hoarse,  harsh,  from  rhyg^  Eng.  rj/r,  but  the  sense  of 
which  is  rough^  rugjred.  Indeed,  this  is  radically 
the  same  word  as  rough,  L.  raucus.  The  L.  rugw  is 
probaljly  from  the  same  root,  and  perhaps  ritgo. 
The  Sax.  ccarcian,  to  creak,  may  br-  the  same  word, 
the  letters  transposed ;  as  may  the  Sp.  cruzir,   to 


CRE 

rustle,  Gr.  KocKCi^  to  comb,  scrape,  rake,  and   Ross. 

crik,  a  cry,  krichu^  to  cry.    On  this  word  are  formed 

shriek  and  screech,] 
To  make  a  sharp,  harsh,  grating  sound,  of  some 

continuance,  as  by  the  friction  of  hard  substances. 

Thus,  the  hinge  of  a  door  creaJis  in  turning  ;  a  ti;:ht, 

linu  shoe  crcalcs  in  walking,  by  the  friction  of  tlie 

leather. 
CUkAIv'ING,  ppr.  or  a.     Makmg  a  harsh,   grating 

simnd  ;  a.-*,  creaking  hinges  or  shoes. 
GRicAK'ING,  n.    A  Iiarsli,  grating  sound. 
CUkAM,  71.     [Fr.  crcmei  L.  cremor ;  G.  rahm;    Sax. 

reaiu  ;  Ice.  riome ;  D.  room  ;  Sp.  erema.     Class  Rm.] 

1.  In  a  general  seiise,  any  part  of  a  litpior  that  sep- 
arates from  the  rest,  rises  and  collects  on  the  surface. 
Wore  particularly,  the  oily  part  of  milk,  which, 
when  the  milk  stands  unagitated  in  a  cool  place, 
rises  and  fonns  a  scunr  on  the  surface,  as  it  is  spe- 
cifically lighter  tlian  the  other  part  of  the  liquor. 
This,  by  agitation,  fonns  butter. 

2.  The  best  part  of  a  tiling;  as,  the  cream  of  a 
jest  or  story. 

Cream  of  lime;  the  scum  nf  lime-water ;  or  that 
part  of  lime  which,  after  being  dissolved  in  its  caus- 
tic slate,  separates  from  the  water  in  the  mild  state 
of  chalk  or  limestone.  Encyc. 

Crearn  of  tartar ;  purified  tartar  or  argal,  being  the 
bi-tartrate  of  potassa ;  so  called,  because  it  rises  like 
cream  to  the  surface  of  the  liquor  in  which  it  is  pu- 
rified. Ure.     Coze. 

GREAil,  r.  t.  To  skim  ;  to  take  off  cream  by  skim- 
ming. 

9.  To  take  off  the  quintessence  or  best  part  of  a 
tliin?. 

CReAAI,  v.  i.    To  gather  cream  ;  to  flower  or  mantle. 
Ji.  To  grow  stiff  or  formal.  Sfiak. 

CRk.A.M'-BoWL,  n.    A  bowl  for  holding  cream. 

CReAM'-CHEESE,  ji.    Cream  dried  by  exposure  to 
the  air  till  it  forms  a  solid  mass.    It  is  not  properly 
cheese,  not  being  formed  into  curd. 
_  Encyc.  of  Dom.  Econ. 

CReAM'-ED,  pp.  Skimmed  off  from  milk,  as  the  best 
part. 

CReAM'-FaC-ED,  (kremc'fastc,)  a.  White;  pale; 
having  a  coward  look.  Hhak. 

CReAM'-NUT,  71.  The  fruit  of  the  Berlholktia  c\- 
celsa,  of  South  America;  more  conmionly  called 
Brazil  nut.  Huldcrman. 

CReAM'-POT,  n.    A  vessel  for  holding  cream. 

CReAM'Y,  ff.  Full  of  cream;  like  cream;  having 
the  nature  of  cream  ;  hiscious. 

eRE'A.\CE,  71.     [Fr.,  from  L.  credo,  credcns.] 

lu  falconry,  a  fine,  sm;il[  line,  fastened  ton  hawk's 
leash,  when  she  is  first  lured.  Bailey. 

CREASE,  71.  [Q,u.  G.  ki-dnsen,  Sw.  hnisa,  Dan.  kmscr, 
Scot.  crc«,  to  curl,  to  crisp.  Class  Rd,  No.  73,63; 
or  Fr.  creiL^cr,  to  make  hollow,  from  crcux,  hollow. 
Class  Ilg.   See  Crisp.] 

A  line  or  mark  made  by  folding  or  doubling  any 
thjng  ;  a  hollow  streak,  like  a  groove. 

CReASE,  v.  t.  To  make  a  crease  or  mark  in  a  thing 
by  fuMing  or  doubling. 

CREAS'iUD,  (kreest,)  pp.     Marked  by  doubling. 

CReAS'IA'G,  ppr.    Making  creases  by  folding. 

CRe'A-SOTE.     See  Creosote. 

CRe'AT,  71.  [Fr.]  In  Lke  manege,  an  usher  to  a 
riding-master.  Encyc. 

€RE-aTE',  v.  U  [Fr.  crccr;  Tt.  erearc;  Sp.  aiul  Port. 
criar ;  h.  crco ;  Ann.  croui ;  Corn,  gurei.  In  W. 
crcu.  signifies  to  create,  and  crcu,  to  cry,  to  crave,  to 
caw,  to  beg.  \V.  crete  and  crez,  constitution,  temper ; 
also,  a  trembling  or  shivering  with  cold.  Ir.  crotk 
or  cruth,  form, shape;  criitJiaigkim,to  create, lo  prove, 
assert,  maintain.  From  the  Celtic,  then,  it  appears 
that  the  L.  ereo  is  contracted  by  the  loss  of  a  d  or  th. 
The  Welsh  has  also  cri,  a  cry,  and  criaw,  to  cr>-,  both 
deduced  by  Owen  from  ere;  but  ere  is  a  contraction 
of  crevu,  to  cry,  or  of  gryd,  a  crying  or  whooping, 
or  cryd,  a  shaking.  Li  Welsh,  also,  cri  signifies 
rough,  raw,  crude ;  all  wliich  unite  in  the  root  of  cry, 
cradle,  L.  rudo,  lo  bray.  The  primary  sense  of  cre- 
ate and  of  cry  is  the  same,  to  tlirow  or  drive  out,  to 
produce,  to  bring  forth,  precisely  as  in  the  Shemitic 
N">3.  But  the  Welsh  crcu  and  ercit  may,  perhaps,  be 
from  difterent  roots,  both,  however,  with  the  same 
primary  sense.] 

1.  To  produce ;  to  bring  into  being  from  nothing ; 
to  cause  to  exist. 

In    Ilie  bc^inninj,  God  created   tJic   heaven  and   the  eatth.  — 
Gen.  i. 

2.  To  make  or  form,  by  investing  with  a  new  char- 
acter ;  as,  to  create  one  a  peer  or  baron  ;  to  create  a 
manor. 

I  create  you 
Conipaiiions  to  our  person.  5AaA. 

3.  To  produce  ;  to  cause  ;  to  be  the  occasion  of. 
Long  abstinence  errntes  uneasiness  in  the  stomach  ; 
confusion  is  created  by  hurry. 

Your  eye,  in  ScoUnnd, 
Would  creaU  soliU^ra,  and  make  women  fight.  i>hr.k. 

'\.  To  beget ;  to  generate ;  to  bring  forth. 

'I'he  people,  which  shall   be  created,  ahnJI    praiso  the  LorO.  — 
Pi,  cii. 


CRK 

5.  To  make  or  produce,  by  new  comb i nations  •< 
matter  already  created,  and  by  investing  these  com 
binations  with  new  forms,  constitutions,  an."  juali- 
lies ;  to  shape  and  organize. 

GotI  created  m-iii  in  his  o-.vo  Image.  —  Gen.  1. 

G.  To  form  anew;  to  change  the  state  orcliaiac- 
ter ;  to  renew. 

Create  in  me  a  clean  heart.  —  Vm.  II. 

W'c  are  hin  wortonajiahip,  crtaud  in  Chral  Jeiia.  —  EpJi.  il. 

GRE-ATE',  a.     Begotten  ;  composed  ;  created.     Sliak. 

GRE-aT'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Formed  from  nolliinf! ;  caused 
to  exist;  produced  ;  generated  ;  invested  with  a  new 
character  ;  formed  into  newcomljinations,  witJi  a  pe- 
culiar shaj)C,  constitution,  and  properties;  renewed. 

CRE-aT'I\G,  ppr.  or  a.  Forming  from  nothing ;  origi- 
nating i  producing  ;  giving  a  new  character  ;  consti- 
tuting new  beingH  from  matter  by  shaping,  organiz- 
ing, and  investing  with  new  properties  ;  forming 
anew. 

CRE-A'TION,  n.  The  act  of  creating ;  the  act  of 
causing  to  exist ;  and  especially,  the  act  of  bringing 
this  world  into  existence.    Rom.  J. 

2.  The  act  of  making,  by  new  combinations  of 
matter,  invested  with  new  forms  and  properties,  and 
of  subjecting  lo  different  laws ;  the  act  of  shaping 
and  organizing;  as,  the  creation  of  man  and  otlier 
animals,  of  plants,  minerals.  Sec. 

3.  The  act  of  investing  with  a  new  character ;  as, 
the  creation  of  peers  in  England. 

4.  The  act  of  producing. 

5.  The  things  created ;  creatures  ;  tlic  world  ;  the 
universe. 

As  sulijccls  then  the  whule  creation  came.  DcrJiam. 

G.  Any  part  of  the  things  created. 

Before  the  low  creation  swamiett  witli  men.  Pamell. 

7.  Any  thing  produced  or  caused  lo  exist. 

A  fdlif;  creation 
Proceeding  froio  the  lieat-opprusocd  untirfc  Shak. 

€RE-a'TIOX-AL,  a.     Pertaining  to  creation. 

CRE-a'TI  VE,  a.  Having  the  power  to  create,  or  ex- 
erting the  act  of  creation ;  as,  creatice  fancy  ;  creative 
power. 

€RE-A'TIVE-NESS,  v.    State  of  being  creative. 

CRE-A'TOR,  7i.  [L.]  The  being  or  person  that  cre- 
ates. 

Remember  thy  Creator  in  the  daya  of  thy  youtli.  —  EccJcs.  xti. 

9.  The  thing  that  creates,  produces,  or  causes. 

CRE-a'TOR-SHIP,  It.  The  state  or  condition  of  a  cre- 
ator. 

eUE-A'TRESS,  7(.    A  female  that  creates  any  thing. 

€ReAT'UR-.\L,  (krCt'yiu--al,)  a.  Belonging  to  a  crea- 
ture ;  having  the  qualities  of  a  creature. 

CReAT'TJUE,  (kret'yur,)  w.  [Fr.]  That  which  is 
created  ;  everj'  being  besides  the  Creator,  or  every 
thing  not  self-existent.  The  sun,  moon,  and  slars; 
the  earth,  animals,  plants,  light,  darkness,  air,  water, 
&c.,  are  the  creatures  of  God. 

9.  In  a  restricted  sense,  an  animal  of  any  kind  ;  a 
living  being ;  a  beast.  In  a  more  restricted  sense, 
man.  Thus  we  say,  he  was  in  trouble,  and  no  crea- 
ture was  present  to  aid  him. 

3.  A  human  being,  in  contempt ;  as,  an  idle  crea- 
ture; a  poor  creature  ;  what  a  creature.' 

4.  With  words  of  endearment,  it  denotes  a  human 
being  beloved  ;  asj  a  pretty  creature  ;  a  sweet  creature, 

5.  That  which  is  produced,  formed,  or  imagined ; 
as,  a  creature  of  the  imagination. 

(i.  A  person  who  owes  his  rise  and  fortune  to  an- 
other ;  one  who  is  made  to  be  what  he  is. 

Great  princea  thus,  when  farorites  Ihcy  raise, 

Tc  justiry  Uiehr  grace,  their  creatures  pniisc.  Dn/den. 

7.  A  dependent ;  a  person  who  is  subject  to  the 
will  or  influence  of  another. 

CReAT'URE-LY,  a.  Having  the  qualities  of  a  crea- 
ture.    [Little  xised.]  Cheyne. 

€ReAT'URE-SHIP,h.  The  state  of  a  creature.  [Rare] 

CRe'BROUS,  a.    Frequent. 

CRe'DENCE,  71.  [It.  credcnza  ;  Fr.creancc;  from  L. 
credens,  from  credo,  to  believe.     See  Creed.] 

1.  Belief;  credit;  reliance  of  the  mind  on  evidence 
of  facts  derived  from  other  sources  than  personal 
knowledge,  as  from  the  testimony  of  others.  Wc 
give  credence  to  an  historian  of  unsuspected  integrity, 
or  to  a  stcry  which  is  related  by  a  man  of  known 
veracity. 

9.  That  which  gives  a  claim  to  credit,  belief,  or 
confidence  ;  as,  a  letter  of  credence,  which  is  intended 
to  conmiend  tlie  bearer  to  the  confidence  of  a  third 
person.     [See  Prothe5is.] 

CRe'DENCE,  r.  t.    To  give  credence  to  ;  lo  believe. 

CRE-DEJ\r'DA,  71.  pi.  [L.  See  Creed.]  In  Vicol- 
ogy,  things  to  be  believed ;  articles  of  faith  ;  distin- 
guished from  agenda,  or  practical  duties.    Johnson. 

CRe'DENT,  a.  Believing;  giving  credit;  easy  of 
belief.  Shak. 

2.  Having  credit ;  not  to  be  questioned.        Shak. 

[  This  word  is  rarely  used,  and  m  the  latter  sense  is 
imirropcr.]^ 
CRE-DEN'TIAL,  a.    Giving  a  title  lo  crediL 
€RE-DEN'TIALS,  (-shulz,)   n.  pi.     [Rarely  or  never 
vscd  in  the  singular.] 
That  which  gives  credit ;  that  which  gives  a  title 


TONE,  BULL,  IJXITE AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K ;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


36 


281 


CUK 


or  claim  t  "t  "«  ""I'l'^'*  I'c- 

li.C.  en.  i^"S  tlraiigt-fs  ; 

as  (lie  I  :  .    "IT  Rivfu  liy  a 

C.-vt-rnm  m  (-■:.;  i:i;M-aM  .i  t  i.wy,  wliitli  give 
iiiiii  criilU  ill  a  forciyn  cuiirt.  .'o  the  power  ol  work- 
ing inimclc:!  given  to  the  ii|K)slIcs  may  by  coiisiiicred 
Wi  thuir  eraienltiils,  autliuriziiiR  liif  m  to  propagate  the 
gospel,  and  entitling  them  lo  credit. 

eREU-I-BIL'I-TY,  iu  [Fr.  credibiliUy  from  L.  credib- 
iiis.] 

Credibleness  ;  tbo  quality  or  ?tntc  of  a  thing  which 
rendors  it  possible  to  be  believed,  or  \\  hich  admits 
belief,  on  rational  principles;  the  quality  or  riate  of 
a  thing  which  involves  no  contradiction  or  abBurdi- 
ty.  Credibility  is  less  than  crrtaintijy  and  greater 
than  possibility;  indeed,  it  is  li-^^i  than  vrobubitity^ 
but  is  nearly  allied  lo  it.     [Sec  Crldidlc.J 

eUED'MlLK,  a.     [L.  credibtli.^.] 

1.  That  may  be  believed  ;  worthy  of  credit.  A 
thing  is  credible^  when  it  is  known  lo  be  possible,  or 
when  it  involves  no  contradiclion  or  absurdity  j  it  is 
mirre  credible^  wlien  it  is  known  to  come  within  the 
ordinary  laws  or  operations  of  nature.  With  regard 
lo  the  divine  Being  and  his  operations,  eveiy  tiling 
is  credible  which  is  consistent  with  his  perfections, 
and  supported  by  evidence  or  uninipt'aelKible  testi- 
mony, for  his  power  is  unlimited.  With  regard  lo 
human  jifl'airs,  we  do  not  apply  the  word  lo  things 
barely  fiot-sibU,  but  to  Ihiiiss  which  fi.me  within  the 
usual  course  of  human  conduct,  and  the  general 
rules  of  evidence. 

2.  Worthy  of  belief;  having  a  claim  to  credit ;  ap- 
plied to  persons.  A  credible  pL*rson  is  one  of  known 
veracily  and  integrity,  or  whose  voracity  may  be 
fairly  deduced  from  circumst^mces.  We  believe  the 
history  of  Aristides  and  Thcmistoclcs,  on  the  author- 
ity of  credible  historians. 

€RKU'I-BLE-NESS,  ?i.  Credibility;  worthiness  of 
belief;  just  claim  lo  credit.     [See  Credidility.] 

CREli'I-BLV,  adi:  In  a  mannur  that  deserves  be- 
hef ;  with  good  authority  lo  support  belief. 

CRED'IT,  n,  [Fr.  credit;  It.  crcdiiit :  Sp.  id.;  L.  cred- 
ilum.     See  Creed.] 

1.  Belief;  faith  ;  a  reliance  or  resting  of  the  mind 
on  the  troth  of  something  said  or  done.  We  give 
credit  to  a  man's  declaration,  when  Ihe  mind  reslJi 
on  the  truth  of  it,  without  doubt  <ir  suspicion,  which 
is  attended  with  wavering.  \Vc  give  credit  lo  testi- 
mony or  lo  a  report,  when  we  rely  on  its  truth  and 
certainty. 

2.  Reputation  derived  from  the  coniidence  of  oth- 
ers ;  esteem  ;  estimation  ;  good  opinion  founded  on 
a  belief  of  a  man's  %'enicity,  integrity,  abilitie^s,  and 
virtue  ;  as,  a  physician  in  high  credit  with  his  breth- 
ren.   Hence, 

3.  Honor ;  reputation ;  estimation  ;  applied  to  men 
or  things  A  man  gains  no  credit  by  profunciTess ; 
and  a  poem  may  lose  no  credit  by  criticism.  The 
credit  of  a  man  depends  on  his  virtues  j  the  credU  of 
his  writings,  on  thtir  worth. 

4.  That  which  procures  or  is  entitled  to  belief; 
testimony ;  authority  derived  from  one's  character, 
or  from  the  confidence  of  others.  We  believe  a  story 
on  the  credit  of  Ihe  uarnitor.  We  believe  in  miracles 
on  the  credit  of  inspired  men.  We  trust  to  the  credit 
of  an  assertion  made  by  a  man  of  known  veracity. 

5.  Inlluence  derived  from  the  reputation  of  ve- 
racity or  integrity,  cr  from  the  good  opinion  or  confi- 
dence of  others ;  interest ;  power  derived  from 
weight  of  clKU-acler,  from  fiicndship,  fidelity,  or 
otiier  cause.  A  minister  may  have  great  credit  witli 
a  prince.  He  may  employ  his  credit  to  good  or  evil 
purposes.  A  man  us^  his  credit  w  ith  a  friend  ;  a 
servant,  with  his  master. 

G.  In  cffmmcre?,  trust;  transfer  of  goods  in  confi- 
dence of  future  paymt^nt.  Wli -n  the  merchant  gives 
a  credit^  he  sells  his  wares  on  an  expressed  or  implied 
promise  that  th3  purchaser  wilt  pay  for  them  at  a 
future  time.  The  seller  believes  in  the  solvability 
and  probity  of  the  purchaser,  and  delivers  his  goods 
on  that  belief  or  trust ;  or  ho  delivtTs  ihem  on  the 
credit  or  reputation  of  the  purchaser.  The  purchaser 
takes  what  is  sold,  on  crci/it.  In  like  manner,raoDey 
is  loaned  on  ibe  credit  of  the  borrower. 

7.  The  capacity  of  being  trusted  ;  or  the  reputation 
of  solvency  and  probity  which  entitles  a  man  lo  be 
Inisted.  A  customer  has  good  credit  or  no  crctlil.  with 
a  merchant. 

6.  In  book-keeping,  the  side  of  an  account  in  wliich 
payment  is  entered  ;  opp.'>sed  to  debiu  This  article 
IS  carried  to  one's  credit,  and  that  to  his  debit.  We 
spejik  of  the  credit  siae  of  an  account. 

9.  Public  credit ;  the  confidence  which  men  enter- 
tain in  the  ability  and  di5|}osition  of  a  nation,  to 
make  ^ood  its  engagement:;  with  iu  creditors ;  or 
the  estimation  in  whicli  individuals  ituld  the  public 
promises  of  payment,  whether  .-Ui.h  promises  are 
expressed  or  implied.  The  term  is  also  applied  lo 
the  general  credit  of  individuals  in  a  nation  ;  when 
merchants  and  others  are  wealthy,  and  punctual  in 
fulfilling  engagements  ;  or  when  they  transact  busi- 
ness witli  honor  and  fidelity;  or  wti"' ii  transfers  of 
property  are  made  with  ease  for  ready  poymcnt.  So 
we  sju-'ak  of  the  credit  of  a  bank,  when  general  con- 


CRE 

fidenc;;  is  phiced  in  ltd  ability  lo  redeem  ils  notes;' 
and  the  rri'iu  of  a  niercantiL'  huuae  rc«L>  on  its  suj»- 
IKi-cd  ubility  and  probity,  which  induce  men  lo  trust 
lo  its  eiii^agenii'iii:^.  \*'hen  the  puitlic  credit  i^  i|ucs- 
tiouuUlc,  it  mijies  the  premium  on  loans. 

Chriuli  pubUc  ertdit.  Washinglon. 

10.  The  notes  or  bills  which  are  issued  by  Iho  pub- 
lic, or  by  corporations  or  individuals,  whieh  circulate 
on  the  confidence  of  men  in  the  ability  and  dirfpo- 
sitioii  in  those  who  Issue  them,  to  redeem  them. 
Tliey  are  liomelimes  called  bills  of  credit. 

11.  The  lime  given  for  payment  for  lands  or  goods 
Hold  on  trust ;  as,  a  long  credit,  or  a  short  credit. 

12.  A  sum  of  money  duo  to  any  person  ;  nny 
thing  valuable  stand  iup  on  Ihe  creditor  side  of  an  ac- 
count. A  has  a  credit  on  the  books  of  D.  The 
credits  are  more  than  balanced  by  the  debits. 

[In  Viis  sense,  the  word  has  the  plural  number.] 
GRED'IT,  r.  (.     [from  llio  noun.]    To  believe  ;  lo 
confide  in  the  truth  of;  as,  to  credit  a  report,  or  Ihe 
man  who  tells  it. 

2.  'I'o  truat ;  to  sell  or  loan  in  confidence  of  future 
payment ;  as,  lo  credit  goods  or  money. 

'3.  To  procure  credit  or  honor ;  lo  do  credit ;  to 
give  reputation  or  honor. 

M;iy  bcrc  Irr  monument  tland  to, 

To  credit  this  nidc  ajc.  Waller. 

4.  To  enter  upon  the  credit  side  of  an  account; 
as,  to  credit  the  amount  paid. 

5.  To  set  lo  the  credit  of;  as,  to  credit  to  a  man 
the  interest  paid  on  a  bond. 

€RE1)'IT-A-BLE,  a.  RepuUible;  that  may  he  en- 
joyed or  exercised  with  reputation  or  esteem  ;  esti- 
mable. A  man  pursues  a  creditable  occupation,  or 
way  of  living.  '  JirbuUtnot. 

CRED'IT-A-BLE  NESS,  n.    Reputation  ;  estimation. 

Johitson. 

€RED'[T-A-IJLY,  adi:  Reputably ;  with  credit ; 
without  disgrace. 

eUED'lT-EI),  pp.  Relieved  ;  tnisled  ;  passed  to  the 
eredit,  or  entered  on  the  credit  side  of  an  account. 

€REl)'IT-ING,  77»r.  Believing;  trusting;  tillering  to 
the  credit  in  accounl. 

CRED'iT-OU,  71.  [L.  See  Creed.]  A  person  to 
whom  a  sum  of  money  or  other  thing  is  due,  by  ob- 
ligation, promise,  or  in  law  ;  prtqn.-hj^ oi\\i  who  gives 
credit  in  commerce  ;  but  in  a  general  sense, oi\c  who 
lias  a  just  claim  for  money  ;  correlative  to  debtor. 
In  o  figuTotive  sense,  one  wilo  has  a  just  claim  for 
services.  .Addison, 

CrtdUors  Uwe  bsUcr  iiifmoric*  limn  dfUon.  l^anklin. 

2.  One  who  believes.    [JVot  used.]  Sliak. 

CRED'I-TRIX,  n.    A  female  creditor. 

CRE-DO'LI-TV,  n.  [Fr.  r.rcdulU6,  L.  crcdiditas,  (Vom 
credo,  to  believe.    See  Cbked  and  CuEDUi.tJUs.] 

Easiness  of  belief;  a  weakness  of  mind  by  wliich 
a  person  is  disposed  to  believe,  or  yield  his  a.ssent  to 
a  declaration  or  proposition,  without  sufticieiit  evi- 
dence of  ths  truth  of  wiiat  is  said  or  proposed  ;  a 
disposition  to  believe  on  slight  evidence  or  no  evi- 
dence at  all. 

eRED'U-LOUS,  a,  [L.  crcduUis,  from  credo.  See 
Creed.] 

Apt  lo  believe  wittiout  suAicicnt  evidence  ;  unsus- 
pecting ;  easily  deceived. 

€REU'U-LOUS-LY,  adv.    With  credulity. 

CRED'U-LOUS-.NESS,  n.  Credulity  ;  easiness  of  be- 
lief; readiness  to  believe  without  suliicient  evidence. 

Beyoiiil  all  crciluiUy  ts  Uic  credulOManeta  of  fttlieiaU,  who  believe 
ital  cliaiico  couM  malic  Uic  worlil,  wlif  n  it  can  not  btiikl  a 
iioiue.  S.  Qarke. 

€REK1D,  n.  [W.  credo  ;  Sax.  creda  :  It.  and  Sp.  credo. 
Tliis  word  seems  to  have  l)een  introduced  liy  the  use 
of  the  Latin  credo,  I  believe,  at  the  beginning  of  the 
Apostles'  Creed,  or  brief  system  of  Christian  faith. 
L.  credo  i  \V.  credn ;  Corn,  crcdihi ;  Arm.  eridi ;  It. 
creidim  ;  it.  credere  j  Sp.  crccr ;  Fori,  crer ;  Fr.  croire ; 
Norm,  crcre,  criirr.  The  primary  sense  is  probably 
to  throw,  or  throw  on ;  or  to  set,  to  rest  on.  See 
Creed.     Cla-ss  Rd.] 

1.  A  brief  summary  of  the  articles  of  Christian 
faith  ;  a  symbol  ;  as,  the  Apostolic  creed, 

9.  That  which  is  believed  ;  any  system  of  princi- 
ples which  are  believed  or  professed ;  as,  a  political 
creed. 

CREEK,  V.  t.  To  make  a  harsh,  sharp  noise.  [See 
Creak.]  Shak. 

€REEK,  (krcek,)  n.  [Sax.  crecea;  D.  kredi ;  Fr. 
crique ;  W.  crig,  a  crack  ;  cri^jU,  a  creek  ;  rhig,  a 
notch  or  groove.    See  Crack.] 

1.  A  small  inlet,  bay,  or  cove;  a  recess  in  the 
shore  of  the  sea,  or  of  a  river. 

Tlicy  discovered  a  c«rtajn  creek  with  at  shore.  —  Acta  xxvii. 

2.  Any  turn  or  winding.  Shak. 

3.  A  prominence  or  jut  in  a  winding  coast 

Davies. 

[TTiw  sense  is  probably  not  Icffitimate.] 

4.  In  some  of  the  American  Statc.'<,  a  small  river. 
This  is  contrary  to  English  usaj^e,  and  is  not  justi- 
fied by  eiymolop>' ;  but  as  streams  often  enter  into 
creeks  and  small  bays,  or  form  theui,  the  name  has 
been  extended  lo  small  streams  in  general. 


CRE 

CREEK'V,  (krcek'yO  a.  ConUiiuing  cieeks ;  full  of 
creeks;  wntding,  Spenser, 

CRELL,  n.    An  osier  basket,  such  as  nimlerM  use. 

Brocket. 

CREEP,  r.  i.;prct.  and  pp.  Crept.  [Sax.  crfoptu^ 
crypan;  W.  crcpian.  cropian;  I),  kruiuen  ;  Sw.  ib-MM, 
to  cnw-'p ,  Dan.  knibrn,  a  creeping;  Ir.  dreajianti  &», 
and  Port,  trepan  h.  rcpu;  Ur.  'p"<j.  'J'he  sense  is, 
to  culcii,  lu  grapple  ;  and  the  latter  is  from  Ihe  same 
root,  Welsh,  crapiaio,  allied  to  L.  rapiu,  and  lo  W. 
a-inian,  lo  scra|H!  or  scratch.    Class  Rb.] 

1.  To  move  with  the  belly  on  the  giuund,  or  the 
surface  of  any  other  body,  as  a  worm  or  serpent 
without  legs,  or  :i5  many  insects  with  feet  and  very 
short  legs  ;  to  crawl. 

2.  To  move  along  the  ground,  or  on  the  surface  of 
any  other  body,  in  growth,  as  a  vine  ;  to  grow  along. 

3.  'J'o  nmve  slowly,  feebly,  or  timorously  ;  ils,  an 
old  or  infirm  man,  who  creeps  about  his  chamber. 

4.  To  move  slowly  and  insensibly,  as  lime. 

'iVinoiTOW,  and  lo-inorrow,  and  lo-mortow, 

Cretpi  ill  ttita  jxUy  pace  from  day  to  tiny.  SkaJt. 

.5.  To  move  secretly  ;  to  move  so  us  lo  escape  de- 
tection, or  prevent  suspicion. 

or  tills  tort  nrc  ihe^  vhocreep  luto  Iioiut'«,  and  Icvd  d^aivc  lijif 
women.  —  3  Tnn.  iii. 

6.  To  steal  in  ;  to  move  forward  unheard  and  nn< 
seen  ;  Iu  come  or  enter  unexpectedly  or  unot.'servcd; 
as,  .'?ome  error  lias  crept  into  llic  copy  of  a  history. 

7.  To  move  or  behave  with  i:ervility  ;  lo  fawn 

Shak. 
€REEI"ER,  n.     One  who  creeps  ;  that  which  creeiw; 
a  rejttilc  ;  also,  a  creeping  plant,  which  moves  along 
the  surface  of  llio  earth  or  attaches  itself  to  somo 
other  body,  as  ivy. 

2.  An  iron  used  lo  slide  along  the  grate  in  kitch- 
ens. Juhnson. 

3.  A  kind  of  jjatlen  or  clog  worn  by  women. 

Jvknson. 

4.  Crecprr  vT  Crccprrsi  an  instrument  of  iron  wUh 
hooks  or  claus,  for  drawing  up  ihiiips  from  the  bot- 
tom of  a  well,  river,  or  harbor.  Furby. 

5.  A  small  birtl  of  the  genus  Cn-thia,  of  many  ^^pe- 
cies,  allied  to  the  woodpeckers  and  wrens.  'I'heso 
birds  run  along  Ilic  body  or  branch  of  a  tree,  and 
when  they  observe  a  i>erson  near,  they  run  to  tlie 
side  opposite,  so  as  to  keep  out  of  sight.         Encijc. 

€REEI''-Ii6lE,  n.  A  hole  into  which  an  animal  may 
creep  to  escape  notice  or  danger ;  also,  a  subterfuge ; 
an  excuse.  Juhnson, 

CREEP'ING,  n.    Act  of  creeping.  DwigliL 

CREEr'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Moving  on  the  belly,  or  close 
to  the  surface  of  the  earth  or  other  body ;  moving 
slowly,  secretly,  or  silently;  moving  insensibly; 
stealing  :Uong. 

€REE1"ING-IA',  o//w.  By  creeping  ;  slowly  ;  in  the 
manner  of  a  ri;ptile.  Sidney. 

CREEr'LE.     [mit  u^'cd.]    See  Cripple. 

CREESE,  n.    A  Malay  tiaggcr. 

CRE-MA'TION,  n.     [L.crcma/i«,  from  ctchio,  to  bum.] 
A  burning  ;  particularly ,  the  burning  of  ilie  dead, 
according  to  the  custom  oi  many  ancient  nations. 

Encye^ 

CRE-Mo'N.\,  n.  A  superior  kind  of  violin,  made  or 
invented  at  Cremona,  in  Itiily. 

2.  A  name  erroneously  given  to  a  stop  in  the 
organ.     [See  Cbomorna.]  Hrande. 

CRe'MOR,  h.  [L,  Sec  Cream.J  Cicam;  any  ex- 
pressed juice  of  grain  ;  yeast  j  scum  ;  a  subslanc* 
resembling  cream.  Cote. 

eRls'NATEj      /  a.     [L.  crcna,  a  notch,  whence  ere- 

eRE'NA-TED,  j  natiis,  notched.  See  CRANNr.] 
Notched  ;  indented  ;  scolloped.  In  bulany,  a  cre- 
tiatc  leaf  has  its  edge,  as  it  were,  cut  with  circtUat 
incisures,  not  inclining  toward  either  exlremi^ 
Wlicn  tlie  scallops  are  segments  of  small  circles,  ll 
is  said  to  be  obtusely  crcnated ;  when  the  larger  seg- 
ments have  smaller  ones  ujwn  lh(;m,  a  leaf  is  said  lo 
be  doubly  crcnatc.  Martyn. 

CREN'A-TQRE,  n.  A  scallop,  like  a  notch,  in  a  leaf, 
or  in  the  style  of  a  plant.  Bigelow. 

CRRN'U-LATE,  a.  [dim.,  used  by  Unnoaus.]  Hav- 
ing the  edge,  as  it  were,  cut  into  very  small  scallopj. 

Martyn. 

CRe'OLE,  71.  A  native  of  Spanish  America  or  the 
West  Indies,  descended  from  European  ancestors. 

CRk'O-SOTE,  71.  [Gr.  K^tojs,  gen.  of  Kpcai,  flesh, 
and  aoTJip,  preserver.] 

An  antiseptic  principle,  often  called  Jlcsk-preserrer, 
the  product  ot  tht:  decomposition  of  wood  in  a  cer- 
tain manner ;  an  oily,  colorless  liquid,  having  the 
smell  of  smoke.  It  is  obtained  from  the  pyrolignous 
acid  and  the  tarrj'  matter  wliich  distills  over  from 
wood.    It  is  a  powerful  irritant.        Knighl      Urt. 

eRi'pANif'i"-     [I- "-/'",  to  burs..] 

A  chop  or  cnitcli  in  a  horse's  lep,  caused  by  the 
shoe  of  one  hind  foot  crossing  and  striking  the  other 
liind  foot.    It  8oni<:linies  degenerates  into  an  ulcer. 

€REP'I-TATE,  v.   i.     [L.  crej>ito,  to  crackle,  from 


FaTE,  far,  fall,  WH;>T METE,  PREY.— PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQ9K.- 


asa 


CRE 


CRI 


CRI 


crrao,  to  crack,  to  burst  with  a  sharp  sound  ;  It. 
crn..to«,  crcparc :  Fr.  crci^cr  :  Sax.  hrcopa.i  ;  Goth. 
hrnvan;  D.  roconi;  allied  to  Eng.  n;;,  and  probabl.v 
from  the  root  of  r^mpo,  m,i,  &c.    Sec  Bin  and 

J^  WMr<^<i.  Class  Rb,  No.  27,  and  No.  18, 26,30.] 
Tocnirkle  ;  to  snap  ;  to  burst  with  a  small,  sharp, 
abrupt  '.nund,  rapidly  repeated,  as  salt  in  fire  or 
duHn'  calcination.  It  differs  from  deUmate,  which 
si"ni(fes,  to  burst  with  a  single  loud  report. 

fpfp'I  Ta-TING,  ppr.    CrackUng;  snapping. 

f^RVP  -Ti'TlON,  n.  The  act  of  bursting  with  a 
fremient' repetition  of  sharp  sounds  ;  the  noise  of 
some' alts  ircalcination;  crackling.    Coze.   Eucjc. 

2  The  noise  of  fractured  bones,  when  moved  by 
a  surgeon  to  ascertam  a  fracture.  Encyc. 

CREPT,  pK(.  and  pp.  of  Creep. 

CRE-PUS'CLE,  (-si,)  )  n.    [L.  crcpiisculum,  from  crcpo, 

€RE-PUS'eULE,  i  or  its  root,  a  little  hurst  or 
break  of  light,  or  broken  light.  Crepin.s  is  from 
the  same  root.]  .  .,     ^    , 

Twilight;  the  light  of  the  morning  from  tlic  hist 
dawn  to  sunrise,  and  of  the  evening  Ironi  sunset  to 
darkness.    It  is  occasioned  by  the  refraction  of  the 

eRE"pUS^eU-L.4R,    I  a.     Pertaining   to   twilight ; 

?RE-PUS'eU-LOU.S,  i       glimmering ;  noting  the  iin- 

uerf.-ct  liKht  of  the  mornmg  and  evening  ;  hence. 


imperfectlv  clear  or  luminous.  Broken.  Oliivi^y- 
eR&PU3'e"U-LINR.  a.  Crepuscular.  [.ATul  usctl.\ 
eRES-CEX'DO,     t"'l    '"  '""•'■'i  denotes  with   an 

inrreasing  volume  of  voice. 
CRES'CENT,  c.     [L.  creaccits,  from  crcsco,  to  grow  i 
Fr.  missaitt.    See  Grow.] 
Increasing;  growing;  na,  crescent  boms.  Milton. 
eRE'!'CEST  II.    The  increasing  or  new  moon,  which, 
'  wh'-n  receding  from  the  sun,  shows  a  curving  rini  of 
light,  terminating  in  points  or  horns.    It  is  app  led 
to  the  old  or  decreasing  moon,  in  a  like  state,  but  less 

.  Dnjden. 

""o  The  fi'ure  or  likeness  of  the  new  mo'on,  as 
thai  borne  in  the  Turkish  flag  or  national  st^nuard. 
The  standard  itself,  and  Jiguratively,  the    lurkjsn 

Gibbon. 
^3.  In  kerMry,  a  bearing  in  the  form  of  a  half 

4  The  name  of  a  military  order,  instituted  by 
Renatus  of  Anjou,  king  of  Sicily ;  so  caUed  from 
its  symbol  or  badge,  a  crescent  ol  gold  enan^led. 

CRES'CENT,  V.  t.    To  form  into  a  crescent. 

Seward. 
€RES'CENT-ED,  a.   Adorned  with  a  crescent.  Keats. 
eRBS'CENT-FORiM-£D,  a.    Formed  like  a  crescent. 

eRES'CENT-SHAP-ED,  (-shapt,)  «.  In  botany, 
lunate;  lunated  ;  shaped  like  a  crescent;  as  a  leal. 

Martyn. 
eRES'CrVE,  a.     [L.  cresco,  to  grow.] 

Increasing;  growing.  *'«'*• 

CRESS,  71.  [Fr.  crcsson;  It.  cresewne;  Arm.  c«f  loii; 
D.  liers :  G.  kresse :  Sal.  corse  or  cre^sen.  Uu.  its 
alliance  to  rrass,  or  to  L.  crescc] 

The  name  of  several  soecies  of  plants,  most  or 
them  of  the  class  Tetradynitmia.  Water-cresses,  of 
the  genus  Sisymbrium,  are  used  as  a  saUid,  and  are 
valued  in  medicine  for  their  antiscorbutic  qualities. 
The  leaves  have  a  moderately  pungent  taste.  They 
grow  on  the  brinks  of  rivulets  and  in  other  moist 
grounds.  The»ird  is  gcnemlly  used  in  the  plural. 
€KESS'ET,  II.  [Fr.  croisctte,  dim.  of  croU,  cross,  be- 
cause beacons  formerly  had  crosses  on  their  tops. 
See  Choss.]  ..  ,    ,^ 

1   A  "Teat  li^ht  set  on  a  beacon,  light-house,  or 
watch-tower.  Ju/itwto.     Slial:. 

2.  A  lamp  or  torch.  Miton.    Holiiisned. 

CREST  71.  [Fr.  crStef  L.  crisUii  It.  crista;  Sp.  cres- 
(071.  This  IS,  probably,  a  growing  or  shooting  up, 
from  the  root  of  cresco,  Fr.  croltre ;  Norm,  crest,  it 
rises,  it  accrues  ;  Russ.  rastu  or  rostu,  to  grow  ;  rost, 
growth,  size,  liillncss.]  , 

1.  The  plume  of  feathers  or  other  material  on  the 
tonof  Ilic  ancient  helmet;  the  helmet  itself.    Sliak. 

2.  The  ornament  of  the  helmet  m  heraldry. 

Encyc. 

3.  The  comb  of  a  cork;  also,  a  tuft  of  feathers  on 
the  head  of  other  fowls. 

4.  Any  tuft  or  ornament  worn  on  the  head. 

Drydcn, 

5.  Loftiness;  pride;  courage;  spmt;  a  lofty  mien. 

SluJc. 
CREST,  V.  t.    To  furnish  with  a  crest ;  to  serve  as  a 
crest  for.  *'<^'- 

3.  To  mark  with  long  streaks. 
CREST'ED.pp.ora.    [from  crcsl.]     Wearing  a  crest ; 
adorned  with  a  crest  or  plume  ;  having  a  comb  ;  as, 
a  crested  helmet ;  a  crested  cock. 
2.  In  natural  history,  having  a  tuft  like  a  crest. 
CREST'-FAI.L-BN,  (-fawl-n,)  a.    Dejected ;  sunk  ; 
bowed  ;  dispirited  ;  heartless  ;  spiritless. 

Sfta/;.     iromcll. 
2.  Having  the  upper  part  of  the  neck  hanging  on 
one  side,  as  a  horse.  Encyc- 


I  CREST'ING,  ppr.    Furnishing  with  a  crest. 
eREST'LESS,a.    Without  a  crest ;  not  dignified  with 
coat-armor  ;  not  of  an  eminent  family  ;  of  low  birth. 

Sliak. 
CREST-MA-RINE',  (-ma-reen',)  ti.    Rock  samphire. 
CRE-Ta'CEOUS,  (1.    (L.  crelaceia,  from  crcta,  chalk. 
Sp.  It.  id. ;  Fr.  craie  ;  U.  kryt;  G.  kreide  ;   Sw.  /snto.] 
Chalky;  having  the  qualities  of  chalk  ;  like  chalk  ; 
abounding  with  chalk. 
€Ri5'TA-TED,  a.    Rubbed  with  chalk. 
CRE'Tie,  n.     [Gr.  ,p.|7uo«.] 

.\  poetic  foot  of  three  syllables,  one  short  between 
two  long  syllables.  Bcntlfij. 

CRe'TIN,  n.    A  name  given  to  certain  deformed  and 

helpless  idiots  in  the  valleys  of  the  Alps. 
CRe'TIN-ISM,  11.    The  state  of  a  cretin.  hidil. 

CRe'TISM,  71.    A  falsehood  ;  a  Crotan  practice;  from 
the  reputation  of  the  Cretans  as  liars  and  deceivers. 
CRE'ToSE,  a.     Chalky. 

CREr-VJiSSE' ,  V.  [Fr.]  A  deep  crevice;  a  breach. 
Tliis  term  is  applied  on  the  Mississippi  to  a  breach  m 
the  levee  or  embankment  of  the  river. 
CREVICE,  II.  [Fr.  crevasse,  from  crcver,  to  burst,  to 
crack  ;  It.  crcpatnra;  L.  crcpa,  to  burit.  See  Cbepi- 
TATE  and  Uip.] 

.■\  crack  ;  a  cleft  ;  a  fissure ;  a  rent ;  an  opening  ; 
as,  a  crevice  in  a  wall.  Jiddison. 

CREVICE,!:.  (.    To  crack  ;  to  tiaw.  IVoUon. 

CREV'IS,  71.    The  ciaw-fish.     [Little  used.'] 
fUEW,  (kru,)  11.  [Contracted  from  Sax.  cread,  or  crulh, 
a  croKd  ;  D.  rot ;   G.  rottc  ;  Sw.  rote ;  Eng.  rout,  .an 
assembly,  a  collection,  from  gathering  or  pressing. 
Class  Rd.]  ,  . , 

1.  A  company  of  people  associated  ;  as,  a  noh.e 
erea;  a  gallant  crew.  Spenser.     Chevy  Chase. 

2.  7\.  comiiiny,  ill  a  loto  or  had  seii.-!e,lohichis  now 
most  usual ;  a  herd  ;  as,  a  rebel  ci-ca;.  Milton. 

So  we  say  a  miserable  crew. 

3.  The  comiiauy  of  seamen  who  man  a  ship,  ves- 
sel, or  boat ;  the  company  belonging  to  a  vessel. 
Also,  the  company  or  gang  of  a  carpenter,  gunner, 
boatswain,  &c.  It  is  appropriated  to  the  common 
sailors.  . 

CREW,  prtt.  of  Crow  ;  but  the  regular  preterit  and 

participle,  crowed,  is  now  most  commonly  used. 
CREWEL,  II.     [Ciu.  D.  klewcL] 

Two-threaded  worsted  yarn  slackly  nvisted. 

Johnson.     Bailey. 
CREW'ET.    See  Cruet.  ,     ,, 

CRIB,  n.     [Sax.  crybb;    V.  krib;    Sw.  k-rubba:    Dan. 
kiijbbc  ,■  Ir.  ^rib.    Uu.  the  root  of  srapplc,  to  catch.J 

1  The  manger  of  a  stable,  in  which  oxen  and 
cows  feed.    In  .Smcrica,  it  is  distinguished  from  a 

Where  no  oxen  are,  the  cri6  is  cleao.  — Proy.  xi7. 
The  raanger  for  other  beasts. 

The  e^a  Imowelh  liis  master's  cri6.  —  Is.  i. 

Sliak. 


CRICK'ET,  11.  [D.  krekel,  from  the  root  of  creak ;  W. 
cricell,  cricket,  and  criceUu,  to  chirp  or  chatter;  eng, 
a  crack.]  .       -       .     .u 

An  insect  of  tlie  genus  Grjilus,  belonging  to  the 
order  llemiptcra.  There  arc  several  species.  «o 
named,  probably,  on  account  of  their  crukmg  or 
chirping  voice. 


2.  .\  small  habitation  or  cottage, 

3.  .\  stall  for  oxen. 

4.  A  case  or  box  m  salt-works.  Encyc. 

5.  A  small  building,  raised  on  posts,  lor  storing 
Indian  corn.  U.  States. 

6.  A  small  frame  for  a  child  to  sleep  in. 
CRIB,  I!.  (.    To  shut  or  confine  in  a  narrow  habita- 
tion; to  cage.  ,        Shak. 

CRtlVBAGE,  n.  A  game  at  cards,  in  which  the  dealer 
makes  up  a  third  hand  for  himself,  partly  out  of  the 
hand  of  his  opponent.  Smart. 

CRIB'BED,  (kribd,)  pp.    Shut  up ;  confined  ;  caged. 

eKIB'BING,  ppr.    Shutting  in  a  crib  ;  connmng. 

CRIB'BLE,  n.  [L.  cribelliim,  from  cribrum,  and  this 
from  cribro,  to  sift  ;  Sp.  criia,  cribar ;  Voll.^ivo  ;  It. 
criiiro,  cribrare,  and  crivcllo,  crivellare  i  i'  r.  ':r'b''!, 
crMer;  W.  eribaw,  to  comb  or  card  ;  t\im.  kribM; 
Ir.  riobhar,  a  sieve;  allied  to  Eng.  garble.     See  Cll. 

. (I  ^ 

bin-iS,  Ar.  \.jj.i  garbida  ;  Ch.  '72-1,  to  silt  or  riddle. 

CiassRb,  No.  30,  34,46.] 

1.  A  coarse  sieve  or  screen.  -f  ™''":-   , 

2.  Coarse  flour  or  meal.     [J^ot  used  in  tlie  United 


CRIB'BLE,  V.  t.  To  sift ;  to  cause  to  pass  tlrrough  a 
sieve  or  riddle. 

CRIB'I!L£1),  pp.     Sifted. 

CRIB'BLIN'G,  ppr.     Sifting. 

CRI-BRA'TION,  71.  [See  Cribble.]  The  act  ol  sift- 
ing or  riddling  ;  used  in  pharmacy. 

CRIB'RI-FORM,  a.     [L.  cridi-um,  a  sieve,  and  Jbnna, 

°Rcsembling  a  sieve  or  riddle  ;  a  term  applied  to  the 
lamina  of  the  ethmoid  bone,  througli  which  the  fibers 
of  the  olfactory  nerve  pass  to  the  nose.  -•^'""^^ 

CRICII'TON-ITE,  11.  A  mineral,  so  called  Iroin  IJr. 
Criihton,  physician  to  the  emperor  of  Russia.  It  has 
a  velvet  black  color,  and  crystallizes  in  very  acute 
small  rhomboids.    It  occur  in  primitive  rocks,  with 

crick!  nI'*'[See  CREiR.]    The  creaking  of  a  door. 

2"  A'spasmodic  affection  of  some  part  of  the  body, 
as  of  the  neck  or  back,  rendering  it  difficult  to  move 
the  part  affected  ;  local  spasm  or  cramp. 


The  aickll  chirph.g  In  Ihe  healUl.  GMaiMll. 

CRICK'ET,  n.     [ftu.  Sax.  criu,  a  stick.] 

1.  A  play  or  exercise  with  bats  and  ball.      Pope. 

2.  .\  low  stool.     [British  krijet,  a  little  elevation. 
Whilakrr.     Qu.  Sw.  krycka,  stilts  or  crutches.] 

CRICK'ET-ER,  71.    One  who  plays  at  cricket. 

Dancomie. 
CRICK'ET-MATCH,  71.    A  match  at  cricket. 
eRI'£D,  prct.  and  part,  of  Crv.  [Duncomie. 

CRI'ER,  71.  [Sec  Cry.]  One  who  cries;  one  who 
makes  proclamation.  The  crier  of  a  court  is  an 
oflicer  whose  duly  is  to  proclaim  the  orders  or  com- 
mands of  the  court,  to  open  or  adjourn  the  court, 
keep  silence,  &c.  A  crier  is  also  employed  to  give 
notice  of  auctions,  and  for  other  purposes.  • 

CRIM.  CON.  Criminal  convers.ation;  unlawful  inter- 
course with  a  married  woman. 
CRIME,  71.  [L.  crimen  ;  Gr.  viiipa ;  It.  erimt ;  Port.  uL  ; 
Sp.  crimen  ;  Fr.  crime  ;  Artn.  crim  ;  Norm,  erisme. 
This  word  is  from  the  root  of  Gr.  xpinj,  L.  ccttio,  to 
separate,  to  judge,  10  decree,  to  condemn.  But  this 
verb  seems  to  be  composed  of  two  distinct  roots ; 
for,  in  Latin,  the  pret.  is  crevi,  which  can  not  be 
formed  from  cenio;  and  in  Greek,  the  derivalives, 
)t<ji9(j,  k-oiois,  miTDt,  can  not  he  regularly  formed 
from  Ko'ivi.!.  The  Gr.  K.oipu  is  undoubtedly  a  zw- 
traction ;  for  in  Norman  the  word  is  crisme.  The 
root,  then,  of  these  derivatives  is  the  same  as  of  the 
Ir.  criaUiar,  a  sieve,  ■W.rhidyll,  Eng.  riddU;  W. 
rldduim,  to  secrete,  to  separate.  We  have  sc«ni,  a 
riddle,  from  tlie  root  of  Kpii/u,  and  riddle,  from  the 
Celtic  root  of  koich,  Koimt.  To  judge  is  to  decide, 
to  separate,  or  cut  off,  hence  to  condemn ;  a  crime  is 
that  which  is  condemned.] 

1  An  act  which  violates  a  law,  divine  or  human  ; 
an  act  which  violates  a  rule  of  moral  duty  ;  an  of- 
fense against  the  laws  of  right,  prescribed  by  God  or 
man  or  against  anv  rule  of  duty  plainly  implied  m 
those  laws.  A  crime  may  consist  in  omission  or  neg- 
lect as  well  as  in  commission,  or  positive  transgres- 
sion. The  commander  of  a  fortress,  who  suffers  the 
enemy  to  take  possession  by  neglect,  is  as  real  y 
criminal  as  one  who  voluntarily  opens  the  gates  with- 
out resistance.  „^„« 
But  ill  a  more  common  or  restrictul  sense,  a  crime 
denotes  an  offense,  or  violation  of  public  law,  of  a 
deeper  and  more  atrocious  nature  ;  a  public  wrong ; 
or  a  violation  of  the  commands  of  God,  and  the 
offen=es  against  the  laws  made  to  preserve  the  pub- 
lic rights  ;  as  treason,  murder,  robbery,  theft,  arson, 
&c  The  minor  wrongs,  committed  against  individ- 
uals or  private  rights,  are  denominated  lr«?iiss« j 
and  tlie  minor  wrongs  against  public  rights  are  called 
,nisdcmeanors.  Crimes  and  misdemeanors  are  pun- 
ishable by  indictment,  information,  or  public  prose- 
cution ;  trespiusscs  or  private  injuries,  at  the  suit  of 
the  individuals  injured.  But,  in  many  cases,  an  act 
is  considered  both  as  a  public  otiense  and  a  trespass, 
and  is  punishable  both  by  the  public  and  the  individ- 
ual injured. 
2.  Any  great  wickedness  ;  iniquity ;  wrong. 

No  crime  wis  Uiinc,  if  'lis  no  eriiae  to  lo«e.  Pope. 

Caiiital  crime ;  a  crime  punishable  with  death. 
CRIME'FUL,  a.     Criminal  ;    wicked  ;   partaking  of 

wrong  ;  contrary  to  law,  right,  or  duty.  ShaJ.. 

CRIME'LESS,  a.    Free  from  crime  ;  innocent.  Stiak. 
fRIM'IN-VL,  u.     Guiltvofacrhii!';  applied  to  persons. 
o   Partaking  of  a  crime  ;  inv.dving  a  crime  ;  that 
violates  public  law,  divine  or  human  ;  as,  theft  is  a 
friiiiiii'i/  act.  .  ■  t    J 

3   That  violates  moral  obligation  ;  wicked. 
4.  Relating  to  crimes  ;  opposed  to  eicd ;  as,  a  crim- 

iiial  code  ;  criminal  law.  

CRHI'IN-AL,  .1.  A  person  who  has  committed  an 
offense  against  public  law  ;  a  violator  of  law,  divine 
or  human.  More  particularly,  a  person  indicted  or 
?harTd  with  a  public  offense,  and  one  who  is  found 
guilty,  by  verdict,  confession,  or  proof. 
PRnl-IN-AL'I-Ty,  j7'-  The  quality  of  being  cnmi- 
Ir  M'1n-AL-NESS,1  nal,  or  a  violation  of  law; 
guiltiness ;  the  quality  of  being  guilty  of  a  crime. 


■riiis  is  by  uo  roesiisfh-  only  crilerion  of  criminalilil. 

Blacktlone,  iv.  c!l.  17.     f  oJiop'"!-    tn«,t- 

CRIM'IN-AI^LY,  atlv.  In  violation  of  public  law  ;  in 
violation  of  divine  law;  wickedly;  m  a  wrong  or 
iniquitous  manner.  ■    •    , ,.  i 

PRIM'IN-ATE,  f.  «.     [L.  criiiaiior,  criimnoliis.l 

To  acclsel  to  charge  with  a  crime;  to  allege  to 
be  guilty  of  a  crime,  offense,  or  wrong. 

Our  n,.n,ieipan.wsdo  „e.  r^^- *''^-*'  %^'.E^' 

CRIM'IN-.vTED,    pp.     Accused  ;   charged  with   a 
CUIMaN-A-TING,  ppr.     Accusing;   allegmg  to   be 

guilty. . 


Tr.vp.   Rn.T..  UNITE. -AN-GER,  ^^^^^S.-C  as  K  ;  6  as  J  ;  S^77;  CH  as  SH ;  THj^inJTHIS. 


283 


(    K  1 

eRI.MIN-A  TION,  H.     [L.  cn-.M/iali...] 

'I'lii?  ucl  el'  ;iccniiiii;i ;  jiciiisaliuii ;  cimrge  of  hav- 
\ds  I't'f"  ijuiUy  uf  ;i  criminal  ;ici,  olR'ii.sf,  or  wrong. 

JohnsoR. 
€HI.M'I.\-A-TO-Ry,  a.    Relating  lo  accusation;  ac- 

ciittint;. 
CKI.M'IX-OL'S,  a.    Very  wicked  ;  Iitinuiifi;  involving 

ureal  criiiK*.     [JVot  luej.j  Ilaminoiid. 

(■KlM'IN-UUS-LVtm/r.  Criminally  ;  heiuuu«;ly ;  cnor- 
mcMlHly.     l^Tot  u-vfJ.J 

llIM'I.N'-OUS-NESS,  n.  Wickedness;  Ruilt ;  crimin- 
ility.     [JVut  u-ied.]  King  Charles. 

KI.M'O-SIN,    St-e  Cbiusox. 

lU.MF,  a.     [Sax.  acrymman^  to  cniinble  ;  D.  kruim,  a 
I  nirii ;  Jtruinir/r/i,  to  cninilile.    ^*u  C'ul'mhli:.] 
I.  Ea:<ily  cniuibled;  friable;  brittle.     [Little  useil] 

The  fijmlrt—  trr.iib  i)ie  erimp  earth.  PhUipt. 

9.  Not  coui^istcnt.    [Qu.  Pan.  Jtruui,  rruoked,  or 
i>u]ira,  c;u*ily  broken.]     [A'ct  usnl.]         Arbnthnitt. 
CKIMl*,  r.  (.     [W.  crimjiiuic,  to  pincli,  lo  Ibrni  into  a 
riiluo  "ir  ri/«.] 

Tu  (-ntch  i   to  seize;    to  pinch  aiij  liohl.    [Sco 
rniMFLi:.] 
CRIMP,  t'.  r.    [Sax.  gecrumpL] 

1.  To  pincfi  up  in  riifges,  as  a  nifllc  or  the  hair. 

2.  In  cookcry^in  crimple  or  cause  to  contract,  as 
ihc  llcsh  of  a  li\-c  lisli,  by  gashing  it  with  a  knife,  to 
iiive  it  greater  hardness,  and  make  it  more  crisp. 

Smart. 
This  is  evidently  the  same  word  aa  the  foregoing. 
I  KIMI*,  n.    In  Knglandy  an  agent  fur  coal  nierclianta, 
and  for  persons  concerned  in  shipping.  Bailcii. 

•2.  One  who  decoys  another  into  the  naval  or  mili- 
lary  service. 

J.  One  who  decoys  sailors  in  any  way,  for  the  sake 
cf  getting  them  in  his  jKiwer. 
■1.  A  name  at  cards.     [O&j.] 

*  l!!MriN(f '  i  "•    '^'"^  ^^^  ^'^  crimping. 

'  i;lMl*'IXG-M,VCatNi:',(-ma-sheen'OH.  Amachine 
roiisb-ling  of  two  liutcd  rollers,  for  crimping  nilHes. 
Kncyc,  of  liom,  Kcon. 

•_  iUMP'LE,  (krimp'l,)  c.  t.  [D.  krtmpcn  ;  G.  itl,  i  Sw. 
krimpa ;  Uan.  krtjmper ;  Scot,  er'tmp  ;  VV.  crimptaw,  to 
shrink,  to  pinch;  cncm^  croiiij  curving,  bending, 
shrinking  ;  crymu^  to  bend.  See  Crumi'le  and  Uum- 
I'LB,  from  the  same  rotil,  W.  rliimp^  rhiij  a  rim.] 

To  contract  or  draw  logelhcr ;  lu  shrmk  ;  lo  cause 
to  shrink  ;  to  curl.  fVijcman. 

CRlMV'LKD^pp,    Contracted;  shmuk  ;  curled. 

CUI.Mi"LING, ppr.  Contraciiug;  shrinking;  curling  ; 
hobbUng.  .^sfi. 

t;KI.M'SO.\,  (krim'/.n,)  n.  [lU  cremisi^  eremisino  ;  Fr. 
cramoisi;  &li.cannesi;  Arm.  carmoasij ;  D.karmozijn; 
0.  karinosin ;  Sw.  kanneshi ;  Dan.  karmesie  ;  from  Ar. 


*Y«C  ^   kirmiioiij  kcrmcs,  tltc    cochineal    insect  or 

berr>'.] 

Adeep-red  color  ;  a  red  tinged  willi  blue ;  also,  a 
red  color  in  general ;  as,  the  virgin  crimson  of  mod- 
esty. Shak. 

He   mnur   the   raQ   of   blue,   nnil   purpl«,    and   crimson, — 2 
Chnm.  iU. 

€Rni'SON,  a.     Of  a  beautiful  deep  red  ;  as,  the  crim- 

/(}:(  blush  of  modesty  ;  a  crinidon  stream  of  blood. 
CillM'SO.V,  r.  (.    To  dye  with  crimson  ;  lo  dye  of  a 

drt'p-red  color  ;  to  make  red. 
Cltl-^i'SOX,  r.  i.    To  become  of  a  deep-red  color  ;  lo 

b"  tingt-d  with  red  ;  lo  blush.    Her  checks  crimsoned 

at  the  triirincc  of  her  lover. 
€UIM'SO.\-i;D,  (krim'zud,)  pp.    Dyed  or  tinged  with 

a  deep  red. 
€RIM'SO-\-II0-£D,  Ckrim'/,n-hQde,)  a.    Of  acrimson 

Cfdor. 
CRIM'SOX-ING,  ppr.    Dyeing  or  tinging  with  a  deep 

r-Ml. 
*  UI.M'SO.N'-VVARM.  tu    Warm  to  redness. 
CIlI'NAI.,  a.     [t,.  crini^y  hair.] 

Deb.nging  to  hair. 
CIUNCUM,  n.    A  cramp;  a  contraction;  a  turn  or 

bend  ;  a  wtiinisy.     [.i  ru/ffcr  tconl.]  Hadibras. 

fRIXGi;,   (kriiijj   r.  t.     [Probably  from  the  root  of 

crdrtA,  crinklr^  Hub.  and  Ch.  i.'■^^  ;  or  from  the  root 

of  croak^  with  i\  nasal  sound  of  the  last  consonant ; 

G.  kriechen  ;  W.  f^njrn,  to  curl.] 
Properly,  lo  shrink  ;  to  contract ;  to  draw  together ; 

a  popular  use  of  the  word.    [Vulgarly,  scringe] 

Y«i  tKt  Wm  cringe  hU  tac/;  Shai. 

CRINGE,  (krinj,)  r.  i.    To  bow  ;  to  bend  with  servil- 
ity ;  lo  fawn ;  to  make  court  by  mean  compliances. 

CRINCE,  (krinj,)  n.     A  bow  ;  servile  civility.  Philips. 

t'RINOE'M.VG,  n.    One  who  cringes  meanly. 

<  KI\(5'ER,  n.  One  who  cringes,  or  bows,  and  flatters 

\\  ith  Servility. 
rUl.XO'ING,  ppr.  (tr  a.    Shrinking;  bowing  servilely. 
CItr\"{;LE,  (kring'gl,)  n.     [U,  krini*,  k-rinkcl,  k-ronkd, 

A   bond,    tiirit,   ring,  or    twist.       iicc   Ckank    and 

Cbisge.] 
1.  A  withe  for  fastening  a  gate.     [Load.] 


CRl 

2.  In  marine  language^  i\  hole  in  the  bolt  rope  of  a 
sail,  formed  by  initTiwistiiig  the  division  of  a  rope, 
called  a  strandy  alttrnaiily  round  itself,  and  Ihrough 
the  strand  v(  the  bult-rope,  till  it  becomes  threefuld, 
and  takes  the  shniK;  of  a  ring.  Its  usu  is  to  receive 
the  ends  of  the  ropes  by  which  the  sail  is  drawn  up 
to  its  yard,  or  to  extend  the  leech  by  the  bowline- 
bridles. 

Iron  cringles t  ox  Aantj,  are  open  rings  running  on 
the  stays,  to  which  the  heads  of  the  slay-sails  are 
made  fast.  Mar.  Diet. 

eRl.N'-I-eUL'TlJR-AL,  a.  Relating  to  the  growth  of 
hair. 

CRI-NICJ'ER-OUS,  a.  [L.  crinigcr ;  criiiisj  hair,  and 
geroy  lo  wear.] 

Ilairv  ;  overgrown  with  hair.  Diet. 

eHI'NITE,  a.  [L.  erinitus,  from  crinrj,  hair.  Uu.  \V. 
crinair,  to  parcli,  lo  frizzle.] 

Having  the  appearance  of  a  tufl  of  hair. 

CRINK'LE,  (krink'l,)  r.  i.  [D.  kriukdetiy  lo  wind  or 
twiflt.     Qu.  crank  and  ring^  Sax.  hring.] 

To  turn  or  wind;  to  bend;  to  wrinkle  ;  to  run  in 
and  out  in  little  or  short  bends  or  turns ;  as,  the  light- 
ning crinkles. 

ClUNK'LE,  V.  t.  To  form  with  short  turns  or  wrink- 
les: to  mold  into  inequalities. 

eRI^K'LE,  n.  A  wrinkle  ;  a  winding  or  turn  ;  sinu- 
osity. 

€IUNK'I,ED,  pp.     Formed  into  short  turns. 

CRIXK'LING,  pp.    Rending  in  short  turn^. 

CKI-NOID'E-AN,  h.    )  [Or.  Kntiot,  a  lily,  and  cidoj, 

CRI-NOID'E-A,  n.  pi.  \      likeness.] 

In  "■fo^ort'!^,  terms  applied  to  extinct,  fossil,  radiated 
anirmUs,  related  to  some  of  the  slur-fisli  ana  asterias, 
but  growing  ou  a  ling,  jointed  sialk.  Tlio  name  in- 
cludes the  encrinitcs,  to  which  the  term  stonc-lihj  has 
often  been  applied.  Dana. 

GRI-NOID'.A,L,  a.  Containing  the  fcssU  remains  of 
crinoideans.  Jfnmble. 

€RT'N6SE,  a.     Hairy.     [See  Crimtk.]    {LiUlc  used,] 

€RI-NOS'I-TY,  n.     Hairiness.     [LUtU  ^tsrd.] 

€RIP'PLE,  (krip'l,)  n.  [D.  krcupel;  G.  kritppcl ;  Dan. 
kryplingj  kriippcl^  and  ki^JOling,  from  kriSbyO,  creeping 
animal ;  Icel.  cnjpen,  to  move  crooked.  It  would 
seem  that  this  is  from  the  root  of  creep.] 

A  lame  person  ;  primarily,  one  who  creeps,  halLf^, 
or  limps ;  one  who  has  lost,  or  never  enjoyed,  the  use 
of  his  limbs.    Acts  xiv. 

The  word  may  signify  one  who  is  partially  or  to- 
tally disabled  from  using  his  limbs. 

See  Uie  Hind  bcgg-aj  d.in«,  Ihc  cripple  sinj;.  Pope, 

€RIP'PLE,  a.    Lame.  S/iafi. 

€RIP'PLE,  V.  t.  To  lamo  ;  to  deprive  of  the  use  of 
the  limbs,  particularly  of  the  legs  and  foeU 

2.  To  disable  ;  to  deprive  of  Hie  power  of  exertion. 
We  say,  a  fleet  was  crippled  in  the  engagement. 

€RlP'PLi^D,  fkrip'pid,)  pp.  or  a.  Lamed  ;  rendered 
impulent  in  tlte  limbs  ;  disabled. 

CRIP'PLE-NESS,  n.    Lameness. 

CltlP'PLING,  ppr.  Laming;  depriving  of  the  use  of 
the  limbs;  disabling. 

€RIP'PLINGS,  n.  pi.  Spars  or  timbers  set  up  as  sup- 
ports, (crutclies,)  against  the  side  of  a  building. 

SmarL 

CRFSIS,  M. ;  ;i/.  Crises.  [Gr.  fc/iio-if,  L.  crisis^  from 
the  root  of  tcpivoiy  to  separate,  to  determine,  lo  de- 
cide.   See  Crime.] 

L  In  medical  science,  the  change  cf  a  disease  which 
indicates  its  event;  that  change  which  indicates  re- 
covery or  deatli.  It  is  eomelimes  used  lo  dcsi^alc 
the  excretion  of  something  noxions  from  tlic  body, 
or  of  the  noxious  fluids  in  a  fever.     Eitcyc.    Purr. 

2.  The  decisive  state  of  things,  or  the  point  of  time 
when  an  aflair  is  arrived  at  its  bight,  and  must  soon 
terminate  or  sufler  a  material  change. 

Tliis  hour  '»  Uic  vorj'  critis  or  your  fate.  Dryde. 

CRISP,  a.     [L.  crispus ;  It.  crcspo  ;  G.  kraits.    See  the 
verb  li 
1    Curled  :  formed  into  curia  or  ringlets. 

2.  Indented;  winding;  as,  crisp  channels.  ShaJc. 

3.  Ilritile ;  friable ;  easily  broken  or  crumbled. 

BacoTU 
CRISP,  r.  t.  [L.  crispo;  It.  crespare;  Sp.  crcspnr;  Fr. 
crSpcr ;  Dan.  Icruscr ;  Sw.  krnsa ;  W.  cnV,  a  crust ; 
crisbj  a  crisp  coaling ;  crisbin,  crisp,  friable ;  from 
rAw,  broken  into  p<iints,  mince  ;  <'Ulied  lo  cresit,  cra- 
5u,  to  roast  or  parch.  From  the  Gothic  dialects,  we 
observe  that  p  is  not  radical.  Class  Rd,  No.  20,  73. 
Ar.] 

1.  T')  curl ;  to  twist ;  to  contract  or  form  into  ring- 
lets, as  the  hair ;  lo  wreathe  or  interweave,  as  the 
branches  of  trees.  B.  Jonson.    Milton. 

2.  To  indent,    Johnson.    To  twist  or  eddy. 

Mason. 
But  the  sense  is,  to  curl ;  to  wrinkle  in  little  undu- 
lations, as  a  fretted  surface. 

PmTTi  Otat  sapphire  foimi  Uic  eritped  brU'Vi, 

Rolling  oil  orient  p^ail  nnd  conds  of  goW, 

Rui  ncctnr,  vialin^  each  plant.  i^fiiloii. 

CRISP'aTE        ) 

CRIj^P'a-TI^D  I"*    'I^^*J"g  a  crisped  appearance. 

CRISP-A'TION,  n.  The  act  of  curling,  or  stale  of  be- 
ing curled.  BacoTU 


OKI 

CKTSP'A-TURE,  «.    A  curling;  the  state  of  being 
curled.  Lee.     Botainj. 

CRISP'KD,  (krispt,)  pp.  or  a.  Curiid  ;  twisted;  niz- 
zlrd. 

CRIS'PIN,  M.  An  appellation  given  familiarly  to  shoe- 
makers, from  their  patron  saint,  Crispintu. 

CIUSP'ING,  ppr.    Curling;  frizzling. 

CRISP'I\G-PIN,  Ti.    A  curling-iron.  Isaiah. 

CRIS-PI-SUr/CANT,  a.  Wavy  or  undulating,  a- 
lightning  is  represented. 

CKlsr'LV,  adv.    Willi  crlspncss  ;  in  a  crisp  nmnniT. 

CRISP'NESS,  11.  A  state  of  being  curled  ;  also,  brit- 
lleness. 

CRISP'Y,  a.  Curled  ;  formed  into  ringlets;  as,  cri-^py 
locks.  Shak. 

2.  Rriltlo;  dried  so  aa  lo  break  short;  as,  arru/iy 
cake. 

CRIST'aTE,      I  a.      [L.    eristatus.    from    crista,   a 

CRIST'A-TED,  (       cre:,i.l 

In  botany^  crested  ;  tutted  ;  having  an  appendage 
like  a  crest  or  tul^,  as  some  anthers  and  flowers. 

Martyn. 

CRT-Tk'RI-ON,  71.,*  ;;/,  Criteria.  [Gr.  *f'^ir»;/jioi', 
from  the  root  of  Kptvo^  to  judge.    »ec  Crime.] 

A  standard  of  judging;  any  established  law,  rule, 
principle,  or  fact,  by  which  t'acis,  proiHisitions,  and 
opinions  arc  compared,  iii  order  lo  discover  their 
truth  or  falsehood,  or  by  which  a  correct  Judgiiicui 
mav  be  formed. 

CRITH'O-MAN-CY,  «.  [Gr.  »fp<Oij,  barley,  and  itay 
Titay  divination.] 

A  kind  of  divination  by  means  of  the  dough  of 
cakes,  and  the  meal  strewed  over  the  victims  in 
ancient  sacriflccs.  Knrye. 

CIUT'IC,  71.  [Gr.  K'firtKOSy  from  *f/>irif,  a  judge  or 
disccrner,  from  the  root  of  Kpii'i.>,  to  judge,  to  sepa- 
rate lo  distinguish.  See  Crisie.] 
"  1.  A  person  skilled  in  judging  of  the  merit  of  litc- 
rao' works  ;  one  who  is  able  to  discern  and  distin- 
guish the  beauties  and  faults  of  writing.  In  a  more 
general  serise,  a  person  skilled  in  judging  with  propri- 
tty  of  any  combination  of  objects,  or  of  any  wurk 
ot*^art;  and  particuhu^ly  of  what  are  denuinitKiiod 
the /«c  arts.  A  critic  is  one  who,  from  cxjv  riince, 
knowledge,  habit,  or  taste,  can  perceive  tli''  diilVr- 
cuce  between  propriety  and  impropriety,  in  object 
or  works  presented  to  his  view  ;  between  the  natu- 
ral and  unnatural ;  the  high  and  the  low,  or  lofly 
and  mean  ;  the  congruous  and  incongruous  ;  llio 
correct  and  incorrect,  according  to  the  esiablirihed 
rules  of  the  art. 

2.  An  examiner;  a  judge. 

And  moke  cacli  da>*  n  critic  on  tli«  lut.  Pope. 

3.  One  who  judges  with  severity  ;  one  who  cen- 
sures or  finds  fault.  Pope.     iVatts.     SieiJ'i. 

eiUT'ie,  a.  Critical;  relating  to  criticism,  or  the  art 
of  judging  of  the  merit  of  a  literary  performance,  or 
discourse,  or  of  any  work  in  the  fine  arts,  [tfeo 
Critical.] 

CltlT'ie,  V.  i.  To  criticise;  to  play  the  critic.  [Lit- 
tle vsed.]  Temple. 

CRIT'ie-AL,  a.  [L.  criticas }  Gr.  KptrtKOs.  See 
Cbitic.1 

1.  Relating  to  criticism ;  nicely  exact ;  as,  a  crit- 
ical dissertation  on  Homer. 

2.  Having  the  skill  or  power  nicely  to  distinguish 
beauties  from  blemishes ;  as,  a  critical  judge ;  a  crit- 
ical auditor ;  a  critical  ear  j  critical  taste, 

3.  flaking  nice  distinctions ;  ac^trate  ;  as,  crittecl 
rules. 

•I.  Capable  of  judging  with  accuracy;  discerning^ 
beauties  and  faults;  nicely  judicious  in  matters  of 
literature  and  the  fine  arts  ;  as,  Virgil  was  a  critical 
poet. 

:i.  Capable  of  judging  with  accuracy^  conforming 
to  exact  rules  of  projjricty  ;  exaet ;  particular ;  as,  to 
be  critical  In  rites  and  ceremonies,  or  in  the  selection 
of  books. 

it.  Inclined  lo  find  fault,  or  to  judge  with  severity. 

7.  [See  Crisis.]  Pertaining  to  a  crisis ;  marking 
the  lime  or  state  of  a  disease  which  indicates  its  ter- 
mination in  the  death  or  recovery  of  the  patient;  as, 
critical  days,  or  critical  symptoms. 

8.  Producing  a  crisis  or  change  in  a  disease ;  indi- 
cating a  crisis ;  as,  a  critical  sweat. 

9.  Decisive;  noting  a  time  or  state  on  which  the 
issue  of  things  depends;  important,  as  regards  Hit' 
consequences ;  as,  a  critical  time  or  moment ;  a  criti- 
cal iiincture. 

10.  Formed  or  situated  lo  determine  or  decide,  or 
having  Ihe  crisis  at  command;  important  or  ts^eniial 
for  determining  ;  as,  a  critical  post.  Md/ord. 

11.  Respecting  criticism. 
CRIT'I€-AL-LY,  adv.     In  a  critical  manner;  with 

nice  discernment  of  truth  or  falsehood,  propriety  or 
Impropriety  :  with  nice  scrutiny  ;  accurately  ;  ex- 
actly ;  as,  to  examine  evidence  critically;  tonb«<;ivc 

2.  At  the  crisis ;  at  the  exact  time.  [critically 

3.  In  a  critical  situation,  place,  or  condition,  so  as 
lo  command  the  crisis  ;  as,  a.  town  ertticallv  siinated. 

Mitfor.l. 
€RIT're-AL-NESS,  7i.    The  state  of  being  critical; 
incidence  at  a  particular  point  of  time. 


FATE,  FXR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — M£TE,  PRIJV PL\E,  MAU:(.\E,  IlIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.— 

_ 


i 


CRO 


C.  Exactness ;  accuracy ;  nicety ;  minute  care  in 
txumin:ition. 
CRIT  I-CISE,  V.  i.  To  examine  and  judge  critical  y  ; 
to  judge  with  attention  to  beauties  and  faults  ;  as,  to 
criticise  on  a  literarj'  work,  on  an  argument  or  did- 
couise. 

2.  To  write  remarks  on  the  merit  of  a  perform- 
ance ;  to  notice  beauties  and  fauits. 

CaTiI  you  niay,  but  never  cri^die.  Pope. 

3.  To  animadvert  upon  as  fluilty ;  to  utter  censure  ; 
as,  to  criticise  on  a  man's  manners,  or  his  expenses. 

Locke. 

CRIT'I-CISE,  p.  t.  To  notice  beauties  and  blemishes, 
or  faults,  in  ;  to  utter  or  write  remarks  on  the  merit 
of  a  performance  j  as,  to  criticise  the  WTitings  of 
Jlilton. 

3.  To  pass  judgment  on  with  respect  to  ment  or 
blame ;  as,  to  criticise  an  author ;  to  criticU:t  the 
conduct. 

CRIT'I  CIS-i^D,  (krit'e-sizd,)  pp.  Examnied  and 
judged  with  respect  to  beauties  and  faults. 

CRIT'I-CIS-IXG,  ppr.  era.  Examining  and  judging 
wiUi  regard  to  beauties  and  faults  ;  remarking  on  ; 
.inimadverting  on. 

CKIT'I-CISM,  H.  The  art  of  judging  with  propriety 
of  the  beauties  and  faults  of  a  literarj-  performance, 
or  of  any  production  in  the  fine  arts  ;  as,  the  rules  of 
criticism. 

9.  The  act  of  judging  on  tlic  merit  of  a  perform- 
ance ;  animadversion ;  remark  on  beauties  and  faults ; 
critical  observation,  verbal  or  written.  We  say,  the 
author's  criticisms  are  candid,  or  they  are  severe. 

€RI-TiarE',  (kre-teek',)  n.  [Fr.  critique.]  A  critical 
examination  of  the  merits  of  a  perfonnance  ;  remarks 
or  animadversions  on  beauties  and  faults.  Addison 
wrote  a  critique  on  Paradise  Lost. 

2.  Science  of  criticism  ;  standard  or  rules  of  judging 
of  the  merit  of  performances.    [Often  spelt  Critic] 

li  ideas  aad  words  were  distiocdy  weighed,  .inil  duly  couEiJere^I, 
Ihey  TTOuId  afTord  us  anotiier  sort  of  logic  iuid  eritic. 

Locke. 

CRTZ'ZEL.  \  n.     [See  Crisp.]     A  kind  of  rough- 

GRIZ'ZEL^ING,  \      ness  on  the  surface  of  glass,  which 

cloudd  its  transparency.  Encyc. 

€R6.'UC,  ^'  i'  [Sax.  cratcUan ;  Goth,  brukyaii ;  L.  cro- 
cio,  crocito :  Sp.  croarar ;  It.  crocciare ;  Fr.  croasscr ; 
Ann.croial;  G.  krdchzen ;  D.  kraaijen,  to  crow,  and 
kruchfren,  to  groan,-  Ir.  grag^  graham;  coinciding 
in  eleraeuts  with  W.  creg^  f^VSi  hoarse,  crijgn,  to 
make  rough  or  hoarse  ;  Sax.  /ircog-,  rough,  and  kreow- 
tnn,  tome  ;  Gr.  \-.)tx»fw,  k/>w;  ;ios,  and  xna^My  xpaysi^. 
These  all  appear  to  be  of  one  family,  and  from  t!ie 
root  of  roug/t  and  creaky  W.  rhyg.     See  Cbow.] 

1.  To  uiake  a  low,  hoarse  noise  in  the  throat,  as  a 
frog  or  other  animal. 

2.  To  caw  ;  to  cry  as  a  raven  or  crow. 

3.  To  make  any  low,  muttering  sound,  resembling 
that  of  a  frog  or  raven  ;  as  their  bellies  croali.    Locke. 

4.  Figuratively,  to  complain  j  to  forebode  evil  j  to 
gnimble.  ^'cA«  -Otc/, 

5.  In  contempt,  to  speak  with  a  low,  hollow  voice. 
€RoAK,  71.    The  low,  harsh  sound  uttered  by  a  frog 

or  a  raven,  or  a  like  sound. 

€RoAK'ER,  71.  One  that  croaks,  murmm-s,  or  grum- 
bles ;  one  who  complains  unreasonably. 

€RoAK'I.\G,  p;7r.  ore.  Uttering  a  low,  harsh  sound 
from  the  throat,  or  other  sunilar  sound ;  foreboding 
tvil ;  srumbling. 

eRo.\K'I-\G,  II.    A  low,  Iiarsh  sound,  as  of  a  frog,  or 
the  bowels. 
3.  The  act  of  foreboding  evil ;  gnimbling. 

CRo'ATS,  n.  pi.    Troops,  natives  of  Croatia. 

CROe'AL-ITE,  n.  [from  crocus,  saffron.]  A  variety 
of  the  mineral  natrolite,  nne  of  the  zeolites.  It  has 
an  orange  or  brick-red  color,  and  occurs  in  reniform 
or  globular  masses,  haWng  a  radiated  structure. 

CRo'CEOUS,  (kro'shus,)  a.     [L.  croccus,  from  crocus, 
saffron.] 
Like  saffron  ;  yellow  ;  consisting  of  saffron 

€Ro'cnE3, 77.  pi.  Little  buds  or  knobs  about  the  tops 
of  a  deer'^  horn.  Bailey. 

€ROC-I-Ta'TION,  n.     [L.  crocito.] 
A  croaking. 

CROCK,  71.     [Sax.  erntet,  croeca ;  D.  Jn-nik  ;  G.  krug  ; 
D.  krukke;   Sw.  kruka;   F;.  cniche;   W.  cregen,  an 
earthen  vessel ;  crocaiij  a  pot.] 
An  earthen  vessel ;  a  pot  or  pitcher  ;  a  cup. 

GROCK,  n.     [Qm.  from  crock,  supra,  or  from  Ch.  Tir, 

At.  0>^^  charaka,  to  bum.] 

Soot,  or  the  black  matter  collected  from  combustion 
on  pot^  and  kettles,  or  in  a  chimney.  Ray. 

€ROCK,  F.  /.  or  i.  To  black  with  soot,  or  other  mat- 
ter collected  from  c<uiibustiou  ;  or  to  black  with  the 
coloring  matter  of  cloth.        Forby.     JVVwj  England. 

GROCK'ER-Y,  n.  [\V.  crocan,  a  boiler  or  pot ;  crocenu, 
to  make  earthen  vessels ;  crocenyz,  a  potter.  See 
Crock.] 

Earthen  ware ;  vessels  formed  of  clay,  glazed  and 
baked.  The  term  is  applied  to  the  coarser  kinds  of 
ware,  the  liner  kinds  being  usually  called  china  or 
porcelain. 


CRO 

eROCK'ET,  H  [Fr.  croc,  crochet.]  In  Ooihic  archi- 
tecture, a  term  applied  to  curved  and  bent  fuliage, 
used  to  ornaiuc-nt  "canopies,  spires,  and  pinnacles. 

Elmcs. 

eROCK'Y,_n.     Smutty.  Forhy. 

GROCO-DiLE,  n.  [Fr.  KpoxoSu^oi  ;  (qu.  kook'^z, 
saffron,  and  ^stAwf,  fearing;)  L.  crocodilas ;  It.  coc- 
codrillo;  ^\\  cocodriUi.] 

1.  An  ampliibious  animal  of  the  genus  Crocodilus. 
It  has  a  naked  body,  with  four  feet  and  a  tail ;  it  has 
five  toes  on  the  fore  feet,  and  four  on  the  hind  feet. 
It  grows  to  the  length  of  sixteen  or  eighteen  feet, 
runs  swiftly  on  land,  but  does  not  easily  turn  itscll". 
It  inhabits  the  large  rivers  in  Africa  and  Asia,  and 
lays  its  eggs,  resembling  those  of  a  goose,  in  the 
sand,  to  be  hatched  by  the  heat  of  the  sun.  [See 
Allioatoiu]  Encyc. 

2.  In  rhetoric,  a  captious  and  sophistical  argument, 
contrived  to  draw  one  into  a  snare. 

eROe'O-DILE,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  like  a  crocodile  ; 
as,  crocodile  tears,  that  is,  false  or  affected  tears,  hyp- 
ocritical sonow  ;  alluding  to  the  fictions  of  old  trav- 
elers, that  crocodiles  shed  tears  over  those  they  de- 
vour. 

€ROe-0-DIL'I-AN,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  crocodile. 

Buikland. 

eROe-O-DIL'I-TY,  71.  In  logic,  a  captious  or  sophis- 
tical mode  of  arguing. 

eRo'eUS,  n.  [Gr.  kpukos,  from  the  Sheraitic  pii,  and 
its  yellow  color.] 

1.  Saffron,  a  genus  of  plants. 

2.  In  chemistry,  a  yellow  powder;  any  metal  cal- 
cined to  a  red  or  deep  yellow  color.  Encyc. 

€ROFT,  71.  [Sax.  croft ;  allied,  probably,  to  L.  crypto, 
Gr.  Kfiv^Tco,  to  conceal.] 

A  small  field  adjoining  or  near  to  a  dwelling-house, 
and  used  for  pasture,  tillage,  or  other  purposes. 

Brandc. 

eROI-S.\DE',  71.  [Fr.,  from  croix,  a  cross.]  A  holy 
war  ;  an  expedition  of  Christians  against  the  infidels, 
for  the  conquest  of  Palestine.  [See  the  more  com- 
mon word.  Crusade.] 

€ROIS'ES,  H.  f.7.  [See  Cross.]  Soldiers  engaged  in 
a  croisade,  and  wearing  the  badge  of  it.        Burke. 

2.  Pilgrims  wealing  the  smne  badge,  and  accompa- 
nying the  military  expedition.  J.  Jifurdock. 

eRo'KER,  7t.  A  water  fowl  that  inhabits  the  Chesa- 
peak  and  the  large  rivers  in  Virginia  ;  sometimes  of 
three  feet  in  length.  Pennant. 

€ROiM'LE€H,  (krom'lek,)  n.  [W.  crornleg ;  crom, 
bent,  concave,  and  Ucc,  a  flat  stone.] 

A  term  applied  to  huge  flat  stones,  restuig  on  otlier 
stones,  set  on  end  for  that  purpose;  supposed  to  be 
the  remains  of  druidical  altars.  Roicland,  Mon.  Antiq. 

GRO-MOR'NA,  n.  [Fr.  crcmornci  Gcr.  krummhorn, 
crooked  born.] 

The  name  of  a  reed  stop  in  the  organ,  voiced  like 
the  oboe,  but  of  a  different  quality,  bearing  the  same 
relation  to  the  oboe  as  the  stopped  diapason  to  the 
opi^n.    Corruptly  written  Cremoxa. 

eRO.M-\VEL'LI-AN,  a.    Pertaining  to  Cromwell. 

€RO-VE,«.  [Ir.  cWo7ia,  old  ;  cnon,  withered  ;  crionaim, 
to  wither,  fade,  decay  ;  W.  crinair,  to  wither,  to  be- 
come brittle  ;  Gr.  yroajv,  old.] 

1.  An  old  woman.  Shah.    Drydcn. 

2.  An  old  ewe.  Tusscr. 
€Ro'iNET,  n.     [coronet.]     The  hairwiiich  giows  over 

the  top  of  a  hurse's  hoof.  Johnson. 

2.  'J'he  iron  at  the  end  of  a  tilting  spade.  Bailey. 
€RO.\'ie-AL,  €RO.N''YC-.AL.    See  Acro.vical. 
€Ro'NY,  71.     [See  Crune.    But  this  word  seems  to 

carrj'  the  sense  ot  fellowship,  and  is  precisely  the  Ar. 

•  Js  karana,  to  join,  to  associate  ;  whence  its  deriv- 
ative, an  associate.] 

An  intimate  companion  ;  an  asioci'.'.le  ;  a  familiar 
friend. 

To  oblige  your  crony,  Swift, 

Bring  our  dame  a  new  year's  gift.  S:j^ifc. 

Hence,  an  old  crony  is  an  intimate  friend  of  long 
standing. 
CROOK,  n.  [Sw.  krok  ;  Dan.  krog  ;  Fr.  croc,  crocket ; 
Ann.  crocq;  Ir.  cruea  ;  W.  crwg,  cncca,  croca  ;  Goth. 
hrugg,  a  shepherd's  crook,  which  in  Italian  is  rocco; 
W.°'crng,  a  heap,  a  rick;  Sax.  hrici  Eng.  a  ridge; 
G.  ruckcn,  the  back  or  ridge  of  an  animal.  These 
words  appear  to  be  connected  with  L.  ruga,  a 
wrinkle,  Russ.  kryg,  ofcrug,  a  circle.  Wrinkling 
forms  roughness,  and  this  is  tlie  radical  sensu  of 
hoarseness,  It.  roco,  hoarse,  L.  rtiucus,  Eng.  rough, 
W.  cryg,  rough,  hoarse.  The  radical  sense  of  crook 
is,  to  strain  or  draw ;  hence,  to  bi-nd.] 

1.  Any  bend,  turn,  or  curve  ;  or  a  bent  or  curving 
instrument.  \Vc  speak  of  a  crook  in  a  stick  of  tim- 
ber, or  in  a  river  ;  and  any  hook  is  a  crook. 

2.  A  shepherd's  staff,  curving  at  the  end;  a  pas- 
toral staff.  VVlicn  used  by  a  bishop  or  abbot,  it  is 
called  a  crosier. 

He  left  his  crook,  be  left  bis  Bocks.  Prior. 


3.  A  gibbet. 

4.  An  artifice ; 


Cranvier, 


CRO 

CROOK,  V.  t.  [Fr.  crochcr  ;  Sw.  hrHka  f  Dan  kroger-j 
VV.  crwcau.,  crocau.] 

1.  To  bend ;  to  turn  from  a  straiglit  line;  to  make 
a  cur\'e  or  hook. 

2.  To  tuni  from  rectitude  ;  to  pen'ert.        Bacon. 
X  To  thwart.     [Little  used,] 

CROOK,  r.  i.    To  bend  or  be  bent ;  to  be  turned  from 

a  right  line  ;  to  curve  ;  to  wind.  Camden, 

CROOK'-BACK,  71.    A  crooked  back  ;  one  who  has  a 

crooked  back  or  round  shoulders,  ShaJ:. 

eROOK'-BACK-£D,  (-bakt,)  a.   Having  a  round  back, 

or"  shoulders.  Dryden. 

CROpK'ED,  {part,  krookt,  ad],  krook'ed,)  pp.  or  a. 

Bent  ;  cur\*ed  ;  curving  ;  winding. 

2.  Winding  in  moral  conduct ;  devious;  froward  ; 
perverse  ;  going  out  of  the  path  of  rectitude  ;  given 
to  obliquity,  or  wandering  from  duty. 

They  w:  .i  pcrvcisc  and  crooked  ^ncrUion.  —  Dent,  xxxii. 

CROOK'ED-LY,  adv.    In  a  winding  manner. 

'2.   Untiiw.irdly  ;  not  compliantly. 
eROOK'ED-XE.S"S,  71.    A  winding,  bending,  or  turn- 
ing*; curvity  ;  curvature;  inflection.  Hooker. 

9.  Perverseneiis  ;  untowardness  ;  deviation  from 
rectitude  ;  iniquity  ;  obliquity  of  conduct. 

3.  Uefonuily  of  a  gibbous  body. 

Johjison.     Taylor. 

eROOK'i:N,  V.  t.    To  make  crooked.     [JVwt  in  use] 

CROOK'LVG,  ppr.     Bending  ;  winding. 

eR06K'-KNEED,fl.   Having  crooked  knees.    ShaJ:. 

€ROOK'-SnoaL-DER-£D,  a.  Having  bent  shoul- 
ders. 

CROP,  n.  [Sax.  crop,  cropp,  the  crop  of  a  fowl,  a 
cluster,  ears  of  corn,  grapes,  grains  of  com  ;  D. 
krop  ;  G.  kropf;  W.  crop,  the  crop  or  craw  ;  cropiad, 
a  gathering  into  a  heap,  a  creeping ;  cropiiin,  to  creep. 
Here  we  see  that  crop  is  a  gathering,  and  that  it  is 
connected  with  creep,  whose  radical  sense  is  to  catch 
or  take  hold.  Hence  crop  coincides  with  L.  earpo, 
carpus,  and  perhaps  with  reap,  rapio,  as  it  does  with 
grapple.  Hence  we  see  how  the  crop  of  a  fowl,  and 
a  crop  of  grain  or  hay,  are  consistently  the  same 
word  J 

1.  The  first  stomach  of  a  fowl ;  the  craw. 

9.  The  top  or  highest  part  of  a  thing;  the  end. 
[JVbi  in  use.]  Cftauar. 

3.  That  which  is  gathered  ;  the  corn  orfruilsof 
the  earth  collected  ;  harvest.  The  word  includes 
every  species  of  fruit  or  produce,  gathered  for  man 
or  beast. 

4.  Corn  and  other  cultivated  plants  wiiile  growing ; 
a  popular  use  of  the  word. 

a.  Any  tiling  cut  off  or  gathered. 

6.  Hair  cut  close  or  short. 
CROP,  V.  t.  To  cut  off  the  ends  of  any  thing  ;  to  eat 
off;  to  pull  off;  to  pluck;  to  mow;  to  reap;  a::,  to 
crop  flowers,  trees,  or  glass.  Man  crops  treeei  or 
plants  uilli  an  instrument,  or  with  his  fingcis ;  a 
beast  crops  with  his  teeth. 

2.  To  cut  off  prematurely  ;  to  gather  before  it  falls. 

Wliik-  litite  our  ycuth,  like  fruils,  unUinely  crops.    Deitham. 

3.  To  cause  to  bear  a  crop ;  as,  to  crop  a  field. 
CROP,  i\  i.     To  yield  harvest.     [jVot  iji  use.]     Shak. 
CROP'-eAR,  71.  *  [crop  and  car.]     A  horse  whose  ears 

are  cropped.  Shak. 

eROP'-L;AR-£D,  a.     Having  the  ears  cropped. 

B.  Jon.'ion. 
CROP'FUL,  a.    Having  a  full  crop  or  belly  ;  satiated. 

Jllillon. 
CROP'-OUT,  V.  i.    To  ripen  to  a  full  crop. 

9.  When  an  inclined  stratum,  as  of  coal,  appears 
on  the  surface,  it  is  said  to  crop  out.  LyeU. 

CROP'PED,  I  pp.  or  a.    Cut  off:  plucked  ;  eaten  off; 
CROPT,        i       reaped  or  mowed. 
CROP'PER,?!.    A  pigeon  with  a  large  crop. 

Johnson.      Walton. 
CROP'PIXG.p/j?-.    Cutting  off;  pulling  off;  eating  off"} 

rcapini:  or  mowing. 
CROPTIXG,  71.    The  act  of  culling  off. 

2.  The  raising  of  crops. 
CROP'-SICK,  a.    Sick    or   indisposed  from    a   sur 
charged   stomach  ;    sick  with   excess   in   eating  or 
(irinking.  Tate. 

CROP'-SICK-NESS,  ti.    Sickness  from   repleti.ui  of 

the  stomach.     [L.  crapula.]^ 
CRo'SIER,  (kro'zhur,)  n.     [Fr.  crosse^  a  crosier,  a  bat 
or  gaff-stick  ;  crosser,  to  play  at  cricket ;  Arm.  cro^z  ; 
from  tlie  root  of  croiss.] 

1.  A  bishop's  crook  or  pastoral  staff,  a  symbol  jf 
pastoral  authority  and  care.  It  consists  of  a  gold  or 
silver  staff,  crooked  at  the  top,  and  is  carried  occa- 
sionally before  bishops  and  abbots,  and  held  in  the 
hand  when  they  give  solcinn  benedictions.  The  use 
of  crosiers  is  ancient.  Originally^  a  crosier  was  a 
staff  with  a  cross  on  the  top,  in  form  of  a  crutch  or  T. 

Encyc 

2.  A  term  sometimes  applied  to  four  stars  in  the 
southern  hemisphere,  in  the  form  of  a  cross;  the 
Soutliern  Cross,  Enctjc. 

CROS'LET,  71.  [See  Cross.]  A  small  cross.  In 
heraldry,  a  cross  crossed  at  a  small  distance  from 
the  ends.  Encyc. 

CROSS,  71.  [W.  eroes;  Arm.  croaz;  G.  k-rcuz;  Sw 
kors;    Dan.    kryds  and   kors;    Russ.  krest.     Class 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.  — AN"GEU,  V^'CIOUS.  — €  as  K ;  C;  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SIl ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


CRO 

RH.  But  Iht)  Engli^Ii  eros^  would  seem  lo  be  from  i 
the  L.  crut,  tliruugh  Uil-  I'r.  crui.f,  crvsirr ;  II.  croc*  ; 
Sp.  fru: ;  W.  frAj-,  cuinciiling  with  the  Ir.  rf^'A,  | 
riajfA.  Qu.  llie  iikiilily  ul"  tln-su  worilii.  The  Irisli  ^ 
lia.'t  crct,  n  cn>!«  ;  crvjaJh,  erosaiiRj  to croiis,  to  tiintU^r. 
If  lilt;  last  radical  i-t  ;'  or  r,  tiiis  wonl  belouRs  to  ihc 
root  of  crook.    Chaucer  mmts  crouc/ie  for  cro.ii.] 

1.  A  gilibc-l  consisting  of  two  pieces  of  timbt-r 
placed  acros-i  each  other,  cither  in  form  of  a  T  or  of 
an  X.  That  on  which  our  Savior  siiflered,  im  repre- 
sented, on  c:)ins  atid  other  iiioiiunieiild,  lu  have  bet-n 
of  the  form-r  kinil.  Enaje. 

2.  Thi.' fusion  of  the  Christian  religion  J  and  hcnci:, 
^^umticrlu.  t!R-  reli'^'ion  iLv,lf.  Hi'w:. 

"y.  A  inoiiunicnl  with  :i  cross  u|Hin  it,  to  excite  dc- 
v..iijn,  such  as  were  aJiciciilly  set  in  mrirket-placLS. 
Johiuon.     SJtak. 
-1.  Any  thing  in  the  form  of  a  crossJ  or  gibheL 
.'>.   A  line  drawn  through  another.  Joh)isini. 

I..  Any  Ihin?  lint  thwart-i,ol>sinicl-',  or  juTpIcxes  ; 
hiii.k-nnc3  ;  vexation  ;  luisfortuao ;  o;)i>o^iLio^  ;  trial 
uf  i>atience. 

HeaTCB  pirimrM  good  mfO  wltli  erowet.  B.  Jutuon. 

7.  A  mixing  of  breeds  in  producing  animals. 

8.  Money  or  coin  ^taiup^-J  witii  the  figurt;  of  a 
cross.  Drydeti* 

9.  The  right  aide  or  face  of  a  coin,  stamped  with 
a  cross.  Enevc. 

10.  The  mark  of  a  cross,  in^ead  of  a  signature, 
on  a  deed,  formerly  impressed  by  those  who  could 
nut  write.  Eaeyc 

U.  Church  lands  in  Ireland.  Dacies, 

li  In  tkeotug-ijj  the  suffurings  of  Christ  by  cruci- 
fixion. 

ThAt  ho  niijftt  recoiKilc  U>t)i  to  God  iu  oos  Ixxly  \fj  ibc  cro*4.  — 
i'-iit.  ii. 

13.  The  doctrine  of  Chriift^s  sufferings  and  of  the 
atonement,  or  of  salvation  by  Clirist 

Ths  pnrAchlnr  of  tin  crott  b  to  thrm  thai  peruh  roolubofs.  — 
I  Cor.  I.    Gal.  ». 

TV  take  up  the  eross^  i:?  to  submit  lo  troubles  and 
alliiclions  from  love  lo  ChrisL 

14.  In  mining,  two  nicks  cut  in  the  surface  of  Ihe 
earth,  thus,  +. 

Cross  and  pile ;  a  play  with  money,  at  which  it  is 
put  to  chance  whether  a  coin  shall  fall  with  that  side 
up  which  bears  the  cross,  or  the  other,  which  is  called 
pi/e,  (pi/*r,)  or  reverse. 
€kOSS,  a.  Transverse  ;  oblique  j  passing  from  side 
to  side  ;  falling  athwart  j  as,  a  cross  beam. 

Tiw  croji  rtrfrieiiou  of  a  ».ccoml  pruin.  Neutan. 

2.  Adverse  ;  opposite  ;  obstructing  ;  sometimes 
with  to;   as,  an  event  cro^u  to  oiir  inclinations. 

H,  Perverse ;  uniractabl.;  ;  iis,  ihe  cross  circum- 
stances of  a  man's  temper.  South, 

4.  Peevish  ;  fretful ;  ill-humored  ;  applied  to  per- 
MCtts  or  thing's  ;  as,  a  cross  woman  or  husband  ;  a  cross 
answer. 

5.  Conlrarj' ;  contradictor}-  j  perplexing. 

ContmiJcuoiu  tfaal  ar.>e[n  to  It:  croi$  and  udcoiiUi.  Soutfi. 

C  .Adverse;  unfortunate. 

Bcho!d  xhi  aro4«  sunl  uiiluclcy  iantc  oi'  my  deuga.     OtanvUU, 

7,  Interchanged  ;  a-s,  a  cross  marriage,  when  a 
brother  and  sister  intermarry  with  two  persons  who 
have  the  same  relation  to  each  other.  Bailey. 

8.  Noting  what  belongs  to  an  adverse  party ;  as,  a 
cross  inlerrogator>*.  Knit. 

CROSS,  prrp.    Athwart ;  transversely  ;  over ;  from  side 
to  side  ;  so  as  to  intersect. 

All!  crois  ilirir  li.-niu  cul  a.  sloping  way.  Dryden. 

This  is  admissible  in  poetry,  as  an  abbreviation  of 
Across. 
CROSS,  p.  t.    To  draw  or  ran  a  line,  or  lay  a  body 
across  another ;  as,  to  cross  a  word  in  writing ;  to 
cro**  the  arm-f. 

2.  To  erase  ;  to  cancel ;  as,  to  cross  an  account. 

3.  To  make  the  sign  of  the  cross,  as  Roman  Cath- 
olics in  devotion. 

4.  To  pass  from  side  to  side;  to  pass  or  more  over; 
as,  to  cross  a  ronl ;  to  cross  a  river  or  the  ocean.  I 
crossed  the  KitLilish  Channel,  from  Dieppe  to  Brigh- 
ton, m  a  st'.-.iuiboal,  ^'.  pt.  \i,  18-34.  JV.  W. 

5.  To  thwart;  to  obslnict ;  lo  hinder;  to  embar- 
rass ;  a?,  lo  cross  a  purpose  or  design. 

(3.  To  counteract ;  lo  cbisli  or  interfere  with  ;  to  be 
inconsistent  with  ;  as,  natural  appetites  may  cross 
our  principI'_'S. 

7.  To  counteract  or  contravene  ;  to  hinder  by  au- 
thority ;  lo  slop.     [See  Xo.  5.] 

8.  To  contradict  Bacon.     UonUcr. 

9.  To  debar  or  preclude.  Shak. 
To  cross  the  brted  of  an  animal,  is  to  produce  young 

from  different  varieties  of  the  species. 
CTOSS.  r.  i.    To  lie  or  be  athwart. 

2.  Tomoveorpass laterally, orfromoncside  toward 
the  other,  or  from  place  to  place,  cither  at  right  an- 
gles or  oblitjuely  ;  as,  to  cross  from  Nantucket  to  New 
Bedford. 

3.  To  be  inconsistent;  as,  men's  actions  do  not  al- 
ways cross  with  reason.     [ATol  iuul.\  Sidney. 


CRO 

eROSS'-ARM-£U,  a.  With  arms  across.  In  botany^ 
brachiatc ;  dccn^^satrJ  ;  having  branches  in  pairs, 
each  at  right  ant;les  with  the  next  .Marttnu 

CIIO.SS'-IJX  U-U1:D,  (bard,)  a.  Secured  by  transverse 
bars.  J/i/tori. 

eivOSS'-BAR-RfiW.  H.    An  arrow  of  a  c^o^*s  bow. 

CROSS'-KXR-SHOT,  n.  A  bullet  with  nn  iron  bar 
p.uising  through  it,  and  sUuiding  out  a  fow  inches  on 
each  ^i■le  ;  used  in  naval  actions  for  cutting  the  ene- 
my's rigsitiir.  Encyc. 

€RUSS'-1;EAR-ER,  n.  In  the  Roman  Catholic  church, 
thv  chaplain  of  an  archbibhop  or  primate,  who  bears 
a  cross  before  him  on  solemn  occasions.  Also,  a  cer- 
tain oifict-r  in  the  Intpii^^ition,  who  makes  a  vow  be- 
fore the  inquisitors  to  defend  Ihe  Roman  Catliolic 
faith,  tiiough  witli  the  loss  of  furtune  and  life. 

Encyc. 

CROSS'-UILL,  n.  In  chancery,  an  original  bill  by 
whicli  ihi-  defendant  prays  relief  against  the  plaintitf. 

Blackstone, 

CROSS'-BILIj,  n.  A  species  of  bird,  the  Lozia  eurvi- 
rostra,  the  mandibles  of  whose  bill  ctir\'C  opposite 
ways  and  cross  each  other.  Encyc. 

CROHS'-in'lT..  71.    A  deception  ;  a  cheat.  VEatranse. 

CRUSf^'-BITE,  r.  t.  To  thwart  or  contravene  by  de- 
ception. Collier. 

€ROSS'-Brr-ING,  ppr.  Thwarting  or  contravening 
by  dtceptidn. 

CROSS'-BIT-TEN,  pp.    Contravened  by  deception. 

eitUSS'-UOW,  w.  In  archery,  a  weajHrn  used  for 
shooting,  and  formed  by  placing  a  bow  athwart 
a  stock.  _  Bailey. 

CROSS'-BoW-ER,  n.  One  who  shoots  with  a  cross- 
bow. Ralegh, 

CROSS'-BREED,  n.  A  breed  produced  from  Uie  male 
and  female  of  different  breeds. 

CROSS'-BCN,  n.    A  bun  or  cake  with  a  cross  marked 

CROSS'eUT,  r.  /.    To  cut  across.  [on  iu 

CROSS'eL'T-SAW,  n.  A  saw  nianapcd  by  two  men, 
one  at  each  end. 

CROSS'ED,  (krost,)  jijj.  Having  a  line  drawn  over; 
canceled  ;  erased  ;  passed  over;  thwarted  ;  opposed  ; 
obstructed  ;  counl'*racted. 

CROSS-ETTE',  H,  [Fr.]  In  arcJiitecture^  a  term  ap- 
plied to  the  small,  projecting  pieces  in  orcli  stones, 
which  hang  upon  the  adjacent  stones.  Bramle. 

€ROS.•^'-EX-AM-l^'-A'TIOX,  ii.  The  examination  or 
interrogntion  of  a  witness,  culled  by  one  party,  by 
the  opposite  party  or  his  counsel. 

€ROSS-EX-AM'iN'E,  c.  f.  'i'o  examine  a  witness  by 
the  opjjjsitc  pnrry  or  his  counsel,  as  the  wjtn.ss  for 
the  plaintiff  hy  the  defendant,  and  vice  versa. 

The  opiwrtiinit^  Uj  cTOMS-tsamkne  the  wtUicuc*  lua  boco  ex- 
picasly  wuired.  Kent. 


Examined  or  interroga- 
Examining  or  interro- 


€ROSS-EX-AM'IN-J^,  pp. 
ted  by  the  opposite  party. 

€ROSS-EX-AM'IN-ING,  ppr. 
gating  bv  ilie  opposite  party. 

eROSS'-E?-KD,  (-Ide,)  a.  Having  that  kind  of  squint 
by  which  both  the  eyes  turn  toward  the  nose,  so  that 
the  rays,  in  pa.^sing  lo  each  eye,  cross  the  other. 

Forby. 

€ROSS'-FLoW,  r.  i.     To  flow  across.  Milton. 

€ROSS'-GRAIX-£D,  a.  Having  the  grain  or  fibers 
across  or  irregular,  and  hence  dilTtcult  to  work  ;  as  in 
timber,  where  a  branch  shoou  from  tlie  trunk,  there 
is  a  curling  of  the  grain. 

2.  Figuratively,  perverse  ;  iintractablc  ;  not  conde- 
scending. 

€ROSS'ING,  ppr.  Drawing;  ranning  or  passing  a 
line  over ;  erasing  ;  canceling ;  thwarting  ;  opposing ; 
counteracting;  passing  over. 

CROSS'IXG,  n.    A  thwarting ;  imjiediiDent ;  vexation. 

2.  A  passing  across. 

3.  The  place  of  passing;  as,  the  erosstti^s  of  the 
streets. 

CROSS'-JACK,  fkro'jak,)  n.  A  sail  extended  on  the 
lower  yard  of  the  mizzen-iiiast,  but  seldom  used. 

Encyc. 

€ROSS'-LEG-Gi;D,  (-legd,)  a.  Ha\ing  the  legs 
across. 

€RO?^S'-UKE,  a.     Having  the  lorm  of  a  cross. 

GROSS'LY,  adc.  Athwart;  so  as  to  intersect  some- 
thing else. 

2.  Adversely ;  in  opposition  ;  unfortunately. 

3.  Peevishly;  fretfully. 

CROSS'NESS,  n.  Peevishness;  frctfnlncss  ;  ill-hu- 
mor ;  p^rvcrseness. 

eROSS'-PATCH,  n.     An  ill-naturcd  person. 
heard  in  AVir  Ea^laud.']  Mem.  of  If.  More. 

€KOSS'-PIkCE,  7?.  A  rail  of  timber  extending  over 
Ihe  windlass  of  a  ship,  furnished  with  pins  with 
which  lo  fasten  the  rigging,  as  occasion  requires. 

Encyc. 

€RO.?S'-PUR-P0SE,  n.  A  contrar>-  purpose  ;  conlra- 
dtclory  system ;  also,  a  conversation  in  which  one 
person  docs  or  pretends  to  misunderstand  anoUier's 
mennina.    An  enigma;  a  riddli.-.  Mason. 

eROSS-aUES'TION,  r.  (.    To  cross-examine. 

KiUingbeck. 

eROS-S-aCES'TION-ING,  ppr.    Cross-examining. 

CROSS'-ReAD-ING,  n.  The  reading  of  the  lines  of  a 
newspaper  directly  across  the  page,  through  the  ad- 


[stiii 


CRO 

Joining  colunms,  thus  confounding  the  sense,  and 
olten  prniliicing  a  ludirrnus  t-onitunation  of  ideas. 

eitOSS'-KOVV,  (-rO.)  H.     The  alphalui,  ko  ii:iiii<'d  bo- 
cnuye  a  crotis  is  placeil  at  the  beginning,  to  t>liow 
that  the  end  of  leaniing  Is  piety.     Johiuau.    Sh^ 
a.   A  fiW  that  cn^s^es  t.thorf". 

CROSH'  sEA,  n.  Waves  niniiing  across  others;  a 
swell  riiunniu  in  different  directions. 

CROSS'-S'l  Al'T,  ti.  An  instniinciit  to  take  the  a1l|. 
tude  of  the  sun  or  nlars. 

CROSS'-STOXE,  n.     See  Harmotome  and  Stal-m- 

LIT£. 

CROSS'-TI.V-ING,  ji.  in  husbandry,  a  Inrruwing  by 
drawing  the  harrow  or  drag  back  and  forth  on  tin 
same  i;rouiid.  Etteite, 

eROSS'-TREKS,»i.  pi.  In  ships,  ceitain  piL-ces  of  tim- 
ber, 8Up|wrted  by  the  cheeks  and  irestUi-lrees,  m  ili'' 
upper  ends  of  the  lower  ma- 1?,  to  ttu-s;  liu  the  iVame 
of  the  top,  and  on  the  topmast-^,  lo  exl-  nd  the  top- 
gallant shrouds.  Mar.  iJUi. 

CROHS'-VVaV,  i  n.    A  way  or  road  that  crosses  an- 

CROSS'-UCAD,  i  ellur  road  or  the  chief  road  ;  u 
obscure  path  intur^^ecting  the  main  rond.  Shak. 

CROSS'-WINU,  n.  A  side  wind  ;  an  unfavorable 
wind.  Boyle. 

eR(JSS'WT»E,  oilt.    Across  ;  in  the  form  of  a  cnw^ 

eilOSS'-WORT,  M.    A  plant  of  the  genus  \'alaijlia. 

CROTCH,  71.  [Fr.  croc,  a  liook.  See  Crook  and 
Crutcii.J 

1.  A  fork  or  forking;  the  parting  of  two  legs  or 
branches  :  as,  the  crotch  of  a  tree.      Bacon.  FoHtv. 

2.  In  ships,  a  crooked  timber  placed  on  the  keel,  In 
tlie  fore  and  aft  parts  of  a  whip. 

3.  A  piece  of  wood  or  iron,  oponingon  the  topand 
extending  two  honis  or  arms,  likj  a  half  inuun,  uaod 
for  supporting  a  boom,  a  s^Ktre  topmast,  yardii,  &c. 

.Mar.  Did. 
eROTCIi'£D,  (krotcht,)  a.     Having  a  crotch  ;  forked. 
CROTCII'ET,  n.     [Fr.  ert;c/irt,  crucA*,  from  crwc.    See 
Crook.] 

1.  In  prtn//nff)  a  t^ftn  applied  to  brackets  or  hooks 
inrlnding  words,  a  sentence,  or  a  pas.sage,  distin- 
guished from  Ihe  rest,  thus  [  ]. 

2.  In  mu.>-ic,  a  note  or  character,  equal  in  time  to 

half  a  minim,  and  the  double  of  a  quaver,  thus,  p , 

3.  A  piece  of  wood  resembling  a  fork,  used  as  a 
support  in  building. 

4.  A  peculiar  turn  of  the  mind;  a  whim,  or  fancy  j 
a  perverse  conceit. 

A!i  (lie  devicot  uiiJ  crolcJi«l3  of  new  liireutioiu.  BoiMtl. 

CROTCH'ET-ED,  a.     Marked  with  crotchets. 

CROTCH'ET-Y,  a.  Having  perverse  conceits,  or 
crotchets  of  the  brain. 

CRo'TON  OIL,  71.  Oil  from  the  Croton  Helium, a  plant 
of  the  East.  It  Ia  a  violent  cathartic,  and  ciiuacs 
smalt  pustules  when  nibbed  on  the  tnkin.     Brartde, 

CKOL'CH,  V.  i.  [G.  Icriechen,  liroch.,  Artfc/ie,  to  creep, 
to  stoop,  to  cringe,  probably  allied  to  a-ook.  Ft* 
crochuj  as  cringe  to  crank.  Chiss  Rg.  Vulgatly, 
crooek,  seroock,] 

1.  To  bend  down  ;  ^^  stoop  low  ;  lo  lie  close  to  the 
ground  ;  as  an  animal.  A  dog  crouches  to  his  iiias- 
ter;  a  lion  crouches  in  the  thicket. 

2.  To  bend  servilely  ;  to  stoop  meanly ;  lo  fawn ; 
to  cringe. 

EvciT  one  iluit  U  le{f.  in  thy  hoitae  tkail  come  and  ereuch  to  bia, 
for  a  piece  of  tread.  —  1  Sam.  fi. 

CROUCH,  f.t  -f  See  Cross.]  To  sign  with  the  cross; 
to  bless.     [yVo(  m  vse.]  Chanter. 

CROUCH'ED-FRT-ARS,  n.  pi.  An  order  of  friars, 
s;»  r::IIed  from  the  cross  which  tliey  wore. 

CROLjCII'DJG,  ppr.  or  a  Bending  ;  stooping  ;  cring- 
ing. 

CROUP,  (kroop,)  n,  [Fr.  crovpcy  a  ridge,  top,  but- 
tocks, Sp.  i^Ttipa;  Fori,  ^arupa:  It.  ip^opmi;  W 
crib:    Rtiss  krU-eiy  crooked;  knclyu,  to  benti.] 

The  rump  of  a  fowl ;  tiie  buttocks  of  a  horw  or 
extremity  of  tile  reins  aiiovc  the  hip*. 

CROUP,  (kroop,)  »i.  [.Scot,  n-oupy  crape,  crape,  erotep, 
lo  croak,  to  cry  or  speak  with  a  hoarse  voice ;  Gotli. 
hropyan  :  Sax.  hrcopaiij  to  call  oiil.] 

The  disease  called  Icchnicaliy  cyuanche  Ira-StaliM^ 
an  inflamniatc.ry  affection  of  tiie  trachea,  accompa- 
nied with  a  hoarse  cough  and  difficult  respiration.  It 
is  vulgarly  called  rattles. 

CROU-PADE',  71.  [from  croup,  or  iU  root.]  In  W« 
■inanc<te,  a  leap  in  which  llie  horse  pulls  up  his  hind 
Ie'^,"as  if  he  drew  liiem  up  to  his  belly.        ' 

CRuU'PI-ER,  (kioo'peer,)M.   [Fr-j   He  wh;- 
the  cards  and  collects  the  money  at  a  gainini:  : 

9.  One  who,  at  a  public  dinner  party,  S]L>  iu  utc 
lower  end  of  the  table  as  assistant  chairman.  Sauat, 

KBOUt'  I  "'  ^^'  '^"'■'"'''  *^^*'^^8<*,  »n  I'^rb  ;  Ti.l.ruiil.] 
Sour'crout  is  made  by  laying  mine;  d  or  chopfied 
cabbage  in  layers  in  a  barrel,  with  a  handful  ii  kM. 
and  caraway  seeds  between  the  layers;  ihen  run- 
ming  down  the  whole,  covering  it,pre£-nig  it  with  ;i 
heav)'  weigiil,  and  suff-ring  it  to  stand,  till  it  Iin^ 
gone  through  fermentition.  It  is  an  elficaciouj  pre- 
servative against  scurvy  in  long  voyages.      Encye. 


f  salt    I  I  I 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH.\T.  — MeTE,  PRgY.  — PL\E,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NGTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.— 


280 


CRO 

€H6W,  (kro,)  1.  [Sax.  craice ;  Dan.  kra^a  Sw. 
fcrata .  U-  traui ;  G.  krilhe :  so  named  from  its  cry,  G. 
fe-dAfd,  L*.  kraaijcn^  Golh.  AruA,  a  croaking,  hriikyaiu, 
to croont  or  crtfir,  L.c/vcia»Gi.  i.-,oa^(j,>cjQafa»,  icEToaj  a. 
U  has  no  connection  with  L.  corous,  but  rook  is  of 
the  same  family.] 

1.  A  larse  black  bird,  of  the  genus  Comis ;  the 
beak  is  convex  and  cultrated,  the  nostrils  are  covered 
with  bristly  feathers,  tlie  tongue  is  forked  and  car- 
tilaginous. Tliis  is  a  voracious  bird,  feeding  on  car- 
rion and  grain,  particularly  maize,  which  it  pulls  up, 
jast  after  it  appears  above  ground. 

To  pluck  or  pull  a  crotr^  is  to  be  industrious  or  con- 
tentious about  a  trifle,  or  thing  of  no  value.  Johnson. 

2.  A  bar  of  iron  with  a  beak,  crook,  or  two  claws, 
used  in  raising  and  mo\iug  hea^y  weights,  drawing 
spikes,  &c  Moxan. 

3.  The  voice  of  the  cock.    [See  the  verb.] 

4.  The  mesentery  or  ruffle  of  a  beast,  so  called  by 
butchers. 

t'RSW,  r.  i. ;  pret,  and  pp.  Ckowed  ;  formerly  pret. 
Crew.  [Sa-t.  crawan;  D.  kraaijen;  G.  krdheii;  Gr. 
Kpaltji.    See  the  noun.] 

1.  To  cry  or  make  a  noise  as  a  cock,  in  joy,  gay- 
ety,  or  defiance. 

2.  To  boast  in  triumph ;  to  vaant  j  to  vapor ;  to 
swagger.  [A  popular^  but  not  an  elegant  use  of  the 
vtffrd.]  Grandison. 

€RoW-BAU,  n.  A  bar  of  iron  sharpened  at  one  end, 
used  as  a  lever  for  raising  heavy  bodies. 

€RO>V'-BER-RV,  n.  A  plant  of  "the  genus  Empetrum, 
or  berry-bearing  heath.  One  species  bears  the  crow- 
crake  berries.  Encyc. 

CROW'S'-BILL,  n.  In  surgery,  a  kind  of  forcer^  for 
extracting  bullets  and  other  things  from  wounds. 

Encyc. 

CRoWS'-FEET,  n.  pi.  The  \\Tinkles  under  the 
eyes,  which  are  the  effects  of  age.     [Ofi^\]    Chaucer. 

CRoU'-FLOW-ER,  71.    A  kind  of  campion. 

CRoVV'-FOOT,  n.    On  board  of  skips,  a  complication 

of  small  cord^  spreading  out  from  a  long  block  ;  used 

to  suspend  the  awnings,  or  to  keep  the  top-sails  from 

striking  and  fretting  against  the  tops.  Encyc. 

2.  In  bvtany,  the  Ranunculus,  a  genus  of  plants. 

€RoW'S'-FQOT,  n.  In  tJie  military  aH,  a  machine  of 
iron,  with  four  points,  so  formed  tliat  in  whatever 
way  it  falls,  there  is  one  point  upward,  and  intended 
to  slop  or  embarrass  the  approach  or  march  of  the 
enemy's  cavalry  ;  a  caltrop.  Encyc. 

€R0VV'IXG,  ppr.  Uttering  a  particular  voice,  as  a 
cock;  boasting  in  triumph  ;  vaunting;  bragging. 

€RoVV'-KEEP"ER,  n.  A  boy  employed  to  scare  off 
crows  from  new-sown  land.  This  was  formerly 
scmetiuies  done  by  shooting  at  them  with  a  bow ; 
and  hence  Lear  says,  that  fellow  handles  his  bow 
like  a  croa-keeper,  i.  e.  awkwardly,  as  one  not  trained 
to  its  use.  Forby. 

CROVV'-NET,  n.  In  England,  a  net  for  catching  wiJd 
fowls;  the  net  used  in  New  England  for  catching 
wild  pigeons. 

eROVV'-SLLK,  71.    A  plant,  the  Conferva  rivalis. 

Fam.  of  Plants. 

GRoW'-TOE,  (kro'to,)  «.  A  plant;  as,  the  tufted 
erovi-toe.  Milton. 

CROWD,     )  n,    [Jr.  emit;  W.  erwtJi,  a  swelling  or 

eROWTH,  i     bulging,  a  musical  instrument.] 

An  instrument  of  music  with  sis  strings;  a  kind 
of  violin. 

CROWD,  n.     [Sax.  crirfA,  eread.     See  Crew.] 

1.  Properly,  a  collection  ;  a  number  of  things  col- 
lected, or  closely  pressed  together. 

2.  A  number  of  persons  congregated  and  pressed 
together  or  collected  into  a  close  body  without  order; 
a  throntr.    Hence, 

3.  A  multitude  ;  a  great  number  collected. 

4.  A  number  of  things  near  together:  a  number 
promiscuously  assembled  or  lying  near  each  other; 
as,  a  croicd  uf  isles  in  the  Egean  Sea. 

5.  The  lower  orders  of  people ;  the  populace ;  the 
vulgar.  L>ryden. 

CROWD,  c.  t.    To  press  ;  to  urge  ;  to  drive  together. 

2.  To  fill  by  pressing  numbers  together  without 
order ;  as,  to  crowd  a  room  witli  people  ;  to  crowd  the 
memor>'  with  ideas. 

3.  To  fill  to  excess.  Volumes  of  reports  crowd  a 
lawj-er's  library. 

4.  To  encumber  by  multitudes.  Sliak. 

5.  To  urge  ;  to  press  by  solicitation  ;  to  dun. 

6.  XnscamojuUip^  to  frwtrti  juii,  is  to  carry  an  extra- 
ordinary force  of  sail,  with  a  view  to  accelerate  the 
course  of  a  ship,  as  in  chasing  or  escapiug  from  an 
enemy  ;  to  carr>'  a  press  of  sail. 

CROWD,  V.  i.  To  press  in  numbers  ;  as,  the  multi- 
tude cTiMded  through  the  gate  or  into  the  room. 

2l  To  press  j  to  urge  forward ;  as,  the  man  crotcded 
into  tlie  roum. 
3.  To  swarm  or  be  numerous. 

CROWD'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Collected  and  pressed  ;  pressed 
logetiier ;  urged ;  driven ;  filled  by  a  promiscuous 
multitude. 

CROWO'ER,  71.  A  fiddler;  one  who  plays  on  a 
crowd 

CROWD'ING,   ppr.      Pressing    together;    pushing; 


CRU 

thnisting;    driving;    assembling  in  a  promiscuous 

multitude;  filling;  urging. 
CROUD'ING,  H.    The  act  of  crowding;  the  state  of 

being  crowded. 
CROWN,  71.     [Fr.  couronne ;  Arm.  eurtin  ;   W.  coron ; 

D.  kroon;   G.   krone;    Sw.   krona;   Dan.  krone;    Ix. 

coroin:  L.  corona;  Sp.  and  It.  id.;  Gr,  Kootoi/T).    The 

radical  letters  appear  to  be  Cr,  as  corolla',  without  ti, 

indicates.    Q,u.  a  top  or  roundness.    See  Chobus.  | 

1.  An  ornament  worn  on  the  head  by  kings  and 
sovereign  princes,  as  a  badge  of  imperial  or  regal 
power  and  dignity.  Figurativ'ehj,  regal  powtr; 
royalty;  kingly  government,  or  executive  authority. 

2.  A  wreath  or  garland. 

3.  Honorary  distinction  ;  reward. 

They  do  it  to  obtain  a  comJcUMe  croirn  ;  we,  aa  uicomiptiU'!, 
—  1  Cor.  ix. 

4.  Honor;  splendor;  dignity. 

The  crown  bns  fiiltcii  from  our  heads.  —  Lam.  v.    Phil.  W. 
A  vtituoua  woman  is  a  eroion  to  her  hustxuid.  —  Prov.  xij. 

5.  The  top  of  the  head  ;  the  top  of  a  mountain  or 
other  elevated  object.  The  end  of  an  anchor,  or  the 
point  from  which  the  arms  proceed. 

6.  The  part  of  a  hat  which  covers  the  top  of  the 
head. 

7.  A  coin  anciently  stamped  with  the  figure  of  a 
crown.  The  English  crown  is  five  shillings  sterhng. 
The  French  crown  is  a  hundred  and  nine  cents. 
Other  coins  bear  the  same  name. 

8.  Completion ;  accomplishment. 

9.  Clerical  tonsure  in  a  circular  form  ;  a  little  cir- 
cle shaved  on  the  top  of  the  head,  as  a  mark  of  eccle- 
siastical office  or  distinction. 

10.  Among  jewelers,  the  upper  work  of  a  rose 
diamond. 

11.  In  botany,  3,.Ti  appendage  to  the  top  of  a  seed, 
which  ser\'es  to  bear  it  in  the  wind, 

12.  In  arcliitectare,  the  uppsruxost  moniber  of  the 
cornice,  called  also  the  corona  or  larmier. 

CROWN,  r.  t.  To  invest  with  a  crown  or  regal  orna- 
ment. Hence,  to  invest  with  regal  dignity  and 
power. 

2.  To  cover,  as  with  a  crown ;  to  cover  the  top. 

Aad  peaceful  oUves  croaned  his  hoary  head.  Drtfden. 

3.  To  Iionor  ;  to  dignify  ;  to  adorn. 

Thou  h-Lil  croufTted  hini  with  glory  and  lio:ior.  —  Ps.  viii, 

4.  To  reward ;  to  bestow  an  honorary  reward  or 
distinction  on  ;  as,  the  victor  crowned  with  laurel. 

5.  To  reward  ;  to  recompense. 

She'll  croi^n  a  grateful  and  a  consUiJit  flame.      RoscoTr-mon. 

6.  To  terminate  or  finish  ;  to  complete  ;  to  pt-rfed- 

7.  To  terminate  and  reward  ;  as,  our  efforts  wer-j 
crowned  with  succes:?. 

GROWN' JCD,  pp.  or  a.  Invested  ivith  a  crown ,  or  with 
regal  power  and  dignity;  honored;  dignified;  re- 
warded with  a  crown,  wreath,  garland,  or  distinction ; 
recompensed  ;  terminated  ;  completed  ;  perfected. 

CROW'N'ER,  n.  He  or  that  wJiich  crowns  or  com- 
pletes. 

CROWX'ET,  7J,  A  coronet,  which  see.  Shakspeare 
has  used  it  for  chief  end  or  last  purpose ;  but  this 
sense  is  singular. 

CROWN'-GLASS,  n.  The  finest  sort  of  English  win- 
dow-glass. 

CROWN-IM  Pe'RI-AL,  ti,  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Fritillaria,  having  a  beautiful  flower. 

CROWN'IXG,  ppr.  or  a.  Invested  with  a  crown,  or 
with  royalty  or  supreme  power;  honoring  with  a 
wreath  or  witli  distinction;  adorning;  rewarding; 
finishing  ;  perfecting. 

CROWN'ING,  n.  In  architecture,  the  upper  termuia- 
tion  or  finish  of  a  member  or  any  ornamental  work. 

2.  In  marine  language,  the  finishing  part  of  a  knot, 
or  interweaving  of  the  strands  at  the  end  of  a  rope. 

CROWN 'LESS,  a.     Without  a  crown.  Byron. 

CROWX'-OF'FICE,  a.  In  England,  an  office  belong- 
ing to  the  Court  of  King's  Bench,  of  which  the  king's 
coroner  or  attorney  is  commonly  master,  and  in  which 
the  attorney-general  and  clerk  exhibit  informations 
for  crimes  ajid  misdemeanors. 

CROWN'-PoST,  n.  In  building,  a  post  which  stands 
upright  in  the  middle,  between  two  principal  rafters. 

BaUey. 

CR0^7N'-SeAB,  71.     A  scab  formed  round  the  cor- 
ners of  a  horse's  hoof,  a  cancerous  and  painfiU  sore. 
Farrier^s  Diet 

CROWN'-THIS-TLE,  (-this-sl)  n.    A  flower. 

CROWN'-W^HEEL,  71.  A  wheel  with  cogs  set  at  right 
angles  with  its  plane. 

2.  In  a  watch,  the  upper  wheel  next  the  balance, 
which  drives  the  btUance,  and  in  royal  pendulums,  is 
called  the  sicing-jchtu!. 

CROWN'-WOKK,  (-wurk,)  n.  In fortifcation,  3J\  cut- 
work  running  into  the  field,  consisting  of  two  demi- 
bastions  at  the  extremes,  and  an  entire  bastion  in  the 
middle,  with  curtains.  It  is  designed  to  gain  some 
hill  or  advantageous  post,  and  cover  tiie  other  works. 

CROYL'SToNE",  n.  Crystallized  cawk,  in  which  the 
cr>'sta]s  are  small.  Woodward.    Johnson. 

GRoZE,  n.     A  cooper's  tool, 

GRtJ'CIAL,  (krii'shal.)  a.  [Fr.  cruciale,  from  L.  crux, 
a  cross.] 


CRU 

In  surgery,  transverse;  passing  across;  intersect- 
ing; in  funn  tif  a  cross  ;  as,  crucial  incision,  S/iarp. 

2.  Severe;  trying;  searching,  as  if  bringing  to  the 
cro?s  ;  as,  a  crucial  experiment. 

GRC'CIAN,  71.  A  short,  thick,  broad  fish,  of  a  deep 
yellow  color.  Diet,  of  J^at.  Hist. 

CRO'CIaTE,  (kru'phate,)  v.  f.  [L.  cruao,  to  torture, 
from  eruz,  a  cross.] 

To  torture;  to  torment;  to  afflict  with  extreme 
pain  or  distress ;  but  the  verb  is  seldom  used.  [See 
Excruciate.] 

GRu'CIATE,  a.    Tormented.    [LiltU  used.] 
2.  In  bniany,  having  the  form  of  a  cross. 

GRU-CI-A'TIO.V,  n.  The  act  of  torturing;  torment. 
[Little  used.]  ffalL 

CRU'CI-BLE,  H.  [It.  crogiuolo,  and  croeiuolo ;  Sp. 
crLsol;  Port,  chrysol  or  crisol;  Fr.  creitset:  D.  Atom, 
smelt-kroes.  It  is  from  crux,  a  cross,  as  Lunier  sup- 
poses, from  the  figure  of  the  cross  formerly  attached 
to  it.    But  qu.] 

1.  A  chemical  vessel  or  melting-pot,  usually  made 
of  earth,  and  so  tempered  and  baked  as  to  endure 
extreme  heat  without  melting.  It  is  used  for  melting 
ores,  metals,  &c. 

2.  In  metallurgy,  a  Jiollow  place  at  the  bottom  of  a 
furnace  to  receive  tlie  melted  metal.         Fourcroy. 

GRU-CIF'ER-OUS,  a.  [L.  crucijcr;  crux,  a  cross,  and 
/fro,  to  bear.]    Bearing  the  cross.  Did, 

2.  In  botany,  a  term  applied  to  the  Crucifene,  a 
family  of  plants  having  the  four  petals  of  the  flower 
inthe  form  of  a  cross.  Partington. 

GRU'CI-FI-jED,  pp.  or  a.    Put  to  death  on  the  cross. 

CRu'CI-Fx-ER,  71.  [See  CBtrcirv.]  A  person  who 
ci-ucifies  ;  one  who  puts  another  to  death  on  a  cross, 

GRu'CI-FIX,  71.  [L,  crucijicus,  from  crucijigo,  to  fix 
to  a  cross  ;  crux  and  Jigo,  to  fix,] 

1.  A  cross  on  which  the  body  of  Christ  is  fastened 
in  effig>'.  Encyc. 

2.  A  representation,  in  painting  or  stattiary,  of  our 
Lord  fastened  to  the  cross.  Johnson. 

'3.  Figuraticchj,  the  Teuton  of  Christ.  [Little  used.] 

Taylor. 
CRIJ-CI-FIX'IOX,  (kru-se-fix'yun,)  7;.  [See  Cbuci- 
Fii.l  The  nailing  or  fastening  of  a  person  to  a  cross, 
for  the  purpose  of  putting  him  to  death  ;  the  act  or 
punishment  of  putting  a  criminal  to  death  by  nailing 
him  to  a  cross.  Jlddison. 

€Ru'CI-FORM,  a.  [L.  crux,  a  cross,  and  forma,  form. J 

1.  Cross-shaped. 

2.  In  botany,  consisting  of  four  equal  petals,  dis- 
posed in  the  fonn  of  a  cross,  Martyn. 

The   cruciforia  plants,  or   Cructferce,   comprehend 
nearly  all  culinar>-  plants,  except  spinach,  as  the  cab- 
bage, turnip,  raddish,  mustard,  &;c.      Farm.  Encyc 
GRU'CI-Ft,  r.  t,    [L.  crucifgo  ;  crux,  cross,  and  fgo, 
to  :!■;  ;  Fr.  cracifier;  It.  crocifiggere :  Sp.  crucifcar.] 

1.  To  nail  to  a  cross ;  to  put  to  death  by" nailing 
the  hands  and  feet  to  a  cross  or  gibbet,  suinetimes, 
anciently,  by  fastening  a  criminal  to  a  tree  with  cords. 

Bui  they  cried,  Crucify  Uim,  crucify  him.  —  Lake  Trii\ 

2.  In  scriptural  language,  to  subdue;  to  mortify; 
to  destroy  the  power  or  ruling  influence  of. 

Th?y  that  .ire  Christ's  have  crudjiad  the  f\csh,  with  ihe  oiections 
ainl  lifits.  — Gal.  v. 

3.  To  reject  and  despise. 

Tuey  crucify  to  themselves  the  Son  of  God  aXresh.  —  Hel).  vi. 

To  be  crucified  icitli  Christ,  is  to  become  dead  to  the 
law  and  to  sin,  and  to  have  Indwelling  corruption 
subdued.     Qal.  ii.  and  vi. 

4.  To  vex  or  torment,     [.Vo(  -used.]  Btirtoyt. 
CRU'CI-F?-IXG,  ppr.    Putting  to  deatii  on  a  cross  or 

gibbet :  subduinu  ;  destroying  the  life  and  power  of. 

GRU-CIC'ER-OUS,  a.    Bearing  the  cross. 

CltUD,  71.    Curd.     [See  Curd,  the  usual  nrthographv,] 

CRLrD'DLE,  V.  i.    To  curdle  ;  also,  to  stoop.     Brocket. 

GRuDE,  a.  [L.  crudus  ;  Fr.  crud,  cru  ;  Sp.  and  It.  era- 
do  ;  Port,  cru;  Arm.  criz;  W.  tri;  D.  Toaino;  Sax. 
hrcaw  ;  G.  rok  ;  Eng.  row  ;  either  from  the  root  of  cry, 
from  roughness,  (W.  cri,  a  cry,  and  crade,)  or  &on 

the  Ar.  ty£j\  aradka,  to  eat,  to  corrode,  to  rankle,  to 

become  raw,  L.  rodo,  rosi.    Class  Rd,  Xo.  35.] 

1.  Raw  ;  not  cooked  or  prepared  by  fire  or  heat ;  in 
its  natural  state ;  undressed ;  as,  crude  flesh,  crude 
meat.     In  this  sense,  raic  is  more  generally  uscil. 

2.  X^ot  changed  from  its  natural  state ;  not  altered 
or  prepared  by  any  artificial  process;  as,  crude  salt, 
crude  ahun. 

3.  Rough  ;  harsh ;  unripe ;  not  mellowed  by  air  or 
other  means  ;  as,  crude  juice. 

4.  Unconcocted ;  not  well  digested  in  the  stomach. 

Bacon. 

5.  X'^ot  brought  to  perfection;  unfinished;  imma- 
ture ;  as,  the  crude  materials  of  the  earth.    Milton. 

6.  Having  indigested  notions.  ^fdton. 

7.  Intligesied  ;  not  matured  ;  not  well  formed,  ar 
ranged,  or  prepared  in  the  intellect;  as,  cnj/ic  notions ; 
a  crude  plan  ;  a  crude  theor>'.  .Milton, 

8.  In  painting,  a  term  applied  to  a  picture  when  the 
colors  are  rudely  laid  on,  and  do  not  blend  or  har- 
monize. Braiide. 


fCXE,  BJ:LL,  rXITE.  — AX"GER,  VI"CI0US  — G  as  K;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH ;  Til  as  in  THIS. 


267 


CRU 


ORU 


xvilllolll 


CROUE'LV.uJc.     Wilhunl  due  i.rcparulion 
form  or  armi.aiiMeiil ;  w.lhuul  iiKvliirily  or  dis..sliu.i. 

CRPDKNKSH,  n.  Uawn.ss  ;  uiiri|Hiiis3  ;  an  uml.- 
E>-»tcd  or  un|ir.|«rca  slalo  ;  a<,  llic  cnulenrja  of  llcall 
or  plains,  or  of  any  body  in  us  natiir:.!  slalc. 

2.  A  nlalc  of  being  unforinod  or  uidiscsud  ;  ininm- 
liire-ncrt-i ;  as,  lIic  erudenejs  of  a  Iht'ory. 

CKC'DI-TY,  n.     [L.  erudilaj.] 

KawiieM  ;  cnidcness  ;  sonieUnne  in  n  crudu  stale. 
Auioni!  phyaiciani,  a  ttrin  applied  lo  undiBMled  mili- 
slances  in  llie  floiiiacli,  or  unconcotlod  huinom  not 
well  nrcimred  for  expulsion  ;  cicreniiiits. 

CRO'DLE,  r.  t.    To  coagulate.    Hut  lliia  word  is  gen- 
erally written  Cuiidle  ;  wliicli  see.       ,„     .  , 
CRCUV,  o.    Concreted;  coapilated.     [Atil  in  use.} 
i^ee  Curd.]                                                        Speiiicr. 
2    Raw;  chill.     [JVoI  ujtd.]    [See  Cbudc]     Sluli. 
CRO'EL,  a.     [Ft.  cruil;  h.  crudelis ;  II.  crailek.    feec 
Crude  and  Rude.]                                                ,    , 

1  Uisiiosed  to  Rive  pain  to  others,  in  hodv  or  ininu  ; 
willing  or  ple.ised  to  torment,  ve\,  or  alllict ;  inhu- 
man ;  destitute  of  pity,  compassion,  or  kiiidmss; 
fierce  i  ferocious;  savage;  barbarous ;  liard-liearled  ; 
afptieii  til  persous  or  Ihtir  ilxtpositions. 

Titfy  a«  crutl,  and  liaTO  no  mercy.  —  Jot.  vl. 
o    Inliumnn ;  barbarous ;  savage  ;   causing   pain, 
grfcf,  or  distress,  oiertcd  in  lornuniing,  vexing,  or 
afflicting. 

CuncJ  be  Uirir  wiilh.  for  it  wji  fru.1. -Ckn.  «li«. 
The  i™acr  mrm»  of  ihc  wickd  ere  cruel-  -  Pwr.  In. 
Olhera  twil  trial*  of  eru«I  mocklnga.  —  Hcb.  xi. 

GRO'EL-LY,  adv.    In  a  cruel  manner ;  with  cruelty ; 
inhumanly ;  barbarously. 

B«.inie  he  rrutUy  oppreBcJ,  lin  <Uall  die  in  bU  iniquity.  —  Eji'li. 
xviii. 

0  Painfully ;  with  severe  pain  or  loniirc  ;  as,  an 
insinlinent  may  cut  the  flesli  most  crutUi/. 

CRO'EL- .NI'.SS,  n.     Inhumanity  ;  cruelty.     Spenser. 
CRO'EL-TY,  II.     [L.  crudtUtas;  Fr.  ernauU.] 

1  Inhumanity  ;  a  savage  or  barbarous  disposition  or 
tem'pcr,  which  is  gratified  in  giving  unnecessary  |iain 
or  ilistress  lo  others  ;  barbarity  ;  appUed  to  pcrauns  ; 
as,  the  erncUy  of  savages ;  the  cnMy  and  envy  of 
the  people.  ,       ,  *'?"■>  „ 

o  Barbarous  deed  ;  any  act  of  a  human  be  ng 
which  inflicts  unnecessary  pain  ;  any  act  intended 
lo  tnmient,  vex,  or  afllict,  or  which  actually  torments 
or  aimcts,  wiUiout  necessity  ;  wrong  ;  injustice  ;  op- 
pression. 

With  foreo  anil  with  mi«llj  have  ye  ruled  Oiem.  — Eieli. 
xxaiv. 
CRO'EN'-TaTE,  a.     [L.  crutnUHus.] 

Smeared  with  blood.     [UttU  tised.]        Olanmllt. 
CRU-ENT'OUS,  o.    Blooity  ;  crueiitale. 
eBC'ET,  11.     [liu.  Fr.  creux,  hollow,  or  cnichme,  Irom 
eruche.     See  Cruse.] 
A  vial  or  small  glass  bottle,  for  holding  vinegtir, 
CROISE,  II.    See  Cruse.  ,         [oil,  &c. 

CRC'ISE.  (krSze,)  r.  i.     [D.  tnii.«CT,  from   7^um,  a 
cross  ;  G.  krruzen ;  D.  krydser :  Fr.  rroscr.  See  Cross.] 
To  sail  back  and  forth,  or  to  rove  on  the  ocean  in 
search  of  an  enemy's  ships  for  capture,  or  for  protect- 
ing commerce;  or  to  rove  for  plunder,  as  a  pirate. 
The  admiral  cruised  between  the  Bahama  Isles  and 
Cuba.    We  craijtd  off  Cape  Finisterrc.    A  pirate 
was  cruising  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 
eRCISSE    n.    A  voyage  made  in  crosjiii?  courses ;  a 
sailing  to  and  fro  in  search  of  an  enemy's  ships,  or 
by  a  pintc  in  search  of  plunder. 
CRtDIS'EU,  (kriiz'er,)  n.    A  person  or  a  ship  that 
cruises ;  usuallv  an  armed  ship  that  sails  to  and  Iro 
for  capturing  an  enemy's  ships,  for  protecting  the 
commerce  of  the  counlr)',  or  for  plunder. 
CROIS'ING,  ppr.    Sailing  for  the  capture  of  an  ene- 
my's ships,  or  for  protecting  commerce,  or  for  plun- 
der, as  a  pirate.  ,,,,,■. 
CRUL'LER,  It     A  kind  of  cnspcd  cake  boded  in  fat. 

[See  Kruller.] 
€RU  .MB,  j  n.     [Sax.  eruma ;  D.  Jiriuiil ;  G.  krume ;  Heb. 
CRUM     1     Ch.  aij  to  gnaw,  or  brenk.    Class  Rm, 
No.' H,  ifi,  19,  25,  26.] 

A  small  fragment  or  piece  ;  usu.-Uly,  a  small  piece 
of  bread  or  other  food,  broken  or  cut  off;  the  soft 
part  of  bread. 

Luanu,  tl-«lrinj  to  Le  W  with  Uic  crambi  which  fell  from  tlte 
nch  maii'i  uihlc.  —  L'jltc  xri. 

GRUMB,  (  r.  (.    To  break  into  small  pieces  xvitli  the 
€RU.M,    \      fingers  ;  ns,  to  crumb  bread  into  milk. 
eRUM'BI.E,  c.  (.     [D.  kraimelen  ;  G.  kritmeln.] 

To  break  into  small  pieces  ;  to  divide  into  minute 

/    eRU.M'BLE,  1. 1.    To  fiUI  into  small  pieces 
or  part  into  small  fragments. 

If  a  Kotie  U  britUe,  it  will  erumUa  into  jraTcl.        jtrluIAno!. 

2.  To  fall  to  decay ;  to  perish  ;  as,  our  flesh  will 
crumble  into  dust, 
eRU.irUL£D,  pp.  or  o.    Broken  or  parted  into  small 

CRCM'ill.IXG.  ppr.  ora.    Breaking  into  small  frag- 

menw  ;  falling  into  small  pieces ;  decaying. 
CRU.MB'-CLOTII,  11.    A  cloth  to  be  laid  under  a  ta- 


ble   to    receive  falling   fragments,  and    keep   the 

rnrp  t  or  lltwr  clean. 
CRC'.ME-XAL,  II.     [U  criiinciia.]      .\  purse.      [JVul 

uird.]  Spenser. 

CRUil'.MA-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  broken  into  small 

pieces  by  the  Angers. 
eUU.M'.MV, 


Dan. 


_  ull  of  cniiiibs  ;  Siift. 
CRC.MP,  a.     [Sax.  cni/iip  ,-  II.  k-roia;  G.  krumm 

krum  :  \\.    cram,  crurm,  crooked  ;  Ir.  criiill,  whence 
crunmiiii,  to   bend,  cniiaan,  the   lliji-bone,  tile   riii.i;i. 
Cruiiip,  niiii|i,  rumple,  crumple,  crimple,  are  doubtless 
of  one  family.] 
Crooked ;  as,  crunip-Bliouldi-red. 
enU.MP'ET,  II.      .\  soft   cako  baked  upon  an  Iron 

enUiM'PLE,  f.  i.    [from  crump.     See  Rumple,   the 
same  word  wilhoiil  a  prefix.] 

To  draw  or  press  into  wrinkles  or  folds  ;  to  rum- 
ple or  crook.  ,    MdUon. 

CRU.M'PLE,  f.  1.    To  contract ;  to  shrink.      Smitli. 

CRCMTLEU,  pp.  or  a.    Drawn  or  pressed  into  wrin- 
kles. .      . 

Cltl'.M'PLI.N'G,  ppr.    Drawing  or  pressing  into  wrin- 

eUU.M'PLIXG,  II.    A  small,  degenerate  apple,     [kles, 


Juhnson. 
SRH'vl5;rr.   !"■'■    To  cry  like  a  crane.    [^jYotuscd.] 
CRC'OR,v.    [1.]    Gore ;  coagulated  blood    Oreenhdl. 

ellOUP, !  "•    '^'"'  '"'"°'''«- 

CRUP,  0.    Short ;  brittle.     [JVot  in  use.] 

CRIJP'PER,  (kiwp'er,)  Ji.  [Fr.  croupiere ;  It.  ^t>p- 
picro ;  Sp.  •rrupcrtt  :  from  croupe,  grappa,  grupa,  !i 
ridge,  the  buttocks  of  a  horse.    See  Croup.] 

1.  In  the  iiuxncgc,  the  huttocks  of  a  horse  ;  the 

'  2.  A  strap  of  leather  which  is  buckled  to  a  saddle, 
and,  passing  under  a  horse's  tail,  prevents  the  saddle  ■ 
from  being  cast  forward  on  to  the  horse's  neck. 

CRI.'P'PER,  f .  '•  To  put  a  crupper  on  ;  as,  to  crupper 
a  iiorse.  -      ,     ,      t 

eRC'R.\I.,  a.     [L.  erurali-1,  from  crii,«,  cruris,  the  Icg.J 
1    Belonging  to  the  leg ;   as,  the  criirul  arteries, 
which  convey  blood  to  the  legs,  and  the  crural  veins, 
which  reluni  it.  Quiiicii.     Coxe. 

2.  Shaped  like  ,i  leg  or  root.  Briiii<Jc. 
CRU-SaDE',  II.     TFr.  eroisade;  II.  erociala;  Sp.  cruza- 

da  ;  from  L.  cni,  Fr.  croU,  Sp.  cruz,  II.  crocc,  a  cross. 
Class  Rg.]  ,  , 

A  military  expedition  undertaken  by  authority  ol 
the  Roman  Catholic  church,  for  the  recovery  of  the 
Holy  Land,  the  scene  of  tnir  Savior's  life  and  sultcr- 
ings,  from  the  power  of  iiilidels  or  Mohammedans. 
Several  of  these  expeditions  were  carried  on  from 
Europe,  under  the  banner  of  the  cross.  The  soldiers 
had  crosses  of  dill'erent  colored  cloth  sewed  upon 
their  outer  gnrnients,  and  were  hence  called  cni- 
saders.  The  term  1ms  also  been  applied  to  military 
expeditions  against  the  Waldenses  and  others  who 
dissented  from  the  church  of  Rome. 

CRL'  SaDE',  71.  .\  Portuguese  coin,  stamped  with  a 
cross.  . 

CRU  SAD'ER,  n.    A  pejson  engaged  m  a  crusade. 

Robertson. 

CECSE,  n.     [D.kroes.    See  Crucible.]    A  small  cup. 
T.Tltc  witti  thee  it  erute  of  honey.  —  1  Kiiijs  xiv. 
In  .ATrai  England,  it  is  used  chiefly  or  wholly  for  a 
Binall  bottle  or  vial  for  vinegar,  called  a  viuegar-crusc. 

CRO'SET,  II.    [Fr.  crcuscl,  formerly  crouct.    See  Cru- 
cible.] .  „, ... 
A  goldsmith's  crucible  or  melting  pot.      Phdips. 

CRUSH,  I'.  (.  [Fr.  ecraser  f  Ir.  scriosam.  In  Sw. 
krossa,  in  Dan.  kryslcr  signifies,  lo  sipieeze.  In  It. 
eroscio  is  a  crushing  ;  and  crosciare,  to  throw,  strike, 
pour,  or  rain  hard.  There  are  many  words  in  the 
Sliemitic  languages  which  coincide  wilii  crush  in 
elements  and  sigiiilication.    Ch.  lleb.  Syr.  ni),  to 


;  to  break 


Ar. 


garasa,    id. ;    Etll. 


break  in  pieces ;    .'vr.   fj*^y. 

rt^Au  charats,  to  grind,  whence  grist;  Ileb.  and 
Ch.  V",  and  Cli.  Syr.  lleb.  ?s->,  to  break,  to  crush  ; 


Ar.     vs,  the  same.    Sec  crash,  in  English,  anil  Fr. 

Iriser,  .•\rin.  frcusa,lo  bruise.    Sec  Cl.TSs  r>(l.  No.  10, 
20,  22,  41,  4S,  and  Syr.  No.  31).    See  Rush.] 

1.  To  press  and  bruise  bjtween  two  hard  bodies  ; 
to  sijueeze,  so  as  to  force  a  thing  out  of  its  nati;ral 
shape  ;  lo  bruise  by  pressure. 

The  lua  —  enuhed  Bjlaan.'a  foot  ajfainrt  th'!  w.-Ol.  —  Num.  xxii. 

To  crash  grapes  or  apples,  is  to  squeeze  them  till 
bruised  and  broken,  so  that  the  juice  escapes. 
Hence,  lo  crush  out,  is  to  force  out  by  pressure. 

2.  To  press  with  violence  ;  to  force  together  into 
&  mass. 

3.  To  overwhelm  by  pressure;  to  beat  or  Kite 
down  by  an  incumbent  weight,  with  breaking  »r 
bruising ;  as,  the  man  was  crimhcd  by  the  fall  of  * 
tree. 

To  crutK  tjw  pUlare  wliieh  the  pile  luitam.  Zfrycxo 

Who  ar^  eriithei  befoie  the  moth.  —  Joh  i*. 


CRU 

4.  To  overwhelm  by  power ;  to  subdue ;  to  cou- 
nuer  beyonil  resisunce  ;  us,  to  crush  one's  cueinlcs ; 
to  crii^A  a  rebellion. 

5.  To  oppress  grievously. 

Tliou  aliiilt  Ic  oaly  oppiwjed  ami  cruihed  alwaji — DeuL 
zxviii. 

C.  To  bruise  and  break  inio  fine  particles  by  heal- 
ing or  grinding  ;  lo  comminute. 

7^  crush  a  cup  of  aiue  ;  to  master  or  drink  It.  S»<il-. 
eilUSIl,  c.  i.  To  be  prt'ssed  into  a  siimlUr  coiniiass  by 

external  weight  or  force. 
CRUSH,  II.    .\  violent  colli.-ion,  or  rushing  tojether, 
which  breaks  or  bruises  tiie  bodies;  or  a  fall  lliat 
breaks  or  bruises  into  a  confused  mass;  as,  the  crush 
of  a  large  tree,  or  of  a  building. 

The  wn-'ci(  of  matter  nnj  the  criifA  of  woilili.  AJi.'iion. 

CRUSII'ED,  (krusht,)  pp.  or  a.  Pressed  or  sipiieiej 
so  as  to  break  or  bruise;  overwhelmed  or  subilurd 
by  power  ;  broken  or  bruised  by  a  fall ;  gricvinisly 
oppressed  ;  broken  or  bruised  to  powder  ;  coimninu. 

CRUSII'ER,  II.     One  who  crushes.  ;ted. 

eRUSH'lNG,  ppr.  or  a.  I'ressiiig  or  .squeezing  into  a 
mass,  or  until  broken  or  bruisetl ;  overwheliiima . 
subduing  by  force;  oiipressing;  coiiiminiuiiie. 

CRUS'P,  n.  'A.,  crusia ;  Fr.  cri/Dic ;  ll.  crosla  ,■  U.  kortt ; 
G.krusle;  W.  orc»(,  from  crcjii,  to  parch  or  scorch, 
crcs,  a  hardening  by  heat.  But  the  primary  sense  is 
probably  lo  shrink,  conlract,  harden,  whether  by 
cold  or  heat,  and  it  is  probably  allied  to  cr^iiii, 
freeze,  crisp,  ic.  See  Class  ltd.  No.  I'J,  33,  73,70, 
83, 85,  88.]  ,        ,  . 

1.  An  exlern,ll  coat  or  covering  of  a  tiling,  which 
is  hard  or  harder  than  the  internal  substance;  m, 
the  crust  of  bread  ;  the  criwi  of  snow  ;  the  criul  of 
dross  ;  the  criwf  of  a  pie. 

2.  A  deposit  from  wine  as  it  ripens,  collected  on 
the  interior  of  bottles,  i.c.,  and  consisting  of  tartar 
and  coloring  niitlter.  Kncyc.  of  Dam.  lieon. 

3.  i\  piece  of  crust ;  a  waste  piece  of  bread. 
Dnjden.     IJKstrunge. 

4.  .\  shell,  as  the  hard  covering  of  a  crab  ond 

5.  A  scab.  [sonic  other  aniinab. 
ti.  Tlie  superficial  substances  of  Ihe  earth  are.  In 

geology,  called  its  erusL 
CRUST,  V.  t.    To  cover  with  a  hard  case  or  co.it;  to 
spread  over  the  surface  a  subsmncc  harder  than  tllo 
matter  covered  ;  to  incni=t ;  as,  lo  cnest  a  tiling  wltll 
clay  ;  to  criui  cake  witli  sugar ;  crusted  with  bark. 
^  Addisen. 

2.  To  cover  with  concrelioas.  Stcift 

CRUST,  V.  i.  To  gather  or  contract  into  a  hard  cov- 
ering ;  to  concrete  or  freeze,  as  superficial  in  ilt.'r. 
CRUS-TX'CE-A,  (-she-a,)  ii.  fl.  One  of  Ihe  cI.lsscj  of 
the  Jlrlieulalii,  or  articulated  o.'iiinals,  including  lob- 
stem,  shrimps,  and  crabs ;  so  called  from  the  crust- 
like  shell  with  which  the  body  and  legs  arc  covered. 

Dana. 
CRUS-Ta'CEAN,  11.  or  a.    Sec  Crustacea. 
CRUS-Ta-CE-OL'O-GY,  n.      [L.  Crustacea,   and   Gr. 
Aovoc.l    The  science  which  treats  of  the  crustacra. 
CRtfS-'rA-CE-O-LOG'ieAL,  a.    Pertaining  to  cra»- 

taccolopy. 
CRUS-TA-CE-OL'O-GIST,  n 

ccolocy» 
CRUS-TA'CEOUS,  (krus-tu'shus,)  a.    [Fr.  erusUuM, 
from  L.  crusta.']  ,, 

Pertaining  to  or  of  the  nature  of  crust  or  shell  j 
belonging  to  tlic  Crustacea,  which  see. 

"    "  Ed.  Enepe. 

CRUS-TA'CEOUS-NESS,  n.    The  quality  of  li.iviiig  a 

soft  and  jointed  shell. 
CRUST'A-TED,  a.  Covered  with  a  crust ;  as,  erusUtcd 
basalt.  .       •£'"■!*„ 

CRUST-A'TION,  n.  An  adherent  crust ;  incrusiaiion 
CRL'.ST'El),  pp.    Covered  with  .1  crust. 
CRUST'l-LY,  (k/c.    [from  cruifi/.]    Peevishly  ;  harih- 

Iv  ;  mornselv.  ,      , 

€11UST'I-NESS,  II.    The  quality  of  crust ;  hardness. 

2.  Peevishness;  moroseness ;   surliness. 
CRUST'IN'G,  ppr.    Covering  with  crust. 
CRUST'y,  o.   Like  crust ;  of  the  nature  of  crust ;  per- 
taining to  a  hard  covering  ;  hard  ;  os,  a  crusty  coal ; 
a  crusty  surface  or  substance. 

2.  Peevish  ;  snappish  ;  morose  ;  surly  ;  awoni  u-f" 
infamiliar  discourse,  hut  not  deemed  elegant. 
old  writers  Crust  is  used.]  ,      ,  ,     v 

CRUT,  11.    The  rough,  shaggy  part  of  oak  bark. 
CRUTCH,  II.      [It.  croMin,  or  rnimia.;    I),  a™ 
kriicke  ;  Sax.  krycka  ;  Dan.  krykke  ;  radically  the  same 
as  croUh  anil  erook.]  , 

1.  A  stafl-  with  a  curvins  cross-piece  at  the  lican, 
to  be  placed  under  the  arm  or  shoulder,  to  siippori 
the  lame  ill  walking.  .  . 

2.  Figuratively,  old  age.  „'"T;\„ 
CRUTCH,  I'.f.     'Po  support  on  crutches :  to  prop  w 

sustain,  with  miserable  hel|«,  that  which  is  feeble. 

T»o  focU  Ui..t  C-JK).  aicir  f.eU<  itr.K  on  vene.         DryJan. 

CRUTCU'ED,  pp.  or  a.    (pa-t.  pro.  krulcht,  and  adj 

kriitcn'ed.l    Wiipporied  with  crutches. 
CRUrt  ll'KI)  FRI'ARS.    Set  Crouched  JiiuRs. 
CR'JX.  u      (L  criii  s  cross.] 

Dr.  Sheridan. 


One  versed  in  crusta- 


[In  the 


D.  kruk :   fi. 


AliJ  .hilig  Ilia   v-izzles',  vexes,  nr  tries,  in  the  h[gh- 
el    degree.     \_Lilile  used.} 


FATE,  FXR,  FALL,  W1I.\T.- MFlTE,  PREY. -PINE,  MARINE,  BU  P.-  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQQK^ 


S8d 


CRY 

I  eRu'YS-IIA(jE,  M.  A  fisli  of  the  shark  kind,  having 
1  a  triangular  heiid  and  mouth.  Dtct.  ofjVaL  Hisl. 
CRV,  V-  <■  ■*  i"*^'-  ^uJ  PP'  Chieu.  It  ought  to  be  Cryeo. 
[Fr.  crier.  The  Welsh  has  cW,  a  cr>*,  and  rough, 
raw,  criaWy  to  cr>-,  clamor,  or  weep ;  and  crcvu,  to 
cry,  to  crave ;  both  deduced  by  Owen  from  cro^  a 
combining  cause,  a  principle,  beginning,  or  first  mo- 
lion  ;  also,  what  pervades  or  penetrates,  a  cry.  This 
is  the  root  uf  create,  or  from  the  same  root.  Cre, 
Owen  deduces  from  rhe,  with  the  prefix  aj;  and  rke, 
he  renders  a  run  or  swill  motion.  This  is  certainly 
contracted  from  rheii,  a  race,  the  root  of  ride ;  Owen 
to  the  contrary  notwithstanding.  All  the  senses  of 
these  words  unite  in  that  of  shooting  forth,  driving 
fonvard,  or  producing.  There  is  a  class  of  words  a 
littie  dilTerent  from  the  foregoing,  which  exactly 
give  the  sense  of  cry.  It.  g^ridare  ;  Sp.  and  Port,  ifri- 
tar ;  Sax.  griEdmi ;  ^w.g'rata;  Dan.  ^(sder  ;  D  kry- 
teu;  VV.  jgrydiaio,  to  utter  a  rough  sound,  from  rhyd, 
the  Welsh  root  of^crydu,  lo  shake  or  tremble,  whence 
cradle.  ( W.  creUi,  a  trembling  or  shivering  with  cold, 
from  cre;  also,  constitution,  disposition.)  Tlie  latter 
root,  rhyd,  crydu,  would  give  cri,  rough,  raw,  crude. 
Cry  is  a  contracted  word  ;  but  whether  from  the  for- 
mer or  latter  class  of  roots  may  be  less  obvious  pos- 
sibly, all  are  from  one  source.  If  not,  I  think  cry  is 
from  tlie  French  crier,  and  this  from  gridare,  gritar.] 

1.  To  utter  a  loud  voice  ;   to  speak,  call,  or  ex- 
claim with  vehemence  ;  in  a  very  general  sense. 

2.  To  call  importunately  ;  to  utter  a  loud  voice,  by 
way  of  earnest  request  or  prayer. 

Til-?  people  cried  to  Piuinioh  for  bread.  — Gen.  xli. 
Ttii;  people  cried  to  Mos^^s,  and  he  prayed.  —  Num.  xi. 

3.  To  utter  a  loud  voice  in  weeping  ;  to  utter  the 
voice  of  sonow  ;  to  lament. 


Bill  ye  sli.ill  cry  for  sorrow  of  heart.  —  Is.  Ixv. 
Ekiu  cried  witli  a  gr«al  .iiid  biiur  cry.  —  Gen.  xxvii. 

Also,  to  weep  or  shed  tears  in  silence  j  a  popular 
use  oftfte  word. 

4.  To  utter  a  loud  sound  in  distress  ;  as,  Heshbon 
shall  cry.     Is.  XV. 

He  giveth  fooii  to  Uie  young  nwcus  wluch  cry.  —  Ps.  cxlvii. 

5.  To  exclaim  ;  to  utter  a  loud  voice  ;  with  out. 

Ami,  lo,  a  spirit  tikeUi   biin,  and   he  suddenly   crieOi  out  — 
liUke  ix. 

6.  To  proclaim ;   to  utter  a  loud  voice,  in  giving 
public  notice. 

Go,  and  cry  in  (lie  ears  of  Jerusniera.  — Jer.  ii. 

The  voice  of  him  that  crieth  in  the  wilderness.  —  la.  si. 

7.  To  bawl ;  lo  squall ;  as  a  child. 

8.  To  yelp,  as  a  dog.    It  may  be  used  for  tlie  ut- 
tering of  a  loud  voice  by  other  animals. 

To  cry  against ;  to  exclaim,  or  utter  a  loud  voice 
by  way  of  reproof,  threatening,  or  censure. 

Ari«,  gu  lo  Nineveh,  and  cry  agaiiist  it.  —  Jonali  I, 

To  cry  out ;  to  exclaim  ;  to  vociferate  j  to  scream  ; 
lo  clamor. 

2.  To  complain  loudly. 

To  cry  out  against :  to  complain  loudly,  with  a  view 
to  censure  ;  to  blame  ;  to  utter  censure. 

To  cry  to ;  lo  call  on  in  prayer  ;  to  implore 
CRY.  V.  i.    To  proclaim  ;  to  name  loudly  and  publicly 
for  giving  notice ;   as,  to  cry  goods ;   to  cry  a  lost 
child. 

To  cry  down  i  to  decry  ;  to  depreciate  by  words  or 
in  writing  ;  to  dispraise  ;  to  condemn. 


Men  of  (^saolute  livps  cry  down  relig 
be  under  Uic  realmints  of  it. 


,  because  they  would  not 
TilloUon. 


2.  To  overbear. 

Cry  down  tills  fellow'g  insolence.  Shak. 

To  cry  up  ;  to  praise  ;  to  applaud  ;  to  extol ;  as,  to 
ertjup  a  man's  talents  or  patriotism,  or  a  woman's 
beauty  ;  to  cry  up  the  administration. 

2.  To  raise  the  price  by  proclamation  ;  as,  to  cry 
up  certain  coins.     [JVot  in  use.]  Temple. 

To  cry  off;  in  tlie  vulgar  dialect,  is  to  publish  inten- 
tions of  marriage. 
GRS",  n.  ,•  /)/.  Cries.     In  a  general  sense,  a  loud  sound 
uttered  by  the  mouth  of  an  animal  ;  applicable  to  the 
voice  of  man  or  beast,  and  articulate  or  inarticulate. 

2.  A  loud  or  vefiement  sound,  uttered  in  weeping, 
or  lamentation  ;  it  may  be  a  shriek  or  scream. 

And    Ihr-re  shall   he  a  great  cry  in  all    the  lind  of  E^vpl. — 

r,x.  xi. 

3.  Clamor  ;  outcry  ;  as,  war,  war,  is  tlie  public  cry. 

And  tliere  arose  a  great  cii/.  —Acts  ixiii. 

4.  Exclamation  of  triumph,  of  wonder,  or  of  otliL-r 
passion. 

5.  Proclamation  J  public  notice. 

At  midnight  there  was  a  cry  made.  —  Malt,  xxv. 

6.  The  notices  of  hawkers  of  wares  to  be  sold  in 
the  street  are  called  cria;  as,  the  cries  of  London. 

7.  Acclamation  j  expression  of  popular  favor. 

TIic  cry  went  once  for  thee.  Shak. 

8.  A  loud  voice  in  distress,  prayer,  or  request  j  im- 
portunate call. 

Hs  forgi-tleth  not  the  cry  of  the  humble.  —  Ps.  bt. 
Th''re  waa  a.  great  cry  in  Egypt.  —  Ex.  xii. 


CRY 

9.  Public  reports  or  complaints  j  noise  j  fame. 

Becattse  tlic  cry  oi  Sodom  and  Ggmomdi  ia  great — I  will  go 
down,  and  eee  wliether  tliey  have  done  oUogciher  uccording 
to  the  cry  of  it.  — Gen.  xviii. 

10.  Bitter  complaints  of  oppression  and  injustice. 

lie  looked  for  rigliteonsneait,  and  behold  a  cnj.  — Is.  v, 

11.  The  Sound  or  voice  of  irrational  animals;  ex- 
pression of  joy,  fright,  alarm,  or  want;  as,  the  cries 
of  fl»^vN,  the  yell  or  j  clping  of  dogs,  &c. 

12.  A  pack  of  dogs.  Shah. 
enyAIi.  H.     [  W.  crrg^yr,  a  screamer.] 

The  heron.  Jiinsworth. 

eilV'i:R,.H.     See  Chier. 

CRVER,  11.  A  kind  of  hawk,  called  ihe  falcon  gentle, 
an  enemy  lo  pigeons,  and  very  swift.      j3in.ticortlt. 

GRY'ING,  ppr.  Uttering  a  loud  voice  ;  proclaiming, 
&c. 

CRY'ING,  a.  Notorious  ;  common  ;  great ;  as,  a  cry- 
ing sin  or  abuse.  Addison. 

CRY'ING,  7i.    Importunate  call  ;  clamor;  outcry. 

CR^'O-LtTE,  71.  [Gr.  A-puo?,  cold,  and  XiOos,  stone, 
ice-stone.] 

A  lluorid  of  sodium  and  aluminum,  found  in 
Greenland,  of  a  pale,  grayish-white,  snow-white,  or 
yellowish-brown.  It  occurs  in  masses  of  a  foliated 
structure.     It  has  a  glistening,  vitreous  luster.  Dane. 

eR?-OPH'0-KUS,  n.  [Gr.  Kfjvo^,  frost,  and  ^opcw, 
to  bear.] 

Frost-hearer  ,  an  instrument  contrived  by  Dr.  Wol- 
laston  for  freezing  water  by  its  own  evaporation. 

eUYPT,  7J.     [(;r.  KiJVWTci,  to  hide.]  [Brande. 

A  subterranean  cell  or  cave,  especially  under  a 
church,  for  the  interment  of  persons  ;  also,  a  subter- 
ranean chapel,  or  oratory,  and  the  grave  of  a  martyr. 

CRYl^'Tie,  /  a.     [Supra.]      Hidden ;    secret ;    oc- 

CRVP'Tie-AL,  \      cult.  IVatts. 

CRYP'TIC-AL-LY,  adv.    Secretly. 

eRYP-TO-GA'iMI-A,  (H.      [Gr.  Kovnros,  concealed, 

CRYP-TOG'A-MY,     (      and  ).im'>s,  marriage.] 

Concealed  fructification.  In  botany,  a  class  of 
plants  whose  stamens  and  pistils  are  not  distinctly 
visible.  Linnaius.     Ed.  Encyc. 

€RYP-TO-GA'MI-AN,  \  a.    Pertaining  to  plants  of  the 

CRYP-TO-GAM'ie,       >      class    Cryptogainiu,  includ- 

€RYP-TOG'A-MOUS,  )  ing  ferns,  mosses,  sea- 
weeds, mushrooms,  &c. 

CRYP-TOG'A-MIST,  n.  One  who  is  skilled  in  ciyp- 
togamic  botany  ;  one  who  favors  the  system  of  cryp- 
togamy  in  plant-'.  Lindlcij. 

€RYP-T0G'RA-1'11ER,  ».  Ono  who  writes  in  secret 
characters. 

CRYP-TO-GRAPII'ie-AL,  a.  Written  in  secret  char- 
acters or  in  cipher,  or  with  sympathetic  ink. 

CRYP-TOG'RA-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  KporrTog,  hidden,  and 
}  pat^no,  to  write.] 

The  act  or  art  of  writing  in  secret  characters  ;  also, 
secret  characters  or  cipher. 

CRYP  TOL'O-GY,  7i.    [Gr.  Kpvnros,  secret,  and  Xoy  of, 
discourse.] 
Secret  or  enigmatical  language. 

CRYS'TAL,  n.  [L.  crystailus  ;  Gr.  KpvamXXos  ;  Fr. 
cristal ;  Sj).  eri.-ital ;  It.  cristallo  ;  D.  kristat ;  G.  Icrys- 
tail ;  W.  crisial,  from  cris,  it  is  said,  a  hard  crust.  It 
is  from  the  same  root  as  crisp,  and  W.  cresu,  to  parch, 
crest,  a  crust,  crasu,  to  roast.  The  Greek,  froiti 
whicli  we  have  the  word,  is  composed  of  the  root  of 
Kpvo^,  frost,  a  contracted  word,  probably  from  the 
root  of  the  Welsh  words,  supra,  and  artXXti),  to  set. 
The  primary  sense  of  the  Welsh  words  is  to  sluink, 
draw,  contract;   a  sense  equally  api)licable  to  the 


eflecta  of  heat  and  cold.    Qu.  Ar.  /wwyi  kurasa,  Ch. 

tf-ip  kcrasb,  to  congeal.     Class  Rd,  No.  83,  85.] 

1.  In  c/iFinistry  and  minpralogy,  an  inorganic  body, 
which,  by  the  operation  of  afiinity,  has  asstimed  t!io 
form  of  a  regular  solid,  terminated  by  a  certain  num- 
ber of  plane  and  smooth  surfaces.  Cleaveland. 

2.  A  factitious  body,  cast  in  glass-liouses,  called 
crystal  gla^s  ;  a  species  of  glass,  more  perfect  in  its 
composition  and  manufacture,  than  cnnimon  glass. 
The  best  kind  is  the  Venice  crystal.  It  is  called  also 
factitious  rriistal  Of  paste.  Encyc.     JVidiolsnn. 

3.  A  substance  of  any  kind  having  the  form  of  a 

4.  Tlie  glxss  of  a  watch-case.  [crj'stal. 
Hock  crystal,  vT  mountain  crystal;  a  general  name 

for  all  the  transparent  crystals  of  quartz,  particularly 
of  liiopid  or  coliirless  quartz. 

Inland  crystal ;  A  variety  of  calcareous  spar,  or 
ci-jstallized  carbonate  of  lime,  brought  from  Iceland. 
It  occurs  in  laminated  masses,  easily  divisible  into 
rhombs,  and  is  remarkable  for  its  double  refraction. 

Cleaveland. 
CRYS'TAL,  a.     Consisting  of  crystal,  or  like  crjstal ; 
clear;  transpircnt ;  lucid;  pellucid. 

By  crystal  s[r.'.iiii:i  th.it  niimmir  tlirongh  the  meads.  Dryden. 

CRYS'TAL-FORM,  a.     Having  the  form  of  crystal. 

Encyc. 
€RYS-TAL'LI-NA,  n.      An   alkaloid  obtained  from 

Indigofera  tinctoria,  the  Indigo  plant. 
CRYS'TAL-LINE,  a.     [L.  crystaltinus ;  Gr.  ^pvoraX- 

Aim.] 


CUB 

1    Consisting  of  crystal ;  as,  a  crystalline  palace. 

S/uik. 
2.  Rc-enibling  crystal;  pure;  clear;  transparent; 
pellucid  ;  as,  a  cry.staUinc  sky.  Jililtun. 

Cry-<f.allinc  heavens ;  in  ancient  astronomy,  two 
spheres  imagined  between  the  primum  mobile  and 
the  firmament,  in  the  Ptolemaic  system,  which  sup- 
posed the  heavens  to  be  solid  and  only  susceptible  of 
a  single  motion.  Barlow. 

Crystalline  humor,  )  a  lentifonn,  pellucid  body,  com- 
Crystallinc  lens  ;  \  p(».scd  of  a  very  white,  trans- 
parent, firm  substance,  inclosed  in  a  membranous 
capsule,  and  situated  in  a  dejinrssion  in  the  anterior 
part  of  the  vitreous  humor  of  the  eye.  It  is  some- 
what convex,  and  serves  to  transmit  and  refract  tlfj 
rays  of  light  to  the  vitreous  humor.    Encyc.     Ilooprr. 

CRYS'TAL-LITE,  71.  A  name  given  to  whinstone, 
cooled  slowly  after  fusion.  Hall.     Thomaon. 

€RYS'TAL-LIZ-A-BLE,(/.  [fnmi  crystallize.]  'J'hal 
may  be  crystallized  ;  that  may  form  or  be  formed  into 
crystals.  Clavigcro.     Lacuisirr. 

€RYS-TAL-LI-ZA'TfON,  n.  [from  crystallize.]  'J'lij 
act  or  process  by  which  the  parts  of  a  solid  body, 
separated  by  the  intervention  of  a  liuid  or  by  fi;>i*-u, 
again  coalesce  or  unite,  and  formasolid  body.  If  the 
process  is  slow  and  undisturbed,  the  particles  itssumc 
a  regular  arrangement,  each  substance  taking  a  de- 
termiruite  and  regular  fiirm,  according  to  itJ  natural 
laws;  but  if  the  process  is  rapid  or  disturb!-*!.  Hi:: 
substance  takes  an  irregular  form.  This  process  u: 
the  crt'ect  of  refrigeration  or  evaporation. 

Lavoisier.     Kinenn. 
2.  The  mass  or  body  formed  by  the  processof  crys- 
tallizing. IVoiidicard. 

CRYS'TAL-LIZE,  v,  t.  To  cause  to  form  crystals. 
Common  salt  is  crystallized  by  the  evaporation  of  sea 
water. 

€RYS'TAL-LTZE,  v.  i.  To  be  converted  into  a  crys- 
tal ;  to  unite,  as  the  separate  particles  of  a  substmre, 
and  form  a  determinate  and  regular  solid. 

Each  species  of  salt  crystallises  in  a  peculiar  fonn.  Lacvitlcr. 

CRYS'TAI^r-LTZ-KD,  pp.  or  a.     Formed  into  ervslals. 
CRVS'TAL-LIZ-LNG,  ppr.     Causing  to  crjVtallize  ; 

formini,'  or  unJling  in  crystals. 
eRYS-TAL-LOG'RA-PIIER,   7t.     [Infra.]     One  who 

describes  crystals,  or  the  manner  of  (heir  fornialiuM. 
CRYS-TAL-LO-GRAPH'ie,  \  a.       Pertaining    lo 

CRYS-TAL-LO  (iUAPIl'IC-AL,  j      crystallographv. 
eRYS-TAL-L(K;KAl'Il'lC-AL-LY,adr.  In  the  man 

ner  of  crystallMi;raphv. 
CRYS-TAL-LfJG'RA-PHY,  n.   [crystal,  as  above,  and 

ypu'pi!,  descripIi'Mi.] 

1.  The  doctrine  or  science  of  crystaSIizalion,  teach- 
ing the  principles  of  tlie  process,  and  the  forms  and 
structure  of  crystals. 

2.  A  discour^^e  or  treatise  on  crvstallizatioii. 
CTE-NolD'LANS,  (te-noid'-)  n. p'l.    [Gr.  «^-£(5,comb, 

and  £i/>:'i,  form.]    The  third  order  of  fishes,  estab- 
lished by  Agassiz,  characterized  thus:  skin  covered 
with  jagged,  pectinated,  unenameled  scales. 
GUU,    n.      [.Allii'd  perhaps  to  Ir.   caobh,  a  branch,   a 
shont.    But  the  origin  of  the  word  is  uncertain.] 

1.  The  young  of  certain  quadrupeds,  as  of  tlie  bear 
and  the  io\. ;  a  puppy ;  a  whelp.  Waller  uses  the 
word  fiir  the  young  of  the  whale. 

2.  A  voung  hoy  or  [;irl,  iii  contempt.  Shak. 
CUB,  n.     A  stall  for  cattle.     [AVt  in  use.] 

CUB,  J',  t.  To  bring  tbrth  a  cuh,  or  cubs.  In  con- 
tempt, to  bring  forth  young,  as  a  woman.      Dryden. 

CUB,  V.  t.    To  shut  up  or  confine.     [AVt  hi  use,] 

Barton. 

CU-BA'TION,  -n.     { L.  cuhatio,  from  cubo,  to  lie  down.] 
Tlio  act  of  lying  (hnxn  ;  a  reclining.  Diet. 

eO'UA-TO-RY,' «.  Lying  down  ;  reclining;  incum- 
bent. Diet. 

CO'BA-TORE,  71.  [fioin  cube]  The  finding  exactly 
the  scilid  or  cubic  contents  of  a  body.  Brande. 

eUB'B/:i),  (kubd,)  pp.  Brought  forth  ;  shut  up  ;  con- 
fined.     (Used  of  hf.ists.] 

eUB'BlNG, /»;)r.  Bringing  forth,  as  beasts;  shutting 
up  in  a  stall. 

CUB'-DRAWN,  (I.  Dniwn  or  sucked  by  cubs,  applied 
by  Shakspeare  to  the  bear. 

Cube,  n.  [Gr.  Kvlioi ;  L.  cubus,  a  die  or  cube  ;  Fi. 
cube;  ll.  cubo  ;  Sp.  cm6o  ;  Port,  c«/>c.  In  thr  two  laltii 
languages,  it  signifies  also  a  pail  or  tub,  and  in  I'oii.  the 
nave  of  a  wheel.  W.  cuh,  a  bundle,  heap,  or  aggre- 
gate, a  cnjic  :  Ch.  ^PV,  to  square,  to  form  into  a  cube  ; 
N''2ip,  the  ganie  of  dice,  (Jr.  K\fJfin.  It  seems  lobe 
allied  to  L.ci(6o,lo  set  or  throw  dwwn,  and  lo  signify 
that  which  is  set  or  laid,  a  solid  ina.~s.  [ 

1.  In  geometry,  a  regular  solid  body,  with  six  equal 
square  sides,  and  containing  equal  angles. 

2.  InariM?;(c/if,  the  product  of  a  number  niulli|)licd 
into  itself,  and  that  product  multiplieil  into  tin-  same 
number  ;  or  it  is  formed  by  muhiplviii!'  any  number 
twice  by  itself;  as  4  X4  =  IG,  and  Hi  Xi  =  f-^,  the 
cube  of  4. 

Tlie  law  of  the  planeta  is,  Ihnt  ihe  squaws  of  ilic  times  of  tJieir 
revolutions  are  in  proportion  lo  tlie  cu6m  of  their  nte»n  tli»- 
tanc«s. 
Cube  root,  is  the  number  or  quantity,  which,  mul- 
tiplied into  itself,aiid  then  into  the  product,  producers 


TONE,  B?JLL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.— €  as  K  ;  0  as  J  ;   S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  Til  as  in  THIS. 


37 


260 


cue 


CUE 


Uie  cubo  ;  or  which,  twice  muhiplied  intu  itwlf.pru- 
(luces  Ihe  nuniKr  of  ivhUh  il  is  llie  ri«l  ;  Uius. 
3  w  llio  ciibo  root  or  Bide  of  i7,  for  3  X  3  =  0,  and 

eOllH,  r.  il   To  rai8«  to  tlie  lliird  power,  l>y  niulliply- 

iii^  11  inimlifr  into  ilst'lf  iwico. 
CCirii'-uKB,  n.    An  ore  of  a  green  color,  conslsllng  of 

arsenic  acid  and  iron. 


iHiacd  lo  b«  called  fruni  ila  nule.    The  nolo  Is  n  cull 
lo  love,  and  conlinued  only  dntiiiB  'he  amorous  Bca- 
Bon.    11  is  said  the  enckin  lays  in  egss  in  a  licst 
foruicd  hy  auollur  bird,  bl  whiih  Ib.y  an-  halrlied. 
CiJCK'OO-lll'U,  II.    'J'he  |ilanl  crowfjot  or  bullcrcup. 

A  plant,  a  sjiccies  of  Car 


c^JCK'oo-^LO^v-EK,  «. 

diiniine  or  Lady's  Smock. 


o} 


eO'UEB,  ».    [.\r.  ^L/k^s  kababaH;  Indian  Mnia. 

Clans  Gb,  No.  45.    S|>.  eubcba.]  .  ,     ,        , 

The  small,  spicy  berr)'  of  the  I'iprrcubrba,  uom  Ja- 
va, and  Ihe  other  East  India  isles.  It  was  fornicrlv 
callrd,frum  its  slinrl  slelns,  />i;irr  ruuifnliim,  or  lailicl 
niiiiier.  It  resembles  a  gniin  uf  ixinier,  but  is  some- 
wliat  lonser.  In  aromatic  warinlll  and  iniiipency,  it 
is  far  inferior  lo  pepper.  Corf.    Kiici/c. 

rn'il'ie' \l   i  "■  f ''•  "'"'"'•  ^"""  "''"•  ^"^  ^'■"'^■^ 

Having  the  form  or  proiwities  of  n  cube  ;  that  may 

be  or  is  ccinuiined  witliui  a  cnbe.    A  cutic  fool  of 

water  is  the  waur  that  may  bo  contained  witlim  su 

equal  sides,  each  a  foot  siiuare. 

Cubic  rquctiirii !  in  iils;rbra,  an  equation  in  which 
the  hiRlicil  or  only  power  of  the  unknown  qimnlity 
is  a  cube.  ,       ,  ,    *■'■'"«'■ 

Cutic  numbtr,  is  a  number  produrcd  by  mulliply- 

inj  a  number  into  Itself,  and  thai  product  by  the 

same  number;  or  il  is  the  number  ansinR  from  tlie 

mulliiilication  of  a  square  number  by  its  root.    [Sec 

CuiiE.] 

CO'BIC-AI--LY,  ode.    In  a  cubical  method. 

€0'lll(>Alr-NEtfS,  n.    The  state  or  quality  of  being 

eU-mC'lj-l,AR,<i.     [L.  cuiiciidira.]  [cubical. 

IJeloUKin^  to  a  chamber. 
eU-ltie'i;-L.A-RY,  a.    [L.  cubiculum,  a  bedroom.] 
Fitted  for  ihc  posture  of  lying  down.  [iiUlc  iisn/.] 

Uroyrn, 
eO'BI-FORM,  o.    Having  the  form  of  a  cube.  Oixc. 
eO'niT,  n.   [L.  cuWua,  the  elbow;  Gr.  M,jiroir  prob 
ably  allied  to  L.  ciito,  and  sijiiifying  a  turn  or  corner. 

1.  Inonatom!;,  the  fore  arm;  the  ulna,  a  bone  ol 
the  arm  from  tile  elbow  to  the  wrist,    Coxc.  Encijc. 

2.  In  nieiisiiriKicm,  the  lelipth  of  a  man's  arm  Iroin 
Ihe  elbow  to  the  cxtnniity  of  the  middle  finger.  The 
cubit,  aiming  the  ancients,  was  of  a  dilTercnt  length 
among  dilllrent  nations.  Dr.  Arbuthnol  states  the 
Roman  cubit  at  seventeen  inches  and  four  tenths ; 
Ihe  cubit  of  the  .-icriptures  at  a  little  less  than  twen- 
ty-lwo  inches ;  and  Ihc  English  cubit  ol  eigluecn 
inches.  ,  Eacyc. 

eO'BlT-AL,  a.    Of  Ihc  length  or  measure  of  a  cubit. 

^roieii. 
a  Pertaining  to  the  cubit  or  nina  ;  as,  the  cMuil 
nerve;  ni*i!ii/ artery  ;  cu4i(a(  muscle,    llmiper.  Cuic. 
€0'BIT-E1),  a.     Having  Ihe  measure  of  a  cubit. 
eUB'I.ESf',  0.     Having  no  cubs.  [Sheldon. 

C0'BO-DO-l)Ee-AllK'l)ltAI>,  11.  Presenting  the  Iwo 

forms  a  cube  and  a  doilerabcdrou.         Ctravcland. 
eC'BOlI),  a.    Having  nearlv  the  form  of  a  cube. 
CI'-BOID'AL,  a.     [Gr.  Kvlioi,  cube,  and  cidjj,  form.] 
Nearlv  in  llio  shape  of  a  cube ;   as,  the  cubuidul 
bone  of'the  foot.  JViilsk. 

CC"llO-oe-T.\-lIi5'DnAL,  (I.    [ciilic  and  M<a/ic((r(ir.] 
Presenting  a  combination  of  the  two  forms,  a  cube 
and  an  oclahcdron.  Ckardanil. 

eUCK'lNG-STOOL,  n.  [Qn.  from  cAnlc]  A  ducU- 
ing.slool ;  an  engine  for  punisliing  scolds  and  refrac- 
tory women  ;  also  brewers  and  bakers  ;  called,  also, 
a  tumbrtl  and  a  trthuclM.  The  culprit  was  seated  on 
Ihe  stool,  and  thus  immersed  in  wutcr. 

Old  En".  Law. 
eUCK'OLD,  n.  [Chaucer,  trtknrM.  The  first  sylla- 
ble is  Fr.  eoeu,  which  seems  to  be  Ihe  first  syllabic 
of  coucau^  cuckoo;  W.  co^ ;  Sw*.  gtik  i  Via.n.  giUg. 
The  Dutch  call  a  cuckold  boomdran^cr.  a  horn- 
wparer  ;  and  llie  Germans,  hulnirri,  from  htthn^a  cock ; 
the  Spaniards  and  Portuguese,  cornudflj  lud.  ceriiul^, 
horned  ;  Fr.  contard^  (obs.)  Hee  Spelman's  Ohssa- 
rijf  voc.  .^r^it.'\ 

.\  man  whose  wife  is  false  lo  Ills  bed  ;  the  hus- 
band of  an  ailulteress.  Siri/l. 
CUCK'OLD,  r.  I.    To  make  a  man  a  cuckold  by  erim' 
inal  conversation  with  his  wife ;  applied  to  the  se- 
ducer. Skak. 

2.  To  make  a  husband  a  cuckold  by  criminal  con- 
versation Willi  another  man  ;  applied  to  the  wife, 

Dnjdm. 
eUCK'OLD-ED,  pp.      Made  a  cuckold  by  criminal 

conversation. 
€L't'K'l>l>-nOM,  n.     The  acl  of  adultery;  Ihe  stale 
\        i>f  a  cuckold.  Johnson.     T>rildcn. 

eUCK'OI.O-LV,  a.      Having  the  qualities  of  a  cuck- 
old ;  mean  ;  sneaking.  Shtik. 
Cl'CK'Ol.D-.MAK-Elt,  n.    One  who  has  criminal  con- 
versation with  another  man's  wife  ;  one  who  makes 
a  cuckold.                                                            Drfdcn. 
ejJCK'OO,  (kijok'oo,)  n.   [L.  ciiculiu  ;  Gr.  eoit«f(  ;  Fr. 
coucou  ;  Arm.  coHcouq ;  Sax.  geoc  :  Dan.^'i?;.' ; 
gilk:\V.eog;    V.  hoekoek  :   G.  kiirkuek ;   Sp. 
cuclUlo  f  It.  cueulo.    See  Gawk.] 
A  bird  of  the  genus  Cuculiis,  whose  name  is  sup- 


el^CK'OO-I.TKK,  (liwk'oo-)  (1.  Like  the  cuckoo. 
CDCK'IJO-PINT,  II.  A  plant,  of  the  genus  Alum. 
eL'CK'OO-Sl'IT,  (  11.      A    dew    or   exudation 

€gcK'00-SPlT-TLE,  (      found  on  planus,  es|H!Cially 
about  the  joints  of  lavender  and  roselnaiy.   Union. 
Or  a  froth  or  spume  found  on  the  leaves  ol  eeriain 


B.  JottSOH. 

'  from  cucullus, 


Sw. 

cuco  or 


^^t        1,       Ill/Ill       .'•        .3,.l.l..W       .U...... ,       rt  ■■  1 

plants,  as  on  while  neldlychnis  or  calchlly,  called, 
sometimes,  spatlins-poppy.  Kncye. 

eUCaUEAN,  n.     [Fr.  cuviiitif.] 

A  vile,  lewd  woman.    [A'ol  in  u.«.] 

CO'eL'L-L.\TE,      I  a.     [I.,  cucullatiu, 

eO'CUL-LA-TED,  i     a  hood,  a  couil.] 

1.  Hooded  ;  cowled  ;  covered  as  with  a  hood. 

2.  Ilaviugtlie  shape  or  resemblance  of  a  hood  ;  or 
wide  M  the  top  and  drawn  to  a  poinl  below,  in  sliape 
of  a  conical  roll  of  paper  ;  as,  a  cucullalc  leaf. 

CO'CUM-BEIl,  II.  [Fr.  eoacombre,  or  concombre,  from 
L.  cucunKT  or  cuciiiiiii ;  Sp.  eohombn ;  D.  kommommcr  ; 
Ir.  ciieaiij/wr.] 

The  name  of  a  plant  and  its  fniil,  of  the  genus 
Cuciimw.  The  nower  is  yellow  and  bellshapcd  ;  and 
the  stalks  are  long,  slender,  and  trading  on  the 
ground,  or  clunbing  by  their  claspcrs.  ,     ,     ., 

eO'eUU-UIT,     j  n.      [L.  cucurbita,  a  gourd  ;  II.  id.  t 
eO'eUlt-lilTE,  (     Fr.  ciiciiriilo;  from  L.  ciireitn.*.] 
A  chemical  vessel  in  the  shape  of  a  gourd;  but 
some  of  them  arc  shallow,  with  a  wide  inoulli.    It 
niav  be  made  of  cop|RT,  glass,  tin,  or  stone  ware,  and 
is  lised  in  distillation.     This  vessel,  with  lis  head  ur 
cover,  constilules  the  alembic. 
€U-eUll-ni-TA'CEOUS,  a.   Resembling  a  gourd  ;  as, 
citeurbitaceotu)  plants,  such  as  the  iiuloii  ami  punii>- 
kill  or  immpion.  Milne.    .Varlyn. 

eU-eUU'Ul-TIVE,  o.  a  word  applied  to  small  worms 

shajicd  like  the  seeds  of  a  gourd. 
eUD,  11.     [As  this  word  is  often  vulgarly  pronounced 
ijiiid,  I  suspect  it  to  be  a  cormiilion  of  Ihe  D.  kaanwd, 
gekaanwd,  chewed,  from  kaaiiiccn,  to   chew,  Arm. 
clianein,  Sa.\.  ceoieaii.     See  Ciitw  and  }\\x.] 

l!  The  food  which  rumiualing  animals  chew  at 
leisure,  when  not  grazing  or  eating  ;  or  that  portion 
of  il  which  is  brought  from  Ihc  lirsl  stomach  and 
chewed  at  once. 

S.  A  portion  of  tobacco  held  in  the  mouth  ana 
chewed. 

3.  The  inside  of  Ihe  mouth  or  throat  of  a  beast 
that  chews  Ihe  cud.  Encijc. 

eUD'r.ESU,  11.  [A  corniption  of  CiiMeil,  with  a 
French  pronuncialion,  so  called  arter  a  man  of  this 
name,  who  first  broughl  it  into  notice]  , 

A  plant,  the  Lccanora  Talarca,  of  the  order  of  Li- 
chens, much  emiiloycd  in  dycins.  It  gives  a  purple 
color.  .  ,  ,.    r ,. . 

eUD'DKN,  )  11.    A  clown  ;  a  low  rustic  ;  a  doll.  [.\u( 
eUD'ny,      (      used.]  Dnjden. 

eUD'DLE,  c.  1.    [Ann.  cnddijo  i  W.  rii:i<iir,lo  hide,  to 
lurk,  lo  cover  or  keep  out  of  sight ;  Pax.  cio/c/c,  the 
cuitte-jyii.     Qu.  hide  and  c/im(.     See  Class  Gd,  No. 
21!,  30,  31,38.] 
To  retire  from  sight ;  to  lie  close  or  snug  ;  lo  squat. 

Prior. 
eUD'DLE,  t>.  (.    To  hug:  to  fondle.  Forby.  Ilatluway. 
CUD'DY,  n.   A  small  cabin  in  the  fore  part  of  a  lighter 
or  boat.     Totlen.    Hence, 

2,  A  very  small  apartmenL 

3.  The  cole  fish. 
eUD'OiEL,  71.     [VV.  ea^cl ;  from  cig,  a  mass,  lump,  or 

short  piece  of  wood.  The  Scot,  end.  Tout,  koddc, 
kudic,  is  a  diftVrenl  word  ;  rfjr  in  Englisll  being  gen- 
erally from  jT,  as  in  pled/re,  bridge,  &c.] 

A  short,  thick  stick  of  wood,  such  as  may  be  used 
by  the  hand  in  beating.  Il  difTers  strictly  from  a 
club,  which  is  larger  at  one  end  than  llie  (■llier.  Il 
is  shorter  than  a  pole,  and  thicker  than  a  rod. 

Drifden.    Sj)cke. 
To  cross  (Ac  cnd'rrl.-; ;  to  forbear  tlie  contest  ;    a 
phrase  borrowed  from  the  pmcticc  of  ciidgel-p'.aycrs, 
who  lay  one  cudgel  over  another.  Johii.ton. 

eUD'OEL,  V.  L    To  heal  with  a  cudgel  or  lliick  stick. 

Sieijl. 
2.  To  beat  in  general.  Sliak. 

€tID'<5EL-ED,  pp.    Beaten  with  a  cudgel. 
ei'O'OF.L-EU,  II.    One  who  beats  with  a  cudgel. 
CL'D'CF.L-INi;,  ppr.    Beating  with  a  cudgel. 
eiJD'CEL-PltOOF,  a.     Able  lo  rceist  a  cudgel ;  not 

lo  be  hurt  by  beating.  lludibras. 

eUD'LE,  (kud'l,)  n.    [Qu.  Scot,  eiuiiiis.] 

A  small  sca-flsh.  C'lrne. 

CUD'VVEED,  n.    A  plant  of  the  genus  Gnaphahum  ; 

called,  also,  enrrla:Mng,   goldylocl:^;  or  eternal  flower, 

of  inanv  siiecics.    The  flower.*  are  remarkable  for 

retaining  tiieir  beauty  for  years,  if  gathered  in  dry 

weather.  f'""J'^-  , 

eCE,  (ku,)  n.    [Fr.  ipuue;  U  cnuda;  II.  and  Sp.  cniii.l 

I.  The  tail ;  the  end  of  a  thing ;  as  the  long  curl 

of  a  wig,  or  a  long  roll  of  hair. 


CUL 

S.  The  last  words  of  a  s|HeeIi,  which  a  player,  who 
is  to  answer,  ralehes  and  regards  as  an  inliinatiunto 
begin.  ■\  him  given  lo  an  actor  on  the  stage,  «  bat 
or  when  lo  speak.  Ji:hn.<on.     Kneye. 

3.  A  hint  ;  an  intimation  ;  a  short  direction. 

■1.  The  part  which  any  man  is  to  play  in  his  turn. 

WoTv  it  my  cm  10  II;;!,!.  Shak. 

5.  Humor ;  turn  or  temper  of  mind.    [Tiili'iir.] 
G.  A  farthing,  or  fiirlhing's  worth.  lieaum 

7.  The  Mraighl  rod,  used  in  playing  billiards. 
eUEIl'I'O,  (kwer'lio,)  ii.    [Sp.  currpu,  1,.  rer/iiis,  body.) 
7'o  be  in  eurrpo,  or  to  valk  in  euer}w,  are  SpaiUBli 
phrases  for  being  without  n  cloak  or  iiiiper  ganurnt, 
or  williout  the  forr.ialitics  of  a  full  dress,  so  Ihal  llie 
shaiie  of  the  body  is  exposed.  /:«ryr. 

Hence,  to  be  in  enerpo,  also  denotes  to  be  linked  or 
lin  protected;  as,  exposed  in  fu.-r/M  to  their  ragi 


eUFF,  II. 


Jludibras. 
[  I'ers.  Lis  ka/a,  a  blow  ;  Ch.  ijIH,  id. ;  At. 


l_ijij  nakufa,  to  strike ;  Ileb.  Ips,  to  strike  offj 
sever  by  striking,  to  kill.    The  French  coup  at  _ 
cidea  with  cuff  in  elemeiiLs,  but  il  is  siiprKKcd  loHi; 
conlracled  from  It.  fo/;io,  L.  colaphu.     Ciig,  liowavqjf 
agrees  with  Ihe  Cr.  fc-mtrw.] 

1.  A  blow  w  itii  the  fist ;  n  siroke ;  a  box. 

2.  It  is  used  of  fowls  llial  fight  with  their  Udulia,j 
To  be  atfisty-eiift;  lo  fight  w  illi  blows  of  the  " 

CUFF,  V.  I.    'J'o  strike  willi  the  li»t,  as  a  iiiatl . 

with  talons  or  wings,  as  a  fowl.  Congrere.  Drydttn,^ 
eUFF,  V.  i.    To  fight ;  to  scullle.  JJrydtiu^ 

€UFF,  II.    ['I'his  word  luobahly  signifie.i  a  fold 

doubling ;  Ar.  ( jlSSs  kanf",  to  double  llie  bordj 

and  sew  together  ;  Cli.  I''^.  '"  '"^'"' '  "''''•  "l^^ 
KfiTTCj;  Low  L.  ci;i;"is.     (Mass  Gb,  No.  i;.%(«,  TJi.] 
The  fold  nl  the  end  ofa  sleeve;  the  panofasled 
turned  back  from  the  hand.  JlrbuHnot. 

CVFV'KO,  (kuft,)  pp.    S'ruck  with  the  fist. 
eUFF'ING,  jjpr.     Striki.ig  with  the  fist. 
eC'FIC,  n.    An  epitl.ci  apjilicd  to  the  older  chai 
of  the  Arabic  language,  used  at  the  lime  of 
hammed,  ami  about  three  centuries  after,  when  thi 
now  in  lisf-  were  invented.  Kneye.  Ar 

CUtBO'.YO,    (ki-bo'no,)     [L.]    For  whose  bcm 

(fill  est  bono7) 
eUIX'.\i5E,  (kwin'aje,)  n.    The  stampinj  of  P>e>^^ 
tin,  by  the  proper  ollicer,  with  the  arms  of  llie  ducl^ 
of  CoVnwall ;  corrupled  from  coijingc.    .McCnlioek,  : 
eUY-UASS',  (kwe-ras',)  n.     ( Fr.  cuiriMSf ;  ll.  MrotI 
Sp.  eoraza ;  Port,  cotirflya  ,■  vV.  euros.     Qu.  from 
the  heart ;  or  from  Fr.  ciiir,  L.  coriiiin,  lealher.) 

A  breastplate  ;  a  piece  of  defensive  armor,  mal, 
of  iron  plate,  well  hammered,  and  covering  tlie 
body  from  the  neck  to  the  girdle.  Kneye. 

eUl-UAS-SliclC,  (kwe-ras  seer',)  n.    A  soldier  arincd 

with  a  cuirass,  or  lire.xstplate.  Milton. 

eUlSII,  (kwis,)  11.    [Fr.  ciiissr,  the  thigh  or  h'j  ;  W. 
ccesi  Ir.  COS.] 
Defensive  armor  for  the  thighs.    Shak.    Dn/dtA. 
CursWE',  (kwe-zeen',)  ii.     [Fr.]    The  cooking 

partment ;  cooker)'. 
eUL'DEE,  a.    [L.  eullorej  Dri,  worshipers  of  Goo, 
A  monkish  pricsl,  remarkable  for  religious  dull 
The  Culdces  formerly  inliabitcd  Scotland,  Irelam 
and  ^Aales.  Kneye 

CUI^DK-S.\C,  [Fr.]  /^((rra//!!,  the  bolloin  of  a 
and  fi'ruratively,  a  street  which  is  not  open  at 
ends. "  JSouvier 

CUL'ER-.'>  0-E,  n.     [Fr.  cul.] 

tii  iiei  name  of  the  Arse-smart, 
tt,  LiC'I-FORM,  (ku-lis'c-forin,)  a.    [L.  cu(rj,  a  gnat 
or  Ilea,  and /.lemrt,  form.] 
or  the  form  or  shape  of  a  Ilea  ;  rusemblin;  a  Ilea. 
eO'LI-NA-RY,  a.    (L.  cuZiiiariiM,  from  cuhiio,  a  kitch- 
en, W.  eyl.    Sec  Kiln.] 

Relaling  to  the  kitchen,  or  to  llie  art  of  cookery ; 
used  in  kitchens  ;  as,  a  culinary  fire  ;  a  culinary  ve». 
sel  ;  culinary  herbs.  J^'eielon. 

euLL,  V.  (.   ; 

Norm.  cuUiir 

arate,  or  lo  lake.] 
To  pick  out  ;  to  separate  one  or  more  things  from 

others  ;  to  select  from  many  ;  as,  to  cull  flowers ;  lo 

cuU  hoops  and  slaves  for  inarkel. 

Pope.     Prior.     Loies  of  Conn. 
CVI.VKn,  vp.    Picked  out ;  selected  from  many. 
eiJL'LE.N-DER,  v.     A  strainer.    This,  which  is  the 

more  regular  s|ielling,  is  now  used  in  some  standard 

English  works.     [Sec  Colanoeb.] 
eULL'ER,  n.    One  who  picks  or  chooses  from  many. 
2.  An  inspector  who  selects  merchantable  hoops 

and  staves  for  market.        Laies  of  Mass.  and  Conn. 
eUL'LET,  n.  Broken  glass,to  be  melted  over.  Uranie. 
eUL-LI-niL'1-TY,  71.     [fnmeully.]     Crcrtnlily ;  easi- 
ness of  being  gulled.      [JVot  elegant.]  SieifL 
eVhh'lSG,  ppr.    Selecting;  choosing  from  inanj'. 
GULL'IXG,  n.     Any  thing  separated  or  selected  from 

a  mass ;  refuse.  ,  Drayton. 
eULL'ION,  (kul'yun,)  ii.    [II.  coghoiu, 


iri;  iieio--,.  ..■- 

[Ciu.  Fr.  eueillir.  It.  cogliere,  lo  gather ; 
hir ;  It.  seegUtre.     I'o  ciiH  is  rather  to  sep- 


1-  t,i- 


IaTE,  far,  fall,  WHAT.-METE,  PKEV.-PI.NK,  MARINE,  BIRP.-N6TE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BOOK. 


yjy 


I 

1 


CUL 

1.  A  mean  wretch.  If  from  culhj^  one  easily  de- 
ceived ;  a  dupe.  Dryden, 

2.  A  round  or  bulbous  root ;  Orcliis.     [L.  c/)/f(w.] 
eLljL'IO.V-LY,  fl.    Mean;   base.      [A  bad  tcorO.and 

not  used.]  Shak. 

eUL'LIS,  j(.     [Fr.  coulis,  from  couler,  to  strain.] 

1.  llroth  of  boiled  meat  strained.      Beaum.  and  Fl. 

2.  A  kind  of  jelly.  Marston. 
CUT.'LY,  n.    [.Sec  the  verb.]    A  person  who  is  meanly 

deceived,  tricked,  or  imposed  on,  as  by  a  sharper, 
jilt,  or  slrumpel ;  a  mean  dupe.  Hadibras. 

eUL'LY,  r.  t.     [D.  hullcn^  to  clieat,  to  gitU.'\ 

To  deceive ;  to  trick,  cheat,  or  impose  on  ;  to  jilt. 
€rL'LV-IXG,p;ir     Deccivina ;  tricking. 
eUL'LY-ISM,  n.    The  state  of  a  cnlly. 

[Cui/y  and  its  derivatives  are  not  elegant  words.] 

€UIiM,  n.     [L.  calmus;  Ir.  coibh;  W.  cohv,  a  stalk  or 

stem;  L.  eauH^;  D.  kool.     See  Q-uill  and  Haulm.] 

1.  In  botany^  the  stalk  or  stem  of  corn  and  grasses, 
usually  jointed  and  hollow,  and  supporting  the  leaves 
and  fructification.  Martijn. 

2.  The  straw  or  drj'  stalks  of  com  and  grasses. 

3.  Anthracite  coal ;  a  species  of  fossil  coal,  found 
in  small  masses,  not  adhering  when  heated,  difficult 
to  be  ignited,  and  burning  with  little  flame,  but 
yielding  a  disagreeable  smell. 

J'richolspn.    Jmtrn.  of  Science. 

4.  Comminuted  anthracite  coal.  Gilbert. 
eUL'MEX,  n.     [L.]     Top;  summit. 
€UL-MIF'ER-OUS,  a.     [L.  culmusj  a  stalk,  and  fcro, 

to  bear.] 

1.  Bearing  culms.  Cnlmifcrous  plants  have  a 
smooth,  jointed  stalk,  usually  hollow,  and  wrajjped 
about  at  each  joint  with  single,  narrow,  sharp- 
pointed  leaves,  and  their  seeds  contained  iu  chafly 
husks,  as  wheat,  rye,  oats,  and  barley. 

Mthie.     Qidncy. 

2.  Abounding  in  culm  or  glance  coal.        Ssdgioick. 

3.  Containing  culm. 

€UL'MIN-aTE,  v.  t.     [L.  culmejiy  a  top  or  ridge.] 
To  be  vertical ;  to  come  or  be  in  the  meridian  ;  to 
be  in  the  Jiighest  point  of  altitude ;  as  a  planet. 

Milton. 

€UL'MIN-ATE,  a.  Growing  upward,  as  distin- 
guished from  a  lateral  growth  ;  a  term  applied  by 
Dana  to  the  growth  of  conds. 

€UL'MIN-A-TI.\G,  ppr.  orrt.  Being  at  the  meridian  ; 
having  its  highest  elevation. 

€UL-M1N-a'TIO-\,  n.    Ths    transit  of  a  heavenly 
body  over  the   meridian,  or  highest  point  of  alti- 
tude for  the  day.  Barluw. 
2.  Top  ;  crown. 

€UL-PA-B1L'I-TY,  n.  [See  Culpable.]  Blamable- 
ness ;  culpablencss. 

€UL'PA-BLE,  a.  [Liw  L.  eitlpabili^  ;  Fr.  coup  able  ; 
Ii.  cJpahilc:  from  L.  culpa,  a  fault  ;  V/.  cicl,  a  fault, 
a  flagging,  a  drooping,  like/du?/,  from^ai/.] 

1.  Blamable  ;  deserving  censure,  as  the  person 
who  has  done  wrong,  or  tlie  act,  conduct,  or  negli- 
gence of  the  person.  We  say,  the  man  is  culpaLle^ 
or  voluntary  ignorance  is  culpable. 

2.  i^inful;  criminal;  immoral;  faulty.  But  gen  cr- 
allv-  culpable  is  a,  pUcd  to  acts  les^  atrocious  than 
crh.".?? 

3.  Guilt>'  of:  as,  culpable  of  a  crime.    [JVot  used.] 

Speiiser. 

eUL'PA-BI^E-XESS,  n.  Clamableness ;  guilt;  the 
quality  of  deseri'ing  blame. 

eiTL'PA-BLY,  adv.  Blamably  ;  in  a  faulty  manner  ; 
ill  a  manner  to  merit  censure. 

€UL'PR1T,  n.  [Supposed  to  be  formed  from  cul,  for 
culpable,  and  prit^  ready  ;  certain  abbreviations  used 
by  the  clerks  in  noting  the  arraignment  of  criminals  ; 
th(  prisoner  is  giiilty,  and  the  king  is  ready  to  provr^ 
him  30,]  Blackstonc. 

1.  A  piTson  arraigned  in  court  for  a  crime. 

Dryden. 

2.  Any  person  convicted  of  a  crime  ;  a  criminal. 
eUI/TER,  n.     [h.\    A  colter  ;  which  see. 
eUL-TI-ROS'TRAL,  a.     [L.  caUcr,  a  colter,  and  tos- 

trum,  a  bi;ak.] 
Having  a  bill  shaped  like  the  colter  of  a  plow,  or 

like  a  knife,  as  the  heron.  Partington. 

€tJL'TI-VA-BLE,  a.     TSee  Cultivate.]    Capable  of 

being  tilled  or  cultivated. 

Med.  Rcpos.     Edwards^s  W.  Ind. 
€UL-TI-Va'TA  BLE,  a.     Cultivable.  Edwards. 

€UL'TI-VaTE,  V    t.     [Fr.  cultiver ;    Sp.  and  Port. 

cidtiear ;  It.  cultivare;  from  L.  colo.  cidtus,  to  till,  to 

dwelU 

1.  To  till  ;  to  prepare  for  crops ;  to  manure,  plo^v, 
dress,  sow,  and  reap;  to  labor  or  manage  and  im- 
prove in  husbandry ;  as,  to  cultivate  land  ;  loculttvate 
a  fann.  Sinclair. 

2.  To  improve  by  labor  or  study  ;  to  advance  the 
growth  of;  to  refine  and  improve  by  correction  of 
faults,  and  enlargement  of  powers  or  good  quali- 
ties ;  as,  to  eultivaU  talenL-t ;  to  cultivate  a  taste  for 
poetrj'. 

3.  To  study  ;  to  labor  to  improve  or  advance  ;  as, 
to  adUvate  philosophy  ;  to  cultivate  the  mind. 

4.  To  cherish  ;  to  foster ;  to  labor  to  promote  and 
increa-te  ;  as,  to  cultivate  the  love  of  escellence  j  to 
cultivate  gracious  affections. 


CUM 

5.  To  improve;  to  meliorate,  or  to  labor  to  make 
better;  to  correri ;  to  civilize;  as,  to  cultivate  the 
wild  savage. 

6.  To  raise  or  produce  by  tillage ;  as,  to  ailfivatc 
corn  or  grass.  Sinclair. 

€UL'TI-VA-TED,7jp.  era.  Tilled  ;  improved  in  ex- 
cellence or  condition  ;  corrected  and  enlarged  ; 
cherished  ;  meliorated  ;  civilized  ;  produced  by  til- 
lace. 

€UL'TI-VA-TING,;/;jr.  Tilling  ;  preparingforcrops; 
improving  in  worth  or  good  qualities;  meliorating; 
enlarging;  correcting  ;  fosteruig;  civilizing;  produ- 
cing by  tillage. 

eUlr-TI-VA'TlON,  71.  Tile  art  or  practice  of  tilling 
and  preparing  for  crops ;  husbandry ;  the  manage- 
ment of  lajid.  I*and  is  often  made  better  by  cultiva- 
tion. Tea  acres  under  good  cidtcvatton  will  produce 
more  than  twenty  when  badly  tilled. 

2.  Study,  care,  and  jMactice  directed  to  improve- 
ment, correction,  enlargement,  or  increase;  the  ap- 
plication of  the  means  of  improvement;  as,  ni'.n 
may  grow  wiser  by  the  cultivation  of  talents ;  tln-y 
may  giow  better  by  the  caltivation  of  the  mind,  of 
virtue,  and  of  piety. 

.'t.  Tlie  producing  by  tillage;  as,  the  cultivation  of 
corn  or  grass. 

€UL'TI-Va-TOR,  n.  One  who  tills,  or  prepares  land 
for  crops  ;  one  who  manages  a  farm,  or  carries  on  the 
operations  of  husbandry  in  general  ;  a  farmer ;  a 
husbandman  ;  an  agriculturist. 

2.  One  who  studies  or  labors  to  improve,  to  pro- 
mote, and  advance  in  good  qualities,  or  in  growth. 

3.  A  kind  of  harrow. 

CUL'TRATE,      )  a.      [L.   cultratuSj    from    cultcr,   a 
eUL'TRA-TED,  j      knife.] 

Sharp-*;dged  and  pointed  ;  shaped  like  a  pnming- 
knife  ;  as,  the  beak  of  a  bird  is  convex  and  cidtraied. 
Eiici/c.  art.  Corvtis.     Loudon. 
eUL'Tl^RE,  (kull'yur,)  n.  '[L.  cultura,  from  colo.  See 
Cultivate.] 

1.  TJie  act  of  tilling  and  preparing  the  earth  for 
crops  ;  cultivation  ;  the  application  of  labor  or  other 
means  of  improvement. 

Wt;  oiigiit  lo  (jlams  the  culture,  not  tlie  soil,  Popr.. 

2.  The  application  of  labor,  or  otlrer  means,  to  im- 
prove good  qualities  in,  or  growth  ;  as,  the  culture  of 
the  mind  ;  the  culture  oi'  virtue. 

3.  The  application  of  labor,  or  other  means,  in  pro- 
ducing; as,  tlie  culture  of  corn  or  grass. 

4.  Any  labor  or  means  employed  for  improvement, 
correction,  or  growth. 

eUL'TlTRE,  V.  t.     To  cultivate.  Thomson. 

CUL'TIIR-A'D,  jyp.    Cultivated. 

CUL'TURE-LESS,  a.     Having  no  culture. 

CUL'TUR-ING,  irpr.     Cultivating. 

CUL'TliR-IST,  n.     A  cultivator. 

CUL'VER,  71.     [Sax,  culfcr,  cnlfra:  Arm.  cohn;  L.  co- 
lumba.] 
A  pigeon,  or  wood-pigeon.  Thomson. 

CUL'VER-HOUSE,  n.     A  dove-cote.  Harmar. 

eUJyVER-IN,  7i.  [Fr.  couleavrine ;  It.  colubrina;  Sp. 
culcbrina;  from  L.  colv,bri:::iSj  frcin  coluber,  a  ser- 
pent.] 

A  long,  slender  piece  of  ordnance  or  artillery,  serv- 
ing to  carry  a  ball  to  a  great  distance.  Encvc. 

eUI.'VER-KKY,  (-kc,)  71.  A  plant,  or  flower.  IVaUon. 

CULt'VEUT,  7(.  A  (Kissage  under  a  road  or  canal,  cov- 
ered with  a  bridge;  an  arched  drain  for  the  passage 
of  waJer.  Ciir. 

CUIVVER-TAIL,  tj.  [culver  and  tail.}  Dovetail,  in 
joinery  and  carpf-nlry, 

eUL'VER-TAIL-KD,  (-tald,)  a.  United  or  fastened, 
as  pieces  of  timber,  by  a  dovetailed  joint;  a  term 
used  by  shipiSriirhts.  Eiicyc. 

eUiM'BENT,  a.     [L.  cumbo.] 
Lying  down. 

eUiM'BEU,  V.  L  [Dan.  kuimncr,  distress,  encumbrance, 
grief;  D.  kommcren ;  G.  kiintmcrn,  to  arrest,  to  con- 
cern, to  trouble,  to  grieve;  Fr.  cncombrer,  to  encum- 
ber.] 

1.  To  load,  or  crowd. 

A  variety  of  frivoloti3  ar^iimcnU  cumbei'S  the  memory  to  ot>  pur- 
pose. Locke. 

2.  To  check,  stop,  or  retard,  as  by  a  load  or  weight ; 
to  make  motion  difficult ;  to  obstruct. 

Wliy  nsks  In;  wliat  avails  liim  not  in  figlit, 

AnJ  vvoiUil  but  cumlxr  and  retard  his  flighl  ?  Dryden. 

3.  To  perplex  or  embarrass ;  to  distract  or  trouble. 

Mirllia  w,\s  cumbered  nlMUt  much  Eervirg.      Luke  s. 

4.  To  trouble  ;  to  be  troiiblesome  to  ;  to  cause 
trouble  or  obstruction  in,  as  any  tiling  useless. 
Thus,  brambles  cumber  a  garden  or  field.  [See 
Encumbkh,  which  is  more  gcnrrally  used.] 

eUM'BER,  71.  Hinderance;  obstruction;  btirdensome- 
ness;  embarrassment;  disturbance;  distress. 

Thus  fiute  iJiy  lielps,  and  tliui  Uiy  cu:abers  spring.    Spenser. 
[This  iFord  is  note  scarcely  vsed.] 
€UM'BER-£"0,  pp.     Loaded  ;  crowded. 
eUM'RER-L\(i,  ppr.  Loading  ;  crowding;  obstructing. 
ei.'.M'BER-.SOME,   a.      'i'roublesome  ;    burdensome  ; 
embarrassing;  vexatious;  as,  ci/a&CT-^oTTie obedience. 

Sidneij. 


CUN 

2,  Unwieldy  ;  unmanageable ;  not  easily  borne  or 
managed  ;  ai*,  a  cumbersome  load  ;  a  cumbersome  ma- 
chine. 

CUM'BER-SOME-LY,  adt.  In  a  manner  to  encum- 
ber. ShenBood. 

eUlVI'EER  sr>ME-NES3,  n.  Burdensomencs-^ ;  the 
quality  of  brjing  cumbersome  and  troublt-sornf. 

eU.M'BRANCE,  n.  That  which  obstnicts,  retard.--,  or 
renders  motion  or  action  didicult  and  toilsome  ;  bur- 
den ;  encumbrance  ;  hinderance ;  opijressive  load  ; 
embarrassment.  Milton, 

CUM'BROUS,  a.  Burdensome  ;  troublesome  ;  render- 
ing action  difficult  or  toilyome  ;  oppressive;  a?,  a 
cumbrous  weight  or  charge.  Milton.     Dryden. 

2.  Giving  trouble;  vexatious;  as,  a  cloud  of  cum- 
brous gnats.  Spenser. 

3.  Confused  ;  jumbled  ;  obstnicting  each  oth'-r; 
as,  the  eum.brou.i  elements.  Miltcn. 

CUM'BRGUS-LY,  ado.    In  a  cumbrous  manner. 

eUiM'BROUS-NESS,  t?.    Stale  of  lu-iui?  cumbrous. 

CUM'FREY,  (kum'fry,)  ji.  A  genus' of  plants,  the 
Symphytum;  sometimes  written  CoMraEY,  Comfiu', 
and  ("oMPHBY. 

GUM'IN,  n.  [L.  cuminnm  ;  Or.  Kvpavav ;  Oriental  PD3, 
Icamon.  The  vi;rb  Willi  whicli  this  word  seems  to  be 
connected,  signifies,  in  Ar.  Ch.  Syr.  and  Sam.,  lo  re- 
tire from  sight,  to  lie  concealed.] 

An  annual  plant  whose  scLds  have  a  bitterish, 
warm  taste,  with  an  aromatic  flavor  ;  Cuminum 
cyminum. 

€UM'MING-TON-ITE,  7J.  A  new  mineral  discovered 
by  Dr.  J.  Porter,  in  Cnmmington  and  Pluinfi&ld,  Hamp- 
shire county,  iMaj!!*achusetl3,  and  named  by  Prof. 
P^-wey.  It  is  massiv;?,  the  composition  thin,  colum- 
nar, scapiform,  stellular,  rather  incoherent,  fibers 
somewhat  curved,  luster  silky,  color  ash-gray,  trans- 
hicent  to  opaque,  briltl^^.  Porter.     Shepard. 

eu'MU-LATi^,  V.  t,  [la.cumulo;  Russ.  /.-<yr7i,  a  mass 
or  lump;  h.  cumulus,  n  heap;  Fr.  comblcr^  camuler ; 
Sp.  cumular ;  It.  cumidarc.] 

To  :;at]ier  or  throw  into  a  heap;  to  form  a  heap; 
to  heap  togetlier.  Woodward. 

[Accumulate  is  more  generally  used.] 

€U-.MU-La'TIO.\,  n.  The  act  of  heaping  together  ;  a 
heap.     [See  Accumulatio.v.] 

eO'iMU-LA-TIVE,  a.  Composed  of  parts  in  a  heap; 
forming  a  mass.  Bacon. 

2.  That  augments  by  addition ;  that  is  added  to 
something  else.  In  law,  that  augments,  as  evid-iice, 
facts,  or  arguments,  of  the  same  kind. 

CU'iMU-LoSE,  a.     Full  of  heaps. 

CU'MU-LO-STRA'TUS,  71.    [L.  cumulus  and  stratus.] 

In  meicorolotry,  a  name  given  to  a  cloud  having,  in 

its  main  body,  tlie  characters  of  the  stratus,  but  in 

Us  marf!in,  small  tufts  like  the  cumulus.    D.  Olmsic-l. 

Gu'MU-LUS,  n.  [L.,  a  heap.]  In  metcorolo^j,  a  nam-j 
given  lo  one  of  the  four  fundamental  clouds,  from  its 
structure  in  convex  masses  piled  one  upon  another. 

D.  Olmsted. 

eUN,  V.  t.    To  know.     [JVot  used.]     [See  Con.] 

2.  To  direct  the  course  of  a  ship.  [See  Co.sd,  the 
true  orthography.] 

CUNC-Ta'TION,  71.     [L.  cmictar,  to  delay.] 
Delav.     [JVut  much  used.] 

eUNe-TA'l  OR,  71.  One  who  delays  or  lingers.  [Lit- 
tle used.]  Hammond. 

eUND,  V.  t.    To  give  notice,     [-"^ec  Cond.] 

CU'NE-AL,  a.     [L.  cuncus,  a  wedge.    See  Coin.] 
Havinj;  the  form  of  a  wedge. 

IE'NEi3;!l^D,!''-    Wedgc-shapeJ. 

CU-Nii'l-FURM,  J  a.  [L  jiinct/5,  a  wedge,  and/t-rfHiz, 

eO'Kr-FORM,      )      I'r  ,n.] 

Having  tlin  sb.ip     ir  form  of  a  wedge. 

CUN'NER,  n.  :•  jlgur  local  name  for  the  limpet  or 
patella.  Gilbert. 

GUN'NIN^G,  a.  S;t\.  eunnan,  connan;  Goth,  kujouin, 
to  know  ;  Sw.  kunna,  to  be  able,  to  know  ;  knnni^y 
known  ;  also,  knowing,  skillful,  cunning;  D.  knnnru, 
can,  to  be  able,  to  hold,  contain,  understand,  or 
know  ;   G.  konnen.     See  Can.] 

1.  Knov.'ing;  skillful;  experienced  ;  well-instruct- 
ed. It  is  applied  lo  all  kinds  of  knowledge,  but  gen- 
erally and  approi>riatcIy,  to  the  skill  and  dexterity  of 
artificers,  or  the  knowledge  acquired  hi'  experience. 

Esau  vi-as  a  canning  iiuntor.   -Gen.  xxiii. 

I  will  Uike  away  tiie  cunrdns  iinifiCT.  — Is.  iii. 

A  cunning  workiiiau.  —  Ek.  xxxviii. 

2.  Wrought  with  skill ;  curious  ;  ingenious. 

Wilh  cli^rubs  of  cunning  work  sh:Ut  iJiou  liiakc  ttw:a.  — Ei. 

xxvi. 
[  The  foregoing  senses  occur  frequently  in  our  version 
of  the  Scriptures,  but  are  nearly  or  quite  ob.'ioletc.] 

3.  Artful;  shrewd;  sly  ;  crafty  ;  astute  ;  design- 
ing; as,  a  cutming  fellow. 

They  ai^e  resolved  lo  bccunmn*;  let  olliprs  nm  th«  lv\nrl  of 
lieing  Biucerc.  SuiriA. 

In  this  sense,  the  purpose  or  final  end  of  the  per- 
son may  not  be  illaudable  ;  but  cnnning  implies  !he 
use  of  artifice  to  accomplish  the  purpose,  nilher  than 
open,  candid,  or  direct  means.     Hence, 

4.  Deceitful;  trickish;  employing  sinilagcms  for  a 
bad  purpose. 


TONE,  BULL,  IIXITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K  ;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SII ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


CUP 

S.  Assumed  with  subtilty  ,  artful. 

Acoountin;  tui  lak>(Tity  to  bo  twl  a  eunving  Lic«  of  f&li«rhoo<l. 

Sidney. 

CUX'.VIXG,  «.  Knowlfdgo J  art;  skill;  dexierily. 
[  Obj.] 

t^t  my  ligtii  luuitl  furgrt  Itrr  cuimlnj'.  —  Pt.  cxxzvU. 

0.  Art;  nrtifico ;  nrtfiilnetm ;   craft;  tahrcwdnoM ; 

llie  fticiilly  or  art  of  iisin^  stmlngeui  to  arcompUsli 

a  imriKisc.    Ili-nce,  in  a  bail  srnse,  deccilfulnrHS  or 

d<:ceil;  fratidiilcnl  sKUl  ur  duxterlly. 

Diacaunfe  cutndng  lii  a  chllJ ;  cunning  b  the  ape  of  wImIori. 

Loett. 
eUN'MXG-I.Y,  aJp.    Artfully  ;  craftily  ;  with  subtil- 
ty ;  Willi  frniidiiltul  cuiitriv:tiicf. 

W'c  bave  iiot  Mlownl  running fy  iWi«r<l  Wflci.  — 3  IVt.  1. 

erX'NIXG-MAN,  M.  A  man  who  pr*:tinds  to  t(>ll  for 
tunc?}  nr  tcacli  how  (u  recover  stoli-n  or  lost  Roods. 

BuUer. 

ri'X'MXG-NE.^?,  11.    Cunning;  cnift  ;  ikctilfulnt^vc. 

t'L' P,  M.  [Sa\.  cvp  or  cupfi :  D.  kop ;  Dan.  id. ;  Sw.  kopp ; 
Fr.  coMpei  Ami.  coupciii  It.  eoppa;  Sp.  fdpa;  Ir.  capa^ 
or  c/i/)a>i;  \V.  rtrfr,  tippan;   L.  ctipa,  cuppa,  whence 


cu;fcf/a,aci(^€/,aliulccup;  Ch.3')3A-M&;  Ar.  t-  *h^^ 

huhon.  Class  Gh,  No.  48.  Soc  also  No.  C.  The 
primary  seiisie  may  htr^  hollow,  lit^udin;;,  Kuss.  kopm/u, 
or  contnininnf;  most  probably  the  liilter,  and  allicu 
to  !*.  capio.     JHci-  No.  .50,  5-3,  08,  and  Coor.] 

1.  A  small  vess-1  of  cap;icily,  usi^d  connnonly  to 
drink  out  of.  It  is  usually  uiadr  of  nii-t:it ;  a.s,  a  sil- 
ver cm/j  ;  a  tin  Clip.  But  the  nntne  is  nUo  given  to 
vessels  of  like  ^ha|>e,  used  for  other  purjKtses.  It  is 
usually  more  deep  than  wide;  but  tea-cups  and  cof- 
fee-cups are  often  exceptions. 

2.  The  content-*  of  a  cup ;  the  liquor  contained  in 
a  cup,  or  that  it  may  contain  ;  as,  a  cup  of  beer.  See 
1  Cor.  xi. 

3.  In  a  scriptural  smse,  sHffcT'm^s  and  uHliclionA; 
Uiat  which  is  to  be  received  or  endured. 

0   iny  Kallicr,  if  it  l>3   possible,  let   dii*  eup  i-Aa  from   inc.  — 
M^itt.  XX  >1. 

4.  Good  received ;  blessings  and  favors. 

My  cup  niuncUi  over.  —  Pe.  xxlil. 

7\ike  the  eup  of  salvation ;  that  is,  receive  the  bless- 
iuRS  of  deliverance  and  redemption  with  joy  and 
thanksgiving;.  Cruden.     Brown. 

5.  Any  tlimg  hollow  like  a  cup;  as,  the  citp  of  an 
acorn.  The  bell  of  a  flower,  and  a  calyx,  is  called  a 
fiotctr-cup. 

C.  A  plass  cup  or  vessel  used  for  drawing  blond  in 
»cariiicatii>n. 

Cup  and  can  ;  familiar  companions;  the  can  beint; 
the  larye  vessel  out  of  which  the  cup  is  fdled,  and 
thus  thr  two  being  constiutly  associated.        Swift. 

Cups^  in  the  plural;  social  enlcrtaiiiment  in  drink- 
ing; merr)'  bout. 

Thence  Trom  cupt  to  civil  l>roUi.  ATtlton. 

eUP,  V.  i.  In  sur^cri/^  to  apply  a  cupping-glass  to  pro- 
cure a  discharge  of  blood  from  a  scarified  part  of  the 
body.  Encyc. 

2.  To  supply  with  cups.     [0&5.]  Shak. 

CUP'-BEaR-EU,  n.  An  attendant  of  a  prince  or  at  a 
feast  who  conveys  wine  or  other  liquors  to  the  guests  j 
an  officer  of  the  king's  housr  hold.     J\'eh.  i. 

eUP'BOARD,  (kub'buriJ,)  n.  [eup  and  boariL]  0}-igi~ 
nalhj,  a  board  or  shelf  for  cups  to  stand  on.  In  mod- 
em AoiuM,  a  small  case  or  inclosure  in  a  room,  with 
shelves  destined  to  receive  cups,  plates,  dishes,  and 
the  like.  Bacon.     Dnjdcn. 

eUP'BOARP,  tJ.  (.  To  collect  into  a  cupboard  ;  to 
hoard.     [A'ot  used.]  ShaJc. 

€UP'BOARD-ED,  pp.    Deposited  in  a  cupboard. 

€C'PEL,  n.  [h.  eupelia^  a  linle  cup.]  A  small  cup  or 
vessel  u-jcd  in  refining  precious  metals.  It  retains 
them  while  in  a  metallic  state,  but  when  changed  by 
lire  into  a  fluid  scoria,  it  abs4>rbs  lln-m.  Thus  when 
a  mixture  of  lead  with  gold  or  silver  is  heated  in  a 
strong  fire,  the  lead  is  oxydatcd,  and  sinks  into  the 
substance  of  the  cupel,  while  the  gold  or  silver  re- 
mains pure.  This  kind  of  vessel  is  made  usually  of 
phosphate  of  lime,  or  the  residue  of  burnt  bones, 
rammed  into  a  mold,  which  gives  it  its  tigtirc. 

Encije,     Latoiiier.     J^'^icholson. 

eO'PEI^DUST,  Ti.    Powtler  used  in  purifying  melals. 

Smart. 

eU-PEI^L.^'TIO.V,  n.    The  refining  of  gold,  silver, 
and  Some  other  metals,  in  a  cu|K'),  or  by  scorification. 
LacoLfier.     AlcAot^on.     Kneye. 

€UP'-GAIX,  n.  A  singular  kind  of  gall  found  on  the 
leaves  of  oak,  &c.  It  contains  the  worm  of  a  small 
rty.  Encve. 

CO'PFD,  TF.    f  L.  cupido.]    In  mytho1of*y,  the  god  of  love. 

CU-PIU'I-Tv,  n.  [Ji.  capidita.t,  from  eupiduj,  from  eu- 
/wi>,  to  desire,  to  covet.     Pee  Class  Gb,  Xo.  23,  21. j 

An  eager  desire  to  possess  something;  an  ardent 
wisliing  or  longing  ;  inordinate  or  unlawt^ul  desire  of 
wealth  or  power.     It  is  not  used,  I  believe,  fur  the , 


CUR 

animal  npiH^iiie,  like  lust  or  concupiscence,  but  for 
desire  of  the  mind. 

No  rropjerty  b  arcure  wIkii  U  lecomM  Urge  eiioiijli  lo  teini>t  Ota 
cupidity  of  UtJisvul  puwcr.  liurkt. 

eiTP'-MOSS,  n.  A  vague  term  for  a  sort  of  moss,  or 
some  plant  called  a  moss,  whether  corroclly  or  not  is 
uncertain. 

CO'PO-LA,  «.  [ll.eiipi-h;  Sp.  atpula;  from  the  rout 
of  cu/i,  or  ntth'T  from  \V.  cu/i,  n  top  or  summit.] 

1.  In  architrcturfy  a  spherictU  vault  on  the  top  of  an 
edifice ;  a  dome. 

2.  The  round  top  of  a  structure ;  as,  the  cupola  of  a 
furnace.  Encyc. 

€0'PO-LA£I),  a.     Having  a  cupula.     [Xot  w.my.] 

Hrrbert. 

eUP'PKD,  (kupt,)  pp.  Bled  by  means  of  cupping- 
glasses. 

eiiP'PER,  n.  [from  eup.\  One  who  applies  a  cup- 
ping-glass; a  scarifier. 

eUP'PlNG,  ppr.  or  M.  Applying  a  cupping-glass,  with 
scarification  ;  a  dniwing  blood  with  a  cupping-glass. 

CIJP'PING-GLXSS,  H.  A  gliiss  vessel  like  a  cup,  to 
be  applied  to  the  skin,  before  and  after  scarification, 
for  drawing  blood. 

€0'1'RE-OL'.S,  a.    [L.  cujtrcus^  from  ci/pruni,  copiwr.] 
Copper>' ;  consisting  of  copjier  ;  resembling  copjH'r, 
or  partaking  of  its  qualities.  Encyc.     Bovlr. 

eU-PRlF'ER-OLJS,  a.  [L.  cuprum,  copper,  iuni  fcro, 
to  bear.] 

Containing  or  affording  copper;  as,  cupriferous  sil- 
ver. Tujke.     Ross. 

CI'P'  ROSE,  V.    The  poppy. 

Ci;P'-SlI.AP->JI),  (-shupl,)  a.    Shaped  like  a  cup. 

€0'PC-LA,  (  71.    [h.  cupula.]     In  botany,  the  cup  of 

eO'PULE,  \  the  acorn,  husk  of  the  filbert,  chestnut, 
&c. ;  a  peculiar  combination  of  bracts.         /'.  Cyc.  , 

eU-PU-LIF'ER-OUS,  a.     Bearing  rupiilt'S. 

€LrR,  n.  [Uu.  Lapponic  coira;  Basque  cJiauirra;  Ir. 
ffyr,  eater,  a  dog.] 

A  degenemte  dog;  and,  in  reproach,  a  worthless 
man.  Addison.     Shak.     Drydcn. 

eOR'A-BLE,  a.  [Sec  CunE.]  That  may  be  healed 
or  cured  ;  admitting  a  remedy;  as,  a  curii^p/c  wound 
or  disease  ;  a  curable  evil.  Drydcn. 

COR'A-BI-E-XESS,  71.  Possibility  of  being  cured, 
healed,  or  remedied. 

€U-RA-COA',  (ku-ra-s5',)  ti.  A  liqueur  or  cordial,  fla- 
fored  with  orange  peel,  cinnamon,  and  mace,  and 
deriving  its  name  from  the  Island  of  Curacoa,  where 
it  is  best  made.  Brandc. 

eO'RA-CV,  )n.    [Sec  Core  and  Cloate.]    The 

€0'RATE-SHIP,  J     office  or  employment  of  a  curate  ; 
the  employment  of  a  clergyman  who  represents  the 
incuml)ent  or  beneficiary  of  a  church,  parson,  or  vic- 
ar, and  officiates  in  his  stead.  Swift. 
2.  A  benefice  held  l)V  license  from  tlie  bisliop. 

CU-RAR'I-X.A,  ».  An  alkaloid  obtained  from  the  La- 
siosloma  Curare,  or  thcWoorara-trceof  South  Amer- 
ica. 

CO'RATE,  71.  [L.  curator,  or  curatus,  from  cura,  care. 
See  Cube.] 

1,  A  clergyman  in  the  Church  of  England,  who  is 
employed  to  perforin  divine  service  in  llic  place  of 
the  incumbent,  parson,  or  vicar.  Encyc. 

There  are  two  kinds  j  stipendiary  being  one  who  is 
hired  by  the  rector  or  vicar  to  serve  for  him,  and  per- 
petual being  one  who  is  not  dependent  on  the  rector, 
but  is  supported  by  a  i»art  of  tlic  tithes  or  otherwise. 

Brande. 

2.  One  employed  to  perform  the  duties  of  another. 

Dryden, 
eO'KA-TIVK,  a.    Relating  to  the  cure  of  diseases; 

tending  to  cure.  ArbuOinot. 

eU-Rv\'TOR,  71.     [L.    See  Cure.]     One  who  has  the 

care  and  superintendence  of  any  thing.  Swift. 

2.  A  guardian  appointed  by  law.  •/iyliffe. 

3.  Among  the  Romans,  a  trustee  of  the  aflhirs  and 
interests  of  a  person  emancipated  or  interdicted. 
Also,  one  appointed  to  regulate  the  price  of  mer- 
chandise in  the  cities,  and  to  superintend  the  cus- 
toms and  tributes.  Eneye. 

4.  In  tJie  United  Provinces,  or  Holland,  Uic  curator 
of  a  university  superintends  tlie  affairs  of  the  institu- 
tion, the  administration  of  the  revenues,  the  conduct 
of  the  professors,  &.c.  Encyc. 

CIT-Ra'TRIX,  71.     She  that  cures  or  heals.  CudtcorOi. 
CURB,  71.     [Fr.  courber,  to  bend;   Russ.  koroblya,  to 
bend,  to  draw  in,  to  straiten.] 

1.  In  the  mancffe,  a  chain  of  irtm  made  fast  to  the 
upper  part  of  the  branches  of  the  bricile,  in  a  hole 
called  the  eye,  and  running  over  the  beard  of  the 
horse.  It  consists  of  three  parts;  the  hook,  fixed  to 
the  eye  of  the  branch  ;  the  chain  or  links  \  and  the 
two  rings  or  mails.  Encyc. 

2.  Restraint;  check  ;  hinderance.  Religion  shouhl 
operate  as  an  effectual  curb  lo  the  jiassions. 

:*.  A  frame  or  a  wall  round  the  mouth  of  a  well. 

•I.  [Fr.eourhe;  It.  corba,  a.  disease  and  a  basket,] 
A  hard  and  callous  swelling  on  the  hind  part  of  the 
hock  of  a  horse's  leg,  attended  with  stillness,  and 
sometimes  pain  and  lameness.  Encyc. 

CCRB,  r.  L  To  restrain  ;  to  guide  and  manage,  as  a 
iiorse.  MUton.     . 


CUR 

2.  To  restrain ;  to  check ;  to  hold  back ;  to  con. 
fine  ;  to  keep  in  subjection  ;  as,  to  curb  the  paxsiona 

Aiiil  uucljr  Irnni  U>  curb  thy  mutuwi  \til<l.  fitiilsn. 

3.  To  furnish  or  surround  with  a  curb,  as  a  well. 

4.  To  bend.     [JVot  usett.] 

CCRB'/JD,  pp.     Restrained  ;  checked  ;  kept  in  siibjre- 

tioii ;  furnished  with  a  curb. 
Cl/RB'IXG,  pur.     lloMi.it'  back;  checking;  restRitti- 
eURB'IXG,  «.     A  ehp.cy.  [mp 

eilRB'LES.S,  a.     Ilr.vijig  no  curb  or  restraint, 
eURH'-ROuF,  77.    A  roof  having  a  double  sIoim'  on 

each  side  ;  a  gambrel  roof. 
eURB'-SToXE,  ri.     A  stone  placed  at  the  edge  of  a 

pavement,  to  hold  the  work  together.    It  is  written 

sometimes  Keru  or  Kirh, 
eUR  CO'M-O,  n.    [L.]    A  general  name,  in  the  United 

States,  for    the   coleopterous  insects  whiih  ilrvtiir 

fruits,  or  the  larva;  of  which  do  so.  ilardurr. 

eURD,  ».     [Ir.  eruth;  Scot.rru*/.^.   Sometime^,  in  I'li^ 

lisli,  Cnno.   The  primary  sense  is,  to  congeal  or  iniig. 

ulate.    Sec  Crystal.] 
TJie  coagulated  or  thickened  part  of  milk,  which 

is  formed  into  cheese,  or,  in  solium  countries,  eaten  as 

coiuuinit  ft^Kid.     The  word  may  souieliines,  perhapi, 

bo  used  for  the  roagulated  part  of  any  liqiinr.  Bueuu. 
eiJRD,  r.  t.     'I'o  cause  to  coagulate  ;  to  turn  lo  nird. 
€UUl)'ED,;j/>.     Coagulated.  [Shak. 

eURD'LE,  (kurd  1,)  v.  i.     [Sometimes  written  Cbu- 

i>i.E.     See  CuBo.] 

1.  To  coagulate  or  concrete  ;  to  thicken,  or  clmnge 
into  curd.    Milk  curdles  by  a  mixture  of  riinneL 

2.  'J'o  thicken  ;  to  congeal ;  as,  the  blood  eurdln 
tn  the  veins. 

CURD'LE,  r.  L  To  change  into  curd;  to  cause  to 
thicken,  to  coagulate,  or  concrete.  Kunnet  or  brandy 
curdles  milk. 

At  Fliironc*  llicy  curdle  Ihclr  milk  wilh  artichoke  Buwcrm. 

Enetfc. 

2.  To  congeal  rr  thicken.  The  recital  curdled  mf 
blood. 

eVKlVhED,  pp.  or  a.     Coagulated  ;  congealed. 

CURD'I.IXG,  jipr.    Concreting  j  coagulating. 

€UKD'V,  a.     Like  curd  ;  full  of  curd  ;  coagulated. 

ArbuOiiioL 

GORE,  n.  [L.  cura  ;  Fr.  cure  ;  L.  euro,  to  cure,  to  take 
care,  lo  prepare ;  VV.  c^r,  care,  a  blow  or  stroke,  af- 
fliction ;  cnraw,  to  beat,  throb,  strike  ;  curiaw,  to 
trouble,  to  vex,  to  pine  or  waste  away  ;  Fr.  eurfr,  to 
cleanse;  "  se  curer  Us  (/cnto-,'*  to  pick  the  teeth ;  IL 
cura,  care,  diligence  ;  curare,  to  cure,  attend,  protect; 
also,  to  value  or  esteem  ;  Sp.  cura,  cure,  remedy, 
guardianship;  curar,  to  administer  medicines;  to 
salt,  as  meat ;  to  season,  as  timber;  to  bleach  thread 
or  linen ;  to  cake  care;  to  recover  from  sickness; 
curioso,  curious,  neat,  clean,  handsome,  fine,  careful. 
The  radical  sense  of  this  word  is,  to  strain,  stretch, 
extend,  which  gives  the  sense  of  healing,  that  i«, 
making  strong,  and  of  eare,  suiTcrintendence.  Rut 
the  Welsh  has  the  sense  of  tlririn^,  a  m(tdilicd  ap- 
plication of  extending,  and  this  gives  the  si-nse  of 
separation  and  jiurification.  In  its  applicatinn  to 
hay,  timber,  provisions,  &c.,  the  sense  may  be,  to 
make  ri^ht,  os  in  other  cases  .  but  of  this  1  uui  not 
confident.] 

1.  A  healing ;  the  act  of  healing ;  restoration  to 
health  from  disease,  and  to  soundness  front  a  wound. 
We  say,  a  medicine  will  cfiect  a  cure. 

5.  Remedy  for  disease ;  restorative ;  that  whjcli 
Ileal  s. 

Ccldi,  liiiii^r,  prisoui,  ilU  without  «  cure.  Drydai, 

3.  The  employment  of  a  curate  ;  the  care  of  sot|U; 
spiritual  charge. 

eORE,  ??.  (.    [L.  euro.    Sec  the  noun.] 

1.  To  heal,  as  a  person  diseased,  or  a  wounded 
limb  ;  to  restore  to  health,  as  the  body,  or  to  sound- 
ncss,  as  a  limb. 

Tlie  chilJ  wtu  cuied  from  Uiat  very  hour.  —  Mntt.  xvii. 

2.  To  subdue,  remove,  destroy,  or  put  an  end  to; 
to  heal,  as  a  disease. 

('hri*l  jave  lib  diitciplcri  po\vcr  lo  care  dLtcavn.  —  Luke  ix. 

When  the  person  and  the  disease  are  both  men- 
tioned, cure  is  followed  by  of  before  the  disc.ise.  The 
physician  cured  the  man  ofh\s  fever. 

3.  To  remedy  ;  lo  remove  an  evil,  and  restore  to  ft 
good  state.  Patience  will  alleviate  calamities  which 
it  can  not  cure. 

4.  To  dry  ;  to  prepare  fnr  preservation  ;  as,  to  cttrt 
hay  ;  or  to  prepare  by  salt,  or  in  any  manner,  so  as  to 
prevent  speedv  putrefaction  ;  as,  to  cure  fish  or  beef. 

eOR'i:;D,  pp.  or  a.  Healed  ;  restored  to  health  or  , 
soundness;  removed, as  a  disease  ;  remedied  ;  dried,  i 
smoked,  or  otherwise  prepared  for  pres-  rvation. 

€ORE'LESS,  0.  That  can  not  be  cured  or  healed; 
incurable  ;  not  admitting  of  a  remedy  ;  as,  a  enreUu 
disorder  ;  a  eurclr.-<.f  ill.  Dn/dtn, 

eOR'ER,  77.    A  healer ;  a  physician ;  one  who  )ical8. 

Harvey, 

eUR'FEW,  (kiir  fu,)  ti.     [Fr.  eouvre-feu,  cover-fire.] 

1.  The  ringing  of  a  bell  or  bells  at  night,  as  a  aig- 

nal  to  the  inhabitant  to  rake  up  their  fires  and  retire 

to  rcsL    This  practice  orignated  in  lOnglaiid,  from  an 

order  of  William  the  Conqueror,  who  directed  that, 


IaTE,  far,  fall,  what.  — METE,  rRgV.  — PINE,  MARKNE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK— 


CUR 

at  the  ringing  of  the  bell  at  tight  o'tlock,  every  one 
should  put  out  Lis  light  and  go  to  bed.  This  word 
is  not  used  in  America;  nlibough  the  pructice  of 
ringing  a  bell  at  nine  o'clock  continues  in  many 
places,  and  is  considered,  in  New  England,  as  a  sig- 
nal for  people  to  retire  from  conipanj-  to  their  own 
abodes ;  and,  in  general,  the  sigoaJ  is  obeyed. 
2.  A  cover  for  a  fire  j   a  fire-plate.     [JVb(  tiscd.] 

Bacon. 
eU-RI-A-LIST'I€,  a,     [L.  curialis.] 

Pertaining  to  a  court. 
€U-RI--'VL'I-TY,  n.     [L.  curialist  from  curia,  a  court.] 
The  privileges,  prerogatives,  or  retinue,  of  a  court. 
JwVuI  iijetL]  Bacon. 

€\jR'lSG,  ppr.    Healing  J  restoring  to  health  or  sound- 
ness ;  removing,  as  au  evil  j  preparing  for  preserva- 
tion. 
CCR'ING-HOUSE,  «.    A  building  in  which  sugar  is 

drained  and  dried.  Edwards,  JV.  Jnd. 

€U-RI-0-LOO'ie,  a.      [Gr.  KvpioXoyia,   propriety  of 
speaking.] 

Designating  a  rude  kind  of  hieroglyphics,  in  which 
a  thing  is  represented  by  its  picture.        Warburton, 
€U-RI-OS'I-TY,  n.    [L.  curiositas.    See  Curious.] 

1.  A  strong  desire  to  see  something  novel,  or  to 
discover  something  unknown,  either  by  research  or 
inquir>^ ;  a  desire  to  gratify  the  senses  with  a  sight  of 
what  is  new  or  unusual,  or  to  gratify  the  mind  with 
new  discoveries  ;  inquisiliveness.  A  man's  curiosity 
leads  Iiim  to  view  the  ruins  of  Balbec,  to  investigate 
the  origin  of  Homer,  to  discover  the  component  parts 
of  a  mineral,  or  the  motives  of  another's  actions. 

2.  Nicety;  dehcacy.  Shak. 

3.  Accuracy;  exactness;  nice  performance:  curi- 
oosness ;  as,  the  curiosity  of  workmanship.      Ray. 

4.  A  nice  experiment ;  a  thing  unusual  or  worthy 
of  curiosity. 

Tbere  hath  bsxn  pracJked  a  euriosity,  to  set  a  tree  on  the  north 
side  of  a  wall,  antl  al  a  liule  htght,  w  draw  it  through  the 
waj],  4c,  B(KOTt, 

5.  An  object  of  curiosity ;  that  which  excites  a 
desire  of  seeing,  or  deserves  to  be  seen,  as  novel  and 
extraordinary'. 

We  look  a  runble  together  to  see  the  curiosides  of  this  great 

town.  Addison, 

[The first  and  Uie  last  senses  are  ckicjly  iisedJ] 
CU-RI-o'SO,  71.     [It.]     A  curious  person  ;  a  virtuoso. 
CO'RI-OUS,  a.     [L.  cunosus,  from  cura,  care.     See 
Cure.] 

1.  Strongly  desirous  to  see  what  is  novel,  or  to  dis- 
cover what  is  unknown  ;  solicitous  to  see  or  to  know  j 
inquisitive. 

Ee  not  curiotu  in  unnewssarr  matters,  nor  lo  pry  into  the 
concerns  of  your  neighbore.  Anon. 

■2.  Habitually  inquisitive ;  addicted  lo  research  or 
inquir>' ;  a«,  a  man  of  a  curious  turn  of  mind  ;  some- 
times followed  by  after,  and  sometimes  by  of.  Curi- 
ous afier  things  elegant  and  beautiful ;  curious  of 
antiquities.  Woodward.     Drydcn. 

3.  Accurate  j  careful  not  to  mistake ;  solicitous  to 
be  correct. 

Men  were  not  curiout  what  s^Ilaljles  or  partjclca  they  nsed. 

Hooker. 

4.  Careful  j  nice ;  solicitous  in  selection ;  difficult 
to  please. 

A  tcmperite  man  is  not  curiout  of  delicacies.  TcyloT. 

5.  Nice;  exact;  subtile;  made  with  care. 

B^th  these  senses  einbnicc  their  objects  —  with  a  ciare  curious 
(liaciicDiiialion.  Holdtr. 

6.  Artful ;  nicely  diligent. 

Each  ornament  about  her  seemly  lies. 

By  curioiit  cliaiice,  or  c;m^Ie£3  art,  composed.        Fairfas. 

7.  Wrought  with  care  and  art;  elegant;  neat; 
finished ;  as,  a  curious  girdle ;  curious  work.  Ez. 
xxviii.  XXX. 

8.  Requiring  care  and  nicety ;  as,  curious  arts. 
Jicts  xix. 

9.  Rigid  ;  severe  ;  particular.     [Little  used.]    S/tak. 

10.  Rare  ;  singular ;  what  waa  hardly  to  be  ex- 
pected ;  as,  a  curious  fact.     Hume.     Burke.     Southey. 

CO'RI-OUS-LV,  a/lv.    With  nice  inspection;  inquisi- 
tively ;  attentively. 

I  aiw  noihinj  at  first,  but  observing  it  more  curiously,  the  spots 
appeared,  Netclon. 

2.  With  nice  care  and  art;  exactly;  neatly;  ele- 
gantly.   Ps.  cxxxix. 

3.  in  a  singular  manner  :  unusually. 
CO'RI-OCS-NESS,  n.    Fitness  to  excite  curiosity ;  ex- 
actness of  workmanship. 

2.  Singularity  of  contrivance. 

3.  Curios it>". 

CURL,  V.  L    [D.  krvlUn ;  Dan.  kroUer,  to  curt^  to  crisp ; 
Com.  krillia.] 

1.  To  turn,  bend,  or  form  into  ringlets;  to  crisp; 
a.''  the  hair. 

2.  To  writhe  ;  to  twist ;  to  coil ;  as  a  serpent. 

3.  To  dress  with  curls. 

Th*!  snaky  locks 
That  curl-!d  Mcgicra,  MHion. 


4.  To  raise  in  waves  or  undulations ;  to  ripple. 

Dryden. 


Scu  7oiiIU  t*  pools,  wi'iiout  the  bniahinj  air 
To  curl  the  waves. 


OUR 

CUKI*,  r  i.  'J'o  bend  in  contraction;  to  shrink  into 
ringlets.  Boyle. 

2.  'i'o  rise  in  waves  or  undulations  ;  to  riiiple  ;  and 
particularlyj  to  roll  over  at  the  summit ;  as,  a  curling 
wave. 

3.  To  rise  in  a  winding  current,  and  to  roll  over  at 
the  ends  ;  as,  curling  smoke. 

4.  To  writhe  ;  to  twist  itself. 

Th<:n  round  hrr  slender  waist  he  curled.  Drydcn. 

5.  To  shrink  ;  lo  shrink  back  ;  to  bend  and  sink. 
He  curled  down  into  a  comer. 

G.  To  play  at  the  game  called  curling.     [Scottish.'] 
CURL,  V.    A  ringlet  of  hair,  or  any  tiling  of  a  like 
form. 

2.  Undulation  ;  a  waving ;  sinuosity  ;  flexure. 

J^eiDton. 

3.  A  winding  in  the  grain  of  wood. 

4.  A  disease  in  potatoes,  in  which  the  leaves,  at 
their  first  appearance,  seem  curled^  aud  shrunk  up. 

Braade. 

eURL'£D,  pp.  or  a.  Turned  or  formed  into  ringlets  ; 
crisped  ;  twisted  ;  undulated. 

eURL'ER,  71.    One  that  curls. 

2.  One  that  plays  at  the  game  called  curling. 
[Scottish.] 

CLR'LEW,  (kur'lu,)  n.     [Fr.  courlis,  or  ccn-lieu.] 

An  aquatic  bird,  of  the  genus  iVuraenius,  and  the 
gntllic  order.  It  has  a  long  bill ;  its  color  is  diversi- 
fied with  ash  and  black ;  and  the  largest  species 
spread  more  than  three  feet  of  wing.  It  frequents 
the  sea-shore  in  winter,  and  in  summer  retires  to  the 
mountains.  This  bird  is  of  the  same  family  with 
the  w^oodcock  and  sandpiper,  and  is  much  prized  for 
food.  Its  various  species  are  widely  scattered  on 
both  continents. 

€URL'I-XESS,  n.    A  slate  of  being  curly. 

CURL'ING,  71.  A  winter  game  among  the  Scotch, 
which  consists  in  launching  from  the  hand  a  hea^y 
weight,  (as  a  large  stone  or  mass  of  iron,)  along  the 
surface  of  the  ice,  so  as  to  strike  another  heavy  weight 
and  propel  it  in  a  given  direction,  thus  resembling 
billiards.  Jamieson's  Scottish  Vict. 

GURli'IXG,  ppr.  or  a.  Bending  ;  twisting  ;  forming 
into  ringlets  ;  playing  at  the  game  of  curling. 

eURL'I\G-i-RO\S,  (  71.  pt.    An  instrument  for  curi- 

eURL'IXG-TOXGS,  j      ing  the  hair. 

eURL'ING-LY,  adv.    In  a  waving  manner. 

CURL'V,  a.  Having  curls;  tending  to  curl;  full  of 
ripples. 

eUR-MUD'CEON,  fkur-mud'jun,)  n.  [Fr.  ca:iLr, 
heart,  and  mechant,  evil.    JVares.     Q.U.] 

An  avaricious,  churlish  fellow;  a  miser;  a  nig- 
gard ;  a  churl.  Hudibras. 

eUR-MUD'CEON'-LY,  a.  Avaricious;  covetous; 
niggardly  ;  churlish.  L^Estrangc. 

eUR'RANT,  71.  ffrom  Corinth.]  The  fruit  of  a  well- 
known  shrub  belonging  to  the  genus  Ribes,of  which 
Grossularia  is  now  considered  a  species  ;  the  gross- 
berry  or  gooseberry  and  the  currant  falling  under  the 
same  genus.  Currants  are  of  various  species  and 
varieties ;  a?,  the  common  red  and  white  cu^^an^^, 
and  the  black  currant. 

2,  A  small  kind  of  dried  grape,  imported  from  the 
Levant,  chiefly  from  Zante  and  Cephalonia ;  used  in 
cooker>'.  jW  Calloch. 

€UR'REN-Cy,  n.  [See  Currekt.]  Literally,  a  flow- 
ing, running,  or  passing:  a  continued  or  iminter- 
rupted  course  like  that  of  a  stream  ;  as,  the  currency 
of  time,  Myliffc. 

2.  A  continued  course  in  public  opinion,  belief,  or 
reception  ;  a  passing  from  person  to  person,  or  from 
age  to  age  ;  as,  a  report  has  had  a  long  or  general 
currency.  Johnson. 

3.  A  continual  passing  from  hand  to  hand,  as  coin 
or  bills  of  credit;  ciiciUation  ;  as,  the  currency  of 
cents,  or  of  English  crowns ;  the  currency  of  bank 
bills,  or  of  treasury  notes. 

4.  Fluency  ;  readiness  of  utterance ;  but  in  this 
sense  we  generally  use  fiuenaj. 

5.  General  estimation  ;  the  rate  at  which  any 
thing  is  generally  valued. 

He   Likes   greatness  of  kingdoms   according  to   their  bulk  and 
currency,  and  not  after  intrinsic  value.  Bacon. 

6.  That  which  is  current  or  in  circulation,  ns  a 
medium  of  trade.  The  word  may  be  applied  to 
coins,  or  to  bills  issued  by  authority.  It  is  often  ap- 
plied to  bank  notes,  and  to  notes  issued  by  govern- 
ment. CraicforiL 

eUR'RENT,  a.  [L.  currens,  from  curro,  to  flow  or 
run ;  Fr.  courir,  whence  courier,  and  discourir,  to 
discourse,  concourir,  to  concur,  &c. ;  It.  correre ;  Sp. 
and  Port,  eorrrr,  to  run  ;  W.  g-yru,  to  drive  or  ran  ; 
Eng.  hurry.    It  seems  to  be  connected  with  the  root 

of  car,  cart,  chariot,  like  currus.    See  Ar.  jU   karua, 

and  c^*.js*  garai.    Class  Gr,  No.  7,  32,  15.] 

I.  Literally,  flowing,  running,  passing.  Hence, 
passing  from  person  to  person,  or  from  hand  to  hand  ; 


evil 

circulating ;    as,    current    opiu......  ,       ...      :.'    .     .i- 

Hence,  common,  general,  or  fashionable;  gunerally    . 
received  ;    popular ;  as,  the  euTTCat  notions  of  the 
day  or  age  ;  current  folly.        Watts.     Su:ifi.     Pope. 

2.  Established  by  common  estimation  ;  geut'nilly 
received  ;  as,  the  current  value  of  coin. 

3.  Passable ;  that  may  be  allowed  or  admitted. 

Sbak. 

4.  Now  passing ;  present  in  its  course ;  as,  the  cur- 
rent month  or  year. 

CUR'REXT,  n.  A  flowing  or  passing;  a  stream; 
applied  to  JluUls  ;  as,  a  current  of  water,  or  of  air. 

2.  .\  progressive  motion  of  the  water  of  the  sea,  a 
lake,  and  at  a  certain  place.  The  Gulf  Stream  is  a 
remarkable  current,  in  the  .Atlantic.  A  current  sets 
into  the  i\Icditerranean. 

3.  Course ;  progressive  motion  or  movement; 
continuation  ;  as,  the  current  of  time. 

4.  A  connected  series ;  successive  course ;  as,  tiic 
current  of  events. 

5.  General  or  main  course ;  as,  the  current  of 
opinion. 

CURRENT' TE  CAUA-MO,  [L.]  The  pen  running; 
witli  the  pen  running. 

CUR'REXT-LY,  adv.  In  constant  motion ;  with 
continued  progression.  Hence,  commonly ;  gener- 
ally ;  popularly ;  with  general  reception ;  as,  tlie 
stor\'  is  currently  reported  and  believed. 

eUR'RENT-NESS,  n.  Currency  ;  circulation  ;  gen- 
eral reception. 

2.  Fluency ;  easiness  of  pronunciation.  [JVot 
much  used.] 

eUR'Rt-CLE,  n.     [L.  curriculum,  from  curro,  to  run.] 

1.  .\  chaise  or  carriage  with  two  wheels,  drawn  by 
two  horses  abreast, 

2.  A  chariot.    [jVot  in  use,] 

3.  A  course.     [jVotin  use.] 
CL^R-RICU-LU-M,  n.    [L,]    A  nce-coursc;  a  place 

fur  running ;  a  chariot,  Sec.    Hence, 

2.  A  course,  in  general ;  applied  particularly  to  the 
course  of  study  in  a  university,  &:c. 

eUR'RI-£D,Ckur'rid,)pj).or<i.  [SeeCuRBT.]  Dressed 
by  curr)ing  ;  dressed  as  leather  ;  cleaned  ;  prepared. 

eUR'RI-ER,  n.  [L.  coriarius;  Ft.  corroyeur.  See 
Curry.] 

A  man  wlio  dresses  and  colors  leather,  after  it  is 
tanned. 

CUR'RISH,  n.  [See  Cur.]  Like  a  cur;  having  the 
qualities  of  a  cur ;  brutal  ;  malignant  ;  snappish ; 
snarling;  chiulish  ;  intractable;  quarrelsome. 

Sidney.     Fairfax.     Stak. 

eUR'RISH-LY,  adr.   Like  a  cur  ;  in  a  brutal  manner. 

€UR'R1SU-NESS,  n.     Moroseness  ;  churlishness. 

Feltham. 

CUR'RY,  r.  (.  [Fr.  corroyer  ;  Arm.  courreza :  Sp.  cur- 
tir ;  Port,  cortir.  The  French  and  Armoric  word 
seems  to  be  compounded  of  L.  corium,  a  hide,  and 
the  root  of  rado,  to  scrape,  or  of  a  word  of  like  sig- 
nification. The  Sp.  and  Port,  word  seems  to  be  al- 
lied to  cortez,  bark,  from  stripping ;  or  to  L.  curt:is, 
short,  from  cutting.  But  the  L.  corium  is  probably 
from  a  root  simiifying  to  scrape,  or  to  peel.  See 
Class  Gr,  Nos.  5  and  8.] 

1.  To  dress  leather  after  it  is  tanned ;  to  soak, 
pare,  or  scrape,  cleanse,  beat,  and  color  tanned  hides, 
and  prepare  them  for  t:se. 

2.  To  rub  and  clean  with  a  comb  ;  as,  to  curry  a 
horse. 

3.  To  scratch  or  claw  ;  to  tear,  in  quarrels. 

By  sffttin^  brother  ajrunst  brother, 

To  cLiw  ;uid  carry  one  another.  BuHer. 

4.  To  rub  or  stroke ;  to  make  smooth  ;  to  tickle  by 
flattery ;  to  humor.  But  generally  used  in  the 
phrase, 

To  curry  favor ;  to  seek  or  gain  favor  by  flatten,-, 
caresses,  kindness,  or  othcious  civilities.  [JVot  ele- 
gant.] Hooker. 
CUR'RY,  n.  A  kind  of  sauce  much  used  in  India, 
containing  red  pepper  and  other  strong  spices.  It  is 
poured  on  the  food,  which  is  hence  spoken  of  as 
curried  rice,  fowl,  &c. 

2.  A  stew  of  fowl,  fish,  &c.,  cooked  with  curn.-- 
sauce.  Spalding. 

CUR'RY-CoJIB,  n.     [See  Comb.]    An  iron   instru- 
ment or  comb,  for  rubbing  and  cleaning  horses. 
eUR'RY-ING,  ppr.    Scraping  aud  dressing;   clean- 
ing ;  scratching. 
2.  Rubbing  down,  as  a  horse. 
eUR'RY-L\"G,  u.    Rubbing  down  a  horse. 

2.  The  art  of  dressing  skins  after  they  are  tanned, 
or  of  giving  them  the  necessary  smoothness,  luster, 
color,  and  suppleness.  C'rr. 

CURSE,  V.  t. :  pret.  and  pp.  Cursed  or  Curst.    [Sax. 

cursian,   corsian ;   .\nn.   argnrii,     ftu.   Ax.   J^  j..:~3 

iMratJta.] 

1.  To  utter  a  wish  of  evil  against  one  ;  lo  impre- 
cate evil  upon  ;  to  call  for  mischief  or  injuo"  to  fall 
upon  ;  to  execrate. 

Thou  Shalt  not  curse  Ihc  ruler  of  thy  pcojJe.  —  Ex.  i^u. 

Bless,  and  curse  not. —  RiJin.  xii. 

Cur*e  me  this  pT^'pIe,  for  Ih^y  arc  too  roiglity  for  me.  —  Num. 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.  —  .\.\"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K  ;  <S  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TU  as  in  TIHS. 


CUR 

9.  To  Injure  ;  to  subject  lo  evil ;  to  vei,  banus,  or 
tornieiit  with  great  culiimities. 


Od  tinnloita  iv&liiu  and  tartoroua  kiiin  UnpoM 
Th>  \h^ir-    --■  ' ' '■'  -  -"^      - 


Pifpt. 


:iij  cvTte  'em  with  aucii  sons  u  tbow, 

a.  To  devote  lo  evil. 
CURSE,  r.  i.    To  utter  imnrecfttion» ;    to  aflirm  or 
deny  witli  imprccntions  of  diviiii!  vetigeance. 

rhea  tc^n  be  u>  cu^m  aiul  (o  kweir.  —  M.i[L  zzvi. 

eURSK,  n.  Malediction  i  Dm  e.\presgion  of  a  wish  of 
evil  to  another. 

Shimel  —  who  atrtnl  me  with  a  prViTOui  cu;-w.  —  1  Klngi  IL 

S.  Imprecation  of  evil. 

Tticj  Fittercd  Uitu  «  curtt,  and  into  oo  oath.  —  Neh.  i. 

3.  Ainiction  ;  torment ;  great  vexation. 

I  will  iiuk«  thU  chy  n  cvrn  lo  al)  natJoiii.  —  Jer.  xxvl. 

4.  Condemnation ;  sentence  of  divine  vengeance 
on  fiinnera. 

ChrU  bnih  mleemcil  \a  from  U»  cur«  ofihe  Uw.  — Gal.  IJ. 

5.  Denunciation  of  evit. 

The  princ  chAll  wilw  oil  Uxm  nirfr«  [n  a  book.  —  Nuin.  r. 

CURS'ED,  (kurst,)  pp.    Execmtwl  ^  afflicted  ;  vexed  } 
tormented  ;  blu!^I(-(i  by  a  curse. 
3.  Devoted  to  destruction. 

Tbou  art  curttd  fivm  Uie  canh.  —  Ucti.  k. 

CURS'ED.a.     Dcser\'ingacur8e;  execrable;  liatt-ful; 
detcstnblo ;  abuininable. 
2.  VexatiouB ;  as,  a  cursed  quarrel ;  eur^ftl  thorns. 
Dnjdcn.     Prior. 

CURS'ED-LY,  adv.  In  a  cursed  manner ;  enor- 
mously;  miserably;  in  a  manner  lo  bo  cursed  or 
dt'tcstfd.     \J1  loiD  irord.] 

eUlIS'KD-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  bcinfj  undera  curse, 
ur  u(  bfing  doouu'd  to  execration  or  lo  evil. 

GI/ltS'KU,  n.    One  who  cunfes,  or  utters  a  curse. 

CL'R'SUIP,  H.  [See  Cuii.]  Dogt^bip  ;  meanness;  ill- 
nature.  Httdibras. 

CL'RS'IXG,  ppr.  Execrating;  imprecating  evil  on; 
denouncing  evU  ;  dooming  to  evil,  misery,  or  vexa- 
tion. 

CURS'ING,  n.  Execration;  the  uttering  of  a  curse; 
a  doomiiit!  to  vexation  or  mi-'ery. 

CL'K'SI-'i'OR,  n.  [from  the  L.  ciir^o,  ettrxitOy  to  nin.] 
InE»i;'/tii«/,arIerk  in  the  Court  of  Chancer}',  whose 
husine^ts  is  lo  make  out  original  writif.  In  the  fllat- 
ule  18  Edward  III.,  the  cursitcirs  are  called  clerks  of 
course.  'I'hcy  arc  iwenly-four  in  number,  and  are  a 
corporation  among  themselves.  To  each  arc  assigned 
certain  counties,  to  which  he  issues  writs.    Eneijc. 

eUR'SIVE,n.  [It.cyr  ..o,  running.  See Coursk  and 
Current.] 

Running;  flowing.  Cursive  hand^  Is  n  running 
hand.  pry, 

€UR'SO-RA-RY,  a.    Cursory;  hasty.     [JVoe  in  h.^c] 

Shak. 

eUR'SO-RI-LY,  adv.  [Sec  CirnaoBT.]  In  a  running 
or  hasty  manner;  slightly;  hastily;  without  atten- 
tion ;  a?t,  I  read  the  paper  cursorily. 

erR'SO-RI-NESS,  n.    Slight  view  or  attention. 

CL'R'.SO-RY,   a.      [L.   cur$(n'ius,   from    eursus.      See 

GOUBSK.] 

1.  Running;  hasty;  slight;  stiperficial ;  careless; 
not  with  close  attention;  as,  a  cursory  reading;  a 
cursory  view. 

2.  Running  about;  not  stationary. 
CURST,  pp.  of  Curse.     [See  Cursed.] 

CURST,  a.  Hateful;  detestable;  froward  ;  torment- 
ing; vexatious;  [wevish ;  malignant;  mischievous; 
malicious;  snarling;  a  word,  however,  which  can 
be  hardly  said  to  have  a  definite  signification.  It  is 
applied  to  any  thing  vexatious.  In  some  of  its  ap- 
plications in  old  authors,  it  appears  to  he  the  Dutch 
korsty  cnist,  and  to  signify  erudiit,  crabbed,  surly. 

CURST'i\E:SS,  n.  Peuvislmess; "malignity  ;  froward- 
ness  ;  crabbedness  ;  surliness. 

CURT,  o.     n^  curius.] 

Short.     [Hareiy  used,  and  not  elegant.]        Brown. 

ClR-T.AlL',  r.  (.  [Compo.se<l  of  L.  curtujf,  Fr.  court. 
short,  and  taiUery  lo  cut ;  taiUcy  edge.] 

To  shorten;  to  cut  ofl"  the  end  or  a  part;  as,  to 
enrtail  Words.  Hence,  in  a  more  general  sense,  to 
shorten  m  any  manner;  loabridce;  lo  diminish;  as, 
lo  c«r/uii  our  privileges.  It  i-j  followed  by  o/ before 
the  thing  shurtcnud.  His  name  was  cjtrtoi/wifl/ three 
lillers  ;  we  are  curtailed  t/our  rights. 

CUR'TAII^DOG,  n.  A  dog  whose  tail  is  cut  off,  ac- 
cording lo  the  forest  laws,  and  Uicrcfore  hindered 
from  coiirsinc.  Skak. 

CUR'TaIL-STEI',  71.  The  lowest  step  in  a  flight  of 
stairs,  ending,  at  its  outer  extremity,  m  a  scroll. 

Brandt. 

CUR-TAIL'^D,  pp.    Cut  phort  or  shorter ;  abridged. 

CliR-TAIL'ER,  n.    One  who  cuu  off  any  thing. 

CI^R-TAIL'ING,  ppr.  Cutting  short  or  shorter ; 
abridging. 

eril-TAILi'ING,  n.    Abridgment ;  abbreviation. 

CCR'TAIX,  (kur'tin,)  n.     [It.  eartina;    I.ow  L.  Sp. 
and  Port.  id. ;  D.  ffordijn ;  Tr.  courtine,  in  fortification.  I 
This  word  may  be  from  the  root  of  court^  and  from 
the  st:n%  of  separating.    I  think  it  is  not  a  contrac- 
tion of  the  IL  copertina.]  \ 


CUR 

1.  A  cloth  hanging  round  a  bed,  or  al  n  window, 
which  may  he  cnnirarted,  spread,  or  drawn  aside,  at 
pleasure  ;  intended  fur  ornamenl,  or  for  use.  Also, 
the  hangings  about  the  ark,  auuing  the  Israelites. 

2.  A  cloth  handling  u-^rd  in  tliraliTS,  to  conceal  Ihc 
Blage  from  tho  siKclatoni.  This  is  raided  or  let  down 
by  cords.  Ilenco  the  phrases,  to  drop  the  curtain^  to 
close  the  scene,  to  cn<l ;  to  r^tise  tJte  eurtmn,  or  the 
curtain  will  riie^  to  denote  tho  oiH-ning  of  the  play. 
And  lo  draw  the  enrtaiuy  i-<  to  close  it,  to  shut  out  the 
light,  or  to  conceal  an  object ;  or  lo  oi>en  it,  and  dis- 
close Ihe  object.  Behind  Vie  curtain  ;  in  concealment ; 
In  secret. 

3.  In  fortification y  that  part  of  Ihe  miiipart  which 
is  between  the  flanks  of  two  losliuns,  bordered  with 
a  parapet  Ave  feet  high,  behind  which  the  soldiers 
stand  lo  fire  on  the  covered  v\ay,  and  into  tho  niuat. 

Eneyc. 
A.  In  Scripture,  tents  ;  dwellingd.    Ifab.  lii.  7. 
CUR'T/VIN,  r.  (.    To  inclose  with  curtains  ;  lo  furnish 

with  curtains.  Shak. 

eUR'TAIN-f:D,pp.     Inclosed  with  curtains. 
CUR'TAIN-IXG,  ppr.    Inclosing  or  surrounding  with 

curtains. 
eUR'TAIN-LEC-TlJRE,  n.    Reproof  given  in  bed  by 

a  wife  to  her  husband.  Addison. 

eUR'TAIN-LESS.  a.    Having  no  curlain. 
CURT'AL,  n.    A  horse,  and  also  a  dog,  with  a  docked 

iJiil.  B.  Jonson. 

eURT'AI,,  a.    Curt ;  brief.  MtUon. 

9.  Ik'longing  to  the  court  gale;  as,  the  curtal  friar, 
who  was  p<trler  of  the  monaster}'.  Smart. 

CUR'T.\TE,  a.     [L.  curtatua,  from  curto,  lo  shorten.] 
The  curtate  aistaneey  in  a^trvnomyy  is  tlie  distance 
of  a  planet  from  the  sunj  reduced  to  the  plane  of  the 
ecliptic;  i.e.  to  that  point  where  a  perpendicular, 
let  fall  Ifom  the  planet,  niccUj  with  the  ccliiitic. 

Encye.  - 
Or  the  iiiten-al  between  the  sun  or  earth,  anil  that 
iwinl  where  a  perpendicular,  let  fall  from  the  planet, 
meets  the  ecliptic.  Barlow. 

CUR-TA'TION,  ?e.  [See  Curtate.]  The  interval 
h'jtween  a  planct*s  distance  from  lue  sun  and  tho 
curtate  distance.  Barlow. 

€UR'Tf-LA6E,  n.    In  law^  a  yard,  garden,  fnclosuro, 
or  field,  near  and  belonging  to  a  messuage.     [This  i3 
probably  from  court^  or  the  same  radix.] 
CURT'LY,  adv.     Briefly.     [Jfol  in  useA 
CURT'XESS,  ».    Shonnfss. 
CO'RULE,  a.     [L.  curulis,  from  currua^  a  ciiariot.] 
Ilelonging  to  a  chariot.    The  curule  chair  or  seat, 
among  the  Romans,  was  a  sUioI  without  a  back, 
covered  with  leather,  and  so  made  as  to  be  folded. 
It  was  conveyed  in  a  chariot,  and  used  by  public 
officers.  SjniUi'j  DicU 

eURT'SY.    Sec  Courtesv. 
eURV'A-TED,  a.     [See  Curve.]     Curved  ;  ber.t  in  a 

regular  form. 
eURV-A'TION,  n.    The  act  of  bending  or  crooking. 
CURVATURE,  71.     (L.  eurvatura.    Sec  Curve,] 
The  continual  flexure  or  bending  of  a  line  from  a 
rectilinear  direction.  Encxjc. 

CURVE,  (kurv,)  a.  [L. CHmw,  bent,  crooked  ;  carvoy 
to  bend,  turn,  or  wind  ;  Vr.coarbCyCourbcr;  ii.curvo, 
curcare;  Sp.  curro,  ci/rvar.  If  b  is  nut  radical,  this 
word  belongs  to  Class  Gr,  VV.  cGrf  a  circle  ;  but  qu. ; 
for  in  Russ.  it  is  krivci.] 

Rending;  crooked;  inflected  in  a  regular  form, 
and  forming  part  of  a  circle;  as,  a  curve  line,  which 
may  be  cut  by  a  right  line  in  more  points  than  oHe. 

Encyc. 
A  curve  line  is  that  whicli  is  neither  a  straight  line 
nor  comj)osed  of  straight  lines.  Cijr. 

CURVE,  n.  A  bending  without  angles;  that  xv":.\;ii 
is  bent;  a  flexure.  In  ffcomctry.  a  line  of  wh.,  Ji  no 
three  consecutive  points  arc  in  the  same  direction  or 
straight  line.  Brande. 

CURVE,  V.  t.     [h.  eurvoi  Fr.  courbcr ;  Russ.  kriclyu.] 

To  bend  ;  lo  crook  ;  lo  inflect. 
eURV'£D,pp.  or  a.     Bent;  regularly  inflected. 
CURVET,  H.     [It.  corocttai  Fr.  courbcUe}  Sp.  cfrvcta. 
See  Curve.] 

1.  In  the  manege,  a  particular  leap  of  a  horse,  when 
he  raises  both  his  fi>rc  legs  at  once,  equally  advanced, 
and,  as  his  fore  legs  are  falling,  he  raises  his  hind 
legs,  so  that  ail  his  legs  are  raised  at  once.  Encyc 
a.  A  prank  ;  a  frolic. 
CURVET,  V.  I.  [It.  eorveUarc;  Fr.  courbetter;  Sp. 
coj^etear.] 

1.  To  leap ;  to  bound ;  to  spring  and  form  a  curvet. 
9.  To  leap  and  frisk. 
CURVI-FORM,  a.     Having  the  form  of  a  curve. 
CUR-VI-LI.\'IC-AR,  ia.     f  U  curvus,  bent,  and  linta, 
eUR-VI-LIN'E-AL,  \     a  line] 

Consisting  of  curve  lines;  bounded  by  curve  lines; 
n«,  a  curvilinear  figure. 
CUR-VI-LIi\-E-AR"l-TY,  n.    The  stale  of  being  cur- 
vilinear, or  of  consisting  in  curve  lines. 

.  ,  Oul'i.  Q»trtcfi/fan,  Prrf. 

€L  R-\  I-LIN'E-AR-LY,  adr.   In  a  curvilinear  manner. 
eURV'ING,  «.    A  curve  ;  a  winding  form. 
CURV'I.\<;  ppr.    Rending  in  a  regnlarform  ;  crooked. 
eURVI-TV,n.     [L.  eun:itas.] 

A  bending  in  a  regular  form  ;  crookedness.  i/o/Jcr. 


cus 

CJJSH'.vr,  {k9V9li'»ti)  "•  The  ring-dove  or  wood- 
piff'-on.  Set^ 

CJjSH'lON,  (kwsh'uu,)  n.  [Fr.  emissin;  II.  eiweinof  D. 
kussen  ;   G.  kiissen  ;   Pp.  caiin  ;   Port,    evzim ;   Ann. 

cou^zm.    Qu.  Ar.  r' vr ^^  kisaian ;  Ch.  >?2  *4cjj, 

a  Utile  cushion  for  the  elbow.] 

1.  A  pillow  for  a  wat ;  a  (*ol1  pai!  lo  he  placet!  da 
a  chair;  a  bag,  Flufled  with  wool,  hair,  or  other  soft    , 
maieriol.  , 

9.  A  bag  of  leather  filled  with  sand,  used  by  en>  '' 
gmvers  t«i  support  lli.-  nlale,  11 

3.  In  gildtngyix  ttuthng  of  fine  tow  or  wiHit,  eo1^  ' 
ered  by  leather,  on  a  board  ;  used  for  nreiviiig  itw 
leaves  of  ^olil  from  tlu-  [lapt'r,  in  order  lo  ils  being    \ 
cut  into  piojier  sizes  and  figures.  Enc^. 

Ijid^^s  cu.thion  (  a  plant,  a  sptcicsuf  Saxilniga.  /.^/. 
Sea-cushion  i  sca-piuk,  or  lhrifl,a  h|t»_'cies  of  Stain  t. 
CJ.'Sn'IO\,  r.  f.    To  seat  on  a  cushion.  [l^r. 

9.  1'ci  furnish   with  cushloiin ;    ns,  to  cnahicn  :i 
chaise. 
CJiSH'ION-ED,  (k99Rh'und,)  p».  or  a.     Pealed  on  a 
cushion;    supported   hy  cushions;    funiit<hed  uitb    : 
cushions.  Jvhnatm,       i 

epSII'lOX-ET,  H.     A  little  cushion.    Z/mx-i.  and  FL    V 
CUSK,  H.     A  salt  water  AbIi,  Brostnitts  vvlgaris,  highly  M 
esteeruL-d  for  food.  f).  Jl.  litorer.      '• 

CUSK'IN,  n.    A  kind  of  ivory  cup.    [Ao(  in  use.] 

Baili'j. 

CUSP,  n.    [L.  cwtpisy  a  point.] 

1.  The  [Hiinl  or  horn  of  the  moon  or  oilier  hiiiii- 
nary.  Enejfe, 

9.  In  arcAifccfure,  a  projecting  i>oint  in  Ihe  folialioiu    i 

of  Gotliic  tiarery,  arches,  panels,  &c  ;  and  also  b  ii 

projecting  iKtinl,  forniiug  a  pendent  of  a  |H)itil«d 

arch.  Ace.  Brande,      '.[ 

eUSP'A-TED,  a.     [L.  cugpisy  a  point.]  I 

Pointed  ;  ending  in  a  point. 
CUSP'I-OAL,  a.    Endiny  in  a  point.  .nhre,      \\ 

eUtfP'I  DA'J'E,      I  a,     [L.  eusuidalus.  from  cusvis,  %  |l 
eUSP'I-l)A-TED,  i      point.]  H 

Having  a  sharp  end,  tike  the  point  of  a  spiar;  ter- 
minating in  a  bristly  point ;  as,  a  cuspidate  leaf.  j| 

Martyn. 

CUS'PJSy  n.    [L.]     A  point.  u 

CUS'TARD,  n.     [Cymbric  cicjtarr/,    Jnnixis.    I  suspect    ' 

the  first  syllable  to  he  ^V,  caws^  curd,  cheese.]  I 

A  composition  of  milk  and  eggs,  sweetened,  ond  J 

baked  or  boiled,  forming  an  agreeable  kind  of  food. 

Custard -cojfln ;  a  cant  term  used  by  Shakspcare  , 
for  a  piece  of  raised  pastry,  or  upper  crust,  which  | 
covers  or  cojfms  a  custard.  Todd. 

eUS'TARO-AP'PLE,  71.    A  plant,  a  species  of  Anona,  '[ 
growing  in  the  West  Indies,  whosn  fruit  is  of  iho 
size  of  a  tennis  ball,  nf  an  orange  color,  containing  a 
yellowish  pulp,  of  the  consistence  of  custard.  Enejft. 
CUS'TODE,  71.     Sec  Custodial. 
eUS-TO'DI-AL,  a.     [from  custody.]    Relating  to  cui- 

lody  or  guardianship. 
eUS-T6'DI-AN,  71.    One  who  has  the  care  or  custody 

of  some  public  building,  Sec.  W.  Irving. 

eUS'TO-DY,  w.  [L.  custodia:  It.  and  Sp.  id.i  frora 
L.  cusfosy  a  watchman,  a  keeper.  This  word  has  the 
elements  of  ea^-ifle,  VV.  cas,  the  primary  sense  of 
which  is,  to  separate,  to  drive  off;  hence,  to  defend, 
to  hold.     See  Chaste.] 

1.  A  keeping;  a  guarding  ;  care,  watch,  inspec- 
tion, for  keeping,  preservation,  or  security.  Tll8 
prisoner  was  committed  to  the  custody  of  tiM 
sherifl'. 

Under  the  custody  nni\  ehnrgc  of  tlic  itona  of  Mcmri  shall  be  At 
boards  of  the  tabernacle.  —  Num.  ill. 

Ilenco, 

9.  Imprisonment ;  conflncment ;  restraint  of  ld»> 
crty. 

3.  Defense  frora  a  foe ;  preservation ;  security. 

'i'hcn>  wnj)  prcparc«l  a  fleet  of  thirty  ililpi  (br  the  cutUyli/  c^lhe 
narrow  bcaj,  Jtaeon. 

eUS'TOM,  Jt.  [Ft.  coutume,  from  constume  ;  It,  cost*- 
ma,  costutne ;  Sp.  costumhre;  Port,  costume  i  Arm.  «»• 
turn.     Qu.  I(.  consuctus.] 

1.  Frequent  or  common  use,  or  practice ;  a  frequent 
repelition  of  the  same  act ;  hence,  way ;  established 
manner ;  habitual  practice. 

Thu  priest 'fl  cuelom  wtdi  the  peoplu  wnj.  —  I  Sam.  ii. 

We  niive  no  such  cuitom. —  1  Cor.  zi. 

The  euttom*  of  the  people  lire  vaiii.  —  Jer.  x. 

2.  A  buying  of  goods ;  practice  of  frequenting  a 
shop,  and  purchasing  or  jirocuring  to  be  done.  The 
shopkeeper  has  extensive  custom,  or  a  good  run  of 
custom.  A  mill  or  a  manufacturer  has  extensive  eiv- 
tom,  or  little  custom. 

lyM  him  have  your  cu»tom,  but  not  yaur  Tolea.  Additoit' 

3.  In  lair^  long-eslablit'iied  practice,  or  usage, 
which  constitutes  the  unwritten  law,  and  long  con- 
sent to  which  gives  it  authority.  Customs  nrc  gen- 
eral, which  extend  over  a  state  or  kingdom,  and  par- 
tieuiar,  which  are  limited  lo  a  city  «r  district   Eneyc^ 

CUS'TOM,  r.  /,    To  make  familiar.    [See  Accustom, 
which  is  the  word  used.] 
2.  To  give  custom  lo.  Bacon. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T.-METE,  PREY.-PTNE,  MARtNE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BOQK. - 


CUT 


eiiS'TOM,  r.  i.    To  accustom.  Spenser. 

eUS'TOM,  H.    [Fr.  coutumej  from  co&ter,  for  coitsfer, 

to  cost.] 
Tribute,  toll,  or  tax  j  that  is,  cost  or  charge  paid  to 

llic  public. 

Rt'udGr  cuttom  to  wliom  cueiom  is  due,  —  Rom.  sliJ. 

CtiJitoins,  in  the  plural:  the  duties  imptwcU  by  law 

on  nuTchandise   imported   or  exported.     In    Great 

Britciit  and  Vtc   UniUd  Stales,  this  word  is  Umitcd  to 

thesf  spuies  of  duties, 

eUS'TU-U-A-BLE,  a.    Common;  habitual;  frequent 

Johnso7i. 

2.  Subject  to  the  payment  of  the  duties  called  ciis- 
to:ns.  •^'"'^  ff  •^Tas^achttscUs. 

eUS'TO.M-A-BLE-XESS,  71.  Frequency;  conformity 
tocuslom.    [Liule  used.] 

eUS'TOM-A-uLY,  ado.  According  to  custom  ;  in  a 
custoinarj-  innnner.  Hayward. 

€L'S'ro.M-A  RI-LY,  ado.  [See  Customarv.]  Habit- 
ually ;  commonly.  R<^V- 

CUS'TCM-A-RI-NESS,  71.  Frequency;  commonness; 
habiiu.il  use  or  practice. 

eUS'TOM-A-RY,  a.     [Fr.  coutumier.'] 

1.  According  to  custom,  or  to  established  or  com- 
mon usage  i  as,  a  cttstomary  dress;  customary  compli- 
ments. 

U.  Habitual }  in  common  practice ;  aa,  customary 
vices. 

3.  Holding  by  custom  ;  as,  customary  tenants,  who 
are  copy-holders. 

4.  Held  by  custom  ;  as,  a  custo?iiary  freehold. 
€US'TO.M-A-RY,Tf.     [Fr.  coutumicrj  coustumier.] 

A  bot>k  containing  laws  and  usages,  or  customs ; 
as,  tho  eustomanj  I'l"  the  Normans.  Cowcl. 

€US'TOM-£D,  (kus'tumd,)  a.  Usual ;  common  ;  to 
which  we  are  accustomed.     [See  Acccstojizd.] 

2.  Furnished  with  customers.  Bacon. 
€US'TO-M-ER,  71.    One  who  frequents  any  place  of 

sale  lor  the  sake  of  purchasing  goods  ;  one  wlio  pur- 
chases goods  or  wares, 

2.  One  who  frequents  or  visits  any  place  for  pro- 
curing what  he  wants.  We  say  a  mill  has  many  cus- 
lomcr.-:  Heuce,  a  person  who  receives  supplies  is 
cailed  a  auftomcr ;  the  smith,  the  shoemaker,  and 
tli'j  tailor,  have  their  customers  j  and  the  colTee-house 
las  its  customers.  Hence,  perhaps,  the  phrase  an  k^- 
ly  customer^  meaning  one  who  is  ditiicult  to  deal  with 

3.  A  toll-gatherer.     [Obs.]  [or  manage. 

4.  A  common  or  lewd  woman.  Shak. 
eUS'TOM-HOUSE,  n.    The  house  where  vessels  en- 
ter and  clear,  and  where  the  customs  are  paid,  or  se- 
cured to  be  paid. 

ei^S'TOM-SHRUiVK,  a.  Having  a  diminished  num- 
ber of  customers.  S/ta!:. 

CUS'TOS,  71.  [L-j  A  ket-per;  as^  custos  bre'viiimyihe 
principal  clers  of  the  common  pleas  ;  custos  rutulo'- 
TTi/n,  the  principal  justice  of  the  peace  in  a  county, 
who  is  keeper  of  the  rolls  and  records  of  the  sessions 
of  the  peace.  England. 

eUS'TREL,  n.  [Uu.  Old  Fr.  coustiUier,  from  L.  scu- 
tum.] 

A  buckler-bearer.  Also,  a  vessel  for  holding  wine. 
[.Vu(  in  use.] 

eOS'TU-ilA-RY,  H.    A  book  of  laws  and  customs. 

€UT,  F.  L ;  pret.  and  pp.  Cur.  [\orm.  cotu^  cut.  This 
Word  coincides  in  elements  v.'ith  the  VV.  cat,  a  piece, 
cateia,  to  cut,cw(a,  short,  curtau,  to  shorten,  and  with 
ysgylhru^  to  cut  off,  to  lop,  to  shred,  to  carve,  which 
Owen  deduces  from  ijs^th,a,  push,  from  gictft,  a  push 
or  thrust,  gtntlnaic^  to  push,  thrust,  press.  Whether 
cut  is  derived  to  us  from  tlie  Welsh  or  not,  may  bs  a 
question  ;  but  I  have  not  found  the  word  in  any  of 
the  Gothic  or  Teutonic  languages.  It  is  obviously 
from  a  common  root  with  the  L.  c^do  and  cudo,  and 
the  primary  sense  is,  to  thrust,  to  drive,  to  strike  ; 
and  to  cut  off  is  primarily  to  strike  off.  We  have 
proof  of  this  in  our  own  language  ;  for  a  stroke 
with  a  whip  is  called  a  cu(,  and  our  common  peo- 
ple, when  they  urge  a  person  to  ride  or  run  with 
haste,  cry  out.  Cut  on^  cut  on.  The  fact  is  the  same 
with  many  other  words  which  now  signify  to  sepa- 
rate with  an  edged  tool.  See  Class  Gd,  No.  2,  4,  8, 
43,49,  56,59,  and,  in  a  different  dialect.  Class  Gs, 
No.  5,  6,  28,  32,  40,  41,  42,  67.] 

1.  To  separate  the  parts  of  any  body  by  an  edged 
instrument,  either  by  striking,  as  with  an  ax,  or  by 
sawing  or  rubbing ;  to  make  a  gash,  incision,  or 
notch,  which  separates  the  external  part  of  a  body  ; 
as,  to  cut  the  flesh.  It  signifies,  also,  to  cut  into 
pieces;  to  sever  or  divide;  as,  to  cut  timber  in  the 
forest.  But  when  an  entire  separation  of  the  body 
is  intended,  it  is  usually  followed  by  off,  down,  asun- 
der, in  iifo,  in  pieces,  or  other  word  denoting  such 
severance.  "  Ye  shall  not  cut  yourselves,"  that  is. 
Ye  shall  not  gash  your  flesh.    Veut.  siv. 

2.  To  hew. 

Thy  servaute  can  skill  to  cut  timber.  —  3  Chroti.  it. 

3.  To  carve,  as  meat ;  to  carve  or  engrave  in  sculp- 
ture .Addison. 

4  To  divide ;  to  cleave,  by  passing  through ;  as,  a 
ship  cuts  llie  briny  deep. 

5.  To  penetrate ;  to  pierce  ;  to  affect  deeply ;  as,  a 
sarcaam  cuts  to  the  quick. 


CUT 

6.  To  divide,  as  a  pack  of  cards ;  as,  to  cut  and 
shuflle. 

7.  To  intersect ;  to  cross.  One  line  cuts  another  at 
right  angles.    The  ecliptic  cuts  the  equator. 

8.  To  castrate. 

To  cut  across:  to  pass  by  a  shorter  course,  so  as  to 
cut  off  an  angle  or  distance. 

To  cut  asunder i  to  cut  into  pieces;  to  divide;  to 
sever. 

He  hnih  cut  asunder  Ihecortls  of  Uie  wicicd.  —  Ps.  cxxix. 
To  cut  down ;  to  fell ;  to  cause  to  fall  by  severing. 

Ye  shall  cut  dojsn  ihcir  groves.  —  Hx.  xxxir. 

Hence,  to  depress ;  to  abash ;  to  humble ;  to  shame ; 
to  silence  ;  as,  his  eloquence  cuts  down  the  finest  ora- 
tor. J9ddi3on. 
[  T?iis  phrase  is  not  elegant,  hut  is  In  popular  -use.] 
To  cut  offi  to  separate  one  part  from  another;  as, 
to  cut  offtL  finger,  or  an  arm  ;  to  cut  offihe  right  hand 
figure ;  to  cut  off  a  letter  or  syllable. 

2.  To  destroy ;  to  extirpate ;  to  put  to  death  un- 
timely. 

Jeieliel  cut  offxhc  prophets  of  Ihc  Lord.  —  1  Itings  xviii. 
iLvil-docra  8h;\ll  be  cut  off.  — Ps.  xxxrii. 

3.  To  separate  ;  to  remove  to  a  distance,  or  to  pre- 
vent all  intercourse.  A  man  in  anolhcr  countrj',  or 
in  prison,  is  cut  off  from  his  cmmtrj-  or  his  friends. 

4.  To  interrupt ;  as,  to  cut  off  communication. 

5.  To  separate  ;  to  remove  \  to  take  away  ;  as,  to 
cut  off  ten  years  of  life. 

6.  To  intercept ;  to  hinder  from  return,  or  union. 
The  troops  were  cut  off  from  the  ships. 

7.  To  e!id  ;  to  finish  ;  as,  to  cat  offaU  controversy. 

8.  To  prevent  or  preclude  ;  as,  to  cut  off'  all  occa- 
sion of  blame. 

9.  To  preclude  or  shut  out.  The  sinner  cuts  him- 
self off  frum  the  benefits  of  Christianity. 

10.  To  slop,  interrupt,  or  silence. 

The  judge  cut  ojf  Ihe  counsel  ver>'  short.  Bacon. 

To  cut  on;  to  hasten  ;  to  run  or  ride  with  the  ut- 
most speed  ;  a  vulvar  phrase. 

2.  To  urge  or  drive  in  striking ;  to  quicken  blows  ; 
to  hasten. 

To  cut  out ;  to  remove  a  part  by  cutting  or  carving ; 
as,  to  cut  out  a  piece  from  a  board ;  to  cut  out  the 
tongue.    Hence, 

9.  To  shape  or  form  by  cutting;  as,  to  cttt  out  a 
garment ;  to  cut  out  au  image ;  to  cut  out  a  wood  in- 
to walks.    Hence, 

3.  To  scheme  ;  to  contrive  ;  to  prepare  ;  as,  to  cut 
out  work  for  another  day.    So  we  say,  to  strUce  out. 

4.  To  shape  ;  to  adapt.  He  is  not  cut  out  for  an 
author.     [JVot  cle^aut^] 

o.  To  debar.    [jVot  common.]  Pope. 

G.  To  take  the  preference  or  precedence  of;  as,  to 
cut  out  a  prior  judgment  creditor.  Kent. 

7.  To  step  in  and  take  tlie  place  of,  as  in  courting 
and  dancing,     [ji  vulgar  phrase.] 

8.  To  interfere  as  a  horse,  when  the  shoe  of  one 
foot  beats  off  the  skin  of  the  pastern  joint  of  another. 

To  cut  out  a  ship,  is  to  enter  a  harbor,  and  seize  and 
carry  off  a  ship  by  sudden  attack. 

To  cut  short  i  to  hinder  from  proceeding  by  sudden 
interruption, 

Achilka  cut  him  short.  Dnjden. 

2.  To  shorten  ;  to  abridge  ;  as,  to  cut  short  of  pro- 
visions or  pay  ;  to  cut  the  matter  short. 

To  cut  up ;  to  cut  in  pieces  ;  as,  to  cut  tip  beef. 

2.  To  eradicate  ;  to  cut  off;  as,  to  cut  up  shrubs. 

To  cut  acquaintance  with  any  one,  or  to  cut  one^s 
aajuaintance,  is  to  meet  him  in  the  street  or  else- 
where, and  pretend  not  to  see  or  recognize  him. 
CUT,  77. 1.    To  pass  intoorthrough  and  sever;  to  enter 
and  divide  the  parts ;  as,  an  instrument  cuts  well. 

2.  To  be  severed  by  a  cutting  instrument ;  as,  this 

3.  To  divide  by  passing,  [fruit  cuts  easy  or  smooth. 

Th3  Icclh  arc  ready  to  cut.  Arbuthiiot. 

4.  To  perfonn  a  surgical  operation  by  cutting,  es- 
pecially in  lithotomy. 

He  saved  lives  by  culling  fur  llie  stoiie.  Pope. 

5.  To  interfere,  as  a  horse. 

To  cut  in ;  to  divide,  or  turn  a  card,  for  determining 
who  are  to  play. 
CUT,  pp.  or  a.    Gashed ;  divided ;  hewn ;   carved ; 
intersected  ;  pierced  ;  deeply  affected  ;  castrated. 

Cut  and  dried  i   prepared  for  use ;   a  metaphor  from 
Iiewn  timber, 
CUT,  71.    The  action  of  an  edged  instrument ;  a  stroke 
or  blow,  as  with  an  ax  or  sword. 

2.  A  cleft  ;  a  gash  ;  a  notch ;  a  wound  ;  the  open- 
ing made  by  an  edged  instrument,  distinguished  by 
its  length  from  that  made  by  perforation  with  a  point- 

3.  A  stroke  or  blow  with  a  whip,     [ed  instiunient. 

4.  A  cliannel  made  by  cutting  or  digging ;  a  ditch  ; 
a  groove  ;  a  furrow  ;  a  canal. 

5.  A  part  cut  off  from  the  rest ;  as,  a  good  cut  of 
beef;  a  ctU  of  timber.  Also,  any  small  piece  or 
shred, 

fi.  A  near  passage,  hy  which  an  angle  is  cut  off ; 
a^,  a  shorter  cut. 

7.  A  picture  cut  or  carved  on  wood  or  metal,  and 
impressed  from  it.  Broicn. 


CUT 


8.  'I'lie  suimp  on  which  a  picture  is  carved,  and  jy 
which  it  is  impre.-sscd. 

9.  The  act  of  dividing  a  pack  of  cards.  Also,  the 
right  to  divide  ;  a.**,  who.se  cut  is  it  ? 

10.  Manner  in  which  a  thing  is  cut ;  form  ;  sliapo  ; 
fashion  ;  as,  the  cut  of  a  garment;  the  cut  of  his 
beard.  StiUingfieei. 

U,  A  fool ;  a  cully  :  a  gelding.    [JVot  in  use.] 
To  draw  cuts,  is  to  draw  lots,  as  of  paper,  tc.^  cut 
of  unequal  lengths.  Hick.  Diet. 

Cut  and  long  tail;  men  of  all  kinds;  a  proverbial 
erprcssion  borrowed  from  dogs. 

eU-T.A'NE-OUS,  a.  [See  CiticleJ  Belonging  to 
the  skin,  or  cutis  ;  exL'^ting  on,  or  affecting  the  sK;n  ; 
as,  a  cutaneous  disease  ;  cutaneous  eruption. 

COTE,   a.     [acute.]     Clever;  sharp,      [yulg.]    .Ssh. 

CUTH,  in  Saxon,  aignifics  ftnowri,  or  famous.  Hence, 
C:(iAtrifi,  a  famous  conqueror;  Cut/ircrf,  a  famous  or 
knowing  counselor;  CiOhbcrt,  known  bright,  or  fa- 
mous for  skill.  Gibson. 

Cu'TI-CLE,  77.  [L.  cHticula,  dim.  of  cutis,  skin,  the 
same  as  hide,  which  see.] 

1.  Tlie  scarf-skin;  the  ihin,  exterior  coat  of  the 
skin,  whicli  rises  in  n  blister ;  a  thin  pellucid  mem- 
brane covering  the  true  skin. 

2.  The  thin,  external  covering  of  the  bark  of  a 
plant.  It  serves  to  prevent  too  rapid  perspiration, 
and  is  furnished  with  respiratory  openings  called 
stomata.  Brande* 

3.  A  thin  skin  formed  on  the  siuface  of  liquor. 

Newton. 

CU-TIC'IJ-LAR,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  cuticle  or  e.\ter- 
nal  coat  of  the  skin. 

eUT'LASS,  71.  {Fr.coutclas;  Arm.  contela^zen;  It. 
coltellaccio  ;  Port,  cutelo.  This  word  seems  to  bo  from 
the  L.  cultcllus,  at  least  the  Italian  and  French  are 
so  ;  and  7(  in  tlie  Arnioric  is  casual,  as  in  other  words 
in  that  dialert.  The  curtelcazc  or  curielax  of  some 
authors,  and  curtax,  seem  to  be  corrupted,  or  they  are 
from  S[).  cortar,  U.  curto,  to  CUt.  Cutlas  would, 
from  the  etymology,  be  a  more  correct  orthography.] 
A  broad,  curving  sword ;  a  hanger;  used  by  sol- 
diers in  the  caviUry,  by  seamen,  &c. 

eUT'LKK,  n.  [Fv.  couldicr;  Norm,  cotelter;  Arm. 
cojitetler  or  coutcllour;  Fort,  cutileiro  ;  It.  colteUinaio  i 
from  L.  cuUcr,  a  knife.] 

One  whose  occupation  is  to  make  knives  and  other 
cutting  instruments. 

CUT'LER-Y,  n.  'i'he  business  of  making  knives ;  or, 
vwre  generally,  knives  and  other  edged  instruments 
in  general, 

CUT'LET,  71.  [Fr,  cOullette,  a  little  side  or  rib;  cOti, 
side.] 

A  small  piece  of  meat  for  cooking ;  as,  a  veal  cutlet. 

CUT'PURSE,  71.  [cut  and  purse.]  One  who  cuts 
purses  for  stealing  them  or  their  contents  ;  a  practice 
said  ttp  have  been  common  when  men  wore  purses  at 
their  girdles.  One  who  steals  from  the  person ;  a 
tliief ;  a  rtibber.  S/iak,    Bcnlley. 

CUT'TER,  «.    One  who  cnts  or  hews, 

2.  An  instrument  that  cuts;  as,  a  straio-eutter. 

3.  A  fore  tooth,  that  cuts  meat,  as  distinguished 
from  a  grinder. 

4.  A  small  boat  used  by  ships  of  war.  Also,  a  ves- 
sel with  one  mast  and  a  straight  running  bowsprit, 
which  may  be  run  in  upon  deck ;  rigged  nearly  like 
a  sloop.  ^for.  Dipt. 

5.  A  small  one-horse  sleigh.  America. 

G.  An  officer  in  the  exchequer  that  provides  wood 
for  the  tallies. 
7.  A  rulfian  ;  a  bravo  ;  a  destroyer.     [06*.] 
€UT'-THRoAT,  7t.    A  murderer;  an  assassin  ;  a  ruf- 
fian. SoutJu     Dryden. 
CUT'-THRoAT,  ff.     IMurderous  ;  cruel;  barbarous. 

Carcw. 
CUT'TING,  ppr.  ore.     [See  Cot.]    Dividing  by  an 
edged  instrument ;  cleaving  by  the  stroke  or  motion   , 
of  an  edged  instrument,  as  by  a  knife,  ax,  or  saw  ; 
hewing;  carving;  intersecting;  piercing, 

2.  (t.    Piercing  the  heart ;  wounding  the  feelings  ; 
deeply  atfecting  with  shame  or  remorse;  pungent; 
piquant ;  satirical ;  as,  a  cutting  reflection, 
CUT'TING,  n.    A  separation  or  division. 

2.  A  piece  cut  oft";  a  twig  or  cion  cut  off  for  the 
purpose  of  grafting  ;  ;is,  the  cuttings  of  vines. 

3.  An  excavation  through  a  hill  in  constructing  a 
railroad,  canal,  &c. 

4.  The  operation  of  removing  a  stone  from  the 
bladder. 

eUT'TING-LY,  adv.    In  a  cutting  manner, 
eUT'TLE,  i  n.     [Sax.  cudete,  from  the  sense  of 

eUT'TLE-FISH,  \  withdrawing  or  haling,  allied  to 
cuddle,  VV.  cuzimc,  to  hide,  Arm.  cutoff,  or  euddyo,  to 
hide.] 

1.  A  genus  of  molluscous  animals,  of  the  order 
Cephalopoda  and  genus  Sepia.  They  have  small  arras, 
witli  serrated  cups,  by  which  they  lay  fast  hold  of 
any  thing.  They  have  al^^o  two  teiitacula  longer 
than  the  arms ;  the  mouth  is  in  the  centre  of  the 
arms,  and  is  hornv,  and  hooked  like  the  bill  ol  a 
Iiawk.  Thev  feed  on  spmts,  lobsters,  and  other 
sheil-fish.  They  have  a  little  Madder  under  the 
throat,  (near  the  liver,  Curicr,]  from  which,  when 
pursued,  they  throw  out  a  black  liquor  that  darkens 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K ;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


CYC 

Uiu  waUi,  i»y  wliicli  iiieaiis  tlit-y  rwaiM?.     Ilcncf, 
euttU  is  U'4i-d  fur  a  fuiil-niuultiod  ftllnw ;  one  wliu 
biackeiiit  XUv  clinnicIiT  vt  niiolliLT.     Eitcyc     Shak. 
'J.  A  kiiilV.     [ JVwt  ill  u^e.]  ShaJc. 

CUT'TY-^^TOOIi,  M.  A  Hiiiall  raided  ncal  or  Rallery 
ill  uld  f^cutlisli  chiirchuSf  where  female  olleiidt-rs 
a;;!iiiist  cha-slily  wiTir  furmrrly  dcatcd  during  llircc 
sfiiiidayii,  and  imblicly  rebuked  bytlicir  iiiitiiriter. 

IVaUer  Scott.     Jamic^vn, 

eUT'-WATER,  n.  The  fort;  part  of  a  cliiirs  prow, 
or  km-c  of  Ilk!  head,  which  cut*  the  water.  Also,  u 
watrr-ft»wl,  !i  siH:rit.'s  of  giUl  j  or  rather,  the  Uhyii- 
C01W,  or  n/.cr-biU. 

CUT'-WOitK,  (-wurk,)  »-   Embroidery,   f Aut  i/i  «.v<t.] 

CL''1''-VV0U.M,  M.  A  name  given  to  any  cnterpdiar 
dwclhiig  on  the  earth,  wliich  eat?)  or  culd  away  the 
young  plant:*  of  cabbage^  corn,  beans,  *cc.     Gardner. 

CWT. ;  nn  abbreviation  ol  kandrtd  weight. 

C'T'AN-ATE,  w.  A  t^aline  coiuiiouiid  uf  cyanic  ncid 
With  a  biuic.  Ure. 

CS-A.\'IU  ACID,  II.  A  compound  of  cyanogen  and 
oxygen. 

CY'AX-II),  n.  A  basic  compound  of  cyanogen  with 
Koine  other  clement  or  com|H>iiiid. 

rC'A-.NITE.     See  Kva.'«iti:. 

CV-A\'(J-OEN,  M.  [Gr.  Kvavn^y  blue,  and  )tvvaM-,\o 
beget.] 

A  compound  acidifying  and  basifyiiig  prineiple, 
comiKi^ed  (pf  oiir^  equivalent  f>f  nitrogen  and  two  of 
earboii.  It  is  an  essential  ingredient  in  prussian 
bUie,  and  isacas  which  hasanodor  hkctliatof  cni^h- 
ed  peach  leaves,  and  burn:)  with  a  rich  purple  Ilame. 

CS-.\^'•U.^rE  TEK,  «.     [(;r.  Kvavo^  and  ^^rnto*.] 
An  instrument  to  ascertain  ilegrees  of  bhieiiess,  or 
the  a/.ure  color  of  the  ocean  or  sky.  Humboldt, 

ct-.'VX'tl-RET,  H.  A  b;isic  compound  of  cyanogen 
and  some  other  element  or  compound.  Alorc  cor- 
rectly, CVANIO. 

CY-AN-U'UIC  AC'IIJ,  71.  A  crystallizable  ncid  ob- 
taineil  by  decoiniwsing  urea  by  hcaL  Brande. 

Ct-.\Tii'l-FOUM,   a,       [L.     cydfAus,    a    cup;      (Jr. 

In  the  form  of  a  cup,  or  drinking-glass,  a  little 
widened  .11  the  lop.  /-re. 

CS-CA'DE-.\,  II.  .\  natural  order  of  plants,  holding 
an  intermediate  place  between  palnii,  fern^,and  the 
pine-tribe  or  co/ii/erj-,  but  approaching  nearer  to  the 
lust.    They  arc  natives  of  tropical  climates. 

ParUngt4in. 
CYC'LA-DliS,  n.  ph    [Gr.  *uvX(»s,  a  circle.] 

A  number  of  isles  ammged  round  the  Isle  of  Delos, 
in  the  Grecian  Sea,  in  the  form  of  a  circle. 
CVC'LA-MEN,  II.    [L.]    In  boiantj,  sow-bre.id. 
C VCLE,  n.    [Gr.  «i'vAjt,  L.  cyciiu,  an  orb  or  circle; 
Ir.  <:(('■.'«/.    Q*i.  Eiig.  ^1^,-  Ch.  Jleb.  J>n.    Class  Gk, 
No.  VJ,  16.] 

1.  In  chronologijy  a  period  or  scries  of  numbers, 
wliich  regularly  proceed  from  first  to  last,  and  then 
return  to  the  first,  in  a  perpetual  circle.    Hence, 

2.  The  cijdc  pfthr  ;no«M,or  golden  numher,  or  rue- 
tonic  cycle,  so  called  from  its  inventor,  Melon,  is  a 
period  of  nineteen  years,  which  being  completed,  the 
new  and  full  moons  return  on  the  same  days  of  the 
month. 

3.  The  cijdt  of  the  sun^  or  solar  cycles  is  a  period  of 
twenty-eight  yeari?,  which  having  elapsed,  tlie  do- 
minical or  Sunday  letters  return  to  lli'.'ir  former  place, 
and  proceed  in  the  former  order,  according  tu  the 
Julian  calendar. 

■1.  Ctjcle  of  hidictioHj  a  period  of  fifteen  yea.'S,  at 
tile  end  of  which  thelloman  emperors  imposed  an 
e\iniordinnr>-  lux,  to  pay  the  soldiers,  who  were 
obliged  to  serve  in  the  army  for  that  period  and  no 
lunger. 

5.  A  round  of  years,  or  period  of  time,  in  which 
the  same  course  begins  again  ;  a  [>criodical  space  of 
time.  Holder. 

C.  An  imaginary  orb  or  circle  in  tlie  heavens. 

Milton. 

CYe'LiuUL.  i  «•    pertaining  to  a  cycle. 

Ciielic.  poets ;  a  term  applied  to  certain  epic  poetji 
wlio  folU)wed  Homer,  and  wrote  merely  on  the  Tro- 
jan war,  keeping  within  the  circ/cof  a  single  !>ubject. 

iirantlc. 
Cyclic  chorus;   the  chorus  which  performed  the 
song!!  and  dances  of  tlic  Dithyrainhic  odes  at  Ath- 
ens, dancing  round  the  altar  of  Bacchus  in  a  circle. 

Brarulc. 
CVe'LO-GRAPH,  71.    [Gr.  <tVK->os,  circle,  and  ypa"^u3^ 
to  describe.] 

An  instniment  for  describing  the  arcs  of  circles, 
where  compasses  can  not  be  conveniently  employed. 
It  is  chiefly  used  in  dmwing  Hat  segm-jnt^,  or  curva- 
tures which  api>roach  nearly  to  straight  lines.  GwilL 
CS'GLOIO,  n.  [Gr.  if"<Ao>,  circle,  and  ci^n,  form.] 
A  geometrical  curve  on  which  depends  the  doc- 
trine of  pendulums. 

The  genesis  of  a  cycloid  may  be  conceived  by 
imagining  a  nail  in  the  circumference  of  awheel; 
the  line  which  the  nail  describes  in  theair,  whde  the 
wheel  revolves  in  a  right  line,  is  the  cyclpid. 

Johnson. 
CY-CLOID'.VL,  a.  Pertaining  or  relating  to  a  cycloid  j 


CYM 

as,  the  cueloidal  siKice  Is  the  tijiace  contained  between 
a  cvcloiil  and  its  base.  Chambers, 

C?-eL01I>'I-A\S,  H.  pU  The  fourth  order  of  fishes, 
according  to  the  arrangement  of  Agassi/.,  having 
ftmoolh  seal:--),  as  the  herring  and  salnuui. 

CYC'I*0-L1TE,  71.    A  name  given  to  Madrepores. 
Diet.  JWif.  //we. 

C?-eLOM'E-TRY,  71,  [Gr.  amAoj,  circle,  and  utrott^t 
to  nii'a'^ure.] 
Tlir'  art  (it  measuring  cycles  or  circles.       Wallit. 

CS-ei^o-PK'AN,  a.  [iVom  Cyelops.]  Pertaining  to 
the  Cyclops,  fabulous  giants  of  antiipiitv;  vast;  ter- 
rific. '  HuU. 

The  term  is  also  applied  to  the  remains  of  a  rude 
and  veiy  massive  kind  of  architecture,  of  the  earli- 
est ages,  demanding  an  enormous  exertion  of  pbysi- 
ral  force.  Fosbrooke, 

CY-CLO-Pk'HI-A,  \n.     [Gr.  KVhAof,  circle,  and  ttui- 

C?-eLO-P.E'l)I-A,  (  (V.  I,  iliscipline,  erudition.] 
The  circle  or  C(un|KtsH  v^  the  arts  and  sciences; 
circle  of  human  knowledge.  Hence,  the  book  or 
books  that  cuntain  treatises  on  cvi-ry  branch  of  the 
arta  and  sciences,  arranged  under  proper  heads,  in 
alphabetical  order.     [See  E.vcveLorKDiA.] 

CV-CLOP'ie.  a.  IVrtaiiiing  to  the  Cyclops  ;  gigantic  ; 
savaL'e.  Bryant. 

CVCLiOP.S,  K.  sing,  and  pL  [Gr.  kvk\w\}/;  jtuicAof,  a 
circle,  and  o^^i/^  nn  eye.] 

1.  Uxfibuloui  biMory,  a  class  of  giant',  thesons  of 
Neptune  and  Amphitrite,  who  liatl  but  one  circular 
eye  in  tlie  midst  of  the  forehead.  They  inhabited 
Sicily,  and  assisted  Vulcan  iu  making  thunderbolLs 
for  Jupiter.  Lcmpriere. 

2.  A  family  of  iniuule  erustacea,  found  both  in 
fresh  and  saltwater.  Th'ey  are  sonbuudant  iu  somi; 
parts  uf  the  ocean  as  Iu  afford  food  foi  the  wJialcbone 
whale,  and  give  a  reddish  tint  to  the  waters.  These 
animals  were  so  named  because  the  two  eyes  form  a- 
single  minute  spot  on  tin-  renter  of  the  head,  and  till 
lately  they  were  sujipoaed  to  liave  but  one  eye. 

Dann. 
C?-eLOS'TO-MOUS,  a.     [Gr.  KVxXoi  and  uro/zu.] 
Having  a  circular  mouth  or  n|)erture,  as  certain 
molluscous  auiiuals.  Kirby. 

CY'DER.     See  Ciom. 
CYG'.XET,  II.     [L.  cyffnus,  cycniuij  a  swan  j  Gr.  kvk- 

t'os-3 

A  young  swan.  Sliak. 

CVL'IN-DEK,  n.     [Gr.  KvXinUn^y  from  KvXti'Soi^  to 

roll,  from  KvXtoiy  id. ;   L.  cylindrua;  Sp.  cilindro;  It. 

id.;   Fr.  cylindrc;   Heb.  Ch.  S't^,  Ar.  ^L=»  g-aa^,  to 

roll.] 

In  ffeometry^  a  solid  body  supposed  to  be  generated 
by  the  rotation  of  a  parallelogram  round  one  of  its 
sides  ;  or  a  long,  circular  body,  of  unifonii  diameter, 
and  its  extremities  foriiiing  ei'iual  parallel  circles. 
A'rtci/c.    Bailey. 

CYL-I.\-I)ItA'CEOl/S,  n.    Cylindrical.  '[Utile  u.-<ed.] 

Lee.     Bot. 

CVL-IX'DRIC,         \n.     Having  the  form  of  a  cylin- 

CYIi-lN'DUl€-AL,  \  der,  or  jiartakiiig  of  its  proi>- 
erties. 

CYL-lN'DRie-AI*-LY,  ath.  In  the  manner  of  a  cyl- 
inder. 

CYI<-IX-DRIC'I-TY,  71.     A  cylindrical  form. 

CYL-I.\'DRf-FORM,  a.  [cyUmlcr  and  form.]  Having 
the  form  of  a  cylinder. 

CVI/IX-DROID,'  71,  [cylinder  and  ei^os,  form.]  A 
solid  body,  nppri>acliiiig  to  the  Jigure  of  a  cylinder, 
but  having  tliu  tcises  ur  ends  elliptical,  but  parallel 
and  erjual.  Brande. 

CYI^IN-DRO-MET'Rie,  a.  Uclongiiig  to  a  scale  used 
In  measuring  cylinders.  .^slu 

CY'MA,  M.    [Gr.  KVfta,  a  wave.] 

In  architecture^  a  member  or  molding  of  tlio  cornice, 
the  profile  of  which  Is  waving,  that  is,  concave  at 
the  lop  and  convex  at  the  bottom. 

There  is  also  another  form,  called  eynia  rcufr-sa, 
which  is  concave  at  the  bottom  and  convex  at  the 
top,  called  also  ogee.    [Sec,  also,  Cyme.]    Brande. 

CV-MaR',  7J.  A  slight  covering;  a  scarf;  properly, 
.Sim  vh. 

CY-MA'TIU.M,  71.     [L. ;  Gr.  jcn/i.-inor,  a  little  wavc.j 
A  top  molding  to  certain  parts  of  the  orders  in 
classic  architecture. 

CYM'BAL,  n.  [L.  cymbalam;  Gr.  KVitPaXov  ;  lU  cem- 
balo.] 

1.  A  musical  instrument  of  brass,  in  a  circular 
fonn,  like  a  dish,  producing,  when  two  are  struck 
together,  a  sharp,  ringing  sound. 

a.  A  mean  instruincnl  used  by  gv'psies  and  va- 
grants, made  of  a  steel  wire,  ii>  a  triangular  form,  on 
which  are  passed  five  rings,  whtcli  arc  touched  and 
shifted  along  the  triangle  with  an  iron  rod  held  in 
Ihe  left  hand,  while  it  is  supported  in  the  riglit  by  a 
ring,  to  give  it  free  motion.  JChci/c. 

CY.M'BI-FOR.M,  a.  [I.,  cyinba^  a  boat,  and  forma, 
form.] 

Shaped  like  a  boat.  Martyn. 

C^'Ma'  \  "■    ^^^'  *'''"'j  fct'is,  from  ifnw,  to  swell.] 
1.  Literally^  a  sprout,  particularly  of  the  cabbage. 


CYl' 

Trchnieally,un  aggregate  of  llowers  composed  of  sev- 
end  lionets  silling  on  a  receptacle,  producing  all  ilio 
primary  pi-diinctea  from  the  same  point,  but  li:ivinj[ 
the  parliid  peduncles  scattered  and  irregular  ;  all  faa- 
ligiate,  or  forming  a  llal  surface  at  the  top.  It  i« 
naked  or  with  bracts.  JitarttiH. 

3.  A  panicle,  the  elongation  of  all  the  ramiliru'tiuns 
of  which  is  arrested,  so  tliat  it  has  the  app'-amnco 
of  an  umbel.  Lindtey, 

CYM'LIXG,  II.     A  son  of  squash.  rirgmia. 

C?'.M01t),  a.     Having  the  form  of  a  cyme. 

CVM'O-PllA.NE,  ri.  [Gr.  xe/iu,  u  wave,  and  0ii(cw, 
to  appear.] 

A  mineral,  called  also  chry.Hoberyl.  Its  color  li 
green,  of  dilVerent  shades  ;  its  fracture  C(UiL-|ioidat  or 
unilulated,  and  in  hardness  it  ranks  ne.vt  to  the  sap* 
jihire.  Ifaihj.      CUavrUiud. 

CY-.M(JPlI'A-NOU.S,a.  Havmg a  wavy,  floating  light  j 
opalescent ;  chatoyant. 

CVMoSE,  \a.    Containing  a  cyino;  in  the  form  of  a 

C?'.MUUS,  \      cyme.  Mnrtyn. 

CY-N.W'CIIE,  (»e-nan'kc,)  n.  [Gr.  Kvvay\f,^  a  dog- 
collar,  angina  ;  Kviiv,  a  dog,  and  (i}\Ci),  to  pres:t  or 
bind  ;  to  suffocate.] 

A  disease  of  Ihe  throat  or  windjiipe,  attended  with 
indammatjon,  swelling,  and  diltu-iilty  of  bretiUiing 
and  swallowing.  It  Is  of  sever.d  kiiidn,  and  compro- 
hends  the  quinsy,  croup,  and  nudlgnant  sore  thrciaU 

CY-i\AN'TIlRO  PY,  ri.  [Gr.  ^uwi-,  a  dog,  and  ufW/iw. 
::f)5,  mim.] 

A  kind  of  madness  in  which  mi-u  have  Ihe  qunli- 
lies  (d*  dog:*.  Chalmer,^, 

CY-\A'pf  A '^'  \  "'  '^"  =i'**"'"'''  •'l>taiued  from  AMliu- 

CYN'  \  I'lXF     >      ''^'^  Cynapium,  or  fool s'-pars ley. 

CY.V-ARe-TOM'A-CHY,  u.   [Gr.  kviov^  a  dog,  <iovrof, 
a  bear,  and  (ta\tj,  a  light.] 
Uear-baitiug  with  a  dog.    \A  barbarous  leord.] 

Jfiidibraf. 

CYN-E-CET'ies,  71.    The  art  of  liuiilinL'  with  dog«. 

CYN'IC,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  (log-star.  The  year  dn- 
terriiiiied  by  the  heliacal  ri**ing  of  the- dog-slar,  {.t()5 
day?,  G  hours,)  was  railed  the  Stilliic,  Cynic,  or  Ca- 
nicular year;  that  of  3r»5  days,  (the  civil  year,)  win 
called  Ihe  i-h^'k*!  year,  from  its  cimlliiually  changing 
111  relation  t<i  the  seasons:  the  pi-riod  from  one  coin* 
cidence  of  the  Hotliic  and  civil  jears  lo  another, 
(lliiO  Sothic  and  1461  civil  years,)  w:is  called  the 
SoUiie  period  and  the  cynic  cycle. 

CYN'IC,         }  a.    [Gr.  KVfiKoi,  canine,  from  Kwwj',a 

CYN'ie-AL,  I      dog.] 

Having  the  qualities  of  a  surly  dog  ;  snarling  ;  cap- 
tious ;  surly  ;  currish  ;  austere. 

Cynic  spojfm  i  a  kind  of  convulsion,  in  which  the 
patient  imitates  the  howling  of  dogs.  Kneye. 

CYN'IC,  7t.  A  man  of  a  canine  temper ;  a  surly  or 
snarling  man  or  philosopher;  a  misanthrope.  [Sco 
Cynics. ]  iShuk. 

CYN'IC-AL-I*Y,  ado.  In  a  snarling,  captious,  or  iiio* 
rose  manner.  Bacon. 

CYN'IC-AL-NESH,  n.  Morosencss;  conlrm;iI  of  rich- 
es and  amu:-cinent.i. 

CYN'I-CISM,  V.  The  practice  of  a  cynic;  a  moroM 
contempt  of  the  pleasures  and  arts  of  life. 

Prof.  Emerson. 

CYN'ieS,  71.  pi.     [Gr.  KUi'ff,  dogs.J 

In  ancient  history,  a  sect  of  snarling  iiliiloso^ilicrs, 
who  valued  themselves  on  their  eontempt  of  riches, 
of  arls,  sciences,  and  amusenients.  Diogenes  be- 
longed lo  this  sect.  They  are  said  to  owe  their  ori- 
gin to  .\ntistlieues  of  Athens.  Kncye. 

CYN'0-SURE,  (sin'o-shurc  or  sl'no-.shure,)  n.  [Gr. 
Kvvnaovoa,  the  tiiil  of  tlie  dog.] 

A  name  ^Iven  to  the  constellation  of  the  Lesser 
Bear,  to  which,  as  containing  the  jiolar  star,  the  eyes 
of  mariners  and  travelers  were  formerly  directeil. 
Hence,  the  term  has  been  used  hy  poets  tv)  describe 
any  thins  to  which  attention  is  strongly  turned;  (LS 
in  the  lines  of  Milton  : 

Where  pr^^ll)lpa  some  beauty  lie*, 
The  cijiioaure  of  neighboring  cyc». 

Brande 
C1?'0N.    Sec  CioN. 
C?'PHER.    See  CiriiER. 
CYPH'ON-ISSM,  V.     [Gr.  «v^.'.i'.] 

A  species  of  punishment  frequently  used  by  Ihc 
ancients,  consisting  in  the  besmearing  of  the  crimi- 
nal with  honey,  and  exposing  him  to  insects. 
CV'PRESS,  71.     [L.  cupres^its;  Gr.  xwrnoiiTfl-Kj.] 

i.  The  popular  name  of  a  genus  of  plants  or  trees. 
The  most  remarkable  are  the  sempervirens,  or  com- 
mon cypress,  tiie  evergreen  American  cyprcsrt,  or 
while  cedar,  and  the  disticha,  or  deciduous  Ameri- 
can cvpress.  The  wood  of  these  trees  is  remarkable 
for  its  durability.  The  coftins  in  which  the  Athenian 
lierocs  and  the  mummies  of  Egypt  were  deposited, 
are  said  to  have  been  made  of  the  first  species. 

Encyc 
9,  The  emblem  of  mourning  for  the  dead,  cypreM 
branches  having  been  anciently  used  at  funerals. 

II.i.l  imcc-M  atlpn(Vd  \hf.  Americani.th'*  tl.';Uh  of  Warren  wouM 
hivr  bjoii  aiisricietil  lo  cIjoij*  Ihe  )oy«  of  victory ,  luu.  UN 
mprti$  woulil  hnre  been  uniwd  with  the  laon-i. 
•^  EUot't  Biag. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— METE,  PUgY.  — PINE,  MARi.N'E,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQOK.- 


DAC 

CYP'RI-AN,  a.    Belonging  lo  (lie  Island  of  Cyprus. 

2.    V  lonn  npi'lieil  to  a  lewd  woman. 
CVr'KLX,  a.    Ttrtaining  to  the  fish  of  tlie  genus  Cyj»- 

rinus. 
CVP'Kl-OT,  K.    An  inhabitant  of  Cypms. 
CS'PRIS,  n.;  pi.  CrPh.DEs.    A  species  cf  fresh-water 

Crustacea,  which  swim  by  means  of  cilia  ;  they 

swartn  in  stagnant  water.  Mantcll. 

CITRUS,  H.    A  thin,  transparent,  black  stuff.  S.^uili. 
CYR-t^XA'ie,  a.    Pertaining  to  Cyrene. 
CVR-I-O-LOO'ie,  a,    [Gr.  Ki-otos,  chief,  and  Ajjos, 

discourse.] 
Relating  or  pertaining  to  capital  letters.     Encyc. 

Cvl'TIS  I  "-     ^*^^'  «^''^^'^'  ^  ^•'•^'I'l^'O 

A  bac  or  tunic  wliich  Includes  morbid  niattur  in 
auimal  bodies.  Encijc. 


Din  the  English  alphabet,  is  the  fourth  letter  and 
J  the  third  articulation.  It  holds  the  same  place  in 
the  English  as  in  Ihe  Chaldoe,  Syriac,  Hebrew, 
Samaritan,  Greek,  and  Latin  alphabets.  In  the 
Arabic,  it  is  the  eighth;  in  the  Russian,  the  fifth; 
and  in  the  Elhiopic,  the  nineteenth  letter. 

D  is  a  dental  articulation,  formed  by  placing  tlie 
end  of  the  tongue  against  the  gum  just  above  the 
upper  teeth.  It  is  nearly  allied  to  T,  bat  is  not  so 
cliise  a  letter,  or  rather  it  does  not  interrupt  the  voice 
so  suddenly  as  T,  and  in  foruiing  the  articulation, 
there  is  a  lingual  and  nasal  sound,  whicli  has  induced 
some  writers  to  rank  D  among  the  lingual  letters. 
It  has  but  one  sound,  as  in  rfo,  din,  bad ;  and  is  never 
quiescent  in  English  words,  except  in  a  rapid  utter- 
ance of  such  words  as  handkrrchuf. 

As  'A  numeral,  D  represents  jSre  hundred^  and  when 
a  dash  or  stroke  is  placed  over  it,  thus,  D,  it  denotes 
Jite  tlwiLsand, 

As  an  abbreviation,  D.  stands  for  Doctor :  as,  M.  D. 
Doctor  of  Medicine ;  D.  T.  Doctor  of  Thcolo^ij,  or 
S.  T.  D.  Doctor  of  Sacred  Throloff])  ;  D.  D.  Doctor  of 
Diviiiitij^  or  dono  dcdil :  D.  D.  D.  duty  dlcat,  dcdicat ; 
and  D.  D.  D.  D.  digimm  Deo  doJtum  dedit. 
DAB,  V.  t.  [Fr.  dauber,  or  frum  the  same  root.  It  has 
the  elements  of  dip,  dub,  and  tap,  Gr.  rvTrrtj,  and  of 
daiLh.     Class  Db,  No.  3,  21,  23,  53.] 

1.  To  strike  gently  with  the  hand ;  to  slap ;  to 
box.  Bailey. 

2.  To  strike  gently  with  some  soft  or  moist  sub- 
stance ;  as,  to  dab  a  sore  with  lint.  Siarp. 

DAB,  n.    A  gentle  blow  with  the  hand. 

2.  A  small  lump  or  mass  of  any  thing  soft  or  moist. 

3.  Something  moist  or  slimy  thrown  on  one. 

4.  In  sportice  language,  an  expert  man  ;  as,  a  dab 
at  making  an  index.  Goldsmith. 

5.  A  small,  ilat  fish,  allied  to  the  flounder,  of  the 
genus  Plati--sa,  of  a  dark  brown  color. 

DAB'BED,  (dabd,)  j/;7.    Struck  with  something  moist. 
DAB'BIXG,   ppr.     Striking    gently   with    something 

moi.^t. 
DAB'BLE,  o.  r,     [Heb.  S^a  tubal,  or  {xom  the  root  of 

dip,  Goth,  daupyan,  Bclgtc  dahben  or  dabbclcn.     See 

Dip.] 
Literally,  to  dip  a  little  or  often  ;  hence,  to  wet ;  to 

moisten  ;  to  spatter  ;  to  wet  by  little  dips  or  strokes ; 

lo  sprinkle.  Sicift..     IViseman. 

DAB'BLE,  V.  i.    To  play- in  water;  to  dip  the  hands, 

throw  water,  and  splash  about ;  to  play  in  raud  and 

watLT. 

2.  To  do  any  thing  in  a  slight  or  superficial  man- 
ner ;  to  tamper ;  to  touch  here  and  there. 

You  imve,  I  tliink,  (>!en  dabbling  with  the  text.        AUerbuTy. 

3.  To  meddle  ;  to  dip  into  a  concern. 
DAB'BLER,  j(.    One  who  plays  in  water  or  mud. 

2.  One  who  dips  slightly  into  any  thing;  one  who 
meddles  without  going  to  tlie  bottom;  a  superficial 
meddler;  as, a  JaiWcr  in  politics. 

DAB'BLING,    ppr.    or   a.     Dipping    superficially    or 
often  ;  plaving  in  water,  or  in  mud  ;  meddling. 

D.\R'BLING,  Ti.    The  actof  dipping  superficially  into, 
or  meddling  with  any  thing. 

DAB'RH\G-LV,  aJv.    In  a  dabbling  manner. 

DAB'CHICK,  n.     [dab,  or  dip,  and  chick.]      A  water- 
fowl, a  species  of  grebe.  Jardinc. 

DAB'STER,  71.       [au.  from  adept,  with  stcr,  Sax. 
stcoran,  to  stecr.J 

One  who  is  skilled  ;  one  v/ho  is  expert;  a  master 
of  his  business.  [J^ot  an  elegant  word.]  [See  Dap- 
per.] 

DJi  CA'PO,  (da-ki'po,)    [It.]     In  music,  a  direction 
In  return  to,  and  enl  with,  the  first  strain. 

Dace,  n.     [D.  daas.     Qii.  Fr.  vcndoisc] 

A  fish,  the  CirpriiiiLi  Icuciscus  ;  a  small  river  fish  of 
a  bright  silvery  color.  Walton, 


DAG 

CVST'I€,  rt.  Pertahiing  lo  a  cyst,  or  contained  in  a 
cyst.  The  ajstic  duct  is  the  HKinbranous  canal  that 
conveys  the  bile  from  iho  hepalic  duct  into  the  gall- 
bladder.  Tlie  cystic  artery  is  a  branch  of  the  hepatic. 

Hooper. 
CYST'IXE,  ;(.    A  kind  of  calculus  formed  in  the  hu- 
man bl:u'dc:r.     It  was  formerly  called  cijMc  oxyd. 
CYS-TI'T/S,  Ti.    Inrlannnalion  of  the  bhidder. 

Brande, 
CYi^'TO-CKLE,  H.     [Gr.  xians,  a  bladder,  and  «/yA/;, 
a  tumor.] 

.\  hernia  or  rupture  formed  by  the  protrusion  of 
the  urinary  bladder.  Hooper. 

CY^.ST'tJSK,  a.     Containing  cysts. 
CYS-TOT'O-.MY,  n.     [Gr.  Kvcns,  a  bladder,  and  rr/z- 
»/(.),  to  cut.] 
Tiic  act  or  practice  of  opening  cyst3  ;  particularly, 


D. 


DACTYL,  71.     [Gr.  S,tKTv\oq,  a  finger;  L.  dactylus ; 

probably  a  shoot.     See  Digit.] 

A  poetical  foot,  consisting  of  Ihroc  syllables,  the 

first  long,  and  the  others  short,  like  the  joints  of  a 

finger;  as,  tcgmtnS,  cdrmlnS. 
DACTVI^AR,  a.     Pertaining  to  a  dactyl ;  reducing 

from  three  to  two  syllables.  Scott^s  Es;^-ays. 

DAC^TYL-ET,  n.     A  dactyl.  Bp.  Hall. 

DAC-TYI/ie,  a.    Pertaining  to  or  consisting  chiefly 

or  wholly  of  dactyls ;  as,  dactijlic  verses  ;  a  dactylic 

flute,  a  flute  consisting  of  unequal  intervals.  Encyc. 
DAC-TYL'ie,  71.    A  line  consisting  chiefly  or  wholly 

of  dactyls. 
DAC'TYL-IST,  n.     [from  dactyl]     One  who  writes 

flowing  verse.  fVartnn. 

D.V€-TYL'0-GLYPII,  n.     [Gr.  6aKTv\ou  finger,  and 

vAiK^if.),  to  engrave.] 
Tiie  inscription  of  the  name  of  Ihe  artist  on  a 

finger  ring  or  gem.  Brande. 

DAe-TYL-OG'RA-PHY,T(.  [Gr.  tJaKrvXos  and  >-,oa(/icj, 

to  write.] 
The  science  or  art  of  gem  engraving.        Brande. 
DAe-TYL-0L'0-6Y,  n.     [Gr.  6aKTv\us,  finger,  and 

Ao;  uf,  discourse.] 

1.  The  act  or  the  art  of  communicating  ideas  or 
thoughts  by  the  fingers.  Deaf  and  dumb  persons  ac- 
quire a  wonderful  dexterity  in  this  art. 

2.  The  science  which  treats  of  the  history  and 
qualities  of  finger  rings.  Ebncs. 

DAC-TYL'O-MAN-CY,  n.     [Gr.   daKrvU^  and  pav 

TiKT],  divination.] 
Divination  by  finger  rings.  Elmes. 

DAD,  j   71.     [W.  tad;    Ir.  taid;    Ami.  tad;  Corn. 

DAD'DY,  \       t^d  or  taz ;  ancient  L.  tata;  Port,  taita; 

Gypsy,  dtid,  dada  ;  Sans,  toila  ;  Hindoo,  dada  ;  Russ. 

tiatia ;  Finn,  taat.] 

Father  ;  a  word  vscd  by  irifants,  from  whom  it  is 

taken.    The  first  articulations  of  infants  or  young 

children  are  dental  or  labial ;  dental,  in  tad,  dad,  and 

labial,  in  mamma,  papa. 
DAD'DLE,  V,  i.    To  do  anything  slowly;    to  walk 

with  tottering,  like  a  child  or  an  old  man.    [Little 

vscd.] 
DaDE,  v.  t.    To  hold  up  by  leading-strings.     [Little 

used.]  Drayton. 

DX'DO,  71.     [Ital.,  a  die.]     The  die  or  square  part  of  a 

pedestal  ;  the  cubical  base  of  a  column.  Thomson. 
DAD'DOCK,?!.     The  rotten  body  of  a  tree. 
D-'E'DAL,  a.     [L.  Dwdaliis,  Gr.  Atti<^-i\oi,  an  ingenious 

artist,  who  made  the  Cretan  labyrinth.] 

1.  Various;  variegated.  Spenser. 

2.  Skillful. 

D..'E-Da'LI-AN,  a.     [See  D.edal.]     Formed  with  art; 

intricate  ;  maze-like. 
D.^5D'A-L0US,  a.    [from  DiEdabis.]     Having  a  mar- 
gin with  various  windings  and  turnings  ;  of  a  beau- 
tiful and  delicate  texture ;  a  term  applied  to  the  leaves 
of  plants.  Jifartyn.     Lee. 

D\FF      i 
D*\FFE  \   "*     t^*^*^"  '^"fj  allied  to  tlct^.] 

A  stupid, blockish  fellow.     [Obs.]  Chaucer. 

DAFF,  v.  t.    To  daunt.     [Local.]  Grose. 

DAFF,  v.  t.    To  toss  aside ;  to  put  ofl:    [See  Doff.] 

Shak. 
DAF'FO-DIL,  77.      [D.    affodille;    G.  doppelte  narcisse, 
double   narcissus;    It.    asfodillo;    Fr.  aspltodelc ;  L. 
asphodclus  ;  Gr.  aT0"(^tAo?.] 

A  plant  of  The  genus  Narcissus,  of  several  species. 
These  have  a  bulbous  root,  and  beautiful  flowers  of 
a  deep  yellow  hue.  EncT/c. 

DAFT,    a.      Insane  ;    foolish  ;    thoughtless  ;    giddy. 

[ScoUish.] 
DAG,  n.     [Fr  daguc,  from  thrusting.] 

A  dagger;  a  hand-gun ;  a  pistol.     [J^ot  in  use.] 

Burton. 
DAG,  7(.     Dew.     [.Vbi  in  use.] 


DAI 

the  operation  of  cutting  into  llic  bladder  fur  ihe  ei- 

Iraction  of  a  stone  or  other  extraneous  matter. 

Bra  i:  fie. 
CVTILE  Rk'AN   a.    Pertaining  to  the  goddess  Vcnua. 
CYT'I-SIX,  Ti.     A  vegetable  proximate  principle  found 

in  tilt'  Cyiisus  laburnum,  anil  other  plants.    It  is  an 

active  medicine. 
CYT'I-SUS,  Ji.  A  shrub  or  tree ;  also,  a  genus  of  trees ; 

iree-trcfoil. 
CZAR,  n.    A  king  ;  a  chief;  a  title  of  the  emperor  of 

Russia;   pronounced  tzar,  and  ho  written  by  good 

authors. 
CZA-IU'NA,  (za  rG'na,)  ti.    A  title  of  Ihe  empress  of 

Russia. 
C'/.AR'ISII,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  czar  of  Russia. 
CZAR'O-WITZ,  71.    The  title  of  the  eldest  son  of  llie 

czar  of  Ru.ssia. 


DAG,  77.     [Sax.  dag.] 

1.  A  loose  end,  as  of  locks  of  wool ;  called  also 
dagloclis.  Bailetj. 

2.  A  leathern  latchet. 

DAG,  V.  t.     I'o  daggle.     [JSTot  in  use.] 

2.  To  cut  into  sjips.     [Obs.]  Chaucer. 

DAG'GER,".     [Fr.daguc;  li.da^ge;  .\xm.dagcr;  Sp. 

d'lga  ;  Port,  adaga  :  It.  daga;  Jr.  daigear.     In  G.  and 

D.  degcn  is  a  sword.] 

1.  A  short  sword  ;  a  poniard.  Sidney. 

2.  In  fencing  schools,  a  blunt  blade  of  iron  with  a 
basket  liilt,  used  for  defense. 

3.  ^Viih  printers,  an  obelisk,  or  obelus,  a  mark  of 
reference  in  the  form  of  a  da-jger  ;  thus  (f). 

D.\G'GER,  V.  t.     To  pierce  with  a  dagger  ;  to  stab. 

DAG'GERS-DRAW-L\G,  n.  The  .^ct  of  drawing 
daggers;  approach  to  open  attack  or  to  violence;  a 
quiUTel.  Sicift. 

DAG'GLE,  (dag'gl,)  i-.  (.  [Probably  from  dag,  dew, 
or  its  root.] 

To  trail  in  mud  or  wet  grass  ;  to  befoul ;  to  dirty, 
as  the  lower  end  of  a  garment. 

DAG'GLE,  77.  (.    To  run  lliroirgh  mud  and  water. 

DAG'GL£D,  pp.  Dipped  or  trailed  in  nmd  or  foul 
water ;  befouled. 

DAG'GLE-TaIL,  a.  Having  the  lower  ends  of  gar- 
ments defiled  with  mud. 

DAG'GLING,  ppr.  Drawing  along  in  nmd  or  foul 
water. 

DAG'-LOCK,  77.  [dag,  dew,  and  loe!:.]  A  lock  of 
wool  on  a  sheep  that  hangs  and  drags  in  the  wet. 
[Often  pronounced  tag-lock.]  Grose. 

DAg'-SVVaIN,  71.     [dag,  a  shred.]    A  kind  of  carpet. 

DAG'-TaIL-£D,  a.  The  same  as  dagglc-tail ;  trailed 
in  nmd. 

DA-GUERRE'I-AN,  (da-ger're-an,)  a.  Pertaining  to 
Dagurrrc,  or  to  his  invention  of  the  daguerreotype. 

DA-GUERRE'O-TYPE,  (da-g?r'ro-type,)  77.  '[from 
Dugaerrc,  the  discoverer.]  A  method  of  fixing  im- 
ages of  objects  by  the  camera  obscura.  A  copper 
sheet,  plated  with  silver,  wull  cleaned  with  diluted 
nitric  acid,  or  polished,  is  exposed  to  the  vapor  of 
iodine,  which  Ibrins  a  very  thin  coating.  This  sheet 
is  placed  in  the  camera  obscura,  in  which  it  remains 
a  very  short  time ;  it  is  then  taken  out  and  ex- 
posed to  the  vapor  of  nicrcurj' ;  then  heated  to  167^ 
Fahrenheit,  and  the  images  appear  as  by  enchant- 
ment. 

DAH'LIA,  n.  [t'rom  DaJil,  the  name  of  a  Swedish 
botanist.] 

A  South  American  plant,  introduced  into  Europe 
by  the  Spaniards  in  1789.  It  bears  a  large,  beauti- 
ful, compound  flower,  of  every  variety  of  hue. 

Partington. 
[This  name  originally  belonged  to  a  shrub  grow- 
ing at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  with  flowers  of  but 
little  beauty.] 

DAH'LINE,  77.  Inuhn,  the  fecula  obtained  from  ele- 
campane, resembling  starch.  Urc. 

DaI'LI-NESS,  71.     Daily  occurrence.  Taylor. 

DaI'LY,  a.     [Sax.  deegUc,  from  dag,  day.] 

Happening  or  being  everj-  day  ;  done  day  by  day  ; 
bestowed  or  enjoyed  every  day;  as,  doi/y  labor;  a 
daily  allowance. 

tiivc  us  this  day  our  daHy  bread.  Lord's  Prayer. 

DaI'LY,  adv.    Every  day ;  day  by  day ;  as,  a  thing 

liapjiens'  daily. 
DaINT,  77.    Something  of  exquisite  taste  :  a  dainty. 
DAINT'I-LY,  arfy.    [from  Jat»/7/.]    Nicely;  elegantly; 

as,  a  hat  daintily  made.     [A'yi  legitimate,  ?wr  in  use.] 

Bacon 

2.  Nicely;  fastidiously;  with  nice  regard  lo  what 
is  well  tasted  ;  as,  to  cat  daintily. 

3.  Deliciously  ;  as,  to  fare  (/ai7ifi/!/. 

4.  Ceremoniously ;  scrupulously. 


TONE,  BULL,  IGNITE AN"GER,  VF'CIOUS.  — G  as  K;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS, 


3a 


207 


DAL 


l)AI\T'I-NES3»  n.  Delicacy;  rul^nesa:  clcffonce ; 
nicely  ;  aa,  lUc  daintiiicja  of  Uie  limbs.    [04*.] 

B.  Jitiijon. 

2.  Delicacy ;    tleliciousnrss ;  applied  to  food ;  as, 
.  UlO  daifitiftris  of  prov»lons. 

3.  S.  '  •■t^-;  Eqiiraiiiislincss ;  fn!<tidloti3' 
ness ;  ■*  ol"  llio  (;;ste.  /r<>W«ni. 

4.  t- 1  ^;  scnipiiluusnt'** ;  nice  nilcn- 
lion  lu  tii.iiiiRi  -.       ci*.] 

D.\INT'KKL,  rr.     Adtlicacy.    [Xot  in  use] 
DAI.NT'Y,  a.     f\V.  dciiUiait;  Scoe.  dainty;  irom  rfan(, 
(/difit,  ihu  icetli,  L.  Jrn.«,  Gr.  oJdvc,  San^.  Jonfa.] 

I.  Nice ;  pK>a.sing  to  the  palalc ;  of  exqubile  la.sto  ; 
(Iclicioud  ;  a:^,  dainty  food. 

llu  loul  alhonrtti  dainly  n<nt.  — Jott  xzxlil. 

5.  Dt'licatc  ;  uf  nculegeniiiliiliiy  ;  nice  in  selecting 
what  h  tender  and  good  ;  sijiK-.unisli ;  soft ;  luxuri- 
ous ;  a^,  a  dainty  taste  or  palate  ;  a  dainltj  pcoplf . 

X  Scrupulous  in  manners  ;  ceromniiiou!',     Sfiak. 

4.  Elegant ;  tender  ;  soft  ;  putv* ;  ncal ;  eircnii- 
nately  beautiful ;  a»y  dainty  Imiids  or  linibs.      Sluik. 

5.  Nice  ;  oJlectcdly  fine  ;  o^,  a  dainty  speaker. 

Prior. 
D.IINT'Y,  n.    Sometliini;  nice  «nd   delicate  to  the 
taslc  ;  that  which  is  exfinisilely  delicious  ;  a  delicacy. 

Be  not  ilciiroiu  of  daiiUUt,  for  I'l  7  cinj  d.<:'-ill\il  rncAl.  —  Prov. 

3.  A  term  of  fondness.    [JVot  mneh  used.] 

Why,  lliat'i  my  dainty.  S?iaJt. 

DAI'RY,  Ti.  [This  word  I  have  not  found  In  any 
other  lansiiaue.  In  Ku^s.  doyu  si^iiilics  to  milk,  and 
Junius  iiirntiuns  dey^  an  old  word  for  milk,  and  Ice- 
landic dr-j.yia,  to  milk.  It  may  bo,  and  probably  is, 
a  contracted  word.] 

1.  Milk,  and  all  lliat  concerns  it,  un  a  farm  ;  or 
tlic  tiusine:ss  of  nianagini!  milk,  and  of  making  but- 
ter and  cliee.-se.  The  whole  establisliincnl  respecting 
milk,  in  a  family,  or  on  a  farm. 

GroitntU  vrv   mmol  much  In    Kii"liuid  fIUi<T  to  ft:*«llny  or 
(fairy ;  uid  Uxls  iuliranc<:«l  Iha  tnile  </  £n^ieh  bullrr. 

TVniple. 

2.  The  place,  room,  or  house,  where  milk  is  set 
for  cream,  managed,  and  convertetl  into  butter  or 
cheese.  I>ryden. 

3.  A  milk  farm  or  pasture  land.  Bacon. 
D.\I'KY-II(JUSE,  I  n.    ,\  house  or  room  appro|)riated 
DAI'UV-ROOM,    \     tollie  mauas<mcntof  milk. 
DaI'UY-MAID,  n.    A  female  st-rvanl  whose  business 

is  to  mann::c  milk.  Addition. 

DArUV-lNG,  n.    The  business  of  conducting  a  dairy. 

P.  Cijc' 

D.^IS,  (dal'ts  or  dase,)  n.  A  raised  floor  at  the  ii|>per 
end  ul  the  dinin:!-hall,  where  the  high  Uihle  stood. 

fV.  ScotL 
Also,  a  canopv  with  its  seat  at  the  high  tabic. 

D.AI'»I-J:D,  (di'/.ld,)  a.  [See  Daisy.}  Full  of  daisies ; 
adorned  with  daisies.  Shak, 

DaCSY,  n.    [Sax.  dagts-tge^  day's  eye.] 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Betlis,  of  several  varieties. 
The  bli:e  daisy  belonps  to  the  -Jirnu-;  Globulnria,  as  does 
the  t;K»bf  daisy  ;  the  greater  or  ox-eye  daisj*  lulnngs 
III  the  genus  Ctir)'santl]einum  ;  and  the  middle  daisy, 
to  the  Doronicum.  Fanu  of  Plants. 

Da'KER,  n.    .A  dicker ;  the  number  of  ten. 

Da'KEIUHRX,  h.  The  corn-crake  or  land-rail,  a 
bird  of  the  grullic  order  of  Linnicus.       Ed.  Encyc. 

DA'KIK,  n.  In  English  statiticfy  ten  hides,  or  the 
twentieth  ptirt  of  a  last  of  hides.  Encyc. 

DALE,  n.  [Goth.  ilnUi;  Dan.  and  Sw.  dnl ;  Q.  tftal : 
D.  dal;  W.  dOl;  Russ.  dot,  udol,  and  dolinc ;  allied, 
perliap.4,  to  dtU.  The  Welsh  dOl  signifies  a  winding, 
brnd,  or  meander,  and  a  dale  thro'.iuh  which  a  river 
runs;  a  band,  a  ring,  £cc.  In  D.  Uaalr,n  signifies  to 
descend,  to  sink.] 

A  low  place  between  hills;  a  vale  or  valley  j  a 
poetic  icord, 

DAL'LI-ANCE,  n.  [See  Dally.]  LitrraBij,  delay;  a 
lingering ;  appropnauly^  acts  of  fondness ;  inter- 
change of  caresses  ;  loving,  as  males  and  females  ; 
as,  yuulhful  dall-anee.  Milton. 

2.  Conjugal  embraces;  commerce  of  ilie  sexes. 

MUton, 

3.  Delay.     [Obs.]  Shak, 
nAL'M-f:i),  (dai'lid,)  pp.    Delayed  ;  deferred. 
DAL'LI-ER,  n.    One  who  fondles;  a  trifler ;  as,  a 

dallur  wiih  plca.-'-anl  words.  Jisdiam. 

DAI/LV,  F.  i,  [W.  ddl  or  rfo/.t,  to  holil,  bear,  keep, 
st.'j);  .\rin.  rfa/ca,  to  stnp  nr  rttiird  ;  Ir.  r/^ii,  delay  ; 
Rusd.  dlytu  The  sense  of  holiling  is  ofirn  connected 
with  that  of  extending,  drawing  out  in  time;  At. 

jLla  taula^  to  prolong,  to  delay.    Class  DI,  No.  20. 

See,  also,  No. 2^,09.] 

1.  lAttraUy,Xu  il^-Iay;  lo  linger  ;  tr»  wait.    ITence, 

2.  To  trillc ;  to  la'^e  time  in  idleness  and  trifles; 
to  amuse  one's  self  with  iille  plaj . 

It  ii  nuilocu  lo  dcUy  .uiy  lun^tr.  Cfc.*any. 

3.  To  toy  and  wanton,  as  man  and  woman  ;  to 
interchange  caresses  ;  to  fondle.  shttk, 

4   To  sport ;  lo  play. 

Shr  tl^'ift  wHli  tly  win<). 


DAM 

DAI.'LY,  r.  (.  To  delay;  lo  defer;  lo  put  ufl';  lo 
nnmsc  till  a  pnnH-T  opooitunily  ;  as,  to  datti/  u!f  the 
time.     [.Vol  mudt  u^ed.j  hnolles. 

DAI*'LY-I\G.  p;)r.  Delaying;  procrastinaling  ;  tri- 
lling; W'.i.'-ting  time  in  idle  amusement;  toying; 
fondling. 

DAIr-JI.XT'I-C-V,?!.  A  lung  white  gown  with  sleeves, 
worn  by  deacons  in  the  Romnn  Catholic  church. 

DAM,  n.     [Supposed  lo  be  fruiu  i/<nnr,  which  neo.] 

1.  A  a-nialo  parent;  used  of  beasts,  particularly 
of  quadnipeds. 

3.  A  human  mother,  in  contempt.  S-hak. 

3.  [Fr.  damr^  the  queen  ;  Sp.  dama.]     A  crowned 
man  in  the  game  of  dniughts. 
DAM,  rt.     [D.   dam;  G.damm;  Sw.  id.;  Dan.  ditm,n 
|wiiJ.    Sec  the  vtrb.] 

A  mole,  bank,  nr  mound  of  earth,  or  any  wall,  or 
a  framo  of  wood,  raised  to  obstruct  a  current  of 
water,  and  to  raise  it,  for  the  purpose  of  driving 
mill-whcel-',  or  for  oilier  purposes.  Any  work  that 
stops  and  conhnes  water  in  a  pond  or  basin,  or 
causes  it  lo  rise. 
DAM,  r.  t.  [Sax.  demmonj  G.  ddmmen;  D.  dammm  ; 
Dan.  ditmuKr ;  Cli.  D'^S  to  stop,  to  shut;  Hcb.  and 

Ch.  D'^N,  Ar.  aJs)  atama,  to  stop  or  shut.     Q.U. 

Cli.  GtiO,  Ar.  f^JLoAM  satama^  id.    This  is  the  root 

of  dtirnb.     See  Claris  Dm,  No.  17,  18,  23,  39.] 

}.  To  make  a  dam,  or  to  stop  a  stream  of  water 
by  a  bank  of  oarlh,  or  by  any  other  work  ;  to  con- 
line  or  shut  in  water,  ft  is  coinnion  to  use,  atler 
tlie  vorb,  i;i,  uDj  or  out ;  as,  lu  dam  i'l,  or  to  dam  K/f, 
tiie  water,  and  to  dam  out  is  to  prevent  water  from' 
entering. 

2.  To  confine  or  restrani  from  escaping ;  to  shut 
in  ;  lucd  by  S!iaJ:spcAre  of  fire,  and  by  Milton  of  Hf^ht. 

DA.M',\CE,  7(.  [Fr.  domnui^e  ;  Ann.  dvtimaicli ;  A'orm. 
dmna^e  :  Pa:,  dem;  L.  damnum  ;  Sp.  da'no;  Port,  da- 
no  ;  ft.  danno ;  Ir.  dainaistc.  This  wnnl  seems  to  be 
allied  lo  ihe  Greek  ^f?/!!-",  a  tine  or  mulct,  Ch.  not  or 
^cr,  to  impose  a  fine.    But  (ju.    .See  Dau:<.] 

1.  Any  hurt,  injur}',  or  harm,  lo  one's  estate  ;  any 
lo^s  of  pro[)cny  sustained  ;  any  hindcrance  to  the  in- 
creaie  of  property  ;  or  any  tdt^trtiction  lo  the  success 
of  Tin  enterprise.  A  man  sutlers  damage  by  the  de- 
flruclion  of  his  com,  by  the  burning  of  his  house,  by 
the  detention  of  a  ship  which  defeats  a  prohuble 
voyage,  or  by  the  fUilurc  of  a  profitable  undertaking. 
Dama^e^  then,  is  any  actual  loss,  or  t!ie  prevention 
of  pruTit.  It  is  usually  and  properly  apjilied  to  prop- 
erty, but  sometimes  to  reputilion  and  oilier  things 
wiilch  arc  valuable.  But,  in  tlic  latter  case,  injury 
is  more  correctly  used. 

2.  The  value  of  what  is  lost. 

3.  Damages ;  in  ItnOj  the  estimated  reparation  in 
money  for  detriment  or  injury  sustained ;  that  which 
is  given  or  adjudged  to  repair  a  loss.  It  is  the  prov- 
ince of  a  jury  to  assess  damages  in  trespass. 

D.\M'AGE,  r.  t  [IL  dattnegjrmre ;  but  Norm,  damagcr 
is  to  oppress.] 

To  hurt  or  harm  ;  to  injure  ;  to  impair ;  to  les-^en 
the  soundness,  goodnes.-J,  or  value  of.  Rain  may  dam- 
age com  or  liay  ;  a  storm  may  damage  a  ship  ;  a  house 
is"  oflen  damaged  by  fire  when  it  is  not  destroyed; 
heavy  rains  damage  roads. 

DAM'AOE,  r.  i.  To  receive  harm  ;  to  be  injured  or 
impaired  in  soundness  or  value  ;  as,  green  com  will 
damage  In  a  mow  or  stack. 

DAM'.\(!;E-A-ItLE,  a.     That  may  be  injured  or  im- 
paired ;  susceptible  of  damage  ;  as,  damageable  goods. 
2.  Hurtful ;  pernicious.     [Rare.] 

DAM' A(j' ED,  pp.  ur  a.     Hurt;  impaired;  injured. 

DAM'AGF^FEAS'/VNT,  (dain'aj-faK'ant,)  a.  [Fr.fai- 
sant,  from  faire.] 

Doing  injury  ;  trespassing,  as  cattle.   Blackstone. 

DAM'AO-ING,  ppr.    Injuring;  impairing. 

DAM'AR.    See  Dammar. 

DAM'AS-CkNE,  71.     [L.  damaseenuSf  from  Damasens.] 

1.  A  particular  kind  of  plum,  now  pronounced 
Damson  ;  which  see. 

2.  It  may  be  locally  applied  to  other  species  of 
plums. 

DAM'.ASK,  jl  [It.  dommaseo ;  Fr.  damas  ;  Sp.  damaseo; 
from  DamasaUy\n  Syria.] 

1.  A  silk  stuir,  having  some  parts  raised  above  the 
ground,  representing  flowers  and  other  figures,  origi- 
nally from  Daiuascus. 

2.  A  kind  of  wrought  linen,  made  in  Flanders,  in 
imitation  of  damask  silks. 

3.  Red  color,  from  the  damask-rose.         Fairfax* 
Dama^k-sted  is  a  rtrii;  steel  from  the  Levant,  chief- 
ly from  Damascus,  used  for  sword  and  cutlass  blades. 

D.\M'ASK,  r.  f.  To  form  flowers  on  slufls  ;  also,  lo 
validate;  to  diversify;  as,  a  bank  damaskal  with 
flowers.  Milton. 

2.  To  adorn  steel-work  wiili  figures.  [See  Damas- 
keen.] 

DAJI'ASK-£D,  (dam'askt,)^;).  Variegated  with  flow 
crs. 


DAM 

DA.M'.\S1C-EN,      I  V.  (.    [Fr.  damafquincr.    See  Dm. 

OAM-ASK-EEN'.  j      a^k.^ 

To  make  incisions  in  iron,  steel,  &c.,  and  fill  iheiH 
with  gold  or  silver  wire  for  ornament;  used  chletty 
fur  adorning  sword-blades,  guanis,  locks  of  pistuls, 
Jtr.  Chartbtrf, 

D.\^I-ASK  EEX'AD,  pp.  or  a.  Cut  into  figures  and 
inlaid  with  •:old  or  silver  wire. 

DA.M-ASK  r.KiN'lXG,  ppr.  Engraving  and  adorning 
with  Kold  or  silver  wire  Inlaid. 

DAM-ASK-Er:.\'l.\G,  rt.  The  act  or  art  of  bo.nuiify, 
ing  iron  ur  bleel,  by  engraving  and  inlaying  it  with 
gohl  or  silver  wire. 

DA.M'.ASK  L\,  n.  A  saber,  so  called  from  the  niann- 
facI'iriT  f.f  Damascus. 

DAM'ASK-INC.  fipr.     Variegating  with  flowers. 

DAM'ASK  ri,L'\I,n.     A  snuUl   black  plum. 

D,\.M'A.SK-RoS!;,  ».  A  pp:;cits  of  rose  which  landi 
and  another  which  is  while. 

DAiM'AS  SIN,  n.  A  kind  of  damask  with  gold  and 
silver  flowers  woven  in  the  warp  and  woof.     Vre. 

D.\ME,  II.  [Fr.  dame;  Sp.  Port.  It.  dama:  from  L. 
dominaj  a  mistress  or  governess,  ftom  domo,  Gr.  Ai* 
fKibi,  to  subdue,  Eng.  to  tame.  Class  Dm,  No.  3,4, 
23,  24.] 

Literally-^  a  mistress  ;  hence,  a  lady  ;  a  title  of  honor 
to  a  W(iman.  It  is  now  generally  applied  to  the  mis* 
tress  of  a  family  in  the  common  ranks  of  life  ;  as  Is 
its  coniiiound,  madnm.  In  poetry^  it  is  appli<-'d  to  I 
woman  of  nink.  In  short,  it  is  applied  with  pmprV 
ely  lo  any  woman  who  Is  or  has  been  the  mistress  of 
a  tamity,  and  it  Komclimes  comprehends  women  lo 
general. 

DAME'S-VI'0-LET,  |  n.    A  plant  of  Ihe  genus  lies- 

DAIME'W'ORT,  j      peris;  called  also  yuefn**-^(i. 

hj-jioiccr,  or  raolict.  It  is  remarkable  for  lis  fragrant 
odor,  and  ladies  arc  fond  of  having  it  in  tlieir  a|wiil- 
mcnts. 

DA'M1-AX-!STS,  n.pL  In  chnrdt  hiHory,  the  followers 
of  Damianus,  patriarch  of  .\le.\andria,  in  the  fourth 
cenlury,  who  eiuicentered  all  the  personal  attributes 
of  the  Father,  Sou,  and  Holy  Ghost,  in  the  one  God; 
nud  ilirrefore  was  accused  of  teaching  Sabellianism. 

DA.M'MAR,  ri.  A  name  applied  to  a  resinous  sub* 
stance  obtained  in  the  East  Indies  from  u  species  of 
.Vgathis  or  Dammara,  a  tree  allied  to  the  pine. 

DA.M'.M£D,  pp.  Confined  or  shut  In  by  means  of  a 
dam. 

D.A.M'.MING,  ppr.  Confining  water  by  means  of  t 
dam. 

DAM.V,  (dam,)  v.  I,  [L.  damno ;  Fr.  damn/r;  Arm. 
danna;  It.  dannarr :  Sp.  danar ;  Port,  danar.  The 
Portuguese  word  is  rendered  lo  hurt,  to  damnify,  to 
corrupt  or  spoil,  to  undo  or  ruin,  lo  bend,  to  crook,  to 
make  mad.  The  latter  sense  would  seem  to  be  from 
the  L.  demenjj  and  damnum  is  by  Varro  referred  to 
demendo,  demo,  which  is  supposed  to  be  a  compound 
of  dc  and  emo.  But  qu.,  for  damno  and  condemno  co- 
incide with  the  Eng.  doom.] 

1.  To  sentence  to  eternal  torraenls  in  a  future 
state ;  to  ptinish  in  hell. 

He  lliTit  bcIkrcUi  not  shall  bo  domncif.  —  Mftrlt  xd. 

2.  To  condemn  ;  to  decide  lo  be  wrong  or  worthy 
of  punishment ;  to  censure  ;  to  reprobate. 

He  th.il<litiibt«liUrfflmfwrf  if  be  cat.  — Rom.  xiT. 

3.  To  condemn  ;  to  explode  ;  to  decide  to  be  bad, 
mean,  or  displeasing,  by  hissing  or  any  mark  of  dis- 
approbation ;  as,  to  damn  a  play,  or  a  mean  author. 

•1.  A  word  used  in  profaneness ;  a  term  of  execra- 
tion. 

DAM'N.\-BLE,  rt.  That  may  be  damned  or  con- 
demned ;  deservini:  damnation  ;  worthy  of  eternil 
punishment.  More  generally,  tlial  which  jiubjertJ  of 
renders  liable  to  damnation ;  as,  damnable  ht;ref<ica. 
2  PeU  ii. 

2.  In  a  low  or  ludicrous  sense,  odious,  detestable,  or 
pernicious.  Shak. 

DA.M'iNA-BLE-NESS,  n,  Tlie  slate  or  quality  of  de- 
serving damnation. 

DA.M'NA-BI^Y,  ado.  In  a  manner  to  incur  eternal 
punishment,  or  so  as  to  exclude  mercy.  SohOu 

2.  In  a  loiB  sense,  odiously  j  detestably  ;  aoimairaef 
excessively. 

DAM-NA'TION,  n.     [L.  damnalio.] 

1.  Sentence  or  condemnation  to  everlasting  pun- 
ishment in  the  future  state;  or  the  state  of  eternal 
lormenLs. 

How  cm  ye  c«c3pe  the  damnadon  of  hell .'  —  MaU.  xx«i. 

2.  Condemnation.  Thylor. 
DAM'NA-'IO-RY,  a.     Containing  a  sentence  of  con- 
demnation.                                                     tVairrla'fd. 

DA.M'NED,  {damd  ;  adj.  in  serious  discourse,  dam'- 
ned,)  pp.  or  a.  Sentenced  to  everlasting  punishment 
in  a  future  state  ;  condemned. 

2.  a.  Hateful  ;  detestable  ;  abominable  ;  a  tcord 
efiiejly  used  in  profaneness  by  persoiis  cf  vulgar  man- 
ners. 

D.VM-NIF'IG,  a.  [See  Daunift.]  Procuring  loss  ; 
mischievous. 

DAM'NI-FI-KD,  pp.  [See  Dabltift.]  Injured;  co- 
damaged. 

DAM'NI-F?,  r.  ^  [L.  damn(/Scc,-  damnum  and /acw; 
II.  damn{ficare.] 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT METE,  PRUV.— PINE,  MAillNE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  Wni.F,  BgQK.— 

_ 


DAM 

1.  To  cause  loss  or  daiunge  to ;  to  hiut  in  estate 
cr  iiilercsl ;  to  injure  j  to  endamage  ;  as,  to  damnifij 
a  man  in  bis  goods  or  estate. 

2.  To  hurt  ;  to  injure ;  to  impair ;  appUcd  to  the  per- 
son.  Spenser. 

'  lAM'.VI-F^-IXG,  ppr.    Hurting  ;  injuring ;  impairing. 

I_»AM'NIXG,  p;>r.  Dooming  to  endless  punishment  j 
a  condemning. 

ij.  a.  Tlial  condemns  or  exposes  to  damnation ;  as, 
a  Jainnin^  sin. 

i)A.M'NING->'ESS,  n.    Tendency  to  bring  damnation. 
_  Hammond, 

n^.^^r.YUM ABS'QUE  LY-JVRI-J},  [L.]  Lossivitb- 
Dul  any  injury  of  the  which  the  law  can  take  cog- 
nizance 

DAMP,  0,  [G.  dair.pf;  D.  damp ;  Sw.  damb  ;  Dan.  damp, 
steam,  vapor,  fog,  smoke ;  perhaps  steam  is  from  the 
same  root,  from  wasting ;  Sans,  dhuma.  See  Class 
Dm,  No.  33.] 

1.  Moist;  humid;  being  in  a  state  between  dry 
:md  wet ;  as,  a  damp  cloth  ;  damp  air ;  sometimes  fog- 
i.^' ;  as,  the  atmosphere  is  dampt  but  it  may  be  dantp 
without  visible  vapor. 

2.  Dejected ;  sunk  ;  depressed ;  chilled.    [  UmtsuaL] 

JiTdton. 
DAMP,  n.    Moist  air  ;  humidity  ;  moisture ;  fog. 

Milton. 

2.  Dejection  ;  depression  of  spirits ;  chill.  We  say, 
to  strike  a  damp,  or  to  cast  a  damp,  on  the  spirits. 

Milton, 

3.  Damps,  pi. :  noxious  exhalations,  or  rather  gas- 
es, issuing  from  the  earth,  and  deleterious  or  fatal  to 
niitmal  life.  These  are  often  imown  to  exist  in  wells 
which  continue  long  covered  and  not  used,  and  in 
miues  and  coal-pits  ;  and  sometimes  they  issue  from 
the  old  lavas  of  volcanoes.  These  damps  are  usually 
tlie  carbonic  acid  gas,  vulgarly  called  clioke-damp, 
which  instantly  suffocates  ;  or  carbureted  liydrogen, 
called  fre~damp. 

■'AMP,  r.  t  To  moisten;  to  make  humid,  or  mod- 
erately weL 

2.  To  chill ;  to  deaden ;  to  depress  or  deject ;  to 
abate  ;  as,  to  rfamp  the  spirits  ;  to  damp  the  ardor  of 
passion.  Stcifi. 

3.  To  weaken ;  to  make  dull ;  as,  to  damp  sound. 

Bacon. 

4.  To  check  or  restrain,  as  action  or  vigor ;  to 
make  languid  ;  to  discourage  ;  as,  to  damp  industry. 

Bacon. 
DASIP'ED,  (dampt,)  pp.    Chilled ;  depressed  ;  abated ; 

weakened;  checked;  discouraged. 
PA.MP'£\,  (damp'n,)  v.  t.    To  make  damp  or  moist. 
:i  VMP'/r\-ING, /^pr.  Making  damp.  Jiulge  Johnson. 
I  'AMP'ER,  n.    That  which  damps  or  checks. 

2.  A  valve  or  sliding  pl.ite  in  a  furnace  to  stop  or 
lessen  the  quantity  of  air  admitted,  and  thus  to  reg- 
ulate the  heat  or  eitlDgui:;h  tlie  fire. 

Edwards,  JV.  Tnd.     Runifard. 

3.  A  part  of  a  piano-forte,  by  which  the  sound  is 
deadened. 

I'A^-IP'ING,  ppr.     Chilling;    deadening j    dejecting; 
nbating ;  checking;  weakening 
•  VMF'ISH,  a.     Moderately  damp,  or  moist. 
AMP'ISH-LY,  adc.    In  a  dampish  manner. 

I'AMP'ISH-XESS,  n.  A  moderate  degree  of  damp- 
iies?,  or  moistness ;  slight  humidity. 

.■AMP'NESS,  n.  Moisture  ;  fogginess  ;  moistness  ; 
moderate  humidity ;  as,  the  dampness  of  the  air,  of 
rii.^  sround,  or  of  a  cloth. 

'■\M?S,n.pl.     See  Damp. 

1.  AMP'Y,  a.    Dejected;  gloomy.     [Litdeused.] 

Jfayward. 

DAM'SEL,  71.  [Fr.  damoisdle  and  demoiselle,  a  gentle- 
woman, and  damoiscau,  a  spark  or  beau ;  Norm. 
damoisells,  or  demicelles,  nobles,  sons  of  kings,  princes, 
knights,  lords,  ladies  of  quality,  and  dcm/Tyjc/w,  dam- 
sels, female  infants  ;  Sp.  damisola,  a  young  gentle- 
woman, any  girl  not  of  the  lower  class.  The  Aim. 
ma-mesell,  za-mesell,  or  man-mesell;  a  woman  or  mad- 
am, seems  to  indicate  that  the  first  syllable  is  a  pre- 
fix, and  mrscll,  Eng.  miss,  a  distinct  word.  But 
damoi  die,  Norm,  daniccllc,  from  which  we  have  dam- 
sel, is  doubtless  from  the  Italian  damiffdla,  a  diminu- 
tive, formed  from  damn,  like  the  L.  domicUium,  from 
domus,  and  penicillus,  l-rom  the  root  of  pcnna.  The 
Italian  dami^cllo,  in  the  masculine  gender,  shows  the 
propriety  of  the  ancient  application  of  damsel  to 
males.] 

A  youn»r  woman.  Formerly,  a  young  man  or  wo- 
man of  nobis  or  genteel  extraction  ;  as.  Damsel  Pepin  ; 
Damsel  Richard,  prince  of  Wales.  It  is  now  used 
only  of  young  women,  and  is  applied  to  any  class  of 
young  unmarried  women,  unless  to  the  most  vulgar, 
and  sometimes  to  country  girls. 

With  her  ir.tiii  oidamiels  she  was  g^otw.  Dryden. 

Then  Ectiz  «i;*l,  Wiiose  damxel  U  liiis  r  —  Ruth  ii. 

Thi3  word  is  rarely  used  in  conversation,  or  even 
in  prose  writings  of  the  present  day;  but  it  occurs 
frequently  in  the  Scriptures,  and  in  poetrj*. 
DA^I'SON,  (dam'zn,)  7!.    [Contracted  from  damoscCTie, 
the  Damascus  plum.J 

llie  fruit  of  a  variety  of  the  Prunas  domestica ;  a 
small  black  plum 


DAN 


DAN,  71.     [Sp.  do7t.    Q,u.  from  dominus,  or  .-Vr,    '  i^ 

dauna,  to  be  chief,  to  judge,  Heb,  Ch.  Syr.  and  Elh. 
I'll.     Class  Dn,  No.  2,  4.] 

A  title  of  honor  equivalent  to  master  i  used  by 
Shaksj)eare,  Prior,  fcc,  but  now  obsolete. 
DANCE,  V.  i.  [Fr.  danser;  Sp.  danzar  ;  Port,  dan^ar; 
Arm.  danczal  i  It.  danzare;  G.  tanzcn  ;  Sw.  dansa ; 
Dan.  dandscr;  D.  danssen;  Basque,  dantza;  Russ. 
tantziju.  Q,n.  the  radical  letters,  and  the  Oriental 
pi,  with  a  casual  ?».] 

1.  Primarily,  to  leap  or  spring ;  hence,  to  leap  or 
move  with  measured  steps,  regulated  by  a  tune,  sung 
or  played  on  a  musical  instrument;  to  leap  or  step 
with  graceful  motions  of  the  body,  corresponding 
with  the  sound  of  the  voice  or  of  an  instnmicnt. 

There  is  a  dme  to  mourn,  and  a.  time  to  tSanc*.  — Eccles.  iii. 

2.  To  leap  and  frisk  about ;  to  mov^e  nimbly  or  up 
and  down. 

To  dance  attendance;  to  wait  with  obsequiousness  ; 
to  strive  to  please  and  gain  favor  by  assiduous  atten- 
tions and  officious  civUities ;  as,  to  dance  attendance 
at  court. 

DANCE,  V.  t.  To  make  to  dance ;  to  move  up  and 
down,  or  back  and  forth  ;  to  dandle ;  as,  to  dance  a 
child  on  tlie  knee.  Bacon. 

DANCE,  71.  In  a  general  sense,  a  leaping  and  frisking 
about.  Appropriately,  a  leaping  or  stepping  with 
motions  of  the  body  adjusted  to  the  measure  of  a 
tune,  particularly  by  two  or  more  in  concert,  A 
lively,  brisk  exercise  or  amusement,  in  which  the 
movements  of  the  persons  are  regulated  by  art,  in 
figure,  and  by  the  sound  of  instruments,  in  measure. 
2.  A  tune  by  which  dancing  is  regidated,  as  the 
minuet,  the  waltz,  the  cotillon,  &c. 

DANC'£D,  (diinst,)  pp.  Moved  up  and  down,  back- 
ward or  forward,  in  measured  steps.    • 

DAN'CER,  n.  One  who  practices  dancing,  or  is  skill- 
ful in  the  performance. 

DAN'CING,  ppr.  or  a.  Leaping  and  stepping  to  the 
sound  of  the  voice  or  of  an  instrument ;  moving  in 
measured  steps  ;  frisking  about. 

DAN'CING,  n.  The  act  of  moving  in  measured  step  ; 
frisking. 

DAN'CING-MAS-TER,  n.  One  who  teaches  the  art 
of  dancing. 

DAN'CING-SeHOOL,  n.  A  school  in  which  tlie  art 
of  dancing  is  taugb*. 

DAN'DE-Ll-ON,  h,     [Fr.  dent  de  Hon,  lion's  tooth.] 
A  well-known  plant  of  the  genus  Leontodon,  hav- 
ing a  naked  stalk,  with  one  large  flower. 

DAN'DER,  5.  i.  To  wander  about;  to  talk  incohe- 
rently. 

DAN'DI-PRAT,  n.  [Fr.  JaTidin,  a  ninny ;  It.  dondo- 
lone,  a  loiterer;  dondolo,  any  thing  swinging;  do7i- 
dolare,  to  swing,  to  loiter.  The  Sp.  and  Port,  tonto, 
a  dolt,  may  be  of  the  same  family.    Clu.  prat-l 

A  little  fellow;  an  urchin;  a  word  of  fondness  or 
contempt,  Johnson. 

DAN'DLE,  V.  U  [G.  t'dndeln,  to  toy,  to  trifle,  to  lounge, 
to  dandle  ;  Fr.  dandiner,  to  jog ;  It.  dondolare,  to 
swing,  to  loiter ;  Sp.  and  Port,  tontear,  to  dole,  to  talk 
nonsense  ;  Scot,  danddl,  dander.  These  words  seem 
to  be  allied.] 

1.  To  shake  or  jolt  on  the  knee,  as  an  infant ;  to 
move  up  and  down  in  the  hand ;  literally,  to  amuse 
by  play. 

Ye  shall  be  dandled  on  her  kseeE.  —  Is.  Ixri. 

2.  To  fondle  :  to  amuse ;  to  treat  as  a  child  ;  to  toy 
with- 

I  am  asbamed  to  be  dandled  thus.  .■iddison. 

3.  To  delay;  to  protract  by  trifles.    [Obs.]  Spenser. 
DAN'DL£D,  pp.    Danced  on  the  knee,  or  in  the  arras ; 

fondled  ;  amused  by  trifles  or  play. 

DAN'DLER,  n.    One  who  dandles  or  fondles  children. 

DAN'DLING,  ppr.  Shaking  and  jolting  on  the  knee  ; 
moving  about  in  play  or  for  amusement,  as  an  infant. 

DAN'DLING,  n.  Act  of  fondling,  or  jolting  on  tlie  knee. 

DAN'DRUFF,  n,  [Qu.  Sax.  tan,  a  scab,  tetter,  and 
drof,  sordid  ;  or  Fr.  tciiftie,  Arm.  tign,  or  taioTi.] 

A  scurf  which  forms  on  the  head,  and  comes  off  in 
small  scales  or  particles. 

D.AN'DY,  n,     [Fr.  dandin,  a  ninny,  a  silly  fellow.] 
A  fop;  a  coxcomb  ;  one  who  dresses  himself  like 
a  doll,  and  who  carries  his  character  on  his  back. 

DAN'DY-ISH,  a.     Like  a  dandy. 

DAN'DY-ISM,  71.    The  manners  and  dressof  a  dandy. 

DANE,  71.    A  native  of  Denmark. 

DaNE'GELT,  71.     [Dane  and  gelt,  ^fW,  money.] 

In  England,  an  annual  tax  funnerly  laid  on  tlie 
English  nation,  for  maintaining  forces  to  oppose  the 
Danes,  or  to  furnish  tribute  to  procure  peace.  It  was 
at  first  one  shilling,  afterward  two,  and  at  last  seven, 
for  every  hide  of  land,  except  such  as  belonged  to  the 
chivch.  EncTjc. 

At  a  subsequent  period,  when  the  Danes  became 
masters,  the  danegclt  was  a  tax  levied  by  the  Danish 
princes  on  every  hide  of  laud  owned  by  the  Anglo- 
Saxons.  P.  Cijc. 

DANE' WORT,  7i.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Sanibucus; 
a  species  of  elder,  called  dwarf-elder  or  tcall-wort. 

DaN'GER,  7[.     [Fr.  Arm.   Scot,  danger;  Norm,  daun- 


DAR 

gerous,  dubious.  This' word  in  Scottish,  according  to 
Jamieson,  signifies  peril,  power,  or  dominion,  doubt, 
hesitation.  In  Chaucer,  it  signifies  peril,  and  coy- 
ness, sparingncss,  or  custody.  In  old  English  laws, 
it  deufitcs  a  payment  in  money  by  fi-n  st  iciLtnts,  to 
their  lord,  fur  iH'rmi.-.sion  to  plow  and  tow  in  the  time 
of  pannage  ur  ma^t-fccding.  The  primary  sense  is 
not  obvious.    Spcn^-r  lias  the  following  couplet :  — 

ViUL-int  Jic  tliuul'l  h*  u  fiir, 
SliQWiii^  danger  inorcr  Uuu  ire.J 

Peril;  risk;  hazard;  exposure  to  injur>-, loss, pain, 
or  ollur  evil.  It  is  easy  to  boast  of  despising  death 
when  there  is  no  danger. 

0;ir  crafi  ui  in  danger  to  be  kct  at  naught.  —  Act>  xtx. 

DaN'CER,  r.  U    To  put  in  hazard ;  to  expose  to  Iosj 

or  injtny.     Shal;.    But  rarely  used.    fPcc  E.iDATTCEn, 

which  is  generally  used.] 
DAN'CER-LESS,  a.       Free  from    danger;    willjout 

risk.     [TJttle  used.]  Sidney. 

DaN'CeR-OUS,  a.    Perilous;  hazardous;   exposing 

to  loss ;  unsafe ;  full  of  risk  ;  as,  a  dangerous  voy- 
age ;  a  dangerou--;  experiment. 
2.  Creating  dan^^tfr;    causing  risk  of  evil ;  as,  a 

dangerous  man  ;  a  dangerous  conspiracy. 
DaN'-SER-OUS-LY,  adr.    With  danger;  with  risk  of 

evil ;  wi'.h  exposure  to  injury  or  ruin  ;  hazardously'; 

perilously  ;  as,  to  be  dangerously  sick  ;  dangerously 

situated. 
DAN'GEK-OUS-NESS,  h.    Danger ;  hazard  ;  peril ;  a 

state  of  being  exposed  to  evil ;  a."?,  the  dangcr<msness 

of  Condition,  or  disease. 
D  \N"GLE,  Cdang'gl,)  v.  i.     [Dan.  dingier,  to  swing 

to  and  fro.     Uu.  dandle,  or  Ch.  Syr.  ^pn.] 
i.  To  hang  loose,  ilowing,  shaking,  or  waving; 

to  hang  and  swing. 

H-i'd  n'Jicr  ou  a  gillel  dangle.  Hudibres. 

2.  To  hang  on  any  one  ;  to  be  a  humble,  officious 
follower ;  wiili  after  or  abfut ;  as,  to  dangle  about  a 
woman  ;  to  dangle  after  a  minister  for  favors. 

DAN"G[,Eil,  n.  One  who  dangles;  applied  partiatr 
larhj  to  men  ic/io  hang  about  tcomen. 

DAN''GL!\(r.  ppr.  or  a.  Hanging  loosely  ;  busily  cr 
orticiously  adhtring  to. 

DAN'ISII,  a.     Belonging  to  the  Danes  or  Denmark. 

DANISH,  V.    The  langu:ige  of  the  Danes. 

DANK,  a.     [au.  G.  titnben,  to  dip.] 
Damp  ;  moist ;  humid  ;  v^et. 

D.VXK,  H.     Moisture;  liumidUy.  Mdton.     Shah. 

DANK'ISII,  o.    Somewhat  damn. 

DANi<,'ISll-Ni;£S,  n.    Dampness;  humidity. 

DA-Nl''BI-.VN,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  Danube. 

DA'oL'-iUTE,  V.  A  mineral,  called  nibcl.'ite,  resem- 
bling- hnri,  b'lf  differing  from  it  in  chemical  charac- 
ters.    Us  color  is  red,  of  various  shades.    CUaeeiand. 

DAP  or  DaPI;,  r.  i.     [Goth.  datipynTi,  to  dip.] 

To  drop  or  l>^l  fall  (.he  bait  gently  into  the  water; 
to  raise  or  si:jk  it ;  a  word  used  by  anglers.   fFalton. 

DA-PAT'IC-AL,  a.     [L.  dapes.] 

Sumptuuus  in  cheer.     LXvt  in  use.] 

DAPH'NE,  !t,     A  nyinph  ol  Diana. 

DAPH'NIN,  n.  The  bitter  principle  of  Ihc  D.ir^nc 
Mezereuni,  discovered  by  Vauquelin.  It  is  obtained 
in  ?mall  crjstals,  hard,  transparent,  of  a  grayish  color, 
and  a  bitter  taste. 

DAP'I-FER,  7f.     [L.  dapes,  feast,  and  fero,  to  bear.] 
One  v.Ii'.i  brings  meat  to  the  table.    Furmerly,  the 
title  or  oifice  of  the  grand-master  of  a  king's  house- 
hold.   It  still  subsists  in  Germany.  Encyc 

DAP'PER,  a.'  [D.' dapper,  brave,  valiant;  Sw.  and 
Dan.  tapper;  G.  tapfcr.     See  Class  Db,  No.  13,  28.] 

Active  J  nimble  ;  brisk  ;  or  little  and  active  ;  neat ; 
livcl)' ;  as,  a  dapper  fellow  ;  a  dapper  spark. 

DAP'PER-LING,  «.    A  dwarf:  a  dandiprat. 

DAP'PLE,  a.  [Most  probably  allied  to  tubhy,  and  from 
dipping,  or  to  V\^  davnu,  to  drr;».  The  word  signi- 
fies spotted,  and  spots  are  clten  from  dropping  or 
sprinkling.] 

Marked  with  spots  ;  spotted  ;  variegated  with  spots 
of  diflcrcnt  colors  or  shades  of  color;  as,  a  dapple- 
bay  or  dapple-p-ay ;  applied  to  a  horse  or  other  beast 
It  may  sometmies  cypress  streaked,  but  this  is  not  ita 
true  signification. 

DAP'PLE,  V.  t.    To  PiKJt ;  to  variegate  with  spots. 

The  -eiitlc  t.lay 
Dapples  the  drowsy  east  with  spola  of  gray.  ShaJc. 

The  dappled  pink  aud  bUtshin*  rose.  Prior. 

DAP'PI.£D,  pp.  or  a.    Spotted  ;  variegated  with  spots 

of  different  colors  cr  shades  of  color. 
DAPPLING,  ppr.    Variegating  with  spots. 

DART    [  "•     '^  ^^^  found  in  the  Severn.        Batlaj. 

DARD'ti.  [Fr.  rfcrrf.]  \W\ZLi  is  thrown  out,  oris  cast 
forward,  as  a  dart  is  thrown. 

DaRE,  c.  (. ,-  pret.  Dubst.  [Sax.  dearran,  dnrran;  D. 
darren,  durven:  G.  dtirfcn;  Sw.  dierf,  bo'd  ;  dicrfeas. 
to  dare,  and  tiSras,  to  dare  ;  Dan.  to>,  to  dare,  ami 
tSr,  dry,  torrid,  L.  torreo ;  Dan.  tUrhed,  dr>nes?,  bar- 
renness ;  t'ir.^fig,  thirsty.  The  German  dvrfcn,  com- 
pounded, bcdiirfen,  signifies  to  want,  to  need,  to 
lack,  and  this,  in  Dutch,  is  dcrrrn.  The  Sw.  dare, 
rash,  mad,  sottish,  dara,  to  infatuate,  Dan.  daarer, 
mav  be  of  the  same  fmiily.    The  Gr.  ^^.npr'jjSni 


TCNE,  BULL,  UNITE,— AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS G  as  K;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

~  299" 


DAR 


DAll 


DAS 


Bius.  rfn-Myu,  to  dare,  uro  cvidcnUy  tlie  same  word. 

Ar.   ,\i  ittaura,  to  bo  bold,  audiiclom ;  to  bo  angry, 

ur  avrrae  ;  to  be  tinided,  to  flee.  So  in  Sw.  <(arro, 
lo  trcinblf.  The  Btnso  of  boldniss,  darlnj.  In  si>"io- 
tiincs  from  the  sense  of  mtvancing  ;  but  souio  of  the 
senses  of  these  wnrds  indicate  the  sense  uf  nxedlnR.  J 

To  have  coiinice  for  any  pnriiosc  ;  to  liave  sirenglh 
of  miiul  or  hardihood  to  undertake  any  tiling  ;  to  bo 
bold  enough  ;  not  to  be  afraid  ,  to  venture  ;  to  be  ad- 
venturous. 

I  liar*  ilo  nil  thf.l  may  l«om?  k  man.  5Ao*. 

/>jr<  any  irf  vwu  go  10  Uw  U-fuM  UK  un]w»t  f  —  t  Cor.  vl. 

Noot  of  lib  il«di^  cturft  ut  lilm,  Wbo  •»  Uiou  .'  —  Jolin  xil. 

In  this  intransitive  sense,  iart  is  not  generally  fel- 
hiwed  by  the  sign  to  before  another  verb  in  the  in- 
finitive ;  Ihougii  (o  may  be  used  with  propriety.  In 
German,  the  verb  is  numbered  among  the  auxiliaries. 
In  tlie  transitive  fonu,  it  is  regular,  thus  : 
1)aKE,  r.  (.  .■  frtu  and  pp.  DiiiLo.  To  challcnsc  ;  to 
provoke  ;  to  defy  j  as,  to  dart  a  man  lo  figlil. 

Tini«,  I  (far*  tliefl  to  distoTcr 

Sucli  a  youui,  aiul  tuch  »  loTcr.  Ihylen. 

To  dare  larks ;  lo  ealch  them  by  means  of  a  look- 
hiB-elass,  or  by  keeping  a  bird  of  prey  hovering  alon, 
which  keeps  them  in  amaze  till  caught  by  a  net 
thrown  over  them  i  to  terrify  or  amaze. 

Johtison.  Drtjden. 
D.\IIE,  n.  Defiance  i  challenge.  [JVot  ii.-Ci/.l  Shak. 
DARE,  H.     A  small  fish,  the  same  ,TS  the  daa. 

Enajc.    Johnson. 
D\Il'£D,  pp.    Challenged  ;  defied. 
lUllE'rilL,  a.     Full  of  defiance.  \JVot  used.]  Sliali. 
DaK'EII,  >i.    One  who  dares  or  defies. 
U.VR'ie,  11.    A  gold  coin  of  Dariuu  the  Mcdc,  value 

about  556  cents. 
D.^U'ING,  n.    A  bold  act ;  a  hazardous  attempt. 

Southcy. 
D.IR'INC,  PI>r.    Having  courage  suflicient  for  a  pur- 
iKisc ;  challenging;  defying.  .,     ,     ,  , 

2.  a.  Uold  ;  courageous  ;  intrepid  ;  fearless  j  au- 
vcnlurous  ;  brave  ;  stout, 

Gricvo  not,  O  daHng  princ*-,  Unt  noble  Ijcail.  PcT^- 

3.  Audacious;  impudently  bold  and  defying,  la 
in  hravmdariug,  defying  almighty  power. 

DAIl'ING-LY,  aJn.     Boldly;  courageously  ;  fearless- 
ly ;  impudently. 

TlKT  piintiito  of  out  holy  idigion  an;  cl»rinll»  aUacktd  from 

DAR'I.NG-.VESS,  n.    Boldness ;  courageousness  ;  au- 
daciousness. *. 

DXRK,  o.    [Sax.  dtorc ;  Ir.  dcrcha  ,•  Pers.  X  j,aj  I'ni'', 
o        ,  ' 

dark  ;  oJCj  ,lj'  tarik,  dark,  darkness.     Sec  Class 

Dr,  No.  15.]  .    ,    , 

1.  Dcsliluto  of  light ;  obscure.  A  dark  atmos- 
phere is  one  which  prevents  vision. 

2.  Wholly  or  partially  black ;  having  the  quality 
oiipiisilc  to  while  ;  as,  a  dark  color  or  substance. 

3.  Gloomy  J  disheartening  ;  having  unfavorable 
prosiwcts ;  as,  a  dark  time  in  political  afiairs. 

There  b,  in  orcry  inte  \vom.-ui's  Ivarl,  ft  «p.>rk  oflicawiiiy  (Ire, 
wliicli  bcatni  ntid  Maioa  in  the  dark  hour  of  mlvcrsity. 

Imins. 


ItaMtt, 


4.  Obscure  ;   not  easily  understood  or  explained  ; 
as,  a  rfiirA  iKissage  in  an  author ;  a  ifari  saying. 

5.  Myslurious ;  as,  the  ways  of  Providence   are 
often  dark  lu  human  re-asoii. 

6.  Not  eiiliglitcned  with  knowledge  ;  destitute  of 
learning  and  science  ;  rude  ;   ignorant ;  as,  a  dark 

"t.  Not  vivid  ;  partially  black.    Ace.  xiii. 

8.  Blind.     (.Vol  in  use]  Dnjdcn. 

9.  Gloomy  ;  not  cheerful ;  as,  a  dark  temper. 

Addison. 

10.  Obscure  ;  concealed ;  secret ;  not  underslood  ; 
a^  a  dark  de-sign. 

11.  Unclean;  foul.  Mdun. 
M  Opaque.    Rut  dark  and  ppti/juc  arc  not  synony- 
mous.    Chalk  is  cpaqur,  but  not  dark. 

13.  Keeping  designs  concc.tled. 

TlK  dark,  uur.  lenling  TibefitM.  Cilbon. 


DXRK,  r.     rSans.  larrAi.]     Darkness  ;  obscurity  ;  the 
absence  of  light.    We  say,  we  can  hear  in  the  dark. 

Shall  Ihy  wondcra  bo  known  In  IhK  dart  7—  P«.  Ixxr-riii. 

o    Obscurity ;   secrecy  ;   a  state  unknown  ;    as, 
things  done  in  the  dark. 

3..  Obscurity  ;  a  state  of  ignorance ;  as,  we  arc  all 
in  the  dark.  r„,^ 

DARK,  r.  I.    To  d.irken  ;  lo  obscure.     [01^.] 
D\RK'-UROW-£D,  o.     Stem  of  aspect ;   frowning; 

as,  dark-hrowcd  Holspur.  Percy^s  Masqat. 

DXRK'-C0I-OR-£D,  (kul'lurd,)  a.     Having  a  dark 

hue.  ,       .     ,    Smirt. 

DARK'K.V,  (dark'll,)  e.  t.     [Sai.  adeoreian.j 

1.  To  make  dark  ;   to  deprive  of  light ;  as,  close 
the  shutters  and  darken  the  room. 


2.  To  obscure ;  to  cloud. 

IIU  conMence  iL-Moin  darkened  liU  foreaigllt, 

3.  To  make  black. 

Tlie  locu»l»  (fiirteniif  llio  Uml.  — Bk.  X. 

4.  To  make  dim  ;  lo  deprive  of  vision. 

I/:l  Uicir  c/e»  bo  Jarkined. —  nam.  xl. 

5.  To  render  gloomy ;  as,  nil  Joy  la  darkened.    Is. 

ti.  To  deprive  of  intellectual  vision ;  to  render  ig- 
iioniiit  or  stupid. 

Thdf  fwlUh  honrt  was  ,!arkene4.  —  Horn.  i. 
Having  Ihs  nii<icm.Miilinff  darkened.  —  Kph.  Ir. 

7.  To  obscure  ;  to  peqilei ;  to  render  less  clear  or 
intelligible. 

Who  li  Ihii  Uial  <ilrl<n<Dl  coiuiacl  by  «0ldl  wllhool  kilowltdp'  I 
Job  xxxvii}. 

8.  To  render  less  white  or  clear ;  to  tan  ;  as,  a 
burning  sun  darkens  the  coniplclion. 

9.  To  sully  ;  lo  make  foul.  Tdlotson. 
DARK'i.N,  V.  i.    To  grow  dark  or  darker;  also,  to 

grow  less  while  or  clear.  ,    ,  ,.  ,        . 

DXRK'i!.\-ED,  (d.lrk'ml,)  pp.  Deprived  of  light ;  ob- 
scured ;  rendered  dim;  made  black  ;  made  ignorant. 

DXRK'KN-ER,  n.    That  which  darkens. 

DXKK'iiN-ING,  ppr.  Depriving  of  light ;  obscuring  ; 
making  black,  or  less  while  or  clear  ;  clouding. 

D.\  ItK'-l'.V-KI),  (Idc,)  a.    Having  dark  eyes. 

D.\UK'-110USE,  11.     An  old  word  for  a  mad-hoiLsc. 

DIRK'ISII,  (I.    Dusky  ;  somewhat  dark.  [*'""'■ 

DARK'LING,  a.  Being  in  the  dark,  or  without  light ; 
a  poeJical  wml.  -J''."™-     *''"''• 

DARK'I.Y,  adv.  Obscurely  ;  diinly  ;  blindly  ;  uncer- 
tainly ;  with  imperfect  light,  clearness,  or  knowl- 
edge'. 

Tlu-y  learn  only  wlial  Imdilton  hiu  darktr/  convoyed  lo  tlj^-m.^ 

DXRK'-MIND-ED,  a.     Having  a  dark,  dose,  or  re- 
vengeful mind.  Bazler. 
DX  RK'NESS,  n.    Absence  of  light. 

Anil  darknett  WM  on  Ihc  faM  ofUio  deep.  —Gen.  1. 

n  Obscurity  ;  waul  of  clearness  or  iwrspicuily ; 
that  quality  or  state  which  renders  any  thing  difhcult 
lo  be  understood  ;  as,  llio  darkness  of  counsels. 

3.  A  state  of  being  intcllcclually  clouded  ;  igno- 
rance. .  ,       ,  L    ■  1 

Men  love  darknete  raltier  Uiin  light.  — John  iil. 

4.  A  private  place  ;  secrecy ;  privacy. 

What  I  loll  you  in  darkneii,  Uiat  ipcxk  ye  in  light.  —Matt.  X. 

5.  Infernal  gloom ;  hell ;  ai,  otter  darkness.  Matt. 
xxii.  ...  , 

G.  Great  trouble  and  distress ;  calamities  ;  pcrplex- 

A  day  ofelouili  and  thick  darkneu.  —Joel  il.    1».  viii. 

7.  Empire  of  Satan. 

Wlio  hadi  delivered  uj  from  Uie  power  of  tfartnc**.  —  Col.  1. 

8.  Opaqueness, 
iomf  of  darkness  :  the  grave.    Job  I. 

DXRK'SOME,(dlrk'sum,)a.  Dark  ;  gloomy  ;  obscure; 
as,  a  darksome  house  ;  a  darksome  cloud. 
'  Milton.     Dnjdcn. 

DaUK'-SOUL-ED,  a.    Having  a  dark  soul. 
DXRK'-WORK-ING,    (-wurkang,)   a.      Working  m 

(iarkness,  or  in  secrecy.  ,  ".  ■ 

DXR'LING,  a.  [Sax.  dcorlmg  ;  dcor,  dear,  and  fiiij?, 
which  primarily  denotes  likeness,  and,  in  some  words, 
is  a  diminutive.  So  in  G.  UebVmg,  leveling,  D.  (iccc- 
(iiio-.    See  Dcin.]  ,    .       .  , 

Deariy  beloved  ;  favorite ;  regarded  with  great 
kindness  and  tenderness  ;  as,  a  darling  chjld  ;  a 
darling  science.  Halts. 

DXR'LCMO,  n.    One  much  beloved;  a  favorite;  as, 

Ih.-it  son  was  the  darling  of  his  father. 
DARN,  !).  (.     [ W.  darn ;  Arm.  darn ;  Fr.  darne ;  a  piece 
or  patch.l  ^  _ 

To  moiid  a  rent  or  hole,  by  imiUiliiig  the  texture  of 
the  cloth  or  stuff  with  yarn  or  thread  and  a  needle  ; 
lo  sew  together  with  y.irn  or  thread.    It  is  used  par- 
ticularly of  stockings.  C"'J-     *"".''■ 
DARN,  n.    A  place  mended  by  darning. 
DAR.\'iL:D,  pp.     Mended  by  imilaliiig  the  texture  of 
llic  cloth.                                               ,    ,.  ,  .    , 
DXR'NEL,  n.    A  plant  of  the  genus  Ixilium,  a  kind 
of  grass ;  the  most  remarkable  species  arc  the  red 
darnel,  or  rye-grass,  and  the  icltite  darnel 


To  prepare,  or  lo  order  ;  or  to  try  ;  to  endeavor ;  to 
prove  ;  to  apply  to  the  conte.sl.    [Obs.] 

Carew.     Sttenser.     Shak. 
DAU'RkIN,  a.    (Coriu|iled  fmin  Fr.  dernier.] 

Last  ;  IIS,  durrriu  coiilinunnce,  the  la.<t  continu- 
ance. Boiirier. 
DA  RT  11  [Fr.  dard  ;  .Arm.  dared  or  dard  ,'  II.  Sp.  and 
Port.'  dardo  i  Russ.  drot.  In  Sw.  dart  is  a  dagger. 
'ihe  word  is  from  some  verb  signifying  lo  throw  or 
thrust.     In  Gr.  I'o.iii  isaspearor  lance.) 

1.  .\  poinlcd,  missile  wea|Km,  to  be  thrown  by  llio 
hand  ;  a  short  lance.  ,  ,  ^      Dryden. 

•i.  Any  missile  weapon ;  that  which  pierces  and 
wounds.  .        , ,  , 

Anil  fioni  about  her  >!lPl  darU  of  iWire. 

DARl',  V.  t.    To  throw  a  iwinled  inslrumenl  w  ilh  a 
siidd.n  Ihriist ;  as,  to  dart  a  Javelin.  Dnjdm. 

o.  To  throw  suddenly  or  rapidly  ;  lo  send  ;  lo 
emit  •  to  shoot ;  applied  to  small  objeets  teliieli  pass 
tcitk  velocity ;   as,  the  sun  darts  his  beams  on  llio 

'  Or  wital  ill  eyea  maiifc'nant  glant^ii  dart.  Pol". 

DART,  V.  i.    To  fly  or  shoot,  as  a  dart ;  lo  fly  rapidly. 

2.  To  spring  and  run  with  velocity ;  to  slart  tud- 
deiilv  and  run  ;  as,  the  deer  darted  from  the  lluckel. 

DAR'i'ARS,  n.  A  scab  or  ulceration  under  the  chins 
of  lambs.  ,       Farm.  Knem. 

DART'El),  pp.  Thrown  or  liurted,  as  a  pointed  in- 
strument ;  sent  Willi  velocity. 

DART'ER,  71.    One  who  throws  a  dart. 

2.  A  Ilrazilian  bird,  of  the  Pelican  family,  which 
dans  into  the  water  arter  its  prey.  Partington. 

DART'I.N'G,  vpr.  Throwing,  as  a  dart ;  hurling  darts ; 
living  rapiJlv.  , 

DART'ING-LV,  adv.    Rapidly  ;  like  a  dart. 

DAR'TROU.S,  a.     (Fr.  rfardc,  teller.] 

A  vague  term  relating  to  a  kind  of  cutaneous  dis- 

-  case  of  no  definite  character.  . 

DASH,  V.  t.  [In  Dan.  Jiuik  signifies  a  blow  ;  in  .Sw. 
daska,  lo  strike  ;  in  Scot,  duscli,  lo  nisll.  In  Persian, 
CI    , 


DARN'ER,  II.    One  who  mends  by  darning. 
DARN'ING,  j>pr.     Mending  in  imitnti 


AHi\'iiMi,  j>pr.  iiiemiiiiK  ■■■  imitation  of  the  origi- 
nal texture ;  sewing  together,  as  a  torn  stocking,  or 
cloth.  ,   ,    . 

DAR.N'ING,  71.  The  act  of  mending,  as  a  hole  in  a 
pannent. 

D.\II'RaIN,  c.  t.  [Norm,  dareigncr,  dcrcner,  deretgncr, 
deraigncr,  to  prove,  to  testify,  lo  clear  himself,  to  in- 
stitufe  ;  noun,  darrein,  or  dcrene,  or  d^rcigne,  proof; 
also,  dcrrcincr,  to  endeavor.  In  Chaucer,  the  word 
is  interpreted  to  contest. 


But  for  thou  art  a  worlliy 
And  wiincit  to  darroin*  h 


rntil  knight, 
re  by  bntaille. 


The  word  is  prob.ably  compound.    But  neither  the 
origin  nor  Uie  signification  is  obvious.] 


•,Lj  taioi  tan:,  is  an  assault  on  an  enemy.     See 
ClassDs,  No.  3,4,.';,  14,22,30,31,40.1 

1.  To  strike  suddenly  or  violently,  whether  llirow- 
inc  or  falling  ;  as,  lo  i/Wi  olio  stone  against  anoUier. 

*=  o  7       I  Bacon. 

Lejt  thou  daeh  tliy  fool  agrtiml  a  »tone.  —  MaU.  iv. 

2.  To  strike  and  bruise  or  break  ;  to  break  by  col- 
lision ;  but  usually  with  the  words  in  pieces. 

Tliou  ihalt  tlath  Uicm  in  piece*,  aj  a  potu-r'*  vc.»el.  —  Tb.  h. 

3.  To  throw  water  suddenly,  in  sep.irate  portions ; 
as,  to  dash  water  on  the  head. 

4.  To  bespatter ;  to  sprinkle ;  as,  lo  dashji  gar- 
ment. *'"^- 

5.  To  strike  and  break  or  disperse. 

At  once  the  bruahing  oaix  and  bmwn  prow 

Oath  up  Uie  aandy  wares,  and  ope  the  depth  belo»-. 

JjFyftCn* 

6  To  mix  and  reduce  or  adulterate  by  throwing  in 
another  substance  ;  as,  lo  dash  wine  with  water  ;  the 
story  is  dashed  with  fables. 

7  To  form  or  sketch  out  in  haste,  carelessly. 

Pope. 

8  To  enuie  at  a  stroke  ;  lo  strike  out ;  to  Idol  out 
or  obliterate  ;  as,  to  dash  out  a  line  or  word.  Pope. 

9.  To  break  ;  to  destroy  ;  lo  frustrate  ;  as,  lo  dasli 
all  their  schemes  and  hopes. 

10.  To  confound  ;  to  confuse  ;  to  put  lo  shame  ;  lo 
abash ;  lo  depress  by  shame  or  fear ;  as,  he  was 
dashed  at  the  appearance  of  the  Judge. 

Doth  tin;  proud  gamester  in  Ilia  gilded  car.  Pope. 

DASH,  V.  i.  To  strike,  break,  scatter,  and  fly  oflT;  as, 
agititte  water  and  it  will  do-'/i  over  the  sides  of  a  ves- 
sel ;  the  waves  deishcd  over  the  side  of  the  ship. 

2.  To  rush,  strike  and  break,  or  scatter  ;  as,  the 
waters  dash  down  the  precipice. 

3.  To  rush  with  violence,  and  break  through;  as, 
he  dashed  into  the  enemy's  ranks  ;  or,  he  daahal 
through  thick  and  thin.  ,    ,■  „. 

D\SH  71.  Ctdlision;  a  violent  striking  of  two  bodies, 
a.^,  liic  d<i.<4  of  clouds.  Thomson. 

"  Infusion  ;  admLxlurc  ;  something  thrown  intt) 
another   substnnce  ;    as,  the   wine    has  a  dash  ol 

Innocence  Willi  a  da./,  of  folly.  A.Wiion. 

3.  Admixture ;  as,  red  with  a  dash  of  purple. 

4.  A  rushing,  or  onset,  wilh  violence  ;  as,  to  make 
a  dash  upon  the  enemy. 

5.  ,A  sudden  stroke  ;  a  blow ;  an  act. 

She  lakea  upon  licr  liravely  at  first  dash.  St^tdt. 

6.  A  flourish;  blustering  parade;  as,  the  young 
fop  made  a  d<is*.     [Vulgar.] 

7.  A  mark  or  line,  in  writing  or  printing,  noliiig  a 
break  or  slop  in  the  sentence ;  as  in  Virgil,  '/""> 
en  —  ;  or  a  pause  ;  or  the  division  of  the  s;""  ',"; 

'8.  In  masie,  a  small  mark  [thus  (  ]  dcnoliiig  that 
the  note  over  which  il  is  placed  is  to  be  iwrformed 
inashort,  distinct  manner.  ,     c       '^ 

DASH'-BoARD,  71.  Aboard  placed  on  the  fore  p.in 
of  a  chaise,  sleigh,  or  other  vehicle,  to  prevent  water, 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WIIAT.-METE,  PREY.-PLNE,  MARINE,  BIRD. -NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  DQQK.  - 


300 


DAT 

mud,  or  snow,  from  being  thrown  upon  Uiose  in  the 
vehicle  by  the  heels  of  the  horses. 

DASH^£D,  (dashl,)  pp.  Struck  violently  ;  driven 
against ;  bruised,  broken,  or  scattered,  by  collision  ; 
b^prinkled  j  mwed  or  adulterated  ;  erased  ;  blotted 
out;  broken;  cast  down;  confounded;  abashed. 

DASH'IIVG,  ppr.  Driving  and  striking  against ;  strik- 
ing suddenly  or  violently  ;  breaking  or  scattering  by 
collision;  infusing;  mixing;  confounding;  blotting 
out;  rushing. 

9.  a.    Rushing  ;   driving ;   blustering ;   making  a 
dash ;  as,  a  dashing  fellow. 
3.  a.    Precipitate;  rushing  carelessly  on.  Burke. 

D.^VS'TARD,  71.  {In  Sax.  adastrigan  is  to  frighten,  lo 
deter.] 

A  coward  ;  a  poltroon ;  one  wiio  meanly  shrinks 
from  danger.  Drydcn. 

D.^S'T.VRU,  a.  Cowardly  j  meanly  shrinking  from 
danger. 

Curse  on  tlieir  dastard  soviU.  Addison. 

DAS'TARD,  V.  t.  To  make  cowardly  ;  to  intimidate  ; 
to  dispirit.  Dnjden. 

DAS''r.\RD-TZE,  r.  (.    To  make  cowardly.   HowelL 

DAS'TARD-TZ-£D,  pp.     Made  cowardly. 

DAS'TARD  IZ-IXG,  ppr.     Making  cowardly. 

DAS'TAKD-LI-NESS,  n.  [from  dastardly.]  Coward- 
liness. Barrett. 

DAS'TARD-LY,  a.  Cowardly  ;  meanly  timid  ;  base  ; 
sneaking.  Herbert. 

D.\S'TARD-XESS,  n.  Cowardliness;  mean  timor- 
onsiiess. 

DAS'TARD-Y,  n.    Cowardliness;  base  tunidity. 

DAS'V-URE,  H.  [Gr.  tJ-ic-Hi  and  ov/m.]  A  quadruped 
of  New  Holland  and  Van  Diemeu's  Land,  allied  to 
the  opossum. 

Da'TA,  ?i.  pi.    [L.  data,  ^iven.] 

Things  given,  or  admitted  ;  quantities,  principles, 
or  facts  given,  known,  or  admitted,  by  which  lo  find 
things  or  results  unknown. 

DA-Ta'RI-A,  «.  The  papal  chanci-ry  at  Rome,  from 
which  ah  bulls  are  issued,  so  called  from  the  sub- 
scription, Datum  apud  Sancttun  Pctram,  i.  e.,  in  the 
Vatican.  Encyc.  Jim. 

Da'TA-RY',71.  a  high  officer  of  the  chancery  of  Rome, 
who  affixes  the  datum  Roiiub  to  the  pope's  bulls. 
2.  The  employment  of  a  datary. 

DaTE,  71.  [Fr.  date  :  It.  and  Sp.  data;  L.  datumy  given, 
from  doj  to  give  ;  Sans,  da,  data.] 

1.  That  addition  to  a  writing  which  specifies  the 
year,  month,  aiid  day,  when  it  was  given  or  execu- 
ted. In  letters,  it  notes  the  time  when  ihcy  are  writ- 
ten or  sent ;  in  deeds,  contracts,  wills,  and  other  pa- 
pers, it  specifics  the  time  of  execution,  and,  usually, 
the  time  from  which  they  are  to  t;ike  effect  and  op- 
erate on  the  rights  of  person.  To  the  date  is  usually 
.added  the  name  of  the  place  where  a  writing  is  exe- 
cuted, and  this  is  sometimes  included  in  the  term  date. 

2.  The  time  wiien  any  event  liappened,  when  any 
thing  was  transacted,  or  when  any  thing  is  to  be 
done;  as,  the  dat^  of  a  battle;  the  date  of  Cesar's 
arrival  in  Britain. 

3.  End;  conclusion.     [Unusual.] 

What  lime  wuoJd  spare,  from  sleel  receives  its  date.         Pope. 

4.  Duration  j  continuance ;  as,  ages  of  endless  date. 

jMilton. 
DaTE,  r.  t.  To  WTite  or  note  the  time  when  a  letter 
is  written,  or  a  writing  executed  ;  to  express,  in  an 
instrument,  the  year,  month,  and  day,  of  its  execu- 
tion, and,  usually,  the  place ;  as,  to  date  a  letter,  a 
bond,  a  deed,  or  a  charter. 

2.  To  note  or  fix  the  lime  of  an  event  or  transac- 
tion. Historians  date  tlie  fulfillment  of  a  prophecy  at 
different  periods. 

3.  To  note  the  time  when  something  begins;  as, 
to  date  a  disease,  or  a  calamity,  from  a  certain  cause. 

DATE,  r.  i.    To  reckon. 

2.  To  begin  ;  to  have  origin. 

The  BaUvtui  republic  daiea  fiora  Che  successes  or  ihc  Frciicb 
anns-  E.  Eoerett. 

Date,  77.  [Fr.  daUe,  for  dacte;  It.  dattero;  Sp.  datil; 
h.  dacitjlus  ;  Gr.  6nKrvXo;.] 

The  fruit  of  the  great  palm-tree,  or  date-tree,  the 
Pfutnix  dacttjlifcra.  This  fruit  is  somewhat  in  the 
shape  of  an  acorn,  composed  of  a  thin,  light,  glossy 
membrane,  somewhat  pellucid  and  yellowish,  con- 
taining a  soft,  pulpy  fruit,  firm  and  sweet,  esculent 
and  wholesome,  and  in  this  is  inclosed  a  hard  kernel. 

UaTE'-TREE,  jj.  The  tree  that  bears  dates  j  the  great 
palm-tree. 

DaT'ED,  pp.  Having  the  time  of  writing  or  execu- 
tion specified  ;  having  the  time  of  liappening  noted. 

DA'i'E'LESS,a.  llavins  no  date;  having  no  fixed  terra. 

DAT'ER,  71.    One  that^dates.  [Sltak. 

DAT'IN'G,  ppr.  Expressing  the  lime  of  writing,  or  of 
executing,  a  paper  or  instrument ;  noting  the  time  of 
happening,  or  originating. 

DA'TIVR,  a.  or  ii.     [L.  datim.t,  from  do,  to  give.] 

In  frrammar,  a  tenn  applied  lo  the  case  of  nouns 
which  usually  follows  verbs  that  express  giving,  or 
some  act  directed  to  an  object.  Thus,  datur  (iAi,  it  is 
given  to  you  ;  m'lssum  e^t  iUi,  it  was  sent  to  him  ;  fecit 
ra*A(,  he  made,  or  did,  to,  or  fur,  me  ,•  loqaebatur  illis, 
lie  spoke  to  them.    It  also  follows  other  words  ex- 


DA-Tt5'R[-NA,  )  n.  An  a 
DA-Tu'Rr-A,  }  rastra 
DA-Tu'RINE,   )      identic 


DAU 

pressing  something  to  he  given  to  a  person,  or  for  his 
benefit ;  as,  ntilis  vobU,  useful  to  you.  In  English, 
this  relation  is  expressed  by  to  or  for. 

Dative  cjccuttrr:  in  irtio,one  appointed  by  the  judge 
of  probate  ;  an  administrator. 

DAT'0-LITE,     )  n.    A  mineral,  occurring  in  small, 

DATH'O-LTTE,  \  complex,  glassy  crystals,  usually 
Cfilorless,  or  a  little  yellowish.  It  consists  of  silica, 
boracic  acid,  and  lime,  with  five  per  cent,  of  water. 
A  variety  presenting  hotryoidal  or  mammillary  forms 
is  called  botryolite.  Dana. 

DA'TUM,  71.  ,■  pi.  Data.  [L  j  Something  given  or  ad- 
mitted.    [See  Data.] 

DA'TUiM-LlNE,  77.  In  civil  cng-incerin^,  the  horizon- 
tal or  base  line,  from  which  the  surface-jioints  are 
reckoned,  or  mc;isured,  in  the  plan  of  a  railway,  &c. 

Oilbcrt. 

DA-TVPRA  STRA-MO'.XI-UM,  u.  The  thorn-apple, 
a  plant  yii'Iding  seed  of  a  medicinal  quality. 

An  alkaloid  obtained  from  Dalu- 
■amoiiiumj  now  supposed  to  be 
identical  witli  Atropiua. 

DAUB,  V.  t.  [W.  ditbiaw  J  to  daub;  dwb,  morUir ;  Ir. 
dobhaimh,  to  daub  ;  duib,  plaster  ;  allied  probably  to 
Fr.  dauber,  to  strike,  that  is,  to  throw  or  put  on,  and 
the  root  of  tliis  word  probably  occurs,  contracted,  in 
the  L.  induo."] 

1.  To  smear  wiih  soft,  adhesive  matter  ;  to  plaster ; 
to  cover  with  mud,  slime,  or  other  soft  subsiance. 

Sbi  louk  fur  liim  an  ark  of  Lulnishcs,  ami  datilcd  it  wiili  itirue 

mill  with  pilch.  —  Ex.  ii. 
I  will  break  tlowii  the  wall  ye  Iiavc  daubed  with  iiiilcniiJercvl 

mortar.  —  Ezek.  xiii. 

2.  To  paint  coarsely. 

If  a  picture  la  dauled  with  many  bright  colors,  tlie  vuljnr  ad- 
mire it.  Walts. 

3.  To  cover  with  something  gross  or  specious  ;  to 
disguise  with  an  artificial  covering. 

So  smoolli  lie  daubed  liIs  vice  with  siiow  of  virlue.  Shak. 

4.  To  lay  or  put  on  without  taste ;  to  deck  awk- 
wardly or  ostentatiously,  or  to  load  with  affected 
finery. 

liCt  him  be  daubed  wilh  lace.  Dryden. 

5.  To  flatter  grossly. 

Ooiisciciice  will  oot  daub  nor  flutter.  SouUu 

DAUB,  V.  7.  To  practice  gross  flattery  ;  to  play  tlie 
hypocrite.  SWr. 

DAUB'£D,  (dawbd,)pp.  Smeared  with  soft,  adhesive 
matter ;  plastered  ;  painted  coarsely  ;  disguised ;  load- 
ed with  ill-chosen  finery. 

DAUB'ER,  n.  One  who  daubs;  a  coarse  painter;  a 
low  and  groins  flatterer. 

DAUB'ER- Y,  )  11.    A  daubing ;  any  thing  artful. 

DAUB'RY,      i  S!uik. 

DAUB'ING,  ppr.  Plastering;  painting  coarsely;  dis- 
guising clumsily;  decking  ostentatiously  ;  flattering 
grossly. 

DAUB'ING,  71.  Plastering;  coarse  painting;  gross 
tlatien,-. 

DAUB'i',  a.     Viscous;  glutinous;  sliinv;  adhesive. 

Drydcn. 

DAUGH'TER,  (daw'ter,)  v.     [Sa.x.  dohten  D.  Uo^tcr; 
"G.  tockter;  Sw.  and  Dan.  dvUer;  Gr.  Uvyanio ;  Goth. 
u-0  J 


dauktar;  Russ.  dotJt ;  Pcrs. 


yA^SB.. 


.i  dochtar,  a  daugh- 


ter; also,  tlXi^i  doclu,  daughter,  and  a  virgin  ;  also, 
strength,  power  ;  Sans,  dumda,  or  duhita.  The  latter 
words  coincide  wilh  the  Sax.  dugan,  to  avail,  lo  be 
good  ;    dugotJt,  strengtli,  grace,  L.  dccus.     See  De- 

CENCV.] 

1.  The  female  offspring  of  a  man  or  woman  ;  a  fe- 
male child  of  any  age. 

2.  A  daughter-in-law  ;  a  son's  wife.     Ruth  iii. 

3.  A  woman  ;  pi.  female  inhabitants. 

Difiah  went  out  to  see  tiic  daughters  of  the  laud.  —  Gen.  xxxlv. 

4.  A  female  descendant ;  lineage  of  females. 
Lidic  \. 

5.  The  female  penitent  of  a  confessor.         Sliak. 
This  word  is  used,  in  Scripture,  for  the  inhabitants 

of  a  city  or  countr>-,  male  and  female.  Is.  xvi.  2. 
jyfatt.  xxi.    Also,  a  term  of  aflection  or  kindness. 

Daughter,  be  of  good  comfort.  —  Matl.  is. 

DAUGU'TER-LI-NESS,  7u  The  state  of  a  dangh- 
tur.  More. 

2.  The  conduct  becoming  a  daughter. 

DAUGH'TER-LY,  a.    Becoming  a  daughter  ;  dutiful. 

DAUK.     See  Dawk.  ICavendisk. 

DAUNT,  7J.  t.  [In  Scot.  t/aH(,  (/tt/iiyn,  signify  lo  sub- 
due. In  Dan.  daaacr,  Sw.  dana,  signifies  to  faint  or 
swoon.     Qm.  L.  domito,  Fr.  di/mptcr,  contracted.] 

To  repress  or  subdue  courage ;  to  intimidate  ;  to 
dishearten  ;  to  check  by  fear  of  danger.  It  expresses 
less  than  fright  and  terrify. 

Some  pn.'seuC03  daunt  and  Jiscouragc  us.  GlanviUe. 

DXUNT'ED,  pp.    Checked  by  fear  ;  intimidated. 
DAUNT'IXG,  ppr.  Rojiressing  courage  ;  intimidating  ; 
disheartening. 


DAY 

DXUNT'LESS,  a.  Gold;  fearless;  not  timid  ;  not  ais- 
coiira^ied  ;  as,  a  dautiflcjis  hero  ;  a  dauntless  spirit. 

D.\Ui\'r'LESS-LY,  ado.    In  a  bold,  fearless  manner. 

DAUNT'LESS-iNESS,  77.    Fearlessness;  intrepidity. 

DAU'PHI.N,  71.  [Ft.  dnttphin,  a  dolphin;  L.  dclphin^ 
delphinus  ;  Gr.  StXtpiv;  it.  deljino ;  Sp,  delfni.] 

The  eldest  son  of  the  king  of  France,  and  pre- 
sumptive heir  of  the  crown.  Since  the  dethrone- 
ment of  the  elder  branch  of  the  Bourbon  family,  in 
1830,  the  title  has  been  discontinued.  P.  Cyc. 

DAU'rillN-ESS.H.    The  wife  or  lady  of  the  dauphin. 

IlA'VIDlSTS,  ^  77.  ^./.      The    foUowen*    of 

DA'VID  GEOR'GI-AXS,  i  David  George;  a  sect  of 
quiet  mystics  in  the  IGih  centurj-,  who  were  accused 
of  very  erroneous  sentiments. 

DA-VT['N.'\,  n.  Anew  Vesuvian  mineral,  of  a  hexahe- 
dral  form  and  laminar  texture  ;  so  called  in  honor  uf 
Sir  II.  Davy.  It  is  ihe  same  with  nr^thclitte, 
which  see. 

DAVIT,  ?j.  A  beanj  used  on  board  of  ship-^,  as  a 
crane  to  hoist  the  flukes  of  the  anchor  to  the  tup  of 
the  bow,  without  injuring  the  sides  of  the  ship  ;  an 
operation  called^i^fTi^'-  tJie  anchor. 

9.  The  term  is  also  applied  to  pieces  of  timber  or 
iron,  projecting  over  a  ship's  side  or  stem,  having 
tackle  to  raise  a  boat  by  ;  these  are  called  boal  davits. 

Tottcn. 

DAW,  Tt.  A  word  that  \s  found  in  the  compound  names 
of  many  species  of  birds  ;  as,  the  jiecl^daio;  the  blue 
daw  ;  the  purple  data. 

DAW,  7'.  J.     To  dawn.  [JVt/t  in  use.]  [Sec  Daws.] 

DAWDLE,  V.  i.     To  waste  tune  ;  lo  trifle.     [Obs.] 

DAWDLER,  7^.     A  tritler.     [Obs.] 

DAW'ISH,  adv.    Like  a  daw. 

DAWK,  H.  A  hollow,  rupture,  or  incision  in  timber. 
[Local.]  Mazon. 

2.  [Hindoo  dH/c]     The  mail  post  in  India. 

DAWK,  V.  t.    To  cut  or  mark  with  an  incision. 
[/  know  nut  that  this  word  is  used  in  Jlmeriea.] 

DAWN,  7'.  i.  [Sax.  dagian  ;  G.tagcn;  D.daagcn;  Sw. 
dagos ;  from  the  root  of  day,  which  see.  The  primary 
sense  is,  to  shoot,  as  rays  ;  hence,  to  open  or  exiiand, 
to  shine.  We  observe  in  this  word  tlie  n  of  the 
Saxon  infinitive  is  retained.] 

1.  To  begin  to  grow  light  m  the  morning ;  to  grow 
light ;  as,  the  day  dawns ;  the  morning  daums. 

It  brgan  to  daion  toward  the  (iisl  day  of  the  week.  —  .M.tl(. 
XKviti, 

2.  To  begin  to  open  or  expand  ;  lo  begin  to  show 
intellectual  light,  or  knowledge  ;  as,  the  genius  of  the 

youth  begins  to  dawn. 

WliL'ii  Ilfj  iiw.ikea  aud  daunts  at  every  line.  Pope. 

3.  To  glimmer  obscurely.  Locke. 

4.  To  begin  to  open  or  appear.  Drydcn. 
DAWN',  77.    The  break  of  day  ;  the  first  appearance  of 

light  in  the  morning. 

T!i"y  arose  about  the  dawn  of  day.  — Josh.  vi. 

The  word  may  express  the  whole  time  from  the 
first  appearance  of  light  to  sunrise. 

2.  First  opening  or  expansion  ;  first  appearance  of 
intellectual  light ;  as,  the  dawn  of  genius,  intellect, 
or  mc-iital  powers. 

3.  Beginning;  rise;  first  appearance ;  as,thedajr;t 
of  time.  Shak. 

4.  A  feeble  or  incipient  light ;  fir^t  beams. 

These  tender  circumstances  <Mu«  a  da^n  of  serenity  ovor  the 
wiJ.  Pope. 

DAWN'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Growing  light;  first  appear- 
ing luminous;  opening;  as,  the  dawning  day. 

2.  Opening;  expanding;  beginning  to  show  intel- 
lectual light;  beginning. 

DAWN'ING,  H.  The  first  appearance  of  light  in  the 
morning. 

2.  The  first  opening  or  appearance  of  the  intellect- 
ual powers;  beginning;  as,  the  first  (iciTTiniw- of  no- 
lions  in  the  understanding.  Locke. 

DaY,  n.  [Sax.  diCg,  deg,  dag:  Goth,  dags;  D.  dag; 
G.  tag;  Sw.  dag  ;  Dan.  dflo; ,-  Sans,  dyu;  Celtic  di^dia; 
W.d^ildhi  Lat.°di&f.    See  Dawn.] 

1.  That  part  of  the  time  of  the  earth's  revolution 
on  its  axis,  in  which  its  surface  is  presented  to  the 
sun  ;  the  part  of  the  twenty-four  hours  when  it  is 
light;  or  the  space  of  time  between  the  rising  and 
setting  of  the  sun  ;  called  the  artificial  day. 

And  God  callcJ  the  light  rfay.  — Gen.  i. 

2.  The  whole  time  or  period  of  one  revolution  of 
the  earth  on  its  axis,  or  twenty-four  hours;  called  the 
natural  day. 

Ami  thu  evoning  and  the  morning  were  the  first  day.  — Gen.  i. 

In  this  sense,  the  day  may  commence  at  any  period 
of  llie  revolution.  The  Babylonians  began  llir  <Iay 
at  sunrising;  the  Jews,  at  "sunselting;  the  Egyp 
tians,  at  midnight,  as  do  several  nations  in  modern 
times,  the  British,  French,  Spanish,  American,  A:r. 
This  day,  in  reference  to  civil  transactions,  is  called 
the  civil  dav.  Thus  with  us  the  day  v.iuii  a  legal 
instrument  is  dated,  begins  and  ends  at  midnight. 

The  sidereal  dan,  is  the  period  in  which  the  earth 
makes  one  comp'lete  revolution  on  its  axis,  and  is 
about  four  minutes  shorter  than  the  mean  solar  day, 
owing  to  the  motion  of  the  sun  in  its  orbit. 

Bartow. 


TONE,  BULL,  IGNITE.  —  AN"GI-:R,  VI"CI0US.— C  as  K;  6  as  J  j  S  as  Z;  ClI  as  Sli ;  TH  aa  in  THIS. 


DAY 


DEA 


3.  Uglit    bunsbine. 

Ul  A  w»Ik  hoiiMtJx,  M  111  liie  •toy-  —  Ro">'  "l"- 

4.  TiiiiP  "IK-'cifl"!  ;  nny  period  of  linii'dlstineuL-iliPil 
from  oilier  liuio  ;  ogc ;  liiiio  Willi  rfferoncc  to  llio 
cjlrtfiico  of  B  iwrson  or  thing.  Ho  wus  a  useful  luan 
in  liU  i/<iy. 

In  ily  rf-ivthou  t^tnt  \hcnot,  iLdiitbalt  tarAy  dfe.  — Gvo.  il. 

,  the  pluml  is  ofleii  used  ;  ns,  from  the 
I'lse^  ;  in  the  d/tiw  of  our  f:ithi-r-^     In 
•o,  tlie  word  H  often  i-<|iiivalcnl  to  lift*, 
IT  I-  itiliU  .Mstence. 

5.  The  contest  of  a  day  ;  battle  ;  or  day  of  combat. 
The  Jail  h  his  own.  He  won  ilio  da) ;  tlini  i«,  he 
gained  ihe  victory. 

G,  .An  niipointed  or  fixed  time. 

If  my  ilcUortilo  nol  k?<>plliHr  diiy.  Oryitn. 

7.  Time  ofcommemoratlnc  an  event ;  anniversary  ; 
the  same  day  of  the  month,  in  any  future  year.  VVe 
celebrate  the  day  of  our  Savior's  birth. 

i*iy  fry  dan ;  daily  ;  every  day  ;  eaeh  day  in  suc- 
cession ;  coiiiinually  ;  without  inteiniission  of  a  day. 
Dny  fry  liijl  we  iinjoilir  UiJ--.  Ctintixin  Prai/er. 

Bat  or  (mil)  from  day  to  day  ;  without  certainty  of 
continuance ;  temi>urarily.  SliaA. 

Ta-daij,  lulf.  [Sax.  lo-dwg.]  On  the  present  day  ; 
thiii  day  ;  or  at  the  present  time. 

Dii'i  of  grace ;  in  Uicolo^j,  the  time  when  mercy 
Is  olVrred  to  sinners. 

TVdWy,  if  yo  will  hear  hb  Toiw,  b.-\nlen  not  your  heart*. — 

I'«.  xcy, 
Dans  of  uracr ;  in  laxi,  are  davs  granted  by  the 
court' for  delav,  at  Uie  prayer  of  the  plaintift"  or  de- 
fendant. ■  F.vci/c. 

Three  days,  beyond  the  day  named  in  the  writ,  in 
which  llio  person  summoned  may  appearand  answer. 

Blockslone. 
Dav^  if  grace  :  in  commrrre.  a  customary  nuniher 
of  days,  inV.rcat  Britain  and  .Vmcricn  Wr«,  nlKuved 
for  the  icivment  of  a  note  or  bill  of  exchauce,  after 
it  becomes  due.  A  note  nun  on  the  screnlh  of  the 
month  is  paijablc  on  th-j  trjiih. 

The  days  of  grace  are  diflerent  in  different  coun- 
tries. In  France,  they  arc  (en  ;  at  Naples,  eight ;  at 
Venice.  ,\imterdaiii^'and  Antwerp,  six;  at  Ham- 
burg, lircJKc;  in  Sp-Mi,  fourteen ;  in  Genoa,  (Airty. 

Kiicye, 
Dai)  ill  court,  is  a  day  for  the  appearance  of  parties 
in  a  suit. 

Daiji  ill  lank  :  in  F.nglamI,  days  of  appenr.uc;'  i;i 
the  Court  of  Common  Bench.  Days  in  court  :ire  gen- 
erally at  the  distance  of  about  a  week  from  each 
other,  and  have  reference  to  some  festival  of  the 
church.  On  some  one  of  tliu.so  days  in  bank,  all  orig- 
iii:il  writs  must  be  mail'-  ret;irnahle.  JUUc!;stdiie. 
DAY'-llicAM,  71.  The  light  of  the  day.  Bomring. 
Da  Y'-IIED,  II.    A  bed  used  for  idleness,  indulgence,  or 

rest,  diiriiii:  the  dav.  Slafc 

D.aV'-BOOK,  I.    A  journal  of  accounts  ;  a  book  in 
which  is   recorded  tlic  dcbLs  and  credits  or  accounts 
of  tliO  day. 
DXY'-HREaK,  n.    The  dawn  or  first  appearance  of 

licht  in  Ihe  morning. 
DSV'-fOAl,, ».   A  name  given  by  miners  to  the  upper 

stratum  of  coal.  J^iicyc. 

D.aV'-DRkAM,  n.    A  vision  to  the  waking  senses. 

Jila^i'jit. 
DaY'-FI.OVV-ER,  ».    The  popular  iiMue  of  a  genus 

of  plants,  the  Commelimu  jMuHlenberg. 

DAV'-FLT,  ".  One  of  a  genus  of  insects  tliat  live 
one  day  only,  or  a  very  short  lime,  called  Kpkcinrra. 
The  specie's  are  numerous,  some  of  which  live 
scarcelv  all  hour,  otliers  sevenil  days.  Kneyc. 

DAY'-FL5-EK,  n.    An  animal  that  flies  in  the  day- 
time. 
DSY'-LA-BOU,  n.    Labor  hired  or  performed  by  the 

dav. 
D.\V-I,A'110R-ER,  11.    One  who  works  by  the  day. 
UAY'I.ICHT,  C-lite,)  n.    The   light  of  the  day  ;  the 
littlit  of  the  sun,  as  opposed  to  that  of  tlic  moon  or 
of  a  lamp  or  candle. 
DAY'-Llh-Y,  n.   The  same  with  asphodel.  Johnson. 
A  species  of  ll-nierocallis.  Botany. 

UAV'LY,  11.    The  more  regular  orthography  of  Dailv. 
l)AV'-.".HID,  II.     A  dairy  maid.  Shah. 

DAY'ft'iM  AN,  It.     An  umpire  or  arbiter  j  a  mediator. 

N.  Itlirr  is  til  Ti*  nny  flAijiinan  bctwixl  lit.  —  Job  ix. 

DAY'-SPHI.N'G,  II.  The  dawn  ;  the  beginning  of  the 
day,  or  first  appearance  of  light. 

Whereby  tlto  daytpring  fnim  on  lilj;Ii  hath  rliited  UM.  —  Luko  I. 

DAV'-STXR,  n.    The  morning  star,  Lucifer,  Venus ; 

the  star  wliich  precedes  the  iiiurniug  light.  .Vi/foii. 
DaV'-TI.ME,  n.    The  time  of  the  aim's  light  on  the 

earth  ;  oppi.siMl  to  ni^ht. 
DA  V'-\VF:.\-RI-£U,  (da'wcrid,)  a.   Wearied  with  the 

labor  of  the  day.  Shak. 

Da  Y'-WO.M-AN,  n.    A  dairv  maid. 
DAY'-WORK,  (-wurk.jn.    Work  by  Ihe  day;   day- 

ialior. 
UAY'S'-WORK,  n.    The  work  of  one  day.    Among 

.•icamen,  the  account  or  reckoning  of  a  ship's  course 

for  twenty-four  hours,  from  noon  to  noon.    Encye. 


DAZE,  e.  (.  (Uu.  Sax.  dKHj,  dysi,  dysig,  Eng.  diiiy. 
P^'e  Dazzle.] 

To  overpower  with  light ;  to  dim  or  blind  by  too 
strong  a  light,  or  to  render  the  sight  unsteady. 
i^^ot  now  Mjifi/,  utili\is  in  portryTj  Drydcn. 

DAZB,  B.    AmonL'  iniiicrj,  a  glittering  stone. 
D.\7.'ZLE,  r.  I.   [In  Sax.  i/wifs  is  dull,  stupid,  foolish  ; 
dieirsenn,  to  extfnguish  ;  dijsi  or  rfysi'i',  di/./.y.] 

I.  'I'o  overpower  with  light ;  to  hinder  distinct 
vision  hv  intense  light ;  or  to  cause  to  shake ;  to 
render  uiisieady,  as  the  si:^lil.  We  say,  the  bright- 
ness of  the  sun  ila::lr.<  the  eyes  or  the  sight. 

3.  To  strike  or  surprise  with  a  hriglit  or  intense 
light  i  to  dim  or  blind  by  a  glare  of  light,  or  hy 
splendor,  in  a  literal  or  figurative  sense  ;  as,  to  be 
da::Ud  by  resplendent  glorj',  or  by  a  brilliant  ex- 

Sression. 
Z'ZLE,  r.  i.  To  be  overpowered  by  ligiit ;  to  shake 
or  bo  unsteady ;  lo  waver,  as  the  sight. 

I  (tan;  .lot  Inu*  l\v:f^  ov«  ; 
Th'-y  .1.1I1CJ  In  mUu,  Biid  dazste  willi  •iiriiri*?.  Drydtn. 

D.\Z'7.LK0,  ;iy>.  or  a.  Made  wavering,  as  the  eight ; 
overpowered  or  dimmed  by  a  too  strong  light. 

DA'/.'ZI.E MENT,  «.  The  act  or  power  of  dazzling. 
Wot  used.]  nonne. 

D.\Z'ZLlXl5,  iipr.  or  a.  Rendering  unsteady  or  waver- 
ing, us  the  sight  i  over|iowering  by  a  strong  light ; 
striking  Willi  siilendor. 

DAZ'ZLINi;  I.V,  ade.     In  a  dazzlinp  manner. 

DE,  a  Latin  prefix,  denotes  a  moving  from,  separa- 
tion ;  as  in  debark,  decline,  decease,  deduct,  decamp. 
Hence,  it  often  expresses  a  negative,  as  in  derange. 
Sometimes  it  augments  the  sense,  as  in  depraee,  de- 
spoil. It  coincides  nearly  in  sense  Willi  the  French 
des  and  L.  dis. 

The  Latin  phrase  dc  jure  denotes  by  right ;  de 
facta  in  fact,  or  actually  existing.  .     , 

DEA'eON,  (de'kn,)  u.  [L.  diaromui,  from  Gr.  em- 
k-(ii'os,  a  minister  or  servant ;  i^i'i,  by,  and  kovcio,  to 
serve ;  Fr.  diacrc ;  Arm.  diui'oii ;  It.  and  Sp.  diaeono ; 
D.  diaken.'] 

1.  A  person  in  the  lowest  degree  of  holy  orders. 
The  office  of  deacon  was  instituted  by  the  apostles, 
.acts  vi.,  and  seven  persons  were  chosen,  at  first,  to 
serve  at  the  feasts  of  Chri.stians,and  distribute  bread 
and  wine  to  the  communicants,  and  to  minister  to 
llio  wants  of  the  poor. 

In  tlic  Roman  CaOiolic  churcli,  the  ofiico  of  the  dea- 
cons is  lo  incense  the  ollicialing  priest ;  to  lay  the 
corporal  on  the  altar;  to  receive  the  cup  from  the 
subdeacon,  and  iirescnt  it  to  the  person  oflia.iting; 
Ui  incense  the  choir ;  to  receive  the  pax  from  the 
ollicialing  prelate,  and  carry  it  to  the  subdeacon ; 
and  at  the  pontifical  mass,  to  put  the  miter  on  the 
bishop's  head.  Encye. 

In  the  church  of  England,  the  oftice  of  deacons  is 
declared  to  be  to  assist  the  priest  in  ndminisleriug 
tile  holycominuiiiun  ;  and  llieir  office  in  Presbyterian 
and  Inile|iendent  churches  is  to  dislrjliule  the  bread 
and  wine  lo  the  communicants.  In  tlie  latter,  they 
are  elected  by  the  members  of  the  church. 

2.  In  Scotland,  an  overseer  of  the  poor,  and  the 
master  of  an  incorporated  connmiiy. 

Di!A'CON-ESS,  (de'kn-es.s,)ii.  A  female  deacon  in 
the  iiriuiitive  cliurch.  Encye. 

Di5.\'eo.\-llY,     j  II.    The  ofiice,  dignity,  or  ininis- 

DiiA'eoX-SlIIP,  )      try  of  a  deacon  or  deaconess. 

Kneiic. 

DEAD,  (ded,)  a.  [Sax.  iJcaJ,  probably  contracted  'from 
dcged;  D.  dood;  G.  lodt;  Sw.  dUd;  Dan.  disd.  See 
Die.] 

1.  Deprived  or  destitute  of  life  ;  that  state  of  a 
being,  animal  or  vegetable,  in  wiiich  Ihe  organs  of 
motion  and  life  have  ceased  to  perform  their  func- 
tions, and  have  become  incapable  of  performing 
them,  or  of  being  restored  lo  astute  of  activity. 

Thii  men  ore  dead  %vIio  louglu  ihy  life.  —  Kx.  iv. 
Il  is  sometimes  followed  by  of  before  the  cause  of 
death  ;  as,  dead  of  hunger,  or  of  a  fever. 

2.  Having  never  had  life,  or  having  been  deprived 
of  vital  action  before  liinli ;  as,  the  child  was  bom 

3.  Without  life  ;  inanimate.  [dcail. 
All,  nil  but  IniUi,  droi«  dwuf.liom  from  Uio  pi-cj*.       Pope. 

4.  Without  vegetable  life  ;  as,  a  dead  tree. 

5.  Imiuiting  dcatli ;  deep  or  sound;  as,  a  dead 
sleep. 

G.  Perfectly  still ;  motionless  as  death ;  as,  a  dead 
calm  ;  a  dead  weigilt. 

7.  Empty ;  vacant ;  not  enlivened  by  variety ;  as, 
a  dead  void  space  ;  a  dead  plain.  Drydtn. 

Wc  say,  also,  a  dead  level,  for  a  perfectly  level 
surface. 

8.  Unemployed  ;  useless  ;  unprofilable.  .\  man's 
faculties  may  lie  dead,  or  his  goods  remain  dead  on 
his  hands.  So  dead  ca|)ital  or  stock  is  that  which 
produces  no  profit. 

9.  Dull ;  inactive  ;  as,  a  dead  sale  of  commodities. 

10.  Dull;  gloomy;  still;  not  enlivened ;  as,  a 
dead  winter;  a  dead  season.  .Addison. 

11.  Still;  deep;  obscure;  ns,  the  ifciui  darkness 
of  the  night. 

12.  Dull ;  not  lively  ;  not  resembling  life ;  as,  the 
dead  coloring  of  a  piece  ;  a  dead  eye. 


DEA 

13.  Du!I ;  liciivy  ;  at,  a  ttead  9ound.  Bvyfe. 

H.  Dull  i  rri(,'i(l ;  iMtlni:! ;  cold;  not  anlm-.iiMli 
not  atlVctlnti;  u-sed  of  uraycr.  ^dilUttn. 

15.  Tjwtrlcsn  ;  viipid  ;  spiritless ;  u-'ird  of  liipiors. 
IG.  I'niiilmbited  ;  as,  'Irml  walls.  j9rbiithnoK 

17.  Dull ;  without  nrilunil  force  or  efficacy  ;  not 
lively  or  brisk  ;  as,  a  dead  flre. 

18.  In  a  ttate  nf  Hpirilual  death;  void  of  grace ; 
lying  under  tin;  powi-r  of  sin. 

19.  Impotent ;  unablu  lu  procreato     Rom.  tv. 
00.  Decoyed  in  grace. 

Tl»mi  KmI  a  name  ihat  lliou  livcct,  nml  nn  dead.  —  Rtt.  IH. 

21.  Not  jiroccediiig  from  Hplritual  life;  not  im. 
(lucing  Rootl  works;  as,  faith  without  works  i 
dtad.    James  ii. 

a2.  Procfi-ding  from  corrupt  natiin^,  not  fioni  ypii 
itiial  life  or  u  gracious  principlu ;  as,  dead  work-. 
I[.t>.  ix.  11. 

2il.  Perfect  or  complete;  as,  a  dead  level,  a  (/.  i  / 
certainty  ;  so,  also,  a  dead  slioi,  i.  e.,  a  perfect  or  uti 
erring  marksman. 

24.  In  /air,  cut  olV  from  tlio  rights  of  a  citizen ; 
dcprivtd  of  the  power  of  enjoying  the  right-;  » i 
property;  as,  one  banished  or  becoming  a  muiik  i. 
civilly  dcwi.  lihickst.mr. 

Dead  tariff  iia'^fc ;  a  linifiuaKC  which  \^  no  loriKi  r 
spoken  or  in  coiiunon  use  by  a  peopln,  and  kiiuwu 
only  in  writings,  as  the  Hebrew,  Greek,  ami  I/Uiii. 

Dead  ri-^iiii!^or  ri-iiriiT  line :  the  p:irti  uf  a  ship's  (loof 
or  bottom  throughout  her  length,  where  the  (Inor  lim- 
ber is  tcrminiited  on  tho  lower  fultock.    Mar.  Did 

Dead  set.    Sec  ti^cr. 
DEAD,  (ded,)  it.     The  dead  signifie^i  dead  men. 

Yc  kliivtl  not  midct  ctiUJ(iR»  for  ltii>  dead.  —  Lcr.  jux. 

2.  Tlio  slate  of  tho  dead  ;  or  death. 
Tld<  [a  John  the  B«pli« ;  he  la  rl»en  from  rt*  dtad.  —  MtX  xlr. 
This  may  be  understood  thus  —  he  is  risen  from 
among  the  dead. 
DEAD,  (dtd,)  71.    The  time  when  there  is  a  rcmnrka* 
bl<!  stillness  or  gloom;  depth,  as  Ihe  mid^l  of  win- 
l«  r  or  of  night.    The  drad  of  winter,  the  dead  of 
night,  are  famiiinr  expressions. 
DE.\D,  (ded,)  v.  i.    To  lose  life  or  force.     [Oi.».] 

Bacon. 
DEAD,  (ded,)  v.  t.    To  deprive  of  life,  force,  or  vigor, 

[Obs.]  '  Bacon. 

DEAD-€0L'OU-ING,  (ded-kul'lur-ing,)  ti.    In  paiaU 
ingi  the  first  layer  of  colors,  usually  some  shade  of 
gray,  on  which  arc  superinduced  the  linishing  colore 
^vhich  give  life  and  beauty  to  the  picture.     Brown. 
DEAD'-DO-IXG,o.    De.structivc  ;  killing.    [Obf.] 

Spenser. 
DEAD'-DRTJNK,  a.    So  dnink  as  to  bo  incapabl?  of 

helping  one's  self. 
DEAD'KX.  (ded'ii,)  v.  t.     [D.  dooden  ;  G.  t'ddlrn.] 

1.  To  deprive  of  a  portion  of  vigor,  force,  or  sea 
sntion  ;  to  abate  vigor  or  action  ;  as,  to  deaden  the 
force  of  a  ball ;  to  deaden  the  natural  puivcrs  or 
feeling5. 

2.  To  blunt;  to  render  less  susceptible  of  fechng; 
as,  to  deaden  the  senses. 

3.  To  retard  ;  to  lessen  velocity  or  motion  ;  as,  to 
daulen  the  motion  of  a  ship,  or  of  tlic  wind. 

4.  To  diminish  spirit ;  to  make  vapid  or  spiritless; 
as,  to  deaden,  wine  or  beer. 

5.  To  deprive  of  gloss  or  brilliancy ;  as,  to  deaden 
gilding  hv  a  coat  of  size. 

DEAD'/J.\'->:D,  -pp.  or  a.  Deprived  of  force  or  sonaa- 
lion  ;  made  vapid  ;  to  give  a  d»;ad  appearance. 

DEAD'f^.N'-IXG,  ppr.  Depriving  of  force,  velocity,  or 
Ren5iation. 

DEAD'-KVE,  (('•-'•I'l,)  "-  [dcad-man^s  eye.]  Among 
seaiiicitj  a  round,  dattish,  wooden  block,  encircled  by 
a  rojw,  or  an  iron  band,  and  pierced  with  three  holes, 
to  receive  the  lani.ird,  used  to  extend  the  shrouds 
and  stays,  and  for  other  purposes. 

DE.\D'-UEART-ED,  a.     Having  a  dull,  faint  ht.art. 
■  JfalL 

DEAD'-HEXKT-ED-XESS,  n.    rusillanimily. 

DEAD'-LBT-TKR,  n.  A  letter  which  lies  fur  a  cer- 
tain period  uncalled  for  at  the  po.«t-olhce,  and  is  IIil-o 
sent  to  the  general  post-otiice  to  be  opemd. 

DEAD'-LIFT,  n.  The  lifting  of  a  thing  at  the  ut- 
most disadvantage,  as  of  a  dead  body  ;  hi,nce,  on 
extreme  exigency.  IIiidihra.i. 

DEAD'-litGUT,(ded'lIte,)  n  A  strong  wooden  shut- 
ter, made  to  suit  a  cabin  window,  in  which  il  is  fixed, 
to  prevent  the  water  from  entering  a  ship  in  a  storm. 

DEyVD'LI-HQpD,  «.    The  state  of  the  dead. 

Pearsr^n. 

DEAD'LI-XESS,  (ded'li-ncss,)  n.  The  quality  of  lift- 
ing tli'adly. 

DEAD'LY,  (ded'lv,)  a.  Tliat  may  occasion  death; 
mortal ;  fatal ;  destructive ;  as,  a  deadly  blow  or 
wouiul. 

2.  Mortal;  implacable;  aiming  lo  kill  or  destroy; 
us,  a  deadly  enemy  ;  deadly  malice  ;  a  deadly  feud. 

DEAD'LY,  (ded'ly,)  ode.  In  a  manner  rtsemlilmR 
death  ;  as,  deadly  pale  or  wan.  Shalt. 

2.  Mortally. 

With  groanitiji  of  A  deadly  woundwl  nvin.  —  EitJc.  xxx. 

3.  Implacably ;  destructively. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MfiTE,  PRgY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLP,  nOQK.— 
_  : 


DEA 

4.  In  a  vulvar  or  ludicrous  sntsc.  vcrj' ',  extremely  ; 

as,  a  (/»-j///i/  cnnninc  man.  ^r^iUhnot. 

DEAD'lA'-fe'AR-ROT,    ii.      A    plant    of  Ihe    genus 

Thapsia. 
DEAD'LY-NIGHT'SHaDE,  ?i.     a   poisonous  plant 

of  ll>e  <roims  Alropa,  the  beltadona. 
DEADMIARCII,  ri.     A  piece  of  solemn  music,  played 

at  the  inlernient  of  the  dead. 
DEAD'NESS,  (ded'ness,)  n.    Want  of  natural  life  or 

vital  power  in  an  animal  or  plant ;  as,  the  deadncss  of 

a  limb,  of  a  body,  or  of  a  tree. 
9.  Want  of  animation  j  dullness  j  languor ;  as,  the 

deadliest  of  the  eve. 

3.  Want  of  warmth  or  ardor  ;  coldness ;  frigidity  j 
as,  tlie  deadncss  of  the  affections. 

4.  Vapitiness;  want  of  spirit;  as.  the  deadness  of 
liquors. 

5.  ijtate  of  being  incapable  of  conception,  accord- 
ing to  the  ordinary  laws  of  nature.    Rom.  iv.  19. 

6.  Indifference  ;  mortification  of  the  nrttural  de- 
sires;  alienation  of  heart  from  temporal  pleasures; 
as,  dc^ulness  to  the  world. 

DEAD'-NET-TLE,  ?(.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Lamium, 
and  another  of  tlie  genus  Galeopsls. 

DEAD'-PLEDG  E,  n.  A  mortgage  or  pawning  of  things, 
or  thins  pawned.  Bailey. 

DEAD'-RECK-0.\-IXG,  (ded'rek-ning,)  n.  In  navi- 
gation, the  judgment  or  estimation  of  the  place  of  a 
ship,  without  any  observation  of  the  heavenly  bod- 
ies ;  or  an  account  of  the  distance  slie  has  run  by 
the  log,  and  of  the  course  steered  by  the  compass, 
and  this  rectified  by  due  allowances  for  drift,  lee- 
way, &c.  '  wViir.  Diet. 

DEAD -STRUCK,  a.  Confounded;  struck  with  horror. 

DEAD'-WA-TEG,  n.  The  eddy  water  closing  in  with 
a  sliip'^  -^iern,  as  she  passes  through  the  water. 

DEAP'-WEIGHT,  (ded^wat,)  n.  A  heavy  or  oppres- 
sive burdi'O. 

2.  A  name  given  to  an  advance  by  the  Bank  of 
England  to  the  government,  on  account  of  half-pay 
and  pensions  to  retired  otficers  of  th^  army  or  na\7. 

Gilbert. 

DEAD'-WOOD,  It.  Blocks  of  timber  laid  on  Ihe  keel 
uf  a  sliip/pariicuiarly  at  the  extremities. 

DEAD'WORKS,  jupl.  The  parts  of  a  ship  which  are 
above  tlie  surface  of  the  waUr  when  she  is  laden. 

DEAF,  (def  in  Eitgiand,  more  cominovly  decf  in  Jimer- 
ica,)  a.  [Sax.  deaf;  Ice.  daitf;  D.  doof;  G.  taub ; 
Dan.  diiv  ;  Sw.  d'df;  D.  doovcn  ;  to  quench  or  stifle  ; 
Dan.  docer,  to  dt-afen;  coinciding  with  Ch.  NSO  to 
extinguish,  L.  stipo.  Ft.  etoufftT,  to  stuff.  Hence  we 
say,  Oiick  of  hearing.  The  true  English  pronuncia- 
tion of  this  word  is  decf,  as  appears  from  the  poetry 
of  Chaucer,  who  uniformly  makes  it  rhyme  with 
leaf;  and  this  proof  is  con'finned  by  poetry  in  the 
works  of  Sir  W.  Temple.  Sucli  was  the  pronuncia- 
tion which  our  ancestors  brought  from  England. 
The  word  is  in  analog}'  with  leaf^  sheaf,  and  the  long 
sound  of  the  vowels  naturally  precedes  the  semi-vowel 
f.  Def,  from  the  Danish  and  Swedish  pronuncia- 
tion, is  an  anomaly  in  Englisli  of  a  singular  kind, 
there  being  not  another  word  like  it  in  the  language. 
See  Chaucer's  "  Wife  of  Bath's  Prologue."] 

1.  Not  perceiving  sounds ;  not  receiving  impres- 
sions from  sonorous  bodies  through  the  air;  as,  a 
deaf  ear. 

2.  Wanting  the  sense  of  liearing;  having  organs 
which  do  not  perceive  sounds  ;  iis,  a  dt-af  man.  It  is 
followed  by  to  before  that  which  ought  to  be  heard  ; 
as,  deaf  to  the  voice  of  the  orator. 

Bliii'l  are  their  eyes,  their  ears  are  deaf, 

Nor  hear  when  mortals  pniy  : 
Mortals  thai  wait  for  Iheir  relief. 

Are  blind  and  dea/as  they.  Watts,  Pa.  135. 

3.  In  (I  metap/iorica/^cnse,  not  listening;  not  regard- 
ing; not  moved,  persuaded,  or  convinced;  reject- 
ing; as,  t/fa/ to  reason  or  arguments.  Slen  are  deaf 
to  the  calls  of  the  gospel. 

4.  Without  the  ability  or  w'iil  to  regard  spiritual 
things  ;  unconcerned  ;  as,  hear,  ye  deaf.     /?.  xlii. 

5.  Deprived  of  the  power  of  hearing  ;  dL-afened  ; 
03,  deaf  with  clamor. 

6.  Stifled  ;  imperfect ;  obscurely  heard  ;  as,  a  deaf 
noise  or  murmur.  Dryden. 

DEAF,  V.  t.,  to  deafen,  is  used  by  Drj'den,  but  is  obso- 
lete, unless,  perhaps,  in  poetry. 

DEAF'^iV,  (deefn  or  dcPn,)  v'.  L  To  make  deaf;  to 
deprive  of  the  pow^er  of  hearing ;  to  impair  tlie  or- 
gans of  hearing,  so  as  to  render  them  uuinipressible 
to  sounds. 

2.  To  stun  ;  to  render  incapable  of  perceiving 
sounds  distinctly ;  as,  deafened  with  clamor  or  tu- 
mult. 

3.  In  architecture,  to  deafen  a  floor,  is  to  render  it 
imppr\*iou3  to  sound,  by  filling  the  space  beneath  it 
with  mortar  and  other  snhi^tances.  GwUu  , 

DEAF'f;.\-£rj,  (deefnd  ordefnd,)  pp.  Made  deaf, 
stimnfd. 

I)EAF'/oN-l.\G,  vjrr.  Making  d.-af;  rend-jring  im- 
pervious to  i*oiiud. 

DEAK'LV,  Meef  le  or  def  le,)  adc  Without  sense  of 
sfiiin(J.-« :  obscurely  heard. 

DEAF'NESS,  (deefuesa  or  d:;fnes3,)  n.  Incapacity 
of  perceiving  sounds  ;  the  stite  of  the  organs  which 


DEA 

prevents  the  impressions  which  constitute  hearing ; 
as,  the  deafness  of  the  ears  ;  hence,  applied  to  persons, 
want  of  the  sense  of  hearing. 

2.  Unwillingness  to  lisar  and  regard  ;  voluntary 
rejection  of  what  is  addressed  to  the  ear  and  to  the 
understanding.  King  Charles. 

DEAF'-MuTE,n.  Adeaf  and  dumb  person.  Oaliaudet. 

DeAE,  v.  U  ;  pret.  and  pp.  Dealt,  (delt.)  [Sax.  dalan, 
bedeelan,  geda^lan ;  Oolh.  dailyan  ;  Sw.  dela;  Dan. 
deeler ;  G.  thcilen  ;  D.  deelen ;  bedeelen  ;  Rtiss.  delyu  : 
W.  dydoliy  to  separate ;  dtj  and  tawly  separation,  a 
throwing  off,  tawlu,  to  throw  off,  to  separate  ;  Ir.  and 
Gael,  dailimj  to  give ;  dail,  a  part,  Eng.  dole ;  Ileb.  and 


Ch.  "yTJ  to  separate  or  divide;  Ar.  A^Xj  badala. 


excliangc,  or  give  in  e.xchange ;    ^  ^Xj  badhala^  to 

give,  to  yield.  (Qu.  W.  gozoli,  to  endo\v.)  There 
is  a  remarkable  coincidence  between  the  Shemitic 
word  and  the  Sax.  and  Dutch,  bedtzlun,  bedeelen. 
The  Welsh  tamhi  gives  the  true  original  sense.] 

1.  To  divide;  to  jiart ;  to  separate;  Iience,  to  di- 
vide in  portions ;  to  distribute  ;  often  followed  by  out. 

Is  it  not  lorfcrtJ  lliy  hread  to  the  hungry.  —  Is.  Iviii, 

And  Rome  deals  oul  Iter  bIi-3siDgs  and  h?r  gold.         Tickcl. 

9.  To  scatter ;  to  throw  about ;  as,  to  deal  out 
feathered  deaths.  Dryden. 

3.  To  throv.'  out  in  succession  ;  to  give  one  after 
another ;  as,  to  deal  out  blows,  to  deal  out  cards,  to 
deal  out  curses. 
Deal,  v.  i.    To  traffic  ;  to  trade  ;  to  negotiate. 

ThF?y  buy  and  sell,  tliey  deal  and  ifAllic.  Souik. 

2.  To  act  between  man  and  man ;  to  intervene  ; 
to  transact  or  negotiate  between  men. 

He  that  denis   between  inaii  ami  man,  laJsolh  ha  own  credit 
widi  both.  Bacon. 

3.  To  behave  well  or  ill ;  to  act ;  to  conduct  one's 
self  in  relation  to  others. 

Thou  shxdt  not  e'.-aI,  nor  tlcil  f  lUely,  nor  lie.  —  Lev,  xix. 

4.  To  distribute  cards. 

To  deal  by  ;  to  treat,  either  well  or  ill ;  as.  to  deal 
well  by  dome-^lics. 

Siidi  (mo,  deals  not  rdriy  by  his  c.vn  mind,  Lodie. 

To  deal  in  ;  to  have  to  do  with  ;  to  be  engaged  in  ; 
to  practice.  They  deal  iv  political  matters ;  they  deal 
in  low  humor. 

2.  To  trade  in  ;  as,  to  deal  in  silks,  or  in  cutlery. 

To  deal  witli ;  to  treat  in  any  manner ;  to  use  well 
or  ill. 

Now  will  wcilfiOl  worse  leilA  tli?e.  —  Gen.  xl"c, 
Rtturn  — ;iiid  1  will  cica!  well  icilh  tlice. — Gi?n.  xxxii. 

2.  To  contend  with  ;  to  treat  with,  by  way  of  oi>- 
posilion,  check,  or  correction ;  as,  he  lias  turbulent 
passions  to  deal  jcith. 

3.  To  treat  witli,  by  way  of  discipline,  in  ecclesi- 
astical atTairs ;  to  admonisli. 

DEAL,  71.  [Sax.  JW,  dal,  iredal ;  Ir.  djil :  D.  deel ;  G. 
iheil ;  Dan.  deel ;  Sw.  del ;  Russ.  rfp/m.     See  the  verb.] 

1.  Literally,  a  division ;  a  part  or  portion  ;  hence, 
an  indefinite  quantity,  degree,  or  extent;  as,  a  deal 
of  time  and  trouble  ;  a  deid  of  cold  ;  a  deal  of  space. 
Formerly  it  was  limited  by  some :  as,  some  deal ;  but 
this  is  now  obsol<:::c  or  vulgar.  In  gv-nsral,  we  now 
qualify  tlie  word  with  ^rcai ;  as,  a  great  deal  of  labor ; 
a  great  deal  of  lime  and  pains  ;  a  great  deal  of  land. 
In  the  phrrLses,  it  is  a  great  deal  belter  or  worse,  the 
words  great  deal  serve  as  modifiers  of  the  sense  of 
belter  and  worse.  The  true  construction  is.  It  is,  by 
a  great  deal,  better;  it  is  better  by  a  great  deal,  that 
is,  by  a  gi'eat  part  or  difference. 

2.  The  division  or  distribution  of  cards;  tlic  art  or 
practice  of  dealing  cards. 

The  denl,  the  shuille,  and  tlie  cut.  Swift. 

3.  The  division  of  a  piece  of  timber  made  by  saw- 
ing ;  a  pine  board  or  plank  ;  a  sense  much  more  used 
in  England  t/inn  in  the  Uniti-d  States. 

DE'AI/d.^TE,  v.  t.  [Ii.  dealbo  ;  dc  and  alhus^  white.] 
To  whiten.     [TAtlie.  Ji.?e//.] 

DEAL  Ba'TION,  n.    The  act  of  bleaching;  a  whit- 

DeAL'/^D, /^p.    Divided;  thrown  out.  [ening. 

DeAL'ER,  n.  One  wiio  deals;  one  who  has  to  do 
with  any  thing,  or  lias  concern  with  ;  as,  a  dealer  in 
wit  and  learning.  Swijl. 

2.  A  trader;  a  tratlicker  ;  a  shopkeeper  ;  a  broker; 
a  merchant ;  a  word  of  very  extensive  use ;  as,  a  dealer 
in  dry  goods  ;  a  dealer  in  hardware  ,  a  dealer  in 
stocks  ;  a  dealer  in  leather ;  a  dealer  in  lumber ;  a 
dealer  in  linens  or  woolens  ;  a  small  dealer  in  groce- 
ric^i ;  a  monvy-dealcr. 

3.  One  who  distributes  cards  to  the  players. 
DeAL'ING,  ppr.     Dividing;  distributing;  throwing 

3.  Trading  ;  irarticking  ;  negotiating.  [out. 

_  3.  'I'reating ;  beliaving. 

DkAL'LVG,  7'.  Practice;  action;  conduct;  behavior; 
as,  observe  tlie  dealings  of  the  men  who  administer 
the  government.  But  it  is  now  more  generally  used 
of  the  actions  of  men  in  privatn  life. 

DEALT,  (delt,)  pret  and  pp.  Scattered ;  given  in  suc- 
cession ;  traded  ;  conducted. 


DEA 

2.  Conduct  in  relation  to  otliers;  treatment;  as, 
the  dealings  of  a  father  with  his  children.  God's 
rffu/iH^jj  with  men  arc  the  dispensations  of  his  prov- 
idence or  moral  government. 

3.  Intercourse  in  buying  and  selling ;  traffic  ;  busi- 
ness ;  negotiation.  American  merchants  have  ex- 
tensive dealings  with  the  merchants  of  Liverpool. 

4.  Intercourse  of  business  or  friendship;  concern. 

The  Jcwa  have  no  dtaUnzi  with  the  Samahtana.  —  Jotia  it. 

DE-AM'BTJ-LaTE,  r.  i.     [L.  drambulo.] 
To  walk  abroad.     [JV*o(  used.] 

DE-AM-BU-La'TION,  71.   The  act  of  walking  abroad. 

Elyot. 

DE-AM'BU-LA-TO-RV,  a.    Pertaining  to  walks. 

DE-A  M'BU-LA-'i'O-UY,  n.    A  place  to  walk  in. 

Dean,  n.  [Fr.  do7jcn,th(i  eldest  of  a  corjjoration  ;  .Arm. 
dean  ;  Sp.  dean,  decano;  Port,  dcam,  decano;  It.  deca- 
no;  from  L.  decanus,  the  leader  of  a  file  ten  deep,  the 
head  of  a  college,  from  decern,  Gr.  tV^a,  W.  deg,  ten ; 
so  named  because  originally  he  was  set  over  ten  can- 
ons or  prebendaries,    -/iyliffe.] 

J.  In  £no'?an(i,  an  ecclesiastical  dignitar>' in  cathe- 
dral and  collegiate  churches,  and  the  head  of  a  chap- 
ter; the  second  dignitary  of  a  diocese.  Ancient  deans 
ore  elected  by  the  chapter  in  virtue  of  a  conge  d'clire 
from  the  king  and  letters  missive  of  recommendation  ; 
but  in  the  chipters  founded  by  Ilenrj- Vlil.  out  of  the 
spoils  of  dissolved  monasteries,  the  deanery  is  dona- 
tive, and  tile  installation  merely  by  the  king's  letters 
Ijatent,  Encyc, 

2.  An  officer  in  each  college  of  the  universities  in 
England.  Wartun. 

3.  In  the  United  States,  a  registrar  of  the  faculty  in 
some  colleges,  and  especially  in  medical  institutions. 

Rural  dean,  or  arch-presbyter,  had  originally  juris- 
diction over  ten  churches;  but  afterward  he  becamf; 
only  the  bishop's  substitute,  with  no  absolute  judicial 
power  in  himself,  but  the  ordering  of  ecclesiastical 
affairs  within  his  deanery,  by  the  direction  of  the 
bi^Iiop  or  archdeacon.  Gilbert. 

Di^an  of  a  moiiastiry ;  a  superior  established  under 
the  abbot,  to  ease  him  in  taking  care  of  ten  monks. 
Hence  his  name.  Encyc. 

Dsan  and  chapter,  are  the  bishop's  council,  to  aid 
Lim  with  their  advice  in  affairs  of  religion,  and  in  the 
temporal  concerns  of  his  see.  Encyc. 

DeAN'EU-Y,  Ti.    The  office  or  the  revenue  of  a  dean. 
Clarendon.     Smifl. 

2.  Tlie  house  of  a  dean.  Shah. 

3.  The  jurisdiction  of  a  dean. 

Each   urchde-icotiry  is  divided   into   rural  d&:neri£3,  and  <-ach 
deanery  is  divided  into  paiiilics.  BUkUbiom. 

i>EA\'SIIIP,  71.    The  office  of  a  dean. 

Dear,  a.     [Sax.  dcor  ;  G.  tJteticr,  dear,  rare  ;  tJieure  or 

th-'urung,  dearness,  scarcity,  dearth  ;  D.  dnur,  dear; 

duiAtic,  dearth  ;  Sw.  dyr,  dear  ;  dyrlut,  deartJi ;  Dan. 

dyre,  dyrtid,  id.    It  seems  that  th.-'.  primary  sense  is. 

scarce,  rare,  or  close,  narrow ;  this  is  obvious  from 

dearth.     So  in  L.  carus,  carjiV:.-.-.     Class  Dr,  No.  7,  8. 

19,  and  Class  Sr,  No.  -1,  34,  47.] 

1.  Scarce  ;  not  plentiful ;  as,  a  dear  year.    [Obs.] 

Shal:. 

2.  Bearing  a  high  price  in  comparison  of  the  usual 
price  ;  more  costly  tlian  usual ;  of  a  higher  price  than 
the  customary  one.  Wheat  is  dear  at  a  dollar  a  bush- 
el, when  tiie "usual  price  is  seveiity-fiye  cenu.  This 
seuse  results  frtnn  the  fonner,  as  dearness  is  the  effect 
of  scarcity  and  demand. 

3.  Of  a  high  value  in  estimation ;  greatly  valued  ; 
beloved  ;  precious. 

And  the  l.ut  joy  was  dearer  than  Ihc  lesL  Po^. 

Be  ye  followers  of  God,  as  r/Mrc'iiiilreH. —  Eph.  v 

Dear,  a.     (Sax.  dorian,  to  hurt;  Scot,  dere  lt  , 

annoy,  and  dere,  to  fear.] 

Hurtful;  grieyous  ;  hateful.     [OJ5.]  SAdt. 

Dear,  v.  t.     To  make  dear.     f.V«i  used.]      Skelton. 
Dear,  j(.     a  darling;  a  word  denoting  tender  aftec- 

tion  or  endearment ;  as,  my  dear. 
DeAR'RORN,  n.    A  light  four-wheel  carriage. 
DeAK'-BOUGHT,  (-haul,)  a,     [See  Bought.]    Pur- 
chased at  a  higli  price;  SiS,  dear-bought  experience; 

dear-bought  bless^ings. 
DeAR'EST,   a.  sujierL    Bearing  the  highest  price  ;  of 

the  greatest  value. 
De.AR'EST,  71.  Dariing;  a  term  denoting  the  tenderest 
DeAR'LING.    See  Darlikg.  [affection. 

DeAR'-LOV-ED,  (luvd,)  a.    Greatly  beloved.  Shak. 
DeAR'LY,  adc.    At  a  high  price;  as,  he  pays  dearly 

for  his  rashness. 
2.  With  great  fondness  ;  n=,  we  love  our  children 
De.'XRN,  a.     [Sax.  deorn.]         [dearly:  dearly  beloved. 

Lonely  ;  solitary  ;  melancholy.    [O65.]       Shak. 
DeAR'NESS,  h.    Scarcity  ;  high  price,  or  a  higher 

price  than  the  customary  one ;  as,  the  dearness  of 

corn. 

2.  Fondness;  nearness  to  the  heart  or  affections; 
gcat  value  in  e-^limation  ;  prcriousness;  tender  love; 
as,  the  drarness  of  friendslitp. 

DeARN'LY,  adi\    Secretly;   privately;   mournfully. 

[Ob-t.]     [See  Dernlt.] 
DEARTH,  (derth,)  ».     [Sec  Deah.]    Scarcity;  as,  a 

dearth  of  corn. 

3.  Want ;  need  ;  famine.  Shak, 


TONE,  BJJLL,  IJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.— €  as  K ;  6  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  :  TH  as  in  THIS. 


:^03 


DEB 

3.  Baneniiess  ;  elt-rility  ;  as,  a  deartA  of  plot. 

Dn/ilen. 
I)E-XU-TIC'IJ-L.\TE,  r.  f.    To  disjoint,    [Aut  usftL] 
DKATII,  (Jilli,) n.     [!*ax. death  :  P.  dwd ;  G.  tod ;  S\v. 
dHJ;  Dan.  tidd.     Set-  Dii:  and  Dead.] 

1.  That  stale  of  a  bt'inji,  animal  or  vrgflahli*,  but 
more  (KiriiLiilarly  uf  an  animal,  in  which  thLre  is  to- 
tal and  ptrniaiuMit  rcssation  of  all  the  vital  functions, 
wlitii  the  organ:!  have  not  only  C4':t^'d  \o  act,  hut 
liavu  lost  tlio  susceplibilily  of  renewed  actii>n.  'I'Uxis 
tite  cessation  of  n-^piraliun  and  rirculation  in  an  an- 
imal may  not  he  dealli ;  fur  durinii;  liybernatiun,  some 
aniinal:^  bt-coine  entirely  (or|>id,  and  Mime  animals 
and  vt'getiibles  may  be.  :;ubjt;cled  to  a  (i.xed  .slate  by 
frost,  but  being  capable  of  revived  activiiy,  they  are 
not  dead. 

5.  The  state  of  the  dead ;  as,  the  gales  of  death. 

3.  The  manner  of  dying.  [Jofr  xxxviii. 

I'hou  sh^t  die  (hr  dctuh*  uf  Uieiii  that  aic  tlalu  in  Uk  in.dit  of 

Ibo  m-At.  —  y.ir)i.  xxviiJ, 
1.ct  IDC  ili«  tht-  dtalh  of  Uic  ri^ttccui.  —  Num.  xxGi. 

4.  The  iniage  of  mortality  represented  by  a  skele- 
ton ;  ns,  a  drath^s  head.  Sftak. 

5.  Murder  ;  a^t,  a  man  of  dcatM.  Bacon. 
C.  Cause  of  death.    We  day,  lie  caught  his  death, 

O  Ihou  itLin  of  iio*l,  there  U  death  in  ihs  pot.  —  2  King*  W. 

7.  Di  stroyer  or  agent  of  deatli ;  as,  lie  will  be  the 
death  of  hiii  |K>or  father. 

8.  In  poetrij,  the  means  or  instrument  of  de.ith  ;  as, 
an  anow  is  called  llii>  feathered  death ;  a  ball,  a  load- 
en  dcaUi. 

Dtalh*  invikJUe  came  wing^ol  with  fire.  Diyden. 

9.  In  thti/losy,  perpetual  separation  from  God,  and 
eternal  torments  ;  called  the  second  death.      Rev.  ii. 

10.  i>cparation  or  alienation  of  the  soul  from  God  ; 
a  being  under  the  dominion  of  sin,  and  destitute  of 
grace  or  divine  life  j  called  spiritual  death. 

We  know  ilial  wc  ti.ive  paa»l  from  dtath  to  life,  beciuic  vc 
lore  tlic  brcUtn-n.  — 1  Jolni  iii.    Lukei. 

Civil  dedth,  is  the  separation  of  a  man  from  civil 

society,  or  from  the  enjoyment  of  civil  ri^ht^  ;  as  by 

banishment,  abjuration  of  the  realm,  enterini;  into  a 

mnnaste^^■,  A:c.  Btackstone. 

DKATU'-IJED,  (deUi'bed,^  n.    The  bed  on  which  a 

person  dies  or  is  conlined  in  his  last  sickne^. 
Di:ATir-H<^n-I\G,  «.     Portending  death.        Skak. 
Dr.ATII'-DART-ING,  a.     Darting  or  inflicting  death. 

*       Shak. 
DKATII'-DO-ING,  a.    Innictinp  death. 
DKATH'-DOO.M -ED,  a.    Doomed  to  death.   Coleridge. 
DKATH'FIJL,  fl.    Full  of  slaughter;  murderous;  de- 
structive. 

Thc*e  fjw  bohoU 
Tl«5  dtaVt/ul  accQC.  Pope. 

DKATH'FIJI^XESS,  n.    Appearance  of  death.  Tatjlor. 
1)F..\TII'LL:S3,  a.     Immortal;  not  subject  to  death, 

(lestniciii>n,  or  extinction  ;  as,  deathless  beings  ;  dcath- 

Ifjts  fame. 
DEATHXIKE,  a.    Resembling  death  ;  gloomv  ;  still ; 

calm;  quiet;   peaceful;  motionless;   like  death  in 

horror  or  in  stillness  ;  as,  dmtJilikc  slumbers. 

2.  Resemtilint;  death  ;  cadaverous. 
DE.\Ta'-RAT-TLE,  (deth'rat  U,)  n.    A  rattling  in 

the  throat  of  a  dying  person. 

DE.\TH'-SH.\D-o\V-ED,a.  Surrounded  by  the  shades 
of  death.  More. 

DEATU'-STR6KE,  n.    The  stroke  of  death. 

DEATH'S'-DoOR,  (deths'dor,)  v.  A  near  approach 
to  death  ;  the  gates  of  death.  Taylor. 

DE.VTII'S'-MAN,  ».     An  executioner ;  a  hangman. 

ShaJi. 

DEATH'-TCKiCN,  n.  That  which  indicates  approach- 
ing death.  ShaJc. 

DEATn'\VARD,fl^r.    Toward  death.   Beaum.andFI. 

DEATHMV.ATCM,  u.  A  small  kind  of  beetle,  whose 
ticking,  which  is  really  the  call  of  the  male  for  its 
male,  has  been  weakly  supposed,  by  superstitious  and 
isnorant  people,  to  pnignosticale  death.  Oau. 

DE-AU'RATE,  r.  (.     [L.  dcauro.] 
To  gild.     [Little  used.] 

DE  AU'RATE.  a.    Gdded. 

DI^iiAeeilATE,  r.  i.    To  rave  and  bluster,  as  a  bac- 

DE  HAe-eilA'TlOX,  n.    A  raving.  [chanal. 

I)E.B.\C'LE,  (de-bak'l,)  n.  [Fr.]  A  breaking  or 
bursting  forth.  Buckland. 

.\  violent  nish  of  waters,  having  so  great  force  a.s 
to  have  conveyed  the  fragments  of  rocks,  and  the  re- 
mains of  animals  and  vegetables,  to  a  distance  from 
their  native  localities.  Kd.  Encvc. 

DE-IJXR',  r.  /.  [de  and  bar.]  To  cut  oft"  from'  en- 
trance ;  to  preclude  ;  lo  hinder  from  approach,  cntrj-, 
or  enjoyment ;  to  shut  out  or  exclude  ;  as,  we  are  not 
debarred  from  any  ratiunal  enjoyment ;  religion  de- 
barn  us  from  no  real  pleasure. 

I)E-lt.\  RK'  r.  L  [Fr.  dtbarquer ;  dc  and  barque^  a  boat 
or  vessel.] 

To  lanil  from  a  ship  or  boat ;  to  remove  from  on 
board  any  water-craft  and  place  on  land  ;  to  disem- 
bark ;  as,  to  debark  artillerj'.  [It  is  less  used,  cs- 
[tecially  in  a  Iran^iitivc  wmse,  than  DrscMBARK.] 

DE-BARK',  r.  I.  To  leave  a  ship  or  boat  and  |tass  to 
ih;:  land  ;  a.s,  the  troops  debarked  at  four  o'clock. 


DEB 

DE-BaRK-.A'TK)X,  n.    The  act  of  disembarking. 

DE-BARK'i-'D,  (de-blirkt',)  pp.  Removed  to  land  from 
on  bttard  a  ship  or  boat. 

D£-B\KK'1.\G,  ppr.  Kenioving  from  a  t«hip  to  the 
land  ;  going  front  on  board  a  vessi'l. 

DE-BAIfUi-D,  (de-bJrd',)  pp.  [from  JfAar.]  Hindered 
from  apjmiarh,  entrance,  or  pfissessiun. 

DE-BXR'KING,  ppr.  rrcvcnliug  from  approach,  en- 
trance, or  enjoyment 

DE-IIAIt'RI.N'G,  N.     Ilindemnce  from  approach. 

DICtIIaSE',  r.  i.  [de  nnd  iiwc]  'i'o  reduce  from  a 
higher  lo  a  lower  state  in  qualify  or  rcs|>eclabil)ty. 
'J'he  drunkard  debases  liiinself  and  his  chnnuter.  In- 
temperance and  debaucher)'  debase  men  almost  lo  a 
level  with  beasts, 

2.  To  reduce  or  lower  in  quality,  purity,  or  value  ; 
to  adulterate  ;  :ls,  to  debase  gold  or  silver  by  alloy. 

3.  To  lower  or  degrade  ;  lo  make  mean  or  despica- 
ble. Relij;ion  should  not  be  deb<ised  by  frivolous  dis- 
putes. Vicious  habits  i/r&ojfc  the  mind  as  well  us  the 
character. 

4.  To  sink  in  purity  or  elegance  ;  to  vitiate  by 
meanness ;  us,  to  debase  style  by  iJie  ute  of  vulgar 
words. 

DE-BaS'£D,  (dc-baste',)  pp.  or  a.  Reduced  in  esti- 
mated value ;  lowered  m  estimation  ;  reduced  in 
purity,  fineness,  quality,  or  value  ;  adulterated  ;-dc- 
craded  ;  rendered  mean. 

DE-BSSE'iME.NT,  n.  The  act  of  debasing;  degrada- 
tion ;  reducliiiii  of  purity,  fineness,  quality,  or  value  ; 
ailultcration  ;  a  state  of  being  debased  ;  as,  debase- 
ment of  diameter,  of  our  faculties,  of  the  coin,  of 
style,  &c. 

DE-UAd'ER,  It.  One  wIiq  debases  or  lowers  in  csti- 
malion  or  in  value ;  one  who  degrades  or  renders 
moan  ;  that  which  debases. 

DE-BAS'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Reducing  in  estimation  or 
worth  ;  adulterating  ;  reducing  in  purity  or  elegance  •" 
degrading ;  rendering  mean. 

5.  a.  I^owcring;  tending  to  debase  or  degrade; 
as,  debasing;  vices. 

DE-Ba.S'ING-LY,  adc.     So  as  to  debase. 

DE-BAT' A-BLE,  a.  [.See  Deuate.]  That  may  be 
debated  ;  disputable  ;  subject  to  controversy  or  con- 
tention ;  as,  a  debatable  question. 

DE-BATE',  II.  [Vt.debali  Sp.debaU;  Port.  U. ;  de 
and  battrc ^  lo  bcoL] 

1.  Contention  in  words  or  arguments ;  discussion 
for  elucidating  trutli ;  strife  in  argument  or  reasoning, 
bjlwceu  persons  of  dilFcrent  opinions,  each  endeav- 
oring to  prove  his  own  opinion  right,  and  that  of  his 
opiHjser  wrong ;  dispute ;  controversy  ;  as,  the  de- 
bates in  parliament  or  in  cou^'^ss 

2.  Strife ;  contention. 

BclioM,  }-c  f^t  fur  itiifc  ami  dtbaa.  —U.  Iviii. 

3.  The  power  of  being  disputed  ;  as,  this  tpiestion 
is  settled  beyond  debate ;  the  slor}'  is  true  beyond  de- 
bate. 

4.  Debate  OT  debates ;  the  published  report  of  argu- 
ments for  and  against  a  measure  ;  a3,  the  debates  in 
the  convention  are  printed. 

DE-BATE',  r.  f .  [Fr.  debattre :  Sp.  dcbalir ;  Vort.  de- 
bater.    See  Beat  and  Abate.] 

To  contend  for  in  words  or  arguments;  to  strive 
to  maintain  a  cause  by  reasoning ;  to  dispute  ;  to  dis- 
cuss ;  to  argue  ;  to  contest,  as  opposing  parties;  as, 
the  question  was  debaled  till  a  late  hour. 

Debale  tliy  cauic  wilh  thy  iici-Ulwr  liirtia'.-!r.  —  Prov.  jtxv. 

DE-BATE',  r.  i  To  dcbalc  on  or  in  ,"  to  deliberate  ;  to 
discuss  or  examine  dilTerent  arguments  in  the  mind. 

Sfiak. 
9.  To  dispute.  TaUcr. 

3.  To  engage  in  combat.     [.Vy(  in  use.] 

DE-BAT'ED,  pp.  or  a.    Disputed  ;  argued  ;  discussed. 

DE  BATE'FJTL,  a.  Of  tJiin^s,  contested  ;  occasion- 
ing contention.  Spenser. 

2.  Of  persons^  quarrelsome;  contentious.  [Little 
itsed.]^ 

DE-BaTE'FIJL-LY,  ado.    With  contention. 

SJierwood. 

DE-BATE'MENT,n.  Controversy;  deliberation.  [Lit- 
tle used.]  Shak. 

DE-BAT'ER,  n.  One  who  debates;  a  disputant;  a 
conlroverti<l. 

DE-BAT'IXfi,  ppr.ora.  Disputing;  discussing;  con- 
tending bv  amuments. 

DE-BAT'I.SC  LY,  adv.    In  the  manner  of  a  debate. 

DE  BAT'LNC-SO-CT'E-TY,  n.  A  society  for  the  pur- 
pose of  debate  and  improvement  in  extemporaneous 
s)>eaking. 

DE-BAITCir,  r.t,  [Fr,  dcbaacJier;  .\rm.  dibaacha.  This 
is  said  by  Ltinicr  to  be  compounded  of  de  and  an  old 
French  word,  signifyine  a  shop,  (iaiic/w,)  and  that 
its  primar>'  sense  is  to  draw  or  entice  ono  from  his 
shop  or  work  ;  and  in  this  sense  it  is  slill  used. 
Hence,  embauehcr  is  to  help  a  journeyman  to  employ- 
ment,  and  to  enlist  as  a  soldier.  'J'hc  general  sense, 
then,  of  debauch,  in  English,  is  to  lead  astray,  like 
seduej^.] 

1.  To  corrupt  or  vitiate  ;  as,  to  debauch  a  prince  or 
youth  ;  to  debauch  pood  principles. 

2.  To  corrupt  wilh  lewdness ;  as,  to  debauch  a 
woman. 


DLB 

3.  To  Seduce  from  duty  or  allegiance ;  as,  lo  de- 
bauch an  army. 
DEBAUCH',  n.     [Fr.  debauche ;  Arm.  Jibaueh.] 

Excess    in  eating   or  drinking  ;    intem|Krrancd  ; 
drunkenness  ;  gluttony  ;  lewdness. 
DE-BAUCH'A'D,  (de-bauchl',)  pp.  or  a.     Corrupledj 

vitiated  in  morils  or  purity  of  charaiter. 
DE-BAUCU'EU-LY,  adc.    In  a  proliigate  manner. 

Coielni. 
DE-BAUCH'ED-NESS,  n.    Intempemnce.  Bp.  Hall 
DEU-AU-CHEiy,  (deb-o-shee',)  h.    A  man  given  lo 
lntein|)orance  or  bacchanalian  excesses.   But,  chicHy, 
a  man  halitluatly  lewd. 
DE-BAUCH'ER,  ».    One  who  debauches  or  comipu 
otliefs  ;  a  seducer  to  lewdness,  or  to  any  dereliction 
of  dutv. 
DE-BAllCH'ER-Y,  n.    Excess  in  the  pleasures  of  the 
lable  ;  gluttony;  intern  |H-mnce.    But,  chielly,  liabU- 
ual  lewdness  ;  excessive  unlawful  indulgent  e  of  luit, 
2.  t;orruplion  of  fidelity  ;  Beductitui  from  duty  or 
allegiance. 

Tlif!  n-puUlc  of  P.-U1I  will  cdUcftTOr  lo  onnplcl:  tbe  (f^HcA«ry 
of  Uio  unny.  Durtt. 

DE-BAUCH'MEXT.  n.  The  act  of  dtbauchinR  or 
corrupting  ;  the  act  of  seducing  from  virtue  or  duly, 

DE-BEL'L.\']'E,  v.  t.     [h.  debetlo.]  [Taylor. 

'J'o  subdue.     [.Yot  used.]  Baeon. 

DE-BEI*-LA'TION,  h.  The  act  of  conquering  or  itub- 
duing.     [JVw/  used.]  More. 

DE  BFJm:  ES'SE,  [h.]  Well  being,  or  condition- 
al allowance.  In  latr,  to  take  an  order  or  h'stiinnny 
de  bene  esse,  is,  to  take  or  allitw  it  for  the  present,  but 
subject  lo  be  suppressed  or  disallowed  on  a  funlicr 
or  full  examination.  Cottrl, 

DE-BE*\T'URE,  II.  [Fr.,  from  L.  Jeftw.to  owe.  Clan 
Db.] 

1.  .\  writing  acknowledging  a  debt;  a  wriling  or 
ccrlificale  signed  by  a  public  olliccr,  as  eviib-nre  ofa 
debt  due  to  some  person.  This  paper,  civen  by  an 
ollicer  of  the  customs,  entitles  a  merchant,  exporlini; 
goods,  to  the  receipt  of  a  bounty,  or  a  drawback  ij 
duties.  When  issued  by  a  treasurer,  it  entitles  the 
holder  lo  a  sum  of  money  from  the  sUile. 

2.  In  the  eitstornsy  a  certilicale  of  drawback  ;  a 
writing  which  stales  that  a  person  Is  entitled  loa 
certain  sum  from  tht!  government,  on  the  exportilion 
of  specified  gtiods,  the  duties  on  which  had  hi-vn  p:iid. 

DE-BENT'UR -CD,  a.  Dcbentured  goods  arc  those  for 
which  a  debenture  has  been  given,  as  being  eniilled 
to  drawback. 

DEB'ILE,  a.  [L.  debilis;  Fr.  debile;  It.  dehilr:  Sp.  de- 
biL    See  Class  Db,  No.  Ij  2,  3,  5,  7,  15,  47,  51.] 

Relaxed  ;  weak  ;  feeble  ;  languid  ;  faint ;  without 
strengtli.  Shak. 

DE-BIL'I-TATE,  r.  t.     [^L.  debilito,  from  debiUt.] 

To  weaken  ;  to  impiiir  the  strength  of;  lo  enfee- 
ble ;  to  make  faint  or  languid.  Intemperance  debili' 
tatcs  the  organs  of  digestion.  Excessive  indul|;encc 
debilitates  the  system. 

DE-BIL'I-TJ\-TED,  jyj.  or /i.  Weakened  ;  enfeebled; 
relaxed. 

DE-UIL'I-Ta-TING,  ppr.  Weakening;  enfeebling; 
impairing  strength. 

DE-BIL'I-TA-TING,  a.  Tending  or  adapted  to  weaken. 

DEBIL-I-'i'A'TIOX,  ii.  The  act  of  weakening;  re- 
laxation. 

DEBIL'I-TY,  11.     [h.  dehilitas,  from  debUis.] 

Relaxation  of  the  solids;  weakness;  ieeblencss; 
laTicuor  of  body ;  faintnesji ;  imbecility ;  n»,  mor- 
bid sweats  induce  debility.  [/£  may  be  applied  U 
the  viind,  but  tJits  is  less  ctmjmoii.J 

DEB'IT,  71.  [L.  debitunij  from  debeo,  to  owe,  Fr.  de- 
voir, Sp.  debcTy  It.  dovere.  (See  DuTr.)  The  sense  to 
probably  to  press  or  bind  ;  Gr.  ^cdi.J 

Debt.  It  is  usually  written  Deht.  But  it  is  used  in 
mercantile  language  ;  as,  the  debit  side  of  an  account 

DEB'IT,  V.  L  'lo  charge  with  debt ;  as,  lo  debit  a  pur- 
chaser the  amount  of  goods  sold. 

\Vc  dehit  con^r^sA  witli  Uiii  whole  aum.  Jefftrton. 

9.  To  enter  an  account  on  the  debtor  side  of  a 
book  ;  as,  to  deUt  the  sum  or  amount  of  gotids  wild. 
DEB'IT-ED,  pp.    Charged  in  debt;   made  ilcbtor  on 
account. 
2.  Charged  to  one's  debt,  as  money  or  gooils. 
DEB'IT-IXG,  ppr.     Making  debtor  on  account,  ob  a 
perMin. 
2.  Charging  to  the  debt  of  a  person,  as  gooils. 
DEB'IT-OR,  H.    A  debtor.  Shak. 

DE-BI-TU-MIX-I-ZA'TION,  7u    The  act  of  depriving 

of  bitumen. 
DE  BI-TO'iMIN-IZE,  r.  U    To  deprive  of  bitumen. 

LyelL 
DE-BI-TO'MIN-IZ-£D,  pp.  or  a.     Deprived  of  bitu- 
men. 
DEB-0-\AIR',fl.    [Fr.]     Civil;  gentle;  complaisant; 

elegant.  Mdtoju 

DEB-O-NAIR'LY,  adv.  In  a  meek  and  gentle  ni.inner. 
DEB-O-NaIR'NESS,  n.  Gentleness ;  meekness ;  kind- 
ness. 
DE-BOUCH',  (de-boosh',)  i*.  u     [Fr.  dcboucher ;  de  9XA 
boutJie,  mouth.] 

To  iasuc  or  march  out  of  a  confined  place,  or  flrom 
defiles,  as  troops. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— MiiTE,  PRgY.  — PI.NE,  MARINE.  BIRD.— NOTE.  DOYE.  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQOK.— 


D  ]■;  c 

DE-BRIS\  (da-brcc',)  n.  [Fr.]  Litcrallii^  ruins  or  frag- 
ments, III  ^eoloa-if^  masses  of  rock  and  other  sub- 
stances detiichedfroiu  tlii;  summit  and  sides  of  a 
niuHUtiiin,  and  pileil  up  below.  Braiidc. 

DEBT,  (del,)  n.  [L.  debitum,  contracted  ;  Fr.  detle;  Sp. 
and  It.  debito.     See  Debit.] 

1.  That  which  is  due  from  one  person  to  another, 
whether  money,  goods,  or  services ;  tliat  which  one 
person  is  bound  to  pay  or  perform  to  another ;  as,  the 
debts  of  a  bankrupt  \  the  debts  of  a  nobleman.  It  is 
Q  conunon  misfortune  or  vice  to  be  in  debt. 

Wlieu  yon   ruu  in  debt,\o\i  give  W  anoUier  power  over  your 
libuny.  Franklin. 

9.  Tliat  which  any  one  is  obliged  lo  do  or  to  suffer. 

Vour  son,  iiw  loni,  hns  paid  ;i  soldier's  debt.  Shak. 

Hence  deatli  is  called  the  debt  of  nature. 

3.  In  laic,  an  action  to  recover  a  debt.  Tliis  is  a 
cust.miary  ellipsis.  He  brought  debty  instead  of  an 
action  of  debt. 

4.  In  Scr'tptiire,  sin  ;  tresjjass ;  guilt ;  crime  ;  that 
whicli  renders  liable  to  punishment. 

I'orgive  us  our  debis.  Lord't  Prayer. 

DEBT'ED,  (det'ted,)  pp.  Indebted  j  obliged  lo.  [JSTot 
Ksed.]  Shtik. 

DEBT-EE',(det-tee',)  n.  A  creditor  ;  one  to  whom  a 
ilt'bt  is  due.  Blackstone. 

DEBT'LESS,  (det'less,)  a.    Free  from  debt.  Cliauccr. 

DEBT'OR,  (det'lorO  n.     [L.  debitor.] 

1.  The  person  who  owes  another  either  money, 
gcids,  or  services. 

lu  AUieus  au  iiisolvenl  debtor  tjecatn:  s!.ive  to  lus  creditor. 

Mit/ord. 

2.  One  who  is  under  obligation  to  do  something. 

1  am  a  debtor  lo  ihe  Greeks  :iiid  barbarians.  — Rom,  i. 
He  is  a  debtor  to  do  Uie  whole  law.  —  Gal.  v. 

3.  The  side  of  an  account  in  which  debts  are 
charged.     [See  Debit.] 

DEB-UL-Lr'TIOX,  n.    A  bubbling  or  seething  over. 

DEFECT',  (da-bu',)  n.     [Fr.] 

Beginning  ;  a  first  appearance  before  tne  public,  as 
of  an  actor  or  public  speaker,  &c. ;  the  beginning  of 
an  enterprise.  Brandc. 

DEB-U-TAJ^V ,  {^(ib-\x-X'a.r\%' ,)  ru  A  person  who  makes 
his  first  appearance  before  the  public. 

DE€'A-€HORD,         \  n.     [Gr.  Mku,  ten,  and  x^oiq, 

DE€-A-eHOIlD'0N,  \      slrmg.] 

1.  A  musical  instrument  of  ten  strings. 

2.  Something  consisting  of  ten  parts.        Watson. 

DEe'A-DAL,  a.    Pertaining  lo  ten  ;  consisting  of  tens. 

DECADE,  n.     [L.  decas^  decadis;  Fr.  decade;  Sp.  deca- 

da  :  from  Gr.  Si^Ka,  ten.     See  Ten.] 

The  sum  or  number  of  ten  ;  an  aggregate  consist- 
ing of  ten  ;  as,  a  decade  of  years  ;  the  decades  of  Livy. 
DE-e.VDENCE,    *  ^.-c-iv      rSeeDrrArl 

DE-€.VDEiV-Cy,  i"-    "'''^^^-     L^eeDECAr.J 
DECA-GON,  n.    [Gr.  (5£va,  ten,  and  >  ajfiayO.  comer.] 
In  geometry,  a  plane  figure  having  ten  sides  and 
ten  anales. 
DE€'A-GRAM,  )  n.     [Gr.  SeKa,  ten,  and  ^am,  a 

DEC'^OR-iM.ME,  \      weight.] 

A  French  weight  of  10  grams,  or  154  grains,  44 
decimals,  equal  to  6  pennyweights,  10  grains,  44  deci- 
mals, equal  to  5  drams,  G5  hundredths,  avoirdupois. 
DEe-A-OiYN'I-A,  71.    [Gr.  dt/cu,  ten,  and  >uf^,  a  fe- 
male.] 
In  botany,  a  class  of  plants  having  ten  styles. 

LiiiTUEUs. 

DE^  \(V  VN-OUS  '    "^    '"  botany,  having  ten  styles. 
DE€-A-He'DRAL',  a.    Having  ten  sides. 
DEe-A-HE'DRON,  n.     [Gr.  diva,  ten,  and  iSpa,  a 
base.] 
In  geometnj,  a  solid  figure  or  body  having  ten  sides. 

DEC'li-^z- r-r^£,  \  "•   ^^^^  ^""'  ^^"'  ^"^  ''^'■^•^ 

A  French  measure  of  capacity,  containing  10  litres, 
or  GIO.OS  cubic  inches,  equal  to  H  gallons  and  G4.44ii31 
cubic  inches. 

DE-eAL'0-Gl.ST,  71.  [See  Decalogue.]  One  who 
explains  the  decalogue.  Oregory. 

DEe'A-LOGrE,  (dek'a-log,)  n.  [Gr.  iua,  ten,  and 
A3}0f,  speech.] 

The  ten  commandments  or  precepts  gi%-en  by  God 
to  Moses  at  Mount  Sinai,  and  originally  written  on 
two  tables  of  stone. 

DE-CAM'ER-ON,  n.     [Gr.  ^£va,  ten,  and  (ttooq,  part.] 
A  volume  consisting  of  ten  books  ;  applied  partic- 
ularly to  the  celebrated  collection  of  tales  byBoccac- 
cio. 

DE-€AM'P^TER,  \n.      [Gr.  hKO,  ten,  and  (ieronv, 

DEC'AME-TER,  \      measure.] 

A  French  mea-^ure  of  length,  consisting  often  me- 
tres, and  equal  to  393  English  inches,  and  71  deci- 
mals. 

DE-e.\.MP',  V.  I,  [Fr.  decamper;  Sp.  decampar;  dc  and 
eamp.^ 

1.  I'o  remove  or  depart  from  a  camp ;  to  march  off  i 
as,  the  army  decampeA  at  six  o'clock.     Hence, 

2.  In  a  aider  sense,  to  depart ;  to  take  one's  self  off ; 
aa,  lie  decamped  hastily. 

OE-eAMP'MENT,  n.  Departure  from  a  camp;  a 
marching  off. 


Having  ten  stamens. 


DEC 

DECA-XAL,  a.  [Sec  Deaw.]  Pertaining  to  a  deau- 
Qry. 

DE-€.-\N'DHI-A,  n.   [Gr.  hK^i,  ten,  and  avrio,  a  male] 
In  botany,  a  class  of  plants  having  ten  stamens. 

Limiicu.^-. 

DE-eAN'DRI-AN, 

DE-€AN'DROUS, 

DEe-AN"GU-LAK,'  a.     [Gr.  ScKa,  ten,  and  angular.] 
Having  ten  angles.  Lee. 

DE-CANT',  V.  t.  [\..decanto;  (ie  and  canto,  losing; 
literally,  to  throw  ;  Fr.  decanter,  to  pour  off;  Sp.  dc- 
cantar  ;  H.  decantarc.     See  Caxt.] 

To  pour  off  gently,  as  liquor  from  Its  sediment ;  or 
lo  pour  from  one  vessel  into  another ;  as,  to  decant 
wine. 

DE-eANT-A'TIOX,  n.  The  act  of  pouringoffa  clear, 
supernatant  fluid  gently  from  its  lees  or  sediment,  or 
from  one  vessel  into  another. 

DE-CANT'ED,  pp.  Poured  off,  or  from  one  vessel 
into  another. 

DE-€.\NT'ER,  n.     A  vessel  used  to  decant  liquors,  or 
for  receiving  decanted  liquors.      A  glass  vessel  or 
bottle  used  for  liolding  wine  or  other  liquors,  for  fill- 
ing the  drinking-glasses. 
2.  One  who  decants  liquors. 

DE-CANT'IXG,  ppr.  Pouring  off,  as  liquor  from  its 
lees,  or  from  one  vessel  lo  anotiier. 

DE-€APH'YL-LOUS,  a.  [Gr.  StKu,  ten,  and  <pv\Xoi', 
a  leaf.] 

Having  ten  leaves.  Martyn. 

DE-CAP'I-TaTE,  v.  t.  [L.  dccapito;  de  and  caput, 
head.] 

To  behead  ;  to  cut  off  the  head. 

DE-GAP'I-T.a-TEI),  pp.     Beheaded. 

DE-CAP'I-Ta-TING,  ppr.     Beheading 

DE-GAP-I-Ta'TION,  «.    The  act  of  beheading. 

DEG'A-rOD,  n.     [Gr.  Jt^a,  ten,  and  rrjvg,  fool.] 
An  animal  with  ten  feet  or  legs.  Kirby. 

DE-eXK'BON-ATE,  a.  t.  To  deprive  a  carbonate  of 
its  acid. 

DE-eXR-BON-I-ZA'TION,  n.  The  action  or  process 
of  depriving  a  substance  of  carbon.  BcU. 

DE-CaR'BOX-IZE,  0.  t,  [de  and  oirbonize.]  To  de- 
prive of  carbon  ;  a>:,  to  decarbonize  steel.  Chemistry. 

DE-€'aU'BO.\-IZ-^:D,  pp.     Deprived  of  caibon. 

DE-eAU'BOX-IZ-L\G,  ppr.    Depriving  of  carbon. 

DE-GaR'DI.V-AL-IZE,  v.  t.  [dc  and  cardinal.']  To  re- 
move from  the  rank  of  a  cardinal.  Howell. 

DEC'A-STIGH,  (dek'a-stik,)  n.    [Gr.  Slko,  ten,  and 
aTi\os,  a  verse.] 
A  poem  consisting  of  ten  lines. 

DEG'A-STIJLE,  n.     [Gr.  Siko,  ten,  and  gtvXo^,  a  col- 
umn.] 
A  portico  with  ten  columns  in  front.  Ejicyc. 

DEe-A-SYL-L.\B'ie,  a.     Consisting  of  ten  syllables. 

DE-€aY',  v.  I.  [Fr.  dechoir,  tVoin  L.  de  and  cado,  to 
fall,  or  dccedo  :  It.  scad'^c ;  Sp.  decaer;  Pnrt.  descaJdr.] 

1.  To  pass  gradually  from  a  sound,  prosperous,  cr 
perfect  state,  lo  a  less  perfect  state,  ur  toward  destruc- 
tion ;  lo  fail ;  to  decline  ;  lo  be  gradually  impaired. 
Our  bodies  decay  in  old  age  ;  a  tree  decays  ;  buildings 
decay  ;  fortunes  decay. 

2.  To  become  weaker ;  to  fail ;  as,  our  strength  de- 
cays, or  hopi^:s  decay. 

DE-€.^Y',  V,  t.  To  cause  to  fail ;  to  impair ;  to  bring 
to  a  worse  state. 

lofirmily,  that  decays  ihe  wia-,  doLli  ever  make  Nj^ltcr  tlie  fool. 

Shal: 

[The  transitive  sense  of  the  verb  is  now  rarely 
used.] 
DE-CAY',  «.  Gradual  failure  of  health,  strength, 
sciiiKiness,  prosperity,  or  any  species  of  excellence 
or  perfection  ;  decline  lo  a  worse  or  less  perfect  state ; 
tendency  toward  dissolution  or  extinction  ;  a  state  of 
depravation  or  diminution,  t^ld  men  feel  the  decay 
of  the  body.  We  perceive  the  decay  of  the  faculties 
in  age.  We  lament  the  decay  of  virtue  and  patriotism 
in  the  state.  The  northern  nations  invaded  the  Ro- 
man empire  wlien  in  a  state  of  decay. 

2.  Declension  t'roui  prosperity  ;  decline  of  fortune. 

If  diy  lirotUer  be  waxen   poor,  aod  fallen  into  decay.  —  Lov, 

3CXV. 

3.  Cause  of  decay.     [JVot  usual.] 

He  ihal  ploLi  to  be  the  only  fijiirc  a 
of  the  whole  age. 

DE-CaY'ED,  ;j;>.  ora.  Having  fallen  from  a  good  or 
sound  stale ;  impaired  ;  weakened  ;  diminished. 

DE-CaY'ED-NESS,  n.  A  state  of  being  impaired  ;  de- 
caved  stale. 

DE-CaY'ER,  n.     That  which  causes  decay       ShaX: 

DE  eAY'ING,p/>r.  or  rt.  Failing;  declining;  passing 
from  a  good,  prosperous,  or  sound  slate,  lo  a  worse 
condition;  perishing. 

DE-CaY'ING,  n.    Decay;  decline. 

DE-Cu:ASE',  ;/.  [Ij.  deeessus,  Inmi  decedOy  to  depart ; 
dc  and  cedu,  ttt  witiidraw  ;  Fr.  dcrCs.] 

Literally,  departure;  hence,  departure  from  this 
life  ;  death  ;  applied  to  huinan  beings  only. 

Moses  anil  F.li.i.-:,  who  npneareil  in  »lory,  nnd  spoke  of  Ills  de- 
cenae,  wliicii  he  shoiilil  iiccoinplisii  M  J.-nisal'^ni.  —  Liike  ix. 

DE-CkASE',  V.  i.  To  depart  frr)m  this  life ;  to  die. 
General  Washington  dccea-^ed,  December  14,  1790,  in 
the  68th  year  of  his  age. 


DEC 

DJ-^CeAS'£D,  (de-seest',)  pp.  or  a.  Departed  from 
life.  This  is  used  as  a  passive  participle.  He  is  de- 
ceased, for  he  has  deceased  ;  lie  was  deceased,  for  ae 
liad  deceased.  Thii  use  of  the  participle  of  an  in- 
transitive verb  is  not  infrequent,  but  the  word  omit- 
ted is  really  ka.^:  He  has  decea-sed.  It  is  properly 
an  adjective,  like  dead. 

DE-ClcAS'IXG,  jfpr.     Departing  from  life  ;  dying. 

DE-Ce'DENT,  n.     [L.  dcccf'ens.] 

A_deceased  person.  Laas  of  Pnin. 

DE-CkIT',  (de-scet' )  n.  [Norm,  deeeut^  contracted 
from  L.  deccptio.     See  Deceive.] 

1.  Literally,  a  catching  or  insnaring ;  hence,  the 
misleading  of  a  person  ;  the  leading  of  another  per- 
son to  believe  what  is  false,  or  nut  to  believe  what  is 
true,  and  thus  to  insnare  him  ;  fraud  ;  fallacy  ;  cheat ; 
any  declaration,  artifice,  or  practice,  which  mi>!eads 
another,  or  causes  him  to  believe  what  is  fale:. 

My  lips  shall  not  speak  wickedness,  nor  my  tongue  i  / 
—  Job  xxvii. 

2.  Stratagem  ;  artifice  ;  device  intended  to  mislead. 

Tliey  iina^ne  deceilt  lUl  Uie  diiy  lonj.  —  P*.  xxxviit. 

3.  In  Scripture,  that  which  is  obtained  by  guile, 
fraud,  or  oppression. 

Their  hoiisos  are  full  of  dectil.  — Jcr.  v.    Zcph.  i. 

4.  In  law,  any  trick,  device,  craft,  collusion,  shift, 
covin,  or  underhand  practice,  used  lo  defraud  an- 
other. CoiccL 

DE-C£IT'FIJL,  a.  Tending  to  mislead,  deceive,  or 
insnare  ;  as,  deceitful  words  ;  deceitful  practices. 

Favor  U  deceitful.  —  Prov.  xxxi. 

2.  Full  of  deceit ;  trickisli;  fraudulent,  cheating  j 
as,  a  deceitful  man. 
DE-CkIT'FUE-LY,  adc.      In    a    deceitful   manner; 
fraudulently;  with  deceit;  in  a  manner  or  with  a 
view  to  deceive. 

The  sons  of  Jacob  answerr^l  Slm-chem  and  Hainor  his  hthcr 
deceH/iiity.  — Gen.  xxxiv. 

DE-CKIT'F}JL-NESS,  v.  Tendency  to  mislead  or 
deceive  ;  as,  the  deceitfulness  of  sin. 

2.  The  quality  of  being  fraudulent ;  as,  the  deceit- 
fulness  of  a  man's  practices. 

3.  The  disposition  lo  deceive  ;  as,  a  man's  deceit- 
fulness  mav  be  habitual. 

DE-CKIT'LE?S,  a.     Free  from  deceit.  Hall. 

DE-CKIV'A-BLE,  a.  [See  Deceive.]  Subject  to  de- 
ceit or  imposition  ;  capable  of  being  misled  or  en- 
trapped ;  exposed  to  imposture  ;  as,  young  persons 
are  very  deccivable. 

2.  Subject  or  apt  to  produce  error  or  deception  ;  de- 
ceitful. 

F.dr  proniLaes  oltcu  prove  deceioaJble.         Milton.    Hayizard. 
[  The  latter  use  ofUic  word  is  incorrect,  and,  T  believe, 
vol  now  prevalent.] 
DE-CeIV'A-BLE-NESS,7i.   Liablcncss  lo  be  deceived. 
9.  Liableness  to  deceive. 

With  all  deceivablcness  of  uiirigliIcoii=nfs3.  —2  Thess.  i>. 

DE-CeIV'A-BLY,  adv.     In  a  deceivable  manner. 
DE-CeI  VE',  (de-seve',)  c.  t.    [I-..  dccipio,  to  take  aside, 

to  insnare;  de  and  capio ;  Fr.decevoir;  Arm.  decevt. 

See  Capahle.] 

1.  To  mislead  the  mind  ;  to  cause  to  err;  to  cause 
to  believe  what  is  false,  or  disbelieve  what  is  true ; 
to  impose  on  ;  to  delude. 

Take  he-^d  liiat  no  man  d^ceiM  you.  —  Mnlt.  xxiv. 

It  wc  s;iy  wc  have  no  sin,  wc  dcctlve  ourselves.  —  1  Jobn  i. 

2.  To  beguile ;  to  cheat. 

Your  f.illi;:r  hath  deceii^eil  me,  and  thsng*;*!  my  vtngea  ten 
tiin<-5.  —  Gl'ii.  xxxi. 

3.  To  cut  off  from  expectation  ;  to  fmstmte  or  dis- 
appoint ;  as,  his  hopes  were  deceived,  Dryden, 

4.  To  take  from ;  to  rob. 

Phnl  fniit-lrees  in  Urge  bonlcrs,  and  set  therein  fine  flowers, 
bill  thin  and  sp.^ringly,  lest  tb-y  deceive  tlic  trees.  [The 
literal  sense,  hut  iwl  /to:o  used.]  Bacon. 

DE-CeIV'£D,  (de-seevd',)  pp.  or  a.    Misled;  led  into 

error;  beguiled;  cheated;  deluded. 
DE-CeIV'ER,  71.     One  who  deceives  ;  one  who  leads 

into  error  ;  a  cheat;  an  impostor. 

1  shall  seem  to  my  fdtlicr  m  a  deceietr.  —  Gen.  xxvii. 

DE-CeIV'ING,  ;Tpr.    Misleading;  insnaring;  beguil- 
ing; cheating. 
DE-CEM'BER,  It.    [L.  December,  from  decern,  ten  ;  this 
being  the  tenth  month  among  the  early  Romans,  who 
began  the  year  in  March.] 

The  last  monlh  in  the  year,  in  which  the  sun  en- 
ters the  tropic  of  Capricorn,  and  makes  the  winter 
solstice. 
DE-CEM-DEN"TaTE,  (7.     [li.  decent^  Un,  and  dm!:- 
tus,  toothed.] 

Having  ten  points  or  teeth. 
DE-CE.M'FID,  a.     [L.  decern,  ten,  and^i''".  to  divide.] 
Ten-cleft;  divided  into  len-parts ;  having  ten  di- 
visions. Martm. 
DE-CEM-LOe'U-I-AR,  a,     [h.  decern,  ten,  and  loculus, 
a  little  bag  or  cell.] 

Having  ten  cells  for  seeds.  Martyn. 

DE-CEM'PE-DAL,  a.     [L.  dceem.  ten,  and  pes,  a  foot] 
Ten  feet  in  length. 


TONE,  BpLL,  IGNITE    -AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K  ;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  ClI  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


DEC 


UP,:UbM' VIR, ...  .•  /-rntc.Mv.R.  or  Dec.uv.m.]    [I 

Ujl'S'M'VI-UiTE,  ».     [L.  i«m.r.«lB..     See  Di:- 

"T'lhi  office  or  term  of  office  of  tlie  clccemvirs,  or 
J  m.gistrtS,  in  Uomc,  who  Imd  absolute  autlior.iy 
fcr  two  veiirs. 
o    A  bully  of  ten  men  In  nulliority.  .   .„. 

rfVh»  to  «  fit  or^bccoming  ;  Sp.  .Iccccf,  It.  d«™:». 
The  L.  .Iccco  coinciJes  in  elomen.s  with    ho  G.  «  - 

im  to  be  good,  '"  «'  f"' '  "■  ''"■"""'■  *"  ''"  ^' ?^  .^, 
fr.;.nu3;  lax. '.(...»-.'.,  to  avail,  ■<■  ,»=  f  ™=;.„\'^,i"'. 
worth:   dii'ntih,    virtue,  valor;    ''"'"':'',  """sly,' 

^nrccL-d.  The  Teutonic  and  Welsh  >*■'>"'''  ''^\'.'.';, 
or  radical  sense,  to  advance  or  proceed,  oslrelh 
1-  rvvird  In  VVelHh,  also,  teg  sismhea  c  ear,  la  r, 
ImooU.  beautiful  i  l4«,  to  make  smooth,  fair,  boauti- 
ml""J^ch  would'seeTn'to  be  allied  to  .te.o.  whence 

"T^V^'lljhl^^s'^  '::nl.^e  'ArUcominpr,  in 

;iS.'[n'=,^'SiSu^lf^:^gS 
K?;^^x:^o}^s,?trsu«£ 

But  n  used,  also,  in  reference  to  speech;  as,  he 
discoursed  Willi  deceiicij. 

From  nil  liur  wonU  and  utuon..  fliiiu-t.. 

n   Suitableness  to  character  ;  propriety. 
5:  Pi-opriety  in  speech  ;  modesty ;  opposed  to  rib- 
aldry, or  obscenity. 

Want  ofifewneyb  want  or  Knss.  ''"I"' 

It  mav  be  also  used  for  propriety  of  speech,  op- 
nosed  to  rudeness,  or  disrespectful  lanRUago  ;  and  for 
j;°'pri'u-  in  dress,' opposed  to  raggcdness,  exposure  of 

jil^CB^'sl-mX"'u^:-l'c<^r,is,  d««amu,a,  from 
decern,  ten,  and  annus,  a  year.] 
k  A  luhl^gl-n^lsiing'V  ten  ^cehold^and_.heir 

np'rEN^NI-AL,  a.    [I-  dremmdia,  as  above.] 

Co  .linuini!  Ibr  teA  yeais ;  consistinB  of  ten  yen.^ ; 
or  liaiip'Oi"?  every  ten  years ;  as,  a  <fer™n,<.i  penod  , 

DE-CEN"N?i"?Ai.,       («.    [L.,!«cm,ten,and.>».><™, 
DB-CEN'NO-V.VKY,  \     nmc.)  ..... 

Peruiini.>(!  to  the  number  nineteen  jdcsignatins  a 
period  or  circle  of  nineteen  years.    [LUOc  i^al^l^^^ 

DP'CENT.n.    [L.dcccns;Fr.  decent.    See  Decescv.] 
1    Bee."  ins;   lit;  suitable,  in  words,  behavior 
dreis    and  ceremonv  ;  as,  d.:ce,.t  language;   ,i«c,.l 
conduct  or  actions  ;  dcemt  ornaments  or  dress. 
2.  Comely ;  not  gaudy  or  ostentatious. 

A  ■al.lc  mill'  of  l^vp"" '"","'  ,,,„„„ 

0  ■«.  eio  ik-u'iu  .lioiUdcn  drawn.  MUMn. 

4'  In"Drai.to-  /on'™a?c,  moderate,  but  competent; 
not  large  ;  as,  a  <;«<■«(  fortune.    So  a  decent  person 
i,  one  not  highly  accomplished  nor  ollensively  rude. 
DE'CENT-LY'n-/».     In  a  decent  or  becoming  man- 
ner ;  with  propriety  of  behavior  or  speech. 
2.  Without  immodesty. 

p,,ii  hope  ori:*;y.  'i«-a.  hi.  Inlcrt  an,  „.„,„ 

Uki-  lidliiig  Uosar,  dtctnlly  10  die.  iiiy/m. 

DP.'CENT-NF.SS,  n.    Decency. 

DE  CKI*-TI-BIL'I- TY,  v.    The  quality  or  state  of  be- 
ing capable  or  liable  to  be  deceived.  OlanvMe. 

DE  CEP'TI-nLE,  «.    Thai  may  be  deceived.    Bromn. 

DE.(;E1*'T10N,  (de-sep'shun,)  n.      [L.  deccptio,  from 
dccip'ii.     See  Ueobive.] 
1.  The  act  of  deceiving  or  misleading. 

All  dit'plioi'  a  a  mlKippBcation  of  die  c.wblubed  sijna  "std  to 

o  The  state  of  being  deceived  or  misled.  Incau- 
tious and  me.xperienced  youth  is  i/cculiarly  exposed 
to  deception. 

X  .Utifice  practiced ;  cheat ;  as,  a  scheme  19  all  a 

DE'ct"l'"TIOUS,  (dcscp'shus,)  a.      Tending  to  de- 

cive ;  deceitful.  ,      .        ,      •    '''''"'" 

DE-CEP'TIVE,  a.    Tending  to  deceive  ;  havingpower 

to  mislead,  or  impress  false  opinions ;  as,  a  dtcrptwe 

nmiitenaiice  or  appearance. 
Dl"  CEP'TI  VE  I.V,  nife.    In  a  manner  to  deceive. 
DE-CEI"T1VE  NESS,  ...    The  power  of  deceiving  ; 

the  tendency  or  aptness  to  deceive.  . 

DECEP' TO-RY,  a.  .Tending  to  deceive;  containing 

(pialities  or  means  adapted  to  mislead. 
DE-CER.N',  e.  I.    (L-  drccrno.] 

To  judge.    [A'ol  in  use.] 
UV.  I'I',II.N"/:D,  pp.     Judged  ;  estimated. 
lllM'l'.l!N"lNO,;'pr.    .IviJging;  estimating. 
DK-CEltPT',  a.     [l..  dctcrptm.] 
Cropped.     [JVo!  used.] 


DE-CEBP'TIBLE,  a.    That  moy  be  plucked  or  taken  1 

DkJcERP'TION,  ...    [L.  decerpn,  to  iiluck  off;  dc  and 

""i^milling  ••    plucking  off;  II  cropping.     OUm,ille. 
DE-CERTA'TION,  n.    [L.  dccertMi, ;  de  Olid  frie,  to 

"su"'^;  contest  for  mastery.    [LUtleused.]    l!r«m,. 
DE  CES'SIO.N-,  (de-sesh'uii,)  n.      TL.  decessm  ;  de  and 
cf.;.,,  to  puss.) 
Departure.     [fAUtettsed.] 
Dl>l'II\KM',r.(.    [Fr.  d«A<ir.»rr.    See CiAnM.! 

Toreii.ove  a.peA  or  e.icliant.nent ;  to  disencfiant. 
DE-CnxKM'KIl.W.    Disenchanted.  [irarocj. 

Ill- ClIxRM'IMl.P/'.'.     Removing  a  spell. 

'"■■■10  mm  from  Chris'.ianity ;  u.  banish  t'lmslinnlio 
D{;:^n;^li'Tl^;!;l-li^(-Krisfyan.1..f0i;.  Turned 
DlS;yiRl^^m^IZ-ING,  „r.    Turning  ftom  Chris- 

niV  CIU' •\-nLE,  a.     That  may  be  decided.     Ji>re.,. 
DECIDE',".!.     [Udecido,  de  and  M^rfo,  to  flriko,  to 

°"  iLoHn,  to  cut  off,  and  thus  to  end.    Hence, 

1    To  end  ;  to  determine,  as  a  controversy,  by  ver- 
dict of  a  iur  •,  or  by  a  Judgment  of  court.    W  e  say, 
the  court  or  ihe  jury  d'er.idedxtic  cause  m  favor  of  the  | 
Dlaintiff,  or  of  tlie  defendant. 
P  o   T "'end  or  determine,  as  a  dispute  or  quarrel. 

3'.  To  end  or  detcriiiineacomb.it  or  ba  tie  ;  as,  a 
body  of  reserve,  brm.ghl  to  the  charge,  deculeJ  the 

'T^To  determine  ;  to  fix  the  event  of.    The  fate  of 
the  bill  is  decided. 
5.  Ill  .rmcra;,tocnd;  to  terminate. 

nE  (-IDE"  V.  i     To  determine  ;   to  fonn  a  definitS 

°^,di  ion  ;'  to  eome  to  a  conclusion.  We  can  not  rf.^ 
ci*  how  far  resistance  is  lawful  or  practicable.  1  he 
court  rfcri-te;  ill  favor  of  .'l'",'''^''™.'''""-  „„,,„rt„,, 

DE-CID'ED,  pp.      Determined  ;  ended  ;  concluded. 

DEelD'BD  ".  That  implies  decision;  clear;  un- 
equivocal ;  that  puts  an  end  to  doubt. 

1  r„,Ll  mi.cl,  ca.iK  10  reproach  mywlf  tot  I  liavp  lived  so  Ions, 

'  "'iThSo'^i"..  no5.»w  a.,  5i-;»  r— ,°'s"KSi°» 

9.  Resolute;  determined.     ,    .,    .         ,  ,  „„■„„,, 

DPCID'ED-iy,  ada.      In  a  decided  or  determined 

manner;  clearly;  indisputably;  in  a  manner  to  pre- 

DE-CI'DENCE,  ,..'   |^L.y«*..s.i  t'=""X,^""'"- 

A  fallin-  off.    Will  i«  wsc.]  i-ruicn. 

DE-CID'Elf, ...     IJne  who  determines  a  cause  or  con- 

nrtcTD'ING, npr.  Determining;  ending;  conc.iiding. 

DE-CIDn;-OUS,  a.  [h.  decidmi.^;  dccido  ;  dc  and  cado, 
'"Fal'lmg;  having  but  a  tempnrarj- existence,  as  in 
animals,  certain  kinds  of  hair,  horns,  and  teeth,  aic 
dccidac,.-! ;  not  perennial  or  permanent.  In  botany,  a 
S  on/leaf  is  one  which  falls  in  autuinn  ;  a  dccd- 
,,"L  calyx  is  lint  which  falls  along  with  Iho  corol 
and  stamens  ;  distinguished  from  pcrmanenL  Marian. 

DK  CIlvq-OUS-iNESS,  .1.    The  quality  of  tailing  once 

DEtJ'^fiuAM,  In.    A  French  weight  of  one  tenth 

/3i;C'/-r;/iijlbfE,  i      of  a  s-ram>nc. 

DF'Cll.  ...  All  aspect  or  position  of  two  planets 
Winn  thev  are  distant  from  each  other  a  tenth  part 
of  the  zodmc.     [Obsolete]  F.ncijc. 

DE-CIL'I-TER,   (  n.     A  French  measure  of  capacity 

DEC  l-l.TTKE,  \     equal  to  one  tenth  of  a  litre. 

DE-CILI.'ION,  (de-siryun,) ...  According  to  the  t.vg- 
iisl,  nolatiim,  a  million  involved  to  the  l.nth  power, 
or  a  unit  with  sixty  ciphers  ""!>""' i  ,='';"""''"l/° 
the  French  notation,  a  thousand  involved  to  the  cl  v- 
enth  power,  or  a  unit  with  thirty-three  ciphers  an- 

DE  lILI.'IONTil,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  decilllon. 
DEC'I-MAL,  a.     [1..  dee.imn.i,  tenth,  from  decern,  ten  ; 
Gr.  i!t«ii ;  Golh.  tin,  ten,  Sax.  a  tie.] 

1.  Numbered  by  ten  ;  as,  Jec.inui  progression,  ic/.e. 
a.  Increasing  or  diminishing  by  lens;  as,  dccimnl 
numbers ;  decimal  fractions. 
3.  Tenth  ;  as,  a  decimal  part. 
Decimal  arithmetic,  m  that  in  which  we  count  tens. 
DEC'I-MAL,  n.    A  tenth ;    a  fraction    having  some 

nowcr  of  ten  for  its  denominator. 
DKC'I-MAL-I.Y.arfi..   By  tens;  by  means  of  decimals. 
DEC'I-MaTE,  v.  t.     [L.  decima,  from  iJcccni,  ten.J 
1.  To  lithe  ;  to  Uike  the  tenth  part. 
o   To  select  by  lot  and  punish  with  doalli  every 
tenth   man  ;  a  practice  in  armies  for  punishing  mu- 
linoMs  or  unfailliful  troops. 
3.  'I'o  take  every  tenth.  Milford. 

DEC'I-Ma-TED,  i;n.    Tithed  ;  taken  by  lots. 
DEC-I-Ma-TING,    ppr.      Tithing;    selecting   every 

De'c-i'ma'TION,  .1  A  tithing ;  a  selection  of  every 
tenth  by  lot.  ,  .  .     ,u 

a.  Tile  selecting  by  lot  for  punishment  every  tenth 
man  in  a  company  or  regiment,  &c. 

DEC'l-.M.I Toil,  ...  One  who  selects  every  tenth 
man  for  piinisliment.  ..oii.'.l. 


DE-t'lM'F^TER,  I  n.     .■\  French  measure  of  Irnclh 
Dl'C i-J^lF-TRF.,  \     equal  to  the  truth  part  of  a  mo- 
tor, or  3  inches  and  93710  dechnids. 
DEC'IM-i)-SEX'TO,  n.      [L.]     A  book  is  in  drnmo- 
.•r^lo,  when  a  sheet  is  folded  into  sixteen  haves. 

Taijlor. 
DE-CI'PHER,  (-si'fcr,)  v.  U    [Fr.  deehiffreri  de  und 
thigre,  a  cipher  i   It.  drciferare ;   Sp.  dueifrar ;   Port. 
deeifmr.     See  ClPHta.] 

1  To  find  the  alphabet  of  a  ci|ihor ;  to  explain 
what  is  written  in  ciphers,  by  (luding  wimt  (oiler 
each  character  or  mark  represents  ;  as,  to  d(etpher  a 

letter  written  in  ciphers.  

2.  To  unfold  ;  to  unravel  what  u  intricate ;  to  ex- 
plain wleil  is  obscure  or  dillicull  to  be  understood  ; 
as,  to  dcciplfr  an  ambiguous  speech,  or  an  ancient 
manuscript  or  inscription.  . 

3   To  write  out ;  to  mark  down  'Ji  charactcni. 

Ladu. 
ITMs  IKC  is  now  itiici)mmon,o)i</  perhaps  improper.] 
M.  To  stamp;   to  mark;   to  characterffic.    [IMii. 
I  ■»  oAiiA. 

DE-ci'PIIER-A-DLE,  a.    That  may  be  dcciphcrod,  or 

DE^t^l'pflER-'^D,;,?.  Explained  ;  unraveled  ;  marked. 

DE-CI'PIIBU-ER,  II.  One  who  explains  whrt  li 
written  in  ciphers.  ,  .    .,      ., 

DE-CI'PIIER,1NG,  ppr.  Explaining  ;  detecting  tin- 
letters  represented  by  ciphers  ;  uulolding;  miilkliis. 
i>.  V.  The  act  of  explaining  or  unfolding. 

DE-CIS'ION,  (de-sizh'un,)  n.     ( L.  liecurio.     See  lit- 

"^'l.^Deterinination,  as  of  a  question  or  doubt;  lliul  ,, 
iudgment  or  o|.inion,  in  a  case  winch  h.xs  beenundor   j 
deliberation  or  discussion  ;  as,  the  ifcci.iim  of  tbeBu-  || 
prcme  Court.    He  has  considered  the  circumslancei 
of  the  ease  and  come  to  a  decision. 

2.  Delerinination  of  a  contest  or  event;  end  cf  1 
slrug'de  ;  as,  Ihe  decision  of  a  battle  by  arms. 

3.  In  Scotland,  a  narrative  or  report  ol  tli    ; 
ings  of  the  Couit  of  Sessions. 

4    Report  of  the  opinions  and  dctermiii.' 
any  tribunal.     We  say,  read  the  decisions  01  i„ 
Court  of  King's  Bench. 

5.  Art  of  separati-n  ;  division.    [Mt  used.] 

6.  Unwavering  firmness.  1 
DECrSIVE,  a.    Having  the  power  or  quality  of  (to-  |; 

terniining  a  question,  doubt,  or  any  subject  of  ddiln 
er.ation;  final;  conclusive;   putting  an  end  to  cc-i; 
troversy ;  as,  the  opinion  of  the  court  is  deeisir, 
the  question.  ,  ... 

o    Ilavin"  the  power  of  determining  a  contest  1 1 
event  ■  as,  the  vietoiy  of  the  allies  was  ,;«i.<iit. 
DE-CI'SIVE-LY,  adi:    In  a  eoiffhisive  niainv  1    in  ■ 
manner  to  end  deliberation,  controversy.    '     '  ' 

DE-CrsfvE-NESS,  V.    The  powerof  an  art  .>.i."! 
of  evidence  to  terminate  a  diilerence  or  doubt ;  ■  ■ ' 

2.  The  power  of  an  cx'ent  to  put  an  end  to  a  ci 
test 

DE  CI'SO-RY,  a.    Able  to  decide  or  determine. 

ShrrmciL 

DECK,  V.  U  [D.  rfcM-ni ;  G.  deckcn  ;  Sw.  tdrlUa  ;  Itan. 
ttcUicr;  Sax.  gedecan,  and  l/jrcaii,  and  t*rcMni  L. 
tco  to  cover,  whcnre  tectum,  a  roof,  I'r.  (inf.  IBe 
Gr.  has  rc)  ««,  a  roof,  but  tlic  verb  has  .i  prolix,  jr:iw, 
to  cover.  Hence,  L.  (fo-ndi,  a  tile.  The  \r.teack.!l 
house,  contracted  in  Welsh  to  fj,  may  be  ol  Ib,-^  same 
familv.  In  Gcr.  dach  is  a  roof,  and  lliMch  may  be  olsii 
of  tS  family.  Class  Dg,  No.  2,3,  10.  The  primar); 
sense  is,  to  put  on,  to  throw  over,  or  to  press  nn.i 
make  close.]  ' 

1.  Primardij,  to  cover ;  to  overspread ;  to  pui 

a?  To  clothe ;  to  dress  the  person ;  but  usually,  to 
clothe  with  more  than  ordinary  elegance  ;  to  array  1 
to  adorn  ;  to  embellish. 

The  dew  widi  .pangles  dtcicd  Uie  pound.  Drydtn. 

3.  To  furnish  with  a  deck,  as  a  vessel.  ' 

DECK,«.  The  covering  ''f -^ ''P',  """'^^nT  vS 
a  floor,  made  of  limbers  and  planks.  Si"»»  Jf'™ 
have  only  one  deck  ;  larger  ships  have  two  or  three 
ilecks.  A  Aiuih  deck  in  a  continued  floor  from  stem  to 
stern,  on  one  line.  . 

2.  A  pack  of  cards  piled  regularly  on  each  olMr. 

DECK'.£D,  (dekt,)  pf.    Covered  ;  adorned ;  furaisliod 
DE(:K'ER,7..    One  who  decks  or  adorns;  acovcitr; 

as,  a  tablc'dechcr.  ,_«..,  ihrfA. 

2.  Of  a  ship,  we  s.ay,  she  is  a  tan-decker  or  a  i»r«>- 

decker,  that  is,  she  has  two  decks  or  ""<=f±?*'- 
DECK'ING,  m/.-.    Covering;  arraying;  •■"  o"""8-.,i 
DECK'IXG   "    Ornament ;  embe  lisliment.    Ilomlie^ 
DE-eL.^IM^  V.  i.     [L.  declamo  1  dc  and  clamo,  to  cry 

out.    Sec  Claim  and  Clamoii.]  ,„  „,,»„i,  ,i,e- 

1.  To  speak  a  set  oration  in  public  ;  '"  'I™' "^ 

torically;  to  make  a  fonnal  speech  or  oration  ,  .as, 

the  students  rtafaim  twice  a  week.  ,    ,„, 

S.  To  harangue ;  to  speak  loiidly  or  "fn^^''^' .'" 

public  body  or  assembly,  with  a  view    o  convince 

their  minds  or  move  their  passions^ 


!l 


FATE,  FXlt     l-AM..  U-MAT-MRTE,  PllKY.-IpTNr,  MAIilXE,  BIRD. -NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE.  W(?1.F,  BOOK.- 


■m 


DEC 

DE-CLAIM',  V.  t.     To  speak  in  public. 

2.  'J'n  speak  in  favor  of ;  to  advocate.  [J^ot  in  use,] 

DE-CLaIM'ANT,  \  n.    One  who  licclaims  ;  a  speaker 

UE-CLAIM'ER,     (      in  public  ;  one  who  atlcuipts  to 

convince  by  an  liarangue. 

2.  On;;  wlio  speaks  clamorously. 

DE-CLaIM'ING,   ppr.      Speaking    rhetorically;    ha- 

vant;uiii^'. 
DE-GLAIM'IXG,  n.    The  act  of  speaking  in  public. 
a.  An  harans'ie.  ^P-  Taylor. 

DEC-LA-.IIA'TION.n.     [L.  dedamaiio.'] 

1.  A  speech  mane  in  public,  in  the  tone  and  man- 
ner of  an  oration  ;  a  cliscotirsc  addressed  to  the  pas- 
sions ;  a  set  speech  ;  an  harangue.  The  word  is  ap- 
plied especially  to  the  public  speakini;  and  sptieches 
of  students  in  colleges,  practiced  for  exercises  in 
oratory.  It  is  applied  also  to  public  speaking  in  the 
legislature  and  in  the  pulpit.  Very  ofteu  it  is  used 
for  a  noisy  harangue,  without  solid  sense  or  argu- 
ment ;  as,  mo-e  declamation  ;  e.'/j/fiy  declamation. 

9.  A  piece  spoken  in  public,  or  intended  for  the 
public. 
DEG'LA-Ma-TOR,  71.    A  declauner.    [JVot  used,] 

Tavlor 
DE-eiiAJrA-TO-RY,  a.     [L.  dedamatorv.is.] 

1.  Relating  to  the  practice  of  declaiming ;  per- 
taining to  d-iclamation  ;  treated  in  the  manner  of  a 
rhetorician  ;  a?,  a  dedamatonj  theme.  Wotton. 

2.  Appealing  to  tlie  passions;  noisy;  rhetorical 
without  solid  sense  or  argument ;  a=-,  a  dedamatojij 
way  or  style. 

DE-eLAR'A-BLE,  a.    [See  Declabe.]    That  may  be 

declared  or  proved. 
DE-€LaR'ANT,  71.    One  who  declare?. 
DE€-LA-Ra'TION,  7(.     [L.  dedaratio.] 

1.  An  affirmation  ;  an  open  expression  of  facts  or 
opinions  ;  verbal  utterance ;  as,  he  declared  his  sea- 
timents,  and  I  rely  on  his  dedaratxon. 

2.  Expression  of  facts,  opinions,  promises,  pre- 
dictions, &c.,in  \vriting3  ;  records  or  reports  of  what 
has  been  declared  or  uttered.  The  Scriptures 
abound  in  dcdarattou-i  of  mercy  to  penitent  sinners. 

3.  Publication  ;  manifestation  ;  as,  the  dcdaration 
of  the  greatness  of  Mordecai.    Estk.  x. 

4.  A  public  annunciation  ;  proclamation  ;  as,  the 
dedaratioii  of  independence,  July  4,  177(). 

5.  In  law^  that  part  of  iho  process  or  pleadings  in 
which  the  plainlift'  sets  forth  at  large  his  cause  of 
complaint  ;  the  n-xreation  or  count. 

DE-€LAll'A-TIVE,  a.    Making  declaration  ;  explan- 
atory ;  making  show  or  manifestation  ;  as,  the  iiamo 
of  a  thinz  may  be  dcdarative  of  its  form  or  nature. 
2.  Making  proclamation,  or  publication.    [Grew. 

DE-eLAR'A-TO-R£-LY,  adv.  By  declaration  or  exhi- 
bition. 

DE-GLAR'A-TO-RY,  a.  Making  declaration,  clear 
manifestation,  or  exhibition;  expressive ;  as,"  this 
clause  is  dedaratanj  of  the  will  of  the  legislature. 
The  dedaralorij  part  of  a  law,  is  that  which  set^i 
forth  and  defines  what  is  right  and  what  is  wrong. 
A  dcdaratory  act,  is  an  act  or  statute  which  sets 
forth  more  clearly  and  ex-plains  the  intention  of  the 
legislature  in  a  former  ;;ct. 

DECLARE',  V,  U  [L.  drdaro;  de  and  daro,  to  make 
dear;  It.  glnair^  or  glcair  i  \V.  cgliir,  cL-ar,  bright  ; 
arluraw^  to  make  clear  or  plain,  to  manifest,  to  ex- 
plain ;  Fr.  dedarer ;  Sp.  dcdarar  ;  It.  dichiirarc.  (See 
Clear  and  Glort.)  The  sense  is  to  open,  to  sepa- 
late,  or  to  spread.] 

1.  To  clear;  to  free  from  obscurity ;  to  make  plain. 

Boyle. 
[In  this  literal  s€7iss,  the  ward  is  no  longer  in  use.] 

2.  To  make  known  ;  to  tell  explicitly  ;  to  manifest 
or  communicate  plainly  to  others  by  words. 

I  will  declare  what  he  linUi  done  for  my  soul.  —  Ps.  Ixvj. 

3.  To  make  known  ;  to  show  to  the  eye  or  to  the 
understanding;  to  exliibil;  to  manifest  by  other 
means  than  words. 

Th'j  hcivens  declare  the  glory  of  God.  —  Ps.  x'lx. 

4.  To  publish  ;  to  proclaim. 

Diclnre  his  glory  among  ihe  hecitheii.  —  1  Chron.  xvi. 
Declaring  tlie  eoavcrsioii  of  ihe  Geniilca.  —  Acta  xv. 

5.  To  assert ;  to  atfirm  ;  as,  he  dedares  the  story 
to  be  false. 

To  declare  onds  self:  to  throw  off  reserve  and 
avow  one's  opinion ;  to  show  openly  what  one 
thinks,  or  which  side  he  espouses. 
DE-CLARE',  V.  i.  To  make  a  declaration;  to  pro- 
claim or  avow  some  opinion  or  resolution  in  favor  or 
in  opposition  ;  to  make  known  explicitly  some  de- 
termination ;  with  for  or  against ;  as,  the  prince  de- 
clared for  iho  allies ;  the  allied  powers  declared 
against  Frajice. 

Lilte  fiwni;!*  courtifra,  for  success  ih'^y  wail ; 

And  llien  coriK  smiling,  and  declare  for  (ate.        Dryden. 

2.  In  ^auj,to  recite  the  causes  of  complaint  against 
the  defendant;  as,  the  plaintiff  rfcc/are^  in  debt  or 
trespass. 

3.  To  show  or  manifest  the  issue  or  event ;  to  de- 
cide in  favor  of;  as,  victory  had  not  declared  for 
either  party. 

DE-eLAR'i;D,;)p.  or  a.  Made  known  ;  to!d  explicitly  ; 


DEC 

avowed;  exhibited;  raanifcijted;  published;  pro- 
claimed ;  recited. 

DE-eLAR'ElJ  LV,  ado.    Avowedly  ;  explicitly. 

DE-CLaK'KD-NESS,  /(.    State  of  being  declared. 

UE-CLAUE'MENT,  n.    Declaration. 

DE-CLAR'ER,  v.  One  who  makes  known  or  pub- 
iislii-s  ;  that  which  exhibits. 

DE-CLAR'ING,  ppr.  Making  known  by  word.s  or  by 
other  means ;  manifesting;  publisliing ;  affirming; 
reciting  the  cause  of  complaint. 

DE-eLAR'ING,  it.     Orclaralion  ;  proclamation. 

DE-CLEN'SiON,  71.  [L.  dcdinatio,  from  decUuo.  See 
Decline.] 

1.  Literally^  a  leaning  back  or  down ;  hence,  a 
falling  or  declining  toward  a  worse  state  ;  a  tendency 
toward  a  less  degree  of  excellence  or  perfection. 
The  dcdcnsion  of  a  slate  is  manifested  by  corruption 
of  morals.  We  speak  of  the  dcdension  of  virtue,  of 
nianiur.-,  of  taste,  of  the  sciences,  of  the  fine  arts, 
and  sometimes  of  life  or  years  ;  but  in  the  latter  ap- 
pUcati<;n,  dedine  is  more  generally  used. 

2.  Declination;  a  declining;  descent;  ^lope  ;  as, 
the  declension  of  the  shore  to\\'ard  the  sea.  Bnrnct. 

3.  In  grammar^  intlection  of  noun.s,  adjectives, 
and  pronouns  ;  tlie  declining,  deviation,  or  leaning 
of  the  termination  of  a  word  from  the  termination  of 
the  nominative  case  ;  change  of  termination  lo  form 
the  oblique  cases.  Thus  from  tcz  in  the  nominative 
case,  are  formed  regis  in  the  genitive,  regi  in  the 
dative,  regctn  in  the  accusative,  and  rege  in  the 
ablative. 

DE-GLIN'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  declined  ;  chang- 
ing its  termination  in  the  oblique  cases  ;  as,  a  dedina- 

DEC'LI-NATE,  a.     [L.  dedinatus.]  [ble  noun. 

In  botamj,  bending  or  bent  downward,  in  a  curve  ; 
declining.  Martijn. 

DEC-LI-Na'TION,  71.  A  leaning;  the  act  of  bending 
dov/n  ;  !'.^,  a  declination  of  the  head. 

9.  A  dccliiiijig  or  falling  into  a  worse  state  ;  change 
from  a  belter  lo  a  worse  condition  ;  decay  ;  deteriora- 
tion ;  gradual  failure  or  duninution  of  strength, 
soundness,  vigor,  or  excellence. 

3.  A  deviation  from  a  right  line,  in  a  literal  sense  ; 
oblique  motion  ;  as,  the  declination  of  a  descending 
body.  Bcniley. 

4.  Deviation  from  rectitude  in  beliavior  or  morals ; 
obliquity  of  conduct ;  as,  a  dedination  from  the  path 
of  integrity. 

5.  In  astronomy,  the  distance  of  any  object  t'rom 
tlie  celestial  equator,  either  northward  or  soulliward. 

£>.  Olmslci/. 

6.  Dcdination  of  the  eompast,  or  needle,  is  tlie  varia- 
tion of  the  needle  from  the  true  meridian  of  a  place. 

Barlow. 

7.  In  dialbifT,  the  declination  of  a  wall  or  plane, 
is  an  arch  of  the  horizon,  contained  between  the 
plane  and  the  prime  vertical  circle,  if  reckoned  from 
the  east  or  west,  or  betwe::n  the  meridian  and  the 
plane,  if  you  reckon  from  tlie  northor  south.  Barlow. 

8.  In  grammar,  declension  ;  or  the  inllection  of  a 
noun  through  its  various  terminations.       Johnson. 

DEC-LI-NA'TOR,  n.  An  instrument  for  taking  tlie 
declination,  or  inclination  of  a  reclining  plane  ;  an 
instnimcnt  in  dialing.  Barlo^c. 

DE-CLIN'A-TO-RY,  «.  Declinatory  plea;  in  law,  a 
plea  before  trial  or  conviction,  intended  to  show  that 
the  party  was  not  liable  to  the  penalty  of  the  law, 
or  was  specially  exempted  from  the  jurisdiction  of 
the  court.  The  plea  of  bsnetit  of  clergy  is  a  dedina- 
torii  plea.  Blackstone. 

DE-eLT\'A-TITRE,n.  A  declining.  [Rare.]  G.  Combe, 

DE-€LL\E',  7?.  r.  [L.  dedino;  de  and  clino,  to  lean. 
See  Lean.] 

1.  To  lean  downward  ;  as,  tho  head  declines  to- 
ward the  carlli. 

2.  To  lean  from  a  right  line ;  to  deviate ;  in  a 
literal  sense. 

3.  To  lean  or  deviate  from  rectitude,  m  a  moral 
sense;  to  leave  the  path  of  truth  or  justice,  or  the 
course  prescribed. 

Yet  do  1  not  decUite  from  ihy  lesUinonics.  —  Pa.  cxix,  IS7. 

4.  To  fall ;  to  tend  or  draw  toward  the  close  ;  as, 
the  day  declines. 

5.  To  avoid  or  shun ;  to  refuse ;  not  to  comply  ; 
not  to  do ;  as,  he  declined  to  lake  any  part  in  the 
concern. 

G.  To  fall ;  to  fail ;  to  sink ;  to  decay  ;  to  be  im- 
paired ;  to  tt-nd  to  a  less  perfect  stats ;  as,the  vigor 
of  youth  (/cc/iHw  in  age;  health  dedines ;  virtue  rfc- 
dines ;  religion  dcrUnc^ ;  national  credit  and  pros- 
perity (/«^i«e  under  a  corrupt  administration. 

7.  To  sink;  to  diminish;  to  fall  in  value  ;  as,  the 
prices  of  land  and  goods    dedine  at  the  close  of  a 
war. 
DECLINE',  y.  t.    To    bend    downward j    to   bring 
down. 

In  mebnclioly  deep,  with  head  declined,  TTiomton. 

2.  To  bond  to  one  side ;  to  move  from  a  fixed 
point  or  ri^ht  lino. 

3.  To  sliun  or  avoid  ;  to  refuse  ;  not  to  engage  in  ; 
to  be  cautious  not  to  do  or  interfere  ;  not  to  accept  or 
comply  with;  as,  ho  declined  the  contest;  he  de- 
clined llu  offer;  ho  declined  tho  business  or  pursuit. 


DEC 

4.  To  inflect  •  lo  change  Ihe  tcrrainalion  of  a  wori 
for  fonning  Ihe  oblique  cascK  ;  as,  Dominus^  Domini, 
Domino.  Duminum,  Doinine, 
DE-CLIaE',  71.  LitcraUy,  a  leaning  from  ;  henc«,  a 
falling  off;  a  tendency  to  a  wnT^e  fitaU; ;  diminution 
or  decay  ;  deterioration  ;  an,  the  dedine  of  life ;  the 
decline  of  strength  ;  the  t/pc/inc  of  virtue  and  religion  ; 
the  decline  of  revenucji;  Ihe  dceUae  of  acricullure, 
commerce,  or  maniifartureM  ;  ihe  dctliae  of  learning. 

2.  A  gradual  decay  of  health  ;  consumption. 

DE-eLT\'A'n,77/;.    Bent  downward  or  from;  inflected. 

DE-CLIN'IN'G,  ppr.  or  a.  Leaning;  deviating;  fall- 
ing^ failing;  decaying;  tending  lo  a  worse  date  ; 
avoiding;  refusing;  intiecting. 

DEC-LL.N'OM'E 'i*ER,  n.  An  iii.4trument  for  measuring 
the  declination  of  the  magnetic  needle. 

Joiirn.  of  Science. . 

DE-€LIN'OUS,  a.  In  ioiaTiy,  dcclinate;  bent  down- 
ward. 

DE-CLIVI-TY,  n,  [L.  drdinitas,  from  deelivii^  slop- 
ing ;  dc  and  clions.    See  Cliff.] 

Declination  from  a  horizontal  line  ;  descent  of 
land;  inclination  downward;  a  slope;  a  gradual 
descent  of  the  earth,  of  a  rock  or  other  thing; 
rhierty  used  of  the  earth,  and  opposed  to  acdiriiy, 
or  ascent ;  the  same  slope,  con.>:idered  as  dcscendinc^, 
being  a  dcdivity,  and  considered  as  ascending,  an 
acclivitif. 

DE-CLi'VOUS,        >  a.    Gradually  descending;   not 

DK-CLIVI-TOUS,  (      precipitous;  sloping. 

DE-eoeT',r.  f.  [li.  dccoqaOf  deccctum;  de  and  coqun, 
to  cook,  to  boil.] 

1.  To  prepare  by  boiling  ;  to  digest  in  hot  or  boil- 
ing water.  Bacon. 

9.  To  digest  by  the  heat  of  the  stomach  ;  lo  pre- 
pare as  food  for  nourishing  the  body.  ZJaricj*. 

3.  To  boil  in  water,  for  extracting  ihe  principles  or 
virtues  of  a  substance.  Baunt. 

4.  Toboiluploa  consislenco;  loinvigoratc.  Slta.';. 

[  This  verb  is  Utile  used,  and,  in  its  last  sense^  is  hard- 
ly proper.] 
DE-CO€;T'ED,pp.    Prepared  by  boiling. 
DE-eOCT'I-BLE,a.    That  may  be  boiled  or  digested. 
DE-eoe'TlON,  (de-kok'shun,)  ti.    [Fr  decoction;  It. 
decozione.     See  DecocT.] 

.  1.  The  act  of  boiling  a  substance  in  water,  for  ex- 
tracting its  virtues. 

2.  The  liquor  in  which  a  substance  has  been  boiled  ; 
water  impregnated  with  the  principles  of  any  animal 
or  vegetable  substance  boiled  in  it ;  as,  a  weak  or 
a  strong  decoction  of  I'eruvlan  bark. 

Ol'^COCT'IVE,  a.    That  may  be  easily  decocted. 

DE-COCT'IIRE,  n.    A  substance  drawn  by  decoction. 

DE-COL'LATE,  v.  t.     [L.  decollo.] 

To  behead.  Burke. 

DE-COL'LA-TED,  pp.    Beheaded. 

DE-eOL'LA-T!\G,  ppr.    Beheading. 

DE-COL-La'TION,  n.  [h.  d ccoUatio,  Uom  decoUojlo 
behead  ;  dc  and  collum,  the  neck.] 

The  .act  of  beheading;  the  act  of  culling  off  the 
neck  of  an  animal,  and  severing  Ihe  head  from  tho 
body.  It  is  especially  used  of  St.  John  tlio  Baptist, 
and' of  a  painting  which  represents  his  beheading, 

DE-COL'OR,  (-kul'lur,)  p.  (.  To  deprive  of  color  ;  lo 
bleach.  (^re. 

DE-COL'OR-ANT,  71.  A  substance  which  removes 
color,  or  bleaches. 

DE-COL-O-RA'TIOX,  (-kul-lur-a'shun,)  n.      [h.  dc- 
coloraiio.] 
The  removal  or  absence  of  color.  Ferrand. 

DE-COL'OR-ING,  ppr.  or  a.     Depriving  of  coh.r. 

DE-COL'OK-TZK,  v.  u    To  deprive  of  color. 

Df.'CO.M-PLEX,  a.  [de  and  camplci.]  Compounded 
of  coinplev  ideas.  Gregory.     Loekr. 

DE  eO.MPoS'.\-BLE,  a.  [Sec  DEcoMrosE.]  That 
may  ba  decomposed  ;  capable  of  being  resolved  into 
its  constituent  elenient-J.  Davy. 

DE-GOM-PoSE',  v,t.  IVr.  decomposer ',  de  and  wm- 
poser,  to  cttripo.^e,  from  I.,  cavspono,  compositus.] 

To  separate  the  constiluent  parts  of  a  iKidy  or  snl>- 
stance ;  to  disunite  elementary  particles  combined 
by  alfmity  or  chemical  altraclion  ;  to  resolve  into 
original  elements. 

DE-COM-PoS'KD,  pp.  or  a.  Separated  or  resolved  into 
the  constituent  parts. 

DE-GOM-F6S'IiNc;,ppr.  Separating  into  constiluent 
parts. 

DE-COM-POS'ITE,  (de-kom-poi'it,)  a.  [I*,  da  and 
compositus.    Sno  Compose.] 

Comiwtrndcd  a  second  lime ;  compounded  with 
tilings  already  composite.  Bacon. 

DE-COM-PO-Sr'TIO.V,  ti.  Analysis  ;  Uie  art  of  sep- 
arating the  constituent  parts  of  a  com[>onnd  body  or 
substance.  Decom()ositu>n  differs  from  mechanical 
division,  as  the  latter  effects  no  chance  in  the  prop- 
erties of  the  body  divided,  whereas  ihe  parU  decom 
posed  have  properties  very  different  fruni  ihoso  ol 
the  substance  itself. 

9.  A  second  coin|)Osition.  [/;i  tAis  sotse,  not  noio 
used.]  f«?''--   , 

Decomposition  (ff  farces ;  the  same  as  rcsoluUon  qf 
forces ;  whicU  fice. 

DE-COM-POL'ND',  r.  t.  [de  and  conpour.d.]  To  com- 
pound a  second  ;  to  compound  or  mix  with  that 


TtJNE,  BULL,  UNITE.  — AiVGEn,  VI"C[OUS.  — €  oa  K ;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CII  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 
— 307 


I~ 


UKC 


wliicli  M  olrcndy  cuui|Miun(l ;  to  fumi  liy  a  second 
u-jiiip(Mition.  Boyle.     Locke.    J^noton. 

0.  To  mlucc-  to  f:iiii]ilH  parts  l>y  iiirrliuiiii-:il  di- 
vision ;  to  dcrorn|)o?e.     ( /.i'lle  w.<r;/,  or  nut  at  all.] 

|)K-eoM-POUNU',  a.  CVm]»ouiid  of  things  or  Words 
already  comiwundcd  ;  cuinitoundcd  a  second  lime. 

Boyle. 

2.  A  decompound  leaj\  In  botany^  ift  when  the  pri- 
nmry  petiole  is  so  divided  th:it  each  part  forms  a  com- 
pound U'af.  A  decompound  f.oirer^  is  formed  of  com- 
{Hiund  flowers,  or  containing!,  within  a  common 
calyx»  smaller  calyxes,  commi>n  lo  several  flowers. 

Martijn. 

DE-eOM  POUND'A-BI.E,  a.  Thai  may  be  decom- 
pounded. 

DIC-CO.M-POUND'ED,  pp.  Compounded  a  second 
lime  ;  comported  of  things  already  compounded. 

l)i:-eOM-POUND'iNG,p;ir.  ComiMiundIng  a  second 
time. 

l)P.e'0-RA-MENT,  71.    Ornament.     [A''ot  tised,] 

DEe't-i-HATE,  r.  /.  [Ij.  decoro^  from  deem,  decor, 
comeliness,  grace.    Sec  Decency.] 

1,  To  adorn ;  to  beautify  ;  to  umliellisli ;  used  of 
external  ornaments  or  apiKircl ;  as,  to  decorate  ihe 
person  ;  to  decorate  an  edifice  j  lo  decorate  a  lawn 
wilh  (lowers. 

G.  To  adorn  with  internal  sjnc.c  or  beauty  ;  to  ren- 
dL-r  lovely  ;  as,  lo  decorate  iho  mind  with  virtue. 

3.  To  adorn  or  beuntify  with  any  thins  agret-able  j 
lu  embellish  ;  ns,  lo  decorate  a  liero  with  Iionors,  or  a 
ladv  with  :iccomplishments. 

DECO-Ra-TED,    pp.   or  a.      Adorned ;   beautified  ; 

embellished. 
DEtVO-lt.^ -TlXn,    ppr.        Adorning  ;    cmbillisbiui;  ; 

rendering   beautiful   to   the    eye,   or    lovtdy  lo  the 

mind. 
DEe-()-KA''i'ION,    71.      Ornament  ;    cmbLllishment  ; 

any  thing  added  whirh  renders  more  agreeable  lo  the 

eye  or  to  the  intclleetual  view. 
9.  In  architect ure.,  any  thing  wliicli  adorns  and 

wnriches  an   edifice,  as  vases,    paintings,    figuri-.s-, 

festoons,  &c. 
3.  In  theaters,  i\m  scenes,  which  are  changed  as 

occasion  requires. 
nECO-RA-TI  VE,  a.     Adorning  ;  snitud  to  embellish. 
DEC'O-UA-TIVE-NESS,  n.     Uualily  of  being  deco 

raiive. 
DEe'0-RA-TOK,  71.     One  who  adorns  or  embellishes. 
DE-€o'nOUS  or  J)Ee'0-KOUS,o.     [L.  rfecoriw.     See 

De<-ency.]     Decent;  suitable  to  a  character,  or  to 

iht:  lime,  place,  and  occasion  ;  becoming ;  proper  ; 

befiUing;  as,  a  deeoroua  speech;  dccoroiu  btdiavior; 

a  decorous  dress  for  a  judge. 
DEeo'K"  »rs  lA'  or  DKC'0-ROUS-LY,  ado.     In    a 

bernniins.'  in. inner. 
DE  eO'Kol'H.XEJ^SorDEe'O  lUHJS-NESS,  n.    De- 
cency or  propriety  of  behavior. 
DE-COR'TI-CaTE,  v.  t.     [I-.  decortico  ;  dc  and  cm-fez, 

bark.] 
To  strip  ofT  bark ;  to  peel ;  to  husk  ;  to  lake  oil" 

Ihe  exterior  coat  j   as,  to  decorticate  barley. 

.^rbuthiioL 
DE-eOR'TI-€A  'I'ED,  pp.     Stripped  of  bark  ;  peeled  ; 

husked. 
DE  €OR'TI-eA  TING, /.;jr.     Stripping  oil"  bark  or  Ihe 

external  coal ;  peeling. 
DE-eOR-TI-CA'TION,  71.    The  act  of  stripprtig  oft" 

bark_  or  husk. 
DE-€o'RUM,  n,     [L.  fn)m  dcceo,to  become.    See  Dk- 

CENCV.] 

1.  Propriety  of  speech  or  behavior;  gnice  arising 
from  suitableness  of  speech  and  behavior,  to  one's 
own  character,  and  lo  the  chaniclers  preseiil,  or  to 
Ihe  place  and  occasion;  seeiuMuess;  decency;  op- 
iwsed  to  rudeness,  licentiousnesi^,  or  levity.  To 
speak  and  behave  with  decorum  is  essential  to  good 
breeding. 

9.  In  architecture,  lUc  suitableness  of  a  building, 
and  of  ils  parU  and  ornaments,  to  its  place  and 
u.ses. 

DE-COY',  V.  t.  [D.  hooi,  a  cabin,  berth,  bed,  fold, 
cage,  decoy  ;  kooijcn,  to  lie,  to  bed.] 

To  lead  or  lure  by  arlitice  into  a  snare,  wilh  a 
view  lo  catch ;  lo  draw  into  any  situation  to  bi^ 
taken  by  a  foe;  to  entrap  by  any  means  whicli  de- 
ceive. The  fowler  decoys  ducks  into  a  nul.  Troops 
may  be  decoyed  into  an  ambush.  One  ship  decoys 
anolher  within  reach  of  her  shot. 

DE-COV,  Tu  Any  thing  intended  lo  lead  into  a  snare  ; 
any  lure  or  nllurement  that  deceives  and  misleads 
into  evil,  d.anger,  or  the  [wwer  of  an  enemy. 
9.  \  place  for  catching  wild  fowls. 

DE-COV'-DI.'CK,  TU  A  duck  employed  lo  draw  oth- 
ers into  a  net  or  situation  to  he  taken. 

DE-GOY'£I),  pp.  Lured  or  drawn  into  a  siiaie  or  net ; 
allured  into  danger  by  deception. 

DE-COY'ING,  ppr.  I.uriug  into  a  snare  or  net  by  de- 
ception ;  leading  into  evil  or  danger. 

DE-COY'-M.VN,  n.  A  man  employed  in  decoying  and 
catching  fowls. 

DE-CReASE',   v.  i.      [L.  dccresco;  de  and  crcseo,  to 
grow  ;  Fr.  decroUre ;  It.  decrcjccre ;  Sp.  dccrecer ;  Arm. 
dijrris^t.     See  Grow.] 
To  become  less;  lo'be  diminished  gradually,  in  ex- 


DEC 

lent,  bulk,  quantity,  or  amount,  or  in  slrngth.  qual- 
ity, or  excellence  ;  an,  the  days  decTMie  in  length  from 
June  lo  December. 

He  tnttsl  ii)ciT.uK,  tint  1  inuft  (fwrMf€.  —  Juliii  lii. 

DK-CRkASE',  r.  t.  To  lessen;  to  make  smaller  in 
dimensions,  amount,  (ptalily,  or  excellence,  &c. ;  to 
diminish  gradually  or  by  suudl  deductions ;  us,  cx- 
Inivagance  decreases  the.  means  of  charily  ;  every 
payment  decreases  a  debt ;  intemperance  decreases 
the  strength  and  iwwers  of  life. 

DE-CRkA-SE',  ».  A  becoming  le-js ;  gradual  diminu- 
tion ;  decay  ;  as,  a  decrease  of  revenue  ;  a  decrease  of 
strength. 

9.  The  wane  of  the  moon  ;  the  gradual  diminu- 
tion of  the  visible  face  of  the  moon  fVom  the  full 
to  the  change. 

DE-CRkAS'A'D,  pp.    Lessened^  diminislied. 

DE-CREAS'IXG,  ppr.  or  a.  Becoming  less;  diminish- 
ing; waning. 

DE-€RE.\S'I.\G-LY,  adv.     By  diminishing. 

DE-CREE',  H.  [L.  drerctuin,  from  decenio,  lo  juilge  ;  dc 
and  ecrno,  to  judge,  to  divide  ;  Fr.  drcnt ;  It.  ami  Sp. 
decrcto.] 

1.  Judicial  decision,  or  determination  of  a  litigated 
cause  ;  as,  a  decree  of^  the  Court  of  Chancery.  Tiie 
decision  of  a  court  of  equity  is  called  a  decree  ;  that 
of  a  court  of  hxw,  a  judsmait. 

2.  In  the  civil  laic,  a  determination  or  judgment  of 
the  emperor  on  a  suit  betjveen  parlies.  Knctje. 

3.  An  edict  or  law  made  by  a  council  for  regula- 
ting any  business  within  Iheir  jurisdiction ;  as,  the 
decrees  of  ecclesiastical  councils.  Kncyc. 

4.  lu  general,  an  order,  edict,  or  law,  made  by  a 
superior,  :is  a  rule  tu  govern  inferiors. 

'i'lton:  went  a  {lecree  Trom   Cesar  AngiiRtus,  Uiat  nil  the  worM 
tiliuuM  Lie  tixwl.  —  LulfL-  ii. 

5.  F.slablished  law,  or  rule. 

Ik*  liiaik  ^decree  for  tlio  min.  — Jr.l>  xxvUi. 

C.  In  tUcoloiry,  predetermined  purpose  of  God  ;  the 
purpose  or  determination  of  an  imumtable  Iteinir, 
whose  plan  of  operations  is,  like  himself,  unchange- 
able. 
DE-CREE',  V.  t.  To  determine  judicially  ;  lo  resolve 
by  sentence;  as,  the  court  f/fci-cf*/  that  Ihe  property 
should  lie  restored  ;  or,  they  decreed  a  restoration  of 
the  properly. 

2.  To  determine  or  resolve  legislatively  ;  to  fix  or 
appoint;  to  set  or  constitute  by  edict  ur  in  purpose. 

Tlwn  »liaU  decree  u  Uiing',  nnJ  U  "ball   U*  esLiblisln-'J.  —  Job 

xxii. 
Let  lis  not  be  sniicitous  to  know  what  CImI  Iioj  decreed  con- 

ccniiiig  ua.  Anon. 

DF^-CREED',  pp.     Determined  judicially  J    resolved; 

appniiiled  ;  established  in  purpose. 

DECltKE'lNG,  ppr.  Determining;  resolving;  aj*- 
pnintiug ;  ordering. 

DECRE-AIE.NT,  n.  [I.,  decrcmentum,  from  decresco. 
See  Decrease.] 

1.  Decrease;  waste;  the  state  of  becoming  gradu- 
ally less. 

K(kI,'s  ajul  inuiiiUtiitis  &tifli:r  a  cuntiitiial  dtcretiunt. 

\Vundii>nnl. 

9.  The  quantity  lost  by  gradual  diminution  or 
waste  ;   opposed  to  ineremc.uL 

3.  lu  heraldry,  the  wane  of  the  moon. 

4.  Ill  crystalo^rraphy,  a  successive  diminution  of  the 
lamcns  of  molecules,  applied  to  the  faces  of  the  prim- 
itive form,  by  which  tlie  secondary  forms  are  sup- 
posed lo  he  |)roduced.  Jfaily. 

Dl'  Cltl'.P'IT,  a.     [Ii.  dccrepitn.-!,  from  dc  and  crcpo,  to 

breiik.] 
Ilroken  down  wilh  age ;  wasted  or  worn  by  the 

infirmities  of  old  age  ;  being  in  the  bust  stage  of  de- 
cay ;  weakened  by  age.  MUlon.     Pope, 
TJiis  word  is  sometinies  erroneously  written  and 

jironoimced  Decrei'ID. 
DE-CREP'I-TaTE,  v.  t.  [L.  decrepo,  to  break  or  burst, 

to  crackle  ;  de  and  crepo.] 

To  roast  or  calcine  in  a  strong  heat,  with  a  contin- 
ual bursting  or  crackling  of  the  substance ;  as,  lo  de- 

crcpitutc  salt. 
DECREP'I-T.VrE,   v.  i.    To  crackle,  as  salts  when 

roasting. 
DE-eREP'I-T.\-TED,  pp.    Roasted  with  a  crackling 

noise. 
DE-eREP'l-TA-TING,p/.r.   Crackling;  roasting  with 

a  crackling  noise  ;  suddenly  bursting  when  exposc(i 

to  heat. 
DE-CREP-I-T.\'TION,  71.    The  act  of  roasting  wilh  a 

continual  crackling  ;  or  the  separation  of  parts  with 

a  crackling  noise,  occasioned  by  heat. 
DE-CREP'IT-NESS,  )  7(.    [See  Decrei'it.]    The  bro- 
DE-CREP'IT-UDE,   \     ken,  crazy  state  of  the  body, 

proiluced  by  decay  and  the  infirmities  of  age. 
DE-GRES'CENT,  a.  -  [L.  deci-csccns.    See  Decrease.] 
Decreasing  ;  becommg  less  by  gradual  diminution  ; 

as,  :i  dFcrcscent  moon. 
DE-CRit'TAL,  a.     [See  Decree.]    Appertaining  to  a 

decree;  containing  a  decree;  as,  a  Jccrc/a/ epistle. 
DE-CRE'TAL,  7j.     An  authoritalive  order  or  decree. 
9.  A  letter  of  the  pope,  determining  some  jMiint  or 


DEC 

(piestion  in  ecclesiastical  law.  The  decretals  form  Uie 
uecond  p;irt  of  the  canon  law.  Kaeye* 

3.  A  collection  of  the  iwpeV  decrees.        IloioelL 
DECRk'IIOX,  (de  krc'shun,)   h.     [See  Dlcreau.! 

A  decj'easiny.     [J^ut  used.]  Pearson. 

DE-CRe'TIST,  71,     One  wlio  studies  or  professes  ibe 

knowledge  of  the  decretals. 
DE-€Rr.'TlVE,  a.     Having  the  force  of  a  decree. 

R'ch.  DiiL 
DEC'RE-TO-RI-LY,  adv.    In  a  definitive  nmnncr. 

Oo0d)Haii. 
DEC'RE-TO-RY,  a.    Judicial ;  definitive  ;  eslnbllsliod 
by  a  decree. 


Tlic  dtcrelory  rigor*  of  a  coiidomiiin^  •ciitrnec. 


Soufii. 


2.  Critical ;  determining;  in  whicli  there  is  some 
definitive  event ;  us,  critical  or  decretory  days.  Brovn. 

DE-CREW,  r.  i.    Tn  decrease.    [.Vy(  in  use.] 

DE  CRI'AL,  n.      [Sec  Decry.]     A  crying  down;  a 
clamorous  censure  ;  condemnation  by  censure. 

DE-CRI'KD,  (de-kride',)  pp.    Cried  down  ;  discredit- 
ed ;  brought  into  disrepute. 

DE-CRI'ER,  71.    One  who  decries  or  clamorously  cen- 
sures. 

[It  woubl  be  belter  to  write  Decryal,  Uelrved, 
Deckver.] 

DE-CROWa',  r.  L     [dc  and  crown.]    To  deprive  of  a 
crown.     {Litiic  used.]  Oocrburti. 

DE-CRUST-A'TION,  71.  The  removal  of  a  crust  from. 

DE  CR?',  V.  t.    [Fr,  dccrier  ;  dc  and  crier,  to  crj*.] 

1.  To  cry  down  ;  to  censure  ;is  faulty,  mean,  or 
worthless ;  to  clamor  against ;  to  discredit  by  fiiuling 
fault ;  as,  to  decry  a  poem. 

2.  Tocrj'down,  as  improper  or  unnecessaiy ;  to 
rail  or  cbuuor  against;  to  bring  into  disrepute;  u, 
to  decry  the  measures  of  administration. 

DE-CRT'IXG,  ppr.     Crying  down. 
DEC-U-I!.\''J'mN,  71.     [L.  dccamlio.] 

The  act  of  lying  down.  Evelyn, 

DE-CUAnJE\CE,    (  n.     [L.  dcr.umbeiis,  from  dceuadut, 
DK  CUM'ltEN-CV,  (      lo  lie  down  ;  dc  and  fH«ift»,to 
lie  down.] 
']'he  act  of  lying  down  ;  the  posture  of  lying  down. 

lirotDH. 
DE-CUM'RENT,  a.     In  boUmy,  lUcVmcii,  or  bendliie 
down  ;  having  the  stamens  and  pistils  bending  liowii 
lo  the  lower  side  ;  as,  a  decumbent  llower.    Jlarlyn. 
DE-CUM'BENT-J.V,  adv.    In  a  decuiubent  posture. 
DE-CCM'BI-TIJRE,  71.    The  time  at  which  a  pCKOll 
takes  to  liis  bed  In  a  disease. 

2.  In  astrology,  the  scheme  or  aspect  of  the  licoT- 
ens,  by  which  the  prognostics  of  recovery  urdcalb 
are  discovered. 
DEC'U-PLE,  (dek'yu-pl,)  a.     [T,.  dccupl us ,  Ci.  iexa- 
irXovi,  from  {icKU,  ten.] 
TeiiHdd  ;  coutaiuitig  ten  times  as  many. 
lU'*"!    t'Li:,  7i,     A  number  ten  limes  rejieated. 
IM.r  I    I'l.i;,  r.  i.    To  make  tenfold. 
III. (.•■!_;  l'I,/;i>,  ;;;/r.     Made  tenfold.  Cdtrldge, 

DE-CU'UI-ON,   71.     [I,,  dccurio,  from  decern,  He.  dcxa, 
ten.] 

An  ofiicer  in  the  Roman  army,  \^'hu  coiumatided  n 
dccuria,  or  ten  soldiers,  which  was  a  third  pari  of  the 
turtna,  and  a  thirtieth  of  the  legion  of  cavalry. 

JUnciie.     Temple, 
DE-CO'RI-ON-ATE,  71.    The  stale  or  olTice  of  a  dccu- 

rion. 
DE-CUR'RENT,  a.  [L.  dccnrrcns,  from  dcctirro,  lo  run 
down  ;  de  and  curro,  lo  run.] 

Extending  downward.  .\  dccurrent  leaf,  is  a  ses- 
sile leaf,  having  its  base  extending  downward  nlons 
the  stem.  Lindley. 

DE-CUR'RENT-LY,  mlv.    In  a  decurreul  manner. 
DE-CUU'SION,  71.     [L.  decursio,  from  dccurro;  de^ixA 
curro,  to  run.] 
The  act  <»f  running  down,  as  a  stream.        Hale. 
DE^CUR'SIVE,  a.    Running  down. 

De<:ursivchj  pinnate;   in  botany,  apjdicd  to  o  leaf 

having  the  leallcts  decurreul,  or  running  along  lliu 

DE-CCRT',  r.  (.    [h.  dexurto.]  [petiole. 

To  shorten  by  cutting  oft".     [JVot  in  use.] 
DE-eURT-A'T10.\,    71.      [L.  dccurto,  lo  sliorlcn  ;  de 
and  cuT^o.] 
The  act  of  shortening  or  cutting  short. 
DEC'U-RY,  71.    [L.  dccuria,  from  decern,  Gr.  iiita,  ten.] 

A  set  of  ten  men  under  an  ofiicer  called  decuria. 
DE-CUS'SaTE,  v.  L     [E.  decusso^  to  cut  or  strike 
across.] 

In  general,  to  intersect ;  to  cross,  as  lines,  rays,  or 
nerves  in  the  body  ;  iixually,  lo  intersect  at  acute  aa- 
gles,  or  in  tlie  form  of  an  X.  Brown.     Kncyr. 

DE-CUS'SATE,      /  a.    Crossed  ;  intersected.    In  but- 
DE-CUS'Sa-TED,  i       aujj,     dceiissateil     leaves    and 
branches,  are  such   as   grow  in  pairs  which  alter 
nately  cross  each  other  at  right  angles,  or  in  a  rcg- 
tilar  manner.  Mirtyn,    Lee. 

In  rhetoric,  a  decussated  period  is  one  that  consists 
of  two  rising  and  two  falling  clauses,  placed  ia 
alternate  opposition  to  each  other.  For  example, 
"  If  impudence  could  cJlecl  as  much  in  courts  uf 
justice,  as  insolence  sometimes  does  in  the  country, 
CiEsina  would  now  yield  to  the  impudence  of 
Ehutius,  as  he  then  yielded  lo  his  insolent  assault." 
John  Q.  Adams,  Led. 


F.\TE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— MkTE,  PRgY.— PL\E,  MARLVE,  BIRD.  — NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.- 

3og 


DED 

)E-eUS'SATE-LY,  aar.    In  a  decussate  manner. 

»E-eUS'SA-TING,  ppr  Crossing  ;  intersecting  at 
acute  angles. 

JE-CUS-Sa'TIOX,  71.  The  act  of  crossing;  the  cross- 
ing of  two  lines,  rays,  or  nerves,  which  meet  in  a 
point,  and  then  proceed  and  diverge.  Hutton. 

3.  A  crossins  in  the  form  of  an  X. 

)E-CUS'SA-TIVE-LY,  ado  Crosswise;  in  the  form 
of  an  X.  Brown. 

)K-Da'LI-AX,  0.    See  D.iDit-iAN. 

lED'A-LOUS,  a.    See  D^dalous. 

)E-DEe'0-RATE,  v.  U     [L.  dcdecoro.] 
To  disgrace.     [J^'ut  itsei/.] 

)E-DEe-0-RA'T10N,  n.     A  disgracing.     [JVoi  used.] 

)E-DEe'0-KOUS.  a.     Disgraceful ;  unhecoraing. 

iK-DEX-Tr'TIOX,  (-dcn-tish'un,)H.  {dc  and  denti- 
tion.}   The  shedding  of  teeth.  Brown. 

)ED'I-€aTE,  v.  t.  [L.  dcdico  ;  de  and  dico,  dicare,  to 
vow,  promise,  devote,  dedicate.  Sec  Class  Dn,  No. 
12,  15,  45.  The  sense  is,  to  send,  to  throw  ;  hence, 
to  set.  to  appoint.] 

1.  To  set  apart  and  consecrate  to  a  divine  Being, 
or  to  a  sacred  purpose  ;  to  devote  to  a  sacred  use,  by 
a  solemn  act,  or  by  religious  ceremonies  ;  as,  to  dcdi- 
ca(c  vessels,  treasures,  a  temple,  an  ailar,  or  a  church, 
to  God  or  to  a  religious  use. 

Vessels  of  silver,  of  golil,  and  of  bnss,  which  Kiiij  D.T,viJ  did 
dedicate  to  Uie  Lord.  — 2  Sam,  viii. 

2.  To  appropriate  solemnly  to  any  person  or  pur- 
pose; to  give  wholly  or  chiefly  to.  The  ministers  of 
the  gost)el  dedicate  tliemselves,  their  time,  and  their 
studies,  to  the  ser\ice  of  Christ.  A  soldier  dedicates 
himself  to  fhe  profession  of  arms. 

3.  To  inscribe  or  address  lo  a  patron ;  as,  to  dedi- 
cate a  book. 

0ED'X-€ATE,  a.  Consecrated  ;  devoted  ;  appropriated. 

f)ED'I-CA-TED,  pp.  or  a.  Devoted  to  a  divine  Being,  or 
to  a  sacred  use  ;  consecrated  ;  appropriated ;  given 
wholly  to. 

3ED-t-€A-TEE',  n.  One  En  whom  a  thing  is  dedica- 
ted. Ed.  Rev. 

DEO'I-Ca-TINC,  ppr.    Devoting  to  a  divine  Being,  or 
to  a  sacred  purpose;   consecratiEg ;   appropriating 
eiving  wholly  to. 

DED-I-€a'TION,  n.  The  act  of  consecrating  to  a 
divine  Being, or  to  a  sacred  use,  often  with  religious 
solemnities;  solemn  appropriation  ;  as,the  (Zc(Z(ca((o« 
of  Solomon's  temple. 

2.  The  act  of  devoting  or  giving  to. 

3.  An  address  to  a  patron,  prefixed  to  a  book,  tes 
tifying  respect,  and  recommending  the  work  to  his 
protection  and  tavor.  Pope, 

DED'I-Ca-TOR,  n.  One  who  dedicates  ;  one  who 
inscribes  a  book  to  the  favor  of  a  patron.        Pope. 

OED'I-GA-TO-RV,  a.  Composing  a  dedication  j  as, 
an  epistle  dedicatory. 

VED'I-MUS^n,  [L.]  A  writ  to  commission  private 
persons  lo  do  some  act  in  place  of  a  judge,  as  to  ex- 
amine a  witness,  &c.  Bouvicr. 

DE-Dr^TION,  (de-dish'un,)  n.     [L.  dcdUio,  from  dcdo, 
to  yield.] 
The  act  of  yielding  any  thing;  surrendry.    Hale. 

DED'0-LEXT,  a.     [L.  dedolco.] 

Feeling  no  compiinclion.     [J^'otuse<L] 

DE-DOCE',  V.  t,  FL.  deduce;  dc  and  dncOy  to  lead, 
bring,  or  draw.  1  he  L.  duco  is  the  Sax.  tcogan,  Icon, 
Eng.  to  tuiTj  to  tow,  G.  Ziehen;  hence  L.  rfuz,  Eng. 
du-'ie.  (See  Dcke.)  Class  Dg,  No.  5,  19,  15,  37, 
ea,  64.]  >       .       7      > 

1.  To  draw  from  ;  to  bring  frjm. 

0  ^TKldess,  say,  shall  I  deduce  my  rh3aiic3 

From  tlie  dire  naUon  in  its  early  unies  ?  Pope. 

2.  To  draw  from,  in  reasoning;  to  gather  a  truth, 
opinion,  or  proposition,  from  premises  ;  to  infer  some- 
thing from  what  precedes. 

RcasoniD*  is  nothing   but  the   faculty   of  deducing  unknown 
irutlii  frum  principles  idready  I^aown.  Locke. 

3.  To  deduct.     [J^ot  in  use.]  B.  Jonson. 

4.  To  transplant.     [jYot  in  use.]  Scldcn. 
DE-DuC'/CD,  (de-dGste^)pp.    Drawn  from  ;  inferred  ; 

as  aconsequence  from  principles  or  premise^. 

DE-DuCE'.MENT,  n.  The  thing  drawn  from  or  de- 
duced ;  inference;  that  which  is  collected  from 
premises.  Drydcn. 

DE-DtJC'I-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  deduced  ;  inferable  ; 
collectible  by  reason  from  premises  ;  consequential. 

The  properties  of  a  triangle  arc  dedudbU  from  the  complex  Idea 
of  three  lines  including  a  spac?.  iLocke. 

DE-DOC'ING,  ppr.  Drawing  from;  inferring;  col- 
lecting from  principles  or  facts  alreadv  established  or 
known. 

DE-Du'CIVE,  a.  Performing  the  act  of  deduction. 
[Little  iwcrf,] 

DE-DUCT',  r.  (.  [L.  dedncoy  deditctum.  See  Deduce.] 
To  take  from  ;  to  subtract ;  to  separate  or  remove, 
in  numbering,  estimating,  or  calculating.  Thus  we 
say,  from  the  sum  of  two  numbers  deduct  the  lesser 
number  ;  from  the  amount  of  profits  deduct  the 
charges  of  freight. 

DE-DUeT'ED,pp.    Taken  from;  snbtracted. 

DE-DU€T'ING,  ppr.    Taking  from  ;  subtracting. 


DEE 

DE-DUe'TION,  (de-duk'slum,)  n.     [I.,  deductio.] 
1.  The  act  of  deducting. 

•2.  That  which  is  deducted  ;  sum  or  amount  taken 
from  another;  defalcation;  abatement;  as,  this  surn 
is  a  deduction  from  the  yearly  rent. 

3.  That  which  is  drawn  from  premises  ;  fact, 
opinion,  or  hypothesis,  collected  from  principles  or 
facts  stated,  or  established  data;  inference;  conse- 
quence  drawn  ;  conclusion;  as,  this  ojtinion  is  a  fair 
deduction  from  the  principles  you  have  advanced. 
DE-DUCT'IVE,  a.  Deducible  ;  that  is  or  may  be  de- 
duced from  premises. 

Ail  knowledge  is  deductive.  GlanoiUe. 

DE-DU€T'IVE-LY,  adv.  By  regular  deduction ;  by 
way  of  inference  ;  by  consequence.  Brown. 

DEED,  n.  f  Sax.  dad :  D.  daad  ;  G.  tJiat ;  Dan.  daail ; 
the  particii>Ie  of  Sax.  don,  Goth,  tauyan,  GL  Viun^  D. 
rfocrt,  to  do  j  probably  a  contracted  word.] 

1.  That  which  is  done,  acted,  or  elfectcd  ;  an  act ; 
a  fact  ;  a  word  of  extensive  application,  including 
whatever  is  done,  good  or  bad,  great  or  small. 

And  Joseph  «aid  lo  tlicm,  What  deed  is  Uiia  which  ye  1i.itc  done  ? 

—  Gen.  xliv. 
Wcrcc^^ivc  thcducrewanIorourd<«/«.  — Liike  xxv: 

2.  Exploit;  achievement;  illustrious  act. 

Whose  dee<U  some  nobler  poem  sh,-UI  adoni.  DnjiJcu. 

3.  Power  of  action  ;  agency. 

With  will  and  deed  creati?d  free.  Milton. 

4.  A  writing  containing  some  contract  or  agree- 
ment, and  the  evidence  of  its  execution  ;  particular- 
ly, an  instrument  on  paper  or  parchment,  conveying' 
real  estate  lo  a  purchaser  oi  donee.  This  instmiiient 
must  be  executed,  and  the  execution  attested,  in  the 
manner  prescribed  by  law. 

Indeed  ;  in  fact ;  in  reality.  These  words  are  united, 
and  called  an  adverb.  But  sometimes  they  are  sei>- 
aratcd  by  very^  in  very  deed;  a  more  cmphatical  ex- 
pression.    Et.  ix. 

DEED,  r.  (.  To  convey  or  transfer  by  deed  ;  a  popular 
u^e  o/tJie  iDord  in  America;  as,  he  deeded  all  his  estate 
to  his  eldest  son. 

DEED'-A-CHIeV-ING,  a.  That  accomplishes  great 
deeds. 

DEED'LESS,  0.  Inactive;  not  performing  or  having 
performed  deeds  or  explous.  Pope. 

DEED'-PoLL,  T}.  A  deed  not  indented,  tliat  is,  shaved 
or  even,  made  by  one  party  only.  Blackslone. 

DEED'Y,  c.     Industrious;  active. 

DEE.M,  V.  t.  [Sax.  deviaa  ;  D.  docmen  ;  Sw.  ddma ; 
Dan.  domvtcr ;  whence  doom.  Russ. dumayu^io  think, 
reflect,  reckon,  believe  ;  (/uma,  a  thought  or  idea,  a 
privy  council ;  dumnai,  a  privy  counselor.  See  Class 
Dm,  No.  5,  36,  39,  and  Class  Sm,  No.  5.] 

1.  To  think  ;  to  judge  ;  to  be  of  opinion  ,  to  con- 
clude on  consideration  ;  as,  lie  deems  it  prudent  to  be 
silent. 

For  never  cad  I  deem  hira  less  than  god.  Dryden. 

The  shipiuen  deemed  thai  they  drew  near   lo  some  country. — 
Acts  xxvii. 

2.  To  estimate.     [Obs.]  Spenser. 
DEEM,  n.     Opinion;   judgment;    surmise.     [Obs.] 
DEEM,  w  i.     To  judge  ;  to  think  ;  to  estimate. 
DEEM'£D,  /»;».      Thought;   judged;   supposed. 
DEEIM'ING,  ;»;>r.     Thinking;  judging;  believing. 
DEExM'STER,  n.     [deem  and  ster.    See  Steer.] 

A  judge  in  the  Isle  of  Man  and  in  Jerse}. 

Johnson, 
DEEP,  a.     [.Sax.  deop,  d.jpa ;  D.  dicp ;  G.  tiff;  Sw. 
diup  i  Dan.  dyb.     It  seems  to  be  allied  to  dip  and  dive, 
whose  radical  sense  is,  to  thrust  or  plunge.     Q,u.  "W. 
dwvyn.] 

1.  Extending  or  being  far  below  tlic  surface  ;  de- 
scendir.g  far  dowir.vard  ;  profound  ;  opposed  to  stud- 
Icic ;  as,  deep  v.'ater ;  a  deep  pit  or  \vell. 

2.  Low  in  situation;  being  or  descending  far  be- 
low the  adjacent  land  ;  as,  a  deep  valley. 

3.  Entering  far;  piercing  a  great  way.  A  tree 
in  a  good  soil  takes  deep  root.  A  spear  struck  deep 
into  the  flesh. 

4.  Far  from  the  outer  part ;  secreted. 

A  spicier  deep  ainbuslicd  hi  her  deo.  Dryden. 

So  decpy  when  applied  to  soldiers  drawn  up  in  rank 
and  file,  means  distance  from  the  front;  as,  drawn 
up  three  deep 

5.  Not  superficial  or  obvious  ;  hidden;  secret. 

He  discovereth  deep  things  out  of  tlarknct!.  —  Job  xii. 

G.  Remote  from  comprehension. 

0  Lord,  i!iy  thoughlii  arc  Tery  deep.  —  Vs.  xcii. 

7.  Sagacious;   penetrating;  having  the  power  to 
.  enter  far  into  a  subject ;  as,  a  man  of  deep  thought ; 

a  deep  divine. 

8.  .-Vrtful ;  contriving:  conccaHng  artifice;  insid- 
ious; designing;  as,  a  friend,  deep^  hollow,  treach- 
erous. 

9.  Grave  in  sound  ;  low ;  as,  the  deep  tones  of  an 
organ. 

10.  Very  still ;  solemn;  profound;  as,  rfrf/>  silence, 

11.  Thick  ;  black;  not  to  be  penetrated  by  the 
sight. 

Now  cfccpffr  daikno&i  brooded  on  Uie  ground.  Iloole. 


DEE 


1-3.  Still ;  sound ;  not  easily  broken  or  disturticd. 

The  Lord  God  caused  a  deep  fle*p  to  laU  on  Adam.  —  Gen.  S. 

13.  Depressed;  sunk  \ov.\  metaphorically ;  as,  deep 
poverty. 

14.  Dark;  intense;  strongly  colored;  as,  a  deep 
brown  ;  a  deep  crimson  ;  a  detp  blue. 

15.  Unknown;  unintelligible. 

A  pfjople  of  deeper  spwich  than  ihou  canit  p-erceiTc.  —  la.  zzxi . 

IG.  Heartfelt ;  penetrating ;  affecting :  as,  a  deep 
sense  of  guilt. 

17.  Intricate  ;  not  easily  understood  or  unrave'cd ; 
as,  a  deep  plot  or  intrigue. 

This  word  often  qualifies  a  verb,  like  an  adverb. 

Drink  deep,  or  taitc  n«  tlv;  Pierian  ipriog.  Pope. 

DEEP,  71.    The  sea ;  the  abyss  of  waters ;  the  ocean. 

He  maJccth  Uic  deep  lo  Iwil  like  a  jx)*.  —  Job  xli. 

2.  A  lake ;  a  great  collection  of  water. 

Launch  out  into  the  deep,  and  \t\  down  your  nctJ,  —  L-jltc  ». 

3.  That  which  is  profound ;  not  easily  falbomcd,  or 
incomprehensible. 

Thy  JudjincnUi  are  a  great  deep.  —  Pi.  xxxri. 

4.  The  most  still  or  solemn  part ;  the  midst ;  as,  in 
deep  of  night.  Shak.     Philips. 

DEEP'-DRAW-L\G,  a.    Sinking  deep  into  the  water. 

Shak. 
DEEP'-DRAVV.N,  a.    Drawn  from  a  depth. 
DEEP'A'X,  (dee'pii,)  r.  t.     To  make  deep  or  deeper; 
to  sink  lower ;  as,  lo  deepen  the  channel  of  a  river  or 
harbor  ;  lo  deepen  a  well. 

•2.  To  make  dark  or  darker ;  lo  make  more  thick 
or  gloomy ;  as,  to  deepen  the  shades  of  night ;  lo 
deepen  gloom. 

3.  To  give  a  darker  hue,  or  a  stronger  color ;  a.-*,  to 
dcrpen  a  color;  to  deepen  a  red,  blue,  or  crimson 
color. 

4.  To  make  more  poignant  or  absorbing ,  as,  lo 
drqicn  grief  or  sorrow. 

5.  To  make  more  frightful ;  as,  to  deepen  the  hor- 
rors of  the  scene. 

6.  To  make  more  sad  or  gloomy  ;  as,  to  deepen  the 
murmurs  of  the  flood. 

7.  To  make  more  grave ;  as,  to  deepen  the  tones  of 
an  organ. 

DEEP'JEX,  V.  I.    To  become  more  deep;  as,  the  water 

deepens  at  every  cast  of  the  lead. 
DEEP'£:N-£p,  (dccp'nd,)  pp.     Made  more  deep. 
DEEP'£X-IXG,  ppr.  or  a.     Sinking  lower ;  niakiug 

more  deep  ;  growing  deeper. 
DEEP'ER,  a.  comp.     Jlore  deep. 
DEEP'EST,  a.  superl.     Most  deep. 
DEEP'-LAID,  a.    Laid  deep;  formed  with  cunning 

and  sagacity. 
DEEP'LY,  adv.     At  or  lo  a  great  depth  ;  far  below  the 

surface;  as,  a  passion  deepiy  rooted  in  our  nalure; 

precepts  deephj  engraven  on  the  heart. 

2.  Profoundly ;  thoroughly ;  as,  deeply  skilled  m 
ethics  or  anatomy. 

3.  To  or  from  the  inmost  recesses  of  the  heart ; 
with  great  sorrow  ;  most  feelingly. 

He  sijheil  deeply  in  liia  spirit.  —  M:ir)[  »tii. 

ile  was  deepty  nlfeclcd  at  Uic  »ghL  Anon. 

4.  To  a  great  degree ;  as,  he  has  deeply  ofiendcd. 

They  luve  deeply  connplcd  ihcni«;Ives.  —  Ho«.  ix. 

.^>.  With  a  dark  hue,  or  strong  color;  as,  a  deeply- 
red  liquor;  deeply  colored. 

6.  Gravely;  as,  a  f/(^i-/j/y-toned  instrument. 

7.  With  profound  skill ;  wiih  art  or  intricacy  ;  as, 
a  deephjAmA  plot  or  intrigue. 

This  word  can  not  easily  be  defined  in  all  its  va- 
rious applications.  In  general,  it  gives  emphasis  or 
intensitv  to  the  word  which  it  qualifies. 

DEEP'-MOUTH-£D,  a.  Having  a  hoarse,  loud,  hol- 
low voice  ;  as,  a  deep-mouthed  dog.  Shtik. 

DEEP'-.MCS-ING,a.  Contempl.itivc;  thinking  closely 
or  profoundly.  Pope. 

DEEP'NESS,  71.  Depth  ;  remoteness  from  the  surface 
in  a  descending  line  ;  interior  disUince  from  the  sur- 
face ;  profundity. 

And  rorlhv.-itb  they  sprung  up,  because  Ihcy  had  no  deepness 
of  earth. —  Mnlt.  xtii. 

9.  Cmd;  insidiousness.     \  Unusual.] 
DEEP'-READ,  (red,)  a.     Having  fully  read;   pro- 

foundlv  versed.  L^Estranffe. 

DEEP-RE-VOLV'ING,  a.     Profoundly  revolving  or 

meditating.  Shak. 

DEEP'-SCAR-RED,  (skird,)  a.     Having  deep  scars. 
DEEP'-Sl-.AT-ED,  a.     Sealed  deeplv. 
DEEP'-SOrXD-lNG,  a.     Having  a  low  sound. 
DEEP'-T1H.\K-IXG,  a.    Thinking  profoundlv. 
DEEP'-THRoAT-ED,  a.      Having  a  deep  thri>al  or 

voice.  .Viltoit. 

DEEP'-TCN-ED,  a.     Having  a  very  low  or  grave 

tone. 
DEEP'-VA,ULT-ED,  a,    Fomi'^d  like  a  deep  vault  or 

arch.      "  Milton. 

DEEP'-WaIST  ED,  a.      Having  a  i\rrp  w.iist,  as  a 

ship  when  the  quarter-deck  and  furcca=ile  are  raised 

from  four  to  six  feel  above  the  level  of  the  main 

deck.  -Var.  DtcJ. 

DEEP'-WoRX,  a.   Worn  to  a  great  depUi.  IIovktKson. 


TONE,  BJJLL,  TTNITE.— AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K  ;  <5  ai  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SlI ;  TH  as  in  TIHS. 

Sou" 


DKF 

DKEU,  n.  .sin^,  and  jtl.  [Sax.  deor;  D.  c/ifr;  G.  thier; 
Hw.diitr;  Dixii.  tlijr ;  Puli^li  iieicrs ;  Gr.  ^rf.o,  a  wild 
btr:i,it.  'i'lic  primary  sense  is  simply  roving,  wild, 
untmnrd  ;  Iicnce,  a  wild  beast.] 

A  qiiadni|K;d  of  the  gtiius  CVtciw,  of  several  spe- 
cies, ;is  Uk'  stag,  tile  fallow-ilccr,  the  roe-buck,  the 
fane  or  rt-imlcer,  &c.  These  animals  are  wild,  and 
ininled  in  the  forest,  or  kept  in  park.-^.  Their  flesh, 
called  cenisoitj  is  deemed  excellent  food. 

DI^Ell'-NKCIC.  n.  In  Horsejaajishipj  a  thin,  ill-formcd 
ntck.  Kami.  Encifc, 

DKKR'-SKIiV,  n.  The  skin  of  a  deer,  of  which  a 
ver>'  sup|)le  leather  is  ntade. 

DEER'ti'i'ALK-EU,  (-siawk-er,)  n.  One  who  prac- 
tices deerstalking.  BooUu 

DEEIl'riTALK-IXG,  (-slawk-ing,)  h.  The  lying  in 
wail  to  shoot  deer,  or  pursuing  them  as  nnich  as  pos- 
sible under  cover. 

IH:E1{'S  IKAI^ER.  n.    One  who  steals  deer. 

DiJEK'STEAL-LNG,  H.    The  act  or  crime  of  stealing 

Dlc'ESS,  71.     [Fr.  deesse.]  [deer. 

A  goddess.     [JVot  in  u,sf.]  Croft. 

DE-i-'ACE',  V.  t.  [Arm.  dtfafza ;  de  and  L.  facto  i  Fr. 
dffitirr^  to  undo  or  unmake.^ 

1.  'Vo  destroy  or  mar  the  face  or  surface  ol  a  tiling  ; 
t  '  injure  the  superficies  or  beauty  j  tu  disfigure;  as, 
lo  deface  a  monument ;  to  deface  an  edifice. 

2.  To  injure  any  tiling ;  to  destroy,  spoil,  or  mar  j 
to  crise  or  obliterate  j  as,  to  deface  letters  or  writing ; 
(0  deface,  a  note,  deed,  or  bond  ;  to  deface  a  record. 

3.  To  injure  tiie  appearance  ;  to  disfigure. 
DE-FaC'/C!),  (de-ftisEe',)  yp.  ox  a.    Injured  on  the  sur- 
face ;  disfigured  ;  marred  ;  erased. 

DE-F.aCE'MEXT,  «.  Injury  to  the  surface  or  beauty  ; 
rasurc  ;  obliteration  ;  timt  which  mars  beauty,  or  dis- 
figures. 

DE-FACER,  n.  He  or  tiiat  which  defaces  ;  one  who 
injures,  mars,  or  disfigures. 

DE-FAC'L\G,  ppr.  Injuringtho  face  orsurface;  mar- 
ring; disfiguring;  erasing. 

DE-FAU'IN(i-LV,  adv.    In  a  defacing  manner. 

DE  F^C'TOj  [L.]  Actually;  in  fact;  in  reality; 
existing:  as,  a  king  de  facto,  distinguished  from  a 
king  dcjure,  or  by  right. 

DE-FAIL^Vi\CE, ».  [Fr.  Sea  Fail,]  Failure ;  mis- 
carriage.    [Ohs.\  Taylor. 

DE-FAL.'€ATE,  r.  t.  [Fr.  dffah/uer ;  It.  defdcare; 
Sp.  de^falcar :  Port,  dc^alcar :  from  L  defalcof  de  and 
yit/co,  from/a/x,  a  sickk-.] 

LiUraHijj  to  cut  off;  hence,  to  take  away  or  deduct 
a  part ;  used  chielly  of  money,  account.^;,  rents,  in- 
come, &.C. 

DE-FAL'CA-TED,  pp.  ':';iken  away ;  deducted,  as  a 
part. 

DE-F.\L'eA-TI\G,  ppr.  Deducting  from  a  money 
account,  rents,  &.c. 

DE-FAL-€A'TION,  n.  That  which  is  cut  off;  as, 
this  loss  is  a  defalcation  from  the  revenue. 

Litcralhj^w  cutting  olT;  and  hence,  a  diminution, 
deficit,  or  withdrawment.     [In  recent  usa<rc.'\ 

DE-FALK',  r.  U    To  defalcate.     [^Tot  in  ?«c.J 

Bp.  Hall. 

DEF-.\-:\lA'TION,  n.  [Sec  Defame.]  The  uttering 
of  slanderous  words,  witli  a  view  to  mjtire  another's 
reputation  ;  the  malicious  uttering  of  falseliood  re- 
specting another,  which  lends  to  destroy  or  impair 
his  good  name,  character,  or  occupation;  slander; 
calumny.  To  constitute  defamation,  in  law,  the 
words  must  be  false,  and  spoken  maliciously.  De- 
famatory words,  written  and  published,  are  called 
a  libel.  Blaekstane. 

DE-FA.M'A-TO-RY,  a.  Calumnious  ;  slanderous  ; 
containing  defamation;  false  and  injurious  to  repu- 
tation ;  as,  defauuUorij  words ;  drfamatorij  reports  or 
writings. 

DE-FaME'  r.  t.  [Fr.  diffamer;  It.  difamare;  Sp.  rfis- 
famar  j  from  I*,  dijfavio  ;  de,  or  dis,  and/ama,  fame.] 

1.  To  slinder ;  falsely  and  maliciously  to  utter 
words  respecting  another  which  tend  to  injure  his 
reputation  or  occupation ;  as  to  say,  a  judge  is  cor- 
rupt ;  a  man  is  perjured  ;  a  trader  is  a  knave. 

2.  To  speak  evil  of;  to  dishonor  by  false  reports  ; 
to  calumniate ;  to  libel ;  to  impair  reputation  by  acts 
or  words. 

Ecing  defamed,  we  *'n(n»t.  —  1  Cor.  iv. 

DE-FAM'iiD,  pp.  Slandered;  dishonored  or  injured 
by  evil  reiKirLs. 

DE-FAM'ER,  n.  Aslandererj  a  detractor;  a  calum- 
niator 

DE-FAM'ING,  ppr.  Slandering;  injuring  the  charac- 
ter by  false  reports. 

DE-FA M'IN'G,  n.    Defamation;  slander.    Jeremiah. 

DC-FAM'li\G-LY,  ado.    In  a  d-.  laming  manner. 

DE-FAT' I-GA-BLE,  a.  Liable  to  be  wearied.  {J^ot 
juueh  metL]  QlanviUe. 

DE-FAT'I-GATE,  b.  t,     [L.  drfatiiro  ;  de  and  fatigo,  to 
lire.    See  Fatigue.] 
To  weary  or  tiro.    [LUUe  used]  Herbert. 

DE-FAT-i-GA'T10.\,  n.    Weariness.    [Liale  used.] 

Bacon. 

DE-FAULT',  n.    [Fr.  defaut,  for  dtfauU,  from  defailUr, 

to  iail ;  */e  and^uf/^rr,  to  fail.    See  Fail  and  Fault.] 

1.  A  faihng,  or  failure  ;  an  omission  of  that  which 

ought  to  be  done ;  neglect  to  do  what  duty  or  law 


DEP 

requires ;  ns,  this  evil  has  happened  through  the 
governor's  default,  A  dtfauUy  or  faulty  mny  be  a 
crime,  a  vice,  or  a  mere  defect,  according  to  the  na- 
ture of  the  duty  omitted. 

2.  Defect ;  want ;  failure. 

Coti'iii  could  Toakc  ikniAcial  binli,  in  d^ault  o(  nrol  ones. 

Arbutiinot. 

3.  In  /air,  a  failure  of  appearance  in  court  at  a  day 
assigned,  particularly  of  the  defendant  in  a  suit  when 
called  to  make  answer.  It  may  be  applied  to  jurors, 
witnesses,  &.c. ;  but  a  plaintifPs  failing  to  appear  by 
himself  or  attorney  is  usually  called  a  non-appear- 
ance. 

To  s^Jfer  a  default,  is  to  permit  an  action  to  bo 
called  without  appearing  or  answering}  applied  to  a 
defendant. 

D&FAULT',  z,  i.  To  fail  in  performing  a  contract  or 
agreement.  Johnson. 

DE-FALTLT',  r.  L  In  Inc,  to  call  out  a  defendant, 
[uccording  lo  the  coiuiuou  e.\presaii»n.]  To  call  a 
defendant  officially  to  appear  and  answer  in  court, 
and  on  his  failing  lo  answer,  to  declare  Iiim  in  de- 
fault, and  enter  judgment  against  him  ;  as,  let  the 
defendant  be  defaulted. 

No  coftU  arc  to  be  awanled  for  sucli  town,  VitfauUed. 

IHnsM.  Lawt. 

2.  To  call  out  a  cause,  in  which  the  defendant 
does  not  appear,  and  enter  judgment  on  the  default ; 
as,  the  cause  was  drfatiltod. 

3.  To  fail  in  performance.  MiUon. 
DE-FAULT'   «.  U     To  ofleiid.     [Obs.] 
DE-FAULT'ED,  pp.    Called  out  of  court,  ns  a  de- 

2.  a.    Having  defect.  [fendant  or  liis  cause. 

DE-FAULT'ER,  7i.  One  who  makes  default ;  one 
who  fails  to  appear  in  c6urt  when  called. 

2.  One  who  fails  to  iterfurm  a  public  duty  ;  partic- 
ularly, one  who  fails  to  account  for  public  money 
intrusted  to  his  care  ;  a  delinquent. 
DE-FA ULT'IXG,wrr.     Failing  to  fulfill  a  contract; 
deliiKiuent. 

2.  Failing  to  perform  a  duty  or  legal  requirement; 
as,  a  defaultin^r  creditor.  fValsh. 

3.  Calling  out  of  court,  and  entering  judgment 
ag^ainst  for  non-appearance,  as  a  defendant. 

DE-FEAS'ANCE,  (de-fi-z'ans,)  n.  [Norm,  drfesance; 
Fr.  defesant,  from  dtfairc,  to  undo  ;  dc  and  faire,  L. 
facio.'] 

1.  lAtcralliu  a  defeating ;  a  rendering  null ;  tlie 
preventing  ot^  the  operatinu  of  an  instrument. 

2.  In  laiD,  a  condition,  relating  to  a  deed,  which 
being  performed,  the  deed  is  defejiled  or  rendered 
void;  or  a  collateral  deed,  made  at  the  same  lime 
with  a  feoffinent  or  other  conveyance,  containing 
conditions,  on  the  performance  of  Avhich  the  estate 
then  created  may  be  defeated.  A  dcfctuiance,  on  a 
bond,  or  a  recognizance,  or  a  judgment  recovered,  is 
a  condition  which,  wlien  performed,  defcaLs  it.  A 
defeasance  diflcrs  from  the  common  condition  of  a 
bond,  in  being  a  separate  deed,  whereas  a  common 
condition  is  inserted  in  the  bond  itself.  Blackstone. 

3.  The  writing  containing  a  defeasance. 

•1.  Defeat.     [OA^.]  Spenser. 

D&FeAS'I-BLE,  (de-fuz'e-bl,)  a.  That  may  be  de- 
feated, or  annulled  ;  as,  a  defeasible  title  ;  a  defeasible 

DE-FEAS'I-BLE-?fESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  de- 
feasible. 

DE-FeAT',  71.     [Fr.  defaitc,  from  defuire,  to  undo;  de 
and  fairc.] 
.  1.  Overthrow;  loss  of  battle  ;  the  check,  rout,  or 
destruction  of  an  army  by  tlie  victory  of  an  enemy 

2.  Successful  resistance ;  as,  the  defeat  of  an  at- 
tack. 

3.  Frustration;  a  rendering  null  and  void  ;  ::^',  Vac 
defeat  of  a  title. 

4.  Frustration  ;  prevention  of  success  ;  as,  the  de- 
feat of  a  plan  or  design. 

DE-FeAT',  I'.  ^  To  overcome  or  vanquish,  as  an 
anny  ;  to  check,  disperse,  or  ruin  by  victory ;  to 
overthrow  ;  applied  tA)  an  armyjj  or  a  divison  of  troops  f 
to  a  fleet,  or  to  a  commander.  The  English  army  de- 
feated the  French  on  the  Plains  of  Abraham.  Gen- 
eral Wolf  defeated  Montcalm.  The  French  defeated 
the  Austrians  at  Marengo. 

2.  To  frustrate;  to  prevent  tiic  success  of;  to  dis- 
appoint. We  say,  our  dearest  Iiopes  are  oflcn  de- 
feated. 

Thca  mayest  tliou  Tor  me  dafeal  Oio  cou:)kI  of  AhlUiophcl.  —2 
Sam.  XV,  ami  zvli. 

3.  To  render  null  and  void ;  as,  to  difcat  a  title  or 
an  estate. 

'I.  To  resist  with  success ;  as,  to  defeat  an  attempt 
or  assault. 
DE-FkAT'ED,  pp.  or  a.    Vanquished  ;  effectually  re- 
sisted ;  overthrown  ;  frustrated  ;  disappointed ;  rcn- 
deR^  null  or  inoperative. 
DE-FeAT'ING,  ppr.     Vanquishing;    subduing;  op- 
posing successfully ;  overthrowing;  frvstrating J  dis- 
appointing ;  rendering  null  and  void. 
DE-FeAT'URE,  (-n-t'yur.)  ,(.     Change  of  feature. 

Shak. 

2.  Overthrow;  defeat.     [0&.?.]  Beaum. 

DEF'E-CATE,  v.U     [L.  dcfi£co ;  de  and  /cei,  dregs.] 


DEF 

1.  To  purify ;  to  refine  ;  to  clear  from  dregs  cr 
Impurities  ;  to  clarify  ;  as,  to  dictate  lliiuor. 

2.  To  purify  from  admixture;  lo  clear;  to  purge 
of  extraneous  matter. 

DEE'IvCA-TED,  pp.     Turified;  clarified;  refined. 
DEF'E-e.\-TL\'G,  ppr.    Purifying;    purging  of  Ices 

or  impurities. 
DEF-E-eA'TION,  n.    The  net  of  separating  from  lees 

or  dregs;    purification  from    impurities  or  foreign 

matter. 
DEFECT',  Ti.     [L.  dtfettus  ;  It  difttto ;  Sp.  dffin$  i 

from  L.  defcio,  to  fall ;  de  and  facio,  to  make  or  do.] 

1.  Want  or  absence  of  something  necessary  nr 
useful  toward  perfection  ;  fault  :  imperfection.  VV'e 
say,  (hero  are  numerous  defects  in  (he  plan,  or  in  the 
work,  or  in  the  execution. 

Errors  luvo  lo.-it  corr-cbril,  ami  defect)  lupplkd.        Daxiet. 

2.  Failing  ;  fault ;  mistake  ;  hnperfeclion  in  moral 
conduct,  or  in  judgment.  A  deep  conviction  of  llic 
defects  of  our  lives  tends  to  make  us  humble. 

Tni*l  not  yoiirsolf ;  bm,  your  de/tcU  to  know, 

Mukc  u»c  of  every  fricinl  iiiij  cwrj-  foe.  Pcju. 

3.  Any  want,  or  imperfection,  in  natural  objecla ; 
the  absence  of  any  thing  necessary  to  perfection; 
any  thing  unnatural  ormisjilaccd  ;  blemish ;  deformi- 
ty. We  speak  of  a  defect  in  the  organs  of  seeing  or 
hearing,  or  in  a  Hmb  ;  a  defect  in  timber ;  a  defect  in 
an  iuKirument,  Sec. 

DE-FECT'j  V.  i.  To  be  deficient.  [J^ot  in  use,]  Brounu 
DE-FE€T-!-RlLa-TV,  n.    Deficiency  ;  imiwrfection. 

[Little  used.)  Digbij.     Hale. 

DE-FEeT'I-BLE,  0.    Imperfect;  deficient ;  wnntlng. 

iLitllc  u.^ed.]  Uak. 

DK-FEC'TION,  (dc-fek'shun,)  w.     [L.  dtfcciio.     See 

Defect.] 

1.  Want  or  failure  of  duty  ;  particularly,  a  falling 
away;  apostasy;  the  act  of  abandoning  a  person  or 
cause  to  which  one  is  bound  by  allegiance  or  duty, 
or  to  wliich  ono  has  attached  himself  Our  defutiM 
from  God  is  proof  of  our  depravity.  The  cause  of 
tile  king  was  rendered  desperate  by  the  defectum  of 
the  nobles. 

2.  Revolt ;  used  of  natioyis  or  states. 
DE-FE€T'IVE,  a.    [L.  defectivus.    See  Defect.] 

1.  Wanting  either  in  substance,  quantity,  or  qual- 
ity, or  in  any  thing  necessary  ;  imperfect  ;  as,  a  dt- 
fcctlve  limb  ;  defective  timber ;  a  defective  copy  cr 
book;  n.  defective  account.  /)f/fc(irc  articulation,  in 
speaking,  renders  utterance  indistinct. 

2.  Wanting  in  moral  qualities  ;  faulty  ;  blamable; 
not  conforming  to  rectitude  or  rulej  as,  a  deftetkt 
character. 

3.  In  grammar,  a  defective  noun  is  one  which 
wants  a  whole  number  or  a  paiticular  case ;  on  in- 
declinable noun. 

4.  A  (/f/cc(ifc  verb,  is  one  which  wants  some  of  (he 
tenses, 

DE-FE€T'IVE-LY,  adv.  In  a  defective  manner;  im- 
perfectly. 

DE-FE€T'IVE-NESS,  n.  Want  j  the  state  of  beins 
imperfect ;  faultiness. 

DE-FECT-U-OS'I-Ty,  n.  Defectiveness ;  faultiness. 
[JVof  nscd.]  Jlontagtt, 

DE-FECT'U-OUS,  a.     Full  of  defects.    [Little  vsed.] 

IVorthin^on, 

DEF-E-DA'TION,  n.     Pollution.     {J^ot  in  use.] 

Bentlc^. 

DE-FENCE',  77.  Protection  against  injury  ;  vindica- 
tion when  attacked, 

2.  The  art  or  science  of  defending  against  ene- 
mies ;  skill  m  fencing,  &c. 

3.  In  law,  the  defendant's  answer  or  plea. 

[For  remarks  on  the  spelling  of  the  word,  Ke 
Defense.] 
DE-FENCE'LESS,  d.    Without  defense.     [See  Dr- 

FENSELE93.] 

DE-FEXD',  V.  t.  [h.  drfendo  ;  de  and  obs.  fcndo;  Fr. 
defendre  ;  It.  dfcndei-e ;  Sp.  defender ;  Port  i(L  ;  Ami. 
difciin,  or  divcnn;  W.  difyn  ;  Norm. /cri'/w,  struck; 
defendci;  to  oppose,  to  prohibit.  The  primary  sense 
is,  to  strike,  thrust,  or  drive  off;  to  repel,] 

J.  To  drive  from  ;  to  thrust  back  ;  hence,  to  deny ; 
to  repel  a  demand,  charge, or  accusation  ;  lo  oppose; 
to  resist ;  the  effect  of  which  is  to  maintain  one's 
own  claims. 

2.  To  forbid  ;  to  prohibit;  that  is,  to  drive  from, 
or  back.  Milton  calls  the  forbidden  fruit  the  de- 
fended fniit. 

TiiC  in-  crPwinc  in  toiiieplncca  n  dtjinaedlf  ci^itona  or  Uwi. 

Temptt. 
[This  application  is  nearly  obsolete^ 

3.  To  drive  back  a  foe  or  danger ;  to  repel  from 
any  thing  that  which  assails  or  annoys ;  to  protect  by 
opposition  or  resistance  ;  lo  support  or  maintain ;  to 
prevent  from  being  injured  or  destroyed. 

•VhcK  axcs-r,  to  (ie/tiid  laracl,  Tol.\,  t!i-,-  win  uf  PuaIi.  —  J'Kl-r»  ' 

4.  To  vindicate ;  to  assert ;  to  uphold  ;  to  maintain 
uninjured,  by  force  or  by  argument ;  as,  to  defend  our 
cause  ;  to  defend  rights  and  priWleges ;  to  defend  rep- 
utation. .- 

5.  To  secure  ajrainst  attacks  or  evil ;  to  fortiiy 
against  danger  or  violence ;  to  set  obstacles  to  the 
approach  of  any  thing  that  can  annoy.    A  garden 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT — MeTE,  PREY PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — N6TE,  DO\TE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQQK.— 

310 


DEF 

ni:iy  be  defended  by  a  grove  ;  a  camp  may  be  defended 

bv  a  wall,  a  hill,  or  a  river. 
D&FKXD',  y.  t.    'i'o  make  opposjiioii}  as,  the  party 

coiner  inio  court,  defendsy  and  says. 
OE-FEXD'A-BLK,  a.    That  may  be  defended. 
DE-rEXD'ANT,  a.     [Fr.  participle  oi drfendrc] 

1.  Defensive  ;  proper  for  defense.  Sltak. 

2.  Making  defense  ;  being  in  tlie  chanicter  of  a  de- 
fendant. tVhcaton's  Rep. 

DJi^FEND'ANT,  71.  He  that  defends  af^inst  an  as- 
sailant, or  against  the  approach  of  evil  or  danger. 

2,  In  law,t\ie  party  that  opposes  a  cnrnplaint,  de- 
mand, or  cbarge  ;  lie  that  is  summoned  into  court, 
and  t/c/fJiii^^  denies,  or  opposes,  the  demand  or  charge, 
and  niaiutaius  his  own  right.  It  is  iipplied  to  any 
party  of  whom  a  demand  is  made  in  Court,  whether 
tlic  party  denies  and  defends^  or  admits  the  claim  and 
suffers  a  default, 

I)E-FEN0'ED,  pp.  Opposed  ;  denied  ;  prohibited  ; 
maintained  by  resistance ;  vindicated  ;  preserved  un- 
injured ;  secured. 

DE-FEXD'ER,  n.  One  who  defends  by  opposition ; 
oiie  who  maintains,  supports,  protects,  or  vindicates  ; 
an  asserlor ;  a  vindicator,  either  by  arms  or  by  argu- 
ments ;  a  champion  or  an  advocate 

DE-FEND'ING,  ppr.  Denying;  opposing;  resisting; 
forbidding;  main'aining  uninjured  by  force  or  by  rea- 
son ;  securing  from  evil. 

DE-FEXS'A-TIVE,  n.  Guard;  defense;  a  bandage, 
plaster,  or  the  like,  to  secure  a  wound  from  external 
injur)-.  Johjison. 

DE-FEXSE',  (de-fens',)  n.     [L.  defcnsio.] 

1.  Any  thing  that  opposes  attack,  violence,  danger, 
or  injur}' ;  any  thing  tliat  secures  the  person,  the 
rights,  or  the*  possessions,  of  men  ;  forlilication  ; 
guard ;  protection ;  security.  A  wall,  a  parapet,  a 
ditch,  or  a  garrison,  is  the  defense  of  a  city  or  for- 
tress. The  Almighty  is  tha  defense  of  the  righteous. 
Ps.  lix. 

2.  Vindication  ;  justification  ;  apology  ;  that  which 
repels  or  disproves  a  charge  or  accusation. 

Meo,  brethren,  fiitlicr?,  heat  ye  my  defense.  —  Acts  sxii. 

3.  In  law,  the  defendant's  reply  to  the  plaintiff 's 
declaration,  demands,  or  charges. 

4.  Prohibition.     [Obs.]  Temple. 

5.  Resistance  ;  opposition.  S/iaJi. 

6.  The  science  of  defending  against  enemies  ;  skill 
in  fencing,  &c. 

7.  In  fortif  cation,  a  work  that  flanks  another. 
[This  word,  like  expense,  has,  till  of  late,  been 

spelled  with  a  c,  though  Bailey  gave  it  with  s.  It 
ought  to  undergo  the  same  change  with  erpense,  the 
reason  being  the  same,  viz.,  that  5  must  be  used  in 
defensive  as  in  expc:tsive.  Defense  was  the  original 
spelling  in  the  French,  and  dcfeiisio  in  the  Latin.  It 
is  therefore  desirable,  on  every  ground,  to  exchange 
the  c  for  s.] 

DE-FENSE',  (de-fens',)  v.  u  To  def^.-nd  by  fortifica- 
tion.    {Obs.\  Fairfax. 

DE-FEXS'£D,  (de-fenst',)  pp.    Fortified. 

DE-FEXSE'LESS,  (de-fen s'less,)  0.  Deing  without 
defense,  or  willioul  means  of  repelling  assault  or  in- 
jury* :  applied  to  a  tojcn,  it  denotes  unfortified  or  un- 
garrisoned  ;  open  to  an  enemy  ;  applied  to  a  persoii,  it 
denotes  naked  ;  unarmed  ;  unprotected  ;  unprepared 
to  resist  attack;  weak;  unable  to  oppose;  irncov- 
crjJ  ;  unsheltered. 

DE-FEXSE'LESS-NESS,  ( de-fen s'less-ness,)  7U  The 
Stat,-'  of  being  unguarded  or  unprotected. 

DE-FEX:?' I-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  defended ;  as,  a  de- 
feiLiibk  city. 

•2.  That  may  be  vindicated,  maintained,  or  justi- 
fied ;  as,  a  defensible  cause. 

DE-FENS'IVE,  a.     fFr.  defensif.] 

1.  That  serves  to  defend ;  proper  for  defense  ;  as, 
dcftiiske  armor,  v%"hich  repels  attacks  or  blows,  op- 
posed to  offensive  anus,  which  are  used  in  attack. 

2.  Carried  on  in  resisting  attack  or  aggression  ;  as, 
d^/tns-tcewar,  in  distinction  from  ojfcnjice  war,  which 
is  aggressive. 

3.  In  a  state  or  pasture  to  defend.  Milton. 
DE-FEXS'IVE,  n.    Safeguard  ;  that  which  defends. 

Wars  pnrreniive,  upon  jiul  P;ars,  aie  true  defensives.    Bacon. 

To  be  on  the  defensioe,  or  to  stand  on  tJie  defensive,  is 
to  be  or  stand  in  a  state  or  posture  of  defense  or  re- 
sistance, in  opposition  to  aggression  or  attack. 
DE-FEX3'IVE-LY,  adc.    In  a  defensive  manner;  on 

the  defensive  ;  in  defense. 
DE-FER',  V.  U    [L.  diffcro ;  dis,  from,  and  fero,  to  bear.] 
I.  To  delay;  to  put  off;  to  postpone  to  a  future 
time ;  as,  to  defer  the  execution  of  a  design. 

When  thou  ▼cwrat  a  vow,  defer  noi  to  pxy  it.  —  Eccles.  v. 
Hope  deferred  maketh  the  heart  sick.  — Prov.  xm. 

9.  To  refer ;  to  leave  to  another's  judgment  and 
determination.  Bacon. 

rin  this  sense,  Refer  is  now  used.] 
DE-FER',  V.  i.  To  yield  to  another's  opinion  ;  to  sub- 
mit in  opinion  ;  as,  he  defers  to  the  opinion  of  his 
father. 
DEF'ER-ENCE,  71.  A  jielding  in  opinion  ;  submission 
of  judgment  to  the  opinion  or  judgment  of  another. 
Hence,  regard ;  respect.    We  often  decline  acting  in 


DEF 

opposition  to  ihoso  for  whose  wisdom  we  have  a 

great  deference. 

2.  Complaisance;  condescension.  Locke. 

3.  Submission.  Addison. 
DEF'ER-EXT,  a.  Bearing;  carrying;  conveying.  [Lit- 
tle used.)  Bacon. 

DEF'EU-ENT,  11.     That  which  carries  or  conveys. 

2.  A  vessel  in  the  luiman  body  for  the  conveyance 
of  fluids.  Gtambers. 

3.  In  Vie  Ptolemaic  astronomy,  a  circle  surrounding 
the  earth,  in  whose  peripliery  the  center  of  the  epi- 
cycle moves  round.  D.  Olmsted. 

DEF-ER-EN'TIAL,  (-eu'shal.)  a.  Expressing  defer- 
DEF-ER-EiX'TIAL-LY,  adv.  With  deference,  fence. 
DE-FER'iMEXT,  ».     Delay.  Suckling. 

DE-FER'R£D,pp.    Delayed;  postponed. 
DE-FER'RER,  7^.    One  who  delays  or  puts  off. 

B.  Jonson. 
DE-FER'RING,;/pr.    Delaying ;  postponing. 
DE-Fi'ANCE,  11.    [French,  in  a  different  sense.    See 
Defv.] 

1.  A  daring;  a  challenge  to  fight;  invitation  to 
combat ;  a  call  to  an  adversary  to  encounter,  if  he 
dare.    Goliath  bid  defiance  to  tlie  army  of  Israel. 

2.  A  challenge  to  meet  in  any  contest ;  a  call  upon 
one  to  make  good  any  assertion  or  charge ;  an  invi- 
tation to  maintain  any  cause  or  point. 

3.  Contempt  of  opposition  or  danger;  a  daring  or 
resistance  that  implies  the  contempt  of  an  adversary 
or  of  any  opposing  power.  Men  often  transgress  the 
law,  and  act  in  defiance  of  authority. 

DE-FI'A-TO-RY,  a.    Bidding  or  bearing  defiance. 

Skdford. 
DE-FI"CIEN-U  Y,  )  n.    [L.  deficiens,  from  deficio,  to  fail, 
DE-FI"CIEiXCE,    S      de  and  facio,  to  do.] 

1.  A  failing;  a  falling  short;  imperfection;  as,  a 
deficiency  in  moral  duties. 

2.  Want;  defect;  something  less  than  is  neces- 
sarj' ;  as,  a  deficiency  of  means  ;  a  deficiency  of  reve- 
nue ;  a  deficiencij  of  blood. 

DE-FI"CIENT,  (de-fish'ent,)  o.  Wanting ;  defective  ; 
imperfect;  not  sufficient  or  adequate;  as,  deficient  es- 
tate; deficient  strength. 

2.  Wanting ;  not  having  a  full  or  adequate  supply  ; 
as,  the  country  may  be  deficient  in  the  means  of  car- 
rying on  war. 

Drficient  jiumbcrs,  in  arithmetic,  are  those  numbers 
whose  aliquot  parts,  added  together,  make  less  than 
the  integer  wliose  parts  they  are.  Brando, 

DE-FI"CIENT-LY,  adv.     In  a  defective  manner. 

DEF'1-CIT, /(.  [L.J  Want;  deficiency;  as,  a  deficit 
in  the  ta.veg  or  revenue, 

DE-FI'£D,  (de-fldeO  pp.  Challenged  ;  dared  to  com- 
bat. 

DE-Fl'ER,  n.  [See  Defy.]  A  challenger;  one  who 
dares  to  combat  or  encounter ;  one  who  braves  ;  one 
who  acts  in  contempt  of  opposition,  law,  or  authori- 
ty ;  as,  a  defer  of  the  laws.  [Better  written  De- 
fter.] 

DE-FIG-XJ-Ra'TION,  n.    A  disfigming.     [Xot  in  nsc.'] 

IJall. 

DE-FIG'URE,  (-fig'yur,)  v.  t.  To  dehneate.  [JVot  in 
iLse.]        '  TVccvcr. 

DE-FiL'aD-ING,  n.  In  fortification,  the  raising  of  the 
exposed  side  of  a  tortress,  so  as  to  slielter  the  inte- 
rior works,  when  tliey  are  in  danger  of  being  com- 
manded by  the  enemy  from  some  liigher  point. 

DE-FILE',  V.  t.     [Sax.  afylan,  befylan,  gcfylan,  afalan. 

from  ful,  fala,foul.  (See  Foul.)  The  Syr.  '^^^.21^ 
tefal,  is  almost  precisely  the  English  word.  Cast. 
1553.1 

1.  To  make  iinclean  ;  to  render  foul  or  dirty  ;  in  a 
general  sense. 

2.  To  make  impure  ;  to  render  turbid  ;  as,  the  wa- 
ter or  liquor  is  defiled. 

3.  To  soil  or  sully  ;  to  tarnish  ;  as  reputation,  &.c. 

He    U  among  the   grcateH  prelates   of  the   a^,   however   his 

character  may  be  defiled  by  diny  hanJa.  Swifl. 

They  shall  defile  thy  brightaess.  —  Ez.  xxviii. 

4.  To  pollute  ;  to  make  ceremonially  unclean. 
That  which  dieth  of  itself,  he  shall  not  eat,  to  defile  huai^rlf 

therewith.  —  Lev.  xjcii. 

5.  To  corrupt  chastity  ;  to  debauch  ;  to  violate ;  to 
tarnish  the  purity  of  character  by  lewdness. 

Sbechcm  defiled  Dinah.  —  Gen.  xxxiv. 

6.  To  taint,  in  a  moral  sense  ,■  to  corrupt ;  to  vitiate 
to  render  impure  with  sin. 

Defile  not  yourselvoa  with  the  idols  of  Effypt.  —  Eick.  xx. 
He  hath  defiled  the  sanctuary  of  the  Lord.  —Num.  xix. 

DE-FILE',  V.  i.    [Fr.  dcfilcr;  de  ixnAfile,  a  row  or  line, 
from  \j.filum,  a  thread.] 
To  march  ofl*  in  a  line,  or  file  by  file  ;  to  file  off. 

Roscoe. 

DE-FILE',  n.     [Fr.  defile,  Uovc\fil,filc,  a  thread,  a  line.] 

A  narrow  passage  or  way,  in  which  troops  may 

march  only  in  a  file,  or  with  a  narrow  front ;  a  long, 

narrow  pass,  as  between  hills,  &c. 

DE-FIL'£D,  pp.  or  a.    Made  dirty  or  fonl ;  polhUrd  ; 

soiled;  corrupted;  violated;  vitiated. 
DE-FIL'£I),  prct.     Marched  off  in  a  Hue. 
DE-FILE'iMENT,  n.    The  act  of  defiling,  or  slate  of 
being  defiled  ;  foulness;  dirtiness;  uncleanness. 


DEF 

2.  Corruption  of  moralg,  principles,  or  character ; 
impurity  ;  polluUon  hy  sin. 

The  chai''    con  not  raJu;  Inlfi  diih  fiih  mliiiout  danr^r&f  lif- 
fiUntent.  jbUUffit. 

DE-FTL'ER,  n.    One  who  defiles;  one  who  eomif.'-^ 

or  violates  ;  that  which  iwllnUs. 
DE-FIL'ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Polluting;  making;  impiire- 

2.  M:irching  in  a  file,  or  with  a  narrow  front. 
DE-FIN'A-BLE,  a.      [Sec  DtrL-^E.]      LUrmUff,   that 

may  be    limited,  or  have    il-s  limita    axctrtained  ; 

hence,  cajmble  of  having  ila  extent  ajtccrtnJncd  with 

precision ;  cajmblc  of  b^ing  fixed  and  dcU-rminod. 

The  extent  of  the  Russian  empire  is  hardly  difinablc; 

the  limits  are  liardly  (■efinable. 

2.  That  may  h:  dcfinr:d  or  described ;  capable  of 
having  its  sigiiification  rendered  certain, oreswessed 
with  ccrl.iinty  or  preri^ion  ;  as,  drfinable  words, 

3.  That  may  be  fixed,  determined,  or  ascertained ; 
as,  the  time  or  period  is  not  definnhlc. 

DE-FTN'A-BLY,  adu.    In  a  definable  manner. 
DE-FINE',  r.  t.     [L-definio:  de  and /nto,  to  end,  tu 

limit,  from  finis^  end;   Fr.  drfinir;  Ep.  dtfinir;  IL 

definire.] 

1.  To  determine  or  describe  the  end  orliaiitj  as, 
to  define  the  extent  of  a  kingdom  or  countr}'. 

2.  To  dotermine  with  prLcision  ;  to  ascertain  ;  as, 
to  define  the  limits  of  a  kingdom. 

3.  'J'o  mark  the  limit ;  to  circimscribe  ;  to  bnaad 

4.  To  deti;rmine  or  a-acertnin  the  extent  vf  the 
meaning  of  a  word  ;  to  ascertain  the  fignificntion  of 
a  tenn  ;  to  explain  what  a  ivord  is  understoml  to  ex- 
press ;  aa,  to  dffine  the  words  virtue^  eourage^  bciitf, 
or  charity. 

5.  To  describe  ;  to  ascertain  or  explain  (lie  distinc- 
tive properties  or  circumstances  of  a  thing;  as,  to 
define  a  line  or  an  angle. 

DE-FINE',  V.  i.    To  determine ;  to  decide.    [J\^(  used.] 

Bacon. 

DE-FTX'ED,  (de-find,)  pp.  Delermintd  ;  having  the 
extent  ascertained  j  having  the  signification  (fetcr- 
mined. 

9.  Having  the  precise  limit  marked,  or  having  a 
determinate  limit ;  as,  the  shadow  of  a  body  is  well 
defined. 

DE-FiN'ER,  7i.  He  who  defines ;  he  who  ascertains 
or  marks  the  limits;  he  who  determines  or  explains 
the  signific'ition  of  a  word,  or  describes  the  distinc- 
tive properties  of  a  thing. 

DE  FIXING,  ppr.  or  a.  Determining  the  limits;  as- 
certaining thu  extent ;  explaining  the  meanhig^  de- 
scribing the  properties. 

DEF'IN-ITE,  a.     [L.  definitus.] 

1.  Having  certain  limits  ;  bounded  with  precision  ; 
detenninate ;  as,  a  definite  extent  of  land ;  definite 
dimensions ;  definite  measure. 

2.  II;iving  certain  limits  in  signification  ;  determi- 
nate ;  certain;  precise;  as,  a  d^nite  word,  term,  or 
expression. 

3.  FLved  ;  determinate  ;  exact ;  precise  ;  as,  a  dcfi- 
7iitc  time  or  period. 

4.  Defining;  limiting;  determining  the  extent ;  as, 
a  drfmitc  word 

DEF'IN-ITE,  H.    Thing  defined.  JiyUfft, 

DEF'IN-ITE-LY,  adv.     In  a  definite  manner. 
DEF'IN-ITE-.NESS,  H.    Certaintv  of  extent;  certainty 

of  signification  ;  deterniinateness. 
PEF-IN-I"TION,   (def-e-nish'un.)  n.      [L.    dtjinitio. 


See  Define.] 
1.  A  brief  de: 


escription  of  a  thing  by  its  properties ; 
as,  a  definition  of  wit,  or  of  a  circle. 

9.  In  logic,  the  explication  of  the  essence  of  a 
thing  by  its  kind  and  difference. 

3.  ln'lej:icography,  an  explanation  of  thesignifi  -■.- 
tion  of  a  word  or  term,  or  of  what  a  word  is  n: 
stood  to  express 
DE-FIN'I-TIVE,  a.     [h.  difinittvus.] 

1.  Lhnitingtheextent;  detenninate  ;  positive;  ex- 
press ;  as,  a  definitive  term. 

2.  Limiting;  ending  ;  determining;  final;  opposed 
to  conditional,  provisional,  or  interlocutory  ,■  as,  a  dcfin' 
itive  sentence  or  decree. 

DE-FIN'I-TIVE,  ?r.  In  gramjncr,  an  adjective  used 
to  define  or  limit  the  extent  of  the  signification  of  an 
apeHative  or  common  noun.  Such  arc  the  Greek  b, 
I/,  TO ;  the  Latin  hie.  Hie,  ipse}  the,  this,  and  tMd.  in 
English ;  le,  la,  les,  in  French  ;  il,  la,  lo,  in  Italian. 
Thus,  tree  is  an  appellative  or  common  noun;  o'lt 
tree,  this  tree,  that  tree,  designate  a  particular  tree, 
determinate  or  known.  Hamo  signifies  man  ;  hie 
homo,  ilh  homo,  a  particular  man,  &.c.  But,  in  some 
languages,  the  definitives  have  kist  their  original  use, 
in  a  grt^at  degree;  as  in  the  Greek  and  French. 
Thus,  "  La  forco  de  la  vertu  "  must  be  rendered,  in 
English,  the  force  of  virtue,  not  Ihe  force  ot  the  virtue. 
The  first  ta  is  a  definitive  ;  the  last  has  no  definitive 
effect. 

DE-FIN'I-TIVE-LY,  adc.  Delerminately  ;  positively  ; 
expresslv. 

2.  Finally  ;  conclusively  ;  uncondilioraJly  :  a?,  the 
points  between  the  parties  are  definiticcUi  selUc  u. 

DE-FIN'I-TIVE  NESS,  n.     Dcterminatiiacss  : 
sivcness ;  conclusiveness. 

DE-FIX',  r.  t.     [L.  drfigo.] 
I  To  fix  ;  to  fasten.     [J^'ot  used,] 


fttrvtrt. 


TdXE,  bull,  ^NITE.  —  AN"GER,  vr'CIOUS.  — €  as  K;  G  as  J;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


UEF 


DEF 


DEG 


^ 


DEF-LA-OBABIL'I-TV,  II.  [Soo  Ueflaoiiati!.]  Tin- 
qualitv  olbuniiii;,'  witli  asuddoii  uuil  «l):irklin(,'  com- 
bustion, a.'*  a  metallic  wire  ;  il  df-utical  tfrm.  li-'fl'. 
DE-K(.At:l!A-BLE.  a.  Uuvill(,' Ihc  quality  olljiuiiiif; 
witli  a  suJdun  aud  s^iarkliugcombustiuu,  asalciliol. 
uiU,  iic.  Jlofk. 

DI•:^  LA  GRATE,  ■•.  (.  [L.  ihjiagm;  de aud, tUiffru,  to 
barn] 

I'o  burn  with  a  suddon  aud  sixirklin^  combustiou ; 
as,  to  il-ilaijf(tt>:  oil  or  spii-it. 
1)B1"1,aOUA-'11^D,  j>j<.     Burned;  consumed. 
UEI"LAGRA-TIN"C:.  ;>jn-.    Uurniug  ;  consuming. 
DEb"-LA  UHA'TIOX,  u.  A suddou aud BiKukUug torn- 
bu.^tion. 

The  strength  of  spirit  is  proved  by  deflagration.    J^liryc. 
A  rapid  combttstion  of  a  mixture,  attended  witli 
mueh  evolutiou  of  tlame  and  vapor,  as  of  iiitcr  aud 
charcoal.  Cyc 

'J'liis  term  is  also  n|iplieil  lo  llic  rai)id  combustion 
of  metals  by  >;alvani.>^ni. 
I)1:F'I..\  ORA-TOIl,  II.  A  pilvanie  instrument  for 
jtroilneing  rapid  and  powerliil  combustion,  particu- 
larly the  combustion  of  metallic  substances.  //<iriT. 
DE-FLECT',  V.  i.  [L.  drflcclo ;  dc  and  ;!«lii,  lo  turn  or 
bend.] 

To  turn  from  or  aside ;  to  deviate  from  a  true 
course  or  right  line  j  lo  swerve. 

Tlic  iiwjlc  clejtcctg  from  Uic  incriiliMi.  Browa. 

DE-I'LECT',  V.  t.  To  turn  aside ;  to  turn  or  bend  from 
a  riulil  line  or  regular  course. 

DE-l'"Li:eT'ED,  ;i|<.  Turned  aside,  or  from  a  direct 
line  or  course.  In  botimij,  bcmling  downward  arch- 
wise. 

DE-FLECT'ING,  ppr.  Turning  aside ;  turning  from 
a  risht  linR  or  regular  course. 

UE-Fl.Ee'TlON,  II.  Deviation  ;  the  act  of  turning 
aside  ;  a  tHrniiig  from  a  true  line  or  the  regular 
course. 

2.  The  departure  of  a  ship  from  its  true  course. 

3.  A  deviation  of  the  rays  of  light  toward  the  sur- 
face of  an  oi)a<iuc  body  ;  intlcclion.  UavUe. 

DE-FLEX'IJUE,  (de-llek'shur,)  ii.    A  bending  down  ; 

a  turning  aside  ;  deviation. 
DE-FLo'RaTE,  a.     [L.  drjloratus,  from  dcjloro,  to  de- 
flour;  tkanAJloreo^fliis.     See  Flow ku.] 

In  liotaiiii,  having  cast  its  farina,  pollen,  or  fecun- 
dating dust.  Mailijii. 
DEF-LO-RA'TION,  71.     [Fr.     See  Dekloub.] 

].  The  act  of  dellouring ;  the  act  of  depriving  of 
the  flower  or  prime  beauties  ;  particularly  the  act  of 


taking  away  a  woman's  virginity. 

»  A  selection  of  the  llower,  or  of  that  which  is 
most  valuable. 

TIi>-  Uw-8  of  NonriaiKiy  -ire,  in  .1  gn-'al  lacasiire,  Uic  dejloralifm 
of  Uic  Enjliali  I.V1V..  //<■•«. 

DE-FLOUR',  V.  u  [L.  drjloro ;  de  and  jloreo,  orjlos,  a 
llower;  Fr.  drjlortr;  It.  dejlorarc,  or  defiorarc;  Sp. 
dcjU/rar.     See  Flower.] 

1.  To  dei)rive  a  woman  of  lier  virginity,  either  by 
force  or  with  consent.  When  by  force,  it  may  be 
equivalent  to  ravvsh  or  violate. 

2.  To  take  away  the  pi:iine  beauty  and  grace  of  any 
lliing. 

The  sweetness  of  liU  Boul  w.is  ttcjtourcd.  Taijlor. 

3.  To  deprive  of  flowers.  Afimtagu. 
DE-FLOUK'£D,  pp.  or  ii.    Deprived  of  maidenhood  ; 

ravislied  ;  robbed  of  prime  beauty. 
UE-FLOUR'ER,  ii.    One  who  deprives  a.  woman  of 

her  virginity. 
DE-KLOL'R'ING,  ppr.    Depriving  of  virginity  or  maid- 
enhood ;  robbing  of  prime  beauties. 
DE-FLO\V',  c.  i.     [L.  drjluo.] 

To  flow  down.     [JVut  in  use]  Brown. 

DEF'LU-OUS,  a.     [  I.,  drjlml.1 ;  dr.  and  Jiile,  to  flow.] 

Flowing  down  ;  falling  olf.     \^LitUc.  u^ied.] 
DE-FLUX',/!.     {h.dcjlaxiii>;  dcwii'X  Jino^jliLx.ni.     See 

Flow.] 
A  flowing  down  ;  a  nnrning  downward  ;  as,  a  dc- 

^uj  of  humors.    [Sec  Dekluxiqn.]  Bacon. 

1)E-FLUX'10N,  (de-fluk'shun,)  ii.      [L.  dcpiiin,  from 

dejliio,  to  flow  down ;    dc  and  jltio,  to  flow.     See 

Flow.] 

1.  A  flowing,  ninninp,  or  f;dling  of  humors  or  fluid 
matter,  I'rom  a  superior  to  an  inferior  iiart  of  the 
body  ;  properly,  an  inflammation  of  a  jiart,  attended 
will!  increaied  secretion. 

2.  A  discharge  or  flowing  ofl"  of  humors;  as,  a  dc- 
jlnxitm  from  the  nose  or  head  in  catarrh. 

DEF'LY,  mie.  Desirously;  skillfully.  [0(i.«.]  [See 
Dekt.]  Spenser. 

DEF-CE-D.\'TION,  (dcf-e-ds'slmn,)  n.  The  act  of 
making  fllthy. 

DE-FO-I-I-.A'TION',  71.  [L.  de  and  foliatlo,  foliage, 
from  fiditnn,  a  leaf  or /o/ior.    Sec  Folio.] 

iifcro;/!/,  the  fall  of  the  leaf,  or  shedding  of  leaves; 
but  Uchnically^  the  time  or  season  of  shedding 
leaves  in  autumn  ;  applied  la  Irecj  and  shriths. 

Linnitiui. 

DE-FoRCE',  II.  u  [dc  and  force.]  To  disseize  and 
keep  out  of  lawful  possession  of  an  estate  ;  lo  with- 
hold the  possession  of  an  estate  from  the  rightful 
owner ;  applied  to  any  possessor  whose  entry  was 


originally  lawtul.  but  whose  detainer  is  become  un- 
lawful. Btactstuiic. 

l)E-FCiRC'/;l),  jip.    Kept  out  of  lawful  possession. 

DE-FORt-'E'Ml'-NT,  »•  'I'he  holding  of  lands  or  ten- 
emeiil^  til  wlmli  another  person  has  a  right;  a  gen- 
eral term, iiu hiding  abatement,  intrusion,  disseisin, 
discontinuance,  or  any  other  species  of  wrong,  by 
which  he  that  hath  a  right  lo  the  freehold  is  kept  out 
of  possession.  WueksUme. 

2.  In  Scotland,  a  resisting  of  an  ofliccr  in  the  ex- 
ecution of  law. 

DE-FoR'OI.\N'T,  II.  He  that  keeps  out  of  possession 
the  rightful  owner  of  an  esuile  ;  he  against  whom  a 
liclitious  action  is  brought  in  fine  and  recovery. 

Bluekstone. 

DE-FORC'I.N'G,  ;i;ir.  Keeping  out  of  lawful  posses- 
sion. 

DE-FORM',  I'-  '.  [!'■  drftiritio  ;  dc  and  forma,  form; 
Sp.  de.fforotar  ;  It.  rfr/oniiiirr.] 

1.  To  mar  or  injure  the  form  ;  to  alter  that  form  or 
disposition  of  parts  which  is  natural  and  esteemed 
beautiful,  aud  thus  to  render  it  displeasing  lo  the  eye  ; 
to  disfigure ;  as,  a  hump  on  the  back  deforms  the 
body. 

2.  To  render  ugly  or  displeasing,  by  ctterior  ai>pli- 
cations  or  appendages ;  as,  to  deform  the  face  by 
paint,  or  the  person  by  unbecoming  dress. 

3.  'i'o  render  displeasing. 

Wintry  Itlnals  de/orin  llie  year.  Thomtott. 

4.  To  injure  and  render  displeasing  or  disgusting; 
to  disgrace ;  to  disfigure  mural  beauty  ;  as,  all  vices 
deform  th:;  character  of  rational  beings. 

5.  To  dishonor  ;  to  make  ungraceful.       Dnidcn. 
DE-FORM',  a.     [L.  deforwi.-.:] 

Disfigured;  being  of  a'li  unnatural,  distorted,  or 
disproportioncd  form  ;  displeasing  lothc  eye.  Sjicnser. 

Si.'lit  BO  ftc/onri  wliat  heart  of  rock  could  lunj 
Dr^-cyc^  hrlwM  t  Milton.  - 

DEF-ORM-A'TION,  ii.    A  disfiguring  or  defacing. 

Baiter. 
DE-FORM'KD,  pp.  or  a.     Injured  in  the  form  ;  disfig- 
ured; dislorlcd;   ugly;  wanting  nalur.al   beauty  or 
symmetry. 
2.  Rase  ;  disgraceful.  B.  Jonson. 

DE-FORM'KI)-LY,  adv.     In  an  ugly  manner. 
DE-FORiM'ED-NESS,  n.     Ugliness  ;  a  disagreeable  or 

unnatural  t'orm. 
DE-FOKM'lUi,  II.    One  who  deforms. 
l)lJ-FOU.M'l.\<i,  I'lir.      Marring  the  natural  form  or 
figure;    reliilering  Ugly    or    disjiK-asing;    destroying 
DE-FORJI'I-TY,  II.     [I,.  i.V/oriiiifus.]  [beauty. 

1.  Any  unnatural  stale  of  the  shape  or  form;  want  of 
that  uniformity  or  syinmctiy  wllicli  constitutes  beau- 
ty ;  distortion;  irregularity  of  shape  or  features ; 
disproportion  of  limbs;  defect;  crookedness,  &c. 
Hence,  ugliness;  tis,  bodily  lic/orniiiy. 

2.  Anything  that  destroys  beauty,  grace,  or  propri- 
ety ;  irregularity  ;  absurdity  ;  gross  deviation  from 
order,  or  the  established  laws  of  pro|iriety.  Thus  we 
speak  of  deformity  in  an  edifice,  or  deformity  of  char- 
acter. 

DE-FoRS'ER,  71.  [from  force.]  One  thai  casts  out 
by  force.  Blount. 

[lU  formed,  and  not  in  use.] 

DE-FOUL',  t'.  (.    To  defile. 

DE-F0UL'i5D,H).    Defiled;  made  dirty. 

DE-FOUL'IKO,  ;i;ir      Rendering  vile. 

DE-FR.\UD',  V.  t.  [L.  defraailo  ;  de  and  fraudo,  lo 
cheat';'  /mils,  fraud  ;  It.  drfraudarc ;  Sp.  defraudar.] 

1.  To  deprive  of  right,  either  by  obtaining  soine- 
Ihing  by  deception  or  artifice,  or  by  taking  something 
wrongfully  without  the  knowledge  or  consent  of  the 
owner;  lo  cheat;  lo  cozen;  followed  by  o/ before 
the  thing  taken;  as,  to  rff/raiui  a  man  ofhis  right. 
The  agent  who  embezzles  public  property  elrfrauds 
the  state.  The  man  who  by  deception  obtiins  a  jirice 
for  a  commodity  above  it?  value,  drfrnudj  the  pur- 
chaser. 

We  liave  corrupted  no  man,  \vc  have  dc/raudcd  no  man.  —2 
Cor.  vii. 

2.  To  withhold  wrongfuHy  from  another  what  is 
due  lo  him.     Defraud  not  the  hireling  of  his  wages. 

3.  To  prevent  one  wrongfully  from  obtaining  what 
he  may  justly  claim. 

A  man  of  fortune  who  pormiu  hU  son  lo  consume  the  season 
of  education  in  hunting,  shooting,  or  in  frrtjuenting  horse- 
races, ajiscmbli^s,  6tc.,  de/rawU  the  community  of^a  lienc- 
faclor,  and  h?qucatiis  ijiem  a  nuisaoce.  Paley. 

4.  To  defeat  or  frustrate  wrongfully. 

By  the  duties  deserted  —\iy  the  claims  defrauded.        Fairy. 

DE-FRAUD-A'TION,  71.    The  act  of  defrauding. 

DE-FRAUI)'ED,  pp.  Deprived  of  property  or  right  by 
trick,"artifice,  or  deception  ;  injured  by  the  withhold- 
ing of  what  is  due. 

DE-FRAUD'ER,  n.  One  who  defrauds;  one  \yho 
lakes"from  another  his  right  by  deception,  or  with- 
holds what  is  his  due;  a  cheat ;  a  cozener;  an  em- 
bezzler ;  a  peculator. 

DE-KRAUI)'I.NG,  ppr.  Depriving  another  of  bis  jirop- 
erty  or  right  by  ih:cei)tion  or  artifice ;  injuring  by 
withholding  wrongfully  what  is  due. 

DE-FKAUD'MENT,  ii.    The  act  of  defrauding. 

Milton. 


DI;-FRaY',  (de-fri',)  r.  (.    [Fr.  drfraijcr  I  dc  and  frau, 
/mix,  expense  ;  Arm.  defraci.] 

I.  To  (itiy  ;  lo  discharge,  as  cost  or  expense ;  to 

bear,  as  charge,  cost,  or  cx(ielise.     It  is  f^^llowell 

chielly  by  cx/iriwf,  diori,'*,  or  co.^t.     The  iiriiuisitions 

of  war  seldom  defray  the  expenses.    The  profits  of  a 

voyage  will  not  alwii\s  rfi/rtiy  the  charges,  or  even 

the  cost  of  the  first  outfits. 

e.  'I'o  satisfy;  as,  to'/r/riiii  anger.    [Oi.<.]   Speit..ier. 

3.  To  fill  ;  as,  toi/r/rniia  bottle.     [0(i.>.)      Spenser. 

DE-FRAY'A'D,  pp.     I'aiti;    discharged,   as  cipensc, 

or  cost. 
DE-FRaY'ER,  II.      One  who  pays  or  discharges  cx- 
DE-FRaY'I.NG,  ;i/ii-.     I'ayiug;  discharging.    [|kiuc«. 
DEFRAY'iMliNT,  II.     rayiuent.  Sliellon. 

DEFT,  n.     [.Sax.<;<r/(.] 

Neat;  handsome;  spiucc  ;  ready;  dextrous;  lit  j 
convenient.     [Obs.]  Sliidi.     Dryden. 

DEFT'LY,  ui^ii.      Neatly;    dcxlrously ;   in  a  skillful 

manner.     [Obs.]  Sliali.     fJrni/. 

DEFT'NE.-^S.ii.     Nealness  ;  beauty.    (Ods.  ]    Drayton. 
DE-FUNGT',   a.      [L.   defanctits,    from   defwigor;   to 
perform  and  discharge  ;  dc  ami  fan^or,  id.] 

Ilaving  finished  the  course  of  life  ;  dead ;  tle- 
ce;ised.  Shoti.      1 

DE-FUNCT',  71.  A  dead  person  ;  one  deceased.  Shak. 
DE-FUNCTION,  ii.  Death.  [JVot  u.vd.]  Shak. 
DE-Ff,  V.  t.  [Fr.  defer  i  de,  des,  from,  and/rr,to 
trust;  It.sftdurei  Sp.  i/fsii/ur  ;  t/c,9aml,/i'ii-;  Port.iii.; 
Anw.difyal;  Low  L.  i/i^i/arf',  and  iii//ii/iiciiirr,  from 
>/o,lo  trust.  (Sec  Faith.)  'J'he  word  i/itfii/«rr  seem* 
originally  lo  have  signified,  lo  dissolve  the  bond  of 
allegiance,  as  between  the  lortl  and  his  vassal ;  op- 
posed to  ajjidare.  S|ielinaii,  ei;  roc.  Hence  it  came  to 
be  used  for  the  denunrialion  of  enniily  and  of  war. 
Hence,  lo  cliallenge.  If  we  uiulerstaiid  defer  lo  sig- 
nify  to  distrust,  then  lo  defy  is  to  call  in  question  the 
courage  of  another,  according  lo  the  popular  phrase, 
"  You  dare  not  light  me."] 

1.  To  dare  ;  to  provoke  to  combat  or  strife,  liy  ap- 
pealing  to  the  courage  of  another ;  to  invite  one  Ui 
contest ;  lo  challenge ;  as,  Goliath  defied  the  armies 
of  Israel. 

2.  To  dare  ;  lo  brave  ;  lo  ofl'er  lo  hazard  a  coiulict 
by  manifesting  a  conlempl  of  op|iosition,  attack,  or 
hostile  force  ;  as,  lo  defy  the  arguments  of  an  oppo- 
nent ;  lo  defy  the  power  of  the  magistrate. 

^Ye^;  we  to  alxihsh  the  common  law,  it  would  ri»e  triuinpluinl 
ntjfive  iu  own  ruina,  deriding  and  de/j/iiig  its  impotent 
cncnucs.  /)uj»nc«ui. 

3.  To  cli.allenge  losay  or  ilo  any  thing. 
DE-FV.  71.     .\  challenge.     [JVol  »si:<;.]  Dnjikn. 
DE-FV'ER,  II.    One  wiio  defies.     [SeeDEFiEB.] 
DE-FS'ING,  ii;ir.     Challenging;  daring  to  combat. 
DEG,  t'.  /.     [Sax.  (/f(i;'iiii.]    'I'o  sprinkle.  Oro.<e. 
DE-GAR'NISH,  i:  t.     [Fr.  degdrnir ;  dc  and  garuir,  lo 

furnish.     [See  GAnNisH.] 

1.  To  unfurnish  ;  to  strip  of  furnilurc,  ornainent.s, 
or  apparatus. 

2.  To  deprive  of  a  garrison,  or  troops  neccssarj'  for 
defense  ;  as,  to  de'rarnish  a  city  or  fort. 

((■,i.<;iiii.r;o7i's  Letter,  JVoii.  II,  1788. 

DE-GAR'NISH-KD,  (de-gir'nisht,))i;i.  Stripp<:d  of  fur- 
niture or  apiiaratus  ;  dejirived  of  troops  for  defense. 

DE-GAR'NISH-ING,;i;ir.  Stripping  of  furniture,  dress, 
apparatus,  or  a  garrison. 

DE-GaR'NISII-MENT,  II.  The  act  of  depriving  of 
furniture,  ajipar.atus,  or  a  garrison. 

DE-GE.\'DER,  c.  i.    To  degenerate.     [Ob.i.]    Spenser. 

DE-(5EN'ER-.\-CY,  n.     [See  Deoesebate,  the  verb.] 

1.  A  growing  worse  or  inferior  ;  a  decline  in  gooil 
qualities  ;  or  a  stale  of  being  less  valuable  ;  as,  the 
degeneracy  of  a  plant. 

2.  In  morals,  decay  of  virtue ;  a  growing  worse ; 
departure  from  the  virtues  of  ancestors  ;  desertion  of 
that  which  is  good.  'We  speak  of  the  degeneracy  01 
men  in  modern  limes,  or  of  the  degeneracy  of  man- 
ners, of  the  age,  of  virtue,  &c.,  sometimes  without 
reason.  . 

3.  Poorness  ;  meanness  ;  as,  a  degeneracy  of  spmt. 
DE-GEN'ER-aTE,  71.  i.     [L.  dcgenero,  from  degcner, 

grown  worse,  ignoble,  base;  dc  and  gcncr,  genus; 
Fr.  degcuereri  Sp.  rfc^cncrai-.] 

To  become  ivorse  ;  to  decay  in  good  qualities;  to 
pass  from  a  good  to  a  bad  or  worsi-  state ;  to  Itjae  or 
suffer  a  diminution  of  valuable  qualities,  cither  in  the 
natural  or  moral  world.  In  the  natural  world,  plallU 
and  animals  i/^ffciirrafc  when  Ibey  grow  to  a  less  size 
than  usual,  or  lose  a  part  of  the  valuable  qu.ihties 
which  belong  to  the  species.  In  the  moral  worm, 
men  degenerate  when  they  decline  in  virtue,  or  other 
good  qualities.  Manners  degenerate  wdlen  they  lie- 
comc  corrupt.  Wit  may  degenerate  into  indecency  or 
impiety.  /.„,„, 

DE-GEN'ER-ATE,  a.  Having  fallen  from  a  perfect  or 
good  state  into  a  less  excellent  or  worse  suite  ;  hav- 
ing lost  something  of  the  good  qualities  possessed  ; 
having  declined  in  natural  or  moral  worth. 

The  degcnerote  I^lant  ofa  strange  vin".— Jer.  ii. 

2.  Low  ;  base  ;  mean  ;  roiTupl ;  fiillen  from  primi- 
live  or  natural  excellence  ;  having  lost  the  good  qual- 
ities of  the  species.  Man  is  considered  a  degmerau 
being.    A  coward  is  a  man  of  degenerate  spirit. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  M.UtlNE,  BIRD.  — NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.— 


J12 


DEG 

l)l''-Gi;N'r,K-A-TED,  pp.  or  a.    Grown  worse. 

OE-(!;i:\'KK-ATE-LY,  adv.  In  ;i  tiegenerate  or  base 
nuitimi.  Milton. 

DE-OEX'Kil-ATE-NESS,  n.  A  degenerate  state;  a 
stale  in  which  the  iiatinaJ  good  qualities  of  the  spe- 
cies are  ileca>etl  ur  lost. 

OE-0;EX'EK-A-TING,  ppr.  or  a.  Decaying  in  good 
(lualities. 

DE  Ol''iN-ER-A'TlON,Jt.  A  growing  worse,  or  losing 
of  good  qualities  ;  a  decline  from  the  virtue  and 
worth  of  ancestors;  a  decay  of  the  natural  good 
qualities  of  the  species  ;  a  falling  from  a  more  excel- 
lent state  to  one  of  less  wurth,  either  in  the  natural 
or  moral  world. 
2.  The  thing  degenerated.  Brown. 

DE-(!JEN'ER-0US,  a.  Degenerated  ;  fallen  from  a 
state  of  excellence,  or  from  the  virtue  and  merit  of 
ancestors.    Hence, 

2.  Low  ;  base  ;  mean  j  unworthy  ;  as,  a  dc^rcncr- 
Bii-i  passion.  Dnjdcn. 

DE-GEN'ER-OUS-LY,  adv.  luadcgcnerous  manner  ; 
basely  ;  meanly. 

DE-GLU'TIN-aTE,  1'.  r.  [L.  dcghUino;  dc  and  giu- 
tino,  lo  glue.     See  Glue.] 

To  ungluc ;  to  loosen  or  separate  substances  glued 
together.  Scott. 

DE-GLU'TIN-A-TED,  pp.  Unglued;  loosened  or 
separated  ;  as  of  substances  glued  together. 

DEG-LU-TI  'TlOiV,  (deg-lu-tish'un,)  ».  [L.  dcgJntio, 
to  swallow  ;  de  and  ghdio.     See  Glutton.] 

1.  The  act  of  swallowing  ;  as,  deglutition  is  diHi- 
cnlt. 

2.  The  power  of  swallowing  ;  as,  deglutition  is  lost. 
DEG-UA-pA'TIOX,  n.     [Fr.     See  Degrade.] 

!.  A  reducing  in  rank  ;  tlie  act  of  depriving  one  of 
a  degree  of  honor,  of  dignity,  or  of  rank  ;  also,  dep- 
osition ;  removal  or  dismission  from  office  ;  as,  the 
di'rradation  of  a  peer,  of  a  knight,  or  of  a  bishop,  in 
England. 

2.  The  state  of  being  reduced  from  an  elevated  or 
more  honorable  station,  to  one  that  is  low  in  fact  or 
in  estimation  ;  baseness  ;  degeneracy. 

P-'plorab!e  is  llic  degro'lalian  of  our  nature.  SouOi, 

3.  Diminution  or  reduction  of  strength,  efficacy,  or 
value. 

A.  In  paintinrr,  a  lessening  and  obscuiing  of  the 
appearance  of  distant  objects  in  a  landscape,  that 
tlicy  may  appear  as  they  w"ouId  do  to  an  eye  placed 
at  a  distance.  Johnson.     Encijc. 

5.  In  geology^  diminution ;  reduction  of  altitude 
or  magnitude  ;  as,  the  degradation  of  rocks. 

Journ   of  Scintcc. 
DE-GRADE',   v.   t.     [Fr,  de  grader ;  Sp   and  Port,  dc- 
grndar :  It.  dcgradore ;   L.  de  and  gradus,  a  step,  a 
degree.     See  Grade.] 

1.  To  reduce  from  a  higher  to  a  lower  rank  or  de- 
gree ;  to  deprive  one  of  any  office  or  dignity,  by 
whicli  he  loses  rank  in  society  ;  to  strip  of  honors  ; 
as,  to  degrade  a  nobleman,  an  archbishop,  or  a  gen- 
eral officer. 

2.  To  reduce  in  estimation;  to  lessen  the  value  of; 
lo  lower  ;  to  sink.  Vice  degrades  a  man  in  the  view 
of  othirs  ;  olten  in  his  own  view.  Dninkenness  de- 
grades a  man  to  the  level  of  a  beast. 

3.  In  geology,  to  reduce  in  altitude  or  magnitude, 
as  Iiills  and  mountains. 

Although  tbe  ridge  is  siil]  diere,  Uie  rid^  itself  has  l>?en  de- 

gT^ded.  Joum.  of  Science. 

DE-GRaD'ED,  pp,  or  a.      Reduced  in  rank  ;  deprived 

of  an  office  or  dignity;  lowered  ;  sunk;  reduced  in 

estimittion  or  value  ;  reduced  in  hight. 

DE-GRaDE'MENT,  n.    Deprivation  of  rank  or  office. 

Jliltoji. 
DE-GUaD'ING,  ;)pr.      Reducing  in  rank ;   depriving 
of  honors  or  offices;  reducing  in  value,  estimation, 
or  altitude. 

2.  a.  Dishonoring;  disgracing  the  character;  as, 
degrading  obsequiousness. 
The  inonlinale  love  of  money  and  of  fame  are  base  and  degra- 
ding passions.  Wirt. 

UE-GRaD'ING-L Y,  arft;.      In  a  degrading  manner,  or 

in  a  way  to  depreciate. 
DEG-RA-Va'TION,  71.     lL.degravo;   de  and  gravis, 

heavy.] 
The  act  of  making  heavy.     [JVot  in  use.] 
DEGREE',   n.     [Fr.   dcgre ;  Norm,   degret;    from  L. 

gradvs,  Sp.  and  It.  grado,  W.  rhai,  Syr.  Kj  radaJi,  to 

go.    See  Grvde  and  Degrade.] 

1.  A  step  ;  a  distinct  portion  of  space  of  indefinite 
extent ;  a  space  in  progression  ;  as,  the  anny  gained 
the  hill  by  degrees;  a  balloon  rises  or  descends  by 
slow  degrees ;  and  figtiralively,  we  advance  in  knowl- 
edge by  slow  degrer^^.  Men  are  yet  in  the  first  degree 
of  impnivement.  It  should  be  their  aim  to  attain  to 
the  furthwt  degree,  or  the  highest  degree.  There  are 
degrees  of  vice  and  virtue. 

2.  A  step  or  portion  of  progression,  in  elevation, 
quality,  dignity,  or  rank  ;  as,  a  man  of  great  degree. 

Spenser. 
We  speak  of  men  of  high  degree,  or  of  low  degree ; 
of  siip-„ri(ir  or  inferior  degree.     Ii  is  supposed  there 
are  dift'ercnt  degrees  or  orders  of  angels. 

Tli-y  piirclia*^  loUirinfielvpt  x  good  degree. ~-  1  Tim.  iii. 


DEI 

3.  In  genealogy,  II  certain  distance  or  remove  in  the 
line  of  descent,  determining  the  proximity  of  blood ; 
as,  a  relation  in  the  third  or  fourth  degree. 

4.  Measure ;  extent.  The  light  is  intense  to  a 
degree  that  is  intolerable.  We  suffer  an  extreme  de- 
gree of  heat  or  cold. 

5.  In  geometry,  a  division  of  a  circle,  including 
a  three  Jnindred  an<l  .sixtieth  part  of  its  circumfer- 
ence. Hence,  a  degree  of  latitude  is  the  360th  part  of 
the  earth's  surface  north  or  south  of  the  equator,  and 
a  degree  of  longitude,  the  same  part  of  tlic  surface 
ca-^t  or  west  of  any  given  meridian. 

G.  In  algebra,  a  term  api)lied  lo  equations,  to  dc- 
nutc  the  highest  power  of  the  unknown  quantity. 

lirandc. 

7.  In  viusie,  an  interval  of  sound,  marked  by  a 
line  on  the  scale.  Rousscan.     ISusby. 

Q.  In  arilkvictic,  a  degree  consists  of  three  figures  ; 
thus,  270,  300,  compose  two  degrees. 

9.  A  division,  space,  or  interval,  marked  on  a 
matliematical  or  otiier  instrument,  ason  atiiermom- 
eter  ur  barometer. 

10.  \n  colleges  and  T^iiucrsitics,  a  mark  of  distinc- 
tion confeired  on  students,  as  a  testimony  of  their 
Iirnficicncy  in  arts  and  sciences;  giving  them  a  kind 
»)f  rank,  and  entitling  them  to  certain  jirivileges. 
'i'liis  IS  usually  evidenced  by  a  diploma.  Degrees  are 
conferred  pro  mcritis  on  the  alumni  of  a  college  :  or 
Ihny  are  honorary  tokens  of  respect,  conferred  on 
strangers  of  distinguished  reputation.  'V\\p.  fir.<  de- 
gree is  that  of  bachelor  of  arts  ;  the  sceonJ,  that  of 
master  of  arts.  Honorary  degrees  are  Ihose  of  doc- 
tor of  divinity,  doctor  of  laies,  &c.  Fhjsicians  also 
receive  the  degree  of  doctor  of  medicine. 

By  degrees ;  step  by  step  ;  gradually  ;  by  little  and 
little  ;  by  moderate  advances.  Frequent  drinking 
forms  bij  degrees  a  confirmed   habit  of  intemperance. 

DE-GUST',  V.  t.     [L.  degiisto.] 
To  taste.     [JVtif  used.] 

DEG-US-Ta'TION,  n.     [L.  degusto.] 

A  tasting.  Bp.  Hall. 

DE-GUST'EU,  pp.    Tasted. 

DE-GUST'ING,  ppr.    Tasting. 

DE-HIS€E',  (de-Iiis',)  y.  i.     [Infra.]     Togapc;  inbot- 
any,  to  open,  as  the  capsules  of  plants.         Lindley. 

DE-HIS'CENCE,  n.     [L.  dchiscenSj  dehisco,  to  gape';  de 
and  hiseo,  id.] 

A  gaping.  In  hotavy,  the  opening  of  capsules  in 
plants,  and  of  tlie  cells  of  antliers  for  emitting  pollen, 
&c. ;  the  season  Avhen  capsules  open.  Martii'i. 

DE-HIS'CENT,o.    Opening,  as  the  capsule  of  a  plant. 

DE-HO-NES'TaTE,  v.  t.     [L.  dchonesto.]       [Ealon. 
To  disgrace. 

DE-HON-EST-A'TION,n.  A  discracing  ;  dishonoring. 

DE-HORS',  (de-horz,)  [Fr.]     Out  of;   without;  for- 
eign ;  irrelevant ;  chiefly  used  in  law  language. 

DE-I!ORT',  V.  t.     [Ii.  dckortar,  to   dissuade;  de  and 
hortor,  to  advise.] 

To  dissuade;  to  advise  lo  the  contrary  ;  to  counsel 
not  to  do  nor  to  undertake.  Willcins.     IVard, 

DE-IIORT-A'TION,  n.     Dissuasion  ;  advice  or  coun- 
sel a'-ainst  something. 

DIMlORT'A-TO-UY,  a.    Dissuading;    belonging    to 
dissuasion. 

DE-H<JRT'ED,;>p.     Dissuaded. 

DE-ilORT'ER,  n.      A   dissuader;    an  adviser  to  the 

DE-HORT'IXG,  ppr.    Dissuading.  [contrary. 

DiC'I-CTDE,  n.     [It.  deictdio  ,*  L.  DciLS^  God,  and  ca:do, 
to  slay.] 

I.  'i'lie  act  of  putting  to  death  Jesus  Christ,  our 
Savior.  Prior. 

9.  One  concerned  in  putting  Christ  lo  death. 

DE-IF'ie,         \  a.      [L.   dctts,   a    god,    and  facio,    lo 

DE-IF'ie-AL,  i      make.] 

1.  Divine  ;  pertaining  to  the  gods. 

2.  Making  divine.  [Trans    of  Pansanias. 
DE-IF-ie-A'TION,  71.     [^See  Deifv.]     The  act  of  dei- 
fying ;  the  act  of  exalting  to  the  rank  of,  or  enroll- 
ing among  the  lieathen  deities. 

Dk'I-FI-KD,  (de'e-f  ide,)  pp.  or  a.    Exalted  or  ranked 
among  the  gods  ;  regarded  or  praised  as  divine. 

SlmmU"-    one  that  deifies. 
De'I-FORiM,  a.     [L.  deus,  a  god,  and  forma,  lorni.] 
Like  a  god ;  of  a  godlike  form. 

These  30\il8  exliibit  a  tf«/onjipo\ver. 

Trnjis.  of  Patiscnias . 

DE-I-FORM'I-TY,  n.    Resemblance  of  deity. 
Dk'I-F?,  v.  t.     [L.  deus,  a  god,  and  facio,  to  make.] 

1.  To  make  a  t;u<l  ;  to  exalt  to  the  rank  of  a 
heathen  deity  ;  to  enroll  among  the  deities;  as,  Ju- 
lius Cajsar  was  deified. 

2.  To  exalt  into  an  object  of  w^orship  ;  to  treat  as 
an  object  of  supreme  regard  ;  as,  a  covetous  man 
deifies  his  treasures.  Prior. 

3.  To  exalt  lo  a  deity  in  estimation  ;  to  reverence 
or  praise  as  a  deity.  The  pope  was  formerly  extolled 
and  deified  by  his  votaries. 

Df:'I'FS^-IiNG,  ppr.    Exalting  lo  the  rank  of  a  deity  ; 

treating  as  divine. 
DEIGN,  (dune,)  v.  i.     [Fr.  daigncr  ;  It.  degnarc ;  Sp. 

digtiarsc  ;  Port.  id. ;  ],.  dignor,  from  dignus,  worthy.] 
To  think  worthy  ;  to  vouchsafe;  to  condescend. 

O,  deign  to  visit  'jur  fors-xknii  ecnls.  Pope. 


DEJ 

DEIGN,  (dane,)  r.  ^  To  grant  or  allow ;  lo  conde- 
scend to  give  to. 

N'or  would  we  dtign  iilm  b-JrUI  of  hU  men.  SfxJc. 

DEIGX'KD,  (dSnd,)  pp.    Granted  ;  condescended. 

DglGN'lNG,  (dan'ing,)  ppr.  Vouclisafing;  thinking 
Worth  V. 

7)^'/ ^V/iA'r/-^,  (dt'r-gnl'shc-ii,)  [L.]  By  the  grace 
of  God  — words  used  in  tlie  ceremonial  discipline  of 
the  title  of  a  sovereign.  Brande. 

DEI-NO-THe'RI-UM,  Tt.  [Or.  ictvo^y  terrible,  and 
Onptov,  a  wild  beast.] 

A  name  given  to  the  fossil  remains  of  gigantic 
Pachydennala,  remarkable  for  enormous  tusks  pro- 
JTting  from  the  lower  jaw.  Dana. 

DE-IN'TE-GRATE,    r.    t.     To  disintegrate.      [Xot 


vsed.]     [See  DtsiTtrt.r.nxTE.] 
)E-IP'A-R0  US,  a.     [L.  t- 


DE-IP'A-RO  US,  a.     [L.  dciparus.] 

Hearing  or  bringing  forth  a  god  ;  an  cpiUut  applied 
to  t/ic  Virgin  Mary. 
DETP-NOS'0-PIirST,(dIpc-nos'o-fist,)n.  [Gr  octTTvovj 
a  feast,  and  aoipi^nii  ^  sophist.] 

One  of  an  ancient  Hect,of  philosophers,  who  were 
famous  for  their  learned  conversation  at  meals. 

.^eh.     Observer. 
De'ISiM.  n.    [Fr.  dcismc  ;  Sp.  deijfmo;  IL  id.  ,•  from  L. 
Dnts,  God.] 

The  doctrine  or  creed  of  a  deist ;  tlic  belief  or 
system  of  religious  opinions  of  those  who  acknowl- 
edge the  existence  of  one  God,  but  deny  revelation  ; 
or  deism  is  the  belief  in  natural  religion  onI\';  or 
those  truths,  in  doctrine  and  practice,  whicli  man  lh 
to  discover  by  the  light  of  reason,  independeirt  and 
exclusive  of  any  revelation  from  God.  Ilencc  deii=m 
implies  infidelity,  or  a  disbelief  in  Uic  divine  origin 
of  the  Scriptures. 

Tlie  view  wliicK  the  nsin^  giraUi:?rj  of  our  counlr>'  prr**!!!*  to 
my  pycs,  is  greatly  lAniuthrd  by  Ui*  gciKM^I  prcr^ikucc  of 
deism,  whicli,  willi  mc,  u  b<il  .-inother  Rantc  fwr  Tio;  aijj 
d-^i-nvvily.  P.  Henry,  \Virt'i  SkruAtt. 

Dfc'IST,  n.     [Ft.  deiste;  It.  dtista.] 

One  who  believes  in  ihc  existence  of  a  God,  but 
denies  revealed  religion ;  one  who  professes  no 
form  of  religion,  but  follows  the  light  of  nature  and 
reason,  as  his  only  guides  in  doctrine  and  practice;  a 
freethinker. 

DE-IST'ie,         )  a.    Pertaining  to  deism  or  lo  dci.^ts  ; 

DE-IST'IC-AIi,  )  embracing  deism  ;  as,  a  dei'ticul 
writer  ;  or  containing  deism  ;  as,  adcistical  book. 

DE-IST'ie-AlrLY,  ad.    After  the  manner  of  deists. 

Jish. 

Dk'I-TY,  71.  [Fr.  deite;  It.  deild;  Sp.  dcidatl;  U. 
dcUas,  from  dats,GT.  Oeog,  God;  W.duw;  Ir.  dia  ; 
Arm.  douc;  Fr.  dicu;  It.  dio,  iddioi  Sp.  dios  ;  Port. 
dcos ;  Gipsy,  dewc,  deioel;  Sans.  dcra.  The  latter 
orthograpliy  coincides  with  the  Gr.  t^ios,  s^^s,  Jupi- 
ter, and  L.  dims,  a  god,  and  dinni,  the  open  air,  or 
light.  So  in  W.  rfifjr,  is  day;  Hindoo,  rfiw ;  Gi[isy, 
di'wes,  day.  Ciu.  Chinese  Ti,  The  word  is  probably 
contracted  from  dg,  and  may  coincide  with  day,  ?:■>. 
divg,  the  priniarj-  sense  of  which  is,  to  open,  exi>atid, 
or  to  shoot  forth,  as  tlie  morning  light.  But  the  pre- 
cise primarj-  meaning  is  not  certain.] 

1.  Godhead ;  divinity  ;  the  nature  and  essence  of 
the  Supreme  Ileing ;  "as,  the  deity  of  the  Supremo 
Being  is  manifest  in  his  works. 

2.  God  ;  the  Supreme  Being,  or  infinite  self-exist- 
ing Spirit. 

3.  A  fabulous  god  or  goddess;  a  superior  being, 
supposed,  by  heathen  nations,  lo  exist,  and  to  pre- 
side over  particular  departments  of  nature  ;  as,  J«- 
pitcr,  Juno,  .Apollo,  Diana^  &c. 

4.  The  supposed  divinity  or  divine  qualities  of  a 
pagan  god.  Spenser.     Ralegh. 

DE-JECT',  V.  t.     [L.  dcjicio  ;  dc  and  jaeio,  to  throw.] 

1.  To  cast  down  ;  usually,  to  cast  down  the  coun- 
tenance ;  to  cause  to  fall  with  grief;  to  make  to  look 
sad  or  grieved,  or  to  express  discouragement. 

But  gloomy  were  his  eyes,  dejected  was  his  face.        Dryden. 

2.  To  depress  the  spirits;  to  sink  ;  lo  dispirit;  lo 
discourage ;  to  dishearlen. 

Xor  think  to  die  dejecta  my  lofly  mind.  Pope. 

DE-JECT',  a.     [L.  dejectus,  from  drjicio.] 

Cast  down  ;  low-spirited.  SAoA. 

DE-JE€T'EI),  pp.  or  a.  Cast  down  ;  depressed  ; 
grieved  ;  discouraged. 

DE-JECT'EU-LY,  (Kff.  In  a  dejected  manner;  sad- 
ly ;  heavily.  Bacon. 

DEi-JECT'ED-NESS,  n.  'Jhe  state  of  being  cast 
down  ;  lowness  of  spirits. 

DE-JECT'ING,  ppr.  Casting  down  ;  depressing ;  dis- 
piriting. 

DEJECTION,  n.  .\  casting  down ;  depression  of 
mind ;  melancholy ;  lowne^s  of  spirits,  occasioned 
by  grief  or  misforiunc.  Miltcn. 

2.  Weakness;  as,  (ifjfcfion  of  appetite.  [Unusual.] 

.^rbuthnct. 

3.  The  act  of  voiding  the  excremenU ;  or  the 
matter  ejecled.  Bay. 

DEJEGT'I.Y,  cdv.     In  a  downcast  manner. 
DK-JKCT'O-RY,  a.     Having  power  or  lending  to  cast 

down,  or  to  prouiote  evacuations  by  slool.     Fcrrand. 
DE-JE€T'URE,  ».    That  which  is  ejected;   cicre- 

menls.      '  ,^rbuthnoL 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CI0US.  — G  us  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  6H  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


40 


DEL 


DEL 


DEL 


in  Ihc  fasliionaHc  worlJ  for  hinch.  OMcrL 

UF.  jCKK,  [LJ    <Jl"  right     [See  De  Facto.] 
:.1:R-A'T 


DE-1.AC-1:R-A'TI0N,  n.     [L.  iletttcm).] 

A  teariiiu  in  piitcM.    [JV.il  ustil.] 
DEI.ACKV-.Ma'I'IOX,  II.     [L.  dclacnimalic:  de  nnil 
Uierymalii),  ei  weeping.] 

.\  preternaiural  discharge  of  watery  humors  from 
the  eves  ;  waterishness  of  the  eyes.  Diet. 

DUL-A'e-T.X'TIO.V,  ii.     [L.  dclactaUo.] 

\  wcining.     UYot  usal.]  iJ'et. 

DEI.-AP  SA'TION,  n.    A  falling  down.  Bay. 

UE-LAI'SE',  (de-laps',)  v.  i.    [L.  dotabor,  dilapaus;  dc 
and  labar,  toslide.l 
'I'll  fall  or  slide  down. 
DKLAP.'^'J^n,  (de-laiwt',)  pp.    Fallon  down. 
UU-I.AI"SIO.\,  n.    A  falling  down  of  the  uterus, 
nnn^.  Sec.  ,   .  ^      ^ 

DE-LAl'lV,  t!.  t.    [L.  delatus  ,■  dc  and  lotus,  part,  of 
fern,  to  bear.] 

1.  To  carry  i  to  convey.     [Liulc  used.]      Bacon. 

2.  To  accuse  ;  to  Inform  against  j  that  is,  to  bear 
a  charge  against.  ^-  Jonson. 

DELS'TIO.N,  >i.    Carriage  ;  conveyance  ;  as,  the  dc- 
(.1(1011  of  sound.     [LitKuKsw!.]  Bacon. 

2.  Aecu.iaiion;  act  of  charging  with  a  crime;  a 
term  of  t\e  eicil  taw. 
DE-LVTOK,  n.    fL.l    An  accuser ;  an  uifoniier. 

Sandys. 
DE-L.^Y'  fde-IS',)  r.  I.     [Fr.  delo',  delay  ;  Sp.dil'atar: 
Port,  id.,  to  delay  ;  It.  dilata,  delay  ;  dUatare,  to  di- 
late, to  spread  ;  ftoni  L.  dihtius,  diffcro.    We  see  that 
delay  is  from  spreading,  exleiuliii';.     See  DiciTE.] 

I.  To  prolons  the  time  of  ac'jng,  or  procccdmg; 
to  put  off;  to  defer. 

My  lonl  ileUt^th  llU  comiiiff.  —  MnU.  xxlv. 

2  To  retard  :  to  stop,  detain,  or  hinder  for  a  time  ; 
to  restrain  motion,  or  render  it  slow  ;  as,  the  mail  is 
delayed  by  bad  roads. 

Thyni*.  wiiose  iirtful  slrtuiu  have  oft  delayed 

'I'hc  Uudatins  brook  10  hear  Ki»  m(nlri»a!.  Mtlton. 

3  To  allay.     [JVot  in  use,  nor  proper.]      Spenser. 
DE-LAY',  V. !.    To  linger ;  to  move  slow  ;  or  to  stop 

for  a  time. 

There  are  ceitaiii  bomuli  to  U»  qnicknew  mid  bIowhom  of  tlie 
tuccession  of  i Jens,  beyond  winch  they  can  ncilhcr  delay  nor 
huleii.  ^''"■ 

DE-LAY',  n.    A  lingering ;  stay  ;  stop. 
•     2.  A  pullinc  off  or  deferring  ;  procrastiuatioii ;  as, 
the  delay  of  trial  is  not  to  be  imputed  to  the  plaintill. 
3.  Hinderance  for  a  time. 
DE-LAV'£U,(de-lSdc',);>;).  Deferred;  detained ;  hin- 
dered for  a  lime  ;  retarded. 
DE-LA  Y'ER,  n.    One  who  defers  ;  one  who  lingers. 
DE-LA  V'lNG,  ppr.     Putlingofi';  deferring;  procrasti- 
nating; retarding;  detaining. 
DE-LAY'MENT,  n.     Hinderance.  Oomer. 

DEL  CRKD'ER-E,  n.  [It.]  A  guaranty  given  by  fac- 
tors, binding  them  to  warrant  the  solvency  of  tlie  pur- 
chasers of  goods  which  they  sell  on  credit  'I  Ins  is 
done  for  a  preiiiiuni. 

A  del  credere  commission  is  one  under  whicli  an 
agent,  on  selling  goods,  in  consideration  of  an  ad- 
ditional preinium,  insures  to  his  principal  not  only 
the  ultimate  solvency  of  the  debtor,  but  tliejiuiiclua! 
discharge  of  the  debt. 
De'LE,  v.  I.    [L.  imperative  of  ieleo.] 

Blot  out ;  erase. 
DEL'E-llLE,  a.    [\^.  delebilis.] 

I'hat  can  be  blotted  out.  More. 

DE-LEe'TA-lil.E,  a.  [L.  deleclabilis,  from  delecUrr,  to 
delight    See  Delioht.1 

Deligluful ;  highly  pfeasing ;  that  gives  great  joy 
or  pleasure  ;  as,  a  dcleetable  garden.  Jililton. 

DE-LEe"rA-HI.,E-NESS,  71.    Dclightfulness.  BarreU 
DE  Li;e'TA-BLY.  ade.     Uelighinilly. 
DE-I.EO-Ta'TION,  11.  Great  pIcLsiire  ;  delight.  More. 
DEL'E  GA-CY,  it.     .\  number  of  persons  delegated. 
|^\Vc  now  use  Deleoation.]  Laud. 

DElyE-GATE,  r.  t  [L.  delego  ;  de  and  lego,  to  send. 
See  Legate.] 

1.  To  send  aw.ay  ;  appropriately,  to  send  on  an 
embassy ;  to  send  with  power  to  transact  business, 
ad  a  represeiititivc.  The  pnsident  delegated  three 
commissioners  to  the  court  of  St  Cloud. 

2.  To  intrust ;  to  coiiimit ;  to  deliver  to  another's 
care  and  excreise  ;  as,  to  delegate  authority  or  power 
(o  an  envoy,  reprcscntilive,  or  judge. 

DEL'l'^GATE,  «.  A  person  appointed  and  sent  by 
another  willi  (lowers  to  transact  business  as  his 
representative  ;  a  deputy  ;  a  commissioner ;  a  vicar. 
In  Ibe  United  St.itcs,  a  person  elected  or  appointed  to 
represent  a  suite  or  a  district,  in  the  congress,  or  in 
a  convention  for  forming  or  altering  a  constitution. 

■J.  In  Great  Briuin,  a  commissioner  appointed  by 
the  king,  under  the  great  seal,  to  hear  and  determine 
appeals  from  the  ecclesiastical  court.  Hence  the 
Court  of  Delegates,  is  the  great  court  of  appeal  ill  all 
ecclesiastical  causes.  It  is  used  also  for  the  court  of 
appeals  from  that  of  the  Admiralty.        Blackstme. 

3.  A  layman  appointed  to  attend  an  ecclesiastical 
t        council. 


DEL'F^G.'VTE,  a.    Deputed  ;  sent  to  act  for  or  reprc-  I 

sent  another ;  as,  a  delegate  judge  Taylor.     \ 

DEL'E-tiA-'lEI),  ;>(>.  or  a.     Deputed ;  sent  with  a 

trust  or  commission  to  act  for  another  ;  aiipointed  a 

Judge  ;  coiiiinitled,  as  authority. 
DEL'E-Ga-'I'IiN'G,  ppr.      Deputing;   sending  with  a 

commission  to  act  lor  another;  appointing;  coin- 

milting ;  intrusting. 
DEL-E-UA'TlON,  >i.    A  sending  away  ;  the  act  of 

putting  in  commission,  or  investing  with  authority  to 

act  for  another ;  the  appointment  of  a  delegate. 

The  ilulic* 


f  p-liirion  can  not  be  performed  by  delesatlon. 
^  S.  Miller. 


Bouvicr. 


2.  The  pcmon  deputed  to  act  for  anolhej,  or  for 
others.  Thus,  the  representatives  of  JIassachusetts 
in  congress  arc  called  tlic  delegation,  or  whole  drlega 

tion.  _      .  , .  . 

3.  In  the  ciril  hue,  the  assignment  of  a  debt  to  an- 
other, as  wlini  a  debtor  transfers  to  another  person 
the  obligation  to  pay,  or  a  creditor  makes  over  to  a 
third  person  the  ritjhi  to  receive  iiayincnt 

VELE.V'1M  EST  CAR-TIIA'dO.  [L.l  Carthago 
must  lie  annihilated  — our  rival  must  be  destroyed. 

DEL-E-.\'IF'1€AL,  a.  Having  the  virtue  to  ease  or 
assuage  pain. 

DE-LEl'E',  B.  t.     [L.  deleo.] 

■J'o  blot  out.    [Xot  iwcrf.J  taller. 

DEL-E-TE'llI-OUS,  a.  [Ij.  Metering,  from  (Weo,  to 
blot  out  or  destroy  ;  W.  dilHaw,  dilHit.  (ill.  Ir.  dal- 
hiim,  to  blind.]  .       . 

1.  Having  tlie  qutUity  of  destroying,  or  extinguish- 
ing life;  destructive;  poisonous;  as  a  dclelcriovs 
plant  or  qualiiy. 

2.  Injurious  ;  pemicioi^s. 
DEL'D-TEll-Y,  a.    Destructive  ;  poisonous. 

JIudibras. 
DE-LE'TION,  n.    [L.  delclia,  from  ddeo,  to  blot  out]  _ 

1.  The  act  of  blotting  out  or  erasing. 

2.  Destruction.  [Little  used.]  Itak. 
DEI.'E-TO-llY,  n.  'fhat  which  blots  out  Taylor. 
DELF,  n.     [Sax.  rW/an,  to  delve,  to  dig._; 

1.  A  mine  ;  a  quarry  ;  a  pit  dug.     [Rarely  xuied.] 
"    Earthen  ware,  covered  Willi  enamel  or  white 
gl.i7.ing,  in  imitation  of  tMiina  ware  or  porcelain, 
made  at  Delft,  in  Holland  ;  properly,  Delft-ware. 
DE' LI-AC,  71.     [from  Delos.]     In  tlie  arts,  a  kind  of 
sculptured  vxsc  ;  also,  beautiful  bronze  and  silver. 
'  Elmes. 

DEL'I-BaTE,  r.  (.    [L.  delibo ;  de  and  (ilin,  to  txsle.] 

To  taste  ;  to  take  a  sip.    [Little  used.] 
DEL-I-liA'TlON,  71.    A  Utstc ;  nu  essay.    [LtUle  used  ] 

Berkeley. 
DE-LIB'ER-ATE,  v.  i.     [h.  delihero ;  de  and  libra,  to 
weigh  ;  It  librare.     See  LiaBATE.] 

To  weigh  in  the  mind ;  to  consider  and  examine 
the  reasons  for  and  against  a  measure  ;  to  estimate 
the  weii'ht  or  force  of  arguments,  or  the  probable 
consequences  of  a  measure,  in  order  to  a  choice  or 
decision  ;  to  pause  and  consider.  A  wise  prince 
will  deliberate  before  lie  wages  war.   . 

The  v.-om.^n  that  deliberaUs  la  lost.  Athlijori. 


convincing  others  of  its  truth,  in  order  to  iierauaila 
them  to  adopt  it.  Eacye. 

DK-LIU'Elt-A  TIVE-LY.orfc.    By  deliberation. 

Burke. 
DEL'I-e.\-CY,  ti.     [Fr.  deliealesse;  Sp.  iWira</r:o ;  It 
dcUcateiza !  but  more  directly  from  liclicatc,  which 
see.] 
In  a  general  sCTise,  that  whicli  delights  or  pleasM. 

Hence, 

1.  Fineness  of  tctture  ;  smoothness;  softness; 
tenderness  ;  as,  the  delicacy  of  the  skin  ;  and  nearly 
in  the  same  sense,  applicable  to  food  ;  us,  the  delicoiy 
of  llc.'h,  meal,  or  vegetables.     Hence, 

2.  Daintiness  ;  pleasantness  to  the  tiwlo. 

3.  Elegant  or  feminine    beauty  ;    as,  delicacy  of 

form.  ,       ,  ,.  , 

4.  Nicety  ;  minute  accuracy  ;  as,  the  oeiicoo)  of 
coloring  in  painting. 

5.  Neatness  in  dress  ;  elegance,  proceeding  from  n 
nice  selection  and  adjustment  of  the  st'Veral  parts  of 


dress. 


.^yil.-/(l(iil*. 


To  balance  in  the  mind  ;  to 
Lattd. 


DE-LIB'EU-aTE,  »).  (. 

weigh  ;  to  consider. 
DE-LI1!'EU-ATE,  a.  Weighing  facts  and  argimiciits 
with  a  view  to  a  choice  or  decision  ;  carclully  con- 
sidering the  probable  conseiiucnces  of  a  step ;  cir- 
cumspect ;  slow  in  dctermiiiing ;  applied  ta  pcrsoiu: ; 
as,  a  deliberate,  judge  or  counselor. 

o  Formed  vvitli  deliberation  ;  well  advised  or  con- 
sidered ;  not  sudden  or  rash  ;  as,  a  deliberate  opinion  ; 
a  deliberate  measure,  or  result  ,  „     „ 

3  Slow  ;  as,  a  deliberate  death  or  echo.  [Jlardly 
legUimate.]  ^  .      ,         .  Baeon. 

DE-LIB'ER-A-TED,  pp.     Balanced  in  the  mind  ;  con- 
sidered. ^  ,  . , 
DE-LIU'ER-ATE-LY,  adr.    With   careful  considera- 
tion, or  deliberation ;  circumspectly  ;  not  hastily  or 
rashly  ■  slowly.    This  purpose  was  ildiberalchj  formed. 
'  '                                           Dryden.     (loldsmiUi. 
DE-LIB'ER-ATE-NESS,  71.    Calm  consideration  ;  cir- 
cumspection ;  due  attention  to  the  argunicnts  for  and 
against  a  measure  ;  caution.                    n.  Cliarlrs. 
DE-LIB'ER-A-TING,  ppr.     Ualancing  in  the  mind ; 

weighing ;  considering. 
DE-LIB-ER-A'TION,  7i.     [L.  dcliberatw.] 

1.  The  act  of  deliberating ;  the  act  of  weiglling 
and  examining  the  reasons  for  and  against  a  clioice 
or  measure ;  consideration.  We  say,  a  measure  has 
been  taken  with  deliberation. 

2.  Mutual  discussion 'and  examination  of  the  rea- 
sons for  and  against  a  measure ;  as,  the  deliberations 
of  a  legislative  body  or  council. 

DE-LIB'ER-A-TIVE,  a.  Pertaining  to  delibcr.ation ; 
proceeding  or  acting  by  deliberation,  or  by  mutual 
discussion  and  examination  ;  as,  the  legislature  is  a 
deliberative  body 

2.  Having  a  right  or  power  to  deliberate  or  iliscuss. 
In  councils,  tlie  b'mhopa  have  a  deliberatioe  voice.  Encye. 

3.  Apt  or  disjiosed  to  consider.  Bp.  Barlow. 
DE-LIB'ER-.'V-TIVE,  n.      A    discourse  in   which    a 

question  is  discussed,  or  weighed  and  examined.    A 
kind  of  rhetoric  employed  in  proving  a  thing  and 


C.  Softness  of  manners  ;  civility  or  polileiic's,  pro- 
ceeding from  a  nice  observance  of  propriety,  and  ■ 
desire  to  please  ;  as,  delicacii  of  behavior. 

7.  Indulgence;  gentle  treatment;  as,  delicacy  of 
education. 

8.  Tenderness  ;  scnipiilousnes-s  ;  the  ipialtly  man- 
ifested in  nice  attention  to  right,  and  care  to  avoid 
wrong,  or-olTense.  Bp.  Taylor. 

S.  Acute  or  nice  perception  of  what  is  pleasing  to 
tlie  sense  of  tasting.      Hence,  figuratwela,  a  nice  I 
perception  of  beauty  and  deformity,  ur  the  faculty  of 
such  nice  perception. 

Dflicnai  of  tasic  tends  to  invigorutc  tlic  soci.il  idlectic.-iB,  .Mid 
Iiiydenlc  those  lira  ««  tehtoli.  Ka;:ut. 

10.  That  which  delights  the  senses,  particularly  tile 
taste,  applied  to  eatables;  as,  the  poach  is  a  great  deli- 
cacy. ,  .,  . 

I'l.  Tenderness  of  constitution;  weakness;  tiKil 
quality  or  state  of  the  animal  body  which  renders  it 
very  impressible  to  injilvy  ;  as,  delicacy  of  constitution 
or  frame. 

13.  Smallncss ;  fineness  ;  alenderness  ;  tenuity ;  as, 
the  delicacy  of  a  thread  or  fiber. 

13.  Tenderness  ;  nice  susceptibility  of  impression ; 
as,  delicacy  of  feeling.  ,     .  ,. 

DEI.'I-e.M^E,  a.  [Fr.  delieat:  Sp.  drlieado;  It  dettttr 
to  ;  L.  delieatus,  connected  with  dclicia,  delight,  it- 
lecto,  to  delight ;  probably  a  compound  of  de  with  tll8 
root  of  like.    See  Delight  and  Like.] 

I.  Of  a  fine  texture;  fine;  soft;  smooth;  clear,  or 
fair  ;  as,  a  delicate  skin. 

2  Nice ;  pleasing  to  the  taste ;  of  an  agreeabh'  lla- 
vor ;  as,  delicate  food  ;  a  delicate  dish. 

3  N  ice  in  perceiition  of  what  Is  a"reeable ;  dainty ; 
as,  a  delicate  t;iste ;  and,  figuratively,  nice  and  dia- 
criminating  in  beauty  and  deformity. 

4.  Nice  ;  accurate ;  fine  ;  soft  to  the  eye ;  as,  a  del- 
icate color. 

,'j.  Nice  in  forms  ;  regulated  by  minute  observance 
of  propriety,  or  by  condescension  and  attention  to  tlic 
wishes  and  feelings  of  others;  as,  delicate  behavior  or 
manners  ;  a  delicate  address. 

n.  Pleasing  to  the  senses  ;  as,  a  dchcale  llavor. 

7.  Fine  ;  slender  ;  minute  ;  as,  a  delicate  thread. 

8.  That  can  not  be  handled  without  injury  or  dan- 
ger ;  that  must  be  touched  with  care ;  as,  a  A/iMlf 
point  or  tonic  ;  a  delicate  question. 

9.  Comiiosedof  fine  threads,  or  nicely  interwoven; 
as,  delicate  texture ;  hence,  soft  and  smoutli  to  Uk 
toucll  ;  as,  delicate  silk. 

10.  Tender;  effeminate  ;  not  able  to  endure  narn- 
ship  ;  very  impressible  to  injury ;  as,  a  delicate  frame 
or  constitution.  . 

11.  Feeble;  not  sound  or  robust;  as,  rfc/icafctiealin. 

DEL'I-CATE,  71.  Any  thing  nice  ;  a  nicety.  [Ohr.J 
.fcr.  li.  34.  Drydm. 

DEL'I-CA  rF.-LY,  o'ii;.    In  a  delicate  manner;  »itn  I 
nice  regard  to  propriety  and  the  feelings  of  others. 

2.  Daintily;  luxuriously. 

They  Uwt  live  delicately  .ire  in  kings'  courts.  —  Lultc  rii. 

3.  With  soft  elegance ;  as,  an  expression  delicately 
till  led.  .  ,  „„„. 

4.  Tenderly;  with  indulgence  in  ease,  cieganc, 
and  iuxTiry.    Proc.  xxix. 

DEL'I-€ATE-NESS,  71.  The  state  of  being  delicate  , 
tenderness  ;  softness  ;  cITeminacy.    Dciit.  xxviii.   ^, 

DE-H"CIQLIS,  (de-lish'us,)  a.  (Fr.  delicieiixi  L.  He.-- 
catas,  delieis ;  Sp.  delieioso ;  It.  dehzioso.] 

1.  Highly  pleasing  to  the  taste  ;  most  sweet  or 
gr.ateful  to  the  senses;  affording  exquisite  iile-tsun  . 
as,  a  delicious  viand ;  delicious  fnilt  or  wine. 

a.  Most  pleasing  to  the  mind  ;  very  grateful ;  yioi" 
ing  exquisite  delight ;  as,  this  poem  aflords  a  *to<i"  • 
entertainment.  

DE-LI"CIOUS-LY,  luh:    In  a  delicious  manner  ,  in  ■■ 
manner  to  please  the  taste  or  gratify  the  mmd  ;  swce 
ly  ;  pleasantly  ;  delightfully  ;  as,  to  feed  delieioasl'J 
to  be  rfrficioKsIil  entertained.  ;„„  ,1, 

»E-LI"CIOi:S-Ni;!<S,  71.  The  quality  of  being  u 
licloiis,  or  very  grateful  to  the  taste  or  mind  ;  as,  in 
dcliciousne-^s  of  a  repast 

2.  Delight ;  great  pleasure. 


FATE,  FXa,  FALL,  WHAT. -METE,  PEEY.-PINE,  MARINE,  BIRP.-N6TE,  DOVE, 


MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.— 


314 


DEL 

[L.  deligatioj  dcligo;  dc  and  ligo^ 


DEL-I-Ga'TION,  «. 

to  biiuL] 

In  ^urgeitj,  a  binding  up ;  a  bandaging. 
DE-UGHT',  (ilc-lile',)n.     [Fr.delice;  Sp.  dcUciai  It. 

dcUzia  ;  L.  ilcUci<r,  connected  with  ddector ;  probably 

allied  to  Eng.  like.] 

1.  A  high  degree  of  pleasiire  or  satisfaction  of 
niiud  J  joy. 

Ilifl  delight  is  in  Ihe  law  of  Ihe  Lord.  —  Pa.  1. 

2.  That  wliich  gives  great  pleasure  ;  that  which 
affords  dcli^Iit. 

'I'ilus  wiis  Uie  delight  of  humriii  kind.  Dryden. 

I  WHS  dnily  iiis  delight.  —  Pro\'.  viii. 

Ddi^ht  is  a  more  permanent  pleasure  than  joy,  and 
not  dependent  on  sudden  excitement. 
DE-UGHT'j(dc-lTte',)u.  (.  [Bj^.  ddnjUir :  VoxU  ddeitar  i 
h.. dc  lector ;  Fr.  ddecta:    See  Delight  and  Lire.] 

1.  To  affect  with  great  pleasure  j  to  please  highly  ; 
to  ?ive  or  afford  liigh  satisfaction  or  joy ;  as,  a  beau- 
tiful landscape  ddight^  tlie  eye  ;  harmony  ddi^rhts  llie 
ear;  the  good  conduct  of  childreUj  and  cppecially 
their  piety,  ddights  their  parents. 

1  will  delight  niyseU  in  lliy  sUlut -s,  —  Ps,  cxix, 

2.  To  receive  great  pleasure  in 

1  delishl  to  do  ihy  will.  —  Pa.  xl. 

DE-LlGUT',  V.  i.  To  have  or  take  great  pleasure  j  to 
be  greatly  pleased  or  rejoiced  ;  followed  by  in. 

I  delight  in  Ihe  law  of  God  after  Ihe  inv/ard  man,  — Rum,  vii. 

DE-LlGUT'ED,  pi).  Greatly  pleased  j  rejoiced  ;  fol- 
lowed by  with. 

Tli:il  je  niny  b?  delighted  icUh  the  abiuidauce  of  her  gloiy.  —  Is. 
Ixvi. 

2.  0,    Full  of  delight.  Shale. 

DE-LlGHT'Eit,  n.    One  who  takes  delight.  Barrow. 

DE-LlGUT'EUL:  (de-lite'ful,)  a.  Highly  pleasing;  af- 
fording great  pletisure  and  sati:?faction  j  as,  a  ddight- 
fid  thought ;  a  ddi^htful  prospect. 

DE-LlGHT'ElJL-1.1: ,  adc.  In  a  manner  to  receive 
great  pleasure  ;  verj'  agreeably ;  as,  we  were  ddight- 
fuUy  employed  or  entertained. 

0.  In  a  dL-liglitfiil  manner  :  cliariningly  ;  in  a  man- 
ner to  afford  great  pleasure;  as,  the  lady  .sings  and 
plavs  delightfuUri. 

DE-LiGHT'FIJL-NESS,  li.  The  qur.lity  of  being  de- 
lightful, or  of  affording  great  pleasure  ;  as,  the  delight- 
fulness  of  a  prospect,  or  of  scenery. 

2.  Great  pleasure ;  delight.    [Less  proper,] 
DE-LlGUT'ING,  ppr.    Giving  gieal  pleasure  ;  rejoic- 
ing. 

DE-LIGHT^LESS,  a.  Aflbrding  no  pleasure  or  deliglit. 

Thomson. 
DE-LtGHT'SO:»IE,  (ds-llt'sum,)  a.     Very  pleasing; 

deli;ilitful.  Qrcw. 

DE-LiGHT\^{5.ME-LY,  adv.     Very  plea^^antly  ;   in  a 

(Ifii^litful  manner. 
DE-LiGilT'S0.ME-NE3S,ji.  Delightfulncss;  pleasant- 

ne?.-  in  a  higii  degree. 
DE-LIN'E-A-MENT,  n.    [Infra,]    Representation  by 

delineation.  Sddcn, 

CE-LIN'E-aTE,  v.  U     [delineo  ;  de  and  h'ncoj  from  liti- 

ea,  a  line.] 

1.  To  draw  the  lines  which  exhibit  the  form  of  a 
thing ;  to  mark  out  with  lines ;  to  make  a  draught ; 
to  slietch  or  design  ;  as,  to  delineate  the  form  of  the 
earth,  or  a  diagram. 

9.  To  paint ;  to  represent  in  a  picture ;  to  draw  a 
likeness  of;  as,  to  ddincate  Nestor  like  Adonis,  or 
Time  with  Absalom's  head.  Brown. 

3.  Figuratively^  to  describe ;  to  represent  to  the 
mind  or  understanding;  to  exhibit  a  likeness  in 
words  ;  as,  to  ddinente  the  character  of  Newton,  or 
the  virtue  of  .Aristides. 

DE-LIN'E-A-TED,  pp.  Drawn;  marked  with  lines 
exhibiting  the  form  or  figure ;  sketched  ;  designed  ; 
painted  ;  described. 

DE-LIi\'E-.A-TING,  ppr.  Drawing  the  form  ;  sketch- 
ing; painting;  describing. 

DE-LIi\-E-A'TION,  «.     [L.  ddineatio.] 

1.  First  draught  of  a  thing;  outline;  rejiresenta- 
tiou  of  a  form  or  figure  by  lines  ;  sketch  ;  design. 

9.  Representation  in  v/ords;  description;  as,  the 
delineation  of  a  character. 

DE-LIi\'E-A-TOR,  a.    One  v.iio  delineates. 

DE-LhVE-A-TO-RY,  a.  Describing;  drawing  the  out- 
line. Scott's  Essays. 

DE-LIN'E-A-TURE,  n.    Delineation.     [J^ot  in  iwe.] 

UE-LIN'I-MENT,  .i.     [L.  delinimcntum.) 
Mitigation.     [A'ot  7iscd.] 

DE-LL\'aUEX-CY,  (de-link'wen-sy,)  n.  [L.  ddin- 
quo^  to  lail  or  omit  duty  ;  de  and  linguo^  to  leave.] 

Failure  or  omission  of  duty  ;  a  fault ;  a  misdeed  ; 
and  po.sitively,  an  offense  ;  a  crime.  It  is  particular- 
ly, but  not  'exclusively,  applied  to  neglect  of  duty  in 
officer^  of  public  trust. 

DE-r<L\'aUE.\T,  (de-link'went,)  a.  Failing  in  duty  ; 
offending  by  neglect  of  duty. 

DE-LIN'QUElVT,  71.  One  who  fails  to  perform  his 
duty,  particularly  a  public  officer  who  neglects  his 
duty;  an  offender;  one  who  connnits  a  fault  or 
crime. 

A  detinqutru  ought  to  he  dted  in  die  place  or  juriKliction  where 
liw  delinquency  was  committed.  Ayliffe. 


DEL 

DE-LIN'QUENT-LY,  adc.    So  as  to  faU  in  duty. 
DEL'I-aU.\TE,  V.  t.  or  i.    [L.  deUqueo,  to  melt.] 

To  melt  or  be  dissolved.     [Sec  DsLiquESCE  and 

DELiqUIATE.] 

DEL'I-aUA-TED, p;j.    Melted;  dissolved. 

DEC-I-aUA'TION,  n.  A  melting.  [See  Dklwues- 
CENCE  and  Deliquiatiov.] 

DEL-I-aUESCK',  (di-I-e-kvves',)  r.  i.  [L.  ddiquesco, 
to  molt ;  de  and  liqncscoy  from  {xqnrn^  to  melt  or  be- 
come soft.    See  Liriuio.l 

To  melt  gradually  and' become  liquid  by  attracting 
and  absorbing  moisture  from  the  air,  as  certain  salts, 
acids,  and  alkalies. 

DEH-aUES'CEXCE,  (deNe-kwes'sens,)  ».  Sponta- 
neous liqutfaction  in  the  air;  a  gradual  melting  or 
becoming  liquid  by  absorption  of  watL-r  from  the  at- 
mosphere. Fourcroy. 

DEL-I-aUES'CENT,  a.  Liquefyhig  in  the  air ;  capa- 
ble of  attracting  moisture  from  the  atmosphere  and 
becoming  liquitl ;  as,  ddiiiuesccnt  salts.     Fourcroy. 

DE-Lia'Ul-ATE,  (de-lik'we-ate,)  v.  i.  [See  Dei.i- 
quATE.]  To  melt  and  become  liquid  by  imbibing 
v.-ater  Irom  the  air.  [Sec  Deliquesce.]   'Fourcroij. 

DE-Lia-UI-A'TION,  n.  A  melting  by  attracting  wa- 
ter from  the  air. 

DE-Lia'tJI-UM,  (de-Iik'wc-um,)  v.  [L.]  In  cAmiiV 
(ry,  a  melting  or  di.ssolution  in  llie  air,  or  in  a  moist 
place.  Encyc, 

9.  A  liquid  state  ;  as,  a  salt  falls  into  a  ddiquium. 

Fourcroy. 
3.  Ill  medicine,  a  swooning  or  fainting;  called  also 
sijncoj)e.  Encyc.     Coze. 

DE-Lt'RA-CY,  7(.    Delirium.  Sancroft. 

DE-IJU'A-!\IENT,  n.  A  wandering  of  the  mind  ; 
fuolisii  fancv-     [Little  lu^rd.] 

DE-LI'RaTE"  v.  \.     [L.  dcliro.] 

To  rave,  as  a  madman.     [Jfot  in  use.] 

DEL  I-Ra'TION,   w.     [h.deliratio.] 

A  wandering  of  mind  ;  delirium.  Ed.  Rev. 

DE-LIR'I-OUS,  a.     [L.  ddirxis.    See  Delirium.] 

RoWng  in  mind ;  light-headed ;  disordered  in  in- 
tellect ;  having  ideas  that  are  wild,  irregular,  and 
uncunueeted. 

DE-LIR'I-OUS-LY,  ndf.    In  a  delirious  manner. 

DE-LTR'I-OUS-NESS,  n.  Tiie  state  of  being  delirious  ; 
delirium.  Johnson. 

DE-LIR'I-U3I,  n.  [L.,  from  ddiro^  to  wander  in  mind, 
to  rave  ;  de  and  uro^  to  make  balks  in  plowing,  that 
is,  to  err,  wander,  miss.] 

A  state  in  which  the  ideas  of  a  person  are  wild, 
irregular,  and  unconnected,  or  do  not  correspond 
with  the  truth  or  with  external  objects  ;  a  roving 
or  wandering  of  the  mind  ;  disorder  of  the  intellect. 
Fevers  often  produce  deliriuvi. 
An  alienation  of  mind  connected  with  fever.  Cyc. 
Symptomatic  derangement,  or  that  which  is  de- 
pendent on  some  other  disease,  in  distinction  from 
idiopathic  derangeinent,  or  mania. 

DE-LIR'I-UM  TRE'.MFJ^S,n.  A  disease  of  the  brain, 
induced  by  the  excessive  and  prolonged  use  of  intox- 
icating liquors. 

DEL-I-TES'CENCE,    n.      [L.   dditcscentia ;   dc  and 
latco.] 
Retirement ;  obscurity.  Johnson. 

DE-HT'I-GaTE,  v.  i.     [L.  dditigo.] 

To  chide,  or  contend  in  wonls.     fJV'oi  in  nse.] 

DE-LIT-I-Ga'TION,  n.  A  chiding ;  a  brawl.  [.Xot 
in  use.] 

DE-LI V'EIl,  u.  t.  [Fr.  ddivrcr;  deaiid  iirrer,  to  de- 
liver; S]>.  lihrar ;  Port.  Uorar ;  h.  Uher^  free,  disen- 
gaged ;  ddibro,  to  free,  to  peel ;  Arm.  delivra.  See 
Liberal,  Library,  Lirrate.] 

1.  To  free ;  to  release,  as  from  restraint ;  to  set  at 
liberty  ;  as,  to  deliver  one  from  captivity. 

2.  To  rescue,  or  save. 

Deliver  mc,  0  my  Go<l,  from  the  hand  of  the  wicked.  —  Ps.  Uxi. 

3.  To  give  or  transfer;  to  put  into  another's  hand 
or  power  ;  to  commit ;  to  pass  from  one  to  another. 

'I'hou  Shalt  deliver  Phnr.ioh'j  cup  into  his  liau'l,  —  Gen.  xl. 

So  we  say,  to  delivct  goods  to  a  carrier ;  to  deliver  a 
letter  ;  to  deliver  possession  of  an  estate. 

4.  To  surrender  ;  to  yield  ;  to  give  up^  to  resign  ; 
as,  to  deliver  a  fortress  to  an  enemy.  It  is  often  fol- 
lowed by  up  ;  as,  to  deliver  up  the  city  ;  to  deUvcr  rtp 
stolen  goods. 

Til'  exalted  mind 
All  sense  of  wuc  deUvtrB  to  the  wim!.  Pope, 

5.  To  disburden  of  a  child. 

6.  To  utter  ;  to  pronounce  ;  to  speak  ;  to  send  forth 
in  words ;  as,  to  deliver  a  sermon,  an  address,  or  an 
oration. 

7.  To  give  forth  in  action  ;  as,  the  ship  delivered  a 
broadside  ;  the  troops  ddivcred  their  fire ;  to  deliver  a 
blow.  .Alison. 

To  deliver  to  the  wind ;  to  cast  away  ;  to  reject. 

To  deliver  over ;  to  transfer ;  to  give  or  pass  from 
one  to  another  ;  as,  to  deliver  over  goods  to  another. 

2.  To  surrender  or  resign ;  to  put  into  another's 
power ;  to  commit  to  the  discretion  of;  toabandon  to. 

Deliver  ma  not  over  to  the  will  of  my  cncnuM.  -  -  Ps.  xivii. 

To  ddir.cr  up  ;  to  C've  up  ;  to  surrender. 
DE-LIVER,  «.     [L.  liber.] 

Free;  nimble.     [Obs.]  Chaucer. 


DEL 

DE-LIV'Ett-A-IJLE,  a.  That  may  be,  or  iB  to  be,  d^ 
livered. 

A  bill  of  lading  m.-i^  ■IMi*  tliAt  the    goods  arc  deUveraile  to  r 
puiicular  pcnoD  therein  nsmcd.     [MercanliU  usagt.y 

AmfT.  laviev. 

DE-LIVER-ANCE,  n.    [Fr.  delivrance.] 

1.  Release  from  captivity,  slaTery,  oppression,  or 
any  restraint. 

He  hnrh»enl  me  to  hral  the  brvkco-bearted,  lo  pr^'^.  ■''' 

anct  to  tbc  ctp'ircs.  —  LuIm  tv. 

2.  Rescue  from  danger  or  any  evil. 

tjod  f/Tiit  me  to  «ave  your  lira  by  m  peat  d«awnin«.  —  •>  -.. 
xlv, 

3.  The  act  of  bringing  forth  children.         Bieon. 

4.  The  act  of  giving  or  transferring  from  one  to 
another. 

5.  The  act  of  speaking  or  pronouncing  ;  utterance. 
[In  the  ihnrc  hist  senses,  Deli  rear  is  now  used.} 

0.  Acquittal  of  a  prisoner  by  the  verdict  of  a  jury. 
God  send  you  a  good  deliverance. 

DE-LIV'ER-^D,  pp.    Freed  ;  released  ;  Iran  :" 
transmitted ;  passed  from  one  to  another : 
ted  ;   yielded  ;  surrcudered  ;  rescued  ;    utt-  ; 
nounced. 

DE-LI  V'KR-ER,  n.  One  who  delivers  :  one  who  re- 
leases or  rescues  ;  a  preserver. 

Tlic  I.onl  ru£c<l  up  a  dcttoerer  to  Isnel.  —  Judge*  ia. 

2,  One  who  relal::s  or  conmmnicates.         Boyle. 

DE-LI V'ER-LNG,  p/jr.  Releasing;  setting  free;  res- 
cuing ;  Biiving  ;  surrendering  ;  giving  over  j  yielding  j 
resigning. 

DE-LlV'ER-NESS,  n.    Ninibleness  ;  agHily. 

DE-LI  V'EIl-Y,  7t.    The  act  of  delivering. 

2.  Release  ;  rescue,  as  from  &Iaver>',  restraint,  op- 
pression, or  danger. 

3.  Surrender ;  a  giving  up. 

4.  A  giving  or  passing  from  one  to  another ;  as,  the 
ddiverif  of  goods,  or  of  a  deed. 

5.  Utterance,  pronunciation,  or  manner  of  speak- 
ing. He  has  a  good  ddivcnj.  I  was  charmed  with 
his  graceful  delivery. 

(i.  Childbirth.     Is.  xxvi. 

7.  Free  motion  or  use  of  the  limbs.    [  ObsA 

Sidney.     Wotton. 

DELL,  n.  [Qu.  dale,  or  W'.dcU,  a  cleft  or  rift;  or  is  it 
contractetl  from  Sax.  degUJ] 

A  hollow  place ;  a  small,  narrow  valley  between 
two  hills.  OUberL 

DELPII.    See  Delf,  N'o.  G. 

DEL'Pill-AN,  (  a.    [from  Ddphi.  a  town  of  Thocis, 

DEL'PHie,       i       in  Greece.] 

K<:lating  to  Delphi,  aiid  to  the  celebrated  oracle  of 
IliiU  pbu-e. 

DEL'l'lIlN,  a.  Pertaming  to  the  dauphin  of  France; 
applied  pnrllcularly  to  an  edition  of  the  Latin  classics, 
prepared  under  Louis  XIV.,  in  usum  DelpMni,  tor  the 
(iaupliin's  use.  Brande. 

DEL'PHIXE,  a.     [L.  ddphinus.] 

Pertaining  to  Ihc  dolphin,  a  genus  of  fishes. 

DEr^PIlL\'I-A,  "I  «.    A  vegetable  alkaloid  discovered 

DKI^PIU'XA,      I      in  the  Delphinium  staphysn.-ria. 

DEL'PIII-A,         f      Its  taste  is  bitter  and  acrid.  When 

DEL'PHINE,  J  heated  it  melts,  but  on  cooling 
becomes  hard  and  brittle  like  resin.    Ure.  Brande, 

DEL'PHIi\-lTE,  71.  A  mineral,  called  also  pislacite 
and  cpidotr.  Ure, 

DEL  SEOjV'O,  (de!  san'yo.)  [It.]  In  musicj  a  direc- 
tion to  repeat  from  the  si^n. 

DEL'TA,  n.  Tlie  Cn-rk  Utter  A.  A  tract  of  alluvial 
land  hi  tlie  form  of  that  letter,  or  triangular.  It  is 
particularly  applied  to  such  a  tract  of  land  in  Egypt, 
formed  by  two  main  branches  of  the  Nile,  and  tJie 
Mcditcmnean  Sea ;  but  the  word  is  applied  to  any 
tract  of  land  of  a  simihu-  figure  and  formation. 

DEL'TtilD,  a.  [Gr.  ^cAra,  the  l.tlcr  A,  and  iu'as, 
form.] 

1.  Kesenibling  the  Greek  A,  (delta;)  triangular; 
on  epithet  applied  to  a  muscle  of  the  shoulder;  which 
moves  tlie  arm  forw:ird,  upward,  and  backward. 

Coxc. 

2.  In  botany,  shaped  somewhat  like  a  delta  or 
iluiinb,  having  four  angles,  of  which  the  lateral  ones- 
aie  less  disumt  from  tlie  base  than  tJie  others  ;  as,  a 
deltoid  leaf.  Linmrus.    .Uartyn. 

Trowel-shaped,  having  three  angles,  of  which  the 
terminal  one  is  much  further  from  tlie  base  tlian  the 
lateral  ones.  S^iiJi. 

DE-LuD'A-BLE,  ff.  [See  Delcde  ]  Thatmay  be  de- 
luded or  deceived  ;  liable  to  be  imposed  on.  Brown, 

DE-LODE',  r.  t,  [L.  deludo  ;  dc  and  ludo,  to  play,  to 
mock  ;  Ch.  and  Heb.  r^*^-  C^'^^*^  ^'  ^**-  "^j  ^' 
30,  4o.] 

1.  To  deceive ;  to  impose  on ;  to  lead  from  truUi 
or  into  error;  to  mislead  the  mind  or  judgment;  to 
beguile.  Cheat  is  generally  applied  to  deception  in 
bargains  ;  ddtidc.to  deception  in  opinion.  An  artful 
man  dehtdes  his  followers.  We  are  often  deluded  by 
false  appearances. 

2.  To  frustrate  or  disappoinL 

DE-LOD'ED,  pp.  or  n.  Deceived  ;  misled  ;  led  into 
error  , 

DE-LCD'ER,  n.  One  who  deceives;  a  deceiver;  an 
impostor  ;  one  who  holds  out  false  pretenses. 


TONE,  BJJLL,  XINITE.  — AN"GER,  V!"CIOUS.  — C  as  K ;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  hi  THIS. 


315 


DEiM 

3E  LCD'[.\(:,p/>r.  Deceiving;  leaiUng  astray;  mia- 
Ifndiiii;  ihe  upinioa  orjudgnienu 

DK-L0IJ'I.\H,  n.    The  acl  uf  deceiving;  Hitschood. 

Prideaiu. 

DEL'UGE,  (dcl'lQje,)  ti.  [Fr.  delude;  Arm.  diluich ; 
Sp.  dilucio  i  It.  id.;  h.  dilitoiesj  dUuviumy  iVoin  dduOf 
dducio;  di  and  luoy  lavo^  to  wai^h.  If  deluge  and  di- 
Itirium  arc  the  same  word,  of  whicli  tlien;  can  bo 
little  doubt,  Uie  fact  proves  tlmt  /«»,  hvo,  is  con- 
tracted or  changed  from  lugo,  and  that  llie  primitive 
word  was  lugo ;  and  it  is  certain  that  the  radix  I'f 
Jluo  is  fiu^o.     Sue  Flow.] 

1.  Any  ovcrtlowin?  of  water;  an  inundation;  a 
flood  ;  a  swell  of  water  over  the  natural  banks  of  a 
river  or  shore  of  the  ocean,  spreading  over  the  adja- 
cent hind.  But  approprinlehjj  the  great  flood  or 
overflowing  of  the  larth  by  "water,  in  tlio  days  of 
Noali ;  according  to  the  common  chronology,  Anno 
fllundi  IG5G.     Qcn.  vi. 

'2,  A  sweeping  or  overwhelming  cahimity. 
UKL'UOK,  V.  t.    To  overflow  with  water;  to  inun- 
date; to  drown.    The  waters  deluged  the  earth,  and 
destroyed  the  old  world. 

2.  To  overwhelm  ;  to  cover  with  any  flowing  or 
moving,  spreading  body.  The  northern  nations  del- 
uged the  Roman  empire  with  their  armies. 

y.  To  overwhelm;  to  cause  to  sink  under  the 
weight  of  a  general  or  spreading  calamity  ;  as,  tlic 
land  is  deluged  with  corruption. 

DEL'UCi-/i:D,  pp.  Overflowed  j  inundated  ;  over- 
whelmed. 

DEL'U6-ING,  ppr.  Overflowing;  inundating;  over- 
whelming. 

I»li-LO'SION,  (dc-lu'zhun,)  7i.  [L.  dehtsio.  Sec  De- 
lude.] 

1.  The  act  of  dchiding  \  deception  ;  a  misleading 
of  the  mind.  Wc  arc  alt  liable  to  the  dclujiojis  of 
art  i  flee. 

2.  False  reprcsrntation  ;  illusion  ;  error  or  mistake 
proceeding  from  false  views. 

And  fuiiiUy  niouriicil  tlic  ilciir  delusion  gone.  Prior. 

ItJi-LO'SlVK,  a.  Apt  to  deceive  ;  tending  In  mislead 
the  mind;  deceptive;  beguiling ;  as,  dchisice  arts; 
delu/!ivc  appearances. 

l>l'>L0't^IVI5-LV,  ado.    In  a  delusive  manner. 

J>i:-LO'SIVi:-NESS,  71.  The  quality  of  being  delu- 
sive ;  tendency  to  deceive. 

I»K^LO'SO-UY,  a.    Apt  to  deceive;  deceptive. 

Olaiwille. 

DELVE,  (delv,)  v.  t.  [Sax.  dclfan  ;  D.  ddvcn  ;  Kuss. 
dfilbhjii;  to  dig.  Uu.  Arm.  Undloy  to  dig  or  make  a 
hole,  VV.  txcllj  a  liole,  and  L.  talpa^  a  mole,  pcrlmiis 
the  drlccr.] 

1.  To  dig ;  to  open  the  ground  with  a  spade. 

Delot  of  convenient  <leplli  yonr  ihraaliinj- floor.  Drydcn. 

2.  To  fathom ;  to  sound  ;  to  penetrate. 

I  can  not  dclte  liini  to  the  root.  Shak. 

DELVE,  (dcIv,)  n.  A  place  dug;  a  pit;  a  pitfall;  a 
ditch  ;  a  den  ;  a  cave.     [JVo(  now  Mscd.]       Spenser. 

Vilcc  ofamU ;  a  (pianlity  of  fossil  coals  dug.  [JVut 
vjicdy  or  /oca/.] 

DELV'iCD,  pp.    Dug  ;  fathomed. 

DELV'ER,  n.    One  who  digs,  as  witli  a  spade. 

DELVING,  ppr.    iJIgcing. 

DE MAG-NET-I-ZA'TfON,  n.  The  act  or  piocess  of 
il'j|>rivit:;:  '.yA-:  nf  niagnilic  iunuence. 

DE-.MAG'NET-IZE,  v.  L  To  deprive  of  ina5::elic  in- 
fluence ;  lo  restore  from  a  sleep-waking  state 

DEM'A-G0G-ISM,7i.    TJie  practices  of  a  demagogue. 

DE.M' A-GOGUE,  (dem'a-gog,)  /;.  [Gr.  hmaywyos,  from 
^;;^os,  the  iiopniace,  and  n;  tj,  to  lead.] 

L  A  leader  of  the  people ;  an  orator  who  pleases 
the  popiflacc,  and  influcncos  them  to  adiiere  to  him. 
2.  Any  leader  of  the  populace ;  any  factious  man 
who  h;is  great  influence  with  the  great  body  of  peo- 
ple in  a  cfty  or  community. 

UE-Mr:SNE',(dc-menc,)  j  "*  tNorm.  dcmatncr.  Tins 
might  be  from  L.  dominium,  Fr.  dommne.  In  old  law 
IwokSy  it  is  written  demesne,  aa  if  derived  from  vici^an, 
maisoii,  house.  In  JVorman,  it  is  written  also  de- 
maygne,  dcmcigne,  as  well  as  deriicinc.] 

1.  A  manor-house  and  the  land  adjacent  or  near, 
which  a  lord  keeps  in  his  own  hands  or  immediate 
occupation,  for  the  use  of  his  family,  as  distinguished 
from  his  tenemental  lands,  distributed  anwng  his 
tenants,  called  book-land,  or  duirter-land,  and  folk- 
land,  or  estates  held  in  villenage,  from  which  sprung 
copyhold  estates'.  Blackstone. 

-J.  Estate  in  lamls.  Shak. 

DE-MXND',  p.  (.  [Fr.  dcmnnder ;  Sp.  and  Port,  de- 
maiidar ;  It.  domandarc  or  dimandarc ;  Arm.  mennat; 
dc  and  L.  mando,  to  command.  'I'hc  L.  mando  sig- 
nifies to  send ;  hence,  to  commit  or  intrust.  To  ash 
is  lo  press  oT  urge.  iSw.  ina:ia;  Dan,  vmncr ;  to  put 
in  mind,  to  urge,  press,  dun  ;  to  admonish,  L.  moneo. 
It  appears  that  vuindo,  moneo,  and  incus,  mind,  are  all 
of  one  family  ;  a3  also  Ir.  wnti/Km,  to  teach ;  W. 
mijau,  to  will,  to  seek  or  procure,  to  insist,  to  obtain 
or  have;  Sax.  manian;  G.  maJmen.  Sec  Class  Mn, 
No.  7.  9.] 
1.  ''fo  ask  or  call  for,  as  one  who  has  a  claim  or 


OEM 

right  to  receive  wliat  is  sought;  to  claim  or  seek  as 
due  by  right.  'J'he  creditor  demands  principal  and 
interest  of  lii^  debt.  Hero  the  claim  is  derived  from 
law  or  justice. 

a.  To  ask  by  authority;  to  require;  to  seek  or 
claim  an  answer  by  virtue  of  a  right  or  supposed 
right  in  the  interrogator,  derived  from  his  olRce,  sta- 
tion, power,  or  authority. 

The  olTiccr*  of  llic  cltildtvn  ol  I«TncI  —  wi-re  beaten,  anil  rfe- 
tnandtd,  Wliercforc  tuve  re  not  fuirillcd  your  (aaIc  In  makiiis 
brick?  — Kx.  V. 

3.  To  require  as  necessary  or  useful ;  as,  the  exe- 
cution of  this  work  demands  great  industry  and  care. 

4.  To  ask  ;  to  (lucstion  ;  to  inquire.     \^Litdc  used.] 

The  soliUi-ra  nlno  demanded  ot  lilm,  s.iyin*,  Whiit  iliall  wc  du  i 
—  Lnku  iii. 

5.  To  ask  or  require,  as  a  seller  of  goods ;  as,  what 
price  do  you  demand  1 

6.  To  sue  for  ;  to  seek  to  obtain  by  legal  process  ; 
as,  the  plaintiir,  in  his  action,  demands  unreo^jonable 
damages. 

In  JFrencJi,  dcmandcr  generally  signifies  simply  to 
ask,  request,  or  petition,  when  the  answer  or  thing 
asked  for  is  a  matter  of  grace  or  courtesy.  But  in 
Kn^lish,  demand  is  now  seldom  used  in  that  sense  ; 
and  rarely  indeed  can  the  French  demandcr  be  ren- 
dered correctly  in  English  by  demand,  except  in  the 
case  of  the  seller  of  goods,  who  dcmamls  [asks,  re- 
quires] a  certain  price  for  his  wares.  The  common 
cvpression,  '*  a  king  sent  to  demand  another  king's 
daugiiter  in  mariiage,"  is  improper. 
DI'>MaND',».  An  asking  for  or  claim  made  by  virtue 
of  a  right  or  suppos-ed  right  lo  tlie  thing  sought ;  an 
asking  with  authority  ;  a  challenging  as  due  ;  as,  the 
f/f;Hrt;i(/ of  the  creditor  was  reasonable;  the  note  is 
payable  on  demand. 

llu  tli^t  li:ui  confidence  to  (urn  his  wislies  iuloiUmati'lti,  will  he 
but  ii  little  wiiy  from  thinking  he  ought  to  oltiiin  tlicni. 

Locke. 

2.  The  asking  or  requiring  of  a  price  for  goods 
offered  for  sale  ;  as,  I  can  not  agree  to  his  demand. 

3.  Tiiat  which  is  or  may  be  claimed  as  due  ;  debt ; 
as-,  what  are  your  demands  on  the  estate  ? 

•1.  The  cal  ing  for  in  order  to  purchase  ;  desire  to 
possess  ;  as,  the  demand  for  tlie  iiil)le  has  been  great 
and  extensive  ;  copies  are  in  great  drmand. 

5.  A  desire  or  a  seeking  to  obtain.  We  say,  the 
company  of  a  gentleman  is  in  great  demand;  the  lady 
is  in  great  demand  or  request. 

G.  in  law,  the  asking  or  seeking  for  what  is  due 
or  claimed  as  due,  either  expressly  by  words,  or  by 
implication,  as  by  seizure  of  goods  or  entry  into 
lands. 

DE-IVUND'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  demanded, 
claimed,  asked  for,  or  rcfpiired  ;  as,  payment  is  dc- 
mandablc  at  the  expiration  of  the  credit. 

DE-.MaND'ANT,  v.  One  who  demands  ;  the  plaintiff 
in  a  real  action  ;  anv  plaintiff. 

DE-MXND'EO,  ;)p.  Called  for  ;claimcd  ;  challenged 
as  duo;  retpiested  ;  required  ;  interrogated. 

DE-MXND'Elt,  7(.  One  who  demands;  one  who  re- 
quires with  authority  ;  one  who  claims  as  due;  one 
who  ai-ks  ;  one  who  seeks  to  obtain. 

DE-MaND'ING,  ppr.  Claiming  or  calling  for  as  due, 
or  by  authority  ;  requiring;  asking;  pursuing  a  claim 
hv  legal  process  ;  interrogating. 

DE'-MXXD'RESS,  ?(.    A  female  demandant. 

DE-MXlte-A'TION.    See  Demarkation. 

DE-.AIXRCH',  11.     [Fr.  dcmarc.he.^ 
l\Iarch  ;  walk  ;  gait.    fOis.J 

DE-MaRK-a'TION,  n.  [ftp.  dcmarcaeioii,  from  dcmar- 
car;  dc  and  marcar,  to  mark;  inarca,  a  mark  ;  Port. 
demarcar.     Sec  Mark.J 

1.  The  act  of  marking,  or  of  ascertaining  and  set- 
ting a  limit. 

2.  A  limit  or  bound  ascertained  and  fixed  ;  line  of 
separation  marked  or  determined. 

The  Hpocnlativo  line  of  demarkalion,  where  obedience  ought  (o 
end  nud  rcsiat^nco  begiii,  a  fuini,  obscure,  and  not  cnxJIy 
dffin:ible.  Burke. 

DE-MkAN',  V.  t.  [Fr.  demcncr ;  Norm,  dcmcsner,  dc- 
mcner,  to  lead,  to  manage,  lo  'govern,  to  stir  ;  It.  ',nc- 
narc ;  Sp.  vtcncar.'] 

1.  To  behave ;  to  carry ;  lo  conduct ;  iciOt  tJie  re- 
ciprocal pronoun ;  as,  it  is  our  duty  to  demean  our- 
selves witli  humility. 

2.  Jl'o  treat.  Spenser. 
DE-MeAN',  r.  t.     [de  and  mean.]     To  debase  ;  to  un- 
dervalue.    [JVut  tisctl.]  SfiaJc. 

DE-Me.^N',  71.    Behavior ;  caiiiage  ;  demeanor.  [ Obs.} 

Spenser. 
2.  _Micn.     [Obs.]  Spenser. 

DE-Mli^VN'A'D,  pp.  Behaved  welt ;  in  a  good  sense. 
Lessened  ;  debased  ;  in  a  bad  sense. 

DE-.MEAN'IXG,;t/>r.  Behaving;  also, debasing  one's 
self._ 

DJ'1-MeAN'OR,  71.  Behavior;  carriage;  deportment; 
as,  decent  demeanor  ;  sad  dcmcavor.  Jildton. 

DF^.SlEAN-l|Ri:,  ,1.     lUhavior.     [.Vut  in  use.] 

DE  M£-DI-E-TA'TE,  [L.]  A  jury  dc  mcflictatc  is 
one  composed  of  iialf  natives  aild  iiulf  foreigners- 
used  in  actions  in  whieli  a  foreigner  is  a  party,  or 
half  of  common  jurors  and  half  of  men  of  the  class 
to  which  one  of  the  parties  belongs.        Blackstone. 


OEM 

DP.'AlEN-eV,  n.     [L.  dementia,]  ' 

Madness.     [JVoE  in  use.]  Skelton. 

DE-MEN'TATE,  c     Mad  ;  infatuated.       Jlammoud, 
DE-.MEN'TATE,  v.  t.    [L.  demcnto;  de  and  virus.] 

To  make  mad.  Burtou. 

DE-ME\'TA-TED,pp.    Rendered  mad. 
DE-MEN-TA'TIO.\,  n.    The  act  of  making  frantic. 

IVkitlock. 
DE-.MENT'ED,  a.    Crazv  ;  infatuated.    Quart.  Jtev. 
DE-MEPIl-I-TI-Z.\'TION,  n.     [See  Di:mei'hitiie.] 
The  act  of  purifying  from  mephitic  or  foul  air. 
Med.  licpositvry. 
DE-MEPII'I-TIZE,  V.  U    [de  and  mephitis,  foul  air,  or 
ill  smell.] 
'J'o  )inrify  from  foul,  unwholesome  air. 
DE-i\IKPIl'I-TrZ-/;n,  pp.  Purified  ;  freed  from  foul  air. 
DE-.MEPll'l  TrZ-L\G,  ppr.    Purifying  from  foul  air. 
DE-.MER'IT,  71.     [Fr.  dcmeriic;  dc  and  vicritr,  merit, 
L.  mcritum,  from  mcrco,  to  earn  or  deserve.  'I'hc  Latin 
dcmcrco  is  used  in  a  good  sense.    See  Meiut.] 

1.  'J'hat  which  deserves  punishment,  tlie  opposite 
of  merit ;  an  ill-deserving  ;  that  which  is  blaniable  or 
punishable  in  mor.il  conduct ;  vice  or  crime. 


Mine  U  tlic  merit,  the  demerit  Uilne. 


Diyden. 


2.  .Anciently,  merit ;  desert ;  m  a  good  sense.  Shak. 
DE-MER'IT,  V.  t.    To  deserve  blame  or  punishment. 

[  /  brlirrr.  not  in  use.] 
DE-.MERS'£D,  (de-merst^)  a.     [L.  dcmcrsiis.] 

IMuiiged  ;  situated  or  growing  under  water. 
DE-MER'SION,  (de-mer'shun,)  «.     [L.  dcmcrsio,  ficni 
dcmrrmt,  to  plunge  or  drown.] 

1.  A  plunging  into  a  lluid  ;  a  drowning. 

Trans,  n/  Pausauin.i. 

2.  Tlie  state  of  being  ovcrwhelnud  in  water  or 
earth.  liaij. 

3.  The  putting  of  a  medicine  in  a  tlis^ulving  li<|itor 

Vict. 
DE-MES'MER-IZE,  r.  t.     [iVoin  Mcsmcr.]     To  exriie 
or  relieve  from  mesmeric  influence,    [^ec  Mesmek- 

I7,E.]^ 

DE-MkSNE',  (dc-mcen'.)    Sec  Demain. 

DE-MeHN'I-AL,  (de-iuc'ni-al,)  (I.  Pertaining  to  a  de- 
mesne. Mauudcr. 

DI'iM'I,  a  prefix,  [Fr.  drmi,  from  the  Ij.  t/lmidium,]  signi- 
fies half.  It  is  used  only  in  composition.  [See  also 
Demy.] 

nK.M'l  BATH,  ) /!.     A  bath  in  which  only  the  h)Wer 

DK.M'I-BaIN,  j      half  of  the  body  is  immersed. 

DE.M'I-IUU-GaDE',  71.     A  half  brigade.       [Qilbcri. 

DKM'I-eA'DENCE,  ti.  In  music,  an  imperfect  ca- 
dence, or  one  tliat  falls  on  any  other  than  the  k'-;-- 
note.  Busbii. 

DEM'I-CAN'NON,  7i.  The  obsolete  name  of  u  kind 
of  ordnance  carrjing  a  ball  of  from  yo  to  3()  poundi- 
iu  weight. 

DEM'I-GUL'VER-IN,  7(.  The  obsolete  name  of  a  kind 
of  ordnance  carrying  a  ball  of  9  or  10  pounds  in 
weight.  Johnson.     Encve, 

DRM-i  De'I-F?',  v.  t.    To  deify  in  part.        Cuipper. 

DEM'I-DEV-/L,  (dev'l,)  v.     Half  a  devil.       Sliak. 

DEM'I-DIS'TANCE,  ».  In /w/-/(/ica([on,  the  distance 
between  the  outwanl  polygons  and  the  flank. 

DEM'I-DF'J'ONi:,  «.    In  music,  a  minor  third.  Bushi. 

DEM'I-GOD,  /(.  Half  a  pod  ;  one  partaking  of  tin-  di- 
vin<-'  nature  ;  a  falmbjus  hero,  produced  by  the  enbab- 
itatioo  of  a  dciiv  with  a  mortal.         Jililtott.     Pvpr. 

DKM'I-Gt  )l)'I>i;.^S,  71.     A  fcniulc  demi-god.   Cnrnphill 

DEM'I-GORGE,  71.  In  fortification,  that  jiail  of  the 
polygon  which  remains  after  the  flank  is  rLii~r(l,  .iml 
goes  from  the  curtain  to  the  angle  of  the  polyiinu,  It 
is  half  of  the  vacant  space  or  entrance  into  a  bastiim. 

KucMc. 

DEM'I-GROAT,  (grawt,)  n.     A  half-groat.    Shcnkanc. 

DEM'I-JOHI*/,  (dem'i-jon,)  7i.     [Fr.  damc-jcannc.] 

A  glass  vessel  or  bottle  with  a  large  body  and  small 
neck,  inclosed  in  wicker-work. 

DEM'I-LANCE,  n.  A  light  lance;  a  short  spear;  a 
half-pike.  Dnjihu. 

DEM'I-LOXE,  7?.  A  work  constructed  beyond  tbe 
main  ditch  of  a  fortress,  and  In  front  of  the  etirlain 
between  two  bastions ;  its  object  is  to  defend  the  cur- 
tain. P.  Cijc. 

DE.M'I-MAN,  n.     Half  a  man  ;  a  term  of  reproach, 

Knowlc. 

DEM'I-Na-TI,1R-£D,  a.  Having  half  the  nature  of 
annthcr  aniiiial.  ShaU. 

DE.M'I-OF-Fl"CIAL,  (-of-fi?h'al,)  a.  Partly  oflicial 
or  niitlinrized.  O.Morris. 

DE.M'I-PKt;M'I  SES,  n.  pi.     Half  premises.  Hoolrr. 

DKM'I-ur'A-VER,  V.  A  note,  in  music,  of  half  iho 
kn!:th  nf  the  (piavcr. 

DEJWI-RK'LIK'FOyV.  [It.]  In  .^cH//'(f(rf,haIf  nlief. 
or  the  standing  out  of  a  figure  from  the  background 
by  half  its  thickness. 

DK.M'I-REP  fi.  A  woman  ol  suspicious  chastity. 
\Drini-ripvtaUon.} 

DEM'I  SKM'l-tiUA-VER,  n.  A  short  note  in  music, 
two  of  which  an-  ffjual  to  a  semi-quaver. 

DEM'I-TINT',  n.  [Demi  and  lint.]  In  painting,  n 
gradation  of  color  between  pofiilive  light  and  positive 
shade.  FAme-t. 

DEM'I-ToNE,7i.  In  7nH5(c,  an  intervalof  half  a  tone; 
a  semi-tone. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WII/kT.  —  MeTE,  PRgV.  —  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  —  NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.- 

316  '-  " 


DEM 

DEM'I-VILL,  11.  A  lialfvill,  consisiing  of  five  free- 
men or  frankpledges.  Speiman.     Bhick^tftne. 

DEM'I-VOLT,  II.  [dcmi  and  Vi'!l,  vatitl.]  One  of  the 
SL-Ten  artificial  motions  of  a  Iionsc,  in  wiiich  he 
raises  his  fore  legs  in  a  particiriar  nianiicr. 

DEM'I-^VOL^,  It.  Half  a  wolf;  a  mongrel  dog,  be- 
tween a  ilog  and  a  wolf;  lycisca.  Shale. 

DEM'I-':11aTE,  v.  !.     [L.  deiiiis^ru.] 
To  migrate,  which  see. 

DEM-Ia;Ua'TION,  ».     Emigration,  whicli  see. 

DE-MIS'A-BLE,  a.  [See  Demise.]  That  may  be 
leased  ;  a^  an  estate  demisable  by  copy  of  court  roil. 

DE-MISE',  n.  [Fr.  demis,  demise,  from  dcnicUre,  L. 
demitto,  danissio  :  de  and  m'Uto,  Fr.  vtcttre.  LiteraUij, 
a  laying  down,  or  sending  from  ;  a  removing.] 

1.  In  England,  a  laying  down  or  removal,  applied 
to  the  crown  or  royal  authority.  The  demise  of  the 
crown  is  a  transfer  of  the  crown,  royal  authority,  or 
kingdom,  to  a  successor.  Thus,  when  Edward  IV. 
was  driven  from  his  throne  for  a  few  months  by  the 
house  of  Lancaster,  this  temporary  transfer  of  his 
dignity  was  called  a  demise.  Thus  the  natural  death 
of  a  king  or  queen  came  to  be  denominated  a  demise, 
as  by  that  event  Uie  crown  is  transferred  to  a  suc- 
cessor. Blaclcstone. 

a.  In  later  usage,  the  death  of  any  distinguished 
individual ;  as,  the  demise  of  Mr.  Pitt.  Tiuttcr. 

3.  A  conveyance  or  transfer  of  an  estate,  by  lease 
or  will. 

Demise  and  redemise ;  a  conveyance  where  there 
are  mutual  leases  made  fiom  one  to  anotlier  of  the 
same  land,  or  something  out  of  it.  Encijc. 

DE-MISE',  V.  t.    To  transfer  or  convey  ;  to  lease. 

2.  To  bequeath  ;  to  giant  by  will.  Swift. 
DE-MIS'A"D,  pp.     Granted  or  left  by  will. 
DE-^MiS'fXG,  ppr.    Bequeathing;  granting  by  will. 
UE-MI:?'SfON,  (de-mish'un,)  ;i.    A  lowering;  degra- 
dation ;  depression.                                    UEstran-re. 

DE-MISS'IVE, )  a.    Humble.      [Litde  used.] 

DE-.'\1  [  S.S ' ,  (  Skenstone. 

DE-MI>=^'LY,  aJr.    In  a  humble  manner.     [■N'otused.] 

DE-.MIT',  r.  t.     [L.  deiuitto.] 

To  let  fall  ;  to  depress  ;  to  submit.     [jVo£  used.] 

DEM'I-URGE,  Ji.  [Gr.  -ifj/itouojoy ;  (jrjfiios,  a  public 
servant,  and  cpjoc,  work.] 

In  tJie  mythology  of  Eastern  philosophers,  a  subordi- 
nate deity  or  eon,  employed  in  tlie  creation  of  the 
world  ;  a  subordinate  workman.  Encijc. 

DEM-I-URO'It',  a.    Pertaining  to  a  demiurge. 

TVans.  of  Pausanias. 

DE-MOC'RA-CY,  n.  [Gr.  SiifiOKoana  ;  6i}fos,  people, 
and  KftaTcoi,  to  possess,  to  govern.] 

Government  by  the  ^leople  ;  a  form  of  government, 
in  which  the  supreme  power  is  lodged  in  the  liands 
of  the  people  collectively,  or  in  which  the  people 
C-tercise  the  powers  of  legislation.  Such  was  the 
govermnent  of  Athens. 

DE.M'0-€RAT,n.  One  who  adheres  to  a  government 
by  the  people,  or  favors  the  extension  of  the  right  of 
suffrage  to  all  classes  of  men. 

DEM-0-€RAT'ie,         J  a.      Popular ;   pertaining  to 

DEM-OeRAT'ie-AL,  \  democracy,  or  government 
by  the  people  ;  as,  a  democratical  form  of  government. 

DEM-0-€RAT'ie-AL-LY,  adv.  In  a  democratical 
manner.  Sidney. 

DE-MO€'RA-TIST,  n.    The  same  as  Democrat. 

DE-MOe'R.\-TY,  «.    Democracy. 

DE-MO-GOR'GON,  n.  [Gr.  Saipui^y  divinity,  and 
yopyas,  dreadful.] 

Literally,  terrible  deity  ;  a  mysterious  divinity 
among    the   ancients,  mentioned    by  IMilton. 

Brande. 

DE-MOL'ISH,  V.  t.  [Fr.  demollr,  dcmolissant;  Sp.  rfe- 
moler ;  It.  dcmolire  :  L.  demolior;  de  and  molior,  to 
build.    Class  MI,  No.  12,  15.] 

To  throw  or  pull  down  ;  to  raze  ;  to  destroy,  as  a 
heap  or  structure  ;  to  separate  any  collected  mass,  or 
the  connected  parts  of  a  thing;  to  ruin  ;  as,  to  de- 
molish an  edifice,  or  a  mound  ;  to  demolish  a  wall  or 
fortification. 

DE-MOL'ISH-jED,  (dc-mol'isht,)  pp.  or  a.  Pulled 
down  ;  thrown  down  ;  razed  ;  destroyed,  as  a  fab- 
ric or  structure. 

l)E-MOL'ISH-ER,n.  One  who  pulls  or  throws  down  ; 
one  who  destroys  or  lays  waste ;  as,  a  dcmoUskcr  of 
towns. 

DE-MOL'ISH-IXG,  ppr.  Pulling  or  throwing  down  ; 
destroying. 

DE-MOL'ISH-MENT,  n.    Ruin;  overthrow. 

^  Beaum. 

DEM-0-LI"TION,  (dem-o-lish'un,)  n.  The  act  of 
overthrowing,  pulling  down,  or  destroying  a  pUe  or 
structure  ;  ruin  ;  destruction  ;  as,  the  demulUiun  of  a 
bouse,  or  of  military  works. 

De'MON,  tu  [L.  dtrtium  ;  Gr.  ^aipcoi' ;  Sp.  It.  demonio  ; 
Ft.  dcTnon;  Ir.  deamal,  or  dcamon.  The  origin  and 
primary  sense  of  thii  word  I  have  not  been  able  to 


ascertain.    Q,u.  Ar. 


rf 


dahima,  daima^  to  fall  sud- 


denly, to  rush,  to  overwhelm,  to  obscure,  to  blacken  ; 
whence  misfortune,  black,  blackness,  evil,  a  nmn- 
eter.    Or  is  it  a  compound  oidea,  dia,  dens,  and  mon. 


UK-MO'M-At;,  ) 

DEM-0-Nr'A€-AL,  J*^* 
DE-.MO'XI-AX,         ) 


DEM 

a  word  signifying  evil,  from  the  Persian?    I  place 
little  confidence  in  these  conjeclurei;.] 

A  spirit,  or  immaterial  being,  holding  a  middle 
place  between  men  and  the  celestial  deities  of  the 
pagans.  The  ancients  believed  that  there  were  good 
and  evil  demons,  which  had  infiucnce  over  the 
minds  of  men,  and  that  these  beings  carried  on  an 
intercourse  between  men  and  gods,  conveying  the 
addresses  of  men  to  the  gods,  and  divine  benefits  to 
men.  Hence  demons  became  the  objects  of  worship. 
It  was  supposed,  also,  that  human  spirits,  after  their 
departure  from  the  body,  became  demons,  and  lliat 
the  souls  of  virtuous  njen,  if  highly  purified,  were 
e.\alted  from  demons  into  gods.  In  Oic  Scriptures,  the 
Greek  iaifiMv  is  rendered  dcvil^  and  sometimes,  at 
least,  improperly ;  for  nothing  is  more  certain  than 
that  different  brings  are  intended  by  Si'ijiuXos  and 
caifujf  The  demons  of  the  New  Testament  were 
supposed  to  be  spiritual  beings  which  vexed  and  tor- 
mented men.  And,  in  general,  the  word,  in  modern 
use,  signifies  an  evil  spirit  or  genius,  which  infiu- 
ences  tiie  conduct  or  directs  the  fortunes  of  mankind. 
[See  Campbell's  Dissat.] 
Dic'MON-ESS,  71.     A  female  demon.  Malr. 

DE-Mo'NI-AC,  )         D    .  •   •       .      1 

'         '  "     Fertammg  to  demons  or  evil 

spirits. 

Frsm  tl.y  demoniac  holds.  Milton. 

2.  Influenced  by  demons  j  produced  by  demons  or 
evil  spirits. 

Demoniac  plueosy.  Millon. 

DE-5IO'NI- AC,  «.  A  human  being  possessed  by  a 
demon  ;  one  whose  volition  and  other  mental  facul- 
ties are  overpowered,  restrained,  or  disturbed,  in 
tlieir  regular  operation,  by  an  evil  spirit,  or  by  a  cre- 
ated spiritual  being  of  superior  power.  Encijc. 

DEM-O-NI'AC-AL-LY,  adv.  In  a  demoniacal  man- 
ner. 

DE-MO-NI'.\  CISM,  n.  The  state  of  bcjing  demoniac  ; 
or  tlie  practice  of  demoniacs.  Mdman. 

DE-Mo'NI-ACS,  71.  pi.  In  church  history,  a  branch  of 
tfie  Anabaptists,  whose  distinguishing  tenet  was, 
that,  at  the  end  of  the  w^orId,the  devil  will  be  saved. 

Encyc. 

DE-Mo'NI-AN-ISM,  n.  The  state  of  being  possessed 
by  a  demon.  TVarburton. 

Dk'MON-ISJI,  ji.    The  belief  in  demons  or  false  gods. 

Je^'crson. 

Dk'MON-iZE,  v.  t.  To  convert  into  a  demon  ;  to  in- 
fuse the  principles  or  fury  of  a  demon. 

DE-MON-UC'RA-CY,  71.     [Gr.   dui^wr,  demon,  and 
K.iaritt',  to  hold.] 
The  power  or  government  of  demons. 

DE-MON-OL'A-TRV,  Ji.     [Gr.   6aip(ov,  demon,  and 
Xarosia,  worship.] 
Tlie  worship  of  demons,  or  of  evil  spirits.  Campbell. 

DE-MON-0-LOG'ie,         )  a.    Pertaining  to  demonol- 

DE-MON-O-LOGie-AL,  (     og>-. 

DE-M0N-0L'0-CIS1',  ii.  One  wlio  writes  on  demon- 
ulogy. 

DK-MON-OL'O-GY,  n.  [Gr.  ^ai/iwr,  demon,  and 
iVu}  OS,  discourse.] 

A  discourse  on  demons  ;  a  treatise  on  evil  spirits. 
So  King  James  entitled  his  book  concerning  witches. 

DE-MON'O-JUST,  n.  [Gr.  oainuyii  demon,  and  lo/ioj, 
law.] 

One  that  lives  in  subjection  to  the  devil,  or  to  evil 
spirits.  Herbert. 

DE-MON'O-MY,  n.  [Supra.]  The  dominion  of  de- 
mons, or  evil  spirits.  Herbert. 

De'MON-RY,  n.     Demoniacal  influence. 

Miss  J.  Baillic. 

De'MON-SHIP,  71.    The  state  of  a  demon.       jMede. 

DE-MON'STRA-BLE,u.  [See  DEiio.vsTnATE.]  That 
may  be  demonstrated  ;  that  may  be  proved  "beyond 
doubt  or  contradiction  ;  capable  of  being  shown  by 
certain  evidence,  or  by  evidence  that  admits  of  no 
doubt ;  as,  the  principles  of  geometry  are  demonstrable. 

DE-MON'STRA-BLE-NESS,  h.  The  quality  of  being 
demonstrable. 

DE-MON'STRA-BLY,  aJc.  In  a  manner  to  preclude 
doubt ;  beyond  the  possibilitv  of  contradiction. 

DE-MON'STRaTE  or  DEM'0N-STR.\TE,  v,  t  [L. 
drmonstro ;  dc  and  wunstro,  to  show  ;  Fr.  demontrer ; 
Sp.  and  Port,  dcmostrar;  It.  dimostrare.   See  Muster.] 

1.  To  show  or  prove  to  be  certain  ;  to  prove  beyond 
the  possibility  of  doubt ;  to  prove  in  such  a  manner 
as  to  reduce  tlie  contrary'  position  to  evident  absurd- 
ity. We  demonstrate  a  problem  in  geometry,  or  a 
proposition  in  ethics,  by  showing  that  tlie  contniry  is 
absurd  or  impossible. 

2.  In  anatvmif,  to  exhibit  ilie  parts  when  dissected. 
DE-MON'STRa-TED   or  DEM'(JN-STU.\-TEI),    pp. 

Proved   beyond  the  possibility  ot'  doubt;  rendered 
certain  to  the  mind. 

DE-MON'STR  A-TING  or  DEM'ON-STR.\-TING,  ppr. 
Proving  to  be  certain  ;  evincing  beyond  the  possibil- 
ity of  doubt. 

DEM-ON-STRa'TION,  «.  Literally,  a  showing  forth 
or  exhibition,  commonly  in  the  plural ;  as,  demonstra- 
tions of  joy.  Mitford. 

*3.  The  act  of  demonstrating,  or  of  exhibiting  cer- 
tain proot*. 


DEM 

3.  The  highest  degree  of  evidence  ;  certain  proof 
exhibited,  or  such  proof  as  establishes  a  fact  or  prop- 
osition 'leyond  a  im.'icibility  of  doubt,  or  aw  bIiows 
the  contrary'  position  to  be  absurd  or  impossible. 

4.  Indubiliible  evid«-ncc  of  the  Ktnses,  or  fif  reason  ; 
evidence  which  satisfies  tlie  mind  of  the  certainty  of 
a  fact  or  proptjsition.  .'J'hus,  we  hold  tlial  the  works 
of  nature  exhibit  demon^tratitm  tif  the  existence  of  a 
God, 

5.  In  lo^ie,  a  series  of  syllogisms,  all  whose  prem- 
ises arc  either  definitii.ns,  self-evident  truths,  or  prop- 
ositions already  e?;L'ibli.s]ied.  Ennje. 

G.  In  anatomy,  the  exhibition  of  parts  dissected. 

7.  In  military  affairs,  a  movement  of  troops  toward 
a  given  point,  as  if  to  make  an  attack.     Hence, 

8.  iXny  movement  against  or  attempt  U[>on  ;  as, 
Napoleon  made  bis  first  dcmonstraiion  on  Holland. 

Aliton^a  Europe. 
DE-.MOX'STRA-TI  VE,  a.    Showingor  proving  by  cer- 
tain evidence  ;  having  the  power  of  demonstration  ; 
invincibly  conclusive;  a5,  a  (/e»/io7Ji/rari«  argument, 
or  demonstrative  reasoning. 

2.  Having  the  "power  of  showing  with  clearness 
and  certainty  ;  as,  a  demonstrative  figure  in  p;iin(ing. 

Dryden. 

3.  Among  the  Latin  rhetoricians,  that  lays  open  or 
explains  with  clearness,  force,  and  beauty ;  ai»,  de- 
monstratice  eloquence.  Blair. 

DE-.MON'STRA-TIVE-LY,  a//F.  With  certain  evi- 
dence ;  with  proof  which  can  not  be  questioned  ; 
certainly;  clearly;  convincingly. 

DE-.MO.\'.STR.ViIVl>-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  being 
demonstrative. 

DEM'0N-STRa-TOR,7i.  One  whodomonstratca;  one 
who  proves  any  thing  with  certainty,  or  with  indu- 
bitable evidence. 

2.  In  anatomy,  one  who  exhibits  Uie  parts  when 
dissected. 

DE-MON'STRA-TO-RY,fl.  Tending  to  demonstrate; 
having  a  tendency  to  prove  beyond  a  possibility  of 
do'ibt. 

DE-MOR-AL-I-Z.\'TI0N,  n.  [See  Demoralizk.] 
The  act  of  subverting  or  comiptmg  morals  ;  destruc- 
tion of  mural  principles. 

DJv-MOR'ALtIZE,  c.  e.     [de  and  moralize  or  moral.] 
To  corrupt  or  undermine  the  morals  of;  to  destroy 
or  lessen  the  cflTect  of  moral  principles  on ;  to  render 
corrupt  in  morals. 

Tlie  eScct  wouM  be  to  denioraUxe  inaukin<J. 

GraOan,  on  Ca'JioIie  Petitio'i. 

The  native  vi^or  of  ibe  soul  must  wliolly  diiappcnr,  inidcr  Ihc 
steady  inlfuence  and  Uie  demoralising  example  tif  pro^^.ej: 
powr  and  jirosperoiis  criir.e.     Walih,  I^uen  on  Prar^'e. 

UE-.AIOR'AL-IZ-ED, pp.    Corrupted  in  morals. 
DE-MOR'AL-iZ-ING,  ppr.    Corrupting  or  destroying 
morals  or  moral  principles. 

9.  a.  Tr-nding  to  deslrov  morals  or  moral  principles. 
DEM-0S-TIli:.\'ie,  a.    Pertaining  to  Demosthenes, 

the  Grecirin  orator. 
DE-MOT'IC,  n.     [Gr.  iTjportKOs,  from  ^/j/ioy,  people.] 
Popular  ;  common  ;  pertaining  to  the  people, 

RussclL 
Demotic  characters,  among  the  ancient  Egyptians, 
xvere  a  conversion  of  hieroglyphics  into  a  "kind  of 
current  hand,  for  popular   use,  approaching   vety 
nearlv  to  alphabetical  writing.  Brande. 

DE-MULCE',  (de-muls',)  r.  t.     [L.  demulceo.] 

To  soothe  ;  to  soften  or  pacily.     [J^'ot  usal.] 
DE-MUL'CEXT,  a.     [\..  dcmulcens,  demulceo;  flc  and 
mulceo,  to  stroke,  to  sotten ;  allied,  iK-rhaps,  to  mollis, 
tneUoir.] 

Softening;  mollifying;  lenient;  as,  oil  is  dertul- 
cent. 
DE-MUL'CENT,  «.  Any  medicine  which  lessens  the 
effects  of  irritation  on  the  solids  ;  tliat  which  sortens 
or  mollifies ;  as  gums,  roots  of  marsh-mallows,  and 
other  mucilaginous  substances. 
DE-.MUR',  r.  i.  [Fr.  dcmcurcr;  Sp.  demorar :  Port. 
dcmorar ;  It.  dimorare;  L.  demoror;  de  and  tnoror,  to 
stay  or  delay,  viora,  delay  ;  Arm.  mtret,  to  hold  ;  Sax. 
ntcrran,  myrran,  to  hinder ;  allied  to  L.  miror,  and 
Eng.  to  moor^  Sp.  amarrar.] 

1.  To  stop  ;  to  pause  ;  to  hesitate  ;  to  susp<-nd  pro- 
ceeding ;  to  delay  determination  or  conclusion.  On 
receiving  this  information,  the  minister  demurred,  till 
he  could  obtain  further  instructions. 

2.  In  laa,  to  stop  at  any  point  in  the  pleadings, 
and  rest  or  abide  on  that  point  in  law  lor  a  decision 
of  the  cause.  Thus  the  4t:fendant  m.iy  demur  to  the 
plaintiff's  declaration,  alleging  it  to  be  insufiicient  in 
law  ;  the  ptaintid'  may  demur  to  tlie  defendant's  pica 
for  a  like  reason. 

DE-MUR',  r.  (.    To  doubt  of.    [JVnt  IcgiUmaUA 

.mton. 

DE-MUR',  ;i.  Slop;  pause;  hesitation  .is  lo  the  pro- 
priety of  proceeding  ;  suspense  of  proceeding  orde- 
cisioii. 

All  my  de.'nun  but  douMe  hii  Bltadcs.  i*ujv. 

DE-MuRE',  a,    [Perhaps  from  demur,  that  is,  set,  fixed, 

stayed,  silent.] 
Sober;  grave;  modest;  downcast;  as,  a  demure 

countenance  ;  a  demure  abasing  of  the  eye.    Bacon. 
DE-MuRE',  r.  t.    To  look  witli  a  grave  countenance. 

[JVot  used.]  SAak. 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.— AN"GER,  VI"C10US.  — €  as  K ;  O  as  J ;  S  as  Z  j  Oil  as  SII ;  Til  as  in  THIS. 

'317 


DEN 


DE-MORE'LV,  odt>.  With  a  grave,  solemn  counte- 
nance ;  with  a  flieil  look ;  will)  a  solemn  gravity. 

Emp's  ilani*:l  ul  demuT9l'j  ol  U>?  boarJ'i  cntl.  £accn. 

DE-MCRE'NESS,  71.  Gravity  of  countenance  ;  sober- 
ness ;  a  modest  look.  Sidnty. 

DE;-MUR'U.\(SE,  n.     [See  DtMon.]    An  allowance 
made  to  the  owner  of  a  trading  vessel,  for  delay 
or  deUiition  in  iwrt   l>eyond  the  apiiointed  time  of  | 
dcpirtiire.    This  expense  is  paid  by  the  merchan". 
who  C.11ISCS  the  detention.  I 

DE-.Ml.'lt'R'!I),  (dc-miml',)n>-    Plopped;  objected  to 

DE-MUK'REK,  n.    One  who  demurs. 

9.  In  /aw,  a  stop  at  some  jwint  in  the  pleadings, 
and  a  resting  of  tlie  decision  of  the  cause  on  that 
IMjint ;  an  issue  on  matter  of  law.  A  demurrer  con- 
fesses the  fact  or  facts  to  be  true,  hut  denies  the  suf- 
ficiency of  liie  facts  in  |Kiint  of  law  to  support  the 
claim  or  defense.  \  demurrer  may  he  tendered  to 
the  declaration,  to  the  plea,  to  the  replication,  to  the 
rejoinder,  tc.  Blactslonr. 

OE-.MUR'Ul.NG,  ypr.  StoppinR ;  pausini: ;  Biis|iending 
proceedings  or  decision  ;  restingor  abiding  on  a  point 
in  law. 

DE-.M?',  II.     [Fr.  ilemi,  half.] 

).  A  particular  size  of  paper  ;  a  kind  of  paper  of 
small  sue. 
2.  A  half  fellow  at  Magdalen  College,  O.^ford. 

DEN,  n.  [Sai.  den,  dene,  dcnn,  a  valley  ;  It.  tana  ;  Fr. 
taniere;  tr.  tuinnedJie.] 

1.  A  cave  or  hollow  place  in  the  earth  ;  usually  ap- 
plied to  a  cave,  pit,  or  subterraneous  recess,  used  for 
concealment,  shelter,  protection,  or  security ;  as,  a 
lion's  den ;  a  den  of  robbers  or  thieves. 

The  bc;\su  {»o  into  den*.  —Job  xxxvii. 

Tlis  cliil.lren  of  Israel  ninile  Uicni«:lvc4  t^enj.  — Judges  vi. 

9.  As  a  termination,  in  names  of  places,  it  denotes 
the  place  to  be  in  a  valley  or  near  a  wood. 

DEN,  V.  i.    To  dwell  as  in  a  den. 

DE-.V.:i  R'eOT-IZE,  f.  t.  [de  and  narcolic]  To  de- 
prive of  n;urcotine  ;  as,  to  deuarcotize  opium. 

Journ.  of_  Science. 

DE-NS'RI-US,  71. ;  pi.  DESAitii.     [I..,  from  denl,  ten.] 
A  Roman  coin  of  the  value  of  about  sixteen  or 
seventeen  cents  ;  so  called  from  the  letter  X  upon  it. 
In  IaiB-bool:s,  it  is  used  for  an  English  penny. 

DEi\'A-RY,  a.    [L.  denarivj.] 
Containing  ten. 

DEN'A-RY,  >i.    The  number  ten.  Di^iij. 

DE-Na'TI0.\-A1^IZE,  (-ui'shun-  or  -nash'un-,)  r.  f 
[de  and  77<i(ion.]  To  divest  of  national  cli-irittei  oi 
rights,  by  transference  to  the  service  of  another 
nation.  A  ship  built  and  registered  in  the  United 
States,  is  denatianalheJ  by  bsing  employed  in  the 
service  of  another  nation  and  bearing  its  flag. 

French  Decrees.    Dec.  of  the  Prince  Ue;rent. 

DE-N.\'TIO.\-.\L.iZ-£D,  vp.  Deprived  of  national 
rijrhls. 

DE-X  A' rlON-.VL-IZ-IXG,  ppr.  Depriving  if  national 
rights. 

DE-NAT'UR-.\I.-IZE,  v.  I.  [de  and  natitrali-.c]  To 
render  unnatural ;  to  alienate  from  nature. 

DE-NAT'UR-AL-IZ-SD,?/).  .Made  unnatural.  Ed.  Rei'. 

2.  Deprived  of  naturtilization  or  acquired  citizen- 
ship in  a  foreign  country. 

DE-NAT'UK-AL-IZ-!.VG,  7>j>r.    Jlaking  unnatural. 
2.  Depriving  of  acquired  citizenship  in  a  foreign 
country. 
DE  .N'AY',  a.    Denial ;  refusal.    [Obs.]  Shak. 

DE-N.aV,  II.  (.    To  deny.     r04o-.J  Spenser. 

DEN'DRA-CII.VTE,  ji.  [Gr.  icrlpov,  a  tree,  and 
ax'i"?s,  agate.] 

.Arborescent  agate;  agate  containing  the  figures  of 
shrubs  or  parts  of  plants.  Encyc. 

DE.N''DR[-F0K.M,  a.     Having  the  appearance  of  a 

tree.  OilbcrL 

DE.N'URITE,  71.  (Gr.  l^ttlricy,  a  tree,  and  Ai'^os,  a 
stone,  a  contraction  of  dendroliir.'^ 

A  stone  or  mineral.,  on  or  in  which  arc  the  figures  of 

shrubs  or  trees  ;  an  arborescent  mineral.  Fourcroy, 

DEN-DRIT'ie,         j  a.    ConLaining    the    figures   of 

DE.N'-UKlT'ie-.VI.,  i       shrubs  or  trees,  as  stones,  &c. 

DE.N''l)ROID,(:.    [Gr.  Scvdpo:,  a  tree,  and  ciSoi,  form.] 

ReSL'iiibling  a  shrub. 
DEX'DROIT,  II.     .\  fossil  which  has  some  resem- 
blance in  form  to  the  branch  of  a  tree. 

Diet,  oj  Ji'al.  ITist. 
DEN'DRO-LITE,  ti.    [Gr.  ievlpov,  a  tree,  and  AiOos, 
a  stone.] 
A  petrified  or  fossil  slirub,  plant,  or  part  of  a  plant. 
DiU.  ofJt'aL  IBsL 
DEN-DROL'0-GY,  n.     [Gr.  Ciiipor, a  tree,  and  Ao;  05, 
a  discourse.] 

A  discourse  or  treatise  on  trees;  the  natural  his- 
tory of  trees.  Diet. 
DEN-DROM'E-TER,  n.      [Gr.  IcvFoov,  a  tree,  and 
Ittrpzct},  to  measure.] 

An  instrument  to  measure  the  highl  and  diameter 
of  trees.  Encijc. 

DEN'E-GATE,  v.  U    [L.  denego.] 

To  deny.    [J^ot  used.] 
DEN-E-Ga'TION,  71.    Denial.     [A'ot  m  use.] 
DF.?<"GUE,  (deng'gS,)  71.    A  peculiar  sort  of  fugitive 
and  erratic  epidemic  rheumatism. 


DEN 

[This  disease,  when  il  first  appeared  in  the  Itriti^h  : 
West  Iiulia  islands,  was  called  tlie  dandy  fever,  from 
the  stifTiies.^  niul  c<insiraint  which  it  gave  to  the  htnbs 
and  body.  The  Simniards  of  ihe  neighboring  islands 
mistook'  (he  term  for  their  word  dengue,  denoltnp 
prudery,  whicJi  might  niso  well  express  stiffness,  and 
hence  the  lenn  deng-ae  became,  at  last,  the  name  of 
the  disease.  TiiUy.] 

PE-NFA-BLE,  a.  [See  Dfirfv.]  That  may  be  denied 
or  contradicted.  Brown, 

DE-XI'AL,  n.  [Sec  Dent.]  An  affirmation  to  the 
contrar)*;  an  assertion  that  a  declamiion  or  fact 
stated  19  not  tnic  ;  negation  ;  contradiction.  It  is 
often  exprerJsed  by  no  or  jwt,  simply. 

2.  Refusal  to  grant;  the  negation  of  a  request  or 
petition  ;  tlie  contrary  to  s^rant^  aUoicance^  or  conces- 
sion; as,  his  request  or  application  met  with  a  direct 
denial. 

3.  A  rejection,  or  refiising  to  acknowledge  ;  a  dis- 
owning ;  as,  a  denial  of  God  ;  or  a  refusing  to  receive 
or  embrace  ;  as,  a  deniitl  of  the  failh  or  the  truth. 

4.  A  denial  of  otters  sclfy  is  a  declining  of  some 
gratilication  j  restraint  of  one*s  appetites  or  pro- 
pensities. 

DE-NT'ER,  n.  One  who  denies  or  contradicts ;  one 
wlio  refuses  or  rejects ;  a  disowncr  ;  one  who  does 
not  own,  avow,  or  acknowledge;  as,  a  denier  of  a 
fact,  or  of  the  faith,  or  of  Christ. 

[It  would  bj  better  written  Dehyer.] 

DE-N^ER',  (denser',)  n.  [Fr.,from  h.  denarius }  It. 
danaio^  danaro  ;  Sp.  dinero^ 

A  small  denomination  of  French  money,  the 
twelfth  part  of  a  sol  ;  a  small  copper  coin. 

DEN'I-GRATE,  r.  t    [L.  dcni^o;  de  and  t((»to,  from 
7«>w,  black.] 
To  blacken  ;  to  make  black.  Boyh. 

DEN-I  GRa'TION,  h.  The  act  of  making  black;  a 
blacUin2. 

DEN-I-TUa'TION,  7).  A  disengaging  of  nitric  acid. 
[Obs.] 

DEN-I-Za'TIOX,  n.  [Sec  Desizen.J  The  act  of 
making  one  a  denizen,  subject,  or  citizen.  This^  in 
England,  is  done  by  the  king's  letters  patent. 

DEX'I-Z/CX,  (den'c-zn,)  n.  [fn  \V.  dinaswr  is  a  citi- 
zen, from  diuaSi  rfm,  a  fortress  or  fortified  town,  a 
cit\-.  Hut  in  denizen  J  the  last  syllable  seems  to  be  the 
same  as  in  ciliicn.] 

1.  In  England,  an  alien  who  is  made  a  subject  by 
the  king's  letters  patent,  holding  a  middle  stale  be- 
tween an  alien  and  a  natJiral  born  subject.  He  may 
take  laud  by  p'lrchxsc  or  devise,  which  an  a!i--n  can 
not;  but  he  can  not  take  by  inherit;ince.      Kncyc. 

2.  A  stranger  admitted  io  residence  in  a  lorcign 
country. 

Ye  ^ods, 
Natives,  or  denizens,  ©rUcsl  aliodca.  Dnjrlfn. 

3.  A  dweller;  as,  the  denizens  of  air.  Pope. 
DEN'I-Z/vN,  7?.  t.    To  make  a  denizen  ;  to  admit  to 

residence  with  certain  rights  and  privileges ;  to  in- 

franchise. 
DEX'I-Zf;X-£D,(den'e-znd,)pp.    Infranchised. 
DEX'I-Z£.\'-?inP,  n.    State  of  being  a  denizen. 
DEX'MARK  SAT'IN,  n.     A  kind  cf  lasting;  a  stout 

worsted  stuff,  woven  with  a  satin  twill,  used   for 

ladies'  shoes. 
DE-NOM'I.\-A-BLE,  a.     [See  DknominateJ    That 

may  be  denominated  or  named.  Brown. 

DE-XOJI'IX-aTE.  v.  t.     [l>.  dcnomino  ;  dc  and  7io»imo, 

to  name.    Sec  Name.] 
To  name  ;  to  give  a  name  or  epithet  to ;  as,  a  race 

of  intelligent  beings  denominated  man.    Actions  are 

denominated  virtuous  or  vicious,  according  to  their 

character. 
DE-NOM'IX-A-TED,  ;>;7.    Named  ;  called. 
DE-NOM'IN-A-TING,  rpr.    Naming. 
DE-NOM-IX-a'TION,  71.    The  act  of  naming. 

2.  A  name  or  ap|)ellation ;  a  vocal  sound,  customarily 
used  to  express  a  tliingor  a  quality,  in  discourse  ;  as, 
all  men  fall  under  the  denomination  of  sinners ;  ac- 
tions fall  under  the  denomination  of  good  or  bad. 

3.  A  society  or  collection  of  individuals,  called  by 
the  same  name  ;  a  sect ;  as,  a  denomination  of 
Christians^ 

DE-NOJI-IN-A^'ION-AI^,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  de- 
nomination, or  a  number  of  individuals  called  by 
the  same  name. 

DE-NOI^I-IN-A'TION-AL-LY,  ado.  By  denomination 
or  sect. 

DE-NOM'IX-A-TIVE,  fl.  That  gives  a  name;  that 
confers  a  distinct  appellation. 

DE-XOM'IX-A-TIVE-LV,  ado.    By  denomination. 

BazUr. 

DE  XOM'IX-A-TOR,  w.     He  that  gives  a  name. 

2.  In  aritJtmctic^  that  nundier  placed  b:low  the 
line  in  vulgar  fractions,  which  shows,  into  how 
many  parts  the  integer  is  divided.  TIiu5,  in  ^,  5  is 
the  dcnomtjiator^  showing  that  the  integer  is  divided 
into  five  part'*;  and  the  numerator,  3,  shows  how 
many  p;irts  are  taken,  that  is,  three  fifths. 

DE-N6T'.\-RI.K,  a.    That  may  be  denoted  or  marked. 

Brown. 

DEN-O-Ta'TIOX,  7».    [L.  denotatio.     See  Desote.1 
The  act  of  denoting.  Hammond. 


DEN 

DE-XOT'A-TIVE,  n.     Having  power  to  denote. 
DE-NOTE',  '••  t.     [L.  ddii'to  ;  dc  and  nolo,  to  nolo  w 
mark  ;  Fr.  dencter;  Sp.  denotari  It.  denotaTe.\ 

1.  To  mark  ;  to  signify  by  a  visible  srgti ;  to  tntli- 
cate  ;  to  express.  The  character  X  ^ienoies  mnltl|ili- 
cation.  Day^s  Jih^rbra. 

2.  To  show ;  to  betoken  ;  to  indicate ;  as,  a  quick 
pulse  denotes  fever. 

DE-X5T'ED,  pp.     Marked;  signified;  indicated. 

DE  NoTE'MENT,  n.    Sign  ;  indication.  Shak. 

DE-XOT'IXG,  ppr.    Marking;  expressing;  indicating. 

DE.yiWJ:'.yi:JV7\  (dc-noo'm.ing,)  v.    [Fr.,  from  dc- 
voncTj  to  untie  ;  de  and  nouery  to  tie,  Ij.  no-JoA 
The  unravelling  or  discovery  of  a  plot,      ivartpu. 

DE-NOUNCE',  (de-nouns',)  r.  ^  [i'r.dnioncer;  Sp. 
datunciar;  U.  denunziare  ;  L.demincio;  de  and  uunct*, 
to  tell,  or  declare,  from  nomrn,  or  its  root.] 

1,  To  declare  solemnly  ;  to  preclaim  in  a  Ihrenirn- 
ing  manner ;  to  announce  or  declare,  as  a  thrcAl. 

I  denou  n(t  lo  yon,  iliis  ihy,  tliat  ye  •hull  iurely  pcKali.  —  JVot. 

XXX. 

So  we  say,  to  daioiaue  war ;  to  denounce  wmth. 
9.  To  threaten  by  some  outward  sign  or  expres- 
sion. 

His  look  detioisnctd  revenue.  Milton. 

3.  To  inform  against ;  to  accuse ;  as,  to  denounu 
one  for  neglect  of  duty. 
DE-XOUNC'£D,  (de-nounst',)  pp.  Tlireatened  by  open 
declaration  ;  as,  punisliment  is  dcncanced  against  the 
ungodly. 

2.  Accused ;  proclaimed ;  as,  he  was  denounced  as 
nn  enemy. 

DE-NOUNCE'MENT,  ti.  The  declaration  of  a  men- 
ace, or  of  evil ;  denunciation.  Brown, 

DE-NOUNC'ER,  7i.  One  who  denounces,  or  dcclorM 
a  menace. 

Uen:  com<4  the  sad  dettouncer  of  my  &tc.  Drydtn. 

DE-NOUNC'ING,ppr.    Declaring,  as  a  threat;  Uircah 

ening;  accusing. 
DE  J^O'VO,  [U]     Anew  ;  again. 
DENSE,  (dens,)  a.     [L.  dcnaiis  ;  Fr.  dense;  Sp.  and  B. 

dcnso.    Qu.  Gr.  buovi^  n  being  casual.] 

1.  Close;  compact;  having  its  constituent  parti 
closely  united  ;  applied  to  solids  or  fiiitds;  as,  a  dcnu 
body  ;  dense  air. 

2.  Thick  ;  as,  a  dense  cloud  or  fog. 
DEXSE'LY,  a^iv.    In  a  close,  compact  manner.  Leter. 
DENSE'NE.SS,  (dens'ness,)  n.  The  same  as  Dessitt, 
DENS' I-TY,  n.     [L.  densUas.] 

1.  Closeness  of  constituent  parti  ;  compactness 
Drn.^ify  is  opposed  to  rarity;  and,  in  philos(,[iliy,  the 
density  of  a  body  indicates  the  quantity  of  iiiaittr  con- 
tained in  it  under  a  given  bulk.  If  a  body  of  equal 
bulk  with  another  is  of  double  the  density,  it  conuains 
douiile  the  quantity  of  matter. 

2.  Thickness;  as,  the 'itfiuttJ/ of  fog. 

DEN'i",  71.  [Arm.  danta^  to  gap  or  notch.  It  scem-i  lo 
be  from  dant^  a  tooth  ;  Fr.  tlcnt ;  L.  dens  ;  Gr.  ucui't ; 
W.  dant;  It.  dcide;  Sp.  dientty  whence  dentar^  nu/m 

tif,  to  tooth;  Tort,  dente;  Pers.    '  ItXA^i  damkn; 

Gipsy  snd  Hindoo,  dajtt^  danda.    Hence  Fr.  dentder^ 
to  dent  or  imient,  to  jag  or  notch.] 

1,  IMcrclly,  a  t04)th  or  projecting  point.  But  it  is 
used  to  express  a  gap  or  notch,  or  rather  a  depression 
or  small  hoitow  in  a  solid  budy  ;  a  h<illow  made  by 
the  pressure  of  a  liarder  body  on  a  softer;  indenta- 
tion. In  this  sense,  it  is  in  customary  use  in  llw 
United  States. 

9.  A  stroke.  Spcnsrr. 

DENT,  V.  U  To  make  a  dent  or  small  hollow.  [Sec 
Indent.] 

DEXT'AL,  a.     [L.  dentalis.] 

Pertaining  to  the  leelh ;  as,  dental  surgt-ry.  la 
^ammar,^  formed  or  pronounced  by  the  teeth,  with 
the  aid  of  the  tongue  ;  as,  d  and  (  are  dental  lelterfl. 

DENT'AL,  Ti.  An  articulation  or  lelti^r  farmed  by 
placing  the  end  of  the  tongue  against  tlie  upper  teeth, 
or  against  the  gum  that  covers  tlie  root  of  the  upper 
teeth;  as  r/,  f,  and  Ot. 

2.  A  genus  of  shell  fish,  Dentalium.  of  several  ?po- 
cies.  The  shell  consists  of  one  tubulous  straiglil 
valve,  open  at  both  ends.  Encyc 

DENT'AL-ITE,  n.  A  fossil  shell  of  the  genus  Di-nLi- 
litini. 

DENT'^-TED   ( '^*     t^"  ''''"'"'"-''  ^'""'"  ''''"*-3 

Toothed  ;  having  sharp  teeth,  with  concave  edges. 

Lindlcy. 
A  dentJited  root,  is  a  fleshy,  branched  root,  having 
tooth-like  prolongation.^.  D.  C.  ft'dld. 

DENT'ATi:-SIN'U-ATE,  a.    A  term  denoting  a  form 

inicrmediate  between  dent.ate  and  sinuate. 
DENT'ED,  a.     Indented  ;   impressed  with  little  hol- 
lows. 
DEN-TEL'LI,  (-teFle,)  n.pl  [It.  dentcUo.  See  Destiu] 

Mndillions.  SpecUitor. 

DENT'I-CLE,  (dcnt'e-kl,) ;(.     [L.  denticidus.] 

A  small  tooth  or  projecting  pohit.  />«• 

DEN-Ti€'LT-LATE,      *  a.    [L.  denticulaiw^  from  tUns, 
DEN-TIC'U-La-TED,  !      a  tooth.] 

Having  small  teeth ;  as,  a  dentuulntr.  ieaf,  calyx,  or 
seed.  Botany. 


FaTE,  far,  FALL,  WHAT.  —  MeTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.  - 
_ 


OEO 

DEN-Tie  II-LATE-LY,  adv.  In  a  denticulate  man- 
ner. 

DEN-TI€-r-LA'TION,  n.  The  state  of  being  set  with 
small  teeth.  Ornc. 

DENT'I-FORM,  a.  [L.  dens,  a.  tooth,  and/ormn,  form.] 
Having  the  form  of  a  tooth.  fiiwca/i. 

DENT'I-FRICE,  (-fris,) «.  [Fr.,  from  L.  acjis,  a  tooth, 
&nd  frico,  to  rub. j 

A  powder  or  otlier  substance  to  be  used  in  cleaning 
the  teeth.  Burnt  shells  and  charcoal  iiulverjzed  make 
an  excellent  dentifrice. 

DENT'IL,  n.     [h.  dais,  a  tooth.] 

In  architecture,  an  ornament  in  cornices  bearing 
some  resemblance  to  tei'lh  ;  u?cd  particularly  in  the 
Ionic,  Corintliian,  and  Composite  onler. 

DEN'T'IXO.     See  Indenting. 

DEN-TI-ROS'TR.VL,  a,  [L.  dens,  a  tooth,  and  ros- 
trum, a  beak.] 

Harins!  a  toothed  bill;  applied  to  a  group  of  hisos- 
sorial  birds,  having  the  bill  conspicuoti>!y  notch;'d, 
and  feeding  chietly  on  insects,  as  the  shrikes  and 
thnishes.    "  Swatmoa. 

DEN'T'IST,  n.  One  whose  occupation  is  to  clean  and 
extract  teeth,  or  repair  Ihem  when  diseased. 

DENT'IST-RY,  v.    The  art  or  practice  of  a  dentist. 

DE.V-Tr'TION,  (-tish'uTi,)  n.  [L.  detttitio,  from  dentio, 
to  breed  teeth,  irora  dens.'j 

1.  The  breeding  or  cuttmg  of  teeth  in  infancy. 

2.  The  time  of  breeding  teeth. 
DE-VTIZE,  V.  U  or  ?'.     [L.  dens,  a  tooth.] 

To  renew  the  teeth,  or  have  them  renewed.  Bacon 
DEXT'rZ--ED,  pp.    Having;  the  teeth  renewed. 
DENT'TZ-ING,  ppr.    Renewing  the  teeth. 
DE-NuD'aTE,  I  V.  t.  [L.  denudu;  de  and  jiudo,  to  make 
DE-NuDE',        \      bare;  nudus,  naked.] 

To  strip  ;  to  divest  of  all  covering  ;  to  make  bare 
or  naked.  Ran.     Sharp. 

DE-XU-Da'TION,  71.  The  act  of  stripping  off  cover- 
ing; a  making  bare. 

2.  In  geolo^j,  the  laying  bare  of  rocks  by  the  ac- 
tion of  running  water,  removing  earth,  &c.,  from 
above  ;  strata  exposed.  Biickland. 

DE-N'UD'ED,  pp.    Stripped  ;  divested  of  covering ;  laid 

bare. 
DE^NuD'IXG,  ppr.      Stripping  of  covering:  makins 
DE-NL'X'CIaTE,  (-shate,)  r.  t.  [L.  dennncioi]     [bare". 

To  denounce  ;  which  see. 
DE-XU\-CI-a'TIOX,  n.     [L.  dejiunciatio,  from  demtii- 
do.    See  Denounce.] 

Solemn  or  formal  declaration,  accompanied  with  a 
menace  ;  or  the  declaration  of  intended  evil;  procla- 
mation of  a  threat ;  a  public  menace  ;  as,  a  denuncia- 
tion of  war  or  of  wrath. 
DE-NUX'CI-A-TOR,  ?i.  He  that  denounces  ;  one  who 
publishes  or  proclaims,  especially  intended  evil ;  one 
who  threatens. 
2.  An  accuser;  one  who  informs  against  another. 

Jiytig'e. 
DE-XUN'CI-A-TO-RY,  a.  Containing  a  public  threat; 

minatory.  Johnson. 

DE-X\",  v.t.  [Fr.  deni(T;  L.  ddit^o;  dc  and  nego,  to 
deny,  Sw.  ne]ia,  \V.  v.aca.  Hence,  nay,  Dan.  nej.  The 
sense  is,  to  thrust  frcm.] 

1.  To  contradict;  to  gainsay;  to  declare  a  state- 
ment or  position  nut  to  be  true.  We  deny  what  an- 
other says,  or  we  deny  a  proposition.  ^Ve  deny  the 
truth  of  an  assertion,  or  the  assertion  itself.  The 
sense  of  this  verb  is  often  expressed  by  no  or  nay. 

2.  To  refuse  to  grant;  as,  we  asked'  for  bread,  and 
tlie  man  denied  us. 

3.  Not  to  afford  ;  to  witliliold. 

Who  finiis  f.ot  Pfovidfence  aJl  good  and  wis?, 

Aliie  in  wliat  he  gives,  and  wh.\t  denies  7  Pope. 

4.  To  disown  ;  to  refuse  or  neglect  to  acknowl- 
edge ;  not  to  confess. 

He  Itot  derdeth  me  tiefore  meu  shall  be  denied  befcre  Uis  ang^els 
of  Gixl.  —  Luite  xii. 

5.  To  reject ;  to  disown  j  not  to  receive  or  em- 
brace. 

He  bath  demed  the  faiih,  and  is  worss  tfvin  an  iiifidcl.  —  I 

Tim.  T. 
Dejiying  uoffodline^s  and  worldly  lasts.  —  Tit.  ii. 

6.  Not  to  afford  or  yield.  Kirwan. 
To  deny  one's  self,  is  to  decline  the  gratification  of 

appetites  or  desires  j  to  refrain  from  ;  to  abstain.  The 
temperate  man  d-niies  himself  the  free  use  of  spiritu- 
ous liquors.  I  denied  myself  tlw.  pleasure  of  your  com- 
pany. "  God  can  not  deny  himself."  He  can  not  act 
in  contradiction  to  his  character  and  promises.  He 
can  not  be  unfaithful.    2  Tim.  ii. 

DE-N^'IX'G,  ppr.  Contradicting  ;  gainsaying  ;  dis- 
owning; refusing. 

DE-OB-STRUeT',r.  L  [L.dc  and  obstruOy  to  stop ;  ob 
and  struo,  to  pile.] 

To  remove  obstructions  or  impediments  to  a  pas- 
sage ;  to  clear  from  any  thing  that  hinders  the  pas- 
sage of  fluids  in  the  proper  ducts  of  the  body  ;  as,  to 
deobstruct  the  pores  or  lacteals. 

DE-OB-STRUCT'ED,  pp.  Cleared  of  obstructions; 
opened. 

DK-On-STRU€T'lXG,  ppr.    Removing  impediments 

to  a  passage. 
DE-OE'STRU-ENT,  a.    Removing  obstructions;  hav- 


DEP 

ing  power  to  clear  or  open  the  natural  ducts  of  the 
fluids  and  secretions  of  the  body ,  resolving  viscidi- 
lies;  aperient.  Coze.     Encye. 

DE-OD'STR[I-EXT,  n.  Any  medicine  which  removei 
obstructions  and  np^ns  the  natural  passages  of  tlie 
fluids  of  the  body,  as  the  pores  and  lacteal  vessels  ; 
an  aperient.    Calomel  is  a  powerful  deobstruent. 

De'O-DAND,  71.  [L.  Dco  Oandus,  to  be  given  to  God.] 
I.  In  England,  a  persona!  chattel  which  is  the  im- 
mediate occasion  of  the  death  of  a  rational  creature, 
and  for  that  reason,  ^-ircji  to  Ood:  that  is,  forfeit<?d  to 
the  king,  to  be  apjdied  to  pious  uses,  and  distributed 
in  alms  by  his  high  .almoner.  Thus,  if  a  cart  runs 
over  a  man  and  kills  him,  the  cart  is  forfeited  as  adc- 
odand.  BlacksUma.     Eng.  Law. 

9.  In  popular  usajre,  a  fine  imposed  by  way  of  com- 
mutation for  the  thing  thus  forfeited.  Kntland, 

DE-ON'ER-ATE,  v.  t.     [L.  deoncro  :  de  and  onlis.] 
To  unload.     [A'ot  u.^eil.'] 

DE-ON-TOL'0-6Y,  n.     [Gr.  6zoi'  and  Aij  o?.] 

The  science  of  duty.  T.  Chalmers. 

DE-OP'PI-LaTE,  b.  t.     [h.  de  and  oppilo.] 

To  free  from  obstructions  ;  to  clear  a  passage.  [Lit- 
tle used.] 

DE-OP-PI-La'TION,  n.  The  removal  of  obstruc- 
tions.    [Little  used.]  Brown. 

DE-OP'Pi-LA-TIVE,  a.    Deobstruent ;  aperient. 

ffarveu. 

DE-OR-DI-Xa'TION,  a.     [L.  de  and  ordinatio.] 

Disorder.     [JVot  in  use]  Rawleu. 

DE-OS'CU-IiATE,  v.  t.    [L.  dcosculor.] 
To  kiss.     [JVoi  in  use.] 

DE-OS-CU-La'TIOX,  K.    A  kissing.     [JVof  m  itse.] 

Stillin<rf.eet. 

DE-OX'Y-DaTE,  v.  t.  [de  and  oxydate,  from  Gr.  o^vg, 
acid.] 

To  deprive  of  oxygen,  or  reduce  from  the  state  of 
an  ox%'d.  Chemistri!. 

DE-OX''Y-Da-TED,  pp.  Reduced  from  the  slate  of  an 
oxjd. 

DE-OX'Y-Da-TIXG,  ppr.  or  a.  Reducing  from  the 
state  of  an  oxyd. 

DE-OX- Y-Da-TIOX,  t(.  The  act  or  process  of  reduc- 
ing from  the  state  of  au  oxvd. 

DP:-OX-Y-DI-Za'TIOX,  h.  "Deo:n-dation. 

DE-OX'Y-DIZL,  i\  t.    To  deoxydate. 

DE-0X'Y-DIZ-£D,  pp.    Deoxvdated. 

DE-OX' Y-DIZ-ING,  ppr.     Debxydaling. 

Jsi'ote.-^Deorydate  and  dtoiydize  are  synonymous  ; 
but  the  former  is  preferable,  on  account  of  the  length 
of  the  word  deoiydizatioa. 

DE-OX'Y-GEX-aTE,  v.  t.  [de  and  oxygenate.']  To 
deprive  of  oxygen.  Damj.    Med.  licit. 

DE-OX'Y-GEX-a-TED,  pp.    Deprived  of  oxygen.' 

D&OX'Y-CEX  A-TIXGji^pr.    Depriving  of  oxygen. 

DE-OX- Y-CEX-A'TIOX,  «.  The  act  or  operation  of 
depriving  of  oxygen. 

DE-PaINT',  v.  t.  [Fr.  dcpcnidre,  depeint  j  de  and  pctn- 
dre,  L.  pingo,  to  paint.] 

I.  To  paint ;  to  picture ;  to  represent  in  colors,  as 
by  painting  the  resemblance  of.  Spenser. 

2._To  describe  in  words.  Oay. 

DE-P.\IXT'ED,  pp.  Painted ;  represented  in  colors ; 
described. 

DE-PaINT'ER,  n.    A  painter.  Douglas. 

DE-PaIXT'ING,  ppr.  Painting;  representing  in  col- 
ors ;  describing. 

DEI-PART',  r.  i.  [Fr.  departir  ;  dc  and  partir,  to  sepa- 
rate; Sp.  departir.   See  Part.] 

1.  To  go  or  move  from. 

Depart  from  oie,  ye  cuised,  into  eyerbstinjfire.  —  M;vU.  xxv. 

It  is  followed  hy  from,  or  from  is  implied  before  tlie 
place  left:.  "  I  will  depart  to  my  own  land  ;  "  that  is, 
I  will  depart//-t?m  this  place  (ymyown  land.  JK'um.x. 

2.  To  go  from  ;  to  leave  ;  to  desist,  as  from  a  prac- 
tice. Jehu  departed  not  from  the  sins  of  Jeroboam. 
Jehoshaphat  departed  not  from  the  way  of  Asa  his 
father. 

3.  To  leave;  to  donate  from  ;  to  forsake;  not  to  ad- 
here to  or  follow ;  as,  we  can  not  depart  from  our  rules. 

I  have  nut  departed  from  Ihy  jud'-ni'^nts.  —  P5.  cxix. 

4.  To  desist ;  to  leave  ;  to  abandon  ;  as,  he  would 
not  depart  from  Ins  purpose,  resolution,  or  demand. 

5.  To  be  lost ;  to  perish ;  to  vanish  ;  as,  his  glory 
has  departed, 

6.  To  die ;  to  decease  ;  to  leave  this  world. 

Lonl,  now  IcUest  thou  thy  scrrout  depart  in  pcr.ce,  wconlinj  (o 
thy  wonl. —  Luke  ii. 

To  depart  this  life,  is  elliptical, /rom  being  under- 
stood. 

7.  To  leave  ;  to  forsake  ;  to  abandon  ;  as,  to  depart 

8.  To  cease.  [from  evil. 

The  pwy  departelh  not.  —Nab.  iii. 

9.  To  deviate  ;  to  vary  from. 

If  the  plan  of  ilic  conveuliou  be  found  to  depart  from  republican 
principles.  JUadison, 

10.  To  vary ;  to  deviate  from  the  title  or  defense 
in  pleading.  Blackstone. 

11.  To  part  with.     [JVo(  in  use.'\  Skak. 
To  depart  from  Ood,  is  to  forsake  his  semce  and 

live  in  sin;  to  apostatize;  to  revolt;  to  desert  his 
government  and  laws. 


DEP 

Ood  departs  from  men^  when  he  abandons  them  to 
their  own  sinful  inclinations,  or  ceases  to  bestow  on 
them  his  favor.    Hoaea  ix. 

DF^PART',  r.  (.  To  divide  or  geparate  ;  to  part. 
rA*'S  iwfd.]  Shak.     Spenjer. 

DE-PART',  n.    The  act  of  going  away  ;  death.     [A'.'i 

used.]  Shalt. 

2.  Division  ;  separation.     [JiTot  ujed.]        Bacon. 

DE-PAUT'ED,  pp.orff.    Gone  from  ;  vanished;  dead. 

DE-PART'ER,  n.  One  who  refines  metals  by  sepam- 
tion.     f.Vof  itserf.] 

DE-PART'IXG,  ppr.  or  a.  Going  from;  leaving;  de- 
sisting; forsaking;  vanishing;  dying. 

DE-PAIt'i''IXG,  n.     A  going  away;  eeparation.    Sha!:. 

DE-PAKT'.MENT,  n.  [Fr.  depart^ment;  Sp.  depar- 
timiento.] 

1.  Literally,  a  separation  or  division ;  hence,  a  sep- 
arate part,  or  portion  ;  a  division  of  territory  ;  as  .he 
dcpcrtmcnti  of  France. 

2.  A  separate  allotment  or  part  of  business;  a  dis- 
tinct province,  in  which  a  class  of  duties  are  allotted 
to  a  particular  person  ;  as,  the  department  of  stale,  as- 
signed to  the  secrelarj'  of  state  ;  the  treasury  depart- 
ment ;  the  department  of  war. 

3.  A  separate  station ;  as,  the  admirals  had  ihrir 
respective  departments.  Xesu-ly  in  this  sen'*o,  during 
war,  were  used,  in  .America,  the  terms  Xorlhcm  and 
Soulliern  departments. 

4.  In  France^  the  largest  tcnitorial  division,  of 
which  there  are  86  in  the  kingdom. 

DE-PART-MENT'AJj,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  department 

or  djvi-n>n. 
DE  PART'URE,  (de-pirt'yur,)  n.     The  act  of  going 

away;  a  moving  from  or  leaving  a  place;  as,  a  rfc- 

parture  from  London. 
9.  Death  ;  decease ;  removal  from  the  present  life. 

The  tune  of  my  departure  u  al  baud.  — 2  Tim.  i». 

3.  A  forsaking ;    abandonment ;    as,  a  departurt 

from  evil. 

4.  A  desisting;  as,  a  departure  from  a  purpose. 

5.  Ruin  ;  destruction.    Kick.  xxvi. 

6.  A  deviation  from  the  title  or  defense  in  pleadin?. 

7.  In  Tiavigation,  the  distance  a  Khip  has  gone  to 
the  east  or  west  of  the  meridian  from  which  he  de- 
parted. Bravde, 

DE-PAS'CEXT,  a.     [L.  depascens,  depaseor ;  dt  and 

pascor,  to  iced.]     Feeding. 
DE-PAS'TURE,    (de-pist'yur,)  v.  t.     [L.  depaseor.] 

To  cat  up  ;  to  consume.  Spenser. 

DE-PAti'TliRE,  V.  i.    To  feed ;  to  graze. 

If  a  man  t.ik?s  in  ti  hoiw,  or  other  wtit?,  to  gnxe  ami  ileptubtrc 
in  Iiis  gro'.mds,  wliicli  the  law  cilb  a^tiocuL    B'.a^if.vTie. 

DE-PA S'TUR-£D,  pp.  Eaten  up;  consumed  by  gra- 
zing upon. 

DEPAS'TUR-IXG,  ppr.  Feeding;  grazing;  cat 
ing  up. 

DE-PA U'PER-aTE,  v.  t.  [L.  depaupero;  de  and 
paupcro,  to  beggar,  from  pauper,  poor ;  Sp.  aspa- 
bre^.cr.] 

To  make  poor;  to  impoverish;  to  deprive  of  fer- 
tility or  richness;  as,  to  depauperate  the  soil  or  the 
blood.  Jilortimer.    .Srhvthnct. 

DE-PAUTER-a-TED,j?/!.    Impoverished:  made  pur. 

DE-PArTER-A-TING,ppr.    Impoverishing  ;  uiuk;:i2 

DlvPECTI-HLE,  a.     [l^dtpeeto,  to  comb.]  [pr^^r. 

Tough;  thick.    [J^'otused.] 

DE-PEC-ULa'TION,  n.  [L.  depecniatio.]  A  rob- 
bing of  the  commonwealth.  OtdteraiB. 

DE-PEIXCT',  (de-pante',)  v.  t.    [L.  depingo.] 

To  paint.     [A'ot  used.]  :3penser. 

DE-PEXD',  I*,  i.  [L.  dcpcndeo  ;  de  and  pendeo,  to  hang  ; 
Sp.dcpendcr;  It.  dipcndcre;  Fr.  dependrej  Ann.  de- 
pantaA 

1.  To  hang ;  to  be  sustained  by  being  fastened  or 
attached  to  something  above  ;  followed  hyfrom. 

Prom  the  froicii  bewd 
Long  icicles  depend.  Dryden. 

2.  To  be  connected  with  anything,  as  the  cause  of 
its  existence  or  of  its  operation  ;md  cfftxto  ;  to  rely 
on  ;  to  have  sucli  comieclion  with  any  thing  as  a 
cause,  that,  without  it,  the  effect  would  not  be  prt>- 
duced  ;  followed  by  on  cr  upon.  We  dipciid  on  God 
for  existence ;  we  depnid  on  air  for  respiration  ;  vege- 
tation rfcpcnrf^  on  heat  and  moisture;  the  infant  rff- 
pends  on'its  parents  for  support;  the  peace  id'  society 
depends  on  good  laws  and  a  f:iithful  administnition. 

3.  To  adhere;  to  hold  to;  to  be  retained.  [t=ee 
Dependejct.]  Shak. 

4.  To  be  in  suspense  ;  to  be  undetermined  ;  as,  the 
cause  still  depends.  But  the  verb  is  seldom  used  in 
this  sense.  We  use  the  participle;  as,  the  suit  is 
still  depending  in  court.     [See  Pexdi.nc] 

5.  To  rely";  to  rest  with  confidence  ;  to  trust ;  lo 
confide;  to  have  full  confidence  or  belief.  We  de- 
pend on  the  word  or  assurance  of  our  friends.  We 
depend  on  the  arrival  of  the  mail  at  the  usnaJ  hour. 
Depend  on  it,  the  knave  will  deceive  us. 

To  depend  on,  or  upon  f  to  rely  ;   lo  tnl^t  m  with 

confidence. 
DE-PEND'A-RLE,  a.    That  may  be  depended  on  ;  as, 

dependable  friendslilps.     (A'ot  i-u  use,]  Pope. 

DE-PEX1)'EXCE,   /  I?.     A  Elate  of    hangmg  down 
DE-PEXD'EX-CY,  (     from  a  supporter. 


T0XE,  BJ-LL,  TTNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.— C  as  K ;  <5  as  J ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS 


•M9 


DEP 


DKP 


DF.P 


a  Any  thine  Imnging  down ;  a  series  of  tliinsa 
luuiciug  to  anulhcr. 

Ami  maie  a  Ion-  JtfmUra4  frem  Ihe  l>oii»h.  DiyJtn. 

3.  Concatenation  ;  connection  by  wliicll  one  tiling 
is  sustained  by  anotlier  in  its  place,  operations,  or 
efTects,  or  is  aticcted  by  it. 

Bui  of  IhU  fmmc  tlir  l»aring«  and  Uic  Ui-», 

TUe  HUMS  coniieclioiu,  nice  dtptivUiicitt.  Pop<. 

4.  A  s'ate  of  being  at  the  disposal  of  another  ;  a 
state  f,f  being  subjict  to  the  will  of  an  intilligint 
cause,  or  to  the  power  and  optration  of  any  otlur 
cause  i  inability  to  sustain  itself  without  the  aid  ot. 
We  ought  to  feel  our  ilepemlcncc  on  God  for  lile  and 
Bupiwrl.  The  child  should  be  sensible  of  his  Jc- 
prnJencc  on  his  parents.  In  the  natunU  and  moral 
world,  wc  observe  the  drpmikncc  of  one  thing  on 
another. 

5.  Reliance  ;  confidence  ;  trust ;  a  resting  on  ;_aii, 
we  may  have  a  firm  dfjienrfciiceon  the  promises  of  Cod. 

C.  Accident ;  that  of  which  the  existence  presup- 
poses the  existence  of  soinctliing  else  ;  that  which 
iiertains  to  something  else  ;  us, modes  which  are  con- 
sidered as  dependencies  or  alVections  of  substances. 

Locke. 
7.  That  which  is  attached  to,  but  subordinate  to 
something  else  :  as,  this  earth  and  its  drj>eadmeu\i. 

Burnet. 
8    A  dependeney;  a  territory  remote  from  the  king- 
dom or  Slate  to  which  it  belongs,  but  subject  to  lU 
dominion,  as  distant  isles   or  countries.    Great  llnt- 
ain  has  its  druendencicj  in  Asia,  Africa,  and  America. 
DE-PEND'ENT,ii.  Hiuigingdown-,  as,  a  licyicni/enl  leaf. 
The  furs  in  Ibe  taiU  ^Tre  dependent.  Peackam. 

a  Subject  to  the  power  of;  at  the  disposal  of; 
not  able  to  exist  or  sustain  itself  without  the  will  or 
ijowcr  of.  Thus,  we  are  dependent  on  God  and  his 
providence  ;  an  effect  may  be  dependent  on  some  un- 
known cause.  , ,    .        1 

3.  Relying  on  for  support  or  favor  ;  unable  to  sub- 
sist or  to  perform  any  thing,  without  the  aid  ot. 
Children  are  dependmt  on  their  parents  for  lood  and 
clothing.  The  pupil  is  dependent  on  his  preceptor  lor 
instruction.  .  ,       ,.  ,     c 

Dli-PENl)'i:N'T,  71.  One  who  is  at  the  disposal  of 
another  ;  one  w  ho  is  sustained  by  another,  or  wlio 
relies  on  auotlier  for  support  or  favor ;  a  retainer  ;  as, 
llie  prince  was  followed  by  a  numerous  train  ol  de- 
vemtents. 
DB-l'ENU'EXT-LY,  ade.  In  a  dependent  manner. 
DE-PEND'ER,  ii.    One  wlio  depends  ;  a  dependent. 

Slial:. 
DE-PEXD'IXG,  ppr.    Hanging  down  ;  relying. 

2.  a.    Pending  ;  undecided  ;  as  a  suit  or  question. 
DE-PEll'DIT,  u.     [L.  drperditiu.]  , 

That  which  is  lost  or  destroyed.  Palaj. 

DEP-EK  UI"TIOX,  (-dish'un,)  n.    Loss;  destruction. 

[See  Perdition.!  ,  Brown. 

DE-PHLEG'MaTE,  r.  t.  [dc  and  Gr.  iftUypa,  phlegm, 
from  ifiUy  w,  to  burn.] 

To  deprive  of  superabundant  water,  as  by  evapo- 
ration or  distillation,  used  of  spirits  and  acids ;  to 
clear  spirit  or  acids  of  aqueous  matter  ;  to  rectify. 
[Dephi.egm  is  used  by  lioyle.l       [Cuic.     Encijc. 
DE-PIILEG'MS-TED,  pf.  or  a.     Freed  from  mixture  ; 

concentrated.  Burke. 

DE-PIILEG-MA'TION,  ?i.    The  operation  of  separa- 
ting water  from  spirits  and  acids,  by  evaporation  or 
repealed  distillation  ;  called  also  conceiUration,  par- 
ticularly when  acids  are  the  subject.  Eucijc. 
DE-P11LEG.M'E1)-.NESS,  (de-fleni'ed-ness,)  n.  A  smte 

of  being  freed  from  water.     [JVnt  used.]  Boyle. 

DK-PHLO-CIS'TI-eATE,  c.  (.  [de  and  Gr.  ^Xojkttos, 
burnt,  inflammable,  from  ifiXoyt^u,  to  burn.  See 
Phlogiston.] 

To  deprive  of  phlogiston,  or  the  supposed  principle 
of  iunammability.  PrksUcy. 

DE  PHLO-lilS'TI-eA-TED,  pp.  or  a.  Deprived  of 
phlogiston.  DepldogUticated  air,  is  an  elastic  fluid 
capable  of  supporting  animal  life  and  flame  much 
longer  than  common  air.  It  is  now  called  ory^en, 
orygen  gas,  or  vital  air.  Oxygen  was  first  called  by 
Priestlev  dephhfristiented  air. 
DE-PHL0-<51S'Tl-eA-TING,    ppr.        Depriving     of 

phlogiston. 
DE-PICT',  r.  t.     [L.  depingo,  depietum  ;  de  and  pingo, 
to  painLJ 

1.  To  paint ;  to  portray  ;  to  form  a  likeness  in 
colors  ;  as,  to  depict  a  lion  on  a  shield.  Taylor. 

2.  To  describe  ;  to  represent  in  words ;  as,  the 
poet  depicts  the  virtues  of  his  hero  in  glowing  lan- 
guage. . 

DE-PICT'ED,  pp.    Painted  ;  represented  in  colors ; 

described. 
DE-PieT'ING,  ppr.    Painting ;  representing  in  colors, 

or  in  words. 
DfVPie'TIOS,  71.    A  painlingor  depicting. 
DE-Pie'TIIRE,  V.  I.     [de  and  picture.]    'Po  paint ;  to 

picture  ;  to  represent  in  colors.    [Sec  Depict.] 

tyeeeer. 
DE.Pie'TTJR-£D,  pp.    Painted  ;  represented  in  colois 
l)EP'II.,-AfE,  t!.  (.     [L.  depUo;  dc  and  pilus,  hair.] 

To  strip  of  hair. 
DEP'IL-A-TED,  pp.    Deprived  of  hair. 


DEP'IL-.^-TING,  ppr.     Depriving  of  hair. 
DEP-IL-A'TION,  Ti.    The  act  of  pulling  ofl  llic  hair. 

Dnjden. 
DE-PIL'A-TO-RY,  a.     Having  the  quality  or  power  to 

take  oir  hair  and  make  bald. 
DE-PII.'  \-TO-KY,  II.    Any  application  which  is  used 

to  Uike  oir  the  hair  of  an  animal  body ;  such  as 

lime  and  orpiment.  Encye. 

DEP'II.  OUS,  a.    Without  hair.  Bronn. 

DE  PL.VNT-A'TION,  n.     11..  <ie(>(<iii/o.] 

The  act  of  taking  up  plants  Irom  beds. 
DE  PLii'TION,  71.     (L.  drp/™  :  'i' and  pleo,  to  fill.] 
The  act  of  emptying ;  particularly,  in  tlie  medical 

art,  the  act  of  diiiiiuishing  the  quantity  ol  blood  in 

Ihe  vessels  by  venesection  ;  bloodletting. 
DE-PLE'TO-RY,  a.    Calculated  to  obviate  fullness  of 

habit.  r  ,  I  1 

DEP-Ll-CA'TION,  71.     I L.  de  and  pUco,  to  fold  I 
An  unfolding,  untwisting,  or  unplaiting. 

Montague. 
DE-PI.oU'A-lil.E,  a.     [Sec  Dei'Lore.]     That  may  be 
deplored  or  lameutod  ;  lamentable  ;  that  demands  or 
causes  himentation  ;  hence,  sad  ;  calamitous  ;  griev- 
ous ;  miserable;  wretched  ;  as,  the  evils  of  lile  are 
deplorable  ,'  the  pagan  world  is  in  a  deplorable  coiidi- 
[DEPL0n.iTE,  in  a  like  sense,  is  not  used.]      [tion. 
a.  In  poputar  use,  low  ;  contemptible;  piUable;  lis, 
deplorable  stupidity.  ^  ,    ,  , 

DE-PLoK'A-m-E-NESS,  ii.  The  state  of  be  ng  de- 
plorable ;  misery  ;  wretchedness ;  a  miserable  state. 

DE-PLoR'A-llLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  to  be  deplored; 
lamentably  ;  misenibly ;  as,  manners  are  deplorably 

DEP-LO-Ua'TIO.\,  71.    The  act  of  luiiicnting.     In 

music,  a  dirge  or  mournful  strain. 
DE-PLoUE',  r.  (.     [L.  deplora  :  de  and  Jiloro,  to  howl, 
to   wail;   Fr.  dephrcr;    It.  deplorare;   Sp.    deplorar^ 
llorar.]  ,    , 

To  lament ;  to  bewail ;  to  mourn  ;  to  leel  or  ex- 
press deep  and  poignant  grief  for.    Wo  deplored  the 
death  of  Washington. 
DE-PLoU'ED,   pp.      Lamented ;    bewailed  ;     deeply 

regretted.  , ,        , ,. .        .  - 

DE-i'LOR'ED-LY,  adv.    Lamentably.     [J^ot  used.] 

Taylor. 
DE-PLoU'ER,  71.    One  who  deplores,  or  deeply  la- 
ments ;  a  deep  mourner.  ,■     ,    . 
DE-PLolt'IiNG,  ppr.     Hewailing  ;  deeply  lauielltmg. 
DE-Pl.oR'I.N'C:,  11.    Act  of  deploring. 
DE-PLoR'I.N'G-LY,  adv.    In  a  deploring  manner. 
DE-PL(J  Y',  r.  (.    [Fr.  deploycr  ;  de  and  ployer,  or  pUcr, 
to  fold  ;  L.  pfjco ;  Gr.  irXtKoj ;  Arm.  plegai  Sp.  plc- 
mr ;  It.  pie«arc  ;  W.  plygn.     Ileuce,  Sp.  dr^-plefar, 
to  disiilaij  ,■  ft.  sqiiesarc      Deploy  is  only  a  diflerent 
orthography  of  depticr,  Sp.  dcsplcgar,  to  display.] 
To  display  ;  to  open  ;  to  extend  ;  a  mdilnnj  term. 
l)E-PLOY',  II.  i.    To  open  ;  to  extend.    Thus  a  col- 
umn is  said  to  deploy  when  the  front  spreads  out  on 
each  side,  ,Ts  is  coininouly  done  in  making  an  attack. 
DE-PI.OV'/;l),  pp.    Opened  ;  displayed;  extended. 
DF  PLOV'l  N'l;,  ppr.  Opening  ;  extending  ;  displaying. 
DEl>-LU-M.\"no.V,  71.     [See  Deplume.]    The  strip- 
ping or  falling  off  of  plumes  or  feathers, 
o"  A  tumor  of  the  eyelids  with  loss  of  hair.     Coze. 
DE-PLO.ME',  r.   t.      [h.  deplnma;   dc  and  pdima,  a 
feather  ;  Sp.  desptumar ;  It.  ...piuniarc] 

To  strip  or  pluck  off  feathers ;  to  deprive  ofplu- 
ma"e  Hayward. 

DE'I'LOM'£I),  pp.    Stripped  of  feathers  or  plumes. 
DE-PLOM'ING,  ppr.   Stri|iping  off  idumes  or  feathers. 
DE-ro-LAU-I-ZA'TIO.\,  71.    The  act  of  depriving  of 

polarity,  as  the  rays  of  light.  F^'^'^'i^ 

DE-Po'LAR-IZE,  V.  t.    To  deprive  of  polarity.     [Sec 

PoLiaiTV.]  Vre. 

DE-PoNE',  r.  1.     [L.  liepoiio.] 

1.  To  lay  down  as  a  pledge;  to  wage.    [JVut  iii 

use]  Iludiliras. 

o.  To  testify  under  oath.  Stale  trials.  In  Scotland, 
the  word  is  used  in  this  sense.  Depose  is  used  m 
En,^land.  «''''•  f"^*- 

DE-Po'NENT,  a.    [L.  deponeus,  depono  ;  dc  and  poiio, 
to  lay.] 

1.  Laying  down, 
a.  A  (icpuiieiit    verb,  in  the  Latin  gr.Tinmar,  is  a 

verb  «  hicli  has  a  passive  termination,  with  an  active 
signification,  and  wants  one  of  the  passive  partici- 
ples ;  as,  tofjuor,  to  speak. 
DE-PO'NE.N  T,  II.  One  who  deposes,  or  gives  a  depo- 
sition under  oath  ;  one  who  gives  written  testimony 
to  be  used  as  evidence  in  a  court  ol  justice.  W  ith 
us  ill  New  England,  this  word  is  never  used,  I  be- 
lieve, for  a  witness  who  gives  oral  testimony  in 
court.  In  England,  a  deponent  is  one  who  gives  an- 
swers under  oath  to    interrogatories    exhibited   in 

2.  A  deponent  verb.  [chancery-. 
DE-POP'IJ-LATE,  V.  t.     [L.  dcpopulor  ;   de  and  popu- 
lar, to  ravage  or  lay  waste,  from  pojmlus,  people  ;  bp. 
dcspoblar  ;  It.  spopolarc  ;  Fr.  dcpcuplcr.]  ,  .    ,    , 

To  dispeople ;  to  unpeople  ;  to  de]irive  of  inhab- 
itants, whether  by  death,  or  by  expulsion.  It  is  not 
sjnonyinoiis  with  laying  waste  or  destroying,  being 
limited  to  the  loss  of  inhabitants  ;  as,  an  army  or  a 
famine  may  depopulate  a  country.  It  rarely  expresses 
an  entire  loss  of  inhabitants,  but  often  a  great  dim- 


inution of  their  iiumbeis.    The  deluge  nearly  drpoj*. 

ii(ut<-.i  the  earth. 
I)E-P0P'1!-LaTE,  r.  i.    To  become  dispeopled. 
DE-POP'U-LA-TED,  pp.  oru.      Dispeopled  ;  deprived 

of  inhabitants  ■         ■       , 

Di;-POP'U-LA-TI.NG,ppi-.    Dispeopling;  depnvingof 

iiihahilants. 
DE-POP-t;-LA'TION,  II.     The  act  of  dispeopling; 

destrurtion  or  expulsion  of  inhabitants. 
DE-P01"r-LA-T0R,  71.     One  who  depopulates;  op' 

who  desiroj  3  orexp,ls  the  iuhabitaiils  of  a  city, town, 

or  country;  a  dispeopler.  t.       ,       .        ,    j 

DE-PORT',  t>.    «.     [I'r.  deportee;  Sp.  deportar  t  I»  de- 

porta  ;  de  and  porta,  to  carry.] 

1.  With  t/i«r«iprMeIpri/jwaii,  to  carry;  to  demean; 

to  behave. 

1*1  «n  cmU.!a;.llor  deport  himut/  In  Ihe  mM  jrarerul  m■^nm 
l^rorc  a  prince.  '  '^P'- 

2.  To  transport ;  to  carry  away,  or  from  one  coun- 
try to  another 


Ilo   lol.l  u^,  lio  lind  l«.'cn  deponed   10  S[>ain,  wilh  »  jiun-lnd 
oll.cn  liko  himKir.  » <"•"• 

DE-PORT',  II.  Behavior  ;  carriage  ;  demeanor ;  de- 
portment ;    as,  goddess-like  deport.     [.«  poetic  Kori/.j 

DEP-OR-TA'TION,  7i.  A  carrying  away  ;  a  reiiioviil 
from  one  country  to  another,  or  to  a  distant  place; 
exile  ;  baiiishmenl.  Ill  i^Vuiicf,  a  puilishluent  r^rre- 
snonding  to  liansportatioli  ill  England.  .Siiliffe. 

DE-PollT'ED,  pp.  Canied  away  ;  transported  ;  ban. 
islied.  . 

DE-PORT'ING,  ppi-.  Carrying  away  ;  removing  to  a 
distant  place  or  country  ,  trausportuig  ;  banishing. 

DE-PORT' .MENT,  77.     [ft.  drportement.] 

Carria-e  ;  manner  of  acting  in  relation  to  the  du- 
ties of  life;  behavior;   demeanor;   couduct;    maa- 

DE?Pes'A-I!LE,  a.    That  may  be  deposed  or  depriywl 

ot  olhee.  ,-      .-      _# 

DEPOS'AL,  71.    The  act  of  deposing,  or  divestmg  of 

DE-POS  E',  (de-p5/.e',)  v.  U  [Fr.  deposcr;  I.,  depono.  it- 
posUam  ;  dc  and  pono,  to  lay  or  put ;  Sp.  deponer;  It. 

"^r^'o  lav  down  ;  to  throw  ;  to  let  fall ;  [obs..  De- 
posit being  now  used  ;)  as,  the  Hood  <(rp.'.-C'f  fine  par- 
ticles of  earth  on  the  bank  of  the  river.  In  this  sense, 
we  now  use  Deposit.  ^      Jfoodieard. 

o  To  reduce  from  a  throne  or  other  high  station; 
to  dethrone;  to  degrade  ;  to  divest  of  ortice  ;  as, to 
./epose  a  king  or  a  iKipe.  , 

U.  To  cut  under  oath,  as  an  evidence.  [Obs.]    S/lafc 

4.  To  lav  aside.  ,.  ,  Bu'rou,. 

5.  To  take  away  ;  to  strip  ;  to  divest.    [jVoi  m  lut] 

altali. 

B.  To  examine  on  oath.     [JV'./t  in  wic]         SliidL 
DE-POSE',  I',  i.    To  bear  witness.  ."'f.L 

DE-POS'/:n,  pp.  or  a.    Detlironed  ;  degraded  ;   eslllied. 
DE-1'OS'ER,  71.    One  who  deiioses  or  degrades  from 

DE-l'OS'I.NG,  ppr.    Dethroning;  degrading;   bearing 

DE-POS'InG,  17.    The  act  of  dethroning.        Sddcn. 

DE-POS'IT,  V.  t.     [L.  <ieposi/u77i,  from  depono.] 

1.  To  lay  down  ;  to  lay  ;  to  throw  down.  A  croc- 
odile depoiils  her  eggs  ill  the  sand.  A  I)'"'  "''/'"•J 
eggs  ill  a  nest.  An  inundation  dcposdJ  particles  of 
earth  on  a  meadow.  „„„..„:„„ 
o  To  lay  up;  to  lay  in  a  place  for  prescr\ation. 
We  rfnpesil  the  produce  of  the  earth  in  barns,  cellar, 
or  storehouses.  We  deposit  goods  iii  a  warehouse, 
and  books  in  a  library.  

3.  To  lodge  ill  Uie  hands  of  a  person  for  safe  kcip- 
ing  or  other  purpose  ;  to  commit  to  <!"■  "l^J  '''  '^' 
inrrust ;  to  commit  to  one  as  a  pledge.  \\  e  saj ,  tne 
bond  is  rfcposited  in  the  hands  of  an  attorney  ;  iiieiii) 
is  deposited  as  a  pledge,  or  security. 

4.  To  lay  aside.     \LiUle  used.] 
DE-POS'lT,  71.    That  which  is  laid  w  thrown  down  , 

any  matter  laid  or  thrown  down,  or  lodged. 

The  <iepo.il  «lr™ly  Tormed  alTording  10  ll.c  ...oetdlo-  t«ni»»i 
of  U.'J  cl..Mg<il  lluid  a  b.ui..  Airuon. 

2  Any  thing  intrusted  to  the  care  of  another;  a 
nlcd»e  :  a  pawn  ;  a  thing  given  as  security,  or  for  pas- 
Trvatfon^'lu.,  these  papeVs  are  conu.iitted  to  jo.i  i^  ■ 
sacred  deposit;  he  has  a  .(cpos.l  of  money  in  l"»  ""^  ■ 

3.  A  place  where  things  are  deposited ;  a  dtpoM 

""Z'  A  city  or  town  where  goods  are  lodged  for  safe- 
kecoin"  of  for  reshipment.     [Fr.  depU.] 
In  deposit,  ill  a  stale  of  pledge,  or  for  safe-keepinf. 
DE-POS'^IT-A-KY,  ii.     [Fr.  deposdam  ;  Low  L.  drp,: 

'""Ll^erson  with  whom  any  thing  is  h-ft  or  lodged 
in  trust  one  to  whom  a  thing  is  roinmiticd  lor  sa  ■- 
keeoine  or  to  be  used  for  the  bi.nelit  ol  t'le  ""'"r , 
a  trustee ;  a  guardian.  The  Jews  were  the  d.posda- 
Ties  of  the  sacred  writings.  . 

o.  In  la,e,  one  to  whom  goods  are  bailed,  to  ^  K(  I 

for  the  bailor  without  arBCompensc.  i„ 

DE-POS-rT  ED,  pp.  or  ...    Laid  down  ;  put  away  ;  m 

DirPOS'Vr-ING,  ppr.    Laying  down;    pledging;  r. 
positing. . 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.-METE,  PRBY.-MNE.  MARIXE,  KIRD  -    NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  DQQK^ 


3W 


1 


DEP 

3i;P-0-Sr'TI0.V,  (dep-o-zisb'un,)  n.     [L.  deposUio.] 
1   The  act  of  I:iyiog  or  tJtrowiug  d(     t  ;  as,  soil  is 
fortncJ  by  tlii  deposition  of  fine  particles,  during  a 
flwid. 

9.  That  which  is  thTX>wn  down ;  that  which  is 
lodged  ;  as,  hanks  are  sometimes  depositions  of  allu- 
vial matter. 

3.  The  act  of  giving  written  testimony  under  oath. 

4.  The  attested  written  testimony  of  a  witness ;  an 
aliidavit. 

5.  The  act  of  dethroning  a  king^or  the  degrading 
of  a  person  from  an  office  or  station  j  a  divesting  of 
sovereignty,  or  of  office  and  dignity  ;  a  depriving  of 
clerical  orders.  A  deposition  dilfers  from  abdication  : 
ail  nlnlicalion  being  voluntary,  and  a  deposition  cam- 
puhom. 

)E-I'OS'fT-OR,  n.    One  who  makes  a  deposit. 

)K-FOS'IT-0-RY,  71.  A  place  where  any  thing  is 
loJged  for  safe-keeping.  A  warehouse  is  a  depository 
fur  goods  ;  a  cL'rk's  office  for  records. 

)E-PbS'IT-UM,  ?(.  A  deposit.  [JVef  English,  nor  in 
itse.] 

»E-PoT',  (de-p6',)  11.  [Fr.]  A  place  of  deposit. 
Hence,  in  mUitary  affairs,  a  place  where  stores  and 
provision-  are  kept,  and  where  recniits  are  trained. 
2.  A  building  fur  the  occupation  of  passengers,  &c., 
at  the  termination,  or  at  a  wav  station  of  a  railroad. 

)EP-RA  Va'TION,  ji.  [L.  'depravatio.  See  De- 
prave.! 

1.  Tlie  act  i,{  making  bad  or  worse  ;  the  act  of 
corrupting. 

2.  The  suite  of  being  made  bad  or  worse  ;  degen- 
eracy;  a  stale  in  which  good  qualities  are  lost  or  ira- 
jKiired.  We  speak  of  the  depravation  of  morals, 
manner-*,  or  government ;  of  the  heart,  or  mind  ;  of 
nature,  taste,  &€. 

3.  Censure  ;  defamation.     [JVot  used.]  Shak. 
E-PKaVE',  c.  L    [Ii-dcpraco  ;  rfe  and  pravus,  crooked, 
pen'erse,  wicked.] 

1.  To  make  bad  or  worse ;  to  impair  good  quali- 
ties ;  to  make  bad  qualities  worse  ;  to  vitiate ;  to 
cornipt;  aSftodeprare  manners,  morals,  government, 
laws;  to  deprave  the  heart,  mind,  will,  understand- 
iDg,  taste,  principles,  Sec. 

2.  To  defame  ;  to  vilify.     [J\'ot  now  used,] 

SkaJc.     Spenser. 
E-PRAV'ilD,  pp.      Made  bad  or  worse  j   vitiated ; 
tainted ;  corrupted. 

2.  a.  Corrupt;  wicked;  destitute  of  holiness  or 
good  principles. 

E-PRaVKO-LY,  ado.     In  a  corrupt  manner. 
E-PR.IV'KD-.\ES.S,  It.     Corruption  ;  taint ;   a  vitia- 
ted state.  Hammond. 
E-PRAVK'MENT,  n.    A  vitiated  state.        Brown. 
E-PRaV'EU,  n.    A  corrupter;  he  who  vitiates;  a 
^ilifier. 

E-PRa  V'lXG,  ppr.     Making  bad;  corrupting. 
E-PRa V'lNG,  n.    A  corrupting  or  traducing.  [Ohs.] 
E-PRaV''I\G-LY,  ode.    In  a  depraving  manner. 
E-PRAV'I- TY,  71.    Corruption  ;  a  ^^tiated  state  ;  as, 
the  depraviUi  of  manners  and  morals.  Burke. 

2.  A  vitiated  state  of  the  heart ;  wickedness  ;  cor- 
ruption of  moral  principles ;  destitution  of  holiness 
or  sood  principles. 

EP'RE-CA-BLE,  a.    That  is  to  be  deprecated. 
EP'RE-€aTE,  r.  t.      [L.  deprccor ;  de  and  prccor,  to 
pray.    See  Pray  and  Frzach.] 

1.  To  pray  against ;  to  pray  or  entreat  that  a  pres- 
ent evil  may  be  removed,  or  an  expected  one  averted. 
We  should  all  deprecate  the  return  of  war. 

The  ludjraents  we  would  deprecate  are  not  removed. 

S!n^!ridge. 

2.  More  generally,  to  regret ;  to  have  or  to  express 
deepsorrow  at  a  present  evil,  or  at  one  that  may  occur. 
This  word  is  seldom  used  to  express  actual  prayer  ; 
but  it  expresses  deep  regret  that  an  evil  exists  or  may 
exist,  which  implies  a  strong  desire  that  it  may  be 
removed  or  averted. 

3.  To  implore  mercy  of.  llmproper.] 
EP'RE-Ca-TED,  pp.  Prayed  against 
gretted. 

GP'RE-Ca-TIXG,  ppr.  Praying  against ;  regretting. 
iP'RE-CA-TI  NG-LY,  adv.    By  deprecation. 

JMarryail, 
^P-RE-Ca'TION,  jj.     a  praying  against :  a  praying 
that  an  evil  may  be  removed,  or  prevented.     JftUon. 
2.  Entreaty;  petitioning;  an  excusing;  a  begging 
pardon  for.  Johnson. 

■:P'RE-eA-TOR,  n.    One  who  deprecates, 
:P'RE  CA-TO-RY, )  a.    That  serves  to  deprecate  ; 
^.P'RE-€A-TIVE,    \     tending  to  remove  or  avert 
evil  by  prayer  ;  as,  deprecatory  letters.  Bacon. 

^  2.  Having  the  form  of  prayer. 
^-^PRK'CI.^TE,  c.  t.    [tfOw  L.  depretio;  de  and  pre- 
mium, price  ;  Fr.  dcpriser.     See  Price.] 

1.  To  lessen  the  price  of  a  thing;  to  cry  down  the 
price  or  value. 

2.  To  undervalue  ;  to  represent  as  of  little  value  or 
iierit,  or  of  less  value  than  is  commonly  supposed  ; 
IS,  one  author  is  apt  to  depreciate  the  works  of  anoth- 
.r,  or  to  depreciate  their  worth. 

3.  To  lower  value.  The  issue  of  a  superabundance 
jf  notes  depreciates  them,  or  depredates  their  value. 
i-PRE'CIATE,  r.  i.    To  fall  in  value  :  to  become  of 


Pi'ior. 
deeply  re- 


DEP 

less  worth.  A  paper  currency  will  depredate,  unless 
it  is  convertible  into  specie.  Estates  are  apt  to  depre- 
ciate in  the  hands  of  tenants  on  short  leases.  Conti- 
nental bills  of  credit,  issued  by  the  congress,  during 
the  revolution,  depreciated  to  the  one  hundredth  part 
of  their  noniinul  value. 

DE-PRe'CIa-TI:D,  pp.  or  a.  Lessened  in  value  or 
price  ;  undervalued. 

DE-PRe'CI.A-TING,   ppr.     Lessening   the    price    or 
worth  ;  undervaluing. 
2.  Falling  in  value. 

DE-PRE-CI-A'TION,  (de-pre-she-a'shun,)  n.  The  act 
of  lessening  or  crying  down  price  or  value. 

2.  The  falling  of  value;  reduction  of  worth  ;  as, 
the  depreciation  of  bills  of  credit. 

DE-PRe'CIA-TIVE,  a.     Undervaluing. 

D£P'RF--DaTE,  v.  t.  [L.  dcpra^dor;  de  and  pro'dor,  to 
plunder,  pr<cda,  prey.] 

1.  To  plunder;  to  rob  ;  to' pillage;  to  take  the 
property  of  an  enemy,  or  of  a  foreign  country,  by 
force  ;  as,  the  army  depredated  the  enemy's  country. 

Thai  kiiid  of  w«  which  depredaiea.  and  distresses  iiidiviiliials. 

Marshall. 

2.  To  prey  upon  ;  to  waste  ;  to  spoil.  Bacon, 

3.  To  devour  ;  to  dustroy  by  eating  ;  as,  wild  ani- 
mals depredate  the  corn. 

DEP'RE-DATE,  V,  i.  To  take  plunder  or  prey  ;  to 
commit  waste  ;  as,  the  troops  depredated  on  the  coun- 
try. 

DEP'RE-DA-TED,pp.  Spoiled;  plundered;  wasted; 
pillaged. 

DEP'RE-Da-TING,  ppr.  Plundering;  robbing;  pil- 
laging. 

DEP-RE-Da'TIO.\,  71.  The  act  of  plundering;  a  rob- 
bing ;  a  pillaging. 

2.  Waste  ;  consumption  ;  a  taking  away  by  any  act 
of  violence.  The  sea  often  makes  depredations  on  the 
land.  Intemperance  commits  depredations  on  the  con- 
stitution. 

DEP'RE-Da-TOR,  n.  One  who  plunders  or  pillages ; 
a  spoiler  ;  a  waster. 

DEP'RE-DA-TO-RY,  a.  Plundering  ;  spoiling  ;  con- 
sisting in  pillaging.  Encyc. 

DEP-RE-HEND',  r.  t.  [h.  deifrehendo ;  de  and  prehen- 
do,  to  take  or  seize.] 

1.  To  catch ;  to  take  unaAvares  or  by  surprise;  to 
seize,  as  a  person  committing  an  unlawful  act. 

More.     Hooker. 

2.  To  detect;  to  discover  ;  to  obtain  the  knowledge 
of.  Bacon. 

DEP-RE-HEND'ED,  pp.  Taken  by  surprise  ;  caught; 
seized  ;  discovered. 

DEP-RE-HENDTNG,  ppr.  Taking  unawarc-s;  catch- 
ing ;  seizing;  discovering. 

DEP-RE-HEN'SI-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  caught  or 
discovered. 

DEP-RE-HEX'SI-BLE-NESS,  iu  Capableness  of  be- 
ing caught  or  discovered. 

DEP-RE-HEN'srO.V,  n.  A  catching  or  seizing  ;  a  dis- 
coverj*. 

[Deprehend  and  its  derivatives  are  little  used.] 

DE-PRESS',  r.  (.  [L.  depressus,  deprimo  ;  de  a.nd  pres- 
sus,  premo,  to  press.] 

1.  To  press  down  ;  to  press  to  a  lower  state  or  po- 
sition ;  as,  to  depress  the  end  of  a  tube  or  the  muzzle 
of  a  gun. 

9.  To  let  fall ;  to  bring  down;  as,  to  depress  the 
eye. 

3.  To  render  dull  or  languid  ;  to  limit  or  diminish ; 
as,  to  depress  commerce. 

4.  To  sink ;  to  lower  ;  to  deject ;  to  make  sad ;  as, 
to  depress  the  spirits  or  the  mind. 

5.  To  humble  ;  to  abase  ;  as,  to  depress  pride. 

6.  To  sink  in  altitude  ;  to  cause  to  appear  lower  or 
nearer  the  horizon  ;  as,  a  man  sailing  toward  the 
equator  depresses  the  pole. 

7.  To  impoverish  ;  to  lower  in  temporal  estate ; 
as,  misfortunes  and  losses  have  depressed  the  mer- 
chants. 

8.  To  lower  in  value ;  as,  to  depress  the  price  of 
stock. 

DE-PRESS'ED,  (de-prest',)  pp.  or  a.  Pressed  or  forced 
down  ;  lowered  ;  d(.-jected  ;  dispirited  ;  sad  ;  hum- 
bled ;  sank  ;  rendered  languid. 

2.  In  botany,  a  depressed  leaf  is  hollow  in  the  mid- 
dle, or  having  the  disk  more  depressed  than  the  sides  ; 
used  of  succulent  leaves,  and  opposed  to  Co>'vex. 

Martyn. 

DE-PRESS'IXC,  ppr.  or  a.  Pressing  down  ;  lowering 
in  place  ;  letting  fill ;  sinking ;  dejecting ;  abashing  ; 
impoverishing  ;  rendering  languid. 

DE-PRESS'I.\G-r>Y,  ado.     In  a  depressing  manner. 

DE-PRES'SION,  (de-presh'un,)  n.  The  act  of  press- 
ing down,  or  the  state  of  being  pressed  down  ;  a  low 
state. 

2.  A  hollow  ;  a  sinking  or  falling  in  of  a  surface  ; 
or  a  forcing  inw.^^d  ;  as,  roughness  consisting  in  little 
proUiberances  and  depressions ;  the  depression  of  the 
skull. 

3.  The  act  of  humbling;  abasement;  as,  the  de- 
pression of  pride  ;  the  depression  of  the  nobility. 

4.  A  sinking  of  the  spirits  ;  dejection  ;  a  state  of 
sadness  ;  want  of  courage  or  animation  ;  as,  depres- 
sion of  thi'  mind. 


DEP 

5.  A  low  slate  of  strength  ;  a  state  of  body  succeed- 
ing debility  in  the  formation  of  disease  Coze, 

6.  A  law  state  of  business  or  of  property. 

7.  In  astjonomy,  the  angular  distance  of  a  celestial 
object  below  tho  hnrizon.  The  depression  of  the  poU^ 
Is  its  angular  approach  to  iIkj  honz<»n,  as  the  specta- 
tor recedes  from  the  pole  toward  liie  equator. 

D.  Olm.*ted. 

8.  In  algebra,  the  depression  o/an  equation^  U  the  re- 
duction or  the  equation  to  one  of  lower  dim*rn!<ioiia. 

Barloie. 

DE-PRESS'IVE,  a.  Able  or  tending  to  depresa  or  cart 
down. 

DE-PRESS'OR,  71.  He  that  presses  down  ;  an  op- 
pressor. 

2.  In  anatomy,  a  muscle  that  depresses  or  draws 
down  the  part  to  which  it  is  attached ;  tin,  the  de- 
pressor c>f  thr>  lower  jaw  or  of  the  eyeball.  It  ii 
called  also  depriment  or  deprimeiis. 

DEP'RI-MEXT,  K.     [I,,  drprimo,  to  depress.] 

Depreaaion.  Deprimcns  U  the  epithet  given  to  a 
muscle  which  depresses,  as  that  which  depresses  l!ie 
globe  of  the  eye. 

DE-PRIV'A-BLE,  a.  [See  DEPBtVE.]  Thi7  nr>-  '■ 
deprived. 

A  clinplain  thill  be  ileprivabU  by  Mx  (banderi  not 

[See  Deprive,  No.  4.1 
DEP-RI-VA'TIOX,  11.     [See  Defrite.]    The  act  nf 
depriving;  a  taking  away. 

2.  .\  stale  of  being  deprived  ;  ios^  ;  want ;  bereave- 
iprnl  by  loss  of  friends  or  of  coods. 

3.  In  law,  the  act  of  divesting  a  bishop  or  olher 
clergyman  of  his  spiritual  proniolion  or  dignity  ;  the 
taking  away  of  ;i  prcfennenl ;  depasilion.  'i'liis  is  of 
two  kinds  ;  a  bcneficio,  :iiid  ab  opdo.  The  former  is 
the  deprivation  of  a  minister  of  his  living  or  prefer- 
ment ;  llie  latter  of  his  order,  and  otbenvise  called 
deposition  or  degra^iation.  Eaeyc 

DEPRIVE',  r.  t.  [L.  de  and  priro,  to  take  away ;  Sp. 
priear  :  It.  pricare:  Vr.  pricer.     SeePRiTATE.] 

1.  To  take  from  ;  to  bereave  of  something  pos- 
sessed or  enjoyed  ;  followed  by  of;  as,  to  deprive  a 
man  o/sight ;  to  deprive  one  of  stren^h,  «/ reason,  or 
of  property.  This  has  a  general  signification,  appli- 
cable to  a  lawful  or  unlawful  taking. 

Got!  hath  t/eprioeti  her  of  WB-Iom. — Job  xuix. 

9.  To  hinder  from  possessing  or  enjoying;  lo  de- 
bar. 

From  his  fjw  1  shall  be  hkl,  depriofi 

or  hid  blessed  countenance.  A/iIIon. 

[This  Itse  of  the  word  is  not  legitimate,  hut  eommon.l 

3.  To  free  or  release  from.  Spenser. 

4.  To  divest  of  an  ecclesiastical  preferment,  dig- 
nity, or  office  ;  lo  divest  of  orders,  us  a  bishop,  preb- 
end, or  vicar. 

DE-PRrV'£D,p/?.  Bereft  ;  divested  ;  hindered  ;  stripped 
of  office  or  dii;nity ;  deposed  ;  degraded. 

DE-PRIVE'ME.NT,  n.  The  state  of  losing  or  being 
deprived. 

DE-PRIV'ER,  71.  He  or  that  which  deprives  or  be- 
reaves. 

DE-PRTV'IXG,  p/>r.  Bereaving;  taking  away  what  is 
possessed;  divesting;  hindering  from  enjoying;  de- 
posing. 

DEPTH,  n.  [from  deep.]  Deepness;  the  distance  or 
measure  of  a  thing  from  the  surface  to  the  botiom, 
or  to  the  extreme  part  downward  nr  inward.  The 
deptJi  of  a  river  may  be  ten  feet.  The  depUi  of  the 
ocean  is  unfathomable.  The  deptJi  of  a  wound  may 
be  an  inch.    In  a  vertical  direction,  depth  is  opposed 

2.  A  deep  place.  [lo  higfit, 

3.  The  sea ;  the  ocean. 

The  depth  cltMcd  me  ruuiHl  aluuL  —  Joiuh  a. 

4.  The  abyss  ;  a  gulf  of  infinite  profundity. 

Whon  ho  set  .i  coinp.^M  nn  tlic  face  of  lln?  dep:^.  —  Pror.  ra. 

5.  The  middle  of  a  season  ;  as,  ihedi^JtA  of  winter; 
orlhe  miiidlo,  the  darkestor  stillest  part ;  as,  thedepth 
of  night ;  or  the  inner  part,  a  part  remote  from  the 
border  ;  as,  the  depth  of  a  wood  or  forest. 

6.  Abstruseness ;  obscurity ;  that  which  is  not 
easily  explored  ;  as,  the  depth  of  a  science. 

7.  Unsearchableness ;  infinity. 

0  Ihc  deplh  of  t!ie  riches  both  of  the  wi&lom  and  knowledge  of 
God  !  —  Rom.  xi. 

8.  The  breadth  and  depth  of  the  love  of  Christ,  are 
its  vast  e.\tent. 

9.  Profoundness  ;  extent  of  penetration,  or  if  the 
capacity  of  penetrating  ;  as,  depth  of  understanding ; 
depth  of  skill. 

10.  The  depth  of  a  squadron  or  battalion,  is  ihe  num- 
ber of  men  in  a  file,  which  forms  tlie  extent  from  the 
front  to  the  rear;  as,arffp£A  of  three  men  orsltmen. 

11.  Depth  of  a  sad,  the  extent  of  the  square  sails 
from  the  head-rope  lo  the  foul-rope,  er  the  lengih  of 
the  after-leech  of  a  stav-saU  or  boom-sail.  Mar.  Diet. 

DEPTII'LESS,  a.     Havinir  no  depth.  Coleridge. 

DE-PU'CE-L.\TE,  r.  U     To  dertour;   to   bercav^-  of 

virginitv. 
DE-PULSE',  r.  (.    To  drive  away.  t 

DE-PULS'£D,  (de-puin',)  pp.     Driven  awa;. . 
DE-PUL'SIO.\,  n.    [h.  drpidsio:  de:ini\  pcUo,lodnvc  ]     , 
A  driving  or  thrusting  away.     [See  RKrcuios  1       i 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS  —  C  as  K  ;  G  xs  J ;  S  as  Z ;  ClI  as  SH  ;  Til  as  in  THIS. 

41  m 


DER 


l'L*Lt=OKV,«.    DrirlncoflbniMlnBaw»jri«vcrt- 

m  -'.-an!  ptf,  T'T"-'-!  .    ^ 


!  ING,  |>pr      iMntyUig;  fre«ln|  fhiin  in 


DE!'' 


DEI 

A; 


DE-RAIN',    I  <''*^'*°*  ''  1     r«^ff.  rfrnxirwr,  or  dt- 

roiatfr.] 
Tn  fvorfl :  to  Juvtlf  V  :  to  vlndicftte ,  as  an  asf  enloii ; 

,^    -I  ..,....■-  -^if      f  *  .     '  /  ;  1  -  'fr,it,  nor  tfixuif^f.] 
:  mlulnR;  pruof  i 

.  ttio  •ente  of  dis- 

from  a  nmfta- 

urdcr.     [Fr.  tle- 

m  tie  nnil 
Arm.  tiirrn 

, ..  J :  .  iliiiUirb  thv  i' 

T  oi'i  lo  uin>\v  (iilu  cuiiiM"ion  ;  a*,  to  *. 
:  kiu  of  a  comnwmlpr,  or  Uie  atlHin  of  a  i- 


UUbrrt.      I 
U. :    It.  drputazioju  ;    tf p.  I 


fur 


n  or  nulhority  to  act  aa  Uio 
1. 1  ,  u-i,Uiis  nuui  acU  by  Jf/mlaficii 

.1*>putMi ;  the  perton  or  ncrsona  au- 

.  .    . >..t  business  (or  anollirr  ; 

i  to  tbe  enemy  to  offer 


ift.  II  I    r.i'.  Pi 
potnlrd  and 


IbMl' 


■    -.Jilujiir  couiti  Jrroiil*  oi   I  ,  .  . 

-.  •  disorder;  as,  bLs  privutu  af- 
.'  ilio  tntcllt'cl ;  to  disturb  Uic  regular 


DER 

4.  Tlini  nmy  be  dmwii  (Vom  a  radical  word ;  as,  a 
wtird  dfriral-lf  I'l'  i.i  an  Oiimlal  root. 
DKKTV'A-lU.'i  nvation.  I 

DEK  IVATi:.  -'.] 

A  UurJ  d<  ;  'li^^r.  Studrt.       { 

DEU  I  VATK,  r.  I.     [U  J^ruy.J 

'I'll  d'  rivr. 
DEUl-VA  TEH,  pp     Derived. 
DKU'I-VA-TlXt;,  ppr.     IVrivinp. 
DEKI-VA'TION,  H,     [L.  derinitio.] 

1.  '1  h.  :i.  I  of  deriuiiK,  dmwlng,  or  receivlnRfr.  rn 
tliu  dericalion  of  ah  estate  fntin  iinces- 
lUs  fVoin  capitjil,  or  of  trulti  or  (hcu 

:•  "f  a  word 
•  <  riuiii  tba 

I  Mil. 


sLiir  oi 


'  tuic  or  agent  to  act  fornn- 
iid  with  a  special  commb^sion 
tiui«iiie^4  in  another's  nouie. 

.  m  to  svrve  a  wriL 


cnt  witli  siK-cuiI  aiithoriiy  tu  ucL  fur 

* 'n?  as  a  substitute  ;  ap- 

pecial  coDimission  to 

P ....;  .1  deputy  ;  to  empower 
Khcrilf.     IMU  used  w  Eng., 


litre.     In 

r-j,  and  it 

ice. 

.  rinothcr's 

r    of    FUcIl 

_    :..      ,    .      ..   ...    :  ., :.L.  to  ki5e 

Philips. 
I.ECT'OR»  n.    A  penon  ap]>oiiitril 
it  1.  <  i,(  a  coUeclor  of  Iho  customs  in 

'.,  a.    One  appointed  to  act  In 
I. 

Ji.      A  p"n>on  who   li 
r,  in  subordination  to 


-.  e.    To  diminish  tbe  qmuiTlty 

•iy  be  from  Sai. 
r. 
■  -  i  de  anil  raruif, 

I'ick  up  by  the  im<s;  to  extirpate, 

:  ED,  rp. 

1 1.NG,  ffr.    Tearing  op  by  the  rooU; 

I  .Nation, 


,    [fJUle 
Shak. 
ri'ickrd  up  by  the  rorts  ; 


The  act  of  puUinc  np  br  the 
Maumla: 


.  tliu 
.11. , "■.!.««   .,.  i -.J,  ..;■       ..■;  to  bo 

if.  Ji.cumucr. 
..  f-T),  ;ip.  or  a.     Put  out  of  ordir;    dMurb- 
-il  ;    confused;  disordered  in  mind; 
.t.d. 
\T,  H.    A  putting  out  of  order;  difl- 
iMM'.iiMi    <ii  n  j;ularity  or  regular  course  ;  eiiibiimuirt- 
meiiL  iVa.-'hin^on. 

•>.  ni«nrd»!rof  the  intellect  or  reason  ;  delirium  ;  In- 
K---   •  '— .ifliTmcnl  (if  Uie  menuil  ori;uns.  Palnj. 

Di:  .  ;'pr.     Pmiinj;  out  of  order;  dialurb- 

11  ur   reyulur  cuursc  ;    euil>arra5.«riient ; 

KHM'i  I'll.  IlautiUon,^ 

■2.  Disordertnc  the  mtionni  powers. 
DE-UAV,  r.  L    [Irnin  the  French.]    Tumult;  disor- 
der i  mcrriimnl,     [-Voi  in  ujte,]  Douglas, 
DEU'nV-i?nntIv-PPAR,  n.     Fluorspar,  or  lluurid  of 
fnlritim,  a  beautiful  miiieml,  found  in   Dtrbyshinr, 
•     ■'   ■  I,  and  wrought  into  vases  and  oilier  oma- 
vvork.  Brande. 
f.     [Sax.  derian  ] 
I.,  i.tirt.     [Obs.y 
DEK'E-LieT,  0.     [L  dertlietus,  dcrtUinjuo;  de  and  re- 
lUquoy  to  K-avf,  re  and  Unquo^  id.  Clasa  Lg.] 
IjcCi  -,  atiOiiiloned. 
DEU'E-LIGT,  71.     In  /air,  an  article  of  goods,  or  any 
cuiiinKxlity,  thrown   away,  relinquished,  or    aban- 
don^-cl  by  the  ownt-r. 

a.  A  trnci  of  laud  left  dry  by  the  sea,  and  fit  for 
cultivation  or  use. 
D£R-h:-I-ie'TION,  n.     [L.  derelietio.] 

1.  Thtj  nrl  of  Ifavinf*  witli  an  intention  not  to  ro- 
clalui;  an  ulter  forsaking  ;  ub;iiulunment. 

2.  Tlie  sliite  of  being  left,  or  abamlonutl.      Jlooker. 

3.  A  leaving  or  receding  from  ;  as,  the  dereliction 
of  tlie  sea.  BlacJatone. 

DE-RIDE',  r.  t.  [U  derideo;  de  and  WJw,  to  laugh; 
It.  deridrre.  In  Fr.  dtrider  is  to  iinwrinkle  ;  from 
ru/f,  a  wrinkle.  Probably  the  primarj'  sense  of  L. 
rideo  if,  to  wrinkle,  tu  grin.] 

To  laugh  at  in  contempt;  to  turn  to  ridicule  or 
make  siwrt  of;  to  mock;  to  treat  with  scorn  by 
laughter. 

Tt>r  PhariaMs  tbo  —  dtridtd  him.  —  Luke  xri. 
Bume,  wIk)  ulon  Newton  lor  Ua  fluxkHU,  dtrttic  him  for  ha 
rvll^i^n.  Bfrktley. 

DE-RID'ED,  pp.  Laughed  at  in  contempt;  mocked; 
riiliculed. 

DE-RIDER,  n.  One  who  lauglis  at  another  in  cun- 
tenipi ;  a  mucker  ;  a  scoffer.  Houlicr. 

2.  A  drull  or  huffuon. 

DE-RTD'ING,  ;};fr.  Laughing  at  witli  contempt;  mock- 
ing; ',  ridiculing. 

l)K  itlU'I-Nti  LV,  adv.    By  waj-  of  derision  or  mock- 

DERMNt;,  7'pr.   Hurling;  injuring.  {J\''ot  uifed.]      [ery. 

DE-RI3'IoK,  (de-rizh'ua,)  n.    [L.  dcrisio.      See  Dk- 

BID£.| 

1.  The  act  of  bushing  nt  in  contempt 

2.  Contempt  manifej>ted  by  laughter  ;  scorn. 

1  <un  b)  dtrUiun  iLuJjr.  —  '«.  xx. 

X  An  object  of  derision  or  contempt ;  a  laughing- 
stock. 

I  wu  a  dMfJon  to  all  my  pMTple.  —  Ltm.  til. 

DB-RT'SI  VE,  o.  Containing  derision ;  mocking ;  rid- 
iculing. 

OtrbiM  taunts.  P9pe. 

DE-RT'?»I  VE-I.Y,  n'h:    With  mockciy  or  rnitTt-mpl. 

DE-RT'.^IVr^XE.'-S,  n.    The  rtato  of  being  derisive. 

DE-Kl'.-^*  >-RV,  a.     Mocking  ;  ridiculing.     Shafirtbury. 

DF^RIV'A.nLE,o.  [Sec  Uebite.]  'I'hrtt  may  be  de- 
rived ;  Unt  may  b^'  drawn,  t-r  received,  as  fn.m  a 
source.  Income  Is  dcrirable  from  land,  money,  or 
siij*-k!<, 

0.  Th:it  may  bo  received  from  ancestors ;  aa,  un 
estate  '*  ,->■..'.•/  fr  .m  an  ancestor. 

3.  'I      ■  riwn,  as  ft-ora  premises;  dcduci- 

blo  ;    L  :'.  dcricahle  from  facts  or  preced- 

ing p: 


a.  ,\  d.MWiu;;  r:c:ii,  v,:  luriKu;;  ii^iJi:  Imm,  a  natu- 
ral course  (ir  thannel  ;  as,  the  deriration  of  Wftl«ff 
fruin  it»  rhanml  bv  literal  drain'!. 

■I.  A  drawing  nl'hunuirs  from  one  part  of  the  body 
to  anothrr  ;  as,  the  drricatu'-.i  t.f  humuis  from  Um 
cyi-,  bv  a  blister  t>n  the  ntrk. 
J  I  5.  n  hi*  Ihinc  derived  or  d.duced.  GUnriHe, 

DE-RIV* A  riVE,  o.  Derivtd  ;  taken  or  hiviiiR  pro. 
ceeded  from  another  or  something  prccciinK ;  sec- 
ondnr)' ;  as,  a  derivative  perfection  ;  a  dmraurt  coo* 
vcynnce,  as  a  rt!ea-«e.  Hi  u\-'!oaf. 

'J.  A  drrizative  chord,  in  inuiiic,  is  fue  Ji-rived 
frtirn  a  fimdamenl.il  chord. 

DE-RIV'.V  '11 VE,  n.  That  which  is  derived  ;  a  word 
which  takes  its  origin  in  nnutlicr  word,  or  is  formed 
ft-oui  it.  Thus,  drprarity  is  a  dcrtcative  from  the  U 
depraro,  and  acknovUd^e^  from  knoieUtlj;ey  and  tliU 
from  knuie,  the  primitive  word. 
2.  In  miuiic.  a  chord  not  fundamental. 

DE-RIV'A-TIvE-LY,aJp.  In  a  derivative  manncfj 
by  derivation. 

DE-KIV'A-TIVE-.NESS,  n.  The  slate  of  being  der^t- 
attve. 

DE-UIVE',  *.  *.  [h.derivo;  de  and  riruj,  a  stream; 
Fr.  derirtr  ;  Pp.  d tricar ;  It.  drrirare,] 

1.  To  draw  from,  as  in  a  regular  course  or  chwi- 
ncl ;  to  receive  from  a  source  by  a  regular  convey- 
ance. The  heir  derives  an  estate  from  his  nnceslors. 
We  derive  from  Adam  mortal  bodies  and  naluiM 
prone  to  ^in. 

2.  To  draw  or  receive,  as  from  a  source  or  oripln. 
We  derive  ideas  from  the  senses,  and  Inslructioa 
from  good  books. 

3.  To  deduce  or  draw,  as  from  a  root,  or  primitive 
word.  A  hundred  words  ore  ollen  drnvr.d  fmm  \ 
single  monos>IIabic  root,  and  sometinus  a  nmrli 
greater  numbir. 

4.  To  turn  from  its  natural  course ;  to  divert ;  as, 
to  derive  water  from  tlie  main  channel  or  curronl 
inlo  lateral  rivulets. 

5.  To  communicate  from  one  to  another  by  deiicaiiL 

An  ezcdleol  diipoaiiioa  li  dcrivmt  to  your  lonUhlp  (n-m  jtm 
pLUTiiU.  FilUm. 

G.  To  spread  in  various  directions;  tocausototlow. 

Ttu  ctmnM  of  justice  were  dmetd  hilo  every  part  at  ihr 
kliifilom.  i>ari«. 

DE-RIVE',  V.  i.  To  come  or  proceed  from.  [AW 
common.]^ 

Power  from  hnren  itritta.  PfUr. 

DERIVED,  pp.  or  fl.  Drawn,  as  from  a  source ;  de- 
duced ;  received;  rcgularty  conveyed;  descended; 
C4>niinuiitcated  ;  transmitted. 

DE-RIVER,  «.  One  who  derives,  or  draws  from  a 
source.  .S^  *'. 

DE-RIV'IXG,  ppr.  Drawing;  receiving:  dcd-!.  ■: 
communicating;  diverting  or  turning  into  ni!-;;- 

DERM,  n.     [Gr.  (?£p//o,  skin.]  [clianml. 

The  organized  tegument,  or  natural  covering  of  an 
animal. 

DERM'AL,  a.    [Gr.  Scpiia,  skin.] 

Pertaining  to  skin  ;  consisting  of  skin.      Ftemng. 

DERM'A-TOinJa.    [Gr.  /rn/.a, skin, and  cil»s,  torn.] 
Like  the  pkin,  without  being  Fkln. 

DKRM-A-TOI/O  GIST,  n.  One  who  discounKi  on 
the  skin  and  its  diseases. 

DKKM-A-TOL'O  6Y,  n.  [Gr.  ^lo/i j, ikin,  and  X«io(, 
diBcoupc.]  A  treatise  or  histotj'  of  the  skin  and  iti 
discaiiea. 

DER.M'OID,  o.    HesemWlngfkin  :  dermaloid. 

DKKM-SKEL'E-TON,  n.     [Gr.  iioiia  and  c.-.v  -  i. 
wkin-ski-lelon.J      .\  lemi    applied    to    ih*-   <  ■'^' 
rase  or  covering  of  numerous  classes  of  nntrinl-, 
the  Itdnter,  ^^.c.    This  coverinc  not  cm!. 
soft  [wns  of  the  body  from  injury,  btii 
point  of  altichtnent  for  the  moving  i 
inli-mnl  Mkelelon  does  in  other  animals.       i;-^-".-. 

DER.N,  a.     [Sax.  dtarn.l 
I         PofiLirv ;  sad  i  cruel.     [OSj.l  .Wore. 


DEnNTSjl,,  a.     Sad  ;  moumnif.     [OU.] 
l)KR'.MEK,(der'niH;rordcrnyar',)ii.      [Fr.l    !-•>«<: 
_  final  1  ultimate  ;  o.s,  the  Jcnucr  resort.    [/  K»a»  not 

Uuit  it  u  used  in  any  other  ]ihrtue.\ 
DER.N'LY,  orfr.    Sadly  i  mournfully.    [0J».]     J""- 
DER'0-CATE,  r.  (.     LL.  dercpt) ;  de  and  rcga,  to  alt, 


F.\TE,  PAR,  KALI,  WHAT.  — MfiTK,  PRBV.  — PINK,  MARINE,  BIKD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  IigQK.— 


I 


{The  icord  is  s^^ntraUij  used  in  Viis  se/tse.] 
2.  To  act  beneath  one's  nink,  place,  o 


DES 

to  propose.  In  ancient  Rome,  rogo  was  used  in  pro- 
posing new  lawsj  and  derogo^  in  repealing  some  sec- 
lion  of  a  law.  Hence  the  sense  U,  to  take  from  or 
annul  a  part.    Class  Rg.] 

1.  To  repeal,  annul,  or  destroy  the  force  and  effect 
of  some  part  of  a  law  or  cstabUslied  rule  ;  to  lessen 
the  extent  of  a  law  ;  distinguished  from  ahrogatc. 

By  several  coittraiy  customs,  m^ny  of  die  civij  aiid  cuiuii  laws 
are  controlled  and  derognted.  Hale. 

9.  To  lessen  the  worth  of  a  person  or  thing ;  to 
disparage. 

[/n   the  foregoing  senses,  the.  word  is  noio  seldom 
used.] 
DER'O-GATE,  v.  i.    To  take  away  j  to  detract ;  to 
lessen  by  taking  away  a  part  j  as,  say  nothing  to 

derocfate't'rom  the  merit  or  reputation  of  a  brave  man. 

....  ^_^ 

or  birth.    [Un- 
usuaK]  SfiaJ:. 

DER'0-Ga-TED,  pp.  Diminished  in  value ;  degraded  ; 
damaged.  [Shakspearc uses  Derogate  in  this  sense.] 

DER'O-GATE-LY,  adv.  In  a  manner  to  lessen  or 
lake  from.  Shak. 

DER'0-Ga-TIXG,  ppr.  Annulling  a  partj  lessening 
by  taking  from. 

DER-0-Ga'TIOX,  «.  The  act  of  annulling  or  revok- 
ing a  law,  or  some  part  of  it.  Jilore  generally,  the 
act  of  taking  av.ay  or  destroying  the  value  or  effect 
of  any  thing,  or  of  limiting  its  extent,  or  of  restrain- 
ing its  operation  ;  as,  an  act  of  parliament  is  passed 
in  derogation  of  the  king's  prerogative  ;  we  can  not 
do  any  thmg  in  derogation  of  the  moraJ  law. 

2.  The  act  of  taking  something  from  merit,  repu- 
tation, or  honor ;  a  lessening  of  value  or  estimation  ; 
detraction:  disparagement  j  with  Jrom  or  of,-  as,  I 
say  not  this  in  derogation  o/ VirgU  j  let  nothing  be 
said  in  derogation  from  his  merit. 

DE-ROG'A-TIVE,  o.  Derogatory.  [The  latter  is 
mostly  used.] 

DE-ROG'A-TO-RI-LY,  adv.    In  a  detracting  manner. 

DE-ROG'A-TO-RI-NESS,  71.  The  quality  of  being 
derogator}'. 

DE-ROG'A-TO-RY,  a.  Detracting  or  tending  to  les- 
sen by  taking  something  from  ;  that  lessens  the  ex- 
tent, effect,  or  value  :  with  to.  Let  us  entertain  no 
opinions  derogcUmj  to  the  honor  of  God,  or  his  moral 
government.  Let  us  say  nothing  derogatory  to  the 
merit  of  our  neighbor. 

2.  A  derogatory  clause,  in  a  testament,  is  a  sentence 
or  secret  character  inserted  by  the  testator,  of  which 
he  resen'es  the  knowledge  to  himself,  with  a  condi- 
tion that  no  will  he  may  make  hereafter  shall  be 
valid,  unless  this  clause  is  inserted  word  for  word  ; 
a  precaution  to  guard  against  later  wills  extorted  by 
violince,  or  obtained  by  suggestion.  Encijc. 

DER'RICk,  71.  An  instrument  or  contrivance  for  rais- 
ing heavy  weights  by  means  of  a  pulley.  It  is  differ- 
ently constructed,  according  to  circumstances. 

Brande. 

DER'RIXG,  a.     Daring.     [JVot  i?i  ksc.I  Spenser. 

DER'VI^E.  1  "■  [Persian.]  A  Turkish  or  Persian 
monk,  who  professes  extreme  poverty,  and  leads  an 
austere  life.  Encvc. 

DES'CA.VT,  7(.  [Sp.  discante,  discantar;  dis  and  L. 
canUi,  to  smg.  (See  Cant.)  The  Fr.  dcchaiUcr  has  a 
different  sense.] 

1.  A  song  or  tune  composed  in  parts. 

2.  A  song  or  tune  with  various  modulations. 

The  wnkerul  nightingale 
AH  nijhl  Io!i^  b^r  an^.ciruus  desaint  sung.  Milton. 

3.  A  discourse  ;  discussion  ;  disputation  ;  animad- 
version, comment,  or  a  series  of  comments. 

4.  The  art  of  composing  music  in  several  parts. 
Desaint  is  plain,  figurative,  and  double. 

Plain  descant,  is  the  groundwork  of  musical  com- 
positions, consisting  in  the  orderly  disposition  of  con- 
cords, ansv/ering  to  simple  counterpoint. 

Figurative  or  fiorid  descant,  is  that  part  of  an  air  in 
which  some  discords  are  concerned. 

Deublc  descent,  is  when  th^  parts  are  so  contrived, 
that  the  treble  may  be  made  the  base,  and  the  base 
the  treble.  Bailetf.     F.ncvr. 

DES-CANT',  v.  i.  To  run  a  di\nston  or  variety  "with 
the  voice,  on  a  musical  ground  in  ime  measure  ;  to 
sing.  Bailey.     Johnson. 

2.  To  discourse  ;  to  comment ;  to  make  a  variety 
of  remarks ;  to  animadvert  freely. 

A  rjrtaous  man  should  be  pleased  to  find  people  deteanting  on 
his  odiona.  Addison, 

DES-CAXT'ER.  71.    One  who  descants. 

DES-eA>.T'ING,  p/n-.  Singing  in  parts  or  with  vari- 
ous modulations  ^  discoursing  freely ;  commenting. 

np^^"^"^^'^*''  ""    Keraark  j  conjecture.    BumcL 

DE-3CEXD',  (de-send',)  v.  i.  [L.  descaiAo;  de  and 
scando,  to  climb;  W.  dlscynu,  from  eynu,  to  rise, 
cvm.  lop :  It.  discenderc ;  Fr.  dcicmdre ;  Sp.  desee/ider ; 
Arm.  du^gfim  The  root  cwn  is  from  extending, 
Ehoolinc,  innf«ting,  as  gin  in  begin.] 

1.  To  move  or  pass  from  a  higher  to  a  lower  place  ; 
to  move,  come,  or  go  downward ;  to  fall ;  to  sink  ; 
to  run  or  flow  down  ;  applicable  to  any  kind  of  motion 


DES 

or  of  body.    We  descend  on  the  feet,  on  wheels,  or  by 
falling.    A  torrent  descends  from  a  mountain. 

The  r.iin.5  descend^rl,  and  the  RomU  caitt-:.  —  Matt.  rii. 

2.  To  go  down,  or  to  enter. 

He  sliall  desccTid  into  battle  and  p^:n*h.  —  I  Sam.  xxri. 

3.  To  come  suddenly  ;  to  fall  violently. 

And  on  the  suitore  Ic:  thy  wrath  dttcend.  Pope. 

4.  To  go  in ;  to  enter. 

He,  witli  hon<-ct  mcditatioiu  fed, 
liilo  \mti&e\t drscenrled.  Milton. 

5.  To  rush ;  to  invade,  as  an  enemy. 

The  Greciin  fl«t  desceiulin^  <m  [!ie  town.  Dryden. 

6.  To  proceed  from  a  source  or  original ;  to  be  de- 
rived. The  beggiU'  may  descend  from  a  prince,  antl  a 
prince  from  a  beggar. 

7.  To  proceed,  as  from  father  to  son  ;  to  pass  from 
a  preceding  possessor,  in  the  order  of  lineage,  or 
according  to  the  laws  of  succession  or  inheritance. 
Tims,  an  inheritance  descends  to  the  son  or  next  of 
kin  ;  a  crown  descends  to  the  hL-ir. 

8.  To  pass  from  general  to  particular  considera- 
tions: as,  having  exjdained  the  genenil  subject,  we 
will  descend  to  particulars. 

9.  To  come  down  from  an  elevated  or  honorable 
station  ;  in  a  figurative  sense.  Flavins  is  an  honora- 
ble man  ;  he  can  not  descend  to  acts  of  meanness. 

10.  In  imisic,  to  full  in  sound ;  to  pass  from  any 
note  to  another  less  acute  or  shrill,  or  from  sliarp  to 
flat.  Rousseau. 

DE-SCEND',  V,  (.  To  walk,  move,  or  pass  downward 
on  a  declivity;  as,  to  descend  a  hill;  to  descend  an 
inclined  plain.  [But  this  may  be  considered  as 
elliptical,  on  or  alon"  being  understood.] 

DE-SCEND'AJVT,  n.     {Fr.  descendant ;  h.  descendens.] 

Any  person  proceeding  from  an  ancestor  in  any 

degree;  i.ssue ;  offspring,  in  the  line  of  generation, 

ad  injinitiu;:.     \Vc  are  all  the  descemlants  of  Adam 

and  Eve. 

DE-SCEND'ED,  pp.  Moved  downward  from  a  bight ; 
proceeded  from  a  source,  as  a  son  from  a  father. 

DE-SCEXD'ENT,  a.    Descending;  falling;  sinking. 
3.  Proceeding  from  an  original  or  ancestor.     Pope. 

DE-SCEND-I-BIL'I-TV,  n.  The  quality  of  being  de- 
scendible, or  capable  of  being  transmitted  from  an- 
cestors ;  as,  tlie  descendibility  of  an  estate  or  of  a 
crown.  Blackstone. 

DE-SCEXD'I-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  descended  or 
passed  down  ;  as,  the  hill  is  descendible, 

2.  That  may  descend  from  an  ancestor  to  an  heir ; 
as,  a  dcscaidiblt  estate. 

DE-SCEXD^IXG,  -ppr.  or  a.  Moving  downward  ;  pro- 
ceeding from  an  ancestor. 

DE-SCEX'SIOX,  (de-sen'shun,)  ji.    [L.  descensio.] 

1.  The  act  of  going  downward  ;  descent  j  a  falling 
or  sinking;  declension;  degradation. 

2.  In  astronomy,  right  descension  is  the  arc  of  the 
equator  which  descends,  with  the  sign  or  star,  below 
the  horizon  of  a  right  sphere.  Barlow. 

Oblique  desccnsion,  is  the  arc  of  the  equator  which 
descends,  with  the  sign  or  star,  below  the  horizon  of 
an  oblique  sphere.  Barlow. 

DE-SCEN'SIOX-AL,  a.     Pertaining  to  descent. 

DE-SCEX*SIVE,  a.  Descending ;  tending  downward ; 
having  power  to  descend.  Hhcrwood. 

DE-SCEN-So'RI-U.U,  71.    A  chemical  furnace. 

DE-SCEXT',  (de-sent',)  n.    [Fr.  desccnU ;  L.  descsnsus.] 

1.  The  act  of  descending  ;  the  act  of  passing  from 
a  higher  to  a  lower  place,  by  any  form  of  motion,  as 
by  walking,  riding,  rolling,  sliding,  sinking,  or 
falling. 

2.  Inclination  downward  ;  obliquity  ;  slope ;  de- 
clivity ;  as,  the  descent  of  a  hill,  or  a  roof. 

3.  Progress  downward  ;  as,  the  descent  from  higher 
to  lower  orders  of  beings.  Locke, 

4.  Fall  from  a  higlier  to  a  lower  state  or  station. 

M'dton, 

5.  A  lantiiug  from  ships;  invasion  of  troops  from 
the  sea ;  as,  to  make  a  descent  on  Cuba. 

G.  A  pa'^sing  from  an  ancei^ior  to  an  heir ;  transmis- 
sion by  succession  or  inheritance  ;  as,  the  descent  of 
an  estate  or  a  title  from  the  father  to  the  son.  De- 
scent i''  lineal,  when  it  proceeds  directly  from  the 
father  to  the  son,  and  from  the  son  to  the  grandson  ; 
collattrr.l,  when  it  proceeds  frt)ra  a  man  to  his  brother, 
nephew,  or  other  collateral  representative. 

7.  A  proceeding  tTOm  nn  original  or  progenitor. 
The  Jews  boast  of  their  descent  from  Abraham. 
Hence, 

8.  Birth  ;  extraction  ;  lineage  ;  as,  a  noble  descent, 

9.  A  generation  ;  a  single  degree  in  the  scale  of 
genealogy ;  distance  from  the  common  ancestor. 

No  man  is  athousamt  descents  from  Adam.  Hooter. 

10.  Offspring;  issue;  descendants. 

Tl:c  circ  of  oor  descent  perplexes  mo^t.  Milton. 

11.  A  rank  in  the  scale  of  subordination.    Jililton. 

12.  Lowest  place.  Shale 
yx  In  music,  a  passing  from  a  note  or  sound  to  one 

more  prave  or  less  acute. 
DE-SCKIB'A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  described;  capa- 
ble of  description. 


DES 

DE-S€RIBE',  V.  t.  [L.  deseribo;  de  and  scribo,  to 
write  ;  Sp  deacribir;  It.  descrivere }  Fr.deerire;  Arm. 
discriva.     See  Scribe.] 

1.  To  delineate  or  mark  the  form  or  figure;  as,  lo 
describe  a  circle  by  the  compasses. 

2.  To  make  or  exhibit  a  figure  by  motion  ;  as,  a 
star  describes  a  circ  c  or  an  ellip.^is  m  the  h'.'aveus. 

3.  To  show  or  represent  to  others  in  wordu ;  to 
communicate  an  idea  of  a  thing,  b.v  naming  its  na- 
ture, form,  or  properties.  The  poet  dr.icribes  the 
Trojan  horse;  the  historian  deseribcji  the  battle  of 
Fharsalia ;  the  moralist  dcacribes  the  effecti!  of  corrupt 
manners;  the  geographer  describes  countries  and 
cities. 

4.  To  repr  sent  by  signs.  A  deaf  and  dumb  man 
m:iy  describe  a  distant  object;  our  passions  maybe 
described  by  e\temal  motions. 

5.  To  draw  a  plan ;  to  represent  by  lines  and  other 
marks  on  paper,  or  other  material ;  as,  to  describe  the 
surface  of  the  earth  by  a  map  or  chart. 

6.  To  give  a  clear  and  vivid  cvhibition  in  language  j 
as,  Milton  describes  with  uncommon  force  and  beauty, 

7.  To  define  laxly.  Gray. 
DE-SGRTii'/JD,  pp.     Represented  in  form  by  marks 

or  figures;  delineated;  represented  by  words  or 
signs. 

DE-SeRIB'ER,  n.  One  who  describes  by  mark.<?,  worda, 
or  signs. 

DE-SeitlBTNG,  ppr.  Representing  Uie  form  or  figure 
of,  by  lines  or  marks;  communicating  a  view  of,  by 
words  or  signs,  or  by  naming  Ihe  nature  and  prop- 
erties. 

DE-SeRI'JED,  pp.  [See  Deschv.]  Espied ;  discov- 
ered ;  seen. 

DE-SGRIER,  n.  fSec  Descrt.]  One  who  espies  or 
discovers  ;  a  discoverer;  a  detecter.  Crashaw. 

DE-SGRIP'TIOX,  lu     [L.  deseriptio.] 

1.  Theactof  delineating,  or  representing  the  figure 
of  any  thing  l>y  a  plan,  lo  be  presented  tu  the  eye. 

2.  The  figure  or  appearance  of  any  tiling  deline- 
ated, or  represented  by  visible  lines,  marks,  colors, 
&c. ;  as,  the  description  of  a  country,  or  of  Solomon's 
temple. 

3.  The  act  of  representing  a  thing  by  words  or  by 
signs,  or  the  passage  containing  such  representation  ; 
a  representation  of  names,  nature,  or  properties,  that 
gives  toanoiliera  xiewof  the  thing.  Homer  abounds 
with  beautiful  and  striking  descriptions.    Hence, 

4.  A  dclinition.  Ail  definitions  must  be  less  per- 
fect descriptions  of  a  material  thing,  than  a  visible 
figure  or  delineation. 

5.  The  qualities  expressed  in  a  representation  ;  x% 
a  man  of  this  dcscriptioit.  Burke, 

Hence, 

6.  The  persons  lia\ing  llie  qualities  expressed  ;  a 
class  of  persons  to  whom  a  description  is  applicable, 
or  who  are  in  a  similar  condition. 

The  secretary  proceeds  to  exajniiic,  whcihcr  a  didercncc  ough*. 
to  \>i  permitted  to  rem.-iia  bciwoeu  them  and  anotlicr  (/e- 
scripdon  of  public  creditors.  Hami'lon, 

Persons  of  ditlervnc  descripaons.  Scott. 

DE-SeRlP'TIVE,  a.  Containing  description  ;  lend- 
ing to  describe  ;  having  the  quality  of  representing; 
as,  a  descriptive  figure;  a  descriptive  narration j  a 
story  descriptive  of  the  age. 

Descriptive  geometry,  consist-  in  the  application  of 
geometrical  rules  to  the  repre>!:ntation  of  the  figures 
and  various  relations  of  the  forms  of  bodies  accurd- 
ing  to  certain  conventional  methods.  Brande. 

DE-SeRIP'TlVE-LY,  adv.    By  description. 

DE-SGRIPTIVE-XESS,  ?i.  Stale  of  being  descrip- 
tive. 

DE-SCR^',  r.  t.  [Xorm.  descricr  or  discriver,  and  dis- 
ecver,  to  discover.] 

1.  To  espy ;  to  explore ;  to  examine  by  observa- 
tion. 

The  house  of  Josej-h  sent  to  descry  Eelhel.  — Judges  i. 

2.  To  detect;  to  find  outj  to  discover  any  Uiicg 
concealed. 

3.  To  see  ;  to  behold  ;  to  Iiave  a  sight  of  from  a 
distance  ;  as,  the  seamen  descried  land. 

4.  To  give  notice  of  something  suddenly  discov- 
ered.    [Ji'ot  in  iise,]  Hall, 

DE-S€Ry',  n.    The  thing  descried,  as  an  army  seen 

nt  a  distance.     {UnusttaU]  ShaJu 

DE-S€RV1XG,  ppr.    Discovering;  espying. 
DES'E-eRATE.  v.  t     [L.  desecro;  ffe'and  sacro,  lo 
consecrate,  from  sacer,  sacred.] 

1.  To  divert  from  a  sacred  purpose  or  appropria- 
tion ;  opposed  to  consecrate ;  as,  to  desecrate  a  dona- 
tion to  a  church. 
9.  To  divest  of  a  sacred  character  or  office. 

The  ctertry  c^ui  not  suffer  corporal  puniJimfni,  wiiliout  faring 
prtviously  deitcraied.  7'uolt'i  Huitia. 

DES'E-€Ra-TED,  pp.  or  a.  Diverted  frum  a  sacred 
purpose  or  appropriation  ,  divested  of  a  sacred  char- 
acter or  office. 

DES'E-CRA-TIXG,  ppr.  Divcrtinc  from  a  purpose  to 
which  a  thing  is  consecrated ;  divt-tiing  of  a  sacred 
character  or  office. 

DES-E-CRA'TIOX,  n.  The  act  of  diverting  from  a 
sacred  purpose  or  use  to  which  a  thing  had  been  de- 
voted ;  Jie  act  of  diverting  from  a  sacred  character 
or  office. 


TGXE,  BULL,  XJNITE.  — AN"GER,  Vl^CIOUS.— €  as  K;  6  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


DES 


DBS 


UETERT, 

■OH  . 
I. 


OES  1  : 
A 

unii 
rit-t 


quit 
I'tk-i 

ut  :i 

U,    U.    J  :.'rl       111 

DE-»i:i:l",r.  f. 
out 

nil 
rvii 

Wli 

HUM 
hti 

lUI' 


^  nnd 


lltlt- 


1  r'clon  !n  it<  mt 


'iillMadJiKliTc,ali'l 
lun;  lu 


Tn  nui  :i«"nv  •,  In  q'tlt  n  "■•rvifC  wUh- 

■  ;    llinl 

;  »  hlch 

t  ;  that 

.i.rdi- 

k1  con- 

;i   nil  rii-i  .\u  <  tiui^.ilflit  re- 

.  will  rt'waril  ur  piiiiUli  incn 


D&SIC'CATi;  or  PES'ieeXTE,  p.  fc    |1.  Juiecti 

Jr <         ■    •  ■    Uy.] 

1  ii.iubl  of  muUturu  ;  to  txlialu  ur  rc- 

ni'  III. 

IH-  -1.   L i   Uia'IC-CATE,  r.  i.    To  bcconw 

'■     Ac<CX-TV.\1.  fp.    Dried. 

-u'.-v  'I! '.i:  j,j«..  Uryinu;  ftxliau^iiiis  nioistiiro. 
.'.  -M.     TliD  act  of  making  dr>- ;  llio 

.  .  n.    All  apiillcatlon  which  ttiiiU  to 

.a.    Drj'lnii  tending  to  do' ;  Dial 
.  •  dr)-. 
,  .\1X,  r.  I.    [from  the  I.]    To  «-anf.  to 

Jirouglutiu, 
I ..i;  A-TIVE,  o.     Dtnotlllj  di'slro  ;  a»,  ilaid- 

rrflr<rc  M-ll*it.  ,     . 

DK-SIDKR-.VTVM,  ». ;  !>/.  DusiDtniTi.  [l*  <i«i<J- 
^riri,       -urn,  from  JffidrrOj  to  dwirt'-l 

.\  lilrh   in  il.iir.  il  ;  thai  which   U   not  |kis- 
it  which  ii  dc^mitilo;  any  pcrfrctlon  or  ini- 

1,1   w hlch   i»   wanlid.     Thu   lunsilud"  is  a 

dr^ulmilKin  In  navipillon.     A  tribunal  to  nettle  na- 
tluiml  ilisjiutiH  without  war  in  a  great  ifMii/rnidiiii. 
DE-.«ll>l-OSi;,  u.     Idle;  lazy. 

DESIGN',  (ill -slim' or do-».Inn',)  r.  (.  [I.,  tlcttgiw;  dc 
and  5H'>ii>,  to  wal  or  stamp,  that  i»,  to  net  or  throw  ; 
?p.  desij^nr,  diftuar;  It.  deji^are,  ilUc^are;  Fr. 
dejifrnerf  dfjuinrr.] 


h  I-  lU^i  rvcd  ;  reward  or  iHumlmient 
future  lift',  every  man  will  receive 


Wholly  foraaken ;  ab.indon- 


•i  Tliimli 
merited.    In 
biJ  dfjert. 
DK  iEllT'ED,  pp.  or  a 
cd  ;  left. 

UK  SKKT  rn.  It.  \  pr^oii  who  forsaken  lil«  cause, 

111,  .  ■  •  '  '  /•ar(icufiti*/ir,  a  soldier 
Of  ,  witliout  peiniiuion, 

,„,1  int. 

Df^:9l-Ki  ^1.1. .'I-  lli;;ii  I"  IK -t-rt ;  meritorious 

Brttura.  l(  hi. 

DE-»rRT'I  VC,  p7'.     Fnr<akln;  utieily  ;  .alianilonini,'. 
DK-?:         :     ".  "■       !■  I  of  fur»;iking  orabamloii- 

in-  I  rr>imtr>',  an  army,  or  iiiil- 

II.,'.  ,.    act  of  tliiltting  with  an  in- 

triitioii  flit  1  I  r>  tini. 
a.  The  »tale  of  liclnj  forsaken  by  God ;  apirilual 

de«pondoncy. 

Ttr-  xf.^ir*  J  1  Mul  Ulliivf  dttrrtioi.  SOUtS, 

DI>-»F.R'I"l.i;~.-*,  a.    Witliout  merit  or  claim  to  favor 

ur  rewani.  Dryden. 

l)F.-»  ER  I "  I.K.*^l.V,  oilr.  Undcien'edly.  Beaum.  tf  Fl. 

!Ii:  Jt:o-rM;!  v*' !  "-  A  female  who  deserts.   .Wiiion. 

llb-rnK  I    ttlA.      ) 

DE-SERVES  (Jc-wrv',)  r.  t.  [L.  'Ifjrrrw  :  tie  and  scr- 
via^  lo  wrvt".     Tiic  Fr.  iUtrrcir  !■*  nni  used. J 

I.  To  merit  i  to  bo  worth)'  of;  applitd  to  good  or 
tviL 

a.  To  merit  by  labor  or  Ber\*ic«s ;  lo  have  a  juut 
claim  to  an  equivalent  fur  (^ood  conforTcd.  The  la- 
borer d£4trrc»  lint  %vagus;  he  descrsu  the  value  of 
bu  fcrvicva. 

3.  To  merit  by  rocmI  arti.rH  i.r  <|<i^liti^s  ^n  gcn- 
rral;    lo  be   worthy  «'  '    of  pxcclltiiro. 

The  viftuou.^  man  t/f.'  >iid  commcuda- 

tkm.    A  work  of  valii> 

■4.  To  b«'  wortliy  of,  ui  u  l:U  .  i.u-^  .■  to  mrril  by  an 
ertl  act  \  aj,  to  deserve  blnmc  or  puni.-diniciiL 

Oetl  cuctrlh  U  tb-r  \n»  Uaii  I/lk^  Lnl.iultjr  diuriKth.  —  Job  xL 

DE-SERVE',  (de-xerv',)  r.  L  To  merit ;  to  lie  worthy 
f>f  nr  di'^rnrlnj;  a«,  he  dfjrrrts  well  or  ill  of  his 


n/r- 


t.i>  1 


or  a.    Merited  ;  worthy  of. 
aJe.    JuKtIy  ;  nccordinK  to  desert, 
or  evil.     A  man  may  bo  dtjerrtdly 
i>r  piinbihr-d. 
\\v  who  driu>r\'ei  or  mrritd ;  one 
;  lu/J  f^cmernllf  in  a  f^iKxi  neiuf, 
Dryden. 

DE-*RRV'IN*n.  ppf.     Mrriiinf  ;   hnvins  a  just  claim 
tn  rr- -- i')l<ihnii'nt. 

r    pniliii' ;  mrrilorloUA  ; 
P  It  entitle  to  approba- 

«.    'I'be    act    of  meriting ;    desrrt ; 


DHSEKV'IMJ, 


i'\yi   tvith    JuM 


DE-SKRV  I 

dcivrrt. 

DF.S./L1-BlLLFr,  (dc«  a  bll'.)  «.  [Fr.,  from  de  and 
kahdlrr^  to  cIoIIm.  I  bare  n-^Hrd  the  true  orthog- 
raphy.] 

An  undress  ;  a  Ioom  mnrnlni  drm  ;  hrnu,  any 
homr  drm  ;  as,  the  lady  i»  in  dcMkahtU^ 

DK-SIC'€ANT,  a.     [Sec  DK»icciTa.1     l>r)inK. 

DE-5*IC'C\NT,  n.  A  mMiclne  or  applrrjktttm  lliat 
drif^  a  rurr*.  ffltem^n. 


1.  To  dcllntntc  a  form  or  flRiire  Iiy  dniwing  tho 
outline;  to  sketch ;  as  in  painting  »nd  other  works 
of  art. 

2.  To  plan  ;  to  form  an  outline  or  representation 
uf  anv  thing.     Hence,    ■ 

3.  'J'o  project;  to  form  an  idea,  ns  a  scheme. 
Hence, 

4.  To  purpase  or  intend  ;  as,  a  man  dcsi^iu  to 
write  an  es-^av,  or  to  study  taw. 

5.  To  murk' out  l>y  tokens.     [.Vol  u.^ed.]     I^cke. 
i;.  To  intend  to  apply  nr  appropriate;  \\\\\\  far  i 

as,  wc  deM^rn  this  Rfound  for  a  c'trilen,  and  that  for 
a  park.  The  word  dfjiim  may  include  an  adapting 
or  planning  a  thing  for  a  purpose,  or  m-.Te  intention 
or  schi-me  of  the  mind,  which  implie^i  a  plan.  The 
fatlier  (/rvijrnt  UU  son  for  llie  piofe.-^sion  of  the  law, 
or  for  llie  ministrj'.  It  w:is  formerly  followed  by  to, 
but  lhi:4  u.se  is  now  uncoinmnn. 
DE-SION',  (de-siiic'  or  de-zlne',)  n.     [Fr.  dr^sein.] 

1.  A  plan  or  representation  of  a  thing  by  an  out- 
line;  sketch;  general  view;  first  idea  represented 
by  visible  lines,  as  In  painting  or  architecture. 

2.  A  scheme  or  plan  in  the  mind.  A  wise  man  is 
di^tinsuiithed  by  the  jmiiciousness  of  his  de^iffiis. 

3.  rurjwse ;  nitention  ;  aim ;  implying  a  scheme 
or  plan  ij»  llie  iniml.  It  is  my  desijrti  to  educate  my 
sen  for  tlie  bar. 

■1.  The  idea  or  scheme  intended  to  be  expressed  by 
an  artist ;  as,  tlic  de,iiipis  of  medals.  Jiddison. 

5.  In  ittan\ifactorit:i^\.\\Q  figures  with  which  work- 
men enrich  Ihfir  stufl's,  copied  from  painting  or 
dmuphls.  FMcyc 

(i.  In  mtwi'f,  the  invention  and  conduct  of  Uie  sub- 
ject;  the  dis|iosition  of  ever)'  [»art,  and  the  general 
order  of  the  whole.  Roiuism:. 

DE-SIGN'.V-BLE.  (dc-sTn'a-bl  or  dc-zTn'a-bl,)  a.    Ca- 
pable of  being  designed  or  marked  out. 

2.  Dii^tinguisliablc.  Digby. 

DES'IG-NATE,  r.  L     [I*,  desisno,  desi<p>atum.] 

1.  To  mark  out  or  ahow,  so  as  to  make  known  ;  to 
indic-ite  by  visible  lines,  marks,  description,  or  some- 
thing known  anri  detenninatc  ;  as,  to  rfMii-THi/tf  the 
limits  of  a  country  ;  tho  limits  are  dfj't^tated  on  the 
map;  i/fjin-naf*  the  spot  where  a  st.ar  appears  In  the 
heavens;  desi^naU  the  place  where  our  ancestors 
first  landed.  . 

2.  To  point  out ;  lo  distinguish  from  others  by  In- 
dication ;  as,  to  be  able  lo  dcM^rnate  every  individual 
who  was  concerned  in  n  riot. 

3.  To  appoint ;  lo  select  or  distinguish  for  a  partic- 
ular purpose  ;  lo  assign  ;  with  for  ;  us,  lo  deji^nate  an 
officer  for  the  command  of  a  station  ;  or  with  to  ;  .as, 
this  captain  was  de.siirnaud  to  that  station. 

DES'IG-NATE,  a,     Apiuinted  ;  marked  out.     [LiuU 

u-^fd.] 
DES'IG-N'A-TED,  pp.  Marked  out ;  indicated  ;  shown  ; 

pointed  out ;  appointed. 
r»l-::5'IG-XA-TING,  ppr.      Marking  out;    indicating ; 

jMihilinii  out ;  npiiomting. 
DES-IG-NA'TIO.N,  n.    The  act  of  pointing  or  marking 
out  by  signs  or  objects;  as,  the  designation  of  an  es- 
tate by  boundaries. 

2.  Indicatiim ;  a  showing  or  pointing;  a  disttn- 
gui.>4hiRg  from  others. 

X  Appointment;  direction;  as,  a  claim  to  a  throne 
pronndL'd  nn  ihe  designation  of  a  predecessor. 

•I.  Appointment;  a  selecting  and  ap|>ointing  ;   as- 
Hignmoiit;  a-^,  tbr  Jr.,.r,„if;,>«  of  an  niltcer  lo  a  par- 
Ik  ImiKirt;  'I  '  iiion.  [ticulor  command. 

i'laili!  ubl  Inr  I  irilMiteil  In  Ukrlr  (mi  rfnl.r'ia- 

tonU>\i\:   ■  r-.i.  Lofkt. 

DES'IG-NA-Tivr,,  a.     ^r.ning  lo  designate  or  indi- 
cate. Pritfhard, 
DFJ''IG  NATOR,  ».    A  Roman  officer  who  assigriid 


DES 

to  each  jk-rs^m  his  nink  and  jdacu  in  public  idiowi 
Uiid  ceremonies. 
DES'IG-NA-TO-UY,  a.    That  which  designates. 
DESIGX'i-J>,(de-sInd'  or  de-zlnd'.)/i/'.  or  a.     Marked 

out :  dt-tineated  ;  planned  ;  intended. 
DE-^lGX'JiD-LV,  arfe.  Uy  design  ;  purposely;  inten- 
tionally; opfHiscd  to  aceidi-ntalltit  i>*}iuraiulift  at  iwul- 
vfrtentJu, 
DE-SIGN'EIl,  (ue-sln'er  or  de-zln'er,)  n.  Ono  who 
designs,  murks  out,  4>r  plans;  one  who  frame*  t 
scheme  or  project;  a  contriver. 

2.  One  who  plots  ;  one  who  lays  a  scUcnio  ;  in  u 
ill  .lettse. 
DE-tilG.N'FJJL-NESS,  ii.  Abundance  of  design     [AW 

u*e.i.]  liarroid, 

DE-S)IG.N'ING,  (deslu'lng  or  de-zTn'ing,)  ppr.  Form* 
ing  a  design;  planning;  delineating  the  uutltuej 
drawing  figures  un  a  plane. 

2.  a.  In  an  ill  sense,  artful ;  Insidious;  lntrlguiu|; 
contriving  schemes  of  mischief;   hence,  dcccitfUL 
Dejtjptini^  men  are  always  liable  to  suspicion. 
DE-SIGN'ING,  n.    The  art  of  delineating  object**. 

Berkfh'j. 
DE-SIGN'LESS,  a.    WlUiuut  design  or  intention  ;  liw 

advertent. 
Di:-tfIGN'LESS-LY,  adv.    Without  design  ;  hiadvtfr 

tently  ;  ignoninlly. 
DE-SIGN'SlENT,  n.    Design  j  sketch  ;  dclineution- 

JJrjfden, 
2.  Design  ;  purpose  ;  aim  ;  Intent ;  scheme. 
iThis  vord  «  notr  tiUle  iwrd.]         [Glancille.     Shdu 
DES'i-NENCE,  n.    [L.  dutno.] 

End  ;  close.  Bp.  IlalL 

DES'I-N'ENT,  <i.     Ending;  extreme;  lowernuM. 
DI-^SIP'1-EXT,   a.     [h.  dcfipicn^j  desipioj  lo  dole;* 
ami  -■ifl/'ui,  lo  be  wise.] 
Tridmg  ;  foolish  ;  playful. 
DE  SIK'.V-BLE,   a,     [See  Desire.]      Worthy  of  de- 
sire ;  that  is  to  be  wished  for  with  sincerity  or  earii- 
estness.     An  easy  address   is  a  desirable  accomph-U 
ment ;  real  virtue  is  still  more  desirabte. 
2.  I'leasing ;  agreeable. 

.\11  of  111'  in  ditiraltU  younn  m«o.  —  KaJt.  xxili. 

DE-SIU'A-BLE-NESS,  7U    The  quality  of  belnf  deilN 
nblc.  Oooaman. 

DE-SIR'A-BLY,  ode.    In  a  desirable  manner. 

DE-SIRE',  n,      [Fr.desir;    It    -fejio:  Sp.  desto!    Port. 
dcsrjo;  Arm.  drsir.     Qu.  W.  naii.] 

].  An  emotion  or  excitement  of  the  mindj  directtl 
to  the  attainment  or  posse.'ssion  uf  an  object  from 
which  pleasure,  sensual^  inlellcclual,  or  spiritual,  ii 
expected  ;  a  i)assion  excited  by  the  love  of  un  oltji  ft, 
or  uneasiness  at  the  want  of  it,  and  dirrrcted  to  it-" 
attninincntor  possession.  Desire  is  a  wish  to  possesi 
some  gratificalion  or  source  of  happini.-.'Js  which  U 
supposed  lo  bo  obtainabU.  A  wish  may  exist  for  some- 
thing that  is  or  is  not  obtainable.  Desire,  when  di- 
rected solely  to  sensual  enjoyment,  differs  litlle  from 
appetite.  In  other  languages,  desire  is  cxpresni'd  by 
longing  or  reaching  toward,  [Gr.  o/^r > «.»,  L.  apprUy^] 
and  when  it  is  ardent  or  intense,  it  approarh.-t  to 
longing;  but  the  word  in  English  usually  cxpnsw'i 
less  than  longing. 

Wo  endeavored  —  to  •«  your  tvM  wUh  great  denrt.  —  1  Tba. 


Thou  MlUiicst  the  detirtt  oterrrj  U»inf  thlnjf.  —  P».  cilt. 
Duirt  b  tliat  inUnul  net,  which,  by  Luilucnamr  Uv:  «ill;  nuki 
lu  prjcwJ  lo  cutjon.  El.  o/  CrituiMk, 

2.  A  pmycr  or  request  to  obtain. 

He  will  fulfill  ihc  dMrirt  of  tlK^m  thU  t-ar  him.  —  P<.  cilf. 

3.  The  object  of  desire  ;  tlial  which  is  desired. 

'IV  dttirt  of  all  natlotu  ahall  ooroc.  —  lUf.  U. 

A.  Love;  affection. 

lib  desire  Li  tovani  mc.  —  CanL  tU. 
5.  Appetite  ;  lust.  . 

Fulfiltiujr  lltc  (ic«rM  urUwflcah.  — Rph.  B.  , 

DE-SIRE',  r.  (.  [Fr.  desirer;  Arm.  draira  ;  It.  de/iart^ 
or  dejirarr;  Sp.desear;  Port,  desrjar ;  supjMx^ed  lobe 
contracted  from  L.  desidero^  from  dr^ido^  to  sink  or 
fieltle,  lo  wanu  Tho  latter  seems  to  bo  the  primary 
sense.] 

1.  To  wish  for  the  possession  and  enjoyment  of, 
with  a  greater  or  less  degree  of  earnefttnras ;  lo 
covet.  It  expre-sses  less  strength  of  affiction  Uiaa 
lonffing. 

Neither  ■lull  any  man  detin  ihy  I  owl.  —  Rn.  xxxif. 
Foliou-  after  eluulty,  and  derire  ajHnun\\  pAM,  —  1  (*«».  i 

2.  To  express  a  wish  to  obtain ;  lo  ask ;  it  r» 
quest ;  lo  petition. 

Tl>*n  i.)»c  nkl,  Dkl  I  desire  a  wn  of  my  I.ord  ?  — 2  Klnp  K 

3.  Tor.quire.     [JVotiause.]  SprMrrr. 
DE-SlK'Kf),  pp.  or  a.    Wished  for ;  coveted  ;  n-quori- 

cd  ;  entreated. 
DE  SlRE'LP^S,  a.     Free  from  desire.  Donne. 

DE  SIR'ER,  n.    One  who  desire.^  or  asks  ;  ono  wh< 

wishes, 
DE  SIR'I.VG,  ppr.     Wishing  for;  coveting;   asking; 

expressing  a  wish  ;  soliciting. 
DE-»TU'OUS,  a.     Wishing  for;   wishing  lo  obtain; 

coveting;  solicitous  to  possess  and  enjoy. 

Ik  nol  derirmtt  of  hit  .Uintl-a.  —  Pro*.  xilH. 

Jcsiu  knew  ih-!/  wen;  tierirotit  lo  oik  hirn.  — Jc6o  »»i. 


FATE,  FAR,  r.SU.,  WIIAT.-MeTF^  PRBY PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  VQQK.— 

_ 


DES 


DES 


DES 


DESIK'OUS-LY,  ado.    With  desire;    with  earnest 
DE^SIR'OL'S-iVESS,  n.    The  slate  or  affection  of  l)0- 

np'SlsT'""'').    fL-  'fcj'i*'"  ■•  ■'"^""'i  '''^''''' '"  ''^"''-l.  , 
To  stop  ;  to  cease  to  act  or  proceed  ;  to  forbear ;  ^vltll 
Cr^m  .'  33,  he  desisted  from  his  purpose  ;  let  us  Jtsist. 
DE  SIST'ANCE,  n.    A  ceasing  to  act  or  proceed  ;  a 

npsl<I'^iN'G,  ppr.    Ceasing  to  act  or  proceed. 
DeIi"TIO-N,  cSe-sisll'un,)  n.  [L.  desitus.]  End. 
DES'I-TIVE.    j    ^_     [L.  <icsit.K.] 

"■^nual     conclusive.     [Obs.]  «•.'<"• 

DE«K    71.    [D.  discit,  a  table,  a  dish ;  Sax.  rf'« .  <j. 
'      M;  Dan.  and  Sw.  disk;  Kuss.  dosU  ;   L,.  Jtscui : 
C,r  iiGKoi.    See  Dish.]  _  , 

1  \n  inclining  table  for  the  use  of  writers  and 
readers ;  usually  made  with  a  box  or  drawer  under- 
neath, and  sometimes  with  a  book-case  above,  i  ope. 
"  The  pulpit  in  a  church,  and  figiirata-chi,  the 
cle"rical  profession.  The  man  appears  well  in  the 
desk.    He  intends  one  son  for  the  bar,  and  another 

for  the  desk.  ,    ,  ,  r  tt^ii 

DESK  i:  u  To  shut  up  111  a  desk  ;  to  treasure.  J.  Hall. 
DESK'KD,  (deskt,)  pp.    Shut  up  in  a  desk. 
nE'=K'lNG,  ppr.    Shutting  up  in  a  desk. 
DES'MI.VE,  n.    A  mineral  that  crystallizes  in  little 
silken  tufts,  which  accompany  spinellane  in  the  lava 
of  extinct  volcanoes  on  the  banks  of  the  Rliinc. 
DES'6-LATE,  a.     [L.  desolaltLs.     See  the  verb.] 

1  Destitute  or  deprived  of  inhabitants ;  uesert ; 
uninhabited  ;  denoting  either  stripped  of  inhabitants 
or  never  having  been  inhabited;  as,  a  disolatt  isle  ;  a 
desolate  wilderness. 

I  »-ill  maic  Uic  ciiie.  of  Juiih  desalitte,  wiaioul  aa  iiikibiuuil. 
—  Jer.  tx. 

2.  Laid  waste  ;  in  a  ruinous  condition  ;  neglected  ; 
destroyed  ;  as,  desolate  altars  ;  desolate  towers.   E-.ek. 

3.  Solitary  ;  without  a  companion  ;  afTiicted. 

Tiinir  remained  diioliUc  in  Ahsdoni's  house.  —  3  Sim.  liii. 
Have  mercy  on  me,  for  I  am  desolate.  —  Pe.  xjv. 

4.  Deserted  by  God  ;  deprived  of  comfort. 
My  heart  within  me  is  deiolclt.  —  Pi.  cxliii. 


DES'0-L?'''E,  1'.  t.  [L.  dcsolo,  desolatiis;  de  and  solo, 
to  lay  waste,  so/its,  alone ;  Sp.  desolar;  Vr.  desolcr  ; 
It.  desolare.]  ,      ^        .    n,. 

1.  To  deprive  of  inhabitants  ;  to  make  desert.  1  he 
eartli  was  nearly  desolated  by  the  flood. 

"  To  lay  waste  ;  to  ruin ;  to  ravage  ;  to  destroy 
im'provements  or  works  of  art.  .\n  inundation  deso- 
lates fields.    Whole  countries  have  been  desolated  by 

DES'O-L.vTED,  pp.  or  a.  Deprived  of  inhabitants ; 
wasted ;  ruined. 

DES'0-L.\TE-LY,  adu.    In  a  desolate  manner. 

DES'0-L-\TE-NESS,  tu     A  state  of  being  desolate. 

DES'0-L.\-TER,  n.  One  who  lays  waste  or  desolates  ; 
that  which  desolates.  ,.,.,,■.     . 

DES'0-L.\-TING,  ppr.  or  0.  Depriving  of  inhabitants  ; 
wasting ;  ravaging. 

DES-0-L.\'TION,  71.  The  act  of  desolating  ;  destruc- 
tion or  ejcpidsion  of  inhabitants  ;  destruction  ;  rum  ; 
waste. 

ETen-  kingdom  divided  against  itself  is  brought  to  desolatton.  — 
^latl.  xii. 


DE-SPEe'TION,  n.     [Xi.  despeeUe.] 

A  looking  ilown  ;  a  despising.    [/Jttlc  used.] 

DES-PE-U.\'UO,  71.  [from  rfcsycralf.]  A  desperate 
fellow  ;  a  furious  man  ;  a  madman  ;  a  person  urged 
by  furious  passions;  one  fearless  or  regardless  of 
safety. 

DES'PE-K.Vi'E,  a.  f L.  desperatus,  from  det^pero,  to  de- 
spair.] 

1.  Without  hope. 

I  am  desperate  of  obuiiiiiig  her.  Shni:. 

2.  Without  regard  to  danger  or  safety  ;  3S,dL  despe- 
rate effort.     Hence, 

3.  Abandoned  to  despair  ;  turious;  aa,  he  has  be- 
come desperate. 

4.  IIop>^less  ;  despaired  of;  lost  beyond  hope  of  re- 
covery;  irretrievable;  irrecoverable;  forlorn.  We 
speak  of  a  desperate  case  of  disease,  desperaU  fortunes, 
a  desperate  situation  or  condition. 

5.  In  n  popular  sense,  great  in  the  extreme ;  as,  a 
desperate  sot  or  fool.  Pope. 

DES'1>E-U.\TE-LY,  adv.  In  a  desperate  mannir,  as 
in  despair;  hence,  furiously;  with  rage;  madly; 
without  regard  to  danger  or  safety  ;  as,  the  troops 

fought  dispcratcUj.  

2.  In  II  popular  sense,  greatly  ;  extremely  ;  violently. 
She  fell  desperately  in  Iotc  with  him.  Addison. 

DES'PE-R.VTE-NESS,  u.    Madness;  fury;  rash  pre- 
cipitance. .  .  ^ 
DES-PE-R.^'TIOX,  71.     .\  despairing ;  a  giving  up  oi 
hope  ;  as,  desperation  of  success.                Hammond. 

■2.  Hopelessness ;  despair ;  as,  the  men  were  in  a 
state  of  desperation.    Hence, 

3   Fury  ;  rage  ;  disregard  of  safety  or  danger ;  as, 

the  men  fought  with  desperation ;  tlicy  were  urged  to 

desperation. 

DES'PI-e.\-BLE,  a.     [Low  L.  dcspieabilu%  from  ito- 

nicio,  to  look  down,  to  despise;  de  and  speeio,  to 

look.]  ,      ■    J  .        , 

That  may  be  or  deserves  to  be  despised  ;  contempt- 
ible •  mean  ;  vile  ;  worthless  ;  applieoUc  equally  to  i>cr- 
sons  and  things ;  as,  a  despicable  man  ;  despicable  com- 
pany ;  a  7/«;7)m&Zi:  gift.  _.  ,  „ 
DES'PI-e.\-liLE-NESS,  ti.  The  quality  or  state  of 
being  despicable  ;  meanness  ;  vileness ;  woithless- 

DESt'i-CA-BLY,  adv.      Meanly;  vilely;   contempti- 
bly ;  as,  despicably  poor.  .-.     ,      ■  ■    i 
DES-PI"CIEi\'-CY,  (des-pish'en-se.)  71.     [L.  despiew.\ 
A  looking  down  ;  a  despising.  [Liule  used.]  .Vede. 
DE-SPIS'.\-BLE,  a.    Despicable  ;  contemptible. 


prive  ;  followed  by  of;  as,  to  despoil  one  ijf  arms ;  to 
despoil  of  honors  ;  to  despoil  of  innocence. 
2.  'I'o  htrip  or  divest  by  any  mean.'?.      Woodward. 

DE  SPOIL'£D,  pp.    Stripped  ;  robbed  ;  bereaved  ;  de- 
prived. 

Dl-l-SPOlL'ER,  71.     One  who  strips  by  force  ;  a  plun- 
derer. 

nE-SPOlL'ING,  mjr.     Depriving;  stripping;  robbing. 

WV  *5PflII  'Mr'Ni'     ~        Aj»»   *.r  ilmiTi/->iliniT  •  n  nlimdr-r- 


2.  A  place  deprived  of  inhabitant,  rrc^t'erwise 
wasted,  ravaged,  and  ruined. 

How  is  Babylon  become  a  desolation  among  the  nations  1  —Jer.  i. 

3.  A  desolate  state  ;  gloominess  ;  sadness  ;  destitu- 
tion. Sltali.     Thomson. 

The  abomination  of  desolation ;  Roman  armies  which 
ravaged  and  destroyed  Jerusalem.    MaU.  xsiv. 
DES'0"-L.\-TO-RY,  a.    Causing  desolation. 
DE-SP.iIR',  71.     [Fr.  desespoir.    See  the  verb.] 

1.  Hopelessness ;  a  hopeless  state  ;  a  destitution  of 
hope  or  expectation. 

We  are  perplexed,  but  not  in  despair.  —  2  Cor.  iv. 

ill  safely  in  despair  ofs.afety  placed.  Denliarr.. 

2.  That  which  causes  despair ;  that  of  which  there 
is  no  hope. 

The  mere  deapair  of  surgery  he  cures.  Shale. 

3.  Loss  of  hope  in  the  mercy  of  God.  Sprat. 
DE-SPaIR',  r.  i.     [Fr.  desesperer ;  des  and  espcrer,  to 

hope;   It.  dupcrare;   Sp.  dcse.'iprrar i  .\Tm.  disespen ! 
from  L.  despero  ;  de  and  spcro,  to  hope.] 

To  be  without  hope  ;  to  give  up  all  hope  or  expec 
tation  ;  followed  by  of. 

We  dctwiired  even  0/ life.  —  2  Cor.  i. 

Never  despair  of  God's  blessings  here,  or  0/  \m  re«'a™  herc- 
iUier.  "^■'■ 

DE-SPaIR'ER,  71.    One  without  hope.  Dryden. 

DE-SP.4lR'FUL,  a.     Hopeless.  Sidney. 

DE-SPAIR'ING,  ]ipr.  orn.  Giiingupallliope  or  expec- 
tation. 

DE-SP.^IR'ING-LY,  adv.  In  a  despairing  manner  ;  m 
a  manner  indicating  hopelessness  ;  as,  he  speaks  de- 
spairingly  of  the  sick  man's  recovery. 

DE-SP.\IR'ING-NESS,  11.    Slate  of  being  desp,-uring. 

DES-PATCH'.    See  Dispatch. 

TONE,  BJJLL,  UNITE.— 


DE-SPIS'AL,  71.     Contempt.     [Obs.] 

DE-SPISE',  (de-splze\)  v.  t,  [I  doubt  whether  this 
word  is  formed  from  the  L.  despicio.  In  Sp.  and 
Port,  pisar  is  to  tread  down,  and  to  despise.  It  ap- 
pears to  be  of  different  origin  from  despite,  and  to  be 
formed  on  the  root  of  the  Spanish  word.  We  proba- 
bly see  its  affinities  in  Sp.  pison,  a  rammer,  and  the 
L.  piso,  to  stamp,  whence  pUtiUum,  Eiig.  pestle,  piston, 
&c.  The  primary  sense,  then,  is,  to  thrust,  drive, 
and  hence  to  cast' off  or  tread  down,  to  despise.] 

1.  To  contemn  ;  to  scorn  ;  to  disdain  ;  to  have  the 
lowest  opinion  of 

Fools  despise  wisdom  and  inttruclion.  —  Frov.  i. 

2.  To  abhor.  ,.  ^  .    ^'"^". 
DE-SPIS'£D,  pp.  or  a.    Contemned  ;   disdained  ;  ab- 
horred.                                              ....       ,      -J 

DE-Srrs'ED-NESS,  71.    The  state  of  being  despised. 
DE-SPIS'ER,  71.    A  contemner  ;  a  scorner. 
DE-SPIS'IXG,  ppr.     Contemning;  scorning;  disdam- 
DE-SPIS'I.VG,  11.    Contempt.  [mg- 

DESPIS'ING-LY,  adv.  With  contempt. 
DE  TITE'  71.  [Fr.  depil ;  Norm,  despite ;  Arm.  desped ; 
It.  despeuo,  spite,  malice.  Qu.  from  L.  despeetns,  de- 
spicio. See  Spite.]  .  ,  ,  .  ,•  „;„.  . 
1  Extreme  malice;  violent  hatred;  malignity  , 
malice  irritated  or  enraged  ;  active  malignity  ;  angry 
hatred. 


WiUl  all  ihy  dcsjiitt  apinsl  the  land  of  Ismel.  — Ewk.  ^v^^ 


,,  ,m  a..  —J  ...ISn. c 

Thou  wpflch  1  despiu  o'erwhelin  dice 

o   Defiance  with  contempt,  or  triumph  over  oppo- 
sition.  He  will  rise  to  fame  in  despite  of  his  enemies. 

3   An  act  of  malice  or  contempt ;  as,  a  despite  to  the 
Most  High.  ^    ^  -^i^Ti 

DE-SPITE',  V.  t.    To  vc.x  ;  to  offend ;  to  tease.  Ralegh. 
DE  SPIT'ED,  Till.     Vexed  ;  offended. 
DE-SPITE'FU'L,  n.    Full  of  spite  ;  malicious  ;  malig- 
nant ;  as,  ti  despiteful  enemy.  King  Charles. 
U.aer^  oiGixi,  d*tpile/ul,  proud ,  boaster).  —  Rom.  i. 

DE-SPITE'FIJL-LY,  adv.  With  despite ;  maliciously  ; 
contemptuously. 

Ptay  fur  them  Uiat  despHefuUtf  use  you.  —  Ma«.  v. 

DE-SPITE'FliL-NESS,  71.     Malice  ;  extreme  hatred  : 

malignity.  ,  r«,    i         nt;. 

DES-PIT'E-OUS,  a.     Malicious.     [Obs.]         .Ildton. 

DES-PIT'E-OILS-LY,  oiin.    Furiously.  [Obs.]  Spenser, 

DE  SPIT'ING,  )i;>r.    Offending  ;  teasing. 

DE-SPOIL',  V.  t.  [L.  despolio  ;  de  and  spolio,  to  spoil 
Fr!  ilcponiUer:  It.  spogliarci  Sp.  despojar;  Port,  id 
See  Spoil.]  l     .      i 

I.  To  strip ;  to  take  from  by  force ;  to  rob ;  to  ue 


Act  of  despoiling  ;  a  plunder- 
ing. 

DB-SPO-LI-A'TION,  71.  The  act  of  despoiling ;  a  strip- 
ping. 

DE-SPOND',  V.  i.  [L.  despondea ;  de  and  sptmdeo,  to 
promise  :  literally,  to  throw  to  or  forward.] 

1.  To  be  cast  down ;  to  be  depressed  or  dejected 
in  mind  ;  to  fail  in  spirits. 

1  Bhould  tic»ixair,  or  lU  li^ast  despond.  ScoU's  Letters. 

2.  To  lose  all  courage,  spirit,  or  resolution  ;  to  sink 
by  loss  of  hope. 

OdiciB  depress  their  own  minds,  and  despond  al  the  fim  di3i- 

culty.  ^-c^'- 

JVofc.  —  The  distinction  between  dr.ipair  and  de- 
spond is  well  marked  in  the  foregoing  passage  fronl 
Scott.  But  although  despair  implies  a  toUil  loss  of 
hope,  which  de.'pond  does  not,  at  hast  in  every  case, 
yet  despondency  is  followed  by  the  abandonment  of 
effort,  or  cessation  of  action,  and  despair  somclimea 
impels  to  violent  action,  even  to  rage. 
DESPOND',  71.    Despondency ;  as  in  the  phrase,  the 

Flougil  of  Vcspond.  Banyan. 

DE-SPOND'EX-CY,  71.     .\  sinking  or  dejection  of 
spirits  at  the  loss  of  hupc ;   loss  of  courage  at  the 
failure  of  hope,  or  in  deep  affliction,  or  al  the  pros- 
pect of  insiinnountable  difficulties. 
DESPOND'ENT,  17.     Losing  courage,  at   the  los.^  of 
hope ;  sinking  into  dejection  ;  depressed  and  inac- 
tive ill  despair.  iVnlicw.     Tltomson. 
DE  SPOND'ENT-LY,  adr.     Without  hope.  Barrotc. 
DESPOND' ER,  71.    One  destitute  of  hoiic. 
DE-SPOND'ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Losing  courage  to  act,  in 
consequence  of  loss  of  hope,  or  of  deep  calamity,  or 
of  difficulties  deemed  insurmountable  ;  sinking  into 
dejection  ;  depressed  in  spirit. 
DE-SPOND'ING-LY,  adv.    In  a  desponding  manner  ; 

with  dejection  of  spirits  ;  despairingly. 
DE-SPON'SATE,  v.  t.     [L.  desponso.] 

To  betroth.     [JVot  in  use.]  , ,.     ■  , 

DES-PON-Sa'TION,  71.    A  betrothing.     [JV<>t  iii  u.«.] 
DES'POT,  71.    [Gr.  &<r7ro77)s,  a  master  or  lord  ;  It. 
despoto  :  Fr.  despote ;  Sp.  dcvpoto.]  .  ,.     ,. 

An  emperor,  king,  or  prince,  mvcsted  with  abso- 
lute power,  or  ruling  without  any  control  from  men, 
constitution,  or  laws.  Hence,  in  a  general  sense,  a 
tyrant.  *"'"*''•,. 

DE'S-POT'ie,         (  o.      Absolute    in    power  ;    inde- 
DE«-POT'ie-.\L,  i       pendent  of  control  from  men, 
constitution,  or  laws;  arbitrary  in  Uie  exercise  of 
power  ;  as,  a  despotic  prince.  . 

o  Unlimited  or  unrestrained  by  constitution,  laws, 
or  men  ;  absolute  ;  arbitrorj-  ;  as,  despotic  authority 
or  power.  Addison,     iwift. 

3.  Tyrannical.  . 

DES-P0T'ie-.4L-LY,  adr.    With  unlimited  power; 

arbitrarily  ;  in  a  despotic  manner.           Blaekstone. 
DES-POT''re-AL-NESS,  71.     Absolute  or  arbitrary  au- 
thority. „     ,       ,. .• 

DES'POT-ISJI,  11.     [Sp.  despotismo  ;  Fr.  des-pottsme.l 
1    Absolute  power ;  authority  unlimited  and  un- 
controlled by  men,  constitution,  or  laws,  and  depend- 
ing alone  on  the  will  of  the  prince  ;  as,  the  despotu^m. 
of'a  Turkish  sultan.  T..rir»» 

2.  An  arbitrary  government,  as  that  of  lurKcy 
and  Persia.  ,         , 

DES'PU-MaTE,  r.  i.      [I-  desyumo  ;  de  and  .^piima, 
froth  or  scum.] 
To  foam  ;  to  froth  ;  to  form  froth  or  scum. 
DES-PU-5lA'TION,  17.    The  act  of  throwmg  off  el- 
crementitious  matter  and  forming  a  froth  or  scum  on 
the  surface  of  liquor  ;  clarification  ;  scumming.^^ 

DES-aU  AM  A'TION,  71.  [L.  desquamo ;  dc  and  sjiioiTiii, 

^  A  scaling  or  cxfoliaUon  of  bone  ;  the  separation  of 
the  cuticle  in  small  scales.  Coxt- 


DEsV  for'SEsV.'"  [J\-ot  ill  use.]_     Chaucer.     Spenser. 

DES-SERT',  (dez-zert',)  7t.    [Fr.  dessert,  {mm  desser- 
vir,  to  clear  the  table  ;  de  and  scrrtr,  to  i«rvc.J 

A  service  of  fruits  and  sweetmeats,  tit  the  close  of 
an  entertainment ;  the  last  course  at  the  Uible,  after 
the  meat  is  removed.  J.»rj</r7i. 

gf^TlM'S'     "•     [fr.  ,ic,rc,.K-] 

In  ,,;i;7,(;7,ir,'a'  sort  of  painting  with  opaque  cololJ 

ground  and  diluted  with  w.-iter,  glue,  eggs,  &c   iJmes. 

DES'TI-NaTE,  v.  I.     [L.  dcstino,  destmatiu  j^^ 

To  design  or  apiwint.     [Seldom  used.^     ^-.i 


■INE.] 

;s'TI-^ 


^ee  Dei- 


DES'Tf-NATE,  a.     Appointed  ;  destined  ;  ''rt^™!,^,^"- 

DES'TI-NA-TINO,  ppr.    Designing  ;  appointing. 
DES-TI-Na'TION,  11.     [L.  destniatw.] 

I.  Theact  of  destining  or  nppoinung.  . 

o.  The  purpose  for  which  any  thing  is  intended  Of 


335 


DES 


DET 


i,;o  Ucaifo.    Every  animal  i  DK-^'^ 


iiitftli  (u,  tht- 
ujre  u*ual  u> 


tbe^ 


.  •UiUmeJ  to  a 

\-\   a  <t..iiic  decree;  ok, 

,  lo  aiipoiut  uunllenibly. 

pp.  at  a.    Ordnirwd  ;  npiwintrd  by  pre- 
nalinn  :  d^T'it-fl  -.  rtxffl  Mnalti'raljly. 


Miii'ii  ; 
thfir 
..calcil 
lr>>.tt  tL  III. 

2.  Invincible  ucccttity  ;  fate  ;  a  nccessitv  or  flxcd 
order  uf  tlilnirt  c^ilabluhud  by  a  diviiio  tfecroo,  ur 
by  an  induMilublo  cunucctiou  of  cauw*  and  oU'ockt. 

But  wbd  OkM  tam  Oir  (tn-Mn  ottttttini/  7  SjMtia€r 

r  ■      :-  ■         -    anjijioscd   powers   wbich 

lit  Uout,aiid  dt'leriuinc  U  ; 

'<tuo ;  (It  and 

.;>i; ;  a»y  desU- 

•  •1  K>od  and  cloth 

I  due:)  iiol  nt-ccsM 

;  frii-ndlusa. 

.jlfuEf.  — Pb.  dL 

......   .'   wiitaoul  friends  or 


L>t.^      It      II       It..        !. 


DES'Tl 

comfurt. 
DES'TI-TUTE,  c.  U 


FutXerby. 

2:  To  d<'nriv*.     [.^yI  !i  -J.]  Bacon. 

DES-TI-TO'TION,  h.      Want;    nbiJence  of  a  thing; 

.....    ■.,   ivhich  sonictliing  U  wanted,  or  not  |kw- 

rty.  Jlooker.     Taylor. 

■•.  t,    [h.  dejtruo  ;  lU  and  struo,  to  pile, 

■''''■:rrt;  It.  tiistrv^gere ;  Sp.  and  Port. 

dtttr  -  TLRi:.! 

1.  lo  ptifl  down  :  lo  separate  the 
part-  I  ■  '!M(on  tif  wliich  is  necessary- 
to  ci  ,  t  J  destroy  a  house  or  tem- 
ple ,  ■  ■    -n. 

2.  '"  a  thing  by  dcmotiahing 
or  b;  -y  a  city. 

3.  -  might ;  to  annihilate  ;  as, 
to  *1'  Juine;  to  destroy  a  govem- 
mcir                          liicnce. 

4.  lo  make  desolate. 

■  Und,  wxj  dtttrOjfiL  —  U.  xxxvj. 

ly  ;  to  extirpate ;  applied  to  men  or 

Vr  k:.^  w«:r^y  ftl)  ihU  peoplr.  —  S\im.  xzzS. 
A;l  lae  wKird  will  be  tUttrotf.  —  P».  cxIt, 

G.  To  take  away  ;  to  cause  to  cease  ;  to  put  an  end 
to  ;  OS,  pain  destroys  bapplucsa. 

ThAt  Om  LoJ;  of  ua  inijhl  U  dutroynf.  —  Rotn.  vi. 
7.  To  kill ;  to  cat ;  lo  devour ;  to  consume.     Birds 
dmtnm  huecLo.    Hawks  destroy  chickens. 

"    f:i   T'^^'^J,  to  put  nn  t-nd  in;   lo  annihilate  a 

I     fiinn  in  which  it  exists.     An  army  »•* 

-■■1.111  shier,   capture,  or    dispersion  ;    a 

:iT,  nr  I'V  fire  ;  lown^,  by  fire,  or  inun- 

•  c  a  body  into  its  porta  or 

iJt>->  I  k;  <i    \  HLK,  a.     ihul  may  bo  destroyed. 

PLinu  •cwwij  dftmyntU  by  ihr  wntlrr,  Drrkam. 

{lAttte  wftd.] 

DE-STROY'f.'D,    pp.       Demolished  ;    pulled    down  ; 

mincil  ;   annihilated  ;   devoured  ;   ^wcpl  away,  te.c 

in    •;  I  p(  All?  (;)|„,  ^y[j„  destroy  f,  or  lays  waste  ; 

in,  or  an  animal,  ur  wi»o  niins  a 


TVmolL«hing  ;   laying 
ilting  ;in  enil  to. 
Mdloii. 
.,  -1  used. 
The  quAlity  of  being 


I  TV, 
'•on. 


tniyed. 

I     1    lil-I.    .M-,.--,lt.       i  IK'    Mate  Ut    t>cmi{  du- 

CIOV,  ••.     [I.,  destrneluf.     tv-«  nttTnov.l 


'  ulinl  It 

'iitin<;; 

.  •>(  li  ilt'n(itL>.s 

I  of  a  purtlcu- 

>l>in'-rts. 

1  I  ,  iiiuiu<  I  ,     i.iii;:ii.   I  ,   iiiii^sacre. 

<  K  ikaUljr  dMa-uction  thmajltout  all  Ifae  dlf.  — 1 

3.  ft  11  in, 

t^ju-uclk>n  ami  vakery  uo  lo  Uidr  waj».  —  Rom.  UL, 

4.  Eternal  death. 

Dnwl  U  Ihe  vr\/  l>u>'.  \ruV  Oi  lo  dtitr^teAon.  —  Mktt.  ril. 

5.  Cause  of  dcJUuction  ;  a  consuming  plague ;  a 
di-><lruycr, 

'Ilw  dtitnudon  Uiat  VMkth  wX  aaoniUy.  —  P«.  Ml. 

!)r,  STUUe'TIOX-lST,  n.    Olio  in  favor  of  deslroy- 

I'l:  .^TRUeT'IVE,  a.  rausinR  dLslnictlon  ;  having 
ilH.  (pinlity  of  destroying;  ruinous;  mischievous; 
[lemicii'iii ;  with  u/ or  to;  as,  a  de.<:triiciicf.  fire  or 
fuinine.  [iiteni|>erunco  is  destrnclice  of  heallh  ;  evil 
exain|)U>s  are  dcjitrtutice  to  the  nmrois  of  youth. 
hfstruetiir  disttllotwH.     See  Dmtillatios. 

DE-S'rUlfer'IVE-LY,adr.  With  dostnictioii  ;  ruin- 
ously ;  nilHchievoufly ;  w'iih  power  to  destroy;  as, 
deMriictirrhj  lewd  or'iiiteiiiiH-Tute. 

DE-STRUef'IVE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  destroy-^ 
inc  or  ruininc. 

UE-tfrureT'OR,  ».  [L.]  a  dcsuoyer;  a  consumer. 

DES-U-DA'TION,  n.  [L.  desudo;  de  and  sudo,  lo 
sweat,] 

A  sweating;  a  profuse  or  mofbid  sweating,  suc- 
ceeded by  on  eruption  of  pusluks,  called  heat-pimpUs. 
Coze.     Encyc, 
DES'UE-TUDE,  (dcs'wc-tude,)  ».  [l^.  desuetudo.  from 
dnuf.ico;  de  and  sue^eo^  to  riccustom  one's  self.] 

The  cessation  of  use  ;  disuse  ;  discontinuance  of 
practice,  cu.stom,  or  fashion.  Habit  is  contractal  by 
pmctice,  and  loist  hy  desiieUide ;  words  in  every  lun- 
eiKi::i;  nre  lost  by  desuetude, 
DE-SULTIIU-RATE,  r.  L  [de  and  sulphtiralet  or  «ii- 
phur.] 

To  deprive  of  sulphur.  Chcmuftrtj. 

DE-SirL'PllU-RA-TED.i/p.     Deprived  of  sulphur. 
l)E-SUL'I'niJ-R.\-Th\G,  ppr.    Depriving  of  sulphur. 
DE-SUL-PIIU-RA'TION,  «.    The  act  or  operation  of 

deprivinc  of  sulphur. 
DES'UL-TO-RI-LY,  iido.     [Sec   Dcsultort.]     In  a 

desultory  manner ;  without  method  ;  loosely. 
DES'UL-TO-RI-NESS,  ».    A  desultory  manner;  un- 
cunnt'Ctednt  sa ;  a  pasi^ing  fiom  one  thing  lo  another 
wilhoiil  order  or  method. 
nKS-i;i^T6'RI-0US,  o.     DesiJtory-.  Barrow. 

DES'UL-TO-RY,  a.  \h.  desultorius^  from  desUio;  de 
and  satio^  lo  leap.] 

1.  Leaping;  passing  from  one  thing  or  subject  to 
nnolhcr,  without  order  or  natural  connection  ,  un- 
connected ;  immcthodical ;  as,  a  desultory  conver- 
sation. 

3.  Coming  suddenly  ;  started  at  the  moment ;  not 
proceeding  from   natural   order  or  connection  with 
what  precedes ;  as,  a  desultory  Uiougbt. 
DE-SO.ME',  r.  t,     [L.  destimo.] 

To  take  from  ;  to  borrow.     [JVot  in  use.}      Hale, 
DE-TACH',  r.  U     [Fr.  detacher;    Arm.  distaga;   Sp. 
and  Port,  destaear;  It.  staeeare;  de  and  the  root  of 
Eng.  tack.     See  Attach.] 

1.  To  fle[iamte  or  disunite;  to  disengage;  to  part 
from  ;  as,  to  driach  the  coats  of  a  bulbous  root  from 
each  other;  to  deUuh  a  man  from  the  interest  of  the 
minister,  or  from  a  parly. 

tl  To  separate  men  from  their  companies  or  regi- 
ments;  lo  draw  from  roinitanies  or  regiments,  as  a 
party  of  men,  and  nenil  them  un  a  particular  service. 
:t.  To  select  slii|)3  from  a  llrel,  and  i^end  Uiem  on 
a  se[Kinitc  service. 
DE-TACH'£Dj  (de-lacht',)   pp.     Separated  ;    ported 
from ;    disunited  ;    drawn  and  sent  on   a  separate 
scr\'ice. 
n.  a.  Sepamlc  ;  as,  detached  parcels  or  portions. 
DE-TACII'ING,  ppr.    Separating ;  parting  from  ;  draw- 
inn  ami  rteiMling  on  a  seijarale  employment. 
DE-'i'ACII'.\IE.\T,  n.    The  act  of  detaching  or  sep- 
arating. 

ti.  A  body  of  troops,  selected  or  taken  from  Uic 
main  anny,  and  employed  on  some  special  service  or 
expedition. 

n.   A  number  of  ships,  taken  from  a  fleet,  and  sent 
on  a  W-'pamte  scr\'ice. 
DE-TAU/,  r.  L    (Fr.  detmticr,  to  cut  in  pieces  ;  de  and 
tailler.  lo  cut,  Sp.  tallnr^  It.  Utalinre.} 

1.  TO  relate,  report,  or  narrate,  m  particulars;  to 


DET 

recite  the  [kirticulars  of;  to  paiiiculari/^;  \\t  nUu 
ntinutelv  and  diiitinctly  ;  as,  he  dttaiUd  all  Uio  fluU 
in  due  ordc-r. 

2.  To  select,  as  an  officer  or  soldier  from  a  divto- 
loit,  brigade,  regiment,  or  battalion. 

Late  of  .VassitchusHti. 
DETAIL',  H.  [Fr.]  LiUa-ully^  a  cultinn  off  into  poiti 
or  pt^>r(iuns,  and  hence  the  poiriH  or  i>u.li<inii  liieok- 
solvcit ;  UK,  till-  details  of  u  ^chcnio  ;  tho  dttaiUaXt 
work  in  the  tine  urtfi|  as  dislinguiiihed  fruui  llu- 
wholu  mass. 

•■L  In  tmlitartj  offUtra^  a  ficlecllng  of  certain  iiidiviJ^ 
ualt  or  bodies  of  men  fur  a  jiarticular  service. 

3.  A  miniiti'  and  juirtictilar  lutrmtiun,  dwelling  OB 
the  di-tlinct  p:irts  of  a  subject. 

DE  TAII/KI),  pp.  or  u.  RelaU'd  iupurticulori  ;  minulf 

Iv  rerited  ;  settcled. 
DE-TAll/KK,  M.     One  who  detail.^. 
D£-Ta1L'I.\C,  ypr.    Relating  minutely;  tell ing  the 

2.  Selecting  suldicrx  for  tuixnc  service.  [p;irtic(dUH, 
DE-TAl.N'^  r.  L     [L.  deiiafo;  dc  and  «-nro,  to  hold; 

Fr.  dttciur ;  Sp.  detentr.     See  Tksant.] 

1.  To  keep  back  or  from;  to  wtUihold  ;  to  kMp 
wliiit  belongs  to  anolher.  Detain  nut  the  waiEei  of 
the  hireling.  Ttiylor, 

3.  To  keep  or  restrain  from  prk>ceeding,  either  goiag 
or  coming ;  lo  slay  or  slop.  We  were  dsttuned  by  tW 
vain. 

Ixl  tu  dtloin  thre,  lUl  we  harr  lavlo  nvly  a  kkl.  —  JiiUps  A 
3.  To  hold  in  custody.  DUuJtsten*, 

DE-TAIN'DHR,  n.     A  writ.     [Sec  Detmue,) 

DE-TAIX'KD,  pp.  ^Vithhcld  ;  kept  back  ;  preveDl«d 
from  coins  or  coining;  held;  reslrniiied. 

DE-TAIN'ER,  n.  One  who  withholds  wh;il  belungi 
to  nnollier ;  one  who  detains,  sloiw,  or  prevents  flroiD 
going. 

3.  In  law,  a  holding  or  keeping  |Mi!MeSf«iun  of  what 
belongs  to  another;  detention  of  whot  is  run  :!irr*ff, 
though  the  original  taking  may  be  lawful,   i- 

DE-T.AI.N'ING,  ppr.      Wnlilh.l.l.iiL'  what 
another  ;   holding  back  ;    re»>truinmg  I'nun 
coming;  holding  in  custody. 

DET.\IN'.\1FJJT,  n.  The  act  of  detaining;  detail- 
tion.  Btaditton*, 

DE-TIXT',  e.  t.  [L.  detrgo^  dcteetui;  dc  and  tegOfto 
cover,  W.  toi,  Eng.  to  deeh;  ^vhich  sec.] 

UteraUyylo  uncover;  hence,  lo  discover:  tn  flnJ 
out;  to  bring  to  light ;  as,  to  dtttct  the  r.i 
and  inosrul:tliuii^  of  the  lino  vessels.     Bni  ■ 
in  es|x;ciully  applied  to  the  discovery  of  k-  •  i 
and  nrlilici-s  ;  we  detect  a  thiel\  or  llie  cri'iir  'i  ^l.  al 
ing ;  we  detect  the  artificcj  of  the  man,  or  the  man 
himself;  wo  detect  what  is  concealed,  especially  wbul 
is  concealed  by  design. 

DE-TEeT'ED,;»p.  or  rt.  Discovered;  found  out;  laid 
open  ;  broiitihl  to  light. 

DE-Ti;CT'i:U,  H.  A  discoverer;  one  who  linds  oOt 
what  another  attempts  lo  conceal. 

DE-TECT'LVO,  ppr.    Discovering  ;  finding  <  ut. 

DE-TEC'TION,  h.     The  act  of  deiectinK 
of  a  person  or  thing  attempted  to  be  con< 
the  detection  of  a  thief  or  burglarian  ;  i!i 
of  fraud  or  forgery  ;  the  detection  of  artuke,  dtVKe, 
or  a  plot. 

2.  Discover)'  of  any  thing  before  hidden  or  OB- 
known. 

The  Bca  uiil  riren  un  iiutzumeDtnl  to  (be  d^tetion  of  inter 
ftiid  oUmt  f<x^Ij,  by  u'ajhiog  awnjr  Ute  e*ith  ihil  »» 
ccalcd  Ui'-ni.  H'ooicof* 

DE-TE\'E-I1RATE,  c.  (.    JL.  de  and  terubra.] 

To  remove  darkness      [^Vo(  in  use.]  Bromu 

DE-TENT',  n.     [L.  dftaitus ;  Fr.  detente.] 

A  slop  in  a  clock,  which,  by  being  lifted  «p  orW 
down,  Kicks  and  unlocks  the  clock  in  striking.  Enem. 
DE-TEN'TIO.N,  n.     [See  Detain.]     The  act  of  de- 
taining; a  withholding  from  another  his  right;  a 
keeping  whal  belongs  to  another,  and  ought  to  be  re- 
stored. BlaekslBM, 
2.  Confinement ;  restraint ;  as,  detention  In  cuilody 
'3.  Delay  from  necessity;  a  detaining;  as,  th«  at- 
tention of  the  mail  by  bad  roads. 
DE-TER',  r.  t,    [L.  dcierreo  ;  dr  and  terreo,  to  fright,  n., 

1.  To  discourage  and  stop  by  fear;  to  slo;.  nr ;  r 
vent  from  acting  or  proccedmg,  by  dang.  i. 

or  other  consideration,  which  dishearten*  ' 

vails  the  motive  for  an  act.     We  are  c-ti 
from  our  duly  by  trivial  difficulties  ;  the  t^uw  *>(  ibc 
road  or  a  cloudy  sky  may  deter  a  man  from  undcrtak 
ing  a  journey. 

A  inUlk>n  of  fruatnled  bopRx  will  Dbl  dtUr  ui  f r 
menu.  -'    - 

2.  To  prevent  by  prohibition  or  danger.      '  . 
DE-TERGE',  (de-terj',)  c.  t,    [L.  detergo ;  ds  uud  U.-gOt 

to  wipe  or  scour.] 

'J'o  cleanse  ;  to  purge  away  foul  or  offending  mat- 
ter from  the  body,  or  from  an  ulcer.  Wiseman. 

DE-TER6'f:D,  pp.    Clean:=Ld  ;  purged. 

DE-TERG'E.N'i",  n.     Clenn>ine;  purging. 

DE-TERG'1:NT,  ».  a  medicine  that  has  the  power 
of  elf  ringing  the  vessels  or  skin  from.. (lending  mailer. 

DE-TERG'KNG,ppr.    Cleansing  ;  carry  ing  off  obrtiuc- 
tions  or  foul  matter. 
2.  a.  Having  the  quality  of  cleansing. 


FATE,  FAR.  F.VLL,  WU^T.— METE,  PRBY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BPQK.- 


DET 


DET 


DE-T£'RI-0-RaTE,  D.  i.  [Fr.dcUriorcn  It.  dcUrio- 
arc  V  Sp.  dcleriorary  from  deicrior,  worse,  L.  dtUr'tor.'] 
To  grow  worse  ;  lo  be  impaired  in  quulity  \  lo  de- 
"envrate  ;  opposed  to  uidiorate. 

DE-Te'RI-O-RaTE,  c.  t.  To  make  worse;  lo  reduce 
in  (juality  ;  as,  to  deteriorate  a  race  of  men,  or  their 
condition.  HayUy.    Pataj. 

DE-Te'RI-0-Ra-TED,  pp.  IMade  worse;  impaired 
in  Miiality. 

DE-Te'RI-O-RA-TING,  ;>pr.  Becoming  worse  or  in- 
ferior in  quality. 

DE-TE-RI-O-KA'TION,  ti.  A  growing  or  making 
worse  ;  the  slate  of  growing  worse. 

DE-TE-IU-OR'I-TY,  K.  Worse  state  or  quality;  as, 
deUrioritv  of  diet.  -Ray- 

DE-TKK'ME.\T,  n.  [See  Deter-]  The  act  of  del.-r- 
niig;  the  cause  of  deterrins;  that  which  deters. 

DE-TERM'IN-A-BLE,  a.     [See  Determine.]    [Boyle. 

1.  That  may  be  decided  with  certainty.      Boyle. 

2.  That  may  end  or  be  detcnnined. 
DE-TER.M'IN-ATE,  a.     [L.  dslcrmiiuitiLs.] 

1.  Limited ;  fixed ;  definite ;  as,  a  determinate 
quanlitv  of  matter. 

2.  Established;  settled;  positive;  as,a(/c((!r;«ireefe 
rule  or  order. 

The  detcrminaie  counsel  of  Gcd. — Acls  Li. 

3.  Decisive ;  conclusive ;  as,  a  detentiinate  resolu- 
tion or  judgment. 

4.  Resolved  on.  Shak, 

5.  Fi.'sed  ;  resolute.  Sidney. 
DE-TERM'i.\-ATE,  v.L  To  limit,    piottised.]     [See 

Determine.] 
DE-TERM'tN-ATE  LY,  adv.    With  certaintj'. 

The  nrindpla  of  reunion  ars  deUrtmnaiely  tnis  or  fils^. 

Tillolson. 

2.  Resolutelv ;  with  fixed  resolve.  Sidney. 

DE-TER>ri-V-ATE-XE3S,  n.  The  state  of  being  de- 
terminate, certain,  or  precise. 

DE-TERM-IX-A'TION,  n.  The  aclof  detsnuming  or 
deciding. 

2.  Decision  of  a  question  in  the  mind  ;  firm  reso- 
lution; settled  purpose;  as,  they  have  acquainted  me 
with  their  determination, 

3.  Judicial  decision  ,  the  ending  of  a  controversy. 

4.  Strong  direction  to  a  given  point ;  as,  a  determ- 
ination of  blood  to  tlie  head. 

5.  Absolute  direction  to  a  certain  end. 

Reiniisitcss  can  by  no  means  consist  \vU!i  a  coiisWni  detennina- 
don  yf  iho  will  to  ilie  greaiesl  apparent  good.  Locke. 

6.  An  ending ;  a  putting  an  end  to ;  as,  the  deter- 
mination of  a  will.  Bladzstone. 

7.  In  physical  science^  the  referring  of  minerals, 
plants,  ic.,to  the  species  lo  which  they  belong;  as, 
I  am  indebted  to  a  friend  for  the  determiiuUion  of  the 
greater  part  of  these  shells.  LyclL 

DE-TERM'IN-A-TIVE,  a.  That  unconlroUably  di- 
rects to  a  certain  end. 

Tiic  tUtemdnadze  power  of  a  jus:  cacse.  BranilioU, 

2.  Limiting;  that  limits  or  bounds;  as,  a  word 
may  be  determinative^  and  limit  tlie  subject.    JVatt^. 

3.  Thai  is  cmi>loyed  in  determining  ;  as,  detennin- 
aftce  tables  in  the  natural  sciences,  i.  e.,  tables  ar- 
ranged fur  detennining  the  specific  character  of  min- 
erals, plants,  tc,  and  assigning  them  their  names. 

Dana. 

DE-TER:\I'rN-A-TOR,  n.    One  who  determines. 

DE-TERM'INE,  r.  (,  [L.  drtermino;  de  and  termino^ 
to  bound  ;  tcrmimu;,  a  boundary  or  limit ;  W.  tervjjn, 
an  extremity  or  limit;  lero,  outward,  extreme;  ter- 
rynu,  to  fix  a  bound,  to  limit,  to  determine  ;  ten?!,  a 
tenn,  extreme  point ;  termiatc,  to  limit ;  Ir.  teora,  a 
border  or  limit ;  Gr.  r^oin,  Tcu/twv.    See  Term.] 

1.  To  end  ;  particularly,  to  end  by  the  decision  or 
conclusion  of  a  cause,  or  of  a  doubtful  or  contro- 
verted point;  applicable  to  the  decisions  of  the  mind, 
or  lo  jmlicial  decisions.  ^Ve  say,  I  had  determined 
this  question  in  my  own  mind  ;  the  court  has  deter- 
mined the  cause. 

2.  To  end  and  fix;  to  settle  ultimately;  as,  this 
event  determined  his  fate. 

3.  Tc  fix  on ;  to  settle  or  establish  ;  as,  to  deter- 
mine the  proper  season  for  planting  seeds. 

God  —  h^ih  determinat  ihe  drrnjs  before  appoiuied.  —  Acts  ivij. 

4.  To  end  ;  to  limit ;  to  bound  ;  to  confine.  Yon- 
der hill  (/«i«r;nt/i&i  our  view.    Knowledge  is  t/etenninct/ 

■  by  the  sighL  Bacon. 

5.  To  give  a  direction  to  ;  to  influence  the  choice 
that  is,  to  limit  to  a  particular  purpose  or  durection 
as,  this  circumstance  determined  him  to  the  study  of 
law.    Also,  to  give  a  direction  lo  material  bodies  in 
their  course ;  as,  impulse  may  determine  a  moving 
body  to  this  or  that  poinL 

6.  To  resolve ;  that  is,  to  end  or  settle  a  point  in 
the  mind,  as  in  definition  first. 

I  dtitrmined  ihii  wriih  myself.  —  2  Cor.  ii. 

Paul  lujJ  determined  to  uil  by  Ephaus.  — Acts  xx. 

7.  To  destroy.    [jVot  used.]  Shak. 

8.  To  put  an  end  lo  ;  as,  to  determine  a  will 

Black^one. 
9  To  settle  or  ascertain,  as  something  uncertain. 

The  chaiaocr  of  ihe  bouI  \i  dttemuTitd  by  the  character  of  iu 
God.  J.Edteardt. 


DE-TERil'INE,  P.  i.  To  resolve;  lo  conclude:  lo 
come  to  a  decision. 

He  shM!  nay  a3  ih*  juitgn  deterrjune.  —  Ex.  xxi. 
It  b  fniii&ercQt  how  tho  kamcd  thall  dettmant  concf  min;  Ihi* 
ir.a'.l<.T.  An'jii. 

2.  To  come  loan  end  ;  to  lerrainale.  Thedanger 
determined  by  the  death  of  the  conspirators.  Revo- 
Uilions  often  detennine  in  setting  up  tyranny  at  home, 
or  in  conquest  from  abroad. 

Some  estvtcs  may  determine  on  future  coDtin^ncies. 

Blc^stone. 

DE-TERM'rN-ET),pp.  Ended  ;  concluded  ;  decided  ; 
limited  ;  fixed  ;  settled  ;  resolved  ;  directed. 

2.  a.  Having  a  firm  or  fixed  purpose,  as  a  deter- 
mined man  ;  or  manifesting  a  firm  resolution,  as  a  de- 
termined countenance 

DE-TERM'IN-ED-LV,  ado.    In  a  delermlccd  manner. 

DE-TKRM'IN-ER,  n.  One  who  decides  or  detenn- 
ines. 

DE-TERM'IN-ING,  ppr.  Ending;  deciding;  fixing; 
setilins ;  resolving;  limiting;  directing. 

DE-TErt-RA'T[0>f,  n.     [U  dc  and  terra,  earlli.] 

The  uncovering  of  any  thing  which  is  buried  or 
covered  with  earth ;  a  taking  from  out  of  the  earth. 

Woodu:ard. 

DE-TER'UED,  pp.  [See  Deter.]  Discouraged  or 
prevented  from  proceeding  or  acting,  by  fear,  difli- 
cultv,  or  danger. 

DE-T'ER'RtXO,  ppr.    Discoumging  or  influencing  not 
to  procecil  or  act,  by  fear,  dilEculty,  danger,  or  pros- 
pect of  evil. 
a.  a.  Discouraging;  frightt-ning.  Ash. 

DE-TER'SION,  (shun,)  n.  [  L.  detersm^  detergo.    See 
Deterge. 1 
The  act  of  cleansing,  as  a  sore.  Wiseman. 

DE-TER'SIVE,  a.  [It.  detersico;  Fr.  detersif.  See 
Deterge.] 

Cleansing  ;  having  power  to  cleanse  from  offend- 
ing matter. 

DE-TER'SlVE,  lu  A  medicine  which  has  tlie  power 
of  cleansing  idcers,  or  carrying  off  fcul  matter, 

DE-TEST',  V.  t.  [L.  dctestor;  de  and  tc^tor^  lo  aflirm 
or  boar  witness;  It  dete^tare ;  Sp.  dctcstar i  Fr. 
dctejtcr.  The  primarj'  sense  of  te^tor  U  to  set,  throv,-, 
or  thrust.    To  detest  is  to  thrust  away.] 

To  abhor;  to  abominate;  to  hate  extremely;  as, 
to  detect  crimes  or  meanness. 

DE-TEST' A-BLE,  a.  Extremely  liateful ;  abomina- 
ble ;  very  odious  ;  deserving  abhorrence. 

Thou  last  tlefiled  my  sanctuttiy  with  nil  tiiy  deteslnble  things,  — 

DE-TEST' A-BLE-NESS,  n.    Extreme  halefulness. 

DE-TEST' A-BLY,  ado.    Very  hatefully  ;  abominably. 

DET-ES-Ta'TIOX,  n.  Extreme  hatred  ;  abhorrence; 
with  of.  The  good  man  eniertaiiis  uniformly  a  det- 
estation of^'m. 

DE-TE::rT'ED,  pp.  or  a.     Haled  extremely  j  abhorred. 

DE-TEST'ER,  7t.    One  wiio  abhors. 

DE-TEST'ING,  ppr.  Hating  extremely;  abhorring; 
abominating. 

DE-THRoNE',  r.  (.  [Fr.  detrdner  ;  Sp.  destronar;  It. 
stronarc ;  de  and  throne,  L.  tJtronus.'] 

1.  To  remove  or  drive  from  a  throne  ;  to  depose  ; 
to  divest  of  royal  authorily  and  dignity 

2.  To  divest  of  rule  or  power,  or  of  supreme 
power. 

The  Protector  waa  dethroned.  Hume. 

DE-THRoX'£D,  pp.  or  a.  Removed  from  a  throne  ; 
deposed. 

DE  TURoNE'MENT,  n.  Removal  from  a  throne; 
deposition  of  a  kiug,  emperor,  or  prince. 

DE-THRoX'ER,  n.    One  who  dethrones. 

DE-TIIKo-N"L\G,  ppr.  Driving  from  a  throne;  de- 
priving of  regal  power. 

DE-THROi\'IZE,  v.t.    To  unthrone.         Cotgrave. 

DET'I-NuE,H.  [Fr.  dc/CTW,  detained  jiZciCTiir,  to detaia.] 
Litcrallijf  a  pt;rsun  or  tiling  detained, 
lu  laio,  a  writ  of  detinue  is  one  that  lies  against 
him  who  wrongfully  detains  goods  or  chattels  deliv- 
ered to  him,  or  in  his  possession.  This  writ  lies  for 
a  thing  certain  and  valuable,  as  for  a  horse,  cow, 
sheep,  plato,  cloth,  &cc.,  to  recover  tlie  thing  itself,  or 
damages  for  tlie  detainer.  Bfackatonc. 

DET'O-NaTE,  v.  t.  [L.  detono;  deanA  toiiOj  to  thun- 
der.] 

In  citemistry,  lo  cause  to  explode ;  to  bum  or  in- 
flame with  a  sudden  report. 

DET'O-NaTE,  v.  i.  To  explode  ;  lo  burn  with  a  sud- 
den re(>ort.     Niler  detonates  with  sulphur. 

DET'O-NA-TED,  pp.  Exploded;  burnt  witli  explo- 
sion. 

DET'0-Na-TING,  ppr.  or  a.  Exploding;  inflaming 
with  a  sudden  report. 

DET-O-Xa'TION,  ?i.  An  explosion  or  sudden  report 
made  by  the  inflammation  of  certain  combustible 
bodies,  as  fulminating  gtdd.  Detonation  is  not  de- 
crepitation. 

DET-O-XI-Zi'TION,  n.  The  act  of  exploding,  as 
certain  combustible  bodies. 

DET'O-NIZE,  V.  t  [See  DETOifATE.]  To  cause  to 
explode  ;  to  burn  with  an  explosion ;  to  calcine  with 
detonation. 


DEU 

DET'O-NIZE,  tr.  i.  To  ciplode ;  to  bum  wilh  a  sud- 
den reiKirt. 

This  precipitate  —  detaidsea  with  a  co&MlcnUe  nofjc. 

Povrcrov 

DET'0-NIZ-£D,  pp.  Exploded,  as  a  combiialiUc 
bodv. 

DET'O  XiZ-EVG,  ppr.  Exploding  wilh  m  sudden 
report. 

DE-TORT',  r.  f.  [I*,  detortta,  of  deitrrqueo;  de  and 
tcrqueo^  lu  twist.] 

To  twist ;  to  wrest;  lo  pervert;  lo  lum  from  Ihe 
original  or  plain  meaning.  Drydcn. 

DE-TORT' El),  pp.     Twisted;  wre-,led  ;  perverted. 

DE-TORT'ING,  ppr.    Wreslinc  ;  |>trvcrtiug. 

DE-TOR'TION,  v.  A  turning  or  wrei-ting ;  per- 
version. 

DE-TOUR',  (da-toor'j)  n.  [Fr.]  A  turning;  a  cir- 
cuitous wav. 

DE-TRACT',' c.  f.  [L.  dctractum  ;  detreeta  ;  detraho; 
de  and  traho,  to  draw  ;  8p.  detra-lar}  It.  delrarrej 
Fr.  dctraeter.     See  Draw  and  Duag.] 

1.  LitcraUjjj  to  draw  from.  Hence,  to  take  away 
from  reputation  or  merit,  through  envy,  malice,  or 
other  motive  ;  hence,  to  detract  from,  is  to  lessen  or 
depreciate  reputation  or  worth  ;  to  derogate  from. 

Never  circulate  reports  th:U  tUtraet  from  tii«;  r*putalion  or  honor 
of  your  neighbor,  ivilhuut  obviou*  dcccm::;  to  Juaiify  the 
aa.  Anott. 

9.  To  lake  away  ;  lo  withdraw,  in  a  literal  sense. 
fVotton.     BtyyU. 

DE-TRACT'ING,  ppr  or  a.  Taking  away  ;  dero- 
gating. 

DE-TRAeT'ING-LY,  oflv.    In  a  detracting  manner. 

DE-TR.Ve'TION,  n.     [L.  detracUo.) 

The  act  of  taking  something  from  the  repuialion 
or  worth  of  another,  wilh  the  view  to  lessen  him  in 
estimation  ;  censure  ;  a  Ie«SLninir  of  v.orth  ;  the  act 
of  depreciating  anolher,  from  envy  or  malice.  De- 
traction may  consist  in  rejiresenting  merit  as  less  than 
it  really  is ;  or  in  the  imputation  of  faults,  vices,  or 
crimes,  which  impair  reputation  ;  and  if  such  impu- 
tatinn  is  false,  it  is  slander,  or  defamation. 

DE-TKA€'TIOL'S,  (-shus,)  a.  Containing  detraction  ; 
lessening  n.-putation.     [~\ot  in  use.] 

DE-TRACT'IVE,  a.  Having  the  quality  or  tendency 
to  lessen  the  worth  or  estimation. 

DE-TRACT'OR,  n.  One  who  takes  away  or  impairs 
the  reputation  of  another  injuriously  ;  one  who  at- 
tempts to  lessen  the  worth  or  honor  of  another. 

DE-TRACT'O-RV,  a.  Derogatory  ;  defamalorj-  by 
denial  of  desert  ;  with  from.         Johnson.     Boyle. 

DE-TRACT'REr=S,  n.     A  female  detractor  ;  a  cen=o- 

OE-TRECT',  c.  t.    [L.  detruto.]  [rious  woman. 

To  refuse.     [JVot  in  use.]  Fotherby. 

DET'RI-MENT,H.  [L.  detnmrntum.  Qu.  A^cr,  worse, 
or  detcro,  dttriituny  worn  ofl".] 

Loss;  damage;  injur>' ;  mischief;  hann ;  dinilm:- 
tion.  We  speak  of  detriment  to  interest,  property, 
religion,  morals,  reputation,  and  to  land  or  buildings. 
It  is  a  tcord  of  cen/  general  application. 

DET-Rl-MENT'iVL,  a.  Injurious;  hurtful;  causing 
loss  or  damage. 


DET'RI-5IENT-ED,  a.    Injured ;  made  worse. 
DE-TRi'TAL,  a.    Pertaining  lo  or  consisUug  of  de- 
tritus. 
DE-TRI"TION,  (dc-trish'un,)  n.    [L.  detero.] 

A  wearing  off.  Stercens. 

DE-TRI'TUS,  H.     [L.  detritus,  worn  ;  dctero,  lo  wear.] 
in  ^eologtf,  a  mass  of  substances  worn  off  from 
solid  bodies" by  attrition,  and  reduced  to  small  por- 
tions ;  as,  diluvial  detritus.    When  the  portions  are 
large,  the  word  debris  is  used.  Btiekland. 

DE-TRCDE',  V.  t.     [L.  dctriido  ;    dc   and  trudo,  lo 
thrusU] 
To  tlvrusl  down  ;  to  push  down  witli  force. 

Locke.     Thomson 
PE-TRuD'ED,  pp.    Thrust  or  forced  down. 
DE-TRCD'lNG,  ppr.    Thrusting  or  forcing  down. 
DE-TRlJ.\e'.\TE,  L*.  f.    [L.  dctntnco  ;  de  and  trunro, 
to  cut  shorter;    tntneus^  cut  short;    Fr.  tranchcr; 
Arm.  trouchCj  or  traincha.    t?ee  Tbesch.] 
To  cut  off;  lo  lop  ;  to  shorten  by  cutting. 
DE-TRUN'C'a-TED,  pp.    Cut  oft';  shortened. 
DE-TRUXC'.A-'rtNG, ppr.     Culling  or  lupping  off. 
DE T-RUN-Ca'TIOX,  n.    The  act  of  cutting  off. 
DE-TRu'SION,    (de-tru'zhun,)    «.    [See  Detrude.] 

The  act  of  tlirusting  or  driving  down. 
DE-TUR'PaTE,  f.  (.    [L.  deturpo.] 

To  defile.     [Little  w>ed.]  Taylor. 

DEuCE,  (duse.)  n.     [Fr.  deux,  two.] 

Two ;  a  card  wilh  two  sfKUd ;   a  die  with  two 
spots  ;  a  term  used  in  gaming. 
DECCE,  (  M.    [Ousias,  Uie  name  of  a  kind  of  evil 
DEOdE,  \      spirits,    riee  Duse.] 

.An  evil  spirit ;  a  demon,     [f^uliear.] 
DEU-TER-0G'.\-MIST,  ii.     [Infru-i    One  who  mar- 
ries tlie  second  time.  GoldsmitJt, 
DEO-TEU-OG'A-.MV,  h.    [Gr.  Msrcp-js,  second,  and 
va/iof,  marriage.]                                    ,  ^    ^      ^ 

A  second  marriage  after  the  death  of  the  first  hus- 
band or  wife.  OoldstmtA, 


TONE,  BpLL,  IJNITE.  — AN"GER,  V1"CI0US €  aa  K ;  6  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  :  TH  as  in  THIS. 


au  •  ' 
DEV  1 

UDf<  . 

1. 


DEV 

OrnvTER  ON'O-MY,  ■.    [Gt.  iiortftoi,  wcond,  ami 

I  Uvv,  ur  second  clvlne  of  Itw  law  by 
li^kiue  giTeu  (o  llio  OfUi  Uiuk  uf  tbt)  Pcii- 

M  A,  j   n.    Hit.  tUvrtfJOiitcoad, 
•  V,     i      and  Ta')>t.] 

: '  c  lluii  v(  any  part  i<f  Uio  body ,  a> 

^  f  rluaded  ■toinach. 
V,  m.     [(ir.  (*<vrc,*oc,  •econd,  and 

m1  iiiunttun  ;  the  niraning  beyond  the 

.;■>(.  r  itr.r.       i    n.      in    ekfmutnf,    a 

-t'l*,  i       (-oiu|ii)und   of  two 

>    wilb  ouv  uf  toiuo  other 

>',M.     ^iir.  <.'i.fr<ua((  occoud,  and  eryJi 

I  KHotTP.] 

id  \'(  twu  ctiuivaltfuu  of  oxygen  wllb 

.  v'TlOX,  ■.     [de  and  I*,  rmpcratic] 
,  *  of  %-itpor  iixlo  water,  a»  in  the  genrra- 

Danein. 
t.     [L.  der^tto.] 
■  i-te  ;  to  idundcr.  [.Vol  %m  us*.]  SiPulifs. 
.    Kt^'I'A'VKj  c.  t.     [l>.  detMsto;  tie  and  tasto,  to 
1    ;  Fr.  drzojUri  8{i. ifemubir,-  IL  detattare,    St.*v 

'  '  wnsle  ;  to  ravage  ;  to  desolate  j 

I  I.-:  1  \\:i-iR  ;  ravaged. 

liJiV    \  -•  w:i5ic  ;  desolating. 

JlEV-    '  rlio.] 

t.  II  ;    dcstrttclion    of 

I    .iiiil    iiam;;4  {ifodiictiuns  which  nre 
it«cful  lu  imui ;  h.ivuck;  as  by  armies, 

-.  .  .-.dby 

f.'Rr. 
i',  I. .ire,  to 

.  LilUfiiii!,-^  (lackil  ur  biiuUte,  in- 

Ij  iinfohl;  lo  lay  open  ;  to  di»- 
\  It  (utnit-lhinc  roiicealcd  or  with- 
The  cmoral  began  to  dettlvp  the 

*L  To  unravel ;  (o  unfold  what  in  intricate ;  as,  to 

'--■'--  ■•  ■  '-'t. 
I  f  D.   (de-vero|itO   pp.      Unfolded  j    laid 

.  .led. 
l»r.  .<  ..  •   .    l^K,  If.    One  wlio  develops  or  unfoldn. 
l>t^\  l;l/i>r-l.\G,  ftpr.     I'DfuldiiiB  ;  disclosing;  un- 

ravrlins- 
DK-VKI   "?'  Ml  \  [•   „.     ,\n  unfoldtni;;  the  rtlseover- 
inc    I  -n-t  or  wUhhelil  from  the  knowl- 

eds''  ItMiirt* ;  I'lill  L'xliihiliun. 

*i.    i ;,i.j;  of  a  plot. 

DKV-Kr-M  3  1  A'l  K,    c.    I.       [L.    ilc    and    rfJiiMfo.*, 
beauty.  1 

i-  .  -t,   1-1  v.-  of  ftrnttly  or  prnre, 
'  N  CV.     tft'c   iJi  vi:noc:ieE. 

r.     [Ft.dn-ftir;  dr  and  e^//r,  lo  clollie, 
..1.,  TfjtUfti  %*eitt,  a  garment.    Cencmlly 
wniten  Ditest.] 

1.  To  strip  ;  to  deprive  of  clothing  or  arms;  to 
lake  off.  Dtukam* 

a.  To  dfpfivp  ;  to  lake  away  ;  as,  to</rcert  a  man 
or  nation  of  rirhu.     [^e  Dirtir  ] 
n.  To  fnc  from  ;  to  di^'n^nge. 
-I.  In  laic,  til  alichnle,  a.i  title  or  right. 
DK-VEsT',  r.  i.     lii  (ar,  to  be  lail  or  alienalcd,  as  a 
title  or  on  rslAle 

[Tills  word  L«  prneinlly  written  Divkjt,  except  in 
the  taltrr  and  I'-s;il  frn***-.] 
IT  \1>I   r,[i  ."^Irippt-d    of   rIoUies;    deprived; 

■  d  KtT  liwt,  iw  title. 

Stripping  of  clothes;    dcpriv- 
,  alienating. 
Hi,  \  L\  .  «.     ^l^rfcexM.] 

It. ml  Ml  !i  down.     [AuC  lit  IU/.1 
Dl^VEX'l  TV.  ■.     [L  dtzttitas\ 
cam.] 

A  bending  downward  ;  a  sloping  ;  Incurvation 
downward.  Davits, 

D£'VI-ATE,  r.   i.     [Il  drviart ;  Pp.  dc^iarst }  L.  de- 
ttms:  dty  frum,  and  rut,  w.-iy.] 

1.  Tn  t;irn  **i.I-  ..r  w.inder  fruin  the  rommon 
or  n.  I  iir,  ntht-r  in  a  liteml  or  fig- 
urat  V  from  the  rumnion  tnick 
or  p^'                                    ;r?e. 

''.  ftod  brf*  vuxkn  wUI.  Pt^. 

e.  the  path  (^duly  ;  Ui  wonder,  in  a 

mor  •     -vf. 

Dll-Vi  ring  or  turning  anidcfmm 

thr  :  '\nr. 

2.  '....:.... niun  or  e«tablij>hed  rule,  or 

from  analogy. 

3.  A  wandrrini  from  the  path  of  duty ;  want  of 

.-.Fif.  ....,•,  t.,-!,    "lies  prescribed  by  God  ;  error  ;  itn  ; 

■  t. 

the  Toluntor)-  departure  of  a  ship, 


DEV 

withdul  nccfMliy,  from  the  ri'gular  and  ur<tial  course 


of  II. 


>>>,-ieo  iiHurrd.    This  disctmret-s  the 
I  their  ristNtniiibilily.  Park. 

.  Jrru,  dcrUe  i  It.  dirtsa;  from  L. 


,  from  dc  and  rrAo,  to 


'.  taut  t 

.  .-ict  »  afAkut  Bktiyloa,  to  dcttroy  U.  -•  Jcr.  11. 

In  a  bad  scmsti 

lie  tUmpfvtntrOi  thrrfr«4(V«  of  ibr  cnfty.  — Job  v. 

2.  An  emtilem  lnt<Mid<  d  to  n- pretkul  a  family,  per 

son,  ::•  ti>'ii,  I  r  >|iia1ily,  with   a   Fiiiil;iLli;   niolto  ;  uhimI 
in  p  tiirr,  and  li-.-ruIdry.     It  r<in'*iwls  in  a 

in*  I  t  it'idc  In  tv\r«n  ttn-  tliinc^  npreamt- 

Ini:  Mu-d,  a«  ih**  Ilguro  of  a  plow  npre- 

senliu^  ii^iiculturc. 

Ktilffit»<mtnt  iu:d  to  lUMlnpikh  UmnKlTca  I7  ttrvlof  on  tlicir 
BhH'U.  Addintn. 

3.  Invention;   genius;   faculty  of  devising;  n.«,  a 
man  of  nobk*  dmee.  Skak. 

•t  A  sp-'ctaclf  or  show.     {Ohs,'\       Beaum.  ti' FU 
DE-\'TCETIJI.,  a.  Full  of  devices;  invcnli%'c. 

Spmstr. 
DE-VICE'FIJL-LY,  ode.  In  n  manner  ciirioutily  con- 
trived. Donne, 
DEV'/I.,  fdev'vl,)  n.  [Sax.  diafol;  D.  dttivrl ;  G.  Uufd; 
Sw.  dif/cnl ;  Dan.  dtitvel ;  Uuss.  dinvol ;  Tartar,  diof; 
I*.  dinbolu.t:  Gr.  ^iali"\  i,  paid  to  be  from  itnlinWuf^ 
to  calumniate  ;  Fr.  diable;  Sp.  diablo  ;  Port,  diabo;  It. 
diacoto.  'J'ho  Arnioric  is  diaul ;  W.  diatcl^  which  Ow- 
en  supposes  to  be  coinixMinili-d  of  di,  a  negiitive,  and 
aW,  light  — one  without  liF:)it,  (prince  of  darkness.) 


The  Irish  is  diabhail,  whicli,  ncconliiig  to  O'Brien,  ia-  DEVI  TA-ItU:,  a.     Avoidable.     [.\W  in  uje.] 


composed  of  ilia,  deity,  and  b!wl,  air,  (cod  of  the  air.) 
If  thesi-  Cfllic  words  are  juj^tly  explained,  they  are 
not  connected  with  dicbvlusy  or  the  latttr  is  erroric- 
outily  deduced.] 

1.  In  the  Christian  ihfotoirii^  an  evil  spirit  or  being  ; 
a  fallen  angcI,  e.\i>ellid  fnnu  Iieavun  fur  relKllion 
ngainj^l  God  ;  the  chief  of  the  nimstate  anfjels  ;  the 
implacable  enemy  and  t<;iiiptcr  of  the  human  race. 
In  the  New  Tcstauieni,  llit-  word  is  frequently  and 
erroneously  used  for  demon. 

2.  A  very  wickrd  perwMi.and  in  tudierons tan^aftCy 
nny  great  evil.  In  profane  Ian •ruage^  it  is  an  exple- 
tive expressing  wonder,  vexation,  &c. 

3.  .\n  idol,  or  false  god.     Lev.  xvii.     0  Chron.  XJ. 

4.  A  machine  for  cuiiinp  up  rags  and  old  cloth  for 
manufacturing  purposes. 

5.  .\  printer's  crnind-hoj-.     {Loip.\ 
r)EV'/I.,r.  a.  To  cut  up  cloth  or  rags  m  an  instrument 

called  a  devil, 
•2.  To  pepper  excessively.  Smart. 

DEV'/LING,  11,     A  young  devil.     [J\"ot  in  useJ] 

BfaiiTit. 
DEV'/I^ISII.  (dev'vl-ish.)  n.    Partaking  of  the  qual- 
ities of  the  devil ;  diabolical ;  ver>'  evil  and  miscliiev- 
ous ;  maliciuus ;  as,  a  dccilish  scheme  ;  deviiuh  wick- 
edness. Sidney. 

2.  Having  communication  willi  tlic  devil ;  perkiin- 
ing  to  the  devil.  Sfiak. 

3.  Excessive ;  enormous  ;  in  a  vulgar  and  ludicrous 
iien.te  ;  x-«,  a  (Jeri/uA  cheat.  Jiddison. 

DEV'/I^ISII-LY,  ndv.  In  a  manner  suiting  the  devil ; 
diabolically ;  wickedly.  South, 

•i  Greatly  ;  excessively  ;  in  a  rnlj^ar  sense, 
DKV'/L  IJ?li-NE:?S,  n.    'Ihe  qualities  of  the  devd. 
DEV'/L-ISM,  n.     The  stale  of  devils,     [^''ot  used.] 

Bp.  HalL 
DEV'/L-IZE,©  (.  To  place  among  devils,  [Aot  used,] 

Bp.  I/alL 
DEV'/I^KI.V,  (dev'vl-kin,)  w.  A  little  devil.  Clarissa. 
UEV'/I,  SHIP,  n.    The  character  of  a  devil. 
DKV'/I,.TKV,  n.    Diabolical  conduct.  f/xj-x.] 

D£'V1-OIjS,  a.     [U.  dccius  ;  de  and  ria,  way.] 

1.  Out  of  the  common  way  or  track  ;  an,  a.  devious 
course. 

2.  Wandering;  roving;  rambling. 

To  U^m  the  viidiy  deriouM  morning  walk.  TTumson. 

3.  Erring ;  going  astray  from  rectitude  or  the  di- 
vine precepts. 

One  dcsioui  ttep  at  Cnrt  may  lead  i.  J,;uul  rice. 

Anon, 

DE'VI-OUS-LY,  adc.    In  n  deviou«  mann- r. 

Reynolds. 
DG'VI-OU.S-NESS,    ».       Departure  from  a  regular 

enur*' ;   wandering. 
DE-VIR'(:;L\-,\TE,(-vur'cin-)p.t.  [LowL.iferir^ino.] 

'J'o  il<  rli-ur.  Sandys. 

Dt:-V1R'GI.\.A-TED,  pp.    Deprived  of  virginity. 
DE-VIS'A-IILE.  (de-vlz'a-bl,)  a.     See  the  verb. 

1.  That  may  be  bcqucalhcd  or  given  by  will. 

BlaeJcstene. 

2.  That  can  be  invented  or  contrivrd.        Sadler. 
DE-VI8E',   r.  f.     [Fr.  deri-ter^  to  talk  or  interchange 

thouicht«;  iLdirwcrc, to  think, divide, or  share;  from 
Lb  dtruttSf  djrido.] 
I.  To  invent ;  to  contrive ;  to  form  in  the  mind  by 


DEV 

new  combinations  of  ideas,  new  application:*  of  prin- 
ciples, or  new  arrangement  of  lutrls  ;  to  i-xcogilale  ; 
to  Etrike  out  by  tliought ;  to  plan  ;  to  xchcine  ;  (opn>. 
Jecl ;  as,  to  i/iTije  un  engine  or  marhino  ;  utdrrtttn 
new  mode  of  writing ;  tu  deeise  a  pKin  of  defense ; 
to  rfrcu«  argumenla. 

To  d€Tif€  cufiou*  woika  lit  ^IJ  nnJ  Bllyrr.  —  tvx.  xur. 

In  a  bad  sense  t 

DntM*  not  nril  &£ilti*i  Uij  nrlflilxir.  —  Pro?,  lit. 
2.  To  give  or  bequeath  by  will,  as  land  or  other 
real  estate.  Btaekstane. 

DE-\1»E',  r.  t.    To  consider;  to  contrive;  to  lay  a 
plan  ;  to  form  a  scheme. 

DtvU<  buw  you  will  uac  him  wltra  1«?  cemM,  S*^, 

Formerly  followed  by  of;  as,  let  us  drri^r  (/  <>aie. 

Spenser, 
DE-VTSE',it.  Primariltt,n  dividing  or  tLvisioii  ;  lirnre, 
thr  net  of  giving  or  di>lributini!  real  vAnlv  by  a  tn*- 
lator.     1'lie  term  U  also  sometimes  npplic<l,  though 
improperly,  lo  bequest  of  {lerwonal  e^ilute. 

BlacJistone.    Boutier, 

2.  A  will  or  icstaincnl. 

3.  ,\  share  of  estate  bequeathed. 

DE-VTSE',  n.    Contrivance;  scheme  invented.  [Ofrs.] 

ifttoker, 

DE-VIS'£D,  pp.     Given  by  will ;  bo<piealhed  ;  con- 
trived. 

DEV-I-SEE',  II.     The  person  to  whom  n  devise  b 
inndi^ ;  one  lo  whom  real  estate  is  iK-qiienlhrd. 

DE-VIS'ER,  n.   Owe  who  contrives  or  invent!! ;  a  con- 
triver; au  inventor.  f?rn^ 

DE-\^S'ING,  ppr.    Contriving;   inventing;   forming 
a  schenic  or  plan. 

2.  Giving  by  will ;  heqiicalhing. 

DE-VIS'OR,  ».     One  wlio  gives  by  will;  one  wltobe* 
qucaths  lands  or  tenenieiits.  Blaekstonr. 


DEV-I  TA'TIO.V,  H.     An  escapiiic    [.Vu(  in  «<r.] 
DE-VlT-RI-FI-eA'TIO\,    11.      'Ilie  act  of  depriving 
gl.oss  of  it.'«  transparency,  and  converting  it  mto  a 
gniy,  opaque  substance.  Ure.     Bi;*tle», 

DEV-0-e.X'TIO\,  n,     fL.  rfrrofo^o.l 

A  calling  away  ;  bcductiun.     [Aol  in  use.] 

llalUitrtlt, 
DE-VOID',  a.  [</c  and  void,  Vr.ruidr^ride.  See  Void.] 

1.  Void  ;  empty  ;  Vacant;  applied  to  plttfr.  Spenatr, 

2.  Destitute;  not  i>ossessing;  aHyderoid  of  under- 
standing. 

3.  Free  from ;  ns,  devoid  of  Tear  or  shame. 
CE-rO/fl',  (dcv-wor')n.  [Fr.  rfccoiV;  U.  Jovere  ;  Uvm 

L.  debeo,  to  owe.] 

Primarily,  sen'icc,  or  duty.     Hence,  an  net  of  ci- 
vility or  respect;  respectriil  ntiticc  due  to  amuhor; 
as,  we  paid  our  dcvoir.i  to  the  queen,  or  to  the  UdlcSi 
DEV-0-LO'T!ON,  h.     [L.  devolutio,] 

1.  I'lie  act  of  rolling  down;  as,  the  rfreit/iiiitrn  of 
earth  into  a  valley.  Il',wuteard. 

2.  Removal  from  one  person  to  another ;  a  p.x<wiji| 
or  falling  uiK>n  a  successor.  Bale. 

DE-VOLVE',  (de-volv',)  r.  (.  [L.  dcvoho  ;  de  and  rol- 
Fd,  to  roll,  Kng.  to  icaUow.] 

1.  To  roll  down  ;  lo  pour  or  flow  with  wiiulings. 

Throu^li  tplcmliil  kin^oiiu  lie  dcvolcca  hb  innic.     Thomtom. 

2.  To  move  from  one  person  lo  another ;  to  deliver 
over,  or  from  one  possessor  to  a  successor. 

The  kill*  deralctd  tl»c  care  ami  Jisjxxition  of  oilvin  rn  Ihr  (tuks 
of  OniiaoJ.  Temj>:f.     GHAan, 

DE-VOLVE',  (dc-volv',)  c.  i.  Litrrally,  to  roll  down ; 
hence,  to  ftass  from  one  to  another  \  to  f;ill  bv  suc- 
cession from  one  jKissessor  to  his  titicces>or.  In  lbs 
absence  of  the  commander-in-chief,  the  cnniinand 
derolced  on  the  next  ofhcer  in  rank.  On  the  dealli 
of  the  prince,  the  crown  devolvrA  on  his  eldest  son. 

DE-VOLV'£D,  pp.  Itolled  dewn  ;  passed  over  lo  nn- 
oihor. 

DE-VOLV'ING,  ppr.  Rolling  down  ;  falling  lo  a  wc- 
c  essor. 

DE-VOI.VE'.^IENT,  n.    The  act  of  devolving. 

DEV-O-RA'TION,  TJ.    The  act  of  devouring. 

DE-VG'TA-RY,  n,     A  volarj-.    [.\'ot  in  use.]   Gregory. 

DE-VOTE',  c.  t,  [L.  devoceo,  dcvotus  ;  dc  and  votto, 
lo  vow  ;  Fr.  derourr.] 

1.  To  appropriate  by  vow  ;  to  set  apart  or  dedicate 
by  a  solemn  act ;  to  consecrate. 

No  devoted  Hung  that  a  man  »haU  devolt  Cr  the  LopI,  ilr*R  U 
■old  or  rwl'wnccl.  Every  dtcolwd  thiny  to  moM  boljr  to  tte 
I»rcl.  —  L^T.  zxriL 

2.  To  give  up  wholly  ;  lo  addict ;  to  direct  the  at- 
tention wholly  or  chiefly;  to  attach;  as,  lo  devote 
one's  self  lo  science  ;  lo  devote  ourselves  tu  our 
friends,  or  lo  their  interest  or  pleasure. 

3.  To  give  up;  to  resign;  as,  aliens  were  </fF*(«i 
lo  rapine  ;  the  city  was  devoted  lo  the  flames, 

4.  To  doom  ;  lo  consign  over ;  as,  to  devote  one  10 
devipiction. 

."i.  To  execrate ;  lo  doom  to  evil.  Roiee. 

DE-Vr>TE',  a.     Devoted.  Mdton. 

DE-VfiTE'  n.     A  devotee.  Sandyr. 

DE-V^T'ED,  pp.     Appropriated   by  vow  ;   tolcmnljr 
scl  a|ian  or  dedicated  ;  consecrated  ;  addicted  ;  given 
up  :  doomed  ;  consigned. 
2.  a.     .Ardent;    zealous;  strongly  attached. 


FATE,  FAK.  FALL,  WllAT.— M£TE,  PRfiY.-PrXE,  MARI.VE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  .MOM:,  WOLF,  D(X>K 


DEV 

DE-VoT'ED  NESS,  n.  Tha  suite  of  being  devoted  or 
given  ;  :lddictedne^•s  ;  as,  dcvotcdncjss  to  religion. 

DfiV-O-TEE',  K.     [Fr,  dcvot,]  [Grcic.    Milner. 

One  who  is  wholly  devoted ;  particularly^  one 
given  wfiolly  to  rclipion  ;  one  who  is  supcrstitiously 
given  to  reliVious  duties  and  ceremonies;  a  bigot. 

DE-VoTK'.MENT,  n     Devoledness;  devotion. 

Mem.  of  Bucltaiian. 
2.  Vowed  dedication.  Jilasoit. 

DE-VoT'ER,  n.  One  that  devotes  ,  also,  a  worshiper. 

DE-VoT'Ii\G,  ppr.  Giving  or  appropriating  by  vow  j 
soil  innly  setting  apart  or  dedicating ,  consecrating  ; 
givinir  wholly ;  addicting;  dooming;  consigning. 

DE-Vo^TION,  H.  The  state  of  being  dedicated,  con- 
secrated, or  solemnly  set  apart  for  a  particular  pur- 
pose. 

2.  A  solemn  attention  to  the  Supreme  Being  in 
worship;  a  yielding  of  the  heart  and  aflections  to 
God,  with  reverence,  faith,  and  piety,  in  religious 
duties,  particularly  in  prayer  and  meditation ;  de- 
\'outness. 

3.  External  worship;  acts  of  religion;  perform- 
ance of  religious  duties. 

As  I  passed  hy  and  beheld  yoai  deootions. — AcLs  xvii. 

4.  Prayer  to  the  Supreme  Being.  A  Christian  will 
be  regular  in  his  morning  and  evening  devotions. 

5.  An  act  of  reverence,  respect,  or  ceremony. 

Slial: 
G.  Ardent  love  or  affection ;    attachment    mani- 
fested by  constant  attention  ;  as,  the  duke  was  dis- 
tinguished by  his  devotion  to  the  king,  and  to  the 
interest  of  the  nation.  Clarendon. 

7.  Earnestness  ;  ardor ;  eagerness. 

He  seeks  Uicir  bate  vith  greater  devo&on  than  Ihcy  can  render 
it  liim.  Shck. 

8.  Disposal  ;  power  of  disposing  of;  state  of  de- 
pendence. 

AniiKli"!  Castl«  would  keep  thai  rich  corner  of  tlie  coiinUy  nt  liis 
in:ijaly's  devotion.  Clarendon. 

lE-Vo'TIOX-AL,  a.  Tertaining  to  devotion  ;  used 
in  devotion  ;  as,  a  devotional  posture ;  devotional  ex- 
ercises. 

2.  Suited  to  devotion ;  as,  a  devotional  frame  of 
mind. 

DE-V0'TIO\-AL-IST,  \  n.    A  person  given  to  devo- 

DE-VO'TIOX-IST,  i  tion;  or  one  superstitious- 
ly  or  fv)rmally  devout.  Spectator. 

DE-Vo'TION-AL-LY,  adv.    In  a  devout  manner. 

DE-VO'TO,  n.     [It.]     A  devotee.     [A-ot  in  rise] 

Spenser. 

DE-Vo'TOR,  n.  One  who  reverences  or  worships. 
[Ohs.]  Bcaum.  4'  Ft. 

DE-VOUR',  V.  t.  JL.  devoro  :  dc  and  voro,  to  eat;  It. 
vorarc,  d  ICO  rare  bp.  dcuorc?-;  Fr.  devoi-er;  Arm.  de- 
rori:  \V.  pnri,  lo  feed  ;  Gr.  .Bomi^  pasture  ;  Heb.  Ch. 
lya,  to  consume.    Class  Br,  No.  C] 

1.  To  eat  up;  to  eat  with  greediness;  to  eat  rav- 
enously, as  a  beast  of  prey,  or  as  a  hungrj'  man. 

IrVc  W'Jt  say,  Some  evil  be,i;l  hilh  devoured  him.  — Gen.  xsxvii. 
lu  ihe  nioniiiig  he  shnll  devour  liie  prey.  —  Gen.  slix. 

2.  To  destroy  ;  to  consume  with  rapidity  and  vio- 
lence 

I  will  send  a  fire  into  the  house  of  Hazoel,  which  eH-lII  devour 

the  palaces  of  ifcn-hAdcd.  —  Amos  i. 
Faiuluc  aud  pestilence  shall  detour  him.  — Ez.  irii. 

3.  To  enter  upon  and  pursue  with  great  eagerness. 

He  seemed  in  swillncsi  to  devour  tlie  way.  SliaJ:, 

4.  To  waste  ;  to  consume ;  to  spend  in  dissipation 
and  riot. 


As  soon  as  lliis  thy  son  hnd  co 
%ilh  hrulois.  —  Luke  xv. 


who  b^Oi  decourcd  lliy  living 


5.  To  consume  wealth  and  substance  by  fraud, 
oppression,  or  illegal  exactions. 

Ye  devour  widows'  houses.  — Mall,  xiiii. 

6.  To  destroy  spiritually  ;  to  ruin  the  soul. 

Your  advcrsarj-,  the   devil,  as  a   roaring  lion,  walkcth  aLxiut, 
seeking  whom  be  may  deoour.  —  1  Pel.  r, 

7.  To  slay. 

The  swoixl  shall  devour  the  young  lions.— Nab.  it. 

8.  To  enjoy  with  avidity. 

Longing  they  look,  and  gaping  at  ihe  eigh*, 

Devour  her  o'er  and  o'er  with  vast  dehghu         Dryden, 

DE-VOUR'ED,  pp.    Eaten ;  swallowed  w  ilh  greedi- 
ness ;  Consumed  ;  destroyed  ;  wasted  ;  slain. 

DE-VOUR'ER,  n.     One  who   devours ;   he  or  that 
which  eats,  consumes,  or  destroys  ;  he  that  preys  on. 

DE-VOt/U'IXG,  ppr.   or  a.      Eating    greedily;    con- 
suming; wa.'^ting ;  destroying;  annihilating. 

DE-VOL'R'IN'G-LY,  adv.     In  a  devouring  manner. 

DE-VOUT',   a.     [It.  dcvoto ;    Fr.   dcvot;    L.   dcvotits 
See  Detote.] 

1.  Yielding  a  solemn  and  reverential  attention  to 
God  in  religious  exercises,  particularly  in  prayer. 

We  must  be  consUr.t  and  devout  in  tlieworship  of  Goil.  Eosert. 

2  Pious;  devoted  lo  religion  ;  religious. 

Simeon  wa>  ajuitman  and  devout. —  Luke  ii. 
Dtvoul  men  carried  Stephen  lo  his  t-urial.  —  .A,ct8  viii. 

3  Expressing  devotion  or  piety  ;   as,  with  eyes 
devotU  Mtlion. 


DEX 

4.  Expressing  a  lively  interest;  sincere;  polcmn; 

earnest ;  as,  you  have  my  devout  wishes  for  your 

safely. 
DE-VOUT'.  n.     A  devotee.     [Xot  used.]        Sheldon. 
DE-VOUT'hESS,  a.     Destitute  of  devotion. 
DE-VOUT'LESS-LV,  adv.     Without  devotion. 
DE-VOUT'LESS-NESS,  n.     Want  of  devotion. 

Bp.  of  Chichester. 
DE-VOUT'I.Y,  adv.    With  .solemn  attention  and  rev- 

tToncc  to  God  ;  with  ardent  devotion. 

lie  waa  devoutly  engaged  in  prayer.  Anon. 

0.  Piously;  religiously;  with  pious  thoughts;  as, 
he  viewed  the  cross  devoutly. 

'S.  Sincerely  ;  solemnly  ;  earnestly ;  as,  a  consum- 
mation devoutly  to  be  wished. 

DE-VOUT'NESS,  7*.  The  quality  or  stale  of  being 
devout.  Qlanville. 

DE-VOW',  I'.  (,    To  give  up.  [^otinuse.]  B.  Jonson, 

DEW,  (du,)  ».  [Sax.  deatv  ;  D.dauwi  G.  than;  Sw. 
da-r^ ;  Dan.  dufrg.  See  Class  Dg,  No.  24,  60,  62,  63. 
It  is  probably  from  the  same  primary  root  as  tliaw ; 
G.  thaii^  dew,  thaiten^  to  thaw.] 

IMoisture  precipitated  frcJn  the  atmosphere  on  the 
surfaces  of  bodies.  It  is  thus  distinguished  from  fog, 
whicii  is  moisture  precipitated  within  the  atmos- 
ph<Te.  D.  Olmsted. 

DEW,  r\  t.    To  wet  with  dew  ;  to  moisten.     Dnjden. 

DEW'-BE\T,  a.     Bent  by  the  dew.  Tliomson. 

DEW'-BER-RY,  n.  The  fruit  of  a  species  of  brier  or 
braniblc  ;  the  low-vincd  blackberrj-,  that  creeps  along 
the  ground,  of  tlie  genus  Rubus. 

DEW-BE-SPAN"GLED,  (du-be-spang'gld,)  a.  Spang- 
led with  dew-drops.  Gray. 

DEV/-BE-SPKENT',  a.    Sprinkled  with  dew.    [Obs.] 

jsrdton. 

DEW-BE-SPRINK'LED,  (du-be-sprink'ld,)  a.  Sprink- 
led with  dew.  Shenstonc. 

DEW'-DREXCII-£D,  (du'drensht,)  «.  Drenched  with 
dew. 

DEW'-DROP,  It.  A  drop  of  dew,  which  sparkles  at 
sunrise  ;  a  spangle  of  dew.  Milton. 

DEW'-DROP-PING,a.  Welting  as  with  dew.  Thomson. 

DEWED,  (dude,)  pp.    Moistened  with  dew. 

DE^V-I^I-PEARL'£^3,  a.  [See  Pearl.]  Covered 
with  dew-drops,  like  pearls.  Drayton. 

DEW'I-NESS,  71.    State  of  being  dewy. 

DEWING,  ppr.    AA'^etting  or  moistening  with  dew. 

DEW-LAP,  71.  [dew  and  lap,  to  lick.]  The  flesh 
that  hangs  from  the  throat  of  oxen,  which  laps  or 
licks  the  dew  in  grazing.  Addison. 

a.  In  Shakspearc^  a  lip  flaccid  with  age. 

DEW-LAPT,  a.     Furnished  with  a  dew-lap. 

DEW'LKSS,  a.     Having  no  dew. 

DEW-POINT,  H.  The  temperature  or  point  of  the 
theruuiuicter,  at  v^■hich  dew  begins  to  form.  It  va- 
ries according  to  the  humidity  of  the  atmosphere. 

Brandc. 

DEW-WORM,  (du'wurm,)  v.  A  worm,  called  other- 
wise earth-worm,  a  species  of  Lumbricus,  which 
lives  just  under  the  surface  of  the  ground. 

DEWY,  (dii'c,)  a.    Partaking  of  dew  ;  like  dew ;  as, 
darij  mist. 
2.  Moist  with  dew  ;  as,  demy  fields. 


His  dewy  locks  distJiled 
A  mhrosia. 


AjUWn. 


DEX'TER,  a.     [L.  dexter;  Gr.  ij£((os>  Ir  -^t^-] 

Right,  as  opposed  to  left ;  a  term  used  in  lieraldr>', 

to  denote  the  right  side  of  a  shield  or  coat  of  arms ; 

as,  beml-dextcr  ;  dcxter-point.  Encyc 

DEX-TER'I-TY,  7u     [L.  deztcritas^  from  dexter^  right, 

fit,  prompt.] 

1.  Readiness  of  limbs;  adroitness;  activity;  ex- 
pert n  ess  ;  skill;  that  readiness  in  performing  an 
action,  which  proceeds  from  experience  or  practice, 
united  with  activity  or  quick  motion.  We  say,  a 
man  handles  an  instrument,  or  eludes  a  thrust,  witli 
deztcritii. 

2.  Readiness  of  mind  or  mental  faculties,  as  in 
contrivance,  or  invi-nting  means  to  accomplish  a 
purpose  ;  promptness  in  devising  expedients  ;  quick- 
ness and  skill  in  managing  or  conducting  a  scheme 
of  operations.  We  say,  a  negotiation  is  conducted 
with  dcztcritij.  Gibbon. 

DEX'TR.AL,  a.    Right,  as  opposed  to  left.      Brown. 

DEX-TIIAL'I-TY,  7(.  The  state  of  being  on  the  right 
side. 

DEX'TRINE,  71.  A  substance  of  a  gummy  appear- 
ance, into  which  the  interior  molecules  of  starch  are 
converted  by  diastase  or  acids;  used  in  cookery.  It 
is  named  from  its  turning  the  plane  of  polarization 
to  the  right  hand.  Vrc. 

DEX-TROR'S  AL,  a.     [dexter  and  vorsus^  verstts,  from 
vcrto,  to  turn.] 
Rising  from  right  to  left,  as  a  spiral  line  or  helb:. 

Seni-y. 

DEX'TROUS,      I  a.    Readv  and  expert  in  the  use  of 

DEX'TER-OUS,  \  the  body  and  limbs  ;  skillful  and 
active  in  manual  enii)Ioymont ;  adroit ;  as,  a  dex- 
trous hand  ;   a  dcxtronn  workman. 

2.  Ready  in  the  use  of  the  mental  faculties ;  prompt 
in  contrivance  and  management ;  expert ;  quick  at 
inventing  expedients  ;  as,  a  dextrous  manager. 

Dexlroai  tlie  crv-.ving,  fawning  crowd  lo  quit.  Pope. 


DIA 

3.  SItlllful ;  artfu] ;  done  with  deiteii'.y  ,  as,  da- 
trouA  manacciiieiiL 
DEX'TUOUS-LY,       I  adr.  Witll  deiurily ;  ffjpertly  ; 
DEX'TER-OUS- LY,  (     skUlfully  ;  anfuUy ;  adtoilly  ; 

promptly. 

EEx'Tltt-OUS-f  E§S,  I  "■    ""'""'J'  ■'  ='i"'i">^- 
DEY,  (da,)  71.    A  Turkish  title  of  dignity  piven  to  the 

governor  of  Algiers  before  llic  French  amqnesL 
DI,  a  prefix,  [a  contraction  of  dis,]  denotes  /rom,  scpa- 

ration,  or  ne^ationf  or  two. 
DI'A,  [Grceki]  a  prefix,  denotes  throu^rk. 
DI'A-BASE,  n.    Another  name  of  gnjenatone. 
DI-AB-A-Te'RI-AL,  a.    [Gr.  iiaiiawoj.] 

Border-(iassing.  Mttford. 

DI-A-Be'TeS,  71.     [Gr.  f'ia/iiiT>}?,  from  Sta3aivo>yto 

pass  through  ;  ^i  a  and  iia  t  I'o).  to  go  or  jKLfK.] 
An  excessive  and  morbid  aischargu  of  auccharlnc 

urine. 
DI-A-BET'IC,  a.    Pertaining  to  diabetes. 
DI-AB'LE-RY,  n.     [Fr.  diablerie.] 
Dcviltr\-. 

Di:A-B8b'{&AL,  i  "^     [L.  dUaolus,  the  dcviL] 

Devilish;  pertaining  to  the  devil ;  hence,  cxlrcmtv 

ly  malicious;  impious;  atrocious;  nefarious;  out- 
rageously wicked  ;  partaking  of  any  quality  ajicribed 
to  the  devil  ;  as,  a  diaboliccl  temper ;  a  diabolical 
scheme  or  action. 

DI-A-BOL'IC-ALr-LY,  arfp.  In  a  diabolical  manner; 
ver\'  wickedly  ;  nefariously. 

DI-A-BOL  'I-FY,  V.  t.  To  ascribe  diabolical  qualities 
lo. 

DI-A-BOL'ie-AI^NESS,  n.  The  qualities  of  the  devil. 

DI-AB'O-LISM,  n.    The  actions  of  Uie  devil. 

2.  Possession  by  the  devil.  ffarbnrton. 

DI-A-CAUS'Tie,  a.      [Gr.  itaKotto,  lo  bum  or  in- 
flame.] 
Belonging  to  curves  formed  by  refraction.  Bailaj. 

Dr-A€H'Y-LUM,  )         r^^   i     „„a        \      i 

Dr^ACH'Y-LON,  i  "'     ^^^'  ^'"  ^""^  ^"^^^'^ 

A  plaster,  originally  composed  of  the  juices  of  sev- 
eral plants,  (whence  its  name,)  but  now  made  of  an 
oxyd  of  lead  and  oil.  Brandc. 

Di-A-€o'DI-UM,  n.    The  sirup  of  poppies. 

Dt-AC'O-NAL,  a.     [L.  diaeonus.] 
Pertaining  lo  a  deacon. 

DT-A€'0-NATE,  ti.    The  office  of  a  deacon. 

DT-A-€0US'TI€,  a.  [Gr.  (Jiokovw,  to  hear;  iia  and 
awjvttj,  lo  hear.] 

Pertaining  lo  the  science  or  doctrine  of  refracted 
sounds. 

DI-A-eOUS'TieS,  n.  That  branch  of  natural  philos- 
ophy which  treats  of  the  properties  of  sound  refract- 
ed by  passing  through  difierent  mediums  ;  caUcd  also 
diaphmiics. 

DI-A-€RIT'ie-AL,  j  a.     [Gr.  itaKptrtKOi^  Staxpivw, 

DT-A-€RIT'I€,  J  to  separate  ;  6ia  and  Kptvtii,  lo 
separate.] 

Thai  separates  or  distinguishes ;  distinctive ;  as,  a 
diacritical  point  or  mark. 

The  short  vowel  is  never  signified  by  any  diceriHcat  mark. 

Di-A-DELPII'I-A,  7(.  [Gr.  ^tf,  Sty  twice,  and  ac£\<*)05, 
a  brother.] 

In  botaniji  a  class  of  plants  whose  stamens  are 
united  into  two  bodies  or  bundles  by  their  filaments. 

Linnttiis. 
DT-A-DELPH'I-AN,  )  a.    Having  stamens  united  in 
DT-A-DELPH'OUS,  (    two  bodies  by  Iheir  filaments. 
DI'A-DEM,  77.     [Gr.  ^tn^rjpa,  from  i^taSew^  to  gird  ;  cia 
and  ^rw,  to  bind  ;  L.  diadcina,] 

1.  ^Hfic/it/t^,  a  head-band  or  fillet  worn  by  kings  as 
a  badge  of  royalty.  It  was  made  of  silk,  linen,  or 
wool,  and  lied  round  the  temples  and  forehead,  the 
ends  being  tied  behind  and  let  fall  on  the  neck.  It 
was  usually  white  and  plain  ;  sometimes  embroidered 
with  gold,  or  set  with  pearls  and  precious  stones. 

2.  In  modern  vsa>sr,  the  mark  or  badge  of  royalty, 
worn  on  the  head  ;  a  crown  ;  andjfgurativcbj,  em- 
pire; supreme  power.  Gibbon. 

3.  A  distinguished  or  principal  ornament. 

AdiiKJeJTiofbcniity.  —  U.  xiriU. 

DI'A-DEM-ED,  a.  Adorned  with  a  diadem ;  crowned ; 

ornamented.  Pope, 

DI'.V-DROM,  n.     [Gr.  SiaSponT)^  a  running  about ;  dia- 

l:popcit} ;  Sia  and  Tpt\t>i,  lo  run.] 
A  course  or  passing;  a  vibration;  the  lime  in 

which  the  vibration  of  a  pendulum  is  performed. 

[Ohs.]  Locke. 

DI-.^R'E-SIS, 


DI-ER'E-SIS, 


[Gr.  iiaipnati.] 


The  dissolving  of  a  diphtliong ;  the  mark  " ,  de- 
noting that  the  vowels  are  to  be  pronounced  as  dis- 
tinct letters. 
DI-AG-No'SIS,  71.     [Gr.  6ia}  vwctj.] 

The  distinctive  or  discriminating  knowledge  of  any 
thing,  but  especiaHv  of  a  disease. 
DT-AG-NOS'Tie,  a.'  [Gr.  SiayvocTiKOS ; Siaytyo}CK(o ; 
6ia  and  )  nwctft.),  to  know.] 

Distinguishing ;  characteristic  ;  indicating  the  na- 
ture of  a  disease. 
DI-AG-NOS'TI€,  ;i.    The  sign  or  sj-mptom  by  whicli 
a  disease  is  known  or  distinguished  from  others.  Di- 


TONE,  BIJLL,  X;NITE AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K  ;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SU  ;  TH  as  in  THIS 


42 


329 


UIA 


mfftMtie^  ue  of  ' 


cot 

1. 

oih 

VI4J. 


.  it(  [idiiig  fh'iii  onp  DDgla  to  an- 
I  i  or  uiuUilaU'ral  tlguie,  and  dl- 


iwn  ffuin  aii^lr-  ti 


PT 


nil)-. 
AM 


Ini-" 


led 
of  A 

DI'A  UKAl'll,  n.     [Ur.  tha  ami  ;  -a;    ■•] 

A  rcceiiilv-mvomcd  iniitniincut  w^d  inperspccllve. 
ni-A-GRAPH'IC,  I  a.     [Gt.  S:a  oud  ypa^w,  to  de- 

l>I-A-GRAril'ie-AU,  S      Ktibe.] 

I)c<crt|»livy. 
DI-A-CJKVU'IATES,  m,  pL    t^imng  purgatives  made 
with  ilincrydium;  n  preparalmn  of  ncummony  and 
nuiiu'-  juiic. 
VVAL,  It. 


r.  dtc. 
An  irif.truiiu-nt  i 
of  III--  >'in.    It  I' 
in  - 
th. 

WIf- 

call 


(o  [ 
ft>I 

thr 

cal! 
DI'Ai 

cl.. 

th 
Dl'A 

»^ 

1. 


Gr 

Ai; 

br. 
tion 
Ini 

fnir- 
(n 


liaduw 

I     drawn 

■  .1  \Mrf,  or  o( 

nilicularly  on 

;  ihe  day.  'I'lio 

-.  s  the  tiini-,  is 

list  bj  parallel 

>  II  wliicli  thi?4 

.fub:ityle ;  and 

•  and  styU  ia 

lUc  plat'-  '-  r  u  u!  il,  and  al^o  of  a 
I  which  the  lineaarc  drawn  to  show 
■:  III.   .I:iy.  aUbcrt. 

1  and   A<}u,  to 

prcuffar  to  a 
m.  ,  '  chifrty 

In. I  "■    '^'ho 

,'aIs  ;  the 
.  i.,An\  A  iIi.iIltI  in  tlio 
i:\ge,  with  fucli  local  allcra- 
and  ruvulutions  may  Itavo 
lulanla  uf  the  same  stock  or 
or  remoic  situations.  l)ut 
:*:nn  of  words,  many  lan- 

Sii .  ulcn^d  as  distinct,  are  really 

11  ■  liinguagc. 

:.',  I.  or  manner  of  speaking  or 

PXprL---iun.  South. 

DT-A-LECT'ie,         )  a.    Pertaining  to  a  dialect  or  di- 
DI-Al.nCT'IC  AL,  j      alccta  ;  not  radicaL 

■'  -  logic  ',  loffical ;  argumciilal.  Boyle* 

DI-A  l.Y, adr.  InlhcinantkTofadialcct. 

Ul-A  \  N',  M.     A  iDRician  ;  a  re^^ionur. 

UI- A  '.      That   branch  of   logic   which 

U  I  Lnd  Mii'tlfS  of  rt-asoninp.    Encyc 

DI-A  I  One  learned  in  dialeclica. 

DI'AL  l.Nti,  r.  Tlie  science  which  unfolds  the  prin- 
ciple* of  iiiiajiiiring  Umc  by  diala  ;  or  the  art  of  con- 
stnictinit  dial.i.  D.  Olttuled, 

11   M.IST,  m.     A  conHlructerofdials;  one  ekillcd  in 

,ung. 
il  AL'LA-OE,  «.     [Gr.  ^taAX.i^ri,  diOurencc.] 

A  rlK-Horical  ngurt;  by  \vlilch  arpimenls  are  placed 
in  varwiu  poiiitJi  of  view,  and  then  turned  to  one 
point.  Smart. 

UI'Ai  1,  ditfcrence,  alludinc 

to  'H  in  natural  joints.] 

"fL-d  laminate  ininernl, 
:v  "1  li'Trittlunde  ur  augite.  Vajut. 
.     A  feigned  upccch  between  two 
Puike. 
[See  DiALoui'c]     A  irpeaker  In  u 
.  wntt?r  of  dial(i2tn-i.  Joknson. 

,  a,     llavintt  the  form  of  a  dialogue. 
^i   IL -.VLrLY,  aJr.      In  the  aianner  of 


.  i.     [See  DiALoouiO    I***  discourse 
FolAtrbp. 
.tlog,)  m,     [Ft.  dialoi^t ;  Il  dtala- 
'1  fJr.  '*(rt*'«» ■»;_  fmn  ciaXcj-o^jai,  to 


DI   \ 

5 


'"  Iwcen  two  or 
m  '  <  jnversation  in 

ltitM;rii-    1  I-  rr..rin  -n.  '■-  ,  ni-.^.  mi  iipfclse  in  colleger 
and  Khools,  in  which  two  or  more  persons  corr)'  on 


Oni'  ;■  .    '.ii'i  ij''  .\.itur.i  I"  "luiii. 

DT'A-LOGUK,  V.  i.    To  diKouree  together ;  to  confer. 

[JVU  !»••«/.  J  Skaiu 


DIA 


K,   11. 

iJl  Ai.  \   >i-^,  ^-      .'-^  t';J-Vt'(Tif  ,•  dtaXvoij  to  dlBSolvo  i 
Jm  and  Vi  •■.',  to  diuiolve.] 

1.  A  mark  in  writing  or  printing,  consisting  of  two 
|K<inti  plitird  over  one  of  two  vuweltf,  to  di^Ove  a 
di|ilitliuii);,  or  to  mIiow  that  the  two  vowels  are  to  be 
aeponilcd  in  pruniinciaiiun  ;  an,  ac'r^  i:iaAafc. 

~  In  me*iiemfy  debility  ;  oltro,  a  sululiun  of  ronll 
nuii,. 

\r;  vrT'lC,  n.  or  ■.    [Gr.  c'u,  through  or 

^iUbNtanccfl  which,  un- 

-    in,   lakr  a  iwsitlon, 

iho  mag- 

':""'•] 

^^l.j.  .  .11    .  ri    .J  y    (  il    iUld    it€TtiOt-i 

luiHuiiig  ilirough  the  center  of  a  clr- 
I  Ic,  IT  ..till  r  liirvilinear  figure,  tiTmliiated  by  tho 
curve,  and  dividing  the  flgure  Hynimelrlcnlly  Into 
two  ctpial  partti. 

2.  A  right  liiic  poking  through  tho  centcrof  a  Dieco 
of  timht'r,  a  rork,  or  other  object,  from  onn  aide  to 
tlio  other  ;  as,  tho  Jutmeter  of  a  trie,  or  of  a  eftone. 

DT-AM'nTllAL,  tt.    Diametrical,  which  see. 
UT-AM'i:-TRAI^IA',  mir.     IJiametrically. 
DI-A  Mr.'P'ftiC  A  I.,  1.     Describing  a  diameter. 

'  r>  ction  of  a  diameter  J  direct; 
:t  ii. 

DI  \  ',  ado.    In  n  diametrical  dircc- 

tinii  ;    .iir-'I'i   ;    ;H,  t.  i,;r,(,/rjf  j//»  op|KN*ilC, 

DI'A-SK>M),  (dl'aniond  .-r  di'nimid,)  n.  [Fr.  Jm- 
mant:  It.  and  Sp.  (Jiumante  i  G.  and  1).  tlianiant ;  L. 
Hi/(inia.v,'  Gr.  atUi/cif,  JOinavT'ti,  whence  adamant^ 
from  the  Celtic;  W.  ehedvaen,  moving  stone;  ehed, 
to  liy  or  move,  and  r/iafn,  alone;  a  name  first  glvci). 
to  the  lod'-staitr.    See  AoAMArtT.] 

1.  A  mineral,  gem,  or  precious  stone,  of  tho  nio^t 
valuable  kiiul,  remarkable  for  its  hardness,  nn  it 
scratched  all  other  minerals.  When  pure,  the  dia- 
initnd  U  uaually  dear  and  Irinsparrnt,  hut  it  is  some- 
times colored.  In  it.-*  rou^h  ^L;ite,  it  in  commonly  in 
the  form  of  a  roundish  [K-bhle,  or  of  octahednW  crys- 
tal-*. It  consists  of  pure  carbon,  and  when  luatcil  to 
M'  Wedgwood,  ond  expo:.cd  to  a  current  of  air,  it  is 
gradually,  hut  completely,  cumbto^lible.  Diamonds 
nro  said  to  be  of  the  first  vulcr^  when  very  trans- 
parent ;  ami  of  the  second  or  tJiird  icaterj  as  the 
tranrfjKirency  decreases,    Kneyc,  Klrican.  ClaivclaruL 

2.  A  very  small  printing  letter,  the  smallest  used  in 
Englii^h  printiu]?. 

3.  A  figure,  olherv.i  ;e  called  a  rhombxts. 
DI'A-MO.N'l),  a.     Ueisenibling  a  diamond ;  as,  a  dui- 

vxond  color;  or  consisting  of  diamonds;  as,  a  dior 
mond  chain. 

DI'A-M0MM:U,  >  a.    Having  tho  figure  of  an 

DI'A-.MO.\I>-SlIAP-£D,  (  obtiipie-angled  parallelo- 
grnin,  or  rhombuj.  Fuller. 

DI'A-.M0ND-I1ILT-ED,  a.  Having  n  hilt  with  dia- 
monds. 

DT'A-.MOND-MINE,  n.    A  mine  in  which  diamonds 

are  fmind. 
I)T-.\i\'l)KI-A,   n.      [Gr.  Stif  or,  twice,  and  avqn^  a 
male.l 
In  botany,  n  class  of  plants  having  two  stamens. 
Dr-AN'DRI-AN,  ' 
DT-AN'DUOU3, 
DI'A-PAa.M,  n.     [Gr.  (^larac-cw,  to  sprinkle.] 

A  powder  or  i>erAmie.     [Obs.]  D  Jonson. 

DrA-PA?E ''^' !  "•    l*^^- ''"'  '^'^'^'''•'»  through  all.] 

1.  In  miwie,  the  octave  or  inter^'al  which  includes 
all  the  tones. 

2.  Among  vxusiced  insirumentymakers^  a  rule  or  scale, 
by  which  tliey  adjust  the  pli>es  of  organs,  the  holea 
of  flutes,  i.c.,  in  due  proportion  for  expressing  the 
several  tones  and  semitones.  Busby. 

Diapa.ton-diapente ;  a  compound  consonance  in  a 
iTiplu  ratio,  as  3  to  9,  consisting  of  9  tones  and  a 
semitone,  or  19  semitones  ;  a  twelfth .  F.ncye.  Bujbti. 

DiapiLton-diatcssaron  :  a  compound  concord,  found- 
ed on  ttie  proportion  of  8  to  3,  consisting  of  eight 
tones  and  a  semitone. 

Diapnann-ditont ;  acompound  concord,  whoso  terms 
arc  as  10  to  4,  or  5  to  2. 

DiaptLfon-sfmiditone ;  a  compound  concord,  whose 
tcmi«  are  in  the  proportion  of  12  to  5.  JSncyc 

DT-A-1'EN'TE,  n.     [Gr.  ha  and  rctrr,  five.} 

1.  In  mruic,  an  ancient  term  denoting  a  fifth  ;  an 
lnter\'al  making  the  second  of  the  concords,  and,  with 
the  diateft.iaron,  an  octave.  Encyc. 

2.  In  medicine,  a  composition  of  five  Ingredients. 
nrA-PER,  n.     [Fr.  diapri^  dLipercd  :  waid  to  be  from 

ypre.*,  in  the  Netherlands,     ^ndcrsun.] 
Figured  linen  cloth  ;  a  cloth  wove  in  (lowers  or  flg- 
j      un-'5,  nuirh  used  for  towels  or  napkins.     Hence,  a 
I      towel  or  napkin. 

I  Dl'A  PKR,  r.  f.    To  variegate  or  diversify ,  as  cloth, 
I      Willi  fiinircs ;  to  flower.  Spnuer.     Ilowel. 

DI'A-PEU,  r.  J.  To  draw  flowers  or  figure?,  as  upon 
cloUi. 

I  If  joutfloptroa  Mdi.  Ptacbnm. 


DIA 

A  writer  of  dUlogues  1  DI'A-PEK-KD.  pp.    Flowered. 

Dl'A  P1IJ(N-/:D,  (dra-land.)  a.    Troniparcnu  jXittl* 

useJ.] 
DI-A-PUA-NP.'I-TY,  n.   [Gr.  dia^nvrin  ;  i^id^atvu,  to 
shine  through  ;  t^ti  and  <iatvut  to  shine.] 

'J'tie  power  of  transmitting  light  ;  truusparency  j 
j>elliicidiie.i.-i.  Aay. 

DI-A  I'llAN  le,  a.     [Gr.  uiuv'',i»  '?«•    Sp«  supra.] 
Having  iKiwer  to  trauMinit  light ;  transpurinl. 

RaUgk, 
DI-APH'A-NOU8,  fl.     [Sec  supra.]     Having  power  to 
tniiismit  niys  of  light,  as  glass;  pellucid;  ininsp». 
rent ;  clear. 
DZ-A-PIIOi\'l€S,  n.     [Gr.  ita  and  OuJt'n,  sound.] 

Thu  doctrine  of  retracted  sound.  Brande, 

DI-A-l'IIO-UE't^IH,  (I.     [Gr.  (^lu-^uprjffij;  Jiu^opioi,  to 
carr>-  through  ;  Jui  and  cijpcco,  to  cany.] 

.Vutfnieiited  perspiration  or  sweat ;  or  an  elimina- 
tion of  the  huniurs  of  the  body  through  the  iKirei  of 
the  nkin.  Coze.     Kncvr^ 

DI-A  riIO-l{i:'J''IC,  n.     [Supra. J     lltivint!  llie  [wwcr 
to  incre;we  TMTKpiralion  ;  sudorific  ;  hwealing. 


Having  two  stamens. 


DT-A-!*M'>-llK'r'U'.    ?..    A  medicinu  which  promotot 
I  •  '    .iflc.  Cvtr.     Enctif.       ' 

iVom  sudorifies :  the  former  <iily 
1  lo  perspiration,  the  latter  e\c,ic 
tii>-  >i*ii-ir'ii>  iiiM  IL  ,'ji-  railed  rweat.  Parr.       j 

DI'A-PHRAGM,  (di'a  fram,)  ».    JGr.  ha'}>paypa;  ita 
and  <^t/aia<t>f  to  ItimU  ofi',  to  ileleiid.] 

1.  Ill  anatomy^  the  midrifl*.  a  mubcrc  pcparating  lh« 
chest  or  thorax  froni  the  uluomen  ur  lower  belly. 

Coie.     Eneye.       \ 

2.  A  partition   or  dividing  substance,  cnmmonljr  1 
with  an  opening  through  it.  H'->  tirord. 

3.  In  aHronomtffii  rlrcular  ring,  used,  in  o].tical  in* 
Ktnimentti,  to  cut  olf  marginal  portions  of  a  btam  uf 
li(.ht.  D.  Olmsted. 

DI-A-PlIRAG-MAT'ie,    fl.      Pertaining  to  tho  dla- 

phragm. 
DI-A-PU-RE'SIS,   n.     [Gr.  ^tarropnoia  (Jiairopcw,  to 
doubt.] 
Ill  rhetarky  doubt;  hesftallon.  Bailey. 

DI-A'UJ-AN,  fl.    [See  Diabv.]    Pertaining  to  a  dlaryj 

daily. 
DI'A-RIPT^  iu     One  who  keeps  a  diary.  ^ 
DI/Vit-RHli'A,   (dl-ar-rc'a,)  n.     [Gr.  c'mp/^oia  ;  Joip- 
/':(.»,  to  flow  through  j  ^lu  ami  /(u>,  to  flow,] 

\  morbidly  frequent  evacuation  of  tho  intestinoi ; 
a  lax. 
DI-AR-RHET'IC,  a.    Producing  diarrliea  or  lai. 
Dl-AR-THKO'SId,  n.   [Gr.]    TJic  movable  connection 

of  bones. 
DI'A-KY,  ft.     [L.  diarium,  from  diej,  a  day.] 

An  account  of  daily  events  or  transactlonB;  a  Jour- 
nal ;  a  register  of  dady  occurrences  or  observations  j 
OS,  a  diary  of  the  weather. 
A  diani  fcvcr^  is  a  fever  of  one  day. 
DI-A-SCHlS'MA.  (-skia'ina.)  n.     [Gr.  haoxtcfin^A 
piece  cut  ofl":  Jiacxis')  i  001  and  ff\(^(.f,  to  cut  ou.l 
In  musicy  tlic  difl'erenco  between  the  comma  and 
enharmonic  diesis,  commonly  called  the  lesser  com- 
ma.  Encyc 

DI'AS-PORE,  Tt.     [Gr.  iJiaoTTCt/JfJ,  to  disperse.] 

A  rare  mineral,  occurring  in  lamellar  masjses,  and 
in  oblique  prisma,  with  a  brilliant  cleavage,  having  a 
grayish,  greeniyh,  or  browni*>h  color,  and  characUT- 
izcd  by  decrepitating  with  violence  (as  the  name  im- 
plies) before  the  blowpiiw.  It  consists  of  alumina 
and  water.  Dana, 

DI-AS-TAL'TI€,  fl.     [Gr.  StaTa^riKOij  dilating.] 

Dilated  ;  noble ;  Iiold  ;   an  epithet    given    by  the 
Greeks  to  certain  inten'als  in  music,  an  the  major 
third,  major  sixth,  and  major  ncveiith.        Btw&y. 
DI'AS-TASE,  iu     [Gr.  dta  and  tarnfti.] 

A  peculiar  subilance  generated  during  the  germl- 
nalion  of  grain  for  the  brewery,  tending  to  arccleralo 
the  formation  of  tugar  during  the  fernienlaiitm  of 
worti!.  ^'''C' 

DrAS-TE.M,  n.     [Gr.  Starnna.] 

In  m%Lsic,  a  simple  intervaL 
DI-AS'TO-LE,   n.     [Gt.  6iaTu\r,y  StarcXXoyi  ^'fl  "t^ 
tTTfAAt.),  to  set,  or  send  from.] 

1.  Among  pAj/.sician.*,  a  ditatntion  of  the  heart,  au- 
ricles, and  arteries  ;  npjKwcd  to  irystoU  or  contraction. 

EneijC' 

2.  In  grammar,  the  cxtciihion  of  a  syllable;  or  a 
figure  by  which  a  syllntdu  naturally  short  is  made 

DI'AST1?LE,  n.     [Gr.  rtiu  and  crv>v(.]  [long. 

An  edifice  in  wtiirh  three  dt.-uiuters  of  the  cofumni 
are  allowL-d  for  inlerculunmiations.  Harris. 

DI-A-TES'SA-ROi\,  n.     [Gr.  <!(<•  and  riaaaaay  four.] 

1.  Among  mu-ficiatisy  a  concord  »>r  harmonic  iut«r- 
val,  composed  of  a  greater  lone,  a  lesser  tone,  and 
one  greater  semitone.  Its  proportion  is  as  4  iai  3,  ana 
il  is  CJilled  a  iicruct  fvurth.  Jfarri.*. 

2.  In  Biblical  liUralure,  a  harmony  of  the  four 
Gospels. 

DI-A-THER'.MAL,  a.    Possessing  free  permeability  to 

heat. 
DI-.\-THER'MA-NOUS,  a.     [Gr.  .Jia,  through,  and 

Ocnftatvt',  to  heat.] 

Possessing  free  |»ermcabillty  to  heat. 
DI-ATU'E-SIr?,  n.     [Gr.]     Particular  disposition  or 

habit  of  body,  good  or  bad.  Coze. 


aI  E,  FAR,  FA.LL,  WH^T.  — METE,  PREY.  — WNE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  W9I.F,  BQQK.— 


SiO 


Die 

DI-AT'OSI-OUS,  a.  [Gr.  Sia,  through,  and  rt/ii'w,  lo 
cleave] 

In  mineralo^j  a  term  applied  to  crystals  with  ono 
distinct,  diagonal  cleavage.  Mohs. 

DI-A-TOi\'ie,  a.  [Gt.  iJm,  by  orlhvongh,  and  roios, 
sound.] 

In  music,  a  term  applied  to  the  natural  scale,  which, 
proceeding  by  degrees,  includes  both  tones  and  semi- 
toii03.  Brainle. 

Dl-A-TON'ie-AL-LY,  adv.     In  a  diatonic  manner. 
DI'A-TRTItl!:,  n.     [Gr.  (!tar,ot/j/;.] 

A  rntitiniied  discourse  or  dispntation.         Bailey. 
DI-AT'KID-IST,  Tt.    One  who  prolongs  liis  discourse 

or  discussion.  Hammond. 

DI-A-ZEu'Tie,  rt.     [Gr.  tJi^^cv)  cn/d,  to  disjoin.] 

A  diaieutic  tone,  in  ancient  Greek  music,  disjoined 
lu'o  fuurths,  one  on  each  side  of  it,  and  wlj  ich,  b^ing 
joined  to  either,  made  a  fifth.  This  is,  in  our  music, 
from  r  to  G.  EiJin.  Eiicyc.     Brande. 

DIB'BLE,  n.  [Probably  from  the  root"  of  trrp,  tip,  a 
point,  and  denoting  a  little  sharp  point  j  or  nllicd  to 
dip,  to  thrust  in.] 

A  pointed  insiniment,  used,  in  «;ardening  and  aj;- 
riculturo,  to  make  Iioles  for  planting  seeds,  &c. 
DIB'BLE,  V.  t.    To  plant  with  a  dibble;  or  to  make 

holes  for  planting  seeds,  &c. 
DIliT'LE,  V.  i.     To  dibble  or  dip  ;  a  term  in  angling: 
DIC'BLER,  n.    One  who  makes  holes  in  the  ground 

to  receive  seed. 
DIB'SToNE,  n.     A  little  stone  which  children  throw 

at  another  stone.  Locke. 

DI-e.\'CIOUS,  (de-ka'sbus,)  a.  Talkative.     Maunder. 
DI-GAC'I-TV,  (de-kas'e-te,)  n.     [L.  dicacitas.] 

Pcrtness.     [Little  mcd.]  Ch-aves. 

DFCAST,  n.  [Gr.  fU a- (15-/75,  from  SiKaCtOy  to  judge, 
from  ctKT],  justice.] 

In  ancient  Greece^  an  officer  answering  nearly  to 
nnr  juryman.  Mitford. 

DICE,  n ;  pi.  of  Die  ;  also,  a  game  with  dice. 
)'i('E,  r.  i.     To  play  with  dice.  Shak. 

DfCE'-BOX,  71.    A  box  from  which  dice  are  thrown 

in  gaming.  jiddison. 

D'CE'-.MaK-ER,  ?;.    A  maker  of  dice. 
Dl-CEPH'A-LOUS,  a.     [Gr.  6t?,  and  w^aAf/,  head.] 
Having  two  heads  on  one  body.  Lindlcy. 

UtG'ER,  II.    A  player  at  dice. 
DICH;  a  corruption  for  do  it;  as,  "much  good  dich 

thy  heart."  Skak. 

DI-€HAST'A-SIS,  n.     [See  Dichastic]     Spontane- 
ous subdivision.  Dana. 
DI-€HAST'I€,  a.     [Gr.  Sixa^o)^  to  subdivide  sponta- 
neously.]   Capable  of  subdividing  spontaneously. 

Dana. 
DI-€IILAM-YD'E-OUS,  a.     [Gr.  mj,  and  x^a/trj,  a 
garment.] 

In  botany,  having  two  coverings,  a  calyx  and  a 
corol.  Lindlcy. 

meHOT'O-MIZE,  (di-kot'o-mize,)  v.  (.     [See  the 
next  word.]    To  cut  into  two  parts ;  to  divide  into 
nairs. 
Di-eHOT'O-MOUS,  a.     [Gr.  j£x«,  doubly,  by  pairs, 
and  rffij'(.>,  to  cut.] 

In  bo^ni.ij,  regularly  dividing  by  pairs,  from  top  to 
Lotlom  ;  as,  a  dichotomous  stem.  Martyn. 

DT-€il0T'O-flIOUS-€OR'YMB-£D,  ( dl-kot'o-mus- 
kor'imd,)  a.  Composed  of  corj'mbs,  in  which  the 
[wdicles  diiide  and  subdivide  by  pairs.  Martyn. 
DI-€H0T'0-jM0US-LY,  adv.  In  a  dichotomous  man- 
ner. 
Df-CHOT'O-^n',  (di-kot'o-me,)  n.  [Gr.  ciX'>rotiia,  a 
division  into  two  parts ;  '}i\<i  and  7.^/ii'tj,  to  cut.] 

1.  Division  ni  distribution  of  things  by  pairs.  yLit- 
tlc  uscd.'\  fVatts. 

2.  In  astronomi!,  ^-hat  p]iase  of  the  moon  in  which 
il  appears  bisected,  or  shows  only  half  its  disk,  as  at 
the  quadratures.  Encyc. 

DI'eHUO-ISM,  n.     [Gr.  6is,  twice,  and  xpoa,  color.] 
The  property  observed  in  some  crystals  of  present- 
ing diiierent  colors  when  viewed  in  two  difterent 
directions.  Dana. 

DI'eU!lO-ITE.    See  Iolite. 

DI-CHRO-MAT'ie,a.  [Gr.  ^(s  and  >;/3a);/a.]  Having 
01-  producing  two  colors.  Gilbert, 

DIC'I^JG,  n.    The  practice  of  playing  at  dice. 

Rich.  DicU 

DIC'ING-HOUSE,  71.  A  house  where  dice  is  played  ; 
a  gaming-house.     [LitUe  used.] 

DiCk'EXS  ;  a  vulgar  exclamation  in  old  writers  for 
lliL-  devil  Shak. 

DICK'ER,  71.  [Probably  from  Gr.  ScKa,  ten,  W,  deff, 
L.  drccm.] 

In  old  anUiors^  the  number  or  quantity  of  ten,  par- 
ticularly ten  hides  or  skins  ;  but  applied  to  other 
things,  as  a  dicker  of  gloves,  &lz.  [/  believe  not  used 
in  America.] 

DICK"  Y,  n.   A  seal  behind  a  carriage,  fur  servants,  &c. 
2.  A  sbam  bosom  of  a  shirt.  Orose. 

Die'I.I-.\ATE,  a.  [Gr.  <Jis,  twofold,  and  «X(i/w,  to 
mcline.] 

In  nuncralojTij^  an  epithet  applied  to  crystals,  in 
which  two  of  the  axes  are  obhcjuely  inclined,  as  in 
*he  obhque  rectangular  prism.  Dana. 

Di-eO€'COUS,  a.  [Gr.  ii^  and  kokkgs,  L.  coccus,  a 
giain.] 


DID 

Two-grained  ;  consisting  of  two  cohering  grains 
or  cells,  with  one  seed  in  each;  a.**,  a  dicoccoiis  ca.\h- 
sule.  Martini. 

DI-eO-TYL-K'DON,  n,  [Gr.  ^ly,  twice,  and  /cortA/jowi', 
a  caviiy,] 

A  plant  whose  seeds  divide  into  two  lobca  In  ger- 
minniing.  Martyn. 

DI-CO-TYL-K'DON-OUS,  a.  Having  two  lobes.  A 
tUcvtyledonous  plant  is  one  whose  seeds  have  two 
lobes,  and  consequentlv  rise  with  two  seminal  leaves. 

Die'RO-TOS,  n.    [Gr.  6\i  and  Kooro^.]  [Milne. 

A  double  or  rebounding  pulse. 

Die'TATE,  V.  t.  [L.  dicto,  from  dieOy  to  speak ;  Sp. 
d'ctar;  It.  dettarc}  Fr.  dieter;  Ir.  deachtaim.  Class 
Dg.] 

1.  To  tell  with  authority;  to  deliver,  as  an  order, 
connnaud,  or  dhectiun  ;  as,  wliat  God  has  dictated,  it 
Is  our  duty  to  believe. 

2.  To  order  or  instruct  what  is  to  be  said  or  writ- 
ten ;  as,  a  general  dictates  orders  to  his  troops. 

3.  To  suggest;  to  admonish;  to  direct  by  impulse 
on  the  miiui.  We  say,  the  Spirit  of  God  dictated  the 
messages  of  the  proplicts  to  Israel ;  conscience  often 
dictates  to  men  tlie  rules  by  which  they  arc  to  govern 
their  conduct. 

DICTATE,  n.    An  order  delivered  ;  a  command. 

•2.  A  rule,  maxmi,  or  precept,  delivered  with  au- 
thority. 

I  ci«dU  what  the  Grecian  dictates  sciy.  Prior. 

3.  Suggestion  ;  rule  or  direction  suggested  to  the 
mind  ;  as,  the  dictates  of  reason  or  conscience. 

DI€'Ta-TED,p/7.  Delivered  with  authority ;  ordered; 
directed  ;  suggested. 

DICTA-TING  ppr.  Uttering  or  delivering  with  au- 
thority ;  instructing  what  to  say  or  write  ;  ordering ; 
suggesting  to  the  mind. 

DI€-Ta'TION,  71.  The  act  of  dictating;  the  act  or 
practice  of  prescribing. 

It  aJTorda  security  agaiitsl  th?  dirtation  of  laws.  Paitij. 

Die-TA'TOR,  n.  [L.J  One  who  dictates  ;  one  who 
prescribes  rules  anil  maxims  for  the  direction  of 
others. 

9.  One  invested  with  absolute  authority.  In  an- 
cient Rome,  a  magistrate,  created  in  times  of  exigence 
and  distress,  and  invested  with  unlimited  power. 
He  remained  in  office  six  months. 
DI€>-TA-To'RI-AL,  a.  Peilaining  to  a  dictator;  ab- 
solute; unlimited;  uncontrollable. 

9.  Imperious ;   dogmatical ;   overbearing ;   as,  the 
officer  assumed  a  dictatorial  tone. 
DIC-TA-To'RI-AL-LY,  adv.    In  an  unperious,  dog- 

ntatical  manner. 

Die-TA'TOR-SHIP,  7?.    The  office  of  a  dictator ;  the 

term  of  a  dictator's  office. 

9.  Authority  ;  impsriousness  ;  dogmatism.  Dnjden. 

Die'TA-TO-RY,a.    Overbearing  ;  dogmatical.  Mdton. 

DI€-Ta'TRIX,  n.     [L.]     A  female  who  dictates  or 

commands. 
DIC'TA-TIJRE,  n.     The  office  of  a  dictator;  dicta- 
torship. 
9.  Absolute  authority ;  the  power  that  dictates. 

Tooke. 
DICTION,  (dik'shun,)  ,(.     [L.  dictio,  from  dico,  to 
speak.    Class  Dg.l 

Expression  of  ideas  by  words ;  style ;  manner  of 
expression.  Dryden. 

DICTION- A-R  Y,  7t.     [Fr.  dictionnaire  :  It.  di-.io7iario ; 
Sp.  diccionario ;  from  L.  dictio,  a  word,  or  a  speaking.] 
A  book  containing  the  words  of  a  language,  ar- 
ranged in  alphabetical  order,  with  explanations  of 
their  meanings  ;  a  lexicon.  Johnson. 

DICTUM,  Tt. ;   pi.  DrcTA.     [L.]     An  authoritative 

saying  or  assertion. 
DID,  pret.  of  Do,  contracted  from  doed.    I  did,  thou 
didjt,  he  did ;  we  did,  you  or  ye  did,  they  did. 

Have  ye  not  read  what  David  did  wbCTi  be  was  hungry  f  — 
Matt  xii. 

The  proper  signification  is,  made,  executed,  per- 
formed ;  but  it  is  used,  also,  to  express  the  state  i*f 
health. 

And  Monlecal  walked  every  day  bcfyrc  (lis  cuurt  of  Ihc  women's 
house,  lo  kuuw  liuw  Eslher  did.  — Estb.  ii. 

Did  is  used  as  the  sign  of  tlie  past  tense  of  verbs, 
particularly  in  interrogative  and  negative  sentences  ; 
as,  did  lie  command  you  to  go .''  He  did  not  command 
me.  It  is  also  used  to  express  emphasis;  as,  I  did 
love  him  beyond  measure. 

DI-DACTie,         \  a.    [Gr.  <5((^aKr:/f.n,  from  JieatTKa), 

DI-DACTie-AL,  i      to  teach.] 

Adapted  to  teach ;  preceptive  ;  containing  doc- 
trines, precepts,  principles,  or  rules ;  intended  to 
instruct ;  as,  a  didactic  poem  or  essay 

DI-DACTie-AL-LY,  arfy.  In  a  didactic  manner ;  in 
a  form  to  teach. 

DI-DACTVL,  n.     An  animal  having  two  toes. 

DI-DACTYL-OUS,  a.     [Gr.  01,  dtj,  and  oa^ruXws.] 
Ilavint!  two  toes. 

DI'DAP-PER,  «.  [from  dip.]  A  bird  that  dives  into 
the  water,  a  species  of  grebe,  Podiceps  min(»: 

DI-1)AS-€AL'IC,  a.  [Gr.  dicacrKiXiKos^  from  Sioho'kco, 
to  leach.] 

Didactic ;  preceptive ;  giving  precepts.  [Little 
used.]  Prior. 


DIK 

DID'DER,  V.  I.     [T<:ul.  diddent ;  qu.  titter,  toUer.] 
'I'o  shiver  with  cold.     [J^ot  wttd.]  Shtrtcood. 

DID'DLE,  r.  u    I'o  cheat  or  overreach.       JfalUncay, 

DID'DLE,  r.  i.    To  totter,  as  a  child  in  walking. 

DI-DEe-A-Hr;'DUAL,  a.  [di  and  decahedral)  In 
crystaliotrraphy,  having  the  form  of  a  decahedral 
prism,  with  pentahedral  summiUi.         Cleavelaad. 

Dl-DELTHYC,  o.  Relating  to  animals  of  the  genus 
Didetphys,  to  which  Ihc  ojwssum  belongs. 

DI-DEL.'1'HVS,  H,  [Gr.  (iif,  twice,  and  (i*A0i'(,  uterus.] 
A  genus  of  marsupial  animals,  including  the  opossum. 

DT-DO-I)EC-A-Hi?'l>RAL,  a.      [di  and  dod<r>:h,,:r.J.^ 
In  erystailo'^raphy,  having  the  form  of  a    ' 
dral  prif^m  with  hcxah'dral  summiLt.       C 

Dr-DRACH'.\IA,  (di-drak'ma,)  n.  [Gr.]  A  ....  .,  a 
money,  the  fourth  of  an  ounce  of  silver. 

DIDST.    The  second  [Krrson  of  the  preterit  of  do. 

DI-DUCTION.  n.    [L.  diductio ;  di  and  duco,  lo  draw.] 
Separation  by  Withdrawing  one  part  from  the  other. 

B'jylr. 

DI-DYM'I-UM,  71.  A  metal  recently  discovered  by 
M.  Mosandcr,  in  the  ores  of  Cerium. 

Urc     I>r.  Bridges. 

DID'V-MOUS,  a.    [Gr.  iiSv^o^.]  P.  Cyc 

In  botany,  growfng  in  pairs  or  twins. 

DID-Y-NA'MI-A,  71.   [Gr.  ^<,  ^(s,  and  outa/iif, power.] 
In  botany,  the  name  of  a  class  of  plants  of  four  sta- 
mens, disposed  in  two  pairs,  one  being  shorter  than 
the  other. 

DID-Y-NA'AII-AN,  \a.  Containing  fuur stamens, dis- 

DI-DYN'A-MOUS,  J  posed  in  pairs,  one  shortcrthan 
the  other. 

DIE,  V.  i.  [Sw.  da  ;  Dan.  doer.  This  appears  lo  be  a 
contracted  word,  and  the  radical  letter  lost  is  not  ob- 
vious. The  word  dye,  to  tinge,  is  contract-.-d  from 
Dg,  and  the  Arabic  r(M)t  signifies  not  only  to  tin^c, 
but  to  perish;  which  circumstance  would  lead  one  to 
infer  that  they  are  radically  one  wnrd,  and  that  the 
primary  sense  is,  to  plunge,  fall,  or  sink.  The  Saxon 
deadian  is  evidently  a  derivative  of  the  participle  dead. 
Sec  DvE.] 

1.  To  be  deprived  of  respiration,  of  the  circtilatiun 
of  blood,  and  other  bodily  functions,  and  rendered 
incapable  of  resuscitation,  as  animals,  cilhi;r  by  nat- 
ural decay,  by  disease,  or  by  violence ;  to  cease  to 
live;  to  expire;  to  decease;  to  perish;  and,  with 
respect  to  man,  lo  depart  from  this  world. 

All  tli(;  linit-boni  in  ttic  land  o(  K^j-jJI  slwll  dit.  —  Kx,  xi. 
The  fish  that  is  in  the  river  shall  dte.  — Ex.  vii. 

Tills  word  \.i  followed  by  of  or  bij.  Men  die  of  dis- 
ease ;  of  a  fever ;  of  sickness ;  of  a  fall ;  of  grief. 
They  die  by  the  sword  ;  by  famine  ;  by  pestilence ;  by 
violence;  by  sickness;  ij/ disease.  In  some  cases, 
cut^loni  has  c^Iablisbed  the  use  of  the  om.-,  to  the  ex- 
clusion of  the  other;  but,  in  many  cases,  cither  by  or 
ofiKTiy  be  used  at  the  pleasure  of  the  writer  or  s(>eak- 
er.  The  use  of /ur.  he  died  for  thirst,  is  not  elegant 
nor  common. 

2.  To  be  punished  witli  death  ;  to  lose  life  for  a 
crime,  or  for  the  sake  of  another.  I  will  relieve  my 
master,  iJ"  I  die  for  it. 

Ciiriat  died  for  Uic  ungodly.  —  Rom.  ». 
Christ  died  for  our  sins.  —  1  Cor.  xr. 

3.  To  come  to  an  end  ;  to  cease  ;  to  be  lost ;  lo  per- 
ish or  come  to  nothing ;  as,  let  the  stcrel  die  in  your 
own  breast. 

4.  To  sink  ;  to  faint. 

1-113  heart  died  within  him,  and  he  became  as  -t  slosc.  —  1  Sam. 

XXT. 

5.  To  languish  with  pleasure  or  tenderness;  fol- 
lowed by  awajj. 

To  sounds  of  heavenly  Iiarp  siic  dies  auay.  Pope, 

0.  To  languish  with  affection. 

The  young  men  ackuowlc*lg«i  lliat  ihrv  died  for  Ktbccca. 

TaVer. 

7.  To  recede,  as  sound,  and  become  loss  distinct ; 
to  become  less  and  less ;  or  to  vanish  from  the  sight, 
or  disappear  gradually.     Sound  or  color  dies  aieay. 

8.  To  lose  vegetable  life ;  to  wither  ;  to  perish  ;  as 
plants  or  seeds.  Plants  die  for  want  of  water ;  some 
plants  die  annually. 

9.  To  become  vapid  or  spiritless,  as  liquors ;  mostly 
used  in  the  participle  ;  as,  the  cider  or  bc^T  is  dead. 

10.  In  theology,  to  perish  everlastingly  ;  to  suffer 
divine  wrath  ancl  punislimcnt  in  the  future  world. 

11.  To  become  indifl'erent  to,  or  to  cuase  to  be  un- 
der the  power  of;  as,  lo  die  to  sin. 

19.  To  endure  great  danger  and  distress. 

I  die  dnily.  —  I  Cor.  xv. 

To  die  aieay ;  to  decrease  gradually ;  to  cea.^  lo 
blow  ;  as,  the  wind  dies  aieay. 
DIE,  71.  ,•  pi.  Dice.     [Fr.  d6 :  It,  dado  ;  Sp.  and  Port.  id.  ; 
Arm.  digz ;  Ir.  disle.] 

1.  .\  small  cube,  marked  on  its  faces  with  numbers 
from  one  to  six,  used  in  gaming,  by  being  thrown 
from  a  box. 

He  r«ntnird  liw  nil  on  UV  cost  t/  a  die. 

2.  Any  cubic  body  ;  a  Hat  lableu  fFatts. 

3.  In  architecinre,  the  cubical  part  of  the  pedestal, 
between  its  base  and  cornice. 

4.  Hazard;  chance. 

Sucli  ii  Uio  ;iic  of  war.  Spenttr. 


TONE,  BULL,  IGNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI^CIOUS.  — e  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

"    ~  ~ sir 


DiF 


J)IF 


DUw  m. .  pL  Die*.    A  «tainp  tucj  iu  cuinins  mouoy,  In 

■■ ■■  "--   «. '-. 

I,.  :  ])I  C'CIOUS,     St.'o   DiocciAfi   uid 


..\t3lUU.1 

[  \  tone,  Ira*  Uuut  a  •oini- 
>(Lf^^  ct>ii»utjnB  (<f  It  lt«a  ur  Imperfect 
fMcyc. 


hi; 


.  tciuals ;  ms,  milk  \»  a  wholesome  diet; 

I  111,  vT  l»y  iiirtlical 
\.nti<in  or  ctin*  of 
iiitiiy.  I  riiiiraiiu'J 
li  'tiro  a  day. 

.  JUl  {Irrii  lilm  by  tbe  Hn^.  — 

-I.  Doord,  orboirding  ;  ai,  to  pay  a  crriainnim  for 

,    '    »  ,-l.  r.v    ili.l    lo.L'iUU'. 

•  ii',-  Sw.  rikjila-*  ; 
hnl  (licL  Thew 
ilay.    So  in  ^cc'j* 

•  or  circli'5  of  tliu  onipiro 

i  '  ..:ivi  iilinii  of  prince*, 
t  :iv«( 


DI'ET,  r.  L    To  feed  ;  to  booril ;  to  furnish  provulons 
i".>f  .  r\..  Ill  ■  lui-i-  f  '.'.'(-■  hU  apprentice. 

iirc-scribcil ;  as,  an  In^mlid 
f. 

.ilimciit ;  as.  to  din  rc- 
Shak. 
• .  i.    To  eat  according  to  rules  prescribed. 
.  •  cat  f  peuingly.  Shak, 

.  .t  oat;  to  feed ;  as,  the  students  diet  in  com- 

\  RV,  «.    Riileofdict;  allowance  of  food,  cs- 
(*wcuiily  for  the  poor  in  alm»-houscs  and  prisons. 

Brandf. 
DT  XT  ARY,  o.     Pertaining  to  diet  or  the  rules  of 

'  UIN'K,  n.    Mcdic.itcd  liquors ;  drink  prepared 
lii.-iiial  ingredients. 

Ked  ;  Uvirdrd  ;  fed  by  prescribed  rules. 
One  who  dtfl;' ;  one  who  prescribes 
z  i  one  who  prepares  food  by  rules. 

\L   (  ***     [Gr.  tltairj;r(«i).] 
•  Jict,  or  to  tlic  rules  for  regulating  Uio 
Ally  of  food  to  be  eaten, 
n.    That  port  of  medicine  which  re- 
food. 
I '  A  subordinate  or  local  diet ;  a  cantonal 

1  -.     Takini!  food  ;  prescribinc  niles  for 

:  fv.'od  nccnrding  to  prescribed  nilcs. 
A*  D/tO/r,  (de-a'i-mon-drwa,)  [Fr.] 


N".  n.     [L.  dii  and  farreatio.] 
ke  ;  n  ceremony  among  the  Ro- 
'f  nnn  and  wife.  Knctje, 

and  fcro,  to  bear  or  mo\'c 
rrr.    Sec  Bear.] 

Ilcncc,  to  be  unlike, 

'M<i,  in  nature,  condition, 

i  liy/rvm.    .Men  differ  from 

1  iHfhir'' :  wisdom  differs 


PIT  Y\ 
aparr 


J. 
bate  1 


-  1  Cor.  XT. 

<f  a  contrary 

are  aJl  Uuti  !■>  d\ff--r  in  opinion,  and 

r  senltmeDlA  differ  Icsd  tJian  wc  at  firrt 

■f  ;  to  strive  or  de- 
rcL 

:  \A,  Jtom. 

>  U:  iliifercnt  or  ^'arlous. 
nunctatiun  diffrrs  person* 
7Vr'.,j,-n. 
Iff  tXe  eerh 


u  and  plantii ;  n  dif- 

-    iK-r.i  and  8{>eciei«  of 

.1  4i<mIii>  Ml  i«:iperj  and  a  dif- 

tu-al,  cr  of  li|!hu 

iikli  dinliiicuiAhes  one  tiling  frum 


in  the  furm. 


/erente  In  n    ' 
ftrencf   ill    i 
anlni  >- 

/erei' 

•2.  'I  ■ 

anotltei. 

J.  Iiinputc  i  dcbale ;  contention  ;  quarrel ;  contro 
vcnjy. 

WlkU  wu  Itte  tTiJfftne*  f    h  ww  a.  CMileiilLMi  in  y^ttiic    AXok. 

1.  Tlf  P")it(  tn  dl'«imtr  ;  ground  of  controvensj'. 
-     \  '  ,  [SJiak, 

•  f  distinction. 

I  vfaor-rcifnty.  Daeitt. 

7.  Itbitinction. 

Thctr   U   no  d\ftTtnt»   brtwccn  tite  Jew   ami   ihe  Urwk.  — 
IIiT4n.  z. 

8.  In  RttiiiArmanu,  the  remainder  of  a  tnun  or  (|uan- 
Illy,  after  a  htwer  sum  or  iiuantilv  in  itubtraried. 

'J.  Ill  tope,  an  e^wriitiiil  n(ln))iitr,  belonging  to 
some  s|ierie.'i,  mid  iiut  found  in  the  genuH  ;  Iwing  t)ie 
idea  llint  defines  the  fiRcteH.  Kneye. 

10.  In  AfToirfri/,  a  certain  rtgitri'  ailded  lo  a  Ciuit  of 
arm!i,MT\'inK  to  tli<tiii;;iit^h  one  family  from  another, 
or  to  show  how  distant  a  younger  branch  is  from 
llie  elder  or  nrin'-ipal  branch. 

DIF'FER-KN'CK.  r.  L  To  rausc  a  dilTercnce  or  dis- 
tinrtion.  A  regular  adininislraliou  of  justice  accord- 
ing to  lUed  '.AWSjdiff^enccs  a  civilized  from  a  savage 
state. 

DIFTKR-EXC-fD,  (dif'fer-enst,)  pp.  Caused  to  dif- 
fi^r  ;  se|>.iral«.*d. 

IUK'KEK  KN'C-I.NG,  ppr.  Causing  ft  difTcrcnce ;  mak- 
inc  diir-reni. 

1)U  'FER-EXT,  a.  Distinct ;'  scinratc  ;  not  the  same  ; 
as,  wc  b«-]ong  to  lUffcrent  cliurches  or  nntioiis. 

i.  Various  or  contrary  ;  of  \'arioUfl  or  contrarj'  na- 
tures, fiirmf*,  or  ipiaiitiesj  unlike;  dissimilar;  as, 
diffrrrnt  kinds  of  food  or  drink  ;  different  stnles  of 
healrh ;  different  shai>es  ;  different  degrees  of  excel- 
lence. 

DIF-IXR-EX'TIAL,  (dif-fer-cn'shal,)  a. 

1.  In  cffmrnrrcf,  creating  a  difference  i  as,  differential 
duties.  EnslaiuL 

2.  In  mathematics^  an  epithet  used  in  fluxions,  or 
the  doctrine  of  infinitesimals  ;  a.^,  the  differrntiid  cal- 
culus, (see  Calcl-u-j,)  a  differential  quantity,  (see 
the  noun  DirKcncxTiAi,.) 

DIF-FER-EN'TIAL,  n.  In  the  differential  and  integral 
etdeuliLs,  if  two  or  more  quantities  are  dependent  on 
each  other,  and  subject  to  variations  of  value,  their 
diffirnitiaU  arc  any  other  quantities  whoso  ratios  to 
each  other  are  the  limits  to  which  the  ratios  of  the 
variations  approximate,  as  Ihe.^e  variations  arc  re- 
duced nearer  and  nearer  to  zero.        .4.  D.  Stanley. 

DIF-FER-E.\'TIAL  TIIER-MOM'E-'i'ER,  n.  Athcr- 
momi-ier  for  measuring  very  small  differences  of 
lem[KTature.  Brande. 

DIF'FER-ENT-LY,  ode.  In  a  different  manner;  va- 
riously. Men  are  differently  affected  with  the  same 
eloquence, 

DIF'FEIMXG,  ppr.  Rcing  unlike  or  distinct;  disa 
crrrini:;  contending. 

DIF'FEU-INO-LY,  adr.    In  a  different  manner. 

DIF^FI-CILE,  (diffe-sil,)  a.    [L.  difficdis.'] 

Uilhcull ;  hard  ;  scrupulous.     Q^ot  iwcJ.]      Bacon. 

DIF'FI-CrLE-NE5S,  n.  Difficulty  to  be  persuaded. 
l^'ot  i«frf.J  Bacon. 

DrF'FI-eULT,  e.  [L.  difficHii ;  dis  and /<jci/w,  easy 
to  be  made  or  done,  from  faeiOf  to  make  or  do ;  &p. 
d{ficnltcs:};  iL  di_^ci>Uo->o.] 

1.  Hard  to  bo  m;idtT,  done,  or  performed  ;  not  easy; 
attended  wiih  !:'bor  and  pains  ;  as,  our  tjisk  is  diffienlt. 
It  is  diffeult  to  iicrsuade  men  to  abandon  vice.  It  is 
difficult  to  ascend  a  steep  hill,  or  travel  a  bad  road 

2.  Hard  to  be  pleased;  not  easily  wrought  upon  ; 
not  readily  yielding  ;  not  compliant ;  unaccommo- 
dating ;  rigid;  austere;  not  easily  managed  or  per- 
suaded ;  as,  a  difficult  man  ;  a  person  of  a  diffcult 
temper. 

3.  Hard  to  be  ascended,  as  a  hill ;  traveled,  as  a 
road  ;  or  crossed,  as  a  river,  ice.  We  say,  a  diffiatlt 
ascent :  a  difRailt  raad  ;  a  diffeult  river  to  cross,  ice. 

IUF'FI-CCLT-LY,  ad.     With  difficulty. 
DIF'FI-eUUTY,  n.     [Fr.  diffeulti ;  IL  diffeoltd;  Sp. 
diJicultAd;  \..  diffeulttu.] 

1.  Hardne*vi  to  be  done  or  accomplished  ;  the  state 
of  any  thing  which  renders  Its  pt^rformance  labort- 
cMis  or  |)crplexing  ;  opposed  to  easiness  or  facility ;  aj«, 
the  diffntlty  of  a  task  or  enterprise  ;  a  work  of  labor 
and  diffcufty. 

2.  That  which  is  hard  to  be  performed  or  sur- 
mounted. \Ve  often  mistake  difficulties  for  tmpossi- 
biliticft.  To  overcome  difficulties ^  is  an  evidence  of  a 
great  mind. 

3.  Ptridexity;  cmbamsnnent  of  affairs  ;  trouble; 
whatever  renders  procn-«s  or  execution  of  designs 
I  iN  r,'.!!  -.     We  lie  under  many  diffmiUies^  by  reason 

WriJ,  or  a  low  stale  of  Irnde. 
"U  ;  obslarle  litlxli^f;  that  which  can  not 

'itidnrrtood,  e\iil;iined,  (tr  bt-Iieved.  Men 
uiVu  mM:  di^cultjes  coiirrrning  inirarlc^i  and  myste- 
ries in  religion,  which  candid  research  will  remove. 


a   In  J  popular  jcjijc,  bodily  cumplaiiitii ;  indis|)o> 
flition. 
inF'FIDE,  r.  ('.    [L.  diffido  ;  ./l*  and  /ido,  to  Irusi.] 

'j'o  distrust  ;  to  have  no  confidence  in        [Hiire.\ 
DIF'FI-DE.NCE,  n,    [It.  diff.ila'r.a:  Sp.  dtfidenei.t ,  Um\ 
K  diff'lriis^  dtffido  ;  dis  and  fulo,  lo  Iru^L   See  Faith.] 

1.  IMstrunt ;  want  uf  conrult-iK-o  ;  any  doubt  of  the 
(Mwer,  ability,  or  diniKisitiun  of  others.  It  it  mud 
there  was  a  general  diffidence  of  the  ^l^l-ng1h  and  ns 
Koiirces  of  the  nation,  and  of  llie  Hincenty  of  llio 
king. 

2  Nore  genemlly,  fii.>lmsl  of  one's  self,  want  of 
conlidencc  in  our  own  powi  r,  roiiipeeeiicy,  mrrert- 
iie«s,  or  wicdoin  ;  a  doubt  re'<|K:cliiig  noiiic  ix-rfoital 
qualincation  \\*c  speak  or  write  with  dqhdrnce^ 
when  we  doubt  our  ability  to  epi-ak  i»r  wnieror- 
n^clly,  or  to  the  satin^faeiioii  of  oihent.  The  11)1  r(  of 
diffidence  is  noiiie  degri>e  of  reserve,  inode»ly,  timid- 
ity, or  iKLHliIillness.     Iknce, 

'X  Mo<iefii  re.-tcrve  ;  a  nuMh-rale  degree  of  timidity  or 
bastifulness  ;  as,  he  addre;<«ed  the  audience  or  the 
prinro  with  diffdriiee. 
DIF'FI-DENT,  o.  Dibtrusiful ;  wanting  ronlideiice; 
doubting  another's  power,  di<^position,  siiicerily,  ur 
intention. 

Bo  no(  dijfident  ot  wWIom.  /ft/li>n. 

2.  Distrustful  of  one's  self;  not  conlldcnt ;  doubt- 
ful of  one's  owi^  power  or  comiieleiicy 

DImitm  nuke*  Qte  ItiiriiUc  licart  dtffitlthU  CVdmM. 

3.  Reser\'ed  ;  modest ;  timid  ;  as,  u  di^drnt  vontli. 
DIF'FI-DE.\T-LY,  adr.    With  dialnist ;  in  a  di'irurt- 

iiie  manner  ;  modestly. 
DIF-FIND'  r. /.  [i^.  difuulo.]     To  split. 
DIF-FIN'I-TIVE,  II.    Deltrmiiiatc;  difinilive. 
DIF-FLa'TION,  n.  'i'he  act  of  scattering  by  a  gw^x  of 

wind. 

DIF'FLUE.\-C1^,  \  "•     tL.  imuo.} 

A  llowing  or  falling  awav  on  all  sides.       Brown. 
DIF'FI.U-EXT,  a.    Flowing  away  on  all  sides;  nol 

fixed. 
DIF'FORM,  0.    [L.  dis  and  forma.    Rut  it  apinant  to 
have  been  adopted  from  the  French  or  Italian  d^f- 
forme,  which  we  write  d^orrn.] 

1.  Irregular  in  fonii ;    nol  uniform;  anomalous; 
as,  a  difform  flower  or  corol,  the  parta  of  which  do  nol 
correspond  in  size  or  proportion  ;  so,  difform  leaves. 
S.  Unlike  ;  dissimilar  {Martin. 

TIrt  unniLial  prfraaions  ol  d\fform  ray«.  Stttton, 

DIF-FORM'I-TY,  n.  Irregularity  of  form ;  want  of 
uniformitv.  Brotrn. 

DIF-FRAC'r',  c   (.      [h.  diffrartum,d\ffringo.] 
To  break  or  separate  into  parH,  as  lijilit. 

DIF-FRACT'ED,  pp.     Broken  or  seuaralut  into  ;wrl5. 

DIFFRACTION,  11.  [from  L.  diffrinfro,  diffractum^  lo 
break  in  pieces.] 

In  optics,  a  change  which  light  undergoes,  when, 
by  passing  very  near  the  borders  of  an  opaque  boily, 
it  fcprnis  parallel  lianfis  or  fringes.  D.  Olmsted. 

DIF-FRA\'Cni?E, 

DIF-FRAX'CHISE-MEXT, 
which  is  the  word  in  use. 

DIF-FCSE',  Mif-fnze',)  c.  t.  [L.  diffasus;  diffnndc; 
dis  and  funao^  to  pour,  to  spread.  If  n  is  casual,  ai 
it  probably  is,  the  root  belongs  to  Class  Bd  or  Rs.] 

1.  To  pour  out  and  spread,  as  a  fluid  ;  to  cause  to 
flow  and  spread.  T!ie  river  rose  and  diffused  \\» 
waters  over  the  adjacent  plain. 

2.  To  spread  ;  to  send  out  or  extenil  in  all  direc- 
tions. Flowers  diffuse  their  odors.  The  fame  of 
Washington  is  diffused  over  Europe.  The  knowl- 
edge of  the  tnie  God  will  be  diffused  ovt-r  Ihe  earth. 

DIF-FOSE',  a.    Widely  spread  ;  dispersed. 

9.  Copious;  prolix;  usin?  many  words;  giving 
full  descriptions  ;  as,  I.ivy  is  a  diffu-^r  writer. 

3.  Copious;  verbose;  containing  full  or  particular 
accounts  ;  not  concise  ;  as,  a  diffuse  style. 

DIF-FCS'/:D,  (dif-fuzd',)  pp.    Spread  ;  dispersed. 

2,  IxKiso  ;  Mowing;  wild.  S/tak, 

DIF-FCS'ED-LY,  (dif-fu/.'ed-ly,)   ode.      In  a  diffused 

manner  ;  with  wide  dispersion. 
DIF-FCS'ED-.\ESS,  (dif-fuz'ed-ncss,)  n.     The  stale 

of  being  widely  spread.  Slteneood. 

DIF-FP?E'LY,  ailc.    Widely  ;  extensively, 
a.  Copiously  ;  with  many  words  ;  fully. 
DIF-FPs'ER,  ti.    One  who  diffuses. 
DIF-FO-SI-BIL'I-TY,  (dif-fu-Kf  bil'i  ly,)  n.    Thcqiial- 

iiy  of  being  diffusible,  or  capable  of  being  spread; 

as,  the  diffusibility  of  clay  in  water.  Kirtean. 

DIF-FC'SI-BLE,  ("dif  fu'ze-ble,)  a.     Thnl  may  flow  or 

be  spread  in  all  directions  ;  that  may  be  dispersed  ; 

as.  diffuj'ibU  stimuli.  Broten. 

DIF-FC'SI-BLE-XES.S,  n.    Diffusibility. 
DIF-FCS'I.\G,  ppr.    Spreading;  cxtendinff. 
DIF-FO'?IOX,  (dif-fij'zhun,)  n.    A  spreading  or  flow- 

ing  of  a  liquid  substance  or  fluid,  in  a  lateral  as  well 

as  a  lineal  ilireclion  ;  as,  tlic  diffusion  of  water  ;  the 

diffasinn  of  air  or  light. 

2.  A  spreading  or  scattering ;  dispersion ;  as,  a 
diffitsinn  of  dust  or  of  seeds. 

3.  A  spreading ;  extension  ;  propagation  ;  as,  Ihe 
diffusion  of  knowledge,  or  of  good  prmciples. 


See    DtstnANcHtii, 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— .METE,  PREY.  — FIXE,  MARtXE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 

^2 


DIG 

4.  Copiousness,  exubeniiice,  as  of  style.  [Little 
used.) 

DIF-l'U'SIVE,  a.  Having  tlie  quality  of  diffusing;,  or 
spreading  by  flowing,  as  liquid  substances  or  lluids  ; 
or  of  dispersing,  as  minute  particles.  Water,  air, 
and  ligbt,  dust,  smoke,  and  odors,  are  diffusive  sub- 
stances. 

2.  Extended ;  spread  widely  ;  extending  in  all  di- 
rections ;  extensive  ;  as,  diffusive  charity  or  benevo- 
lence. 

DIF-FO'SIVE-LY,  adv.  Widely  ;  extensively  ;  every 
way. 

DIF-FO'SIVE-NESS,  n.  Tlie  power  of  diffusmg,  or 
state  of  being  diffused  ;  dispersion. 

2.  Extension,  or  extensiveness ;  as,  the  diffusive- 
ness of  benevolence. 

3.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  diffuse,  as,  an  au- 
thor or  his  style  ;  verboseness  ;  copiousness  of  words 
or  expression.  Jiddison. 

DIG,v.L  pret.  Digged  or  Dug;  pp.  Digged  or  Dug. 
rSw.  dUia ; Dan.  diger^  to  dig,  to  ditch  ;  Sw.  dike^  a  ditch, 
ban.  dige ;    D.  dyk^  a  dijkt ;   G.  deich,  Sax,  die,  id. ; 

Sax.  dician,  to  ditch  ;  Eth.  A  rHl  dachi.  Class  Dg, 
No.  11.  The  Irish  toddaim,  tachlcvn,  to  dig,  may  be 
from  the  same  root.] 

1.  To  open  and  hreak,  or  turn  up  the  earth,  witli 
a  spade  or  other  sharp  instrument. 

Be  first  lo  di*  the  grouml.  Dryden. 

2.  To  excavate  ;  to  form  an  opening  in  tlie  earth 
by  digging  and  removing  the  loose  earth  j  as,  to  dig^, 
well,  a  pit,  or  a  mine. 

3.  To  pierce  or  open  with  a  snout  or  by  other 
means,  as  swine  or  moles. 

4.  To  pierce  with  a  pointed  instrument  i  to  thrust  in. 

Still  for  the  gruwhig  liver  digged  liis  breut.  Dryden, 

To  dig  doiciij  is  to  undermine  and  cause  to  fail  by 
digging  ;  as,  to  dig  down  a  wall. 

To  dig  out,  or  to  dig  from,  is  to  obtain  by  digging  ; 
as,  to  dig  coals  from  a  mine  ;  to  dig  out  fossils.  But 
the  preposition  is  often  omitted,  and  it  is  said,  the 
men  are  digging  coals,  or  digging  iron  ore.  In  such 
phrases,  some  word  is  understood:  They  are  dto-o-i/jo- 
out  ore,  or  digging  far  coals,  or  digging  ore  from  llie 
earth. 

To  dig  up,  is  to  obtain  something  from  the  earth  by 
opening  it,  or  uncovering  the  thing  with  a  spade  or 
other  instrument,  or  to  force  out  from  the  earth  by  a 
bar ;  as,  to  dig  up  a  stone. 
DIG,  V.  i.  To  work  with  a  spade  or  other  piercing  in- 
strument ;  to  do  servile  work. 

I  cj.li  not  dig ;  I  am  aabametl  to  be^.  —  Luke  xvi. 

2  To  work  in  search  of;  to  search. 

They  dig  for  it  liiore  lliau  for  Iiid  trcasares.  — Job  iii. 

To  dig  in,  is  to  pierce  with  a  spade  or  other  pointed 
instrument. 

San  of  man,  dig  now  in  llie  wall.  —  Eiek.  viiL 

To  dig  through  ;  to  open  a  passage  through  j   to 
make  an  opening  from  one  side  to  the  other. 
DI-GAM'.^iA,  n.    [Gr.  Jij  and  jn-^a,  double  gamma.] 
The  name  of  a  letter  in  the  early  language  of 
Greece,  which    gradually  fell    into    disuse,  except 
among  the  Eolics.      It  has  very  nearly  the  sound 
of  the  English  f,  and  was  ca.Ued  diganima  from  its 
reseuiblanca  to  two  gammas,  one  placed  above  the 
other. 
DIG'A-MY,  71.  Second  marriatie.  [J^otinuse.]  Herbert. 
DI-GAS'Tiae,  a.     [Gr.  6ti  aiid  ynpijo,  belly.] 

Having  a  double  belly  ;  un  epithet  given  to  a  mus- 
cle of  the  lower  jaw.  Baileij. 
DI6'ER-ENT,  a.     [L.  digcrens.] 

Digesting.     [Jv'ot  in  use] 
DI'GEST,  71.     [L.  digestus,  put  in  order.] 

1.  A  collection  or  body  of  Roman  laws,  digested  or 
arranged  under  proper  titles  by  order  of  the  emperor 
Justinian.    A  pandect. 

2.  Any  collection,  compilation,  abridgment,  or 
summary  of  laws,  disposed  under  proper  lieads  or 
titles  ;  as,  the  Digest  of  Comyn. 

DI-GE3T',  r.  t.  [L.  digestum,  from  digcro,  to  distrib- 
ute, or  to  dissolve  ;  di,  ordis,  and  gero,  to  bear,  carry, 
or  wear;  Fr.digcrer;  It.  digcrire;  Sp.  digertr."] 

1.  To  distribute  into  suitable  classes,  or  under 
proper  heads  or  titles  ;  to  aiTange  in  convenient  or- 
der ;  lo  dispose  in  due  method  ;  as,  to  digest  the  Ro- 
man laws  or  the  common  law. 

2.  To  arrange  methodically  in  the  mind;  to  form 
with  due  arrangement  of  pails  ;  as,  to  digest  a  plan 
or  scheme. 

3.  To  separate  or  dissolve  in  the  stomach,  as  food  ; 
to  reduce  to  minute  parts  fit  to  enter  the  lacleals  and 
circulate ;  to  concoct ;  to  convert  into  chyme. 

Coze.     Enctjc. 

4.  In  chemistry,  to  soften  and  prepare  by  heat ;  to 
expose  to  a  gentle  heat  in  a  boiler  or  matrass,  as  a 
preparation  for  chemical  operations. 

5.  To  bear  with  patience;  lo  brook;  to  receive 
without  resentment ;  not  to  reject ;  as,  say  what 
you  will,  he  will  digest  it.  Shak. 

G.  To  prepare  in  the  mind  ;  to  dispose  in  a  manner 
that  shall  improve  the  understanding  and  heart ;  to 


DIG 

prepare  for  nourishing  practical  duties ;  as,  to  digest 
a  iliscourse  or  sermon. 

7.  To  dispose  an  ulcer  or  wound  to  suppurate. 

8.  To  dissolve  and  prepare  for  manure,  as  plants 
and  other  substances. 

DI-GEST',  V.  i.    To  be  prepared  by  heat. 

9.  To  suppurate  ;  to  generate  laudable  pus  ;  as  an 
ulcer  or  wound. 

3.  To  dissolve  and  be  prepared  for  manure,  as  sub- 
stances in  compost. 

DI-GEST'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Reduced  to  method  ;  arranged 
in  due  order;  concocted  or  prepared  in  the  stomach 
or  by  a  gentle  heat ;  received  without  rejection ; 
borne  ;  disposed  for  use. 

DI-OEST'ED-LY,  adv.    In  a  well  arranged  manner. 

DI-GEST'KR,  71.     He  that  digests  or  disposes  in  order. 

2.  One  who  digests  his  food. 

3.  A  medicine  or  article  of  food  that  aids  diges- 
tion, or  strengthens  the  digestive  power  of  the  stom- 
ach. 

^4.  A  strong  vessel,  contrived  by  Papin,  in  which  to 
boil  bony  substances  with  a  strong  heal,  and  reduce 
ihein  to  a  lluid  state  ;  or,  in  general,  to  increase  tlie 
solvent  power  of  water. 

DI-GEST-I-BIL'I-TY,  «.  The  quality  of  being  di- 
gestible. 

DI-GEST'I-BLE,  a.    Capableof  bcingdigested.  Baeon. 

DI-GEST'ING,  ppr.  Arranging  in  due  order,  or  under 
proper  heads  ;  dissolving  and  preparing  for  circula- 
tion in  the  stomach  ;  softening  and  preparing  by 
heat ;  disposing  for  practice  ;  disposing  to  generate 
pus  ;  brooking  ;  reducing  by  heat  to  a  tluid  state. 

DI-GES'TION,  (de-jest'yun,)  n.     [L.  digestio.] 

1.  The  conversion  of  food  into  chyme,  or  the  pro- 
cess of  decomposing  aliment  in  the  stomach  and  re- 
composing  it  in  a  new  form,  and  thus  preparing  it 
for  circulation  and  nourishment.  A  gootl  digestionis 
essential  to  health. 

2.  In  chemistry,  the  operation  of  exposing  bodies  to  , 
a  gentle  heat,  lo  prepare  them  for  some  action  on 
each  other ;  or  the  slow  action  of  a  solvent  on  any 
substance. 

3.  The  act  of  methodizing  and  reducing  to  order; 
the  maturing  of  a  design.  Temple. 

4.  The  process  of  maturing  an  ulcer  or  wound, 
and  disposing  it  to  generate  pus  ;  or  the  generation 
of  matter. 

5.  The  process  of  dissolution  and  preparation  of 
substances  for  manure,  as  in  compost. 

DI-GE3T'IVE,  fl.  Having  the  power  to  cause  diges- 
tion in  the  stomach ;  as,  a  digestive  preparation  of 
medicine. 

2.  Capable  of  softening  and  preparing  by  heat. 

3.  Methodizing;  reducing  to  order;  as,  din-r.-itive 
thought.  Dryden. 

4.  Causing  maturation  in  wounds  or  ulcers. 

5.  Dissolving. 

DI-GEST'I  VE,  n.  In  medicine,  any  preparation  or  med- 
icine which  increases  the  tone  of  the  stomach,  and 
aids  digestion;  a  stomachic  ;  a  corruborarit. 

2.  In  surgery,  an  application  which  ripens  an  ul- 
cer or  wound,  or  disposes  it  to  suppurate. 
Dige.'^tivc  salt,  the  muriate  of  potash. 

DI-GEST'tTRE,   V.      Concoction;    digestion.  [Rare.] 

DIG'GA-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  digged. 

DIG'G£D,  (digd,)prcf.  and  pp.  of  Dig. 

DIG'GER,  71.  One  who  digs  ;  one  who  opens,  throws 
up,  and  breaks  the  earth  ;  one  who  opens  a  well,  pit, 
trench,  or  ditch. 

DIG'Gir^^G,  ppr.  Opening  or  turning  the  earth  with  a 
spade. 

DIGHT,  (dite,)  v.  t.  [Sax.  diltt,  disposition,  order,  com- 
mand ;  dthtan,  to  set,  establish,  prepare,  instruct, 
dictate.  This  seems  to  be  from  the  same  source  as 
the  L.  dico,  dicUh] 

To  prepare;  to  put  in  order:  hence,  to  dress,  or 
put  on;  to  array;  to  adorn.  [Obsolete,  or  used  only 
in  poetry.  Milton. 

DlG'IT,  n.  [L.  digitus,  a  finger,  that  is,  a  shoot ;  Gr. 
oaKTvXo^.] 

1.  The  measure  of  a  finger's  breadth,  or  three 
fourths  of  an  inch.  BoyU\ 

2.  The  twelfth  part  of  the  diameter  of  the  sun  or 
moon  ;  a  term  used  to  express  the  qimntity  of  an 
eclipse  ;  as,  an  eclipse  of  six  digits  is  one  which 
hides  one  half  of  the  disk. 

3.  In  arithmetic,  any  integer  under  10;  so  cjilled 
from  counting  on  the  fingers.  Thus,  I,  2,  3,4,  5  6, 
7,  8,  9,  are  called  digits. 

DIG'IT-AL,  a.     [L.  digitalis.] 

Pertaining  to  the  fingers,  or  to  digits. 

DIG-I-Ta'LI-A,     (  71.    .■\  supposed  alkaloid  obtained 

DI-GI-Ta'LINE,  i  from  the  foxglove  or  Digitalis 
purpurea.  It  has  not  been  obtained  in  a  perfectly  pure 

D1G-I-Ta'LIS,  ji.     [L.  digUiut,  a  finger.]  [state. 

The  plant  caWed  foxglove ;  the  name  of  a  genus  of 
plants._ 

DIG'IT-.\TE,  v.  f.    To  point  out  iiawith  the  finger. 

DlG'IT-.VfE,       I  a.  In  botany,  a  digitate  leaf   is  one 

DIG'IT-.a-TED,  \  which  branches  into  several  dis- 
tinct leaflets,  like  fingers  ;  or  when  a  simple,  undi- 
vided petiole  connects  several  Uafleta  at  the  end 
of  it.  Martyn. 

DIG'IT-ATE-LY,  adv.    In  a  digitate  manner. 


DIG 


DIG-IT-A'TION,  n.     [L.]    A  division  into  finger-like 

processes.  OitberL 

I)IG'IT-I-GK  ADE,  n.    [L.  digttusy  a  finger  or  toe,  and 

gradiur,  to  walk.] 

An  animal  that  walks  or  steps  on  hia  toes,  as  the 
lion,  wolf,  &.C.  BdL 

DIG'IT-I-GRADE,  a.  Walking  on  the  toes,  as  the 
cat  and  dog. 

DI-GLA'DI-aTE,  r.  L     [L.  difrladior.] 
To  fence  ;  to  quarrel.     [tltUe  useL] 

DI-GLa-DI-a'TIOx\,  71.  A  combat  with  swords  ;  a 
quarrel.  B.  Jonson. 

DI'GLYPH,  71.  [Gr. ,?(?,  twice,  and  jAv^cj,  to  carve.] 
In  architecture  J  a  projecting  face  having  two  panels  or 
channels  sunk  in.  The  triulvph  has  three.     GaiiU. 

DIG-Nr-FI-€.\'TI0.\,  n.  [See  Digi^ity.]  'I'he  act 
of  dignifying;  exaltation;  promotion.  fValton. 

DIG^\I-FI-£D,fdig'ni-frde.)p/j.  [See  Digmfy.]  Ex- 
alted ;  honored ;  invested  with  dignity  ;  as,  tlic  dig- 
nified clergy. 

2.  a.  iMarked  with  dignity;  noble;  oa^  .^•rntfied 
conduct  or  manner.  ' 

To  the  ^eat  asloniahiripnt  of  the  Jcwa,  iJic  manncn  of  Jcww  are 
famili;»r,  yt-t  digmJUd.  BuekjiuniUr. 

DIG'NI-F?,  V.  t.  [.Sp.  dignificar ;  h.  digitus,  wortliy, 
and  fucio,  to  make.] 

1.  To  invest  with  honor  or  dignity ;  to  exalt  in 
rank  ;  lo  promote  ;  to  elevate  to  a  high  office. 

2.  To  honor;  to  make  illustrious;  to  distinguish 
by  some  excellence,  or  that  which  gives  cc-lcbrity. 

Your  wortli  w  ill  digm/t/  our  feast.  B.  JonMOn. 

DIG'NI-TA-RY,  n.  An  ecclesiastic  who  Imlds  a  dig- 
nity,  or  a  benefice  which  gives  him  some  pre-emi- 
nence iiver  mere  priests  and  canons,  as  a  bishop, 
dean,  archdeacon,  prebendary,  &c.     Encyc.     SicifL 

DIG'NI-TY,  T?.  [L.  dignittis,  from  dignus,  worlhy ; 
Sp.  digno ;  It.  dcgno ;  Fr.  digne :  Arm.  dign  or  din. 
Uu.  its  relation  to  Sax.  dugan,  to  be  good,  to  avail,  to 
be  worth,  to  be  profitable.  It  is  probable  that  g 
and  71  are  not  both  radical,  but  it  is  uncertain 
which.] 

1.  'J'ruc  honor ;  nobleness  or  elevation  of  mind, 
consisting  in  a  high  sense  of  propriety,  truUi,  and 
justice,  with  an  abhorrence  of  mean  and  sinful  ac- 
tions ;  opposed  to  meamiess.  In  this  sense,  we  sp<;ak 
of  the  dignity  of  mind,  and  dignity  of  sentimenls. 
This  dignity  is  based  on  moral  rectitude ;  all  vice  is 
incompatible  with  true  dignity  of  mind.  The  man 
who  deliberately  injures  another,  whether  male  or 
female,  has  no  true  dignity  of  soul. 

2.  Elevation;  honorable  place  or  rank  of  eleva- 
tion ;  degree  of  excellence,  either  in  estimation,  or 
in  the  order  of  nature.  Man  is  superior  in  dignity  to 
brutes. 

3.  Elevation  of  aspect ;  grandeur  of  mien  ;  as,  a 
man  of  native  dignity. 

4.  Elevation  of  deportment ;  as,  dignity  of  man- 
ners or  behavior. 

5.  An  elevated  oflice,  civil  or  ecclesiastical,  giving 
a  high  rank  in  society ;  advancement ;  preferment, 
or  the  rank  attached  to  it.  We  say,  a  man  enjoys 
his  dignity  with  moderation,  or  without  haughtine-s. 
Among  ecclesiastics,  dignity  is  office  or  preferment 
joined  with  power  or  jurisdiction. 

Bailetj.    Johnson. 

6.  The  rank  or  title  of  a  nobleman.  Encyc 

7.  In  i'l-atory,  one  of  the  three  parts  of  elocution, 
consi.^i^fig  in  the  right  use  of  tropes  and  figures. 

Kucye, 
S.  til  aitrolngy,  an  advantage  which  a  planet  has 
on  avciiiint  of  its  being  in  some  particular  place  of 
the  zodiac,  or  in  a  particular  station  iu  respect  to 
other  planets.  Bailey. 

9.  A  general  maxim  or  principle.     [J^ot  used.] 

Brown. 
DIG-X6'TI0X,  n.     [I-.  dignosco.] 

Distinguishing  mark ;   distinction.     [JVoe  in  vsr.] 

Brown. 
DIG'O-NOUS,  a.     [Gr.  Ji?  and  >  .ona,  an  angle.] 

In  botany,  having  two  angles,  as  a  stem.         f.ce. 
DI'GR.-VPH,'  (dl'graf,)  n.      [Gr.  ci^  and    >o,i<;,„i,  tn 
write.] 

A  union  of  two  vowels,  of  which  one  only  is  pnv 
nounced,  as  in  head,  breath.  Sheridan. 

DI-GRESS',  v.  i.  [L.  digressus,  digredtor  ;  di,  or  dis, 
and  gradior,  to  step.     See  Grade.] 

1.  Literally,  to  step  or  go  from  the  way  or  road  ; 
hence,  to  depart  or  wander  from  the  main  subject, 
design,  or  tenor  of  a  discourse,  argument,  or  narra- 
tion ;  used  only  of  speaking  or  ttrittng. 

In  the  pursuit  of  an  arjnment  Uiore  b  lumlly  room  lo  digrtta 
intu  a  particular  rk-fiiiitioii,  as  oRcn  us  a  nvan  v;\ri»  Uk; 
si^incatiou  of  any  term.  Locke. 

2.  To  go  out  of  the  right  way  or  common  track  ; 
to  deviate  ;   in  a  literal  sense.     LVul  ""W  »"  *'■''''•] 

Shak. 
DI-GRESS'ING,  ppr.    Departing  from  the  main  sub- 
ject. 
DI-GRES'SION,  (de-gresh'un,)  n,     [L.  digressic] 

1.  The  .ict  of  digressing;  a  departure  from  the 
main  subject  under  consideration;  an  excursion  of 
speech  or  writing. 

2.  The  part  or  passage  of  a  discourse,  argument,  or 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — e  as  K ;  0  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  ClI  as  SH;  Til  as  in  THIS. 

333" 


DIL 


DIL 


namli-'n.  whifh  d*vl»irt  from  ihe  m&ln  robJecC, 
.....  i..,ij  ,|,ay  tiavo  aome  relalioa 


It.      i>r|inrlliiii 

I'f  \\\c  iiDture  > 


umle.J 

..;  ..I  ,-..:    .,  :  ■;!'■«. 

' '  t   «.    In  *0(«Ny»  havlnB  two  style*. 
.  a.    [Gr.  Jic,  twice,  and  Upa,  a  vcat  or 

(>  ildr«,  a«  a  Hpirr. 
..  M.    [Suiira.]     A  flgwro  with  two  sides 

IIU  VI..    II.      !./.    :itHl    \i-t.i\otr.ilA       III 


■-urc.  Halt?. 

i  Kl»,   j)^.      Judt<;*l  c  determined  by 

rjNG,  ppr     Judging  or  dctemilnins  by 

riON,  n.    A  Judging  between  ;  judicial 


Vttj,.  list  ;  but  \>\ 

an  t  >l^^>  till-  bunk 

fonn  .  '■;•    <;irth.      In- 

irriuJtuuiti  u  *uut<.Limcd  u»L-tl  LdUi  I'ur  u  ditcli  and  u 
rampart.] 

1.  A  ditch ;  an  pscavnlion  made  in  ilic  ciirtli  by 
dlfging,  uf  greater  length  than  breadth,  intL-iided  aa 
a  rcaenolr  of  waier,  a  dmio,  or  fur  oUkt  purpitso. 

Drytlen.     Pope, 

2.  ■  .  arih,  of  stones,  or  of  other  mate- 
rial- |>revt-iit  low  land.i  from  being  in- 
unl  'T  :\  fiVcr.  The  low  cotinln-c  of 
||t,l  d  by  dikcj. 

;i  nstonc,  or  other  Miuiiy  »ub- 

»t  -  1  of  melted  matter  into  rents 

CUavdawL    ManteU. 
lound  or  protect  wiUi  a  dike  ;  to 

(A'ut  III  use  J] 
I  -     Stirrnnnded  with  a  dike. 

:;cl  of  diking,  ur  surrounding  witli 
dikt-i. 
DTK'IN'G,  ppr.    Surrounding  with  a  dike  ;    making 

a  dike. 
DI-LAC'ER-ATE,  r.  L     [I^  ddatxro ;  di  and  lacerOf  to 
lev.] 
To  tear  ;  lo  rend  asunder  ;  to  separate  by  force. 

Brown. 
Dt-LAC* ER-A-TED,  pp.    Torn  ;  rent  asunder. 
I)l-L.\("nil  .^-TING,  ypr.    Tearing;  rending  in  two. 
I)i-L  \  '■.,,1.    Th' act  of  rending  niiundcri 

a  I'  .ig.     [in  ILu  of  these  words,  Lac- 

KP\  ;    :v,  are  (leiicmlly  used.] 

DI-LA  M  A  1 1.,  r.  r.    [L,.diianio;  t/i  and /aiiiO|to  rend 
In  ptccrt.j 

Tu  It-ar;   to  rend  in  pieceii;   lo  mangle.     [LitUc 

uMd.  ]  Uoaelt. 

DI  I^.XM  .^'riON,»i.    A  tcnrine  in  piccca. 

DM.Al"!  I)\TK,r.i.     [UdiiaaiJoi  di  and  Jopu/o,  to 

ftt'ii  j(c.     ft  seems  originally  to 

bn\  un  stonc-wurk,  or  to  (tuflbr 

■-1, 

I  ■  -  :  .11  liy  decay. 

DI-I.  r.    I'o  jitilt  down  ;  to  waste  or  do- 

■tf  Ko  to  ruin. 

I  ,  ■«  vlnr,  Ac,  ^lapiiiaUi  ths  bulVCnp,  or 

..  -ntrf  ef  Ike  piiHTTiuiij  of  iIm  chuith. 

"  <dcr. 

Waited;  ruined;  pulled 
riin. 
Wasting  ;    pulling  down  ; 


DM 

d.. 

DM 

Dli 

uir- 
Inc 


t>rlr«in«t)rf\1    n-i«tc;  n  vol- 
^  '    ^    "     '  iv  btiild- 
tion  in 
I-  down 
ilTrr*  it 
■  'inn  L-x- 
1  .Jh-r 


al> 

to  '. 

tCf 

Drup<i.>  ..i  ill.  •.uMi-  li.  *.... 

S.  Ucctruction  ;  dcmoliUoo  ;   decay  ;   nir 

i 
3.  Prciilntinn.  >;//•;.  i-r^. 

DI'LAP'l-U.\-TOR.  «.     One  who  causes  dilnpidnliMn. 
DI-LA-TA  BIL'I-TY,  B,     [rfec  Dilatb.I     ThrqimlUv 

FATE,  PAR.  FA  I 


of  admitting  expansion   by  Ute  elastic  force  of  the 

ho*\y  >'••  II  or  i-f  iiii'ttK  r  rln«<ttc  substance  acting 
nil  f?- 

DI-I,  ■  ^iMinalon  ;  posseHAinc 

,!.  V  Ir   Is   dilatable   by   the 

f  .  UK   u  JiLiUUc  by  heat.     It  U  oppontd 
'■V. 

i  _  I  ll»\,  n.     The  act  of  einandlng  ;  rxpan- 

biuu  ,  a  hpreadliig  or  eilendmg  in  all  directions  ;  the 
slate  of  Uiiij;  rxjmudud  ;  u|t;iosi*d  to  ffntnietion. 
/>i7,U.:'.'Ti  dilf,  r-  hMii.  ri'  „  ..  ,i,  a.  ll:-'  I  itt  r  h  ;ip- 
ph     ■  ■        ■  ■  '1    't 

spr.  -r 

a  !■!■.  ■". 

b  diUuJ. 
SJ.  The  ex|>andliig  of  a  body  into  greater  bulk  by 

Its  own  i;l:i-tiL   J.  .w    r. 
DI-LATE'.  ^'le;  Fr. 

diloter;  I' 

J.  T.I  -tend  in 

all  '.  1  li'-   !>'r  d'daicj 

Ui 

i.i  tell  copiously 

III--  i>idicy  of  a  nu-ni;- 

;ly  ns<  d  intransitively. 

used  it  in  a  transitive 

uCU:l'  ,   U^,  ti>  ilild'-i  U  tlluinL-. 

DI-LA'I'E',  r.  I,  'J'o  widen  ;  to  expand  ;  to  swell  or 
extenil  in  nil  direction!^ 

Ilia  hwrt  dilaUM  ami  Rlorir*  In  lib  rtn  n jUi.  Adduon. 

9,  To  speuk  largely  and  copiously  ;  to  dwell  on  in 
narration.  An  ndvocale  may  weaken  his  argument 
by  dilntin^r  un  trivial  rircunistances. 

DI-LATIV,  a.    Kxpanded  ;  expansive. 

Dl-l.AT'El),pp.  oru.  Expanded;  distended  ;  enlarged 
BO  OS  to  occupy  a  greater  space. 

DI  LAT'I:K,  u.  Oni)  who  enlarges;  that  which  ex- 
pands. 

DILAT'l.NG,  n»r.     Expanding;  enlarging;  speaking 

DI  LA'TION,  n.     Delay.  t'nrRpb- 

Dl-L.^T'OU,  ri.  Timt  which  widens  or  expands;  a 
nnincltr  Unit  dilnte^. 

DII.'A-T()-ni-LY,  tiJc.    With  delay  ;  tardily. 

DIL'A-TO-KI-.NK:?.S,  n.  [fmrn  dilatory.]  Thcquolily 
of  being  dilatory  or  Into  ;  latcn'^'J-s  ;  slowness  In  mo- 
tion :  d'-Iav  in  procieding ;  tardineys. 

DIL'A-TO  KY,  (I.  iFr.  dilaioire;  lU  dilatorio  ;  Low 
L.  dilatvriujy  from  diffh-o,  dilat%is.  Sco  Delat  and 
Dilate.] 

1.  LitrraUij^  drawing  out  or  extending  In  lime: 
hence,  slow  ;  Lite  ;  tardy  ;  applied  to  thin^^i  as,  dila- 
tory councils  or  measure::<. 

a  Given  lo  procrastination ;  not  proceeding  wiUi 
diligence;  making  delay  ;  slow;  late;  applied  to  per- 
sons; ns,  a  dilatory  mefRonger.  A  nmii  is  ddnUTtf 
when  he  delays  ntteiidjmce,  or  performance  of  busi- 
ne»iii,  Iwyond  'the  propL-r  lime. 

3.  In  laiPy  intended  to  make  d.day  ;  lending  lo 
delay  ;  ns,  a  dilatory  plea,  whicli  is  dcKigiied,  or 
which  tends,  to  delay,  the  trial  of  a  cause.  Blacksione. 

DI-LEG'TION,  H.     [L.  diUclio.} 

A  loving.  Martin. 

DI-LEM'MA,  n.  fGr.  ^n\nl^^a^  n  syllogism  which 
strikes  on  each  side  ;  ^i(  and  Ar}^/ia,  an  assumption, 
from  \npiiavtj»^  to  take.] 

1.  In  liigicy  an  argument  which  presents  an  nntaj;- 
onist  with  two  or  more  alternative?,  but  is  eipiidly 
conclusive  against  him,  wliicln  ver  allernalive  lio 
chooses.  A  young  rh-lorician  said  to  an  old  fopliist, 
"  Instruct  me  in  pleadnig,  :iiid  I  will  pay  you  when  1 
gain  a  cause.*'  The  master  sued  for  the  reward, 
and  the  scholar  endeavored  to  elude  the  claim  by  a 
dilrmma.  "  If  I  gain  my  cause,  I  shall  withhold 
your  i>ay,  because  the  award  of  the  judc  will  bo 
agniUNt  yiM].  If  I  lose  it,  I  may  withhold  it,  because 
I  shall  not  yet  have  gained  a  cause."  The  niu-sttr 
replied,  *'  If  you  gain  your  cause,  )  oil  must  pay  me, 
because  you  are  to  pay  mc  when  you  gain  a  cause  ; 
if  you  lu'se  il,  you  nmst  pay  mc,  because  the  judge 
will  award  it."  Johnson. 

2.  .'V  dillicull  or  doubtful  choice  ;  a  slate  of  thlny.-i 
In  which  evils  or  obstacles  present  themselves  on  ev- 
er)- side,  and  it  is  difficult  to  determine  what  counic* 
to  pursue. 

A  itronf  dilcmtna  in  a  dtvpenile  c»c  I 

To  aci  wUh  Utfomy,  or  quU  llur  pbca.  S.s^. 

/5/f.^f:r-r.4ATE,  (dil-ct-tnn'liij)  n;  pL  Dii.tTTAMi. 
[li.]  An  admirer  or  lover  of  the  line  arts  :  one  who 
deliifht.H  in  promoting  science  or  the  fine  ort".  Burke. 

DIL  ET-TAN'TIMSM,  n.  The  purauils  and  feelings 
of  n  dilettante. 

DIL'I-GCNCE,  Ti.  [L.  diliffentia^  from  di/i^tf,  to  lovo 
comr^illy  ;  di  and  /'•jro,  to  choof^c.] 

1.  Steady  nppliratiun  in  busint-ss  of  any  kind  ;  con- 
stant eflbrt  lo  accomplish  what  is  undertaken  ;  exer- 
tion of  body  or  mmd,  wiihoul  iinnec<  .■^^nry  delay  or 
filnth  ;  due  ntfrtilion  ;  Industf}-  ;  at^slduity.  />t/i- 
:'rnce  Is  Ihe  pliil  <  -iitrrr'f  stone,  that  turns  every 
"ing  to  gold. 

HnUmn,  rive  .'  nr  colllnr  tind  ekctkm  ture. 

—  BIVlL 

I         2.  Care ;  heed  ;  boedfulncss. 

I  K'««(hy  hcut  vXih  all  (fidfrnc*.— Pnrr.hr. 


DIM 

Dlt'f-OEXCEt  (dil-«-iEhlnse,)  n.  The  namo  of  akind 

of  diage-cvKKlt  used  in  I^ance. 
DIL'HjENT,  a.     [L.  diU^nt^.] 

1.  t^lendy  In  application  to  buslnei^  ;  con  slant  Ib 

t-fTiiit  •  r  •  \<  :^i'  M  Ti^  ru-roinplish  what  is  undertaken  ; 
,  industrious;  not  idle  ur  nvgll. 

nt   In   Itte  IxMloe-u.*    llr  tiiaH  aUiid 

I    ;.,.    ;    -jv— li.v.  Kill. 

2.  Steadily  applied  ;  prosecuted  wiUi  care  and 
cohHiant  effort;  carefVil ;  assiduous ;  as,  make  ditt> 
ffcnt  search. 

1tie  Juilgra  aluiU  inalM  diitgmt  InqultlUoD.  —  Juilp*  lU. 

DIL'I-43ENT-LY,  ado.  With  ilcndy  application  nnd 
care;  wiili  industry  or  osiiiduiiy ;  not  carelcMlyj 
not  negligently. 

Yo  thiH  diiigmiiv  'krtTi  dw  commnn'lin'nta  of  Uw  WttA  jwt 
(ioJ.-D<ut.  *L 

DILL,».  rSax.  di7,  i/i/f;  Bvr.diU;  Dtkn.  ditd ;  D.  dOU t 
G.  dUI.) 

,An  annual  plant  of  l)ie  Anplhum  gmvoolet>!i,  tin 
seeds  of  which  axe  moderately  warming,  pungiiii, 
and  arcunattc. 
DLLO'CID,  II.     [L.  diiueiduf.\ 

Clear.     UVtJt  oi  ii«.] 
DI-LOTID  ATE,  r.  r.    To  make  clear.     [.VV(  in  Hjrr.] 

[.•^ee   I'H'CIOATK.l 

Dr-LU-CID-A'TION,  n.    The  act  of  making  char. 
DI-LO'CII)-LY,  adr.    Clearly. 
DIL'Q-ENT,  a.     [L.  dduetm.     Heo  Dilute.] 

1.  Making  licpiid  or  more  fluid  ;  making  thin  ;  at- 
tenuating. 

2.  Weakening  the  strongUi  of,  by  niUturo  with 
water. 

DIL'l^-ENT,  H.  That  which  thins  or  nltenualea ;  thai 
which  makes  more  liquid. 

2.  That  which  weakens  tho  strength  of,  ns  walrr, 
which,  mixed  with  wine  or  sidrit,  reduces  ttw 
strength  of  it. 

DI-LOTK',  r.  (.  [h.  diluo.diluttit;  di,  rfw,  and  /««, 
/i(rt,   lo  wash,  contracted   from  la^o  or  tiigo.     Pea 

DtLUGE.] 

1.  Literally,  lo  wnsli ;  but  appropriatehj,  to  nnirt 
liipiid,  or  moro  liquid  ;  lo  make  thin,  or  nmre  fluid. 
Tims  sirup  or  mola.<ses  is  made  thin  or  more  liquid 
by  an  admixture  wilb  water;  and  the  woier  is  said 
to  dilute  il.      Hence, 

9.  To  weaken,  as  hplrit  or  nn  ocid,  by  nn  admix* 
turc  of  water,  which  renders  the  spirit  or  acid  \rm 
coiicentroled.  Thus,  we  dilute  spirit,  wine,  or  a  d»- 
C'lClion,  by  adding  to  it  water. 

3.  To  make  weak  or  weaker,  as  color,  by  mixlura. 

^VctPtott. 
A.  To  weaken  ;  to  reduce  the  strength  or  siandard 

of;  lis,  to  diVii/*!  virtue.  .Wner. 

DI-LOTE',fl.   Thin;ailenuatod  ;  reduced  in  t-trength, 

ns  njiirii  or  color.  ,\>tr(«n. 

DI-LijT'ED,  pp,  or  a.     Made  liquiil ;  rendered  more 

lluid  ;  weakened  ;  made  thin,  a>  liquids. 
DI-LOT'ED-LY,  adv.  In  a  diluted  form. 
DI-LOT'ER,  n.     That  which  makes  thin,  or  mora 

liquid. 
DI-LOTT.XG,  jrpr.      Making    thin    or    moro    liquid  j 

weakening. 
DI-LC'TION,  n.    The  act  of  making  thin,  weak,  or 

more  liquid.     Opposite  lo  dituliou  is  c«n;M.'»/: .n  or 

thiekrni-.ig.  .'Jrlmthnot. 

D!-L0'V1-AL,  I  a.     [L.  dihtrluT},  a  deluge,  fiuin  dtlu*. 
DI-LO'VI-AX, !      Sec  Dii.uti:.] 

1.  rcrtnining  toa  flood  or  deluge,  moro  espccL-Uly 
to  th^  deluge  in  Xoah's  day?. 

2.  ElTected  or  produced  by  n  deluge,  parliculiirljf 
bv  the  great  flood  in  the  days  of  Noah.     BueXlamd. 

DI-'LO'VI-AI.-IST,  «.  One  who  explains  geolugical 
phenomena  b\'  the  deluge.  I.yr'lL 

Dl-LC'VI-ATE,  r.  i.  To  nin  as  a  flood.  [.Vot  muck 
vsed  1  .V.isrffw. 

DI-LO^'I-ini,  n.  [L.]  In  frfl/o_^,  a  dep.^-lt  oi"  su- 
perficial loam,  sand,  gravel,  pebbles,  he,  i  .'iii-*id  by 
the  delug[',  or  ancient  currents  of  water.      liackln-'. 

DI.M,  a.     [Pax.  dim;  Dan.  rfim,  dark,  ob'cure,  «I     i, 
and  dumb;  duvtmrr^  lo  dim;  Wiowmr,',  to  prow  •      i 
or  dull,  to  stupeiy,  Eng.  dumpp,  dumpish  ;  '^"      ' 
fog,  ml^'t,  a  cloud  ;  \T.deimhe,  darkni  "S  ; 
fog;  temnri,  dark,  obscure  ;  Sans,  tamn,  \ 

tuinma.     Il  seems  lo  be  allied  to  dump,  \    ,. ;.  — 

('rii  (ir  drini.    (See  Damp.)     If  dim  and  dutnb  are  of 
III':  same  faniiiv,  the  sfnse  Is  eh.:r,  t.'iirj^.^ 

1.  iNol  seeing  clearly  ;  having  the  vUion  obscured 
and  Indistinct. 

Wli-n  Uiic  wpj  old,  and  hii  rye*  were  rfim.  —  Ot^.  suB. 

2.  Not  clearly  seen  ;  obscure  ;  imperfectly  Men  or 
discovered  ;  as,  a  dim  prospect. 

3.  Somewhat  dark  ;  dusky  ;  not  luminous;  os,  a 
dim  shade.  Sprnser. 

4.  Dull  of  apprehension ;  having  obscure  concept 
linns. 

Tlifi  uiiJi'relanJing  li  dim.  Ragrn. 

5.  Having  its  luster  obscured  ;  sullied  ;  larnitJicd. 

!Iow  U  111-;  ffolil  bc«ime  dim  I  —  l-<im.  W. 

DIM,  r.  u  To  cloud  ;  to  impah  the  powers  of  vision  ; 
OS,  to  dim  the  eyes. 


riNE,  MARINE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLP,  BOQK.— 


3^1 


DIM 

2.  To  obscure  ;  as,  to  dim  the  sigbt ;  to  dim  the 
prospect. 

3.  To  render  dull  the  powers  of  conception. 

4.  To  make  less  bright ;  to  obscure. 

F.icli  pui^'oii  dinx^ned  lib  Cice.  MUlon. 

5.  To  render  less  bright ;  to  tarnish  or  sully  j  as, 
to  (/('.I  cold. 

DIM'BLE,  7u  A  bower;  a  cell  or  retreat.  [J\Tj(  in 
ujf,]  fi.  Jojison. 

DIME,  TL  [Fr. ;  contracted  fiora  dixieme  or  rfwme, 
Norm,  diemcf  tenth.] 

A  silver  coin  of  the  United  States,  of  the  value  of 
ten  ctnt5  ;  the  tenth  of  a  dolbj. 

DI-MEX'SION,  (de-men'shuu,j  n.  FL.  dimaisioj  from 
dimetioTj  to  measure  j  di,  or  dis^  ana  metior^  to  mete; 
Gr.  fLtJiiZiD.    See  ^Ietz  and  JIeasure.] 

1.  In  geometry,  the  extent  of  a  body,  or  len^li, 
breadth,  and  thickness  or  depth.  A  line  has  one 
dimension  or  length;  a  superiicies  has  two  dimen- 
sion:^,  length  and  breadth ;  and  a  solid  has  three 
dimensions,  lengtli,  breadth,  and  thickness  or  depth. 
The  word  is  generally  used  in  the  plural,  and  de- 
notes tlie  whole  space  occupied  by  a  body,  or  its 
capacity,  sixc,  measure ;  as,  the  dimension.-'  of  a 
room,  or  of  a  ship ;  the  dirnensions  of  a  farm,  of  a 
kingdom,  &c. 

^Dimension  of  an  equation,  in  algeh-a,  a  term 
used  to  denote  the  higiiest  power  of  the  unknown 
quantity  contamed  in  an  equation  ;  the  same  as  dc- 
nTff.  Barlow. 

Dr--ME\'SI0X-LE3S,  a.  Without  any  definite  meas- 
ure or  extent  ;  boundless.  JFilton. 

DI-MEX'SI-TY,  n.     Extent;  capacitj'.  HmeelU 

DI-MEX'SIVE,  a.  That  marks  the  boundaries  or 
outlines. 

Wlio  can  draw  the  soul's  dimensice  tioes  ?  Daoies. 

Dni'E-TER,  a.    [L.]    Having  two  poetical  measures. 

DLM'E-TER,  Ti.  A  verse  of  two  measures.   [Tyrwhitt. 

DI-.MET'RI€,  c.  [Gr.  Jtf,  twofold,  and  utrpov, meas- 
ure.] 

In  mineralo^j,  an  epithet  applied  to  crystals  with 
the  axes  of  two  kinds,  the  vertical  bemg  unequal  to 
the  lateral,  as  the  square  prism  and  square  octahe- 
dron. Dana. 

DIM-I-eA'TION,  n.     [L.  dimicatio.\ 
A  battle  or  fight ;  contest. 

DI-MID'I-aTE,  r.  t.     [L.  dimidio.] 
To  divide  into  two  equal  parts. 

DI-5nD'I-.\-TED,  pp.  or  a.     [L.  dimidiatus ;  di  and 
medius,  middle.] 
Divided  into  two  equal  parts  ;  halved. 

DI-5iID'I-A-TING,  ppr.  Dividing  into  tvco  equal 
pirfc!  ;  halving. 

DI-.MID-I-A'TIOX,  71.  The  act  of  halving;  division 
into  two  equal  parts. 

DI-MIN'ISU,  r.  t,  [L.  dlminuo;  di  and  vtinao,  to  les- 
sen ;  minor,  less;  It.  dimtnuire  ;  Fr.  diminusr i  Sp. 
diminuir i  It.  mitt,  fine;  miort,  small;  W.  main, 
meinw,  small,  slender;    Russ.  menshe^  less;   umcn- 


shaipi,  to  diminish  ;  Ar. 


(5^ 


monn/z,  to  cut  0^",  to 


weaken,  to  diminish.    Class  Mn,  Xo.  5.] 

1.  To  lessen  ;  to  make  less  or  smaller,  by  any 
means;  opposed  to  increase  and  aupnent;  as,  to 
dimiiiish  the  size  of  a  thing  by  contraction,  or  by  cut- 
ting ofl'  a  part ;  to  diminish  a  number  by  subtraction  ; 
to  diminish  the  revenue  by  limiting  commerce,  or  re- 
ducing the  customs  ;  to  diminish  strength  or  safety  ; 
to  diminish  the  heat  of  a  room.  Il  is  particularly  ap- 
plied to  bulk  and  quantity,  as  shorten  is  to  length, 

2.  To  lessen  ;  to  impair;  to  degrade. 

I  will  dirmmth  lUcm,  that  Ihey  shall  r.u  more  rule  over  tlic 
nations.  —  Eick.  sxix. 

3.  In  music,  to  take  from  a  note  by  a  sharp,  flat,  or 
natural. 

To  diminish  from ;  to  take  away  something.  [OJ.?.] 
NehJier  shall  you  diminish  aught /rom  li.  — Dent.  iv. 

DI-MIN'ISH,  V.  i.  To  lessen  ;  to  become  or  appear 
less  or  smaller.  The  apparent  size  of  an  object 
dimini^^hcs,  a^  we  recede  from  it. 

DI-MIN'ISII-A-BLE,  a.  Capable  of  being  reduced  in 
size  or  quality. 

DI-MI.\"1SH-£D,  (de-min'isht,)  pp.  or  a.  Lessened; 
made  smaller ;  reduced  in  size ;  contracted  ;  de- 
gnided. 

DI-M1X'I3II-ER,  n.  He  who,  or  that  which  dimin- 
ishes. 

DI-MIX'ISH-ING,  ppr.  Lessening;  contracting;  de- 
grading. 

DI-MIX'I5H  IXG-LY,  adv.  In  a  manner  to  lessen 
reputation.  Locke. 

DIMIA'-U-BJ^DO,  or  DIM.,  in  music,  directs  to  a  de- 
creasing volume  of  sound. 

DI-JIIX'U-EXT,  a.    Lessening.     [LiUle  used.] 

Sanderson, 

DDI'I-XOTE,  a.    Pmall.     [J^ot  in  use.]         Ocrr^res. 

DIM-I-XO'TIOX,  n.     [L.  diminntio.) 

I.  The  act  of  lessening;  a  making  smaller;  op- 
posed to  augmentation;  as,  the  dinunution  of  size,  of 
wealth,  of  power,  of  safely. 


DIN 

2.  The  state  of  becoming  or  appearing  less ;  op- 
posed to  increuj!'! ;  as,  the  diminution  of  the  apparent 
diameter  of  a  receding  body. 

3.  Discredit ;  loss  of  dignity  ;  degradation.  PhjUps. 

4.  Deprivation  of  dignity ;  a  Ictisening  of  estima- 
tion. .Addison. 

5.  In  architecture,  the  contraction  of  the  upper  part 
of  a  column,  by  which  its  diameter  is  made  less  than 
that  of  the  lower  part. 

6.  In  music,  the  imitation  of  or  reply  to  a  subject 
in  notes  of  half  the  length  or  value  of  those  of  the 
subject  itself.  Busby. 

DI-MIX'lJ-TIVE,  a.  [Fr.  dlminuiif;  It.  diminuitxvo; 
Kp.  diminutivo.] 

i^mall ;  little  ;  narrow ;  contracted  ;  as,  a  diminu- 
tive race  of  men  or  other  animals;  a  diminutive 
thought. 

DI-MIN'li-TIVE,  n.  In  /rrammar,  a  wtrd  formed 
from  another  word,  usually  an  appellative  or  generic 
term,  to  express  a  little  "thing  of  the  kind;  as,  in 
Latin,  lapilius,  a  little  stone,  from  lapis;  ceUula,  a 
little  cell,  from  cellu,  a  cell ;  in  French  maisonnette,  a 
little  house,  from  maison,  a  house;  in  English,  mani- 
hin,  a  little  man,  from  man. 

DI-iMIX'U-TIVE-LY,  adv.  In  a  diminutive  manner ; 
in  a  manner  to  lessen  j  as,  to  speak  diminutively  of 
another. 

DI-MIX'U-TIVE-NESS,  v.  Smallness ;  littleness; 
want  of  bulk  ;  want  of  dignity. 

DLM'ISH,  a.    [from  dim.]    i>omevvhat  dim,  or  obscure. 

DI-MIS'SION,  (de-raish'un,)  n.    Leave  to  depart. 

DIM'IS-SO-RY,  a.     [L.  dimissorius.     See  Dismiss.] 

1.  Sending  away  ;  dismissing  to  another  jurisdic- 
tion. A  lett^  dimissonj,  is  one  given  by  a  bisliop 
dismissing  a  person  who  is  removing  into  another 
diocese,  and  recommending  him  for  reception  there. 

Hook, 

2.  Granting  leave  to  depart.  Prideaaz. 
DI-MIT',  v.  L     [L.  dimitto.] 

To  permit  to  go  ;  to  grant  to  farm  ;  to  let.     [J^'ot 
in  use.] 
DIM'I-TV,  n.     [D.  dicmiu] 

A  kinti  of  white  cotton  cloth,  ribbed  or  figured. 
DIM'LY,  adc.     [See  Dim.]    In  a  dim  or  obscure  man- 
ner ;  with  imperfect  sight. 
2,  Not  brightly,  or  clearly  ;  with  a  faint  light. 
DI.M'JLED,  (dim;!,)  pp.   Clouded  ;  obscured  ;  rendered 

dull. 
DIM'.NnXG,  ppr.    Clouding;  obscuring  the  sight  or 

conception. 
DIM'MIXG,  71.    Obscurity.  Shak. 

DIM'XESS,  71.  Dullness  of  sight;  as,  the  dimness  of 
the  eyes. 

2.  Obscurity  of  vision;  imperfect  sight j  as,  the 
dimness  of  a  view. 

3.  Faintness ;  huperfeclion  ;  as,  the  dimness  of  a 
color. 

4.  Want  of  brightness ;  as,  the  dimness  of  gold  or 
silver. 

5.  Want  of  clear  apprehension  j  stupidity  ;  as,  the 
dimness  of  perception. 

DI-MORPH'IS.M,  71.  [Gr.  .'iff,  twice,and  ;<o.o0rf,form.] 
The  property  of  cryst;illizing  in  two  distinct  fonns 
not  derivable  from  one  another.  Sulphur  assumes 
one  form  when  cr>-stal!izing  at  a  high  temperature, 
and  another  v.iiolly  differ-jut  when  becoming  solid  at 
the  ordinar\'  t'jmperatnre.  Dana. 

DI-MORPH'OL'S,  a.  [Gr.  Sis  and  [t-jp^n-]  A  term 
applied  to  a  subsLince  whoso  cr>'stals  belong  to  dif- 
ferent ^■-^teiiis,  cr,  if  they  are  of  the  same  system, 
are  so  different  that  they  can  not  be  referred  to  the 
same  primary  form.  Dana. 

DIM'PLE,  H.    [Uu.  a.  taumeln,  to  reel,  to  indent.] 
A  small  natural  cavity  or  depression  in  the  cheek 
or  other  part  of  the  face.  Prior. 

DIM'PLE,  0.  i.  To  form  dimples;  to  sink  into  de- 
pressions or  little  inequalities. 


And  siiiiUng  eddies  dimpled  on  ihs  mma. 


Drydcti. 


DIMTLED,  a.  Set  with  dimples ;  as,  a  dimpled  cheek. 

DIM'PLY,  a.  Full  of  diiuples,  or  small  depressions  ; 
as,  the  dimply  flood.  Warton. 

DLM'-SIGHT-ED,  (-sit-ed,)  a.  Having  dim  or  obscure 
vision.  .Addison, 

DIM'-TWIXK-LIXG,  a.    Twinkling  dimly.    More. 

DIX,  n.  [Sax.  dyn,  noise  ;  rfyna,  to  sound  ';  Ice.  dijna, 
to  thund^T  ;  L.  tinnio,  tuniL-i,  tono.  This  word  proba- 
bly belongs  to  the  root  of  tone  and  thnnder^  and  de- 
notes a  nmibling  or  rattling  noise.  Sax.  eorth-dyne, 
an  earthquake.] 

Noise  ;  a  loud  sound  ;  particularly,  a  rattling,  clat- 
tering, or  nnnbling  sound,  long  continued ;  as,  Uie 
dtji  of  arms,  the  din  of  war. 

DI-N,  V.  t.  To  strike  with  continued  or  confused 
sound  ;  to  stun  witli  noise  ;  to  harass  with  clamor ; 
as,  to  din  the  fiars  v.*ith  cries  ;  to  din  with  clamor. 

DIX'AR-eilY,  71.     [Gr.  &is  and  aoxf^.] 

A  form  of  government  in  which  the  supreme 
power  is  vesi-d  in  two  persons. 

DIXE,  77.  i.  [Sax.  dynan,  to  dine.  The  Fr.  dinevy  is 
su|)posed  to  De  contracted  from  It.  desinarey  to  dine, 
L.  dcsiao,  to  ceaso  ;  in  which  r.:\r-<'.  diiiuer  nnisl  have 
been  so  nani'jd  from  the  intermission  of  business. 
The  Saxon  and  th;  French,  in  this  case,  are  proba- 


DIO 

bly  from  different  sources.    The  Gr.  has  caicu/iai, 
and  doivtitj},  to  fe-asU] 

To  eal  the  chief  meal  of  the  day.  This  meal 
seems  originally  to  have  teen  taken  about  the  raid- 
die  of  the  day,  at  leai*l  in  northern  climates,  as  it 
still  is  by  laboring  people.  Among  people  in  the 
higher  walks  of  life,  and  in  commercial  towns,  the 
time  of  dining  is  from  two  to  five  or  six  o*clt>ck  in 
the  afternoon. 

DIXE,  V.  t.  To  give  a  dinner  to  :  to  fuminh  with  the 
principal  meal  ;  to  feed ;  as.  the  landlord  dined  a 
hundred  men. 

DIX'jKD,  (dind,)  pp.  Having  eaten  a  dinner  or  en- 
tertained with  a  dinner. 

DI-NET'ie-AL,  a.    [Gr.  iHvnTiKOi,] 

Whirling  round.    [JVoeu-wd,]  Brown, 

DING,  V.  t. ;  prct.  DurtG  or  Dinged.    [Sax.  dcncgant\o 
beat ;  Scot,  din^y  to  drive  or  strike.] 
To  thrust  or  dash  with  violence.    {Little  used,'] 
JVash      Afarstun. 

DING,  V.  i.    To  bluster ,  to  bounce.     [A  U'l    >!ord.] 

Arbuthnot. 

DING'-DONG.  A  term  used  to  express  the  sound  of 
bells.  ShaX'. 

DIX'OI-NESS,  71.  [See  Diwor.]  A  dtwky  or  dark 
htie  ;  brownncss. 

DIN"GLE,  (ding'gl)  n.  A  narrow  dale  or  valley  be- 
tween hills.     ~  MUlon. 

DIX"GLE-D.>VX"GLE,  (ding'gl-dang'gL)  Hanging 
loosely,  or  something  dangling.  Warton. 

DLX'GY,  a.  Soiled  ;  sullied  ;  of  a  dark  color ;  brown ; 
dusky;  dun. 

DIX'IXG,  ppr.  or  a.  Eating  the  principal  meal  in  the 
day;  giving  a  dinner  ;  pertaining  to  dinner. 

DIX'IX'G-HALL,  71.    A  hall  for  a  company  to  dine  in. 

DIX'IXG-ROOil,  K.  A  room  for  a  family  or  for  com- 
pany to  dine  in  ;  a  room  for  entertainments. 

DIX'IXG-T.\'BLE,  n.  A  table  used  for  the  purpose 
of  dining. 

DIX'X£D,  pp.    Stunned  with  a  loud  noise. 

DLX'XER,  n.     [Fr.  dmrr  ;  Ir.  dinner.     See  Di:te.] 

1.  The  meal  taken  about  the  middle  of  the  day : 
or  the  principal  meal  of  the  day,  eaten  between  noon 
and  evening. 

2.  An  entertainment ;  a  feast, 

Echold,  I  have  prepared  my  dinner.  — Ma!L  xia. 

DIN'NER-LESS,  a.    Having  no  dinner.  FuUer 

DIN'NER-Ta'BLE,  n.    A  table  at  which  dinner  is 

taken. 
DIN'NER-TIME,  71.    The  usual  tune  of  dining  Pope 
Di-NO-THE'RI-UM,   71.      [Gr.  di:roy,    terrible,    and 

Onpiov,  beast] 
A  gigantic,  herbivorous,  aquatic  animal,  fifteen  or 

eighteen  feet  long;  now  extinct.     [See  Deinothe- 

Rit-i.]  Buckland, 

DIXT,  n.    [Sax.  dynt,  a  blow  or  striking.    It  may  be 

connected  with  din  and  ding.] 

1.  A  blow ;  a  stroke.  '  .MUton. 

2.  Force  ;  violence  ;  power  exerted  ;  ri?,  to  win  by 
dint  of  arms,  by  dint  of  war,  by  dint  of  argument  cr 
importunity. 

3.  The  mark  made  by  a  blow  ;  a  cavity  or  impres- 
sion made  by  a  blow  or  by  pressure  on  a  substance ; 
olTen  pronounced  dent. 

f  lis  hands  Ik-vd  nun\<z  a.  dini,  Drydai. 

DINT,  r.  t.  To  make  a  mark  or  cavity  on  a  substance 
by  a  blow  or  by  pressure,     [See  Ivoest.]     Donne, 

DIXT'ED,  pp.  Marked  by  a  blow  or  by  piessiire  ;  as, 
deep-dinted  furrows.  Spenser, 

DTNT'IXG,  ppr.     Impressing  marks  or  cavities. 

DI-NU-iMER-A'TION,  7t.  The  act  of  numbering  sing- 
ly.    [Little  used.] 

DI'OCe-S.IX,  a.  [See  Diocese.  The  accent  on  the 
first  and  on  the  third  syllable  is  nearly  equal.  The 
accent  on  the  antepenult  given  to  this  word  in  most 
of  the  English  books  is  wrong,  almost  to  ridiculous- 
ness.]    Pertaining  to  a  diocese. 

Di'0-CE-SAN,  71.  A  bishop;  one  in  possession  of  a 
diocese,  and  having  the  ecclesiastical  jurisdiction 
over  it. 

DrO-CESE,?i.  [Gr.  i5(ot<r/j(r(?,  administration, a  prov- 
ince or  jurisdiction;  i^a  and  oiar/jc-jy,  residence; 
ocKcoi,  to  dwell ;  otjfof ,  a  house.  This  word  is  often 
spelt  diocess;  but  this  orthography  is  opposed  to  the 
derivation,  and  is  not  sanctioned  by  the  best  English 
authority.] 

The  circuit  or  extent  of  a  bishop's  jurisdiction  ;  an 
ecclesiastical  division  of  a  kingdom  or  state,  subject 
to  the  authority  of  a  bishop.  In  Knirland,  there  are 
two  provinces  or  circuits  of  archbishops'  jurisdiction, 
Canterbury  and  York.  The  province  i-t"  Uantt-rbury 
contains  twenty-one  dioeeses,and  that  of  York  three, 
besides  the  Isle  of  Man.  Every  diocese  is  divided 
into  archdoaronries,  of  which  there  are  sixty ;  and 
each  archdeaconrj',  into  niral  deaneries;  and  every 
deancrj",  into  parishes.  Blarkstone. 

A  diocese  was  originally  a  division  of  the  Roman 
empire  for  the  purpose  of  civil  government,  a  prefect- 
ure ;  but  the  term  is  now  exc'iisively  appropriated 
to  ecclesiastical  jurisdiction.  Eneyc 

DI-Oe-TA-nE'DRAL,  a.  [dis  and  cctahedraJ,]  In 
crystallocrrapky,  having  the  form  of  an  ocLohedral 
prism  wlili  letrahedral  summits.  Cleareland. 


TuXT:,  EULL,  TJXITE,  —  AN"GER.  VI^CIOUS €  as  K ;  6  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


1)1"' 

M 

l>i 
11 


1  I.IW.,  fach  wllh  «  ilntlo  «nd 

„    anJ   -.X',.)       A  cFm.  of 

■  imrn<  on  oU"  liUuil,  ami  ine 

P.  Cyf- 

V'a«»,  btlonislin  to  ilio  cl»M 

I.  iving  ibo  >tamcii<  on  ono 

ihcr. 

ssii  ij  ui    aurltr,  of  a  clear  pnyUli- 

A  nrp  f^Ti-  I'f  foi'I*"'.  riiii-UtliiB  of 

'■  "''"  i 

1  by  1 


Wat 

I. 

'>■:<'■'■ 


A 

IIIU'i 

f.T  1* 


111.111. 

[Gr.  ('to"* 

11  KfM-  ttlf 

.   (.. 

11-, .Ul'-' 

DI-I'ET'AlrOUS,  a.    (Or.  Jit  "nil  'iraXcy,  »  leaf  or 

""utllus  two  Il..wct-I«VM  or  polaH  i  '"■°;g"^],'^- 

UIPII'TIIKSlI,  (tliniKUlB,)   ...      ['Jr.  .'n>0»> )  "<  •■    •''« 
anJ  vO., ,  i,  ~."nd  i  I-  ^  on.noiinccil 

A  cnlmon  or  union  .  ■.Tmli  vow- 

In  un.    -ill  .1.1  ■     Iiiulliii  '■       ,    .  ,i^. 

,'  bUn.l.'.!  a<  to  li,3  cun«nl.r.J  !n 

y  1    ill  ;,-i/,  Bjwf,  ijuiiJ,  wM'. 

m"  '  ^"'sar.l 

,J',i  1.)  a.     UclonpinB  to 

'"J  J'  vowel  uoundii,  pro- 

,,,"",'1  i.V,'(dlf.Uiong'8al  l>,)  '"''•     '»  » 


1  .-■,  a. 


'[Gr.  <!i(Uhd  i^uX.V'.v,  nU'nf.] 


,  liaviMS  two  li-avin,  a»  a  calyx,  Ice. 
[(Jr.  ?itXoi'(,  dou 


Tim  l"rt  of  njitica  which  trraU  of 
■  I'lroushdiirtrcnl  mu. 
_l.iHH.  Harr'iji. 

,  I,  ftuin  upau).] 

,,    .1    ..,.^..    .,r  ..i.l.r.il 


IL.-  ; 
anr 

on*  t- 
lull' 
Ine  I 
bey. 


.itililU. 

'.',  and 

,^.    ; ;,_,    ,■.     .;ii»t.ar. 

t.i  cloiidv  wtrallitr,  or  tin- 

iiarlH  of  ilii' imintins,  als.!, 

'..  .'.--e  places  incri'.a^-d 

.rivis..ing  olfi^cl,  piv- 

!  naiuro  and  rciilily 

,,,,, „l  ixiiMline.    llrandt. 

,1  r„r  llK-  purlKimj  above  described. 
jlj.Jl'  . .  tiaining  to  diorama. 

DI'OKl*>l.".      |..r.  Oio,«iO(ia.] 

[k-(lnU..,n.       Ra«J,«rJ.  •"T'- 

pio  Hl!''TIC,a.    Dutniguisluni!;  deflnlne.     L'"™!' 

r-AULY,  oc/e.    In  a  distingimhing  man- 
-■y  iLrctf.] 
i.|..Mii,».    A  rarieiy  of  trap  rock. 
UI  OK  TI16'.'<1^!,  ..     [(ir.)     A  surgical  o|Kratlon,  b> 
'vli'ch  '"ikedordistorte'd  limbs  arc  rc=loredto  U.cir 

oroKiVl'r'rA.N,  ..    IVrtaining  to  Diospolia,  a  oily 

in  Koi*,  call.d  al«.  TVJr...  Ohdd^o. 

1)1  O -l"  ,  '■     [  U  and  i;  r.  1     In  incjml  sculptur,  a  sort 

.,f  va.c  with  two  liandlcs,  used  for  wine.  FJmc-'. 
DI.OX'Yl.rrE,  ".    [Cr.  c.{,  two,  ojut,  acid,  (in  allu- 

.lOT  to  IK  containing  two  acids  i  and  Mot,  stone.) 
A  nauve  «lt  of  lead,  of  a  pale  greenish  or  ycUow- 

Uh  color,  consUting  of  the  c;ubonate  and  sulplinlc  ol 

I         .  J/ill'M. 

dip"  c.  I.:  in-cr.  and  pp.  Dirrto  or  Dirr.     [Sax.  dip- 
pV..  fiolh  Ju.;.M».  l).rf™/.cn.  C.lupfm:  !-w.<0pu, 

v., .....fr;  It.  luiwrc;  Uu.«.  t.^.  lira  .Or. 

i':  '  \,al.ly, to  .iir,,  llcb.  Ch.  yaa.    'Ihe 

„,  1.1  ihriist  or  drive,  for  111.'  same 

JJ a  Ar.,  iignities  to  stamp  or  Impress 

a  mark,  lir.  tviooi,  wlience  lypc ;  and  nrr.j,  to 
rttike,  Eng.  up,  seems  to  bo  of  the  samo  fiunily. 
L-UiM  111.,  .So.  •-■».)  .     .   ,    - 

I    To  plunge  or  immerse,  for  a  moment  or  snort 
time,  in  water  or  other  licjuld  substance  ;  to  put  into 

..     ,l.,,.l     ...l.l     ,1  lllllIfTlW. 

.  rV.  Popt. 

a.  To  take  with  a  ladlr,  or  other  vess«l,  by  immers- 
ing It  In  n  (lul'l ;  n".  tn  dip  water  from  a  boiler ;  oRen 
.     .  _      .  ^vater. 

■■  concern  ;  tued  imtrojuUiveti/f 
IJ  u*td. 
,1    ,,,  t^Uvm  i*f  ll^  commofu.     Dryltn. 

;>Iedgc  ;  to  mortgage.     [Uult 
Dmden. 

^_  Maioi 

6.  To  hop«lxe  by  immersion. 
DIP  r  .     T..  ".Ilk  ;  lolmmergeinalinoid.  {.'EttrcHgc. 
t.>  pierce.  OnmriUt. 

to  take  «  concern  \  at,  to  dip  into 

!o  look  ciir«ordy,  or  here  and 
v..tiimc  of  birtiffj'.       Vopf. 
life  ;  to  thrust  anil  take, 
(^  ■].,  A.ird;  as,  the  magnetic  needle 

nlP  -.    V'  ■,  riward  ;  a  tloping;  ft  direction 

hunmui.'.l  line ;  dcprrasion  ;  as,  the  Jip  of 

.le. 

f^  ,.....;-,  )n  r"-'-r^.  I-*  !*■  7re;\Ie,sl  tti- 
[.rpendic- 
.  the  piicJL 


4.  To  . 

i.  To  nioi't.  n  .  tu  w  et.     [  fni»»«a/.; 


,.  ii,r.  .  .n/iuii,  double.) 
•Ihe  »ort  ineditullium,  medullary  substance,  or 
IKirous  iiart  between  the  plates  of  >'»'^^^"^"-  j,^^^ 
UI-PLO'.MA,  n.  [Or.  i.-rXu/ia,  from  JirXo.J.to  >/»»Wc 
u  fold.  .««:.>../;!<,  a  letter  or  oilier  ""»l"«l.™ 
writlin  on  paper  or  ,archiuent,  and  folded  ojur- 
Ir",  any  lllter,  lileriry  monument,  or  public  doc- 

""\"Jilr  or  writing  conferring  some  power,  nutlior- 
Itv  privilege,  or  honor.  Diplouins  are  given  to 
eVa'j  ales  of  colleges  on  their  receiving  tlio  usual 
^  grees ;  to  clerfviuen  who  arc  licensed  to  exercise 
the  ministerial  functions ,  lo  physicians  who  are 
licensed  to  praclice  their  prolessioii  ;  and  to  .igents 
who  are  autliori/.ed  to  transact  business  for  Ihcir  priii- 
ciniiN.  A  diploma,  th.u,  is  a  writing  or  inslrumont, 
usuallv  under  seal,  and  sipied  by  the  proper  person 
"  odlcer,  ciiiilVrrii'ig  merely  honor,  as  in  ^}^^^^^j(. 
gradual,  s,  or  auilioriiy,  as  in  tlie  ca.se  of  pliyslciana, 

d"-1'I.'o''.MA-CY,  n.     [This  word,  llko  m/JrnnacK,  re- 
nins the  accent  of  its  ori};inal.) 

"■  lie  customs,  rules,  and  privileges  of  embassa- 
dor^, envoys,  and  oilier  rcpresenUitivcs  ol  princes 
and  stales  St  lureign  courts;  forms  of  negotiation. 

"A  diplomatic  body;  the  whole  body  of  minis- 
ters at  a  foreign  court.  ■■._„•• 
3.  The  agency  or  management  of  mumters  at  a 
f     *■-     court  CcvalloB. 
°4    ["exieriiy  or  skill  in  managing  negotiations,  &c. 
DIP'I.O-MATE,  a.    Ono  jkillcd  in  diplomacy  ;  a  dip- 

DIF^o'.M.^-TEn,  a.     Made  by  diplomas.      A'cnnct. 
DIP-LO-SlAT'ie,  a.    Pertainlug  to  diplomas;  privi- 

^'^'  Furnished  with  a  di|doma  ;  authorized  by  let- 
ters or  credentials  In  Imnsacl  business  for  a  sovereign 
at  a  foreign  court  Ministers  at  a  court  are  denomi- 
linted  a  iliplomatie  body.  . 

3.  Pertaining  to  or  consisting  of  ministers  at  a 
foreign  court,  or  men  authorized  by  diploma;  as,  a 
d;;,Je».al.c  clL-uacter  ;  the  *j</omolic  conis ;  diyhmatic 

DiTmIo-M  AT'ie,  n.    A  minister,  official  agent,  or  en- 
voy lo  a  foreign  court.  , 
DlIM.p-M.VT'ie-AL-LY,  ode.  According  to  Uio  rules 

DIP-1  U  m'sT'IcS,  n.  Tlio  science  of  diplomas,  or  of 
ancient  writings,  literary  and  public  documenU,  Icl- 
?ers,  decrees,  charler.s,  iodicils,  kc,  whi*  has  for 
its  object  to  decipher  old  writings,  lo  ascertain  their 
authenucily,  their  dale,  signatures,  ic. 

Encijc,    Lunicr. 

DI-PI.O'M.\-TIS'l',  n.     .\  person  skilled  in  diplomacy. 

UIP'PtD,  (dipt.)  pp.    Plunged  ;  immersed. 

DIP'PER  !i.    One  that  dips  ;  lie  or  that  which  dips, 
a.  A  vessel  used  to  dip  water  or  other  liquor;  a 

'^'"'biic  of  a  genus  of  birds,  of  the  thrush  family, 

I      which  delight  in  water  ;  the  Ciiidiis. 

'  4.  7-*c  dipper;  a  name  popularly  app  icd  to  seven 
stars  in  the  constellation  of  the  Great  Dear  ;  other- 
wise called  CViar/cs'J  n'.iin.  ,        ...  ,• 

niP'PlNG,  piir.  Plunging  or  immersing  into  a  li quiu 
and  jiKiedily  withdrawing  ;  as,  lo  asceruun  the  tero- 
peralurc  of  water  by  dipping  lUc  linger  in  it;  bap- 
tizing by  immersion. 

2.  Eiigacinc  or  taking  a  concern  in.         _   , 

3.  Loi.kiiig  into,  here  and  there ;  examining  In  a 
cursory ,  sliglil,  or  haslv  manner. 

■I.  Inclining  downward,  as  the  magnetic  nceUle. 

.',.  BreakirtJ^,  inclining  ;  as  a  vein  of  ore. 
DIP'PINO,  n.    The  act  of  plunging  or  immersing. 

n.  The  art  of  inclining  toward  the  earth  ;  inclina- 
tion downward  ;  a^,  the  dipping  of  the  needle. 

3.  The  inUirniplion  of  tt  vein  of  ore,  or  stratum  ol 
a  f,«sil.  In  a  mine  ;  or  a  sloping  downward. 

•1.  The  net  of  baptizing  by  llie  immersion  of  the 
whole  IkmIv  in  water.  .  . 

DIP  PIXG-S'KE  f'I.E,  n.  An  instnlment  whicn 
»llow>  Iho  Inelinalion  of  the  magnetic  n.edle  to  the 
lioriz..n  at  anv  given  place.  It  is  found  by  observa- 
tion, that  when  a  magnetic  needle  is  halanccil  on  Its 
centre  of  gravity.  It  usually  does  not  maintain  a 


horlionlal  posHion,  but  i/./w  or  inclines  to  Iho  hot 
ion  In  a  certain  angle.  In  certain  places  In  the 
wiuatorial  regions,  however,  |ioiiiis  aie  louiid  where 
Ihc  needle  becomes  h.,ri^.oiilal,  anil  the  line  counecl- 
ine  these  IKiillls  Is  called  Ihe  milgurltc  rfiatiir;  illlj  a 
certain  point  within  the  iiolar  circle,  where  the  nee- 
dle Ucoiiies  p.r|>endicular.  Is  called  lliu  .ii.r'i.<lic 
vole.  The  pole  of  the  dippiiigiirrdir,  is  the  iK  vatcd 
Iwlnt  in  the  heavens  toward  wlileli  the  upp. '  tiul 
Iif  the  d  ipplngneedle  Is  directed.  V.  Uliuuj. 

I)I-PKI8..^IAT'le,  0.      [di   and    prumalir.)     Doubly 

"""""I'lavin"  rteavagcs  parallel  Ui  the  s'des  of  a  four- 
«lded  vertical  prism,  and  at  the  saiuo  time,  to  a  horl- 
ionlal prism.  ,  ,:"'**,. 

DIP'SAS,  11.     [Cr.  htlms,  dry,  thirsty;  iiit-a.i.  Is 

A  serpent  whoso  bile  produces  a  mortal  IhlraL 
See  Vrul.  vili. 
DIP'TEK-A,  n.  »/.    [Gr.  i!n  and  rrrjice,  a  wing.. 
The  diptera  nro  an  order  of  iiisecu  having  only 
two  wings,  and  two  poisers,  as  the  liouse-tly. 

"  >.(icsic. 

DIP'TEU-.\L,  a.  Having  iwo  wings  only  ;  belonging 
to  the  order  of  Dipteia.  ,  ,  „ 

DlP'TEIt-AL,  a.  or  n.  In  <inciciit  oirliI«(urf,  a  teim 
denoting  one  of  Ihe  seven  orders  of  sacred  bullillllgn, 
viz.,  a  temple  which  had  a  double  row  of  eoliiiiiiin 
on  each  of  its  Hanks,  as  well  as  in  fnmt  a"d 'c|J^i^- 

niP'TER-OUS,  a.    Having  two  wings;  belonging  to 

the  order  of  in.iects  called  d.;.Icrii.  ."'!''"',■ 

UIP'TOTK  11.     [Gr. ;  from  i^is  and  riirru,  to  l.iu.) 
Ill  grammiir,\   noun  which  has  only  two  cas,*-, 
as,  eupprli^,  lupptlm.       ,  ,  ,  f."'?'- 

DIp'tYCII,  (  n.    [Gr.  itiirruxoci  ^U  a»d  -ri.iroal 

IiIpri'Y  *";HIJM  t  ffrtif w,  lo  fohl.) 
"'  l!l  a,;^",tA':,U,a  sU'of  book^or  table,,  so  called 
because  il  consisted  of  two  leaves  folded,  but  It 
someUmcs  contained  three  or  nmre  leaves  1  no 
term  was  ap;-lieil  i^rticnlarly  lo  a  public  register  of 
the  names  of  consuls,  and  other  inagistnites  nnion| 
pagans;  and  of  bi^holM.  martyrs, and  olliers,  among 
Christians.  The  sacred  diptych  was  a  double  caUv 
loguc,  in  one  of  which  were  registered  the  nanus  of 
the  living,  and  in  the  other  the  names  of  the  dead, 
which  were  to  bo  rehearsed  during  llio  olhce. 

Klmrj.     t.neiie. 
DI-P5RIV  n.     A  miner.al  occurring  in  minule  pri^iii', 
eilher  single  or  adhering  to  each  other  i"  l"f";"  " 
groups.     Before  the  bl..wiii|K-,  it  liielu   wi  h  eliull - 

lion  or  Inlumfscencc,  and  lis  powder  oi 1  ■  '«il- 

phosnhoresces  with  a  f^ble  light.    Its  "anie,  l->" 
Gr.  CI".,  two,  and  :re..,  fire,  indnates  the  double  .  i 
feet  of  lire,  in  producing  fusion  and  phospliori-scei.. 
II  has  been  considered  a  variety  of  scu/ioWc^^^^^^ 

nl-ia-DI-A'TION,  n.     [L.  Jirni/iatio.) 

The  rays  of  light  einilted  and  dillised  from  a  lu- 
miiious  body.  ,  ■    .      -u 

DIRE,  a.  [L.  diru.".  If  the  primary  sense  H  te  ill. , 
ihis  word  may  belong  to  ihe  root  of  terrre.  llui  ii 
may  be  great,  wonderful,  Syr  JolZ.  <*".  <»  wonil-  r ; 
or  it  may  be  raging,  furious,  as  in  I>.  d"-"-] 

Dreadful ;  dismal  ;  horrible  ;  terrible  ;  ovU  in  • 
great  degree. 

Zlire  wiu  U«  lo«lng,  .lecp  Iho  grranl.  «>■  J». 

DI  UECT',  0.  [I.,  dirotuj,  from  dirigo ;  di  and  rf»«, 
rcctw,  lo  make  slraighl.    Sec  Right.) 

1.  Straight;  right;  as,  to  pass  in  a  <iir«(  line  ro.ii 
one  body  or  place  to  another.     It  Is  opposed  to  rr, . 
"d^^iJing,  ohlu/ue.     It  is  also  opposed  lo  rc/r-c/<J , 
as,  a  direct  ray  of  light.  ,        , 

•>  In  a;,.(r,..iom>(,  api>earing  to  move  forward  n  the 
order  of  the  signs,  i.  e.,  from  west  to  cast ;  opp<»ed 
to  rtlrogrode  ;  as,  the  motion  of  a  planet  is  d'r'H. 

3  In  tlie  line  of  father  and  son  ;  opposed  toc»l- 
UUrroI :  as,  a  descendant  in  the  direct  line.       , 

Z  Leading  or  tending  loan  end,  as  by  a  slnilglt 
lino  or  couSie  ;  not  circuitous.    Thus  we  s|ieak  of  , 
jirccl  means  to  effect  an  object  ;  a  direct  coun-e  ;  a  | 

""To^'i  not  ambiguous  or  doubtful.         B««a.      I 

C.  PWn ;  express  ;  not  ambiguous ;  a.s,  he  mIU 
tliisinrfirrkwirds;  he  made  a  Arcct  acknowledg- 

""fin  ,nw.ie,  a  direU  interval  is  that  which  f..rin« 
anv  kin  of  harmony  on  the  fundameiilal  sound 
winch   produces  it;  .i  the   fifth,  majur^hird.  and  1 

'^Direct  tor,  is  a  tax  assessed  on  real  esUate,  as  li 

nfREe-r'e.  (.     [I.,  direelum,  direetus,  from  diri^n.) 
°     1    M-!. 'point  ir  aim   in  a' straight  I""-.  •'•»••'•'  " 
nlice  or  object ;  a.s,  to  ,/irccI  an  arrow  or  a  pii  c  «i 
Er^ance;  to  d.recl  the  eye;   to  direct  a  course  or 

"'al' To  point ;  to  f-how  the  right  road  or  couree ;  a». 
he  direcltd  ine  to  the  left-hand  road. 

3.  To  regulate;  lo  guide  or  lead;  lo  Bovcrn  ,  W 
cause  to  proceed  in  a  particular  manner;  as,  to  A- 
red  Uie  affairs  of  a  nation. 

WU-loin  in  TmjtililMtudinct.—  Eetia.  X. 


,  AR,  FALL,  WHAT. -METE.  rUBV.-riNE.  MARH.NE.  BIRD. -NOTE.  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF.  CQOK. 


y*) 


DIR 

4   To  prescribe  a  course ;  to  mark  out  a  way. 

Job  i-xxvii. 
5.  To  order  ;  lo  instruct;  to  poiut  out  a  course  of 

proceeding,  with  aiitJiority  ;  to  command,    lint  direct 

is  a  softer  term  than  command. 
DI-RECr',  B-    In  mitfic,  a  character  placed  at  tlie  end 

of  a  staff  to  direct  the  performer  to  the  first  note  of 

the  next  stafl*.  Busbij. 

DI-RECT'ED,   pp.  or  a.      Aimed  ;    pointed  ;  guided  ; 

rejulated  ;  governed;  ordered;  instructed. 
DI-REeT'ER,  n.     A  director,  winch  see. 
DI-REfT'IXC;,    ppr.     Aiming;    pointing;    guiding; 

resulatins;  governing;  ordering. 
DMiE€'T10\,  n.     [L.  dtrectio.] 

1.  Aim  at  a  certain  point ;  a  pointing  toward,  in  a 

straight  line  or  course  ;  as,  the  direction  of  good 

works  to  a  good  end.  Smalrid^e. 

S.  The  line  in  which  a  body  moves  by  impulse ; 

course.    Matter  or  body  can  not  alter  the  direction  of 

its  own  motion. 

3.  A  straight  line  or  course.  A  star  appeared  in 
the  direction  of  a  certain  lower.  The  ship  sailed  in 
a  south-easterly  direction. 

4.  The  act  of  governing;  administration;  man- 
agement; guidance;  superintendence;  as,  the  rfirec- 
tion  of  public  affairs  ;  direction  of  domestic  concerns; 
the  direction  of  a  bank. 

5.  Regularity ;  adjustment. 

All  chance,  dinctiott,  which  thou  canst  not  see.  Pope. 

6.  Order;  prescription,  either  verbal  or  writteu  ; 
I      instruction  in  what  manner  to  proceed.    The  em- 

Iployer  gives  directieru  to  iiis  workmen  ;  the  physi- 
cian, to  his  palieni. 
7.  The  superscription  of  a  letter,  including  the 
j      name,  title,  and  place  of  abode  of  the  person  for 
I      whom  it  is  intended. 

8.  A  bodv  or  board  of  directors. 

I  DI-REeT'I-tUDE,  n.    A  word  put  by  Shakspeare 
I      into  the  mouth  of  a  servant,  as  a  blunder  for  dis- 

erediti  Malone. 

I  DI-RECT'IVK,  a.    Having  the  power  of  direction;  as, 

a  directive  rule.  Hooker. 

9.  Informing  ;  instructing  ;  showing  the  way. 
DI-RECT'LY,  adv.      In    a    straight  line  or  course ; 

rectilineally  ;  not  in  a  winding  coui^e.  Aim  directly 
to  the  object,  Gra^-ity  tends  directly  to  the  center 
of  the  earth.  As  a  direct  line  is  the  shortest  course  ; 
hence, 

a.  Immediately;  soon;  without  delay ;  as,  he  will 
be  with  us  directly. 

3.  Openly  ;  expressly ;  without  circumlocution  or 
ambiguity  ;  or  without  a  train  of  inferences. 

No  miu  hath  been  so  impious,  as  directly  lo  condemn  pnyer. 

Ho'^er. 

DI-RE€T'.VESS,  n.  Straightness ;  a  straight  course  ; 
neamc->:s  of  way.  Bentley. 

DIRECT'OR,  n.  One  who  directs  ;  one  who  super- 
intends, governs,  or  manages ;  one  who  prescribes 
to  otliers,  by  virtue  of  authority  ;  an  instructor ;  a 
counselor. 

2.  That  which  directs  ;  a  rule ;  an  ordinance. 

3.  One  appointed  to  transact  the  affairs  of  a  com- 
pany ;  as,  tha  director  of  a  bank,  or  of  the  India 
Company. 

4.  That  which  directs  or  controls  by  influence. 

Sifeiy  &om  cxiemal   danger  U  the  most  pOK-crful   director  of 
nAtJonal  con;iucu  Federalist,  Hamilton. 

5.  In  surgery,  a  grooved  probe,  intended  to  direct 
the  edge  of  the  knife  or  scissors  in  opening  sinuses 
or  fiitula; ;  a  guids  for  an  incision-knife. 

Encyc.     Coze. 
DI-REC-To'RI-.VL,  a.    Pertaining  to  directors  or  di- 

recitoii ;  containing  direction  or  command. 
DI-RE€T'OU-SHIP,  tu     The  condition  or  ollice  of 

director. 
DI-REGT'O-RY,  a.     Containing  directions;  enjoin- 

ins;  instructing. 
DI-KEeT'O-RV,  n.     A  guide  ;  a   rule  to  direct;  par- 
tieularhj^  a  book    containing    directions  for  public 
worship,  or  religious  services.    The  Bible  is  our  best 
directory  in  faith  and  practice. 

2.  A  book  containing  an  alphabetical  list  of  the 
inhabitants  of  a  city,  with  their  places  of  abode. 
2.  The  supreme  executive  council  of  France,  in 
4.  A  board  of  directors.  [the  revolution. 

DI-RECT'RESS,  n.    A  female  who  directs  or  manages. 
DJ-RECT'RIX,  lu    A  female  who  governs  or  directs. 
2.  In  geometry,  a  certain  straight  line  perpendicu- 
lar to  the  axis  of  a  conic  section.     [See  also  Dir- 

IGENT.l 

DIRE'FLL,  a.  [See  Dire.]  Dire  ;  dreadful ;  terri- 
ble; calamitous;  as,  direful  fiend;  a  direful  misfor- 
liHie.  Spenser,     Dryden.     Pope. 

DIRE'FUI^LY,  adv.    Dreadfully  ;  terribly  ;  wofully. 

DIRE'FUL-N'ESrS,  n.     Calamitousness. 

DIRE'-LOOK-ING,  a.    Looking  direfully. 

DI-REMP''TlON,  n.     [L.  diremptio.^ 

A  separation.  Bp.  Hall. 

DIRE'XESS,  71.     Terribleness  ;  horror  ;  dismalness. 

DI-REP'TION,n.     [L.  db-jpCw.]  [Shak. 

The  act  of  plundering. 

DZR(!^E,  (dnrj,)  tl  [Usually  supposed  to  be  a  con- 
traction of  L.  dirige,  a  word  used  in  the  funeral  ser- 


DIS 

vice.    In  Sw    dyrka,  Dan.  dyrker^  signifies  to  wor- 
ship, honor,  reverence.] 

A  song  or  tune  intended  to  express  grief,  sorrow, 
and  ini>urning;  as,  a  funeral  dir^re. 

DIR'I-CEXT,         H.     [See  Direct.]     In  geometry,  W\e 

DI-RE€T'RIX,  (  lin:?  or  plane  along  which  another 
line  or  plane  is  supposed  to  move  in  the  generation 
of  a  surface  or  solid.  Barlow. 

DIR'I-GENT,  a.     Directing.  Baxter. 

DIRK,  (durk,)  n.     [Scot  durL] 
A  kJ^d  of  dagger  or  poniard. 

DIRK,  (durk,)  a.     Dark.     [Obs.]  Spenser, 

DIRK,  (durk,)  t'.  (.     To  darken.     [Obs.]         Spender. 
2.  To  poniard  ;  to  stab. 

DIRK'^D,  (durkt,)p;;.    Stabbed. 

DIRKING,  ppr.     Stabbing. 

DIRT,  (durt,)  n.  [Sax.  gedrHan ;  D.  dryten  ;  Ice.  drit, 
cacare.] 

1.  Any  foul  or  filthy  substance  ;  excrement ;  earth  ; 
mud  ;  mire  ;  dust ;  whatever,  adhering  to  any  thing, 
renders  it  foul  or  unclean. 

The  fat  closed,  and  the  dirt  came  out.  — Judges  liL 
Whose  waters  cast  up  mire  and  tUrL — ia.  tvii. 

2.  Meanness;  sordidness.    [JVot  in  jise.] 

DIRT,  (durt,)  V.  L    To  make  foul  or  filthy ;  to  soil ; 

to  bedaub  ;  to  pollute  ;  to  defile.  Swift 

DIRT'I-£D,  (durt'id,)p;>.    JIade  fillhv. 
DIRl'I-LY,  (durt'i-ly,)  adv.     [from  lUrttj.]     In  a  dirty 

manner;  foully;  nastily  ;  filthily. 
9.  -Meanly;  sordidly;  by  low  means. 
DIRT'I-NESS,  (durt'i  ness,)  n.    Filthir.ess  ;  foulness  ; 

nastiness. 

2.  Meanness  ;  baseness ;  sordidness. 

DIRT'Y,  (durt'y,)a.    Foul;  nasty;  filthy;  not  clean  ; 
as,  dirty  hands. 
9.  Not  clean  ;  not  pure  ;  turbid  ;  as,  dirty  water. 

3.  Cloudy  ;  dark  ;  dusky  ;  as,  a  dirty  white. 

4.  Mean ;  base ;  low  ;  despicable  ;  groveling ;  as, 
a  dirty  fellow  ;  a  dirty  employment. 

DIRT'Y,  (durt'y,)  v.  t.  To  foul ;  to  make  filthy  ;  to 
soil ;  as,  to  dirty  the  clothes  or  hands. 

2.  To  tarnish  ;  to  sully  ;  to  scandalize  ;  applied  to 
reputation. 

DIRT'Y-ING,  ppr.     Making  filthy  ;  soUing. 

DI-RUP'TION,  n      [L.  diruptto;  dirumpo,  to  burst.] 
A  bursting  or  rending  asunder.   [See  Disruftion.] 

DIS  ;  a  prefix  or  inseparable  preposition,  from  the  Latin, 
whence  Fr.  dc^,  Sp.  dts,  and  de,  may  in  some  in- 
stances be  the  same  word  contracted.  X)is  denotes 
separation,  a  parting  from  ;  hence  it  has  the  force  of 
a  privative  and  negative,  as  in  disarm,  disoblige,  dis- 
agree. In  some  cases,  it  slUl  signifies  separation,  as 
in  distribute,  disconnect. 

DIS-A-BIL'I-T  Y,  71,  [from  disable.]  Want  of  compe- 
tent natural  or  bodily  power,  strength,  or  ability ; 
weakness  ;  impotence  ;  as,  disability  arising  from  in- 
firmity or  broken  limbs. 

2.  Want  of  competent  intellectual  power,  or 
strength  of  mind  ;  incapacity ;  as,  tlie  disability  of 
a  deranged  person  to  reason  or  to  make  contracts. 

3.  Want  of  competent  means  or  instruments. 
[In  this  sense,  Inability  is  generally  used.] 

4.  Want  of  legal  qualifications  ;  incapacity  ;  as,  a 
disability  to, inherit  an  estate,  when  the  ancestor  has 
been  attainted.     [In  this  sense,  it  has  a  plural.] 

Blnckstone, 
Disability  differs  from  inability,  iu  denoting  depriea- 
tion  of  ability;  whereas  inabdtty  denotes  dt^stitutioii 
of  ability,  either  by  deprivation  or  otherwise. 
DIS-A'BLE,  r.  (.  [dis  and  able.]  To  render  unable  ; 
to  deprive  of  competent  natural  strength  or  power. 
A  man  is  disabled  to  walk,  by  a  broken  or  paralytic 
leg,  by  sickness,  &c. 

2.  To  deprive  of  mental  power,  as  by  destroying  or 
weakening  the  understanding. 

3.  To  deprive  of  adequate  means,  instruments,  or 
resources.  A  nation  may  be  disabled  to  carry  on 
war  by  want  of  money.  The  loss  of  a  ship  may 
disable  a  man  to  prosecute  commerce,  or  to  pay  his 
debts. 

4.  To  destroy  the  strength  ;  or  to  weaken  and 
hnpair  so  as  to  render  incapable  of  action,  service, 
or  resistance.  A  fleet  is  disabled  by  a  storm,  or  by  a 
battle.  A  ship  is  disabled  by  the  loss  of  her  masts  or 
spars. 

.5.  To  destroy  or  impair  and  weaken  the  means 
which  render  anything  active,  efiicacious,  or  useful ; 
to  destroy  or  diminish  any  comj>otent  means. 

tj.  To  deprive  of  legal  qualifications,  or  competent 
[M.wer ;  to  incapacitate  ;  to  render  incapable. 

An  nUoiiidcr  of  the  anc^tor  corrupts  the  blood,  and  disables  his 
cluKlrcii  lo  inherit,  Eng.  Laa. 

DIS-a'BLED,  pp.  or  a.  Deprived  of  competent  power, 
corporeal  or  intellectual;  rendered  incapable ;  de- 
prived of  mr;iiis. 

DIS-.^'BLE-.MENT,  71.  Weakness  ;  disability  ;  legal 
impediment.  Bacon. 

DIS-.\'IiI.I.\G,  ppr.  Rendering  unable  or  incapable; 
depriving  of  adequate  power  or  capacity,  or  of  legal 
qualifications. 

DIS-.\'BLL\<5,  a.  That  disables  or  disqualifies;  de- 
priving of  moral  power  or  right ;  as,  a  disabling 
statute. 


DIS 

DIS-A-BCSE',  (di.'i-a-buze',)  v.  U    [Fr.  duabuser.   i5ee 

AbL'5E.5 

To  free  from  mt-<nake  ;  to  undeceive  ;  to  dis- 
engage from  fallacy  or  deception  ;  to  set  right.  U  i« 
our  duty  to  disabiue  ourselves  of  false  notions  and 
prejudices. 

ir  men  are  nov  ti}&dca\lj  enVigiiltnttl  to  disaiuse  tlK-imclres 
of  artifice,  b)rpoeria^,  and  mpentiutxi,  tbey  will  VMMrr 
tha  creni  a«  an  era  in  iJyHr  hi*u>r7.  J,  AJata^. 

DIS-A-ByS'En,  (dis-a-buzd' )  pp.    Undeceived. 

DIS-A-HOS'[NG,  (dis-a-buz'ing,)  ppr.     Uodecciving, 

DlS-Ae-eOM'MO-DATE,  v.t.  [dij and accomuiodaU.] 
To  put  to  inconvenience. 

DIS-ACeOil'.MO-DA-TED,  pp.  Put  to  inconve- 
nience. 

DIS-AeeOM'.MO-DA-TIXG,  ppr.  Puuing  lo  incon- 
venience. 

DIS-Ae-€0M-3IO-DA'TI0X,  n.  [dis  and  auammodet- 
tion.] 

A  state  of  being  unaccommodated  ;  a  state  of  being 
unprepared.  HaU. 

DIS-AC-eORD',  V.  i.  [dU  and  accord.]  To  refuse 
absent.     [JVot  used.]  Spenser. 

DI.S-AeeUS'TGM,  V.  L  [dis  and  aecustcm.]  To 
neglect  familiar  or  customary  practice ;  to  destroy  the 
force  of  habit  by  disuse. 

DIS-.\C-eUS'T051  .ED,  pp.  Disused  ;  having  neg- 
lected practice  or  familiar  use.  Tooke. 

DIS-.\€-etJS'TOM-I.NG,  ppr.  Disusing  ;  neglecting 
familiar  or  customar>'  practice. 

DIS-AC-KNOWL'EDGE,  r.  t.  [dis  and  acJmotrled^e.] 
To  denv  ;  to  disown.  StnitA. 

DIS-Ae-KNOWL'EDG-£D,  pp.     Denied  ;  disowned. 

DIS- AC-KNO WL'EDG-ING, ;)pr.  Denying;  disown- 
ing. 

DIS-AC-aUALXT',  v.  t.  [See  AcqtrAisT.]  To  dis- 
solve acquaintance.     [Little  used.] 

DIS-A€-aUAlXT'ANCE,  n.  Neglect  or  disuse  of  fa- 
miliarity, or  familiar  knowledge  of.  South. 

DIS-A-DORN',  V  t     To  deprive  of  ornaments. 

Congreve. 

DIS-A-DORX'£D,  pp.     Deprived  of  ornaments. 

DIS-.VDORN'LNG,  ppr.    Depriving  of  uruameuLs. 

DIS-AD-VaNCES  v.  u  or  i.  To  check  ;  to  halu  [JVot 
in  use.]  Spenser. 

DIS-AD-VAN'TAGE,  n.     [Fr.  desarantage.] 

1.  That  which  prevents  success,  or  render  it  dif- 
ficult ;  a  state  not  favorable  to  successful  operation. 
The  army  commenced  an  attack  on  the  enemy,  not- 
withstanding the  disadvantage  of  its  position. 

2.  Any  unfavorable  state ;  a  state  in  which  some 
loss  or  injury  may  be  sustained.    Hence, 

3.  Loss;  injury;  prejudice  to  interest,  fame,  credit, 
profit,  or  other  good ;  as,  to  sell  goods  to  disadcan- 
tage. 

DrS-AD-VAN'TAGE,  r.  L  To  injure  an  interest;  to 
prejudice. 

DIS-.VD-VA.V'TAClE-A-BLE,  a.  Not  advantageous. 
[JVot  in  use.]  Bacon. 

DrS-AD-VA.VTA-GED,pp.    Injured  in  interest, 

DIS-.\D-VAX-Ta'GEOUS,  a.  Unfavorable  to  suc- 
cess or  prosperity;  inconvenient;  not  adapted  to 
promote  interest,  reputation,  or  other  good  ;  as,  the  sit- 
uation of  an  army  is  disadvantageous  for  attack  or  de- 
fense. We  are  apt  to  view  characters  in  the  most 
disadvantageous  lights. 

DIS-AD-VAX-TA'GEOUS-LY,  adv.  In  a  manner  not 
favorable  to  success,  ur  lo  interest,  profit,  or  reputa- 
tion ;  with  loss  or  inconvenience. 

DIS-AD-VA\-Ta'GEOUS-\ESS,  n.  Unfavorableness 
to  success;  inconvenience;  toss. 

DIS-AD-YEX'TURE,  ti.    Misfortune.    [.Xotused.] 

Ralegh. 

DIS-AD-VEX'TUR-OUS,  a.  Unpiusperous.  [JVot 
used.]  Spenser. 

DIS-AF-FECT',  r.  t.    [dis  and  affect.]    To  alienate  af- 
fection ;  to  make  less  I'riendly  to ;  to  make  less  faith- 
ful to  a  person,  party,  or  cause,  or  less  zenlmis  t-i 
support  it;  to  make  discontented  or  unfrit in' 
an  attempt  was  made  to  disaffect  the  army. 

2.  To  disdain,  or  dislike.  J:_'. 

3.  To  throw  into  disorder.  HammunJ. 
DIS-AF-FECT'ED,  pp.  or  a.    Having  the  alTeciion^ 

alienated  ;  indisposed  to  favor  or  support  ;  unfriend- 
ly ;  followed  by  irtlA  or  to;  as,  these  men  arc  disaf- 
fected with  the  government,  or  disaffected  to  the  king, 
or  to  the  administration. 

DIS-AF-FECT'ED-LY,  adv.  In  a  disaffected  man- 
ner. 

DIS-AF-FECT'ED-XESS,  71.  The  quality  of  being 
disaffected. 

DIS-AF-FE€T'IXG,  ppr.  Alienating  the  affecUons; 
making  less  friendly. 

DIS-AF-FE€'TIOX,  n.  Alienation  of  affection,  at- 
tachment, or  good  will ;  want  of  affection  ;  or,  more 
generally,  positive  enmity,  dislike,  or  unfriendliness ; 
disloyalty.  It  generally  signifies  more  ilian  indiffer- 
ence ;  as,  the  disaffection  of  people  lo  their  prince  or 
government ;  the  disaffection  of  allies ;  dL^qffection  to 
religion. 

2.  Disorder ;  bad  constitution ;  in  a  physical  sense, 
[Little  used.]  fflseman. 

DIS-.IF-FEC'TIOX-ATE,  a.  .Vot  well  disposed  ;  not 
friendly.  BhmO. 


TCXE,  BI;LL,  T^XITE.  — AN"GER,  YI"CT0US.  — €  as  K;  0  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ,  ClI  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


43 


337 


UIS 


DIS 


UIS 


Ti.  ' 


th. 


i:,    II.        I'-  hi.ti  .     II    :;.ui  11  .     .1 

lltlt. 

inniiliitrnl,  bv  tin*  iIim-UWiIi  oI' 


•  F-^T,  r.  (.  UitnnitJfliriaL]  Torcduci) 
'  iif  o  lorrrt  lo  llir  rtalp  of  mmnion 
!  riiri*«i  laws  011(1  tbetr  iipprcatflve 

:  1 1,  ttkuiy  fufoiu  men  iitaftrtiU'l. 

Alixtttnw. 

KD,  p^.    SlrlpiKil  of  fure«»  prlvi- 
lEST-ING,  fpr.      DeprlviDj  of    forwi 

v.]    To 
.'  aggro- 

I  I  N*G,  ppr.    Separating,  lu  Uic  porta 

..I  v. 

'  r  iip(.-rntlon  of 
iii)»nti«'nlf>nrts. 
To  lUlTvT,  to 
.  r  .  oiin  j<!>  III  .  I"  ix'  nut  tint  smnu  ; 
Miiilnr.  Tvvu  lilcan  ttisufrre/i,  wlit-n 
ifiic,  or  when  ilu-y  arc  nut  exactly 
nm  of  lliL"  sanir  facloflt-n  disagree, 
-  In  upiuion;  as,  the  bt'tit  judges 


\7t_  1 ,:-<*lo  wt^^docliTi  ditngrtt7  PojH. 

3.  To  be  un-tuUalile.  Medirine  sometimes  rfwo- 
frees  »piM  tlh-  |»aii»nl ;  food  ufttu  disa^ea  Kith  the 
suimnrli  or  the  taste. 

4.  To  dtir>r;  to  be  In  opposition. 

•  »erur  of  ScripttiiT.  l«aiue  ft  rfi#- 
r  [<ri'conc'ifnrojiiiili)tu.      Anon. 

1  f-y  tri/A.    Bill  wc  say,  I  dina- 

pr  li.     i  he  use  of  from  after  dv/affree 
U  1' 

DI9    i  ;.K,  (I.    Conlrar>';    iinsnilabc;  not 

Conionii:i:>i.  ;  iii>t  congnious.    [IaUU  Hsed.j 

"ntk  coi»>liic(  vw  dttAfTttaijit  u>  ber  iialunil  utcericjr.  £roofn«, 

2.  I'lii'l  i-iiiL':  c-iT' n'-ive  to  the  mind,  or  lo  the 
UMi  _'  It'sa  than  liig^gtins^  and 
ffc'i  I  tliirjfp'efttble  to  our  minds  ; 
fiM).!  tn  the  taste;  ninny  things 
nri'  JL.j/n-'^i.'<  U'  llti;  .-•iglit ;  snunds  may  In;  disa-rrre- 
nblt  lo  tii<-  rnr,  and  ihUms  (o  the  smell.  AVhalcver  is 
dUaprerablr  pvt-n  somr  pain  or  nnrasinoss. 

ni5-A  fiRKE'A-III-E-M:i?S,  n-  Un^uitablinesa  ;  con- 
trariety. 

5.  L'nplensnnlneM;  olTensiveness  to  the  mind,  or 
tn  the  nensefl  ;  on,  (lie  dijapreeableness  of  another's 
manners ;  the  di^igreeableneja  of  a  taste,  sound,  or 
smell. 

IMS-A  flRKK'A-nt.V,    aar.      Uruniiiably;     nnpleos- 

anlly  ;  olfenHivi'lv. 
niPUA  (JIIEHI)'.  prci.  and  ji;>.  of  DisARRKr. 
liItf-A-GaKK'INA;,  jtpr.     DilRring ;   not  according  or 

»)ineidine< 
I)l:*-A  GREE'MENT,  n.    Diflerence,  cither  in  form  or 

ruse  net* ;  dissimilitndc  ;  diversity;   as,  the  rfuaffrw- 

««(  of  two  ideas,  of  two  pic(n^l^<{,  of  two  stories  or 

narrations. 
9.  IMirert'Ofc  of  opinion  or  sentiments.    Ilookrr. 

3.  IJnfiiilAMrtie.ss. 

DI.S-Alirl,T'KI»,  (-ftMIde',)  pp     Improperly  allied. 
2.  a.  AMonted  from  alttanre. 

DIS-AI^I.IROI:',  r.  t.    Ti}  alienate  fmm  nllefrlance. 
[^rot  in  MAfA  Milton. 

l»IS-AUI.O\V',  r.  r.  [His  and  allmr.]  Ti^  rcfnse  i)er- 
minioR.tir  n<it  ir>  jierniit ;  nut  to  f;miit ;  not  In  make 
or  siiiipow  lawful ;  not  to  niithiiri/.e  ;  lo  disprove, 
(■nd  f/ufif/(>ir.<  that  rhristiani  should  rotifdrin  to  the 
immoral  practices  of  the  wttrlil.  A  cood  man  dix-il- 
Itntt  every  kind  of  profanenestt. 

2.  To  testify  dislike  or  disapprobation  ;  to  refuse 
avscnL 

Bui  UtKr  rahpr  •hxll  dUaBo\9  hrr  In  the  dnjr  Out  hr  lytin-Ui, 
no*  ut7  (/  hrr  tow*  or  bur  loniU ....  tluQ  ■Uiid.  —  Num. 
xis. 

3.  N'lit  In  npprnve  ;  not  to  rec«ivc ;  to  reject. 

'.    AS  to  ft  Ii*lnf  ilon^,  diMtllotttd  Itylrol  \rj 
I  Xf  God,  »nJ  jir*<iMU.  —  I  IVl  ii. 

!    \  '  t_  .;;[,. u-  or  admit  as  just ;  to  reject ;  as,  to 
dtjtUii,tc  an  accwmt  or  charge. 
ruS-AI^I/JW,  v.L    To  refuse  pormiMfon ;   not  to 

cr:iiit. 

•\V  'A-RLE,  n.    N(»t  allowable  ;   not  to  be 

■'A''\Nrr..   n.     Iii-'.imir  .lintinn;    refusal  to 

'*''"^   '  penoiUcd,  or 


nift.AI-I.OW'lNG,ppr.    Not  pcnuminB  ;  not  admit- 

'     '  ing  ;  rejt'ctinjt. 

Idia  and  fUly.]    To  furin  an  iia- 
JUdton. 
,   ...•.,  ppr.      Furuiing  a  dl&advaittageoua 

. !  OK,  V.  U   [dis  and  amcMor.]    To  force  from 
t  s  Ad  a  ship. 

(  OR-KI>,  pp.    Forced  from  its  anchors. 
I  <>K-ING,  ppr.    Forcing  a  bhip  fruni   Its 

l>18-A.N<iEL'ie-AL,  a.     Not  angelical.     [AVe  used.] 

Cocentrtf. 

niS-AN'I-MATE,r.  (.  [dig  a.nd  animaU.]  To  deprive 
of  life.     [JVot  ujed.] 

2.  To  deprive  of  spirit  or  courage  ;  lo  discourage ; 
lo  dUhearten  ;  to  deject.  Boyle. 

DIS-AN'l-.MA-Ti:i),;>p.     Discouraged  ;  dispirited. 

UIS-A.N'I-MA-TING,  ppr.  Discouraging;  disliearl- 
eniniE. 

DIS-A.N  1-MA'TION,  n.     The  act  of  discouraging; 
depreiNioll  of  spirits. 
•J.  Privation  of  life.     [JVot  med.]  Brown. 

DI.'^-A.N  .\KX',  r.  £.  To  dlsiintlo  ;  to  sepamlu  that 
whieh  itas  been  annexed. 

DIS-AiN-MfL'.    Jin  improper  icord.    [Sec  Anxl'L.] 

DIS-AN-NUL'MENT.    See  ArcsumBNT. 

Dia-A-NOINT',  V.  t.    To  render  consecration  invalid. 

Milton. 

DIS-AP-P.\R'EL,  r.  i.   To  disrobe  j  to  strip  of  raiment. 

Junius. 

I)I^Ar-PAR'EL-£D,  pp.  Disrobed;  stripped  of  gar- 
inenlfi. 

DIS-AP-PAR'KL-ING,  ppr.    Disrobing. 

DIS-AP-PCAU',  r.  i.  [dis  and  appear.]  To  vanish 
from  the  sislit ;  to  recede  from  tlic  view  ;  to  become 
invisible  by  vanishing  or  d<pnriin?,  or  by  being  en- 
velo|M--d  in  any  Ihiny  that  conee.ils,  or  by  the  inler|>ar 
sitioii  (if  an  object.  Darkiic-.s  dis::p}irara  at  the  ac- 
cess of  light,  and  light  dinoppran  at  tlie  approach  of 
darkness.  A  ship  disappears  by  departure  to  a  dis- 
tanco  ;  the  sun  digappcara  in  a  fug,  ur  behind  a  cloud, 
or  in  settiuf;. 

2.  To  ccsise  ;  as,  the  epidemic  has  disappeared, 

3.  To  withdraw  from  observation  ;  the  debtor  dis- 
appmrn  wln-n  he  absc^inds. 

DIS-AP-PkAR'ANCE,  f).  Cessution  of  appearance; 
a  removal  from  sight 

DIS-AP-Pr:AR'f:D,  pp.  Removed  from  sight;  van- 
ished ;  become  invisible. 

DIS-AP-Pr:AR'I\G,  ppr.  Vanishing;  receding  from 
the  sisht ;  hemming  invisible. 

DIS  AP-PilAU'ING,  n.  A  vanishing  or  removal  from 
sight. 

DIS-AP-POINT',  V.  t.  [dis  and  appoint;  properly,  lo 
unlix  or  unsettle.] 

J.  'J'o  defeat  ot  expertalion,  wi.-h,  hope,  desire,  or 
intention  ;  lo  fnislratc  ;  to  balk  ;  In  hinder  from  the 
|>osse>«ion  or  enjoyment  of  Ijial  which  was  intend- 
ed, desired,  hoped,  or  expected.  We  say,  a  man  is 
disappointed  vf  his  hopes  or  expectations,  or  his  liop-s, 
desires,  intentions,  or  expectations,  are  disappointed. 
A  IkuI  season  dlsnppoints  the  faruuT  of  his  crops ;  a 
defeat  disappoints  an  enemy  of  his  spoil.  The  man 
promised  me  a  vi^it,  but  he  disappointed  me. 

WlOioiit  counsel  puipota  arc  disappdnUd.  —  Ptov.  iv. 

2.  To  frustrate ;  to  prevent  an  effect  intended. 

The  reiiriiip  Toe 
Sbriiitn  ffum  the  wound,  nnJ  diMtppoinU  Uw  blow.    A'lditon. 

DIS-AP-POL\T'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Defeated  of  expecta- 
tion, hope,  desire,  or  design  ;  fnistrated. 

IJi.<np]iointed  is  used  by  Shakspearc,  in  Hamlet,  act 
I.  scene  5,  for  wipreitared,  corresponding  to  uell-ap- 
pointed,  which  means  well-furnished  or  prep:ired. 

DlS-AP-POINT'liVti,  ppr.  Defeating  of  eipcclation, 
hope,  desire,  or  purpose  ;  frustrating. 

Dl»-AP-POINT'MENT,  ».  Defeat  or  failure  of  expec- 
tiition,  hope,  wish,  desire,  or  intention;  miscarriage 
of  design  or  plan. 

We  are  npt  to  complain  of  th*  dtMOppointmsnt  of  onr  h<*p«  nnd 
•dwrnrsj  l>ut  d'aoppointfiutttM  often  proro  Lkuliiri,  and 
UTc  u*  iTvcn  colimitjr  oriuin.  Anon. 

DIS-AP-PRE'CIaTE,  r.  t.  [dis  and  appreciate.]  To 
undcrvahie  ;  nut  in  esteem. 

DIS-AP  PRP/CIA-TED,  pp.    Undervalued. 

DI.S-AP  Pit  K'LlA-Tl.XG,  ppr.     Undervaluing. 

DIS-AP  PUO-P.a'TIO.V,  n.  [(/i.v  and  approbation.]  A 
dUapproving ;  dislike;  the  act  of  the  mind  which 
condemns  what  is  supposed  to  be  wrong,  whether  the 
act  is  expressed  or  noL  We  often  disapprove  when 
we  do  not  exprt-^s  disapprobation. 

Dl9-Al"PRO-ItA-TO-RY,  a.  Containing  disapproba- 
tion ;  landing  to  disapprove. 

DIH-AP-PKo'PRI-A*I'i:,  fl.  [dis  nnd  appropriaU.]  Not 
appropriated,  or  not  having  appropriated  church  prof^- 
crty ;  a  disntipropriate  church  is  one  from  which  the 
ap|iropriatod  parsonage,  glebe,  and  tithes,  are  sev- 
ered. 

The  «jif roprisiicn  nay  be  tCTCred  ftnil  llie  cliurch  brromo  rfJ#- 
npjiropnnu,  t«-u  waya.  DIackstonf. 

DI.S-AP-PRO'PRI-ATE,  v.  U    To  sever  or  separate, 


OS  an  appropriation  ;  to  withtlraw  fWim  an  approprl. 
ule  use. 

The  npnropriatJoni  of  the  aerpml  |vinonafM  wouM  lutro  btet. 
bj  toe  nilM  ot  the  comiDOo  law,  dUappropriaud. 

Blaetrtem. 
2.  To  deprive  of  appropriated  propertv,  as  a  cliuich. 
DIS-AP-PROV'AL,  n.    Disanprobalion  ;'  diidike. 
DI8-AP-PK0VE',  (-approov'j)  r.  (.  [Fr.  dTsappromtrf 
dis  ami  aoprore.] 

1.  'I'otliiilike  ;  to  condemn  in  opinion  or  JndgmeaC; 
to  censure  as  wrong.  We  often  disapftrore  the  con- 
duct of  others,  or  public  nieasureti,  whi'ilur  we  ei. 
press  an  opinion  or  not.  It  Is  often  followed  by  qf; 
as,  to  disapprove  of  behavior.  But  modern  usage !». 
clinos  to  omit  of. 

2.  To  nianifesi  dislike  or  disapprobation  ;  to  reject 
as  disliked,  what  is  proposed  for  sanction.  The  aeiH 
tencc  of  the  court-martial  was  disapproved  by  the 
commander-in-chief. 

DItf-AP  PROV'f.D,  pp.      Disliked;  condemned j  n- 

jected. 
DISAPPROVING,  ppr.    Disliking  ;  condemning ;». 

jecMJng  fr(tni  dihlikr. 
DIS-AP-PROV'ING-LV,  adr.    Bv  disapproballon. 
DlS'ARD,  n.     [f^ax.  (/;/,*ij-,  foolisli.] 

A  prattler  ;  a  Imasiing  Inlker.     [Ob.i.] 
DIS  XRM',  (diz-Llrm',)  i:  t.     [Fr.  desarmrr ;  Sp.  tttd 

Port,  desannar  ;  dis  and  arm.] 

1.  To  deprive  of  arms  ;  to  lake  tlie  arms  or  weiip- 
ons  from,  usually  by  force  or  atuhorily ;  a>s  he  d'j- 
armed  his  ftH-s  ;  the  prince  gave  orders  to  dinarm  Ui* 
subjects.  AVith  of  before  the  tiling  taken  away  ;  as, 
to  disarm  one  of  his  \vea|>ons. 

2.  To  deprive  of  means  of  attack  or  defunte ;  u, 
to  disarm  a  venomous  serpent. 

3.  To  deprive  of  force,  strength,  or  menns  of  an. 
noyance  ;  to  render  harmless;  to  quell;  as,  loJiMni 
rage  or  passion. 

4.  To  strip;  to  divest  of  any  thing  injurious  cr 
threatening  ;  as,  pii,ty  dimnns  dinth  vf  its  terrors. 

DIS-XRM'A-MEiNT,  n.     Act  of  disarming. 
DIS-XRM'KI),  pp.  or  a.     Deprived  of  anns  ;  ntripprd  of 

the  means  of  defense  or  annoyance;  renderetl  barm- 
less  ;  subdued. 
DIS-ARM'ING,  7>pr.    Stripping  of  arms  or  wcapoM; 

subduing  ;  rendering  hartnless. 
2.  71.    The  act  of  depriving  of  anns. 
DIS-AR-Ra.\OE',  r.  (.     [dis  and  arranfre.]    To  mt 

out  of  order  ;  to  unsettle  or  disturb  the  ordi;r  or  aue 

arrangement  of  parts.  JVartom, 

[See  DEKANor.,  which  is  more  generally  used. 
DIH-AK-RAN'G'W),  pp.  Put  out  of  order  ;  diMntlM 
DI.'^-AR-RaNGK'.MEXT,  71.    The  act  of  dislurliii.;;  u: 

der  or  meltiod  ;  disorder.  Baiter, 

DIS-AR-RaXG'KNG,  ppr.    Putting  out  of  order;  dls-  I 

turliing  the  arrangement  of.  i 

DIS-AR-Ra  Y',  (ar-ni',)  v.  ^   [dis  and  array.]    To  lU- 

dresa;  to  divest  of  clothes.  Sprnstr, 

2.  To  tlirow  into  disorder  ;  to  rout ;  as  ln*ops. 

MtUoi. 
DIS-AR-RAY',  r.    Disorder;  confusion  j  loss  or  want 

of  array  or  regular  order.  Dri/den. 

2.  Undress.  Spautrr. 

DIS-/VR-RA  Y'£D,  (ar-nide',)  pp.    Divested  of  cloUies 

or  array ;  disordered. 
DIS-AR-RA  Y'ING,  ppr.    Divesting  of  clothes;  throw* 

ing  into  (lit^ordcr. 
DI.S-AS-SI-DCi'I-TY,  v.    Want  of  assiduity  or  caie. 

[J'J'ot  vsal.]  n'oUon. 

DIS-AS-SO'CIATE,  r.  t.    To  disunite;  lo  disconnect 

things  associated. 
DIS-AS-Sr>'CIA-TKn,  pp.     Disunited. 
DIS  AS-POTIA-TING,  ppr.    Disitniting. 
DIS-AS'TER,  (diz-:Ls'ler,)  n.     [Fr.  desastre;  Bp.  and 

Port.  id. :  It.  dumttro;  dis  and  astre^  Gr.  aortiPf  atfar; 

a  word  t>f  .islrologtcal  origin.] 

1.  A  Idast  or  stroke  of  an  iiiifavorab?'*  planet 
[Obs.]  Skak. 

2.  Misfortune ;  mishap ;  calamity  ;  any  nnfortunnle 
event,  especially  a  sudden  misfortune;  as,  we  met 
with  manv  disasters  on  the  road.  I 

DIS-AS'TER,  r.  u    'J*o  blast  by  the  stroke  of  on  an-  j 
lucky  planet ;  also,  to  injure ;  to  aHlict.  ' 

Shak.     Thomsom. 
DIS-AS'TKR-J:D,pp.     niastcd;  injured;  nffltclcd. 
DIS-AS'TROUS.  a.     Unlucky;  unfortunate;  cal-nnt- 
lous ;  occasioning  loss  or  injury;  as,  the  dayu;- 
disastrous;  the  luttlc proved  di-^astrous ;  their  fate  "  i 
disastrous. 

Fly  tin?  r>in«iit  of  my  ditattrouM  Iutp.  Drj/dtn,       i 

2.  Gloomy;  dismal;  threatening  disaster. 

Tlie  moon,  ' 

In  dim  rdipar,  diwutroiM  twiliglil  ^icd«.  JWIw. 

DIS-AS'TROUS-LY,  adv.  Unfortunately ;  in  a  ditiiul 
manner, 

DISAS'TROUS-NESS,  n.  Unfortunatcncss ;  eatam- 
ilousness. 

DIS^AU'TIIOR-IZE,  v.  t.  [dis  and  nnthorizf.]  To  de- 
prive of  credit  or  authority.     [LUilc  itsett.]    WoUan. 

DIS-A-VUUCII',  V.  t.  [dis  and  avouch.  See  Vow.] 
To  retract  profession  ;  to  deny  ;  to  disown.  [IMUi 
used.]  Datria. 

DIS-A-VOW',  V.  t.    [dis  and  avow.    See  Vow  ]    To 


FATE,  PAR,  PALI,,  WHAT.  — METB,  FREY — PiNT.,  MARtNR,  RTRD,  — NOTE,  D0\%  MOVE,  WQLF,  BOOK.— 


DIS 

deny ;  to  disown  ;  lo  deny  to  bo  true,  as  a  fuct  or 
charge  respecting  one's  self;  as,  he  \va5  charged 
with  enibezzlenienl,  but  lie  disavows  the  fact.  A 
man  in.iy  disavoio  his  name  or  signature ;  he  may 
disarow  a  ktiowieilge  of  a  fact,  or  his  concern  in  a 
Innsaction.     Opposed  to  own  or  acknowledge. 

2,  To  deny  ;  to  disown  ;  to  reject. 

3.  To  d!s^■L■nt  from  _;  not  to  admit  as  true  or  justifi- 
able ;  not  to  vindicate.  Tliij  envoy  disavowed  some 
parts  of  the  president's  proctamatiuii. 

DIS-A-VOW'AL,  71.    Denial ;  a  disowning. 

A  disavouxxl  of  fear  oflon  proeeeds  from  fear.  Clarissa. 

'2.  Rejection  ;  a  declining  to  vindicate. 
DI.S-A-VO\V'£D,  pp.    Denied  j  disowned. 
D1S-A-V0\V'ING,  ppr.     Denying;    disowning;    re- 
jecting as  something  not  to  be  maintained  or  vindi- 
cated. 
DIS-A-VOW'MENT,  n.    Denial ;  a  disowning. 

JViiUon. 
DIS-BAND',  V.  t.     [(lis  and  hand;   Ft.  dchamhr.] 

1.  To  dismi>*3  from  military  service  ;  to  break  up  a 
band,  or  body  of  men  enlisted  ;  as,  io  disband  an  anny 
or  a  regiment ;  to  disband  troops. 

9.  To  scatter ;  to  disperse.  TFoudward. 

DIS-HAND',  r.  i.  To  ritire  from  military  service  ;  to 
separate  ;  to  break  up ;  as,  the  army,  at  tlic  close  of 
the  war,  disbamls. 

2.  To  separate ;  to  dissolve  connection. 

IIuRum  society  ni:iy  disband.     [Imprcper.]  T^illotson. 

3.  To  be  dissolved.     [JVot  used.] 

When  both  rocks  aiiJ  tJI  thiugs  shall  disband.  Herbert. 

DIS-BAND'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Dismissed  from  military 
service  ;  separated. 

DIS-Ii.\NU'I\G,  ppr.  Dismissing  from  militaiy  ser- 
vice; separating;  dissolving  connection. 

DIS-UARK',  V.   t.      [Fr.  debarquer^  or  dis  and  bark;  a 
word  not  well  formed,  and  iittle  used.    We  now  use 
Debark  and  Disembark.] 
To  land  from  a  ship ;  to  put  on  shore.  Pope. 

DIS-BE-LIeF',  n.  [dis  and  belief.']  Refusal  of  credit 
or  faith ;  denial  of  belief. 

Oil!  belief  or  disbelief  o[  a  thiu*  does  not  alter  the  nature  of  the 
thing.  THllotaon. 

DIS-BE-LIeVE',  V.  t.  [dis  and  believe.]  Not  to  be- 
lieve ;  to  hold  not  to  be  true  or  not  to  exist ;  to  refuse 
to  credit.  ?ome  men  disbelieve  the  inspiration  of  the 
Scriptures,  and  tlie  iramortalitj^  of  the  soul. 

DIS-BE-LIeV'£D,  pp.     Not  believed  ;  discredited. 

DIS-BE-HeV'ER,  ?(.  One  who  refuses  belief;  one 
who  denies  a  thing  to  be  true  or  real.  Watts. 

DIS-BE-LIeVING,  jipr.  Withholding  belief;  dis- 
crediting. 

DIS-BENCH',  V  t.  [dis  and  bench.]  To  drive  from  a 
bench  or  seat.  Shak. 

DIS-BLaME',  v.  t.    To  clear  from  blame.    [JVyi  iiscd.] 

Chancer. 

DIS-BOD'I-fJD,  (-bod'id,)  a.  Disembodied,  which  is 
the  word  noio  used. 

DIS-BO  W'EL,  V.  t.  [dis  and  bowch]  To  take  out  the 
intestines.  Spenser. 

DIS-BOW EL-ED,  pp.  Eviscerated  ;  deprived  of  in- 
testines. 

DIS-BO W'EL-ING,  ppr.     Taking  out  tlie  intestines. 

DIS-BRANCH',  v.t.     [dis  and  branch.]    To  cut  otf  or 
separate,  as  the  branch  of  a  tree.     [Little  used.] 
9.  To  deprive  of  branches.     [Liale  used.]    Evelyn. 

DIS-BUD',  V.  U    To  deprive  of  buds  or  shoots. 

Gardeners. 

DIS-BTJR'DEN,  (-bur'dn,)  v.  t.  [dis  and  burden.  See 
Bl'rdex.]  To  remove  a  burden  from  j  to  unload  ; 
to  discharge,  JilHton. 

9.  To  throw  off  a  burden;  to  disencumber;  to 
clear  of  any  thing  weighty,  troublesome,  or  cumber- 
some ;  aa,  to  disburden  one's  self  of  grief  or  care  ;  to 
disburden  of  siijHirtlUDUs  ornaments. 

D[S-BUR'D£\,  V.  i.  To  ease  Uie  mind;  to  be  re- 
lieved. Milton. 

mS-]\\JlVDKH-ED,  (-bur'dnd,)  pp.  Eased  of  a  bur- 
den ;  unloaded  ;  disencumbered. 

DIS-Ilt'R'DF.V-lNG,  ppr.  Unloading;  discharging; 
throwing  oft"  a  burden  ;  disencumbering. 

DIS-B URSE',  (dis-burs',)  v.  U  [Fr.  dehourser ;  de^  or  dis^ 
and  bourse,  a  purse.] 

To  pay  out,  as  money  ;  to  spend  or  lay  out;  prima- 
ril't,  to  pay  money  from  a  public  clietst  or  treasury, 
but  applicable  to  a  private  purse, 

DIS-Bi;i{S'KD,  (dis-bur:^t', )/»;».     Paid  out;  expended. 

DLS-BURSE'MENT,  (dis-burs'ment,)  n.  [Fr.  de- 
boursfment] 

1.  The  act  of  paying  out,  as  money  from  a  public 
or  private  chest. 

2.  The  money  or  sum  paid  out ;  au,  the  annual  dis- 
bursemcnL'i  exceed  the  income. 

DIS-BURS'ER,   n.     One   who  pays  out  or  disburses 

money. 
DIS-BL'RS'ING,  ppr.  or  a.     Paying  out  or  expending. 
DISC,  H.     [L.di-icas.    See  Disk.]     The  face  or  visible 

projection  of  a  celestial  body. 
Cto-eAL'CE-ATE,  ».  L     [L.  disctilceMtus ;  dis  and  col- 

ccu^■,a  shoe.] 
To  pull  olt  the  shoes  or  sandals. 
DIS-CAL'CE-A-TED,  pp.    Stripped  of  shoes. 


DIS 

DI3-€AL-CE-A'TIOiV,  w.  TIic  act  of  pulling  off  the 
shoes  or  sandals.  Brovm. 

DIS-CAN'DY,  V.  i.  [dis  and  candy.]  To  melt ;  to  dis- 
solve. Sluili. 

DIS-€ARD',  V.  t.  [Sp.  dcscartar;  Port,  id,;  dis  and 
card.] 

1.  To  throw  out  of  the  hand  such  cards  ad  are 
useless. 

2.  To  dismiss  from  service  or  employment,  or  from 
society;  to  cast  off;  as,  to  disaird  spies  and  inform- 
ers ;  to  discard  an  old  servant ;  to  discard  an  asso- 
ciate. 

3.  To  thrust  away  ;  to  reject ;  as,  lo  discard  preju- 
dices. 

DIS-CARD'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Thrown  out;  dismissed 
from  service ;  rejected. 

D1.S-€AUI)'[NG, ;;/)?'.  Throwing  out  j  dismissing  from 
employment ;  rejecting. 

DIS-eAR'iVATE,  a.     [dis  and  L.  caro,  flesli.] 

Strip[)ed  of  flesh.  Qlanvillc. 

DIS-e.A,SE',  V.  t.  [dia  and  case.]  To  take  off  a  cov- 
ering from  ;  to  strip  ;  to  undress.  Shak. 

DLS-CEP-Ta'TION,  ?i.     Controversy. 

DIS-CEP-Ta'TOR,  n.  [h.]  Cue  who  arbitrates  or 
decides.     [JVuf  used.] 

DIS-CERN',  (diz-zem',)  v.  t.  [L.  discerno ;  dli  nn(\ 
covio,  to  separate,  or  distinguish,  Gr.  Jt/Jii'dj ,-  li.  dis- 
cernere;  Sp.  disccrnir ;  Fr.disccrner;  E«g.  screen. 
The  sense  is,  to  separate.] 

1,  To  separatu  by  the  eye,  or  by  the  understand- 
ing.   Hence, 

3.  To  distinguish;  to  see  the  difference  between 
two  or  more  things;  to  discriminate ;  as,  to  di-iccm 
Ilie  blossom-buds  from  the  leaf-buda  of  plants. 

Boyle. 

Discei-n  thou  wh;U  is  thine,  — Gen.  xxxi. 

3.  To  make  the  difference.     [Obs.] 

For  nothing  else  discerns  the  virliie  or  the  via;.      B.  Jbnson, 

4   To  discover  ;  to  see ;  to  distinguish  by  the  eye. 

!  dUayned  nmong  tlic  ^oullis   a   young  man  void  of  under- 
standing. —  Prov,  vu. 

5.  To  discover  by  the  intellect;  to  distinguish; 
hence,  to  have  knowledge  of;  to  judge. 

So  is  my  lord  the  kiu»  to  discern  good  niul  bad.  —  2  Sam.  xi». 
A  wise  man'E  lieart  discemetii  limL' and  judgment.  —  Eccles.  viii, 

DIS-CERN',  (diz-zern',)  v.  i.  To  see  or  understand 
the  dirterence ;  to  make  distinction  ;  as,  to  discern 
between  good  and  evil,  truth  and  falsehood. 

2.  To  have  judicial  cognizance.     [O&5.]     Bacon. 
DIS-CEUN'JJD,  (diz-zemd',)  pp.  D  isthiguished ;  seen  ; 

discovered. 
DIS-CEUN'ER,  (dlz-zern'er,)  n.    One  who  sees,  dis- 
covers, or  distinguishes;  an  observer. 

2.  One  who  knows  and  judges  ;  one  who  has  the 
power  of  distinguishing. 

of  men's  natures  .-ind 
ClareJidou. 


He  was  a  great  observer  and  dtscerni 
humors. 


3.  That  which  distinguishes  ;  or  that  which  causes 
to  understand. 

The  word  of  God  is  qnicl;  itnd   powerful — .a  lUncerrter  ol  the 
UiougLu  and  uiteuLs  of  the  hi'iirl.  — ileh.  iv. 

DIS-CERN'I-BLE,  (diz-zern'e-bl,)  a.  That  may  be 
seen  distinctly  ;  discoverable  by  the  eye  or  the  un- 
derstanding; distinguishable.  A  star  is  discernible 
by  the  eye  ;  the  identity  or  difference  of  ideas  is  dis- 
cernible by  the  understanding. 

DIS-CERN'I-BLE-NESS,  n.  ^Visiblencss. 

DIS-CERN'I-BLY,  adv.  In  a  mannerto  be  discerned, 
seen,  or  discovered  ;  visibly.  Jiammoiid. 

DIS-CERiV'ING,  (diz-zern'in^,)  ppr.  Distinguishing; 
seeing;  discovering;  knowing  ;  judging. 

2.  a.  Having  power  to  discern ;  capable  of  see- 
ing, discriminating,  knowing,  and  judging  ;  sharp- 
sighted  ;  penetrating;  acute;  as,  a  discerning nxan or 
mind. 

DIS-CERN'ING,  n.  The  act  of  discerning  ;  discern- 
ment. Spectator. 

DI»-CERN'ING-LY,  a.iy.  With  discernment;  acutoJy; 
with  judgment;   skillfully.  Oartk. 

DIS-CERN'MENT,  n.  The  act  of  discerning;  also, 
the  power  or  faculty  of  the  mind,  by  which  it  dis- 
tinguishes one  thing  from  another,  as  truth  from 
falsehood,  virtue  from  vice  ;  ucuteness  of  judgnient ; 
power  of  perceiving  differences  of  things  or  ideas, 
and  their  relations  and  tendencies.  Tlie  errors  of 
youth  often  proceed  from  the  want  of  discernment. 

DIS-CERI",  r.  t.     [L.  disccrpo.] 

To  tear  in  pieces  ;  to  separate.     [J^ot  used.] 

DIS-CERP-I-HIL'I-TV,  n.  Cuiiabiliiy  orliableness  lo 
be  torn  asunder  or  disunited. 

DIri-CERP'I-BLE,  a.  [L.  distcrpo  ;  dis  and  carpoy  to 
seize,  to  tear.  In  some  dictionaries  it  is  written  dis- 
cn-ptible,  on  the  authority  of  Glanville  and  More  ;  an 
error  indeed,  but  of  little  consequence,  aa  the  word 
is  rarely  or  never  used.] 

Tliat  may  be  torn  asunder;  separable;  capable  of 
being  disunited  by  violence. 

DIS-CERP''l'iON,  (dis-.'^erp'shun,)  n.  Theact  of  pull 
ing  to  piect^s,  or  of  separating  the  parts. 

DIS-CES'SIO.\,  (-sesh'unjiu    [L.  discessio.] 

Departure.     [J^Tot  nsed.]  Uall 

DIS-CHARGE',  v.  U    [Fr.  dediarffcr;  Sp.  descargar 


DIS 

It.  scaricare ;  dis  and  cliargCj  or  cargo,  firora  car,  a  cait 
or  vehicle  ] 

1.  Tu  unload,  as  a  ship ;  to  take  out,  as  a  cargo ; 
applied  botJi  to  the  ship  and  the  loading.  We  saj',  to 
discharge  a  ship  ;  but  more  generally,  to  diidmrge  a 
cargo  or  the  lading  of  thu  ship. 

9.  To  free  from  any  load  or  burden  ;  to  throw  off 
or  exonerate  ;  as,  dtseJiarged  of  business.    Dryden. 

3.  To  throw  off  a  load  or  charge ;  lo  !et  lly ;  to 
shoot ;  applied  to  fire-arms  i  as,  to  disdtargc  a  pistol 
or  a  cannon  ;  or  to  discharge  a  ball  or  grape-shot. 

4.  To  pay  ;  as,  to  discharifc  a  debt,  a  bond,  a  note, 

5.  To  send  away,  Jid  a  creditor  by  payment  of  wliat 
is  due  to  him.    He  di-icharaed  bis  crediturs. 

(i.  'J'o  free  from  claim  or  demand  ;  l«  give  on  ac- 
quiltunci!  to,  or  a  receipt  in  full,  as  to  a  debtor.  Tho 
creditor  discharged  his  debtor. 

7.  I'o  free  from  an  obligation ;  as,  to  discharge  a 
man  from  further  duty  or  service;  lo  discharge  a 
surety. 

8.  To  clear  from  an  accusation  or  crime ;  to  ac- 
quit ;  to  absolve. ;  tu  set  free ;  witJi  vfi  as,  to  iUs- 
cliarge  a  man  of  all  blame.  Hooker. 

I).  To  throw  off  or  out ;  lo  let  fly ;  to  give  vent 
to ;  as,  to  discharge  a  horrible  oath  ;  to  disc/uirge  fury 
or  vengeance.  Shak.    Pope. 

10.  To  perform  or  execute,  as  a  duty  or  office  con- 
sidered as  a  charge.  One  man  discharges  the  office 
of  a  sheriff;  another  that  of  a  priest.  \V*c  are  all 
bound  to  di-icharge  the  duties  of  piety,  of  benevo- 
lence, and  charity. 

U.  To  divest  of  an  office  or  employment;  lo  dis- 
miss from  service ;  as,  to  discharge  a  steward  or  a 
servant ;  to  disdtargc  a  soldier  or  seaiiiau ;  to  dis- 
charge a  jury. 

12.  To  dismiss ;  to  release ;  to  send  away  from 
any  business  or  aiipointmcnt. 

Discharge  your  jKiwcra  tu  Uieir  scverAl  ccniitlea.  SKdc. 

13.  To  emit  or  send  out ;  as,  an  ulcer  distharges 
pus  ;  a  pipe  discharges  water. 

14.  To  release;  to  liberate  from  confinement ;  as, 
to  discharge  a  prisoner. 

l.'j.  To  put  away ;  to  remove ;  lo  clear  from ;  to 
destroy.    In  general,  to  throw  off  any  load  or  encum- 
brance ;  to  free  or  clear. 
DIS-CIIARGE',  V.  i.    To  break  up. 

The  cloud,  if  it  wore  uiiy  or  fatty,  would  not  ditcharge.   Bacon. 

DIS-CHARGE',  n.    An  unloading,  as  of  a  sJiip;  as, 

the  discharge  of  a  cargo. 

2.  A  throwing  out;  vent  ;  emission;  applied  to  a 
finid,  a  flowing  or  issuing  out,  or  a  throwing  out ;  as, 
the  disduirge  of  water  from  a  spring,  or  from  a 
spout ;  applied  to  firc-annSj  an  explosion  ;  as,  a  dis- 
charge of  cnnuon. 

3.  Tliat  which  is  thrown  out ;  matter  emitted  ;  as, 
a  thin,  serous  discharge  ;  a  purulent  discharge, 

4.  Dismission  from  office  or  service  ;  or  the  writing 
which  evidences  the  dismission.  The  general,  the 
soldier,  obtains  a  discharge. 

5.  Release  from  obligation,  debt,  or  penalty  ;  or 
the  writing  which  is  evidence  of  it ;  an  acquittance  ; 
as,  the  debtor  has  a  disduirge. 

(!.  Absolution  from  a  crune  or  accusation  ;  acquit- 
tance. Souih. 

7.  Ransom ;  liberation  ;  price  paid  for  deliverance. 

Milton. 

8.  Performance  ;  execution  ;  applied  to  an  ojpcr^ 
trusty  or  duty.  A  fiood  man  is  faithful  in  the  discharge 
of  his  duties,  public  and  private. 

9.  Liberation ;  release  from  imprisonment  or  other 
confinement. 

10.  Exemption ;  escape. 

Thi:re  is  no  discharge  in  that  war.  —  Ecclcs.  viii. 

11.  Payment,  as  of  a  debt. 

12.  In  ardutccturcy  lo  relieve  or  distribute  a  weight 
to  be  borne.  Thus,  diidiarginir  arches  are  placed  in 
a  widl  over  a  lintel,  to  discharge  the  lintel  of  too 
great  a  pressure  from  above.  Brande. 

DlS-CHARG'iTD,  pp.  or  a.  Unloaded  ;  lett  off;  shot; 
thrown  out  ;  dismissed  from  service  ;  paid  ;  re- 
leased ;  acquitted  ;  freed  from  debt  or  penalty  ;  lib- 
erated ;  perfiirmed ;  executed. 

DIS-CHARG'ER,  n.  He  that  discharges  in  any  man- 
ner. 

2.  One  who  fires  a  gun. 

3.  In  dictricti)/,  an  instrument  for  discharging  a 
Leyden  phial,  jaV,  &c.,  by  opening  a  communication 
between  the  two  surfaces.  Cyc. 

DIS-CHARG'ING,  ppr.  Unlading;  letting  fly  ;  shoot- 
ing ;  throwing  out ;  omitting ;  dismissing  from  ser- 
vice ;  paying ;  releasing  fmm  debt,  obligation,  or 
claim  ;  acquitting  ;  liberating ;  ]>erforming  ;  exe- 
cuting. 

DIS-CHARG'IXG  ARCH,  ti.  An  arch  over  a  door, 
window,  &.C.,  to  distribute  (  r  relieve  the  pressure. 

Brattde. 

DIS-C1IARG'I\G  ROD,  M.  In  c?cc/Wfiry,a  bent  wire, 
armed  at  both  e-nds  with  knobs,  and  insulated  hy  a 
ghLss  handle.  It  is  employed  for  discharging  a  Ley- 
den jar  or  an  electrical  battery.  /).  OlmsttjL 

DIS-CIIURCII',  r.  t.  To  deprive  of  tlic  rank  of  a 
church.  ffall. 


TCNE,  BJJLL,  UNITE.— AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K ;  0  as  J ;  $  as  Z ;  ClI  as  SU  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


DIS 


Dli^CIIUBt*iri^>,  MU^cburcbl',)  n*.      Doprlvod  of 

itie  rmjik  uf  a  cbufirli. 
DltMnUC,  r.  L    To  UivlUe  ;  tu  cul  in  pWcc*.     [JSU 

UI.H'CI-FORM,  a.     [U  Uuciu,  a  disk,  anJ/wi-Md.] 

Having  tho  furm  of  a  iluk,  or  circutitr  |ilal«. 
|>Ir<-L'l\tn",  «.     UngirJrd. 

lUH  CINl)',  r.  I.     Tu  cu!  in  two.     [A*u<  njfJ.]     J?t/y/r. 
l>l?*.L'!'rLK,  ■-     [I-  ductitutmt,  from  J»jro,  lo  Irani.] 

1.  A  IcarntT  ;  a  iah*Jar  ;  i>iu'  »  liu  nfcivc*,  ur  pro- 
fcsiir^  Ui  mtrlvo,  iiiitrucliun  fruni  anuUiur ;  aa,  thu 
tiuttpUi  of  ri:ttu. 

2.  A  follower  ;  nn  adherent  tu  the  doctriiit-fl  of  nn- 
olli«-r.  Ilt?ncr,  ttir  con*lant  attiinlnnt'*  v(  L'liriHt 
wciv  cullfd  his  t/uci/Zfj.  and  htiice  itll  riiriaittiin!* 
nrc  calkd  liu  Jueii>Uj,  tvt  tiny  iiroiV^ti  tu  Uarn  nml 
trveivv  hi4  diHTtrtiir*  and  ptvee\AM, 

VlA-Cl'VLK.  c.  C.    To  urach  ;  to  train,  or  brfng  up. 

Skak. 
9.  To  make  dUclple*  vf;  to  convert  to  doctrinca 
ur  prinrl|iltr^ 

TUt  auik^rli7  be  «i>|Ji.i]re«t  In  tctulluf  mhilotufiM  to  dUapU 
»il  uuMo.  E.  D.  Gr\^. 

:>.  Tu  punUb  ;  to  dUcipllnc.     [J^oi  in  us«A 

Spenser. 
IMS  criM./.'O,  ;»;».     Taught;   trained;    brought  up ; 

ni:L<l<-  rt  dl-M  t|il<-. 
IMS  ('I'l'J.t>l.TKR,  a.     Rrcoming  a  dUciplo.      Mdton, 
DIH  i'lri-KSIMI',  «.    The  Hl.ite  of  a  disciple  or  fol- 
lower Ml  tloririneM  and  precept*.  IlammoniL 
DIri'CI  IM.IN-A-HI.K,  u.     [St-e  Uhciplisk.] 

I.  i':ipablo  of  histructiun,  and  Unprovement  in 
Irarnlnic. 

*X  1'liat  may  U-  Mubjrrtrd  to  discipline  ;  as,  a  disci- 
^taahlf  iiir<.'UM>,  in  church  covemiiient. 

a.  Hubject  or  liable  tu  discipline,  aa  the  member  of 
n  church. 
IMrf'CI  l'LlX-A-ni.E-XE3S,  «.    Capacity  of  receiving 
ln<>lnictioi)  by  education.  JIale, 

t».  The  istate  of  iKring  wubjert  to  dbiciplilie. 
UIS'IT  I'LIN-ANT,  n.     One  of  n  rt-ti)<iou4  ord«?r,  so 
called  from  their  practice  of  scourging  tbenii»elvc^,or 
other  rtftld  duuripline.  SmoUett. 

Dlii-CI  PUN-A'KI-AN,  a     Pertaining  to  discipline. 

OlanriUe. 
DIS-ri-PI.IX-.\'RI-AN,ii.  One  who  dl^iplints;  one 
ver»4'd  in  nite-i,  prinrlpleit,  and  practice,  and  who 
tracbrji  tliem  with  preclsiuu  ;  partuularty^  one  who 
InstrucLi  ill  military  and  naval  tactics  aiul  niantcu- 
vrr*.  It  u  cbietly  used  in  tlic  latter  deniie,  and  es- 
pecially fur  one  who  i^  well  ver:ted  in,  or  teacher 
with  rxactneHD,  iiiihlary'  e\erci.s4-s  and  evoluliuit!). 

S.  A  Puritan  or   Presbyterian  ;  so  called  from  hid 
ri|!itl  adherence  to  n-llKiouii  Ui^iciplinc.  •  Sanderson. 
[/  behrrf  not  m.'K?  ujcJ,] 

DISV'I-PLIN-A  KV,  a.  Pertaining  to  discipline;  in- 
tended for  dktcipline  or  guvrrniuenl ;  promuting  diit- 
ci|iline ;  a.i,  ccrtAin  canons  of  ttie  church  are  disci- 
pltmarv. 

3.  Kelating  to  n  regular  course  of  education  ;  in- 
tended for  m5lrucliun.  Jiniton. 

Tbt  pvili  of  \:(',  pain,  iklcifM,  Itxva,  aarruwa,  tlAiigcn,  and 
Jkififiolnliiwiiu,  mn  dutijUutary  uul  nunetlUJ. 

BttdbmintUr. 

DIS'CI-PLINE,  I 

1.  Education  . 
provement,  comprehending  inntruction  In  an.s,  Kci 
encen,  correct  sentiments,  niuralH,  and  manncrd,  ;u)d 
due  lubordinatiim  to  authimty. 

Q.  Instruction  and  government,  comprehending 
tbe  communication  of  knowledge  and  the  regulation 
of  practice  ;  a-",  militar>'  dLfciplinf,  which  includes 
lostructlon  in  manual  exerci^ic,  evolutions,  and  sub- 
ordination. 

X  Rule  of  govemincnt  ;  method  of  regulating 
principle*  and  practice  ;  as,  the  dijciplin§  prescribed 
for  the  church. 

4.  Subjection  to  laws,  rulec,  order,  prrccpta,  or 
rcjCuUtiona  ;  M^  the  tnwps  are  under  excellent  disei- 
pltms ;  tlw  paniionji  should  be  kept  under  strict  dij- 
eiplim*. 

5.  Correction  ;  chastisement ;  puniohnu-nt  intend- 
ed to  correct  crime*  or  error*  ;  a*,  the  discipline  of  the 
■IniP-  Jiddison. 

C  In  e<dt»tAsiieal  q^irt,  the  execution  of  the  lavv^i 
brwIi.'M  lii-  rhiirch  i*  uovrrned,  and  inrtiction  of 
til  ineil  agnin^l  ufTendenr,  who  profesM 

"'  -"«  Chritt.  Kneye. 

■'  or  Uwlrly  punbthmcnt  inflicted  on 
a  dihit-H'^itt  »i»  ih*'  Kituian  Catholic  church  ;  or  that 
cha'itM'ment  or  external  mortification  which  a  reli- 
gioiiii  wr*on  indirL4  on  liiin«elf.  Taylor.  Kncyc. 
|>lri'C|  PI.I.NK,  r.  L  To  intlnict  or  educate;  to  in- 
form ibr  mind  ;  to  prepare  by  itiiiiniciinc  in  correct 
principlr4  and  hiibii*  .  a«,  lo  liuciplme  youth  for  n 
pnifr4ition,  or  for  future  uiwfiilneM. 

a.  To  instruct  and  coveni ;  to  teach  ruten  and 
practice,  and  accuitom  to  ordrr  and  sutmrdinnliun  ; 
u.  lo  diMtipltme  troops  nr  an  army. 

3.  To  correct ;  to  rh.x^tiiM' ;  to  piinlth. 

4.  To  execute  tlif  law*  of  the  church  on  offendcrii, 
with  a  view  to  bring  them  to  repentance  and  refi»rma- 
tJon  of  life. 

i  To  advance  and  prepare  by  ln<itnictlon.   Mdton. 


[It.  disciplina^  from  disco,  to  luarn.] 
iiistniction  ;    cultivation  and   ' 


DIS 

DIS'Ol  PL!N-£I),  pp.  or  a.  Iiulructed  ;  educated  ; 
mibjecled  to  rult-i  tinil  regulations;  correcltnl  ;  cIioh- 
tisetl  ;  pnninlieil  ;  adiiioiii.Hhed. 

DIS'CI  PLIN-KK.  II.    One  who  discipline;!  or  leaches. 

UlS'CI-PLIN-LNt;,  /7»r.  Inxlnicting;  educating  ;  sub- 
jecting to  order  and  Hubordinuliuu  ;  correcliiig  ;  chas- 
tising :  adnioiiixhiiig  ;  puniiihing. 

DISCLAIM',  e.  f.  \du  and  fAion.)  To  diHown ;  lo 
dlxavuw  ;  to  deny  tlir  iKwwMlon  of;  to  reject  tiA  not 
lielongiiig  lo  one'd  self.  A  man  dudaiins  all  knowl- 
edge of  a  (mrticular  transaction  ;  he  dL<claiin:t  ever)' 
pretention  to  etmiuence  ;  he  dijctainu  any  right  to  In- 
terfere in  tlie  affairs  of  his  neighbor  ;  lie  disctuims  nil 
pretention  to  military  skill.  It  is  ojiiHMcd  to  claim  or 
chaUfitj^f. 

'J.  To  renounce;  (o  reject;  om^Iq  disclaim  thu  au- 
thority of  the  pope. 

:i.  'ro  deny  all  claim.  A  tenant  may  dtjclaim  lo 
hold  of  his  lunl.  l^nff.  Lata. 

DIS-CLAIM',  r.  t.    To  disavow  all  part  or  ithare.  [  C/fi- 

UJltd/.] 

Ndtun  dUclaims  In  thee.  ^tak. 

DIS-CLAI.M'/Jn,  pp.  Disowned;  disavowed;  reject- 
ed ;  denii'd. 

DIS-CI-.AI.M'EK,  II.  A  person  who  disclaims, disown:}, 
or  renounces. 

2.  In  lait,  an  express  or  implied  denial  or  renunci- 
ation of  certain  things  in  question.     Hence, 
1).  \  public  disavowal,  o^  of  nrutciiHions,  &c. 

DIS-CI'AIM'I.\G,  ppr.  Disowning;  di!«avowiug  ;  de- 
nying ;  nnuuncing. 

DIS-€LA-M.A'TIO\,  n.  The  net  of  disclaiming ;  a 
diiiavowiiig.     [-Vet  ujfcJ.]  Scati. 

DIS-CLOSE',  ((h!t  klo/.e',).c.  £.  [dis  and  c/o«;  Fr.  de- 
dorre,  decloj ;  L.  di.iclado.     See  Close.] 

1.  'i'o  uncover ;  to  o|>en  ;  to  remove  u  cover  from, 
and  lay  open  to  the  view. 

TtM  >I)<-IU  \x\n^  broken,  Uio  Haaa  included  In  them  li  di»<lottS. 

Woodxnrd. 

2.  To  cause  lo  appear  ;  to  lay  open  to  the  view  ;  to 
bring  to  light.  EvunLs  have  disdosed  the  designs  of 
the  ministry. 

3.  To  reveal  by  words ;  to  tell ;  to  utter ;  us,  to 
disdose  the  secret  thoughts  of  the  heart. 

4.  To  make  known  ;  to  show  in  any  manner.  A 
blush  may  disclose  a  secret  passion  in  tiio  brcosi. 

5.  To  open  ;  to  hatch.     (JVot  used.] 

Tlio  OkUkli  Inyctli  licr  eggt  under  Kind,  where  the  lu-m  of  Uie 
lun  ditclosilfi  thrin.  Bacon. 

DIS-CLOSE',  n.     An  uncovering.  Yountf. 

IMy-eLOS'£D,  pp.  Uncovered  ;  opened  to  view  ;  made 
known;  revealed;  told;  uttered. 

DIS-€lX)S'ERj  H.     One  who  discloses  or  reveals. 

DlS-eLOS'LNt;,  ppr.  Uncovering  ;  opening  to  view  ; 
revealing;  making  known  ;  telling. 

DIS-CLOS'lTKE,  (dis-klO'/.liur,)  n.  The  act  of  dis- 
closing; an  uncovering  and  opening  to  view. 

Bacon. 

2.  The  act  of  revealing;  utterance  of  what  was 
Eecrei ;  u  telling. 

3.  The  art  of  making  known  what  was  concealed. 

4.  'J'liat  which  is  discloncd  or  made  known. 
DIS-eL0'»IO\,  fdis-kia'zhiin,)  n.     [L.  disdusus,  dis- 

duilo  ;  dis  and  clatulo.] 

An  emission  ;  a  throwing  out.  [FMtle  ttsed.]   More. 
DIS-COAST',  r.  i.    To  depart  from  ;  to  quit  the  coast. 

[Ayi  U.'ifd.] 

DlS-CO-llfiR'ENT,  a.    Incoherent  [The  latter  it  gen- 

eraUii  usrd.] 
DIS'ebll),  ju     [L.  diicus,  and  Gr.  ctioi.} 

Boinelhing  in  form  of  a  discus  or  disk. 
DlS'CUin,         I  a.     Having  the  form  of  a  disk.     The 
Dl-S-COlD'AL,  1      term  discoid  is  particularly  applied 

to  those  univalve  shells  which  have  the  air-whorN 

dispased  vertically  on  the  same  plane,  so  as  to  form 

a  disk,  an  the  pearly  nautilus. 

Discoid,  or  discous,  ftowers  are  compound  flowers, 

not  radiated,  but  the  florets  oil  tubular,  as  the  tansy, 

southernwood.  &lc.  Cvc.     SiniUi. 

DIS-COI/OR,  (dis-kul'lur,)  v.  t.  [L.  discoloro ;  dis  and 

coloro.  from  color.] 

1.  'i'o  alter  the  natural  hue  or  color  of;  lo  stiin  ; 
lo  lingo.  A  drop  of  wine  will  discolor  a  glass  of  wa- 
ter; silver  is  discolored  by  sea-water. 

2.  To  change  any  color,  natural  or  artificial ;  to  al- 
ter a  color  jiartiallv.  It  difl'ers  from  color  and  dye,  in 
denoting  a  {Kirtial  alteration,  mlher  than  an  entire 
change,  of  color. 

3.  Figuratively,  lo  alter  the  complexion  ;  to  clnngc 
llic  npitearanco;  as,  to  ditcolor  ideas.  Watts. 

Dlfl-eOL-OK-A'TION,  n.  The  act  of  altering  the  col- 
oi ;  a  staining. 

2.  Alteration  of  color;  slain;  as,  spots  and  diseol- 
mUiotu  of  the  skin. 

3.  Alteration  of  complexion  or  appearance. 
DIR-eOL'OR-£D,  (-kul'lurd,)  pp.    Altered  (n  color; 

■Ulncd. 

2.  a.     Variegated;  being  of  divers  colors.  Spcnsrr. 
DISCOL'OR.ING,  ppr.     Altering  the  color  or  hue; 

staining  ;  changing  the  complexion. 
DIS-eOI/OR-INt;,  (kul'lur-)  n.    The  net  of  altering 

C4.1nr  for  ihf  worse. 
DIS-eOM'KIT,  (diskum'fit,)  v.  t.     [Fr.  deeo^fire,  de- 


DIS 

eonfit;  \\.  sconfiffgerr,seoHJilta;  fh>in  dis  and  tho  I«, 
cvnfigo,  to  fasUm,  to  nail ;  eon  and  ^eo,  to  fix.] 

'i'o  rout ;  to  deieal  ;  to  scatter  in  light ;  to  cau^u  to 
flee  ;  to  vanqui"!). 

Jutln  iilck  nnJ  lii<  peoji)«  with  tlio  eilpi  of  Hiq 

II?,  '  >  i|>cri(]r  tlrcii^h, 

Dui     ...  PKUipt. 

DIS-COM'FlT,  n.  Rout  ;  dispenion  ;  defeat ;  ovo» 
throw. 

DiS  CO.M'KIT-ED,  pp.  or  a.  Routed  ;  defeated  ;  over- 
thrown. 

DIseOM'riT-ING,  ppr.    Routing;  defeating. 

DIS  COM'riT-l^RE,  (dis-kum'fttyur,)  h.  Rout;  do- 
feat  in  battle  ;  dispersion  ;  overltirow. 

Kii'Tj  inmii'a  twuri  wu  arninat  )iii  li'llovv,  loi.l  there  wu  a  vrty 
grffiii  diti-vrnJUurt .  —  1  Siiii.  x'lv. 

2.  Defeat;  f^l^'tratilu) ;  disappointment. 
DISCOM'FORT,  (dis-kuniTurt,)  h.  [dis  and  eoutfvrt,] 
Uneasiness  ;  disturbance  of  peace  ;  |tain  ;  grief;  in- 
quietude. Hhal..     Si'ulii. 
DIS-COM'FOItT,  r.  (.   To  disturb  peace  or  lianiiinuiti } 
to  make  uneasy  ;  to  pain  ;  tu  grieve  ;  to  Kiduen  ;  to 
deject.  Sidney. 
DlS-eOM'FORT-A-HLE,  a.  Causing  uneasiness  ;  un- 
pleasant;  giving  pain  ;  making  sad.     [Little  u.ied.] 

Sidney. 
2.  Uneasy;  melancholy;  refiising  comfort.     [M'ot 
iiscd.]  Shak. 

[Instead  of  this  word,  UtccoMroBTAOLi;  is  um-d.l 
DIS-eOM'Ft)KT-ED,  p;j.      Made  uneasy;  disturbed; 

pained  ;  grieved. 
DIS-C0.M'FOR'l*-ING,p;#r.  Disturbing  peace  and  ha|>* 

Illness;  making  uneasy  ;  grieving. 
DIS-eO.M-.MEM)',r./.  [dis  uiul  commend.]  To  blame; 
tu  censure  ;  to  mention  with  disapprobation. 

I  do  nai  ducommend  ihc  loftjr  »tjlc  In  imtf'ily.  Pryitn. 

Dr3-€0M-ME.\D'A-BLE,  a.    Blaiimblo  ;  censurable; 

deserving  disapprobation.  JlyUffe, 

DIS-CuM  MEND'A-BLKNESf,    it.      Blamabfenc«i 

the  quality  of  being  worthy  of  disapprobation. 
DIS-CUM-.ME.M)  A'JIO.N',  w.     lllaine  ;  censure;  r». 

proach.  .tyliff*, 

DIS-CO.M-.ME.ND'ER,  n.     One  who  discoinmends;  a 

disprniscr.  Johnson. 

DIS-€OM-ME.\D'ING,  ppr.     Blaming;  censuring.        , 
DIS-COM'MO-DATE,  r.  L     To  incommode.     \JM  ' 

tued.] 
DISeOM-MODE',  r.  (.     [dis  and  commode,  Fr.] 

To  put  to  inconvenience  ;  to  incommode ;  to  hkh 

lest ;  to  tmuble. 
DIS-€O.M-ftir>D'ED,  pp.    Put  to  Inconvenience;  mo- 
lested ;  incommoded. 
DISeo.M-.MflD'ING,  ppr.     Putting  to  inconvenience; 

giving  trouble  to.  | 

D1S-€O.M-.MO'DI-OUS,    a.     Inconvenient  ;    trouble- 

w)me.  Spenser.       i 

DI.S-eOM-.Mo'DI-OUS-LY,oifp.    In  a  discoinmodioui 

manner. 
DIS-CO.M-MOD'I-TY,  n.      Inconvenience;    trouble; 

hurt;   disadvantage.  Bacon.      \ 

DIS-€0M'MON,  V.  t.     [dis  and  common."^    To  appro-  [ 

priate  common  land;  to  KejKiratc  and  inclose  com- 

mon.  CoweU 

2.  To  deprive  of  the  privileges  ttf  a  place. 

iVarton. 
DIS-eOM'MO\-KD,  pp.     Appropriated,  as  land. 
DIS  CO.M'iMO.V-I.N'G,  ppr.    .Appropriating  ;  8e|iamting 

or  inclosing  common  land. 
DlS-CO.M-PLE,\'I(>.\,    (kom  plex'yun,)     r.  (.     To 

change  the  complexion  or  color.     [JVot  used.] 

BeauHL 
DIS-eOM-POSE',  (dis-kom-pOze'O  r.  L    [dis  and  ecm 

pose,]^ 

1.  To  unsettle ;  to  disorder  ;  to  disturb ;  appUtd  U 
things, 

2.  To  disturb  peace  and  quietness;  to  agitate:  lo 
riifllc  :  applied  to  the  temper  or  mind;  expressing  leM 
agitation  tlian  fret  and  vcz,  or  expressing  vexation 
with  decorum.  Siei/L 

3.  'J"o  displace  ;  to  discard.  [j\'ot  in  use.]    lineon. 
DIS  eO.M-PoS'£D,  p^.  or  a.    Unsellkd  ;  disordered; 

milled  ;  agitated  ;  disturbed. 

DKS  COM-POS'IXG,  ppr.  Unsettling  ;  putting  out  of 
ord(;r  ;  rutlling  ;  agitating;  disturbing  trantpiillity. 

Dlrf-eo.M-PO-SI"T10N,  (po-zish'un,)  n.  Incoiisist- 
(-•ncy.     [JsTot  used.] 

DIS  COM-POS'l^RE,  (dis-kom-po'zhtir,)  n.  Disorder; 
agitation;  disturbance;  perturbation;  as.  discompot- 
lire  of  mind.  Clarcmlom. 

DIS-CON-CERT',  r.  (.  f^/w  and  coHccrf.]  To  break 
or  inti^rrupt  any  order,  plan,  or  liannonious  scheme  ; 
to  defeat ;  to  frustrate.  The  emperor  dtsconeerted  the 
plans  of  his  enemy.  'J'hcir  sclieines  were  discon- 
certed. 

2.  To  unsettle  the  mind  ;  to  discompose ;  to  dis- 
turb ;  to  confuse.  An  unexpected  question  may  dir- 
concert  tlnf  ablest  advocate  in  his  argument 

DIS-COX-CERT'ED,  pp.  Broken;  interrupted  ;  dis- 
ordered ;  defeated;  unsettled;  discomposed;  con- 
fusetl. 

DIS-CON-CERT'ING,  ppr.  Disordering;  ucfcat.ng; 
discomposing ;  disturbing. 


FATE.  FAR,  F^I*L,  WUAT.-MftTE.  PRBy.-PINE,  MARtNE,  BIRD.-NOTE,  DoVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  B<X>K- 


340 


r:r— -J 


DIS 

DIS-€ON-CIlR'TION,  n.     The  net  of  (lisconcertin<|;. 
FederntLft,  Hamilton. 

DIS-€ON-F0RM'I-TV,  ».  [dis  and  conformity.]  Want 
of  ajircemeiit  orcoii(uriniiy  ;  inconsistency.  HaJicwdl. 

DIS-COX-GRO'I-TY,  «.  [dls  and  cougruity.^  Want 
uf  conpruity  ;  incongruity  i  disagreement ;  incon- 
sistency. Hale. 

DIS-CON-NEGT',  r.  (.  [dis  and  connect.']  To  sepa- 
rate; to  disunite  ;  to  dissolve  connection. 

The  commonwealth  wonltl,  ii»  a  few  et'iienitioiis,  cminblc  away, 
be  diaconnecud  into  die  dust  aailpQWder  of  inilmclu.iliir. 

Burhe. 
This  rcslriclioH  disconnects  kink  paper  and  die  precious  mctnla. 

Walsh. 

DIS-€ON-NE€T'EI),  pp.  or  a.  Separated  ;  disunited. 
This  word  is  not  synonymous  with  unconnfctcdy 
though  often  confounded  with  it.  Disconnected  im- 
plies a  previous  connection  ;  unconnected  doea  not 
necessarily  imply  any  previous  union. 

DIS-€ON-NKeTMNG',  ppr.     Sepni-ating  ;  disuniting. 

DIS-eOX-NEC'TlON,  n.  The  act  of  separating,  or 
stale  of  being  disunited  ;  separation;  want  of  union. 

Nothing  v!.\s  therefore  lo  be  left  in  .ill  the  snbonliiiale  irienibers, 
but  we;»kncss,  disconnection,  and  confiisioii.  Burke. 

DIS-€ON-SENT',  u.  i.     [dis  and  consent.]     To  differ; 

to  dtsagree  ;  not  to  consent.  Milton. 

DIS-CON'SO-LANCE,  v.     Disconsolateness. 
UIS-€ON'SO-LATE,  a.     [dis  and  L.  consolatus.     See 

Co-sole.] 

1.  Destitute  of  comfort  or  consolation  ;  sorrowful  ; 
hojjeless,  or  not  expecting  comfort ;  sad  ;  dejected  ; 
melancholy  ;  as,  a  parent,  bereaved  of  an  only  child, 
and  disconsolate. 

2.  Not  affording  comfort;  cheerless;  as,  the  dis- 
consolate darkness  of  a  winter's  night.  Ray. 

DIS-€OX'SO-LATE-LY,  adc.  In  a  disconsolate  man- 
ner ;  without  comfort. 

DIS-eON'SO-LATE-XESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
disconsolate  or  comfortless. 

DIS-€Oi\-SO-LA'TION,  n.    Want  of  comfort. 

Jiichsoiu 

DIS-eON-TENT',  n.  [dis  and  content.]  Want  of 
content  j  uneasiness  or  inquietude  of  mind ;  dissat- 
isfaction at  any  present  stale  of  things. 

DIS-eON-TE\t',  a.     Uneasy  ;  dissatisfied.  Hayward. 

DIS-€ON-TENT',  v.  t.  To  make  uneasy  at  the  pres- 
ent state  ;  to  dissatisfy. 

DIS-€ON-TEXT'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Uneasy  in  mind  ;  dis- 
satisfied ;  unquiet ;  as,  discontented  citizens  maki 
bad  subjects. 

DIS-€ON-TENT'ED-LY,  adv.  In  a  discontented 
manner  or  mood. 

DIS-eON-TENT'ED-NESS,  n.  Uneasiness  of  mind  ; 
inquietude  ;  <lissatisfaction.  Addison. 

DIS-€ON-TENT'FIJL,  a.     Full  of  discontent. 

DIS-€ON-TENT'l.\G,  a.     Giving  uneasiness. 

DIS-eON-TENT'MENT,  n.    The  state  of  being  un- 
easy in  mind  ;  uneasiness  ;  inquietude  ;  discontent. 
Hooker.     Bacon. 

DIS-€ON-TIN'U-A-DLE,  a.  Tliat  may  be  discontin- 
ued. 

DIS-eOiVTIiV'U-ANCE,  n.  [See  Discontii^ue.] 
Want  of  continuance ;  cessation  ;  intennission  ;  in- 
terruption of  continuance ;  as,  a  discontinuance  of 
conversation  or  intercourse.  Jitlcrhury. 

2.  Want  uf  continued  connection  or  cohesion  of 
parts  ;  want  of  union  ;  disruption.  Bacon. 

3.  In  /uTP,  a  breaking  off  or  inlerniplion  of  posses- 
sion, as  where  a  tenant  in  tail  makes  a  feoffment  in 
fee-simple,  or  for  the  life  of  the  feoffee,  or  in  tail, 
which  he  has  not  power  to  do ;  in  tliis  case,  the 
entry  of  the  feoffee  is  lawful  during  the  life  of  the 
feoffor;  but  if  he  retains  possession  af'ter  the  death 
of  the  feoffor,  it  is  an  injury  which  is  tenncd  a  dis- 
continuance^ the  legal  estate  of  the  heir  in  tail  being 
discontinued^  till  a  recovery  can  be  had  in  law. 

BlacJcstojie. 

4.  Discontinuance  of  a  suit,  is  when  a  plaintiff 
leaves  a  chasm  in  the  proceedings  in  his  cause,  as  by 
not  continuing  the  process  regularly  from  day  to  day  ; 
in  which  case  the  defendant  is  not  bound  to  at- 
tend. Formerly,  the  demise  of  the  king  caused  a 
discontiniw  nee  of  nil  suits;  but  this  is  remedied  by 
aUitutc  1  Edw.  VI.  Blackstone. 

DIS-€ON-TIN-U-A'TION,  n.  Breach  or  interrui>- 
tion  of  continuity  ;  disruption  of  paits ;  separation 
of  parts  which  form  a  connected  series.      Mcwton. 

DIS-eON-TIN'UE,  V.  t.  [di.-i  and  continue]  To  leave 
off;  to  cause  to  cease,  as  a  practice  or  habit  ;  to 
stop  ;  to  put  an  end  to  ;  as,  to  discontinue  the  intem- 
perate use  of  spirits.  Inveterate  customs  are  not 
discontinued  without  inconvenience. 

The  dcpred.iiions  on  our  commerce  were  not  lo  b**  lUsconlinued, 
T.  Pickenng. 

2.  To  break  off;  to  interrupt. 

3.  To  cease  to  take  or  receive  ;  as,  to  discontinue  a 
daily  paper. 

DIS-€0N-TL\'I^E,  v.  i.  To  cease  ;  to  leave  the  pos- 
session, or  lose  an  established  or  long-enjoyed  right, 

Tli7»cir  Bh.iU  rUscoTilinuc  from  thine  lieritfl»e.  —  Jcr.  xvii. 

2.  To  lose  the  cohesion  of  parts ;  to  suffer  disrup- 
tion or  separation  of  substance.     [Little  used.] 

Bacon. 


DIS 

DIS-eON-TIN'lT-£D,     pp.      Left    off;    interrupted; 

brukcn  off. 
DIS-CON-TINaT-ER,  n.      One  who  discontinues  a 

rule  or  practice. 
DIS-eON-TIN'q-L\G,   ppr.     Ceasing;    interrupting; 

I)reaking  off. 
DIS-eOiN-TI-Nu'I-TY,  Ti.     Disunion  of  parts;    want 

of  ruh(-'si(in.  JVewton. 

DIS-eONTIi\'tT-(HJS,a.     Broken  off ;  intemipted. 
2.  Separateil ;  wide  '  gaping.  Mdton. 

DIS-CON-VK.N'lEiVrlJ,   (-ven'ycns,)    n.      [dts    and 

coyivcniencc.]      Inrongruity ;    disagreement.      [Little 

w^«/.j  Bramhall. 

DlS-eoN-VicN'tENT,  a.    Incongruous.     Reynolds. 
DIS'eOKD,  '.t.     [L.  discordia;    Fr.  discorde;  from  L. 

discors  ;  U1S  ana  cor.] 

1.  Disagreement  among  persons  or  things.  Be- 
tween persons,  difference  of  opinions ;  variance  ; 
opposition  ;  contention  ;  strife  ;  any  disagreement 
which  produces  angry  passions,  contests,  disputes, 
litigation,  or  war.  Discord  may  exist  between  fam- 
ilies, parties,  and  nations. 

2.  Disagreement;  want  of  order  ;  a  clashing. 

All  digcord,  harmony  not  undcn-tood.  J'ope. 

3.  In  rnusic,  disagreement  of  sounds  ;  disnonance  ; 
a  union  of  sounds  wliich  is  inharmonious,  grating, 
and  disagreeable  to  the  ear;  or  an  interval  wliose 
extremes  do  not  coalesce.  Thus  tlie  second  and  the 
seventh,  when  sounded  togetlier,  make  a  discord. 
Tlie  term  discord  is  applied  to  eacii  of  the  two 
sounds  wliich  form  the  dissonance,  and  to  the  inter- 
val ;  but  more  properly  to  tlie  mixed  sound  of  dis- 
sonant tones.     It  is  opposed  to  concord  and  harmony. 

DIS-CORD',  i\  1.  To  disagree ;  to  jar  ;  to  clash  ;  not 
to  suit ;  not  to  be  coincident.     [JVt»(  in  use.]     Bacon. 

DIS-eORD'ANCE,    /  rr      t         i        i 

DIS-eORD'AN-CY,  \  ""     t^*  '^'^'^«^''«"^-] 

Disagieement ;  opposition;  inconsistency;  as,  a 
discordance  of  opinions,  or  of  sounds. 

DIS-€ORD'ANT,  a.     [h.  discordans.] 

1.  Disagreeing;  incongruous;  contradictory;  be- 
ing at  variance  ;  as,  discordant  opinions  ;  discordant 
rules  or  principles. 

2.  Opposite;  contrarious ;  not  coincident;  as,  the 
discordant  attractions  of  comets,  or  of  different  plan- 
ets. Chcyne. 

2.  Dissonant ;  not  in  unison  ;  not  harmonious ; 
not  accordant;  harsh  ;  jarring;  as,  discordant  notes 
or  sounds. 

DIS-eORD'ANT-LY,  adv.  Dissonanlly ;  in  a  dis- 
cordant manner ;  inconsistently  ;  in  a  manner  to 
jar  or  clash  ;  in  disagreement  with  anotlier,  or  witli 
itself. 

DIS-€ORD'F[JL,  a.    Quarrelsome  ;  contentious. 

Spenser. 

DIS-€OUN'SEL,  v.  L    To  dissuade.     [J^ot  in  use.] 

Spenser. 

DIS'COUNT,  71.  [Ft.  dccontc  or  dccompte;  de,  or  rfi>, 
and  cowpte ;  It.  sconto ;  Sp.  descuento ;  Arm.  discount 
or  digont.  (See  Count.)  Literally^  a  counting  back 
or  from.] 

1.  A  sum  deducted  for  prompt  or  advanced  pay- 
ment ;  an  allowance  or  deduction  from  a  sum  due, 
or  from  a  credit ;  a  certain  rate  per  cent,  deducted 
from  the  credit  price  of  goods  sold,  on  account  of 
prompt  payment;  or  any  deduction  from  the  cus- 
tomary price,  or  from  a  sum  due,  or  to  be  due,  at  a 
future  time.  Thus  the  merchant  who  gives  a  credit 
of  three  months,  will  deduct  a  certain  rate  per  cent, 
for  payment  in  hand,  and  the  luilder  of  a  note  or 
bill  of  exchange  will  deduct  a  certain  rate  per  cent, 
of  the  amount  of  the  note  or  bil!  for  advanced  pay- 
ment, which  deduction  is  called  a  discount, 

2.  Among  bankers^  the  deduction  of  a  sum  for  ad- 
vanced payment ;  i)articularly,  the  deduction  of  the 
interest  on  a  sum  lent,  at  tlie  time  of  lending.  The 
discounts  at  banking  institutions  are  usually  the 
amount  of  legal  interest  paid  by  the  borrower,  and 
deducted  from  the  sum  borrowed,  at  the  commence- 
ment of  the  credit.  Hamilton's  Report. 

3.  The  sum  deducted  or  refunded  ;  as,  the  discount 
was  five  per  cent. 

4.  The  act  of  discounting.  A  note  is  lodged  in 
the  bank  for  discount.  The  banks  have  suspended 
discounts. 

DIS'COUNT  or  DIS-€OUNT',  u.  (.  [Sp.  d^scontari 
Port,  id.;  Fr.  dccowpter;  Arm.  discoiinta,  digontcin  ; 
It.  scontare.  In  British  boolis,  the  accent  is  laid  on 
the  last  syllable.  But  in  Avienca^  die  accent  is 
usually,  or  always,  on  the  first.] 

1.  To  deduct  a  certain  sum  or  rate  per  cent,  from 
the  principal  sum.  Merchants  discount  five  or  six  per 
cent,  for  prompt  or  for  advanced  paj  mcnt. 

2.  To  lend  or  advance  the  amount  of,  deducting 
the  interest  or  other  rate  per  cent,  from  the  principal, 
at  the  time  of  the  loan  or  advance.  The  banks  dis- 
count notes  and  bills  of  exchange,  on  good  security. 

The  fust  rule  —  to  dtacounl  only  unexceptionaUu  paper. 

Walsh, 

DIS'COUNT,  V.  i.  To  lend  or  make  a  practice  of  lend- 
ing money,  deducting  the  interest  at  the  time  of  the 
loan.  The  hanks  discount  for  sixty  or  ninety  days, 
sometimes  fur  longer  terms. 


DIS 

DIS  COUNT' ABLE,  a.     That  may  be  discounted. 

Certain    forms    are   necessary   to   render   notes  dit- 

countable  at  a  bank.     A  bill  may  be  discountable  for 

more  than  sixty  days. 
DIS'COUNT-DaY,  n.  'ihe  day  of  the  week  on  which 

a  bank  discounls  note«  and  bills. 
DIS'COUNT-ED,  pp.  Deducted  from  a  principal  sum  ; 

paid  back  ;  refunded  or  allowed  ;  as,  the  sum  uf  five 

per  cent,  was  discounted. 

2.  Having  the  amount  lent  on  discount  oc  deduc- 
tion of  a  sum  in  advance ;  as,  the  bill  was  discounted 

for  sixty  days. 
DI.S-€OUN'TE-NANCE,   r.  f.     [t/w  and  fou7Ucnan«.] 

To  abash  ;  to  ruffle  or  disco(n[)ose  the  countenance  ; 

to  put  to  shame  ;  to  put  out  of  countenance.    [AV( 

used,] 

How  would  one  look  from  tiia  mnjc»lic  brow 
DUcoujtUnance  her  dc*pijt<;d  ]  Milton. 

2.  To  discourage  ;  to  check  ;  to  restrain  by  frowns, 
censure,  arguments,  opposition,  or  cold  treatment. 
The  good  citizen  will  discountenance  vice  by  every 
lawful  means. 
DIS-eoU.N'TE-NAXCE,  n.  Cold  treatment;  unfa- 
vorablf  aspect;  unfriendly  regard;  disapprobation; 
whatever  tends  to  check  or  discourage. 

He  thought  a  lillle  ditcounUnance  on  Uiosc  ppisoni  wouM 
Buppicfla  that  BpiriL  Clarendon. 

DIS-eOTTN'TE-NANC-SD,   (-nanst,)   pp.    Abashed; 

discouraged;  checked;  frowned  on. 

DIS-eoUN'TE-NAN-CER,  n.  One  who  dlscouragea 
by  cold  treatment,  frowns,  censure,  or  expression  of 
disapprobation  ;  one  who  checks  or  depresses  by  un- 
friendly regards. 

DIS-eOUN'TE-NAN-CIXG, ppr.  Abashing ;  discour- 
aging ;  checking  by  disapprobation  or  unfriendly  re- 
gards. 

DIS'eOUNT-ER,  n.  One  wlio  advances  money  on 
discounts.  Burke. 

DIS'eoUi\T-ING,  ppr.    Deducting  a  sum  for  prompt 
or  advanced  payment. 
2.  Lending  on  discount. 

DIS'eOUNT-ING,  n.  The  act  or  practice  of  lending 
money  on  discounts. 

I'he  proliuble  businesi  of  a  bank  consiata  indisnuniing. 

Hamilton. 

DIS-€OUR'AGE,  (dis-kur'aje,)  v.  t.  [dis  and  couracre; 
Fr.  decouragcr ;  Ann.  digouragi ,'  It.  scoraggiarc.  The 
Italian  is  from  ex  and  coraggio.     Sec  Courat-e.] 

1.  To  extinguish  the  courage  of;  to  dishearten; 
to  depress  the  spirits ;  to  deject ;  to  deprive  of  con- 
fidence. 

Falhi'i-s,  provoke  not  your  cbililrcB,  leel  they  be  ttiscouraged.  — 

Col.  lii. 

2.  To  deter  from  any  thing;  with  from. 

Why  discourage  ye  die  honrla  oF  tlie  children  of  \srat\  Jrom 
^oing  over  iuio  die  land  which  the  Lord  hath  given  Ibeni  t 
Num.  SKxii. 

3.  To  attempt  to  repress  or  prevent ;  to  dissuade 
from  ;  as,  to  discourage  an  effort. 

DIS-eOUR'AG-iJD,  (dis-kur'ajd,)  pp.  or  a.  Disheart- 
ened ;  deprived  of  courage  or  confidence  ;  depressed 
in  spirits;  dt-jectcd  ;  checked. 

DIS-COUR'AGE-MENT,  (dis-kur'aje-ment,)  n.  The 
act  of  disheartening,  or  depriving  of  courage  ;  the 
act  of  deterring  or  dissuading  from  an  undertaking; 
Ihe  act  of  depressing  confidence. 

2.  That  which  destroys  or  abates  courage ;  that 
wliicli  depresses  confidence  or  hope  ;  that  which 
deters,  or  tends  to  deter,  from  an  undertaking,  or 
from  the  prosecution  of  any  thing.  Evil  examples 
are  great  diseotiragemcnts  to  virtue.  The  revolution 
was  commenced  under  every  possible  discourage- 
inent. 

DIS-eOUll'AG-ER,  (dis-kur'aj-er,)  n.  One  who  dis- 
courages; one  who  disheartens,  or  depresses  Uie 
courage  ;  (uie  who  impresses  diffldeiicc  or  fear  of 
success;   one  who  dissuades  from  an  undertaking. 

DIS-COUR'AC-ING,  (dis-kur'aj-ing,)  ppr.  Disheart- 
ening; depressing  courage. 

2.  a.  Tending  to  dishearten,  or  to  depress  the  cour- 
age ;  as,  disniuraging  prospects. 

DIS-€dUR'AG-ING-LY,  adv.  In  a  manner  lending 
to  discourage. 

DIS-€oURSE',  (dis-kors',)  n.  [Fr.  disr.ours;  L.  discur- 
.w-s,  from  discurro,  to  ramble ;  dis  and  currOj  to  run  ; 
It.  discorso.] 

1.  The  act  of  the  understanding  by  which  it  goes 
forth  into  the  field  of  thought;  the  act  which  con- 
nects propositions,  and  deduces  conclusions  from 
them.  Johrison, 

Sure  he  Oiat  made  us  with  such  large  diteourtt, 

Looking  before  and  after,  rave  us  not 

That  capability  and  ^dltke  rcasoo 

To  rust  ni  us  unnsed.  Sh^. 

[  This  .ten.se  is  now  obsolete.] 

2.  Literally,  a  running  over  a  subjcri  in  spoech ; 
hence,  a  communication  of  thoughts  by  wonls,  ci- 
ther lo  individuals,  to  companies,  or  to  public  .is- 
semblies.  Discourse  lo  an  individual,  or  lo  a  small 
company,  is  called  coni'^rsation,  or  talk?  mutual  in- 
terchange of  ihoughls ;  nmtual  intercourse  of  lan- 
guage, ft  is  apidied  to  the  familiar  comniuniralion 
of  thoughts  by  an  individual,  or  tn  the  mutual  com- 


TONE,  BIILL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K ;  6  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  Til  as  in  THIS. 


DIS 

oiu  ^  '*  ur  OMMf.     We  ssy,  I  wiu  pleaaeil 

\  null  ili-^Afrlntloti  ;  om, 

Ih.  -  Qirrulil>  ;  of  Ciccru  uii 

&.  A  k-THHm,  iiiitirfil  vt  writivn.     Wo  nay,  nil  cx- 


W  till. 

I  ruriiiiil 
111  »'■  ....  -HUT ;  11^, 

lu    •Ju-^^HitC    oil    Um'    ^u|)<  iU<.«    uf    tllc    Uiiiu  ;     tlio 

priMichor  4iM€»ur$<d   un    llio    naluni   and    cfllTt   uf 
fiitb. 

3.  Til  rpA'ton  ;  (u  poM  frura   prcmlttcd  In  ron- 
iiuriicm.  Dacifs. 

DliMrOUBdE',  r.  r.    To  treat  of :  to  talk  uvcr.     M' ' 

Ix(  «•  dUcMirM  <Ktr  bctunc*.  JAot. 

»    t'..  ..tt^r  o,  ^vf,  forth  ;  M,  to  d««Br»ff  cxci-llcnl 
KD,  (ill»-kOm',)pf.  Pbciifsed  at  Iciir^  ; 

l>iff-t'o*;Kr*'En,  N     One  who  dl«coiinK9 ;  a  speaker ; 

n  haranKurr. 
•J.  Th«  wrlirr  uf  a  InaUit'  or  tll«R>rtat)on.  8w\fi. 
hlS-COHKH'I.Nf;,  ,i;.r.    '^;lIkirl^• ;  cunvrrainy  ;  prcnch- 

Inic ;  UiicuiMini! ;  trcitiiig  nt  tiniiitj  lenylli,  or  in  a  fur- 

Ui-nMning;  pasiting  Trom  prcin- 
■^•!«.  Milton, 

-  ■  ^  Ut;iloguu  ur  conventatiun  j  inlcrlocu- 


TbB  «i^  b  ktlntKnl  wiih  dklogoA  or  ditcoutriot  Kroa. 

Drylfn. 
DIB  eOURT'E-OUrl,  (-kurt'e  us,)  a.     [dh  and  court- 
eaMt.\    I'nrivil :  nil";    iiiiconiiAuf^anl  3  wanting  hi 

'    irteoua  knjgbt. 

I'lr.     Ill  a  rude  or  uncivil 


fi.   [Jig  and  coarUsyA 
IT  or  language  ;    ill 


IncirUity;   nidri 
mannan;  net  i>t 


VIA  I 


,  ,„  It.  Janjon, 

UI8€'<  >l^S,  a.  tfrom  I.  dUraj.]  nroail ;  n.lt ;  wlUd  ; 
uwd  of  Ibe  iDlddlc,  plain,  niiil  Hal  part  of  some  llow- 
*■'"•  Quinaj. 

IIIS-COV'E  NANT,  c.  (.     To  dissolve  coTciiant  Willi. 

l>lt<-cnvi;n,  r.li- knvVr.)  r.  t  [Tt.  iccouvrir ;  lit, 
'"•  '-ir,  to  cover  i  Sp.  dcxulirir; 


P, 

1 

ull. 


p€C  C'OTKn.] 

r ;  to  remove  a  covering.   U. 

2.  To  lay  open  lo  vijw ;  to  disclow  ;  to  show  ;  to 
make  rlilblfl  ;  loeipoac  to  vj.iv  jjiijiiulliinr;  Infuru  iiii- 
■eon  or  concealed. 

do,  (tnw  uajfl  tftf  c-t- 

u. -J.L.  11.. 

i''  .1  l>«  UncoTCK.] 

•*•  '  "  f  known. 

Vf'  ^  to  th^nj 1  Sam.  xif. 

lU'-'OlCT.  —  PlPOT.  XX». 

'  ••"••^  Uie  first  ligbt  of;  as,  a  man  at 

■"■'  "l  land. 

'"^  l.^rfiu,  wc  fcft  Hon  Uic  IcdluoO.— 

il  otit :  to  obtain  Iho  fimt  knowledge  of; 

,.  ''''  -"■■'^'-  -' f    :-7v  "rntr  8oii(:Iit  <pr  be- 

J^''  ■  llio  variation 

1;    ,  11    disCijver    our 

7".  ■•■     -■,.L.,iu   Ujoir  evil  ef- 

ff 


Ui. 

I 

br|- 

Wl. 

til.x  • 

^h^■■ 


Ui.   • 

the  U^l  uf  ruu.  . 
4.  Apfwenl;  v. 

H.<MiHJIn.Mi.i^. 


n,  we  <J«-<iri-r.'J  the  artifice ;  tlie 

■  'I    '  "/trrrfj, atlrin|itcd  locaoipc. 

'^cciir.     \Vc   ilueocrr  winl 

II  lu  unknown;  wo  iment 

' '?  dtMovcred; 

I  to  view. 

""'■■  aiiimald 

■.,pc. 

■■■  n ;  as, 

-  -  -- robU  by 


<1  to  view. 

&fUlry. 


DI8-eOV'ER-ED,  f-kov'erd,)  pp.  Uncovered  ;  di»- 
clo«d  to  view ;  laid  open:  revealed;  espied  or  flrrt 
«cen  ;  frjund  out ;  detected. 

DI3-eOV'ERKB,  n.     fine  who  dwcovera ;  one  who 


DIS 

flr*t  MW*  or  tmica  ;  one  who  llndi  out,  or  drat  cornea 

to  tlkc  knnvvl(-dt!u  of  iMinicUliug. 
5.  A  itroiil ;  tin  cviilorcr.  ShaA. 

l>|S-t*OV'i:U  lN<s  /yr.      Uncovffiii"  ;   dlifcluriing  tu 
VI.  w     I  M  1.  "[••  II     f   \   :iliii-4  i  milking  known ;  cs- 
r 
Dl  Jetouvrrty  uncovered.] 

\  1 .   in  cuvfrttire ;  freedom 

of  ■!  »MiM,iii  iiuiii  Ull.-  t.a,  iturc  tif  It  hustriiud. 
l>ltvCC\ 'KIt-V,  ri.     Tliti;  atii.m  nT  di>cloMtng  to  viow, 
or  hrinuMit;  tu  ll^til :  »'■,  by   llio  Jijcurrn/ vT  n  plot, 
llii-  iMihlit:  jN-iirc  it  |U'-"'rv(il. 

'J.  Urm-|ii-^un>  ,  11  Miukin;;  known  ;  a^^nlmnknipt  in 
Ixiiind  til  oiiiKc  n  rnii  du^torrnj  of  hiH  entato  and 
iin.ct>«. 

:i.  Tho  action  of  llndingf^oinrthlng  hidden  i  ok,  the 
dufitrert/  of  li-ail  or  silver  in  (he  i-arllu 

4.  Th«:  art  of  flndtng  out,  or  coming  to  the  knowl- 
nlgf  iif;  u«,  ilto  (/^jfttrrry  of  trulh  ;  the  dheocerg  ot 
miL'ii'  titmi. 

act  of  cApj'inii ;  first  sight  of;  a*,  llie  diJi- 

1   America  IJy  Columbux,  or  of  llio  continent 

■     ■'■■!. 

C.  1  liai  wliich  l9di^coverc<I,foiindoul,orn'V(iiItd  ; 
Dial  which  in  Unit  briiii;;ht  to  li;;lit,  si>en,  ur  known. 
'I'lie  pro|>crfic«  of  tlh'  m^'^'nol  were  an  impiirtant  Jut- 
covenj.  RrdciiipUnn  from  sin  was  a  dUcovcrtj  beyond 
the  power  nf  Imnmn  philosophy. 

7.  In  dramiilic  portnj,  the  unniveling  of  a  plot,  or 
the  manner  of  unfolding  the  plot  or  fabloof  acomedy 
or  inertly. 
DIrf-eitKD'IT,  n.     [Fr.   ditcreilit;  Sp.  dUercdito ;   It. 
scrfdito.    See  the  verb.] 

I.  Want  of  creditor  good  reputation ;  some  degree 
of  disgrace  or  reproach,;  ditwHteem ;  ayplied  to  per- 
suits  or  thinffs.  Frands  in  mrtnufucturcii  bring  them 
into  discredit. 

It  U  tbe  tlulj  of  crrrv  Clirktutn  lo  be  coiicerTh>d  for  Um)  rrpulnliuit 
vr  dUcrtdil  ttia  lUb  inijr  tirki^  on  Iua  prDRaaioii,     Itogcrt. 

5.  Want  of  belief,  1  nut,  or  confidence;  disbelief; 
as,  later  accounta  have  brought  Uie  story  into  dis- 
rredii- 

DIseUCD'iT,  o.  t.  [Fr.  dccrcdUer;  de,  da,  dis,  md 
erediL] 

1.  To  dislieliovu  ;  to  (rive  no  credit  to ;  not  to  credit 
or  believe  ;  as,  the  report  is  dUcrcditcd. 

2.  Todeuriveof  credit  or  good  reputation  ;  to  make 
le^M  ropulaule  or  honorable  ;  to  bring  info  disesteem  ; 
to  bring  into  nomc  degree  of  disgrace,  or  into  dis- 
repute. 

lie  letut  lUtcrtthU  hli  IntTct*,  who  returna  tbe  same  man  \k 
went.  WoUan. 

Our  Yirtua  will  bo  often  ilitcrctiiled  wiili  ilw  ujip^Amncc  of 
evil.  Hogtr: 

3   To  deprive  of  credibility.  ShaJi. 

DIS-CRED'IT-A-BLE,  iu    Tending  to  injure  credit; 

injurious  to  reputation;   disgraceful;   disreputable. 

Blair. 
DIS-€KED'IT-A-BLY,  ado.    In  a  discreditable  man- 
ner. 
DIS-eRED'IT-ED,m).    Disbelieved;  broughtintodis- 

repute  ;  discraced. 
DIS-eKED'lT-ING,  w""-    Disbelieving;    not  trusting 

to;  depriving  of  credit ,  disgnicing. 
IiIS-CREET',  a.    [Fr.  discrct ;  Sp.  discrete  ;  IL  id. ;  L. 
trcfiw,  the  participle  assigned  to  diacerno.  dis  and 
;7i»,  but  prob:ibly  from  the  root  of  riddle,  \V.  rhidtjU, 
iioin  rhidiatr^  to  ticcrutc,  aa  screen  is  from  the  root  of 
nucrHo.  or  czccrnoj  (ir.  ^■;)(^■a),  L.  cemo ;  Gr.  SiOKjitaig. 
ClaMtf  ltd.     It  is  somctitnC3  written  discrete ;  tlie  dis- 
tinction between  ditcrect  and  discrete  is  arbitrary, 
but  perhaps  not  entirely  useless.     The  literal  i«cnsu 
is,  sc|KinUe,  reserved,  wary  ;  hence,  di^coniin^r.] 

Prudent;  wise  in  avoiding  errors  or  evil, ..  ..1  in 
selecting  the  best  means  to  accomplish  a  puri>o8e ; 
circumsiKict ;  cautious;  wary;  not  nijjh. 

It  b  th-!  d'ucrttt  man,  mH  Ihn?  uitiy.  nor  the  lcajn':d,  rfT  tho 
hriv,  wttu  guides  tlw  coiiTcmtiun,  iind  pivci  im-ivnrt»  lo 
■xlcty.  Additon. 

lyl  PlLiMoh  look  out  a  nwn  iUacrftl  nnd  wi«c.  — Gcii.  xij. 

DIS-€REET'LY,  adv.  Prudently  ;  circumspectly  ;  cau- 
tiously ;  with  nice  judgment  of  what  is  best  to  be 
done  or  omitted. 

DIS-eREET'NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  discreet ; 
ili<«rreitiin. 

DIS-€KI:P'ANCE,    \   n.     [L.    dhcrq>cudia,    tJhcrepaiu, 

DIS-CltEP'AN-(;Y,  \  from  disercpo.  lo  give  a  difl^-r- 
rnl  Kound,  to  vary,  to  jar;  dis  and  crrpo^  to  creak. 
See  CiiEriTATE.J 

Olirircnce  ;  disagreement ;  contrariety  ;  applitahle 
U>  filets  or  opinions. 

'I'Vrc  U  DO  real  ducrtparKy  between  thnc  two  gcncalogW. 

DI8-CREP'A*\T,a.    Diflerent ;  disagreeing;  contrary'. 

DIS-eRETE',  a.     [L.  discrctus.     See  Discreet.] 

1.  SejKiraic;  distinct  ;  disjunct  In  ohonolo^,  a 
ducrtic  mucementf  is  a  Imp  of  the  voice  fiom  one  line 
of  pilch  to  ani-lhcr,  ns  disttngiii^hed  from  a  concrete 
movement,  or  slide,  in  which  ilie  voice  paascs  tiirough 
all  the  intermediate  partfof  the  imisical  scale.  Rush. 
Discrete  proportion,  is  when  tile  ratio  of  two  or  more 
pairs  of  numbers  or  tinrintiiir  i  in  the  same,  but  there 
is  not  ihe  same  iirtii>orlion  between  all  the  numbers  ; 


DIS 

as,  3 :  (i : :  6:  Iti,  'A  bearing  tlio  samr^  proportion  to  0 
iLH  8  docs  tu  IG.  Hut ;{ is  not  to  G  ajGh>8.  It  UUiiu 
o[iiM»M-d  to  continued  ox  continual  proiKirtion  ;  aa 
3:0::  1-J:'JI.  '     Ihrlote. 

•a.  Disjunctive;  as,  I  rcriign  my  life,  but  nut  my 
himnr,  is  a  discrete  proposition.  Johnson. 

D1S-€RK'1'E',  r.  t.  To  bc|iarate  ;  lo  disrontinue. 
[JSTot  M.vfii.]  BrowH. 

DIS-eRE"T!ON,  (dis.krtsh'un.)  n.  [Fr.  .h«rrtiin»; 
It.  discrniune ;  i^p.  discreewn;  from  tile  L.  diseretit^ 
a  Si'iNiratlng  ;  diserrtus,  discrrno.     See  DisintET,] 

I.  Prudence,  or  knuwitdgo  and  prmbnre ;  tiii\t 
itiscrnimeiit  which  enables  u  perstm  to  jud^rc  crit- 
iuilly  of  w)i:it  is  cnirect  and  ])rii|H>r,  tiii)ii;d  with 
caution  ;  nice  disccrnineiit  and  ludgiii<-iit,  directed 
by  circunis|>ectioii,  and  priinarijy  regarding  one's 
own  conduct. 


A  gM»\  inan  —  will  ruWIo  lib  afTA\n  mlth  dtterttion. 
My  •on,  keep  vJuiMwbdoiii  and  dtserttion. 


P(uv.  111. 


S.  Liberty  or  )>ower  of  acting  without  other  cun> 
trill  than  oim's  own  Jiidginciit ;  as,  the  inanaguniont 
of  affairs  was  lell  to  the  discretion  of  the  prince  ;  he 
is  h-n  to  tits  own  diseretion.     Hence, 

To  sitrrcndrr  at  discretion,  is  to  siirrendi-r  witboQt 
stijiulnliou  or  terms,  and  commit  one's  self  entirely 
to  the  nower  of  the  conqueror. 

U.  Disjunction;  separation.      [J^ot  mucJt  used.] 

Mnlr. 

DlS-CRE"TION.A-RY, /(di.s-kresh'un-,)  a.     Ia-H  to 

1)1H-CUE"'J'I().\-AL,      ]     discretion  ;    unre.stminpd 

c.Trtpt  by  discretion  nr  judgment;  tiiat  is  lo  b-*  di- 

rcTled  or  ni:iiiage»I   by  discretion  only.    'J'Jni^,  tth- 

nresideiit  of  the  United  Slates  is,  in  certain   i\\    -, 

Invested  with  diserctionanj  iwvfcmy  U*  act  accorilitig 

to  circumstances. 

DlseKi:"T10N-A-IU-LY,  ^  ado.    At  discretion  ;  ae-  , 

DIS-€UE"TfOX-AI,-LY,     (       cording  to  discrnkm. 

I)lS.eKi:'TlVK,  H,     [See  Discreet  and  Diiciii:Tr.] 

Disjunctive;    noting  scjiamlion   or  4))i[Hwition.      hi 

lof^,  a  difcrrtirc  pr«ipusitioii   e.\prcs,scs  smiie  di-itu 

tion,  opposition,  or  variety,  by  means  of  but,  t/iouj^lt, 

yet,  fee. ;  aa,  travelers  change  their  climiite,  but  ti>  1 

their  Icinper;  Job  was  patient,  thoujrh  his  grief  w.is 

groat. 

3.  In  trrarnmar^  diserrtiee  distinctions  are  mirh  ni 
imply  opposition  ur  diflerenco  ;  as,  not  a  man,  but  a 
beast.  Johnson, 

2.  Separate  ;  disthict. 
D!S-€R!~:'TIVE-LY,  adv.    In  a  discrctlve  manner. 
DIS-eRnri\-A-HLE,n.    That  mnvbudlscriminii'l 
DIS-t'KlM  KV-ATK,  v.  u     [L.  (/i.-cnmriio,  from  i/»    n 
■men,  dilference,  distinction;  dis  and   crimnf,  drif- r- 
cntly   applied ;    coinciding  Willi    the    sense  of  Ur. 
didKruvi'i,  Kpti-M,  L.  cerno.] 

1.  To  distinguish  ;   to  obt^erve  the  differonco  be-  [ 
tween  ;  a^,  we  may  iisiinlly  discriminate  true  from 
false  modesty. 

2.  To  separate  ;  lo  select  from  others  ;  to  make  a 
distinction  between  ;  as,  in  the  last  Juiiu''n*  nl,  the 
rightCfius  will  be  discriminntrd  from  the  wit  k>  il. 

3.  'I'o  mark  with  not';3  of  difference  ;  lo  distinculah 
by  some  note  or  mark.  We  di^eriminnte  atiiniaN  by 
names,  as  nature  has  discriminated  them  Iiy  dilfm nt 
tihapes  and  liiibils. 

DIS-€MtIM'IN-ATE,  r.  i.  To  make  a  diffbrenr.  oi 
distinction ;  as,  in  the  application  of  law,  and  th^- 
punishmcnt  of  crimes,  the  judge  should  di.-,crtmiHfiU 
between  degrees  of  guilt. 

9.  To  observe  or  note  a  difference  ;  to  distinguish ; 

OS,  in  judging  of  evidence,  wc  should  be  cureAil  to 

discriminate  between  probabihty  and  slight  pretfurop- 

tion. 

DIS-eRIM'IN-ATE,  a.     Distinguished;   having    Uw 

difference  marked.  Baeon. 

DlS-eKIM'IN-A-TED,  pp.    Separated  ;  distinguished. 
DIS-€RlM'IN-ATE-LY,a//r.    Distinctly  ;  with  minute 

distinction ;  particularly.  Johnson,       1 

DIS-€R1M'IN-ATE-NESS,  «.     Distinctness;  marked  , 

difference.  Diet,      , 

DI8-eRIM'IN-.^-TlNG,p;»r.    Separating;  distinguish-  1 

inc  ;  marking  with  notes  of  dilference. 

a.  a.  Distinguishing ;   peculiar ;   characl^'rized  by  ' 
peculiar  differences  ;  as,  ihe  discriminating  doctrines 
of  the  gospel.  ] 

3.  a.  That  discriminates;  able  to  make  nice  dl«- 
tinclinns ;  as,  a  discriminating  mind.  | 

.hum.  of  Science* 
DIS-€RIM-IN-A'TION,n.    Theactof  diHlimiilvfon?: 
the  act  of  making  or  observing  a  dini-ri-i  ' 
tion  ;  as,  Ihe  disrrifnination  b..iween  rij;li" 
'2.  The  Htale  of  being  distinguislied.  > 
3.  Mark  of  distinction.  A',  t'.'i'irh.'. 

DIS-eRIM'IN-ATU'E,  a.    That  makeii  the  ninrk  of  • 
di.-tinr.lion  ;  that  constitutes  the  mark  of  difference } 
cliarartcristic  ;  as,  the  dif criminative  features  of  mtn. 
i?.  That    observes    distinction ;    aa,  discrimtHOtiec  , 

/irovidrnce.  .  More.      ' 

S-tKlM'l\-.\-TIVF^LY,«rfr.    With  discrimination 
or  (li-^tinction.  Foster. 

DIS  CKI.\riN-.\-TOR,  71.    One  who  discriminates. 
DIS-CRI.M'IN-OUS,  a.    Hazardous.     [A^t  used,] 

Harvey. 
DIS-€ROVVN',  tj.  (.    To  deprive  of  a  crown. 


FATE,  FAR,  F^yLL,  WII^T.  — M£TE,  PRfiY — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


;ti2 


DIS 


DIS 


DIS 


lHS-€ROWN'ED,  pp.    Dt-privt-d  of  :i  crown. 
Ulii-eUOWN'ING,  ppr.     Depriving  of  a  crown. 

Campbell. 
UIS-€0'III-TO-RY,  a.      [L    dtscubUorhis ;  tltscumbo ; 
dis  and  cuboj  to  lie  ilown  or  lean.] 
Leaning;  inclininjjj  or  lilttil  lo  a  leaning  posture. 

JBrmon. 
DIS-GUL'PaTE,  v.  t.    [Fr.  discuiper;  Sp.  discalpaT  j 
dis  and  L.  cidpa^  a  fault.] 

To  free  from  blame  or  fault  j  to  exculpate ;  to 
excuse. 

NeiUicr  docs  this  effect  of  tlio  imicpcin-lcnce  of  nations  lUsculpale 
liic  cuUior  of  an  unjitst  war.  Trans,  of  Vatiel. 

DIS-eULTA-TED,  pp.  Cleared  from  blame  j  excul- 
pntcd. 

UIS-eUL'PA-TlNG,  ppr.  Freeing  from  blame  j  ex- 
cusing. 

DIS-€UL-PA'Troy,  w.    Exculpation. 

DIS-eUL'PA-TO-ItV,  a.    Tcndiii?  to  exculpate. 

DIS-eU31'BEN-CV,  n.    [L.  discunibe7ts.    See  Disoudi- 

TORY.] 

The  act  of  leaning  at  meat,  according  to  tiie  man- 
ner of  the  ancients.  Bn>wn. 

DIS-eUM'BEK,  V.  t,  [dij  and  cimbcr.'\  To  unbur- 
den ;  to  throw  oflf  any  tiling  cumbersome  j  to  disen- 
gage from  any  troublesome  wt-ight,  or  impediment ; 
to  disencumber.     \Thc  latter  is  generally  used.]  Pope. 

DIS-€uRE',  V.  t.    'lo  discover  j  to  reveal.     [JVyf  u^ed.] 

Spenser. 

DIS-CUTl'RENT,a.    Not  cm-rent.    [JVot  tised.]  Sandys. 

DlS-t/'LJU'SION,  7(.      [L.  discurro ;   dis  and  curro^  to 
run.] 
A  running  or  rambling  abont.  Bailey. 

DIS-€UR'SIST,  jt.  [Sec  Uiscoukse.]  A  disputer. 
[JiTot  in  Kse.]  L.  .Addison. 

DI^-CUR'SIVE,  a.  [Sp.  disciLrsivOf  from  L.  discurro, 
supra.] 
1.  Moving  ov  roving  about ;  desultory.  Bacon. 
9.  .'Vrgumenl:itive ;  reasoning;  proceeding  regularly 
from  premises  to  consequences ;  sometimes  written 
DiscouRsivE.  VVJjether  brutes  iiave  a  kind  of  dis- 
cursive faculty.  Hale. 

1>IS-€UR'.S1VE-LY,  adv.  In  n  discursive  manner; 
arsumenlatively.  IMc 

DlS-~eUR'SlVE-NESS,  rt  The  state  or  quality  of 
being  discursive.  Barrow. 

DIS-€irR'SO-RY,  a.     Argimiental ;  rational.    Johnson. 

DlSe'US,  n.     [L.     See  Eng.  Dish  and  Disk.] 

1.  A  quoit ;  a  piece  of  iron,  coppt^r,  or  stone,  to  be 
thrown  in  play  ;  used  by  the  ancients. 

2.  In  botany,  the  middle,  plain  part  of  a  radiated 
compound  flower,  generally  consisting  of  small 
florets,  with  a  hollow,  regular  petal,  as  in  tlie  mari- 
gold and  daisy.  Bailey.     Enajc. 

3.  The  face  or  surface  of  the  sun  or  moon.  [See 
Disk.] 

DIS-CUSS',  V.  t.  [L.  discutio,  discxissum;  dis  and 
quntio ;  Fr.  discuter ;  Sp.  discutir.  Quaito  may  be 
allied  to  quassoj  and  to  cjiiJo  and  aedo,  to  strike.  See 
Class  Gs,  No.  17,  28,  C8,  79,  and  Class  Gd,  No.  38, 
40,  7G.] 

Lih'ralhj,  to  drive ;  to  beat  or  to  shake  in  pieces ; 
to  separate  into  parts. 

1.  To  disperse ;  to  scatter ;  to  dissolve ;  to  repel  j 
as,  to  discuss  a  tumor ;  a  medical  2tse  oftJte  word. 

2.  To  debate ;  to  agitate  by  argument ;  to  clear  of 
objections  and  difficulties,  with  a  view  to  find  or 
illustrate  truth ;  to  sift;  to  examine  by  disputation; 
to  ventilate;  to  reason  on,  for  the  purpose  of  sepa- 
ratin;^  truth  from  falsehood.  We  discuss  a  subject,  a 
point,  a  problem,  a  question,  the  propriety,  expedi- 
ence, or  justice,  of  a  measure,  &c. 

3.  To  break  in  pieces.  Brown. 
■L  To  shake  off.     [J^ot  in  tise.]                   Spenser. 

5.  The  primary  sense  of  the  word  is  heard  in  the 
colloquial  phrases,  to  discuss  a  fcwl,  lo  disciiss  a  haUlc 
of  trine. 

DlS-eUSS'ED,  (dis-kust',)  pp.  Dispersed  ;  dissipated  ; 
debated  ;  agitated  ;  argued. 

DfS-CUSS'ER,  71.  One  who  discusses  ;  one  who  sifts 
or  examines. 

DIS-CUSS'ING,  ppr.  Dispersing;  resolving;  scatter- 
ing; debating;  agitating;  examining  by  argument. 

DIS-CUSS'ING,  71.    Discussion  ;  examination. 

DIS-CLJS^SION,  (dis-kush'un,)  n.  In  swrgery^  reso- 
lution ;  the  dispersion  of  a  tumor  or  any  coagulated 
matter.  Coze.     Wiseman. 

2.  Debate :  disquisition  ;  the  agitation  of  a  point 
or  subject  with  a  view  to  elicit  truth  ;  the  treating  of 
a  subject  by  argument,  to  clear  it  of  difficulties,  and 
separate  truth  from  falsehood. 

DIS-€USS''IVE,  a.  Having  the  power  to  discuss,  re- 
solve, or  disperse,  tumors  or  coagulated  matter. 

DIS-€USS'IVE,  n.  A  medicine  that  discusses;  a  dis- 
culient. 

DIS-eO'TlE?n',  (dis-ku'shent,)  a.     [L.  discviaens.] 
Discussing;  dispersing  morbid  matter. 

DIS-CO'TIENT,  n.  A  medicine  or  application  which 
disperses  a  tumor  or  any  coagulated  fluid  in  the 
body  ;  sometimes  it  is  equivalent  to  carvdnative. 

Coze. 

DIS-DaIN',  v.  t.  [Fr.  dedat/pirr ;  Sp.  dcsdcnar  ;  It. 
sdegiiare;  Port.  dcsdenJiar;  L.  dedignor;  dc,  disy  and 


digTwr^  to  think  worthy;  dignus,  worthy.    Sec  Dig- 
HiTy.] 

To  think  unworthy;  to  deem  worthless;  lo  con- 
sider to  be  unworthy  of  notice,  care,  regard,  esteem, 
or  unworthy  of  one's  character;  to  scorn  ;  to  con- 
temn. 'J'lie  man  of  elevated  mind  disdains  a  mean 
action  ;  he  disdains  the  society  of  [)ronigale,  worth- 
less men  ;  he  disdains  lo  corrupt  the  innocent,  or  in- 
sult the  weak ;  Goliath  disdained  David 

Whoso  f.itliors  I  would  Imvc  diedmiied  lo  set  with  tlic  doja  of 
my  liock. —  Job  xxx, 

DIS-DaIN',  71.  Contempt ;  scorn  ;  a  passion  excited 
in  noble  minds  by  the  hatred  or  detestation  of  what 
is  mean  and  dishonorabbt,  and  implying  a  conscious- 
ness of  superiority  of  mind,  or  a  supposed  superior- 
ity. In  itrnoble  mintts,  disdain  limy  spring  from  un- 
warrantable pride  or  haughtiness,  and  be  directed 
toward  objects  of  worth.  It  implies  hatred,  and 
sometimes  anger. 

How  ray  soul  is  movetl  with  Just  dindatn  !  Pope. 

YilS-l)AlN'ED,]fp.    Despised;  contemned;  scorned. 
DIS-DaIN'FIJL,  a.     Full   of  disdain  ;  as,  disdainful 
soul. 

2.  Expressing  disdain  ;  as,  a  disdainful  look. 

3.  Contemptuous  J  scornful;  haughty;  indignant. 

Hooker.     Dnjdcn. 

DIS-DaIN'FIJL-LY,  ado.  Contemptuously  ;  with 
scorn  ;   in  a  haughty  manner.  Soutli. 

DIS-DaIN'FUI^NESS,  71.  Contempt;  contemptnous- 
ncss  ;  hauiihty  scorn.  Sidney. 

DIS-DaIN'ING, 7j;)r.    Contemning;  scornmg. 

DIS-DaIN'ING,  h.     Contempt;  scorn. 

DIS-DI-A-Pa'SON,  I  n.     [See  Diapason.]     In  tmunc, 

BIS-DI-A-Pa'SON,  j  a  scale  of  two  octaves,  or  a 
tifteenth.  Brande. 

DIS-eASE',  (diz-eze',)  n.  [dis  and  case.]  In  its  pri- 
mary sense,  pain,  uneasiness,  distress,  ajid  so  used  by 
Spenser;  but  in  this  sense,  obsolete. 

2.  Any  deviation  from  iieallh  in  function  or  slruq- 
turc ;  the  cause  of  pain  or  uneasiness;  distemper; 
malady;  sickness;  disorder;  any  state  of  a  living 
body  in  which  the  natural  ftmctions  of  the  orsaiis 
are  intenupted  or  disturbed,  either  by  defective  or 
preternatural  action,  without  a  disrupture  of  parts  by 
violence,  which  is  called  a  wound.  The  first  effect 
of  disease  is  uneasiness  or  pain,  and  the  nltimale 
effect  is  death.  A  disease  may  affect  the  whole  body, 
or  a  particular  Imib  or  part  of  the  body.    We  say, 

"  a  diseased  limb;  a  disease  in  the  head  "or  stomach; 
and  such  partial  affection  of  the  body  is  called  a  local 
or  topical  disease.  The  word  is  also  applied  to  the 
disorders  of  other  animals,  as  well  as  to  those  of 
man  ;  and  to  any  derangement  of  the  vegetative 
functions  of  plants. 

The  shrifts  of  disease  shoot  across  our  patli  in  Buch  a  variety  of 
courses,  that  the  atmosphere  of  huiiiaa  lifo  is  darkened  Liy 
their  number,  and  Ih';  cstapa  of  an  individual  becomes 
ahiiost  miraculous.  BadrninsUr, 

3.  A  disordered  state  of  the  mind  or  intellect,  by 
which  the  reason  is  impaired. 

4.  In  society^  vice  ;  corrupt  state  of  morals.  Vices 
are  called  moral  diseases. 

A  wise  mail  converses  wiUi  the  wicked,  na  a  pliysiciaii  with  the 
sick,  not  lo  catch  the  disease,  but  to  ciu-e  lU 

Masint  of  AnlisOienes. 

5.  Political  or  civil  disorder,  or  vices  in  a  state; 
any  practice  which  tends  to  disturb  the  peace  of  so- 
ciety, or  impede  or  prevent  the  regular  administration 
of  govemment. 

The  insLibility,  injustice,  and  confusion  introduced  iiHo  the  pubUc 
councils  have,  in  truth,  becD  (he  mortal  diseases  rinder 
wliicli  popular  gxjvernm'jnts  hafc  every  when*  perished. 

Federalist,  Madison. 

DIS-kASE',  (diz-eze')  v.  t.  To  interrupt  or  impair  any 
or  all  the  natiual  and  regular  functions  of  the  severiil 
organs  of  a  living  body;  to  atHict  with  pain  or  sick- 
ness ;  to  make  morbid  ;  used  chiefly  in  the  passive 
participle  ;  as,  a  diseased  body,  a  diseased  stomach ; 
but  diseased  may  here  be  considered  as  an  adjective. 

2.  To  inteiTupt  or  render  imperfect  tlic  regular 
functions  of  the  brain,  or  of  the  intellect ;  to  disor- 
der ;  to  derange.  [gion. 

3.  To  infect ;  to  communicate  disease  to  by  conta- 
4^  To  pain  ;  to  make  uneasy.  Locke. 

DIS-EAS'-ED,  (diz-ezd',)  pp.  or  a.  Disordered ;  dis- 
tempered ;  sicK. 

DIS-kAS'E'D-NESS,  (diz-Sz'ed-ness,)  n.  The  slate  of 
bi'iug  disL'a:>cd;  a  morbid  slate;  sickness.   Burnet. 

DIS-EASE'FUL,  (diz-eze'ful,)  a.  Abounding  with  dis- 
ease ;  producing  diseases  ;  as,  a  discaseful  climate. 
2.  Occasioning  uneasiness. 

DIS-kASE'MENT,  (diz-cze'mcnt,)  n.  Uneasiness  ; 
inconvenience.  Bacon. 

DIS-eAS'ING,  ppr.    Disordering ;  infecting. 

DIS-ED(y£D,  a.  [dis  and  edge]    Blunted ;  made  dull. 

Sluik. 

DIS-EM-BaRK',  v.  t.  [dis  and  embark ^  Fr.  desembar- 
qucr.] 

To  land  ;  to  debark  ;  to  remove  from  on  board  a 
ship  to  the  land  ;  to  put  on  shore  ;  applied  particularly 
to  Vie  Uin'!in<T  of  troops  and  mHitary  apparatus;  as,  the 
general  disembarked  the  troops  at  sunrise. 

DIS-EM-BXRK',  v.  i.    To  land  ;  to  debark  ;  to  quit  a 


ship  for  residence  or  action  on  shore;  as,  the  light 

infantry  and  cavalry  disembarked^  and  marched  to 

mi-et  the  enemy. 
niS-E.M-BAKK-i^'TION,  n.    Thcact  of  disembarking. 
D|S-EM-BAUIv'/:i),C-cm-birkt',)/ii7.    Landed;  puton 

yhore. 
DIS-E-M-luntC'INO,  ppr.    Landing;  removing  from 

on  board  a  sjjip  to  land. 
Dia-EM-BAU'RASS,  v.  t.     [dii  and  emharrais.]    To 

free  from  embarroiisment  or  perplexity ;  lo  clear ;  to 

extricate.  Mason. 

DLS-EM-IJAR^RASS-r^TD,  (dis-cm-bar'ra«l,)  vp-    Freed 

from  embarrassinenl ;  extricated  from  diliicuUv. 
DIS-E.M-BAR'RASS-ING,;v>r.    Freeing  from  e'mbar- 

nissnicnt  or  j)'irplexily  ;  extricating. 
DIS-r:.M  BAR'RASS-MENT,  n.  The  act  of  extricatiDg 

from  perplexity. 
DI.^-EM-IiAY',  V.  t.    To  c.ear  from  a  bay.    Slicrburne. 
DIS-1:,M-HaY'AI>,p;».     cleared  from  a  bay. 
DIS-EM-Ba  V'ING,  ppr.    Clearing  from  a  bay. 
DIS-EM-BEL'LISH,  v.  t.    To  deprive  of  tnibcllish- 

ment. 
DIS-EM-BRI/LISII-J2D,  (-em-bel'lislil,);;;».    Deprived 

of  einbellishmenl. 
DIS-En-BlT'TER,  r.  U    [dis  and  embiOer.]    To  free 

from  bittrmess  ;  to  clear  from  acrimony ;  lo  render 

sweet  or  plensant.  Addison. 

DIS-E.M  BIT'TER  £D,p;7.     Freed  from  bitterness. 
DIS-EM-lIOlJ'I-^-D,  ^-em-bod'id,)  a.     [dis  ^\A  embod- 
ied.]    Divested  of  the  body  ;    as,  disembodied  spirits 

or  souls. 
2.  Separated  ;  discharged  from  keeping  in  a  body. 
J\Iilitui  j?r£,  Geo.  HI. 
DTS-RAnJOD'Y,  V.  t.    To  divest  of  body  :  to  free  from 

flesh. 
9.  'I'o  discharge  iVom  mlliUiry  array. 
DIS-EiM-BOD'Y-lNC,  ppr.     DivesUng  of  Iiody. 
DIS-EM-BoG  U  E',  (dis-em-bog',)  v.  L   [dis  and  the  root 

of  Fr.  houche,  mouth.  The  French  h:i3  emboueher^nA 

debouqncr.     Sp.  boca,  mouth,  Port,  id..  It  bocca.     See 

Voice.] 
To  pour  out  or  discharge  at  the  mouth,  as  a  stream ; 

to  Vent ;  lo  discharge  into  the  ocean  or  a  lake. 

Roiling  down,  •Ii'r  st'>!p  Ttnirvriis  ravps, 
And  Uu-ougTv  nine  ch.inn-  Ij  (Juewfrojiic*  hU  v.mv.s,    Athl'uon. 

DIS-EM-B6GUE',  v.  i.    To  flow  out  at  the  mouth,  as 

a  river  ;  to  discharge  waters  into  the  ocean  or  into  a 

lake.    Innumerabie  rivers  disembogue  into  the  ocean. 
2.  To  pass  out  of  a  gulf  or  bay. 
DIS-EI\I-BoGU'£D,  (-em-bogd',)  pp.    Discharged  at 

the  mouth  of  a  river. 
DIS-E^IBoGUE'MENT,  n.    Discharge  of  waters  into 

the  ocean  or  a  lake.  Mease. 

DIS  E.M-BO'SOM,  V.  t    To  separate  from  the  bosom. 

Young. 
DIS-E.M-BO'SOiM-ED,pi).    Separated  from  the  bo?om. 
DIS-E.M-BOW'EL,  r.  t.     [dis  and  emboiecL]     To  take 

out  the  bowels  ;  lo  take  or  draw  from  the  bowels,  as 

the  web  of  a  spider. 
DIS-EM-BOW'EL-£D,  pp.  or  a.  Taken  or  drawn  from 

the  bowels. 

Disemboweled  wrh.  Philips. 

DIS-EM-BO^V'EL-ING,  ppr.  Taking  or  drawing  from 
the  bowels. 

DIS-EM-BOW'ER-SD,  a.  Removed  from  a  bower,  or 
deprived  of  a  bower.  Brita}tt. 

DIS-E.M-BRAN"GLE,  (-em-brang'gl,)  v.  L  To  free 
from  litigation.     [JVoi  vsetl.] 

DIS-EM-BROIL',  ».  (.  [dis  and  embroil.]  To  disen- 
tangle; lo  free  from  perplexity;  to  extricate  from 
con  f u  s  ion.  Dryden.    Addison. 

DIS-E.M-BROIL'-ED,  pp.  Disentangled  ;  cleared  from 
perplexity  or  confusion. 

DIS-E.M-BROIL'ING,  ppr.  Disentangling  ;  freeing 
from  confusion. 

DIS-EM-PLOV'ED,  a.    Thrown  out  of  emplovraent. 

DIS-EN-A'BLE.  V.  t.  [dis  and  enable]  To  deprive  of 
power,  natural  or  moral ;  to  disable ;  lo  deprive  of 
ability  or  means.  A  man  may  be  disenabled  to  walk 
by  lameness  ;  and  by  poverty  he  is  disenabled  to  sup- 
port his  family. 

DIS-EN-A'BL£D,  pp.  Deprived  of  power,  ability,  or 
means. 

DIS-EN-a'BLING,  ppr.  Depriving  of  power,  ability, 
or  means. 

DIS-EN-CHANT',  v.  L  [dis  and  cncJiant.]  To  free 
from  enchantment ;  lo  deliver  from  the  power  of 
charms  or  spells. 

Haste  to  thy  work ;  a  noble  stroke  or  two 

Ends  all  the  charms,  aiid  disenckanti  the  grov?.        Dryden. 

DIS-EN-CHANT'ED,  pp.  Delivered  from  enchant- 
ment or  the  power  of  charms. 

DIS-EN-CHaNT'ER,  n.  He  or  Uiat  which  disen- 
chants. 

DIS-EN-CirXNT'ING,  ;»;►'*•  Freeing  from  enchant- 
ment or  the  influence  of  chanus. 

DIS-EN-CHANT'.>rENT,  n.    Act  of  disenchanting. 

DIS-EN-eUM'BER,  r.  f,  [rfw  and  rrifHrwifr.]  To  free 
from  encumbrance  ;  to  deliver  from  clogs  and  unped- 
iinents  ;  to  disburden  ;  as,  lo  disnicumber  troops  of 
their  baggage  ;  to  disencumber  the  soul  of  its  bo<tj-  of 
clay  ;  to  Tlisencumbcr  the  niiud  of  its  cares  and  griefs. 
2.  To  free  from  any  obstruction  ;  to  free  from  any 


TONE,  BULL,  TINITE.  —  AN^GER,  VI"CIOUS.— €  as  K ;  6  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  TIUS. 


DIS 


<  >  WL-aii  ;  aSf  to  ilisrn' 

1  t'.'irtlily  piirKtiitH. 

.'iiiMi.iii.U  ilir  mini) 

'1-  iiiiiiil 

illCS'll. 

nr    nbli- 

iil :  n-4. 

ll\W 

ii];irTUlgC 

thins   hravjr  of   onnrcciBCTfy  ;    as,  a  dufncmmhtrtd 

i:  KD,  ff,  or  0.     Freed  fruiu  rucuiii- 

u  ING,  ^r.     Freeing  from  cncum- 

j  '-t'nilANCE,  n.     Fn^fdom  or  ilelivcmiicc 

[  titbnuicr,  or  ally  tiling  burdt-naointi  urtruub- 

I  K-iij.!i!..                                                                   Spr€tati/r. 

,  j  lilS-EN-GAfiK',  r.  (.    [du  and  myayr.]    To  *cpnnitp, 

)l  aj  n  -Mti-tt^mcr  fViim  any  thin?  with  whir h  »  !■  in 

I  ufii                                                                .   as,  lo  durn- 

t .     _,  -  .        .J    -    -    -     .  —^  iiTMn*. 

2l  Totcparate  from  that  to  which  one  ailhrrcs,  or 

U  r-!'  •■  '■  -t     "  '■■  ■' '■'   '  n  ir.  .r.  I'r. .(n  a  pciity. 

:i  lour  from  im- 

pc'i  .  a4|  to  tiiirtt' 


fft 


titu  nit-n  \* 

lad*  *^  .'i  ■ 

1.  '  Jjtiinl  duenira'red  properly  implicn 

prjv  ^  „  n1,  and  U  not  to  bo  confoundt'd 

witli  uueu^'u^tU,  which  (loc«  not  nhvnys  imply  priur 
rnipst^nirnt.    This  distinction  is  sometimc!i«;arc-Ie^- 

ly  u\     rl  ...k.,1. 

DIt!  :  '   ■ :-.    P(i»nmli(l ;  dflocbcd  ;  set  free  ; 

ri-l<  I  ;  (li'4('nt:iii;:lc(l. 

■,'  l.'-ini;  :■.[  jiisiirc  ;  not  pnrticulnrly 

nccuitu  4  ;  u.-:  having  the  nltcntlon  confined  to  a  pnr- 

tlcutnr  objecL     [  Tim  icord  is  thuj  iised  by  mistake  for 

(f^c  -(1. 1    1  i,  rn  f  fti^a^fd.] 
DI5-i  '  ^KS.s,  H.    The  qunlity  or  statn  of 

b«ii  i  .  frrcdom  from  connection  j  ilis- 

iiiontion.  [junction. 

DIP  K.\  t.Aui:  MEN  r,  B.    Asctting  free ;  Sfparaiion ; 

citrication. 

It    b   ruj  U   rnwlrf   \hi»  diKftgagrment  oC  caloric  ami  li^bl 
■TUknt  ta  Uw  tnur*.  LatoUUr. 

0.  Th*"  uri  nf  wpamtinK  or  dulachlng. 

;'.  '  '    -  r  rebxtc  from  obligntion. 

1  I  atiintion  ;  rncnncy  ;  leisure. 

Dl?  1  ypr.    Hcprimtlng  ;  loosin;* ;  setting 

(tr  librnting;  rulea^ing  from  obliga- 

/  -hmcru.     i^ec  Eso\oisc.         [tion. 

DIf  '  .  U    To  dtpnvc  of  title,  or  or  thai 

will"  II  •  Jill-. Ill-  ■..  Ouardiait, 

niH-E.\-.NO'HI./-:D,  pp.    Deprived  of  Ulle»  or  of  thai 

which  t-nnoblt'*. 
DIfJ-KN-UnM/,  r.  i.    To  cnwc  from  n  roll  or  list. 
I>IS  KN-K^LL'/:!),  pp.     Errwed  from  n  roll.      [Donne. 
rH^'-EN-ROIX'I.NG,  ppr.     Erasing  from  a  roll  or  list. 
niS-EN-'^L^  VE'.  p.  r.     To  free  fn.m  bondage.    SoatA. 
DIS-EN-TA.\"GLE,(-*n-lnnc'cl,)  r.  L  [r/u  and  rntan- 
flf.]    To  tinravi-1 :  toiinfuld  ;  to  untwist ;  to  loose, 
srpantr.or  di-^connecl  Ihinp*  which  arc  interwoven, 
or  united  without  order;    as,  toditentangU  network  ; 
to  diarntan^le  a  itkein  of  yarn. 

2.  To  free  ;  to  extricate  from  perplexity  ;  to  dit^en- 
paffc  from  conipliratcti  concerns  ;  to  set  free  from  iin- 
)irdiinrnt'4  or  diiricultie.t ;  nx,  lo  di^en^anffU.  one's  <H:lf 
ffMiii  fii.t,. ..  t-..,ti  political  airairs^or  from  tliecart-:! 
at  r  life. 

;  to  m^porate. 

I'l^  ' '-.KI),{-en-iang'gld,)pp.    Freed  from 

rnUbitlriurnl ;  extricated. 

DI^EN-TA.S"GLE-MENT,  n.  The  act  of  discntan- 
fhnr.  fyarton. 

DI:*-EN-TAN"GMXG,  ppr.  Frccii»g  from  entangle- 
ment ;  I'ttncaltni!. 

U\i^y.\  UK  .     >.r  DiiiSTKiL 

I*!?*  ■  See  Di9i?rTMRALU 

Dl.-^  :  .  p.  (.     [du  and  enlAronf.]     To  do- 

ihr  ■    from  sovereign  authority  ;  as,  to 

dunu,ir^Ki  .*  k.tiK.  Mdton, 

DI8-E.S-TIIRf>.\'f;D,  r?'    Deposed  ;  deprived  of  sov- 

rrriTH  ;»\\  >  r. 

DIM  ■  1\G,  ppr.     Deposing;  depriving  of 


Dl.-^  I 
DIH  1 
Dl.-i  I 


' .  L    To  deprive  of  title.      SotOh. 
'.  pp.     I>rpnvrd  of  title. 
.   r.   f.      [du    and   entmnctJ]     To 
iicc,  or  from  deep  sleep  ;  toarouHO 
ff'  Jiudibnu, 

ffi  ■  Pi  or  Tvxrry. 

DK«  (  MK    {-^-ntrinst',)  pp.    Awakened 

DIi*-E.\  IHa.Nl  L\0,fpr.    Arousing  from  a  trance, 

sleep,  orrrvrrj-. 
DItcflttT',  a.     f  U  dutriu.*.]     Eloquent. 
DIS-Ed  POL'S E',  r.  L    frfu  and    tjpcxLse.]     To  sep- 
arate oAcr  espousal  or  plighted  tHlth  ;  to  divorce. 

DT3-E5-P0t'»'KD,  pf.    »cpamicd  after  cspo-i 
leased  from  obligation  to  marry. 


DIS 

DtS-BS-roUS'lNG,  ppr.  Separating  aAcr  plighted 
fhlth. 

DI.SES-TAU'I.ISII,  r.  L  To  remove  from  cstnblixh- 
mrnt. 

DIS-t-STEEM',  B.  [d'u  and  eMetm,]  Want  of  es- 
teem;  (ilichl  diKliko;  disregard.  It  expres.-tejt  less 
than  hntrfd  nr  contempt.  iMtke, 

Dlt*-ES-TEEM',  r.  f.  To  dislike  in  a  modi-nite  de- 
gree; to  CMiisider  with  disregard,  dlsajiprobation, 
ditdike,  (<r  sliglit  conteinpt ;  tu  t^ll|;ht. 

Dul  If  Utii  ucnr<J  gj\  j'oj  ditttUtin,  DtnSam. 

DL^-E.S-TEEM'/:D.p;».     Di«liked  ;  slighted. 
DIH-ES.'rEEM'ING,p;n'.    Disliking;  sliBhting. 
DI[*-ES  TI-MA'TION,ii.     Disesleem  ;  bad  re|Kito. 
DIS-EX'EK-CUE,  V.  L    To  deprive  of  exercise.    [A 

bed  icord.]  Mdton. 

DItJ-FA\'t;Y,  r.  t.    To  dislike.    [JVkI  used.] 

Jtamtnond. 
DIS-F.\'VOR,   II.     [t/w  and  faror.]      Dislike;    slight 

displeasure;   discountenance;  unfavorable  regard; 

disc.^leem  ;  a-i,  the  conduct  of  the  minister  incurred 

the  dL</ucvr  of  hlH  ttovereign. 

2.  A  state  of  unacceptablencss ;  a  state  In  which 
one  is  not  esteemed  or  favon'd,  or  not  [latroni/ed, 
promoted,  or  bifrieiidcd  ;  ns,  to  be  in  disfapor  at 
court. 

3.  An  ill  or  disobliging  net ;  a^,  no  gciioruufi  man 
will  do  n  di^/aror  to  the  meanest  of  his  species. 

DIS-J'A'VOU,  r.  t.  To  di?iC(»untcnancc  ;  to  witlidmu' 
or  withhold  from  one,  kindne??),  friendship,  or  hup- 
|K»rt ;  to  check  or  oppose  by  di.xapprubiUion  ;  ns,  let 
the  man  be  countenanced  or  duifncorcd^  according  to 
his  merits. 

DIS-FA'VOR-ED,  pp.  Discountenanced;  not  fa- 
vored. 

DIS-FA'VOR-ER,  n.    One  who  discountenances. 

DIS-FA'VOR-ING,  ppr.    Discountenancing.     [Bacoiu 

DIS-FEA'TPRE,  (feel'yur,)  r.  (.  To  deprive  of  fea* 
turi's ;  to  disficiire. 

DIS-FIG-I^-RA'TIOX,  n.  [See  Diskioure.]  The 
act  of  diatiguringj  or  marring  external  form. 

2.  'I'he  stale  ol  being  disligurcd ;  some  degree  of 
defonniiy. 

DIS-FIG'UUE,  (-fifi'yur,)  r.  t  [dis  and  figure.}  To 
change  to  a  worse  form  ;  to  mar  external  figure  ;  tu 
im[)air  sha]ie  or  form,  and  render  it  IcntS  perfect  and 
beautiful ;  as,  the  loss  of  a  limb  diiji<rurej  the  body. 
2.  To  mar;  to  impair;  to  injure  beauty,  symmetry, 
or  excellence. 

DIS-FIG'l^R-A'D,  (dis-fig'yurd,)  pp.  or  a.  Changed  to 
a  worse  fonn  ;  inipaircd  in  funn  or  appearance. 

DIS-FIG'^RE-.MENT,  n.  Change  of  external  fonn 
to  the  worse  ;  defacement  of  beauty. 

MtUon.     Suckling. 

DIS-FIG'lJR-Ett,  (-fig'yur-cr,)  ji.  One  who  disfig- 
ures. 

DIS-FIG'IJR-ING,  p;>r.  Injuring  the  form  or  shape  ; 
impairing  the  beauty  of  furrii. 

Dia-I'OR'EST.    See  Disavfobest. 

DIS-FUA.N'UIIISE,  (-chiz,)  c.  U  \dia  unA  franchhe.] 
To  deprive  of  the  rights  and  privileges  of  a  free  citi- 
zen ;  to  deprive  of  chartered  rights  and  immunities; 
to  deprive  of  any  franchise,  as  of  the  right  of  voting 
in  electiuns,  &c.  BhcJistone. 

DIS-FRAX'CHI8-iCD,  (dis-fran'chizd,)  pp.  or  a.  De- 
prived of  the  right.s  and  privileges  of  a  free  citizen, 
or  of  snme  particular  franchise. 

DKS-FRAX'CHrSE-.MEXT,  (di?-fmn'iliiz-mcnt,)  7f. 
The  act  of  disfranchising,  or  depriving  of  the  privi- 
leges of  a  free  citizen,  or  of  some  particular  immu- 
nity. 

DIS-FRA.\'Cni3-ING,  ppr.  Depriving  of  Uie  privi- 
leges of  a  free  citizen,  or  of  some  particular  immu- 
nity. 

DIS-FRI'ARj  r.  (.  [dw and /ridr.]  To  deprive  of  the 
slate  of  a  Iriar.     [A'ot  uscA.]  Sandijs. 

DitvFLJR'MSU,  r.  £.  [r/w  and  /umuA.]  To  deprive 
of  furniture;  tu  strip  of  apparatus,  habiliments,  or 
equipage.  S/uik.     Knolles. 

DIS-FLJU'NISH-£D,  (-fur'nisht,)  pp.  Deprived  of 
furniture  ;  stripped  of  apparaltis. 

DIS-FL'R'XISH-ING,  ppr.  Depriving  of  furaituro  or 
npparttuM. 

DIS-G  AL'LAXT,  p.  L  To  deprive  of  gallantrj'.  [Xut 
iLf>rJ.]  B.  Jonson. 

DIS-GAH'XISII,  c.  U  [(/wand  garnish,]  To  divest 
of  garniture  or  omamcnl.?. 

2.  To  deprive  of  a  garrison,  guns,  and  military  ap- 
paratus ;  to  dcgarnlsh. 

DlS-GAR'Ul-SOX,  V.  t.    To  deprive  of  a  garrison. 

JleieijU 

DIS-GAR'RNSO.\-KD.  pp.    Deprived  of  a  garrison. 

DIS-GAR'RISOX-IXG.ppr.    Deprived  of  a  garrison. 

DI.S-GAV'EL,  r.  t  [t^ce  Gavelkind.]  To  take 
away  the  tenure  of  gavelkind.  Blackstone. 

DIS-GAV'EL-iD,  pp.  Deprived  of  the  tenure  by 
gavelkind. 

DIS-GAV'EI*-IXG,  ppr.  Taking  away  tenure  by 
gavelkind.  Blackstone, 

Dl!*-GLr>'RI-F?,  r.  u     [di.<  and  glorify.]    To  deprive 
iS  glorj- ;  to  treat  with  indignity.    The  particlpledi*- 
'■•r^ed  is  used   by  Milton;  but  the  word  is  little 
■  d. 


DIS 

DIS-t;i)ROE',  (disgnrj'.)  V.  L  [Vx.dtgorgen  de^du^ 
iind  gorgf,  the  lliroal.J 

1.  To  eject  or  discharge  fVom  the  stomach,  throat, 
or  mmith  ;  to  vomiL 

'2.  To  throw  out  with  violence  ;  to  dlscliargo  vio- 
lently or  Id  great  quantities  from  a  contlncd  place. 
Thu-*,  voIcuiuH'S  are  said  to  diigon^t  sireani^  of  burn- 
ing lava,  ashes,  and  stones.  MiltonV  inf<riiul  riven 
di.iLfiTge  their  streams  into  a  burning  lake. 

'S.  Fiif.  To  yield  up  or  give  back  what  had  bMn 
seized  u|>on  as  one's  own  ;  as,  to  di<j;ori;c  his  III- 
gulten  gains. 

D1S-G0K(^'/:D,  pp.  Ejected;  discharged  from  the 
stdiuacli  or  moulti ;  thrown  out  with  violence  ond  in 
great  nuaniiiies. 

DIS  GURGE'MEXT,  (dis-gorj'men!,;  ».  'Jlie  act  of 
dip'gorgiiig  ;  a  vomiting.  Ilatt 

DI^GURG'IXG,  ppr.  DUcharging  from  the  thniat 
or  mouth  ;  vomiting;  ejecting  with  violence  nnd  In 
great  tpiantities. 

Dltf-GOS'PEL,  r.  i.  [duanil  gosjiel.]  To  differ  from 
the  precepts  of  the  gospel.      [Avt  lurd.]       .^tilUm. 

DISGRACE',  II.     [dij  and  grdce.]     A  stale  of  being 
out  of  favor;  disfavor;  diseslcem  ;  as,  the  minister 
retired  from  court  in  ditgrace. 
a.  tftnte  of  ignominy  ;  dishonor,  shame. 

3.  Cause  of  slinme ;  as,  to  turn  the  bucK  to  tlie 
enemy  is  a  foul  disgrace ;  every  vice  is  a  dugracc  to 
a  rational  being. 

4.  Act  of  unkindne^.     [AVt  lued.]  Sidney. 
DIS-GRACE',  t.  t.    To  put  out  of  favor ;  as,  the  min- 
ister was  disgraced. 

5.  'J'o  bring  a  reproach  on;  to  dishonor;  as  an 
agrnl.  Men  are  apt  to  take  pleasure  in  disgracing  an 
enemy  and  his  performances. 

3.  To  bring  to  shame  ;  to  dishonor  ;  to  sink  in  es- 
timation ;  as  a  catusc ;  as,  men  o(U-n  boost  of  uclioni 
which  dis^rract  lliem. 

DIS-GRaC'/JD,  (dis-grast',)  pp.  or  a.  Put  out  of  ftivofj 
brought  under  re|>roach  ;  dishonored. 

DI3-GKACE'F[JL,  a.  Shameful;  reproachful;  riU- 
hononible ;  procuring  shame ;  sinUing  reputation. 
Cowardice  is  disgraceful  to  a  soldier.  InteiniM-ranoe 
and  profanctiess  ore  disgracrfid  to  a  man,  Imi  more 
disgraceful  to  a  woman. 

DIS-GUACE'FIJL-LY,  adv.    With  disgrace. 

Tlic  tcnnlo  have  c-'ut  you  furtli  diigrxu^xiUy.  B.  /onion. 

2.  Shamefully  ;  reproachfully  ;  ignominiously  ;  in 
n  disgraceful  manner;  as,  the  troops  ihii  di^graci- 
fnllM. 

DIS-GRACE'F(JL-NESS,  n.  Ignominy  ;  shameful- 
ness. 

DIS-GKA'CER,  n.  One  who  disgraces;  one  who  ex- 
poses to  disgrace ;  one  w  ho  brings  into  disgrace, 
shame,  or  contcmpL 

DIS-GRA'CIXG,  ppr.  Bringing  reproach  on  ;  dishon- 
oring. 

DIS-GUA'CIOUS,  a.  {dis  rxn^  gracious.]  Ungrncioui; 
unpleasing.  Shak. 

DIS-GKADE',  V.  t.    Our  old  word  for  Degrade. 

DIS'GREGaTE,  c.  (.  To  separate;  to  disp::rse.  [Lit- 
tie  used.  ]  Jiforc. 

DIS-GUrSE',  (dis-gizc',)  r.  f.  [Ft.  degitiscr ;  de^  diSf 
and  guise,  manner.] 

1.  To  conceal  by  an  unusual  habit  or  mask.  Men 
sometimes  dis/ptise  themselves  for  the  purixwe  of 
committing  crimes  williout  danger  of  dulcclioD. 
'J'liey  disirttise  their  fares  in  a  ma^quoraile. 

2.  To  fiide  by  a  couiilerfcil  npjx  arance  ;  to  cloak 
by  a  false  show,  by  fulsc  language,  or  nn  artilicial 
manner  ;  as,  to  disguise  anger,  sentiments,  or  in- 
tentions. 

3.  'J'o disfigure;  to  alter  the  form,  and  exhibit  on 
unusual  appearance. 

Thejf  Mw  llie  fticr*,  wliicb  U»  wtU  ihey  knew, 

Though  (lv:n  ditguU€d  in  ilcitth.  Dn/din, 

4.  To  disfigure  or  deform  by  liquor;  to  intoxicate. 
DTS-GUISE',  ji.  A  counterfeit  habit;  a  dress  intend- 
ed to  conceal  the  person  who  wears  it.  Ity  the  Iaw» 
of  England,  persons  doing  unlawful  acts  in  disguise, 
arc  subjected  to  heavy  penalties,  and.  In  some  cosci, 
declared  felons. 

2.  A  false  appearance  ;  a  counterfeit  show  ;  nn  ar- 
tificial or  assumed  appearance  intended  to  deceive 
the  beholder.  A  treacherous  design  is  often  con- 
cealed under  the  di<guise  of  great  candor. 

3.  Change  of  manner  by  drink  ;  intoxication. 
DIS-GUIS'AI),  ^dis-gizd',)  pp.  or  a.    Concealed  by  a 

counterf4-it  hnbiL  or  appearance  ;  intoxicated. 

DIS-GUISE'MEXT,  n.  Dress  of  concealment ;  folic 
appearance. 

DI;>-GUIS'ER,   (dis-glz'er,)  n.      One  who  disgulica 
himself  or  another. 
2.  He  or  that  which  disfigures. 

DIS-GUIS'IXG,  ppr.  Concealing  by  a  counterfeKdrcM, 
or  by  a  false  show  ;  intoxicating. 

DIS-GUIS'ING,  rt.      The  act  of  gii'ing  a  falae  ap- 
pearance. 
2.   ITieatrical  mummery,  or  masking. 

DISGUST'    n.     [Ft.  degoUt ;  rfc,  rfL«,  and  gotttytaiU, 

li.  gUStlLH.) 

1.  Disrelish  ;  distaste  ;  aversion  to  the  taste  nf  fo^d 
or  drink  ;  an  unpleai^ant  sensation  excited  in  the  or- 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT  — MkTE.  PRBY.  — PIXE,  MARIXE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  DQQK.- 
—  - 


DIS 


pans!  uf  liiste  by  soinctliing  disaffreeuble,  and,  when 
cxtreini',  proilucing  luiitliing  or  nausea. 

2.  Dif^Iike;  aversion;  an  unpleasant  sensation  in 
the  mind,  excited  by  sonutliiiiii  olTensJve  in  the  man- 
ners, conduct,  lanf;uage,  or  o[iinions  of  others.  Thus, 
obscenity  in  language,  and  clounirihness  in  behavior, 
excite  dh^nst. 

DIS-ttUST',  r.  L  To  excite  aversion  in  the  slomacli ; 
to  offend  the  taste. 

2.  To  displease  ;  to  offend  the  mind  or  moral  taste  ; 
with  at  or  jciUi ;  as,  to  be  disgusted  at  foppery,  or  with 
vuliiar  manners.  To  disgust  from  is  unusual  and 
Iiardlv  iPL'itinmte. 

DIS  i;r'H'r'KI),p/i.    Displeased  ;  otfendcd. 

DIS  GLSTTIJL,  0.  Offensive  to  the  taste  ;  nauseous  ; 
exciting  aversion  in  the  natural  or  moral  taste. 

DIS-GUST^ING,  ppr.  Provoking  aversion;  offending 
Uic  taste. 

2.  (7.  Provoking  dislike  ;  odious  j  hateful ;  as,  dis- 
gustiiifr  servility. 

Dfe-GUST'ING-LY,  adv.  In  a  manner  to  give  dis- 
gust. Swinburne. 

DISH,  n.  rSax.  disc,  a  dish,  and  dizas^  dithes  ;  L.  dis- 
cus; Gr.  6iGK0%:  Fr.  disquc :  Arm.  disg ;  W.  disffyl; 
Sp.  It.  disco.  It  is  the  same  word  as  disk  and  dcslcy 
and  seems  to  signify  something  flat,  plain,  or  ex- 
tended.] 

1.  A  broad,  open  vessel,  made  of  various  materials, 
used  for  serving  up  meat  and  various  kinds  of  food 
at  the  table.  It  is  sometimes  used  for  a  deep,  hollow 
vessel  for  liquors.  Addison.     Milton. 

3.  The  meat  or  provisions  served  in  a  dish.  Hence, 
any  particular  kind  of  food. 

I  have  here  a  dish  of  dovca.  Shak. 

We  say,  a  dish  of  veal  or  venison  ;  a  cold  dish ;  a 
warm  disk :  a  delicious  dish. 

3.  Among  miners^  a  trough  in  which  ore  is  meas- 
ured, about  23  inclies  long,  4  deep,  and  G  wide. 

Eiicyc. 

DISH,  v.t.  To  put  in  a  dish  ;  as,  th?  meat  is  all  dished, 
and  ready  for  the  table. 

1)TSH'-€L0TH,  I  n.    A  cloth  used  for  w\ashing  and 

DISH'-CLUUT,  i      wiping  dishes.  Sictft. 

DISir-\VASH-ER,  (-wosh'er,)  n.  The  name  of  a 
bird,  the  mergus.  Johnson. 

DISH'-WA-TER,  n.  Water  in  which  dishes  are 
washed." 

DIS-HA-BIL'I-TaTE,  r.  t.    To  disqualify. 

DIS-HA-BIKLE',  (dis-a-tiil',)  n.  [Fr.  deshabille;  dcs 
and  hahillrr,  to  dress,     ^ee  Habit.] 

An  undress  ;  a  loose,  negligent  dress  for  the  morn- 
ing. But  see  Deshabille,  the  French  and  more  cor- 
rect orthography. 

Dr>-den  uses  tlie  word  as  a  participle,  *'  Cineens  are 
nrit  to  be  too  negligently  dressed  or  dishnblUc.^'  In 
this  use  he  is  not  followed. 

BIS-HAB'IT,  V.  t.  To  drive  from  a  habitation.  [A*<j( 
in  use.']  Shak. 

DIS-!Ull-iI0'M-OUS,  (u  Incongruous.  [See  Un- 
HARMONioua.l  IlaUyjcell. 

DIS-HXR'."\IO-NY,  n.  [dis  and  harmony.]  ^Vant  of 
harmony  ;  discord  ;  incongruity.     [JVwt  used.] 

DIS-HEaRT'jEN,  (dis-hirt'n,)  v.  t.     [dis  and  heart.] 
To  discourage  ;  to  deprive  of  courage  ;  to  depress 
the  spirits  ;  to  deject;  to  impress  with  fear  ;  as,  it  is 
weakness  to  be  dishcai-tened  by  small  obstacles. 

DIS-HEXRT'J^N-£D,  (dis-hirt'nd,)  pp.  or  a.  Discour- 
aged ;  depressed  in  spirits  ;  cast  down. 

DIS-HEART'jEN-L\G,  (dis-hirt'n-ins,)  p/fr.  or  a.  Dis- 
couraging ;  depressing  the  spirits. 

DISH'£D,  (disht,)  pp.    Put  in  a  dish  or  dishes. 

DIS-HEIR',  (dizi-ire',)  v.  ^  To  debar  from  inheriting. 
[JVt)(  in  use]  Drijdcn. 

DIS-HER'I-SON,  n.  [See  Disherit.]  The  act  of  dis- 
inheriting, or  cutting  off  from  inheritance.   Bp.  Hall. 

DIS-HER'IT,  V.  t.  [Fr.  deshcrifcr ;  dos,  dis,  and  Ae- 
rilcr;  Arm.  discrita;  It.  dlscreda/'e;  Sp.  dcsheredar. 
See  Heir.] 

To  disinlierit ;  to  cut  off  from  the  possession  or  en- 
joyment of  an  inheritance.  [See  Disinherit,  which 
is  more  generally  used.] 

DIS-HER'IT-ANCE,  n.  The  state  of  disheriting,  or 
of  being  disinherited.  Bcaum. 

DIS-HER'IT-ED,  pp.  Cut  off  from  an  inheritance  or 
li'n  (htar\-  succession. 

niS-flKR'IT-ING,  ppr.  Cutting  off  from  an  inherk- 
ance.  Spenser. 

DI-SUEV'£L,  (de-6hcv'I,)  v.  t.  [Fr.  dechevelcr ;  de, 
dis.  and  chcveu.  hair,  dicvrlu.  hairy,  L.  capillus.  Class 
GbJ 

To  spread  the  hair  loosely  ;  to  suffer  the  hair  of  the 
head  to  hang  negligently,  and  to  flow  without  con- 
finement ;  used  chtejty  in  the  passive  participle. 

DI-SHEV'£L,  V.  i.    To  spread  in  disorder.  Herbert. 

DI-SHEV'£I^£D,  Cde-shev'Id,)  pp.  or  a.  Hanging 
loosely  and  negligently  without  coniinem.ent;  flow- 
ing in  disorder;  ti';,  dishcrelcd  locks. 

DI-SHEV'£L-ING,  ppr.     Spreading  loosely. 

DISH'ING,  ppr.  [See  Dish.]  Putting  in  a  dish  or 
dishes. 

2.  a.    Concave  ;  having  the  hollow  form  of  a  di^!J. 

Mortiinrr. 
DI«-H0N'E3Tj  (diz-on'est,)  a.  [dis  and  holiest,]  Void 


DIS 

of  honesty :  desllluie  of  probity,  integrity,  or  good 
faith  ;  faithless ;  fraudulent ;  knavish  ,  having  or 
exercising  a  dispo-silioii  to  deceive,  cheat,  and  de- 
fraud ;  applied  to  persons ;  as,  a  dishonest  man. 

2.  Proceeding  from  fraud,  or  marked  by  it ;  framl- 
ulent ;  knavish;  as,  a  (/wAohc^e  transaction. 

3.  Disgraced  ;  dishonored  ;  from  the  sense  in  Latin. 
D'uhoneat  willi  lo[ipeiI  iirras  llic  joulh  appears.  DnjiUn, 

■1.  Disgraceful ;  ignominious ;  from  the  iMtln  sense. 

Inglorious  Iniimpha  .ami  dishonest  acara.  Pope. 

5.  Unchaste;  lewd.  Shah. 

DIS  HOX'EST-LY,  (diz-on'est-ly,)  adv.  In  a  dishoii- 
e.-t  manner  ;  witliout  good  faith,  probity,  or  integrity  ; 
with  frauiiulcnt  views  ;  knavishly.  Shak. 

2.  Lewdly  ;  uiicliastely.  KcdeMasticus. 

DIS-HOX'ES-TY,  (di/.-on'es-tyO  h.  Want  of  probity, 
or  integrity  in  principle  ;  faithlessness  ;  a  disposition 
to  cheat  or  defraud,  or  to  deceive  and  betray  ;  applied 
to  persons. 

2.  Violation  of  trust  or  of  justice;  fraud;  treach- 
ery ;  any  deviation  from  probity  or  integrity  j  applied 
to  acts. 

3.  Unchastity;  incontinence;  lewdness.     Shak. 

4.  Deceit;  wickedness;  sliamc.    2  Citr.  iv. 
DIS-HON'OR,  (diz-on'or,)  ju     [dis  and  honor.]    Re- 
proach ;  disgrace  ;  ignominy  ;  sliame  ;  whatever  con- 
stitutes a  slain  or  blemish  on  the  reputation. 

It  vvLis  not  meet  Tor  us  to  see  the  king's  dishonor.  — E'inv  tv. 

It  may  express  less  than  ignominy  and  infamy. 
DIS-HON'OR,  V.  t.  To  disgrace;  to  bring  reproach  or 
shame  on  ;  to  stain  the  character  of;  to  lessen  repu- 
tation. The  duelist  dishonors  himself  to  maintain 
his  honor.  The  impunity  of  the  crimes  of  great 
men  dishonors  the  administration  of  the  laws. 

2.  To  treat  witli  indignity.  Drydcn. 

3.  To  violate  the  chastity  of;  to  debauch.  Dryden. 

4.  To  refuse  or  dt^cline  to  accept  or  pay  ;  as,  to  dis- 
honor a  bill  of  exchange. 

D13-H0N'0R-A-BLE,  (diz-on'or-a-bl,)  a.  Shameful ; 
reproachful ;  base  ;  vile  ;  bringing  shame  on  ;  stain- 
ing the  character,  and  lessening  reputation.  Every 
act  of  meanness  and  every  vice  is  dishonorable. 

2.  Destitute  of  honor  ;  as,  a  dishonorable  man. 

3.  In  a  state  of  neglect  or  disesteum. 

lie  that  ia  ^honorable  in  riches,  how  mucli  more  in  poverty  t  — 
Ecdesiastiiiis. 

DIS-HON'OR-A-BLY,  adv.  Reproachfully  ;  in  a  dis- 
honorable manner. 

DI5-1ION'OR-A-RY,  (diz-on'or-a-ry,)  a.  Bringing  dis- 
honor on  ;  tending  to  disgrace  ;  lessening  reputation. 

Holmes. 

D[S-HON'OR--ED,  pp.  Disgraced  ;  brought  into  disre- 
pute. 

D[5-nON'OR-ER,  n.  One  who  dishonors  or  dis- 
graces ;  one  who  treats  another  with  indignity. 

Jililton. 

DIS-HON'OR-ING,  ppr.  Disgracing  ;  bringing  into 
disrepute  ;  treating  with  indignity. 

Dl.S-HOil.\',  V.  t.  [dis  and  horn.]  To  deprive  of 
ho;n-\  Shale. 

DIS-J10RN';?:D,  (-hornd,)  pp.    Stripped  of  horns. 

DI.S-IIOR.N'ING,  ppr.    Depriving  of  horns. 

DIS-Hu'iMOR,  71.  [(its  and  Aiimor. J  Peevishness;  ill 
humor.  Spectator. 

IHS-II\I-PARK',  V.  t.  [d'ts,  iny  and  parh.]  To  free 
from  tiie  barriers  of  a  park ;  to  free  from  restraints 
or  seclusion.     [Utile  used.]  Spectator. 

DIS-IM-PROVE''MENT,  n.  [dis  and  irnprovancnt.] 
Reduction  from  a  better  to  a  worse  state;  the  con- 
trary to  improvement  or  melioration ;  as,  the  disiin- 
provemcnt  of  the  earth.     [Little  iised^] 

J^orris.     Swift. 

DIS-IN-e.iR'CER-ATE,  v.  t.  [dis  and  incarcerate.] 
To  liberate  from  prison ;  to  set  free  from  confine- 
ment.    [Jfot  much  used.]  Harvey. 

DIS-IN-CLIN-A'TION,  ?i.  [dis  and  inclination.]  Want 
of  inclination  ;  want  of  propensity,  desire,  or  affec- 
tion ;  slight  dislike  ;  aversion  ;  expressing  less  than 
hate. 

Disappoiiilinciil  gnve  him  ii  disinclination  to  tlic  fair  sex. 

ArbulhnoL 

DIS-IN-CLINE',  V.  t.  [dis  and  incline.]  To  excite 
dislike  or  slight  aversion ;  to  make  disaffected ;  to 
alienate  from.  His  timidity  disinclined  him  from 
such  an  arduous  cnterjirise. 

DIS-IN-eLIN'£D,  pp.  or  a.    Not  inclined  ;  averse. 

DIS.LV-CLIX'ING,  ppr.  Exciting  dislike  or  slight 
aversion.  _ 

DIS-IN-CLoSE',  r.  t.  [dis  and  imlosc.]  To  open  an 
inclosure;  to  throw  open  what  has  been  inclosed; 
to  dispark. 

DIS-r.V-eOR'PO-R.\TE,  r.  U  To  deprive  of  ceri>orate 
powers  ;  to  disunite  a  corporate  body,  or  an  esiab- 
li.^hed  society.  Hume. 

2.  To  detach  or  eeparatc  from  a  cori)oration  or  so- 
ciety. Bacon. 

DIS-IN-eOR'PO-R.\-TED,;»/j.  Deprived  of  corporate 
powers. 

DiS-IN-eORTO-R.^-TIXG,7VJr.  Depriving  of  coipo- 
mte  powers. 

DlS-lN-eOU-PO-R.A'TION,  n.  Deprivation  of  the 
lights  and  privileges  of  a  corporation.  Warton. 


DIS 

DISIN  FECT',  r.  ^  [dis  and  infetU]  To  cleaniio 
from  infection  ;  to  purify  from  conlagioiw  m.ilter. 

DIS-1.\-FE€T'ANT,  n.  An  agent  fur  removing  ihe 
causes  of  inferticm,  as  chlorine.  CouUy. 

DIS-IN-FE€T  EI>,  pp.  or  a.    Cleansed  from  infection. 

DIS-IN-FECT'IXG,  ppr.  or  a.  Purifying  from  infec- 
tion. 

DIS-LN'-FEC'TION,  (-in-fek'shun,)  n-  Purification 
from  infecting  matter.  Mtd.  Rrpoa. 

DIS-IN-GE-NC'I-TY,  n,  [rf«  and  ingenuity.]  Slean- 
ness  of  artifice;  unfairness;  disingenuousnctfii; 
waul  of  candor.  Clarendon. 

[This  word  is  little  used,  nr  not  al  all,  in  llie  senile 
here  explained.    Sec  IwoEreciTr.    Wc  now  use,  in 

lieu  of  it,   Dl5IKGENt'OUSNK99.] 

DIS-IN-C;EN'lI-OUS,ti.  [dit  aixiX  tnirenuous.]  Unfair; 
not  open,  frank,  and  candid;  meanly  artful  ;  illitn 
eral  ;  applied  to  pcrson.t. 

2.  Unfair;  meanly  artful ;  unbecoming  true  honor 
and  dignity  ;  as,  disingenuous  conduct ;  disingenuous 
schemes, 

DISIN-GEN'U-OUS-LY,  adv.  In  a  disingenuous  man- 
ner ;  unfairly  ;  not  openly  and  candidly  ;  willi  secret 
inanagemeiit. 

DIS-IN-GE.\'q-0US-NEi?9,  n.  Unfairness;  want  of 
candur  ;  low  cnift  ;  as,  the  disingcnuousness  of  a 
man,  or  of  his  mind. 

2.  Characterized  by  unfairness,  as  conduct  or  prac- 
tices. 

DIS-IN-nAB'IT-ED,p/».     Deprived  of  inhabil;ints. 

DIS-IN  HER'I-SON,  n.  [dis  and  inJterU.]  The  act  of 
cutting  off  from  hereditary  succession ;  the  act  of 
disinheriting.  Bacon.     Clarendon. 

2.  The  state  of  being  disinherited.  Taylor. 

DIS-IN-HER'IT,  r.  t.  [dis  and  inhcriu]  To  cut  off 
from  hereditary  right ;  to  deprive  of  an  inheritance  ; 
to  prevent,  as  an  heir,  from  coming  into  possession  of 
any  property  or  right,  which,  by  law  or  custom, 
would  devolve  on  him  in  the  course  of  dcsceiiL  .\ 
father  .-oMielimes  disinherits  his  children  by  wiH.  In 
En^'ti}u<I,  the  crown  is  descendible  to  the  eldest  son, 
\\  ho  ran  nut  he  disinherited  by  the  will  of  lus  father. 

DI3-IN-HER'1T-ED,  pp.  or  a.  Cut  off  from  an  inher- 
itance. 

DIS-IN-IIER'IT-IXG,  ppr.  Depriving  of  an  heredi- 
lar>'  estate  or  right. 

DIS-IN-HOME',  r.  t.    To  disinter. 

DIS-IN'TE-GRA-BLE,  a.  [dis  and  integer.]  That 
may  be  separated  into  integrant  parts  ;  capable  of 
disintegration. 

Argillo-calciw  ia  readily  disxjilegrabU  by  exposure  to  the  aunos- 
phere.  Kiruan, 

DIS-TN'TE-GRaTE,  v.  t  [dis  and  integer.]  To  sep- 
arate tlie  integrant  parts  ot. 

Marlllej  are  not  disinte^aud  by  exposure  to  the  atmosph'-rc,  at 
lc:ist  iu  BIX  years.  KtrKnn. 

DIS-IN'TE-GRa-TED,  pp.  Separated  into  integrant 
parts  without  chemical  action. 

DIS-IN'TE-GRa-TING,  ppr.  Separating  into  inte- 
grant parts. 

DIS-IN-TE-GRa'TION,  n.  The  act  of  separating 
integrant  parts  of  a  substance,  as  distinguished  from 
decomposition,  or  the  separation  of  eo7isUtu€nt  parts. 

Kirican. 

DIS-IN-TER',  V.  L  [dis  and  inter.]  To  lake  out  of  a 
grave,  or  out  of  the  earth  ;  as,  to  disinter  a  dead  body 
that  is  buried. 

2.  To  take  out,  as  from  a  grave ;  lo  bring  from  ob- 
scurity into  view. 

The  philosopher  — may   bo  conoefJCTl   In   a  plcbci-tn,  whicb  a 
proper  education  might  hare  disinltrred,    [Untuuat.] 


Additon. 

\  See  Disinterested,  &c. 


DIS-IN'TER-ESS-ED, 

DIS-INTER-ESS-MENT,   , 

DIS-IN'TER-EST,  n.  [dis  and  interesU]  What  is 
contmr>'  to  the  interest  or  advantage;  disa:ivRStage ; 
injury.     [Little  uscd^  or  not  at  all.]  OUr.vHU. 

2.  Indifference  to  profit ;  want  of  regard  to  private 
advantage.  Johnson. 

DIS-IN'TER-EST,  c.  (.  To  disengage  from  private 
interest  or  personal  advantage.     [Little  used,] 

FclUiam. 

DIS-IN'TER-EST-ED,  a.  Uninterested  ;  indifferent ; 
free  from  self-interest;  having  no  separate  personal 
interest  or  private  advantage  in  a  question  or  affair. 
It  is  important  that  a  judge  should  be  perfectly  dLHii- 
terested. 

2.  Not  influenced   or  dictated  by  private  advan- 
tage ;  as,  a  disinterested  decision. 

[This  word  is  more  generally  used  than  Uninter- 
ested.] 

DIS-IX'TER-EST-ED-LY,  adv  In  a  disintereslcd 
manner. 

DIS-IN'TER-EST-ED  XESS,  m  The  state  or  quality 
of  having  no  scpanite  jH^rsonal  inieresi  or  private 
advantage  iu  a  question  or  event ;  freedom  from  bi.is 
or  prejudice,  on  account  of  private  interest;  indiifer- 
ence.  Browiu 

DIS-IN'TER-EST-ING,  n.     Unintercsling. 
[  The  latter  is  the  icord  now  used.] 

DIS-TN-TER'.MENT,  v.  The  act  of  disinterring,  or 
taking  out  of  the  eailh. 

DIS-IN-TER'Ri'.D,  (dis  in  turd',)  pp.  Taken  mil  of 
the  earth  or  grave. 


L 


TONE,  BiJLL,  qNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOU.S.  — C  as  K  ;   G  as  J  ;   S  as  Z  ;   CH  as  SH  ;   Til  as  in  THIS. 


44 


345 


\r='- 


DIS 


DIS 


nr^  iVTPR'Rfvo,: 


Taktn»  mil  iT  Itw  nirlh,  or 


1  ttoiiilase. 
-,  truiu  KJaTt'r) 

Ltbcraliun  (Vnm  Kkui 
1  slavery.  £.  AVi/. 

.1  tuiil  invre.]     To  dfprlvi*  i: 
I.  AtiUon. 

I>rprlve<|  of  niinilinr  ciiatom. 

r.neU.    I 

•I.  *  I.  ,      <ii-<  <>■  x-i.   ,      .  .    I.       , .  .  •    tiiiJ    in- 
To  uncuvcr  i  lo  uiifolil  vt  unrull ;  tu  dlsen 
More* 

II  \"  t  ii    ..„       I'l.r  i.t.   I      .<!.    .  t- I    I 


r  .1.     l>i3unl(«J;  scpomtod. 

l>.-.w,,r W..V.   ri.,it 

: !  ntt'   n 

,   to   Jw- 

.., ■_  .,,.....,  .V.  .,^._, ,  : -J a  fowl 

lu  cairiD)!. 

2.  To  put  out  of  joint ;  to  force  out  of  it«  socket ; 
eod(-'-  ■•■ 

3.  '  it  jiincttirr-s;  to  break  nt  tlic  part 
\vb<  r  united  by  ciMuont ;  as,  diyoiHled 
culuiu;.  ■ 

■C  To  brrak  tn  pifce:* ;  to  separate  united  parts ; 
u.  to  d'ujoint  an  edifiru;  the  ditjoiitttd  partu  of  n 
ffhtpL 

i.  To  brrnk  tlie  nnturnl  ordrr  and  relations  of  a 
ttiint ;  to  luaki'  inculiorrnl;  a->,  a  dLijtunl^d  siK'cch. 
iii^  I.  .(\  I"    r.  i.    To  fall  in  picct-s,  Shak, 

:.     UUJointctl.  S/iak, 

I),  pp.  oi  a.     Scparalcd   at  the  joints; 
i.'umiiinb;  can'cd  ;  put  out  of  Joint ;  not 

r.ll-NEiJd,  ».    titatu  of  Mur  disjointed. 
\<:    T.»r.     Reparntin);  Joints  ;  dbtjolning 
r'aklng  at  itiL' scnms  or  Junctures; 
'it. 

.     In  a  divided  t*lM>'.       Sandys. 
Ma-JU-Ul  t'A  TluN,  n.     [L.  dipidieatw.] 

Judeinrnt ;  delrnninnlion.     [.Vot  used.}      Boyle, 
l'l-jr\ri"',    a.      [L.    diijunctusj   dirjun^o :    dis   ami 
■1.} 

1  ;  nepamted. 
'      \  ins,  n.     [U  di^unetio.] 
'I'iio  itcl  (if  dHJ'iitMnc  ;   diriiinion  ;   iN'ftanition  ;   a 
nartinc;  an,  the  difj)titelion  of  foul  and  h!Mly. 
UISJUNt'T'l  VK,  a,     ^-eporatinB  ;  di<*Joinlng. 

a.  Inca|KibIr  of  union.     [Unasuttl.]  Oreio. 

3.  In  i^ammar,  a  dirjttmetire  con/iinrlioa  or  con- 
ooctive  is  a  word  wlilch  unites  ik-ntrncps  or  the  parts 
of  ducourMT  In  coii^intctinn,  hut  ditjoina  the  sense, 
nDtinc;  an  altt-nuiiive  or  npposition  ;  as,  I  love  him, 
or  I  I'.-ir  him  ;  I  n   nlfi  r  lovc  him,  nor  fear  liim. 

4.  I  proposition,  \a  one  In  which 
ihr  irh  olhcT,  hy  means  of  dis- 
Jun'                                        '.ly  or  ni^hL 

A  ^  when  the  mnjnr  pTopo«i- 

lion  '-'trL'i  mcvrs  in  a  circle,  or  an 

'"  jii.ve  in  n  circle,  therefore  il 

■  dhj..,!...  fVatlf. 

IVE,  n.  A  word  that  disjoins;  as  or, 

I  \'^LY,  ode.    In  a  dl^unctive  manner ; 

■!i-ni-.    ?rc  Dull  and  Dxsk.] 
I  -  'jocllon  of  a  celestial  body, 

US'-  un,  moon,  or  plan*  t-i ;  but 

tbr  r.  Ill  di.Hu.  D.  Oiirvted, 

'*.  A  'i'  t  .  .:  j'l  '  -  iif  !rtnnr,  iron,  or  copper,  in- 
cllnlnf  to  au  oval  fipire,  which  the  ancicnls  hurled 
by  th"  h- 1;.  ..f  :\  1.  iT?i'  m  tli..nr  tM  round  the  per- 
«»ri'  I.  .ic  in  the  middle. 


tral 


itat' 
nf 


whtrh  wfl  At-nm  wronp;  \vc  diAike  (n'rvons  of  evil 

f     '  r  .  ..  I.  ,1.  ..    r    'ivcd  US  polll. 

<th  s«tmo  dlit-;ni«l ;  a.-*, 


Untr 


!.'l-, 


;,  II.    Miiii  \\ . 
,  (di»-Ilm',)  I. 


,, ;,..    .'.approved  i  di^relliihed. 
Disliking;   dbniructed.      [Xot 

Speasfr, 
■     -  '     To  iiKike  unlike.  Skak. 
'Ike. 

.-nr.'^.l     Uulikene^; 
t,..l.  tMcke. 

:,  Utiles. 


*  -lio  dxrt.  Pdjw. 

■  of  a  leaf;  the  ccn- 

ilowcr.        Martyn, 

'  ■  *  '  r  projections  sil- 

I-  ind  the  ba.ii' 

■lnT.  /Andley. 

'      Wriiit   ..f 


inriiii-i]  (.1  arr.p(,nnl  t.  t  "1  u  tiir;T  Ii'-  il.-i  nnl 
relish.  All  wUo  and  good  men  manifest  tbelr  ditWu 
to  foHr. 

o     ;  ■        ■  -  '  -  -       r         - 


:    .1-  iVoin. 

Did. 

I  DIS-U.Mn'/TD,  (-llmd'Ow''    Torn  limb  fnun  limb. 
[  hi--'  f  i\i\'  (dlihlini'Jr.  t.    To  strike  out  of  a  picture. 
.  l"  Skak. 

■  I'V..  a.    Dl'locnted.  Montgomery. 

;  i-   r   '       ,,._,  iinil  titeate,  L,  /oeiw,  place; 

'!  of  its  proiter  place  ;  partic- 

,..:.-:     ^   nil;   lo  disjoint;  to  move  a 

biiiir  iiuiii  lilt  dui-ni-i,  cavit}*,  ur  placo  of  articulation. 

DIS'LO-C.^-TKI),  JTO.  or  a.  Itcmovod  from  its  proiier 
place  ;  put  out  of  joini. 

DIS'LO  (,:.^-TI\<3,   ppr.     Pnltint*  otiI  of   Its  proper 

pl.ire,  r»r  nut  of  Johll 

UIS-LO  eA'i'lON,  n.  'J'hc  art  of  moving  from  iltt 
jiroper  place ;  particularlij,  the  net  of  removing  or 
forcinft  a  boiiu  from  il»  Aitcket ;  luxation.       F.neye. 

2.  TJit*  dale  of  Xw.'m^  dlsjitaced.  liurtiU. 

3.  A  joint  displaced. 

A.  Ill  u^olon-y,  llie  di.-4plau'ment  of  parts  of  rocka, 
or  iKirliitns  of  strain,  from  the  silnniions  which  they 
orifrinally  occupied.  Cifc. 

DIS-LODOE',  (dirt-lodj',)  r.  ^  [dis  and  lodge,]  To 
rcnidve  or  drive  from  a  lodpc  or  place  of  rest ;  to. 
drive  from  lln'  pl;ite  wluri;  a  ihinK  initumtly  rests  or 
InhabiN.  Shells,  re!<tinc  in  the  sea  at  a  considerable 
dopili,  are  nut  dislodged  liy  i^inrnw. 

2.  'J'o  drive  from  a  place  of  rclircmcnl  or  retreat ; 
a>i,  to  dislodsje  n  cony  or  a  deer 

',i.  To  drive  from  any  pl;ice  of  rest  or  habitation, 
or  from  any  station  ;  as,  M  distod:re  the  enemy  from 
Uieir  quarters,  from  a  hill  or  wall. 

4.  '1  *>  remove  an  imnv  I"  ulher  quurtors.      Shah. 
DIS-L0I)6E',  p.  i.     To  c"  froai  a  place  of  re.it.  Milton, 
DlS-LOVH'Kl),  pp..     Driven  fioin  a  ludp.!  or  place  of 

rest ;   removed  from  a  placo  of  liabitation,  or  from 

any  station. 
DIS-I*ODG'ING,  ppr.    Driving  from  a  lodge,  from  a 

place  of  rest  or  retreat,  or  from  any  station. 
DIS-LOY'AL,  a.     [dis  and  loyal ;  Fr.  deluual ;  Sp.  des- 

Ital.] 
1.  Not  imo  to  allegiancoj  false  to  a  sovereign; 

faithless  ;  as,  a  diihyal  subject. 

5.  False }  purOdious;  treacherous  j  as,  a  disloyal 
knave.  Shak. 

3.  Not  true  to  the  marriage  bed.  Shak. 

4.  False  in  love;  not  constant.  Johnson. 
DIS-LOY'AL-LY,  adv.    In  a  disloyal  manner;  with 

violation  of  faith  or  duty  to  a  sovereign  ;  faithlessly ; 
perfidiously. 

DIS-LOY'.-\L-TY,  n.    Want  of  fidelity  to  a  sovereign  ; 
violation  of  allegiance  or  duly  to  a  prince  or  sover- 
eign authority, 
a.  Want  of  fidelity  in  love.  Shak. 

DtS'.M.\Ii,a.  [I  am  not  i^atisfied  with  the  etymologies 
of  this  word  which  I  have  seen.] 

1.  Dark  ;  gloomy  ;  as,  a  (//.f ma/ shade. 

2.  Sorrowful;  dire;  horrid;  melancholy;  calami- 
tous; unfortunate;  as,  a  dismal  accident;  difmat 
edicts  Milion. 

3.  Frightful;  horrible;  as,  a  di.vi(ui/ scream. 
DIS'MAL  LY,n'/p.    Gloomily;  horribly  ;  sorrowfiilly  ; 

uncomfortably. 
DI3'.MALr-NESS,  n.    Gloominess;  horror. 
DIS-M AlV'TLE,  r.  (.     [dis  and  manUc ;  Fr,  demanUler.] 

1.  To  deprive  of  dress  ;  to  strip  ;  to  divesL    SoiU/i. 

2.  To  loose  i  to  throw  open.  Shak. 

3.  More  generally,  to  deprive  or  strip  of  apparatus, 
or  furniture  ;  to  tinrig  ;  as,  to  dismantle  a  ship. 

4.  To  deprive  or  strip  of  military  furnilurOi  as,  to 
dismantle  a  fortress. 

5.  To  deprive  of  outworks  or  forts  ;  as,  to  disman- 
tle a  town. 

6.  To  break  down  ;  as,  his  nose  ^manl/cfL  Drydm. 
DIS-MAN'TL/CD,   pp.  or  a.     Divested;   stripped   of 

furniture;  unrigged. 

D!S-.MA.N'TLL\(;,p/.r.  Stripping  of  dress;  depriving 
of  nppnraius  or  furniture. 

DIS-M,\SK',  r.  (.     [dis  and  mask;  Fr.  demastjuiT.} 
Tn  -strip  off  a  mask  ;  to  uncover ;  to  remove  that 
whicli  ronccalsr.  Shali.     ft^oUon. 

Dl.-^  M.\SK'KD,(di»-ma>ikt',)pp.  Divested  of  a  mask  ; 
finpi"'  il  (if  rovering  or  disguise  ;  uncovered. 

Dl:4M\.'^K'iN<;,|7pr  Stripping  of  a  mask  or  cover- 
ing. 

DIS-MAST'   r.  f.     [du  and  mast ;  Fr.  donate.] 

To  deprive  of  a  maat  or  masLi ;  lo  break  and  carry 
away  the  musts  from  ;  as,  a  storm  dismasted  the  ship. 

DIS-MaHT'KD.  pp.     I>*-priv(  d  of  a  m.ist  or  mattts. 

DI.'^-.MA8T'IN'«J,  ppr.    Stripping  of  masLx. 


DIS 

DIS'MAST'.MENT,  n.  Tlio  act  of  dismasting ,  tli« 
Ktale  f)f  being  dit:uiasled.  Miirii/udt. 

DI.**-.M.\Y',  r.  t.  [Hp.  desmauar;  I'o)!.  desniaittr ;  prob* 
ably  formed  hy  drj  and  the  Teutonic  ina/^un,  to  bu 
strong  or  able.  The  BCiise,  then,  Is.  lo  deprive  ul 
strength.  Sp.  desmayarsff  to  faint;  It.  tfniu^'cirW, to 
de^iKind.] 

To  deprive  of  that  Hlrcngtli  or  firmness  of  mind 
which  coiistiliited  courage;  to  discourage;  to  dis- 
hearten; to  sink  or  depress  the  spirits  or  resolution ; 
honce,  to  niTVight  or  terrify. 

Ik-  Mrunff,  niid  cf  fviwl  coxmgi  ;  bo  iiu(  ottM,  iidlliL-r  l«  i|wu 
dU>naj/td.  —  Jo*U.  1. 

DIS-MAY',  n.  [Sp.desmayoi  Port.  desmaio,ix  swoon 
or  fainting  fit.] 

Fall  or  loss  of  courage;  a  sinking  of  the  npiril^;  do* 
pression  ;  dejection  ;  a  yielding  lo  fear  ;  tlmt  loss  of 
liriiiness  which  i:t  ell'ected  by  fear  or  terror  ;  fear  im- 
pressed  ;  terror  felt. 

And  nch 
III  oUkt's  a)(iiili.'ii:tiic«  Rati  liti  own  dlitnny  tdilUn, 

DIS-MAY'£D,  (disiuiidu',)  pp.  or  a.  Difclicurfoued) 
deprived  of  courage. 

DIS-MAY'ED-NES:^,  n.  A  stale  of  being  dismayed; 
dejection  of  courage;  dispirilediiess.  [.'1  uitltss 
trord,  and. not  ut'cJ.]  Sidney, 

DIS-.MAY'FJJL,  II.     Full  of  dismay.     [Obs.]    Spenser. 

DIS-MAY'IiNG,  ppr.     Depriving  of  courage. 

DrSME,  I    (deem)    n.     [Fr.]     A  tenth  part ;  a  tithe. 

DIME,     !  .■tylWr. 

I)IS-iME>riiER,  V.  t.  [dis  and  mcmher.]  To  divide 
limb  from  limb  ;  to  sejiarate  a  ineinber  from  the  Uidy  j 
to  t^ar  or  cut  in  pieces ;  to  dilacenite  ;  to  mulilnte, 

Powli  oUcunv  dlnatmbtrtd  lib  rrmnlns.  /'*>;«, 

S.  To  seiHimlc  a  iMirt  from  Die  main  body  ;  lo  di- 
vide; to  sever;  oy,  to  dismember  an  empire,  king- 
dom, or  republic.  I'olaiid  was  dismembered  by  tliu 
neiiihiHiring  iKiwera. 

DIS-MEM'IJEU-A"D,  ;»/).  or  a.  Divided  member  from 
meiubcr;  torn  or  cut  in  pieces  ;  divided  by  the  Be|io- 
r.itimi  of  a  part  from  the  main  liody. 

DIS-ME.M'ltEIUING,  ppr.  Separating  a  limb  or 
limbs  froiii  till-  body  ;  dividing  by  taking  a  |>art  ur 
parts  from  the  body. 

DIS-MEM'Hr.IMXG,  n.     Mutilation.        Btnekstone. 

DLS-MEM^itKR  MENT,  n.  Tlio  act  of  severing  a 
liiiib  or  limb^  from  the  body;  the  act  of  te.aring  or 
cutting  in  pieces;  mutilation  ;  the  acl  of  severing  ii 
[Kirt  from  the  main  body  ;  division  ;  sipanttioii. 

lie  polutoJ  oul  Uip  (lnii<rrr  iJ"  a  diimertibermtnt  of  lli"  r-niiNir, 
Hist.  0/  Poland,    tinrye. 

DIS-MET'TLED,  a.  Destitute  of  fire  or  spirit.  (JVi/l 
much  iLsfff.]  IJewrllyn. 

DIS-MISS',  r.  U  [L.  dismissus,  dimitto ;  di,  dis,  mid 
milto,  to  send  ;  Fr.  demrttre.] 

1.  To  send  away  ;  wro/jerft/,  tii  give  leave  of  de- 
partiiro  ;  to  permit  to  depart ;  implying  authority  in  a 
person  to  retain  or  keep.  The  town  clerk  dismissed 
the  assembly.    Jlcfji  xix. 

2.  To  discard;  to  remove  from  office,  service,  or 
employment.  The  king  rfinnut.tr.s  his  ministers;  the 
mnslcT  dismisses  bis  servant;  and  ttie  employer  his 
workmen.  Officers  arc  ditmisscd  from  service,  and 
students  from  college. 

3.  To  send;  to  dispatch. 

lie  (Umnisied  cmbaatMlon  from  Pi^kiu  to  Toochoo  IxMinhao. 
[Improper.]  Enrye, 

4.  To  send  or  remove  from  a  docket;  to  discoo- 
tinue  ;  as,  to  dismiss  a  bill  in  chancery. 

DIS  .MiyS',  ji.    Disclnrge  ;  dismission.      [AwJ  used.] 

DIS-MIS8'AL,  M.     Dismission. 

DIS-MISS'/JD,  (dis-mlst',)  jm.  or  a.  Sent  away;  per- 
mitted to  depart ;  removed  from  orticc  or  employ- 
ment. 

DIS-MISS'ING,  ppr.  Sending  away  ;  giving  leave  lo 
depart ;  removing  from  olfice  or  service. 

DIS-MIS'SION,  f-mish'un,)  n.     [J.,  dimissio.] 

1.  The  act  of  Fending  away  ;  leave  to  depart;  as, 
the  dismission  of  the  grand  ju'rj-. 

2.  Removal  from  otfice  or  employment ;  discharge, 
either  witli  honor  or  disgrace. 

3.  An  art  requiring  departure.     [J^ot  iL^aL]  Skak 

4.  Removal  of  a  suit  in  equity. 
DIS-MISS'IVE,  a.    Giving  dismission. 
m.S-MORT'GAGE,  (dis-mor'gajo,)  v.  U    To  redeem 

fntni  rnortpige.  ffoteflt. 

D1S-.MOR'1''gAG-ED,  pp.    Redeemed  from  mortoago. 

DIS  .Mt)RT'GAO-ING,  ppr.  Redeeming  from  mort- 
gage. 

DIS-MOUNT',  V.  i.  [dis  and  mount ;  Fr.  demonUrf 
Pp.  desmoiUar ;  It,  smontare.] 

1  To  alight  from  a  horse;  to  descend  or  g.'t  on, 
ns  a  rider  from  a  beast ;  as,  the  officer  ordered  his 
txorps  to  dismount. 

2.  To  descend  from  an  elevation.  Spenser. 
DIP-MOUNT',  V.  t.     To   throw  or   remove  IVom  a 

lionie ;   to  uniiorse ;   as,  the  soldier  dismounted  his 
adversary. 
a.  To  throw  or  bring  down  ft-om  any  clcvntlon. 

SaekvUif. 

3.  To  tlirow  or  remove  cannon  or  other  artillery 
from  tiieir  rjirrini^es ;  or  lo  break  the  carriagi'S  or 
wheels,  and  ipndir  guns  useless. 


FATE.  PAR,  FALL,  WH^T.  — MP.TE,  PRgY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  W(?LF,  BQQK 

======  -      —  = 


DIS 

DIS-MOUNT'ED,  pp.  or  a.     Tlirown  from  u  liorsc,  or 
from  a«    clcv;iliun  ;    unhorsed,  or    removed    from 
lior^ica  by  order;  as,  ilismotintcd  troops.    Applied  to 
iioryc^J,  it  signifies  unfit  for  service. 
2.  Tlirttwn  or  rentovcd  from  carriages. 

DIS-.MOUNT'IXG,  ppr.  Throwing  from  a  horse; 
unhorsing  ;  removing  from  an  elevation ;  tlirowing 
or  removing  from  carriages. 

DIS-NAT'U-ilAL-IZE,  r.  (.  To  make  alien;  to  de- 
prive of  the  privileges  of  biith. 

DIS-NAT'II-R^VL-IZ-£D,  pp.  Deprived  of  the  privi- 
legesof  birtli. 

DIS-iVA'TtIK-£D,a.  Deprived  or  destitute  of  natural 
feeling-j;  unnatural.  Skal:. 

DIS-0-Be'DI-ENCE,  71.  [dis  and  obedience]  Neg- 
lect or  refusal  to  obey  ;  violation  of  a  command  or 
prohibition ;  the  omission  of  that  whiclx  is  com- 
manded to  be  done,  or  the  doing  of  that  which  is 
forbid ;  breach  of  duty  prescribedby  authority. 
By  one  man's  disobedience  many  were  inaJe  sinners.  —  Rom.  v. 
2.  Non-compliance. 

Ttiis  dUohedience  of  the  moou.  BlacJanore. 

DIS-0-Be'DI-ENT,  a.  Neglecting  or  refusing  to 
obey  ;  omitting  to  do  what  is  commanded,  or  doing 
what  is  prohibited ;  refractory ;  not  observant  of 
duty  or  rules  prescribed  by  authority ;  as,  children 
disobedient  to  parents  ;  citizens  disobedient  to  the  laws. 

I  was  not  disobedient  to  the  heavenly  vision.  — Acta  xxvi. 

2.  Not  yielding  to  exciting  force  or  power. 

Meiliciucs  used  unnet;c?s.\rily  contribuli?  to  sliorlen  life,  liy  sooner 
rendering  peculiar  parts  of  the  system  dieobidient  to  stimuli. 
Darwin. 

D1S-0-Be'DI-ENT-LY,  adv.  In  a  disobedient  manner. 

DIS-O-BEY',  (dis-o-ba',)  v.  t.  [dis  and  ohaj.]  To  neg- 
lect or  refuse  to  obey  ;  to  omit  or  refuse  to  do  what 
is  commanded,  or  to  do  what  is  forbid  ;  to  transgre-ss 
or  violalu  an  order  or  injunction.  Refractory  chil- 
dren disobey  their  parents  ;  men  disobey  their  Maker 
and  the  law's  ;  and  we  all  disobey  the  precepts  of  the 
gospel.     [  The  word  is  applieabls  bctli  to  the  command 


aiid  to  the  person  command inir.] 
„ ...    .  ^^, 

trunggressed. 


DIS-0-BEV'£D,  (-bade,););*.    Not  obeyed  ;  neglected  ; 


DIS-0-BEY'lNG,  ppr.  Omitting  or  refusing  to  obey  ; 
violating  ;  transgressing,  as  authority  or  law. 

DIS-OB-LI-Ga'TION,  71.  [dis  and  obligatimi.]  The 
act  of  disobhging  j  an  offense  ;  cause  of  disgust. 

Clarcmdon. 

DIS-OB'U-GA-TO-RY,  a.    Releasing  obligation. 

K.  Charles. 

DlS-0-BLIGE',  V.  t.  [dis  and  oblige.]  To  do  an  act 
which  contravenes  the  will  or  desires  of  another ;  to 
ofiend  by  an  act  of  unkindness  or  incivility  ;  to  in- 
jure in  a  slight  degree  ;  a  term  by  which  offense  is  tcn- 
dcrbj  expressed. 

ftly  plan  has  given  oQense  to  some  gentlemen,  whom  it  wouM 
not  be  very  safe  to  disolAise.  Addison. 

2.  To  release  from  obligation.     [JVot  used.] 

Bp.  Hall. 

DTS-0-ELl6'ED,  pp.    Offended  ;  slightly  injured. 

DIS-0-BLIGE'MENT,  n.    The  act  of  disobliging. 

DIS-O-BLIC'ER,  n.     One  who  disobliges.      [Mdton. 

DIS-O-BLIG'ING,  ppr.  Offending  ;  contravening  tlio 
wishes  of;  injuring  slightly. 

2.  a.  Not  obliging  ;  not  disposed  to  gratify  tlie 
wishes  of  another  ;  not  disposed  to  please  ;  unkind  ; 
offensive ;  unplca^ing ;  unaccommodating ;  as,  a 
disobligins  coachman. 

DIS-0-BLI(>'iNG-LY,  adv.  In  a  disobliging  manner ; 
offensively. 

DIS-0-BLlG'ING-NESS,  it.  Offensiveness  ,  disposi- 
tion to  displease,  or  want  of  readiness  to  please. 

DIS-0-PlN'ION,  (-o-pin'yun,)  n.  Difference  of  opin- 
ion.    [A  bad  word,  and  not  used.]       Bp.  Reiinolds. 

DIS-ORB'i^D,  a.  [dis  and  orb.]  TJirown  out  of  the 
proper  orbit ;  as,  a  star  disorbcd.  SkaJc, 

DIS-OR'DER,  71.  [dis  and  order;  Fr.  desordrcj  Sp. 
dcsordcn ;  It.  disordbic] 

1.  Want  of  order  or  regular  disposition  ;  irregu- 
larity ;  immethodical  distribution  ;  confusion  ;  a 
jcord  of  general  application  ,•  as,  the  troops  were 
thrown  into  disorder ;  the  papers  are  in  disorder. 

2.  Tunmlt ;  disturbance  of  the  peace  of  society  ; 
a.s,  liie  city  is  sometimes  troubled  witli  the  disorders 
of  its  citizens. 

3.  Neglect  of  nilc ;  irregularity, 


From  viil*;vr  bounds  witli  brave  disorder  part, 
And  sn  itcli  a  grace  beyond  the  reach  of  art. 


Pope. 


4.  Breach  of  laws  ;  violation  of  standing  mies,  or 
institutions. 

5.  Irregularity,  disturbance  or  interruption  of  the 
functions  of  the  animal  economy  ;  disease ;  dis- 
temper; sickness.  [See  Disease.)  Disorder,  how- 
ever, is  more  frequently  used  to  e;.'press  a  slight 
disease. 

G.  Discomposure  of  the  mind ;  turbulence  of  pas- 
sions. 

7.  Irregularity  in  the  functions  of  the  brain  ;  de- 
rangement of  the  intellect  or  reason. 
DIS-OR'OER,  v.  t.    To  break  order;  to  derange;  to 
disturb  any  regular  dispo-ition   or  arran^cnicnt  of 
things  i  to  put  out  of  method  ;  to  throw  into  confu- 


DIS 

.sion  ;  to  confuse  ;  applicable  to  every  thing  susceptible 
of  order. 

2.  To  disturb  or 'interrupt  the  natural  functions 
of  t!ie  animal  economy ;  to  produce  sickness  or  in- 
disposition ;  a.^,  to  disorder  the  head  or  stomach. 

'3.  To  dit>compose  or  disturb  the  mind  ;  to  nifllc. 

4.  To  di.^turb  the  regular  operations  of  reason  ;  to 
derange  ;  as,  Ihe  man's  reason  is  disordered. 

5.  To  depose  from  hnly  orders.     [Wnusital.] 
DIS-OR'DEit-KD,  pp.     Put  out  of  order;  deranged; 

disturbed;  discornpn.sed  ;  confused  ;  sick;  indis- 
posed. 

DIS-OR'DER-£D,  o.  Disorderly;  irregular;  vicious; 
liKise  ;  unrestrained  in  behavior.  Sluik. 

DIS-OR'DER-ED-NESS,  n.  A  state  of  disorder  or 
irregularity  ;  confusion. 

DIS-Oll'OER-ING,  ppr.  Putting  out  of  order;  dis- 
turbing the  arrangement  of;  discomposing. 

DIS-OR'DER-Lf-NESS,  n.    State  of  being  disorderly. 

DIS-OH'DER-LY,  a.  Confused;  immethodical;  ir- 
regular; being  without  proper  order  or  disposition  ; 
as,  the  books  and  papers  are  in  a  di^wrderly  state. 

2.  Tumultuous;  irregular;  as,  the  disorderly  mo- 
lions  of  the  spirits. 

3.  T^a^vless  ;  contrary  to  law  ;  violating  or  dis- 
posed to  viulate  law  and  good  order ;  as,  disorderly 
jieople  ;  disorderly  assemblies. 

4.  Inclined  to  break  loose  from  restraint;  unruly  ; 
as,  disorderly  cattle. 

DI3-OR'DER-LY,  adiu  Without  order,  rule,  or  method  ; 
irregularly  ;  confusedly  ;  in  a  disorderly  manner. 

S,iv.ig':&  fighting  disorderly  with  slonc^.  Ralegh. 

2.  In  a  manner  violating  law  and  good  order;  in  a 
manner  contrary  to  rules  or  esl-ablislied  institutions. 

Wldnlmw   from    every   brollicr    thai  v,'alketli   disorderly. —Z 
Theas.  iii. 

DIS-OR'DI-NATE,  a.     Disorderly;  living  irregularly, 
DIS-OR'DI-NATE-LY,  adv.    Inordinately  ;  irregular- 

Iv  ;  viciously. 
DIS-0R-<:;AN-1-Za'TI0N,    n.      [Soe    DisoRCAMZE.] 

The    act   of  disorganizing ;   the  act  of  destroying 

organic  structure,  or  connected  system ;  the  act  of 

destroying  order. 
2.  The  state  of  being  disorganized.    We  speak  of 

the  di.-;organization  of  the  body,  or  of  government,  or 

of  society,  or  of  an  army. 
DI3-0R'GAN-IZE,  v.  t.      [dis    and    organize.      See 

Organ.] 
To  break  or  destroy  organic  stnicture  or  connected 

system  ;  to  dissolve  regular  system  or  union  of  parts  ; 

as,  to  disorganize  a  government  or  society  ;  to  disor- 
ganize an  army. 

Every  account  of  the  settlement  of  Plymouth  mentions  the  con- 
duct of  Lyford,  who  attempted  to  disorgamze  the  church. 
Eliot's  Biog.  Did. 

DIS-OR'GAN-IZ-M),  pp.  or  a.  Reduced  to  disorder; 
being  in  a  confused  state. 

DIS-OR'GAN-lZ-ER,  71.  One  who  disorganizes;  one 
who  destroys  or  attempts  to  interrupt  regular  order 
or  system  ;  one  who  introduces  disorder  and  con- 
fusion. 

DIS-OR'GAN-IZ-ING,  ppr.  Destroying  regular  and 
connected  system  ;  throwing  into  confusion. 

2.  a.  Disposed  or  tending  to  disorganize;  as,  a 
disornnt^i'^inir  spirit. 

DIS-o'RI-ENT-A-TED,  a.  Turned  from  the  east; 
turned  from  the  riglit  direction. 

DlS-oVVN',  V.  t.     [dis  and  oicn.]     To  deny;  not  to 
own  ;    to  refuse  to  acknowledge  as  belonging  to 
one's  self.    A  parent  can  hardly  disown  his  child. 
An  author  will  sometimes  disoicn  bis  writings. 
2.  To  deny ;  not  to  allow. 

To  disoton  a  broUier's  better  claim.  Dryden. 

DlS-oWN'i^D,  pp.  or  a.  Not  owned ;  not  acknowl- 
edged as  one's  own  ;  denied  ;  disallowed. 

DISbWN'lNG,   ppr.      Not  owning;    denying;    dis- 

DIS-oWN'MENT,  7i.    Act  of  disowning,     [allowing. 

DIS-OX'Y-DATE,  v.  t.  [dis  and  ozydidc.]  To  reduce 
from  oxydalion  ;  to  reduce  from  the  state  of  an  oxyd, 
by  dii'cngaging  oxygen  from  a  substance  ;  as,  to  dis- 
onjdatc  iron  or  copper. 

DIS-OX'Y-DA-TED,  pp.  Reduced  from  the  state  of 
an  orvd. 

DIS-OX'Y-Da-TING,  ppr.  Reducing  from  the  stale 
of  an  oxyd. 

DIS-OX-Y-Da'TION,  n.  The  act  or  process  of  freeing 
from  oxygen  and  reducing  from  the  state  of  an  oxyd. 

J^Ied.  Repos. 
[  This  word  seems  to  be  preferable  to  Deoxydate.] 

DIS-OX'Y-GEN-aTE,  v.  t.  [dis  and  oxygenate.]  To 
deprive  of  oxygen. 

DlS-OX'Y-6EN-A-TED,pp.    Freed  from  oxygen. 

DIS-OX'Y-OEX-.^-TING,  ppr.     Freeing  from  oxygen. 

DIS-OX-Y-CEN-A'TION,  n.  The  act"  or  process  of 
separating  oxygen  from  any  substance  containing  it. 

DIS-PACE',  V.  i.     [dis  and  spatior,  L.] 

To  range  about.     [Obs.]  Spenser, 

DIS-PaIR',  v.  t,  [dis  and  pair.]  To  separate  a  pair 
or  couple.  Beaiim.  4*  i"'/. 

DIS-PaIR'£D, pp.    Parted;  separated. 

DIS-PaIR'ING,  ppr.     Parting  a  couple  or  pair. 

DIS-PAND',  v.  t.    [L.  dispando.] 

To  display.    [JSTot  in  use]  Diet. 


DIS 

DIS-PAN'.SION,  (-fhnn,)  n.    The  act  of  Bpreading  or 

displaying,     [■f^ot  in  use.] 
DI.S-PAR'A-DIS-AO,   (  par'a-dlst,)  a.     [dw  and  parc- 

di.se.]     Kiiiiovcd  from  [iara<li»c. 
DIS-PAR'AOE,  V.  t.    [Norm,  dcaperager;  Jes,  di5,and 

paragCy  from  peer,  par,  equal.] 

1.  To  marry  one  to  another  of  inferior  condition  or 
rank  ;  to  (Ji:ilionor  by  :.n  unequal  match  or  marriagf, 
against  the  nib.-s  of  decency. 

2.  Tc(  match  unetpiaily  ;  to  injure  or  dishonor  by 
union  with  something  of  inferior  excellence. 

Johnson. 

3.  To  injure  or  dishonor  by  a  cumpariwn  with 
something  of  less  value  or  exajllencc. 

4.  To  treat  with  contempt ;  to  undervalue  ;  to 
lower  in  rank  or  estimation  ;  to  vilify  ;  to  bring  re- 
proach on  ;  to  reproach  ;  to  debase  by  words  or  ac- 
tions ;  to  dishonor. 

Thou  durst  not  ihi»  ditparage  glorioui  antii.  Milton. 

DJS-PAR'AG-ED,  pp.  Married  to  one  beneath  his  or 
her  condition  ;  unetjually  matched  ;  dishonored  or 
injured  by  comparison  with  somelliing  inferior  ;  un- 
dervalued ;  vilified  ;  debased  ;  rc[>nmched. 
DIS-PAR'AGE-MENT,  n.  The  matching  of  a  man 
or  woman  to  one  of  inferior  rank  or  condition,  and 
against  the  rules  of  decency.  Encye.     Cutcel. 

9.  Injury  by  union  or  comparison  with  something 
of  inferior  excellence.  Johnson. 

3.  Diminution  of  value  or  excellence;  reproach; 
disgrace;  indignity;  dishonor;  followed  by  to. 

It  ought  to  be  no  disparagement  lo  a  star  lh=t  it  ia  not  llic  B>m, 

soudi. 

To  l.<c  s  humblo  Christutn  i*  no  disparagement  to  a  prince,  or  a 
Dobleman.  Anon. 

DIS-PAR'AG-ER,  71.    One  who  disparages  or  dishon- 
ors ;  one  who  vilifies  or  disgnices. 
DIS-PAR'AOJ-ING,  ppr.  or  a.     Marr>ing  one  to  anotht  r 

of  inferior  condition  ;  depreciating  in  the  estimation 

of  others;  vilifying;  dishonoring. 
DIS-PAR'AG-ING-LY,a/ir.     In  a  manner  to  disparage 

or  dishonor. 
DIS'PAR-ATE,  a.      [L.  disparala,  things  unlike;  dis- 

par  ;  dis  and  par,  equjil.] 

Unequal;  unlike;  dissimilar.  Robinson. 

DIS'PAR-aTES,  71.  pi.     Things  so  unequal  or  unlike 

that  they  can  not  he  compared  witii  each  other. 

Johnson. 
DIS-PAR'I-TY,  71.     [Fr.  ditpariti  ;  f^p.  disparidad;  It. 

disparitdi   from  L.  dispar,  unequal;    dis  and  par, 

equal.] 

1.  Irregularity  ;  difference  in  degree,  in  age, 
rank,  condition,  or  excellence  ;  as,  a  disparity  of 
years  or  of  age  ;  disparity  of  condition  or  circum- 
stances ;  followctl  by  of  or  in.  We  say,  disparity  in 
or  of  years. 

2.  Dissimilitude  ;  unlikeness. 

DIS-P.\RK',  I",  t.  [dis  and  parh.]  To  throw  open  a 
park  ;  to  lay  open.  ^ak. 

2.  To  set  at  large  ;  to  release  from  indosnre  or 
confinement.  lyallcr. 

DIS-PARK'i'D,  Cdis-p;irkt',)  pp.  Disincloscd ;  set  at 
large. 

DIS-PaRK'ING,  ju    Act  of  throwing  ojwn  a  jnrk. 

DIS-PaRT',  r.  f,  [dis  and  part ;  Fr.  drpartir  ;  I*  dis- 
parfior.  (See  Part.)  Dis  and  part  both  imply  scp' 
aration.] 

To  part  asunder ;  to  divide;  lo  separate;  to  sever; 
to  burst ;  lo  rend ;  to  rive  or  split ;  as,  disparted  air  ; 
disparted  toivers  ;  disparted  chaos.  [.5;i  elcgaiit  poetic 
word.  ]  JilUtoiu 

DIS-PXRT',  V.  i.    To  separate  ;  lo  open  ;  to  cleave. 

DIS-PART',  7t.  In  gunnery,  the  difference  between 
the  thickness  of  the  metal  of  a  piece  of  ordnance  at 
the  mouth  and  at  the  breech.  Bailey. 

DIS-PART',  y.  (.  In  gunnery^  t*  set  a  mark  on  Uic 
muzzle-ring  of  a  piece  of  ordnance,  so  that  a  sight- 
line  from  the  top  of  the  base-ring  to  the  mark  on  or 
near  the  nmzzle,  may  be  parallel  to  the  axis  of  Uie 
bore  or  hollow  cylinder.  Encyc. 

DIS-PART'ED,pi?.or  a.  Divided;  separated  ;  parted , 
rent  asunder. 

DIS-PART'ING,  ppr.  Severing;  dividing;  bursting, 
cleaving. 

DIS-PAS'SION,  (-pash'un,)  7i.  [dis  and  pfwsion.] 
Freedom  from  p;issiou  ;  an  undisturbed  slate  of  the 
mind  ;  apathy.  Tentplr. 

DIS-PAS'SION-ATE,  a.  Free  from  passion;  calm; 
composed  ;  impartial ;  moderate  ;  temperate  ;  un- 
moved by  feelings ;  applied  to  persons ;  as,  dispassion- 
ate men  or  judges. 

2.  Not  dictated  by  passion  ;  not  proceeding  from 
temper  or  bias  ;  impartial ;  applied  to  tilings:  as,  dis 
passionate  proceedinss. 

DIS-PAS'SION-ATE-LY,  adc.  Without  passion; 
calmly ;  coolly. 

DIS-P.^S'SION-£D,  (dis-pash'und,)  a.  Free  from 
passion. 

DIS-PATCH',  V.  t.  [Fr.  dep^ehcr:  Sp.  despac3tar; 
Port,  id.;  It.  dispnccittre:  .\nn.  ddircJt,  diibarJtat.  In 
It.  spaceiare  signifies  to  sell,  put  off,  speed,  dispatch ; 
spaccio^  sale,  vent,  dispatch,  cx|»edition.  Tliis  word 
belongs  to  Class  Bg,  .ind  the  primary  sense  is  to 
send,  throw,  thrust,  drive,  and  this  is  the  sense  of 


TONE,  BJJLI.,  UNITE AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS — €  as  K ;  6  as  J  ;  S  as  Z;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

"~  347 


nis 


DIS 


t,  I.  f««f»,  p«irt»*.   Ilcntc  ixir  "''•f"M'''™***i_J^ 


patJt  of,  mad  ta  ^mJgf 
I.  Tu  M-nd,  or  •tiiJ  away 


The  Mtue  ivurd  ocLun  In  im- 


nppUcd  lo 

li-uert  nn 

iriii    lm«ttr.      'rtiri 

I  ur  MadrM.    lit* 

.   in  rrutictr.     lie 

fler  of  tb« 

I'Ut  tu  doaUL 


3.  T»  perfonn;  Im  ly  ;  lo  floUh  ;  iw, 

l)|i*-PATrir.  r.   i.     »"  niMr  wUh  an- 

olber  i  U>  (miiuict  uid  rinuti.    [.Vot  note  used.] 

T.r-y  IkiT*  d^*paieh4'i  *ilh  pjiopej.  .Wat. 

DIS  PATi'ir,  B.    speedy  p.-rfiffinnncf  ;  cxi-cutlon  or 

IrnnacUnn  of  biuini'M  wiili  duf  ditigi-ncr.       Bacon. 

•>,  r^ih-rd;  liable;   rxi>trditlon  ;    due  dittcciicr ;  as, 

ihe  busim-M  was  done  wlih  dispatch ;  go,  but  moke 

dispatch. 

n.  furiitii-'t ;  mnnncomenl.     [Xot  usrd.]       Shak. 

-iit^  ortobe  »i*iit,  with  rxp<dilion,byn 

r.it*  ;  or  n  Iftlorou  -fomuairiiir  of  nUitf, 

iKvrii;  or  n  [lackrt  of  Icilfn*,  sent  by 

ficiT,  on   piililtc  buiincttit.     It  is  odcn 

ir:il.     A  vi'?stl  or  n  niodcuB'T  Ims  ar- 

<itcheji  for  the  Amrriran  minlslur.     A 

.:-,  .:  i  -s  t-i  iiiimi'dmlfly  dent  lo  the  adminil.     The 

(Kcrttnn  wiis  pnpnrinj:  his  difpatchcs. 

niS  r  A  rrH'A:i),  (dis-imicht',)  yp.     Sent  with  haj'tc, 

,  r  1  .   I  fourii-r  i-xprrjw  ;  si'iit  out  of  l!ic  world  ;  put 

/■  ttii;  iwrf.Tiiud  ;  fminhcd. 

hi-  lAlVU'LU,  R.    One  tliat  dispntchcfl ;  one  tlint 

-J.  I  >iif  thnt  di'iid't  (111  11  Bpccial  crrnnd.  [kills. 

DI=^PATl'H'FUL,   a.       Bent    on    haste;    indicating 

ba*ti";  intent  on  speedy  execution  of  biminewi ;  as, 

di-piitchful  l.xika.  MUton. 

ins  I'A  RUING,  fipr.    Scndinc  away  in  haste ;  put- 

tniic  to  diath;  cxecutlnit;  finishing. 
D:s'PA  THY,  n.     [Gr.  iii  and  ffnOui.] 

Want  I'f  pasition. 
IifS  PA  rpKIl,  r.  r.    [dis  and  pauper.]    To  deprivcof 
1  i)nup<-r  to  public  sup|)ort,  or  of  tlie  ca- 
ii;  in  fonna  paupcru  i    lo    rcduco  back 
.     uf  a  pauiHT. 

A  ::^:.   n    '.LspaaptTtd,  whco  be  loi  Icuvl*  fnllcn  to  him  or 
pivprrty  ^<"fn  bim.  Entyc, 

DIJ^PAU'PER-ED,  yrcL  and  jTp.    Brought  from  the 
lilMe  of  a  inu[v>r. 

DIS  PAU'PKR-I.N'G,  ppr.     Bringing  from  the  condi- 
tion ^^f  a  pau[>er. 

DIS-PEL',  r.  t.  [L.  disptUo;  d'u  and  /ffWo,  to  drive  ; 
Gr.  tyj.\.\M.  See  ArpcAL,  Peal,  Pluie,  and  Bawl.] 
To  scatter  by  driving  or  force  ;  to  dij»|)er!-o  ;  to  din- 
nipate  i  to  banish  ;  as,  to t/i*pW  vapors;  to */i>;>ei  dark- 
ness VI  gloom:  to  dispel  fears;  to  dispel  cares  or 
lonows  ;  to  dispel  doubts. 

DIS-PEL'LEn,  pp.    Driven  away;  scattered;  dissi- 
pated. 

iii>  »'i:i/LlN'G,  ppr.      Driving  away;    dispersing; 
-.np. 
M)',   r.  t.    [L.   dispendo;   dis  and   pendo,  to 

To  »[Mnd  ;  to  lay  out  ^  lo  consume.  Spauer. 

[See  Expend,  which  i>!  generally  used.] 
DIS-PEND'ER,  n.     One  that  distributes. 
i>lS-PENS'A-ULE,  a.    That  may  be  dispensed  with, 

Jifore. 
DIS-PENS'A-BLEXESS,  n.    The  capability  of  being 

■  1     :   ntrd  with.  Hammond. 

I'l^  I'l'.NiS'AUV,  n.     A  house,  place,  or  shop,   in 
-.'■  h :'  )i  medicines  are  dispensed  to  tlicpoor,and  med- 
ical :iilvic«  Kivcn,  gratis. 
DIS-PEX-SA'TION,  n.     [L.  dispensatio.      See    Dis- 
fE:»»E.J 

I.  Di<<tribution  ;  the  act  of  dealing  out  to  different 
persons  or  places  ;  as,  the  disprnsaiion  of  water  indif- 
ferently to  all  parts  of  the  earth.  H'oodtrard. 

3.  The  dcalmg  of  God  to  his  rre.itures;  the  dts- 
Iribuliun  of  RiKxI  and  evil,  natural  or  moral,  in  the 
divine  govemmenL 

Notbrr  an  God'i  metbodi  or  InUntiofU  diitcKnt  (n  liti  ditptn' 
achont  to  each  print?  nua.  Hoftn. 

3.  The  granting  of  a  license,  or  the  lictinse  itself, 
lo  do  what  is  forbidden  by  laws  or  canons,  ur  to  omit 
iomrthing  which  is  commanded  ;  thnt  is,  the  dis- 
I>ensinK  with  a  law  or  canon,  or  the  exemplinn  of  a 
[virticiilar  person  from  tin-  obligation  to  comply  with 
it.^  injiinctiun*.  The  ]H>pe  has  power  to  dispense 
with  the  canons  of  the  church,  but  han  no  right  to 
grant  dupcnsatioru  to  the  Injury  of  a  third  person. 


4.  That  which  Is  dispensed  or  bestowed  ;  a  system 
of  principles  and  rites  enjoined  ;  as,  the  Mojaic  dv*- 
prnjation:  the  gospel  dispfiuation ;  including,  the 
fnnnrr,  the  Ix-viilcal  law  and  ritca  ;  the  latter,  llio 
scheme  of  redemption  by  Chrii^t. 


i; 


Dli^PKNP'A  TIVE.fl.    Granting dbtiK-nsatlon. 

DIS-PKNS'A-TIVE-LV,  rt*/r.     Hy  disiwMsatinn. 

tVotlon. 

DIS-PEN-SA'TOR,  B.  [U]  One  wluMeemptoyimiit 
Is  to  deal  out  or  distribute;  n  dimributur  ;  a  dls- 
printer  ;  the  tiUter  wtrd  M  eenerally  used, 

DIS-PENS'A-TO-RY,  a.  Ilaving  power  to  grant  dlK- 
p4>n<at(oni. 

DIS-PEN'S'A-TO-RY,    w.      .\    b<w»k    runlalnln!;    the 

mi  thod  of  pn'iuiring  the  varioui  kinds  of  im-diclnes 

ii-'.I   in   i'li:iriniicy,  or  containing  tlirrctions  for  the 

.  "f  mt-(|icine<i,  with  the  [irojH^rlions  of  the 

Mid  the  m>  thuds  of  pre|kiring  them. 

1 1  ilH  pens',)  v.t.     [Vr.  dispenser  ;  Sp.  Jw- 

pin-u-- ,  ll.  dispeiuarf :  from  1,.  dirpeitjia ;  dis  and 
penso,  from  pendoy  to  wetj;li,  primarily  to  move  ;  anil 
{M'rha|M  the  original  ideaof  riiH-nding,  was  to  weigh 
off,  or  to  dtsiriliute  by  weipht.J 

1.  To  deal  or  divitle  out  In  parts  or  iwrtlons ;  to 
distribute.  The  cteward  dispenses  provisions  lo  every 
man,  according  to  his  directiuno.  The  society  dis- 
penjes  medicines  to  the  iwior  pnituilouKly,  or  at  flr^l 
ctMt.  Gud  diipeitses  his  favors  according  lo  his  good 
pleasure. 

2.  To  administer;  lo  opply,  as  laws  to  particular 
eases;  to  distribute  Justice. 

While  you  ditptntt  ihc  l\w»  and  guiJe  Ui«  iLitP.        Dnji!tn. 

To  dispense  trith  ;  to  permit  not  to  take  ellect ;  to 
neglect  or  \Kisn  by  ;  to  suspend  the  operation  orappli- 
e:ition  of  something  required,  r.-^tnblished,  or  cuslom- 
ar>' ;  :u«,  to  dt-^teiue  with  the  law,  in  favorof  a  friend  ; 
I  can  not  diipensc  iriMthe  conditions  of  tlie  ctwennnt. 
So  we  say,  to  divpnisc  toitA  oaths ;  to  dispense  with 
forms  and  ceremonies. 

2.  To  excuse  from  ;  to  gh'C  leave  not  lo  do  or  ob- 
servo  what  is  required  or  commanded.  Thu  court 
wilt  d'utpense  aith  your  attendance,  or  iri//t  your  cora- 
pliiuice. 

3.  To  permit  the  want  of  a  thing  which  is  useful 
or  convenient ;  or,  in  lh»:  vulgar  phrase,  lo  do  with- 
out. I  can  disvcn.tc  leiOi  your  services.  I  can  dis- 
lense  leith  my  chMik.  In  tlits  ap|ilication,  the  phrase 
las  nn  allusion  to  the  requisitions  of  law  or  neces- 
sity ;  the  thing  dispciii^ed  with  being  supposed,  in 
8OU10  degree,  necessar)'  or  required. 

1  coulil  not  ditprnst  vl'h  rnvtrlf  from  making  a  Tovage  to 
Caprca.     [Not  to  U  imllaied.)  Add'uon. 

Caiut  innu  ditptntt  irilA  Heaven  for  such  an  oaUif  \Nol 
UpixinaU.\  Shak. 

DIS-PENSE',  (dis-pena',)  n.  Dispensation.  [^Tot 
used.)  .Miltviu 

2.  Expense;  profusion.     [JVot  in  use.]     Spenser. 

DIS-PENsJ'A'D,  (dis-penst' ,);>;).  Distributed  ;  admin- 
istered. 

DIS-PENS'ER,  n  One  who  dispenses  ;  one  who  dis- 
tributes ;  one  who  administers  ;  as,  u  dispenser  of  fa- 
vors, nr  of  the  I.tws. 

DIS-PEXS'IXG,  ppr.    Distributing;  administering. 
2.  a.  That  may  dispense  with  ;  granting  dispensa- 
tion ;  that  may  grant  license  to  omit  wlial  is  required 
by  law,  or  to  do  what  the  law  forbids ;  as,  a  dtspens- 
iniT  power. 

DI.S-PKO'PliE,  (dis-pee'pl.)  v.  t,  [dis  and  people.]  To 
depopulate  ;  to  empty  of  inhabiuuits,  as  by  destnic- 
tioii,  expulsion,  or  other  means.        Milton.    Pope. 

DIS  PkO'PL/'JD,  (dis-|)ee'pld,)  pp.  Depopulated;  de- 
priviMl  of  inliabilants. 

DIS-PicO'PLER,  n.  One  who  depopulates;  a  depop- 
ulutor  ;  that  wliich  dej>rivcs  of  inhabitants. 

DIS-PKO'PLI.N't;,  (dis-pee'pling,)  ppr.    Depopulating. 

DIS-PERGE',  (dis-i)erj',)  r.  (.     [L.  dispcrgo.] 
To  sprinkle.     [JN'ot  in  use.] 

DISPERM'OUS,  a.     FGr.  <ii,  <?(5,  and  <rrrfp/ia,  seed.] 
In  botany^  two-seeded  ;  Containing  two  seeds  only  ; 
as,  umbellate  and  stellate  plants  are  dispermous. 

DISPERSE^,  (dis-pers',)  r.  f.  [L.  dispersus^  from  dis- 
pergo :  di,  dis^  and  spargo^  to  scatter ;  Fr.  disperser.] 

1.  To  scatter  ;  lo  drive  asunder ;  to  cause  to  sepa- 
rate into  different  parts;  as,  tlie  Jews  are  dispersed 
umon;;  all  nations. 

2.  To  dil7\isc  ;  to  spread. 

'ITjo  lijia  of  Om  wbc  diaperte  knowlcdfc.  —  Pro».  xt. 

[It  should  be  DirrcsE.] 

3.  To  dissii>ate;  as,  the  fog  or  thu  cloud  is  dis- 
persed. 

4.  To  distribute.  Bacon. 
DISPERSE',  (dis-pers',)  v.  i.     To  he  scattered  ;  to 

separate  ;  to  go  or  move  into  different  parts ;  as,  the 

company  di.tj)crscd  at  ten  o'clock. 
2.  To  bo  scattered  ;  to  vanish  ;  as  fog  or  vapors. 
DISPERS'KD,  (dispersl',)  pp.  or  a.  Scattered  ;  driven 

apart;  diffused;  dissipated. 
DIS-PERS'ED-LY,  ado.     In  a  dispersed  manner  ;  scp- 

arali'ly.  Hooker. 

DIS-PERS'ED-NESS,  n.     The    slate  of  being    dis- 

pf  n<ed  or  scattered. 
DIS-PERSE'.NESS,  (dis-peni'ness,)  n.     Thinness;  a 

sr^tt*;red  Ktal-j.     [LiUle  used.]  Brerewood. 

DIS-PERS'ER,  n.    One  who  disperses;  as,  the  dis- 

ftrr.ffr  r»f  lit)e|s.  Spectator, 

S  PERS'ING,ppr.     Scittering;  dissipating. 
DIS  PI'.R'SION,  (fihun,)  ;i.    The  act  of  scattering. 
2.  The  state  of  being  scattered,  or  xeparaled   into 


uis 

remote  parts  ;  as,  the  Jews,  in  their  dispersion,  retain 
their  rites  and  ceremonies. 

3.  Bu  traij  of  eminence,  the  scattering  or  separation 
of  the  human  family,  at  Ihe  building  of  llabel. 

4.  In  (»;)fiM,  the  separation  of  light  into  its  <liffir- 
ent  colored  rays,  'i'his  arises  from  their  dillerent 
refringibililies. 

5.  In  medieine  and  surgery^  the  removing  of  in- 
flanunation  from  a  part,  ond  restoring  it  to  its  natu- 
rnl  state. 

DIS-PEItS'I  VE,  (I.    Tending  to  scalier  or  dissipate. 

Green. 

DIS-PIR'IT,  r.  (.  [dii  and  spirit]  To  depress  tlio 
spirits ;  lo  deprive  of  courage ;  lo  discourage- ;  lo 
di!<hearlen  ;  lo  dejccl ;  to  cast  down.  We  iiiiiy  lie 
dispirited  by  nlllictlons,  by  obstarl.s  to  success,  by 
iKiverty,  and  by  fear.  ^Vhen  fear  is  the  cause,  dts- 
pint  is  nearly  equivalent  to  intimidtUe  or  terri/u. 

2.  To  exhaust  the  spirits  or  vigor  of  the  InMly. 
[.V.>(  H-flin/.l  Gdlier. 

DIS-PIRTI -ED,  pp.  or  fl.  Discouraged;  depressed  In 
hpints  ;  tli-Jeci*'d  ;  intimidated. 

lUS-riR'IT  KD-LY,  fl*/e.     Dejectedly. 

DIS-PIR'IT-ED-NESS,  ».  Want  of  courage  ;  depres- 
sion of  spirits. 

DIS-Pllt'IT-ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Discouraging  ;  disliearl- 
cning  ;  dejecting  ;  intimidating. 

DIS  PIT'E-OUS,  a.  Having  no  pity;  cruel;  furious. 
[A'ut  used.]  Spender. 

DIS-PLaCE',  e.  f.  [dis  and  place;  Fr.  dcplaccri  Arm. 
dibla^ia.] 

1.  To  put  out  of  the  usual  or  proper  place  ;  to  re- 
move from  itd  place ;  as,  the  books  in  the  Iilrar)-  are 
all  displaced. 

2.  To  remove  from  nny  stale,  condition,  oflice,  or 
dignity  ;  as,  tu  displace  an  officer  of  the  revenue. 

3.  To  disorder. 

You  have  Stplaced  th?  mirth.  ShaJt. 

DIS-PIjXC'£D,  (-plnst',)  pp.  Rt moved  from  the  proper 
place;  deranged;  dis<irdered  ;  removed  from  an  of- 
fice or  suite. 

DIS-PLACE'MEXT,  n.     [Fr.  drplaeement.] 

The  acl  of  displacing  ;  the  act  of  removing  from 
the  usual  or  proper  place,  or  from  a  state,  condition, 
or  office. 

Tlw  displacemeM  of  ihc  cciitcn  of  ll«  cirdri. 

Atiat.  lifMrchtt,  T.  IfiS. 
Unncccjmry  ditplactment  of  fundi.         IJainilton't  Hep.  ii. 

DIS-PLA'CEN-CY,  n.  [L.  dispUeentia,  from  dispUceo, 
to  displease  ;  dis  and  plaeen,  to  please.] 

Incivility  ;  that  which  dit^pleascs  or  diwoblipcfl. 
Dreaif  of  I'ietp. 
DISPLACING,  ppr.      Putting  out  of  the  usual  or 
proper  place  ;  removing  from  an  office,  state,  or  con- 
dition. 
DIS-PL.\NT',  V,  t     [dis  and  planL]    To  pluck  up,  or 
to  remove  a  plant. 

2.  To  drive  away,  or  remove  from  the  upiml  plaro 
of  residence  ;  as,  to  displant  the  people  of  a  country. 

Bacon. 

3.  To  strip  of  inhabitants  ;  as,  to  displant  i\  coun- 
trj'.  Spenser. 

DIS-PLAXT-A'TION,  n.    The  removal  of  a  plant. 
2.  TIrj  removal  of  inhabitants  or  resident  people, 

Ralrsh. 
DIS-PLANT'ED,  pp.     Removed  from  the  place  where 
it  grew,  as  a  plant. 

2.  Removed  from  the  place  of  residence ;  applied 
to  persons. 

3.  Depriveil  of  inhabitants  ;  applied  to  a  country. 
DiS-PEAXT'ING,p/)r.    Removing,  as  a  plant. 
DIS-PLAXT'IXG,  n.    Removal  from  a  fixed  place. 
DIS-PLAT',  r.  t.     [dis  and  plat.]     To  untwifst ;  to  un- 
curl. Hakeieill. 

DISPLAY',  r.  L  [Fr.  deploycr,  ami  depJoii  Is  the  same 
word.  It  is  a  dillerent  orthography  of  dcpUcr,  to  un- 
fold ;  Arm.  displega  ;  Sp.  de^yplcirar;  It.  spiegare ;  dis 
and  Fr.  ;'/i>r,  Sp.  plegar.  It.  piegarc,  to  fold  ;  L.  ;»/i«, 
\V,  plyguy  Gr.  rrX^KOj:  and  an-Aoaj,  arXuw,  to  unfold, 
may  be  from  the  same  root.] 

1.  Literally,  to  unfold  :  hence,  to  open  ;  to  spread 
wide ;  to  expand. 

Tlio  northern  wind  lui  wlagt  dlil  Itom\  dJtpIatj.  Sptnier. 

2.  To  spread  before  the  view  ;  to  show  ;  lo  extilbit 
lo  the  eyes,  or  lo  the  mind  ;  to  make  manifest.  The 
works  of  nature  display  the  power  ami  wisdom  of 
the  Supreme  Being,  Christian  charity  disidaya  the 
effects  of  true  piety.  A  dress,  simple  and  elegant, 
displays  female  Utste  and  beauty  to  advantage, 

3.  To  car\"e  ;  to  dissect  and  open. 

He  tarvrj,  iluplayt,  and  cuu  up  lo  n  woniicr.  Spt<tator. 

4.  To  set  to  view  ostentatiously.  Shak. 

5.  To  discover.     [JVot  in  use.]  Spenser. 
G.  To  open  ;  to  unlock.     [JVot  used,]    B.  ./vnson. 

DISPLAYS  r.  i.  To  talk  without  restraint ;  tt»  make 
a  great  show  of  words.  Shak. 

DIS-PLAY',  n.  An  opening  or  unfolding;  an  exhibi- 
tion of  any  thing  lo  the  view. 

2.  Show  ;  exhibition ;  as,  they  make  a  grcot  du- 
play  of  troops  ;  a  great  display  of  macnificence. 

DIS  PLAY'KD,  fdis-plidc',)  pp.  ITnfolilcd  ;  opened  ; 
spre^id  ;  cxpanued  ;  exhibited  to  view  ;  inanife>t<;d. 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WHAT.— METE,  PRgY.  — PIXE,  MARtXE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  U^QLF,  BpQK.— 
-— 


DIS 


DItf-PLA  Y'ER,  71.     He  or  tlint  which  displays. 
DIS-PLaY'ING,  ppr.      UnluMing;  si)reailing ;   cxhib- 
ilin-i;  nianifi'-^un!,'.  .      r^     ,    ,  ■  t 

DIS-PLEAS'ANCE,  (dis  plcz'ans,)  «.  [Pr. deplaisancc] 

Aii-'cr  ;  discontent.     [J^ot  used.]  Spenser. 

DIS-PLEAS'A.NT,  (dis-plez'ant,)  a    [See  Displease.] 
Unpleasing  ;  otiensive;   unpleasant.     [The  latter 
iBord  vt  trenrraltij  used.]  :.    ,         , 

DIS-PLeASE',  (dis-pleeze',)  v.  t.     [dis  and  please.] 

1.  To  offend  ;  to  make  anpry,  soTnetimes  in  a 
slight  degree.  It  usually  expresses  less  than  to  antrer, 
CM,  irrilu/e,  and  provoke.  Applied  to  tlie  .Vlmighly, 
in  Scripture,  it  may  be  considered  as  equivalent  to 
anger. 

CoJ  W-.IS  displeased  wiUi  this  thing  ;  llierefore  he  smole  Israel.  — 
\  Chron.  "i. 

Q.  To  disgust ;  to  excite  aversion  in  ;  as,  acrid  and 
rancid  substances  displease  the  taste. 
I  3.  To  offend  ;  to  be  disagreeable  to.    A  distorted 

I       figure  displeases  the  eye. 

DIS-PLe.\SE',  v.  i.    To  disgust ;  to  raise  aversion. 

DIS-PLEAS'1:D,  pp.     Offended  ;  disgusted. 

DI3-PLeAS'EU-NES3,  n.     Displeasure  ;  uneasiness. 

Dis-PLEAS'iNG,ppr.     Giving  offense.    [Monta<rue. 

DIS-PLeAS'ING,  a.  Offensive  to  the  eye,  to  the 
mind,  to  tlie  smell,  or  to  tlie  taste  j  disgusting  ;  disa- 
greeable. 

DIS-PLeAS'ING-NESS,  n.  Offensiveness  ;  the  qual- 
ity of  giving  some  degree  of  disgust. 

DIS-PLEAS'URE,  (dis-plezh'ur,)  n.  Some  irritation 
or  uneasiness  of  the  mind,  occasioned  by  any  thing 
that  counteracts  desire  or  command,  or  which  oi>- 
poses  justice  and  a  sense  of  propriety.  A  man  incurs 
the  displeasure  of  another  by  thwarting  Iris  views  or 
schemes  ;  a  servant  incurs  the  displeasure  of  his  mas- 
ter by  neglect  or  disobedience  ;  we  experience  dis- 
pleasure at  any  violation  of  right  or  decorum.  Dis- 
pleasure is  anger,  but  it  may  be  slight  anger.  It 
implies  disapprobation  or  hatred,  and  usually  ex- 
presses less  than  vexation  and  indignation.  Thu-s, 
slighter  offenses  give  di<pleasitr€,  although  they  may 
not  excite  a  violent  passion. 

2.  Offense  ;  cause  of  irritation. 

Now  shall  1  t*  more  hlamelcss  iJian  the  PliilistJnes,  Ihougli  I  do 
ilicm  ft  dispteaaure.  — Judges  xv, 

3.  State  of  disgrace  or  disfavor. 

He  went  into  PoUnd,  being  iti  displeasure  with  Uie   pope  for 
overmuch  f^iuiiliariiy.  Peaclinm. 

DIS-PIiEAS'URE,  V.  t.     To  displease.    [Jin  unnecessa- 
ry word,  and  not  tised.]  Bacun. 
DIS'PLI-CENCE,  71.     [L.  dispUcentia.] 

Dislike.     [JVot  in  use.]  Mountagu. 

DIS-PLoDE',  V.  t.     [L.  displudo;   dis  and  pUudo,  to 
break  forth.] 
To  vent,  discharge,  or  burst  with  a  violent  sound. 

Ill  posture  to  displode  their  second  (ire 

or  thunder.  Mttton. 

DIS-PLoDE',  V.  i.  To  burst  with  a  loud  report ;  to 
explode ;  as,  a  meteor  disploded  with  a  tremendous 
sound. 

DIS-PLoD'ED,  pp.    Discharged  with  a  loud  report. 

DIS-PLoD'ING,/';/r.  Discharging  or  bursting  with  a 
loud  report. 

DIS-PLo'SION,  (-zhun,)  n.  The  act  of  disploding  ;  a 
s'.idd'-n  biiri^Iing  with  a  louil  report ;  an  explosion. 

DIS-PLo'SIVE,  a.     Noting  displosion. 

DIS-PLO.MK',  r.  /.  [dis  and  plume.]  To  strip  or  de- 
prive of  plumes  or  feathers  j  to  strip  of  badges  of 
honor.  Burke. 

DIS-PEuM'i^D,  pp.    Stripped  of  plumes. 

DIS-PLuM'ING,  j;pr.     Depriving  of  plumes. 

DI-SPON'DEE,  H.  la  Greek  and  Latin  poetry,  a  double 
spondee,  consisting  of  four  long  syllables.      Kncyc. 

DLS-PoRT',  n.  [dis  and  sport.]  Play  ;  sport ;  pas- 
time;  diversion;  amusement;  merriment. 

JMdton.     Hayward. 

DIS-P6RT',  V.  i.  To  play  ;  to  wanton  ;  to  move  light- 
ly and  witliout  restraint  ;  to  move  in  gaycty ;  as, 
lambs  disporting  on  the  mead. 

Whsro  light  disports  hi  ever-mingling  dyos.  Pope. 

DIS-P6RT',  V.  t.  To  divert  or  amuse  ;  as,  he  disports 
himself.  Shak. 

DI:5-P6RT',  V.  t     To  remove  from  a  port.  Chalmers. 

DIS-P6RT'ED,  i)p.  Played  ;  moved  lightly  and  with- 
out rc>^tr:iint. 

DlS-PoUT'I\G,  mir.     Playing;  wantoning. 

DKS-PoRT'MENT,  n.    Act  of  disporting  ;  play.  JiTore. 

DIS-PoS'A-BLE,  (-poz'a-bl,)  a.  [See  Dispose.]  Sub- 
j-^ct  to  disposal ;  not  previously  engagetl  or  employed  ; 
free  to  be  used  or  employed  as  occasion  may  require. 
Tlie  whole  di^osable  force  consisted  in  a  regiment  of 
light  infantry-  and  a  troop  of  cavalry. 

DIS-P6S'AL,'(dis-poz'al,)  ;i.  [See  D'ispose.]  The  act 
of  disposing  ;  a  setting  or  arranging.  This  object 
was  effected  by  the  disposal  of  toe  troops  in  two 
lines. 

2.  Regulation,  order,  or  arrangement  of  things,  in 
the  moral  government  of  God  ;  dispensation. 

Tux  not  divine  disposal.  IHUton. 

3.  Power  of  ordering,  arranging,  or  distributing; 
government ;  management ;  as,  an  agent  is  appoint- 


DIS 

ed,  and  every  thing  is  left  to  his  di-^posal.  The  effects 
in  my  hands  are  entirely  at  my  disposal. 

4.  Power  or  right  of  bestowing.  Certain  offices  arc 
at  the  dispo.^iU  of  the  president.  The  father  has  the 
disposal  of  his  daughter  in  marriage. 

5.  The  passing  into  a  new  state  or  into  new  liands. 
DIS-PoSE',  (dis-jwz',)  v.  t.      [Fr.  disposer;    dis  and 

poser^  to  place  ;  Arm.  disposi;  L.  dispositas,  dispono.] 

1.  To  set ;  to  place  or  distribute  ;  to  arrange  ;  used 
witJi  reference  to  order.  The  ships  were  disposed  in 
the  form  of  a  crescent.  The  general  disposed  his 
troops  in  three  lines.  Tlie  trees  arc  disposed  in  the 
form  of  a  quincunx. 

2.  To  regulate ;  to  adjust ;  to  set  in  right  order.  Job 
xxxiv.  and  xxxvii. 

The  knightly  forms  of  coirilnit  to  dispose.  Dryden. 

3.  To  apply  to  a  particular  purpose  ;  to  give ;  to 
place  ;  to  Destow ;  as,  you  have  disposed  nuich  in 
works  of  public  piety.  In  this  sense,  to  dispose  ofia 
more  generally  used. 

4.  To  set,  place,  or  turn,  to  a  particular  end  or  con- 
sequence. 

Riidiirc  iiud  conquer;  Jove  will  soon  dispose 

To  future  good  our  past  iind  present  woea.  Drydcn. 

•     5.  To  adapt ;  to  form  for  any  purpose. 

Then  must  thou  thee  dispose  another  way.     Hubbard's  Tale. 

G.  To  set  the  mind  in  a  particular  frame;  to  in- 
cline.   Avarice  disposes  men  to  fraud  and  oppression. 

Suspicions  (/jspose  kin»s  to  tynnnv,  luisbnntU  to  jcalougy,  and 

wise  men  to  irrtsorution  and  mel.incholy.  Bacon. 

He  was  disposed  to  p;is8  into  Achaia,  —  Acu  xviii.    1  Cor.  x.  'ZT. 

To  dispose  of;  to  part  with  ;  to  sell ;  to  alienate  ; 
as,  the  man  has  disposed  of  his  house,  and  removed. 

2.  To  part  with  to  another;  to  put  into  another's 
hand  or  power ;  to  bestow  ;  as,  the  father  has  disposed 
(f  his  daughter  to  a  man  of  great  worth. 

3.  To  give  away  or  transfer  by  authority. 

A  rural  judg'^  disposed  of  heaiUy's  prii".  M'allcr. 

4.  To  direct  the  course  of  a  thing.     Prov.  xvi. 

5.  To  place  in  any  condition  ;  as,  how  will  you  dis- 
pose of  your  son  ? 

6.  To  direct  what  to  do,  or  what  course  to  pursue  ; 
as,  they  know  not  how  to  dispose  of  themselves. 

7.  To  use  or  employ  ;  as,  they  know  not  liow  to 
dispose  of  their  time. 

8.  To  put  away ;  the  stream  supplies  more  water 
than  can  be  disposed  of. 

DIS-PoSE',  V.  i.    To  bargain  ;  to  make  terms.     [Obs.] 

Shak. 
DIS-PoSE',  71.    Disposal ;  power  of  disposing  ;  man- 
agement.    [Obs.]  ShaJc. 

2.  Dispensation;  act  of  government.     [Obs.] 

Jilikon. 

3.  Disposition;  cast  of  behavior.     [Obs.]     Shak. 

4.  Disposition;  cast  of  mind;  inclination.     [Obs.] 

Shak. 

DIS-POS'£D,  pp.  Set  in  order ;  arranged  ;  placed  ;  ad- 
justed ;  applied  ;  bestowed  ;  inclined. 

DIS-POS'ER,  n.  One  who  disposes  ;  a  distributor  ;  a 
bestower  ;  as,  a  disposer  of  gifts. 

9.  A  director;  a  regulator.  The  Supreme  Being 
is  the  rightful  disposer  of  all  events  and  of  all  crea- 
tures, 

3.  Tliat  which  disposes.  Prior. 

DIS-PoS'ING,  ppr.  Setting  in  order  ;  arranging  ;  dis- 
tributing ;  bestowing  ;  regulating ;  adjusting  ;  gov- 
erning. 

DIS-PoS'ING,  H.  The  act  of  arranging  i  regulation  ; 
direction.     Pror.  xvi.  33. 

D1S-P0-SI"TI0N,  (-po-zisli'un,)  n.     [h.  dispositio.] 

1.  The  act  of  disposing,  or  state  of  being  dis- 
posed. 

2.  Manner  in  which  things,  or  the  parts  of  a  com- 
plex body,  are  placed  or  arranged  ;  order  ;  method  ; 
distribution;  arrangement.  We  speak  of  the  dispo- 
sition of  tlie  infantry  und  cavalry  of  an  army  ;  the 
disposition  of  the  trees  in  an  orchard  ;  the  di'tposition 
of  the  several  parts  of  an  edifice,  of  tlie  parts  of  a 
discourse,  or  of  the  figures  in  painting. 

3.  Natural  fitness  or  tendency.  The  refrangibility 
of  the  rays  of  light  is  their  disposition  to  be  refracted. 
So  we  say,  a  disposition  in  plants  to  grow  in  a  direc- 
tion upward  ;  a  disposition  in  bodies  to  putrefaction. 

4.  Temper  or  natural  constitution  of  the  mind ;  as, 
an  amiable  or  an  irritable  disposition. 

5.  Inclination  ;  propensity  ;  tlie  temper  or  frame  of 
mind,  as  directed  to  particular  objects.  We  speak  of 
the  disposition  of  a  person  to  undertake  a  particular 
work  ;  the  dispositions  of  men  toward  each  other  ;  a 
disposition  friendly  to  any  design. 

6.  Disposal ;  alienation  ;  distribution  ;  a  giving 
away,  or  giving  over  to  another ;  as,  he  has  made 
disposition  of  his  efVects  ;  he  has  satisfied  his  friends 
by  the  judicious  disposition  of  his  property. 

nrS-PO-Sr'TION-AE,  a.  Pertaining  to  disposition. 
DIS-POS'I-TIVE,  a.     That  implies  disposal.      [JVot 

v,ml.]  Ayliffe. 

DIS-POS'I-TIVE-IjY,  adv.    In  a  dispositive  manner; 

dislributivelv.      [Awt  used.]  Brown. 

DtS-POS'I-TOR,  n.     A  disposer;    in  astrology,  the 

planet  which  is  lord  of  the  sign  where  another  planet 

is.     [Jifot  used.] 


DIS 

niS-POS-SESS',  V.  t.  [Ji*  and  fotsess.']  To  put  out 
of  possession  by  any  means  ;  to  deprive  of  the  actual 
occupancy  of  a  thing,  particularly  of  land  or  real  es- 
tate ;  to  disseize. 

Vc  Bh:ill  dUpfiiiiit  die  iiihabieuiu  of    di4  luiid,  and  dwell 
Uicit'in.  —  Num.  jLXxiii, 

lisually  followed  by  of,  before  the  thing  taken 
away  ;  as,  to  difpo.isC'i.^  a  king  o/  his  crown. 
DIS-I'OS-SES.S'EI),  (-pos-8tst',)  pp.    Deprived  of  pos- 
session or  occupancy. 
DI.S-roS-SESS'lNG,  ppr.    Depriving  of  possession ; 

disseiziuET- 
DIS  roS-.SKS'PIO.V,  (-pos-scsh'un,)  n.     The  act  of 

pultinil  out  of  iHissession.  HaU, 

l)KS-I>o»'IJRR,  (dis-po'zhur,)  n.  [See  Dupose.)  Dis- 
posal; the  iMjwer  of  disposing;  management;  direc- 
tion. Saiulye. 

[77(C  use  of  this  word  is  superseded  btj  Oiai  of  Dispo- 
sal.] 
2.  State  ;  posture  ;  disiwsition.     [Ayt  used.'] 

WotUm. 
DIS-PRAISE',  (dis-priz',)  n.  [rfw  and  praise.}  Blame  ; 
censure.    Be  cautiims  not  to  speak  in  dispraise  of  a 
2.  Kcproacli ;  dislionor.  [competitor. 

Tlie  ^("iicnil   11.1.1  (tccn  Moor.  wiUi  a.  tad  faMS ;  no  disprais. 
to  Bcrtr.iii'8.  Dnjdtn. 

DISPRAISE',  V.  t.  To  blame  ;  to  censure  ;  to  men- 
tion with  disapprobation,  or  some  degree  of  reproach. 

I  ditpraiatd  him  before  the  wicked.  Shak. 

DI.'^-PRaIS'KD,  pp.     lilameil  ;  censured. 

DIS-PR.AlS'l'.R,  n.    On,-  who  blames  or  dispraises. 

DIS-PRAlS'I.N'f!,  (ipr.     Blamin;! ;  censuring. 

DIS-PRAIS'l.NG-LV,  at/ii.  By  way  of  dispraise  ;  Willi 
blame  or  some  degree  of  reproach. 

DIS-PUE.'VD',  (dis  pred',)  v.  t.  [dis  and  spread.  Sec 
Spread.] 

To  spread  in  different  ways ;  to  extend  or  flow  in 
ditferent  directions.  Spenser.     Pope. 

DIS-PRE.'VD',  i:  i.     To  expand  or  be  extended. 

Tliomson. 

DIS-PREAD'EU,  it.     A  publisher  ;  a  divulger.  JUiHoa. 

DIS-PRIS'  0.\,  (priz'n,)  v.  I.  To  let  loose  from  prison  ; 
to  set  at  liherly.  Bulwer. 

DIS-PRIV'I-LECE,  V.  t.    To  deprive  of  a  privdege. 

DIS-PRIZE',  V.  I.    To  undervalue.  CoUmi. 

DIS-PRO-FESS',  V.  t.    To  renounce  the  profession  of. 

DIS-PROF'IT,  71.  [d'ls  and  profit.]  Loss  ;  detriment ; 
damage.     [Little  ttscd.] 

DIS-PROOF',  Ji.  [dis  and  proof.]  Confutation  ;  ref- 
utatio:i  ;  a  proving  to  be  false  or  erroneous;  as,  to 
offer  evidence  in  disproof  uf  a  fact,  argument,  prin- 
ciple, or  allegation. 

DIS-PUOP'EIi-TY,  u.  (.  To  deprive  of  property  ;  to 
dispossess.     [J^ot  used.]  Sliak. 

DIS-PRO-PoR'TION,  II.     [dis  and  proportion.] 

1.  Want  of  proportion  of  one  thing  to  another,  or 
between  the  parts  of  a  thing  ;  want  of  symmetry-. 
We  speak  of  the  disproportion  of  a  man's  arms  to  his 
body  ;  of  the  disproportion  of  the  length  of  an  edifice 
to  its  bight. 

2.  Want  of  proper  quantity,  according  to  niles  pre- 
scribed ;  as,  the  disproportion  of  the  ingredients  in  a 
compound. 

3.  Want  of  suitableness  or  adequacy ;  disparity  ; 
inequality ;  iinsuitableness  ;  as,  the  disproportion  of 
strength  or  means  to  an  object. 

DIS-PRO-PoR'TlON,  r.  (.  To  make  unsuitable  in 
form,  size,  length,  or  quantity  ;  to  violate  syiniuelry 
III ;  to  iiiisniatch  ;  to  join  unfitly. 

To  filial)*?  my  loirs  of  an  miociii.t]  siM, 

To  f/tj.7>ro;Jorlioii  me  in  every  pim.  Shak. 

DIS-PRO-POR'TIO.N'-.V-nLE,  a.  Disproporlional ;  not 
in  proportion  ;  unsuitable  in  form,  size,  or  ipianlity, 
to  something  else  ;  inadequate. 

jVulc— The  sense  in  which  this  word  is  used  is 
generally  anomalous.  In  its  true  sense,  tliat  viaij  he 
made  disproporlional,  it  is  rarely  or  never  used.  The 
regular  word,  which  ought  to  be  used,  is  Dispropob- 
TioNAL,  as  used  bv  Locke. 

DIS-PRO-PoR'TIOi\-.\-BLE-NESS,  ii.  Want  of  pro- 
portion or  symmetry ;  unsuitableness  to  something 
else. 

DIS-PRO-PoR'TION-A-BLY,  adr.  With  want  of 
proportion  or  symmetrj' ;  unsuitably  to  something 
else.  Tillot.^an. 

DIS-PRO-PoR'TION-AL,  a.  Not  having  due  propor- 
tion to  something  else  ;  not  having  proportion  or  sym- 
metry of  parts  ;  unsuitable  in  form  or  quantity  ;  une- 
qu.al ;  inadequate.  A  disprepeWioiiui  limb  constitutes 
deformity  in  the  body.  The  studies  of  youth  should 
not  be  disproporlional  to  their  rapacities. 

[This  is  the  word  which  ought  to  be  used  for  Dis- 

PBOPOBTIOSABLF..]  . 

DIS-PRO-PoR-TIO.N'-.\L'I-TY,ii.  The  statcof  being 
dii^propiTlional.  , 

DIS-PRi  i-l'olt'TION-.\I,-LY,  adr.  Unsuimbly  with 
respr.t  to  form,  quantity,  or  value;  inadequately; 
unequallv.  .  , 

DIS-PRO-PoR'TION-ATE,  <i.  Not  proportioned  ;  un- 
symmctrical ;  unsuitable  to  something  else,  in  biilk, 
form,  or  value;  in.idequate.  In  aperfectform  oftlie 
body,  none  of  the  limbs  are  di^praportioyjite     It  is 


TONE,  BfJLL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS €  as  K ;  C!  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

a4tr 


DIS 


irtvib\i  wA  to  uatlertoko  a  wurk  wilb  disfrofariian- 
J.    Nut  pruporlloiictl ; 


DIri 


v'a-bl,)  A.    Capable  uf  bo- 
Baule. 

'1     J^ 

to  du- 

iiont,  n 

a.  Tu  convict  of  tii«  pnicl)e«  of  error.    fJVW  ih 
lu^.]  Hooker, 

3.  Til  JUiillow  or  (Iwapprovf.     {.Vvi  in  luf,] 
lUSPKOV'/:!),  jpp.     Proved  lobe  faUo  ur  emuicout ; 

ffn!.  ,t. 

uruvfsor  conAilei. 
:  >  U)  faUi'  or  trruiiL-- 


'.,  ■'■■..^    Willi- 
.]  SA/iA. 

OIH-ITKVBY'A.NCK,  n.  Wunl  of  pruvUiuuii.  [Xvt 
in  u.'-. '  Spcnjcr. 

I»IS  1'  ri:.]    That  luuy  be 

<|i  III  qui-stion,   cofitn>- 

V(ii  >    rlible;    nf   doulitrul 

ccrt.ijiit; .  \V<  -^>  ..k  •  I  •■•j'utabU  opiiiiuiu,  slalo- 
iiieiilf,  |)ro|KMltloni,  argiimt'ntD,  pi*inlH,  cnscs,  i^ucj- 
tionf,  tec. 

ItlH-Plf-TAC'l-TV,  K.     !■  H^mU'. 

IHS'PIJ-TANT,  n.  ttiic  u  lie  whoarguca 

In  np|k>!<itii<n  l»  aiiolbrr ,  : '  ..^l ;  u  reo.'Wiier 

In  itpiKMiU'tn. 

niS'l'li-'l'AN  r.a.  U^Miiinf; ;  cn[macd  in  controversy. 

HIS  PI'  'I-X'THiN,  .^     [\..  dl  ;>ufjf^.]  [MiU^n. 

Int  I 

Bi.l< 

inc  til-  iriitJi  t't  -.III!'  Till  I,  cinniMij,  pr-;       iimm,  nr 

arcuinvnL 

'J.  .\t\  txi'TciM'  in  rtillrgcA,  in  which  partiea  reason 
In  oppcMttlun  to  each  oiht-r,  on  Bomo  qiioMloii  pro- 

Ii|t^Pr*T.X'TIors,  (4ii'Mhiw,)  a.  Inclined  to  dls- 
put'  ■  il  or  controvert;  ns,  a  dufputatious 

|irr 

^  <  r  a  fuiitre  life  iru  no  rrcuiuii>e«:laikiit 
Uic    wiu  and  phllouptwri  of  tlut 
JiuckininjUr. 

DIS  r<  —^,11.    Inclination  to  dispute. 

l»IS-l'r  r  A  (I  \  K,  ,1.  |)i-prwcd  to  d  is  pule  ;  inclined 
to  civil  or  to  rea<trin  in  nppusilion  ;  oji,  a  dispuUitice 
trnippf.  Hatt-i. 

DIPUPCTR',  p.  i.  [I*.  ilLiputo  :  du  and  puM.  'IJiu  pri- 
niiir>'  wiwe  of  puto  in  to  throw,  cast,  strike,  or  drive, 
ui  wo  «ee  by  imputny  to  ini|Miii.-,  to  throw  on,  to 
rliarf^,  to  ascribe.  Ampuio^  U\  prune,  \a  to  strike  ulF, 
to  thriiw  ipff  fr(tm  nil  iiid«rs  ;  evmpuio,  to  aymputr,  id 
to  thr-.-vl.v-.  Ih-  r,  tn  rri.l.     Duputr,  Ulen,  is  mrlic.-illy 

v*?''^  I  I  f/i^ciux,  both  of  which  are 

f»«"  italion.] 

1  iimni ;  to  reason  or  nrgiie  In 

opi-  '  ii'  ,   to  nltercnte;   and  to  di.<puU 

••'•  "gh".     I'a'il  diiputed  with  the  JewH 

In  ■  Thf  dlsciplc9  of  Christ  disputed 

W'  -liould  be  the  greatest.  Men 
*^ 

'■\  in  oppoKition  to  a  cornpcti- 

t<-f  -  I  .r  the  pnae. 

Dlft*  '  To  altrmiK  to  disprove  by  nrpt- 

"!■  •-  .  to  ntictiipt  In  prove  ^»  bo  false, 

""'  1' ,  to  controvert ;  to  attempt 

t"  nc-    We  dijrpuu  assertion!!, 

opii^  -tntr-mrnts,  when   wu  cn- 

dr..  iinruundi'd.     We  rfu- 

P^'-  "1.     Hence,  to  dLtpuU 

•  '"■  to  ciidt-avor  tu  main- 

tnn'  r  -  i.iiriii,  and  to  overtlirow 
lb- 

-  '  f'T.  rlihrr  by  word*  or  ac- 

li"'.  f  the  day  ;  iin/i..;>uff 

a  I  '  iical,  being  uwd  fi.r 

d'-'-,  verb  i»  intraojiilivc. 


by 

ders 


of;  to  oppose 
.'tjpuU  the  or- 


4.  To  striVD  to  maintain ;  M,  to  dupuU  every  inch 

nf  KTOdnd. 

ni8-P0TE',  B.    Strife  or  contest  in  w..rt 
mentfl  ;  an  attempt  (n  prove  aod  main'  i 

opinion*!  or  rliinii.  by  argiimcnta  or 


DIB 

opIHMition  tn  tlic  opinions,  nr(;uMifnl«,  ur  rlainm  of 
uri'il..  r  .  (  hmIt>>\<  r^>  111  wurd^.  Tliey  had  a  dupuie 
I. II  ■  -liven-;    »  subject  which,  one 

w  iiiit  or  nu  dispute. 

!  ipiilied   lu  vi*rb:il  cnnlert  ;  eon- 

t.  I  >\(>riU  or  writiug.     DupuU  i*  bu- 

I.'  iN  ;  de^dU  and  dujiuniuH  id  appllca- 

I.;  ;.  -<. 

'    '  'I  ;   a*  In 

!  '      ,  1  liy  wordrt 

IT  aii;um'  iiK  ,  Iitiyjiti  (I. 
DI.S-POTK'LKS.S,  a.    Admitting  no  dUputo;  Incon- 

trovertiMi-. 
DiS-l'CT  1  '    I'Utca,  or  who  Is  given 

to  dlxpui' 

W  .  *oi1df  — I  Cur.  i. 

Dia  POT'l.Nti,  p//r.    Contending  by  wordu  or  argu- 

hit-nt>« ;  controverting. 
DIS-POT'IN(!,  II.     The  act  of  contending  by  wordu 

or  arguments  ;  controversy ;  altercation 

Du  lUI  tliiiij^  without  mumturin^  or  dhpubng*-  —  l^hJl-  U. 

DI^UUAI'-I-FI-eA'TION,  n.  [See  Dijqualuy.] 
The  iir't  of  diMpiulifying  ;  or  that  which  disqualiries  ; 
that  which  renders  until,  unsuitable,  or  itmdeqtmtu  ; 
a»,  nickne;n  i^  n  di-njwJifimtwH  fur  labor  or  study. 

i  The  IH  r  i.f  deprivinfi  of  Itgul  (Kiwcr  or  capaci- 
ty ;  that  uliuli  renib-r.-!  inuiiuible  ;  that  wliicli  Inra- 
iK-icitales  in  law  ;  disability.  Conviction  of  a  crimo 
\»  a  diy>fuiiliJiralii/H  for  ollicu. 

3.  Want  of  qualification.  It  is  t)s«d  in  tills  nensc, 
tlioii|;li  improperly,  (n  strictness,  diAijualification 
implies  a  previouK  qunnficatiin  ;  but  cureless  writers 
use  it  fi>r  the  want  of  qtjalilicntinn,  wliere  no  previ- 
ous qualilicnlion  is  siip|)uM;d.  ThuB,  1  must  still 
retain  Itn.'  consciousness  of  thoie  di-i/auaiificatiunjiy 
whirli  you  have  been  pleased  to  overlooli. 

.S"ir  Jvhn  Shore.  JisiuL  Res  4,  175. 

DIS-aUAI/I-FT-ED,  (kwol'e  fide,)  pp.  or  a.  Deprived 
of  qualilirations  ;  rendered  unliL 

UIS-UliAL'I-F?,  r.  1.  \dis  and  quali/ij.]  To  make 
unfit  ;  io  ilejirive  of  iiatiinil  power,  or  the  qualities 
or  i)ropertie8  necessary  for  any  purpose  ;  with  for. 
Indisposition  disqunlifiej  the  body  for  labor,  and  the 
mtnd  for  xludy.  Piety  does  not  disqualify  a  pcrscm 
for  anv  lawful  employment. 

2.  1  o  deprive  of  legal  rapacity,  power,  or  right ; 
to  disable.  A  conviction  uf  perjury  disqualifies  a 
man  fur  a  wilne^'L  A  direct  interest  in  a  suit  Jt^- 
quat^fieji  a  ner-i>n  to  lie  a  juror  in  the  cause 

DIS-aCj^L'l-F9-ING,  ppr.  or  a,  fiendering  unfit; 
disnbltnf*. 

DIS-UUAN'TI-TY,  r.  (.    To  diminish.     [JVot  in  use.] 

S/iali. 

DI8-aUI'ET,  rt.  [(/wand  quiet.]  Unquiet;  rosUess; 
uneasy.     [Seldom  u.-ted.)  Shak. 

DIH-Q,l;I'KT,  71.  Want  of  quiet ;  uneasiness  ;  rest- 
lessness ;  want  of  tranquillity  in  body  or  mind  ;  dis- 
turbance ;  anxiety.  Swift.     TiUoison. 

DIS-CiUT'ET,  It.  t.  To  disturh  ;  to  dqirive  of  peace, 
rest,  ur  trampiiliity  ;  to  make  uneasy  or  rcstliiss  :  to 
harass  the  butly  ;  to  feet  or  vex  the  mlml. 

Ttui  ho  may  Ht^jUt  l)w  inlulilajiLi  of  Babylon. — Jcr.  I, 

Why  l^it  Ihou  idttfjitMrnci — )  Snm.  xxviii. 

0  my  ro:iI,  why  .irt  thou  ditjuutcd  within  Die  ?  —  P».  xlii. 

DIS  aUT'KT-ED,  pp.  or  a.  Made  untrosy  or  restless ; 
disturbed  ;  harassed. 

DIS-UI.'I'I:;T-1-:;K,  H.  One  who  dj^quicls  ;  he  or  that 
whirli  makes  une.x«y. 

DIt?-(iri'ET-I''(."L,  a.     Prmlucing  inquietude.  Barroic. 

DIS-UIJI'KT-Ii\G,  ppr.  Disturbing  j  making  unca.<<y  ; 
deprivinj:  of  rest  or  peace. 

*i.  a.  Tending  to  dii^turb  the  mind  ;  as,  disquieting 
apprehenxions. 

DIS-UUT'KT-IVE,  a.    Tending  to  disquiet 

DISaur'ET-LY,  adv.  Without  quiet  or  reat ;  in  an 
uneasy  state ;  uncasilv  ;  anxiously  ;  os,  ho  rested 
disqaietltj  that  nicht.     f  Unusttal.]  fViseman. 

DIS-armr-MENT,  7..     Act  of  disquiclin-. 

DIS-UUT'ET-NESS,  n.  Uneaainess  ;  restlessness  ; 
disturbance  of  iicace  in  body  or  mind.  Jfvoker. 

DIS-lilJI'ET-OUS,  a.  Causing  uneasiness.  [Xvt 
ujtd.]  M'Ulon. 

DIH-aur'E-TUDE,  71.  Want  of  |>eacc  or  tranquillity  ; 
uneasiness  ;  disturbance  ;  agitation  ;  anxiety.  It  is, 
I  believe,  most  frequently  used  of  the  mind.  Re- 
ligion is  our  best  sccuritv  from  the  di.iquietudej  that 
Imblttrr  life. 

DIS-aUI-SI"TIO\,  (di.^-kwe-zish'un,)  77.  [L.  dis~ 
quisitio  ;  dijquiro  ;  dij  an<l  qu-iro,  to  seek.] 

A  fonnal  or  pysleinatic  inquirj'  into  any  subject, 
by  argumenti,  or  discussion  of  the  facts  and  clrcum- 
BLinces  that  may  elucidate  trutli  ;  as,  a  di,squisitiun 
on  government  or  morals;  a  disquisition  concerning 
the  nntrdiliivian  earth.  fVoodteard. 

[It  it  tutuailij  applied  to  a  written  treatise.] 

DIS-ari-SI"TloN.A-RY,  a.  Pertaining  to  diwpiiHi- 
tinn. 

DIS-RA\K',  u.  t.    To  degrade  from  rank.    [J^ot  \ised.] 
2.  To  throw  out  of  rank  or  into  confusion.  Decker. 

DIS-RE-GARD',  Ti.  [rfi..  and  rr^'dr,/.]  Neglect;  omis- 
sion of  notice  ;  Hiight  i  implyinj;  Indifference  or  some 
degree  of  contempt ;  as,  to  pass  one  with  diirrgard. 


DIS 

D1S-UE-41ARD',  r.  t.  To  omit  to  tuku  noticoofjlo 
neglect  to  ub»erve;  to  sli|;hi  as  unwortliy  uf  r«gvd 
ur  notice.  Wc  are  never  to  disrtgard  the  wants  of 
the  |>oor,  nor  the  admonitions  uf  conscience. 

SliMliuiU  of  (ooJ,  nuu  dxtrtganitd  f.unc.  B^atkmart. 

DIB-RE-GXRD'ED,  pp.     Neglected;   tilighted  :    unno- 

DIS  REGAltD'EU,  n.    One  whu  neglt>c|s.  rilc«d 

DIS-RK-<;aRD'PUL,  0.  Negluctmi  ;  negligent ;  hood- 
less. 

UlS'RE  OAUD'F(JL-LY,  ado.  Negligently  ;  heed- 
lessly. 

DIS-RE-GARD'INO,  ppr.  Neglecting  ovorlooklni; 
omiitlni:  to  notice. 

DIS-REI/ISH,  It.     [du  and  rtlish.]     Distaste;  dLxtikr 
of  the  palate;  some  degree  of  diiigust.     Ahn  Cinrr 
ally  have  a  disrelinh  for  tobacco,  till  thi:  ta^le  la  rtciJti 
ciled  to  It  by  custom 
S.  Had  taste  ;  nauseoiuness.  Mdlon, 

'^.  Distrtste  or  di-like,  in  a  Jiffurative  aensr ;  dislike 
of  the  mind,  or  of  the  faculty  by  which  beauty  and 
excellence  ore  i>erceived. 

DI.S-REL'I.SII,  r.  (.  To  dislike  the  taste  of;  as, to 
dufrelish  a  particular  kind  of  food. 

t>.  To  nmko  nauseous  or  dirigusting;  to  infect  wtlh 
a  bad  taste.  .MiUan. 

r/ii  (Aw  sense,  I  believe^  the.  vard  u  little  lued.] 
3,  To  dislike  ;  lo  feel  some  disgust  at ;  ns,  to  41» 
relish  vulgar  jesli). 

DIS-REL'ISII-KD,  (rcnsht,)  pp.  Not  relished  ;  dis- 
liked ;  made  nauseous. 

DI.S-UEIVISII-ING,  ppr.  Disliking  the  tuste  of;  px- 
iiericncinu  ditigust  at ;  rendering  nauseous. 

DIS-UE-.MEM'BER.  r.  (.    To  forget.     [Unautkonir.i] 

DIS-RE  PAIR',  n.  [dis  and  repair.]  A  sliiU;  of  li. m^- 
not  in  repair  or  good  condition, and  wanting  iip:kn- 
tion.  Cfialniir  . 

DIS-REP'TI-TA-BLE,  a.  [dis  ami  rqiutabU.]  .Nmi 
reputable;  not  in  esteem;  not  lionumble ;  low; 
mean  ;  as,  disrqmtable  company. 

'J.  Dishonorable;  dis[.'rieini{  the  reputation;  tend- 
ing to  impair  the  good  name,  and  bring  into  dis- 
csteem.  Il  i.-:  tUsrepalnblc  to  as.so(:iute  fumiliarly  Wlt|) 
the  mean,  the  lewd,  and  the  profane. 

DI.'5-REP'IVrA-nLY,  adc.    In  a  disreputable  manit.  r. 

DIS-RE1M]-TA'TI0.\,  n.  [du<  aJid  rrputaliou.]  b.-. 
or  want  of  reputation  or  pood  name ;  disn  puit  . 
disesteem  ;  dishonor;  disgrace;  dit<credit.  Ill  y\r- 
cess  often  brings  an  enterprising  tnan,  as  well  wv.  Iitk 
project,  into  disreputation, 

DIS-RE  rOTfy,  i(.  [dis  and  repute.]  Loss  or  wnnt 
ef  r-putaliun  ;  discstecm  ;  discrerlit ;  dishonor.  The 
alchemist  and  his  biKtks  have  sunk  into  disrepute. 

DIS-RE-POTE',  r.  t.     To  bring  into  disreputation. 

DIS  RE  I'CT'EI),  pp.     Rrouchi  into  disreputation. 

DD^RE-PCT'LNG,  ppr.    Jirint^ing  into  disreputation. 

DIS-Rli-SPECT',  II.     [rfw    and    rc.-rprct.]      WtxwX   of 

respect  or   reverence  ;   disesteem.     Visrespett  olli n 

leads  a  man  lo  treat  another  with  neglect  or  a  digrLo 

of  contempt. 

9.  .fis  an  art,  incivility  ;  irrevorence  ;  rudeness. 

DIS-RE-SPECT'  V.  t.    To  show  disrespect  to. 

DIS-RI'>-.SPE€T'ED,  pp.    Trente.l  with  disrenpert 

DI.S-RE-SPECT'FJJL,  a.  Wanting  in  respect;  o«,« 
di^re.-qititful  thought  or  opinion. 

S.  Manifesting  disesteem  or  want  of  respect ;  iia- 
civil ;  as,  disresprciful  behavior. 

DIS-Ul'VSPEeT'FI.L-LY,  adv.  In  a  disrespertfil 
manner:  irreverently;  uncivilly. 

DIS-KE-SPECT'ING,  ppr.    Showing  disrcsiwct  ta 

DIS-ROUE'.  r.  t,  [dis  and  robe.]  To  divest  of  I 
robe  ;  to  divest  of  garments  ;  to  undress. 

2.  To  strip  of  covering  ;  to  divest  of  any  surround- 
ing appendage.  Autumn  disrobes  the  fields  of  ver- 
dure. 

Tliric  Iwo  peen  were  ditrobtd  of  lltHr  ^rf.  M'oUon. 

DIS-ROB'ED,  pp.  Divested  of  clothing;  stripped  of 
covrrinc. 

DI.S-Rr)B'ER,  n.    One  that  strips  of  robes  or  clothing. 

DrS-ROlt'ING,  ppr.  Divesting  of  garmenU ;  strip- 
ping of  any  kind  of  covering. 

DISROOT',  r.  L  [dis  and  root.]  To  tear  up  Uw 
roots,  or  by  the  roots. 

S.  To  tear  from  a  foundation  ;  to  loosen  or  under- 
mine. 

A  pWfi  ut  ^TDunJ  dUrooled  front  lu  dtuatJon  by 


iniinilatioiu. 


Golitftilfi. 


Die-ROOT'ED,  pp.  Tom  up  by  tlie  roots;  under- 
mined. 

DIS-ROOT'ING,  ppr.  Tearing  up  by  the  rooU;  un- 
dermining. 

DI.^RIJl'T^a.  [h.  disruptiis ;  dis  and  niMpo, to  burst] 
Rent  from ;  torn  asunder;  severed  by  rending  or 
breaking. 

DIS-RUPT'ED,  fl.    Rent  asunder.       Dr.  Thomp*o». 

DIS-RIJP'TIO.N',  T?.     [L.  ditruptio^  frnin  di.*7-uiTtpo.] 

1.  The  art  of  rending  asunder;  the  act  of  burn- 
ing and  separating. 

2.  Breach  ;  rent :  dilae^-ration  ;  as.  the  disruption 
of  rocks  in  an  earthipiake  ;  the  disruption  of  a 
stratum  of  earth  ;  dvrruvtion  of  llie  Ui-»h. 

DIS  SAT-IS-FAe'TION,  n.  [dis  and  saii^anion.] 
The  sbilo  of  being  dissatisfied  ;  discimtent ;  unensl- 


Ka  i  K,  PAR,  PALL,  WU^T.  — MftTE,  PRBY.-FINE,  MARINE,  niRD.-NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE.  WQLP,  BQQK.- 

350  ~  ~" 


DIS 

ness  proceeding  from  the  want  of  gratification,  or 
from  disappointtd  wiilies  and  cxpectutioiis. 

The  aiuUuuui  iiuvii  b  dulijccL  to  uneasiness  AnJ  dissatii'/iU-tian. 

Addison. 

DIS-SAT-IS-FAC'TO-RI-XESS,  n.    Inability  to  sat- 
isfy or  give  content ;  a  failing  to  give  content. 
DIS-SAT-IS-FA€'TO-RY,  a.    Unabla  to  give  content. 
Rather,  giving  discontent;  displeasing. 

To  haTe  iwlHC-d  ibc  cIi:Tcrc:il  qtialiticalions  in  ih^-  different  Suites 
to  oac  (iniibrm  rul«r,  would  prolwbiy  imte  t>fen  as  diteadt' 
/actory  to  some  oftbc  Slates,  as  diiricult  Tor  tbe  conveiilioii . 
Haimiian,    MU/ord. 

DIS-SAT'IS-FI-ED,  (-sal'is-flde,)  pp.  Made  discon- 
tented; displeased. 

2.  a.  Discontented  ;  not  satisfied  j  not  pleased  ; 
offended.  Locke. 

DIS-SAT'IS-F7,p.(,  To  render  discontented  ;  to  dis- 
please ;  to  excite  uneasiness  by  frustrating  wishes  or 
expectations. 

DIS-SAT-IS'FST-ING,  ppr.  Exciting  uneasiness  or 
discontent. 

DIS-SeAT',  v.  U    To  remove  from  a  seat.         S/ioA. 

DIS-SECT',  V.  t.  [L.  dUseco,  dissectus;  dis  and  seco, 
to  cut ;  Fr.  dissequer.] 

1.  To  cut  in  pieces ;  to  divide  an  animni  body, 
with  a  cutting  instrument, by  separating  the  joints; 
as,  to  disicct  a  fowl.     Hence,  appropriately^ 

2.  To  cut  in  pieces,  as  an  animal  or  vegetable,  for 
Ulc  purpose  of  examining  the  stmctnre  and  use  of 
its  several  iiarls  ;  to  anatomize.     Also,  to  open  any 

j  part  of  a  body  to  observe  its  morbid  appearances, 
or  to  ascertain  the  cause  of  death  or  tliu  seat  of 
a  disease. 

3.  To  divide  into  its  constituent  parts,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  examination  ;  as,  dissect  your  mind  ;  dissect 
a  paragraph.  Rosanninon.     Pope. 

DIS-i?EeT'ED,  pp.  or  a.     Cut  in  pieces  ;  separated  by 
;      parting  the  joints ;  divided  into  its  cun=titueiit  parts  ; 
;      opened  and  examined. 
'  'IS-SECT'ING,  ppr.    Cutting  in  pieces  ;  dividing  the 
[KiFls  ;  separatmg  constituent  parts  for  minute  exara- 
inalion. 
2.  a.  Used  in  dissection  ;  as,  a  dissecting  knife. 
DISSECTION,  (-sek'shun,)  n.     [L   dissedia.] 

1.  The  act  of  cutting  in  pieces  an  animal  or  vege- 
table, for  the  purpose  of  examining  the  structure 
and  uses  of  its  parts  ;  anatomy. 

Dissection  was  lielJ  sacrilege  till  the  time  of  Francis  I.   Encyc. 

2.  The  act  of  separating  into  constituent  parts,  for 
the  purpose  of  critical  examination. 

DIS-SECT'OR,  n.    One  who  dissects  ;  an  anatomist. 
DIS-SkIZE'j  (dis-seeze',)  w.  (.    [dis  and  seize;  Fr. 

dessaisir.'] 
In  lawy  to  dispossess  wrongfully ;  to  deprive  of 

actual  seizin  or  possession ;  followed  by  of;  as,  to 

disseize  a  tenant  o/his  freehold. 

A  man  limy  suppose  [maacU disseized,  nben  he  is  nut  so. 

BlacksloTU. 

DIS-SeIZ'jED,  (dis-seezd',)  pp.  Put  out  of  posses- 
sion \vrongfuUy  or  by  force ;  dej)rived  of  actual 
possession. 

DIS-SkI-ZEE^  (dis-sce-zee',)  lu  A  person  put  out  of 
possession  of  an  eslate  unlawfully. 

DIS-SeIZ'IN,  71.  The  act  of  disseizing  ;  an  unlawful 
dispossessing  of  a  person  of  his  lands,  tenements, 
or  incorporeal  hereditaments ;  a  ib-privation  of  actual 
seizin.  £/flcAv?«Hf, 

D!S-Sk1Z'I\G,  ppr.  Depriving  of  actual  seizin  or 
possf^ssion  ;  jHittiug  out  of  possession. 

DIS-SicIZ'OR,  »,  One  who  puts  another  out  of  i>os- 
session  wrongfully  ;  he  that  dispossesses  another. 

Btacksto7ic. 

DIS-SEM'BLANCE,  v.  [dis  and  -itrmblttnccl  Want 
of  rttseralilancp.     [Little  vsed.]  Osborne. 

DIS-SEM'BLE,  r.  t.  [L.  dissimulo  ;  dis  nnd  sinmlo, 
frum  similis,  like;  I'r.  diisintidcr ;  It.  di.-isimtdare  ; 
J^p.  di.uiindar  ;  Arm.  dicznnttda,'] 

1.  'I'll  hide  under  a  mise  appearance;  to  conceal ; 
til  disguise;  to  pretend  that  not  to  be  wliich  really 
is ;  :ls,  I  will  not  d'lssanhle  the  truth  ;  I  can  not  t/w- 
wmi/c  my  real  sentiments.  [This  is  tlic  jirupcr  sense 
ofUiii  word.^ 

2.  I'o  preti:nd  that  to  be  whicli  is  not ;  to  make 
a  false  appearance  of.    This  is  the  sense  of  sbnulate. 

Your  Eiin  Lucntio 
Dyili  love  my  (UugJjter,  ami  slw:  luveth  liini, 
Ur  bolli  disteinlile  Jeoply  tlwir  affections.  Shak. 

DIS-SEM'BEE,  v.  i.  To  be  hypocriticjil ;  to  assume  a 
false  appearance ;  to  conceal  the  real  fact,  motives, 
intention,  or  sentiments,  under  some  pretense. 

Yr  hive  stolon,  anil  dissembled  n\sn. —  J.ioii.  vii. 

Ill  that  lul.;lh,  dttsenAUth  vrilh  his  lips.  —  Ptov.  xxvi. 

DIS-SE.M'BLKD,  pp.  Concealed  under  a  false  appear- 
ance; dis^mised. 

DIS-SEM'BLER,  m.  One  who  dissembles;  a  hypo- 
crite ;  one  who  cuncuals  liis  opinions  or  dispositions 
under  a  fal^e  appearance. 

niS-SEM'liLING,  ppr.  or  a.  Hiding  under  a  false 
nppc.irance  ;  acting  the  hypocrite. 

niti-SEM'BLI\G-LY,  adv.  AVilh  dissimulation  ;  hypo- 
criljrilly  ;  falsely.  KnoUes. 

l)I.S-.SEM'f  N'-aTE,  v.  U  [ L.  dissemino ;  dis  and  seminoy 
to  sow,  from  sctnen^  seed.] 


prop- 


DIS 

1.  Literally,  to  sow ;  to  scatter  seed  ;  but  seldom 
or  never  used  in  ita  literal  sense.    But,  hence, 

2.  To  Ecaltcr  for  growth  and  propagation,  like 
seed  ,  to  spread.  Thus,  principles,  opinions,  and 
errors  are  dtsseininatcd^  when  lliey  are  spread  and 
propagated.  'J'o  disseminate  truth,  or  the  gospel,  is 
higtily  laudable. 

3.  To  spread  ;  to  dilTuse. 

A  uiufonn  hcM  ditseminated  tlirou^i  the  body  of  the  e^nh. 

V/oodward. 

4.  To  spread  ;  to  disperse. 

The  Jews  are  ^asemhtaUd  t})rau^li  all  the  IrdiUng  parts  of  the 
world.  Addison. 

[The  second  is  the  most  proper  application  of  the 

word,  as  it  should  always  include  the  idea  of  growth 

or  taking  root.    The  fourth  is  hardly  vindicablc.] 

DIS-SEM'IN-A-TED,  pp.    Scattered,  as  seed  ;   pi 

agated  ;  spread. 

2.  In  viincralog^y,  occurring  in  portions  less  than  a 
hazel-nut;  being  scattered. 

DIS-SESI'IN-A-TING,  pp  Scattering  and  propaga- 
ting ;  spreading. 

DIS-SEM-IN-A'TION,  k.  The  act  of  scattering  and 
propagating,  like  seed;  the  act  of  spreading  for 
growth  and  permanence.  We  trust  the  world  is  to 
he  reformed  by  the  dissemination  of  evangelical 
doctrines. 

DIS-SEM'IN-A-TOR,  h.  One  who  disseminates ; 
one  who  spretids  and  propagates. 

DIS-SEX'SJO\,  (:;hun,)  h.  [L.  disscnsw;  dis  and  sen- 
tioy  to  think  ;  Fr.  disscnsion/\ 

Disagreement  in  opinion,  usually  a  disagreement 
which  is  \ioleiU,  producing  v/ann  debates  or  angr>" 
words  ;  contention  in  words  ;  strife  ;  discord  ;  quar- 
rel ;  breach  of  friendship  ami  union. 

Debates,  dissensions,  uproara  arc  thy  joy,  Pnjden. 

Paul  unci   Boruobas    had  no   email  dissension   witli   tbenu  — 
Acts  XV. 

We  see  dissejisivns  in  clmrch  and  state,  in  towns, 
parishes,  and  families  ;  and  the  word  is  sometimes  ap- 
plied to  diflerences  wliich  produce  war;  as,  the  dis- 
sensions between  the  iiouses  of  York  and  Lancaster 
in  England. 

DIS-SEN'SIOUS,  (dis-sen'shus,)a.  Disposed  to  dis- 
cord ;  quarrelsome  ;  contentious ;  factious.  [Little 
■used.]  Shak.    Jischam. 

DIS-SENT',  V.  i.  [L.  dissensio  ;  dis  and  sentiOf  to 
think.] 

1.  To  disagree  in  opinion  ;  to  difiVr;  to  think  iu  a 
ditTerent  or  contrary  manner;  with^wH.  Thoje  are 
many  opinions  in  which  men  dissent  from  us,  us  they 
dissent  from  each  other. 

9.  To  differ  from  an  established  churcli,  in  regiut! 
to  doctrines,  rites,  or  government. 

3.  To  differ ;  to  be  of  a  contrary  nature.  ^Lcss 
proper.]  Hooker. 

DIS-SEiST',  71.     Difference  of  opinion  ;  disagreement, 

2.  Declaration  of  disagreement  in  opinion  ;  as, 
they  entered  their  dissent  on  the  journals  of  the 
house. 

3.  Separation  fmm  an  eslabUslied  clmrch,  espe- 
cially that  of  England. 

4.  Contrariety  of  nature  ;  opposite  quality.    [Rare] 
DIS-SENT-.^^ME-OUS,  a.    Disagreeable  ;  contrarj-. 
DIS'SE\T-.\-Ny,   a.      Dissentaneous  ;    inconsistent. 

[JV'ot  lised,]  Sifiltoa, 

DIS^EXT-a'TION,  «.    Act  of  dissenting. 

DIS-SE\T'EIl,  «.  One  who  diss^nls;  oii^  who  dif- 
fers in  opinion,  or  one  who  declares  his  tlisagree- 
ment. 

2.  One  wlio  separates  from  the  service  and  wor- 
ship of  any  esUiblished  church,  'J'he  word  is  in  Eng- 
land particularly  applied  to  those  wim  separate  from, 
or  who  do  not  unite  with,  tlie  Church  of  England. 

DIS-SEN'TIENT,  a.     Disagreeing  ;  declaring  dissent. 

DIS-SEX'Ti'ENT,  (dis-sen'^hent,)  n.  One  who  dis- 
agrees and  declares  his  di.ssent. 

DIS-SENT'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Disagreeing  in  opinion  ; 
separating  from  the  communion  of  an  established 
church.  It  is  used  its  an  adjective  ;  as,  a  dissenting 
minister  or  congregation. 

DIS-SEN'TIOUS,  (dis-sen'shus,)  a.  Disposed  to  dis- 
agreenii-nt  or  discord. 

DlS-SEP'l-MENT,  n.  [I,,  dissepimentum  ;  disscpio,  to 
separate  ;  dis  and  styjo,  to  inclose  or  guard.] 

In  botany,  a  term  applied  to  the  partitions  that  aro 
formed  in  ovaries,  by  the  tinited  sides  of  cohering 
carpels,  and  which  separate  the  inside  into  cells. 

iMidley. 

DI3-SERT',  V.  i.     [L.  dissero,  distrto.] 

To  discourse  or  dispute.     [Little  in  use] 

DIS'SEU-TaTE,  v.  i.  To  deal  in  dissertation;  to 
write  dissertations.  J".  Foster. 

DIS-SEKT-A'TIOX,  n,  [1..  tUsserUitio,  from  disserta, 
to  discourse,  from  dissei-Oy  id. ;  dis  and  sero^  to  sow, 
that  is,  to  throw.  Dissero  is  to  throw  out,  to  cast 
abroad.] 

1.  A  discourse,  or  rather  a  formal  discourse,  in- 
tended to  illustrate  a  subject. 

2.  A  written  essay,  treatise,  or  disquisition ;  as, 
Phrtarch's  dissertation  on  the  poets;  Newton's  dis- 
sertations on  the  prophecies. 

DIS'SERT-A-TOU,n.  One  who  writes  a  dissertation  ; 
one  wlio  debates.  Soylc.      | 


DIS 

DIS-SERVE',  (dis-Bcrv^)  v.  L    [dis  and  serte  ]    To  in- 
jure ;  to  hurt  ;  to  harm ;  lo  do  injury  or  mischief  to 


Up  took  the  firrt  opportunity  to  di$terv4  him. 
Tuo  much  Ec^l  often  disiervet  a  pood  unme. 


Clarendon. 
Afton. 


DIS-SERV AT).  (dis-Mrvd',)  pp.    Injured. 

DIS-riERV'ICE,  n.  Injury;  harm;  mifchicf;  as,  vi- 
olent r'nu;dies  often  do  a  dit^crvice. 

DIS-SKIlV'fCE-A-BLE,a.    Injurious;  hurtful. 

DIS-SERV'ICE-.\-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing injurioti?  ;  tendency  to  lurm.  /Morris. 

DIS-SERVICI^A-ELY,  adv.    So  as  to  be  injuriouB. 

DISSERVING,  ppr.     Injuring. 

DIS-SET'TLE,  r.  L     To  unifellle.     [J^^i  lucd.]    More. 

DISSEVER,  V.  U  [dis  and  sctcr.  In  this  word,  dis, 
as  in  dispartj  can  have  no  effect,  unless  lo  augment 
the  signification,  as  dii  and  seccr  both  denoU:  sepa- 
ration.] 

To  dispart ;  to  part  in  two ,  to  divide  asunder ;  to 
separate ;  to  disunite,  either  by  violence  or  not. 
^^  hen  with /t/rcc^  it  is  equivalent  to  rend  and  bur.-'l. 
It  may  denote  either  to  cut  or  to  f^nr  asunder.  !n 
beheading,  the  head  is  dissevered  from  the  body;  the 
lightning  may  di'<sevcrsi  branch  from  tlie  sleni  of  a 
tree.  Jealousy  dissevers  the  bonds  of  friendyJiip. 
'i'hc  reformation  di>\ievcrcd  the  catholic  churcJi  j  it 
dissevered  Protestants  from  Roman  Catholics. 

DIS^SEV'ER-ANCE,7i  The  act  of  dissevering  ;  sep- 
aration. 

Dlri-SEV-ER-A'TION,  n.     Act  of  dissevering. 

DIS-SEV'ER-ED,  pp.  or  a.  Disparted;  disjoined; 
separated. 

DIS-SEV'ER-ING,  ppr.  Dividing  asunder;  separat- 
ing ;  tearing  or  cutting  asunder. 

DIS-SEV'ER-L\G,  n.     The  art  of  separating  -  lep- 

DIS'SI-DEXCE,  H,     [Infra.]    Discord.  [an».ton. 

DIS'SI-DENT,  a.  [L.  dissldeo^  lo  disagree;  dis  and 
sedro,  to  sit.]     Not  agreeing. 

DIS'Sl-DENl,  71.  A  dissenter;  one  who  separates 
from  the  established  religion;  a  word  applied  Co  the 
members  of  the  Lutlienin,  Caivinistic,  and  Greek 
churches  in  I'niand.  Encyc 

DIS-SIL'I-ENCE,  71.     [L.  dissilio  ;  dis  and  saliOy   lo 
leap.] 
The  act  of  leaping  or  starling  asunder. 

DIS-SiL'I-EXT,  a.  Starting  asunder;  bursting  and 
opening  with  an  elastic  force,  as  the  drj-  pod  or  cap- 
sule of  a  plant ;  .is,  a  dissilicnt  pericarp.      Martvn. 

DIS-SI-LI''TIOiV,  (dis-se-lish'un,)  ti.  Tiie  act  of 
bui-sting  opL-n ;  the  act  of  starling  or  springing  dif- 
ferent wavs.  ^  Boyle. 

DIS-SliM'I-LAR,  a,  [dis  and  similar.]  Unlike,  eith.T 
in  nature,  projicrties,  or  external  form ;  not  siiniliLr; 
nut  liaving  the  resemblance  of ;  lieterogene.ms. 
Newton  denominates  duisiiniiar  the  rays  of  light  of 
u  :V  rtut  refrangibility.  The  tempers  of  men  are  as 
dLs.->ijiiitar  as  tlu'ir  features. 

DiS-SLM-I-LAR'I-rY,  n.  Unlikeneas;  want  of  re- 
semblance ;  difsimilitude ;  as,  liie  dissimilarity  of 
Inimun  faces  and  forms. 

DIS-SlM'I-liE,  (dis-sim'i-lyO  "-  Comjwrison  or  illus- 
tration by  contraries.     [Liilic  nse^.] 

DIS-Sl-iMl  E'l-'IUDE,  V.     [h.  dL<simlitud0.] 

Cniikt-ness;  want  of  resemblance  ;  as,  n dissimili- 
tude of  form  (»r  elinnicter. 

Dlri-SlM-l^'-iiA'TION,  71.  [L.  dis^muhtio ;  dis  and 
siinuUiti';  from  simuloy  to  make  UkCysimiiis,  like.]^ 

The  act  of  dissembling ;  a  hiding  under  a  hilsc 
appear.tnce  ;  a  ft--igiiing ;  f:tlse  preti-n^ion  ;  hypor.- 
risy.  Dissiitiulatiuu  may  be  simply  conct:;iImeul  of 
the  iipiniims,s(mliments,or  purpose  ;,bnt  it  includes, 
also,  the  assuming  of  a  false  t.r  ciui'nteifoil  appear- 
ance, whirl)  conceals  the  real  opinion.^  or  purpose. 
DissuHulntioHj  among  stale-smen.  is  siumiLime::;  re- 
garded as  a  necttss;)ry  vice,  or  iis  no  vice  at  all. 

1.1 1  liivc  lio  ViiiU^ia  diJijijJuilation.—  Horn.  xa. 
DIS-SIM'T;LE,  1!.  /.     To  dissemble.     [Md  in  use.] 
DIS'SI-PA-BLE,  a.     [See  Dissipate.]     Liable  lo  be 
dissipated  ;  tliat  may  be  senltered  or  disprreed. 

The  lieat  of  lhau>  plants  is  very  distipnblt.  Bacon. 

DIS'SI-PaTE,  v.  t.  [h.  dissipattis.  dissipo;  (lis  and  an 
obsolete  verb,  sipo,  to  throw.  We  perhaps  see  its 
derivatives  in  siphon,  pro-vapm,  and  .■•■r/ii ;  and  *-^>i«j, 
to  inclose,  may  be  primarily  lu  repel,  and  liius  to 
guard.] 

1.  'lo  sc:<itter;  to  disperse;  to  drive  asunder. 
Wind  dissipates  fog  ;  the  heat  of  the  sun  dissipates 
vapor  ;  mirth  dissipates  care  and  anxiety  ;  tlie  cares 
of  life  tend  to  dissipate  serious  reHections. 

Scatter,  disperse,  and  dissipate,  arc  in  many  cases 
synonymous;  but  dissipate  is  used  appmprialely  lo 
denote  Uie  dispersion  of  things  that  vanish,  or  arc 
not  afterward  collected ;  as,  to  dissipate  fog,  \'api>r, 
or  cJouds.  We  say,  an  army  is  scattrri\l  or  dtfpcrsed, 
but  not  dissipated.  Trees  are  scattered  or  dispersed 
over  a  field,  but  not  dissipated. 

2.  To  expend  ;  to  squander;  to  scalier  pn>|icrty  in 
wasteful  extmvaiiance ;  to  wasle :  lo  consume;  as, 
a  man  has  dissipated  his  fortune  in  Ihe  pursuit  of 

3.  To  scatter  the  altenlion.  [pleasure 
DIS'SI-PaTE,  r.  i.     To  scatter;  to  disperse;  lo  sep- 

.arate  into  parts  nnd  disappear:  lo  wasle  away;  lo 
vanish.     A  fug  or  cloud  gradually  dissipates^  before 


TONE,  RUM.,  TJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K ;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  ClI  as  SII;  Til  as  in  THIS. 


DIS 


Ibe  rar*  or  tic«t  o(  i1m»  nin.    Tbd  heal  of  a  body 

^„,.,. ,.-.     It.,-  iliii.l .  JLuijMte. 
Hlg  --  iticrrtl;  dUfiencdi  wutird  ; 

;;iv<  II    t..  r\!r.tv;ii:nnc«   m 

iK,  -  in?  and 


in;: 
DIt*  - 


dUppr 

li.'  iniK'nsibltf  Ium  or  wa«(o  of  Uie 
»  ^'.t>.  ulii. li    ily  itfl",  by  wbich 
"lucd. 
!i  dlvertd  and 


Id; 

Ct>'.: 

DIS-'^A  <'i  ^  nri- 1  TV.  n 
DIS  - 


W.i 


t..|. 

0,   li  * ;  notreeontilttble  wilh.   H'arburton. 

DIS  >.'  '  ■  '              '  ■■'  ^  ■      ''".tiii  social.]  Unfriendly 

to  >  -t-'*,  a  dijuoeial  piuwiun. 

DIS->  'uj|  (/iAfocio ;  (/u  and 

1  I<.irt ;  a«,  to  dUsociaU 

Ih'  '  >nci>.  Boyle. 

•'-  ..  J....L..J;  disunited. 

•   ppr.    St-^nmiinc ;  dUunitlng. 

\ .  H.    Tlif  act  uf  dUiinitlug ;  a  stato 

I  at  tlMso 

DIS  Si  •  M;  Illl.'l  TV,  n.     CaiK-n-iiy.if  |.pinpili»wolved 

hy  hmt  or  nioi'iiin',  and  converted  into  a  tlnld. 
DIs*'."Jn  i.r*  ni.r.  .:.     [L.  dissoluhiUj.     ?»•«!  Dissolve.] 
1     ■  '    ing  dissolved;  thai  niny  he  melt- 

ctl  rt.-*  .trparaMu  by  heal  ormoisliirc; 

c(-r.  iluid.  H'oodieard. 

disunited. 
DIS  -^  [L.  difsolutuj,  from  dusolro.] 

1  iiavior  and  momU;   given  to  vice 

wanton  :  Ifwd  ;  luxurtouji ;  dr- 
IiT  thr  r»!*traintd  of  law  ;  as,  a  du- 
iite  rom|«iny. 

itiiun  ;  devoted  to  plco-turc  and  dis- 
nip  'olaU  life. 

DIS  -  1  .  adr.    I>xw<:Iy  ;  wantonly  ;  in  dis- 

»ipat..'n  1  r  (!■  I  i!ichcr>* ;  witliout  restraint ;  aa,  to  live 
dusotulety. 
DIS'SO  I.rTF  \r.S3,  n.    LoosencM  of  manners  and 
mur  I  [hlul^nccs  in  pleasure,  as  in  intem- 

pt  r  nichcr>- ;  dbui|iation  ;  as,  dusotute- 

DISS* »  I.r  11'  »\,  It.  [h.  dujolutio,  from  dU/oIco.] 
In  a  jrenrmt  triue,  the  separation  of  the  parts  of  a 
body  which,  in  llie  natund  slnicturf,  aru  united  ;  or 
the  rrductii.n  of  concrete  bodirii  into  their  snmlicj't 
pnn«,  wiihoiit  rvirnni  to  stdidity  or  fluidity.  Thus 
wc  *pcak  itf  iho  diAjolutien  of  salts  in  water,  of  mi't- 
als  in  nitnvmurialic  acid,  and  cf  ice  or  butter  by 
beat;  in  which  c.i.«<-«,  Uic  di^sohition  U  ciTectcd  by 
■  m'"n-tri»im  nr  particular  a^ent.  We  sipenk,  also, 
of  '■  "f  il(>ib  or  animal  ImmUc?,  when  tlie 

pn  ■  I'mnfaction.     Di^olution  then  i-*, 

'•■  iuefyingor  changine  from  a  solid 

to  a  ii'iM  -i-ii.    by  heal ;  a  meliini; ;  a  thawing  ;  as, 
the  dUtoimtion  of  mow  and  ice,  which  winvcrta  Uii-m 

'  n  of  a  b«Mly  into  it'*  <imaltcsl  part-J, 
t'*  part',  by  a  dUsolvcnt  or  nienstru- 
.'.  by  niiro-muriatic  acid,  or  of  salts 

-'-paratlon  of  the  parts  of  a  body  by  putre- 
r  thr  nnalysii  of  the  natural  structure  of 
I       »"  ■        -    (»f  animal  or  vejteiablc  substances ; 

dr 

1  -e  formed  by  diinolvine  a  Inxly  in  a 

m-  i"'L.  ,  11,,.         »  Ilia  U  now  cnllrd  a  telution.]   Bacon. 
&.  Death  ;  the  •rparation  uf  the  aouI  and  iKMly. 

Milton. 

'     '^'  -•" '      'pnratinn  of  the  part*  which 

tern,  or  iKxIy  ;  a«,  the  dLis(>- 
■  >(  naiurr  ;  thr  dMoUtion  of 


.  or  the  putting 


7.    The  breaking  up  <  - 
on  end  to  lu  exlstencr. 

XNMobfdMi  b  Ifaa  Of  a  .1 

6.  Looaeneai  of  manr 


fin  thl«  Lnller  M>n«e  the  word  ts  obwlct*^,  Dmo- 
LLTi^Kis  being  mib^tituted.] 


DIS 

0.  DitJoUUom  of  %ke  Uood ;  In  mtdiane^  Uial  state 
of  thr  bliHMl,  in  which  tt  does  nut  readily  coagulate, 
on  its  couluig  out  of  llic  body,  as  In  malignant  fevers. 

Ci/f. 
DU?flI.V'\  ni.r.;.Il/.  zolv'a.bl,)a.  jSe*' Diisonn:.] 

'j'i.  .    tl  ;   ca{>able  of  being  inrltcd  ; 

III  ■   into  a  Iluld.    Hugnr  and  Ice 

ur 
DI«:?  .'l-V  A  ULE-.NKS.^.   n.    Slalo  of  being  dissolv- 

aldf. 
DISSOLVE',   (di/./olV,)   r.  (.     [L.  dUiolro ;  dn  ainl 

svlro.  to  ItHuiv,  to  fno.J 

1.  I'll  nirlt  ;  to  li<(Uffy  ;  to  convert  from  a  solid  or 
dtrd  Htate  to  a  lluid  stale,  by  means  of  heat  or  moi^- 
Curr. 

To  dissolve  by  heat.  Is  to  loosen  llio  parts  of  a 
•olid  Unly  and  render  Ihem  fluid  or  coi^ily  mova- 
ble. Thuii,  lc(«  ii  converted  into  waU'r  by  dmsolu- 
lion. 

To  dissolve  In  a  liquid,  Is  to  sctiaratc  the  parts  of  a 
Nilid  subxtance,  and  cauM  (hem  to  mix  wilh  the 
rluid  ;  or  to  reduce  a  solid  piiiltxlance  into  minute 
port^-  wlilrh  inny  be  8u*itained  in  that  lluid.  Thus, 
w  ,:  -^'.ill  and  sugar. 

;  to  break  ;  to  separute. 

!1  •!,-.-  U/h '.  »1,.1I  !.-.Jw«o.V»./,  viK.t   ri>an- 

,,    ■  I 

r- 

3.  To  I.  ■     ..  ■  >..!■.  . 

Down  t^;  :l.<  .l-lc,  lu*  )w;iiU  ilui-j^^e-l.  yairjax. 

4.  To  loase  the  ties  or  bonds  of  any  thing  ;  to  de- 
stroy any  connected  system  ;  nj4,  to  dUsolce  a  govern- 
ment ;  to  dissolcc  a  corporation. 

5.  To  loose  ;  to  break  ;  ns,  to  dissolve  a  league  ;  to 
dissolve  the  bonds  of  friendship. 

G.  I'o  break  up  \  to  cause  to  separate ;  to  put  on 
end  to ;  a.s,  to  dissolve  the  |tarliament ;  to  dissolve  an 
as.icntbly. 

7.  To  clear ;  to  solve  ;  to  remove  ;  to  dissipate,  or 
to  explain  ;  sis,  to  dissvlre  doubt^f.  Wc  usually  say, 
to  solrr  doubts  and  difnculties. 

8.  To  break  ;  to  destroy  ;  as,  to  dissolve  a  charm, 
8|>cU,  or  enchantment.  MUlon. 

9.  To  loosen  or  relax  \  to  make  languid ;  as,  dis~ 
solved  in  pleasure. 

10.  To  waste  away  ;  to  consume ;  to  cause  to  van- 
iiih  or  perish. 

Thou  dUtolcttt  mj  tulxUDCC.  — Job  xzx. 

11.  To  annul ;  to  rescind;  as,todts£olcean  injunc- 
tion. Johtison'*s  Rrp. 

DISSOLVE',  (diz-zolv',)   e.  i.    To  be  melted  ;  lobe 
converted  from  a  solid  to  a  tluid  state ;  as,  sugar  dis- 
soletj  in  water. 
S.  To  sink  away  ;  to  lose  strength  and  firmnesi:. 

Shak, 
3.  To  melt  away  in  pleasure;  to  become  soft  or 
lansiiid. 

•I.  To  fall  asunder;  to  crumble  ;  to  be  broken.  A 
government  may  dissolve  by  its  own  weight  or  ex- 
tent. 

5.  To  waste  away  ;  to  perish  ;  to  be  decomposed. 
Flesh  dissolves  by  putrefaction. 
C.  To  come  to  an  end  ly  a  separation  of  parl<i. 
DIS-SOLV'£D,  pp.  or  a.     Siclted  ^  hquehed  ;  disunit- 
ed ;  parted  ;  loosed  ;  reiiiAcd  ;  wasted  nway ;  ended. 
Ditsolced  bloody  is  that  which  does  not  readily  co- 
agulate. 
DIS-SOLV'KN'T,  a.     Ilavinir  power  to  melt  or  dis- 
Holvc  ;  as.  the  dissolvmi  juices  of  the  stomach.  Hay. 
DIS  SOLV'KNT,  n.    Any  thing  which  has  the  jwwer 
or  quality  of  melting,  or  converting  a  solid  subsUincc 
into  a  fluid,  or  of  se)Kiratinc  the  parts  of  a  fixed  body 
so  that  they  mix  with  a  liquid  ;  as,  water  is  a  dis- 
solvent of  salts  and  earths.    It  is  olherwisc  called  a 
menstruum. 

'J.  In  medicine^  a  remedy  supposed  capable  of  dis- 
solving concretions  in  the  body,  such  as  calculi,  tu- 
bercles, &c  Parr. 
DIS-SOLV'ER,  n.  That  which  dissolves,  or  has  the 
power  of  dissolving.  Heat  is  the  most  powerful  dw- 
aolrcr  of  substances. 
DISSOLVING,  ppr.     Melting;  making  or  becoming 

liquid. 
DIS'SO-XANCE,  n.     [Fr.  dissonance,  from   L.  dUso- 
vanSf  dissonoy  to  be   discordant  ;    dis  and   senoj  to 
Hound.] 

1.  Discord ;  a  mixture  or  union  of  harsh,  unhar- 
nionious  sounds,  whicli  arc  grating  or  impleading 
to  the  ear  ;    as,  tJit:  dissonance  of  notes,  sounds,  or 

2.  Ilinagreemenl.  [numbers. 
DIS'riO-.\A.\T,  a.     Discordant;  harsh;  jarring;  un- 

harmonioti.4 ;    unpleasant  to  the  car;   as,  dissonant 
notes  or  inten*als. 

2.  Dwagrceing ;  incongruous;  usually  with  from; 
09,  ho  advanced   pro|)Osilions  ver^-  dissonant  from 
tnilh. 
n!:«-SUXDE',  r.  L  [I*,  disituadeo ;  dis  and  suadeo,  to  ad- 
vi-.^  or  inriti-  lo  any  thing.] 

I.  To  advi<ic  or  exhort  against ;  to  attempt  to  draw 

r  divert  from  a  measure,  by  reason  or  offering  mo- 

iivr«  to  ;  A«,  tlie  minister  dissuaded  the  prince  from 

adopting  the  measure  ;   he  dissuaded  him  from  his 

purjKise. 


DIS 

S.  To  represent  as  unfit,  improiwr,  or  dangerous. 

\V«r  ihT^furr",  opfti  ur  cimiw-aWI,  aJlko 

My  vukcr  <b«iua<f«<.  Afh'lM. 

This  phmsedlo^^y  is  probably  elliptical,  and  merely 

ixietiral  ;  from  beiiig  undendo>od. 
D1:?-SUAD'KI),  pp.     Advised   against ;  counseled  or 

induced   by  advice  not  to  do  something ;  dtvcited 

from  a  pur|Mu»e. 
DIS-i^lIAU'EK,  ».     lie  that  dissuades  ;  a  dehorter. 
DI.S-.**U.XI)'I.\(;,  ppr.    Exhorting  against ;  atteuiiiling, 

by  advice,  to  divert  from  a  pur|>ose. 
DIrt-SlJA'SlO.V,  (di>*-«wa'zhun,)it.  Advlreorexboita- 

linn  in  op|H>sitiun  to  something  \  Die  act  of  nllerapt* 

Ing,  by  re;ison  or  motives  olU-red,  l4>  divert  from  a 

purpose  or  measure  ;  delioruiiion.  Aov/e; 

DIl^-SUA'SIVE,  a.    Tending  !o  dissuade,  or  aiveit 

from  a  measure  or  purimic  ;  dehortalory. 
DIS-^UA'HIVE,   n.      Reason,  arginiieiit,  ur  counsel 

employed  to  deter  one  from  a  measure  or  purpow: 

that  which  is  ui^ed  or  which  lends  to  divert  the  mind 

from  any  purfM>sc  or  pursuit.    The  conseiiuences  uf 

Intemiterance  ore  powerful  ^tunsives  from  indulglog 

in  that  vice. 
DIS-SLJA'.**IVE-LV,  adv.    In  a  dissuaslvo  manner. 
DIS-SIJN'UEU,  r,  (.     [du  and  sunder.]    To  Keparato  j 

to  ron<l.  Chapman, 

DIS  SIN'hER-KI)    pp.     Separated  ;  r«nl. 
OIS  sr.\'ln:K-ING,  ppr.    Separating;  rending. 
Ul.s  .'^WKiyr'i.N,   (-sweet'n,)   f.   (.      To   deprive  of 

Bweeinesri.     [A'ot  ujsed.]  Up,  Ruhardson* 

DIS-SVL-LAIl'ie,  a.    Consisting  of  two  syllables  oo- 

Iv  ;  as,  n  dissyllabic  foot  In  poetr)*. 
DIS-SVL'LA-BLE  or  DIS'SVL-LA-BLE,  n.      [Cr. 

iiaavWaCoii  ^i(,  two  or  twice,  and  cvXAu/7o(,  i 

syllable.] 
A  word  consisting  of  two  syllables  only  ;  as,  pa/er, 

whiteness,  virtue. 
DIS'TAFF,  n.     (The  English  books  refer  this  word  to 

the  Saxon  disLrf;  but  I  have  not  found  the  word  in 

Iho  Saxon  Dictionary.] 

1.   Tho  Blaff  of  a  spinning-wheel,  to  which  ft 

bunch  of  Itax  or  low  is  tied,  and    from  which  Itw 

thread  is  drawn. 

Sbc  IajcOi  her  luutdi  (o  the  ipiodlc,  uid  tin  liuitU  luld  te 
dalt^ff.  —  Prov.  xxxl. 

3.  Figuratively^  a  woman,  or  tho  female  tux. 

Flit  cruwri  iuiirpe<],  n  djfbtjf  oi)  th«  throne.  X>rydrH. 

DIS'TAFF-TIIIS'TLE,  (-this'l,)  n.  The  ikiikiIit 
name  of  certain  s{>ecies  of  Atrnctylis  and  Cartiui* 
mus. 

DIS-TAI^'^  r.  (.  [dis  and  stain.  This  seems  lobft 
from  the  French  deteindrcj  from  the  L.  tin^o ;  but  lee 
Stai.-*.] 

1.  To  stain ;  to  tinge  with  an^'  diflV-rent  color  from 
the  natural  or  proper  one  ;  to  discolor.  We  speak  of 
n  sword  distainrd  with  blood  ;  n  garment  di-dained 
with  gore.  It  has  precisely  the  signiliealion  of  j£sm, 
but  is  used  chiefly  or  appropriately  in  jRielry  and  tho 
higher  kinds  of  prose. 
S.  To  blot ;  to  sully  ;  to  defile ;  to  tornisll. 

She  diiUuned  tier  honontJi  bttxxl.  Sptimr. 

The  u-orlhia<^«  of  pnibo  di*lains  his  worth.  Shok, 

DIS-TAI\'£D,  (dis-tiind',)  pp.  Stained  ;  tinged  ;  dis- 
colored ;  blotted  ;  sullied. 

DIS-TAIX'I.N'G,  ppr.  Suiining  ;  discoloring  ;  blottlni; 
tirnishing. 

DIS'TA^X'E,  n.  [Fr.  distance;  Sj).  diftaneia  ;  \U  di*- 
tania  ;  L.  di^tantia,  from  distOy  to  stand  a[>art  ;  dis  and 
sto,  to  stand.] 

1.  An  interval  or  space  between  two  objects;  the 
length  of  the  shortest  line  which  intervenes  btl"..  n 
two  things  that  arc  separate;  as,  a  great  or  •^iinll 
di-itance.  Distance  may  be  a  line,  an  inch,  a  mil  ■, 
or  any  indehnite  length  ;  as,  the  distance  bciweea 
the  siln  and  Saluni. 

2.  Preceded  by  at^  remoteness  of  place. 

He  WAita  at  distanes  till  he  bean  from  CaU>.  Ad£»Qiu 

3.  Preceded  by  thy,  his,  your,  her,  their,  a  niitaUfl 
space,  or  such  remoteness  as  is  coinmoa  or  becon- 
ing  ;  as,  let  him  keep  his  distance ;  keep  your  dijAnu*. 
[See  No.  8.] 

4.  A  apace  marked  on  the  course  where  Intrsesrao. 

Thi*  lior»c  ran  tlie  wtiole  (idtl  out  (sfditiana.       L'Ettranft. 

5.  Space  of  lime ;  any  inilefinite  length  of  time, 
past  or  future,  inter\'enmg  between  two  periods  or 
events  ;  a^,  the  diMancr  of  an  hour,  of  a  >ear,  of  an 

6.  Ideal  spice  or  separation.  [Kgo* 

Q,ualiticB  Uwt  (iflrcl  our  •cmct  art.  In  ihfl  Uilnp  Uvrmsrlrw, 
M  united  lutd  blended,  that  Ukfc  b  no  daiane*  tirtwna 
them.  LodM. 

7.  Contrariety ;  opposition. 

B-inqiM  wa*  tout  enemy ; 
So  ii  he  mine,  nnJ  in  such  bloody  duune*.  fMk. 

8.  The  remoteness  which  respea  rcquixes  i  hence, 
respecL 

I  Iwpe  your  mod«ty  ,v__i„ 

WQl  knoT**  what  ttUlarvx  to  Mk  crown  b  due.        Dr^/m. 
'Ti»  by  ir*\*<i  luKl  ditiancs  thai  aaihority  ii  uphelil.   AlUnMnf. 

[Sec  No.  3.] 

9.  Rcser\'e  ;  coldness ;  alienation  of  heart 

On  thr  p«ul  rf  Heaven, 
Nov  AllensUd,  dblones  &nd  dbual^. 


FATE,  FA  I 
858" 


:  K,  PREY — PINE,  MARINE,  BUID NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK — 


DIS 

10.  Remoteness  in  succession  or  relation ;  a^,  llie 
distance  betu'ccii  a  descendant  and  his  ancestor. 

11.  In  mitsic,  the  interval  between  two  notes ;  as, 
Ihe  tlLiUince  of  a  Ibiirtli  or  scvenlli. 

DIS'TAN'CE,  r.  t.  To  place  remote  ;  to  throw  off  from 
Ibe  view.  Dnjden. 

2.  To  leave  behind  in  a  race  j  to  win  the  race  by  a 
mat  superiority. 

a.  To  leave  at  a  great  distance  behind. 

He  dits&nced  the  most  skillfu]  of  liis  colemporonca.        MUmr. 

DIS'TAXC-£D,  (dis  tanst,)  pp.    Left  far  behind  ;  cast 

out  of  the  race. 
DIS'TANC-IXG,  ppr.    Leaving  far  behind. 
DIS'TANT,  a.    [L.  di^tans,  standing  apart.] 

1.  Separate  ;  having  an  inter\'ening  spac«  of  any 
indefinite  extent.  One  point  may  be  less  than  a  line 
or  a  hair's  breadth  dUtant  from  another.  Saturn  is 
supposed  to  be  nearly  nine  hundred  million  miles  dU- 
taut  from  the  sun. 

2.  Remote  in  place  ;  as,  a  distaitt  object  appears  un- 
der a  small  angle. 

3.  Remote  in  lime,  past  or  future  ;  as,  a  distaitt  age 
or  period  of  the  world. 

4.  Remote  in  the  line  of  succession  or  descent,  in- 
definitely ;  as,  a  distant  descendant ;  a  distant  ances- 
tor ;  distant  posterity. 

5.  Remote  in  natural  connection  or  consanguinity  ; 
as,  a  distant  relation  j  distant  kindred  ;  a  distant  col- 
lateral line. 

6.  Remote  in  nature  ;  not  allied  ;  not  agreeing  with 
or  in  conformity  to  j  as,  practice  very  distant  from 
principles  or  profession. 

7.  Remote  in  view  ;  slight ;  faint ;  not  very  likely 
to  be  realized  ;  as,  we  have  a  distant  hope  or  prospect 
of  seeing  better  times. 

8.  Remote  in  connection  j  slight ;  faint ;  indirect ; 
not  easily  seen  or  understood  ;  as,  a  distant  hint  or 
allusion  to  a  person  or  subject.  So,  also,  we  say,  a 
distaitt  idea  ;  a  distant  thought  ;  a  distant  resem- 
blance. 

9.  Reserved  ;  shy  ;  implying  haughtiness,  coldness 
of  affection,  indifference,  or  disrespect  j  as,  the  man- 
ners of  a  person  are  distant. 

DIS'TAXT-LY,  adv.  Remotely  ;  at  a  distance;  with 
res€r\-e. 

DIS-TaSTE',  n.  [dis  and  taste,]  Aversion  of  the 
taste ;  dislike  of  food  or  drink ;  disrelish  ;  disgust, 
or  a  slight  degree  of  it.  Distaste  for  a  particular  kind 
of  food  may  be  constitutional,  or  the  effect  of  a  dis- 

2.  Dislike  ;  uneasiness.  [eased  stomach. 

Pr3e;«riiy  Is  not  nithoul  manyieois  and  diatcttes,  and  advenily 
is  aoc  wiihoiit  comJbit  and  bopes.  Bacon. 

3.  Dislike;  displeasure;  alienation  of  affection. 

Milton.     Pope. 
DiS  TASTE',  V.  L   To  disrelish  ;  to  dislike ;  to  loathe ; 
as,  to  distaste  drugs  or  poisons. 

2.  To  offend  j  to  disgust. 

Uo  Lliou^lit  U  no  policy  D  distaste  the  EngU^ti  or  Irish,  but 

sought  to  plea:^;  ihcin.  Daviea. 

3.  To  vei ;  to  displease  ;  to  sour.  Pope. 
[Tiie  tica  latter  sitmijications  are  rare.'] 

DIS-TaST'ED,  pp.  Disrelished  ;  disliked  j  offended  ; 
displeased. 

DIS-TASTE'FUL,  a.  Nauseotis;  unpleasant  or  dis- 
gusting to  the  taste. 

2.  Offensive;  displeasing;  ^s,  a.  distasteful  tukMi. 

Dryden. 

3.  Malevolent ;  as,  distasteful  looks.  Sliak. 
DIS-TaSTETCL-LY,  adv.    In  a  displeasing  or  offen- 
sive manne.''. 

DIS-TASTE'FpL-NESS,  n.  Disagreeableness  ;  dis- 
like. Whitlocl:. 

DIS-TaSTTN'G,  ppr.  Disrelishing ;  disliking ;  offend- 
ing ;  displeasing. 

DIS-TaST'IVE,  n.  That  which  gives  disrelish  or 
aversion.  fVltitlock. 

DIS-TEM'PER,  n.  [dis  and  temper.]  LiteraHij,  an  un- 
due or  unnatural  temper,  or  disproportionate  mixture 
of  parts.    Hence, 

2.  Disease ;  malady  :  indisposition  ;  any  morbid 
state  of  an  animal  body,  or  of  any  part  of  it ;  a  state 
in  which  the  animal  economy  is  deranged,  or  imper- 
fectly carried  on.  [See  Disease.]  It  is  used  of  the 
slighter  diseases,  but  not  exclusively.  In  genenil,  it 
is  S5  nonyiBous  with  disease^  and  is  particularly  ap- 
plied to  the  diseases  of  brutes. 

3.  Want  of  due  temperature,  aj^Ued  to  climate  ;  Vie 
literal  dense  of  the  wordj  but  not  now  used. 

Couociie*  UQ'Jer  the  trcpic  of  a  distemper  uiiIuhahit-Tble.  Ralegk. 

4-  Bad  constitution  of  the  mind;  undue  predomi- 
nance of  a  passion  or  appetite.  S/iak. 
_  5.  Want  of  due  balance  of  parts  or  opposite  quali- 
ties and  principles ;  as,  the  temper  and  distemper  of 
an  empire  consist  of  contraries.     [A*y£  now  used.] 

Bacon. 

6.  Ill  humor  of  mind ;  depravity  of  inclination. 
[Act  used.]  Kins  Charles. 

7.  Political  disorder  ;  tumult.  Widler. 

8.  Uneasiness  ;  ill  humor,  or  bad  temper. 

There  is  a  sicicoess, 
Whith  p'jtj  soine  of  oi  lu  diit^mper.  ShaJc. 

9.  In  paaiungt  the  mixing  of  colors  with  some- 


DlS 

thing  besides  oil  and  water.  When  colors  are  mixed 
with  size,  whites  nf  eggs,  or  other  unctuous  or  glu- 
tinous matter,  and  not  with  oil,  It  Is  said  to  be  done 
in  d'uiteniper. 
DIS-TE.M'I'ER,  V.  t.  To  disease  ;  to  disorder ;  to  de- 
range the  functions  of  the  body  or  mind.         S/tal:. 

2.  To  disturb  ;  to  niffle.  Dryden. 

3.  To  deprive  of  temper  or  moderatiiui.    Dryden. 

4.  To  make  disaffected,  ill-humored,  or  malignant. 

Slutk. 
[This  verb  is  seldom  used,  except  in  tite  participles.] 
DIS-TEM'PER-AXCE,  h.     Distemperature. 
DIS-TEM'PER-ATE,  a.     ImmoderaU-.     [LiUle  used.] 

Ralerrfi. 
DI3-TEMTER-A-TURE,  n.     Cad  temperalurel   m 
temperateness ;  excess  of  heat  or  cold,  or  of  other 
qualities ;  a  noxious  state ;  as,  the  distemperature  of 
the  air  or  climate. 
3.  Violent  tumultuousness  ;  outrageousness. 

Johjison. 

3.  Perturbation  of  mind.  S/iak, 

4.  Confusion  ;  commixture  of  contrarieties ;  loss  of 
regularity  ;  disorder.  S/iak. 

5.  Slit;ht  iUness  ;  indisposition.  Brewer. 
D[S-TEM'PER-£D,;7;i.  or  a.  Diseased  in  body,  or  dis- 
ordered in  mind.     We  speak  of  a  distempered  body,  a 
distempered  limb,  a  distempered  head  or  brain. 

2.  Disturbed  ;  ruffled  ;  as,  distempered  passions. 

3.  Deprived  of  temper  or  moderation ;  immoder- 
ate ;  as,  distempered  zeal.  Dryden. 

4.  Disordered;  biased;  prejudiced;  perverted ;  as, 
minds  distempered  by  interest  or  passion. 

The   imagination,  when  completely  dislempertd,    is   the  most 
bicurable  of  ail  disordered  faculties.  Duckminslgr. 

5.  Disaffected ;  made  malevolent. 

Distempered  torJs.  Skak. 

DIS-TEM'PER-LXG,  ppr.  Affecting  with  disease  or 
disorder;  disturbing;  depriving  of  moderation. 

DIS-TEM'PER-ING,  n.  The  painting  of  walls  in  dis- 
temper. 

DIS-TEXD',  r.  L  [L.  distendo ;  dU  and  tcndo,  to  tend, 
to  stretch,  from  the  root  of  tenco^  to  hold,  Gr.  rfirw, 
to  stretch.     Class  Dn.] 

1.  To  stretch  or  spread  in  all  directions  ;  to  dilate  ; 
to  enlarge ;  to  expand  ;  to  swell ;  as,  to  distend  a 
bladder  ;  to  distend  the  bowels  ;  to  distend  the  lungs. 
[  This  is  the  appropriate  sense  of  Vie  word.] 

2.  To  spread  apart ;  to  divaricate ;  as,  to  distend  the 
legs.  We  seldom  say,  to  disUnd  a  plate  of  metal,  and 
never,  I  believe,  to  distend  a  line  ;  e-xtend  being  used 
in  both  cases.  We  use  distend  chiefly  to  denote  the 
stretching,  spreading,  or  expansion,  of  any  Uiing,  by 
means  of  a  substance  inclosed  within  it,  or  by  the 
elastic  force  of  something  inclosed.  In  this  case,  the 
body  distended  swells  or  spreads  in  all  directions, 
and  usually  in  a  spherical  form.  A  bladder  is  dis- 
tended by  inflation,  or  by  the  expansion  of  rarefied 
air  within  it.  The  skin  is  distended  in  boils  and  ab- 
scesses by  matter  generated  within  them.  This  ap- 
proprialiun  of  the  word  has  not  always  been  ob- 
ser^'ed. 

DIS-TEXD'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Spread  ;  expanded  ;  dilated 
by  an  inclosed  substance  or  force. 

DIS-TEXD'IXG,  ppr.  Stretchmg  in  all  directions ;  di- 
lating ;  expandins. 

DIS-TEX-i^I-lUL'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  or  capacity  of 
being  disit-nsible. 

DIS-TEX'SI-BLE,  a.  Capable  of  being  distended  or 
dilated. 

DIS-TEN'SIOX,  (dis-ten'shun,)  n.  The  act  of  stretch- 
ing.    [Sec  Distention.] 

DIS-TEXT',  a.     Spread.     [Xut  in  use.]  Spenser 

DIS-TEXT',  n.     Drcadth.     [J^'ot  used.]  IVotvm 

DIS-TEX'TIOX,  (dis-ten'shun,)  n.     [L.  distcntio.] 
I.  The  act  of  distending  ;  Ihe  act  of  stretcliing  in 
breadth  or  in  all  directions ;  the  state  of  being  dis- 
tended ;  as,  tiie  distention  of  the  lungs  or  bowels. 

9.  Breadtli ;  extent  or  space  occupied  by  the  thing 
distended. 

3.  .\n  opening,  spreading,  or  divarication  ;  as,  the 
distention  of  the  legs. 

DIS-TER',  r.  U     [L.  dis  and  terra.] 

To  banish  from  a  countr>'.     [J^ot  jised.] 
DIS-TER.M'IX-A'i'E,  a.     [L.  di^tcnninatusr] 

Separated  by  bounds.     [Obs.]  Hale 

DIS-TERM-IN-a'TION,  71.    Separation.    [Obs.] 

Jiitmmond. 
DIS'TIIEXE,  n.    [Gr.  Jij,  twice,  and  cOeyoi,  force.] 
A  minenil,  so  called  by  Haiiy.  bec.iuse  its  crj-stals 
have  ihe  jtroiterty  of  being  electrified  both  positively 
and  negatively     It  is  the  sappare  of  Saussure,  and 
the  kvanite  of  Werner.  Lnnicr.     Cleavcland. 

DIS-TliUoX'iZE,  V.  t.    To  dethrone.     [JVot  used.] 

Spenser. 
DIS'Tieil,  (dis'tik,)  jt.     [L.  distiehon;  Gr.  cis  and 
C7{x«5,  ti  verse.] 

A  couplet ;  a  couple  of  verses,  or  poetic  lines, 
making  complete  sense  ;  an  epigram  of  two  verses. 
Johnson.     Encyc. 
DIS'Tieil-OUS,  I  a.  Having  two  rows,  or  disposed  in 
DIS'TIGH,  i     two  rows.  Lee. 

A  disticfious  spike  has  all  the  flowers  pointing  two 
ways-  JIartyn. 


DIS 

DIS-TIM.',r.  i.  [L.  distillo;  dis  and  stillo,  to  drop; 
stilla^  a  drop  ;  Tr.  distiller;  U.  dtstillare;  Sp.  destilar ; 
Gr.  craA'C--.] 

1.  To  drop ;  to  fall  in  drops. 

Sufi  tho'^-rn  dittiilcd,  aod  nna  grrw  wjim  la  nia.        Pcpe. 

2.  To  flow  gently,  or  in  a  sm.ill  stream. 

The  EuphntfM  diidUeth  out  of  the  tnoonLniiu  of  AnM-oia. 

ilcttgh. 

3.  To  use  a  .still ;  to  practice  distillation.      Shak, 
DIS-TILL',  r.  t.    To  let  fall  in  drops  ;  Ui  throw  down 

in  drops.    The  clouds  distill  water  on  the  earth. 

The  dew  wlijch  on  the  tender  gni» 

TtK  crctiirig  bad  dia'dUcl.  Dni^n. 

2.  To  extract  by  heat ;  to  separali^  spirit  or  csscn- 
ti.tt  oils  from  liquor  by  heat  or  evaporaiiun,  and  con- 
vert that  vapor  into  a  liquid  by  coridensatiun  in  a  rc- 
frigcrator>' ;  to  seirarate  the  volatile  partii  of  a  sub- 
stance by  heat ;  to  rectify  ;  as,  to  disull  brandy  from 
wine,  or  spirit  from  molasses. 

3.  To  extract  spirit  from,  by  evaporation  and  con- 
densation ;  as,  to  distill  cider  or  molasses ;  to  distill 
wine. 

4.  To  extract  the  pure  pari  of  a  fluid ;  as,  to  d'uiill 
water. 

5.  To  dissolve  or  melt,    [Unugual.] 

Sn-orls  by  the  li^liung's  Eubdc  Torcc  diitUUd.  .ItUu^n. 

DIS-TILL'A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  distilled ;  fit  fur 

distillation.  Shcneoud. 

DIS-TILL  A'TIOX,  n.  The  act  of  falling  in  ilrops,  or 
the  act  of  pouring  or  throwing  down  in  drops. 

9.  The  vaporization  and  sul»-^equcnt  condensation 
of  a  liquid  by  means  uf  an  alembic,  or  still  and  re- 
frigeratory, or  uf  a  retort  and  receiver  ;  the  openition 
of  extracting  spirit  from  a  substance  by  cvaponitiou 
and  condensation  ;  rectification. 

3.  The  substance  extracted  by  distilling.      SJiak. 

4.  That  which  falls  in  drops.  Johnson. 
Zhy  distillation^  is  a  term  applied  to  the  disliUaliun 

of  substances  per  se,  or  without  the  addition  of  wa- 
ter. Destructive  distillation,  is  the  distillation  of  sub- 
stances at  very  high  temperatures,  so  that  the  ultimate 
elements  are  separated  or  evolved  in  new  combina- 
tions. 

DIS-TILL'.VTO-RY,  a.  Belonging  to  distillation; 
used  for  distilling  ;  as,  distillatory  vesseLs.    ihoprr. 

DIS-TILL'£D,  pp.  or  a.  Let  fall  or  tlu-own  down  in 
drops ;  subjected  to  the  process  of  distillation ;  ex- 
tracted by  evaporation. 

DIS-TILL'ER,  n.  One  who  distills ;  one  whose  occu- 
pation is  to  extract  spirit  by  evaporation  and  conden- 
sation. 

DIS-TILL'ER-Y,  n.  The  building  and  works  where 
distilling  is  carried  on. 

DIS-TILL'IXG,  ppr.  Dropping;  letting  f;UI  in  drops  ; 
extracting  by  distillation. 

DIS-TILL'IXG,  a.  The  act  or  practice  of  extracting 
spirit  by  distillation. 

DIS-TILL'' .M EXT,  n.    That  which  distills  or  drops. 

Skak. 

DISTINCT',  a.  [L  distinctus,  from  distinguo.  See 
Distinguish.] 

1.  Literalh/,  having  the  difference  marked  ;"  separa- 
ted by  a  visible  sign,  or  by  a  note  or  mark  ;  as,  a  place 
distinct  by  name.  .Vdtan. 

2.  Different ;  separate ;  not  the  same  in  nuuiber  or 
kind  ;  as,  he  holds  two  distinU  oflices  ;  he  is  known 
by  distinct  titles. 

3.  Separate  in  place :  not  conjunct ;  .^s,  the  two 
regiments  marched  togetlier,  but  Jiad  distinct  encamp- 
ments. 

4.  So  separited  as  not  to  be  confounded  with  any 
other  thing:  clear;  not  confused.  To  reason  correct- 
ly we  nmst  have  distinct  ideas.  We  have  a  distLict 
or  Indistinct  view  of  a  prospect. 

5.  Spotted ;  variegated. 

Tenircitumu  frll 
His  .Trrows  from  llie  firjrtc'd-vU.*^!  four, 
DisSitKt  with  eyes.  Milton. 

DIS-TIXCT',  r.  (.    To  dislinguisli.    [Abt  tu  use.] 

Cliaucer. 
DIS-TIXC'TIOX,  ».     [L.  distinction) 

1.  The  act  of  separating  or  distinguishing. 

5.  A  note  or  mark  of  diiKjnjncc.  \Seldom  used.] 

3.  Diff^Tonce  made  :  a  separation  or  disagrecnient 
in  kind  or  qualities,  by  which  one  thing  is  known 
from  another.  We  obssrve  a  disttnction  between 
matter  and  spirit ;  a  distinction  between  the  animal 
and  vegetable  kingdoms ;  a  diJitinciion  between  gcod 
and  cvU,  right  and  wrong ;  between  sound  reasoning 
and  sophist r>-. 

4.  Difference  regarded  ;  separation  ;  preference ;  as 
in  the  phrase  without  distinction^  which  denotes,  pro- 
miscuously, all  togetlier,  alike. 

Maids,  woaicn,  w.-ivcs,  vUhoui  diitinc^n,  &U.  Dryden. 

5.  Separation  ;  division  ;  as,  the  distinction  of  trage- 
dy into  acts.  Dryden, 

[fn  this  sen.ie.  Division  jcould  be  preferable.] 
b.  Notation  of  difference ;  discrimination ;  as,  a 
distinction  between  real  and  apparent  good. 

Ill  classing  th^  niialili«  of  actJOiiA,  it  S  DKcsstarr  tu  maJr?  (licu- 

T.  Euiinenre  ;  superiont}' ;  elevation  of  rank  in  so- 


TOX'E,  BliLL,  IIMTE.  — AX'^GER,  M  "CIOUS.  — €  as  K  ;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  ClI  as  SII ;  TII  as  iu  THIS. 


45 


353 


OlS 


DIS 


DIS 


'  *  '  -"  [  r  ulBc«,  I 
.  rVKtr*. 
•  nil»eii  I 


Joktuom, 
.  (ILfUncllon  ur  dilTcr- 

,mri     .r  litlm, 

i-r  lo  JuUnpibh  and  dl«crrn. 
l/rit  iTM. 
.    With  dutinrtkm  ;  iilainly. 
..     &Ut0  uf  boliig  iliAlnct- 

■  ' '■  '    ■'ictm-M  ; 

imrt  or 
•In  tiri- 


.i<h1  liw  orpjiiienu  wiUi  ga-al  dit- 


unc  lliine    I 


.1   tu  iiuU)  uiid 
..4  Uium.    Sec 


t'V  some 
uvvn  chil- 


,,,._.     \  ;i  diAiinguithts  ^yxx 

ii;:e,  bul  raruiy  litjtmguuhes  colon. 
1'  II ;  a.*,  it  i§  vasy  to  dUtinffuuh  the 

,..  ..vii  from  itntut  an  npplc. 

,  by  taste  ;  as,  to  distinguish  a  plum  from  a 

i-.    L  ,,  by  licarine  ;  lu,  to  dijfin/uuA  the  sound  of 
I  drum  iVoni  that  of  a  viulin. 
Sixthly,  by  ilic  undfrslanding  ;   as,  lo  dutinguisk 


V.-} 

Ill- 


.  truth  from  falsthood. 

or  divide  by  any  mark  or  qunlity 

-  ditTVrcnce.     AVe  rfijffiniruwA  wtunds 

-••'■>  and  harsh,  lively  and  grave. 

into  direct  and  Indirect,  Ini- 

f-^  judge. 


b.  To  Kpeuati'  Trooi  irtlitts  by  some  mark  of  honor 
or  pnhrrncv.   Homer  and  Vircil  arc  di^tin^itked  as 
poett ;  Df  mo*thfnc3  and  Cicero  as  oralore. 
f».  To  make  cmini^nt  ur  known.  Johtuon. 

DI3-TIN"(;l*ISII,  (di»-tinc'gwish,)  r.  i.    To  make  a 
.!i.!it,,  t,,,t.  .  (,.  tLJiii  ,,r  ,1l..w  ihc  .IiirT..-nct:.    It  is  UlC 
t  ween  cases  aj)- 
iplc, 

■  of  being  dij»- 
[  '.iiuwn.  or  mnde 

k  any  dilfcrcncc. 

A  -  ,  '•  from  a  tihrub. 

A  ftuu^t.^   iUt.-a  u  u»i  JuC*^i^>ui.W>Ic  Into  different 


■*.   Wi»rthy  of  note  or  special  reeard.  Stc\fL 

'ILISH  £0,  (di»  lins'gwiJhl»)pp.  Separated 
11  by  a  maik  of  difTcnrncc,  or  by  dmurcnt 


by  Mipcrior  or  extraor- 

nnil ;    extraordinar)- ; 

.    r.l.bralcd.     Tlmo, 

■uisJud  talents  or 

a  which  dbdln- 
•:  r.r  d.u^  from  another  by 
Broirti. 

rcm^.t^^v  TTI'-   ritff  rmro  of 


9.  .\scerlalninf,  knowing,  or  percclrlng  a  dlfTrr- 


DIH-TIN"GUlE>H-lNr.-LY,  mUv.      Willi    dutinclion  ; 

\v-'   ^     •  •■•'•fercnce.  Pcne. 

Dl>  ,  r,     (dti«  tlng'guUh-nient,)     n. 

1.  u  uf  dilf*  rtiiLV.  Oraunt. 

i.t-    ,  ,    .....    V J.  ,.f  n<.  ,  I   ii-iit.     B.Juruvn. 

I  I'  I  \.t.lt,pp.     ih  ;■ 
ri  TI.IMi,|>;>r.     1'  -hL 

M.^TORT,   F.  (.     [I..  -nimeo!  Ju  and 

tonf^eo,  lo  iwi-M,  Fr.  f  -] 

1.  'IVdwHiout  i.f  ii  ir  shape:  ud,  lo 

duf»irt  the  ndck.lhu  luu:    ,    .    Jy  J  lo  diatort  the 

feaiurm. 

2.  To  force  or  put  out  of  the  true  posture  or  direc- 
tion. 

W  nib  »nd  mftlk«,  mtrj  toJ  ?»»«»*»•,  ^stoft  the  uml»m*nJiDr- 

TVloUvn. 

3.  To  wTPfit  from  the  tnie  meaning;  to  pervert; 
as, !«»  disii'rt  pai^tages  of  Scripture,  or  their  mi'nnlng. 

niS TOR  r,  a.     Distorted.  Spettiicr. 

DISTOHT'ED.  ;>;».  or  a.  Twisted  out  of  natural  or 
reculiir  nhai»e  ;  wrc-itrd  ;  iK-r^'erled. 

lUtt  IDRT'ING,  ppr.  Twisting  out  of  shape  ;  wrest- 
ing ;  ixTverling, 

D18-'i'OR"I'lO.\,  n.     [L.  rfi>ft>rtio.] 

1.  Thr  nri  of  distorting  or  wresting;  a  twisting 
out  nf  rrt'uhir  shniK- ;  n  Iwifdinp  or  writhing  motion  ; 
as,  lh<!  difUirtKin.-!  uf  the  face  or  iMxIy. 

•i  The  stale  of  leing  twisted  out  of  shape  ;  devia- 
tion from  naiuml  shape  or  |>osition  ;  croukedncss  ; 
grimace. 

:*.  A  p<rvirsion  of  tlic  Inie  meaning  of  words. 
DIS-TRACT',   P.    (.      [It.  diitraetuSfdintraMo;   (fu  and 
triituj^  to  draw.  (tMjt!  I)kaw  and  Dhao.)  Ths  old  par- 
ticiple, distraa:rfu^  U  obifoletc.] 

J.  /j,ieriillv,  to  draw  a|>art ;  lo  pull  in  dirttrent  di- 
rections, nnil  si'|>arale.  Hence,  to  divide;  to  &epa- 
nite  ;  and  liencr,  tt>  throw  into  confusitm.  Sonie- 
lime!<  in  a  lileral  st-nse.  Conlruilictor)*  or  mistaken 
ordiTM  may  diitnut  an  army. 

2.  To  turn  or  draw  from  any  object ;  to  divert  (Vom 
any  |K)inl,  toward  another  jioiiit,  or  toward  v;irious 
other  objects ;  as,  to  dutraU  the  eye  or  the  allention. 

If  hr  CAU  not  aroUl  ihe  fjo  ot  the  t-Uer^cr,  he  Iiop«  to  tUstract 
It  ly  a.  iiuiUiiw^iy  of  L'w  olfjui-  Souih. 

3.  To  draw  toward  difTercnl  objects  ;  to  fdl  with 
dilK'rent  con^idiralioiis  ;  lo  perplex  ;  to  confound  ; 
to  harass;  as.  In dwfnifJ  the  mind  with  cares j  you 
duitract  nm  with  your  clamor. 

While  I  iiiaT  thy  icrwri,  1  «n  dUtrtuUd.—  P$,  Uxxriil. 

4.  To  disorder  the  reason  ;  lo  derange  the  regular 
operalionx  of  inlrllecl;  lo  render  ravini;  or  furious; 
most  frtipirntly  used  in  the  participle  di-itractcd. 

DlS-TRAt:  T',  a.     Mad.     lA'ot  in  u*<.] 

UIS-TRACT'EI),  p^.  Drawn  n[iart;  drawn  In  differ- 
ent directions;  diverted  from  its  object;  [lerplcxed ; 
harassed  ;  confounded. 

2.  a.  Deranged  ;  disordered  in  intellect;  raving;  fu- 
rious ,  mad  ;  frantic.  Locke. 

mS-TR\€'r'ED-LY. ado.    Madly;  furiously  j  wildly. 

Sfiak. 

DIS-TRACT'ED-NESS,  n.  A  state  of  being  mad  ; 
madness.  Bp.  IfalL 

DIS-TRACT'ER,  n.    One  who  distracts.  Mare, 

D1.S-TRACT'I.\G,  ppr.  or  a.  Drawing  apart ;  eeparat- 
ing  :  diverting  from  an  object ;  pendexing ;  harassing  ; 
disordering  the  intellect. 

DIS-TKAC  TION,  71.     [I^  di-^rarJio.] 

1.  The  act  of  distracting ;  a  drawing  apart;  sepa- 
ration. 

2.  ConAision  from  multiplicity  of  objects  crowdin; 
on  the  mind  and  calling  the  attention  dilTerenl  ways 
perturbatiim  of  mind;  |>erplexiiy  :  as,  the  family  was 
in  a  stale  of  dLstraction.     [See  I  Cor.  vii] 

3.  Confusion  of  affairs;  tumult;  disorder;  as,  po- 
litical distractions. 

NcTer  »-ai  taiowii  a  nighl  of  <uch  tUttracUon,  Dryden. 

4.  .Madness  ;  a  stile  of  disordered  reason  ;  franlic- 
ncss  ;  furlousness.  [  IVeusaaiiy  apply  Uua  word  to  a  suae 
iff  derangement  ichich  produces  racing  and  vioUtice  in  the 
patienU] 

5.  Folly  in  the  extreme,  or  amounting  to  insanity. 

Oo  tJy  lupiVKL  '  tl«c  Unh,  cinult,  »nd  n^iinrc- 

tion  of  Jc  '  Lj  iioihUi;  belter  thxn  dutmc- 

lion,  DxKkmintUT. 

DIS-TRACT'IVi:, 'I.   (.iiiii^uig  perplexity  ;  ns,distract- 

ive  cares.  Drtjden. 

DIS-TRAL\',  r.  L  [L.  distringo  ;  dis  and  strmgo.  See 
Strain.     Rlackstune  writes  Jtsfrcin.] 

1.  To  seize  for  debt ;  lo  take  a  personal  cliallel 
from  the  wwwttjwion  of  a  wrongdoer  into  the  posse:? 
sion  of  the  injured  party,  to  satisfy  a  demand,  or 
coin[>el  the  iH^rformancc  of  a  duly;  as,  to  distrain 
g(M>ds  fur  rent,  or  fur  an  amcrcemcnL 
-2.  To  rend;  to  tear.     [Ofts.l  SpeMer. 

DIS-TRAIN',  V.  L     To  make  sciKurc  of  goods. 

Oh  vboii)  1  cin  not  diMtrtun  for  debL  Camittn. 

i'oT  t>c|[l-xilnj  tp  Oo  luil  10  ihr  lonl'j  court,  or  oOkt  p^rwutil 
•TfTice,  tbe  lor>l  niay  d'utmin  r.f  cotiniKni  rijrliL  Bjiii«(on?. 

^In  ildt  phrase,  however,  some  word  seems  to  be 
■■  -^mI  ;  as,  to  distrain  goodx.] 
^N'A-IILE,  a.    That  is  liable  to  be  taken  for 
Blaekstone. 


Seized  for  debt,  or  lo  compel  Uw 
uty. 


DIS-TRAIX'i-'D.pp. 

iM-rfonnance  of  du 
DIS-TRA I  N'l.NG,  ppr.    Seizing  for  debt,  or  fbr  neglect 

uf  huit  ami  service. 
DtS-TKAlN'UU,  n.     He  who  seizes  goods  for  debt  or 

Bcrvtce.  Blaeksttmt, 

DISTRAUGHT',  (dis-tmwt'.)   [Ofti.l   See  llisTaicT. 
D1S-'1*Rk.\M',  p.  i.      [ifu  and  streatiu]    To  spread  or 

(low  over. 

Yrt  oVr  Oixi  vlnuotM  Uiuli  ifi«fr-«am«  a  lear.  SStntimm. 

DIS-TRESS',  n.     [Fr.  dttrtste;  Norm.  id. ;  from  tki 

Celtic,  \V.  fruu,  violence,  frruuiir,  to  strain  or  facet. 

See  STnEsi.] 

1.  The  net  of  distraining;  the  taking  of  any  p«w 
eoniil  chatlL-1  from  a  wrong-doer,  to  answt-r  a  demand, 
or  procure  satisfaction  for  a  wrung  couiniilted. 

lilacksionM* 

2.  The  thing  Uiken  by  distraining;  that  which  b 
seized  to  procure  Hiilisfaclion. 

A  iUstr4M4  of  boiuelioM  coodi  ^»1l  tw  lrnpv>iii)(li.>]  ui)Jrr  tattt* 
it  tiie  lenor  tivat  not  fiuU  auflkJciK  digtrma  on  Um  nnmhHt 
lu^  IHaeiumm. 

3.  Extreme  [Miln  ;  anguish  of  body  or  mind  ;  as,  to 
suffer  great  distress  fnun  the  goul,  or  from  ihe  loss  <>f 

4.  .\illiclion  ;  calainily  ;  n»ser>.         [near  frtrthl*. 

Or>  c*flh  dutrttt  oi  ikibLXi*.—  I.ukr  xxl. 

5.  A  state  of  danger  ;  as,  a  ship  in  dJ-ffreM,  ftom 
leaking,  loss  of  spar",  or  want  of  pnivUions  or  wa- 
ter, «tc. 

DIS-TRES8',  V,  u  To  pain  ;  to  afflict  with  (lain  or 
anguish  :  applied  to  the  body  or  the  mind.  l.iieraUf^  lo 
pressor  stmin. 

2.  To  aftltci  greatly  ;  to  harass;  to  oppress  with  ca- 
lamity ;  lo  mnke  miHcrable. 

DUtrttt  nut  111'  Mouliir*.  —  Dent.  U. 

W  e  are  (roiLbUO  oa  eircry  slilr ,  t»K  not  dtstrttnd.  ~-  9  Cor.  K 

3.  To  compel  by  pain  or  suHTering. 

Theware  nt^awno  cui  uclt]«r  be  dUtrrt§ft  n  .(  woo  bite  a 
■Acriftci:  of  duly.  I-'rdtniii^:,  HamtliMt. 

DIS-TRESS'iTD,  (dis-lrert',)  pp.  or  a.    Suffering  great 

pain  or   torture  ;  severely  utHiclcd  ;   harassed ;  op- 

presseil  wiih  c.ilaiiiity  or  niUfurtune. 
DIS-TRESS'EU-NESS,  n.    A  stale  of  being  grraUjf 

pained.  -V't'. 

DIS-TREFS'FJJL,  o.    Inflicting  or  bringing  diMr.«; 

as,  a  distrt.^f^id  stroke.  iHuiL 

2.  Indicating  distress;  priK:ccding  from  pain  or 
anguish  ;  as,  dtstres^ul  cries.  Pope, 

3.  Calamitous;  as,  a  Jutru^ui  event.        IValU. 

4.  Attended  with  iwverly  ;  as,  disLres-f^l  bread. 

Shot, 
DIS-TRESS'F(;L-LY,  adr.     In  a  painful  manner. 
DIS-TKESS'ING,  ppr.    Giving  severe  pain  ;  oppnr«. 


ing  with  aniiction. 

2.  a.  Verv  alTliciing;  aflecling  with  severe  pain; 
as,  u  distmshiir  sickness. 
Drs-TRESS'I.NG-LY,  ode.    With  extreme  pain. 
DIS-TRIU'U-TAllLE,  a.     [See  Distribute.] 

That  nmy  ho  distributed;  Ihai  may  be  lucigncd  la 
portions.  Haiuscf.      ' 

DlS-TRIU'l^TE.  V.  t,    [L.  distribuo ;  dis  and  tnbuo,  to 
give  or  divide.] 

1.  To  divide  among  two  or  more  ;  lo  deal ;  Ut  give 
or  be-slow  in  paria  or  portions.  Sloscs  distribuiM 
hinds  lo  the  tribes  of  Israel.  Christ  du<ribtUtd  the 
loaves  to  his  disciples. 

2.  To  dispense;  lo  adrainislcr;  as,  to  dijtribmU 
justice. 

3.  To  divide  or  separate,  as  into  classes,  ordcfi, 
kindd,  or  species.  ! 

4.  To  give  in  charity.  j 

Dutribu^ng  lo  tlie  necoailici  of  Oie  wlnti.  —  Bom.  «!.  ' 

5.  In  printing^  to  scpiiratc  types,  and  place  Uie« 
in  iheir  proper  cells  in  the  cases. 

DlS-Tltlli'lJ-TEl),  pp.      Divided  among  a  number; 

dealt  out ;  assigned  in  jwrlituis  ;  sepaniied  ;  bestowed. 
DIri-TRIU'Q  TER,  n.     One  who  divides  or  deal*  «il 

in  parts  ;  one  who  besiuws  in  pr.rtiuiis  ;  n  dwirnier. 
DIS-TRIIl'IJ-'J'lNli.  ppr.     Dividing  among  a  number  ; 

dealing  out  ;  di-pensin?. 
DIS-TRI-HO'  I'lON,  n.     [I.,  distribntio.] 

1.  The  acl  of  dividing  among  a  numl>er  :  a  denlUlg 
in  parts  or  portions ;  a.^,  the  dutrUmtion  of  an  eiAate 
among  heirs  or  children. 

2.  Th-'  act  of  giving  in  charity ;  a  Ifcrtowlng  In 
»iris.  Bacon,     ^ttrrhtrif. 

3.  Dii'pensalion  ;  administration  to  numbers;  a 
rendering  to  individuals ;  as,  the  dj»tribution  of 
Justice. 

4.  The  act  of  separating  into  distinct  parts  or 
classes ;  as,  tlie  dvttribution  of  plants  tnio  genera  and 
species. 

.S.  In  arehitfcturr^  Iho  dividing  and  dinposinf  oc 
the  several  parts  of  the  building,  according  U>  sumc 
plan,  or  to  the  nilos  of  the  art. 

fi.  In  rflrforic,  a  division  and  cnumemtion  of  the 
scvrril  qualities  of  a  subject. 

7.  In  g'-neral,  ihf  division  and  dispntnlion  of  H»« 
pirt*  of  any  thin?. 

8.  In  prin/mir,  Ihc  taking  a  form  apart;  Ihc  wpa- 
rating  of  the  tyiKs,  and  placing  each  letter  In  iu 
pniper  cell  in  the  case*'.  ^_^.^ 


R.  F^VIX,  Wn/kT.— METE,  PRBY.  — nXE,  MARtNE,  niRD.  — NOTE.  DOX'E,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQOK.— 


.i-V* 


DIS 


DIS 


DIU 


DIS-TKIB'i;-TIVE,  a.  That  distribuli's  ;  lli:il  divides 
and  assigns  in  pt>rtions  ;  that  dcaJs  to  eacli  his  proper 
share  ;  as,  distributire  justice 

2.  That  assigns  the  v:irious  species  of  a  general  term. 

3.  That  separates  or  divides;  as,  a  distribulicc  ad- 
jective. 

DIS-TRIB'U-TIVK,  n.  In  grammar^  a  word  that 
divides  or  distributes,  as  each  and  cvery^  which  rep- 
resent the  individuals  of  a  collective  uuuibcr  as 
separate. 

DIS-TKIB'II-TIVE-LY,  adv.  By  distribution  ;  singly ; 
not  collectively.  Hooker.     Watts. 

DIS  TKIB'U-TIVE-NESS,  n.  Desire  of  distributing. 
rZ.jWr  itvci.]  Fell. 

Diis'TRIGT,  71.  [L.  distrtctus^  from  distrin^o,  to  press 
hard,  to  bind  ;  It.  distretto.    See  Distrain.] 

1.  Properlij,  a  limited  extent  oJ  country  :  a  circuit 
within  which  power,  right,  or  authority,  may  be  ex- 
ercised, ajid  to  which  it  is  restrained  j  a  word  ap- 
plicable to  any  portion  of  land  or  countr}*,  or  to  any 
part  of  a  city  or  town,  wliich  is  defined  by  law  or 
agreement.  A  governor,  a  prefect,  or  a  judge,  may 
have  his  diitrict.  Some  of  the  states  are  divided  into 
districts  for  the  choice  of  senators,  representative =,  or 
electors.  Cities  and  towns  are  divided  into  districts 
for  various  purposes,  as  for  schools,  &c.  The  United 
St-ales  are  divided  iuto  districts  for  the  collection  of 
the  revenue. 

2.  A  region  ;  a  territoiy  within  given  lines  j  as,  the 
district  of  the  earth  which  lies  between  the  tropics, 
or  that  which  is  north  of  a  polar  circle. 

3.  A  region  :  a  countrj' ;  a  portion  of  territory  with- 
out ver>'  definite  limits ;  as,  the  districts  of  Russia 
covered  by  forest. 

DIS'TRI€T,  V.  L  To  divide  into  districts  or  limited 
portions  of  territorj*.  Legislatures  district  states  for 
the  choice  of  senators.  In  JVew  En^land^  towns  are 
districted  for  the  purpose  of  establishing  and  manag- 
ing schools. 

DIS'TRICT-eoCRT,  n.  A  court  which  has  cogni- 
zance of  certain  causes  within  a  district  defined  by 
law.  The  district-courts  of  the  United  Slates  are 
courts  of  subordinate  jurisdiction. 

DIS'TRICT-JUDiSE,  n.    The  judge  of  a  district-court. 

United  States. 

DIS'TRieX-SeHOOL,  71.  A  school  williin  a  certain 
district  of  a  town.  JVew  Enflaiid^  ^-c. 

DIS'TRICT-ED,  jTp.  Divided  into  districts  or  definite 
porliLins. 

DIS'TRICT-rXG,  p;7r.  Dividing  into  limited  or  def- 
inite portions. 

DIS-TRie'TIOX,  71.    Sudden  display.     [  Utmsucl.'] 

Collier. 

DIS-TRIJV"  OAS,  n.  In  lavs^  a  writ  commanding  the 
sheriff  to  distrain  a  person  for  debt,  or  for  his  appear- 
ance .'it  a  rftrtain  day. 

DIS-TRUST',  V.  t.  [dis  and  trust.  The  Danes  have 
mislrHster;  the  Sv.'edes^  misstriista.     See  Mistecst.] 

1.  To  doubt  or  suspsct  the  truth,  fidelity,  firmness, 
or  sincerity  of;  not  to  confide  in  or  rely  on.  We 
disiriLst  a  man,  when  we  question  his  veracity',  &c. ; 
we  may  often  distrust  our  own  firmness. 

2.  To  doubt ;  to  suspsct  not  to  be  real,  true,  sin- 
cere, or  firm.  We  distrust  a  man's  courage,  friend- 
ship, veracity,  declarations,  intentions,  or  promises, 
when  we  question  th^ir  reality  or  sincerity  ;  we  can 
not  distrust  the  declarations  of  God  ;  we  often  have 
reason  to  dL-trast  our  own  resolutions. 

DIS-TRUST',  Tu    Doubt  or  suspicion  of  reality  or  sin- 
cerity ;  want  of  confidence,  faith,  or  reliance.    Syc- 
ophants should  be  heard  with  distrust ;  distrust  mars 
the  pleasures  of  friendship  and  social  intercourse. 
2.  Discredit ;  loss  of  confidence.  JilHton. 

DIS-TRUST'ED,  pp.    Doubled  ;  suspected. 

DIS-TRUST'ER,  n.    A  person  who  distrusts. 

DIS-TRUST'Fy  L,  a.  Apt  to  distrust ;  suspicious.  Botjle. 

2.  Not  confident;  diffident;  as,  distrustful  of  our- 
selves. 

3.  Dilndent ;  modest. 
DIS-TRUST'FUL-LY,  ado. 

with  doubt  or  suspicion. 

D1S-TRUST'FUI^.\ESS,  », 
tni?!tful ;  want  of  confidence. 

DIS-TRUST' LVG,  ppr.  Doubting  the  reality  or  sin- 
cerity of;  suspecting;  not  relying  on  or  confiding  in. 

DIS-TRUST'ING-LY,  ado.  Suspiciously ;  with  distrust. 

DIS-TRUST'LESS,  a.  Free  from  distrust  or  suspi- 
cion. S/teiistone. 

DIS-TUiVE',  r.  (.    To  put  out  of  tune.     [A^?  used,] 

Wotton. 

DIS-TURB',  V.  L  [Sp.  disturbar;  It.  disturbare;  L. 
disturbo ;  dis  and  turbOj  to  trouble,  disorder,  discom- 
pose ;  turba^  a  crowd,  a  tumult ;  Gr.  rvofSn  or  avu^n^ 
a  tumult ;  iroohi^ij^^  id.  The  primar>'  sense  seems 
to  be,  to  stir,  or  to  turn  or  whirl  round.  The  word 
trouhU  is  probably  from  the  L.  turbo,  by  transposition. 
If  tr  are  the  prim:ir>'  elements,  as  I  suppose,  the 
word  coincides  in  origin  with  tour  and  turrx.  If  (  is 
a  prt:fii,  the  word  belongs  to  Class  Rb,  coinciding 
with  llie  Swedish  mbba,  to  remove,  to  trouble.  See 
Class  Rh,  No.  3,  4,  34,  and  Cl-iss  Dr,  No.  3,  25,  27.J 

1.  To  stir;  to  move;  ta  discompose;  to  excite 
from  a  state  of  rest  or  tranquillity.  We  say,  the  man 
is  aslefip,  do  not  disturb  him  ;  \^*  the  vessel  stand, 


Pope. 
In  a  distrustful  manner; 

J\rUlun. 
The  state  of  being  dis- 


do  not  move  the  liqirc.r,  you  will  disturb  the  sediment ; 
disturb  not  the  jmblic  peace. 

2.  To  move  or  agitate ;  to  di.iquiet ;  to  excite  un- 
easiness or  a  slight  degree  of  auger  in  the  mind  ;  to 
inove  the  passions ;  to  nilHe.  The  mind  may  be 
disturbed  by  an  oflTense  given  by  misfortune,  surprise, 
contention,  discord,  jealousj',  envj-,  &c. 

3.  To  move  from  any  regular  course  or  operation  ; 
to  interrupt  regular  order ;  to  make  irregular.  It  has 
been  supposed  that  the  approach  of  a  comet  may  dis- 
turb the  motions  of  the  planets  in  their  orbits ;  an 
unexpected  cause  may  disturb  a  chemical  operation, 
or  the  operation  of  medicine. 

■4.  To  interrupt;  to  hinder;  to  incommode.    Care 
disturbs  study  ;  let  no  pcr:5cn  dbitnrb  my  franchise. 
5.  To  turn  off  from  any  direction  ;  with /rom. 

[Un\isui^.\ 

And  disturb 
His  inmost  counssU  from  Oirir  dratiiied  aim.  Milbjn. 

DIS-TURB',  n.    Confusion  ;  disorder.    [J^Tot  used.] 

JIUton. 
DIS-TURB'ANCE,  n.    A  stirring  or  excitement;  any 

disquiet  or  interruption  of  peace;   as,  to  enter  the 

church  without  making  disturbance. 

2.  Interruption  of  a  settled  state  of  things  ;  disor- 
der; tumult.  We  have  read  much,  at  limes,  of  dis- 
turbances in  Spain,  England,  and  Ireland. 

3.  Emotion  of  the  mind ;  agitation  j  excitement  of 
passion ;  perturbation.  The  merchant  received  the 
news  of  his  losses  without  apparent  disturbance. 

4.  Disorder  of  thoughts ;  confusion. 

TLfiy  caii  surrey  a  vaiicty  of  complicated  ideas,  without  iiili»ae 
or  disturinnee.  WaUt. 

5.  In  laWy  the  hindering  or  disquieting  of  a  person 
in  the  lawful  and  peaceable  enjoyment  of  his 
right ;  the  intcmiption  of  a  right;  as,  the  disturbance 
of  a  tranchise,  of  common,  of  ways,  of  tenure,  of 
patronage.  BUukstone, 

DIS-TURB'£D,  pp.  or  a.      Stirred;  moved;  excited; 

discomposed  ;  disquieted  ;  agitated  ;  imeasy. 
In  geology,  thrown   out  by  violence  from  some 

original  place  or  position  ;  as,  disturbed  strata.    Lyell. 
DIS-TURB'ER,  n.    One  who  disturbs  or  disquiets  ;  a 

violater  of  peace ;  one  who  causes  tumults  or  disorders. 

2.  He  or  that  which  excites  passion  or  agitation  ; 
he  or  that  which  causes  perturbation.  Shak. 

3.  In  law,  one  that  interrupts  or  incommodes  an- 
other in  the  peaceable  enjoyment  of  his  right. 

DIS-TURB'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Moving;  exciting;  ren- 
dering uneasy  ;  maliing  a  tumult ;  interrupting  peace  ; 
incommoding  the  quiet  enjoyment  of. 

DIS-TURN',  V.  U  [dis  and  turn.]  To  turn  aside. 
fJVot  ju  use.]  Daniel. 

DI-SUL'PHU-RET,  n,   [Gr.  Jts,  twice,  and  sulphureu] 
In  chemistry,  a  sulpnuret  containing  two  equiva- 
lents of  sulphur  to  one  of  the  base.  Silliman. 

DIS-li'NI-FORil,  (dis-yu'ne-form,)  a.  Not  uniform. 
[JVo/  in  use.]  Coventry. 

Dl&-l|N'ION,  (dis-yun'yun,)  n.  [dis  ajid  union.]  t?ep- 
aration  ;  disjunction  ;  or  a  state  of  not  bein^united. 
It  sometimes  denotes  a  breach  of  concord,  and  its 
effect,  contention. 

DIS-UN'IOX-IST,  71.    An  advocate  of  disunion. 

DIS-U-NITE',  (dis->Ti-nIte',)  r.  (.  [dis  and  unite.]  To 
separate  ;  to  disjoin  ;  to  p;irt  ;  as,  to  di-^unite  two  al- 
lied countries  ;  to  disunite  particles  of  matter  ;  to  dis- 
unite friends. 

DIS-U-NITE',  ».  L  To  part;  to  fall  asunder;  to  be- 
come separate.  Particles  of  matter  may  spontane- 
ously disunite. 

DIS-U-NIT'ED,  pp.  or  a.    Separated  ;  disjoined. 

DlS-U-NiT'ER,  n.     He  or  that  v.iiich  disjoins. 

DIS-U-NiT'ING,  ppr.     Separating  ;  parting. 

DIS-U'Nl-TY,  (dis-yii'nc-ty,)  n.    A  state  of  separation. 

More. 

DIS-U'SAGE,  (dis-yu'zaje,)  n.  [dis  and  usa^e.]  Grad- 
ual cessation  of  use  or  custom  ;  neglect  ot  use,  exer- 
cise, or  practice.     We  lose  words  by  disusage. 

DIS-IJSE',  (dis-yuse',)  n.      [du  and  use]     Cessation 
of  use,  practice,  or  exercise  ;  as,  the  limbs  lose  their 
strength  and  pliability  by  disuse  ;  language  is  altered 
by  the  disuse  of  words. 
2.  Cessation  of  custom  ;  desuetude. 

DIS-l^SE',  (dis-yfize',)  v.  t.  [dis  and  iwc]  To  cease 
to  use ;  to  neglect  or  omit  to  practice. 

2.  To  disaccustom  ;  witli  from,  tn,  or  to ;  as,  dis- 
used to  toils  ;  disused  from  p:iin. 

DIS-US'ED,  (dis-yuzd',)  pp.  or  a.  No  longer  used ; 
obsolete,  as  words,  &:c. 

Priam  In  ones  disused,  Drydtn. 

2.  Disaccustomed. 

DIS-I^S'LVG,  (dis-jii'ziug,)  ppr.  Ceasing  to  use  ;  dis- 
accustoming. 

DIS-V.-VL-U-a'TION,  7!.  [See  DiavALre.]  Dises- 
teem  ;  disreputation. 

DIS-VAL'UE,  (dis-val'yu,)  r.  £.  {dis  and  value,]  To 
undcr\'alue ;  todisestcem.  Shak. 

DIS-VAL'UE,  n.     Disesteem;  disregard.       B.  Jonson, 

DIS-VEL'O'P,  r.  f.    To  develop.     [J^ot  used.] 

DIS- VOUCH',  V.  t.  [dts  and  tonch.]  To  discredit; 
to  contradict.  Shak. 

DIS-WARN',  V.  t,  [dis  and  team.]  To  dissuade  from 
by  previous  warning. 


DIS-WIT'TED,  o.    Deprived  of  wits  or  under-tand- 

ing.  Th-ayton. 

DIS-WONT',(;-w?mt,)p.  t   [rfwandwemt]    'JV.V.r.n: 

to  depriv;;  ul  wonted  usage.  /' 

DIS-WOR'SHir,  (-wur-6hrp,)  ti.    [dis  and 

Cause  of  disgrace.  L 

DIT,  «.    A  diUy.     [JTot  used.]  Spender 

DIT,  V.  t.     [Pax.  dvtta:i.] 

To  close  up.     [yVof  used,]  More. 

DT-Ta'TION,  71.    \l.  ditatus.] 

The  act  of  making  rich.     [A'ut  used.]    Bp.  HaU. 
DITCH,  71.     [Sax.  Jir ,  a  ditch  ;  D.  rfj-Jt,  a  dike ;  G.  ddch, 

a  dikcj  deichery  a  diuJter;  D.  digCj   a  ditcJtj  a  dike; 

Sw.  dUce ;  Ft.  digue ;  Eth.  Xn\l  daeJti,  to  dig.  Clx«3 
Dg,  No.  1-1.  The  primary  sense  is  a  digging  or  place 
dug.  .^ftor  the  pnictic;  uf  embanking  commenced, 
the  word  was  used  for  the  bank  mad^  by  digging, 
thcdU:c.]  ^^    ^* 

1.  A  trench  in  the  earth  made  by  digging,  particu- 
lariy  a  trench  for  draining  wet  land,  or  for  making  a 
fence  to  guard  inclosures,  or  for  preventing'an  enemy 
from  approaching  a  town  or  fortress.  In  the  latt^ 
sense,  it  is  called  also  a  fosr.e  or  nwal,  and  is  dug 
round  the  rampart  ur  wall  between  tlie  scarp  and 
counterscarp.  Enevc. 

2.  Any  long,  hollow  receptacle  of  water. 
DITCH,  V.  i.    To  dig  or  make  a  ditch  or  ditches. 
DITCH,  c.  t.    T*.  dig  a  ditch  or  ditches  in ;  to  drain 

by  a  ditch  ;  as,  to  ditch  moiart  land. 

2.  To  surround  with  a  ditch.  Bcrret 

DITCH-DELIV'ER-KD,  a.    Brought  forth  in  a  ditch. 

DITCH'ER,  n.    One  who  digs  ditches.  [S'lck. 

DITCII'iNG,  ppr.  Digging  ditches  ;  al-^o,  draining  by 
a  ditch  or  ditches  ;  as,  ditching  a  swamp. 

DS-TET-KA-H£'DRAL,  a.  [.iij  :ind  tetra-hedral.]  In 
crystallozraphij,  having  the  form  of  a  tetnUudral 
prism  with  dihedral  suinmits.  Cleaccland. 

Di''l'HE-I$M,  71,  The  doctrine  of  those  who  maintain 
the  existence  of  two  gods.  Jlich,  Diet. 

DI-THE-IST'IC,         )  a.    Pertaining  lo  uiiheism. 

DI-THE-1ST'I€%AL,  (  Rich.  Diet, 

DITH'Y-RAMB,         (  n.     [Gr.  ciivoapBoi^  a  title  of 

DITH-Y-RAiM'BUS,(  Bacchus,  the  signification  of 
which  is  not  settled.  See  Heder.  Lex.  and  Bochart 
Dc  Phccn.  Col.  lib.  1,  ca.  18.] 

In  ancient  poetjnj,  a  hymn  m  honor  of  ."Bacchus,  full 
of  transport  and  poetical  rage.  Of  Uiis  species  of 
writing  we  have  no  remains.  Er.cac. 

DITH-Y-RAM'Bie,  ti.  A  song  in  honor  of  Bacchus, 
in  which  the  wildness  of  intoxication  is  imlLited. 

Johnson. 
2.  Any  poem  written  in  wild,  enthusiastic  strains. 

TVais::. 

DITH-Y-RAM'Bie,  a.    Wild;  enthusiastic.  Coxtey. 

DI"TION,  (dish'un,)  n.     [L.  ditio.] 

Rule  :  power  ;  government ;  dominion.    Evdirt. 

DX'ToXE,  71.    [Gr.  6^  and  roi  os,  tone.] 

In  music,  an  interval  comprehending  two  tontr. 
The  proportion  of  the  sounds  that  form  the  ditone  is 
4  :  5,  and  that  of  the  semitone,  5:  6  Eneyc 

Dl-TRIG'LYPH,  «.  [Gr.  tJij,  rpn;,  and  >>r0w,]  .\n 
arrangement  of  intercolumniations,  in  the  Doric 
order,  by  which  two  triel>'phs  are  obtained  in  Ihc 
frieze  between  the  triglyphs  that  stand  over  the  col- 
umns. Gwdt. 

DI-TRo'GHEE,  n.  In  prosody,  a  double  trochee  ;  a 
foot  made  up  of  two  trochees. 

DIT-TAN'tiER,  n.  IVpper-wort,  the  popular  name  of 
a  species  of  Lepidium.  The  common  dittanderhas 
a  hot,  biting  la.ste,  and  is  sometimes  used  in  lieu  of 
pepper. 

DIT'TA-NY,  71.      [L.  dictamnns ;   Gr.  StKrapvo^,  or 

StKTa^iOi'.] 

The  ichitc  and  the  red  d'Ulanyy  are  plants  of  the 
genus  Dictamnus.  Their  leaves  are  covered  witli  a 
white  down  ;  in  smell,  they  resemble  Icmon-tliyui?, 
but  ai'e  more  aromatic.  WHicn  fresh,  Ihcy  yield  an 
essential  oil. 

The  dittany  of  Crete  is  a  species  of  Origanum,  and 
the  bastard  dittanij  is  a  species  of  Marrubium. 

Encyc.     Fam.  of  Plants. 
DIT'TI-ED,  (dit'tid,)  a,    [See  Dittt.]    Sung  ;  adapt- 
ed to  music. 

He,  veiih  his  soil  f*p^,  luid  smooth,  ditHed  son^.  flfi^lon. 

DIT'TO,  contracted  into  Do.  in  books  of  accounts,  is 
the  Italian  detto,  from  L.  dictum^  dictus,  said.  It  de- 
notes said,  aforesaid,  or  the  same  tiling  ;  an  abbrevi- 
ation used  to  save  repetition. 

DIT'TY,  n.    (Supposed  to  be  from  the  D.  dicht,  a  poem, 
Sax.  dUU;  dUttaiu   U  so,  it  coincides  in  origin  with  tlie 
Ij.  dico,  dictum.] 
A  song  ;  a  sonnet ;  or  a  little  pwm  to  be  sung. 

And  U>  tbc  wtublin;  lute  sofl  tfiOvs  sin».  Saxii/t. 

DIT'TY^  r.  L    To  sing  ;  lo  warble  a  Utile  tunc. 
DI-U-Rk'SIS,  77.    [Gr.]     Excretion  of  urine.  [rTcrhcrt. 
DI-U-RET'I€,  a,    [Gr.  Jtor.OTi'-fjcoy,  from  (Jcoro.':.',  fia, 

and  oivrt.i,  urinam  reddo,  or.ioi-,  urint^] 

Having  the  power  lo  provoke  tirine ;  tenilrng  to 

produce  discharges  of  urine.  Coie. 

DT-U-RET'1€,  n.     A  medicine  that  provokes  urine,  or 

increases  its  discharges. 
Dl-URN'AI,,  a.     [E.  diurnus,  daily;  W.  diwmod,  a 


TONE,  BULL,  tJNITE.— AN"GER,  V1"CI0US.  — €  as  K ;  G  as  J;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


DIV 

dBy.    Th«*  w^t!  W  1  fofiif>"Mnd  ofttim^  rficj,  day,  and 

ft  M  ....  ^jjjj  J 

I  ling  U»  tlio  daytime  i 

A*. 

:.'  k<rv  day;   prrfoniied  111  a 

[t    i  '  ..  •un;  Oil,  the  ifiHrnoJ  revulu- 

in  epitltrt  of  diNcu^t  wIimc  exac- 
:  ij  daytime  ;  as,  a  dimmiU  f^vor. 
Parr, 
01  rR.V'AL,  ML.     A  day-book  ;  aJournaL     [Seo  Jova- 

MAL,  whtcli  i»  mMtly  uit«d.] 
1)M.'KX'AI*-IST,  «.     A  joiinialUt.     [AV-f  iji  lu^.J 
l»MH.N'AI.-LY,  aUe.     Daily  ;  rvrr)'  *^^y-         [""'l- 
UI-l^-TUIL\'AL,  a.     LortiJiC  ;  being  ul  lung  roniiiiu- 

ancf.  MUUfM, 

nM!-Tl'll.\'ITV,  m.  ri^  diuUrmitAi,  from  c/iu<uniH#, 
uf  luiij!  ruiitiiiuanc«,  Iruiii  Jiu,  Jief.] 

t^netli  of  time  ;  luiis  diimiiuii.  fi — -: 

DT-VA-<;A'TI0.N,  n.     IL.  dicatror.] 
A  coiiig  utray.     [.Vot  lurJ.] 

DI-VAN',  ■.    [Ar.  Pew.   *  U-i  <'**«"-    '^'*'o  Arabic 

rcrb   *  L^  daumaj  U  rendered,  to  bo  low,  mean,  vile, 

cuitt  ;).   liirva,)  and  alxu,  to  write  on  a 

wJi  ; ICC,  (/i run  M  a  rt'cistiT  or  table  of 

nan  lE-i,  and  lii'iici- il  cainr  to  Hitn>ify  a 

rouit  '>;  •  '<iiu  ii  iL-ui'iiibled,  m  wv  ti»o  bftard  and  ex- 

ekttptfr.] 

I.   Amnn?  th."  T*urk.i  and  other  OrimUiLt^  a  council 

o/  -'  >t  ctHiiicil  oi  till'  Turkish  iMnpirc. 

*j.  '   cliitiubtT  :  a  Knl<H)n   for  recei%'ing 

com  iMcially  ;i  rit^^L-tl  iic-at  ag:tiiist  tliu 

w.it  .\  iili  cus)ii<)n><.     Ilunco,  in  Europe^ 

tit-  ~  tx-i-n  a)»)ilii-d  to  a  soja. 

0.  t  ,  311)  cuiincil  assc-inilcd  for  dclib- 
emn-ti.  JUilton, 

DTVAIt'l  CATE,  v.  L     [L.   dicarieatiUj  diearico}  di, 
Uls.  and  rarieo,  to  straddlf.'] 
Tu  open ;  to  furk  ;  to  part  into  two  branches. 

iVoodieard. 
UI-VAR'I-CATK,  r.  L    To  divide  into  two  brancln-s. 

drew. 
DI-VAR'I  CaTR,  a.     In  batanif^  fuming  off  from  any 
thing  irregularly,  and  almost  at  a  right  angle. 

Undiry. 
Tn mine  off  4o  rt4  to  fonn  an  oblune  ancio  abovt-, 
and  an  .irnl>'  nnelo  briow.  Z>.  C.  hWiI. 

nrVAIl  I  CA-TKU,  pp.    Part.d  Inlii  two  branclie.t, 
niVAK'l  CA-TiS»;,  ppr.    rartin;:  Into  two  bmnchea. 
1)1  VAK  I-Ca'TION,    n.      A   parting;    a  forking;    a 
a^fiaraLion  into  two  bnuicbt^ 

'J.  A  crowing  or  interaction  of  fibers  at  different 
arifli-«.  Coze, 

DIVK,  r.  I.  [Sax.  il^an,  ^f-<?u/ijn ;  Gr.  JiTrtj;  It. 
ti^fitrt;  niincidiii^  with  tiip,  Ihb.  Ch.  vao.  Tbc 
Kune  tvurd  In  ^)r.  and  Ar.  Kiuniliei  to  stamp,  f^trike, 
print,  irapnriw.  'Cl.w^  Ub,  No,  'Jti.  The  senso,  then, 
u,  to  thru-(i  or  drivr.1 

1.  To  deiicend  ur  plunge  into  water,  as  an  animal, 
h«-ad  fintt  -f  to  thni-tt  tint  boily  into  waltr  or  othrr 
luptiir,  or.  If  aln-ady  in  water,  to  plunge  deeper.  In 
the    pearl   li:^llL■^)■,  men    are    employed   to  dive  for 

•helU. 

2.  Tt>  i;o  deep  into  any  subject;  as,  to  i/Jre  Into 
tbo  nature  of  thingit,  into  artu  or  Kciencc.    Drydcn. 

IL  To  plunge  into  any  business  or  condition,  itn  as 
to  br  thuroughly  engaged  in  it.  Shak. 

4.  To  fink  ;  to  pemtmie. 

Di-  I  into  mj  tout.  Shak. 

DTVE,  r.  f.  .  diving,     [llart,] 

Tbr  f  .  : .-  pit/ of  b,n^.  Denham. 

DI-VEL'LE.N'T,  a.     ;  !>.  dtrellens,  divtUo ;  dis  and  cello, 
to  pull.] 
nnwing  axundcr ;  M-iiaraling. 
ni.VEI.'LI-CATK,  r.  f.     To  pull  in  pirccH. 
I»IV'KK»  m.    One  %vho  dives  :  une  who  plungeM  head 
nr»t  Mif..  w  ti.  f  .  ,inc  whoAinkH  by  effort ;  a--*.a  Jirrr 
Ini 

••<  deep  Into  a  iiubject,or  enters 
de 

'•'  >  name  of  rrrtain  swimming  bird;*, 

»  t  ly  allirti  to  ihi'  mtaM  ;  «<i  ralliil 

(r-  .hr.l,nr.      I'.  Cy*. 

I>T'VKKi:.  1.     A  prorerb.     [AVf  im  ujr,]  liurtaH. 

I»f  VKi:il  KR-A'TION,    m.      [L.    direUerv,    M    beat 

ihfM.iit.  ; 


ni-\  I 

Vrr 

'1 

er 
fer 

lic- 
it 

DI-\ 

1)1  \ 

BO    , 

th' 


[  L.  ditergo ;  di^  ifi#,  and 


:roni  earli  nth- 

L   pi'ittt  in  ilif- 

Ineji.     Un><  <.f 

itinnally  dircrge. 


■in. I    r. 


\'  1  of  divrrglDg. 
\  rr'ccdins  from  each  t>th<-r  ;  a 
ft  ;  OS,  the   dtrer^mct  of  linen,  or 
■  :ence.  Oreg,^ry.      \ 


DIV 

DI-VPRi^'KNT,  a.  I>ep:irting  or  receding  from  enrli 
o'.\  .vhicli  jvocet'd  from  the  riumo  |uint ; 

«.;  •I'euU 

Dl    .  , r.  or  o.     Receding  fro:n  each  other, 

tvi  tir    \    \>ti<<-<  111. 

DI-VKKG'I.N'f^'LV,  aitr.     In  a  dlverglns  manner. 
DI'V'KltJt,  a.    {Ft.  divert;  L.  dirfr^iu,  from  diverto; 
Ji,  ■  '      -'.',  to  turn.] 

various. 

.'  thr  fieliU  with  divers  •oed*.  —  Dettt.  sjUL 
N.[.--.T ■._  ^"ii.Wr  wlthtfi^irr*  Irtifc-U.  — I,e».  xU, 

iThin  bi  now  generally  written  Divcrib.] 
„  Severn) ;    kundr>- ;    more  than  nii'',  but  not  a 
great   number.      We   Imvu  dicers  examples  of  tlii« 
kind. 

{Thbi  word  in  n(»t  obnoli  le  even  In  rominon  dls- 
courte,  and  Is  much  u»ed  In  law  proceetlingi*.] 
DI'VEIW-COL'OR-tl),  (-kul'lurd,)  a.     Having  vari- 
ous colonL  a/tak. 

rivr.usn,  a.   [i*.  Jicersus.] 

1.  Dillcrent ;  dillering. 

Four    rT"  ■•t  '•      '■    C'     0    up  froin    Itio  tn,flu'eru   one   (i\>in 

2.  Dill  If;  various ;  multiform. 

i  ..■rrtt  thing.  D.  Jonton. 

3.  In  diffureni  directions. 

And  wltli  tcntlrilt  creep  dtMrt*.  PhUipe. 

DI-VERSE',  (de-vers',)  p.  L  To  turn  aside.  [JVoi 
use^L]  Upen^er. 

DI'VEUSE-LY,  aJc.      [from   diverse.]      In  different 
ways;    dlfferen:ly  ;    vnriuuslv;    a:',  a    passage    of 
Scrijrtiiro  divcrselu  inlerprcleil  or  mulerstood. 
2.  In  different  directiuiis  ;  to  differtiit  |K>inU9. 

On  lifc'a  TJ«t  ocean  divtruttf  wo  kill.  Popi. 

DI-VERS-l-FieA'TIO.V.  w.  [See  Diveiisifv.]  The 
act  of  changing  forma  or  qualllic.<,  or  of  making 
various.  Boylt, 

2.  Variation  ;  variegation. 

3.  Variety  of  forms.  Hale, 

4.  Change  ;  aliemtion. 
DI-VERS'I-FI-^n,  (de-vcr'se-flde,)  pp.     Made  vari- 
ous in  form  orqualitieii  ;  variegated  ;  altered. 

2.  a,     ni.stinguishcd    by    various    forms,  or  by  a 
variety  of  objects  ;  as,  diversijxed  scener)' ;  n  tUversi- 
fed  laiitlseapc. 
D1-VI:KS'I  FORM,  a.     [L.  diversu.^  and  //mo.] 

C)f  a  (liffenMit  foni) ;  of  various  lunnH.         DieL 
DI-VER.S'1-Ft,  ».  U     [Ft.  diversifier  i  Sp.  diversificar ; 
L,  dircmiis  and  facio,] 

1.  To  make  different  or  various  in  formorquidi- 
lie»  ;  to  give  variety  to  ;  to  variegate  ;  as,  to  dirrrjify 
the  colors  of  a  rolw  ;  to  diverstftj  a  landscape  ivitli 
mountains,  plains,  trees,  and  lakes. 

2.  To  give  diversity  to  ;  to  distinguish  by  different 
things;  au,  a  council  diversified  by  different  charac- 
ters. 

3.  In  oratory^  to  varj-  a  subjcclj  by  enlarging  on 
what  lias  iKon  briefly  stated,  by  bni  f  rerapiinhilion, 
by  adding  new  ideas,  by  imnsposing  words  or  peri- 
ihIs,  Alc. 

I)I-VEltS'l-F?4NG,  ppr.     Making  various   in   form 

or  iiualities  ;  giving  variety  to  ;  variegating. 
Ol-VEUS  II.'0.ai/ENT,a.     [L.rfirfr:>iw  and  elo^ifr.] 

S|)e;iking  in  different  ways. 
DI-VKK'SI(I\,  »i.     [Fr. ;  from  L.  Acrrto,  to  divert.] 

1.  The  act  of  turning  aside  from  any  course-,  as 
the  dieeryton  of  a  stream  from  its  usual  channel  ; 
tile  diverAoH  of  a  purpose  to  anoUu  r  object  j  the  di- 
vcriikm  of  the  mind  from  business,  or  study. 

2.  'J'hat  which  diverts  ;  that  whieh  turn's  or  draws 
the  mind  from  care,  business,  or  slndy,  and  thus  re- 
laxes and  amuses;  f>[>orC ;  play;  pastime;  whatever 
unbcn<ls  the  mind ;  as,  the  dicersions  of  youth. 
Works  of  wit  and  humor  furnish  an  agreeable  di- 
vergion  to  the  studious. 

3.  In  irtir,  the  act  of  drawing  the  attention  and 
force  of  an  enemy  from  the  point  where  llie  princi 
pal  att.ack  is  to  l»c  made,  as  by  nii  attack  or  alarm 
on  one  wing  of  an  army,  when  the  other  \ving  or 
center  Is  intended  fur  the  princii>al  alt.ack.  'I'lic  en- 
emy, if  deceived,  is  thus  induced  to  willidraw  a 
part  i>f  his  furce  from  the  part  where  his  foe  intends 
to  nriki'  the  main  impression. 

DiVEItS'I  TV,  II.  [h,  diversitas;  Fr.  divcrstU: ;  from 
It,  dirersut,  J:rerto.j 

1.  Olffereno^;  dissimilitude;  untikone^^  There 
may  be  dirn-sity  without  contrariety.  There  is  a  great 
ditrr.^itij  in  human  constitutions. 

0.  Variety  ;  .as,  a  diversity  of  ceremonies  in 
churrhfis. 

3.  ni'itinci  being,  as  opposed  to  ^entity.    LocJcc 

4.  Variegation. 

Bliithiiig-  in  tm^lit  •UstrtldtM  ord-iy.  Popt. 

DI-VERT',  r.  (.  [U  diverto:  di,  t!i.i.  and  rcrto,  U> 
turn  ;  Fr.  dirertir;  Sp.  id. ;  It.  diccrUre.] 

1.  To  tuni  iiff  fruiii  any  course,  direction,  or  In- 
tended application;  In  t'irn  a-iide;  as,  U*  divert  a 
river  from  its  u*iial  channel  ;  to  divert  coinnierce 
fmin  its  n>u:d  rnurse  ;  l*i  divert  apprr»pri:ited  money 
III  olhi-r  objecw  :  to  dirert  a  man  fmm  his  purjurte. 

2.  To  turn  the  mind    from   bir^iness  or  i^tudy  ; 


DIV 

hence,  (o  please  ;  to  nnuiito  ;  t»  enterluin  -,  to  fxhlt- 
,  ante.     Children  arc  (hrrrffJ  wllli  hiHirts  ;   men  are 
dirertft  with  works  of  wit  and  biirnnr ;  low  niinilt 
an-  direrted  wilb  buffmmery  in  iit:ige  pitying. 

3.  To  draw  the  forces  of  an  ciiiiny  lo  a  different 
|K)lni.  Darirs, 

4.  To  subvert.     [AVt  in  use."]  HHat. 
DI-Vi:it'l"Kn,  pp.    Turned  nslile  ;  turned  or  dniwn 

l>om  any  course,  or  from  the  usird  or  intended  dirvc 
tlon  ;  plea^-d  ;  amused  ;  entertaiixd. 
DI-VKirr'Elt,  n.     Ho  or  that  which  diverts,  turns .  ff , 

or  pleases. 
DI-VKKT'I-CLE,  (de  vert'e-kl,)  M.     [K.  divertiei! 

A  luming  ;  a  by-way.     [Au(  uAeJ.]  7/.J.V. 

DI-VERT'I.VO,  ppr.  'lurning  off  from  any  coiiriu; 
pleatiing ;  entertaining. 

2.  a.  rieasing  ;  amu:jing  ;  entcrtainhig  ;  ai,  a  (ft< 
rrrtin'T  sceni:  or  sjiort. 
DI-VKUT'IN'G-LV,  adv.     In  an  amusing  or  entertain- 
ing manner. 
Dl-VERT'ISE  r.  f,     [Fr.  dirertir,  i/irrrfw.*aHfJ 

To  divert  ;  to  please.     [A'ot  used,]  Drydrn. 

ni-VERT'ISE-MH.NT,  n.    Diversion.     [/Mile  u^t.} 
2.  A  short  bidtet  or  other  entertainment  bciu<    n 
the  acts  of  longer  pieces,    (pro.  du-vert'i/.  nunt;,' 

Sim; . ;. 
DI-VERT'rVE,  a.    Tending  lo  divert ;  amusing. 

Rogers, 
DI-VEST',  V.  t.     [Fr.  dev^tir;  de  and  rWr,  to  rloilii*, 
L.  vejftio.     It  is  the  same  word  as  drvejtt,  bi:t  i',. 
latter  is  appropriately  used  .is  a  teclinicul  ttrui  .ti 
law.] 

1.  To  strip  of  clothes,  arms,  or  equipage  ;  oppos^>d 
to  invent. 

2.  To  deprive;  as,  to  rfirr.rf  one  of  liis  rights  or 
privileges  ;  lo  divfjit  one  of  title  or  property. 

3.  To  deprive  or  Ntrip  of  any  thing  that  coverii 
surrounds,  or  attends  ;  as,  to  dicc^t  one  of  his  glory  ;  i 
to  divert  a  subject  of  decejitlve  ap|ieurances,  or  falw 
omumcnis. 

DI-VEST'ED,  pp.     Stripped  ;  undressed  ;  deprived. 

DI-VEST'I-BLE,  a.     'i'hal  can  be  divested.      Boyle. 

Di-VF.3T'INf;,  ppr.    Stripping  ;  pulling  oi!';  deprlvinc 

DI-VEST'I-TI|RE,  i  Ti.     'i'he  ai:l  of  slripping,  puiinig 

DI-VEST'URE,         i      off,  or  depriving.  Jioyle.  F..'r.r. 

DI-VID'A-ULE,a.  [See  Di  vini:.]  That  miy  be  divi.l  -I 
2.  Sejnratc  ;  parted.     [Ji'ut  u^ed,  nor  proper.]  S'uiL 

DI-VIO'.-VNT,  a.     Different;  separ.ite.  Shak. 

DI-VIDE',  V.  L  [L.  dtciilo  ;  ai,  or  dis,  and  iJuo,  Utut  li, 
vidan,  to  part.  The  Greek  if!io(,  idif.MKi,  n^ttoTtt, 
are  from  the  same  root,  as  Is  the  L.  indipiduuf,  riditm, 
vidinif  Eng.  icidoUj  and  icide  and  void.  See  tlio  latter 
Words.] 

1.  To  part  or  scparato  an  entire  thing;  to  part  t 
thing  inlo  two  or  more  pieces. 

DU-idt  Uic  living cliU. I  in  two.—  I  Kin^  lii. 

2.  To  caust;  lo  bo  seprate  ^  to  keep  apart  by  a 
partition,  or  by  an  imaginary  lino  or  limit.  A  wall 
diviiits  two  houses.  'I'he  equator  divides  the  earth 
into  two  hemispheres. 

Iv^l  llic  rnri-tmcnl  die'uU  tlte  B*atrn  fnim  \\k  w.Miti.  —  Geo.  L 

3.  To  make  partition  of,  among  a  number. 

Yr  111011  dioidM  lite  lanti  \>y  lut.  —  Num.  xxsUL 

4.  To  open  ;  to  cleave. 

Tlu)u  diJ»l  ilividt.  if.L-  sea Nch.  U. 

5.  To  disunite  in  opinion  or  interest ;  to  make  dif- 
curdaiil. 

'IVrc  Ahall  Ik  five  in  dim  bouK  £Mtd,  tliroe  apibul  two.-* 

Liikc  xU. 
G.  To  distribute;  to  scparato  and  bestow  in  |iaiti 
or  shares. 

Anil  li«  divided  lo  tliorn  liU  lirinf^.  —  I.uk<^  zv. 

7.  To  make  dividends;  to  apportion  the  inlrreiC 
or  profits  of  stock  among  proprirlors;  as,  the  bank 
diviitc.i  six  per  ceiiL 

8.  'I'o  sepamtc  inlo  two  partA,  for  ascertaining 
opinions  for  and  against  a  measure;  as,  lo  </irtftel 
legislative  house  in  voting. 

Dl-VIDE',  V.  i.    To  iwirt ;  to  open  ;  to  cleave. 

2.  To  break  friendHbip  j  as,  brothers  divide.    SiaJu 

3.  To  vote  by  the  division  of  a  legislative  houflo 
into  two  parts. 

Tlii^  cmpcron  «al,  voIjhI,  niiil  dtoided  willi  iMt  «i«ial«.   (Tiiid* 

DI-VID'ED,  pp.  or  a.    Parted  ;  disunited  ;  distributed. 

DI-VTD'Eni.V,  flrfr.     Separately.  KiwtekbtiU. 

DIV'M>EN!),  II.     A    part   or  share;   partirularhi,  t!t^ 
share  of  the  iniere'^t  or  profit  of  stock  in  tn-l 
other  onipl:>ynu'nt,  whieh  belongs  to  each  pMi-n.  i  i 
according  lii  his  profiortlon  of  the  stork  or  cnpilal. 

2.  In  arithmetic^  the  number  U>  I*  divided  mio 
equal  parts. 

DIVIDER,  n.  He  or  that  which  divides  ;  that  which 
8e])arales  into  parts. 

2.  .\  distributor ;  one  who  deals  out  to  each  hb 
share. 

Wlto  nuble  me  a  Juilgt  or  diviiler  orcr  you  i  —  Luke  xil. 

3.  He  or  that  which  disunites.  Sm/'- 
ni-VTO'KRP,  11.  pf.     A  kind  of  f.-mpasses. 
ni-VTI)'INO,p/»r.     Parting;  sepamiing  ;  distribnlinf; 

disuniting;  apjMrlioning  to  earh  his  share. 


FATE,  FAR.  FALL,  WIIAT.  — MfiTE,  PRgV.  — FINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQQK.  — 
—  - 


DIV 

2.  a.  Tlial  inilicates  separation  or  diflerence ;  aa,  a 
divitiiiiiT  line. 

DI-VID'TX»',  7f.    Separation. 

DI-VXD'Ii\G-LY,  ailc.     By  division. 

DI-VID'lJ-AL,  a.     [L.  dividuusy  from  divido.] 

Divided,  stiared,  or  participated  in  common  with 
others.     [LitUe  used.]  JMilUm. 

DI-VID'U-AL-LY,  adv.    By  dividing. 

UIV-I.\-.\'TIOX,  n.  [L.  dirinatioj  from  divinOj  to 
foretell,  fruni  dicinus.     See  Divine.] 

1.  The  act  of  divining;  a  foretelling  future  events, 
or  discovering  tilings  secret  or  obscure,  by  the  aid  of 
superior  beings,  or  by  other  than  human  means. 
TIic  ancient  heathen  philosophers  divided  divina- 
tion into  two  kinds,  natural  and  artificial.  JVatnral 
divination  was  supposed  to  be  effected  by  a  kind  of 
inspiration  or  divine  afflatus  ;  artificial  divination 
W.1S  edected  by  certain  rites,  experiments,  or  obser- 
vation--),  as  by  sacrifices,  cakes,  tiour,  wine,  observa- 
tion of  entrails,  flight  of  birds,  lots,  verses,  omens, 
position  of  the  stars,  &c.  Eucyc. 

9.  Conjectural  presage  ;  prediction.  Uliak. 

DIV'IN-A-TOR,  H.    One  who  pretends  to  divination. 

DI-VIX'A-TO-RY,  a.    Professing  divination. 

DI-VINE',  a.  [L.  dicinus^  from  divusy  a  god,  coin- 
ciding in  origin  with  dcus^  Oc-j^.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  true  God;  as,  the  divine  na- 
ture ;  divine  perfections. 

2.  Pertaining  to  a  heathen  deity,  or  to  false  godg. 

3.  Partaking  of  the  nature  of  God. 

Halt'buin.\a,  Inlidivine.  Dnjden. 

4.  Proceeding  from  God  ;  as,  divine  judgments. 

5.  Godlike  ;  heavenly  ;  excellent  in  the  highest 
degree  j  cxlraordinan."  ;  apparently  above  what  is 
human.  In  this  application,  the  word  admits  of 
comparison  ;  as,  a  divine  invention  j  a  divine  genius  ; 
the  dicinest  mind.  Davics. 

A  divine  seniencc  is  in  the  lips  of  the  kin*.  —  Prov.  xvi. 

6.  Presageful ;  foreboding;  prescient.     [J^'otused.] 

Milton. 

7.  Appropriated  to  God,  or  celebrating  his  praise  ; 
as.  dii-ine  service  ;  divine  songs  ;  divine  worship. 

DI-VT\E',  n.  A  minister  of  the  gospel ;  a  priest ;  a 
clergjman.  Swift. 

The  firat  tKcinte  of  New  EnghnJ  were  surpassed  by  none  in 
extensive  erudition,  personal  sanctity,  and  diligence  Iq  the 
jKislynil  o[fic«.  J.  Woodbridge. 

2.  A  man  skilled  in  divinity  ;  a  theologian  ;  as,  a 
great  dirine. 
DI-VINE',  V.  t.     [L.  divino.] 

1.  To  foreknow  ;  to  foretell ;  to  presage. 

Dar'et  '.hou  dicine  his  downfiJI  f  SJtak. 

G.  To  deify.     fJVbt  in  vse.]  Spenser. 

DI-VIXE',  o.  i.    1o  use  or  practice  divination. 

2.  To  utter  presages  or  prognostications. 

The  prophets  Uicreof  dirine  for  raoiiey.  —  Micah  iii. 

3.  To  have  presages  or  forebodings. 

Suggest  but  truth  to  my  divining  thoughts.  ShaSi. 

4.  To  guess  or  conjecture. 

CooIJ  you  dicire  what  lovera  bear.  Granville, 

HJ-VISE'LY,  adv.  In  a  divine  or  godlike  manner ; 
in  a  manner  resembling  Deity. 

2.  By  the  agency  or  influence  of  God  ;  as,  a 
prophet  divinrhj  inspired  ;  divinely  taught. 

3.  Excellently  ;  in  the  supreme  degree  ;  as,  divinely 
fair;  Jfrifif/y  brave. 

DI-VINE'NESS,  n.     Di\inity  ;    participation  of  the 
divine  nature ;  as,  the  dtvirteness  of  the  Scriptures. 
[Little  used.] 
2^  Excellence  in  the  supreme  degree.  Shak. 

DI-\  iX'ER,  71.  One  who  professes  divination;  one 
who  pretends  to  predict  events,  or  to  reveal  occult 
things,  by  the  aid  of  superior  beings,  or  of  supernat- 
ural means. 

These  nations  hearkened  to  divinert.  —  Dent,  xviii. 

2.  One  who  gtiesses ;  a  conjecturer.  Locke. 

DI-VIX'ER-E6S,  re,  A  female  diviner  ;  a  woman  pro- 
fessing divination.  Dryden. 

DIV'LNG,  ppr.  or  a.    [See  Dive.]    Plunging  or  sinking 
into  water  or  other  liquid  ;  applied  to  animals  only. 
2.  Going  deep  into  a  subject. 

DIVING-BELL,  n.  A  hollow  vessel  in  form  of  a 
truncated  cone  or  pyramid,  with  tiie  smaller  base 
close,  and  the  larger  one  open,  in  which  a  person 
may  descend  into  deep  water,  and  remain  till  the  in- 
closed air  ceases  to  be  respirable. 

DIV'lXG-SToXE,  H.     A  species  of  jasper. 

DI-VIX'IXG-ROD,  7T.  A  rod,  commonly  of  hazel, 
with  forked  branches,  used  by  those  who  pretend  to 
discover  water  or  metals  under  ground. 

DI-yiX'I-TY,  71.  [L.  divinitas;  Fr.  dtvinite;  It.  divi- 
nitd;  Sp.  dicinidad;  from  divinuSj  divus.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  divine ;  Deity  ;  Godhead  ; 
the  nature  or  essence  of  God.  Christians  ascribe  di- 
vinity to  one  Supreme  Being  only. 

2.  God  ;  the  Deity  ;  the  Supreme  Being. 

'Tit  Ihc  Divimty  that  alira  within  U8.  Addison. 

3.  A  false  god  ;  a  pretended  deity  of  pagans. 

Br-is^Iy  dioifuties,  and  droved  of  go<U.  Prior. 

4.  A  celesiial  being,  inferior  to  the  Supreme  God, 


DIV 

but  su[Kriiir  to  man.    Many  nations  believe  in  these 
inl'eriijr  divinities. 
5.  Suiiieihing  supeniatural. 

They  say  then:  ia  diviiaty  in  odd  numU-n,  Shak. 

G.  The  science  of  divine  things ;  the  science  which 
unfolds  the  clnrncter  of  God,  his  laws,  and  moral 
government,  the  duties  of  man,  and  the  way  of  sal- 
vation ;  theology  ;  as,  the  study  of  divinity ;  a  system 
of  divinity. 
I)I-VIS-I-BIL'I-TY,  7i.  [Fr.  divisibUite;  from  L.  divi- 
sibilis.     Sec  Divide.] 

Tiie  quality  of  being  divisible  ;  the  properly  of  bod- 
ies by  which"  their  parts,  or  component  particles,  are 
capable  of  separation.  Locke. 

DI-VIS'I-BLE,  a.    [L.  dicisibilisj  from  divido.    See  Di- 
vide.] 

Capable  of  division  ;  that  may  be  separated  vr  dis- 
united ;  separable.     Matter  is  divUiblc  indefinitely. 
DI-VIS'1-BLE-XESS, ;:.    Divisibility ;  capacity  of  be- 
ing separated. 
DI-VI"SION,  (de-vizh'un,)  n.    [L.  divisio,  from  divido^ 
divisi.     See  Divide.] 
L  The  act  of  divitiing  or  separating  into  parts  any 

2.  Tlie  state  of  being  divided.  [entire  body. 

3.  That  which  divides  or  separates  ;  that  which 
keeps  apart ;  partition. 

4.  The  part  separated  from  the  rest  by  a  partition 
or  line,  real  or  imaginary  ;  as,  the  divisions  of  a  tield. 

5.  A  separate  body  of  men;  as,  communities  and 
divisions  of  men.  .Addison. 

6.  A  part  or  distinct  portion  ;  as,  the  divisions  of  a 
discourse. 

7.  A  part  of  an  army  or  militia  ;  a  body  consisting 
of  a  certain  number  of  brigades,  usually  two,  ami 
commanded  by  a  major-general.  But  tlie  term  is 
ol^en  applied  to  other  bodies  or  portions  of  an  army, 
as  to  a  brigade,  a  squadron,  or  platoon. 

8.  A  part  of  a  fleet,  or  a  select  number  of  ships  un- 
der a  commander,  and  distinguished  by  a  particular 
flag  or  pendant. 

9.  Disunion;  discord;  variance;  difference. 

There  was  a  dirision  amongUie  people.  — Jolin  vii. 

10.  Space  between  the  notes  of  music,  or  the  di- 
viding of  the  tones.  Joknson.    Bailey. 

11.  Distinction. 

I  wiJI  |»nt   a  dioision  between  my  people  and   thy  people. — 
Ex.  viii. 

13.  The  separation  of  voters  in  a  legislative  house. 
13.  In  arithmetic,  the  dividing  of  a  number  or  quan- 
tity into  any  parts  assigned  ;  or  the  rule  by  whicli  is 
found  how  many  times  one  number  or  quantity  is 
contained  in  another. 
DI-VI"3I0N-AL,      )  a.  Pertaining  to  division  ;  noting 
DI-VI"SI0N-A-RY,  j      or  making  division  ;  as,  a  di- 
visional line. 
DI-VI"SIOX-ER,  (dc-vizh'un-er,)  n.    One  who   di- 
vides.    [JVot  used.]  Sheldon. 
DI-VI'SIV  E,  a.    Forming  division  or  distribution. 

Mcde. 
2^  Creating  division  or  discord.  Burnet. 

DI-VI'SOR,  n.     In  arithmetic,  the  number  by  which 

the  dividend  is  divided. 
DT-VoRCE',  n.    [Fr.  divorce :  Sp.  divorcio  ;  It.  divcr-Jo  ; 
L.  divortium,  from  dicorto,  a  different  orthography  of 
diverto,  to  turn  away.     See  Divert.] 

1.  A  legal  dissolution  of  the  bonds  of  matrimony, 
or  the  separation  of  husband  and  wife  by  a  judicial 
sentence.  This  is  properly  a  divorce,  and  called, 
technically,  divorce  a  vinculo  viatrimonii,  from  the 
bands  of  matrimony. 

2.  The  separation  of  a  married  women  from  the 
bed  and  board  of  her  husband,  a  vicnsa  et  toro,  from 
board  and  bed. 

3.  Separation  ;  disunion  of  things  closely  united. 

4.  The  sentence  or  writing  by  which  marriage  is 

5.  'i'he  cause  of  any  penal  separation,     [dissolved. 

The  long  divorce  of  steel  falls  on  me.  Shak. 

DI-VoRCE',  7!.  (.    To  dissolve  the  marriage  contract, 
and  thus  to  separate  husband  and  wife. 

2.  To  separate,  as  a  married  woman  from  the  bed 
and  board  of  her  husband. 

3.  To  separate  or  disunite  things  closely  connect- 
ed ;  to  force  asunder.  Hooker.     Shak, 

4.  To  take  away  ;  to  put  away.  Blackmorc. 
DI-VoRCE'A-BLE,  a.    That  can  be  divorced. 
DI-VoRC'ED,  (di-vorst',)  pp.  or  a.    Separated  by  a 

dissolution  of  tlie  marriage  contract ;  separated  from 

bed  and  board  ;  parted  ;  forced  asunder. 
DI-VORCE'LESS,  a.    Destitute  of  divorce  ;  that  can 

not  be  divorced. 
DI-V6RCE^MENT,  n.     Divorce;  dissolution  of  the 

marriage  tie. 

Lei  him  write  her  a  bill  of  ditwcem^nl.  —  Dcut.  xxir. 

DI-V6RC'ER,  H.    The  person  or  cause  that  produces 

divorce.  Drummond, 

2.  One  of  a  sect  called  divorcers^  said  to  have 

sprung  from  Milton. 
DI-YoRC'IX^G,/*;^.   Dissolving  the  marriage  contract; 

separating  from  bed  and  board  ;  disuniting. 
DI-VORC'iVE,  a.    Having  power  to  divorce.  Milton. 
DI-VO'TO,  [It.]  in  wiw/r,  directs  to  sing  in  a  devout 

manner. 


DO 

Dl-VUL'GATE,  a.     Published.     [Little  used.] 
DI-VU1^Ga'TION,  n.    The  act  of  divulging  or  pub- 
lishing. 
DI- VULGE', (de-\-uIj',)  c.  u    [L.  dimJgo ;  di,  or  dis,  and 
vulgo,  to  make  public,  from  rulgus,  the  cuinmon  peo- 
ple, as  publi^hy  public,  from  L.  populus,  people.] 

1.  To  make  public  ;  to  tell  or  make  known  some- 
thing  before  private  or  secret ;  to  reveal ;  to  disclose  ; 
as,  to  diculifc  the  secret  seiitimenls  of  a  friend  ;  to  di- 
vulirc  the  proceedings  of  the  cabinet.  Divulge  ia 
more  generally  applied  to  verbal  disclosures,  and  ifjc^- 
lish  to  printed  account?.  But  they  may  be  used  sy- 
nonymously. We  may  publish  by  words,  and  dicuige 
by  the  press. 

2.  To  declare  by  a  public  act ;  to  proclaim.  [C7itu- 
sual.]  Milton. 

DI-VULG'iCD,  pp.  Made  public ;  revealed  ;  disclosed , 
published. 

DI- VULG'ER,  iu    One  who  divulges  or  reveals. 

DI-VULG'IXG,  ppr.  Disclosing;  publishing,  reveal- 
ing. 

DI-VLJL'SIOiV,  (-shun,)  n.  [L.  ditulsio,  from  dtteUor  ; 
(/(',  disy  and  rr//o,  to  pull.] 

The  act  of  pulling  or  plucking  away;  a  rending 
asunder. 

And  dire  diaulaiont  shook  tlie  ch-uiging  wotM.        J.  Barloto. 

DI-VUL'SIVE,  a.    That  pulls  asunder;  that  rends. 

Kincan. 
DIZ'£X,  (diz'n,)  v.  U    To  dress  gayly ;  to  deck. 

SieifL 
[This  word  is  not  esteemed  elegant^  and  is  nearly 
obsolete.    Its  compound,  Bedize.^,  is  used  in  bur- 
lesque.] 
DIZZ,  17.  (.    [Sec  DizzT.l    To  astonish  ;  to  puzzle ;  to 

make  di/.zy.     [JVot  nsrd.]  Gayton. 

DIZ'ZARD,  n.     [See  Dizzv.]     A  blockhead.    [A'ut 

ItSfrf.l 

DIZ'Zf-i^:D,  (diz'zid,)pp.  \\'hirled  round  ;  made  dizzj*. 

DIZ'ZI-NESS,  n.  [See  Dizzv.]  Giddiness  ;  a  whirl- 
ing in  the  head  ;  vertigo. 

DIZ'ZY,  a.  [Sax.  dysi  or  dysig-,  foolish;  dysignessCj 
fully  ;  di/sian^  to  be  foolish  ;  sedisigan^  to  err;  G.  <Ju- 
sel,  dizziness;  dnsdig,  A\zzy  ;  D.  rfeuii^f,  stupid  ;  dy- 
:i>,  misty,  hazy ;  Dan.  taasse,  a  foolish  person  ;  qu. 
doser,  to  make  sleepy.] 

1.  Giddy ;  having  a  sensation  of  whirling  in  the 
head,  with  instability,  or  proneness  to  fall ;  vertigi- 
nous. 

2.  Causing  giddiness  ;  as,  a  dizzy  hight. 

3.  Giddy;  thoughtless;  heedless;  as,  the  dizzy 
multitude.  Milton. 

DIZ'ZY,  V.  t.  To  whirl  round;  to  make  giddy;  to 
confuse.  Shak. 

DIZ'ZY-IXG,  ppr.  or  a.  Whirling  round;  confusing; 
inakiiiii  dizzy. 

DJER'K(D,  71.     A  blunt,  Turkish  javelin.   Maunder. 

Do,  n.  In  modern  solfeggio,  the  name  of  the  first  of 
the  musical  syllables. 

DO,  i\  t.  or  auxiliary;  pret.  Did;  pp.  Do."«e,  (dun.) 
This  verb,  when  transitive,  is  formed  in  the  indica- 
tive, present  ten^e  ;  thus,  I  do,  thou  doest,  he  does  or 
dotli ;  when  auxihary,  the  second  person  is,  thou  dosu 
[Sax.  don;  D.  docn;  G.  tliun;  Goth,  tauyan;  Russ. 
deyu.  or  daiju.  This  is  probably  a  contracted  word, 
for  in  Saxon  dohfe  signifies  made  or  did,  as  if  the  prel. 
of  this  verb.  If  the  elements  are  dg,  it  coincides  in 
elements  with  Sax.  dugan,  to  be  able,  and  with  tca- 
gan,  to  taw,  as  leather.] 

1.  To  perform  ;  to  execute ;  to  cany  into  effect ;  to 
exert  labor  or  power  for  bringing  any  thing  to  the 
state  desired,  or  to  completion  ;  or  to  bring  any  tiling 
to  pass.  "VVe  say,  this  man  docs  his  work  well ;  he 
dees  more  in  one  day  tliau  some  men  will  do  in  two 
days. 

In  six  days  thou  shaJt  do  aJl  liiy  work.  — Ex.  xx. 
I  will  tc;ich  you  what  ye  sh^il  do.  —  Ex.  iv. 
1  the  Loni  da  all  these  tliiugs.  —  Is.  xlv. 

2.  To  practice ;  to  pcrtbrm  ;  as,  to  do  good  or  evil. 

3.  To  perform  for  tiie  benefit  or  injury  of  another ; 
with  for  or  to  ;  for,  when  the  thing  is  beneficial ;  to, 
in  either  case. 

Till  I  know  what  God  will  do  for  mc.  —  I  £wn.  utii. 

Do  to  him  neither  good  nor  evil.  But  to  is  more 
generally  omitted.    Do  him  neither  good  nor  harm. 

4.  To  execute  ;  to  discharge  ;  to  convey  ;  as,  t/a  a 
message  to  the  king. 

5.  To  perform ;  to  practice ;  to  observe. 

Vie  lie  and  do  not  tho  tntth.  —  1  John  i. 

6.  To  exert. 

Do  Uiy  diiig*^ncc  to  come  shortly  to  me.  —  2  Tim.  ir. 

7.  To  transact ;  as,  to  do  business  with  another. 

8.  To  finish  ;  to  execute  or  transact  and  bring  lo  a 
conclusion.  The  sense  of  completion  is  often  implied 
in  tliis  verb  ;  .as,  we  will  do  the  business,  and  adjourn ; 
we  did  the  business,  and  dined. 

9.  To  perform  in  an  eiigency  ;  to  have  recourse 
-    to,  as  a  consequential  or  last  effort  ;  lo  take  a  step 

or  measiue  j  as,  in  this  crisis  we  lino%v  not  what 
to  do. 

What  will  j-e  do  ia  the  day  sf  visiuiion  i  —  lux. 

10.  To  make  or  cause. 

NoUiing  but  death  Ciu  do  mc  to  respire.     [06«.]     Sptnstr. 


TCNE,  BULL,  UNITE.  — AX"GER,  Vl"C10US e  as  K ;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  ClI  as  SH;  TII  as  in  THIS. 

■  "  357- 


DOC 


il.  I'd  I 
1%  T^ 


{OU] 


rti  WlUl. 


•  <!'  ;  tu  limke  ltM»  uf  ;  hi  rtti 

.  WD  kuow  nui  wliui  u>  < 
'   ^''-wQot  what  lo  t/i' ir>; . 


flu^nc*'. 


'   TV,     (  n.       Tcncliabl 

-NESS,  j       rcaJiness  lo 

I.I.,  (da'sc-bl  or  dos'se-bl,)  i 


t'<  reinuve ;   lo  d^'^tMy ;  as,  to  lio 

au-  III  da  mteay  prujuJt(«a. 

I><^.  Lvo,  in  any  loaunur,  well  or 

til 

■  '■-'  -'^   thry  »Acr  the  law  and 

iiti  it'gnrd  to  flickneM 
<*  i ■•- ; lie  did.    Howdoyuu 

llcrv  (£tMC  lAou  7  jKot. 

^.  ■:    li  .1  purpose.    VVoBhall 

da  :  ,  ilo  f  Jidilifitn. 

A  ^-^  niidWfr  llic  dcaiRii  ; 

wit:,  r.  I.,  uiw  j.iro  I'l  iiiiiUr  will  do  for  Uie 
cumrr  [to^t  ;  Ihis  t<  nnii  will  i/u  /l^r  llio  liiortiiic;  UlC 
roail  ij  ri-pain-U«  and  will  da/ur  the  prcsciiL 

To  kac€  to  do  -xitA ;  to  tiavo  cnncem  or  business 
Willi ;  lo  deal  wiUi.  JIaoe  little  to  do  icUh  Jt-atuus 
men. 

AUo,  to  have  carnal  commt-rcc  with. 

/>j  i  I  used  (uT  a  vtrb  lo  save  the  repetition  of  it  I 
Rball  p^-^l.'lbIy  emu.',  Imt  if  I  do  riof,  yuu  must  not 
wait ;  thai  is,  if  I  da  nt>l  eomr,  if  I  come  not, 

A»  u  abo  used  in  llio  imptTnlive,  to  express  nn 
urgent  roqiicdt  or  command  ;  iim,  do  ccnuo  ;  help  me, 
da  ;  make  luste,  do.    In  tbiii  cose,  do  is  uttered  with 

As  nn  mitilnrj',  do  Is  used  In  nskini;  qaesttons. 
Do  '. •  *  -  '  ■    CO?    Does  ho  wi-ih  mo  to  come? 

/'  I  lo  express  emphasis.    She  la  co- 

qu-  :  }   !a  tore  Iilt. 

/  re  expletive. 

-  i^  do**  exdU.  DfYUn. 

>  J-jfn.  Popt. 

['■  i:  .irly  obsolete.] 

.  ■''  !  ■  w -ly  cf  opposition  ;  aa,  I 

'''■'  !  I  '•t  my  all L-c till DS. 

"    "   "■  II. T». 

TV,     t  n.       Tcacliableness  j    docility 
to  learn.    tValton. 

.  .  „  o.    [Sec  Docile.] 

Teachable  ;  docUo  ;  tractable  j  cosily  taught  or  man- 
»K«^-  JifiUon, 

DO'CILE,  (da'sU  or  dos'sil.)  a.  [I.,  dociia.from  douo, 
to  ti-ach.  Doceo  and  teach  are  thu  some  word.  Sco 
Tb*cii.] 

Teachable  ;   easily    instructed  ;    ready  to    leam ; 
tractable;  easily  managed.     Some  children  arc  fur 
nmrr  </<";.'-  than  oUicrs.    Dogs  arc  more  docile  than 
:  animali. 

' ,  H.    Teachableness  j  readiness  to  leom  ; 
1  '-•  Laught.    The  docdUy  of  elephants  \a 

\  ,  n.  \Gx,  ioKtuaaia.  See  the  next  word.] 

r  practice  of  assaying  ores  or  metals  j 

„  Med,  Repos, 

'  IG,  a.    [Gr.  ^oKtuaartKOf^  from  6oki- 

.  <vM.ny,  examine,  rrom  ioft,ioi,  pmvcd, 

"  ■    ■■••(■.    Ch.  pn.    Class  Dg,  No.  9.] 

lie,  proving  by  experiments,  or  re- 

■  inff  of  vTt-n  or  mrtolH.    The  doci- 

•'^Wr.d  melfillar^.     It  is  the 

:  thp  art  of  ftcpamting  llum 

I  drlurminiiig  th*.-   nalur.- 

'..-..uic  subtftonccs  contained  in 

'•  /Troisier. 

'«;  U  dauau  ;  Or.  -UvKOi  t  from 

•  •     iJg,No.9.] 

I  IK  f..(NiLir  name  of  certain  large-lcafcd  sp-xica  of 
Riimct. 
DOt'K,  r,  f.     [W.  lociaie,  and  ixciaw,  to  clip,  to  cut 
off;  whcnc*!  d»dut  and  ticket.    Class  Dg,  No.  19, 

r.  T..  ml  .,ir  ..  fi,.  .-idof  0  thing;  to  curtail  ^  to 
cut  .'jfi  the  tail  of  a  horBc. 

--  ■  »horton  :  to  ilcdtict  from  ; 

w,  t         ' 

3.  i  u  v  ui  uU,  dtalruy ,  or  defi-at ;  to  bar  :  as.  to  doeX 
an  entail. 

4.  T  .  l,r,nr.  .Im-.v    ,,-  „t  .,-,.  ^  -..,,.  in  ^  do(.|t, 

:  'ir  clippud ; 
i    tail. 
-      :    - -.-.idock. 

DOCKfiL    A  broadidecp  trench  on  the  side  of  a  harbor, 


Ut: 


DOC 

or  hank  of  a  river.  In  which  ithips  orr  built  or  re- 

pr,..    1  »    ......   I...-  I     .  ,i...i  ..  .r  _  ...  ..,i.,.i,  nictide, 

at  V  fftiuire. 

)»  II  ly  W  re- 

p. i.,U-.    net 

•  tuitArurUd  witu  t,'.iu-.t  lo  kcup   tlio 
V.  tiilr,  nu  tint  visrtrtu  may  lit' constantly 

I.  Mar.  Diet.     Cyc. 

-icu,  the  spaces  between  whar\*es  are  called 

<^.'•■•'  whure  a  criminal  standd  in  court 
i>t "  K,  R.    One  who  has  the  supcrlnieud- 

D(>(  :.  i-.  A  yard  or  magazine  near  a  harbor, 

fur  LoiittiiuuiK  ull  kind:!  of  naval  vtorca  and  limber. 

DtM'K'/:ii,(dockt,)  pp.  Clipptd;  cut  off,  ns  the  end 
uf  a  thing. 

DOCK'KT,  n.  [\\\  tociate,  lo  cut  off,  to  clip,  to  docJi  i 
hence  docket  is  a  pice**.] 

1.  A  buiall  piece  of  [taper  or  parchment,  contain- 
ing the  heads  of  a  writing.  Also,  a  subscription 
at  the  foot  of  letters  iKittiil,  by  the  clerk  oi  the 
dockets.  Bailcu. 

2.  A  bill  tied  to  gcodc;,  conlniniiig  some  direction, 
as  tJiu  name  of  the  u\viii.T,or  the  place  to  which  they 
are  lo  be  f<ent.     [See  TicxtT.]  Bailey, 

3.  .\n  alphabetical  li»t  of  c^tscs  in  a  court,  or  a  cat- 
alogue uf  the  namej  of  the  |»arties  who  liave  suits 
de]>eiiding  in  a  court.  In  some  of  the  iftates,  this  is 
tile  princijKil  or  only  use  of  the  word. 

To  AtrU*e  a  docket,  in  En^tand^  is  said  of  u  creditor 
who  gives  a  bond  lo  the  lord  chancellor,  engaging 
to  prove  his  debtor  to  be  a  bankrupt^  whereuiwn  a 
commission  of  bankruptcy  is  out  agamst  the  debtor. 

Smart. 
DOCIC'ET,  r.  r.    To  make  an  nbslnict  or  summary  of 
the  tit-ads  of  a  writing  or  writings;  to  abstract  and 
enter  in  a  book  ;  as,  judgments  regularly  docketed.    ^ 

lilackstonc 
S.  To  enter  in  a  docket;  to  mark  the  contents  of 
papcrii  on  the  back  of  them. 
:V  To  mark  with  a  docket  Chesterfield, 

DOCK'ET-ED,  «p.    Abstracted  and  entered  in  abook. 

[See  Docket.] 
DOCK'lNG,  ppr.      Clipping;    cutting  off  Ihc  end; 

plncing  in  a  dock. 
DOCK.'ii\G,  n.    The  act  of  drawing,  as  a  ship,  Into  a 

dock.  Mar,  DicL 

DOCTOR,  n.    [L.,  from  docco^  to  teach.] 

1.  A  teacher. 

Thrre  Mood  up  one  In  Uv;  council,  ft  PLuuee,  named  Gunalkl, 
a  docfor  of  ibe  law.  —  Acu  T. 

2.  One  who  has  passed  all  the  degreesof  a  faculty, 
and  is  empowered  to  practice  and  teach  it ;  as,  a 
doctor  in  divinity,  in  physic,  in  law  ;  or,  according  to 
modem  usage,  a  pcrdun  who  has  received  the  highest 
degree  in  a  faculty.  The  degree  of  doctor  is  conferred 
by  univeraities  and  colleges,  ns  an  honorary  mark  of 
lilerarj-  di.-ilinclion.  It  is  nUo  conferred  on  pliy- 
sicians  as  a  professional  degree. 

3.  A  Icaniud  man  ;  a- man  skilled  in  a  profession; 
n  man  of  erudition.  Dnjdcn,    Digbtj. 

4.  A  physician ;  ono  whoso  occupation  is  to  cure 
diseases. 

5.  The  title  doctor  is  given  to  certain  fathers  of 
the  church  whose  opinions  are  received  as  authori- 
ties, and  in  the  Greek  church,  it  is  given  to  a  partic- 
ular officer  who  interprets  the  Scriptures.      Enajc. 

Doctors*  Commons:  the  college  of  civilians  in  Lon- 
don. Il  is  here  thai  wills  arc  proved,  and  adminis- 
tration is  taken  out,  under  tliu  direction  of  llie 
Prerogative  Court  of  Canterbury. 

DOe'TOK,  V.  u  To  apply  mcilicines  for  the  cure  of 
diseases.     [^  popular  use  of  tliui  wordybiU  not  cle-;  ..u.] 

DOCTOR,  r,  i.    To  practice  physic.     [JVot  deisatU.] 

DOC'TOIt-AL,  a.    Relating  to  the  degree  of  n  doctor. 

JohnscTi. 

DOCTOR- Ah-hY,  adv.    In  the  manner  of  a  doctor. 

IfakewUl. 

DOCTOR- ATE,  n.    The  degree  of  a  doctor.  Encye. 

DOCTOR-ATE,  ».  r.  To  make  n  doctor  by  con- 
ferrine  a  dtgree.  Warton. 

DOC'1'OR-£D,  p;».  Administered  lo  by  a  physician  ; 
cured. 

DOCTOR-ING,  ppr.    Applving  medicines  ;  curing. 

DOe'TOR-LY,  n.     Like  a  leanied  man.       Bp.  Hall. 

DOCTOR-SIUP,  n.    The  degree  or  rank  of  a  doctor. 
fDocToiuTB  is  now  generally  used.]    {Clarendon. 

DOCTOR-EHS  j   "•    ^  fi-niale  physician. 

DOCTUI.N'-AIliE',  71.  A  cant  Urni,  in  the  politics  of 
Fmnce,  denoting  one  who  is  desirous  of  giving  lo 
Uie  king  more  power  than  is  .idinitl^d  by  the  ultra- 
libends,  and  less  than  is  demanded  by  Uie  ultra- 
royalists. 

DO€'TRIN.AL,  a.    [Stu  DocTri:<E.]     Pertaining  to 
doctrine;  containing  a  doctrine  or  somuthing  taught; 
as,  a^wc/nn/il  observaiiuri ;  a  doctrinal  proposition. 
—  I  ertaining  to  the  aa  or  means  of  leaching. 

Tbr  wfmj  of  Gal  trri'-Jii  n.i  fJ4crwia?  Uun  In  tlw  mturw  of  a 
doOnrci  ln*nuncuu  Hooker. 

DO€TRlN-AL,  n.  Something  that  is  a  part  of  doc-1 
"'"*^-  South. 


DOD 

DOCTRIN-Al^LV,  Aifir.  In  the  form  of  doctrine  or 
instruction  ;  by  way  nf  teaching  or  |>ositlve  dlrerllon. 

DOCTRINE,  ri.     [L.  dortrina,  from  doceo,\Kt  Unch.j 

1.  /«  d  ;»f«rrti/ joi-fi-,  whatever  is  taught.  Hence, 
n  priuri|tle  or  ixHltion  in  any  scienco  ;  whalrvi>r  || 
laid  down  um  true  by  an  instructor  or  miisliT.  The 
doctrines  of  the  go**pcI  nro  the  prineipli-s  or  Iniilm 
tnughl  by  C'hrisl  and  his  a|M>sili.'s  Tlie  doetrtms  uf 
Plaiu  art-  the  prinripUs  which  he  luui;hl.  lltiic,  a 
doctrine  may  be  true  or  false ;  It  may  be  a  men>  iciiot 
or  o|>inion. 

2.  The  act  of  teaching. 

Ho  UMjfhl  tlictii  rrunr  iJiItin  It  narxUM,  umI  nlj  tu  tl>pm  b 
hUdoctrin*.  — .NUriir. 

3.  Learning  ;  knowledge. 

Wbom  tlull  be  make  to  umlvnUna  doctrim  7  —  Ii   zxtUI. 

4.  The  truths  of  tlic  gospel  in  general. 

That  Oi-r  vay  tuloru  tlio  doctriiu  of  Goi)  our  ftivfor  In  iB 
Uiiiiff*.  —  'V\\.  ii. 

5.  Instruction  and  conflrmatlon  in  the  truths  of 
the  gospel.    S  Tim.  iii. 

DOCIJ-MENT,  n,  [L.  documentamy  from  rfoc«,  lo 
leach.] 

1.  Precept;  Instruction;  direction. 

Bacon.     JVatU. 

9.  Dogmatical  precept;  nulhoritalive  dogma. 

3.  .More  ^encraflit,  in  present  i/.'Oi»<-,  wrilttti  iU'^truf^ 
tion,  evidciK-.-,  or  jiroof;  any  olhcial  or  nutlhirittiilve 
pajwr  containing  in^l^ucti^lns  or  proof,  for  iiir>.>rmalion 
and  the  esinbli.ihnient  of  facts.  Ttiu»,  the  pn-Nident 
laid  before  congress  the  r«|>ort  of  the  secietarj ,  ao> 
companied  with  all  the  documents. 
DOC'Q  MEXT,  r.  (.  To  furnish  with  docunienia  ;  to 
furnish  with  instruclion^  and  proofs,  or  with  papctt 
ncce.-^sary  to  e^Iahlish  fads.  A  ship  should  be  docu- 
mented acc<trding  to  the  directions  of  law. 

2.  To  leach  ;  lo  instruct ;  lo  direct.  Drtjden, 
DOe-lJ-.MENT'AL,  a.     I'ertainiiig  lo  instruction  or  to 

documents  j   consisting  in  or  derived  from  docu- 
ments; as,  docurnntbi/  it-slimony. 

Court  .Martial  on  Qen.  Wilkinson, 

DOe-U-ME.\T'A-RV,  n.  Ptrtaining  to  written  evj. 
dcnce  ;  consisting  in  documents. 

DOe'tT-.MENT-ED,  pp.  Furnished  with  papers  and 
docirmcnts  nec(.ssar>-  to  e.stablish  facts. 

DOD'DER,  n.     [G.  doUer.] 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Cuscuta,onc  species  of  which 
is  called  hcU-iceed.  it  is  almost  destitul'^  of  leaves, 
parasitical,  creeping,  and  lining  iL^elf  to  some  oUicr 
plant,  as  to  hojis,  flux,  and  luirlicularly  to  the  nettle. 
It  decays  at  the  root,  and  is  nourished  by  the  plant 
that  supports  it,  by  means  of  liltlc  vesicles  orinpiltte, 
which  attach  Lliemselves  lo  the  stalk.    Ifdl.  Enet/c 

DOD'DER-/CD,  a.  Overgrown  with  dodder;  covered 
with  8Ui>ercrescent  plants.  Johnson,     Drydea, 

DO-DECA-GO.V,  n.  [Gr.  i^ohKa,  twelve,  and  >  (arta, 
an  angle,] 

A  regular  figure  or  polygon  consisting  of  in^elre 
equal  sides  and  angles.  £ncyc 

DO-DECA-GYN'I-A,  n.  [Gr.  ('wcVkj,  twelve,  and 
jtii'fj,  a  female.] 

In  botani/y  the  name  of  an  order  of  planu  having 
twelve  styles.  Linna-us. 

DO-DEC-A  OYN'I-AN, )   o.   In  ftofdny,  having  tweWo 

DO-DE-CAii'YN-OUS,  j      slvles. 

DO-DEe-A-IlK'DRAL,  a.  [infra.]  Pertaining  to  a 
duderahcdroii ;  consisting  ot  twelve  equal  pides. 

D0-DEe-.\-IlK'DRO.V,  n.  [Gr.  6(^diKa,  twelve,  and 
i(Jpa,  a  base.] 

A  regular  solid  contained  under  twelve  equal  and 
regular  pentagons,  or  having  twelve  equal  bases. 

Chambers, 

DO-DE-eAN'DRI-A,  n.  [Gr.  rfu^wa,  twelve,  and  avnpt 
a  male.] 

In  botany^  the  name  of  a  class  of  plants  having 
twelve  ^t'lmens ;  but  this  class  includes  all  plants 
that  have  any  number  of  slnintrns,  frotn  twelve  10 
nineteen  inclusive.  Linnxus, 

DO-DE-€.\N'DRI-AN,  (  a.    Pertaining  lo  the  pin nU, 

DO-DE-CAN'DROUS,  j  or  class  of  plants,  that  ha« 
twelve  slnnn'iis.  or  from  twelve  lo  nineteen.     I.M. 

DO-DEG-A  TE -^lO'RI-ON,  n.     [Gr.,  composed  of  ia^ 
^£Karo5,  twcllth,  and  n>f}trv^  part.] 
A  twtjlfth  iKin.     [LttUe  used,]  CrceeK 

DO-DEe-A-TEAl'0-RV,  n.  A  denomination  somc- 
timi.:^'  given  to  each  of  the  twelve  signs  of  the  Kodiac. 

Burton, 

D0D6E,  (doj,)  V.  i.  [From  some  root  nii;nifying  In 
shoot,  dart,  or  start,  and  not  improbably  from  iJie 
same  root  :ui  dog,  ns  d  is  not  radical.] 

1.  To  start  suddenly  aside ;  to  shirt  place  by  a  sud- 
den start.  Mdton. 

a.  l*o  i)lay  tricks ;  lo  be  evasive ;  to  use  icrgivcret- 
tion  ;  lo  jilay  fast  and  loose  ;  to  raise  expeclalioilS 
and  disappoint  them  ;  lo  quibble.     Hale.    .Addison. 

DODGE,  r.  t.  To  evade  bj-  a  sudden  shift  of  place ;  to 
CKape  by  starling  aside  ;  as,  to  dodge  a  blow  aimed ; 
to  dud^e  a  cannon  ball. 

[This  is  a  etnnmon  worrlj  very  expressive  and  ustfid^ 
but  not  admissible  in  solemn  discourse  or  elegant  compo- 
sition.] 


FATE,  FXB,  F/VLL,  WH»T.-METE,  PREy.-PINE,  MAHINE,  BIRD.-NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  VVOLC,  BQ(?K.- 


358 


DOG 


DOPi^'KD,  pp.    Evaded  by  a  sudden  sliift  of  place.       ' 

DOnO'ER,  ".     One  who  dodfies  or  ev;ides. 

1)0D»5'I\<',  ppr.     SUirling  aside  ;  evadinjj. 

DOD  KI\,  ".     ['ioit,  D.  duit,  and  kin.] 
A  little  doit ;  a  small  coin. 

nOD'MA.V,  n.  A  fish  that  casts  it3  slu'II  like  the  lob- 
ster and  crab  ;  also  called  hodmandod.  Bacon. 

DO'DO,  w.  The  Didus,  a  cenus  of  large  birds,  gencr- 
a.ly  siipiMised  to  be  extinct.  They  are  said  to  have 
inhabited  Madagascar  and  some  oth-r  parts  of  the 
East,  but  their  verj-  existence  lias  been  doubted. 

P.  Cijc.     Partington. 

DOE,  (do,)  Tt.     [Sax.  (la  ;  Dan.  daa.'] 

A  she-deer  ;  the  female  of  the  fallow-deer.  The 
male  is  called  a  buck. 

DOE,  (doo,)  n.     A  feat.     [J^''at  u$cd.'\  Hudibra-^. 

■  DOE'SKIN,  T(.    The  skin  of  a  doe. 

2.  A  compact  twilled  cloth,  for  pantaloons. 
DO'ER,  ".    [from  do.]     One  who  does;  one  who  per- 
i      forms  nr  executes  ;  an  actor  ;  an  agent. 

2.  One  who  |>erforms  wliat  is  required  j  one  who 
I      observes,  keeps,  or  obeys,  in  practice. 

I  The  doers  of  the  law  sh-ill  be  jiisUOod.  —  Rom.  ii. 

I  DOES,  (duz.)    The  third  person  of  the  verb  do,  indic- 

■  ative  mode,  present  tense  ;  contracted  from  docVi. 
DOFF,  V.  t.    [Uu.  do-off.     Rather  D.  doffen,  to  pusii,  to 

thrust.    Class  Db,  No.  17,  18.] 
1.  To  put  off,  as  dress. 

And  made  us  doff  our  easy  robes  of  peace.  Shak. 

9.  To  Strip  or  divest ;  as,  he  doffs  himself. 

Crashaw. 

3.  To  put  or  thrust  away ;  to  get  rid  of. 

To  doff  ilieir  <Iir«  liktresses.  Sl\ak. 

4.  To  put  off;  to  shift  off;  with  a  view  to  delay. 

Every  day  thou  doff'st  me  wi'^i  some  device.  Shak. 

\This  word  is,  I  believe,  entirely  obsolete  iti  discourse, 
at  least  in  the  United  States,  but  is  rctmned  ih  poetry.] 

DOFF'ED,  (doft,)  pp.  Put  off,  stripped  ;  thrust  away. 

DOF'FER,  n.  A  revolving  cylinder,  in  a  carding  ma- 
chine, which  doffs,  or  strips  off,  the  cotton  from  the 
cards.  Ure. 

DOG,  n.  [Ft.  dogue,  a  bull-dog  or  mastiff;  se  dogiur, 
to  butt ;  Arm.  do^  or  doa-ues ;  D.  dog :  probably,  the 
runner  or  starler.J 

1.  A  species  of  quadrupeds,  belonging  to  the  genus 
Canis,  of  many  varieties,  as  the  mastiff,  the  hound, 
the  spaniel,  the  shepherd's  dog,  the  terrier,  the  har- 
rier, the  bloodhound,  &.C. 

2.  It  is  used  for  rna/e,  when  applied  to  several  other 
animals  ;  as,  a  dog-foz  :  a  dog-otter  ;  dog-ape,  Dnjden. 

It  is  prefixed  to  other  words,  denoting  what  is 
mean,  degenerate,  or  worthless;  as,  dog-rose. 

Johtijoti. 

3.  An  andiron,  so  named  from  the  figure  of  a  dog  6 
bead  on  the  top.     [Russ.  tagan.] 

4.  A  term  of  reproach  or  contempt,  given  -to  a 
man. 

5.  A  constellation  called  Sirius  or  Canicula.     [See 

DoGDAT.] 

6.  .\n  iron  hook  or  bar  with  a  sharp  fang,  which 
can  be  driven  into  a  stick  of  timber  to  draw  it  in 
water  by  a  rope.  Mar.  Vict. 

7.  An  iron  used  by  sawyers  to  fasten  a  log  of  tim- 
ber in  a  saw-pit. 

8.  A  gay  young  man  ;  a  buck.    [JVoj  in  ttse.] 

Johnson. 
To  give  or  Vitow  to  the  dogs,  is  to  throw  away,  as 
useless. 

To  go  to  the  dogs,  is'to  be  ruined. 
DOG,  V.  U    To  hunt ;  to  follow  insidiously  or  indefat- 
igably ;  to  follow  close ;  to  urge ;  to  worry  with  im- 
portunity. 

I  bave  been  puisued,  dogged,  and  waylaid.  Pope. 

Do'GAL,  a^  [See  Doge.]  Belonging  to  or  pertaining 
to  a  doge.  Lady  Bulwer. 

Do'GATE,  n.  [See  Doge.]  The  office  or  dignity  of 
a  doge.  Eticyc. 

DOG'BaNT:,  n.    A  plant. 

DOG'BEK-KY,  n.  The  berrj-  of  the  dogwood,  a  spe- 
cies of  Cornus. 

DOG'BER-RY-TREE,  n.  The  dog^vood,  a  species  of 
Cornns. 

DOG'BRT-ER,  n.  The  brier  that  bears  the  hip;  the 
Rosa  canina. 

DOG'-€AB-BAGE,  n.  A  plant  growing  in  the  south 
of  Europe,  a  species  of  Theligonuin.  Encyc. 

DOG'-CHeAP,  (-cheep,)  a.  Cheap  as  dog's  meat,  or 
offal ;  very  cheap.  Johnson. 

DOG'DaY,  n.  One  of  the  days  when  Sirius  or  the 
dogstar  rises  and  sets  with  the  sun.  TJie  dogdays 
commence  the  latter  part  of  Jirfy,  and  end  the  begin- 
ning of  j^eptember. 

DOG'DRAW,  71.  A  manifest  deprehension  of  an  of- 
fender against  the  venison  in  the  forest,  when  he  is 
found  drawing  afler  the  deer  by  the  scent  of  a  hound 
led  by  the  hand.  E-ng.  Law.     Cowel. 

D66E,  n.     [It. ;  L.  dux;  Eng.  duke  :  from  L.  dueo,  to 
lead  ;  Sax.  t^ga,  teoche.] 
The  chief  magistrate  of  Venice  and  Genoa. 

DOG'-FAN'CI-ER,  v.  One  who  has  a  taste  for  dogs, 
and  who  keeps  them  for  sale. 


DOG 

DOG'-FIGHT,  (-fite,)  h.    A  battle  belwe.^n  two  dogs. 

DOt^'FISH,  T(.  A  name  given  to  several  species  of 
shark,  as  the  spoiled  shark  or  greater  dogjlsh,  the 
piked  dogfish,  Sec.  Enajc.     Cyc. 

DOO'FIiV,  71.     A  voracious,  biting  fly.        Cliapincn. 

D0G'G£1),  fdopd,)  pp.  Pursued  closely  ;  urged  fre- 
quently aiul  importunately. 

DOG'GED,  a.    Sullen  ;  sour;  morose  ;  surly  ;  severe. 
Skid:.     Hudibras. 

DOG'GED-LY,  adv.  Sullenly  ;  gloomily  ;  Pourly  ;  mo- 
rosely ;  severely  ;  with  obstinate  resolution. 

DOG'GEP-NESS,  n.     SuIIenness  ;  moroseness. 

DOG'GEH,  n.  A  Dutch  fishing- vessel,  used  in  the 
German  Ocean,  particularly  in  the  herring  fisherj. 
It  is  equipped  with  two  masts,  a  main-mast  and  a 
niizzen-niast,  somewhat  resembling  a  ketch.    Encyc. 

DOG'GEIl-EL,  a.  An  epithet  given  to  a  kind  of  loose, 
irregular  measure  in  burlesque  poetry,  like  that  of 
Hudibras  ;  as,  doggerel  verse  or  rhyme. 

Dnjden.    .Addison. 

DOG'GER-EL,  n.  A  loose,  irregular  kind  of  poetry  ; 
used  in  bnrlcsfpie.  JOryden.     Swifi. 

DOG'GEK-MAN,  n.    A  sailor  belonging  to  a  dogger. 

DO<;'GERS,  71.  In  English  alum-works,  a  sort  of  stone, 
found  in  the  mines  with  the  true  alum-rock,  contain- 
ing some  alum.  Encyc. 

BO G ' a ING, ppr.  [from  dog.]  Hunting;  pursuing  in- 
cessantly or  importunately. 

DOG'GISH,  a.  Like  a  dog";  churiish  ;  growling;  snap- 
pish ;  brutal. 

DOG'GISII-NESS,  n.    The  quality  of  being  doggish. 

DOG'-GRASS,  71.     Couch-grass.  Loudon. 

DOG'-HEART-ED,  a.    Cruel :  pitiless  ;  malicious. 

Shak. 

DOG'-HoLE,  7(.  A  place  fit  only  for  dogs  ;  a  vile, 
mean  habitation.  Dnjden.    Pope. 

DOG'-HOUSE,  77.    A  kennel  for  dogs.         Overbury. 

DOG'-ICEN-XEL,  7(.    A  kennel  or  hut  for  dogs. 

DOG'-L.AT'IN,  n.    Barbarous  Latin.  [Drydcn. 

DOG'-LeACH,  n.     A  dog-doctor.  Beaum.  ^  Fl. 

DOG'-LOUSE,  7J.    An  insect  that  is  found  on  dogs. 

DOG'LY,  a.    Like  a  dog.     [JVot  in  nse.] 

DOG'MA,  n.  [Gr.  ooj/di,  from  doKzio,  to  think;  L. 
dogma.] 

A  settled  opinion  ;  a  principle,  maxim,  or  tenet ;  a 
doctrinal  notion,  particularly  in  matters  of  faith  and 
philoso|)hy  ;  as,  the  dogmas  of  the  church  ;  the  dog- 
mas of  Plato. 

Compliment  my  dogma,  and  I  will  compliment  yours. 

J.  M.  Alanon. 

DOG'-MAD,  a.    Mad  as  a  dog. 

DOG-MAT'ie,         (  a.    Pertaining  to  a  dogma,  or  to 

DOG-MAT'ie-AL,  \      settled  opinion. 

2.  Positive;  magisterial;  asserting  or  disposed  to 
assert  with  authority  or  with  overbearing  and  arro- 
gance ;  applied  to  persons ;  as,  a  dogmatic  schoolman 
or  philosopher.  Boyle. 

3.  Positive  ;  asserted  with  authority  ;  authoritative  ; 
as,  a  dogmatical  opinion. 

4.  .Arrogant ;  overbearing  in  asserting  and  main- 
taining opinions. 

DOG-I\LAT'ie-AL-LY,  adv.    Positively  ;  in  a  magiste- 
rial manner ;  arrogantly. 
DOG-MAT'ie-AL-NESS,  7i.      The  quality  of  being 

dogmatical  ;  positiveness. 
DOG-MAT'ieS,   n.    Doctrinal  theology;  a  term  used 

by  German  writers.  Murdodc. 

DOG'MA-TISM,  n.      Positive  assertion  ;  arrogance  ; 

positiveness  in  opinion. 
DOG'MA-TIST,  n.    A  positive  assertor;  a  magisterial 

teacher  ;  a  bold  or  arrogant  advancer  of  principles. 

WaUs. 
DOG'MA-TIZE,  v.  i.    To  assert  positively  ;  to  teach 

with  bold  and  undue  confidence ;  to  advance  with 

arrogance. 

(  least  supported  by 
Anon. 

DOG'MA-TIZ-ER,  n.  One  who  dogmatizes  ;  a  bold 
assertor  ;  a  magisterial  teacher.  Hammond. 

DOG'MA-TIZ-ING,  ppr.  Asserting  with  excess  of 
confidence. 

DOG'ROSE,  a.  The  flower  of  the  hip;  the  Rosa  ca- 
nina. 

DOG'S'-BaNE,  n.     [Gr.  aTroKvvov.] 

The  popular  name  of  certain  species  of  Apocynum, 
and  also  of  Asclepias. 

DOG'S'-l.AR,  H.  The  corner  of  a  leaf,  in  a  book, 
turned  down  like  the  car  of  a  dog.  Oray. 

DOG'-SICK,  a.     Sick  as  a  dog. 

DOG'SKIN.  a.     Made  of  the  skin  of  a  dog.     Tatler. 

DOG'-Sr.EEP,  71.     Pretended  sleep.  Addison. 

DOG'S'-MeAT,  n.    Refuse;  offal;  meat  for  dogs. 

Dry  den. 

DOG'S'-RtJE,  71.     A  plant,  a  species  of  Scrophularia. 

DOG'STAR,  71.  Sirius,  a  star  of  the  first  magnitude, 
whose  rising  and  setting  with  the  sun  gives  name  to 
the  dogdavs. 

DOG'SToNES,  n.  A  plant,  fool-stones,  a  species  of 
Orchis. 

DOG'-TOOTH,  71. ;  pr.  Dog-teeth.  A  sharp-pointed 
human  tooth,  growing  between  the  fore  teeth  and 
grinders,  and  resembling  a  dog's  tooth.  It  is  called 
also  an  eye-tooth. 


DOL 

DOG'-TOOTH-VrO-LE  r,  n.  A  plant,  a  species  of 
Ervlhniniutn. 

DOG'-TRICK,  ti.    a  currish  Irick  ;  brutal  ircalment. 

Dr^dea. 

DOG'-TROT,  71.    A  pciitle  trot,  like  that  of  a  dog. 

DOG'VAXE,  n.  Among  *Mrnfn,  a  small  vane  com- 
posed of  thread,  cork,  and  ftalhers,  fa«tened  to  a 
half-pike,  and  placed  oti  the  weather  gunwale,  to 
assist  in  steering  a  ship  on  the  wind.    Mar.  Diet. 

DOG'-WATCH,f-wotcli,)  n.  Among  acaw^«,  a  watch 
of  two  hours.  The  dug-waldics  arc  two  relieft  be- 
tween 4  and  8  o'clock,  P.  .M. 

DOG'-VVkA-UY,  a.     Unite  tired  ;  much  fatigued. 

DOG' WOOD,  n.  A  common  nameof  different  species 
of  the  Cornus  or  curnelian  rherrv. 

DOG 'WOOD-TREE,  n.  The  Piscidia  eolhrina,  a  tree 
growingin  Jamaica.  Encyc 

D(J['LY,  71.  Formerly,  a  species  of  woolen  stuff,  said 
to  be  80  called  from  the  first  maker.  Congrece. 

9.  A  small  napkin,  generally  colored,  used  with 
fruit  and  wine.  SmcrL 

DO'ING,  ppr.     [Sec  Do.]    Performing;  executing. 

DO'INGS,  71.  ;;(.  Things  done;  transactions;  feats j 
actions,  good  or  bad. 

2.  Uchavior ;  conduct. 

3.  Stir;  bustle. 

DOIT,  n.  [D.  dnit ;  G.  dcut.  Qu.  Fr.  doigt,  a  finger, 
a  point ;  L.  digitus.] 

].  .Asmall  Dutch  coin,  worth  abouthalf  a  farthing; 
also,  a  similar  small  coin  once  used  in  Scotland. 

Pupe. 
9.  A  trifle.    Hence  our  vulgar  phrase,  I  care  not  a 
dnit.  It  is  used  adverbially,  and  commonly  pronounced 
dite. 
DO-LABfRI-FORM,  a.    [L.  dolabra,  an  ax,  and  forma, 
form.] 

Having  the  form  of  an  ax  or  hatchet.       Mariyn. 
DOL'CK,  (dnlVha,)  I  [IL]  In  music, 

DOI^CEJIi'ljy  TE,  (dol-cha-men'li,)  \       a  direction 

to  sing  with  a  sot^  sound. 
DOLE,  7i.   [Sajc.  dal ;  Russ.  dolia,  a  part  or  portion  ;  Ir. 
daii  ,■  from  the  root  of  deal.     See  Deal,] 

1.  The  act  of  dealing  or  distributing  ;  as,  the  pow- 
er of  dol^  and  donative.     [JVot  in  use.]  Bacon. 

9.  That  which  is  dealt  or  distributed  ;  a  part,  share, 
or  portiim.  Sftak. 

3.  That  which  is  given  in  charity;  gratuity. 

Zhnjden. 

4.  Blows  dealt  out.  Milan. 

5.  Botmdar}'.     [Jfat  in  use.] 

_^  G.  A  void  space  left  in  tillage.    [Local.] 
Dole,  77.     [L.  dolor,  pain,  grief.] 

Grief;  sorrow.     [06»'.]  MiUon. 

Dole,  v.  t.    To  deal ;  to  distribute.     [Xot  used.] 
DoLE'FrjL,  a.     [dole,  and  fuU.]     Sorrowful  ;  express- 
ing grief;  as,  a  doleful  whine  ;  a  doleful  cry. 

2.  Melancholy  ;  sad  ;  atflicted  ;  as,  a  dokftd  sire. 

Sidnei/. 

3.  Dismal ;  impressing  sorrow ;  gloomy ;  as,  dole- 
ful sliades.  MiUon. 

DbLE'FUL-LY,  adv.    In  a  doleful  manner ;  sorrow- 

fullv  ;  du-inailv  ;  sadly. 
DoLE'FOL  iXKSS,  n.      Sorrow;  melancholy;  quem- 

lou^^ness ;  gloominess;  dismalncss. 
Do'I-ENT,  a.     [L.  dolais.] 

Sorrowful.    [JVoI  in  use.] 
DOL'E-RITE,   n.      A  variety  of  trap-rocks,  composed 

of  augite  and  feldspar. 
DoLE'SOME,  (sum,)  a.  Gloomy  j  dismal  y  sorrowful ; 

doleful. 


Men  often  dogvia&ze  most,  when  ttiey  i 
reason. 


The  dolctome  passaj^e  to  the  infernal  slcy. 


Po}>e. 


DOLE'SOME-NESS,  n.    Gloom  ;  dismaluess. 

DOLL,  7f.  [W.  rfciw,  form,  image,  resemblance,  an 
idol,  a  false  god  ;  duU,  form,  figure  ;  Arm.  daiih,  or 
tailh,  which  seems  to  be  the  L.  taiis.  Also  Ir.  dcalbh, 
an  image,  Butqu.  Gr.  titiwA"*',  an  u/o/,  from  ff^tj, 
to  see.] 

A  puppet  or  baby  for  a  cliild  ;  a  small  imago  in  tlie 
human  form,  for  the  anmsement  of  little  girls. 

DOL'LAR,  n.  [G.  Ihalrr  i  U.daaldcr;  Dan.  and  Sw. 
daler;  Sp.  dalfra  ;  Russ.  taler.  Said  to  be  from  DaU, 
the  town  where  it  was  first  coined.] 

A  silver  coin  of  Spain  and  of  the  United  St;ites,  of 
tlic  value  of  one  hundred  cents,  or  about  four  shillings 
and  fourpence  sterling.  The  dollar  seems  to  have 
been  originally  a  German  coin  ;  and,  in  different  jKirls 
of  Germany,  the  name  is  given  to  coins  of  different 
values. 

DOLL'MAN,  7:,    A  long  ciissock  worn  by  the  Turks. 

DOL'O  iMI'lE,  71.  A  granular  ma-^nesian  carU)nate 
of  lime,  often  forming  extensive  beds.  Much  of  the 
common  white  marble  is  dolomite.  U  is  so  ciillod 
from  the  French  geologist  Dolouiien.  Cyc 

DOL-0-MIT'IC,  a.  PerUiining  to  dolomite;  of  the 
nature  of  dolomite. 

Do'LOR,  H.     [L.]    Pain;  grief;  lamentalion. 

Sidney.     Shak. 

DOL-OR-IF'ER-OUS,  a.  [L.  dolor,  |>ain,  and  ferv,  to 
produce.]  , 

Producing  pain.  ,        '^'*r*r^- 

DOL-OR-IF'ie,  a.     [L.  dolor{ficits ;  doWr  and  jacto.] 

1.  That  causes  pain  or  grief. 

2.  Expressing  pain  or  grief. 


TtNE,  BULL,  IJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.— €  as  K ;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


359 


DOM 


DOM 


Vol.     ■  ■'■  ■    '    '•    '  ' '■■ 


•  sorrow 

•11. 
.Mitton, 


S.  PalaAi);  %\\ 


.   iSe  mv  et  the 


'  .  u/p.    BuTTOwfuily  :  In  a  iiinniier  to 

'■>>.»; 

.   Arm. 

...„,._., .,.,, L.r  wind- 

?v'|iu|Mil3r  name  clvciui  Iwo  wWcly  iliflVrrnt  In- 


'  OUR  numinttl,  nlHuit 
.iliiii  vf  Itiu  nitcienti, 


I 


in  f'.iu  Iff.  AiHi-r. 

I  iimcti)n«  «ii-'|nndeU  i>VL'r 
td-  -     1  any  vt-ot'l  iKutainc  iindt-r  it. 

Mitfon!. 
DOI/PIIIN-ET.  n.    A  foninle  ilulnhln.  Spmstr. 

DOI.T.    ...      '.;.    toli,.';    S:ix.    .■..'.     W.  ,hl     a-i.  <Ull. 
Th 
to 

•>■.■■ 
to  waiiJer.J 

A  hcary,  stupid  Trllow  \  n  Morklu-atl ;  a  tliick- 
■Jcull.  Siilnrif.     Stcift. 

P  '  I.  r,  r.  i.    To  waste  time  fjolbilily  ;  to  bihavc  fool- 

Mv. 
i      !  1  I>ll.    f.     Dull  in  inliiU'Ct;  ulupid;  Mockt-h ; 

Sidney. 
Ill  a  (toUi-^ti  mnnntT. 
I.    Stiii)iility. 
Ij-^lM,  u  vJ  o-i  a  I.  rmiimlion,  tlunotc*  JuriHilJclion,  or 
proiK-rty   atul    Jumdiciion  ;   primnrilij^   Jofin^    jutlg- 
imnt;  as  in  kim>rdom,  earldom.     Hence  it  ia  used  to 
drnote  itato,  condition,  or  quality,  as  in  wUdomy 
frtfdom, 
DOM'A-HLE,  0.    Tliat  may  bo  tamed. 
DO-MAI.\\  It.      rpr.  domaine;    Ann.    domnnv.      Tllis 
would  »«vtn  to  V'  from  L.  dominium.     On.  \a  it  \\\<l- 
N.Miii-  u-TiI  a-i  I>cM&i?(,  uiiJrIi  is  fnmi  the  Old  Frrncli 
The  latter  can  not  W  rc;iil:irly  deduced 
nun,  J4fniijio.    The  NtiriiMii    French   has 
■  pilf,  to  demtan;  anil  the  plimse,  "  du 
ill  in  hi*  domain,  would  ^'et'm  to  be 

fro:  iirce.    .Ifnitcr,  in  Nunimn,  U  ten- 

on' 't'>n,  from  nmin,  the  hand.     Damcifi 

Kriti'  !>  I>-  til'-  L.  ifcnni.niufn,  and  to  liavu  been  con- 
foundfd  with  dentain^  demesne.] 

1.  Uuniinion  ;  empire;  tenitory  governed,  or  under 
the  i^ovemmcnft  of  a  sovcruipn  ;  af,  Iho  vast  dama'uis 
of  the  Russian  emperor ;  the  domains  of  the  Itrili^h 
kinc- 

I      -  -raion;  estate;  as,  the  portion  of  the  king** 

Dry  den. 
1        l.tnd  alwut  the  mansion-house  of  a  lord, 
.tti'l  111  hn  immediate  occuinncy.    In  this  sense,  the 
word  roincldrs  with  Deuaitc,  DcuEsrvE.     Shenaiane. 
DO'MAL,  a.    [L.  rfomiw.J 

Pertainins  lo  house,  m  tutrotaipj.  Addison. 

DOME,  n.   \yt.  dome  ;  .\rm.  dom  :  ll.  domtu  ;  Gr.  <Jj;i  'j  ; 

Ir.  di^m:  HiL<«9.  dam:  8uppose<l  to  bo  from  ^c/jm,  to 

budtl.    The  Greek  has  als<i  ^ vt/ia,  a  house,  a  plain 

roof.     U<l.  Sai.  Umbrian^  Goth,  timbnjan^  to  build.] 

1.  A  budding  ;  a  houso  ;  a  fabric  j  lucd  in  poetry. 

Pope, 
S.  A  catbedral.  BumeU 

X  In  tirr\f»'^vre,  a  spbcricil  roof,  raised  over  the 
nil '  "      '  ■  ling ;  a  cupola.  Enetje. 

the  upper  [nrt  of  a  furnace,  re^cm- 
bl  iiL^pbere  ur  Kinall  dome.    This  form 

•rr^' *  t..  r- 11  .t  nr  ri'Vcrberalf!  a  port  of  the  flame; 
hence  tbeto  furnaces  arc  called  reeerberatin^  fur- 
nnrt-*,  Encye. 

"'""''*      '■     '  r  irnUbcd  ivilh  a  dome. 

See  I><>i)M4u\T. 
',)  a,    Hh-int-d  like  a  dome. 
nin,)   «.      [rfec   Doom.]      A 

••1         . 

ttums^  from  cfnmu-f,  a  house] 

Mw  or  hume  ;  if-rulning  to 
oi  .  and  to  Uiy  family  ;  as,  Jt>- 
M  life  ;  domestic  duties  ;  domes- 
tie                            t'  utions  ;  domestic  liappinc^M  ; 

iiuch  al  homo ;  living  In  rtiirrmcnt ; 
»••.  ■  '  ""fnan. 

'iiatlons  of  man  ;  tame  ;  not 

r.  .11  ri.nji.i.  r».|  as  n  fnmily, 
or  ■  .1  foreign  ;  as, 

.'•- ,..-:.. in,  or  counlr)' ; 

ai,  lii-rmtHtr.  inanulACturL':*. 
DO.MEi5'TIC,  n.     One  who  lives  to  the  family  of 


another,  n*  a  chaplain  or  svxrelary.  Also,  a  servant 
i>r  lilri'd  InlHtrer,  residing  with  n  fantdy. 

DO-.MES'Tie  .\U-LV,  ado.  In  relation  to  domestic 
alTlilni. 

DO-.Mi:d'TIC-ANT,  a.  Forming  jiort  of  the  same 
family. 

DO-Mti.*<'Tie-ATE,  r.  t.  To  mnko  domestic;  lo  re- 
lif  irMiLi  iti<  tiuhh.  :  Ili  a-  iH-^toui  lu  remuiii  nmch  at 
h.  -If. 

I  liomr.     Ctejfter^eU. 
...    _  :  lite  habitations  of  man  ; 

t>>  tiitiif  ;  un,  lu  d>->Mt^tuuU  u  lid  animals. 

DO-MF.S'TIC-A-TED,  po.  ur  a.  Made  domestic;  ac- 
ni-l'    M  '1  t<-  r'  [iiiuii  at  nuiur. 

DO  ri.\G,;»;>r.     Making  dnmeiitir. 

Do  I  ION,  n.     'i*h  •  act  of  withdrawing 

fr  notice,  and  living  iiiuch:ii  home. 

•J.   1  lu\\U  oi'  Liming  or  n-claimtng  wdd  nntmals. 

nO-ME.S  Th"I-TV,  H.     t^Iate  of  beini:  dutiit-fllic. 

Ill  >M  [  <  [l.r..  II.     [L  damiciUum,  a  manidoii.] 

iiansion  ;  a  plac  of  |)ennancnt  resi- 
ui  individual  or  family  ;  a  residence, 
Story.     liopkiHMin. 

IJOM  1  AlLi:,  *  o  e.    To  establish  a  nxcd  rcsl- 

iJOM-l-t'IIVIATE,  1  (lence,  ur  a  re^idenco  that  con- 
Ktilule^i  habilnncy.  Kent 

DO.>ri-CII*-KD,  ipp.     Having  gained  n  permn- 

DO.M-I-CII/IA-TED,  i  nent  residence  or  inhabit- 
ancy. 

DOM-I-CIL'I-A-HY,  o.  Pertaining  to  an  obodc,  or 
the  rt-itlencc  of  n  person  or  family.  A  domieilianj 
visit,  i-i  a  vinit  lo  a  privnie  dwellini:,  particularly  for 
the  piiriiose  of  searching  it,  under  authority. 

DOM-I-C1I<I-A'TION,  n.  Permanent  residence;  in- 
habitancy. 

I)OM'l-CII*-I\G,  i  ppr-      Gaining   or  taking   a 

DOM-I-CIL'I-A-TING,  \      penutiiieiit  residence. 

l)O.M'I-FV,  V.  t.  [L.  domusy  a  house,  and  /acio,  to 
make.] 

1.  In  o.-'tro/o;;^!',  to  divide  the  heavens  into  twelve 
houses,  in  order  to  erect  a  theme  or  horoscope,  by 
means  of  six  great  circles,  cTlled  circles  of  position, 
[Obs]  Encijc. 

2.  To  lame.     [A'ot  in  u.ie,  and  improper.] 
DO.M'IN-ANT,   (I.      [L.   dominant,   from    dominor^   to 

nilc  ;  domiiuLSy  lord,  master ;  cither  from  domusy  a 
house,  or  from  domo^  ^ttfin-i',  to  overcome,  to  fmne,  to 
subdue,  W.  dori.  Ilolli  r-mi^  unite  in  tlic  sense,  to 
set,  to  pre-iji,  to  fix.    Pee  Ctas^  Dm,  .\o.  I,  3.] 

J.  Ruling;  pruvadin:;;  governing;  predominant; 
as,  the  dominant  party  or  fuction.         Rcid.     Tooke. 

2.  In  mii^ic,  tlie  </omiit/ifif  or  scni^ible  chord  is  that 
which  is  practiced  on  the  dominant  of  the  tone,  and 
which  introduces  a  pt^rfert  cadeiic<\  Every  perlVci 
major  churd  becomes  a  dominant  chord,  Od  soon  as 
the  seventh  minor  is  added  to  it.     Hoiuiscau.     Eneyc. 

DOM'li\-.'\NT,  71.  In  vnusie^  of  the  three  notes  essen- 
tial to  the  tone,  the  dominant  is  that  which  is  a  fifth 
from  the  tonic.  Jb. 

DCM'IN-aTE,   v.   U      [L.   dominatus,   dominor.      See 

DoMirCATfT.] 

1'orule;  lo  govern;  to  prevail;  to  predominate 
over. 

Wc  rrrnr  wh^re  meet  wiUi  SlaTonI.in  n.itioiK  either  tlomliiaiit  »r 
do-riiruifeii.  Tot^e,  Rata. 

DOM'I\-ATE,  r.  i.    'J'o  predominate.     [LiUlc  used.] 
DO.M'IN-.VTKD,  pp.    Ruled  ;  f:overncd. 
DOM'I.\-A-TI.\G,  j/;ir.     Uuting  ;  prevailing;  predom 

inating. 
D0.M-IX-A'TI0N,  n.    [L.  dominatio.] 

1.  The  exercise  of  i>ower  in  ruling;  dominion; 
government.  Shak, 

2.  Arbitrary  authority  :  tyranny. 

3.  One  highly  exalted  in  power ;  or  the  fourth 
order  of  nngcllc  beings. 

Thtutiri,  doinitiaions,  princedoms,  Tirtuo,  powcn.      MUton. 

DOM'IX-A-TIVE,  a.    Gov'crning;  also,  imperious. 

Sandys. 
DOM'I\-A-TOR,  n.  A  ruler  or  nding  power ;  the  pre- 
siding or  predominant  jiower. 

Jiipf/rr  »r»'l  Man  •ret/o/ni/mtor*  for  Ilib  north-west  pwt  of  ilic 
woriit.  Camden, 

2.  An  absolute  governor. 
DO.M'I-XE,  fi.    A  schoolmaster;  a  pedagogue.     [Scot- 

tU'h,] 

2.  A  title  uivcn,  by  the  Dutch,  to  a  clcrg>-man. 
DOM-IN-ECR',   F.  i,     [L.  dominor;  Fr.  domincr ;  Sp. 
dominnr  ;  It.  dominare.     Sec  DoMlTtAKT.] 

1.  To  rule  over  with  insolence  or  arbitrary  sway. 

To  dominter  orer  nl^u  or  ftrrv.mU  b  criilciice  of  a  low  nilmJ. 

Anon. 

2.  To  btuitrr  ;  to  hector  ;  to  swell  with  conscious 
Hn|irriorily  or  haughtiness. 

Go  (i>  til,:  f'-iul,  rev.-l  nn.l  domint-tr.  S/iok. 

D0.M-1\-EI:R'£D,  pp.     Killed  over  with  insolence. 
DOM-IN-EER'iNG,p;ir.    Ruling  over  with  insolence; 
blustering;  manifesting  liauglity  superiority. 
2.  fl.    <  )verbearinp. 
DO-MLN'IC-AI.,  a.     [I>»w  I„  dominicalisy  from  domin- 
ieuj,  fri<m  dumintLi,  IntiL] 

I.  Thnt  not«s  llic  Lord*s  day,  or  Sabbath.  The 
Domtnuat   letter^  Is  the  letter  which,  in   almanacs. 


DON 

denotes    the   Sabt>ath,   or  dies    Domini^   the    I^)rU'< 
day.     'I'he  first   seven  letters  of  the  alphabet  an 
used  fiir  thi4  piiri>ose. 
2.  Noting  hie  prayer  of  our  I.«ird.  Ilow^ 

DO-MlN'ie-AL,  ri.    [Supra.]     Tlio  lord's  day. 
DO-MIN'I€-.\.\,  a.  or  n.  [from  Domiuir^  the  founder.] 
The  Domiuicanjij  or  Uvminuan  Friar.iy  are  un  ordet 
of  iiinnks,  called,  in  England,  Hlack  Friars,  and  Jdo. 
obins  ill  France. 
DO.M'I-.\i-CH>K,  ft.     [L.  dertii/iu4  and  eado,] 

<Jne  who  kills  his  master. 
DOM'I-ME,  n.     A  pedagogue.     [ScoftwA.] 

2.  A  title  sometinies  given  to  clergymen. 
DO-.MIN'IOX,  (do-min'yun,)  n      [L.  dominium.    Sm 

DoMIWANT.) 

1.  Sovereign  or  supreme  authority;  the  |K>wet  of 
governing  and  controlling. 

Tbc  dominion  ot  Uie  MmI  lllgtt  it  an  rvcrlnjliii*  domimlan.^ 
Dfxii.  it. 

2.  Power  to  direct,  control,  use,  and  dispose  of  nl 
[ileasure  ;  right  of  pfisseKniun  and  us4'  wlilutut  b< ms 
arcoutil:ibIe  ;  iu<,  the  private  domnton  of  individual-. 

3.  Territory  under  a  guvcrniiieni  ;  ret;ioii ;  coiiii 
try  ;  district  governed,  or  within  the  limits  of  tlw 
authority  of  u  prince  or  state  ;  as,  the  Uriiisli  ^ 
minions. 

4.  Goveminenl  ;  riKlit  of  governing.  Jnmntui  b 
under  the  dominion  of  Great  Britain. 

.5.  I'redominance  ;  ascendant.  Dryden. 

G.  An  order  of  angels. 

\VI>'  Uirr  liiey  be  (liroim,  or  domlnioni,  or   priaciiiaUllM,  m 
l<ow<;n>.  —  Col.  1. 

7.  Persons  governed. 

JutKli  w'u  liii  Miictusrjr ;  I*rai:l  IiUm  dominion. —  P«.  cilr. 

D0M'I-\O,  n.  A  lonz,  loose  cloak,  of  black  silk,  with 
n  hood  removable  nl  pleasure,  used  as  a  general  dift*  i; 
guise  at  niasipicradirs, 
2.  A  kind  of  plaj'. 

DON  ;  a  title  in  Spain,  formerly  given  to  noblemen  and 
gentleinen  only,  but  now  common  lo  all  clashes.  Il 
IS  commonly  siipjHtsed  to  be  eonlrncled  from  dommus, 
dom;  and  the  Portuguese  (/»rto,  the  mawler  or  o\mh  r 
of  any  thing,  gives  some  cuunteimuce  to  the  opiiiiiui. 
Il  coincides  nearly  with  the  Meh.  p"»,  and  p^K,  a 
judge,  ruler,  or  lord.  It  was  formerly  used  in  Etip- 
land,  and  written  by  Chaucer  Dan.  [See  Spclman.] 
Dona,  or  durHa,  the  feminine  of  don,  Is  the  title  oi 
a  lady  in  Fpain  and  PortiiKiiI. 

2.  A  sportive  appellation  for  one  who  feels  self-tm> 
portanl  irom  the  possciision  of  wealth  or  dignity. 

DON,   V.  t.     [To  do  on  ;  opposed  to  doff.]     'I'n  put  on  j 

to  invest  Willi.     [LitUe  iLtetL]  ShaJi.     Eairfiu, 

DO'N.^-HEE,  a.    That  may  be  given. 
DO'N.l-CITE,  n.    A  pctrifted  shell,  of  the  genus  Di^ 

nax.  ./ameson, 

DO'NA-UY,  n.     [L.  donarium,  from  t/oMo,  to  Kive:] 
A  thing  given  to  a  sacred  use.    [JAtllc  u.ted.] 

Jokasom* 
DO-Na'TIO.V,  n.    [L.  donaiiot  from  dono,  lo  give;  Ff. 
donner.] 

I.  The  act  of  giving  or  bestowing ;  a  grant. 

That  ristit  wc  liolil  by  liis  donnlion.  MdloiL 

5.  In  /aWj  the  act  or  contract  by  which  a  thing,  or 
the  use  of  il,  is  transferred  to  a  jierson,  or  corpom* 
lion,  as  a  free  gift.  To  be  valid,  a  donation  suppmri 
capacity  both  in  the  donor  to  give,  and  donee  lo  take, 
and  reipiires  consent,  delivery,  and  accepiatire. 

3.  That  which  is  given  or  bestowed  ;  that  which  ll 
tnmsferred  lo  another  gratuitously,  or  without  a  val- 
uable consideration  ;  a  gift  ;  a  grant.  Donation  If 
usually  applied  to  things  of  more  value  than  prt§- 
ent.  Mr.  Roudinot  made  a  donation  of  ten  thousand 
dollars  to  tlie  American  Hihie  Society. 

DUi\'A-TISM,  w.  'I'he  principles  embraced  by  th-  ■ 
African  schismatics,  of  the  -llh  ccntur>*,  who  U' r^ 
called  IJonatists,  from  Donatiuiy  tlieir  lcad»r.  'Mity 
were  so  strenuous  for  church  order,  that  they  con- 
sidered theirs  as  the  only  true  rlmrch,  and  ilii"  ordi- 
nances administered  in  other  cliurclies  a.-  invalid. 

DO.N'A  TIST,  n.  Aw  adherent  of  the  schism  of  Do- 
natus. 

nO,\-A-TIST'ie,  a.    Pertaining  to  Donatism. 

DON'A-'i'IVE,  w.  [Sp.  and  It.  donatico  ;  h.  donatitum, 
from  dono,  lo  give.] 

1.  A  gift ;  a  largess  ;  a  gmluity  ;  a  present ;  a  dolft. 

The  Romaa*  were  cuteitAtncd  with  »bava  tuvl  dotvuhft. 

Dryis%. 

2.  In  the  canon  lair,  a  benefice  given  and  collated 
to  a  [Krrson,  by  the  founder  or  patron,  without  either 
presentation,  institution,  or  induction  by  the  ordi- 
nary. Enejfc 

DOM'A-TIVE,  a.  Vested  or  vesting  by  donation  ;  as, 
a  domuinc  advowson.  BlatLttone. 

DO-NE,  (dun,)  pp.  [Sec  Do.]  Performed  ;  executed  ; 
finished. 

2.  A  word  by  which  agreement  to  a  proposal  is  ex- 
pressed ;  as,  in  laying  a  wager,  an  offer  being  made, 
the  (MTson  accepting  or  agreeing  says,  Done ;  that  to, 
it  is  offrecd,  I  agree,  I  accept. 

To  fiave.flonc  tctth  a  {lerson  or  thing,  is  to  ccaae  lo  j 
have  concern  or  bmiiness  with;  to  withdraw  ono'f 
self  from. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WnAT.-MKTE,  PRBY.-PLNE,  MARINE,  BIRD — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQJ.F,  RQQK 


r' 


DOO 


DO-NKE',  n.    [from  L.  dono,  to  give.] 

1.  'I'Jie  persuu  to  whom  a  gilt  or  a  donation  is 
made. 

a.  'J'lie  person  to  whom  lamla  or  tenements  are 
given  or  granted ;  as,  a  douce  in  fee-siiuple,  or  fee- 
l:ii|.  lilaclcdtonc. 

PO-NIF'IiK-OUS,  a.     Bearing  gifts. 

DON'JON,  (iliin'jun,)  n.  [See  Uu.vgeon.]  Tlie 
central  budding,  ur  keep,  of  an  ancient  castle,  to 
which  the  garrison  could  retreat  in  case  of  neces- 
sity. 

DONK'EY,  71.    An  ass,  or  mule,  for  the  saddle. 

DOX'NA ;  the  Enclisii  orthography  of  t/oHa,  the  title 
of  a  la<ly  in  Spain  and  Puitugal. 

nON'NKl),  (dond,)  pi>.     Tut  on  ;  invested  with. 

DON'NISM,  It.  A  cant  term,  in  the  English  universi- 
ties, for  self-imporlance,  or  distance  and  loftiness  of 
carriage.  Huber. 

PO'NOR,  7(.     [from  L.  dono,  to  give.] 

1.  One  who  uives  or  bestows;  one  who  confers 
any  thing  giatuitously ;  a  benefactor. 

2.  One  who  grants  an  estate;  as,  a  conditional 
fee  may  revert  to  tlie  donor,  if  the  donee  has  no  heirs 
of  his  body. 

DON'SHIP,  ".  [See  Hos.]  The  quality  or  rank  of  a 
gentleman  or  knight.  Hudibras. 

DON'ZEL,  n.     [It.]     A  young  attendant ;  a  page. 

Biitlcr. 

DOOB  or  DOUB'GRASS,  n.  A  perennial,  creeping 
grass,  the  Cijnodon  dacty!vn^  highly  prized,  in  Hin- 
dostan,  as  food  for  rattle,  and  acclimated  in  the 
southern  part  of  the  United  States. 

DOO'DLE,  fdoo'dl,)  n.  [Q.u.  dote;  Fr.  radotcr;  Port. 
doudo,  man,  foolish.] 

A  trifler ;  a  simple  fellow. 

POOLE.     See  Dole. 

DOOM,  V.  t.  [Sax.  rfom,  judgment;  dcmmi,  to  deem; 
peilanaiij  to  judge  ;  D.  docmcn,  to  doom,  to  cundcmn  ; 
Pan.  diimmcr  ;  Sw.  diima.  Doom  is  from  the  root  of 
deem,  which  seems  to  coincide  also  with  L.  csthno,  to 
f..ffc;n,  and  perhaps  with  the  tool  p^  condemn.  See 
Peem.] 

1.  To  judge.     [Unusual.] 

Th"vi  (iictil  iioi  doom  soalnclly.  MtUon, 

2.  To  condemn  to  any  punishment ;  to  consign 
by  a  decr.'ie  or  sentence;  as,  the  criminal  is  doomed 
to  chains. 

3.  To  pronounce  sentence  or  judgment  on. 

Alsolves  llic  ]iis[,  and  dooms  llic  guilty  soiils.  Drydcn, 

4.  To  command  autiioritatively. 

Have  I  n  tiuigiic  lo  doom  my  brolhcr'a  dcalli  ?  Slink. 

5.  To  destine  ;  lo  fix  irrevocably  the  fate  or  direc- 
tion of;  as,  we  are  doomed  to  suffer  for  our  sins  and 
errors. 

P.  To  condemn,  or  to  punish  by  a  penalt_\-. 
DOOM,  Ti.     [Sax.  dom  :  D.  doem  ;  Dan.  and  Sw.  dom.] 

1.  Judgment;  judicial  sentence. 

To  SaUn,  finl  in  sin,  his  doom  applied.  UTillon. 

Hence,  t]ie,(f/iaZ  doom,  is  the  last  judgment. 
9.  Condemnation;   sentence;  decree;   determina- 
tion  alTecting  the  f;Ue  or  future   state  of  another ; 
usually  a  determination   to   inflict  evil,  sometimes 
otherwise. 

Revoke  lliat  doom  of  mercy.  SJiak. 

3.  The  state  to  which  one  is  doomed  or  destined. 
To  suffer  misery  is  the  doom  of  sinners.  To  toil  for 
subsistence  is  the  doopi  of  most  men. 

4.  Ruin;  destruction. 

From  Ihn  &.iitic  foes,  at  l.ul,  both  fell  Uieir  doom.  Pope. 

5.  Discrimination.     [Kot  used.'] 
DOOM'AOE,  n,    A  penalty  or  fine  for  neglect. 

JV,  Hampshirr. 

DOOM'£D,  ;»p.  Adjudged;  sentenced;  condemned; 
destined  ;  fated. 

DOOM'FUr.,  a.     Full  of  destruction.  Drayton. 

DOOAI'lNG,p/jr.  .ludging  ;  sentencing  ;  condemning; 
destining. 

POOMS'DaY,  11.  [doom  and  day.]  The  day  of  the 
final  judgment ;  the  great  day  when  all  men  are  to 
be  judged  and  consigned  to  endless  happiness  or  mis- 
er}*. Shak.     Dnjden. 

2.  The  day  of  sentence  or  condemnation.     Shak. 
DOOMS'DaV-IIOOK,  )  71.    A  book  compiled  by  order 
POMES'DaY-IJOOK,  i      of  William  the  Conqueror, 

containing  a  survey  of  all  the  lands  in  England.  It 
consists  of  two  volumes ;  a  large  folio,  and  a  quarto. 
The  folio  contains  382  double  pages  of  vellum,  writ- 
ten in  a  small,  but  plain,  character.  The  quarto  con- 
tains 450  double  pages  of  vellum,  written  in  a  large, 
fair  character.  Enajc. 

DoOR,  n.  Sax.]  dora,  dur,  dare;  G.  fhvr;  D.dcar; 
Sw.  dor;   Dan,  dor;  Gr.  Ovoa  :  W.  dor;  It.  dor  as ; 


Arm.  dor ;   Basque,  dorrca ;   Russ.  deer ;    Persic,  ,i 
dar;  Sans,  dura;  Armenian  turu  :  Ch,  yin  or  NyiP  ; 

Syr.  Pi.j^  ;  At.  A£»J  tar^ahon.  It  is  also  in  the  Sla- 
vonic languages,  Polish,  Bohemian,  Carinthian,  &lc. 


DOR 

The  verb  y*in,\\;^  laro,  in  Ch.  and  Syr.,  signified  to 
trnr  or  cut  open,  to  open,  or  break  open  ;  in  Syr.  also 
to  pray,  to  supplicate,  to  burst,  to  crack  ;  in  Ar.  lo 
rush  headhmg,  to  drive,  to  crowd,  to  fill.  In  Dutch, 
door  is  thrim^h,  G.  durch.  In  Tartar,  thnrne  is  a  door. 
Class  Dr,  No.  42.  The  Hebrew  nya',  a  gate,  seems 
to  be  the  same  wonl  dialectically  varied,  and  the  verb 
coincides  in  sense  with  the  Arabic,  supra,  to  rush. 
The  primary  sense  of  the  verb  is,  to  pass,  to  drive,  to 
msh.    Hence,  a  door  is  a  passage,  or  break.] 

1.  An  opening  or  passage  into  a  liouse,  or  other 
building,  or  into  nny  room,  apartment,  or  closet,  by 
which  persons  enter.  Sucli  a  passage  is  seldom  or 
never  called  a  f^ate. 

2.  The  frame  of  boards,  or  any  piece  of  board  or 
plank  that  shuts  the  opening  of  a  house,  or  closes  the 
entrance  into  an  apartment  or  any  inclosure,  and 
usually  turning  on  hinges. 

3.  \n  familiar  language,  tihowsc;  often  in  the  plu- 
ral, door.'i.  My  house  is  the  first  door  from  tlie  cor- 
ner. We  have  also  the  phrases,  within  doors,  in  the 
house,  wiViout  doors,  out  of  the  house,  abroad. 

4.  Entrance  ;  as,  the  door  of  life.  Dn/den. 

5.  Avenue  ;  passage  ;  means  of  approach  or  access. 
An  unforgiving  temper  shuts  the  door  against  recon- 
ciliation, or  the  door  of  reconciliation. 

I  am  the  door;  by  me  if  any  man  eater  in,  he  shvill  be  eaveil.  — 

John  X. 
A  door  was  opened  to  me  by  ihc  Lord.  — 2  Cor.  ii. 

To  lie  at  the  door,  in  a  figurative  sense,  is  lo  be  im- 
putable or  ciiargeablc  to  one.  If  the  thing  is  wrong, 
the  fault  lies  at  my  door. 

J^eit  door  to  ;  near  to  ;  bordering  on. 

A  riot  unpunished,  is  but  next  door  to  a  tumult.    L'Eetrangt. 
Out  of  door  or  doors ;  quite  gone  ;  no  more  to  be 
found.     [JVot  now  used.]  Dryden. 

In  doors;  within  the  house  ;  at  home. 

DoOR'eASE,  n.     The  frame  which  incloses  a  door. 

DoOR'ING,  71.     A  doorcase.     [jYot  Jlsed.^      Mdton. 

DoOR'-KEEP-EK,  n.  A  porter  ;  one  who  guards  the 
entranceof  a  house  or  apartment. 

DoOR'-NaIL,  71.  The  nail  on  which  the  knocker  for- 
merly struck. 

DoOR'-PoST,  n.    Tlie  post  of  a  door. 

DoOR'-SlLL,  7(.    The  sill  of  a  door. 

DoOR'-STEAD,  u.     Entrance  or  place  of  a  door. 

DoOR'-SToNE,  ».    Step  stone.  [Warhurton. 

DoOR'-\VaY,  n.     The  passage  of  a  door. 

DOCl'UET,  (dok'et,)  n.  A  warrant ;  a  paper  granting 
license.     [See  Docket.]  Bacon. 

DOR,     (  n.     [Qu.  Ir.  dord,  humming,  buzzing,  also 

DORR,  \      rough.] 

Tlie  name  of  the  black-beetle,  or  tlie  hedge-chafer, 
a  species  of  Scarabsus.  We  usually  say,  the  dor- 
beetle. 

DO-Ra'DO,  7i.     [Sp.  dorado,  gilt,  from  dorar,  to  gild.] 

1.  A  southern  constellation,  containing  six  stars, 
called  also  Xiphias;  not  visible  in  our  latitude.  Encijc. 

2.  A  large  fish,  reseniblmg  the  dolphin. 

Diet,  of  J^at.  Hist. 

DO-REE',  n.  The  French  popular  name  of  the  tish 
Zeus  Faber,  of  Linnieus.  The  popular  name  in  Eng- 
lish is  John-Dor6e,  well  known  lo  be  a  corruj)tion  of 
.launc-dorec,  i.e.,  golden-yellow. 

Do'RI-AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  Doris,  in  Greece.  [See 
Dome.] 

DORTC,  a.  [from  Doris,  in  Greece.]  In  o-cHcro/,  per- 
taining to  Doris,  or  the  Dorians,  in  Greece,  who  dwelt 
near  Parnassus. 

In  architecture,  noting  the  second  order  of  columns, 
between  the  Tuscan  and  Ionic.  The  Doric  order  is 
distinguished  for  simplicity  and  strength.  It  is  used 
in  the  gates  of  cities  and  citadels,  on  the  outside  of 
cliurches,  &c. 

The  Doric  dialect  of  the  Greek  language  was  tlie 
dialect  of  the  Dorians,  and  little  different  from  that 
of  Lacedemon.  Encyc. 

The  Do7-ic  mode,  in  m7isic,  was  tlie  first  of  the  au- 
tlientic  modes  of  the  ancients.  Its  character  is  to  be 
severe,  tempered  with  gravity  and  joy.  Encyc. 

D "'RISAI*'^^'  i  "•    ^^  I'l'f^se  of  the  Doric  dialect. 
DOR'iMAN-CY,  77.    [Infra.]     Quiescence.     HorsUy. 
DOR' M  ANT,  a.    [Fr.,  from  dormir,  h.  rform(o,  to  sleep.] 
1.  Sleeping;  hi-nce,  at  rest;  not  in  action  ;  as,  dor- 
mant passions. 

9.  Being  in  a  sleeping  posture;  as,  the  lion  dormant, 
in  heraldry. 

3.  Neglected  ;  not  used  ;  as,  a  dormant  title  ;  dor- 
mant privileges. 

4.  Concealed;  not  divtdged;  private.     [Unusual.] 

Bacon. 

5.  Leaning;  inclining;  not  peri>endicular ;  as,  a 
dormant  window,  supposed  to  be  so  called  from  a 
beam  of  that  name.    This  is  now  written  Dormer 

or  DORMAB. 

Dormant  partner  ;  in  commcrre  and  manufactories,  a 
partner  who  takes  no  sh.Tre  in  the  active  business  of 
a  company  or  partnership,  but  is  entitled  to  a  share 
of  the  profits,  and  subject  lo  a  share  in  losses.  He 
is  called  also  sleeping  partner. 

DOR'MANT,  T7.    A  beam  ;  a  sleeper. 

DOR'MER,  71.     A  beam  ;  a  sleeper 


DOT 

DOR'.MER,  i    n.     A    window    pierced 

DOK'MKU-WIN-DoW,  \  llirnugh  a  eloping  roof, 
and  placed  in  a  smalt  gable  which  rises  on  the  fide  of 
the  roof;  also  written  Dohmaii.     Oloss.  of  Architect. 

DOR'MI-'l'IVE,  iu    [I.,  dormio,  to  eleep.] 

A  medicine  to  promote  sleep ;  an  opiate.  JirbuthjtoL 

DOR'MI-'i'O-RY,  71.  [L.  dormilorium,  from  dormto,  to 
sleep.] 

1.  A  place,  building,  or  room,  to  sleep  in. 

2.  A  gallery  in  convents  divided  into  several  celH, 
wJiere  the  religious  sleep.  Kncye. 

3.  A  buri:d-place.  JlyUjfe, 
DOR'MOUSE,  71. ;  pi.  DoaMtcE.     [L.  aormto,  lo  sleep, 

and  7nousr.] 

Tlie  popular  name  of  the  several  species  of  Myox- 

U3,  a  genus  of  Mammalia  of  ihe  order  Rodenlia. 
DORN,  71.     [G.  dorn,  a  llmrn.] 

A  fish;  perhaps  the  thorn  back,  ono  of  the  R-'iy 

family.  Careic. 

DOR'Nie,  71.     A  epecies  of  linen  cloth. 
DOR'NOCK,  ji.    A  species  of  figure<l  linen,  made  in 

Dornock,  in  Scotland.  Utr. 

Do'RON,  71.    [Gr.  iuipov,  0.  gift;  Soypcoyj  Uufs  daritja, 

lo  give.] 

1.  A  gift  ;  a  present.    [JVy(  in  use.] 

2.  A  measure  of  three  inches.  .^sh. 
DORP,  7?.     TG.  dorf;  D.  dorp  ;  Sw.  and  Dan.  torp;  W. 

irev.     See  Tribe.] 
A  small  village. 

DORR.    See  Dob. 

DORR,  V.  I.    To  deafen  with  noise.     [J^'ot  in  t«e.] 

DOK'RER,  71.     A  drone.     [Ao(  in  use^ 

DOR'SAL,  a.     [from  L.  ilvrsum,  the  back.| 

Pertaining  to  the  back  ;  as,  the  dorsal  fin  of  a  fish  ; 
dorsal  awn,  in  botany. 

DORSE,  71.     A  canopv.  Sutton. 

DOR'SEL.     See  Dosser. 

DOR-SI-BRANCH'I-ATE,  a.  Having  the  branchia; 
equally  distributed  along  the  body,  as  an  order  of  an- 
nelidans. 

DOR-SIF'ER-OUS,  ;a.     [L.  dorsutn,  the  back,  and 

DOR-SI  P'AR-OUS,  1     fcro,  or  pario,  to  bear.! 

In  botany,  bearing  or  producing  seeds  on  the  back 
of  their  leaves  ;  an  epitlift  given  to  ferns  or  plunis  of 
the  capillary  kind,  without  stalks.  Encijc. 

DOR'SUM,  H.     [L.]    The  ridge  of  a  hill.       n'hlton. 

DOR'TIJRE,  n.  [Contraction  of  domiiturc.]  A  dormi- 
tory.    [JVy(  in  -use.]  Bacon. 

DOSE,  71.  [Fr.  dose;  It.  dosa;  Gr.  ^'"if,  that  whicJi  is 
given,  from  6i6<Jtti,  to  give  ;  W.  dodi,  to  give.] 

1.  The  quimlity  of  medicine  given  or  prescribed  to 
be  taken  at  one  time.  Q^aincy. 

2.  Any  thing  given  to  be  swallowed;  any  thing 
nauseous  that  one  is  obliged  lo  take.  SonVi. 

3.  A  cjuantity  ;  a  portion.  Orattville. 

4.  As  inucli  as  a  man  can  swallow.  Johnson. 
DoSE,  V.  t.     [Fr.  dosCT.] 

1.  To  proportion  a  medicine  properly  to  the  patient 
or  disease  ;  to  form  into  suitable  doses.      Dcrham. 

2.  To  give  in  doses  ;  to  give  medicine  or  physic. 

3.  To  give  any  thing  nauseous. 

DOS'£D,  (dost,)  pp.  Given  in  doses ;  fonned  into  suit- 
able doses;  physicked. 

DoS'ING,  ppr.     Forming  into  doses  ;  phvsicking. 

DOS'SER,  n.     [Fr.  dos,  the  back  ;  dossier,  a  bundle.] 
A  pannier,  or  basket,  to  be  carried  on  the  shoulders 
of  men.  Encyc 

DOS'SIL,  n.  In  surgery,  a  pledget  or  portion  of  lint 
made  into  a  cylindric  form,  or  the  shape  of  a  date. 

DOST,  (dust ;)  the  second  person  of  Do,  used  in  the 
solemn  style  ;  thou  dost. 

DOT,  n.  [I  know  not  the  origin  and  affinities  of  this 
word.  It  would  be  naturally  deduced  from  a  verb 
signifying  to  set,  or  to  prick,  like  pum-Jum,  point.  It 
coincides  in  elements  with  tMoo,  and  W.  dodi,  to  give, 
that  is,  to  thrust,  or  cause  to  pass.] 

A  small  point  or  spot,  made  with  a  pen  or  other 
pointed  instrument;  a  speck,  used  in  marking  a 
writing  or  other  tiling. 

DOT,  V.  t.    To  mark  with  dots. 

2.  To  mark  or  diversify  with  small  detached  ob- 
jects ;  as,  a  landscape  dotted  witli  cottages,  or  clumps 

DOT,  V.  i.    To  make  dots  or  spots.  [of  trees. 

Do'TAGE,  n.  [from  dote.]  Feebleness  or  imbecility 
of  understandmg  or  mind,  particularly  in  old  age; 
childishness  of  old  age  ;  as,  a  venerable  man,  now  in 
his  dotage. 

2.  A  doting;  excessive  fondness.  Drydcn. 

3.  Deliriousness.    [See  the  verb  to  Dote.] 
Do'TAI.,  a.     [Fr.  from  L.  dot/xlis,  from  das,  doxver.] 

Pertaining  to  dower,  or  a  woman's  marriage  por- 
tion ;  constituting  dower,  or  comprised  in  it ;  as,  a 
dotal  town.  Qarth. 

Do'TAXT,  71.     A  dotard.  Shak. 

Do'TARD,  n,  [dott  and  ard,  kind.]  A  man  whose 
intellect  is  impaired  by  age  ;  one  in  his  second  child- 
hood. 

The  sickly  doiard  wants  a  wife.  Pnor. 

2.  A  doting  fellow  ;  one  foolishly  fond. 
Do'TARD-LY,  a.     Like  a  dotard  ;  we;ik.  Mort. 

DO-Ta'TION,  n.  [L,  dotatio,  from  dos,  dower,  doto, 
to  endow  ] 

I.  The  act  of  endowing,  or  bcsiow^ing  a  marnaBe 
portion  on  a  woman. 


TONE,  BULL,  tINITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.— €  as  K ;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


46 


361 


1)  O  V 


-■tem^  lo   tlutr,  to  Ui> 


iitii   for  Atiiv 

|<r^-■f.\^.u.'t. 


i. 


.  ,    to    luw    III''   IuUIUlI  IIUlMllta 

ininj  wandeni  or  wav»ni :  tu  be 


ly  Willi  am  ur 
Ytnivnfance. 


-I        FoM. 

-Ka-k.  n-i. 

U.  To  ilccay  ;  tu  wiltior  ;  lu  Impair.         tlint4on. 
DAT'Kl>,vp.     kcKanlcd  wltii  cxccmIvc  fundncw. 

wliu  dutm;  a  iitiin  whutw  tiiidrr- 
1  J  by  a(i*.i ;  a  ilolard.        ifurtoiu 

- 1  icc<wlvcly  finul,  urwonkly  iu  love. 

liiii*  or  cndowiDciiU).      Ben  Jonson. 
Tlie  third  |icrM>n  Irrcgubr  uf  J(>,  iiKt'd 

iiiii  stylo. 

i '«    1    I  Nii,  ypr.  or  a.     llcgardlng  witb  uxcciulve  fund- 

I  \(;-i  >■  ,t  .V  c-v  ,.,,  --v..  fundnesif.  Dryden. 
!>>'  culling.  Hfteon. 
1  ttot-H  or»ni;dl  f^puls  ; 

■-.i.i  .;. : 1  object. 

tL  lu  frdfuuy,  Hprinklcd  with  hollow  dot^  or  [nints. 

wt/urfyji. 
Ill  1 1    ii'w  ri,.  >  ri.     The  jKipular  nni/ie  of  Cliiiradriiis 
i      .MoririilluH  a^  Linnaeus,  a  fowl  of 
.  r:illff.     i*f<i  Dvtirfl  it  thf  pojitilnr  nninr  of 

u  rprf9  of  Linnuud  ;  likuwUc  of  hid  order 

iinilla-.     .\lir«t  of  the  species  of  Cli:imdriii:5  arc  culled 


popularly  Plurerj. 
It  ki  I     ' 


i  Mid  to  b(.>ailUy  bird^whlch  Imttatcatheartinn 
of  tbo  fowler,  and  is  easily  taktn  by  AtiutJigciii. 
Ilencv  tbu  fVvqucnt  ollunlons  to  tlii^  bird  in  the  old 

unt.T.  TOOHC. 

■pr.     Marking  with  dots  or  Spots  ;  dlvcrsi- 
Mnall,dc-tacht-d  objcclK. 

■  l."..a-nftT',)  n.     [Fr.]  An   officer  of 
U*.    I  i>..  Oratf. 

DOl'   •  I<*o'i,)  n.      [from  Dmuty,  a  town 

111    1  Kngtijih  Imnttlation  of  llie  Scrip- 

;  Uit>  Roman  Catholic  church. 
J.      [Fr.  double  :    Arm.  dvuht ;  Pp. 
lu  aappio  ;  W.  dublgff  ;  U.dubbel; 
ti.  ■  bbfU;  ijw.  dubbeii    L.  duplu-i^  da- 

fin  ,  .    compounded  of  t/iio,  two,  and 

pU<    ,  ..Tfnld.     See  Two.] 

1.  1 1^1^  ul  ii  frort  together;  one  correspondiiiE  lo 
Iho  other  ;  hi'mj:  in  p:\ir.-i ;  ad,  difnblt  cliickcn^  in  iJic 
Kunc  ec(E ;  double  lcavr»  cunntcted  by  one  pctiolf. 

2.  Twice  OS  inudi;  containing  the  same  ()iianliiv 
or  lenglJj  repeated. 

T»kK  dtjuiit  monr/  ia  TDor  hiod.  — Gen.  xUQ. 

hei  ft  liattilt  pyriLM  otthj  i|irf(  te  oa  me.  — U  Klnj^  U. 

With  to  f  at,  Iho  amount  la  doubU  lo  what  1  ex- 
pected. 

3.  Ilavinc  one  added  to  another  j  as,  tx  dmihU  OAxi. 

4.  Twofold  ;  also,  of  two  kinds. 

I^  '     'U  DlpbL  £hyfm. 

.S-  -ight  or  sound.  [Sec 

^"-  Davics. 

Ill ,  ;icijag  two  parts,  one  openly,  the 
f'l. 

•  ::i  a  rfMi&:«  bmt  do  ibrr  tpeak.  —  f^  zB. 
OOUO'LB.  (dub^,)  oJc.    Twice. 

1  *iu  daubU  Ujrtf  hgr,  Aa^ 

1    coini»os  Hon,  dcnutira    two    ways,  or 
iiimb<T  cr  quanllly. 

■ ..\NK-f:i),  {dub'l-bankt,)   a.     In  seaman- 

aktf,  tiavini  two  opp(>:(itp  or\ni  mannprr-d  by  rowers  on 
the  luno  U-nch,  of  having  two  m..n  to  the  same  oar. 

DOUBI.E-DARTIEUED,  a.    Having  two  b!iiTcl.H!*aa 

a  rin. 
l.,M  11  :     \:<<\-    .,.    The  lowest  loned  initniment 
fa  vk-ltn. 
''•.a.     Itltlng  or  cimin|{  on  eltlicr 
''«;r  M-  Ihyden. 

N-tP,  (dub':-bijt'nd,)  a.     Having 
Oay. 
•  i  -,  r.  I.    To  charge  or  intrust  with 
Siuk. 
m,  pji.     Cbargcd    or    Intrusted 

laTRins  or  intruirting 

\,r.  Trf* »«-..  .itrftrcnt 

'  IU'-  ;  a 

■    thintr 

■  ,  —    .....:>  of  du- 

^i»^-^">*  L'Eatramge, 

DOUB'LE-DRAI/INO,  *.     ArUflcc  ;   dupIicHy  ;    dc- 


DOU 

I  eeitfiil  pmrilce  ;  tlio  profeMlon  of  one  thing  and  the 
t<r.i<  n>r  >.\'  iiiKilhor.  Skak.    Broome. 

I'VF,  p.  f.     To  dye  iwico  over,     th-ffdcn. 
i:iKi  f.'Ii,  ti.     Having  iwu  fdgrii. 
'  .\-  1'i.yDHH,      tdiM.b'l-anUH'dr,)     n. 
M'ltning  of  a  word  or  expremion. 
■  >,  (dub'l-lde,)  a.     Having  a  deceit- 
Spetuer. 
LX'jLii  l.i:  l..\  IKV,  R.     .\  modr  of  bM>kkruplng  In 
whi'ti  iwit  enlrii-d  aro  made  of  every  lrun?«artiuri  in 
diflerent  furniti  tiud  in  dlltVrent  bouko,  lu  ordi-r  llmt 
tlie  one  nmy  chuck  thi*  oUht. 
UflUH'LK-FAOK,   h.     Duplicity  ;    ihu   aclinR  of  dif- 

fefiMiI  iKirlH  iti  ihi'  suiiiL-  concern. 
DOUIlLK-rAC  >:i>,(dub'l-r-.-ite,)a.     DoceitHiI ;  hyp- 

ocritjt'iil;  slmu  nif:  two  fiic*-s.  Jitillnn, 

DOUIl  l.K-KtiK.M  /JD.a.     Ufa  mixed  form.  MiUon. 

u^i'ii'i.K  rditri  rr  *:i),     (dub'i-forWfide,)    a. 

Twicr  Ii.rtir'hd  ;  doubly  tilrenctbened. 

UOL'l('Li:-FuL  N  T-IiO,  a.     Having  two  Mmrcctt. 

MUten. 

DOUD'LE-FRONT'ED,  (dub'I-frunt'cd,)  o.  Having 
a  double  front. 

DOUB'LE-GILlJ,r.  L    To  gild  with  double  coloring. 

Shak. 

l)f»Un'r<E-f:rLD'ED,  pp.    cut  wlUi  double  adoring. 

HOUU'I.i;-IIAND'El>,  a.  Having  two  handn;  de- 
ceitful. aianvdU. 

nCiUII'I,l*-nKArVED,  a.     Having  two  head*. 
2.  Huvliig  llie  flowers  growing  one  lu  another. 

JUoriiauT. 

DOUB'LK-HEXKT'El),  (dub'l-hilrt'cd,)a.  Having  a 
fiiHe  henrl ;  deceitful  ;  treacherous. 

DCiUK'Ll^-I.OCK,  r.  £.  To  shoot  the  bolt  twice  ;  to 
fasten  with  double  Hecurily.  Taller. 

nOi;B'LI-;-I.OCK'KI),(dub'l-lokt,)p/..  Twice  locked. 

DOUB'LIv-LUCK'INO,  ppr.  Fastening  with  double 
t^ecnnlv. 

LIOUH'LE-MAN  N/:D,  a.  Furnished  with  twice  the' 
complement  of  men,  or  wilh  two  men  instead  of 
one. 

DOI.'iri.r,  .MkAN'I.N'G,  a.     Having  two  menningtt. 

DOUU'LE-MI.VD-F-D,  «.  Having  differtrnt  minds  at 
ditferent  tiriu's  ;  un^^ellled  ;  wnvL-ring;  unstable;  un- 
d<'tiTii)ine<).  ' 

DOlfB'LE-.MOUTH-fD,  o.     Having  two  mouths. 

Milton. 

DOUB'LE-NA'TUR-En,  o.    Having  a  twofold  nature. 

Young. 

DOUB'LE-OC-TAVE,  n.  In  miwtc,  nn  intennl  com- 
povrd  of  two  octaves  or  fifteen  notes  in  diatonic 
prosres-ion  ;  a  fillecnth.  Kuq/c 

DoUU'I.U-IM^kA,  n.  In  /mo,  a  plea  in  which  the  de- 
fendant alleges  two  different  matters  in  bar  of  the 
action.  Cowcl. 

DCiVli'LK~<:Hh%RKEhj  n.  A  complaint  of  ihe  clerk 
to  the  archbishop  agamst  an  inferior  ordinary,  for 
delav  of  ju.'<llce.  Oncel. 

nOUIt'LE-SHADE,r.  (.  To  double  the  natural  dark- 
ness of  a  place.  MUton. 

DOUB'LE-SIIAU'ED,  j,p.     Made  doubly  dark. 

DOUB'LE-SHAD'ING,  ppr.  Doubling  the  natural 
darkncSA  of  a  ptnce. 

DOUB'LE-SHTN'ING,  a.    Shining  with  double  lusier. 

Sulnrt/. 

DOUB'LE-STXR,  n.  A  star  which  usually  appears 
single,  but  in  ihe  telescope  is  resolved  into  two  stars. 

D.  OlTJistcd. 

DOUR'I.E-THREAD'ED,  Cdiih'l-thrca'ed,)  a  Con- 
sIslinK  of  two  threads  twisted  loguther. 

DOUB'I.E-'rft\GLT-£D,Mub'l  tnngd,)n.  Makingcon- 
tmry  dcclarnlions  on  the  same  subject  at  different 
times  j  deceitful. 

Til'  ilf-^coiu  mmt  be  jfraTe,  tioi  douhU-lonfutd. —  1  Tim.  iiL 

DOUB'LE,  (dub'I,)  r.  L  [Ft.  douhUr  ;  Arm.  dmtbla; 
Sp.  doblar;  Port,  dobrar;  It.  doppiare ;  D.  dvbbdtn ; 
G.  doppeln;  Dan.  doblercr;  Sw.  dublera;  Ir.  dublaig- 
him  ;  W.  dvbhigv  ;  L.  dupUco  ;  Gr.  ^iirAow.] 

1.  To  fold  ■  as,  to  double  Ihe  leaf  of  a  book  ;  to 
doubU  down  a  comer.  Prior, 

2.  To  increase  or  extend  by  adding  an  equal  sum, 
value,  quantity,  or  length  ;  as,  to  double  a  sum  of 
money  ;  to  dauhlc  the  amount ;  to  double-  llie  quantity 
or  size  of  a  tliiug  ;  to  double  the  IcngUi ;  to  double 
dishonor. 

3.  To  contain  twice  the  sum,  quantity,  or  length, 
or  twice  as  much  ;  as,  the  enemy  doubles  om  army  in 
numbers. 

4.  To  repeat ;  to  add  :  as,  lo  double  blow  on  blow. 

Drtfden 

5.  To  add  one  to  anollier  in  the  same  order. 

TVjm  idJl  riouUt   the  Mx(h  cart.\ln   In   Oio   (on  frout  of  Uw 
ul»fn*Ue.  —  Kx.  xxri. 

6.  In  navigation,  tn  double  a  cape  or  point,  Is  to  sail 
round  It,  eo  that  the  cape  or  point  shall  be  between 
thr  ship  and  her  former  situation.  Mar.  IXct. 

7.  In  military  a^irs,  to  unite  two  ranks  or  files  in 
one. 

To  double  and  twist  In  to  odd  one  tlirend  to  another 
and  twist  them  toRetiier. 

Todoublruporijin  UcUcs, IS  to  Inclnw  between  two 
Ores. 
DOUB'LE,  r.  i.    To  Increase  to  twice  the  mim,  num-  i 


DOU 

ber,  value,  quantity,  or  length  ;  lo  increase  or  grow 
lo  twice  as  murh.  A  sum  of  money  doubUs  by  com- 
iwuiid  interest  in  a  little  more  than  i-leveii  yean*.  Tlie 
inhabitants  of  the  United  ^laU's  double  in  about  twcn- 
ty-flveyean>. 
S.  To  enlarge  a  wager  lo  twice  the  fum  laid. 

I  ua  molvnl  to  doubU  iJll  1  wio.  Drydnt, 

3.  To  turn  back  or  wind  in  running. 

DoubUng  lutJ  tunthif  lik«  ft  liuiiU^d  luai-,  thydtm. 

4.  'I'o  play  tricks  ;  to  use  sletghL4.  Johnfon. 
U.  Among  partieji^Ui  set  up  the  same  tvordor  words, 

unintentionally,  n  second  lime. 
DOUll'LE,   n.     Twice  ac  nmch ,  twice  the  numb«*, 
sum,  value,  quantity,  or  length. 

IftJio  iLlef  l«- fixind,  l<-t  lilm  p>jr  rfcubTf.  —  Ex.  ztl. 

2.  A  turn  in  running  to  escape  purfiuerv. 

BlaeXmort. 

3.  A  trick  ;  a  shift  ;  an  artifice  to  deceive.  Jiddi^on, 
DOUIl'Lf;i>,   (doub'ld,)  ;y.      Folded;    incrcus-d    by 

adding  an  eijual  qijunlity,  sutn,  or  value;  n iieoli d { 
turned  orpas^r-d  round. 
I)Ol'lt'M:M>-.<,  H.     The  stale  of  being  doubled. 

'J.  Duplicity.  [Shak, 

DOL'U'IiER,  ri.     He  that  doubles. 

'2.  An  instrument  for  augmenting  a  very  smaM 
qiiautity  of  el-ctricity,  so  as  to  render  it  manifest  bjr 
sparks  or  the  electrometer.  Cyt, 

DOUB'LET.  (dub'lel.)  n.     [IL  duibUad;  Fr.  duublet.] 

1.  The  inner  garment  of  a  man;  a  wai:ilcoat  or 
vest. 

2.  Two  ;  a  pair.  Oretf. 

3.  A  word  or  phrase  unintentionally  doublc*i^  orset 
up  the  second  time,  by  printers. 

■I.  Among  lapiJuriciy  a  counlrrfcit  stone  compoaed 
of  two  pieces  of  crystal,  with  a  color  beiween  them, 
£o  that  they  have  the  same  appeanince  as  If  the 
whole  substance  of  the  cryitlal  were  colored.    /><ye. 

DOUB'LET.S,  ri.     A  game  on  dice  within  inldLS. 
^.  The  sanic  number  on  both  dice  Kneye. 

'3.  A  double  meaning.  .Vtutrn. 

UOl-JB'LI.N'G,  ppr.  .Making  twice  the  sum,  numtier,or 
quantity  ;  repeating;  passing  round  ;  turning  to  cs* 
cape. 

DOuB'LING,  n.  The  act  of  making  double;  al«o,  a 
fold  ;  a  plait ;  also,  an  artifice  ;  a  shin. 

DOUB-LOOX',  (dub-loon',)  n.  [Vr.doithlon;i^p.dobUni 
It.  dob  blonr.] 

A  Bpnnif^h  and  Portuguese  coin,  being  double  Itw 
value  of  the  pistole.  Kneye, 

DOUU'LY,  (dub'ly,)  adc.  In  twice  the  quuniily;  to 
twice  the  degree ;  as,  doubly  wise  or  good  ;  lo  ba 
doubly  sensible  of  an  obligation.  Drydtn, 

DOUItT,  (doul,)  r.  !.  {Fr.  douUr  ;  ij.dubito:  Ii.  rfg- 
bitore  ;  Sj>.  diidar ;  Ann.  doucti.  .According  lo  Ain*- 
wortti,  this  IS  composed  of  dna  and  hito.  to  go.  It  li 
evidently  from  the  root  of  Jtibiu*, and  q\  two  ;  bullbe 
manlier  of  furmalion  is  not  clear.  Ho  D.  twiifftlrn^  to 
doubt,  G.  z\ocifdn,  Sw.  tvijla^  D.  (eir/rr,  are  froio 
dro.] 

1.  To  waver  or  fluctuate  in  opinion  ;  to  hesitate; 
to  be  in  suspense ;  to  be  in  uncertainty  resixxtlng 
llie  truUi  or  fact ;  lo  bo  undetermined. 

Krcn  In  mstt-n  <livin<?,  cooccminr  win':  tilings,  wr  ituit  Livfiil' 
lyrfouilaini  iM»;>riid  our  Juuirmeiit.  Itocktr. 

So  we  say,  I  doubt  whether  it  is  proiK-r ;  I  doubt 
whether  I  sliall  go  ;  sometimes  with  of,  us  wc  d»ubt 
of  a  facL 

5.  To  fear ;  to  be  apprehensive  ;  to  suspect. 

I  rlovbt  then'*  dcp  m^ratmcnt  la  liu  mind.  OtKay. 

DOUItT,  (doul,)  r.(.  To  question  or  hold  questiona- 
ble ;  to  withhold  assent  from  ;  to  Insiiatetn  belir^-ej 
ai>,  I  have  heard  tlie  stor>',  but  I  doubt  the  Initli  of  iL 

2.  To  fear  ;  to  suspect. 

If  ihrr  tiUTi  not  batk  pcrrcne; 
But  ttut  I  (bruU.  Mlton. 

3.  To  distrust;  to  withhold  confidence  from;  oa, 
to  dmtbt  our  ability  to  execute  an  office. 

To  lulinlri'  BWfx^rior  »cn»?,  anJ  doubt  Uicir  own.  Popi. 

4.  To  nil  with  fear.     [Obs.]  Btaum. 
DOUBT,  (doul,)  n.     A  fluctuniion  of  mind  reopening 

truth  or  propriety,  arising  from  defect  of  knowbilur' 
orevidcncc;  uncertainty  of  mind  ;  suspense;  uw-iX- 
tied  state  of  opinion  ;  as,  to  liave  doubts  ns^pecimg 
the  theory  of  the  tides. 

Joseph  U  without  doahl  rent  in  pkrc^fl.  ^ Geo.  xzxvU. 

5.  Uncertainty  of  condition. 

Thy  lifr  khill  h»ng  in  cfout*  ly:fore  Uiec.  —  De«t  xxt'JI. 

3.  Suspicion ;  fear ;  apprehension. 

I  stand  in  doubt  c/f  jou.  — GaL  k. 

4.  Difficulty  objected. 

To  cYciT  doubt  your  loftwcr  la  the  Kune.  Hbukmon, 

5.  Dread  ;  horror  and  danger.     [Obn.] 
DOUBT'A-BLE.  a.    That  may  be  doubted.   Shmeood. 
DOUBT'ED,   (dbut'ed,)  pp      Scrupled;    questloDed; 

not  certain  or  settled. 
DOUBT'ER,  n.     One  who  doubts  ;  one  whose  opinion 

is  unsettled  ;  one  who  scruples. 
DOUIlT'FyL,  a.     Dubious  ;   not  settled  in  opinion  ; 

undetermined  ;  wavering;  hesitating;  applied  to  per- 


TK.  FAR,  F^IX,  WH^^T.— M£T£,  PIL^Y — HNE,  MART.VE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQQK.— 


36i 


DOV 

sons ;  as,  we  are  doubtful  of  a  fact,  or  of  the  propriety 
of  a  measure. 

2.  Dubious ;  ambiguous ;  not  clear  in  \xb  meaning  j 
as,  a  ilnubtful  expression. 

3.  Admitting  of  doubt ;  not  obvious,  clear,  or  cer- 
tain ;  questioniible;  not  decided  ;  as,  a  rfoui(/ui  case  ; 
a  doubtful  proposition  ;  it  is  doubtful  what  will  be  the 
event  of  ilie  war. 

4.  Of  uncertain  issue. 

We  haTe  BiuLiiitcd  one  day  in  doubtful  fight.  Milton. 

5.  Not  secure  j  suspicious ;  as,  we  cast  a  doubtful 


eye. 


Hooker. 


6.  Not  confident  J    not  without  fear;    indicating 
doubt. 

Willi  doubtful  feet,  and  waveriBg  resolution.  itfUion. 

7.  Not  certain  or  defined  ;  as,  a  doubtful  hue. 

Mdton. 
I>CUBT'FUL-LY,  adv.    In  a  doubtful  manner  ;  dubi- 
ously. Spenser. 

2.  IVith  doubt ;  irresolutely. 

3.  Ambiguously  ;  with  uncertainty  of  meaning. 

Nor  did  the  goddess  doubtfully  cieclare.  Dryden, 

A.  In  a  state  of  dread.     [0^5.]  Spenser. 

DOUBT'FJJL-NESS',  n.  A  state  of  doubt  or  uncer- 
tainty of  mind  i  dubiousness  j  suspense;  instability 
of  o])iTiion.  fVatts. 

-2.  Ambiguity;  uncertainty  of  meaning.     Lochc. 
3.  Uncertainty  of  event  or  issue ;  uncertainty  of 
condition.  Johnson. 

DOUBT'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Wavering  in  mind;  caihngin 

question ;  hesitating. 
DOUBT'ING-LY,£Kfr.    In  a  doubting  manner;  dubi- 
ously ;  without  confidence. 
DOUBT'LESS,a.    Free  from  fear  of  danger;  secure. 
lObs.] 

PreUy  child,  sleep  doub'lesa  and  secure.  Shak. 

DOUBT'LESS,  adv.  Without  doubt  or  question  ;  un- 
questionably. The  histories  of  Christ  by  the  evan- 
gelists ure  doubtless  authentic. 

DOUBT'LESS-LY,  adv.     Unquestionably.     Bcaum. 

DOU'CED,  (doost,)  7?.     [from  Fr.  douce.'] 

A  musical  instrument      [J^ot  in  iisc]       Chanct-r. 

DOU'CET,  71.     [Fr.     A  custard.]     [JVy£  i;t  i«e.] 

DOU'CEuR,  (doo'sur,)  n,     [Fr.,  from  doiix,  sweet,  L. 
didcis.] 
A  present  or  gift ;  a  bribe. 

DOUCHE,  (doosh,)  n.  A  jet  or  current  of  water,  di- 
rected with  considerable  force  on  to  some  diseixsed 
part  of  the  body  with  a  view  to  strengthen  it. 

DOU'CJNE,  (doo'seen,)  n.  [Fr.J  A  molding,  concave 
above  and  convex  below,  serving  as  a  cymatium  to  a 
delicate  cornice  ;  a  cymagola.  Enajc. 

DOUCK'ER,  71.  [See  Duck.]  A  bird  that  dips  or 
dives  in  water  ;  a  diver.  Ray- 

DoUGH,  (do,)  V.  [Sas.rfoA;  Ti.deeg;  Sw.de^:  Dan. 
dej  ;  G.  teig:  Probably  a  soft  mass,  and  perhaps  al- 
lied to  thick.     See  Class  Dg,  No.  8,  17,  91, 2"2,  3(5.] 

Paste  of  bread ;   a  mass    composed  of  flour  or 
meal  moistened  and  kneaded,  but  not  baked. 

My  cake  is  dourrh ;  that  is,  my  undertaking  is  not 
come  to  maturitv.  Shak. 

DoUGH'-BaK-£D,  (do'bakt,)  a.  Unfinished ;  not 
hardened  to  pt-rfection;  soft.  Dnjuie. 

D6UGH'-K.\r:AD-ED,  a.     Soft  ;  like  dous?h.  S^Idton. 

DoUGU'NUT,  n  [dough  and  nut.']  A  small  round- 
ish cake,  made  of  flour,  eggs,  and  sugar,  moistened 
with  milk  and  boiled  in  lard. 

DOUGH'TI-LY,  (dow'te-le,)  ad.    With  douglitiness. 

DOUGH'TI-NESS,  (dou'ti-ness,)  t?.  [See  Doughtt.] 
Valor ;  bravery. 

DOUGH'T  V,  (dou'ty,)  a.  [Sax.  dohtig,  brave,  noble  ; 
Dan.  dygtig,  able,  fit ;  Sax.  dugan,  to  be  able  or 
strong,  to  be  good ;  D.  deugen;  G.  latigcn;  Sw.  daga; 
Dan.  duer ;  liencc,  Sax.  t/ir n-ot/t,  v;ilor,  strength,^  or 
virtue;  Ir.  rfeao-A,  rfirt«'A,good  ;  allied,  probably,  to  L. 
deceo.    See  Decent.] 

Brave  ;  valiant ;  eminent ;  noble  ;  illustrious  ;  as, 
a  doughty  hero.  Pope. 

It  is  now  seldom  usad,  except  in  irony  or  burlesque. 

DoUGH'Y,  (do'Oj)  a.  Like  dough  ;  soft;  yielding  to 
pressure ;  pale.  Sluik. 

DOUSE,  V.  t.  [This  word  seems  to  accord  with 
dowse^  or  rather  with  the  Gr.  fh;  i,  Juc-is-] 

1.  To  thrust  or  plunge  into  water. 

2.  In  seavien'*s    lanaitagc,  to   strike    or    lower  in 
haste  ;  to  slacken  suildeiily.    Douxc  the  topsail. 

3.  To  extinguish. 

DOUSE,  u.i.    To  fall  suddenly  into  watLT.  Hiulibras. 

DOUS'£D,  (doust,)  pp.    Plunged  into  water. 

DOUS'ING,  ppr.    Plunging  into  water. 

DOUT,  v.  t.     [Clu.  do  out.]     To  put  out;  to  extinguish. 

SluHi. 

DOUT'ER,  It.    An  extinguisher  for  candles. 

DOU^ZeAVE,  (doo'zeeve,)  71.     [Fr.  dome,  twelve.] 
In  m\isicy  a  scale  of  twelve  degrees.  A.M.  Fisher. 

DOVE,  (duv,)  71.  [Sax.  duua  ;  Goth,  dubo ;  D.  duifi 
G.  tavbe;  Dan.  dun;  S\v.  dufva;  Ice.  dufa;  Gypsy, 
tovadei;  Hindoo,  tabbeta-  i  Scot,  douo  ;  probably  from 

cooing,  Ilcb.  231,  to  murmur,  or  Ar.  C^V-a.^  hatafa, 
to  coo,  aa  a  dove.] 


DOW 

I.  The  popular  name  of  Fcveral  species  of  Colum- 
ba,  of  IJnna^us,  a  gf^nus  of  birds  of  his  order  Passe- 
res,  must  of  whicli  are  called  pigeons.  The  dif- 
ferent sijccies,  which  are  popularly  called  doves,  are 
distinguished  by  some  additional  term  prefixed. 

A  word  of  endearment,  or  an  emblem  of  innocence. 
—  Cant.  ii.  11. 

D0VE'-€OT,  (duv'-kot,)  n.  A  small  building  or  box, 
raised  to  a  considerable  hight  above  the  ground,  in 
wiiich  domestic  pigeons  breed. 

DOVE'-HOUSE,  n.    A  house  or  shelter  for  doves. 

DOVE'LET,  n.     A  young  or  small  dove.  Booth. 

DOVE'LIKE,  a.     Resembling  a  dove.  Milton. 

Do'VER'S  POAV'DER,  n.  .\  compound  of  ipecacu- 
anha, opium,  and  sulpliate  of  potash  ;  an  excellent 
sedative  and  sudorific. 

DOVE'S'-FOOT,  7t.  A  plant,  the  jKipular  name  of 
a  species  of  Geranium. 

DOVE'SIIIP,  71.    The  qualities  of  a  dove.  Ifall. 

DOVE'TaIL,  ?i.  In  carpattry,  the  manner  of  fasten- 
ing boards  and  timbers  together  by  letting  one  piece 
into  another  in  the  form  of  a  dove's  tail  spread,  or 
wedge  reversed,  so  that  it  can  not  be  drawn  out. 
This  is  tiie  strongest  of  all  the  fastenings  or  jointings. 

DOVE'TaIJj,  v.  t.  To  unite  by  a  tenon  in  form  of  a 
pijienn's  tail  spread,  let  into  a  board  or  timber. 

DOVE'TaIL-ED,  (duv'tald,)  pp.  or  a.  United  by  a 
tenon  in  tiie  form  of  a  dove's  tail. 

DOVE'TaIL-ING,  ppr.    Uniting  bv  a  dovetail. 

DOVE'TaIL-ING,  71.  The  act  of  joining  by  dove- 
tails ;  the  junction  thus  made. 

DOVISH,  (1.    Like  a  dove  ;  innocent.     [JVbt  in  )«<;.] 

DOW'A-BLE,  (dou'a-bl,)  a.  [See  Doweb.]  That 
may  be  endowed  ;  entitled  to  dower.     Blackstonc. 

DOW'A-GER,  71.    [Fr.  douairicre,  from  douaire,  dower.] 
A  widow  with  a  jointure  ;    a  title  particularly 
given  to  tlie  widows  of  princes  and  persons  of  rank. 
The  widow  of  a  king  is  called  fpucn  doicager. 

DOW'CETS,  71.  pi.    The  testicles  of  a  hart  or  stag. 

B.  Jonson. 

DOWDY,  71.     [Scot,  dawdie,  perhaps  from  daio,  a  slug- 
gard, or  its  root.     Jamicson.] 
An  awkward,  ill-dressed,  inelegant  woman. 

Shak.     Dryden. 

DOWDY, a.    Awkward;  ill-dresscd  ;  vulgar-looking. 

DOW'DY-ISH,  a.    Like  a  dowdy.  [  Gay. 

DOWEL,  V.  t.  To  fasten  two  boards  together  by 
pins  inserted  in  the  edges  ;  as,  a  cooper  dowels 
pieces  for  the  head  of  a  cask.  [Q,u.  its  alliance 
to  dovble.] 

DOW'EL-£D,  pp.    Fastened  by  pins  in  the  edges, 

DOWEL-ING,  p2)r.  Fastening  together  by  dowel- 
pins. 

DOWEL-PIN,  71.  A  i)!n  inserted  in  the  edges  of 
boards  to  fasten  them  together. 

DOWER,  71.  [W.  dawd,  a  gift;  dawni^  to  endow; 
Fr.  douairc,  from  doner,  to  endow.  Supposed  to  be 
from  L.  dos,  dotis,  dotatio  ;  Gr.  dws,  a  gift,  from  ^tt'ojiji, 
to  give,  W.  dodi,  L.  do.  It  is  written  in  the  Latin 
of  the  middle  ages,  dndarium,  dotarium,  douarium. 
Spelman.     In  Ir.  dwbhadtk  is  dower.] 

1.  That  portion  of  the  lands  or  tenements  of  a 
man  which  his  widow  enjoys  during  her  life,  after 
the  death  of  her  husband.  Blackstone. 

[  This  is  the  usual  present  sign  ification  of  the  loord.] 

2.  'I'he  property  which  a  woman  brings  to  her  hus- 
band in  marriage.  Dryden. 

3.  The  gift  of  a  husband  for  a  wife. 

Ask  me  never  so  nmcb  dowry  and  gift.  —  Gen.  xxuv, 

4.  Endowment;  gitt. 

IIow  great,  bow  pleuliful,  Low  rich  &  dower  I  Daoies. 

DOW'ER-£D,  (dow'erd,)  a.    Furnished  with  dower, 

or  a  portion.  SkaJc. 

DOWER-LESS,  a.    Destitute  of  dower;  having  no 

portion  or  fortune.  Shale. 

DOWER-Y,  )  A  different  spelling  of  Doweh,  but  less 
DOWRY,      1       used,  and    they  may  well   be  neg- 

lected. 
DOWLAS,  n.    A  kind  of  coarse  linen  cloth.    Shak. 
DOWLE,  n.     A  feather.     [JVot  in  iisc]  Shak. 

DOWN,  7t.     [Sw.  dun:  D.   dons:  Dan.  duun  ;  Ice.  id. 

In  Sw.   dyna  is  a  feather-bed,  or  cushion ;    Dan. 

dyne.  Arm.  duin,  down.     Q,u.   Class  Dn,   No.  25. 

But  the  primitive  orthography  and  signification  are 

uncertain.] 

1.  The  fine,  soft  feathers  of  fowls,  particularly  of 
the  duck  kind.  The  eider  duck  yields  the  best  kind. 
Also,  fine  hair  ;  as,  the  down  of  the  chin. 

2.  The  pubescence  of  plants,  a  fine  hairy  sub- 
stance. 

3.  'I"he  pappus  or  little  crown  of  certain  seeds  of 
plants  ;  a  fine  feathery  or  hairy  substance  by  which 
seeds  are  conveyed  to  a  distance  by  the  wind  ;  as, 
in  dandelion  and  tiiistle. 

4.  Any  thing  that  soothes  or  mollifies 

Tliuu  bosom  soflncss,  down  of  .itl  my  carea.  Southern, 

DOWN,  7J.  [Sax.  dan ;  D.  duin,  a.  sandy  hill ;  G. 
diine;  Fr.  dune,  pi.  dunes;  Ann.  duncnn,  or  tunenn. 
In  Prrncfi,  danrtte  is  the  highest  part  of  the  poop  of  a 
ship,  and  as  this  appears  to  be  a  diminutive  of  dune, 
it  proves  that  the  primiuy  sense  is  a  hill  or  elevation.] 
1.  A  hank  or  elevation  of  sand  thrown  up  by  the 
sea.  Encijc. 


DOW 

2.  A  term  applied  In  England  to  a  tract  of  poor, 
naked,  hilly  land,  used  only  for  |)asturiiig  s^hcep. 

Brand'-. 

3.  The  Dovyns  ;  a  well-known  road  for  shipping  in 
the  English  Channel,  near  Deal. 

DOWN,  prep.  [Sax.  dun,  adun.  In  W.  dwcyn  is  deep, 
Com.  doun,  Ann.  doun,  Ir.  domliain ;  and  in  WeiKh, 
dan  is  under,  beneath.    In  Russ.  tunu  is  lo  fiink.] 

1.  Along  a  descent  ;  from  a  higher  lo  a  lower 
place ;  as,  to  run  dov^n  a  hill ;  to  fall  dorcn  a  prcci)»ice  ; 
to  go  doivu  the  stairs. 

2.  Toward  the  mouth  of  a  river,  or  toward  the 
place  where  water  ia  discharged  into  the  ocean  or  a 
lake.  We  »tit  or  swim  down  a  stream  ;  we  ?a;I 
down  the  Sound  from  New  York  to  New  j^ndon. 
Hence,  figuratively,  we  pass  down  the  current  of  life 
or  of  time. 

Down  Oie  sound;  in  the  direction  of  the  ebb-tide 
toward  the  sea. 

Doioa  Vi.c  country;  toward  the  Rca,  or  toward  the 
part  where  rivers  discharge  their  waters  into  the 
ocean. 
DOWN,  ado.  In  a  descending  direction  ;  lending 
from  a  higher  to  a  lower  place ;  us,  lie  is  going 
di'Wa. 

2.  On  the  ground,  or  at  the  bottom ;  as,  he  is 
down;  hold  him  down. 

3.  Below  tlie  horizon  ;  as,  the  sun  is  dtncn. 

4.  In  the  direction  from  a  higher  to  a  lower  condi- 
tion ;  as,  his  reputation  \i  going  down. 

5.  Into  disreputt:  or  disgnice.  A  man  may  sorae- 
limes  preacli  down  error  ;  he  may  write  dawn  himself 
or  his  character,  or  run  down  his  rival ;  but  he  can 
ueitiier  preach  nor  write  dmcn  folly,  vice,  or  fashion. 

6.  Into  subjections  into  a  due  consistence ;  as,  to 
boil  down,  in  decoctions  and  culinary  processes. 

7.  .At  length  ;. extended  or  prostrate,  on  the  ground 
or  on  any  fiat  surface ;  as,  to  lie  down  ;  he  is  lying 
dirrcn. 

Up  and  diiwn;  here  and  there;  in  a  rambling 
course. 

It  is  sometimes  used  without  a  verb,  as  down, 
down  ;  in  v.'iiich  cases,  llio  sense  is  known  by  the 
construction. 

Down  witli  a  building,  is  a  command  to  pull  it 
down,  lo  demolish  it. 

Down  with  him,  signifies,  throw  or  take  him  down. 
Down,  down,  may  signify,  come  down,  or  go  down, 
or  take  down,  lower. 

It  is  often  used  by  seamen,  down  with  the  fore- 
sail, &ZC. 

Locke  uses  it  for  go  down,  or  be  received  ;  as,  any 
kind  of  fond  will  dojon;  but  the  use  is  not  elegant, 
nor  legitimate. 

SiduL'y    uses    it   as    a    verb,    "  To    down   proud 
hearts,"  to  subdue  or  conquer  them  ;    but  the  use 
is  not  legitimate. 
DOWN,  a.     Downcast;  plain  ;  dejected. 
DOWN'-BE.aR,  (-bare,)  v.  t.  To  bear  down  ;  lodepress. 
DOWN'-BEAR-iNG,  ;*yr.     Bearing  down. 
DOWN'-BEaR-ING,  n.    Act  of  bearing  down. 
DOWN'-BED,  n.     A  bed  of  down. 
DOWN'CAST,  a.     Cast  downward  ;  directed  to  the 
ground  ;  as,  a  downcast  eye  or  look,  indicating  bash- 
fulness,  modesty,  or  dejection  of  mind. 
DOWN'eAST,  71.    Sadness;  melancholy  look.   [Obs.] 

Beautn, 
DOWN'CAST-ING,  o.    Casting  down  ;  dejecting. 
DOWN'-ED,  a.  Covered  or  stuffed  with  down.  Young, 
DOWN'F  ALL,  n.    A  falling,  or  body  of  things  falling  ; 
as,  the  downfall  of  a  flood.  Dryden. 

2.  Ruin;  destruction;  a  sudden  fall,  or  ruin  by  vio- 
lence, in  distinction  from  .«low  decay  or  declension  ; 
as,  tha  downfall  of  the  Romiui  empire,  occasioned  by 
the  conquests  of  tlic  northern  nations ;  the  downfall  of 
a  city. 

3.  The  sudden  fall,  depressicin,  or  ruin,  of  reputa- 
tion or  estate.  We  speak  of  the  doiDnfall  of  pride  or 
glorj',  and  of  distinguished  characters. 

DOWN'FALL-£N,  (-fawl'n,)  a.    Fallen;  ruined. 

Carcw. 

DOWN'GYV  .ED,  Nivd,)  a.  Hanging  down  like  the 
loose  rin'.ture  of  fetters.  SUrcus. 

DO\'»'N'-HAUL,  71.  In  seamen's  language,  a  roiM? 
passing  ailing  a  stay,  through  the  cringles  of  the  slay- 
sail  or  jib,  and  made  fast  to  Uio  upper  corner  of  the 
sail,  to  haul  it  *iwn.  Mar.  Diet. 

DOWN'HE.'^RT-ED,  a.    Dejected  in  spirits. 

DOWN' HILL,  71.    Declivity  ;  descent ;  slope. 

Ami  lliuiigli  'tis  rfownftfll  .\U.  Dry":/:  :. 

DOWN'IULL,  a.    Declivous;  descending;  sloping. 

A  dcilinhUt  greensward.  Oongrrct. 

DOWN'I-NESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  downy. 

D0WN'LOOK-£D,  (lopkt,)  a.  Having  a  downcast 
countenance  ;  deject-'d  ;  gloomy  ;  sullen  ;  as,  jeal- 
ousy downlooked.  Drydai. 

DOWN'Lt-ING,  n.  The  time  cf  retiring  to  rest; 
time  of  repose.  Cavendish, 

DO\V?C'L?-I\G,  a.  About  to  lie  down  or  bointmvail 
of  rhild-birth.  Johnson. 

DOWN'RIGHT,  (rite,)  adv.  Right  down  ;  straight 
down ;  perpendicularly. 

A  giniit  elcft  doicnright.  '• 


TONE,  BULL,  IfNITE.  —  AN"GER,  VF'CIOUS G  as  K  ;  6  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


DOZ 


DRA 


•i.  In  plain  uthm;  wilbttut  corviiiuny  or  clrcunilo- 
cutiun. 

W  SKak. 

Z.  CooiPlt-r  .1-'  f^liort ;   a«,  »Ue 

,■.,1,/.,.....      ■  .•/.■■.:.Vk.'. 


iuodUhu  ;  blunt ;  an,  lie 

|i  .   i^'ij.i^e.     ruinly  ;  In  plain  Irrnis ; 

1  M.s.-i,  ■.     Tlio  »tale  .or  (lunlUy  of 

Jiivcl  and  plain. 
--.    TIic  act  ui'  lUiini;  down  ;  re- 

'f  d9*twhains  ""J  ""J  "p-rtttiig.  —  P*.  M  ««lx. 

I-  M.     Tpxldi-n  down;  trampled 

|i.  .V,  ^  "V  '  Mil*. 

UOW.N  rd.     Sec  Wahd.] 

I.   I  r  ;  ill  n  tlcsciinl- 

■  1  ilic  cntcriil'ilie 

;  1(1  iiiovo  or  roll 

■  At'  rixtl  doicnKard. 
Ill  a  liuad,  flpnne, 

•ttrarJ  luward  llio 
T.  ain. 

-  .  ,  ,.,, <    i.L  iVuiu  an  ancestor, 

;»  tuad  ;  a-o,  to  tnrv  !Hicct'5»ive  gcncra- 
.'  fruin  Adniii  or  Aliraliani. 
■irse  of  foiling  «r  descending  from  elc- 
riction. 
!■  ',  (I.      Moving   or  extending    from    a 

11  .  .1  J  :■•  .1  ;...\ver  place,  a.H  on  a  slope  or  declivity, 
or  in  the  open  air ;  tcndiiic  lowani  the  earth  or  its 
center;  as,  a  davnicard  course;  he  took  his  way 
with  doscnicani  force.  Dryden, 

i  Ik'clivous  ;  bending;  as,  the  ff*»irnffttrd  heaven. 
3.  Descending  from  a  head,  origin,  or  source. 
1     I-.,,.!  ,,^  tQ  a  lower  condition  or  slate;    de- 
tod  ;  ax,  downzcard  thoughts.    Sidney, 
:  I,  n-    Cotlonweed,  a  downy  plant. 

Barret. 
t)oVV.\'V,a     [See  I>ow5.]    Covered  with  down  or 
nap ;  as,  a  d-iftenif  leather  ;  doicny  wing?*. 

'L  Covered  with  pubescence  or  soft  hairs,  as  a 
idonL. 

3.  .Made  of  down  or  soft  feathers ;  as,  a  dutcny 

pillow. 

4.  Soft;  calm;  soothing;  as,  (ftftcity  sleep. 
Tk  Resembling  down. 

In  .\«-  iM-<  ,..     A  woman  entitled  to  dower.  Sottvifr. 

'fiia  DowKR.     This  word  differs  not 

It  t.-)  the  same  worti  dillerenlly  wril- 

.  ..  , Jiatinction  made  between  thein  is  arbi- 

lrar>-.i 

1.  The  money,  goodit,  or  estate,  which  a  woman 
brings  to  her  husband  in  marriage ;  tlie  portion  given 
with  a  wife.  Shak.    Dryden, 

i  The  reward  paid  for  a  wife.  Cotcletj. 

a.  A  gift;  a  fortune  giren.  J^fhiuon. 

DOWSE,  c.  L     [Sw.  da.fia.1 

To  strike  on  Uie  face.    f.Vot  in  use.]  BaHcy. 

IK  i".\>;k,  j  n.    A  blow  on  tlic  face,    [ru/^ar.l 

:'.  I  Smart 

I.UC'IC-AL,  d.    Pertaining  to  do:[olog>-;  gtv- 
n*p  to  God.  JlowelL 

.'i>CIZE,  r.  i.    To  give  gIor>'  to  God,  as  in 
-T- 
'  ►  t:VA-\SGyppr.    Giving  gIor>'  to  God. 

\,  H.      [(;r.    ('■fj.Xu^ia  i    io^at    praise, 
,  'J,  to  *iicnk.] 

;■  r  .' r,  a   hymn    in   praLse    of  the 
.11  of  giving  glory  to  God. 
1  biiliv,  doll,  or  plaything.] 
^'iU-.  '  Shak. 

'tifb*,  suppress,  or  quiet ; 
'row^y;  d'jsjer^  to  lull  to 
.  ■:<rf*,  dull,  stupid,  fool- 
is  rendered  foolish 
l'sXo.l,3.J 

li  tar  tupjTDcu  to  iw*  «  uUir,  Ute  )aiiy  cdiUct  wnknl  hire. 
L'Ediranft. 

2.  To  live  in  a  state  of  drowsiness ;  to  be  dull  or 
half  asleep ;  as,  to  doie  over  a  work. 

Dnfden.     Popf, 
DOi^E.  »■  ■      I""  "^T**  or  spend  in  drowstneM;  as,  to 
da:t  ,  .<'. 

2.    I  to  Muppfy. 

II:  ...       IKUllClpIc  DotlD.      *'   rt.'f.i    »v,fl, 

\,)fp.    Hlrpt  lightly. 

;i.       M.  1  r.    H'uuiinf  .      \r- 

7j?n  ; 


kiud,  b<it  i.. 
ttracu    \Vr 


f  III  the  »b' 
■^lir  of  gloves. 


It  is  a  word  nuich  used  in  common  discourse  and  in 

light  couii>o»ilioiw ;  rarely  in  the  grave  or  elevated 

»lvlf. 
DOi'A-'N,  K.    The  number  twelve  of  tilings  of  u  like 

klnl  ;  as,  a  <fo:cn  of  eggs;  twelve  J^wa  of  gloves  ;  a 
1  of  wine. 

i;,  n.    One  ttirit  dorx-s  or  slumbt^ra. 
I         I  .\t>S,  It.    [from  UozT.]     Drowsiness;  licavi- 

M     t  i  iiHiination  to  bleep.  Locke. 

DO/'INfl,  Vpr.    Slumbering. 
DC)/''1N(~',  ><•    A  »lumbciing;  sluggishnem. 

Chestrrjxeld. 
Di^Z'Y,  0.    [Seo  Doit.l     Drowsy ;  heavy  ;  inclined 

to  sleep ;  sleepy  ;  sluggish  ;  as,  a  doiu  hea»l.  Diyden. 
DRAB,  B.     [S.-ix.  drahbf.  lees   dregs  ;  I).  druWf,  ifrcgs. 

'I'hi:^  seciitt  to  be  the  I'an.  draabcy  a  dropA 

1.  A  etnimiRl ;  a  pnwlilute.  Shak.     Pope. 

2.  .\  low,  sluiii.-ih  Witinan.  [This  .M-cnu  to  he  the 
sense  m  vUttk  it  w  ffencratly  used  in  AVw  Kng!and.] 

3.  A  kind  of  wuoden  box,  used  in  pall-work'*  for 
holding  the  salt  when  taki-n  out  of  Uie  boiling[ians. 
IM  bottom  is  shelving  or  inclining,  that  the  water 
mav  drain  off.  Kncyc. 

DRAB,  H.  [Fr.  drop,  Cloth  ;  It.  drappv  ;  Sp  trapo,  and 
without  the  prefix  (,  ri»pa,  clolh  ;  I'orl.  raupa,  whence 
robe.  From  the  French,  we  have  draper^  drapery^  as 
the  S[Kiiiish  have  ropagt^  for  dm;M!r>'.  This  word 
Bccni^  allied  to  the  L.  trabca.'\ 

A  kind  of  thick,  woolen  cloth  of  a  dun  color. 

DRAU,  a.  Being  of  a  dun  color,  like  tho  cloth  so 
called. 

DR.VB,  r.  i.    To  associate  with  stmropels.      Beaum. 

URAU'RING,  ppr.  Keeping  company  with  lewd 
women. 

DRAH'llING,  n.     An  associating  witli  sinimpcU). 

Beaum.  i^'  Ft. 

DRAB'BLE,  r.  L  To  draggle  ;  to  make  dirty  by 
drawing  in  mud  and  water;  to  wet  and  befoul;  as, 
to  drabbh  a  gitwii  or  cl(»ak.  -Vtir  En^UiHd. 

In  Scvtti^t,  this  word  signifies  to  ilirty  byiilabber- 
ing,  as  if  it  were  allied  to  dribble^  drivel,  from  the 
root  of  drip,  which  coincides  with  Jriip. 

I>R.\B'BLC,  c.  i.  To  fish  for  barbtls  with  a  long  line 
and  rod.  Eneye. 

DUAR'nLING.o.  Drawing  in  mud  or  water ;  angling 
lor  barbcl-ii. 

DR.\B'BLIXG,  n.  A  method  of  angling  for  b.irbels, 
with  a  rod  and  long  line  passed  Uirough  a  piece  of 
lead.  Enetjc 

DR.\B'LER,  n.  In  seamen^s  lan^a^e,  a  finall  addi- 
tional sail,  sometimes  laced  to  the  t>ottom  of  a  bon- 
net on  a  square  sail,  in  stoopei  and  .schooners.  It  is 
the  same  to  a  bonnet,  as  a  bonnet  i^  to  a  cuursc. 

Encye.    Mar.  Did* 

DRACHM,  (dram,)  «.    Sco  Dhah,  and  Drachma. 

DRACII'.MA,  rdnik'nia,)  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  Soaxpni 
Fr.  dragiHc  i  It.  dntmma,  by  conlrnciion,  Eng.  dram.] 

1.  A  silver  coin  among  the  Greeks,  linving  a  dif- 
ferent value  in  dificrcnt  utates,  and  at  didercnt  peri- 
ods. The  average  value  of  tho  Attic  drachma  wa:s 
9J  d.,  or  about  16  cenl^.  Smithes  Diet. 

2.  A  weight  among  the  Greeks  of  about  2  dw.  7 
grains  Troy.  Brande. 

DRA'CIN,  n.  A  supposed  alkaloid  obtained  from 
dragon^s  bliK>d,  or  the  inspissated  Juice  of  the  plant 
Calamus  Draco,  and,  as  is  supposed,  of  several  other 
plants. 

DRA'CO,  n.  [L.  See  Draooh  [  In  csfc-^iBiffBy,  a  con- 
stellation of  the  northern  hemisphere. 

2.  A  luminous  exhalation  from  marshy  grounds. 

^Kcyc. 

3.  A  ccnus  oC  animals  of  two  s|f2cies.  [See 
Dm  cor*.  J 

DRA-CO'-MN,  n.  A  name  applied  to  a  red  resinous 
substance  obtained  from  dragon's  blood,  or  the  in- 
spiss.itcd  juice  of  the  plant  Calamus  Draco. 

DRA-€OX'Tie,  a.     [L.  drao).] 

In  astronomy^  belonging  to  that  space  of  lime  in 
which  the  moon  iH-'rforms  one  entire  revolution. 
[Obs.]  Bailey. 

DUA-€UNe'U-LUS,  n.    [from  L.  draco^  dragon.] 

1.  In  botany,  a  plant,  a  species  of  Arum,  with  a 
long  stalk,  spotted  like  a  serpent's  belly. 

2.  A  fish  of  the  Linntcan  genus  Catlionymus,  or 
dragonel. 

3.  The  Filaria  Medincnsts  of  Linnrpus,or  Guinea- 
worm,  supposed  to  be  a  worm  which  [Knelrates  the 
skin,  and  insinuates  itself  between  the  muscles  of 
the  human  species. 

DUAD,  a.    Terriltle.    [Obs.]     [Sec  Dread.] 

Thi.s  was  also  the  old  pret.  of  Drcad. 
DRAFF,  n.     [D.  dm/,  drorf,  drog.-s,  grain?.     Sliakspcare 
wrote  drau^h.  and  the  French  have  drajrue^  grains. 
Till?  latter  coincides  in  elcmciiLs  with  drmr^  dratr.] 

Refu.-ie  ;  lecs ;  dregs  ;  the  wash  given  to  swiue,  or 
grains  to  cows;  waste  mnltcr        MUton.    Drydeu. 
nUAFF'ltJll,  a.     Worllilcss. 
IiRAFF'V,  a.    II  re  CO' ;  waste;  worthless. 
UK  AFP,  II.    [Ciirniplcd  from  (/r.;if;'Ax,  from  drag,  dra'j>^ 
bill  authorized  liy  respectable  n.w.] 

1.  A  dmwmg  ;  as,  ihis  hon;*;  is  gooil  for  draft.    In 
this  s/'nHt-,  droHffht  is,  perhnjis,  moA  common. 
I         2.  A  drawing  of  men  from  a  miliLiry  band  ;  a  se- 
I      lecting  or  rlitirhing  of  «.ildiers  from  an  nnny,  or 


DKA 

any  part  of  it,  or  fruiii  a  military  po:>t.  Sometimes  a 
drawiiif^  of  iiu-ii  fr  iiii  oilier  companies  or  societies. 
These  important  pontj<,  in  consi<<)uencu  of  heary 
drafts,  were  left  weuklj  d.'iended, 

Scrrrd  vt  Uv  8lntr»  It.ul  mj  plkil  tho  dcflcicucjr  by  Jrn/l»  19 
•crvc  Icr  Uk"  y<-Ar.  Atarthall. 

3.  .\n  order  from  one  man  to  another  directing  the 
payment  of  money  ;  a  bill  of  exchange. 

I  Uioii^til  ll  iTtiMl  pRjilritl  10  ilrli*r  Uk  drufU  lill  i\<lvk^«ru 
rto^Tcd  at  the  pTD^-a  d(  \i\e  Uud.  Ilamiiktn. 

•1.  .\  drawing  of  lines  for  a  plan  ;  a  figure  di-^^ribed 
on  (taper ;  delineation;  sketch;  plaii  delineated. 
[See  Draught.] 

5.  Depth  of  water  necessary  to  lloat  a  ship.    [Soo 

DaAL'OHT.] 

fi,  A  writing  coiniKwed. 
DRXFl',  r.  L    To  draw  the  outline  ;  to  delineate. 

2.  To  compose  and  write  ;  as,  to  draft  a  meinoiial 
or  a  lease. 

3.  To  draw  men  from  a  military  band  or  |>ost;  tu 
select ;  to  detach. 

't.  To  draw  men  from  any  coni]Kiny,  collection,  or 
society. 

Tbb  Cobcn-Capli-El  woa  •urac  roTol  •cniUiuj  In  L^iip-r  Fl^pC, 
from  whriicc  they  drafud  norloc*  to  •wi'ply  Hi"  ir  c-ittrjt* 
and  Lcioples.  llotmU't  Ditt. 

DRAFT'-HORSE,  «.  Ahorse  employed  in  drawing, 
piirticiilarly  ill  drawing  heavy  loatls,  or  in  plowing. 

DRXFT'-OX,  n.    An  ox  employed  in  dnwiug. 

DRAl"r'El),  pp.or  a.     Drawn  ;  ddinealed;  drturhed. 

DK.^FT'ING,  ppr.     Drawing  ;  delineating  ;  detaching. 

DRAFTS, ji.p/.  A  game  played  on  acheckered  boara; 
Iience,  it  is  often  called  checkrrs  in  America. 

DR.VG,  r.  (.  [Sax.  dragan  ;  W.  dra^riaiD  i  D.  draajren  { 
Sw.  dra^a  ;  Dan.  draper:  G.  traaen  ;  also  Dan.  trrk- 
ker ;  D.trekkcn;  i^ax.  dreogan  ;  L.  tralio;  Vr.traire; 
.Malayan,  tarek  ;  It.  trc;^^ia,  a  sled  or  draff  ;  Sp.  tra- 
po, a  draught  ;  tra^ar,  to  swallow  ;  Eng.  to  driuk. 
(See  DiiiMC  and  DHE.-tcH.)  The  Russ.  hxi  drrgayu, 
and  tOTfTaiiu,  to  draw,  as  truck  is  written  Uirguyu. 
Sec  Class  Rg,  No.  27,  :t7,  .V.] 

1.  To  pull ;  to  haul  ;  to  ilraw  along  the  ground  by 
main  force;  applied  particularly  to  drawing  heavy 
tilings,  Willi  labor,  along  the  ground  or  other  surface; 
as,  to  flraff^  stone  or  limber  ;  to  drag  a  net  in  fii'hing. 
John  xxi.  8. 

2.  To  break  land  by  drawing  a  drag  or  harrow 
over  it ;  to  harrow ;  a  common  use  of  this  leord  in 
JVcuj  Enffland. 

3.  To  draw  along  elowly  or  heavily  ;  to  dntw  any 
thing  burdensome  ;  as,  to  drag  a.  lingering  life. 

/>ri((/fii. 

4.  To  draw  along  in  contempt,  as  unworthy  to  be 
carried. 

He  dragt  mc  nt  bis  duiiot-n-lMcU.  SilUnefiteU 

To  drag  one  in  chains.  Milton. 

5.  To  pull  or  haul  about  roughly  and  forcibly. 

Drydrn. 
In  seamen's  language,  to  dmj  an  anchor  is  to  draw 
or  trail  it  along  the  bottom  when  loosened,  or  when 
the  anchor  will  not  hold  the  ship. 
DR.\G,  r.  I.    To  hang  so  low  as  to  trail  on  the  ground. 

2.  To  fish  with  a  drag;  as,  they  have  been  drag- 
ging for  fish  all  day,  with  little  success. 

3.  To  be  drawn  along  ;  as,  the  anchor  drags. 

A.  To  be  moved  slowly ;  to  proceed  heavily ;  09, 
this  business  drags. 

5.  To  hang  or  prate  on  the  floor,  as  a  door. 
DRAG,  n.     Something  to  be  drawn  along  the  groond, 
as  a  net  or  a  hook. 

2.  A  particular  kind  of  harrow. 

3.  A  car;  a  low  cart, 

•1.  In  5m  /an^ia^Tffj  a  machine  consisting  of  a  sharp, 
square  frame  of  iron,  encircled  with  a  net,  nnd  to 
drag  on  the  bottom  for  various  purposes,  as  to  re- 
cover articles  that  have  been  lost,  to  collect  shell:",  itc 
Mar.  DieL  Eneyc. 
5.  Whatever  is  drawn  ;  a  boat  in  tow  ;  whatever 
serves  to  retard  a  ship's  way.  ICrtnfc. 

DRACGJJD,  (dragd,)  pp.  Drawn  on  the  ground: 
drawn  w  ilh  labor  or  force  ;  driwn  along  elowly  and 
heavily  ;  raked  with  a  drag  or  Iiarrow. 

DR,\G'GI.\G,  ppr.  Drawing  on  the  ground  ;  drawing 
with  labor  or  by  force ;  drawing  slowly  or  heavily ; 
raking  with  a  drag. 

DRAG'GLE,  (drag'gl,)  r.  f.  [dim.  of  drag.]  To  wet 
and  dirty  by  drawing  on  the  ground  or  mud.  or  on 
wet  grass  ;  to  drabble.  (Jray. 

DR.\G'GLE,  V.  i.  To  be  drawr.  on  the  ground :  to 
become  wet  or  dirty  by  being  drawn  on  the  mud  or 
wet  gras-s. 

DRAG'GLE-TAIL,  n,     A  sluL  Sheneocd. 

DRAG'GLED,  pp.  Drawn  on  the  ground;  wet  or 
dinicd  by  bcint;  drawn  on  the  ground  or  mire. 

DRAG'GI.LXG,  ppr.  Drawing  on  the  ground ;  mak- 
ing dirty  by  drawing  on  the  ground  or  wet  grass. 

DR^VG'-MAN,  n.    A  fisherman  that  uses  a  dragncL 

Hale. 

DRAG'NET,  n.  A  net  to  be  drawn  on  the  bottom  of 
a  river  or  pond  for  taking  fish.       Drydcn.    Jf'atts. 

DRAG'O-MAN, )  n.      [It.    dragamanno  ;    Fr.    trurkt- 

DROG'O-MAN,)      man;   Sp.  trujaman;    Ch.  pj-»>n. 


FATE,  FAR,  FjVLL.  WHAT.  — METE,  rRBY.  — PI\E,  M.VRINE,  BIRD  —NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 
364 


DRA 


DRA 


Ar. 


.u^y 


from  ann,  CIi.  Ar.  Syr.  Eth.  to  in- 


An  interpreter  ;  a  term  in  general  use  in  llie  Le- 
vant anil  other  parts  of  the  East. 
DRAG'ON  ".  [L.  draco;  Gr.  /ipaicwe ,'  It.  dragone; 
Fr  draw  i  D.  draak  ;  G.  dradie  ;  Ir.  draic  or  irai^- ; 
W  draiir:  Sw.  (;ra7;e;  Dan.  drage.  The  origm  of 
this  nord  is  not  obvious.  In  Ir.  drag  is  fire  ;  in  VV. 
dra-'on  is  a  leader,  chief,  or  sovereign,  from  dragyiw, 
to  draw.  In  Scotch,  the  word  sigiiihcs  a  paper  kite, 
as  al«  in  Danish  i  probaWy  from  the  notion  ol  By- 
in"  or  shootini:  aloni:,  like  a  fiery  meteor.  In  Welsh, 
drai'T  is  rendefed  bv  Owen  a  procrea:or  or  generating 
orinciple,  a  fiery  serpent,  a  dragon,  and  the  Supreme  ; 
and  the  plural,  dreifiau,  silent  lightnings,  drci<.naw,  to 
lighten  sUentlv.  Hence,  I  infer  that  the  word  origi- 
nally 5i"nified'  a  shooting  meteor  in  the  atmosphere, 
a  fiJn-  meteor,  and  hence  a  fiery  or  flying  serpent, 
from  a  root  which  signified  to  shoot  or  draw  out.] 

1.  A  kind  of  winged  serpent,  much  celebrated  in 
the  romances  of  the  middle  ages.  Johnson. 

2.  A  fiery,  shooting  meteor,  or  imaginary  serpent. 
Sirin,  «»-ift,yeiim50iiioflhoni5ht!  liuldau-ninj  ^ 
May  bear  lite  raven's  eye.                                             i/io..-. 

3.  A  fierce,  violent  person,  male  or  female ;  as, 
this  man  or  woman  is  a  dragon. 

4.  ."V  constellation  of  the  nortliern  hemisphere. 
[See  DRico.]  .      .     ■<■ 

In  Scripture,  drann  seems  sometimes  to  signity  a 
large  marine  fish  or  serpent,  L<.  \xvii.,  where  the 
leviathan  is  also  mentioned  ;  also  Ps.  Isxiv. 

Sometimes  it  seems  to  signify  a  venomous  land 

serpent.    Ps.  xci.    The  di-aj;on   shalt  thou  trample 

under  foot.  .       „   .   .       , . 

It  is  often  used  for  the  devil,  who  is  called  the  old 

serpenu    Rev.  u.  2. 

DEAG'ON,  71.  The  popular  name  of  a  genus  of  sau- 
rian reptiles,  found  only  in  the  East  Indies. 

DKAG'0-XET,  n.    .A.  little  dragon.  Spenser. 

2.  The  popular  name  of  the  species  of  a  genus  of 
fishes  called  bv  Linnceus  C'lllionvmas. 

DEAG'ON-FISH,  n.  The  dragonet ;  a  popular  name 
of  fishes  of  the  genus  Cdlicnipnus. 

DEAG'OX-FL?,  n.  The  popular  name  of  a  genus  of 
insects  called  libcUida  by  l.innsus. 

DEAG'0-V-I?H,  a.     Dragoiilike.  SJoA-. 

DRjia'O.V-.VIDE',  71.  The  name  of  certain  severe 
persecutions  of  French  Protestants  by  an  armed 
force,  under  Louis  XIV. 

DEAG'OX-LIKE,  a.    Like  a  dragon  ;  fiery  ;  furious. 

Sha!:. 

DEAG'OSS,  n.  The  popular  name  of  certain  plants 
which  are  species  of  the  Linna;an   genus    Dracon- 

DEAG'ON'S-BLOOD,  (-blud,)  n.  [Sax.  dracm-btod.] 
The  vague  popular  name  of  the  inspissated  juice 
of  various  plants,  as  Calamus  Draco,  Dracaina  Draco, 
Pterocarpus  Draco,  Sec.  Obtained  from  such  various 
sources,  it  has  various  properties,  and  is  of  diverse 
composition.  It  is  of  a  red  color,  and  is  used  for 
tinging  spirit  and  turpentine  varnishes,  for  tooth 
Hnctures  and  powders,  for  staining  marlile,  &c. 

DE.\G'ON'S-HEAD,  (-hed,)  n.  .\  proposed  popular 
name  of  certain  plants  of  the  genus  Dracoccphalum, 
of  which  term  it  is  a  translation. 

Dragon's  Head  and  Tail,  in  astronomy,  are  the 
nodes  of  the  planets,  or  the  two  points  in  which  the 
orbits  of  the  planets  intersect  the  ecliptic.      Encyc. 

DRAG'ON'-SHELL,  ti.  Said  to  be  the  popular  name 
of  a  species  of  Patella  or  Limpet. 

DRAG'ON'S-W.\-TEE,  ii.  Said  to  be  a  popular  name 
of  a  plant  belonging  to  the  genus  Calla. 

DEAG'ON'S-WORT,  7t.  Said  to  be  a  popular  name 
of  a  plant  belonging  to  the  genus  .\rtemisia. 

DEACON-TREE,  Ji.  Said  to  be  the  popular  name  of 
some  plant  belonging  to  the  order  of  Palms. 

DE.\-GO0N',  71.  [Fr.  dragon:  Sp.  id. :  Port,  dragam, 
a  dragon  and  dragoon  ;  It.  dragone ;  G.  dragoner ;  D. 
dra<rffnder;  Dan.  dragon;  Sw.^frf. ;  L.  draconarius,  an 
ensTgn-bearer,  from  'draco,  dragon  ;  an  appellation 
given  to  horsemen,  perhaps  for  their  rapidity  or 
fierceness.] 

A  soldier  or  musketeer  who  serves  on  horseback 
or  on  foot,  as  occasion  may  require.  Their  arms  are 
a  sword,  a  musket,  and  a  bavonet.  Encyc. 

DEA-GOOX',  r.  U  To  persecute  by  abandoning  a 
place  to  the  rage  of  soldiers.  Johnson. 

2.  To  enslave  or  reduce  to  subjection  by  soldiers. 

3.  To  harass;  to  persecute;  to  compel  to  submit 
by  violent  measures  ;  to  force.     \Tke  usual  sense.'\ 

The  colooies  may  be  influenced  lo  any  Uiinj,  but  they  can  be 
dragooned  to  notbin^.  Price. 

DEAG-OOX-SDE',  n.  The  abandoning  of  a  place  to 
the  rage  of  soldiers.  Burnet. 

DE.\-GOON'£D,  pp.  Abandoned  to  the  violence  of 
soldiers  ;  pereecuted  ;  harassed. 

DRA-GOOM'ER,  n.    An  old  term  for  a  dragoon. 

DRA-GOON'ING,  ppr.  Abandoning  to  the  rage  of 
soldier  ;  persecuting  ;  harassing  ;  vexing. 

DEAIL,  n.  V    To  trail.     [JVot  in  use.]  More. 


DR.\IL,  V.  i.    To  draggle.     [JVot  in  use.']  Soutlt. 

DRAIN',  V.  t.     [Sax.    drehnigcan,   to  drain,   to   strain. 

This  may  be  a  derivative  from  the  root  of  drauj. 

Qn.  Sax.  drygan,  to  dry.] 

1.  To  filter  ;  to  cause  to  pass  through  some  jiorous 
substance. 

Salt  water,  drmmd  tlirttugh  twenty  ves«cla  of  cartli,  lialh  become 
freah.  J3acon. 

9.  To  empty  or  clear  of  liquor,  by  causing  the 
liquor  to  drop  or  run  olf  slowly  ;  as,  to  drain  a  vessel 
or  its  contents. 

3.  To  make  dry ;  to  exhaimt  of  water  or  other  li- 
quor, by  causing  it  to  flow  olf  in  channels,  or  through 
porous  substances  ;  as,  to  drain  laud  ;  to  draiji  a 
swamp  or  marsh. 

4.  To  empty  ;  to  exhaust ;  to  draw  ofl"  gradually  ; 
as,  a  foreign  war  drains  a  country  of  specie. 

DRAIN,  V.  i.  To  flow  off  gradually  ;  as,  let  the  water 
of  low  ground  drain  otf. 

2.  To  be  emptied  of  liquor  by  flowing  or  dropping  ; 
as,  let  the  vessel  stand  and  drain  ;  let  the  cloth  hang 
and  drain. 

DR.^IN,  71.  .\  channel  through  which  water  or  other 
liquid  flows  olf;  particidartij,  a  trench  or  ditch  to 
convey  water  from  wet  land  ;  a  water-course  ;  a 
sewer ;  a  sink. 

DR.\IN'A-BLE,  a.    Capable  of  being  drained. 

Sherwood. 

DR.^IN'AGE,  71.  A  draining ;  a  gradual  flowing  off 
of  any  liquid. 

2.  The  mode  in  which  the  waters  of  a  country 
pass  olT  by  its  streams  and  rivers. 

DRAlN'iD,  pp.  or  a.  Emptied  of  water  or  other  li- 
quor by  a  gradual  discharge,  flowuig,  or  dropping  ; 
exhausted ;  drawn  off. 

DEaIN'ER,  n.  A  utensil  on  which  articles  are  placed 
to  drain. 

Dll.^IN'ING,  ppr.  Emptying  of  water  or  other  liquor 
by  filtration,  or  flowing  in  small  channels. 

DRAKE,  71.  [G.  entcrich  ;  Dan.  andrik ;  Sw.  andral;. 
It  is  compounded  of  ente,  ar.d.  Sax.  ened,  L.  anas,  a 
duck,  and  a  word  which  I  do  not  understand.] 

1.  The  male  of  the  duck  kind. 

2.  [L.  draco,  dragon.]     A  small  piece  of  artillerj-. 

3.  The  drake-fly.  [Clarendon. 
DRAM,  71.     [Contracted  from  drachma,  which  see.] 

1.  Among  druggists  and  physicians,  a  weight  of 
the  eighth  part  of  an  ounce,  or  si.«y  grains.  In  ai'- 
cirdapois  uuight,  the  sixteenth  part  of  an  ounce. 

2.  A  small  quantity  ;  as,  no  dram  of  judgment. 

Dryden. 

3.  As  much  spirituous  liquor  as  is  drank  at  once  ; 
as  a  dram  of  brandy.  Drams  are  the  slow  poison  of 
life.  Sioi/t. 

4.  Spirit ;  distilled  liquor.  Pope. 
DR.\M,  V.  i.    To  drink  drams  ;  to  indulge  in  the  use 

of  ardent  spirit.     [.^  low  word,  expressing  a  low  prac- 

DRaSi'-DRINK-ER,  71.     One  who  habitually  drinks 

spirits. 
miA'M.A  or  DRa'.^IA,  ji.     [Gr.  coapa,  from  i!paw,  to 

A  poem  or  composition  representing  a  picture  of 
human  life,  and  accommodated  to  action.    The  prin- 
cipal species  of  the  drama  are  tragedy  and  comedy  ; 
inferior  species  are  tragi-comedy,  opera,  &c.     Encyc. 
DK.^-.^IAT'ie,         j  a.    Pertaining  to  the  drama  ;  rep- 
DR.A-51.\T'ie-AL,  (     resented    by    action  ;   theatri- 
cal ;  not  narrative.  Bcntley. 
DR.\-M.4T'ie-.\L-EY,  adv.     By  representation  ;  m  the 

manner  of  the  drama.  Dryden. 

DRAMATIS  PER-SO'.N-JE,  [L.]  Actors  repre- 
senting the  characters  in  a  play. 
DRAM'A-TIST,  71.  The  author  of  a  dramatic  compo- 
sition ;  a  writer  of  plays.  BnmcL 
DRAM'A-TIZE,  v.  t.  To  compose  in  the  form  of  the 
drama  ;  or  to  give  to  a  composition  the  form  of  a 
play. 

At  Ri^,  in  12M,  was  acted  a  proplielic  play,  dial  «,  a  dmma- 
tized  extract  from  the  history  of  tlie  Old  and  New  Tesla- 
jaentj.  Tooke'a  Rusata. 

DR.\M'A-TIZ-£D,  pp.     Composed  in  the  form  of  a 

DR.\>r.4-TIZ-ING,  ppr.    Composing  in  the  form  of 

DRAM'.VTUR-GY,  7t.     [Gr.  lina/ia  and  cpj'oi'.] 

The   art   of  dramatic    poetry    and    representa- 
tion.    [Oermany.] 
DR.\NK,  prct.  and  pp.  of  Drink. 
DR.\NK,  71.     A  term  for  wild  oats.  Ennje. 

DRAP,(Ari.,)n.  [Fr.]   Cloth  ;  as,  A-ufi-ii'eJc,  (-da-ta',) 

a  cloth  for  summer  wear. 
DRAPE,  1-.  (.      [Fr.  iirn;icr.] 

To  make  cloth  ;  also,  to  banter.    [Obs.] 
DRXP'£D,  (drSpt,)  a.    Adorned  with  drapery. 

Sedgrtich. 
DRS'PER,  71.     [Yt.  drapicr  ;  draper,   to   make  cloth ; 
from  drop,  clotn.] 

One  who  sells  cloths ;  a  dealing  m  cloths ;  as,  a 
linen-draper  or  woolen-draper. 
DRa'PER-Y,  71.      [Fr.  drapcric  :    It.  drapperia  ;   from 
drop,  drappo;  Sp.  ropage,  from  ropa,  cloth. 1 

1.  Clothwork  ;  tlie  trade  of  making  cloth.    Bacon. 

2.  Cloth  ;  stuffs  of  wool.  Arbutlmot. 


DRA 

3.  Hangings,  curtailLS,  tapestry,  tec. 

4.  In  sculpture  and  painting,  the  representation  of 
the  clolhing  or  dres.s  of  human  figures,  tec.      Encyc 

DRA'l'ET,  71.     Cloth  ;  coveilet.     [Jfot  in  use.] 
DRAS'Tle,  a.     [Gr.  inanr.^o;,  from  hoaa,  lo  makcj 
Powerful;  acting  with  strength  or  violence;  cffi 
caciiius  ;  as,  a  drastic  cathartic. 
DRAUGll.    See  DniFF. 
DRAUGHT,  (drdft,)  n.     [from  dram,  drag.] 

1.  The  act  of  drawing ;  as,  a  horse  or  ox  fit  for 
draughL 

2.  The  qu.ality  of  being  drawn  ;  as,  a  can  or  plow 
of  easy  draught. 

3.  The  drawing  of  liquor  into  the  mouth  and 
throat ;  the  act  of  drinking. 

4.  The  quantity  of  liquor  drank  at  once. 

5.  The  act  of  delineating,  or  that  which  is  deline- 
ated ;  a  representation  by  lines,  ad  the  figure  of  a 
house,  a  machine,  a  fort,  4tc.,  described  on  paper, 
[an.  Ir.  dreach,  ^,^'.  drye.]  Encyc 

6.  Representation  by  picture  ;  figure  painted,  or 
drawn  by  the  iiencil.  Dryden. 

7.  The  act  of  drawing  a  net ;  a  sweeping  for  fish. 

8.  That  which  is  taken  by  sweeping  with  a  net ; 
as,  a  draught  of  fishes.    Luke  v. 

9.  The  drawing  or  bending  cf  a  bow;  the  act  of 
shooting  with  a  bow  and  arrow  Camdm. 

10.  The  act  of  drawing  men  from  a  military  band, 
army,  or  post ;  also,  the  forces  Jrawn :  a  dcticli- 
ment.     [See  Draft,  which  is  more  generally  used  ] 

11.  A  sink  or  drain.    Matt.  xv. 

12.  An  order  for  the  payment  of  money ;  a  Vii  of 
exrliange.     [See  Dkaft.] 

13.  'i'lie  depth  of  water  necessary  to  float  a  ship, 
or  the  depth  a  sliip  sinks  in  water,  especially  when 
laden  ;  as,  a  ship  of  twelve  feet  dranglu. 

14.  Ill  England,  a  small  allowance  on  weighablc 
goods,  madeliy  the  king  to  the  importer,  or  by  the 
seller  to  the  buyer,  to  insure  full  weight.       Encyc 

15.  A  sudden  attack  or  drawing  on  an  enemy. 
[auery.]  Sjicjisfr 

ir>.  A  writing  composed. 
17.  Drawhts;  a  sinapism  ;  a  mild  vesicatory 
DRAUGHT,  l'.  (.    To  draw  out;  to  call  forth.    [See 

Drift.  Addison. 

DRAUGHT'-B6.\RD,  n.    A  board  on  which  draughts 

are  played. 
DRAUGHT'-IIOOK.S,ii.  yi.    Large  liooksofiron  fixed 
on  the  cheeks  of  a  cannon  carriage,  two  on  each 
side,  one  near  the  trunnion  hole,  and  the  other  at  the 
train  ;  used  in  drawing  the  gun  backward  and  for- 
ward by  means  cf  draught  re^pes.  F.ncyc. 
DRAUGllT'-lIORSE,  7i.    .\  horse  used  in  drawing  a 
plow,  cart,  or  other  carriage,  as  distinguished  from  a 
saddle-horse. 
DRAUGHT'-IIOUSE,  (driin-)!7.     A  house  for  the  re- 
ception of  filth  or  waste  matter. 
DRAUGHTS,  71.  pi.    A  game  played  on  a  checkered 
board,  called  checkers  in  .America.  Smart. 
2.  .\  sinapism  ;  a  mild  vesicatory. 
DRAUGirrS'M.-VN.n.     A  man  who  draws  writings  or 
designs,  or  one  wlm  is  skilled  in  such  drawings. 
2.  One  who  drinks  drama  ;  a  tippler.          Taller. 
DR.^VE,  the  old  participle  of  Drive.    We  now  use 

Drove. 
DR.AVV,  V.  t. ;  prct.  Drew  ;  jriji.  Dr.iw x.     [_Sax.  dra"an ; 
L'.'  traho.    It  is  only  a  dialectical  spe-fling  of  drag, 
which  see.] 

1.  To  pull  along;  to  haul;  to  cause  to  move  for- 
ward bv  force  applied  in  ailvance  of  the  thin"  moved, 
or  at  the  fore-end,  as  by  a  rope  or  chain.  It  diflers 
from  drair  onlv  in  this,  that  i/rOir  is  more  generally 
applied  to  things  moved  along  the  ground  by  sliding, 
or  moved  with  greater  toil  or  difliculty,  and  draw  is 
applieil  to  all  bodies  moved  by  force  in  advance, 
whatever  may  be  the  degree  of  force.  Draw  is  the 
more  general  or  generic  term,  and  drag  more  specific. 
We  say,  the  horses  draw  a  coach  or  wagon,  but  they 
drag  it  through  mire ;  yet  draw  is  properly  used  in 
both  cases. 

2.  To  pull  out,  as  to  drax  a  sword  or  dagger  from 
its  sheath  ;  to  unsheath.  lleuc*,  to  draa  the  sicord, 
is  to  wage  war. 

3.  To  bring  by  compulsion ;  to  ctmsc  to  come. 

Do  not  rich  men  oppress  you,  ami  draa  you  before  Ibo  juds^mcnt- 
fr-at  f  —  Jauics  li. 

4.  To  pull  up  or  out ;  to  raise  from  any  depth  ;  as, 
to  draw  water  from  a  well. 

5.  To  suck  ;  as,  to  draw  the  breasts. 
G.  To  attract ;  to  cause  to  move  or  tend  toward 

itself,  .as  a  magnet  or  other  attracting  body  is  s:ud 
to  draw  it.  .  .      , .    . 

7.  To  attract  ;  to  cause  to  tiini  toward  itsell ;  to 
engage  ;  as,  a  beautv  or  a  popular  s|H-akcr  draws  Ulc 
eyes  of  an  assembly,  or  draws  their  attention 
■  8.  To  inhale  ;  to  lake  air  into  tlie  lungs  ;  a 
I  first  drew  air ;  I  draw  the  sultry  air. 


,  there 


Miltan.    Addison. 
9.  To  pull  or  take  from  a  spit,  as  a  piece  of  meat. 


10. 


Dnjden. 
.  To  take  from  a  cask  or  rat ;  to  cause  orto  suf- 
fer a  liquid  to  run  out  ;  as,  to  draw  wine  or  cider. 

11.  To  take  a  liquid  from  tlie  body ;  U<  let  out ;  a-S 
to  draw  blood  or  water. 


TONE,  B5ILL,  IINITE.-AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.-e  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CII  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS^ 


•Jix> 


DRA 

l:  >Z 

1,1  .  '  Ifwttig 

Of  uii  1  ..^11/  ,  I"  .'i--ii  i.r  utm  ;  . 

tlatc  (uid  ciinceaL    Tu  draw  ■  n 

buCta  •riwc*. 

14.  To  extract;  u^  to  Jratcepim  u^.m  t^r.un  of 
Juke. 

(\  To  prt**!'!*-** ;  !rt  hrin",  s*  nn  n-i»nt  on-fnclent 

■'      ^   '■  '   *  .r.I;  OJ, 

- 1  Vi-Il- 

.    ;  war 
Oy ;  tu  eitcnd. 

.riiy.  liaitih, 

1  '.'.cini  iu  lungth. 

It  Siak. 

\     .  .  Ir  contpariaotu  loto  mli)uirmnici>> 

,..    ;  .  ,  ,.,.i.  .'_,ru-*.  fitkm. 

'.  To  utter  In  a  lingering  manner;  an,  to  draie  a 
;      in.  Diyden. 

I'J.  To  nin  or  cxtrnJ,  by  mnrkiiis  or  forming  ;  nx, 
to  i/nitf  a  liuD  on  papur,  ur  u  luiu  uf  circuinvullaltun. 
Hence, 

20.  To  [  '  Mrs  ilmwn  on  n  phin  «\\v~ 
face  ;  to  !  or  inmsu  ;  nd,  lu  Jruw  ttiu 
Alturt'  i>f  t                            tlir  f.ioe.     Ilciicr, 

*^?  it  ty  KDDli ;  nil,  the 

orn!  <•■'  liiiniai)  misery. 

C:  '  imag«j  In  the  niinil. 

Shak. 

33.  To  derive ;  to  bave  or  receive  fyom  some 
•ource,  cauM,  or  donor;  nj^  to  (/rote  the  rudiments 
of  icirnco  from  a  civilized  nation  ;  to  draio  coniiola- 
llon  fruiii  divine  promUei. 

21.  T'-  !  .IniE-  ;  a-t,  to  Jtow  arguments  from  facta, 
or  r  II  circumflt;intiai  evidence. 

I  entire;  to  lead  by  persuasion  or 
m'T  ,  to  cxcliL' to  motion. 

/>aiaiiir:  >r^  wul  run  ftftrr  tbre.  —  CanL  I. 

Mcu   ■hiil   «n^,   >[r.-tkiii^    [<rrTrne    tlungv,   to  (fraw    tvAj 

Qu  To  trad,  as  a  motive  ;  to  Induce  to  move. 

Mr  jMfpMn  lid  drofa  me  mudi  kLouL  SKak. 

37.  Tu  induc4> ;  to  jwr^uade ;  to  attract  toward; 
in  d  roTf  general  senje. 

'JS.  1  o  win  ;  to  gtvin  ;  a  metaphor  from  gaminj^. 

SMak. 

•.'J.  To  receive  or  taJtv,  as  from  a  fund :  n^,  to 
iir-m  money  fmrn  a  bank  ur  from  slock  in  t.  kili.>. 

30.  To  bfnr  ;  to  produce  ;  as,  a  bond  or  note  draas 
interut  from  lit  date. 

31.  To  extort ;  to  force  out ;  as,  his  eloquence 
dreic  teoTi  from  Iho  audience ;  to  draio  sjghii  or 
gitoni. 

di.  TowrcM;  todutort;  as,  todratothe  Scriplurc!i 
to  one**  fancy.  JVhitirift. 

X.  To  compose  ;  to  write  In  duo  form  ;  to  form  in 
writing ;  ad,  to  draio  a  bill  of  exchange ;  to  draio  a 
deed  or  will. 

34.  To  take  out  of  a  box  or  wheel,  as  tickets  in 
a  lottery.  \Vu  iay,  to  draw  a  lottery,  or  to  drato  a 
numlKT  in  the  lottcr>'. 

35.  To  receive  or  gnin  by  drawing  ;  as,  to  draw  a 
prize.  We  s.iy  also,  a  number  draws  a  prize  or  a 
blank,  when  it  is  drawn  at  tlio  same  time. 

3*'.  To  cxt.'nd  ;  to  litreich ;  as,  to  draw  wire ;  to 
draw  apiece  of  nicUil  by  buating,  ^c. 

37.  To  sink  into  the  water  ;  or  to  require  a  certain 
depth  of  water  for  floating;  as,  a  ship  draws  tifturn 
fc«i  of  water. 

It-*.  To  bvnd  ;  aw,  to  draw  the  bow.     Is.  Ixvi. 
'.  To  evi*ceraU:;  to  pull  out  the  twwels ;  as,  to 
^MM?  (-lultr)-.  Kimr. 

in.  To  withdraw.    [JVot  iu«i.]  Shak. 

Ta  draw  back ;  lu  receive  back,  as  duties  on  goods 
for  exportation. 

Ttt  draw  in  ;  to  collect ;  to  apply  to  any  pnrpoS'i  by 
violence. 

A  Afpitc.  to  which  trcTj  tbiaf  U  draun  in  u>  rIyc  color  lo  tlie 

tt.  To  contract ;  to  pull  to  a  smaller  compass  ;  to 

pull  }-vk  .  ,1-.  ii> 'Jrai0  tn  Uio  retnn.  Oay. 

■*  Mure,  or  inveigle;   as,  to  draio  in 

otJ;  .  nii-a.«iirc. 

Iraw  from  or  away  ;  aiwi,  to  with- 
t ;  aj<,  to  draw  off  the  mind  from 

■  iV.  from  ;  to  cause  to  flow  from  ; 
'  lt;r  from  a  ves«el. 

ition.  ^dduon. 

.  to  entice :  to  persuade  or 
.  H-  ri-luclAnt  may  be  drawn  on  by 

'  A. 

.  to  invite  ;  to  bring  on  ;  to  cause. 

Vmttr  cotar  at  *«r,  whkh  riOwr  y*   nrrfinoes  dr».a  an,  or 
U»  pnudBBi  pfocaml,  ha  IcyW  *  Mtddj.         iJbyiMrxl. 

TV  rfnnc  oter  :  to  mUe  or  cause  to  come  over,  as 
in  a  still. 

2.  To  ptTsuado  or  Induce  to  revolt  from  an  oppo- 
sinit  party,  and  tu  Join  or.e's  own  party.  Some  men 
rony  In:  drawn  oter  by  Intt Tcjil,  olhpm  i>y  fuar. 


dr^ 


raii- 

kln 


DRA 

To  draw  vutj  to  lengthen  ;  to  stretch  by  force  ;  lo 
extent!. 

-1.  'I'o  beat  or  hammt'r  out ;  lo  extend  or  tpread  by 
beatinc,  :i*  :i  iiit-tal. 

3.  To  lr-ri;:thi>n  In  time;  to  protmcl;  tocauoe  t4i 

C.'Ii- 

ines  iluU  lib  cteth  dram  owl 
.  iM«e.  Sfiak. 

V.  M^  .■■.^  wuj  ibino  %agex  to  tXX    (vncntlum /  —  Ta. 

4.  To  cause  lo  Issuo  forth  ;  to  draw  oO*;  as  liquor 
from  u  cask. 

5.  To  f  xlmct,  as  the  spirit  of  a  substance. 

41.  To  bring  forth  ;  to  pump  out,  by  queitlioniiig  or 
adilrtMs  ;  to  cause  to  be  ikclnrt-d,  or  bruu[;ht  to  light ; 
OS,  to  draw  vul  fuels  from  n  witnetL-^. 

7.  'i'o  induce  by  motive  ;  to  cull  forth. 

'I.     Atton. 

:..(ly;iis, 

tu 

*}.  T"  r.ir:-.-  In  I.  ,tll.'  ,  I..  ;iTr:iy  in  ri  linr. 
To  draic  tti'^ether  :  tu  collect  of  be  coltrcted. 
To  draw  up  ;  to  raii^c  ;  to  lift  ;  to  eltvale. 

2.  To  f  mil  in  order  of  bnllle  ;  to  nrr.iy.    Drydm. 

3.  To  cuinpoHe  in  due  form,  m  n  writing  ;  to  form 
in  writiiif^ ;  ui«,  lo  draw  up  a  deed  ;  lo  draw  up  a 
paiK-r.  Swift. 

In  this  use,  it   Is  often  more  elegant  to  omit  the 
modifying  word.    [See  No.  33.] 
DRAW,  p.  I.    'J"o  pull ;  lo  exert  slrength  In  drawing. 
\Vo  siiy,  a  horse  or  an  ox  draws  well. 
S.  7'o  act  as  a  weight. 

Wnieb  Utc  UiiUofllio  iiiliiil,  Out  It  may  not  (/raw  too  mii(h. 

Aditiion. 

3.  To  shrink  ;  to  contract  Into  a  smaller  compass. 

Bacon. 

4.  To  move  ;  to  advance.  The  day  (/rotcj  toward 
evening. 

5.  To  be  filled  or  inflated  with  \vind,  so  a/;  to  press 
on  and  advance  a  ship  In  her  course;  as,  the  sails 
draw. 

6.  To  unsheathe  a  sword.  His  love  drew  to  de- 
fund  him.    In  ihifi  phrase,  sword  is  undorslood. 

7.  To  use  or  practice  llie  art  of  delinoating  figures  ; 
as,  he  draw,*  with  exactness. 

8.  To  collect  the  matter  of  an  ulcer  or  abscess ;  lo 
cause  to  suppumte  ;  to  excite  lo  inflammation,  malu- 
rnlion,  and  discharge;  as,  an  epispaslic  draws  well. 

To  draw  back ;  lo  retire ;  to  move  back ;  lo  with- 
draw. 

2.  To  renounce  the  faith  ;  to  apostatize.    Ileb.  x. 

To  draw  near  or  nij^A  ;  lo  approach  ;  to  come  nenr. 

To  draw  off;  to  retire  ;  to  nlreat ;  aj«,  the  company 
drew  off  by  dcgrccH. 

To  draw  on ;  lo  advance  ;  to  approach  ;  as,  the  day 
draws  on.  Dnjden. 

2.  To  gain  on  ;  lo  approach  in  pursuit ;  as,  Ino  ship 
drew  on  tho  cha^o. 

3.  To  demand  payment  by  an  order  or  bill,  called 
a  draft.  He  drew  on  hia  factor  for  the  amount  of  the 
shipment. 

You  tttxy  drau  on  it»e  for  the  expenses  oTyour  Journey.    Jay, 

To  draw  vp ;  to  form  in  regular  order ;  as,  the  trooiw 
drao  up  in  front  of  the  palace ;  Uie  fleet  drew  up  in  a 
semicircle. 

Draw^  in  most  of  its  uses,  retains  some  shade  of  its 
original  sense,  to  pull,  to  move  forward  by  the  ajipli- 
cition  of  force  in  afivancc,  or  to  extend  in  length. 
And  Johnson  Justly  observes,  that  it  expresses  an  ac- 
tion gmdual  or  continuous,  and  leisurely.  We  pour 
litpior  quick,  bul  we  draw  it  in  a  continued  stream. 
We  force  compliance  by  threats,  but  wc  draw  il  by 
gmdual  prevalence.  We  write  a  letter  with  haste, 
but  we  draw  a  bill  with  slow  caution  and  regard  to  a 
precise  form.    We  draw  a  bar  of  metal  by  continued 

DltAW,  n.    The  act  of  drawing.  [beating, 

a.  The  lot  or  chance  drawn. 
3.  Thai  p.nrt  of  a  bridge  which  is  drawn  up. 

DRAW'A-IJLi:,  a.     Thai  may  be  drawn.  J\forr. 

DKAVVIJACK,  n.  Money  or  an  amount  paid  back. 
Usually,  a  certain  amount  of  duties  or  customs,  paid 
or  bonded  by  an  importer,  paid  back  or  rcniilted  to 
him  on  the  exportation  of  the  goods;  or  n  c<:rtain 
amount  of  exclsi-  pnid  back  or  allowed  on  the  expor- 
tation of  home  manufacliircs. 

2.  In  d  popular  sense,  any  loss  of  advantage,  or  dc- 
durtiun  from  nrofil. 

DIIAW'-KKIDGE,  n.  A  bridge  which  may  be  raised  up, 
letdown,  or  dmwn  aside,  to  admit  or  hindercommu- 
nlcalion,as  before  the  gale  of  a  town  or  cattle,  or  in  a 
bridgcovera  navigable  river.  Inthe  lattcr,thc  draw- 
bridge usually  consists  of  two  movable  platforms, 
which  may  be  rai>»cd  to  let  a  vessel  pass  through. 

DRAW'-iNKT,  n.  A  net  for  catching  the  larg'-r  sorts 
of  birds,  mnde  of  packthre.id,  with  wide  ine!*he.s, 

DR^W'-WELL,  n.  A  deep  well,  from  which  water 
ij«  drawn  by  n  long  cord  or  pole.  Grew 

DRAWEE,  n.  The  person  on  whom  an  order  or  bill 
of  exchange  Is  drawn ;  the  payer  of  a  bill  of  ex- 
chance. 

DRAWER,  n.  One  who  draws  or  pulls:  one  who 
lakes  water  from  a  well :  one  who  drawa  liquor  from  i 
a  cask. 


DRE 

2.  'J'hal  which  dmws  or  nltmcls,  or  has  the  iwwor 

of  atlractlun.  Smifi 

3.  lie  who  draws  a  bill  of  exchange,  or  an  ordrrlbr 
the  p;iyiiK-iit  of  money. 

■1.  A  hliding  box  in  n  case  or  table,  which  is  drawn 
at  pleasure. 

5.  Drawers,  In  the  plural ;  n  close  under  eartnent, 
worn  on  the  lower  limbs. 
DRAWING,  ppr.    Pulling;  hauling;  atlmcllng ;  de- 
lineating. 
DRAWING,  «.    The  act  of  pulling,  hauling,  or  U- 
tmciiiig.  , 

2.  Tho  representation  of  the  apix'iimiico  or  A|. 
ures  of  objects  on  a  plain  surface,  by  means  of  llnoa 
nnd  shades,  as  with  a  pencil,  crayon,  pen,  compawM, 
See.  ;  delilie.-ilton. 

3.  The  distribution  of  prizes  and  blanks  In  a  lot- 
tery. 

DHA W1NG-MAS-TI:r,  h.  One  wlm  leaches  tho  art 
of  drawing. 

DRAWING-ROO.M,  n.  A  room  appropriuted  fur  il.- 
reception  of  compnny  ;  n  riM»m  in  whicli  disiiiigui-li  <l 
personages  hold  levees,  or  private  |M:i^ins  rectivi 
I>arlies.  It  is  written  by  Coxe  wilJidrawinj^-room,  a 
room  lo  which  com|>any  withdraws  from  the  dinini- 
room. 

2.  The  formal  rece)>tion  of  evening  comjuiny  at  t 
court,  or  by  |>c-rsons  iu  hiuh  .>t:itioii. 

3.  The  company  assembled  in  a  drawing-room. 
DRAWL,  V.  t.     [D.  draalnt,  to  linger.) 

I'o  utter  wordH  iu  a  stow,  lougthenud  tone. 
DRAWL,  V.  i.    Tu  speak  with  slow  utterance. 
DRAWL,  n.     A  lengthened  utieninco  of  the  vofco. 
DRAWL'ING,  our.     Uttering  words  slowly. 
DRAWL'iNG-LV,  adv.    Uy  tilow  ur  lengthened  uUor- 

ancc. 
DRAWN,;*;),  or  a.    [See  Diiaw.]    Pulled  ;  luudtd  ;  al- 
lured ;  attracted;  delineated  j  extended;  extructed; 
derived ;  deduced  ;  written. 

2.  Eiiuut,  where  each  party  takes  his  ownstakfl) 
as,  a  drawn  game. 

a.  Having  equal  advantage,  und  ni:illier  [orty  a 
victor}'  J  as,  a  drawn  battle. 
■1.  With  a  sword  drawn.  Shak, 

5.  Moved  aside,  as  a  curtain  ;  unclosed,  or  clo^<:d. 
C.  Eviscerated  ;  as,  a  drawn  (ox.  Shai. 

7.  In  a  diffused  or  melted  state  ;  as,  drawn  butter. 

8.  Induced,  as  by  a  motive  ;  as,  men  are  drawn  to- 
gcthcr  by  similar  views,  or  by  motives  of  Inlercrf. 

Drawn  and  quartered;  drawn  on  a  sled,  and  ctti 

into  quarter?. 
DKA^VX-BAT'TLE,  n.   A  battle  from  which  the  pa^ 

lies  Withdraw  without  the  defL-at  i-r  victory  of  eiinci; 
DRAWN-nUT'TER,  n.     Melted  butter. 
DRAWTLATE,  7t.    A  steel  plaic  having  a  gradatktn 

of  conical  holes,  through  which  wires  are  drawn  to 

bo  reduced  and  elongated. 
DRAY,  n.     [Sax.  drmge,  L.  trahea,  from  drair,  traho.] 

1.  .A,  low  cart  or  carriage  on  wheels,  drawn  by  a 
horse.  .Addison. 

2.  A  sled.  Eneyc 
DR A  V'-GA  RT,  n.    A  dray. 

DRA  V'-IIOR.S'E,  n.    A  horse  used  for  dmwing  a  dray. 

Tatler. 

DRAV'SIAN,  n.    A  man  who  attends  a  dmy.  SouA. 

DRAY'-PLOW,       ;  jt.    A  particular  kind  of  plow. 

DRAY'-PLOUGH,  \  M'Ttin-r. 

DUAZ'EL,  (draz'l,)  n.    A  dirty  woninn  ;  a  .hit. 

[  T/iis  IS  a  vulvar  word  ;  in  A'rw  Kn^Urul  pronuw^'  . 
dro/,'!,  and  t  baiecc  always  applied  to  a  femnle.] 

DREAD,  (dred,)  n.     [Sax.  drad.     Qu.  from  "Ih-  r.-  (  ■ ' 
llic  L.  terrco,  or  tliU  of  Sw.  rdid,  fearf .: 
dread,  Dan.  ra:d,  fearful,  Sp.  arrcdrar,  ; 
Ir  cra£/ia;n,  to  tremble.    If  fi  is  a  prtllx,  ^ 
No.  14,  19,  22,  25,  60,  78.      The  prhuary  --  u- 
probably,  to  tremble,  or  to  shrink,] 

1.  Great  fear,  or  apprehension  of  evil  or  dniv:  r. 
Il  expresses  more  than  fear,  and  les^*  than  terrtr  -  ' 
fright.  It  is  an  uneasiness  uralrtrm  exrii  <l  I  v  ■ 
peeled  pain,  loss,  or  other  evil.  Wespe;ik  of  the  <--  . 
of  evil ;  the  drrjid  of  snfTering ;  the  dmul  uf  the  iJi- 
vine  displeasure.  It  dilTers  fmm  terror,  nUo  in  being 
less  sudden  or  more  continued. 

2.  Awe ;  fear  united  with  respect. 

3.  Terror. 

Shall  no!  bii  dread  tail  od  you  ?  —  Job  xlU. 

4.  The  cause  of  fear;  the  person  or  th*»  ibin. 
dreaded. 

I<ct  him  be  your  dread.  —  la.  nil. 

DREAD,  a.   Exciting  great  fear  or  apprehension.  Shak. 

2.  Terrible  ;  frighlfuL  Shak. 

3.  Awful ;  venerable  in  the  highest  degree  ;  Bi, 
rfrr/i// f^ovcreign  ;  dread  majesty;  drc/id  tribunal. 

DRE.'VD,  (dred,)  v.  t.    To  fear  in  a  great  degree ;  ai,  to 

dread  the  approach  of  a  storm. 
DREAD,  V.  L    To  be  in  great  fear. 

Dread  not,  nfitLcr  \jn  .-J'riid  uf  lb«n.  —  IVnt.  1. 

DREAD'A-nLE,  a.    That  is  to  bo  dreaded.    ( 0**.] 
DREAD'-nOLT-ED,  a.    Having  bolts  to  Iks  dreaded; 

as,  drcad-hoUed  thunder.  SAdJlt, 

DREAD'ED,  (dred'ed,)  pp.    Feared. 
DREAD'ER,  n.    One  that  fear«,  or  lives  In  fear.  Ac(/L 


FATR,  PAR,  FALL,  WHAT.- METE,  ^RB\^-PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD. -NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQQK. 


:\k^\ 


DRE 

DREAD'FllL,  a.    Impressing  gnjiil  fear;  terrible  ;  for- 
midable ;  as,  a  dreadful  slunii,  or  dreadful  night. 
Tbe  greAt  and  dreadful  day  of  ihe  LorJ.  — MiJ.  W. 

2.  Awful  J  venerable. 

Hqw  dread/ul  is  Oiis  pl.ice  I  —  Gen.  xlviii. 

DREAD 'FIJL-LY,  adv.  Terribly  ;  in  a  manner  to  be 
dreaded.  Dnidciu 

DREAD'FIJL-XESS,  rj.  Torribleness ;  the  quality  of 
being  dreadful ;  frighlfuliiess. 

DREAD'LESS,  fdred'less,)  a.  Fearless;  bold  ;  not  in- 
timidated ;  undaunted;  free  from  fear  or  terror  ;  in- 
trepid. Milton. 

DREAD'LESS-NESS,  n.  Fearlessness  ;  undaunted- 
ness  ;  freedom  from  fear  or  terror ;  boldness.  Sidney. 

DRE.VD'NACGHT,  (dred'nawt,)  n.      A  thick   cloth, 

with  a  long  pile,  used  for  warm  clothing,  or  to  keep 

2.  A  garment  made  of  such  clotli.  [off  mln. 

DReAM,  71.  [D.  droom ;  G.  traum  ;  Sw\  drvm  ,■  Dan. 
driim.  In  Russ.  dremlyu  is  to  sleep.  But  I  take  the 
primary  sense  to  be,  to  rove,  and  the  word  to  be  al- 
lied to  Or.  Sooftrj,  a  running,  which  seems  to  be  from 
the  root  of  roam,  ramble.  If  not,  it  may  signify  to 
form  images,  and  be  allied  to  frame.] 

1.  The  tliougiit,  or  series  of  thoughts,  of  a  person 
in  sleep.  We  apply  dream,  in  the  singular,  to  a  se- 
ries of  tlioughts  which  occupy  the  mind  of  a  sleeping 
person,  in  which  he  imagines  he  has  a  view  of  real 
tliin*r5  or  transactions.  A  drrain  is  a  series  of  thoughts 
not  under  the  command  of  reason,  and  hence  wild 
and  irregular.  Stcicart. 

2.  In  5fn^fiirf,rfrMm5  were  sometimes  impressions 
on  the  minds  of  sleeping  persons,  made  by  divine 
agtncy.  God  came  to  Abimelcch  in  a  dream.  Jo- 
seph was  warned  by  God  in  a  dream,  Oen.  xx. 
Mctt.  ii. 

3.  A  vain  fancy;  a  wild  conceit;  an  unfounded 
sii5picion. 

DReAM,  v.  i. ;  preL  Dreamed  or  Dreamt.  [D.  droom- 
en:  G.  trdamcn;  Sw.  driimma;  Dan   drommer.'^ 

1.  To  have  ideas  or  images  in  the  mind,  in  the 
state  of  sleep ;  with  of  before  a  nonn  ;  as,  to  dream 
of  a  battle  ;  to  dream  of  an  absent  friend. 

2.  To  think  ;  to  imagine  ;  as,  lie  little  dreamed  of 
his  approaching  fate. 

3.  To  think  idly. 

Tbey  drenm  on  iti  a  coarse  of  reailin*,  willioiit  digesliner. 

DReAM,  r.  t.    To  see  in  a  dream. 

To  dream  away;  to  waste  in  idle  thoughts;  as,  to 
drca-a  away  one's  time. 

AiiJ  dreamt  Uie  fulure  fijlit.  Dryden. 

It  is  followed  by  a  noun  of  the  like  signification  ; 
as,  to  (heam  a  dreiim. 
DUEAM'ER,  71.     One  who  dreams. 

2.  A  fanciful  man ;  a  visionarj- ;  one  who  forms  or 
entertains  vain  schemes  ;  as,  a  political  dreamer. 

3.  A  man  lost  in  wild  imagination;  a  mope;  a 
sluggard. 

DReA_MTUL,  a.     Full  of  dreams.  Johnson. 

DReAM'IS'G,  ppr.     Having  thoughts  or  ideas  in  sleep. 
DRir,A.M'I.VG-LV,  adv.     Sluggishly  ;  negligently. 
DREA.M'LESS,  a.     Free  from  dreams.  Camden. 

DReA.M'LESS-LY,  adv.    In  a  dreamless  manner. 
DREA?dPT,  (dremt,)  pp.     From  Dream. 
DReAM'Y,  a.    Full  of  dreams. 
DRkAR,  71.     Dread;  dismalness.     [055.]      Spenser. 
DReAR,  a.     [Sax.  dreorin^  dreary.] 
Dismal ;  gloomy  with  solitude. 

A  drear  and  dying  sound.  MUlon. 

DReAR'I-HEAD,  (lied,)  ti.      Dismal  ness ;    gloomi- 
ness.    rjVbt  in  use.]  Spenser. 
DReAR'I-LY,  adv.     Gloomily;  dismally.      Speiiser. 
DReAK'I-MEXT,  71.    Dismalness;  terror.    [Obe.] 
DReAR'I-NESS,  71.    Dismalness;  gloomy  solitude. 
DReAR'Y,  a.     [Sax.  drcorig:] 

1.  Dismal ;  gloomy  ;  as,  a  dreary  waste  ;  dreary 
shades.    This  word  implies  both  solitude  and  gloom. 

2.  Sorrowful ;  distressing;  as,  dreary  shiieks. 

Spenser. 

DREDGE,  71.    [Fr.  drcfre  ;  Arm.  dra^,  as  in  English.] 
1.  A  dragnet  for  trying  oysters,  &,c.  Carcw. 

9.  A  mixture  of  oats  and  barley  sown  together. 

DREDOJE,  r.  L  To  catch  or  gather  with  a  dredge  ;  to 
deepen  \Nithadredging-machine.  Carejo. 

DREDGE,  V.  t.     [Tliis  seems  to  be  connected  with  the 
Fr.  drague,   grains,  drag6e,  sugar  plums,  small  shot, 
meslin.J 
To  sprinkle  flour  on  roast  meat. 

DREDG'iTD,  p-p.  Caught  with  a  dredge;  deepened 
with  a  diedging-machine ;  sprinkled,"  as  flour  on 
roastins  meat. 

DREDG'ER,  n.  One  who  fishes  with  a  dredge  ;  also, 
a  utensil  fur  scattering  flour  on  meat  while  roast- 
ing; a  dredging-niachine. 

DREDG'IXG,  ppr.  or  a.  Catching  with  a  dredge  ;  deep- 
ening with  a  dredging-machine  ;  sprinkhng  as  with 
flour. 

DREDG'ING,  71.  The  act  of  gathering  with  a  net, 
deepening  with  a  dredging-machine,  or  sprinkling 
with  flour. 

DREDG'IXG-BOX, 
meal. 


A  box  used  for  dredging 


DRE 

DRKDG'IN(:-:\IA-CH/NE',  (ma-sheen',)  7i.  An  en- 
gine used  to  lake  up  mud  or  gravtd  from  the  bfiltt)ni 
of  rivers,  docks,  &c.  Cyc. 

DREE,  V.  t.     [Sax.  drcafi.] 

To  suffer.     [JVbi  usca!.]  Ray. 

DKEG'GI-NESS,  71.  [from  dregg-ij.]  Fullness  of  dregs 
or  lees  ;  foulness;  feculence. 

DREG'GISH,  a.  Full  of  dregs;  foul  with  lees;  fecu- 
lent. Harvey. 

DREG'GY,  a.  [See  Dreos.]  Containing  dregs  or 
lees  ;  consisting  of  dregs  ;  foul ;  muddy  ;  feculent. 

Beyle. 

DREGS,  n.  pi  [Sw.  (/rti^r ^  ,-  D:n\.  drank ;  Gr.  r/)vf, 
r-ivyia.  That  which  is  drained  or  thrown  oft",  ortliat 
wiiich  subsides.     See  Class  Rg.  No.  8,  28, 58. 

1.  The  sediment  of  liquors;  lees;  grounds;  fecu- 
lence ;  any  foreign  matter  of  liquors  that  subsides  to 
the  bottom  of  a  vessel. 

2.  Waste  or  wortidess  matter;  dross;  sweepings; 
refuse.  Hence,  the  most  vUe  and  despicable  part  of 
men  ;  as,  the  dreirs  of  society. 

Drcv^  in  the  singular,  is  found  in  Spenser,  but  is 
not  now  used. 

DREIN.     See  Drain. 

DRENCH,  V.  t.  [Sax,  dreneean,  to  drench,  to  soak,  to 
inebriate,  and  drencan,  tn  drink,  to  give  drink  ;  drcnc, 
drench, and  drink;  D.  drenkcn;  G.  tr'dnken,  to  water, 
to  soak;  Sw.  drdnehia,  to  jiliinge,  to  soak;  Scot. 
drunk:  W.troci.  Drench,  drink,  drown,  and  probably 
dra^,  are  from  tlie  same  root.    See  Drink  and  Drag.] 

1.  To  wet  thoroughly  ;  to  soak;  to  fill  or  cover 
with  water  or  otiier  liquid  ;  as,  garments  draichcd  in 
rain  or  in  the  sea  ;  the  flood  has  drenched  the  earth  ; 
swords  drenched  in  blood. 

2.  To  saturate  with  drink.  Shak. 

3.  To  purge  violently.  Mortimer. 
DRENCH,  n.    A  draught ;  a  swill ;  hence,  a  large  por- 
tion of  liquid  medicine  administered  loan  animal  by 
pourinc  or  forcing  down  the  throat. 

DRENCH'£D,(drencht,)  ;jp.ora.  Soalvcd  ;  thoroughly 
wet ;  purged  with  a  dose. 

DRENCH'ER,  71.  One  who  wets  or  steeps;  one  wlio 
gives  a  drench  to  a  beast. 

DRENCH'IXG,  ppr.  or  a.  Wetting  thorouglily  ;  soak- 
ing ;  purging. 

DRENT,  pp.     Drenched.     [JVot  in  itsc.]  Spenser. 

DRESS,  V.  t. :  prct  and  pp.  Dressed,  or  Drest.  [Fr. 
dresser,  to  make  straight,  to  set  up,  to  erect ;  Arm. 
drc^za,  dregzeini  It.rizzare,  to  erect,  to  makestraiglit ; 
diriizarc,to  direct,  to  address;  Sp.  enderezar, Port,  eit- 
dcTcgar,  to  direct ;  Norm,  adrescer,  to  redress.  Tlie  pri- 
mary sense  is,  to  make  straight,  to  strain. or  stretch  to 
straightness.  The  It.  rizzare  is  supposed  to  bcforni'j  i 
Croinritto,  straight,  upright,  I  j.  erect  us ,  rectus^  from 
ericro,  rego.] 

1.  To  make  straight  or  a  straight  line;  to  adjust  to 
a  right  line.  We  have  the  primary  sense  in  the  mili- 
tary phrase,  dress  your  ranks.  Hence  the  sense,  to 
put  in  ordi*r. 

9.  To  adjust ;  to  put  in  good  order ;  as,  to  dress  the 
beds  of  a  garden.  Sometimes,  to  till  or  cultivate. 
Gen.  ii.     Veut.  xsviii. 

3.  To  put  in  good  order,  as  a  wounded  limb ;  to 
cleanse  a  wound,  anH  to  apply  medicaments.  The 
surgeon  dresses  the  limb  or  the  wound. 

4.  To  prepare,  in  a  general  sense  ;  to  put  in  the  con- 
dition desired;  to  make  suitable  or  fit;  ni^,lQ  dress 
meat ;  to  dress  leather  or  cloth  ;  to  dress  a  lamp  ;  but 
we.  In  the  latter  case,  cenerally  use  trim.  To  dress 
hemp  or  flax,  is  to  break  and  clean  it. 

5.  To  curry,  rub,  and  comb;  as,  lo  rfrc55  a  horse  ; 
or  to  break  or  tame  and  prepare  for  service,  as  used 
by  Dryden  ;  but  this  is  unH^-na!. 

6.  To  put  the  body  in  order,  or  in  a  suitable  condi- 
tion ;  to  put  on  clothes ;  as,  be  dressed  himself  for 
breakfast. 

7.  'I'o  put  on  rich  garments  ;  to  adorn  :  to  deck  ;  to 
embellish  ;  as,  the  lady  dressed  herself  for  a  ball. 

To  dress  up,  is  to  clotlie  pompously,  or  elegantly  ; 
as,  to  dress  up  with  tinsel. 

To  dress  a  ship,  is  to  oriranient  her  with  colors,  as 
on  days  of  rejoicing. 

The  sense  of  drc^s  depends  on  its  application.  To 
dre^s  the  body,  to  dress  meat,  and  to  dress  leather,  are 
very  dilferent  seiisi.'s,  but  all  uniting  in  the  sense  of 
preparing  or  fitting  for  use. 
DRESS,  V.  L  To  arrange  in  a  line  ;  as,  look  to  the 
rigJit,  and  dress. 

2.  To  pay  particular  regard  to  dress  or  raiment. 

BramsUni, 
DRESS,  71.    That  which  is  used  as  the  covering  or  or- 
nament of  the  body  ;  clothes  ;  garments ;  habit ;  as, 
the  dress  of  a  lady  is  modest  and  becoming ;  a  gaudy 
dress  is  evidence  of  a  false  taste. 

9.  A  suit  of  clothes ;  as,  the  lady  has  purchased  an 
elegant  dress. 

3.  A  lady's  gown. 

4.  Splendid  clothes ;  habit  of  ceremony  ;  as,  a  full 
dress. 

5.  Skill  in  adjusting  dress,  or  the  practice  of  wear- 
ing elegant  clothing  ;  as,  men  of  dress.  Pope. 

DRESS' jED,  (drest,)  pp.  Adjusted;  made  straight; 
put  in  order ;  prepared  ;  trimmed  j  tilled  ;  clothed  ; 
adorned ;  attired.  i 


DRI 

DRESS'ER,  71.  One  who  dresses;  one  who  is  em- 
ployed in  putting  on  clothes  and  adorning  another; 
one  who  is  employed  in  preparing,  trimmmg,  or  ad- 
justing any  thing. 

2.  [Fr.  ilressoir.]  A  table  or  bench  on  which  meat 
and  other  things  are  dressed  orprefiared  for  use. 

DRESS'INC;,  ppr.  Adjusting  to  a  line  ;  putting  in  or- 
der ;  preparing ;  clothing ;  embellishing ;  cultiva- 
ting. 

DRESS'ING,  Ti,    Raiment ;  attire.  B.  Jonson. 

2.  That  whieb  is  used  as  an  application  to  a  wound 
or  sore. 

3.  That  which  is  used  in  preparing  land  for  a  crop; 
manure  spread  over  land.  When  it  r^mkinj  on  the 
surface,  it  is  called  a  iop-dresjing 

■\.  In  popular  language,  correction ;  a  flogging  or 
hcatinL'. 
.'J.  In  cookery,  the  Blufiing  of  fowls,  pigs,  &c. 

0.  A  term  applied  to  gum,  starch,  and  other  arti- 
cles, in  stiffening  or  preparing  silk,  linen,  and  oih:;r 
fabrics.  Brande. 

7.  In  architecture,  dressings  are  mouldintrs  round 

doors,  windows,  &c.  Brande. 

DRESS'ING-GOWN,  ti.    A  liglit  gown  used  by  a  plt- 

yon  while  dressing. 
DRESS'ING  ROOM,  71.    An  apartment  appropriated 

fir  dressing  the  person. 
DKE.-"S'IXG"-Ta-BLE,  n.   A  toilet,  a  table  provided 

with  conveniences  for  a  person  adjufiting  a  dress. 
DRESS'-MaK'ER,  t(.    .\  maker  of  gowns,  or  similar 

garments  ;  a  mantua-maker. 
DUESS'Y,   a.      Showy  in  dress;    wearing   rich   cr 

showy  dresses. 
DRESTjpp.  of  Dress.  ^   ^ 

DREtJL,  (drGIe,)o.i.    [QM.drinel^or  \r.  j!,r7-'^.' 
slaver.] 

To  emit  saliva;  to  snfler  saliva  to  issue  an  1  ;. 
down  from  the  mouth.     See  Drool. 

DRIH,  V.  t.    [Qu.  from  dribble,  but  the  word  is  not  ele- 
gant, nor  much  used  ] 
To  crop  or  cut  off";  to  defalcate.  Dryden. 

DRIB,  n.     A  drop.     [A^£  used.]  Swift. 

DRIB'BLE,  (drib'bl,)  r.  i.  [A  diminutive  from  drip, 
and  properly  dripple.] 

1.  To  fall  in  drops  or  small  drops,  or  in  a  quick 
succession  of  drops  ;  as,  water  (/H&6/ei' from  the  eaves. 

2.  To  slaver,  as  a  child  or  an  idiot. 

3.  To  fall  weakly  and  slowly;  as,  the  drilMin^ 
dart  of  love.  Shak, 

DRIB'BLE,  V.  t.    To  throw  down  in  drops.      SwtfL 
DRIB'BLET,  n.     [W.  rhib.] 

A  small  piece  or  part ;  a  small  sum  ;  odd  mnir  y  in 

a  sum  ;  as,  the  money  was  paid  in  dribblets. 
DIUi/BLING,  ppr.  or  a.  Falling  in  drops  or  sii;. 
DRIU'BLING,  71,    .\  falling  in  drops. 
D1U'£D,  (dride,)  pp.  or  a.  from  Dkv.    Freed  fri_::! 

moisture  or  sap.    [Better  written  Dryed.] 
DRI'ER,  71.     [from  dry.]    That  which  has  the  nuiiity 

of  dr>'ing  ;  that  which  may  expel  or  absorb  moisture ; 

a  desiccative.    The  sun  and  a  north-westerly  wind 

are  great  driers  of  the  earth.  [Better  written  Drter.] 
DRIFT,  77.     [Dan.  drifi.;  from  drive] 

1.  'I'hat  ^vhich  is  driven  b^-  wind  or  water,  as  drift 
seems  to  be  primarily  a  participle.    Hence, 

2.  A  heap  of  any  matter  driven  logeliier ;  as,  a 
drift  of  snow,  called  also  a  snoro-drifl ;  a  drijl  of 
sand. 

3.  A  driving  ;  a  force  impelling  or  urging  forward  ; 
impulse;  overbearing  power  or  influence;  as,  the 
drift  of  a  passion. 

4.  Course  of  any  thing;  tendency;  aim;  main 
force  ;  as,  the  drifi  of  reasoning  or  argument;  the 
drift  of  a  discourse. 

5.  Any  thing  driven  by  force  ;  as,  a  drift  of  dust ;  a 
log  or  a  raft  driven  by  a  stream  of  water,  witliout 
guidance.  I}ryden. 

G.  A  shower  ;  a  number  of  things  driven  at  oucl-  ;  j  i 

as,  a  drft  of  bullets.  Shak.  \ 

7.  In  mining,  a  passage  cut  between  shaft  and  ; 
shaft ;  a  passage  within  the  earth. 

Kncyc     Fonrcrou. 

8.  In  natigation,  the  angle  which  the  line  (if  a 
ship's  motion  makes  with  the  nearest  meridian, 
wlien  she  drives  with  her  side  to  the  wind  and 
waves,  and  is  not  governed  by  the  helm.  Also, 
the  distance  which  ^e  ship  drives  on  that  line. 

Kncyc 

9.  The  drift  of  a  current,  is  its  angle  and  velocity. 

Mnr.  Diet. 

10.  In  geology,  a  term  applied  to  earth  and  rocks, 
which  have  been  drifted  by  water,  and  depo^^ited 
over  a  country  while  submerged, 

11.  In  archUecturc,  ihc  horizontal  force  which  an 
arch  exerlii,  tending  to  overset  the  pier. 

DRIFT,  V.  i.  To  accumulate  in  heaps  by  the  force  of 
wind;  to  be  driven  into  heaps;  as,  snow  or  sand 
drijt's. 

2.  To  float  or  be  driven  along  by  a  current  of  wa- 
ter ;  as,  the  ship  drifted  .astern  ;  a  raft  rirified  ashore 

DRIFT,  V.  u  To  drive  into  heaps;  as,  a  ctirrent  d 
wind  drifts  snow  or  sand. 

DRIFT'KD,  pp.    Driven  along  ;  driven  into  heaps. 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  Cll  as  SH  ;  Til  as  in  TIUS. 


DRl 

DRIKT'ING,  ■.    Tbe  ul  uf  ilriAlnc ;  a  drift. 
DRIKT'I.NC,  fpr.     Urivlng  by  fofce  ;   drivin-   Into 

b«rap«. 

nuIfT'-HAIL.  ■•  In  niivi^ation,  a  nil  used  under 
ivmtrr,  vtfrrro  out  ri^lit  alicad  by  sheet*.     kUtc^t, 

DUI>"1''-\VAV,  B.  A  cuiumon  way  fur  drivlnc  cattle 
in.  Ofttfl. 

ItKIKT'-WIV"     -        \    Iriving  wind  ;  a  wind  tliut 

ilnrrf  tt>:                                                         Hiiium.  and  Ft. 

imUT'-U  '  '  dnftrtl  or  tlodt-d  liy  »;U.  r. 

UUir.'  • .    :uid  D.   lir.Uru  ;   Vnti. 

dr  I'l,  ur  IWMI  ;  W.  rAi.'V, 

■  I  .  tu  trf  nrlt  ;  IruU'iv,  to 

dr    I  ■-,  .1  -,   trodtiy  to  luin  ur 

Ml.  r  IS  eviilcntly  ainHMtcd  with  rolt. 
L'li 

1  .   ■  '!riii ;  lo  iM'ffiinU*  by  turning  n 

»Ii '.  .c   uf  a  iiartictilur  fonii ;   i<i 

bt<r  i>y  turning    nn    InntruuK'nl. 

\\\     .   ,  :     -.-  iliruugli   a  jiiecc  of  inelol, 

ur  tu  ariii  a  coiinun. 

■i.  To  draw  on  ;  tu  entice  ;  to  amiuo  and  put  off. 

8bc-  dnli»d  hiia  on  to  flr?  uA  &ttj.     [Sol  tUfOnt,]    AJiiwon. 

3.  Tu  draw  on  fhuu  slf^p  to  rtop.     f-Vw  decant,] 

South. 

4.  To  ilf  ■  til  drain  ;  oa,  watrrx  drilUJ 
ttirutifli  n  Thomson. 

5.  In  c  !  >  ttvirh  and  tmin  raw  boI- 
dUr  ':t  cxorclto  ;  A  ct^rnini^n 
OH.:  Hence,  to  teach  by 
rci*-  >  r  ncun. 

i>,  |[i   ■■■.i^>:\i<t..r-i,  \i>  -...w   :;r:iia  In  rowii,  drill.-;,  or 
DRILL,  r.  I.    Tu  iiuw  in  drtlH.  [channels. 

'2.  To  fluw  gently. 

3.  To  niuiter  fur  exercise.  Beaum.  aiul  Fi 

DRILL,  n.  A  pointed  instniment,  used  fur  buring 
tK>le<«,  parliculnrly  in  nietoli  and  other  hard  ttub- 
<t  ttirtr*.  Mozan, 

J.  An  ape  or  baboon.  Locke. 

X  The  act  of  training  soldion  to  their  duty. 

■4.  A  small  stream  ;  now  called  a  Rill.     Sanilua. 

[Drilt  Ls  funned  on  the  root  of  riZ/,  G.  riUe^  a  ciian- 

Dcl.] 

5.  In  kushandjy,  a  row  of  groin,  sowed  by  a  drill- 

plitW. 

DRILL'-BOW,  (-bfl,)  ».  A  small  bow,  whose  string 
U  Uicd  fur  the  purpuse  of  rapidly  turning  a  drill. 

Brajide. 

DRILL'-nOX,  n.    A  box  containing  scod  for  euwing. 

0UILL'/:D,  {iir\]d,)  pp.  Bore.!  or  pcrfurated  with  a 
ilnll;  o\erci«ed  ;  nown  in  rows. 

DRILI.'-IIAR'HOW,  n.  A  harrow  used  fur  smooUi- 
Ing  e^>«l^d  U-tween  ruwn  or  drill!). 

DRfLL'-IILS'lIWD-Ry,  n.  The  pracUco of  sowing 
lantl,  by  a  machine,  in  rowii. 

I»KILL'I.\(;,  ppr.  fturing  with  a  drill;  training  to 
niilitar>-  ihity  ;  sowing  in  drill.-*. 

DKILL'lNi;,  M.  A  coarse  linen  or  cotton  clolli,  used 
fur  tri>W!Mp«,  &c. 

DRILL'-PLOW,       i  n.    A  iJow  fur  sowing  grain  in 

ItKILL'-I'LOUGII,  i      drUU 

DRI.N'K,  r.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  Draitk.  Old  pret,  and  pp. 
VmvxK;  pp.  i>RL-nKc-(.  [Sax.  driacauy  drican,  drt/- 
eiam;  Goth,  drasyaa,  to  give  drink;  D.  drinJien  ;  (i. 
fri-tt'-i ;  <\v.  >!-trka :  Dan.  t/riUrcr,  to  drink  ;  Sp.  tra- 
.-.'.  r  ri-  i/.,  I.  swallow;  trairo,  a  draugtiU  The 
-''  '.  11  1  I'T  !  illy  drink,  it  from  drawing,  or  the  lat- 
ui  j.ijv  U  nii.u-  nearly  uMJL-d  to  W.  frocAi,  or  tro^i^ 
to  plunci-,  bathe,  lmnier:ie.  Drink  and  drench  are 
radir.-\lly  the  same  wunl,  and  probably  drown.  \Vc 
observe  tliat  n  \a  nut  radical. } 

1.  To  swoUuw  lirjuor,  fur  quenching  tliirst  or  otiier 
purpodc  ;  a«,  to  drink  of  the  brook. 

Yfl  »ti\ll  iiwWd  drink  of  my  cup.  —  MjU.  xx. 

a.  To  lake  wpirituou  s  liquurt  to  cxcc&i ;  to  be  intem- 
perate tn  Ihe  u-tc  of  sptrituouzi  liquora  ;  to  be  a  habit- 
ual drunkard.  Pope. 

3.  To  feast ;  lo  bo  entertained  with  Iiquon<.  Shak. 
To  dn*k  to;  to  Kilutc  in  drinking;  to  invite  to 

drink  by  drinking  finrt  ;  as,  I  drink  to  your  grace. 

Shak. 
0.  To  wUh  well  to,  m  the  act  of  t-iking  the  cup. 
DRI.N'K.  r.  L    Tu  swallow,  as  liquidn;  to  receive,  as 

■  fluid.  Into  the  -otiim.ich  ;  as,  to  drink  water  or  wine. 
a  To  fnif  k  tn  ;  in  iMurb  ;  to  imbibe. 

>  lirink  ifae  itrcam.  Dr^n. 

•'  iilct ;  to  hear ;  to  sec  ;  oa,  to 

<''•"  Shot.    Pope. 

i  (i-:".«  .,-..:*..<■  poMn  from  ih;  ty*.  Popt. 

4.  T.I  lakt-  in  .lir ;  to  Inh&le. 

T  •        T  on  by  drinking ;  tu  reduce 

or  -  »« unkinilne:ss.         Shak. 

'  iht-  whole  at  a  drauglit ;  as, 


tOK 


xiial. 


Ta  ^rvtk  im ;  lo  absorb  ;  to  lake  or  receive  into  onv 
inleL 

7*'  -'-■-'■ *     '-— '    ■'■  ■  -- '-  ,ie. 

V  .  ;  a  cufiiomar>'  civil- 

ity.  1^  ft  rl.i«"  «ir  cnp,  cx- 

DRI.N'K,   «.     Liquor  to  be  sw.UI'  I  to  be 

taken  into  the  momach,  for  qi  •,  or  for 


DUI 

inetliciual  purjufte*,  ad  water,  wiur,  t>cor,  cidur,  de- 
coctions, Sec. 

DKI.NK'AHLE,  a.  Thnl  may  be  drank  ;  fit  or  Buila- 
blc  fur  drink  ;  |h>table. 

DRINK'.A-ULE,  n.     .\  liquor  that  may  be  drank. 

Suele. 

DRINK'A-nLE-NESH,  ii.    Stale  of  beini;  drinkable. 

DUI.N'K'KU,  R.  One  who  drinks,  |iariicularly  one  who 
practk'-!*  drinking  ppirituuus  li<)uuri  lo  excess ;  a 
dninkird  ;   a  tippler. 

DKl.NK'I.N'G,  ppr.  :;walluwlng  liquor;  sucking  tn ; 
nbHorliing. 

DRl.N'K'I.NG,  a.  Connected  with  the  uw  of  ardent 
spiriix  ;  ni,  Jrinking^  usages  ;  making  an  excessive  uso 
of  spirituous  liquor*. 

DRI.N'k'I.N'G,  II.  The  act  of  swallowhig  liquon,  or  of 
absorbing. 

^,  The  praclico  uf  drinking  tu  exccs.^.  %Ve  say,  a 
man  is  given  tu  drinkinj^. 

DRINK'LNG-HORN,  n.  A  horn  cup,  such  as  our  rude 
nnceHturs  nnfil. 

DKINK'I.NG-IIOUSE,  n.  A  house  frequented  by  lip- 
plffrt  ;  nn  alehuuHe. 

DKI.NK'LKSS,  a.     Destitute  of  drink.  Chaucer. 

DRINK'-MON'-EV,(-mun-ny,)  «.  Money  given  lo  buy 
liqimr  fur  drink. 

DRIl',  r.  t.  [Sax.  dri/ptrn,  (/riupd/t,  i/ropiUM,  tu  drip,  tu 
drop  ;  D.  druipen  ;  i\.  trir/en  ;  Sw.  dnjva  ;  IJan.  anjp- 
prr.  This  sceni:*  to  be  of  the  enme  laioily  nis  drop. 
llunce,  drUfblCj  dripple^  drivel,  'i'tie  Ar.  had  Uie  pre- 
cise word  Oji  thara/a^  lo  drop  or  dijtill.    Qu.  (JP"* 

Ileb.  and  .Ar.,  to  drop.    The  Persic  has  /.*Xaj|>J 

tirabidan,  to  exude.    See  Class  Rb,  Nu.  11,  35.] 

1.  To  f;ill  in  drop-j ;  as,  water  drips  from  eaves. 

2.  To  have  any  liquid  falling  frum  it  in  drops  ;  asy 
a  wet  ganncnt  drips. 

DRIP,  r.  t.    To  lei  t^all  in  drops. 

Tbc  Ih-itch  dript  fjJt  ft  tliowcf  ot  rain.  Stai/t. 

Fo  wc  say,  roaMing  llush  drips  fut. 
DRIP,  n.    A  l";dling  In  drops,  or  that  which  falls  in 

drop,*.    In  building,  avoid  the  drip  of  your  neighbor's 

house. 
2.  The  edge  of  n  roof;   the   eaves ;   a  large,  flat 

meinhtT  of  the  cornice.  Bailey.     Chambers. 

DRH"P/:i),  (dript,)  yp.    Let  fall  in  drops. 
DRIP'PI.XG,  ppr.    Falling,  or  letting  f;dl,  in  drops. 
DRIP'PING,   n.     The  fat  which  f;dls  from  meat  in 

roasting ;  l]i;it  which  falis  in  drops. 
DRIPTL\G-PAX,   ».      A  pan   for  receiving  the  fat 

which  drip-4  from  meat  in  roai^ting. 
DUIP'PLE,  a.    \Voak  or  mre.     [J^oi  in  use.] 
DltlP'-STONE,  n.     A  projecting  t^ibtel,  or  molding, 

over  the  head  of  duor-ways,  or  windows,  fitc,  to 

throw  off*  rain. 
DRIVE,  r.  (. ;  pret.   Dbove,  (formerly   Dcave;)  pp. 

DniVKN.     [Sax.  drifan  ;  GoIIl  dreihan;  D.  dryven  ;  G. 

treii/en  ;  Sw.  drifea  ;  Dan.  driver  ;  also  Sax.  dnjfan^  to 

vex ;  odri/iin,  to  drive.     From  the  German  we  have 

thrice.     Sec  Ar.  O  jio  tarofa,  to  drive.    Chiss  Rb, 

No.  29,  and  Ilch.  Syr.  Ar.  3>i,  id.  No.  4.] 

1.  To  impel  or  urce  forward  by  force  ;  to  force  ;  to 
move  by  physical  force.  We  drive  a  nail  into  wood 
with  a  hammer;  the  wind  or  a  current  drives  a  ship 
on  tlie  ocean. 

2.  To  comitel  or  urge  forward  by  other  means  than 
alisolutc  physical  force,  or  by  means  that  compt;l  the 
will ;  as,  to  drive  cattle  lo  market ;  a  smoke  drives 
company  from  llie  room ;  a  man  may  be  driven,  by 
the  necessities  of  the  times,  tu  abandon  his  country. 

Dris*  Ui/  builoeu ;  let  not  thj  buuucM  dripc  Uicc.    Fnmklin. 

3.  To  chase ;  to  hunt. 

To  dripe  Uto  <lccr  with  Ixjuad  anii  Lom.  Chtty  Chtue, 

4.  To  impel  a  learn  of  horses  or  oxen  lo  move  for- 
ward, and  lo  direct  their  course  ;  hence,  to  guide  or 
regulate  the  course  of  the  carriage  driven  by  them. 
VVc  say,  to  drive  a  team,  or  to  drive  a  carriage  dmwn 
by  a  team. 

5.  To  take  on  a  drive  or  in  a  carriage  ;  as,  to  drrce 
a  person  to  his  door. 

G.  To  imjicl  to  greater  speed. 
7.  To  clear  any  place  by  forcing  away  what  is 
in  it. 

To  drir*  Uk  country,  totte  the  •vraini  avmy.  Dryden. 

6.  Tn  force  ;  to  compel ;  in  a  general  sense. 

9.  To  huny  on  inconsiderately  ;  often  with  on.  In 
this  sense,  it  is  more  genendly  intran.silive. 

10.  To  disircsia  ;  to  slniitcn  ;  as,  desperate  men  far 
driren.  Spenser. 

11.  To  impel  by  the  influence  of  passion.  Anger 
and  lust  often  drive  men  into  gross  crimes. 

J'2.  To  urce  ;  to  press  :  as,  to  drive  an  argument. 

13.  To  impel  by  mural  influence ;  tu  compel ;  as, 
tho  reasoning  of  his  opponent  drove  him  to  acknowl- 
edge his  error. 


DRO 

14.  To  ciitry  on  ;  to  pruseculu  ;  lo  keep  in  motion  ; 
OS,  to  drive  a  trade  ;  to  drive  business. 

15.  To  drive  feathers  or  down,  is  tu  place  tbein  In 


a  machine  which,  by  a  cuireiit  of  air,  dric-i  olT  tho 

lighlesi 

selves. 


h.  by 
lightest  tu  onu  end,   and   collects  ihem   by   ihein 

Ills  thrieo  drietn  bed  oTilowo. 


mux 

To  drive  axvay  ,•  to  force  to  removo  to  a  disUmcc  ;  tu 
expel ;  tu  disi>el ;  to  matter. 

To  drive  off;  to  compel  lu  remove  from  a  place ,  to 
exi»el ;  to  drive  to  a  distance 

To  drive  out :  to  cxptX 
DRIVE,  r.  I.    Tu  be  forced  olung  ;  lo  bo  Imiicllcd  ;  to 
be  muved  by  any  physical  furce  or  ngcut ;  as,  a  sihip 
drirrj  before  the  wind. 

2.  Tu  rush  and  pres:s  with  violence ;  as,  a  stonn 
drives  against  the  house. 

IVrcc  Itofciu  drote  vt^uM  lit*  f.j'u^g  salli.  DryUn. 

3.  To  pass  in  a  carriage  ;  as,  ho  drove  to  l4ondon* 
This  phntse  is  elliptical.  He  drove  his  horses  or  car- 
riage tu  Liuiduti. 

4.  Tu  aim  .it  or  tend  to;  tu  urge  toward  a  itulnt; 
tu  make  an  eflurt  to  reach  or  obtain  ;  as,  we  kuow 
the  end  tlie  author  is  dricina  at. 

5.  Tu  aiiu  a  bluw  ;  tu  strike  at  with  furce. 

Kuiir  rvi^K-i  in  Lucir-ini  l<  I  </riM  nl  iitc.  Slmi. 

Drive,  in  all  its  senses,  implies  furcible  or  viulvnl 
action.  It  is  op|H)!ied  to  lead.  To  drive  a  body,  [i  to 
move  it  by  applying  a  force  behind ;  tu  /rod,  is  to 
rjtuse  lo  move  by  applying  tlic  force  before,  ur  for- 
ward of  the  b(Mly. 

DRIVE,  11.  .\n  excurrtion  in  n  carri.ige,  for  exerci-<o  or 
pleasure.  In  EnffUmd,  it  is  di>j|iri;;uisti(.d  frum  a 
ride,  which  is  taken  uii  horseback. 

DRIV'i-'L,  (driv'l,)  V.  i.     [frum  the  r(K.t  of  drip.] 

1.  Tu  xlaver  ,  lo  let  spillle  drup  ur  flow  frunt  tlie 
moulh,  like  a  child,  idiot,  or  dutard.     Suiney.    Ortm, 

2.  To  be  weak  or  f(»olish  ;  to  dote  ;'as,  u  drirtUng 
hero  ;  driveling  lovu.  S/uik.     Drifdrn. 

DRIV'£L,  n.    ijlaver;  saliva  flowing  from  the  niuutta. 

Dryden. 
2.  A  driveler  ;  a  fuol ;  an  IdioU  [AVt  used.]  Sidney. 

DRIV'£:i,.-ER^  (driv'l-er,)  n.  A  slaverer  ;  a  itLtbberer; 
an  idiot ;  a  tool.  6'iC(/L 

I)RIV'^L-l.\G,;»;ir.  or  n.    Slavering;  foolish. 

DRIV'EL-ING,  (driv'1-in?,)  n.  A  course  of  weak, 
contemptible  action  or  conduct. 

DRIV'£X,  (driv'n,)  pp.  [from  drive]  I'rged  for- 
ward Iiy  force ;  imi>elled  to  move ;  constrained  by 
necessity. 

DRIVER,  iu  One  who  drives ;  the  [lerson  or  Ujiof 
that  urges  or  compels  any  thing  else  to  inuvc. 

2.  Tlie  person  who  drives  beasts. 

3.  The  iicrson  who  drives  a  carriage;  one  who 
conducts  a  team. 

4.  A  large  sail  occasionally  set  on  the  mi/.zen-yard 
or  gaff,  the  foot  being  extended  over  the  fWm  by  a 
boom.  Mar.  Diet, 

5.  In  vtacfiinery,  that  wtiich  communicates  niolioa 
to  something  else,  as  a  wheel ;  used,  also,  in  cutiipo* 
silion,  as  in  scrcio-dricer. 

G.  A  substance    interjKised  between  the  driving 

instrument  and  the  thing  driven.    A  cooper  drives 

hoops  by  striking  upon  the  driver. 
DRIVING,  ppr.     Urging  forward  by  force  ;  Impelling; 

taking  a  drive. 
DRIV'l.VG,  a.     Having  great  furce  of  impulse;  a9,a 

drivitiir  wind  or  storm. 
DRIVING,  n.    The  act  of  impelling. 

2.  Tendency. 
DRIZ'ZLE,  r.  i.    [G.  riesdn.    The  sense  is  pn>UabIy 

lo  sprinkle,  or  to  scatter.    Q,u.  L.  ros,  dow,  and  Fr. 


arroser.    See  Heb.  Ch.  CDi,  Ar.  [^  ,  ra^sa.    Oam 

Rs,  No.  16,  38.]  ^ 

To  rain  in  small  drops  ;  to  fall,  as  water  froin  tli 
clouds,  in  very  fine  particles.  We  say,  it  dri-.-.h  . 
drizzling  drops  ;  driiding  ruin  ;  driziliitg  tears. 

.^dduon. 

DRIZ'ZLE,  r.  t.    To  shed  in  small  drops  or  ixirtirl 

The  air  iloili  drizzU  ilc»'.  W  '■' 

Winter'*  drizzUd  uiow.  ^-'-  ■ 

DRIZ'ZLED,  (dri/.'ld,)  pp.    Shed  or  thrown  down    i. 

small  drops  or  particles. 
DUIZ'ZLI.XG,  ppr.  or  a.    F;Uling  in  fine  drops  or  jor 

tides  ;  t-hedding  in  small  dro|)i  or  particles. 
DRIZ'ZLING,  »L     The  falling  of  rain  or  linuw   m 

small  dr<q)S. 
DRIZ'ZLY,  a.    Slieddtng  small  rain,  or  smidl  p-in.i  !■  • 

of  snow. 

Tlio  winter'*  driszty  nigtt.  Dr^f'-' 

DROCK,  n.     Part  of  a  plow.     [J^eal.] 
DROG'MAN  and  DRO(;'0-.M.\N,    See  DaAGoUA>. 
DROIL,  r.  i.     [D.  druUm,  U>  moiic.] 

To  work  sluggishly  or  slowly  ;  to  plod.    [J\**'/  ■■■'■ 

used.]  Sprit*'  . 

DROIL,  n.    A  mope ;  a  drone  ;  a  sluggard  ;  a  dm'  ^ 

[Little  used.] 
DROIT,  n.     [Fr.]     Ri}:lit ;  the  law  ;  tillc  ;  fee  ;  pri.  i 

lege.     Also,  in  finance,  duly  ;  custom. 
2.  a.    Straight ;  right. 


I  i' 


:.  PAR,  F^m  U'HAT.— METE.  PREY — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE.  MOVE,  WOI.F,  BpOK.— 
36K  ^^ 


DRO 

DROLL,  a.  (Fr.  drOle  :  G.  droUig ;  D.  id, ;  Sw.  iroU^  a 
sat>T;  tToUa^  to  use  magic  arts,  to  enchant.  Qu.  its 
alliance  to  roily  trolL] 

Odd ;  meiry ;  facetious  j  comical ;  as,  a  droU 
fellow. 

DRoLL,  n.    One  whose  occupation  or  practice  is  to 
raise  mirtli  by  odd  tricks  ;  a  jester ;  a  butFoon.  Prior. 
2.  A  farce ;  something  exhibited  to  raise  mirth  or 
sport.  Swift. 

DRoLL,  r.  i.     To  jest ;  to  play  the  buffoon.      South, 

DROLL,  V,  t.    To  cheat.  L'Estran^e. 

DROLL'ER,  n.     A  jester;  a  buffoon.  QlanviUe, 

DROLL'ER-Y,  n.     Sportive  tricks  ;  buffoonery  ;  com- 
ical stories ;  gestures,  manners,  or  tales,  adapted  to 
laise  mirth. 
2.  A  puppet-show.  Shak. 

DRoLL'IXG,  n.    Low  wit;  buffooner}*. 

DRoLL'ING-LY,  adv.    In  a  jesting  manner. 

DRoLL'ISII,  a.     Somewhat  droH. 

DROM'E-DA-RY,  (drum'e-der-r>-,)  n.  [Fr.  dromadaire  ; 
Sp.  dromedario ;  Port,  and  It.  id.;  ii,  droman;  Gr. 
Soofia^ :  from  swiftness,  running,  Gr.  600/10^,  sSoattov, 
S'pCfiij.  This  explanation  supposes  thie  word  to  be  of 
Greek  origin.] 

1,  A  species  of  camel,  called,  also,  the  Arabian 
camei,  with  one  bunch  or  protuberance  on  the  back, 
in   distinction  from   the  Bactrian  camel,  which  has 

2.  Any  quick  traveling  camel.  [two  bunches. 
DEoNE,  n.     [Sax.  drane^  drtsn  ;  G.   drohne,  whence 

drvknen,  to  imkle,  to  shake,  to  tingle.    See  Ar.  Nos 
■J  and  7,  Class  Rn.] 

1,  The  male  of  the  honey-bee.  It  is  smaller  than 
the  queen-bee,  but  larger  than  the  working-bee.  The 
drones  make  no  honey,  but,  after  living  a  few  weeks, 
Ihey  are  killed  or  driven  from  the  hive.         Encyc. 

Hence, 

2,  An  idler;  a  sluggard;  one  who  earns  nothing 
by  indusirj-.  Jiddison. 

3.  A  humming  or  low  sound,  or  the  instrument  of 
humming.  Milton. 

4.  The  largest  tube  of  the  bagpipe,  which  emits 
a  continued  deep  note. 

DRONE,  r.  i.    To  live  in  idleness  ;  as,  a  droning  king. 

Uryden. 
2.  To  give  a  low,  heavy,  dull  sound ;  as,  the  cym- 
bal's droning  sound.  Drydcn. 

DRoNE'-FL\',  n.  A  two-winged  insect,  resembling 
the  drone-bee. 

DRo-V'IXG,  ppr.  Living  in  idleness;  giving  a  dull 
sound. 

DRoX'IXG,  n.    Dull,  driveling  utterance.        SwifL 

DROX'ISH,a.  Idle;  sluggish;  lazy;  indolent;  inac- 
tive ;  s.ow.  Rowe. 

DRo.\'ISH-LY,  adv.    In  a  dronish  manner. 

DRo.V'ISH-NESS,  h.     State  of  being  dronish. 

DROOL,  c.  u  To  drivel  or  drop  saliva.  The  word 
which,  according  to  Holloway,  is  provincial  in  Eng- 
land, is  a  familiar  nursery  word  in  America ;  as,  the 
child  drools. 

DROOP,  r.  i.  [Sax.  drepan  ;  Ice.  driupa.  This  word 
is  probably  from  the  root  of  the  L.  torpeo,  the  letters 
being  transposed  ;  or  from  the  rtK>t  of  drop,  D.  drui- 
poL,  to  drip,  drop,  or  droop.  Indeed,  all  may  be  of 
one  family.] 

1.  To  sink  or  hang  down  ;  to  lean  do^^Tiward,  as 
a  body  that  is  weak  or  languishing.  Plants  droop 
for  want  of  moisture  ;  the  human  boily  droops  in  old 
age  or  iulirmity. 

2.  To  languish  from  gTi<=f  or  other  cause.      Sandys. 

3.  To  fail"  or  sink ;  to  decline  ;  as,  the  courage  ur 
the  spirits  droop. 

4.  To  faint ;  to  grow  weak ;  to  be  dispirited  ;  as, 
the  soldiers  droop  from  fatigue. 

DROOP'£D,  (droopt,)/t;>.     Languished;  grown  weak. 
DROOF'IXG,  ;/pr.  or  a.     Sinking ;  hanging  or  leaning 

downward  ;  declining  ;  languishing  ;  failing. 
DROOP'I\G-LY,  adv.     In  a  languishing  manner. 
DROP,  n.     [Sax.  dropa,  a  drop  ;  dropian,  to  drop  ;  G. 

trcpfen;   D.  drop;   Sw.  droppe;    Dan.  draabc.     Heb. 

f]i?"^,  .Ar.  i_jl£:j  raafa,  and  Oji  dharafa^lo  drop. 

Class  Rb,  No.  11.    Heb.  1iy,  id.] 

L  A  small  portion  of  any  tluid  in  a  spherical  form, 
which  falls  at  once  from  any  body,  or  a  globule  of 
any  fluid  which  is  pendent,  as  if  about  to  fall  ;  a 
small  portion  of  water  falling  in  rain  :  as,  a  drop  of 
water ;  a  drop  of  blood  ;  a  drop  of  laudanum. 

2.  A  diamond  hanging  from  the  ear  ;  an  ear-ring  ; 
something  hanging  in  the  form  of  a  drop. 

3.  A  very  small  quantity  of  liquor;  as,  he  had  not 
drank  a  drop. 

4.  The  part  of  a  gallows  which  sustains  the  crim- 
inal before  he  is  executed,  and  which  is  suddenly 
dropped. 

DROP,  r.  (.  [Sax.  dropian  ;  D.  druipen ;  G.  travfcn  or 
tropfea  i  Sw.  drypa;  Dan.  drypper;  Rus3.  Jcrapajjn.] 

L  To  pour  or  let  fall  in  small  portions  or  globules, 
as  a  fluid  ;  to  distil. 

Tbc  heavens  sloJl  drop  down  ilew.  — Deut.  luiii, 

2.  To  let  fall,  as  any  substance ;  as,  to  drop  the  an- 
chor ;  to  drop  a  stone. 
3  To  let  go  ;  to  dismiss  ;  to  lay  aside ;  to  quit ;  to 


DRO 

leave;  to  permit  to  subside  ;  as,  to  drop  an  affair  ;  to 
drop  a  controversy  ;  to  drop  a  pursuit. 

4.  To  utter  slightly,  briefly,  or  casually  ;  as,  to 
drop  a  word  in  favor  of  a  friend. 

5.  To  insert  indirectly,  incidentally,  or  by  way  of 
digression ;  as,  to  drop  a  word  of  instruction  in  a 
letter. 

G.  To  lay  aside  ;  to  dismiss  from  possession  ;  as, 
to  drop  these  frail  bodies. 

7.  To  leave  ;  as,  to  drop  a  letter  at  the  post-office. 

8.  To  set  down  and  leave ;  a^,  the  coach  dropped  a 
passenger  at  the  inn. 

9.  To  quit ;  to  suffer  to  cease ;  as,  to  drop  an  ac- 
quaintance. 

10.  To  let  go  ;  to  dismiss  from  association  ;  as,  to 
drop  a  companion. 

11.  Tu  suffer  to  end  or  come  to  nothing;  as,  to 
drop  a  fashion. 

12.  To  bedrop  ;  to  speckle  ;  to  variegate,  as  if  by 
sprinkling  with  drops  ;  as,  a  coat  dropped  with  gold. 

Jiniton. 

13.  To  lower  ;  as,  to  drop  the  muzzle  of  a  gun. 
DROP,  V.  I.     To  distill  ;  to  fall  in  small  portions,  glob- 
ules, or  drops,  as  a  liquid.    Water  drops  from  the 
clouds  or  from  the  eaves. 

2.  To  let  drops  fall ;  to  discharge  itself  in  drops 

The  beavena  dropped  al  the  preseDce  of  God.  —  Ps.  liviii, 

3.  To  fall ;  to  descend  suddenly  or  abruptly. 

4.  To  fall  spontaneously  ;  as,  ripe  fruit  drops  from 
a  tree. 

5.  To  die,  or  to  die  suddenly.  We  see  one  friend 
after  another  dropping  round  us.  They  drop  into  the 
grave. 

6.  To  come  to  an  end  ;  to  cease ;  to  be  neglected 
and  come  to  nothing ;  as,  the  affair  dropped, 

7.  To  come  unexpectedly  ;  with  in  or  into ;  as,  my 
old  friend  dropped  in,  a  moment. 

8.  To  fall  short  of  a  mark.    [JVdt  usual.] 

Often  it  drops  or  overshoots.  CoUier. 

9.  To  fall  lower ;  as,  the  point  of  the  spear  dropped 

10.  To  be  deep  in  extent.  [a  little. 

Her  main  topsail  drops  seventeen  yardi.  Mar.  Did. 

To  drop  astern,  in  seamen's  language^  is  to  pass  or 
move  towa'  1  the  stem  ;  to  move  back  ;  or  to  slacken 
the  velocity  of  a  vessel,  to  let  another  pass  beyond 
her. 

To  drop  downy  in  seamen''s  language,  is  to  sail, 
row,  or  move  down  a  river,  or  toward  the  sea. 

DROPS,  n.  pi.  In  medicine,  a  liquid  remedy,  the  dose 
of  which  is  regulated  by  a  certain  number  of  drops. 

Encyc. 

DROP'-SCeNE,  n.  In  a  theater,  a  curtain  suspended 
by  pulleys,  which  descends  or  drops  in  front  of  the 
stage. 

DROP'-SE-ReXE',  n.  [gutta  serena.]  A  disease  of 
the  eye  ;  amaurosis,  or  blindness  trom  a  diseased 
rcUna  JMdton.     Coze. 

DEOP'-SToNE,  n.    Spar  in  the  shape  of  drops. 

Woodward. 

DROP'-WORT,  (-wurt,)  n.  The  name  of  a  plant, 
the  Spircta  filipendula. 

The  hemlock  drop-wort,  and  the  water  drop-wort, 
are  species  of  CEnanthe. 

DROP'LET,  n.    A  little  drop.  Shak. 

DROP'PA'D,  (dropt,)  pp.  Let  fall  ;  distilled  ;  laid 
aside  ;  dismissed  ;  let  go  ;  suffered  to  subside ;  sprin- 
kled or  variegated. 

DROP'PING,  ppr.  or  a.  Falling  in  globules  ;  distilling  ; 
falling;  laying  aside;  dismissing;  quilling;  suffer- 
ing to  rest  or  subside;  variegating  willi  ornaments 
like  drops. 

A  dropping  fire,  in  military  affairs,  is  a  constant, 
irregular  discharge  of  small  arms. 

DROP'PING,  n.    The  act  of  dropping;  a  distilling;  a 
2.  That  which  drops.  [falling. 

DUOP'PIXG-LV,  adv.     In  drops. 

DROP'SI-CAL,  a.  [See  Dropsy.]  Diseased  with 
dropsy  ;  hydropical ;  inclined  to  tiie  dropsy  ;  applied 
to  persons. 

2.  Partaking  of  the  nature  of  the  dropsy  ;  applied 
to  disease. 

DROP'SI--ED,  (drop'sid,)  a.    Diseased  with  dropsj'. 

Shak. 

DROP'Sr,  71.  [L.  hydrops;  Gr.  iSoojip,  from  {t^atp, 
water,  and  wt^,  the  face.  Formerly  written  hydrop- 
isy ;  whence,  by  contraction,  dropsy.^ 

In  medicine,  an  unnatural  collection  of  water,  in 
any  part  of  the  body,  proceeding  from  a  greater  effu- 
sion uf  serum  by  the  exhalent  arteries,  than  the  ab- 
sorbents lake  up.  It  occurs  most  frequently  in  per- 
sons of  lax  habits,  or  in  bodies  debilitated  by  disease. 
The  dropsy  takes  different  names,  according  to  the 
part  affected  ;  as,  ascites,  or  dropsy  of  the  abdomen  ; 
hydrocephalus,  or  water  in  the  head ;  anasarca,  or  a 
watery  swellmg  over  the  whole  body,  Slc.    Encyc 

DROS'KY,  71.     In  Russia,  a  low,  four-wheeled  vehi- 
cle, without  a  top,  consisting  of  a  kind  of  long,  nar- 
row bench,  on  which  the  passengers  ride  as  on  a 
saddle,  with  their  feet  reaching  nearly  to  the  ground. 
Encyc  of  Dom.  Econ. 

DRO-SO.M'E-TER,  n.  [Gr.  ipocog,  dew,  and  pcrpov, 
measure.] 


DRO 

An  instrument  for  measuring  the  quantity  of  dew 
on  the  surface  of  a  body  in  the  open  air. 
DROSS,  n.     [Sax.  dros ;  D.  droes;  G.  druse,  strangles, 
glanders  ;    D.  droessem^  G.  drusen^  drega ;    perhaps 
trom  rejecting  or  throwing  off.} 

1.  The  recrement  or  despumation  of  metals ;  the 
scum  or  extraneous  matter  of  metals,  thrown  off  in 
the  process  of  melting. 

2.  Rust ;  crust  of  metals ;  an  incrustation  formed 
on  metals  by  oxydation.  Addison, 

3.  Waste  matter ;  refuse  ;  any  worthless  matter 
separated  from  tlie  better  part ;  impure  matter. 

l*be  worid'i  glory  u  but  dross  unclean.  Spenser. 

DROSS'I-NESS,  n.     Foulness;    rust;   impurity;    a 

state  of  being  drossy.  Boyle. 

DROSS'LESS,  a.     Free  from  dross.  Stevens. 

DROSS'Y,  a.    Like  dross ;  pertaining  to  dross, 

2.  Full  of  dross  ;  abounding  with  scorious  or  rec- 
rementitious  matter  ;  as,  drossy  gold. 

3.  Worthless  ;  foul;  impure.  Donne. 
DROTCH'EL,  n.    An  idle  wench  ;  a  sluggard.    {Xct 

in  use."] 
DROUGHT,  (drout,)  n.    (Contracted  from  Sax.  dru- 

Sothe,  D.  droogte,  from  drtgan  or  drygan,  to  drj'.  (See 
Hv.)  The  spelling  drought  is  aflter  the  nclgic  dia- 
lect ;  but  the  regular  word,  drouth^  or  droirth,  as  writ- 
ten in  the  time  of  Bacon,  is  still  considerably  used.] 

1.  Dryness;  want  of  rain  or  of  water;  particu- 
larly, dryness  of  the  weather,  which  affects  the 
earth,  and  prevents  the  growth  of  plants  ;  aridncss  ; 
aridity.  Trmple,     Bacon, 

2.  Dryness  of  the  throat  and  mouth  ;  thirst ;  want 
of  drink.  Milton. 

DROUGHT'I-NESS,  n.      A  state  of  dryness  of  the 

weather  ;  want  of  rain. 
DROUGHT' Y,  a.    Dr>-,  as  the  weather,  arid  ;  want 
2.  Thirsty  ;  dr>' ;  wanting  drink.  [ing  rain. 

DROUM'Y,  a     Troubled  ;  muddy.    Same  as  Scottish 

Dbumlv.     \Obs.'\  Bacon. 

Chaucer  has  Dbqvy. 
DROUTH,  71.    Dr>;  weather, 

2.  Thirst.    [This  was  the  original  word,  and  is  still 

used  in  Scotland,  and,  to  a  considerable  extent,  in 

America.] 
DROUTH'I-NESS,  n.    Dryness  ;  thirst. 
DROUTH'Y,  a.     Dry  ;  thirsty  ;  as,   "  When 

neebors  neebors  meet.*'  J' 

DROVE,  pre(.  of  Drite. 
DROVE,  «.     [Sax.  draf;  from  drive.] 

1.  A  collection  of  cattle  driven  ;  a  number  of  ani- 
mals, as  oxen,  sheep,  or  swine,  driven  in  a  body. 
W^e  speak  of  a  herd  of  cattle,  and  a  jiock  of  sheep, 
when  a  number  is  collected  ;  but  properly,  a  drove  is 
a  herd  or  llock  driven.  It  is  applicable  to  any  species 
of  brutes.     Hence, 

2.  Any  collection  of  irrational  animals,  moving  or 
driving  for^vard  ;  as,  a  finny  drore.  Mdtor^ 

3.  A  crowd  of  people  in  motion. 

Where  droves,  a^  al  a  ciiy  ffalc,  may  jiass.  thyden. 

4.  A  road  for  driving  cattle.    [English.] 
DRoV'ER,  n.    One  who  drives  cattle  i>r  sht-ep  to  mar- 
ket.    Usually,  a  man  who  makes  it  his  business  to 
purchase  fat  cattle,  and  drive  them  to  market. 

9.  A  boat  driven  by  the  tide.  Spenser. 

DROWN,  r.  t.  [Dan!  drugner;  Sw.  drdnckia;  Sax. 
adrencan,  to  drown,  to  drench  ;  fiom  the  root  of  dmicA 
and  drink.] 

1.  Literally,  to  overwhelm  in  water;  and  appropri- 
ately, to  extinguish  lil'e  by  immersion  in  water  or 
otlier  fluid  ;  applied  to  animals  ;  also,  to  suspend  ani- 
mation by  submemon. 

2.  To  overwhelm  in  water ;  as,  to  droten  weeds. 

3.  To  overflow ;  to  deluge ;  to  inundate ;  as,  lo 
droirn  land. 

4.  To  immerse  ;  to  plunge  and  lose  ;  to  overwhelm  , 
as,  to  droirn  one's  self  in  sensual  pleasure. 

5.  To  overwhelm  ;  to  overpower. 

My  private  voice  is  liroiened  an-id  the  srnatc.  Addition. 

DROWN,  r.  I.  To  be  suffocated  in  water  or  other 
fluid  i  lo  perish  in  water. 

Methou*h'.  what  pain  it  waa  to  droicn.  Shf:lz. 

DROWN'£D,  pp.  or  a.    Deprived  of  life  by  immer- 
sion   in    a    fluid  ;   overflowed ;    inundated  j    over 
whelmed. 
DROWN'ER,  n.     He  or  that  whicli  drowns, 
DROWN'ING,  vpr.     Destroying  life  by  submersion  in 

a  liquid  ;  overflowing;  overwhelming. 
DROWN'ING,  a.     Perishins  in  water  ;  as,  a  drotcrtiug 
DROWSE,  (drowz.)  r.  (.  [Old  Belgic,  rfroosen.]    [man 

1.  To  slee()  iinperfeclly  or  unsoundly ;  lo  slumber  , 
to  be  heavy  lyith  sleepiness.  MUtvn. 

2.  To  loo,'  t  *  a^T  ;  to  be  heavj'  or  dull. 
DROWSE,  r.  L     To  make  heav-y  with  sleep;  to  make 

dull  or  stupid.  JiFdton. 

DROWS'I-HED,  7e.     Sleepiness.     [Obs.]        Spenser. 

DROWS'I-LY,  ode.     Sleepily  ;    heavily ;    in  a  dull, 

sleepv  manner.  Dnnien. 

2.  Sluggishlv;  idly;  slothfully ;  lazily.    Rales'*. 

DROVVS'I-NESS,  n.       Sleepiness  ;    heaviness    with 

sleej);  disposition  to  sleep.  Millon.     Locke 

2.  Sluggishness ;  sloth ;  idleness  ;  inactivity. 

Baeo%. 


TONE,  HULL,  TTNITE.-    AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS 


47 


3*)& 


DtowK'y.  d. 


OKI' 

h.i> 


I*'  ' 
•HI' 
hii 

rtf. 

*■■. 
par 


DRI'll,  «.     A  Ulu« 

a  kiuH-k. 
l.lUn  l:rl>,  ;.(.. 


unv 


.!    |r.   «tri^  ;    rtr^VJ'  '    h^T  ' 


DKU 


DRY 


ll-(on    uid   morality,  and  perfonntd  Iho  oltlce  of 
".  Oweii.    KKcye. 

-:*,  «.    A  female  Bnild. 


If  Al^ 


Ml.  h-M  :  l"i<r,t, 


7,  XI.     l>nbbii>t  U  a 

i^ili     1.    i.irn-ili;  locuJp-l. 

with  a  «ticli  oi  cudH  ;  a  ihump  j 

IVat  Willi  n  cuiljsi'l ;  '»''>'  ••ninill). 
Ilcaling  Willi  n  cmltfl  ;   bcalini; 

A  fu  1:!  li'ie  :  fl  «rttip'!  lH*flltn?. 


niiriiMsii 

I1UC'1I>1»M 


a.  PcrMinlug  to  tlin  Dnildi. 
rrrtaliilni!  10  or  like  Dnildn. 
'I'liB  »)!>l<iii  tif  rclicluii, 


_.  __ ^ jiliiloiKiphy, 

nnd'Viiilror'lion  IBUelil  by  llir  Uniid",  or  tlirit  d<": 
Ullini,  rllM,  and  ccrciiumiw. 

HAifaiifr.     Oknrt.  Oijrrrfr. 
u  I  ■  M    .        11    i„.  ,    irumtul ;  O.  Irmomtl ;  tSw.  trum- 
ir,  Jnima ;    proUably   from   ll» 
:  rumhll.  Or.  (y(/i)i<"i  I*  frmo. 


■^T^  .  I"  Iibor  in  iiiimn  ofllcos ;  lu  labor 

r  an-l  Ulur.  ff^bntt. 

wnrk«  iKird,  or  labors  Willi 

..no  who  labon  hard  in  »fr»ilo  cm 


1.  A 
liolluw 


11.1 


DRI 


.      \  driidf 

.Iriiluiii'.;  li  '1. 

ORrnCKK  V,  f.   II  .r; 

ble  toil  j  ttard  work  iti 


.'.Tiltm. 


k;  Igll" 


r^pi'ru*!i\i 


-.    I.AlH>rine  hard  ;  toiling. 
\.    See  naBDOi:<(n-Bo«. 
ode.    With  lobtir  and  fatigue ;  la- 

it/M^  ;  .\nn.  ' 

In   lliio  li,  il- 
lira  dr»^  I  . 

iuiliils   ali|»lhX.va    Jl  lo   lnvc 

i.-cH  or  aromatic  iilanl;^.    Sec 


'•J 

",; .     .  '.  - 

nrriiilli^fv.  .       'V    - 

n  Tlio  dntm  «fO\r.  tar,  tlio  lympnniim,  or  Imml  or 
111.-  ,-.p  Hi.'  hiill.m  irartof  till!  ear,  behind  tho  iiiein- 
I,.  111.    Thi'  bitter  in  a  teiwe  nieni- 

1,  ..-  rxlernnl  imMage  of  tlie  ear, 

...  tioiH  of  the  llir.  lliioiter. 

'    1.  A  .(.laiililj  iKicltod  in  the  foriu  of  n  drum  ;  an,  a 
itrum  of  rtgi*. 

...  shr.i  iii.n  ill  the  shape  of  n  drum,  to  receive 

il  upright  part  of  a  cupola  either 

Dltl  .M,  r.  1.    Ti.  l>  It  ;i  drum  with  rticlm ;  to  boot  or 
iilii)  :i  liiiu'  1.11  n  ilnilii. 

'i  To  bint  with  tlie.finjcrs,  as  with  dnimi-ticRii  ■, 
i.i~be.ii  with  a  rapid  sufcesulon  of  nirokos ;  a«,  to 
tlrtim  on  till'  tabic. 

:i.  Til  beat,  as  tlie  heart.  Dryilen. 

T.i    ilriim    vn  :    lUrmlltj,  to  catlicr  or  collect  Dy 
pihiB  round  with  a  dniiii ;  i.r,/ii'iiiiJiir/.),  by  inllu- 
enee  and  exertion  ;  as,  tti  drum  u/i  for  rocniim,  &c. 
DRU.M,  V.  t.    To  elpcl  with  lieat  of  drum.     [Mililary 

Dfiu.M'ilLE,e.  i.    To  drone  ;  to  be  sluggiah.    [JVut  in 

usf.]  AAn/.-. 

nUU.M'-FI.«ll,  II.     A  fish  found  on  tile  coa.it  of  North 
DIUM'I.V.a.     rw.  irom,  lieni-).]  [Anierta. 

I :  muddy.     [.Vul  in  u.<c.] 
mXjiiR,  b.    The  chiof  or  llret  drummer  ofa 


Ui 

1.  TI. 
cine,  ^■ 
ajv.iii  I 

M 


3.  A 

A.  A 

DRUG,  r 

iclncn. 

DRUU.  r 

2.  T 

3.  T 

UI'.l-i:  1 

Pi: 


It! 


1  in  nir.)i- 
uiuliil   liy 

.,  V«:HLln- 

,  wliiJi  u  imciX  ill  Uii;  comjK.»!'i- 
iiu-ilicmcs.    It  U  al^  niiplicd 

cwiiitiioauy   timt  liM  on  hand,  or  h  nol 
^n  articU-  i>f  ili'W  mlo,  or  In  no  demand  in 

.  Skak. 

tminUtcr  dmga  or  mcd- 
B,  Jontan, 
L    To  »eai«on  wUh  dniffs  or  ingrcdlenLi. 
Skak. 

..  inc«. 
1'  lertcd  for 
j;i.i../lt.tly.       Skak. 
.1  with  drug?. 

ii-;ivc. 

/■d,]       Burlon. 
uritg-tute;  It.  dro- 

-lon  cloth,  tlilck  am)  -ffriOg,  stamped 
-:i  ffiTirca,  and  av-  u&  a  covering  and 

^«nnoa  «viih  ingredient?. 
I  ntr^niiivc  matter. 
;^rr.   droffuUtf,    Sp.  dro^nero;   It. 
I.  d^itg.] 

t1*  tn  finir*  ;  jtrrprri^,  one  whoBO  oc- 
_■%  without 
.  the  itanic 
'■<■  dniggi-tt 

■  jsfd.]       Boytf. 
■.  n  rmpicinn,  i 


I,  i:ll,  n.    One  who  makes  drums. 

])>;  One  who.^c  oflice  is  tu  beat  the  drum, 

i  rci>ic3  and  nmrchiiij; ;  one  \\  U^^  dnim?. 

r>;ilMMlM:,;'pr.  Beating  a  drum;  ex|>clling  with 
ti  nt  ol  ilnitn. 

DKr.M'MiiNU-LtGIIT,  (lite,)  n.  [from  LiruL />r«m- 
mond.]  A  verv  inteusio  light,  produced  by  turning 
two  Htre.ims  ot  ga«,  one  oxygi  n,  and  the  utiiir  liy- 
drou^n,  in  ii  sUiie  of  ignilicn,  upon  n  ball  of  lime. 

DRUM'STICK,  K.  The  8tick  wiUi  which  a  dniru  is 
bentrn,  or  shaprd  for  the  piinw-^c  of  beating  a  tiruni. 

DRUNK,  a.  [from  drurtkrn.  See  DniNK.]  Intoxica- 
ted ;  inebrialrd  ;  overwhelmed  ot  overpowered  by 
Kpiniuous  litpior  ;  stupefied  or  inllauud  by  the  artii.n 
of  spirit  on  the  stomach  and  brain.  It  id  bnitiith  to 
Iw  drunk. 

I>  n  »l  drunk  wilh  whit,  uhewln  U  excra.  .Sr.  PmJ. 

2.  Drenched  or  saturated  wlili  moisture  or  Hquor. 

I  will  imike  my  •rrow»  drunk  with  UooJ.  — Dfut.  xxxU. 

J^oU.— Drunk  was  formerly  used  as  the  participle 
of  drink  t  a-S  ''O  ^^^  drunk  wine.  But  in  modern 
usage,  drank  has  taken  its  place ;  and  drunk  is  now 
uftcd  chiL'flv  as  an  adjective. 
DRUXK'AR'D,  n.  One  given  to  cbrlcly,  or  an  exces- 
sive use  of  strong  liquor;  a  person  who  habitually  or 
frequently  is  drunk 

A  lirunhird  !uvl  n  glnUon  ikiJl  conw?  to  poTC rlT.  —  ProT.  "Ul, 

DRUNK'£X,  (drunk'n,)  a,  [Participle  of  DBirnt,  but 
now  used  chrefly  as  an  adjective,  and  often  contract- 
ed to  Drukk.] 

1.  Intoxicated;  inebriated  with  strong  liquor. 

2.  Given  to  dnmkonnesa  ;  as,  n  drunken  bullcr. 

3.  Saturated  with  liquor  or  moisture;  drenched. 

Ui  ll«  caith  l-:  drunken  wiUi  our  blood.  SSek. 

4.  Proceeding  from  intoxication;  done  in  a  state 
of  dnrnkcnuLSs  ;  as,  a  drunken  quarrel.  Swift 

A  'Irunktn  »Liughlrr.  Sf<nk. 

DUUNK'EN-LY,  adc.    In  a  drunken  manner.    [LittU 


URU-PA'CEOUe,  a.     Producing  drupes;  u,  dhqw.  ^\ 

crtfu  trees.  ,    ■         ,  .  U 

2.  Pertaining  to  drupes;  or  conslstmg  of  dnipM; 

n«,  drupaceom  fnill.  ^^^at.  He.'fartMtg,       j 

DRCPE,  n.     [I-  drupcr,  Gr.  t^flvncuni,  oliven  n-ady  to    I 

full ;  <;r.  «V'ii  a  tn-c,  and  nrrfj,  l«i  fall.)  i 

III  t'vtantit  a  pulpy  |M>riituiJi.r  fniii,  wiiliout  vtUvot, 
runtalniiig  a  niitiirtttunc  with  a  kirml ;  nn  the  plum,    ' 
rhi-rrv,  iiprirn!,  |«wh,  altm-ml,  nlivr,  <lc.  Marifn. 
DltCtJI-i,  n.     [li.  liriur,  n  gland,  cliutdt-rs.] 

AmuuK  mtnrrs,  n  <avHv  in  u  nnik,  linvinR  its  fni^ 

rior  lurfaco  studded   wltli  cr>iilaU,  or   filkd  with    , 

water.  , , 

DIir'PY.     I  d.     Coveri'd  with  a  largo  number  of  ■!•    , 

1'  :        /:b,  (     nuto  crystals.  \> 

[Sax.  dri,  drifft  or  dnff ;  P.  droof ;  G.  CtocIm.    | 

III  vert).]  ' 

1.  OeKtitulo  of  molsHirc;  frcc  from  water  orw«. 
ncR3  ;  arid  ;  n^t  nioirt  ;  a*.  dr»  land  ;  dry  rluthoo. 

2.  Not  miny  ;  fn*<*  frttJii  niiii  ur  mi-^t ,  a*,  rfrf 
weather;  a  rfri/  Miurli  or  April. 

3.  Nut  Juicy';  frL-e  fn>m  jiiirc,  wip,  or  aqueous  niftt- 
ler  ;  n<rt  grrpn  ;  a.i,  dry  wckmI  ;  dry  «*tubblo  ;  liry  hajr ; 
dry  lenVfH. 

4.  Without  team ;  as,  dry  eyes ;  drf  mourninc;. 

Drgilrn. 

5.  Not  giving  milk  ;  as,  Iho  cow  Is  dry. 
C.  Thirsty  ;  craving  dnnk 

7.  Ilarrt'n  ;  jejune;  plain;  unembellished ;  oa«i. 
lute  of  pnthoM,  or  of  that  which  amu«f*;  •■ '  "•'  ■ 
vsl3  ;  as,  a  drtj  Style  ;  a  dry  cuhject ;  a  <i 

8.  Severe  ;  sarriulic  ;  wt|>>ng ;  as,  a 
repartee;  a  dry  rub.  <■  —■■'.,. 

1*.  SevefL- ;  wiping  ;  as,  a  dry  blow  ;  a  dry  baJtiRK. 
[See  the  verb,  which  signilU-s,  pntperly,  li»  wi|».',  rab, 
scour.l  Hitfi^K. 

10.  In  painlinff  and  tmlpturti^a.  tenn  ;i;'i'lii  d  in  a 
Kharp,  frigid  pncisenesii  of  execution,  ur  iti  untitof 
a  delicate  contour  in  form,  and  of  ea-ty  iran«iium  In 
coloring.  Jocriyn. 

Dry  soods  ;  in  commerce^  clo!h«,  stuffs,  silks,  lac«>, 
ribbons,  &,c.,  in  distinction  fnmi  groceries. 

Dry  irinM,  urc  those  in  which  tlie  pacrbuHiir  mit 
ter  and  the  fermi.nl  are  socxacily  bulanr.d,  thni  I'l- v 
have  mutually  decomni'scd  each  olht-r,  and  no-w  .! 
ncs-s  is  ptrtrptiblr.  Tiny  are  opposi-d  to  lli<-  fvt»% 
wines,  in  which  the  sacthnrini;  maltt-r  is  in  ^xri^**. 
The  dry  wines  are  considered  a.-*  the  intnt  [Kifctt 
class,  and  such  are  the  best  Burgundy  niul  Port. 

Knnic.  l)r>fn.  Fmt 
DRT,  r.  f.     [Sax.  c/ri*£in,  ff''- -'"   ■■'       '         ..^r,^«, 
adru^n,  gtdrigan ;  D.  " 
to  wipe  ;  ur.  t^v}c<o;  I.. 

Sw.  toreka.    'I  he  Gemiii^ 

Dan  tiir;  but  these  seem  to  be  conno  o  il  «iili  I. 
foTTM,  Russ.  obtrrayu  or  oterayii.  Cla^a  Dr.  Whi-th- 
er  dri'^an  and  dry  are  derivatives  of  thai  root,  or  Iw- 
long  to  Class  Hg,  the  root  of  rakcy  is  not  rcrtaln. 
Sec  Dar.  Class  Rg.  The  primary  sense  is  lu  wipt, 
rub.  scour.] 

1.  To  free  from  water,  or  from  moielur*!  of  any 
kind,  and  by  any  means  ;  originally  by  wiping ;  as, 
to  dry  the  eyes  ;  to  exsiccate. 

2.  To  deprive  of  moisture  by  evaporation  or  ei- 
halation  ;  as,  the  sun  dries  a  cloth;  wind  driu  Ibe 
earth.  . 

3.  To  deprive  of  moisture  by  exposure  to  Iho  Mn 
or  open  air.     We  dry  cMIi  in  lli.-  sun. 

4.  To  deprive  of  natural  juice,  sap,  or  greenness; 
as,  to  dry  hay  or  plants. 

5.  To  scorch  or  iwirch  with  thirst ;  wiUi  up. 


used.] 
DRUNk'f:X-NK.SS, 

state  in  whirh  a  ; 
powered  vvilhspirii 
:ii...r.]-r..].;iii.l  I. 


Toll- 


Shak. 

rition;  Inebriation  ;  a 
iwlielmed  or  over- 
>  Ihat  his  reason  is 

:i;v  Tc^rU  nr  Ftaggers 
;!■  rsons 

drunk- 


■-t-1 


'-.41  nr  minlrter  of  rrllflon,  nmonc  the  ancient  I 


9.  Habitual  ebriety  or  inlniicniion.  ITaUj. 

'A.  Ihi.r.l.T  -1"  ih  ■  r.iriiltica,  resembling  intoxica- 
iiion;  frenzy;  rage. 

.  f  f.f  the  rninJ.  SptiutT, 


Their  hoiioniblo  mi-n  «i«  CunUleJ,  "ul  Uieir  mulUuidc  dnti  .f 
Willi  lliim.  —  In.  V. 

C.  To  deprive  of  water  by  draining;  to  drain;  In 
exhaust ;  ai,  to  dry  a  meadow. 

To  dry  up  ;  to  deprive  wlmlly  of  water. 
DRY  r.  i.    To  grow  dry  ;  to  lose  moisture  ;  to  beco«u 
free  from  moisture  or  juice.    The  road  drir^  fart  in  n 
clear,  windy  day ;  hay  will  dnj  giifficiently  in  twi. 

'j.  To  erapomto  wholly  ;  to  be  eshalcd  ;  iomcliinM 

with  up  ;  as,  the  stream  drits  or  drirs  up. 
DRV'.VU,  n.     (1-  iryadrs,  pi.,  Irom  Gr.  inrt,  a  tree.) 
In  myUwIn/rv,  a  deity  or  nymph  of  the  woods ;  n 

nvinph  supposed  to  preside  over  woods.  

DRY'-Bo.N-KD,  a.      Having  dry   bones,  or  wHIKWi 

flesh.  ,„      _  , 

DRS"£D,  (dridc,)  pp.  of  Dav.     [See  Dbiid.] 
DRY'Er'  n.    He  or  that  which  dries ;  that  which  ei- 

liniists  of  moUtiiro  or  greenness. 
DR?'EY-J^:D,  (-Idc,)  a.    Not  having  tears  in  the  eyes. 
DR^'FAT,  .1.     A  dry  vat  or  b.Tsket. 
DRV'FQO T,  n.     A  dog  that  pursues  game  liy  11";  "f'  "' 

of  the  fiKit.  ■^"'       , 

DRV'ING,  ppr.    Expelling  or  losing  moisture,  >.i|i,  '■• 

greenness.  -  ,  _     ... 

DK5'ING,  a.     Adapted  to  exhaust  moisture ;  n,  » 

dryimz  wind  or  ilay.  w— «« 

2.  I'omiing  a  vesicle  over  the  surface,  and  becom 

inq  hard  ;  .Ts,  rfryin/ oil.  f„.i,. 

DRS'INO,  n.   The  act  or  process  of  depriving  of  mow. 

lire  or  Rreenness.  ...       , 

DR«'LMt-OIL,  V.    A  term  applied  to  limced  oil  ar..i 


FATB,  PAR,  FAU., 


BIRD NOTK,  DOVE,  MOVE,  VVQLP,  BQOK.— 


I 


DUB 

Other  oils,  which  have  been  heati-<l  wiib  oxyd  of 
lead,  and  thus  prepared  lo  harden.  Brande. 

DR^'LV,  adr.    AVithout  moisture. 

2.  Coldly;  frigidly;  without  affection.       Bacon. 

3.  Severely;  sarcastically. 

4.  Barrenly  ;  without  eiut>ellishraent  j  without  any 
thing  to  enliven,  enrich,  or  entertain.  Pope. 

DRif'NESS,   n.     Peslitulion   of   moisture  ;    want   of 
water  or  other  fluid  ;  siccity ;  aridity  j  aridness  ;  as, 
the  dryjiess  of  a  soil ;  dnpicsjf  of  the  road. 
a.  \Vant  of  rain  J  as,  dryness  of  weather. 

3.  Want  of  juice  or  succulence ;  as,  dryness  of  the 
bones  or  libers.  Arbuthnot. 

4.  Want  of  succulence  or  greenness ;  as,  the  dry- 
ness of  hay  Oi  com. 

5.  Barrenness ;  jejuneness ;  w^ant  of  ornament  or 
pathos ;  want  of  that  which  enlivens  and  entertains  ; 
as,  the  dry.t^ss  of  stjle  or  expression  ;  the  djyness  of 
a  subject. 

C.  Want  of  feeling  or  sensibility  in  devotion  ; 
want  of  ardor ;  as,  dryness  of  spirit.  Tayl^yr. 

DRT'-XURSE,  M.    A  nurse  who  attends  and  feeds  a 
child  without  the  breast. 
2.  One  who  attends  another  in  sickness. 

DRT'-NURSE,  r.  t.  To  feed,  attend,  and  bring  up, 
without  the  breast.  Hudibras. 

DRV'-ROT,  71.  A  rapid  decay  of  timber,  by  which  its 
substance  is  converted  into  a  dry  powder,  which  is- 
sues from  minute  tubular  cavities,  resembling  the 
borings  of  worms.  Hebert, 

DR$'-RUB,  r.  f.    To  rub  and  cleanse  without  wetting. 
DoiL^lcifs  Poems. 

DRY'-RUB-BED.  pp.    Cleaned  without  weltins. 

DRf '-RLT5-BIXG,  ppr.    Cleaning  without  wetting. 

DRY-SALT'ER,  «.  A  dealer  in  salted  or  dry  meats, 
picfelei,  sauces,  &.c.  Fordyce. 

DR?-SALT'ER-Y,  n.  The  articles  kept  by  a  dry- 
salter:  the  business  of  a  dry-salter. 

DRY'SHOD,  a.    Without  wetting  the  feet.    Is.  id.  15. 

DR?'-STo\'E,  71.  A  stove  or  structure  for  containing 
the  plants  of  drj-,  arid  climates. 

DRY'VAT,  n,    A  basket  or  other  vessel  not  holding 

DU'AD,  n.    Union  of  two.  [water. 

DU'.'M^,  a.     [L-  dualis,  from  duo,  two.] 

Expressing  the  number  two  j  as,  the  dual  number 
in  Greek. 

DO'AL-ISM,  71.  [Supra.]  Tlie  doctrine  of  two  Gods, 
a  good  and  an  evil  one  -,  manicheism.       Murdoch. 

DC'AL-IST,  71.  One  who  holds  the  doctrine  of  dual- 
ism. 

DU-AL-IST'ie,  a.  Consisting  of  two.  The  dualistic 
sj-slem  of  Anxxagoras  and  Plato  taught  that  there 
are  two  principles  in  nature,  one  active,  the  other 
passive.  Enfield. 

DU-AL'I-TY,  71.  That  which  expresses  two  in  num- 
ber. Hales. 

2.  Division  ;  senaration.  Dames. 

3.  The  state  or  quality  of  being  two.         Hayley. 
DC'AR-€HY,  77.    [Gr.  6vj  and  apx*?.] 

Government  by  two  persons. 
DUB,  r.  t.    [Sax.  didiban  :  coinciding  with  Cr.  riurrcj, 
and  Eng.  tap.    Class  Db.] 
Literally,  to  strike.     Hence, 

1.  To  strike  a  blow  with  a  sword,  and  make  a 
knight. 

Se  ctmg — duiixuie  his  sunu  Henric  to  ridere. 
The  jdng  dubbed  bi&  son  Ueorj  a  koi^t. 

Sai.  Chron.    An.  1035. 

a.  To  confer  any  dignity  or  new  character. 

A  man  cf  wealth  is  dubbed  a.  man  of  worth.  Pope. 

3.  To  cut  down  or  reduce  with  an  adze ;  as,  to 
dub  a  stick  of  timber.  Tolten. 

To  dub  out ;  a.mong  plxisterers,  to  bring  out  an  even 
surface  to  a  level  plane,  by  pieces  of  \vood,  &c. 
DUB,  V.  i.    To  make  a  quick  noise.  Beaum. 

DUB,  n.     A  blow.     ILitUe  used.'\  Hudibras. 

2.  In  Irish,  a  puddle. 

DUB'B£D,  (dubd,)  pp.    Struck ;  made  a  knight. 

DUB'BEE,  n.  A  leathern  vessel  or  bottle,  used  in 
India,  to  hold  ghee,  oil,  &c.  M'Cidioch. 

I  DUB'BIN'G,ppr.    Striking;  making  a  knight. 

DUB'BIXG-OUT,  ti.  Amon"  plasUrer*,  tne  act  of 
bringing  out  an  uneven  surface  to  a  level  plane,  by 
pieces  of  wood,  &c. 

DU-BI'E-TY,  7U  [See  Doubt.]  Doubtfulness.  [Lit- 
tle usedj]  Richardson. 

DU-BI-OS'I-TY,  71.     A  thing  doubtful.  Brown. 

DC'BI-OUS,  a.  [L.  dubius.  See  Doubt.  The  pri- 
mary sense  is  probably  to  turn  or  to  waver.] 

1.  Doubtful;  wavering  or  fluctuating  in  opmion; 
not  settled  ;  not  determined  ;  as,  the  mind  is  in  a  du^ 
bious  state, 

2.  Uncertain  ;  that  of  which  the  truth  is  not  as- 
certained orkno^vn  ;  as,  a  dubious  quesuon. 

3.  Not  clear  ;  not  plain  ;  as,  dubious  light-    Mdton. 

4.  Of  uncertain  event  or  issue. 

In  duhiout  baUl#.  MUton. 

DO'BI-OUS-LY,  adc.  Doubtfully  ;  uncertainly  ;  with- 
«it  any  determination.  SmfU 

DO'BI-OUS-NESS,  n.     Doubtfulness  ;  a  state  of  wa- 
vering and  indecision  of  mind  ;  as,  he  speaks  with 
dvhiousness. 
2.  Uncertainty;  as,the  rfu6j>«.?TK--55  of  thequestion. 


D\5C 

DO'BI-TA-BLE,  a.     [L.  duhiio.     See  Doubt.] 

Doubtful ;  uncertain.    [Littie  iwcd.]    But  the  de- 
rivative indubitable  is  oflen  used. 
DtJ'BI-TA-BLY,  adt\     In  a  dubitablc  manner. 
DC'BI-TAN-CY,   n.      Doubt;    uncertainty       [UuU 

DU-BI-Ta'TION,  n.     fL.  dubimio,  from   tfufttto,  to 
doubt,] 
The  act  of  doubting  ;  doubt.     [Little  used.] 

Brown.     Grew. 
Du'BI-T.VTIVE,  a.    Tending  to  doubt. 
DO'CAL,  a.     [Fr.  Sp.  and  Port.,  from  duke.] 

Pertaining  to  a  duke  ;  as,  a  ducal  coronet.  Johnson. 
DUCAT,  77.  [from  duke.]  A  coin  of  several  countric-s 
in  Europe,  struck  in  the  dominiims  of  a  duke.  It  is 
of  silver  or  gold.  The  pilvrr  ducat  is  generally  of 
the  value  of  ibur  shillings  and  sixpence  sterling,  about 
equal  to  an  .American  dollar,  or  lo  a  French  crown, 
and  the  gold  ducat  of  twice  the  value  Encyc. 

DUe-A-TOO.V,  n.    [Fr.  dueatan  ;  Sp.  id. ;  from  ducaL] 
A  silver  coin.    That  of  Venice  is  worth  about  four 
shillings  and  eight  pence  steriing,  or  103  cenU  ;  that 
of  Holland,  about  five  shillings  six  pence  sterling, 
or  128  cents.  Encyc. 

DUCH'ESS,  77.     [Fr.  duehesse,  from  due,  duke.] 

The  consort  or  widow  of  a  duke.    Also,  a  lady 
who  has  the  sovereignty  of  a  duchy. 
DUCH'Y,  n.     [Ft.  duche.] 

The  territory  or  dominions  of  a  duke  ;  a  dukedom  ; 
as,  the  ducky  of  Lancaster.  Blaclcstone. 

DUCH'Y-COURT,  n.    The  court  of  the  duchy  of  Lan- 
caster, in  England. 
DUCK,  71.     [Sw.  duk,  a  cloth  ;    Dan.  duug ;  G.  tuck ; 
D.  dock ;  allied  perhaps  to  L.  toga,  and  to  tego,  to 
cover,  or  texo,  to  weave,] 

A  species  of  coai^e  cloth  or  light  canvas,  used  for 
small  sails,  sacking  of  beds,  &.c 
DUCK,  71.      [from  the  verb  to  duck.]     A  water  fowl, 
so  called  from  its  plunging.    There  are  many  spe- 
cies or  varieties  of  the  duck,  some  wild,  others  tame. 

2.  An  inclination  of  the  head,  resembling  the  mo- 
tion of  a  duck  in  water.  Jlilton. 

3.  To  make  ducks  and  draJies ;  to  throw  a  flat  stone, 
tile,  &c.,  obliquely,  so  as  to  make  it  rebound  repeat- 
edly from  the  surface  of  water,  raising  a  succession 
of  jets  ;  hence,  to  play  at  ducks  and  drakes,  with  prop- 
erty, is  to  squander  it  fooIisUy  and  unprofitably. 

Lame  duck.     See  Lame.  [SinarL 

DUCK,  71.     [Dan.  dukke,  a  baby  or  puppet.] 

A  word  of  endearment  or  fonduess.  Shak. 

DUCK,  V.  t.     [G.  ducken,  and  tauchen  ;  D.  duikcn,  pret. 

dook,  to  stoop,  dive,  plunge.     Uu.  Sax.  theachan,  to 

wash,  and  its  alliance  to  tingo  and  dye.    Class  Dg.] 

1.  To  dip  or  plunge  in  water  and  suddenly  with- 
draw ;  as,  to  duck  a  seaman.  It  differs  from  dice, 
which  signifies  lo  plunge  one's  self,  without  imme- 
diately emerging. 

9.  To  plunge  the  head  in  water  and  immediately 
withdraw  it ;  as,  duck  the  boy. 
3.  To  bow,  stoop,  or  nod. 
DUCK,  o.  7.    To  plunge  into  water  and  immediately 
withdraw ;  to  dip  ;    to  plunge  the  head  in  water  or 
other  liquid. 

In  TiLcr  ducking  thrice  by  bneaJc  of  day,  Dryden. 

2.  To  drop  the  head  suddenly  ;  to  bow  ;  to  cringe. 

Diidt  with  French  no<Is.  iSTtOjt, 

DUCK'-BtLL,  n.  An  animal  of  New  Holland,  the 
Omithorvnchus,  which  see. 

DUCK'-BiLL-£D,  a.  Having  a  bill  like  a  duck,  an 
epithet  of  the  animal  called  Oniithorj-ncbiis. 

DUCK'ED,  (dukt,)  pp.    Plunged  ;  dipped  in  water. 

DUCK'ER,  71.    A  plunger  ;  a  diver  ;  a  cringer. 

DUCKLING,  ppr.  Plunging;  thrusting  suddenly  into 
water  and  withdrawing;  dipping. 

DUCK'ING,  77.  The  act  of  plunging  or  putting  in  wa- 
ter and  withdrawing.  Ducking  is  a  punishment  of 
offenders  in  France  ;  and  among  English  seamen,  it 
is  a  penalty  to  which  sailors  are  subject  on  passing, 
for  the  first  time,  the  equator  or  tropic. 

DUCK'IXG-STOOL,  n.  A  stool  or  chair  in  which 
common  scolds  were  formerly  tied  and  plunged  into 
water.  Blackstone. 

DUCK'-LEG^£D,  (duk'legd,)  a.  Having  short  legs, 
like  a  duck.  Dryden. 

DUCK'LIXG,  71.     A  young  duck.  Ray. 

DUCK'-MeAT,     in.    The  p,>pular  name  of  several 

DUCK'S'-.MeAT,  \      species  of  Lemua,  plants  grow- 
ing in  ditches  and  shallow  water,  and  serving  for 
food  for  ducks  and  geese. 
The  starry  duck's-meat  is  a  species  of  CalHtriche. 

DUCK-OY'.     See  Decov.  [Fam.  of  Plartts. 

DUCK'S'-FOQT,  ti.  The  [lopulai  name  of  a  plant, 
the  Podophyllum  ;  called  also  May-aijple 

Fain,  of  Plants. 

DUCK'-WEED,  71.     The  same  as  Duck-Meat. 

DUCT,  71.    [L.  ductus,  from  daco,  to  lead.    See  Duke.] 

1,  Any  tube  or  canal  by  which  a  fluid  or  other  sub- 
stance is  conducted  or  conveyed.  It  is  particularly 
used  to  denote  the  vessels  of  an  animal  body,  by 
which  tlie  blo<id.  chyle,  lymph,  &c.,  are  carried  from 
one  part  to  anothc-r,  and  (he  vessels  of  plants  in 
which  the  sap  is  conveyed. 

2.  Guidance  ;  direction.     [Little  *ised.]     Hammond. 


DUE 

DUCTILE,  (til,)  a.    [L.  ductdis,  from  dueo,  to  lead.] 

1.  That  may  be  led  ;  eas)'lo  be  led  or  drawn  ;  trac- 
table ;  complying;  obsequious;  yielding  lo  motive?!, 
pcrsuasiun,  or  iu-strurtiun ;  as,  the  duetde  minds  of 
youth  ;  a  ductile  people.  PlaUpj.    Addison. 

2.  Flexible;  pliable. 

1'Le  ductile  nn'J,  and  lezTta  o(  mJlmt  gold.  DryUn. 

3.  That  may  bo  drawn  out  into  wire  or  threads. 
Gold  is  the  most  ductile  of  the  metals. 

4.  That  may  be  extended  by  beating. 
DUe'TILE-LY,  adr.     In  a  ductile  manner. 
DUe'TIL^^NErfS,  n.    The  quality  of  suffering  exten- 
sion by  drawing  or  percussion  ;  ductility.     Donne. 

DU€^TIL'I-Ty,  71.  'J'he  projxirty  of  solid  bodies,  par- 
ticularly mpUils,  which  renders  them  capable  of  be- 
ing extended  by  rlrawing  without  breaking  ;  as,  the 
ductility  of  gold,  iron,  or  brass. 

2.  Flexibility;  obsequiousness;  a  disposition  of 
mind  that  easily  yields  to  motives  or  influence;  ready 
compliance.  Roseoe. 

DUe'TlJRE,  71.     [L.  duco.] 

Guidance.     [J^ottn  use.]  South. 

DUD'DER,  V.  t.    To  deafen  with  noise  ;  lo  render  tjjc 

head  confused.  Jercnxngs. 

DUDG'EON,  (dud'jun,)  n,     [G.  degen.] 

.\  small  dagger.  Hudibras. 

DUDG'EON,  (dud'jun,)  it.     fW.  dygen.] 

Anger;  resentmenl;  malice;  ill-will;  discord. 
L*  Estrange.     Hudibras. 
DUDS,  n.    [Scot,  dud,  a  rag  ;  duds,  clolhen,  or  old  worn 
clothes;   1).  tod,  a  rag,  qu.  tozii;   It.  lozzi,  scraps. 
Grose.] 
Old  clothes  ;  tattered  garments.     [.^  vulgar  teord.] 
Due,  (du,)  a.  [Fr.  dCi,  pp.  of  devoir,  L.  debeo,  Sp.  deher  ; 
It.  doverc.    Uu.  Gr.  (^^cj,  to  bind.    Class  Db.    It  has 
no  connection  with  oioe.] 

1.  Owed  ;  that  ought  lo  be  paid  or  done  to  another. 
That  is  due  from  me  to  another,  which  contract.  Jus- 
tice, or  propriety,  requires  me  to  i>ay,  and  which  he 
may  justly  claim  as  his  right.  Reverence  is  due  to 
the  Creator;  civility  is  due  from  one  man  to  another. 
M'lney  is  due  at  the' expiration  of  the  credit  given,  or 
at  the  period  promised. 

2.  Proper ;  fit ;  appropriate ;  suitable ;  becoming  ; 
required  by  the  circumstances;  as,  the  event  was 
celebrated  with  due  solemnities.  Men  seldom  have  a 
due  sense  of  their  depravity. 

3.  Seasonable  ;  as,  he  will  come  in  due  tim^. 

4.  Exact;  proper;  as,  the  musicians  keep  due 
time. 

5.  Owing  to  ;  occasioned  by.    [Little  used.]    Boyle. 
a.  That  ought  to  have  arrived,  or  to  be  present, 

before  the  time  specified  ;  as,  two  mails  are  now  due. 

DOE,  adc.    Directly  ;  exactly  ;  as,  a  due  east  course. 

DuE,  71.  That  which  is  owed  ;  that  which  one  con- 
tracu  lo  pay,  do,  or  perform  lo  another;  that  which 
law  or  justict:  requires  lo  be  paid  or  d^ne.  The 
money  that  I  contract  lo  pay  to  another,  is  his  due  : 
the  service  which  I  covenant  to  perform  to  another, 
is  his  due  ;  reverence  to  the  Creator,  is  his  due. 

2.  That  which  office,  rank,  station,  social  relation^j, 
or  established  rules  of  right  or  decorum,  require  To 
be  given,  paid,  or  done.  Respect  and  obedience  lo 
parents  and  magistrates  are  ilieir  due. 

3.  That  which  law  or  custom  requires;  as,  toll, 
tribute,  fees  of  otfice,  or  other  legal  perquisites. 

4.  Right ;  just  title.  [.^dju-     . 

The  key  of  thk  infernal  [ut  by  due  — 

I  kc€p.  .".';-; 

DuE,t).  (.     To  pay  as  due.     [jVot  used.]  Shak. 

DUE'FJJL,  a.  Fit ;  becoming.  [Little  used.] 
Du'ELJ  71.  [L.  duellum ;  Fr.  duel ;  It.  duello ;  Port.  id.  ; 
Sp.  dnelo.  In  Armnric,  the  word  is  dufell,  or  duvelL 
and  Gregnirc  supposes  the  word  lobe  comp^ninded  of 
dou,  two,  and  brll,  bellum,  war,  combat.  Sn  in 
Dutch,  tirregcregt,  two-fight ;  in  G.  ztedkantpf,  id.] 

1.  Single  combai ;  a  premediLiled  combat  btiwutu 
two  persons,  for  the  purpose  of  deciding  some  pri- 
vate difference  or  quarrel.  A  sudden  fight,  not  pre- 
meditated, is  culled  a  rencounter.  A  duel  is  fought 
with  deadly  weapons,  and  with  a  purpose  to  take 
life. 

2.  Any  contention  or  contest.  JifJton. 
Du'EL,  r.'i.     To  fight  in  single  combat.  &':tth.        \ 
DU'EL,  r.  L     To  allark  or  fight  singly.            Milton. 
DO'EI*-ER,  ti.     A  combatant  in  single  fight. 
DCEL-ING,  ppr.     Fighting  m  single  combai. 

a.    Pertaining  lo,  or  employed  in  dueling. 
Dv'EI^LXG.  jt.    The  act  or  practice  of  fighting   in 

single  combat. 
DO'EL-IST,  n.    One  who  fights  in  single  combat. 

The  dueliit  raliir^  his  honor  above  U>e  lUb  of  hi*  nulijonitt.  hU 
own  lifr,  and  Ihc  hsppiness  cfbia  family.  Anon. 

2,  One  who  maintains  the  propriety-  of  dueling. 
DU-EL'LO,  7t.     Duel ;  or  rule  of  dueling.     [.\''t  used.] 
DuE'XESS,  (du'ness,)  7i.    [See  Dnt.]    Fiiness ;  pro- 

pril'^^  ;  due  qualitv. 
Di:-E.\'.\A,  71.     [Sp'.  duena,  fem.  of  rfjicno    Fr.  dtcgi^e : 
the  same  as  dona,  the  feminine  of  don.     via.  W  ,  dyn, 
Ir.  duine,  man,  a  person.     See  Dos.] 

An  old  woman  who  is  kept  to  guard  a  youngei ,  a 
governess.  jfrfrKiAsof. 


TON'E,  Bf/LL,  yXITE.  — AN"GER.  YU'CFOUS.  — C  as  K  ;  G  as  J ;  S  as  2 ;  CH  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

371 


Ul/L 


[IL  diuUo,  rrom  dut,  two.] 

- !  for  two  pcribnnerii, 

:  ftmnt  woolen  cloth, 


IMIKT', 

A 

wl 

hj. 

Dl.'t.  .'uL     'I'tiM  word  corrrtfpoiitl^  wilh 

lit  -.  '.'uj,  Kng.  (t»^,  \onu.  (/tfjr,  n  flngrr, 

■  lgli>l,>  irr,;   .i   ^ii<^l  or  [lolllt.] 

'I'hr  poll  or  bl|>|>lr  of  a  cow  or  oChrr  bc."wl ;  now 
a|>(iJu-U  only  lo  cowi  or  otlirr  U-axu,  unlc«<  iu  con- 
u-uipl. 

frVim  tnijer  du/  of  rum  mem  nuiw.  J^wjw. 

DtrC,  frtt.  and  pp.  of  Dia  ;  iw,  Ulry  Jhj^  a  ditcli ;  a 

diuh  wa.4  ting.] 
DU-OtiNG',  M.  A  hvrbtvoruus,  c<-taccou«  aiiiinid  of  lliu 


Iifli. 
<ri 
In. 
luKi 
Aiii 
'»- 

Bl. 

V.r 


\\  i:Ii  .1  t. 


I. 


ii.lir.: 


IM      I 


1.1,  :h 
Or.   ruja 


ri,  to  draw,   to  (Mj, 
Til.  .     Class  U(!,  No.  5,  II. 

I  III  (ir^.i!  /irifdfii,  oni-  *if  tilt'  liiijli'ftit  ordor  of 
nobility  ;  n  lltk*  of  honor  or  nohility  iit-xt  bt'Iow  the 
princeit ;  a..*,  the  ditir  of  Hcdford,  or  of  (.'oriiwall. 

3.  In  tome  tountries  on  t\e  CoHtinentj  a  Hovorel|;n 
prince,  wilhotit  the    title  of   king;    lu,  the  duA'C  of 
iloldlrin,  of  Havoy,  of  Panim,  ic. 
:i.  \   chief ;    11   prince  ;  ilh,   the   duJiej  of   Edotn. 
DOKK'UO.M,  H.     The  Keignory  or  possofuionii  of  a 
duke  ;  the  territory  of  a  duke.  Shak. 

iL  The  title  or  quality  of  a  duke.  Ibid. 

I)IIL'I11:AI.N->.'U,  u.     [dull  iu\<\  bram.]     !|!tnpid  ;  dull- 
ish ;  of  dull  IntellertH.     Sue  Uull-Uraiklo.J  SJutk. 
UUL'CKT,  a.     [L.  du/cu,  sweet.) 
I.  Sweet  to  the  laiitc  ;  lu..icioua. 

V  . '-iiji'ra  dM.rtt  crf*jmi.  MUlon, 

?-  '  ar  ;  melmlious;  haniionious  ;  on, 

t  syniltllonie-*.  .Vdtun. 

'\,  II.  f:?ee  DiaciF-Y.]  The  net 
^rtiriilarly,  tile  cojiibiniui;  of  min- 
l.'.'hol,  by  which  their  caustic  or 
are  illinini..ihed. 
i  I  '!k^-f  Ide,)  pp.  Sweetened. 
a  term  applied  to  a  compound  of 
N'lal  acids  J  as,  dii/e(/(C(/ spirits  of 


dui 

DUI.  ' 

of - 

en  I 

eorr 

DUI.  ' 

;■ 

air.  : 
nilef. 
llUL-CIK'I.U-OUS,  a.    [U  dufei..  and  ;Iiio.] 

Flowinc  Bweelly. 
DL'L'CI-F?,  r.  (.    [fr.  duUificr,  from  L.  dulcis,  sweet, 
and  /ucitf,  to  make.]^ 

To  sweeten  J  to  Irec  from  aciditv,  saltneiis,  or  ac- 
rimony. ■  IVistman. 
DUL'CI-FT-I.\G,  j>pr.    Sweetening;    purifying  from 

nc  Iditr. 
Dl/L'CI-MEU,  n.     [It.  doldmtUo,  from  dolec,  sweet. 
Skinmtr.] 

An  Instrument  of  music  having  about  50  brass 
wires,  which  arc  played  upon  witll  little  sticks. 
£>iiiiiW  iii  5.  Johjuon. 

DUL'CI-NE3S,  ».     [L.  i/ii/cu.] 

Softness  ;  easiness  of  temper.     rA'oC  %uedJ\  Baton. 
DUL'CI-TUDE,  n.     [U.  dulcUuJo.]  ' 

Sweetness. 
Dtri/eO-RATE,  r.  t.      [L.   dukir,   sweet;    Low   L. 
dmleo.  to  sweeten.] 

I.   To  sweeten.  Bacon, 

a.  To  make  less  acrimonious.   Johnson.     IVuemtiH. 
l)in,C(vil.\'TIO.\,  n.    The  act  of  sweetening. 
DO'LI-A,  «.     [Gr.  I'ooXrin,  service.)  [Bacon. 

An  inferior  kind  of  worship  or  adoration.     [Aot 
r,.?!  f"/*"*  ""•'■1  StiUingfitcl, 

DULL,  a.  [\V.  dot,  drl ;  SaJt.  dot,  a  wandering; 
al»  dtU.  ri«ill,h,  ■lupid  ;  D.  dot,  mad  ;  C.  loll,  and 
0^,  a  diilt ;  Sax.  dtrolian,  to  wander,  lo  rave.  Qu. 
wn.  drMrr,  to  loiter  ;  Sw.  dcdltai,  id.,  or  dnala,  a 
traace.) 

1.  flupid  ;  dollLih  ;  blockUh  ;  slow  of  undersland- 
inc  ;  as,  a  lad  of  ttnll  genius. 

-  "   '  withont  life  or  spirit ;  as,  a 

rorl-  .  .lull. 

J-  -g"h  ;  OS,  a  dull  stream. 

J  '-  "'  "eing;  as,  d,dl  of  hearing; 

'•■    "  '   '•'  comprehend  ;  unready  ;  awk- 


"-  'v  ....  n<ililr;  a.s,  the  </««  earth. 

9.  Not  ple.-Mini:  or  d.  liuhiiiil  ;    not  exhiLirating ; 
cheerless;  as,  to  make  dirtii.nartef  is  dull  work. 

Johnson, 

10.  IVfit  bright  or  clear ;  cintided  ;  tarnished  ;  as 
the  mirror  l<  duU. 

1 1.  Not    bright ;  noc  briskly  burning  ;  as,  a  dull 
Are. 

12.  Dim  ;  ohscun- ;  not  vivlil ;  as,  a  dull  light. 

IX  Blunt;  obtuse  ;  having  a  thick  edge;  as.  a 
duU  knife  or  ax. 


DUM 

1-1.  riouUy  ;  ovcrciut ;  nul  clear ;  not  enlivening ; 
as,  ditll  wrattirr. 

}!i.  With  Meamen,  being  \vi(liou[  whiil ;  as,  a  «hip 
U:h  a  JiUi  liiiii*. 

It;.  Nut  livi-ly  ur  animated  ;  oit,  a  dull  eyo. 
D17IJ*,  r.  r.     To  make  dull ;  to  iilu|tcfy  ;  as,  tu  dull 
llitf  iic'n»e«.  SMak. 

2.  'I'o  blunt  ;  uk,  lo  dull  a  nwurd  ur  an  ax. 

li.  To  m:iki'  lud  or  mclancliDly. 

4.  Tu  hi-Ui'tale  ;  Iu  make  hiBen-iiMc  or  slow  to  per- 
ceive ;  n*,  to  dull  tlio  ran» ;  Iu  dull  lllC  wild. 

Speiurr,     Atekam. 

5.  Tu  dump;   to  render  llfeiciu  ;   ux,  lo  dull  tlie 
attention.  llookrr. 

f).  To  nmke  bea\'y  or  slow  of  motion  ;  lut,  to  dull 
Indurilry.  Uaeon. 

7.  'l*o  Bully  i  lo  taniuli  ur  cloud ;  on,  tliu   breath 
dulh  a  mirror. 

I>L'I>L,  V.  I.    To  become  dull  or  blunl;  to  become 
»itiH)id. 

ItULIZ-ltlUIN  Kl).  a.    Stupid  ;  of  dull  intdlert. 

UULL'-nilOW'iCD.  a.    Having  a  glooniy  look. 

QuitrU-it. 

I)i;LT/-ni.S'Pr)e'£l>,  n.     inclined  lo  diilUu-^d  or  ttiid- 
nes^'^.  a.  Joitnon. 

DLUJ/-i:?-KD,  (-Ido,)  a.     Ilnvine  o  duvvncast  look. 

DLfM/-Mi:AI),(-licd.)n.  A  person  of  dull  underslaiid- 
itii; ;  a  doll ;  n  Idocktiead. 

UULL'-SfUIIT-tUJ,  a.     Having  imperfect  pight:  pur- 
blind. 

IIULL'-WIT-TED,    a.      Having    a     dull    innllect  j 
lieavy. 

DULL'ARO,  a.     noltish  ;  stupid.  Jfall. 

ULTLL'AIU),  ».     A  stupid  [>erson ;    a  doll;   a  l>lock- 
hcad  ;  a  dunce.  ShaJi, 

DUhL'f.I),  (dnid.)  pp.     Made  dull ;  Iduntcd 

DUM/KK,  n.     Thnt  wliicli  makes  dull. 


DUN 


^ 


nULL'INt;,  ppr.     Making  dull. 
DULL'NESS,  n.     i^lnpidity  ; 


flowncRs  of  comprcJien-^ 
sion ;  weaknefv-)  of  intellect;  indocility ;  ax,  tlie' 
dullnejis  of  a  student.  Svuth 

2.  \V:int  of  quick  perception  or  eager  desire. 

3.  Ileavincs.s  ;  drowsineiit) ;  inclination  to  sleep. 

4.  Heaviness;  disinclination  to  motion. 

5.  .Sluggi»hnes!i  ;  slowness. 

fi.  Dimnes>i ;  want  of  clearness  or  luster. 

7.  Uluntnt^^s  ;  want  of  edge. 

8.  Want  of  brightness  or  vividness ;  as,  dullness 
of  color. 

DUL'LY,  adv.  Stupidly  ;  slowly  ;  shiggisbly  ;  ivlth- 
oul  life  or  spirit. 

DU-LOe'KA-CY,  n.     (Gr.  6i>v\os,  and  Kpareoi.] 
Predominance  of  slaves. 

DO'LY,  ado.  ^froni  due.]  Properly  ;  fitly  ;  in  a  suita- 
ble or  becoming  manner  ;  as,  lei  the  subject  be  didtj 
considered. 

2.  Ucgiitarly  ;  at  the  proper  time  ;  as,  a  uian  ditty 
attended  cliurch  with  hid  family. 

DUMB,  (dum,)  o.  [Sax.  dumb  :  Goth,  dumbs,  dumba ; 
G.  dumm  ;  I),  dom  ;  Sw.  dumm  or  dunibe :  Dan.  durn  ; 

Hob.  Cli.  01*1,  to  be  silent;  Ar.  ^^^  dauma,  lo  con- 
tinue or  bo  permanent,  to  appease,  to  quieL  Class 
Dm,  No.  3.     In  tliis  word,  b  is  improperly  added.] 

1.  Mute  ;  silent  ;  not  speaking. 

I  n-u  dumb  with  silence ;  I  licM  my  pence.  —  Pi.  sxxLx. 

2.  Destitute  of  the  iwwer  of  speech  ;  unable  lo 
utter  articulale  sounds;  as,  the  f/umA-bnites.  The 
.\syhim  nl  Hartford,  in  Connecticut,  was  the  first  in- 
Btiiution  in  America  for  teaching  the  deaf  and  dumb 
to  read  and  write. 

3.  .Mute;  not  using  or  accompanied  with  siwech; 
as,  a  dumb  show  ;  dumb  signs. 

7'o  strike  dumb,  is  to  confound  ;  to  astonish  ;  to  ren- 
der siknl  by  asionishmenl;  or  it  may  be,  to  deprive 
of  the  power  of  speech. 

DUMB,  r.  t.    To  silence.  Shak. 

DUMH'-ltELLS,  (duin'belz,)  n.  pt.  WeightJ  swung 
in  the  bands  for  exercise. 

DUMB'LV,  (dum'ly,)  adv.  Mutely  ;  silently  ;  wiUiout 
words  or  speech. 

DUMII'NK^.S,  (dum'ness,)  n.  Muteness;  silence,  or 
holding  the  peace  ;  omission  of  speech.  This  ij  vol- 
untaru  dumbness. 

ti.  Incnparity  to  spcnk  ;  inability  to  articulate 
sounds.      This  is  ineoluntarij  dumbness. 

DCMB'-SIIoW,  71.  Gesture  without  words;  panto- 
mime. 

DU.MB-WAIT'ER,  n.  A  framework  with  shelved, 
placed  btiwetn  a  kitchen  and  dining-room,  for  con- 
voying fufid.  &c.  When  the  kitchen  is  in  iho  base- 
ment, ih''  duinh  waiter  is  made  lo  rise  and  f:UI  by 
means  nf  pulleys  and  weights. 

DUM'FOU.N  D,         iv.t  To  strike  dumb  ;  to  confuse. 

DUM-FOUND'ER,  j      [^  hie  mord.]     SpecUitor.  SwifU 

DU.M'MEKER,  n.  One  who  feigns  dumbness.  [Aot 
in  usr.] 

nC'MOfT.q    )  ^,      , 

DO'.MOj^K   1  ^    t^  dumosus,  from  dumus,  a  bush.] 
Abounding  with  bushes  and  bricni. 


1.  A  dull,  ghM)my^-tatc  of  the  mind  ;  sadness:  mol> 
ancholy  ;  tH>rrow  ;  heaviness  of  liean. 

lit  ilukful  duinjt».  (JViy, 

2.  Absence  of  mind  ;  revery.  Ijoeke. 

3.  A  inelanclioly  tune  or  air  Shuk. 
(This  is  not  an  elegant  word,  and  In  .\menca,  I 

believe,  is  always  used  in  the  pluml ;  as,  the  wuinan 
is  In  the  dumpx.j 
DU.MP'IHII,  ,1.    Dull;  htupld;  siid ;  melancholy;  de- 

iiressed  in  npirit-s  ;  aw,  he  liveH  a  dumpish  \\U\ 
IMP'l.'^ll-I.Y,  adv.     In  a  moping  mantur. 
DOMP'I.SM-.\E.S.S,  n.     A  state  «f  heing  dull,  heavy, 

and  moiMiig 
DU.MP'LlXi;,  n.    [from  dump.]    A  kind  of  pudding  or 

ma*is  of  [Kiste,  in  cookery  ;  usually,  a  rover  of  parte 

Inclosing  an  ajtple  and  tuiled,  railed  apple -dumpliHv 
DIIMP.S,  H.  ;,/.     Mrlancholv;  gloom. 
DU.MP'Y,  a.     Short  and  tb'ick.  Smart. 

DUN,   a.      [Sax.  dunn;   W.  dirn:    Ir.  donn;  qu,  ton, 

taieny.    tkc  Class  Dn,  No.  3,  21, 28,  35.] 

1.  Of  a  dark  color;  of  a  color  [>artakingof  abruwn 
and  black  ;  of  a  dull-brown  color;  swarthy. 

2.  Dark  ;  gloomy. 

Ill  Uio  dun  itlr  ■iiU'uiiP.  Atillon. 

DUN,  r.  (.    To  cure,  as  fish,  in  a  manner  to  give  ttum 

a  dun  color.     [See  Ufwrti.'rG.) 
DUN,  r.  f.     (Sjis.  t/yiian,  to  clamor,  to  din.     (See  Di;«.) 

au.Gr.  Jofftj.] 

1.  Zi/^fi//i/,  lo  clamor  for  luiyment  of  a  debt.  Hrnre, 
to  urge  for  payment  ;  to  demand  a  debt  in  a  pn—mi; 
inanner  ;  to  urge  for  payment  with  importunity.  Itiii, 
in  rummon  usage,  (/uii  isotlen  used  in  a  milder  seitM, 
and  slgntlles  lo  call  for,  or  ask  fur  |>a>nienL 

2.  Tourgo  iin|>ortunately,ina^crirVaijtc>(ue,  ^uintK 
an  elegant  tcord. 

DUN,  n.    An  imi>ortunatc  creditor  who  urgis  fur  pay- 
i»t'nt.  Philips.    Jirbuthnut. 

2.  An  urgent  request  or  demand  of  payment  In 
writing  ;  as^  hv  sent  bis  debtor  a  duu. 
3    .\n  einmence  or  mound.  [See  Down  and  Town.] 
DUN'-UIRD,  (-burd,}n.    A  North  American  si>ccicR  or 
duck,  called  the  ruddy  duck.     Peabody's  Mass.  Rep. 


5JJJI'^»V,  B.     One  who  is  dumb.     fFuJifar.) 
DUMP,  n.     [from  the  root  of  Jtimi;  D.domiG. 


dumm.] 


DUNCE, (duns,)  n.  [G.duns.  Qn.  Pcrs.  tXj.i,  a  bIu- 
pid  man.] 

A  person  of  weak  inlellecla ;  a  dullard  ;  a  dolt ;  a 
thickskull. 

I  rwjvrr  knew  thu  town  wlUioul  dutte<t  of  fi^rf .  Sttf/I. 

["  Dunce  is  said  by  Jolmson  lo  be  a  woni  of  un- 
knou-n  etymologj'.  Stanilmrst  explains  it.  'Ihe  term 
Dans,  from  Scofus,  '  so  famous  for  his  subtill  quiihli* 
ties,'  he  says, '  is  so  trivial  and  roinmon  in  all  -rbooU, 
that  whosu  surpasseth  others  either  in  cavilling  sojdii*- 
trie,  or  subtill  phUosuphie,  is  forlliuiih  nitjcimmcd  a 
Duns.'  This,  he  tells  us  in  th<'  margin,  is  the  reason 
*  why  schoolmen  are  called  Duttses.'  (Description  of 
Ireland,  p.  2.)  The  word  easily  passed  into  a  terra  of 
scorn,  just  as  a  blockhead  is  called  Solomon,  a  hully 
Jlectory  and  as  Moses  is  the  vulgar  name  of  contempt 
for  a  Jew."  Dr.  Southcy*s  Omniana,  vol,  i.  p.  5. 
E.  11.  B.] 
I  have  little  confidence  in  thw  explanation.  JV*.  ff. 
DUN'CER-Y,  Ti.     Dullness  ;  stupidity.  Smith. 

DUN'CI-FT,  r.  L    To  make  stupid  in  intellect.    [JM. 

luted.)  fi'arburton. 

DnN'CiSH,  a.     Like  a  dunce  ;  sotlish. 
DUN'DER,  n.  [Sp.  redundar,  to  overflow  ;  L.  redundo.) 
Lees  ;  dregs  ;  a  ward  used  in  Jamaica. 
The  IMC  of  dundtr  in  the  nuikiKjf  of  mm  ntuwcn  ihf  purpoif  of 
yctut  111  (he  fcTnii;nlation  of  iluur.   KdimnU's  H'€tt  Indiet. 

DUN'DER-PATE,  n.     A  dunce  ;  a  dull  bead. 

DONE,  n.  A  term  applied  to  low  hills  of  mo\*able 
sand,  on  llie  coast  of  England,  France,  and  other 
countries.  Lyell. 

DUN'-FI.SII,  n.  Codfish  cured  in  a  particular  manner. 
[See  DL'»r*i.'*fi.] 

DUNG,  n.     [Sax,  dung,  or  dincg,  or  dini^;  G.dungi 
diinfrer  ;  Dan.  dynd;  Sw.  dijnga.] 
'I  he  excrement  of  animals.  Bacon 

DUNG,  r.  (.     'J'o  manure  with  dung.  Dryden. 

DUNG,  e.  i.     To  void  excrement 

DU.\G'/:i),  (dungd,)p;».     Manured  with  dung. 

DU.V'GEON,  (dun'jun,)  ti.  [Fr.  ihn^eon,OT  dt>njon,% 
tower  or  platform  in  the  inidsi  of  a  castlt.*,  a  turret  or 
closet  on  the  top  of  a  house.  In  luie  Armorir  dialect 
it  is  dumjou,  and  Cregnire  suggeKls  ihnl  it  is  com- 
pounded of  dom,  lord  or  chief,  and  j  j,  Jupiter,  Jove, 
an  elevated  or  chief  lower  consecrated  lo  Jupiter; 
but  qu.  In  Scottish  it  is  written  r/oun^rr/n,  and  de- 
notes the  keep  or  strongest  tower  of  a  fortre^^s,  or  an 
inner  tower  surrounded  by  a  ditch.  Jamirj/an.  It  was 
used  for  confining  prisoners,  and  hence  iis  applica- 
tion to  prisons  of  t-minent  strf-nplh.  The  dungeon 
was  in  the  bottom  of  a  castle,  under  ground,  and 
without  light,     Henry,  Brit] 

1.  A  close  prison ;  or  a  deep,  dark  place  of  confine- 
mcnt. 

And  In  «  dungton  iWp.  ^pent^. 

They  brought  Jo«ppb  hiitfly  out  of  lb-?  dungton,  —Qta.  xl. 

2.  .\  subterraneous  placo  of  close  confinemenL 

JeremidL 


F*TE.  FAB,  FALL,  WHAT.-METE,  rHEV.-PI.VE,  M.\RINE,  BIRD.-NOTE,  DOVF,,  MOVE,  WOLF,  Bi?OK.- 


378 


DUP 

DUX'iiKON,  r.  (.     To  confiiie  in  a  (iiuigeon.     Hall. 
DUN'(SEOi\-M),  (tiiirt'juml,)  pp.    Confined  in  a  tlun- 

Cfon. 
DUNG'FORK,  H.     A  fork  used  to  throw  dung  from  a 

slalile  or  into  ;i  cart,  or  to  spread  it  o\'er  land. 
DUXG'HILL,  H.    A  ht-ap  of  dung. 

2.  A  mean  or  vile  abode.  Dnjdcn. 

3.  Any  mean  situation  or  condition. 

lit;  liftcth  llie  begs^ir  from  ihe  dunghill,  —  1  S.xm.  ii. 

4.  A  term  of  reproach  for  a  man  meanly  born.  [JVy( 
used,]  SkaU, 

dOnG'HILL,  n.  Sprung  from  the  dunghill ;  mean  j 
low;  luise  ;  vile.  Shak, 

nUNG'Y,  n.     Full  of  dung;  filthy;  vile.  Shak. 

DUXC'VARP,  n.  A  yard  or  inclosure  where  dung  is 
collected.  Mortimer. 

DUMv'EHS,  7(.  pi.  The  name  of  a  Christian  sect. 
Tliev  practice  abstinence  and  mortification,  and  it  is 
siiid  thoy  deny  the  eternity  of  future  punishment. 

DUN'LIN,  71.    A  bird,  a  species  of  sandpiper. 

Pennant. 

DUN'NACE,  71.  Fagots,  boughs,  or  loose  materials 
of  any  kind,  laid  on  the  bottom  of  a  ship  to  raise 
heavy  (roods  above  the  bottom.  Mar.  DicL 

DUN'N£D>  (dund,)  pp.  [from  ditn.'}  Importuned  to 
pay  a  debt ;  urged. 

DUN  NER,  n.  [from  i/hh.]  One  employed  in  solicit- 
ing the  payment  of  debts.  Spectator. 

DUN'NING,  jipr.  [from  dun.]  Urging  for  payment 
of  a  debt,  or  for  the  grant  of  some  favor,  or  for  the 
obtaining  any  request ;  importuning. 

DUN'>'ING,  n.  [from  dun,  a  color.]  Tlie  operation 
of  curing  codtish,  in  such  a  manner  as  to  give  it  a 
pecuhar  color  and  quality.  Fish  for  dunning  are 
caught  early  in  spring,  and  often  in  Februar>%  At 
tbe  Isles  of  Shoals,  off  Portsmouth,  in  New  Hamp- 
shire, the  cod  are  taken  in  deep  water,  split,  and 
slack-salted ;  then  laid  in  a  pile  for  two  or  three 
months,  in  a  dark  store,  covered,  for  the  greatest  part 
of  the  time,  with  salt  hay  or  eel-grass,  and  pressed 
with  some  weight.  In  April  or  May,  they  are  opened, 
and  piled  again  as  close  as  possible  in  the  same  dark 
store,  till  July  or  August,  when  they  are  fit  for  use. 

J.  Haven. 

DUN'NISH,  a.  Inclined  to  a  dun  color  j  somewhat 
dun.  Ray. 

DUN'NY,  a.    Deaf;  dull  of  apprehension.     [Local.] 

DC'O,  n.     [L.  t\Vo.]  [Grose. 

A  song  in  two  parts. 

DU-O-DEe-A-IlK'DRAL,  i  See   Dodecahedbal,  Do- 

DU-0-DE€-A-IlE'DRON,  i      decahedron. 

DU-0-DEC'I-MAL,  a.  Proceeding  in  computation  by 
twelves. 

DU-O-DEC'I-MALS,  ti.  In  arithmetic,  a  kind  of  mul- 
tiplication- in  which  tlie  denominations  proceed  by 
twelve?. 

DU-0-DEC'IM-FID,  a.     [L.  dnodecim,  twelve,  tindjin- 
(fo,  to  cleave.] 
Divided  into  twelve  parts. 

DU-0-DEC'I-MO,  a.     [L.  duodccim,  twelve.] 

Having  or  consisting  of  twelve  leaves  to  a  sheet ; 
as,  a  book  o(  duodecimo  form  or  size. 

DU-0-DEC'I-MO,  iu  A  book  in  which  a  sheet  is  fold- 
ed into  twelve  leaves. 

OU-O-DEG'U-PLE,  a.      [L.  duo,  two,  and   dccuplas, 

:   tenfold.] 

Consisting  of  twelves.  Arbuthnut. 

DU-0-De'.NUM,  n.  [L.]  The  first  of  the  small  in- 
testines; the  twelve-inch  intestine. 

OU-0-LIT'ER  AL,  a.     [L.  duo,  two,  and  litera,  a  let- 
terj 
Consisting  of  two  letters  only  ;  bilileral.   Stuart, 

OUP,  r.  t.  [to  do  up.]  To  open  ;  as,  to  dup  the  door. 
^JVot  in  \ise.'] 

Dupe,  n.    [Fr.  dupe.    See  the  verb.] 

A  person  who  i3  deceived  ;  or  one  easily  led  astray 
by  his  credulity  ;  as,  the  dapc  of  a  parly. 

OuPE,  r.  t,  [Fr.  dupcr  ;  Sw.  tubha.  Uu.  Sp.  and  Port. 
estafar.] 

To  deceive  ;  to  trick  ;  to  mislead  by  imposing  on 
one's  creilulitv  ;  as,  to  be  duped  by  flattery. 

DtJP'A-RLE,  {(iup'a-bl,)  a.    That  can  be  duped. 

OCP'iTD,  (dupt,)  pp.     Deceived;  tricked. 

OtJP'ER-Y,  n.    The  act  or  practice  of  duping. 

OOP'ING,  ppr.     Tricking;  cheating. 

Du'PI-ON,  TI.  A  double  cocoon,  formed  by  two  or 
more  sdk-worms.  Encye. 

OO'PLE,  a.     [L.  daphis.] 

Double.  Duple  ratio  is  that  in  which  the  antece 
dent  term  is  double  the  consequent ;  as  of  2  to  1,  8 
to  4j  (cc.  Sub-duple  ratio  is  the  reverse,  or  as  1  to  2, 
4  tn  8,  &c. 

[)0'PLI-€ATE,   a.      [L.   dupliratus     from   dupUco,   to 
double,  from  duplex,  double,  twofold  ;  duo,  two,  and 
plico,  to  fold.     See  Double.] 
Double  ;  twofold. 

Duplicate  proportion,  or  ratio,  is  the  proportion  or 
ratio  of  squares.  Thus,  in  geometrical  proportion, 
the  first  term  to  the  third  is  said  to  be  in  a  duplicate 
ratio  of  the  first  to  the  second,  or  as  its  square  is  to 
the  square  of  the  second.  Thus  in  2,  4,  8,  Iii,  the 
ratio  of  2  to  8  is  a  duplicate  of  that  of  2  to  4,  or  as  the 
square  of  2  is  to  the  square  of  4. 


DUS 

Dt3'PLI-€ATE,  n.  Another  corn'sponding  lo  the  first ; 
or  a  second  thing  of  the  same  kind. 

2.  A  copy  ;  a  tran^^cript.  'I'hus,  a  second  letter  or 
bill  of  exchange,  cx:iclly  like  the  first,  is  called  a  du- 
plicate 

DC'PLI-CaT!-:,  v.  t.     [L.  dupUco.] 
To  double  :  to  fold. 

Du'PLI-€a-TE1>,  pp.     Made  double. 

Du'PLI-eA-TING,  ppr.     Making  double  ;  folding. 

DU-PLI-Ca'TION,  h.  The  act  of  doubling;  the  mul- 
tiplication of  a  number  by  2. 

2.  A  folding  ;  a  doubling  ;  also,  a  fold  ;  as,  the  du- 
plication of  .a  membrane. 

Du'PLI-€A-TIJRE,  ti.  A  doubling  ;  a  fold.  In  anat- 
omif,  the  fold  of  a  membrane  or  vessel.  Encye. 

DU-l*ldC'I-TY,  TI.  [Fr.  duplicitc  ;  Sp.  dupUcidad ;  It. 
duplicitd  ;  from  1*.  duplex,  (louble.] 

1.  Doubleness  ;  the  number  two.  Watts. 

2.  Doubleness  of  heart  or  speech  ;  the  act  or  prac- 
tice of  exhiliiling  a  different  or  contrary  conduct,  or 
uttering  different  or  contrary  sentiments,  at  different 
times,  in  relation  to  tlie  same  thing;  or  the  act  of 
dissembling  one's  real  opinions  for  the  puri)ose  of  con- 
cealing tliem  and  misleading  persons  in  tiie  conver- 
sation and  intercour:;c  of  life  ;  double-dealing;  dis- 
simulation ;  deceit. 

3.  In  la\D,  duplicity  is  the  pleading  of  two  or  more 
distinct  matters  or  single  pleas.  Bladcstonc 

DUP'PEll,  ».    The  same  as  Dubber.  which  see 

DU-RA-BIL'I-TY,  ti.  [See  Durable.]  The  power  of 
lasting  or  continuing  m  any  given  state  without  per- 
ishing ;  as,  the  durabUity  of  cedar  or  oak  timber  ;  the 
durability  of  animal  and  vegetable  life  is  very  lim- 
[ted. 

Du'RA-BLE,  a.  [h.  durabilis,  from  duro,  to  last,  du- 
rus,  liard  ;  VV.  dnr,  steel ;  duraw,  to  harden.] 

Having  the  quality  of  lasting,  or  continuing  long 
in  being,  willmut  perishing  or  wearing  out;  as,  dura- 
ble IhnhvT ;  durable  cloth  ;  t/wrrtft/c  happiness. 

Du'RA-BLE-NESS,  ».  Power  of  lasting  ;  durability  ; 
as,  the  durablcitess  of  honest  fame 

Du'RA-BLY,  adc.  In  a  lasting  manner;  with  long 
continuance. 

DC'RA  MA'TER,  [L.]  Tlie  outer  membrane  of  the 
brain.  Coxe. 

DU-Ra'ME.\,  ti.  [L.]  The  central  layers,  or  heart- 
wood,  of  a  tree.  Brando. 

Du'RANCE,  H.     [from  Fr.  dur,  durcr,  L.  duro.] 

1.  Imprisonment ;  restraint  of  the  person  ;  custody 
of  the  jailer  Sliak. 

2.  Continuance;  duration.    [See  Endura:jce.] 

Drifden. 

DU-RANT',  71.  A  glazed  woolen  stuff;  called  by  some 
everlastin  !^. 

DU-Rj3.jV'TE,  [L.]  Daring  ;  as,  duran'tc  vi'ta,  during 
life;  duran'tc  bc'nc  plac'tto,  during  pleasure. 

DU-Ra'TION,  t(.  Continuance  in  time  ;  length  or  ex- 
tension of  existence  indefinitely  ;  as,  the  duration  of 
life  ;  the  duration  of  a  partnership ;  the  duration  of 
any  given  period  of  time  j  everlasting  duration.  This 
holding  on  or  continuance  of  time  is  divided  by  us, 
arbitrarily,  into  certain  portions,  as  minutes,  hours, 
and  days  ;  or  it  is  measured  by  a  succession  of  events, 
as  by  the  diurnal  and  annual  revolutions  of  the  earth, 
or  any  other  succession  ;  and  the  inter\'al  between 
two  events  is  called  a  part  of  duration.  This  inter- 
val may  be  of  any  indefinite  lengtli,  a  minute  or  a 
century. 
2.  Power  of  continuance.  Rogers. 

DUR'B.\R,  71.     An  audience-room,  in  India. 

Dure,  v.  i.  [L.  duro ;  Fr.  durcr;  Sp.  durar ;  It.  durarc. 
See  Durable.] 

To  last ;  lo  li(dd  on  in  time  or  being  ;  to  continiie  ; 
to  endure. 

[77(15  icord  is  obsolete;  Endure  being  substituted.] 

DORE'FIJL,  fl.     Lasting.     [Obs.]  Spender. 

DuRE'LESS,  a.     Not  lasting  ;  fading.  Ralegh. 

DU-RESS',  H.  [Norm,  dui-essc,  durette,  from  dur,  hard, 
grievous  ;  L.  durities,  durus.     See  Durable.] 

1.  Literally,  hardship ;  hence,  constraint.  Techni- 
cally, duress,  in  law,  is  of  two  kinds;  duress  of  im- 
prisojunenf,  wiiich  is  imprisonment,  or  restraint  of 
personal  liberty;  v.nd  duress  by  menaces  or  threats,  [per 
minas,]  when  a  person  is  threatened  with  loss  ot^life 
or  limb.  Fear  of  battery  is  no  duress.  Duress,  then, 
is  imprisonment  or  tlneats  intended  to  compel  a  per- 
son to  do  a  legal  act,  as  to  execute  a  deed  ;  or  to 
commit  an  oftense  j  in  which  cases  the  act  is  voida- 
ble or  excusable.  Blaclcstone. 

2.  Imprisonment ;  restraint  of  liberty. 
DuR'ING,  ppr.  of  Dure.  Continuing  ;  lasting  ;  hold- 
ing on  ;  as^daring  life,  that  is, life  continuing;  during 
our  earthly  pilgrimage;  during  the  space  of  a  year; 
during  this  or  that.  These  pnrases  are  the  case  ab- 
solute, or  independent  clavises ;  durante  vita,  duran- 
te hoc. 

Dt3'RI-TY,  n.     [Fr.  durft6,  from  dur,  L.  durus,  duro.] 

1.  Hardness;  firmness. 

2.  Hardness  of  mind  ;  harshness.     [Litile  ttsetl.] 
DO'ROrS,  a.     Hard.     [JVot  used.]  SmitJi. 
DUR'RA,  n.    A  kind  ot  millci,  cultivated  in  N.  Africa. 
DURST.  p,>t.  of  Dare.     [D.  darst.] 

DOSE,  71.  [[-.  Diisius.]  A  demon  or  evil  spirit. 
"  Q,iiosdaiu  (heniones  quos  dusios  Galli  nuncupant.*' 


DUT 

{.August.  De  Civ.  Dei,  15,  fti.)  What  llie  dose  is  the 
rnatttrr.''  The  dujte  is  in  you.  [rulsrar.]  .More  com- 
monly gpcll  Deuce,  or  Deusc, though  Duse  is  ety- 
mologjtallv  most  correct. 
DUSK,  a.  [D.  dtiistcr ;  ii.  diUor .  Riiss.  tuak,  tarnish  ; 
tusknuy  to  tarnish,  to  become  <lull  or  obscure.  Q,u- 
Gr.  ^.nTVi.] 

1.  Tending  to  darkness,  or  moderalety  dark. 

2.  Tending  to  a  dark  or  black  color;  moderately 
black.  Milton. 

DUSK,  71.    A  tending  to  darkness;  incipient  or  imjier- 
fecl  obscurity ;  a  middle  degree  between  light  and 
darkness ;  twilight ;  as,  the  du.yk  of  the  evening. 
2.  Tendency  to  a  black  (xilor  ;  darknesii  of  color. 

Whose  dusk  w-t  oH'  til*!  wliilriicM  of  tii-  ikiii.  Drylen. 

DUSK,  V.  {.     To  make  dusky      [Little  used.^ 

DUSK,  r.  (,  To  begin  to  lose  light  or  whiteness  j  to 
grow  dark.     [Little  used.] 

DUSK'I-LY,  ade.  With  parlial  darkness  ;  with  a  ten- 
dency to  blacknes-s  or  darkness.  Sherwood. 

DUSK'I-NESS,  n.  Incipient  or  partial  darkness  ;  a 
slight  or  moderate  degree  of  darkness  or  blackness. 

DUSK'ISH,  a.     Moderately  dusky  ;  partially  obscure; 
slightly  dark  or  black  ;  as,  dushish  Kmoke.  Spenser. 
Duskith  UiicUtrc.  Woltan. 

DUSK'ISH-I.Y,  adv.     Cloudily  ;  darkly.  Bacmi. 

DUSK'ISII-NESS.  K.  Duskiness;  .approach  to  dark- 
nes>i.  Mure. 

DUSK'Y,  a.  Partially  dark  or  obscure  ;  not  luminous ; 
as,  a  dusky  valley.  Dryden. 

A  dtuky  torch.  Shak. 

2.  Tending  to  blackness  in  color;  partially  black  ; 
dark-colored  ;  not  bright ;  as.  a  dusky  brown.  Bac^n. 

Dinky  cluuiU.  ZhyUn. 

3.  Gloomy ;  sad. 

Tills  duthj  scene  of  horror.  ifenll<y. 

4.  Intellectually  clouded  ;  as,  a  dusky  sprite.  Pope. 
DUST,   H.     [Sax.  duj>t,  dyst;    Scot,  diist;  Tcut.  doatt, 

duysf,  dust,  fine  flour.] 

1.  Fine,  dry  particles  of  earth,  or  other  matter,  so 
attenuated  that  it  may  be  raised  and  watted  by  the 
wind  ;  powder;  as,  clouds  of  dusi  and  seas  of  blood. 

2.  Fine,  dry  particles  of  earth  ;  fine  earth. 

The  peacock  wiirmuUi  lier  eggs  iti  llie  dust.  —  Job  xxxix. 

3.  Earth  ;  unorganized  earthy  matter. 

Dust  tliou  art,  kikI  lo  dust  shvit  thou  return.  — Gen.  iii. 

4.  The  grave. 

For  iiow  shall  I  sleep  iii  the  dxtal.  —  Job  vii. 

5.  A  low  condition. 

God  raisclh  the  puor  out  of  the  dust.  —  I  Sun.  it. 

DUST,  r.  (.  To  free  from  dust ;  to  brush,  wipe,  or 
sweep  away  dust ;  as,  to  dust  a  table  or  a  floor. 

2.  To  sprinkle  with  dust. 

3.  To  levigate  Sprat. 
DUST'-BRUSH,  7(.     A  brush  for  cleaning  rooms  and 
DUST'ED,  pp.    Freed  from  dust.                   [furniture. 
DUST'ER,  n.     .\  utensil  to  clear  from  dust ;  also,  a 

sieve. 

DUST'I-NESS,  7(.    The  state  of  being  dusty. 

DUST'ING,  ppr.     Brushing;  freeing  from  dust. 
2.  71.    The  act  of  removing  dust. 

DUST'-MAN,  «.  One  whose  employment  is  to  carry 
awav  dirt  and  filth.  Qay. 

DUST'-P.VN,  n.  \  utensil  to  convey  dust  brushed 
from  the  floor,  tc. 

DUST'Y,  a.  Filled,  covered,  or  sprinkled  with  dust ; 
clouded  with  dust.  Dryden. 

2.  Like  dust ;  of  the  color  of  dust ;  as,  a  diistg 
white  ;  a  dusty  red. 

DUTCH,  71.  The  people  of  Holland ;  also,  their  lan- 
guage. 

DUTCH,  a.  Pertaining  to  Holland,  or  to  its  inhab- 
itants. 

DUTCH'GOI.D,  n  In  commerce,  copper,  brass,  and 
bronze  loaf,  used  largely  in  Holland  to  ornament 
toja.  McCuiloch. 

Du'TE-OUS,  a,  |from  duty.]  Performing  that  which 
is  due,  or  that  which  law,  justice,  or  propriety  re- 
quires ;  obedient ;  respectful  to  those  who  have  nat- 
ural or  legal  authority  to  require  service  or  duty  ;  as, 
a  duteous  child  or  subject. 

2.  Obedient;  obsequious;  in  a  good  or  bad  sense, 

pjleous  to  the  vice*  of  thj  mistim.  iSAoi*. 

3.  Enjoined  by  duty,  or  by  the  relation  of  one  to 
another  ;  as,  dnUous  tics.     [Little  used.]  Shak 

DU'TE-OUS-LY,  adv.    In  a  duteous  manner 
DO'TE-OUS-NESS,  n.    Uualily  of  being  obedient  or 

respectful. 
Du'TI-A-BLE,  a,    [See  Duty.  |    Subject  to  the  impo- 
sition of  duly  or  customs  ;  as,  dutiable  goods. 

Supreme  Court,  V.  S. 
Dt?'TI-£D,  (du'lid,)a.  Subjected  lo  duties  or  customs. 

.imes. 
DO'TI-FIJL,  a.  Performing  the  duties  or  obligations 
required  by  law,  justice,  or  proprieiy  :  obedient ;  sub- 
missive lo  natural  or  le-ral  su[)criory  ;  respectful :  a-a, 
a  dutiful  son  or  daughter ;  a  dutiful  ward  or  sen-ant ; 
a  dutiful  subject. 
2.  Expressive  of  respect   or  a  sense  of  duty  ;  re- 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — e  as  K ;  0  as  J  ;  S  as  Z;  ClI  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


Ot  ^4.    lii  d  Jut) All  manner;  wUb  a 

t  ibedlcnily;  «ubiuU«lvfly  ;  rovon^nt- 

1  ii»i/t- 

~  ^,  a.    Obrilienec  i  nibniiwiun  lujuvt 

ix\  piril'itrtiuuicc  of  Uuiy  ;  «■»,  dut\ftl- 

■  .-i.  ; 

Df  If.  i/ft.l    Thai  whicli 

■  A  hirh  n  [%.-nvm  !<  l         . 

.,  .  .1m,  ,  r 

.  >tilii  lliu 

,■(  ,   n»H*- 

..f 


til.'  jowriiiii'  lit  .\\u\  I  lii:i  'ii->  iii^ini)  ii<>i>  i-i  <  innlrcn 
arr  i/uf<«4uf  (urviiU  which  tliry  ran  nul  noglect  with- 
out r'ltlt. 


4.  Att 


IJ" 


DYI 

Dk<U  liii|H)rlJ4  a  rci>lilriiC4i  uf  muiiu  cuntUiuance. 

W'f  U-*.  .;■( .'  fiT  Hi     n  'liriK  of  a  night  or  an  hour; 

Itiil  wi'  ii  I  :i  |ilace  ii  iliiy  iir  u  nii;hL 

tJw<lL  i<  !i<  I'  lur  hft*  ur  fur  a  much 

uli-irl.  !  I'ly.     In  Scripture.  It  ili'- 

I,  .  I- ..I  yt\i\\  diiyn,  during  iho  u-aitt  uf 
I  . 

'.  tvwiht  »-fi'ii  iUv«.  —  ly^V.  zaill. 

I   .>-  \N  .'il  ^u  >.  "U  l!  th,  ."  '1  i.'ij«Jl  uuuii^  ua.  —  Jwtui  I. 

','.  Tu  bo  In  uiiv  -^1  It'-  >-T  I  otulitlun  ;  to  continue. 

Ti.  ■:  ..-  ,     ..1    I'd.il  J..y.  Shak. 

3.  To  continue ;  to  li«  llxed  tn  attention  \  to  hang 
upon  with  fundnen. 

Smith. 
If  on  hli  looks  mtil  Unfiuse, 
DuAtnkn*ttr. 


>  oi  a  MiMuf  or  mnrino  on  guard  j 
&•.  .   19  on  Juitf.     It  Is  applied,  abo,  to 

UI  l.ll'.T. 

itiiliiar)- service  ;  01,  Iho 

n . 

in-  ;  ixci^o  ;  any  sum 
i.\  :■■  be  paid  on  the 

lin  ij'tiun  of  Koudtf. 

A-  it.-,  and  on  the 

•lock  ui  l■aImcX:^,  i=  iK>!  callL-d  ;i  t.'t'fy,  but  ;»  i/ir«r  fur. 
United  States. 
6.  In  fKjfijirry,  the  amount  of  weight  which  i.-t 
liAcd   by  a  jiteam-«ngino,  by  a  certain  ipiantity  of 
cool. 
DCUM'yiR,  n.;pl.  DtUMTiai.    [L.  Jao,  (wo,  and 
ri>,  man.] 

One  uf  (wo  Koman  olTlcera  or  magistrates  united 
in  t^<   -:iri)<-  public  functions. 

1  llAL,  a.    Pertaining  to  llm  duUmvir:)  ur 
'■■  of  Romu. 

i  HATK,  «.    The  union  of  two  men  In  tlic 
-iilv   ..irice  ;  or  the  offlro,  dignity,  or  i;ov>-mnieiit  of 
two  men  thus  associated,  od  in  aucieiil  Itomo. 
DWAI.K,  1.     In  hrratdry,  a  sabk-  or  black  color. 

.  iiight^hadi.',  Atropa  lL-thali.s,  a  plant ; 
or  M.  Chaucer. 

D\\   ^  L\.  dwfr   ,  Jiceorg;  D.  tlteer^i  Sw.id.; 

V 

mie  for  an  animal  or  plant  which  is 
III  urdlnary  nize  uf  the  species  or  kind. 

A  nrin  tiiii  u^wt  Rfows  bryond  two  or  three  feet  in 
hlght,  is  a  dwarf.  'Vhh  word,  when  used  alone, 
usually  refers  to  the  humnn  .>i(M.-ricf(,  but  sometimes  to 
other  anlmaH.  Wlien  it  1^  applied  to  plants,  it  Is 
more  i^nerally  used  in  composition ;  as,  u  dwarf-tree ; 
dwarf-eUer. 
2.  An  attendant  on  a  tady  or  knight  in  romances. 

Speiuer. 
nWARP,  f.  '.    To  hinder  from  growing  to  the  natural 
'    '  to  make  or  keep  stnall.     j3ddison. 

■  urft,)  pp.    Hindered  from  growing 

Like  a  dwarf;  below  the  common 
%  <  r>'  e-mail ;  low  ;  potty  ;  despicnblu  ; 
..tnal ;  a  dtcarjuh  tthrub.        Dr^dai, 
It  >.i,  (ute.     Like  a  dwarf. 
-^HNErfS,  II.    Smallness  of  stature  ;  lUtlc- 

^  . .   .  ■  I,,  I .  i.    [Sax.  dtttlian^  dicotian^  to  wandcr.] 

lo  be  delirious.     [Obs.]  Junius. 

DWELL,  r.  L  ;  prtL  Dwelled,  usually  contracted  in- 
to Dwelt.  [Dan.  drater,  to  stay,  wail,  loiter,  delay  ; 
8w.  draia^  a  trance  ;  dcdliaj,  to  delay,  abide,  remain, 
or  ItDCff.  Tirut.  dMolla ;  Ue.  durtia  ;  HcoU  duel^  dtcelL 
Qm.U*  -'•■J  .'■•  t.,  I.  n  "'  i',  gtay,  and  Ir.  fuUim,  to 
'■  ii'_arly  with  dallt)  in  its 

I  ■  ly  be  of  the  same  fatn- 

'<ly  to  drato  uut  in  timt ; 
We  see  like   senws 
.   !^ni-o,  rcivio,  Cvntiaue. 

:j,  5.  ti,  21.J 
it   resident,  or  tu  inhabit 
>  ;  to  have  a  habitation 

t  . 

itw  leDU  gf  I 


Tbej  tUfMl  ftt  1 
flieil  111  Bti. 

4.  To  amtinuti  loitc  ;  ai,  lo  dteeli  on  o  subject,  in 
speaking,  debate,  or  writing  -,  to  die<H  on  a  note  in 
iiiii^ir. 

/ '       ',  as  n  vi-rb  irnnHltive,  in  not  used.    "  Wo  who 
II'  wild,"  tn  MtItott,l!i  Htit  a  legilimtite  phrase. 
\''\  ■  •  1    f:i>,  (dwrld,)  pp.     Inhabited. 
UWKI.L'KIE,  rt.    An  inhabitant;  a  resident  of  some 

cotiilnimnr*'  In  a  place.  Dnjden. 

DWKI.l.'l.NC,  ppr.   InhnbilinL' ;  rCHhling  ;  eojourning  ; 

conliniiins  with  fl-xed  attention. 
DWELL'LNG,  n.      Habitation;    placo  of  residence; 
abode. 

llu«rtliAll  toKtfiMJ'inf  rordrafoiu.  — J«r.  xlix. 

5.  Continuance;  residence;  stale  ofllfc. 

Tti7  dtttUing  khaJl  be  wUli  ibe  b?uU  of  Uw  Iklil.  —  Dan.  Ir. 

DWEI,L'ING-HOUSK,  ».  The  house  in  which  one 
lives. 

DWKLL'ING-PLACE,  n.    The  ninro  of  residence. 

DWELT,  pp.  of  Dwell.  It(;:ii(led  ;  sojoumod  ;  con- 
tinued. 

DWIN'DLE,  r.  i.  [Sax.  fJwi'wii,  to  pine,  to  vanisTi ; 
Sw.  teina  :  G.  seAumnien.  I  Kuppuso  founded  on  the 
root  of  teane,  or  rain,  eunwA.] 

1.  To  diminish  ;  to  become  less ;  to  shrink ;  to 
waste  or  consume  away.  The  body  dicindle^  by  pin- 
ing or  consumption  ;  nn  CKtatu  dmindUs  by  wa«itc,  by 
want  of  industr>'  or  economy  ;  an  object  dwindles  in 
size  as  it  recede.'*  from  view ;  an  army  dwindUs  by 
dealh  or  dcRerlion. 

Our  ilr\Mplng  dayi  ore  dmndld  down  lo  nuu^l,    TTiomton. 
S.  To  degenerate ;  to  sink  ;  to  fall  away. 
Kali^oui  koeloUea  may  dwindU  into  facUoiu  duto.         Stti/t, 

DWIN'DLE,  r.  L    To  make  less ;  to  bring  low. 

Thomson. 

2.  'i'o  breiik  ;  to  disperse.  Clarendon. 
DWI.N'DLKl),  pp.  Ota.    f^hrunk  ;  diminished  in  size. 
DWIN'DLING,  ;»pr.     Frilling  away  ;  becoming  less; 

pining;  consuming;  nioldering  away. 
DYE,  r.  L    [Sax.  deagan;  L.  (in^o,  for  tigo ;  Or.  Tsy- 
>aj ,"  Fr.  teindre^  whence  iint^  tatnl^  attaint;  Sp.  tcnir; 

Port,  tingir  i  It  lignere ;  Ar.  ^U^  taichaj  to  dye  and 

to  die.    Class  Dg,  No.  40.    The  primary  sense  is,  to 
throw  down,  to  dip,  to  plunge.] 

To  stain  ;  to  color  ;  to  give  a  new  and  permanent 
color  to  ;  applied  particularly  tocloUi  or  the  materials 
of  cloth,  OS  wool,  Cotton,  silk,  and  linen  ;  ul^o,  to  bats, 
leather,  ice.  It  usually  expresses  more  or  a  deeper 
color  than  tinge. 

DTE,  n.     A  coloring  liquor  ;  color ;  stain ;  tinge. 

DV'/:D,  (dide.)  pp.     Stained  ;  colored. 

DTE'-HOUSE,K.  A  building  in  whicli  dyeing  is  car- 
ried on. 

DTE'ING,  ppr.  Staining;  giving  a  new  and  pt.^na- 
nent  color. 

DVE'IXG,  ij.    The  art  or  practice  of  giving  new  and 

rrmanent  colors  ;  tlicart  of  coloring  cloth,  hats,  &c. 
KU,  n.    One  whose  occupation  Is  to  dye  cloth  and 
the  like. 
D?'EU'»-WEED.  n.    A  plant  from  which  is  obtained 
a  yellow  dye.     The  name  in  given  to  the  Resedii 
lalcota^  and  to  the  Qenista  tinctoria. 

Loudon.     Dewexj. 
DT'ING,  ppr.     [from  die.'i      I.n.sing  life;  perishing; 
expiring  :  fading  away  ;  lanpitshing. 
S.  a.     Mortal ;  destined  to  death  ;  as,  dyimj  bodieii. 

3.  Given,  uttered,  cr  manifested  jU9t  before  death ; 
OS,  dt/in/r  Words  ;  a  di/in-^  rcijiicst  ;  dyinij  love. 

-I.  Snpi>orttng  a  dying  person  ;  as,  a  dying  bed. 
5.  Pertainini!  to  death  ;  a.<),  a  dyim*  hour. 
,  Dt'lNG-LY,  adv.    In  a  dying  manner. 


DYS 

DYKE.     See  Diem. 

DY-N.\M'E-TER,   n.      [Gr.  ivvapa,  strength,   u 

^:rofut,  to  nica^ure. 

An  instruiiKMit  for    determining  the  magnlfytag  ' 
jMWer  \A'  tt-letico)K-s  Ramsitn* 

DY.\-A-MET'ltlC-AL,  a.    FerUiiiiUig  to  a  dynamoter.  i 

DY-NAM'le-AL,  !  *"'    E^^*  *^"»-'"i'  l^wer] 

Pertaining  to  strength  or  iwwer,  or  lo  dynamics,      ' 

DY-NAM'ies,  II.    (Gr.  r'u,!/.,,,  (wwer.] 

That  bmncli  of  mechanical  philiMuphy  whlcb 
treat(«  of  Uxlles  in  inotitm  ;  opixtnt^d  to  iftaticM.  ' 

DYN'-A-MO.M'ETEU,  N.  [.Scl- DtMMETtK.]  An  In- 
6lruni(-nt  for  measuring  (iirce,  cH]K-cially  the  ri-laUTo 
strength  of  num  and  oiliL-r  animals.  [.Six',  also, 
DvnAMoHCTEiu]  Ed.  £iuyc 

DY'NAST,!!.  [See  DvNAflir.]  .\  ruler  ;  nguvcrnori 
a  prince  ;  a  government. 

DY-NAST'IC,  a.  Relating  to  a  dynasty  or  lino  ft 
kinM. 

DY-NAS'TI-DAN,  n.    [Gr.  ('tKurrrij,  powerfVil.] 

The  dynastidans  ore  a  tribe  of  beeUcs,  of  a  gigantic 
size.  i 

D?'NAS-TY,  n.  [Gr.  (U-ta^rii.i,  power,  soverelgnhr, 
from  Ji'i'ciorr;;,  a  lord  or  chief,  trom  dtta^ai,  to  be 
able  or  strong,  to  prevail ;  Ir.  tana'iste.  Tiio  W. 
dijn.  man,  is  probably  from  the  same  root  Clisi 
Dn,] 

Government ;  sovereignty  ;  or  rather  a  race  or 
succciision  of  kings  of  the  namo  line  or  fumily,  who 
govern  a  particular  country ;  as,  the  dynasties  of  Egypt 
or  Persia.  Encyc 

Th«  oUif^tJoa  bf  treatkv  njtil  coiitmcts  It  allQWctI  lo  lurvin  da 
duiift:  b{  dyniutUt.  E.  EinttU. 

DYS'CRA-SY,  n.  [Gr.  dvoKoaota  ;  dti(,  evil,  and 
Knaais,  habit] 

In  tnedicine,  an  111  habit  or  state  of  the  humcfl; 
dietempemlurc  of  the  juices.  Coze.    Kntyc 

DYS-E.\-TEIl'ie,  a.     Pertaining  to  dysentery  ;  •»• 
conipanit-d  witti  dysentery  ;  proceeding  from  dyi* 
enlerj'. 
2.  Atllicled  with  dv$enter>' ;  a^,aJy«nUrrtcpatieilL 
DY.S'EN-TER-Y,  n.    ' [L.  dy^enteria  i  Gr.   ^vaty^rtptaf 
Cvi,  bad,  and  ctTijiw,  intestines.] 

A  flux  in  which  the  i^tools  consist  chiefly  of  blood 
and  mucus  or  otiier  morbid  matter,  accompanied 
with  griping ol' the  bowels,  and  followed  by  lenti-miu. 

£ficye. 
DYS'NO-MV,  n.    [Gr.  ^vi  and  po,iui.J 

Bad  legislation  ;  tlie  enactment  of  bad  laws. 
DYS'O-DILE,  n.    A  j-ijecica  of  coal  of  a  grecnifih  of 
yellowish-gray  color,  in    masses  comi>o»ed  of  thin 
layers.     Wlicn  burning,  it  emits  a  very  f'tid  odor. 
Ifaiiy.     Cleavcland, 
DY9-OP'SY,  TU    [Gr.  ivi  and  wt//.] 

Dimness  of  sight 
DYS'O-REX-Y,  n.      [Gr.  ^uy,  bad,  and   oor(if,  ap- 
petite.] 
A  bad  or  depraved  appetite ;  a  want  of  appetite. 

Com 
DYS-PEP'SY,     >  rt.    [Gr.  6v<TJTCiPia  ;  Jif,  bad,  aod 
DYS-PEP'SI-A,  (      rcrrrw,  lo  concoct.] 

Bad  digestion  ;  indigestion,  or  dilTlculty  of  difst' 
tinn.  Encyc.     Catu 

DYS-PEP^TI€,  a.  Afflicted  with  bad  digestion;  ai, 
a  dyspeptic  person. 

2.  Pertaining  lo  or  consisting  in  dyspepsy ;  ai,ft 
dyspeptic  complaint. 
DYS-PEP'Tie,  n.    A  person  afflicted  with  bad  dl- 

gi-stion. 
Dld'PHA-CY,  (dis'fa-je,)  ji.    [Gr.  ^uj  and  .^ayiJ.) 

Didiculty  of  digestion. 
DYS'PHO-N Y.  n.     [Gr.  ^ecr^wi/ia ;  (Jwf ,  bad,  hard,  and 
0tjci7,  voice.] 

A  difflculty  of  speaking,  occasioned  by  an  ill  dtopo- 
siUon  of  the  organs  of  speech.  X'Mi 

DYS-PHO'RI-A,  n.     [Gr.  ^I't  and  i^opfw.] 

Impatience  under  atHiction. 
DYi^P-.VCE'A,  (disp-n6'4,)n.     [Gr.  ivonvota.'] 

A  difticiiltv  of  breathing.  Owfc 

DYS-THET'I€,  a.     Relating  lo  a  non-febrile  morbid 
state  of  the  blood-vessels,  or  t<t  a  bad  Imbit  of  the 
body,  dependent  mainly  upon  the  slate  of  the  circu- 
latinc  system. 
DYS'TOME,         \  a.    [Gr.  ^k,  with  dillictdty,  and 
DYS'TO-MOU."^,  i       ri(jvw,  to  cleiive.l 

In  triincraio^j,  cleaving  witli  diincully.    Hhepard. 
DYS-li'Rie,  n,"  Pertaining  to  dysury. 
DYS'U-RY,  (dis'yu-ro,)   ;i.    [Gr.  6vaovpta;  6vi  and 
ovpov.  urine.] 

Dilhculty  in  discharging  the  tuine,  attended  wiin 
pain  and  a  sensation  of  heat  Encyc 


FATE.  FAR,  F^LL,  WII^T.— UftTE.  PRBV.  — PTiVE,  MARtNE.  BIRD. —  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  JiQQK.— 


374 


J3AG 


EAR 


EAR 


E. 


Ethe  second  vowel  and  tlio  fifth  leller  of  llie  Eng- 
•  lish  alphabet,  seems  to  be  the  ancient  Plienician 
and  Hebrew  3  inverted,  corresponding  nearly  with 
the  Chiildaic  and  laier  Hebrew  n.  Its  long  and  nat- 
ural sound  in  Enclish  coincides  with  the  sound  of  i 
in  the  Italian  and  French  languages,  and  is  fonncd 
by  a  narrower  opening  of  the  glottis  than  that  of  a. 
It  has  a  long  sound,  as  in  here,  mere,  me;  a  short 
sound,  83  in  met,  men;  and  the  sound  of  a  open  or 
Ions,  in  there,  }>rctj,  vein.  As  a  final  letter,  it  is  gen- 
erally fiuiescent  ;'but  it  serves  to  lengthen  the  sound 
of  the  preceding  vowel,  or  at  least  to  indicate  that 
the  preceding  vowel  is  to  have  its  long  sound,  as  in 
mane,  cajie,  plume,  which,  witiiout  tlie  final  e,  would 
be  pronounced  7nan,  can,  plum.  After  c  and  i^^  the 
final  c  serves  to  indicate  that  c  is  to  be  pronounced 
as  5,  and  5-  as  j.  Thus,  without  the  final  e  in  mace, 
[mast-,]  this  word  would  be  pronounced  vtac,  [mak,] 
and  rai^e  [rij]  would  be  pronounced  ra^r.  In  a  nuiner- 
oua  class  of  words,  —  indeed  in  almost  every  word, 
except  a  few  from  the  Greek,  —  the  final  e  is  silent, 
serving  no  purpose  whatever,  unless  to  show  from 
what  language  we  have  received  the  words;  and  in 
many  cases,  it  does  not  answer  this  purpose.  In 
words  ending  in  ice,  as  active;  in  ite,  aa  futile ;  in 
vUf  as  in  sanguine^  examiite ;  in  itc,  as  in  definite: 
t  is,  for  the  most  part,  silent.  In  some  of  these 
words,  the  use  of  e  is  borrowed  from  the  French  ;  in 
most  or  all  cases,  it  is  not  authorized  by  the  Latin 
originals ;  it  is  worse  than  useless,  as  it  leads  to  a 
wrong  pronunciation  ;  and  the  retaining  of  it  in  such 
words  is  beyond  measure  absurd. 

U'hen  two  of  this  vowel  occur  together,  the  sound 
is  the  same  as  that  of  the  single  e  long,  as  in  deem^ 
esteem,  need;  and  it  occurs  often  with  a  and  ),  as  in 
mean,  hear ^  siege,  deceit: e,m  which  cases,  when  one 
vowel  only  has  a  sound,  the  combination  I  call  a 
digraph,  [double  loritten.l  In  these  combinations,  the 
sound  is  usually  that  of  c  long,  but  sometimes  the 
short  sound  of  f,'as  in  ISad,  a  metal,  rtiad,  pret.  of  rtad^ 
and  sometimes  the  sound  of  a  long,  as  in  rei^n,fcipi, 
pronounced  ranc,  fane.  Irregularities  of  Uiis  kind 
are  not  reducible  to  rules. 

Asa  numeral,  E  stands  for250.  In  tlie  calendar, it 
is  the  fifth  of  the  dominical  letters.  As  an  abbrevi- 
ation, it  stands  for  East,  as  in  charts ;  E.  N.  E.,  east- 
north-east  ;  E.  S.  E.,  east-south-«ast ;  E.  by  S.,  east 
bv  south. 
EACH,  (ech,)  a.  [Scot.  eik.  This  word  is  either  a 
contraction  of  the  Sax.  mlc^  etc,  D.  dk,  or  the  Ir. 
eeach,  or  gach,  "Basque  g-ucia,  Fr.  chaqu.e^  with  the 
loss  of  the  first  articulation.  With  the  Celtic  corre- 
sponds the  Russ.  kajdei,  each.  I  am  inclgied  to  be- 
lieve both  the  English  and  Scottish  words  to  be  con- 
tractions of  the  Celtic  ceach.'] 

Every  one  of  any  number  separately  considered 
or  treated.  The  emperor  distributed  to  each  soldier 
in  his  army  a  libenfl  donative. 

To  all  of  Ui-ni  he  gave  each  man  changes  of  raiment.  — Gen, 

And  Ihe  princes  of  Israel,  bein*  twelve  meu,  each  one  was  for 

the  bouse  of  his  fathers.  —Num.  i. 
Simeon  and  Levi  took  each  man  hia  sword.  —  Gen.  xxxiv. 

To  each  corresponds  other.  Let  each  esteem  other 
better  than  himself.  It  is  our  duty  to  assist  each 
otiier;  that  is,  it  is  our  duly  to  assist,  cacA  to  assist 
the  other. 
EACH'WHERE,  ado.  Every  where.  [Obs.] 
BAD,  ED,  in  name^,  is  a  Saxon  word,  signifying  happy, 
fortunate  ;  as  in  Edward,  happy  preserver ;  Edgar, 
hnppy  power;  Bhein,  happy  conqueror;  Eatlulph, 
happy  assistance  ;  like  MacariiLs  and  Eupolcmus  in 
Greek,  and  Fausta,  Fartunatus,  Felicianus,  in  Latin. 

Gibson, 
EA'GER,  (e'ger,)  a.  [Fr.  aigre  ;  Arm.  egr;  W.  egyr  ; 
It.  a^To ;  Sp.  agrio  ;  L.  accr,  fierce,  brisk,  sharp,  sour. 
If  rls  radical,  this  word  belongs  to  Class  Gr.  Ir. 
gear,  gare,  sharp ;  Ger.  gier.  Otherwise,  it  coin- 
cides with  L.  aeus,  Eng.  edge.  Sax.  ecg.] 

1.  Excited  by  ardent  desire  in  the  pursuit  of  any 
object ;  ardent  to  pursue,  perform,  or  obtain  ;  inflamed 
by  desire  ;  ardently  wishing  or  longing.  The  soldiers 
were  eager  to  engage  the  enemy.  Men  are  eager  in 
the  pursuit  of  wealth.  The  lover  is  eager  to  possess 
the  object  of  his  affections. 

2.  Ardent  ;  vehement  ;  impetuous  ;  as,  eager 
spirits  ;  eager  zeal  ;  eager  clamors. 

3.  Sharp ;  sour ;  acid ;  as,  eager  droppings  into 
raiJk.     {Litde  used.']  Shale, 

4.  Sharp ;  keen  ;  biting ;  severe ;  as,  eager  air 
eager  cold.     [Little  itsed.]  Shak.     Bacon. 

5.  Brittle  ;  inflexible ;  not  ductile  ;  as,  the  gold  is 
too  eager.     [Local.]  Locke. 

EA'GER-LY,  atlv.    With  great  ardor  of  desire ;  ar- 


dently :  eamestlv  :  warmly  ;  with  prompt  zeal  j  as, 
he  eagerly  flew  lo  the  assisiance  of  his  fricnd- 

2.  Hastily  ;  impetuously. 

3.  Keenlv  ;  sharply. 
EA'OER-NE'SS,  n.  Ardent  desire  to  do,  pursue,  or  ob- 
tain any  thing  ;  animated  zeal;  vehement  longing; 
ardor  of  inclination.  Men  pursue  honor  with  eager- 
ness. Detraction  is  often  received  with  eagcrnexs. 
With  eagerness  the  soldier  rushes  to  battle  The 
lover's  eagem^s  often  disappoints  his  hopes. 

2.  Tartness;  sourness.     [Ob^^.] 
EA'GLE,  (e'gl,)  n.     [Fr.  aigle ;  Sp.  agnila ;  It.  aquila ; 
L.  aquila.    Qu.  from  his  beak,  Cli.  Heb.  7P);,  to  be 

o 
crooked,  (see  Biixlorf,)  or  Pers.  \i»i.] 

1.  A  rapacious  bird  of  tiie  genus  Falco.  The  beak 
is  crooked,  and  furnished  with  a  cere  at  tlie  base,  and 
the  tongue  is  cloven  or  bifid.  There  are  several  spe- 
cies, as  the  bald  or  white-headed  eagle,  the  sea  ea- 
gle or  ossifrage,  the  golden  eagle,  Slc. 

The  eagle  is  one  of  the  largest  species  of  birds, 
has  a  keen  sight,  and  preys  on  small  animals,  fish, 
&c.  He  lives  to  a  great  age  ;  and  it  is  said  that  one 
died  at  Vienna,  after  a  confinement  of  a  hundred  and 
foiu  years.  On  account  of  the  elevation  and  rapidity 
of  his  flight,  and  of  his  great  strength,  he  is  calbjd 
the  king  of  birds.  Hence  the  figure  of  an  eagle 
was  made  the  standard  of  the  Romans,  and  a  spread 
eagle  is  a  principal  figure  in  the  arms  of  the  United 
States  of  America.  Hence,  also,  in  heraldry,  it  is  one 
of  the  most  noble  bearings  in  armory. 

2.  A  gold  coin  of  the  United  States,  of  the  value 
of  ten  dollars,  or  about  forty-three  shillings  sterling. 

3.  A  constellation  in  the  liorthern  hemisphere,  hav- 
ing its  right  wing  contiguous  to  the  equinoctial.  It 
contains  Altair,  a  star  of  the  first  magnitude.  Encyc. 

£A'GLE-E?-£D,  (e'gl-Ide,)  a.     Sharpsighted  as  an 

eagle  ;  having  an  acute  sight.  Dryden. 

2.  Discerning;  ha\ing  acute  intt;llectual  vision. 

EA'GLE-FLIGHT-ED,(e'gl-flit-od,)rt.  Flying  hke  an 

eagle  ;  mounting  high. 

EA'GLE-SIGHT'ED,  (c'gl-sit-ed,)  a.  Having  acute 
sight.  Sliak. 

eA'GLE-SPEED.  n.    Swiftness  like  that  of  an  eagle. 

EA'GLESS,  71.    A  female  or  hen  eagle.  [Pope. 

EA'GLE-SToNE,  m.  Utiles,  a  variety  of  argillaceous 
oxyd  of  iron,  occurring  in  masses  varying  from  the 
size  of  a  walnut  to  that  of  a  man's  head.  Their  form 
is  spherical,  oval,  or  nearly  reniform,  or  sometimes 
like  a  parallelepiped  with  rounded  edges  and  angles. 
They  have  a  rough  surface,  and  are  essentially  com- 
posed of  concentric  layers.  These  nodules  often 
embrace  at  the  center  a  kernel  or  nucleus,  sometimes 
movable,  and  always  differing  from  the  exterior  in 
color,  density,  and  fracture.  To  these  hollow  nodules 
the  ancients  gave  the  name  of  eagle-stones,  from  an 
opinion  that  the  eagle  transported  them  to  her  nest  to 
facilitate  the  laying  of  her  eggs.  Clcaveland. 

eA'GLET,  h.    a  young  eagle,  or  a  diminutive  eagle. 

EA'GLE-WING-£D,  a.  Having  the  wings  of  an  ea- 
gle ;  swift  as  an  eagle.  Milton. 

EA'GLE-WOOD,  h.  a  fragrant  wood,  used  by  the 
Asiatics  for  burning  as  incense.  Brandc. 

E A'GRE,  71.  A  tide  swelling  above  another  tide,  as  in 
the  Severn.  Dryden. 

eAL'DER-MAN.     See  Alderman. 

EAME,  71.     [Sax.  earn.] 

Uncle.     [  Obsj]  Spenser. 

eAN,  v.  t.  or  i.    To  yean.     [See  Yean.] 

eAN'LTNG,  71.  A  lamb  just  brought  forth.  [^Tut 
used.] 

eAU,  n.  [Sax.  ear,  eare ;  D.  oor  ;  Svv.  Ura ;  Dan.  ore  ; 
G.  ohr,  or  oAr ;  L.  auris,  whence  auricida,  Fr.  orcille, 
Sp.  ore'ja,  Port,  orelha.  It.  orccchio.  The  sense  is 
probably  a  shoot  or  limb.  It  may  be  connected 
with  hear,  as  the  L.  audio  is  with  the  Gr.  ov^,  wros-] 

1.  The  organ  of  hearing;  the  organ  by  which 
sound  is  perceived  ;  and,  in  gener.a!,  both  the  exter- 
nal and  internal  part  is  uudcrsloud  by  the  term.  The 
external  car  is  a  caililaginous  funnel,  attached,  by 
ligaments  and  muscles,  to  tlic  temporal  bono.  Flneyc. 

2.  The  sense  of  hearing,  or  rather  tho  power  of 
distinguishing  sounds  and  judging  of  harmony;  the 
power  of  nice  perception  of  ihedifllercnccs  of  sound, 
or  of  consonances  and  dissonances.  She  has  a  deli- 
cate car  for  music,  or  a  good  car. 

3.  In  theplwalj  the  head  or  person. 

l!  Li  IxUcr  to   pass  over  an  affront  from  oae  scouadcd,  than  lo 
draw  0,  hcni  about  ono'a  ears.  L'Sstrcnge. 

4.  The  top,  or  highest  part. 

i  Tbo  cavalii*r  wna  up  to  tho  ears  in  love.    [Low.]    L'Esbnns^. 


5.  A  favorable  hearing  ;  attention  ;  heed  ;  regard. 
Give  no  eorto  flattery.  He  could  net  gain  the  prince's 
ear. 

I  cried  to  God  —  aod  >k  gave  ear  to  loe.  —  P'.  Uxtu. 

G.  Disposition  to  like  or  dislike  what  is  heard  ; 
opinion ;  judgment ;  taste. 

lie  hiiil  tils  sennc  dcacr  —  acconling  to  the  ttyle  and  aor  of 
thoic;  tiinoB.  tHnJuun. 

7.  Any  part  of  a  thing  ruycmblintj  an  ear;  a  pro- 
jecting part  from  the  side  of  any  tiling  ;  as,  the  ears 
of  a  vessel  used  as  handle:^. 

8.  The  spike  of  corn ;  that  part  of  certain  plants 
which  contains  the  flowers  and  seeds  ,  a«.  an  ear  of 
wheat  or  maize. 

To  be  by  Vie  cars,  i      g^  j„^      ^ 

To  fall  togcOur  by  Vu  cars,  \     „,*  rrc|  ' 

To  go  togctiier  by  Vie  ears,    )      T"-*"*-'* 
To  set   by  Vie  cars ;   to  make  strife ;   lo  caiuc  to 
quarrel. 

^«  car  for  mu^ ;  an  ear  that  relishes  music,  or  that 
readily  distinguishes  tones  or  intervals. 

EAR,  V.  i.    To  shoot  as  an  ear ;  to  furra  ears,  as  com. 

EAR,  V.  t.     [L.  aro.] 

To  plow  or  till.     [Obs.] 

eAR'A-BLE,  o.     Used  to  be  tilled.     [Obs.]    Barret 

eAR'aGHE,  (-akc,)  71.     [Sec  Ache.]     Pain  in  the  car. 

eAR'AL,  a.  Receiving  by  the  car.  [J^otused.] 

Hewyt. 

EAR'-BoR--ED,  a.     Having  the  ear  perforated.     HaU. 

eAR'-GAP,  71.     A  covtr  fur  the  ears  against  cold. 

eAR'-DEAF-£N-ING,  (-deTn-  or  -defn-,)  a.      Stun- 

_  ning  the  ear  with  noise.  Shak. 

KAR'ED,pp.  or  a.  Having  ears  ;  having  spikes  formed, 

9.  Plowed.  [Ohs.]  [as  corn. 
eAU'-E-RECT'ING,  a.  Scttmg  up  the  ears.  Cowpcr. 
E  AR'ING,  n.     In  seamen's  language,  a.  rope  attached  to 

the  cringle  of  a  sail,  by  which  it  is  bent  or  reefed. 
R.  U.  Dana,  Jr 

eAR'ING,  n.    A  plowing  of  land.     Ocn.  xliv. 

eAR'LAP,  n.    Tht;  tip  of  the  ear. 

eAR'LOCK,  «.     [Sax.  car-loca.] 

A  lock  or  cml  of  hair,  near  the  ear. 

eAR'MXRK,7i.     a  mark  on  the  car,  by  whichashcep 

_  is  kno\^'n. 

eAR'MaRK,  i\  t.    To  mark,  as  sheep,  by  cropping  or 

_  slitting  the  ear. 

EAR'MARK-i'JD,  (-markt.)  pp.    Marked  on  the  car. 

EAIt'MARlC-IXt;,ppr.    Slarking  un  the  ear. 

eAR'PICK,  n.     An  instrument  fur  cleansing  the  e;ur. 

eAR'-PIf.K-CI.\G,  a.    Piercing  the  car,  as  a  shrill  or 

_  sharp  sound.  Shak. 

eAR'RIXG,  71.  A  pendant;  an  ornament,  sometimes 
set  with  diamonds,  |jearls,  or  other  jewels,  worn  at 

_  tho  car,  by  inrrians  of  a  ring  passhig  through  the  lobe. 

EAR'SHOT,  7(.  Reach  of  the  car;  the  distance  at 
wliicli  words  may  be  heard.  Dryden. 

EAR'- TUL'MP-ET,  7j.    A  tube  applied  lo  the  ear  to 

_  aid  in  hearing. 

eAR'WAX,  n.  The  cerumen ;  a  thick  viscous  sub- 
stance, secreted  by  the  glands  of  the  ear  into  the 

_  outer  passage.  Encyc. 

E.■VR'^VIG,  n.  [Sax.  ear-wigga,  car-wicga;  oar  and 
worm  or  grub.] 

1.  An  insect,  with  large  transparent  wings,  which 
eats  fruit  and  flower  leaves,  and  has  been  errone- 
ously supposed  to  creep  into  tlie  human  brain  through 
the  ear. 

In  JVcw  England,  this  name  is  vulgariy  given  to  a 
ccntiped. 

2.  FiirurativcJy,  one  who  "r-iins  the  ear  of  auotber 
bv  stealth,  and  whispers  insinuations. 

E.'VR'AVIG,  v.  t.  To  gain  the  ear  by  stealth,  and  whis- 
per  insinuations.     [Colloquial  in  England.] 

e.VR'-WIT-NESS,  71.  One  who  is  able  to  give  tcsti- 
monv  to  a  fact  from  his  own  hearing.  fVatts. 

E.\RL,  (er!,)  H.  [Sax.  corf;  Ir.  iarla,  an  earl;  tar- 
lamli,  noble.  This  word  is  said  to  have  been  received 
from  the  Danes,  although  not  now  used  in  Denmark. 
Formerly,  this  title  among  the  Danes  w;is  equivalent 
lo  the  English  alderman.     Spelman.] 

A  British  title  of  nobUity,  or  a  nobleman,  tlie  third 
in  rank,  being  next  below  a  marquis,  and  next  above 
a  viscount.  The  title  answers  to  count  [compte]  in 
France,  and  graiif  in  Germany.  The  earl  formtrly 
had  tht;  government  of  a  s/iire,  and  was  called  shire- 
man.  After  the  conquest,  earls  were  callcii  counts, 
and  from  them  shires  have  taken  the  name  ul  coun- 
ties. Earl  is  now  a  mere  title,  unconnected  with  ter- 
ritorial jurisdiction.  Spclman.     Kncyc. 

EARL'DOM,  (crl'dum,)  w.  The  seignor>,  jiuisdic- 
tion,  or  disnity  of  an  earl.  .    , 

EARL-.MAli'SHAL,  n.  An  officer  in  Great  Bntam, 
who  has  the  superintendence  of  mililarj-  soleinniUes. 


TuNE,  BULL,  TJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VF'CIOUS.  — €  as  K  j  6  as  J ;  IB  as  Z  j  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  iji  THIS. 


375 


EAR 


).  \t. 

KAi: 
tAi: 


±1^ 


He  ii  th"  --'ch^h  ff«*  otActt  «f  rtale.    The  office 

^^^  1  by  pTinl  of  !be  king,  but  u 

g,    .  -,  ml)  oCtlif  Iluwanla-  Kxcye. 

y_\\y  I  ft.     Money  givcii  in  pari 

^    De«tilute  ul  eon  ;  duiDchned  to  bear 

-  '     -     ■   ^.'-np.   Sloir  forward  or  early. 
..  luperl.     S\o»l  early  ;  fin't, 
,    H.     [S«*  E&HLT  and  H*t'l 

..I    forwardutriij) ;   a   "ttnUt  of 

iiiMij;,  or  at  tin*  bfciuiiiiit; -,  a.",  the 
in  the  niurniiie  "  a  rising  m  the 
,,,,,.    ..,  i,..t".,.,.  fii,.  u-iual  tinu'  of 
!   -lirinc,  »'r  lln' 
jj^  %oiuv\vh.il  111 

ad^j,,..  ...  ... ; f-^,  or  growUi  of 

E\R'I.V,  (er'ly,)  o.  (fmm  Sas.  rr,  rr^  Iwforo  In 
Umc,  Kni;.  err,  wr,..i,  n„h,  .t.  ,  li..  r,«,i  .^f  ihc  word 
Id  signify,  to  ad\  .  '  "P*     " 

U   pfodaMv   Cnlii;  ,r^,  .Sw. 

akra,  Dan'  -"    i  .        _       '  ;-int.] 

1.  In  a  '  <  1^* .  M""'  '"  *'""-'  "' 
forward  ,  .  fruit  tliat  conuii  to 
malunty  L  .  .  .  ""-'y  grimth;  tarly 
iiunhoi>d  ;  emif  old  ago  or  dt-crepitudp,  that  is, 
premature  old  age.  So  an  tarty  spring ;  an  tarty 
Larve»l. 

2.  Kir»t ;  being  nt  the  beginning  ;  as,  tarty  duwn. 
a  Bring  in  good  season  j  a*,  llie  court  met  at  an 

tarlti  hour. 
E.\K'LY,  (erlv*,)  adr.    Soon  ;   in  good  season  :  be- 
timrs  ;   a.-*,   n!*e  tarty .    come  tarty ;    begin  early  to 
lUHlU  Into  cbUdren  principles  of  piety. 

Thtwff  (hit  Kck  me  cor.'y  *ha)l  HimI  tne.  —  Pn>r.  viii. 

EARN,  (i-m,)  c.  t.  [Saj.  Mr«taji,  antion,  jrfOf^""I»  *** 
earn,  to  menu  It  i*  connected  in  origin  with  Eab- 
•<B>T  and  Ykar?*,  which  see.  The  primary  wn.^ 
15  U>  »tnvc  or  urge,  implying  an  effort  to  advance  or 
itretch  forwanl.j 

1.  To  merit  or  deserve  by  labor,  or  by  any  per- 
formance ;  to  do  lint  which  entitles  to  a  reward, 
wbeUier  ibo  rewaril  u  revived  or  not.  Men  often 
earn  money  or  honor  which  they  never  nceivp. 
£Mr»  monry  bcf-r.  y.u  sjk  iid  it,  and  ^^^xu\  less  thiin 
you  tarn. 

It  b  kU--  ■   ^  '*""" 

U,  »   ■■  r   hM   not 

2.  To  gain  by  labor,  sen'ice,  or  performance ;  to 
devcrve  and  receive  as  compensation  ;  as,  to  tarn  a 
dollar  a  day  ;  to  Mm  a  good  living ;  to  tarn  honors  or 
Uiirelfi.  ^ 

F.AK.N,  (em,)  c.  t.  [Sax.  gyman.]  To  long  for;  to 
ffrl  anxiety      See  YcAan.  Spnutr. 

.    EAK.N,  r.  t.     To  curdle.  JVVrtA  i}f  England, 

;   EARN'/:i>,  (emd,)  pp.    Jleritcd  by  labor  or  perform- 
',       ancc  ;  gamed. 
EAR.N'EST,  (em'est,)  a.      [Sai.  tamest  or  geomest, 
from  ;■/•!.  f!  -irmis,  studious,  diligent,  assiduous, 
wi;  ',  ryman,  to  desire,  lo  ytam  ;  l):in, 

fx  .  froely,  gladly,  cheerfully  ;  girming. 

a  ,  I'll;  Gt-r.  rrttsf,  D.  tmst ;  W.  rm 

II.  _\.     i'hemdical  sense  is,lo  strive  lo  ad- 
:i  ach  forward,  to  urge,  to  strain.] 
\     '  lit  in  the  piin^uit  of  an  object  ;  eager  to 
■  M.^m  ,  having  a  longing  desire  3  warmly  engaged 
or  incited. 

Ttoy  •!»  orrrr  mow  tanuit  to  ilwlurt  u»,  ihin  when  ilirr  •« 
u«  wtM,  tamtal  In  Uua  iluij.  Dtippa, 

2.  Ardent ;  worm ;  eager  ;    zealous  ;   animated  j 
Unporlunalc  i  a^,  camat  in  love ;  eamtst  in  prayer. 
X  Intent ;  fixed. 

Od  thu  ivraprct  atnuin 
TVif  «iriw«c  <7^  wen  txrd.  Million. 

'M  :  important ;  that  is,  really  intent  or  en- 

lience  the  phrase  in  earnejtt.     To  be  in  earn- 

■■    r-;iliv   iifLMng  or  stretching  toward  an 

1  lilt.    Hence,  from  fixed  atten- 

li  1  serioujitfjit  in  the  |Hiniuit,a8 

.  .   Are  you  in  famt^t  or  in  jat  ? 

Seriousness;  a  reality;  a 

lu  Jesting  or  feigned  appear- 


-    ,-.     .  -ind  gives 

pr  l>iuly  imit  may  be 

ai>  The  Christian's  peace 

or  '■ ''  of  future  |x.-ace  and 

h  •  oi  the  Spirit  is  given  to  the 

fi:.  of  their  future  cnjoyroenl  of 
li- 

hind,  as  mnnry 

rr  '.:••  and  -iftuniy 

f.  -  -  ir^-monry^   is   a 

fi;  .J,  ()fumu<e  or  a.«<n)ranee 

cl  ilso  to  bind  Ihf  seller 

I..  •  '                     McCuUcfM. 

llti.fc  the  iiracUct;  of  ^^ning  an  tamest  to  ratify  a 
liirgoin. 


EAR 

4.  In  a  tciJtr  »mse,  a  pledge  or  assurance  of  more 
to  come  hereafter  ;  as,  lo  give  tamest  of  succesd. 
;ARN'EST-LV,   {ern'e»jt-ly,)   aJc.      Wannlv  ;    zeal- 
ously i  impurtunalcly  ;  eagerly  ;  with  R-al  desire. 

h-Tittg  ut  ail  *r-'*>y,  1»^  pnyeO  luop-  rarfwttfy.  —  I.ule  iiU. 
Tt»i  )«  »ifjM  tarntsUy  cooUimI  fvt  Ibo  faiUi  once  OcliTCml  lo 

ItM  •iinl*.  —  JuJe  J. 

2.  Witli  fixed  alteiiliun  ;  with  eagerness. 

A  cprt»ln  naul  lookcU  iorfi*<b>  ujwn  liiio.  —  Luke  xx'd. 

;ARN'EST-M0N-EY,  (mun-ny,)  n.  Money  paid  on 
a  pledge  or  m-curily. 

:AKN'I:sT  NESS,  (em'est  nesa,)  n.  Ardor  or  zeal  in 
the  pursuit  of  any  thing;  eagernewi ;  animaU-d  de- 
sire ;  a-<*,  to  pu'i'k  or  ask  with  earnutntst ;  to  engage 
in  a  wt>rk  wilh  etimtjtnrs.*. 

'2.  .Anxious  care ;  solicitiida  ;  IntcnsencM  of  dc- 
■Ire.  Dn/den, 

3.  Fixed  desire  or  attention  ;  serioU!>nrss  ;  as,  the 
charge  was  maintained  with  a  show  of  gravity  and 
earmtstnejji. 

iARN'FJJL,  (ern'ful,)  a.   Full  of  anxiety.   [^Vot  used.] 

;ARN'I.\0,  (cm'ing.)  /»/tr.  .Meriting  by  wrvices ; 
gaining  hv  labor  or  performance. 

:AU\'l.\(f,  (erii'inc.)  ".;  pt.  Ear.mkgs.  That  which 
is  earned  ;  that  which  is  pained  or  merited  by  labor, 
S'nicrs,  or  perfonnances ;  wages;  reward.  The 
folly  of  young  men  is  to  siK'nil  their  tarnings  in  dis- 
sipation or  extravagance.  It  is  wise  for  the  poor  lo 
invest  their  earningA  in  a  productive  fund. 

u.-VHSU,  (ersh,)  «-  [See  Ear,  to  plow.]  A  plowed 
field.     {Xot  in  use,]  May. 

ilARTII,  (erth,)  n.  [Sax,  fflrrf,  corfA,  yrth;  V.aarde; 
G.  rrde;  Sw.  iord^  jortt ;  Dan.  iord  ;  ScoU  rrd,  ytrd^ 
yerth;  Turk,  jcrtiti;  Tartaric,  yiWa.  It  coincides  with 


EAS 


EARTH,  (orthO  r.  ( 
earth. 

The  fax  b  earAtd. 


To  lude,  or  cause  to  hide,  in  the 

Dr^dtn. 
Erdyn, 


the  Heb  X^**-    The  Ar.  qCj\  aradh^  from   which 

the  Ambic  and  Hebrew  words  con-esjionding  to  the 
Teutonic  above,  are  derived,  signifies  to  eal,  gnaw, 
or  corrode  as  a  worm,  or  the  teredo.  It  is  obvious, 
then,  that  the  primary  sense  of  cnrfA  is  fine  particles, 
like  mold.  The  verb  may  be  from  yx'^,  to  break  or 
bniise.  The  V\\.  and  Syr.  NJJiK,  earth,  may  be  con- 
tracted from  the  same  word.    Sec  Cohrodk.] 

1.  Earthy  in  its  primary  sense,  signifies  the  particles 
which  eomjiose  the  mass  of  the  globe,  hyUmore  partic- 
ularlu,  the  particles  ivhich  form  the  fine  mold  on  the 
surface  of  the  globe  ;  or  it  denotes  any  indefinite  mass 
or  portion  of  that  matter.  We  throw  up  earlh  with  a 
spade  or  plow  ;  we  fill  a  pit  or  ditch  with  tarth  ;  we 
form  a  rampart  with  earth.  This  substance  being 
considered,  by  ancient  philosophers,  as  simple,  was 
called  an  tlrmcnt ;  and,  in  popular  language,  wo  still 
hear  of  the  four  cK-ments,  _/!><!,  air,  earth,  and  leater, 

2.  In  chemistnj,  tlie  term  earth  was,  till  lately,  cm- 
ployed  to  denote  a  supjKiscd  simple  clemcntar>'  body 
or  substance,  defined  to  he  tasteless,  inodorous,  un- 
infiammabte,  and  infusible.  Uut  it  has  also  been 
applied  to  substances  wliicli  have  a  very  sensible  al- 
kaline taste,  as  lime.  The  primitive  earths  have 
been  reckoned  ten  in  number;  of  which  five  are 
considered  earths  proper,  namely,  alumina,  gtucina^ 
yttria,  itrconia,  and  thorina  ;  four  possess  decided  al- 
kaline properties,  namely,  baryta,  slrontia,  lime  or 
calcia,  and  magnesia ;  and  one,  silica^  is  regarded  as 
an  acid,  and  otien  called  silicic  acid.  Recent  experi- 
ments prove  that  all  of  them,  except  silica^  are  com- 
pounds of  oxygen  with  mei^tUic  bases. 

Duty.     Silliman,     Phillips.     Ure. 

3.  The  terraqueous  globe  which  wc  inhabit  The 
earth  is  nearly  spherical,  but  a  little  flatted  nt  the 
poles,  and  hence  its  figure  is  called  an  oblate  spheroid. 
It  is  one  of  the  primary  planets,  revolving  round  the 
sun  in  an  orbit  which  is  between  those  of  Venus  and 
Mars.  It  is  nearly  eight  thousand  miles  in  diameter, 
and  twcnty-fivo  thousand  miles  in  circumference. 
Its  mean  distance  from  the  sun  is  about  ninety-five 
millions  of  miles,  and  its  annual  revolution  consti- 
tutes Uie  year  of  36ii  days,  0  hours,  and  nearly  49 
minutes. 

•1.  The  world,  as  opposed  to  other  scenes  of  exist- 
ence. Shak. 
i».  The  inhabitants  of  the  globe 

The  wbole  tarA  wm  cf  one  Un*ungt.  —  Gen,  xl. 

G.  Dry  land,  opposed  to  the  sea 

God  ttUctl  ibe  (li7  land  earlh.  —  Gen.  1. 

7.  Countr>'  i  region  ;  a  distinct  part  of  llie  globe. 

Dryden. 
In  this  sense,  land  or  soil  is  more  generally  used. 
In  Scripture,  earth  is  used  for  a  part  of  the  world. 

Ezra  i.  2. 

8.  The  ground  ;  the  surface  of  the  earth.  He  fell 
to  the  cortA.    The  ark  was  lifted  above  tlie  earth. 

In  Uv  acoond  tnonib  —  wiu  tbc  earth  dnrl.  — Ccu.  vui. 

9.  In  Scripture^  things  on  the  earth  arc  carnal,  sen- 
sual, temporary  things  ;  opposed  to  heavenly,  spirit- 
ual, ur  divine  things. 

lu.  Figuralirely^  alow  condition.    Rev.  xii. 
11.  [from  Mr,'.Sax.  erian,  L.  arc,  10  plow.]      The 
act  of  turning  up  the  ground  in  tillage.    [JVoC  used,] 

Tusser. 


2.  To  cover  with  earth  or  mold. 
E.\RTH,  r.  i.     To  retire  under  ground  ;  to  bunow. 

Here  foxra  farthtd. 
EARTII'-itAt:,  n.  A  bag  filled  with  earth, u*ed  for  dft- 

fense  in  war. 
EAKTIl'-HANK,  m.    A  bank  or  mound  of  earth. 
EAUTir-HOAKD,  (erth'hOrd,)  n.  Tin-  Iwardof  aplow 

that  tuniM  over  the  earth  ;  the  mold-board. 
EARTH'HOUN,  a,     Horn  of  the  earth;  terrigenous: 

sjiringiiiii  originally  from  the  eurlh  ;  as,  the  fabled 
2.  Earthly ;  terrestrial.  [earlh-lforn  giants 

All  tarlKhorn  catv»  uv  wrong.  GoMmM. 

E.\UTH'-BOUND,  a.  Fastened  by  the  pressure  of  tbe 

earth.  Shak. 

EARTll'-HRED,  a.    Low  ;  object ,  grtiveling. 
EAKTH'-eKE-AT'ED,  a.     Fonmd  of  earth.      Yowkg. 
EARTM'M),  (enhd,);»p.     Hid  in  the  earth. 
E.AItTH'i.'.N,  (erth'n,)  a.      Made  of  earth  ;  mtde  of 

cinv  ;  as,  an  earthen  vessel ;  earthen  ware. 
EAR'ni'EN-WARE,  n.    Ware  made  of  earth;  crock- 

cr\\     It  is  less  hard  than  stone-ware. 
EAlVni'-FED,  a.     Low  ;  abject.  B,  JonsetL 

EAUTH'-FLAX,  n.  Amianih  ;   a  fibrous,  llexile,  «lu- 

tic  nitiieral  nubstance,  consisting  of  short  interwuveo, 

or  long  panilUl  filaments.  /ji'tk. 

E.ARTH'I-NHSS,  n.    The  quality  of  being  earthy,ar 

of  containing  earth  ;  crossness.  Johnjon, 

EARTiri.NG.  (erth'ing,)  ypr.     Hiding  in  the  earth. 
EAKTH'LI-NESS,  n.     (from  earthly.]     The  qiialityof 

being  earthly ;  grossness. 
2.  Worldlincss;    strong    ottachmcnt   to    world)/ 

tilings. 
EARTH'LI.VG,  n.    An    Inhabitant  of   the  earth:  ft 

mortal ;  a  fmil  creature.  £>ru(nwi<ni4, 

EARTII'LY,a.  Pertainingtothecarth,or  to  this  world. 

Our  earihJy  bouj«  of  ihla  tatemaflc.  —  2  Cor.  ». 

2.  Not  heavenly  ;  vile ;  mean. 


Thia  conUy  load 
OftlenUi  called  tuc. 


MilUML 


3.  Belonging  to  our  present  state;  as,  rurtA/y ob- 
jects ;  eartldu  residence. 

■1.  Delonsi'ng  lo  the  earth  or  world  ;  carmU;  vile; 
OS  opposed  lo  spiritual  or  heavenly. 

WboM  etorr  fa  io  thdr  ^sune,  who  [nin<l  eorthSi/  tiiinp.* 
PhU.  iii. 

5.  Corporeal ;  not  mental.  Spenstr, 

6.  Any  thing  on  earth. 

Wbal  tarOdy  benefit  can  be  Uic  result  I  Poft,      • 

EARTU'LV-MLND'ED,  a.  Having  a  mind  devoted 
lo  e.'irtlilv  things.  | 

EAKTH'LY-MIND'ED-NESS,  n.      Crossness ;   md-  i 
Bualily  ;  extreme  devotcdncss  lo  earthly  objects.         I 

(frrpory. 

E.\RTir-NUT,  n.    The  iwpular  name  of  a  spherical  I 
knob,  the  size  of  a  cherry,  which  is  black  without 
ond  while  within,  and  is  a  part  of  the  root  of  tbc 
Camm  Uulbocastanum.  VeCand. 

2.  The  seed-vessel  and  seed  of  the  .\rachis  hy-  , 
pogara,  a  leguminous  plant,  called  also  pta-nuU     It 
lies  upon,  or  is  buried  in  the  earth,  where  it  ripens* 

E.ARTH'QL'AKE,  n.  A  shaking,  tremblinp,  or  con- 
cussion of  the  earth  ;  sometimes  a  ^llght  tremor;  ftt 
other  times  a  violent  shaking  or  convulsion  ;  at  oth- 
er times  a  rocking  or  heaving  of  the  earth.  Earth- 
quakes arc  usually  preceded  hy  a  rattling  sound  In 
the  air,  or  by  a  subterraneous  mmbling  noise.  Ilonce 
the  name  rarfhdin,  formerlv  given  to  an  earthquake. 

E.\RTir-SIlAK-ING,  a.  Shaking  the  earth;  havlnf 
power  to  shake  the  earth.  Mdlon, 

EARTII-WAN'DER-LN'G,  a.    Roving  over  (he  earth. 

EARTH'-WriUK,  ((  rth'wurk,)  n.  In  cngintering^  ft 
term  applied  to  cuttings,  embankments,  &c. 

E.\RTH'-WORM,  (erth'wurin,)  71.  The  dew  worm. ft 
sjjcciea  of  luinbncus;  a  worm  that  lives  under 
ground.  Eneyc 

2.  A  mean,  sordid  wretch. 

EARTH'Y,  a.    Consisting  of  earth  ;  as,  earthy  matter. 

2.  Uesi-mbling  earth  ;  as,  an  MrtAy  taste  or  smell. 

3.  Partaking  of  earth  ;  terrene.  Mdton. 

4.  Inhabiting  the  cartli ;  terrestrial;  as,  tarihy 
spirits.  Drvdtn, 

5.  Relating  to  earth  ;  as,  an  earthy  sign.      Dryden. 

6.  Gross  ;  not  refined  ;  as,  an  earthy  conceit.  Shak. 

7.  Eartlty  fracture,  in  mineralogy,  is  when  the 
fmcture  ol^a  mineral  is  rough,  with  minuic  eleva- 
tions and  depressions.  C'rareUind. 

KASE,(Lze,)  H.  [VT.aise;  Arm.  aei;  W.  haici;  Corn. 
hedh  ;  Sax.  <ri/i  or  eatJi,  easy  ;  I*,  otium ;  H-  agio ;  If. 
casgaidh.] 

1.  Rest;  an  undisturbed  state.  JJpptied  to  the  ftaajf, 
freedom  from  pain,  disturbance,  excilemciit,  or  an- 
noyance.    He  sits  at  his  case.     He  ukes  his  eaje, 

2  Jijiptied  to  the  minrf,  a  quiet  state;  tmnquillity  ; 
freedom  fr«m  pain,  concem,  anxiety.  Minlude,  or 
any  thing  thai  freta  or  mflles  the  mind. 

lILi  aoMt  »li.iU  dwell  axtase.—  Pa.  x«*. 

Woe  to  thpm  dial  are  al  tose  in  Zbn.  —  Amos  tI. 

3.  Rest  from  labor. 


FATE,  FAR.-FALL,  WII^T.— METE,  PRgY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  VVQLF,  BQQK.— 
376  ~~  " 


EAS 

4.  Facility  ;  freedom  from  difficulty  or  great  labor. 
One  man  \vill  perform  this  ser\'ice  with  ease.  TJiia 
author  wriles  with  ease. 

5.  Freedom  from  stiffness,  harshness,  forced  ex- 
pressions, or  unnatural  arrangement ;  as,  the  ease  of 
style. 

15.  Freedom  from  constraint  or  formality  j  unaf- 
fecledness ;  as,  ease  of  behavior. 

jj(  ease :  in  aii  undisturbed  state ;  free  from  pain  or 
anxiety. 
£ASE,  r.  L    To  free  from  pain,  or  any  disquiet  or  an- 
noyance, as  tlie  budij  ;  to  relieve  ;   to  give  rest  to  j  as, 
tliii  ini'dicine  has  cased  ilie  patient. 

2.  To  free  from  anxiety,  care,  or  disturbance,  a$ 
Vic  mind  :  as,  the  late  news  has  eased  my  mind. 

3.  To  remove  a  burden  from,  either  of  body  or 
mind;  to  relieve;  with  of.  Ea^e  me  o/ this  load; 
ease  them  of  their  burdens. 

•1.  To  mitigate  j  to  alleviate  ;  to  assuage ;  to  abate 
or  remove  in  part  any  burden,  pain,  grief,  anxiety,  or 
disturbance. 

Ease  iliou  somewlial  tbe  gricToua  servitude  of  thy  &lher.  —  2 

CtlTOD.  X.    ' 

5.  To  quiet ;  to  allay  ;  to  destroy  ;  as,  to  ease  pain. 
To  ease  off,  or  ease  atcaij,  in  seamen's  language,  is  to 
slacken  a  rope  gnidually. 

To  ease  a  ship,  is  to  put  the  helm  hard  a-lce,  or  reg- 
ulate the  sail,  to  prevent  her  pitching,  when  close- 
_  hauled.  ToUeiu 

KA£'£D,  ftzd,)pp.    Freed  from  pain  ;  alleviated. 
EASETIJL,  (1.     Quiet;  peaceful;  fit  for  rest.    Shale. 
EASE'FIJL-LY,  adc.     With  ease  or  quiet.      Sherwood. 
eASE'FUL-.VESS,  n.    State  of  being  easeful. 
eAS'EL,  n.    The  frame  on  which  painters  place  their 
canvas. 

Fasel-picces y!in\on^  painters,  are  the  smaller  pieces, 
either  portraits  or  landsraj^s,  which  are  painted  on 
the  easel,  as  distinsuished  from  those  which  are 
drawn  on  walls,  ceilings,  &.c.  Encyc.  Otalmers. 
KASE'LESS,  a.  Wanting  case. 
EASE'MEXT,  «.  Convenience;  accommodation; 
that  which  gives  case,  relief,  or  assistance. 

He  has  tlie  aiU-anLtge  of  a  free  lodgfing',  and  some  other  eaie- 
ments.  Stri/t. 

2.  In  laiD,  any  privilege  or  convenience  which  one 
man  has  of  another,  either  by  prescription  or  charter, 
without  profit ;  as  a  way  through  his  land,  &:c. 

Eneyc.     Coicel. 
eAS'I-LY,   adc,     [from  easy.']     Without  difficulty  or 
great  labor  ;  without  great  exertion,  or  sacrifice  of  la- 
bor or  expense ;    as,   this   task   may  be  easily  per- 
formed ;  that  event  might  liave  been  easily  foreseen. 

3.  Without  pain,  anxiety,  or  disturbance  ;  in  tran- 
quillity ;  as,  to  pass  life  well  and  easily.        Temple. 

3.  Readily ;  without  the  pain  of  reluctance. 

Not  soon  provoked,  sli;  easily  furgivcs.  Prior, 

4.  Smoothly;  quietly;  gently;  without  tumult  or 
discord. 

5.  Without  violent  shaking  or  jolting;  as,  a  car- 
_  riage  moves  easily, 

eAS'I-XESS,  n.    Freedom  from  difficulty ;  ease. 

Ekuinest  and  difficulty  are  relative  terms.  T^otson. 

2.  Flexibility  ;  readiness  to  comply;  prompt  com- 
pliance; a  yielding  or  disposition  to  yield  without 
opposition  or  reluctance. 

Give  to  him,  and  h?  shall  but  lau^h  at  your  easiness.    South. 

So  we  say,  a  man's  easiness  of  temper  is  remarka- 
ble. 

3.  Freedom  from  stiffness,  constraint,  effort,  or 
formality  ;  applied  to  )nanncrs,  or  to  Vie  style  of  writing 

Roscommon. 

4.  Rest ;  tranquillity  ;   ease  ;  freedom  from  pain. 

Ray. 

5.  Freedom  from  shaking  or  jolting,  as  of  a  mov- 
ing vehicle. 

6.  Softness  ;  as,  the  easiness  of  a  seat. 
EAS'r\G,  (ez'ing,)  ppr.    Relieving;  mitigating. 
EAST,  (est,)  71.     |Sax.  east;    D   oost,  oosten;  G.  ost; 

Sw.  ost,  ostcn ;  Dan.  ost,  osten  ;  Fr.  est.  If  the  radi- 
cal sense  coincides  with  that  of  the  L.  oricns,  this 
word  may  belong  to  the  root  of  fwise,  hoist,] 

1.  The  point  in  the  heavens  where  the  sun  is  seen 
to  rise  at  the  equinox,  or  when  it  is  in  the  equinoc- 
tial, or  the  corresponding  point  on  the  eailh  ;  one  of 
the  four  cardmal  points.  The  east  and  the  west  are 
the  points  where  aline  at  right  angles  to  the  meridian 
of  a  place  intersects  the  horizon.  liut  to  persons 
under  the  equinoctial  line,  that  hne  constitutes  east 
and  west. 

2.  The  eastern  parts  of  the  earth  ;  the  regions  or 
countries  which  lie  east  of  Europe,  or  other  country. 
In  this  indefinite  sense,  the  word  is  applied  to  Asia 
Mjnor,  Syria,  Chaldea,  Persia,  India,  China,  &.c. 
We  speak  of  the  riches  of  the  east,  the  diamonds  and 
pearls  of  the  east,  the  kings  of  the  east. 

The  gorgrajos  «mi,  with  nchi?st  han'L 

PounoQ  her  kings  bortiaiic  pearl  ana  gold.  Milton. 

EAST,  a.  Toward  the  rising  sun  ;  or  toward  the  point 
where  the  sun  rises,  when  in  the  equinoctial ;  as,  the 
east  gate  ;  the  east  border ;  the  east  side ;  the  east 
wina  is  a  wind  that  blows  from  the  east. 


EAT 

eAS'TER,  v.  [Sax.  casUr;  G.  ostern  :  supposed  to  be 
from  Eostre,  the  goddess  of  love,  or  Venus  of  the 
north,  in  honor  ol  whom  a  festival  was  celebrated 
by  our  pajjan  ancestors,  in  April ;  whence  this  month 
was  called  Eostermunath.  Eostcr  is  supposed,  by 
Beda  and  others,  to  be  the  Astarle  of  the  Sidonians. 
See  iieda,  Cluver,  and  the  authorities  cited  by  Clu- 
ver,  and  by  Jamieson,  under  Paijsyad.  But  query.] 
A  festival  of  tJio  Christian  church,  observed  iii 
commemoration  of  our  Savior's  resurrection,  and  oc- 
curring on  Sunday,  the  third  day  after  Good  Friday. 
It  answers  to  the  pascha  or  passover  of  the  Hebrews, 
and  most  nations  still  give  it  this  name,  pascha,  posh, 

_  paque. 

eAS'TER-IjING,  71.  A  native  of  some  country  east- 
ward of  anotlier.  Spenser. 

_     2.  A  species  of  waterfowl.  Jofmsoju 

EAS'TER-LY,  a.  Coming  from  the  eastward  ;  as,  an 
easterly  wind. 

9.  Situated  toward  the  east ;  as,  the  easterly  side 
of  a  lake  or  country. 

3.  Toward  the  east ;  as,  to  move  in  an  easterly 
direction. 

4.  Looking  toward  the  east ;  as,  an  easterly  ex- 
posure. 

EAS'TER-LY,  adv.    On  the  east ;  in  the  direction  of 

east. 
EAS'TERN,  a.     [Sax.  eastern.] 

1.  Oriental ;  ueing  or  dwelling  in  the  east ;  as, 
eastern  kings  ;  eastern  countries;  eastern  nations. 

a.  Situated  toward  the  east ;  on  the  east  part ;  as, 
the  eastern  side  of  a  town  or  church ;   the  eastern 
gate. 
3.  Going  toward  the  east,  or  in  the  direction  of 

_  east ;  as,  an  eastern  vovage. 

eAST'WARD,  a>ic.  [east  and  ward.]  Toward  the 
east ;  in  the  direction  of  east  from  some  point  or 
place.  New  Haven  lies  eastward  from  New  York. 
Turn  your  eyes  eastieard. 

EAS'Y,  (^z'y,)  «•  L^ee  Ease.]  Quiet ;  being  at  rest ; 
free  from  pain,  disturbance,  or  annoyance.  The  pa- 
tient has  slept  well  and  is  easy. 

2.  Free  from  anxiety,  care,  solicitude,  or  peevish- 
ness; quiet ;  tranquil;  as,  an  easy  mind. 

3.  Giving  no  pain  or  disturbance  ;  as,  an  easy  pos- 
ture ;  an  easy  carriage. 

4.  Not  ditficult ;  that  gives  or  requires  no  great 
labor  or  exertion ;  that  presents  no  great  obstacles ; 
as,  an  easy  task  ;  it  is  often  more  cosy  to  resolve  than 
to  execute. 

Knowledge  Is  eacy  ta  him  that  understandeth.' — Prov.  xiv. 

5.  Not  causing  labor  or  difliculty.  An  easy  ascent 
or  slope,  is  a  slope  rising  with  a  small  angle. 

6.  Smooth;  not  uneven;  not  rough  or  very  hilly  ; 
that  may  be  traveled  with  ease  ;  as,  an  easy  road. 

7.  Gentle ;  moderate ;  not  pressing ;  as,  a  ship 
under  easy  sail. 

8.  Yielding  with  little  or  no  resistance;  comply- 
ing ;  credulous. 

WiLh  such  deceila  be  gained  their  eowy  hearts.  Dryden. 

9.  Ready  ;  not  unwilling;  as,  easy  to  forgive. 

Dryden. 

10.  Contented  ;  satisfied.  Allow  hired  men  wages 
that  will  make  them  easy. 

11.  Giving  ease;  freeing  from  labor,  care,  or  the 
fatigue  of  business  ;  furnishing  abundance  without 
toil  ;  affluent;  as,  easy  circumstances;  an  easy  for- 
tune. 

12.  Not  constrained ;  not  stiff  or  formal ;  as,  easy 
manners ;  an  easy  address ;  easy  movements  in 
dancing. 

13.  Smooth ;  flowing ;  not  harsh ;  as,  an  easy 
style. 

14.  Not  jolting  or  pitching;  as,  the  horse  has  an 
easy  gait ;  the  motion  of  the  ship  is  easy. 

Jo.  Not  heavy  or  burdensome. 

My  yoke  is  easy,  and  my  burden  li^ht.  —  Matt.  xi. 
eAT,  V.  t,  i  prct.  Ate  ;  pp.  Eat  or  Eaten.  [Sax,  Itilan, 
eatan,  ytan,  and  etan  ;  Goth,  itan^  Dan.  tedcr;  Sw. 
dta :  D.  eetcn,  pp.  gc^ecten ;  G,  c^seit,  pp.  gegessen ; 
Russ.  ida,  iado,  the  act  of  eating ;  L.  edo,  esse,  esum  ; 
Gr.  f(5w  f  W.  ysii ;  It.  ithim,  itfieadh  ;  Sans,  ada.  The 
Dutch  and  German,  with  the  prefix  ge,  form  the  pass, 
part,  gegeeten,  gegesseit,  which  indicates  that  the 
original  was  gectcn,  gessen.  Class  Gd  or  Gs,  in 
wliich  there  are  several  roots  from  which  this  word 
may  be  deduced.     Eteh  is  from  the  same  root.] 

1.  To  bite  or  chew,  and  swallow,  as  food.  JMen 
eat  flesh  and  vegetables. 

They  shall  m:ike  thei.'  to  iot  grass  as  oxcu.  —  Dan.  iv. 

2.  To  corrode ;  to  wear  nway ;  to  separate  parts 
of  a  thing  gradually,  as  an  animal  by  gnawing.  We 
say,  a  cancer  eats  the  flesh. 

3.  To  consume  ;  to  waste. 

When   gooils  increase,   they   are    bcreawd  that  t*it  tliem.  — 
Eccl.  V. 

4.  To  enjoy. 

If  ye  be  willing  and  oljedleot,  ye  slialt  eat  the  good  of  the  laiiiL 
—  Is.  i. 

.O.  To  consume;  to  oppress 

Who  eol  up  iny  people  as  they  eat  bread.  —  Ps.  liv. 


EBO 


6.  Tofeaat. 


I^t  tu  eat  and  drink,  lor  t»-nu^nnr  ve  atudi  die.  — Ii.  xsii. 

In  Scripture,  to  eat  the  flesh  of  Christ,  is  to  believe 
on  him,  and  be  nourished  by  faith. 

To  eat  vnr^s  tcordsy  is  to  swallow  back ;  to  take 
back  what  has  been  uncred  ;  to  retracL    Hudibra^. 
£AT,  r.  i.    To  take  food  ;  to  feed  ;  to  take  a  meal,  or 
to  board. 

He  did  eat  conlin>iaJiy  al  tlio  ldnr*i  lal/Ie.  — 2  Sam,  ix. 

Why  ealxth  your  inatLer  vi\h  ptilicac*  ami  dnncTi  I  —  MatL  ix. 

2.  To  take  food  ;  to  be  mainUincd  in  food- 

3.  To  taste  or  relish  ;  as,  it  eats  like  the  lendcrest 
beef.  Jlfaleorn,     milis. 

To  eat,  or  to  eat  in  or  into,  is  to  make  way  by  cor- 
rosion ;  to  gnaw;  to  enter  by  gradually  wearing  or 
separating  the  parts  of  a  substance.  A  cancer  eats 
into  the  flesh. 

I'hcir  word  will  eat  u  doth  a  canker. —  2  Tim.  U. 

To  eat  out;  to  consume. 

Their  word  will  eat  out  ilw  rjuli  of  rcUgioa,  eompt  and  do- 
»troy  it.  Anon. 

kAT'A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  eaten ;  fit  to  be  eaten  ; 

_  proper  for  food  ;  esculent. 

EAT'A-BLE,  71.    Any  thing  that  may  be  eaten ;  that 

_  which  is  fit  for  food  ;  that  which  is  used  as  food. 

EAT'AGE,  71.    Food  for  horses  and  cattle  from  the 

_  aftermatlL    See  After-eatage. 

eAT'£N,  (ee'tn,)  pp.    Chewed  and  swallowed  ;  con- 

_  sumed  ;  corroded. 

eAT'ER,  n.    One  who  eats ;  that  which  eats  or  cor- 

_  rodes  ;  a  conosive. 

eATH,  a.    Easy  ;  and  adv.  easily.    \Obs.] 

eAT'ING,  ppr.    Chewing  and  swallowing;  coostun- 

_  ing ;  corroding, 

eAT'ING,  n.    The  act  of  chewing  and  swallowing 

_  food. 

eAT'ING-HOUSE,  n.  A  house  where  pro\-isions  are 
sold  ready  dressed. 

EAU DE  C0-/,0O-VE',(a'de-ko-16ne',)n.  Aperfumcd 
spirit,  originaJIv  prepared  at  Cologne. 

EAU  DE  L  tCE',  fa'de-lQse',)  n.  A  strong  solution  of 
ammonia,  scented,  and  rendered  milky  by  mitstic 

_  and  oil  of  amber.  '    Brnnd'-. 

EAVES,  (evz,)  n.  pl.      [Sax.  efese.      In  £r;-'    '     "; 
word  has  a  plural  ending,  but  not  in  Saxon. 
The  edge  or  lower  border  of  the  roof  of  a 
which  overhangs  the  walls,  and  casts  off  tiie  u  ,u  i 
that  falls  on  the  roof. 

EAVESa)ROP,  r.  i.  [eaves  and  drop,]  To  stand 
under  the  eaves  or  near  the  windows  of  a  house,  to 
listen  and  learn  what  is  said  within  doors.    JfUton. 

2.  Hence,  fgurativelij,  to  watch  for  opportunities  of 
hearing  the  private  conversation  of  others. 

EAVES'DROP-PER,  n.  One  who  stands  under  the 
eaves,  or  near  the  window  or  door  of  a  house,  to 
listen  and  hear  what  is  said  within  doors,  wiieiher 
from  curiosity,  or  for  the  purpose  of  tattling  and  mak- 
ing mischief.  SftaJ:. 

2.  Hence,  fguratively,  one  who  watches  for  an  op- 
portunity of  hearing  the  private  conversation  of 
others. 

eAVES'DROP-PING,  n.  The  act  of  watching  for 
an  opportunity  to  hear  the  private  conversation  of 
others. 

EBB,  ?(.  [Sax.  elbe,  ebba;  G.  and  D.  ebbc ;  Dan.  id.; 
Sw.  ebb.) 

1.  The  reflux  of  the  tide ;  the  return  of  tide-water 
toward  the  sea  ;  opposed  tofiood,  or  flowing. 

2.  Decline ;  decay  ;  a  falling  from  a  better  to  a 
worse  stale  ;  as,  the  ebb  of  life  ;  the  ebb  of  prosperity. 

EBB,  V,  1.     [Sax.  ebban  ;  D.  ebben  :  W.  eb,  to  go  from.] 

1.  To  flow  back  ;  to  return,  as  the  water  of  a  tide 
toward  the  ocean  ;  opposed  to  JioK,  The  tide  ebbs 
and  flows  twice  in  twenty-four  hours. 

2.  To  decay;  to  decline;  to  return  or  fall  back 
from  a  better  to  a  worse  state.  Shak,    Halifax, 

EBB'ING,  p/7r.    Flowing  back;  declining;  decaying. 

EBB'ING,  ju    The  reflux  of  the  tide. 

EBB'TIDE,  n.  The  reflux  of  tide-water;  the  retiring 
tide. 

E'BI-0-NITE,  n.  A  term  applied  to  those  Jewish 
Christians,  in  the  first  ages  of  the  church,  who  com- 
bined Judaism  with  Christianity,  rejected  much  of 
the  New  Testament,  and  were  accounted  heretics  by 
the  Christian  fathers.  J.  MurdoeX: 

EB'ON,  a.  [See  Eboxv.]  Consisting  of  ebony  ;  like 
ebony ;  black. 

EB'ON-IZE,  v.  U  [See  Ebont.]  To  make  black  or 
tawny  ;  to  tinge  with  the  color  of  ebony  ;  as,  to  ebon- 
ize  the  fairest  complexion.  fFoLsh, 

EB'ON-iZ-£D,  pp.    Tinged  with  the  color  of  ebony. 

EB'ON-Y,  n,  [L.  ebcuits ;  Gr.  lihi'os  or  f/if^o; ;  Fr. 
cbene ;  It.  and  Sp.  ebano ;  D.  ebbetthout;  G.  ebenholz.] 

1.  The  popular  name  of  various  species  of  differ- 
ent genera  of  plants. 

2.  A  species  of  hard,  hea^y,  and  durable  wood, 
from  Madagascar  and  Ceylon,  which  admits  of  a 
fine  poUsh  or  glos?.  The  most  usual  color  is  black, 
red,  or  green.  The  best  is  a  jet  black,  free  from 
veins  and  rind,  very  heavy,  .islringont,  and  of  an 
acrid,  pungent  taste.  On  burning  ctwls,  it  yields 
an  agreeable  perfume,  and,  when  green,  it  readily 


TONE,  BULL,  XJNITE — AN"GER,  V1"CI0US.  — €  as  K ;  6  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


46 


377 


r.cc 


ECH 


III  »«)(dny,  ml 


lai.     It  u  wruugbt 
.  Mil  iiil  work,  tjuyc 
■  uf  a  plant, 
<  "rcle. 

Marij/n. 
1  (^JMy,  Intuiicated. 

.J.'    ,-.    ill.. I     llu'     It. 


Drunkrnneiw  ;  Intoxiaitioii  by  njUriluout  liquors. 

'K,  n.     [Ft.]    a  fhrtk  jlvrn  lo  :i 
I  Jt-rk  uf  une  reiu,  wlit^n  he  ni 

E-Bt  \fn-»y,)  «-     [doc   . 

. ,  aa  a  liquur.     ).i.-:^'. 
n.      [l^   ebulUtw, 

11  of  n 


1 

mi  ' 
llu- 
foiu 
be:.! 

rV..' 

m;: 

of   ^^ 


•,I  hv 


111  ii.:\i«ir.'.     Ihii-;,  111  -i.ik- 
at  liberty  by  the  nbsorptiuu 


iri.v  ' 

acid  "lUi   i  .  irl-  ii:it'd  alkali. 
E-Bt'R'NE-AN,  a.    [L.  eburnnu,  from  ebur,  ivory.] 

Sladc  of  ivor>-. 
E  CAU'DATK,  a.     [e  priv.  and  L.  eanda,  n  Infl.] 

hi  y  rany,  without  a  tail  or  spur. 
EC'BA-i*IH,  II.    [Gr.]    In  rhetoric,  a  figure  in  which 
'       the  iirutor  treaU  of  things  according  to  Ihclr  oventa 
and  <-i>n!<e<iucncc9. 
EG-UAT'lC,  a.    [<Jr.  tt,  out,  and  ffatvc-t,  to  go.]    In 
grammar,  denuting  a  mere  result  or  coni^cquence,  ai 
diatiDKulahed  from  teJic,  which  denotes  IntL-nttun  or 
purpoM'.     Thus  the  phrase   i-.a  ^\rt<-f'>On,   if  rcn- 
d«rrd  "  s»  tAat  It  was  fulfilled,'*  i^  ccbilic  ;  if  ren- 
dered "  (It  onto-  tAat  it  might  be,"  kc,  1.4  tulic. 

./.  fK  aibbs. 
E€'B<>-LF:,h.    [Gr.]    In  Mr?i»n>,  a  digression  in  which 

a  person  i*  inirr>duccd  speaking  his  own  words. 
EC-CA-LE-0'ninN,n.    [Gr.  i^JcaXccj,  lo  call  out,  and 
4iot.  life] 

A  contrivance  for  hatching  eggs  by  artificial  heal. 
F.OCR  n^MO,  lu     [L.;  behold  the  man.]     Jn  paint- 
-  lie  given  lo  ttuy  picture  wlitch  represents 
L'ivi-n  up  to  the  people  by  Filnte. 
.'AC,         I  a.   [L.  cccentrieus ;  ex,  from,  and 
i.v  V  r.  \  1  KIC-.-Vi*f  (     c^n/rjirs,  center.] 

1.  Dcviattng  or  departing  from  the  center. 

2.  In  fftanett-u,  not  ha\nng  ilie  same  center  ;  a 
tcr;-  '  '  '  1  ircles  and  splieri-u  which,  lliuugli 
c«  I  ;i'-  measure  within  each  other,  yet 
h.i  :ie  center-,  in  opi>oa'ition  lo  a>ncen- 
trii                          .1  non  center.  Barlow. 

.:ng  in  the  same  point,  nor  directed 
b\  '  ifile.  Bacon. 

•  m  ^tlted  methods,  usual  practice 

or  iii3  or  laws  :  Irroi^ular  ;  anomalous  ; 

dt ,  •  u:*ual  course;  as,  eceentric  Gon- 

dii.; .  ...   ,  ...  ■. irtuc  ;  an  eccentric  geniiis. 
ECM-'UiS  Titit;,  n.    A  circle  nut  having  the  name  cen- 
ter OS  anotiier.  Bticoit. 
1  [.ii  which  \s  incgiilaroranomalou:^.  Jfammond. 
"•\C,                    j   B,      A   whrcl    or    disc, 
.:IC-\VI1EBL,  I       having  its  axb)  placed 
'  entLf,  and  used  for  obtaining  a  recipro- 
Mrrnalc  motion  (mm  a  circular  one,  or  rtcc 

If  \I.-LV,  orfo.     With  tcceulricily  ;  in 

■  ".t.T. 

I  V,  II.    Deviation  from  a  center. 
:  liBviDgacenttrdilTcicnt  from  thai 

Johnson. 
■',  the  distance  of  the  conlcr  of  a 
m  the  center  of  the  nun ;  that  Lt, 
.  iHitwecfi  the  center  of  an  ellip^  and  Its 

Bartme, 
iini'  ,.r  deviation  frum  tlml  ivhich  is  sta- 
■unl ;  a*,  the  eccentricity  of  a  man's 
t. 

from  the  DTnpcr  sphere      n'bUon. 
.  -NX'.V,  [U]    See  the  lign,  evidence,  or 


EC-' 


'Gr. 


«>■■<- 


cl 


I    "lintM  on  the 
l1.     Hljtman. 

[Or.  UfXnafi 


EC  t 

and  j.i-\'..J 

A  ruler  of  the  church. 
BC-CIX^l-A8'Tes,  (ek-klc-u-u'tCz,)  n.     [Gr.  i< 
«:.>r,ci.ierfj(,  a  preacher.] 

A  canonical  book  of  the  Old  TeaCamenL 


E€^eLtV»l  A8'T!C,         i"-  [L.;  Gr.  c«Xiifltu7i«u*, 
E€J-€LlM*l-Atf"ne-AI.,  i    fntm  tKKXqata,  an  asiMm- 
bly  or  mertintr,  whence  a  church,  (Vum  ccciArtj,  to 
call  forth  or  cuiivuke  ;  (*  and  KjXit  >,  lo  call.] 

ritt.iiiiiii-j  Ml  r<  l.iiiii;.-  1.1  (Ik-  church  ;  as,  etclegiat- 
ftr  t  ,   ectlesiojtical  aflliin, 

|ii. ;  courts. 

/  ly  of  the  clwrgy. 

iii-   trtrilory  tiubjecl   tn   thu 
iiKjril  ruler. 

I  by  .Millon,  but  is  obsotett^.] 
i:C  CI-L;  ^I  ah  jic,  m.     a  iMTwn  in  orders,  or  conse- 
crated to  tile  servico  of  the  church  and  the  ininlxlry 

!  AS'Tie-AL-LV,  adc.     In  an  ecclesiasti- 
r. 

AS'TI-eUS,  «.    Abookof  the  Apocr>pha. 
O-LoO'ie-AIi,  a.    Belonging  lo  cccle«i- 

i  0I/O-6IST,  n.     One  versed  in  ecclcsi- 

EC-t;LE-8I-OL'0-(5Y,  n.    [Gr.  effj(A»?ai(i  and  Xo/os.] 
The  science  of  church  building  and  decoration. 

ECeO-PROT'ie.  a,  [Gr.  (a,  rj,  out  or  from,  and 
K'jroui,  slercUM.J 

Having  ihequality  of  promoting  nlvine  dtscliargtis  ; 
Inxativi- ;  hmsening;  gently  cnlhartic.  Coxc.  Eneifc. 

EC-eo-riKJT'IC,  71.  A  medicine  which  purges  gen- 
tly, or  w  hirh  tends  lu  proiiioto  cvaciintlons  by  stool ; 
a 'mild  cathwlic.  Cpzc.     Kncvc, 

ECM'E-LON,  (•■sh'o-lon,)  n.  [Fr. ;  ttoui  tcMle,  a 
ladder,  a  .<cate.] 

\n  military  tactics,  ihQ  position  of  an  army  in  thu 
fiinn  of  sleiw,  or  witli  one  division  more  advanced 
lli:in  another.  ffdlin^toH. 

E  €HIU'NA.  M.  A  genus  of  ant-eaters,  found  in  New 
Holland.  They  are  monutrematous  edentate  mam- 
maN,  nearly  allied  to  the  duck-blltcd  animal,  or  ar- 
ntthiTtinchns. 

E€irKV:VTEIl.  i  "•    ti-  '**'«"^»  ^  hedgehog.] 

Set  with  prickles ;  prickly,  like  a  hedgehog  ;  hav- 
ing sharp  points  ;  briHticd  j  as,  an  echinated  pericarp. 

JJartyn. 
Edtinated  pvriles,  in  mineralofrir'.         H\toJwar(L 
E-CIIIN'I-OAS,  n.    A  radiate  animal,  a  spt'cies  of 
thu  family  of  Ihe  Echini.     [See  Echinus,  No.  0.] 

Bucklana. 
E€H'IN-ITE,  (ekMn-Ite,)  n.  [See  Echiwcs.]  A  fos- 
sil found  in  chalk  pits,  called  cc»tro;im  .- a  pclriticd 
slicll  set  with  prickles  or  points  :  a  calcareous  petri- 
faction of  the  echinus  or  eea-heugchog.  Encijc  Ure. 
Et:lMN'0-UERM,  h.  [Gr.  tx»i'us,  hedgehog,  and 
('fpfKi,  skin.] 

A  mdialo  animal,  having  nn  opaque,  leathery,  or 
crustaceous  skin,  with  tubercles,  or  even  spines,  as 
the  rtar-fish,  or  sea-urchin.  Kirbtj, 

Eeni'NL'S.  71. ;  pK  Echini.     [L.,  from  Gr.  tx'""?*] 

1.  A  hedgehog. 

2.  A  lemi  applied  to  animals  of  the  sub-kingdom 
Radiala,  having  nearly  the  funn  of  a  sphere  much 
llaitcncd  on  the  lower  side  ;  they  consist  externally 
of  a  llrin  i>hell  or  cntsl  wliicli  i;i  set  on  cvcr>'  side 
Willi  movable  spines.  There  are  many  species, 
some  of  which  are  eatable,  'i'he  shells  williout  the 
Bpiiies  are  often  called  sea-ri^^s.  Dana. 

3.  With  botanists,  a  prickly  head  or  top  of  a  plant; 
an  echinated  (lericarp. 

4.  In  archiUcturc,  a  member  or  ornament  near  the 
bottom  of  Ionic,  Corinthian,  or  Composite  capitals, 
so  named  from  its  roughness,  resembling,  in  some 
measure,  ilic  spiny  coat  of  a  liedgchog  ;  the  ovolo  or 
quarter-round.  Johnson.    Eneye. 

E€H'0.  (ck'o,)  n.  [L.  etho ;  Gr.  uxo,  from  r,\u5, 
sound,  r/v^'S  lo  sound.] 

1.  .\  sound  reHeclcd  or  reverberated  from  a  solid 
iKHly  ;  sound  returned  j  repercussion  of  sound  ;  as, 
an  echo  from  a  distant  hill. 

Tbc  »uufi<l  ni'ut  Kcni  tui  echo  to  the  Mnac.  Pop*. 

2.  In  fabulous  history,  a  nymph,  the  daughter  uf 
the  Air  and  Tellus,  who  pined  into  a  sound,  fur  love 
of  Narcissus.  Lrmpricre.     Johnson. 

3.  In  architecture,  a  vault  or  urcli  for  prmliicing  an 
echo.  Brandt. 

ECII'O.  r.  u    To  resound  }  lo  rcilect  sound.    The  hall 
echoed  with  acclamations. 
2.  To  be  sounded  back  ;  as,  echoing  noise. 

Blackmorc. 
E€H'0,  V.  L    To  reverberate  or  send  back  sound  ;  to 
return  what  has  been  uttered. 

Tnoac  pcali  a,n;  tchord  l>)-  \l>a  TmjAD  tlirong.  DrytUn. 

Eeil'C->.D,  (ck'Adc,)  pp.    Reverberated,  as  sound. 
E61l'0-IN(f,  ppr.  or  a.    Sending   back    sound  ;  as, 

eehmns  hills. 
ECH'O-LESS  (ck'o  leas,)  a.    Without  echo. 
E-€IIOM'E-TEil,  n.    [Gr.  fjx*>(j  sound,  and  ittrpov, 

measure.] 
Among  muHcians,  a  scale  or  rule,  with  several 

lines  thereon,  8<:n'ing  to  measure  the  duration   of 

sounds,  and  lo  find  their  inter^'als  and  raiioT?.  Brandc. 
E-€IIO.M'F^TRV,  n.    The  art  or  act  of  measuring 

the  duration  of  sounds. 
2.  The  art  of  constnicting  vaults  to  produce  echoes. 


ECO 

E-CLAIR'CISE,  (-«lz,)  v.  i.    [Fr.  edairctr,  from  rfair, 

clear.     Pt  prir^n.^ 
Tu  111  I  exitlain  ;  lo  clear  up  what  la 

not  uiii'  KiiuerHtotHl. 

B-CI^.^iu  '  U)pp.  K\plalned  ;  itinde  clav. 

E-t;LAlU  I  i.^si:  Mt.M',  (t'kkUr'sts-nau;;,)  II.  [Fr.] 

Explannlion  ;    the  clearing  up   of  any    thing   not 

before  understood.  Clarenktm, 

Ee-LAMI"8V,  n.  [Gr.  f«Xfi>*i/'i(,  a  shining  ;  fvArt^-rn, 

to  shine.] 

.A  flashing  of  light,  a  symptom  of  epilcp<;)'.  Ilenre, 

epilepsv  itself.  .l/rJ.  Rrjiog, 

FrCl-AT',   ^f  kli',)  n.    [Fr.     The  word  sigmlie*  ft 

bursting  tort h,  a  crack,  and  brightness,  Hplcndorj 

ecCiier,  lo  split,  to  crack,  to  break  forth,  to  shine.] 

1.  Primarilij,  a  burst  of  applituse  ;  accluniutioii. 
Jlcncp,  applausf! ;  approbation  ;  rmuwn. 

a.  £jplcndur ;  show  ;  pump.  Popt. 

EC-LECTIG,  a.  [Gr  K.Vtcrixuf;  c|  uud  Acju,  to 
choose.] 

S.  Ifcling;  choasing ;  an  epithet  yiven  to  trrtifn 
philiisiiplifrs  of  aiilifpiily,  who  ilid  nut  atlnch  llirtu- 
Mclvfs  lo  any  p;irticuliir  m*ci,  but  sptrcit'd  Ir.in 
thu  opinions  ami  principles  of  each  what  lUey 
thought  solid  and  giK>d.  Ileiice  we  say,  an  ectectv 
i)hilosopher  ;  the  rclrctic  sccU  Eneye. 

EC-LEe'I'lC  n.  A  philosopher  who  selccl'-d  from 
the  various  My^tleins  hticli  opiiiioiis  and  priiMijiltii  u 
lit)  jiidgeil  to  be  st-iuid  and  nitioiial.  EnHfld. 

2.  A  Christian  who  adhered  lo  the  doLinnci  of 
Ihi^  EcU-rtics.    .Mku,  one  of  a  sect  of  pJuf^iri^in*. 

EC  LEC'TIC-AL-LY,  adv.  By  way  of  Vhi«.^ing  or 
selecting  in  llie  muuner  uf  Uio  cclecticol  pliilu^iphen, 

Enjieid. 
EC-LEe'TI-CISM,  n.    The  actor  practice  of  selecU 
ing  from  dilFerent  byi>teins. 
2.  Tile  doctrine  of  thu  Eclectics. 
EC-LEGM',  (ok-lem',)  n.    [Gr.  c<  and  Atixw.] 

A  medicine  made  by  the  incorporation  of  oils  witli 
simps.  Quiney. 

E-CLIV-^X' HE-OS,  It.    An  instrument  for  explaining 

the  phenomena  of  eclipse;*. 
E-ei.Il'SE',  (e  klips',)  n,     [I*  eclipJM  ;   Gr.  ticXtit^if, 
defect,  from  tKXctrf.i.  to  fail,  r J  and  Mtrrtj,  lu  leare.] 

1.  LitcraUy,  a  defect  or  failure  ;  hence,  in  astron»- 
mtj,  an  interception  or  ob^^curation  of  the  licht  uf  tbo 
tun,  moon,  or  other  luminous  bixly.  An  tclipse  of 
the  sun  is  causeil  by  the  intervention  of  the  moon, 
wliicli  totally  or  partially  hidcj*  the  sun's  dise  ;  an 
ccUpae  of  the  moon  is  occasioned  by  the  shadow  of 
the  earth,  which  falls  on  it^  and  obscures  it  in  whole 
or  in  part,  but  does  not  entirely  conceal  it. 

2.  Darkness  ;  obscuration.  We  say,  his  glory  hu 
Hudcrud  an  eclipse. 

All  Ok  poaterity  of  our  OiM  pucDU  mfrered  «  pcrp^tuil  tdiptt 
of  ■jiiriuwl  liio.  Baitfh. 

E-€LIPSE',  (c-klips',)  v.  U  To  hide  a  luminous  body 
in  whole  or  in  part,  and  tnlcrccpt  its  rays ;  as,  to 
eclipse  the  sun  or  a  star. 

2.  To  obscure ;  to  darken,  by  intercepting  the  rays 
of  light  which  render  luminous ;  as,  to  eclipse  tne 
moon. 

3.  To  cloud  ;  to  darken  ;  to  obscure  ;  a:*,  to  ecUpa 
the  glory  of  a  hero.    Hence, 

4.  To  disgrace.  MOtotu 

5.  To  extinguish. 

Bom  to  ceiiptt  Iby  life.  Shai. 

E-€LIPSE',  (e-klips' )  v.  i.    To  suffer  an  eclipse. 

MUton. 

E-€lArS'ED,  (e-klipst',)  pp.  Concealed;  darkened  j 
obscured  ;  disgraced. 

I>€Lirs'l.\G,  p/»r.  ConccolLDg;  obscuringj  darken- 
ing ;  rltiiiding. 

I-^GLIP'TIC.  n.     [Gr.  z<>fii?ri«fo{,  from  iyS:i- ■•.  to 
fail  or  he  defective ;  L.  ecJipticus,  linea  < ' 
ecliptic  line,  or  line  in  which  eclipsca  ai. 

1.  A  great  circle  of  the  sphere,  sup;. 

drawn  through  the  middle  of  the  xjidiac.  JUiikui!:  ■  n 
ancle  with  ilie  equinoctial  of  about  'Si  ti^',  wliicli  1- 
the  sun's  greatest  dcchnation.  The  rrliptic  i::  Hi' 
apparent  iialh  of  the  sun  ;  but  as,  in  reality,  it  is  me 
e:irth  which  moves,  the  ecliptic  is  Ihe  paiJi  or  "ay 
among  the  fixed  stars  which  the  larlh,  in  its  orlm, 
appears  to  describe  lo  an  eye  placed  in  the  sun. 

Barltne. 

2.  In  fjcot^Tophy,  a  grfat  circle  nn  the  terrc^rial 
globe,  answering  to  an<l  falling  within  the  plam-  of 
the  celestial  ecliptic.  Barlow. 

E-CLIP'TIC,  a.     Pertaining  to  or  descrilted  by  the 

ecliptic.  BlacJimore. 

2.  SufTeriug  an  eclipse.  Un-berU 

ECLOGUE,  (ek'log,)  n.  [Gr/  CicAoyrj,  choice  ;  t*Af >  w, 
lo  select.1 

Literally,  a  select  piece.  Li  podnfy  a  pastoral  com- 
position, in  which  shepherds  are  introduced  convers- 
ing with  each  other  ;  (is,  the  eclo-^ucji  of  Virgil ;  ^r  'i 
is  a  little  elegant  comiwsition,  in  a  simple,  naii-^i' 
style  and  manner.  An  eclogue  difTcrs  from  an  i.l>: 
in  being  appropriated  to  pieces  in  which  sliopherds 
are  introduced.  Eneyc, 

E-CO-NOM'ie,         )  a.     [See  Ecohoht.]    Pertaining 

E-€0-NOM'I€-AI^,  \  to  the  regulalion  of  household 
concerns  ;  a.*',  the  ectmomie  art.  Datits. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT,  — MfiTE,  PRBY.— PI.VE,  MARINE.  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BOQK. 

3^g  ■ 


ECT 

2.  Managing  domestic  or  public  pecuniar}' concerns 
Willi  fruEiility  ;  as,  an  economical  hcasefeeeper ;  an 
tconomical  minister  or  adrr.inistration. 

3.  Frugal ;  regulated  by  frugality  ;  not  wasteful  or 
extrava^;int ;  as,  an  economical  use  of  money. 

E-€0-XOM'ie-Ab-LY,  adt.  With  economy;  with 
fruetililv. 

E-€0-NO>I'ieS,  n.    Tlie  science  of  household  affairs. 

E-eoN'0-MIST,  n.     One  who  manages  domestic  or 

other  concerns  with  fmgality  ;  one  who  expends 

money,  time,  or  labor,  judiciously,  and  without  waste. 

2.  One  who  is  conversant  with  political  economy ; 

the  writer  of  a  treatise  on  political  economy. 

E-CO.N'O-MIZE,  V,  I.  To  manage  pecuniary'  concerns 
with  frugality  ;  to  make  a  prudent  use  of  money,  or 
of  the  means  of  saving  or  acquiring  property.  It  is 
our  duty  to  economize  in  the  use  of  public  money,  as 
well  as  of  our  own. 

E-CON'O-MIZE,  r.  t.  To  use  with  prudence  ;  to  ex- 
pend with  frugality  ;  as,  to  economize  one's  income. 

To  m.-ma^  and  economize  the  use  of  circulating'  metlJum. 

Walsh. 

E-eOX'0-.'\ITZ-£;D,  pp.    used  with  frugality. 
E-€ON'0-MTZ-ING,  ppr.  or  a.     Using  with  frugality. 
E-CON'0-MY,  n.     [L.  nccnomm;  Gr.  oiKovopLia;  oikos, 
house,  and  lo/io?,  law,  rule.] 

1.  Pn'jnflri/y,  the  management,  regulation,  and  gov- 
ernment of  a  family,  or  the  concerns  of  a  household 

Taylor. 

2.  The  management  of  pecuniary  concerns,  or  the 
expenditure  of  money.    Hence, 

3.  A  frugal  and  judicious  use  of  money  ;  that  man- 
agement which  expends  money  to  advantage,  and 
incurs  no  waste  ;  frugality  in  the  necessary  expendi- 
ture of  money.  It  differs  from  parsirnomfy  which  im- 
plies an  improper  saving  of  expense.  Economy  in- 
cludes also  a  prudent  management  of  all  the  means 
by  which  property  is  saved  or  accumulated  ;  a  judi- 
cious application  of  time,  of  labor,  and  of  the  instru- 
ments of  labor. 

4.  The  disposition  or  arrangement  of  any  work ;  as 
the  economy  of  a  poem.  Drydai.     B.  Jonson. 

5.  A  system  of  rules,  regulations,  rites,  and  cere- 
monies ;  as,  the  Jewish  economy. 

The  Jews  already  had  a  Sabbath,  which,  as  citizens  aa;l  subjects 
of  that  economy,  they  were  obliged  to  keep,  and  did  bwp. 

Paiey. 

6.  The  regular  operations  of  nature  in  the  genera- 
tion, nutrition,  and  preservation  of  animals  orplants  ; 
as,  animal  economy;  vegetable  economy. 

7.  Distribution  or  due  order  of  things.  Blackmore. 

8.  Judicious  and  frugal  management  of  public  af- 
fairs ;  as,  political  economy. 

9.  System  of  management ;  general  regulation  and 
disposition  of  the  affairs  of  a  state  or  nation,  or  of 
any  department  of  government. 

E€'PHA-SIS,  It.     [Gr.l    An  explicit  declaration. 
EC-PHO-Ne'SIS,  v.    TGr.]    An  animated  or  passion- 
ate exclamatiop- 
Ee-PnRA€'Tie,  a.     [Gr.  c:  and  (l>oaTTO).] 

in  medieiTie,  deobslruent ;  attenuating. 
EG-PHRAG'Tie,  n.    A  medicine  which  dissolves  or 
attenuates  viscid  matter,  and  removes  obstructions. 
Coze.     Quincy. 
E€'STA-SI-£D,  (ek'sta-sid,)  pp.  or  a.    [See  Ecstasy.] 
Enraptured  ;  ravished  ;  transported ;  delighted. 

J^orris. 
EC'STA-SY,  n.     [Gr.  £Kcrras-i?,  from  e^icmfn ;  if  and 
Jffr/f/j!,  to  stand.] 

1.  Primarily,  a  fixed  ?tale ;  a  trance ;  a  state  in 
which  iJie  mind  is  arrested  and  fixed,  or,  as  we  say, 
lost ;  a  state  in  which  the  functions  of  the  senses  are 
suspended  by  tlie  contemplation  of  some  extraordina- 
ry tjr  supcrriatural  object. 

Whether  what  we  call  ecstasy  b^  col  ilrcaining  with  our  cyca 
open,  I  leave  to  be  exauimeJ.  Locke. 

2.  Excessive  joy ;  rapture;  a  degree  of  delight  that 
arrests  the  whole  mind  j  as,  a  pleasing  ecstasy ;  the 
ecita.'^  of  love  ;  joy  may  rise  to  ecstasy. 

3.  Enthusiasm  ;  excessive  elevation  and  absorption 
of  mind  ;  extreme  delight. 


He  on  the  lender  ^rass 
Would  sit  and  hearken  eveu  to  ecstasy. 


asuon. 


4.  Excessive  grief  or  anxiety.     [J^otused.]     Shak. 

5.  Madness;  distraction.     [J^Tot  used.]  Skak. 

6.  In  medicine^  a  species  of  catalepsy,  when  the 
person  remembers,  after  the  paroxysm  is  over,  the 
ideas  he  had  during  the  fit.  Encyc 

E€'STA-SY,  r.  (.  To  fill  with  rapture  or  enthusiasm. 
Ee-STAT'I€,  )  a.  Arresting  the  mind  ;  suspend- 
Ee-STAT'ie-AL,  i      ing  the  senses  ;  entrancing. 

In  perui/e  trance,  and  anguish,  and  ecstatic  fit.  Milton. 

2.  Rapturous;  transporting;  ravishing;  delightful 
beyond  measure  ;  as,  ecstatic  bliss  or  joy. 

3.  Tending  to  external  objects.    [JVo(  used.] 

JVorrw. 
Ee-STAT'ie-AL-L Y,afio.    Rapturously;  ravishingly. 
Ee^TA-SLS,  n.     [Gr.,  from  ikthvo}.] 

In  rhetoric^  the  lengthening  of  a  syllable  from  short 
to  long. 
Ee-THLIP'SIS,  n.    [Gr.]    A  figure  of  prosody,  by 
which  a  final  m,  with  the  preceding  vowel,  is  cut  otf, 
when  the  next  word  begins  with  a  vowel. 


EDG 

EG'TY-PAL,  a.     [Infra.]    Taken  from  the  original. 
EG'TSPK,  71.     [Gr  f^cryn-oj.]  [EUis. 

I.  A  copy.  Locke. 

•2.  In  architectarCy  an  object  in  relievo,  or  embossed. 

Swift. 
EG-U-MEN'ie,         I  a.    [GuoiKoviicvtK^i^fiom  rnKov- 
Ee-T-J-MEN'ie-AL,  \     pre;/,  the  habitable  world.] 
General ;  universal ;  as,  an  ecumenical  council. 
E€'U-!lIE,  n.     [Fr.]     A  stable;  a  covered  place  for 

horses. 
E-D.\'CIOUS,  a.     [L.  edax,  from  cdo,  to  eat.] 

Eating  ;  given  to  eating ;  greedy  ;  voracious. 
E-D A'CIO  US-LY,  adv.     GreedUy. 
E-DAC'I-TY,  n.     [L.  edacitas,  from  edax,  edo,  to  eaU] 
Greediness  ;  voracity  ;  ravenousness  :  rapacity. 

Bacon. 
ED'DA,  71.  A  book  containing  a  system  of  Runic  or 
Scandinavian  mythologj',  with  some  account  of  the 
theology  and  philosiiphy  of  the  nurlhern  nations  of 
Europe.  Tlie  first  part  contains  the  mythology  of 
tJie  people,  and  the  second  specimens  of  the  poetry 
of  the  Scalds.  It  was  composed  by  Snorro  Sturleson, 
judge  of  Iceland  from  1215  to  1222.  Mallet. 

ED'DER,  71.     [Uu.  Sax.  edcr,  a  hedge.] 

In  hiLibandry,  such  flexible  wood  as  is  worked  into 
the  top  of  hedge  stakes,  to  bind  them  together. 

Mason. 
ED'DER,  t'.  (.    To  bind  or  make  tight  by  edder ;  to 
fasten  the  tops  of  hedge-stakes,  by  interweaving  ed- 
der. England. 
ED'DER-fiD,  pp.     Hound  or  made  tight  by  edder. 
ED'DER-ING,  ppr.    Binding  or  fastening  by  edder. 
ED'DISH, )  n.    The  latter  pasture,  or  grass  that  comes 
eAD'ISII,  J      after  mowing  or  reaping;  called,  also, 
Eagkass,  Earsh,  Etch.  Encye. 
[JVof  iLsedy  I  believe,  in  America.] 
HD'OoES,  >  n.      A  name   given  to  a  variety  of   the 
ED'DERS,  i      Arum  esculentum,  an  esculent  root. 

Mease.     Encyc. 
ED'DY,  n.     [I  find  tiiis  word  hi  no  other  language.    It 
is  usually  considered  as  a  compound  of  Sax.  ed,  back- 
ward, and  ca,  water.] 

1.  A  current  of  water  running  back,  or  in  a  direc- 
tion contrary  to  the  mam  stream.  Thus,  a  point  of 
land,  extending  into  a  river,  checks  the  water  near 
the  shore,  and  turns  it  back,  or  gives  it  a  circular 
course.  The  word  is  applied,  also,  to  the  air  or  wind 
moving  in  a  circular  direction. 

9.  A  whirlpool ;  a  current  of  water  or  air  in  a  cir- 
cular direction. 


And  smiling  eddies  diniplcd  oq  the  maia. 
WhocI  through  the  air,  in  circling  eddies  phn 


Druden. 
Adwon. 


ED'DY,  V.  i.    To  move  circularly,  or  as  an  eddy. 

Thomson  uses  it  actively,  to  cause  to  move  in  an 
eddy. 
ED'DY,  a.    Whirling;  moving  circularly.     Dryden, 
ED'DY-ING,  ]tpr.  or  a.    Moving  circularly,  as  an  eddy. 
ED'DY-VVA'TER,    n.       .■Imong   seamen,   the    water 
which,  by  some   interruption   in   its  course,   runs 
contrary  to  the  direction  of  the  tide  or  current. 

Tutten. 
ED'DY-WIXD,  71.    The  wind  returned  or  beat  back 
from  a  sail,  a  mountain,  or  any  thing  that  hinders  its 
passage.  Encyc 

ED'E-LiTE,  ji.    a  variety  of  the  mmeral  natrolUe. 

Dana. 
E-DEM'A-TOUS,  )  a.    [Gr.  otSnuOj  a  tumor;  oi^fw, 
E-DEM'A-TOSE,  i      to  swell.] 

Swelling  with  a  serous  humor;  dropsical.  An 
edematous  tumor  is  white,  soft,  and  insensible. 

E'DEN,  (e'den,)  n.  [Heb.  Ch.  py,  pleasure,  delight  ] 
The  country  and  garden  in  which  Adam  and  Eve 
were  placed  by  God  himself;  Paradise. 

e'DEN-IZ_-£D,  a.     Admitted  into  Paradise.  Davics. 

E-DEN-Ta'TA,  71.  pi.  In  natuTol  history,  an  order  of 
animals  that  are  destitute  of  front  teeth,  as  the  arma- 
dillo and  ant-eater.  Bell. 

KdEN'TA-Te'd  i  °*    ^^*  ^'^^'*'^**^)  fi  3-"d  dens.\ 

Destitute  or  deprived  of  teeth  ;  applied  especially 

to  the  order  Edentata. 
E-DEN'TATE,  71.     An  animal  having  no  fore  teeth, 

as  the  armadillo  and  the  sloth. 
E-DEN-Ta'TION,  n.    A  depriving  of  teeth. 
EDGE,  (ej,)  71.    [Sax.  ecgi  Dan.  eg;  Sw.egg;  G.  eckCj 

ege ;  L.  acies^  acus ;  Fr.  aigu,  whence  aiguiUe,  a  nee 

^e  ;  Gr.  uKn  ;  W.  aacf,  awg,  edge.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  the  extreme  border  or  point 
of  any  thnig  ;  as,  the  edge  of  the  table  ;  the  f^^-p  of 
a  book  ;  the  eagr,  of  cloth.  It  coincides  nearly  with 
border,  bnnii,  viarg-in.  It  is  particularly  applied  to  the 
sharp  border,  the  thin,  cutting  extremity  of  an  in- 
strument ;  as,  tlie  edge  of  an  ax,  razor,  knife,  or 
scythe  ;  also,  to  the  point  of  an  instrument ;  as,  the 
edge  of  a  sword. 

2.  Figuratively,  ih^it  which  cats  or  penetrates  ;  that 
which  wounds  or  injures ;  as,  the  edge  of  slander. 

Shak. 

3.  A  narrow  part  rising  from  a  broader 

Some   harrow   their  grouud   over,  and  then  plow  it  ujion  an 
edge.  Mortimer. 

4.  Sharpness  of  mind  or  appetite ;  keenness ;  iu- 


EDI 

tenseness  of  desire  ;  fitness  for  action  or  operattun  ; 
as,  ilie  edge  of  apiietite  or  hunger. 

Silence  and  (olitudc  >et  u)  edge  bO  tbe  gmhs.  Vn^n. 

5.  Keenness ;  sharpness  ;  acrimony. 

Ataie  (he  edge  <A  tnitoo.  Shak. 

To  set  the  teeHi  on  eAge ;  to  cause  a  tingling  or  gra- 
ting sensation  in  the  teeth.  Bacon. 
EDGE,  (ej,)  r.  e.  [W.  hogl .  .?ax.  cggian  ;  Dan.  egger.] 

1.  'lo  sharpen. 

To  edge  her  Dryi^n. 

2.  To  furnish  witji  ,.;i  <.^i^.... 

A  sword  edged  with  AiiiL  Lhyien. 

3.  To  border ;  to  fringe. 

With  rubici  et^ed.  Dryien. 

4.  To  border;  to  furnish  with  an  ornamental  lur- 
der;  as,  to  edge  a  flower-bed  with  box. 

5.  To  sharpen  ;  to  exasperate  ;  to  embitter. 

By  such  reuonin^,  the  limplc  wen;  bliml-sl,  and  ih?  u-j- 

etlged.  IlayiMrd. 

G.  To  incite  ;  to  provoke  ;  to  urge  on  ;  to  instigate ; 
that  is,  to  push  on  as  with  a  sharp  point ;  to  goad. 
Ardor  or  passion  will  edge  a  man  forward,  when  ar- 
guments fail. 

[This,  by  a  strange  mistake,  has  been  sometimes 
written  egg,  from  the  Sax.  cggian,  Dan.  eggcr^  to  in- 
cite ;  the  writers  not  knowing  that  this  verb  is  from 
the  noun  eeg,  eg,  an  edge.  The  verb  ought  certain- 
ly to  follow  the  noun,  and  the  popular  use  is  correcL] 

7.  To  move  sideways ;  to  move  by  little  and  little  ; 
as,  edge  your  chair  along. 
EDGE,  (ej,)  V.  i.    To  move  sideways;  to  move  gradu- 
aUy.    EAgf.  along  this  way. 

2.  To  sail  close  to  the  wind.  Dryden. 
To  edge  away,  in  sailing,  is  to  increase  the  distance 

gradually  from  the  shore,  vessel,  or  other  object. 

To  edge  in  with  a  coast  or  vessel,  is  to  advance 
gradually,  but  not  directly,  toward  iU  TotUm, 

EDG'ED,  (ejd,)  pp.  Furnished  with  an  edge  or  border. 
9.  Incited  ;  instigated. 

3.  a.     Sharp;  keen. 

EDGE'LESS,  a.  Not  sharp;  blunt;  obtuse;  unfit  to 
cut  or  penetrate  ;  as,  an  edaeUss  sword  or  weapon. 

Skak. 

EDGE'-RaIL,  n.  A  name  given  to  the  ordinary  iron 
rail  of  a  railway,  on  the  upper  surface  or  ed^e  of 
which,  (so  called  from  its  narrowness,)  the  wncels 
of  the  cars  move.  Brande. 

EDCfE'TOOL,  71.  An  instrument  having  a  sharpedge  ; 
applied  particularly  to  the  coarser  kinds  of  cutting 
instruments,  as  axes,  chisels,  &c.  Behcrt. 

EDGE'WISE,  (ej'wize,)  (uiv.    [edge  and  wisc-l    With 
the  edge  tumid  forward,  or  toward  a  particular  point  j 
in  tbe  direction  of  the  edge. 
2.  Sideways ;  with  the  side  foremost. 

EDG'ING,  ppr.  Giving  an  edge;  furnishing  with  an 
edge. 

2.  Inciting;  urging  on ;  goading;  stimulating ;  in- 

3.  :Moving  gradually  or  sideways.  [sligating. 

4.  Furni.-^hihg  with  a  border. 

EDG'IXG,  n.  That  which  is  added  on  the  border,  or 
which  forms  the  edge,  as  lace,  fringe,  trimming,  add- 
ed to  a  garment  for  ornament. 

Bordered  witJi  a  rosy  edging.  Dryden. 

2.  A  narrow  lace. 

3.  In  gardenings  a  row  of  small  plants  set  along 
the  border  of  a  bed  ;  as,  an  edging  of  box.    Encyc. 

ED'I-BLE,  a.     [from  L.  edo,  lo  eal.l 

Eatable  ;  fit  to  be  eaten  as  food ;  esculent.    Some 

_  flesh  is  not  edible.  Bacon. 

E'DICT,  n.  [L.  edictutn,  from  cdico,  to  utter  or  pro- 
claim ;  c  and  dico,  to  speak.] 

That  which  is  uttered  or  proclaimed  by  authority 
as  a  rule  of  action  ;  an  order  i>^ued  by  a  prince  to 
his  subjects,  as  a  rule  or  law  requiring  obedience  ;  a 
proclamation  of  command  or  prohibition.  An  edict 
is  an  order  or  ordinance  of  a  sovereign  prince,  in- 
tended as  a  permanent  law,  or  to  erect  a  new  office, 
to  establish  new  duties,  ur  other  temporarj-  regula- 
tion ;  as,  the  edicts  of  the  Roman  emperors ;  the  edicts 
of  the  French  monarch. 

The  edict  of  .Vantrs^  was  an  edict  issued  by  Henry 
IV.  of  France,  in  159S,  giving  his  Protestant  subjects 
the  free  exercise  of  their  religion.  The  revocation  of 
this  edict,  by  Louis  XIV.,  about  a  centurj-  aflcr,  led 
to  a  cruel  persecution,  which  drove  most  of  the  Trot- 
estants  out  of  the  kingdom.  Brande. 

ED'I-FI-CAXT,  or  E-DIF'ieANT,  a.  Buildinc. 

ED-I-FI-e.\'TION,  Ti.     [L.  a:dilicatio.     See  Edifv.] 
I    A  building  up,  in  a  moral  and  religious  sense  ; 
instruction  ;  improvement  and  progress  of  the  mind, 
in  knowledge,  in  morals,  or  iu  faith  and  holiness. 

He  that  prophcsicth,  jpJ^keUi  to  men  to  eti^aation.  —  t  C<t.  xi*. 

2.  Instruction  ;  improvement  of  the  mind  in  any 
species  of  useful  knowledge.  jSddison. 

3.  A  building  or  edifice.     [UnusuaJ.] 
ED'I-FI-eA-TO-RY  or  E-DIFI  eA-TO-RV,o.  Tend- 
ing to  edification.  -^"U. 

ED'I-FICE,  (-fis,)  11.    [L.  uditicium.    See  Edify.] 
A  building  ;  a  structure  ;  a  fabric  ;  but  appropriate 


Tune,  BULL,  IJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS 


379 


JUr-4iuaoir^:  ;  lo  tim[»l«.  cliurcbc*.  Of 

eiccaut  luauKWU  Uuu^^ei,  iiiiJ  lo oUier  Krtal  Htruciurea, 

KIi  I  J  1   I  I  \I..  "1^  fUli'uI.)  o.     ririauung  (o  eJl- 

)  '  ,)  pp.    litatnicteil;  linprovod 

r  rrltgitius  knowlcKlpo. 
..U,:i-  uue  Uwi  iniiirovw  ttooUiM  by  losuucl- 

\  ,  c.  f.    ( U  *d\jieo ;  Fr.  rJ^jCw ;  Sp,  nliJUar  ;  U. 
i<^z^>x/«  i  fium  L.  *</m,  a  biHi«et  »"•*  /«»''*'.  *»  iiuikc] 
I.  To  buitd,  in  a  lUtrxU  srmse.     [AW  huw  tuet/.] 

iiiiiul  111  kuuivleU;;o 
'ol  and  Mlgiuun 


3.  Totfath. 


Bacon. 
I  III  knuwi- 


;  llio  luiiiil. 


hi-  .  .   I   ...._..  .'1  cjiiying  manner. 

Ll>  4-i-S-LMi-*Ni^,  «.     ilio  quality  of  boing  cdify- 

ine. 
r  iiii.!'.  H.     n.  ^-  ^^  .  ir.iii  .-.'-  -,  II  Imildine.] 

!•  I"  tm-^incss  wostu 
-,  inure  (luipccially 
-,    :u|iieducU,    Uc. 
I  al>*>  iliL  i.itc  ui  ibo  higliwnys,  pul>- 
i\\\s  nml  mciiMiri':!,  &.f.  Encyc, 

;i,   «.      The  ollice  of  cdilo  in  ancient 
Uouiti.  Oray. 

EDTr.  r.  (.  [from  L.  edo^  to  publish ;  e  and  do,  to 
give.) 

1.  Properly,  \o  pubhsli  ;  more  usualUj^  to  superin- 
lend  a  publication  ;  to  prejiare  a  iMKtk  or  [wpcr  fur 
the  public  cvf,  by  wriiiiii,'.  turrtcting,  or  st-lccting 
Uio  matter. 

3.  To  publudi. 

1  h.i»«  ncTcr 

ED'IT  ED.  jjp.  Published i  corrected;  prepared  and 
pttbli«hed. 

EU'IT-ING,  ppr.  Publishing}  prcporins  for  publica- 
tion. 

K-Dr'TlO  PRfJV'CF.PS.  (o-dish'o-o-,)  [L.]  The 
earliest  printed  edition  of  an  author.  Brandt. 

EDI'TION,  (c-dLih'un,)  n.  [L.  editio,  from  edo,  to 
publith.] 

1.  T* -.1  .  .'...n  of  any  book  or  writing;  as,  the 

flr«t  e  u'ork. 

2.  l;  'inetimcs  with  rcviaion  or  cor- 
r  •  '■                               I J  edtiton  of  a  work. 

1  of  a  book   before    published  ; 
.  or  the  whole  number  of  copicn 

J.  , ;  ,  .,      ,  ,1.,  llie  tenth  edition. 

E-I)l  '  rio.N-iuK,  w.    The  old  word  for  Editor. 
ED'l-TOn,  «.     [L.  from  edo,  to  publish.]       [Ore^onj. 
!.  ,\  ,..,!, I, . f,.  r  ,  parUcuIarlijy  a  pfrson  wiio  Hupcr- 
:,  1-    1  ,   iin;   I  -  1  'U  of  a  book  ;  the  person  who 
,.  c    r    t-.  ml  prepares  a  book  for  publica- 
-  i;rL--Uiiid,  Htalificr,  ice. 
•  lie   who  superintends  the  publication    of    a 
■  I  per. 
I'l   \},,  a.    Pertaininc  to  an  editor,  as  edito- 
■  ntten  bv  an  editor,  as  editorial  remarks. 
1',  n.     The  bu^inej's  of  an  editor;  the 
:mtendence  of  a  publication.    tValsh. 
1  .  .A  female  editor. 

L  .  r,  t.    [Low  L.  adiiuory  from  itdest  a 

Itud  or  govern  the  house  or  temple.     [Aot  in 
Oregory. 
\  RI.!".  o.    That  may  be  educated. 

■  'I'v-u-kite,)  r.  /.     [lj.educo,  edueare;  e 

:i(i ;  It.  edueare  ;  &p.  eJuear.] 

,',  ri^  a  rijiM  ;  to  mstnict ;  to  inform 

'nnlin^;  to  instil  into  the 

irnce,  murals,  nligion, 

•  liililren  well   is   ouo  of 

r'jiil  ']ui!-_  <  uf  pircnts  and  guardians. 

i  '.   pa.   or  a.     llrnught  up;   instnictcd  ; 

Ui  knowledge  or  principles;  trained  ; 

i  '">,  ppr.    In.'^tnicting  ;  enlishtcning  the 

J,  nr.'I  firming  thf  manners. 

iistnictlon ;  furma' 

iiprchr-nds  all  that 

which  i^  intended 

TTcct  the  tf^mper. 

-  of  youth,  and  fit 

m    Up  ir    lulurc    jtLitionn.      To 

1  (diuctwn  in  mannrrt,  arts,  and 

:  .  to  give  them  a  rtligluuj  eduea- 

.■.u\i'P'-n^-~\i,\r  ;  and  an  immense  responsibility 

n  parcnL'i  and  guardians  v.ho  neglect  these 

i.l>-i:  t>A'T[OX-AL,  a.  Pertaining  lo  education  ;  de- 
rived from  education  ;  as,  edtieahmuil  habttJi.     SmitM. 


KU'lNC.^-TOll,  It.     One  whoeducateif.         Beddoes. 
K  DuL'K',  V,  t.    [I*,  edttto,  edusi ;  e  and  diuo.  to  lead.] 
To  bring  or  draw  out ;  to  extract ;  to  produce  froui 
a  slate  of  occullation. 

11k-  rtrnuil  Aft  tdaeing  fooj  from  ill.  Pop*. 

E-DOC'ED,  (e^lflstc',)  pp.    Drawn  forth;  extracted; 

produced. 
EDOC'I.Ni;, jwr.     Dniwing  forth  ;  producing. 
R'OL'Cl',  n.     [1*.  educ'.um^  from  educo.] 

Eitraricd   matter ;    that  which  is  educed ;    that 

which  is  brought  to  light  by  separation,  analysis,  or 

decomposition. 

\\t  uviA  coQjkler  lh«  vlyOt  o/lU  uuljib  \ff  Bergtun.  &c. 

Ktrvan, 

E-Ore'TION,  n.    The  act  of  drawing  out  or  bringing 

into  view. 
E-UUCT'OU,  n.    That  wJUch  brings  forth,  elicits,  or 

extractJ. 

Stimulua  muu  be  frilled  ui  tduetor  ot  vlul  Mher.        Danrin, 

E-DUL'eO-RATE,  c.  (.  [Low  L.  cdulco^  from  dtdcis^ 
sweet ;  Fr.  cduUorer.] 

LitcniUyy  to  sweeten.  In  old  chemistry,  to  render 
substances  more  mild,  by  freeing  them  from  acids 
and  salts,  or  otiier  soluble  impuritif^t,  by  wutthin^. 
In  inodem  cAemLitry,  to  cleanse  pulveniluni  sub- 
stances, by  washing  away  all  particles  soluble  in 
water.  (/re. 

EDI;L'€0-UA-TED,  p;j.  Purified  from  acid  or  other 
foreign  substances. 

E-l)UL'eO-RA-TING,  ppr.  Purifying  from  acid  or 
fureign  substances. 

E-DUIr-eO-KA'TION,  n.  litcralty,  the  act  of  sweet- 
ening. 

In  cJtemistry,  the  act  of  freeing  pulverulent  sub- 
stances from  acids  or  any  Soluble  impurities,  by  re- 
Siatcd  alfusions  of  water.  (Jre. 

UL'eO-UA-TIVE,  a.  Having  the  quality  of 
swi-eteiiinj;  or  piirifvinc  by  affusion. 

ED'WAKDS-ITEj  n.'  [from  Gov.  II.  W.  Edirard^.] 
A  mineral  identical  with  monaiite.  J^ana. 

EEK.     See  Kk£.  « 

EEL,  n.  [Sax.  at;  G.  aal ;  D.  aal;  Dan.  lU  ;  Sw,  at; 
Gipsy,  aio ;  Turk.  ilan.  The  word,  in  Saxon,  is 
written  precisely  like  atrL] 

The  [Kjpular  name  of  the  JinfritiUa.,  a  genus  of  soft- 
fiiined  litilics  belonging  to  the  order  of  Apodes.  The 
head  Is  smooth  ;  there  iirc  ten  rays  in  the  membrane 
of  ttio  gills ;  tlie  c>'cs  are  covered  with  a  common 
skin  ;  the  body  is  cylindrical  and  slimy.  Eels,  in 
some  respects,  resemble  reptiles,  particularly,  in  tlieir 
manner  of  moving  by  a  serpentine  winding  of  llie 
body  ;  and  they  often  creep  uimhi  land,  and  wander 
about  at  night  in  search  of  snails  or  other  food.  In 
winter,  they  lie  biiritid  in  mud.  They  grow  to  the 
wcichl  of  hfteen  or  twenty  pounds;  anil  tJie  conger 
eel  19  said  to  grow  to  a  hundred  pounds  In  weight. 
and  to  be  ten  feel  in  length.  Tiicy  are  esiccmod  goou 
food.  Partinqtou.     P.  Cye. 

EEL'-FISH-IXG,  n.    The  act  or  art  of  catching  eels. 

EEL'POT,  ju  A  kind  of  basket  used  for  catching 
eels. 

EEL'POUT,  n.  1'he  burbot,  a  frcsh-wnter  fish,  some- 
what resembling  Uio  eel  in  appearance ;  hence  the 
name.  Jardine^s  JSTat.  Lib. 

EEL'SKIN,  n.    The  skin  of  an  eel. 

EEL'SPk.'VU,  n.    A  forked  instrument  used  for  catcli- 

E'EN,  a  contraction  for  cccti,  which  see.         [ing  ccU. 

1  have  e'en  done  wilh  70U.  L'l^ttmnge. 

2   The  old  plural  for  Eyes. 

AoJ  eke  wllh  faUi^sa  twollen  vero  hii  e'en.  Speruer, 

E'ER,  (ir,)  contracted  from  Ever,  which  sec. 

EF'F.V-BLE,  a.  [L.  rffabilis,  from  rffor  i  ex  and /or, 
to  speak.] 

Utterablc  ;  that  may  bo  littered  or  spoken. 
[This  word  is  not  used  ;  but  I.*<Ei*FAnLL  is  in  com- 
mon use.] 

EF-FACE'  r.  ^  [Fr.  rjacer,  from  Uic  U  ez  and  fucio 
or  /aeifs.] 

}.  To  destroy  a  figure  on  the  surface  of  any  thing, 
whether  painted  or  carved,  so  as  to  render  it  invisi- 
ble, or  not  flistinguishablc  ;  as,  to  ejfiice  tlie  letters  on 
a  monument. 

2.  To  blot  out;  to  erase,  "Strike,  or  scratch  out,  so 
as  to  destroy  or  render  illegible;  ils,  to  rjiice  a  writ- 
ing ;  to  ejaee  a  name. 

J.  To  destroy  any  impression  on  the  mind  ;  to 
wear  away  ;  as,  to  efface  the  image  of  a  jwrson  in 
the  mind  ;  to  efface  idean  or  thoughts  ;  to  efface  fifniti- 
tude,  Dryden. 

To  deface  U  to  injure  or  imimir  a  figiirc  ;  to  effiice  is 
to  nib  out  or  destroy,  so  as  to  render  invisible. 

EF-FAU'^D,  (cf-Qsie',)  pp.  Rubbed  or  worn  out; 
destroyed,  as  a  figure  or  iinprcs:iion. 

r.F-KACE'ME.NT,  n.     Act  of  eOaclng. 

KF-FAC'I.NG,  ppr.  or  n.  Destroying  a  figure,  char- 
acter, or  impression,  on  any  thins. 

EF-FAS'CI-NATE,  v.  t.  To  chann ;  to  bewitch. 
iObf.]     [.See  Fa.cisate.] 

EF  FAri-CI-.NA'TlOX,  n.  The  art  of  being  \)c- 
witched  or  deluded.  Shelford, 

EF-FEGT',  n.  [I*  rffecttu,  from  effcio;  ex  and /ocio, 
to  make  ;  It.  effeUo ;  Fr.  tffet.] 


y:vv 

1.  That  which  is  produced  by  an  agent  or  cause  ; 
ns,  the  effect  of  luxur>'  ;  the  effect  of  intempeRince. 
Poverty,  disease,  ajid  disgrace,  lue  the  natural  fffeelt 
of  dissipation. 

2.  Consequence ;  event. 


To  ny  UtAt  n  campoftiiva  !•  iinpcrfiMt,  : 
ftutlwr  U  a  nun. 


in  ^ift  to  uy  U» 
Ancn. 


3.  Purpose  ;  general  intent. 

Tlvjr  spoke  to  brr  to  (Uil  ifftcl.  —  2  Cbn.>ti,  xiitv. 

't.  Consequence  intended ;  utility  ;  profit ;  advan- 
tage. 

Chrb*  b  beOMue  of  no  ^tcl  to  yon.  — ti*I.  *. 

.*>.  Force;  \'alidity.    The  obligation  is  void  and  of 
G.  Completion    perfection.  [no  rffeeL 

Not  10   wortliUy  to  In  lirooftit  to  lieiolcil  ifftet  by  ffrtnit^  or 
nrOTHlty.  A'idnry. 

7.  Ueolity ;  not  mere  appearance  ;  foci. 

No  I'lhcr  iu  tffett  Qixa  «hit  II  •rcmi.  DmKam, 

6.  In  the  plural,  efftcttt  are  goods  ;  movables  ;  per- 
sonal estate.  The  |»eoplo  escaped  from  the  loivo 
witll  their  effects. 

9.  In  painting,  truthful  imitation,  hlghtened  and 
rendered  more  impressive,  chiefiy  by  the  arlilices  trf 
light,  shade,  and  color.  Jocelyn. 

Hence,  to  do  any  thing  for  ^ect,  is  to  do  it  for  the 
purpot^e  of  hightening  or  exaggerating. 
EF-FECT',  V.  t.     [from  the  noun.]    To  prodnre,  as  a 
cause  or  agent ;  to  cause  to  be.    The  revolution  In 
France  effected  a  great  change  of  property. 

2.  To  bring  to  pass;  to  achieve;  to  accomplish; 
as,  to  effect  an  object  or  puriwse. 
EF-FECT'ED,  pp.    Done  ;  p^-rformed  ;  accomplished. 
EF-FECT'I-BLE,  a.     That  may  be  done  or  achieved  ; 

practicable  ;  feasible.  Broien. 

EF-FECT'ING,  ppr.      Producing  ;    performing  ;    ac- 
complishing. 
EF-FEC'TIOX,  n.    Creation  or  production. 

2,  The  geometrical  construction  of  a  proposition; 
a  problem  or  praxis  drawn  from  some  general  pro{K>- 
sition. 
EF-FECT'l  VE,  a.    Having  the  power  to  cause  or  pro- 
duce ;  efficacious. 

Tlicy  arc  not  tffte^oe  of  any  Ihiii^.  ItacoH. 

2.  Operative ;  active ;  having  the  quality  of  pro- 
ducing effects. 

Time  Is  not  ^ective,  nor  on  bodlea  deiUvyctl  17  [(.      Drotm. 

3.  Efficient ;  causing  to  be  ;  as,  an  effective  cause. 

Taylor, 

4.  Having  the  power  of  active  operation  ;  able ; 
fit  for  service  ;  as,  effective  men  in  an  army ;  an  tf- 
fective  force. 

EF-FECT'IVE-LY,  a^ic.  With  effect;  powerfully; 
witll  real  operation. 

Thia  effeeUvely  resisU  tJic  tlcTll.  Taylur. 

[In  this  sense,  Efkectuallt  is  generally  used.] 

CF-FECT'IVE-NESS,  n.  The  qenJity  of  being  effect- 
ive. 

LF  FECT'LESS,  a.  Without  effect;  without  advnn- 
lage  ;  iis^cless.  Shak. 

EF-FECT'OR,  n.  One  who  effects  ;  one  who  produced 
or  causes  ;  a  maker  or  creator.  Dcrham. 

EF-FECTS',  n.  pi.  Goods;  movables  ;  personal  e*- 
tale. 

EF-FECT'U-AL,  a.  Producing  an  effect,  or  the  effect 
desired  or"  intended ;  or  having  adequate  power  or 
force  to  produce  the  effect.  The  meann  employed 
were  effectual. 

Acconling  to  iJic  gift  of  the  grace  tt  Ood  ipTcn  me  hy  tha 
tffeaual  workiag  of  his  power.  ^  Ejth.  liT. 


2.  Veracious ;  expressive  of  facts. 


[JVot  used.] 
SAak. 


3.  Effectual  assassin,  in  Milford,  is  unusual  and  not 
well  authorized. 

EF-FECrMJ-AL-LY,  adv.  With  effect ;  «  fficacicuj-ly  ; 
in  a  manner  to  produce  the  intended  effect ;  ilmr- 
oughly.  The  weeds  on  land  for  grain  must  be  ef- 
fcctuaUii  subdued.     The  cilv  is  effrciuallii  guarded. 

EF-FEeT'U-ATE,  r.  ^     [Fr.  effrctuer.     fa:*:  EriECT.J 
To  bring  10  pass;  to  achieve;  to  accomplish  ;  to 
fulfil ;  as,  to  effectuate  a  pur[rosc  or  desire.     Sidney. 

EF-FECT-U-A' riON,  n      Act  of  effecting.   Dteight. 

KF-FECT'U-A-TED,  pp.     Accomplished. 

EF-FECT' l^A-T ING,  ppr.  Achieving  ;  performing 
to  effect. 

EF-FEM'I-xVA-CV,  11.  [from  effimmaU.]  The  mtfl- 
ness,  delicacy,  and  weaknei'S  in  men,  wliirh  are 
characterbiticof  the  female  sex,  but  which,  In  male*, 
arc  deemed  a  reproach ;  unmanly  delicacy  ;  woinnii- 
ish  softness  or  weakness.  JiliUor.. 

2.  Voluptuousness  ;  indulgence  in  unmanly  pleas- 
ures ;  lasciviousness.  Taylor. 

EF-FEM'I-NATE,  a.  [L.  tffj-minattis,  fiom  efftenmwr, 
to  grow  or  make  womanish,  from  famina,  a  ivonian. 
Sec  VVoma:*.] 

1.  Having  the  qualities  of  the  female  sex  ;  soft  or 
delicate  to  an  unmanly  degree  ;  tender  j  womanish  ; 
voluptuous. 

The  kill',  Ly  his  roliiptuons  life  mm!  mean  mantip',  l«c»me 
tfftmtnate,  ami  less  »cn»iM->  of  lionor.  Itoatt'. 

2.  Womanish ;  weak ;  resembling  the  practice  « 


FATE,  FAR,  FALl,  WH*T.— .METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  M.VRINE,  BHID.— NOTE.  DOVE,  MOVE,  WpLF.  BOOK-  — 
»80       " 


EFF 

qualiifc9  of  the  sex ;  as,  an  rffaninatc  peace ;  an  ef- 
fcminafe  life. 

3.  Womanlike;  tender;  in  a  sense  not  reprnacli- 

flll.  SA/ri- 

EF-FEJI'I-N.Vl-E,  r.  (.  To  make  womanish  ;\n  un- 
man ;  to  weaken ;  as,  to  effeminate  cliUdren.  Luche 

EF-FEM'I-N.iTE,  r.  i.  To  grow  womanish  or  weak  ■ 
to  melt  into  weakness. 


In  a  BlotlifuJ  peace  courage  will  effeminau.  Pope. 

EF-FEM'I-NJ-TEp  pp.    Made  or  become  womanish 
Ijt-t  li.il  l-n A 1  h.-L,ir,  adv.    In  a  womanish  manner 
weakly ;  softly. 

a.  l!y  means  of  a  woman ;  as,  rffcminaletu  van- 
l'"*'"''''-  Milton 

SE„    ■ '  '-■^■^-IING,  ppr.    Mcikins  wom.inish. 
EF-FE.M-1  XA'TION,  „.      The   state   of  one   grown 
womanisli  ;    the  state  of  being  weak  or  unmanlv 

Ei>-FE.\'DI,  n.  In  Turkish,  a  m,„lrr :  a  word  sub- 
jomed  to  the  names  of  persons,  in  token  of  respect 
correspondmg  to  maitrr,  monsieur;  applied  particu- 
larly to  learned  men  and  ecclesiastics.  It  also  occurs 
as  part  ot  the  titles  of  p.Titicular  officers  ;  as,  the  Reis 
Effendt,  who  is  principal  secretary  of  state.  P  Cur 
EF-FER-VESCE',  (ef-fer-ves',)  7.  t  [l!  ^er.l^L, 
from /crrra,  to  be  hot,  to  rage.  See  Fervent  1 
.  To  be  m  natural  commotion,  like  liquor  when  "en- 

Uy  boiling  ;  to  bubble  and  hiss,  as  fennentin"  liqu'brs 
I      or  any  fluid,  when  some  pan  escapes  in  a  gaseous 
I      form  ;  to  work,  as  new  wine. 
EF-FER-VES'CEXCE,  (cf-fer-ves'sens,)  „.     A  kind 
of  natural  ebullition  ;    tliat  commotion  of  a  fluid 
which  takes  place  when  some  part  of  the  mass  flies 
oir  in  a  gaseous  form,  producing  innumerable  small 
bubbles  ,  as,  the  effervesemec  or  working  of  new 
wine,  cider,  or  beer  ;    the   effervescence  of  a  carbo- 
nate with  nitric  acid. 
EF-FEK-VES;CE.\T,   a.     Gently  boiling  or  bubbling 

by  means  of  the  disengagement  of  gas.         Fnmr 
EF-FER-VES'CI-BLE,  a.    That  has  the  qii.alitof 'ef- 
fen-escmg;  capable  of  producing  cfleivescence. 

A  small  quoDtitr  of  ejervesciiile  iiutLT.  Kirtxin 

EF-FER-VES'CI.\G,  ppr.  or  a.    BoUing  ;  bubbling  by 
nieansofan  elastic  fluid  extricated  in  the  dissolution 
of  bodies. 
EF-FeTE',   a.     [L.  fjfid,.,,  effctns:  ex  and  fa:tus,  em- 
bryo.] ''         ' 

1.  Barren  ;  not  capable  of  producing  young,  as  an 
animal,  or  fruit,  as  the  earth.  An  animal  becomes 
effete  by  losing  the  power  of  conception.  The  cartli 
may  be  rendered  effete  by  drouth,  or  by  exhaustion  of 
'""''','>:•  .,  Kav.     Bentlcy. 

IT-  ^V  J,-°,'^,?,1'."''"'  'S"  ;  ^''  '^ff'"  sensuality.  SouUi. 
EF-FI-€.VCr0US,  (ef-fe-ka'shus,)  a.    [L.  e/caz,  frTm 
efficw.     See  Effect.] 

Effectual ;  productive  of  effects  ;  producing  the  ef- 
fect intended  ;  having  power  adequate  to  the  purpose 
Ssease'^  '  P""'""^"' '  ^'  ""  efficacious  remedy  for 
EF-FI-€A'CI0U3-LV,  adc.  ElTectually  ;  in  such  a 
manner  as  to  produce  the  eflect  desired.  We  say  a 
remedy  has  been  efficaciuushj  applied. 
EP-PI-€a'CIOUS-NESS,  n.    The  quality  of  bein.  of- 

^lllf,^-"?'  t     f^^P-  ="'*  "■  '■■^''™'  F'-'icte; 
Irom  L.  efftcax.]  * 

■  T"'^',".,  '"  Pi'O'ii'ce  eflects  ;  production  of  the  eflect 
intended  ;  as,  the  efficacy  of  the  gospel  in  converting 
men  from  sin  ;  the  efficacy  of  prayer  ;  the  efficaai  of 
medicine  in  counteracting  disease  ;  the  e^c^  of  Ma- 
nure in  fertilizing  land.  j/       j         .i 

EFFECT  f  (ef-fish'en-sy,)  j       from  efficio.    See 

„\'J^V"^^  °f  producing  eflects ;  a  causing  to  bo  or 
esist ;  effectual  agency. 

The  m.inner  of  this  divine  efidency  U  far  above  us.      Hooktr 

2.  Power  of  producing  the  efl'ect  intended  ;  active 
competent  power.  '-"•c, 

"^dfe!"^'' H^'^'  C'f-"^''''"'.)  <■•  Causing  effects  ;  pro- 
ducing ;  that  causes  any  thing  to  be  what  it  is.  The 
^#r,<-«  cause  is  that  which  produces  ;  the>„ai  cause 
IS  lliat  for  whicli  it  is  produced. 

whi!'lw!^';'"'^'  («'-"*"''="'.)  "■    The  agent  or  cause 
w  hich  produces  or  causes  to  exist. 
2.  He  that  makes. 

Ep'pfpp'rr^^-^^' '^''-    ^^^"h  eflect;  eflVctively. 

Jedi  '  "■  '•     ^°  "'^'"'  ''""'  "'  f""""^-     l-^'t 

EP-Flh;MTE,i,.,.     [I,  ,JJ.,„,  r#.,V,,.]       *""''"•• 

pi.  i.!^  '-'*-'  I'^G,  ppr.     Imaging. 
bianf;'-'  '""''''•  "^    The  a'ct  of  forming  in  resem- 

^^ild'fJ'  ?■   i^-  '■^^'?' ''"""  '^"'ro,  to  fashion  ;  ex 

1^  F^f;;']"  '^™  "'  ""■"'^ '  ^P-  "■  """  rr.  eff'^e. 

1.  The  image  or  likeness  of  a  person  ;  resemblance  ; 


rapc"."'f  ™4on"^  '"'"''""''  '■^^''»-<'  '""^  «■•' 
Portrait ;  likeness  ;  figure,  in  sculpture  or  paint- 


the'l.ea'ilnr'iL""'- '"■'"' k"  '■"P^^si™   representing 
tneliead  of  the  prince  who  struck  the  coin. 

/■<-  burn  or  hang  in  effigy,  is  to  burn  or  hang  an  im- 
age or  picture  of  the  .H^^rson  intended  to  be  "tcnl^^ 
disgraced,  or  degraded.  In  France,  when  a  criminal 
can  not  be  apprehended,  his  picturj  is  hun»  on  a  gaU 
lows  or  gibbet,  at  the  bottom  of  which  is  wrilt™  his 
sentence  of  condemnation.  /.•„™/ 

EF-FL..\0'I-TaTE,..,.     11..  ell!a.ilo.]  ■'"■''■ 

T-r-  ,5,°-''^'^?"''  •'■'"•estly.     [M-ol  used.] 
EF-FL.aTE',  v.  t.     [L.  rffio.]  ' 

To  till  with  breath  or  air.     riiH^  used  1 
EF-FLO-RESCE'   fef-flo-res'  1  ,•       r r    Im^ 

fl^ rt  , '  i,    "o-res  ,;  i.t.  [It.  p^toresco,  from 

^OT-c^co,  Jloreo,  to  blossom,  Jlas,  a  flower.    See  Flow- 

1.  In  chemistry,  to  form  a  mealy  powrler  on  the 
Ur^^i  f^"^""'^  pnlvenilent  or  dustv  on  thes  r- 
co-sialll'atlon""'  *"'"""  "^  '°^"'=  '"-"vater  of 

,-,7{J°,:!T\^'^T  ^S"''-"'""  on  the  surface;  or 
rather  to  shoot  out  minute  spicular  crj'stals  ;  as,  the 
eJHorescenee  of  salts  on  iila^ter 

'^e;f.'"°'/J^^'*^^^'^'^'  "•  I"  '■'"'"V'  "'e  time  of  flow- 
somf '  ^'^"^°"  "  "  "  '''^"'  ^''""'^  '"^  '■'■"'  '''os- 
>i  r'/'"""^  pl'tisicians,  a  redness  of  the  skiiiT'cri'ip- 
tions;  as  in  rash,  measles,  small-pox,  scarlatina,  &J^ 

„n  ,i,r  !?"';■  u'"..'''""'"''""  of  ^  mealy  powder 
on  the  surface  of  bodies;  also,  the  formation  of  mi- 
nute spicular  crystals,  called  sometimes  fioi^e^-s,  or 

or  spicula; ;  forming  a  white  dust  on  the  surface 

.,„'^h""i"''"°  °t"''  "'="  "-l^ch  flows  or  issues  from 
any  body  or  substance. 

Brigiht  ejlaince  of  bright  essence  iocteale.  Mi:im 

EF'FLU-EN'T,  «.    Flowing  out. 

"^o"fl"o?vTtVt!^'l'ee-I^E^i.^^^^""-  f-  ^™»  *-' 
.vh  '1"  P""""-'  fiid  often  invisible  particles  which 
exhale  from  most,  if  not  all,  terrestrial  bodies,  such 
as  the  odor  or  smell  of  plants,  and  the  noxious  exha- 
veSil'-^SblSces.  '"'""^"  putrefying  animal  or 

EF'FLUX,  „      [L.  efflnxus,  from  egluo,  to  How  out.] 
1.  Tile  act  of  flowing  out,  or  issuing  in  a  stream  • 
as  an  f/J,iz  of  matter  from  an  ulcer.  Barve, 

nietV  " '   "'"'' '   ''^'  ""^    "'"'  '-^"^  "''  ""^"'^ 

o    n'i,„,      ,  -  ,   a  Hammond. 

J.  i  hat  which  flows  out ;  emanation. 


Light  —  ejlux  divine. 
EF-FLUX',  t>.  I.    To  run  or  flow  away 


TViouison, 


EF-FLUX'ION,  (ef-fluk'shun,)  a. 
effuo.] 

1.  The  act  of  flowing  out. 

2.  That  \\  liich  flows  out ;  effluvium 


[JVot  K.wrf.] 

B,„jle. 
[Ij.  (ffluxum,  from 


Brvwn, 
emanation. 

Pp"K^AR%^'"^"^'''-riP'58'"S'  """S'omed  to  dig!"' 
i.r-toRCE',  B.  (.     [Fr.  fi?orcfr,  from/orcp.l 
1.  lo  force;  to  break  through  by  violence. 

.1    T,    ^  .  .  Spenser. 

3.  To  force;  to  ravish.  s),,„,„, 

3.  To  strain  ;  to  exert  with  eff-ort.  Spenser. 

I  this  word  IS  now  rarely  used;  perhaps  never 
,-I^^^P,i;?,P°<""^-     Wo  now  use  Force.] 
hF-b  ORJ  ',  V.  t.     [Uomform.]    To  fashion  ;  to  shape 
„„  i}'"'  ""=^  ^^0  now  use  Form.]  \Tanl„r 

EF^POKM-A'TION,  „.    The  acl  of  giving' SipL  or 

[W'e  now  use  FonMiTion.l  '■'' 

EP'ii-oRT,   „.      [Fr.    effort  ;    It.   sforzo  ;    from   fort 
strong,  L.  fortis.    See  Force.]  ' 

A  straining;  an  e.xerlion  of  strength ;  endeavor- 
s  renuoiis  exertion  to  accomplish  an  object ;  applica- 
die  to  physical  or  mtcUectual  power.  The  amiv  bv 
great  efforts,  scaled  the  walls.     Distinction  in  science 

EF'FoRP-LESS,  ,1.     Making  no  cfibrt. 
EF-FOS'SI0x\,  (ef-fosh'un,)  n.     [L.  effoss,is,  from   ,/- 

/0(/lO,  to  dig  out.]  L  ^  ,  €y 

The  act  of  digging  out  of  tUe  earth  ;  as,  the  emis- 
sion of  corns.  alh>.,r... 
EF-FRAxN'CHISE,  (-chi..)  „.  ,.    To  invesf  w  thTan- 

FPPR'sv''',"f'-?r-         r^  Dc  Toaiueome 

^'^"V'^>  '  (-f'^  •)  "■  «■     [Ft.  effrayer.] 

To  frighten.     [JVof  in  use.]  Somber 

'^fJR-^'Y'A-BLEl  a.     FrightVul ;  dreadful.  '(Tw-n, 

™f^^'^'™^'  "■    fL-  '#'-^««-,  from/™,;;;  a  I 


Unbridled  rashness  or  license  ;  unruliness 
>^™N;;;;ER.Y,(ef,rnnt'cr.y,,  „.     [Fr.  i^^V™^^, 

siurln;!!™"?'!,"^"""""''  s'l'melcss  boldncss ; 
mod,  ,.„V  ,''?'''"<^^»  ininsgressing  the  bounds  of 
ill  breeXin"    """'"""■    -^JTr-Tntm,  is  a  .are  mark  of 

"^^al'^S^}!'""''''^  "•  -    [^  '■^■^^».-  -  -d  fiU. 

spiendor!"'  ■"""''  "  ""'"'  '"'  "S"' '  '°  "'^"^  ""'• 
EF-FLTL'GE.NCE,  n.    A  flood  of  light;  great   luster 

an  ,h;.,l   w  M    "^""'."'^  superlative  siCTification,  and 

tr'sifpreme'nSg.""  ''"''"">'."'  "■'  -  -J  ■» 

EF-FI;L'0E.\T,  n.     Shining;   bright;   snicndid  ■  dif. 

PF  PW'Vrvr'f!'^''','  V''""  "/<"-«  ««™ 
ner  '        l-V  ,<,</c.  In  a  bright  or  splendid  man- 

EF-FUL'tilNG,  ppr.    Sending  out  a  flood  of  light 
"in'^S^^fl^iir:""-    T..e,nali.yoffeff 

PP  pr«i"',.Vc-  '^h-^"'"'";]    ToiKiurout.    Im,.] 
cz  and  /undo,  lo  ptnir.] 
To  iinur  out  as  a  fluid ;  to  spill ;  to  shed. 

Witli  ju.hiug  blood  iju4id.  M!Un. 

EF-FOSE',  a.    Dissijiatcd ;  profuse.    [JVat  m  «.«.] 

or         .       ,  ,  ■  Ricltardaon. 

v-c  r.'-I,^  natural  history,  spreading  loosely. 

EP  fpI  ilv'-  ^IST^',^  ri'-    '■"""•o  »>"    «i'cd. 

din-  '  C'f-'"^  '"?■'  «"■•    Pouring  out;   shed- 

3.  The  pouring  out  of  words.  Hooker. 

4.  llie  act  ot  pouring  out  or  bestowing  divine  in- 
fluence;  as,  the  effusions  of  the  Holy  Spirit;  c#"- 
510/15  of  grace.  i*"','.ytt 

5.  That  which  is  poured  out. 

Wash  me  with  that  precious  ejunon,  ,nj  I  .|„I|  be  «luler  IK^o 
°    ■  Kins  Chart,,. 

FP  pr,^«IVP  ''°"p"°"-     f-^'"' "«''•]  Hammond. 

t.t-m'SI\E,a.   Pouring  out;  that  pours  forth  largely 

The  effatice  south.  Thomson. 

EP-FO'SIVE-LY,  adn.    In  an  effusive  manner. 
El'  1 ,  V.     [Sax.  cfeta.] 

The  popular  name  of  the  Laccrta  Seps  of  Linns- 
-i,  a  Saurian  reptile. 

^f oj'sT'''  '^''■'"■'  ^"°"  '^^"''  '''^"'"  '  ™°"  •  i"'<^'<'y 

■^soofo    ■'■*''  "*■    ^^''■''"  '^'  """'  ""'"  •'"*•'"""«' 
Soon  afterward  ;  in  a  short  lime.    [Ois.]  Sprasn- 
t.  G.    [frcnp/i  ^-ratia.]    For  the  s.ake  of  an  example 

for  instance.  '     * 

E-GAD',  cxdam.    Qu.  Ch.  Ijn,  a  lucky  star,  good  for- 
_  tune,  as  we  say,  my  stars! 
f'fi^h^   \  "■    ^"  '"'P'^'ious  flood  ;  an  irregular  tide. 

EG;E-RAN,  II.     (from  >:»rr,  in  Bohenii.T.]   A  subspe- 
cies of  pyramidical  garnet,  of  a  reddish  brown  color. 
T^  i.'^J.'^,""  "i-'ssive,  sometimes  cr^•sLallize(l.         Vre. 
g-$S?4^,  "-'*'-^™.     [Xot  used.]   -See  Germinate. 
t-Gi-bl ',  I!.  (.     [L.  en-«tii,;i,  from  crtro.] 

r,  ^■T"^™'"'  ""■""'  "'"  >  'o  ^'"'<'.  ■■>«  excrement 
p  ,?ri-i-  ,  w!  ''''■     ^'•'J:'-  ""■  """"■"  ""'•  [Bacon. 

^^J4.\\^.'  Pf-    C''>s>>ns  or  throwing  out. 
L-GE»'TI0X,  (e-jes'chun,)  „.     [L.  egestio.] 

i  lie  act  of  voiding  digested  matter  al  Uie  natural 

EGG,  n.    [Sax.  <ro^ ;  G.  and  D.  ei :  Svr.  dgir ;  D.an.'cv 
Uii.  L.  ovum,  by  a  change  of  jj  into  c  .-  W.  iru ;  -Vrm' 


TOME.  BIJLL,  UNITE. -AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.-e  u  K; 


....,  .,;  ..  vuui.go  oi  g  luio  V  :  vv.  icy ;  .vrm. 

ir.  11^/1 ,  Russ.  ifcro,  eggs,  and  the  fat  or  calf  of 
the  leg.l 

A  boily  formed  in  the  females  of  birds  and  certain 
oilier  animals,  containing  an  embrj'o  or  fetus  of  the 
same  species,  or  the  substance  from  which  a  like 
animal  is  produced.  The  eggs  of  fowls,  when  laid 
are  covered  with  a  shell,  and  within  is  the  while  or 
albumen,  which  incloses  the  velk  or  vellow  snb- 
sumce.  The  eggs  of  fish  and  some  oliier  animals 
are  united  by  a  viscous  substance,  amf'called  .^poi-ii. 
Jlost  insects  are  oviparous. 

EGG'BIRD,  (-burd,)  „.    A  fowl,  a  species  of  tern. 

rr'r'i  z^tth  Cock^s  Voyages. 

iiJjG  -t-UP,  n.    A  cup  used  for  eating  e=gs  al  table. 

rr^S  r    '  "■     °"*  "■''"  '■■-'^citcs.  Sterieood. 

J;GG  IiNG,  n.     Incitement.  CIcarcIand. 

'■gG'-NOG,  n.  A  drink  used  in  America,  consisting 
of  the  yelks  of  eggs  beaten  up  with  sugar  and  the 
whites  of  eggs  whipped,  with  the  .addition  of  wine 
or  spirits.  In  Scotland,  milk  is  added,  and  it  is  then 
called  auld  viands  milk. 

EGG'-PLANT,  n.    A  plant  allied  to  tlie  tomato,  and 


G  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  ClI  as  SIl ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


3«1 


EH 


EJE 


brarInK  » 


I.  ol 
£'01 


•auMXfa  Miit,  ihaniNl  like  an  egg,  uwd  in 

I',  ii  tf>>-  S> !  irturii  Riculentum  or  LlnoBua. 
■.•\ifm. 

I'll  nr  ouUlde  covrrinK  of 
.ttM'giI"|».       [tturgg. 


rcaiUliUfl  of  the 

,  lu.J;-.  0»*C. 

,  ilt-lVnslve  rumor.     [8«»  jf.oii.] 
s,  a.     L«  nrg.  and  ffaxJii/tfiu.] 

EO'LAN  TINE,  (nn*  «-*'".)  " 

.  »._^...  .  (J  piani  Iwar- 

\i 

•UL-kl:.  .      „, 

E-<;i.<)M'KR  XTE,  r.  I.    [Sw  Gloubkate  J    To  un- 

win.!.  .1-  :i  rtir.  .fl  ffi.m  a  ball. 
P.'4J« '  ;  - 

1  who  thinks  every  thing  un- 

=:.-'nrr.  Bitzter. 

■  :i  man  lo  con- 
'    -.  iiwn  iM^r.'ton, 
:   iti  ihi'  wiirld. 
iii-nslve  than 
JefftTipn, 
[from  L.  ff^o,  I.]    A   name   [livon  lo 


[Pr.  tftantifr; 

iir  iwet'l  brier  ; 

r. 

fill  improperly  to  tlip  honey- 
Bratiite. 


Cff 


Ml-r-i 


an<l  ' 
ThiH  U'-nl 

E'GO  1ST,  I       ,  ^   ,      . 

certain  followom  of  IVs  t'nrli-s,  who  l»ltl  liio  opin- 
lun  thai  ihi  y  were  uncertain  of  tVtT>' thing  I'xccpi 
thfir  own  ciwtmco,  anil  tlio  opiTaliuns  and  liU-iw  of 
tlu'ir  own  mlnd«.  Reul, 

KCA'ITY,  B.     Pt-rKonalily.     [M>t  authorizedA    Si^i/l. 

P,'i;o-TI*M,  «.    [Ft.  igoisme;  Sp.  effoismo  ;  from  L. 
f/i',  I.J 

/'rmari/y,  the  practice  of  too  (Veqiipntly  uslnp  tho 
won!  /.  H'Ttcr,  a  speaking  or  writing  much  of 
on< '  "  i'T^iisc  ;  nelf-coramiMidation  ;  the  act 

or  ,  :iiifylnB  one'u  Bclf,or  nmking  one's 

%fU  ■■.    '  S}tectator. 

A  ikj^ni^c  ii,,:u'n  of  character.  Dtiig^t  on  JOuWin; . 

This  word  has  sometimes  been  used  in  a  still 
stronger  st-nsc,  to  di-nolr  a  passionate  love  of  self, 
like  titc  word  etfoism^  which  see. 
ft'GO-TIST.  n.    One  who  repeats  tJie  word  /  very 
oft,  r  -     'itlon  or  writing;  one   who  speaks 

nr  r  mncnifitK  his  own  achievements  ; 

nil-  I  im<ic.lf  the  hero  of  every  T^lo. 

E-i;*-'i  i.-i  It., 

E-GO-TIST'lt-.\I 

Q.  CTontainlnc  egotism. 
ft'CO-TIZE,  r.  L    To  talk  or  write  much  of  one's 

(tolf ;  to  make  prcicnHions  to  self-importance. 
E-CRk'6I0U3,  (L'-gre'juii,)  a.    [h.  efrrt/riiUy  supposed 
to  be  from  f,  or  «,  grfff'^i  from,  or  out  of,  or  beyond, 
the  herd,  sotcct.  choice.] 

1.  Krament;  remarkable;  extraordinary;  distln- 
gulffhed  ;  n»,  ri^re^tnta  expIoiLi ;  an  rgreiriouj  prince. 
But,  in  this  stnsc,  it  is  si-ldom  npplied  to  ixTsons. 

a.  In  a  bad  ^nur,  great ;  exlriurdinary  ;  remarka- 
ble ;  enormous  ;  as^  an  e^t^ious  mistake  ;  egrefriout 
contempt.     In  this  sense,  it  i-«  often  apphento  per- 
sons ;   as,  an  tgrfgiims  rascal ;   an  egregioxis  mur- 
derer 
E-GRe'GIOUS-LY,ii^c.  Greatly;  cnonnoualy  ;  shame- 
fully ;  vmalltj  rn  a  bail  fmse  :   a«,   be   i^  egregifnultf 
Mi.,i-.L-...i  ;  they  were  rgrfgioujilt/  cheated. 
•ri4-5,tSS,  n.    The   "  "      '  "  ' 
:ir>'. 

[L.  fjTTW^iu',  from  fgredior  ;  e  and  gra- 
'■  p,  Sw.  reja,  Ilan.  rr;.«rr.] 
I  of  going  ur  issuing  out,  or  tho  power  of 
-  ,    .    -.^  from  any  inclosed  or  confined  place. 


EI'DER,  (I'der.)  i  ^     rp.  -n^  a„  «j-  i 
EI'DER-DUCK,!"-    IG.  and  8w.  wdfl-.j 

A  species  of  sea  duck,  producing  uncommonly 

fine  down,  found  in  the  Shetland  Tsles,  the  Ork- 
neys, &c. 
EI'I»EIt-l>i»\VN,  n.    Down  or  soft  feathers  of  the 

eider-duck. 
EI-UOU-R.4'MON,  M.   [Gr.  ttSof^  form,  and  ovpavioij 

heaven.] 
A  repn'sentatlon  of  the  heavens. 
BIGII,  (i.)  rtclam.     An  cxpn'sslon  of  sudden  delight. 
BIGHT,  (ale,)  u.     [^i\\.  ahta,  mAM,  or  rhta  i  O.   aeht; 

I),  agt;  Hw.  oUa;  I>an.  oite ;  iJuth.  oAfou  ;  I-  octo -, 

Gr.  y«rut;   It.  otto;   Hp.  ofhot    Port,  oito  ;  Fr.  Am(  ; 

Ami.   rih  or  ft:  i  Ir.  ccA! ;  \V.  uuth  or  vytk;  Corn. 

tatA  :  Gi|My,  othto  i  Hindoo,  aute.] 
Twin*  ftMir ;  exprrsning  tho  number  twice  four 

p,....  ...    t  .   ...  „,^l[,>  right. 

Bli;i,  .  .n,)  a.     Ki;:Iit  and  ten  united. 

gh.!  ,   n.      A  ruinix.und  of  the   EngliKh 

fi;.,.,     ,  a.-  last  syllable  of  the   Ijilin  drcimo, 

morv  prniKrly  oetoihewio ;  deniiitng  the  til/.eof  n  book 

In  w  Iiuli  a  sIk  el  in  doubted  into  eit^hleen  leaves. 
eiGIIT'EKNTII,  (u'leentU,)  «.     The   next   in  order 

after  the  seventi-entli. 
EIGHT'FOLU,  (iio'fuld,)  a.    Eight  llnies  the  number 

or  tiuaiitity. 
BIGH'I'M,  (itlh.)  a.     Noting    the  number  eichl ;  the 

number  next  after  seven  ;  the  ordinal  of  eight. 
BIGHTM,  n.     In  mii.«ic,  an  interval  coniposL-d  of  five 

luneH  mill  two  tieniltoned.  Eneyc, 

BIGHTU'LV,  (aitli'ly,)  ci//e.     In  the  eighth  place. 
BIGnT'I-i:Ti!,(n'it-<ih,)rt.    [frouiciy/i^!/.]    Tho  next 

in  order  to  tlie  Meveniy  ninth  ;  the  eichlh  tenth. 
BIGIIT'se'oUK,  (ale'Hkure,)  a,  or  n,     [tight  and  score ; 

score  ii*  a  notch  noting  twenty.]    Eight  timca  twenty  ; 

a  hundred  and  eixty. 
BIGin'Y,  (fi'iy,)  a.    Eight  times  ten ;  fourscore. 
BIGXE,  (une)  a.     [Vorm.  aisnr.] 

1.  Eldest;  an  epithet  used  in  law  to  denote  llie 
elde.1t  son  ;  as,  bastaril  eigne.  Black^tone. 

2.  Unalienable ;  entailed  ;  belonging  to  the  eldest 
son.     [.Vol  ujted.] 

'-    :.) 


Addicted  to  egotism. 


,  entailed  , 

Bacon 
Vinegar.     [J^Tot  in  use.]    .More. 


[G.,  iron-crcnm.]     Tho  red  and 
III  '         ■        •  ■  '    — 


fho  state  of  being  great  or 


G*u»  of  iMmJor  adtmaot, 
Otmal  aret  n,  protilnl  all  tgmt. 


Miiton. 


II 


-'ON',  (c-greah'un,)  n.     [L.  egrcMto.] 
t  of  going  out  from  any  inclosuro  or  place  of 
nt.  Pope. 

One  who  goes  out. 
•    ni'jTtUe.] 
white  heron,  a  bird  of  iho  genus 
lilt  fowl,  with  a  white  body,  and  a 
I.  Kiteye. 

'he  fl)ing,  feather)',  or  hair)-  crown 
town  of  the  thiHtle. 
A  tuft  of  fi'nihcm,  diamonds,  &c. ; 
-i1i!">n<.     [See  Aioiii:ttk.] 
-',  sour.] 

Bacon. 

n.>    (t.      ffrom    EgTfpU    ^*f- 

■'.  from  the  name 

.  gimnlrd,  forti- 

■'   .Vejr,  Maior, 

^11 1  lien  a  fortress,  from 


E-4!»'»  r  ii-s.s.   ',      \ur\v.\r,>i  Egypt ;  also,  a  glpsT. 

E^SVIT'O-GAU-eA'SIAN,  n.  An  ancient  E<yptlan, 
so  railed  because  coDsidcn^  of  the  Cauraslan  fam- 
ily. Oliddon. 

6U,  czcim.     Denoting  inquiry  or  flight  surprise. 


EI'.-^EI,,  ».     rSax., 

ET'SEX-RAIl.M.  a, 
brown  eisennihm,  llic  scaly  red  and  brown  hema- 
tite. Clrattland. 

EIS-TEDD'FOD,  n.  [VV.  eisiedd,  to  sit.]  An  assem- 
bly of  Welsh  bards.  /'.  Cyc 

El'TIIEK,  (c'ther  or  I'ther.  The  former  is  the  pro- 
nunciatiim  givin  in  nearly  all  the  English  dictiona- 
ries, and  is  still  tho  prevading  one  in  Amtrira  ;  the 
latter  has,  *>f  late,  become  general  in  England.)  a,  or 
pron.  [Sax.  trgthrr^  egther;  D.  ydtr ;  G.  jeder;  If. 
uachtar.  This  word  seems  to  be  compound,  and 
the  first  syllable  to  be  the  sauio  as  each.  Bo  Sax. 
aghtctrr,  euf-h  vhrrre^  every  wliero.  Sax.  Chron.  An. 
UM,  1118.] 

1.  One  or  another  of  any  number.  Here  are  ten  or- 
anges ;  take  either  orange  of  tho  whole  number,  or 
take  eiOitT  of  them.  In  the  last  phrase,  cither  stands 
as  a  pronoun  or  substitute. 

2.  One  of  two.  This  sense  is  included  in  the  fore- 
going. 

I<rpl(lui  Ratu^n  both. 
Of  bod)  li  flattered  ;  but  Itc  neither  lovw, 
Nor  rilA*r  carr*  for  him.  Shal. 

3.  Each ;  every  one  separately  considered. 

Oh  either  lidc  of  the  ri»cr.  —  Iter.  «ii. 

4.  This  word,  when  applied  to  sentences  or  proim- 
sitions,  i.-*  called  a  diAributive  or  a  conjunctum.  It 
precedes  the  first  of  two  or  more  alU'mulivcs,  ami  is 
answered  by  or  before  the  second  or  succeeding  alter- 
natives. 

Eilhtr  he  U  tTlkinff,  or  h'.'  l»  nunulny,  or  h«  It  oa  ft  Journey, 
or  pcrbap"  be  iTecpcth.  —  I  Kinpi  xviii. 

In  this  sense,  either  refers  to  each  of  tho  succeed- 
ing clauses  of  tho  sentence. 
EJ.Ve'U-LATE,  V.  U      [L.  cjamloTy  from  jaculor^  to 
throw  or  dart,  jaeii/um,  a  dart,  from  ja<:i»,  to  throw.] 
To  throw  out ;  to  cast ;  to  shoot ;  to  dart ;  as,  rays 
of  light  ejaculated.  Blackmore. 

It  is  now  seldom  used,  except  to  express  the  utu-r- 
nnce  of  a  short  prayer  ;  as,  he  ejaculated  a  few  word:?. 
E-JAe'U-LA-TED,  jip.    Short;  thrown  out;  uttered. 
E-JA€'U-I..A-TING,/y»r.    Throwing;  darting;  shoot- 
ing. 
E-J.\€  ^  LA'TIOiN,  Ti.    The  act  of  throwing  or  dart- 
ing out  w  ith  a  sudden  force  and  raftid  llight ;  as,  tlie 
rjacutation  of  light.  Bacon. 

r  77ii,*  sntse  is  nearly  objoUte.] 

2.  'l"he  uttering  of  a  short  prayer ;  or  a  short  occa- 
sional prayer  uttered.  Taylor. 

E-JA€'r'-LA-TO-RV,  a.     Suddenly   darted   out;   ut- 
tered in  short  sentences ;  as,  an  ejaeulaiory  prayer  or 
petition. 
9.  Sudden  ;  hasty  ;  as,  ejaadatory  repentance. 

3.  Canting;  throwing  out.  [L^lCArange. 
E-JECT',r.  t.    [L.efieiOfrjectum  ;  eand  jacio,  to  tlirow, 

Fr.  jrf^,  L.jflc//>.] 

1.  To  throw  out;  to  cast  fortli ;  U)  thrust  out,  as 
from  a  pbce  inrlnsed  ur  confined.     Sandys.     SovtJt, 

2.  To  discliargc  through  Ifao  natural  passages  or 
cmunctorics  ;  to  evacuate.  Encyc 


E1.A 

3.  To  throw  out  ore\|>*I  from  an  office  ;  to  dismiss 
from  ail  otfice  ;  to  turn  out ;  a"*,  to  rject  a  clergyman 

4.  To  dis]>osscss  of  land  ur  estate. 

5.  'I'o  drive  away  ;  to  expel  j  to  di^'miits  w  ith  bt> 
tred.  Shak, 

i).  To  cast  away  ;  to  reject ;  to  banish ;  a.s,  to  Hett 

words  from  a  language.  Sie(tl, 

E-JECT'ED.i'p.   Thrown  out ;  thrnst  out ;  dUchargi*d ; 

evacuated  ;   expelled  ;  dismissed  ;  diii{M)S8eBSed  ;  n* 

Jened. 
E-JECT'ING,  ^r.    Casting  out;  discharging;  ffvaCQ- 

aling  ;  exiwlling;  dispossessing;  rejecting. 
EJEf'TlON,  H,     [L.  rjectio.] 

1.  The  net  of  casting  out ;  expulsion. 

2.  Dimnissitui  from  oilice. 

3.  DisposxQ.'ision ;  a  turning  out  from  {tunrtRli  n 
by  fores  tir  autliuriiy. 

■I.  The  diriclmrge  of  any  excremenlitioutt  mill,  r 
through  the  [Hires  or  other  emunctorles  ;  fvarutili.n 
vipuiitiiig;  diKchurge  by  i^tttol. 

E-JiX'T'.MF,\T,  n.     Literally,  a  casting  out ;  a  dl-'j-ii 
ses.-'ion. 

2.  In  lavi,  n  writ  or  action  which  liis  for  the  rrccir- 
t'T\  of  ntwsesslon  of  land  fnun  w  hieh  the  owner  luu 
been  ejected,  and  for  trial  of  Ii?li'.  I'Jr.tnunt  iiii\ 
be  brought  by  the  lessor  against  the  U-Ki-e  for  rent  m 
arrear,  or  for  holding  over  bi>J  term  ;  :il--it  \-\  tli-  i  • 
see  for  years,  who  bus  been  ejected  befori  i 
tion  of  his  tenn. 

E-JEeT'OK,  71.  One  who  ejects  or  dlsiws.-'. 
er  of  hid  land.  / 

EJ-li-LA'TIO,\,  n.  [L.  rjxtlatio,  fnun  eju' 
yell,  to  wail.  Perha|>8^  n^preseriLs  j^'^  im 
may  "be  radically  one  with  yrll.  Sax.  gteW. 

Ontcrj';  a  wailing;  a  loud  erj-  expre. 
or  pain  ;  mourning;  lamentation. 

l":KE,  V.  t.     [Sax.  eacaji:  Sw.  tfka;  Dan.  u^'.r.     1 ;. 
primar}'  Bense  is  to  add,  or  to  ^'irctcb,  exteinj,  i.i 
crease.     Qu.  L.  augeo.    The  latter  seems  to  be  tbi; 
Eng.  to  vfox.] 

1.  To  increase;  to  enlarge;  as,  to  eke  a  store  tt 
provisions.  Spnutr, 

2.  To  add  to ;  to  supply  what  is  wanted ;  to  en- 
large by  addition  ;  souielimcs  with  out;  us,  lu  tke  or 
eke  out  a  piece  of  cloth  ;  to  eke  out  a  |>erformanco. 

Pope. 

3.  To  lengthen;  to  prolong;  as,  to  rice  ottf  the  time. 

S/iat 

£KE,  adv.  [Sax.  eac ;  D.  ook ;  G.  aueh  ;  Sw.  ocA .  I>.in, 
og;  \V.  ac;  L.  ae,  and,  also.  This  seems  to  \h-  Hi. 
same  word  as  tltc  verb,  and  to  denote  add,  Join,  er 


addition.    Ch.  nnN,  to  join.] 
Also;  likewise;  in  addition. 

'Twill  If  pn-llf,io!u  lianl  to  nroro 

Tlinl  Uiii  u  tke  iJic  throne  of  love.  Prior. 

[This  word  Is  nearly  obsolete,  being  used  only  la 
_  poetry  of  the  familiar  ami  ludicrous  kind.] 
kK'KI),  (ekd, )u/i.     Increx-ied  ;  Ungthened. 
P.K'IXGjppr.     Increasing;  auiiuienling  ;  lengthening 
EK'ING,  n.    Increase  or  addition. 
E-hAB'O-RATE,  r.  (.     [L.  elaboro,  from  laborOf  labor. 
See  Ijabor.] 

1.  'i'o  produce  with  labor. 

Tly^y  in  full  ]ny  $la!tomU  n  ilgli.  Voun/. 

2.  To  improve  or  refine  by  successive  opcrationi. 
The  lieat  of  the  sun  dahoratej  the  juices  of  phmti,  | 
and  renders  the  fruit  more  perfect.  j 

E-LAIi'O-RATE,  «.     [I.  flah„rntus.]  \ 

Wrought  with  labor  ;  finished  with  great  diligcneej 
studied  ;  executed  with  exactness  ;  as,  on  cfofrontf* 
discourse  ;  an  elaborate  perfonnance. 

Drawn  to  the  li/c  In  each  tiahorou  p^g^.  WaOm. 

E:-LAB'0-RA-TED,  pp.  or  a,  Produced  with  labor  or 
study ;  improved. 

E-LAII'0-RATE-LY,aJp.  With  great  labor  or  sUidf; 
with  nice  regard  to  exactness. 

E-LAR'0-RATI>\ESS,  n.  The  (jtiality  of  bcingebb- 
orale  or  wrought  with  great  bilK^r.  .A-Amw. 

E-LAB'O-RA-TIN'G,  ppr.  Produced  with  labor;  Im- 
pro\ing  ;  refining  by  succes-sive  operation.^. 

E-L.\B-0-Ra'T10.\,  71.  Improvement  or  reftnemrnl 
by  successive  operations.  Rt*f» 

E-LAB'0-KA-TOR,  n.     One  who  elnbnrntofl. 

E-IiAB'O-RA-TO-RY,  fl.     Elaborating. 

E-LA-ID'ie  ACID,  n.  A  peculiar  acid  obulned  by 
the  saponification  of  cluidin.  /*•  Cye. 

IM..a'1-DIN,  n.  A  fatty  substance  produced  by  the  ac- 
tion of  nitric  acid  uimn  certain  oils,  especially  rostor 
(ijj,  Brandt. 

F^L.i'l.V.n.     [Gt.  i\a7in.i.\ 

The  liquid  principle  of  oils  and  fats.     Chevreid. 
[Smart  and  Ure  give  three  syllables  to  thi*  word.] 

E-LAMPaNG,  11.   [Sec  Lamp.]  Shining.  [AV(  in  ««^J 

E-LXNCE',  r.(.     [Tt.  elancery  lancer ^  from/aii«,or  m 
root.] 
To  throw  or  shoot ;  to  hurl ;  to  dnrt. 

WUHc  lliy  un?mng  haml  ilanrtrl  —  a  (Jjirt.  iWiT. 

E-IANCED,  (e-Ianst',)  p;).     Iluried  ;  darted. 
E-LANC'ING,  pp.     Hurling;  shooting. 
E'LAND,  n.    A  species  of  heavy,  clumsy  antelope  In 

Africa,  Barron. 

E-LA'O-LITE,  n.    [Gr.  cXaia,  an  olive.] 


FA'lE.  FAR,  Fi\LL.  WHAT.  — METE.  PRBV.  — PINE,  MAKtNB,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE.  MOVE,  WQLF,  BO<?K. 
^  — 


ELD 

A  variety  of  nepheline^  presenting  a  greasy  luster, 
and  gray,  grayish  green,  bluish  and  reddish  shades  of 
color.  Dana. 

E-LAP-I-DA'TION,  n.  [L.  elapido,  from  lapis,  a  stone.] 

A  clearing  away  of  stones. 
E-LAPSE',  (e-laps'j)  v.  i.     [L.  elapsus,  from  rlabor,  la- 
bor, to  slidt*.] 

To    slide,  slip,   or   elide  away ;   to   pass    away 
silently,  as  tiraej    applied  chirfiy  or  wholly  to  time. 
[Instead  of  Elapse,  the  noiui,  we  use  IJapse.] 
E-LAPS'£D,  (e-lapst',)  pp.    Slid  or  passed  away,  as 

lime. 
E-LAPS'ING,p;m-.    Sliding^  away  ;  gliding  or  passing 

away  siteiitlv,  as  time. 
E-LAa'lJK-ATE,  (e-lak'we-ate,)  v.  t.    [L.  laqiteus.] 

To  dis."ntancle. 
E-LAa'UE-A-TED,  pp.    Disentangled. 
E-LAa'UE-A-TrNG,  ppr.    Disentansling. 
E-LAS'TI€,        I  a.    [from  the  Gr.  £Aarocw,toimivl, 
E-L.VS'TIC-AL,  i    orcArtas  or  fAuui/w,  to  drive;    Fr. 
dastigue;  It.  and  Sp.  elasttco.'] 

Springing  back  ;  Iia^ing  the  power  of  reluming  to 
the  form  from  which  it  is  bent,  extended,  pressed,  or 
distorted;  having  the  inherent  property  of  r.'covcr- 
ing  its  fonner  figure,  after  any  external  jir.'ssure, 
which  has  altered  that  figure,  is  removed  ;  rebound- 
ing; flying  back.  Thus,  a  bow  is  elastic^  and  when 
the  force  which  bends  it  is  removed,  it  instantly  re- 
turns to  its  former  shape.  The  air  is  elastic ;  vapors 
are  elastic ;  and  when  llie  force  compressing  them  is 
removed,  they  instantly  expand  or  dilate,  and  recover 
their  former  state. 
E-LAS'TI€-AL-LY,  offp.    In  an  elastic  manner;  by 

an  elastic  power  ;  with  a  spring,  Lee. 

E-I.AS-TIC'I-TY,  71.  The  inherent  property  in  bodies 
by  which  they  recover  their  former  figure  or  state, 
after  external  pressure,  tension,  or  distortion.  Thus, 
f/a.-.((<;  gum,  extended,  will  contract  to  its  natural  di- 
mensions, when  the  force  is  removed.  Air,  when 
compressed,  will,  on  the  removal  of  the  compressing 
force,  instantly  dilate,  and  fill  its  fonner  space. 
E-LaTE',(I.     [L.  elaius.] 

Raised;  elevated  in  mind;  flushed,  as  with  suc- 
cess. Whence,  lofty  ;  haughty  ;  as,  elate  with  vic- 
tor?'. [It  is  iised  chiefly  in  poetrit.] 
E-L1TE',  v.  t.  To  raise  or  swell,  as  the  mtnd  or  spir- 
its ;  to  elevate  with  success  ;  to  puff  up ;  to  make 
proud. 
2.  To  raise;  to  exalt.     [Unusual.]  TJiomson. 

E-LaT'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Elevated  in  mind  or  spirits ; 
puffed  up;  as,  with  honor,  success,  or  prosperitv.  We 
s:iy,  dated  with  success  ;  elated  with  pride.  {This  is 
used  in  pros'".  \ 
E-LaTED-LY,  adv.  With  elation. 
E-LAT'ER-IN,  n.  The  active  principle  of  tlteelateri- 
nm,  from  which  the  latter  is  supposed  to  derive  its 
cathartjc  power.  Brande.     P.  Cyc. 

EL-A-Te'RI-UW,  71.    A  substance  deposited  from  the 
verj-  acrid  juice  cf  the  Momordica  elaterium,  wild 
cucumber.    It  is  in  thin  cakes,  of  a  greenish  color, 
and  bitter  taste,  and  is  a  powerftd  cathartic.   Brande. 
EL'A-TE-RY,  n.     [Gr.  iXareion.] 

Acting  force  or  elasticity  ;  as,  the  elatery  of  the  air. 
{Unusual^  Hay. 

E-LAT'ING,;»pr.    Elevating  in  mind  or  spirits. 
E-La'TION,   It.    An  inflation  or  elevation  of  mind 
proceeding  from  self-approbation  ;  self-esteem,  vanity, 
or  pride,  resulting  from  success.    Hence,  haughti- 
ness ;  pride  of  prosperity.  Attcrbury. 
E-LaT'OR,  n.    One  who  or  tliat  which  elates. 
EL'BoW,  ;i.     [Sax.    elnboga,    or    ehieboga;  ulna,    the 
arm,  the  ell,  and  boga,  bow  ;  contracted  into  tlboo-a, 
elbow;  G.  elbogen;  D.  elleboog;  Scot,  elbock,  elbudc] 
1.  Tlie  outer  angle  made  by  the  bend  of  the  arm. 

Encyc. 
The  win^  that  waft  our  riches  out  of  sight 
Grow  oa  ibe  gamester's  elbows.  Coioper. 

9.  Any  flexure  or  angle ;  the  obtuse  angle  of  a  wall, 
building,  or  road.  Encyc. 

3.  A  term  applied  to  the  upright  sides  which  flank 
any  paneled  work,  as  in  windows  below  the  shut- 
ters, &c.  Swifii 

To  be  at  the  clbovc.  Is  to  be  very  near ;  to  be  by  the 
side  ;  to  be  at  hand. 
EI/BdW,  F.  u     To  push  with  the  elbow.     Dryden. 

9.  To  push  or  drive  to  a  distance  ;  to  encroach  on. 

n«'U  elbow  out  hU  neig^hljora.  Dryden. 

EL'BoW,  V.  I.    To  jut  into  an  angle  ;  to  project:  to 

bend. 
EI/IioW-CHAlR,  n.     A  chair  with  arms  to  support 

the  elbows  ;  an  arm-chair.  Qay. 

EL'Ko'.V-ROOM,  71.    Room  to  extend  the  elbows  on 

cach^ide;   hence,  in  its  usual  acceptation,  freedom 

from  confinement ;  room  for  motion  or  action.   Shak. 

ei'IP-^^'"-^''^'  («l'*'oi^c,)pp.    Pushed  with  the  elbows. 

EL  »oW-I\G,  ppr.    Pushing  wirh  the  elbows  ;  driv- 

mgto  a  distance. 
ELD,  71.    [Sax.  eW,  orffi/rf,  oldage.    See  Old.] 

I.  Old  age  ;  decrepitude.     [Ofts.]  Spenser. 

a.  Old  people.  Chapman. 

3.  Old  times  ;  former  age. 

{1'his  word  is  entirely  obsolete.     But  its  derivativi 
Ei.DEB,  is  in  use.] 


ELE 


ELE 


ELD'ER,  0,      [Sax.  eldor,  the  comparative  degree  of 
eld,  now  written  old.    See  Old.] 

1.  Older;  senior;  having  lived  a  longer  time: 
bom,  produced,  or  fonned  before  something  else; 
opposed  to  younger. 

The  elder  ohnU  t^rve  the  yotmgpr.  — Gen.  ixv. 
Ilifl  eldtr  sun  w,\s  in  the  ri'-iJ,  —  I^uke  it. 

2.  Prior  in  origin  ;  preceding  in  the  date  of  a  com- 
mission ;  as,  an  elder  ofltcer  or  magistrate.  In  this 
sense,  we  generally  use  senior. 

ELD'ER,  n.    One  who  is  older  than  another  or  others. 

2.  An  ancestor. 

Cany  your  liead  as  jour  elders  h-ivc  doiic  tcforo  you. 

L'Ettrange. 

3.  A  person  advanced  in  life,  and  who,  on  account 
of  his  age,  experience,  and  wisdom,  is  selected  for 
office,  .\mong  rude  nations,  elderly  men  are  rulers, 
judges,  magistrates,  or  counselors.  Among  the  Jews, 
the  seventy  men  associated  with  Moses  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  the  people,  were  cldn-s.  In  the  first 
Christian  churches,  elders  were  persons  who  enjoyed 
offices  or  ecclesiastical  functions,  and  the  word  in- 
chules  apostles,  pastors,  teachers,  presbyters,  bi.sliops, 
or  overseers.  Peter  and  John  called  themselves  cid- 
ers. The  first  councils  of  Christians  were  called 
presbytena,  councils  of  ciders. 

In  the  modern  Presbyterian  churches,  eMers  are  offi- 
cers, who,  with  the  pastors  or  ministers,  compose  the 
chmch  sessions,  with  authority  to  inspect  and  regu- 
late matters  of  religion  and  discipline. 

In  the  first  churches  of  New  England,  the  pastors 
or  ministers  were  called  elders,  or  teaching-  elders; 
and  this  is  still  their  title  in  the  Baptist  churches. 
ELD'ER,  «.  [Sax.  ffWani;  S\\:  kyll,  or  hylletrd;  Dan. 
hijld,  or  kylde-trm ;  G.  holder,  or  ^hohlander.  It  seems 
to  be  named  from  hollowncss.] 

The  popular  name  of  a  genus  of  plants  called  by 

naturalists  Sambucus. 

ELD'ER-LY,  a.     Somewhat  old ;  advanced  beyond 

middle  age  ;  bordering  on  old  age  ;  as,  elderly  people. 

ELD'ER-SHIP,n.    Seniority;  the  state  of  being  older. 

Urydeii. 
9.  The  office  of  an  elder.  Eliot. 

3.  Presbytery  ;  order  of  elders.  Hooker. 

ELD'EST,  a.  [Sax.  ealdcst,  superlative  of  eld,  old.] 
Oldest :  most  advanced  in  age  ;  that  was  born  be- 
fore others  ;  as,  the  eldest  son  or  daughter.  It  seems 
to  be  always  applied  to  persons,  or  at  least  to  an  rmals, 
and  not  to  things.  If  ever  applied  to  things,  it  must 
signify,  that  was  first  formed  or  produced,  that  has 
existed  the  longest  time.  But  applied  to  things,  we 
use  oldest. 
ELD'ING,  7J.     [Sax  a;lan,  to  bum.] 

Fuel.    [Local.]  Grose. 

EL  DO-R.^'DO,  7(.  [Sp.,the  golden  region.]  A  fab- 
ulous region  in  the  interior  of  South  America,  sup- 
posed to  surpass  ail  others  in  the  richness  of  its  pro- 
ductions, especially  gold,  gems,  &c. 
EL'ORITCH,  a.  Hideous;  ghastly;  wild;  demoni- 
acal ;  as,  an  eldritch  shriek  ;  an  eldritch  laugh.  [.Scot- 
t«^-]  Burns. 

E-LE-AT'ie,  a.  An  epithet  given  to  a  certain  sect  of 
philosophers,  so  called  from  Elea,  or  Felia,  a  town 
on  the  western  coast  of  Lower  Italy  ;  as,  the  Eleatic 
sect  of  philosophy.  p.  Cifc. 

EL-E-CAM-PaNE',  71.  [D.  alant:  G.  alant  or  dlant- 
wuricl;  L.  helciiium,fTom  Gr.  fAsMoc,  which  signi- 
fies this  plant  and  a  feast  in  honor  of  Helen.  Pfiny 
informs  us  that  this  plant  was  so  called  because  it 
was  said  to  have  sprung  from  the  tears  of  Helen. 
The  last  part  of  the  word  is  from  the  Latin  campajia  ; 
Inula  campana.] 

The  popular  name  of  a  plant,  the  Inula  Helenium 
of  Linna;us,  of  a  pungent  taste,  and  formerly  of 
much  repute  as  a  stomachic. 
E-LECT',  r.  t.  [L.  electns,  from  eligo :  c,  or  cr,  and 
lego,  Gr.  Xi}  w,  to  choose  ;  Fr.  dire,  ftoin  eUgcre  ;  It. 
eleggerci  Sp.  clegir;  Port,  eleger.] 

1.  Properly,  to  pick  out ;  to  select  from  among  two 
or  more,  that  which  is  preferred.     Ilcnco, 

2.  To  select  or  take  for  an  office  or  employment ;  to 
choose  from  among  a  number ;  to  select  or  manifest 
preference  by  vote  or  designation  ;  as,  to  elect  a  rep- 
resentative by  ballot  or  viva  voce  ;  to  elect  a  president 
or  governor. 

3.  In  thcvlogy,  to  designate,  choose,  or  select  as  an 
object  of  mercy  or  favor. 

4.  To  choose;  to  prefer;  to  dett'rminc  in  favor  of. 
E1-LE€T',  a.      Chosen  ;    taken    by  preference    from 

among  two  or  more.     Ucnci:, 

9.  In  UtcoUtgy,  chosen  as  the  object  of  mercy  ; 
chosen,  selected  or  designated  to  eternal  life ;  pre- 
destinated in  the  divine  counsels. 

3.  Chosen,  but  not  inaugurated,  consecrated,  or  in- 
vested with  office;  as,  bishop  elect:  emijcior  elect ; 
governor  or  mayor  elect.  But  in  the  Scriptures,  and 
in  theology,  this  word  is  generally  used  as  a  noun. 
E-LECT',  7(.  One  chosen  or  set  apart  ;  applied  to 
Christ,  ^^ 

Behold  my  Bcrvaut,   whom  I   uphold ;  my  elect,  ill   whom  my 
BOul  (Ictighicih.  —  Is.  xtii. 

2.  Chosen  or  designated  by  God  to  salvation  ;  pre- 
destinated to  glory  as  the  end,  and  to  sanctification 


as  the  means ;  UFually  witli  a  plural  ifcniflcatlon, 

the  elect. 

Shall  nolGixl  atPiip-  hU  own  tltet7  —  Luke  xria. 

If  It  were  poasiUc,  ihfy  «ball  ilcwiye  ih-e  very  fl«ef.~MaU. 

Ho  »luUI  iend  h^  ii«g..U  -and  ihfy  tbUI  ^uhtr  Uf  tUet  front 
thn  (yur  wmdi MaU.  xxlr, 

3.  Chosen;  selected;  set  apart  aa  a  peculiar  church 
and  people  ;  applied  to  the  Ivradiiot.    la.  xlv, 

S'^SSmM^;'^'^'  "•    '^'*'='*  ''^^  **"^  P'"*'**'"  "'■  choofllne. 
ii-Li:,t/i'Ll),  ;^p.    Chosen;  preferred;  deslgnaK'd  to 
office  by  some  act  of  the  conHtiiiients,  oa  by  vote  ■ 
chosin  or  predeatinaied  to  eternal  life. 
E-LEeT'l-CIS.M,7i.    The«5'j*lem  of  selecting  doctrines 
r  r'n^'lV/"?"^  ^^*'™  "*''*'"f  «y«em.'t.  Emtrami. 

t<-Lfc,t  I  'iJVG,  ppr.  Choosing  ;  neltcting  from  a  num- 
ber; preferring;  designating  to  office  by  choice  or 
preference;  designating  or  predestinating  to  eternal 
^'?^nr'^-^'  "•     t^-  ''""''•J  (salvation. 

1.  J  he  act  of  choo.slng  ;  choice ;  the  act  of  select- 
ing one  or  more  from  otherH.     Hence  appropriatrlu, 

9.  The  act  of  choosing  a  i)crs«n  to  fill  an  ortici-  or 
employment,  by  any  manifestation  of  preference,  .a» 
by  ballot,  iiplined  hands,  or  viva  voce ;  a?,  the  election 
of  a  king,  of  a  president,  or  a  mayor. 

Comiiidon  in  eleetume  b  tho  great  civrmy  otfnedom. 

J.  Adam$. 

3.  Choice  ;  voluntary  preference  ;  free  will  ;  lib- 
erty to  act  or  not.  It  is  at  iiis  election  to  accept  or 
refuse. 

4.  Power  of  choosing  or  selecting.  Dories. 

5.  Discemment;  discrimination;  distinction. 

To  us^  inen  with  much  liiiT'rr.nicc  ami  election  u  goo-l.   Baton. 

6.  In  thrology,  divine  choice ;  predetermination  of 
God,  by  which  pers(tns  arc  distinguished  a.i  objects 
of  mercy,  become  subjects  of  grace,  arc  sanctified 
and  prepared  for  heaven. 

Th?R-  is  aremnaiitaccorditi'iolhc  Wfrtamofjrace.— Rom.xl. 

7.  The  public  choice  of  officers. 

8.  The  day  of  a  public  choice  of  officers. 

9.  Those  wlio  are  elected. 

The  ejection  h.i!h  ol.i:iin-*l  it.  —  Rem.  x\. 

E-LEC-TION-EER',  v.  t.  To  make  interest  for  a  can- 
didate at  an  election;  to  use  arts  for  securing  tho 
election  of  a  candidate. 

E-LEC-TION-EER'EU,  n.    One  who  electioneers. 

E-LE€-TION-EER'ING,  ppr.  Using  influence  to  pro- 
cure the  election  of  a  person. 

E-LEe-TION-EER'I\G,  n.  The  arts  or  practices  used 
for  securing  the  choice  of  one  to  office. 

E-LECT'IVE,  a.  Dependent  on  choice ;  as,  an  eJeetire 
monarchy,  in  which  the  king  is  raised  to  the  throne 
by  electron  ;  opposed  to  hereditary. 

9.  Bestowed  or  passing  by  election;  as  an  office  is 
et(.  iive. 

3.  Pertaining  to  or  consisting  in  choice  or  right  of 
choosing  ;  as,  elective  franchise. 

4.  Exerting  the  power  of  choice;  as,  an  elcctire 
act. 

5.  Selecting  for  combination  ;  as,  an  f/«/irc  attrac- 
tion, which  is  a  tendency  in  bodies  to  unite  with 
certain  kinds  of  matter  in  preference  to  others. 

E-LECT'IVE-LY,  o</r.  By  choice;  with  preference 
of  one  to  another. 

E-LECT'OR,  n.  One  who  elects,  or  one  who  has  the 
right  of  choice ;  a  person  who  has,  by  law  or  consti- 
tution, the  right  of  voting  for  an  officer.  In  fa-j 
governments,  the  people,  or  such  of  them  as  possess 
certain  qualifications  of  age,  character,  and  propertv, 
are  the  electors  of  their  representatives,  itc,  in  par- 
liament, assembly,  or  other  legislative  body.  In  the 
United  Slates,  certain  persons  are  appointed  or  cho- 
sen to  be  electors  of  the  president  or  chief  maeisimte. 
In  Germany,  certain  princes  were  formerly  electors  of 
the  emperor,  and  elector  was  one  of  ihoV  titles,  as 
the  elector  of  Saxony. 

E-LECT'OR- AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  election  or  electors. 
The  electoral  college  in  Germany  consisted  of  all  the 
electors  of  the  empire,  being  nine  in  number,  six  i^ccti- 
lar  princes  and  three  archbishops. 

E-LECT-ORAL'I-TY,  for  Electorate,  is  not  used. 

E-LECT'OR-ATE,  u.    The  dignity  of  an  elector  in 
the  German  empire. 
9.  The  territory  of  an  elector  in  the  German  cm- 

E-LEC'TRE,  (e-lek'ter,)  n.     [L.  electmrn.]  [pire. 

Amber.    [See  Electrum.] 

[Bacon  used  this  word  for  a  compound  or  mixed 
metal.     But  the  word  is  not  now  used.] 

E-LECT'RESS,  n.  The  wife  or  widow  of  an  elector 
in  the  German  empire.  Chrstrrjield. 

E-LEC'TRie,  f   a.     [Fr.    tlcclrique  ;    It.   elettrieo  ; 

E-LEC'TRIC-^VL,  S  Sp.  dccirico  ;  from  I.,  electrum, 
Gr.  TiXiKvpof,  amber.] 

1.  Containing  electricity,  or  capable  of  exhibiting 
it  when  excited  by  friction  ;  as,  an  electric  body,  such 
as  amber  and  glass  ;  an  electric  substance. 

9.  In  general,  pertaining  to  electricity  ;  as,  electric 
power  or  virtue ;  electric  attraction  or  n-pulsion ; 
electric  fluid. 

3.  Derived  from  or  produced  by  electricity  ;  as, 
f/«tricaZ  effects  ;  electric  vnpor :  electric  shock. 

4.  Communicating  a  shock  like  electricity ;  as,  tbe 
dectric  eel  or  fish. 


TpNE,  BjJLL,  UNITE. -AX"GER,  VF^CI0US.-€  as  K ;  0  as  J  ;  S  as  Z;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

383 


1 

I.  i.r.i     I  i^li    i   I  V 
I.  The  mililll- 
cxrlt'-'l  I'V   111"    ! 

Ir,.         ■      ■     ■■       . 
In 


ELE 

lt\>.  A  iian-ct>nductur  of  lieclricUy  nii 
tficile  or  accuumlale  the  eltrclric  fluid. 
aiiit>tfr»  filaM,  n^ln,  %vai,  bu^^'Iac,  ciiI- 

't*  KPr.,  rt.      A  A*h  or  eel  pf  llif  r*"""* 
i'lve  fcti  in  l.ri-  ■  uf 

iv    u(  flUcti    VI. 

man.  ' 

In  Iho  niaiiiK  r  i.i  ri'-e- 
ii. 

..  trlsli'tiii,]  n.  A  (tenon  who 
.  ^uiii  iiivrotigalcs  it»  prupertiea  by 
filKTiiuriiU  ;   uno  vcnu:J   in  llto 


■    It  WHS  fin*l  ol)- 

!<•  K  till'  eieetric 

fiv  111.  1.1  !!■*  iiiiliirt^,  (»•- 

ca  it- .'to  an  rliL-slic  tluhl  of 

rvt  ,;;  iHt'  with  which  we 

art-  .1  .j.!  ii[iM  ,i.  .-.MM-  ,■..,,.-  |M'ni)it  th?  electric  Iluid 
to  \xx>*  Iretly  thruiich  Ihini,  and  aro  hi'ncc  calh-d 
etinJitcti/ri :  o'thorti  hardly  |Hrntit  it  tu  \Kutit  through 
Ihcm  :it  nil.  and  nrv  thtTolVin^  calhd  nmi  cotiJuctory. 
Mviiilf  nrv  the  best  cnnductorit ;  nrxt,  water  und  all 
ninLtt  hiil>!iiancp!i ;  and  next;  the  bodies  uf  aniiiial>. 

''.'  ■       ■ -tilHtancf.'i*,  (a.-*  atuber,  vurni-h,  and 

.  sUk,  wtMjl,  cotton,  hair,  and  I'eath- 

forj.    'I'he  [ihenuint'na  ot"  fhTlricJty 

.11.   -..'  M  ..-  .lUi.Li  tiun  and  rrpulsion,  licnt  and  li(;ht, 

shocks  oi'  iho  animal  eyttteni,  and  mechanical  viu- 

IfHw.  OlmstetU 

S   Thf  science  whicli  unfulda  thu  phonouiena  and 
laws  of  the  elfclric  lluid.  OUasttd. 

C-LEC'TKI-FI-A-HLK,  a.  [from  tUctr\ftj.]  Capable 
f'f  receiving  electricity,  or  of  being  charged  with  it  ; 
III  \t  iiiav  become  electric.  Foitrcroy. 

1  I.r.r  TklFI  €.\'TU).\,  n.  The  act  of  electrifying, 
i'f  stole  uf  being  charged  with  electricity. 

Kncffc.  nrt.  BtU. 
E-LEC'TRI-FI-£D,w».or(x.  Charged  with  electricity. 

Encifc. 
E-LEC'TRI-FY,  r.  (,    To  communicate  electricity  to  ; 
to  charge  wiili  electricity.  Eneyc,     Cavatlo 

2.  To  cause  electricity  to  \ass  throu^ih ;  to  ofiect 
by  clectnrity  ;  to  give  an  electric  shock  to. 

X  To  excite  suddenly  ;  to  civc  a  tiudden  shock  ; 
as,  the  whole  av^embly  was  eUdrifitd. 
F^I.KCTRI-F?,  r.  i.    To  become  electric. 
E  LEC'TRI-FY-ING,  ppr.  or  o.    Charging  with  elec- 
incity  \  olTcctlng  with  electricity ;  giving  a  sudden 
•bock. 
E-LE€'TRIXE,  (trin,)  a.    [L.  tte<irum.} 

B4'loneinK  lo  amber. 
E-LEe-'rHI-'/A'TIO\,n.  The  act  ofelecUizing.  Ure. 
tLEC'TKr/i:,  r.  f.     [Fr.  dretrurr.] 

Tu  electnly  ;  a  irord  in  popular  tue.  Ure, 

E-LEe'TmZ-/:D,  pp.  or  a.    Charged  with  electricity. 

Ure.    P.  Cyc. 
E-LEe'TUrZ-IXG,  ppr.    Electrifying. 
E-LEe'TRO-eHE.M'ie-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  elcctro- 

chemlj'tr\'.  Ure, 

E-LEt'TRO-eilEM'IS-TRY,  n.  That  science  which 
IrcaLi  of  the  agency  of  electricity  and  galvanism  in 
efTectine  chemical  changes. 
F^LEC'TRUDE,  n.    [Gr.  /?A«rpc»',  (for  electricity,) 
and  iJ"(,  a  way.] 

A  name  applied  to  what  is  called  the  pole  of  the 

voltaic  circle.    The  electrodes  arc  tlie  surfaces  of  air, 

water,  metalf  Sec.  which  serve  lo  convey  an  electric 

current  into  and  from  the  liquid  to  bo  decomposed. 

Faraday.     Turner. 

"-DV  NAM'ieS,  H.     Tho  phenomena  of 

m  mutiun.  Brandt.     P.  Cyc. 

:■  ►L'V-SIS,  K.    [Gr.  tf'KtKr jiov  and  Avu,  to 
du-tulvL-.j 

The  act  of  decomposing  a  compound  stibstance  by 
(he  action  of  electricity  or  galvanism.         Faraday. 
P^LEC'TRO-LVTE,  n.     [Gr.  ijAwroo*-  and  Aticj,  lo 
di»olvc.]  *^ 

A  compound  which  may  bo  directly  decomposed 
by  an  rlrctric  current-  Faradati. 

E-LEC  TRO-LVT'IC,  a.    Pertaining  lo  electrolysis. 

Faraday. 
E  LEC'TRO  L?ZE,  r.  (.    [Gr.  ijAtKroo*-  and  Avw,  to 
dl«4olvr.] 

Ti.  <!. .  .ifii;-  -.  a  r..nipouDd  fubitanco  by  the  direct 
on  'ih-anism.  Faraday. 

E-I.i  IC,    a.      Designating    what 

p«-i  n  connected  with  electrici- 

ty, i.r  nilr.-ii  ,i  liy  It,     l-Jfctn>.majpnetu,  phenomena. 

Ilniry. 
E-LErTRO-MAfT  VFTTTC  TEL'E-GRAPII,  n.     An 
ill  ■  ■  !i,  by    mrruis  of  iron 

w  lluid,  CMHVrys  intelli- 

B'  I  .i;i  the  vrlocitvuf  light- 

ning. S.  F.  B.  MoTsf. 

E-LEe'TRO-MAG'XET-iSM,  h.  That  scien-c  whirli 
treats  of  tho  agency  of  rleririclty  and  gaU-anism  m 
riimmiinicaling  magnetic  properties. 
&LEe'TR(>-MET'AULLR-CY,  «.  The  art  of  depos- 


ELE 

i\  Id  in  itoliiiiun,  as  hilver,  gold,  &c.,on 

|.  •  *,  tliriMigh  till-  agency  ol  voltaic  ehe- 

ti  .  itjui.     It  thus  answers  tho  pur|Kw(es 

<  !  :  abti  of  giving  exact  impre^ions  of 

. .  :^c.  Ure. 

E  I.I  (  iu'>'i  i:  TER,  H.  [It.  tlettrum^Gt.  t,\iKTfiOv^ 
andn'r,  and  ^uT.tnj,  to  measure.] 

All  in<'truinrnt  for  measuring  the  quantity  or  in- 
t.  !  ■    '     rricity.    'I'he  term  Is  also  applied  lo  in- 

Ii  indicate  the  presence  or  electricity, 
,  :  /*.  C^f.     Brande. 

E  l.t.t  1  II..  .iK'J''R10.AL,  a.  PerUtining  lo  un  elec- 
trometer;  made  by  un  electrometer ;  as,  on  electro- 
mrtrtrai  ettHTinient. 

E-I.EC'TRO-MO'TIO.N,  n.  The  motinn  of  electricity 
or  galvanism,  or  lln>  iKi^siiig  of  it  from  unc  metal  to 
another,  by  tho  attraction  or  inlluencu  of  one  metal 
plate  in  ront.'irt  with  another.  FvUa. 

K-I.KC'TUn-MO'TIVE,  a.  PnMlucing electro-motion ; 
lis,  tlertro  mvtive  imwer.  Jtenru. 

E-liKC  J'RO-MO'TDR,  M.     ri,.  rlretrum  and  tnotor.] 
A  mover  of  Ihc  electric  fluid  ,  a  piece  of  apjmmlus 
for  generating  a  current  of  electricity.         Ohtuted. 

E-LEe'TR(*.\,  n.     [Gr.  r)A«r(io»'.l 

.Amber;  also,  a  mixture  of  gold  with  a  fillh  part  of 
silver.  Coxe. 

1:-M:€'TR0-NEG'A-T1  VE,  a.    A  term  denoting  the 
natural  stale  of  a  body,  or  a  particle  of  matter,  which 
makes  it  tend  tottio  iKx^tlivc  iwleofa  voltaic  battery. 
OUnstaL     Henry. 

E-LEe-TROPII'O-RUS,  n.  [L.  clectrum  and  Gr.  0u- 
p£(.>,  to  bear.] 

An  instnimcnt  for  exciting  electricity  in  small 
quantities.  It  consists  of  a  tint,  smontli  cake  of 
retin,  acteil  upon  by  a  circular  plate  uf  brass  with 
a  glass  handle.  ■  Brande. 

E-LKC-TRO-Pf)'LAn,  a.  A  term  applied  lo  conduct- 
ors, which  are  iH>siIive  at  one  end,  or  on  one  surface, 
and  negative  at  the  other. 

E  LK€"]'RO-POS'I-TIVi:,  a.  A  tenn  denoting  the 
natural  state  itf  a  body,  or  a  particle  of  matter,  whicli 
makes  it  tend  lo  Ihencgalivo  pole  of  a  voltaic  bat- 
ter)*. Olmsted. 

E-Li:C'TRO-SeOPE,  n.     [Gr.  ri^CKrpov  and  cKo-niuy.'] 
An  instnimcnt  fur  rendering  electrical  excitation 
npiKiront  by  its  elTects.  Brande. 

E-LEe'TRO-TEL-E-GRAPirrC,  a.  Pertaining  to  tho 
clectro-magnetic-tclcgnipli,  or  by  means  of  it. 

E-LEC'TRO-TtPE.     Sec  ELEcrno-METALLURflr. 

E-LEC'TRU.M,  «.    [L.,  from  Gr.  rfX^r^oi-.] 

A  term  ni>plicd,  by  tho  ancients,  to  various  sub- 
stances, especially  to  ninbcr,  and  an  alloy  of  gold 
with  one  fifih  part  of  silver.        Brande.    P.  Cyc. 

E-LEC'TU-A-RY,  n.  [Low  L.  eUctarium,  eUetuanum  ; 
Gr.  ttMiyfiat  or  CKXctaroyy  (Vom  X:(\w,  to  lick.  Vos- 
sius.} 

In  pharmanjy  a  fonn  of  medicine  com|>oscd  of  pow- 
der>i,  or  other  ingredients,  incorporated  with  some 
conserve,  honey,  or  sirup,  and  made  into  duo  consist- 
ence, to  be  taken  in  doses,  like  boluses. 

^uincy.    Kneye. 

EIv-EE-MOS'Y-N.\-RY,  a.  [Gr.  t^cnfioawn^  alms, 
from  rXccrj,  to  pity,  rAroj,  compassion  ;  W.  elas. 
charitable  ;  elusrn^  alms,  benevolence.  (See  Alms.) 
It  would  bo  well  to  omit  one  e  in  this  word. 

1.  Given  in  charity  ;  given  or  appropriated  to  sup- 
port the  poor  ;  as,  eleemaninary  rents  or  taxes.  F.neyc. 
"2.  Relating  to  charitable  donations;  inlettdcd  for 
the  distribution  of  alms,  or  f(»r  the  u.so  and  mojiagc- 
ment  uf  donations,  whether  for  Ihe  subsistence  of  the 
pour,  or  fur  the  support  an<I  promotion  of  learning  ; 
as,  an  eleemosynary  cur|>oralion.  \  liuspital  founded 
by  charily  is  an  rleemosynary  institution  for  the  sup- 
port of  the  poor,sick,  ami  impD'.ent ;  a  college  found- 
ed by  donations  is  an  tleemosynnry  institution  for  the 
promotion  of  learning.  The  cor[Kiralion  intnisted 
with  tho  care  of  such  institutions  is  ehcmosynary. 

EL-EE-.MOS'Y-NA-RY,  n.  One  who  subsisU  on  char- 
ily. South. 

EI/E-GA\CE,    \n.     [L.  ele/rantia;    Fr.  elegance;    It. 

EL'E-GAN-CY,  j  eleganza;  probably  from  L.  eliffo, 
to  choose,  though  irregularly  formed.] 

In  its  primar>'  sense,  this  word  signifies  that  which 
is  choice  or  select,  as  dislinBuished  from  what  is 
common. 

1.  "The  beauty  of  propriety,  not  of  greatness," 
says  Johnson. 

JippUed  to  manners  or  behavior,  tlr^ance  Is  that  fine 
polish,  politeness,  or  grace,  which  is  acquired  by  a 
genteel  education,  and  an  as.sociation  with  well-bred 
company. 

Applied  to  tanrraage^  elegance  respects  tlie  manner 
of  speaking  or  of  writing.  FJe^^ancc  of  itpeakinn^  is 
the  propriety  of  dirtimi  and  utti-niiice,  and  the  grace- 
fulness of  action  or  gesture  ;  conipre]i«;nding  correct, 
appropriate,  and  rich  expressions,  d<livered  in  an 
ngrceabln  manner.  F2effance  of  composition^  consists 
in  correct,  appropriate,  and  rich  expressions,  or  well- 
chosen  Words,  arranged  in  a  happy  manner.  FUe^ 
pnnee  Imjilies  neatness,  purity,  ami  correct,  perspic- 
uous arrangement,  and  is  calculated  to  ple.ise  a  deli- 
cate taste,  rather  ihan  lo  excite  admiration  or  strong 
feeling.  Fiegaace  is  applied  also  lo  form.  Ele^rttner^ 
in  architecture^  consists  in  the  due  symmetry  and  dis- 


ELE 

iribution  of  the  parts  of  an  edifice,  or  in  regular  pni- 
IHirlions  and  arningemrnt.  And,  in  n  similar  sense, 
the  word  is  applied  to  the  iH-mon  or  human  body.  It 
is  applied  also  to  penmanship,  denoting  that  furin  of 
letters  which  is  nios'.  agreeable  to  the  eye.  In  short, 
in  u  loo:ier  sense^  it  is  applied  to  many  works  of  art  or 
nature  remarkable  for  their  beauty ;  as,  cle^ranee  of 
dress,  or  furniture. 

2.  'i'hat  which  pleases  by  its  nicety,  synnnctry, 
purity,  or  beauty.      In  this  sense  It   has  a  plurnlj  : 
as,  the  nicer  etcj^aucie.i  of  nrt.  Spectator. 

EL'EGANT,  a.     [l^  rles:atu.] 

1.  Polished  ;  |K>lite  ;  relined  ;  graceful ;  |4eaKlnglo 
giMxl  taste  ;  as,  elegant  manners. 

2.  Pulished  ;  neut ;  pure  ;  rich  in  expressions  ;  cor- 
rect In  arrangement;  as,  an  elegant  style  or  coin|io- 
sitiun. 

3.  Utiering  or  delivering  elegant  language  wtUi 
propriety  and  grace ;  as,  an  eleeant  siM-ak.T. 

■I.  Symmetrical;  regular;  well  formed  in  Its  p»  its, 
prn[)ortions,  and  distribution  ;  as,  an  elegant  stmU- 
ure.  I 

5.  Nice  ;  sensible  to  beauty  ;  discriminating  bcautjr  I 
from  deformity  or  imperfection  ;  us,  an  cleffOHl  liiMe. 

[This  is  a  loose  application  of  the  word ;  elegaU  i 
being  used  for  delicate.] 

fu  lleantirul  in  fonn  and  colors ;  pleasiug;  as,  u 
elegant  llower. 

7.  Rtcii ;  costly  and  ornamental ;  as,  elegant  Airul*  : 
lure  or  equi|tage. 
EI/EGAiNT-LY,   ade.     In  a  munner  to  please  ;  with 
elegance;  with  b<-auty  ;  with  pleasing  propriety  ;  u, 
u  cumpOHition  e/r^'aii/Vi/ written. 

2.  \Viih  due  symmetry  ;  with  well-formed  and  dtl- 
ly  proportioned  parts  ;  lui,  a  house  denanily  builL 

3.  Richly  ;  with  rich  or  handsumo  materiids  well 
dis)>osed  ;  as,  a  room  elrgantly  furnished  ;  a  woman 
elegantly  dressed. 

Ii-LK'6l-.A€or  EL-E-OrAC,  a.     [Low  L.  elfgiacui. 
See  Eleot.] 

1.  llelongmg  to  elegy  ;  plaintive;  expressing  wr- 
row  or  lamentation  ;  us,  an  elegiac  lay  ;  elegm 
strains.  Qay. 

2.  Used  in  elegies.    Pentameter  verso  is  elegiac 
E-LR'GI-Ae,  71.    Elegiac  verso.  WarUtn.      i 
EL'E-GIST,  n.     A  writer  of  elegies.            Qoldsmdh. 


£>LE'Ctn\n. 
1.  A  writ 


[L.  eligo,  elegi,  lo  choose.]  ' 

of  execution,  by  which  u  defendant** 
goods  arc  apprized  and  delivered  to  the  plaintilf, 
and,  if  nut  sullicicnt  to  satisfy  the  debt,  fine  nmii-ty 
of  his  lands  are  delivered,  to  be  held  till  the  debt  u 
paid  by  the  rents  and  profits, 
2.  'J'ho  title  lo  estate  by  elegit.  BlacJutonr, 

EL'K-6\',  n.  [L.  elrgiui'Gr.  cXeyciov,  tAcjof,  sup- 
posed to  be  irum  Ac^  (.>,  to  speak  or  utter,  (lu.  the 
root  of  the  L.  lugeo.  Tlio  vvrbs  may  have  a  cuinnion 
origin,  for  to  speak  and  to  cry  out  in  wailing  are  only 
modilicatinns  of  tho  same  act,  to  throw  out  the  vcilc<  I 
with  mure  or  less  vulicmence.] 

1.  A  mournful  or  plaintive  iKMim,  or  a  funeral  son|  J  , 
a  poem  or  a  song  expressive  of  sorrow  and  lainentft* 
lion.  S/iak.     Dnidtn.       , 

2.  A  short  poem  without  |>oints  or  airected  elegan-  | 
cics.  Johnnon, 

EL'E-MEXT,  7(.  [L.  elrmentum;  Fr.  element;  It.  and 
Sp.  elcmento  ;  Ann.  elfenn ;  W.  elaen  or  elryz.  Thli 
word  Owen  refers  to  rlu  or  el,  a  moving  prinrifJe, 
that  which  has  in  itself  the  power  of  motion  ;  and  « 
is  also  a  spirit  or  angel,  which  seems  to  In-  the  Sai. 
(t//,  an  elf.  Vossiiis  assigns  dcmentnm  to  eleo^  forofw, 
to  grow.    See  Elf.] 

1.  The  lirst  or  constituent  principle  or  miniiic»i 
part  of  any  thing;  as,  tlie  elements  of  earth,  « :ii.  r, 
salt,  or  wood  ;  the  element*  of  the  world  ;  the  dn  -? 
of  animal  or  vegetable  bodies.  So  letters  are  ciiMnl 
ttic  elements  of  language. 

2.  An  ingredient ;  a  constituent  part  of  any  com- 
position. 

3.  A  letter,  or  elementary  sound.  [Used  chirpy  U 
the  plural.] 

4.  In  acAcmu-ai  .«**n.''c,lhatwhich  can  not  he  divided 
by  chemical  analysis,  and  therefore  considered  as  i 
simple  substance  ;  as  oxygen,  hydrogen,  nitrogen,  4tc. 

An  elctnent  is  strictly  the  last  result  of  cliemiral  an- 
alysis ;  that  which  cjtn  not  be  decomposed  by  aj»y 
means  now  employed.  An  atom  is  Ihe  last  result  of 
mechanical  division  ;  that  which  can  not  be  any  fur- 
ther divided  without  decomposition  ;  hence  there  may 
bo  both  eli-mentary  and  compound  atoms. 

.O.  In  the  plural,  Ihe  lirst  rules  or  principles  of  an 
art  or  sc  ience  ;  rudiments  ;  as,  the  elrmentj  of  geoin- 
etr>' ;  ihc  elemcntjt  of  music  ;  Ihe  clcTmnts  of  painting; 
the  rJnnents  of  a  theory. 

6.  In  popidar  language,  fire,  nir,  earth,  and  water, 
are  called  the  four  elements,  as  formerly  it  was  stip- 
posed  that  these  are  simple  bodies,  of  which  the  world 
is  composed.  Later  discoveries  prove  air,  earth,  and 
water,  to  be  compound  bodies,  and  lire  to  be  only  the 
extrication  of  light  and  heal  during  combustion. 

7.  Element,  in  the  singular,  is  suinetimcs  used  for 
the  air.  4^1*. 

e.  The  Bubstanco  which  forms  the  natural  or  mort 
suitable  habitation  o(  an  animal.  Water  is  the  proper 
elemmt  of  fishes  ;  air,  of  man.     Hence,  ' 


FATE,  FAR,  FiVLL,  WHAT.  — MP.TE,  PREY.— PI.VE,  MARtNE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOQK.— 


rz=!^ 


ELE 

9.  The  proper  state  or  sphere  of  any  thing ;  the 
stale  ot'  things  suilcil  to  one's  temper  or  habits.  Fac- 
tion IS  the  elematt  of  a  demagogue. 

10.  The  matter  or  substances  which  compose  the 
world- 

'i'iie  eiemtnta  shall  inelt  \v-ith  ferveut  beaL  —  2  Pel.  iii. 

11.  The  outline  or  sketch:  as,  the  elements  of  a 
plan. 

12.  Moving  cause  or  principle ;  that  which  excites 
action. 

Passions,  the  elemeiUa  of  lif'?.  Pope. 

Elements,  in  tJie  plural;  tlie  bread  and  wine  used 
in  the  eucharist. 
EL'E-MENT,  p.  t.    To  compound  of  elements  or  first 
principles.  Boyle. 

2.  To  constitute  ;  to  m;ike  as  a  first  principle. 

JDonne. 
[This  word  is  rareli/  or  never  ttsed.] 
EL-E-.MENT'AL,  a.    'Pertaining  to  elements. 

2.  Produced  by  some  of  the  four  supposed  ele- 
ments ;  as,  il'unentiil  war.  Dnjden. 

3.  Prodiiced  by  elements  ;  as,  eZpmentaZ  strife.  Poiic. 

4.  Arising  from  tirsl  principles.  Brown. 
EL-E-.ME,\T-AL'I-TV,  n.     Composition  of  principles 

or  insrredients.  fVhiiluck. 

EL-E--MENT'AL-LY,  adv.  According  to  elements; 
literaJiy  ;  as  tiie  words,  "  Take,  eat ;  this  is  my  body  i" 
dementdiy  understood.  JliUon. 

EL-E-ME-\T-AR'!-TV,      i  n.    The  stale  of  being  el- 

EL-E-.ME-\T'A-RE-NESS,  (  emenlary  ;  the  simplici- 
ty of  nature ;  uncompounded  state.  Brown. 

EL-E-ME-\T'A-RV,  a.  Prijnary ;  simple;  uncom- 
pounded  ;  uncombined  ;  having  only  one  principle 
or  constituent  part ;  as,  an  dementcni  substance.  JCl- 
ementani  particles  are  those  into  which  a  body  is  re- 
solved bv  decomposition. 

2.  Initial ;  rudimenlal ;  containing,teaching,ordis- 
cussing  first  principles,  rules,  or  rudiments;  as,  an 
Mmentani  treatise  or  disquisition.     Reid,    Bluck^tone^ 

3.  Treating  of  elements ;  collecting,  digesting,  or 
eiplainins  principles;  as,  aji  elementary  writer. 

EL'E-MENT-ED,  pp.  Compounded  of  elements  or 
first  principles. 

EL'E^MI,  71.  A  resin  commonly  supposed  to  be  pro- 
duced both  by  Amyris  Plumieri  and  Balsamodendron 
Zeylanicum,  the  former  a  plant  of  the  Antilles,  the 
latter  of  Ce}lon.  It  is  obtained  from  incisions  in  the 
bark,  and  is  used  in  ointments.  It  is  suffered  to 
harden  in  the  sun. 

E-LENCH',  (e-Ieiik',)  )  n.     [L.  elencJius;  Gr.  s^Eyxoi, 

£-LE>;€H'US,  \      from  cXcyxoi,  to  argue,  to 

refute.] 

A  vicious  or  fallacious  argument,  which  is  apt  to 
deceive  under  the  appearance  of  truth  ;  a  sophism. 

Jililton. 

E-LENeiT'I€-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  an  elench. 

E-LEN€H'ie-AL-I.Y,  adv.  By  means  of  an  elench. 
[,Yjt  in  lue.]  BroiDn. 

E-LE\eiriZE,  V.  i.    To  dispute.     [JVol  in  use] 

B.  Jonson. 

E-LEN'eil'Tie-AL,  a.    Serving  to  confute.     WUkins. 

EL'E-PHANT,  71.  [Sax.  elp,  yip  :  Gr.  eXopa^ ;  L.  ele- 
phas,  dephantas;  probably  from  the  Heb.  t)'7K,  a  lead- 
er or  chief,  the  chief  or  great  animal.] 

1.  The  popular  name  of  a  genus  of  pachyderma- 
tous mammalia,  comprehending  two  species,  viz., 
Elephas  Indicus,  and  Elephas  Africanus,  ths  fonner 
inhabiting  India,  the  latter  Africa.  They  are  among 
the  largest  quadrupeds  at  present  existing. 

2.  IvoH' :  tiie  tusk  of  the  elephant.  Dryden. 
EL'E-PHANT-BEE'TLE,  7i.     The  popular  name  of 

the  ScarabjDus  Elephas  of  Turton's  Linnaeus,  a  beetle 
inhabiting  Guinea. 

EI^E-PILAN'T'S-FOOT,  n.  The  proposed  popular 
name  of  the  several  species  of  Elephantopus,  of 
which  it  is  a  translation.  These  are  mostly  tropical 
Id  ants. 

EL'E-PHANT-Pa'PER,  7j.  Drawing-paper,  of  the 
largest  size,  being  twenty-eight  inches  by  twenty- 
three. 

EL-E-PHAX-TI'A-SI3,  n.  [L.  and  Gr.,  from  cXr^d?, 
elephant.] 

A  di-^eose  of  the  skin,  often  confounded  with  l-jjv 
rosy,  from  which,  nevertheless,  it  is  quite  distinct. 
In  this  disease,  the  skin  is  thick,  livid,  rugose,  tuber- 
culate  ;  insensible  as  respects  feeling ;  eyes  fierce  and 
staring;  perspiration  hishly  offensive.  J.  .M.  Qood. 

EL-E-PHANT'IXE,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  elephant; 
huge  ;  resembling  an  elephant ;  or  perliaps  white, 
like  ivory. 

2.  In  antiquity,  an  appellation  given  to  certain 
Dooks  in  which  tlie  Romans  registered  the  transac- 
tions of  the  senate,  magistrates,  emperors,  and  gen- 
:;rals  ;  so  called,  perhaps,  as  being  made  of  ivor)'* 

3.  lng{Qiv<fy,l\\e  cltphantine  epoch  is  tlial  in  which 
there  was  a  preponderance  of  large  pachydermata. 

Mantdl. 
-:L-E.PHANT-0ID%        \  a.    Resembling  the  form  of 
^L-E-PIIAXT-OID'AL.  i     an  elephant. 
iL-EU-SIN'l-AN,  a.    Relating  to  Eleusis,  in  Greece, 
or  t«  secret  rites  in  honor  of  Ceres,  there  celebrated  ; 
13,  Eleusinian  mysteries  or  festivals. 
'■■^  E^VATE,  v.  t.    [L.  eleco;  e  and  Zero,  to  raise  ;  Fr. 


ELF 

clever ;   Sp.  elevar  ;    It.  elevare ;  Eng.   to  lift.     Sec 
Lift.] 

1.  To  raise ;  in  a  literal  and  general  seytse,  to  raise 
from  a  low  or  deep  place  to  a  higher. 

2.  To  exalt ;  to  raise  to  a  higher  state  or  station  ; 
as,  to  elevate  a  man  to  an  ofiice. 

3.  To  improve,  refine,  or  dignify  ;  to  raise  from  or 
above  low  conceptions  ;  as,  to  elevate  the  mind. 

4.  To  raise  from  a  low  or  common  slate ;  to  exalt ; 
as,  to  elevate  the  character;  to  elevate  a  nation. 

5.  To  elate  with  pride.  Milton. 

G.  To  excite  ;  to  cheer  j  to  animate  ;  as,  to  elevate 
the  spirits. 

7.  To  take  from  ;  to  detract ;  to  lessen  by  detrac- 
tion.    [JV(?t  used.]  Hooker. 

8.  To  raise  from  any  lone  to  one  more  acute ;  as,  to 
elevate  the  voice. 

9.  To  augment  orswell ;  to  make  louder,  as  sound. 
EL'E-Va'1'E;  a.     [L.  clecalns.] 

Elevated  ;  raised  aloft.  Milton. 

EL'E-Va-TED,  np.  or  a.  Raised  ;  exalted  ;  dignified  ; 
elated  ;  excited  i  made  more  acute  or  more  loud,  as 
sound. 

KL'E-V,\-TINi*,  ppr.  or  a.  Raising;  exalting  ;  digni- 
fying; elating;  cheering. 

EL-E-"Va'TIO.\,  n.     [L.  eUraiio.] 

1.  The  act  of  raising  or  conveying  from  a  lower  or 
deeper  place  to  a  higher. 

2.  The  act  of  exalting  in  rank,  degree,  or  con- 
ditioa  ;  as,  the  elevation  of  a  man  to  a  throne. 

3.  Exaltation  ;  an  elevated  state  ;  dignity. 

An.^-b,  in  ihctr  several  degrees  of  elevadon  above  us,  may  bo 
endowed  wiOi  more  coraprehc naive  faculties.  Locke. 

A.  Exaltation  of  mind  by  more  noble  conceptions ; 
as,  elevation  of  mind,  of  thoughts,  of  ideas.  J^Torris. 

5.  Exaltation  of  style  ;  lofty  expressions  ;  \vords 
and  phrases  expressive  of  lofty  conceptions.  Wotton. 

6.  Exaltation  of  character  or  maimers. 

7.  Attention  to  objects  above  us  ;  a  raising  of  the 
mind  to  superior  obj^'.cts.  Hooker. 

8.  Hight ;  altitude  ;  hight  above  the  surface  of  the 
earth. 

9.  An  elevated  place  or  station. 

10.  Elevated  ground ;  a  rising  ground  j  a  hill  or 
mountain. 

IL  A  passing  of  the  voice  from  any  note  to  one 
more  acute ;  also,  a  swelling  or  augmentation  of 
voice. 

12.  In  astronomy,  altitude  ;  the  distance  of  a  celes- 
tial object  above  the  horizon,  or  the  arc  of  a  verti- 
cal circle  intercepted  between  it  and  the  horizon. 

Brand  e. 

13.  In  gunnery,  the  angle  which  the  line  of  direc- 
tion of  a  cannon  or  mortar,  or  the  axis  of  the  hollow 
cylinder,  makes  with  the  plane  of  the  horizon. 

ToUcn.     Campbell. 

14.  In  dialing,  the  angle  which  the  style  makes 
with  the  substylar  line.  BaUey. 

15.  In  arehiiecturc,  a  view  or  representation  of  a 
building  or  object  drawn  to  a  geometrical  scale  of  its 
hight  above  the  ground,  there  being  no  vanishing 
points,  as  in  perspective  representation. 

Haldeman.     Hehcrt. 
Elevation  of  the  host ;  in  Roman  Catholic  countries, 
that  part  of  the  mass  in  which  the  priest  raises  the 
host  above  his  head  for  the  penple  tn  adore.  Encyc. 
EL'E-Va-TOR,  n.    One  who  raises,  lifts,  or  exalts. 

2.  In  anatomy,  a  muscle  which  serves  to  raise  a 
part  of  the  body,  as  the  lip  or  the  eye. 

3.  A  surgical  instrument  for  raising  a  depressed 
portion  of  a  bone.  Coxe. 

4.  In  milling,  a  series  of  boxes  fastened  to  a  strap, 
and  moved  by  a  wheel,  to  raise  grain,  meal,  &c.,  to 
a  higher  floor. 

EL'E-Va-TO-RY,  n.  An  instrument  used  in  tre- 
panning, for  raising  a  depressed  or  fractured  part  of 
the  skull.  Coxe.    Encyc. 

EL'E-Va-TO-RY,  a.  Tending  to  raise,  or  having 
power  to  elevate.  Mantel. 

E-LEVE',  (a-iave',)  n.  [Fr,]  One  broufiit  up  or  pro- 
tected by  another.  Che^terjield. 

E-LEV'JEN,    (e-lev'n,)    a.      [Sax.   anuUcfene,   endleof, 
endlufa;  Sw.  elfvaf  Dan.  elleve;  G.  and  D.  elf;  Isl. 
ellcfu.    Uu.  one  Ufi.  after  ten.] 
Ten  and  one  added  ;  as,  eleven  men. 

E-LEV'£NTH,  a.  [Sax.  isndhjfla,  endlejla  ;  Sw.  eJfte  ; 
Dan.  ellevte  ;  D.  elfde  ;  G.  elfte.] 

The  next  in  order  to  the  tenth ;  as,  tlic  clcvcntJi 
cliaptcr. 

ELF,  71. ;  pi.  Elves.  [Sax.  t£lf,  or  eJfenne,  a  spirit,  the 
niglitmare;  a  ghost,  hag,  or  witch  ;  Sw.  dlfver.  In 
VV.  el  is  a  niovif  principle,  a  spirit ;  elv  is  the  same; 
elii  is  to  i..^vu  onward,  to  go;  s/i'ck  is  an  operative 
cause,  a  constituent  pari, an  clement}  and  f//is  what 
moves  in  a  sinqtlc  or  pure  slate,  a  spirit  or  demon. 
From  these  facts  it  would  seem  that  elf  is  from  a 
verb  signifying  to  move,  to  flow  ;  and  dlf'  or  elf  in 
Swedish,  do  in  Danish,  is  a  river,  whence  Elbe.  So 
spirit  is  from  blowing,  a  flowing,  of  air.  In  Sax. 
tri  is  oil,  and  an  eel,  and  trlan  is  to  kindle  ;  all  per- 
h;i;)s  from  the  sense  of  moving,  flowing,  or  shooting 
along.  The  elf  seems  to  correspond  tojhe  demon  of 
the  Greeks.] 


KLT 

1.  A  diminutive,  wandering  spirit ;  a  fair>* ;  a  hnl>- 
gobtin  ;  an  imaginar}*  being  which  our  rude  ances- 
tors supposed  lo  inhabit  unfrequented  places,  and  in 
various  ways  to  affect  mankind.  Hence,  in  Hcotti^^hf 
e//-j/w?t  is  an  elf-arrow ;  an  arrow-head  of  flint,  sup- 
posed to  be  tfhot  by  clfs ;  and  it  signified  also  a 
disease  suppased  to  be  produced  by  Uie  agency  of 
spirits. 

Etrry  tif,  and  fiiry  ■[mie. 

Hop  u  UghL  u  biri  ima  trier.  Skai. 

2.  An  evil  spirit ;  a  devil.  Dryden. 

3.  A  diminutive  person  ^  a  dv.-arf.         Si'ich.-'"  '.         ' 
ELF,  V.  t.    To  entangle  hair  in  t^o  intricate  a  n. 

that  it  can  not  be  disenLntgled.     1'his  ivork  '■ 
merly  ascribed  to  elves.  Johnson.     :.  ■^.. 

ELF'-AU-RoW,  II.  A  name  given  to  flints  m  the  - 
shape  of  arrow-heads,  vulgiirly  suppo^d  to  be  ^hot  i! 
by  fairies.  /><-=-. 

ET.F'-UoLT,  K.    An  elf-arrow  or  flint  arrow-I- 

ELl"'-LOCK,  «.    Hair  twisted  into  knots,  so  i 
iiialed  as  if  tlie  work  of  ftiiries. 

ELK'-SKIN.      Probably  a    misprint  in  Slial.  , 
1   llenr^'  IV.  for  cd-skin,  to  which,  when  '■  < 

Falstnfl"  compares  Prince  Hal,  in  allnsiun  lo  I ;._ 

and  lank  jx-rson.  TodjVs  6hak.       ii 

ELF'IN,  a.    Relating  or  pertaining  to  elves.  Spender.       | 

El.F'IX,  71.     A  little  urchin.  HhrngiuJie.         ; 

EI.F'ISH,  a.     Re.iirmbling  elves;  clad  in  disguise.  , ; 

EL'CIN-MaR-BLES,  u.  pi.  A  series  of  ancient  sculp- 
tured marbles,  nani'-d  fruni  l ho  Earl  of  Elgin,  who  'i 
removed  them  to  England.  They  belonged  to  the  1 
temple  of  .Alintuva,  and  other  edifices  in  .\thens.  h 
They  consisted  of  lualctUess  statues,  casts,  inc-  ; 
topes,  &,c. 

E-LIC'iT,  r.  (.  f  L.  dicio ;  e,  or  «,  and  loe/u,  to  allure,  j ', 
U.lokkcn^G.locJ:en,?-\v.lQcka,X)an.lokkcr.   Cln-^  1.'" 

1.  To  draw  out;  to  bring  lo  light ;  to  d-  - 
reason  or  arguntenl ;  as,  to  dieit  truth  by  di- 

2  To  strike  out;  as,  to  dieit  spark's  of  :.._  ^,. 
collision. 

E-LIC'IT,  a.  Brought  into  act;  brought  from  poesi- 
bililv  into  real  existence.     [Litdc  U5«/.]       Johnson. 

E-LIC'-IT-a'TION,  n.  The  act  of  eliciting;  the  act 
of  drawing  out.  Bramhall. 

E-LIC'IT-Eb,  pp.   Brought  or  drawn  out ;  struck  out. 

E-LIC'IT-I\G,/»pr.  Drawing  out;  bringing  lo  light ; 
striking  out. 

E-LIDE',  V.  t.     [L.  eliJo  ;  e  and  l^edo.] 

1.  To  break  or  dash  in  pieces  ;  to  crush.  [A'o£ 
used.]  Hooker. 

2.  To  cut  off  a  syllable.  Brit.  Crit. 
EL-I-GI-BIL'I-TY,   n.      [from   digihle.]     Wurthiness 

or  fitness  to  be  chosen  ;   the  state  or  quality  of  a 
thing  which  renders   it  preferable  to  another,  or 
desirable. 
2.  Capabilitv  of  being  chosen  to  an  office. 

UniUd  States. 
EL'I-CI-BLE,  a.     [Fr.,  from  L.  digo^  lo  choose  or  se- 
lect i  e  and  lego.] 

1.  Fit  to  be  chosen  J  worthy  of  choice ;  preferable. 

In  deep  distress,  ccrtnuitj  is  more  eli^Me  Uuii  suspciw?. 

CUirUsa. 

2.  Suitable  ;  proper ;  desirable  ;  as,  ilie  house 
stands  in  an  eligible  situation. 

3.  Legally  qualified  to  be  chosen  ;  as,  a  man  is  or 
is  not  eligible  to  an  office. 

EL'l-Ol-BLE-XEi>S,  n.  Fitness  to  bo  chosen  in  pref- 
erence to  another ;  suitableness;  desirableness. 

EL'I-Oil-BLY,  a^lv.  In  a  manner  to  be  worlliy  of 
choice ;  suitably. 

E-LI.M'I-X.\TE,  r.  L  [L.  elimmoi  e,  or  cr»  and  limen, 
Uireshhold.] 

1.  To  tiirust  out  of  doors.  Latdace. 

2.  To  expel  ;  to  ihnisi  out ;  to  discharge,  or  throw 
off;  to  set  at  liberty. 

3.  In  algcbra,to  cause  a  quantity  to  disappear  from 
an  equation. 

Tliis  dcLuns  Bccretiuiis  which  naliire  finds  it  necosEuy  to  eUmi. 
natc.  Med.  JtepOi. 

E-Lni'I-NA-TED,  pp.     Expelled  j    tlirown  ofl'j  dis- 
charged. 
E-LI.M'I-N.\-TIXG,   ppr.      Expelling  ;    discharging  ; 

throwing  ofl". 
E-LIM-I-NA'TI0X,n.    The  art  of  expelling  or  throw- 
ing oft' ;  the  act  of  discharging,  or  secreting  by  the 
pores. 

In  algebra,  the  causing  a  quantity  lo  disappear 
from  an  equation. 
E-LIX"GUID,  (e-ling'guid,)  a.     [L.  clingu-s.] 

Tongue-lied  ;  not  having  the  power  of  speech. 
EL-I-aUA'TION,7i.     [L.  eliquo,  to  null ;  e  and  .'(V"^^-' 
In  cfiemistnj,  tlie  openition  by  which  a  nmn^  fusi- 
ble substance  is  separ:iied  from  one  that  is  Icj«  so,  by 
means  of  a  degree  of  hont  sufficient  to  meli  the  oi:o 
and  not  the  other,  as  an  alloy  of  copper  and  lead. 
Evcve.     Cre. 
E-LI"SI0.\,  (c-lizh'un;)  n.    [L.  elisio,  from  dido,  to 
strike  off ;  e  and  la:do.] 

1.  In  grammar^  the  cutting  off  or  suppression  of  a 
vowel  at  ihe  end  of  a  w(jrd,"ftT  the  sake  of  sound  or 
measure,  when  the  next  word  begins  witli  a  vowel ; 
as,  th'  embatded  plain  :  tb'  empyr<:al  spJicre. 

2.  Division  :  separation.    [JVot  used.]        Bacon. 


T(J.\E,  Bl.LL,  UNITE.  — AX'GER,  VI'CIOUS.  — C  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


40 


■JSc 


-^J 


EiM 


ELO 


ELU 


'"1 


I 


n.      rVo^«-  f- 


j;«^    to  fhoo«it   Pr.  ttirt, ,     ttina.  au.W.HwBfr.n  iJntfunH,  a  frame,  nn  f/m,  from 

'  ....  -  --..i,.,.'  1 

r  name  of  till  tlio  Bpecics  of  tlie 
,    iiiaiiy  uf  Uiem  have  oilier  jmi'- 


K  1.1 


J    Acuoice  or  icicct  botly. 


<jitf,  to  boll,  to 


I  i\i^\  aljKt,  concoction 

ill  ;  Brown, 

V.     hi  ;   u:rn.,-L'  ,   lu      . ....n  of  til"   virlL,  -4  ..r   !■!- 

Rrcillriit.'*  by  t>oUmg  or  wcwing  ;  al 


/■ 


liL-O-CA'l'Ht.N*.  r.     [L-  clocj.] 

1.  A  reiitovut  (win  tlio  UHiial  place  of  rciiitlcnce. 

lip.  JlaU. 
S.  DciMirturo  from  tho  untial  mctIio<l  j  on  "ecstasy. 

..  >u    fL,  c/ociieio,  from  eiofiiiT,*  e  unti 

,  (Jr.  A;iJ(E(j,  Xii«ri'''.] 

;iin  ;    llic    ultenince  or  Uulivery  of 

II  public  dMcoiirsL'S  and  argti- 

■utivn,  it  is  good  or  bad ;  clear, 


EI 


i-n*  aJU-g<;,  li  ij 


[i> 


'.mnamutlng  metals  Into  ffAA. 

Donne- 
3.  aulntesscncc  ;  refined  «plriL  South, 

i.  Any  curdiiil ;  thai  sub-HUince  which  inviRoratcs 

Milton. 

IMJZ-A-nKTH'AN,  a.    PcrtnlnhiR  to  Queen  Ellxa- 

boih  or  licr  limr.^,  and  to  a  style  of  nrchitccturo  th'-n 

;  Mvalenl.  .         _ 

'  .  i;,»».    (Sax.fiWk;  Svr.eJs;  l*.  atefy  aires :  Dan.  cm- 

-.    Tills  animal  is  di'acrlbcd  by  Cc5ur  and  Pausa- 

-\ii3  AIc«i  of  LinnJTU'f,  a  ru- 
n.  :  rtooje  in  North  Ami;rica,frDm 

,«.  Aplanljthe  IJamflton- 

'*.v    .',.  .    ^^y.aln;  p.  rf/,i -..     .    -  - 

c  uhia  :  Gr.  wAfi-/; ;  W.  e^u*,  an 

•-    U".] 

'  !'  MtTilis  in  diflcrent  coun- 
ring  cKilh.  The  cl!s 
.  nre  tho  English  and 

:. I  inches.    Tho  FlPiniyli 

.  n  iiuii'.-^,  IT  ihrce  qnarlers  of  aytird. 

•j  ■  .  thtr  FlPinish  nj  five  lo  Ihrce.     In 

1    Is  thirty^ievtin  and    two   Iriitlw 

III  Fnincc,  it  is  fifty-four  iiichca. 

t>,  n.  A  weak,  insipid  acid,  obt.iincd 

,,   ,  111  which  it  coexists  wltli  gallic  acid. 

P.  Cijc 
EI/LINOF.',  a.    [Sax.  <r/«i-r'-]    Chcerlew ;  sad. 
II    I  IV';  NESS.n.    Ixjnellntss;  duUucs.s ;  chccrlcs;!- 

Jirnrij  yill. 
",  (rl-ljps',)  ».     In  conic  ^rri/cruv,  a  lisun^ 
Hi.'  )n(en«cction  ot'n  nlnn.-  riinl  i-L.tii.  \\  Inn 
obli'iucly  iJir  '  --i 

-'.  ELLirics.    ^' ^.  -   .      .     ,  .-•     '!.^- 
run  rAAci7('>,  to  IcuVo  oi  iKv-j  l>y,  Xii- 


d  in  coir 
tiun }  ti. 


rl 


1 


(I.  r.rt :  r.iiii-  - 


-vn- 
li 


rir.  cijof,  fitrm.] 

:<?  foniicd  !'.   liio  r< 


uU>ut  iLi  a\i3;  an 


lining  (o 


EI. 


)2  to  an  ellipse;  Iiavlng 

run  .-Hill-.  •. 

;  a  part  omitted  ;  as,  an  cUip- 

...,  ...!e.     Acconling  lo  tltc  figtire 

,  ;  witli  a  pirt  omitted  ;  u,  cUiptUttUtj 

f 'Tin  of  a 
I'hiii,  thf 


■l|lO- 

.ty  ;  and  DryduU  ii-^o  ilu  word  as 
oiIh  witli  rloquener,  the  act  ofcxpress- 
..  tlh  cti'gniictf  or  bciiuty. 
:iiw:wch  i  iho  power  of  Ppi-nltlng. 

W1k»o  taute  —  g^re  elocution  to  iIkt  mute.  Mlton. 

In  *  '  -,  the  wording  of  n 

;  wiirds ;  composi- 
■  r  discourse. 
>. '. '  >v.     ^uiiictilian. 
EL-O-eO'TION-A-KY,  a.    I'ertaining  lo  elocution,  or 

coulalntnc  >!• 
EI.-0  CO'TIONI.ST,  «.    One  who  it)  versed  in  clocH- 

tiiui.  or  who  iroatH  uf  tlic  huIjJccI. 
EL-O-CO'TIVI',  a.     llaviiit;  the  jxiwer  of  eloquent 

Bpeuking. 
E-LOOE'y  (fi-tO/.h',)  n.    [Fr.]    A  funeral  oration  ;  n 

pTTif'^vric  un  the  dead.  ^Iterhury. 

......     -sp^n^    An  iiulogidt.    {Jifoi  uatdJ] 

in.     [Fr.  doge  ;  I.,  clogiam  ;  Cr.  )^oyo^- 
See  EuLOGif.] 
Jilt;  pmise  bestowed  on  u  ptirnon  or  thing;  pnnc- 
OTic.     [But  we  jreiitraUij  uje  Eolooy.] 

fVoUon.    HoUUr. 
E-LOIN',  r.  t.    [Fr.  rloiffixtr^  to  remove  far  oJEj 
1,  To  separate  and  remove  to  a  distance. 

Spenser.     Donne. 
Q.  To  convey  to  a  distance,  and  withhold  from 
sight. 

Tlic  A^AX  may  rtdini  that  llie  {^oodi  or  bcasti  are  elcAneil. 

litacktlone. 

In  law  booLt,  thij  word,  with  ita  derivatives,  is 

more  gcncrjlly  written  witli  g ;  as,  cloigne^  &r. 
E-L<  •l.N'.^'f'E,  r.  t.    'J'o  rt'inovc.  IlotocU. 

J2-LOlN'A  TEP,  ;7i.     Riin-m-d, 
E-L01N'ii;U,  ;/;>.    11 « moved  to  a  distance  ;  carried  far 

off. 
E  I*OIN'IXG,  pyr.    Removing  to  n  Uistincc  from  nn- 

oihc!r,  or  to  a  place  unknown. 
E-l.nlN'MEN'l ,  ».    Remu\*al  to  a  distance  ;  di.^tancs. 
i:  L'iiN(J',  t'.  /.     (I*ow  E.  rioitffo.] 

'I'.i  piil  fur  nfl  ;  tf  retard,    f  Oft.*.]  ShcnsUme. 

E-Ef>.\"^;.\TE,  c.  t.    [Ia>w  L.  chngo,  from  longus. 

fkc  I...;ir,.] 

1.  To  Icugtlien  ;  lo  extend. 

2.  'J'o  r.inovo  fnrllier  ofi'.  Brovn, 
EI*0.\"tiATE,  p.  I.    To  depart  from;  to  recede;  to 

move  lo  a  greatt-r  distance ;  p.irticularly,  lo  recede 
:il.;nrciilty  fmni  tho  sun,  as  a  planet  in  \U  orbil. 

E  I-oN"(;A-TEl>,pp.  or  a.  I^tngthcned  ;  removed  to 
n  dislancr. 

E-IA>N"(;.\-TINT.,  ;?/ir.    Lenctliening;  extending. 

2.  Ucredlnt;toa  prenter  diblauce,  particularly  as  a 
pl.-inet  from  the  tiuii  in  \U  orbiL 

I-V1,0.\"Ga-TI0X,  n.  The  act  of  stretching  or  length- 
ening ;  n«,  the  ehiiffoiion  of  a  fiber.  Arbuthnot. 
9.  Tlie  slate  of  being  extended. 

3.  Distance ;  space  which  separates  one  thing  from 


h  placed  by  law  or  duty.     S'artieulartii,  and  approeri-    , 

flfWi/,  to  nin  away  or  deiwrt  lYom  a  husbninI.niwJ  live 

\v  ilii  tin  adullerer,  a.i  a  married  woiiinn  , 

fnltit-r'H  luuso,  privauly  or  without  pvn 

nmro' or  live  with  a  g;illanl,  as  an  un  i 

■nan.  , 

2.  To  r\in  away ;  lo  escape  prlvaUly ;  lo  dc|tait, 

\'.  i;li<  it  p<  niiidHion,  as  a  son  from  a  father's  house,  ' 
,i.f  from  his  m.astcr's  service.  , 

>  liiiii  nway  privnti-Iy.  i 

.  r,  (1.    rriviilo  or  unlicon.-srd  dfp-irtnre 

Ll-iu  lit    i'li".'  or  station  to  which  uuv  i- 

duty  or  l.iw  ;  at,  llit*  elopemrnt  of  a  v. 

husltaii'l,  or  of  a  dauphter  from  her  fiiii. 

uiiunlly  with  a  lovir  or  gallant.     It  U  si-iu^  ttn  ■*  no. 

piled  to  the  departure  of  a  >ion  or  an  appnnlire,  In 

like  manner. 
E-LOP'INO,  ppr.    Uunning  away  ;  dciKirliiif;  pri\  ;ii 

ly,  or  wllhoot  periuisnion,  from  a  husband,  liitlh  i  -  r 

iS'LOl'.^,  n.     [Or.  t\Aoi//.]  [i"i  :■  r. 

A  fish,  inhahitlnff  tho  flras  of  America  and  the 

West  Indies,  the  Eloju  Saurus  of  Turlon's  Lln- 

nnsuR. 
EL'0-UUE.\'CE,n.    [\j.cloquentia,\  '  -. 

lo  speak  ;  Gr.  >»»**(.»,  Aukk.',  t" 

.speak.    The  primary  tienso  is,  pi 

a  sound,  for  tlie  i\T.  hxx^  Aavi? 

same  rmit ;  whence  Aftiri^t-i,  lo  i ; 

J.. /areri',  lo  l.-.r  ;  an'!   Ii;-'ir---.  t 

Un.  the  root  < 

1.  Tlie  e\, 
adapled  to  • 

The  word,  in  i;*  im.-:  < -t' n  n 

preheiids  every  mode  in  whirli 

expressed,  either  by  words,  ton. 

Eloquence,  therefore,  reipiircn,  in   it 

form,  a  vigorous  nnder>*landins,  a  gUiv 

tion,  n(>propn.ntc  and  rich  lan^n*:''.  • 

iinhimtion,nrid  niit.ible  action.     I' 

adapted  to  ple.vc,  unVxt,  and  p' 

nes  in  Greece,  Cicero  in  Home.  ; 

Kurke  in  Great  Britain,  and   l-'i^ii' r  An       im  h. 

United  Plates,  were  diKtinguidhed  for  their  r/  , 

in  declamation  and  deltatc. 

2.  The  i«wfr  of  exprcMing  strong  cmollor 
fluency  and  force. 

3.  Forcible  language,  which  glvc3  ntUr. 
deep  emotion. 

Sltt  uttcretb  ptcidttg  avjurnep. 

4.  It  is  sometimes  applied  to  wrillen  ! 
EL'OaT^ENT,  a.     llaviii:;  the  iK.wei 

strong  emotions  in  a  vivid  and  appmi 
as,  an  eloquent  orator  or  preacher. 

2.  Adapted  lo  expre.^^s  Klrong  emotion  with  Ilu  m  > 
and  power;  a5,an  eloquent  addrcrfs  ;  rlmjHcnt  In  !■  j,.  . 
an  eloquent  appeal  lo  a  jiir>'. 
EL'0-UrE\T-LY,«//r.    With  elnquenCL';  In  an  elo- 
quent manner;  in  a  inaiincr  lo  plcaiiu,  afllcl,  and 
Eli'UICII.    ft;o  Ei.DuiTcii.  h)er.-unde. 

-       -         "       from 


annch.-r. 

4.  I)  inrt'ir-' 

5.  E- 

M.., 


OloJtvilte. 


recession 

inn. 


'.moRlaoi]  and  Cumbcri.'UKl  be 
;  thcw  two  duim  I  Pinkerton. 


torlol  diamr' 


C.  In  u^.i,v,i^,iiij,  lUc  diflUince  of  a  planet  from  the 
Bun,ai  It  .ipiJearM  to  tho  eye  of  a  apectator  on  the 
earth  ;  npinrent  departure  of  a  planet  from  iJie  sun  in 
ila  oibil ;  a;i,  the  elon<ratii'n  uf  Vcnus  or  Mercury. 

7.  In  .^uriTFtj,  lin  impcrferl  luxation,  occasioned  by 

(he  i;ln  ti  hing  or  lengthening  of  the  ligaments ;  or 

tlie  cxtenHion  of  a  part  beyond  ils  natural  dimensions. 

Enctjc.     Coze. 

r,  r*  PK',  r,  I.    [D,  laoptn  ;  wcffloopen  ;  G.  lai^/rn,  cnt- 

.Sw.  hpa  1  Dan.  Wbcr;  Fas.  fueapnn  ;  Eng.  to 

III  rill  Uie  dialcctj.  except  the  English, /«;)  sig- 

:.':..     a<i.  \hh.  rl'-r..     CI...  -  TJu  Xo.  30.1 

proper  place 

II  ;  to  ({uit, 

;;j  which  one 


[I>t'r-»i 

ELSE,  (els,)  a.  or  pr.    [Sax.  elles;  Dim.  rffcw,  I 

cilery  or  ;  L.  fliiiw,  alia.^.    Bee  At.iEri.] 
Other;   one  or  snmetliing  beside.    Wlw  '-      i- 

cominij?    What  else  shall  1  g've?    Do  you  <  '.:•'■■ 

any  llnngftsc? 

[This  word,  if  considered  to  be  an  adjcrlivo  or 

pronoun,  never  precedes  its  noun,  but  aUvayi  fol- 
lows it.l 
ELSE,  (el^,)  cite.    Oihenvise ;   i- 

the  fart  were  dill'ereiil.    Th.>it  ■ 

else  would  1  give  it ;  Ihal  is,  if  i 

rifice,  I  would  give  it.    /V.  li.  1' .     i- 

will  come  to  thee  (piickly  ;  that  is,  re;. 

thouldrit  not  re|)cnt,  if  the  cjisc  or  l^ 

different,  I  will  coino  lo  Ihee  quickly,    a    -  n-  v. 
2.  Beside ;   except  lli.it  mcniioncd ;  as,  nowlicn? 

ELSE'WnfillE,  nJc.     In  any  other  place;  as,  lliw 

trees  arc  not  to  be  found  rUcwhcrc. 

2.  In  some  other  place;  in  other  phces  indcfi 
nil-'ly.    It  is  re|)orted  in  luwn  and  fUnrhrre, 
E-LO'CI-DATE,  r.  (.     [Low  L.  f/»n  .'>,  from  rW. 
luccoy  to  uhine,  or  fmm  laeida.^,  tl.ar,  bright.    Re 

LtCHT.] 

To  make  clear  or  manifest ;  to  explain  ;  to  remove 

obscurity  from,  and  render  intelligible;  lo  illu»irale. 

An  example  v.  ill  cliteidaU  the  subject.    An  nrpune  it 

may  elucidate  an  obscure  question.    A  fact  i  1 1: 

by  one  lii^torian  may  elucidate  an  obscure  p:is  .r;    ; 

another's  writings.  ...       i 

E-LO'CI-I>A-TED,;»;».    Explained  ;  made  plain,  cJeir, 

or  intelliRihk'.  , 

E-LO'CI-I>A-TING,  ppr.     Explaining;  making  clear 

or  intelligible.  ^        ... 

E-LU-CI-DA'TION,  n.     The    act   of  explaniinB  *■' 

throwing  lifihl  on  any  obscure  subject ;  cxplanalion  ; 

cxpo>ition  ;  illuslralion  ;  as.  one  example  may  scrvr 

for  an  flueidalion  of  the  subjecl. 
E-LO'CI  DATIVE,  a.    Making  clear. 
E-LO'('I-I).\-TOU,  71.    One  wJio  explains  ;  an  ex[»»- 
E-LC'Cr-l>A-T(J-RV,  a.    Tending  to  elucidate.    [Iter. 
EL-Ue-TA'TION,   «.      [L.   cluctatus.]      The    act   ol 

buri^tiniT  forth ;  escape. 
E-LU-€L'  BIH'TIO.N.    See  LucunBATioif. 


FATE,  F 


-n\E,  MARI.VE,  BTRD.-NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQOK.— 


i 


EM  A 

E-LuDE',  r.  (.  [L.  dado;  e  and  ludo,  (■»  play;  Sp. 
eludir;  It.  ctudcrc ;  Fr.  cluder.  'i'lie  Latin  vnh  t'urnis 
iiisi,  liisumi  and  this  may  be  the  Hcb.  CIi.  aiul  Ar. 
^iS,  to  deride.    Class  Ls,  No,  5.] 

1.  To  escape  ;  to  evade  ;  to  avoid  by  artifice,  strat- 
agem, wiles,  deceit,  or  dexterity  ;  as,  to  elude  an  en- 
emy ;  to  dude  the  siyhl ;  to  dude  an  officer ;  to  dude 
detection;  to  elude  vigilance  j  to  elude  the  force  of  an 
argument;  to  elude  a.  blow  or  stroke. 

3.  To  mock  by  an  unexpected  escape  ;  as,  to  elude 
pursuit. 

Mc  (jfotlc  Helia beckons  fi-om  Ibc  fl^ia, 
Then,  hid  in  sIiAties,  eludes  her  ea^-r  swuici.  Pope. 

3.  To  escape  being  seen  ;  to  remain  unseen  or  un- 
discovered J  as,  to  elude  (iiscovcr>-.     The  cause  of 
magnetism  has   hitherto  eluded  the    researches  of 
philosophers. 
E-LC'D'ED,  ;ip.    Escaped;  avoided;  evaded 
E-LuD'I-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  eluded  or  escaped. 
E-LuD'ING,  ppr.    Escaping;  avoiding;  evading. 
E'LUL,  n.    The  tweltth  month  of  the  civil  Jewish 
year,  and  the  sixth  of  tlie  ecclesiastical.    It  corre- 
sponds nearly  to  our  August. 
E-LUM'Ba-TED,  a.     [L.  lumbus.] 

Weakened  in  the  loins. 
E-LC'SION,  h.     [L.  elusio.     See  Elude. J 

An  escape  by  artifice  or  deception  ;  ev;ision. 

Brown. 
E-Lu'SIVE,  a.    Practicing  elusion  ;  using  arts  to  es- 
cape. 

Elusive  of  the  bridal  clay,  die  gives 

Food  hopea  to  ail,  aud  aJl  vnih  hopes  deceives.  Pope. 

E-LU'SIVE-LY,  adv.    By  practicing  elusion. 

E-LO'SO-RI-NESS,  v.    The  state  of  being  clusoiy. 

E-LU'SO-RV,  a.  Tending  to  elude ;  tending  to  de- 
ceive; evasii'e;  fraudulent;  fallacious;  deceitful. 

Broion. 

E-LCTE',  V.  f.     [L.  duo^  datum  ;  qu.  e  and  lavo.     See 
Elutriate.] 
To  wash  olf ;  to  cleanse.  Arhuthnut. 

E-LOT'ED,  pp.    Washed  ;  cleansed. 

E-LtJT'ING,  ppr.    Cleansed  by  washing. 

E-LtJ'TItl-ATE,  V,  t.  [h.  clutrio  ;  Sw.  lutra^  lattra,  to 
cleani^e,  to  defecate;  Dan.  ?««ct*,  pure;  Sax.  luUcr, 
pure ;  ladian,  to  purify  ;  G.  luuter,  I).  loiUcrj  pine  ;  Ir. 
gleith.     Qu.  Class  Ls,  No.  30.] 

To  purify  by  washing ;  to  cleanse,  as  a  pulverulent 
substance,  by  separating  foul  matter,  and  decanting 
or  straining  olf  the  liquor. 

E-Lu'TRl-A-TED,  j;p.  Cleansed  by  washing  and 
decantation. 

E-Lu'TRI-A-TING,  ppr.  Purifying  by  washing  and 
decanting. 

E-LU-TRI-A'TION,  w.  The  operation  of  wasliiiig  a 
pulverulent  substance  by  mixing  it  witii  water,  and 
pouring  off  the  liquid  in  which  the  foul  or  extrane- 
ous substances  are  floating,  while  the  heaviL-r  parti- 
cles are  deposited  at  the  bottom.  Bruiide. 

E-LUX'aTE,  v.  t.     [L.  chactiis.] 
To  dislocate.    [See  Luxate.] 

E-LUX'a-TED,  pp.    Dislocated 

E-LUX'A-TING,  ppr.     Dislocating. 

EL^CX-.^'TION,  71.  The  dislocation  of  a  bone.  [See 
Luxation.] 

ELV'AN,  a.     Pertaining  to  elves. 

ELVE'-LOCKS.     Sec  Elf-Locx. 

ELVERS,  n.  p?.    Young  eels ;  young  congers  or  sea- 

ELVES,  pi.  of  Elf  [eels. 

ELVISH,  a.     More  properly  Elfish,  which  see. 

ELVISH-MARK-£D,  C-markt,)  a.  Marked  or  dis- 
figured by  elves.  SUak. 

EL-Y-DOR'ie,  a.     [Gr.  s'Saiov,  oil,  and  Wtjo,  water.] 
Elyduric  painting  is  with  oil  and  water,  in  such  a 
manner  as  to  add  the  freshness  of  water  colors  to  the 
mellowness  of  oil  painting.  Etmes. 

E-LYS'LVN,  (edizh'yan,)  o.    [L.  ebjsius.] 

Pertaining  to  elysium  or  the  seat  of  delight ;  yield- 
ing the  highest  pleasures;  deliciously  soothing ;  ex- 
ceedingly delightful ;  as,  dysian  fields. 

E-LYS'IUM,  (e-Iizh'yum,)  n.  [L.  elysium;  Gr.  tjXu- 
aiov.] 

In  aneient  mytkolo^i,  a  place  assigned  to  happy 
souls  after  death  ;  a  place  in  the  lower  regions,  fur- 
nished with  rich  fields,  groves,  shades,  streams,  ice., 
the  seat  of  future  liappincss.  Hence,  any  delightful 
plare.  Enaic.     Shak. 

E-LYT'Rl-FORM,  a.    Tn  the  form  of  a  wing-sheath. 

EL'V'-TKON,  I  n.  ,■  pi.  Elytra.     [Gr.]    A  name  given 

EL'Y-TRUM,  \  to  ths  wing-sheaths,  or  uppir  crus- 
taceous  membranes,  which  form  the  cuter  wings  or 
wivcring  in  the  tribe  of  beetles.  Bramlc. 

EL'ZE-VIR  E  I>I"TIONS,  n.  pi.  Editions  of  the 
cl-ossica.  Sec.  published  by  the  Elzevir  family  at  Am- 
sterdam and  t/eyden,  from  about  1595  to  1G80,  and 
highly  prized  for  tlioir  accuracy  and  elegance. 

*E.M.    A  contraction  of  Them.  [Encijc.  Am. 

They  loolc  Vtr.  Uudibras. 

E-MAC'ER-aTE,  v.  t.    To  make  lean.     [J^ot  m  use.'\ 

E-MAC'KR-.\-TKD,  pp.     Made  lean. 

E-MAC'ER-A-Tr.\G,;.;ir.     :\Iaking  lean. 

E-.M^C-ER-.a'T10N,  )i.    a  making  luan  ;  emaciation. 

E-JHa'CIaTE,  v.  u  [L.  emac'w^  from  maceo,  or  maccr^ 
lean;  Gr.  nuxo^y  /iu'.oos,  small;   Fr,  maigre;  Eng. 


EMA 

vicas^rr,  vtcek  ;  It.  Sp.  and  Port,  magroi  D.  8w.  Dan. 

and  G.  viao-er;  Ch.  HND,  to  be  thin.    Class  Mg,  No. 

2,  n,  13.] 
To  lose  flesh  gradually;  to  become  lean  by  pining 

with  sorrow,  or  by  loss  of  aopiitite  or  other  cause  ; 

to  waste  away,  as  flesh  ;  to  decay  in  flesh. 
E-Ma'CIaTE,  v.  t     To  cause  to  lose  flesh  gradually  ; 

to  waste  the  (losh  and  reduce  to  leanness.    Sorrow, 

anxiety,  want  of  appetite,  and  disease,   ot^eu  ema- 
ciate the  most  robust  bodies. 
E-Ma'CIvVTE,  a.     TJiin  ;  wasted.  Shen^tone. 

E-Ma'CIA-TED,  pp.  or  a.    Reduced  to  leanness  by  a 

gradual  loss  of  flesh;  thin  ;  lean. 
E-Ma'CIa-'J'ING,  ppr.     Wasting  the  flesh  gradually; 

making  lean. 
E-MA-CI-a''JTON,  71.    Tho  net  of  making  lean  or 

thm  in  flesh  ;   or  a  becoming  lean  by  a  gradual 

waste  of  fit- sh 
2.  The  stiile  of  being  reduced  to  leanness. 
E-MA€'U-LaTE,  v.t,     [Infra.]    To  take  spots  from. 

[ Little  lu^cd.] 
E-MAe-U-LA'TIOiV,  71.     [h.  emaculo.,  from  e  and  mac- 
ula^ a  spot.] 
The  act  or  operation  of  freeing  from  spots.     [LitUc 

7i.scd.] 
E.M'A  NANT,  a.     [L.  emanmis.    See  EwiNATE.] 

Issuing  or  flowing  from.  Jfale. 

EM' A-N.\TE,  ?;.-/.     [L.  cmano  ;  e  and  mano,  to  flow  ; 

Sp.  emanar ;   Fr.  cmaiicr;  It.  emanare.    Class   Mn, 

No.  11,  9.] 

1.  To  issue  from  a  source  ;  to  flow  from;  applird 
to  fluids  i  as,  light  emanates  from  the  sun  ;  perspirable 
matter,  from  animal  bodies. 

2.  To  proceed  from  a  source  or  fountain  ;  as,  the 
powers  of  government  in  republics  emanate  from  the 
people. 

EI\1'A-Na-TING,  ppr.      Issuing  or  flowing   from    a 

fountain. 
EM-A-Na'TION,  n.    The  act  of  flowing  or  proceeding 

from  a  fountain -I  lead  or  origin. 
2.  That  which  issues,  flows,  or  proceeds  from  any 

source,  substance,  or  body  ;  efflux  ;  effluvium.    Light 

is  an  emanation  from  the  sun ;  wisdom,  from  God  ; 

the  authoi  ilv  of  laws,  from  the  supreme  |K)wer. 
EM'A'NA-TIVE,  a.    Issuing  from  another. 
E-MAN'CI-PaTE,  v.   t.      [L.    cmaiicipo,   from   c   and 

7nancipiumj  a  slave  ;  majut.'<,  hand,  and  caoio,  to  take, 

as  slaves  were  anciently  prisoners  taken  in  war.] 

1.  To  set  free  from  soivilude  or  slavery,  by  the 
voluntary  act  of  the  projirietor;  to  liberate;  to  re- 
store from  bondage  to  freedom  ;  as,  to  emancipate  a 
slave. 

2.  To  set  free  or  restore  to  liberty ;  in  a  general 
sense. 

3.  To  free  from  bondage  or  restraint  of  any  kind  ; 
to  liberate  from  subjection,  controlling  power,  or  in- 
fluence; as,  to  emancipate  one  from  prejudices  or 
error. 

4.  In  ancient  Rome^  to  set  a  son  free  from  subjec- 
tion to  his  fattier,  and  give  him  the  capacity  of  man- 
a^^inL'  his  affairs,  as  if  he  was  of  age.  Encye. 

E-M.\i\^CLPATE,  a.     Set  at  liberty.  Cowpcr. 

E-MAN'CI-Pa-TED,  pp.  or  a.  Set  free  from  bondage, 
slavery,  servitude,  subjection,  or  dependence;  liber- 
ated. ' 

E-MAN'CI-Pa-TING,  ppr.  Setting  free  from  bond- 
age, servitu<le,  or  dependence  ;  liberating. 

E-MAN-CI-Pa'TION,  v.  The  act  of  setting  free  from 
slavery,  servitude,  subjection,  or  dependence ;  de- 
liverance from  bondage  or  controlling  influence  ; 
liberation  ;  as,  t!ie  emaneipation  of  slaves  by  their 
ju-oprietors  ;  the  emancipation  of  a  son  among  the 
Romans;  the  emandpatiim  of  a  person  from  preju- 
dices, or  from  a  servile  subjection  to  authority. 

E-MAN-CI-Pa'TION-IST,  Tt.  An  advocate  for  the 
emancipation  of  slaves. 

E-MAN'CI-Pa-TOR,  71.  One  who  emancipates  or  lib- 
erates from  bondage  or  restraint. 

E-MAN'CI-PIST,  71.  A  name  given  in  New  Holland 
to  convicts  who  have  been  set  free. 

E-MaNE',  v.  i.     [L.  cmajto.] 

To  issue  or  flow  from.  Enfield. 

But  tills  is  not  an  elegant  word.     [See  Emanate.] 

E-MAR'GIN-aTE,  It.  (.    To  take  away  tho  margin. 

E-MAR'GIN-ATE,      \   a.      [Fr.    marge;    L.    margo, 

E-MaR'GIN-a-TED,  \       whemo  cmargino.] 

1.  In  botany,  notched  in  a  peculiar  mamier  at  the 
apex  ;  applied  to  the  leaf,  petaly  or  stigma. 

2.  In  mineralogy^  having  all  theedgesof  the  prim- 
itive form  truncated,  eacii  by  one  face.  Clinveland. 

3.  Ill  zoology,  having  the  margin  broken  by  an 
obtuse  notch  nu  the  seguient  of  a  circle.      Brande. 

E-MAR'GIN-ATE-LY,  adv.    In  the  form  of  nt>tclies. 
E-MAR'GlN-A-TING,;j/'r.    Taking  away  the  margin. 
E-MAS'CU-LATE,  v.  t.     [Low  L.  cma.'teuloy  from  e 
and  mascuhi^,  a  male.    Sec  Male.] 

1.  To  castrate  ;  to  deprive  a  male  of  certain  parts 
which  characterize  the  sex ;  to  geld  ;  to  deprive  of 
virility. 

2.  To  deprive  of  masculine  atrength  or  vigor ;  to 
weaken  ;  to  render  cllemjnatc ;  to  vitiate  by  un- 
manly softness. 


EMB 

E-MAS'eU-LATE,  a.    Unmanned;  deprived  of  vi"or 

Hammond. 

E-MAS'€I;-La-TED. pp.ora.    Castrated;  weakened. 

EM AS'CU-LS-TLVG,  ppr.  Castrating ;  gelding; 
depriving  of  vicor. 

E-MAS  CU-LA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  depriving  a 
male  r)f  the  parts  which  characterize  (he  sex  ;  cas- 
tration. 

2.  The  act  of  depriving  of  vigor  or  strength;  ef- 
feminacy ;  unmanly  weakness. 

EM-HALE',  u.  t  [Fr.  cmbaUer;  Sp.  emhalar;  IL  I'm- 
baUare;  cm,  im,  for  en  or  in,  and  ballad  balte,  hale] 

1.  To  make  up  into  a  bundle,  bale,  or  package ;  to 
pack. 

2.  To  bind  ;  to  inclose  ;  as,  to  embale  in  golden 
buskins.  Spaucr. 

EM-BaL'ED,  pp.    Made  into  a  bale. 
EM-BAL'IXG,  ppr.    Making  into  a  bale. 
EM-BALL',  V.  t.    To  encircle  or  embrace.     [06*.] 

tmenarr. 
EM-BALL'IXG,  n.    An  embrace.  Shak. 

EM-BALId',   (cm-bitn',)  r.  (.     [Fr.  cmbaumer^   from 

baumc,  oalm,  from  balsaia;  It,  tmbaUamare;  Sp.  en- 

balsamar.] 

1.  To  open  a  dead  body,  take  out  the  intestines, 
and  All  their  place  with  odoriferoUi«  and  desiccalive 
spices  and  drugs,  to  prevent  iti  putrefaction. 

Joseph  comtnaiided  liU  •ervants,  the  phjrticuru,  lo  embalm  bli 
Tulh^r;   and  ibe  jthyiiCMiui  embaimei  IirocJ. — Gm.  I. 

2.  To  fill  with  sweet  scent.  Milton. 

3.  'I'o  preserve,  with  care  and  affection,  from 
loss  or  decay. 

The  iiiemoo'  of  my  beWvcd  ihuglitcr  U  embalmed  in  my  l»^rt. 

A*.  U'. 


Embalms  the  lieaulira  of  Uic  face. 


J.  Tnimb'jU. 


Women  cma,^cu2ate  a  monarch's  rei^. 
To  emasculate  Uie  spinu. 


Dr'iden. 
Coilur. 


EM-BALM'£;i),  pp.  or  a.  Filled  with  aromatic  plants 
for  preser\ation  ;  filled  with  sweet  scent;  preserved 
from  loss  or  destruction. 

EM-BXLM'ER,  n.  One  who  embalms  bodies  for 
preservation. 

EM-BXLM'ING,  ppr.  Filling  a  dead  body  with  spices 
for  preservation  ;  filling  with  sweet  scent  ;  preserv- 
ing with  rare  from  loss,  decav,  or  destniciion. 

EM-BXLM'ING,  h  The  act  or  art  of  filling  a  dead 
bodv  with  spicL-s  for  preservation. 

EM-BXL:\1'MEiNT,  «.     Act  of  embalming. 

EM-HANK',  V.  t.  To  enclose  with  a  bank  ;  to  defend 
by  banks,  mouiuis,  or  dikes. 

EM-BAXK'/'JD,  pp.    Inclosed  or  defended  by  a  bank. 

EM-BANK'L\G,  ppr.  Inclosing  or  surrounding  with 
a  bank. 

EM-BANK'MENT,  7t.  The  act  of  surrounding  or  de- 
fending with  a  bank. 

2.  A  mound  or  bank  raised  for  various  purposes, 
as  lor  protecting  against  inundations,  for  the  passage 
of  a  niilroad,  &:c. 

EM  BAR',  V.  t.  [en  and  bar.]  To  shut,  close,  or 
fasten  with  a  bar  ;  to  make  fast. 

2.  To  inclose  so  as  to  hinder  egress  or  escape. 

Whtre  fitsi  embarrtd  m  mighty  Ijraicn  \v.\JL  Sftntsr. 

3.  To  stop;  to  shut  from  entering;  to  hinder;  lo 
block  up. 

lie  cmliarred  all  further  IniJc.  Bacon. 

EM-B.\R-eA'TION,  n.     Embarkation,  which  see. 

EM-B.\R'GO,  71.  [Sp.  embargo;  Port.  Fr.  id.  Tins  is 
a  modern  word,  lYom  the  Simni?li  and  Portuguese. 
In  Portuguese,  embara^dr,  which  the  Spanish  write 
embarazarj  is  lo  embarrass,  entangle,  stop,  hinder; 
Port,  emburago,  impediment,  embarrassment,  slop, 
hinderance.  The  palatal  being  changed  into  :  and 
s,  we  have  embaj-ras^  from  tliis  word  ;  but  anbargo 
rctuius  tlie  palatal  letter.) 

In  commerce,  a  restraint  on  ships,  or  prohibition  of 
sailing,  either  out  of  port,  or  into  port,  or  Imth ; 
which  prohibition  is  by  public  authority,  for  a  limitrd 
time.  Jlost  generally  it  is  a  prohibition  of  ships  t>.> 
leave  a  port. 

EM-B.KR'GO,  V.  t.     [Sp.  and  Port,  cmbargar.] 

1.  To  hinder  or  prevent  ships  from  sailing  out  of 
port,  or  into  port,  or  both,  by  some  law  or  edict  of 
sovereign  authority,  for  a  limited  lime.  Our  ships 
were  for  a  time  cmbargoetl  by  a  law  of  congress. 

2.  To  slop;  to  hinder  from  being  prosecuted  by  tJie 
departure  or  entrance  of  ships.  The  commerce  of 
the  t'nited  States  has  been  embargoed, 

EM-BAR'Go -KD,  pp.  Stopped;  hindered  ft-om  sail- 
ing; hindered  by  public  authority,  as  sliips  or  com- 
merce. 

EM-BXR'GO  ING,  ppr.  Restraining  from  s.iillng  by 
public  authority ;  hiadcrins. 

EM-BAUK',  r.  t.  [Sp.  cmbarcar  ;  Port,  itl ;  It.  imbar- 
carc  ;  Fr.  cmbarqucr;  en  and  bareo,  a  boat,  a  barge,  a 
bark.l 

1.  To  put  or  cause  to  enter  on  tjoard  a  ship  or  other 
vessel  or  boat.  The  general  embarked  his  troops 
and  tlieir  baggage.  . 

2.  To  engage  a  person  in  any  aflair.  This  pro- 
jector embarked  his  friends  in  the  design  or  exi»cdition. 

EM-BXRK',  r.  i.    'I'o  go  on  board  of  a  ship,  boat,  or 
vessel ;  as,  the  troops  embarked  tor  Lisbon. 
2.  To  engage  in  any  business;   to  undertake  in; 


TONE,  BfJLL,  UNITE AN"GEn,  VI"CIOUS G  as  K  ;  6  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS 

387 


KMK 


KMB 


i„  uk.  *  Mluire  in.    Tlw  >«>»«  "»■■  '•"><•'*«'  """y  | 


i.J. 


-ip.    rniA«rMCW».)      A  •mall    voMcl    or 


'cm  liaiki',)  fp. 
. '  alTalt. 

,.ii-.      riilliii:;  111 


bual. 
buaril  of  a  ^lilp  or 

I.         IVdrburloH. 

,r:  r..rl.  .ni'.m-: 


■.!(!   of 

..,.:^ui  ;  «alil  I'l'  "I'l"  '■  '"l'  to 

.    ;,  llic  miiiil  or  liilclUctuul  fucul- 
lu  luiiiuM:.    Unr  IJnw  ore  n.inctlnuH  f<n*iir- 


1    .   1-  rl^l'  X,  :n  Willi  (I.-li! 


,  or  dPinanda,  boyonil 
!j  11  prr.wn  or  hij 
i!i;mor  Iiis  l)tlslUL'S.s 
jiiLtl  liU  [wciiiiiory 

iiik;ui:tiitv;i'..i.  .     w     i 

4.  Toperiik'x  1  locunfusu;  lodisconccrt ;  toanaali. 
Ari'uljrupl  uJilrt'"0»  mny  embarrasj  a  young  l;i(ly.  A 
■       p;  mail  umy  l>e  liw  inucll  cmburrasstd  Ii'  uUcr  u 

'■■     l"  I. 

1       : M.  R  \.^r!-ED,    (ini-lMU'rast,)    p;).  or  a.      ler- 

:  nil  iiiltuale  ;  ronfiiscd  ;  coiifounilcd. 

~  ING,   ppr.    lVr|iU\insi    cnlmiiiliiis  ; 

..iifdiiniliiii; ;  iibii!4tiiii^'. 
1  '.:  i.\i;  i;a;^?-IM;,  a.    l'iriili"''i"8  ^  aJniiUiI  to  pur- 

1  \l  ll\ll'RA-!tf->IKNT,    >i.      l'fr|ilc\i!y  ;    Intricacy; 

-.  C.nfiisign  i.f  niinil.  [onlanBlumcnl. 

a.  Pi-ri)Kxily   nrKini;    from    insiilv.iiry,  vt  fruin 

lriu|>irary  inability  In  iliscbarjir  ili'liu. 

•1.  I'unruNitin ;  abasliiiient. 

i;.MilAll'll*.l>,  (iin  bird',)  y)>.    SImt ;  closed;  fast- 

clii'd. 
KM  nMl'IMXn,  ypr.    IVuning,  as  Willi  a  bar. 
KM  ll.\r-K',  p.  I.    [m  and  ba.-.:]    To  lower  in  »tUihj  ; 
lo  vilial.'  ;  la  dfjiravt: ;  to  iin|iair. 

Tht  viniM  —  of  a  tn#  t:jilt.utd  hj  llw  gnluiul.  Avun. 

I  line  uo  IxuoUe  n*d—  lltti  ii»»y  emfrxw  my  poor  J.iJjnfK-ut. 

IVuUoti. 

a.  To  dcpradc  ;  lo  vilify.  Spcnur. 

I  T!*i*  u'nnl  i-f  jr/i/wfli  tuftl.] 
KMIU.-'K'.MK.NT,  ii.   Act  of  ilfpnivinE  ;  depravation  ; 

il.li  ri..riillon.  S""'A. 

KMIl  AH  MAUK,  II.     .An  cnibas-sy.     [04.*.]     S;irn.i(T. 
KM  HAS  SA-PIlK,  u.     (.Sp.  rmbaimlar;  I'orl.  iil.;  Fr. 
amtit.iia<leur :    If.    iimbit/ciadiire  :    .\Xm.    ambni^lttdm- ; 
Sana,  anbai^nr.    !-p.liimii  nf  rs  tliiii  wonl  to  tlif 


C.   OM 

Ulii' 
fav. 

I.f  I 


\'' 


\v\urU  i'l-nar  callH  nmhactns,  a  client  or  rc- 
c;ailH.      Cluvcr,  j««(.    dcr.   1,  «, 

,  anil  iitions  that,  in  the  law.s 

I  aa  wa-^  t-ipiivalciit  to  the  Cer. 

■i  .w  rt.ntrartC'il  to  amtf  D.  ampt^  liali. 

■A.       '   '.  I. Ilicf.  duty, function, enitiloyiiicnl, 

ill.    liiilrli  Irn  iI»l&1i.'^  trade,  handcraft, 

r,  a  liiriNhip,  and  flf»iA«jff.itiiiiin,  a  joiirniryinaii 

or  nil  rliiiiir.  whirli  l«  cviili'iilly  the  Sw.  cmlirlcmili. 

Til'   UnnWi   has  also  rmbrdr,  oH'kl.,  cniploynirnl. 

In  Hat.  rmhrSi,  ynirAr,  in  olfice,  duty,  eniployinenl  i 

iahtkr,in,  to  tti-r^'r  :  eiitbfhtman,  a  wrvanl  ;  also  n-n- 

^thr,  '■'■Iht^iirt ;  e-rfl<yhl,  a  nii-.wagc  or  legation,  an  eiii- 

1,  a  b'L'iite  or  envoy,  (u  inrs.-'it^e- 

:.  ill  (Iiilliic,  13  ai«y/niAr.*,  a  "crvaitl ; 

■. '..     The  torrman  has  ainlstmlf^  a 

til iiiTir.      I  no  tinit  syllable,  rm^  is  ffwin  c:iiA,  ywi!*, 

iifj  ^1,  about,  and  the  nxit  of  ani6ac£  U  Bg.    Sec  Pack 
and  [>i*PiTcM.] 

1.  \  minlrtcr  of  the  hiithest  rank,  employed  by 
one  prince  or  utale  at  the  court  of  another,  to  nian- 
agt  thi»  ptihllr  riincem*  of  bH  own  prince  or  suite, 

and  r  -  -    - the  power  and  dicnity  of  hi-  nover- 

ri?  '^^  are  orrfinirry,  when  they  reside 

l^f.  I    foreign    court  ;   or    ritraorJinarttf 

■- '■  it  on  a  Kpecial  occa>"inn.     They  are 

--.     Knvoyn  are  mini-ten  emjiloycd 

•n,  and  are  of  Ie<.i  dii:nily. 

Johnson,     Fjifye. 
"i.  In  UiitmtiLi  lanfitajf,  a  mcMonger.  Jl»h. 

EM-B.\tW<A-DO'RI-AL,  a.     Delonging  or  relating  to 

an  emhaMaitor. 
EM-nAS'tlA-DRESS,  n.    The  coniort  of  an  embas- 
sador. CkfJtfrfifltL 
Q.  A  woman  sent  on  an  rmtm««y. 
EM'HAS-SACE,  an  emli.-0"«y.  in  not  u«ed. 
E.M'BAs'-SV,  ».     [Sp.  and  Port.  cmhataiUi ;  Fr.  aniiu- 

I.  The  mejisagp  or  public  function  of  an  embawa- 
dor  ;  the  charge  or  employment  of  a  public  minister, 
whether  embasnador  or  envoy.  The  word  signifies 
the  mcHjiage  or  commission  it-^elf,  and  the  person  or 
persons  sent  to  convey  or  to  execute  IL    We  say,  the 


king  k'nl  an  cmiutty,  iiuanlug  un  eiiv.i) ,  in 
,r  r.ihii.t. Ti:  er  the  kiii^  sent  a  |icr*.ii  on  .. 

•  consisted  of  tiiree  .Mivoyn  .   im 
leted  to  inquire  colict.niing   the 
Milford. 
Ta^lur, 

J  ■^\*\  Weill  fonli  rmtn  JmlKilciii 

i  uuUioiiljr  aud  lure. 

D.  Didkwon. 

3.  Iraniaxll^,  an  errand.  SiJnnj. 

(The  old  ortliogmphy,  ambiuiadt,  a<it!uisiai;e,  being 

obsolete,  and  rmbiust)  established,  I  have  rendered 

the  orthognipliy  of  ctnbamittur  conforili.iblu  In  it  In 

till  Initinl  letter.    The  elegant  lllackirlolie  uniformly 

>ai/<ir.] 

.  e.  t.    To  batho. 
!;.    III'.,  r.  <.    [c«  and  tii/J/e.1    To  armngo  In 
i.nler  III  li.ittle  ;  to  array  Iresjpa  for  battle. 

Oil  Un-lr  t:.*hatL4J  wnU  llie  waves  rrtuni.  MiUoti. 

a  To  fiiniisli  with  battlements.  Ciic 

EM-UAT'TLE,  e.  i.    To  bo  tanged  in  order  of  battle. 

EM-nAT'TI.ED,  pp.  or  n.    Arrayed  in  order  of  battle. 

2.  Furnished  with  baltlemcnts ;  niid,  in  lieralJnj, 
having  the  oiulinu  resembling  a  battlement,  as  an 
ordinary.  C'J'-    Bailnj. 

3.  Having  been  the  place  of  baulc  ;  as,  an  natiUtUd 
plain  or  tield. 

K.M-IIAT'TLLN'G,  ppr.    Hanging  in  battle  array. 
E.M-lt.W,  ".  I.     [en,  in,  and  bay.\    To  inctec  In 

bay  or  inlet ;  to  land-lock  ;  lo  inclose  between  copes 

or  promontories.  .^fti".  /^'ct. 

a  [Fr.  ini-'ncr.)    To  batlie ;  lo  wa.<li.     [ATol  iiseii.] 
*  Spender. 

EM-IIaY'EU,  (cinlmde',)  pp.    Inclosed  in  a  bay,  or 

betiveen  |HiiiiUi  of  land,  as  a  f  hip. 
KM  llAV'li\(;,p;>e.     Inclosing  in  a  bay. 
K.M  IIKI)',  r.  (.     [r/i,  in,  and  4c<(.]     To  lay  as  In  a  bed  ; 

to  lay  in  surroundiiii!  mailer  ;  us,  to  cml/cd  a  thing  in_ 

clav'or  in  sand.  .     ,      ,        -     , 

EM-1IEI)'I1EI>,  pp.  or  a.    Laid  as  in  a  ued  ;  deposited 

or  inclosed  in  surrounding  matter;  as,  ore  embedded 

in  sand. 
E.M-IIEU'DINC,  ppr.     L.ayiliR,  doposiliiig,  or  funning, 

as  ill  a  bed. 
EM-IIKD'.ME.NT,  u.    Act  of  embedding  ;  sttUc  of  being 

emboddeil.  ...,,, 

EM-UEI.'ld.SlI,  r.  (.     [I'r.  emlelUr,  from  belle,  I-.  M- 

tus,  prctlv.l 

1.  To  ailoni  ;  lo  beautify;  to  decorate;  to  make 
beautiful  or  elegant  bv  omamenLs  ;  apptied  to  pcr.ions 
or  llihi.'s.  We  emhitiUh  the  |ierson  with  rich  ap|iarel, 
a  garden  with  shrubs  and  lloweis,  and  slylB  with 
iiietaphors. 

2.  To  make  gniceful  or  elegant ;  as,  to  embclltsh 
nianncrs. 

EM-IIKI.'T,IHII-W),  (eni-bcriislit,)p;>.orn.     Adorned ; 

decorated  ;  liealllilied. 
EM-IIKI.'I.IHH-Klt,  >i.     One  who  emhellishea. 
E.M-llKI.'I.ISIl-I.N'U,    ppr.     Adorning;    decorating; 
adding  grace,  ornament,  or  elegance,  lo  a  person  or 
thing. 
l-'.M-IIEL'MSII-I.Nti-LY,  adv.    Po  as  to  cmbcllisli. 
E.M-HEI.'I.ISII-.MK.NT,  lu     The  act  of  adorning. 

2.  oriiaineiit;  decoiatiiin  :  any  thing  thai  adds 
beauty  or  elegance ;  llial  which  renders  any  thing 
pleasing  lo  the  eye,  or  agreeable  to  the  taste,  in  dress, 
I'uriiiture,  manners,  or  in  the  fine  arts.  Rich  dresses 
are  embrllii'luiinil.i  of  the  person  ;  virtue  is  an  rinicf- 
kvAiMc/it  of  the  iiiiiid,  and  liberal  arts  Ihe  embellish- 
ments of  societv. 
E.M'HEIl,  in  ember-daijs,  emiicr-iccf*..-,  is  the  Saxon 
cnii-rcn,  or  ijmli-rijne,  a  circle,  circuit,  or  revolution, 
from  limb,  a/ii^i,  around,  and  ren,  or  rijne,  course, 
from  the  root  of  run.  Ember-days  are  the  Wednes- 
day, Friday,  and  Saturday,  after  aiiadmge.sinia 
Sii'iiday,  after  Whllsuiiday,  after  Holyrood  day  in 
Septeii'iber,  and  after  St.  Lucia's  day  in  December. 
Kmlier-days  arc  days  returning  at  certain  seasons  ; 
cm»cr-!rfcts,the  weeks  in  which  these  days  fall ;  and 
fiirnierly,  our  ancestors  used  the  words  Ember-fast 
and  Ember-tide,  or  season. 

Lye.  Eneyc.  LL.  Mfrei,  sect.  39. 
EM'BRIl-<;OOSE,  n.  A  web-footed  bird  of  the  genus 
Colyinbu.<,  also  called  the  great  northern  diver, 
placed  by  Linnu-lis  under  the  order  Mnseres.  It  is 
larger  than  the  common  goose  :  the  head  is  dusky  ; 
the  back,  coverts  of  the  wings  and  tail,  clouded  with 
lighter  and  darker  shades  of  the  same  ;  the  prima- 
ries and  tail  are  black  ;  the  brca-st  and  belly  silvery. 
It  inhabiLs  the  northern  regions,  about  Iceland  and 
the  Orkilt;>8.  Eneye. 

E.M'BER-ING,  a.    Tlie  ember-days,  supra.     fOi...] 

TiiSiCp. 
EM'BERS,  n.  pi.    [Sax.  irinyntui  ,•  Scot,  aracrw,  aumcj-*-; 
Ic4*.  rinmyrin.] 

Sm.all  coals  of  fire  with  ashes  ;   the  residuum  of 
wood,  coal,  or  other  combustibles  not  extinguished 
cinders. 

Ill- nke^liot  rm&er«,  uiil  renews  the  Am.  Drydtn. 

It  Is  used  by  Colebrooke  in  tlio  singular. 


EMB 

,  I'.KK.     See  Ember,  snpri. 

1 .1'.,  r.  t.    [.\orni.  embeiisiter,  to  filch  ;  list 
,. , ,  ,.;.     i  ho  primary  sense  is  not  quite  obvious.    If 
tile  sense  is  lo  strip,  to  peel,  it  coincides  with  the  Ar 


KjOj  iass^ila,  to  strip,  or  Ileb.  Ch.  and  Syr.  Sss.  In 

Ilcb.  Ch.  Syr.  and  Sam.,  Ii3  or  nia  sigiiiiies  to  plun- 
der. See  tJlass  Bs,  No.  2,  2l,ia.  Perhaps  the  si'nse 
Is,  to  cut  oil:     No.  2l,M.i 

1.  To  appro|iriate  fraudulenlly  to  one's  own  u. 
what  is  inlrusled  to  one's  care  and  niaiiagemeiit.  It 
ditlers  from  stealing  and  robbery  in  this  — that  Iho 
latter  iiiiply  a  wrongful  taking  of  another's  goinU, 
but  enibeizlement  denotes  the  wrongliil  a|i|iropri'i- 
tion  and  use  of  what  came  into  iHissession  by  iighl. 
It  Is  not  uiicoiiimon  fur  men  intrusted  with  |iiiblic 
nionev  lo  enibezile  it. 

2.  'i'o  waste,  to  dissipate  in  extravagance. 

Wtvai  Uioii  li.T*l  emUzsltd  all  Uiy  tlore.  Dryten. 

EM-IinZ'ZLKD,  (ein-bez'ld,)  pp    Appropriated  wrong- 

fiillv  to  one's  own  use. 
E.M-U'E'/.'ZLE-.ME.NT,  n.    The  act  of  fraudulently  op. 

nroprialiiig  to  one's  own   use  the  mmiey  or  gisiils 

inlrusled  to  one's  care  and  nianageiiieiit.     .\ii  accii. 

nile  account  of  the  embezzlemrnls  of  public  money 

would  form  a  curious  history 
2.  The  thing  appropriated. 
EM-BKZ'ZLEU,  n.    One  who  embei!/.les. 
E>1-BEZ'ZLING,  ppr.    Fniudiilciilly  applying  to  one's 

own  UBO  what  is  intrusted  lo  one's  care  and  emjiloy- 

iiicnt. 
EM-BLAZE',  e.  1.     [Fr.  Woionncr ;  Sp.  Wiuiomir;  Port. 

htaioniir,  briizonnr ;  allied  to  G.  bla-sen,  I),  bhtiizrit.  In 

blow,  anil  Fr.  blaser,  to  burn,  Eng.  blir.e.    The  sense 

Is,  to  swell,  to  enlarge,  to  make  showy.] 
1.  To  adorn  with  glittering  enibellislimelits. 


No  vvi-i;niiiy  urplinii  WW  bi'  fjei-'r't  sUir.'j 
Our  •liriiie*  irr.ulijl'.,  or  eniblase  llic  tlnun. 


Popt. 


lie  Iskn  A  IMited  mber  out  of  tlw  anrcied  ve«cl. 

Alia.  Ret.  »H.  251. 


2.  To  blazon ;  to  paint  or  adorn  with  figures  ar. 
inoritd. 

'llio  ImiKiiiil  ciiiipi,  ■Ireniiiliig  lo  tlic  wliiil. 

With  ReiiM  mill  golilcn  liuter  ricli  eniU'ttrcii.  MUton. 

EM-BLaZ'/JD,  pp.    Adorned  with  shining  ornainenu, 

or  with  figures  armorial. 
E.M-BI.AZ'liN'G,  ppr.    Enibellisliing  with  glittering  or- 

naiiieiits,  or  with  figures  armorial. 
E.M-liLA'ZON,{eni-bli'zn,)B.  (.     [ Fr.  Wusimiin-.    So« 

EMIII..V7.1:  ] 

1.  To  adorn  with  figures  of  herildry  or  ensigns 
armorial.  Johnson. 

2.  Todcck  In  gl.iring  colors;  to  display  poniiioui.ly. 

Wc  flud  AuputuJ  — CHit/nzoneif  l>y  Oil-  jskIh.  y/iU-ew//. 

E.M-ULA'ZtXN-ED,  (cui-blaz'nd,)  pp.     Adorned  with 
figures  or  ensigns  armorial ;  set  out  pompously. 

EM-BL;\'ZON-EK,  M.     Ablazoner;  one  llial  emblaz- 
ons ;  a  herald. 
2.  One  that  publishes  and  displays  willi  pomp. 

EJ1-BL.\'Z0.N  I.VG,  ppr.     .\duruing  with   ensigns  or 
fi.jilres armorial;  displaying  Willi  poliili. 

E.M-BI,i\'ZO.'<-ING,  TI.  The  act  or  art  of  adorning 
with  ensigns  armorial. 

EM-BL.A'ZtJ.S-.ME.NT,  n.     An  ellibla/.nning.      Itoieoi. 

E.M-BLa'ZON-RY,  n.  Pictures  on  shields;  display 
of  figures.  ,  „  ^,  JlWlon. 

EM'BLEM,  n.  [Gr.  cp0\npa,  from  cp/?oXXw,  to  cast 
ill,  to  iiiserU] 

1.  I'roperly,  inlay  ;  inlaid  or  mosaic  work  ;  some- 
thing inserted  in  the  body  of  another. 

2.  A  picture  representing  one  thing  lo  the  eye,  and 
another  to  the  understanding  ;  a  painted  enigma,  or 
a  fi'uire  representing  some  obvious  history,  iiislriicl- 
ing°us  in  some  moral  truth.  Such  is  the  image  of 
Sca'viila  Imliling  his  hand  in  the  fire,  with  the« 
word.-,  "j?^crrct  piiti  fortiler  Romamim  c,s(,"  lo  do  and 
to  sillier  with  fortitude  is  Roman.  V.neye. 

3.  A  painting  or  representation,  intendeil  to  hold 
fiirlhsume  moral  or  polilii;">l  iiislructioii ;  an  allusive 
picture  ;  a  typical  designation.  A  balance  is  an  em. 
blem  of  justice;  a  crown  is  the  emblem  of  royalty; 
a  scepter,  of  power  or  sovereignly. 

•I.  That  which  represents  another  thing  In  its  pre- 
dominant qualities.    A  w  hite  robe  in  Scripture  Is  on 
emblem  of  purity  or  righteousness  ;  baptism,  of  puri- 
fication. 
E.M'BLE.M,  e.  I-    To  represent  by  similar  qiialilies. 

Fflthnm. 
EM-BLEM-AT'ie,         \a.  Pertaining  to  or  coinprislnj 
EM-BLEM-AT'IC-.\L,  )      an  ciobleni. 

2.  Representing  by  some  allusion  or  customary 
connection  ;  as,  a  crown  is  emblematic  of  royiUly,  o 
crown  being  woni  by  kings. 

3.  Representing  by  siindar  qualities  ;  »3,whllcne«i 
is  emblematic  of  purity. 

4.  Using  emblems  1  .as,  CTni/cmn/ic  worship. 
EM-BI,E.\I-AT'ie-AL-LY,  adc.    By  way  or  means  ol 

emblems  ;  in  the  manner  of  emblems  ;  by  way  of  al- 
lusive representation.  .Sieyi. 

E.M-BLEM'A-TIST,  n.  A  writer  or  Inventor  of  cm 
blems.  ^''T,"™ 

EM-BLEM'A-TIZE,  r.  u  To  represent  by  an  emblem. 

IFalpotr. 


FATE,  FAR,  FAU..  \VH*T.  — METE,  PREY.  — PINE.  MARINE,  BIRD — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  TSQQK.— 


EMB 

EM-BLEM'A-TIZ -ED,  pp.  Reprcsenlcd  by  an  em- 
blem 

KM-BLE.M'A-TXZ-ING,  j»pr.  Representing  by  an  ein- 
blfui. 

EM'DLE-MENT,  7(.  Usedinosily  in  thcplunil.  [Norm. 
ciabkary  emblements  ;  emblccr,  to  sow  ;  Fr.  ciithluvcr  ; 
Norm,  biter,  to  sow  witli  corn,  from  blc^  bled,  ci  rn.] 

The  produce  or  fruits  of  land  sown  or  jilanled. 
This  word  is  used  for  the  produce  of  land  sown  or 
planted  by  a  tennnt  ("or  life  or  years,  whose  estate  is 
determined  suddenly  after  the  land  is  sown  or  planted, 
and  before  harvest.  In  this  case,  the  tenant's  execu- 
tors shall  have  the  emblements,  Emblcmmts  compre- 
hend not  only  corn,  but  the  produce  i>f  aiiy  annual 
plant.  But  the  produce  of  grass  and  perennial 
plants  belongs  to  the  lord,  or  proprietor  of  the  land. 

Blackstonc. 

EM'BLEM-IZE,  c.  t    To  represent  by  an  emblem. 

EM'BLE.M-lZ-ED,  pp.     Represented  by  an  emblem. 

E.M'BLE>I-IZ-LXU,  ppr.    Representing  by  an  emblem. 

EM-BLOO.M',  r.  t.     To  cover  or  enrich  with  bloom. 

EM-BLOOM'SD,  pp.*  Enriched  with  bloom.      lOood. 

EM-BLOOM'IXG,  ppr.     Covering  with  bloom. 

EM-BOD'I-ED,  pp.  or  a.  [See  Embody.]  Collected  or 
fonoed  into  a  bodv. 

EM-BOD'I-ER,  n.  'lie  that  embodies. 

ESI-BODT-MENT,  n.  The  act  of  embodying;  tlic 
state  of  being  embodied. 

EM-BOD'Y,  V.  t.  [en,  in,  and  body.]  To  form  into  a 
body  ;  to  make  corporeal ;  to  invest  with  matter  ;  as, 
to  embody  the  soul  or  spirit ;  a  form  embodied. 

Dryden. 
2.  To  form  or  collect  into  a  body  or  tmited  mass; 
to  collect  into  a  whole  ;  to  incorporate  ;   to  concen- 
liate  ;  as,  to  embody  troops  ;  to  embody  detached  sen- 
liments. 

EM-BOD'Y,  r.  i.  To  unite  in  a  body,  mass,  or  collec- 
tion ;  to  coalesce.  MiUon.    Luckc. 

EM-BOD'Y-ING,  ppr.  Collecting  or  forming  into  a 
bodv. 

EM-B6G'UIXG,  (em-bog'ing,)  n.  The  mouth  of  a 
river  or  place  where  its  waters  are  discharged  into 
the  sea. 

EM-BoLD  £N,  V.  u  [m  and  6oW.]  To  give  boldness 
or  courage  t  j  ;  to  encourage.    I  Cor.  viii. 

EM-BoLD'£N-£D,  pp.  or  a.     Encouraged. 

EM-BoLD'£\-ER,  n.    One  that  emboldens. 

E.M-BOLD'E.X-ING,  ppr.    Giving  courage  or  boldness. 

SM'BO-LISM,  n.  [Gr.  epffoXicrpos,  from  ep.SaXXij,  to 
throw  in,  to  insert.] 

1.  Intercalation;  the  insertion  of  days,  months,  or 
years,  in  an  account  of  time,  to  produce  regularity. 
The  Greeks  made  use  of  the  lunar  year  of  354 
days,  and  to  adjust  it  to  the  solar  year  of  365,  they 
added  a  lunar  month  every  second  or  third  year, 
which  additional  month  they  called  cmboUmams. 

2.  Intercalated  time.  [Barlow. 
EM-BO-LIS'ilAL,  a.    Pertaining  to  intercalation  ;  in- 
tercalated ;  inserted. 

The  en^hsmnl  months  arc  either  namral  or  civil.         Encyc. 

EM-BO-LXS'Mie,  a.    Intercalated ;  inserted. 

Tftelve  bmrtlious     lbr:i.    a   coramcn    year,   and  Uiirtepii,   the 
embolisrrJc  year.  Groaier'a  Ouna, 

EJI'BO-LUS,  j[.  [Gr.  EfiPoXo^,  from  c/i^aXAw,  to 
thrust  in.] 

Something  inserted  or  acting  in  another;  that 
which  thrusts  or  drives,  as  a  piston. 

.Brbulknot.   Hebcrt. 

E-V-B0-V-F0/.V7*,[Fr.]  (ang-bong-pwa'.)  Plumpness 
of  body  or  person. 

Eai-BOR'DER,  P.  U     [Old  Fr.  emborder.\ 
To  adorn  with  a  border. 

EM-B0R'DER-I:D,  pp.    Adorned  with  a  border. 

EM-BOR'DER-LN'G.  ppr.    Adorning  with  a  border 

EM-BOSS',  r.  U  [en,  in,  and  boss.]  In  the  fine  arts, 
to  form  bosses  or  protuberances  ;  to  fashion  in  relievo 
or  raised  work  ^  to  cut  or  form  with  prominent  fig- 
ures. 

2,  To  form  with  bosses ;  to  cover  with  protuber- 
ances. Miltxjn. 

3.  To  drive  hard  in  hunting,  till  a  deer  foams,  or  a 
doc's  knees  swell.  Siiak.     Hanmcr, 

EM-BOSS',  V.  t.  [Fr.  emhoiter,  for  emboisUr,  from 
boite,  boiste,  a  box.] 

To  inclose,  as  in  a  box  ;  to  include  ;  to  cover.  [JVot 

usai.]  Spenser. 

E1I-B03S',  V.  t.     [It.  imboscare,  from  hosco,  a  wood.] 

To  inclose  in  a  wood;    to  conceal  in  a  thicket. 

[Xol  used,]  Milton. 

EM-BOSS'£D,  (em-bost',)  pp.  or  a.  Formed  or  covered 

Willi  bosses  or  raised  figures. 
E3I-B0^S'IXG,  ppr.    Forming  with  figures  in  relievo. 

Baeon. 
EM-BOS.S'ING,  n.    The  formation  of  ornamental  fig- 
ures in  relief ;  the  figures  thus  formed.         Hebert. 
EM-BOSS'ilENT,  n.    A  prominence,  like  a  boss ;    a 
jut. 
2.  ReUef  J  figures  in  relievo  ;  raised  work. 

Addison. 
EM-BOT'TLE,  v.  L    [en,  in,  and  bottle.]    To  put  in  a 

bottle  ;  to  bottle  ;  to  include  or  confine  in  a  bottle. 
EM-BOT'TL£D,  pp.  Put  in  or  included  in  bottles. 
EM-EOT'TLI.\G,  ppr.    Putting  in  a  bottle.     [PhUips. 


EMB 

EM-BOU-CUIRIJ,    (Ung-hoo-shur',)    «.      [Fr.]      A 
moiitli  or  aperture,  as  of  a  river,  cannon,  &lc. 
2.  The  nioulh-holc  of  n  wind  instrument  of  music. 

EM-IIoW,  p.  ^  To  fonn  like  a  bow;  to  arch;  lo 
vault.  Spenser. 

E.M-BOW'EL,  ('.  (.  [rn,  in,  and  boiccL]  To  take  out 
the  entrails  of  an  animal  body;  to  eviscerate.     Sluik. 

2.  To  lake  out  the  internal  parts. 

Ffjssib  and  minerals  tU.it  U(c  cmboweUd  eatlJi 
Diaplujs.  Phtiips. 

3.  To  sink  or  inclose  in  another  substance. 

Spenser. 

EM-BOWEI-ciiD,  pn.  or  a.  Deprived  of  intestines; 
eviscerated  ;  buriea. 

EM-BOVV'EL-ER,  H.  One  that  takes  out  the  bowels. 

E.M-BOWEL-I\G,  ppr.  Depriving  of  entrails  ;  evis- 
cerating ;  lmr\  iufT. 

EM-BOW'EL-MENT,  n.  The  act  of  taking  out  the 
bowels  ;  evisceration.  Lamb. 

EM-BOWER,  r.  i.  [from  bower.]  To  lodge  or  rest  in 
a  bower.  Spenser. 

E.M-BOW'ER,  V.  t.  To  cover  with  a  bower;  to  shel- 
ter with  trees.  Thomson. 

EM-BO W'ER-£D,  pp.  or  a.  Covered  with  a  bower ; 
sheltered. 

EM-BO W'ER-ING,  ppr.  Covering  with  a  bower  or 
trees. 

EM-BOX'£D,  (cia-boxt',)  a.     Inclosed,  as  in  a  box. 

EM-BRaCE',  I*.  (.  [Fr.  embrasser^  from  en  and  bra.^, 
the  arm  ;  Sp.  abrazar,  from  brnzo,  the  arm  ;  It.  nb- 
bracciarc,  imbraceiarc,  from  braccio,  the  arm  ;  Ir.  "um- 
bracaim,  from  brae,  the  arm.     See  Brace.] 

1.  To  take,  clasp,  or  inclose  in  the  arms  ;  to  press 
to  the  bosom,  in  token  of  afiection. 

Paul  chilled  to  him  (he  disciples  aod  embraced  Lliein.  —  AcU  xx. 

2.  To  seize  eagerly  ;  to  lay  hold  on  ;  to  receive  or 
lake  with  willingness  that  which  is  olfered  ;  as,  to 
embrace  the  Christian  religion  ;  to  embrace  the  oppor- 
tunity of  doing  a  favor. 

3.  To  comprehend;  to  include  or  take  in;  as, 
natural  philosophy  embraces  many  sciences. 

Johiison. 

4.  To  comprise ;  to  inclose  ;  to  encompass  ;  to 
contain ;  to  encircle. 

IjOw  at  bis  feet  a  spacious  pl^du  is  placed, 

Ectvveeu  the  moimlaiu  and  llie  slnain  embraced.      Dcnhain. 

5.  To  receive  ;  to  admit. 

Wh-it  is  there  that  lie  may  not  embrace  for  tcnib  f  Locke. 

C.  To  find  ;  lo  take  ;  lo  accept. 

FlcLince  — must  enlace  the  fate 

Of  Uiat  dark  hour.  57;(ii. 

7.  To  have  carnal  intercourse  with. 

8.  To  put  on.  Spenser. 

9.  To  attempt  to  influence  a  jur>'  corruptly. 

*  Blackstonr. 

EM-BRaCE',  v.i.    To  join  in  an  embrace.        Shak 
EM-BRaCE',  iu    Inclosure  or  clasp  with  the  arms ; 
pressure  to  the  bosom  with  the  arms. 

2.  Reception  of  one  thing  into  another. 

3.  Sexual  intercourse;  conjugal  endearment, 
EM-BRaC'£D,  (em-brast',)  j>p.    Inclosed  in  the  arms  j 

clasped  to  the  bosom ;  seized  ;   laid  hold  on ;    re- 
ceived ;   comprehended  ;  included  ;  contained  ;  ac- 
cepted. 
2.  Influenced  comiplly  ;  biased  ;  as  a  juror. 

Blackstonc. 
EM-BRaCE'MEXT,  71.    A  clasp  in  Ihe  arms  ;  a  hug; 
embrace.  Sidney. 

2.  Hostile  hug;  grapple.     [Little  used.]      Sidney. 

3.  Comprehension;  state  of  being  contained;  in- 
closure.    [Little  used,]  Bacoiu 

4.  Conjugal  endearment;  sctual  commerce.   Shak. 

5.  '\\'illing  acceptance.     [Little  used.] 
EM-BRaCE'OR,  71.    One  who  attempts  lo  influence  a 

jurv  corruptly.  ITowcl. 

EM-BRaC'ER,  rt.    The  person  who  embraces. 

EM-BRaC'ER-Y,  n.  In  laic,  an  attempt  lo  influence 
a  jury  corruptly  to  one  side,  by  promises,  persua- 
sions, entreaties,  money,  entertainments,  or  the  like. 

Blaekstonc. 

EM-BRaC'ING,  ppr.    Clasping  in  the  arms  ;  pressing 
to  the  bosom;    seizing   and  holding;    comprehend- 
ing; including;  receiving;  accepting;  having  con- 
jugal intercourse. 
2.  Attempting  lo  influence  a  jury  corruptly. 

Blac/isttine. 

EM-BRaID',  v.  t.    To  upbraid.    [ATsi  in  vse,]  Elyot. 

EM-BR.\'SURE,  (-zhur,)  n.  [Fr.,  from  embrascr,  to 
widen.  Lunier.  If  Lunior  is  right,  this  coincides 
with  the  Sp.  cbrasar.  Port,  abrazar,  to  bum,  Sp.  lo 
squander  or  dis:?ipate.] 

1.  An  opening  in  a  wall  or  parapet,  through  which 
cannon  are  pointed  and  discharged. 

2.  In  arehUccturc^  the  enlargement  of  the  aperture 
of  a  door  or  window,  on  the  inside  of  the  wall,  for 
giving  greater  play  for  the  opening  of  the  door  or 
casement,  or  for  admitting  more  light.  Eneyc.    Otcilt. 

E.M-BRaVE',  c.  t.  [See  Bbave.]  To  embellish  ;  lo 
make  showy.     [Obs.]  Spenser. 

2.  To  inspire  with  bmver>' ;  to  make  bold.  Beaum. 

EM-BRaV'£D,  pp.  Made  showy ;  inspired  with  bra- 
very. 


EME 

E.M'BRO-€ATE,p.r.  [Gr.  tuiipc\oij  0ptxf^jXo  moist- 
en, lo  rain  ;  lU  embroecare.] 

In  surgery  and  medicine,  to  moisten  and  rub  a  dis- 
eased part  of  the  l>ody  with  a  liquid  substance,  as 
with  spuil,  oil,  fitc  ,  by  meaoB  of  a  clnili  or  sponge. 
Coje.     Eneyc. 
EM'BRO-Ca-TED,  pp.    Moi;.tcned  and  nibbed  with  a 

wet  cloth  or  sponge. 
EM'BRO-€a-TI.\G,  ppr.    Moistening  and  rubbiDg  a 

diseased  part  with  a  wet  clolh  or  sponge. 
EM-BRO-eA'TIOX,  n.     The  act  of  moislenntg  and 
rubbing  a   di.sea.si;d  (rart  with  a    cloth   or   eponge, 
dipped  in  some  liquid  substance,  aa  itpint  ^.1,  &.c. 
Ct/ze      Eneyc. 
2.  The  liquid  or  lotion  with  which  an  aflectcd  part 
is  rubbed  or  washed. 
EM-BROID'ER,  r.  t.    [Fr.  brodcr  :  Sp.  and  Port,  bor- 
dar  ;  W.  brudiaw,  to  embroider,  to  make  compact,  to 
darn.     Uu.  border.] 

To  border  with  oruamenial  needle-work,  or  fig- 
ures ;  to  adorn  with  raised  figures  of  needle-work  ; 
:i:j  clolh,  stutTs,  or  muslin. 

Thou  shult  etjibroidtr  the  coot  of  fine  linen.  —  Ex.  xx»iii. 

E.M-BROlD'ER-£D,  pp.  or  a.  Adorned  with  figurea 
of  needle-work. 

EM-BROID'ER-ER,  n.    One  who  embroiders. 

EM-BROID'ER-ING,  ppr.  Ornamenting  with  figured 
needle-wnrk. 

E.-\I-BROID'ER-V,  m.  Work  in  gold,  «Uvcr,  silk,  or 
other  thread,  formed  by  the  needle  on  cloth,  faluffs, 
and  muslin,  into  various  figures  ;  variegated  ncedle- 
\vork.  Pope.    Eneyc. 

2.  Varie;:aticn  or  diversity  of  figures  and  colors; 
as,  the  natural  embroidery  of  meadows.     Spectator. 

3.  Artificial  ornaments;  as,  Ihe  embroidery  of 
words.  Hoaack. 

E.M-BROIL',  p.  t.  [Fr.  entbrouiliery  brouUler ;  It.  im- 
brogUare^  brogliarc  i  Sp.  cmbrvUar ;  Port.  embruUutr ; 
properly,  to  turn,  to  stir  or  agitate,  to  mix,  to  twist. 
See  Broil.] 

1.  To  perplex  or  entangle ;  to  intermix  in  confu- 
sion. 

The  Chriilian  antiquities  at  Rome  —  arc  embroiled  xt'nh  hli'. 
and  legend.  A'idi4Qn. 

2.  To  involve  in  troubles  or  perplexities ;  to  dis- 
turb or  distract  by  connection  with  something  c!.<e  ; 
to  throw  into  confusion  or  commotion  ;  to  perplex. 

Tlie  royal  bouio  embroilid  in  eitil  w:ir,  Vrydcn. 

EM-BROIL'£D,  pp.  Perplexed ;  entangled ;  iutcrmixcd 
and  confused;  involved  in  trouble. 

EM-BROIL'ING,  ppr.  Perplexing;  entangling;  in- 
volving in  trouble. 

EM-BROlL'ME\T,  n.  A  stale  of  contention,  per- 
plexity, or  confusion  ;  disturbance. 

EM-BRONZE'.    See  Bkosze. 

E.M-CROTH'EL,  v.  t.  [See  Brotheu]  To  inclose 
in  a  brothel.  Donne. 

EM'BRY-0,     \n.     [Gr.  epiipvov :   L.  embryon;   from 

E^l'BRY-OX,  i  Gr.  cv  and  /?/)i(j,  to  shoot,  bud,  ger- 
minate. The  Greek  word  is  conlmclcd  probably 
from  0pvi^(o,  for  it  gives  Ppvcis  i  ati«l  if  so,  it  coin- 
cides in  elements  with  Eng.  brood  and  breed.] 

1.  In  physiology,  the  first  rudiments  of  an  animal 
in  the  womb,  before  the  several  members  are  dis- 
tinctly fonncd  ;  after  which  it  is  called  a  fetus. 

2.  I'he  rudiments  of  a  plant.  [Eneyc. 

3.  The  beginning  or  first  si.iie  of  any  thing  not  fit 
for  production  ;  the  rudiments  of  any  thing  yet  im- 
perfectly formed. 

The  company  lilCe  suspected  what  a  noUe  worit  I  bad  Own  in 
embryo.  Std/t. 

EM'BRY-O,     }  c.    Pertaining  to  or  noting  any  thing 
EM'BRY-ON,  (     ill  its  first  rudiments  or~  unfinished 

state  ;  as,  an  mi&ryon  bud.  Dantin. 

EM-BRY-OL'O-GY,  «.     [Gr,  r/j/?paor,  a  fetus,  and  Xz- 

J0$.] 

The  doctrine  of  the  development  of  the  fetus  of 

animals. 
EM'BRY-ON- ATE,  a.    in  the  state  of  au  cmbrjo. 
EM-BRY-ON'ie,  a.    Pertaining  lo  an  embryo,  or  in 

the  state  of  one.  Coleridge. 

EM-BRY-OT'0-MY,  n.     [embryo  and  Gr.  ropjj,  a  cut- 
ting, from  7Ciii-(.>,  to  cut.] 
A  cutting  or  forcible  separation  of  the  fetus  from 

the  womb.  Ccze. 

EM-B  US' Y,  (em-biz'ze,)  v.  t.    To  employ.    [J\  o(  used.] 
eME,  n.    An  uncle.     [See  Eam.] 
E-MEND',  V.  t.    To  make  better  or  more  perfect ;  lo 

amend.    [JVot  used.] 
E-MEND'A-BLE,  a.     [L.  cmendabilis,  from  cmendo,  to 

correct ;  e  and  menda,  a  spot  or  blemish.] 
Capable  of  being  amended  or  corrected      [See 

Amendable.] 
EM-EN-Da'TION,  n.     [L.  emendatio.} 

1.  The  act  of  altering  for  the  belter,  or  correcting 
what  is  erroneous  or  faulty  ;  correction  ;  applied  par- 
ticularly to  the  correction  of  errors  in  uritings.  ^Vhe^ 
we  speak  of  life  and  manners,  we  use  .A.uend, 
Amendment,  the  French  orthocmphy. 

2.  An  alteration  for  the  belter;  correction  of  an 
error  or  fault.  The  last  edition  of  the  book  conlaina 
many  emendations. 


TUNE.  BI;LL,  unite.  —  AN"GER,  VI"CI0US.--€  as  K;  6  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

3^9 


EME 

•  ;-TOK,  ■.     A  corrwlor  of  errun  of  faulu  In 
—  'v()o  corrfcu  or  inipruvra. 

KY,  a,    Conlrlbuling  to  rmcndillon 
Ifartin. 
...  j  ,j.  or  0.    Correcied  ;  nude  belicr  j  loi- 

>'l  r.^TK,  r.  I.     [L.  emtmliu.]    Tobtt. 

il   fA   TKI),   ;,;..       IWrifJ. 

I  >'A  TINO,  fyr.     Ilcpuing. 
.1  ll,«.     [.»p.  ummlli/ii  .   Pon. ul.;  It.  tmercl- 
...   i  ..  fincruitite .   Ann.  rmrrtfut/^Nii  ,-  (}.  I),  and  Dan. 
tmmrugtt;  Lm  rmarQgil»j ;  lit.  ftaoay  iv(  and  Ofiaoa} 
i!»ti   Ch.  1113' 


-J^j 


xawtor^dom 


Syr.  If  -L  1  Vl    zmaragda  ;    At. 
It  U  prubabic  that  tlw  European 


wrd*  arc  from  ihr  Orlrnlal,  though  niiirh  allcrnl. 
Th'-  v<  rli   13f   lll|:^lrl^!«  to  Hinp,  In  fall,  In  tiriipulntr, 
&.C,  j  but  the  mmulnic  of  rmcrald  in  not  obvious] 
I.  A  pn'cii'ti*  «tnn«  nf  n  gri-rn  rolor,  nnd  Hlcfiiiml, 

cxcoitt  111  C.-Inr.  With  brryl.      [Srt-  Bkryu]       Dana. 

•J.  A  pniiimg  lypr,  in  «lu  betwccD  minion  unJ 
,  (e-merj',)  r.   f.     [L.  ewurgo;  «,  «,  and 

pluilCf.] 

.!  nf  a  rtuiti  or  other  covering  or  fur- 
r  ■  jicc  J  08,  to  emerge  from  tlic  water  or 

il  ,11. 

iteiM  —  tm4Tging  trv^m  Ifaa  ilwp,  Dryitn. 

Wp  my,  n  plnnpt  rmrrgts  from  tlw  nin**  li^hl ;  a 

"  '   I'"'.     It  is  (.ppuwcil  Xoimmerge. 

ed  fnun.  .Vf»(('H. 

[  btiiig  i-clipiMftl ;  to  leave  the 
■•(1111  i.  .•!  Ml-  oi.  iinnz  object.  'i'h«  tiuii  \»  siiiJ  to 
emerge,  when  the  nn^>n  ttOM-s  to  obscure  its  )i<*ht  ; 
the  ■>nU'llii(*^  iif  JtipittT  emer^r^  when  they  npponr 
beyuiid  the  limb  of  the  plani't. 

-I,  To  rtjie  out  of  n  -•'talc  of  di^preRsion  or  obscuri- 
ty :  tn  ri«r  (iiio  vit'W  ;  xv*,  to  frnrrire  from  poverty  or 
'  'v  :  to  emerge  fnun  the  gloom  of  dt'?i|«ndi'iicy. 

(ATE,   j  n.     The  net  of  risinf;  out  uf  n  fluid 
i^N^'Y, )     or  oilier  covering,  or  surround- 
.    .  Ill  Lii.r. 

'i.   rin-  act  of  rbtine  or  stalling  into  view  ;  the  act 
of  u»iiimK  frnin  or  quilling. 

~  all  irfnc»f^  ri<hl,  &(  Ita  flu*  rnrrrtnet~\A 

I  T»i»ju*  coJon.  Stiilon, 

li  comes  suddenly;  a  sudden  occn- 
floh  ;  .Til  niirtpcclcd  event. 

Mmm  a{  »vt  niUka  luf  c  Xxta  ruiiiid  out  bf  Msual  emtrgtnef. 

GlamcUie. 
4.  E.Yigonce  ;  any  event  or  occasional  combination 
of  circuin-Htanccs  which  cn\U  for  immediate  action 
or  !■  i.'i    !•.  .  IT.  .-in^  iieccsjiity. 

' 'y.  [or  In  an  emergtaey,]  ho  would  fin]4o7 
li  i/  tis  rmptR.  Addison. 

E-.Mi...i.  i,....-.     Kiting  out  of  a  fluid,  or  any  thing 
thai  co^-en  or  surroundn. 

The  moantaiiM  tinj*?  appear  emergent.  ^filton. 

?-  iRsulng  or  proceeding  from.  SoutA. 

:i.  Ridhig  out  iif  a  depre:^'>cd  state,  or  from  obscii- 

tity. 

"Id'^'ily;    sudden  J    caflual ;    unex- 
I*  ciilliny    for    immediate    action    or 

^'  '^  ■    pfeaaiji-; ;   tin,  an  cwrri^mt  occa- 

Clarcndon. 
"^T-I.V,  adv.    By  emcr^ng. 
I".t>,  a.     [L.  emeritfLn.] 
.\ii-.\M(|  lo  have  done  miflkient  p::b!ic  service. 

F-MfR'tTrrs,  n, :  pi  Emehiti.     [h,]    One^brhas 

rnhiy  dlncharcred  from  pubhc  ?emce. 

"~,  ".,   with   :i   plural   termination.      [Cor- 

■in    hrmorrhofU       Gf.   ni,io  >(>atthi^    from 

.',  ^.^    ',  to  l.ilK.rundrr  a  (lowing  of  blood:   a'tua. 

Wood,  and  ^r-,,  m  flow.]  »       **   » 

Hcmorrhoidi;  livid,  [Kiinfol,  and  blecdine  tubcr- 
cloi  about  the  anu.», 

TV  l«rl  will  Kiu^  ibre  - »lih  Ow  t^ifrodt DciU.  ixrui. 

E-5IER'=TOV,  „.     -fi,  ,„  L.  emrr^o.    3ee  Ehcrcc] 

tof  .T  tluid,  or  other  covering 

"'  ;  opjwjrtrd  to  immrrtrivit. 

'■  l|»l»«arance  of  a  heaveiilv 

111  (.dij^i^  .  a*,  iho  ciii<r-5wn  of  the  niooh 

hadow  of  tbo  earth  i  alw,  the  timr  of  re;ip- 

Barlate. 

-  irance  of  a  ntnr  which  has  been  hid 

'»>  uf  iho  nin'ii  light.  Barlow. 

DUuI:. 
Hp.  esmtrii  ;  D.  amo-i/  ; 


E» 


it<  'ir.'  ture  finely 
•rnv  t'>  n 
:..      Thii 

nd  hard 

•n  their 

ii"dpow- 


EMI 

£-MET'I€,  a.  fit.  and  Sp.  rmfJico  ;  Fr.  emrtiTMe ;  fVom 
Or.  tutu'f  toromlt.] 

Inducing  to  vomit ;  excilmg  the  stomach  to  dia- 
rharpr  lis  coiitrnl»  Iiy  the  esophaKUJ*  and  mouth. 

B-.MKT'IC,  n.     A  mtdirinr  thnl  nrovokes  vomiting. 

E-.MET'ie-Ai<LY,  aJr.  In  such  a  manner  an  to  ex- 
rilf  vomiting.  Boyte. 

EM'H  TIN,  B.  [Pec  Embtic]  A  while  or  yellowiBh 
(towder,  nuppfMed  to  be  an  alkaloid,  which  is  ob- 
tained from  vnriou.t  riintii:  ronii. 

r.'MEU,   /  n.    A  yrrv  Inre**  blrdnf  New  Holland, oAen 

E'MEW,  i  railed  th-  .\,  u  Holland  t'a.-^soWiirj  ,  from 
Itf  rcMimblanee  to  thr  rai-iowar)',  hut  dillt-ritig  from 
t)ie  latter  m  not  havinp:  Ihe  helmet.  It  (litlVrH  fVom 
the  0!tirirh  in  having  itit  feet  three-toed,  hit  fcniheri 
nri'  of  a  dull,  ^rKitr  hrown  color,  and  itK  wlng^,  total- 
ly ut^t  les^  for  Itiglit,  wTVc  to  balance  the  body  In  run- 
ning. PartinfTton. 

ErMEUTE'y  (u-mflt',)  [Fr.]  Ascdltloun  commotion  or 
mob. 

EM-I-G.^'TION,  n.  [L.  cmiro/io,  c/nico,  IW)m  e  and 
mieo,  to  9i>nrkle,  that  Is,  lo  dart.] 

.\  Miarkling  ;  a  (lying  off  in  iimnll  porttcles,  as  from 
heiUi-d  iron  or  fermenting  liquors. 

E-MIC'TION,  «.     [I,.  rHi«;.'o,  mietum.\ 

The  discharging  of  urine;  urine;  whattsvoldcd 
!)y  llif  iirinnr>-  i»as;«iges,  Harvey. 

EM'I-CRANT,  o.  (rfee  Emigrate.]  Removing,  or 
having  removed,  from  one  place  or  country'  to  another 
dUtanl  place,  with  a  view  lo  reside. 

EM'I-GRANT,  n.  One  who  removes  his  bahltation, 
nr  <piiLt  one  countr>-  or  region  to  settle  in  another. 

EM'I-GRATE,  r.  i.     [L.  emi^o  ;  e  and  migro^  to  mi- 

Cratr.'\ 

To  quit  one  counliy,  state,  or  region,  and  settle  in 
another  ;  to  remove  (rom  one  country  or  ulate  to  an- 
other, for  tlie  purpose  of  residence.  Germans,  Swiss, 
Iri.th,  liiul  Scotch,  emirate  in  great  nunitiers  Jo 
America.  Inhabitants  of  New  England  emigrate  to 
the  Western  States. 

E.M'I-GRJl-TED,  pp.  Removal  from  one  country  to 
another,  with  a  view  to  a  Kettlemcnl. 

EM'I-GRa-TI\G,  ppr.  Removing  from  one  country 
or  mate  lo  an<ither  for  residence. 

EM-I-GRA'TI0.\,  n.  R.moval  of  inliabitanid  from 
one  couiitr}'  or  state  to  another,  for  the  purpose  of 
residence,  n.s  from  EurofH.'  to  America,  or  in  America, 
from  the  Atlantic  Stale*  lo  the  Western. 

The  removal  of  p<-ritons  from  hou.'ie  to  house  in  the 
same  town,  stale,  or  kingJoiii,  is  not  called  aiufp-a- 
tion^  but  !>imply  remoral. 

EM'I-NKXCr,,    in.     [L.  r/ninoid'a,  from  nnmnw,  emt- 

EM'I-.\E.\-CV,  i  nee,  to  stand  or  show  itself  above  ; 
e  and  minor,  to  threaten,  that  is,  to  ^land  or  push  for- 
ward.   Sec  CIa.43  Mil,  No,  9,  I  I.J 

1.  Elevation;  higlit,  hi  a  literal  sense  ;  butusually, 
a  rUing  ground  ;  a  hill  of  moderate  elevation  above 
tlie  adjacent  ground. 

'Iho  tempi*?  of  honor  ouglit  to  Ic  acntcd  on  on  emintnet.  Suj-ke. 

2.  Summit ;  highest  part.  Hay. 

3.  A  part  rb^ing  or  projecting  beyond  the  rest,  or 
above  tho  surface.  We  s|H;ak  <if  cminenecu  on  any 
plain  or  snuxiili  surface. 

-1.  An  elevaud  situation  among  men  ;  n  plnc<i  or 
station  almve  men  in  gui-.-nd,  either  in  rank,  office, 
or  celebrity.  Merit  may  place  a  man  on  an  eminence, 
and  make  him  con-picuoiis.  Kminc::cc  isalways  c\- 
posed  to  envy. 

5.  Exaltation;  high  rank;  distinction;  celebrity; 
famw  ;  jirelermcnt ;  co)i!<picuuusnciis.  Olfice,  rank, 
and  great  talonta,  give  eminence  to  men  in  society. 

^Vlrrj  iiii-n  cm  not  nrrivc  .tt  emtnttitt,  tvli^a  iimv  nuh<; 
compciiwtbii,  by  u-aclilng  coitlciit.  TiUotson. 

G,  Supreme  degree.  Milton. 

7.  Notice.;  diMinctlon.  Sfiak. 

8.  A  title  of  honor  given  to  cardinals  and  otiiers. 
EMM-N'KiVT,  n.     [F..  rmmcn.*,  from  emineo.] 

1.  Ui'^h  ;  lofty  ;  as,  an  eminntl  place.    Ezrk.  xvl. 

2.  Exalti-d  in  rank  ;  hi:;h  in  odtce  ;  dignified  ;  dis- 
tinguished. I'finces  hoM  nnincitt  stations  in  society, 
a*  do  minist'T:^,  jiid;:cs,  suul  K•J;i^^lIors. 

X  Hiph  ill  pultlice^stimalion  ;  cotispicuoiifr ;  di^tin- 
gnished  abtive  others;  leroarkaltle ;  a*,  an  cmrncnt 
tii.-itorian  or  |Hiel ;  nn  cminrfieKcliolar.  Uurkc  ^vasan 
eminent  orator  ;  Watts  atid  Cowpcr  were  eminent  fur 
ttirir  pietv. 

EM'INENT  DOMaIiV.  The  right  of  eminent  thmain, 
is  a  riglil  which  a  government  puk>es^s  of  taking 
the  proiKTty  of  its  subjects  for  necessary  public  uses, 
at  a  fair  valuation.  Bouvicr. 

EM^NNENT-I.V,  adr.  In  a  high  degree  ;  in  a  tlcgree 
to  otlracl  observation  ;  iu  a  degree  to  be  conspicuous 
nnd  dirtinguishcd  from  otherd^  as,  to  be  antnently 
learned  or  useful. 

er        ■? 

R'MIR. 

E  MEEK' 


EMO 


[Ar.^x««i  emecr,  a  commander,  from 


EM'F„«IS,  a.     [Gr.  infrx]     A  vomiting ;'',! 
from  the  atonucta  by  the  nioiltli. 


j.^)  rmorj,  to  command,  IHeb.  ^CM,  to  spoak,  Cli. 
vr.  Pam.  Id.) 

A  tiil.-i  f  diiniilyamongthoTurkaand  Moliamme- 
•I  in«,  ileniitiiiK  a  prince  j  a  lillo  at  first  given  to  tlio 


Ik 


caliphs,  but  when  thev  assumed  tho  tillo  of  suUan 
thai  of  emir  remained  to  their  children.  Al  I  n  ul 
it  wa;*  ttltributed  to  all  who  were  judged  lo  d.  n.i 
froin  .Mohammed,  bv  his  daughter  Fatimah.  ;  . , 
E.M'IS-SA-RV,  N.  [I^,  emissarius^  (txjin  anrito;  r  mul 
miUo,  to  send  ;  Fr.  rmissnire ;  Sp.  anisario ;  It.  eais- 
sario.  1 

1.  A  person  sent  on  a  mi^t^ion ;  a  missionary  em- 
ployed to  preach  and  propagate  ttic  gospel. 

If  cr-rf  iti-fi'Tfi  iijyli  be  jci'iiuitio.wp  li«»c  lit  lltal  onr,  atronf 
■*  of  tiw'  Hir.oii  ilelirerr,!. 

[  /  'c  unu-ntaf.] 

2.  A  jKr.vuii  w.nt  on  a  private  message  or  bu-lii-*^; , 
a  Secret  agent,  employed  to  sound  or  nscen  ifit  iht 
opinions  of  ethers,  and  to  spread  re|Hiri'>  ir  m-  i. 
opinions  favorable  to  liis  einpl<iV(T,or  •: 

feat  Ihe  measures  or  scheni'^tof  liis  o|<i 
a  spy  ;  but  on  emissary  may  tlKllr  from   i 
in  war  Is  one  who  enters  nn  enemy's  tadip  t.i  '  tci'.. 
riesto  learn  the  condition  i)fllie  enemv  ;  an  i  -..iri. 
may  be  a  secret  agent  employed  not  only  to    I-.,' 
tho  schemes  of  an  opt>osing  jrnrty,  hut  to  intlc  ii. 
their  councils.     A  spy  in  war  must  be  concent    ...( 
he  suffers  death  ;  nn  emvu^ary  may  in  ^■ome  c;.  ■  ■•  hv 
known  as  the  agent  of  an  advcr;*arv,  wilhout  iiirur- 
ring  similar  hazard.  ' Itaeon.    Steijft. 

3.  'I'hat  which  sends  out  or  emits.     [A^e(  ii.vi/.) 

^rbnthnot, 
Emigsarv  vesseU ;  in  anatomUf  the  same  as  eierrton. 
EM'IS-SA-KV,  a,    E.'cptoriug;  spying.      B.  Ji'Ufon. 
E-MIS'SIO.V,  (e-nil?h'un,)  n.     [L.  emltgio,  from  tmiUt, 
In  send  out.] 

I.  The  act  of  simding  or  throwing  out;    ««,  ih<- 
emUsion  of  light   from  the  sun  or  other  hit!)';,  u-* 
body;  tho  emission  of  odors  from  plants;   ili  ■  <  n 
sion  of  heat  from  a  fire. 

2.  Tho  net  of  sending  abroad,  or  into  circi  I  nn, 
notes  of  a  State  or  of  o  private  cor|»<'r.itioii  ,  i;,. 
emission  of  State  notes,  or  !>ills  of  credit,  or  ir  :.  ur) 
notes. 

3.  That  which  is  sent  out  or  issued  ntoiiciltnei 
an  impression,  or  a  number  of  notes  Issued  hv  oftc 
act  of  govenmient.  We  say,  notes  or  bills  of  vartovs 
emis.*ioji.i  were  in  circulation. 

EM-IS-Sr'TlOUS,  (em  is-8ish'«5,)  n.     [L.  cnissttiu.] 
Looking,  or  narrowly  examining  ;  prying. 

Bp.  I/alL 
EMIT'  r.  L     [L.  frritto;  e  and  mitto,  lo  .-icnd.j 

I.  To  send  forlli ;  to  Ihrow  or  ;:ivc  out ;  as,  fire 
emit*  ileal  and  smoke  ;  boil'r.g  water  f'-;:jrteani ;  lUc 
sun  and  mof)ii  emit  light ;  animal  boiJics  emit  jier 
spirable  inatler;  putrescent  substances  rmi7  ofTenriTc 
or  noxious  exiialalions. 

9.  To  let  fly  ;  to  dlscliarge  ;  to  dart  or  shoot ;  a*,lo 
fnti(  an  arrow.     [Untunial.]  Prior. 

3.  To  issue  forth,  as  an  order  or  decrc**.  [UnuruaL] 

Aylfjfe, 

4.  To  issue,  as  notes  or  hilts  of  credit ;  to  prinl, 
and  send  into  circulation.  'J'hc  United  Stales  Iiotc 
emitted  treasury  notes. 

No  State  iholl  oTtil  U1li  of  cpylil.  Const.  Uniltd  ■'  . 

E-MIT'TED,  pp.    Sent  forth. 
li-MIT'TING,  ppr.     Sending  out ;  giving  out, 
KM-MEN'A-G0(;UE,  71.     [Gr.   Cftpni^oi,  meiiblruottt, 

or  £1 ,  in,  and  inn;  month,  and  a>  w,  lo  lead.] 
A  medicine  thul  promotes  the  menstrual  dischargr. 
ESI'MET,  n.     [Sa.v.  ttmetj  trmette;  O.  ameijse,} 

All  ant  or  pismire. 
EM-MEW',  V.  t.    [tfco  Mew.]    'J'o  mew ;  to  coaj.  up , 

to  confine  in  a  coop  or  cage.  .s',   '. 

EM-MOVE'    V.  /.     To  move;  to  rouse;    to  i  .id. 

[vVt'f  wftd.)  Spenser, 

V,y\  :^U)\'EX>,pp.    Moved;  excited. 
EM-MOVING,  Tjpr.     Moving;  exciting. 
E>l-OL-EE3'CENCE,  n.      [l.  cmoHestcns,  soReninj. 

Sec  E.MOLLIATE.j 

In  metallurgy,  that  degree  of  soilness  in  a  fusible 
budy  which  altera  its  shape;  the  first  or  lowcrt  de 
gree  of  fusibility.  A'oran. 

E-.MOL'LI-.aTE,  r.  u  [L.  emoUio,  moUin,  to  soften; 
mollis,  soft  ;  Eng.  melloy),  mild ;  Rusf .  miluyUj  to  piljr , 
urniliaffus,  to  rejient.     See  Mkllow.] 

To  soften ;  to  render  elfeminate. 

EmoUtaSM  hy  Cotir  c<-nl'jricj  of  nomiii  4l^>itiiin(i  m,  ll»f  IM|k 
cdoniea  luul  lbrp>Uea  their  pmtiiK;  v.ilur.  finkci  Ion,  CMf . 

[This  is  a  new  word,  though  well  formed  and  a|»-  I 
plied  ;  but  what  connection  is  there  between  tt^flen- 
irt"-  MnA/vrgeUingl    Lost  is  here  the  proper  word  for  , 
/"riTolten.]  I 

E-MOL'LI-A-TED,  pp.     Softened ;    rendered  cffcmi-  i 
nale. 

E-MOL'LI-X-TING,ppr.    Softening;  rendering cflfcin-  , 
in  ate.  j 

EMOL'LI-ENT,  a.  Softening  making  supple;  acting 
03  an  emollient,  which  sec.  | 

Barliry  b  emoUUnt.  ArbfiS/tnet.      i 

E-MOI/LF-ENT,  n.    A  warm,  external  application,  of  j 
nn  oleaginous,  amylaceous,  or  mucilaginous  nature, 
wJiich  allays  irritation,  and  alleviates  intlammalor>'  j 
8oreii',-<,  swelling,  and  p.iin,  and,  in  Ihe  latter  c.i«e, 
contributes  cither  to  a  resolution  or  to  suppuratiMr 


FATE,  FAR.  F4IJ.,  WHAT. -METE,  PREV— TIXE.  JlARtNE,  DIRD.-NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQ9K.- 


390 


according  to  the  stage  at  which  the  application  is 
made.  'J'ltUu. 

EM-0-U'^IO\,  (em-o-lish'un,)  n.  The  act  of  soft- 
ening or  relaxing.  Bacon. 

E-MOL'IJ-.^lCN'r,  n.  [L.  enwUanenttimj  from  cmolo, 
moloy  to  grind.  Originalhj,  loll  taken  for  grinding. 
See  Mill.] 

1.  Tlie  profit  arising  from  otTice  or  employment; 
that  which  is  received  as  a  compensation  for  services, 
or  which  is  annexed  to  tlie  posscsaioa  of  office,  as 
salary,  fees,  and  pfnpiisiles. 

3.  Profit ;  advantage  ;  gain  in  general ;  that  which 
prumotes  the  public  or  private  pood. 

E-MUL-r-MENT'AL,  a.  Producing  profit;  useful; 
prolitahie ;  advantageous.  Evelyn. 

E-i^IOXGST',  for  Among,  in  Spenser,  is  a  mistake. 

i^MO'TION,  H.  [Fr.,  from  L.  emotio ;  emoveoj  to  move 
fronj ;  U-  emozioiie.'] 

1.  Literallij,  a  moving  of  the  mind  or  soul ;  hence, 
any  agitation  of  mind  or  excitement  of  sensibility. 

^}.  In  a  philosophical  se7isc,  an  internal  motion  or 
agitation  of  the  mind,  which  passes  away  witlmiit 
desire  ;  when  desire  follows,  the  motion  or  agitation 
is  called  a.  passion.  Kaines''s  El.  of  Criticism. 

3.  Passion  is  the  sensible  effect,  ihe  feeling  to  which 
the  mind  is  subjected,  when  an  object  of  iniporUince 
suddenly  and  imperiously  demands  its  attention. 
The  state  of  absolute  passiveness,  in  consequence 
of  any  sudden  percussion  of  mind,  is  of  short  dura- 
tion. The  strong  impression,  or  vivid  sensation, 
immediately  produces  a  reaction  correspondent  to  its 
nature,  either  to  appropriate  and  enjoy,  or  avoid  and 
repel,  the  exciting  cause.  This  reaction  is  very 
properly  distinguished  by  the  term  emotion. 

Emotions,  therefore,  according  to  the  genuine  sig- 
nification of  the  word,  are  principally  and  primarily 
applicable  to  the  sensible  changes  and  visible  effects 
which  particular  passions  produce  on  the  frame,  in 
consequence  of  this  reaction,  or  particular  agitation 
of  mind.  Cognn  on  the  Passions. 

E-JMo'TION-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  emotion. 

E-!\IO'TIVE,  a.  Attended  or  characterized  by  emo- 
tion. Macliintosk. 

EJI-PaIR',  r.  t    To  impair.     [Obs.'\     [See  Impair.] 

EM-PaLE',  v.  f,  [Port,  cmpalar ;  Sp.  id. ;  It.  impalare ; 
Fr.  cmpalr.r;  cn^  ih,  and  L.  paltis.  It.  and  Sp.  j'dlo,  a 
stake,  a  pale.] 

1.  To  fence  or  fortify  with  stakes  j  to  set  a  line  of 
stakes  or  posts  for  defense. 

AU  lhn.t  dwell  near  cneinica  CTijid-'e  riUasea,  to  s-ive  Ilii?ri.sclve3 
from  surprise.  lin'.egh. 

[We  now  use  stodcadc  in  a  like  sense.] 

2.  To  inclose  ;  to  surround. 

Rciuod  about  her  work  she  did  empale. 

With  a  fiir  boaler  ^v^o^lgllt  of  suiido'  Bowers.       Spenter, 

3.  To  inclose ;  to  shut  in. 

Impenetrable,  empaled  w'vh  circling  fire.  ^Villon. 

4.  To  thnist  a  stake  up  the  fundament,  and  thus 
put  to  dep.th  y  to  put  to  death  by  fixing  on  a  stake  ;  a 
punishment  formerly  practiced  in  Kome,  and  still 
used  in  Turkey.  .Sddison.     Enctjc. 

EM-PaL'ED,p/?.  or  c  Fenced  or  fortified  with  stakes; 

inclosed  ;  shut  in  ;  fixed  on  a  stake. 
EM-PaLE'MENT,  7(.    A  fencing,  fortifying,  or  inclos- 
ing with  slakes ;  a  putting  to  death  by  thrusting  a 
Etafce  into  the  body. 

9.  lu  botany,  the  calyx  of  a  plant,  which  surrounds 
the  other  parts  of  fructification. 

3.  In  heraldry,  a  conjunction  of  coats  of  arms,  pale- 
wise.  TVarton. 
E.M-PaL'ING,  ppr.    Fortifying  with  pales  or  stakes  ; 

inclosing ;  putting  to  death  on  a  stake. 
EM-PAN'J»EL,  n.     [Fr.  panncaui  Eng.  pajic,  a  square, 
tfec  Pase  and  Pasneu] 

A  list  of  jurors ;  a  small  piece  of  paper  or  parch- 
ment containing  the  names  of  the  jurors  summoned 
hy  the  shcrifl^.      It  is  now  written  Panel,  which 
E.^I-PAN'NEL,  V.  t.    See  Impannel.  [see. 

EM-P.\RK',  V.  t.     [in.  and  part.]    To  incIo9*i  as  with 

a  fence.  King. 

EM-P.<R'LANCE,  n.    See  iMPiRLANCE. 
EiM-PASM',  (em-pa7nn',)  n.  [Gr.  eiirraaooi,  to  sprinkle.] 
\  powder  used  to  prevent  the  bad  scent  of  the 
body.  Johnson. 

E.M-P^VS'SION,  (-pash'un,)  v.  t.    To  move  with  pas- 
sion ;  to  affect  strongly.    [See  Impassion.]  MUton. 
EM-PAS'sroX-ATE,  a.    Strongly  affected.    Spenser. 
EM-PeACH'.    See  Impeach. 

.E.M-PeO'PLE,  (em-pe'pl,)  c.  ^  To  form  into  a  people 
IT  community.     [Little  used.]  Spenser. 

KM'PERES??.     See  Empress- 

EM-PER'ISH-£D,  (-per'isht,)  a.     [See  Perish.]    De- 
cayed.    [-^Tot  in  use.]  Spenser. 
EM'PER-OR,  n.      [Fr.  empereur;   Sp.  emperador;   It. 
imperadore;  L,  imp erator,  from  impero,  to  command, 
\V.  periy  to  command,  to  cause.] 

Literally,  the  commander  of  an  army.    In  modem 
times,  the  sovereign  or  supreme  monarch  of  an  em- 
pire ;  a  title  of  dignity  superior  to  that  of  king  ;  as, 
the  emprror  of  Germany  or  of  Russia. 
EM'PER-Y,  li.    Empire.    [Obs.]  Sluilc. 

EM'PIIA-SIS,  n.     [Gr.  c^r^aTt;,-  -lu  and  'A^o-i?.] 

1.  In  rhetoric,  a  particular  stress  of  utterance,  or  force 


EMP 

of  voice,  given  to  the  words  or  parts  of  a  discourse, 
whose  signification  the  speaker  intendfi  to  iinpress 
specially  upon  his  audience  ;  or  a  distinctive  utter- 
ance of  words,  specially  significant,  with  a  degree 
and  kind  of  stress  suited  to  convey  their  meaning  in 
the  best  manner.  Encyc.    E.  Porter. 

Tha  province  of  emphasis  is  bo  roucli  more  trnporUnt  iban 
accent,  that  the  cuatomnry  seal  of  lli<  latter  i*  chsngrd, 
■when  the  claims  of  emphasis  K(\\ilK  ft.  B.  Porter. 

2.  In  a  wider  sense,  a  peculiar  impressivcncss  of  ex- 
pression or  weight  of  thought ;  as,  to  dwell  on  a  sub- 
ject with  great  emphasis. 

EM'PHA-SIZE,  r.  (.  To  utter  or  pronounce  with  a 
particular  or  more  forcible  stress  of  voice  ;  as,  to  em- 
phasize a  word,  for  the  purpose  of  rendering  the 
sense  more  distinct  or  impressive  than  other  words 
in  the  sentence. 

EM'PHA-SiZ-£D,  pp.  or  a.     Uttered  with  force. 

EM'PIIA-SIZ-IXG,  ppr.     Uttering  with  emphasis. 

EM-PIIAT'ie,  I  a.    Forcible;  strong;  impressive; 

E-M-PHAT'IC-AL,  \  as,  an  emphatic  voice,  tone,  or 
pronunciation ;  emphatical  reasoning. 

2.  Requiring  emphasis  ;  as,  an  cnipliatical  word. 

3.  Uttered  with  emphasis.  We  remonstrated  in 
emphatical  terms. 

4.  Striking  to  the  eye  ;  ns.cmpkalic  colors.    Soylc. 
EM-PnAT'ie-AL-LY,arfw.    With  emphasisj  strong- 
ly ;  forcibly  ;  in  a  striking  manner. 

2.  According  to  appearance.     [JVbe  tised.]     Brown. 

EM-PHY-Sk'MA,  71.  [Gr.  tn-pvanita,  from  tptpvaaio, 
to  inflate.] 

In  medicine,  elastic  and  sonorous  distention  of  the 
body  or  its  members,  from  air  accumulated  in  natural 
cavities.  Oood, 

EM-PHY-SEM'A-TOUS,  a  Pertaining  to  emphy- 
sema; swelled,  bloated,  but  yielding  easily  to  pres 
sure. 

EM-PHY-TEu'Tie,  fl.  [Or.  ep,  ev,  and  0u7£uc7(f,  a 
planting,  <pvTivc>>,  to  plant.] 

Taken  on  hire  ;  that  for  which  rent  is  to  be  paid  ; 
as,  emphyteutic  lands  ;  derived  from  emphyteusis,  a 
kind  of  renting  of  ground  under  the  civil  law,  rescm- 
blingjT7'0HK(i  rent.  Bouvicr.     Blackstoiie. 

EM-FIkRCE',  r.  (.  [cm,  in,  and  pierce.]  To  pierce 
into  ;  to  penetrate.     [jiTot  used.]  Spenser. 

EM-PIGHT',  (em-pite',)  a.  [from  pi^rht,  to  fix.] 
Fixed;  fastened;  placed.     [0&5.J  Spenser. 

EM'PIRE,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  impcnum  ;  Sp.  and  It.  im- 
perio.     See  Emperor.] 

1.  Supreme  power  in  governing  j  supreme  domin- 
ion ;  sovereignty  ;  imperial  power.  No  nation  can 
rightfully  claim  the  empire  of  the  ocean. 

2.  The  terrilor}',  region,  or  countries,  under  tlie  ju- 
risdiction and  dominion  of  an  emperor.  An  empire 
is  usually  a  territory  of  greater  extent  than  a  king- 
dom, which  may  be,  and  often  is,  a  territory  of  small 
extent.  Thus  we  say, the  Russian  empire;  tlie  Aus- 
trian empire  ;  the  sovereigns  of  which  are  denomina- 
ted anperors.  The  British  dominions  are  called  an 
empire;  and,  since  the  union  of  Ireland,  the  parlia- 
ment is  denominated  the  imperial  parliament,  but  the 
sovereign  is  called  king.  By  custom,  in  Europe,  the 
empire  means  the  German  empire;  and  in  juridical 
acts  it  is  called  the  holy  Roman  empire.  Jlence  we 
say,  the  diet  of  the  empire;  the  circles  of  the  empire  ; 
&c.  But  the  German  empire  no  longer  exists;  the 
slates  of  Germany  now  form  a  confederacy. 

3.  Supreme  control;  governing  influence;  rule; 
sway  ;  as,  the  empire  of  reason,  or  of  truth. 

4.  Any  region,  land  orwatcr,  over  which  dominion 
is  extended  ;  as,  tlie  empire  of  the  sea.  Shak. 

E.M'PIR-ie  or  EM-PIR'I€,  a.  [Gr.  f/iir^trti^oc ;  iv 
and  7r£(pa(j,  to  attempt ;  L.  anpiricus  ;  Fr.  empiriquc; 
Sp.  and  It.  empirico.     See  Peril  and  Pirate.] 

Literally,  one  who  makes  experiinenls.  Hence  its 
appropriate  signification  is,  a  physician  who  enters 
on  practice  without  a  regular  professional  education, 
and  relies  on  the  success  of  his  own  experience 
Hence  the  word  is  used  also  for  a  quack,  an  ignorant 
pretender  to  medical  skill,  a  charlatan.  Encyc. 

EM-PIR'ie,         I  a.    Pertaining  to  experiments  or  ex- 

EM-PIR'IC-AL,  i      perience. 

2.  Versed  In  experiments ;  as,  an  empiric  alchy- 
mist. 

3.  Known  only  by  experience ;  derived  from  ex- 
periment ;  used  and  applied  v/ithout  science  ;  as,  em- 
piric skill ;  empiric  remedies.  Dnjden. 

I  h.'ive  avoiJed  tliat  empirical  morality  Uiat  euros  one  vice  by 
ini^ans  of  ouoUier.  Bambler. 

EM-PIR'IG-ALf-LY,  adv.  By  experiment;  according 
to  experience  ;  without  science  ;  in  the  manner  of 
quacks.  Broicn. 

E.M-PIR'I-CISM,  71,  Dependence  of  a  physician  on 
his  experience  in  practice,  without  the  aid  of  a  regu- 
lar medical  education. 

2.  The  practice  of  medicine  without  a  medical  ed- 
ucation. Hence,  quackery;  the  pretensions  of  an 
ignorant  man  to  medical  skill. 

ShmiJer  to  destroy  lire^  cillier  by  tfie  naked  kiiifc,  or  by  Uic 
Biu^T  and  safer  rocdmni  of  emjAricifm.  Dt^ght. 

EM-PLaCE'MENT,  7(.     [Fr.]    Place;  ground. 
EM-PLXS'TER,  7i.     [Gr.  £p-\aarpov,  a  plaster.    See 
Plaster,  which  is  now  used.] 


E3IP 

EM-PLAS'TER,  o.  f.    To  cover  with  a  plartcr. 

Jifortimcr. 
EM-I'I.XS'TER-/n).  pp.    Covered  with  pla>ter. 
EM-PLXS''I'EU-L\G,  ppr.    Covering  with  plaster. 
EM-PLAS'Tie,  a.    [(Jr.  cpuhaoTtKOi.    See  Pladtzb, 

Plastic] 
Viscous;  glutinous;  adhesive;  fit  to  be  ri;' 

a  plastt-r;  zs,  empfa-rt/c  applications.         .^rl 
E.M-PLkAD',  v.  t.    [em  and  plead.]    To  char^- 

crime  ;  to  accuse.     But  it  is  now  tertUat  lutLZi.u, 

which  see. 
EM-PLEC'TION,  71.    [Gr.  eprryr^Krov.] 

In  ancient  arehitcetiire,  a  method  <  ""? 

walls  with  wrought  stones  in  front,  :i 

stones  in  the  interior.  JJ,i 

EM-PLOY',  v.t.     [Fr.  employer;  Arm  i.;ip!: 

pli;rcin;  Sp.  emplear ;  Port,  rmpregar;  It.  n 

cm  J  or  en,  and  plmjer,  plier :  W.plyipi ;  h.  ; 

zXcKOi ;  D.  plecgen.     See  Applt,  Disrur,  I 

1.  Tooccupythe  time,  allcnlion,  and  IS 
keep  busy,  or  at  work  ;  to  use.  We  cmplfA/  > 
in  labor  ;  we  cmphy  cur  headn  or  facullie-! 
or  thouglil;  the  attention  is  employed^  when  ; 
is  fixed  or  occupied  upon  an  object ;  we  emp' 

when  we  devote  it  to  an  object,  A  portitm  of  liiir: 
should  be  daily  emphyed  in  reading  the  Scriplurt'S, 
meditation,  and  prayer;  a  great  portion  of  life  i-^  em- 
ployed to  little  profit  or  to  very  bad  puriiose^. 

2.  To  us{;  as  an  instrunient  or  means.  We  employ 
pens  in  writing,  and  arithmf-tic  in  keeping  account*. 
We  employ  medicines  in  curing  diseast^. 

3.  To  use  as  materials  in  forming  any  thing.  We 
employ  limber,  stomrs,  or  brick>:,  in  building  ;  wc  eni- 
ploy  wool,  linen,  and  cotton,  in  making  cloth. 

4.  To  engage  in  one*s  service  ;  to  use  as  an  agent 
or  substitute  in  transacting  business;  to  commission 
and  intrust  with  the  management  of  one*?  afiair.^. 
The  president  employed  an  envoy  to  negotiate  a  trea- 
ty. Kings  and  states  cmphy  embassadors  at  foreign 
courts. 

5.  To  occupy  ;  to  use ;  to  apply  or  devote  to  an  ob- 
ject ;  to  pass  in  bus'mess  ;  as,  to  employ  time  ;  to  em- 
ploy  an  hour,  a  day,  or  a  week  ;  to  employ  one*s  life. 

To  employ  onc^s  self,  is  to  apply  or  devote  oDe*s  lime 
and  attention  ;  to  busv  one's  self. 
EM  PLOY',  «.    That  which  engages  the  mind,  or  oc- 
cupies the  time  and  labor  of  a  person  ;  business ;  ob- 
ject of  study  or  industry ;  employment. 


Pa-sent  to  grasp,  and  ftiture  itill  to  find, 
The  u'hulc  em^oy  of  bodjr  tmd  ofioiud. 


Poi-t. 


9.  Occupation  ;  as  art,  mysten-,  trade,  profession. 
3.  Piil)lic  office  ;  ogoncv  ;  service  for  another. 

EM-PLOV'.'i-BLE,  a.  Tli'at  may  be  employed  ;  calla- 
ble of  being  used  ;  fit  or  proper  for  use.  BmjU. 

E.M-PLOV-i',  (em-ploy-i',)  ii.  [Fr.]  One  who  i3 
employed. 

E.M-PI^OY'ED,  pf.  Occupied  ;  fired  or  engaged;  ap- 
plied in  business  ;  used  in  agency. 

EM-PLOY' ER,  n.  One  wlio  employs;  one  who  uses  ; 
one  who  engages  or  keeps  in  service. 

EM-PLOY'LNG,  ppr.  Occupying;  using;  keeping 
busy. 

E.M-PLOY'MEXT,  ?;.  The  act  of  employing  or  using. 
S.  Occupation  ;  business  ;  that  which  engages  the 
head  or  hands  ;  as,  agricultural  emploijmeiiis ;  me- 
chanical employments.  Men,  whose  emplotjmciit  is  to 
make  sport  and  amusement  for  otlieis,  are  always 
despised. 

3.  office  ;  public  business  or  trvist;  agency  or  ser- 
vice for  another  or  for  the  public.  'I'lie  secretary  if 
the  treasur}'  ha-s  a  laborious  and  resiionsible  empUni- 
vieiit.    He  is  in  the  emploioncnt  of  government. 

EM-PLU.NGE'.     See  Plunge. 

E.M-POIS'ON,  (poiz'n,)  r.  e.  [Fr.  cmpoisonncr.  Sec 
Poison.] 

1.  To  iwison ;  to  administer  poison  to  ;  to  destroy 
or  endanger  life  by  giving  or  causing  to  be  taken  into 
the  stomach  any  no-tious  drug  or  preparation. 

Sitiney.    Bacon, 
[III  Otis  sense.  Poison  is  generally  used ;  but  Empois- 
on may  be  used,  especially  in  poetry.] 

2.  To  taint  with  poison  or  venom  ;  to  render  nox- 
ious or  deleterious  by  an  admixture  of  poisonous  sub- 
stance. 

[ 7'Aw  may  be  used,  especially  in  poetry.] 

3.  To  imbitter;  to  deprive  of  sweetness;  as,  to 
empoison  the  jovs  .and  pleasures  of  life. 

EM-POIS'  0-\-£b,  (-poiz'nd,)  pp.  or  a.  Poisoned ;  taint- 
ed with  venom  ;  imbittered. 

EM-POIS'OX-EU,  II.  One  who  poisons  ;  one  vyho 
administers  a  deleterious  drug ;  he  or  that  which  im- 
bitters. 

E>i-POIS'0X-IXG,  p;ir.    Poisoning;  imbittcring. 

E.M-FOIS'OX-MENT,  ti.  The  act  of  administering 
poison  or  causing  it  to  be  taken  ;  the  act  of  destroying 
life  bv  a  deleterious  drug. 

EM-PO"-RET'ie,  a.    Used  in  market. 

EM-ro'RI-U5I,  n.    [L.,  from  the  Gr.  tp-optci;  from 

fuiropjuojini,  to  buy  ;  if  and  :7acttopat,  to  pass  or  go, 

Sax./aran.l  .       .       . 

1.  A  place  of  merchandise;  a  town  orcity  of  tralc; 

particularly,  a  city  or  town  of  extensive  coaimcrcc, 

or  in  which  the  commerce  of  an  extensive  country 


TtNE,  BJJLL,  tINITE.  — AX"GER,  VI"CIOUS.— €  as  K  ;  (5  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CII  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  TIllS^ 


3!ll 


EMP 


t.icnnbte. 

■itt  ptrhapt  not 

u  /JD,  yp.    Aiithtiiizetl ;  having  legal  or 

ul.N'G, /r;rr.    Auihurizlni; ;  giving  power. 
[Contracted  frutn  emperejs.    i^c«  Ku- 

1  for. 

;  II  remalo  la- 
ve ■  ijiily. 
K.M-1'                                                      iiil  jTwp,  fromprfn- 

dn- .  ■  '  i-UI*L.] 

A  Speitffr.     Pope, 

EMt^  ri-£D,  fji.     Poured  out;  exliaualed  ut  \ta  con- 

t.  :it  .. 

1  being 
iir;  dff*- 
htiih-'ii  i  ab-tince  vl  iii;itli-r  j  :i-i,  Hit-  cnn-'.uiess  of  a 
ve*wl. 

3.  VoM  »|nr(? ;  vacuity;  vacuum.  DryJen. 

'.'.    .  .Illy  or  substance;  Ofl,  llic  r/HptiHMj 

uf  ;  Dryden. 

I.  iries-i;  inability  to  sati^^fy  desire; 

OH,  Ci     '  r:  .':n.-.5  uf  cartiily  iliinEd. 

6.  Vncuity  of  head ;  want  of  intellect  or  knoni- 

KMI"TIO.\,ii.    [L.  emplio^  from  emOj  to  buy.] 

Thu  act  of  buying  ;  a  purchauuig.      [A'ot  imtcS 

EMl'TV,  a.     [Sai.  •rm/ij'  or  *ifUi,  from  amtiaitj  to  bo 
iitl',  to  be  siicant,  to  evacuate,  irm/a,  eaite,  leisure, 

«llll€t.J 

1.  t/ontaiuing  nothing,  or  nothing  but  nir ;  asj  nu 
navrycheat ;  empty  space  ;  an  empty  \niKii  i^  a  senou:) 

2.  Evacuated ;  not  filled  ;  as,  empty  shackles. 

Speiiser. 
n.  I'nfuniuhcd  ;  a.s,  an  empuj  room. 

I.  Void  ;  devoid. 

!■  diiliiT,  ihoa  tcviocsl  f?  empty.  HhaJc. 

.'..  VmhI  ;  .1.   iitii''    uf  Solid  nmltcr  ;  as,  empty  air. 

<      '  r  clfcct  ;    as,  emptij  words. 

7  iit.-<f;iciory ;  not  able  to  fill 

til-  .    The  pleasure:*  of  life  arc 

v''y  uiiii  uu»albiryiiig. 

c.  N'ot  supplied  ;  having  nothing  to  carry. 

Tb'-7  beat  turn,  ukI  vrol  hlsi  away  empty.  —  M&rfe  xQ. 

9.  Hungry. 

Mj  fjiJeon  iKrtr  u  tttup  ami  panin|r  mpty.  i$Ka^. 

10,  Unfumi.'ihcd  with  intellect  or  knowledge;  \'a- 
rant  of  hrad  ;  ignorant  ;  x\s^  an  empty  coxcomb. 

II.  Unfruitful;  producing  nothing. 

linrtl  H  3U  rmpty  rlnt,  —  lloira  X. 

S^f  n  empty  c,\n  Maitrtl  wiU»  Ur;  cMt  wlod.  —  Ccf».  xli. 

M  Wanting    tubstance  ;    wanting    solidity  ;    U9, 
(muty  dreamn. 
13.  UeititHte  ;  waste  ;  desolate 

NiiKT-d  b  t^pty.—  Sth.  B. 

U.  Without  effect. 

The  nrnil  {^SauI  rrMnwd  not.  empty. — 2S<uti.  L 

li  Witliout  a  cargo;  in  ballajt;  as,  tlio  ship  rc- 
lunied  empty. 
KMP'TV,  c.  L    To  exhau-t ;  to  make  void  or  dcjtti- 
luU' :  I"  rt^privrt  of   the   contents  ;   as,  to   empty  a 
vr-     '     •  •  n  well  or  a  cistern. 

■  ic  contents  ;  a9,riveni  fm/ify  them- 


EMU 

,  1  n-<ort  from  i  KM  I'Ull'ri.lXG,  ppr.    TlnijInB  or  dyeing  of  a  purjile 
..  Am  tcrilaiii,  '      coUv. 

■u  I  K.M-rCSE',«.     [Gr.  rjiooroj.l 

rain.  A  iilmnlom  or  ii|icclcr.    [JlTiit  uifd.]    Bp.  lyiyUrr. 

•  1'.         KM  I'l  /Zl.t-     Srf  PuilLt. 

\I.\,  M.    [Gr.]    A  collitltun  of  purulent  mat- 
tuvily  of  Ihr  pleura. 
\I,    ij.     'I'r.  ( --■'vr.'-r  Sp.  It.  rntpireo;  L. 

,  r.r.-.] 

1    beyond 
J      I        .iitd  pureitt 

Cio,  Kur  with  ruto  to  tba  emp^rrat  ipbcre.  J*ope, 

3.  I'ure  ;  vital ;  dephlogiaticalcd  ;  an  epithet  given 
to  oxygen  gnii. 
RM-l*\-RK'Ai\,  a.     Einpyronl, 


EMI 

Tl 


•r«  «n  thr  rinli.  —  Rfclcs.  il. 
'lewlatr,     Jrr.  li. 
>it  or  di«cltargc  tbi  contents, 
into  the  Sound 


KMt'   I  ,  d-)a-     Having  few  idea.-!. 

F.MrTVilKvi:  r  Kh,  <i.  I>c«taute  officlinq  and 
iittnrhnirnt.  ShtiA: 

I'..MI"TV-ING,  ppr.  Pouring  out  the  contenUi ;  mak- 
ing void. 

r.MP'TV-ING.n.  The  act  of  making  empty.  SMak. 
FMptyinfjf,  pil.  ;  the  Iee«  of  beer,  cider,  *.c. ;  yea*t. 

EM-Pt'B'PLE,  r.  L  [from  purplr.}  To  lingif  or  dye 
of  a  purple  color  ;  to  dL«color  willi  purine. 

TV  iWy  ftnpurp!rd  nn,  Philip*. 

£M-PURTL.£D,  pp.  or  a.    Stained  with  a  puride  color. 


EM-PY-UEAN,  w.     [See  Eui-racAL.;    The   highest 
-  or  " 


.ikenjide. 

he   high) 

fire  has  boon 


heaven,  where   the   pure  element 
supposed  to  subHist. 

TliP  empvrtan  niiijf 
WliJi  IeUMii).Ui<.  MUlon. 

EM-PY-REO'MA,B.     [Gr.,  from  <v  and  irup,  fire.] 
In  ehemistnjt  burnt  Rmell ;  the  odor  of  animal  or 
vep<-tnblo   subsianccs  when   ulightly  burnt  in  close 
ves:(elf*.  Ure. 

EM-PY-UElT-MAT'ie.         \  fl.     A  term  denoting  the 

EM-l'V  REU-MAT'ie-AL,,  t  t.vlc  or  smell  of  slight- 
ly burnt  aniiiol  or  vegetable  subiitances. 

EMPVU'I€-AI.,  0.  Containing  the  combustible  prin- 
ciple of  roal.  Kinran. 

EM-PY-KO'.SIS,  n.     [Gr.  fun-i'p'»w,  to  bum.] 

A  gpuenil  fire  ;  a  conflagration.     [LiUie  ujedA 

EM'RODS.     Per  Euehods.  [Hale. 

fi'MT,  ".  Thid  niimu  pruiM-rly  belongs  to  the  New 
Holhnul  c.issowar)-,  which  is  ;Ulied  to  the  ostrich  and 
cai<.*4twarj',  but  has  Iteen  erroneously  applied  by  tlie 
Itru/.iliun^  to  the  rhea,  or  South  American  oMrich. 
[Sec  Emeu.]  Cuvicr.  - 

EM'l^-L.\TE,  (em'yu-lite,)  v.  t.  [L.  trmutor ;  Sp. 
emular  ;  It.  einulnre.     Qu.  Gr.  a/tiAA^i,  strife,  contest.] 

1.  To  strive  to  ecpial  or  c.xeol  in  (luolities  or  ac- 
tions ;  to  imitate,  witti  a  view  to  etpial  or  excel ;  to 
vie  with  ;  to  rival.  Learn  early  to  emulate  the  good 
and  the  ^reat.  Kmulate  the  virtues  and  slmn  the 
vices  of  di:itingtiisltcd  men. 

2.  To  be  ciiunl  to. 

Tliy  cj^  woulil  emulr.u  tl*--  ili.wiK)ii.1.  Shak. 

3.  To  imitate;  to  re^cnilile.     [VnustAoL] 

CoiifuUlou  cmulolifi;  Um  1110(14^  oT  L-tiij^hler.  ArbuAnot. 

EM'U-LATE,  e.     Ambitious.     [LiuUused.\       Shak. 

EM'lJ-LA-TED,;»;i.     Rivaled  ;  imlUtcd. 

EM'U-L.'l-TINi;,  ppr.  Rivaling  ;  allenipting  to  equal 
or  excel ;  imitating;  re.-^cuibliii;;. 

EM-TI-La'TIO.\,  w.  'i'hc  act  of  attcinptiiig  to  equal 
or  excel  in  qualities  or  nclinn:- ;  rivalry;  desire  of 
superiority,  attended  with  clVort  to  attain  it  ;^  gener- 
ally in  a  good  ficnsc ;  or  an  altt-inpt  to  equal  or  excel 
otlier^  in  that  which  in  praiseworthy,  without  tlio 
desire  of  depressing  olIuTtJ.  Rom.  xi.  .In  a  bad  .sense ^ 
a  striving  to  equal  or  do  more  than  others  to  obtain 
carnal  favors  or  honor-».     Oal,  v. 

2.  .\n  ardor  kindled  by  the  praiseworthy  examples 
of  others,  inciting  to  liiiitate  them,  or  to  equal  or 
excel  them. 

A  noUe«mu/«lIo(i  IkqU  jruiir  ljrc4>t.  Dryden. 

3.  Contest ;  contention  ;  strife ;  competition  ;  ri- 
valry accomiKinicd  witli  a  desire  of  depressing 
another. 

Sdch  fftCtious  emulaiione  klnll  nritc.  Shak. 

EM'U-LA-TIVK,  a.    Inclined  to  emulation;  rivaling 

disposed  to  competition. 
EM'u-LS-TOR,  n.     One  who  emulates;  a  rival;  a 

comptiiior. 
EM'U-LA-TREPSjH.   A  female  who  emulates  another 
EM'lfLE,  r.  (.    To  emulate.     [.Vot  !«<■</.] 
E-.MUL6E',r.  f.    To  milk  out.     [.V.-t  h^cJ.] 
J^MULCENT,  a.    [L.   cnulgeQ ;   c  and   mulgeo^  to 
milk  out.] 

.Milking  or  draining  out.  In  anatomy^  the  emtil}jent 
or  renal  arteries  arc  those  which  supply  the  kidneys 
witli  blood,  being  stim^t lines  single,  sometimes 
double.  Tlie  emulf^rut  veins  uliirn  the  blood,  alter 
the  urine  is  secreted.  'I'his  the  ancients  considered 
as  a  milking  or  stni^lning  of  the  Kenim,  whcnrx;  the 
name.  Kncyc.     Harris.     Quhicy.     Parr. 

E-MUL6'ENT,  n.     An  eniulgent  vessel. 
EM'lI-LOUS,  (eni'yu-Ius,)  a.     [L.  trmuhu-.l 

1.  I>i*sirous  or  eager  to  itiiiiatc,  etpial,  or  excel 
another;  det«lrouH  of  like  excellence  with  another; 
with  pf;  as,  emuloiw*  n/ another's  exnnipic  or  virlnes. 

2.  Rivaling;  engaged  in  competition;  as,  rmulous 
Carthage.  B.  Jonson. 

'X  Fartidtis;  C()nt(;nli>nis.  Shak. 

EMMJ-I.OL'S-l.Y,  adc.     With  desire  of  equaling  or 

excelling  another.  OranvUle. 

E-M(-'I.'.<10,\,  n.  [rr.,froin  1,.  emuUtiSy  emtdjeoj  to 
milk  out.1 

A  MiiX  liqitiil  remedy  of  a  color  and   con&>tencc 
reseniHing  milk  ;  any  milk-like  mixture  prepared  by 
I      uniting  oil  and  w.-itcr,  by   mrans  of  another  sub- 
1      stani-c.  Mrtli.irine  or  mucilaginous.     Encyc.  Ure. 


ENA 

E-MUL'SIVE,  (I.    Softening;  milk-like. 

S.  rriHluchigor  yhldnig  u  milk-like subsLtnce;  oi, 
emuhire  arid-*.  Fourcrey, 

£-MUNC'TO-RV,  N.     [L.  emunctorium^  trotn  rmunttiu, 
c/nuii/u,  to  wipe, to  cleanw,] 

In  aitatomut  any  luirt  of  Ihu  body  which  !>er\'ri  to 
carr)'  oil'  txcrementitioua  matter;  nn  fxcrelur>  duct 
Enei/i.     Cote. 
The  kidneys  und   skin    are    called    the    cvwmm 
emuneUiriej.  Cyc 

EM-UH-eA'TIO.V,  n.     (I.,  emttseor.'j 

.\  fneing  from  nuw^.  [JVut  tnucA  unrd.]  F.crlyn. 
EN  ;  a  jirellx  lo  many  Knglish  Words,  chiedy  Uirrowcd 
from  the  French.  It  coincides  with  the  l.:itin  in, 
Gr.  fv,  and  foine  l-^ng)i^h  words  are  written  indiffer* 
eiKly  with  en  or  in.  I'or  llm  ea-^e  of  pronunciatltiu, 
it  i4  chniiged  lo  em,  |*articularly  before  a  labial,  as  In 
employ  y  empoien. 

En  was  furmerty  a  phiml  termination  of  nonni 
and  of  Verbs,  as  in  /loujtrfi,  ejieapen.  It  is  retained  In 
oien  and  children.  It  is  also  tttill  used  as  Ihu  terml. 
nation  uf  some  verbs,  as  in  hearken,  from  the  8axoo 
inttnilive. 
E.N'-A'HLR,  r.  (.     [Norm,  enhablrr.    See  Aiiut.1 

1.  'I'o  make  able  ;  to  suppiv  with  power,  piu-i^  :il 
or  mond  ;  to  furiiitth  with  HuihtKiit  pitwer  ur  ai'iliU. 
By  Hirength  a  man  is  enabled  to  work.  Lrariiiii;:  :ui<l 
iliduHlr>'  enable  men  to  inve.-tiyile  the  laws  nI  ii  i- 
ture.  rortiliide  enables  us  to  bear  pain  wiihtnii  iriii- 
murin;;. 

2.  'i'o  siipidy  with  means.  Wealth  enablea  nmn  to 
be  charitable,  ur  to  live  in  luxur>'. 

3.  'i'o  furnish  with  legal  ability  or  coni|>etenry  :  tn 
outhori/.e.  Tlio  law  enables  us  to  disiiose  of  our  \'i--\t 
erty  by  will. 

■1.  'Po  furnisli  with  competent  knowledge  or  •■Kill, 
and,  in  general,  with  adequate  inean^. 
EN-A'DLKI),  pp.  Supplied  with  sudicient  |»owor,  pti>» 

iral,  inornl,  or  legal. 
E.\-A'ItLE-.MEi\T,  w.    The  act  of  enabling;  ability. 

liaeon, 
E.\-A'KMXG,  ppr.    Giving  power  to  ;  supplying  with 

sutlicient  power,  ability,  or  means  ;  autlKiri/.liig. 
EN-.\eT',  r.  t.     [en  und  act,]     'i'o  make,  u«  a  law  ;  to 
pas:4,  as  a  bill,  into  a  law  ;  to  {>erform  a  lant  act  of  a 
lecisliitiirc  to  a  bill,  giving  it  validity  as  a  law;  lo 
give  legislative  sanction  to  a  bill. 

StiAJI  tliU  UU  inn  to  bo  enaeud  7  T.  tUgthw. 

2.  To  decree;  to  estublisli  as  the  will  of  the  su- 
preme  [wwer. 

3.  To  act ;  to  |M;rfomi ;  to  effect.  Spenser. 

4.  'I'o  represent  in  action.  Sfiak. 
EN-AtIT',  7f.     Puriwse;  determination. 
EX-ACT'EU,  pp.     P:L<ri4'd  into  a  law  ;  sanctioned  as  a 

law  by  legislative  authority. 
liN-ACT'lNG,  ppr.    Passing  into  a  law  ;  giving  legis- 
lative sanction  to  a  bill,  and  e^talilisliing  it  as  a  law. 
2.  a.    Giving  legislative  forms  and  sanction ;  as, 

the  enaetinjf  clause  of  a  bill. 
EX-AeT'I\'li:,  a.    Having  power  to  enact  or  establish 

as  a  law.  liramhalL 

EN-ACT' AlEXT,  h.    The  passing  of  a  bill  into  a  liw; 

the  act  of  voting,  decreeing,  and  giving  validity  to  a 

law.  Ouldsmith,     Christ.  Ob.-rrrrr.     tVa!.\h. 

EN-ACT'OR,  »i.     One  who  enacts  or  parses  a  law ; 

one  who  decrees  or  establishes  as  a  law.  .iurrbnry. 

2.  <!)ne  who  performs  any  thing.     [A'«t  used.] 

EX-ACT'l^RE,  ».     Pur(K.se.     [A'^ot  in  use.]        Shak. 

E-NAL'LA-OE,     (e-nal'la-jy,)     it.       [Gr.    f^a^Aiji, 

change;  ftoXAarrt.*,  to  change;  c r  and  fiXAflrrw,] 
In  syiUaXy  a  change  of  words,  or  a  substitution  of 

one  gender,  number,  case,  person,  tense,  mode,  or 

voice,  of  the  same  word,  for  another. 

AndrcvDs  and  Stoddard.     Eneyc. 
EN-AM'IIUSH,  V.  I.     [en  and  ambush.]    'i'o  hide  hi 

umbush. 
2.  'Po  ambuiih.  Chnpman. 

EN-AM'BlISII-£D,(-;im'bu3lU,)  pp.  Concealed  in  am 

htish,  or  with  hostile  intention  ;  ambuHlicrd. 
E.\-.\.M'ltUSH-ING,/i/ir.     Concealing  in  ambu.tli. 
EN'-AM'EL,  II.     [en  and  Fr.  emaily  Sp.  e^malte,  lt.sfN0^ 

to,  G.  sehmelz,  from  tlie  root  ofmeU.\ 

1.  In  mineralo!*tj,  a  substance  imiwrfictly  vitrified, 
or  matter  in  whirji  the  granular  api>carancc  is  de- 
atroyeil,  and  having  a  vitreous  glos.f. 

Ill  the  arts,  a  substance  of  the  nature  of  g'^^^t  dif- 
fering from  it  by  a  greater  degree  of  ruMhility  or 
opacity.  >>/.  E<tr]fC. 

Enamels  have  for  their  basis  a  pure  rrj-wtal  gliws  or 
frit,  ground  with  a  fine  oxyd  of  lead  and  tin.  'Jliesc, 
baked  together,  are  the  matter  of  enamels,  and  Ilio 
color  is  varied  by  adding  other  substances,  Oxvd  of 
gold  gives  a  red  color  ;  that  of  copper  a  gre^n  ;  man- 
ganese a  violet ;  cobalt  a  blue  ;  and  iron  a  line  black 
Encyc.     J^irkolson. 

2.  That  which  is  enameled  ;  a  smooth,  glos.^j-  sur- 
face, of  various  colors,  resembling  enamel. 

3.  In  anatomy,  the  smooth,  hard  nubKUince  which 
covers  the  crown  or  visible  part  of  a  tooth.        Cyc. 

EX-AM'KL,  r.  t.     To  lay  enamel  on  a  metal,  as  oil 
gold,  silvrr,  copper,  &c. 

2.  To  paint  in  enamel.  Encye. 

3.  To  form  a  glossy  surface  like  enamel. 


PATE,  FAB,  FALL,  WII^T.    -METE,  PRBV.  — PINE,  .MARTIXE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  B(X»K. - 


ENC 

EN-AM'EL,  w  I.    To  praclice  the  art  of  enameling. 
EN-AM'EL-AR,  a.     Con^istiiiy  of  L-iiiiincl ;  resembling 

enamel ;  smoolh  ;  ylossy. 
EN-Ail'EL-KI),  pp.  or  a.      Overluid  with  enamel  ; 

adorned  with  any  thing  resembling  ena:ncl ;  a.«,  an 

eimmctcd  card. 
EX-AM'12I/-ER,  Ti.    One  who  cn:^meIs  ;  one  whose  oc- 

tiiiKitiini  i^  to  lay  on  enamels,  or  inJny  colors. 
EN-A.M'l'I--I.N<i,  pjtr.     Laying  on  enaiiiel. 
EN-AM 'EL-IXG,  n.    The  act  or  art  of  laying  on  en- 

anu^ls. 
E?J-AM'OR,  IT.  t.    [from  the  Fr.  amoKr,  L.  amory  love.] 
To  inflame  with  love  ;   to  cliarm  ;   to  captivate  ; 

with  i/before  the  person  or  thing;  as,  to  be  enamored 

of  a  lady  ;  to  be  enamored  of  books  or  science. 
[But  it  is  Jinto  follotccJ  b}/  with.] 
i;\-.\.M-0-Ra'DO,  71.     One'decply  in  love.    Ilerhert, 
I',.V-AM'OIv-JED,    pp.    or    a.      Inflamed   with    love  ; 

charmed  ;  deliehtcd. 
EN-AM'OR-ING,  ppr.     Inflaming  v/itli  love;  cliunn- 

ing  ;  captivating. 
EX-AN-TI-OP'A-TUY,  n.    [Gr.  rrai  rtJf,  opposite,  and 

TTuf^os,  passion.] 

1.  An  opposite  pa^Jsion  or  affection.  Evn-e^t. 

2.  The  same  as  Allopathy  ;   a  term  used  by  the 
discip!es  and  followers  of  HaJinemann. 

EN-.X.UM'£D,  a.  In  heraldry^  having  arms,  that  '\9, 
horns,  hoofs,  &,c.,  of  a  ditferent  color  from  that  of  the 
bodv. 

EN-.VIv-Ra'TION,  n.     [L.  cnarro^  narro,  to  relate.] 
Recital  ;   relation  ;  account ;  exposition.     [Little 
used.] 

M\-.\R-THRo'^IS,  H.  [Gr.  evapOpwcns;  tv  and  ap- 
Opoy^  a  joint.] 

In  anatomy,  a  ball  and  socket  joint ;  tliat  species  of 
arlicnlation  which  consists  in  the  insertion  of  the 
ronnd  end  of  a  bone  in  the  cup-like  cavity  of  an 
other,  f.irinitis  a  joint  movable  in  every  direction. 

E-\A-Ta'  riON,  n.     [L.  cuato.]  [Q^uincy 

A  swimming  ont ;  escape  by  swimming. 

i:  .\aTE'j  a.     [L.  enatus.] 

(Jrowmg  ont.  Smitli. 

E-NAITN'TER,  (w/«.     Lest  that.     [Obs.]         Spctscr 

E-N.\V'I-GaTE,  v.  t.     [L.  criacigo.] 
To  sail  ont  or  over. 

E-NAV'I-Ga-TEI),  pp.     Sailed  over. 

E-X  A  V'I-GA-TING,  ;»;•»•.     Sailing  nv.r. 

EX-CaGE',  v.  t.  [from  ca^c]  To  shut  np  or  confine 
in  acage  ;  to  coop.  Shah:     Donne. 

ES-€ACyEl),pp.    ?hnt  up  or  confined  in  a  cage. 

EX-Caij'ING,  ppr.    Cooping  ;  confining  in  a  cage. 

EiV-CAMP',  V.  i.  [from  camp.]  To  pitch  tents  or  form 
huts,  as  an  army  ;  to  halt  on  a  march,  spread  tents, 
and  remain  for  a  night  or  for  a  longer  time,  as  an 
army  or  company. 


Tli'-y  encainf-ed  in 


Elli.^iii.-Kx.  Kiii. 

ricriuip  nlnml  Qie  talwrimclc.  —  N'uni 


9.  To  pitcli  tents  for  the  purjiosc  of  a  siege  ;  to  be- 
siege. 

Enca:np  a j.titiEl  liie  ciiy  .ind  lake  it.  —  2  S.im.  xii. 

EX-CAMP',  V.  t.  To  form  into  a  camp;  to  place  a 
marcliing  army  or  company  in  a  iemporar>'  habita- 
tion or  quarters. 

EN-CAMP'^D,  (en-kampt',)  pp.  Settled  in  tents  or 
hilts  fnr  lodging  cr  tempcirarj-  habitation. 

EX-eAM!"L\G,  ;jpr.  Pitching  tents  or  forming  huts 
f-ir  a  loinpomry  lodgin;:  or  rest 

EN-€AiIP'ME.\T,  n.  "The  art  of  pitching  tents  or 
fonning  huU,  as  an  army  or  traveling  company,  for 
temporary  lodging  or  rest. 

2.  The  place  where  an  army  or  company  is  en- 
camped ;  a  camp  ;  a  regular  order  of  tents  or  huts  for 
th:-  accoinm(idali(Ui  of  an  army  or  troop. 

EX-eAXK'KR,  V.  t.    To  corrode ;  to  canker.     Shclfon. 

EX-rAXK'KU  Kit, piK    Corroded. 

EN-GAXK'ER-IXG,  ppr.    Corroding. 

E\-€aSE'.     ?^ee  Incase. 

EX-CASU'MEXT,  n.  The  payment  in  cash  of  a  note, 
draft,  Stc.     [jimoii^  Engli-:h  binUicrs.] 

EN-CAUS'Tie,  a.  [Gr.  tt/  and  Aauoru'js,  caustic, 
from  K<iio3,  to  burn.] 

Pertaining  to  the  art  of  painting  in  heated  or  burnt 
wax. 

Eneaiistic  painting;  among  the  ancients,  a  kind  of 
painting  in  which,  by  heating  or  burning  in  wax,  lh<! 
colors  wt:rc  rendered  permanent  in  all  their  original 
splendor.    It  was  different  from  f-nameling.    P.  Cyc. 

EX-CAUS'TI€,  71.  The  method  of  painting  in  heated 
or  burnt  wax  ;  encaustic  painting.  P.  Crc. 

EX-CaVE',  v.  t.  [from  care.]  To  hide  in  a  cave  or 
rec':;ss.  Shak. 

EN  CaV'OT,  pp.    Hid  in  a  cave. 

EN-GaV'IXG,  ppr.    Hiding  in  a  cave. 

EX-CELXTE',  ('ing-sint',)  n.  [Fr.,  from  cncelndrc: 
en  and  reindre,  L.  eiwro^  to  gird.] 

\x\  foriijication,  iiirhisnn' ;  the  wall  or  rampart  which 
surrounds  a  place,  sometimes  comjiosed  of  bastions 
and  curtains.  It  is  sometimes  only  flanked  by  round 
or  square  lowers,  which  is  called  a  Roman  wall. 

EnciiC' 

^AT-CE/JVrF-',  (ang-sant',)  rt.  In /atc,  pregnant ;  with 
child.  Blackstonc. 

EN-Ce'NI-A,  II.  pi.     [Gr.  tvyKaivia.] 


ENC 

Festivals  anciently  kept  on  the  days  on  which 
cities  were  built  or  churches  consecrated ;  and,  in 
later  limes,  ceremonies  renewed  at  certain  periods, 
as  at  O-vford,  at  the  celebration  of  founders  and  ben- 
efactors. fJook. 

EN-CE-PHAL'ie,  a.     Belonging  to  the  head  or  brain. 

E^-CEPII'A-LON,  n.     [Gr.  cv  and  KcpaXr,.] 

The  cerebrum,  and  sometimes  the  whole  contents 
of  the  cranium. 

EN-CHaFE',  V,  L     [en  and  cliafe  ;  Fr.  duiuffcr.] 

To  chafe  or  fret ;  to  provoke ;  to  enrage  ;  to  irri- 
tate    [See  Cm\fe.]  S/mJc. 

EN-CHaP'£D,  (en-chift',)  pp.    Chafed  ;  irritated  ;  en- 
raged. 

r,X-CH.\F'IXG,  ppr.    Chafing:  fretting;  enraging. 

EN-CHAIN',  v.t.     [Fr.  ewlta'mer.     See  Chain.1 

1.  To  fasten  with  a  chain;  to  bind  or  hold  in 
chains  :  to  Iiold  in  bondage. 

2.  To  hold  fast ;  to  restrain;  to  confine  ;  as,  to  en- 
chain the  attention. 

3.  To  Hnk  together  ;  to  connect.  Iloieell. 
EN-CrL\IN'/:D,  pp.     Fastened  with  a  chain  ;  held  in 

bondage  ;  held  fast ;  restrained  ;  confined. 
EX-CnAlX'rNG,7>;)r   Makingfast  with  a  chain  ;  bind- 
ing; hnldnii,'  in  chains;  confining. 
EN-CHaI\'."\!E\T,  H.    The  act  of  enchaining,  or  state 

of  linini£  euciiained.  Rick.  Diet. 

EN-CHaNT^  I'.  (.     [Fr.  enchanter;   en  and  chanter ,  to 

sing  ;  L.  incanto;  in,  and  canto j  to  sing.     See  Chawt 

and  Cant.] 

1.  To  practice  sorcery  or  witchcraft  on  any  thing  ; 

to  give  efficacy  to  any  thing  by  songs  of  sorcerj',  or 

Ihsci  nation. 


ENC 


Anil  now  iUionl  llie  caKlron  sinj, 
I.ik^  eWea  ami  fairies  in  a  rin^, 
EncfianUng  M  liiat  you  piil  ui. 


Slink. 


2.  To  subdue  by  charms  or  spells.  S'ulney. 

3.  To  delight  in  the  highest  degree;  to  charm  ;  to 
ravish  with  jjleasure  ;  as,  the  description  enchants 
me  ;  we  were  cncliantcd  with  the  music. 

EN-CHANT'EI), /*/).  or  a.  Affected  by  sorcery;  f;is- 
cinated  ;  subdued  by  charms ;  delighted  beyond  meas- 
ure. 

2.  Inhabited  or  jKJSsessed  by  elves,  witches,  or  other 
imaginary  mischievous  spirits  ;  i^in  nrrrftnwii^/ri' 
tic.  '^  ^^ 

ENtCIIANT'ER,  n.  Oae^ffflb  enchants  ;  a  sorcerer 
or  magician  ;  one  wh^^'fias  spirits  or  demons  at  his 
command  ;  one  gtJfo  practices  enchantment,  or  pre 
tends  to  perfiy»»lsurp  rising  things  by  the  agency  of 
demons. 
2.  Oiu»/(vho  charms  or  delights. 
Endumder^s  7U!rhtshade ;  the  popular  name  of  the 
Cir9i^i  Lutetiana,  an  herb  found  in  damp,  shady 
places,  in  northern  [larts  of  the  world. 

Ejy-CHANT'ING,  ppr.  Allecting  with  sorcery,  charms, 
tjr  spells. 

2.  Delighting  highly;  ravishing  with  delight; 
charming. 

3.  a.  Cliarming ;  delighting;  ravishing;  as,  an 
enchanting  voice ;  an  endianting  face. 

Simplicity  in  nviinicrs  kis  nti  enchciaing  clTccU  Kamcs. 

EN-CHXNT'ING-LV,  adc.  With  the  power  of  en- 
chantment ;  in  a  manner  to  delight  or  charm  ;  as, 
the  ladv  sings  cnchantimfhi. 

EX-CHa'N'J''MENT,  7(.  The  act  of  producing  certain 
wonderful  eflefts  by  the  invocation  or  aid  of  demons, 
or  the  agency  of  certain  supposed  spirits ;  tlie  use  of 
magic  arts,  spells,  or  charms  ;  incantation. 

Tlie   magicians  yf  E^J"!)!  did   so  wiili  Uieir  en<Jtanlmeias. — 
Ks.  vii. 

2.  Irresistible  influence;  overpowering  influence 
of  delight. 

Tlie  w.iriTiili  of  fumy —  which  holds  tli"  heart  of  a  reailer  under 
Uie  sUoiigvst  cnchaiiViient.  Pope. 

EN-CIIXNT'RESS,  n.    A  sorceress;  a  woman  who 
pretends  to  effect  wonderful  things  by  the  aid  of  de- 
mons ;  one  who  pnt<  mis  to  practice  magic.     Tatler. 
2.  A  woman   whose  beauly  or  excellences    give 
irresistible  intluence. 

Frum  lhi3  enchnntress  all  Uit:se  ills  are  conic.  Dnjdeit, 

EN-CriAR<5E',  v.t.  To  give  in  charge  or  trust.  [.Vut 
in  use.]  Up.  ffall. 

EN-CHXRG'i5D,;>/j.  Intrusted  with ;  given  in  charge  to. 

EN-CHXRG'ING,  ppr.  Intrusting  with;  giving  in 
charge  to. 

EN-CHaSE',  v.  t,  [Fr.  enchas.^cr;  Sp.  engastary  or 
eneoj-ar,  from  ctua,  a  box,  a  chest ;  Port,  eiicastoar^ 
cncdzar  ;  ll.  incastonarc ;  Fr.  cfuissiSj  ii  fnimc ',  Eug. 
a  f  <i5fj 

1.  To  infix  or  inclose  in  another  body,  so  as  to  ho 
held  fast,  but  not  concealed.  Johnson. 

2.  Tcchnlcallyy  to  adorn  by  embossed  work  ;  to  en- 
ricli  or  brautify  any  work  in  metal,  by  some  design 
or  figure  in  low  relief,  as  a  watch  case.         Encyc. 

3.  To  adorn  liy  being  tlxcd  on  it. 

To  iSriiik  in  tuwis  wliidi  gliuerinj  gems  enchate.        Drydcn. 

4.  To  mark  by  incision.  Fairfax. 

5.  To  delineate.  Spenser, 
EN-CH.AS'y^D,  (en-chast%)  pp.   Inclosed  as  in  a  frame, 

or  in  anotlier  body :  adorned  with  embossed  work. 


EX-CH.^S'ING,  ppr.      Inclosing    in    another   body; 

adorning  with  embossed  work. 
E.X-CH.^S'ING,  n.    Thesame  wUh  Chasikg,  aepcciea 

of  embossing. 
EN-CHkAS'ON,    n.      [Uld  Fr.]     Cause;   occasion. 

[pbs.]  Spetmcr. 

EN-CHI-RID'I-ON,  n.     [Gr.  ipnndxao,  the  band.] 
A  manual ;  a  b'>ok  to  be  carried  in  the  hand.   [J^ot 

used.! 
EN-CHIS'EL,  v.  t.    To  cut  with  a  chisel. 
EN-CHIS'EL-Kl),  pp.     Cut  with  a  chisel. 
EN-CHIS'KL-IXG,  ppr.    Cutting  with  a  chisel. 
EN-eilO'RIAL,  a.     [Gr.£v»tw/)i'>t',a  countr>-.]   Pop«i- 

lar  or  common;    appliea  particularly  to  the  most 

abridged  mode  of  writing  fttrmed  from  the  Egyptian 

hierogly|)hics,  and  used   by  the  people ;  called,  alA), 

demotic. 
EN-CIN'nER-£D,  a.    Burnt  lo  cinders.     Cuckeram. 
EiV-CIR'CLE,  (en-sur'kl,)  v.  t.    [from  circle.]    To  in 

close  or  surround  with  a  circle  or  ring,  or  with  any 

thing  in  a  circular  form.     Luminous  rings  encircle 

Saturn. 

2.  To  go  round  and  return  to  the  point  from  which 
motion  commenced ;  as,  the  army  cncircUd  the 
city. 

3.  To  come  around  in  a  circle  or  crowd  ;  as,  to  «Jr 
circle  a  person  about. 

4.  To  embrace  ;  as,lo  encircle  one  in  the  anns. 
EN-CIR'eLED,Cen-sur'kld,)  pp.    Surrounded  with  a 

circle;  encomjiissed  ;  environed;  embraced. 
EN-CTR'CLKT,  t?.     A  circle  ;  a  ring.  Sidney. 

EN-CIR'CLIX'G,  ppr.  or  a.    Surrounded  with  a  circle 

or  ring  ;  encompassing;  embracing. 
EN-CLAJ^P',  V.  t.    To  clasp;  to  embrace. 
EN-CLIT'!C,         >  a.     [Gr.  fj^Airivos,  inclined;  ly- 
EX-eLIT'ie-.\L,  j      kXii-cj,  to  incline.] 

1.  leaning;  inclining,  or  inclined.      In  grammar, 
an  enclitic  particle  or  word,  is  one  which  is  so  closely 
united  to  anotlier  as  to  seem  lo  be  a  part  uf  it ;  as,   i 
que,  7ic,  and  ve,  in  nninw/uc,  ncnne,  ahnsve.  I 

2.  Tlirowing  back  the  accent  upon  the  foregoing  ' 
syllable.  Harris.       \ 

EN-CLIT'IG,  n.  A  word  which  is  joined  to  the  end 
of  another,  as  que  in  vimnuinr,  which  may  vary  the 
accent. 

2.  A  particle  or  word  that  throws  the  accent  or  em- 
phasis back  upon  the  former  syllable.  Harris. 

EN-CLIT'IC-AL-LY,  adr.  In  an  enclitic  manner  ;  by 
throwing  the  accent  back.  IValkcr. 

EX-CLoSE'.     !i>ee  I.nclose. 

ES-CLOUD'ED,  a.  [from  cloud.]  Covered  with 
clouds.  Spenser. 

EN-CoACH',  v.  t.     To  carry  in  a  coach.         Daeiej. 

EN-CoACH^i^D,    (en-kochl',)    pp.      Conveyed    in  a 

EN-Co  VCiriXG,  ppr.     Carried  in  a  coach.       [coach. 

EN-C(_)F'riX,  r.  t.    To  put  in  a  coffin. 

EN-COF'FIX-£D,;;/).     Inclosed  in  a  coffin.      Spaiscr. 

EN-COM'BER.     See  Encumueh. 

EN-CO.^l'BER  .MENT,  lu     Molestation.    [-Vo£  itscd.] 

SpcnjfCr, 

EN-€o'MI-AST,  M.     [Gr.fjKWwiari?.] 

One  who  praises  another ;  a  panegyrist ;  one  who 
utters  or  writes  connnendations. 

EN-eO-MI-AST'l€,  7(.    A  pancpvric. 

EN-€0-MI-ASTae,         \a.    Bc:^towing  praise  ;  prais- 

EN-CO-MI-AST'ie-AL,  i  mg  ;  commending;  lau- 
datorj' ;  as,  an  rncomiastic  address  or  discourse. 

EN-CO-MI-AST'IC-AL-LV*,  oiip.  In  an  encomiastic 
manner. 

EN-Co'.MI-ON,  n.     Panegyric.  Fotherbv. 

EN-CO'iMI-UM,  n.;  pi.   ErtcoMivMS.      [L.,  from  Gr. 

ej*.-(j^i(L.r.] 

Praise;  panegj-ric  ;  commendation.   Men  are  quite 
as  willing  lo  receive  as  to  bestow  encomiums. 
EN-€OiM'PASS,  (en-kum'pas,)  r.  u    [from  compass.] 
To  encircle  ;  to  surround  ;  as,  a  ring  aicompasscs  the 
finger. 

2.  To  environ  ;  to  inclose  ;  to  surround  ;  to  shut 
in.  A  besieging  army  cncojnpasscd  the  city  of  Jerusa- 
lem. 

3.  To  go  or  sail  round  ;  as,  Drake  encompassed  the 
globe. 

EN  COM'PASS-ED,  (en-kum'pasl,)  pp.  Encircled; 
surrounded;  inclosed;  shut  in. 

EN-€OM'PASS-ING,  ppr.  Encircling ;  surrounding ; 
confining. 

EN-eOM'PASS-MENT,  71.    A  surrounding. 

2.  .\  going  round  ;  circumlocution  in  speakinc. 

ShaJi. 

EN-GoUE' ;  a  French  word,  pronounced  nearly  d«w- 
kOre,  and  signifying,  again,  once  more  ;  used  by  the 
auditors  and  spectators  of  plays  and  other  sports, 
when  they  call  for  a  repetition  of  a  particular  (virL 

EN-CoRE',  r.  t.  To  call  for  a  repetition  of  a  particu- 
lar part  of  an  enterl^iinment. 

EX-€oR'i:i),  (iing-knrd',)  pp.  Called  upon  lo  repeat 
a  perlonnance,  as  a  song,  &c. 

EN-CoR'lNG,  ppr.    Called  upon  for  a  repetition. 

EN-€OUNT'ER,  n.  [Fr.  atcantre,  rn  and  cohIt^  L. 
contra,  against,  or  rather  rencoutrc :  S[k  encuentro ; 
Von.  encontro  :  It.  incontro.] 

1.  A  meeting,  particularly  a  sudden  or  accidental 
meeting  of  two  or  more  iwrsons. 

To  shun  Uic  encounter  of  the  viilirxr  crowd.  Pop*. 


TONE,  BJJLL,  UNITE.— AN"GER,  VF'CiC^^S G  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  ClI  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS 


50 


393 


I'.  N  C 


END 


( oitibal,  on  a 
J,  text  pr€^erltf^ 

;   al)al(l<( ;  but 

.•.!!  ti,iinlM:r  I'f 

nl  cn- 


iiU  warni  coitwrmtion.  ritJiL^r  in  love  or 
SMak. 
\      ...l.-n  or  umfs\iettfd  nrtdrew  nr  n'-.-.-iin- 

OfCMlon  : 


:  rtuual  Incldrnt.      [U 
f"*!*.  and   Port. 


.  fwWim/aWv,  In  meet  fud- 

I  irinT  ; 
,..;..  ...  bailie; 


;;  -iiriiiotint ;  iw, 

1,1  ,;  .  .  r  (llfncuIUcs. 

1  :■  ^vl :  to  attack  and 

Til,  rer  tlie  arguiuonls  of 

.  irir.    \Vhicli  ever  way  the 
f  clear  t-viJeiice  uf  thu  di- 
» ,  .  .,.;uro9- 

I  '  uppucn.  Ifatt 

7  .  ttiial  kindnrsd.     [IJUle  used.) 

Shak. 
I'.lt,  r.  i.    To  mecl  face  lo  face ;  to  raccl 
V.     \lJtUe  ujed.] 

■   '.'•ri.. ..t,,i,nl;  tofictit;  to  con- 

II  t,  t  It  WalfrKto. 

\.  .   it  iri  somclinicM  fol- 

'  , iKiii  army  encounterfd 

,«li(ffition  or  ddale. 
.',  pp.     Met  fiico  lo  face;   lOCl  In 
■ity  i  o|»Iw»cd. 

L.   n.     One   who  I'licountcrs  j  an 

■■■■"■'f.  Atlerbury. 

Meeting ;  iiieetlnB  in  o\>- 

/"•sing ;  ri'sisting. 

,.1  V  K>y  .*  .»....,  v-  ■■  -^'i  ri;je,)  c.  L     [Ft.  encoura^eri 

n    and    coura^e^  I'ruin  ctrur,  the  licartj    It.    I'l^'o- 

rmgfiart.) 

To  givu  coiimgt'  to ;  lo  give  or  Increase  confidupcc 
of  iiicce**  ;  lo  in-^pire  witli  courage,  spirit,  or 
Rtr«nittli  of  iiiindi  lu  oiibuldun;  to  aniumtfj  to  in 
cii  ■  .  ' '" 

.  u  aa.1  tneouragc  liim.  — Dciit.  liL 

:\  I  ■     •  II  kiir'njd,)  pp,  or  a.     Enibold- 

M  ifj-tl ;  incited. 

>.     'J'lie  nrt  of  giving  cour- 

>i-is ;  incitement  to  action 

v.f  ;  \Vi-  ought  never  to  neg- 

li-,  '  I  youth  in  generoii.<)  deeds. 

1  si-rvca  ns  nil  eacouro'^rmfnt 


I'll 


hit. 


•■  >  incite,  support,  pmtnote,  or 

.loniuico,  rewnrds,  profit     A 

■.•u  d  the  practice  of  law,  hut  funnd 

if.    Tlie  line  arid  find  little  encoar- 

1  lude  peuplc. 

,  It.    One  who  cnctjiinf!rfl,  incites, 

action  ;  one  who  ttupplies   incite- 

■  •   counaeij  ruwnnl,  or  means  nf  cxo- 

!  b  X  nniter  of  fdtHe  taming  and  &  givat  meouragfr 
AdrSaon. 

'■,  p}ir.     Inspiring  with  hope  and 
■nc  counigo. 

'    ""-MMd    to   hope   for   BUCCCSi;   Od, 

idr.     In  a  manner  to  give 

-  ,       ...  --^-sj, 

.i;,   r.  (.    [rit  and  crattlt.]    To  lay  in   a 

Spennrr. 

iS.  r.  t    To  cover  with  a  crimson  color. 

I  >.  (en-krUii'znd,)  pp.  or  a.   Covered 


K'lating  to  rncriiiltes;   con- 
ning    oncrmiics,  a^    certain 

'■"  "f  litni-^lunc. 

■  -f»  i>',  a  lily.] 
■  ria  or  star  fish  family. 
1  arniH.  nidiating  frocn 
mmitli  i-<i  liititated  ;  it 
'11,  and  in  lliij  rexpccl 
ria«.  Dana, 


or  jiirl-.lii*tion,  and  uimrping  a  part  of  hl^  right*  or 

pr.  I.-  it;\i-.  :  \^lIll  .'.r.  'I'lu-  l.iiiii.r  \vl|..  r:iV  a 
M  .  >'• 

M.  '>■• 

ii  i  Hi.-  iuJi.:,  wiwn  it 

\\  1  Uic  hind  rncroatkfj  on 

II,,  itu  It  hy  alhivlnn.    It  is 

Impoit-'iti  (>•  \*u\i  lit  t.u<  I'l.^iicli  of  ^ovcnimenl  fVom 
cncfiHicSins  on  the  jnrl^^diclicn  of  another. 

a.  To  cre*;p  on  grndiiiiUy  wlllioul  right. 

SiipenUtkm  —  a  crEVpluf  siwl  mcroodUnf  «tU.  //<joi«r. 

3.  Tn  pn^  lite  proiwr  boundu,  and  ontor  on  an- 

.-AiJV  aula  fhaa  thy  ktoum).        Dr^tn, 

ENc.»  ■  ;■  ..  ...;,n.  Onowho  ent<>r«  on  and  take* 
powcMion  of  wlrnt  is  not  \\\s  own,  by  gradual  meps. 

2.  One  who  makes  gradual  advances  hryond  his 
right)).  CtariAsa. 

EN-eROACII'I.NTr,  npr.     Entering  on  and  taking  pus- 

Bctt»lun  of  whitt  belongs  to  another. 
EN-€KOACII'IXG,  a.    Tending  or  opt  to  encroach. 

TIj''  rn<xoo<Ainff  tririt  of  power.  A/*fi*on. 

liN-eUOACH'lNG-LY,  adv.  By  way  of  cncroncli- 
nii-nt.  Bailaj. 

ENCRrjACII'MENT,  n.  The  entering  gradually  on 
the  riglit.H  VY  p<)ssui(«ions  of  annthcr,  and  taking  ih»H- 
sctMion  ;  unlawful  intrusion  ;  advance  into  thf  icrri- 
loried  or  JurlKilictinn  of  nnothrr,  hy  f  ilent  mea««,  or 
without  nsht.  JSUUon.    .'ittcrbanj.    Jlildhon. 

ii.  That  whicli  is  taken  hy  encronrhing  on  anolher. 

3.  In  /aiP,  if  a  tenant  owes  iwo  chilltngH  rent-ser- 
vice to  the  lord,  and  Uic  lord  lakes  three,  it  is  an  m- 
croittJimcnt,  Coiecl. 

EN-eurST',    flee  FxcRUaT. 

EN-eUM'HER,  r.  L    (I'r.  rncombrrr.    See  lacUMntr.] 

1.  Tn  load;  to  ctdg ;  to  impede  motion  with  u 
Ii>ad,  burden,  or  any  thing  inconvenient  to  the  limbs  : 
to  n-ndrr  motion  or  o|ieniiit)n  difficult  or  laborious. 

2.  To  tnibarni:-s  ;  to  [M<rplex  ;  lo  obstnict. 

3.  To  load  witli  debts  ;  a?,  an  estate  is  cncumlcrcd 
with  morii?iseH,  or  with  a  widow's  dowur. 

EiN-eLJM'llKK-/:i),  PP-  "f  f^  Loaded  ;  imprded  in 
mntiim  or  oiK-mtioii,  hy  a  burden  or  dimciiUics ; 
loaded  wiUi  d<>blit. 

EN-eUM'llKK-lNO,  ;»/>r.  Loading;  clogging;  ren- 
dering motion  or  operation  difficult ;  loading  with 
debld. 

EN-eiJM'BRANCE,  n.  A  load  ;  any  thing  that  im- 
pedes action,  or  renders  it  dillicull  and  laborious ; 
clog ;  Impediment. 

2.  LTsek'SS  addition  or  load. 

Flrip  from  Om  lir.iriclilrj  Alj*  llwir  piiiv  IfJii, 

'i'li^  Imgr  encuMifrrnrice  ofliomflc  wood.  Thornton. 

3.  Load  or  burden  on  an  estate ;  a  legal  claim  on 
an  uslulc,  fur  the  discharge  of  which  the  estate  is 
liable. 

Ev\-eU.M'nRA\C-ER,  n.  One  who  has  an  ciicum- 
bmnce  or  a  le-ial  claim  on  an  estate.  Kent. 

EN-CV€'LI€J-AL,  a.  [Gr.  c}KVK\tKoi;  rv  and  KvxXoit 
a  circle.] 

Circulnr  ;  sent  lo  many  persons  or  place.«i ;  In- 
tended for  many,  or  tor  a  whole  order  of  men ;  as, 
tliL-  mcvdical  li'ller  of  the  pope.  StiUin^cct, 

EN-CV-6LO-rr/IH-A,   j  71.     [Gr.  ii',in,  ti'kXos,  a  cir- 

E;N-C?-€LO-lVE'I)|-A,  j  cle,  and  rai6cin.  instruc- 
tion :  in.struclion  in  u  circle,  or  circle  of  inslnic- 
tlon.J 

The  circle  of  scioncca;  a  general  system  of  in- 
struction or  knowledge.  More  pnrt'trularlifj  a  coUec- 
timi  of  the  principal  facts,  principles,  :inddis«»vericj', 
in  all  bmnclies  of  science  and  the  art.**,  digested 
under  proper  titles,  and  arranged  in  alphabelical 
order;  a.s,  the  l-'rcncli  Encyclopedia;  the  EneyjelopcVn 
Ilriuinnica. 

EN-C?-€L0-Pi5'Dr-AN,  a.  Embracing  the  whole 
circle  of  learning. 

EN-C?-CLO  ri:D'ie-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  an  ency- 
clo|>pdia.  StetcarL 

EN-C?-eLO-l'E'DIST,  n.  The  compiler  of  an  cncy- 
cloptdia,  or  one  who  assists  in  gTu;li  compilaliun. 

EN-CY.ST'ED,  a.  [from  cysU]  Inclodrd  in  a  b.ig, 
bladder,  or  vehicle  j  as,  an  cnajsted  tumor.      Sharp. 

END,  n.  [Sax.  rndj  ende.  or  trnde;  G.  rndr  ;  D.  eiiul; 
Sw.  Unde  ;  Dan.  cnlci  Golh.  awlci;  Ha^tpie,  ondoc; 


crffar.\ 

1   ,1  ..in,:!'. 

d. 

[ftom 

crufi  Sp.  m- 

EN  ' 

1.  to  |r»p- 

ImIL. 

liiii  llmllJi 

Sans,  anda  or  aula ;  Per. 


Jjol  aiidan.} 


1.  The  ejtrcmo  point  of  a  line,  or  of  nny  thing 
that  tias  more  Icngtli  than  breadth  ;  as,  tlie  end  of  a 
hou<:e;  the  end  of  a  table;  the  end  of  a  finger;  tlie 
end  of  a  clnin  or  roite.  When  bodies  or  figures  have 
equal  ilimi;n«i(ins,  or  equal  length  and  breadtti,  Ihc 
cxtrernilit's  are  called  sides. 

2.  Tlie  extremity  or  last  part,  in  general ;  the  closo 
or  conclu.<4ion,  apphtd  lu  time. 

Atth-  tnd  of  uro  mcnthj,  ihc  rrtumot.  — Jifl^  3ti. 

3  The  conclusion  or  coEsation  of  nn  action. 

Of  ibe  ineiTuc  of  hb  jrorcmmcnt  ihcre  thaJI  br  no  tnd.  —  !•.  Ix. 


END  I 

■1.  Tho  rh^o  or  conclusion  ;    as,  the  end  of  » 
chapter. 
5,  t  1'  !.tion ;  final  dnc.m. 

Miii  '  '■''■  •'p'^ilM,  for  ihe  t-..'    ( 

1 1  til. 

Cu  The  |KiitU  U'>uud  which  no  iirogrossion  can  l>. 
made. 

Tti-v  rwl  to  ciiwl  fiw,  «i«I  "laggrr  UVc  ■  ilnmlwH  in»n,  ti.l  rp- 
'ill  Uwir  wii't  e\ui.  —  P».  c»ll. 

7.  Final  detortninalion  ;   conclusion  of  (Ulk-ile  <r 
deliberation. 

My  {i^iUt  Ir  ail  my  head,  an>l  Ihrtu'i  an  4nd  I  SiMk. 

8.  CK>sc  of  life  ;  death ;  decease 

UiiUnnwrtl  llirwtifU  lil>,  l.-»inciiU>d  lii  Uiy  »nil.  /'.;». 

9.  Cessation  ;  period  ;  close  of  n  particular  sl.ii  -  >  i 
things ;  OH,  the  end  of  the  world. 

10.  Limit;  termination. 

TlKTC  la  no  end  ut  Ow  tton,  —  Kahum  fl. 

11.  DestnicUon.    ./Jmos  vtil. 

'ilic  trv'  i-f  :t'.]  &-*h  U  toinc  —  GtfU.  tL 

12.  Cause  of  dcatli ;  n  doitroyer. 

Ami  Mwanl 
t^iltcr  of  jrou  to  lis  the  i/ther'a  end. 

13.  Consequence i  issue;  result ;  conclusive' \  ■, I 
conclusion. 

Till-  trut  of  Utt*"  Uilnjft  U  tkiiJi.  —  Uo.ii.  rL 
1-1.  A  fragment  or  broken  piece.* 

OMoJJ  enda.  /■•'  -1. 

1.5.  The  ultimate  point  or  thing  at  whith  om-  .-litn* 
or  dircrts  his  viows  ;  thf  object  intended  In  t  ■ 
reached  or  accomplislied  by  any  iiction  or  siln  im  , 
purpose  tntended ;  scope;  aim;  drill;  a^,  ]irivntu 
cnda;  public  eniU. 

Tv;o  tliitiif*  1  bIwII  pmpotuid  Ui  ymi  ap  tiuU.  SuAUng. 

The  <n't  of  ih-:  coiii'iuiidin'-iiU  i«  chtvr:t/.  —  I  Tim.  I. 

A  ri[!ht  lo  the  rn/f,  implies  a  right  to  tlio  ni'  .ik 
ncce^^-iry  for  attaining  it.  //  '^ 

IG.  ^n  endy  for  on  cud  /  upright ;  creel ;  as,  hi>  1  or 
Ktand:)  (UI  end. 

17.  The  ends  of  Vie  rarOi,  in  Scr«*(«rf,  arc  tli     r. 
motest  parts  of  the  earth,  or  the  infiabllnnls  of  i).. 
part^. 
END,  f.  £.    To  finish;  to  close ;  lo  conrhidc;  ii.  i  i 
minatc  ;  as,  lo  end  a  conlrovcriiy  j  to  end  a  war. 

On  llio  BcTcuib  (lAjr  tiixl  tr>dtxi  bU  worii.  —  lien.  U. 

2.  To  destroy ;  to  put  to  death. 

KUij  Han^',  t!ijr  awonl  hiUi  enilc.l  Liin.  ."Attk. 

END,  r.  i.    To  come  lo  the  ultimate  point ;  to  be  fla- 
ished  ;  as,  a  voyage  ends  hy  tlie  return  of  a  (thii*. 

2.  To  lerminiite  i  to  close  ;  to  conclude.  'J'hu  dift* 
couriie  endj  with  impressive  words. 

3.  To  ccivsc  ;  to  come  to  a  cloae  ;  on,  winter  rndi 
in  March,  and  summer  in  September;  a  good  lifo 
ends  in  peace. 

END'-ALI,,  71.     Final  close.     [JVol  used.]  Stutk. 

EN-DAM'AOE,  r.  t.     [from  d.tmafrt.]    'lo  bring  loa 

or  damage  to;  to  harm;  to  injure;  to  mlicliief;  lo 

prejudice. 


The  trial  liaili  enthimageH  th«t  no  way. 

i>o  tlioti  »il(  er^nuige  tix  nrreDUO  of  ihQ  lio^. 


Mi/totW 
-Etni  Ir. 


EN-DAM'A-OJED,  pp.     Harmed;  injured. 

EN-DAM' AOE-MENT.n.    Damage;  loss;  injury. 

Shak, 

EN-DAM'A-filNfi,  ppr.    Harming:  injuring. 

EN-DAN'CKR,  v.  L    [from  danjrer.)    To  put  in  lia»- 

ard  ;  to  bring  into  danger  or  |M;ril  :  to  e.\|>oso  lo  la« 

or  injury.     Wc  dread  any  tlimg  tlial  endangers  our 

life,  (luf  peace,  or  our  happiness. 

2.  To  incur  the  hazard  of.     [CnusitaK]      Bacon. 

EN-DAN'LillK-KD,  pp.    Exposed  to  loss  or  injury. 

1:\-DA\'C1:R-ING,  ppr.  Putting  in  lia/Htrd;  ci- 
posing  If)  lo.'^.i  or  injury. 

E.N-DAN'ftEU-ING,  ».     Injury;  damage.       ^^JUln. 

KN-DAN'GI-IR-ftlENT,  J!.    Hazard;  danger.    Spenxr,  ' 

E.N'-Di^AU',  V.  t.     [from  dear.]    To   m;tke  dear;  to 
make  more  beloved.    The  distress  of  a  friend  oi-  : 
dears  him  lo  us,  by  exciting  our  sympathy. 
2.  To  mise  llie  jiricc.     fyVot  in  use.] 

EN-DRAU'KD,  pp.  or  a.    Rendered  dear,  beloved,  or  ; 
niore  beloved.  ' 

EN-DRAR'ED-NESS,  n.     Stnlc  of  being  endrarwi. 

EN-DkAR'ING,  ppr.oia.  Making  dear  or  more  be- 
loved. . ,  ^ 

ENDl~;AR'MENT,  n.  The  cause  of  love  ;  thai  wlilcji 
excited  or  increases  nfi^eclion,  particularly  that  which 
excites  lenderne-y  of  aflection. 

Her  flrat  tudrarmanlt  immiitg  muml  (he  •oul.  T^omw* 

2.  The  state  of  being  beloved ;  lender  antction. 

SoHtk. 
ENDEAVOR,  (cn-dev'ur,)  n.  [Norm,  dnoyer,  en- 
deavor ;  endrvera^  he  ought ;  aulrt/irnt,  they  ougliL 
It  seems  to  be  from  Fr.  {endcroirj  //rroir,  to  owe  or 
be  indebUd,  and  hence  it  pritnarlly  ^ipniflcs  duty,  , 
from  the  sense  of  bindmg,  pre-'^uro,  urgency. 
Hence,  our  popular  phrx^e,  I  will  rio  my  endtarur. 
In  Ir.  dibhircf  is  endeavor.'}  .  ' 

An  eft'ort ;  an  es^ay ;  an  attempt ;  an  exertion  oi 


PATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT— MftTE,  PRgY.  — FIXE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQpK.— 
394 


END 


END 


ENF 


physical  strengUij  or  tlie  intellectual  powers,  toward 
'.be  attaiuiiicut  ot  an  object. 

Tii-i  Lvid  will  siLilicieDt  pursue  Utcir  ^ame  wjlh  mora  passion, 
erdearor,  u»I  applicaujii,  unci  ibcmfurc  olccii  succeed. 

iT.iiuiioii  is  the  endeavor  of  a  Inlor  pocl  ta  write  like  one  who 

has  vvrhtcn  btfurc  liim  on  Hi?  same  subject.  Drydtn. 

Labor  is  a  con'Jaoed  endcacor^  or  a  succession  ai endeavort. 

Anon. 

EN-DEAV'On,  (cn-dev'ur,)  r.  i.  To  exert  pliysical 
strength  or  intullectual  power,  for  the  accomplisli- 
mout  of  an  object ;  to  try ;  to  essay  ;  to  attempt.  In 
a  race, each  man  endeavors  to  outstrip  his  antagonist. 
A  poet  may  endeavor  to  rival  licmer,  but  williout 
success.  It  is  followed  by  after  before  a  noun  j  as, 
tlie  Christian  endeavors  after  more  strict  conformity 
to  the  example  of  Christ. 
2.  V.  t.    To  attempt  to  gain  ;  to  try  to  effect. 

It  ia  our  duty  to  a^eavor  Uie  recovery  or  Uicsa  bencfici.il 
subjects.  "  ChaUiam. 

EN-DEAV'0R-J5D,  pp.    Essayed  ;  attempted. 

EN-DEAV'OR-ER,  7t.  One  wlio  makes  an  effort  or 
ntlenipt. 

EN-DEAV'OR-ING,  ppr.  RIaking  an  effort  or  efforts ; 
striirin^  ;  essr.ving  ;  attemptinjr. 

EN-DEC"' A-GON,  lu    [Gr.  ei',  rsva,  and  j  cwta.] 
A  plane  figure  of  eleven  sides  and  angles. 

END'ED,  pp.  Brought  to  an  end j  finished;  con- 
cluded. 

EN-DEie'Tie,  a.     [Gr.  ci-SetKvvfit,  to  show. J 

Showing ;  exhibiting.  An  endeietic  dialogue,  in 
the  Platunic  philosophy,  is  one  wliich  exliibits  a 
specimen  of  skill.  Enfield. 

EVDEM're'lL  >"•    f*'"''  '''^W'Sj  <^''.  =""1  ^ws> 

EJJ-DE'MI-.tt,  '  )      P™P'<'-] 

Peculiartoa  people  or  nation.  An  erK/cTtic disease, 
is  one  to  which  the  inhabitants  of  a  paiticular  coun- 
trj"  are  peculiarly  subject,  and  which,  for  tliat  reason, 
may  be  supposed  to  proceed  from  local  causes,  as  bad 
air  or  water.  The  epithet  is  also  applied  to  a  dis- 
ease which  prevails  in  a  particular  season,  chielly  or 
wiioily  in  a  particular  place. 

EN-DE>i'I€,  n.     A  disease  of  an  endemic  nature. 

EN-DE.M'I€^--VL-LY,  adv.    in  an  endemic  manner. 

EN-DEN'IZE,(-iz,)t?.(.  [from  deHhcrt,  or  its  root.]  To 
make  free  ;  to  naturalize  ;  to  admit  to  the  privileges 
of  a  denizen.     [Little  used.]  Camden. 

Ei\-DEN'I-Z£N,  (-den'e-zu,)  v.  t.  [from  dcnizeii.'] 
To  naturalize.  B.  Joiison. 

EXD'ER,  71.    One  who  ends  or  finishes. 

EX-DTCT 


E.VDlCT'MENT, 


J  See  I.vDicT,  Indictment. 


END'ING,  ppr.     [from  end.]    Terminating  ;  closing  ; 

concluding. 
END'ING,  ?i.    Termination;  conclusion. 

5.  In  irramTTuzr,  the  terminating  'syllable  or  letter 
EN-DTTE'.    See  Indite.  '         [of  a  word. 

EN'DIVE,  7(.     [Fr.  endive;  It.  endivia;  Sp.  endibia; 


L.  inti/bitm  /  .\r.  (_»*XJLi&  kindabon.] 

A  plant,  a  species  of  the  genus  Cichorium  or  suc- 
cory ;  used  as  a  salad. 
END'LESS.G,  [See  End.]  Without  end  ;  having  no 
end  or  conclusion;  applied  to  length,  and  to  dura- 
tion; as,  aa  cH£//tf55  line  ;  c/uUws  progression ;  endless 
duration  ;  endless  bliss. 

3.  In  a  less  strict  scilsCj  perpetually  recurring ; 
seemingly  witliout  end ;  incessant ;  continual ;  as, 
endless  praise ;  endless  clamor. 

The  endless  screw  consists  of  a  screw  combined 
with  a  wheel  and  axle,  so  that  the  threads  of  the 
screw  work  into  the  teeth  fixed  on  the  periphery  of 
the  wheel.  Bi-ande. 

END'LE3S-LY,  adv.    Witiiout  end  or  termination; 
as,  to  extend  a  line  cndlessltj. 
2.  Incessantly  ;  perpetually  ;  continually. 
END'LESS-NE.S:^,    n.      Extension    without   end    or 
9.  Perpetuity  ;  endless  duration.  [limit. 

EXD'LOXG,  fl(/D.    In  a  line;  with  the  end  forwaid. 

[Little  JLi-al.]  Drydcit. 

END'MoST,  a.    Furthest;  remotest. 
EN'DO-€ARP,  n.     [Gr.  cv6ov  and  Kopnoi.] 
In  botann,  the  inner  coal  or  shell  of  a  fruit. 

Liiidlcij. 
EN-DOC'TRrNE,  i*.  L    To  teach;  to  indoctrinate. 

[^Sue  the  latter  word.]  Donne. 

EN'DO-GKN,  n.    An  endogenous  plant. 
EN-DOG'E-XOUS,  a.     [Gr.  £t.(;.)t'  and  ytn-af^.] 

An  ejiitiiut  given  to  that  class  of  plants  whose 
stems  increase  by  intenial  growth,  without  distinc- 
tion of  pith,  wood,  and  bark.  Such  are  the  date, 
palm,  sujar-cane,  &.C.  DeCand. 

EN-DOPH'YL-LOUS,  a.    [Gr.  tviov,  within,  axuX  >bv\. 
A.f,  leaf.]  ^  .  »         /- 

Involved  in  a  leaf  or  sheath. 
EX-I)0-PLEu'RA,  ju     [Gr.  tvi^nv  and  n^£>Jpa.] 

In  bota.i'j^  a  membrane  for  the  seed  of  a  plant,  the 
innerino^;t  vvhen  there  are  three. 
EN'DO-RHI-Z/E,  n.  pi.     [Gr.  tuSov  and  ^i;a.] 

In  botanij,  plants  whose  radicle  elongates  down- 
ward after  rupturing  the  integument  of  the  base. 


EN'DO-RHT-ZOUS,  1  a.      Pertaining    to     the    endo- 
EN'DO-Rni-ZAL,  rhizcc.  Lindlaj. 

EN-D0RSE/ME.\T,  !  **=®  I«DOME,  I:.:iOr.3EMEKT. 

EiV'DOS-MoSE,  n.  [Gr.  cvhv  and  wcr/ios,  impul- 
sion.] 

The  transmission  of  gaseous  matter  or  vapors 
through  membranes  or  porous  substances  inward. 

Brande. 
EN-DOSS',  V.  t.     [Fr.  emhsser.] 

To  engrave  or  carve.  Spenser. 

EN'DOS-TOME,  n.    [Gr.  evSnv  and  cropa.] 

The  passage  through  the  inner  integument  of  a 
seed,  immediately  below  the  part  called  the  fora- 
men. 
EN-DOVV,  V.  U  [Norm,  cndoucr;  Fr.  doxicr.  Qu. 
from  L.  dos,  doto^  or  a  different  Celtic  root,  for  in  Ir. 
diobhadh  is  dower.    The  sense  is  to  set  or  put  on.] 

1.  To  furnish  with  a  portion  of  goods  or  estate, 
called  dower;  to  settle  a  dower  on,  as  on  a  marrieu 
woman  or  wiilow. 

A  wife  ia  by  law  entitled  to  be  endowed  of  a!l  lands  and  teno- 
nif'iits,  of  which  her  husband  waa  seized  in  fee-simple  or 

fee-tail  during  the  coverture.  Blackttone. 

2.  To  settle  on,  as  a  permanent  provision ;  to  fur- 
iiisli  with  a  permanent  fund  of  property  ;  as,  to  cn- 
doiD  a  church  ;  to  endow  a  college  with  a  fund  to  sup- 
port a  professor 

3.  To  enrich  or  furnish  v/ith  any  giR,  quality,  or 
faculty  ;  to  indue ;  man  is  endowed  by  his  Maker  witii 
reason. 

EN-DO\V'£D,  (en-doud',)  pp.  Furnished  with  a  por- 
tion of  estate ;  having  dower  settled  on  ;  supplied 
witli  a  permanent  fund  ;  indued. 

EN-DOWER,  V.  U  To  endow  ;  to  cnricli  with  a  por- 
tion. JVatcrhousc. 

EN-DOWER,  n.    One  who  enriches  with  a  portion, 

EN-DOWING,  jtpr.  Settling  a  dower  on ;  furnishing 
with  a  permanent  fund  ;  induing. 

EN-DOWiAlENT,  n.  The  act  of  settling  dower  on  a 
woman,  or  of  settling  a  fund  or  permanent  provision 
for  the  support  of  a  parson,  or  vicar,  or  of  a  profes- 
sor, &c. 

2.  Tliat  which  is  bestowed  or  settled  on  ;  property, 
fund,  or  revenue,  permanently  appropriated  to  any 
object;  as,  the  endowments  of  a  church,  of  a  hospital, 
or  of  a  college. 

3.  That  which  is  given  or  bestowed  on  the  person 
or  mind  by  the  Creator;  gift  of  nature  ;  any  quality 
or  faculty  bestowed  by  the  Creator.  Natural  activity 
of  Hrnbs  is  an  endowment  of  the  body  ;  natural  vigor 
of  intellect  is  an  endowmait  of  the  mind.  Chatliani 
and  Burke,  in  Great  Britain,  and  Jay,  Ellsworth,  and 
Hamilton,  in  America,  possessed  uncommon  endow- 
rncnts  of  mind. 

EN-DRUDGE',  (en-druj',)  v.  t.  To  make  a  drudge  or 
slave.     {J^ot  iLsed.]  Hall. 

EN-DuE',  V.  U     [Fr.  enduire ;  L.  indiw.] 
To  indue,  which  see. 

EN-DuE'MENT.    See  Induement. 

EN-DuR'A-BLE,  a.    That  can  be  borne  or  suffered. 

EN-DuR'A-BLV,  adv.    In  an  enduring  manner. 

EN-DuR'ANCE,  n.  [See  Endure.]  Continuance;  a 
state  of  lasting  or  duration  ;  lastingness.     Spenser. 

9.  A  bearing  or  suffering  ;  a  continuing  under  pain 
or  distress  without  resistance,  or  without  smking  or 
yielding  to  the  pressure  ;  sufferance  ;  patience. 

Their   fortitude   waa   roost    admirable    in    tJieir  pnricnce   aud 
endurance  of  all  evils,  of  pain  aiiJ  of  dcaU].      Temple. 

3.  Delay  ;  a  waiting  for.     [J^ot  \ised,]  Shak. 

EN-DuRE',  v.'i.  [Ft.  endurci- ;  en  and  dHrer,  to  last, 
from  dur,  h.  durus,  duro ;  Sp.  endarar.  The  primai"y 
sense  of  darns,  hard,  is,  set,  fixed.    See  Durable.] 

1.  To  last ;  to  continue  in  tlie  same  stale  without 
perishing ;  to  remain ;  to  abide. 

The  Lord  fihall  endure  forever.  —  Pa.  ix. 

He  shall  hold  it  [hia  house]  fast,  but  it  shall  not  endure.  — 
Job  viii. 

2.  To  bear  ;  to  brook  ;  to  suffer  without  resistance, 
or  without  yielding. 

How  can  I  endure  to  sec  the  evil  tliat  shaJl  come  to  my  peo- 
ple F —  EsUier  viii. 
Can  thy  heart  endure,  or  Uiy  hands  be  strong  ?  —  Eadt.  xrii. 

EN-DuRE',  v.  t.  To  bear ;  to  sustain ;  to  support 
without  breaking  or  yielding  to  force  or  pressure. 
Metals  endure  a  certain  degree  of  heat  without 
melting. 

Eoih  wcrcof  sUiiiitig  slcel,  and  wrought  so  pure, 

Aa  might  the  slrokts  of  two  such  aniis  endure.       Drijden. 

2.  To  bear  with  patience ;  to  bear  without  opiKtsi- 
tion  or  sinking  under  the  pressure. 

Tin>n;rorc  1  ciirfure  all  things  for  the  elect's  sake.  —2  Tim.  ii. 
If  ye  endure  chastening,  God  dealeth  wit]i  you  a.i  with  eons.  — 
Heb.  xii. 

3.  To  undergo ;  to  sustain. 

I  wish  to  dii',  yet  dare  not  death  endure.  Dryden. 

A.  To  continue  in.     [J^ot  xtscd.]  Brown. 

EN-DuR'^D,  pp.    Borne  ;  suffered  ;  sustained. 
EN-DuR'ER,  n.    One  who  bears,  suffers,  or  sustains. 

2.  lie  or  that  which  continues  long. 
EN-Dt)R'ING,  71.    Act  of  enduring  ;  a  sustaining. 
EN-DuR'ING,  ppr.    Lasting ;  continuing  without  per- 


ishing, bearing;  suHlaining;   mipporting  with   '/: 
tience,  or  without  opposition  or  yielding. 
2.  a.     Lasting  long;  permanent. 
END'WTSE,  adv.    On  the  end  ;  erectly;  In  an  upright 
position. 
2.  With  the  end  forward. 
EX'E-CATE,  r.  u     [L.  eneco.] 

To  kill.     [JVot  in  uge.]  Barr    . 

E-Ne'ID,7i.     [L.vEncw.J 

A  heroic  poem,  written  by  Virg^il,  in  which  /En-  ni 
is  the  hero. 
E-Nk'MA,  n.  [Gr.]  An  injeclion,  usually  liquid,  but 
sometimes  gaseous,  thrown  into  the  rectum,  hr  a 
medicine,  or  to  impart  nourishment. 
EN'E-.MY,  n.  [Fr.  cnncmi;  Sp,  cnemigo;  li.  nemlco: 
Ir.  nahma ;  from  L.  iiUmiais ;  i/i,  neg.  and  amicu-v, 
friend.] 

1.  A  foe;  an  adversary.  A  private  cnevty^  is  on? 
who  hates  another,  and  wishes  him  injury,  or  at- 
tempts to  do  him  injury,  to  gratify  Wm  own  malice 
or  iil-will.  A  public  enemy  or  foe,  is  one  who  be- 
longs to  a  nation  or  party  at  war  with  another. 

I  «iy  to  you,  LoTo  your  enemica.  —  MalL  t. 
Enemiee,  in  war;  in  peace.  frHid*. 

Deeiaration  of  Independence. 

2.  One  who  hates  or  dislikes ;  as,  an  enemy  fo  initli 
or  falsehood. 

3.  In  tltcoh^j,  and  by  way  of  eminence,  tlie  enernij 
is  the  devil ;  the  arch  nond. 

■4.  In  military  afftiirs^  the  Opposing  army  or  naval 

force,  in  war,  is  called  the  enemy. 
EN-ER-GET'ie,        )a.    [Gr.  ccioj'jjrtROf,  from 
ENER-GET'ie-AL,  \      j/js,  cvci>ycoti  cv  and  ."  ; 

work.    Pee  E^erot.] 

1.  Operating  with  force,  vigor,  and  effect ;  forcible  ; 
powerftil  ;  elficacious.  Wc  say,  the  public  saf'*ty 
required  energetic  measures.  The  vicious  inclina- 
tions of  men  can  be  restrained  only  by  energetic 
laws.    [ExERoic  is  not  used.] 

2.  7.loving  ;  working  ;  active  ;  operative.  We 
must  conceive  of  God  as  a  Being  eternally  energftic. 

EN-ER-<5E'i''ie-.\L-LY,  ado.    \VitJi  force  and  vigor  ; 

with  energy  and  effect. 
EN-ER'GIC,         \  a.  Having  energ>-  or  great  power  in 
EN-ER'Gie-AL,        effecU    '  Co!li'L<. 

EN'ER-GTZE,  v.  i  [from  encrgij.]    To  act  with  furct,- ; 

to  operate  with  vigor  ;  to  act  in  producing  an  effect. 
EX'ER-OIZE,  I',  t.    To  give  strength  or  force  to;  to 

give  active  vigor  to. 
EN'ER-GIZ-^:D,  pp.     Invigorated. 
EN'ER-GlZ-ER,   n.    He  or  that  which  gives  energy  ; 

he  or  that  which  act^  in  producing  an  effect. 
RN'ER-OIZ-ING,  ppr.  Giving  energy,  force,  or  vigor ; 

acting  with  force. 
EN-ER'GU-MEN,  Ji.    [Gr.  cvtpjcviicvoi.] 

In  the  anciaU  church,  a  demoniac;  one  pos^c^^d 

by  the  devil.  Colcvmn. 

EN'ER-OY,  n.     [Gr.  eicoyeia  ;  iv  and  tpyov,  work.] 

1.  Internal  or  inherent  power;  tlie  power  of  oj»er;i- 
ting,  whether  exerted  or  not;  as,  mi;n  possessing  en- 
ergics  sometimes  suffer  them  to  lie  inactive.  Danger 
will  rouse  llie  dormant  energies  of  our  natures  into 
action. 

2.  Power  exerted  ;  vigorous  operation  ;  force  ;  vig- 
or. God,  by  his  almighty  aicrgij,  called  the  universe 
into  existence.  The  administration  of  the  laws  re- 
quires CHrrn-7/  in  the  magistrate. 

3.  Kliixtiiiil  operation;  elucacy;  strength  or  force 
producing  the  effect. 

Beg  the  bli'js^'il  Jesus   to  give   an  encr^  to  your  impcrft-cl 
pmyei-9,  by  his  mo&t  powerful  iiitcncuiou.        Sj:iairSise. 

4.  Strength  of  expression  ;  force  of  utterance  ; 
life;  spirit";  emphasis.  The  language  of  Lord  Cliat- 
ham  is  reiiiarliablc  for  its  cnergv. 

E-NI:RV'ATE,  a.    [Infra.]    Weakened  ;  weak  ;  with- 
out strengtii  or  foicc.  Johnson.     Pope. 
E-NERV'XTE,  v.  t.    [L.  cnereo ;  c  and  nerous,  nerve.] 

1.  To  deprive  of  ner^e,  (brce,  or  strength  ;  lo 
weaken  ;  to  render  feeble.  Idleness  and  vohijitu- 
ous  indulgences  enervate  the  body.  Vices  aud  lux- 
urji-  enervate  tlie  strength  of  slates. 

2,  To  cut  the  nerves  ;  as,  to  enervate  a  horse. 
E-NERV'.\-TE0,  ]'p.  or  a.     Weakened;  enfeebled; 

emasculated. 

E-NERV'a-TING,  ppr.  or  a.  Depriving  of  strength, 
force,  or  vigor  ;  weakening;  enfeebling. 

1:N-ER-Va'TION,  n.    The  act  of  weakening,  or  re- 
ducing strength. 
2.  The  state  of  being  weakened ;  effeminacy. 

E-NERVE',  (c-ncrv',)  v.  t.  To  weaken ;  the  same  as 
Enervate. 

E-NERV'£D.    Sec  EsEnvATED. 

E-NERV'IXG.    Sec  Enerv.vtino. 

EJV  Ki'Mrm:',  Oing-fa  meel',)  [Fr.]  In  a  family 
state ;  domestically.  Stcifi. 

EN-FAM'ISil,  r.  t.    To  famish.     [See  Famish.] 

EN-FEE'BLE,  r.  (.  [from  fublc.]  To  deprive  of 
strength  ;  lo  reduce  the  strength  or  force  of;  to  weak- 
en ;  to  debilit.ate  :  lo  enervate.  Intemperance  enfie- 
bles  the  body,  and  induces  premature  mirrmity.  Ex- 
cessive grief  and  melancholy  enfeeble  Wic  mind.  Ix)ns 
wars  enfeeble  a  state.  .       .       -      .     ^ 

EX-FEE'BLED,  pp.  or  n.  Weakened;  depnved  of 
strength  or  vigor. 


TdNE,  bull,  unite.— AN"GER,  Vr'CIOUS.  — e-as  K;  G  as  J;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SII;  TH  as  in  THlg. 

395 


ENF 

]  MCVr,  ■.     TlM  acl  uf  n-i-okenioE  I 

I  >  i^pfr.ota,  Wrakciilns  >  drbUiUUiiig } 

J.,  !>.  J.    [3«j  Fei-os.]    Firrcp  ;  ciucL 

Spfiurr, 
E-N  Kl-  T.U     [Uw  U  /fttf",  /rojitre, 


JiiVMtcJ  with  Uiu  fcv 
>  nl. 
lit:  (o  olio  llie  foe-fimplv 

lit. 

>ii'ni,)H.    Tht'  actof  glv- 

I  by  whicli  uuc  U  invenl- 
.    IKU,  r.  r.     i     !  tt.r;  lo  bind  in  ft-Uenu 

■  with  fcitcr*. 
:ii.  Setranl. 

.  .     (.Vul  in  use.] 
SpCHScr. 
EN  Ft-LXDE',  ».     [Fr.,  a  row,  from  en  and  //,  a 
thrrad,  U.jHrtm,  Pp.  hih.) 

\  iiM.    .r  i^  ^Uv  ttUimtion  of  a 

..^  11, 1,  I  with  shut  :ill  Iho 

I    ,.  ii  oi  .1 1.1,  I  I'f  :i  line. 

JokiLton.     Bailey. 
E\-FI-UADE',  F.  U    [from  tht-  noiin  ;  Sp.  et^filarA 
Tii  pivrco,  scour,  or  nki;  w  llh  shot,  in  Uic  (lircc- 
tion  or  a  line,  or  through  the  whole  length  of  a  lino. 

It)  Cvrvlu^iln'   am<nnclr«  at  &  ■l^X''.  ure   ■houUl   be   Uvkcii  Out 
I  ,  .'  Uk  wotka  «l  t'ort  Ulc.      irtuhin^Iun. 


KNG 


riiri 

•r  t. 


EV-FJ  ' 
EN-FI  I.  . 
EN-FIRfc",  V.  u 


r  a.    Pierced  or  mkcd  In  a  lino. 
, , , .    Ficrcing  or  uwi^cpinft  in  a  linr. 
i'u  inllame  J  lo  M^t  on  lire.    [.Vot 


Qn^ 
EN  Fl 

ENFi: 
or » 

drn 


Hf^J.l  Sprnaer, 

EN  FORCE',  r.  (.    [Fr.  cufonir  :  f«  and  .(or«,] 

1.  To  give  (Urciijiih  t»j  to  slrenglhcn ;  lo  invigo- 
rate,   [^-cdtf.  .1.) 

2.  To  make  or  gain  by  force  ;  lo  force  j  as,  to  rn- 
/irrte  a  iKiK«nce. 

X  To  imt  in  act  by  violence ;  lo  diivc. 

Stone*  tn/arttd  from  ibc  oW  Aaijiliii  iliii^.  SSnk. 

•1.  To  in<tll^ti* ;  to  urge  on  ;  to  animate.     Shak. 
.•>.  To  urge  with  energy  ;  lo  give  force  lo;  to  fm- 
;  N  -•  un  the  mind  3  an,  to  enforce  remarks  or  argu- 

I'ucomjH-l ;  to  constrain  ;  to  force.       Davirj 
V.  Tu  put  m  execution  ;  to  cause  lo  take  cfiecl ;  oti, 
lo  ei\fvT<e  thi;  laws. 

8.  To  pre(«  w  ill)  a  charge.  Shak. 

9.  To  prove  ;  lo  eviiicf.     [Litih  iweJ.]      Hooker. 
EN-FfiUCE',  r.  i.     To  altenn»t  by  force.     [^Tot  u»cd.] 
ENFORCE',  «,    Force  j  strength  ;  i>ower.    [-Vnf  tunL] 

Milum. 
EN  FORCE' A-BLE,  o.    That  may  bo  enforced. 
EN-FORC'fJLl,  yp.    :^t^enKUn■UL-d  ;  gained  by  force; 

I'rivi-n  ;  cnrnptllcd  ;  urged  ;  carried  into  elfect. 
EN-FORC'EU-LV,  adc.    By  violence  ;  not  by  clinice. 

SkaJt. 
T.CE'MENT,  n.    The  acl  of  enforcing  ;  com- 
1 ;  force  upplicd.  Ralegh. 

1  li.il  whicli  given  force,  enerpj*,  or  effect ;  sanc- 
I.   n.     The  pemiltics  of  law  arc  ea/nrennentt.    Locke* 

3.  MuCive  of  conviction;  urtjenl  evidence. 

Hammond. 

4.  rrc»uig  exigence ;  that  whicli  urgea  or  con- 
•itram*.  Shak. 

5.  In  a  gtneriil  #fnff,  any  Uilng  which  compels  or 
r..jMtr:itnit -,  any  thing  which  urges  either  the  iKHly  or 
th<-  rnin>l. 

I'.,    \  [uiuins  in  execution ;  aa,  Uie  enforccmcnl  of 

'..  n.    One  who  compcb,  confttmins,  or 
■  h«>  firecbi  by  vii>lence ;  one  who  carrlca 

GiviDji  force  or  nrcngth  ;  com- 
imrainuig;  putting  in  execution. 
I  f<>rm  ;  In  faj«hion.     [Sec  Fout.] 
'.  'I.     [Vx.fuudrcifeT.] 
:.inf.     fA*Lt*  itt  usr.\         Spentfr. 
.    i..»  :  1.  .         .      ' fn^m Jranchuie.]    To 

'        wt  I  Bacon. 

3.  ralinn,  or  mtnle  ;  to 

adniii  lo  L>i'    i-i..  ..•  ^- -  '  i  .iiK-titin.    The  English 
colonics  were  enframehucu  by  upccial  chmtrrs. 

Dacies.     Halt, 

3.  T    ••- '  •■-   'Mly.  Shak. 

4.  to  rec*  ivc  ti*  doni- 
3u:n-                                                   -jrd-".  tVattj. 

EX-FK  \  ...........  ^  .  MM  .,;  j,i.  or  a.    Set  f^ec ;  re- 
loaded from  bonil.ige. 

5.  .\dmiUcd  t<)  the  righu  and  privileges  of  frco- 
mfn. 

E.VFRAN'CIIIiE  WENT,  n.     RcleoK  from 
cr  custody. 


iii<'i>ii'<>i.itiiiu'   "I    :i   ]•>  is"ii    1114" 

.  iKilitic. 

;,  >^     One  who  I'lifhrnrhisi'ii. 

Hettiiig  free  from  sl:iver> 
the  ri;;lit-t  und  priviK'tirs  of 
-u  A  tLile,  or  tolhr  privileges 
.  Ill  :i  (<<tii:iKitiun.  Cvtetl. 

'  lU),  c.  (.    To  make  froward  or  (M-rvenw. 

i.\  I  i[(  /.  J  .\,  (enfrflz'n,)  a.       PruKcu ;  congealed. 

yW't  vs(d.]  Spenser. 

EN-0.\CE',  r.  f.     [Fr.  engager;  en  anil  gager^  lo  lay, 

to  bet,  to  hire  ;  Ann.  mgagi.    See  Gaok  and  Wage.] 

1.  To  make  liable  fur  a  debt  tu  u  creditor  ;  tu  bind 
one'*  K*  If  a*  hurely.  Shak. 

G,  To  itiwii  ;  to  (itiike  afl  a  pledge.  Hndibnu. 

3.  To  enlirt;  to  bring  lulo  n  jiarty  ;  m«,  In  m-.^n'r 
men  for  wiTVlo* ;  In  engage  frleiidn  to  aid  in  u  auim-. 

-1.  To  embark  in  an  nllhir ;  as,  be  not  hn«ty  to  ch- 
goge  yoixtM'K  in  p.triy  disputes. 

5.  To  g:iin  ;  to  win  and  attach  ;  todmw  to.  GootI 
nature  engages  every  one  lo  \ta  iiussessor. 

To  everr  fluty  lie  eoulil  iMmb  tngage.  Watltr. 

C.  To  unite  niid  bind  by  coulnicl  or  promise.  Na- 
liuiH  engage  thenitielvetito  each  other  by  ln;nty.  The 
young  often  engage  tlienisclves  to  their  Borrow. 

7.  To  attract  and  fix  ;  u.s,  to  etifragc  Uie  attention. 

e.  To  occupy ;  to  employ  assiduously.  Wu  were 
engaged  in  conversation.  The  nation  Is  engaged  in 
war. 

9,  To  attack  in  contest ;  to  encounter.  The  army 
enga-^tcd  tlie  enemy  at  ten  oVlock.  The  captain  en- 
gagrtl  the  uliip  atjMiinl  blank  distance. 
EN-OAOE',  r.  i.  To  encounter  ;  lo  begin  to  fight ;  to 
attack  in  cunlliel.  The  armies  engaged  at  Jlareiigo 
in  n  gcncnil  battle. 

2.  To  embark  in  any  businejis;  l<i  take  a  concern 
In  ;  lo  underLike.  Be  cautious  not  to  engage  in  con- 
troversy without  indispensable  necessity. 

3.  To  promise  or  pledge  one*s  word  ;  to  bind  one's 
self:  on,  a  friend  has  engaged  lo  supply  Ihe  necessary 
funds. 

EN-GJ\C>.'D,  pp.  or  a.  I'ledgid  ;  promised  ;  enlisted  ; 
gained  and  attached  ;  altracted  and  ftved  ;  embarked  ; 
earnestly  employed  ;  /ralous. 

Engaged  columns ;  in  architecture^  column**  fuiik 
IKirlly  into  the  wall  to  which  they  are  attached;  ilicy 
always  stand  out  at  least  one  half  of  their  lltickmss. 

ItranJc. 
EN.CXO'ED-LY,  (uIc.  With  eamesUiess ;  wiUi  allach- 

ment. 
EN-GACEn-NE:?S,  n.    The  stale  of  behig  seriously 
and  earnestly  occnpieil ;  zeal ;  auiniatiun. 

Flint's  MasiUoiu     Panoplint, 
EN-G.\OlC'Mi:.VT,  n.    The  act  of  paw  uing,  pledging, 
or  UKiking  li.ilili-  for  debt. 

2.  '  ililigalioii  by  agreement  or  conlrart.    Men  are 
ofien  more  r.ady  to  make  engagement  tlian  to  fulfill 
Ihem. 
'X  Adherence  tu  a  party  or  cause ;  partiality. 

Suji/l. 
■1.  Occuintiun  ;  employment  of  the  attention. 

Pby,  br  loo  long  or  cotutanl  enfngeintnt,  brcoina  HV-  .111 
ciHi'JoyrKiit  or  jirvteMion.  liogen. 

5,  Emplnymcnl  in  ftghttng  ;  the  conlUcl  of  annies 
or  lleels  ;  battle ;  a  getieral  action  ;  apprvpriateltj^  the 
cuntlicl  of  whole  armies  or  tleets,  but  applied  to  ac- 
tions between  small  sipiadrons  or  singb;  ships,  nirely 
In  a  fight  between  delachmcnts  of  land  forces. 

6.  Obligation  ;  motive  ;  thai  wliicli  en:iages. 

Hammond. 
EN-GAG'GR,  iu    One  that  enters  into  an  cngngcmcut 

or  agreement. 
EX-GAO'ING,  ppr.    Pawning;  making  liable  for  debt ; 
enlisting  ;  brini^ing  into  a  party  or  cause ;  promising ; 
binding  ;  winning  and  attaching  ;  encountering  ;  em- 
barking. 

2.  a.  Winnhig ;  attractive  ;  tending  lo  draw  th-; 
attention  tir  the  olfections ;  pleasing ;  as,  engaging 
mannr-rs  or  address. 

Engaging  and  discitgaging  raachiner>',  is  thai  in 
which  one  )>:irt  is  alteniately  united  to  or  separated 
from  another  part,  ns  occasion  may  require. 

^^icholsoa. 
E\-GAC'ING-LY,  adp.    In  a  manner  to  win  the  af- 
fection!*. 
EN-GAL'LANT,  r.  t    To  make  a  gallant  of.     [A*)£ 

UJfJJ  B.  JoTtJSon. 

E.V  6aOL',  fcn-jilc',)  r.  L    To  imprison.    [A'of  used.] 

Shak. 
EN-GaR'BOIL,  r,  (.    To  disorder.     [JVvt  in  ««.] 
E.\-OAR'iiAND,  r.  f.    To  encircle  with  a  garland. 

Sidney. 
EN-GAR'ni-SON,  r.  L    To  furnish  with  a  garrison  ; 

to  defend  nr  protect  by  a  garrison.  Bp.  JIaU. 

EN-GAS'TRI-.MUTII,  n.  [Gr.  tr,  yanrnp,  and  pv- 
Ooi.] 

A  ventriloquist.     [Aol  in  use.] 
TV  .vi'v'i.f.;!!^  tj,^    ^r^  engendrer;  Arm.  engnehaita ; 
■ir  ;  from  the  t.  getter,  genera,  goto,  gig- 

'  '  CTIKRATE.I 


KNG 

'    .;ct  between  iho  dilTerenl  8exe« ;  lo  fonu 

..  J '.  (.niduce  ;  t»>  cause  to  r\Ut ;  to  cause  lu  brll)|t 
forth.  Melfors  are  etfjeu'.irrd  in  Ihe  atmo-iphere ; 
worms  are  8»»inelimes  e':x'->^>lirrd  in  the  sIouku  li ;  in* 
tem{M  raiu:e  engcndcrj  t\\Ui\  maladies;  angry  word* 
(ifjtti.ur  strife. 
j:.N  (.il'N'IiER,  r.  i.    To  be  caused  rr  produced. 

I'iiiii.  (li>a.l»  nrv  »ikn'Ail,  .itnl  a'.i>r.iii  tngmJer  llrrr.    Uryttn. 

EN-OKN'nER-Kl>,  p;».    Tle-ulleu;  caused;  prufluced. 
EN  GKN'OEIt-ER,  n.     He  or  thai  which  eiiginders. 
EN-OEN'DKi;  ING,  ypr.     Beg.lting;  causing  lu  be; 

pnnluring. 
EN-GII.I*',  r.  (.    To  gild  ;  to  brighten.  Shak. 

E.N'CiXE,  (<*n'Jin,)  «.     [  Fr.  rngin  ;  Pp.  ingenio  ;  Port. 

engcii.'iu;  Arm.  in 'nji  ,■  irtiui  L.  ingenium;  so  called 

from  eonlrivance.J 

1.  In  nifehmtie-f,  a  eoniit^uud  maehine,  or  attifiriul 
inslrunM-iit,  eom[k>.sed  uf  dill' rent  partM,  and  uiiiiid- 
cd  to  ppHluco  some  elfect  by  lh«'  help  of  the  luucban- 
Icnl  |>owers  ;  as  a  pump,  a  windbms,  a  capstan,  a  llro- 
engine,  a  steam -engine. 

2.  A  military  machine,  as  a  battering-ram,  Sec. 

3.  Anv  iiistrumenl ;  that  by  which  any  effert  is 
producei).  An  ;irrow,  a  swurd,  a  musket,  is  on  m- 
ginc  of  death. 

•1.  A  machine  fur  throwing  water  to  extinguUh  fire , 
a  fire-engine. 
5.  Means  ;  any  thing  used  lo  effect  a  purjKisc. 
G.  An  agent  fur  another  ;  usaalltj  %n  an  HI  aenne. 
EN-GI-NEER',  n.     [Fr.  ingenirur.] 

1.  In  f^ie  imlitartj  art,  a  person  skilled  in  mathemat- 
ics and  mechanicj),  who  forms  jitans  of  works  for  of- 
fense or  defense,  and  marks  out  the  ground  for  forti- 
fications. Engineer-^  are  also  employed  in  delineating 
plans,  and  superintending  the  construction,  of  oilier 
public  works,  as  nnuedncta  and  canals.    'J'lie  latter 

*    are  called  civil  enginrrrj;. 

2.  Oiii-  w  ho  maiia;.'es  engim-s,  or  artillery.  Philip*, 
EN-CI-NEEK'IXG,  h.  The  liuoineK-;  <if  an  engluiir. 
EN'GINE-.MAN,  11.   A  man  n  ho  manages  the  engim-, 

as  in  steamers  and  steam-cars. 
EN'OINE  KV,  (en'jin-ry,)  ».    The  act  of  managing 
engines,  or  artillery.  JMilion. 

2.  Engines  in  gifieral ;  inslrumeiitsof  war.  .Mithm. 

3.  RIarhinallon.  S.'ienstunr. 
EN-GTUD',  (engurd',)  r.  t.     [Si!0  Gird,]     To  fcur- 

round;  to  t-mircle;  li>  ciicumpass.  Shak. 

FN-GIRT'^^' !  ^'    S»"^»»*»^** »  encompassed. 

EN-GIRUNNG,  ppr.    Encircling;  surrounding. 

EN'Gl-SeOl'E,  n.     [Gr.  rj  j  wj,  near,  and  OKurtw,  tu 
sec.] 
A  kind  of  microscope ;  the  comptmnd  niicnwcope. 

J'riteliard, 

EN-GLAD',  r.  (.    To  make  glad ;  to  cause  to  rejoice. 

Skellitn. 

EN-GLAIM'7CD,  a.    Furred;  clammy.    [Xot  tuied.] 

EN"GLAND.    See  Esclish. 

EN"GLE,  (cng'gl.)  h.     A  gull :  a  put ;  a  bubble. 

E.V'GMSir,   (ing'glish.)  «.     [i^A\.  Kngliac,  from   />- 
gles,  Jlnglefi,  a  tribe  of  Germans  who  settled  in  Brit- 
ain, and   gave  it  the  name  uf  England.    The  nmuc 
Seems  to  bo  derived  from  ck  /,  ing,  a  meadow  or  plnii, 
a  level  cuniiliy ;   Sax.  ing ;   Ice.  cinge;  Pan.  mg: 
Goth,  winga  ;  all  which  seem  lo  he  the  Kimc  woril  us 
the  Pax.  tfiinrt^,  wonrt-,  a  plain,  and  lo  coincide  with 
the  G.  cMi'C,  l».  eng,  VV.  tn^,  >trait,  narr.iw,  [..  cngo^ 
from  the  sense  of  pressing,  (lepressioUj  laying,  w  huh  | 
gives  the  sense  of  level.'   Tin*  English  are  tin*  tie-  1 
sccndanls  of  the   Ingaronrj  of  Tacitus,  Dv-   M"' 
Genu.  2;  this  name  being  composed  of  !>«■,  a  p!  > 
and  G.  jcuAncn,  D.  trooncn,  to  dwell.  'I'he  Ingu-vi  v 
were  inhabitants  of  the  level  couutO'l 

llelou'^iug  to  En-^land,  or  to  its  inhahitants. 

EN"GMrtH,  n.    The  people  of  England. 

2.  The  language  of  England  or  of  the  Engll"!!  m 
lion,  and  of  their  descendanu  in  India,  America,  :uiil 
oihcr  countries. 

EN"GIJSII,  r.  L    To  translate  into  the  English  Ian 
jjiiagc.  h'lic.m. 

EN"GLISU-ED,  (ing'glisht,)  pP-    Rendered  Into  i;n- 
glish. 

EN"GLISH-RV,  n.    The  state  or  privilegcof  luinean 
Englishman.     [J^vt  used.]  CoteJ. 

EN-GliOOM',  r.  t.    To  make  gloomy. 

E.N-GLL'T',  r.  t,     [Fr.  enghutir;  L.  glutio.] 

1.  To  swallow.  S,W. 

2.  'i'o  fill ;  to  glut.  Spenjter.    Jl^rfutn. 
[This  word  is  little  used.    See  Glut.] 

EN-GH;T'TED,  pp.     Glutted  ;  filled. 
EX-GLUT'TING,  ppr.    Glutting. 
E.V-GORE',  F.  t.    To  pierce  ;  lo  gore.    [Sec  G  "  i:] 

Sprnfir. 
EN-G0R6E',  (en-gorj',)  v.  U      [Fr.  engorgcr,  from 
gorgcy  the  llnoat.] 

'i'o  swallow;  to  devour;  to  gorge;  prvpcrhi,  to 
swallow  with  greediness   or  in  large  quuniities. 

SjuTiMcr, 
EN-GORCE',  (en-gorj',)  r.  i.  To  devour-,  to  feed  with 

eagerness  or  voracity.  "   J^ldton. 

EN-GORO'iCD,  pp.    Swallowed  with  greediness,  or  In 
large  draughts. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T.— METE,  PRgV — PTNE,  MARINE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 
396 


ENG 

KN-G0Rt5E'ME\T,  (en-gorj'mcnl,)  n.  The  :ict  of 
swaMouinc  greedily;  a  devouring  with  voracity. 

KN-<iOR0'L\G,  ppr.     Swallowing  with  voracity. 

EiV-GRAFT',  V.  u    To  ingraft,  which  see. 

RX-GRaIL',  v.  U  ""Fr.  cn^Slcr,  from  grSle,  gresle^ 
iirtil.] 

In  heraldry,  to  variegate  ;  to  spot,  as  with  hail ;  to 
indent  or  make  ragged  at  tlie  edges,  as  if  broken 
with  hail;  to  indent  in  curve  lines. 

Johiisoiu     Cliapman.     Knajc 

EN-GRArL'jED,  pp.    Variegated;  spt»tted. 

EN-GRAILOIENT,  ti.  Tliu  ring  of  dots  round  the 
edge  3f  a  juedal.  Brande. 

EN-GR.^1N',  V.  t.  [from  grain.]  To  dye  in  grain,  or 
in  the  raw  material ;  to  dye  deep. 

E>f-GRAl.\'£D,  (en-grand',)  pp.  Dyed  in  the  gram  ; 
as,  eiiiTaiued  carpets. 

EN-GRaIX'IXG,  -ppr.    Dyeing  in  the  grain. 

EN-GRAP'PLE,  v.  t.  [from  ^rapplc.l  'J'o  grapple  ;  to 
seize  and  hold  ;  to  close  in  and  huhi  fiut.  [See  Grap- 
ple, which  is  generally  used.] 

EN-GRaSP',  v.  t.  [from  gra-?p.]  To  seize  with  a 
clasping  ht>]d ;  to  hold  fast  by  mclosing  or  embrac- 
ing ;  to  gripe.  [See  Gbasi-,  which  is  generally 
used.]^ 

EN-GRaVE',  v.  L  ;  prcL  Engraved  ;  jj;).  Engraved 
or  Engb-vvex.    [Ft.  graver;  Sp.  grabar;  It.  grafftarc; 
W.  eravu  ;  G.  graben ;  D.  graavcn ;  Gr.  jpoi^'.w.     See 
Grave.] 
Litcrallijj  to  scratch  or  scrape.    Hence, 

1.  To  cut,  as  metals,  stones,  or  other  hard  sub- 
stances, with  a  chisel  or  graver  ;  to  cut  figures, 
letters,  or  devices,  on  stone  or  metal ;  to  marie  by 
incisions. 

Thou  slialt  eit^ave  Iha  two  sloiies  willi  Iho  luimcs  of  die  cliJl- 
Jren  of  Israel.  —Ex.  xxvui. 

2.  To  picture  or  represent  by  incisions. 

J,  To  imjirint ;  to  impress  deeply  ;  to  infix.  Let 
the  laws  of  God,  and  the  ^rincipk-s  of  morality,  be 
engraved  on  the  mind  in  early  years. 

4.  I'o  bur\- ;  to  deposit  in  the  grave;  to  inter;  to 
inhume,     [j^'ot  now  used.]  Spenser, 

EN-GR.\V'£D,  )  pp.  or  a.     Cut  or  marked,  as  with  a 

EX-GUaV*'£N,  \  chisel  or  graver  ;  imprinted  ;  deeply 
impressed. 

EN-GRaVE'MEXT,  71.  Engraved  work;  act  of  en- 
graving. 

EN-GRaV'ER,  n.  One  who  engraves  ;  a  cutter  of  let- 
ters, figures,  or  devices,  on  stone,  metal,  or  wood  ;  a 
sculptor;  a  carver. 

EN-GR.aV'ER-Y,  n.  The  work  of  an  engraver.  [TAt- 
tle  u.-!Cil.] 

BN-GRa\'ING,  ppr.  Cutting  or  marking  stones  or 
nielal:i  with  a  chisel  or  graver;  imprinting. 

E\-GRaV'I.\G,  II.  The  act  or  art  of  cutting  stones, 
nietids,  and  other  hard  substances,  and  representing 
thereon  figures,  letters,  characters,  and  devices ;  par- 
tieaiarltfy  the  art  of  producing  figures  or  designs  on 
metal,  &c.,  by  incision  or  corrosion,  for  tlie  purpose  of 
beuig  subsequently  printed  on  paper.  Hcbcrt. 

2.  A  print ;  an  impression  from  an  engraved  plate. 

EN-GRIkVE',  (en-grecv',)  v.t.  To  giieve  ;  to  pain. 
[See  (iRiEVE.]  Spenser. 

EN-GRoSS',  V.  t.  [from  gross,  or  Fr.  grossir^  cngros- 
sir,  grossmjer ;  Sp.  engroi^ar.     See  Gross.] 

J.  Primardy,  to  maie  thick  or  gross ;  to  thicken. 
[JV'-t  iww  -iLsed.]  Speitser. 

2.  To  make  larger  ;  to  increase  in  bulk.  [jiTot  tticd.] 

fVoUon. 

3.  To  seize  in  the  gross ;  to  take  the  whole ;  as, 
Worldly  cares  engross  the  att(;ntion  of  most  men,  but 
neither  business  nor  amusement  should  engross  our 
whole  lime. 

■t.  To  purchase,  with  a  view  to  sell  again,  either 
tne  whole  or  large  quantities  of  commodities  in  mar- 
ket, for  the  purpose  of  making  a  profit  by  enhancing 
the  price.  Engrossing  does  not  necessarily  imply  the 
puFL-liase  of  the  whole  of  any  commodity,  but  such 
qiianliti;;s  as  to  raise  the  price,  by  diminishing  the 
sujiplies  in  open  market,  and  taking  advantage  of  an 
Increased  demand. 

5.  To  copy  in  a  large  hand  ;  to  write  a  fair,  correct 
copy  in  large,  tr  distinct,  legible  characters,  for  pres- 
ervation or  duration,  as  records  of  public  acts,  on  pa- 
per or  parchment. 

C.  To  take  or  assume  in  undue  quantities  or  de- 
grees ;  as,  to  engro.?s  power. 
EM-GUoSS'£D,  ( en-grost' ,)  pp.  or  a.  Made  thick  ;  ta- 
ken in  the  whole  ;  purchased  in  large  quantities,  for 
sale  ;  written  in  large,  fair  characters. 
E.\-GU6.S3'ER,  n.  He  nr  that  whicli  takes  the  whole  ; 
a  person  who  purchases  the  whole,  or  such  quantities 
of  articles  in  a  market  as  to  raise  the  price. 

2.  One  who  copies  a  writing  in  large,  fair  charac- 
ters. 
EX-GRoS3'ING,  ppr.     Taking  the  whole;   buying 
a)mnii)dilies  in  such  quantities  as  to  raise  the  price 
■n  market. 
9.  Writing  correct  copies  in  large,  fair  characters. 
EN-GRoSS'ING,  7J,    The  copying  of  a  writing  in  fair 
and  legible  characters. 

2.  The  buying  up  of  large  quantities  of  a  commod- 
ity in  order  to  raise  the  price.  Brande. 


ENJ 

EN-GRoSS'MEi\T,  n.     'J'he  act  of  engrossing  ;  the 

act  of  taking  the  whole. 
2.  The  appropriatictn  of  things  in  the  gross,  or  in 

exorbitant  quantities  ;  exorbitant  acquisition.  Sioijl. 
EN-GUARD',   V.  t.     [See  Guard.]     To  guard  ;  to  de- 
fend. s/iaJc. 
EN-GULF',  V.  K    To  absorb  or  swallow  up  in  a  gulf. 
EN-GULF'£D,  (-gulft',) /;/».     Absorbed  or  swallowed 

up  in  a  whirlpool,  or  in  a  deep  abyss  or  gulf. 
EN-GULF'ING,  ppr.    i^wallowing  up  in  a  whirlpool 

or  abyss. 
EN-GULF'iMENT,  n.   An  absorption  in  a  gulf,  or  deep 

cavern  or  vortex. 
EN-HANCE',  (en-h"ins',)  v.  t.   [Norm.  enliaiLnccr^  from 

liauiiccr,   to  raise.     Uu.  Nonn.  eiiltauce,  ham.  haulz, 

high.] 

1.  To  raise  ;  to  lift ;  applied  to  vtattriat  things  by 
Spenser,  but  Vtis  application  is  entirely  obsolete. 

2.  To  raise  ;  to  advance ;  tu  highten  ;  applied  to 
price  or  value.  War  enhanrr^  the  price  of  provisions  ; 
it  enlianccs  rents,  and  tlic  value  of  lands. 

3.  To  raise  ;  applied  to  quaUtifs,  i/uantitij,  plctinurrs, 
enjoyments.  Sec  Pleasure  is  enluinced  by  the  diliiculty 
of  obtaining  it. 

4.  To  increase  ;  to  aggiavate.  The  guilt  of  a  crime 
may  be  enhanced  by  circumstances. 

EN-HaNCE',  (en-hUns',)  r.  i.  To  he  raised;  to 
swell ;  to  grow  larger  .\  debt  enhances  rapidly  by 
compound  interest. 

EN-HANC'£D,  (en-Ifinst',)  pp.  or  a.  Raised;  ad- 
vanced ;  highlined ;  increased. 

EN-HANCE'MENT,  7).  Rise  ;  increase  ;  augmenta- 
tion ;  as,  the  enhancement  of  value,  price,  enjoyment, 
pleasure,  beauty. 

2.  Increase ;  aggravation  ;  as,  the  eiiftanccment  of 
evil,  grief,  punishment,  guilt,  or  crime. 

EX-HANC'ER,  ??.  One  who  enhances;  he  or  that 
which  raises  price,  &,c. 

EN-H.^NC'ING,  p;>j-.  Raising;  increasing;  augment- 
ing ;  asgravating. 

EN-IUR'BOR,  V.  i.    To  dwell  in  or  inhabit. 

Bruicne. 

V^SllXRD'ES,  V.  t.    To  harden  ;  to  encourage. 

Howell. 

EN-IIAR-MON'ie,  a.  [from  karmonie,  harmomj.]  In 
music,  an  epithet  applied  to  such  pieces  of  composi- 
tion as  proceed  on  very  small  intervals,  or  smaller 
intervals  than  the  diatonic  and  chromatic.     Encyc. 

E-NIG'MA,  n.  [L.  (snigma ;  Gr.  aii-i'/ia,  from 
aiviacoiiat,  to  hint.] 

A  dark  saying,  in  which  some  known  thing  is  con- 
cealed under  obscure  language;  an  obscure  ques- 
tion ;  a  riddle.  A  question,  saying,  or  painting,  con- 
taining a  hidden  meaning,  which  is  proposed  to  be 
guessed.  Johnson.     Encyc. 

E-NIG-MAT'ie,         /  a.     Relating  to  or  containing  a 

E-NIG-M.VT'ie-AL,  i      riddle;   obscure;  darkly  ex- 
pressed ;  ambiguous. 
2.  Obscurely  conceived  or  ap[)rehended. 

E-NIG-fllAT'ie-AL-LV,  ado.  In  an  obscure  manner; 
in  a  sense  dilTerent  from  that  whicli  the  words  in 
common  acceptation  imply. 

E-NIG'ftlA-TIST,  TI.  A  maker  or  dealer  in  enigmas 
and  riddles.  Addison. 

E-.VIG'.^IA-TlZE,  V.  i.  To  utter  or  form  enigmas  ;  to 
deal  in  riddles. 

E-NIG-MA-TOG'RA-PIIY,  )  n.      [Gr.     aivi-.u^,    and 

E-iMG-lNIA-TOL'O-GY,       i      j  f-.u<;>M,  or  Xoyuz.] 

The  ait  of  making  riddles;  or  the  art  of  solving 
them. 

EN-JaIL',  v.  t.    To  put  into  jail.  Smart. 

EN-JOIN',  V.  t,  [Fr.  enjoindre ;  en  and  jolndre,  to  join  ; 
It.  ingiugnerc  ;  L.  injungo ;  in  and  jmigo.  (See  Join.) 
We  observe  that  the  primary  sense  o{join  is  to  set, 
extend,  or  lay  to,  to  throw  to  or  on  ;  otlierwise,  tlte 
sense  of  order  or  command  could  not  sjiring  from  it. 
To  enjoin,  is  to  set,  or  lay  to,  or  on.] 

1.  To  order  or  direct  with  urgency;  to  admonish, 
or  instruct  uith  authority  ;  to  command.  Says  John- 
son, "  This  word  is  moreaullioritativetlian(/(>fc£,  and 
less  imperious  than  cummand."  It  has  the  force  of 
pressing  admonition  with  autliority  ;  as,  a  parent  en- 
joins on  his  children  the  duty  o(  obedience.  But  it 
has  also  the  sense  o(  command;  as,  the  duties  en- 
joined by  God  in  the  moral  law. 

2.  In  law,  to  forbid  judicially ;  to  issue  or  direct 
a  legal  injunction  to  stop  proceedings. 

TUis  is  a  suit  to  enjoin  tlic  ilefeiijiitiu  from  disturbing  the 
plaJiilifls.  Kent. 

EN-JOIN'£D,  pp.  Ordered;  directed;  admonished 
with  authority  ;  commanded. 

EN-JOIN'ER,  71.    One  who  enjoins. 

EN-JOIN'ING,  ppr.     Ordering;  directing.      Brown. 

EN-JOIN' MENT,  ti.  Direction;  conmiand  ;  authori- 
tative admonition. 

EN-JOY',  V.  U  [Ft.  jouir;  Ann.  joui^za;  Tt.  gioire. 
See  Jot.] 

I.  To  feel  or  perceive  witli  pleasure ;  to  take  pleas- 
ure or  satisfaction  in  the  possession  or  experience  of. 
We  enjoy  the  dainties  of  a  feast,  tlie  conversation  of 
friends,  and  our  own  meditations. 

I  could  enjoy  the  p.'iiigs  of  death, 

And  smite  in  a^ony.  Addison. 


ENL 

2.  To  poif^esa  with  satisfaction  ;  to  take  pleasure  or 
delight  in  the  [K>ssctisiun  of. 

Thou  »linU  brg'.lioru,  l"!E  Uivu  tJalt  not  rn/oy  litem.  —  D.-iit. 
xxvui. 

3.  To  liavc,  [Kwsess,  and  use  with  Fatisfaction  ;  to 
have,  hold,  or  occupy,  as  a  good  or  prufiLiblc  thing, 
or  as  something  detiirable.  We  enjoy  a  free  constitu- 
tion and  inestimable  privileges. 

Tliat  die  clilMrcn  of  larurl  inyj  enjoy  vrcry  rnan  the  inhcriluiae 

of  hia  fatlicra.  —  Num.  xzxrl. 
The  land  >lLUt  enjoy  litT  SjUt^u.  —  Iyr».  VXf\. 

To  enjoy  one's  adf,  is  to  feel  pleasure  or  s.itisraL-(ion 
in  one's  own  mind,  or  to  relish  the  pleasures  in  which 
one  partakes  ;  to  be  happy. 

EN-JOY',  V.  I.    To  live  in  happin(.-5P.     [t//iu.-rHo/.] 

MiltoTu 

EN-JOY'A-BLE,  a.    Capble  of  being  enjoved.  Popr. 

EN-JO Y'£D,;)/;.  I'crccived  with  pb-asjire  or  wtixfac- 
tlon ;  possessed  or  used  with  pleasure ,  occupied 
with  content. 

EN-JOY'ER,  71.    One  who  enjoys. 

EN-JOY'IXG,  ppr.  Feeling  with  pleaiiure  ;  pos^cssinj; 
with  s.alisfartion. 

EN-JOY'MENT,  n.  Plea.*!ure;  saliJ-facllon  ;  agreeable 
sensations  ;  fruition. 

2.  rossession  with  satisfacitun  ;  occnimncy  of  any 
thing  good  or  desirable  ;  as,  the  enjoyment  uf  an  c:*- 
Ijitc  ;  (lie  enjoyment  of  civil  and  religious  privileges. 

EN-KIN'IJLE,  r.  t.  [from  kindle.)  'JV.  kindle  ;  to  set 
on  fire  ;  to  inllame  ;  sl^,  to  enkindle  sinrks  into  a 
(lame.  In  this  literal  sense,  kiiulle  is  generally  used. 
2.  To  excite;  to  rouse  into  action;  to  intlamc; 
as,  to  enkindle  l\iG  pa-ssiona  into  a  flame  ;  Ut  enkindle 
zeal ;  to  enkindle  war  or  disconl,  or  the  tlames  of 
war. 

EN-KIN'OLKD,  pp.  Pet  on  fire;  inflamed,  roused 
into  action ;  excited. 

EN-KIN'DLINC,  ppr.  Setting  on  fire;  inflaming; 
rousing  ;  exciting. 

ENLACE'.     See  Inlaci;. 

EN-LA.R1J',  V.  t.  To  cover  with  lanl  or  grease;  to 
haste.  ^     S'tak. 

EN-LXRD'ED,  pp.     Basting  with  lard. 

EN-L.^^RU'ING,  ppr.     Greasing. 

EN-LaR(5E',  (en-lArj')  v.  t.  [from  large.]  To  make 
greater  in  quantity  or  dimensions  ;  to  e.xtend  in  lim 
its,  breadth,  or  size  ;  to  expand  in  bulk.  Every  man 
desires  to  enlarge,  his  possessions;  the  prince,  his 
dominions  ;  and  the  landholder,  his  farm.  The  body 
is  enlarged  by  nutrition,  and  a  good  man  rejoices  to 
enlarge  the  sphere  of  his  benevolence. 

God  eli.-ill  enlarge  J.ipIitL  — Gen.  Ix. 

2.  To  dilate;  to  expand,  :is  with  joy  or  love. 


O  ye  CuriiiUiians,  n 
larged. 


■r  monlli  is  open  to  yoti,  our  \yr\n  a  t 
Si.  Paitl. 


3.  To  expand  ;  to  make  more  comprcbonsive. 
Science  enlarges  liie  mind. 

4.  To  increase  in  appearance;  to  magnify  to  Uie 
eye,  as  by  a  glass. 

5.  To  set  at  liberty;  to  rele.ise  from  confinement 
or  pressure.  S?iak. 

().  To  extend  in  a  discourse;  to  diflUfU)  lu  elo- 
quence. 

'I'liey  enlarged  tliomsclvc*  on  this  sub}(rct.  Oarendon. 

In  this  application,  the  word  is  generally  intruisi 
tive. 

7.  To  augment ;  to  increase ;  to  make  large  or 
larger,  in  a  general  sense:  a  icord  of  general  applica- 
tion. 

To  enlarge  the  heart,  may  signify  to  open  and  ex- 
pand in  good  will;  to  make  free,  liU^ral,  and  charita- 
ble. 
EN-LX  RO  E',  (en-Ulrj',)  r.  i.  To  grow  large  or  larger ; 
to  extend  ;  to  dilate  ;  to  expand.  .\  plant  enlarges 
by  growth  ;  an  estate  enlarges  by  gttod  management ; 
a  vohinie  of  air  enlarges  by  rarefaction. 

2.  To  be  diffuse  in  speaking  or  writing ;  to  expa- 
tiate.    I  might  enlarge  on  this  Topic, 
a  To  cxaf:genite.  Siei/i. 

EN-LXRG'i'D,  pp.  or  a.    Increased  in  bulk  ;  extended 
in  dimensions  ;  expanded;  dilated;  augmented  ;  re- 
leased from  confinement  or  straits. 
E.\-LXRG'ED-LY,  adc.     Willi  enlargement. 

Jifountatriu 
EN-LXRCE'.MENT,  ti.  Increase  of  size  or  bulk, 
real  or  apparent ;  extension  of  dimensions  or  limits  ; 
augmentation  ;  dilatation  ;  expansion.  The  enlarge- 
ment of  bulk  may  be  by  accretion  or  addition  ;  of  di- 
mensions, by  spreading,  or  by  additions  to  lengtli  and 
breadth  ;  of  a  sum  or  amount,  by  addition,  collection, 
or  accumulation. 

2.  Expansion  or  extension,  applied  to  the  mind,  lo 
knowledge,  or  to  the  intelleriu.al  jMiwers,  by  whicli 
the  mind  comprehends  a  wider  range  of  ideas  or 
thought. 

3.  Expansion  of  the  Iicart,  by  wliich  it  l>econies 
more  benevolent  and  charitable. 

4.  Release  from  confinement,  servitutle,  distress, 
or  straits.    Estlier  iv.  Skak. 

5.  Diffusiveness  of  speech  or  writing;  an  expa- 
tiating on  a  particular  subject ;  a  wide  range  of  dis- 
course or  argument  Clarendon. 


TONE,  ByLL,  IGNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI'XIOUS.  — €  as  K ;  0  as  J ;  S  as  Z;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS 


ENN 


ling;  uukin;  Trco  ur  lit>eral ; 

•lUrgtrmrliL 

',  (rnliu)',)  c.  (.    To  iUuoUnalc ;  lo  m. 

tTc:».    E.-«LiaHT  Is  rarely  u»l*i].J 

inlll'n,)  r.  (.    [from  K-U ;  Sal.  n- 


ENO 


ENR 


J  d.    Having  nine  (laiiiri  i. 
Ai.iiDS,  0.     [Gr.  cHio,  nlnf,  and 
'■  iK'talj  or  (lon'cr-lcm'n. 
AL  I"*    [*''•'»'»''«»  nine] 
.if»,  axe  cvri>'  ninili  day  of  n  .1:^,  a», . 
;.^*w*,  ape  ever)' niiilh  year  of  ;i 


E-.NCL'CIl',  (e-niif ')  adv.  Sumdemly  ;  in  n  niianlllv 
or  dfgrcc  llml  sailbiles,  or  l>  equal  lo  Uio  dciiret  ot 
wanu. 


Tl«  Und  l,M;I,  It  b  Urr  (luuit  br  Hicm.-Gtr. 
reUiwdwHt  lotijrnou^*  hi  iWi  inbuilt.  — I).',jt.  1. 


■  I  III, 


Fully;   i|iiili>-   drnollne  n  sllslit  auiiiifnuuion 


iieiit ,  t 


0.    To  i\\.:i\      n     III     IJll- 

lo  Hre  niufii  rh-arly. 


KV.VRW.  r.  f. 


In  lit 


Tu  make  new.    [Xot  in  i. 

(.    [Fr.  mnoblir.    Bvc  Num  t.,] 

iiuliti' ;  lu  rairic  to  oobilily ;  ott,  to  ni- 

-mndiKe;  to  t-lcvate 

'trjrli 


EN-i.roii 

li^iii.  I" 


itli    divino  kiiuu'lrdgp,  or  n 

-IWwI. 

■  r  rt.      Rondrrt'd 
rna-d ,  furuietlicd 


iri'ii  ir,)  ».    One  wlio  iltumi' 
't  t-  "niiiuiiicntTM  llglit  to  tlio 

I.  Miltvn. 

"R. );'/"••  or  ".    Illumi- 

I'-linu. 

I  or  nnlighlcninj! ;  slate 

•  led. 

'i'o  chain  toi  lo  con- 
sul', 
r.  J.    [.-'I'c  I,i»T.]    To  ouroll ;  lo  rrglstor ; 


Bacon. 
rank  of  nobility  ; 
,  ,  •  :i  lice,  or  value. 

..'."■'"  '-'••^•"'■'^''',  "■    'J  111'  oil  of  ndvnncini;  to  no- 
''»")'  hacan. 

a.  Kxallnllon ;  elevation  In  deRrto  or  eicelleiicc. 
I'M  %^j'ini  t%  OUmrille. 

i.N-NO'BI.IN(:,  jifr.  or  it.    Adranclng  lo  ilio  mnk  of 

11  nil.  Ml  111  :  olallln;;;  dlcnlfylng. 
'-  wO',)  M.     [Vx.  wcarinesn;    It.  tiui'.i, 

,  annaiare,  lo  tlip,  lo  vci,  l-'r.  ennuijrr. 


E.\ 
E.\ 


..iiali-l. 

'    ring    IllL- 

1  rallvo ;  to 
;i',  to  enlist  |>er- 
ill. 

^.TVice,  by  suli- 
:u;*iJ  name. 

r  heartily  into  a  cause, 

;,.    i^ii.-.Jl.J  i.i.-  ser^'icc,  chiefly  niili- 

I'l":    Enrolling  for  service, 
n.    The  act  of  enlisting. 
Iiy  which  a  itoldjer  w  bound 
iu  animate.    [AV/ k-vcJ.] 
v'n,)  r.  (.     [from  l^fr,  lice.]    Liler- 


E.\-l 

excjl 


Hence, 

'11  ur  motiiin  lo  j  to  make  vi(;orous 
i:e  ;  a-'*,  fro-sh  fuel  enlivens  a  tin*. 
It  or  vivacity  lo ;  to  animate ;  lo 
;  il  mirth  .ind  good  humor  rn/irr/t 
Mic  diii!  and  gloomy. 
-:iy,  or  joyotl-l. 
Jill,)  j'p.     .Made  more  active  ; 

-,- 'I-'i  in.ide  cheerful  or  gay, 

E.N-UV'fc'\-ER,  11.     Ho  or  that  whicfi  enlivens  or 

animnl-5;  li.   ..rlli  il  which  invigomles. 
'••''  '^  "a.     Giving  life,  spirit,  or 

'"  nvlforating;  making  viva- 

...''.'  flul. 

iu  Illumine  j  to  enlighten.    [Sec 

'.     To  make  bard  as  marble ;  to 
.  SjicjLier. 

.FAi,pp.    Hardened.  JfalL 

.lSU,rpr.    .Making  hard  like  marble, 
''wboleb^id'"  f*"8-'"-^-''')   ['•■'•]     fn   'lie  mass    or 

E.\-.MB.«lI',r'.(.    tfrommu*.]    To  net  j  to  entangle ; 
^  lo  cnlrap.  e^"7     ' 

'^' »l^i,'j^^j  "■  i.'^'-  "i"*^  •"  '«  ai"!  "'••lii,  friendship, 

f  ,'■  '-in  enemy  ;  the  opposite  of 

"   .  ■  '■"  ;  unfriendly  diiimsitions  ; 

V;'  -"  "lore  than  arcrWoii,  and 

'*''  '''"vrw  from  duiptauure.  in  je- 
""■  '^'"i  hatred,  where.i3  displeasure 

'  '  -  VDnaui.  — Q«o.  la. 

'  I.— IIoiii.Tlii. 


•khOoJ. -JumlT. 

f  J". '^'^  .        ,  '    vered  with  ino» 

^ond".-;:)""-^""''''-^'-'^  i^''""Z,r. 

I- 1  "■    '     ■  """'  "'""'  "'"'  >""<■.  on 

In  trometry,  a  polygoa  orpluig  figure,  wiUi  nin.' 
•ides  or  nine  angles. 
E.V-i\E-A.\'Df!I-.\,  „.    [Gr.  .»««,  nine,  and  «►,«,, 
male.  I  ■  ' 

In  iiXiny,  a  dan  of  phmts  having  nine  stamens. 
Lmm^ms. 


1 1  .Mil,     of  spirit,  languor,  or  uneasiness,  connect- 
ed Willi  n  fii  ling  of  disgust. 
EN'-0-l)A'i'li1.\,  n.    [I,.  n„Jatio,  lYom  eruido,  U  clear 
iromknoLi;  e  and  nadus,  a  knot] 

1.  The  act  or  o|icration  of  clearing  of  knots,  or  of 
untying. 

2.  Solutionof  n  dilficuhv.     [Utile  used.] 
K-NflUE',  a.     [I..  c,n>.(i..:  rnnd  noi.'u..,  knot.] 

..I'L'f '""!'•  ui'^tilute  of  knots  or  Joinuj  knotli-Bs. 
EftoDE',  r.  (.     [I.,  eiwflfly  e  and  riui/uj,  a  knot] 

'I'o  clear  of  knots  ;  to  make  clear. 
E-NOD'EI),  pp.    cliTircd  of  kniiLs. 
E-NOB'INi;,  ppr.    Making  clear  of  knots. 
E-NO31'0-'i'AUCII,  B.    The  commander  of  an  enom- 

E-NOJI'O-XV,  n.    (Gr.  cfapma;  tu  and  o,wvp!' ta 
swear.]  i     /■  > 

In  Laeedenan,  anciently,  a  body  of  soldiers,  siiii- 
posed  to  bo  thirty-two;  lul  the  precise  number  is 
uncertain.  Mufonl 

E-NOKM'  o.     [A-oliuci]     Sec  Ekobmoui. 

E  NOR'.MI-TV,  n.     [U  eiiormilas.]    t-Ve  E.ioauous. 

1.  /.Kera.'/i,,  the  transgrt  sion  of  a  rule,  or  devia 
lion  from  rialit.  lb  nee,  any  wrong,  irregular,  vi- 
cious, or  sinful  act,  either  in  government  or  morals. 

Wo  iIuJl  iprik  of  tJic  raoTOiili**  oT  ll«  ^vvnjincat.    Spmser 
Ilia  liw  viU  iiol  rwtniji  the  tnonrdly.  ifxAtr. 

2.  Atrocious  crime;  flagitious  villainy;  a  crime 
winch  cxceiils  Uio  coinmoii  measure.  Saifl. 

3.  Atrociomness ;  excessive  degree  of  crime  or 
gui'i.  Punisliinent  should  be  proportioned  to  ilic 
enamuttj  of  the  crime. 

E-NOir.MOUS,  a.    f  L.  etutmit ;  e  and  noniia,  a  rule.) 

1.  Going  beyond  the  usual  measure  or  rule. 

Enormous  In  their  gruu  Jl/i/(on. 

2.  E.\cur9ive;  beyond  the  limits  of  a  regular  flgiirc. 

Tlic  enoruiou.  put  o(  Um  li;:lil  In  ihc  eircunifcreno  of  cverr 

3.  Great  beyond  the  common  measure ;  excessive  • 
as,  enoninjtis  crime  or  guilt.  ' 

4.  Exceeding,  in  bulk  or  liiglit,  the  common 
measure ;  ns,  on  cnormeiis  form  ;  a  man  of  enonnou.^ 
size. 

r.  ».S;.frr??"'"'' '  tonfiiscd  ;  disordered  ;  unusual.  Sha/i. 

E-^0U^MOUt:-f,Y,  a//r.  E.xc<  ssively  ;  beyond  meas- 
ure ;  Its,  :in  opinion  tnormously  absurd. 

E-.NUK'.MOU.?  .NESS,  „.     The  sLite  of  being  cnor- 

c.'S?!',",'".';'^"'^'™;  grci.rncss  beyond  measure. 

E-NOUGII',  (c-nuP,)  a.  [Sax.  genog,  genoh ;  Goth. 
fanaA;  G. /;aiug,  ipiug :  11.  genoe/r  :  S\v.  nog ;  D.in. 
nok ;  gai.  genogan  ;  to  ra'jiliply  ;  G.  genilgen,  to  sat- 
isfy ;  I),  genoegeii,  lo  satisfy,  please,  content.  The 
bwedes  and  U.'uiea  drop  llie  prefix,  as  the  Danes  do 
in  nagger,  to  gnaw.  This  word  may  be  the  Ileb. 
Ch.  byr.  Sam.  and  Eth.  r.i;  to  rust,  lo  be  quiet,  or 
satlslitd.     Class  Ng,  .\o.  M.J 

Tluit  satisfies  desire,  o»  gives  content ;  that  rnay 
answer  the  purpose ;  that  b  adequate  lo  the  wants. 

She  i.vJJ,  Wc  luTp  lu^iw  and  pruvrnd-^rcioiifA.  — Gen.  ixi* 
Uow  natiy  himl  k-ttuu  rf  mjt  lMh:r  hue  tarad  nmirt  and 
to  ipare  !  —  Luke  xtr. 

A"ofc.  — This  word,  in  vulgar  lar^ r  i,.. 

times  placed  tiefore  its  noun,  like  m  ,--1 

tivcs.     But  in  elegant  discourse  n; 
nlwavs  follows  the  noun  to  whitii  „  ,,  i. , 
Xl?,   ™°"?* !  money  enough. 
t^aOVGll',  (e-nuf ',)  n.    A  sullicicncy  ;  a  quantilv  of 
a  Ihiiic  wliMli  .„i,.,„..  ,!.._,..,,  ,..  i ,  odeqilalc  to  the 
'  1  of  cloth. 

—  Ijeo,  xxxlji. 
--.,-,  --,,....       .  ,ii...  —  Una.  llr. 

2.  Ihat  which  is  equal  to  the  powers  or  abilities. 
lie  had  enough  to  do  lo  take  care  of  himself 


■'ilive  degree.     He  U  ready 

'!'T.     (I  is  plea-jinl  mou;|f/i 

lioiij  of  diil'ennt   men 


or  il  . 

full  r,ii;..f.icliua  ,  UK,  tliu  Miiig  of  lite  iH-rfonu 
well  enough. 
■I.  All  iM  liiinii.  II  iKnotingnilliciency.    J-. 


eiiii. 
E-Nl  1 


[Fr. 


I'u  UtUl 


Iirc.j 
,  U<  iiiuiiuiiico ;  lo  declare. 


rnoncrr ;  L.  mmi- 


Hi, 


E-NOU\C'A:n,  pp.     I'llor.  il  .  or,  11. 
E-Ml|iM'l;'MI''.\l',  n,      1 

E  .\iir\("i.\i:,,,;,r.    I  1' 

E-MlW    Ihe  old  plural  11  ,  ,        .  ^, 

F.A- PAS'sAjYT,    (lug  itU'^ug,)   [l'-,.]  1„  iom™: 
by  llio  way.  ^' 

I'".'  rii  III  i;'.    See  EupiEBcr. 

'  '  M,  r.  (.    To  quicken;  to  make  allrt, 

'  ;  inoie  properly  Innuini:,  which*.'  nm! 

II.  ill  ri\.Ltives. 
nX-UACE',  r.  (.    To  iiii|ilnnl.     [Aot  used.]  Spt^ 
EN-KACiE',  r. /.     [Vt.  eiiniger.    See  l(»ci!.] 

To  exrili'  nit'e  in  ;  to  i'ias|ienile  ;   to  prrn .        i 
^  fury  or  iiiiiiliie^- ;  to  iiiaki-  fiiriiiiis. 
E.V-ltAtJ'AII,  (en  nljil',);;;!.  or  II.    Made  nirioun  :  i  .lu 

peraled  ;  jirovokej  In  madness. 
EN-ll.tfi'lMJ,  p/n-.    E«a.«|ierating  ;  provoking loniaj- 

'  f.  /.    To  put  in  order;  lo  rove  orrr. 

Spenitrr, 
■  I.    To  place  in  ranks  or  order.   .«*■(. 
1..N  i;  A.N  Iv  (.11,  pji.     Placed  in  a  rank  or  iu  lani 
LN-KA.NK'liN'G,  ppr.     riaclng  in  a  rink. 
E.\  IIAI'T',   ;,;,.    or  (I.       Carried    or    1.  ir:i         .1   ,1  .1, 

overpowering  eniution  ;  in  an  i 

EN-UAP'TIJRE,  r.  ».     [ftom  rn,. 

Willi  jiliasiire  ;  lo  d-lighl  lii'v  uiiJ  nil  u.iif,-. 
EN-KAI"T|i|t->,'l),  (,n-mpl'yiiril.)  ;,;,.   or  a.    T. 

porl.-il  wiih  pleasiir.'i  liishly  deliglil.'d. 
Ei\-UAl"Tli|t-I.NU,    ppr.  or  a.      Traiispiirllng  ivHli 

|.l.  .isiip".  Iiii-bly  deliuhling. 
E.N-KAV'ISII,  r.  (.     [from  roris*.]     To  lliniiv   i'lin 

ecstnay  ;  to  lraiiS|iort  with  delight  ;  to  enraiiliii 
E.V-UA  V'l.'^ll-A'n,  (in  rav'ishi,)/.;).    'i'mnspon.  ;        , 

ilelij;lit  or  pli-.xsiire  ;  enntptured. 
E.N-ItAV  l.-^ll  lNG,p/jr.oro.    Throwing  iiilo  ci  ' 

liii;lily  dL'licliting. 
Ei\  ItAV'ISH-lNG-I.Y,  aJe.    So  as  to  Ulrow  ii  • 

slasy. 
E.V-RAV'ISII-MENT.n.    Ecstasy  of  delight ;  nnr  . 

Olanr 
EX-RElS'lS-TF.R,  r.  f.     [Pr.  rrtr-Tlifrcr.] 

To  register  ;  to  enroll  or  record.  S»r 

E.\-Ki;G'IS-Tr,ll->.l),  »;i.     Enlir,  .1  .ii  •.  r.Il. 
EN-UEG'IS'JIlll-l.NO,  nm'.     Enr  ' 
E.\-I11IEC.\1',  (<n  rume',)  e.  i.     [.  , 

'i'o  have  rill  uiii  through  cold. 
EN-RICIC,  B.  (.     [Fr.  enrickir,  froiil  r„;,r,  luii.'j 

1.  To  make  rirh,  wealthy  ur  eiiiJunl ;  lo  ^i     ' 
with    abuiidiinl    property.    Agiiriihnr.',  conii.  . 
mill  niauufacliires  enrich  a  nation.     War  and  ;; 
diT  seldom  enricA,  more  generally  they  iiupov.i,  i., 
a  counir}'. 

2.  'i'o  fertilize;  lo  supply  v.ith  the  niitrimrii;  ■! 
plants  and  render  productive;  as,  In  enricA  la.-K.  .  . 
manures  or  irrigation. 

'.i.  'i'o  store  ;  lo  supply  with  an  alitind.inre  i.f  ;  -., 
thing  desirable ;  .xs,  t.j  cnrirJi  tlie  niiud  with  kii: 
edge,  .science,  or  useful  observalit  ns. 

•1.  To  supply  Willi  any  thing  s[  ' 
tal ;  as,  to  cnricA  a  painting  wii  . 
to  fiiricA  a  poem  or  oratinn  wiili  ^ 

or  images  ;  to  nincA  a  garden  witli  ilo'.-.kio  oi  atiiub-  i 
bcry.  1 

EN-KICII'KD,  (cn-richt',)  pp.    Made  rich  or  wealthy  j 
fertilized  ;  supplied  n  iih  that  which  Is  desirable,  lu*-  i  i 
fill,  or  iiriiaiiiL'ntal.  I 

EN-KICIl'Elt,  n.     One  that  enriches.  (| 

EN-RIUH'LiVG,   ppr.    Making    opulent;    ferlilizinf ;  '' 
siinplying  with  what  is  splendid,  useful,  or  om«- 
mtnlal. 
E,N'-ltlCH'.ME.\T,  n.    Augmentation  of  wealth  ;  am- 
plilkalion  ;   iniprov.  iiicnl ;    Ihe  addition  of  fertility 
or  ornainenl. 
EN-RIDGE',  (en-rij',)  c.  t.    To  form  Into  ridgis. 

.SAo.';. 

EN-RING',  B.  (.    To  encircle ;  to  hind.  .'S»-i;.. 

E.\-RIP'£.V,  r.  t.    To  ripen;  lo  bring  lo  perfcclwo. 

Donne^ 
I  EN-BIVE',  T.  L    To  rive  ;  to  cleave.  Spenser. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT  -METE,  PREY-mE,  MARl.VE,  BIRD- NOTE,  DOVE.  MOVE,  WOLF.  B  WK. - 


398 


^ 


ENS 

EN-ROBE',  V.  u  [from  robe,]  To  clothe  wiih  rich 
attire;  to  altirc  ;  to  invest.  SUak, 

EN-ROB'i'D,  pp.    Attired  ;  invested, 

EN-k6b'INc;,  jipr.    investing  j  attiring. 

EN-ROt;ii'-^li^-'^"^j  H.  A  ma5s  of  large  stones  thrown 
in  at  random  to  fuim  the  bases  of  piers,  breakwa- 
ters, &C.  Buc/uinan. 

BN-RoLL',  «.  f.  [Fr.  eiirOlcr,  from  rfi/c,  rollcy  a  roll 
or  register.] 

1.  To  writo  in  a  roll  or  register ;  lo  insert  a  name 
or  enter  in  a  list  or  catalogue ;  as,  men  are  enrolled 
for  service. 

2.  To  record ;  to  insert  in  records  ;  lo  leave  in 
writing.  Jitilton,     Shak. 

3.  To  wrap  ;  to  involve.     [JWi  mow  used.] 

Spenser. 

EN-RoLL'£D,  pp.  Inserted  in  a  roll  or  register  j  re- 
corded. 

EN-RoLL'ER,  ti.    lie  tliat  enrolls  or  register?. 

EN-R6LL'ING,  ppr.  Inserting  in  a  register  ;  re- 
cording. 

EN-RoLL'MENT,7t.    Aregister;  a  record  ;  a  writing 
in  which  any  thing  is  recorded. 
2.  The  act  of  enrolling. 

EN-ROOT',  r.  t.  [from  roof.]  To  fix  by  the  root ;  to 
fix  fast ;  to  implant  deei).  Shn!:. 

EN-ROOT'ED,  pp.  Fixed  by  the  root ;  planted  or 
fixed  deep. 

EN-ROOT'ING,  ppr  Fixing  by  the  ror.t:  planting 
deep. 

EN-ROUND',  r.  t.  To  environ  j  lo  surround;  to  in- 
close.   [Aol  used.]  Hfia/c. 

£JV  ROOTE',  (Ung-root',)  [Fr.]  Upon  the  road  ;  in 
progress. 

ENS,  n.    [L.  ens,  part,  present  of  esse,  to  be.] 

Entity  ;  being  ;  existence.  Ansong  the  old  elu-m- 
ist-f,  the  power,  virtue,  or  eflicacy,  which  certain  sub- 
stances exert  on  our  bodies  ;  or  the  things  which  are 
supposed  to  contain  all  the  qutUities  or  virtues  of 
the  ingredients  they  are  drawn  from,  in  little  room. 
[Little  used,]  Encjc.    Johnson. 

EN-S.\FE',  r.  (.    To  render  safe.     [JV'oi  itserf.]   Hall. 

EN-SA.M'PLE,  ij.     [Irregularly  formed  from  ejiamplc  or 
sample,  It.  c-sempio,  L.  cxcmplum,] 
An  example  j  a  pattern  or  model  for  imitation. 

Eciti^  ensarnples  lo  Ihe  Quck.  —  1  Pot.  ' , 

EN-SAM'PLE,  r.  f.  To  exemplify  ;  to  show  by  exam- 
ple. This  word  is  seldom  used,  eiUier  as  a  uoun  or 
a  verb.    [See  ExiaiPLE.] 

EN-S.\N"(;[JINE,  (-sang'gwin,)  v.  t.  [L.  sangiiis^ 
blood  ;  Eng.  sanguine.] 

To  stain  or  cover  with  Iilood ;  to  smear  with  gore  ; 
as,  an  aisan^ained  field.  JUilton. 

EN-SAN"GUlN-£D,j)p.orfl.   Suffused  or  stained  with 

EN'SaTE,  a.     [L.  crisis,  a  sword.]  [blood. 

Having  sword-shaped  leaves. 

EN-SeilED'ULE,  v.  L  To  insert  in  a  sciiedule.  [Soe 
Schedule.]  Shak. 

EN  seONCE',  (en-skons'j)  v.  t.  [from  scoicc.]  To 
cover,  or  shelter,  as  witli  a  sconce  or  fort ;  to  protect  j 
to  secure. 

I  will  ensconce  me  bebiiut  Uic  arrna.  S>.aJ:. 

EN-S€ONC'ED,  (en-skonst',)  pp.  Covered,  (;r  shel- 
tered, x^  by  a  sconce  or  fort;  protected  ;  secured. 

EN-SeONC'IXG,  ppr.  Covehiig,  or  sheltering,  as  by 
a  fort. 

EN-SkAL',  v.  U  [from  seal.]  To  seal ;  to  fix  a  seal 
on  ;  to  impress. 

EN-SeAI.'£U,  pp.    Impressed  with  a  seal. 

EN-St:AL^I\G,  ;>r;jr.    Sealing;  afi'ixing  a  seal  lo. 

EN-Sf.AL'ING,  h.    The  act  of  uflixiug  a  sea!  to. 

EN-SeAM',  c.  (.  [from  scam.]  To  sew  up;  to  in- 
close by  a  seam  or  juncture  of  needle-work. 

Cutndcn. 

E^'SK\yVED,  (en-semd'j)  p;).     Sewed  up. 

EN-SkAM'£D,  a.     Greasy.     [jVot  in  use.]  Shak 

EN-SkA.M'ING,  ppr.    Suwing  up. 

EN-SeAR',  v.  t.  [from  sear.]  To  scar ;  to  cauterize  ; 
to  close  or  stop  by  burning  to  liardnoss.  Shak. 

EN-SEARCH',  (en-serch',)  v.  i.  To  search  for  ;  to 
try  to  rind.     [jVot  used.]  Ehjot. 

EN-SeaR'ED,  (en-seerd^,)  pp.    Seared  to  hardness. 

EN-SeAR'ING,  ppr.    Scaring  lo  hardness. 

IJV-SO/'BZ.E,  (ing-slm'bl,)-7i.  [Fr.]  The  whole; 
all  the  parts  taken  together. 

In  the  fine  arU*,  this  term  denotes  the  masses  and 
details  considered  wiih  relation  to  each  other. 

Brande. 

EN-SIIIeLD',  c.  t.  [from  shield.]  To  shield  ;  lo  cover ; 
lo  prntect.    Shakspeare  uses  cnskicld  for  cnshiclded. 

EN-SHIELD'ED,  pp.    Protected. 

EN-SHIeM)'L\G,  ppr.     Covering  with  a  shield. 

EN-SHRINE',  V.  L  [from  shrine]  To  inclose  in  a 
shrine  or  chest;  lo  deposit  for  safe  keeping  in  a 
cabinet^  Milton. 

EN-SHKiX'BD,  pp.    Inclosed  or  preserved  in  a  shrine 
or  chest. 
2.  Inclosed ;  placed  as  in  a  shrine. 

Wtiilom  enskHned  in  l>eautj*.  Percical. 

EN-SHRIN'ING,  ppr.    Inclosing  in  a  shrine  or  cab- 
inet. 
EX-SHROUD',  V.  t.    To  cover,  as  with  a  shroud. 


ENT 

EN-SIF'ER-OUS,  a,     [L.  cnst^y  sword,  and  fero,  to 
bear.] 
Hearing  or  carr>'ing  a  sword. 
E.X'SI-FOiOI,  a.     [L.  ensiformis ;  cnsis,  sword,  and 
forma,  form.] 

Having  the  shape  of  a  »word  ;  as,  the  ensiform  or 
xiplioid  cartilage;  an  ensiform  leaf. 

(^HiMCV.     Martyn. 
EN'SIGN,  (en'sme,)  n.     [Fr.  enseifpic ;  L.  insigne,  in- 
si<rnia,  from  si^num,  a  mark  impressed,  a  «Vr.] 

"1.  The  (lag  or  banner  of  a  miUlary  baud  ;  a  ban- 
ner of  colors;  a  standard;  a  figured  cloth  or  piece 
of  silk,  altachi-d  to  a  staff,  and  usually  with  figures, 
colors,  or  arms,  thereon,  borne  by  an  officer  at  the 
head  of  a  coni[)any,  troop,  or  other  band. 

2.  Anj'  signal  to  assemble  or  to  give  notice. 

Ho  will  lifi  dp  nn  ensign  to  tlic  nations.  — la.  v. 
Yc  sUuJl  be  Icfl  as  an  ensign  un  a  liiil,  —  Is.  xxx. 

3.  A  badge  ;  a  mark  of  distinction,  rank,  or  office; 
as,  cn.^ifTiis  uf  power  or  virtue.       Walter.    Dryden. 

A.  The  officer  who  carries  the  flag  or  colors,  being 
the  lowest  commissioned  officer  in  a  company  of 
infantr)'. 

5.  \  large  banner  hoisted  on  a  stall',  and  carried 
connnonly  over  the  poop  ur  stern  of  a  ship  ;  used  to 
distinguish  sliips  of  different  nations,  or  to  charac- 
terize dilferent  scpiadrons  of  the  same  navy. 

Mar.  Diet. 

EN'SIGN-BEaU'ER,  n.  He  that  carries  the  flag ;  an 
ensign. 

EN'SIGN-CY,  n.  The  rank,  office,  or  conmission,  of 
an  ensign. 

EN-SKl£D',  (en  skide',)  a.  Placed  in  heaven ;  made 
immortal.     [A'of  in  itsc]  Shak. 

EN-SLa VE',  V.  t.  [from  slave.]  To  reduce  to  slavery 
or  bondage  ;  to  deprive  of  liberty,  and  subject  to  the 
will  of  a  master.  Barbarous  nations  eiLslave  their 
prisoners  of  war,  but  civilized  men  barbiuwuly  and 
wickedly  purchase  men  to  cn^^lavc  them. 

2.  To  reduce  to  sLirvitude  or  subjection.  Men  often 
suffer  their  passions  and  apptslites  to  cn-tluve  them  : 
they  are  enslaved  to  lust,  to  anger,  to  intemprrance, 
to  avarice. 

EN-SLaV'£D,  ;>;».  or  a.  Reduced  to  slavery  or  sub- 
jection. 

EN-SLAV'ED-Ni:^^S,  ».    State  of  being  enslaved. 

EN-SLaVE'iMKNT,  n  The  state  of  being  enslaved  ; 
slavery  ;  bondage  ;  servitude.  SoittJi. 

EN-SL.a.V'ER,  n.  lie  who  reduces  another  to  bond- 
age. Sicift. 

EN-SIjaVING,  ppr.  Reducingto  bondage  ;  depriving 
of  liberty. 

EN-SNaRE'.     Sec  Insnare. 

Ei\-.^NaRI/,  r.  (.    To  entangle.  Spenser. 

EN-SXAI:I,'/:D,p;^     Entangled. 

KX-S\Ai:[/ii\G,  p;^r.    Entangling. 

EN-S6'liER,  V.  t.    [from  suhci:]     To  make  sober. 

Taylor, 

EN-Sn'HER-KD,  pp.     Made  sober. 

EN-So'liEU-lNG,  jtpr.    Making  sober. 

EX-SPHeRE',  v.  t.     [from  sphere.]     To  place  in  a 

sphere.  IfalL 

2.  To  make  into  a  sphere.  Carae. 

EX-SPIIi:R'/:D,  pp.     Placed  in  a  sphere. 

EX-SPIlKll'IXG,  j'pr-    Placing  in  a  sphere. 

EN-STAMl",  V.  t.  [from  st<unp.]  To  impress  as  with 
a  stamp ;  to  impress  deeply. 

Goil  enstatitpcd  liia  ima^cou  man.  Enfield, 

EN-STAMP'/-;H,  (en-stauipl',)  pp.    Impressed  deeply. 

EN-STAMP'IX<;,  ppr.    Iniprcs.sing  deeply. 

EX-STTl.E',  u.  r.  To  style;  to  name;  to  call.  [Lit- 
tle U!<ed.]  Uraytun. 

EN-SuE',  V.  t.     [Fr,  cnsuivre;  Norm,  ensuer;  Sp.  se- 
guir;  It.  seg-uire;  L.  serpior,  to  follow.    See  Seek.] 
To  follow  ;  to  pursue. 

Seek  pc.ice,  aivX  ensue  it.  —  1  Pel.  lii. 
[In  this  sense,  it  is  i>bstdct£.] 

EN-^uE',  V.  i.  Til  follow  as  a  consequence  of  prem- 
ises ;  as,  from  these  facts,  or  this  evidence,  the  argu- 
nunt  will  ensue. 

2.  To  follow  in  a  train  of  events  or  course  of  time ; 
to  succe(:d  ;  to  conio  after.  He  spoke,  and  silence 
ciistird.  We  say,  the  ensuing  age  or  years  ;  the  c«- 
suin^  events. 

EN-SU'ING,  ppr,  or  a.    Following  as  a  consequence. 
2.  Next  following;   succeeding;  as,  ihe  ensuinff 
year. 

EX-SORE',  (en-shure',)  and  its  derivatives.  See  Is- 
suRi:,] 

EN-SVVEEP',  V.  t.  To  sweep  over ;  to  pass  over  rap- 
idly. Tliomson. 

EX-S\VEEP'IXG,  ppr.     Sweeping  over. 

EN-S\V1-:P'1'',  pp.    Swept  over. 

EN-TAB'LA-TURE,  i  n.      [Sp.  cnUihlam&ito ;  Fr.  en- 

EN-Ta'BLE-MEXT,  i      tablcmcnt;    Sp.    entablar,    lo 

cover  uith  hoards,  from  L.  tabula,  a  board  or  table.} 

In  architecture,  that  part  of  the  order  of  a  column 

which  is  over  tlic  capital,  including  the  architrave. 

frieze,  and  cornice.  Owilt. 

EN-TACK'I>E,  (en-t;ik'I,)  v.  t.  To  supply  with  tackle. 
[^.V<'Mi^v(/.]  Skclto7i. 

E.N-'J'.\IL',  71.     [Fr.  cntailler,  to  cut,  from  tailler.  It. 


ENT 


tagUare.    id.       Feodum    taUiatum,    a    fee     enlailcd, 
abridged,  curtailed,  limited.] 

1.  An  estite  or  fee  ent.-iik-d,  or  limited  In  de.^cei;! 
to  a  particular  heir  or  heirs.  Estates-tall  are  general, 
as  when  lands  and  tenements  are  given  lo  one  and 
the  heirs  of  his  body  begotten;  or  tpeeiat.M  when 
lands  and  IcnemcntA  are  given  lo  one  and  the  heirs 
of  his  body  by  a  r>articular  wife.  Blackstime. 

2.  Rule  of  descent  RcltJed  for  an  estate. 

3.  Delicately -carved  ornamental  work-    \Ohs.] 

hpmser. 
EN-TAIL',  V.  t.  To  settle  the  descent  of  lands  and 
tenements,  by  gift  to  a  man  and  to  certain  heirs 
specified,  bo  that  neither  the  donee  nor  any  subjHj- 
quent  possessor  can  alienate  or  be(|neatli  it;  a»,  to 
cjitail  a  manor  to  A  B  and  to  his  clde.-t  eon,  or  to  his 
heirs  of  his  body  begotten,  or  to  his  he^rs  by  a  partic- 
ular wife. 

2.  To  fix  unalienably  on  a  person  or  thing,  or  on  a 
person  and  his  descendants.  By  the  .nposlasy,  mi.-*- 
ery  is  supposed  to  be  entailed  on  mankind  ;  the  in- 
temperate often  entail  infirmities,  diseases,  and  ruin, 
on  their  children. 

3.  [From  the  French  verb.]  To  cut;  to  carve  for 
ornament.     [  Obs.]  .Spaiser. 

EX-'Z'aIL'Z-'D,  pp.  or  a.    Settled  on  a  man  and  certain 

lieirs  siK^cified. 
2.  Settled  on  a  person  and  his  dp?rendantJ. 
EN-TaIL'IXG,  ppr.     Settling  the  deswnl  of  an  estate  ; 

giving,  as  lands  and  unements,  and  prescribing  the 

mode  of  descent ;  settling  unalienably  on  a  pereon 

or  thing. 
EX-TaIL'MENT,  ji.    The  act  of  giving,  as  an  cptatc, 

and  directing  the  mode  of  desrenl,  or  of  limiling  ihe 

descent  to  a  particular  heir  or  heirs. 
2.  The  act  of  settling  unalienably  on  a  man  and 

liis  h.irs. 
EX-TAiVIE',  V.  t.     [from  tame.]    To  lame;  in  subdue. 
EN-T.\M'A'D,  pp.    Tamed  ;  subdued.  [Qaeer. 

EN-TAM'IXG,;>pr.     Taming. 
EN-TAX"GLE,  Ceu-tang'gl,)  r.  t.     [from  tangle.]    To 

twist  or  interweave  in  such  a  manner  as  not  to  be 

easily  separated  ;  lo  make  confused  or  disortlcred ; 

as,  thread,  yarn,  or  ropes,  may  be  entangled;  lo  en- 

tan^le  the  hair. 

2.  To  involve  in  any  thing  complicated,  and  from 
which  it  is  difiicult  to"  extricate  one's  self;  as,  to  ev.- 
tangle  the  feet  in  a  net,  or  in  briers. 

3.  'J'o  lose  in  numerous  or  complicated  involutions, 
as  in  a  labyrinth. 

•1.  To  involve  in  drrticullies;  to  perplex;  to  em- 
barrass ;  as,  to  entangle  a  nation  in  alliancf  s. 

5.  To  puzzle  ;  to  bewilder  ;  as,  to  entangle  the  im- 
derstanding.  I^.eke. 

l'.  'J'o  insnare  by  captious  questions;  lo  catc'i; 
to  ppfidex;  to  involve  in  contradictions. 

'I'lic  I'liaiiaiws  took  coiiuael  how  they  iniglil  eniangU  liim  in  liLi 
Lilti.  —  MjIL  xjm. 

7.  To  perplex  or  distract,  as  with  cares. 

No  imn  tint  wnrrflli  enlawlrth  hiniwU"  wilh  the  aflain  of  llil* 
lifc.-2Tiui.ii. 

P.  To  multiplv  intricacies  anil  difficulties. 

EX-'1'AN"GLK0,'  (en-lang'gid,)  pp.  or  a.  Twisted 
together;  interwoven  in  a  confused  manner;  intri- 
cate ;  perplexed  ;  involved  ;  embarntsscd  ;  insnared. 

EN  'l'AN"GLE  MENT,  n.  State  of  being  entangled  ; 
i!i\  i;bition  ;  a  confuseil  or  disordered  state ;  intricacy  ; 
perplfxitv.  Loeke^ 

EX  'J'AN"G1,ER,  «.    One  who  entangles. 

EX-TAN"GL!NG,  ppr.  Involving;  interweaving  or 
interlocking  in  confusion  ;  perplexing ;  insunring. 

EX'T.V-SIS,  H.  [Gr.]  The  almost '  imperceptible 
swelling  of  the  shatl  of  a  cohmin.  Brande. 

EN-TAHS'.MEXT,  n.     [Fr.]     A  heap;  accumulalion. 

EN-'i'AS'TI€,  a.  Kelatmg  to  all  diseases  cllaraclerized 
by  tonic  spasms. 

EN-'J'EX'DER,  V.  t.  To  treat  witii  tenderness  or  kind- 
ness. I'OHH^r. 

EN'TER,  V.  t.  [Fr.  entrrr,  from  entre,  between,  h. 
iiifcr,  intra,  whence  intra,  to  enter;  II.  entrare;  Sp. 
entrar.  The  h.  inter  seems  to  be  in,  with  the  te!n\i- 
nation  ter,  as  in  subter,  from  sub.] 

1.  To  move  or  pass  into  a  place,  in  any  manner 
whatever;  lo  come  or  go  in  ;  lo  walk  or  ride  in  ;  to 
flow  in ;  lo  pierce  or  |»cnetnite.  A  man  enters  a 
Imuse  ;  an  army  enters  a  city  or  a  camp ;  a  river  en- 
ters the  sea  ;  a  sword  enta-s  Ihe  body  ;  the  air  niters 
n  room  at  every  crevice. 

2.  To  advance  into,  in  the  progress  of  life  j  as,  a 
youth  has  altered  his  tentii  year. 

3.  To  begin  in  a  business,  employment,  or  service ; 
to  enlist  or  engage  in ;  as,  the  soldier  entered  \he  ser- 
vice at  eighteen  years  of  ago 

•1.  To  become  a  member  of;  as,  to  enter  college ;  to 
enter  a  society. 

5.  To  admit  or  introduce ;  as,  the  youth  was  en- 
tered a  member  of  cullrge. 

6.  To  set  down  in  writing  ;  to  set  an  account  in  a 
book  or  register ;  as,  the  clerk  entered  the  account  or 
charge  in  the  journal ;  he  entered  debt  and  credit  at 
the  time. 

7.  'I'o  set  down,  as  a  name ;  lo  enroll ;  as,  to  eMer 
a  name  in  tJie  enlistment. 


TGNE,  BliLL,  UNITE.— AN"GEU,  VI"C10US €  as  K ;  0  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ,  ClI  as  SH ;  ill  as  in  THIS 


3'J9 


ENT 


ENT 


ml"- 
•I 

Ci|l 


1,1. 


8.  To  lodge  «  numifwl  of  (ood*  nl  llio  cuuoin- 
hMiK  anJ  eaiii  cijciiiiuti«  or  iieiniioiun  lo  land  :  w>, 
■o  nur  piJIli.  »V-  Kjy,  alio,  tu  f«t<T  a  «lill>  al  (lie 
cu"4oin-hou«f. 

at  To  caii»«  (O  fiiliT  i  lo  lli«<-ll,  a«  one  plrce  of  car- 
pcrilry  llilo  aliolli.:r.  ..*''''"■. 

e/ri'EK,  r.  i.    To  JO  or  come  in ;  lo  paw  Inlo ;  a«,  lo 
nlir  inlo  a  cminlr>-  ,  .         , , 

2,  To  llow  in  ;  a*,  walt-r  rHtrrj  inlo  a  snip. 

3.  To  piricc! :  I"  (•■ntiraic  ;  aji,  a  ball  or  an  arrow 
t....h-. 

itit^nlnlly  ;  aj,  to  nter  Into  the  prln- 

:»t.  lo  rmUr  inlo  bUiincM  or  icr- 
•  iry  project*. 

as,  lo  rnfrr  inlo  a  taste  of 

'i\>  U  all  in;;t.  Jit  lit ;  lo  fiinn  a  CiinHtitui'nt  |mrl. 

I^aJ  rnli-ri  illt.i  llli-  r.p|ll|>.t>lll"n  of  p.wler. 

ILN'TEKUEAI .Mutual  dridiiign.     [AVI  i«  use.) 

SpeHsrr. 
E.N''TER-K1>,  pp.  or  o.     Moved  In  ;  como  in  ;  picrcid  : 
prnelrali'd  ;  ailulilled  ;  inlnulilCi-d  ;  Bel  down  in  wri- 
linc.  .  , 

ES'TER-ER,  n.    One  wlio  It  making  a  beginning. 

Srtfdrif. 
EN'TERINfi,  pv-    Coinl'ii; '"  C"'"?  '"  '<  ""'"'"e  '"  '• 
piercins  ;  iK-nelrallnj  ;  nelline  down  in  writing  ;  <n- 
lutins ;  enmsinB.  ,      .  ■      .        . 

i  a.    That  begin*  ;  l,.'tne  tile  lir-l  act  ;  leailing  lo 
■ometiilne  el«  ;  as,  an  cntrriin.'  we«i|;e. 
EN'TER-I.M^,  ".     I'.ntrinco  i  a  |i.is*Mig  in.     IThets.U 
E.N-TE  llfTIS,  ri.     [«r.  (i  ri,  ..i ,  inlc»tinc.] 

An  lnll:ininmtion  of  11""  iiilntinea. 
EN-TER-I.ACE'.     t-ee  Hti:kl«ce. 
EN  TER'OCP.I.E,  11.      [Cr.  lynpi'r,  iiilesline,  and 
ni\n,  lumor.j  ,       ,         i 

In  juri-rry,  n  lionilal  tumor  in  any  aituQlion,  wliaio 
conlent»"ore  iiitCHlinc. 
E.\-TEROI/0-(iV,  n.     [Gr.  ji-Kpoi',  intestine,  anil 
,\  I)  ov,  discourse.] 

A  lrcall<e  or  discourse  on  the  bowels  or  inlcnial 
parU  of  the  bodv,  usually  including  tlie  coiiUnu  of 
the  head,  l.reast,'  and  lielly.  Quincjl. 

E.N'-TEKOMTIIAl.O;?,  it.      [Gr.  cyrcpoi;   inlealinc 
and  j(i."'*  ■<.  navel.]  . 

.\n  uiiiliiliciil  liL-rnia  whose  contents  are  inlcsllne. 
EN-TEK  PAR'LA.VCE,  ii.    [Fr.  cmrc,  between,  and 
parlrr,  lo  s|i,ak.] 

Parley  ;  mutual  talk  or  conversation  ;  conference. 

Jiayuard. 
EN-TKR-PLE Al)'.    Sfe  l:<Ti:RrLi:vo. 
EN'TER-PRISE,  n.     [Fr.,  from  entreprtiidre,  to  under- 
take ;  cnirr,  in  or  between,  and  prcjCjre^  to  take,  prisf, 
a  taking.] 

That  which  L<  undertaken  or  atteinpted  In  be  per- 
formed ;  an  nllempl ;  a  project  ntlenipU'd  ;  particu- 
larly, a  iKild,  arduous,  or  hazardous  undertakiiiB, 
cither  physical  or  iiinral.  The  nll.nck  on  Stony 
Poinl  w.-ia  a  bold,  but  successful,  rnterpritt.  The 
DtU'mpLf  to  evanRelize  the  heathen  are  noble  ntter- 
prists. 

Tlv-i/  Ikuids  can  no*  prriiniJ  Ihtlr  etiUrpriM.  —  Job  T. 

E.N'TEIl-PRISE,  c. «.  To  undertake ;  to  begin  and  nl- 
tcnipt  to  pertbrm. 

Tl/.  \MdneM  ma*L  te  tnurjirUtrl  Uib  nlgiiu  Dryitn, 

E.V'TER-PRIS-i:l),  (en'Ur-prlzd,)  pp.  Undertaken  ; 
atteinpted ;  cssayeil. 

E.N'TEIl-PRIS-EK,  n.  An  adventurer;  one  who  un- 
dertakes any  projected  scheme,  especially  a  bold  or 
Inz-ardiius  one  ;  a  piTsou  who  engages  in  iiiiiMirtiilit 
i-r  .t.-iiiceroiis  di-signs.  liaijieonl. 

I.N  TER  l'RI8  INC,  ppr.  Undertaking,  e»iR>cially  a 
Ix'ld  deslsn. 

•X  a.    Ilold  or  forward  lo  undertake  ;  resolute,  ac- 

u\ '  ,  '■!  iiruiiipl  lo  atti-mpt  great  or  untried  schemes. 

't^  men  olXen  succevd  beyond  all  human 

i'i:Ia-I.NG-LY,  acrt?.    In  a  bold,  ^esoIu^?,  and 
inner. 

MS',  V.  e.    [Pr.  cjirrctfjiir ,-  cjitrc,  in  or  be- 
.iir|  fcmr,  to  hold,  L.  tfneo.] 
I.   I'li  receive  into  the  heiise,  and  treat  with  hospj- 
lallly,  cither  at  the  table  only,  or  with  lodging  also. 

Ok  ix't  (  Tr  i:  .    i     '-yiain  t:rixi^T%;  f^r  U*rrrlTf  •ocue  lUTC 


5.  To  receive  or  admil  with  a  view  lo  consider  and 
decide  ;  a*,  lo  emtertain  a  Iiro|K»5al.        7".  Ckatmfrt. 

6.  To  maintain  j  lo  >up|iort ;  as,  lo  riilo^ia  a  lios. 
pital.     [04/.]  „       . 

7.  To  please  ;  to  amuse  ;  to  divert.  David  riUer- 
Imiuii  himself  ivilli  tlie  liiedilaliun  of  God's  law. 
Idle  men  CNirrliiin  themselvi-  with  Iritles. 

H.  To  treat ;  l»  supply  with  provisions  and  liquors, 
or  with   provisions  and  lodgiui,',  for  reward.     The 
Innkeeper  mtrrtaiitj  a  ureal  ileal  of  company. 
EN-TKR-'l'AIN',  n.     I'.iilerlailimenl.     [Aur  in  use] 

S/jf»>rr. 
EN-TERTAIN'/CD,  to.     Received  with  hospitality,  as 
a  piest ;  amused  ;  pleased  and  engaged  ;  kept  in  llie 
nimd  ;  rt  laiiied. 
E.V-TER-TAIN'ER,  it.    lie  who  entertains;  lie  who 
receives  roiiipanv  with  th.-jtii'ilitv,  or  for  reward, 
o.  He  who  r.  I  "ice. 

:i.   lie  lllal  nil  ris. 

EN-TER-'IAI.V  1.  n  ith  hnspltallty ; 


receiving  and  Iri  .i'  hl'  wiiii  llI.^^  i-nnis  and  nccommo- 
datiuii"  lor  reward  ;  keeping  or  cherishing  with  favor  ; 
engaging  the  alteiition  ;  amusing. 

•-'.  rt.     I'tea-iing  ;  iimusing  ;  diverting  ;  as,  an  c«fcr- 
foiniii^  disroursi'  ;  an  entertaining  friend. 
EN  'rEU-T.VI.N'I.NG-I.Y,  ai/r.    In  an  amusing  man 

ner.  /Curlen. 

EN  TER-TAIN'ING-NE.'».'5,  it.    The  quality  of  enlcr- 
EN-TER-T.TIN'.MI'.M  ,  n.    The  receiving  and  accom- 
modating iif  guislK,  c  llher  with  or  wilhniit  reward. 
The  hospilalile  man  delights  in  the  rnltrlainmriU  of 
Ills  friends. 

2.  Provisions  of  llic  lahlo ;  hpnce,  also,  a  fcaid ;  a 
sujH^rh  dinner  or  suppiT. 

■J.  The  amUBCinent,  picninirc,  or  Instruction,  de- 
rived from  conversation,  discourse,  argiimeiil,  ora- 
tory, music,  driumlic  perfonimnces,  &.c. ;  Ihe  pleas- 
ure H hich  the  mind  receives  from  any  thing  inurcsp 
ing,  and  which  holds  or  nrri":ls  the  atteiiliiin.  ^Ve 
orten  have  rich  oilrrtainracnl  in  the  convcrsalion  of  a 
learned  friend. 
4.  Reception  ;  admission.  TiUolfon. 

.1.  The  stale  of  being  in  pay  or  scr^'icc.    [AV(  usrd.] 

SAil^ 
Payment  of  those  retained  in  service.    [0J».] 


a.  T.. 

b»  ill- 


'  ersatlon  ;  lo  amuse  or  instruct 

.  to  engage  the  nltention  and 
III)  of  one  by  agreeable  conversa- 
■  »r  argiimenl.  The  advtxale  tntrr- 
■ '  all  hour  w  ith  sound  argument  and 

-lUelice. 

-  scni'ice  ;  to  maintain  ;  as,  he 


You,  »r.  i  • 
[  7%u  origin  . 


4.  To  keep,  hold,  or  maintain  in  the  mind  with  fa-  [ 
Tor;  lo  reserve  in  the  mind;  lo  harbor;  to  cherish. 
l^  us  citrfrfjjiii  the  most  eialled  \icW8  of  tile  divine 
character.     It  is  our  duty  to  ntrrtaim  cliaritable  sen- 
timents toward  our  fellow. men. 


Daviu. 
7.  That  which  entertains ;  that  which  serves  for 
amusement ;  the  lower  comedy  ;  farce.  Oaij. 

E.N-TER-T1S'SI;-/i;D,   (-tisli'mle,)  a.    (Fr.  otl«  and 
tis-*ii.] 
Intenvoven  ;  having  various  colors  Intcrmiied. 
EN'TIIE-AI.,  n.     [Gr.  £!■  and  Ueof.]  (.S*u*. 

Divinely  inspired. 
EN-Tlli:  AS'Tie,  II.    [Gr.  te  and  0c«s,  Goil.] 

Having  the  energy  of  God. 
EN-Tlir.-.\S'Tie-Ab-I>Y,  oi/e.      According  to  deific 

energy.  Trans,  of  Panjtama.f. 

EN'THE-AT,  a.     [Gr.  rvOroj.] 
Entlliislastie.     [JVel  in  u-ir.] 
EN-TIIKAI.N',  e.  (.     To  enslave.     [See  IliTiiB»i.t-] 
EN-TIIRll.l.',  r.  (.     To  pierce.     (See  THniLL.] 
E.N'-THRONE',  r.  L     [from  lAroiic.)    To  place  on  a 
throne  ;  to  exalt  to  the  scat  of  royally. 

D(?natlh  a  sculpturtj  arcli  he  nu  enlAroiMii.  Pop4. 

2.  To  exult  to  an  elevated  place  or  seat.        Skak. 

3.  To  Invest  with  sovereign  aulhorily.      Ayliffc 

4.  To  induct  or  install  a  bishop  into  the  powers 
anil  privileges  of  a  vacant  sec. 

E.N'-'l'IIRo.N'A'D,  pp.  or  a.  Seated  on  a  throne  ;  exalt- 
ed In  an  elevated  place  ;  inducted  into  a  vacant  see. 

EN-TI1R('NI".'.MENT,  n.     Act  of  enthroning. 

liN-TlllU").V'!NG,p;,r.  Seating  on  a  throne;  raising 
lo  an  exall.  d  seat ;  inducting  into  a  vacant  see. 

EN-TIIRoN'IZE,  c.  (.  To  enthrone  ;  to  induct  into  a 
stall,  as  a  bishop.     \Tm]troper.'\ 

EN-THKON-I-ZX'TION,  ii.  The  placing  a  bishop  In 
his  stall  or  throne  in  his  cathedral.  Uovk. 

EN-TIIUN'DER,  r.  t.  To  make  a  loud  noise,  like 
thunder. 

E.\-THO'SI-.\SM,  (en-lha'ze-azm,)  n.  [Gr.  cfVowtaa- 
po<,  from  cfU^vmasM,  to  infuse  a  divine  spirit,  f^om 
CfOjvf,  ciOcof,  inspired,  divine  ;  tc  and  »!<;,  God.l 

1.  A  belief  or  conceit  of  private  revelation ;  tlie 
vain  confidence  or  opinion  of  a  pj-rson,  lli.al  he  has 
special  divine  communications  from  the  Supreme 
lleing,  or  familiar  intercourse  with  him. 

EnAw'vum  b  fomulril  nc-ilhcr  on  Tcajon  nor  dlflnff  iwT*;Klion, 
Uit  rii^  from  Us:  concciu  of  a  srarmcd  or  0YC^^*•wnln5 
limgitution.  l/xkt. 

2.  Heat  of  Imaginalion;  violent  passion  or  excite- 
ment of  the  mind,  in  pursuit  of  some  object,  inspiring 
extravagant  Iio|k:  anil  confidence  of  .success.  Hence 
the  same  heat  of  imagination,  chastised  by  rca.son  or 
experience,  becomes  a  noble  [wssion,  an  cicvaltd 
finry,  a  warm  imagination,  an  ardent  zeal,  that 
litniis  sublimo  ideas,  and  prompts  to  the  ardent  pur- 
.Hiiil  of  laudable  objects.  .Such  is  the  mOiusuimn  of 
the  poet,  the  orator,  the  painU'r,  and  the  sculptor. 
Such  is  llie  mlAiuiarm  of  the  p.alriot,  the  hero,  and 
tlie  Christian. 

FACOon  nnfl  <tuhu«t«um  an  the  iniuuineou  b^  tvbkh  nopulu 
jwrniftifnu  alT  dntruyetl.  Ajnta, 


ENT 

EN-THO'gl-AST,  (ciithiTze  asl,)   a.     [Gr.   le-lam. 

aril.] 

1.  One  who  iinagines  he  liiis  special  or  sii|K'mU- 
ural  convtrso  with  God,  or  s{K'cial  cniiiiifinicallons 
from  hllii. 

2.  One  whose  imaginnlioli  is  wanned  ,  one  whoto 
mind  Is  highly  excited  wilh  the  love  or  In  llic  pur- 
suit of  an  object ;  a  |R'rson  of  uident  zeal  ;  as,  u 
enthuMnst  in  jK.eliy  or  nnisie. 

:l.  One  of  elevated  I'aliry  or  ex.*dltd  ideas.   Itrydm. 

EN-TIII^SI--\^'l''lt',  ia.      Filled    with    eiilliusl. 

i:.\.TIIU-«l-AST'lC  AL,  I      asm,  or  the  conceit  of 

sjK-ciiil  intercourse  with  God  or  revelntiuiis  from  hitn, 

2.  Highly  excited  ;  warm  and  anient  ;  zealous  In 

piirsuil  of  an   objecl ;    heated  lo  nniuialion.     Uui 

author  was  an  enthasifulir.  Niver  of  [loelry  and  ai|. 

liiirer  of  Homer. 

a.   Elevated  ;  warm  ;   llncluted   with  eliUiuslasin. 
The  speaker  addressed  the  audience  In  rjif^Ksisjtic 
■tniins. 
EN-THU-SI-AST'IC  AI.I.V,  aJt:    With  cnlhusiasm.  ' 
EN-THY-ME-MAT'IC-.M.,  o.     IVrlaining  to  nii  rn. 

thymeme  ;  iiiiludiiig  an  enlhymeme.  J'.nrif. 

EN''l'IIV-.MEMi:,  11.     [tir.  i.Oi/o/jie,  tiom  iiliijo  ;iji, 
lo  think  or  conceive  ;  ti  and  ye/n-i,  mind.]  i 

In  rlietorif,  an  urgnmi'iil  consistiug  of  only  Iwo  i 
proptHilioiis,  an  nnlecedi'iil  and   a  roieinuni  dc- 
tliici-tl  friim  It  ;  as,  we  itie  delieiidelil,  '; 
should  be  humble.     Here  the  major  | 
suppressed.     The  colnplele  syllogiiiiii  w  i 
|R-lldelil  creatures  should  In;  huinlile  ;  we  ill.'  >i'  [■      . 
enl  rr.  aUlres  ;  therefore  we  fliuuld  ho  liumble. 
EN-'I'ICE',  c.  U     [This  wold   seems  to  bo  Ihe  ;-|.     •, 

zar,  Port,  o/ifor,  fr.  •atl.nr,   .\riii.   iiffi.-u,  Ir 

fiieii,  II.  /i::i»iic,  Fr.  fi.*oH,  L.  titiu,  a  fireliraml.      ;  i 
seiisi',  in  Ihi^se  languages,  is  lo  lay  llie  llrebraiii 
gellier,  or  lo  slir  the  life;  lo  |irovoke ;  lo  iin    :     . 
The  sense  in  English  is  a  lillle  vaiied.     If  il  n  ■  J 
the  saim:  word,  I  know  not  Its  origin.] 

1.  To  incite  or  instigate,  by  exciting  hope  ir    1. 
siro  ;  usuallK  in  a  bad  »c«.<f  ;  as,  lo  rnlire  one  I"  ■     I 
Hence,  to  seduce ;  to  lead  astray;  to  Induce  ic.     n, 
by  promises  or  persuasions. 

My  i^ii,  if«limcn  tntU4  Uwe,  conaent  tbou  uot.  — P(o».  i 

2.  To  tempt ;  to  incite ;  to  urge  or  load  astmy. 

Erery  iii.'.ii  la  tcmptcil,  a-hcn  lie  It  Urawu  sway  by  liit  own  Id*, 
miiUfttlcaf.  —  Jaiues  i. 

3.  To  incite ;  lo  allure  ;  in  a  food  tcnir.     IlnJirU.  ' 
F.N-TIC'KD,  ;i;i.     Incileil  ;  in^Iignl^  d  lo  i  vil ;  seduced 

bv  promises  or  persuasions  ;  jiersuaded  ;  allured. 
EN-TICE'MEN'l',  n.    Tlie  act  or  practice  of  incitiof 
to  evil ;  instig:ilion  ;  as,  llie  rHlicfi»«iit»  of  evil  com- 
panions. 

2.  Means  of  inciting  In  evil ;  thai  which  seducM 
by  exciting  Ihe  p.TSsions.  Flallery  often  operates  as 
ail  enticrincnl  lu  sin. 

3.  Allurement. 
EN-TIC  Ell,  a.     One  who  cnliccs ;  one  who  InclW 

or  insligut.  s  to  evil  ;  t>\w  who  seduces. 
EN-TIC"liNO,ppr.     Iiieiliiig  to  evil  ;  urging  to  -,  .  liy 
motives,  Ilaltery,  or  jh  rsuasion  ;  alluring. 
2.  a.  Having  the  qualiliirs  Unit  entice  or  nlliir.  . 
EN-TIC"ING-LY,  adv.    Charmingly  ;   in  a  winninj 
Planner.  ,,,. 

Slio  lings  most  tntidngiy.  AtUliiM. 

EN-TIER'TY.n.  [old  Fr. rnfirrtic. ]  The  whole.  ( 0J».)   • 
i;.\-TIRE',   a.     [Ir.  cndrr;  Sp.   ntlcra;    Port.  tuUirti 

II.  iiKcro;  Arm.  aatcrin;  U  intrgcr,  said  lo  be  is,  iiej. 

and  tango,  to  loiich.     Qii.]  . 

1.  \\Tioie  ;  undivided  ;  unbroken ;  completi  iii  lis 

2.  Whole  ;  compleic  ;  not  participnti  d  with  ollien 
This  man  li.as  the  ciilirc  control  of  the  liiisim-ss. 

3.  Full  ;  complete  ;  comprising  all  ris|iiisiles  in 
itself. 

An  sclion  U  eiia'«,  wlicii  il  ia  c«ni|i]cte  In  all  lu  l«na. 

4.  Sincere  ;  hearty. 

He  run  a  couiw  more  entire  wiUi  the  Un;  of  Arragon.  Jtaosi. 

5.  Firm;  solid;  sure;  flxcd ;  complete  j  undis- 
puted. 

£n:ir«  and  auro  themonarcli**  nile  muat  prove, 

Who  fcuoJa  bcr  greaUwaoon  hcraubjetu  love.  /Iloe. 

6.  Unmingled ;  unalloyed. 

In  thy  ptearnct-  Joy  entire.  Milton. 

7.  Wholly  devoted  ;  firmly  adherent ;  faithful. 

No  man  liaj  a  heart  nior!  tnlire  lo  the  ling.  dortnjM. 

8.  In  full  strength  ;  unbroken.  .Sncwer. 
9   In  bolamj,  an  entirt  stem  is  one  ivilhoiil  bmiicli. 

es  ;  an  rntirr  leaf  is  willioul  any  opening  in  llie 
edge,  nol  divided.  ,      ,       -Jm^":. 

E\-TIRE'LV,  d/fr.     Wholly  ;  complelely  ;  fully;  «, 

the  monev  is  entirely  losl. 

2.  In  llie  whole  ;  without  ilivision. 

KujJirslea  —  fJU  not  enarefy  inui  Uie  Pciaian  8c.v       /l«.'e|*» 

3.  With  firm  adhircnce  or  devotion  ;  faithfully.  ■ 

Speniter, 

EN-TIRE'NESS,  n.     Completeness  ;  fullness  ;  total- 
Ity  ;  unbroken  form  or  slate  ;  as,  the  cnlireiitji 
arch  or  a  bridge. 
2.  Inugrily;  wholeness  of  heart  ;  honesty. 


i<f  on 


FATE,  FAR,  FAIX,  WII.\T.  —  MF.TE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARt.VE,  BIRD.  — NVTE.  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  DIX"^ 


400 


1 


ENT 

EN-TIRE'TY,  n.    \Vholencsii ;  completeness  ;  ii^,  en- 

tiretij  oi  interest.  BlacLttone. 

9.  The  whole.  Bncon. 

EN'TI-TA-TIVE,  a.     [from  entil>j.'[    Considered  by 

itseir. 

[This  word,  aiid  E.ntitatitelt,  rarely  or  never 
used.] 
EN-TI'TLE,  r.  t.     [Fr.   intitulcr:  Sp.  intitulnr ;  It.  in- 
titolare;  frnni  L.  titulusy  a  title.] 

1.  To  give  a  title  to;  to  t;ivc  or  prefix  a  nanit;  or 
appellation  ;  as,  to  entitle  a  book  Coniiiienlarics  on 
the  Laws  of  England. 

a.  To  superscribe  or  pretix  ;is  a  title.  Hence,  as 
titles  are  evidences  of  claim  or  property,  to  give  a 
claim  to  ;  to  give  a  right  to  demand  or  receive.  The 
labor  of  the  servant  entitles  him  to  his  wages.  Wil- 
ton is  entitled  to  fame.  Our  best  services  do  not  enti- 
tle us  to  heaven. 

3.  To  assiiin  or  appropriate  by  giving  a  title. 

4.  To  qualify  ;  to  give  a  claim  by  tlie  posst;ssion  of 
suitable  qualifications  ;  as,  an  officer's  talents  entitle 
him  to  command. 

5.  To  dignify  by  a  title  or  honorable  appelhitinn. 
In  tliis  sense,  title  is  often  used. 

6.  To  ascribe.     [Obs.]  Bur/ut. 
EN-TI'TLi-JD,  pp.     Dignified  or  distinguished  by  a 

title  ;  having  a  claim  ;  as,  every  good  man  is  entitled 

to  respect. 
EN-TI'TLING,  jipr.     Dignifying  or  distinguishing  by 

a  title  :  giving  a  title  ;  giving  a  claim. 
EN'TI-TY,  71.     [Low  L.  cntitcs  ;  Fr.  entitc;  Sp.  enti- 

dail:  It.  entitd  ;  from  fH5,  esse^  to  be.] 

1.  Being;  essence;  existence. 

Fortune  is  no  real  entity.  Benllcy. 

2.  A  real  being,  or  species  of  being. 
EN-TOIL',  V.  t.     [See  Toil.]     To  Uike  with  toils  ;  to 

insnare -,  to  entangle.  Bacon. 

EN-TO-MA-TOG'RA-PHY,  n.     [Gr.  iiry/ia,  an  in- 
sect, and  ynai^yn,  a  writing.] 

A  discourse  or  treatise  on  the  structure  and  habits 
of  insects.     [Superseded  by  Entomology.] 

EN-TOMB',  (en-toom',)  v.  t.      [from  tomb.]      To  de- 
posit in  a  tomb,  as  a  dead  botly.  Hooker. 

3.  To  bury  in  a  grave  ;  to  inter. 
EN-TO.MB'-ED,  pp.  or  a.    Deposited  in  a  tomb  ;  buried; 

interred. 
EN-TO.MB'ING,  ppr.    Depositing  in  a  tomb  ;  burying ; 

interrins. 
EN-TO-MiJ'MENT,  (en-toom'ment,)  n.    Cmial. 

Barrow. 
EN-TOM'ie,  a.    Relating  to  insects. 
EN'TO-MOID,  a.     [Gr.  cvropa  and  fiM-] 

IJkc  an  insect. 
EN-TO.M'O-LITE,  n.     [Gr.  iiropa,  insect,  and  \iBo^, 

stone.] 
A  petrified  insect.  Ed.  Encyc. 

EN-TO-MO-LOG'ie-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  science 

of  insects. 
EN-TO-MOL'0-GIST,  n     One  versed  in  the  science 

of  insects. 
EN-T0-M0L'0-(5Y,    n.      [Gr.    tvropa,    insect,    from 

«i',  in,  and  TEp\'i,i^  to  cut,  and  Aoj  of,  discourse.] 
That  part  of  zoologj'  wliich  treats  of  insects ;  the 

science  or  natural  history  and  description  of  insects. 
EN-T0-M03-T0M'A-TA,  h.  pi.      [Gr.  cvtq^o^  and 

ffrc/jfl.] 
In   zoology,  a  family  of  Mollusca,  nearly  corre- 

spondin2  wiili  the  senns  Biiccinuni  of  Linnaeus. 
EN-TO-MOS'TIlA-eAN,   n.     A  crustacean  belonging 

to  Cu\ier's  second  division.    They  arc  mostly  small 

species,  and  many  are  parasitic. 
EN-TO-MOS'TRA-eOUS,  a.    Belonging  to  the  ento- 

mostracans 
EN-TON'ie,  a.     [Gr.  a-  and  roios.] 

Relating  to  phlo^Utic  diatJtesis,  or  a  morbid  increase 

of  vital  power  and  strength  of  action  in  the  circulat- 
ing svstem. 
EN-TOR-TI-L-A'TION,  n.     [Fr.  entortilleme/it.] 

A  turning  into  a  circle.  Donne. 

EN-TO-Zo'ON,   ». ;    pi.    Entozoa.      [Gr.    eurog   and 

^unv.] 

An  intestinal  worm  ;  an  animal  living  in  some 
parts  of  another  animal,  as  in  the  eye,  or  the 
flesh. 

EN'TRAIL,  71.  HFr.   entrallles;  Arm.  entraHhou; 

EX'TRAILS,  n.  pi.  \      Gr.  evreoa.     See  Enter.] 

1.  The  internal  parts  of  animal  bodies;  tlie  bow- 
els ;  iv'cd  chiejly  in  tlf-  pluraU 

2.  The  internal  parts  ;  as,  the  entraih  of  the  earth. 

Tlie  dark  entraUt  of  Amt-hca.  Liicke. 

E.N-TR.\IL',   V.  U     [\l.  intralciare ;  Fr.  trcdlis^  trtillis- 
str^ 
To  mterweave  ;  to  diversify.     [J^ot  in  use.] 

Spenser. 
EN-TRAM'MEL,  r.  t.    To  trammel ;  to  entangle. 

Haclcet, 
EN-TRAM'.MEL-ioD,  a.     [from  trammel]      Curled; 

fri/.zli-d. 
EN-TRAM'MEL-ING,  ppr.    Trammeling;  confining. 
EN'TR.ANCE,   v.     [J^.  intrans,   intro ;  ov  from  Fr.  en- 
trant.   See  KxTER.] 

J.  The  act  of  entering  into  a  place  ;  as,  the  entrance 
of  a  person  into  a  house  or  an  apartnumt. 


2.  Tlie  power  of  entering.    Let  the  porter  give  no 

entrance  to  strangers, 

U'li.'iv  tlilii^tic"-  oj>:ii3  the  door  of  llic  miderBfimlin^.  ami 
itiinartiftlity  keeps  it,  iruUi  I«  sure  Iq  IJnil  aii  entrance,  ami  a 
welcome  tuo.  South. 

3.  The  door,  gate,  passage,  or  avenue,  by  wliich  a 
place  may  be  entered. 

They  s.-iicl,  Show  us  Llic  eiiWancc  into  tlie  city.  —Judges  i. 

•1.  Commencement ;  initiation  ;  beginning  ;  as,  a 
youth,  at  his  entrance  on  a  difficult  science,  is  apt  to 
be  discouraged. 

5.  The  act  of  taking  possession,  as  of  land  ;  as, 
the  entrance  of  an  heir,  or  a  disseizor,  into  lauils  and 
tenements. 

().  The  act  of  taking  possession,  as  of  an  office. 
Magistrates,  at  their  entrance  into  office,  usually 
take  an  oath. 

7.  The  act  of  cnlcring  a  ship  or  goods  at  the  cus- 
tom-lmuse. 

8-  The  beginning  of  any  thing. 

St.  An^osliiic,  ill  the  entrance  of  om?  of  his  dl^coiirsca,  inaVos  a 
kind  of  ajwlojy.  Hakcieill. 

EN-TRXNCE',  v.  t.  or  (.  [from  transe,  Fr.  irame.  Arm. 
trcand.  Uu.  L.  transco.  Tlie  Armoric  is  from  trc, 
across,  and  nntren^  to  enter,  or  II.  andare,  to  go.] 

1.  To  put  in  a  trance  ;  to  withdraw  the  soul,  and 
leave  the  body  in  a  Idnd  of  dead  sleep  or  insensibil- 
ity ;  to  make  insensible  to  present  objects.  The  verb 
is  seldom  used,  but  the  participle,  entranced^  is  com- 
mon. 

2.  To  put  in  an  ecstasy ;  to  ravish  the  soul  with 
delight  or  wonder. 

And  1  so  ravished  with  her  heavenly  note, 

1  Blood  entranced,  and  had  no  room  for  Ihcuglil.  Dnjden. 

EN-TRANC'ivD,  rp-  or  a.  Put  in  a  trance;  having 
tlie  soul  witlidrawn,  and  the  body  left  in  a  state  of 
iiisensibUitv  ;  tnraptured  ;  ravished. 

EN-TRXNCE'MENT,  n.   A  state  of  trance  or  ecstasy. 

Rich.  Diet. 

EN-TRXNC'ING,  ppr.  Carrying  away  the  soul;  en- 
rapturing; ravishing. 

EN-TRAP',  V.  t.  [Fr.  atiaapcr;  It.  aitrappare.  Sec 
Trai-.] 

To  catch,  as  in  a  trap;  to  insnare  ;  used  ehiejly  or 
wholly  in  a  fttruratice  sense.  To  catch  by  artifices  ;  to 
involve  in  difficulties  or  distresses  ;  to  entangle;  to 
catch  or  involve  in  contradictions  ;  in  short,  to  involve 
in  any  difficulties  from  which  an  escape  is  not  easy 
or  possible.  VV^e  arc  entrapped  by  the  devices  of  evil 
men.    We  are  sometimes  f/ifra;7/>cii  in  our  own  v/ords. 

EN-TRAP'!'£D,  (en-trapt',)  pp.    Insnared  ;  entangled. 

EN-TRAP'PING,  ppr.  Insnaring;  involving  in  diffi- 
culties. 

EN-TReAT',  v.  t.  [Fr.  en  and  traiter.  It.  trattar:^  Sp. 
and  Port,  tratar^  from  L.  traeto,  to  handle,  feel,  treat, 
use,  manage.] 

1.  To  ask  earnestly  ;  to  beseech  ;  to  petition  or 
pray  with  urgency  ;  to  supplicate  ;  to  solicit  pressing- 
ly  ;  to  importune. 

Isaac  erUreaUd  JcUovali  for  liia  wife.  — Gf  n.  ixv. 

2.  To  prevail  on  by  prayer  or  solicitation.  Hence, 
in  tlie  passiue  farm,  to  be  prevailed  on ;  to  yield  to 
entreaty. 

It  were  a  fniitlcss  allenipt  to  appeaac  a.  power,  whom  no  prayers 
coulil  entreat.  Hogere. 

3.  To  treat,  in  any  manner ;  7»-<?ptr?y,  to  use,  or 
manage  ;  but,  I  believe,  entreat  is  always  applied  to 
persons,  as  treat  is  to  persons  or  things.  Applied  to 
persons,  to  entreat  is  to  use,  or  to  deal  with  ;  to  man- 
ifest to  others  any  particular  deportment,  good  or  ill. 

1  will  cause  Uic  enemy  lo  entreat  diee  well.  —  Jcr.  xv. 
The  Egyptians  evil-enrrwUed  us.  — Dout,  xxvi. 

[In  this  application,  the  prefix  c?i  is  now  dropped, 
and  Treat  is  used.] 

4.  To  entertain  ;  to  amuse.    [06s.]  Shak. 

5.  To  entertain;  to  receive.     [Obs.]        Spenser. 
EN-TReAT',  v.  i.    To  make  an  earnest  petition  or  re- 
quest. 

The  Janitirics  enlreated  for  them,  as  vahant  raeii.     Kfioulea. 

2.  To  olTer  a  treaty.     [JVoi  used.]         Maccabees. 

3.  To  treat ;  to  discourse.  [JVo(  used.]    Hakeioill. 
EN-TUeAT'.\-BLE,  a.     That  may  be  intreated,  or 

is  soon  intreatcil. 
EN-TReAT'ANCE,  H.    Entreaty  ;  solicitation.  [Obs.] 

Fairfax. 
EN-TReAT'ED,  pp.  Earnestly  supplicated,  besought, 
or  solicited  ;  importuned  ;  urg<^ntly  requested. 

2.  Prevailed  on  by  urgent  solicitation  ;  consenting 
to  grant  what  is  desired 


3.  Used;  managed.     [Obs.] 
:N-TReAT^ER,   «.    One  that  e 


ntrcats,  or  asks  earn- 


EN 

estlv 
EN-T"ReAT'ING,  ppr.      Earnestly  asking;   pressing 

with  request  or  prayer;  importuning. 
2.  Treatiu!! ;  using.     [Obs.] 
EN-TUi"  AT'h\G-LY,  adv.     In  an  entreating  manner. 
E.N-TRSAT'IVE,  a.     Pleading;  treating.      Brewer. 
EN-TReAT'Y,   n.     Urgent  prayer;  earnest  petition; 

pressing  soliciUition ;  supplication. 

The  poor  usrih  cnlrcadcs ;  but  the  rich  answeretli  roughly. — 

Prov.  xviii. 
Praying  wiih  much  entreniy,  —  2  Cor.  viu. 


ENU 

EJ^-TREE',  (ing-tri',)  n.  [Fr.]  LUerallt},  q  coming 
in,  or  cntrj'. 

2.  Freedom  of  access ;  a«,  the  enlr6e  of  a  bouse. 

3.  A  course  of  dishes. 

EJ^'-'rilE~MEr.V,  (ing-ir-mi',)  n.  [Fr.  eiUre  and  mets, 
or  L.  iiitromissum,  It.  tramejfAO.] 

A  term  ajiplied  to  small  plates,  or  dainty  disfaca, 
set  between  the  principal  dislicj*  at  tabic. 

Jilorttmcr.     Fr.  Diet. 

EJSr'TRE  JVOUS,  C^ng'tr-noo,)  [Fr.]  Between  our- 
selves. 

E^r-TRE-POV,  ang-tr-p6',)  n.  [Fr.  entre  and  ptit, 
for  post,  positum^ 

A  warehouse  or  magazine,  for  the  deposit  of  goods. 
This  term  is  applied,  in  ^Vancc  and  some  otJier  coun- 
tries, to  a  building  or  place  wliere  goods  from  abroad 
may  be  deposited,  and  from  whence  they  rnay  be 
withdrawn  for  exportation  to  another  country  with- 
out paving  a  duty-  Brande. 

EN-TRICK',  V.  t.  '  [from  tricJi.]  To  trick  ;  to  decti%'C ; 
to  entangle.     ['06;?.]  Clmucer. 

EN'TRO-eiilTE,  71.    [Gr.  rpoxoi,  a  wheel,] 

A  terra  applied  to  separate  joints  of  the  stem  of  an 
encrinitc.  [See  E^cRl^•ITE.]  When  first  named, 
their  nature  was  not  understood.  Dana. 

EN'TRY,  71.     [Fr.  entree.     Sec  Enter.] 

1.  'i'he  passage  by  whicli  persons  enter  a  house  or 
other  building. 

2.  The  act  of  entering  ;  entrance;  ingress ;  as,  the 
entry  of  a  person  into  a  house  or  city  ;  the  erUrtj  of  a 
river  into  the  sea  or  a  lake  ;  the  entry  of  air  into  the 
blood  ;  the  entry  of  a  spear  into  the  flesh. 

3.  The  act  of  entering  and  taking  possession  of 
lands  or  other  estate. 

4.  The  act  of  committing  to  writing,  or  of  record- 
ing in  a  book.  .Make  an  entry  of  every  sale,  of  everj- 
debt  and  credit. 

5.  The  exhibition  or  dciK>siting  of  a  ship's  pap.?rs 
at  the  custom-house,  to  procure  license  to  land  goods ; 
or  the  giving  an  account  of  a  ship's  cargo  to  the  otfi- 
cer  of  the  customs,  and  obtaining  his  permission  to 
land  the  goods. 

EN  TuNE',  V.  t.     [from  tune.]     To  tune.      Chaucer. 
EN-TuN'ED,  pp.    'J'uned;  chanted. 
EN-TCN'ING,  ppr.     Tuning;  chanting. 
EN-TAVlNE',  r.  /.    [from  ticine.]     To  twine  ;  to  twist 
EN-T\VIN'I:D,  pp.    Twisted.  [round. 

EN-TVVL\E'MENT,  n.    A  twisting  round  ;  union. 
EN-TVViN'ING,  ppr.    Twisting  round.  [HackeL 

EN-TWIST',  r.  (,    [from  ticisU]    To  twist  or  wreath 

around. 
EN-TWIST'ED,  pp.    Twisted  together. 
EN-TWLST'ING,  ppr.     Twisting  together. 
E-Nu'CI-LaTE,  c.  t.     [L.  e  and  nubila,  mist,  clouds.] 
To  clear  from  mist,  clouds,  or  obscurity,    [^'ct  in 

■use.]  Diet, 

E-Nu'BI-LOUS,  a.    Clear  from  fog,  mist,  or  clouds. 
l^Nu'CLE-ATE,  V.  t.     [L.  etiuclco :  c  and  nucleus,  a 

kernel.] 
Properly,  to  take  out  the  kernel.     Hence, 

1.  To  clear  from  knots  or  lumps ;  to  clear  fn>m  in- 
tricacy ;  to  disentangle.  Tocke, 

2.  To  open,  as  a  nucleus;  hence,  to  exflain;  to 
clear  from  obscurilv  ;  to  make  manifest.         Qood. 

E-NO'CLE-A-TED,  pp.  Cleared  from  knots ;  dis*  losed  ; 
explained. 

E-Nu'eLE-.\-TING,  ;y>r  Clearing  from  knots;  ex- 
plaining. 

E-NU-CLE-a'TION,  7t.  The  act  of  cicaruig  from 
knots  ;  a  disentangling. 

Ncitlicr  nir,  nor  watii^r,  nor  fcoti,  scorn  duvcUy  to  contribub^  any 
UiiiiLj  to  Uic  fnucJco^itof  this  disease,  [the  jWicn  Polomea,] 

Tbot-c. 
9.  Explanation  ;  full  exposition. 
E-Nu'MER-.\TE,   v.  t.     [L.  enatnero;  e  and  ntunero, 
numcnts,  munber.] 

To  count  or  tell,  number  hy  number  ;  to  reckon  or 
mention  a  number  of  things,  each  separately  ;  as,  to 
enumerate  the  stars  in  a  constellation  ;  to  enntnvrat'- 
particular  acts  of  kindness;  we  can  not  enumerate 
our  daily  mercies. 
E-Nu'iME'R-.v-TED,  pp.  Counted  or  told,  number  by 
number;  reckoned  or  mentioned  by  distinct  particu- 
lars. 
E-Nu'MER-.\-TING,  ppr.    Counting  or  reckoning  any 

number,  by  the  particulars  wliich  compose  it. 
E-NU-MER-a'TION,  h.     [L.  cnn:iuralio.] 

1.  The  act  of  counting  or  telling  a  number,  l>y 
naming  each  particular. 

2.  An  account  of  a  number  of  things,  in  which 
mention  is  made  of  every  particular  article. 

3.  In  rhetoric,  a  part  of  a  [teromtion,  in  which  the 
orator  recapitulates  the  principal  jwints  or  heads  uf 
the  discourse  or  argument. 

E-NC'.MER-A-TIVE,  a.    Counting ;  reckoning  up. 

Bp.  TavJor. 
E-NUN'CIaTE,  f.  t.     [L.  cauncio:  e  anil  nuncio,  to 
tell.] 
To  utter;  to  declare  ;  to  proclaim  ;  to  relate. 

Bp.  Barlo-.r. 
E-NUN'CIa-TED,    pp.      Uttered ;     declared ;     pro- 
nounced ;  proclaimed. 
E-NUN'CIa-TING,  ppr.     Utccring ;    declaring-    pro- 
nouncmg. 


TONE,  B[JLL,  IJNiTE.— AN"GER,  VI"CI0US.  — G  as  K;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  2 ,  CH  as  SU  ;  TII  as  in  THIS. 


401 


ENV 


i;.\itXJ'l-l'TION.  a.    Tbo  acl  uf  uUcriuK  or  pro- 

.Utt>  sound'.    Innpub- 
t,  I    lliat   thd   fnmmtMtivit 


,  upcu  ^uiUiuiatton  ;  puM< 

.,.(•;  Infunnatlon. 
\ilVfcl,  a.     fcrtaiiiing    to    cw 

\TIVK-LV,  adc.     I>. .  l  .mnv.  h 
XTOllV,    o.      I" 

\L,  r.  (.     (from  r«:j — ^      -     . 

iiikr  ovrr  In  niiulhrrM  a  vlave. 

-    \  I      All      .,  .  h'ti  J  i\.  ,). 


■    III  (m|Hrr. 
.  "ii  nil  Hulea  ;  lu 

.    ...,. ^   ......  ^.  ilu-  iro€>p«  were 

:  III  Uuvt. 

linr  ;  to  covi^r  on  the  Insldo. 

iiutfun  (Jil— rnptf.'ojwf  wllh  ft*!.  Spiftttr. 

EN'VEt#-r>PE,  i  (The  Frunch  pronuncialiun,  dngvrl- 

KNVKl.'c*!',  i  6pe\  i*  niill  rointiiun.  Wulkirwiys 
il  uiiRht  tu  be  i>ritiioiii)c<.-d  like  the  vi-rh,  and  ht-ncc 
E?«TKLOp  would  hf  lilt?  [ircfirahlu  urthuynphy.)  n. 
[ft.]  A  ivmpiwr;  an  iiicluHint:  lovt-r ;  an  tnvt'.siing 
tntf^fuenl ;  Wt  Uie  enrehpe  of  a  letter,  or  of  the 
braiL 
?.  In /rr'Ti^rnfiow.n  mound  of  eartli,  raised  tocovcr 
,:  nf  tliL-  wiirki:.  BramU. 

I  MonI  envelope  \f\  one  of  the  |iarts 
11  -iirruiinduit;  the  Htmiiena  and  pistils. 
I  11."  tu\'  \-'\'-  ;irr  fornifd  vi  one  or  more  wliorU  of 
Bbnt)nnttlty  devi-Ioiicd  IcaveH.  LiutUry. 

■!.  hi   r.  •rnniijuif,  th?  enetlope  of   n  coiiiut  (somo- 
t'  .    cama)  in  a  dun»e,  nchnlotin  covering, 

\N  i\  runderu  the  edge  of  (h<<  nucleus  or 

U  Olmsted. 

ZS\  Ki.  "T  /  It,  (en-vcl'op(,)  pp.  InwrapiKd  ;  cov- 
ered »in  nil  ."tiips  ;  surntuitittMl  on  all  nidcH  ;  inclu.^oil. 

i;N.VEI/Ol'-I.\t;,;jpr.  Invvrappinc;  folding  around  ; 
covrrtng  or  Kurrnunding  un  all  sides,  as  a  case  ur  in- 
trguinciii. 

EN-VEL'or-MENT,  n.  A  wrapping;  on  Inclosing 
or  covering  on  alt  aides. 

EN-VEN'UM,  r.  f.  [from  venom.]  To  poison;  to 
taint  or  impngnate  with  venom,  or  any  Hubstancc 
noxious  li>  hfe  ;  never  applied,  in  thu  sense^  to  per/ninSt 
hut  to  meaty  drink,  or  veapitnji ;  as,  an  eituenvmed  ar- 
row or  ^hart  ;  an  ntrrnomrd  pflion. 

2.  To  taint  with  biltiriici»d  or  uuUico;  as,  the  en- 
vemomtd  tongue  of  dlandcr. 

3.  Tu  make  odious. 

O,  wbu  «  vorld  U  iliii,  when  what  b  comtlj 

i.nwnouu  b^n  Uul  Lmi  It  I  SKak. 

A.  To  enrage  ;  to  cxaxpcrato.  VnjJcn. 

EX-VdN'OM->:i),  pp.  ur  a.  Tainted  or  impregnated 
with  venom  or  poison  ;  imhittercd  ;  e.xaspenited. 

EN-VEN'OM-INO,  ppr.  Tainting  with  vcnum  ;  pois- 
oning; miliiltering;  enraging. 

E.N-VKIl'MEII,,  c.  L    [Ft.  cermeU.] 

To  dye  red.  Milton. 

E.N'VI-A-BLE,  a.  [See  E:«vr.]  That  may  excite 
envy  ;  carahle  of  awnkeiiing  ardent  desire  of  jtos- 
vcMion.  The  situation  of  men  in  ollke  is  not  always 
tncuxbU. 

EN'VI -A-BLY,  adr.    In  an  enviable  manner. 

E.N'Vl  >;n,  pp.  or  0.     [Sec  Esvv,  the  verb.]     Sub- 

icctcd  to  envy. 
''VI-ERjK.    One  who  onvlufl  another ;  one  who  de- 
sire* what  another  pofisvsjics,  and  hales  him  because 
Ilia  rnnJiiion  Is  belter  than  his  own,  or  wishes  hU 
duwnfall. 
E-N'VI  OCS.  a.     rPr.  rmrieui.    8ce  Eutt.] 

-  hnrbonne  envy  ;    repining  or  feeling 
"'  I  view  uf  Iho  excellence,  pri>>)]M-rity, 

'  ■  ^H'lthrr  ;  paim-d  by  the  desire  of  pos- 

'  '  iJotMl  wliirh  another  possesses, 

■  ■■■  '  dipnvf  liiiii  „f  ihai  ^',.^.tI,  to 

'  tr  It.  in  r,.niuiun  cstnnaiion. 

•It   generally  and 
1  iMcd. 

—  Pnr».  xiir. 

It  t'  I  iKiurc  (he  thing.     Bo  not  «tri- 

ovj  Iff  \  r  pnHptrity  of  othenf. 

2-  Tih  : <  tivy  ;  aj,nn  mcipiuidliipoidtlon. 

3.  Exciivd  ur  duvclcd  by  envy  \  as,  an  enciouM  ol- 


i:n\v 

EN-VT'KON,  r,  (.  [I'r.  c^tvirentxtr,  fKnn  fdPiroM,  there- 
nbitut ;  en  uimI  (i/'i'ii,  from  ctr^r,  lu  lurn,  tip.  Ainir, 
Eiig.  to  tter.     CJiit*  Ur.] 

1.  Tu  surround;  to  encomfMUS}  to  encircle  ;  as,  a 

I        ;il:iiii  on'  .'-.  'I'.:'    \^  illl  lii>'illitainS. 

•  top;    as,  to  rftriron  with 
.  finvirtjned  with  troops. 


irteir\tH.  ClM9*lanl. 

::(iN-/-.'l>,     pp.      Surrounded;    encompassed; 

I  :  invulvcd:  invested. 

lv  IV.!      ,  *^""-"Mi<ling;    encircling; 

■  ;    investing.     The 

;  I  he  globu  to  some 

"i'il. 

Act  ol  surrounding;  state  of 

..  ,  VI-UONS,  H.  ol.    The  parts  or 

•  nrruiind  anollit-r  place,  ur  lie  in  its 

.  (Ill   dlll'iTcnt  :>idi'S  ;  as,  the  envirvns  of 

.  ,  ..■..li.  t'hejfterjield. 

1:IS'\0\ ,  It.  [Fr.  rnroui,  an  envoy,  from  enrutjer,  to 
send.  The  corresjMimling  Italian  word  is  inriatOj  an 
envoy,  that  i^,  Kent ;  and  the  verb  inviare,  to  send. 
'I'lio  2:!|>ani>«li  is  enviado  ;  and  the  verb  enviar,  to  send. 
Tort.  i(/.  Hence,  nirny  Is  from  the  root  of  L.  riu, 
ling,  tray,  contnictcd  from  rtii/,  vog^  or  vag;  It. 
vioiTgiare^  to  travel ;    Sp.  viage,  wav,  voyage.     Class 

1.  A  piTson  deptitcd  hy  a  prince  or  govcmmont.  lo 
negoilate  a  treaty,  or  (mnsnct  other  business,  wiln  a 
foreipi  prince  or  government.  We  usually  apply  the 
word  to  a  public  minlstrr  -^eiit  on  a  siKciul  occasion, 
or  for  one  particnl.'tr  piirjM)^  ;  hence,  an  envoy  is  dis- 
tingiii»lied  from  nn  embassador  ur  permanent  resident 
ul  a  foreign  court,  and  i^  of  inferior  rank.  Hut  ui- 
voys  are  ordinnry  and  c-rtrtwrdittanj,  and  llio  word 
may  sometinif.<t  be  applied  lo  resident  ministers, 
ii.  A  common  messunger.     [A'yt  in  une.] 

hlackmore. 
X  FormerUj^  n,  postscript  sent  with  compositions, 
to  introduce  or  enforce  them.     [Fr.  cnroi.]     IVarton. 
EN'VuY-yillP,  n.    Theoflicc  or  an  envoy.  Cocerttrtj. 
KX'VV.  r.  f.     [Fr.  nivicr;  Arm.  aria  ;  from  L.  inrtdeo  ; 
in  an<l  rideoj  to  sec  against,  that  is,  lo  look  with  en- 
mity.] 

1.  To  feci  uneasiness,  mortification,  or  discontent, 
III  the  sight  of  superior  excellence,  re|>utntian,  or 
happiness  enjoyed  by  another  ;  to  repine  at  another's 
prosperity;  Ui  fret  or  grieve  one's  self  al  the  real  or 
flupiKMod  superiority  of  aimiher,  and  to  hate  him  on 
that  account. 

Ensy  not  (hau  Oic  opnreMfir.  —  Pror.  lil. 

Whoever  wngUa  atiotlter,  txnfemcm  lila  itiperiorlt^.      HamUer. 

Q.  To  grudge;  to  withhold  maliciously.     Dryden. 

To  envy  at,  used  by  authors  formerly,  is  nov/  obso- 
lete. 

Vf\v>  woald  tnvy  al  ihe  prwpwiiy  of  (he  wjclnd  ?  Tbylor. 
EN'VY,  n.  Pain,  uneasiness,  mortification,  or  discon- 
tent excited  by  the  sight  of  another's  superiority  or 
success,  accompanied  with  some  decree  of  lialred  or 
midignily,  and  often  or  usually  with  a  desire  or  an 
effort  lo  depreciate  the  ptrrson, and  with  pli-afiiire  in 
seeing  him  depressed.  Env)-  sjirinps  from  pride,  ani- 
bitiun,  or  love,  mortified  that  another  has  obtained 
what  one  has  a  strong  desire  to  possess. 

Envy  uiJ  admlnOlofl  are  (be  Scylli  and  Cb&rjrtxlia  of  Autlwn. 

Popt. 

All  liunua  virtue,  (o  lu  Iate*t  brctth, 

FiikU entry  ncrcr  conquered,  l>ul  ly  dcitlh.  Pop*. 

Emulation  differs  from  ntpi/,  in  not  being  accomi>a- 
nied  with  liatrcd,and  a  desire  to  depress  a  more  lor- 
tunalc  person. 


lack 
EN'VI-OI>  I.V 
ejccited  ! 


W.il. 


:    with   malignity 
ty  of  another. 

V, ,  ......    ., ^   .....I  Stci/L 

EN'VI-OUS-NESS,  «.    Th«  quality  or  stale  of  being 
CI  vtou& 


Entry,  to  wltlcli  lh«  IgnoUe  mliij'i  a  tJave, 
U  emulation  \a  Wte  lenruetl  or  Unre. 


Poj^t. 


It  is  followed  hy  of  or  to.  They  did  this  in  envy  of 
Cesar,  or  in  envy  to  his  genius.  '1  he  former  seems  to 
be  prcferoblc. 

2.  Rivalry  ;  competition.     [Utile  tweJ.]   Drydcn. 

3.  Malice ;  malignity. 

You  turn  tbe  good  we  c^er  bto  envy,  Shak. 

4.  Public  odium;  ill  repute;  invidiousncss. 

To  illKboigc  (Jio  kli)g  or  (lie  rnpy  or  Uuit  opinion.  Bacon. 

EN' VV-IiNG,  ppr.    Feeling  uneasiness  at  the  superior 

rondllion  and  happiness  of  another. 
EN'VV'-liNG,  n.    Alortilication  experienced  at  the  sup- 

|K>sed  prosperity  and  happiness  of  anollicr. 
2.  Ill-will  at  others  on  account  of  some  supposed 

BulH.*rtorJtv.     Oal.  v.  SI. 
EN-\VAI<'l.r)\V-/:n,  {-wol'lodc,)  a,      [from  imWow.] 

Ileing  wallowed  or  wallowing.  Spenser. 

E.\-\VllEEiy,r.  I.     ffromtrAcW.J     To  encircle.  Shak. 
E.\-\VID'£X,  r.  /,  [from  iciVi^.j  To  make  wider.  [J\"ot 

u*rr/.j 
E.N'-WOMR',  fcn-woom',)e.  L    [from  womft.]  Tomake 

pregminL     [Xol  used.]  Spenser. 

•2.  'I'o  bury  ;  lo  liide  as  in  a  gulf,  pit,  or  cavern, 
dx-  !»•-  Donne. 

E.N- \\  D.MB'ED,  (-woomd',)  pp.    Impregnated  ;  buried 

in  a  deep  gulf  or  cavern. 


Epn 

E.N-WIIAP',  (rn-rap',)  r.  (.     To  envtUip.     'Bee  U 

WBAf.) 

EN-WHAP'MENT,  n.  A  covering;  a  wrapjiing  or 
wnipper. 

K.N-W  Kr..yf  II'/:D.     see  Inmheatmi:. 

£'0-L'K.\E,  ti.     [tJr.  fijf,  auruni,  and  «.iii"(,  r. ,-.  ■.• 
In  :.'f<'li>gii,  a  term  np|itied  to  the  eailier  u-iii  .i ,  ii 
posits,  in  which  are  a  luw  organic  remains  of  <  lu; 
ingsiH-cirsuf  animals.    Hence  the  term  <'i>''rHi',\vlilili 
denotes  tlic  duwn  of  Ihu  exiting  stato  ol  ihlngo:. 

Dana.     I.yell.     JIantrll, 

E-0'IJ-A\,  /  fl.     Pertaining  tu  Abulia  or  A^uliii,  in  Asia 

E-OL'l€\       I      Minor,  iulmbiled  by  Greeks. 

Tile  Kolte  dialect  of  Ihe  Greek  language  wni  Uir 
dialect  UNed  hy  thu  inhabitants  of  that  muniry. 

EoUan  lyre,  or  harp,  in  a  siniple  stringed  in.iiriiiiM>nt 
that  suunds  by  the  iinpuNe  of  air,  no  calkd  from 
..Kolug.  Ihe  deitv  of  Ihe  wmd^. 

E-0'IJ-.\N  Ai'-tAClI'MK.NT,  ii.  A  contrivniicc  at 
lathed  lu  a  piaiio-forle,  by  which  a  stream  of  air  cati 
be  thrown  u|iuii  Ihe  chords,  which  grealty  Increuri 
the  Volume  of  Eound. 

E  UL'I-I'ILE,  n.  [*4,V/i(j,  the  deity  of  the  winds,  and 
pi/ji,  a  ball.j 

A  hollow  ball  of  nn-lnl,  with  a  jiipo  or  slender  nock 
having  a  vur>'  small  orifice,  used  in  hvdrnuhe  rx^vn 
ments.  The  ball,  being  filled  with  water,  i^  j,,  ,i,  ,| 
till  the  vapor  isftues  fn;ni  the  orifice  with  t-r.  ,[  \i 
olencc  and  noise,  exhibiting  the  ilasiic  i)uu<i  u 
steam.  Brand*. 

£'UN,  n.     [Gr.  attiiv^  age,  duration.] 

In  the  Platonic  philosophy^  u  viiluo,  attribute,  or  fvr 
feclion,  existing  from  iternity.  'J'he  I'latoiii-H  p\, 
resented  tlie  Deily  as  an  n»«eiublage  f»f  r.Ki-.  TIk 
Gnosiics  coniiidtreil  ru/ij  us  certain  hu1i-i  iiin;ii  :,  u.  ■. 
or  divine  natures  emanating  from  ihe  > 
and  performing  various  parts  in  tlie  d; 
universe.  lln  _, 

EP,  EP'I,  [Gr.  fri,]  in  comiKisilion,  ut>iiuil>  ai^in^* 
on. 

£'PA€T,  n.  [Gr.  eiraifToj,  adsctlitious^  fmm  <Taj  u,  t- 
adduce  or  bring  ;  ctti  and  a)  u,  to  drive. J 

In  (hronohigtj,  u  term  denoting  tlie  nuMm's  ago  ot 
the  end  of  llieyear.  or  the  number  of  days  by  ubtcii 
the  last  new  moon  lias  preceded  the  beginniiit'  i  ili' 
year.  ijr..    .,. 

EP-Ai\-A-Dir-LO'SIS,  n.  [Gr.]  Re[ietilion  ;  a  li^ur 
in  rhetoric  when  a  sentence  ends  with  the  same  wt>r<l 
with  which  it  begins. 

EP-AX-A-LEP'SIS,  n.  [Gr.]  Resumption  ;  n  fino 
of  rhetoric  by  which  the  same  word  is  repi .  ■  :  in 
resuming  the  subject,  as  after  a  long  parenth-       /.  . 

Bm.. 

EP-AN'0-D09,  n.  [Gr.]  Return  or  inversion  ,  ..  lU- 
torical  figure,  wlicn  a  sentence  or  nieniber  in  mi'  ir. ,: 
or  repealed  backward  ;  as,  *'  Woe  to  them  u  In.  tai: 
good  evil  and  evil  good." 

EP-AN-OR-TIIO'SKS,  h.  [Gr.]  Correction  ;  a  figur. 
of  rhetoric  in  wliich  a  s|>eakcr  recalls  wliat  he  bA» 
said,  for  the  sake  of  making  It  stronger. 

EP'XIten,  n.     [Gr    cjzapxoii  «"■'  ""d  (ipxii  *'"™i" 
ion.] 
Tlic  governor  or  prefect  of  a  province.  ^*k. 

EP'ARCfl-V,  n.  [Gr.  tzapxta,  a  province;  jti  and 
apx'h  government.] 

.\  province,  prefecture,  or  territory,  under  iby  ju- 
risdiction of  an  cparch  or  guvernor.  Tookt. 

EP~^ULK\  n.     [Fr.]     The  siioulder  of  a  basli.ui. 

Brand*. 

EP-AULE'.ME-\T,  n.  [from  Fr.  epaulc,  a  shutililtr.l 
In  fortification,  a  side-work,  or  work  to  c<(Ver  side 
wise,  made  of  gabions,  fascines,  or  hags  tif  euitli.  Il 
sometimes  denotes  a  .«emi-hastion  and  a  square  wil 
Ion,  or  ina.ss  of  earth  faced  and  lined  with  a  wall,  de- 
signed to  Cover  the  cannon  of  the  casemate.    Harri*. 

EP'AU-LET,  n.  JFr.  qmtdetu^  from  epaule^  the  shoul- 
der ;  II.  spalla,  tp.  e.-^ulda.] 

A  shoulder-piece  ^  nn  ornamental  badge  worn  on 
the  shoulder  by  military  men.  Ollicern,  niilitar}'  and 
naval,  wear  epaulets  on  one  shoulder  or  on  both,  ac- 
cording to  their  rank. 

EP-E-NET'I€,  a.     [Gr.  crji»..;rucf.] 

Laudatory-;  bestowing  praise.  Phillip*. 

E-PEN'TIIE-SIS,  n.  [Gr.  crrcyOcoii;  rirt^ri-,  and  n- 
Onptf  to  put.] 

The  insertion  of  a  letter  or  syllable  in  the  mlddle 
of  a  word,  as  atituum  for  alitum.  Entyc, 

EP-i:.\-THET'IC,a.  Inserted  in  the  middle  of  a  word. 

.1/.  Stuart. 

E-PERGXE'y  (a-parn',)  n.  [Fr.]  An  ornamental  utand 
for  a  large  dish  in  the  centre  or  a  table.         Smart. 

EP-EX-E-GET'I€>AL,  a.  Explanatory  of  that  which 
immediately  precedes.  Gibb: 

E'PHA,  (5'ftt,)  n.  [Heb.  7\tH,  or  nfi*K,  properly,  a 
baking.] 

A  Hebrew  measure,  equal,  according  to  Jnscphut, 
to  the  Atlic  mcdimnus,  or  about  one  and  a  half  (more 
exactly,  one  and  four  ninths)  bushels  English. 

Robtnson^s  GeseniuM. 

E-PHEM'E-RA,  (e-fcm'c-rt,)  n.     [L.,  from  Gr.  v^np'- 
pos,  daily  ;  tJTt  and  iiiiipa,  a  day.] 
]    A  fever  of  one  doy's  continuance  only. 
2.  The  day-fiy,  or   Mny-fiv,  a  genus  of  insects; 
strictly,  n  fiy  that  lives  one  iiny  only  ;  bnl  the  word 


FATE,  FAR,  Fi^l.L,  WH^T.-MfiTE,  PRgY  -PINE,  .MARINE,  BIRD.-NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  HQQK.— 


EPl 

!S  cppUed  ajso  to  insects  that  are  very  short-lived. 

whtjtlicr   Ihey   live   several    duys   nr  an   iiniir    only 
riltrr  are  several  sjfeciea 
!■:  i'llCM'C  UA(^      1  a,     UUiTinL  .  beginning  ant]  rnd 
ll-I*nKM'E-RK',      (      ing  in  a  tiav  ,  coritiiiuitig  o(  t\ 
E-PHE.M'E-ROUS,  )     isling  one  day  only. 

2.  Siiort-Hvedj  existiu-;  or  continuing  for  a  short 
time  only. 

[Ephemeral  is  generally  used.      Ephemerous  ts 
not  analogically  formed.] 
E-PHEM'E-KIS,  71.;  pi.  Ephemerides.     [Gr.  f^ij/zf- 
pis-] 

1,  A  journal  oi  account  of  daily  transaclions  ;  a 
diary. 

2.  In  astronomy^  an  account  of  the  daily  slate  or 
I  positions  of  the  planets  ur  heavenly  orbs  ;  a*  table,  or 
I  collection  of  tables,  exhiltiting  the  places  of  the  planets 
"  everyday  at  noon.  From  these  tables  are  calculated 
[  eclipses,  conjunctions,  and  other  aspects  of  the  plan- 
ets. Brande. 

I  E-PHEM'E-RIST,  n.    One  who  studies  the  daily  ino- 
!      tions  and  positions  of  the  planets  j  an  astrologer. 
,  Howell. 

I  E-PHEM'E-RON,  n.    The  being  of  a  day. 
,  E-PHE.>rE-RON-\V0RM,  n.     [See  Ephemera.]    A 
worm  that  lives  one  day  uidy.  Da-ham. 

E-PHe'SIAN,  (e-l«'zhau.)  c  Pertaining  to  Ephesus, 
in  Asia  Minor.  As  a  noun,  a  native  of  Ephesus. 
Hence,  one_of  dissolute  life.  Sliak. 

EPH-I-AL^TeS,  n.     [Gr.]    The  nigljtmare. 
EPH'OD,  (ef'od,)  n.     [Heb.  "tidn,  from  tdn,  to  hind.] 
InJeicish  antiquity,  a  part  of  the  sacerdotal  habit, 
being  a  kind  of  girdle,  which  was  brought  from  he- 
hind  the  neck  over  the  two  shoulders,  and  hanging 
down  before,  was  put  across  the  stomach,  then  car- 
ried round  the  waist,  and  used  as  a  girdle  to  tlie  tu- 
nic.   There  were  two  sorts  ;  one  of  plain  linen,  the 
other  embroidered  for  the  high  priest.     On  the  part 
in  front  were  two  precious  stones,  on  which  were 
engraven  the  names  of  the  twelve  tribes  of  Israel. 
Before  the  breast  was  a  square  piece  or  breastplate. 
Encyc.     Calmet. 
EPH'OR,  71.  ,■  pt.  Ephors  or  Ephori.    [Gr.  c/iopos,  from 
cipopaco,  to  inspect.] 

In  avcicnt  SparM,  a  magistrate  chosen  by  t]ic  peo- 
ple. The  ephors  were  five,  and  they  were  intended 
as  a  check  on  the  regal  power,  or,  according  to  some 
writers,  on  the  senate.  Encyc.     Mitford. 

EPH'OR-AL-TY,  (ef 'or-al-tc,)  n.    The  office,  or  term 

of  olKce,  of  an  ephor.  Mitford. 

EP'IG,  a.  [L.  cpiciis,  Gr.  rn-ocoj,  from  ettos,  a  song,  or 
fjTw,  Ein-C'j,  to  speak.] 

Narrative;  containing  naiTation  ;  rehearsing.  An 
epic  poem,  otherwise  called  heroic,  is  n  poem  which 
narrates  a  slorj-,  real  or  fictitious,  or  both,  represent- 
ing, in  an  elevated  style,  some  signal  action  or  series 
of  actions  and  events,  usually  the  achievements  of 
some  distinguished  hero,  and  intended  to  fonn  the 
morals,  and  aflect  the  mind  with  the  love  of  virtue. 
The  matter  of  the  poem  includes  the  action  of  the  fa- 
ble, tlio  incidents,  episodes,  characters,  morals,  and 
machinery.  The  form  includes  the  manner  of  nar- 
ration, the  discourses  introduced,  descriptions,  senti- 
ments, style,  versification,  figures,  and  other  orna- 
ments. The  end  is  to  improve  the  morals,  and  inspire 
a  love  of  virtue,  bravery,  and  illustrious  actions. 
EP'ie,  71.     An  epic  poeni.     [See  Epic]  [Encye. 

EPa-eARP,7i.     [Gr.  e-i  and  KnoTr.?.] 

In  botany,  the  outer  coating  of  the  pericarp.] 
EP'I-CEDE,  71.     [Gr.  €iTtK-,)6ini.]  [Lindley. 

A  funeral  song  or  discourse. 
EP-I-Ce'DI-AL,  a.    Epicedian  ;  elegiac. 
EP-I-Ce'DI-AN,  a.    Elegiac;  mournful. 
EP-I-CE'DI-UM,  n.     An  elegj'. 

EP'I-CeiVE,  c  or  n.  [Gr.  eniKotvjg;  c~t  and  K'ltvo^, 
common.] 

Common  to  both  sexes ;  a  term  applied  to  such 

nouns  as  have  but  one  form  of  gender,  eitlier  the 

masculine  or  feminine,  to  indicate  animals  of  both 

sesp?  ;  as,  /?5Tf,  boSy  for  the  ox  and  cow. 

EP-I-CE-RAS'Tie,  a.     [from  the  Greek.]     Lenient ; 

assuaging. 
EP-ie-Tii'TIAX,  (ep-ik-te'shan,)  a.      Pertaining   to 
Epicteius,  a  Stoic  philosopher  in  the  time  of  the  Ro- 
man emperor  Domitian.  Arbuthnol. 
EP'I-GURE,  71.    [L.  epiciirus,  a  voluptuary,  from  Epi- 
euriu.] 

Properly,  a  foWower  of  Epicurus  j  a  man  devoted 
to  sensual  enjoyments;  hence,  one  who  indulges  in 
the  luxuries  of  the  table. 
[The  word  is  now  used  only  or  chtcjiy  in  the  latter 


HPl 


r;i'i 


sense.] 

EP-I-eO'RE-A?^,  )         rr 
EP-I-€tJ-RE'Ai\;  \  *"■     t^-  '•^'"^"'''■"'■^-J 

1.  Pertaining  to  Epicurus,  an  ancient  Greek  phi- 
losopher; as,  the  Epicurean  i)hilosophy  or  tenets. 

^   ,  Rcid. 

3.  Luxurious;  given  to  luxury  ;  contributing  to  the 
hixurif^s  of  th'^  table. 
^P-[-eu'RE-A.\,  i  n.    A  follower  of  Epicurus. 
P:P-I-eU.RE'AN,  i  Encyc.     .Shaftesbury. 

2.  One  2iven  to  the  luxuries  of  tlie  table. 
J"?*^'^^  ■'^'^'^^-^^  "•    Attachment  to  the  doctrines 

of  Epicurus.  Harris. 


EPI-€l^RISM,   n.      Luxury;    sensual  enjoyments; 
indulgenv(>>>  in  gross  pleasure  ;  voluptuousness.   Skak. 
2.  The  iliictrines  of  Kpicurus.      IVarton.     Bailey. 
Ei"l  tTMtlZE,  V-  I.     To  feed  nr  indulge  like  an  epi- 
cure ;  to  riot ;  tn  feast  Fuller. 
2.  To  profess  the  docirmes  of  Epicurus.   Cudir&rOu 
EP'I-CT  CLE,  n.     [Gr.  evi  and  kuxAo?,  a  circle.] 

In  Vic  Ptolemaic  aystnn  of  astronomv.,  a  little  circle, 
whose  center  moves  round  in  the  circumference  of  a 
greater  circle  ;  or  a  small  circle,  whose  center,  being 
fixed  in  the  deferent  of  a  planet,  is  carried  along  with 
the  deferent;  and  yet,  by  its  own  peculiar  motion, 
carries  the  body  of  the  planet  fastened  to  it  round  its 
proper  center.  fA.  Encyc. 

EP-I-CyeLOID,  n.  [Gr.  cT7iK^K\QCi6tii ;  tin,  kvkXo;, 
and  tt6ai,  form.] 

In  geometry,  a  curve  generated  by  any  point  in  the 
plane  of  a  movable  circle,  which  rolls  on  the  in.side 
or  outside  of  tin;  circumfijiencc  of  a  fixed  circle. 

Efl.  Encyc. 
EF-I-CY-eLOID'AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  epicycloid, 

or  having  its  propi^ties.  Enciic. 

EP-I-DEM'ie,         )         rr.  ,  t  .    -, 

EP-I-DEM'ie-AL,  i  ''•     f-*^*"-  '■"'  ^"'^  oT/fios,  people.] 

1.  Conmion  to  many  people.  An  epidemic  disease 
is  one  which,  indepe'ndent  of  local  cause,  seizes  a 
great  number  of  people  at  the  same  time,  or  in  the 
same  season.  Thus  we  speak  of  epidemic  fever ; 
epidemic  catarrli.  It  is  used  in  distuiction  from  en- 
demic. 

2.  Generally  prevailing  ;  affecting  great  numbers  ; 
as,  epidemic  rage  ;  an  epidemic  evil. 

EP-I-DEM'I€,  n.  A  disease  generally  prevalent,  but 
not  dependent  upon  any  local  morbific  cause,  and  not 
confined  to  any  season,  climate,  region,  or  country. 
Tlie  influenza  of  October  and  November,  1789,  that 
of  March  and  .April,  1790,  that  of  the  winter  1824- 5, 
and  that  of  1825  -  6,  were  very  severe  epidemics.  Tnlhi. 

EP-I-DEM'ie-AL-LY,  ad.     In  an  epidemical  manner. 

EP'I-DEM-V,  n.  A  prevailing,  common,  or  general 
disease,  not  dependent  on  local  causes.      Dana-Hson. 

EP-I-DERM'ie,         )  a.    Pertaining  to  or  like  the  epi- 

EP-I-DER.M'I-DAL,  )  dermis;  covering  the  skm  or 
bark. 

Tlic  epidei~inie  texture.  Kirwan, 

EP-LDERM'IS,  n.  [Gr.  CTut^/i/ttj;  cm  and  hppa, 
skin.] 

The  cuticle  or  scarf-skin  of  the  body  ;  a  thin  mem- 
brane covering  either  the  skin  of  animals,  or  the  bark 
of  plants.  Encyc.     MartTin. 

EP-I-DICT'ie,  a.  [Gr.  z-ru^eiKTiKog.]  That  explains, 
exliibits,  or  lays  open  ;  applied  by  tlie  Greeks  to  a  kind 
of  oratory,  called  by  the  Latins  demonstrative. 

Brougliam. 

EP'I-DOTE,  ?i.  [from  Gr.  STrtSidoJin  ;  so  named  from 
the  enlargement  of  the  base  of  the  primarj',  in  some 
of  the  secondary  forms.] 

A  mineral  cf  a  green  or  gray  color,  vitreous  luster, 
and  partial  transparency.  The  primary  form  of  the 
crj'stals  is  a  right  rhomboidal  prism.  It  consists  of 
silica,  alumina,  lime,  and  oxyd  of  iron,  or  manganese. 
Zoisite  is  a  variety  of  epidole.  Dana, 

EP-I-DOT'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  epidote,  or  containing 
it.  Hitclicoch. 

EP-I-GAS'TRie,  a.     [Gr.  in  and  j  uTrjn,  beily.] 

Pertaining  to  the  upper  and  anterior  part  of  the  ab- 
domen ;  as,  the  epigastric  region  ;  the  epigastric  arte- 
ries and  veins.  Quincu. 

EP'I-GEE,       }    ^      t, 

EP-I-Ge'UM.  j     S^elEBIGEE. 

EP'I-GENE,  a.  [Gr.  cn-i,  uptm,  and  >'(j'0/ia(,  to  begin 
to  be.] 

In  geology,  formed  or  originating  on  the  surface  of 
tlie  earth  ;  opposed  to  hypogcnc  ;  as,  cpigcnc  rocks. 

Dana. 
The  word  was  formerly  used  in  erystaUograpky,  to 
denote  forms  of  crystals  not  natural  to  the  substances 
in  which  tliev  are  fuund. 
EP-I-Ge'OUS' 


Martial  was  a  outed  c>> 


[Gr.  (771, upon,  and  J17,  earth.]    In 
botany,  growing  close  upon  the  earth.  Lindley, 


and 


EP-I-GLOT'Tie,  a.    Belonging  to  llic  epiglottis. 

EP-I-GLOT'TIS,     n.        [Gr.    fTijAwrrij;    cri 
)p.\wrra,  the  tongue.] 

In  anatomy,  one  of^thc  cartilages  of  the  larj-nx, 
whose  use  is  to  protect  the  glottis,  when  food  or 
drink  is  passing  into  the  stomach,  to  prevent  it  from 
entering  the  larynx  and  obstructing  the  breath. 

EP'I-GRAM,  71.     [Gr.  !:T{)<i«;iiia,  inscription;  tin  and 

ypafipa,  a  writing.] 
A  short  poem  treating   only  of  one    thing,  and 

ending  with    some  lively,  ingenious,  and    natural 

thought.    Conciseness  anil  point  form  tlie  beauty  of 

epigrams. 
Epigrams  were  originally  inscriptions  on  tombs, 

statues,  temples,  triumphal  arches,  &c.  Encyc. 

EP-I-GRAM-MAT'ie,         )  a.       Writing    epigrams ; 
EP-I-GRAM-MAT'ie-AL,  i     dealing    in    epigramg; 

as,  un  epigrammatic  poet. 
2.  Suitatde  to  epigrams 

like  an  epigram  ;  concise 

epigrammatic  style  or  wit. 
EPI-GRAM'MA-TIST,  n. 


belonging  to  epigrams  ; 
pointed  ;    poignant ;  as. 


One  who  composes  epi- 


gmmfl,  or  deals  in  tbem. 
gram  mat  lift. 
EP'LGRAPH,   (ep'tgraph,;  ;i 
and  yoii'ir,,,  to  write.] 

1.  Among  an(i//Har(Pir  an  ]ni»;riptlonon  a  bui'dtne 
pointins  out  'he  tini*"  ^^t  iu  .freriion.  th**  li*jtlders  il? 
uses  *^c-  Rneyr. 

2.  In  htrrature,  a  citatmn  from  Bome  author,  or  a 
sentence  framed  fm  the  purpose,  placed  at  the  com- 
mencement of  a  work,  or  at  itii  separate  division*;  a 
motto.  Bratid". 

E-PIG'Y-NOUS,  a.     [Gr.  it:  and  yvyf,.] 

In  botany,  a  tcnn  used  when  the  stamens  are  united 

both  with  the  surface  of  the  calyx  and  of  tlie  ovary. 

I  '^*^-l  LatdUy. 

EP'I-LEP-SY,  n.     [Gr.  t^i><T^^ifi,  from  ci:tUv0awu.Ui 

seize.] 
The  falling  pickness,  f«  railed  because  the  patient 

falls  suddenly  to  the  ground  ;  a  disja>L"chamcl**rized 

by  general  muscular  agitation,  (Kcx-ioned  by  clonic 

spasms,   without  sensation  or   consciousnexa,  and 

comnmnlv  recurring  at  intervals.  Good. 

EP-LLEP'Tie,  a.     Pertaining  to  the  falling  Blcknets  ; 

affected  with  epilepsy  ;  consisting  of  epilep^tv. 
EP-I-LEP'TIC,  Tf.  One  affected  with  epilepsy. 
E-PIL'O-GrSM,  V.     [Gr.  i^tXovicpf.;.] 

Compulation  ;  enumeration.  Oregory. 

EP-f-L()  GlS'Tit^  a.     Pertaining  to  epilogue;  of  the 

nature  of  an  epilogue. 
EP'LLOGUE,  (ep'i-log,)  n.      [L.  qnlogtw,  from  Gr. 

£jriAoj(j5,  (Conclusion  ;  «r(Xcj  w,  toconcludc  ;  rTt  and 

Arj-w,  to  speak.] 

1.  In  oratory,  a  conclusion;  the  closing  part  of  a 
discourse,  in  which  the  principal  matters  are  rccnpilu- 
J;»ted.  Enaje. 

2.  In  the  drama,  a  speech  or  short  poem  addres.'ied 
to  the  spectators  by  one  of  the  actors,  after  the  con- 
clusion of  the  plav. 

EP'I-LO-GUTZE,  r     .      ™ 

EP'LLO-GTZE      \  ^'*  '•     lopronotmce  an  epdogue. 

EP'I-LO-GUIZE,  v.t.    To  add  to,  in  the  manner  of  an 
epilogue. 

EP-I-NI"CION,  (ep-e-nish'un,)  it.  [Gr.  trttviKtov  j  cm 
and  viKuto,  to  conquer.] 

A  sons  of  triumph,     [j^vt  in  use.]  WarUm. 

EP-I-NVe'TiS,  n.     [Gr.  irrc  and  w^,  wkto^,  night.] 
An  angry  pu.srule,  appearing  in  the  night. 

EP-I-PE-DOM'E-TRV,  v.  [Gr.  ct(,  -ovj,  and  pcrcov.] 
The  mensuration  of  figures  standing  on  the  t^amc 
base.     [JVoi  used.]  Knowles. 

E-PIPII'A-Ny,  (e-pifa-nc,)  n.     [Gr.  im,^avzta,  ap- 
pearance ;  f  ;7i0,i(roi,  to  appear ;  £T{  and  '^atvM.] 

.\  church  festival  celebrated  on  the  sixlli  dav  of 
January,  the  twelrth  day  after  (Miristmas,  in  rom- 
memoiation  of  the  appearance  of  our  Savior  to  the 
magians  or  pliilosophers  of  the  East,  who  came  to 
adore  him  willi  presents;  or,  as  others  maintain,  to 
commemomte  the  appearance  of  the  star  to  the 
magians,  or  the  manifestation  of  Christ  to  the  Gen- 
tiles. Jerome  and  Chrysostom  take  the  epiphany  to 
be  the  day  of  our  Savior's  baptism,  when  a  voice 
from  heaven  declared,  "  This  is  my  beloved  Son,  in 
whom  I  am  well  ple:ised."  The  (Jreck  fathers  use 
tlie  word  for  the  appcaranre  of  Christ  in  the  world, 
the  sense  in  whieh  Paul  uses  the  word.  2  Tim.'x.  10. 
_  Eneye. 

EP-I-PHO-Ne'MA,  ».     [Gr.  £n^t';t)»»j/ifl,  cxclamaiion ; 
CKt  and  (/tfijii£i).] 

In  oratory,  an  exclamatory  sentence  or  striking  re- 
flection ;  as,  admirable  clemency !  How  inconstant 
is  the  favor  of  princes  1  IticJi.  Diet. 

E-PIPH'0-RA,  (c-pif'orit,)  »i.    [Gr.  ctti  and  0£pw,  to 
bear.] 

1.  file  uatery  eye;  a  disease  in  which  Uie  tears', 
fn  m  increased  secretion,  or  some  disease  of  the 
lachrymal  passage,  accumulate  in  front  nf  the  eye 
and  trickle  over  the  cheek.  Cyc    Parr. 

2.  In  rhetoric,  the  emphatic  repetition  of  a  word  or 
plirase,  at  the  ('ud  of  several  sentences  or  stanwis. 

EP-I-PIlYtrLO-SPERM'OUS,  a.    [Gr.  c.ti,  01  AA"|',  a 
leaf,  and  ctrcop-i,  seed.] 

In  botany,  bearing  Uieir  seeds  on  the  back  of  tlic 
leaves,  as  ferns.  Harris. 

E-PIPH'YL-LOUS,  (c-pif'il-his,)  a.      [Gr.    trrt    and 
ij'v\Xov.] 
In  hotaiiii,  inserted  upon  the  leaf. 
E-PIPn'Y-SIS,n.  [Gr.rri.;,i.(r(s;fTiandc',ur.<,togrow.] 
Accretion  ;  the  natural  growing  of  one  bone  to  an- 
other by  simple  contiguity,  without  a  proper  articula- 
tion, (^liincy. 

The  spongy  extremity  of  n  bone  ;  any  portion  of  a 
bone  growing  to  another,  but  originally  sep-aratcd 
from  it  by  a  cartilage.  O^ir, 

Epiphyses  are  appendixes  of  the  long  hone?,  for  the 
purpose  of  articulation,  formed  fnmi  a  distinct  center 
of  ossification,  and  in  the  young  subject  connected 
with  the  larger  bones  by  an  inten'ening  cartilage, 
which  in  the  adult  is  obliterated.  Parr. 

E-PIPH'Y-TAL,  a.    [Gr.  rrr*  and  ^.vroy,  a  plant.] 

Pertaining  to  an  epiphvle- 
EP'I-PIIYTE,  Ji.     [Gr.  ;t.  and  ti>vTr>: .] 

A  plant  wliich  grows  on  other  plants,  but  does  not 
penetrate  their  sul»stance,  nor  absorb  their  juices. 
EP-I-PHYT'I€,a.     IKivint;  the  natur?  of  an  epiphyte. 


TONE,  BJJLL,  IINITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CI0US.  — C  as  K  ;    G  as  J;   S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SII ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

-  _  -^ 


EPI 


[Gr.]    In  rktturie^  a  flguro  by  tvbicli 
•  convince  and  ntove  by  a  kind  vt' 
BmeMaitan. 
Gr.  eviTAoxf/,  tmplication  ;  crt  and 


EP-I-PIXX'IS,  *. 

a  pr-    --  -  t 

Krii 

A  niuftf  oi  riu'ioric,  by  whlcU  one  ascmvation,  or 
•Crikin;;  cirL-uiiiitJii<:r,  l-i  adilrd  in  diii'  gradation  tn 
another ,  a«,  "  Ue  nut  only  kpored  tiU  vncmu'^,  but 
cuntinui-d  thnu  lit  enipluyniciit ;  not  only  cunimucd 
ihfin,  but  ndvnncod  Iht-in."  Johtuttn, 

E  PIP  LU  L'f.LK,  «.  [tJr.  tT;TAj<^Afj;  tvurX^jt,  the 
caul,  and  ^n^'h^  tumor.] 

A  hernia  whuM*  contcnbi  oro  epi|dci(in. 
EP-I-PLO'IC,  a.    [Gf.  <!riT.V(w».,  the  caul.] 

Prftaiiiinc  to  the  caul  or  umontuni. 
E-PIP'LO-0.\\  n.     [Gr.  *TirAooy  ;  (iri  and  rXxw.] 

The  caul  or  umc ulum. 
B<PIS'COPA-C\\  n.     [I*.  fpUcopatiu ;   Sji.  vbijpaJo  ; 
Pun.  bispadu  i  lU  epiicoptUo  ;  fruiii  the  Gr.  ttiCKonnOy 
tu  lnii(>rct ;  i-rt  and  cKufif'^  to  wt*.    S«'0  ItMiior.] 

1.  luten^y,  oVtnitfihi,  u'utch,  or  careful  insin-c- 
tion.    Jamts.     Ili-iict-, 

2.  GovtTiinifUt  of  llie  church  by  bishopai  or  prid- 
al«'«  ;  that  form  tif  ccrlc^itutKal  covcrnniriit,  In 
which  diocesan  bHho{M  art'  iKtatilishi'd,nri  dntinrt 
ffuni  anil  nupcriorlo  priest.-*  or  prr-byttTS.      F.neue. 

E-PI8'et>-PAI.,  a.     Itclonuinc  to  or  vtstud  in  hiMliopu 
or  prelates;  u«,  epUorpat  jurisdiction;   rpisarpal  au- 
thoritr. 
"■2.  il\t\vnwA.  by  bis)ut|M  ;  a<),  tlii'  rpueopal  churcli. 

EPIK-Co-PA'LI-A.\,  d.  Pertaininc  to  buhopsorgov- 
rrnmpnl  bv  bishupti  ;  episcopal. 

E  PIS-ei>-P"A'LI-A\,  H.  l>nc  who  bilongs  u*  an  epis- 
copal church,  or  adhcrcii  to  the  episcoiMil  furin  of 
church  govcrnnirnt  and  discipline. 

E-PIH  eO-P.l'LI..\>'-lSM,  M.  The  system  of  epti*co- 
pal  religion,  or  Kovernineiit  of  the  church  by  bishops. 

Bacon. 

E-PIH'€'">  PAUIA*,  oJf.  Uy  episcopal  aulliority  ;  in 
an  enHr(i|nl  ninniier. 

E-PKS'en  PATE,  n.    A  blribopric ;  the  ofTice  and  dig- 
nity of  a  bishop. 
'Jl  Tht'  order  of  bUho|)d. 

E  PIS'CO  PATE,  r.  L  To  act  as  a  bUhop  ;  to  fill  the 
office  of  a  prelate.  liarru.    MUner. 

EPIS'eo  PI-CIDK,  B.    [I*.  epUc^piuaad  eado.] 
The  killing  uf  a  bii^hop. 

E-Pia'CO  PV,  n.    Survey  ;  supcniitendencv  ;  search. 

Milton. 

EP'I-SOOE,  n.  [from  tlie  Gr.]  In  poetry,  it  gcpamtc 
Incident,  story,  or  nrtiun,  introdiired  for  the  pur|Hisc 
of  iri%'ing  a  ercater  \iiriety  to  the  events  related  in 
Ibc  poem ;  nn  incidental  nnmtive,  or  dicre-^sion, 
sepaniblefmm  the  main  subject,  but  nntunlly  ari.smg 
from  It.  Johnson.     Eucye. 

EP  l-SOO'ir.         >  a.      Pertuininc    to    an    episode  ; 

EP-I-SOI>'ie-.\I*,  \  contained  in  an  epLsode  or  di- 
jre'*sion.  Dn/Jeiu 

EP  I-riOD'IC-AI.  LY,  oJp.    By  way  of  epiwMle.  Scott, 

EP-USP.\.S'TIC,  u.  [Gr.  tTitrruffn^a,  from  fffiffjrow, 
to  draw.] 

In  medtetMf^  dmwin^ ,  attracting  the  humors  to  ijic 
skin  ;  exciting  action  in  the  skin  ;  blistering. 

EP-I-SPAS'TIO,  n,  A  topical  remedy,  apptird  to  the 
external  part  of  the  body,  for  the  puriwse  of  prtwlu- 
cine  inrlainniniion  and  vesicitiun.      Encijc.     Coze. 

EP'I-.SPEIIM,  n.     [Gr.  im  ond  a-rtppa.] 
The  outer  int^-gumcnt  of  a  seed. 

EP-I-i5Tll/BrrE,  n.  A  mineral,  white  and  Iranslu- 
ccnL  1'hc  primary  form  of  the  cr}'slal  is  a  right 
rhombic  pri^iii.  Stuie. 

E-PIS'TLE,  (e-pis'I,)  n.  TL.  epijtola;  Gr.  fwtaroXn, 
from  crieTt\X:<,  to  send  lo  ;  cm  and  orr.XAw,  lo 
•end  ;  G.  fteltrn,  to  seL] 

A  writini;,  directed  or  sent,  communicAtlng  Inlelli- 

Jcnre  to  n  distint  person  ;  a  letter  ;  a  letter  miHsivc. 
t  is  rarely  iiwd  in  familiar  conversation  or  writings, 
but  chielly  in  solemn  or  formal  transactions.    It  is 
n»cd  ponirularly  in  speaking  of  the  letter*  of  the 
apoMtlrs,  OS  the  rpuUfs  of  Paul ;  and  of  other  letters 
written  by  the  ancients,  aq  the  epistles  of  Pliny,  or  of 
Cicero. 
E-PIS'TI.EIl.  n.     K  writer  of  epistles.     [Little  uaea  ] 
a.  Fornu-rly.one  who  attended  the  communion  ta- 
ble and  read  th**  epistles, 
E-PlJ^'T't  I,\  MX,  a.     Pertaining  toepistles  or  Ictti^rs; 
•ui"  .  and  com^pondence  ;  fi&miliar  ;  o«, 

an 

n  letters  ;  carried  on  by  letten ;  as, 
nil  ■  ^pondenre. 

EPI  \  a.     Pertaining  to  leUers  or  epis 

EP  I-  «l..i       Uej. 

•J.  I>  ■.i.rr,  ('  (ig  the  mcttiod  of  repre«enting  ideas 
tnr  letter*  and  words.  H'arburton. 

E  PIrf'TOLIZE,  t.  u    To  write  cplsUes  or  Inters. 

UoieelL 
E-PI9'TO  ETZ-KR.  «.    A  Wiiier  of  cplnles.    IIoie<lL 
E-PI3-TO-Lf>-GRAPirie,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  writ- 
ing of  letten. 
E-PIS-TO  U)G'RA-PIIY,  a.    [Gr.  tuivroU,  a  letter, 
and  )  i)'i^'.>,  to  write.] 
Tli**  art  or  practice  of  writing  letters*         £Weyc. 
E-PIS'TRO  PHE,a.     {Gf.  it i or {io<pn  i  txt  hnd  orpoipnt 
a  return.] 


EPI 

A  Aguie  In  rkrtohc,  in  which  seveml  succeiwlvu 
sentences  end  with  the  same  word  or  allirinatiim 
BaUe^.     .4sk. 
EP'l  STVI.E,  B.     [Gr.  cti  and  OTi'A-ii.a  rolumn.] 
Ill  anrirnl  areJittfcture,  a  temi  u*ed  by  the  Greeks 
for  wiiat    is    now  culled   the   areitttrurc,  a   uiassivi' 
piece  of  stone  or  wimmI  laid  Immediately  on  the 
abacus  of  the  capital  of  u  column  or  pillar.  Qwitt. 
EP'I-T.\P1I,  (ep'e-taf,)  n.     [Gr.  tai  and  ra^ot,  a  sep- 
ulclier.] 

1.  An  Inscription  on  a  monument,  In  honor  or 
incmur)'  of  the  dead. 

The  rjiilopKt  of  Um  pmmt  lUf  u«  cniiunrd  with  fubanw 
coiiipUiiifnU  orrcr  inrrilMl.  £fwyr. 

C«i)  you  look  fitfwani  to  tbe  honor  of  m  vWonLol  c*>llut,  ft 
tplniMlU  fuuenl,  •  lowerbtf  moauineitt  —  k  maj  be  a  Ijing 
afitapKy  IT.  U.  Sproftu. 

3.  A  eulogy.  In  pn^e  or  vcme,  romiNieed  without 
any  Intent  toheeiiKniv<-ii  on  ii  nioiiuiiient,  as  that  on 
Aleiander;  "  SutUrit  huic  tuniuhH,  tui  non  sutlire- 
rtt  urbis."  Encyc. 

El'-I-TA'PIII-AX, )  0.     Pertaining  to  an  epitaph. 

EP-!-'l'APiriC,  MiUvH. 

Iv-PIT'A-f'IS,  n.  [Gr.]  In  tJio  ancinit  drama,  that 
ftart  w  hirh  einhmces  the  main  action  of  a  play,  and 
leads  on  to  the  catastrophe  ;  opposed  to  prota.iis.  [8ec 
Piii)TA»is.]  Bttchaniin, 

The  term  has  also  been  sometimes  applied  to  that 
part  of  an  oration  which  apiM-als  to  the  |»ujrsion». 

EP-I-TIIA  L.\'MI  U.M,  )  n.    [Gr.rr<5<i>u,."'>-,wT<and 

KP-1  'I'HAL'A-.MV,        i      ;-.i,\.i,uo(,  a  bed-chamber.l 
A  nuptial  song  or  iMieni,  In  pniisc<  of  the  bride  and 
bridegroom,  and  pmyin;;  for  their  prosperity. 

lo  ClirUl  rimI  Um 
BunMt. 


IV  iotiy-^Mi  puliii    b  ail  tpiVuHami 
church. 


EP'I-TIIEM,  ».  [Gr.  erriSfj/ia;  riri  and  ri3i?/ji,  lo 
place.] 

In  pharmacy^  a  kind  of  fomentation  or  poultice,  to 
bo  applied  cxtenially  to  strengthen  the  part.  Kncye 

Any  external  application,  ur  topiral  medicine. 
The  term  ha^  been  rcstricttrd  to  litpilds  in  which 
cloths  are  dipped,  lo  bo  applied  tt>  n  [mrt. 

Parr.     Tamer. 
EP'I-TIIET,  H.     [Gr.  rmSriroi',  a  name  added,  from 
er.t  and  n^^jui,  to  place.] 

An  adjective  expresning  some  real  cpiality  of  the 
thing  to  which  it  is  applied,  or  an  attributive  ex- 
pressing some  quality  ascribed  to  it  ;  us,  a  venlant 
lawn  ;  u  brUliant  ap{)earance  ;  a  just  man  ;  an  accu- 
rate  deseriptiitn. 

It  is  sometimes  used  for  title,  name,  phrase,  or  ex- 
pression ;  but  improperlv. 
EP'I-TMET,  V.  t.    To  eniille  ;  to  describe  by  epithets 

IVolton, 
EP-I-THET'ie,  a.     Pertaining  to  nn  epithet  or  epi- 
thets ;  ronlaining  or  consisting  of  epithets. 

ti.  Abounding  with  epithet.*).    A  style  or  composi- 
tion mav  be  ton  epithttic. 
EPI  THLI-MET'ie,         i    „      r^-,         "  i 

EP-I-THU-MET'IC-AL,i  "*    IG'-  '-'^i/''»''iifo(.] 
Inclined  to  lust  ;  pertaining  to  the  animal  passion. 

Brown. 
E-PIT'0-ME,  n.     [Gr.  cmropr],  from  t ti  and  rf/jvw,  lo 
cut,  T.^^lt),  a  cutting,  »  section.] 

An  abriilginent ;  a  brief  ttiiininar)'  or  abstract  of 
any  book  or  writing  ;  a  coinpcndiiitn  containing  the 
substance  or  principal  matters  of  n  book. 

Ejntomis  on)  liclphil  lo  the  memory.  WoUon. 

E-PIT'O  MIST,  n.     An  eiiitomizer. 

E-PIT'OMI/,K,  r.  f.  'lo  shorten  or  abridge,  as  a 
writing  or  discourse  ;  to  abstract,  in  a  8ummar>',  the 
princiital  matters  of  a  lux^k  ;  to  contract  into  ii  nar- 
rower compass.  Xiphilin  epitomized  Dion's  Roman 
History. 
2.  To  diminish  ;  to  curtail.     [ Lets  proper.] 

E-PIT'()-MIZ-/-:D,  pp.  or  a.  Abridged  ;  shortened  ; 
contncted  into  a  smaller  compass,  as  a  book  or 
writing. 

E-Pri''0-.MIZ-ER,  n.  One  wlio  abridges  ;  a  writer 
of  nn  epitome. 

E-PIT'0-.MIZ-I\G,  ppr.  Abridging  ;  shortening  ; 
making  a  summarr. 

EP'I-'I'UTTE,  n.  [Gr.  i^irpiroi  ;  cjti  and  rpirof, 
third.] 

In  prosody,  a  foot  consisting  of  three  long  Rylla- 
bles  and  one  short  one ;  as,  siilutuntCs,  concTtutT, 
InciiintarC. 

E-PIT'RO-PE,  H.  [Gr.  rjrirpofTij,  from  t.rir/iCTf.t,  to 
permit.] 

In  rhetone,  concession  ;  n  figure  by  which  one 
thing  is  granted,  with  a  view  to  obtain  an  advan- 
tage ;  as,  I  admit  all  this  may  be  tnie,  but  what  Is 
this  to  the  purpose?  I  concede  the  fact,  but  it  over- 
throws vour  own  arguiin^nt.  Encyc 

EP-I-ZEt5X'IS,  n.  [(Ir.l  A  figure  in  rhetoric  in 
which  a  word  is  repeated  with  vehemence;  as,  you, 
you,  Antony,  pushed  L'esar  uiK>n  the  civil  war. 

EP-I-Zr)'A\,  n.     i   ,^  ,  ^        , 

EP-I-ZO'A,  n.  pL      ^^'-  '■'  ^'^  ?""»'•] 

Terms  applied  to  a  claas  of  nnironls,  usually  vi-r- 
mifonn.  which  live  parositJcally  on  other  animals  ; 
opp«»scd  to  the  entozoa.  Dana. 

EPI-ZOOT'ir,  .i.     [Gr.  (ri  and  s'wor,  animal.] 


EQU  |i 

I.  Pertaining  to  the  niiininls  railed  epixoaiu 
a.  In  grology,  nn  epithet  formerly  given  to  nich 
nK»untanis  as  contain  fossil  remains. 

Epizovlic  iiwuiiLtUtt  ar«  itf  wrcvinlrrf  foniuiion.  ^*rrw«ii,       I 

3.  A  lenn  applied  to  dise.-u«'s  prevalent  among  an.    ; 

iuials,  corres{>ondlng  to  euldeniic  among  men. 

BtifSanaH, 
EP-I-ZO'O  TY,  B.     [Supra.]     A  murrain  or  iH>ittlleiiee 

anion"  irnitional  animals.  yj,  F.Mcyc. 

E    PLU^RIBUS    IIXUM.  [E.]      Ono    comiKWed  of 

ninny;  the  motto  of  the  United  Htates,  contlstlng  of 

many  States  confederated. 
EP'OCll,      j  w.     [L.  epocha;  Gr.  cto\»i,  retention,  d»> 
EP'o-CUa,  i      lav,  blop,  from  (>;r\i'>,  to  inhibit;  {n 

and  c\6>,  to  holtl.] 

1.  In  cAronolojry,  a  fixed  pidnt  of  time,  from  whiell 
succeeding  years  are  numbered  :  n  [hiint  from  tvhirb 
roinpiitatton  of  years  becins.  'J'he  exoiliiH  of  the 
Israelites  from  Egypt,  and  the  Ittihylonlsh  captivity, 
ore  remarkable  e/tochs  in  their  hiftorj'. 

2.  Any  fixed  tune  or  |>eriod  ;  the  |>eriod  when  any 
thing  Wgins  or  is  reinarkablv  prevalent;  as,  the 
epoch  of  laliiebood  ;  tile  rpoeh  ot  woe.     Doune.  I'rivr. 

Ttic  fllVvnlh  cmlury  •*-\t  Utc  uuKipjijr  epoch  of  iidliUtt  <     i  . 
luhrnrnti  lit  tJii«  ot  yteut.  Ahuiiij  i. 

EP'ODE,  H.     [Gr.  t^r^in  ;  cm  and  to^ti,  ode.J 

In  Up-ic  poetry,  tUc  tliird  <ir  laxt  pnil  of  ibu  r>de; 

that  which  follows  the  Htrophe  and  antiHiropbe  :  Itie 

ancient  ode  being  divided  into  Kiropbe,  aiiii»ir<  ;>hi-. 

and  e|KMle.     The  word  is  now  used  nt  the  ii;iiii<  <! 

any  little  verse  or  verses,  that  follow  one  or  inute 

great  ones.    'J'hus  a  pi^iilameter  after  a  liexnmcter  i$ 

an  cpode.  Encyc 

EP-OD'IC,  a     Pertaining  to,  or  resembling,  an  e{H>do 
EP-O-PEE',    B.      [Gr.    tvoi,  u  tfong,  and  ruitw,  to 

make.]  , 

An  epic  poem.    Mure  properly^  the  hislor}*,  octkMii 

or  fable,  wliich  makes  the  subject  of  uii  epic  iKirni 
EP'OS,Ti.    [Gr.  frrot.]  [Encyc. 

An  epic  |K>eni,  or  As  fabh-  or  subject. 
EP'SO.M-.'^ALT  ;  the  sulphate  of  mngneHia,  an  antl- 

phlogi-*tir  ralharlic,  producing  watery  discharges. 
/:-/'/iOr  f';:7yK',(a-proo  vet',)  «.  [W.]  in  eunner^, 

a  machine  for  proving  the  strength  of  gunpowder. 
El"U-LA-ltY,  a.     [E.  epuluris,  from  rpulum,  a  fea^t.] 
Pertaining  to  a  foa.><t  oi  bani|uet.  Badey. 

EP-l^-LA''I'lO.\,  11.    [E.  epidatio,  from  rpulor,  to  feoit] 

A  feasting  or  feast.  Brown. 

EP'IJ-LOSE.fl.     [\j.rpulum.] 

Feasting  to  excess. 
EP-U-LOS'I-TY,  n.    A  feavting  lo  excess. 
EP-U-LOT'ie,  a.     [Gr.  (i:oi>Ao)r(ifu,  from  rsotrAau,  to 

heal,  to  cicatrize  ;  cm  and  orAtj,  u  cicatrix,  {luAu,  to 

be  sound,  ov\-Ji,  whole.] 
Healing  ;  cicatrizing. 
EP-TJ-LOT'ie,     n.       A    mcdieament    or    applicniion 

which  tend.i  to  dry,  cicatrix.-,  and  heal  wounds  or 

ulcere,  to  repress  fungous  fietth,  and  diNptise  the  parts 

to  recover  soundness.  Coit.     Qumry. 

EP-U-RA'TION,  w.    A  purifying. 
E-UUA-IUL'I-TY,  n.     [See  Iwuadli:.]     l^piality  In 

motion  ;  continued  eipiality,  nt  all  times,  in  velocity 

or  mov»;ment ;  uniformity;  vl-*,  the  e([uabddy  u(  \Ut 

motion  of  a  lieavenly  body,  or  of  the  bbmd  in  the 

arteries  and  veins. 
2.  Continued   equality;  evenness  or  uniformltr; 

OS,  the  equability  of  the  tem[K?rature  of  the  air ;  tne 

emiabdity  of  the  mind. 
Jl'UUA-BLE,  0.      [L.   aquabilis,   from   aquu$,  eqiul, 

even,  trquo,  to  equal,  to  level.] 

1.  Equal  and  uniform  at  all  times,  as  motion.  An 
equtiitlr  motion  continues  the  same  in  degn'e  of  ve- 
locity, neither  accelerated  nor  retarded. 

2.  Even;  smooth;  having  a  uniform  surfoM  or 
form  ;  as,  an  emiabic  glohe  or  plain.  Beudef. 

E'aUA-BLE-NESS,  n.    State  of  being  equable. 

E'dUA-HLY,  tide.  With  an  equal  or  uniform  mo- 
tion ;  with  continued  unifnnniiyj  evenly;  ns,  bod- 
ies moving  equably  in  concentric  circles.       Cheytie, 

E'aUAL,  a.  [L.  aqualis,  from  trquus,  equal,  even, 
<rquOy  lo  equal,  perhaps  Gr.  iiKOi,  similar  ;  Fr.  egat: 
Sp.  ifftiat ;  i'orl.  id. ;  It.  e^uale.) 

1.  llaving  the  same  inacnitude  or  diniensioni, 
being  of  the  same  bulk  or  exu-nt ;  as,  an  t',ual  quan- 
tity of  land  ;  a  house  of  equal  size  ;  two  (lers^int  of 
eqitnl  hulk  ;  an  equal  line  or  angle. 

2.  Having  the  same  value  ;  as,  two  commodilko 
of  equal  price  or  worth. 

3.  Having  the  same  ipialiiies  or  eondilinn  ;  a»,lwo 
men  of  equut  rank  or  excellence  ;  two  Itodies  of  fyu; 
hardness  or  sortncsa. 

4.  Having  the  same  degree ;  as,  two  motioiii  o( 
r^Moi  velocity.  I 

5.  Even  ;    uniform  ;    not  variable ;   as,  an  iqua  j 
temper  or  mind. 

Ye  *xj,  Th«  wny  of  tho  Lord  U  not  equal.  —  iUrk.  xH. 

6.  Being  in  Just  proportion  ;  an,  my  commendattor 

is  not  rquid  to  his  merit. 

7.  Impartial ;  neutral ;  not  biased. 

Kiuiii  und  uncoac/'mrvl,  I  Icx.li  un  «ll.  DtydM. 

8.  indifl*erent ;  of  Ihe  same  interest  or  concert 
He  may  receive  them  or  not,  it  is  equal  to  mc. 


rATE,  FAR,  FALL,  VVH^T.— METI     i  i  i/, 
404 


M  \KINE,  BIRD.— NOTE.  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK — 


EQU 

St.  Jub>  ;  equitnble ;  tiiving  the  same  or  similar 
rights  or  advantages.  I'he  terms  and  conditions  of 
the  conlrarl  are  o/mo/. 

10.  Being  on  the  same  tcniis ;  enjoying  the  sainc 
or  simikir  benefits. 

They  ranilo  llic   married,  orjthans,  widoxra,  yea  and  the  ageJ 
also,  equai  in  epoLls  with  ihenisclvcs.  Maccabees. 

11.  Adequate;  having  competent  power,  ability, 
(■r  means.  The  ship  is  not  equal  to  her  antagonisL 
The  army  was  not  eipial  to  the  contest.  We  are  not 
egtiid  to  the  undertaking. 

E'dUAL,  71.  One  not  inferior  or  superior  to  another  ; 
having  tlie  same  or  a  similiu  age,  rank,  station, 
oflice,  tiJents,  strength,  Si.c. 

Those  who  were  once  his  eijtuj^e,  enrj  and  dar^uiie  hiin. 

Adilison. 
Il  was  ihou,  a  man  my  equal,  my  guide.  —  Ps.  Iv.    Gal.  i. 

e'QUAL,  r.  (.  To  make  equal  j  to  make  one  thing  of 
the  same  quantity,  dimensions,  or  quality  a.s  anotlier. 

2.  To  rise  to  the  same  state,  rank,  or  estimation 
with  anotlier  ;  to  become  equal  to.  Fc\v  ollHcrs  can 
expect  lo  ctjuiil  Washington  in  fame. 

3.  To  be  equal  to. 

One  wlioae  all  not  equals  Edward's  moiety.  Shak. 

4.  To  make  equivalent  to  j  to  recompense  fully  j  to 
answer  in  full  proportion. 

He  answered  all  her  cares,  and  equciied  all  her  love.     Dn^dcn. 

5.  To  be  of  like  excellence  or  beauty. 

Tlie  »oId  and  the  crj'sial  can  not  equal  it,  — Job  xxviii. 

e'QUAL-£D,  pp.    Made  equal. 
e'QUAL-INU,  ppr.     Making  equal. 
E-QU.^L'I-TY,  (e-k\vot'e-le,)  n.     [L.  tEqunlitas.] 

1.  An  agreement  of  things  in  dimensions,  quan- 
tity, or  quality  ;  likeness  ;  similarity  in  regard  to  two 
things  compared.  We  speak  of  tlie  equality  of  two 
or  more  tmcls  of  land,  of  two  bodies  in  lenglli, 
breadlh,  or  thickness,  of  virtues  or  vices. 

2.  Tlie  same  degree  of  dignity  or  claims  ;  as,  the 
equalitij  of  men  in  the  scale  of  being ;  the  equality  of 
nobles  of  the  same  rank ;  an  equality  of  rights. 

3.  Evenness ;  uniformity;  sameness  in  state  or 
continued  course  ;  as,  an  etpiaU^  of  temper  or  con- 
stitution. 

4.  Evenness  ;  plainness ;  uniformity  ;  as,  an  equal- 
ity of  surface. 

E-aUAL.-1-ZA'TION,  71.     The  act  of  equalizing,  or 

state  of  being  equalized. 
£'Q,UAL-TZE,  r.  U    To  make  equal ;  as,  to  cqualiie 

accounts  ;  to  equalize  burdens  or  taxes. 
E'Q,UAL-IZ-iCD,  pp.    Made  equal;  reduced  to  equal- 
E'QL'AL-IZ-TXG,  ppr.     Making  equal.  [ily. 

E'Q.UAL-LY,  ndv.     In  the  same  degree  with  another  ; 

alike ;  as,  to  be  equally  taxed  ;  to  be  equally  virtuous 

or  vicious ;  to  be  equally  impalient,  hungry,  thirsty, 

swift,  or  slow  ;  to  be  equally  furnished. 

2.  In  equal  shares  or  proportions.  The  estate  is  to 
be  equally  divided  among  the  lieirs. 

3.  Impartially;  with  equal  justice.  Slmk. 
[Equally  should  not  be  followed  by  as,  but  by 

_viith.] 

E'GUAL-NESS,  71.     Equality  ;  a  state  of  being  equal. 

iSkali. 
2.  Evenness;   unifonnity ;  as,  the  cqualness  of  a 
surface. 

E-QUA\"GU-LAR,  (e-kwang'gu-lar,)  a.  [L.  (rquus 
and  an^^ulus.] 

Consisting  of  equal  angles.  [See  Equiangular, 
which  is  generally  used.] 

E-QUA-NIM'I-TY,  n,  [L.  aquanimitaSy  teqitus  and 
animus,  an  equal  mind.] 

Evenness  of  mind  ;  that  calm  temper  or  firmness 
of  mind  which  is  not  c;isily  elated  or  depressed, 
which  sustains  prosperity  without  excessive  joy,  and 
adversity  without  violent  agitation  of  the  passions  or 
depression  of  spirits.  The  great  man  bears  misfor- 
tunes with  e.q^ianimity. 

E-CIUAN'I-MOUS,  a.  Of  an  even,  composed  frame 
of  mind  ;  of  a  steady  temper ;  not  easily  elated  or 

_  depressed. 

E'dUANT,  n.  In  Vic  Ptolemaic  system  of  astronomy, 
an  imaginary  circle,  used  for  regnlatmg  and  adjust- 
ing certain  motions  of  the  planets.  Brandc, 

E-CIUA'TION,  n.  [L.  iLquatio,  from  a:quo,  to  make 
equal  or  level.] 

1.  Literally,  a  making  equal,  or  an  equal  division. 

2.  In  algebra,  a  proposition  asserting  the  equality 
of  two  quantities,  and  expressed  by  the  sign  ^  be- 
tween them  ;  or  an  expression  of  the  same  quantity  in 
two  dissimilar  terms  ;  as,  3,<.  ^36(/.,  or  z  =  b-\-m — r. 
In  the  latter  case,  x  is  equal  to  b  added  to  m,  with  r 
subtracted,  and  the  quantities  on  the  right  liand  of 
the  sign  of  equation  are  said  to  be  the  value  of  x  on 
the  left  hand.  Enajc    Joknson. 

3.  In  astronomy,  equation  of  time,  is  the  interval  by 
which  apparent  tunc  differs  from  mean  time. 

OlTT^stc4. 
E-QUa'TOR,  71.     [L.,  from  irquo,  to  make  equal.] 

In  astronomy  and  s^eo^apky,  a  great  circle  of  the 
sphere,  equally  disLint  from  the  two  poles  of  the 
world,  or  having  the  same  poles  as  the  world.  It 
is  called  equator,  because,  when  the  stm  is  in  it,  llie 
days  and  nights  are  of  equal  length ;  hence,  it  is 


EQU 

called  n\m  the  e/pcinoctial,  and,  when  drawn  on 
maps,  globes,  and  planispheres,  it  is  called  the  equi- 
noctial line,  or  simply  the  line.  Every  point  in  the 
equator  is  90',  oi  a  quadrant's  distance,  from  the 
poles  ;  hence,  it  divides  the  globe  or  sphere  into 
two  equal  hcniis-,»lieres,  the  northern  and  southern. 
The  equator  r:^^cs,  at  any  given  place,  as  nnich  above 
the  iiorizon  as  is  ciiuai  to  the  complement  of  tlic  lati- 
tude. _  Barlow. 
E-UUA-To'RI-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  equator  ;  as, 
equatorial  climates.  The  equatorial  (liamcter  of  the 
eartli  is  longer  than  the  polar  diameter. 
E-ClU.\-To'KI-AL,  71.  An  astronomical  instrument, 
with  a  telescope  whose  motion  is  on  an  axis  parallel 
to  the  axis  of  the  earth,  and  hence  corresponding  to 
the  diurnal  motion  of  the  heavens  from  east  to  west, 
so  that  when  a  celestial  object  is  once  within  the 
field  of  view  of  the  telescope,  it  continues,  while 
above  the  horizon,  constantly  in  the  field. 

Olmsted. 
E-aUA-To'RI-AI^LY,  adc.  So  as  to  liavc  the  motion 
_  of  an  equatorial.  P.  Cyc 

I-:'Q,UE-RY,     }  71.     [Ft.  ecuycr,  for  escuyer  ;  It.  sctuli' 
E-Q.UER'RY,  (      ere;  Low  L.  scularius,  fnun  scutum, 
a  shield.    See  Esc^uire.] 

1.  An  officer  of  nobles  or  princes,  who  has  the  care 
and  management  of  their  horses.  In  England,  the 
riiucrrics  are  five  in  number.  They  ride  in  the  lead- 
ing coacli,  on  all  great  occasions,  and  have  a  table 
provided  for  them  by  tliemselves.  Buchanan. 

2.  A  laree  stable  or  lodge  for  horses. 
E-tiUES'TRI-AN,    a.      [L.    equester,   equestri^,   from 

eques,  a  horseman,  from  eqiitis,  a  horse.] 
1.  Pertaining  to  horses  or  horsemanship;  performed 

with  horses  ;  as,  equestrian  feats. 
9.  Being  on  horseback  ;  as,  an  equestrian  lady. 

3.  Skilled  in  horsemanship.  [Spectator. 

4.  Representing  a  person  on  horseback ;  as,  an 
cquestriiin  statue. 

5.  Celebrated  by  horse-races  ;  as,  cqucstrinn  games, 
sports,  or  amusements. 

6.  Belonging  lo  knights.  Among  tJic  Romatts,  the 
equestrian  order,  was  the  order  of  knights,  equites  ; 
also  their  troopers  or  horsemen  in  the  field.  In  eivil 
life,  the  knights  stood  contradistinguished  from  the 
senators;  in  the  Jield,  from  the  infantry.         Encyc. 

E-Q,UI-AN"GU-LAR,  a.     [L,  aquiis,  equal,  and  ang^u- 

lus,  an  angle.] 
In  geometry,  consisting  of  or  ha\ing  equal  angles  ; 

an  epithet  given  lo  figures  whose  angles  are  all  equal, 

such  as  a  square,  an  equilateral  triangle,  &c. 
E-aUI-BAL'A.NCE,  7(.     [L.  a:quus  and  bilanx.] 

Equal  weight. 
E-UUI-BAL'ANCE,  r.  (.    To  have  equal  weight  with 

something.  Cli.  Relig.  Jippcal. 

E-aUI-BAL'ANC-£D,  Ce-kwc-bal'anst,)  pp.    Giving 

etpial  weight. 
E-aUI-BAL'ANC-ING,  ppr.     Having  equal  weight. 
E-Q,UI-€RU'RAL,   a.     [L.  cequus,  equal,  and  crus,  a 

leg.] 

1.  Ilaving  legs  of  equal  length. 

9.  Having  equal  legs,  but  longer  than  the  base; 
isosceles  ;  as,  an  equicrural  triangle.  Johnson. 

E-aUI-DlF'FER-ENT,  a.  Having  equal  difierenccs  ; 
arithmetically  proportional.  Barlow. 

2.  In  crystallography,  having  a  difltrent  number  of 
faces  presented  by  the  prism,  and  by  each  summit ; 
and  these  three  numbers  form  a  series  in  arithmetic- 
al progression,  as  It,  4,  2.  Clcaveland. 

E-aUI-l)IS'TAiVCE,  n.    Equal  distance.  Hall. 

E-UUI-DIS'TANT,   a.     [L.  aquus,  equal,  and  distans, 

distant.] 

Being  at  an  equal  distance  from  some  point  or 

thing. 
E-CiUl-DIS'TANT-LY,  adv.    At  the  same  or  an  equal 

distance.  Brown. 

K'QUI-FORM,  a.     Having  the  same  form.    Humble. 
E-UUI-FORM'I-TY,  7(.     [L.  itquns,  equal,  and  forma, 

form.] 

UnifoiTn  equality.  Brown. 

E-(iUI-L.\T'ER-.\L,  a.     [L.  aiquus,  etpial,  aiul  latere^ 

iw,  from  latus,  side.] 

Having  all  the  sides  equal  ;  as,  an  equilateral  trian- 
gle.   A  square  must  necessarily  be  equilateral. 
E-QUI-L.\T'ER-AL,  7i,    A  side  exactly  corresponding 

to  othei;s.  Herbert. 

E-Q,UI-Li'BRaTE,  I',  t.  [L.  isqxius  and  libra,  to  poise.] 
To  balance  equally  two  scales,  sides,  or  ends  ;  to 

keep  even  with  equal  weight  on  each  side. 

The  boilien  of  lislios  .ire  eqitUiiiraUd  with  water.       ArbuUinoL 

E-aUI-LI'BRA-TED,  jyp.  Balanced  equally  on  both 
sides  or  ends. 

E-UUI-LI'BRa-TING,  ppr.  Balancing  equally  on  both 
sides  or  ends. 

E-aUI-LI-BRA'TION,  7i.  Equipoise  ;  the  act  of  keep- 
ing the  balance  even,  or  the  state  of  being  equally 
balanocd. 

Nature's  l.iws  of  equilibration.  Derham. 

E-QUI-LIB'RI-OaS,  a.     Equally  poised. 

E-aUI-MB'KI-OaS-LY,  adr.     In  equal  poise. 

E-Q,UIL'l-BRIST,  n.  One  who  keeps  his  balance  in 
unnatural  positions  and  hazardous  movements;  a 
balancer.  Encye.  Jim. 


EQU 

E-QUI-LIB'RI-TY,  n.     [L.  aqudibriUu.] 

'i'he  slate  of  being  equally  balanced  ;  equaJ  balance 
on  both  sides ;  equilibrium ;  as,  the  theory  of  equiiib- 
rity.  Gregory. 

K-QUMJB'UI-UM,  n.  [L.]  Equiiwisc  ;  equality  of 
weight  or  force;  a  state  of  rc«l  produced  by  the  mu- 
tual counteraction  of  two  or  more  forces.    P.  Otc. 

2.  A  just  poige  or  balance  in  res[)ecl  to  an  <;^ect, 
so  that  it  remains  firui ;  as,  to  preserve  the  equilibri- 
um of  the  body. 

Health  cotiaUlf  m  (he  cquUibriumbexmeca  thote  two  nowen. 

ArbuAnot. 

3.  Equal  balancing  of  the  mind  between  motives 
or  reasons  ;  a  state  of  inditfcrcncc  or  of  doubt,  nben 
the  mind  is  susi>ended  in  indecision,  between  diOer- 
ent  motives,  or  Ihe  liilferent  forces  of  evidence. 

In  equilibria  ;  in  a  stale  of  eqiulibrium- 
E-Q,UI-MUE'TI-FLE,  a.     [L.  ir/fuws  and  muUipUcoj  or 
vndtiiilcz.] 

Multiplied  bv  the  same  number  or  quantity. 
E-QUI-iML'I/Tl-PLE,  n.  In  aritJimeitc  and  geomrtry, 
a  term  applied  to  the  products  arising  from  ibe  mtJ- 
tiplication  of  two  or  more  primitive  quantiticH  by  the 
iname  number  or  quantity.  Hence,  equtmultipleji  of 
any  numbers  or  quantities  are  always  in  the  same 
ratio  to  each  other,  as  the  simple  numbers  or  quanti- 
ties before  multiplication.  If  ii  and  9  are  multiplied 
by  4,  the  multiples,  24  and  36,  will  be  to  each  other 
_  as  G  to  9.  BarUne. 

E-QLII'NAI    i  '^'     t^*  '^9""'"')  fffin  equus,  a  horse.] 
Pertaining  lo  a  horse  ;  denoting  the  horse  kind. 

Hayicood. 

The  sliouKlen,  twdy.  tlilghs,  and  maae  aic  equine ;  the  Itad 
cotiiplciely  boTiiiH,  Barroa'a  Traetlt. 

E-aUI-NEC'ES-SA-RY,  a.     [X,.  (rquus  and  nec€s?ary.'\ 
Neccssarj'  or  needful  in  the  same  degree.  Iludtbras. 
E-UUI-NOCTIAL,  a.     [L.  o'quus,  equal,  and   nox, 
night.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  equinoxes  ;  designating  an 
equal  length  of  day  and  night ;  as,  tlic  equinoctial  line. 

2.  Pertaining  to  tlie  regions  or  climate  of  the  equi- 
noctial line  or  equator  ;  in  or  near  tJiat  line  ;  as,  equi' 
noctial  heat ;  an  equinoctial  sun  ;  equinoctial  wind. 

3.  Pertaining  to  the  time  when  the  sun  enters  the 
equinoctial  points  ;  as,  an  equinoctial  gale  or  storm, 
which  happens  at  or  near  the  equinox,  in  any  i>art  of 
the  world. 

Equinoctial  flowers ;  flowers  that  open  at  a  regular, 
slated  hour.  Martyn. 

Equinoctial  points,  are  the  two  points  wlierein  the 
celestial  equator  and  ecliptic  intersect  each  other ;  the 
one,  being  in  the  first  point  of  Aries,  is  called  Uie 
vernal  point  or  equinox;  the  other,  in  the  first  point 
of  Libra,  the  autumnal  point  or  equinox.       Barlow. 

Equinoctial  dial,  is  that  whose  plane  lies  parallel  to 
the  equinoctial.  Barlow. 

Equinoctial  time,  is  reckoned  from  a  fixed  instant 
common  to  all  the  world. 

E-UUI-NOe'TIAL,  71,  [For  EquisocTiALLi>E.]  In 
astronomy,  the  celestial  equator.  The  intersection  of 
the  plane  of  the  equator  with  the  surface  of  the  earth, 
constitutes  ihe  terreMrial  equator,  and  with  the  con- 
cave surface  of  the  heavens,  the  celestial  equator,  or 
equinoctial.  When  the  sun,  in  its  course  through  the 
ecliptic,  comes  to  this  circle,  viz.,  about  the  21st  of 
March  and  -^d  of  September,  it  makes  equal  days 
and  nights  in  all  parts  of  the  clobe.  OUnstaL 

E-aUI-NOe'TIAL-LY,  adv.  In  the  direction  of  the 
equinox.  Brown. 

E'UUI-NOX,  71.  fL.  irquHSj  equal,  and  noi,  night] 
The  precise  time  when  the  sun  enters  one  of  llie 
equinoclial  points,  making  the  day  and  the  night  of 
equal  length.  The  sun  enters  the  first  point  of  Aries 
about  the  aist  of  Mtirch,  and  the  first  point  of  Libra 
about  the  23d  of  September.  The^<e  are  called  the 
T'ernal  and  autumnal  equinoxes.  These  points  are 
found  to  be  moving  backward,  or  westward,  at 
the  rate  of  oU"  of  a  degree  in  a  year.  This  i> 
called  the  precession  of  the  equinaxes.  Enevc 

E-aUI-NO'MER-A.\T,  a.  [L.  a-qaus,  equal,  and'  kii- 
mcnis,  number.] 

Having  or  consisting  of  tlie  same  number.  [LittU 
used.  ]  Jirbu  thnot, 

E-CiUIP',  r.  r.  [Fr.  cquiper;  Arm.  aqipa,  aqipein  ;  Sp. 
cquipar;  Ch.  f\p>,  Aphel  I'^pK,  lo  surround,  lo  gird  ; 

perhaps  the  same  root  as  Eth.  M^ T^<K  (f|pn)  to  cm 
bratc.] 

1.  Properly,  to  dress;  to  furnish;  as,  to  equip  & 
person  with  a  suit  of  clothes.    Hence, 

2.  To  furnish  with  arms,  or  a  complete  suit  of  arms, 
for  mililar>' service.  Tims  we  say,  lo  equip  men  or 
troops  for  war ;  lo  eq^iip  a  body  of  infantry  or  cavalry 
But  the  word  seems  to  include  not  only  arms,  but 
clothing,  baggage,  utensils,  lenls,  and  all  the  ap[vim- 
tus  of  an  army,  particularly  when  applied  to  a  body 
of  troops.  Hence,  to  furnish  with  arms  and  warlike 
apparatus  ;  as,  lo  equip  a  rcciment. 

3.  To  f^irnish  with  men^  artillery-,  .ind  nvjnilions 
of  w;u",  as  a  ship.  Hence,  in  common  language,  to 
fit  for  sea ;  to  furnish  with  whatever  it  nccessarj*  for 
a  voyage. 


TONE,  BULL,  IJNITE.  — .\i\"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — e  as  K  ;  0  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS 


EQU 


EQU 


BQ'i 


ev 


,)  If.     The  funiiture  of  a 

ifiiii  .ui't  !h'  irn['pi-nd(isc*. 

. ,  mm 

r  1  mil 

■   -i 


■  of  an  srmf  (1  «hlp,  or  Ibe  n«e»- 
ut:  iW  a  viiyago;  iucluiling  cortlngc, 

■p ,  Sec. 

I  rcllriiic,   09  perHuiiflf  boni09,  car- 

fid.;  'i\e  etfuifhiet  of  a  prince. 

5.  (■  !frt »-'  "1  -lolo  ;  vrhlcle  ;  tM,ctlvttia,\f^ioajrf- 
C  Aci'oiilcrmentii ;   ImbUtmenU;   ufriamental  fnr- 
iiU'if.  .  Prior. 

t.      FnrnUhtil    uiHi 

;i-ll<l  rrliniK'.    Sprnjrr. 

.nMS  itiuul,  and  i""- 

Til'"  ncl  of  lianclni*  in  equipoise;  a  being  not 
lnrl*n    t     r  .!  tfTniiti'l  rlibtr  way.  SuutM. 

K-U'  ^el  «f  ctfuipplnR,  or  fliling 

for  II. 

•■(I  in  e<iuipping;  fiimilure  ; 
lint'ii  11  III-  ,  \v  iiiiK--  a[ppnnilu»;  neccssarlts  for  an 
eitiKfliiliin  or  for  a  voyupi^ ;  a«,  Uio  equipments  of  a 
fbip  ■  T  Ti  nrmy. 

•A.  ;  fPNi/,  ihe  ntci's^ary  ailjuncls  of  a 

nil'  ■   locomotives,   dec,  art*   rntlL-d  the 

Cun  l'tHS[;,  11.  [I..  tF/fuiL*,  Ciiiial,  and  Fr.  poidj^  or 
ralhtT  W.  ;»iP!/»,  \vrt«llt.     Set'  I'ltisE.] 

E()n-.ility  of  wriiilit  or  force;  bonce,  cqiiilibrlmu ; 
a  Kl.ile  ill  which  thu  two  fiitis  or  aides  of  a  Ibiny  ore 
bahinrt-d.  Hold  thu  scaled  iu  equipoise ;  the  mind 
may  bi<  In  a  slalu  uf  tquipoiact  wbcn  motives  arc  of 

MlU.ll   Wtlgllt. 

KQL'l  roL'LKNCB,   )  m.     [L.  aquus  and  poUentia, 
E-uri  I'ol.l.K.N-'^/,  I      power,  ^oH«,  lo  bo  able.] 

1.  E:*<|tinlily  o*    iower  or  force. 

2.  In  lij;;ic,UA  (liuivulcnco  between  two  or  mure 
proiwHiiiiiiM;  tb:it  is,  wh(^n  two  propositions  pignily 
tlh-  -^aiiif  thinu,  though  difllrenllv  exprca*ed.    Encyc. 

E  Ul'M'oL'LK.VT,  (1.  [r?upm.]  Havini;  equal  jiowcr 
or  free  ;  equivab-itt.  In  hgic,  having  equivakiit 
fijinirkation.  Bacon. 

E-aUI-POL'LENT-LY,  ade.     With  equal  power. 

Barron. 
E-aUI-POX'DEll-ANCE,  n.     [L.  aquHs^  equal,  and 
potiJus,  wi'lcbLj 

F>innliiy  of  weight ;  equipoise. 
E-(i''II'().N'DER-Ai\T,  o.      [Supra.]     Being  of  the 

naiitc  weigh!.  Locke, 

E-aUI-PO.N"DER  ,XTE,  c.  i.  [L.  aquut^  equal,  and 
poadcru,  lo  weigh.] 

To  l>e  ft|ua]  in  weight ;  lo  weigh  as  much  a.s 
HMMh-r  thing.  IVilkins. 

■  '.*  DI-OL'S,  d.  Having  equal  weight  on 
aianciUv. 
O,  (e-kwipt',)  pp.  Furnished  witli  hahili- 
II-,  and  whatever  \n  necejwary  fora  military 
' .  nr  fur  a  voyage  nr  cnii^ie. 
\<j,  ppr.  Funmhing  with  habiliments  or 
tiupptying  with  thing.)  necessary 


^^  iM  ^  -  :iiiparatus 
for  a  voyage. 
F  arr-ItA'TAL,  a. 


Having  wliecbi  of  the  same  size 
■  r.  Eneyc.  Dom,  Econ, 

t  UM,   n. ;    pU   EtiuisETA.      [L.  r^uiu,  a 
i  .'f'n,  a  bristle] 
>  iius  of  iilaiiLii,  the  Kpocies  of  which 

ar  ■  •U.     Tho  plant:*  are  leatle^?,  with 

h'^  itainingniiich  oilicioiis  matter.    The 

<*,  known  tM  the  Duuh  ru^h^  or 
iimcb  used  for  scouring  and  poliifb- 
lals.  Partinffton.     Encyc.  Jifiu 

i- •♦■  I  ■'  .1  ».^»  i'.,  n.  An  Miual  sounding;  a  name 
by  which  the  Gn-ckn  distinguislicd  the  consonances 
of  (he  octavo  and  double  octave,  Buaby. 

EaMn-TA-flLK,  (tk'wiMab!,)  a.  [Fr.  cquHable,  from 
L.  tffMibu.  from  iMqiius^  equal.] 

1.  K<iual  In  regard  in  the  rights  of  persons ;  dis- 
Iributmg  equal  Justice  ;  giving  cAch  hU  duo  ;  assign- 
ing to  one  or  muf.  what  law  ur  juHicc  demands; 


Jurt 

(«'■'  ■ 

III' 

J"-' 

Impartial. 

The  Ji'ilg.'  do-jH  jiisilcc  bv  an  taui- 
'     '  vftwUI  rnako  on  f^uOuW^  dis- 

lion  to  do  juaticCj  or  doing 

...  .-.  ..■>.'.  i-idge. 

fa  court.  Kent. 
■■<■  t-  Ing  Just 

Ei". 

•  lurtribu- 

lin;  '. ,  ..    .  J  .  .  . .  ijiis  ;  as, 

tbo  rtputabifte^  of  a  ilccixioii,  or  dislnbiitinn  of  prop- 
erty. 
EQ'if   i\  f!l  V       k«,'.ift-bly,)arfr.     fn  an  cqnitable 
nil  :jally.    The  laws  should  be 

E-U'  .  .1.,  o.     In  geometry,  a  term  ap- 

plied lo  a  curve  wiiusc  tangent  u  equal  to  a  constant 
line.  IfaUoru 


ECl'UI-TANT,  a.     [U.  equitan.".  (ijuUo,  to  ride,  from 

tquf*.  a  h'»r^Minn.  or  f^.'f,  a  liwiw.] 
1  .       ,       ,,,j.j,  jj  Bjtuaiion  of  un- 

,  ,  ' .  lliiLt  tliey  overliiji  t-uch 

,,i,  -1  luanut-r,  vvilbuut  any 

iii\<'iitti<'ii. 
EUn  TATION,  n.   A  ridine  on  horseback.   Barrote. 
EU'L'I-TV,  (ek'wc-lo.)  «.     [L.  a^iUu^  from  itquu^, 
equal,  evi-n,  level  ;  I'r.  ftfutli  i  It.  tquitd.] 

1.  iuBlice  :  right.  In  practice,  equity  in  the  Iminr- 
lial  diritribution  of  Justice,  or  thu  doing  that  lo  iinolh- 
er  which  the  laws  of  Cod  and  mnnt  and  uf  reusoiii 
give  him  a  right  to  claim.  It  in  tho  treating  of  a  per- 
son according  to  jii>iTicf  and  reason. 

The  U)  I  1  '^'1  '•■'  *  "►•  '7ul/y.  —  P«.  If  fill. 

WUh  r.-  ■  ■  l^-lir    ^'^■'  l*^'',  sunt  rijtrot*  wllh 

•J... 

S.  JuKtiK  ;  uii|>^trii;tlity ;  a  junt  regard  to  right  or 
claim  ;  ux,  we  mui't  In  e,/uity  allow  tbix  claim. 

3.  In  /ufc,  an  e(|iiitubli'  clutni. 

I  coiiafcl^r  (he  »*'•  tnutty  lo  t«  uo  well  f.Octi  U>  tr  tlinkm. 
'  Kent. 

•\,  In  juritprudener,  tUo  correction  or  qualiflcalion 
of  law,  when  too  e^^vere  or  difeclivo ;  or  the  exten- 
sion of  the  words  of  the  law  to  cases  not  expressed, 
yet  coming  within  the  reason  of  the  law.  Ilencu  a 
court  of  equity  or  chatic4'r\',  t^  a  court  which  corrects 
the  operation  of  the  literal  ti  .\t  of  tho  law,  and  8U|>-  i 
jjie-t  in  defects  by  reasonable  constniclion,  and  by 
niksof  proceeding  and  deciding  which  arc  not  admis- 
sible in  n  court  of  l:iw.  Equity,  then,  is  tho  law  of 
rea!<on,  exercised  by  the  chanctllor  or  Judge,  giving 
renudy  In  cases  to  which  tho  courts  or  law  are  not 
competent.  BlacJctUme. 

5.  Eauitij  of  redemption ;  In  law,  the  ndvanUigo, 
rdlowcd  to  a  mortgagor,  of  a  reasonable  time  to  re- 
deem lands  mortgaged,  when  the  estate  is  of  greater 
value  than  the  sum  for  which  it  w;t8  mortgaged. 

Biackstone.  - 
E-ftUIV'AEEN'CE,  n.     TL.  <r^uiw,  equal,  and  pa/ciu, 
from  ralro,  to  l»e  worth.] 

1.  )-:<iuality  of  value  ;  equal  value  or  worth.  Take 
the  g<K>d<i,  and  give  nn  equicalenee  in  com. 

2.  E<[tial  jhiwer  cr  fitrce. 
E-aUIV'A-LI'A'CE,  r.  U    To  be  equal  to.       Brown. 

[This  verb  has  not  gained  currency.] 
E  aiMV'A  LENC-/:D,/'/7.     l:>|ualed  in  weight,  &c. 
E-m;iV'A-LE.\C-INO,    ppr.      Equaling    lu     value, 

weight,  *tc. 
E-aUIV'A-LENT.  a.    Etpial  in  value  or  worth.     In 

barter,  the  goods  given  arc  supposed  to  be  cquiviilcut 

to  the  goods  received.    Equiralent  in  valiu  or  worVt^ 

is  tautological. 

2.  E<pml  in  force,  power,  or  effect.  A  steam-. 
engine  may  have  furcc  or  power  cqtiivalcRt  lo  tliat 
of  thirty  horses. 

3.  Equal  in  moral  force,  cogency,  or  effect  on  the 
mind.  Circumstantial  cvidcnco  may  be  almost  equiv- 
tdent  lo  full  proof. 

■I.  Of  the  same  import  or  meaning.  Friendship 
anil  amity  arc  eqnivalait  terms. 

Cor  now  to  acrrc  vkI  t<>  iiiiiitttcr,  w:tf}ia  and  irdiiiifa;riiil   are 
term*  fjydvaienl.  South. 

E^uici^nt  propositions,  in  loffiCf  are  called  niso 
cquipoUenL 

5.  Equal  in  excellence  or  inonil  worth.  .Ifi/ton. 
E-aUIV\VEE.\T,  n.  That  which  is  equal  in  value, 
weight,  dignity,  or  force,  willi  something  else.  The 
debtur  can  not  pay  his  creditor  in  money,  but  be  will 
pay  him  an  e'juiralcitt ;  damages  in  money  can  nut 
be  an  eqnivatmt  for  the  loss  of  a  limb, 

2.  In  chcmlitrtj,  equiealent  Is  the  proportion  express- 
ing the  weight,' or  quantitj;  by  weighl,  v\'  any  sub- 
stance wblcli  combines  with  another  suhtitiinco  lo 
form  a  definite  compound.  Il  is  often  called  chanital 
equivalent,  or  combinini^  proportion. 

3.  In  ifeolofftfy  a  ItTiu  applied  lo  slnla  of  diflV-rent 
rcgiuns,  wliich  were  cotcmpomncous  in  origin.  Dana. 

E-CiTMV'A-I-ENT-LY,  ndc.    In  an  equal  manner. 

E'dUI-VALVE,  a.  Having  the  valves  equal  in  size 
and  form,  a  term  applied  to  certain  bivalve  shells. 

£'(lUI-VAIiVE,  n.  A  bivalve,  in  which  Uio  ralves 
are  of  equal  si/.c  and  form. 

i:-ai.'IV'0-eA-CY, «.     Efptivocalness.     [JVoI  nsaL] 

Brown. 

TSfClVlVO'CAh,  a.  [Txiw  L.  tnpiivoctLn ;  aquiis, 
equal,  and  roz,  a  word  ;  Fr.  cquictxjuei  It.  equivo- 
cate.   Pec  VocAi-] 

1.  Iteing  of  dotibtful  signiffcatinn  :  that  may  be 
uiiderslood  In  different  senses  ;  cairjlile  of  a  double 
Interpretation  ;  nmblgitous ;  afl,  ejuivocnt  words, 
terms,  or  senses.  Men  may  be  misled  In  Uieir  opin- 
ions by  Ihir  uye  of  e,ni\voeal  lerins. 

2.  Doulrtful ;  QUibiguous  ;  tnisreplilde  of  different 
confitniciKin^  ;  not  decided.  The  cliaracter  of  the 
man  is  somewhat  equivocal.  His  conduct  is  cquic- 
ocat. 

3.  Uncertain  ;  proceeding  from  some  unknown 
cause,  or  not  frum  the  usual  cause.  Emivoail  gen- 
eration Is  the  production  of  animals  without  the  In- 
t'  rcnursc  of  the  sexes,  and  of  plants  williout  seed. 

1      This  doctrine  is  now  exploded. 

E-aUIV'0-eAL,  II.      A  word  or  term  of   doubtful 
I      meaning,  or  capable  of  difft-rent  meanings.     DenniM. 


ERA 

E-UUIV'O-CAl.I.V,  ai/c.     Anibipiimaly  ,  in  l\  doub^ 
ful  iH-iiKt*  i  ill  Utiiis  ituijcc-iiltlitv  nr  diirurriit  senBca, 
llu  aliawrrcil  lilt!  qucstiuli  {Yuiri>cu//y. 
'2.  By  uuct-nuiii  liirtli ;  by  equivi-cni  gencralion. 

E-QUlV'0-CAL-N'ESP,  n.   Ambiguity  ;  ilouWi;  mcu- 
ilil.  ^Wm* 

K-aUlVO-CATE,  n.  i.     [IL  tquiKoeart  i    I'r.  i^uiw. 
quer,     Fi'c  Enl'ivot-A'-.] 

To  iiitt  wuril!!  of  a  uontilful  t«ii:liiftrnlluii ;  lu  ex-  | 
pri'xii  onc'ii  tijiiiiiontf  in  li-niis  wIiipIi  itiliiiil  uf  dilTcr-  '| 
elit  HI-III41-.4  ;  til  usu  ainliicnuiiri  cxiiri'^jiiiiiiH  with  a    j 
view  to  iiiiiiic'ltd.     To  tquivorate  in  till'  di'illonipr.iti!!' 
woric  of  diiplii-ity.    'i'lit;  iiiirialit  man  will  not  r';..>i 
orntt  ill  lliM  inlt-ri-oiirM)  Willi  M*  fclloW-iiKMl. 

EUlJIV'O  t'A-TI.NG,  ppr.  or  o.  U«lng  uiiililsuuiu 
wurdu  ur  i»linij*f«.  1 

E-ftUIV-u  t'A'TlO.N',  n  Ambiguity  of  «|i<rrh  ;  llio 
UHc  of  wiird.i  or  cxpros^lonri  tli;it  iiri'  (iiisirjilibl"  ..i  ;\ 
doiiliU'  iii(,niinciitiuri,  with  a  vii-\v  !<•  iiii..Iiad.  Itv:i'.- 
critt'T*  art'  often  guilty  I'f  r'/in'rcri^.'n  .i,  uiid  by  i;ii. 
means  lusc  tljc  coiifidenci' of  their  f.'llow-iinii.  /:.,. 
vcalion  in  incoiiipatiblL-  with  tlie  Cliri:illail  ebni:p  t-  r 
and  nrofennion. 

E  (lUlV'O-CJ -Ton,  II.     One  who  eipiiv.ir.lto-  .  .  . 
who  lines  lanRuaite  whieli  In  ainblf;noiiH,  tin.l  iii>i>  >' 
inleriireted  in  ililfereiit  ways;  one  who  ilnts  nithlal 
re!{ervation.  i 

E-nKIV'(iCA-TO-UY,  a.    Savoring  of  ciiiilTociiUoB.  j 

KU'Ul-VOKE,      I  rp,  „„;„„„„,  1 

1.  An  ambiguous  term  ;  u  word  suoccptiblc  of  di^  ^ 

2.  i'^iuivocatlon.  [ferent  Rlifinlicattiittl*  , 
E-aUIV'0-KOlIS,o.  [L.f^ui/J, home, and roro.lo cat) 

Feeding  or  subsiitting  on  Iiume  lleiili.  | 

E^fAtorouM  TarUrt.  Quirt  /!«.       1 

ER,  tho  termination  of  many  EngllHh  werds,  1«  the 
Teutonic  form  of  the  Latin  er;  the  one  contrnrleij 
from  tcfr.  the  otlier  from  rir,  a  man.  II  dennli  ^n 
agent,  originally  of  the  m.-i-^ciiliiu*  pvnilL-r,  bin  i:  .■. 
applied  to  men  or  thing-i  indilferenlly ;  an  In /-.'•f. 
/.jmier,  hralcr.  irraUT.  At  the  end  of  iiani.-ji  ol 
plarefl,  fr  xignillei)  a  man  of  the  place  ;  l^mloner  la 
the  iminc  as  Lomlon  man. 

There  is  a  pa:':?age  in  Ilcrodotim,  Jlelpnincni',  110, 
in  which  the  word  iccr,  rir,  a  man,  is  mentuinrd  oi 
used  by  the  !-cytliiaiis  i  a  fad  juoving  the  aTliiiity  iif  llio 
Scythian  ami  the  Teutonic  nation.  Tit «':  Af  ^K  .  -li 
jcaAEowCTi  "I  JJicv^ai  Oi^/jirurn.  ^vvhitui  ii  to  •>  ■ 
TOVTO  Karl  "EXAiiea  jAw^pdr  iti^.tKroiol.  '  ■ 
J  no  ifuAfoi'Ti  TPv  iic^/jfi,  TO  it  nriTctjKrctfiii,  *•  i  lie 
t'cythlans  call  the  .Ainazonn  Oiorpala,  a  word  «  hicli 
may  be  rendered  in  Greek  mrn^iUers  ;  for  oior  i*  tlw 
name  thev  give  to  man  ;  pala  eipiifiea  Ui  kill."  I'fta, 
In  the  Durnian  language,  Bignilles  to  AiH;  but  II  U 
probable  that  tliia  ia  really  tllo  Enjjli.'.h  lir<it :  W. 
bacliif  to  kill. 
C'llA,  II.  [U  ffra;  Fr.  ere;  Sp.  era.  Tlio  orifm  1 
the  term  is  not  obvious.] 

1.  Ill  chronology,  a  died  point  of  lime,  f^om  Hliirli 
any  number  of  years  is  begun  to  be  counted  :  as,  the 
Christian  crii.  II  dilTers  from  epoch  in  this  :  rra  Ini 
point  of  time  (Ixcd  by  some  naliuii  or  deuoiiiin.nliun 
of  men  ;  rpocA  is  a  imint  lixej  by  liiat.irians  and 
chronolngists.  The  Christian  era  began  at  lb.'  t«* 
of  the  birth  of  Christ.  ^'  ^ 

9.  A  succession  of  yearn  proceeding  from  ;i  ii     ■ 
point,  or  comprehended  between  two  filed  |'      l 
The  era  of  the  Sclcucidcs  ended  with  the  reicu  of 
Aiiliochus.  ItoUin. 

E-Ra'DI-STE,  r.  i.    [1-  e  and  radio,  to  beam.) 

To  shoot  as  mys  of  Iif:ht ;  to  beam. 
E-UA-I)I-.^'TI0.N,  II.    Emission  of  rays  or  beams  or 

light ;  emission  of  light  or  splendor.    Kina  Charlu, 
E-RAU'l-eA-BLE,  a.    That  may  bo  eradicated. 
E-ltAl)'I  e.^TE,  r.  (-     [1...  erailico,  from  raiiu,  root.] 
I.  To  pull  up  the  roots,  or  by  the  roots.     Hence,  lo 
destroy  any  thing  that  grows  ;  to  extirpate ;  to  de- 
stroy the  rooLi,  so  that  tho  plant  will  not  be  repro- 
duced ;  as,  to  eradicate  weeds. 

9.  To  destroy  thoroughly  ;  to  cxllr|iate  ;  as,  to  fra* 
icdle  errors,  or  false  principles,  or  vice,  or  disease. 
IMlAD'I-eA-TEI),  jip.     Plucked  up  by  the  roots ;  ex- 
tirpated ;  destroyed. 
E  UAUI-eA-TING,  ppr.    Pulling  up  the  rooU  of  any 

thing ;  extirpating. 

E-KAU-I-CA'TION,  n.     The  act  of  plucking  up  by 

the  roots  ;  ejtirpatlon  ;  cicifion  ;  total  de.-lructlon. 

9.  'I'he  state  of  being  plucked  up  by  the  roots. 

E  KAiri-eA-TIVE,  0.     That  extirpates)  that  cures 

or  destroys  thoroughly. 
E-llAIJ'l-C.VTIVE,  B-    A  medicine  that  eflicts  a  nd- 

icnl  cure.  imUoci. 

E-ltA.«'A-BLE,  a.    That  may  or  can  he  erased. 
i;-llA.«i;',  t .  u    [L.  erado,  crori ;  e  and  rorfo,  to  scrape, 
Fr.  raser,  8p.  raer,  lU  raichiare.  Arm.  raia.    Bee  Ar. 

^JsS  eraiia,  to  corrode,  Ch.  TiJ,  lo  scrape,  llcb 

Bin,  a  graving  tool,  Syr.  and  Ar.  Isjia.  UutrcU,  to 
ecrapc.    Class  Rd,  No.  35,  38,  and  08.]      ^^^^ 


FATE,  FAR,  FjVLL,  WIIjST MCTE,  PRBV.  — PL\E,  MAKINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  U'pI.F,  BQ(?K.- 

406  ' 


I 


ERE 

1.  To  rub  or  scnipe  out,  as  letters  or  characters 
written,  engraved,  or  painted  j  to  clface  ;  as,  to  erase 
a  word  ur  a  name. 

2.  To  obliterate  j  to  expunge ;  (o  blot  out  j  as  with 
pen  nitd  ink. 

3.  To  efface ;  to  destroy  ;  as  ideas  in  the  mind  or 
racmor>\ 

4.  'i'o  destn»y  to  the  foundation.    [See  Raze.] 
E-RaS'£D,  (e-rastc',)  pp.    Rubbed  or  scratched  out ; 

oblJleraled  j  effaced. 

2.  In  heraldry,  a  term  applied  to  any  thing  forcibly 
torn  oif,  leaving  the  edges  jagged  and  uneven. 

E-RASK'SlEr«JT,  n.  The  act  of  erasing;  a  rubbing 
out ;  e.xpunction  ;  obhteralion  ;  destruction. 

li-RAS'Elt,  H.     One  who  erases. 

•2  A  sharp  instrument  used  to  erase  writings,  &c. 

E-R.^S'ING,  ppr.  Rubbing  or  scraping  out ;  obhter- 
ating;  destroying. 

E-Ra'SION,  (e-ra'zhun,)  iu  The  act  of  erasing;  a 
rubljingoutj  obliteration.  Black,  Chem. 

E-RAS'TIAN,  i(.  One  of  a  party  in  the  English 
Church,  who  professed  to  follow  the  principles  of 
Thomns  Eraslus,  a  learned  German  physician,  and 
maintained  that  the  church  is  "  a  mere  creature  of 
the  stale,"  dependent  upon  it  for  its  existence,  and 
for  all  its  powers.  J.  Murdoch. 

E-RAS'TIAi\-JSM,  n.  The  principles  of  the  Eras- 
tians.  Leslie. 

E-Ra'SIJRE,  (e-ra'zhur,)  7(.  The  act  of  erasing;  a 
scratching  out ;  obliteration. 

2.  The  place  where  a  word  or  letter  haa  been 
erased  or  obliterated. 

ER'BI-UM,  71.  A  metal  recently  discovered  in  ores  of 
yttrium.  Ure. 

5RE,  (ar,)  adv.  [Sax.  tsr;  G.  chcr;  D.  ecr ;  Goth.  mr. 
This  is  the  root  of  earUj,  and  <er,  in  Saxon,  signifies 
the  morning.  Before  ever  we  use  or,  "  or  ever." 
Let  it  be  observed  thai  ere  is  not  to  be  confounded 
with  e'er,  for  ever.] 
Before ;  sooner  than. 

Ere  sails  were  spread  new  oceans  to  explore.  Dryden. 

The  nobleman  saiiii  to  him,  Sir,  come  liown  ere  my  chiM  die.  — 
John  iv. 

In  these  passages,  ere  is  really  a  preposition,  fol- 
lowed by  a  sentence,  instead  of  a  single  word,  as 
gRE,  (ar,)  prep.    Before.  ^        [below. 

Our  fruitful  Nile 
Flowed  ere  the  wonied  season.  Dryden. 

gRE'LONG,  (ar-,)  adv.  [ere  and  hng.'\  Before  a 
long  time  liad  elapsed.     [Ofis.,  or  little  iised-l 

He  iHOiinlcd  the  liorse,  and  following  the  slag,  erelong  slew 
liim.  Spenser, 

9.  Before  a  long  time  shall  elapse;  before  long. 
Erdong  you  will  repent  of  your  folly. 

The  world  erelong  a  world  of  tcan  must  weep.  hTdlon, 

gRE'NOW,  advi.    [ere  and  71010.]    Before  this  time. 

Dryden. 
ERE'WHiLE,    \  adv.      [ere  and  while.']      Some  time 
ERE' WHILES,  J     ago;  before  a  little  while.    [Obs.] 

I  am  as  fair  now  as  I  was  creiohUe.  SfmJi. 

ER'E*BUS,  71.    [L.  erebus;  Gr.  epc/h;;  Oriental  J-i>?, 

evening,  the  decline  of  the  sun,  whence  darkness, 

blackness.] 
In  mijtJiology,  darkness ;  hence,  the  region  of  the 

dead  ;  a  deep  and  gloomy  place  ;  hell.    Shak.  Jililton. 
E-REGT',  a.     [L.  erectus,  from  critro,  to  set  upright ;  c 

dJid  rego,  to  stretch  or  make  straight,  r/a-/i(,  rcclits; 

It.  erctiu.     See  Right.] 

1.  Upright,  or  in  a  perpendicular  posture ;  as,  Jie 

2.  Directed  upward.  [stood  erect. 

And  BOppUant  hands  to  heaven  erect.  Phiiips. 

3.  Upright  and  firm  ;  bold  ;  unshaken. 

Let  no  vain  fear  thy  generous  ardor  lame ; 

But  Eland  erect.  GranoUle. 

4.  Raised;  stretched;  intent ;  vigorous  ;  as,  a  vigi- 
lant and  erect  attention  of  raind  in  prayer.  Hooker. 

5.  Stretched  ;  extended. 

6.  In  botavy,  an  erect  stem  is  one  which  is  without 
support  from  twining,  or  nearly  perpendicular  ;  an 
erect  leaf  is  one  which  grows  close  to  the  stem ;  an 
erect  flower  has  its  aperture  directed  upward.  Martyn. 

E-RE€T',  V.  t.  To  raise  and  set  in  an  upright  or  per- 
pendicular direction,  or  nearly  such;  as,  to  erect  a 
pole  or  llagstalT. 

To  erect  a  perpendicular^  \s  to  set  or  form  one  line  on 
another  at  right  angles. 

-'.  To  raise,  as  a  building  ;  to  set  up ;  to  build  ;  as, 
to  erect  a  house  or  temple  ;  to  erect  a  fort. 

3.  To  set  up  or  establish  anew  ;  to  found  ;  toform; 
as,  to  erect  a  kingdom  or  commonwealUi ;  to  erect  a 
new  system  or  theory. 

4.  To  elevate  ;  to  exalt. 

I  am  Cxr  fron\  pretending  to  uifaUibility ;  thai  would  be  to  erect 
myself  into  an  apostle.  Locke. 

5.  To  raise;  to  excite;  to  animate;  to  encourage. 

Why  should  not  hope 
As  much  end  our  ihoughta,  as  fear  dejea  them  ?      Denham. 

6.  To  raise  a  consequence  from  premises.    [LitUe 

Malebnnche  erecU  this  propoailioD.  Locke. 

7.  To  extend  ;  to  distend. 


ERM 

E-REGT',  I'.  (.     To  rise  upright.  Bacon. 

E-RE€T'A-1ILE,  a.  Thai  can  be  erected  ;  as,  an 
ercctuble  feather.  MonUiint. 

E-KEeT'ED,  p/7.  Set  in  astraicht  and  perpendicular 
direction;  set  upright ;  raised;  built ;  establi.*jlied  ; 
elevated  ;  animated  ;  extended  and  distended. 

E-REeT'l!^,  n.  One  that  erects ;  one  that  raises  or 
builds. 

E-REC'TILE,  a.    That  which  may  be  erected. 

E-REGT'ir^G,  ppr.  Raising  and  setting  upright; 
budding ;  founding;  establishing;  elevating ;  in- 
citing; extending  and  distending. 

E-REe'TION,  7(.  The  act  of  raising  and  setting  per- 
pendicular to  the  plane  of  the  horizon ;  a  setting 
upright. 

2.  The  act  of  raising  or  building,  as  an  edifice  or 
fortification  ;  as,  the  erection  of  a  wall,  or  of  a  house. 

3.  The  state  of  being  raised,  built,  or  elevated. 

4.  Establishment ;  settlement ;  formation ;  as,  the 
erection  of  a  commonwealth,  or  of  a  new  system  ;  the 
ei-cclioit  of  a  bishopric  or  an  earldom. 

5.  Elevation;  exaltation  of  sentiments. 

Ucr  peerless  highl  my  mind  lo  high  erection  drawo  up.  Sidna/, 

G.  Act  of  rousing ;  excitement ;  as,  the  erection  of 
the  spirits.  Bacon. 

7.  Any  thing  erected ;  a  building  of  any  kind. 

Gloss,  of  Arch, 

8.  Distention  and  extension. 
E-RECT'IVE,  a.    Setting  upright;  raising. 
E-RECT'LY,  ado.    In  an  erect  posture.  Brown. 
E-REGT'NESS,  n.     UprigJitness  of  posture  or  form. 
E-REGT'OR,  71.  A  muscle  that  erects  ;  one  that  raises. 
ER'E-MIT-AOE,  71.    See  Hebmitage. 
ER'E-MITE,  71.  [L.  eremita,-  Gr.  c/j/;/itr;;s,from£pi;;ios, 

a  desert.] 

1.  One  who  lives  in  a  wilderness,  or  in  retirement, 
secluded  from  intercourse  with  men.  It  is  generally 
written  Hermit  ;  which  see.  Ralegh.    Milton. 

9.  A  mineral  identical  with  monaiite.  Dana. 
ER-E-MIT'IC-AL,  a.    Living  in  solitude,  or  in  seclu- 
sion from  tlie  world. 

ER'E-MIT-ISM,  71.  State  of  a  hermit ;  a  living  in  se- 
clusion from  social  life.  Murdoch. 

E-REP-Ta'TION,  7j.     [from  L.  erepto.]    A  creeping 

E-REP'TION,  n.     [L.  ereptio.]  [forth. 

A  taking  or  snatching  away  by  force. 

ER'E-TIIISM,  71.    [Gr.  qjti.Uapo?.] 

A  morbid  degree  of  energy  and  perfection  in  tiie 
performance  of  any  function. 

ER-E-THIS'Tie,  a.    Relating  to  an  erethism. 

ER'GAT,  V.  i.     [L.  ergo.] 

To  infer  ;  to  draw  conclusions.  [JVof  uMd.]  Hewyt. 

ER'GO,  adv.     [L.]     Therefore. 

ER'GOT,  n.  |Tr.,  a  spur.]  In  farriery,  a  stub,  like  a 
piece  of  soft  horn,  about  the  bigness  of  a  chestnut, 
situated  behind  and  below  the  pastern  joint,  and 
commonly  hid  under  the  tuft  of  the  fetlock. 

2.  A  parasitic  fungus  growing  within  the  glumes  of 
various  grasses,  as  wheat,  rye,  herd's-grass,  &-c.  It 
is  the  Spermcedia  Clavusof  the  botanists. 

Ell'GO-TISM,  71.     [L.  ergo.] 

A  logical  inference  ;  a  conclusion.  Brown. 

ER'GOT-ISM,  7i.     [from  ergot.]     The  morbid  effects 

of  ergot,  or  Spermcedia  Clavus. 
ER'I-A€H,  n.     [Irish.]     A  pecuniary  fine.    Spenser. 
E-RID'A-NUS,  71,     [L.,  the  River  Po.]     A  winding 

southern  constellation,   containing  the    bright  star 

Achemar.  P.  Cyc. 

ER'I-GI-BLE,  rt.    That  maybe  erected,     [informed^ 

and  not  used.]  S/mwV  ZoUt. 

E'RIN  n,    Ireland. 
E-RIN''G0.    See  Ervnoo. 
ER'IN-ITE,  71.     A  native  arseniate  of  copper,  of  an 

emerald-green  color,  Ure. 

E-RIN'NYS,  7i.    [Gr.]    A  fury,  or  goddess  of  discord  ; 

and  hence,  among  the  poets,  discord  in  general. 

Shale 
E-RI-OM'E-TER,  71.     [Gr.  m^"  u»d  pcrooi'.] 

An  optical  instrument  for  measurmg  tiie  diameters 

of  minute  particles  and  fibtirs. 
E-RIST'I€,         i  a.    [Gr.  i:oif,  contention  ;    cpts-iKo^, 
E-RIST'ie-AL,  !      contentious.] 

Pertaining  to  disputes;    controversial.      [JVt»£  in 

use.] 
ERKE,7t,     [Gr.  aepyos.] 

Idle  ;  slothful.     [JSTot  in  use.]  CJiauccr. 

ER'ME-LIN.    See  Ermin. 

Ell'Mr>rE,  Mf.      [Fi:  hermine ;  It.  armellino;  Sp.  ar- 
ER'MhV,     \     miiio;    Port,  armrnlio ;   Arm.  erminicq; 

D.  hcrmdyn  ;  G.  Dan.  and  Sw.  hcrmelin.] 

1.  An  animal  of  the  genus  Mustela,  or  Putorius,an 
inhabitant  of  northern  climates,  in  Europe  and 
America.  It  nearly  resetnbles  llie  weasel  in  shape, 
food,  and  manners.  In  winter,  the  fur  is  of  a  snouy 
white;  in  summer,  the  upper  part  of  the  body  is 
generally  of  a  yellowish-brown  color,  and  the  under 
part  of  a  sulphur-yellow.  It  is  then  called  a  stoat. 
The  tip  of  the  tail  is  of  the  most  intense  black, 
throughout  the  year.    The  fur  is  much  valued. 

Paitington^ 

2.  The  fur  of  the  ermine,  which,  when  used  for 
ornamental  purposes,  has  the  black  in  small  spots 
scattered  through  the  white. 


ERR 

3.  Figitraticdtj^  the  dignity  of  judges  and  magis- 
Iratwi,  whose  j-!atc  robes,  lined  with  ermine,  were 
emhlcmalical  of  purity.  ChatJiam. 

ER'MIN--i;D,  a.  Clothed  with  ermine  ;  adorned  with 
the  fur  of  the  cnnine  ;  as,  ermined  pride ;  ermincd 
pomp.  Pope. 

EKN,7J.    [Dan.  Sw.  ffm.] 

The  scaeagle  or  osprey,  so  called  in  Scotland  ;  al- 
60  applied  toother  eagles,  jiarticularly  the  common 
p<ililen  eagle. 

EliNE,  or  /EU.\E,  a  Saxon  word,  signifying  a  place  or 
receptacle,  fonns  the  termination  of  some  Englub 
words,  as  well  as  I^atin  ;  as,  in  bam,  tanUnif  totem, 
tabcrna. 

E-RODE',  c.  (.     [L.  erodo ;  e  and  redo,  to  gnaw,  Sp. 
^  -.^ 
roer^  It.  rodere.  Ar.  ivSjl  eratsa,  to  gnaw.    Class 
Rd,No.  35.] 

To  eat  in  or  away ;  to  corrode :  as,  canker  erodtt 
the  flesh. 

The  blood,  being  too  sharp  or  thin,  erodcM  Uie  reneU. 

E-RoD'ED,77p.    Eaten;  gnawed;  cerroded. 

2.  a.  In  7ia(iirai  Awtory,  having  the  edge  irregulaily 

jagged,  as  if  gnawed  or  eaten.      Braitde.     Loudon. 

E-R5D'ING,  ppr.      Eating  into;  eating  away;   cor- 

ER'O-GATE,  r.  t.     [h.  crogo.]  [roding. 

To  lay  out ;  to  give ;  to  bestow  upon.     [J\"c(  itsoL] 

EluoL 
ER-O-Ga'TION,  7t.  Theactofeonfcmng.  [Act  iwat] 
E-RoSE',  a,     [I.,  crosus.]  [Etyot. 

In  botany,  an  erose  leaf  has  small  sinuses  in  the 
marcin,  as  if  gnawed.  Martyji. 

E-Ro'SlO.\,  (e-ro'zhun,)  n.     [L.  erosio.] 

1.  Tlie  act  or  operation  of  eating  away. 

2,  The  state  of  being  eaten  away ;  oorrosion ; 
canker, 

E-Ro'SIVE,  a.    Having  the  property  of  eating  away, 

or  corroding;  corrosive.  IlumbU. 

E-ROT'ie,  \         r,.  ,        -, 

E-ROT'ie-AL,  p-     L*'--   ^-■•'^'  '"^'^-1 

Pertaining  to  love  ;  treating  of  love.  Encyc. 

EROT'ie,  n._  An  amorous  composition  or  poem.  Encyc. 
ER-0*TO-MA'Ni-A,  >  71.  [Gr.  rr&js,  love,  and  uavia. 
E-RO-TOM'A-NY,     j      maniaj 

Melancholy,  which  is  the  effect  of  love. 
ER-PE-TOL'O-GIST,  71.     [Gr.  tnniTosy  reptile,  and 
'}^0Y0';,  discourse.] 

One  who  writes  on  the  subject  of  reptiles,  or  is 
versed  in  the  natural  historj*  of  reptiles.  [See  Heb- 
PETOLOGisT.J  Ch.  Observer, 

ER-PE-TOL'O-0  Y,  h.    [Supra.]    That  part  of  natural 
history  which  treats  ofreptiles.   [SeeUERPEToLocv.] 
Diet,  ofXaU  Hist. 
ERR,  V.  i,     [L.  erro  ;  Fr.  crrcr ;  Sp.  error ;  It.  errare  ; 
G.  irren  ;  Sw.  irra ;  Dan.  irrer.] 

1.  To  wander  from  the  right  way  ;  to  deviate  from 
the  true  course  or  purpose. 


But  errs  rmt  iKtlun-  ftwiii  this  ?Tacio;u  end, 
From  burning  sims  when  livid  dcatlis  descend  ? 


Pope. 


9.  To  miss  the  right  way,  in  morals  or  religion  ;  lo 
deviate  from  the  path  or  line  of  duty ;  to  stray  by 
design  or  mistake. 

We  have  erred  and  stnij-od  like  lost  ibccp.         Com.  Preytr. 

3.  Tomistake;  tocommit  error  ;  lo  do  wrongfrom 
ignorance  or  inattention.  Men  err  in  judgment  from 
ignorance,  from  want  of  attention  to  facts,  or  from 
previous  bias  of  mind. 

4.  To  wander  ;  to  ramble. 

A  slomi  of  Btrokns,  well  meant,  with  Tory  6ics, 

And  errs  i\bout  their  lemplcs,  cart,  and  eyca.  Dryden, 

ER'RA-BLE,  a.    Liable  to  mistake ;  fallible.     [LittU 

used,] 
ER'R.-V-BLE-NESS,  7j.  Liablencss  to  mistake  or  error. 

\Vc  may  infer  from  the  errabUneMf  of  our  natures  Uip  rvasooa- 
bloriesa  of  companion  to  llie  scducod.  Decay  of  Piety. 

ER'RAND,  71.  [Sax.  ttrend.,  a  message,  mandate,  le- 
gation, business,  narration  ;  ttrcndian,  to  icll,  or  re- 
late ;  Sw.  drende  ;    Dan.  (rrinde.] 

1.  A  verbal  message  ;  a  mandate  or  ordi-r  ;  some- 
thing to  be  told  or  done;  a  communication  to  be 
made  to  some  person  at  a  distance.  The  servant  was 
sent  on  an  errand :  he  told  his  errand ;  he  has  done 
the  errand.  These  are  the  must  common  modes  of 
using  this  word. 

1  have  a  ecctcI  errand  to  Ihcc,  O  king.  —  Judgifs  ik. 

2.  Any  special  business  to  be  transacted  by  a  mes- 
senger. 

ER'RANT,  a,  [Fr.  errant;  L.  errans.  from  erro,  to 
err.] 

1.  Wandering;  roving;  rambling;  applied  partic- 
ularly to  knights,  who,  iii  the  middle  ages,  wandered 
about  to  seek  adventures,  and  display  their  heroism 
and  generosity,  called  knights  errant. 

2.  Deviating  from  a  certain  course.  SAjX: 

3.  Deviating  from  the  regular  course,  and  hence 
wild,  extravagant,  notorious  ;  as,  an  errant  fool,  [now 
spelt  Arrant.]  B.  Jonscn. 

4.  Itinerant.     [Obs.] 

ER'RANT,  for  Arrant,  an  old  orthography.  [See 
Arrant.] 


TONE,  B[JLL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CU  as  SU ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

T  ~407~ 


£RU 


ESC 


ESC 


EU'KA.NT-UY.K.    Awandcrlnsi  afovmsorrmnWinc 
;ht  emuit. 
.  aj,  ftutu  frr«,  to  ivan- 

Lx:  ■ 

;  no  certain  courae  ;  roving 
al  tinaiion.  Popr. 

<*r  itAtiunary ;  applied  to  the 
ytr  ■<^m  tKtJiitd  ttars. 

ffitrrr^f. 


■    !■■     |-Il.  II    111.   II. I    U  l."ll    tri:ito 

■n  the  carth'a  -turrnce. 

C<jekemmt. 
"   '.liom  rule,  orUur,  it 
v.  Brtnen, 

f.Vtrt  used.] 
IM  •■  Vf.cu)     An  rrror 

or  ■  ..-I  »)f  the  errata 

pi  jiriiiins  or  I'lul, 

IK-  ■•  t>>  til'  I'  i:^<-   ..u<i  iiiu.t  in  which  Uioy 

t.  of  Ckk. 
i.ii  i;lll.^».,  (cr'rinc,)  d.     [dr.  ipinvov ;   iv  and  pir, 
lh«  nose.  J 

Aircciiiii;  the  noeic,  or  lu  bo  anulTed  into  the  nose  ; 
occa-<ioning  iiiscliari;cfl  frvtn  tho  nose. 
KK'KIIINK,  (cr'rlnc.)  n.     A  mcdicinu  to  be  snuOed  up 
the  nu^-,  lo  promulc  di-scliargea  of  mucit^t. 

Coze,     Kneye. 
KRK'lXi:,  ppr.  or  a.    Wandering  from  the  truth  or  liic 

richlwny;  mbtnkinc;  irregulnr. 
ER-IIO'Nk-OUS,  a.    [L.  rrronfiaa,  from  ctto,  to  err.] 
1    ^Vandvring ;  roving ;  un:jetilcd. 

TVy  roam 
Err^ntput  ufl  diacotuoUir,  Ptiitipt. 

2.  Deviating;  devious;  irrtgular;  wnnderingfrom 
tho  right  courae. 

Crroncouj  drcuUtioaof  Uooel.  ArUuOinot. 

\Tkt  fortgoing  applications  of  tXe  Kord   are  less 

3.  Mistaking;  mitdcd  ;  de%*tatinp,  by  mislnke,  from 
tho  uulh.  Destroy  not  the  erronc^tus  wilJi  the  ma- 
Itcioufl. 

4.  Wrong ;  faUo  ;  mi-^lakcn  ;  not  conformable  to 
fniili ;  erring  from  inilh  or  judtico  ;  ad,  an  crronwuM 

r  JudgmcnL 
oUS  LY,  aJc.    By  mistake}  not  rightly; 

r,i.  u.  •  .>r:  i-tL'S-XESS,  ft.  Tho  Plate  of  being  erro- 
neous), \vn>nf!,  or  fabe  ;  deviation  from  riclit;  inron- 
furmily  to  truth  ;  as,  the  errunroiuuf^is  of  ii  judgmenl 
or  proposition. 

CK'KUK,  n.     [L.  rrror^  from  frro,  to  wandcr.l 
general  senAe^  a  wandering  or  dt 


eviation 


1.  In  a   general 
from  the  truth. 

iL  A  mi:!ttake  in  judcment,  by  which  men  a^^nt 
lo  or  believe  what  is  nut  Inif.  Krror  may  be  volxtn- 
tary  or  inrotuntary ;  rolunianj,  when  men  neglect  or 
(icr^crt  the  proper  means  lo  inform  tlic  mind  ;  mvul- 
mniarv.  whcn  the  mi'ans  of  judj;ini;  currt'ctly  are  not 
-  "  -r  ;viwcr.  An  error  committed  tlirough  care- 
r  haute  is  a  blunder, 

.na  ufoa  rrror  lu  moat  UTtopadwu  coMMiwnfrt. 
J.  M.  Afo/on. 

X  A  miiftakc  made  in  writing  or  oilier  perform- 
ance. It  id  no  easy  task  to  correct  the  errors  of  the 
\<€vss  ;  autliors  sometimes  charge  Uicir  own  errors  tu 
the  printer. 

4.  A  wandering  ;  cxcurjion  ;  irregular  course. 

DuTen  tj  Mk  wirub  inj  tTror$  cf  U»e  •'M.  Oryttn. 

LThls  »ense  is  unusual,  arut  hardly  Ir^tiinnle.] 
.  Ileviation  from  law,Ju.»tico,  orriglit;  oversiglit ; 
mbtako  in  conduct 

Say  Dot,  k  woa  ui  rrror.  ->  Eecka.  t. 

6.  In  Scripture  anil  thcolofftj^  sin  ^  iniquity;  trans- 
grcMton. 

■^^"".    fyn  umimtifvl  hb  trrortt    don«  thou  m*!  from  »rerrt 
..  —  V:  >ii. 

f>,  a  mlvtake  in  pleading  or  in  judcment. 

■  'rr  r.  n  a  Writ  founded  on  an  alleged  error 

)iirh  farrifs  the  Hint  to  another  tribu- 

llrncc  the  follow  inc  vrrb:  — 

•  dcienmne  a  judemLnt  of  court  lo 

.Vtil  irrU  authorized,] 

One  who  cm,  or  who  enconroges 

■  .r-f. 

■  of  ihi'  d'-<rcndifii.«i  of  the 
i(is)itnnd-i  of  ^^cotlanrl. 

■  il.i.li-  i.f  drain. 

Li;-  '  itiveofrfr     .See  Eur. 

cmntng. 

rto. 


now ;   formerly. 
i_L.  cruiic^i^Hs^  erulKJCo,  from 


i:,  u. 


A  U'coming  tfd ;  rcdncrt  of  the  akin  or  surface 
of  any  thins  ;  a  bluflhlng- 
KU-tMlE.S'L'E.NT»  a.    lUd,  ur  reddish  ;  blushing. 
E-Rl'Cr',  I  c.  f.     [L.  eructo,  ructor,  coinciding  In 

E-UCe'TATE,  J  tiemenu  with  Ch.  p-i-i,  Ilcb.  pv,  to 
■piL     Uu.  yrrk] 

To  brich  ;  lo  eject  fVora  Uio  eiomach,  ni  wind. 
[Little  ujed.\  Il^ierll. 

E-Urf'TA-'ITO,  pp.     m-Irlh-d  ;  ejected. 
E-ltUC'l'A  'I'iNC.n^r.    Idlciitn;;. 
EH  fC  TA'TKiN,  m.     [E.  emctatio.'] 

1.  The  act  of  belching  wind  from  the  stomach;  a 
bclrh. 

li.  .\  violent  bumllng  forth  or  ejection  of  wind  or 
i.llnr  matter  from  the  unitli.  tVoodieard. 

Ell'L*  DITE,  a.  f  U  rrudiiu^*,  fruui  rrudio,  to  in^tnict. 
Hu.  e  and  ruilu,  rudc.  ItallKT  Ch.  fc^yr.  Sam.  nn 
r  •     ■       '       Claw  nd,  No.  2.] 

'    usht;  learuid.  Chtsierfield. 

Kl(  iii/r.     Willi  rnidition  ur  learning. 

EK-i  .-.  .  .■  ».(ei-u  dt-iirun,)ii.  Learning;  knowl- 
edyi!  pained  by  oiudv.or  from  liottks  and  Instmcliun  ; 
particiilariv,  learnin'<:  In  liter.iture,  as  diMiiicl  fnmi 
(I,,.  .  ,,,     ,.f.,r.    .,,.t  .i.ni\ ,  and  languages. 

'11  ../ifion. 

>  Out  which  ei)«(Mn 
in    ,  >i..-  ».[..■-    ;a..  J.  Adam*. 

E-RC'CIN-OU.S  a.  [I*,  arugmosut,  from  arugo^  rurt.] 
I'urtaking  of  tho  subslaiico  or  nature  of  copper  or 
the  runt  of  C4»pp<t;  resemldiiig  nist. 

ERUPT',  r.  I.    To  burst  forth.     {.Yot  used.] 

E-ltUiT'EU,  pp.  or  a.  Forcibly  thrown  up  by  erup- 
tion;  an,  eruiited  ieiieuuii  rocks. 

E-RUP'TIOiN,  Ti.  [L.  rru/itio,  from  erampo,  erupi;  e 
and  ruinpo,  for  riipo  ;  t^p.  romper;  Fr.  rompre.  Sec 
Class  Ub,  No.  'iR,  27,  29.] 

1.  The  act  of  breakin;;  or  bursting  forth  (Vom  In- 
cloemrc  or  confinement ;  a  violent  emission  of  any 
tiling,  particularly  r.f  (laiiits  and  lava  fntm  a  volcano. 
The  cruptuyn.t  of  llecia,  iii  M^,  were  txlraordiiiary 
for  the  quantity  of  lava  di>-charged. 

2.  A  sudden  or  violent  ni.-Jhing  forth  of  men  or 
troops  for  invasion  ;  sudden  e.\rur»iou. 

liK^iucd  :lI  luch  rruption  IaiIiI.  MUton. 

3.  A  burst  of  voice;  violent  exclamation.  [Little 
used.]  South. 

A.  in  medical  science,  a  breaking  out  of  huinoni,  a 
copious  excretion  of  humors  on  the  skin,  in  pustules  ; 
nlfto,  an  elllorescence  or  redness  on  tho  skin,  as  in 
scarlatina;  cxanthemaLn ;  petechia:;  vibiccs;  as  In 
small-pox,  measles,  and  levers. 
E-RUP'TIVE,  a,     IturMing  forth. 

Th«  (ilKIrii  gl.MM^ 

Appew  t\T  aouth  rru/XiK  tliruu^h  ttic  cloud.  Thon\$on, 

2.  Attended  with  eruption  or  eflloresccnce,  or  pro- 
ducing it;  as,  an  eruptirc  fever. 

3.  In  geoloiry  produceil  by  eruption ;  as,  fri(;»(iee 
rocki*,  such  as  the  igneous  or  volcanic. 

E41VN'"G0,  n.    [Gr.  ^omyiot.] 

The  popular  name  of  the  sea-holly ;  Eryn^num,  n 
Cenui"  of  plants  of  several  species.  The  flowers  are 
Collerttd  iu  a  round  head;  the  receptacle  is  palea- 
ceous or  chafly.    The  young  shoots  are  esculent. 

ER-V-S*IP'E-LAS,  TJ.     [Gr.  tovcirrcXai.]  [Enofc 

,\  disease  called  S(,  JlntAony^s  fire  ;  a  diffused  in- 
flammation, with  fever  of  two  or  three  days,  gener- 
ally with  coma  or  delirium ;  an  eruption  of  a  lier>' 
acrid  humor,  on  some  pari  of  the  body,  but  chiefly 
on  Uw  face.  One  species  of  erysipelas  is  CAltcd  jihin- 
gles,  or  eru[)tion  with  small  vesicles. 

Coze.     Kneyc     Quinctj. 

ER-Y-SI-PEI/A-TOUS,fl.  Eruptive;  resembling er>-- 
sipelas,  or  iiartakiiig  of  its  nature. 

ER-V-.^IP'E-LOUS.     See  EnvsirELATous. 

ER-Y-TllK'.M A,  n,  [Gr.l  A  sperific  inllamination, 
rhamtturizedby  ared,  glabrous,  tumid  fullness  of  the 
int»cumenl.'<,  attended  by  burning  pain,  and  termi- 
nating in  culiciilar  scales  orvesicli:s.     J.  M.  Oood. 

ER-Y-TIIE-.MAT'I€,  a.  Oennling  a  morbid  redness 
of  nkin  ;  relating  to  erj'thema. 

ES-CA-EaDE',  H.  [Fr.  iW. ;  Sp.  c^calada;  It.  scalata; 
from  Sp.  cjcala.  It.  scala,  L.  scala,  a  ladder,  Fr.  echelle. 
See  Scale.] 

In  the  military  art,  a  furious  attack  made  by  troops 
on  a  fortified  place,  in  w  liich  ladders  are  used  to  pass 
a  ditch  or  mount  a  rampart. 

Sin  rnlim,  not  \<J  ticala/ie,  bm  by  conning  or  treachcTT. 

BudnmnMStr. 

ES-€.\-LADE',  r.  U    To  scale  ;  to  mount  and  pafs  or 
enter  by  means  of  ladders  ;  as,  lo  escaliule  a  wnll. 
Ufc  of  iVdlin^ton. 
ES  CA  I.AI)  i:i),  pp.    Scaled,  a.s  a  wall  or  nuu[KirL 
E-S  CA-LAl>'ING,p;»r.    ::!caliug,  as  troopi. 
F:tfCAL'OP,  Nkol'up.)  n.     [D.  schulp.,  a  shell.] 

1.  A  biv.Uvo  shell,  of  tlie  genus  PccUm.  The  sur- 
face 15  neatly  marked  with  ribs  radiating  from  the 
hinge  outward.  Dana. 

2.  A  regular  curving  indenture  in  the  margin  of 
any  ihinjr.     [See  Pcaixop  and  Scollop.] 

ES-tJA-PADE^  n.  [Fr.  See  Escaik.]  The  fling  of 
a  horse,  or  urdmar>-  kicking  back  of  tiis  heels. 

3.  In  SpaniiKy  flight ;  escape.     Hence,  an  impropri- 


ety of  ii)K>ech  or  behavior  of  which  an  individual  U 
inu-oncriou'*.  Urandr 

ESCAPE',  r.  t.  [Vt.  eeXapper ;  Nonn.  echcreri  Arm. 
achap ;  It.  teappare ;  t?p.  and  I'ori.  escapar ;  probablf 
from  E.  oipio,  witli  a  negative  prefix,  or  from  a  woid 
of  tlie  same  family.] 

1.  To  fli'v  from  and  avoid  ;  to  get  out  nf  the  way; 
to  liliun  -,  to  obtain  i<ecurity  from ;  lu  jkatut  without 
liann  ;  as,  lo  escape  danger. 

A  uimU  nutnltfir  tlul  ttcape  Mbtf  iwonl  ■boll  return.  —  in,  iHt. 
llAvinr  ttfottd  Urt  curTut>Uoa  Uial  U  In  llio  worhl  Uirourii  hut. 
-i  PcL  t. 

2.  To  [MiM  unobserved  ;  In  evade  ;  as,  the  fact  ct> 
capal  my  notice  or  observollon. 

3.  To  avoid  the  danger  of;  as,  lo  t.'t<tpe  the  m. 
jletn  xxviii. 

JVvle.  —  This  verb  is  properly  inlrankitive,  and  tu 
Firictness  should  be  followed  by  from ;   but  luage 
Kinctions  the  omission  of  it. 
ESCAPE',  r.  i.    To  flee,  shun,  and  be  secure  ftoni 
danger  ;  lo  avoid  an  evit. 

EieaptfoT  lli>  Ufe  to  the  mountain.  — Grn.  xli. 

2.  I'o  bo  pasised  without  hann.  The  balls  whlitlrd 
by  me ;  my  comrades  fell,  but  1  *.icaptd, 
ESeAPE',  It,   Flight  lo  shun  danger  or  injury  ;  tlio  act 
of  fleeing  from  danger.  i 

I  wcuiJ  liuti-n  my  tictipt  frt.in  Uir  wlixlr  »lonn.  —  P».  l».  ' 

2.  A  being  passed  without  receiving  injur}-,  u  ' 
when  danger  comes  near  a  per^wn,  but  iKisseH  by,  and 
the  I^c^^on  is  passive.     F^very  soldier  who  furvivc*  \  ] 
battle  lias  had  such  an  eseofie.  \ 

3.  Excuse;  subterfuge;  evasion.  Ralegh.       i 

4.  In  lair,  nn  evasion  of  legal  restminl  or  the  cut*  j 
toiIy  of  ilie  sheriir  without  due  couri*e  of  Saw.  K*'  , 
capes  are  toluHlanj  or  inroluntary  ;  rulttnturfi,  wIh-u 
an  olticer  permits  an  ofleiider  or  debtor  to  quit  (im 
custody  without  warrant ;  and  in  re  fun  Mr;/,  or  u' ;'ii 
gent,  when  an  arrested  person  quiH  the  cuatcrly  „f 
the  oflicer  against  his  will,  and  is  not  pursued  foiih- 
with,  and  retaken,  before  tlie  pursuer  hatli  lost  Mght 
of  him. 

5.  gaily;  flight;  irregularity.   { Little  used  ]     >  -it. 
G.  C»versi«hl ;  mistake.     [Little  iwrJ,  or  im/trryr.l 

ES-€APE'.ME.NT,  n.  That  iwrt  of  a  clock  oruiiirli 
which  regulates  its  movements,  and  preveiilH  tliclr 
acceleration.  E'l-  t'rifuf. 

ES-CAP'IN'G,  ppr.  Freeing  from  and  avoiding  ilangcr 
or  evil ;  being  passed  unobserved  oruiiliurl;  shun- 
ning ;  evading  ;  securing  safety  ;  quitting  Die  custody 
of  the  law  without  warrant. 

ES-€AP'IXG,  n.    Avoidance  of  danger.    Fira  ix. 

ES-e.\R'G.\-TOIRE,  (-twor,)  n.    [Fr.,  from  cteurffOlyU 
snail.] 
A  mirserv  of  snails.  ^^ddison.      ^ 

ES-e.\RP',  n.  In  fortification,  any  thing  high  and  pre- 
cipitous; sometimes  the  sitie  of  tlie  ditch  ncM  the 
ramparL  Brande, 

ES-CARP',  r.  (.     [Fr.  e^carper,  to  cut  to  a  slope;  It    j 
Scarpa,  a  slope.    See  Cabve.] 

To  slope  suddenly  ;  lo  form  a  sudden  slope  ;  a  mil- 
itary term.  Carlrton. 

E?-eARP'>.'n,  (cskarpl',)piJ.  Cut  or  formed  to  a  sud- 
den slnp«\ 

ES-eXKP'IXG,  imr.    Forming  to  a  sudden  slope. 

ES-eXRP'MENT,  n.  A  sleep  descent  or  declivity  ;  a 
precipitous  side  of  anv  hill  or  rock.  P.  Cyc 

ES-CIIA-EOT',  (esh-a  lot',)  n.     [Fr.  crkalotf.] 

A  species  of  smalt  onion  or  garlic,  the  Alhum  b«»- 
lonicum.  Encyc 

E.S'eHAR,  (es'kUr,)  n.     [Gr.  e<Tx<if>o.] 

In  svri^cnj,  the  crust  or  scab  occasioned  by  hum 
or  cauBlic  applications,  Encyc 

E.S'€IIA-R.A,  Fi.  A  species  of  coral,  resembling  a  net 
or  woven  cloth. 

ES  eilA-ROT'ie,  a.  Caustic;  having  the  powi  r  of 
searing  or  destroying  the  flesh.  O^ir.     Enc^c, 

ES-eilA-ROT'ie,  n.  A  caustic  application;  a  medi- 
cine which  scars  or  destnns  flcjih.  Coie, 

ES-eilA-TOE'O  GY,  ti.     [Gr.  io\aToi  and  \o)  o(.] 
The  doctrine  of  tho  last  or  final  things,  as  death. 
Judgment,  &c. 

ES-ClIi^AT',  H.  [Fr.  echcohr,  echoir,  choir:  Norm.  «- 
cAicr,  eschire,  eschever,  lo  fall,  lo  happen  to,  lo  eschcaL 
Tho  Fr.  fcAyir seems  to  be  the  Sp.  caer,  which  is  con- 
tracted from  the  L.  eado,  cadere.] 

1.  Any  land  or  tenements  which  casualty  fall  or 
revert  lo  tlie  lord  within  his  manor,  through  failure 
of  heirs.  It  is  the  determination  of  the  tenure,  or 
dissolution  of  Uie  mutual  bond  between  the  lord  nnd 
tenant,  from  tlie  extinction  of  the  blooil  of  the  ten 
ant,  by  death  or  natural  means,  or  by  civil  nu  nn^,  ai 
forfeiture  or  corruption  of  bU>na.  HlarksUynr. 

2.  In  the  United  State.*,  the  falling  or  passing  of 
lands  and  tenements  tn  the  State,  through  failure  of 
heirs  or  forfeiture,  or  in  cases  whore  no  owner  li 
found,  Stat,  of  .Mas*,  and  Conn. 

3.  The  place  or  circuit  within  which  the  king  or 
lord  is  entitled  to  escheats.  Enstand. 

4.  A  writ  to  recover  escheats  from  the  pi-moii  in 
possession.  Blackstonc.     Coirrl.     Encve. 

5.  The  lands  which  fall  to  the  lord  or  slate  by  escheat. 
G.  In  Scots  law,  the  forfeiture  incurred  by  a  mnn  s 

Iieing  denounced  a  rebel. 


FATE,  FAR.  FALL,  WH^T— METE,  PRgV.  — PINE,  M.UltXE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQOiC  — 
4QQ  -  " 


i 


ESC 

E^CHkAT',  r.  i.  In  England^  to  revert,  as  land,  to 
llir  lord  of  a  manor,  by  means  of  tlie  extinction  of 
llif  blood  of  the  tenant. 

2.  In  Amn-icoy  to  fall  or  come,  as  land,  to  the  state, 
through  failure  of  heirs  or  owners,  or  by  forfeiture 
for  treason.  In  the  feudal  sense,  no  escheat  can  exist 
in  the  United  States;  but  the  word  is  used  in  stat- 
utes confiscating  the  estates  of  those  wlio  abandoned 
their  country  during:  the  revolution,  and  in  statutes 
piving  to  tli'e  slate  the  lands  for  which  no  owner  can 
be  found. 

ES-CHeAT',  r.  t.    To  forfeit.     [JVol  used.]     Bp.  Hall. 

i:S-CHf:AT'A-BLE,  a.    Liable  to  escheat. 

E^-CHkAT'ACE,  It.  The  right  of  succeeding  to  an 
escheat.  Sherwood. 

I;S-L'HkAT'ED,  pp.  Having  fallen  to  the  lord  through 
want  of  heirs,  or  to  the  slate  for  want  of  an  owner, 
or  by  forfeiture. 

ES-CliEAT'IXG,ppr.  Reverting  to  the  lord  through 
failure  of  heirs,  or  to  the  slate  for  want  of  an  owner, 
or  byjbrfeiture. 

ES-CIIkAT'OR,  n.  An  officer  who  observes  the  es- 
cheats of  the  king  in  Ihe  county  whereof  he  is  es- 
clieator,  and  certifies  them  into  the  treasur)\  Camden. 

ESCHEW,  V.  t.  [Norm,  cschcrcr;  Old  Fr.escheoir; 
G.  schcuen ;  It.  schivare ;  Fr.  e^uiccr ;  Dan.  skyer  ;  to 
shun.  The  G.  scheu,  Dan.  skij^  It.  sckifo,  is  the  Eng. 
sbij.  In  S\v.  the  corresponding  words  are  sbyg^  and 
sUyggia,  which  leads  to  the  opinion  that  the  radical 
letters  are  Kg  or  Skg;  and  if  so,  these  words  corre- 
spond wilh  the  G.  scheicchcn,  to  frighten,  to  drive 
away,  which  we  retain  in  the  word  sfioo,  used  to 
scare  away  fowls.] 
To  fiee  from  ;  to  shun  j  to  avoid. 


He  who  obeys,  desUuction  shall  eidie-~s. 


Sandys. 


r5-CHE\V'/:D,  (es-chude',)/7;j.    Shunned;  avoided. 

i:S-CHE\V'I\G,  ppr.    Shunning;  avoiding. 

E.S-eOCH'EON,  n.    [Fr.]    The  shield  of  the  family. 

Wartoii. 

ES'eORT,  n.  [Fr.  escorte ;  It.  scarta,  a  guard  or  guide, 
seorgcrCy  to  discern,  lead,  conduct  Sp.  and  Port.  es~ 
coltUy  r  changed  into  L  The  Italian  has  scorto,  seen, 
perceived,  prudent,  and  as  a  noun,  abridgment ;  and 
scortare,  to  abridge,  shorten,  conduct,  escort.  The 
sense  of  short,  shorten,  is  connected  with  L.  airtas, 
and  the  sense  of  pz-udcnt  occuis  in  L.  cordaZiis.  But 
whethtr  there  is  a  connection  between  these  words, 
let  the  reader  judge.] 

1.  A  guard  ;  a  body  of  anned  men  which  attends  an 
oiiicer,  or  baggage,  provisions,  or  munitions,  conveyed 
by  land  from  place  to  pl?.ce,  to  protect  them  from  an 
enemy,  or,  in  general,  for  security. 

[This  word  is  rarely,  and  never  properly,  used  for 
naval  protection  or  protectors ;  the  latter  we  call  a 
convorj.  I  have  found  it  applied  to  naval  protection, 
but  it  is  unusual.] 

2.  In  a  more  general  snise,  protection  or  safeguard 
on  a  journey  or  excursion  ;  as,  to  travel  under  the  fs- 
cort  of  a  friend. 

ES-CORT',  V.  t.  To  attend  and  guard  on  a  journey 
or  excursion  by  land  ;  to  attend  and  guard  any  thing 
conveyed  by  land.  General  Washington  arrived  at 
Boston,  escorted  by  a  detachment  of  dragoons.  The 
stiards  escorted  Lord  Wellington  to  London. 

ES-€ORT'ED,  p;j.  Attended  and  guarded  on  a  jour- 
ney or  excursion  by  land. 

ES-CORT'ING,  ppr.  Attending  and  guarding  on  a 
journey  or  excursion  bv  land. 

ES-eOT'.     See  Scot. 

ES-€OT',  V.  t  To  pay  the  reckoning  for;  to  sup- 
port. Shak. 

ES-€01j-aDE'.    See  SqrAO 

ES-eOUT'.    See  Scout. 

ES-CRI-TOIR',  (es-kre-twor',)  n.  [iSp.  cscritorh  ;  It. 
scrittorio ;  Fr.  ccriloirc,  from  ccrirr,  ccrit,  lo  write, 
from  the  root  of  L.  scribo,  Eng.  to  scrape] 

A  box  wilh  instruments  and  conveniences  for  wri- 
ting, sometimes  a  desk  or  chest  of  drawers,  with  an 
apartment  for  the  instruments  of  writing.  It  is  often 
pronounced  scrutoir. 

ES-€KI-To'RI-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  an  escritoir. 

ES'€R6W,  n.  [Fr.  ccrou,  Norm,  cscrovcr,  cjcrowe,  a. 
scroll.] 

In  law,  a  deed  of  lands  or  tenements  delivered  lo 
a  third  person,  to  hold  till  some  condition  is  performed 
by  the  grant'-'t;,  and  wliich  is  nut  lo  take  effect  till 
tlie  contliiion  in  performed.  It  is  then  to  be  delivered 
to  the  grantee.  Blaekstyne. 

ES'€U-AGE,  7j,  [from  Fr.  ecu,  for  cscu.  L.  scutum,  a 
shield.] 

In  feudal  law,  service  of  the  shield,  called  also 
eculage  ;  a  species  of  tenure  by  knight  ser\ice,  by 
which  a  tenant  was  bound  to  follow  his  lord  to  war ; 
aftenvard  exchanged  for  a  pecuniar^'  satisfaction. 

Blackstone. 

E3-eU-L.\'FI-AN,  a.     [from  ^^culapitis,  the  physi- 
cian.] 
.Medical ;  pertaining  lo  ihe  healing  art.      Ycun^. 

ES'CU-LEXT,  a.     [L.  csadcnfus,  from  e^ca,  food.] 
Eatable  ;  that  is  or  may  be  used  by  man  for  food  ; 
as,  f-'cuknt  plants ;  ej^eulcnt  fish. 

ES'eU-LENT,  7u  Something  that  is  eatable;  that 
which  is  or  may  be  safely  eaten  by  man. 


ESP 

ES-eO'RI-AL,  n.  The  palace  or  residence  of  the  king 
of  Spain,  about  22  miles  norlh-west  of  Madrid.  'J'his 
is  the  largest  and  most  superb  structure  in  the  king- 
dom, and  one  of  the  most  splendid  in  Europe.  It 
is  built  in  a  drj',  barren  spot,  and  the  name  itself  is 
said  to  signify  a  place  full  of  rocks.  Eneyc. 

The  Escurial  was  built  by  PhUip  II.,  in  the  shape 
of  a  gridiron,  in  honor  of  .St.  Laurence.  It  takes  ibi 
namu  from  a  village  ne:ir  Madrid.  It  contains  the 
king's  palace.  Si.  Laurence's  church,  the  monastery 
of  Jerenomiles,  and  the  free  schools,  also  the  place 
of  cepulture  for  the  royal  family  of  Spain.  PorU  Diet. 

ES-t;UTCII'EON,  (es-kuch'un,)  n.  [Fr.  ccusson,  for 
escusson,  from  L.  sciUum,  a  shield,  It.  scudo,  Sp. 
csciido.  Aim.  seoeda.] 

1.  The  shield  on  which  a  coat  of  arms  is  represent- 
ed ;  tlie  shield  of  a  family ;  the  picture  of  ensigns 
armorial.  Kncyc.     Johnson. 

2.  That  part  of  a  vt'ssel's  stem  on  whicli  her  name 
is  written.  R,  H.  Dana,  Jr. 

ES-eUTClI'EON-SD,  (es-kuch'und,)  a.    Having    a 

coat  of  arms  or  ensign.  Youufr. 

ES-LOIN',  V.  t.     [Fr.  eloigner.] 

To  remove.     [JVoi  in  wje.J 
E-SOPH-A-GOT'0-MY,  n.     [Gr.  otcro<payoi  and  ropn, 
a  cutting.] 

In  surgery,  the  operation  of  making  an  incision 
into  the  esophagus,  for  the  purpose  of  removing  any 
foreign  substance  tliat  obstructs  ihe  passage. 

Joum.  of  Science. 
E-SOPH'A-GUS,  n.     [Gr.  jic-oiayr  s.] 

The  gullet ;  the  canal  through  which  food  and 
drink  pass  to  the  stomach. 
E-So'PI-AX,  c.     [from.^sop.]    Pertaming  toiEsop; 

composed  by  him  or  in  his  manner.  JVartan. 

ES-0-TER'I€,  a.  [Gr.  cuiorepoi,  interior,  from  ij(o, 
within.] 

Private  ;  interior ;  an  epithet  applied  lo  the  private 
instruclions  and  doctrines  of  phUosophers  ;  opposed 
to  exoteric,  or  public.  Enfield. 

ES-0-TER'l€^AL-LY,  adv.    In  an  esoteric  manner. 

Rick,  Diet. 
ES'0-TER-Y,  n.    Myster>' ;  secrecy.    [Little  xiscd.] 
ES-P^VL'IER,  (e?-pal'yer,)  n.     [Fr.  espalier  ;  Sp.  espa- 
Icra  ;  It.  spaUicra  ;  from  L.  pcdus,  a  stake  or  pole.] 

1.  A  row  of  trees  planted  about  a  garden  or  in 
hedges,  so  as  toinclose  quarters  or  separate  parts, and 
trained  up  to  a  lattice  of  wood-work,  or  fastened  to 
stakes,  forming  a  close  hedge  or  shelter  to  protect 
plants  against  injuries  from  wind  or  weather. 

Encyc. 
9.  A  lattice-work  of  wood,  on  wliich  to  train  fruit- 
trees  and  omamentiU  shrubs.  Brandc. 
ES-PAL'IER,  (es-pal-yer,)  v.  t.    To  form  an  espalier, 

or  to  protect  by  an  espalier. 
ES-PAL'lER-Ji:D,  pp.    Protected  bv  an  espalier. 
ES-PAL'IER-L\G,  ppr.    Protecting  by  an  espalier. 
ES-PAR'CET,  n.     A  kind  of  sainfoin.         Jklortimer. 
ES-PAR'TO,  n.    A  kind  of  rush  in  Spain,  of  which 

cordage,  shoes,  baskets,  &c.,  are  made.  JilcCidloeli. 
ES-PE^'^CIAL,  (es-pesh'al,)  a.     [Ft.  special;  h.  specia- 
lise from  specio,  to  see,  species,  kind.] 

Principal ;  chief;  particular;  as,  in  an  especial  man- 
ner or  degree. 
ES-PE"CIAL-LY, fi(/r.    Principally;  chiefly;  particu- 
larly ;  in  an  uncommon  degree ;  in  reference  to  one 
person  or  thing  in  particular. 
ES-PE"CIAL-NESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  especial. 
ES'PE-RA^X'E,  H.     [Fr.,  from  L.  spcro,  to  hope.] 

Hope.     [.\'ot  Engli^Iu]  ShaJc. 

ES-Pi'AL,  n.     [See  Spy.]     A  spy  ;  the  act  of  espying. 

ElyoU 
ES-Pi'^D,  (es-plde'j)  pp.    Seen  ;  discovered. 
ES-PI'ER,  71.    One  who  espies,  or  watches  like  a  spy. 

Harmar. 
ES'PI-NEL,  n.    A  kind  of  ruby.     [See  Spinzl.] 
ES'PI-ON-AGE,  (cs'pc-on-ajeores'"pe-on-uzh,)7(.  [Fr., 
from  cspionncr,  to  spy,  cspion,  a  spy.] 

The  practice  or  employment  of  spies  ;  the  practice 
of  watching  the  words  and  conduct  of  others,  and 
attempting  to  make  discoveries,  as  spies  or  secret  em- 
issaries ;  the  practice  of  watching  others  without  be- 
ing suspected,  and  giving  intelligence  of  discoveries 
made. 
ES-PLA-NaDE',  71.  [Fr.  id.;  Sp.  esplanada;  It.  spia- 
nata;  from  Ij.  planus,  plain.] 

1.  In  fortification,  Uie  glacis  of  the  counterscarp,  or 
the  sloping  of  the  parapet  of  the  covered  way  toward 
the  countrj' ;  or  the  void  space  between  the  glacis  of 
a  ciladel  and  the  first  houses  of  the  town. 

Brandc.     CampbelL 
9.  In  gardaiing.  a  grass-plat. 
ES-POUSrAL,  (es-pouz'al,)  a.    [See  Espouse.]    Used 
in  or  relating  to  the  act  of  espousing  or  betrothing. 

Bacon. 
ES  POUS'AL,  n.    The  act  of  espousing  or  betrothing. 

2.  Adoption  ;  protection.  Ld.  Orford. 
ES-POUS'ALS,  n.  pi.    The  act  of  contmcting  or  affi- 
ancing a  man  and  woman  to  each  other;  a  contract 
or  mutual  promise  of  marriage. 

1   rerneiiiU^r  Oiee,  tlie  kindnrss  of  ihy  youUi,  tbe  love  of  Qune 
etj'Otitalt.  — Jer.  ii. 

ES-POUSE',  (C3-i)0Uz',)  r.  t.    \Ft.  epouser;  It  sposare; 


ESS 

Port,  desposar ;  Sp.  dtsposar,  to  marry,  dcfpoaarse,  to  be 
betrothed.  If  this  word  id  the  >'.Tinc  radically  as  the 
L.  spondeo,  gponsxu,  the  letter  n  in  the  latter  must  be 
casual,  or  the  modem  languages  liave  lost  the  lelti:r. 
The  former  is  most  probable  :  in  which  case,  gpondeo 
was  primarily  jipodev,  rporus.] 

1.  To  bclroth. 

WhfD  sa  liii  tnoihcr  Mv^  wu  ttpo%uei  to  Joaepb.  —  MaU.  L. 

2.  To  betroth  ;  to  promise  orenpige  in  marriage  by 
contract  In  writing,  or  by  some  pledge  ;  as,  the  king 
espoused  his  daughter  lo  a  foreign  prince.  t'suaJly 
and  properly  followed  by  to,  rather  llian  tctXA. 

3.  To  marry  ;  lo  wed.  Shak.    Milton, 

4.  To  unite  intimately  or  indissolubly. 

1  liare  ttpouted  j-ou  lo  our  ba*baiitl,  that  I  ir^j  pprtrol  ywi  zm 
a  chailc  viigto  to  Clirisl.  —2  Cor.  xl. 

5.  To  embrace ;  to  take  to  one*s  self,  wilh  a  view 
to  maintain  ;  as,  to  espouse  the  quarrel  of  another ;  to 
espouse  a  cause.  Dryden. 

ES-PUUS'£D,  pp.  or  a.  Betrothed  ;  afllanced  ;  prom- 
ised in  marriage  by  contract;  married;  united  inti- 
mately ;  embraced. 

ES-I'0USE;ME.\T,  ».    Act  of  espousing. 

ES-POL'S'ER,  71.  One  who  espouses;  one  who  de- 
fends the  cause  of  another. 

ES-POUS'ING,  ppr.  Betrothing;  promising  in  mar- 
riage by  covenant ;  marr}ing;  uniting  indissolubly ; 
taking  part  in. 

ES-PRIT'  DE  COiZPS,  (es-prC'de-kor',)  [Fr.]  The 
spirit  of  the  body  or  society  ;  the  common  spirit  or 
di'^[>osition  formed  by  men  in  association. 

ES-PY',  V.  t.  {Ft.  epicr,  espicr;  Sp.  espiar;  II.  tpiare; 
D.  bespiedcn,  Irom  spicde,  a  spy  ;  G.  spdhcn,  to  spy ; 
Sw.speia;  i):xn.  speider :  W.  ygpiaw,  and  yspcitStatc, 
from  yspaith,  paitk.  (See  Srr.)  Tlie  radical  letlers 
seem  to  be  Pd  ;  if  not,  Ihe  word  is  a  contraction  from 
the  root  of  L.  spedo.] 

1.  To  see  at  a  distance ;  to  have  the  first  sight  of 
a  thing  remote.  Seamen  espy  laud,  as  they  ap- 
proach it. 

2.  To  see  or  discover  sometliing  intended  lo  be 
hid,  or  in  a  degree  cont:ealcd,  and  not  ver}*  visible; 
as,  to  espy  a  man  in  a  crowd,  or  a  thief  in  a  wood. 

3.  To  discover  unexpectedly. 

As  one  of  iLcm  oprucj  hi>  sru:!,  be  Cfpwri  lis  moucy. — Gm. 
xlu. 

4.  To  inspect  narrowly ;  to  e.\amine  and  make  dis- 
coveries. 

Mo6<a  sent  me  to  ejpyoul  the  LinJ,  anJ  1  Uotighi  iiita  wonl 
again.  —  Josh.  xir. 

ES-P5',  V.  i.    To  look  narrowly ;  to  look  about ;  to 

watch. 

Stand  by  the  way  ami  «py.  —  Jer.  xUa. 
[  This  word  is  often  pronounced  Spt  ;  tchich  set.] 

ES-P5',  71.    A  spy  ;  a  scout. 

ES-PVING,  ppr.    Discovering  ;  seeing  first. 

ES'QUI-MAUX,  (es'ke-mo,)  n.  A  nation  of  Indians 
inhabiting  the  nortli-westem  parts  of  North  Amerita. 

Kncyc,  Am. 

ES-Q,UTRE',  71.  [Fr.  ecuycr :  lu  scudiere ;  Sp.  escudrro ; 
Port,  escudeiro ;  from  L.  scutum,  a  shield,  from  Gr. 
c>:i'ros,ahide,  of  which  shields  were  anciently  made 
or  from  the  root  of  that  word,  Sa:i.  sceadax.  See 
Shade.] 

Properly,  a.  shield-bcarcr  or  armor-bearer,  5cutj/(y  ; 
an  attendant  on  a  knight.  Hence,  in  modem  timrs, 
a  title  of  dignity  ne.\t  in  degree  below  a  knight.  In 
England,  this  title  is  given  to  the  younger  sons  of 
noblemen,  to  ollicers  of  the  king's  courts  and  of  the 
household,  to  counselors  at  law,  justices  of  the  peace 
while  in  commission,  sht^rilfs,  and  other  gentlemen. 
In  tJie  United  States,  the  title  is  given  to  public  offi- 
cers of  all  degrees,  from  governors  down  lo  justices 
and  allomeys.  Indeed,  the  litJe,  in  addressing  let- 
ters, is  bestowed  on  any  person  at  pleasure,  and  con- 
tains no  definite  description.  It  is  merely  an  expres- 
sion of  respect. 

ES-atHRE',  V.  u     To  attend  ;  to  wait  on. 

ES-aUiR'iD,p;?.    Attended  ;  wailed  on. 

ES-Q,UrR'L\G,  ppr.    Attending,  as  an  esquire. 

£S-QC7/SS£;',  (es-kcs',)n.  [Fr.]  The  first  sketch  of 
a  picture  or  model  of  a  slalue. 

E.S-SAY',  r.  f,  [Fr.  essaycr;  Norm,  cssoyer:  .Arm.  4tc- 
zaca ;  I>.  zoeken,  to  seek  ;  bezocken,  ver^eken,  to  es- 
say ;  G.  suehcn,  to  seek  ;  versuchen,  to  essay  ;  Dan. 
foTsiigcr;  Sw.  fiirsiikia  ;  Sp.  ensayar  ;  Port,  ensaiar; 
It.  saggiare,  assaggiare.  The  primary  word  is  seek, 
the  same  as  L.  5f^Hor.  (See  Seek.)  The  radical  sense 
is,  to  press,  drive,  urge,  strain,  strive.  Ch.  prK.  Class 
Sg,  Xo.  46.] 

L  To  Irj- ;  to  attempt ;  to  endeavor :  to  exert  one's 
power  or  faculties,  or  to  make  an  efibrt  to  i»cribrm 
any  tiling. 

Wtule  I  this  tmeiainpl«d  vuik  ettay.  Biackmon. 

9.  To  make  experiment  of. 

3.  To  lr>-  the  value  and  purity  of  metals.  In  this 
application,  the  word  is  now  more  generally  written 
AssAT  ;  which  vee. 

ES'SaY,  7j.  Atrial;  attempt;  endeavor;  an  effort 
made,  or  extriiun  of  body  or  mind,  for  the  perform- 
ance of  any  tiling.    We  say,  lo  make  an  rj^ay. 

FniillcM  our  iKjpra,  tliough  p»ui  our  <««a)Y.  SmiA, 


TtJiNE,  BJJLL,  IIMTE.  — AN"GER,  VI^CIOUS.  — €  as  K;  G  aa  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  In  THIS. 


53 


409 


K38 


fravu  (ir 

■ilel  uti<) 

.  ;:i     il    r-\  -I.  Ill  ;    as,  .1 

I  Uuiucf ;  aa  MMf 


.,  jv".     jniii^;    iijtKmg  uii  iiK-rij    at- 
r,  n.    A  writer  of  OD  enay,  or  uf  eunyt. 

Butler. 
n.     [L.  cjufiiija  ,•  Fr.  esfoue ;  lU  CMntia  ; 

.  from  L.  CMf ,  to  be  \  Sw.  cd^mJf ;  Golh. 
f  '>j-' '  ,  imm  tru««,  Sai.  hvmh,  (o  Ih?,  whence  roj. 
The  wnw  of  Uie  verb  b,  lo  set,  to  fti,  to  be  peruia- 
nenl.i 

I-    ' -   -        ■  .   ,       ,    .     ^^^ 

a  I 

111  .  ;i 

ill 

Tl.- 

C*' 

til  ■       -Ml   uiuch    Hi 

pT'  1  til  ua. 

/:.  />.  Gri/i». 
;>  tiling 
t«>  ■  I .  re  uf  a 

ibif.,:  .  __  A'  Cliria- 

3.  llxuU^iicc  ;  Uitj  i|uaiily  uf  butit|{.  [lianity. 

I  eoyJtl  h«vt  rMifiir<l  mj  refy  rfwnM.  SUney. 

4.  A  being  j  an  ciUtcnt  person ;  nn,  heavenly  «- 

&.  S[N;ciea  of  being.  Bacon. 

6.  Constituent  substance ;  as,  tho  pure  essence  of  a 
■pWl-  Millcn. 


■r;  scent;  or  tlic  volatilo  matter 

Pope. 
.    i ;  as,  ejseuced 


ES'.- 


thi: 

Ciif 


1.  pL   [Gr.  EfT^irifot.]    Among  t.heJetcsjti 
il>!-  fui  ti;,  ir  -itulntss  and  ab^iuencc. 
'  ■    ■] 

kju  or  existence  of  a 

^   are  essenUal  to  Uie 

i:c  uiiJ  cxteiisiuii  ore  etsen- 


Papc. 


■1. 


'•  '  -'IS  are  obtained  frtiiii  plniits 

rhit.n  i.y  .n-.iiii.iiii>ti  w  lUi  waUT.  They  dissolve  in 
ulculiul,  arc  inllaiuiiublo,  and  niucJl  u»od  in  pcrfu- 
""•O-  Braitdr. 

?  historif^  that  tfinplo 
>  to  dL^tingui^i  one 
.F  r. 
t-'o-i,.>   ii.M,,   (,- „n'.-,lrtl.)  lu      ElijtenM  ;   hcinR. 
IIMIU„-J.]  .VUu>n. 

9.  t-iM  i,r  constituent  principles  ;  as,  Uic  tucniiaU 

iijjf  point ;  iliai  which  ii  most  irnportnnL 

\l,  ITV,  j  «.    The  quality  of  being  cs- 

l»-.\E^S, )      sential ;  tim  or  constituent 

Suifi. 

\  l^I.Y,  air.     By  the  coniiUtution  of  na- 

'       as,  minemls  and  plants  are  mjcti- 

timJ 

-  '»nl  degree;   in  cITect.     The  Hvo 

^"^•■',  InJt  not  tA^ientiallf. 
1  IE,  r.  i.  To  become  of  tho  name  cnencc. 
, .  ^  B.  Joiuon. 

-.  L    To  fnrui  or  constitute  tlie  ca- 
Bti/U. 
;'p.   r  ormed  into  tho  same  essence. 
•  ■  W""'    Forming  into  or  becoming 

nn.  »!»..  -jr:iv  ;   l.,w  L.  cutnia, 
*'  ■  'i^e.  Spelman 

^^  .re.     Aut  qu. 

r 

wh 
anil 

the  !.,,.>,  .„.,  .. 
as  three  days  ar< 
ont. 
or.     , .._  .  ,. , 

att 


'  'f  su'it- 
'  nan. 

■'i ■  >i>rutr. 

used  for  non-appearance  in  court 
■''•  Johnson. 


EPT 

ESSOIN',  r.  L    To  11,  ir- 

■T-,-  ■  tn  mnrt  ;  lo  ci.i  <i  /. 

.    An  all".!!!' I  uh-.  tiiili.  iiiidy  ricuiies 
Liiuthcr. 
'  Ciiiii3iiKm-}?ione  ,  wblrh  Aee. 

1  \i:  l.l>ll,  r.  (.    |Fr.  f/aA/.r;  P|j.  cstubinrr;  TorL 
!a^fi«crr ;  It.  ttoAUtre  }  U.  tUtbUiai  Hob.  2t^  ot  2X:, 


Cb.  and  Syr.  id. ;  Ar.  ^  -,^^7  («ua!id,  to  set,  Ax.  estab- 
lish.   Class  8b,  No.  37,  and  see  No.  3&.    Bee  also  Ar. 

c^'ft  vatabaf  Ch.  an^,  lo  settle,  to  place,  to  dwell. 

Class  Db,  No.  CS,  54.] 

1.  To  »et  and  ttx  firmly  or  unalterably ;  to  settle 
permanently. 

1  wdl  utMith  my  eoveiiant  vhh  Uito  fbr  ut  ororiutluf  cot> 
had).  — i't*^.  TTt!. 


tic 


a.  T.. 


:t.  T 


to  ir«rct  and  fix  or  set- 
<  r  nn  rniplre. 
:ititlinrily  and  fur  i^r- 
I    III  ;  I.  ;i|ii.i.tni ;  II-*,  lo  eaUibtuh  laws, 
'iitiiiiiUH,  nilcN,  ordinances.  Sec. 
•  'T  i\x    p'Tinanently  ;   ii.h,  to  esiabluh 
I'lii  '-     '  It  111  liiisiiu-as;  tho  enemy  e^tablviheJ  thfiu- 
selvrs  ill  ihr  riladi-l. 

5.  'i'u  m:\k--  Urni  ;  to  connrin ;  lo  ratify  \\  li.it  h:i^ 
been  pr>  .  .  made. 

Dj  ».  -  Uw  iliro^ish  faith?    J' 

yt    .  -  liw.  —  Iloin.  lit. 

G.  To  HiiiUc  ot  lix  what  is  wavcnng,  duubtfui,  or 
weak;  to  contirm. 

So  uen  ilie  dmrcbo  tttahitthtd  in  tha  rnHb.  —  AeU  xH. 
'I'l  Ihr  rn'I  hr  ri.iT  r«lreAJi#A  your  hearts  unbtamaUe  tii  boDnev. 
—  I  Tb^.  111. 

7.  To  confirm  ;  to  fulfill ;  to  mako  good. 

fUlibiith  Ui}-  w^rJ  to  tJijr  pcrruiL  —  Pa.  cxlx. 

6.  To  set  up  in  the  place  of  another,  and  confirm. 

Who  go  oUfut  ici  ctliLiuh  \ixir  own  rglibroiuncM.  — Rum.  x. 

ES-TAIl'LISll-i-T),  pp.  or  a.  Set :  fixed  firmly  ;  found- 
ed ;  urdajiicd  :  enacted  ;  ratified  ;  confirmed  ;  set  up 
and  tiupparted  by  the  stale ;  as,  an  estailuhed  re- 
liKtou. 

ES-J'AB'LISH-ER,  n.  He  who  eslablifihca,  ordains, 
or  cuntiniiii. 

ES-TAU'LISIMNG,  ppr.  Fixing  ;  sclUing  perma- 
nently ;  fuuuding;  nitifying;  confirming;  ordain- 
inc. 

E3-'f  A^'LISU-.^^ENT,  n.    [Ft.  eUibUssemmL] 

1.  The  act  of  establiuhing,  founding,  ratifying,  or 
orduiiiiiic. 

2.  .Sitilumcnt ;  fixed  stale.  Spenser. 

3.  Cunfiriuattun  ;  ralificatiun  of  what  has  been  set- 
tled or  made.  Bacon, 

4.  Stilled  rcgiilalion  ;  funn  ;  ordinance ;  system  of 
laws ;  constitution  of  government. 

Britir  Id  thai  etiabbMJunent  bjr  whkli  all  men  tboKild  Ir  contained 
in  tl"iy.  Spmsrr. 

5.  Fixed  or  stated  allowauco  for  subsistence ;  in- 
come ;  salarj'. 

nis  czcclk-itcy  —  uJgUl  gnduilly  loaKO  your  eitaUithmeni. 

6.  Tlial  wliich  is  fixed  or  established  ;  as  a  p?rma- 
ncnt  militar}'  force,  a  fixed  garrison,  a  local  govrm- 
niL'nl,  an  agency,  a  factory,  Aic.  The  king  has  estab- 
Ushtnents  to  sup]K>rt  in  the  four  quarten}  of  the  glul)e. 

Oreat  Britain. 

7.  A  place  of  rc^iidence  or  of  tmjisactinft  business. 

8.  That  form  of  religious  worship  wliicti  is  rstab- 
lishcd  and  supfmrted  by  the  state. 

9.  SetUemenl  or  final  rest. 

We  Kt  up  our  hopea  and  utabUshmgnt  here.  Wakt. 

ES-TA-CXDE',  n.  [Fr.  Sp.  tstacaday  from  the  root  of 
stake.\ 

A  dike  constnicted  of  piles  In  tho  sea,  a  rivtr, 
or  a  niomsa,  to  check  the  approach  of  an  enemy. 

ES-T^-FFT^         ) 

ES-TA-FETTST   I"*     [Sp.  crto/c/a »  VT.esU^fUe.^ 
A  courier ;  an  exprety  of  any  kind. 

ES-TATE',  lu  [Fr.  ctat^  for  e^tat ;  I),  stoat;  G.  stoat ; 
Arm.  stadi  It.  sLato  ;  yp.  estado;  L.  sUttiis^  from  «."0, 
lo  Htand.  Tlio  roots  stb^  std^  and  rf^,  have  nearly 
tho  same  sjgnincalinn,  to  set,  to  fix.  It  is  probable 
Uiat  the  L.  sto  is  contracted  tVom  stadj  as  it  fon^s 

sUti.     See  Ar.  Jwk?*  Class  Sd,  No.  46,  and  Class 
I>d,  ^xj.  22,23,24.] 

1.  in  a  ^oifra/.tfnj*,  fixedness;  a  fixed  condition  ; 
now  yt^ntralJy  wrilteiand  pronounced  State. 

Khr  cut  111  h-ndlnnj  frurn  cmr  lilfh  ulaU.  Drydtn. 

a.  Condition  or  circumstances  of  any  person  or 
Uiing.  whpUier  hish  or  low.    Lmks  \. 

3.  Hank ;  quah:y. 

Who  hath  not  limni  of  llic  (muie»  of  tout  utaU  7    Sidney. 

4.  In  (air,  the  tntercyt,  or  quantity  of  interest,  a 
man  ha.t  in  lands,  tenemcnLt,  or  other  efitcu^.  >'->- 
tales  arc   rt^zt  or  j}crsonal.     Rral  esUile   con8i5t3   in 


EST 

lands  or  freeholds,  whtcli  dct>cend  to  bL-ire  ;  prrMiu/ 
estate  Liii-i-t:.  Ill  t  ?i  lit.  t>  or  mnvablts,  which  go  tu 
exrci.!  i>i,    'I'hcre  are  alM  r^taiM 

for  1.1  vc. 

t,  l<  -.  proifcrtyin  g*-nrral.    He 

is  a  limit  'I  ai^ij-^!  i^^uu.  IIo  kit  hi<>  e.-tou  uncnciiin- 
bered. 

C  The  pf?i.rril  I  ii-ln.  ■■icr  iiitt-rcstuf  (•uvt-rnmcnl ; 
hence,  a  ^K.l  tiweallli ;   a  rejiub- 

lic.     Uut  III  t<  Sr4TK. 

7.  .\  bniii'  111  Ortiit  Bntaia^ 

tlie  estatrj  i.i  t:i>  ir  i!iii  ,u<  tli._  king,  Itirdu,  and  cum* 
mons  ;  i^>r  ruihcr  the  lords  niid  coininonK. 

EsUUcsi  ill  ilu'  plural,  doiiiiiiiuii*! ;  iKiiiscs^iuns  of  i 
prince. 

3.  Orders  or  classes  of  men  in  society  or  govrm* 
menl.     ifeiud  made  a  supper  for  his  chief  eMoiu. 
Mark  vi. 
ES-TATE',  c.  U    To  srttlo  as  a  fortune.     [IMlU  uatd.\ 

a.  To  e^tablii«h.     '  I.'-liU  v  M  fSAaJl. 

E.s-'rAT'i:u,n..  ur.i'   .  /,. 

E.S-TEEM',  r.  I.     [i  ,,  i 

I'urL  ciN'm^ir  ,- Ann.  t,r. 

etoTinaoiiat  ;  iifi;inl  rj^j--,  lu  IijUl:  uf  t. '.lliji.  See 
Class  Dm.  No. '^.) 

1.  To  set  a  valiiu  on,  wliuther  high  or  low ;   to 
estimate;  to  value. 

Tbcn  If?  (um»k  G-^\,  who  irvulo  Um.  uid  liftiUy  ffflMHwd  Um 

,^i  .r ;,:. .  :       ,,.-0  ,.i.  ..*ir. 


nri:  Ilu:  b.;i:-  .1,  \>v  '.dw-.i-j^  t..:.:ri  il:^  ijiiiuaUi.m .,  tlu  ' 
generous,  the  liravo,  the  virtuous,  aud  the  learned. 

W,I1  h«  eftfcm  ihy  nchcml  —  Jt.h  txi\i.  | 

3.  To  hold  in  opinion ;  to  repute ;  to  tliink.  I 

One  mui  t$Utma!h  vnt  tikjr  aUivc  uuxlxsr  ;  anoUirr  «ttr^intA    ' 
<:vcry  day  alike.  —  Itom.  xlv,  | 

4.  To  compare  In  value ;  to  estimate  by  proptirtion. 
[IMtle  lueJ.]  Davits,      \ 

ESTEEM',  F.  I.    To  coiiHider  as  to  value,     s.in^rr.  I 

ES-TEEM',  H.     Esiiinnllon;    opinion  or  jitil^jiiitril  of  | 

niLTil  ur  demerit,    'i'liis  man  is  ut  no  uomIi  hi  my 

eMtnn.  i 

2.  Hi|;h  value  or  estimation  ;  grral  reg::rd  ;  favun*  ' 
ble  opinion,  founded  on  t<u{>[>u»,il  worth.  ' 

Bodi  Uiov  porta  lived  In  miKh  tiU9Tn  with  ftxA  ojhI  h  '^ 
ill  iinlrra.  Dr- 

ES-TEEM'A-BLE,  a.     Worthy  of  esteem  ;  esliin  .'%-. 

ES-TEEM'/:i),;)p,  ora.  Vahad  ;  estimated  ;  bigbty  I 
valued  or  prized  on  account  of  worth  ;  thouffht;  I 
held  in  opinion.  |< 

ES-I'EEM'ER,  R.    One  who  esteems ;  one  who  sets  a 
high  value  on  any  thing.  | 

A  {iTTUd  tlUrrncr  of  hit  rwti  pirta,  Lodtt.        I 

£S-TEEM'fNG,  ppr.     Valuing;  estimating;  Taluing  l! 

liiphly:  prizing ;  lliinking;  deeming. 
ES-THET'IC,  a.    IVrtainiug  lo  the  science  of  tasle.      1 1 
ES-THET'ieS,n.     [Ur.  aiatiijrKo*.] 

The  science  which  treats  of  the  bcautiAil,  or  of  the 
theory  of  taste.     [See  iCsTiiETica.] 
ES-TIF'ER-OUS,a.     [L.  <wiiu  aud /fro.] 

['roducing  heal. 
ES'TI-.MA-Ur^E,  a.     [Fr.  ;  IL  esHmevoIr.] 

I.  That  13  capable  of  being  estimated  or  valued; 
OS,  ejtimahle  dainagL'.  Paitt/, 

'J.  Valuable  ;  worth  a  great  price. 

A  jxiiiDd  cf  iTun'a  flf»h,  taltrn  from  a  (uao, 

la  not  ao  estimabU  or  pro&tablr.  S%ai. 

3.  Worthy  of  esteem  or  respect ;    deserving  our 
good  opinion  or  regard. 

A  hdr  Mill  of  her  two  comnaoiorka,  tlut  one  wxa  mor*  tjtmUt, 
the  odur  tnorc  ttdmnbie.  T<mpU, 

ES'TI-MA-BLE,  n.     That  which  is  worthy  of  regard. 

BroMtl. 
ES'TI-MA-IILE-NESS,  «.     The  quality  of  deserving 

("itf-i'in  or  r-c;ard.  H.  J\'netoH. 

F.S''i'I-.M,A-ItljV,  Of/e.     In  an  estimabk  manner. 
ES 'JT-MATE,  c.  (.     fU  ir.^timo.     See  Eitkkm.] 

1.  To  judcc  and  form  an  opinion  of  ihe  value  of; 
to  rate  by  jud^nonl  or  opinion,  williout  wciehinc  or 
mr-asuring  cither  value,  dfcree,  cxunl,  or  quantity. 
We  estimate  the  value  of  cloih  bv  Injipcclion,  or  ll» 
exlenl  of  a  piece  of  land,  or  the  dititance  of  a  moun-  | 
lain.  Wo  estimate  the  worth  of  a  friend  by  In* 
known  qualities.  We  estimate  the  mcriu-t  or  l.il>  uii 
of  two  difiercnt  men  by  jiidtmcnl.  We  rsitmctt 
profits,  los^,  and  damacc.     Hence, 

2.  To  compute  ;  lo  calculate  ;  to  reckon. 
ES'TI-SIATE,  n.     A  valuing  or  ratine  '"  Uic  mind  ;  a 

judemcnl  or  ojiininn  of  the  value,  deprce,  rxUni,  "f 
quantity  of  any  thins,  without  osccrtatniiic  it-     ^^  '^ 
form  estimates  of  the  expenses  of  a  war  ;  <pf  iln-  i     ■' 
able  oulfil;^  of  a  voyage  ;  of  tlic  companii 
or  merits  of  two  men  ;  of  the  exlent  of  n  ; 
its  population.     Hence,  crtimaf^  may  br 
lo  t^alculallon,  compulation,  witlioui   ro»x>tHii:g  or 
wrightng. 
2.  Value.  Shak 

ES''II-MA-TED,  pp.  or  a.     Valued  ;  rated  in  opiaioo 
or  judcmenl. 

ES'ri-.MA-TLN'G,  ppr.    Valuing;  rating;  forming  an 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  Wli^T.  — MBTE,  PRBY.  — FtNE.  MARINE,  BIRD,  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQOK  — 


410 


EST 

opinion  or  judirmcnt  of  the  value,  extent,  quantity, 

or  dKsree  of  wurtli  of  anv  object ;  calculating;  corn- 

ES-T1-Ma'TIO.\,  h.     [L.a-Ahnatio.'\  [puling. 

1.  The  act  cf  estiiii:;ting. 

2.  Calculation;  computation;  aii  opinion  or  judg- 
ment of  Ibe  wortb,  extent,  or  quantity  of  any  thing, 
formed  without  usinc  precise  data.  We  may  diiTer 
ill  our  estimations  of  distance,  magnitude,  or  amount, 
and  no  less  in  our  estimaiipii  of  moral  qualities. 

3.  Esteem  ;  regard  ;  favorable  opinion  j  honor. 

I  siall  hsire  esti>7iation  amou^  the  multitude,  sud  honor  nitb 
ttw  cidcn.  V/ufiam. 

KS'TI-Ma-TIVE,  a.    Having  the  power  of  comparing 

and  adjusting  the  worth  or  preference.     [Little  used^ 

3.  Imaginative.  IHde.    Boyle. 

ES'TI-Ma-TOR,  n.     One  who  estimates  or  values. 

ES'TI-VAL,  a.    [L.  (tstivus^  from  <csta$^  summer.   See 
Heat.] 
Pertaming  to  summer,  or  continuing  for  the  sum- 

ES'TI-VaTE,  f.  t.    To  pai-s  the  summer.  [mer. 

ES-TI-Va'TION,  n.  [L.  iFstivatio,  from  lEstasj  sum- 
mci,  (Estivoy  to  pass  the  summer.] 

1.  The  act  of  passing  the  summer.  Bacon. 

2.  In  botaiui,  the  disposition  of  the  petals  within 
the  floml  gem  or  bud:  1,  amvolute,  when  the  pet- 
al-J  are  rolled  together  like  a  scroll ;  2,  imbricate^ 
when  they  lie  over  each  other  like  tiles  on  a  roof; 
3,  conduplicatc^  when  tliey  are  doubled  together  at 
the  midrib :  4,  valvate,  when,  as  they  are  about  to 
expand,  they  are  placed  like  the  glumes  in  grasses. 

JiTartyn. 
ES-TOP',  r.  U    [Fr.  etouper^  to  stop.    See  Stop.] 
In  lax,  to  impede  or  bar,  by  one's  own  act. 

A  r  lUi  sjiall  always  be  esifyppei  by  his  own  deed,  or  not  per- 
imUed  [o  aTer  or  prore  aoy  thing  in  cootiadiction  to  what 
he  has  once  solemnly  avowed.  BlackBtone. 

ES'TO  PER-PET'U-UM,  )  [L.]     May  it  be  perpet- 

ES'TO  PER  PETU-Ji^      J      ual. 

ES-TOP'P£D,(e?-topt',)p;j.  Hindered;  barred;  pre- 
cluded by  one's  own  act. 

ES-TOP'PEL,  n.  In  latCy  a  slop;  a  plea  in  bar, 
grounded  on  a  man's  own  act  or  deed,  which  estops 
or  precludes  him  from  averring  any  thing  to  the  con- 
lrar>'. 

If  a  tetutnt  for  year^  IcTies  a  fine  to  another  person,  it  shall  work 
(u  an  estoppel  to  the  cognizor.  Blacnstone. 

ES-TOP'PIXG,  ppr.  Impeding ;  barring  by  one's  own 
act._ 

ES-To'VERS,  n.  pi.  [Xorm.  estoffer,  to  store,  stock, 
furnish  ;  csttiffeures,  stores  ;  Fr.  ctqfer,  to  stuj'.  See 
Stuff.] 

In  law^  necessaries  or  supplies  ;  a  reasonable  al- 
lowance out  of  lands  or  goods  for  the  use  of  a  ten- 
ant; such  as  sustenance  of  a  felon  in  prison,  and  for 
his  family  during  his  imprisonment;  alimony  for  a 
woman  divorced,  out  of  her  husband's  estate.  Cotp^ 
jnon  of  estocers,  is  the  liberty  of  taking  the  neces?'^ 
wood  for  the  use  or  furniture  of  a  house  or  farm  from 
another's  estate.  In  Saxon,  it  is  expressed  by  bote, 
which  signiJies  more^oT  supply.,  as,  house-bole,  plow- 
bote,  Jire-btftc,  cart-bote,  &c.  Blackstone. 

ES-TRaDE',  n.  [Fr.]  An  even  or  level  space ;  a 
level  and  slightly  raised  place  in  a  room.        Smart, 

ES-TRAM'A-COX,  (son,)  n.  [Fr.]  A  sort  of  two- 
cdjed  sword  formerlv  used. 

ES-TRaXGE',  r.  L     [Fr.  etranger.     See  Strange.] 

1.  To  keep  at  a  distance ;  to  withdraw  ;  to  cease 
to  frequent  and  be  familiar  with. 

Had  we  esiransed  oarselvcs  from  Uicm  is  (hLngs  inditfemit. 

Hooker. 
I  thus  estrange  my  pereon  from  her  bed.  Dryden. 

2.  To  alienate ;  to  divert  from  its  original  use  or 
ptKsessor ;  to  apply  to  a  purpose  foreign  from  its 
original  or  customary  one. 

They  have  estranged  thia  place  and  burnt  incense  ia  it  to  other 
gods.  —  Jer.  xix. 

3.  To  alienate,  as  the  affections  ;  to  turn  from 
kindness  to  indifference  or  malevolence. 

I  do  not  know,  to  Ibis  boor,  what  it  is  that  baa  estranged  hkn 
from  rae.  Pope. 

4.  To  Withdraw ;  to  withhold. 

We  miiit  eilrdnge  our  belief  from  wiiat  is  not  clearly  eridenced. 

OlanviUe. 
ZS-TRA'SO' ED, pp.  Withdrawn ;  withheld  ;  alienated. 
ES-TRaNG'ED-.NESS,  n.     The   state  of  being  es- 

tranced.  Prynm. 

ES-TRaNGE'MEXT,  n.  Alienation  ;  a  keeping  at  a 
distance  ;  removal ;  voluntary  abstraction  ;  as,  an 
estrangtraent  of  affection. 

An  ettran-^emeM  of  desires  from  better  things.  South. 

ES-TRaX6'IXG,   ppr.      Alienating  ;    withdrawing  ; 

ktreping  at  or  removing  to  a  distance. 
ES-TRA-PADE',  n.     [Fr.  strappado.] 

The  action  of  a  horse,  who,  to  get  rid  of  his  rider, 

rises  before  and  at  the  same  lime  kicks  furiously  with 

his  hind  legs.  Farrier's  Diet. 

ES-TRAY',  v.  i.    To  stray.     [See  Strat.] 
ES-TRAY',   n.     [Norm,   estrnyer,   probablv   allied    to 

straggle,  and  perhaps  from  the  root  of  W.  trag^ 

beyond.] 
A  tame  beast,  as  a  horse,  ox,  or  sheep,  which  is 

found  wandering  or  without  an  owner ;  a  beast  sup- 


ETE 

posed  to  have  strayed  from  the  power  or  inclosure  of 
its  oxvner.     It  is  usually  written  Stray.  Blackstone. 

ES-TRe.\T',  n.  [Xorm.  cMraite  or  esCreitej  from  L. 
cztractum,  eztraho,  to  draw  out.] 

In  law,  a  true  copy  or  duplicate  of  an  original 
writing,  especially  of  amercements  or  penalties  set 
down  in  the  rolls  ol  court  to  be  levied  by  the  bailiff, 
or  otlicr  olficer,  on  cvcrv  o2t:nder.    Ct/irc^     Encyc. 

ES-TReAT',  v.  t.    To  px'lract ;  to  copv-   Blackstone. 

ES-TReAT'EU,pp.    Extracted;  copied. 

ES-TREAT^Ii\Ci,  ppr.    Extracting  ;  copying. 

ES-TRePE'MENT,  71.  [Nornu  estrepcr,  cstripper,  to 
waste;  Ens- to  strip.] 

In  law,  spoil ;  waste  ;  a  stripping  of  land  by  a  ten- 
ant, to  the  prejudice  of  the  owner.  Blackstone.  Cowcl. 

e's'TRIDGE  (  "*    ^^^  ostrich  ;  which  sec.     [Obs.] 
2.  In  commerce,  the  fine  down  of  the  ostrich,  lying 
immediately  beneath  the  feathers.  JilcCuUoch. 

ES'TU-ANCE,  n.     [I^  eestus.] 

Heat.     [J^otinusc]  Brown. 

ES'TU-A-RY,  71.  [L.  aistuarium,  from  asttio^  to  boil 
or  foam,  tf5([w,lieat,  fury,  stoim.] 

1.  An  arm  of  the  sea ;  a  frith ;  a  narrow  passage, 
or  the  mouth  of  a  river  or  lake,  where  the  tide  meets 
the  current,  or  liows  and  ebbs. 

2.  A  vapor  bath. 

ES'TU-A-RY,  a.  Belonging  to  or  formed  in  an  estua- 
ry ;  as,  estuary  strata.  Lyell, 

ES'TU-aTE,  v.  i.     [L.  (Bstuo,  to  boU.] 

To  boil ;  to  swell  and  rage ;  to  be  agitated. 

ES-TU-A'TION,n.  A  boiling  ;  agitation;  commotion 
of  a  fluid.  Broken.    JVorris. 

EST-URE',  iu     [L.  (tstuo.] 

Violence  ;  commotion.     [JVot  used.)      Chapman. 

E-SU'RI-ENT,  a.     [L.  esurmis,  esurto.'] 

Inclined  to  eat ;  hungry.  Diet. 

ES'I^-RIXE,  (ezh'yu-rin,)  a.  Eating ;  corroding. 
[Little  used.]  JViseman. 

E~TAT  jMA'JOR,  (a-ti'm;l'zhor.)  Officers  and  sub- 
officers,  as  distinguished  from  their  troops;  also,  the 
superior  othcers.  Diet,  de  I'Acad. 

ET  CJET'E-R.a,  [L.]  and  the  contraction  Etc.,  or 
&c.,  denote  tlierest,or  others  of  the  kind  ;  and  so  on  ; 
and  so  forth. 

ETCH  or  ED'DISH,  n.  Ground  from  which  a  crop 
has  been  taken.  Mortimer. 

ETCH,  V.  t.     [G.  cticn,  D.  etsen,  to  eat.     See  Eat.] 

1.  To  produce  figures  or  designs  on  copper  or  other 
metallic  plates,  by  means  of  lines  or  strokes  first 
drawn,  and  then  eaten  or  corroded  by  aquafortis. 
The  plate  is  first  covered  with  a  proper  varnish  or 
ground,  which  is  capable  of  resisting  the  acid,  and 
the  ground  is  then  scored  or  scratched  by  a  needle  or 
simUar  instrument,  in  the  places  where  the  lines  com- 
posing the  figure  or  design  are  intended  to  be  ;  the 
plate  is  then  covered  with  nitric  acid,  v/hich  corrodes 
or  eats  the  metal  in  the  lines  thus  laid  bare.  Hcbert. 

2.  To  sketch  ;  to  delineate.  [J^ot  in  use.]  Locke. 
ETCH,  V.  I    To  practice  etching. 

ETCH'£D,  (etcht,)  pp.  or  a.  Marked  and  corroded  by 
nitric  acid. 

ETCH'IX'G,  ppr.  Marking  or  producing  a  design  on  a 
metallic  plate  with  aquafortis. 

ETCH'ING,  n.    The  act  or  art  of  etching  ;  a  mode  of 
engray.ing. 
2.  The  impression  taken  from  an  etched  plate. 

ETCH'IXG-XEE'DLE,  n.  An  instrument  of  steel 
with  a  fine  point,  used  in  etching  for  tracing  out- 
lines, &.C.,  on  the  plate.  Brande. 

ET-E-OS'Tie,  H.      [Gr.  crcos,  true,  and  trrixos,  a 
verse.] 
A  chronogrammatical  composition.      B.  Jonson. 

E-TERN',  a.  Eternal  ;  perpetual ;  endless.  [Aot 
used.  ]  Sltak. 

E-TER'NAL,  a,  [Fr.  cternel ;  h.  mternuSy  composed 
of  <tvum  and  tcrnus,  lEvitermis.  Varro.  The  origin 
of  the  last  component  part  of  the  word  is  not  ob- 
vious. It  occurs  in  diutumus,  and  seems  to  de- 
note continuance,] 

1.  Without  beginning  or  end  of  existence. 

The  eternal  God  ia  iby  refuge.  —  Deut.  xxiiii. 

2.  Without  beginning  of  existence. 

To  know  whether  there  ia  aoy  real  bcin^,  whose  duration  has 
l>een  etemai.  Locke. 

3.  Without  end  of  existence  or  duration ;  ever- 
lasting ;  endless  ;  immortal. 

Thai  they  may  rIso  obtain  the  salration  which  b  in  Chriet  Jesus, 

with  eterncU  "lory.  —  2  Tim.  ii. 
What  shall  I  do,  u»at  I  may  have  eternal  li/e?  —  MalL  lix. 
SuliV'ring  the  vengi.-ancc  qS etemai  fire.  —  Jude  7. 

4.  Perpetual ;  ceaseless ;  continued  without  inter- 
mission. 

And  ^rt's  €temai  in  thy  temple  shine.  Dryden. 

5.  Unchangeable;  existing  at  all  times  without 
change  ;  as,  eternal  truth. 

E-TER''N.AL,  71.    An  appellation  of  God. 

Hooker.     Milton. 
E-TER'NAL-IST,  Tt.    One  who  holds  the  past  ex- 
istence of  the  world  to  be  infinite.  Burnet. 
E-TER'N.\L-IZE,  v.  t.    To  make  etemai ;    to  give 
r\Ve  now  use  ETERnizE.]        [endless  duration  to. 
E-TER'NAL-IZ-£D,  pp.    Made  eternal. 


ETH 

E-TER'.XAI^TZ-ING,  ppr.    Rendering  etemai. 
E-'J'ER'XAE-LYj  adc.    Witliout  beginning  or  end  tf 
duration,  or  without  end  only. 
3.  Unchangeably ;  invariably  ;  at  all  tir 

That  wbicb  it  monUy  good  mujt  be  ttcrraUy  z^. . 
Uy  to, 

3.  Perpetually;  without intermisifion  ;  alall  umtA 

Vt  hure  wcttera  galea  etrrnaib/  rwi>.  Additon. 

E-TER'XI-Fr-KI),  pp.     aiade  famotu ;  immortaliwd. 
E-TER'jM-FY,  v.  t.    To  make  famoiu,  or  to  immor- 
talize.    [JTot  in  use.] 
E-TER'NI-FV-LXG,  ppr.      Makiijg  famous:    imracr- 
E-TER'.\I-TY,  TJ.     [L.  irternilas.]  (lalizing. 

1.  Duration  or  continuance  without  beginning  or 
end. 

By  rqxratinff  the  We*  of  any  length  ofAanCoo,  wWi  tbc  endl^M 
widition  of  number,  wc  conw  br  the  idrm.  ol  etemUf.  Lode. 
Tbc  high  and  lofty  One,  who  inhaWleth  elermttf.  —  U.  Irii. 

2.  The  state  or  lime  which  begins  at  death. 

At  death  we  enter  on  elemit>j.  Di^jhU 

We  speak  of  eternal  duration  precedin^lhe  prt^-'ent 
time.  God  has  existed  from  eternity.  Wc  aNo  -fH-ak 
of  endless  or  everlasting  duration  in   f/  -  -  ' 

dating  from  present  time  or  the  pres<;nt  Ftn' 
Some  men  doubt  the  eternity  of  future  (.  . 
though  they  have  less  difficulty  in  adjiii-uny   u.t 
eternity  of  "future  rewards. 
E-TEU'XIZE,  r.  L    [Fr.  etcmiscr;  Sp.  ttemiiar;  U. 
eternare ;  Low  L.  trterno.] 

1.  To  make  endless. 

2.  To  continue  the  existence  or  duration  of  indefi- 
nitely ;  to  perpetuate  ;  as,  to  eternize  woe.    .MUtcr.. 

So  we  say,  to  eternize  fame  or  glory. 

3.  To  make  forever  famous  ;  to  immortalize  ;  as,tu 
eternize  a  name ;  to  eternize  ex|)Iuits. 

E-TER'XTZ-/-"D,  pp.    Made  endlt-ss  ;  immortalized. 
E-TER'Xr/.-IXG,  ppr.     Giving  endless  duration  to; 

immortalizing. 
E-Te*S1AI^,  (e-te'zhan,)  a.     [L.  eU^ius  i  Gr.  rrijffws, 

from  CTOi,  a  year.  dti.  Eth.  U'D^  ,  owed,  or  taced, 
a  circuit  or  circle,  and  the  verb,  to  go  round.] 

Stated ;  blowing  at  stated  times  of  the  year ;  pe- 
riodical. Etesian  winds  are  yearly  or  anniversary 
winds,  answering  to  the  monsoons  of  the  East  In- 
dies. The  word  is  applied,  in  Greek  and  Roman 
writers,  to  the  periodical  winds  in  tlie  Mediterranean, 

_  from  whatever  quarter  thev  Mow.  Eneye. 

K'THAL,  n.  [from  the  first  syllables  of  ether  and  alcokoL] 
A  peculiar  oily  substance,  obtained  from  sperma- 
ceti. Prout. 

ETHE.  a.     Easy.    [Obs.]  Chaucer. 

E'THEL,  ff.    Xoblc.     [Obs.] 

E'THER,  n.  [L.  a:ther;  Gr.  atO/jo,  aiOw,  (o  bum,  to 
shine  ;  Eng.  tceatJier ;  Sax.  tcader,  the  air;  D.  vsedcr ; 
G.  wetter;  Sw.  vddcr.] 

1.  A  thin,  subtile  matter,  much  finer  and  rarer  tlian 
air,  which,  sumo  philosophers  suppose,  begins  from 
the  limits  of  the  atmosphere,  and  occupies  the  heav- 
enly space.  J'l'eicton. 

Then  fieidd  of  li^bt  und  liquid  elAer  Hov.  Dryitn. 

2.  In  chemisirij,  a  very  light,  volatile,  and  inflam- 
mable fluid,  produced  by  the  distillation  of  alcohol, 
or  rectified  spirit  of  wine,  with  an  acid,  especially 
with  sulphuric  acid.  It  is  lighter  than  alcohol,  of  a 
strong,  sweet  smell,  susceptible  of  great  exp.-insion, 
and  of  a  pungent  taste.  It  is  so  vukitile,  that  when 
shaken  it  is  di^ripated  in  an  instant. 

Eneyc.     Foureroy. 
E-THe'RE-AL,  a.    Fonned  of  ellier;  containing  or 
filled  witli  ether  ;  ns,  ethereal  space  ;  ethereal  regions. 

2.  Heavenly;  celestial;  as,  eMcrcfli  messenger. 

3.  Consisting  of  ether  or  spirit. 

Vaat  diain  of  bcinf ,  which  from  God  bc^iui, 

Nature*  elhertcl,  Euman,  ongvl,  man.  Pope. 

E-THE-RE-.U^'I-TY,  n.  The  state  or  condition  of 
being  ethereal. 

E-THf/RE-AL-IZE,  r.  (.    To  convert  into  ether,  or 

mto  a  very  subtile  fluid.  Oood. 

^.  _Figtirativelity  to  render  ethereal  or  spiritual. 

E-THE'RE-AI^rZ-£I),  pp.  or  a.    Converted  into  ether 
or  a  very  subtile  flu  ji  ;  as,  an  ethercalized  and  incor- 
poreal substrate.  Oocd. 
2._Made  ethereai  or  spiritual. 

E-TUE'RE-.VL-LY,  adv.  In  a  celestial  or  heavenly 
manner. 

E-THe'RE-OUS,  a.    Fonned  of  ether ;  heavenly. 

.Uirton. 

£'THER-I-FORM,  a.  [etAcr  and  form.]  Having  the 
form  of  ether.  Prout, 

E'TIIEK  I.\E,  Tt.  Carbureted  hydrogen,  so  called  from 
being  supposed  to  exist  in  ether.  P.  Cfc, 

E'THER-IZE,  r.  f.    To  convert  into  eUier. 

Med.  Rrpcs. 

E'THER-IZ-i^D,  pp.    Converted  Into  ether, 

E'THER-TZ-K\G,  ppr.    Convertinc  into  ether. 

ETH'ie,         i  a.     [L.  etfiieiu^:  Gr.  n^iKOs,  fivm  fiSos^ 

ETHIC^.\L,  i     manners.] 

Relating  to  manners  or  morals  ;  treating  of  molal- 
ity ;  delivering  preceiAs  of  morality  ;  as,  ttkU  dis- 
courses or  epistles. 


TONE,  ByLI.,  ^NITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K ;  G  as  J ;  S  as  7. ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

411 


ETY 


EUL 


K'ril'ie-AH.Y,  o/r.    Aecorduis  to  the  durlrlOM  ofi 
nwrajity.  ,  , 

teache.  m«..  li .  .  ^^,  J^'  '';.^^^ 

2.  A  i)  "tcin  cf  moral  |ifiiici|il««  ;  a  »>  «lf  ">  "f  '"I" 
fof  leeulaluis  Uu)  acliuiM  anil  mnuiHia  ul'  iiictl  in 
■uclely. 

E'TIIIJ>^    ^^.  j,.    A  naUre  of  EUiiopia. 

£  il. :  blarX  oi}  d  of  iron  ;  iron  in 

lU-  [HtWdtT. 

I  .  /;.-lt;  aconiliiii.ni.iii  ..r  iiuTcuiy 

-  .iiitiur,  uk  ii  blatk  color  ;    '  w  I  of 

.IK  la.    [Gr.  t\0)m,  .1  ""'(. 

I,,  j      form.] 
J  il  iicve. 
If ;  a  bono  at  Uic  lop  of  llie  root  of  Uio 


lilt!    il 

wli.. 

ETV 

of  u 


.  IICII,  «.    [Gr.  (Onof  and  u^xi;.) 
.  ...  ;:ovomor  of  a  provincr  or  ptvple. 
t'i'il  MC,  I  a.      [L.   fMiiinw  ,'    Gr.  rOi-iicoc,   from 

ETir.N'ie-.\L,  1     tOroi,  natiim,  from  llio  rool  of  G. 
ktidt,  iK-ath,  woods,  whence  hratkcn.  .S«>  lli4Tiii!«.] 
Ikalhcn  ;    pagan  ;  pcrlaininR   to    the  GcntilM   or 
iialionj  not  converted  to  fhrutlanity  ;   opiioscd  to 
JeXLd\  and  Christian, 

r/ni'.Nie,  ».    a  hcaihcn ;  a  pagan. 

KTIl'.NI  CISM,  n.     llcaUicniiin  ;  paganism  ;  Idolatry. 

B.  JoHgon. 
ETII  NOG'IlArilEll,  j  11.    One  who  cultivates  etli- 
ETll  .NOL'O-OlriT,      i      nosrapliy  ;  ono  who  treats 
,  r  111.-  (hir.Tenl  imtiiral  races  and  I'limllics  of  men. 
'  i;lt  M'll'lC,         la.     [Sec  the  noun.)     I'cr- 
.  i.  i;ll  VI'irie-AL,  i     taming  to  etlmngrapliy. 
'    .oi;  l;  \  rilV,  (   II.      [Gr.    lU.u,,    )|iu.;..|,   and 
tril-.\l.>L'0^5Y,        (       .\'j)ui.l 

The  science  which  treats  of  the  diflerent  natural 
m  .  1  .and  families  of  men,  or  a  Ireatis*  on  that  sci- 

I.    II  1 1  LOC'IC  AI.,  a.     [S«o  Eiholoot.]    Treating 

'  :  >  'hirs  or  morality. 
E.I'IIOL'O  CIST,  n.    One  who  writes  on  the  subject 

of  mannin  and  morality. 
E-TllOL'o-OV,  n.    [Gr.  iOjs,  or  i;%5,  manners,  mor- 
als, and  Xipj  0,-,  discourse.] 
A  ticalise  on  morality,  or  the  science  of  ethics. 
Oiccn.     iMnier. 
I.,  n.    [Gr.  uiOijp  and  v^l^]     A  hyixitlictical 
.1  or  baao,  cjisting  in  ether  ami  its  coiiiiKiunils. 
'  I.ATK,  r.  i.     [Ur.  niOi.i,  to  shine.]      [Oniham. 
I'o  become  while  or  wliiter;  to  be  wliitencd  by 
I       eicliidini;  the  light  of  the  sun,  as  plants. 
i    E'TI-OLATE,  r.  I.    To  blanch  ;   lo  whiten  by  c.x- 
cliidms  Ihi'  Min's  ray.". 
ii'TI-OLA-TED,  pp.  or  a.     Illanched  ;  whitened  by 

t\clinlinc  the  sun's  rays, 
r   1 1  '  1  LA  TI.VG,  pj>r.     Blanching;   whitening   by 

I'lling  i)ie  sun's  rays. 
I    1  1  n  LA' TION,  a.    The  op-ration  of  being  blanch- 
ed, as  plants,  by  excluding  the  light  of  the  sun. 

/•'uiircnii/.     Darwin. 
In  gardenings  the  rendering   plants  while,  crisp, 
and  tender,  by  excluding  the  action  of  light  from 
them.  Cyc 

B-TI-0-I.0<5'ie-AL,  o.    Pertiining  to  etiology. 

./IrbudtnoL 
E-TI-OI/O-OV,  II.    [Gr.  aina,  cause,  and  Xojos,  di»- 

I    -im.' 

.  tli.it  branch  of  medical  sciena!  which 
.  ausfs  of  di^e.ase.  Qutitcy. 

'  r.',(et-ckct',)ii.    [  Fr.  fJi/ucUc,  a  ticket 
!  itle  piece  or  slip,  Imm  furiau?,  to  cut  olT, 
Originaltifs  a  little  piece  of  paper,  or  a 
.  affixed  to  a  bag  or  bundle,  expressing 
r>.  .;.__.I-.  111'.] 

i'nm'inYy,  an  account  of  ceremonies.  Hence,  in 
prtjnt  e-'jrr,  forms  of  ceremony  or  deconim  ;  the 
furiii*  which  arc  ohsen'ed  toward  particular  persons, 
or  in  [virtirular  places,  especially  in  courts,  levees, 
.Ul  In;  ;''':^  oT.xsion*.  From  the  i>ngiiial  sense  of 
■  inferred  tint  it  was  formerly  the 
•-ard«  containing  orders  for  regu- 

:)  pilljlic  DCC.'Istuns, 

II  .-Ktsii.]    rettainiiig  to  Etna,  a 

III  ••'icily. 
.t.     [Oil.]  Beaam. 

1.1  cam.     [.Vol  in  ujt.]        Boucher 

in.    [Ft.  c<ifi,  n  case.] 


.A  t  instruments. 

ET-V  ■   ,  ,  .  ri.    .\n  etymologist     [wVo«  in  use.} 

OriJIUh. 
ET-Y-MO-LOC'IC-.Vl.,  a.    [Sec  ErrnoLooi.]     Per- 
taining to  etymology  or  the  derivation  of  words  ;  ac- 
■    r  Ihic  lo,  or  by  means  of,  etyraolugy.  Laeke. 

r  \10-LOd'IC-.\l.-LV,  adr.     According   to  cty- 
■    ■'■.jv. 
ET-V  '•I'O-I.OG'I&O.V,  ».     A  treatise  in  which  the 
etymologies  of  words  arc  traced,  as  Whiter's  Ely- 
m-Iajirnn. 

FATE,  FAK,  FAM 


ET-V-.MOL'O  CIST,  n.    One  I'omed  In  etymology  or 
the   dr.lii.i;i  II  of  words  from  their  orl|!liiala  ;   one 
'  llie  original  of  Words. 
.  .  r.  1.     To  search  into  the  origin 
^  e  words  iVoin  their  shiiple  roots. 
£»cyc. 

ET-Y->l0L'O.*Y,  n.    [Gr.  trejiuj,  true,  and  Xojot, 
discourse.]  ,  , 

1.  That  part  of  philology  which  explains  the  origin 
and  dcnvalion  ol  words,  Willi  n  view  to  iiscertalii 
their  radical  or  priiiiiirv  si(;tiilicatioii. 

In  /.rraminor,  rl\liiol.i-,'y  o.lnpreliends  the  various 
inllections  aiii!  modiliialions  of  wonl*,  and  shows 
how  they  are  lirineil  from  tlieir  simple  roots. 

•i.  The  deduction  of  words  from  their  originals; 
the  analysis  of  com|K>und  words  into  their  primi- 
tives. 
ET'Y-.MO.V,  n.     [I5r.  rnu  >!■,  from  irtfun,  true.] 

An  original  rtsvl  or  primitive  word. 
EO'CIIA-IIIST,  ()il'kari«t,)  n.    (Gr.  .-i.\.i(iirin,  a  giv- 
ing of  thanks  ;  <e,  well,  and  \1)>h,  favor.] 

1.  The  sacrament  of  the  Ixud's  siipjier  ;  the  solemn 
act  or  cereiuonv  of  comineniorating  tlie  death  of  our 
Redeemer,  In  tile  use  of  bnad  and  wine,  as  emblems 
of  his  llesh  and  blood,  accompanied  with  appropriate 
pravern  and  hymns, 
a'.  The  act  of  giving  thanks. 
EU-eilAlllST'ie,         jo.  Containing  expressions  of 
EU-t;llA-RIST'l£>AL,  i      tliank.i.  Unwn. 

I'ertiiiiiing  to  the  l^jrd's  supper. 
EO'eilLOUE,  a.    [Gr.  re,  well,  and  \.\cjpo!,  green.] 

In  minrralogy,  having  a  distinct  preen  color.  Mohs. 
EU-eilLO'Kie,  (yu-klo'rik,)  a.    Of  a  distinct  green 
color. 
KueJiliiric  etJM  ;  the  same  as  EuciiLOBina.  Dauy. 
ECellLO-UINE,  n.     [See  CIilobim:.]     In  cAcniisIn/, 

jirotoxvd  of  chlorine.  Davy.     Ure. 

EU-eilOL'O-CY,  (yukol'o-je,)  n.     [Gr.  iv\o\i>)ioii ; 
rev'?,  praver  or  vow,  and  X.>)  ('(,  discourse.] 

A    formulary   of   prayers  ;    the   Greek    ritual,   in 
which  are  prescribed  the  order  of  ceremonies,  sacra- 
ments, and  ordinances.  Kncyc. 
EO'ellKO-ITE,  II.     [Or.  cvxfioia,  beautiful  color.] 
A  mineral  of  a  light,  emerald-green  color,    Irans- 
iKirent  and  brittle. 
EO'eHY-MY,  (yu'ke-me,)  ii.     [Gr.  ihhv/m.i.J 

A  good  state  of  the  blood  and  other  fluids  of  tlio 

EU-eilY-SIU'ER-ITE,  ii.     A  mineral,  considered  as  a 

variety  of  augite.  PhilUpa. 

EO'CLASE,  n.     [Gr.  iv  and  nXaiJ,  to  break ;  easily 
broken.]  .  .    .        , 

A  brittle  gem  of  the  beryl  family,  consisting  of 
silica,  alumina,  and  glucina.  It  occurs  in  lifllt, 
green,  transparent  cryslala,  nllbrding  a  brilliant  diag- 
onal cleavage.  It  comes  from  the  topaz  localities  in 
Brazil.  ^"'"^ 

EO'CRA-SY,  71.    [Gr.  cv,  well,  and  xpauij,  tempera- 
ment.] 

In  medicine,  sucll  a  due  or  well-proportioned  mix- 
ture of  qualities  in  bodies,  as  to  constitute  health  or 
soiindncis.  Qiiiiicy.     Kncye. 

EOe'Tie-AL,  a.    Containing  acts  of  thanksgiving. 

Male. 
EO'DI-AL-?TE,  a.     [Gr    re,  easily,  and  JiaXvw,  to 
dissolve.] 

.\  rose-red  or  brownlsh-rcd  mineral,  occurring  in 
nearly  oiaque  crysUals.  It  consists  of  the  earth  zir- 
conia,  united  with  silica,  lime,  and  soda.  It  fuses 
easily  before  the  liIowpi|ic.  Dana. 

EIJ-DI-O.M'E-TER,  n.  [Gr.  te^iof, serene,  t»  and  ciioj, 
Jove,  air,  and  jirrpir,  mea.sure.] 

An  instrument  for  ascertiining  the  purity  of  the 
atmosphere,  or  rather  the  quantity  of  oxygon  con- 
tained in  any  given  bulk  of  elastic  fluid. 

Encye.     Vrt. 
EU-DI-O-MET'Rie,        j  a.     Pertaining  to  a  cudi- 
Ei;-DI-0-MFn''Rie-AL, )      ometcr  ;  perlormed  or  as- 
certained by  a  eudiometer  ;  as,  eudiometriail  exper- 
iments or  results. 
EU-DI-OM'E-TRY,  n.     The  art  or  practice  of  ascer- 
taining the  purity  of  the  air  by  the  eudiometer. 

P.  Cyc. 
EO'IjE,  n.     Applause.     [Mt  lued.]  Hammond. 

EO'GE.'<-Y,  n.     [Gr.  lu  and  ytrnj.] 

Nobleness  of^  birth. 
EOGH,(yu,)ii.    A  tree.    [Sec  Yew.] 
EU-H.\R-.MO.\'I€,  a.     [Gr.  re,  well,  and  Aarmonic] 
Producing  hannuny  or  concordant  sounds  ;  as,  the 
fuAdrritofiic  organ.  lAsUjn. 

EO'KAl-lirrE,  a.     [Gr.  iVKaifmi,  opporliinc.] 

Cupreous  selciiiurct  of  sdver,  a  mineral  of  a  shin- 
ing lead-gray  color,  and  granular  stnictiirc. 

Clraveland. 
EU-L0t5'IC,         (  a.     [Sec    EoLoov.l     Containing 
EL'LOG'IC-AL,  j       praise;  commendatory. 
EL'-LOO'ie-AL-LY,  ait.    In  a  manner  to  convey 

£  raise. 
'LO-CIST,  (yu'lo-Jist,)  a.  [Sec  Euloot.]  One 
who  prabtes  and  commends  another  ;  one  who 
writes  or  npi-aks  in  commendation  of  another,  on 
account  of  his  excellent  qualities,  exploits,  or  per- 
fonnanccs. 
EULO  lilST'ie,  a.    Commendatory  ;  full  of  praise. 


EUR 

EU-LO-GIST'IG-.\L-LY,  fli/r.    With  commendation. 
EU-LO'Cil-U.M,  n.     A  eulogy 

EO'LO-Cr/E,  (ya'lo-jlzo,)   r.  (.     [See  EuLoor.)    To 
praise ;  lo  speak  or  write  in  colnniendatioll  of  on- 
other ;  to  extol  in  spi-ech  or  writing. 
EO'Li)-<.';l/.->:U,  pp.     Praised  ;  cominended. 
EO'LOiJIZ-l.Mi,    ppr.      Commending;    writing  or 

spt'akiiii:  in  iiraise  of. 
EO'Lu  GY,  «.     [Gr.  ii..Vu)iii;  iv  and  XojO!.] 

Praise;  encomium  ;  panegyric  ;  a  speech  or  writ- 
ing ill  commendation  of  a  |iersoii,  on  account  of  his 
valuable  qualities  or  6en"iees. 
EO'.Nii-.MY,  «.     [Gr.  iiTujiia;  m  and  mint,  law.] 
Equal  law,  or  a  well-adjusted  confltltution  of  liov- 
erniiient.  Mufurd. 

EO'NL'ell,  (yO'nuk,)  n.    [Gr.  cei-joxot;  «m"l>  a  bod, 
and  r\<.>,  to  keep.] 

A  male  of  the  human  species  castrated. 
EO'iNUeil-ATE,  r.  (.  To  make  a  eunuch  ;  lo  culrale 
EO'NCCll-ATEl),  pp.     -Miide  a  eunuch. 
EO'NL'CII-.VrlNti,  ppr.     Making  a  eunuch. 
EO'NI'CH-ISM,  n.     'I'lie  state  of  being  a  eunuch. 
EU-0T'O-.M0i;S,   o.     [Gr.   re,   well,  and    tijiKi),  to 
cleave.] 

In  minmi/uMT/,  easily  eleavablc.  ShrparJ. 

EO'P.\-TIIY,  (vu'pa-the,)  n.    [Gr.  ivnaOcia.] 

Right  feeling.  Itarrij. 

EU-P.\-T0R'I-NA,  n.  .\  supposed  alkaloid  olitniiod 
from  Eiipatoriuni  Caniiabinuni,  or  hemp  agrimony. 
It  is  a  white  powder  having  a  peculiar  sharp,  bllli  r 
taste,  insoluble  In  water,  but  soluble  in  ether  and  al- 
cohol. It  combines  wilh  sulphuric  acid,  and  the  «Ut 
crjslallizes  in  silky  needles. 
EC'P.\-TO-RY,  H.     [L.  CH/ifl/eriMin  ;  Gr.  cvnaroptoy.] 

The  plant  hemp  agrimony. 
EU-PEP  SY,  (yu  pep'se,)  ii.    [Gr.  (»T(i^ia  ;  £0  and 
rriX/if,  concoction.] 
(;ooil  concoction  in  the  slnmacli ;  good  digestion. 
«U-1'EI"T1C,  a.     Having  good  digestion. 
EO'PllE-MIS.M,  (yu'fe  i:ii/.ni,)  n.  [Gr.  ti'ipipiopoi ;  re, 
well,  and  v'-IM',  t9  spi-ak.] 

A  representation  of  ijood  qualities  ;  partieularly  in 
rheiorie,  a  figure  in  which  a  liar^ih  or  indeliraie  word 
or  expression  is  softened,  or  rather  by  which  a  ilcll- 
cntc  word  or  expression  is  substituted  for  one  which 
Is  offensive  to  good  manners  or  to  delicate  ears. 

.*<*.     Cninpbell. 
EU-PHE-.M!S'TIC,  a.    Containing  eupliemiBiu  ;  ren- 
dering more  decent  or  delicate  in  expression. 
EU-PHO.\'ie,         I  a.     [S<'c   EupiioKV.]     Agreeable 
EU-PIION'ie-AL,  i      in  sound  ;  pleasing  to  the  car; 
as,  euphonical  orthography.  Cotebrooke. 

The  Grvek»  .-ulow.^l  m-iny  cluiigri  In  Ihe  wli.UivsIloii  ot  tylU. 
IjIo,  to  iriiJcr  Ijicir  Unpingc  luphonie,  liy  arolillnj  •ucii 
colli.1011..  E.  Porur. 

EU-PIIO'NI-OUS,  a.    Agrccible  in  sound. 
EU-PIIO'NI-OUS-LY,  adc.    With  euphony  ;  lianuo- 

niouslv. 
EO'PllO-NISM,    71.      An    agreeable    combination   ol 

sounds. 
EO'PllO-.N'IZE,  r.  t.    To  make  agreeable  In  sound. 
EO'I'IIONY,  (yu'fo-nc,)  n.     [Gr.  cvipavia  ;  to  and 

0(j|-ij,  voice.l 
.\n  agreeable  sound  ;  an  easy,  smooth  enunciation 

of  sounds ;  a  pronunciation  of  letters  and  syllalilej 

which  is  pleasing  lo  the  ear. 
EIIPllOR'lil-A,  (yu-for'bc-a,)  n.   [Gr.  cvijiopliia,  wiili 

a  dilFercnt  signiflcation.] 

In  bul/inti,  spurge,  or  bastard  spurge,  a  genus  nf 

lilants  of  I'nany  species,  mostly  shriililiy,  herbaceous 

succulents,  some  of  them  armed  with  thorns.  Kncye. 
EU-PIIOU'BI-U.M,  (yufor'be-uiii,)  n.     [L.,  from  Gr. 
5        }U3 

cvifopfftov,  Ar.  /,  i^r*  /eriion.] 

In  tA<  materia  virdiea,  an  inspissated  sop,  exuding 
from  an  African  planu  It  li.as  a  sharp,  biting  ta^iti-, 
and  is  vehemently  acrimonious,  inflaming  and  ulcer- 
ating the  fauces  Knrttc 
EO'PIIO-TIDE,  71.  A  n.ijnc  given,  by  the  French,  to 
the  aggregate  of  diallage  and  saussuritc.  Cleacelaad. 
EO'PllRA-SY,  (yii'fra-sc,)7i.     (Gr.  ti";.pa<ri(i.] 

Evehright,  the  popular  name  of  the  genus  of  planU 
Eup'linLsia,  called,  in  French,  ea.^gc-luneue. 
EO'PIIU-IS.M,  71.     [Gr.  cri^i'DS,  elegant.] 

An  affectation  of  excessive  elegance  and   refine- 
ment of  language  ;  high-flown  diction. 
EC'PHU-IST,  71.     (Gr.  te«e7,(.] 

One  who  aflccts  excessive  rilinement  and  elegance 
of  language  ;  applied  particularly  to  a  clxss  of  writ- 
ers, in  the  age  of  Elizabeth,  whose  unnatural  and 
high-nown  diction  is  ridiculed  in  Sir  Walter  Scolt's 
.Monastery,  in  the  character  of  Sir  Pcreie  Slialtnn. 
EU-PIIU-IST'ie,  o.  Belonging  to  tIiceuphui«t.i,or  to 
euphuism.  , 

EU-llA'SI.-VN,  n.  or  a.  [A  contraction  o( Earopcem  and 
.^sian.]  ^ 

A  tenn  applied,  in  India,  to  children  bom  offciiro- 

pean  parents  on  the  one  side,  and  Asiatics  on  the 

other. 

EU-RI'PUS,  71.     [fir.  EiioiToj  ;  L.  Earipim.] 

I         A  strait ;  a  narrow  tract  of  water,  where  the  tide, 

i     or  a  current,  flows  and  reflows,  as  that  in  Greece, 


V ri.\E,  MARI.VE,  BIRD.-NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WtJLF,  BO<?K.— 


412 


r 


EVA 


between  Euboea  and  Attica,  or  Eiibffia  and  Boeulia. 
It  is  sonielimus  used  for  a  strait  nr  fritli  much  agita- 
ted. Burke. 

EO'lUTE,  n.  The  French  name  of  iVlspatliic  granite, 
of  which  fe!*=par  is  the  principal  ingredient ;  the 
white  slune  [weLns  stciii]  of  Werner. 

EU-ROe'LY-DOiV,  n,  [Gr.  evpjs,  wind,  and  kXvSiji', 
a  wave.] 

A  tempestuous  wind,  such  as  drove  ashore,  on 
Malta,  the  ship  in  wliich  Paul  was  sailing  to  Italy. 
It  is  supposed  to  have  blown  from  an  easterly  point. 
Jicts  xxvii.  Encijc. 

EO'ROI'E,  71.  [Bochart  supposes  this  word  to  be  com- 
posed of  NDH  iin,  ?DhUc  f.tce,  the  land  of  white  pL-o- 
ple,  as  distinguished  fiom  the  Etlnopians,  biack-iaced 
people,  or  tawiiy  inhabitants  of  Asia  and  Africa.] 

The  great  quarter  of  the  earth  that  lies  between 
the  Atlantic  Ocean  and  Asia,  and  between  the  Sled- 
iterranean  Sea  and  the  North  Sea. 

EU-RO-Pk'AN,  a.    Pertaining  to  Europe 

EU-RO-Pe'AN,  7t.     A  native  of  Europe. 

Eu'UUS,  71.    [L.]    The  ea=t  wind. 

Eu'RYTH-MY,  (yQ'rith-niy,)  n.  [Gr.  ev  and  pvOiioi, 
rijtfimu-^,  number  or  proportion.] 

In  architecture,  paintin>r,  :itu1  scaJptiire,  ease,  majes- 
ty, and  elegance  of  the  parts  of  a  body,  arising  from 
justprojuirtions  in  the  composition.  Encyc. 

EU-Sk'B1-AN,  11.  A  term  applied  to  the  followers  of 
Eusebius,  of  Nicomedia,  wlio  was  a  friend  and  pro- 
tector of  Arius. 

EU-STA'CHI-AN,  a.  The  cuMachian  tube,  Is  a  slender 
pipe  affording  a  passage  for  the  air  from  a  cavity  in 
the  ear  to  the  back  part  of  the  mouth,  and  the  exter- 
nal air.  Palcy. 

EC'STYLE,  n.     [Gr.  ev  and  ^vXus,  a  column.] 

Inarchitccture^  a  term  denoting  a  building  in  which 
the  columns  are  placed  at  the  most  convenient  dis- 
tances from  each  other,  the  interrolumniations  being 
just  two  diameters  and  a  quarter  of  the  column. 

Owilt. 

EO'TAX-Y,  n.     [Gr.  evTa^ia.] 

Establislied  order.     [J\i'ut  use^I.'\  JVaterkouse. 

EU-TER'PE,  (yu-ter'pe,)  n.  In  viytltolo'rij,  tlie  muse 
who  [iresides  over  wind-instnunents, 

EU-TER'PE-AN,  a.  Relating  to  Euterpe  ;  a  term  of- 
ten given  to  music  clubs. 

EO'THA-Na-SY  or  EU-TIIAN'A-SY,  7i.    [Gr.  ivOa- 
lama  :  ev  and  OauaTog,  death.] 
An  easy  death.  Arhuthnot. 

EIT-TYCH'I-AN,  n.  A  term  applied  to  the  followers 
of  EutychiiL^,  who  held  tliat  the  divine  and  human 
natures  of  Christ,  after  their  union,  became  so  blend- 
ed together,  as  to  constitute  but  one  nature.  They 
were  also  called  Monophysites.  ./.  Murdoek. 

EU-TYCH'I-AN-ISM,  (yu-tik'e^an-izin,)  n.  The  doc- 
trine of  Eutychius. 

EOX'INE,  71.    The  sea  on  the  east  of  Europe  ;  the 

E-VA'eATE,  V.  t.     [L.  vaco.]  [Black  Sea. 

To  emptT-     [J^ot  in  wjc]  Harvey. 

E-VAG'U-ANT,  a.    [h.  eimcuans.} 
Emptying;  freeing  from. 

E-VA€'U-A\T,  7f.  A  medicine  which  procures  evac- 
uations, or  promotes  tiie  natural  secretions  and  ex- 
cretions. 

E-VAG'II-aTE,  r.  (.  JL.  cvacuo;  e  and  vacuus,  from 
vaca,  to  empty.     See  Vacant.] 

1.  To  make  empty;  to  free  from  anything  con- 
tained ;  as,  to  evacuate  the  church  Hooker. 

2.  To  throw  out  ;  to  eject ;  to  void  ;  to  discharge  ; 
as,  to  evacuate  darfc-colored  matter  from  the  bowels. 
Hence, 

3.  To  empty  ;  to  free  from  contents,  or  to  diminish 
the  quantity  contained  ;  as,  to  evacuate  the  bowels  ; 
to  evacuate  the  vessels  by  bleeding. 

4.  To  quit ;  to  withdraw  from  a  place.  The  Brit- 
ish army  evacuated  the  city  of  New  York,  Nov.  25, 
1783. 

5.  To  make  void  ;  to  nullify  ;  as,  to  evacuate  a 
marriage,  or  any  contract. 

[In  tlii.s  sense,  Vacatk  is  now  generally  used.] 

E-VXe'l^-A-TED,  pp.  or  a.    Emptied  ;  cleared  ;  freed 

from  the  contents;  quitted,  as  by  an  army  or  garri 

son  ;  ejected  ;  discliargeil ;  vacated. 

E-VAC'lJ-A-TING,  ppr.     Emptying;  making  void  or 

I'acant ;  withdrawing  from. 
E-VAC-U-A'TION,   71.     The  act  of  emptying  or  clear- 
ing of  the  contents  ;  the  act  of  witlidrawing  from,  as 
an  army  or  garrison. 

2.  Discharges  by  stool  or  otlier  natural  means ;  a 
diminution  of  the  fluids  of  an  animal  body  by  cathar- 
tics, venesection,  or  other  means.  Quincy, 

3.  Abolition ;  nullification. 
E-VAe'fJ-A-TIVE,  a.    That  evacuates. 
E-VAC'li-A-TOR,  71.    One  that  makes  void. 

HammoJiii. 
E-VaI)E',  v.  t.     [L.  cvatlo ;   c  and  vailo,  to  go;   Sp. 
evadir :  Fr.  evatlfr.] 

1.  To  avoid  by  dexterity.  The  man  evaded  the 
Wow  aimed  at  his  head. 

2.  To  avoid  or  escape  by  artifice  or  stratagem ;  to 
slip  away  ;  to  elude.    The  tliief  evaded  his  pursuers. 

3.  To  elude  by  subterfuge,  sophistry,  address,  or 
ingenuity.  The  advocate  evades  an  argument  or  the 
force  of  an  argument. 


EVA 

4.  To  escape  as  impercepltble,  or  not  to  bo  reached 
or  seized.  South. 

E-VaUE',  17.  i.  To  escape;  to  slip  away;  formerly 
and  pn»|)erly  with /ro77( ;  as,  to  evade  from  perils. 
liul/rain  is  now  8t-ldom  used. 

2.  'J'o  attempt  to  escape ;  to  practice  artifice  or 
sophistry,  for  the  purpose  of  eluding. 

Tlie  minioU^re  of  GoJ  arc  nol  to  eonde  luiil   Utko  refuge  in  any 
eiich  wayd.  HouUi. 

E-VAD'Er),p/7.    Avoided;  eluded. 

E-VaU'1i\G,   ppr.      Escaping;    avoiding;    eluding; 

slipping  away  from  danger,  pursuit,  or  attack. 
EV-A-Ga'TIUN,  71.    [L.  evugatio,  cvagur;  e:md  vagor^ 

to  wander.] 
The  act  of  wandering;  excursion;  a  roving  or 

rambling.  liaif. 

E-VAG-IN-a'TION,  n.    [e  and  vagina.]     The  *«xt  of 
_  unsheathing. 
K'VAL,  a.     [L.  atvum.] 

Relating  to  lime  or  iluration.     [JVot  in  iwf.] 
E-VAL-IJ-a'TION,  7i.  [Fr.]    Valuation;  apprizemont. 

EV  -A-NES'CENCE,  71.  [Jj.  evanesccns,  from  evanesco ; 
e  and  vanr^co^  to  vanifih,  from  vanus^  vain,  empty. 
See  Vain.] 

1.  A  vanishing  ;  a  gradual  departure  from  sight  or 
possession,  either  by  removal  to  a  distance  or  by 
dissipation,  as  vapor. 

2.  The  state  of  being  liable  to  vanish  and  escape 
possession. 

EV-A-NES'CENT,  a.  Vanishing;  subject  to  vanish- 
ing; fleeting;  passing  away;  liable  to  dissipation, 
like  vapor,  or  to  become  imperceptible.  The  pleas- 
ures and  joys  of  life  arc  evancsrent. 

EV-AiV-ES'CENT-LY,  ado.     In  a  vanishing  manner. 

E-VA\'OEL,  71.     [li.  cvaui^clinm.] 

The  gospel.     UVot  in  u^c]  Chaucer. 

EV-AN-Gi:'LI-AN,  a.     Rendering  thanks  for  favors. 

Mitford. 

E-VAN-GEL'JC,  }  a.     [I.ow  L.  evangelicus,  from 

E-VAN-GEL'I€-AL,  I  cvangdium,  the ~ gospel  ;  Gr. 
tiia)  >fAtti-os,  from  c'la)  yeXioi' ;  iv,  well,  good,  and 
uyjtAAw,  to  announce,  Ir.  aofa/k,  to  tell,  to  speak,  Ar. 

JLj  kaula,  to  Itll,  Class  GI,  No.  -19,  or  Ch.  nS^,  ■''ton, 

to  call,  No.  3fi.] 

1.  According  to  tlie  gospel ;  consonant  to  the  doc- 
trines and  precepts  of  t!ie  gospel,  published  by  Christ 
and  his  apostles  ;  as,  evangelical  righteousness,  obe- 
dience, or  piety. 

2.  Contained  in  the  gospel  ;  as,  an  evangelical 
doctrine. 

3.  Sound  in  the  doctrines  of  the  gospel;  orthodox  ; 
as,  an  eimngelical  preacher. 

E-VAN-GEL'iC-AL-lSM,  7t.    Adherence  to  evangel- 

ic.'il  doctrines. 
E-VAN-GEL'IC-AL-LY,  ado.     In  a  manner  according 

to  the  gospel. 
E-VAN'6EL-ISM,  n.    The  promulgation  of  the  gospel 

Bacon. 
E-VAN'GEL-LST,  71.     A  writer  of  the  history  or  doc- 
trines,   precepts,   actions,   life,    and    death,   of   our 
blessed  Savior,  Jesus  Christ ;  ;i3,  the  four  evangelists, 
Mattliew,  Mark,  Luke,  and  John. 

2.  A  preacher  or  publisher  of  the  gospjl  of  Jesus 
Christ,  licensed  to  preach,  but  not  having  charge  of 
a  particular  churcli. 
E-VAN'GEL-IST-A-RY,  n.    A  selection  of  passages 
from  the  Gospels,  as  a  lesson  in  divine  service. 

Qregomj. 
E-VAN-GEL-I-Za'T[OX,h.    The  act  of  evangelizing. 
E-VAN'GEL-IZE,  v.  L     [Low  L.  evangcHzo.] 

To  instruct  in  the  gospel ;  to  preacli  the  gospel  to, 
and  convert  to  a  belief  of  the  gospel  ;  as,  to  evangel- 
ize heathen  nations  ;  to  evangelize  the  world. 

JMilncr.     Buchanan. 
E-VAN'GEL-IZE,  v.  i.    To  preach  the  gospi-1. 
E-VAN'GEL-IZ-A'D, /;/).  or  «.     Instructed  in  the  gos- 
pel ;  converted  to  a  belief  of  tlie  gospel,  or  to  Chris- 
tianity 
E-VAN'6EL-IZ-I.\G,  ;)/*;•.    InstructiTig  in  the  doctrines 
and  precepts  of  the  gospel ;   converting  to  Chris- 
tianity. 
E-VAN'GEL-Y,  n.    Good  tidings;  the  gospel.    [JVot 

in  use.]  Spcil.scr. 

E-VAN'ID,  a.     [L.  ccanidu^\     See  Vae.v.] 

Faint ;  weak  ;  evanescent ;  liable  to  vanish  or  dis- 
appear ;  as,  an  evanid  color  or  smell.    Bacon.     Encyc. 
E-VAN'ISII,  V.  i.     rii.  evanesco.     Sue  Vain.] 

To  vanish ;  to  uisapjieur ;  to  escape  from  sight  or 
perception. 

("Vawish  i?J  more  generally  used.] 
E-VAN'ISH-MENT,  7(.    A  vanishing;  disappearance. 

Barton. 
E-VAP'O  RA-BLE,  a.     [See  EvAroBATE.]     That  may 
be  converted  into  vapor,  and  puss  oil'  in  fumes;  that 
mav  be  dissipated  by  evaporation.  Oran. 

E-VAP'0-KaTE,  v.  i.  [L.  evaporo  ;  e  and  7Vjp('ro,from 
vapor,  which  see.] 

1.  To  pass  oft'  in  vapor,  as  a  fluid  ;  to  escape  and 
be  dissipated,  cither  in  visible  vapor,  or  in  particles 
too  minute  to  be  visible.    Fluids,  when  healed,  often 


EVE 

evaporate  in  visible  steam  ;  but  water,  on  the  surface 
of  the  eartli,  generally  ecaporaUn  in  an  ini|K:rccptibtc 
manner. 

2.  'i'o  escape  or  pii^^  off  without  cflcct ;  to  be  dis- 
sipated ;  to  be  wa!<U;d.  Arguments  cvaporaU  in 
words ;  the  Hpirit  of  a  writer  often  cvayoraUs  in 
tram^lating. 

E-VAP'0-K.^']'E,  V.  t.  To  convert  or  resolve  a  fluid 
into  vapor,  which  is  tii>cclficQlly  lighter  than  llic  air ; 
to  dissipate  in  fumes,  steam,  or  ininutt;  particles. 
Heat  evaporates  water  at  every  jKiint  of  t«mi>enilure, 
from  3:^  to  212%  the  boiling  prjinl  of  Fahrenheit ;  a 
north-west  wind,  in  New  England,  craporatat  water, 
and  dries  the  earth,  more  rapidly  limn  the  heat  alone 
of  a  summer's  day. 
2.  To  give  vent  to ;  to  pour  out  in  words  or  Round. 

fVoUon, 

E-VAP'0-RATE,  a.    Disjwrscd  in  vapors. 

E-VAP'0-Ra-TEI>,  pp.  or  a.  Converted  into  vapor  or 
steam,  and  dissipated;  dissipated  in  insensible  par- 
ticles, as  a  fluid. 

E-VAP'O-Ra-TING,  ppr.  Kcsolvlug  into  vapor;  dis- 
sipating, as  a  fluid. 

E-VAP-O  RA'TION,  n.  The  conversion  of  a  fluid 
into  vapor  specifically  lighter  than  the  atmospheric 
air.  Evaporation  is  increased  by  heat,  and  is  followed 
by  cold.  It  is  now  generally  considered  ;ls  a  solution 
in  the  atmosphere. 

2.  Tiie  act  of  flying  off  in  fumes  ;  vent;  di.schargc. 

3.  In  pharmacy,  the  operation  of  drawing  off  a 
portion  of  a  fluid  in  steam,  that  the  remainder  may 
be  of  a  greater  consistence,  or  more  concentraicd. 

E-VAP'0-R.\-TIVE,  a.  Peitaining  to  or  producing 
evaporation, 

E-VAP-O-ROM'E  TER,  n.  [L.  ccaporo,  and  Gr.  pcT- 
pov,  measure.] 

An  inslrument  for  asrert^iining  the  quau'ity  of  a 
fluid  evaporated  in  a  given  time;  an  atmomcler. 

Journ.  of  Science. 

E-VA'SION,  (e-vri'zhun,)  n.  [L.  cca^-io,  from  ccoJo, 
cvasi.    See  Evadl.] 

The  act  of  chiding  or  avoiding,  or  of  escaping, 
particularly  from  the  pressure  of  an  argimient,  from 
an  accusation  or  charge,  from  ;ui  interrogatory  and 
the  like;  excuse;  subterfuge;  rquivocation ;  artifice 
to  elude;  shift.  Evasion  of  a  direct  answer  weakens 
the  testimony  of  a  witness. 

TliLiu  l>y  ei'Oiions  Uiy  crime  uiicoTcrcst  more.  J^rdton. 

E-Va'SIVE,  a.  Using  evasion  or  artifice  to  avoid  ; 
elusive  ;  shulHing ;  equivocating. 

He  —  answLTcd  ecasioe  of  llir*  sly  request  Popf. 

2.  Conluining  evasion  ;  artfully  contrivi-d  t<i  elude 
a  question,  charge,  or  argument ;  as,  an  evasive  an- 
swer ;  an  evasive  argument  or  reasoning. 

E-Va'SIVE-LY,  ado.  By  evasiiui  or  subterfuge  ;  elit- 
sively  ;  in  a  manner  to  avoid  a  direct  reply  or  a 
charge. 

E-VA'SIVE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  or  stole  of  being 
evasive. 

EVE,  71.  The  consort  of  Ailam,  and  mother  of  ilie 
human  race  ;  so  called  by  Adam,  bircause  she  \\  as 
the  mother  of  all  living.  In  Ihis  case,  the  word 
would  properly  belong  to  the  llel».  n^n.  But  the 
Hebrew  name  is  nin,  havah  or  chavah,  coinciding 
with  the  verb  to  shotr,  to  discover,  and  Parkhur^t 
hence  denominates  Eve  the  manifester.  In  the  Srp- 
tuagint.  Eve,  in  Gen.  iii.  2t),  is  rendered  Zwij,  life; 
but,  in  Gen.  iv.  1,  it  is  rendered  Eoar,  £iuiri  or  Evau 
The  reason  of  this  variation  is  not  obvious,  as  the 
Hebrew  is  the  same  in  both  pa.ss;iges.  In  Russ.  Eve 
is  Evva.  In  the  Chickasaw  language  of  America, 
a  wife  is  called  axrak,  savs  Adair. 

E-VEC'TIONj  71.     [L.  cv'eho,  to  carry  away.] 

1.  A  carrj'nig  out  or  away  ;  also,  a  lifting  or  extol- 
ling; exaltation.  Pearson, 

2.  In  astronomy,  a  change  of  form  in  the  lunar 
orbit,  by  which  its  eccentricity  is  sometimes  increased, 
and  sometimes  diminished.  Olmsted, 

kVE,  ( 7).     [Sax.   tpfctt,  efen  ;    D.  avond  ;    G. 

K'Vi^N,  (e'vn,)  i  abend;  Sw.ajion;  Ttan.ajlcn;  Ice. 
afftaii.  Q.U.  Ch.  W3D,  from  niD,  fanah,  to  turn,  to 
decline.  The  evening  is  the  decline  of  the  day,  or 
fall  of  the  sun.] 

1.  The  decline  of  the  sun  ;  the  latter  part  or  close 
of  the  day,  and  beginning  of  the  nighl.  Eve  is  used 
chiefly  in  poetrj'.     In  prose,  we  generally  use  ctcnutg 

Winter,  ofl,  ftl  <«  nMuraes  Uie  breoie.  Thomson, 

They,  like  so  many  AliMontlcre, 
Have  in  these  parU  fram  morn  uU  even  fougUt.  Shak. 

2.  Eve  is  used,  also,  for  tlie  evening  before  a  holi- 
day ;  as,  Christnuis  eee.  Johnson. 

3.  Figuratively,  the  period  just  preceding  some  im- 
portant event ;  as,  ihe  eve  of  an  engagement. 

E' VKN-SONG,  (C'vn-,)  n.  A  song  for  Uie  evening ;  a 
form  of  worship  for  the  evening.  .Hdtt)». 

2.  The  evening,  or  close  of  the  day.         Dryden. 

E'V£N-TIDE,  n.  [even  iDd  Sax.  tid,  time]  IJttr- 
ally,  the  time  of  evening  ;  \^»U  is,  evening. 

laaiic  went  out  to  mwlitalo  in  tn«  field  at  the  ntn-tiiie.  —  ficn. 
xxW. 

[This  word  is  nearly  obsolete ;  tfrfc  being  a  useless 

addition  to  even.] 


TONE,  B^LL,  UNITE.— AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

413 


EVE 


EVE 


E'  Via*,  («'»n,)  a.    (9«-  V" '  ".  «r«»  (  O.  lin  i  8w. 


ifen;  Pen. 


The  K»M  U,  lalU  or 


of  an  equnl  Burfncc:  Hat;  nut 
rtn  ecm  imct  uf  loQu  ;  an  even 

1 1m;    nol  cully  runieJ  or 
,  ..'Mi'tl;  a«,  %n  even  It-mpt-r. 
iM  I  10, 
m  wtlb  tte  (round.  —  Luk»  xU. 


&.    I 

fair. 

tall- 

a  - 

balaiK'  t 
no. 

8.  I 


nj  ttU  btmon  ofti.  Shak. 

'Ac  \   nn   n   If-vH   in  advantni;o ; 
nl  :  the  aJro- 


\Vf  hiivi- 


unc  nccounlK 
[il<.(l  :i' >  .iin'.^,  and  now  are 

n^,  rnr  accountd  &ro  even, 

to  two  cquni  natls, 
i   Ui  odd.     4,  U,  \  10, 


Willi 

are  err/i  iiuinbcr*. 

Ijcx  blm  t«ll  me  wbellwr  ihe  namlcr  oTUte  itAn  U  «wn  or  oiltl. 

TUy.'or. 

To  make  oren  or  level ;  to  level ; 


ft'Vi:v,(6'vn.)F.r. 
lo  lay  tniooth. 

Thk  wUl  ntn  - 
ThU  temple  X 

2.  To  place  in  :i 
in  a  slate  In  whicl 
balance  ncconnl^. 


i.)»on. 

,  n^  to  obligation,  or 
..^  .-  v>iic  on  cither  side  ;  lo 
Skak. 
R'VEN,  r.  I.  To  bo  eqtml  to,  [.Xnt  wed.]  Cartw. 
h'VES,  (5'vn,)  o'/r.  Noting  a  level  or  equality,!  . 
cmpliatirally,  a  like  miinnur  or  degree.  As  it  lioa 
been  done  to  yon,  rrfii  so  sinll  it  bo  done  to  others. 
Thou  art  n  sulUier  rrrn  to  Cato*3  wishes" ;  thai  is, 
your  qualitii-i',  as  n  soldier,  are  etpial  to  his  wirfhi-s. 

2.  Noting  equality  or  siinu-netw  of  time ;    hence, 
cin pi lati tally,  the  Ter>'  lime.     I  know  the  llicls  eocn 
when  I  wrote  lo  you. 
:«.  Noting,  cmpIiMically,  idcnlity  of  person. 

! ,  nm  I,  do  Uin*  a  HxkI  of  valcn  on  ihe  caitli.  — 

■  iio  ;  in  like  manner. 

JI.  fc  ^'.  Li^ir  npo  uiJ  rvfn  Uieir  murtnun  Cttue.  Popt. 

5.  Po  much  as.  Wc  are  nol  crfn  sensible  of  the 
chance. 

(V  Noting  the  application  of  somrlhln;;  to  tliat 
which  l»  U-sfi  probnbly  inrliidcd  in  llie  phrasu:  or 
bringing  ftomelhiiig  witiiin  ii  de^criptinn  which  is 
unexpecltd.  The  common  pt'(>|ilc  iire  nddicled  to 
this  vice,  and  fr^ii  the  qri-at  are  not  free  from  iL  Ho 
made  several  di.icoverles  which  are  new  even  lo  (lie 
leamt'd. 

Here  also  we  sec  the  wnse  of  cqiinlity,  or  bringing 
to  a  level.  So  in  Ihest'  plirascs,  1  shall  rvtn  let  it  paKH, 
I  shall  erfn  do  more,  we  obscr\X'  ihc  senoo  of  brint*- 
inz  the  mind  or  will  to  a  level  with  what  Is  to  he 

E-VCNE',  r.  i.     [I.,  errnio.]  [done. 

To  happen.    \vVo(  in  use.]  IletpeL 

E'VKN-A:I>,  (5'vnd,)  pp.     Made  even  or  level. 

P/VKN'-ER,  (£'vn-er,)  «.     One  thai  makes  even. 

p.'VF.NIIANO,  n.     K<pinlilv.  Dttcon. 

e'V£N-!IA.XD-EI»,  n.     Impartitil ;  equitable  ;  just. 

Shak. 

E'V£N-KF,r,I*.  A  ship  Is  properly  said  to  bo  on 
evetk-ked  wticn  she  draws  tho  Mtmc  water  abaft  and 
forw' '  ''■•>■  "-fm  in  somi'times  used,  though  inac- 
ciir  '  '  that  she  is  not  inclined  to  either 

aid  ;.  Bran, 

P.'V;  ing,)  n.     [Hoe  Ete,  EvErr.]    'I'he 

I.i!'  *■  tif  the  day,  and  tlie  bcginninc  of 

d-.'  ,  proiHrrly,  the  decline  or  full  of  Ihc 

day,  ■  .  ■  .   ..-     -.i.i. 

Tbc  rtwmn/  kaJ  tlo  momlnf  were  Ujc  llr»t  lUy.  —  Gru.  L 

Th-  nrti  i*o  iitnf  when  rrfning  liegins,  or  When  it 
cii  '  '   t'X  usn::'-.     The  word  ofUin 

In  r'  the  aftonioon,  and  imlcud 

Ih-  in  the  ptuajic,  "  The  morn- 

In-  "f  llic  Sabbath."     In  striet- 

ni-  *  at  till;  setting  of  the  pun, 

Bp't  liltht ,  and  ni^Af  comniL'nccti 

«.■  -It,  In  ciiPtoiimry  Inn^tiaRo, 

th'  dtinit!,  whatever  that  time 

m:i  ■  l<*  spcnil  an  evening  wilJi  a 

fii 

■  r  part  of  life.    Wo  say,  the 
«'      „  ,  '•  diyi. 

3.  Tlu:  dcclijii;  oi  i^iiy  thing;  as,  tlio  ezeiung  of 
Rlory. 
£'V£N  l.N't;.  , '"'vn  inc.'  a.    Being  at  the  clo»c  of  day  ; 

a-.  • 
E'V/  vn-lng-)  n.    A  hymnorsong 

k'\  :  )  1"     line  u  .  v-tiinc. 


R'VKN-I.Y,  (fl'vn-le,)  adv.    VViUi  an  uven,  level,  or 
Rniouth  Kurfacu  ;  wittuml  roughui'ds,  vlevatiuns,  and 
dfiirt'fi.sion'i ;  u,  thinfts  fiYMiy  dprcad. 
!>.  F^t^ually  ;  uniformly  ;  in  an  equipoise :  as,  svm/y 

Vil-ui.-.  ■!. 

!        :.'vtd  poHitlun  ;  horizon  lolly. 

uf  Ui0  M«  b  #MnZy  liUUnt  fnun  tba  wntiv  of  Uie 
Brwrrisooii. 

4.  Impartially  ;  without  bios  from  fUvor  or  tnimiy. 

liacotu 
E'V/'V  vrsH  ,.-'vn  m-s  1  .i.  'rii--  -t-ito  of  being  even, 
lev   • 

u&M  of  motion. 
t  her  side  ;  equal 
di  ic'iiiu.  lide. 

1  1  ;  Icvclnesfl  of  snrfuco  \  as, 

th  <■   i- 

I  in  fVom 

|K,-ii : ■.     .  ^  rli^vaiion 

or  drtircMiuU  :  L-quanuiiily.  MUerbnry. 

EVENT',  H.  [L.  nenttUf  evettio ;  e  and  rmio,  lo  come  j 

rr.evmement;  It,  and  Sp.  evmtot  At.     '\S  faina. 

Class  Bn,  No.  21.] 

1.  'J'hnt  which  conic.i,  arrives,  or  hfippens  j  ihot 
which  fbllfl  oul ;  any  incident,  good  or  bad. 

IVni  U  ono  CMnI  lo  Uw  ri(l>teoiu  ttiul  U>  Uw  «idced.  — Ec- 

c!ri.  Ix. 

Q.  The  consequence  of  any  thing ;  tho  issue  ;  con- 
chntiiui ;  end  -,  tlial  in  which  nn  action,  operation,  or 
series  of  oivcralions  tenninuttrf.  'I'ho  event  of  the 
crtminign  was  U>  briu);  about  a  ue(;otiiiliou  for 
peact'. 

E-VENT',  r.  i.     To  break  forth.     [JVut  use*!.] 

E-VENT'EU-ATE,  r.  U     [Kr.  evaUrer,  from  tho  L.  e 
and  venUry  the  bully.] 
To  open  the  bowels ;  to  rip  oi>en ;  to  disembowel. 

Brown. 

E-VEiNT'Ell-A-TED,  pp.     Having  Ihe  bowels  opened. 

E-VENT'EII-A-T1N(;,  ppr.    U(RninR  the  bowels. 

E-VEN'T'KIJL,  a.  (from  event.]  Full  of  ovcnia  or 
inci.Unl-s;  iiroducmg  numerous  or  great  changes, 
ciUuT  in  ihiIpIjc  or  private  nlVatrs  ;  iw,  an  eventful 
ireriod  of  iiir*lon'  ;  nn  erentfut  period  of  life, 

E-VEN'TI  I.ATi:,  V.  t,  'i'o  winnow  ;  to  fan  ;  to  dis 
cuss.     [See  Ve.stilate.J 

E-VEN-TI-LA'TION,  n.     A  fanning  ;  discussion. 

E-VE.NT'U-AL,  a.  [from  event.]  Coming  or  happen- 
ing as  a  consequence  or  result  of  any  thing  ;  conse- 
quential. 

2.  Final ;  terminnllng  ;  ultimate.  Burke. 


Bvtnbioi  nroTkion  for  tlie  imymciit  of  llio  puUIc  MCuritW. 

//afm/:on. 

E-VEXT-II-AL'I-TY,  «.  Among  pArrno/o^iVts,  tlmt 
organ  which  takes  cognlxancu  of  occurrences  or 
cvenLi.  Brandr. 

E-VENT'I{-.\Ij-LY,  fl/ie.  In  tho  event ;  in  tho  final 
result  or  issue. 

IVVENT'li-ATE,  V.  i.  To  Issue  ;  to  come  to  nn  end  ; 
to  close  :  lo  lerrninalc.     [Itnre  in  EhjJ.]     J.  Uoyd. 

E-VENT'li-A-TING,  vpr.    issuing;  terminating. 

EVER,  adc.     [Sax.  afrCy  rfr*.\ 

1.  At  any  lime;  at  any  jteriod  or  point  of  lime, 
post  or  fuluVc.  Have  you  crcr  seen  the  city  of  Paris, 
or  shall  you  ever  sec  it .' 

No  man  cp#r  yet  liat-Nl  liU  own  flcili.  —  Epb.  v. 

9.  At  nil  limes;  always  ;  continually. 

1. 

Drydtn. 

I  1.3111.  —  ?*.  txi. 

-:o?neloUio  knowlcJ^  of  (be 

UwUl.  i  'l'.!!!.   Li. 

3.  Forever;  eternally ;  to  perpetuity ;  during  cver- 
bsting  continuance. 

TUk  \*  my  DAin^/u.-f  wr.  —  Ex.  iii. 

In  a  mort  lax  sense^  this  v  ord  signiflea  continually, 
for  an  indefinite  period. 

lib  muti^r  tJnll  tort-  liis  curthrougli  witti  mi  awl,  adiI  Iw  ihall 
•crro  Idm/orrorr.  — Ex.  xsl. 

The!)e  words  nro  sometimes  repented,  for  the  sake 
of  emphasis  ;  forever  and  every  or  forever  ami  fn-rver. 
Pope,     Shak. 

^.  Ever  and  anon ;  ut  one  time  and  another  ;  now 
and  then.  Drydcn. 

5.  In  any  degree.  No  man  is  ever  the  richer  or 
happier  for'in  just  ice. 

W.i  no  inxa  firar  ilut  cre&lure  ntr  Uio  'cm,  beuiue  Iw  imi  ibfl 
Kpoallo  Bofo  frtrm  hk  {x>[«oa.  Halt. 

In  modem  UMge,  this  word  Is  used  for  nflcrr,  hut 
very  improperly. 

And  itU  111  ■  t'er  to  lon^, 

U  oiiljr  V  •  1  him  WToug.  Peps. 

Thlsouehti'  long,  as  the  phrase  is  al 

ways  useu  in  the  An^U>-Saxon,and  in  our  version  of 
the  Scripmrc!',  that  is,  so  lone  'i'  nrrrr,  so  long  as 
Ti/Tcr  before,  to  any  length  oi'i.!:!-  in.!-  riiiitely.  A^k 
■lie  nrrrr.HO  nnich  dowry.     (  ;  'fning  "ff'"'' 

.  wisely.    These  are  the  ,  h  phra-C'. 

I.'  I  them  charm  so  widely  ji 


EVE  

0.  A  worti  uf  I'liforceiiu'iil  or  fiit|tliniils  ;  thus,  n 
noun  114  frtr  he  linil  (lolio  ll  i  lu  like  liliii  o9  eter  Iw 
can  look. 

TVjf  brake  .11  Ibelr  Ion*,  fn  flMM  or  tv4r  ihrjr  caiw  u  (In 
UMoiQ  ot  the  <ka.  —  Mm.  vl. 

[Or  ian  misprint.  It  slioulil  bo  ert,  thai  li,  Irfiirt. 
Btc  Enc] 

7.  Iti  |K>ctrj',  mid  Boinetiincs  in  priise,  errr  la  cott- 
trartfd  into  e'er, 

Krer^  In  cdinposltlon,  sisnlfleB  oln'nya  or  contin- 
iiallv,  without  tiitcrmlftsion,  or  to  i-t^mlty. 
EV  r.'lt-ACT'l VE,  o.     Aclivi-  at  all  tiinin. 
EVEll-lllli'lil.l.S'C,  <i.     [rrtr  xmi  bubblina.]    Con- 

timuillv   ;■     in,-   ..r  IriM.liii;.                           C..jf.ii.-. 
EV-EK-i;i  I     

contilr 

a«,  an  r 

M-lUn. 
EV-EU-CIIANO'ING,  o.    Vi'r>-  clinniscnhlc. 
EV-ER-DE-eX  V'INU,  II.     Alwavi  rlicn)  in;;. 
EV-j;n-U0B'INO,  a.     [ever  nnd  duriug.  i 

forever  ;   continuing  wllbuiit  end  ;  &», 

elon'. 
EV-Ell-lir'I.VG,  <i.     Alwnvs  dyini;. 
EV-Ell-EX  rA.ND'I.VC,  a.    Al«.-iy3  M|nndin|!. 
EV'Elt-GI,.\r>E,   n.     A  tract  of  land    covered  with 

wntcr  and  jrroiw. 
EV'EK-OHEE.N'jil.     [frerand  jfrfen.]     Alivnyip.ru. 
verdant  throughout  tile  year.    The  pine  Ih  nn  m 

grien  tree. 

EV'Klt-CltEEX,  II.    A  plant  that  rei.iinsilsv.il 
throiigli  all  the  scajJoiKs;  tix,  a  garden riirnUhrd  \i  iii 
everip-ecn.^. 

EV-Ell-<;llO\V'INC,  a.    Always  growing. 

EV-EU-IHST'IiNG,  a.    Always  hasting. 

EV-ER-HO.\'OR-£0,(-on'urd,)ii.  (rerr nnd  Aou  .- '  j 
Always  iionured  ;  ever  held  in  esteem ;  ns,  nn  ' 
honored  name.  /'■ , 

EV-ER-LA.ST'  I  .\G,  a.     [erer  nnd  luting.']     I.:isl  :     . 

enduring  forever;   clenial  j    existing  or  contlii : 

without  end  ;  immortal. 

The  nerhuting  Gal,  or  Jebovidi.  — Gen.  yil. 
EttrtaaSng  Are  ;  eMrUuling  jnioljluiwJiiL  —  MalL  xvlil.  . 

S.  Perpetual;    continuing  indennitely,  or  di: 
the  present  slate  of  things. 

1  will  give  Ihee,  luid  Lhjf  .-ni  i\ftiT  ihee,  (lie  Utiil  of  C«ti  ■ 

ui  ever.atlinf  [^mewiou.  —  ticli.  xvii. 
Tho  evertaMling  liiHj  uT  iiiouiiuini.         Oint.ii.    Ilalx-.l ' 

3.  In  popular  usage,  endless:  continual;  uini  •  : 
mitted  ;  as,  tho  family  is  disturbed  with  ever'.- 
disputes. 
EV-ER-LXST'ING,  n.      Eternity;    etenial  dur.iii  u, 
past  and  future. 

From  »r*rfflr:irtff  lo  neriattiug  Uioii  Rrt  Oo«I.  —  Pi,  xe. 

2.  A  popular  name  of  certain  plants^  from  the  iK-r- 
maneneo  of  the  color  nnd  form  of  their  Axy  ll"*- . 
as  tho  American  cudweed,  of  the  genus  Qnaii'i  t      i. 
Loudon*  Farm.  F.  i. 
E  V-EU-LAST'ING-LY,  adv. 

continually. 
EV-ER-L.\ST'ING-NESS,  n, 
ration  ;  indeliiiile  duration. 
EV-ER-LXST'ING-PfiA,  n. 
kind,  a  species  of  Lalhynis. 
EV-ER-LIV'LNG,  0.     [cin- and /itiii<r.]    Livins '■    i 
out  end ;   etenial ;  iminurtal  ;  having  eternal  . 
ence  ;  O-S,  the  ecer-lieinff  God. 
2.  Continual ;  incessant ;  unintcrmittcd. 
EV-ER-ME.M'O-RA-ULE,  a.    Worthy  lo  bo  alnoyi 

remembered. 
EV-ER-MORE',   adv.      [ever   nnJ    nuiM.]      Alv. 
eternally. 

Relijioti  preTen  llio  pU^oxiuet  wUdi  flow  Tiqin  the  Pr  ."      ..' 
tiwl  lor  teermore.  Tiilcltv.. 

2.  Always ;  at  all  times  ;  as,  teermorc  guided  Ij 

tnilh. 
EV-ER-0'P£N,  (-ii'pn,)  a.     [ever  and  open.]     Alwa)l 

open  ;  never  closed.  '/"atilor, 

EV-ER-PLicAS'I.\G,o.    [TOfrandii/caiinif.]    Alwayi 

pleasing ;  ever  giving  delight. 

Th-  ««r-;i;£.eiinj  PAmcU.  BUntif. 

EV-ER-RE  CrU'RI.N'O,  a.     Always  recurring. 
EV-r.R-Ui;>T  l.C.^S,  a.     AlwnvB  rcsUcss. 
EV-Ell-RE-VicR'y;i),  0.    Always  revered. 
E- VERSE',  (c-vers',)  f.  I.     [L.  ccer*i«.] 

To  overthrow  or  subvert.     [J\'ijl  used.]  Olancille, 
E-VER'SIO.V,  n.     [L.  eceriio.] 

An  overthrowing ;  dcstniction.  Tbylor. 

Eeersion  of  Ihe  eijelidt ;  cctroplum,  n  dinaso  In 
whicli  the  eyelids  arc  turned  outward,  so  as  to 
expose  the  red  internal  tunic  QooJ, 

EV-ER-SMIL'IXG,  n.    Always  smiling. 
E-VERT',  r.  (.     [L.  cerrM  ;  c  and  verto,  to  tam.l 
To  overturn  ;  to  overtlirow  ;  to  destroy.    [IJUk 
used.]  JlalWi. 

E-VERT'ED,  pp.    Overturned. 
E-VERT'ING,  ypr.     Overthrowing. 
EV-EIt-VER'DAXT,  «.     .Alwnvs  green.     Verphnek. 
EV-r.R-W.AK'I.NC,  u.      [errr  anS  vaking.]     Alw.iy« 
E\'-ER-\Va.ST'ING.<i.     Ahvays  wastins.       (awake. 
EV-ER-WATCH'Flil.,  a.     [rrcr   nnd   valehful.]     Al- 
ivays  watching  or  vigilant ;  ns,  ever-voteh/tj  eyes. 


Ktcnially  ;  perpriu  i  . 

.Srr  •■. 

Eternity;  endle.--  -;  i- 
[/Mtle  iwcfU    Donnf. 
A  plant  of  tho  vetch 


PATE,  PAR,  PALL,  WHAT.  — MBTF^  PRBV.  — PINE,  IHARINE,  DIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOI.F,  DQ(?K.- 
414 


I 


EVJ 

EVERY,  a.  [Old  Eng.  everich.  Chaucer.  It  is 
(oriiud  from  ever.  Tlie  Scots  write  everich  and 
pverilk ;  lilt-  latter  is  the  Sax.  fffre  and  mUj  each. 
The  fnrmtT  may  be  cac,  caca^  addition,  or  the  com- 
mon termination  ic/i,  »:?•,  like.] 

Each  individual  of  a  whole  collection  or  aggregate 
number  Tiie  word  includes  the  whole  number,  but 
each  separalL'ly  slated  or  considered. 

Every  mail  al  hU  besl  tlatc  ia  altogcUier  Timiiy.  —  Ps.  xxxix. 

EV'ER-Y-DaY,  a.  [every  and  day.]  Used  or  being 
everj'  day  ;  common  ;  usual  j  as,  every-day  wit ;  an 
everif-ilaij  suit  of  clothes. 

EV'ER-Y-VVIIERE,  adc.     [See  Where,  which  signi- 
fies place.] 
In  pver>'  place  ;  in  all  places. 

EV-ER-Vdur^G',  a.  [ever  and  youiig.]  Always 
young  or  fresh  ;  not  subject  to  old  age  or  decay  j 
undecaying. 

Joys  evcr~young,  unnuxeU  with  paia  or  fear.  Pope, 

fiVES'DROP.      See  Eavesdrop,  the  usual  spelling. 

EVES'DROP-FER,  n.  One  who  stands  under  the 
eaves,  or  at  n  window,  or  door,  to  listen  privately  to 
what  is  said  in  the  house.     [See  Eavesdiiopper.] 

E-VES'TI-GaTE,  v.  L  [JVtJi  in  use.]  See  Investi- 
gate. 

E-VT'BRaTE.    [Xot  m  \ise.]    See  Vibrate. 

E-VICT',  I',  t.  [L.  evincOj  evictum;  e  and  vincOj  to 
conquer.] 

1.  'i"o  dispossess  by  a  judicial  process,  or  course  of 
legal  proceedings  ;  to  recover  lands  or  tenements  by 
law. 

l:"i.\iher  party  bs  erieted  fur  defect  of  ihc  other's  title. 

Blackstane. 

2.  To  tike  away  by  sentence  of  law. 

King  Charles. 

3.  To  evince;  to  prove.     [JV'yt  used.]         Cheyne. 
E-VIGT'ED,  pp.    Dispossessed  by  sentence  of  law  ; 

ttpphtd  to  pLTbons.     Recovered  by  legal  process  j  ap- 

plieif  to  things. 
E-VICT'lNG,  ppr.    Dispossessing  by  course  of  law. 
E-V1G'TI0.\,  71.    Dispossession  by  judicial  sentence; 

the  recover)-  of  lands  or  tenements  from  another's 

possession,  by  due  course  of  law. 
2.  Proof;  conclusive  evidence.  VEstrange. 

EV'I-DENCE,  iu     [Fr.,  from  L.  evideiitia,  from  video, 

to  see.    Class  Bd.j 

1.  That  which  elucidates  and  enables  the  mind  to 
see  truth ;  proof  arising  from  our  own  perceptions 
by  the  senses,  or  from  the  testimony  of  others,  or  . 
from  inductions  of  reason.  Our  senses  furnish  evi- 
dence of  the  existence  of  matter,  of  solidity,  of  color, 
of  heat  and  cold,  of  a  diflerence  in  the  qualities  of 
bodii.'s,  of  figure.  Sec.  The  declarations  of  a  witness 
furnish  evidence  of  facts  to  a  court  and  jury  j  and 
reasoning,  or  tiie  deductions  of  the  mind  from  facts 
or  arguments,  furnish  evidence  of  truth  or  falsehood. 

2.  Any  instrument  or  writing  which  contains  proof. 

1  dciivereil  the  evuUnce  of  the  purchase  to  E.iruch.  —  Jer.  xxxLi. 
I  Buliicribeti  Uie  eoidenct  and  sealed  it.  —  Jer.  xxxiJ. 

3.  A  witness  ;  one  who  testifies  to  a  lact.  This 
sense  is  improper  and  inelegant,  though  common,  and 
found  even  in  Johnson's  writings. 

EVI-DEXCE,  V.  t.  To  elucidate  ;  to  prove  ;  to  make 
clear  to  the  mind  ;  to  show  in  sucli  a  manner  that 
tlie  mind  can  apprehend  the  truth,  or  in  a  manner  to 
convince  it.  The  testimony  of  two  witnesses  is 
usually  sullicient  to  evidence  the  guilt  of  an  offender. 
The  works  u(  creation  clearly  evidence  tlie  existence 
of  an  infinite  first  cause.  MUton. 

EV'I-DENC-i:p,  (ev'e-denst,)  pp.  Made  clear  to  the 
mind  ;  provf,'. 

EV'I  DENC-l   V,  ppr.    Proving  clearly  ;  manifesting. 

EVI-I)E-\T,  a.  Plain ;  open  to  be  seen  ;  clear  to  llie 
mental  eye  ;  apparent ;  manifest.  Tlie  figures  and 
coiorri  of  bodies  are  evident  to  the  senses  ;  their  quali- 
ties may  be  made  evident.  The  guilt  of  an  offender 
can  not  always  be  made  ecident. 

EV-I-I)Ei\'TIAL,  a.  Affording  evidence;  clearly 
proving.  ScoU. 

EV'I-DENT-LY.  adf.  Clearly;  obviously;  plainly; 
in  a  manner  to  be  seen  and  understood ;  in  a  man- 
ner to  convince  the  mind  ;  certainly  ;  manifestly. 
The  evil  of  sin  may  be  evidently  proved  by  its  mis- 
chievous effects. 

E-V16-I-La'TI0N,  71.     [L.  evigitatlo.] 
A  waking  or  watching.     [Little  used.] 

E'V/L,  f e'vl,)  a.  [Sax.  efel,  yfel,  or  hyfd ;  D.  'cuvd  ; 
G.  tihcl :  Arm.  fall,  goalL  Qu.  W.  pcael^  vile  ;  Ir. 
feal.  The  Irish  word  is  connected  with  fcallaim,  to 
fail,  which  may  be  allied  to  fall.  Perhaps  this  is 
from  a  different  root.     Qu.  Heb.  Ch.  and  Syr.  Siy,  to 

be  unjust  or  injurious,  to  defraud,  Ai.  jLc  to  de- 
cline, and  ^Lc  to  fall  on  or  invade  suddenly. 

1.  Having  bad  qualities  of  a  natural  kind ;  mis- 
chievous ;  having  qualities  which  tend  to  injiuy,  or 
to  produce  mischief. 

Somo  erii  b:Mt  hath  devoured  liiio.  —  Gen.  ixxvii. 

2.  Having  bad  qualities  of  a  moral  kind  ;  wicked  ; 


EVl 

corrupt;   perverse;  wrong;  as,  evil  thoughts;   evil 
deeds;  ei'if  speaking;  an  fcj7  generation.  Scripture. 

3.  Unfortunate  ;  unhappy  ;  producing  sorrow,  dis- 
tress, injury,  or  calamity;  as,  evil  tidings;  evU  ar- 
_  rows  ;  evil  days.  Scripture. 

£'V7L,  (ti'vl,)  71.  EvU  is  natural  or  moral.  J^alural 
evil  is  any  thing  which  produces  pain,  distress,  loss, 
or  calamity,  or  which  in  any  way  disturbs  the  peac«, 
impairs  the  happiness,  or  destroys  the  perfection  of 
natural  beings. 

Moral  evil  is  any  deviation  of  a  moral  agent  from 
the  rules  o*"  conduct  prescribed  to  him  by  God,  or  by 
legitimate  htunan  autlmrity  ;  or  it  is  any  violation  of 
the  plahi  principles  of  justice  and  rectitude. 

Tliere  are  also  cviU  called  eivit^  which  atiect  inju- 
riously the  peace  or  projjperily  of  a  city  or  state  ;  and 
political  evils,  wliich  injure  a  nation  in  its  public  ca- 
pacity. 

Ail  wickedness,  all  crimes,  all  violations  of  law 
and  right,  are  moral  evils.  Diseases  are  7iatural  evilsy 
but  Ihey  often  proceed  from  moral  evils. 

a.  Misfortune ;  mischief;  injury. 

There  sh;dl  uo  coil  bcf;di  tlice.  —  Pa.  xci. 

A  prudont  man  forc'sccUi  the  cut/,  and  hideth  liiniself. — Prov. 

xxn. 

3.  Depravity;  corruption  of  lieart,  or  disposition  to 
commit  wickedness;  malignity. 

The  heart  of  Uic  bods  of  men  is  full  of  evil,  —  Eccloa.  Ix. 

4.  Malady  ;  as,  the  hinges  evil  or  scrofula. 
E'V/L,  (u'vl,)  adc,    [Generally  contracted  to  III.] 

1.  Not  well ;  not  witli  justice  or  propriety  ;  unsuit- 
ably. 

Evil  It  bcs-^ems  thee.  Shak. 

2.  Not  virtuously  ;  not  innocently. 

3.  Not  hapi)ily  ;  unfortunately. 


EXA 


U  went  eoil  wiih  his  house. 


Detit. 


4.  Injuriously ;  not  kindly. 

The  Egj-pdaiis  evil  eutrcalcd  us,  and  afflicted  U3.  Deut, 

In  composition^  Evil,  denoting  something  bad  or 
_  wrong,  is  often  contracted  to  111. 
e'V/IAaF-FEGT'ED,  a.  Not  well  disposed;  unkind  ; 

now  Ill-affected. 
E'V/L-BoD'I\G,  a.    Presaging  evil. 
E'V/L-DD'ER,  (t'vl-doo'er,)  n.     [evil  and  doer Jram 

«(».]     One  wIjo  does  evil ;  one  who  commits  sin, 

crime,  tir  any  moral  wrong. 

They  speak  evJI  against  you  as  evU-doers.  —  1  Pet.  ii. 

E'V/L-ETE,  (t-'vl-T,)  t;.  A  supposed  power  of  fasci- 
nating, of  bewitching,  or  otherwise  injuring,  by  the 
eyes  or  looks.  The  belief  in  the  evil  eye  has  been  a 
prevalent  superstition  in  most  ages  and  countries. 

Encifc.  ~Hm. 

E'V/L-E^-ED,  (C'vl-Tde,)  a.  [^vil  and  cyc.J  Look- 
ing with  an  evil  eye,  or  with  envy,  jealousy,  or  bad 
design. 

E'V/L-Fa'VOR-ED,  a.  [evil  ^uA  favor.]  Having  a 
bad  countenance  or  external  appearance;  ill-favored. 

Bacon. 

E'V/L-Fa'VOR-ED-NESS,  71.     Deformity.      DeuU 

E'V/L-LY,  fl/fc.     Not  well.    [Utile  used.]    Bp.  Taylor. 

E'V/L-MIND'ED,  a.  [evil  and  mind.]  Having  evil 
dispositions  or  intentions;  disposed  to  mischief  or 
sin  ;  malicious  ;  malignant ;  wicked.  Slanderous  re- 
ports are  propagated  by  evil-vtinded  persons,  [litis 
word  is  in  common  use.] 

E'V'/L-NESS,  n.  Badness;  viciousness ;  malignity; 
as,  ecilncss  of  heart ;  the  cvilncss  of  sin. 

E'V/L-o'MEX-£D,  a.    Attended  with  unfavorable 

_  omens. 

E'V/L-ONE,  (c'vl-v/un,)  m.  Tiie  great  enemy  of 
souls ;  Satan. 

E'V/I^SPeAKTNG,  (C'vl-speek'ing,)  7l  [evil  and 
speak.]  Slander;  defamation  ;  calumny  ;  censorious- 
ness.     1  Pet.  ii. 

e'V/L-WISH'ING,  a.      [evil  and  wish.]     Wishing 

_  harm  to  ;  as,  an  ccil-wishuig  mind.  Sidney. 

E'V/L-WORK'ER,  (5'vl-wurk'er,)  7i.  [evil  and  work.] 
One  who  docs  wickedness.     Phil.  iii. 

E-VIXCE',  (e-vius'j)  v.  t.  [h.  evinco,  lo  vanquish,  to 
prove,  or  show  ;  e  and  i/hco,  to  conquer.] 

1.  To  siiow  in  a  clear  manner;  to  prove  beyond 
Any  reasonable  doubt ;  to  manifest ;  to  make  evident. 
Nothhig  evinces  the  depravity  of  man  more  fully  tlian 
his  unwillingness  to  believe  himself  depraved. 

2.  To  conquer.     [JVot  in  itse.] 

E-VINf  VED,  (e-vinst',)  pp.     Made  evident ;  proved. 

E-VINCE'ME\T,  n.    Act  of  evincing. 

E-VIN'CI'IILE,  a.    Capable  of  proof;  demonstrable. 

Hale. 

E-VIN'CI-BLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  to  demonstrate,  or 
force  conviction. 

E-VIN'CT\' E,  a.  Tending  to  prove  ;  having  the  power 
to  demonstrate. 

E'VI-RATE  or  EVI-R.aTE,  v.  t.    [L.  vir,  cviratus.] 
To  emasculate.     [JVot  in  use.]  Bp.  Hall. 

EV-I-Ka'TION,  n.     Castration.  Cockcram. 

E-VIS'CER-ATE,  v.  t.  [L.  coiseero ;  e  and  viscera^  the 
bowels.] 

To  embowel  or  disembowel ;  to  take  out  the  en- 
trails ;  to  search  the  bowels.         Johnson.     Qriffith. 

E-VIS'CER-.\-TED,  pp.    Deprived  of  Uie  bowels. 

E-VrS'cnR-.\-TIXG,  ;»;»r.    Disemboweling. 


EV'I-TA-BLE,  a,    [L.  ecitabdis.    Bee  Etitate.] 
That  may  be  Ehunned  ;  avoidable.     [Liule  tued.] 

Hooker. 
EV'I-TaTE,  v.  u    [L.  evito;  e  and  vilo,  from  the  root 
of  roiJ,  unde.] 
To  shun  :  to  aToid  ;  to  cucapc.  [LUtle  ujed.]  Shak 
EV-I-Ta'TION,  71.    An  avoiding  ;  a  shunning.    [Lit- 
tle used.]  Bacon. 
E-VI'J'E',  r,  (.    [L-ecito.l 

To  sliun.     yVot  iLieil,]  DrcyUm. 

EV-I-'iEU'NAL,  a.    [from  L.]     Of  duration  indefi- 
nitely long. 
EV-I-'I'ER'NI-TY,  71.    Duration  indefinitely  long. 
E  VO-eATE,  V.  t.    See  Evoke. 

NcpluDC  ta  a  dell?  who  cKcaUt  thlop  into  promarion. 

Pout.  Trans. 
EV-O-Ca'TION,  71.    A  calling  or  bringing  from  con- 
cealment; u  calling  forth.  Brown. 
9.  A  calling  from  one  tribunal  to  another. 
3.  Among  the  Romans,  a  calling  on  the  gods  of  a 
besieged  city  to  forsake  it  and  come  over  to  the  be- 
siegers; a  religious  ceremony  of  be»icgiag  annie?. 

Eneyr. 
EV'0-€A-TOR,  Ti.    [L.]    One  who  calls  forth. 

A".  j9.  Rev. 
E- VoICE',  V.  t.    [L.  evoco ;  e  and  voco,  to  call.] 

1.  To  call  forth. 

2.  To  c;dl  from  one  tribunal  lo  another ;  to  remove. 

The  cauwj  w<u  teoked  to  nome.  JIumt. 

E-V6K'ET),  (c-vokt',)  pp.    Called  forth. 

E-VoK'LN"G,  ppr.    Calhng  forth. 

EV-G-LAT'ie,  1.    Apt  to  fly  away. 

EV-0-La'TION,  71.     [L.  evolo  ;  c  and  volo,  to  fly.] 
Tiie  act  of  flying  away.  Bp.  j/alt. 

EV'0-LTJTE,  71.  In  geometry,  a  curve  from  which  an- 
other cur«'e,  called  the  involute  or  evolvent,  is  d'---cribed 
by  'iie  end  of  a  thread  gradually  wound  ui>on  ihe 
former,  or  unwound  from  it.  llutton*    P.  Cye. 

EV-O-LU'TION,  71.     [L.  evolutio.] 

1.  The  act  of  unfolding  or  unrolling.  Boyle. 

2.  A  series  of  things  unrolled  or  unfolded  ;  as,  ihi,- 
evolution  of  ages.  Moore. 

3.  In  geometry, lUc  unfolding  or  opening  of  acurv-j, 
and  making  it  describe  an  evolvent  or  involute. 

HuUon. 

4.  In  arithmetic  and  algebra,  evolution  is  the  cxtnic- 
tion  of  roots  ;  the  reverse  of  Ikvoll'tio:?.  Barhnc. 

5.  In  military  tactics,  the  doubling  of  ranks  or  files, 
wlieeling,  countermarching,  or ollitr  motion  by  which 
the  disposition  of  troops  is'changed,in  order  to  attack 
or  defend  with  more  advantage,  or  lo  occupy  a  differ- 
ent post.  Eneyc 

EV-0-LO'TION-A-RY,  a.    Pertaining  to  evolution. 
E-VOLVE',  (e-volv',)  v.  t,     [L.  evolvo ;  e  and  rolvo,  lo 
roll,  Eng.  to  wallow.] 

1.  To  unfold  ;  to  open  and  expand. 

The  animal  eouI  oooner  tvclaei  it«lf  lo  its  full  ort»  and  extent 
than  the  human  lou].  Hale, 

2.  To  throw  out ;  to  emit.  Prior. 
E-VOLVE',  v.  i.    To  open  itself;  lo  disclose  iis«lf. 

Priin-. 

E-YOhVED, pp.  Unfolded  ;  opened  ;  expanded ;  emit- 
ted. 

E-VOLVENT,  71.  Fn  geometry,  a  term  sometimes  used 
to  denote  the  involute  or  curve  resulting  from  the  ev- 
olution of  another  curve  called  the  cvolute.   llution. 

E-VOLV'ING,  ppr.    Unfoldui^  ;  expanding ;  emitting. 

E-VOLVE'iME.NT,  n.  The  act  of  evolving  ;  tiie  state 
of  being  evolved. 

EV-O  MF'TION,  (mish'un,)  ti.    A  vomiting.      Sa-i/I. 

E-VUL'GaTE,  v.  t.     To  publish. 

E-VUL'G.\-TEi),  pp.     Published. 

E-VUL'GA-Ti.\G,  ppr.     -Making  public. 

EV-UL-Ga'TION,  ;i.     A  divulging.     [JVot  in  use,] 

E-VUL'SION,  n.     [L.  cvulsio,  from  cvcllo  ;  e  and  vello, 
to  pluck.] 
The  act  of  pluckuig  or  pulling  out  by  force. 

Brotcn. 

E^VE,  (yu,)  71.  [Sax.  eotea,  eoiee ;  D.  ooi ;  Jr.  ai,  or  oi  ; 
Sp.  obeja.    It  seems  to  bo  the  L.  oois.] 

A  female  sheep ;  the  female  of  the  ovine  race  of 
animals. 

EWER,  (yure,)  7i.     [Sax.  hucr,  or  Hwer.] 

A  kind  of  pitcher  with  a  wide  si>out,  used  lo  bring 
water  for  washing  the  hands.  Shak.     Pope. 

EVVRY,  (yu'ry,)  7i.  [from  pirrr.]  In  England,  an  of- 
fice in  the  king's  household,  where  they  take  care  of 
the  linen  for  the  king's  table,  lay  the  cloth,  and  st-rve 
lip  water  in  ewers  after  dinner."  Diet. 

EX  j  a  Latin  preposition  or  prefix,  Gr.  cj  or  sk,  signi- 
fying out  of,  out,  p7vcceding  from.  Hence,  in  compo- 
sition, it  signifies  sometimes  out  of,  as  in  exhale,  ex- 
clude :  sometimes  off,  from,  nr  out,  as  in  I*,  f  r.-viHrfi?,  to 
cut  off  or  out ;  sometimes  beyond,  as  in  (tr^fA*,  ex- 
ceed, excel.  In  some  words  it  is  merely  cmphatical ; 
in  others,  it  has  little  effect  on  the  signification.  Fj, 
prefixed  lo  names  of  ofiicc,denot«s  that  a  jjer^on  has 
held  thai  office,  but  has  resigned  it,  or  been  Iclt  out, 
or  dismissed  ;  as,  ex-minister. 

EX-.\-CER'B.aTE,  V    t.     [L.  cxacerbo,  lo  irritate  ;  ex 
and  accrbo,  from  accrbus,  severe,  bitter,  harsh,  sour, 
G.  herbc.     Sec  Harvest.] 
1.  To  irrilale  ;    to  exasperate ;  lo  inflame  angry 


TCNE,  BULL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CI0US.  — C  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


415 


KX 


KXA 

lu  iiubiitrr  i  U>  liicretu«  malignsnt  quAli- 

'  •''Me. 

■   A. 
itiriE- 

'J  lio  {lit  uf   pxaiperaline; 
r  iiialignaiU  iia&slonjiur()iiali- 
iily. 
,  a  periodical  increase  of  viu- 

.1  to  lilt'  ^irritMltcal  incr.  i--'  oi' 
t<  .tUiiut)U<<  fcverA,  where  tli 

a  II  ul'  ilic  fever. 

-■  vtriiy;    OB,  violent  ertic  r 
MtitisiiiiK'iii.     I  L'uujual.]  i'iii<^. 

til.  r.  I'M-  of  imtatKin  or  viulciice,  inrticularly  the 
f  a  fever  or  ilUcaso.  Danetn. 

:  VA'TION,  K.     [L.  acervtis.]    The  act  of 
.,  DicL 

ll.\  -t',)  a.     [It.  t-taeiu.1,   fruni   csigo,  to 

ill ,  •,  (ir.  u;  <■>,  lo  tirlvc,  urge,  or  preiw.] 

!     '  f.cl  IT  ri'Bulnr;  iiU'c  ;  uccunite  ;  cuii- 

furiuiU  lu  (ultj  i  OK,  a  iiiaii  ciact  in  hi*  ileulings. 

All  (hk,  cnut  tu  lu!'-,  wrn  Lruo^it  bUjiiL  /V/w. 

S.  Precis  ;  not  dilVerent  in  t)ie  leojit.  ThiA  U  thu 
rxiiet  Miittt  or  amount,  urlhc  fjact  time.  We  have  nn 
tiaet  model  for  imilatitm. 

3.  .Metliodic;U  ;  cureful ;  not  ncgligont ;  correct; 
Mli^crMMi;  strict  tiu  thtKl,  nik-,  or  order.  'J'hii  mun  is 
\  I  ry  rjact  in  keejiing  lii^i  urctuntj. 

1    l''M!-tuiil.     Ever)' man  should  be  nan  in  pay- 
t.ti  when  due  ;  he  should  bi  exact  in  attend- 
.;i|Ntintinrnts. 
t.     \Vc  should  be  exact  In  the  performance 

-  uit  TlfOuiee  can  not  nalnUln  k  •iof.e  iMjr  of  uninin- 
.  iiinocence.  Rambltr. 

EX-ACl'',  (efi7.  akt',)  V.  t.  [L.  eri^ro,  aaUum  Sp.  ai- 
fir;  It.  esij^n-e;  Ft.  exiger.     Sec  the  adjective.] 

1.  To  force  or  coniperio  payor  yield;  to  demand 
or  require  aiithoritativi'ly  ;  to  extort  hy  means  of  uu- 
Ihonly  or  without  pity  t>r  jiifitice.  It  in  an  otfenio  for 
an  utlicer  to  exact  illegal  or  unreasonable  fees.  It  in 
ctuloniary  fur  coitipicron  to  rxacl  tribute  or  contribu- 
tions from  conquered  countries. 

&  To  demand  »f  right.  Princes  exact  obedience  of 
Ui«lr  vubjects.  The  laws  of  God  ex4ut  obedience 
frofu  all  men. 

3.  To  demand  of  nnce^ity ;  to  enforce  a  yield- 
ing or  compliance ;  or  tu  enjoin  with  pressing  ur- 
lency 

Duty, 
A>   '  .-r'a  loul,  cxsct 

T:   ■  D*nh.ata, 

EX-ACT',  i .  ;.     i  o  ,,,.i^iice  extortion. 

1*bP  rufrnj  iliall  tkot  tract  ujx^a  blm.  —  P*.  bcxxix. 

EX-AGT'ED,  pp.  Demanded  or  required  by  authority ; 
extorted. 

KX-.AGT'ER,  n.    One  who  exacts  ;  an  extortioner. 

EX-.\CTMNG,  ppT.  Demanding  and  compelling  to 
pay  or  yield  under  color  of  authority  ^  requiring  au- 
thoniatiVL-ly ;  demanding  without  pity  or  Justice ; 
extorting;  ronipellmg  hy  necessity. 

EX-AC'TIU.\,  (egz-ak'shun,)  n.  The  act  of  demand- 
ing with  autliority,  and  compelling  tt>  pay  or  yield  ; 
auihoriLitiTf  demand  ;  a  levying  or  drawing  from 
by  force  ;  a  driving  to  compliance  \  as,  the  exaction  of 
tribute  or  of  obedience. 

2.  Extortion;  a  wre.iling  from  one  unjustly  ;  the 
taking  advantage  of  one'^  necessities,  to  compel 
bim  to  pay  illegal  or  exorbitant  tribute,  fees,  or 
rewards. 

T»ke  »wa)-  juur  tsactions  from  injr  pcojilp.  —  Euk.  il». 

3.  That  wliicti  is  exacted  ;  tribute;  fee.^,  rewards, 
or  contributiund  deinandt;d  or  levit-il  with  severity  or 
Injiuticr.  KingK  may  be  enriched  by  exuctionsy  but 
Ihotr  pdwi-r  \s  weakened  by  the  consequent  disalTec- 
lion  iif  ihi-ir  <tubj>-cti(. 

K.X-AfT'I-TL'OE,  n.     Exactness.     [LUtU  xised,] 
EX-ACT'LY,  adr.      Prt-cisi-ly   according  to    rule  or 
m'.i-iir.  .    rr.  .-ly  ;    acruniety.     A  trnon   bhould  bo 
r/  fiie  mortUM-. 

■•oraing  to  fact.    Tlie  story  fttoct/y 
O'  fact  or  event. 

-urding  to  princiitlc,  justice,  or  right. 
Accuracy  ;  nicety  ;  precision  ;  as, 
■  titi  with  cxactnfjj.' 

Ml  confuriiiity  to  law  or  rules 
..«  of  d<  |">riiufnt. 
■  uf  mtilnHl  nnd  conformity  to 
■ircounli  or  bnsincH. 
.)  n.    One  who  exacts;    on 
itf .  T.TT-  :.  ,.r  customs. 

9    An  >  ^■     ■  Fiftols  another  to 

pay  more  lliun  l.i  K  c-il  i>r  rtn  .  n.iijie  ;  one  who  de- 
tnanrli  tuimctlnng  without  pit>  i>r  r< xard  in  ju«tice. 

3.  He  ihat  demands  by  authority  ;  as,  an  rxartorof 
oath'*.  Baccn, 

■1.  One  who  is  unreasonably  severe  in  his  injunc- 
tions or  demands.  Tdlotson. 


EX    V 


of 

Ir.r 
EX    \ 

Olll 


EXA 

EX-ACT'KES."*,  n.     A  female  who  exacts,  or  \a  sovere 

in  her  injuneiittiis.  it.  Joh*ch. 

EX-Af't'-ATE,  r.  t.     (I*  rxaeuo.] 

To  whei  or  sharpen.     \^vt  in  use.)       B.  Jauson. 
EX-AC-IT-A' TloN,  M.     Whetting  or  sharpening. 
EX-AG'OEIt-ATK,  r.  f.   (I-.  naj^grro  ;  rx  and   aggera^ 
l4i  heap,  from  agger ^  a  neap.] 

I.  To  heap  on  ;  to  accutnuUte.  in  iMij iiteml  setue, 
it  u  geidom  uatd  :  prrhapi  never. 

'^.  To  highlen  ;    to  tnlargt- liryoiid  the  trutli ;    to 

:iiiii>tjt\  .  t'>  f  pr<^<  lit  :is  L:r<-aler  than  stnrl  truth  will 

\  ■  ''>■$  a  nian'i  virtties  ;   an 

•  •r  faults. 

I  '  ,  _,  ■  :.  Ill  cnloring  or  deidgii. 

E\-.\G  OLlt-A-i'LD,  i'>*.  i*r  (I.     Enlarged  beyond  the 

truth. 
EX-AG'CEU  A-TING,  ppr.     Enbirging  or  om].lifying 

bevond  the  truth. 
EX-AG-(::EU-.\'TIO\,  R.    A  heaping  together ;  heap; 
accumulation.     [/,i(l/«  vstiL]  Hale, 

'2.  In  rhetoric^  amplitlcalion  ;  a  representation  of 
thingri  bt-yund  the  truth  ;  hy|Hrrboliciil  represenla- 
liun,  whether  of  i;«xk1  or  ivil. 

3.  In  pnntting^  n  niethiMl  of  giving  a  representation 
of  tliingM  itM)  nirnni:  for  the  life. 
EX-.\G'GEU-.A-'J'0-KY,  a.    Containing  exaggeration. 
EX-AG'I-TATE,  r.  t.     [L.  exagito.] 

To  shako  ;  to  agitate  ;  to  rejiroach.  [Little  u^m/,  or 
ohsc^teA  ArhiUhnoL 

EX-AG'I-T.:^-TEO,  pp.     Agitated. 
EX-AG-I-T.\'TION,  u.    Agitation. 
EX-ALT',  (egz-awU',)  r.  (.     [  Fr.  e/o/rcr  ;  Sp.exai/ar,* 
It.  ejtaltare;  Low  L.  exalto;  rz  and  altiu,  high.] 

1.  To  raise  high  ;  to  elevate. 

2.  To  elevate  in  ix;wer,  wealth,  nmk,  or  dignity  ; 
as,  to  eialt  one  to  a  throne,  to  tlie  chief  magistracy, 
to  a  bishopric 

3.  'J'o  elevate  with  joy  or  confidence  ;  as,  to  be 
exalted  with  success  or  victory.  [Wo  now  usC 
Elate.] 

4.  To  raise  with  pride  ;  to  make  undue  pretensions 
to  |>ower,  rank, or  estimation  ;  to  elevate  too  high,  or 
above  others. 

Uc  Hat  exailath  Uiniclf  ihnll  Ltt  ftbucd.  —  Luke  ziv.     Aluii. 
xxiU. 

5.  To  elevate  in  estimation  and  praiso  ;  to  magni 
fy  ;  to  praiiv  ;  to  extol. 

lie  b  my  father's  Go<J,  uiil  I  will  txalt  luin.  —  Ex.  x<r. 

G.  To  raise,  as  the  voice ;  to  raise  in  oppointion 
S  Kings  xix. 

7.  To  elevate  In  diction  or  sentiment ;  to  make 
sublime  ;  a^,  exaUtd  strains. 

8.  In  physics^  to  elevate ;  to  purify;  to  subtilize; 
to  retinci  as,  to  cxo/t  tlie  juices  or  the  qualities  of 
bodies. 

EX-ALT-A'TIO.V,  n.    The  act  ol  raising  high. 

i  Elevation  to  power,  office,  rank,  dignity,  or  ex- 
cellence. 
3    Elevated  9t;itc  ;  state  of  greutnc^'s  or  dignity. 

I  woiutTrtl  at  my  Aig^it,  and  eluuigtt 
To  thi«  lii^i  titxiuaion.  Milton. 

4.  In  pharmacy,  the  refinement  or  subtili/ntion  of 
bodies^  or  their  qualities  and  virtues,  or  the  increase 
of  their  strength. 

5.  In  astroto^jj  tlic  dignity  of  a  planet,  in  which  \ls 
powers  are  increased.  Johnson. 

EX-AET'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Raised  to  a  lofty  higlil ;  ele- 
vated ;  honored  with  office  or  rank  ;  extolled  ;  mag- 
nified ;  refined  ;  dignilied  ;  sublime. 

TUiw  oercr  Ciik   to  Linii^  every  exalud  reputalioa  lu  a  ttii^l 
Knitlny.  AtneM. 

EX-ALT'ED-NESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  elevated. 
ii.  Conceited  dignity  or  greatness. 

EX-AL'I''EK,  n.    One  who  exalts  or  raise:*  to  dicnily. 

EX-ALT'ING,  ppr.  Elevating;  raising  to  an  eminent 
station;  praising;   extolling;   magnifying;  refining. 

EX-A'.MEN,  (cg7,-a'men,)  n.  [L.  examen^  the  tongue, 
needle,  or  beam  of  a  balance.  It  signifies,  also,  a 
Bwarm  of  bees.  Sp.  enxambre^  a  swarm  of  hues,  a 
crowd;  Port,  nxxame ;  ll.  sciamo;  Fr.  essaim.  From 
its  use  in  a  balance,  it  came  to  signify  examintUion.] 
Examination;  disciuisition  ;  inquiry.    [Little  ttse^.] 

Broien. 

EX-AM'LV-A-IILE,  a,  [See  Exami:»e.]  That  may  be 
examined ;  proper  for  judicial  examination  or  in- 
quir>'.  S.  Court,  Unitcii  StntM. 

EX-.\M'IN-A\T.  n.  One  who  is  to  be  examined. 
[.Vot  Ui^'itimate.]  PrideaiLx. 

EX-AM'I.\-.\TE,  «.    The  iicrson  examined.  Boom. 

EX-A.M-I.V-A'TION,  tu  [L.  ezaitdnatio.  See  Exa- 
ue:».] 

1.  The  act  of  examining;  a  careful  search  or  in- 
quiry, with  a  view  to  discover  tnith  or  the  real  state 
of  thing<* ;  careful  and  accurate  inspection  of  a  thing 
and  it-j  parts  ;  as,  an  examination  of  a  house  or  a  ship. 

2.  MenLnl  inqiiir>* ;  disqiiinition  ;  careful  considera- 
tion of  the  circuniHtances  or  facts  which  relate  to  a 
subject  or  que!<ticm  ;  a  view  of  qualities  and  rela- 
tions, and  an  estimate  of  their  nature  and  impor- 
tance. 

3.  Trial  by  a  rule  or  law 

4.  In  judicial  proceedings,  a  careful    inquiry  into 


EXA 

facts  by  testimony  ;  nn  nliem)it  to  ancerluin  truth  bv 

inquiries  and  iulerrogatorics  ;  as,  the  examinatinoi 

a  wilne?s,  or  the  merits  t»f  a  cause 
5.  In  tftntHartrM  of  learntn^,  an  Inquiry   Into   the 

ncquixitiun-t  of  the  stiidmlii,  by  quextluniitg  tlit-iii  In 

lilemlure  nnd  the  sciences,  ami  by  hearing  thiir  rv- 

cltals. 
ill.  In  ehemittry  and  otArr  tcieneej^  a  scarrliing  for 

the  nature  and  qualities  of  substances,  by  expert-  ' 

menu ;  tlie  praelicu  or  appllcatiun  of  lliu  dociiuastlo 

art. 
EX-AM'IN-A-TOR,  n.     An  examiner.    [Mtt  u.*ej.]       I 

ifrutffH. 
EX  AM'INE,  (cg/.-ani'in,)  r.  U     [I..  ejamiuOfftumexa- 

fncM.] 

1.  To  inspect  careftilty,  with  n  view  to  discover 
truth  or  the  real  stale  of  a  thing  ;  :ts,  to  examine  Okhlp 
to  know  wlicthfT  hill*  IS  seiiwortliy,  or  a  houve  to 
know  whether  ri-|»:iirs  are  wantt-il. 

2.  To  search  or  iinpiire  into  facts  and  clrcun. 
stances  by  interrogating  ;  nx,  ii»  nuuiutr  a  wiinrss. 

3.  'I'o  look  into  the  Folate  *  (  a  snlij-ri ;  to  view  la 
all  ilsas)>i-cts  ;  to  wei;jli  arguiiient-<  nod  cuinparf  facts, 
with  a  view  to  funn  a  correct  npinion  or  judcmmt 
Let  im  examine  tliis  pruposilioii  ;  let  ih  riamtne  lUu 
stibjoct  in  all  itsrelatimi-i  :ind  beariii^H  ;  hi  it  n  tx  am- 
ine into  the  stale  of  Ihin  qtlei^tlon. 

4.  Toinquire  Intoltu-  irnprovi  nu  ills  orqualilleiitiiuu 
of  studt-nls,  l)y  iiilerrogatoricf*,  [iroiHisin;;  prolilcm*,  of 
by  hearing  their  recitals  ;  as,  in  fi^tiuinr  tht*  rlittM's  tu 
college  ;  toexamine  the  candidate'^  ftir  a  il  un  • ,  or  fur 
u  license  to  preach  or  to  protice  in  a  pritiV-,i,iii. 

5.  I'o  Ir>'  or  a.ssay  by  e.xperinienis  ;  as,  to  etamitu 
C.  To  try  by  a  nile  or  law.  [intiuruii. 

Eiarwu  younclvf-a  wIm-Dit  yf  Ik  in  tho  fkilli.  — 'J  Cor.  xiti. 

7.  In  peneralj  to  search  ;  to  m^ruliiiize ;  to  ex- 
plore, with  a  view  to  discover  truth  ;  as,  to  examine 
ourselves;  toexamine  the  extent  of  liumaii  knowl- 
edge. 

£X-AM'IN-£D,  (egz-nm'ind,)  pp.  Inquin'd  into; 
searched;  inH|>ectcd;  interrogated;  tried  by  exiwri- 
meiit. 

EX-AM'I.V-EK,  n.  One  who  examines,  tries,  or  In- 
spects; one  who  interrogates  a  witness  or  an  of- 
fender. 

2.  In  chancery,  in  Orrat  Britain,  the  eraminer*  are 
two  officers  of  that  court,  who  examine,  on  onlh,the 
witnesses  for  the  i>arties.  Kneye, 

EX-.\M'Ii\  I.\C,  ppr.  or  a.  Inspecting  canfully ; 
searching  or  inquiring  into  ;  interrogating  ;  trjing  or 
assaying  by  experiment. 

EX-AM'1N-L\G,  a.  Having  power  to  examine;  ap- 
pointed to  examine  ;  as,  un  ciainining  comniiltet-. 

EX'AM-PI.A  KY,(ek^  )a.  [fromfja«i^?V.]  f'ervingfor 
example  ».r  pattern  ;  proiHi'ifd  for  iinitntiuo.    Hooker 
[It  is  now  written  Exi:Mri.Anr.] 

EX-A.M'PLE,  (egx-am'pl,)  n.  fL.  cxemplum  ;  Fr.  M- 
empte ;  It.  esanpio  ;  i^[i.  exeinpto.  Q,u.  from  fi  and 
the  root  of  simitis.  Or.  hpaXoi  1 

1.  A  pattern  ;  a  ct>py  ;  n  model ;  that  \%  hich  )'<  pro- 
posed to  be  imitated.  This  word,  when  applied  to 
material  things.  Is  now  generally  written  ^AMri-B; 
as,  a  sample  of  cloth  ;  but  example  is  sometiini's  used. 

Balegh. 

2.  .\  pattern,  in  morals  or  manners;  a  co|iy,  or 
model;  that  wiiich  is  proposed  or  is  proper  to  be  imi- 
tated. 

I  bare  ^YCQ  you  an  eiampU,  liul  you  Btioulil  Ou  as  I  lurr  tlMW 

iDjrou.  —  Jolin  xiil. 
ExampU  U  otir  pn:cc)>bir  Icfon)  wc  can  rcuon.  KaUitek. 

3.  Precedent;  a  former  inMnnce.  Honapnrle  fill- 
nishcd  many  rram/i/c-f  of  successfu'  '.'-ivvTy. 

4.  Precedent  or  former  inslan<»:,  ,  a  bad  cenw, 
intended  for  caution. 

Iz-rt  any  man  Ctll  a/t.-r  U»r  «.im«  emmpte  of  iinbcH'^.  — 11**.  I». 
Soklom  otiil  liumomih  — are  urtlonh  (or  nn  fxttm/tj*,  MSntaf 
ill?  rcnfraJ»C«  olclrmal  fire,  — Jikif;  7. 

5.  .\  person  tit  to  be  proposed  for  a  pattern  ;  one 
whose  conduct  is  worthy  of  imitation. 

Ik  Uioii  an  examp!t  m(  llw  Ulli-vcrt,  —  \  Tim.  Ir. 

C.  Precedent  which  disposer*  to  Imitation.  Jlxam- 
pic  has  more  effect  than  precept. 

7.  Instance  serving  for  illustration  of  a  rule  or  pre- 
cept; or  a  particular  ca.-te  or  proposition  ilhi-.tniting 
a  generd  rule,  p-jsition,  or  truth.  The  priiicqiles  of 
trigonometry,  and  the  rules  of  grammar,  are  lllui- 
tralcd  by  exjimpir.-!. 

8.  In  logic,  or  rhetoric,  the  conclu-ion  of  one  lin- 
gular point  from  another;  an  induclicm  of  what  may 
happen  from  what  h.is  happcnt;d.  If  civil  war  ha» 
produced  catainitit^s  of  a  particular  kiml  in  itii^'  ill 
stance,  il  is  inferred  that  it  will  produce  like  conio 
quenccs  in  other  cases,    'J'his  i.s  an  rxaniph, 

Bailey.     Kneye. 
EX--\.M'PLE,  r  t.    To  exemplify;  to  set  iin  exanqile. 

r Au(  ujfd.]  Sh(di. 

EX-A.M'PLE-NESS,  a.     Having   no  example.    [.V** 

tue.l.]  B.  Jonsoa. 

EX-A.M'PLER,  PI.    A  pattern  ;    now  Sami-le  or  Bui 

rLEn. 
EX-A\"GUI-OUS,  a.     Having  no  blood.     [JiTot  u»tA] 

[See  Ex»Ai*r,nrou9.] 
EX-Ai\"GU-LOU.S,  a.     Hoving  no  corners 


FATE.  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE.  PRBY.  — PrXE,  MARX.VE,  DTRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOQK.— 


•lln 


EXC 

EX-AN'I-MATE,  (etr/.-an'r-iuale,)a.  [L.  cxanimatust 
Clan i mo  :  ez  ami  uiiniiay  iifc] 

Lifck-ss  i  spiritless  j  di^lieartoned  ;  depressed  in 
spirits.  Tlio'iison. 

EX-AXT-MaTK,  v.  t.    To  didliearten  ;   to  disamrage. 

KX-AX'I-Ma-TKD,  pp.     J>islieartencd.  iColcs. 

KX-AN"I-Ma-TI.\(;,  ppr.     Discouragins, 

EX-AN-I-M.v'TlON,  /i.  Deprivation  of  life  or  of  spir- 
its.    [Little  used.] 

EX  ^J^I-J^IO.  [li.]  Literally,  from  tlie  mind  :  sin- 
cerely ;  heartily. 

EX-AS"i-MOUS,  a.    [1^.  exanimis !  ex  and  anHna,life.] 
Lifeless;  dead.     [Little  itsed.] 

EX-.\N-THe'MA,  n.  ;pl.  Exanthem'ata.     [Gr.,  from 
c^av^-:  i-j,  to  blossom  ;  cj  and  aucu^^  a  flower.] 
^AmongpAj/a-iciaHj',  eruption  ;  a  breaking  out;  pus- 
tules, petechite,  or  vibices  ;  any  ertiorescence  on  the 
skin,  as  in  measles,  small-pox,  scarlatina,  &.c. 

This  term  is  now  limited,  by  systematic  nnsolo- 
gists,  to  such  eruptions  as  are  accompanied  with  fe- 
ver. Oood. 

EX-AN-THE-MAT'ie,     )  a.    Eruptive  ;  efflorescent  ; 

EX-AX-THEM'A-TOUS,  j  noting  morbid  redness  of 
the  skiti.  The  measles  is  an  exauthematous  disease. 
[Tooke  uses  Exasthematic] 

EX-ANT'LATE,r.  t.     [L.  eiantlo.] 

To  draw  out ;  to  exhaust.     [Aw(  lu^ed.]       Boyle. 

EX-ANT-LA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  dniwnig  out ;  ex- 
haustion.    [J^ot  used.]  Brown. 

EX-A-Ra'TION,  II.     [L.  exaro  ;  ex  and  aro.] 

The  act  of  writing.     [JVo£  tised.]  Diet. 

EX'AR€If,  (t'ks'^irk,)  H.     [Gr.,  from  apxo?^  a  chief.] 

1.  A  title  borne  by  the  viceroys  of  the  Byzantine  em- 
perors in  the  provinces  of  Italy  and  Africa  ;  as,  the 
exarch  of  Ravenna. 

2.  A  title  assumed  for  a  time  by  the  bishops  of 
Constantinople,  Antioch,  Ephesus,  'and  Caisarea,  as 
superiors  over  the  surrounding  metropolitans. 

3.  .More  recently,  a  title  given  to  inspectors  of  the 
clersy  in  certain  districts,  commissioned  by  the  East- 
ern patriarchs.  •/.  Murdoch: 

EX-XRCH'ATE,  it.  The  office,  dignity,  or  adminis- 
tration of  an  exarcb.  Taylar. 

EX-aR-TI€-U-La'TION,w.  [ex and  articulation.]  Lux- 
ation ;  the  dislocation  of  a  joint.  Q^uincy. 

EX-AS'PER-aTE,  (egz-)  v.  t.  [L.  exaspero,  to  irritate, 
ftrand  aspero,  from  asper,  rough,  harsh.] 

1.  To  anger ;  to  irritate  to  a  high  degree  ;  to  pro- 
voke to  rage  ;  to  enrage  ;  to  excite  anger,  or  to  in- 
flame it  to  an  extreme  degree.  We  say,  to  exasperate 
a  person,  or  to  exasperate  the  passion  of  anger  or  re- 
sentment. 

2.  To  aggravate ;  to  imbitter  ;  as,  to  cxasjicrate  en- 
mitj-. 

3.  To  augment  violence  ;  to  increase  malignity  ;  to 
exacerbate  ;  as,  to  exasperate  pain  or  a  part  inflamed. 

Bacon. 

EX-AS'PER-ATE,  a.  Provoked ;  hnbittered  ;  in- 
flamed. SUah. 

EX-AS'PER-a-TED,  pp.  or  a.  Highly  angered  or  irri- 
tated ;  provoked  ;  enraged  ;  imbittered  ;  increased 
in  violence. 

EX-.\S'PER-a-TER,  7i.  One  who  exasperates. or  in- 
flames anger,  enmity,  or  violence. 

EX-AS'PER-a-TING',  ppr.  or  a.  Exciting  keen  re- 
sentment;  inflaming  anger;  irritating;  increasing 
violence. 

EX-.AS-PER-a'TIOX,  n.  Irritation ;  the  act  of  ex- 
citing violent  anger ;  provocation. 

2.  Extreme  degree  of  anger  ;  violent  passion. 

3.  Increase  of  violence  or  malignity  ;  exacerbation. 
EX-AU€'TOR-aTE,  \  V.  t.  [L.  exa actor o ;  ex  and 
EX-AU'TIH  )R-aTE,  )      auctoro,to  hire  or  bind,  from 

auctor,  antlitif.J 
To  disunss  from  service  ;  to  deprive  of  a  benefice. 

-^yl'fe. 
EX-AUe-T(.)R-A'TION,  )  n.      Dismission  from    ser- 
EX-AU-THOR-A'TIOX',  S      vice  ;   deprivation  ;   deg- 
radation ;  the  removal  of  a  person  from  an  oflice  or 
dignity  in  the  church.  Myliffe. 

EX-AU'THOR-iZE,  v.  t.    To  deprive  of  authority. 

Sclden. 
EX-Ai;'THOR-TZ-£D,  pp.    Deprived  of  autliorilv. 
EX-AU'THOR-IZ-ING,  ppr.     Depriving  of  authority. 
EX-CAL'CE-A-TED,  a.     [L.  c-xcalcco,  to  pull  off  the 
shoes  ;  ex  and  calccus,  a  shoe.] 
Deprived  of  shoes  ;  unshod  ;  barefooted. 
EX-€AN-DES'CENCE,  «.     [L.  excandeseentia,  cxcan- 
desco  ;  ex  and  candesco,  candeo,  to  glow  or  be   hot, 
from  caneo,  to  be  white,  to  shine.] 

1.  A  growing  hot ;  or  a  white  heat ;  glowing  heat. 

2.  Heat  of  passion  ;  violent  anger;  or  a  growing 
angr>-. 

EX-CAN-DEg'CENT,  a.    White  with  heat. 
EX-CAN-Ta'TION,  71.     [L.  excanto,  but  with  an  op- 
posite signification.] 

Disenchantment  by  a  countcrcharm.     [LitUc  itsedJ\ 

Bailey. 
EX-e.^R'NATE,  V.  t.     [h.  ex  and  caro,  flesh.] 

To  deprive  or  clear  of  flesh.  Orew. 

EX-eAR'X.\-TED,  ;.p.     Deprived  of  flesii. 
1'X-€.\R'Na-TING,  ypr.    Depriving  of  flesli. 
i:X-eXR'NI-FI-€ATE,  r.  t.     To  cut  off*  flesli. 
ilX-eXR'NI-FI-eA-TING,  ppr.    Cutting  off  flesh. 


KXC 

EX-eAR-NI-FI-e.VTIO\,  n.  [L.  excanufico,  to  cut 
in  pieces,  from  caro,  Iksh.] 

The  act  of  cutting  off  flesh,  or  of  depriving  of 
flesli.  Juhnson. 

EX  CJi-THE<DR.a,  [L.]  Literally^  from  the  chair,  as 
of  authority  or  instruction.  Hence,  with  authority 
or  dogmatism.  [The  Latin  will  allow  of  cath'e-dra 
or  ca-the'dra,  but  the  latter  is  most  connnon  in  Eng- 
lish.] 

EX'CA-VaTE,  v.  t.  [li.  excavo  :  ex  and  cava,  to  hol- 
low, cavus,  hollow,     ^-ee  Gate.] 

To  hollow  ;  to  rut,  scoop,  dig,  or  wear  out  the 
inner  part  of  any  thing,  and  make  it  hollow  ;  as,  to 
excarate  a  ball ;  to  ciraonte  the  cartli ;  to  excavate  the 
trunk  of  a  tree,  and  form  a  canoe. 

EX'eA-VA-'I'EI),  pp.  or  «.     Hollowed  ;  made  hollow. 

EX'CA-VA-TING,  ppr.  or  a.  Making  hoUow;  mak- 
ing or  capable  of  making  an  excavation  ;  an,  an  cz- 
cacatin<T  machine- 

EX-e.V-VA'TIOx\,  n.  The  act  of  making  hollow,  by 
cutting,  wearing,  or  scooping  out  the  interior  sub- 
stance or  part  of  a  thing. 

2.  A  hollow  or  a  cavity  formed  by  removing  the 
interior  substance.  Many  animals  burrow  in  excava- 
tions of  their  own  forming. 

EX'CA-Va-TOR,  71.     One  who  excavates. 
2.  A  machine  for  excavating. 

EX-Ce'CaTE,  v.  t.     [L.  eioEco.] 
To  make  blind.     [JVuf  used.] 

EX-CE-Ca'TION,  n.    The  act  of  making  blind. 

Richardson. 

EX-Ck'DENT,  n.     Excess.     [J^ot  auOiortied.] 

EX-CEED',  (eks-seed',)  v.  U  [L.  excedo ;  ex  and  cedu^ 
to  pass.] 

1.  To  pass  or  go  beyond  ;  to  procetsJ  beyond  any 
piven  or  supj)osed  limit,  measure,  or  quantity,  or  be- 
yond any  thing  else ;  used  equally  in  a  physical  or 
moral  sense.  One  jjiece  of  cloth  exceeds  the  custom- 
an,-  length  or  breadth  ;  one  man  exceeds  another  in 
bulk,  stature,  or  weight ;  one  offender  exceeds  an- 
other in  villainy. 

2.  To  surpass  ;  to  excel.  Homer  exceeded  all  men 
ill  epic  poetry.  Demosthenes  and  Cicero  exceeded 
their  cotemporaries  in  oralorj'. 

King  Soloiiiitii  exceeded  all  the  kiii^s  of  the  earth  for  riches  and 
for  \vi.-..!i)in.  —  1  Kiiic"8  x. 

EX-CEED',  V.  i.  To  go  too  far;  to  pass  the  proper 
bounds ;  to  go  over  any  given  limit,  number,  or 
measure. 

Foriy  stripes  may  he  give  him,  and  not  exceed.  — Deul.  xiv. 
9.  To  bear  the  greater  proportion ;  to  be  more  or 
larger.  Dryden. 

[  This  verb  w  intransUtce  only  by  ellipsis.] 
EX-CEED' A-BLE,  a.    That  may  surmount  or  exceed. 

J///.]  Sherwood. 

EX-CEED'ED,  ;t/).    Excelled;  surpassed;  outdone. 
EX-CERD'ER,  n.    One  who  exceeds  or  passes  the 

bounds  of  iitness.  Jilountarru. 

EX-CI^ED'LNG,  7'j/r.  Going  beyond;  surpassing;  ex- 
celling ;  outdoing. 

2.  a.  Great  in  extent,  quantify,  or  duration ;  very 
extensive. 

Cities  were  built  an  exceeding  space  of  time   before  the  flood. 
[This  sense  is  tijiuauai.]  Ralegh. 

3.  ado.  In  a  very  great  degree ;  unusually ;  as,  ex- 
ceeding rich. 

The  Genoese  were  exceeding  powerftil  by  se;i.  Ralegh. 

I  am  thy  bhielJ,  and  lliy  exceeding  great  reward. — Gen.  xv. 

EX-CEKD'ING,  w.     Excess;  superlluity.       Smollett. 
EX-CEED'ING-IA',  ado.    To  a  very  great  degree  ;  in 
a  degree  beyond  what  is  usual ;  greatly  ;  very  mucli. 

Isaac  trembled  exceedingly.  —  Gen.  xjcvii. 

EX-CEED'ING-NESS,  n.    GreiUuess  in  quantity,  ex- 
tent, or  duration,     [j^'ot  used.] 
EX-CEL',  (ek-sel',)  v.  t,      [L.  exccllo,    the    root    of 

which,  cdlo^  is  not  in  use.  In  Ar.  ji^  kaila,  sig- 
nifies to  lift,  raise,  excel ;  also,  to  speak,  to  strike,  to 
beat.  So  we  use  beat  in  the  sense  of  surpass.  See 
Class  GI,  No.  31  and  49.] 

1.  To  go  beyond;  to  exceed;  to  surpass  in  good 
qualities  or  laudable  deeds ;  to  outdo. 


M.uiy  daui'hlers  have  tlooe  virtuously,  but  tlioii  txceUeat  them 
all.  —  Prov.  xxxi. 

2,  To  exceed  or  go  beyond  in  bad  qualities  or 
deeds  ;  as,  to  excel  envy  itself  in  mischief.      Spenser. 

3.  To  exceed  ;  to  surpass. 

EX-CEL',  V.  i.  To  have  good  qualities,  or  to  perform 
meritorious  actions,  in  an  unusual  degiee;  to  be  em- 
inent, illustrious,  or  distinguished. 

Bless  the  IjOpJ,  ye  his  aii^'lc,  that  excel  m  streuglh.  —  Ps.  dJ. 

We  say,  to  excel  in  mathematics  ;  to  excel  in  paint- 
ing; to  excel  in  heroic  achievements. 
EX-CEL'LjED,   (ek-seld',)  pp.     t^urpassed  ;  outdone  ; 
exceeded  in  good  qualities  or  laudable  achievements. 

I.  The  state  of  possessing  good  qualities  in  an  un- 


EXC 

usual  or  eminent  degree;  the  state  of  excelling  in 
any  thing. 

2.  Any  valuable  quality ;  any  thing  highly  lauda- 
ble, meritorious,  or  virtuous,  in  peritomt,  or  valuable 
and  c!>tecmed,  in  thingi^.  Purity  of  heart,  uprigliU 
ness  of  mind,  sincerity,  virtue,  piety,  are  eiceileneie* 
of  cliaracter  ;  wymmetry  of  parts,  strength,  and 
beauty  are  excelUnciea  of  body  ;  an  accurate  knowl- 
edge of  an  an  iw  an  excellence  in  the  artisan  ;  sound- 
ness anil  durability  are  ezcellmciej/  in  limber ;  fertil- 
ity, in  land  ;  idcgancc,  in  writing.  In  short,  what- 
ever contributes  to  exalt  man,  or  to  render  bim 
esteemed  and  happy,  or  to  bless  xociety,  Is  in  him  an 
excellence. 

3.  Dignity  ;  high  rank  in  the  scale  of  beings.  An- 
gela arc  beings  of  more  err.ellence  than  men ;  men  are 
beings  of  more  excellence  than  lirulfcs. 

4.  A  title  of  h(mor  formerly  given  to  klngn  and 
emperors,  now  given  to  embassador;),  govcmors,  and 
other  persons,  below  the  rank  of  kings,  but  elevated 
above  the  common  cla-fses  of  men. 

EX'CEL-LI:NT,  (ek'sel-lem,)  «.  Being  of  great  vir- 
tue or  worth ;  eminent  or  disiingniyht-d  for  what  ia 
amiable,  valuable,  or  laudable ;  as,  an  ezcdUnl  man 
or  citizen  ;  an  ezctUcnl  judge  or  magistrate. 

2.  Being  of  great  value  or  use,  applied  to  things ; 
remarkable  for  good  properties  ;  as,  excellent  timber ; 
an  excellent  farm  ;  an  excellent  horse  ;  excellent  fniiU 

3.  Distinguished  for  superior  attainments;  xs,  an 
excellent  artist. 

4.  Consunmiate  ;  complete  ;  in  an  ill  sense. 

Elittbeth  was  ait  excellent  hypocrite.  Hum*. 

EX'CEL-LENT-LY,  ode.    In  an  excellent  manner; 

well  in  a  high  degree ;  in  an  eminent  degree  ;  in  a 

manner  to  please  or  command  esteem,  ur   to   be 

useful. 
EX-CEL'LING,  ppr      Surpassing;   outdoing;  going 

bf-yond. 
EX-CEL' SI-OR,  a.    [L.]    .More  lofty  :  more  elevated  ; 

higher  ;  the  motto  of  the  t^tatc  of  New  York. 

LonpftUow. 
EX  CEN'TRie.     See  Eccentric. 
EX-CEPT',  (ek-sepl',)  o.  C    [Fr.  excrpter;  It.  excettare: 

from  L.  excipio;  ex  and  capio^  to  take.    See  Caption, 

Capture.] 

1.  To  take  or  leave  out  of  any  number  sirecified  ; 
to  exclude ;  as,  of  the  thirty  persons  present  and 
concerned  in  a  riot,  we  must  except  two. 

2.  To  take  or  leave  out  any  particular  or  particu- 
lars from  a  general  description. 

When  he  saitli,  All  things  are  put  under  liim,  it  is  manifest  ihu 
he  is  excepted  who  did  put  all  things  under  him. —  1  Cor. 
xt. 

EX-CEPT',  V.  I,  To  object ;  to  make  an  objection  or 
objections;  usually  followed  by  to:  sometimes  by 
against,  I  except  to  a  witness,  or  to  his  testimony, 
on  account  of  his  interest  or  partialitv. 

EX-CEPT',  pp.  [Contracted  from  crceptxd.]  Taken 
out ;  not  included.  All  were  involved  in  tins  alfair, 
except  one  ;  tiiat  is,  oiie  excepted,  the  case  absolute  or 
independent  clause.  Except  ye  repent,  ye  shall  all 
likewise  perish  ;  that  is,  except  this  fact",  that  ye  re- 
pent, or  this  fact  being  excepted,  remo^'ed,  taken 
away,  ye  shall  all  likewise  perish.  Or  except  may 
be  considered  as  the  imperative  mode.  Except  thou, 
or  ye,  this  fact,  ye  shall  all  likewise  [lerish.  Hence, 
except  is  equivalent  to  iritJtout.,  unless,  and  denotes 

EX-CEPT'ED,  pp.     See  Cvcept.  [exclusion. 

EX-CEPT'ING,  ppr.  Taking  or  leaving  out  ;  ex- 
cluding. 

2.  This  word  is  also  used  in  the  sense  of  rxeent-,  as 
above  explained.  'I'he  prisoners  were  all  condenined, 
excepting  three.  This  is  an  anomalous  ns*t  of  ilie 
word,  tinless,  in  some  cases,  it  may  be  referred  to  a 
pronoun.  Excrptai  would  be  better ;  three  excepted  ; 
three  being  excepted. 

EX-CEP'TlbX,  (ek-sep'sbun,)  it.  The  act  of  except- 
ing, or  excluding  from  a  number  designated,  or  trom 
a  description  ;  exclusion.  All  the  representatives 
voted  for  the  bill,  with  the  exception  of  five  ;  all  the 
land  is  in  tillage,  with  an  exception  of  two  acres. 

2.  Exclusion  from  what  is  comprehended  in  a  gen- 
eral rule  or  proposition. 

3.  That  which  is  excepted,  excluded,  or  separated, 
from  others  in  a  general  description :  the  {wrson  or 
thing  specified  as  distinct  or  not  mrluded.  .-\:mosl 
every  general  rule  has  its  cxcrption^, 

4.  .-Vn  objection ;  that  wliich  is  or  may  be  olTered 
in  opposition  to  a  rule,  proposition,  statement,  or 
alleg:ition  ;  with  to:  sometimes  with  agaiust.  He 
made  some  e-iceptions  to  the  argument. 

5.  Objection,  with  dislike;  ollensc ;  slight  anger 
or  resentment ;  with  at,  tv,  or  agaiitst,  and  commonly 
used  with  ttikc ;  as,  to  take  exception  at  a  severe  re- 
mark ;  to  take  exception  to  what  was  sjiid. 

Rodeii  ju,  tliou  h;isl  taken  agaitut  »s  an  exception.         Shot, 

But  it  is  more  generally  followed  by  aL 
G.  In  late,  the  denial  of  what  is  alleged  and  con- 
sidered as  valid  by  the  other  parly,  either  in  point  of 
law  or  in  pleading  ;  or  an  allegation  .igainsi  ilie  suf- 
ficiency of  an  answer.  In  law,  it  is  a  stop  or  slay 
to  an  action,  and  it  is  either  dilatory  or  prremntory. 

Blacjistone 


TONE,  BULL,  IGNITE.  — .VN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K;  G  as  J  j  S  as  Z;  ClI  ns  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


53 


-117 


rxo 


t  tiomenl  of  exc«|>-  j 
!.t  j-ojty,  and  nblch  tlir 

__     i.Ab.*e  to  obJeniKii.  i 

D  to  bi  Ik0  BOrt  cv(»2 


.    VL,  a.     FonniDC  or  nukiiif;  uii  rui |>-  i 

j:  \  .  r.R, «.    One  whoot.j.  .1-.      .V;    ,.      I 

i;\-i.U'  il'-jLts.Cck-fep'tliupi,.'      1 
or  Dp*  lu  cavil,  ur  take  excei>liuu». 

EX-CKP'TIOUS-NESS,  «.    DlipotJli.  s,  t,.  c-iv,l. 

Barrpw. 
y.\  rrrTIVP.  .1.     Including  nn  exception;  tw,  mi 

:  nn  rtcrption.  JUtiton, 

<  >iiitttifig  all  exccptlun.     [Jk'bi  in 
SJuk. 
I  I"OK,  n.    Ono  wUo  ohJecU  or  mnkc>a  ex«.*p- 
SttmrL 
I.  iV^B,  a.    Having  no  brainit. 

}  [L.  ezeemo;  rx  on  J  r^mo,  Gr.  xoifu, 

.    I  ;      r       I,    :i     >  r.  -..  or  UiroU(;h 
"III  ;   to  vx- 

■  ■    I  .  ■  ■  I  i '   !     '  I  .Mnii.   Bacon. 

criiiii'il  ttirtiut-'ti  llic  capillnry  vftwi-U  ui  (he  bwly. 
F..V  CKU.N'lNt:,  /f/T.    Kmitline  tliruu^ti  the  email  pas- 

nagc* ;  cxi-rLiiiig. 
EXl'KKP',  r.  (.     TL.  ricnrptt.l 

'I'o  ttii-k  uuU    |/^«7fiwfA]  Halts. 

EX-1'KulT,  r.  (.     [L.  eiccrpo  ;  rx  and  carpd,  to  take] 

Tu  wlrct.     [^Vi^t  iu<4/.]  Barnard. 

f:X-Cy.Hf"T^,n.pl.    rU]     Pns»nges  extracted. 
E.\-CLKI"TIUN,  n.     [U  «<n7>lio.J 

1.  A  picking  out ;  a  gleaning ;  selection.    [Litde 

2.  Thai  which  ia  selected  or  gleaned.    [LUtl*  u^ed.] 

Ralejrh. 
EX-CERP'TOR,  n.  A  picker  ;  a  culler.  Barnard. 
EX-CEUPTS',  n.pL    Extracts  from  authors,    [ji  bad 

vvni.] 
EXCES3',  (ek-nes',)  n.     [L.  er«M»w,  from  exctdo. 
Set*  Etrccu.] 

1.  Ltirrall^,  tlut  which  tzueds  any  measure  or 

liiiiii,  i>r  wlnrh  cicfols  Hoinething  clue,  or  a  going  be- 

'  .1  jii!(t  line  or  point     Hence,  Buperlluity  ;  that 

I     ij  It  beyund  nece^isity  or  wantH  ;  as,  an  cxccis  of 

[I    '.    -Kiiis  ;  rirr.<.*  itf  llchU 

'i.  Ttiat  which  u  beyond  tlie  common  measure, 
pnipitrtiun,  or  due  riuantity  ;  0.1,  Uic  «zmm  of  a  limb  ; 
liic  t-j^r.i  .if  hir  111  Ilif  system. 

3.  H  uf  any  thing.  Xctttan, 
A.   A                               11  uf  due  limits.        JJUrrhurif. 

'k   Ii.  iiiiliiltjcnc''  of  appetite,  passion, 

.  ilie  rule!!  of  Gou'a  word,  or  be- 

r  ijiricty ;  intempemnce  in  gmtifi- 

i.1    I,-  .  J  ,  •  Ml  eating  or  drinking;  ex£e^  of 

ju>  ,  eacfj-n  of  grtef  j  eictM  of  love,  or  of  anger  ;  ez- 

UM  of  labor. 

6.  In  iintJkmrtic  and  gtometnf^  that  by  which  one 
nniiibi'r  or  quantity  exceeds  another ;  that  which 
reiiijiinii  when  the  leiHter  number  or  quantity  is  taken 
intii  ilii"  gn-ater. 

-•^'IVE,  a.    Beyond  any  given  degree,  mea»- 

limit,  or  beyond  the  common  nieiisure  or  pro- 

;!•'.  the  tsitjisive  bulk  of  a  man;  exctssivc 

-r  wages. 

:tie  established  laws  of  morality  and 
r     ,      .  yuiid  the   bounds  of  Justice,  fitness, 

p(«'i'HLt>  ,  e:hjiedicnce,  or  utility;  as,  czussxvt  Indul- 
gence of  any  kind. 

F.'  "  i;ot  b«  rnjuired.  Billtsf  tUgKU. 

3-  I  Mirea-'ionable.    Ilia  expenditures 

•  ■(  ■■■:  -ice. 

'  ,  viulcnt  :  a*,  exeoisive  passion. 
I.V,  adc.    In  an  cxlrcmc  degree  ;  be- 
;  exceedingly  ;  as,  eiccssiccly  impa- 
'Iff  grieved. 
I  illy  ;  violently ;  as,  the  wind  blew  er- 


.  n.   The  stale  or  quality  of  being 

,  n.    Ono  who  has  been  chan- 

.      r.   (.      [Fr.    ecXanger; 

■  for 
.  f  a 

■'ling 
■iRTir 
.  JitU 
:*  m 
r-j  cj.cJti.-i^-c  i.i  lu  niicii.iif  ono 
'i-t;  OS,  tu  ticSanjft  homes;  to 


KXC 

fur  a  cell  or  a  li(*miilago  ;  to  eicMamf^e  a  life  of  ea*tt 

fur  ii  '''"■■  -'  '■■■! 

y.  reciprocally ;  (o  give  and 

rec'  ■  :'ie  same  tiling. 

■ '-  llAJulet.  SfiOJt. 

Ike  thing ;  as,  to  n- 
vvurk;    to   ttchangc 

receiving  the  thing 

■  alenL     Will  you  rr- 

.    till  .'      \^  III  you    cjcAaniTt  your 

In  e-mrr.rrrr,  tho  act  of  givtnj;  one 

■  ■  r ;  barter;  Inilhc  by 

'  received  Is  Huppotted 


l>l>'V 


It 


tub. 


J'  -x.ff  l.t  tMfwo.  —  C'-o.  iJf'L 

"■  i<  or  rt*tigning  ono  thing  or 

stai  ■  (onimet. 

'<}.    !  irid  net  iving  n-ciprocalty  ; 

as,  ;i  !■,  ;  an  fickanffc  of  rivilitles. 

4.  1  [I'll  one  ctiinniodlty  !■»  Iniiis- 
ferred  tuiint*ttitr  loi  an  tiqiiivalent  roniiiiiHlity. 

5.  The  thin;:  iiiven  in  return  for  Mtnuttiing  re- 
ceived; orthe  thing  received  in  return  fur  wlbal  is 
given. 

Tbera^  my  nduutgw.  Shak. 

In  ordtnary  business,  this  Is  called  Cha:trc. 

tJ.  The  fonn  of  exrhanging  one  debt  or  credit  for 
anuUier;  or  the  receiving  or  |>aying  of  money  m  one 
place,  for  an  equal  sum  in  another,  by  order,  <lrjft, 
or  bill  of  rxrhange.  A  in  London  is  creditor  to  B 
in  New  York,  and  C  in  Lonilon  owes  V  in  New 
York  a  like  buni.  A  in  London  dntwH  a  bill  of  ex- 
change on  B  in  New  York  ;  U  in  London  purchased 
the  bill,  by  uhich  A  receives  bin  debt  due  from  B  in 
New  York.  C  transmits  the  bill  to  D  in  New  Yojk, 
who  receives  the  amount  from  B. 

BilLf  ofexchanise,  dniwn  on  persons  in  a  foreign 
countn-,are  c ailed /iTriVfi  bili^  uf  exchange  ;  the  like 
bilU,  drawn  on  per^tons  in  dilferent  parts  or  citleti  of 
the  ^nme  country,  are  c:illed  inUind  bULi  of  exchange. 

A  bill  of  exchange  is  a  mercantile  contract,  in 
which  four  persons  are  primarily  concerned. 

7.  In  mercantile  lamrua^e^  a  bill  drawn  for  money 
is  called  eichangey  instead  of  a  bill  qf  e^diange. 

8.  The  coitr.^f  (/  ejthanne^  is  the  current  price  be- 
tween two  places,  which  is  above  or  below  par,  or  at 
par.  Exchange  is  at  par y  when  a  bill  in  New  York, 
for  the  payment  of  one  Itiindred  poundx  (Sterling  in 
Iiondon,  can  be  purchased  fur  one  hundred  jHiunds. 
If  it  can  be  purchased  for  less,  exchange  in  under  par. 
If  the  (mrchaser  is  obliged  to  givo  more,  exchange  is 
above  par. 

9.  In  /nw,  a  mutual  grant  of  equal  interests,  the  one 
in  con  :4  id  e  ratio  a  of  the  other.  Estates  excliangcd 
must  be  equal  in  quantity,  as  fee-simple  for  fee-sim- 
ple. JJlackstone. 

10.  The  place  where  the  merchants,  brokers,  and 
hankers  of  a  city  meet  to  transact  business,  at  cer- 
tain hours  ;  often  contracted  into  Chaivoi:. 

EX-CIIANOE-A-niL'I-TY,  n-  The  quality  or  stale 
of  being  exchangeable. 

T)>ougfa  the  Uw  ouifhi  not  io  be  eontntTcixHl  hf  an  czpru 
utklc  lulmilUof  Uio  ticJiangtability  oTiucii  prrwins. 

Washington, 

EX-C»ANGE'A-DLE,  o.  That  may  be  exchanged  ; 
callable  of  being  exchanged  ;  fit  or  proper  to  be  ex- 
changed. 

Tin  ofTicrri  cnpturMi  wilh   Burgo/oo  wen:  eidtangeablt  vHlhlo 

Or-  nowrn  urGcrt.  Howe.  Marthail. 

IXuik  Ulls  tsehangeaJUa  for  gcAA  and  lUrer.  Ramta^. 

EX-CIlANC;'£D,(eks-chunjd',)pp.  Given  or  received 
for  something  else  ;  bartered. 

EX-CIIANG'ER,  n.  One  who  exchanges;  one  who 
practices  exchange.    Matt.  .txv. 

EX-CllA.\G'ING,;'pr,  Givingand  receiving  one  com- 
modity for  another  ;  giving  and  receiving  mutnallv  ; 
laying  aside  or  rclinquisjimg  ono  thing  or  state  for 
another. 

EX-CHEa'UER,(cks-chck'er,)TU  [Fr.  echiquier^  chcck- 
or-work,  a  chess-board.  See  Chess  and  CheckeiuI 
In  Eti^rtandf  an  ancient  court  of  record,  intended 
principally  to  collect  and  fiu[)erintend  the  king's 
debtt  and  duties  or  revenues,  and  so  called  from 
tcaceAariurtty  or  from  tho  some  root,  denoting  a  check- 
ered cloth,  which  covers  the  table.  It  consists  of 
two  divisions  ;  the  receipt  of  the  exchequer,  (now 
transferred  to  ibc  Bank  of  England,)  which  manages 
the  royal  revenue  ;  and  the  judicial  part,  which  is 
divided  into  a  court  of  law  and  n  court  of  equity. 
I'he  court  of  equity  is  lield  in  the  exchequer  cham- 
ber, before  the  lord  treasurer,  the  chancellor  of  the 
exchequer,  the  chief  baron,  anil  three  inferior  barons. 
The  common  law  court  is  held  bef(>rethe  barons,  with- 
out the  tr.-  isiir.  r  r.r  chancellor.  Blaekgione. 

/  '  in   F.ngland,  bills  for   money,  or 

prui)  ied  frtun  tho  exchequer ;  a  dpe- 

»"i'  ricy  emitted  under  the  authority 

.  and  bearmg  interest. 

To  in-titute  a  process  against  a 
[  of  Exchequer.  P^gg^ 


EXC 

KX-CllEU'lXEK-f:D,  pp.    Proceeded  agiiinsr  jn  chn^ 
eery. 

EXrilEaTKR-ING,  ppr.    Instituting  i<roces*>asnlt 

K\-i'M"l  E.\T,  It.    One  whoexceplx.        [in  ,nHhcrr 

EX-l'I*'A-BLK,  <i.     Liable  or  subject  lo  excise  ;   n 
coflt-p  Im  an  ezeisable  commodity. 

EX-C'I*E',  n.     (L.  tzeisum^  cut  off",  fh»m  ejcido;   l> 
oecvt  t  G.  aeeise.] 

An  inlaml  duty  or  linpml,  laid  on  aitirles  produr. 
and  connumed  In  a  country,  and  aho  on  liceiivn  1 
deal  in  lertaiii  comiiio<liiieN.     Fi'nnrt/y,  in  /      ' 
the  excise  embnu-id  some  imi>orteiI  aitlcL-, 
Ate. ;  but  these  are  now  tnunifern-d  to  tin 
Many  anlcles  are  e.\ei.s(-d  at  the  miiiinf* .  i.-,..  ^,  „ 
spirit  at  the  dlKtlllery,  printed  silk*  and  linenx  at  tbe 
prinler'*,  Ac.  Kneyu 

Ea-<-*I*E'  r.  r.  To  lay  or  impose  a  duty  on  artlclr- 
protluced  and  con«unied  In  a  country',  or  on  .iceuH*  - 
to  lovy  an  pxcIbc  on. 

EX  riS'KM,  pp.    Charged  with  the  duly  of  *  «■  >-■ 

EX-CTif  i:*.MA,\.  n.    An  iillicer  who  iiiKj^ect^  ■ 
lien  nnil  niies  the  excise  duty  on  thi m.        .' 

E,\-1'IS'I\(I,  ppr.     Iiii|>ofUng  the  duly  of  exi  1.  ■ . 

EX-CI»'IUN,  (ek -^|■/h'un,)  11.     [L.  ecci.*io.] 

1.  In  "uri^'mi,  n  ruliMig  out  or  cuiting  olT  any  |inr: 
of  the  UkIv  ;  i-\tir|i;ition  ;  ainputaiion. 

2.  'J'he  cutting  off  of  a  |H;rHon,  01  nation,  p ^  a  Jud; 
ment  ;  extir|iation  ;  destruction. 

3.  A  cutting  uD'frum  the  church  ;  excommunlcaticn 
The  nJjUn*  r«ckou  Ihrto  kiii<lj  of  •rdtlon.  Knr^  ■ 

EX-CT-TA-BIL'I-TV,  «.    [from  ««<*.]    Ihe  quol.t. 
of  being  capable  of  excitement. 

S.  In   medicine     (1.)    A   healthful   vital   ^iKceplI 
bility   to   the   InHuence  of  natural,   med  em  .1    «,,.] 
mechanical  aceiitti,  and   tho   power   of  i< 
in  a  nonnal  manner,  by  uclions  merely,  ii< 
distinction  from  sensations.    {'2.)  Thin  ler:: 
used  with  Huch  nn  extension  of  lU*  Kicnitu 
to  comprehend  the  |>owerof  res|)oitdiue  to  n 
both  by  actions  and  ;fen.iations.     In  this  n< ' 
it  is  exactly  equivalent  to  irritability  lu  the  ; 
medical  wensi-s,  which  Bt;e. 

EX  CTT'A-BLE,  a     Having  the  quality  of  I 
ceptible  of  e.\cilement,  which  we. 
2.  Capable  of  being  excited,  or  roused  lii" 

EX-CIT'.\N'i',  iL  In  mrdieinr,  an  agent,  v 
its  iiitluencc  upon  the  living  st^ilid,  iirodiK 
condition  and  action  in  such  solid.  '1  Insist' 
acceptation,  wider  indeed  than  that  of  ni' 
2.  .\n  agent,  which  produces  a  quickl. 
and  transient  incn^ase  of  vital  Mier^-y  anil 

of  action  in  the  heart  and  arteries.    'J'his  i~ 

limiteil  acceptation ;  and  in  this  sense  it  in  rmtii 
equivalent  to  stimulau. 

By  dirt'erent  authors,  this  word   is  useil  m  v.  r 
various  grades  of  extension  and  limitation 
these  two. 

EX-ClT'ATE,r.(.    To  excite,    [^rot  in  uff.]  J. .      . 

EX-CI-TA'TION,  n.    The  act  of  exciting  or  imU.n. 
in  motion ;  the  act  of  rousing  or  awakenini:. 

Bacun.      lyatlA. 
2.  In  medieintf  the  act  of  producing  excitement 
the  excitement  produced. 

EX-CIT'A-T1V£,  a.    Having  power  to  cxcit.  ,  u  i... 
see.  /■ 

EX-CIT'A-TO-RV,  a.    Tending  to  excite  ;  c- 
excitement,  .':     .. 

EX-CITK',  (ek-sTte',)  r,  (,    [L.  ezdto ,  ez  and  cOm,  t 
ciZtj  to  call  or  provoke.] 

L  To  rouse;  to  call  into  action  ;  to  animiii-  :  i 
etir  up;  to  cause  lo  act  that  uliicli   is  >! 
stupid,  or  inactive  ;  as,  to  rjetUthe  t^^pirits  01 

2.  'lo  mise  ;  to  create  ;  to  put  lu  motion  .    :  ,  ' 
excite  a  mutiny  or  insurrection. 

3.  To  rouse  ;  to  inflame  ;  as,  to  excite  the  pnsnion 

4.  In  meMeine.  (I.)  'J'o  produce  a  new  roii'laiun  ■ 
action  in  the  living  solid.    I'his  i-'  the  most  <    ' 
signification  of  this  tenn.    (2.)   Toprwlur. 

ly  diffused  and  transient  increa.se  of  vii;il 
and  strength  of  action   in  the  heart  and    n 
This  is  the  most  limited  accepiaiion  of  li) 
and    in   tliis  sense,   it   is   equivalent    to 
(3.)   To  produce  a  vitiated  ami  ahnomKil 
the  actions,  or  sensations,  or  of  both  in  coii] 
either  upon  an  unhealthy  Ktate  of  the  vital 
bilities,  or  by  an  excessive  or  otherwise  im|-r 
or  application  of  some  agent    In  this  ocr-  1 ! 
it  is  equivalent  to  irriiiif/.  j      ^ 

EX-(Tr'EL>,/i;».  ora.    UouBcd  ;  awakened  ;  animaU'I 
put  in  motion  :  ptimulaiod  ;  inflamed. 

EX-CITE'MENT,  n.     The  act  of  exciting. 

2.  The  stale  of  being  roused  into  actiun,  or  of  hav 
ing  increased  action. 

3.  Agitation  ;  a  Rintc  of  being  roused  into  action 
as,  an  tjeitement  of  the  jicople. 

4.  That  which  excites  or  routes ;  that  which  mnv 
stirs,  or  induces  action  ;  a  motive.  .SAal. 

5.  In  mcjiicine.    (1.)    Any  new  condition  or  nclion 
produced  by  the  influence  of  any  natural,  iii«  ilf  mfil.l 
or  mechanical  agent,  in  the  living  solid.     'I'Ihn  ' 
the  most  extensive  signification.     (!^*.)    A  pr- 1 

ral  increase  of  vital  energy  and  strcngtli  <  1      ' 
in  the  heart  and  artoritf.    This  ifi  the  m^n^i     1 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHIAT.  — METE,  PKBV.  —  PTNE,  MARt.VE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK  — 
4ib  ^rr-============ 


1 


-^ 


EXC 

sense.  In  this  acceptation,  it  is  equivalent  to  i'-fima- 
lation  ir  «me  of  its  senses.  (3.)  A  vitiated  and  ab- 
normal j^tale  of  the  actions  or  sensations,  or  botli  in 
CDnjunc'ion,  produced  by  natural,  medicinal,  or  me- 
chanic?' agents,  either  upon  a  healthy  state  of  the 
vital  -.iwceplibilities,  or  by  an  excessive,  or  otherwise 
improprr  use  or  application  of  natural,  medicinal, 
or  mec'dnical  agents.  In  this  sense,  it  is  equivalent 
to  irrJ'ttion.  Tullij. 

EX-Cn''ER,  n.    He  or  that  which  excites;  he  that 

puts  in  motion,  or  the  cause  which  awakens  and 

2.  In  medicine^  a  stimulant.  [moves. 

E  S-CIT'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Calling  or  rousing  into  action  ; 
producing  excitement. 

Kzciting  causes^  in  medicine,  are  those  which  im- 
mediately produce  disease,  or  those  which  excite  the 
action  of  predisponent  causes.  Parr. 

ES-t'lT'I\G,  n.     Excitation.  Herbert. 

EX  CITING-LY,  adv.     So  as  to  excite. 

ES-CITTVE,  n.    That  which  excites. 

EX-Crr^lV'E,  a.    Tending  to  excite. 

E.K-eLAIM',  n,     Ontcrj- ;  clamor.  Shak, 

ES-€LaIM',  v.  i.  [L.  eidamo  ;  ez  and  clamoj  to  cry 
out.     See  Claisi,  Clamor.] 

1,  To  utter  the  voice  with  vehemence  ;  to  cry  out ; 
to  make  a  loud  outcry  in  words :  as,  to  ezclaim 
against  oppression ;  to  exclaim  wiUi  wonder  or  as- 
tonishment ;  to  exclaim  with  joy. 

a.  To  declare  with  loud  vociferation. 
Thai  thus  you  do  exclaim  youll  go  with  bira.  Shak. 

EX-€LaIM'ER,  n.  One  who  cries  out  with  vehe- 
mence ;  one  who  speaks  with  heat,  passion,  or  much 
noi?e;  as,  an  erc/ainwr  against  tyranny.    Atterbur^. 

EX-GLaT'J'INC,  ppr.  Crjing  out  ;  vociferating  ; 
speak  112  with  heat  or  passion. 

ES-eLA-MA'TI0X,7i.  Outcry;  noisy  talk  ;  clamor; 
as.  exclamations  against  abuses  in  government. 

2.  Vehement  vociferation. 


Thus  will  I  drown  your  exelamattons. 


Sha'c. 


3.  Emphatical  utterance ;   a  vehement  extension 
r  elevation  of  voice  j  ecphonesis  ;   as,  O    dismal 

:ii-ht; 

4.  A  note  by  which  emphatical  utterance  or  outcry 
is  marked  ;  thus  ! 

5.  In  ip-ammar,  a  word  expressing  outcry  ;  an  in- 

-  rjection  ;  a  word  expressing  some  passion,  as  wou- 
I  r,  fear,  or  grief. 

:  CLAM'A-TIVE.  c.    Containing  CAClamation. 
.  t'L.\M'A-TO-RY,  a.    Using  exclamation  j  as,  an 

■ -lamat'yry  speaker. 

■I.  Containing  or  expressing  esclamation ;  a?,  an 

rrlamatory  phrase. 
\-CLuDE',  If.  f.     [L.  exdudo  :  ex  and  elaudo jtoslmt; 

Propfr/i/,  to  thrust  out  or  eject ;  but  used  as  synony- 
mous with  preclude. 

1.  To  thrust  out ;  to  eject ;  a^,  to  exclude  young 
animals  from  the  womb  or  from  eggs. 

2.  To  hinder  from  entering  or  admission  j  to  shut 
out ;  35,  one  body  excludes  another  from  occupying 
the  same  space.  The  church  ought  to  exclude  im- 
moral men  from  the  communion. 

3.  To  debar ;  to  hinder  from  participation  or  en- 
joyment. European  nations,  in  time  of  peace,  exclude 
our  merchants  from  the  commerce  of  their  colonies. 
In  some  of  the  States,  no  man  who  pays  taxes  is 
excluded  from  the  privilege  of  voting  for  represent- 
atives. 

4.  To  accept ;  not  to  comprehend  or  include  in  a 
privilegej  grant,  proposition,  argument,  description, 
order,  species,  genus,  &c..  in  a  general  sense. 

^X-CLCD'ED,  pp.  or  a.    Thrust  out;  shut  out;  hin- 
dered or  prohibited  from  entrance  or  admission  ;  de- 
barred ;  not  included  or  comprehended. 
:X-eLC'D'[XG,  ppr.    Ejecting;   hindering  from  cu- 
ring; debarring:  not  comprehending. 
:  er<C'5ION,  (eks-kl-Vzhun,)  ?(.    The  act  of  es- 
iding,  or  of  thrusting  out;   ejection;  as,  the  cx- 
■  U.Hon  of  a  fetus. 

2.  The  act  of  denying  entrance  or  admission ;  a 
-ii'itting  out. 

3.  The  act  of  debarring  from  participation  in  a 
;  rivilege,  benefit,  use,  or  enjoyment.  Burnet. 

4.  Rejection ;  non-reception  or  admission,  in  a  gen- 
'  ral  sense.  Addison. 

o.  Exception.  Bacon. 

0.  Ejection  ;  that  which  is  emitted  or  thrown  out. 
.  CLu'SlON-IST,  (eics4vlu'zlurn-ist,)  n.     One  who 
'■'iiildprerlude  another  from  some  privilege.    Fox, 

-  GLu'SIVE,  G.    Having  the  power  of  preventing 
ntraiice  ;  as,  exclusive  bars^  M'dlon. 

U  Debarring  from  participation ;  possessed  and  cn- 
yod  to  the  exclusion  of  others ;  as,  an  cxchisive  priv- 

;''ge. 
:(.  Xot  taking  into  the  account;  not  including  or 
mprehending ;  as,  the  general  had  five  thousand 

'  'op^,  cze/itWrr^of  arlilliryand  cavalry.  He  sent  me 
I  the  nuinbLTs  from  TS'toJVl  errhtsive;  that  is,  all 
■  numhi^fa  between  73  and  91,  but  these  numbers, 

'yf-  fir^  and  last,  are  excepted,  or  not  included. 
-CLO'SIVE,  n.     One  of  a  coterie  who   exclude 


KXC 

EX-CLO'SIVE-LY,  adv.  Without  admission  of  othera 
to  participation  ;  with  the  exclusion  of  all  others;  as, 
to  enjoy  a  privilege  exclu,fively. 

2.  Without  comprehension  in  an  account  ornom- 
ber ;  not  inclusivelv. 

EXeiiti'sr  VE-NES'S,  n.     State  of  being  exclusive. 

EX-CLO'SIV-ISM,  7(.    Act  or  practice  of  excluding. 

EX-€Lu'SO-KY,  a.  Exclusive;  excluding;  able  to 
exclude.     \_LitiU  used.]  iVaUh. 

EX-eoeT^  V.  t.     [L.  ezcoetus.] 

To  boil.    {J^Tot  in  use]  Bacon. 

EX-€OG'I-TaTE,  (eks-koj'e-tate,)  v.  U     [L.  ezcogito; 
ez  and  cog^ito,  to  think.] 
To  invent;  to  strike  out  by  thinking;  to  contrive. 
More.    Jlale. 

EX-eoG'I-TA-TED,  pp.  Contrived  ;  struck  out  in 
thought. 

EX-COG'I-Ta-TIXG,  j;pr.    Contriving. 

EX-€0G-I-Ta'TIOX,  n.  Invention ;  contrivance  j  the 
act  of  devising  in  the  thoughts. 

EX-eOM'SnS-SA-RY,  n.  [ex  and  commissary.]  A 
commissary  dismissed  from  office ;  one  formerly  a 
commissarv. 

EX-eO.M-MuXE',  1. 1.'  To  exclude.     [Obs.]    Oayton. 

EX-€OM-Mu'NI-e.\-BLE,a.  [See  Excommusicatb.] 
Liable  or  deserving  to  be  excommunicated.  Hooker. 

EX-eOM-Mu'NI-eATE,  v.  t.     [L.  ex  and  communico.] 
To  expel  from  communion  ;  to  eject  from  the  com- 
munion of  the  church  by  an  ecclesiastical  sentence, 
and  deprive  of  spiritual  advantages  ;  as,  to  excommu- 
nicate notorious  olTenders. 

EX-eOM-Mu'XI-€ATE,  :i.  One  who  is  excommuni- 
cated. Carew. 

EX-eCM-MCXI-CA-TED,  pp.  or  a.  Expelled  or  sep- 
arated from  communion  with  a  church,  and  a  partici- 
pation of  its  ordinances,  rights,  and  privileges. 

EX-€OM-Mu'NI-€A-TIXG,ppr.  Expelling  from  the 
communion  of  a  church,  and  depriving  of  spiritual 
advantages,  bv  an  ecclesiastical  sentence  or  decree. 

EX-eOM-MU-NI-eA'TIOX,  n.  The  act  of  ejecting 
from  a  church  ;  expulsion  from  the  communion  of  a 
church,  and  deprivation  of  its  rights,  privileges,  and 
advantages  ;  an  ecclesiastical  penalty  or  punishment 
inflicted  on  offenders.  Excommunication  is  an  eccle- 
siastical interdict,  of  two  kinds,  the  lesser  and  the 
greater  i  the  /e^scr  excommunication  is  a  separation 
or  suspension  of  the  offender  from  partaking  of  the 
euchari:>t ;  liie  greater  is  an  absolute  separation  and 
exclusion  of  the  offender  from  the  church  and  all  its 
rights  and  advantages.  Kncijc. 

EX  CO.\-CES'SOj  ~[L.]  From  that  which  is  con- 
ceded. 

EX-€o'RI-aTE,  v.  t.  [Low  L.  excorio ;  ez  and  coriuvx^ 
skin,  hide.] 

To  flay  ;  to  strip  or  wear  off  the  skin  ;  to  abrade  ; 
to  gall ;  to  break  and  remove  tlie  cuticle  in  any  man- 
ner, as  by  rubbing,  beating,  or  by  the  action  of  acrid 
substances. 

EX-€o'RI-A-TED,  pp.  Flayed  ;  galled  ;  stripped  of 
skin  or  the  cuticle  ;  abraded. 

EX-€0'RI-A-TING,  ppr.  Fla.ving  ;  galling;  stripping 
of  the  cuticle. 

EX-eO-RI-A'TIOiV,  Ti.  The  act  of  flaying,  or  the  op- 
eration of  wearing  off  the  skin  or  cuticle  ;  a  galling; 
abrasion ;  the  slate  of  being  galled  or  stripped  of 
skin. 

2-  Plunder ;  the  act  of  stripping  of  possessions. 
[JVof  used.]  Howell. 

EX-eOR-Tf-CA'TION,  n.    [L.  ex  and  wrtex,  bark.] 
The  art  of  snipping  otl"  bark.  Coze. 

EX'€RE-A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  discharged  by  spit- 
ting.    [Little  used.] 

EX'€RE-aTE,  r.  (.  [L.  excreo,  exscreo,  to  hawk  and 
spit.] 

To  hawk  a:id  spit ;  to  discharge  from  the  tliroat  by 
hawking  and  spitting. 

EX'CRE-A-TED,  pp.  Discharged  from  the  tJiroat  by 
hawking  and  spitting. 

EX'CRE-A-TING,  ppr.  Discharging  from  the  throat 
bv  hawking  and  spitting. 

EX'-CRE-A'TIOX,  n.    A  spitting  out. 

EX'€RE-MEXT,  n.  [L.  cxcremenium,  from  excemoj 
exc:r€tus;  ez  and  cemo,  to  separate,  Gr.  jfO(i/{.>.] 

Matter  excreted  and  ejected ;  that  which  is  dis- 
charged from  the  animal  body  after  digestion ;  alvinc 
discharges. 

EX-€RE-.ME.\T'AL,  a.  Excreted  or  ejected  by  the 
natural  passages  of  the  bodv. 

EX-€RE-.MEX-TI"TIAL,  (eks-kre-mcn-tish'al,)  a. 
Pcrtaininsr  to  or  consisting  in  excrement.  Fourcroy. 

EX-eilE-:\I£X-TI"TIOUS,  (eks-kre-men-tish'iis,)  a. 
Pertaining  to  excrement ;  containing  excrement ;  con- 
sisting in  matter  evacuated  or  proper  to  be  evacuated 
fiom  tlie  animal  body  Bacon.     Harvey. 

EX-€RES'CENCE,  n.  [L.  cxcreseens,  from  cicresco; 
ez  and  crcscoy  to  prow.] 

1.  In  sur^rryy  a  preternatural  protuberance  grow- 
ing on  any  part  of  the  body,  as  a  wait  or  a  tubercle ; 
a  superfluous  part.  Encyc 

2.  Any  preternatiu-al  enlargement  of  a  plant,  like 
a  wart  or  tumor;  or  something  growing  out  from  a 
plant.  Bcntley. 

3.  A  preternatural  production.  Tatlcr. 
EX-€RES'CEXT,  e.    Growing  out  of  something  else, 


EXC 


in  a  preternatural  manner;  niperfluous;  aa  a  wail 
or  tumor. 

Kiputifr  ito  w!w>  or  lop  the  ticrttcent  forti.  Pop*. 

EX-CRETE',  ».  (.    [h.  tjcretnj,  infra.1 

To  separate  and  lliruw  off;  to  dLicitarge;  as,  to  ez- 
crcte  urine. 

EX-€RkT'£D,  pp.  or  a.  Vaaaed  from  the  bod/  by  ex- 
cretign. 

EX-CRi-^T'IXG,  ppr.  Dincbarging  ;  separating  by  the 
natural  ducts. 

EX-CRic'TlON',  n.  [L.  eza-etio,  from  ezcemot  to  sepa- 
rate.] 

1.  The  throwing  off  of  effete  or  no  longer  uwful 
matter  from  the  animal  system.  Tullv. 

2.  That  which  is  excreted  ;  fluids  Hcparalwd  f^om 
the  body  by  the  glands,  and  called  ererement. 

Bacon.     Quinetf. 
EX'CRE-TIVE,  a.    Having  llie  power  of  BeparaiiCg 
and  ejecting  fluid  matter  from  the  body. 

Ejcrthve  Lxc\i\\j.  Unn^t. 

EX'CRE-TO-RY,  a.    Havina  the  quality  of  f.-\-  ■ 
or  throwing  off  excrementilTaus  matl/.-r  bythr 

EX'CRE-TO-RY,  n.    A  little  duct  or  vessel,  d..*; * 

to  receive  secreted  fluids,  and  to  excrete  them ;  uIbo, 
a  secretory  vessel. 

The  escrettrriet  are  noihinj  but  •tendn  iIm   of  ibe  xrViiia; 
d'-riving  an  appropruleil  Jui«  from  lix  Uixxl.        Oteynt. 

EX-€Ru'CIA-BLE,  a.  [Infra.]  Liable  to  torment. 
[litUcjued.] 

EX-eRu'Cr.ATE,  V.  L  [L.  extnuio ;  ez  and  anew,  to 
torment,  from  crux,  a  cross.] 

To  torture ;  to  torment ;  to  inflict  most  severe  pain 
on  ;  as,  to  cxcmdatc  the  heart  or  the  body.  Chapman. 

EX-eRC'ClA-TED,  pp.  Tortured  ;  racked  ;  tormented. 

EXeRu'CIA-TING,  ppr.  Torturing;  tormenting; 
putting  to  most  severe  pain. 

2.  a.  Extremely  painful ;  distressing;  as,  excruda- 
tina-  fears, 

EX-CRU-CI-A'TIOX,  n.  Torture;  exUeme  pain ;  vex- 
ation. Feltham. 

EX-€U-Ba'TI0.\,  n.  The  act  of  watcliing  all  night 
[L-ttlc  used.]  Did. 

EX-eUL'PA  ULE,  a.    That  may  be  exculpated 

EX-CUL'PaTE,  v.  t.  [IL  scolpare;  L.  ez  and  eulpo^  10 
blame,  culpa,  fault.] 

To  clear  by  words  from  a  charge  or  imputation  of 
fault  or  guilt ;  to  excuse.  How  naturally  arc  wc  in- 
clined to  exculpate  ourselves,  and  throw  the  blame  ou 
otliers  !  Eve  endeavored  to  exculpate  herself  for  eat- 
ing the  forbidden  fruit,  and  throw  the  blame  on  the 
serpent ;  .Adam  attempted  to  exculpate  himself,  and 
throw  the  blame  on  Eve. 

EX-CUL'PA-TED,  pp.  Cleared  by  words  from  the  im- 
putation of  fault  or  guilt. 

EXeUL'PA-TIXG,  ppr.  Clearing  by  words  from  th8 
charge  of  fault,  or  crime. 

EX-eUL-PA'TIOX,  7t.  The  act  of  vindicating  from  a 
charge  of  fault  or  crime ;  excuse. 

EX-eUL'PA-TO-RY,  a.  Able  to  clear  from  the  cliarge 
of  fault  or  guilt ;  excusing ;  containing  excuse. 

Johnson, 

EX-eUR'REXT,  a.  In  botany,  a  term  used  in  describ- 
ing the  ramilicatinn  of  a  body  whose  axis  remains 
always  in  the  center,  the  other  parts  being  regularly 
disposed  round  it.  LiiuUey. 

EX-CUR'SIOX,  (eks-kur'shun,)  ii.  [L.  exeurM,  ez- 
eurso,  from  eursusy  from  curro,  to  run.] 

1.  A  rambling ;  a  deviating  I'rom  a  stated  or  settled 
path. 

Sh«  ill  low  numbcn  short  exeuriiont  tries.  Pop€. 

2.  Progression  beyond  fixed  limits  ;  as,  the  excur- 
sions of  the  seasons  into  the  extremes  of  heat  and 
cold.  ArbutAnot. 

3.  Digression  ;  a  wandering  from  a  subject  or  main 
design.  Attrrbnry, 

A.  An  expedition  or  journey  into  a  distant  part ; 
any  rumbling  from  a  point  or  place,  and  return  to  the 
pame  point  or  place. 

EX-€Ull'SIVE,  a.  Rambling;  wandering;  devi- 
ating ;  as,  an  excursive  fancy  or  imagination. 

EX-CUR'SIVE-LY,  adc.    In  a  wandering  manner. 

BoswtlL 

EX-eUR'SlVE-XES3,  n.  The  act  of  wanderin-  or 
passing  usual  limits. 

EX-CUR'SUS,  71.  [L.]  Literally,  digression.  A  dis- 
sertation containing  a  more  full  exposition  of  some 
important  point  or  topic  appended  to  a  work. 

EX-CUS'A-ULE,  (eks-kuz'a-bl,)  a.  [See  Excuse.] 
That  may  be  excused ;  pardonable ;  as,  the  man  is 
excusable, 

2.  Admitting  of  excuse  or  justification  ;  as,  an  ex- 
eusahle  action. 

EX-CCS'.V-HLE-XESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  ex- 
cusable;  pardon ableness;  the  quality  of  admitting 
of  excuse.  Boyle, 

EX-€CS'.\-RLY,  adc.    Pardonablv. 

EX-eU-SA'TIOi\,n.    Excuse  ;  apology.    [Utile  ustJ.] 

Bacon. 

EX-CTI-SA'TOR,  n.  One  who  makes,  or  is  authorized 
to  make,  an  excuse  or  carrj-  an  apL>log>'.        Hume. 

EX-eCS'A-TO-RY,  a.  .Making  excuse;  containing 
excuse  or  apologj* ;  apologetic-xl ;  as,  an  exautaory 
plea. 


TON'E,  BfJLL,  XINITE.  — AX"GER.  VT'CIOUS.  — €  as  K ;  6  aa  JT;  S  as  Z;  CH  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


EXE 


EXE 


and  MM- 


.  ifuin  llic  lui; 

or   :  -"'I'      "'■• 

,„  c„,r  ."ri  „„...-, u  wu  aaiull  1 

blame  ;  or  wo  ttcuii  hun  by  K  aTCmralmn  "l  llul  i 

aciiuUIal.  I 

■i   To ■■     -   -    •■•■■'■      '•■' .-.■..'.,.  K-v,  I.. 

ailniU  U) 
«!»>«  a  I 

alioli ;  i»i"'  **'-'" -  ■■ ;• 

(trtllimn-  circuuit'lancr't  ftli(>t'ar  In  ju"HI)  it. 
•J    To  (nc  (torn  an  ubliKimun  "f  ''"'>. 

I  ^*iy  U>««  ha»o  iwi  rr^-uMd.  —  I.»»k«  tit. 

4.  To  remll ;  not  lo  i-iacl ;  u,  to  ncut  »  fur- 
fcllure.  ,       ,      M""'" 

i.  To  pardon  ;  to  admli  an  biioIuj>'  for. 

■"    -•  - •'■ -1 'lUon  by  apolOBj- 
iojroa?— 3Cor.  »». 

•rkir  limn**  """i"!  ""*"•»'"'"»  °°*  "'*''"  """""■  "■ 
;^   nl^,  nfTiTMl   III  oTirnualioii  of  a 


2.  In  Uk,  llie  caminn  into  effrct  a  scnlfiice  or 

la.lL'iiii  lit  ■  f  I  "lilt  ,  ill.    lii-t  ;ti  I  i-f  III'-  I  nv  ill  com- 


1.  lUllltliiJ. 

3.  Tbc  iimlrumcnt,  wananl 

islii.  li  nil  ,.cn..r   i i.iw.i.i' 


.  lit 


by 


nii'iil. 


ur  (iiriclul  urU< 
I..  I  iiirv  a  judzliirnt 
lierk  ol*  a 
.  or  :i  coll 
.    ilcblor. 
11  It'f^l  liintni 
k  to  rcndiT  U  I 
.  .1. 
I  111.'  l-iw   III  ilii-  piinii'btiuint of 
liiiiii^binint ;  di'alh  iiillicicd  ac- 
.  .if  liiw. 
..;,' doni'  or  ari-oin|illi>lied.    Ev- 


fill" 

h. 

dr  ■ 
■_'.  '1  III-    ■  t  .1 
:i.  Tliat  »  hi 

Ju«lfl  J  n  full! 


Ex't'i --I, 


'^■.    KVfry  man 

it  of  duty ;  the 

.  iiient. 

I.  ■.i^.iiig. 

it  which  rxli-niiatf-^  or 

III  ciiin|ily  with  tJle  rv- 

Aciiuiltcd  of  guilt  or 


l.l>.-, 


iiichtcr. 

J.  to  do  fxuciition 


Sliak. 
neVLT  after 


■  )  T?- 
,.kud. 

Ilavint;  no  exciiso  ;    that    fur 
which  nil  i\cu««  ur  apoU'-S'  "^a"  '"^  o'l'ri'd. 
EX-t'C  S'KIt,  «•      Oni;  nbi.  olfirs  cxcunci  or  pltadu 
fur  anotlitrr.  ,  ., 

i»    (,)iii'  who  cxcuse.i?  or  furgivca  anothtr. 
EXrf:«'lN'i;.  r.pr.     Arquitlingof  pillt  or  fault;  l 

V\    I  K.MBJ.] 

M  seize  and  detain  by  law. 

ION,  ((:l(s-ku«li'iin,)n.    A  seizing  by  law. 
JtnUffr. 
!;,  H.    Ono  who  has  been,  but  1»  no 

Ltrralh,  lot  him  depart ;   leave  of 
,1,-11.,    L-ii,  iitoastudbnl  in  the  English  univcml- 

tL      *•  """■■••• , 

^r'rrabilii.     See  KxECn-iTi:.] 
rv  Imttl'ul ;  dclciitablo  ; 
vrilcli. 
h'  ;  ibtp^tatily. 

:•  i     —  The 


E.\T  <"i;  \  t^it'- "■   [' 


EX 
E.\ 

1' 


r  to 
,,  .11;  11,  1,1 ,'.  ui  ,uti>.  uu,ii>  .  ii-  ab- 

li  ite.  Tempit. 

EX  ,1.  pp.  or  a.    Cursed  ;  denounced ;  ira- 

e£'F.  eRA-TI.VG,  rpr.  Cursing ;  denouncing  ;  iin- 
pn-catins. 

E\E-eR.i'TION,  n.  The  act  of  cursing  ;  a  curec 
nrononnccd ;  imprecation  of  evil ;  utter  dclcitalion 
expresietl.  -"''"'"■ 

Oue,  s«nUe  queen,  Uje*e  weenMioiu.  Sftoi. 

EX'E-en.V-TO-RY,  n.    A  formulary  of  execration. 
EX-ECT',  r.  t.     [L.  ei«ii,  for  asm).]      [L.  Addison. 
To  cut  off  or  out ;  to  cut  away.    [Liute  \utd.] 

Ilarccy. 
EX-EC'TION,  «.    A  cutting  off  or  out.     [Liule  mjcJ.) 
EX'E-COTE,  c.  I.     [Kr.  cia\iUr;  It.  aenuirt ;  Sp.  ei- 
tfvinr ;  I.,  r-rnjuor^  lor  f^equor;  ez  and  it^uor,  to 
-       ^r.EE.l 

■,•^  follow  out  or  through.     Hence,  to 

.  I ;  to  effect ;   to  carr>'  into  complete 

1  ■  ■  ;   to  ftninh.    We  rxiculc  a  pur- 

r  scheme  ;  we  rrecuTc  a  work 

-.  I-  pursue  it  to  the  end. 

,..  j.  ..  .1..  ...  iimict ;  a.-ij  lo  exfcuu  judgment 

■  vcnEcancc.  Scripture. 

X  To  c-irrv-  into  effect ;  aj»,  to  cucuu  law  or  Justice 

•    ■!■ '■   "  ■■■  ■  »r,-ct  the  law,  or  the  jiidfrmeiil  or 

;  to  tntlict  capital  punishment 
.IS,  to  rjtcutc  u  tr.iitiir. 
...  SJiaJc 

I  iicnl  ,  to  perform 
-.1,  a  writini;,  as  by 

.^ .  3  deed  or  lease. 

.  I.     i'o  pcrtbrui  Uu'  proper  office;  to 
1-ct. 
I  I   ..    T  ii  in    '  iwrforrocd  ;  accomplished  ; 

;  .itb. 
J-  ,  perfonns  or  carrlea  Into 


what 


ir 


I 


.  j'pr.     hoinp  ;  iwrfonniiig  ;  fini.iihlng 
.  intllrting  ;  iarr>  flic  into  effect. 

I',  fiirii,.!!,,  .    ;     II, L-    11,1    iif    fiini 


pkuii  - 

Ti. 


It  u  u...i  alter  1^1 
makr. 

8.  lu  till  fine  aru,  the  mode  of  pirformlng  a  work 
of  art,  anil  thi'  dexterity  wKU  winch  it  Is  accom- 
pllshid.  i*MIU*C. 

BX-r.  rr'TlflN'  rit,  ».    One  who  cxecuies  ;  one  who 
lit  of  dciili ;  one  who  in- 
I   111  pursuance  of  a  legal 
\\  .  .  lAij  seii.^t. 

■^.  He  tliai  kiil.- ;  ho  Hint  murders.  SJafc 

3.  The  Instniment  by  which  any  thing  is  per- 
fiirmrd.  Cnuluur. 

EX-UC'I'-TI  VE,  (oi-y.f  k'u-liv,)  ii.    Huvinu  the  quidity 
of  executing  ur  p,  rfuriiiin!;  ;  ai,  ij^fculiir  |Hnver  or 
authority;   an  erfcurirr  ollicer.     Hence,  in  povern- 
nient,  rsecuiirc  ii  uti^d  ill  ilintincliiiii  iVoni  It^Lilctire 
and  judicial.    Tlio  body  that  lUlibimtes  and  enacts 
liiWM,  Ulf'ilnlicr:  tlie' biiJy  that  judses,  or  applies 
M.  1  t'o  iBirtirular  cxs<is,  is  judicial;  the  body  6r 
,  who  1  iirries  the  laws  into  effect,  or  superin- 
tlie  enlorcemcnt  of  tlicin,  is  c^ciUirr. 

n  M  (/tlie  lulurn  of  w«t  to  lncn*Je  the  rrtctiiir*  M  ihf  rxj«iue 
of  Uw3  IcfialAllri]  autiiorlty.  Ftyltituitl,  Jlainilton. 

E.X-Ee't!-TIVE,  II.  The  officer,  whether  kinp,  pre.si- 
deiit,  or  other  chief  magistrate,  who  hiiiK-nntends 
the  execution  of  the  laws:  Uie  person  who  adminis- 
ters the  government ;  executive  power  or  authority 
ill  governmcnL 

M'n  nwrtiI««in>iuofpI«<«tii  the  MeeuUire  gift,  wiU  not  «pe«t 
tj  ix  rntiaod,  excopt  br  tboir  support  of  Um  uwuoiic. 

J.  Qiiincy. 

E.X-Ee'U-TlVE-LY,  oif.    In  the  way  of  executing,  or 

pcrforniing. 
EX-EC'U-TOK,  a.    The  person  appointed  by  a  testa- 
tor to  execute  his  will,  or  to  see  it  carried  into  ef- 
fect. 

Executor  in  hi*  own  trremir,  is  one.  who,  without 
authority,  intermeddles  witli  the  goods  of  a  deceased 
person,  by  which  he  subjccbi  himself  to  the  trouble 
of  cieculoisliip,  without  the  profits  or  advantages. 

BlacJi^gtane. 
EX-EC-tl-TO'RI-AL,  a.     Pertaining  to  an  executor ; 

executive.  Bladistane. 

EXEC'U-TOR-SIllP,  n.    The  office  of  an  executor. 
EX-EC'li-TO-RV,  a.     Performing  official  duties. 

Jiurke. 
a  in  Mm,  to  be  executed  or  carried  into  effect  in 
future  ;    to  take  effect  on  a  future  contingency  ;   as, 
an  rircMl'ni  devise  i>r  remainder.  BUickstaiie. 

EX-EC'l  - TKi;SS,  j  n.     A  female  executor  ;  a  woman 
EX-Et'l)-TRIX,     i      appointed  by  a  testator  lo  exe- 
cute his  will.     [The  latter  Kord  is  nenerallij  vstd.\ 
EX'E-DR.\  or  EX-E'DRA,  lu     [Gr.  i'  and  tr';iu.]     A 
portico  or  vestibule  ;  also,  a  recess  of  a  building. 
Among  the  ancienU,  a  small  room  for  conversation. 
Olost.  o/  Areh. 
EX-E-<jE'SIS,   n.     [Gr.  cfi!)  iiui!,    from  r(ij)ri.|/ai,  to 
explain,  fron*  r{  and  ijj£i,;'a(,  to  lead.] 

1.  Eipositii  n  ;  explanation  ;  the  science  of  inter- 
preUition  ;   particuiorly,  intcrpictation   of  the  Holy 
tfcripturciu 
E.\'E^!;ET1■;.     (oks'e-jete,)  n.  Ono  skilled  m  exe. 

tresis. 

EX-EGET'ie-AL,  a.     Pertaining   to  exegesis;   ex- 

planatuo' ;    temling  to  unfold  or  illustrate  :   cxposi- 

lor\.  IValkrr. 

E.X-li-(SET'lC-AL  LY,  orfe.      By  way  of  explanation. 

EX-E.M'PI.AR,   (eg/.Him'plar,)  n.      [U      !5ee    El»M- 

rt-t.] 

1.  A  model,  original,  or  pattern,  to  be  copied  or  lui- 
itatcd.  . 

a.  The  idea  or  image  of  a  thing,  formed  m  the 
mind  of  an  artist,  by  which  he  coiidiicls  his  work  ; 
tile  ideal  model  wliirli  lu;  attempts  to  imitate. 

Enet/c, 
EX'EM.PLA-Rr-I,Y,  ode.  In  a  m.inuer  to  descrvo  imi- 
tation ;  in  a  worthy  or  excellent  manner. 

aiir  ll  tamplaril^  loy.il.  Ho^tU. 

0.  In  a  manner  that  may  warn  others,  by  way  of 
t.  rroi  .  in  such  a  manner  that  others  may  be  cau- 
■         I'      v.iid  an  evil ;  or  in  a  manner  Intended  to 


;  .[liiiieil  firempJoriZy  In  tbk  woritl. 


EXE  I 

E.V'EJIPI.\RI-.M>S,  ■.    Tllo  slate  or  tiualityufb*-  I, 

ill;.'  a  pattern  for  imitation. 
E.\  E.MPI..\R'I-TY,  II.    A  iiaitern  worthy  of  linllft.  ! 

tiiiii. 
i:.\'E.M-PI.A-RY,(igx'om-pler  ry.o.     [from  Monplar.] 

.''erviiiB  for  a  luittern  or  imslil  lor  imitation  ;  worthy 

of  imitation.     The  t'Iiri-.tiiiii  slliiulil  W  rtnaplariiUi 

his  lilV,  as  well  as  miriTt  in  his  diK'tniu-H. 
Q.  Such  us  may  s.rve  lor  ii  wiirning  to  other*  ;  ftuch 

OB  may  diter  iVnlll  crimes  or  vires  ;  101,  rxcni;ifarif  Jut- 

tice  ;   t  T-i-'.-.r,^  poiliilliuelll. 

3.  .ci,  ,     ,  '      '  Miitice and  Imitation. 

\V).  i-rni-ial  iinrl(«l,  tjir  ii.uri  tUbh 

.    la  iTt|uiml.  Itogwra, 

■t.  lllustMlliiK.  FiiUtr. 

E.X-K.M-Pl.l-FlCA'TION,  ».     [from  rztmplify.] 

1.  The  lilt  of  exemplifylns ;  a  shotviiig  or  illui- 
Intiiig  bv  lAample. 

'J.  .\  co|iy  ;  a  tmnsrrlpt :  an  attested  copy  ;  nt,  nil 
rjrnipliliratuni  of  a  deed,  or  of  littrrs  patent. 
EX-EM'Pl.l-l'I  H),p|i.  Illustrated  by  example  or  copy. 
EX  KM'PM-FM'.R.  n.    '^no  thilt  exemplilies  by  fi4- 

liiwinc  a  iiattern. 
EX-K.MTU-KV,   (eg7-em'ple  fr,)  r.   (.      [from   cr«- 
plar ;  Low  L.  cicmpio ;  lu  ctrmplifieare ;  t?p.  ftempti- 
tiear.] 

1.  To  show  or  llUntmte  by  example.  The  life  and 
convers-atlon  of  our  Sa\ior  rrrmpl\fied  his  doctnars 
and  precepts. 

2.  To  copy  ;  lo  transcrilie  ;  lotake  an  attisled  copy, 

3.  To  prove  or  show  bv  an  altestrd  copy. 
EX-EM'Pl.l-l'T-ING,  ppr.    IllustmtiuB  by  example; 

transcribing;    taking  an  attested  copy  ;    proving  by 
an  attested  copy. 

E\-fM'PLl  OHA'TI-A,  (-gra'she-a,)  [L.)  Kot  u 
example,  or  for  the  sake  of  an  example. 

EXEMPT,  (eg/.-cmt',)  r.  r.  [Kr.  rjrmptcr;  Sp.  n- 
entar;  It.  esrutare  ;  from  L.  ejiino,  czemptat;  ti  BUd 
cmo,  to  lake.] 

Literally,  to  take  out  or  from  ;  hence,  lo  free,  or 
peniiit  to  be  free,  from  any  charge,  burden,  t«- 
stmint,  duly,  evil,  or  requisition,  lu  which  ollnis  ur 
subject ;  to' privilege;  to 'jraiit  ilniiliiiiity  from,  tlf- 
licers  and  stiideiits  of  coll.gi  s  are  rirmpir,!  from  mili- 
tary duty.  No  man  is  annpled  from  |>aiii  and  ifiilTcr- 
iug'.  The  laws  of  God  eiempt  no  man  from  the  obli- 
gation to  obedience. 

CeitKln  sUieya  claimed  10  be  attnpud  frwn  ihr  JiuW'^tlM  rf 
tllclr  Ujhops.  tttrtry,  /fuL  BriL 

EXEMPT',  a.  Free  from  any  ser\-iee,  charge.  Imrdrn. 
lax,  tiuly,  evil,  or  requisilii)ii,lo  wliicli  others  iiii  -iili 
Jecl ;  nolBubjcct;  not  liable  to  ;  as,  to  Ik' c-rcifi,  '  Ir-iii, 
military  duty,  or  from  a  poll  tax  ;  lo  be  crcMi;.!  fiuii 
pain  or  fear.  Peers  in  Great  Urilain  arc  eze»iy><  froni 
serving  on  iuquesls. 

2.  Free  by  privilege ;  as,  tzciapt  from  the  jiltiMlc- 
tion  of  u  lord  or  of  a  court, 

3.  Free  ;  clear  ;  not  included. 

4.  Cut  off  from.  [A'ol  used.]  Skak. 
EX-EMPT',  n.    One  who  is  exempted  or  freed  from 

duty  ;  one  not  subject, 

EX-EMFr'ED,  pp.     Freed  from  charge,  duly,  tax,  or 

evils,  to  which  others  arc  suliject ;    jinvilegcd  ;    Drt 

subjected. 

EX-EMPT'l-BLE,  o.     Free  ;  privileged.    [.Vol  in  nJC.j 

EX-E.MPT'ING,  ppr.     Freeing  from  charge,  duly,  tax, 

or  evil ;  granting  immunity  lo. 
EX-E-MP'TIO.\,  (egz-em'shun,)    a.    The  act  of  ex- 
empting ;  the  state  of  being  exempt. 

2,  Freedom  from  any  ser\ice, charge,  burden,  tax. 
evil  or  rts|uisition,  lo  which  others  arc  subject ;  Ira- 
munilv ;  privilege.  Jlany  cities  of  Euroji"  pur 
chased  or  obtained  ezempliaiu  from  feudal  sirvitadr. 
No  man  can  claim  an  cjtwption  from  |iain,  sorrow , 
or  death.  .        „         ., 

EX-E.M  l'-TI"TIOUS,  (egi-cmtish'UB,)  o.    Separable  . 

that  niav  be  taken  from.     fJVot  med,]  '"f^;. 

EX-EN'TER-aTE,  v.  U     [L.   c-reatcro;   ex  nod  Or. 
ciTrjujii,  entrails.] 
To  take  out  the  Iwwels  or  entrails  ;  to  embowel. 

Broierm. 
EX-EN-TER-A'TION,  n.    The  act  of  taking  out  Ibr 
bowels.  ,,,         - 

EX-EOUA'TUR,n.     [I..]     A  written  recosnilion  if 
a  person  in  the  character  of  consul  or  coinmerreil 
agent,  issued   hv  the  govirnmenl,  and   authorliin;; 
him  to  exercise  liis  |«iwers  in  the  countiy. 
EX-f:'«LI|-AL,  a.     [L.  rrf/uiali.'.] 

Pertaining  lo  funerals.  .     f'. 

EX'E-UIJIES,  (eks'e-quiz,)  n.  ,d.      [L.  CKfio*,  from 
ticouw,  that  is,  rxjc^uor,  to  follow.) 

Funeral  rites  ;  the  ceremonies  of  bunal^unerai 
proce-sslon.                                      ^      ^,       ffm"^ 
EX-ER'CENT,  a.     [h.  rzrreeru.    Pec  Eiti'el.t.J 
Using;  practicing;  following;  nii,a  calliiijiorpfo- 
festion.     i Little  «'ed.\                                      •'j' J'-  , 
EX'ER-CIS-A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  cxcrciiseil, us." 
employed,  or  exerted.                                  ^'       o.„ 
EX'ER-CISE,  (eks'cr-sl/.e,)  a.     |  U  ejerciMirn,  In;' 
eicrero;  cl  and  the  root  of  Gr.  ipyoi,  Llig.  vork:  I  • 
erereice;    8p.   ezercieio:   It.  cjicmiio.]    In  a  B'""  ' 
sense,  any  kind  of  wrtrk,  labor,  or  exertion  of  bod. 
Ucnce, 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH/kT.  — MftTE,  PUBY.-PINE,  MABINE,  BIRD — NOTE.  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQ<?K. 


430 


EXE 

l  Use;  practice ;  tho  exertions  and  moveraenta 
ctistomarv  in  the  perfocmanco  of  business  ;  as,  tlie 
exercise  oi'  an  art,  trade,  occupation,  or  profession. 

2.  Practice  ;  performance  ;  as,  the  exercise  of  re- 
ligion. 

3.  Use;  employment;  exertion;  as,  the  cjercwc of 
the  eyes,  or  of  tiic  senses,  or  of  any  iwwer  of  body 
or  mind. 

4.  Exertion  of  the  body,  as  conducive  to  health  ; 
action  ;  motion,  by  labor,  walking,  riding,  or  other 
exertion. 

The  wise  for  cure  on  exercise  depend.  l}ryden. 

5.  Exertion  of  the  body  for  amusement,  or  for  in- 
struction ;  the  habitual  use  of  the  limbs  for  acquiring 
an  art,  dexterity,  or  srace,  as  in  fencing,  dancing, 
riding;  or  the  exertion  of  the  muscles  for  invigora- 
ting the  body. 

G.  Exertion  of  the  body  and  mind,  or  faculties  for 
improvement,  as  in  oraton,',  in  painting,  or  statuary. 

7.  L'se  or  practice  to  acquire  skill;  preparatorj' 
practice.  MUitary  exercises  consist  in  using  arms, 
in  motions,  marclies,  and  evolutions.  Xavai  exercise 
consists  in  the  use  or  management  of  artillerj',  and 
in  the  evolutions  of  fleets. 

8.  Exertion  of  tlie  mind  \  application  of  the  mental 
powers. 

9.  Task ;  that  which  is  appointed  for  one  to  per- 
fonn.  MdtOTU 

10.  Act  of  divine  worship.  Skak, 

11.  A  lesson  or  example  for  practice. 
EX'EK-CISE,  r.  U     [L.  excrcco  ;    Fr.  cxcrccr:  It.  ucr- 

cere;  Sp.  exercer.    Seethe  noun.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  to  move  ;  to  exert ;  to  cause  to 
act,  in  any  manner  ;  as,  to  exercise  the  body  or  llie 
hands  ;  to  exercise  the  mind,  the  powers  of  the  xnind, 
the  reason  or  judgment. 

9:  To  use ;  to  exert ;  as,  to  exercise  authority  or 
power. 

3.  To  use  for  improTement  and  skill ;  as,  to  exer- 
cise arms. 

4.  To  exert  one's  powers  or  strength ;  to  practice 
habitually  ;  as,  to  exercise  one's  self  in  speaking  cr 
music. 

5.  To  practice  ;  to  perform  the  duties  of  j  as,  to  ex- 
ercise an  offic'.'. 

G.  To  train  to  use  ;  to  discipline  ;  to  cause  to  per- 
form certain  acts,  as  preparatory  to  service  ;  as,  to 
exercise  troops. 

7.  To  task  ;  to  keep  employed  j  to  use  efforts. 

UereLi  do  I  exercise  myself,  to  have  aJwa)-^  a  conscience  void 
of  odense  toward  God  and  toward  men.  —  Acts  xrir. 

8.  To  use ;  to  employ. 

9.  To  busy;  to  keep  busy  in  action,  exertion,  or 
employment. 

10.  To  pain  or  afflict ;  to  give  anxiety  to ;  to  make 
aJineasv. 

EX^ER-CISE,  F.  t.    To  use  action  or  exertion  ;  as,  to 

exercise  for  health  or  amusement.     [Elliptical.] 
EX'ER-CI5-£D,  pp.    Exerted ;  used  ;  trained  ;  disci- 
plined ;   accustomed  ;    made  skillful  by  use ;   em- 
ployed ;  practiced ;   pained  ;  afflicted ;  rendered  un- 
EX'ER-CIS-ER,  n.    One  who  exercises.  [easy. 

EX'ER-ClS-ING,  p;»-.    Exerting;  using;  employing; 

training ;  practising. 
EX-ER-CI-Ta'TIOX,  n.     [L.  exercitatio,  from  exercco. 
See  Exercise.] 
Exercise  ;  practice  ;  use.  Brown.     Fclton. 

EX-ERGUE',  (egz-erg',)  n,   [Gr.  £?  and  enyov,  work.] 
In  numismatics;,   the  place  on  a    medal  or  coin 
around  and  without  the  tj-pe  or  figure,  which  has 
generally  the  date  or  other  particular  inscription. 

Elmes. 
EX-ERT',  (egz-ert',)  v.  t.   [L.  ezero,  fox  eisero  :  ex  and 
sero,  to  throw,  to  thrust,  for  this  is  the  radical  sense 
of  sera.] 
1.  Literally^  to  thrust  forth  ;  to  emit ;  to  push  out. 

Dnjden. 
Before  the  gtms  exert 
Their  feeble  heads.  PhUipa. 

kSrt  umtsaal  application,] 
To  bring  out ;  to  cause  to  come  forth  ;  to  pro- 
duce.   But  more  generally, 

3.  To  put  or  thrust  forth,  as  strength,  force,  or 
ability ;  to  strain ;  to  put  in  action ;  to  bring  into 
active  operation ;  as,  to  exert  the  strength  of  the 
body  or  limbs :  to  exert  eflorts ;  to  exert  powers  or 
faculties  ;  to  exrrt  the  mind. 

4.  To  put  forth ;  to  do  or  perform. 
■When  the  will  haa  exerted  an  act  of  command  on  any  ticulty  of 

the  soul.  South. 

To  exert  one^s  self,  is  to  use  efforts  ;  to  strive. 

EX-ERT'ED,  pp.  Thrust  or  pushed  forth ;  put  in 
actiun. 

EX-ERT'ING,  ppr.    Putting  forth;  putting  in  action. 

EX-ER'TIOX,  n.  The  act  of  exerting  or  straining  ; 
the  act  of  putting  into  motion  or  action;  effort;  a 
striving  or  struggling  ;  as,  an  exertion  of  strength  or 
power  ;  an  exertion  of  the  limbs,  of  the  mind,  or  fac- 
ulties. The  ship  was  saved  by  great  exertions  of  the 
crew.  No  ejertions  will  suppress  a  vice  which  great 
men  co'intcnance. 

EX-ERT  IV E,  c    Exerting  ;  having  power  to  exert. 

EX-ERT'.ME.NT,  n.     Exertion  ;  act  of  exerting. 


EXH 

EX-r:'?IO.\,  (cgz-c'zhun,)  n.    [L.   ezesiu,  exedo;  ex 
ami  cdo,  to  cat.] 
The  act  of  eating  out  or  through.    [Little  used.] 

Broicn. 
EX-ES'TU-aTE,  r.  i.    To  boil ;  to  be  agitated. 
EX-ES-TU-A'TION,  n.    [L.  exastuatio  i  ex  and  ts^tuo, 
to  boil.j 

A  boiling;    ebullition;  agitation  caused  by  heat; 
effervfsruncc.  Boyle. 


EX'E^UJ^T  OjWJ^ESj  [L.]     All  go  out, 
EX-Fo'LI-aTE,  c.  i.     \-         '  • 
leaf.] 


L.  ejfolio;  ez  and  folium,  a 


n  surgery,  to  separate  and  come  off  in  scales,  as 

pieces  of  carious  hone.    Inmineralogy,  to  scale  off,  as 

the  laminie  of  a  mineral. 
EX-Fo'LI-A-'l'ED,  pp.    Separated  in  thin  scales,  as  a 

carious  bone. 
EX-Fo'LI-A-TING,  ppr.    Separating  and  coming  off 

in  scales. 
EX-F0-LI-a'T10N',  H.    Thcscalingoffof  abone;  the 

process  of  separating,  as   pieces  of  unsouni!  hone 

iVoni  the  sound  part;  desquamation.  Coze. 

EX-Fo'LI-.A.-TIVE,  a.    Having  the  power  of  causing 

exfoliation  or  the  desquamation  of  a  bone. 
EX-Fo'LI-A-TIVE,  7i.    That  which  has  the  power  or 

qualitv  of  procuring  exfoliation.  Wiseman. 

EX-H.\"L'A-BLE,   a.     [f-'ee  Exhale.]     That  may  be 

exhaled  or  evaporated.  BoyU. 

EX-Ha'LANT,  a.    Having  the  quality  of  exhaling  or 

evaporating. 
EX-HA-La'TION",  n.     [L.  exlialatlo.     See  Exhale.] 

1.  The  act  or  process  of  exhaling,  or  sending  forth 
fluids  in  the  form  of  steam  or  \-apor;  evaporation. 

2.  That  which  is  exhaled  ;  that  which  is  emitted, 
or  which  rises  in  the  form  of  vapor  ;  fume  or  steam  ; 
effluvia.  Ezkalatiotis  are  visible  or  invisible.  The 
earth  is  often  dried  by  evaporation,  without  visible 
exlialau'ons.  The  smell  of  fragrant  plants  is  caused 
by  invisible  erhalatiuns. 

EX-HAL.T:*,  (egz-hale',)  v.  t.  [L.  exkalo ;  ez  and  halo, 
to  brsaihe.  to  send  forth  vapor ;  Ir.  galj  gad,  vapor  ; 
gcilim..  to  evaporate.] 

1.  To  oend  out ;  to  emit ;  as  vapor,  or  minute  par- 
ticles cf  a  fluid  or  other  substance.  The  rose  exJtales 
a  fragrant  odor.  The  earth  exhales  vapor.  Marshes 
e^ha!e  noxious  effluvia. 

9.  To  draw  out ;  to  cause  to  be  emitted  in  vapor 
or  minute  particles  ;  to  evaporate.  The  sun  exJialcs 
the  moisture  of  the  earth. 

EX-HaL'jED,  pp.  Sent  out;  emitted,  as  vapor; 
evaporatp*!. 

EX-HaLE'MENT,  n.    Matter  exhaled  ;  vapor.  Brown. 

EX-Ha'LENCE,  71.  The  act  of  exhaling  ;  matter  ex- 
haled. 

EX-HaL'IN'G,  ppr  Sending  or  drawing  out  in  vapor 
or  effluvia 

EX-HaL'ING,  a.  Serving  to  exhale,  promoting  exha- 
lation ;  as,  exhaling  vessels  ;  an  czhaling  surface. 

EX-HAITST',  (cgz-hawst'j)  p.  t.  [L.  exhaurio,  cxkaus- 
tnm  ;  ez  and  haurio,  to  draw,  Gr.  aovci).] 

1.  To  draw  out  or  drain  off  the  whole  of  any 
thing ;  to  draw  out,  till  nothing  of  the  matter  drawn 
is  leli.  We  exhaust  the  water  in  a  well,  by  drawing 
or  pumping;  the  water  of  a  marsh  is  exhausted  by 
draining;  the  moisture  of  the  earth  is  exhausted  by 
evaporation. 

9.  To  empty  by  drawing  out  the  contents.  Vene- 
section mav  exJiaust  the  veins  and  arteries. 

3.  To  draw  out  or  to  use  and  expend  the  whole  ; 
to  consume.  The  treasures  of  the  prince  were  cx~ 
liausted ;  his  means  or  his  resources  were  cxhattsted. 
The  strength  or  fertility  of  land  may  be  exhausted. 

4.  To  use  or  expend  the  whole  by  exertion  ;  as,  to 
exhaust  the  strength  or  spirits  ;  to  exhaust  one's  pa- 
tience. Hence,  this  phrase  is  equivalent  to  (trc, 
iceoT^l,  faUipu. 

EX-HAUST',  a.    Drained;  exhausted.    [Utile  xiscil] 

Burton. 

EX-HAUST'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Drawn  out ;  drained  off; 
erapiied  by  drawing,  draining,  or  evaporation  ;  whol- 
ly used  or  expended  ;  consumed. 

EX-HAUST'ER,  71.  He  or  that  which  exhausts  or 
draws  out. 

EX-HAUST'I-BLS,  a.  That  may  be  exhausted  or 
drained  off.' 

EX-HAUST'IXG,  ppr.  Drawing  out ;  draining  off; 
emptying  ;  using  or  expending  the  whole  ;  cousum- 
in2. 

2.  a.    Tending  to  exhaust;  as,  cxlumsttng labor. 
EX-HAUS''1*I0.V,  (egz-hawst'yun,)  n.    The    act  of 

drawing  out  or  draining  off;  the  act  of  emptying 
completely  of  the  contents. 

9.  The  slate  of  being  exhausted  or  emptied ;  the 
state  of  being  deprived  of  strength  or  spirits. 

3.  In  mathematics,  a  method  of  proving  the  equal- 
ity of  two  magnitudes  by  a  reductio  ad  absurdum,  or 
showing  that  if  one  is  supposed  either  greater  or 
less  than  the  other,  there  will  arise  a  contradiction. 

Barlow. 
EX-HAL'ST'IVE,  a.    That  exhausts. 
EX-HAL*ST'LKSS,  a.    Not  to  be  exhausted;  not  to 

be  wholly  drawn  off  or  emptied  ;  inexhaustible  ;  as, 

an  exhaustlcss  fund  or  store. 
EX-HAUST'.^IENT,  t(.    Exhaustion  ;  drain. 


EXH 

EX-HAT  ST'CRE,  n.    Exhaustion. 

EX'Ilil  DRA  or  E.X-Hii'DK.-V.    See  'Exzoam.  OvnlL 

EX-HER'E-DaTE,  v.  t.     [Infra.]    To  disinherit. 

EX-HER-E-DA'TJTjX,  n.  [L.  eziurredatuf,  etharredo: 
ex  and  htcres,  an  heir. 

In  the  ami  law,  a  disinheriting  ;  a  father's  exclud- 
ing a  child  from  inheriting  any  part  of  hu  estate. 

EnetfC- 

EX-HIB'IT,  (egz-hib'it,)  r.  t.  [L.  exkibeo;  ex  and 
habeo,  lo  have  or  hold,a.'*  we  say,  to  lutld  out  or/iTiA.j 

1.  To  offer  or  present  to  view ;  to  present  for  in- 
spection ;  to  show ;  as,  to  cihiint  painlingji  oi  ulhcr 
specimens  of  art ;  to  ezhibit  papen  or  documents  in 
court. 

2.  To  ehow  ;  to  display  ;  to  manifest  publicly  :  as, 
to  ezhibit  a  noble  example  of  bravery-  or  gcneroaity. 

3.  To  present ;  to  offer  publicly  or  officially  ;  as,  to 
ezhibit  a  charge  of  high  trcay/in. 

4.  I'o  administer,  as  medicines. 

EX-HIB'IT,  n.  Any  paper  produced  or  presented  to  a 
court  or  to  auditors,  referees,  or  arbitrators,  as  a 
voucher,  or  in  proof  of  facts ;  a  voucher  or  document 
produced. 

9.  In  cJianccry,  a  deed  or  writing  produced  in 
court,  sworn  to  by  a  witness,  and  a  certificate  of 
the  oath  indorsed  on  it  by  the  examiner  or  com- 
missioner. Encyc 

EX-HIB'IT-ED,  pp.  Offered  to  view;  preseuied  for 
inspection  :  shown  ;  displayed. 

EX-HIB'IT-ER,  ti.  One  who  exhibits  ;  one  who  pre- 
i>ents  a  petition  or  charge.  SJtak. 

EX-HIB'IT-IXG,  ppr.  Offering  to  view  ;  presenting ; 
showing;  displaying. 

EX-HI-BI"TI0\,  (eks-he-bish'un,)   n-     [L.  ezhibitio.] 

1.  TIic  act  of  exhibiting  for  inspection;  a  showing 
or  presenting  lo  view  ;  display. 

2.  The  offering,  producing,  or  showing  of  titles, 
authorities,  or  papers  of  any  kind,  before  a  tribunal, 
in  proof  of  facts. 

3.  Public  show ;  representation  of  feats  or  actiona 
in  public  ;  display  of  oratory  in  public ;  any  public 
show. 

4.  Allowance  of  meat  and  drink  ;  pension  ;  bene- 
faction settled  for  the  maintenance  of  scholar*  in  the 
English  universities,  not  depending  on  the  founda- 
tion. Swift.     Bacon.     Eneyc 

5.  Hence,  gift  or  recompense,  as  lo  ser\'ants.  Shck. 

6.  In  mcdieinc,  the  act  of  administering  a  remedy. 
EX-HI-EI"TI0N-ER,   71.     In  Englislt  umrersities,  one 

who  has  a  pension  or  allowance,  granted  for  the  en- 
couragement of  learning. 

EX-HIB'IT-IVE,  (egz-)  a.  Sening  for  exhibition ; 
representative.  JNVrrw. 

EX-HIB'IT-IVE-LY,  ode.    By  representation. 

IVatcrland. 

EX-HIB'IT-0-RY,  a.  Exhibiting;  showing;  display- 
ing. 

EX-HIL'.\-R.\XT,  a.  Excitins  jov,  mirth,  or  pleasure. 

EX-HIL'A-RANT,  n.    That  which  exhilarates. 

EX-HIL'A-R.\TE.  (egz-hil'a-raie,)  v.  U  [L.  exJularo; 
ez  and  hUaro,  to  ma^e  meny,  Ai/aris,  raerrv,  jovial, 
Gr.  iXaoos.] 

To  make  cheerful  or  mem' ;  to  enliven  ;  to  make 
glad  or  joyous  ;  to  gladden  ;'  to  cheer.  Good  news 
exhilarates  the  mind,  as  good  wine  exhilanites  the  an- 
imal spirits. 

EX-HIL'A-RaTE,  r.  i.  To  become  cheerful  or  joyous. 

Bacon. 

EX-HIL'A-Ra-TED,  pp.  Enlivened  :  animated  ; 
cheered  ;  gladdened  ;  made  jovous  or  jovial. 

EX-UIL'A-Ra-TIXG,  ppr.  ore.  Enlivening;  giving 
life  and  vigor  lo  the  spirits  :  cheering ;  gladdening. 

EX-HIL'.VRa-TIXG-LY,  adc.  In  an  exhUaraliug 
manner. 

EX-HIL-.V-U.\'TI0X,  n.  The  act  of  enlivening  the 
spirits  ;  the  act  of  making  plad  or  cheerful. 

2.  The  state  of  being  enlivened  or  cheerful.  £1- 
hilaration  usually  expresses  le:^  Uian  joy  or  mirtA,  but 
it  mav  be  used  to  express  both. 

EX-UO'RT',  (egz-hort  ,)  r.  t.  [L.  exhortor;  ez  and  bor- 
tor,  to  encourage,  lo  embolden,  to  cheer,  to  advise  ; 
It.  csortarc  :  Ft.  exht'rter :  Sp.  ej:hortar.  The  primar>- 
sense  seems  to  be,  to  excite,  or  to  give  strength,  spir- 
it, or  courage.] 

1.  To  incite  by  words  or  advice ;  lo  animate  or 
urge  by  arguments  to  a  good  deed  or  to  any  laudable 
conduct  or  course  of  action. 

I  exhort  you  to  be  of  good  cheer.  — Acts  xini. 
Youn»  men  »lso  exhort  »  be  sot«r^mindcd.    Bx-. 
to  be  obedient  to  il»cir  nuslcn.  —  TiL  ii. 

2.  To  advise  ;  to  warn  ;  to  caution. 

3.  To  incite  or  stimulate  to  exertion.    GoIdsmitJi 
EX-UORT',  v.  i.  To  deliver  exhortation  ;  lo  use  words 

or  arguments  lo  incite  to  good  deeds. 

And  with  many  other  words  «iii  lie  t.-aify  cvnJ  exf-.oru  —  -Vca  U. 

EX-H0RT-.\'TI0X,  (eks)  n.    The  act  or  procUce  of 

exhorting  ;  Uie  act  of  inciting  lo  laudable  deeds  ;  m- 

citemenl  to  that  which  is  good  or  commendable. 

*>   The  form  of  words  intended  to  nicate  and  en- 

3.  Advice;  counsel.  [courage. 

EX-HORT'A-TIVE,  (esz-)  a.  Containinsexhortation. 

EX-HORT'A-TO  RY,  a.    Tending  to  exhort ;  scrvmg 

for  exhortation. 


TuXE,  BULL,  IINITE.  — AK"GER,  VI"CIOUS.— €  as  K ;  0  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  THasinTHlS 


421 


KXI 


EX-HitRT'EO,  p9. 


Incilrd  by  wuriU  to  c^od  dvrdi ; 

.t.t f~.-  ,.i  ,  oii.tiirt  .   .(Jvi  <  .1. 


.a. 


EXO 

k«  tu  •*•!,  rtx,  or  be  flieil,  whence  ilie  icn«  of  penua-  [  1 


ming 


KXO 

Mg  ;  ilisliurdeulng; 

itx.s,  [I.     i  III-  uii  (>r  dii>burdciiine  or 
lUo  act  of  froetng  fruin  a  cburge  or  Uii' 


Lt-iaily,  l.-f  U:'  li  iiij;  lj 


i"Ui  c/Auaur,  to  dig  ou( 

.,.   i.Li    fc,  ■ ... .  ,   .  ,j.   ■-'■ ;    I*  «  an**  Ai«ii»Ji 

■ItMilKl.J 

1.  'I'lia  dieeioK  up  u/  a  dctd  t>ody  Interred ;  the 

rifHi.   CIvliUtintM. 

E_\ 

..^j  lrt:en  buried:  to 

/.I),  (eX'liaiud',)fip.     Iluiaterred. 

I   \i:       ..r-r  Kl.ll.l.-fflllL'. 

-    .•   ElllCCATC 

I  rhgOf  to  exact ; 

k  ,  ufgcui  uccd  vr  waiit.    We 
t  I'  tlic  auc  ;  the  ezi^ence  of  the 

I. 

iriy  ea<e  which 
,1  .  or  rcintrdy.     A 

l^  '!;•«  rSt-rfHCfJ.       Ill 

.   Uirt. 
,    occasion   llint 

.„.. ^___  _    ..  .,.     ^  •,        .  -J,]     [Soo   Kxi- 

oKscE.j  '       '  Hooker. 

3.  In  fotf,  a  writ  which  liu  whtrro  Uie  dofbndant  In 
Hot  I  ,  li  r,  ,in],l.  i-r  .111.  r  .1  n  timi  of  non  e»t  inrrnfiur, 
„■.  ^  .--((W  lllfll  IHifUl'^, 

V.  tin-  UL'ft  rulaiit  to 

l^   ^ .iinly  courl-H  mic- 

cmivL-lv,  lu  icuiicr  hiiiiMjif  j  tuid  if  ho  does  not,  he 
in  outlawed.  Stackstone. 

■A    IimI  ;  extremity,     [^^ot  used.]  SJuUc. 

\  l\  a.     PrcssiDg ;  rrquiring  immcdiatt^  aid  or 

Burke. 
,  i-i:i:.  n.     An  otficer  in  the  Court  of  Com- 
!,  who  malccs  out  cxigt'nU  and 
-  .if  i.iulla\vr>-.  EnctfC. 

i.x^i.tscE.]     That  may  be  ci- 
i.lc. 

li  jAttUused.]       Boyle. 

riX-lUli-OUcJ,  \ci}i-ig'yu-uii,)  a.     [L.  fxi^iu  ] 

Small  ;   ilendur  ;   minuto  ;   diminutive.      [Liiilt 

u.-./ 1  Itarvnf. 

E\  '   .)   n.     [L.  rjt/ium,  exui ;  Fr.rsit:  It, 

ill  is  probably  compounded  of  rz  and 

,i;i'  1111'  t  .  il'  [uirt,  or  to  cut  off,  to  sfp- 

'   ip.-*  L.  ."alio.) 

i'  being  oxpelled   from 

nf  nsidtnce  by  aullmr- 

•  11  to  lUuiu,  either  for  a  limited  liuio 

:nii:  lit  >>f  <)iu-'9  country,  or  removal 

'   net',  thruiigh  fear,  di»- 

.iiy  cause  di^ttinct  from 

■      I  cxilr,  a.-*  itt  also  a  ycpa- 

t.-m  tjjit'a  coUiiUi  and  friends  by  distress  or 

.    iH  r-oti  h:iiii4hcd,or  cxpctlt:d  from  his  coun- 

.  one  who  alundons  hia  cuun- 

ilier  ;  or  one  who  la  uciiarated 

I  tr'cnds  by  necessity. 

tX  ;  t .  (.   'I'o  banish,  as  a  person  from  his 

II  a  {MUticular  juritidiction,  by  author- 

it'iiinn  of  return  ;  to  drive  away,  cx- 

1  "nc's  countr>'. 

he's  countr}'  by  misfoitune,  ne- 

^.-./,  IS  to  quit  one'a  country  with  a 
irn. 

.)  a.    [L.  ezilu.] 

1  ;  fine.  Baion. 

lid,)  pp.  or  a.     Banished  j  expelled 
.tr^   Lv   .Tintiority. 
i.  nU 

v.  ;   expelling  from  one's 

-'  nionce  ;  voluntarily  dc- 
iiiuy,  and  residing  in  another. 
E\  luh'un,)  n.     [L.  exi/to,  for  cr- 


nut  eri-l  ui  "it^ 
3.  To  rtiuHin  ; 


lifu  or  animation. 
liHlit-a  on  laiiil. 


Men  can 


tu  rniliiK'  ;  to  cuntiniiu  in  Iwing. 


1    1  \  I  I.N  i:it-.\TIVE,  o.    Freeing  from  a  burden  or  o6- 
I      ligation. 
EX-oril'VL  LOUS,  a.    [Gr.  £(  and  i^vXX  "i-,  a  Icnj;] 

111  i 111*  naked  itr  n'>l  ithtuthed  iu  another  leaf. 
EX-t  H*-'1'A' riO.N,  It.     Earnest  desire  or  wish. 
KX'"  K.\  Mi,K,  ftk^'ori-bl.)  u.     [L.  fxyruiUu,  UWk 


Wc 

.rof 
iml- 
r   to 


EX-TT/r  TV. 


:  or  lo.-tpiDg  ouu 


[LUdf.  iued.] 
Brown. 


EX-1.\  AMI  K.  c.  U     ^L.  cii.uuiu,.! 
To  make  empty  i  lu  weaken.    [.Wi  i 


BdctjA. 

1.1 


PeOTMon. 

EX  loN,  IU     [Lb  fjaiawfip,  from  rrin^Ri*?, 

^ruotc  ;  u  and  ijiajii0,tucinj)ty,  manu, 

An   Lniiit\ing  or  rvacuatlon  ;   tacDCC,  privation  ; 
loM  ;  destitution,     [httit  tu*!.] 
EX-IST',   (egx-i*i'.^   r    ..     '!»    ..'■'■:  r.' lyrA  .Lr.  nr 
more  directly  i- 
flx,  or  -u'j,  I. 
G,  suhen.  U.  3- 


titn;Kir.il  iii^Uuct. 

il.  Lif'-  ;  iiniiiKiiitin. 

3.  Continue.!  l-iii-.';  .Itir^iii-n  ;  rnnTlniir.t'r 
speak  of  the  ' 
happineiuL     t  > 
tit'i*,   our   pii'i. 
pmycr  for  diviiic  mJ. 
EX-IHT'KNT,  a.    Being;  having  being,  essence,  or 
exlNtcnce. 

The  n«  *nd  ininil  ■■  '■*  "'''-^l'  l**'^  *«  "** 

l<-ii.-,  u  if  aw7  V.  Dryitn. 

EX-I3-TE.\'TIAL,  (ife..  .    :- ..  1,/  a.    Having  cxlirt- 

cncc.     [Aut  lutt/.J  Bp.  Bartoa. 

EX-IST'ING,  ppr.  or  a.     Having  existence,  being,  or 
life. 

EX-IS-TI-MA'TIO\,  Ti.     Esteem.     [.Vot  usttL] 

E.X'IT,  n.    (L.,  the  third  \ycnan  of  cifo,  to  go  out.] 
IJuraXly,  he  goes  out  or  departs.     Hence, 

1.  The  dep;irturo  of  a  player  from  thu  sluco,  when 
ho  hxi  |K;rformed  his  part.  'I'liij*  i^  also  a  term  set  in 
u  play,  to  murk  tlio  time  of  an  actor's  tjuitting  Uie 
stage. 

2.  Any  denarture  ;  the  act  of  quitting  the  sln(jn  of 
action  or  of  life  ;  death  ;  decease.  Sic(/U 

3.  A  way  of  departure  ;  passage  out  of  a  place. 

tVoodvxxrd. 

4.  A  r    'Ir'jMtnurc.  Qlanville. 

<^X-I"TI  .1.)      (^     fL.  ezifioW*.] 

Dc-iliuiii-     1"  Ml-:.  Jlomittej. 

EX-LE6'IS-L.A-TUK,  w.    Ono  who  has  been  a  legis- 
lator, but  in  not  at  prcsenL 

EX-5IA  Y'Oli,  n.    One  who  has  been  mayor,  but  is  no 
longer  in  oincc. 

EX-MIN'IS-TER,  n.    One  who  has  been  minister,  but 
is  not  In  uifice. 

KX  ME'RO  .VO'TC\  [L,]     Of  mere  good  pleasure,  a 
phm^e  t»crnrring  in  cnarterif,  grunt<<,  &c. 

EX  J^K-CKS-SI-TA'TEy  [L.1     Of  necessity. 

EX'ODE,  71.     [Gr.  rfonioi.     See  Esodui.] 

In  the  Qreek  drama,  tlio  concluding  part  of  a  play, 
or  the  p:irt  which  comprehends  all  tlial  is  said  after 
the  la»l  interlude.  .^aaeharsis. 

EX'o-nyf * !  "*    ^^^-  ^f*"^**^ '  ^' ^^  ^^°^'  ^^^'^ 

1.  De;>arlure  from  a  place  ;  particularly,  the  depart- 
ure of  the  Israelites  from  Cgj'pl  uiider  ilie  conduct 
of  Moses. 

5.  The  second  book  of  the  Old  Testament,  which 
civc"*  a  history  of  the  doiKiiture  of  tbu  Ikraehles  from 
Egj'pt. 

E.\-OF-FI"CI.\r.,  (eks-of-fish'al,)  a   Proceeding  from 

oltice  or  uiilhorily. 
£A*  OFFJ"CI'0,  (ck»^f-fish'c-o,)  [L.]     By  virtue  of 
ollice,  and  without  special  nuthority.     A  Justice  ol 
the  [Krato  inav,  rt  ojlcioy  lake  sureties  of  the  peace. 
EX'O-GEX,  li.  '  [Gr.  ei  ond  yo^oi.) 

In  bolanifj  .1  plant  whose  stem  is  formed  oy  succes- 
sive nddltioiid  to  tlio  outside  of  the  wood.   Lindtry. 
EX-U»j'E.N-OUS,  a.    Growing  by  successive  additions 

to  tiie  ouuidc  of  the  wood.  LnuUaj, 

EX'O  i:LOSS,  ti.     [Gr.  /f(j  and  >  Atjcffo,  tongue.] 
Tlie  popular  name  of  a  genus  of  lishes  found  in  the 
.American  se:w,  whose  lower  jaw  is  trilobed,  and  llie 
middle    loba    protruded    pcrfk>rms  the    oftice  of  a 
tongue. 
EX-O-LllTE',  a.     [L.  «o/ctiw.] 

Worn; faded  i  obaolclc.     [^UUle  itscd.} 
EX-O-LO'TION,  n.    Laxalion  of  the  nerves.     [J^at  in 

xuc]  Brown. 

EX-OIA'X',  r.  L    To  loose.     [JiTot  in  uj*] 
EX-0:iI'PilA-LOS,  II.     [Gr.  cj  and  o/*(>aAp;.] 

A  navel  rupture. 
EX'O.N,  n.     In  Eniftand.  the  commander  of  the  ro}-!!! 

'     ' ■    !  ■  '■■■!'■»  "  -  rf  tie  hoiusehoUl.  Cuii 

■  :-atc,)  r.  f.     [h.  ewncro; 
,  a  load.] 

>.    .  w  ^ >..  .  .■>  ...  ...lUei). 

'ilu  TCMcl*  cinntmit  tbcmsrlrcs  InU  a  commoo  ducU      Aiy. 
But  mr.rr-  r-n'-m'!'.-.  in  a  ^fi-r'.ir.-t'.-'-  .^n-'-j 


-rsuuded  by  entrcai>. 

M  bv  rt'qiiest. 

,.;...  ...     [  ( 


one : 

tcr  :i 

bhin. 

3. 


,  debt,  or  duty  ;  to 
ly  ;  a:",  n  i^ircly  «- 

.  freed 


EX-UK 
et  ni.  . 

usual  limlL     Hen< 

viation  from  rule 

propriety ;  aa,  Ihu  cutfrcuuiKK .  >•■  ii-    .•■ 

deportment, 

TbB  wvOTTDM  of  my  piaroM  inay  \k  a  c*uti  to  joai « 
tits. 
EX-OU'BI-TANT,  a.     [L.  ejorbitans.] 

1.  /.i!T.i!!'\  drpirtirii:  fmni  nn  nrhiT  nr  n-^nl  track. 
Hen. 
yoii'l  ' 
or  pr 

niOU«.    \Vr  ■[><  :ii.  Ml   .■-'.'/■ 

czvrbtiunt  demands  or  tl;i 

a.  Anomalous  J  nut  coll.,  i-l- 

or  method. 

Tlie  Jevi  weni  Inuml  with  caiaa  txorUUnt.  BoahT' 

EX-OR'HI-T.\NT-I.Y,  adv.   Enormouily  ;  excr*-ivt-(v. 

i:X-Oll'lt[-TATK,  r.  i.  To  go  beyond  the  Usii:«l  k 
ur  orbit ;  to  deviate  from  the  usual  limit.     B-   : 

EX'OR-ClSE,(eks'or-»Izc,)  r.  t.  [Gr.  <;y,m;Li,  t»  ii*i 
jura,  from  iji(t»<tj,  to  bind  by  oath,  from  o,-^y(,  la 
oaih.i  ^      , 

1.  To  adjure  by  some  holy  name ;  but  chn  ?  v.  t.> 
expel  evil  spirits  by  conjurations,  prayer-^,  an  1  ■    r 
monies.     To  ezorciif  a  |».rson,  is  lu  exjM  1  fn-:  ■  :iiii; 
the  evil  spirit  snp;i       >  ■     -       ,-h  him.     To  < 
a  demim  or  evil . ,  •mn  out  or  dr.,    tih:i 
from  a  person  by  ■■  ■  eireiuonie^.  /       . 

2.  To  purify  iVc-m  iiiii.i..Mt  -pirils  by  adjuMiiwJu 
and  ceremonies  ;  to  deliver  from  llio  iniluencc  of  ma- 
lignant spirits  or  demons  ;  as,  to  txorcL.^e  a  bed  or  a 
house.  , 

EX'OU-CTS-iiJD,  pp.     Expelled  from  a  person  or  iilir* 
by  conjurations  and  prayers  j  freed  from  demons  tti 
like  manner. 
i:X'OR-ClS-ER,  Tf.     One  who  prel<  nds  to  cast  out  evil 

spirits  bv  adjurations  and  coiijuraliou. 
EX'OR-riS-LN'G,  ppr.  Expellingevd  spiriLs  by  pniyeri 

and  ceremonies. 
EX'OR-CISM,  n.     [L.  tMfrclmut;  Gr.  ila^Kiaiioi.] 
The  expulsion  of  evil  spirits  from  porsons  <.r  [•'if^ 
by  certain  adjurations  and  ceremonies.   ICmr' . 
common  among  the  Jews,  and  still  makes  :.  ;     i  -  i 
the  superstitions  of  some  churches.  / 

EX'OR-CKST,  n.    One  who  pretends  to  expel  o  >      ■: 
its  by  cunjunttion,  pravers,  and  ceremonies.  .J       ^  ■ 
EX-OR'DI-AL,  (epz)  a.    [Infra.1     Pert.iinin^'  '     n: 

exordium  of  a  discourse  ;  introiiuctor>',        J-' 
EX-OR'l)I-U.M,  n. ;  pi.  Exokdicm*.     [l-,  from 
or;  cz  and  ordiur^  to  begin.     i?te  Ohoer.] 

Ill  oratoryy  the  beginning  ;  the  introductiT. 
a  discourse,  which  prepares  the  audience  for  v. 
subject ;  the  preface  or  proemial  p:irti>f  aconii 
The  tzordium  maybe  formal  and  deliberate," 
and  vehement,  according  to  thu  nature  of  Hi- 
and  occiLsion. 
EX-O-RHI'Z.*:,  H.  pi.    [Gr,  t?  and  ful^a.] 

in  botany ^  planu  whose  radicle  elongates  down- 
ward, directly  from  the  base  of  the  cmbrjo.   Undlc. 
EX-0-UHI''/OU^,  o.     Pertaining  to  the  exorrhiza. 
KX-OR-iNA'TION,  H.     [L.  ezomatioy  from  ezerno',  r- 
and  ornoy  to  adorn.] 
Ornament ;  decoration ;  embellishment. 

JlaU.    Hooker. 
EX-ORT'IVE,a.  [h.  czorUviis  ;  «  and  ortw, ft  rising.; 

Ri.sing ;  relating  to  the  east. 
EX'0^.M6SE,  n.     [Gr.  cl  and  ojr;ii(,  impubtion.j 
Tht;  pa.s«age  of  gx«es,  vapors,  or  liquid^  throuc'i 
poruii ;  m'dia  from  within.  Brandt. 

EX-OS  .<.\'iKl>,  a.     [Infra.]     Deprived  of  bone*. 
EX-O.S'SE-Olj'ri,  a.     [L.  cz  and  ossa,  bones.] 

Without  bones  ;  destitute  of  bonts  j  as,  «M/f«t' 
animals.  Brotcn. 

EX'OS-TO.ME,  n.     [Gr.  rjw  and  cropa.] 

The  small  aperture  or  foramen  of  the  ovnicof  ■ 
plant.  ■?<**• 

EX-OST6'3I9,  n.     [Gr.  tf  and  orrcav,  a  bone] 
Any  protuberance  of  a  bone  w  hich  h  not  natural 
an  excrescence,  or  morbid  enlargement  of  a  bone. 

Aliw,  in  botany^  a  disease  in  which  knots  arc  form'  : 
tipon  or  in  the  wood. 

E.Memal ;  public ;  opposed  to  aotmc  or  nccrcl.  TU' 


FATE,  FAR,  F.\1A,  WII^T JIP.TE,  rRfiV.-n.NE,  MARINE,  niRD.-NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BgQK.- 

4JJ2  ■ 


i 


EXP 


exaUric  doctrines  of  the  aiicicnl  pliUosopliers  were 
tliose  which  were  openly  proft-ssed  and  laiijrht.  The 
esoteric  were  secret,  or  taught  only  to  a  few  chosen 
disciples.  E:{ficUI,     Enajc. 

EX'O-TER-Y,  71.    What  is  obvious  or  common. 

Search. 

EX-OT'ie,  (egz-ot'ik,)  a.  [Gr.  cjojriitos,  from  cjw, 
without.] 

Foreign ;  introduced  from  a  foreijni  country ;  not 
native;  extraneous;  as,  an  czotic  plant;  an  exotic 
term  or  word. 

EX-OT'ie,  H.  A  plant,  shrub,  or  tree,  not  native  ;  u 
plant  introduced  from  a  foreign  country'.    Addison. 

2.  A  word  of  foreign  origin  introduced  into  a  lan- 
cuace. 

EX-OT'I-CISM,  K.    The  slate  of  being  exotic. 

EX-l'AND',  s.  t.  [L.  cxpandv  ;  ex  and  pando,  to  open, 
or  spread  ;  It.  iyaadcrey  to  pour  out ;  coinciding  ivitli 
Eng.  spoHj  D.  span,  spaanatj  Sw.  spdnna,  Dan.  sp<rtt- 

der.  See  Ar.  "  L*  baina.  Class  Bn,  No.  3.  The  pri- 
mary sense  is,  to  strain  or  stretch;  and  tliis  seems  to 
be  the  sense  of  bend,  L.  pandvus.'\ 

1.  To  open ;  to  spread ;  as,  a  flower  expands  its 
leaves. 

a.  To  spread  ;  to  enlarge  a  surface  ;  to  diffuse  :  as, 
a  stream  expands  its  waters  over  a  plain. 

3.  To  dilate  ;  to  enlarge  in  bulk  ;  to  distend  ;  as,  to 
expand  tiic  chest  by  inspiration  ;  heat  expaiuls  all  bod- 
ies; air  is  expanded  hy  rarefaction. 

4.  To  enlarge  ;  to  extend  ;  as,  to  expand  the  sphere 
of  benevolence  ;  to  expand  the  heart  or  affections. 

EX-PA\D',  r.  i.  To  open  ;  to  spread.  Flowers  expand 
in  spring. 

2.  To  dilate  ;  to  extend  in  bulk  or  surface.  Metals 
expand  by  heat ;  a  lake  expands,  when  swelled  by 
zains. 

3.  To  enlarge ;  as,  the  heart  expands  with  joy. 
EX-PA-\D'ED,  pp.  or  a.    Opened ;  spread  ;  extended  ; 

dilated;  enlarged;  diffused. 

EX-PA.NDIi\G,  ppr.  ore.  Opening;  spreading;  ex- 
tending; dilating;  diffusing. 

EX-PAXSE',  (eks-pans',)  n.    [I*,  cjpanstim.] 

A  spreading;  extent;  a  wide  extent  of  space  or 
body ;  as,  the  expanse  of  heaven. 

The  smooth  expanse  of  crystal  laJies.  Pope. 

EX-PAXS-I-BIL'I-TY,  n.  [from  expansible.]  The 
capacity  of  being  expanded  ;  capacity  of  extension 
in  surface  or  bulk  ;  ae,  the  cxpansibilittj  of  air. 

EX-PANS'I-BLE,  a.  [Ft.,  from  expand.]  Capable  of 
being  expandt-d  or  spread  ;  capable  of  being  extend- 
ed, dilated,  or  diffused. 

Bodies  are  not  expansible  ia  proporlion  to  their  weight.    Qrew. 

EX-PANS'I-BLE-NESS,  7J.    Expansibility. 

r'X-PANS'I-BLY,  adv.    In  an  expansible  manner. 
X-PAXS'lLE.  a.    Capable  of  expanding,  or  of  being 
.lilr.t.-.l. 

i^X-PAN'SION,  Ceks-pan'shun,)  n.  [L.  expansio.] 
1.  The  act  of  ex-panding  or  spreading  out. 
9.  The  slate  of  lieinji  expanded  ;  the  enlai-gement 
of  surface  or  bulK  ;  dilatation.  We  apply  expansion 
to  surface,  as  the  expansion  of  a  sheet  or  of  a  iake, 
and  to  bulk,  as  the  expansion  of  fluids  or  metals  by 
heal ;  but  not  to  a  line  or  length  without  breadth. 

3.  Extent ;  space  to  which  any  thing  is  enlarged  ; 
also,  pure  space  or  distance  between  remote  i)odies. 

4.  Enlargement;  as,  the  expansion  of  the  heart  or 
affections. 

5.  In  commerce,  an  increase  of  issues  of  bank 
notes. 

EX-P.\X'SIOX-CURB,  71.  A  contrivance  to  counter- 
act expansion  and  contraction  by  heat,  as  in  chro- 
nometers. 

EX-PAXS'IVE,  a.  [Fr.l  Having  the  power  to  ex- 
pand, to  spread,  or  to  dilate  ;  as,  the  expansive  force 
of  heal  or  fire.  Gregory. 

9.  Havuig  the  capacity  of  being  expanded  ;  as,  the 
expansive  quality  of  air;  the  expansive  atmosphere. 

Tftomson. 
3.  Widely  extended  ;  as,  crparta-iuc  benevolence. 

EX-PANS'IVE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  ex- 
pansive. 

EX  PAR'  TE,  [L.]  On  one  part ;  as,  ex  parte  evi- 
dence, that  which  is  brought  forward  by  one  side 
only:  an  ex  parte  council,  one  which  assembles  at 
the  request  of  only  one  of  the  parties  in  dispute. 

EX-PA'TIATE,  (eks  pi'shate,)  v.  i.  [L.  expatior;  ex 
and  spatior,  to  wander,  to  enlarge  in  discourse,  spa- 
tium,  space,  probably  allied  to  pateo^  to  open.  Class 
Bd.] 

1.  To  move  at  large  ;  to  rove  without  prescribed 
limits ;  to  wander  in  space  without  restraint. 

He  bids  his  soul  expatate  in  the  skies.  Pope, 

Erjiauale  ii^t:  o'er  ail  Uiis  scene  of  man.  Pope. 

2.  To  enlarge  in  discourse  or  writing ;  to  be  copi- 
ous in  argument  or  discussion.  On  important  topics, 
the  orator  thinks  himself  at  liberty  to  expatiate. 

EX-Pa'TIa-TIXG,  ppr.  Roving  at  large  ;  moving  in 
space  witliout  certain  limits  or  restraint ;  enlarging 
in  discourse  or  writing. 

KX-PA-TI-A'TIOX,  n.    Act  of  expatiating. 


EXP 

EX-Pa'TIa-TOR,  71.  One  who  enlarges  or  amplifies 
in  language. 

EX-Pa'TIA-TO-RV,  a.    Expatiating. 

EX-Pa'TRI-aTE  or  EX-PAT'RI-aTE,  v.  t  [Fr.  ex- 
patrier;  It.  spatriare ;  from  L.  cz  and  ;j(i(n«,  country.] 
In  a  general  sense,  to  banish. 
To  expatriate  one's  self,  is  to  <|uit  one's  country,  rc- 
noimcing  citizensliip  and  allegiance  in  that  country, 
to  take  residence  and  become  a  citizen  in  another 
country.  The  right  to  erpatriate  onc^s  sdf,  is  denied 
in  feudal  countries,  and  much  controverted  in  the 
United  .States. 

EX  PA'TRI-A-TED  or  EX-P-VP'RI-a-TED,  pp.  Ban- 
ished ;  removed  from  one's  native  countrj-,  with  re- 
nunciation of  citizenship  and  allegiance. 

EX-Pa'TRI-a-TIXG  or  EX-PAT^RI-a/PING,  ypr 
Banishing;  abandoning  one's  country,  with  renun- 
ciation of  allegiance. 

EX-PA-TRI-.^'TION  or  EX-PAT-RI-A'TIOX,  n.  Ban- 
ishment. More  generally,  the  forsaking  one's  own 
countrj',  with  a  renunciation  of  allegiance,  and  with 
the  view  of  becoming  a  permancjit  resident  and  citi- 
zen in  another  counlr>'. 

EX-PEGT',  V.  L  [h.  expecto :  cz  and  specto,  to  look, 
that  is,  to  reach  lorward,  or  to  lix  the  eyes.] 

1.  To  wjiit  for. 

The  euanls, 
By  me  encamped  on  yondorliill,  expect 
Their  motion.  IklUtan. 

[This  sense,  though  often  used  by  Gibbon,  seems 
to  be  obsolescent.] 

2.  To  look  for;  to  have  a  previous  apprehension 
of  somctiiing  future,  whether  good  or  evil ;  to  enter- 
tain at  least  a  slight  belief  ihat  an  event  wUI  happen. 
We  expect  a  visit  that  has  been  promised  ;  we  exited 
money  will  be  paid  at  the  lime  it  is  due,  though  we 
are  often  disappointed. 

Expect,  in  its  legitimate  sense,  always  refers  to  a 
future  event.  [The  common  plirase,  /  expect  it  was, 
is  as  vulgar  as  it  is  improper.] 

3.  To  require  or  demand  ;  as,  payment  will  be  ex- 
pected when  the  note  falls  due.  fVhatclcy. 

EX-PECT',  V.  i.    To  wait ;  to  stay.  Sandys. 

EX-PECT'A-BLE,  a.    To  be  expected  ;  that  may  be 

expected. 
EX-PEeT'.\NCE,  )  n.    The  act  or  state  of  expecting ; 
EX-PECT'AN-CY,  j      expectation.     Jililton.     S/mk. 

2.  Something  expected.  S/iak. 

3.  Hope  ;  a  looking  for  with  pleasure.  Shak. 
EX-PECT'AN-CY,  7(.    In  law,  a  state  of  waiting  or 

suspension.  An  estate  in  expectancy,  is  one  wiiich 
is  to  take  effect  or  commence  after  tl'ie  determination 
of  another  estate.  Estaies  of  this  kind  are  remainders 
and  reversions.  A  remainder,  or  estate  in  remain- 
der, is  one  which  is  limited  to  take  effect  and  be 
enjoyed  after  another  estate  is  determined.  Thus, 
wlie'n  a  grant  of  land  is  made  to  A  for  twenty  years, 
and,  after  tlie  determination  of  that  term,  to  B  and 
his  heirs  forever,  A  is  tenant  for  years,  remainder  to 
B  in  fee.  In  this  case,  the  estate  of  B  is  in  expec- 
tancy, tliat  is,  waiting  for  the  determination  of  the 
estate  for  years.  A  reversion  is  the  residue  of  an 
estate  left  in  the  grantor,  to  commence  in  possession 
after  the  determination  of  a  particular  estate  granted 
out  by  him  As,  when  A  leasts  an  estate  to  B  for 
twenty  years,  afte-  the  determination  of  that  period, 
the  estate  rcvej-ts  U.  the  lessor  ;  but,  during  liie  term, 
the  estate  of  the  lessor  is  in  expectancy.  BlacJcstonc. 

EX-PECT' ANT,  a     Waiting  ;  looking  for.       SmifL 
2.  Expectant  estate,  one  which  is  suspended  till  the 
determination  of  a  particular  estate.        Blackstonc. 

EX-PECT' ANT,  n.  One  who  expects  ;  one  w^ho 
waits  in  expectation  ;  one  held  in  dependence  by  his 
belief  or  hope  of  receiving  some  good.  TJiose  who 
have  the  gift  of  offices  are  usually  surrounded  by  ex- 
pectants. 

EX-PE€T-A'TION,  n,     [L.  expectatio.] 

1.  The  act  of  expecting  or  looking  forward  to  a 
future  event  with  at  least  some  reason  to  believe  the 
event  will  happen.  Expectation  differs  I'rom  hope. 
Hope  originates  in  desire,  and  may  exist  with  little 
or  no  ground  of  belief  tliat  the  desired  event  will 
arrive.  Expectation  is  founded  on  some  reasons 
which  render  the  event  probable.  Hope  is  directed 
to  some  good  ;  expectation  is  directed  to  good  or  evil. 

The  s;(ine  weakness  of  mind  which  indvilgrs  abeurJ  exptctatioM, 
produces  petulance  in  disappoiiilmcuC.  Irving, 

2.  The  state  of  expecting,  either  witli  hope  or  fear. 

3.  Prospect  of  good  to  come. 

My  so(d,  wait  thou  only  on  God,  for  my  expectation  is  from 
liim.  —  Pa.  Iiii. 

4.  The  object  of  expectation ;  the  e.xpected  Mes- 
siah. JFdton. 

5.  A  state  or  qualities  in  a  person  which  excite 
expectations  in  others  of  some  future  excellence ;  as, 
a  youth  of  expectation.  Sidney.     Otway. 

We  now  more  generally  say,  a  youth  oi  promise. 

(j.  In  chances,  the  value  of  any  prospect  of  prize  or 
property  depending  upon  the  happening  of  some  un 
certain  evi^iit.  .\  sum  of  money,  to  be  paid  when 
an  event  happens,  has  a  d*.'tcrminate  value  before 
that  event  happens.  If  llie  chances  of  receiving  or 
not  receiving  a  hundred  doUars,  when  an  event  ar- 


EXP  t 

rives,  arc  equal,  tben,  before  the  arrival  of  the  event, 
the  exjiectation  is  worth  half  the  money. 

Barlme.     Encyc 
Expectation,  of  life ;  in  annuitict,  a  term  applied  to 
Ihe  mean  or  average  duration  of  the  life  cf^  individ- 
uals, after  any  specified  age.  P.  Cijc. 

EXPECT' A-TIVE,n.  That  which  ia  expecud.  [-Vo( 
iised.] 

EX-PLCT^ER,  71.  One  who  expectt ;  one  who  waila 
for  something,  or  for  another  |H:rsou.   Swift    ShaJu 

EX-PECT'ING,  ppr.  Wailing  or  looking  for  the  ar- 
rival of. 

EX-PECT'IXG-LY,  fldp.     In  a  Ftale  of  "  ■    " 

EX-PEC'TO-RAXT,  a.     [-Sc..-  Exj-ect 
ingthequality ofpromolingdiuchargt-  : 

EX-PKC'TO-RANT,  71.  A  medicine  ui.i'u  in^>,w.'U'd 
discharges  from  the  lungs. 

EX-PEC'TO-RaTE,  v.  l     f  L.  txpeaoro ;  Sp.  opwto- 

rar ;  Fr.  expectorcr ;  from  L.  ez  :x\\iXpectU4,  Itie  breaJil.] 

To  eject  I'rom  the  trachea  or  lungs  ;  to  discharge 

phlegm  or  other  matter,  by  coughing,  hawking,  a  id 

spitting.  Cffzt. 

EX-PE€'TO-Ra-TED,p3j.  or  a.  Discharged  from  Mxo 
lungs. 

EX-PEe'TO-RA-TING,  ppr.  Throwing  from  Iho 
lungs  by  hawking  and  spitting. 

EX-PK€-TO-RA'TfOX,  n.     The  act  of  discharffin? 
phlegm  or  mucus  from  the  lungs,  by  coughing. ':  '■  ' 
mg,  and  spitting ;  also,  the  matter  thus  di^ct 

EX-PEe'TO-RA-T[VE,  a.  Having  the  quality  •-.:  i-m-- 
moting  expectoration. 

EX  PE'DE  HER'CU-LEM,  [L.]  From  the  remain- 
ing fixjt  of  Hercules'  statue,  learn  the  size  of  his  en- 
tire person  ;  from  a  partial  exhibition,  learn  the  full 
extent  of  a  man's  powers  or  characteristic  excellences. 

EX-Pk'DI-aTE,  0.  t.    To  expedite.     fJ\oi  in  use,] 

EX-Pk'UI-EXCE,   )  71.    [See  Speed,  Expedient,  and 

EX-Pe'DI-EX-CV,  S      Expedite.] 

1.  Fitness  or  suitableness  to  effect  some  good  end 
or  the  purpose  intended  ;  propriety  under  the  particu- 
lar circumstances  of  the  case.  The  pmrlicability  of 
a  nic:tsure  is  often  obvious,  when  the  expedience  of  it 
is  questionable. 

2.  Expedition ;  adventure.     [JV"ti(  now  used.]   Shak. 

3.  Expedition  ;  haste  ;  dispatch.     [JVo(  now  lued.] 

Shak. 
EX-Pe'DI-ENT,  (eks  pG'de-ent,)  a.      [L-  ezpediens; 
cxpedio,  lo  liasten  ;  Eng.  :^jeedi  Gr.  cmv^io.] 

1.  Literally,  hivstening;  urghig  forward.  Hence, 
tending  to  promote  the  object  proposed  ;  fit  or  suita- 
ble for  the  purpose  ;  proper  under  the  circumstance^*. 
Many  things  may  be  lawful,  which  are  not  expedient. 

2.  Useful ;  profitable. 

3._Q.nick  ;  expeditious.     LYot  used.]  Shak. 

EX-Pli'lJl-EXT,  ?i.  That  which  serves  to  promote  or 
advance  ;  any  means  which  may  be  employed  lo  ac- 
complish an  end.  Let  every  expedient  be  employed 
to  effect  an  important  object,  nor  let  exertions  cease 
till  all  expedients  fail  of  producing  the  eflecl. 

2.  Shift  ;    means  devised  or  employed  in  an  exi- 
gency. Druden. 
EX-Pe'DI-ENT-LY,  adv.    Fitly  ;    suitably  ;  conven- 
iently. 
2.  Haslilv;  quickly.    lObs.]  Skak. 
EX-PED'I-TaTE,  v.  t.    [L.  ex  and  pes,  fooL] 

In  tJie  forest  laws  of  England,  to  cut  out  the  balls  or 
claws  of  a  dog's  fore  feet,  for  the  preservation  of  the 
king's  game. 
EX-PED-I-TA'TIOX,  n.    The  act  of  cutting  out  the 

balls  or  claws  of  a  dog's  fore  feeL  Encyc, 

EX'PE-DITE,  I?.  C     lL.expedio;   Sp.  crpcdir;   Fr.  «- 

pedicr}    It.  spedirei   At.  tXii  <[fado,  to  hasten,  or 

JsJ  »  wafada,  to  send ,  to  move  hastily,  lo  be  suitable  j 

Eng.  speed.  Expedio  is  compound.  We  see  llie  saine 
root  in  impedio,  to  hinder,  to  send  against,  to  move  in 
opposition.] 

1.  To  hasten;  to  quicken ;  to  accelerate  motion  or 
progress.  The  general  sent  orders  to  expedite  the 
march  of  the  army.  Artificial  heat  may  expedite  tlie 
growth  of  plants. 

2.  To  dispatch ;  to  send  from. 

Such  charters  arc  erpedix^  of  course-  -   --- 

3.  To  hasten  bv  rendering  easy.    See  N»>. 
EX'PE-DITE,  a.   '[L.  erpeditus.]  ' 

1.  Cluick ;  speeay  ;  expeditious;  as,  expedite  exe- 
cution.    [Littic  used.]  Sandys. 

2.  Easy  ;  clear  of  impediments  ;  unencnmber*^ ; 
as, to  make  away  plain  and  expedite.     [UhusuoI.]^ 

3.  Active  ;  nimble  ;  ready  ;  prompt.  [Hooker. 

Tlw  m^rc  expedite  will  be  the  »ul  in  its  cpertti<w».    [Untt- 
sue!.]  TUoawi. 

4.  Light-armed.    [JVot  used.]  Bacon. 
EX'PE-DiT-ED,  pp.    Facilitaied ;    freed  from  impedi- 
ment. 

EX'PE-DITE-LY,  a.ff.    Readily;  hastily;  speedily; 

promptly.  Ore»c. 

EX'PE-DIT-ING,  ppr.    Facilitating  ;  hastening. 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  V1"CI0US.— C  as  Kj  6  as  J ;  S  as  Z;  Cil  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


^ 


rxp 


KXP 


EXP 


EX  PKI 

].  II 

b  cunv 

i  'I  , 

*i>a  til  : 


Ji'mj.)  n.     [L.  tivtiiitiit.] 
t;  dUpulcli.    Ibcinau 

"f  the  vuyagoof  a  fleet, 
|tur|iusi-«  ;  tu,  tbe  «p^ 
i:^pti    Uic   tsftdtUon  of 


Ji/r</i«    kI      Uj'      If  IP  It     I 

Xcdi  4  into  (Jfifce. 

X  Any  rntrrpri^',  uudfrlakiiiR,  ur  ollempt  by  a 

nuititH-r  ul'  juT^iiit ;    or  llic  rullt-ciiw  btKly  which 

uiiileriuki-M.     \Vr  Nay,  uur  t;(ivi-niinfnl  wiii  mx  rxpe- 

i/tt*vH  to  the  l*ut-ltic  ;  the  frpftitUum  hod  nrrivcU. 

IL\  rE-DI"'no.\-A-KV.  a.    CuncutiiiK  in  un  MneUi- 

lion. 
rX  I'K  M"TfOT'rJ.;..|£«-,«Mji„h'ui,)a.amck;ba«ty; 
'••JUS  march. 

twift ;    artinc  with  celerity ; 
—  ncrr  ur  runner. 
i.\  ii:  PI     I  i.n  >  r.V,  aUe.    S|iucdily ;  ha-tily ,  with 

cchrit)  iir  ilitjiatch. 
EX  I'KU'I  Tl  VE,  a.     IVrfunnihR  with  wiHit'il.     Uacon. 
EX-I'KI/,  r.  f.     (I..  riptUo;  er  uriil  pello,  tn  drive,  tir. 

tiaWui:  It.  tspttLire:  \V.  vsprlutu .  and  IV the  L. 

pttrtiri|»h-,  Kr.  fxpuUer.    fla-HH  HI.] 

I.  'I'o  dnvo  ur  I'tircc*  nut  iVuin  any  inrluitvd  placo ; 
u,  to  exuri  wind  fruni  tlu-  »t»inui-h,'ur  air  fruni  a  IhI- 
low».  [The  leoni  u  appUcabte  to  antf  furer,  phygicat  or 
moraiA 

a.  To  drive  out ;  to  force  to  leave  ;  (w,  to  exptl  the 
inhabitants  of  a  country  ■■,  to  r^pd  wild  beasta  from  a 
furest. 

3.  To  cjt^l ;  lo  throw  nnl. 

4.  Tobanifihj  lo  exile. 

5.  To  rrjecl ;  to  refurk.-.     [Liule  used.] 

Ami  »iwld  jrou  no*  poor  Hlim»Iii|>  rr;«/  )  Jlub.  71»/#. 

6.  To  excludi 


Dryden. 
Pope, 


.  to  keep  out  or  olT.  SiuA. 

In  eoiUsre  trorrrmnent,  lo  coniniand  to  leave  ;   lo 
dtMolve  till'  cunnecliim  uf  a  student  ;  lo  interdict 
him  from  fiirtlKT  cunnt-ciiun. 
EX-PEL'LA-ULE,  a.    That  may  be  e.xpellcd  ordri\'cn 
out 

Ackl  txpt'.tallt  by  hpnl.  Kirwin. 

EX-PKL'I.ED,  (tki-p<'ld',)  pp.  or  a.      Driven  out  or 

away  ;  lorrcd  lo  latvc  ;  banished  ;  exiltd  ;  excluded. 
EX-PEL'LER,  n.     lie  or  that  which  drives  out  or 

own  v. 
EX-PLL'LING,  ppr.      Driving  out ;    forcing    awny  ; 

conip«>llinb*  to  quit  or  depart ;  banishing:  excluding. 
EX-PEXD',  r.  f.     [I,,  rrprfulo;  ei  and  pnido^  lo  weiph  ; 

Sp.    txpraUtr:    Vt.   drpenjer^    from   L.    dispcndo ;     It. 

rptndrrr  .  properly,  lo  w  tich  off;    hrnce,  lo  lay  out.] 

1.  To  lay  «ut ;  t»i  dinhurM: ;  to  spirnii  ;  lo  delivt-r 
or  diatnbud ,  liihtr  in  payment  or  in  donation.'*.  VVi- 
rjrpftttl  monipy  for  fiMjd,  drink,  and  clothing.  We  n- 
peMd:iUnlc  in  charily,  and  a  great  deal  in  idleamuse- 
mcnLi. 

2.  To  lay  out ;  lo  use  ;  lo  nnploy  ;  to  ronsiinie  ; 
a«,  lo  crprnd  time  and  lalmr.  I  hope  the  time,  labor, 
and  moni-y  rrpended  on  lliia  Itook  will  not  be  wholly 
uiiftempluyed. 

3.  To  use  and  consume  :  as,  to  erpend  bay  in  fced- 
inie  cattle. 

4.  To  consume;  to  di<isii)alc  ;  to  waste  ;  ax,  the 
oil  of  a  Limp  i^*  rtpmrlcd  in  hiiming;   water  is  er- 

riidtd  m  mt-Thuiiical  opcnitJon.s. 
PE.N'I)',  r.  i.    To  be  laid  out,nt*cd,  or  consumed. 

EX-PE.\D'ED,  pp.  Laid  out ;  upent ;  di^xbunted  :  used  : 
contunird. 

EX-PEND'INGjppr.  impending;  using;  employing; 
woxiint. 

EX-PE.NIi'l.TrRE,  n.  The  act  of  expending  ;  a  lay- 
ing out,  aa  of  money  ;  disbur»eiiicnt.  A  corrupt  ad- 
ministratinn  is  known  by  eitraraganl  expenditures 
of  public  money. 


2.  Money  expended  ;  expanse. 

T*B  ivcelpti  iod  txptndttuni  c4  thli  cxtnui**  country, 

EX.PENSE',  Cex-pen.',)  ».     [L.  erpav,um.]  ''"''" 
I.  A  hiylng  out  or  expending  ;    the  disbursing  of 
money,  or  the  (inpl<.yin<nl  and  con»<uinption,  as  of 
lime  or  Iab<ir.     (innt  entrrprisea   are  accomplished 
only  hy  n  -r^^i  rqtrtL'f  oi  inuiiey,  time,  mid  Ial.or. 

■"•''*1 ;  cost ;   rbnr(;c  ;  thai  w  liirh  in 
|1'  "ifnt  or  in  charity.    A  pruiknl  man 

'"'  "  Ijy    his    income.     The   rrpenars   of 

war    If    rnr.  ly  ..r  never  rrunhur^d  bv  Iho  acquisi- 
tion eithrr  of  crwMln  nr  territory. 

3.  That  which  is  u«cd,  cmphiycd,  laid  out, or  con- 
sumed ;  iWj  the  eipmst  of  time  or  labor. 

EX-PENSE'FJ^'L,  o.    Co0tly  ;  expensive.  {IMtle  used.} 

tVotton. 
EX-PEXSE'F!,'L-LY,  drfr.     Ina  cmtly  manner  ;  with 

treat  exiiens*-.  Hterer. 

EA-PE*Ni:?E'LE:r3,  a.     Without  cost  or  eipcnue. 

.         ,  MUton. 

EX-PE\S'IVE,  a.  Co»tly ;  requiring  much  expense; 
a«,  an  erpemsiee  dress  or  cquijiagc ;  an  trpnunre 
family.  Vices  are  usually  more  erpauire  than  vir- 
tues. 

'2.  Given  to  expense ;  fn?e  in  the  use  of  money ; 
extravagant ;  tavifh  ;  appUtd  to  persons.  Of  men, 
Mine  are  frugal  and  induntrious ;  others,  idle  and 
f^en^ire.  Temple.      I 


3.  Liberal ;  gvneroui  In  ihe  distribution  of  prop- 
erty. 

I'bh  rt<iiiim  ui  maife,  cspriwiw,  kwlcbtlfaUe  ^oodrMu. 

SprtU. 

EX^PENS'IVE-LY,  adv.  With  great  expense;  ot 
ereat  c»m.i  i>r  cliarge.  Siei/t. 

EX  PE\.S'iVE-Mi;*.S,  n.  ('wilineM  ;  the  qualitv  of 
incurring  or  requiring  great  exiM*iidiiures  of  money. 
The  eipenstrrness  of  war  i*  not  Its  greatest  evil. 

l!.  Addictednei«s  lo  expense  ;  eitrnvugance ;  applied 
to  per  tons. 

EX-PP.'ltl-E.\CK,  n.  [I*  esperietitiOf  from  rqtrriorf  to 
try;  ez  and  ant.  penor;  Gr.  ff«i.iii(.i,  Ui  attempt, 
whence  atrate :  G.  er/tiMren,  from  f-tJirm,  lo  move,  to 
go,  lo  drive,  to/erru;  D.  frruurrn,  from  ruurcft,  logo, 
lu  move,  lo  (tail ;  Sw.  /iir/ara,  j'lira  :  Dull,  forfartr^ 
farer ;  Sax.  fnrun  ;  (!ulh.  j'ltnin  ;  I'.UR.  toftirf.  'VUv 
Ij.  prricutuniy  Y'.nK.  prrit^  are  fruni  Ihi;  aaine  root.  We 
see  Ihe  root  of  tlies.-  word^^  in,  ii>  gu,to/urr,  to  drive, 
urge,  ur  jire.iH,  lo  ^Irniii  or  ittnirli  forward.  See 
Claiw  Hr,  .No. 3,  Ar.No.  \,  VJ,'J3.] 

I.  Trial,  ur  a  wries  of  trialn  or  experiments  ;  ac- 
tive edurt  or  attempt  to  ihi  or  tn  prove  Homelhing,  or 
n'|>eated  ellbris.  A  man  attempts  id  raise  wheat  on 
niuirtt  or  clayey  urouiid  ;  his  :tlleiii|it  faiN  of  nurcess  ; 
espericHCf  proves  that  whe;it  w  ill  nut  tluiirith  un  such 
a  woil.  He  rep(.>a(s  the  trial,  and  hi-*  trprrience  proves 
the  same  fact  A  single  trial  i>4  usually  denominated 
an  crpcrimeni ;  rrperiener  niay  be  a  series  of  trials^,  or 
tin*  result  of  such  trials. 

2.  Observation  of  a  fact,  or  of  the  same  facta  or 
events  hapjiening  under  like  circuniNtancen. 

3.  Trial  fnuii  KUlVenng  or  (■njoyinenl  ;  siilfcring 
itself;  the  lltie  of  the  senses  ;  as,  the  rj-/»en>iif«  we 
have  of  {Klin  or  sickness.  We  know  the  ellect  of 
lichlfuf  fmell,  or  of  ta-te,  by  eTprrienrf.  We  learn 
the  instability  of  human  aflairs  by  obtiervalion  or  by 
experience,  \\'c  learn  the  value  of  integrity  by  trpc- 
rience.     Hence, 

4.  Knowledge  derived  from  trials,  use,  practice,  or 
from  a  scries  of  obst*rvatlons. 

EX-Pk'KI-ENCE,  r.  (.  To  tr>'  by  uw,  by  sutrering.or 
by  enjoyment.  'J'hus  wo  all  nprrimce  jinin,  sorrow, 
and  pleasure  ;  we  erptrirncr  goud  and  evil ;  wc  oAen 
eipcrinue  a  change  of  t^enlimeiits  and  views. 

'J.  To  know  by  practice  or  trial ;  lo  gain  knowl- 
edge or  i«kill  by  practice,  or  by  a  series  of  observa- 
tions. 

EX-PK'RI-EN-C/n5,  (eks-pC-'re-cnst,)  pp.  Tried  ; 
used  ;  practiced. 

2.  a.  Taught  by  practice  or  by  repeated  observa- 
tions ;  skillful  or  wise  by  means  of  trials,  use,  or  ob- 
scr^'atlon  ;  as,  an  experienced  artist ;  an  experienced 
physician. 

EX-Pi;'Rl-E\-CEU,  n.  One  who  makes  trials  or 
experimenls. 

EX-Pr:'Ul-E.\-CING,iipr.  Making  trial;  Buffering  or 
enjoying. 

EX-PER'I-MENT,  n.  [L.  cxperhientum^  from  erperiorj 
as  in  Krperienee^  whlcli  see.] 

A  trial;  an  act  or  operation  designed  to  disco%'cr 
some  unknown  truth,  principle,  or  efli-cl,  or  to  es- 
tablish it  when  <liscovered.  It  iliUcrs  from  obscrra- 
tion,  which  is  merely  the  attentive  consideration  of 
tilings,  as  they  exist  in  nature.  Kiprrimenls  in  chem- 
istry disclose  the  qualities  uf  natural  bodies.  A  series 
of  erprrimenLs  proves  the  uniformity  of  the  laws  of 
matter.  It  is  not  always  sale  to  trust  to  a  single  ez- 
^eriment.  It  16  not  expedient  to  trj-  many  experimcnta 
m  legislation. 

A  ix'li'j'^-il  frp€nm£nl  cjin  not  be    tiudc  In  s  Laboratory,  iior 
dcV-niuitixl  111  n  few  houn.  J.  Ailnrnt. 

EX-PER'I-MENT,  r.  i.  To  make  trial  ;  to  make  an 
ex|>erimcnt ;  to  operate  on  a  body  in  such  a  manner 
as  to  discover  some  unknown  fact,  or  to  e.stjiblish  it 
when  known.  Philosophers  exjieriment  on  natural 
bodies  for  tlie  discovery  of  their  qualities  and  combi- 
nations. 

2.  To  trj- ;  to  search  by  trial. 

3.  To  experience.     [JVot  used.]  Locke. 
EX-PER'I-MENT,  r.  (.    To  trj- ;  to  know  by  trial. 

[Litrle  used.]  JTerberL 

EX  PER-I-MEXT' 


'.■\L,  a.     Pertaining  to  exn-riment. 

*J.  Known  by  experiment  or  trial ;  derived  from  ex- 
po rimcnu 

Experimental  knowledge  is  ihe  most  valuable,  be- 
cause it  is  mosl  certaiji,  and  most  safely  lo  bo 
trusted. 

3.  nuitl  on  experiments  ;  fonndcd  on  trial  and  ob- 
servations, or  on  a  scries  of  resulLx.  the  eflecta  of 


expe- 


operatiouH^  as,  rjyfrnnenta/ pliilosophy. 
4.  Taught  by  experience;  having  personal 


Admit  to  U»e  holjr  commuDion  ludi  onir  lu  pn>rr4«  and  npj-car 
to  be  reypnCT»ted,  ami  crprrimfTiw  Climtiaiu, 

//.  Jiumptirtyt. 

5.  Known  by  experience ;  derived  from  experience  ; 
as,  experimental  religion. 
EX-PEh-l-MENT'AL-I9T,  n.    One  who  makes  ex- 

penmi-nis.  Burpess 

EX-PER-I-MENT'AT^Ly,  adr.    Br  experiment;  by 
trial ;  by  o[Nrniion  and  obser\-uttnn  of  results. 
2.  Hye\pLricnce ;  by  suifcring  or  enjoyment.    We 


nro   oil    experimentally  acquainted    with    pain    and 

pleasure. 
EX-PEIt-l-MENT'A-TIVE,  a.    Exihrimental. 
EX-PER'I-.MEN'T-ED,  pp.    'i'ried  ;  searched  out  bv 

trial.  ' 

EX-PER'I-MEN'T-ER.  n.    One  who  makes    exiwrf. 

nieiils  ;  one  ^killed  in  ex|ieriiiienis. 
EX-PER'I-ME.\T-ING,  ppr.    Making  experiments  or 

triaU. 
EX-PER'I-MENT-rST,  n.     One  who  makes  exjwri- 

inenls.     [*i'his  is  more  analogical  than  Exri:i{iMi:nT' 

EX  I'EH  I  MK\''rUM  CRfCIS.  [I.]  Espenincnt 
of  the  cnws  ;  a  lest  of  the  severest  and  most  vearch- 
^  ing  naturo  ;  a  decisive  ox|MTinient. 

EXPERT',  a.  [\..  expertuSy  from  rxperior^  to  Xxy. 
t*ee   EirLliii:!<irK.] 

1.  /Vy/ifWy,  exiK-riencpd  ;  laughl  by  use,  praciicr, 
or  experience  ;  lienre,  .kiltful ;  well  iiihtnicied  ;  Iiav 
ingfamiliar  knowhdyo  of;  as,  an  cq>ert  phUu-np't.  r. 

2.  Dextrous;  admit;  ready;  prnmnl  ;  Im^n  :, 
facility  of  openitiun  or  |Nrfurmaiice  irom  pi  i  m  , 
ns,  an  rrpert  oismtor  in  surgery.  It  is  iisimiu  i,.i- 
lowed  by  lit;  n-!t,eiprrt  in  iiurger>'  ;  expert  in  periunn- 
ance  on  a  mtmical  inslrumeiil.  Popi;  uses  tipcrt  vf 
arms,  but  improperly . 

F:X-PERT',  r.  L     T(»  experience.  Spenser. 

EX-PERT',  n.     An  exiH.rt  person.  Etl.  Rev. 

EX-PERT'LV,(irfr.  In  a  skillful  or  dextrous  manner  ; 
adroitly  ;  with  readiness  and  accumcv. 

EX-PERT'NE.SS,  «.  8kill  derived  rVoin  pmclice  ; 
readiness;  dexterity;  adroitness  ;  as,  exprrtness  in 
musical  perform;mcc  ;  exprrtness  in  war  or  in  sea- 
inan«hi[i ;  exfirrtness  in  reasuiiing. 

EX-PE']''I-|:LE,  a.     f  L.  rxprttbilis.] 

That  may  be  wlslied  for ;  desirable.      [J^Tot  used.] 

EX'PI-AltLE,  n.     [L.  expiabilis.     See  Expiati:.] 

That  may  bo  expiated ;  that  may  bo  atoned  for 
and  done  away ;  as,  an  expiable  offense  :  eipiablt 
guilt. 

EX'PI-ATE,  r.  f.  [L.  expirt;  er  and  pio,  lo  wnr-liip, 
to  atone;  piu«,  pious,  mild.  The  primary  •<  i  -  i-. 
probably  to  appease,  to  pacify,  to  nllny  rej-eutn,  !ii, 
which  IS  the  usual  sen^e  of  alone  in  m'o«t  lank'Hit):t-« 
which  I  have  examined.  Pio  is  probably  coninictod 
fronipiVo,  and  from  the  root  of  paro,  ihe  rndical  sense 
of  which  is  lo  loy,  set,  or  ftx  ;  the  primary  sense  rf 
peace, poT.  Hence  the  wukc  of  tmld  in  pius.  Rut 
this  opinion  is  offered  only  as  prubable.] 

1.  To  alone  for  ;  to  make  satisfaction  f.tr  ;  I^'  r\- 
lincuish  the  guilt  of  a  crime  by  f^ubsiqiieni  ;i'  -  .f 
piety  or  Worship,  by  which  the  obligjilioii  to  i  im-li 
the  crime  is  canceled.  To  czpiatr  guilt  or  a  enim-,  ih 
to  perform  some  act  which  is  supjKi-icd  to  piinU  ihe 
person  guilty  ;  or  some  act  whirh  is  accepted  liy  the 
offended  parly  as  satisfaction  for  Ihe  injury;  lh.it  is, 
some  act  by  which  his  wratli  is  appeased,  and  his 
forgivoiiess  procured. 

2.  To  make  reparation  for ;  at;,  to  expiate  an  injur)'. 
Clarendon. 

^  3.  To  avert  the  threats  of  proiligics.        Johnson. 
EX'PI-A-TED,  pp.    Atoned  for;  done  away  by  wills- 

faciion  offered  and  acropted. 
EX'PI-,^-TI\G,  ppr.     Making  alonrment  or  satiffhc- 

tion  for;  destroying  or  removing  guih,and  canc^^^liog 

the  obligation  to  punish. 
EX-PI-A'TION,  n.     [L.  expiatio.] 

1.  The  act  of  atoning  for  a  crime  ;  the  act  of  mak- 
ing satisfaction  for  an  offense,  bv  which  the  guilt  is 
done  away,  and  the  obligation  of  ihe  offended  [ht- 
Bon  lo  punish  the  criiiiu  is  canceled  ;  atonenunl; 
satisfaction.  Aimmg  pagans  and  .ktesy  cxpialwn  wiu 
made  chiefly  by  sacrifices,  or  washings,  and  purifl- 
calion.  Among  Cbrifitiansy  expiation  (or  the  mus  of 
men  is  usually  considered  as  made  only  by  Ihe  obedi- 
ence and  sufferings  of  (.'hrisU 

2.  The  means  iiy  wliich  atonement  for  rrimcii  is 
made  ;  atonement  ;  as  sacrifices  and  purification 
among  heathens,  and  the  obedience  and  <lealb  of 
Christ  among  Christians. 

3.  Among  ancient  hratJiens,  an  act  by  which  the 
threaLs  of  prodigies  were  averted.  Ilayvard. 

EX'PI-A-TO-RY,  n.      Having    the    power   to   make  : 
^  aionemrnl  or  expiation  ;  as,  an  crpiatortj  sacrifice. 
EX-PI-IJ.^'TIO^I,  Tt.    [L.  cijntatio,  from  rxpUo,  lo  htrip; 
ex  and  piloj  toprel.] 

A  stripping  ;  the  act  of  committing  waste  on  land,  < 
to  the  iiijiir>*  of  an  heir;  waste.     [Little  u^ed.) 

FuIUt. 
EX-PIR'A-BLE,  a.     [from  expire.]    That  may  expire ; 

that  may  come  to  an  end. 
EX-PIR'AXT,  n.     One  expiring. 
EX-PI-RA'TIO.N,  n.     [L.  expiralio^  from  cipiro.    Sec 
Expiitr..] 

1.  1'he  act  of  breathing  out,  or  forcing  the  air  from 
the  lungs.  Respiration  consists  of  ejpiration  and  in- 
spiration. 

2.  The  last  emission  of  breath  ;  death.   Rambler. 

3.  The  emission  of  volatile  matter  from  any  sub-  i 
stance  ;  evaporation  ;  exhalation  ;  as,  the  eipiratten 
of  warm  air  from  the  earth. 

4.  Matter  expired  ;  exhalation  ;  vapor ;  fume. 

Bacon. 

5.  Cessation  ;   clo^e ;  end  ;  conclusion  ;   tennini- 


FATE,  FAR.  FALL,  WH^T— METE,  PKEV— FIXE,  MARt.VE,  milD.-.NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  B9<?K.- 


4:^4 


EXP 

tiuii  of  a  limited  time  ;  as,  the  crj/iration  of  a  munth 
or  year ;  the  czjiiration  of  a  Icriii  of  year:^ ;  iJie  ex- 
piration  of  a  lease ;  the  cxjiirutioii  of  a  contract  or 
iiiin'cmeiit. 
|]X  ri'KA-TO-RY,  rt.    Pertaining  to  tlie  emission  or 

expiration  of  brualh  from  the  lungs.  IlaU. 

i;.\-ri!tE',  r.  f.  [L.  erpirOj  for  exspiro;  ex  and  spiro, 
to  breathe.] 

I.  To  breathe  out;  to  throw  out  the  breath  from 
tlic  lungs  J  opposed  to  inepire.  WecjyjiVeairat  every 
breath. 

•2.  To  exhale ;  to  ei?iit  in  minute  particles,  a.s  n 
tluid  or  vohitile  matter.  The  earth  cxjiirc.'i  a  damp 
or  warm  vapor  ;  the  body  expires  fluid  matter  from 
the  pores  ;  plants  expire  odors. 
3.  To  conclude.  [Obs.] 
EX-I'fKE',i'.  ('.  To  emit  llie  last  breath,  as  an  animal ; 
to  die  ;  to  breathe  the  last. 

±  To  perish  ;  to  end  ;  to  fail  or  be  destroyed  ;  to 
come  to  notliing  ;  to  be  frustrated.    Witli  the  loss  of 
battle  all  his  hopes  of  empire  expired. 
3.  To  fly  out ;  to  bu-  thrown  out  with  force.    [Rare] 

The  poiiiiijiiiiis  ball  eijiircs.  Dryden. 

■1.  To  come  to  an  end  \  to  cease  ;  to  terminate  ;  to 
close  or  conclude,  as  a  given  period.  A  lease  will 
expire  on  the  first  of  May.  'I'he  year  expires  on 
Monday.  The  contract  wdl  expire  at  Michaelmas. 
The  days  had  not  expired. 

Wlien  forty  years  had  expired.  —  Acta  vii. 

EX-rni'i:D,  pret.  and  pp.  of  Expire. 

EX-l'iR'I.N'fi,  ppr.  Brcailiing  out  air  from  the  lungs  ; 
emitting  fluid  or  volatile  matter;  exhaling;  breath- 
ing the  last  breath  ;  dying;  ending;  terminating. 

2.  a.  Dying;  pertaining  to  or  uttered  at  the  time 
of  dying;  as,  expiring  words  ;  expiring  groans. 

J.  Latlirop. 

KX-PIS-Ca'TION,  71.     A  fishing.  Chapman. 

EX-PLaIN',  r.  (.  [L.  explanoi  ex  and  ;J?a;^H,■^',  plain, 
open,  smooth;  Sp.  explanar;  It.  spianarc.  See 
Plain.] 

To  make  plain,  manifest,  or  intelligible;  to  clear 
of  obscurity  ;  to  expound  ;  to  illustrate  by  discourse, 
or  by  notes.  The  first  business  of  a  preacher  is  to 
explain  his  text.  Notes  and  cunnnents  are  intended 
to  explain  the  Scriptures. 

EX-PLa[\',  v.  i.     To  give  explanations. 

EX-PLaI\'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  cleared  of  ob- 
scurity ;  capable  of  being  made  plain  to  the  under- 
standing; capable  of  being  interpreted.         Brown, 

EX-PL.\IN'£D,  (eks-pldnd',)  j>p.  Made  clear  or  obvi- 
ous to  the  understanding  ;  cleared  of  doubt,  ambi- 
guity, or  obscurity  ;  expounded  ;  illustrated. 

EX-PLaIN'ER,  71.  One  who  explains  ;  an  expositor  ; 
a  commentator;  an  interpreter.  Harris. 

EX-PLAIN'ING,p;jr.  or  a.  Expounding  ;  illustrating  ; 
interpreting;  opening  to  the  understanding;  clear- 
ing of  obscurity. 

EX-PLA-Na'TIOX,  n.     [L.  explanatio.'] 

1.  The  act  of  explaining,  expounding,  or  inter- 
preting ;  exposition  ;  illustration  ;  interpretation  ;  tJie 
act  of  clearing  from  obscurity  and  inakmg  intelligi- 
ble ;  as,  the  expUnation  of  a  passage  in  Scripture,  or 
of  a  contract  or  treaty. 

2.  The  sense  given  by  an  expounder  or  interpreter. 

3.  A  mutual  exposition  of  terms,  meaning,  or  mo- 
tives, with  a  view  to  adjust  a  misunderstanding,  and 
reconcile  dilTerences.  Hence,  reconciliation,  agree- 
ment, or  good  understanding  of  parties  who  have 
been  at  variance.  The  parties  liave  come  to  an  ex- 
planation. 

EX-PLAN'A-TO-RI-NESS,  71.    A  being  explanatory. 

EX-PLAN'A-TO-UY,a.  Serving  to  explain  ;  contain- 
ing ex^planatinn  ;  as,  explanatory  notes. 

EX-PLe'TION",  (eks-ple'shun,)  n.     [L.  exphtio.] 
Accomplishment;  fulfillment,     [Little  used.] 

milimdieck. 

EX'PLE-TIVE,  a.     [Fr.  eiplclif.  from  L.  expleo.  to 
fill.] 
Filling;  added  for  supply  or  ornament. 

EX'PLE-TIVE,  71.  In  language,  a  word  or  syllable 
not  necessary  to  the  sense,  but  inserted  to  fill  a  va- 
cancy, or  for  ornament.  The  Greek  language  abounds 
with  expletives. 

EX'PLE-TO-RV,  a.    Serving  to  fill. 

EX'PLl-CA-BLE,  a.  [L.  explicabilis.  See  Expli- 
cate.! 

1.  Explainable  :  that  may  be  unfolded  to  the  mind  ; 
that  may  be  made  inteilioilfle.  i\lany  difficulties  in 
old  authors  are  not  explicable. 

2.  That  may  be  accounted  for.  The  conduct  and 
measures  of  the  administration  are  not  explicable  by 
the  usual  rules  of  judging. 

EX'PLI^€aTE,  v.  t.  [Uexplic^,  to  unfold;  ex  and 
plico,  to  fold;  Fr.  expliqucTj  Sp.  cxplicar i  It.  spic- 
gare.] 

1.  Tounfold;  to  expand  ;  to  open.  *^T\wy  explicate 
lllc  leaves."  BlacUmore. 

[In  IhU  senst  ike  word  Li  not  common,  and  hardly  ad- 
nissdfle.'\ 

9.  To  unfold  the  meaning  or  sense  ;  to  explain  ;  to 
clear  of  ditficuUies  or  obscurity  ;  to  interpret. 

The  last  TCTse  of  his  laat  satyr  la  not  y?t  sufficiently  explieaud. 

Dnjden. 


EXP 

EX'PLI-CA-TED,  pp.    Unfolded  ;  explained. 

EX'PLI-eA-TING,;;/jr.  Unfolding;  explaining;  in- 
terpreting. 

EX-PLI-€a'TION,  71.  The  act  of  opening  or  unfold- 
ing. 

2.  The  act  of  explaining ;  explanation;  exposi- 
tion  ;  interpretation  ;  as,  the  explication  of  the  para- 
bles of  our  Savior. 

3.  The  sense  given  by  an  expositor  or  inten'reter. 

Jidin^on. 

EX'PLI-€a-TIVE,     )  a.      Serving  to   unfold   or  ex- 

EX'FLI-eA-TO-RV,  \  plain  ;  tending  to  lay  open  to 
the  Understanding.  Watt^. 

EX'PU-Ca-TOR,  H.  One  wlio  unfolds  or  explains; 
an  e.\|)ounder. 

EX-PLIC'IT,  (eks-plis'it,)  a.  [L.  explicitus,  part,  of 
cxplico,  to  untold.] 

Literally,  unfolded.  Hence,  plain  in  language ; 
open  to  the  understanding;  clear;  not  obscure  or  am- 
biguous ;  express,  not  merely  implied.  An  explicit 
proposition  or  declaration  is  that  in  which  the  words, 
in  their  connnon  acceptation,  express  the  true  meaning 
of  the  person  who  utters  tlionij  and  in  wJiich  there 
is  no  ambiguity  or  disguise. 

2.  Plain;  open;  clear;  unreserved;  having  no 
disguised  meaning  or  reservation  ;  applied  to  persons, 
lie  was  explicit  in  his  terms, 

EX'PLIC-rr,  (eks'ple-sit.)  [L.]  A  word  formerly 
used  at  the  couclusion  of  books,  asfnis  is  now  used. 

EX-PLIC'IT-LY,  a(/(j.  Plainly;  expressly;  without 
duplicity  ;  without  disguise  or  reservation  of  mean- 
ing; not  by  inference  or  implication.  He  explicitly 
avows  his  intention. 

EX-PLIC'IT-NESS,n.  Plainness  of  language  or  ex- 
pression ;  clearness ;  direct  expression  of  ideas  or 
intention,  without  reserve  or  ambiguity. 

EX-PLoDE',  V.  i.  [L.  crplodo;  ex  and  plaudo,  to  ut- 
ter a  burst  of  sound  ;  from  the  root  of  loud.] 

Properly,  to  burst  forth,  as  souml ;  to  utter  a  report 
with  sudden  violence.  Hence,  to  burst  and  expand 
Willi  force  and  a  violent  report,  as  an  elastic  fluid. 
We  say,  gunpowder  explodes  on  tlie  application  of 
fire  ;  a  volcano  explodes;  a  meteor  explode.-^. 

EX-PLoDE',  V.  t.  To  decry  or  reject  witii  noise;  to 
express  disapprobation  of,  with  noise  or  marks  of 
contempt ;  as,  to  explode  a  play  on  the  stage.  Hence, 
2.  To  reject  with  any  marks  of  disapprobation  or 
disdain  ;  to  treat  with  contempt,  nnd  drive  from  no- 
tice ;  to  drive  into  disrepute  ;  ■■!,  ui  gennal,  to  con- 
demn ;  to  reject ;  to  cry  down.  A&Lruiogy  is  now 
exploded. 

X  To  drive  out  with  violence  and  noise.  [Little 
■used.'] 

TXyi  kindled  powder  exploded  the  ball.  Blackmare. 

EX-PLoD'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Burst  with  violence;  driven 
away  by  hisses  or  noise  ;  rejected  with  disapproba- 
tion or  contempt;  condemned  ;  cried  down. 

EX-PLoD'ER,  7t.  One  wlio  explodes;  a  hisser;  one 
who  rejects. 

EX-PLoD'ING,  ppr.  Bursting  and  expanding  with 
force  and  a  violent  report;  rejecting  with  marks  of 
disapprobation  or  contempt ;  rejecting;  condemning. 

EX-PLOIT',  7t.  [Fr.  exploit;  Norm,  exploit,  csplott, 
dispatch;  expleitm;  to  be  dispatclied,  exercised,  or 
employed;  ploit,  dispatch  j  Arm.  espied,  espledi,  ex- 
plet.] 

1.  A  deed  or  act ;  TTiorc  especially,  a  heroic  act ;  a 
deed  of  renown  ;  a  great  or  noble  achievement ;  as, 
the  exploits  of  Alexander,  of  Cesar,  of  Washington. 
[ExFLoiTunE,  in  a  like  sense,  is  not  in  use.] 

2.  In  a  ludicrous  sense,  a  great  act  of  wickedness. 
EX-PLOIT',  t'.(.    To  achieve.    [JVotimtsc.]    Camden. 
EX-PLo'R.\TE,  V.  U    To  explore.    [JVut  used.]     [See 

Explore.] 

EX-PLO-Ra'TION,  n.  [Sec  Explorc]  The  act  of 
exploring  ;  close  search  ;  strict  or  careful  examina- 
tion. Boyle. 

EX'PLO-Ra-TOR,  n.  One  who  explores;  one  who 
searches  or  examines  closely. 

EX-PLOR'A-TO-RY,  ri.  Serving  to  e.tplore  j  search- 
ing ;  examining. 

EX-PLoRE',  V.  t.  [L.  erploro  ;  ex  and  ploro,  to  crj'out, 
to  wail,  to  bawl.  The  compound  appears  to  con- 
vey a  very  diflerent  sense  from  the  simple  verb  ploro  : 
but  the  primary  sense  is,  to  stretch,  strain,  drive;  ap- 
plied to  the  voice,  it  is  to  strain  or  press  out  sounds  or 
words  ;  applied  to  the  eyesy  it  is  to  stretch  or  reach, 
as  in  prying  curiosity.] 

1.  To  search  for  mafeing  discovery  ;  to  view  with 
care ;  to  examine  closely  by  the  eye.  Moses  sent 
spies  to  explore  the  land  of  Canaan. 

2.  To  search  by  any  means ;  to  trj' ;  as,  to  cqihrc 
the  deep  by  a  plummet  or  lead. 

3.  To  search  or  pry  into;  toscrutini;'.e  ;  to  inquire 
with  care  ;  to  exaniino  closely  with  a  view  to  dis- 
cover truth  ;  as,  to  explore  the  depths  of  science. 

EX-PLOR'£D,;7/;.ora.  Soarclied  ;  viewed  ;  examined 

closelv. 
EX-PL6RE'MENT,  n     Search  ;  trial.     [Little  used.] 

Brown. 
EX-PLi^R'ER,  11.    One  who  explores. 
EX-PL5R'IXG,  ;i/jr.  or  a.      Searching;  viewing ;  e.T- 

amining  with  care. 


EXP 


EX-PL6'SION,  (ekB-pIo'zhun,)  n.  [from  trplodc]  A 
bursting  with  noiw  ;  a  bur^^ting  or  midden  ex[iansion 
of  any  elastic  fluid,  with  force  and  a  loud  report;  as, 
the  erjdvsion  of  powder. 

2.  TJie  discharge  of  a  piece  of  ordnance  with  a 
loud  report. 

3.  The  sudden  burst  of  sound  in  a  volc-ino,  &c. 
EX-PLO'SIVE,  a.    Driving  or  bursting  out  with  vio- 
lence and  noise  ;  causing  exploiion  ;  aj4,the  eiplu/sive 
force  of  pnnpowdcr.  Woodieard 

EX-PLo'SIVE  I.y,  adv.    In  an  explosive  manner 
EX-PO-LI-.\''i'ION,  n,     [L.  etpoliatio.] 
^  _  A  spoiling;  a  wasting.     [See  SrouATio.-*.] 
EX-POL'ISIL  for  Polish  ;  a  useless  icord. 
EX-Po'NEX'I',  n.     [L.  rzponena;  erpono,  to  expose  or 
set  forth  ;  ex  and  pono,  to  place,] 

1.  In  aigrbra,  the  exponent  or  index  of  a  power  U 
the  number  or  letter  which,  placed  above  a  quantity 
at  the  right  hand,  denotes  how  often  that  quantity 
is  repeated  as  a  factor,  to  produce  the  power,  Tl/us 
a-  denotes  the  Kccond  power  of  a .-  a*  denotes  the 
fourth  power  of  a  :  a^  denotes  the  zth  power  of  a,  or 
a  repealed  as  a  feclor  z  limes.  A  fractional  exponent 
or  index  is  used  to  denote  the  root  of  a  quantity. 
Thus  a\  denotes  the  third  or  cuIm?  root  of  a. 

Day^s  Jllgtbra.     Barloie, 

2.  Kxponent  of  a  ratio  ;  a  term  or  phrase  sometiroefl 
used  to  denote  the  quotient  arising  when  the  antece- 
dent is  divided  by  the  consequent.  Thus  rii  is  the 
exponent  of  the  ratio  of  Viirty  to/ivc.  But  some  maib- 
cmaticians,  as  Kepler,  Hafley,  ice,  consider  loga- 
rithms as  the  exponents  of  ratios.     Bartow.     Brande. 

3.  Figuratively,  one  that  .stands  as  an  index  or 
representative  ;  as  the  leader  ol  a  party  U  the  eifo- 
nent  of  its  principles. 

EX-PO-NEN'TIAL,  a.    Pertaining  to  exponents. 

Exponential  quantity ;  in  c/^fZ/ra,  a  quantity  whose 
exponent  is  unknown  or  variable.  Ilutton. 

Exponential  equation ;  an  equation  which  contains 
an  exponential  quantity.  Ilutton. 

Exponaitifd  curcc ;  a  cur\'e  whose  nature  is  defined 
by  ineans  of  an  exponential  equation.  Hutton. 

EX-PoPE',  j(.  A  pope  deposed,  or  dismissed  from 
office.  JilcOavin. 

EX-PoRT',  r.  t.  [L.  exporto :  ez  and  porto,  to  cariy'- 
Porto  seems  allied  to  fcro,  and  Eng.  bear.  Class  Br.] 
To  carry  out ;  but  appropriately,  and  perhaps  ex- 
clusively, to  convey  or  transport,  m  traffic,  produce, 
and  goods  from  one  country  to  another,  or  from  one 
state  or  jurisdiction  to  another,  cither  by  water  or 
land.  We  export  wares  and  merchandise  from  the 
United  Slates  to  Europe.  The  Northern  St;ites  ex- 
port manufactures  to  South  Carolina  and  Georgia. 
Goods  are  exported  from  Persia  to  Syria  and  Egypt 
on  camels, 

EX'PoRT,  n.  A  commodity  actually  conveyed  from 
one  counlrj-  or  state  to  another  in  traffic,  or  a  com- 
modity which  may  be  exported  ;  used  chiefly  in  the 
plural,  exports.  We  apply  the  word  to  goods  or  prod- 
uce actually  carried  abroad,  or  to  such  as  are  usu- 
allv  exported  in  commerce. 

EX-POR'J''A-BLE,  a.    Tliat  mav  be  exported. 

EX-POR-'fA'TION,  71.  The  act  of  exporting  ;  the  act 
of  conveying  goods  and  productions  from  one  coun- 
try or  state  to  another  in  the  course  of  commerce. 
A  countr>'  is  benefited  or  enriched  by  the  czporttOion 
of  its  surplus  productions. 
2.  The  act  of  carrying  out. 

EX-PtiRT'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Carried  out  of  a  country  or 
state  in  traffic. 

EX-PoRT'EK,  71.  The  person  who  exports ;  the  per- 
son who  ships  goods,  wares,  and  merchandise  of  any 
kind  to  a  foreign  country,  or  who  sends  them  to 
market  in  a  distant  countrj'-  or  state ;  opposed  to  im- 
porter. 

EX-PoRT'ING,  ppr.  Conveying  to  a  foreign  country, 
or  to  another  state,  as  goods,  produce,  or  manufac- 
tures, 

EX'PoRT-TR.aDE,  7(.  The  trade  which  consists  in 
the  exportation  of  commodities. 

EX-PoS'AL,  71.     Exposure.    [Aot  m  iwc]         Sicifi. 

EX-PoSE',  (eks-p6ze',)  v.  t.  [Ft.  exposer :  L.  crposi- 
turn,  from  expono  ;  fr  and  pono,  to  place  ;  It.  esporre, 
for  exponcre.  The  radical  sense  of  pono  is  to  set  or 
place,  or  rather  to  throw  or  thrust  down.  To  expose 
is  to  set  or  throw  open,  or  to  thrust  forth.] 

1.  To  lay  open  ;  to  set  to  public  view  ;  to  disclose  ; 
to  uncover  or  draw  from  concealment ;  as.  to  expitsc 
the  secret  artifices  of  a  court;  to  expose  a  plan  or  de- 
sign. 

2.  To  make  hare  ;  to  uncover  ;  to  rvmove  from  any 
thing  that  which  guards  or  protects  ;  ns,  to  expose  the 
head  or  the  breast  to  tlic  air. 

3.  To  remove  from  shelter ;  to  plac^  in  a  situation 
to  be  atTected  or  acted  on  ;  as,  to  expose  one's  self  to 
violent  heat. 

4.  To  lay  open  to  attack,  by  any  means  ;  as.  to  ex- 
pose an  armv  or  carrison. 

5.  To  make  liable  ;  to  subject ;  as,  to  expose  one-s 
self  to  pain,  grief,  or  toil ;  to  expose  one's  self  to  in- 
sult. 

6.  To  put  in  the  power  of:  as,  to  expose  one's  self 
to  the  seas. 


TONE,  BI;LL,  UNITE AN''GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K ;  6  as  J  ;  S  as  2  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


54 


425 


EXP t_ 

7.  To  '  '  'llcule,  or  contAmpL 

»  r-  »WM.  Pop*, 

Ui,   U>  CX- 

'  r  nrvt-r 
tlifitil.'  It.  til  (■(,:•  :t"j  liiiii«:t,  « In  a  July  rt^ 
quim  it. 

10.  To  cast  out  to  chance  ;  lo  place  abroad,  ur  In  a 
illuaiioii  uuprutccted.  Somo  natiuni  exfiu*  thuir 
chlldrun. 

11.  'I'd  It."  f'lvn  :  to  irnkr  pul.llr.  Be  careful  not 
uii'  .1  ncigbbor. 

II  (o  invite  ptir- 

Ci.   : 

IJ.    I  <•  Ktii  r  t.>  iii-pL-iiiun  ,  iL4,  III  expose  painting! 
til  a  sallrrv. 
EX-PO  Jl^\  (ek»-ptt-ri',)  m.    [Fr]     A  laying  ojicn  ;  a 
furiiial  ftateiucnt,  recital,  or  expoaitiuu  ;   a  ujeitM 

Wvni. 
EXIV"^'fr>,  frp.r<Ta.     I-niil  nfvn  ;  lattl  dare;  uncov- 
er' \  .   olR-reJ 
f  >f  -  virw. 
KX  ;  ixposed, 
r  iiiii?riit<i-l.  il  J  ;i-',  'III  ii^.'jednejj  to 
1.  Kd  wards. 
•  'nc  who  r-Tiwi'"-'. 
i.\  ,    makln;; 
b  J  in  any 
a.:  i.i^puclion 

ur  til  '  ilr. 

l-:X-rn^I"TION,  (fkft-po-alali'un,)  n.  A  laying  open ; 
a  Mtting  (o  public  view. 

3.  A  Kituution  in  whicli  a  thin;;  Is  cxiMscd  or  laid 
open,  ur  in  wbicb  it  bus  an  iinubstmctcd  view,  or  iu 
whirti  1  frff-  |in!*-T^i-  !;>  ir  is  it>tcn  ;  as,  a  bou:ic  has 
at!  ifii-ti  tu  the  Kuutb,  or  lo 
a  -itton  gtV4.'3  a  free  ac- 
Ci  -                                                      t  tya.  JirbutJtnot, 

'J.  K\;i!  wiiitiun  ;  mt(.Tj»r<ta(ion i  a  laying  op«n  the 
•eiur  or  meaning  of  an  autbur,  or  of  any  pa^^gu  in 
a  writing.  Dr^Jen. 

4.  A  work  containing  explanations  or  iutcrprcta- 
tioni. 

EX-PO«'I-TIVE,  a.    ExpIanator>' ;  laying  open. 

Pearson. 

EX-POS'I-TOR,  n.  [L.]  One  who  expounds  or  cx- 
pUiiu ;  an  Interpreter.  SoutA, 

%  A  book  wbic))  expounds  and  explains. 

EXPOS'r-TO-RY,  a.  Serving  to  explain  ;  tending  to 
ItluHtnite.  Johnson. 

EX  POST  FACTO,  [L.]  In  laxcy  done  aOer  an- 
other thing.  An  estate  grunted  may  bo  made  pt>od 
by  ni:itt'T  rr  yott  facto,  wliicli  WO:!  util  good  at  first. 

\  "  %'a  law,  in  crimitiat  ca-tM,  consiits  in 

d<  jfcnal  or  criminal,  which  wo^  inito- 

C4.U  ;  ur  in  mi.-iiig  itiu  gnide  of  an  of- 

fvu-*-,  Mi;ik;!iL'  II  greater  th:iit  it  was  wlum  cuin- 
mitti-d,  or  Increasing  the  puiiishm'^nt  after  itie  com- 
mi*'';'>n  nf  t'lr  trfT-n^c;  or  in  :Utcrin^  the  rules  ot* 
f- 1  !  \  diflVrcni  or  h'Si  evidence  to 

r-  lian  w:li  required  whtn  the 

v..  ;.  Scrg^ainl. 

■    liL-.v,  IS  one  that  renders  an  actpiin- 
1>1  iiiL-r  in  which  il  \vat  nut  punishable 

ftl  ■  crtminitt-d.  Crnrrr':.  R-pr^rt'. 


'  I.u 


df' 


I.,  r.  I.     [r..  crjwstulo;  ex  and  pos- 
riibibl-.-  fr.'-n  the  riHit  of  pascoJ] 

'  '.  ii''rson,on  tome  impro- 
itiri;;  the  wroiifi  he  bad 
:.i  lo  (le:-ibl.nr  to  make 

I?,  that  be 

•1^1^,  c.  L    Tu  diHcusjj  to  examine. 

I.A-TI\G,   ppr.      Reasoning  or  urging 
I  t  an^  improper  conduct. 
I  ION,  n.    Reasoning  with  a  person 

.im  r.ifii)iii-t  i;:.  -i.-t  of  pressmg  on 
t  the  impropri- 
dcmanding  ro- 


KX  ri'.-Tf.LA-ToI!. 


U,  lu  riuuni.,  ua  iidilit..*  cuiiUiuiug  expo«tiilation. 

r-l[NMtulatUS. 

■  t-xpo^ulation ; 

^       :n   esposc]     The 

I'  n  lo  view,  to  danger, 

',  txposure  lo  obscrva* 

C'fjv^Wb  U*  culd,  or  lo  the  air  ;  exposure  lo  con- 


tioa 
sure. 


sure. 

3.  The  situation  of  a  plac«  in  regard  to  poinU  of 
v^n:pi«^,  or  to  a  free  access  of  air  or  ligbL  \Vu  say, 
a  building,  or  a  garden,  or  a  wall,  lioj  a  northern  tir 
a  southern  exposure.  \Vp  speak  of  its  exposure  or 
cxpotfition  lo  a  fre«  current  of  air,  or  to  Uiie  occcm  of 
light  I 


EXP 

EX-POUND',  F.  L    [I*,  expono  ;  ex  and  pono,  to  «t'L] 
I.  'I'o  explain  ;  lo  lay  oixn  the  meaulna  ;  In  clear 
of  obscurity  ;  to  inierprct  ;  on,  to  cxpaunj  a  text  of 
Scripture  ;  to  expound  a  law. 

'J.  Tu  lay  o|H-n  ;  tu  exajuina;  as,  to  exvimnd  tJie 
rH><-k<'[.     f^Tot  used.]  Iludibr^. 

K.X  1'OU.NTVeD,  pp.  Explained;  laid  open  i  Inter- 
preted. 

K.\  I'tiivii  I'll,  n.  An  explainer;  one  wIm)  Inler- 
]  i-i  tho  meniting. 

li\  '< •,   ppr.      r.xphiining ;    laying   open  ; 

I  t  >  iho  nndiT'fiundiiiK  ;  intt'rpjLting. 

I'^  ,  n.     A  prefect  out  of  ulHce;  one  who 

!  !'  ct,  and  in  Ko  no  longer. 

E.\  i .:NT,  n.  One  who  has  been  a  presi- 
dent, liiit  ts  no  longi-r  In  the  ullice. 

EX-PRESS',  V.  L  [Sp.  r^resar;  Port,  erprtaar;  L. 
erprrssuntj  riprimo  ;  cz  and  premof  to  press,  t^o 
Pit  Kit.] 

1.  To  press  or  squeoxo  out ;  to  force  out  by  press- 
ure ;    HM,  to  er]'r.  ..   rl...   ini...  ,   r'     .r:.r r  >.f   ;.i.<il,,^. 

2.  To  uittr.  lie 
eqtressfd  hid  .  :  'ii ; 
hill  viewn  wti!     -,  . ,. ....  ...:,...„...,      :.i)-. 

3.  To  writu  ur  ungruvu ;  tu  rfpiuicnt  lu  written 
words  or  language.  The  covenants  hi  the  deed  are 
well  expresjtd, 

4.  To  represent ;  to  exhibit  by  copy  or  resemblance. 

So  khU  and  wbdpt  thdr  Ak»  uvl  >1uim  sxprm.       DryUm. 

5.  To  represent  or  show  by  imitation  or  the  imita- 
tive art!! ;  to  form  a  likeness ;  ns  in  iiatnting  or  scul|>- 
ture. 

Eadi  LkillfiJ  ftrtijitih*ll  crprett  lljy  form,  &nUk, 

Ii.  To  show  or  make  known  ;  to  indicate.  A  down- 
cast eye  or  look  may  crpress  humility,  ?hamc,  or 
gnilt. 

7.  To  denote ;  to  designate. 

Mount  fttiil  Aaroii  look  tlioo  loca,  who  uv  trpnssid  tir  tbcLr 
-T.  — Num.  1. 


8.  To  extort;  tocHcil.     [LiUteused,]   B.  Joruon. 
EX-PRESS',  a.     Plain  ;  clear;  expresied  ;  direct ;  not 
ambi'^uoii.i.     VVc  are  informed  in  express  lermii  or 
words  j  the  tenna  of  the  contnict  ar«  express. 

a.  Given  in  direct  terms  ;  not  implied  or  leR  lo  in- 
fi^rence.  This  is  the  express  coveiMiil  or  agruemenl ; 
we  have  lilci  e/prwj  consent ;  we  have  an  express  law 
on  the  fuhjecl ;  ezprejs  warranty^ ;  express  malice. 

3.  Copied ;  rc:sciDbling ;  bearing  an  exact  repre- 
sentation. 

ICs  C-xr  exprtis.  fifUton. 

•I.  Intended  or  sent  fur  a  particular  purpose,  or  on 
a  particular  errand  ;  a-**)  t'»  J't-nd  a  inessenger  express. 
EX-PRESS',  Tt.  A  messenger  or  vehicle  sent  on  a 
IKirticiiIar  errand  or  occa-^JJon  ;  usually,  a  courier 
hcnt  to  cninmunicatu  information  of  an  important 
event,  or  lu  deliver  important  diKpatches.  It  is  ap- 
plied, alMo,  to  boats  or  vessels  sent  to  convey  im(K)r- 
lant  iiiforniation.  Clarendon.     Dryile/u 

"2,  A  me^saKe  sent.  ^mg  Charles. 

3.  A  declaration  in  plain  tcnns.     [JVvt  in  use.] 
A.  A  regular  conveyance  for  packages,  Ate 
EX-PRESS'KD,  (ek-s-prest',)  pp.  or  a.    Squeezed  or 
forced  out,  a-H  juice  or  liquor;  uttered  iu  words  ;  set 
down  in  writing  or  letters;  declared;  reprei>ented  ; 
sliown. 
KX  IMir.S.S'I-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  expressed  ;  Uml 
nitiy  tie  uttered,  declared,  nhown,  or  represented, 
ii.  Thut  may  be  squeezed  out, 
EX-PRESS'ING,  ppr.     Forcing  out  by  pressure  ;  utter- 
ing; declaring;  nihowing;  representing. 
EX-PRES'SION.  (eks-presh'un,)"-  The  act  of  express- 
ing ;  the  act  of  forcing  out  by  pressure,  as  juices  and 
oils  from  plants. 

2.  The  act  of  uttering,  declaring,  or  representing; 
utterance :  declaration  ;  representation ;  as,  an  cr- 
pression  of  the  public  will. 

3.  A  pbriLsc,  or  mode  of  speech  ;  as,  an  old  expres- 
sion ;  an  odd  expression. 

4.  In  rficUtne,  elocution  ;  diction  ;  the  peculiar 
manner  of  utterance  suited  lo  the  subject  and  sen- 
ttment. 

No  (iilcqualfi  drjcriplIoD  can  be  g\nn  of  ihr?  niunHi^a  nnd  rrri^ 
rujing  alvulcaor  exprtstlon  which  iral  p.t(hc>i  dire*  io  itit.- 
Toice.  PorUr'a  AnoJy*i«. 

b.  In  painting  and  sculpture^  a  natural  and  lively 
representation  of  the  subject ;  as,  the  frpression  of 
the  eye,  of  the  countenance,  or  of  a  particular  action 
or  passion. 

it.  In  m(L<(i>,  tbc  tone,  grace,  or  mndiilalion,  of  voice 
or  sound  suited  lo  any  particular  suliject ;  that  man- 
ner which  gives  life  and  reality  to  ideas  and  senti- 
ments. 

7.  Theatrical  erpression,  la  a  distinct,  sonoroup,  and 
pleasing  pronunciation,  accom|»anie<l  with  action 
(iuit/:d  to  the  subject. 

H.  In  olfftbroy  the  rrprescnlation  of  any  quantity 
by  ii»  oppropriatr-  characters  or  signs. 
E.\  PIIKS'SION-LES.'^,  a.    Ue!<lilute  of  expression. 
EX-PRESS'lV'E,  a.     Serving  to  express;   serving  lo 
uttrr.ir  r  i-r.'  -i.t,    fMllM-.VLd  by  ef.     He  sent  a  letter 
■  '/his  gratitude. 


'  of  her  woe*. 


TieksL 


L>' 


EXQ 

S.  Representing  with  force;  omphalical.    These 
wordu  are  ver>'  expressitt. 
3.  Showing;  reprfSfiiling  ;  as,  an  rffrMjree  lign. 
EX-I'UKS."^'I\'K-IA  ,  u</r.    In  on  exprcjtstive  manner; 

clearly  ;  lullv  ;  with  a  clear  representation. 
EX-PUl■:^^S'l\'^^^•ESS,  n.    The  quality  of  being  ex- 
liremtlve  ;  tile  |>ower  of  expression  or  re  pre  sen  tut  ton 
ly  wonld. 

2.  'I'lie  power  or  force  of  reprc>seiitalion  ;  the  qual- 
ity of  prehenling  n  subject  strongly  to  the  seiuteM  or 
to  the  mind  ;  as,  the  expressiveness  of  the  eye,  or  of 
thr  ft-atiirf'^,  or  of  soundn. 
EXPRKS-SVyo,  (ekspres-sS'vo,)    [It.]     With  ex- 

jire-'slon. 
nX-PKKSS'I.Y,  adv.     In  direct  tenns  ;  plainly. 
EX-PKKS.'^'NKSS,  11.    The  Htate  of  being  express, 
EX-PUKSS'rUE,  ii.     Esprrnsinii ;   iittenince  ;   rruro- 

Nentatioii ;  iiiHrk  ;  Imprrfsion.    \LiuU  usfd.]   Hhax, 
EX'PKO-URATE,  r.  /.    [!«.  cxprosr^i  ex  and  jfrofrmn, 
defuntilty,  u  nbaiiuAil  art.] 

Toiipltniid;  to  censure  as  reproachful;  to  blame; 
to  condi-mn.  Brown. 

EX-PKii  BIIA'TIO.V,  H.  The  act  of  charging  ur  cea- 
surin:!  r.  i<i.  i' hiillv ;  reproachful  iccuf-atlon  ;  the 
act  111 

,  or  «rprio6raiionf  bis» 

EX-PUC>  UUA-'i'lVE,  a.  Upbraiding;  expnuing  re- 
proach. Hir  .■}.  Shtrtr^. 

i:X  ritO  Ff:s'SOy[L.]     Professedly;  by  pr..ie^,i..n. 

EX-PRO'PRI-.^TH,  r.  t.     [L.  rr  nnd  prvnriu.^,  u\\  n.] 
Tu  disengage  from  appropriation  ;  to  liold  no  longer 
OS  one's  own ;  to  give  up  a  claim  to  oxcliirtive  prop- 

EX-f'KO-PRI-S'TIO.N^  n.  The  act  of  di^arding  ap- 
propriation, or  declining  to  hold  as  one's  own  ;  the 
surrentler  of  a  claim  to  exclirsivc  property.  H^alsh. 

EX-PCGN',  {eks-panu',)  v.  U  [L.  cxjmgtto;  ex  uqd 
pu^noy  to  figbt.] 

i'o  conquer  :  to  take  by  assault.  Johnseiu 

EX-Prr.'NA-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  forced. 

EX-PUG-NA'T10.\,  II.  C'onquc^it;  tiic  net  of  taking 
by  uttsault.  Sandys. 

EX-POGN'ER,  (cka-pun'cr,)  ft.    One  who  ^'ubdurs. 

ahcrtoood. 

EX-PULSE',  (eks-puls',)  v.  t.    [Fr.  erpulser,  from  L,  , 
eipuhufj  expcUo  ;  ex  and  peilo,  to  drive.] 
I'o  drive  out ;  to  expel.     [Rare.]     Shai:     Bacon. 

EX-PULS'EU,  «.     An  expcllcr.  Cutirrare. 

EX-PUL'SIO.V,  n.    Tlio  act  of  driving  out  or  cipd- 
ting ;  a  driving  away  by  violence  ;  ns,  the  expuhin 
of  llie  thirty  tyrants  from  .\tbens,  or  of  Adam  frooi 
panullse. 
2.  The  sLitc  of  being  driven  out  or  awoy. 

EX-PUt.'SIVE,  a.  Having  the  |>ower  of  driving  out 
or  away  ;  serving  to  exiK-l.  H'iscman. 

EX-PUXe'TION,  H.  [Sec  Expunoe.]  The  an  of 
expunging;  the  act  of  blotting  out  or  erasing.  Mdtan, 

EX-PU.\CE',  (cks-puiij',)  r.  U  [L,  cxpungo  i  ex  and 
pjini'ii,  to  thrust,  lu  prirk.] 

1.  To  blut  oul,  a.-^  with  a  pen  ;  to  rub  out ;  lo  tlTarr, 
as  words  ;  to  oblih-rate.  We  expunge  single  words 
or  whole  lines  or  sentences. 

2.  To  efface;  to  strike  out ;  to  wipe  out  or  destroy; 
to  annihilate ;  as,  tu  expunge  nn  offense.      Sondes. 

Exputigt  the  u'liolo,  or  lup  tlic  ciurcjccnt  parU.  Pop*. 

EX-PU.\<j'£D,   ijp.      BloUed    out;   obliterated;   de- 

Blrr»>ed. 
EX-PUNti'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Blotting  oul ;  erasiMg ;  cf- 

faring ;  destroying. 
EX-PU.N'G'ING,  H.     The  act  of  blotting  out  or  de- 
stroying. 
EX-PUR'GATE  or  EX'PUR-GATE,  c.  L   [L.  expurgoi 

ex  and  pur^o,  to  cleanse.] 
To  purge ;  to  cleanM: ;  to  purify  from  any  thing 

no.xious,  offensive,  or  ernmcou^*.  Faber 

EX-PUR'GA-TED   or  EX'PL'R-Ga-TED,  pp    or  a. 

Purged  :  cleansed  ;  purified. 
EX-PUR'G.\-TI.VG  or  EX'PUR-GA-TING,ppr.  Porf- 

ing:  cleansing;  purifying. 
EX-PUR-GA'TiO.\,  n.    ThtJ  aci  of  purging  or  cle-iBi- 

ing;  evacuation.  WtsemaK. 

'2.  A  cleansing;  purification  front  any  tiling  uux- 

ions,  offensive,  sintul,  or  err(»neous.  Urotun. 

EX'PUR-G  A-TOR,  «,    One  who  expurgates  or  purifies. 
EX-PUK-GA-'i'0'RUJU.S,  a.    'Ihut  ci|iurgatLS  of  ex- 

pilliK«;s.  MiUstn. 

EX-PUR'GA-TO-RV,  a.    Cleansing  ;  purifying  ;  «rv- 

ing  U>  purify  from  any  thing  n<'Xious  or  crronrANis  ; 

as,  the  fxpnri^aU-nj  index  of  the  Roman  CaUioIlcs, 

ivbicii  directs  the  cxpunciion  of  pa<ji«ages  of  authors 

coolrary  (o  tlu^ir  creed  or  principles'. 

ExpurgtUonj  aiiimiuitLntciia,  Brom, 

EX-PURGE',  (eks-pun',)  v.  L     [I.,  expurgo.] 

To  purge  away.     [jS/ot  in  tme.]  MUton, 

EX-UUIKE'    r.  t.     [L.  ex^uiro.] 

To  search  into  or  out.     fAVit  in  use.]  Sandys. 

EX'aUI-SITE,  feks'kwe-zii,)  a.  [L.  cx^fuLntus,  from  , 
exjptiro  ;  rz  and  qua-ro,  to  seek-] 

LiuraUtj.  sought  out  or  searched  for  with  care ;  | 
whence,  CDoicc  ;  select.    Ifencc,  | 

].  Nice  ;  exact ;  very  excellent ;  complete ;  as,  ft  j 
vase  of  ezquuriu  workmanship. 


FATE,  FAR,  V^L,  WII^T.— M£TE,  PRgY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE.  WOLF,  BQQK — 

426 


EXT 

'2.  yicc;  accurate;  capable  of  nice  perception ;  as, 
czguifite  seusibilily. 

a.  Nice;  accumie  ;  capable  of  nice  discrimination  j 
as,  ezyuLviic  jmlfiniciit,  taste,  or  discernment. 

4.  Ucing  in  the  highest  degree ;  extreme ;  as,  to 
relijili  pleasure  in  an  exquisite  degree.  So  we  say, 
exquisite  picasnie  or  pain. 

The  most  exquisite  of  buinaii  satisfaclions  flows  from  an  approv- 
ing conscience.  J-  M.  Mason. 

5.  Very  sensibly  felt ;  as,  a  painful  and  exquisite 
impression  on  the  nerves.  Chcync. 

EX'UUI-SITE,  (ehs'kwe-zit,)  n.    One  dressed  with 

extreme  care  j  a  fop.  Smart. 

KX'QUl-SITE-LY,  adv.     Nicely;   accurately;  with 
great  perfection  j  as,  a  work  exquisitely  finished  ;  ex- 
quisitely written. 
I  2.  With  kpcii  sensation  or  with  nice  perception. 

We  feel  pain  more  czquisitclij  when  nothing  diverts 
our  attention  from  it, 

Vfc  SCO  more  ezquisilcly  wiiU  one  eye  shut.  Bacon. 

EX'ClUI-SITE-NESS,  7i.  Nicety  ;  exactness  ;  accura- 
cy ;  completeness ;  perfection ;  as,  the  exquisitcness 
of  workmansliip. 

2.  Keenness  ;  sharpness  ;  extremity  ;  as,  the  exqui- 
sttcncss  of  pain  or  grief. 
EX-QUIS'I-TIVE,  a.     Curious  ;   eager  to  discover. 

{JVot  in  luic.] 
EX-QUIS'I-TIVE-LY,    adv.      Curiously  ;   minutely. 

[jYot  ill  use]  Sidney. 

EA-KE?-RE-SENT'A-TIVE,  7i.    One  who  has  been 

formerly  a  representative,  but  is  no  longer  one. 
EX-SAN''GUI-OUS,  a.    [L.  cx^ang-uis ;  ex  and  sangiiis, 
blood.] 

Destitute  of  blood,  or  rather  of  red  blood,  as  an 
animal.  Encyc. 

[ExsASGUiNOUS  and  Exsanouineous  arc  also  some- 
times used.'] 
EX-SCIND',  (eks-sind'j)  v.  t.    {L.  exsctudo.] 

To  cut  otr. 
EX-SCIND'ED,  pp.    Cut  off. 
EX-SCIND'ING,  ppr.     Cutting  off. 
EX-S€RIBE',  V.  U     [L.  exscribo.] 

To  copy  ;  to  transcribe.  [jVot  in  usc.\  B.  Jonson. 
EX-SCRIPT',  w.  A  copy  ;  a  transcript.  [J^ot  ■used.'] 
EX-SEC'RE-TA-RY,  n.   One  who  has  been  secretary, 

but  is  no  longer  in  office. 
EX-SE€'TION,  n.     [L.  exscciio.'] 

A  cutting  off,  or  a  cutting  out.  Darinin. 

EX-SEN'A-TOR,  n.  One  who  has  been  a  senator,  but 

is  no  longer  one. 
EX-SERT',        \a.    [L.  ciscro  ;  ei  and  sero.    See  Ex- 
EX-SERT'ED,  (      ert.] 

Standing  out;  projecting  beyond  something  else; 
as,  stamens  cxscrt.  Eaton. 

A  srajJl  portion  of  the  basil  ed^e  cf  tlie  shell  exserled.    Barnes. 

EX-SERT'lLE,  a.    That  may  be  thrust  out  or  protru- 
ded. Fleming. 
EX-SIC'CANT,  a.     [See  Exsiccate.]     Dr>-ing  ;  evap- 
orating moisture  ;  having  the  quality  of  drying. 
EX-SIC'CaTE  or  EX'SIC-CaTE,  v.  t.     [L.  cxsicco ; 
ex  and  sicco^  to  dry.] 
To  dry ;  to  exhaust  or  evaporate  moisture. 

Brown.     Mortimer. 
EX-SI€'€a-TED  or  EX'Sre-CA-TED,pp.ora.  Dried. 
EX-SIC'Ca-TING  or  EX'SIC-CA-TING,  ppr.  or   a. 

Drying;   evaporating  moisture. 
EX-SI€^eA'TION,  71.    The  act  or  operation  of  drying ; 

evaporation  of  moisture  ;  dryness.  Brown* 

EX-SIC'CA-TIVE,  a.    Tending  to  make  dr>-. 
EX-SPU-I"TION,  (eks-pu-ish'un,)  n.     [L.  erpuo,  for 
ezspuo.l 
A  discharge  of  saliva  by  spitting.  Danctn. 

EX-STIP'IT-LATE,  a.     [L.  ex  and  stipula,  straw.] 

In  botany,  having  no  stipules.  Martyn. 

EX-SUC'COUS,    a.      [L.  czsuccus  y    ex  and    succus, 
juice.] 
Destitute  of  juice  ;  dr>'.  Brown. 

EX-SUCTION,  n.     [L.  exugOj  cxsugOj  to  suck  out; 
sugo,  to  suck.] 
The  act  of  sucking  out.  Boyle. 

EX-SU-Da'TION,  n.     [L.  exudo,  for  exsudo.] 

[This  orthography  would  be  preferable^  but  Exuda- 
tion w  mo.-;/,  common.] 

1.  A  sweating;  a  discharge  of  humors  or  moistu'.s 
from  animal  bodies  by  sweat  or  extillation  through 
the  pores. 

2.  The  discharge  of  the  juices  of  a  prant,  moisture 
from  the  earth,  Slc. 

EX-SUF-FL.\'T10N,  n     [L.  ex  and  sujlo,  to  blow.] 

1.  A  blowing  or  blast  from  beneath.     [LUtle  twied.] 

2.  A  kmd  of  exorcism.  Falke. 
EX-SUF'FO-LATE,  a.     Contemptible.     [J^ot  in  use.] 
EX-SUS'CI-TaTE,  v.  t.     [h.  exsnscito.]           [Shak. 

To  rouse  ;  to  excite.     [JV"oE  used.] 
EX-SUS-CI-Ta'TION,  n.    A  stirring  up;  a  rousing. 

[J\rot  used.]  •  Hallywdl. 

EX'TANXE,  n.    [L.  extans.] 

^  Outward  existence.     [JVotuscd.]  Broton. 

EK'TAN-CY,  71.    [L.  ezstans,  extans^  standing  cut,  from 

ei^to  ;  ex  and  sio,  to  stand.] 

1.  The  state  of  rising  above  others. 

2.  Parts  rising  above  the  rest;  opposed  to  dcprfcs- 
*ian.     [Liale  used.]  Boyle. 


EXT 

EX'TANT,  a.     [L.  exstans^  extans^  supra.] 

1.  Standing  out  or  above  any  surface ;  protruded. 

Tli;it  (Kirt  of  t]ii!r  tcfrtli  which  U  exUiul  alovi*  \\k  guun.      liay. 
A  body  jiurtly  iiiiiriere<:d  In  a  fluiil  an<l  pi.i  /  csUint.    Beniicy. 

2.  In  being;  now  subsisting ;  not  suppressed,  de- 
stroyed, or  lost.  A  part  only  of  the  history  of  Livy, 
and  of  tho  writings  of  Cicero,  is  now  extant.  Hocra- 
tes  wrote  much,  but  none  of  his  writings  are  extant. 
The  extaiit  works  of  orators  and  philosophers. 

Mitford. 
EX'TA-SY,  EX-TAT'ie.     Sec  Ecstast,  Ecstatic. 
EX-TEM'PO-RAL,  a.    [L.  eztcmporalis;  ex  and  tcmpus, 
time.] 

1.  Made  or  uttered  at  the  moment,  without  pre- 
meditation ;  as,  an  cxlcmporal  discourse.       Walton. 

2.  Speaking  without  premeditation.     B.  Jonson. 
[Instead  o/(7iiywwr(/.  Extemporaneous  and  Extem- 
porary arc  now  used.] 

EX-TEM'PO-RAL-LY,  adv.    Without  premeditation. 

ShaJc. 

EX-TEM-PO-RA'NE-AN,  a.  [JVot^iscd.]  See  Extem- 
poraneous, 

EX-TEM-PO-RA'NE-OUS,  a.  [h.  eztcmporancus  i  ex 
and  tcmpus^  time.] 

Composed,  performed,  or  uttered,  at  the  time  the 
subject  occurs,  without  previous  study  ;  unpremedi- 
tated ;  as,  an  extemporaneous  address  ;  an  extempora- 
neous production  ;  an  e:etejn-poraneous  prescription. 

EX-TEM-PO-l{A'NE-OUS-LY,arfi'.  Witiiout  prenous 
study. 

EX-TEHr-PO-RS'NE-OUi3-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  unpremeditated. 

EX-TEM'PO-HA-RI-LY,  orfu.  Without  previous  study. 

EX-TEM'PO-RA-RY,  a.  [L.  ex  and  temporarius,  from 
tempus,  time.] 

Composed,  iJ6rformed,or  uttered,  without  previous 
study  or  preparation.     [See  Extemporaneous.] 

EX-TEJiV PO-RE^adv.  [L.  ex,  and  abl.  oUnnpus,  time.] 

1,  Without  previous  study  or  meditation  ;  without 
preparation  ;  suddenly ;  as,  to  write  or  speak  extem- 
pore. 

2.  It  is  used  as  an  adjective,  improperly,  at  least 
without  necessity,  for  Extempobakeous  ;  as,  an  ex- 
tempore dissertation.  Jiddison. 

EX-TEM'PO-RI-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  unpre- 
meditated ;  the  state  of  being  composed,  pertormed, 
or  uttered,  without  previous  study.  Johnson. 

EX-TEril'PO-RIZE,  V.  i.  To  speak  extempore  ;  to 
speak  without  previous  study  or  preparation.  To  ex- 
temporize well  requires  a  ready  mind,  well  furnished 
with  knowledge. 

2.  To  discourse  without  notes  or  w*ritten  composi- 
tion. 

EX-TEM'PO-RIZ-ER,  n.  One  who  speaks  without 
previous  study,  or  without  written  composition. 

EX-TEM'PO-RIZ-ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Speaking  without 
previous  study  or  preparation  by  writing. 

The  extemporizing  faculty  ia  never  more  out  of  its  element  than 
ill  the  pulpiu  South. 

EX-TEND',  V.  L  [L.  extendo  ;  ex  and  tendo^  from  Gr. 
T£ii'a),  L.  teneo  •  Fr.  etcndre;  It.  stenderc ;  iip.  exten- 
der; Arm.  astenna;  W.  estyn^  from  tynxi,  to  pull,  or 
f]/n,  a  pull,  a  stretch.] 

*  1,  To  stretch  in  any  direction  ;  to  carry  forward,  or 
continue  in  length,  as  a  line  ;  to  spread  in  breadth  ; 
to  expand  or  dilate  in  size.  The  word  is  particularly 
applied  to  length  and  breadth.  We  extend  lines  in 
surveying  ;  we  extend  roads,  limits,  bounds;  we  ex- 
tend metal  plates  by  hammering. 

3.  To  stretch ;  to  reach  forth  ;  as,  to  extend  the  arm 
or  hand. 

3.  To  spread  ;  to  expand  ;  to  enlarge  ;  to  %viden  ; 
as,  to  extend  the  capacities  or  intellectual  powers ;  to 
extend  the  sphere  of  usefulness  ;  to  extend  commerce. 

4.  To  continue  ;  to  prolong  ;  as,  to  extend  the  time 
of  payment ;  to  extend  the  season  of  tri»4, 

5.  To  communicate  ;  to  bestow  on  ;  to  use  or  exer- 
cise toward. 

He  bnlh  extctided  mercy  to  ine  before  the  king.  —  Ezra  vii. 

6.  To  impart ;  to  yield  or  give. 

I  will  extend  peace  to  her  like  a  river.  —  la.  bcvl. 

7.  In  /aw,  to  value  lands  taken  by  a  writ  of  extent 
in  satisfaction  of  a  debt;  or  to  levy  on  lands,  as  an 
execution. 

The  execution  was  delivered  to  the  sheriff,  who  exiervied  the 
5.-\mc  oil  certain  reid  estate.  Mass.  Rep. 

EX-TEND',  V.  i.  To  stretch  ;  to  reach  ;  to  be  contin- 
ued in  length  or  breadth.  The  State  of  Massachu- 
setts extends  west  to  the  border  of  the  Slate  of  New 
York.  Connecticut  River  extends  from  Canada  to  the 
Sound.  How  far  will  your  argument  or  proposition 
extend  7     Let  our  charities  extend  to  the  heathen. 

EX-TEND'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Stretched  ;  spread  ;  expand- 
ed ;  enlarged  ;  bestowed  on  ;  coramunicateil ;  valued 
under  a  writ  of  extent,  or  extendi  facias;  levied. 

EX-TEND'ER,  n.  Ue  or  that  which  extends  or 
stretches. 

EX-TEND'I-BLE,  a.  Capable  of  being  extended  ; 
that  may  be  stretched,  extended,  enlarged,  wid- 
ened, or  expanded. 

2.  Tliat  may  be  taken  by  a  writ  of  extent  and  val- 
ued. 


EXT 

EX-TENU'INC,  ppr.     Slrelchinp;  reaching:  rontin- 

uing  in  leninh  ;  Nprttoding ;  enlarging;  valuing. 
EX-TEND'LESS-NESS,    «.      Unlimited    cxlcnuion. 

[^'•ot  v.^rd.]  Ilaic. 

EX-TENS-I-BIL'I-TY,  n.  [from  ezUnsible.]  Tlie  ca- 
pacity of  being  extended,  or  of  sutR-ring  exleniiion  ; 
as,  the  extensibility  of  a  fiber ;  or  of  a  plate  of  met- 
al. Orac. 

EX-TENS'I-BLE,  a.    [from  I*,  exteasus.] 

That  may  be  extended  ;  capable  of  beinp  stretched 
in  length  or  breadth  ;  suHceplible  of  enlargcmunU 

Jlolder. 

EX-TEXS'I-BLE-NESS,  n.    EilenHibility,  which  sec. 

EX-TEN.STLE,  a.    Capable  of  being  extcnded- 

EX-TEN'SION,  n.     [L.  cximsio.] 

1.  The  act  of  extending;  a  stretching. 

2.  The  state  of  being  extended  ;  enlargement  in 
breadth,  or  contiimatiou  of  length. 

3.  In  pkilnsaphy,  that  properly  of  a  body  by  which 
it  occupies  a  jtortion  of  space. 

4.  In  mercantile  language,  an  extension  i»  a  written 
engagement  on  the  part  of  a  creditor,  allowing  a  debt- 
or further  time  to  pay  a  debt. 

EX-TEN'SION-AL,  a.  Having  great  cxlcot.  [A«t 
used.]  More. 

EX-TENS'IVE,  a.     Wide;  large;  having  great  en- 
largement or  extent ;  as,  an  extensive  farm  ;  an  exten- 
sive field  ;  an  extensive  lake ;  an  cxtcmice  sphere  of 
operations;  extnisicc  benevolence. 
2.  That  inav  bo  e.\lcndrd.    [JVot  lued,]      Boyle. 

EX-TEi\S'I  VE-LY,  adv.  Widtly  ;  largely  ;  to  a  great 
extent ;  as,  a  stor>'  is  extcu-'-irrly  circulaltd. 

EX-TENS'IVE-NESS,  71.  Wideness;  largeness;  ex- 
tent ;  as,  the  extensivencss  of  the  ocean. 

2.  E\tunt;  diffusiveness;  as,  the  cxXfiuTCOiCMof  a 
man's  charities  or  benevolence. 

3.  Capacity  of  being  extended.    [IJttU  used.]  Bay. 
EX-TENS'Oll,  n.    [L.]     In  anatomy^  a  muscle  which 

serves  to  cxtiiid  or  straighten  any  part  of  the  body, 
as  an  arm  or  a  finger  ;  opiwsed  to  flexor.  Coze,     Cjrc 

EX-'iKN'l',  a.     Extended.  Spenser. 

EX-TENT',  n.  [L.  extentus.  It  is  frequcnUy  accent- 
ed on  the  lir-^t  syllable.] 

1.  Space  or  degree  to  which  a  thing  is  extended  ; 
hence,  compass;  bulk;  size;  as,  a  great  exixnt  of 
couijtry,  or  of  body. 

2.  Length  ;  as,  an  extent  of  line. 

3.  Communication ;  distribution. 

The  cxtctitot  equfil  Justice.  Shak. 

4.  In  law,  a  writ  of  execution,  or  extendi  facias, 
which  is  directed  to  the  sheriff  against  the  body, 
lands,  and  goods,  or  the  lands  only,  of  a  debtor ; 
also,  the  act  of  the  sherilf  or  officer  upon  the  wTit 
itself.  P.  Cyc. 

EX-TEN'tJ-.VrE,  V.  1.  [L.cxtcnuo;  eiand  tcnuo^m 
make  thin  ;  Sp.  ertcnuar  ;  It.  stenuarc.     Ste  This.] 

1.  To  make  thin,  lean,  or  slender.  Sickness  cxten- 
uates  the  body.  Eneye, 

2.  To  lessen ;  to  diminish,  as  a  crime  or  guilL 

But  fortune  there  extenuates  the  crime.  Drydsn. 

3.  To  lessen  in  representation ;  to  palliate  ;  opposed 
to  aggravate. 

4.  To  lessen  or  diminish  in  honor.    [iittZ«  usei^ 

JtfiitoM. 

5.  To  make  thin  or  rare  ;  opposed  Xxi  condense,  [lit- 
tle used.]  Bacon. 

EX-TEN'TJ-ATE,  a.     Tliin  ;  slender.     [Aot  used.] 
EX-TEN 'U-A-TED,  pp.    Made  thin,  lean,  or  slender; 

made  smaller ;    lessened  ;    diminished  ;    palliated  ; 

made  rare. 
EX-TEN'ljA-TING,  ppr.  or  a.    Making  thin  or  slen- 
der;   lessening;    diminishing;   palliating;    making 

rare. 
EX-TEN-l^-A'TION,  n.    The  act  of  making  thin ; 

the  process  of  growing  tliin  or  lean ;   the  losing  of 

flesh. 
a.  The  act  of  representingany  thing  as  less  wrong, 

faulty,  or  criminal,  than  it  is  in  fact ;  palliation ;  ojh 

posed  to  aggravation ;  as,  the  extenuation  of  faults, 

injuries,  or  crimes. 
:i.    Mitigation  ;  alleviation ;  as,  Uie  cxienuatwn  of 

punishment.     [JVot  common.]  jitterbury. 

EX-TEX'IT-A-TOR,  71.    One  who  extenuates. 
EX-Te'RI-OU,  a.    [L.,  from  czKnio,  foreign ;  Ft.  cr- 

terieur;  U.  estcriore.] 

1.  External ;  outward ;  applied  to  the  outeide  or 
outer  surface  of  a  body,  and  op;>osed  to  intxrior. 
We  si)eak  of  the  exterior  and  interior  surfaces  of  a 
concavo-convex  lens. 

2.  External ;  on  the  outside,  with  reference  to  a 
person  ;  extrinsic.  We  si>cak  of  an  object  exterior 
to  a  man,  as  opposed  to  tliat  which  is  within,  or  in 
his  mind. 

3.  Foreign  ;  relating  to  foreign  nations;  as,  the  ex- 
terior relations  of  a  state  or  kingdom. 

EX-Te'RI-OR,  n.    The  outward  surface  ;  that  whicti 

is  external. 
2.  Outward  or  visible  deportment :  appi-arance. 
EX-TE-RI-OR'I-TY,  n.     Surlace  :  superticics. 
EX-Tk'RI-OR-LY,  adv.    Outwardly;  externaUy^^Jii 

ill-formed  word.]  ~fr* 

EX-Tk'RI-ORS,  n.  pi.    The  outward  parts o*^"]™?* 


TpNE,  ByLL,  ITNITE.  —  AN"GER,  VI"CI0US.  — €  aa  K ;  <5  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS 


"W 


EXT 

Q   Oulwnrd  or  external  di'[»<>rtiiient,  or  f«  riiia  and 
,.  ......  .  .  .    vi^ihlc  ncU;  a-'.lhe  cxttrivrs oi  leUtioiu 

r^  ■.   \TE,   c.  (.     [L.  t^termitio ;  ex  aad  Ur- 

..    ,,  :^ drive  from  within  tlio  limitd  or  borilera. 

1.  'I'o  destroy  uilcrly  ;  to  drive  nway ;  to  extirpate ; 

tztfr  I' men, 

2.  i  f'l  extirpate  ;  a»,  to 
eiteri:.. .  -  ..,.._,  ;.ty»  or  utitclrtm  ;  to 
tttermtnale  vici'. 

a  To  riHit  nut,  US  plants;  to  extirpate;  an,  to  et- 
iermtnate  wcfd^. 

4.  In  al'fbrUfXa  lake  away  ;  ti'Ciiii4«  in  di«nppeiir  ; 
nn,  to  tttrrmHate  lurd^  ur  unknown  Quunlitici  from 

:ir    .  .I'l   il!    .11. 

1  ^   UTF.l),  p;».  or  0.    I'tlt-rly  driven  away 

rr»dirutc-d  ;  exlirpiilod  ;  taken  away. 

1.  V  - *  A-TINii,  ppr.  or  a.    Unving  awny  or 

t'>t.itty  dcatiuyingi  eradicating;  extirpating;  taking 
awnv. 

EX -I'KUM  IX-A'TION,  n.  The  act  of  exterminating; 
!t>lul  expuNion  or  dcHtpictton  ;  i-nidiruiion  ;  cxtir|Mi- 
lion  ;  ex<:i-*iini ;  a.i,  the  ctUntin^'.<in  vi  inhabitnnlJ! 
or  triber*,  of  frr«->r  or  vin*,  or  »>!"  wttrds  from  a  IK-Id. 
'i  In  ii/i'i-ftrrt,  a  lnkin<*  away  ;  a  cauttlnR  to  disap- 
pear, as  of  tinktiuwn  qimnl>tiL-3  fn'm  an  equation. 

EX  TERM'LN-A-TOR,  «.    He  or  that  which  extcrm- 
inatfs. 

EX-TEKM'LN-A  TO  UV,  o.     Serving  or  tending  to 
exterminate.  Burkf. 

EX-TEK.M'IXE,  p.  t.    To  exterminate.    [A'«(  u.W.] 

EX-TER.N',  a.     [L.  eMermu.\  [Shak, 

I.  External  ;  outward  ;  visible.  Shafc, 

'J.  Without  itself;  not  inherent;  not  intrinsic.  [Lit- 
tle u.ifJ.\  DigO}}. 

JL\-TERN',  n.    A  pupil    in  a  seminary  who  Invs 
without  iifi  wall:). 

EX-TERN'AL,a.  [L.  rUernus;  \X.esterno;  Sp.  crirmo.] 

1.  Uutward:  exterior;  as,  the  rxtrrno/ surface  ofa 
b^idy  :  oppo-'ted  to  intfmal. 

*J.  Outward;  not  intrinsic;  not  being  nithin ;  oj), 
tztrraal  c^jects ;  external  causes  or  clTects. 

3.  Exterior ;  visible ;  apparent ;  05,  eitfTTuil  de- 
portment. 

4.  p.,,.!-.!,  ■  r  III,.!..  I.I  nr  connected  with  foreign 
nati-  or  commerce  ;  the  citcrnal 
rrloii                                   :  lorn. 

^  .  .;-  ...!.>.-<  ur  imposts  laid  on  goods 

■  •  o  roiiiilry.  Fcd/raliat. 

i  l.I-TV,  B.  Eiternal  perception. -tf.  SmitA. 

1 .1,  LY,  liJr,    Outwardly  ;  on  the  outsido 

•-'.  In  njipc-arance  ;  visibly. 
E.\-TERN'AL8,  n.  yl    The  outward  parts;  exterior 
form. 

AtUin  wu  no  Iras  glorkno  In  Ills  tsternaU :  be  bud  a  tiettutiful 
Ujdfi  u  well  lu  an  litunortal  Mul.  SoutK. 

2.  Outward  rites  and  ceremonies ;  visible  forms ; 
It",  till-  r-ztrritah  of  religion. 

EXTEK-RA'.NK  OL'S,  o.      [U  exlerraneus;   ex  and 
rnra,  a  land.] 
ForeiiEi)  :  belonging  to  or  coming  from  abroad. 
EX-TER'i?ION\  feks-ler'shun,)  n,    [l^  czta-sio j  from 
'        exlergeo  ;  ex  nncl  trrffeo,  to  wipe.] 
Ttie  net  of  wluini:  or  nitdting  ouL 
EX-TILL',  V.  i.     [l>.  erttlloi  ex  and  stillot  to  drop.] 

'i'o  drop  or  distill  from. 
EX-TIL  LA' riON,  ;t.    The  act  of  distilling  from,  or 

falling;  (nmx  in  ilmp-i. 
EX-TILL'f:ii,  reks-tild',)  pp.    Distilled. 
EX  riM'l    LAtF..     LVyt  in  ii«.]     See  Stimulate. 
EX  TIM  I    I.A'TIOX.     feeSTiMULATio.T. 
EX-TI\eT',d.     [i^  extinetus.     See  Extixcuish.] 
I.  Extmcui^hed  ;   put  out;   quenched;   as,  fire, 
light,  or  a  lamp,  i4  eitinrj. 

5.  Being  at  nn  end;  having  no  sur\'ivor ;  as,  a 
faioilv  or  rare  i>*  rztinet. 

3.  Ilemp  at  an  end  :  having  censed.  The  enmity 
between  tlic  I'amilien  is  etUntt. 

My  tLiji  arc  fxtincL  — Job  rvD, 

•I.  IW'ing  at  an  end,  by  abotitinn  or  disuse  ;  having 
no  fi.r<"<' ;  a.*,  the  law  i>  rxtinct. 
EX-TlXr  r*.  r.  t.  To  put  out ;  to  d>troy.  [ImproperA 
EX-'i'l\t     r  t  >\    .,        I     ,   •        ,,     See  ExTisouiiii.] 

1.  'Iciftroying  light  or 
tire.                                                     T  othcr^vise. 

2.  1..  -      .:  nulled,  (|uenchcd,  or 

iulfucotcd  ;  as,  the  ei:iiiction  ol  fire  or  of  a  candle. 

2.  I>C9(niction  ;  txciMon  ;  as,  the  rrtineiion  of  na- 


EXT 

Q.  To  destroy  ;  to  fnit  an  end  to ;  as,  to  exlmt^uuh 
love  or  hatred  in  thu  breast;  to  exttn^uuk  de^flru  or 
lioiM  ;  to  eiUH;fui-'h  a  claim  or  title. 
J.  To  ob^ciirt^  by  miperior  itplondor.  Shak. 

4.  To  put  an  cml  to,  by  uniun  ur  consolidation. 
rS«-e  ElTl•».il'l»HUl:^T.] 
EX-TLN"(;L'ISII-.\  ULi:,  «.    That  may  be  quenched, 

derttrovr»t,nr  •■upprfisfd. 
EX-TLN'"i;UI.-*Il-/Jl),  (iks  tiiig'gwUlit,)pp.  or  fl.     Tut 

out  ;  qumrltt-d  ;  Mlilled  ;  huiipn-t-ird  ;  drslroved. 
EX-TLN"tiUISll-Ell,  n.      He  or  that  which  extin- 
guish es. 

2.  A  hollow  conical  utensil  to  be  put  un  a  candle 
or  limn  t"  .iiimlm  M 
EX 'I  I 

HU|' 

EX-'l  1 


Putting  out ;  quenching  ; 


tion>. 
-I. 


off. 

EX-TI 


•tipprL»*irin  ;  a  puitinc  nn  cnil  to 
'  hi'e,  or  of  a  laniily  :  the  rrii'iUia. 


trat:; --.. 

thriiit ;  or  more  '.  sUiiii  ; 

Ktth  probably  all:  n.     Fr. 

eUmiire  :  U.  CAttn   ,-    - iossDg, 

Na  19,  31,  40.] 

1.  To  put  nut;  to  quench;  to  mflbcotc;  to  de- 
stroy ;  as,  tu  tzttnguish  tire  or  flame. 


r.  'I'he  art  of  putting  out  or 
qucnili.iit; ,  tiuut  i.wn  ,  iitippre'<si<iT)  ;  destnictlon  ; 
OS,  the  rjtiiii^i-ihmritt  i<f  lire  or  tlame  ;  uf  discord, 
enmity,  or  Jealousy  ;  or  of  love  or  alfeclion. 

2.  Abolition ;  nullification. 

Diflito  !•«'■  of  CtirUtbn  cliiurh  jwUlf  nuj  not  to  nltend  iij 
t^nfuiihnunt.  Uf>okf. 

3.  Extinction  ;  a  putting  an  end  to,  or  a  coming  to 
an  end  ;  termination  ;  as,  the  extiHffuUhtnnit  of  a 
rare  itr  tribe. 

■1.  The  putting  an  end  to  a  right  or  estate,  by  con- 
solidation or  union. 

If  my  If  ti.\nt  Tor  life  nuikra  ii  IfoM  \o  A  for  Ulr,  rrmjiliuler  to  B 
anil  hit  tvcin,  arid  1  nlcawi  to  A  ;  Uibi  roloMo  owratci  m 
an  estinguuftnunt  of  mj*  righl  lo  Uu  rcrenioii.  lilaekilont. 

EX-TIRI",  r.  r    To  extirpate.    [Aot  iwf/.]    Spcnatr. 

KX-'I'IRP'.V-ULE,  (I.  That  may  lie  eradicated.  Kcchtn, 

EX-TIR'l'ATE,  (ek».tur'pai(f,)  r.  t  [L.  cxtirpo ;  cz 
and  ji(irj».f,  root;  It.  estirpare,^ 

1.  To  pull  or  nluck  up  by  the  roots;  to  root  out ; 
to  eradicate  ;  to  destroy  totally  ;  as,  to  cxXirpole  weeds 
or  noxious  plants  from  a  field. 

a.  To  eradicate;  to  root  out;  to  destroy  wholly  ; 
as,  to  extirpate  error  or  heresy ;  to  extirpate  a  sect. 

3.  In  surgeryy  to  cut  out ;  to  cut  off;  to  eat  out ;  lo 
remove  completely  ;  as,  to  citirpatf  a  wen. 

EX-TlU'rA-TED,  pp.  or  a.  IMucked  up  by  the  roots  ; 
r(H>ted  out ;  eradicated  ;  totally  destroyed. 

EX-TIR'PA-TING,  ppr.  Pullingnporoutbytho  roots  ; 
eradicating;  loLiUy  destroying. 

EX-TIR-PA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  rooting  out ;  eradi- 
cation ;  excision  ;  total  dcstniction  ;  as,  the  extirpa- 
tion of  weeds  from  land  ;  the  czttrpation  of  evil  prin- 
ciiiles  from  the  heart;  the  c/tirpation  of  a  race  of 
men  ;  the  extirpation  of  heresy. 

EX'TIU-PA-TOR,  ».  One  who  roots  out  ;  a  de- 
stroyer. 

EX-TI-SP["CI0LI3^  (-spish'iis,)  a.  Augiirial ;  rela- 
ting to  the  insjKCtion  of  entrails  in  order  to  prognos- 
tication. Brown. 

EX-TOL',  V.  t,  [L.  eztoUo  ;  ex  and  tollo,  to  rai«c  ;  Ch. 
Sn  or  lleh.  and  Ch.  *?0S.  Class  Dl,  No.  3,  18,  OS.] 
To  raise  in  words  or  eulogy  ;  to  praise  j  to  exalt  in 
commendation  ;  to  magnify.  Wc  extol  virtues,  noble 
exploits,  and  heroism.  Men  arc  too  much  disposed 
to  eztot  the  rich  and  despise  the  poor. 

Eital  hin  UiRi  rWelh  upon  the  heaTCtu  by  Lii  name  Jali.  —  P«. 
Uvui. 

EX-TOL'LED,  fekstold',)  pp.  Exalted  in  commen- 
dation ;  priiscu  ;  magnified. 

EX-TOL'LER,  7(.  One  who  praises  or  magnifies  ;  a 
praiscr  or  magnifier. 

EX-TOL'LING,;;pr.  Praising;  exalting  by  praise  or 
commend.'ition ;  magnifying. 

EX-TOKS'IVE,  a.  [Sec  Extort.]  Serving  to  ex- 
tort ;  tending  to  draw  from  by  compulsion. 

EX-TORS'IVE-LY,  adv.  In  an  extorsive  manner; 
by  extorsion. 

EX-TORT',  V.  t.  [L.  eztortus^  from  cxtorqueoy  to  wrest 
from  ;  ex  and  tarqueoy  to  twist ;  Fr.  extorquer.) 

1.  To  draw  from  by  force  or  compulsion  ;  to  wrest 
or  wring  from  hy  physical  force,  by  menace,  duress, 
violence,  outhority,  ur  hy  any  illcigal  means.  Con- 
querors extort  contributions  from  ihn  vanquished  ; 
tyrannical  princes  riitrrt  money  from  their  subjects  ; 
ofticera  ollcn  extort  illegal  fees;  confessions  of  guilt 
are  cxtorteil  by  the  rack.  A  promise  cxtortedhy  du- 
ress is  not  binding. 

2.  To  gain  by  violence  or  oppression.      Spenser. 
EX-TORT',  r.  i.    To  practice  extortion. 

Spenser.     Davits. 

EX-TORT' ED,  pp.  or  a.  Drawn  from  by  compulsion ; 
wresirrd  fnun. 

EX-TCHIT'ER,  ir.  One  who  extorts,  or  practices  ex- 
tortion. Camden, 

EX-TORTMNG,  ppr.  Wresting  from  by  force  or  un- 
due exercise  of  pt»wer. 

EX-TOR'TIO.V,  n.  The  act  of  extorting;  the  act  or 
practice  of  wresting  any  thing  from  a  person  by  force, 
duress,  menaces^  authority,  or  by  any  undue  excr- 
ciit"  of  power;  ilbgal  exaction;  illegal  conipubicm 
to  pay  money,  or  to  do  some  other  act.  Extortion  is 
an  ortVntfe  ptmi^hable  at  common  law. 

2.  Force  or  illegal  compulsion  by  which  any  thing 
is  taken  from  a  person.  Kln^  Charles. 

EX-TOR'TION-A-RY,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  implying 
extortion. 


EXT 

EX-TOR'TIONATE,  I  a.     Oppressive;   containing 
i:X-ToR'TlO.\-(.iL'S,  \      extortion. 
EX-TOlt'TIO.N-ER,  II.    One  who  practices  exloitton 

l^rUrrtL^nert  fchiJl  iwX  liil»'^nt  ihe  kiiijJtnn  ofUijO.  —  I  Cut.  «l. 

EX-TOR'TIOUS,  a.    Oppressive  ;  violent  ;  unjust. 

EX'TRA  ;  a  Initio  pr>  iKwltion,  denolitig  beyond  or 
excess.  It  is  (tonietuiii-s  ust'd  as  an  adjective  .  as, 
extra  icork^  rttra  pny,  work  ur  pay  beyond  what  Is 
usual  or  agreed  on.  Sometimes  it  xlands  by  tiMelf 
as  a  noun,  through  the:  omiS(*iun  of  Iho  \vi)rd  con- 
necied  Willi  it;  as,  tu  dispatch  un  rxiru,  i.  e.,[tn  eitrn 
sta^t'  ciiarh. 

EX-TRACT',  r.  /.  [L.  r/ZrartiM, from  extrako;  ex  and 
trafio,  tu  draw.  (Sue  Uuaw  and  linAC.)  Sp.  extraer  f 
It.  r.*inirre;  Fr.  estraire.] 

1.  To  draw  out ;  as,  to  extract  a  tooth. 

■2.  To  draw  out,  as  the  Juicco  or  essence  uf  a  sub- 
stance, by  iiinillation,  snhitttm,  or  other  means;  ns, 
lo  eitr-ict  wpirit  from  tlie  juice  of  the  cane  ;  to  extrari 
halls  from  ashes. 

3.  To  take  out ;  to  take  from. 

Woin&n  U  Iter  name,  of  nun 
EtiracUi.  MUtjn. 

A.  To  take  out  or  w lect  a  iKirt ;  to  take  a  passa^'e 
or  iKLSsages  from  a  book  or  writing. 

1  biTe  tstrtuUJ  from  Uyi  pvniililcl  »  few  ootorioiu  (-il*-  ii-j!*. 

.s\-i.O. 

5.  In  arithtnetie  and  id^rhra^  to  extract  L'u  r^irt  of  i 
number  ur  quantity,  is  U>  find  its  rooL 

C.  In  a  general  seme^  to  draw  from  by  any  nn-ans 
or  o|>enttioii. 
EX'TRACT,  n.    That  which  is  extracted  or  dr:iwn 
frum  something. 

2.  In  literature^  a  passage  taken  from  a  book  or 
writing.  C'lmdni. 

3.  In  pharmacy^  any  thing  drawn  from  a  substaace, 
,  as  eHscnces.thiclures,  Ace. ;  ur  a  solution  of  the  pur'-r 

parts  ui  n  mixed  body  inspissated,  by  disiillation  or 
cva}wration,  nearly  to  the  consistence  of  honey. 

Kncye.     (putney. 
Any  substance    obtained  by  iligcstlng  vigetablo 
substances    in   water  or  alcohol,  and    evajioniiing 
them  to  a  solid  r..nsi»tence.  Brandr. 

4.  An  inspissated,  expressed,  or  exuded  juice. 

5.  InchriniHtrij^w  [KTuliar  principle,  oner  erroneous- 
ly suppus.d  lo'lurm  tlic  basis  of  all  vegelablo  ex- 
tracts ;  r.'illed  alwi  the  exlractice  prinrifde. 

li.  Extraction  ;  desccnL    [wVot  now  used,]    South. 
F.X-TRAeT'ElJ,  pp.  or  a.    Prawn  or  taken  out. 
EX-TRACT'ING,  ppr.    Drawing  or  taking  ouu 
EX-TKAC'T10\.  ir.     [L.  eitractio.] 

1.  The  act  ol  drawing  out ;  as,  the  extraction  of  a 
tooth  ;  the  extraction  of  a  bono  or  nn  arrow  from  the 
body  ;  llio  extraction  of  a  fetus  or  child  in  midwifery, 
a.  Descent;  lineage;  birth;  derivation  of  iktsous 
from  a  stock  or  family.  Hence,  the  stock  or  family 
from  which  one  has  descended.  ^Vo  Bay,  a  man  is 
of  a  noble  extraction. 

3.  In  pharmacy^  the  operation  of  drawing  essences, 
tinctures,  &.C.,  from  a  substance.  Encye^ 

'I.   In  anfAHifiic  and  a/^rfrrfl,  the  extraction  of  mota 
is  the  operation  of  liuding  the  root  of  n  given  num- 
ber or  quantity  ;  also,  the  mctliml  or  rule  by  which 
the  operation 'is  performed  :  evolution. 
EX-TRACT'IV'E,  a.    That  is  or  may  be  extracted. 

Kinean. 
EX-TR.VCT'IVE,  n.  The  same  as  Extract.  Parr. 
i:X-Tlt.\CT'OU,  H.    In  midwifcrtjy  a  forceps  or  inslru 

nn-nt  fur  extrnrtin"  children. 
EX-TUA-DIC'TION-A-RY,  n.     [L.  crlra  and  dictio.] 
Consisting  not  in  words,  but  in  realities.     [.Vet 
iWf//.]  broitn. 

EX-TRA-DI"TrOX,  (cks-tra-dish'un,)  n.  [I'r.,  from 
the  L.  tz  and  traditioy  trado,  to  deliver.] 

Dcliver>'  from  one  nation  lo  another.   It  is  particu- 
larly applu  d  lo  llic  detivco',  by  om-  nation  or  sLif  to 
an-jther,  of  fugitives  from  justice,  in  pursuance  (»f  a 
treaty.    It  may  be  applied,  also,  to  other  ca«e>,  m 
pursuance  of  law  or  constitution. 
EX-TRa'I>')S.  h.    The  exterior  curve  of  an  arch. 
EX-TRA-DO'TAL,    a.  Not  belonging  to  dower. 
EX-TRA-FO-Ll-A'CEOUS,  (slms,)  a      [L.  eztra,  be- 
yund,  ond  fuUum,  a  leaf.] 

In  botantj,  away  from  the  leaves,  or  Inserted  lu  a 
different  place  from  them  ;  as,  extrqfoliaceous  prickles. 

Limilon. 
EX-TRA-0r:'NE-OUS,  a.    [L.eziraand  ^cniw,kind.] 

Ileltmging  to  another  kind. 
EX-TR.\-JU-DI"CIAL,  (-ju-dish'al,)  a.    [cxtra^  wilU- 
out,  and  judicial.] 

Out  of  the  proper  court,  or  the  ordinary  course  uf 
legal  procedure.  JCitcyc 

EX-TRA-JU-DI"CIAL-LY,  ndr.    In  a  manner  out  of 

ihe  ordinary  course  of  legal  proceedings.      Jiijliffc. 

EX-TRA-LIM'IT-A,RV,  a.     [extra  and  limit.]     \W\n^ 

beyond  tlic  limit  or  bounds  ;  as,  ezlralimitanj  laml. 

'  JHUf^rd. 

EX'TRA-MIS'SIOX,  (mish'un,)  n.     [L.    extra   and 

mitto^  to  send.] 

A  sending  out ;  emission.  Brown. 

EX-TRA-MUX'DAXE,  a.     [L.  extra  and  tnundiui,  the 
world.] 
Beyond  the  limit  of  the  material  worid.     GtanviUe. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  Wtt^T METE,  PRfiY — PIXE,  MARINE,  BIRD — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  AVpLP,  BQpK.— 

4S  ~~ 


EXT 

EX-TUA'NE-OUS,  a.     [L.  eztranais.] 

Furcign  ;  not  belonging  to  a  thing;  existing  with- 
out ;  nut  intrinsic ;  as,  to  sepurate  gold  from  extraiie- 
o}is  matter. 

Kelntion  la  not  contained  in  Ibe  real  existence  of  tliinsB,  but  ia 

«i(ran€ou*  und  BUpcriiiduct-d.  Laeke. 

Eitraneous  fossils  ;  organic  remains  ;  exuviai  of 
organized  beings,  imbedded  in  tlie  strata  of  tlie 
earth.  Cf'^- 

EX-TRa'NK-OUS-LY,  adc.    In  an  extraneous  man- 
ner. 
EX-'J'RA-OF-Fr"CIAL,  (-of-fisli'al,)   a.     Not  witliin 

the  limits  of  official  duty. 
EX-TRAOR'DI-NA-RIES,    (eks-tror'tle-na-riz,)  7f.  pi. 
Things  wliich  exceed    the    usual    order,    kind,  or 
nietlind.      [Rarely  used  in  the  giii<rular.] 
EX-TRAOR'Dl-NA-R[-LY,  (eks-tror'de-na-ri-ly,)  adv. 

[See  EXTRAORDi:* ART.] 

In  a  manner  out  of  the  ordinary  or  usual  method  ; 
beyond  the  common  course,  limits,  or  order ;  in  an 
uncommon  degree  ;  remarkably  ;  particularly  ;  emi- 
nently. 


The  temple  of  Solomon  waa  exlraordinarily  magnifici-nt. 

WUkin. 


Uh- 


from 


EX-TRAOR'DI-NA-RI-NESS,     (eks-tror'-)    n. 

commonness  ;  rcmarkablencss. 
EX-TRAOR'DI-NA-RV,    (eks-tror'de-na-ry,)  a. 

(ziraurdinar'uLs ;    extra  and   orditiariaSj   usual, 

ardo,  order.] 

1.  Beyond  or  out  of  the  common  order  or  method  ; 
not  m  the  usual,  cii3tomar>',  or  regular  course ;  not 
ordinarj'.  Extraordinary  evils  require  extraordinary 
remedies. 

2.  Exceeding  the  common  degiee  or  measure  ; 
hence,  remarkable  ;  uncommon  ;  rare  ;  wonderful ; 
as,  the  extraordinary  talents  of  Shakspeare ;  the  ex- 
Iraifrdinani  powers  of  Newton  ;  an  edifice  of  cxtraor- 
dinani  grandeur. 

3.  Especial ;  particular;  sent  for  a  special  purpose, 
or  on  a  particular  occasion ;  as,  an  extraordinary 
courier  or  messenger;  an  embassador  exiraardinanj  ; 
a  gazette  extraordinani. 

EX-i'RA-PA-Ro'C'HI-AL,  a.  [extra  and  parochial.'] 
Not  within  the  limits  of  any  parish.  Blackstonc. 

EX-TRA-PHYS'I€-AL,  c.     Metaphysical.     Laicrencc. 

EX-TRA-PRO-FES'SION-AL,  (-fesh'un-al,)  o.  [ex- 
tra and  professional.] 

Foreign  to  a  profession  ;  not  within  the  ordinary 
limits  of  professional  duty  or  business. 

Molina  was  an  ccclesiaslic,  and  these  studies  were  extra-jtrofes- 
siOTUXl.  Med.  Rtpos. 

EX-TRA-PRO-VIN'CIAL,  (-pro-vin'shal,)  a.  [extra 
and  ■provincial.']  Not  within  the  same  province  ;  not 
within  the  jurisdiction  of  the  same  archbishop. 

Jiylijfp. 

EX-TRA-REG'IT-LAR,  a.  [erf ra  and  re^lar.]  Not 
comprehended  withjn  a  rule  or  rules.  Taylor. 

EX-TRA-TER-RI-To'RI-AL,  a.  Being  beyond  or 
without  the  limit?  of  a  territory  or  particular  jurisdic- 
tion. Hunter.     Wheaton^s  Rep. 

EX-TRA-TROP'IG-AL,  a.  [extra  and  tropical.]  Be- 
yond the  tropics  ;  without  the  tropics,  north  or 
south.  Wkewell. 

EX-TRAUGHT' ;  old  pp.  of  Extract.     [Obs.] 

EX-TRAV'A-GANCE,   \n.      [L.   extra  and   vagans ; 

EX-TRAV'A-GAN-CY,  \  vagor,  to  wander.  See 
Vague.] 

1.  Literally^  a  wandering  beyond  a  limit ;  an  ex- 
cursion or  sally  from  the  usual  way,  course,  or  limit. 

JIa:nmond. 

2.  In  tDriting OT  discourse,  a  going  beyond  the  limits 
of  strict  truth  or  probability  ;  as,  extravagance  of  ex- 
pression or  description. 

3.  Excess  of  aftection,  passion,  or  appetite  ;  as,  cx- 
traraTance  of  love,  anger,  hatred,  or  hunger. 

4.  fcxcess  in  expeiiilitures  of  property;  the  ex- 
pending of  money  without  necessity,  or  beyond 
what  is  reasonable  or  proper  ;  dissipation. 

The  iiicfjinc  of  three  dukes  was  not  enough  lo  supply  her  ex- 
iraixigante,  ArbaOinot. 

5.  In  general,  any  excess  or  wandering  from  pre- 
scribed limits;  irregularity;  wildness;  as,  the  ex- 
travagance of  imagination  ;  extravagance  of  claims  or 
demands. 

EX-TRAV'A-GANT,  a.  Literally,  wandering  beyond 
limits.  Sliak. 

2.  Excessive  ;  exceeding  due  bounds ;  unreasona- 
ble. The  wishes,  demands,  desires,  and  passions  of 
men  are  often  extrava<,'a.nt. 

3.  Irregular ;  wild ;  not  within  ordinary  limits  of 
truth  or  probability,  or  other  usual  bounds  ;  as,  ex- 
travagant flights  of  fancy. 

TbTe   id   somolhioj    nobly   wild    and     extravagant    in   ^reat 
g^niiisf*.  Addison, 

4.  Exceeding  necessity  or  propriety;  wasteful; 
prodigal;  as,  extravagant  expenses;  an  extrauagaiit 
mode  of  living. 

5.  Prodigal ;  profuse  in  expenses ;  as,  an  extrava- 
gant man. 

He  ihal  IB  exb^uMgant  will  quickly  become  poor,  and  poverty 
will  enforce  dependence,  and  invite  oomiplion.      RambJer. 

EX-TRAV'A-GANT,  n.  One  who  is  conhned  to  no 
general  rule.  L'Estrange. 


ION,  n. 


Smart. 
To  wander  beyond  the 

Warburton. 
Excess  ;  a  wandering  he- 
Smollett, 
To  let  out  of  the  proper 


EXT 

EX-TRAV'A-GANT-LY,  adc.  In  an  extravagant 
maimer  ;  wildly ;  not  within  the  limits  of  truth  or 
probability.     Men  often  write  and  talk  extravairantly. 

2.  Unreasonably;  excessively.  It  is  prudent  not 
to  praise  or  censure  extravagantly. 

3.  In  a  manner  to  use  property  without  necessity 
or  propriety,  or  to  no  good  purpose  ;  expensively,  or 
prufusLly  Id  an  unjustifiable  degree;  as,  to  live,  eat, 
drink,  or  dri-->;  ixtrura-fantly. 

EX-TRAV'A-GA.NT-NE:!5:3,n.  Excess;  extravagance. 
jLiUle  ii^cd.] 

EX-TRAV'A-GANTS,  n.  pi  In  churcJi  history,  cer- 
tain decretal  epistles,  or  constitutions  of  the  popes, 
which  were  published  after  the  Clementines,  and 
not  at  first  arranged  and  digested  with  the  other 
papal  constitutions.  They  were  afterward  inserted 
in  the  body  of  the  cantm  law.  Encyc. 

EX-TRAV-A-GAN'ZA,  «.  [It.]  A  musical  composi- 
tion, designed  to  produce  effect  by  its  wild  irregular- 
ity. 

EX-TRAV'A-GATE, 
limits.     [J^ot  usftd.'l 

EX-TRAV-A-Ga'TI( 
yond  limits. 

EX-TRAV'A-SaTE,  v. 
vessels,  as  blood. 

EX-TRAV'A-Sa-TED,  pp.  or  a.  [L.  extra  and  vasa, 
vessels.] 

Forced  or  let  out  of  its  proper  vessels ;  as,  eztrava- 
sated  blood.  Arbuthnat. 

EX-TRAV'A-Sa-TING,  T^r.  Escaping  from  the 
proper  vessels. 

EX-TRAV-A-Sa'TION,  n.  Tlie  act  of  forcing  or  let- 
ting out  of  its  proper  vessels  or  ducts,  as  a  fluid  ;  the 
state  of  being  forced  or  let  out  of  its  containing  ves- 
sels ;  effusion;  as,  an  extravasation  oi  hXood.  alter  a 
rupture  of  the  vessels. 

EX-TRA-VAri'CU-LAR,  a.  Being  out  of  the  proper 
vessels.  Laicrencc. 

EX-TRAV'E-NATE,  a.     [h.  extra  and  vena,  vein.] 
Let  out  of  the  veins.     [ A'V(  in  tise.]         Qlanville. 

EX-TRA-VER'SION,  n.  [L.  extra  and  versio,  a  turn- 
ing-] 

The  act  of  throwing  out ;  the  state  of  being  turned 
or  thrown  out.     [Little  used.]  Boyle. 

EX-TRkAT',  n.     Extraction.    [Obs.]  Spenser. 

EX-TRl^ME',  a.     [L.  extremus,  last.] 

1.  Outermost;  utmost;  furthest;  at  the  utmost 
point,  edge,  or  border  ;  as,  the  extreme  verge  or  point 
of  a  thing. 

2.  Greatest ;  most  violent ;  utmost ;  as,  extreme 
pain,  grief,  or  suffering  ;  extreme  }oy  or  pleasure. 

3.  Last ;  beyond  which  there  is  imne ;  as,  an  ex- 
treme remedy. 

4.  Utmost ;  worst  or  best  that  can  exist  or  be  sup- 
posed ;  as,  an  extreme  case. 

5.  Alost  pressing  ;  as,  extreme  necessity. 
Extreme  unction,  among  tJic  Roman  Cat/ioUcs,  is  the 

anointing  of  a  sick  person  with  oil,  when  afiected 
Avilli  some  mortal  disease,  and  usually  just  before 
deatli.  It  is  applied  to  the  eyes,  ears,  nostrils,  mouth, 
hands,  feet,  and  reins  of  penitents,  and  is  supposed 
to  represent  the  grace  of  Gt>d  poured  into  the  soul. 

Enajc. 

Extreme  and  7nean  proportion,  in  geometry^  is  when 
a  line  is  so  divided,  that  the  whole  line  is  to  the 
greater  segment  as  that  segment  is  to  the  less ;  or 
when  a  line  is  so  divided,  that  the  rectangle  under 
tlie  whole  line  and  the  lesser  segment  is  equid  to  the 
sijuari^of  the  greater  segment.  Euclid. 

EX-TRkJIE',  n.  The  utnmst  point  or  verge  of  a 
thing  ;  that  part  which  terminates  a  body  ;  extremity. 

2.  Utmost  point ;  furlliest  degree  ;  as,  the  extremes 
of  heat  and  cold  ;  the  extremes  of  virtue  and  vice. 
Avoid  extremes.    Extremes  naturally  beget  each  other. 


TUero  is  a  natural   prosreseion  from 
the  eiCreme  of  tyranny. 


the  extreme  of  anarchy  to 


3.  In  logic,  the  extremes,  or  extreme  terms  of  a  sjl- 
logism,  are  tlie  predicate  and  svibjcct  of  the  conclu- 
sion. Thus,  "  iMan  is  an  animal  ;  Peter  is  a  man, 
tlicrefore  Peter  is  an  animal;"  the  word  animal  is 
the  greater  extreme,  Peter  the  less  extreme,  and  man 
the  middle  term.  Encyc. 

4.  In  maUiematics,  the  extremes  are  the  first  and 
last  terms  of  a  proportion  ;  as,  when  three  magni- 
tudes are  proportional,  the  rectangle  contained  by  the 
extremes  is  equal  to  the  stpiare  of  the  mean.  Eudid. 

EX-TReME'LESS,  a.  Having  no  extremes  or  extrera 
ities  ;jnrinito. 

EX-TRK^IE'LY,  adv.     In  the  utmost  degree;  to  the 
utmost  point.     It  is  extremely  hot  or  cold;  it  is  ex- 
tremely painful. 
2.  In  familiar  language,  very  much ;  greatly. 

EX-TREM'I-TV,  7i.  "  [U  cxtrcmitas.] 

1.  The  utmost  point  or  side  ;  the  verge  ;  the  point 
or  border  that  terminates  a  tiling  ;  as,  the  extremities 
of  a  coimtry. 

2.  A  term  applied  to  the  utmost  parts.  The  extrem- 
ities of  the  body,  in  painting  and  sculpture,  are  the 
head,  hands,  and  feet ;  but,  in  anatomy,  the  term  is 
applied  to  the  limbs  only.  Brande. 

3.  Tho  utmost  point ;  the  highest  or  furthest  de- 
gree ;    as,  the    extremity   of  pain   or   suffering;    the 


EXU 

extremity  of  cruelty.    Even  charity  and  forbearance 
may  be  carried  to  ezlremity. 

4.  Extreme  or  utmost  distress,  straits,  or  diflicul- 
ties  ;  as,  a  city  besiegid  and  reduced  to  extrcmiiy. 

5.  The  utmoHt  rigor  or  violence.  'i"lie  Greeks  have 
endured  oppression  in  iu  utmost  extremity. 

6.  The  most  aggravated  state. 

The  world  ii  numin;  &Acr  Cmc,  th?  txtremUi/  of  tad  pKtiT- 

Ihyatn, 

EX'TRI-€A-BLE,  a.  [Infra.]  That  can  be  extrica- 
ted. 

EX'l'RI-eATE,  V.  t.  [L.  exfrico.  The  primary  verb 
trico  is  not  in  the  Latin.  We  probably  tw:e  its  affini- 
ties in  the  Greek  Ufii^,  rpixvi,  hair,  or  a  bush  of 
hair,  from  interweaving,  entangling.  I  BUKpcct  that 
rofK  and  three  are  contracted  from  tJiis  root;  three 
for  t/ircg,  folded,  or  a  plexus,  'i'he  name  word  occurs 
in  intricate  and  intrigue ;  Fr.  tricJier,  to  cheat ;  IriroteTf 
to  weave  ;  Eng.  trick ;  It.  treecia,  a  lock  of  hair.  CUum 
Rg,  No.  2.5.] 

1.  Properly,  to  disentangle;  hence,  to  free  from 
difficulties  or  perplexities  ;  to  disembarrass ;  aM,  to  n- 
tricatc  one  from  complicated  buHinc-ts,  from  trouble- 
some alliances,  or  other  connections;  to  extricate 
one's  self  from  debt. 

2.  To  send  out ;  to  cause  to  be  emitted  or  evolved. 
EX'TRI-CA-'l'ED,  pp.    Disentangled  ;  freed  from  dif- 
ficulties and  perplexities;  discmb;irra5scd ;  evolved. 

EX'TRI-CA-TING,  ppr.  Disentangling ;  disembar- 
rassing ;  evolving. 

EX-TRI-Ca'TION.  n.  The  act  of  disenLingling  ;  a 
freeing  from  perplexities  ;  disentanglement. 

2.  The  act  of  sending  out  or  evolving:  a^,  the  ez- 
tricatifin  of  heat  or  moisture  from  a  substance. 

EX-TRIX'Sie,  /         rr         .  -  1 

EX-TRIN'Sie-AL,  \  ""     t^  tntrtjLiuus.] 

External :  outward  ;  not  conUiined  in  or  bi-longing 
to  a  body.  .Mere  matter  can  not  move  without  the 
impulse  of  an  extrinsic  agent.  It  is  opposed  to  r«- 
trinsic. 

EX-TRIN'Pie-AL-LY,  adc.  From  without ;  exter- 
nally. 

EX-TROR'.SAL,  a.     [L.  extrorsum.] 

In  botany,  turned  from  the  axis  to  which  it  .ipper- 
tains,  as  anthers  whose  line  of  dehiscence  is  toward 
the  petals. 

EX-TRUGT',  r.  (.     [L.  extruo,  extructus.} 
To  build  ;  to  construct.     [JVot  in  use.] 

EX-TRUG'TION,  n.     A  building.     [.Vuf  «.v</.] 

EX-TRUCT'IVE,  a.    Forming  into  a  structure.   FulLe. 

EX-TRU€T'OR,  n.  A  builder;  a  labricator ;  a  con- 
triver.    [JVot  used.] 

EX-TRuDE',  v.U  [L.  extrudo ;  ex  and  tnulo,  to  thrust.] 

1.  To  thrust  out ;  to  urge,  force,  or  press  out ;  lo 
expel ;  as,  to  c2  trade  a  fetus. 

2.  To  drive  ;iway  ;  lo  drive  off.  Wbodteard. 
EX-TRtJD'ED,  pp.    Tlirust  out ;  driven  out  or  away ; 

expelled. 
EX-TRuD'ING,  ppr.    Thnisting  out ;  expelling. 
EX-TRO'SIOX,  (eks-tru'zhun,)  w.    The  act  of  thnist- 
ing or  throwing  out ;  a  driving  out ;  expulsion. 
EX-TC'BER-ANCE,    In,      [L.   extuberans,    eziubero ; 
EX-TC'BER-A\-CY,  \     ex  and  tuber,  a  puff.] 

1.  In  medicine,  a  swelling  or  rising  of  the  flesh  ;  a 
protuberant  part.  Encyc. 

9.  A  knob  or  swelling  part  of  a  bod}'.        Moion, 
EX-Tu'BERANT,  a.    Swelled  ;  standing  out. 
EX-Tu'BER-aTE,  v.  i.     [L.  citubcro.] 

To  swell.     [.Vi)(  in  ttse.] 
EX-TU-.MES'CENCE,  n.     [L.  extumescens,  extutaeseo; 
ex  and  tumcsco,  tumco,  to  swell.] 
A  swelling  or  rising.     [Little  xistd.'] 
EX-LynER-ANCE,  (cgz-yu'ber-ans,)     j  «.       fL   eru- 
EX  tI'RER-AN-CY,(<g7.-yu'ber.an-sy,)  \      berans,  exu- 
bero  ;  ex  and  vbcro,  to  fatten  ;  uber,  a  pap  or  breast, 
that  is,  a  swelling  or  m;iss.] 

1.  An  abundance  ;  an  overflowing  quantity  ;  rich- 
ness ;  as,  an  exubcrauee  of  fertility  or  fancy. 

2.  Superfluous  abundance ;  luxuriance. 

3.  Overgrowth ;  supertluous  shoots,  as  of  trees. 
EX-TJ'BER-ANT,    (egz-yu'ber-ant,)    a.      Abundant ; 

plenteous ;   rich ;    as,  exuberant  fertility  ;  exuberant 
goodness. 
9.  Over-abundant ;  superfluous  ;  luxuriant. 
3.  Pouring  fortli  abundance  ;  producing  in  plenty; 
as,  exuberant  spring.  Thomson. 

EX-U'BER-ANT-LY,  adc.     Abundantly;  veo'  copi- 
ously ;  in  great  plenty ;  to  a  superfluous  degree.   The 
earth  lias  produced  exuberantly. 
EX-1;'BER-aTE,  r.  i.     [L.  exu'bcro.] 

To  abound  ;  to  lie  in  great  abundance.      [Rare.] 
EX-Ue'€OUtJ.    See  Exsuccous. 
EX-U-Da'TION,  n.     [L.  cxudo.]    A  sweating  ;  a  dis- 
cbarge of  huinorji  or  moisture  from  animal  lu^dics. 

2.  The  discharge  of  the  juices  of  a  plant,  moist- 
ure from  the  earth,  Sec. 
EX-UUF.',  V.  t,     [Supra.]    To  disch:irgo  the  moisture 
or  juices  of  a  living  bodv  through  the  pores  ;  also,  lo 
discharge  the  liquid  matter  of  a  plant  by  incisions. 

Our  forests  exude  uirpeaiiao  in  ihe  grcMot  abtindince.   DniekL 
[Exu'date  I,*  not  note  used.] 
EX-ITDE',  V.  i.    To  flow  from  a  living  bo<ly  through 
the  pores,  or  by  a  natural  discharge,  as  juice. 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K ;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SII ;  TH  as  in  TIOS. 


FAB 


to  < 


\t  Jukr. 
ririiiS,  ai  Juice. 
lu  truleero;  ei  and  uUerOy 


1.  nn  ulcer  or  ulce«.  F.neifc. 

L'.    1..  «rtt!.(,  l..r..rnMle;  to  frrt  or  aneT.  Mittan. 
KX-UL'L'ER-ATE,  r.  *.    To  beconiu  an  ulcer  or  ulctr- 
,   1-.  Bacon. 

ro,  pp.    Affected  with  ulcer* ;  hav- 
■i-i. 
\  I :,  jr-rr.   PriKlurlng  ulcen  on  ;  Oct- 

Ttie  art  of  cauRine  ulcers 
-.  of  tM'cnmini;  ulcerous;  tlic 
\..  A  111- II  w-ean  avvny  tin.-  iubsinncc, 

ail.l  Ktieyc.      (iuiiicy. 

■  \ftci-rbatiun  ;  corrusmii.     }{\M>ker. 
■  \  '   I,  t.  l.i;  A  iu-KY,  a.  Having  o  tendency  to  lunii 


Uj,  ! 


IT',  'TT  tilt',>  r.  t.     [L.  exuhoi  ri  and  salto,  ta- 

V  ;  hence,  to  rejoice  tn  trl- 

.  iiicly  at  lucccw  or  victory ; 

;  to  Iriuuiph.    It  U  nutiiml 

oHfl  of  lii»  sclioiiie:*,  and  lu 


/ 
urn 

lol> 
to  1-1 

rxu  irv. 

EX-ll.  I    \Mi:.    in.     i.xultnlion.     [^otused.\ 
KX-rLT'.\.\-CY,  i  Hammond. 

KX-I;LT  ANT,  a.     Rejoicing  triumphnntly.      Mart, 
EX-ri/r-A'TloN,  n.    The  act  of  i-xuUinc  ;  lively  joy 
at  »uccf5-s  or  victory,  or  at  any  advnnL-igo  ^ini-d ; 
Itrral  clTint-^^  ;  mptMnt!i'i  drlitflit ;  triumph,     tli^- 
atit".  '     .  riiiticaiinn  of  our  de- 

lifi-  .  "i  i]i«iinrciun  or  6\\- 

per.  :i:  Ts  tli:4tinction.     It 

iiH*  I   III--  i;r:m[ic-.-itw>n  of  pride  or  nra- 

biii  •■iOK  may  bo  a  lively  joy  tipringing 

froMi  .  .-OS. 

EX-Ul/i   i-M.,  jv*.  oro.    Rejoicing  greatly  or  in  tri- 
umph. 
EX-liLT'lN'G-LY,  adv.    In  a  triumphant  manner. 
EX-UN'DATK,  V.  i.    To  overflow.     [.Vut  u^cd.] 
E.X-L'X-DA'TIO.N,  n.     [U  rxunJotio,  from  exundo,  to 
overflow ;   ex  and  uiuUff  to  rLso  in  waves,  unda,  a 
wavr.] 
Ari  fvortldwins  nbnndanco.     [LittJe  used.]    Ray. 
E-\-rN"*:r  f,^TK,r.(.    [U  ex  and  vmrula,] 


T 
E.\  I 

EX  I 


E.X-l 

In 

EX- 1 


rtluoim  |iartd  or  nail^. 

U,  pp.    Deprived  of  naiU  or  su- 

--.     Taring  off,  as  nails,  4:c. 
,    r-a-bl,)  0.    That  may  bo 

<  ivtrbalancc. 
Overcoming. 
'.    To  excel ;  to  surmount-   [06.?.] 
yp.    L'luiqmred  ;  excelled. 
..  jj/.r.     Kxccllinc. 
\,  /I.    Tliu  act  of  excelling. 
,  .;.    [For  EzauKccNT.]     Arising.    [AVl 

\TP.,  r.  f.     [T«  exusetto.]    To  rouse. 
:i,)  "•     [L.  rxusttts.} 
■  Imrnins  up. 
.!!]e  of  being  cast  or  Uiroxvn 


[  U]  Cast  skin*,  shells,  or  cover- 
in"  r;'iv  •nrt''  of  anmiald  which  are 
pli'  r  :;<.'rpLiits  and  cater- 
plll  Encye. 

'J.  ;-  and  other  remains 

whicn  p.iii,  !::i.-i  iiavf  ii  It  in  i;i'.-  strata  of  the  earth. 

RX  Ff^Tfy.  \\a.]    In  rnnsequenrcof  a  vow  ;  applied 

to  V.  *  •                   /  :i  picture  for  a  chnpol,  Uc. ; 

coil:  ;  ,ii(;  countriet!. 

ET,  \]  sifTnifies  an  isle. 

E?'  '  1  r.  riMj,,,  dilly.] 

'^  juitt  taken  from  the  nest,  not  able 

In  1  llanmer.     ShaJ:. 

ET'A:',  ^.  '  iiiR'-J  .    '      '.".*  '        ./.]                Spenser. 


F,,.,  ._...,..  _    ^..     ,.^,.    .      ■  ',.,i,ct,  isalaldal 

y    ■  Ufr,/rr    Irotli 

on  ■  ''t  nn  rinission 

of  It-  11,1.     t  in  ihI.  rv-t  in 

fatArr,q/trr.    IL*  k  rhicfly 

dl-'<tinEPti'ah*»d  fr^t.  -  irrom- 

pan*-  '  ■■  ■•'■   —   -  -    ■    ',■. 

IT.  I 

til. 

bl\    -If    t    JMi'  r.        I  II-'    i.ntins  r''-<- 1^.11  til'    1-1 1"  r  trnm 

the  Efhans  in  Orecce,  who  wmic  it  in  the  form  of  a 
double  gammay  F;  whence  it  baj  been  called  a  rfi- 


Ef  Ai*-Mrs  KKT,  B.  A  young  unfledged  male  hawk, 

of  Ihf  iiiuskrt  kind.  «t  Kfwirniw  hawk.  SSaJn.      I 

E?E,  (I,)  M.     l^''  '     i:..th.  aiiya;  D.  9o^  ;  G.  | 


I.. 


l.i, 


.h 


;n-e  Kr.  ffi/,  Sp.  ojii,  II. 
I  word  muHt  have  been 
MS  with  egff.    The  old 


laion  ;  properly,  Itie  glotte 
'J'he  eye  is  nearly  of 


1.     J  ii.   ..r-  I'l  111  -i-ril  or  M 

or  ball  inov:iliU'  in  the  orbit. 

•plicriral  li^'iiro,  and  coin|WMed  «if  roal*«  or  tunics. 
Mul  In  the  t>rm  eye  v,f  ot\en  or  unually  include  the 
ball  and  the  pnrl.i  adjneenL 

'J.  (Sif-lil ;  view ;  ocular  knowledge  ;  an,  I  have  a 
man  now  In  my  eye.  In  tJii«  itenie,  the  plural  li> 
more  gi-nenilly  used. 

Bcir-  Mtwi^  rytt  Jrtui  ChriA  tutb  ben  erVietOlf  aet  fmth, 
crudfVrO  Kitionf  jou.  — UbJ.  U. 

a.  IjMik  ;  countenance. 

Va  Mr  JOB  gny  b  cmM  Uie  noniiaf  *■  tft.  Shak. 

4.  Front ;  face. 

Iter  •halt  Ton  hear  dbproTcd  to  fovr  «y««.  Shetk. 

:    '"  -ition ;  as,  to  wail  in  the  wlnd*8  eye. 

inl  ;  resiwct ;  view, 

!  •)  Willi  traprct  tlm  uiUon  ihrj  YukTu  (irintnl, 

,ri  1  .    r-.   ,  i"iiLly  tuTo  nil  cy*  to  thdr  own  ailvdntAp-. 

7.  Nollco ;  observation  ;  vigilance  ;  watch. 

Mux  UiU  ]c>jo<ux,  h*  k<*pt  a  ilrlct  <ye  upon  lUm.   L'E»tm»ft. 

8.  View  of  Iha  mind ;  opinion  formed  by  observa- 
tion or  contemplation. 

It  (ulh.  In  iltcir  eye,  no  gmt  alSoUy  vltb  tht  bim  oT  tho  churcfa 
of  Aonw.  Itooktr. 

9.  Sight;  view;  either  in  a  literal  or  fifrvrathe  setue. 
lit.  Something  resembling  the  eye  in  fonn  ;  as,  the 

eye  of  a  p<nicock'ti  feather.  JWtefon. 

!!.  A  umiiU  hole  or  aperture;  a  p<Tfuralion ;  a»,the 
eije  of  a  needle. 

12.  A  small  cateh  for  a  hook  ;  as  wo  say,  hooka 
and  ei/pjr.  I:i  nearly  the  same  sense,  the  word  Is  ap- 
plied \:t  certain  lonps  or  rinps  which  ser\'e  as  fasten- 
ing«  for  the  rigcing  of  ships. 

V.i.  The  bud  of  a  plant ;  a  shoot.  Eneyc. 

14.  A  small  shade  of  color.     [Little  used.] 

Il«I,  with  an  #ye  of  blwff,  naUw*  a  purple.  iJoyt*. 

15.  The  power  of  perception. 

Tb?  tytt  of  fOQr  ondprKtosdiiig  Idng  enllghleMd.  •»  Epfa.  L 

16.  Oversight ;  inspection. 

Tbe  ryv  of  Ih?  mAstrr  will  ilo  more  work  Uuui  both  hb  bantU. 

Fmnklin, 

The  eyes  of  a  ship,  arc  the  parts  which  lie  near  the 
hawse-holes,  particularly  in  the  lower  ajKirimcntf. 

Mar.  DkU 
To  set  the  e^je-s  en,  is  to  see  ;  to  have  a  siglil  of. 
To  find  favor  in  the  eyw,  is  to  be  graciously  received 
and  treated. 
E?E,  n.     A  briwd  ;  as,  an  eye  of  pheasants. 
E?E,  V.  t    To  fix  the  eye  on  ;  to  look  on  ;  to  view  ;  lo 
obsen'c  ;  partirularly,  lu  uli-^cn'C  or  watch  narrowly, 
or  with  fixed  att   ■ 

E^  tiimw.\  ■  uilfiic*.  Popt. 

ETE,  V.  I.    To  appi  nr  ;  to  ii:*.ve  an  appearance.  Shak. 

E?E'-AT-TItA€'I"ING,  a.    Atiraclmc  the  eyes. 

EVE'H.\LL,  n.    The  IkiII,  globe,  or  apple  of  the  eye. 

EVE'-liftA.M,  n.     A  glance  of  the  eye.  S/tak. 

ETE'-nCI.T,  Ti.  In  ships,  a  bar  of  iron,  or  bolt,  with 
an  eye  at  one  end,  forn»ed  to  be  driven  into  the  deck 
nr  Kidcs,  for  the  purjioso  of  hooking  tackle;)  or  fasten- 
ing ropes  to  it.  Totien. 

E?E'BRI(;iiT,  n.  The  popular  name  of  a  species  of 
Kuplirtsi:i.  It  was  formerly  much  used  as  a  remedy 
for  tlisease-5  of  the  eve. 

ETE'-BRIGHT-t'N-lNG,  n.    A  clearing  of  the  sighL 

Mlton. 

ETE'RROW,  n.  The  brow  or  hairy  arch  above  the 
eye. 

E?'£D, (Ide,)/»p.     Viewed;  tbscrvcd;  watched. 


^.  a.     Having  eyes;  UHi>d  in  composition;   ip, 
dull-fyrJ  man  ;  ox-eyrd  Juno. 
EYE'-I>IH  >P,  n.    A  tear.  SAoJL 

KVE'-FI.Ar,  n.     A  blinder  on  a  horde's  bridle. 
r.VE'-GLANUK,  n,    A  glance  of  the  eye;  a  rapid 

look.  Sprr.$rr, 

E?E'-GLASS,  n.     A  glass  to  assist  the  sight ;  *wt\ji^ 

cles.  Shak. 

hirh  see. 
eves. 

's.^rn:>fT. 

EVE'LASII,  II.    The  lino  of  hair  tliatedge^  :- 


E?E' 


in  ttlficope-fj  tbe  same  as  Etei-irce,  wh 
2'-GLUT-TlNG,  n.    A  feasting  of  the  e 


EVE'LESS,  (I'less,)  a.     Wanting  cyes;  . 

sight.  Milton.     .7  .';i>i<ii. 

EVE'LET.  \  n.    {Ft.  trilUi.  u  little  eye,  tnim 

EVE'LET-llfiEE.  i      tri),  eye.] 

.■\  small  lioli-  or  perfornlion,  to  receive  a  laee  or 
small  n>iM>  or  cord.     We  usually  say,  eytUt-hole. 

EYE'M-AIi,  n.     [Vx.  aiHade.] 

A  glance  of  the  eye.  Sh,.' . 

ETK'LII),  (I.  TJie  cover  of  the  eye ;  that  porth  ,. 
movable  sktn  with  wliich  an  nutmal  covers  the  • 
bull,  or  uncovers  It,  nl  pleasure. 

E?E'-OF-l-'EXD'h\G,  (I.     That  hurts  the  eyes.    Sh»k. 

E?E'-IMnt'E,  II.  In  a  telescope,  the  lens,  ur  combi- 
nation of  lenses,  with  whldi  the  image  is  vicwid, 
by  which  it  is  magnified.  £).  Otin.*ted. 

EVE'-PLr:AS-IN(;,  a.    I'liasing  the  eye.      /)arir^. 

EVER,  (I'cr,)  n.    One  who  eyes  anoUur.     (layt-jn. 

EVE'-SALVE,  (I'silv,)  n.    Ointment  for  the  .  v,-. 

/in-Wdfii-M. 

EVE'-SER-VANT,  n.  A  8cr\'ant  who  attends  to  hU 
duty  only  when  watched,  or  under  the  eye  of  Ills 
master  or  employer. 

E?E'-SER-VICK,  M.  Service  performed  only  under 
inspection  or  the  eye  of  an  employer. 

Hu\,  \viUi    tyt-trrvitx,  lu   m<>ii'pl<*Bicre  ;    but  ia  ■inflean*  of 
lK.\rt,  fcArinf  Uod.  — Col,  ill. 

ETE'-SHOT,  M.    Sight;  view  ;  glance  of  the  eye. 

Dryden. 
EVE'SIGIIT,  71.    The  sight  of  the  eye ;  view ;  obser- 
vation.    Ps.  xviii. 

Jtwphiu  Bcu  tlilt  down  IVom  hb  own  tytdghu        HlLHnf. 

2.  The  sense  of  seeing.     His  eyesight  fails. 
EVE'SORE,  n.     Something  offensive  to  the  eyo  or 
sight 

Monlrcal  wu  aa  eyetort  lo  Uaman.  I.'Et:nnft. 

EYE'-SPETCE,  H.  In  seameh't  lanffuaae,  a  enrt  of  ey« 
or  circle  formed  by  splicing  the  end  of  n  rope  into  it- 
self. ToUrn. 

EYE'-SPOT-TED,  a.    Marked  with  spots  like  ej  es. 

Spewer. 

ESE'-STON'E,  TI.  A  small,  calcareous  stone,  ustd  for 
taking  substances  from  between  the  lid  and  ball  of 
the  eye. 

EYE'-STKL\G,  n.  The  tendon  by  which  the  eye  Is 
moved.  .S^-V 

EYE'-TOOTII,  T(.  AtooUi  under  the  eye  ;  a  p.n 
tooth  in  the  upper  jaw  next  to  the  grinders,  r 
also  a  canine  tooth  :  a  fang.  Ruij. 

E?r.'-\VA-TEU,  n.     A  mi'dicaled  water  for  the  eyes. 

EVE'-WlN'K,  71.  A  wink  or  motion  of  the  eyelid  ;  a 
hint  or  token.  Shak* 

EYE'-\VIT-NE3S,  n.  One  who  sees  a  thing  donejj 
one  who  has  ocular  view  of  any  thing. 

We  wcR  eye-iritnettts  of  liU  ma]ntj.  —  S  Pet.  i. 

F.yiNG.TOr.     Viewing;  watching;  observing. 
EV'OT,  (I'nt,)  n.     A  little  islo.  Blackstoiu, 

eVRE,  (ure,)  «.     [Old  Fr.,  from  L.  iter.] 

1.  Literally,  a  jounioy  or  circuit.     In  F.n/^land,  the. 
justices  in  cure  were  itinerant  judges,  who  rodo  the 
circuit  to  hold  courb  in  the  dini-rcnl  countic". 
Q.  A  court  of  itini'rant  justices.  Blackstvnc. 

£Y'RY,  (i're,)  h.  The  place  where  birds  of  prey  con- 
struct theirncsts  and  hatch.  It  is  written  also  Etkic. 
[See  AEni£.] 

The  ^agl")  utd  the  itork 
On  cliflj  nmt  ectlu*  topa  their  <yri««  IaiUiI.  A/i/Ion. 


F. 


framma.    It  rorresponds  in  power  to  the  Greek  ^,  phi, 
and  iij*  pntp'-r  name  is  tf. 
As  a  I^atin  numeral,  it  signifies  40,  and  with  a  dash 

over  the  top,  F,  forty  thousand. 

In  the  eiril  latp,  two  of  these  letters  together,  ff,  slg 
nify  the  pandects. 

In  English  criminal  law^  this  letter  is  branded  on 
felons,  wlion  admitted  to  the  benefit  of  clergy  ;  by 
slaL4  M.  VII.  c.  13. 

In  medienl  prescriptions,  F.  Stands  for  faly  let  it  be 
made  ;  F.  9.  A.  fat  srciuuium  arten. 


F  Kland^  also  for  fdlow;   F.  R.  S.  Fellow  of  the 
Royal  Society. 

F,  fit  fd,  in  mu.Ti'c,  is  the  fourth  note  rising  In  tliis 
order  in  t|ie  gamut,  do,  [or  nt,]  re,mi,fa.  It  denotes, 
also,  one  of  the  Greek  keys  in  music,  destined  for 
the  ba-je, 
F.A-BA'CEOUS,  (fa-bi'shus,)  a.  [Low  L.  fabaeeut, 
from  fai'it,  a  bean.] 

Having  the  nature  of  a  bean  ;  like  3  bean.    [LtttU 
used.] 
Fa'BI-AN,  a.    Delaying  ;  dilatory :  avoiding  battle,  in 
imitation  of   Quintus   Fahius   Maximus,  a  Roman 


FJITE.  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— METE,  PRBY.  — PINE.  MARINE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WpI.F,  BQQK.— 


FAB 

general  who  conducted  inilitar>*  operations  against 
Hannibal,  I'V  declining  to  risk  a  battle  in  the  open 
field,  but  liarassing  the  enemy  by  marches,  counler- 
inarcliLS,  and  ambuscades. 
rA'BLi:,  n.  ih.fabtila:  Fr.  fable;  It.  favola;  Ir. 
fabhal;  Sp.  fabula,  I'rcin  the  Latin,  but  the  native 
j-naiiish  word  is  habla,  speech.  Q.u.  W.  ArAu,  to 
speak  ;  Gr.  £r<j.  The  radical  sense  is  that  which  is 
spoken  or  told.] 

1.  A  feigned  slor>'  or  tale,  intended  to  instruct  or 
amuse  j  a  fictitious  narration  intended  to  enforce 
some  useful  truth  or  precept. 

Jothom's  fable  of  Hk  lre«s  is  ihe  oldest  exlant,  and  as  bertuliful 
us  any  m^tie  siuc?.  Addison. 

9.  Fiction  ;  in  a  general  sense ;   as,  the  stor>'  is  all 
':•.  An  idle  story;  vicious  or  vulgar  fictions. 

il  jt  refuse  pn>&ne  and  old  wives'/oWe*. —  1  Tim.  iv. 

4.  The  plot,  or  connected  series  of  events,  in  an 
epic  or  dramatic  poem. 

The  nioni  is  ih:;  finl  busitirss  of  the  poet;  this  being  formed,  he 
coninves  such  a  desi^i  or  faOe  as  may  be  moai  siiiuLIe  lo 

Dryden. 

Addison. 


the  moral. 

5.  Falsehood ;  a  softer  terra  for  a  lie. 
i'.v'BLE,  r.  t.    To  feign  ;  to  write  fiction. 

Vain  now  Uie  tales  wUichfabUr.g  pceta  lell, 

2.  To  tell  falsehoods  ;  as,  he/aftfes  not. 


Prior. 

Shak. 


Fa'BLE,  v.  t.  To  feign  j  to  invent ;  to  devise  and 
^peak  of,  as  true  or  reai. 

The  hell  thou  falUst.  MUton. 

ri'BLED, pp.    Feigned;  invented,  as  stories, 
2.  o.    Told  or  celebrated  in  fables. 

Uail,/aWcd  grotto.  Ticket. 

Fa'BLER,  n.  A  writer  of  fables  or  fictions  ;  a  dealer 
in  f-'innt'd  stories.  Jokiison. 

F.^'ULING,  Ti.    The  act  of  mafcin*:  fables.        Story. 

i'A'BLI.N'G^ppr.  or  a.  Feigning  ;  devising,  as  stories  ; 
writing  or  uttering  false  stories 

i'Ali'RIG,  n.  [h-fabrica,  a  frame,  from  faher,  a  work- 
man ;  Ff.  fabrique.'\ 

1.  The  structure  of  any  thing;  the  manner  in 
which  the  parts  of  a  thing  are  united  by  art  and  la- 
bor ;  workmanship  ;  texture.  This  is  cloth  of  a  beau- 
tiful fabrk. 

2.  'I'he  frame  or  structure  of  a  building ;  construc- 
tion. More  gencrally^i\x&  building  itself;  an  edifice  ; 
a  hoifse  ;  a  temple  ;  a  church,  a  bridge,  &:c.  The 
word  is  usually  applied  to  a  large  building. 

3.  Any  system  composed  of  connected  parts  ;  as, 
the  fabric  of  the  universe. 

4.  Cioth  manufactured. 

Silks  and  oUier  fiiie  fabrics  of  the  East.  Serm/. 

FAB'Rie,  V.  t.    To  frame;  to  build;  to  construct. 

[LiUfe  u-ied^  Philips. 

fAB'UI€-aTE,  p.  t.     [L./a&nco,  to  frame,  from/a&cr, 

supra.] 

1.  To  frame  ;  to  build  ;  to  construct ;  to  form  a 
whole  by  connecting  its  parts;  as,  to  fabricate  a 
bridge  or  a  ship. 

2.  To  form  by  art  and  labor;  to  manufacture;  as, 
to  fabricate  woolens. 

3.  To  invent  and  form  ;  to  forge  ;  to  devise  false- 
ly ;  a.s,  to  fiibricate  a  lie  or  stor>". 

Our  books  were  not  fabricaud  wiib  an  aecotninodatioD  to  pre- 
milin^  utagcs.  Paley. 

4.  To  coin  ;  as,  lo faJfricaie  money.      [Unusual.'] 

Henrtj^  Hist. 

FAB'RI€^A-TED,  pp.  Framed;  constructed  ;  built; 
manufactured;  invented;  devised  falsely  ;  forged. 

FAirU[€>-A-TlNG,/)pr.  Framing;  constructing;  man- 
ufarlnrins:;  devii;ing  falsely ;  forging. 

FAB-llie-A'TION,  H.  Tile  act  of  framing  or  con- 
structing ;  construction ;  as,  the  fabrication  of  a 
bridge  or  of  a  church. 

2.  The  act  of  manufacturing. 

3.  The  act  of  devising  fjilsely ;  forger}*. 

4.  That  which  is  fabricated;  a  falsehood.  The 
story  is  doubtless  a  fabricatioiu 

FAB'ilie-A-TOR,  n.    One  that  constructs  or  makes. 

FAB'RILE,  Cfab'ril,)  a.     TL.  fabrilis.] 
Pertaining  to  handcraits.     {jYotuscd.] 

F.VB'l-LJSTjH.  [Uom  fable.]  The  inventor  or  wri- 
ter of  fable?.  Garrick. 

I'AB'I^-LIZE,  V.  t.  To  invent,  compose,  or  relate  fa- 
bles. Faber. 

rXWV-UZ-EJ),  pp.    Related  in  fable, 

t'AB'U-LiZ-ING,  ppr.  Composing  or  relating  in  fable. 

I'AB-i;.LOS'r-TV,  H.    Fabulousness;  fulhicss  of  fa- 

^  bles.     [fMUe  used.]  Abbot. 

FABMJ-LOUS,  a.  reigned,  as  a  story  ;  devised  ;  fic- 
titioiLs;  as,  a /iifty/oiu  storj' ;  a.  fabulous  description. 

2.  R'jiatcd  in  fable  ;  described  or  celebrated  m  fa- 
bles ;  invented  ;  not  real ;  as,  a  fabulous  hero ;  the 
fabulous  exploits  of  Hercules, 

3.  Ths  fabulous  age  of  Greece  and  Rome,  was  the 
early  age  of  iho?;j  countries,  the  accounts  of  which 
are  m(>ii\y  fabulous,  or  in  which  the^&H/tfitiachievi-- 
menis  of  their  heroes  were  performed  ;  called,  also, 
the  heroic  age. 

rAB'U-LOU.S-LY,  ado.  In  fable  or  fiction  ;  in  a  fabu- 
lous manner.  Broioii, 


FAC 

FAB'IT-LOUS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  fabu- 
lous or  feigned. 

FAB'UR-DEN,  n.  [Fr.  faux  bourdon.]  In  mi«te,8im- 
ple  counterpoint. 

FA-CADE',  (fa-side',)  71.  [Fr.]  Front;  front  view 
or  olevation  of  an  edifice.  fVarton. 

FACE,  71.  [Fr.  face;  It.  faccia;  Sp.  faz  or  !iaz ;  Arm. 
farz  ;  L.facies,  from  facio,  to  make.] 

1.  In  a  irencral  sense,  the  surface  of  a  thing,  or  the 
side  which  presents  itself  to  the  ■view  of  a  spectator; 
as,  the  face  of  the  earth  ;  the  face  of  the  waters. 

2.  A  surface  of  a  thing;  a  tcnu  applied  to  the 
bounding  planes  or  plane  surfaces  of  a  solid.  Thus,a 
cube  or  die  has  six  faces;  an  octahedron  has  eight 
faces. 

3.  The  surface  of  the  fore  part  of  an  animaPs  head, 
particularly  of  the  human  Iiead  ;  the  visage. 

In  ihe  sweat  of  thy  face  shalt  thou  eat  bread.  —  Geu.i:i, 
Joseph  bowed  himself  willi  his  face  to  the  earth.  — Gen.  xlviiL 

4.  Countenance;  cast  of  features;  look;  air  of  the 
face. 

We  set  (he  host  face  on  it  we  couIJ.  Drydcn. 

5.  The  front  of  a  thing ;  the  fore  part ;  the  flat  sur- 
face that  presents  itself  first  to  view ;  as,  the  face  of 
a  house.    Ezck:  xl'u 

6.  Visible  state  ;  appearance. 

This  would  produce  a  acw  face  of  things  In  Europe.    AdiUson. 

7.  Appearance ;  look. 

NVr  hc.tvcn,  nor  sea,  Uicir  former /ace  retained.  Walter. 

His  dialo^c  has  Dwface  of  j^robobi^ity.  iiaker. 

8.  State  of  confrontation.  The  witnesses  were 
presented  face  to  face. 

9.  Confidence  ;  boldness ;  impudence  ;  a  bold  front. 

He  haa  the/<i«  to  char^  otlien  with  false  dtalionj.    TUlotton. 

10.  Presence  ;  sight;  as  in  the  phrases,  before  the 
face,  in  t/ie  face,  to  t/ic  facCyfrom  th&  face. 

11.  The  person. 

1  had  not  thought  to  sec  \hyface. — Gen.  xlviii. 

12.  In  Scripture,  face  is  used  for  anger  or  favor. 

Hide  us  from  the  face  of  lum  that  sitteUi  on  the  throne.  —  Rer.  vi. 
Make  Uty  face  to  shine  on  thy  servant.  — Pa.  ixxi. 
How  lou^  wilt  thou  tiide  thy  face  from  me  ?  —  Ps.  xiiL 

Hence,  to  seek  Vie  face,  that  is,  to  pray  to,  to  seek 
the  favor  of. 

To  set  the  face  against^  is  to  oppose. 

To  accept  one's  face,  is  to  show  him  favor  or  grant 
Lis  request.  So,  to  entreat  the  face,  is  to  ask  favor  ; 
but  these  phrases  are  nearly  obsolete. 

13.  A  distorted  form  of  the  face  ;  as  in  the  phrase, 
to  make  faces,  or  to  make  \vr}'  faces. 

Face  to  face ;  when  both  p;irtit;s  are  present;  as,  to 
have  accusers  face  to  face.    Acts  xxr. 

2.  Nakedly;  without  tlie  interposition  of  any  other 
body. 

S(j\v  we  see  through  a  glass,  darkly  ;  but  then  face  to  face.  — 
1  Cor.  xiii. 

FACE,  V.  t.    To  meet  in  front ;  to  oppose  with  firm- 
ness ;  to  resist,  or  to  meet  for  the  purpose  of  stopping 
or  opposing  ;  as,  to /arc  an  enemy  in  the  field  of  battle. 
I'll /ace 
This  lempeat,  and  deserve  the  name  of  king,  Drydcn. 

2.  To  stand  opposite  to  ;  to  stand  with  the  face  or 
front  toward.  The  colleges  in  New  Haven  face  the 
public  square. 

3.  To  cover  with  additional  superficies ;  to  cover 
in  front;  as,  a  fortification /dceJ  with  marble;  to 
face  a  garment  with  silk. 

To  face  down ;  to  oppose  boldly,  or   impudently. 
FaCE,  v.  i.    To  carry  a  false  appearance  ;  to  play  tlie 
hypocrite. 

To  lie,  to  face,  to  forge.  Habberd's  Tale. 

9.  To  turn  the  face  :  as,  to  face  to  the  right  or  left. 
FaCE'-CLOTH,  71.     Iface  and  cloOi.]    A  cloth  laid 

over  the  face  of  a  corpse.  Brande. 

FaC'/-^I),  (fTisie,)  pp.    Covered  in  front. 

2.  a.     In  composition,  denoting  tlie  kind  of  face ; 

as,  futt-faccd.  Bailey. 

FaCE'-GUaRD,7i.    a  kind  of  mask  to  defend  the 

face  and  eyes  frotn  accidents,  as  in  various  chemical 

and  mechanical  processes.  Hebert. 

FaCE'LESS,  a.    VVitJiout  a  face. 
FaCE'-PaINT-ER,   n.    A  painter  of  portraits;    one 

who  draws  the  likeness  of  the  face. 
FACE'-PAIA^r-ING,  n.    The  act  or  art  of  painting 

portraits.  iSruderu 

FACET,  71.     [Fx.faeette,  from  face  ;  Sp. /oerta.] 

Alitlle  face  ;  a  smaJl  surface  ;  as,  the  facets  of  a 
FA-CICTE',  a.     [Ufacetus.]  [diamond. 

Gav  ;  cheerful.     fjVut  in  use.]  Burton. 

FACET-ED,  a.    Having  facets;  formed  into  facets. 
FA-CkTE'LY,  cdc.    Sportively;  with  good  humor. 

[JVot^  used.]  Burton. 

FA-CeTE'.VESS,  n.    Wit;    pleasant  representation. 

[JVaf  used.]  Hales. 

F-i-C^'T-/-^,  (fa-se'she-i:,)7i.p/.   [L.]   Witty  or  hu- 

momus  writings  or  sayings  ;  witticisms. 
F.V-Cii'TIOUS,   (fa-sG'shus,)  a.     [Fr.  facetieux  ;  Sp. 

facecioso  ;  II.  faceto;  L.  facetus  ;  or  facetia,  pi.    du. 


.Vr. 


>  to  be  merry,] 


FA.C 

1.  Merry;  sportive;  jocular;  eprigbtly  with  wil 
and  good  humor;  a3,  a faettiouji cotniianion. 

2.  Witty  ;  full  of  p'eaaanlry  ;  playful  ;  exciting 
laughter  ;  an  jifacttunu  story  ;  ufacctimu  reply. 

FA-Ck'TIOUS-LY,  ado.      Merrily  ;  gayly  ;  wiuily  ; 

witli^  pleasantry. 
FA-Ck'TIOUS-NE83,  n.    Sportive  humor  ;  pleasant- 
ry ;  the  quality  of  exciting  laughter  or  good  humor. 
Fa'CIAL,  (fi'shal,;  a.     [L.  fades,  face.J 

Pertainmg  to  the  face;  as,  the /ono/ sitery,  vein, 

or  nerve. 
Facial  ar.nle,  in  anatomy,  is  the  an^f"  '■ont.'^'fj  •■!  \  y 

aline  drawn  hunzontally  from  the  I; 

ternal  entrance  of  the  ear  to  the  ed. 

and  another  from  this  latter  point  \-  ■ 

ridge  of  the  frontal  bone,  scr^'ing  to  m-a^?!JrL  tiiu 

elevation  of  the  forehead.  Ed,  Eacyc 

Fa'CIAIj-LY,  ailv.    In  a  facia!  manner. 
F.^'CIENT,  (-shunt,)  ti.    A  doer;  one  who  does  any 

thing,  good  or  bad. 
FACILE,  (fas'U,J  a.     [Fr.  fadU;  Sp.facil;  h.faeUis, 

from  facio,  to  make.] 

1.  Properly,  easy  to  be  done  or  performed  ;  caJty ; 
not  dilhcull;  pcrformable  or  attainable  with  Itlilc 
labor. 

Order  —  will  render  Ihe  va^fatilg  suul  deli^t&iL     Bwd^gn. 

%  Easy  to  bo  surmounted  or  removed  ;  easily  con- 
querable. 

The/odtegntet  of  beQ  too  ili^y  barred.  Milton. 

3.  Easy  of  accessi  or  converse ;  mild  ;  cotirtcoas ; 
not  haughty,  austere,  or  distanL 

I  mean  she  should  tc  couneoui,  facile,  vmeU  S.  Jonaotk. 

4.  Pliant;  ne.xible;  easily  persuaded  to  good  or 
bad ;  yielding  ;  ductile  to  a  faulL 

EIn«e  Adam,  and  Xxafadle  conjort  Ere, 

Lost  Pa.MdiK,  de«eirwl  by  roc.  AfSML 

FACILE-LY,  ado.    Easily.    [lAlUe  used.]    Herbert 

FACILE-XESS,  n.    Easiness  to  be  persuaded. 

FA-CIL'1-TaTE,  r.  (.  [Fr.  facility,  from  facUiU,  I*. 
facditas,  from  fucilis,  easy.] 

To  make  easy  or  less  difficult;  to  free  from  diffi- 
culty or  impediment,  or  to  diminish  it ;  to  lc;^=en  the 
labor  of.  Machinery  facilitates  manual  labor  and  op- 
erations. Pioneers  may  facUitate  the  march  of  an 
armv. 

FA-CiL'I-T.^-TED,  pp.    Made  cas>-  or  easier. 

FA-CIL'I-Ta-TING,  ppr.    Rendering  easv  or  easier. 

FA-CIL-I-Ta'TION,  71.    The  act  of  making  ea5\ . 

FA-CIL'I-TIES,  71.  pi.  The  means  by  which  the 
performance  of  any  thing  is  rendered  eagj  ;  conve- 
nient opportunities  or  ad\*anLiges. 

FA-CIL'I-TY,  71.  [Fr.  facUiic  ;  L.facHitas,  from  faeilis, 
easy.] 

\.  Easiness  to  be  performed;  freedom  from  ditfi- 
culty ;  ease.  He  performed  tho  work  or  operation 
with  great /iriWy. 

Thoii^  ftcility  and  hope  of  sucoem  might  tarlte  eos?  ciber 
choice.  Bacon. 

2.  Ease  of  performance  ;  readiness  proceedingfrom 
skill  or  use  ;  dexterity.  Practice  gives  a  wonderful 
facility  m  executing  works  of  art. 

3.  Pliancy;  ductility;  ea-siness  to  be  persuaded; 
readiness  of  compliance,  usually  in  a  bad  sense,  im- 
plying a  dlsposiiiou  to  yield  to  solicitations  to  evil. 

It  is  a  <rifat  error  to  take  fadiity  for  good  nature  :  tmdenrxt, 
wi^ouL  dUcretion,  b  no  tntlcr  than  a  loorc  pardonable  iAlj. 
I/EtU'SJige. 

4.  F«nsiness  of  access  ;  complaisance  ;  condescen- 
sion ;  atTability. 

He  ofiers  himsrlf  to  tl«  viwta  of  a  fri-cntl  v\^  facility.      SruA. 

Pa'CING,  ppr.    [from  face.]    Fronting;  havmg  the 
face  toward  ;  opposite. 
9.  Covering  the  fore  part. 
3,  Turning  the  face. 
Fa'CI.NG,  n.    A  covering  in  front  for  ornament  or  de- 
fense ;  as,  tlie  facing  of  a  fortification  or  of  a  gar- 
ment. 
Fa'CIXG-LY,  ado.    In  a  fronting  position. 
FA-CIN'0-ROUS,  a.     [U  fceinns.] 

Atrociously  wicked.     [Little  used.]  Shai. 

FA-CI.VO-ROUS-NESS,  n.      Extreme   or   atrocious 

wickedness. 
FA(^-Sr:\I'I-LE,  ju     [L.  facio,  lo  make,  and  stmOis, 
like.    See  Simile.] 

An  exact  copy  or  likeness,  as  of  handwriting. 
PACT,  71.     [h.fi2einm,  from  facio,  to  make  or  do  ;  Fr. 
fait;  iLfatto:  Sp.  Afc';y.] 

1.  Any  thing  done,  or  that  comes  to  pass ;  an  act ; 
a  deed  ;'an  eifect  produced  or  achieved  ;  an  event. 
Witnesses  are  introduced  into  court  tn  prove  a /act. 
Facts  are  stubborn  things.  To  deny  a  faa  know- 
inglv  is  to  lie. 
2.' Reality  ;  truth  ;  as,  in  fact.  So  we  say,  indeed. 
P.AC'TION,  H.  [Fr.,  from  L..riirtio,  from  facio,  to  make 
or  do.] 

I.  A  partv,  in  political  society,  combined  or  acung 
in  union,  in  opiwsition  to  the  prince,  government, 
or  state  ;  us;:ai:v  applied  to  a  minority,  but  it  mav  be 
applied  to  a  majoritv.  Sonn  times  a  state  :s  divided 
into/actto.-u*  nearlv  equal.  Rome  was  almost  a:wa>-s 
disturbed  by  factions.    Republics  are  proverbial  lor 


TCNE,  BULL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  Vi"CIOUS €  as  K ;  C  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


FAC 


FAF 


/a<ao»j,  anJ  faetunu  lu  monarehiw  have  oft«n  elTeciea 

t.-vul.:tiL.n«. 

Amu. 
..    wlMher 


2.  TuinuU  ;  di*c*iril ;  dbwrnnlon.  Vtaremtuit. 

'X  In  atfip^i'  kifturi/,  an  appellation  eivun  to  tlir 
.T  cuuiiaiilt-d  uf  conibalanU  In  ttio 
<  1 4,  iiraude, 

1  ,  H.    A  party  njon;  one  of  n  factiur. 

/...".■  ^-.-'.  S**"*- 

PAC'TI0\-ER,  n.    Ono  of  ft  (hcllon.    [A«l  in  luf.J 

FACTION-IST,  n.    Ono  who  promoter  fnriion. 

FACTIOUS,  (fak'ihiw,)  a.    [Vt.factirux  ;  Ufactiosus.'\ 

I.  ilwru  to  fuctiun  ;  mlilicti'd  it»  form  jcirtifs  anil 

rail**    tU-M-n-ilon!*,    in    opiHwititm    to    c"Vorniiunl  ; 

lurtMil -III  :  ppMi--  iM  rlum.ir  ni-niiist  public  nicasuru.t 

^yf  \  ■ :    ciii/.i-nn. 

>l:  from  fncttun  ; 
(l^.  Dryden, 

FAt  iiiM  >  1,1,  .:.T.  ill  ,1  I  II  ii'i<i3  nmnnor  ;  by 
rat-anM  of  faction  ;  in  a  turbulent  or  dijwnloily 
maniior.  , 

FAe'TlOL*S-NESS,  n.  Inclination  to  form  iHirlie^  m 
uplHMltivin  to  tho  govirnimnt,  or  to  thy  public  in- 
U'rest;  dwinwilion  to  clamor  and  niUo  opposition; 
clamorniiJtneiii  for  a  party. 

FAG-TI^TIOUS,  (fak-tish'us,)  a.     [L.  faetitiusj  from 

facir:} 

Y        ■        '.  hi  dlsllnctinn  from  whnt  18  produced 

|,v  nial ;  a^y  fuctitioiu  cinnabar;  fncti- 

(/,  '^tiviu  air 

FAt- 1  1    I  '•  "  >  I.V,  adv.    In  an  artifirial  manner. 
FAC'TIVK,  u.     Making ;    liaving    power    to    mnku. 

[Aift  uMtJ.]  Bacon. 

FAe'TOR,n.     [L./iuti>r;  Vf./acteur;  It./attore;  from 

L.  faeio.  ] 

1.  In  eammnxf,  an  agent  emitloyed  by  intTcImnts, 
rMtdiuE  in  ollur  place*,  to  buy  and  sell,  and  to  ne- 
gotiate bilU  of  exclianye,  or  to  transact  other  buj-i- 
ucsn  on  their  accuunl. 

2.  An  asenl ;  a  Kub^titutc. 
ynaor,  in  Soifioiu/,  b  synonymous  with  steward 

in  Kn^and.  Brande. 

3    !  ■;<■  and  al^ehra^  a  term  applied  to  llie 

II,  ,itiltiplir:Ltid,  from  the  multiplication 

ot    <^  '  'tH  itir  product. 

KAt'  I  '  ►!;   \t;i;,  ri.    The  allowance  piven  to  a  factor 

by  hi:*  employer,  as  a  coniivn-^ation  for  his  services  ; 

mil"!  iNo  a  cummiiswn.    TIlis  xa  sometimes  a  certain 

lie  by  tile  cask  or  package;  more  cenerally 

Main  rale  jK-r  rent,  of  the  value  of  the  goodii 

1  or  sold. 

l\f  It.  itl-AI*.  a.    rcrtaining  to  a  factory  ;  consist 

inc  in  a  farif)ry.  Buchanan. 

FAC'rOIl-tfHIi*,  B.    A  factory,  or  the  business  of  a 

factor.  Shencood. 

FAC'TO-RV,  n.    A  house  or  place  where  factors  rc- 

sidp,  T.i  rnn':%ft  business  for  their  employers.    The 

I  iFiLs  have  factories  in  the  Kasl  Indies, 

_■  i!,  Ilitniburg,  &.C. 

<t'  factors  in  any  place  ;  as,  a  chaplain 

I..  ,1  l'.fiti-li/:'-'./ri/.  Outhrif. 

n.  Coiilmcled  (roni  maimfaetary,  a  building,  or  col- 

lecii.ifi  u(  Luitdincs,  appropriated  to  the  manufacture 

of  itikhN  ;  the  place  where  workuicn  arc  employed 

In  fabricating  guo<ls.  wares,  or  utensils, 

FAC-TO'Tt*M,  n.     [L.,  do  ever>-  ihiny.]    A  person 

rmt>b>>'ed  to  do  all  kinds  of  work.  B,  Jonson. 

FAC'TURE,  n.    [Fr.]    The  art  or  manner  of  making. 

Baeott, 
FA€'UI,TY,  n.     [Fr.  faeulU;  h.facultas,  from  facioj 
to  make] 

1 ,  Th-ii  T>^wrr  of  tho  mind  or  Intellect  which  cna- 
;ve,  revive,  or  modify  perceptions  ;  as, 
-"X-ine,  of  liearine,  tif  imainninp,  of 
.'*c. ;  or,  in  iraieral,  the  faculties  may 
I.,  r.ii!  .1  in-  powum  or  capacities  of  the  min<l.    Fac- 
itify  is  properly  a  power  belonging  to  a  living  or  ani- 
mal Vi*)y. 

'  '  ine  any  thing;  ability.    There 
m  creatures,  which  can  rightly 
.  without  the  perpetual  aid  of 
l!i.  .-ii;  r.  Ill  ■  11-  lu-j.  Hooker. 

3.  The  |Mnvrr  of  perfoiming  any  action,  natural, 
vital,  or  aniiml. 

TV  . 

4.  Y:v 

rived   it     . 

hibituat  -kill  ■  c  iil.iln;.  , 
knack.  One  man  has  a  n  .i 
a  «lor>' ;  another,  of  invcn' 
duct ;  a  third,  of  reasoning  , 

b.  Personal  ipiality  ;  diitposition  or  Imbit,  g«Hvl  or  ill. 

(1.  Power;  authonl>.  [x^/iA. 

lUth  borne  hii/-  ^> - 

[  fiardltf  UgittMncle.  \ 


7.  .Mrcliinical  ikiwit  ;  as,  Ihu/dcu/iy  of  tho  wedge. 

fwVwl  UJfd,  HorlfgiUmate.\  WiUnna. 

k  Nulunil  virtue  ;  elficacy  ;  as,  the  /aeuUif  of  *im- 
plci.  Miitvn. 

l.Vitt  tif'J,  nor  U^itimaU.] 

0.  Prlvdege  ;  a  right  or  |»ower  granted  to  a  penwn 
by  favor  or  ludidgt-nce,  to  do  what  by  law  he  may 
not  do  1  as,  lUc  faculty  of  nmro'Mig  vviihuut  tin-  bans 
being  lirst  published,  or  of  ordaining  a  deacon  under 
age.  'I'he  archbbihop  of  L'uiiirrbury  has  a  court  of 
/acultiej,  fur  gniiitiiig  burh  privileges  or  di^jieiiHations. 

F.ncyc 

10.  Tho  Individuals  constituting  a  scientilic  pro- 
fession, or  a  bninch  of  one,  taken  collectively ;  par- 
tiru/oriy,  tliu  medical  profession.  SmnrU 

11.  In  eoUei*ej^tUo  in.'Lslers  and  professors  of  tho 
several  sciences.  JuAiuoiu 

(Jne  of  the  members  or  deimrtinents  of  a  univer- 
sity. In  most  universilieH,  tliire  aie  (omt  faculties  ; 
of  arts,  including  huinaniiy  and  philosophy  ;  of  the- 
ology ;  of  medicine  ;  and  of  law.  Kncije. 

In  Jimerica^  i\w  faculttj  of  a  college  or  univendty 
cunf*if<ts  of  the  president,  pmfessors,  and  tutors. 

TUt'  faculty  tffaJrocatej,  in   Scotland,  is  a  n'spccta- 
ble  body  of  lawyers,  who  plead  in  oil  causes  before 
the    courts    of  session,  jusiician-,  and  excheipier. 
Their  president  is  styled  dean  of  the  faculty.  Encye. 
FACUNU,  ti.    ^L./acuHrfu.s  supposed  to  be  from  the 
root  of /ur,/uri,  to  siM.*ak  ] 
Klotpieiit. 
FA-eU.\l>'I-OIJS,  a.     Eloquent ;  full  of  words. 
l'A-eUM»'I  TV,  ».     [L  facundita.t.] 
r.l(«iuenco;  readuiess  of  speech. 
F.VU'DLK,  r.  i.    To  Uiflo;  to  toy;  to  play.    [Ji  low 

ipord.] 
FADE.  a.    fFr.l    Weak  ; -slight ;  faliil.     [JVotintue.] 

Berkeley. 
FADE,  c.  L    [Fr./oJo,  insipid,  tasteless.    Qu.  L.  roJo, 

or  Ar.  tSiu  nafetda,  to  vanish,  .Syr.  to  fail,  to  err. 

See  Class  Ud,  No.  48,  39,  44.] 

1.  Tolose  c<ilor;  to  tend  from  a  stronger  or  brighter 
color  to  a  more  faint  shade  of  the  same  color,  or  to 
lose  a  color  entirely.  A  preen  leaf /m/f.*,  and  bi'comes 
less  green  or  yellow ;  those  colors  are  deemed  the 
best  which  are  leiLst  apt  \ofade. 

2.  To  wither,  as  a  plant ;  to  decay. 

Yc  lUU  be  a*  an  Oik ,  » liuw  leaf /ii//f  (A.  —  \».  I. 

to  vanish. 


3.  To  lose  strcnetli  gradually  ; 

Wbcn  tltc  iiiemonr  Is  wcali,  Idcaa  In  Uie  inUxI  quiclil/  fivia. 

Lode. 


"Tuliar  skill  de- 

1-  '1   by   nature  ; 

i<lroiln><i4  ; 

of  tilling 

I  .r  mif*con- 

r"  pparliing. 


4.  To  lose  luster  ;  to  grow  dim. 

Tlw  lUn  ilrtll  /iv/*  away.  A'!'Uton. 

5.  To  decay  ;  to  i>crish  gradually. 

Wo  all  Jo/rtJ«  *M  a  Wf.  — 1i.  btl*". 

An  liiiKTilftutt-  Uiai  /ad*th  noi  away.  —  1  PcL  I. 

C.  To  decay  ;  to  decline  ;  lo  become  poor  and  inis- 

emblc. 

Tlie  rich  Win  iJwll  ftuU  awAy  In  ttU  vrayi.  —  Jamci  I. 

7.  To  lose  strength,  health,  or  vigor;  to  decline; 
to  grow  weaker  South. 

8.  'I'o  disappear  gradually  ;  to  vanish. 
FaDE.  r.  (.    To  cause  to  wither;  lo  wear  away  ;  to 

deprive  of  freshness  or  vigor. 

No  uiiilPf  MiiW  hi*  UurcU/o'/f .  DryUn. 

TUit  b  a  nwii,  old,  wjiakioa,  faded,  wlUwrwl.  iVio*. 

FAD'ED,  pp.  or  a.    Become  less  vivid,  as  color ;  with- 
ered ;  decayed  ;  vanished. 
FaDE'LESS,  a.     Unfading.  Coleridse. 

FADCE,  (faj,)  r.  i.  [Sax.  f^sen.^  S^estn,  to  unite,  to 
fit  togcllur  ;  G.  fi^ffca ;  D.  voegen  ;  Sw.  /of a  ;  Dan. 
fuftc,  a  stain  or  joint ;  W.  fag,  a  meeting  in  a  point. 
Itcoincides  with  L.  pan^o^  pegi^  prpitri^Gr.  :n]}f*t 
-,i)vv(.>,L.Ji!ro.  Sec  pa -^,  Class  Bg,  No.  33.  See, 
also,  No.  34,  35.  Of  this  word  fay  is  a  contraclioii.1 
I.  To  suit ;  lo  fit ;  to  come  close,  as  the  parts  of 
tilings  united.  Hence,  to  have  one  part  consistent 
with  another.  Hhak. 

:i.  To  agree  ;  to  live  in  amity.     fLiu/icr»iw.] 

Hadibras 
3.  To  succeed  ;  to  liiL  U Estrange. 

[This  vcord  is  now  vul'^ar^  and  improper  in  elegant 
vrttinff.] 
FAD'ING,  ppr.    [Sec  Fade.]     Losing  color;  becom- 
ing loss  vivid  ;  decaying;  declining;  withering. 

■J.  a.  Stiliject  to  decay  ;  liable  to  lose  freshness  and 
vigor;  liable  to  perish;  not  durable;  transient;  as, 
nfadins  llower. 
FAD'ING,n.    Decay  ;  loss  of  color,  freshness,  or  vigor. 

Shtnooou. 
In  a  fading  manner. 
Decay;  liablcness  to  decay. 

Mountaffu. 
FAD'V,  a.    Wearing  away ;  losing  color  or  strength. 

Shenstone. 
TJ?:C\\^,a.    Sec  Fecal. 
F.^VCP.B,  n.  pL     fL.l     Excrement;  also,  sctllings  ; 

Villi)  nl  aAer  Iniusion  or  distillation.  Quiney. 

i       .  l:  V,  a.  or  n.     Fairv,  which  see. 
I    \1    1  KL,  c.  i.    To  stammer.    [Xotinuit.]    Barret. 


FAD'IXG-LY,  arfr. 
FAD'ING-NESS,  n. 


FAI 

FAG,  c.  U   To  beat ;  to  compel  to  drudge.    [  CoHoifutal  ] 

Smart, 

F.\G,  n.    A  laborious  drudge  ;  a  drudge  for  aiiuther. 
In  the  English  sthaob,  this  term  is  applied  to  a  boy    , 
who  does  iiK-nial  services  for  anoihrr  boy  of  a  lilj;lior 
form  or  class.     [CoUoijuuil.]        Grose.     Ejt'jeteorih, 

FAG,  V.  I.     [Scot,/uiA.     Uu.  Ileb.  Ch.  Syr.  JiD,  to  fail, 
to  languish.     See  Class  Itg,  No.  44,  liO,  70.] 

To  drudge  ;  to  labor  to  weariiiesM  ;  to  becomo  ' 
weary.  Hieh.  IJiu. 

Tlw  lulUiu  ttfgu  to  fag.  MttcktHxit.       \ 

[CvUoquial.] 
FA'!,  fi.     A  knot  or  coarse  [>art  in  cloth.     [A'ot  in  usi.] 
FAti'-E.\D',  n.     [fag  and  end.     See  Fao,  r.  i.  supra.] 
1.  The  end  ot  a  web  of  cloth,  generally  of  coarser 
materials.  Johiuon. 

i>.  The  refuse  or  meaner  part  of  any  thing.  CoUier, 
3.  .A,muiig  utamen,  the  unlwisted  end  of  a  rojw ; 
hence,  to  Im  fagged,  or  fagged  yu(,  is  to  Ucome  un- 
twist4-d  and  liMise.  Totlen. 

We  observe  that  the  use  of  this  word  ninong  sea- 
men leads  to  the  true  sense  of  the  verb,  as  well  an 
the  noun.     Tho  senso  Is,  to  open  by  recidmg,  or  to 
vield  an<l  become  lax,  and  hence  weak. 
FAg'GING,  n.     Laborious  drudgery  ;  the  acting  as  t 

druilge  fur  another  at  an  English  kcIkhiI. 
FAU'Or,  fi.     [W'.fagodi  Gr.  v'ii«^>'(»  conn    r  1 
with  W.  fag,  that  which  unites  or  ineeU ;  ./ 
a  galliLTiiig  round  a  i»olnl ;    Scot,  faik,  to  i  .)ii.  i 
grasp; /<iAf,  in  ^fumrji'a  lanftuage,  a  cuil ;    allnd  lu 
Sax.  frgnn,  grfegan,  to  unite.     fSee  FAixii:.)     Tbo 
sense  is,  a  bundle  or  colliclion,  like  paeJc.) 

1.  A  bundle  of  bUcks,  iwigs,  or  small  hranrlies  of 
trees,  used  fur  fuel,  or  fur  raising  butteries,  lllling 
ditches,  and  other  punwses  in  fomhcation.  The 
French  use  /a*coif,  from  tho  L.  faneijt,  a  bumlb- ;  a 
term  now  adouled  in  Englinh. 

2.  A  bundle  of  pieces  of  iron  for  re-mannfacture. 

3.  A  person  hired  lo  appear  at  musters  in  a  com- 
pany not  full,  and  hide  the  deficieiiry.  />ifyc, 

FA(i'bT,  r.  (,  'I'o  lie  together;  to  bind  in  a  bundle; 
lo  eollrcl  promisciiouslv.  Dnj-!'  n. 

FAG'OT-ED,  pp.    Bound  together;  tied  in  biiii<i: 

F.ACuT-liN'G,  }fpr.    Binding  together. 

FXII'LEU'/,  n.  Gray  copper,  or  gray  copp.  i  <  r. , 
called  by  Jameson  u'trafiedral  copper  p'jriteA.  It  •  ■  fi 
tains  copjH?r,  anlimony,  arnenic,  and  Hulphiir.  Hi- 
mineral  is  easily  broken,  and  its  fracture  usiiaiiy  un- 
even, but  sometimes  a  litile  conchoidal.  It  is  Inund 
auiorphous  and  in  regular  cr\»Uils. 

FAII'LU-N-ITE,  M,     (frum  Fahlun,  in  Sweden.] 

.\  mineral  occurring  in  opaque,  brownisli-greon, 
six-sided  prisms,  traniivtrticly  foliaUil.  It  has  mariy 
the  compoBition  of  iotile,  except  the  addition  of  13 
per  cent,  of  water,  and  is  supis>sed  to  proceeil  frojpi 
tho  altwalion  of  iolile.  The  chhraphyllitr  is  a  simlur 
niinend,  containing  about  4  per  cent,  of  waliT. 

DaiuL 

FAI'EjYCE',  (ni-yilns',)  n,     [from  Faatza,  the  origin! 
jilace   of  manulaclure.]     In  the  Jine  arl.-!f  iinitalir 
IHircelain  ;  a  kind  of  fine  poller>',  enibell' 
IKiinled  designs.  Brande. 

FAIL,  r.  I.  [Fr./ui7/ir;  W.faelu,  or  paUti  aihl  'i' 
Scot,  failye  ;  U.faliire;  ^p.falir,  foliar  ;  Port,  r 
Xu.fallo;  Ir.  feallam ;  Gr.  ori>c(-',  (iJi-^ow,  ui 
(T^uAAoj;  D.feHeH,ftiaUn;0.fe}dcn;  Sw./r/-.  - 
J>jlcr;  Arm.  fallaat,  fellct,  whence /cWohi,  u: 
neas,  "Ens.  felony.  Il  seems  lo  bo  allied  to  ;  . 
ha,  pale,  and  many  other  words.  Sec  Class  l;i 
C,  7,  8,  13,  18,21,28.1 

1.  To  become  dehcienl;  to  bo  insuflicient ;  to 
cease  lo  be  abundant  for  supply;  or  lo  be  (i.iirily 
wanting'  We  -ay,  in  a  dry  season,  the  sprin:  hkI 
streams /(ji/,  or  are /(ii/iMj-,  before  they  arc  Miir-iy 
exhausted.  Wc  sav,  also,  the  springs /«i7f(/,  w  lun 
ihcy  entirely  ceasetf  to  flow.  Cmps  fail  whully  or 
partially. 

2.  To  decay;  lo  decline  ;  to  sink  ;  to  be  ilmiiii- 
ished.  We  say  of  a  sick  person,  his  strength /oi/^ 
daily. 

3.  To  decline ;  to  decay ;  to  sink  ;  to  become 
weaker;  as,  tho  patient /(it/*  ever>'  hour. 

4.  To  be  extinct ;    to  cease  ;   t4.  bo  entirely  wi 
ing ;  to  be  no  longer  produced. 

Hdp,  I-onl,  for  Ilio  pMy  man  crM^lh  ;  fi-r  ihc  CuUtfiil^ 
anwiip  Hir  chtMirn  uf  men.—  Pi.  *0. 

5.  To  be  entirely  exhausted  ;    to  be  wanting  i 
cease  from  supply. 

Money  Jhiled  in  Ui-r  Una  of  Kjypt.  —  Gen .  xlrii. 

6.  To  cease  ;  lo  perish  ;  lo  bo  lost. 

l^Mt  Uw  remembrance  of  hi*  gi^fiitoaldfaU.  Addimm. 

7.  To  die. 

Thry  ■hull  ftJI/ai7  logetbcr.  —  II.  %xt\. 

8.  To  decay ;  to  decline  ;  as,  the  sight  faih  in  old 
age. 

9.  To  become  deficient  or  wanting ;  ns,  Uie  noari 
or  llic  courage  fail.^. 

10.  Toniiss;  not  to  produce  the  clTecl.  Ine  ex- 
periment was  made  »  ith  care,  but  ftdtd,  or  faded  Ui 
produce  the  eir.ct,  or  failed  ot  the  elfert. 

Jl.  To  be  deficient  in  duty;  to  omit  or  ncglco. 
The  debtor  failed  lo  fulfill  his  promise,  


lihrd  \^  ilh 
Kncfir.  .tin. 


,  So. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WUyF.— METK,  PBBV PINE,  MAIltXE,  BIRD. -NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK — 


•i:ia 


FAI 

12.  To  miss;  to  miscarry ;  to  bi'  frustrulcd  or  dis- 
appointed. Tlie  cnotny  JittJickril  tlie  fort,  but  faded 
ill  his  design,  or  ftiiUd  ot'  success. 

13.  'i'o  be  ncjilcilrd  ;  lo  fall  sbnrt ;  not  to  bo  exe- 
cuted. 'I'iii?  pvtmii-<t;d  of  a  man  i*\'  probity  seldom 
fail.  TIte  :5iiul  cir  Ilic  spirit /at/j-,  when  a  person  ia 
discouraged.  Tlie  eyes  fail,  wlieu  the  desires  and 
expectatiuns  arc  long  delayed,  and  tiie  person  is  dis- 
appointed. 

14.  To  boconie  insolvent  or  banUru[>t.  When  mer- 
chants and  irath-r^  /nV,  they  are  said  to  become  bank- 
rupt. Wiien  other  men/uj/,  they  are  said  to  become 
insolvent. 

FaIL,  v.  t.  To  desert ;  to  disappoint ;  to  cease  or  to 
neglect  or  omit  to  allbrd  aid,  supply,  or  strength.  It 
is  naid,  fortune  never /ui/jj  the  brave.  Our  friends 
sometimes /a/i  us,  when  we  most  need  tlicni.  The 
aged  attempt  to  walk,  when  tlieir  limbs  fail  them. 
In  bold  enterprises,  courage  should  never /(i(7  ilie 
hero. 

2.  To  omit ;  not  to  perform. 

The  inventive  Gail,  who  \kvct  fails  Iiis  part.  Dryden. 

3.  To  be  wanting  to. 

Til  re  afiall  never  fu.il  tlioe  a  in:in  On  the  ihroii';,  —  I  ICinga  il. 

[In  the  transitive  use  of  tliis  verb,  there  is  really 
an  ellipsis  of /Vo/n  or  to,  or  other  word.    In  strictness, 
tlie  verb  is  not  transitive,  and  the  passive  participle 
is,  I  believe,  never  used.] 
FAIL,  7(.    Omission  ;  non-performance. 

He  will  witliout/ai^  drive  out  Trum  before  you  the  Ciiiianuitca.  — 
Josh.  iii. 

2.  Miscarriage;  f:it|  ^  -  ;  dcficicncei  wantj  death. 
[Ill  this  sense  Utile  u^l.I.  I 

Fa[L'AXCE,h.    Fault  j'failurc.    [06..-.] 

FaIL'£D,  prct.  and  p/i.  of  Fail.  Uecoine  deficient; 
ceased. 

FaIL'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Becoming  deficient  or  insulli- 
cieiit ;  becoming  weaker;  decajing ;  declining ; 
omitting;  not  execnlingor  performing  ;  miscarrying; 
neglecting;  wanting;  becoming  bankrupt  or  insol- 
vent. 

FaIL'ING,  n.  The  act  of  failing  ;  deficiency;  imper- 
fection ;  lapse  ;  fault.  FaUinir^^  in  a  moral  sense,  are 
minor  faults,  proceeding  rather  from  weakness  of  in- 
tellect, or  from  carelessness,  than  from  bad  motives. 
But  the  word  is  often  abusively  ajiplied  to  vices  of 
the  grosser  kind. 

2.  The  act  of  failing  or  becoming  insolvent. 
FaIL'ING-LY,  ado.     By  failing. 

FaIL'I^JKE,  (fa-d'yur,) /(.  A  failing;  deficience  ;  ces- 
sation of  supply,  or  total  defect ;  as,  the  failure  of 
springs  or  streams  ;  fhilure  of  rain  ;  failure  of  crops. 
•2.  Omission  ;  non-performance  ;  as,  the  failure  of 
a  promise ;  a  man's  failure  in  the  execution  of  a 
trust. 

3.  Decay,  or  defect  from  decay  ;  as,  the  failure  of 
memory  or  of  sight. 

4.  A  breaking,  or  becoming  insolvent.  At  the  close 
of  a  war,  the  prices  of  commodities  fall,  and  innu- 
merable failures  succeed. 

5.  A  failing  ;  a  slight  fault.     [Little  used.] 

FAIN,  a.  [Sax.  faireii,  fic^an,  glad  ;  fa^nian^  Gotli. 
fasinon,  to  rejoice;  Sw.  fd^cn.  Class  Bg,  No.  3, 
43,  77.1 

Glad;  pleased;  rejoiced.  But  the  appropriate  sense 
of  the  word  is  glad,  or  pleased  to  do  sonielhing  under 
some  kind  of  nt-cessity  ;  that  is,  glad  to  evade  evil  or 
secure  good.  Thus,  says  Locke,  "The  learned  Cas- 
talio  was  fain  to  make  trenches  at  Basil,  to  keep  him- 
self from  starving."  This  appropriation  of  the  word, 
which  is  modern,  led  Dr.  Jolinson  into  a  mistake  in 
defining  the  word.  The  projier  signification  is  glad, 
joyful. 

FAIN,  adv.    Gladly  ;  with  joy  or  pleasure. 

He  would /«in  flee  out  ofliis  h.irul.  — J.>b  xxvii. 

He  would/itiH  have  filled  his  belly  wiili  husks.  —  Luke  xv. 

FAIN,  r.  i.    To  wish  or  desire.     [JV'u(  used."] 
FAIN'ING,  ;>/)r.  or  a.    Wishing;  desiring  fondly. 

In  his  /dining  eye.  Spenanr. 

FAINT,  a.  [Ir.  faine,  a  weakening;  fann,  weak; 
fanntats,  weakness,  inclination  to  fainl ;  anbhfai'tc, 
fainting;  Fr. /(«HfHH(,  idle,  slnggisli.  This  word  is 
perhaps  allied  to  Fr.  fancr,  to  facie,  wither,  decay,  to 
make  liay, /oin,  L.  firiium;  and  to  vain,  L.  vajtiis, 

whence  to  raiii->/i,  Ar.      x3  /«'i',  to  vanish,  to  fail, 

Eng.  to  7rane,  Sax.fyuig,  musty.     Class  Bn,  No.  05.] 

1.  Weak  ;  languid  ;  inclined  to  swoon ;  as,  to  be 
rendered  faint  by  excessive  evacuations. 

2.  Weak  ;  feeble  ;  languid  ;  exhausted  ;  as,  faint 
with  fatigue,  hunger,  or  thirst. 

3.  Weak,  as  color ;  not  bright  or  vivid ;  not 
strong ;  as,  a  faint  color  ;  a  faint  red  or  blue  ;  a  faint 
light. 

4.  Feeble;  weak,  as  sound;  not  luud;  as,  n  faint 
sound  ;  a  faint  voice. 

5.  ImpL-rfect ;' feeiile  ;  not  striking,  as,  a /aine  re- 
semblance or  image. 

0.  Cowardly;  timorotn.  A /aint  heart  never  wins 
a  fair  lady. 


FAI 

7.  Feeble;  not  vigorous;  not  active  ;  as,  a  faint 
resistance  ;  a  faint  exertion. 

8.  Dejected  ;  dejiresscd  ;  dispirited. 

My  lii>iirt  i»/tiiiil.  —  Ij  -n,  1. 
FAINT,  V.  i.     'I'o   lose   the  animav    jnctions ;   to  lose 
strength  and  color,  and  become  senseless  and  mo- 
tionless;  to  swoon  ;  sometimes  with  away.  Uc  faint- 
ed for  loss  of  blood. 

On  Iicariiij  Uic  liorior  litteiided  hfr,  ahc  fainted  aieau. 

Ouardian, 

2.  To  become  feeble;  to  decline  or  faU  in  strength 
and  vigor ;  to  be  weak. 

If  I  send  them  awiiy  fiislin?  lo  their  owo  houses,  tlicy  will  ftti.it 
by  Oio  wiiy,  —  Mark  viii. 

3.  To  sink  into  dejection  ;  to  lose  courage  or  spirit. 

Let  not  your  hcartii  fant',  —  Deul.  xx. 

If  lliou  faint  ill  ihu  d;'y  of  adveruty,  thy  etrciij'lh  U  sinall.  — 
Frov,  xxiv. 

4.  To  decay;  to  disapjiear ;  to  vanish. 

Uilded  clouds,  while  we  g-a^e  on  lhom,/ui;i(  beltJie  the  ey. 

Pope. 
FAINT,  V.  f.    To  deject;  todepre.ss;  to  weaken.  [Un- 

iisual.]  Shah. 

FAINT-FIEART'KD,    a.      Cowardly;    timorous;    de- 
jected ;  easily  depressed,  or  yii-lding  to  fear. 
Fear  not,  iieillicr  he  fainlJiearlcil.  —  Is.  vii. 

FAINT-IIEART'ED-LY,  adi\  In  a  cowardly  man- 
ner. 

FAINT-IIEAUT'EO-NESS,  n.  Cowardice ;  timo- 
rousness  ;  want  of  courage. 

FaINT'ING,  ppy.  or  a.  Falling  into  a  swoon  ;  fail- 
ing; losing  strength  or  courage  ;  becoming  feeble  or 
timid. 

FAINT'ING,  n.  A  temporary  loss  of  strength,  color, 
and  respiration  ;  syncope  ;  deliquium  ;  leipolhymy  ; 
a  swoon.  mscman^ 

FAINT'ISH,  a.     Slightly  faint. 

FAINT'ISII-NESS,  /(.    A  slight  degree  of  fainlness. 

^ibutknut. 

FAINT'LING,  a.  Timorous;  feeble-minded.  [Jv'ot 
used.]  ArbuUinot. 

FAINT'LY,  ndi\  In  a  feeble,  languid  manner  ;  with- 
out vigor  or  activity  ;  as,  to  attack  or  defend  fainthj. 

2.  With  a  feeble  rtame  ;  as,  a  torch  burns  faintly. 

3.  With  a  feeble  light;  as,  the  candle  burns /uiH(/y. 

4.  With  little  force  ;  as,  to  breathe  faintly. 

5.  Without  force  of  representation  ;  imperfectly  ; 
as,  to  describe  faintly  what  we  have  seen. 

(i.  In  a  low  tone  ;  with  a  feeble  voice ;  as,  to  speak 
faintly. 
7.  Without  spirit  or  courage  ;  timorously. 

He  faintly  now  dediiiea  the  fatal  strife.  De)}ham. 

FAINT'NESS,  w.  The  state  of  being  faint ;  loss  of 
strength,  color,  and  resn!<::l:L'>i. 

2.  Feebleness  ;  languor  ;  want  of  strcnglii. 

Houker 

3.  Inacti\ity  ;  want  of  vigor.  Spenser. 

4.  Feebleness,  as  of  color  or  light. 

5.  Feebleness  of  representation  j  as,  faintncss  of 
description. 

6.  Feebleness  of  mind;  timorousness;  dejection; 
irresolution. 

I  will  send  a  fhintncss  into  their  IiearLs.  —  Lev.  xxvi. 

FAINTS,  n.  pi.  'I'he  gross  fetid  oil  remaining  after 
distdlation,  or  a  weak  spirituous  liquor  that  runs 
from  the  still  i[i  rectifying  the  low  wines  after  the 
proof  spirit  is  drawn  ofl";  also,  the  last  runnings  of 
all  spirits  distilled  by  the  alembic. 

Euciic.     Edicards,  W.  Ind. 

FAINT'Y,  a.     Weak;  feeble  ;' languid.  Dryden. 

FAIR,  a.  [S-AX.  fjegcr ;  Hw.figer;  V>:\\\.  fava:  If 
the  sense  is  primarily  to  open,  to  clear,  to  separate, 
this  word  may  belong  to  the  root  of  Sw.  fdja,  Dan. 
fejvr,  D.  vecgen,  G.  fcgcn,  to  swee[),  scour,  lurbjsh.] 

1.  Clear  ;  free  from  spots  ;  free  from  a  dark  hue  ; 
wliite;  as,  a. /hir  skin;  a /air  complexion.      Ilence, 

2.  Beautiful;  handsome  ;  jjraj^cW;/,  having  a  hand- 
some face. 

Thou  art  a/tuV  wuuiaii  lo  loolt  upon.  —  Gen,  xij. 
Hence, 

3.  Pleasing  to  the  eye  ;  liandsome  or  beautiful  in 
general. 

!i  Uie  lenjfth  of  his  hnuiches. 

4.  Clear ;  pure  ;  free  from  feculence  or  extraneous 
matter  ;  as,  fair  water. 

5.  Clear;  not  cloudy  or  overcast ;  as,/u/r  weather  ; 
a  fair  sky. 

6.  Favorable  ;  prosperous  ;  blowing  in  a  direction 
toward  the  place  of  destination  ;  as,  a /air  wind  at 
sea. 

7.  Open  ;  direct,  as  a  way  or  passage.  You  are  in 
a /(lir  way  to  promotion.  Hence,  likely  to  succeed. 
He  stands  as  fair  to  succeed  as  any  man. 

8.  Open  lo  attack  or  access  ;  unobstructed  ;  as,  a 
fair  mark  ;  a  fair  butt ;  /at>  in  sight ;  in  fair  sight ; 
a  fair  view. 

9.  Open;  frank;  honest;  hence,  equal;  just; 
equitable.  Uly  frientl  is  i\  fair  man  ;  his  ofler  is/oiV; 
his  propositions  are  fair  and  honorable. 


FAI 


If).  Not  eflccted  by  Insidious  or  unlawful  methods  : 
not  foul.  ' 

Ho  died  a  fair  and  natural  deatli.  Templs. 

11.  Frank;  candid;  not  gophistical  or  inaidioiu : 
as,  a  fair  dispulanL 

12.  IIoncGt;  honorable;  nii;d ;  opposed  to  Intddl- 
ous  and  compulsory  j  as,  to  accomplish  a  thing  by 
fair  means. 

13.  Frank  ;  civil ;  plcoidng;  not  harsh- 

Wlicn  fair  words  mu]  good  eounirl  wUl  not  prrvaU  on  <u,  we 
niu.l  be  fnjfhtcd  tulo  our  duty.  L'£§trang€. 

14.  Equitable  ;  just  j  merited. 

His  docm  Is  fair, 
That  durt  I  am,  und  slull  t/>  tJmt  Rtuni.  Miltan. 

15.  Liberal;  not  narrow;  as,  a/oirlivclihood.  Qirnc. 

16.  Plain;  legible;  a.<i,  iho  letter  is  written  In  a 
fair  hand. 

17.  Free  from  stain  or  IdLtniHh  ;  unspotted:  un- 
tarnished ;  as,  a  fair  character  or  fame. 

18.  In  mercantile  use,  middling ;  medium;  as.  a 
fair  demand  ;  of  a  fair  quality. 

FAIR,  adv.    Openly;  frankly;  civilly;  complaisanlly. 

One  of  the  company  spoke  hiin/aiV-  L'Sttrange. 

2.  Candidly  ;  honestly  ;   equitably.    He  promised 

3.  Happily  ;  successfully.  [fair 

Now/uir  bctili  Uicc,  Skak. 

4.  On  good  terms;  as,  tokcep/aiV  with  tlic  world  ; 
to  stand  fair  with  one's  companion.s. 

To  bid  fair,  is  to  be  likely,  or  to  Iiave  a  fair  pro»- 
Fair  and  stfuarc  ;  just  dealing  ;  tmnesty.  fpcct. 

FAIR,  71.     Elbpticalhj,  a  fair  woman  ;  a  handsome  fe- 
Thefair;  the  f«tma!e  sex.  [male. 

2.  Vairncs^ -fappUid  to  tilings  or  persons.  [A'ottnuse.] 

FAIR,  w.  [FT.foire;  W.fatr:  Aim.  foar,fvcr,  feur, 
or  for  :  } A.  forum,  or  fcrttc.  The  It.  fin-a^  and  Sp. 
feria,  a  fair,  are  the  L./crwc,  a  holiday,  a  day  exempt 
from  labor ;  G.feicr,  whence  feiern,  lo  rest  from  la- 
bor. If/a(Vis  from  forum,  it  may  coincide  in  ori- 
gin with  Gr.  napevio,  iinrofitvotiai,  to  trade,  whence 
eiiTTfjpioi',  emporium,  the  primary  sense  of  which  is 
to  pass.  In  Nortnan  French  wc  find  fair  and  fcire. 
It  fair  is  from  /en>,  it  is  so  called  from  being  held 
in  places  where  the  wakes  or  feasts  at  the  dedication 
of  churches  were  held,  or  from  Ihc  feasts  them- 
selves.  It  is  a  fact  that  Sundays  were  formerly  mar- 
ket days.] 

A  stated  market  in  a  particular  town  or  city ;  a 
stated  meeting  of  buyers  and  sellers  for  trade.  A 
fair  is  animal  or  more  frequent.  The  privilege  of 
holding  fairs  is  granted  by  the  king  or  supreme 
power.  Among  the  most  celebrated  fairs  in  Europe 
are  those  of  Franefort  and  Leipsic  in  Germany ;  of 
Novi  in  the  Milanese ;  of  Riga  and  Archangel  in 
Russia ;  of  Lyons  and  St.  Germain  in  France.  In 
Great  Britain  many  towns  enjoy  this  privilege. 

Kiiajc 
In  the  United  States,  there  are  no  fairs  similar  to 
those  in  England  ;  at  least  I  know  of  none.  The 
ladies  sometimes  hold  fairs  for  the  sale  of  their  work 
for  charitable  purposes.  These  are  called,  in  Eng- 
land, Fancv-Faius. 

FAIR'-HaIR-;i;|>,  a.     Having  fair  hair. 

FAIR'-HAND,  a.     Having  a  fair  appt^arance.    Shak. 

FAIR'IIOOD,  ».     Fairness;  beauty.  For. 

FAIR'IKg',  h.     A  present  given  at  a  fair.  Oatj. 

F.AlR'LY,  adv.  Beautifully;  handsomely.  iLiltle 
used.] 

2.  Commodiously  ;  conveniently;  ns,atown/uiWy 
situated  for  foreign  trade. 

3.  Frankly  ;  luuiestly  ;  justly;  equitably;  without 
disguise,  fraud,  or  prevarication.  The  question  was 
fairly  stated  and  argued.  Let  us  deal  fairly  with  all 
men. 

4.  Openly;  ingenuously,  plainly.  Let  us  deal 
fairly  u  itli  nursi-lvcs,  or  our  own  hearts. 

5.  Candidly. 

1  interpret /air/y  your  design.  Vryden. 

6.  \Yithoul  perversion  or  violence  ;  as,  an  infer- 
ence may  be  fairly  deduced  from  the  premises. 

7.  Without  blots;  in  plain  letters;  plainly;  legi- 
bly ;  as,  an  instrument  or  record  fairly  written. 

8.  Completely  ;  without  deficience.  His  antag- 
onist fought  till  he  was  fairly  defeated. 

9.  Portly;  gently.  Milton. 
FAIR'XKS.'^,   n.     Clearness;  freedom  from  spots  or 

blemishes;    whiteness;  as,  the  fairness  of  skin  or 
complexi(ui. 

2.  Clearness  ;  purity  ;  as,  the  fairness  of  water. 

3.  Fieedom  from  stain  or  blemish  ;  as,  the  fjtmess 
of  character  or  re|)Utation. 

4.  Beauty  ;  elegance  ;  as,  the  fairness  of  form. 

5.  Frankness;  candor;  hence,  honesty;  ingenu- 
ousness ;  as,  fairness  in  trade. 

0.  Openness;  candor;  freedom  from  disguise,  in- 
sidiousness,  or  prevarication  ;  as,  the  fairness  of  aji 
argument. 

7.  Equality  of  terms ;  equity;  as,  tlio  ^ir««j  of 
a  contract. 

8.  Distinctness;  freedom  from  blots  or  obscurity  ; 
as,  the/air?i«5  of  handwriting;  ihc  fairness  of  a 
C0P3-. 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE, -AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.-e  as  K ;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


VAl 


U&nd'  « 


iig  fair.  i/nuKff. 

I'iing  fiir  ipeecb ; 


riictunt, 
of  thu 
nrr  Utl- 

.t 


I     trii;t]lll      ('    TMl,    l!   Ml.T      I-. 

ij  |.lay  a  vafttiy  of  firaiik^ 


li 

c! 


1. 
F.I! 


>  Imaginary  brine  lUpfKiAri]  to 

•  IT-  ntifit    in  Xlif  drtrt*  nrtd 


>\iirTf  riii^  or  fw/f  ;  B  pll' 


r.ncuc. 
^::iary  land  or  abucTu  uf 

I  I  ri<  <. 

KAIK' V-LIKE,  0.    IinllaUng  lUo  manner  of  fuiricji. 

Shck. 
FAIIrV-STOXE,  R.    A  rtone  found  In  cravtl  pita. 

Thr  f-^^i*.  rrlitni!'*,  nbumlunl  in  chalk  plL-*.   Cyc. 

FAli  Arm.  /ii:;  L.  /J^.-,-  It. /wf<,- 

I  . ;  Ur.  jrtr'«;  I-/(.'i^,to  irutfi ; 

(.;j  .  lo  dnw  luwaril  any  Utinc,  tu 

c,,  i<t   U'licve,   tu  uhty.     In  Uic 

i;t  :i  ric,  it  is  buid.  ilie  prioiitivc 

*  .    ill  is  tu  bind  and  dniw  or  lead, 

e  rii[>o  or  cable,  as  iloa  rttcfut. 

.4  a  Iitilc  Incorn-cl.    Tbe  stn^c  of 

.  liirb  tluil  of  ro;*-.  nnd  t-indinR  w  lU- 

:,  In  draw.ni.  '    ■  '      *  or  maki- 

.  ildf  u  tlmt  .  1  i-ft.    au. 

ri-    riar       <    !  ' 

■       '■'  ---hof 

.I'V 

ul 

:    -;,iii  s    }■*  tin    triiui.     I 

.  in  tlie  testimony  of  a 

n  narraie^^. 

!  in<   niiii>]  to  tliu  truth  of  a  pro]Hv 

by  anothtr;  belief,  on  probable  t-vi- 

:.d. 

tlic  ajwi-nt  of  the  mind  or  undcr- 
:.iitJi  uf  whiil  GikJ  Iixs  rcvcab-d.  Sim- 
Scniilun-s,  <■!'  the  I.  ins  nihl  i-rfcr- 
!i.l  o1  tlif  tv    ■  ■    "       -d 

■>t,  fonndi'd  ilic 

:^  rnlWI  hi'i 

:.  i.i  ';.   ;  ■     '   ■  I  t.i.-  i-x- 

Istcin  (  ..  'I'  (Vsar. 

1.  /:. ..  .  IS  tlio  :l< 

■rill  ul  tlif   iiiiri>i   I.'   uir   ifMi;i   .■!   ii!\.ii.    icVflalii'M, 

on  tlic  authority  of  Gtxl'd  testimony,  uccom|iamt-<t 

uith  a  cordial  a.>uk^-nt  of  the  will  or  aiiprubalmri  of 

the  ht-nrt ;  an  iiitirt?  confidence  or  truest  in  Gud'ti 

charnrtcr  and    dcclnrattonH,   and    in   the   rharucler 

hthI  il.--ifiiit-((  iif  Chri-^t,  with   an    unre^rrved   sur- 

:"  itif  will  tit  lii«  1,'uidancL-,  and  dciit-ndeiicc 

.  Dt*  fi>r  iialvaiiun.      In  other  wurd--*,  that 

r  of  tWnl'*  tfi>tununy  and  of  the  trulli  of 

I  'nh  intlumccs  tlio  will,  and  Lads  tu 

II  <c  on  Chriiil  for  solvatiuu. 

rt:'V_  Itnm.T. 

•  -Ileb.  xL 
'■:  Cor.  T. 
■    •*■  —  |{om.  X. 

■     L-     Jr.l.l,    Vhl^h    U 


t  of  belief;  a  doctrine  or  iyatrtn  of 
■  r  (I  :  a  f  v»ff*in  of  re%-caled  tnitha  ro< 

«Im  fpnroitn]  ■«  in  tlfDM  foMf  nox 

<;oJ,  or  hbi  tnilli  and  falthful- 

-   tfw  rtsstH  <i  G^  wWwut  effrctf  — 

lib. 

■a  01  btlicf .,  r  ii.c  hiufiilnonof  Uilngw 

IlaT*  h  to  ll.r^lf  (rfarr  God.  —  Itox.  klv. 


FAK 

9.  Faithfblnru  i  fidslity  ;  a  suict  adticroocc  (o  du- 
ty and  fulAltuicnt  of  proniiici. 

llrr  tMilmx,  wide  hn/aitX  u  me  mnuM, 

I  vuuM  etMkCml.  AftJiOM. 

ChJUmiluwt»oaibDo/ilA.  — Drul.  xxxU. 

10.  Word  or  honor  ptedced;  pmmi»o  given  ;  fidel- 
ity.    He  viulati-d  liit  pliehted  fcitk. 


PryiUn. 

■■y  ;    failhfiilneM, 
....u'bU  our  cngage- 


7.  An  open  I 


1  fafukv  tny  /alA  w 

11.   Sincerity  ;    h- 
We  ought,  in  good  j— 
inrnbL 

li  Credibility  or  truth.     [Umutma!.] 

Tt^  /aUK  i/  itie  f-'frfoln;  namtlvr.  MUfirrd. 

FAITlf,  rzelam.    A  colloquial  exprrcslon,  meaning  on 

my  faith  ;  tu  truth  ;  verily. 
FAl  rir-IIRKACII,  n.     Uretch  of  fidelity  ;  dlsloynlty  ; 

|i.rlidv.  **at. 

rAlTil'>;i),  (fitht.)  0.     Honest;  ilnccre.   [MjI  utr*!.] 

Sftak. 
KArnrFJ,'L,  a.     Firm  in  adherence  to  the  truth  and 
to  the  duties  of  religion. 

Be  thou  /oilA/o;  u>  dtxili,  uwl  1  «>EU  c^re  thr«  a  crcvn  cf  U5:. 
~R«f.  L. 

2.  Firmly  adhering  to  duty  ;  of  tm.  fidclitj' ;  loy- 
al ;  true  to  nllepiance  ;  as.  -i  it. 

y.  ConstJini  m  iho  jKirr  'im  or  «r- 

vicea;  exact  in  attending  i-  .  il*,  a  /dit^- 

ful  servant. 

4.  ObsiTX'anl  of  compact,  treaties,  cuntracUt,  vows, 
or  other  enticements  ;  inie  to  one'a  word.  A  rov- 
ernnient  i«tiould  hc/uitfiful  to  il:^  treaties  ;  mdividuaU, 
to  tluir  word. 

5.  'J'nio  ;  exact;  in  ccmfonnily  to  the  letter  and 
spirit ;  nil,  a  faithful  execution  of  a  will. 

6.  True  to  the  marriage  covenant;  a*),  n  faiil^ul 
wife  or  hustiatid. 

7.  Confonnablu  to  truth ;  as,  a  faithful  narrative  or 
representation. 

8.  Constant ;  not  fickle ;  as,  a  faiiXful  luvcr  or 
friend. 

9.  Tnte  ;  worthy  of  belief.    2  Tim.  ii. 
FAITIITtJL-LY,  adv.     In  a  faithful  manner;  with 

good  faith. 

3.  With  strict  adherence  to  allcgtaiico  and  duty  ; 

applied  to  fubjrcts. 

3.  With  firicl  oh'4cr\'ancc  of  prouiises,  vows,  cov- 
ciiantt,  or  dulieit;  withmit  failure  of  |K:rl'oriuance ; 
hone-"*lIy  ;  exacti}'.  'i'iie  treaty  or  contract  wad/oi/A- 
fitUij  executed. 

4.'  t^incerely  ;  With  strong  assurances,  ilt  faithfalhj 
promiwd. 

b.  Honestly  :  tnily  ;  ivitlmut  defect,  fraud,  Irick,  or 
amiiiRuity.  'J  he  baltle  was  faithfully  described  or 
represented. 

Tlt^  tuppow  (he  Tutuir  of  Uilngi  to  be  faithful}^/  ii.p\\f»A  ly 
U^-ir  u.uiick  South, 

C.  Confidently  ;  rteadlly.  Shak. 

FJ.rrn'FULr-MiSS,  n.  Fidelity  ;  loyally  ;  firm  adhe- 
rence to  allegiance  and  duty;  as,  lUe  faithfulness  of  a 
sulijtxt. 

2.  Tnith  ;  veracity;  as,  the /lirA/ii.'dr.-v  of  Cod. 

3.  Strict  adherence  lo  iiijuiirtion-*,  and  to  the  du- 
tieij  of  a  station ;  o^,  tJie  faithfalne-ss  of  t^ervaiild  or 
ministers. 

4.  Strict  performance  of  promise;',  vows,  or  cove- 
nanisi ;  constancy  in  ofi'cclion  j  as,  the  faii^uiness  of 
n  husband  or  wife. 

FAlTII'LKS.S,a.  Without  belief  in  the  revealed  irutlis 
of  religion ;  unbelieving. 

OfaxthUdi  fvncntJon.  —  M-UL  xtQ. 

3.  Not  bclifvinp  j  not  giving  credit  to. 

3.  Not  adhering:  to  allejnanco  or  duty  ;  disloyal  ; 
porfidiiius  ;  In-arheroua  ;  as,  a /fn/A/^jt*- sulOect. 

4.  Not  true  to  a  master  or  employer;  neglectful  ,- 
as,  a  faithless  wrx'ant. 

b.  Not  tnie  to  the  marriage  covenant :  false ;  as,  a 
faiLhte.su  Iiu5i|i;ind  or  wife. 

fi.  Not  obsen'fuit  of  promises. 
7.  Deceptive. 

Yontlrr/(u'l/iff  ptuntom,  GotdtmiA. 

FAITII'LI":SS-LY,  arfr.    In  a  faithless  manner. 
FAITH'LESS-NESS,  n.    Unbelief  as  to  revealed  re- 
ligion. 

2.  Perfidy  ;  tteacher>*;  disloyalty,  as  in  subjects. 

3.  VioUtiiui  of  promises  or  covenants;  inconstan- 
cy, as  of  hu^batiil  or  wife. 

FAI'TOUR,  (fi'toor,)  ».     [Nonn..  from  L.  factor.] 
An  tvil-uocr;  a  scoundrel ;  a  mean  fellow.    [0&«.] 

Spenser. 
FAKE,  fi.  [Pent,  faik,  to  fold,  n  fold,  a  layer  or  stra- 
tinu  ;  perhaps  Sw.  nXa,  vickla^  to  fold  or  involve 
The  sense  i}(  fuld  may  be  to  Iny,  to  fall,  or  to  set  or 
throw  together,  and  this  word  may  belong  to  Sax. 
ftrcan^fesan,  to  unite,  lu  suit,  to  fadge,  tliat  is,  to  set 
or  lay  togftlHT.] 

One  of  the  circles  or  windings  of  a  cable  or  haxv- 
ser,  as  it  lies  in  a  coil ;  a  single  turn  or  coil. 

Mar.  Diet, 
FA'KIR,  ffii'kcr,)         |  h.     [This  word   signifies,   in 
FA-UnR',  (fikecr',)  i      Arabic,    a    poor    man;    in 
Ethloplc,  an  Interpreter.] 


FAL 

A  Mohoinuirdan  monk  or  hemnl  tn  India;  tlir 
same  ns  tlrrci^f  lu  Turkey  and  IVT^la.     The /Uu>« 
subject  themselves  to  severe  austoiitiivi  and  morlifl- 
caiions.     Stitnc  of  them  condriini   llu  iiiM'!ves  to  a 
standing  [Kjsturf  all  their  lives,  fup|»i-it.  .1  t.i,l>  In  ^ 
ktlck  or  rv>|ie  under  their  aruipits.  tVinit   i 
bodies  with  atiiur^i's  or  knives.  (>thcr>  \ 
In  couipintt's,  irlling  fortunes;  and  th< 
be  armnt  vill.uns.  /-m^c 

F.\L-CADL',  n.     [L./d/j-,  a  sickle  or  Bcylhe.] 

A  horse  is  saiil  tu  make  a  falcatte^  w  hen  hf>  throws 
himself  on  his  hnunches  two  or  three  limts,  u  in 
very  (piick  cur^'ets;  that  is,  a  falcade  is  a  licnJini 
ver>'  low.  Harris. 

FAl/CATE.      \a.    [L. /^  '■.  a  ruklf. 

FAl/CATKh,  i      scythe,  ..] 

Ilmikrd  ;  bent  like  a-  r  ,  itu  rjiltlict 

apjtlled  to  the  new  moon.  Batiey. 

F.M.CA'TIO.V,  R.  Crookedness;  a  bending  In  Iht 
form  of  a  Mckle.  Brotcn, 

FAI-'CIIION,  (fawl'chun,)  n.  [Fr. /a«cA<»n,  from  L 
fali^  a  reapMchook.] 

A  short,  crooked  sword  :  a  cimUer.  ThyioL 

FAL'Cl-FOH.M,  a.  [L.  /<i/z,  ft  reaphig  hook,  nad 
f.rm.] 

In  the  shape  of  a  sickle;  rescnitiling  a  rcaplB|- 
hook. 

FAL'€OX,  (fawk'n  w  fal'knn,)  n.  [Fr.  faittont  It 
faleone  ;  L.  falco,  a  hawk  ;  W.  j?V(i/f ,  a  created  OM, 
a  heron,  a  hawk,  that  which  nseii  or  lowers.  Tbe 
falcon  is  probably  so  named  fruiu  lis  curving  beak 
or  talons.] 

1.  A  hawk;  but  apprcpriatily^  a  hawk  tmii-l  in 
sport,  as  ill /(j/f^;iri/,  which  See.  It  Ih  said  \\\\'-  i:..> 
name  l;:,  by  s]Hir(suien,  gixeri   to  llie   femrde  :.l 

fiir  the  male  Ih  suinller,  weaker,  and  h-^  couni- 
and  is  Iherefure  called  trrttl^  <■!  trr  rl.  /!   • 

This  term,  in  omitholofniy  is  appli-d  lo  adivi-    n  .  ' 
the  genus  FaJco,  with  a  short,  lit«oJ.(  d  I'  :ik,aii>'  --■  r. 
l(Uig  wiu;!-',  the  filrongest  firmed  and  inost  coiir.i 
species,  ami  therefore  used  in  falr-.nrv. 

2.  A  sort  of  cannon,  whose  dianii  u  r  ;it  tlic  : 
five  Inches  and  a  quarter,  and  carr>  ms  flK»i  -  i  :'^ 
IK>und'<  an  J  a  half.  // 

FAI/CON'-CF-N'TII.,  n.     A  fdron  when  full  ;     <U 

cn-d  an<l  cninpli-iely  bred.  /. 

FAL'CON-Elt,  (favvk'n-er  or  fal'kon-or,)  n.    [Ir.  ■ 

connirr.] 
A  person  who  breeds  and  trains  hawks  foi  t      r 

wild  fowls  v  one  who  follows  Ihe  sport  of  t. 

with  hawks.  J.  • 

FAL'€0-NET,  n.     [Fr.  fakmtrCe.] 

A  small  cannon  or  piece  of  ordnancf  i 

eler  at  the  bore  is  four  iiichc.>  and  i  : 

carrx'ing  shot  uf  oiur  )Miund  ami  a  iiuat; 
FAL'CO.\-llY,   (fawk'n-ry    or   fal'kon  ry.J   u.     [Ff. 

faueojijirrif,  from  h.falco,  a  liav\'k.] 

1.  The  art  of  training  hawks  to  iho  exercise  of 
hawking. 

2.  The  practice  of  taking  wild  fowls  by  mmni  of 
hawks. 

FALO'AGE,   (fawld'aj,)  n.     [W. /«W,  -.,  .     .^ 

'fahlan;  Sax./caWdn,  tr.  fold  ;   l.iw  U    ' 
In  KnjjlantJ^  a  privilepe  \\  liirh   aii< 

birds  rcsened  to  themselves  of  scttin;;  u;i  i  . 

fihecp,  in  any  fields  within  their  manors,  ih 

to  manure  them.  Ji 

FALD'FEE,  n.     A  fee  or  comjiosillon  paid  an-      :!;■ 

bv  IciianLs  for  the  privilege  of  faldagi-.  / 

FALD'ING,  n.  Akimlofcou      .!  rh.  ;  r-\  .]  f 
FAr.U'lS-DO-RY,  n.     [P  - - 
Till-  thnme  or  sc.al  of  .-i 
FAI.h'SruoL,  n.     [/oZ</,       . 

ing-slo<i',  or  jwrtable  w.-al,  nude  lo  i 

manner  of  a  camp-stotd.     Firmrrltf,  :■■ 

placed  in  the  choir  fir  a  bishop,  whi-n  I. 

any  but  his  own  cathedral  rhurrh.  Ol.>.^.  ,.j  .IrJuUtl. 
F,\-LER'.\I-AN,  a.    Fertaiuinu  lo  Fabrnus,  in  Italy. 

As  a  noun,  tlio  wine  made  in  ttiul  tirrii-r^ . 
FALL,r.».;  prr(.  Fkll  ;  p^».  Fai.lks.    [.'•  '■ 

fnllca  ;  I>.  rallcn  ;  Sw  falla  ;  Dan./tii*/. 

ably  lo  L.  fallv,  lo  fail,  In  ileceivc,  Ci. 

hollar^  to  find,  to  fall  on  ;  Fr.  ajfalrr,  i 

Class  in.  No.  IH,  28,  -i:*,  49,  5-2.     FaJ. 

aclly  with  iho  Sbemillc  Se:,  Ileh.  Ch.  - 

to  fall.     Fail  nt'recs  better  ^vith  tho  II.  t.  ■■;. 

^ah;  bul  these  words  mny  ha\e  h.id  one  prni   ■■ 

root,  llit^  sense  of  which  was  i..  iii.\.,t.    r.  . 

pass.     As  Ihoj'e  words  are  i:ii" 

tn  the  Sheinitic  ajid  Japhetic  I 

decisive  evidence  that  the  :, 

Siiemitic  words,  is  a  prefix.     TJil  Lli;tUi,i   ftun:  tf 

Sa;  is  to  defile,  to  makc/i-ut  (See  Focu)  Tho  same 

verb  in  Ar.   VaJ   rflWa,  signifies  to  sbfxit,  to  dri»f , 

or  throw  an  arrow,  Or.  /7a>Xf.'.] 

I.  To  drop  from  a  higher  place  ;  tn  desr/-nd  b)*  Ihr 
power  of  gravity  ninne.  Uain  fnlU  from  the  child*  : 
a  mnufath  from  his  horse;  ripe  fruits jW/  front  trr'-- , 
an  ox  falls  into  a  pit. 

I  beheld  Salin  hm  lijlilninp  /til  fttrnt  Itfivat.  —  l^ike  % . 


FATE,  FAR,  FAI.I,,  WHAT.— MRTE,  FRSV.— PT.VE,  MARINE,  UlRn NOTE.  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  R09K 


434 


FAL 

0.  To  drop  from  an  erect  posture. 

l/di  at  his  feet  lo  woraliip  liiiu,  — llov.  xix. 

3.  To  disembogue ;  to  pass  at  the  outlet ;  to  flow 
out  of  its  channel  into  a  pond,  luke,  or  sea,  as  a 
river.  TJie  Rlione  falls  into  the  Mfiliterranean  Sea. 
The  Danube  faUs  into  the  Euxine.  The  Mississlpjti 
falls  into  the  Gulf  of  .Mexico. 

4.  To  depart  from  the  faith,  or  from  rectitude  ;  to 
apostatize.    Adam/f/i  by  eating  the  forbidden  fruit. 

I>at«r  to  enler  into  tlut  rest,  lesi  auy  man  fall  after  the  Bome 
example  of  unbelief.  —  Uch,  iv. 

5.  To  die,  particularly  by  violence. 

Ye  shall  chase  your  enemies,  and  they  eball  fail  before  you  by 

the  swoni. — L«v.  xslv'i. 
A  thouiaLid  shall /a«  at  ihy  side.  —  Pi.  xd. 

6.  To  come  to  an  end  suddenly ;  to  vanish  ;  to 
perish. 

The  greatness  of  these  Irish  lords  suddenly  /e'.l  and  vanished, 

7.  To  be  degraded ;  to  sink  into  disrepute  or  dis- 
grace ;  lo  be  plunged  into  misery ;  as,  to  fall  from  an 
elevated  station,  or  from  a  prosperous  stale. 

8.  To  decline  in  power,  wealth,  or  g!or>' ;  to  sink 
Into  weakness ;  to  be  given  up,  overthrown,  or 
ruined.  This  is  the  renowned  Tyre  ;  but  oh,  how 
faUen ! 

Heaven  and  etirtli  will  witness, 
If  Rome  must  /aU,  Hut  we  are  iimocenl.  Addison. 

9.  To  pass  into  a  worse  state  than  the  former ;  to 
come  ;  as,  to  fall  into  diflicnUies  ;  to  fall  under  cen- 
sure or  imputation  ;  to  fall  into  error  or  absurdity  ;  to 
_/iifl  into  a  snare.  In  these  and  similar  phrases,  tiie 
sense  of  suddenness,  accident,  or  ignorance  is  often 
implied,  but  not  always. 

10.  To  sink ;  to  be  lowered.  The  mercury  in  a 
thermometer  rises  and  falU  with  the  increase  and 
diminution  of  heat.  The  water  of  a  river  rises  and 
falls.     The  tide  falls. 

11.  To  decrease;  to  be  diminished  in  weight  or 
value.  The  price  of  goods  falls  with  plenty  and 
rises  with  scarcity.  Pliny  tells  us,  the  as  felt  from  a 
pound  to  two  ouuces  in  the  first  Punic  war. 

jSrbnthnot. 

12.  To  sink ;  not  to  amount  to  tlie  full. 

The  greatnesa  of  ftoauccs  aiid  revenue  iloth/all  under  eomputa- 
Uijn.  Bacon. 

13.  To  be  rejected ;  to  sink  into  disrepute. 

This  book  must  sUiid  ot/aU  with  Uiec.  Locke. 

14.  To  decline  from  violence  to  calmness,  from 
intensity  to  remission.  The  wind  fallsj  and  a  calm 
succeeds. 

At  length  her  fury  fell.  Dryden. 

15.  To  pass  into  a  new  slate  of  body  or  mind  ;  to 
become  ;  as,  to  fall  asleep  ;  lo  fall  distracted  ;  to  fall 
sick  ;  to  fall  into  rage  or  passion  ;  to  fall  in  love  j  to 
JiiU  inti.  temptation. 

16.  To  sink  into  an  air  of  dejection,  discontent, 
anger,  sorrow,  or  shame  j  applied  to  the  countenance 
or  look. 

Cain  V.-3S  very  wroth,  and  his  countenance  feU. 
1  have  observed  of  late  thy  looks  aK/aUen. 

17.  To  happen  ;  to  befall ;  to  come. 

Since  Itus  fortune  yiii/«  to  you. 

IS.  To  light  on  ;  to  come  by  chance. 

The  Romans /d/  ou  lids  model  by  chance. 

19.  To  come  j  to  rush  on  ;  to  assail. 

Fear  and  dread  shall  fall  on  them,  —  Ex.  xv. 
And  KOI  fell  on  ihem  all.  —  Acts  xix. 

90.  To  come ;  to  arrive. 

The  venial  equinox,  v,-hii;h  at  Uic  Nic<nc  counsel /eU  on  the  2Ut 
of  Mnich,  /alls  now  about  ten  days  sooner.  Holder. 

2L  To  come  unexpectedly. 

It  happened  tliis  evening  that  v.-pfelt  into  a  pleasing  walk. 

Addison. 

2J.  To  begin  with  haste,  ardor,  or  vehemence ;  to 
rush  or  hurry  to.    They  fell  to  blows. 

The  mixed  mullitude/c,7  to  lusting.  — Nam.  li. 

23.  To  pass  or  be  transferred  by  chance,  lot,  dis- 
Iribtition,  inheritance,  or  otherwise,  as  possession  or 
property.  The  estate  or  the  province  fell  lo  his 
brother'  The  kingdom  fell  into  the  hands  of  his 
rival.    A  large  estate  fell  to  his  heirs. 

24.  To  become  the  property  of;  to  belong  or  apper- 
tain to. 

I  f  ti)  her  share  some  female  errors  falf. 

Look  ill  licr  f^.ce,  and  you'll  forget  Uieni  all.  Pope. 

25.  To  be  dropped  or  uttered  carelessly.  Some 
expressions /rii  from  him.  An  unguarded  expression 
fell  from  his  lips.  Not  a  word  fell  from  him  on  the 
subject. 

26.  To  sink;  to  languish;  to  become  feeble  or 
faint.  Our  hopes  and  fears  rise  and  fall  with  good 
or  ill  success. 

27.  To  be  brought  forth.  Take  care  of  Iambs 
when  they  first  fall.  Mortimer,      j 

28.  To  issue ;  to  terminate. 

sit  Eiill.  mv  dau;r(ilcr,  till  ihou  IraoAvc«t  how  the  matter  will  1 
Ruth  iii. 


-Gen.  iv. 
Additon. 


Shak. 


Swift. 


faU, 
To  fall  abuard  of, 


in  seamen^s  language,  to  strike 


FAL 

afjainst;  applied  to  one  vessel  coming  into  collision 
with  aimlhtT. 

To  fall  astern  ;  in  seamen^s  lansruage,  to  move  or  be 
driven  backward  ;  to  recede.  A  ship  falls  astern  by 
the  force  of  a  current,  or  when  outsailed  by  another. 

7'o  fall  airay :  to  lose  flesh ;  to  become  lean  or 
emaciated ;  to  pine. 

2.  To  renounce  or  desert  allegiance ;  to  revolt  or 
rebel. 

3.  To  renounce  or  desert  the  faith;  to  ay  sCatizc  ; 
to  sink  into  wickedness. 

Thcso  for  a  while  believe,  and  in  time  of  tCBiptation  J<.4  auay.  — 
Luke  viii, 

4.  To  perish  ;  to  be  ruined  ;  to  be  lost. 

How  ain  the  soul— /oiZ  away  into  nothing?  Additon. 

5.  To  decline  gradually ;  lo  fade ;  to  languish,  or 
become  faint. 

One  color /oUj  away  by  just  degrees,  and  another  rises  insensi- 

hly.  Additon. 

To  fall  back ;  to  recede  ;  to  yive  way. 
2.  To  fail  of  performing  a  promise  or  purpose;  not 
to  fulfill. 

To  fall  calm;  to  cease  to  blow  ;  to  become  calm. 
To  fall  doion  ;  to  prostrate  one*3  self  in  worship. 

All  nations  shall ^hU  down  turfore  him.  — Ps.  Ixxii. 

2.  To  sink  ;  to  come  to  the  ground. 

Down/ell  the  beaut'.ous  youtii.  Dryden. 

3.  To  bend  or  bow,  as  a  suppliant.    Isaiali  xlv. 

4.  To  sail  or  pass  toward  ihe  mouth  of  a  river  or 
other  outlet. 

To  fall  fvul ;  to  attack  ;  to  make  an  assault. 

To  fall  from :  tu  recede  from  ;  to  depart ;  not  to  ad- 
here ;  as,  to  fall  from  an  agreement  or  engagement. 

2.  To  depart  from  allegiance  or  duly  ;  to  revolt. 

To  fall  in  ;  to  concur  ;  to  agree  with.  The  measure 
falls  in  with  popular  opinion. 

2.  To  comply  ;  lo  yield  to. 

You  will  find  it  difficult  to  persuade  learned  men  (o  /ail  in  with 
your  projects.  Addlion. 

3.  To  come  in  ;  to  join  ;  to  enter.  Fall  into  the 
ranks  ;  faU  in  on  the  right. 

To  fall  in  with ;  to  meet,  as  a  ship  ;  also,  to  discover 
or  come  near,  as  land. 

To  faU  off;  to  witlidraw  ;  to  separate;  to  be 
broken  or  detached.    Friends  fall  off  in  adversity. 

Love  cools,  (nsii^Lliip/allt  o_f,  brothers  divide.  Shak. 

9.  To  perish  ;  to  die  away.  Words  fall  off  by 
disuse. 

3.  To  apostatize  ;  tofor.-'ake;  to  withdraw  from  the 
faith,  or  from  allegiance  or  duly. 

Those  captive  iril-cs /ell  q/ 
Prom  God  lo  worship  calves.  MUCon. 

4.  To  forsake  ;  to  abandon.   His  subscribers /e/Z  ojT- 

5.  To  drop.     Fruits /(iH  o^'when  ripe. 

6.  To  depreciate  ;  to  depart  from  former  excel- 
lence ;  to  become  less  valuable  or  interesting.  The 
magazine  or  the  review /<i//j  off;  ii  has  fallen  off. 

7.  In  seameii^s  languaffe,  to  deviate  or  trend  to  the 
leeward  of  the  point  to  wliich  the  head  of  tlie  ship 
was  before  directed  ;  to  fall  to  leeward.         Tottcn. 

To  fall  on  ;  to  begin  suddenly  and  eagerly. 

1^1  on,  and  try  the  appetite  to  oat.  Dryden. 

2.  To  begin  an  attack  ;  to  assault ;  to  assail. 

i-\ill  on,/aU  on,  and  hear  him  no'..  Dryden. 

3.  To  drop  on  ;  to  descend  on. 

To  fall  out ;  to  quarrel ;  lo  begin  to  contend. 

A  soul  ex:\speniled  in  il[s/ai!a  out 

With  every  tiling,  ita  friend,  itself.  Addison. 

2.  To  happen  ;  to  befall  ;  to  chance. 

There  /ell  Oiil  a  Moody  quarrel  hetwiit  the  frogs  and  the  mice, 

L'Eatrange. 

To  fall  over;  to  revolt ;  to  desert  from  one  side  to 
anotlier. 

9.  To  full  beyond.  SliaJ:, 

To  fall  short ;  to  be  deficient.  The  com  falls  slwrL 
We  all  fill  short  in  duty. 

To  fall  to  ;  to  begin  hastily  and  eagerly. 

Fall  to,  with  eager  Joy,  on  homely  food.  Dryden. 

2.  To  apply  one's  self  to.  He  will  never  after  ^/ 
to  labor. 

They  /ell  (o   raising   money,   unilcr  pretense   of  the  relief  of 
Ireland.  Clarendon. 

To  fall  under  ;  to  come  under,  or  within  the  limits 
of;  to  be  subjected  to.  They  fell  under  the  jurisdic- 
tion of  the  emperor, 

2.  To  come  under;  to  bi'come  the  subject  of. 
This  point  did  not  fall  under  llie  cognizance  or  de- 
liberations of  the  court.  These  things  do  not  fall 
under  human  sight  or  observation. 

3.  To  come  within  ;  to  be  ranged  or  reckoned 
with.  These  substances  fall  u/idcr  a  different  class 
or  order. 

To  fall  upon:  to  attack.     [See  To  fall  on.] 

2.  To  attempt, 

I  (hi  not  intend  UyfeU  upon  nice  di^ut^itions.  Holder. 

3.  To  rush  against. 

Fall  primarily  denotes  descending  motion,  either 
in  a  perpendicular  or  inclined  direction,  and  in  most 


FAL 

of  iL^  applic-jlion-s,  imptioi,  littralltf  or  fi'/urativdn. 
Velocity,  Iia>ic,  sudtlennens,  or  violence.  iLs  use  \<  .•  j 
various,  and  Ko  much  diversified  by  modifying  word:-, 
that  It  iit  not  eajy  to  enumerate  its  senses  in  all  it:: 
applications. 
FALL,  p.  (.  To  let  fall  ;  lo  drop.  And  fall  thy  edge- 
less  sword.  I  am  willing  lufall  thi§  argument. 
[This  application  w  obsolete.]  [ShaJ:.     /Jrijden. 

2.  Tu  hiuk;  to  depress;  as,  to  ruiiH;  or  fall  Ihe 
voice. 

3.  To  diminish ;  to  lessen  or  I-'XT;  aa,  to  fall  the 
price  of  commodities.    [LiUle  uat.J.] 

4.  To  bring  forth  ;  as,  to  fall  lamlw.  [Rare.]  ShcL 

5.  To  fell  ;  to  cut  down  ;  as,  to  fall  a  tree. 

[This  use  is  provincial  in  England,  and  ucca^iou- 
ally  occurs  in  Jimerica  ;  fell  and /a//  being  probably 
from  a  common  root.] 
FALL,  71.  The  act  of  dropping  or  descending  from  a 
higher  to  a  lower  place  by  gravity ;  descent ;  il-^,  a 
fall  from  a  liorse  or  from  the  yard  of  a  fhip. 

2.  The  act  of  dropping  or  lumblini;  from  an  erect 
posture.  He  was  walking  on  Ice,  and  had  a  falL 

3.  Death  ;  destruction  ;  overthrow. 

Our  (alhcra  liad  a  great /cJZ  L^fon;  our  cnc.-iLi.  Jitdi!>. 

4.  Kuin ;  destruction. 

They  conspire  thy  /aU.  Denhojn. 

5.  Downfall ;  degradation ;  loss  of  greatness  cr 
office  ;  as,  the  fall  of  Cardinal  Wolscy. 

Behold  Oiec  glorious  only  in  tliy  faU.  Pope. 

6.  Declension  of  greatness,  power,  or  dominion ; 

ruin  ;  zb^  the/aiZ  of  the  Roman  empire. 

7.  Diminution  ;  decrease  of  price  or  value  ;  depre- 
ciation ;  as,  the/oii  of  prices ;  the  fall  of  rents ;  the 
fall  of  interest. 

8.  Declination  of  sound ;  a  sinking  of  tone ;  ca- 
dence ;  as,  lhe/a£f  of  the  voice  at  the  close  of  a  sen- 
tence. 

9.  Declivity;  the  descent  of  land  or  a  hill;  a 
slope.  Bacon. 

10.  Descent  of  water ;  a  cascade  ;  a  catanict ;  a 
rush  of  water  down  a  steep  place  ;  usually  in  the 
plural;  sometimes  in  the  singular;  as,  th^  falls  of 
Niagara,  or  the  .Mohawk  ;  the  fall  of  the  llou^alonic 
at  Canaan.  Fall  is  applied  to  a  perpendicular  d.- 
Ecent,  or  lo  one  that  is  ver\-  sleep.  When  ilie  de- 
scent is  moderate,  we  name  it  rapids.  Custotn,  how- 
ever, sometimes  deviates  from  this  rule,  and  the 
rapidi  of  rivers  are  caUcd  falls. 

11.  The  outlet  or  discharge  of  a  river  or  current  of 
water  into  Uie  ocean,  or  into  a  lake  or  pond  ;  as,  tiie 
fall  of  llie  Po  into  the  Gulf  of  Venice.         Jldilisoa, 

19.  Extent  of  descent  ;  the  distance  which  any 
thing  falls  ;  as,  the  water  of  a  pond  has  a  fall  of 
five  feet. 

13.  The  fall  of  the  leaf;  the  scxson  when  leaves 
fall  from  trees  ;  autunni.  {Hants  and  Sussex.  Still 
used  in  .^mrrien.] 

14.  That  which  fiills  ;  a  falling  ;  as,  a^/  of  rain 
or  snow. 

15.  TJie  act  of  felling  or  cutting  down  ;  as,  the  fall 
of  timber. 

10,  Fall,  or  the  fall;  by  way  of  distinction,  tin; 
apostasy  ;  the  act  of  our  first  parents  in  i-atin::  ihe 
forbidden  fruit ;  also,  the  apostasy  of  the  rebellious 
angels. 

17.  Formerly,  a  kind  of  vail.  B.  Jonson. 

18.  In  seamen^s  languajrc,  that  part  of  a  tackle  to 
which  the  power  is  applied  in  hoisting. 

R.  If.  Dana,  Jr. 

19.  In  Orect  Britain,  a  term  applied  to  several 
measures,  linear,  superficial,  and  solid.  Cvc. 

FAL-L.^'CIOUS,  a.  [Fr.  fallacieux;  L.  /atttt,  "from 
fallo,  to  deceive.     See  Fail.] 

1.  Deceptive  j  deceiving  ;  deceitful  ;  wearing  a 
false  appearance ;  misleading  ;  producing  error  or 
mistake;  sophistical;  applied  to  thtngg  only;  a.«,  a 
fallacious  argument  or  proposition  ;  a  fattacioHs  ap- 
pearance, 

2.  Deceitful;  false;  not  well  founded;  producing 
disappointment  j  mocking  expectation;  as,  a  falla- 
cious hope. 

FALr-LA'CIOirS-LV,  adv.  In  a  fallacious  maimer; 
deceitfully;  sophistically ;  with  purposcor  in  a  man- 
ner to  deceive. 

We  have  seen  how  fallaeiously  the  author  has  slated  the  cause. 

Additon. 

F.\L-L.\'CIOUS-XESS,  n.     Tendency  to  deceive  or 

mislead;  inconclusiveness  ;  as,  the  fallaeiousncss  of 
an  arcumenl,  or  of  appearances. 
F.\L'LA-CY,  n.     [h.  fallaeia.] 

1.  Deceplive  or  false  appearance ;  decettfulness ; 
that  which  misleads  the  eye  or  the  mind.  Detect 
the  fallacy  o(  the  argument. 

2.  Deception  ;  misUike.  This  appc;irance  may  be 
all  a  fallaey. 

I'll  cutcnaiii  the  favored /oi/acy.  ^ot. 

3.  In  logk,  an  argument,  or  apparent  argument, 
which  professes  to  be  decisive  of  the  matter  at  issue, 
while  in  reality  it  is  not.  Brande. 

FAL'LAX,  71.     [L.]     Cavillation.        Mp.  Cranmer. 
FALL'EX,  (fawl'n,)  pp.  ova.    Dropped;  descended; 
degraded  ;  decreased  ;  mined 


TONE,  BJJLL,  UMTE.  — AN"GER,  Vr'CIOUS.  — €  as  K;  6  as  J;  S  asZ;  CFl  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS 


4;c> 


FAL 


FAL 


Mi&ilitd.    See  Kalliule.] 
,  ihe  qiialiiy  of  being  fal- 

iity  of  Ih'Iiii;  erronuous,  or 

ttir  jalltbtlittf  of  on  argu* 
;   ^ttinony. 
:  .  b«di-ceivc*l  hiouo'novvu 

,  of  nifii. 

tUi    Sp.  faliltt:   from   L. 

t  mUtake  ;  thni  may  orr  or  b«  de- 
All  men  aro  faliible. 
f ;  thai  may  deceive.    Our  Judg- 
^,  our  opniionH,  arc  fatUbU;  our 

.  u:     Ici  n  f!tltible  iiinnntT. 
r.  vt  a.    Ik-sctniiiii}; ;   dropiiln;;;  dln- 
apostalizing  ;  declining  i  dctrcasiug  ; 
Ming. 

J  ■.    An  IndenilD;  or  liullow  ;  op- 
s', i       poicd  (o  rising  or  promineiue. 
:  y ;  apoBiniiy.  [Addison. 

.    dcpoitnru  from  the  line  or  course ; 

r,^LL.  lMi-c*ICK'NES3,  n.    Tlio  epilqwy  ;  a  disease 

m  which  the  iKiUcni  luddenly  Ioscjj  \m  censes  and 

I'alU. 
K.\I.I*'IN«-STaR,  h.    The  same  as  Shootisg-Stir, 

tvUich  i»*r. 
lAlJ.'ING-i^TuNE,  B.    A  stone  falling  from  the  at- 

1     I'hpir;  n  meteorite  ■,  an  atrolite.  C;w. 

I   \1.  l.o'l'l  AN, a.     [from  Fallopius.]     A  Icrm  applied 

I  ,  UM*  diicti,  ariaing  from  Uit'  womb,  usually  calkd 

FAL'UiU',  0.  [SdLX.pxlnct,fatUyOrfealo;\i.Taal;  G. 
filb^foM,  Fr.fuurt,  for  fahe  ;  Ij.  /ulcus;  qu.  Af/riw, 
f.>r/Wr«j.  ThlJ  word  may  be  from  the  root  of /ai7, 
fuU9;  M  caltrd  fnnn  lliv  fading  colur  uf  autumnal 
IfaTcs,  or  from  failure,  withi-rinc.  Ilt-ncc,  also,  the 
•riue  of  imoccupied,  applied  to  laud,  which  in  Spon- 
bh  U  A<t;j':7.| 

1.  pTil  ■  ri.'d,  ur  poll-  yellow  ;  a?,  a  fallow  deer. 

^  L'oiiiwrd  ;  uoC  titli'd  ;  IfA  to  rc:>t  after  a  year  or 
mora  uf  tUI.-\*o  ;  ixSffulhiP  ground  ;  afallvK  lit'ld. 

£rr^  up  \u<ir/a.'ljie  jrotiitJ. — Ji-r.  i*. 

3.  Ixfl  iintowod  aHc-r  plowing.  The  word  is  ap- 
plk«l  lu  tbo  land  after  ntowinc. 

4.  L'upkiwed;  uncultivated.  Taoke.     Shak. 
Sh  Uauccaple4  ;  ueglccted.    [Avf  in  use,] 

l<f<  ibf  caiae  Ic/iiUoa.  JludHreu. 

i  I^nd  that  baa  lain  a  year  or  more  un- 

icd«d.    It  ii  also  called  fallotc^  when 
.  ut  being  Buwc4t. 

a.  The  pluwinc  or  tilling  nf  land,  without  sowing 
It,  for  a  M-a>on.  :!uminL*r/diJ«ir,  properly  conducted, 
htf  ever  been  found  a  sure  uielhiHl  of  destroying 
weed*. 

By  •  ■  -     i  T /aJ/ow,  UiwI   b  rfmlmil  fnilcr  nnil 

J  (iirs  U  K  betttrt  Ullh  Uuit  ctii  tn  givcu 
■Slindair. 

*  . .   . ,  .11  Euglantl^  13  thnt  where  land  Is 

Av  and  dcnn  from  ^vecds,  by  means  of 
.  -p,  at  turnip^*,  p<ii;iUH'3,  &c.  Ojc 

'. .  . .  I.    To  fiile  ;  10  becoirie  yellow.     [  ObaA 

KAI.  la'iW,  r.  I.     To  plow,  harrow,  and  break  lanil 

niiiu>ut  •ceding  it,   for  the  pur|Hk>e  of  destroying 

A  .  'i.a)  iri«ecb<,  and  rendtrin^*  ii  mellow.    It  is 

interest  uf  iho  farmer  \o  faUow  cold. 

.  land.  ' 

•_;;uP.  II,    The  crop  taken  from  fallowed 

.  I.r)VV-UEnR,n.  [SaK./u;wf,imleyelIow.]  The 

*'    /'i.-aa,  or  Z)a«a  rui^'aru,  a  P|M;cies  smaller 

-■,  and  mon  common  in  Eneland,  where 

■meMiraled  in  the  [Kirks.    ParUnirton. 
.',  ^frd'Mr,)p;,.    Plowed  and  harrowed 
without  being  vown. 
INCU,  a.    A  small  bird,  the  fcnanthe  or 

■••S,  7pr.    Plowing  and  harrowing  land 

'•'i.  «.     The  operation  of  plowing  and 
■  i.;  land  w.Ui.Hil  iwwing  iu     Fallovsinrr  u 
itofnntnbute  lo  the  destruction  of  snails  mid 
■ '  '  t  vermin.  t--    t  - 

rtemptton  from  bearing  fnjiL  Donne 

'Hfi'^LVl''    t^*"*"*-!    A  falnifier  of  evidence. 

■?t'.!^«d'F:r.?^"^*'-  ''■^'^'-  '^-z^^-  «- 

tnLt^-^l  '^*  •  "^  conformable  to  fact ;  eiprcssinc 
What  b  contrary  to  ihal  which  cil<s,  i^done,  S! 
\  false  report  communicates  what  is 


or  thonghL 


not  done  or  said;  ik  false  accusation  imputes  lo  a 
person  what  he  has  not  lioiie  or  said  ■  faUe  wit- 
ness lesilfies  wini  is  not  trne  ;  a  faUe  .  uon  is  not 
according  to  lauii  or  f  <  i-  The  wm/  applicable 
to  any  siibjer:,  p!:vsie;il  or  moral. 

9.  Not  well  founded  ;  us,  a  faUf  cla..j. 

'i.  Not  true;  not  according  lo  llie  lawful  standard  ; 
as,  nftUdt  weight  or  measure. 

4.  Substituted  for  anolhcr;  succedancous  ;  suppos- 
ititious ;  ns,  ^  false  liolloni. 

5.  Counterfeit  ;  forged  ;  not  genuine ;  as,  false 
coin  ;  ^faUc  bill  or  note. 

6.  Not  solid  or  sound  ;  deceiving  expectations ;  as, 
n  false  foundation. 

Faltt  and  diiipery  {jrounJ.  Drydtn. 

7.  Not  agrfeublc  to  rule  or  propriety  j  Jis^  false  con- 
struction in  langunEo. 

8.  Xot  hoiK-.st  or  ju-st;  not  fair  ;  ns,  false  play. 

1).  Not  faithful  nr  loyal;  treacherous;  perfidious; 
deceitful,  'i'he  king's  subjects  may  prove  false  to 
him.    So  wo  say,  a  false  heart. 

JO.  Uiifailhfui ;  inconstant ;  as,  a  false  friend  ;  a 
false  Iov<T ;  faUc  to  pnunises  and  vows ;  the  hushaiid 
and  wife  proved /(j/a-c  to  each  other. 

11.  Deceitful;  treacherous;  betraying  secrets. 

12.  Couiiletfeit ;  not  gtmuino  or  real ;  as,  a  fahe 
diamnnd. 

13.  Hypocritical;  feigned;  made  or  assumed  for 
the  purpose  of  deception  ;  as,  false  tears  ;  false  mod- 
esty ;  the  mail  appears  in  fuUn  colors ;  the  advocate 
gave  the  subject  a  false  coloring. 

False  fire;  coni|iositioii  of  conihiistiblos,  used  in 
vessels  of  war  to  make  signals  during  the  ni^'lit. 

I'utlen. 
False  imprisonment ;  the  arrest  and  imprisonment 
of  a  person  without  warrant  or  cause,  or  contrary  to 
law  ;  or  the  unlawful  dei;iiuingof  a  persem  iit  custodv. 
FALSR,  «(ic.     Xotiruiy;  not  honestly;  falsely.    S/tul: 
FALSE,  V.  t.    To  violate  by  failure  of  veracity  ;  to 
deceive.     [Ol/s.]  Spciiscr. 

2.  To  defeat ;  to  balk  ;  to  evade.    [  Obs.]    Spenser. 
FALSE'-FAC-£U,  (-laste,)  a.     Hypocritical. 
FALSE'-IIEAUT,  )  a.    Hollow;  lieacherous  ;  de- 

FALSE'-HEART'EI),  (     ceiUul ;  perfidious.    Bacun. 

[  TUefurmrr  is  vot  uscd.'\ 
FAL.SE'-HK.MtT'KD-i\E:5fc!,7(.  Pcrlidiousucss ;  treach- 

en'.  Sldluidleet. 

FAl.SE'HOOl),  n.    [fhhe  and  hood.^ 

1.  Contrariety  or  inconformity  to  fact  or  truth  ;  as, 
X,\\o.  falsduwd  of  a  re[)ort. 

2.  Want  of  truth  or  veracity ;  a  lie  ;  an  untrue 
assertion. 

X  Want  of  honesty;  treachery;  deceitfiilness ; 
perfidy.  Milton. 

But  falsehood  is  properly  applied  to  things  only. 
[Sec  Falsenkss.] 
4.  Counterfeit;  false  appearance  ;  imposture. 

Mdton. 
FAIjSE'-KEEL,  ».     Tlie  timber  used  below  the  main 
keel,  to  serve  both  as  a  defense  and  an  aid  in  iiulding 
a  bttler  wind.  Brandc. 

FALSE'EY,  rt'/y.    In  a  manner  eonlrary  to  truth  and 
lact ;  not  truly  ;  as,  to  siieak  or  swear  fj^Wy  ;  to  tes- 
tify yai^^i,. 
2.  Treacherously;  perfidiously. 

Swear  u>  me  — iJtitlliou  wilt  uol  deal /a:«;V  vviih   me.  — Gl-ii 
aal. 

3.^  Erroneously  ;  by  mistake.  Smallridge. 

FALSE'XES.S,  H.  Want  of  intcgritv  and  veracity, 
either  lu  pnuciple  or  in  act ;  as,  tiie  falseness  of  a 
man's  heart,  or  his  falseness  to  his  word. 

2.  Huplicity;  deceit;  double  dealing.  Hammond. 

a.  Unfaithfulness;  treachery:  perfidy:  Iraitoroua- 
ncss. 

Tlio  prince  Is  in  no  d^in^r  of  Uin*  bclrajred  by  \i\e  faUenets 
orclK-mcil  by  llieavjricc  ofBuciiaMrvanl.  Itogers. 

I''ALS'ER,  n.     A  deceiver.  Spenser. 

FALSE'-UOOP,  n.  In  architecture,  that  part 'between 
the  ceiling  of  the  upper  floor  and  the  covering  of  the 
''**"  Oisilt 

Ifrl^'^Tn^JA"-  tl'-l  i.'c™%,  a  false  or  artificial 
■■  w-  ,  ,  "' '  ''""^e-  That  part  ofa  person's  voice 
wnich  lies  above  its  n  itural  compass. 

rALb'I-PI-A-BI.E,  «.     (fro.n  fals.fu.]    That  may  bo 

FALi-I-Fl-eA'Tro.\,  „.     [Fr.,  froii,>kC/t,r.l 

i.  1  lie  act  01  mabiii5  false  ;  a  coiinterfeitin' ■  the 
B'ving  to  a  thing  an  appearance  of  something  which 
It  19  not ;  ,13,  the  f<iUiilccilion  of  words.         Ihokcr. 
a.  Confutation.  «,.,„„,, 

Pi  I  s/i't.J'f   •  '"''•    Counterfeited, 
a  .hi,,;,  rn,  '  ';•■    °"''  "''°  counterfeits,  or  gives  to 
?»!'""!„     "P'"''"  appearance;  or  one  who  makes 

Boyle, 
a  liar.  VEstrana-e. 


Bp.  Morton. 


false  coin. 

2.  One  who  invents  falsehood;  «,.^..  , 

h'AI  4'r  kV''°  '"■"r'^'^'  "  ^*''"e  to  be  false. 
h  ALS'I-t  7,  V.  t.    [?T.fals,ficr,  UomfalseA 
1-   lo  connterteii  ■  («  f«r„n, .  »„ i._-' 


o  Counterfeit 
false 
falsify  coin. 

Tho  Irijili  kirJi 


nr  in  ;.»  ,  .        ^o.  fprgc ;  to  make  sometlnng 
or  m  mutation  of  that  which  is  true 


r>/a/»f/ye»fiy  tiii„j_ 


^^^FAB.  PA,.!.,  WH*T.-METE.  PRBV.-PINE,  MARINE, 


as,  to 

Sptnstr.       I 


FAM 

2.  y^'  disprove;  to  prove  to  be  false  j  as,  to /ai*(/« 
a  record. 

3.  To  violate  ;  to  break  by  falsehood  ;  as,  to  f,dsify 
onc*s  faith  or  word.  Sidney. 

A.  To  show  to  be  unsound,  insufficient,  or  liot 
l)roof.     [J^-}t  in  use.] 

iiis  ampk  s}iiL'ld  afahified.  DiyHtn. 

FALS'I-F?",  V.  i.    To  tell  lies  ;  to  violate  the  truth. 

Ii  is  limvcrsally  unlawful  to  He  and  faleifij.  South. 

FALS'I-F^-ING,;j/^r.  Counterfeiting  ;  forging;  Win"- 
proving  to  be  false  ;  violating.  '     "" 

FALS'1-TV,  71.     [h.falsitas.] 

1.  Contrariety  or  inconformity  to  truth  ;  tlie  qual- 
ity of  being  false. 

Protubility  dwa  not  mako  any  alli'mtion,  cillier  in  Uie  iruth  or 
/alsily  of  tilings.  SouUi. 

2.  Falsehood  ;  a  lie  ;  a  false  assertion.  Olanville. 
[  IVtis  sense  is  less  proper.] 

FAL'TER,  r.  i.  [Sp.  faltar,  to  be  deficient.  Ctomfalta, 
fault,  defect,  failing,  from/a/i>,  to  fail, /«//a,  fault,  de- 
fect ;  Port./(i^/ur,  to  want,  to  miss  ;  from  la.fallo,  the 
primary  sense  of  which  is  to  fall  short,  or  to  ern  to 
miss,  to  deviate.] 

1.  To  Iiesiiate,  f:il|,  or  break,  in  the  utterance  of 
words;  to  speak  with  a  broken  or  trembling  utter- 
ance ;  to  stammer.  His  tongue  fultcrs.  He  speaks 
with  a  faltering-  tongue.    He  falters  at  the  question 

2.  To  fail,  tremble,  or  yield  in  exertion  ;  not  lo  be 
firm  and  steady.     His  legs  falter.  JViseman, 

3.  To  fail  in  the  regular  exercise  of  the  understand 
ing.    We  observe  idiots  to  faltrr.  Lodie. 

FAL'TEil,  V.  U     To  sift.     [ATot  in  use.]      Mortimer. 

FAL'TER-1\G,  ppr.  or  «.  Hesitating  ;  speaking  with 
a  fei-blc,  broken,  trembling  utterance;  failin". 

FAL'TEU-ING,  w.    Feebleness;  deficiency. 

KtlUna-bcch. 

FAL'TER-IXG-LV,  ado.  With  he-«itation ;  with  a 
ireiiibliug,  broken  voice ;  with  diJhculty  or  feeble- 
ness. 

FA' LUX,  V.  [Fr.]  A  Fiencli  provincial  name  forcer- 
tain  tertiary  strata  abounding  in  shells,  coricspoiiding 
to  the  Norfolk  crag.  LyelL 

FAME,  n.  [L.fama ;  Fr.  fame  ;  Sp.  and  It.  fanm  ;  Gr 
^rt/iu,  tpenn,  from  liiacj,  to  sjieak.  I  snspi  ct  this  root 
to  be  contracted  from  ipayw  or  0u/.ut,  Class  Ug,  See 
No.  48,  (i2,  and  Facund.] 

1.  Public  report  or  rumor. 

Tlic  fame  thereof  was  licanl  ia   Plianioli's   liuusc,  iriyiii",  Jo. 
s(.-pli's  bri;t!iren  tire  come.  —  Gun.  x|v. 

9.  Favorable  report ;  report  of  good  or  great  ac- 
tions ;  report  that  exalts  tho  character ;  celebrity ;  re- 
nown ;  as,  the  fame  of  Howard  or  of  Washington; 
the  fame  of  Solomon. 

And  tlie /cn«  of  Jesus  went  llnouglioul  all  Syria. —  M;ilt.  iv. 

FAME,  r.  U    To  make  famous.  J5.  Jonson. 

2.  'I'o  report.  Buck. 
FAM'JEJD,  (2.     Much  talked  of;  renowned  ;  celebrated, 

distinguished  and  exalted  by  favorable  reports.  Aris- 
tides  wa.s  famed  for  learning  and  wisdom,  and  Cicero 
for  eloquence. 

lie  ia/aiTied  for  iniMiicsa,  jieace,  ani.1  jiriytr.  Shak. 

FAME'-GIV-ING,  a.     Restowing  fame. 

FaME'LESS,  a.     Without  renown.  Bcaum. 

FaME'LESS-LY,  adc.     In  a  fanielcss  manner. 

FA-MIL'IAR,  (fa-mil'yar,)  a.  [h.  famUiaru;  Fr.  fa- 
inilirr ;  Sp.  familiar;  from  L.  famitia^  family,  which 
see.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  a  family  ;  domestic.  Pope. 

Q.  Accustomed  by  frequent  converse  ;  well  ac- 
quainted with  ;  intimate  ;  close ;  as,  a  familiar  friend 
or  companion. 

3.  AUable ;  not  formal  or  distant ;  easy  in  conver- 
sation. 

Ee  l\iou /arnitiar,  but  by  no  means  ?ul5ar.  Shak. 

4.  Well  ac<iuainted  with  ;  knowing  by  frequent 
use.     He  familiar  with  the  Scriptures. 

5.  Well  known  ;  learnt  or  well  understood  by  fre- 
quent use.     Let  the  Scriptures  he  familiar  to  us. 

6.  Unceremonious  ;  free  ;  unconstrained  ;  easy. 
The  emperor  conversed  with  the  gentleman  in  the 
most  familiar  manner. 

7.  Common;  frequent  and  intimate.  Hy  familiar 
intercourse  strong  attachments  are  soon  furnied. 

8.  Easy ;  unconstrained  ;  not  formal-  His  letters 
are  written  in  a  familiar  style. 

He  sports  in  \v93e,/anuliar  slfiiini.  Addison. 

9.  Intimate  in  an  unlawful  degree. 

A  poor  rnan  fjuiid  a  pritjst  /•irnHiar  wiili  liis  wife.       Camdtn. 
Familiar  spirit ;  a  demon  or  evil  spirit  supposed  to 
attend  at  a  call. 
FA-MIL'IAR,  71.     An  intimate;   a  close  companion; 
one  long  acquainted  ;  one  accustomed  to  another  by 
free,  unreserved  converse. 

Al!  my /amiliart  wnlcbed  Tvt  my  hallinf.  —  Jcr.  xs. 

2.  A  demon  or  evil  spirit  supposed  to  attend  at  ft 
call.     But  in  general  we  aay,  a /ami/iar  spirit.  Shah. 

3.  In  the  Court  of  Inijnisition,  a  person  who  assists 
in  apprehending  and  imprisoning  the  accused. 

Encyc. 


4^0 


-ru^L,  MARINE,  BIRD.-NQTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.- 


FAM 

FA-Mllr-IAU'I-TY,  (ra-itxilyar'c-to,)  u.  Iiitinmte  and 
frcqutnt  conVLTsie,  or  association  in  coiiUKiiiy.  The 
gentlemen  lived  iu  remarkable  fnmiliaritij.     Hence, 

2.  Eiasiness  of  conversation  ;  alfabtlily  j  freedom 
from  ceremony. 

3.  Intimacy*}  imiuiats acquaintance j  unconstrained 
iuterconrsc. 

FA-MIL'I  AR-TZE,  r.  L  To  make  familiar  or  intimate ; 
to  habituate  ;  to  accustom  ;  to  make  well  known  by 
practice  or  converse ;  as,  to  familiarize  one's  self  tu 
scenes  of  distress. 

2.  To  make  easy  by  practice  or  customary  use,  or 
by  ralercoursc. 

3.  To  bring  do\m  from  a  state  of  distant  superior- 

The  p?n!us  smiltfd  on  in*  with  a  look  of  compissicn  ami  .iffabil- 
iiy  lisit ybmiiiarirerf  bim  to  my  iiTwjiiwtion.       Addison, 

FA-MIL'IAR4Z-£D,  pp.  Accustomed  ;  habituated  ; 
made  familiar;  made  easy  by  practice,  custom,  or 
use. 

FA-MIL'IAR-lZrXG,  jtpr.  Accustoming ;  making  fa- 
miliar; rendering  easy  by  practice,  custom,  or  use. 

FA-Mli/IAR-LY,  adv.     In  a  familiar  manner;  uncer- 
emoniously; without  constraint ;  without  formality. 
2.  Commonly:  frequently;  with  the  ease  and  un- 
concern that  arise  from  long  custom  or  acquaintance. 

FAM'I-LIS.M,  n.    The  tenets  of  the  Familists. 

FAil'I-LI5T,  71.  [from  family,]  One  belonging  to  the 
Family  of  Lot  e^  a  short-lived  sect  in  tlic  reign  of  Queen 
Elizabeth,  much  resembling  the  Q.uietist5  in  the  Ro- 
man Catholic  church.  Murdodi. 

FAM-I-LIST  I€,  a.    Pertaining  to  familists,    Baxter. 

FA-MIJ.LE\  (fa-meel',)  n.     [Fr.  eii  famiUe,] 

In  a  family  stale;  domestically.  SvrifL 

SThis  icord  is  never  used  icithont  en  before  iL] 
'I-LY,  n.     [L.  and  Sp.  familia;  Fr.  famtUe;  It. 
famiglia.    This  word  is  said  to  have  originally  signi- 
fied servants,  from  the  Celtic /amuZ;  but  qu.] 

1.  The  collective  body  of  persons  who  live  in  one 
house,  and  under  one  head  or  manager ;  a  household, 
including  parents,  children,  and  ser^-ants,  and,  as  the 
case  may  be,  lodgers  or  boarders. 

2.  Tliose  who  descend  from  one  common  progeni- 
tor; a  tribe  or  race;  kindred  ;  lineage.  Thus  the  Is- 
raelites were  a  branch  oilhefatnihj  of  Abraham  ;  and 
the  descendants  of  Reuben,  of  Manasseh,  &c.,  were 
called  iheir/i7friii«.  The  whole  human  race  arc  the 
family  of  Adam,  the  human  family. 

3.  Course  of  descent ;  genealogy  ;  line  of  ances- 
tors. 

Go  and  complain  (hy  fatuity  is  yoan*.  Pi-pe, 

4.  Honorable  descent;  noble  or  re-^pcctable  stock. 
He  is  a  man  of  family. 

5.  A  collection  or  union  of  nations  or  states. 

Tbe    (titfs  of  Europe  were,  by  the    prrrafling  m.-ixinis  of  ita 
fiolicy,  closely  united  '\a  onc/ami/y.  E.  Everett. 

6.  In  popular  lan^age,  an  order,  class,  or  genus  of 
animals,  or  of  other  natural  productions,  having 
something  in  common,  by  which  they  are  distin- 
guished from  others ;  as,  quadrupeds  constitute  a 
family  of  animals;  and  we  speak  of  the  family  or 
families  of  plant?. 

FAM'INE,  n.  [Fr. /amine,  from  faim;  h.  fames ;  It. 
fame ;  Sp.  fame  or  hanrbrc :  Port,  fotne.] 

1.  Scarcity  of  food  ;  dearth  ;  a  general  want  of  pro- 
visions surTicient  for  the  inhabiutnts  of  a  country  or 
besieged  place.  Famines  arc  less  frequent  than  for- 
merly. .\  due  attention  to  agriculture  tends  to  pre- 
vent/aminr,  and  commerce  secures  a  country  from 
its  destructive  effects. 

Tli^re  TTM  a /amine  in  ihr  land.  —  Gen.  xxri. 

2.  Want ;  destitution  ;  as,  a  famine  of  the  word  of 
life. 

FAM'ISII,  r.  f.  [Fr.  nffimery  from  faim^  hunger,  L. 
fames:  \X,  affamire^  aff>iinare  ;  ^\).  lutmbrrar.] 

1.  To  starve;  to  kill  or  destroy  with  hunger.  SJial:. 

2.  To  exhaust  th^  strength  of,  by  hunger  or  thirst ; 
to  distress  witli  hunc?r. 

The  pains  of/fimisJixd  I'aolalui  bc^l  feet.  Dryden. 

3.  Tu  kill  by  deprivation  or  denial  of  any  thing 
necessary  for  life.  MiHon. 

FAM'I?!I,  r.  i.    To  die  of  hunger.    JiTore  generally^ 

2.  To  suffer  extreme  hunger  or  thirst ;  to  be  ex- 
hausted in  strength,  or  to  come  near  to  perish  for 
want  of  food  or  drink. 

You  ire  all  tf^M-^\  rathtr  to  t\>  Men  Uifarrath.  S7iaJt. 

3.  To  be  distressed  with  want ;  to  come  near  to 
perish  by  destitution. 

Tkic  I^ri  will  no!  sufTjr  th-  r:*li[«oiis  to  famish.  —  Pror.  x. 

FAM'ISH-ED,  ffam'isht,)  pp.  or  a.  Suirved  ;  exhaust- 
ed by  want  of  sustenance. 

FAM'I?II-I.\G,  ppr.  ore.  Starving;  killing;  perish- 
ing by  want  of  food. 

FAM'I.*5II-.MENT,  n.  The  pain  of  extreme  hunger  or 
thirst ;  extreme  want  of  sustenance.  Ilakcicill. 

FA-MOS'I-TV,  n.    Renown.  DicU 

Fa  MOCS,  a.     [L.  fa  mo  :^  us ;  ¥t.  fameusr-.     See  Fame.] 

1.  Celebrated  in  fame  or  public  report ;  renowned  ; 

much  ulked  of  and  praised  ;  distingui  hcd  in  story. 

Two  bonclfttl  snJ  fifty  princes  of  tbo  MjemUy,  famoua  ta  tho 
coigregaiion.  —  NoHi.  xsi. 


FAN 

It  is  followed  by  fcr.  One  man  is  famous  for  eru- 
dition ;  another /or  eloquence ;  and  another /or  mil- 
itary' skill. 

2.  Sometimes  in  a  bad  sense;  as,  a /a/noits  coun- 
terfeiter ;  a  famous  pirate. 
Fa'MOUS-£D,  a.    Renowned,     [^n  ilUftn-mcd  word.] 

Shah. 
Fa'MOUS-LY.  adv.  With  great  renown  or  celebration. 

Then  Uiis  lanii  \ns  fajrwusty  enriched 
Wiib  puUJc  grave  couiiiel.  Shak. 

Fa'MOUS-NESS,  ».   Renown;  great  fame;  celcbritv. 

FAM'U-LaTE,  f,  i.     [L.  famula.]  [BoAc' 

To  ser\'e.     [A*u(  nsed,] 

FAN,  J).  [Sax.  fann  ;  Sw.  vamta  :  D.  tcan  ;  G.  icanvc  ,- 
L.  vaJiiius ;  Fr.  ran ;  Sp.  and  Port,  abano.  The 
word,  in  German  and  Swedish,  signifies  a  fan  and  a 
tub,  as  if  from  opening  or  spreading  ;  if  so,  it  seems 
to  be  allied  to  pane^  pannel.     Class  Rn.] 

1.  An  instrument  used  by  ladies  to  agitate  the 
air  and  cool  the  face  in  warm  weather.  It  is  made 
of  feathers,  or  of  thin  skin,  paper,  or  taffeta,  mounted 
on  sticks,  &c. 

2.  Something  in  the  form  of  a  woman's  fan  when 
spread,  as  a  peacock's  t;iil,  a  window,  &c. 

3.  An  instrument  for  winnowing  grain,  by  moving 
which  the  grain  is  thrown  up  and  agitated,  and  the 
chaff  is  separated  and  blown  away. 

4.  A  small  vai:e  or  sail,  used  to  keep  the  large 
sails  of  a  smock  windmill  always  in  the  direction  of 
the  wind.  Jlehert. 

5.  Something  by  which  the  air  is  moved  ;  a  wing. 

Dryden. 
G.  An  instrument  to  raise  the  fire  or  flame;  as,  a 
fan  to  inflame  love.  Hunker. 

FAX,  V.  t.  To  cool  and  refresh,  by  moving  the  air 
with  a  fan  ;  to  blow  the  air  on  the  face  with  a  fan. 

2.  To  ventilate  ;  to  blow  on ;  to  affect  by  air  put 
in  motion. 


The  fanning  wind  upon  hrr  bo3om  blows; 
To  meet  thc/anning  wind  tlie  bosom  rose. 
Calm  as  Oie  breath  \vliii;!i_^/u 


Dryden. 
eastero  gxovca.      Dryrlcn. 

3.  To  move  as  with  a  fan. 

Th;  nir — fanned  with  pltrtnes.  i\/7;ton. 

4.  To  winnow ;  to  ventilate ;  to  separate  chaff 
from  grain  and  drive  it  away  by  a  current  of  air ;  as, 
to  fan  wlieat, 

FA-X.^T'ie,  )  a,     {},.  fanaticus^  phanatiais,  from 

FA-NAT'IC-AL,  J  Gr.  >patvonai,  to  appear;  literal- 
ly, seeing  visions.] 

Wild  and  extravagant  in  opinions,  particularly  in 
religious  opinions  ;  excessively  enthusiastic ;  pos- 
sessed by  a  kind  of  frenzy.  Hence  we  say,  fanatic 
zeal ;  fanatic  notions  or  opinions. 
FA-NAT'IC,  n.  A  person  affected  by  excessive  en- 
thusiasm, particularly  on  religious  subjects ;  one 
who  indulges  wild  and  extravagant  notions  of  reli- 
gion, and  sometimes  exhibits  strange  motions  and 
postures,  and  vehement  vociferation  in  religious 
worship.  Fanatics  sometimes  affect  to  be  inspired, 
or  to  have  intercourse  with  superior  beings. 

Fhnctict  are  governed  rather  by  iinagiivitloD  than  by  judgment. 

SUtice. 

FA-XAT'I€VAL-LY,  adv.    With  wild  enthusiasm. 

FA-NAT'ie-AI^NESS,  ti.    Fanaticism. 

FA-NAT'I-CISM,  n.  Exces3ivc  enthusiasm;  wild 
and  ertravagjint  notions  of  religion  ;  religious  frenzy, 

FA-NAT'I-Cr'ZE,  r.  t.     To  make  fanatic.     [Rogers.' 

FA-NAT'I-CtZ-M),  pp.    Rendered  fanatic. 

FA-NAT'I-CIZ-ING,  ppr.    Rendering  fanatic. 

FAX'Cl-£D,  (fan'sid,)  pp.  or  a.  [See  Fancy.]  Im- 
agined ;  conceived  ;  liked.  Stephens. 

FAN'CI-Elt,  n.  One  who  fancies.  This  word  often 
occurs  in  composition,  as  bird-fancier^  do^-fancicr^ 
rose-fancier^  &,c.,  denoting  one  who  has  a  taste  for 
the  things  specified,  and  who  keeps  them  for  sale. 

FAN'CI-FIJL,  c.  [See  Fan-ct.]  Guided  by  the  im- 
agination, rather  thnn  by  reason  and  exj'orience  ; 
subject  to  the  influence  of  fancy  ;  whimsical ;  ap- 
plied to  persons.  A  fanciful  man  forma  visionary 
projects. 

2.  Dictated  by  the  imagination  ;  full  of  wild  im- 
ages ;  chimerical  ;  whimsical ;  ideal ;  visionary  ; 
applied  to  things;  as,  :i  fanciful  scheme;  a  fanciful 
theory. 

FAN'CI-FHT^LY,  adv.    In  a  fanciful  manner;  wild- 
ly ;  whimsically. 
2.  According  to  fancy. 

FAiN'CI-Fi;i/-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  fanci- 
ful, or  influenced  by  the  imagination,  rather  than  by 
reason  and  experience;  the  habit  of  following  fancy  ; 
applied  to  persons. 

2.  The  quality  of  being  dictated  by  imagination; 
applied  to  things. 

FAN'CV,  n.  [Contracted  from  fantasy.  L.  pkantasia^ 
Gr.  tpavraciay  from  tpa^Ta^ot,  to  cause  to  appear,  to 
seem,  to  imagine,  from  ^airo),  to  show,  to  appear,  to 
shine.  The  primary  sense  seems  to  be,  to  open,  or  to 

shoot  forth.     Ar.    *,o  baina^to  open,  to  appear;  or 


W 


,x5  faanOj  to  open  or  expand.  Class  Bn,  No.  3, 28.] 


FAN 

1.  The  faculty  by  which  the  mind  forms  images  or 
representations  of  things  at  pleasure.  It  is  oll'?n 
used  as  synonymous  with  imagination  ;  b  it  imagina- 
tion is  rather  the  power  of  combining  and  modi5'Uig 
our  conceptions.  Stewart. 

2.  An  opinion  or  notion. 

1  liAve  always  hnd  a  fancy,  tliat  leaniing  mt^t  be  made  a  rlay 
and  recrealion  to  cmtJren.  Locke. 

3.  Taste;  conception. 

The  Wille  cliapel  cnllcd  the  SAlutatlon  b  veiy  neat,  and  built 
wi'Ji  a  prclty  fancy.  AddUon. 

4.  Image ;  conception ;  thought. 

How  now,  my  lorxl !  why  do  you  keep  alone, 

Of  sorrieel/andej  your  companiosa  making  ?  Shak. 

5.  Inclination ;  liking.  Take  that  which  suits 
your  fancy.     How  does  this  strike  your  fancy  t 

Ills  fancy  lay  to  traveling.  L'EMtrange. 

6.  Love. 

Tell  me  where  is  fancy  bv<:<\.  Sltak. 

7.  Caprice;  humor;  wliim;  as,  an  odd  or  strange 

fancy. 

True  worth  shill  g:iiti  me,  thai  it  may  be  said, 

Des'.Tt,  aoi  fancy,  once  a  wonua  led.  Dryrlen. 

8.  False  notion.  Bacon. 

9.  Something  that  pleases  or  entertains  without 
real  use  or  value. 

London-pride  ia  a  ptcUy  fancy  for  bordcra.  Mor^mer. 

FAN'CY,  V.  i.  To  imagine  ;  to  figure  to  one's  self;  to 
believe  or  suppose  without  proof.  ^Ml  may  not  be 
our  enemies  whom  we  fancy  to  be  so. 

If  our  search  lias  reached  no  farther  than  strails  and  wlarlior, 
we  TTiihcr  fancy  than  know.  Locke. 

FAN'CY,  r.  U  To  form  a  conception  of;  to  portray  in 
the  mind  ;  to  imagine. 

He  whom  I  fancy,  hut  can  nrj'cr  cxprew.  Dryden, 

2.  To  like  ;  to  be  pleased  with,  particularly  on  ac- 
count of  external  appearance  or  manners.  \Vcfanaj 
a  person  for  beauty  and  accomplishment.  We  some- 
times fancy  a  lady  at  first  sight,  whoiu,  on  acquaint- 
ance, we  cannot  esteem. 

Fancy-stncks  ;  among  brokers,  stocks  which,  having 
no  determinate  value  from  any  fixed  probable  income, 
fluctuate  in  price  according  to  the  fancy  of  specula- 
tors. 

The  fancy ;  a  cant  name  for  sporting  characters. 
FAN' CY-DALL,  n.     A  ball  in  which  persons  appear 
in  fancy  dresses,  imitations  of  antique  costumes,  &c. 
FAN'CY-FR.\M-£D,  a.    Created  by  the  fancy. 

Crashaw. 
FAN'CY-FREE,  a.     Free  from  the  power  of  love. 

Shak. 
FAN'CY-ING,  ppr.    Imagining;  conceiving;  liking. 
FAN'CY-MON"GER,  H.    One  who  deals  in  tricks  of 

imagination.  Shak, 

FAN'CY-SI<;K,  a.  One  whose  imagination  is  un- 
sound, or  whose  distemper  is  in  his  own  mind. 

V  Estrange. 
PAND,  old  prct.  of  Find.     [Obs.]  Spenser. 

A'AN-DAN"GO,  n.     [Sp.]    A  lively  dance.  Sp.  Vict, 
PANE,  71.     [L.  fanum.] 

A  temple ;  a  place  consecrated  to  religion ;  a 
church  ;  used  in  poetry. 

From  men  their  eiiies,  and  from  ^oda  Uie'afane*.  Pop*. 

F.\N'FARE,  V.  [Fr.]  A  flourish  of  trumpets,  as 
in  coming  into  the  lists,  &,c 

FAX'FA-RON,  rt  [Fr.  fanfaron;  Sp.  fanfaiTon; 
Port,  fanfarram.] 

A  bully  ;  a  hector  ;  a  swaggerer  ;  an  empty  boast- 
er ;  a  vain  pretender.  Drydi-n. 

FAN-FAR-ON-aDE',  n.  A  swaggering  ;  vain  boast- 
ing ;  ostentation  ;  a  blunter.  Sirift. 

FANG,  V.  t,  [Sax.  fengan,  to  catch,  seize,  or  take,  to 
begin;  D.  vangen;  G.  fingen;  Dati.  fanger i  Sw. 
fanga.     See  FI^GEB.] 

To  catch;  to  seize;  to  lay  hold;  to  gripe;  to 
clutch.     [O&j.]  Shak. 

FANG,  n.     [Sax.  fang  ;  D.  vcng  ;  G.  fang,  a  seizing.] 

1.  The  tusk  of  a  boar  or  other  animal  by  which 
the  prey  is  seized  and  held  ;  a  pointed  tooth.    Bacon. 

2.  A  claw  or  t;ilon. 

3.  Any  shoot  or  other  thing  by  which  hold  is  taken. 

Tli?  proUif'era:it/an»i  of  the  Ymca.  Ecclyru 

F.\NG'/JD,  a.  Furnished  with  fangs,  tusks,  or  some- 
thing long  and  pointed  ;  as,  a  fanged  adder.  ShaJc, 

Chariou/anj^'i  wiLh  Kylhci.  Philipt. 

FAN'^GLE,  (fang'gl,)  n.   [from  Pax.  fejigan,  to  begin.] 

A  new  attempt ;  a  trifling  scheme.     [A"o£  used.] 

FA?>"GLii;D,  a.   Proper!if,h:gnn  ;  new  made;  hence, 

gaudy;  showy;   vainly  decorated.     [Seldom  used, 

except  with  new.]     [See  Ncw-Fangled.]       Shak. 

FANG'LESS,a.   Having  no  fangs  or  tusks  ;  tuothless  ; 

as,  a  fangless  lion. 
FAN"GOT,  n.   A  quantity  of  wares,  as  raw  silk,&c., 
from  one  to  two  hundred  weight  and  three  qimrters. 

Diet, 
FAN'ION,  (fan'yon,)  n.    [Fr.,  from  Goth,  fnna,  L. 
pannusy  G.fahne^  a  cloth,  a  flag,  a  banner.] 

In  armies,  a  small  flag  carried  with  the  baggage. 

Eneyc. 


TONE,  ByLL,  U^UTE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — G  as  K ;  6  as  J  j  S  aa  Z  ;  CH  as  SH;  TH  as  In  THIS. 


FAK 


FAR 


'IV  in  fi'nn  of  an  oiwn  fan. 
•:\fiuL  Jfirijf. 

.a  (Ml  i  wlnnowcUi  vcn- 

'  J:'^  I  a.    (Ft.  /««» (  Gdli.  /cum,  supra.] 
\    .'('i  if  ornameni  like  a  "carf,  worn  nlwul  Iho 
"  ,Mi  uf  a  Bwnan  Calliollc  prical,  ivlien  ho  oinci- 

Dict. 
One  wim  fan*.  JfrnnuA. 

.  iiico  for  producing  a  cuncnl  of  nir,  as 
ic.  BtuliaHiin. 

r.    Blowing  i  vcntilatini;. 
1  V-CHINE',  j  «.    A  macJiino  for  clcnn- 
'l.l,.  !     'ng   >c«l3    from    cliair, 

^  ^.^  Brande. 

\'  ,fanU'n-a,)  ».    [It.,  fancy.] 

ir  In  inuaic,  not  rratriclcil  to  llio  scvcro 
•  rtilion.  . 

I,  a.  [from/an/ayy,  fancy.]  FiIIlcI  with 
.smalioni  J  wliinnlcil.  [Aulu-w/.]  SliaJi. 
'.  [C.T.  ;af  raTtta,  from  ^jivw,  to  appear, 
•-.■n  rtu:<TA»M.] 

1  apiicnn  to  liio  Imagination;  a  plian- 
iig  not  real. 

In.      [rt,  fanlastiijue  !  It.  fmlas- 
'■-AL,  I     tia;  from  Gt.  ^luiroiria,  vi»- 
■m  jjird,  to  a|,i)car.] 
-  .  produced  or  exl^tini!  only  in  imajrina- 
.  iry  ;  not  real ;  cJiimt-ncal.  SitutJt. 

..  iiai.^^s  fio  nature  of  a  phantom;  apparent 
only.  SliaJi. 

3.  fnaeady;  Inepilar.  Prior. 

4.  WTilmiical  ;  capricious  ;  fanciful  ;  indulging 
llirt  varu.ei  of  imacination  ;  as,  fantastic  minds  ;  a 

5.  WlilriKiral ;  odd.  [/ciiilaslic  mistress, 
r  •,  V  T  \S  Tie,  «.    .\  whimsical  person.      JacLiott. 

1  .  ^AS  ■IIC-AULY,  iu<e.    ny  Uic  power  of  imagi- 

i  In  a  fantastic  manner ;  capriciously ;  unsteadily. 

Ilcr  lerptfT  lo  /antitticall^  bom?.  jSTioi:. 

?.  Wliinuically  ;  in  compliance  with  fancy.  Grew. 
1  lf-.M.-NESS,n.  Complianccwithfailcy  i 
-*  ;  whlmsicalncAS ;  unreasonableness; 

Johnson. 
I'.NESS,  n.    The  Kimc  as  FiSTAsTje- 

;    a.    Now  written  Fvscr,  which  see. 

;•  ^.i  ...J  ■cmMjiinf  nwiT  than  /anicuy  J  Shajt. 

r.l.YTOC-Cr.Yl,    (fantoKThS'ne,)    [It.]     Dramatic 
.    <>.- ..  n(r<t,..04  in  which  piipp<-ts  are  subptitulud  in 
I  -T  human  performers.  Brande. 

fPT./anr.;mf,  probably  contracted  from 
;,  rn>m  the  (jrcek.    See  Fanct.] 
^-  ttiat  appears  to  the  imagination  ;  also, 
1  ;:hi,st;  an  ripparition.     It  is  generally 
-  ...  v7(T»M,  which  see. 

I  ■,  i  ■_tM-t"CHt.\,  n.    I-lnk  or  light  corn.     Orose. 
M'.  .1.     Fuddl.-d.     [.VVl  in  luc.j  SImk. 

:  ■.    11  lU'.    Sec  Fa«iiu 

i:,  f^aji. /ftfr, /or,  or /yr  ;  D.  fcr,  verre ;  G. 
.  .10(1  in  composition,  rcrr  Sw.  Jicrran;  i)an. 
,  I .  L.  pom) ;  Gr.  ff  ipiiut ,-  connected  with  jrr),}r,(,  a 
«ay,  a  passing,  rooruw,  rooiva^ai,  to  pass  or  go, 
t^a.i.  faraAf  Goth,  famn^  G.  faJtrai,  D.  vaaren,  Dan. 
/".rrr,  Sw.  /ara,  Eng.  to  fare.    See  Fare.] 

I    Mlftant,  in  any  direction  ;  separated  by  a  wide 
.   •  from  the  place  where  one  is,  or  from  any  given 
I'  ni.  te. 

•Ve  an  come  from  a /ar  country.  — Jotli.  iz. 
(/  hcaTrn  If  aa  a  nan  trarclin^  into  oyiic  country. 
itf. 

T,-  n>'.  <.i/cr  and  near  conl^ivi  In  Choi'o?.  Dryttn. 

2.  Fifvrajicfly,  remote  from  purpose ;  contrary  to  de- 
sign or  wishes  ;  a.a,/or  be  it  from  inp  to  justify  cruelty. 

3.  K'-rnoie  in  affection  or  obedience ;  at  enmity 
with  ;  alienated  ;  in  a  upvrituai  sense. 

TV;  -JiaraTr/ar  Trcm  l]i*^  ihall  p.-njh.— Pj.  iixili. 

4.  M..re  nr  most  distant  of  the  two ;  as,  the  far 
•  .  \<-  of  a  hcrw.  Out  the  drivers  of  teams  in  New 
Iloilind  generally  use  oji  as,  the  off  side,  or  off 

II  .rce  r>r  01. 

f  A 11,  a_le.  To  a  great  client  or  distance  of  space  ;  as, 
the  far  citended  ocean  ;  we  arc  separated  far  from 
each  other. 

Oolj  jt  Jail  net  ft  xerj  far  a»aT Et.  riil. 

2.  F\fvait,l^,  distantly  in  time  from  anv  point ; 
r.-incrfely.  lie  pushed  his  researches  very  far  into 
antujoity.  '  •' 

3.  In  lalfTTofiKoTiM,  10  what  distance  or  client. 
Ilow  f.TT  will  such  reasoning  lead  us? 

4.  In  great  pirt ;  as,  the  day  is/nr  spent 

5.  In  a  great  proportion  ;  by  many  degrees  ;  very 

%r!»  an  tt»l  a  »lrt.x«a  aroroAn  (  fct  her  pjice  U  far  above 

tJta^.— Pror.  axil. 
Fat  I  »ir.  in  a  «ni(  tel.iai  oro,  ba<inf  a  iemn  lo  iIciQit,  aoii 

>olomJ,Cl™i,.hichla/)irbcUCT.-TOI.L 

K.  To  «  certain  point,  decree,  or  distance.  This 
»rgiim»nt  is  sound  and  ln;ical,  as  far  as  it  joes. 

tlow  /«■  fcrtl,  yon  d..  liko  llrir  r.nid^  SJiaJc. 


Bv  far  (  in  a  great  ilegrcc  ;  very  much. 

From  far  ,•  from  a  great  distance  ;  from  a  remote 

''  "far  from ;  at  a  great  distance ;  ns.far  from  home  ; 
Far  off;  at  a  great  distance.  Ifar  from  hope. 

The;  taninl  in  n  rl:"<-'  "'»'  ""*  far  oJ.—'iS^m.  xi. 

2.  To  a  great  distance. 

Lo  tlipn  would  I  wwiilcr  far  ij^,  and  rcmMn  In  die  wUdemcsi. 
—  Pi.  1». 

3.  In  a  spiritual  sense,  alienated  ;  at  enmity  j  in  a 
state  of  ignorance  and  alienation. 

Ve,  who  were  sometlinw  far  q/,  arc  niAdc  nigh  by  the  blood  of 
Christ.  —  Ejili.  ii. 

Far  other;  very  difFercnt.  Pop'- 

FAR,  n.     [Sax. /urWi,/Mr/'.    Sec  Fabbow.] 

The  young  of  swine  ;  or  a  litter  of  pigs.     [Local.] 

Ttisser. 

FAU'-A-DOUT',  n.  A  going  out  t)f  tlie  w.ay.  [A'ot 
in  IMC.  I  Fuller. 

FAU'-llKAM'ING,  a.    Sending  beams  to  a  distance. 

F.XU'-nltOUGHT,  (-brawt,)  n.    Urouglit  from  alar. 

FAU'-€XST,  (I.     Cast  to  a  great  di.st,lnce.         More. 

FAIt'-EX-TKND'ED,  a.  Extended  to  a  great  distance. 

FAU'-I-'AiM'£l),  a.    Widely  celebrated.  Poiic. 

FAll'-FETCH,  n.  A  deep-laid  stratagem.  [Lialc 
u,s-f(/.]  Iliidlhras. 

FAK'-FETCU'ED,  (-fctcht,)  a.  Brouglit  from  a  re- 
mole  place. 

Whoso  p.%inB  baYO  corned  tlic/dr./dcficff  six>il.  ISiUon. 

2.  Studiously  sought;  not  easily  or  naturally  de- 
duced or  introduced  ;  forced  ;  strained. 

York  with  .^11  hiA/ar-/f(c/teif  i-olicy.  .SVio*. 

So    we    say,    far-fached   arguments  ;    far-fctchcd 

rliymes  ;  far-fdched  analogy.    [Far-fet,  tlie  same,  is 

not  useti.l 
FXR'-CIiANC'LN'C,  a.    Glancinc  to  a  great  distance. 
FXR'-LOOK'LNG,  a.  Looking  to  a  great  distance.  Mien. 
FAK'-PrEUC'I.N'G,  a.    Striking  or  penetrating  a  great 

way  ;  as,  a  far-piercing  eye.  Pope. 

FAR'-RE-SOU.ND'ING,  a.  Resounding  to  a  great  dis- 

lance. 
FAR'-RtTL'ING,rt.  Ruling  to  a  great  extent  of  country. 
FAU'-SEE'ING,  a.    Seeing  to  a  great  distance. 
FAR'-SHOOT'ING,  a.    Shooting  to  a  great  distance. 

UrtAt  Jove,  he  SAiil,  and  thc/ar-e/ioolin^  god.  Drydfii. 

FAR'-SIGHT'ED,  a.    Seeing  to  a  great  distance. 
FAR'-SIGHT'ED-NESS,  n.    Thi-  power  of  seeing  far. 
FAR'-STRETClI-i;D,  a.    Stretched  far. 
FAR'AiNT-I.Y,  a.    Orderly  ;  decent. 

2.  Comely  ;  handsome.     [A'wt  used.]  Riii/. 

FARCE,(fars,)v.  (.  [L.farcio,  Fr./aTOr,lo  stuff,  Arm. 
farsa.] 

1.  To  stuff;   to  fill  with  mingled  ingredients  or 
forced  me.it.    [Little  used.] 

The  first  principles  of  relifrion  slioutd  not  be  farced  with  school 
[M,inta  and  piivutc  tenets.  Sattderson. 

2.  To  extend;  to  swell  oat;  as,  the /arced  title. 
[LiUle  used.]  Sliak. 

FARCE,  (firs,)  n.  [Fr.farce;  lufarsa;  Sp.  id.;  from 
farcio,  to  stuff.  Literally,  seast)niii2,  stuffing,  or  mix- 
ture, like  the  stulfing  of  a  roasteil  fowl  ;  force-meat.] 
A  dramatic  compusiliiin,  origintiliy  exhibited  by 
charlatans  or  buffoons,  in  tlif  oiien"  street,  for  the 
amusement  of  the  crowd,  but  now  iuti-otliiceii  upon 
the  stage.  It  is  written  without  regularity,  and 
filled  with  ludicrous  conceits.  The  dialogue  "is  usu- 
ally low,  the  persons  of  inferior  rank,  and  the  fable 
or  action  trivial  or  ridiculous.  Eacijc. 

Farce  is  tliat  iu  poetry  whicli  grotesque  ia  in  tv  picture :  ttic 
persons  nnd  nclioos  of  a  /arce  arc  all  unnatural,  and  t!io 
maonen  false.  Dryden. 

FAR'CI-€AL,  fl.  Belonging  to  a  farce;  appropriated 
to  farce. 

They  deny  die  chai^icters  to  bc/orcicaf,  because  they  are  actual- 
ly in  nature.  Oat/. 

2.  Droll ;  ludicrous  ;  ridiculous. 

3.  Illusory  ;  deceptive. 

FAH'CI-CAL-LY,  adv.  In  a  manner  suited  to  farce; 
iience,  ludicrously. 

FAR'Cl-CAL-NESS,  a.     auality  of  being  ludicrous. 

FAK'Cl-LITE,  a.  [from /arte]  Puilding-stone.  The 
calcareous  farcditc,  called  ainenla,  is  formed  of 
rounded  calcareous  pebbles,  agglulin.nled  by  a  calca- 
rous  cement.     [Obs.]  Kincan,  Ocot. 

FAK'UIN,  j  a.    In  farriery,  a  disease  of  the  absorb- 

FXR'Cy,    (     ents,  affecting  the  skin  nnd  its  blood- 
vessels ;  allieil  to  the  gl.nl-rs.  Farm.  Enrye. 
A  dist-asc  of  horses,  someiimes  of  oxi'n.  of  the 
^  nature  of  a  scabies  or  mange.  Encyc. 

FAU'CING,  71.  Slulfing  composed  of  forced  meat. 

FARe'TATE,  0.     lh.farelM,  stuffed,  from  farcio.]  ' 
In  botany,  stiiffeil  ;    crammed,  or  full ;    without 

vacuities ;  in  opposition  lo  (iiJiiiar  or  koUow ;  as,  a 

{"relate  le.af,  stem,  or  [lericarp.  Martyn. 

f.vSf;;,";'-     t^'-J     '''"P^'Ut.    [Mtu.,ed.]     Skciistone. 
FAR'DLL,  ,1.     (fl.  fardcllo:  Fr.  fardeau;  Sp.  fardel, 

fardo ;  Arm.  fardcll ;  probably  from  the  root  of  I,. 

/fro,  to  bear,  or  of/nrdo,  lo  stud'.] 
A  liundb'  or  lillle  paik. 
FaR'DKI.,  II.  (.    'i'o  make  up  in  bundles. 


Sliak. 
FuUcr. 


FAR 

FAR'DING-BAG,  7(.  The  first  slomach  of  :i  cow,  or 
other  ruminant  animal,  where  green  food  lies  until 
it  is  chewed  over  again.  Gurd. 

FaUK,  v.  i.  [Sax.  faraiiy  Gotli.  faraitj  to  go  ;  Da 
vaaren;  G.  faJircn;  Sw.  fara^  Don,  farcr.  This 
word  may  be  connected  in  origin  with  tliu  Jleb.  Ch. 

Syr.  Sam.  "iSi?,  Ar.  Ok£  aiara,  to  go,  to  pass;  er  with 

j^i  c/ara,  to  pass,  or  pass  over,  wliich  seems  to  be 

radically  the  same  word  as   yX^  nafara,  lo  flee. 

This  coincides  with  the  Eth.  U/(^4  jcafar,  to  go, 
lo  pass,  Gr.  Tztipivio,  U.bara.  Class  Br,  No.  23,  37,41.] 

1.  To  go;  to  pass;  to  move  forward  j  to  travel. 

So  oil  he /area,  and  to  the  border  cornea 

01  K.I011.  Milton. 

[Tii  this  literal  sense  Vie  word  is  not  in  common  vsc] 

2.  To  be  in  any  state,  good  or  bad  ;  to  be  attended 
Willi  any  circumstances  or  train  of  events,  Ibrlunale 
or  unlnrtunate. 

So /urea  the  sta^  among-  the  enraffcd  hounds.  Denham. 

Su/nred  t!ie  kiughl  between  two  foes.  Utidlbraa. 

He  fared  very  well ;  he  fared  very  ill.  Go  further 
and  fare  worse.  The  sense  is  taken  from  goiug^ 
Jiaving  a  certain  course  ;  hence,  being  subjected  to  a 
certain  train  of  incidents.  The  rich  man  fared 
sumptuously  every  day.  He  enjoyed  all  ibc  pleasure 
which  wealth  and  luxury  could  afibrd.    Luke  xvi. 

3.  To  feed;  lo  be  entertained.  We  fared  well; 
we  had  a  good  table,  and  courteous  treatment. 

4.  To  proceed  in  a  train  of  consequences,  good 
or  bad. 

Sofarer.  it  when  with  truth  TiiU^hooU  conLznJa.  MtlUjn. 

5.  To  happen  well  or  ill;  with  iMnipersonally,  We 
sliall  see  how  it  will  fare  with  him. 

FARE,  71.  Tlie  price  of  passage  or  goinf^ ;  the  sum 
paid  or  due  for  conveying  a  person  by  land  or  wa- 
ter ;  as,  the  fare  fur  crosshig  a  river,  called,  also,  fer- 
riage ;  the  fare  for  conveyance  in  a  coacu  ;  stage- 
fare.  The  price  of  conveyance  over  liie  ocean  is 
now  usually  called  the  passai-Cj  or  pajsage-monaj. 
Fare  is  never  used  for  the  price  of  conveying  goods; 
this  is  called  freight  or  transportation 

2.  Food ;  provisions  of  the  table.  We  lived  on 
coarse  fai-e;  or,  we  liad  delicious  fare. 

3.  The  person  conveyed  in  a  vehicle.  [JVon'niae 
in  the  United  States.]  Dramiiond. 

FaRK-WELL'  ;  a  compound  offarc^  in  the  imiicrative, 
and  well.  Go  well ;  originally  applied  to  a  person  de- 
parting, but  by  custom  now  applied  both  to  those  who 
depart  and  those  wlio  remain.  It  expresses  a  kind 
wish,  a  wish  of  happiness  lo  those  who  leave,  or 
those  wlio  are  left. 

The  verb  and  adverb  are  often  separated  by  the 
pronoun  ;  fare  yon  well ;  I  wisii  you  a  happy  depart- 
ure ;  may  you  be  well  in  your  absence-. 

It  is  sometimes  an  expression  of  separation  only. 
FaretPell  the  year  ;  farewell,  ye  swccl  groves  ;  that  is, 
I  lake  my  leave  of  you. 

FARE-WELL',  71.  A  wish  of  happiness  or  welfare  at 
partmg  ;  the  parting  comijliinent ;  adieu. 

2.  Leave  ;  act  of  departure. 

Ami  tabi-3  h<iT  farewell  of  llie  g'orious  sun.  .Shitk. 

E'.'forv  1  ukc  my  fareicelt  of  ine  suLiJL-cl.  Addiaon. 

FA-RT'NA,  7?.     [L.  farina^  meal.] 

1.  In  botany,  the  pollen,  fine  dust,  or  powder,  con- 
tained in  the  anthers  of  plants,  and  which  is  sup- 
posed to  fall  on  the  sligma,  and  fructify  the  plant. 

9.  The  flour  of  any  species  of  corn,  or  starchy  root, 
such  as  the  potato,  &c.  l/rc. 

3.  In  chemistry,  starch  or  fecula,  one  of  the  proxi- 
mate principles  of  vegetables. 

FAR-I-Na'CEOUS,  a.     [from  L.  farina,  meal.] 

1.  Consisting  or  made  of  meal  or  flour  ;  as,  a,  fari- 
naceous diet,  which  consists  of  the  meal  or  flour  of 
the  various  species  of  corn  or  grain. 

2.  Yielding  farina  or  flour  ;  as. /o77?mccous  seeds. 

3.  Like  meal ;  mealy ;  pertainmg  to  meal ;  as,  a 
farinaceous  taste  or  smell. 

FAR'I-NoSE,  a.  In  natural  fiisUTy,  mealy  ;  covered 
with  a  sort  of  wliite,  scurfy  substance,  as  the  leaves 
of  some  poplars.  Liudlcy.    Humhle. 

FaR'LIES,  n.  pi.     Unusual,  unesp:'ctcd  things. 
[.Koi  ill  tt:se.'\  Ciirihcrlaiid  dialect. 

1-'aR.M,  71.  \?^:\\.  farina,  fearm,  ox  f-orm^  food,  pro- 
visions, board,  a  meal,  a  dinner  or  supper,  hospitali- 
ty, substance,  goods,  use,  fruit.  Hence,  feormian,  to 
supply  provisions,  to  entertam  ;  also,  to  purge,  or  pu- 
rify, to  expiate,  to  avail,  to  profit.  Ann.  ferm,  or 
fr.urm  ;  in  ancient  laws,  frma  :  Fr.  fcrmc,  a  farm,  or 
letting  to  farm,  whence  affcrmcr,  lo  hire  or  lease. 
The  sense  of /conTi  seems  to  be  corn  or  provisions,  m 
which  formerly  rents  were  paid.  The  radical  sense 
of /coHH,  provisions,  is  probably  produce,  issues,  frorn 
one  of  the  verbs  in  Br ;  produce  and  purification  both 
impljing  Kijparatinu,  a  tlirtjwing  ofl"  ur  out.] 

1.  A  tract  of  Hnd  leased  on  rent  reserved;  ground 
let  to  a  tenant  ou  condition  of  his  paying  a  certam 


FATE,JFAR,  FALL^IAT— M£TE,  FREY.-FINE,  MARTfNE,  BIRD. -NOTE,  DOVE,  BIOVE,  WOLF,  COOIL- 


438 


FAR 

s!im  annually,  or  utlienvise,  for  the  use  of  it.  A  farm 
is  usually  sucb  a  portion  of  land  as  is  cultivated  by  one 
man,  and  includes  the  buildings  and  fences.  Rents 
were  formerly  paid  in  provisions,  or  the  produce  of 
land  ;  but  now  they  are  ijenerally  paid  in  money. 

This  is  the  signification  of  farm  in  Qrcat  Britain^ 
where  most  of  the  land  is  leased  to  cultivators. 

2.  la  the  United  States^  a  portion  or  tract  of  land, 
tonsistiug  usually  of  grass  land,  meadow,  pasture, 
tUlage,  and  woodland,  cultivate<l  by  one  man,  and 
usually  owned  by  hini  in  fee.  A  like  tract  of  land 
under  Irase  is  called  a  farm  ;  but  most  cultivators  are 
propridtors  uf  the  land,  and  called  farmers. 

A  tract  of  new  land,  covered  with  forest,  if  in- 
tended lo  be  cultivated  by  one  man  as  owner,  is  also 
called  a /ur;n.  A  man  goes  into  tlie  new  States,  or  into 
the  unstitled  country,  to  buy  a  farm^  that  is,  land  for 
a  farm. 

3.  The  slate  of  land  leased  on  rent  reserved  ^  a 
leasG. 

It  is  ^irat  nnKfulQess  in  Undlonls  to  nuke  on;  Xqo^t  farms  to 
l^-if  tetuin^.  Spenser. 

FaRM,  r.  t.  To  lease,  as  land,  on  rent  reserved  j  to 
kt  to  a  tenant  on  condition  of  paying  rent. 

We  ire  enforced  Xafami  our  rojai  realm.  Shak. 

[/rt  this  sense,  I  bdiere,  the  tcord  is  not  ttsed  in 
America.] 

2.  To  t:ike  at  a  certain  rent  or  rate.  [J^ot  used  in 
Anierica.] 

3.  To  lease  or  let,  as  taxes  impost,  or  other  duties,  at 
a  certain  sum  or  rate  per  cent.  It  is  cusiomarj*,  in 
many  countries,  for  llie  prince  or  government  to  farm 
lite  revenues,  ihs  taxes  or  rents,  the  impusts  and  excise, 
to  individuals,  who  are  to  collect  and  pay  thena  to  the 
government  at  a  certain  per  centage  or  rate  per  cent, 

4.  To  take  cr  hire  for  a  certain  rate  per  cent. 

5.  To  cultivate  land. 

To  farm  let,  or  Ut  to  farm,  is  to  lease  on  rent. 
FAUM'-IIOCSE,  a.    A  house  attached  to  a  farm,  and 

for  the  residence  of  a  farmer. 
FARil'-OF-FICE,  n,     Farm-o^ces  are  the  out  build- 
ings pertaining  to  a  farm. 
FARM'- YARD,  n.  The  yard  or  inclosure  attached  to  a 

barn  ;  or  the  inclosure  surrounded  by  the  farm  build- 

i  :i  25. 

.-.U.M'A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  farmed.   Sherwood. 
J  \RC.i'£D,  pp.      Leased  ou  rent;   let  cut  at  a  certain 

r^.te  or  price. 
/aUM'EK,  n.      In  Oreat  Britain^  a  tenant ;    a  lessee  ; 

one  who  hires  and  cultivates  a  farm ;  a  cultivator  of 

leased  ground. 
The  word  is  also  now  applied  to  one  who  cultivates 

his  ov/n  land.  Smart. 

2.  One  who  takes  taxes,  customs,  excise,  or  other 
duties,  to  ccllect  for  a  certain  rate  per  cent,  j  as,  a 
farmer  of  the  revenues. 

3.  One  who  cultivates  a  farm ;  a  husbandman  j 
whether  a  tenant  or  tJie  proprietor.     United  States. 

4.  In  minin^j  the  lord  of  the  fiulJ,  or  one  who  farms 
the  lot  and  cope  of  the  king.  Encyc 

FAKM'ER-OEN'ER-AL,  h.  One  to  whom  the  right 
of  levying  certain  taxes,  in  a  particular  district,  was 
farmed  oui,  under  the  former  flench  monarchy,  for  a 
given  Slim  paid  down.  Encijc.  Jim. 

FARJI'ER-Y,  n.  The  buildings  and  yards  necessary 
for  the  business  of  a  farm.  England. 

FARM'ING,p;rr.  or  a.  Letting  or  leasing  land  on  rent 
reserved,  or  duties  and  imposts  at  a  certain  rate  per 

2.  Taking  on  lease.  [cent. 

3.  Cultivating  land  ;  carrjing  on  the  business  of 
agriculture. 

FARM'IXG,  n.    The  business  of  cultivating  land. 

FAR'MoST,  a.  \^far  and  mosl.'\  Most  distant  or  re- 
mote. Dryden. 

FAR'XESS,  n.    [from  far.'\    Distance  ;  remoteness. 

FAR'O,  n.  A  species  of  game  at  cards,  in  which  a 
person  plays  against  the  bank,  kept  by  the  proprietor 
of  Ihc  table.     Originally  written  PHABAOrr.    Iloyle- 

FaR'O-UAXK,  tu  a  bank  or  establishment  against 
wb!i;h  persons  play  at  the  game  of  faro.         Hoyle. 

F.\R-R,\G'IN-0US,  a.  [L.  farrago,  a  mixture,  from 
far,  meal.] 

Formed  of  various  materials  ;  mixed  ;  as,  a  /cr- 
rapno'jj  mountain.  Kinoan. 

FAR-Ra'GO,  71.    [L.,  from  far,  meal.] 

A  mass  composed  of  various  materials  confusedly 
mixed ;  a  medley. 

FAR'RAND,  J  n.    Manner:  custom;  humor.  [LocaL] 

FA'RAND,     S  Qrose. 

PAR-RE-A'TION.    See  Co.tfabreatios. 

FAR'RI-ER,  71.  {pT.ferrant;  ll.  ferrau)  ;  Sp.  Iierra- 
dor;  L.  ferrarins,  from  ferrum.  iron.  Fr.  fcrreri  It. 
ferrare,  to  bind  with  iron  ;  "  terrare  un  cavallo,"to 
shoe  a  horse.  Ferrum  is  probably  from  hardness ; 
W.  fer,  dense,  solid  ;  feru,  to  harden  or  congeal ; 
feris,  steel.    A  farrier  is  literally  a  worker  in  iron.] 

1.  A  shoer  of  horses  ;  a  smith  who  shoes  horses. 

2.  One  who  professes  to  cure  the  diseases  of 
FAR'RI-ER,  V.  i.  To  practice  as  a  farrier.  [horses. 
FAR'RI-EK.-Y',  Tu    The  art  of  preventing,  curing,  or 

mitigating  the  diseases  of  horses  and  cattle. 

Farm^  Eneyc. 
[This  is  now  called  the  veterinary  art.] 


FAS 

FAR'RoW,    lu      [Sax.   fear!'.,   f,rrh;    D.   varken;   G. 
fcrkel.] 
A  litter  of  pigs.  Shak. 

FAR'ROW,  r.  f.  or  t.  To  bring  forth  pigs-  [Used  of 
swine  only.]  I'tisser. 

FAR'RoW,  a.  [D.  vaare  ;  "  een  vaare  koe,"  a  dry 
cow  ;  ScoL  erry  cow.  Q.U.  the  root  of  bare,  barren.] 
Not  producing  young  in  a  particular  season  or 
year  ;  applied  to  cows  only.  If  a  cow  has  had  a  calf, 
but  fails  in  a  subsequent  year,  she  is  said  to  be  far- 
row, or  to  go  farrow.  Such  a  cow  may  give  milk 
through  tlie  year.  Forby.     JVew  England. 

FAR'TtlER,  a.  comp.     [Sax.  forVter,  from  fortJi,  from 
the  root  of  faran,  to  go  ;  D.  vcrder.     Farther  is  cor- 
rupt orthography.    The  genuine  word  is  Further.] 
L  More  remote;  more  distant  than  something  else. 

Let  me  aJJ  afarlher  irulh.  Dnjden, 

2.  Longer  ;  tending  to  a  greater  distance. 

Before  oui/arUier  way  the  f.»li.-s  aJIuw.  Dryden. 

FAR'THER,  adv.  At  or  to  a  greater  distance ;  more  re- 
motely ;  beyond.  Let  us  rest  with  what  v/e  have, 
without  looking/arlAcr. 

2.  Moreover;  by  way  of  progression  in  a  subject. 
Farther,  let  us  consider  the  probable  event. 

FARTHER,  V.  t.  To  promote;  to  advance;  to  help 
forward.     [Little  nsed.\ 

FAR'THER-^VNCE,  li.  A  helping  forward;  promo- 
tion.    [JVoi  iise4.] 

FAR''fHER-Molti5,a£ir.  Besides;  moreover.  [Litde 
used.] 

[Instead  of  the  last  three  words,  we  now  use 
Further,    FtRTHERiNCE,    Furthebmore,    which 


R'TU 


FAR'fUEST,  a.  superl.    |_Sax. /eorresl ;  D.  versL    See 

Furthest.] 
Most  distant  or  remote  ;  as,  ihe  fartliest  degree. 
FAR'THEST,  adc.    At  or  to  the  greatest  distance. 

[See  Furthest.] 
FAR'T HING,  n.     [Sax.  feorVmngy  from  fcorth,  fourth, 

from  ffowcr,  four.] 

1.  The /(jurtA  of  a  penny ;  a  small  copper  coin  of 
Great  Eritain,  being  the  fourth  of  a  penny  in  value. 
In  America,  we  have  no  coin  of  this  kind.  We, 
however,  use  the  word  to  denote  the  fourth  part  of  a 
penny  in  value  ;  but  tlie  penny  is  of  different  value 
ftom  tlie  English  penny,  and  different  in  different 
stales.  It  is  becoming  obsolete  with  the  old  d-^nom- 
inations  of  money. 

2.  FartJungs,  in  the  plural ;  copper  coin.       Oay. 

3.  Very  small  price  or  value.  It  is  not  worth  a 
farthing;  that  is,  it  is  of  very  little  wortii,  or  v/orth 

4.  A  division  of  land.    [.Yot  itow  used.]     [nothing. 

Thirty  acres  majte   a /arlAin »-laii<l ;   niue /ar(/iin^«  a  Cornish 
acre  ;  and  four  Coruish  acres  a  kiiigtit'a  fee.  Carete. 

FAR'T1IIN"GaLE,  n.  [This  is  a  compound  word, 
but  it  is  not  easy  to  analyze  it.  The  French  iias 
vertu^adin ;  the  Sp.  verduifado ;  Port,  verdagada ; 
which  do  not  well  correspond  with  the  English 
word.  The  Italian  has  guardinfanle,  infant-guard  ; 
and  it  has  been  said  that  tlie  hoop  petticoat  was  first 
worn  by  pregnant  women.] 

A  hoop  petticoat ;  or  circles  of  hoops,  formed  of 
whalebone,  used  to  extend  the  petticoat. 

FAR'T1IL\G3-\V0RTIJ,  (-wurth,)  n.  As  much  as  is 
sold  for  a  farthing  Arbuthnot. 

FAS'CES,  (fas'sez,)  n,  pU  [L.fascis,  W.  fasg,  a  bun- 
dle ;  fascia,  a  band.    See  Class  Bz,  No.  24,  35,  tiO.] 

In  Roman  antiquity,  an  ax  tied  up  with  a  bundle  of 
rods,  and  borne  before  the  Roman  magistrates  as  a 
badge  of  their  authority.  Dryden. 

FAS'CI-A,  (fash'e-a,)  n. ;  pi.  Fasci-e.  [L.,  a  baud  or 
sash.] 

1.  A  band,  saah,  or  fillet.  In  architecture,  any  flat 
member  with  a  small  projecture,  as  the  band  of  an 
architrave.  Also,  in  brick  buddings,  the  jutting  of 
the  bricks  beyond  the  windows  in  the  several  stories 
except  the  highest.  Encyc. 

2.  In  astronomy,  the  belt  of  a  planet 

3.  In  surgery,  a  bandage,  roller,  or  ligature.    Parr. 

4.  In  anaiomy,  a  tendinous  expansion  or  aponeu- 
rosis; a  thin,  tendinous  covering  which  surrounds 
the  muscles  of  the  limbs,  and  binds  them  in  their 
places.  Parr.      Cyc. 

FAS'C'I-AL,  (fash'e-al,)  a.    Belonging  to  llie  fasces. 

F^VS'CI-A-TED,  (fash'c-a-tcd,)  a.  Bound  with  a  lillct, 
sash,  or  bandage. 

FAS-CI-a'TION,  (fash-e-a'shun,)  n.  The  act  or  man- 
ner of  binding  np  diseased  parts;  bandage.  Wiseman* 

FAS'CI-CLE,  71.    [h.  fasciculus,  fxom  fascis,  a  bundle.] 

In  botany,  an  aggregate  of  fasligiate  llowers,  whose 

footstalks  or  peduncles  spring  irregularly  from   the 

top  of  the  main  stem,  not  from  one  point,  but  from 

several.  D.  C.  Willd. 

FAS-Cie'U-LAR,  a.     [U  fascicularis.] 

United  in  a  bundle;  as,  z  fascicular  root,  a  root 
of  the  tuberous  kind,  with  the  knobs  collected  in 
bundles,  as  in  PiEonia.  jMartyn. 

FAS-Cie'U-LAR-LY,  ado.    In  the  form  of  bundles. 

Kirwan. 

FAS-Cie'U-LATE,      \  a.    [from  1..  fasciculus,  supra.] 

FAS-CI€'ti-LA-T£D,  >     Growmg     in    bundles     or 

FAS'CI-€LED,  )     bunches     from     the    same 

point,  as  tlie  leaves  of  the  Larix  or  larch.  Jitariyn. 


FAS 

FAS-CICU-LITE  n.  [Supra.]  A  variety  of  fibrous 
hornblende,  of  a  fascicular  slnicture.        Hitchcock. 

FAS-C[e'U-LUS,».  [L.]  A  little  bundle;  a  fai^-cicle; 
a  division  of  a  book  ;  a  nosegay. 

FAS'CI-NaTE,  v.  t.     [h.fascino  ;  Gr.  ffaaKatvbj.] 
1.  To  bewitch  ;  to  enchant ;  to  operate  on  by  some 
powerful  or  irresistible  inUuence ;  to  influence  ihs 
passions  or  affections  in  an  incontroUable  manner. 

None  of  the  ailecLions  hare  beca  noted  to  faecinau  atid  trwitch, 
but  love  and  euvy.  Bacon. 

9.  To  cliarni ;  to  captivate ;  to  excite  and  allure 
irresistibly  or  powerfully.  The  young  are  fascinated 
hy  love;  female  beauty  fascinates  tlie  unguarded 
youth  ;  gaming  is  a  fascinating  vice. 

FAS'CI-Xa-TED,  pp.  or  a.  Bewitched  ;  enchanted  ; 
charmed. 

FAS'CI-iNA-TIXG,  ppr.  vr  a.  Bewitching;  enchant- 
ing; charming;  captivating. 

FAS-CI-NA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  bewitcliing  or  en- 
chanting; enchantment;  witcUcrati ;  a  powerful  or 
irresistibie  intlueuce  on  the  afli-ctions  or  pa:53ion3 ; 
unseen,  inexplicable  intluencc.  The  ancients  speak 
of  two  kinds  of  fascination  ;  one  by  the  look  or  e3'e, 
the  other  by  words. 

The  Turks  hang  old  rags  on  their  Cuivst  horses,  to  secure  them 
agrunst  Jhscinaiion.  Waiter. 

FAS-CiXE',  n.     [Fr.,  from  1,.  fascis,  a  bundle.] 

In  fortifcation,  a  fagot,  a  bundle  of  r^ds  or  small 
sticks  of  wood,  bound  at  both  ends  and  in  the  mid- 
dle; used  in  raising  batteries,  in  filling  ditches,  in 
Etrengtliening  ramparts,  and  making  parapets.  Soine- 
times,  being  dipped  in  melted  pitch  or  tar,  they  are 
used  to  set  fire  to  the  enemy's  lodgments  or  ether 
works.  Encyc. 

FAS'CIN-OUS,  a.    Caused  or  acting  by  witchcrail. 

llarccy 
FASH,  r.  (.    [Old  Fi.  faschcr  ]    To  vex ;  to  tease. 

{Falter  Scott. 
F.-VSH'IOX,  (fash^ui,)  n,     [Fr.  faron  ;  Arm.  fac^zoun  ; 
NoTm.facioii ;  from  fairc,  to  make  ;  L.  facto,  facies.]^ 

1.  The  ina.ke  or  form  of  a-ny  thing;  the  state  of 
any  thing  with  regard  to  its  external  appearance ; 
shape  ;  as,  Uieylis/woJiof  the  ark,  or  of  the  tabernacle 

Or  kl  me  lose  tix^/ashion  of  a  man.  SlujJt. 

'I'heja.shion  of  iiU  co;i:ittfuaate  was  rJtcretl.  — Luke  is. 

2.  Form;  model  to  be  imitated  ;  pattern. 

King  Ali;iz  sent  to  Urijah  the  priest  the  fashion  of  the  altar. — 
•J  Kings  xvi. 

Z.  The  form  of  a  garment ;  the  cut  or  shape  of 
clothes ;  as,  the  fashion  of  a  coat  or  of  a  bonnet. 
Uencc, 

4.  I'lie  prevailing  mode  of  dress  or  ornament. 
We  import  fashions  from  England,  as  the  English 
often  import  them  from  France.  \\'hat  so  cliange- 
able  i\s  fashlcn  ! 

5.  Planner ;  sort ;  way ;  mode  ;  applied  to  actions 
or  behavior. 

Fltick  Casca  by  tlie  sleeve, 
Ami  he  will,  after  liia  sour /lu/iion,  tell  yoix 
"Wlut  hath  jirucocded.  Hhak. 

6.  Custom  ;  prevailing  mode  or  practice.  Fasfdon 
is  an  inexorable  tyrant,  and  mi  st  of  the  world  its 
willing  slaves. 

It  was  theyiw/iion  of  the  age  to  c;Ul  every  thing  in  question. 

'nUoUon. 
Few  enterririscs  are  so  bopelc^ss  a3  a  coQtest  vnlXi  fashion. 

liambler. 

7.  Genteel  life  or  good  breeding;  as,  men  of 
fashion. 

8.  .-^ny  thing  worn.     [JVvt  used.]  Shak. 

9.  Genteel  company. 

10.  Workmanship.  Occrhury. 
FASll'lON,  (fash'un,)  v.  t,     [Fr. /afonncr.] 

1.  To  form  ;  to  give  shape  or  iigure  to ;  to  mold. 

Here  the  loud  banimeryiisAiofw  f(7niale  toys.  Cay. 

Aaron  fashional  the  ca.lf  wiih  a  graving  tool.  —  Exod.  xxiii, 
Sluli  the  clay  say  lo  hira  that  Janldonelh  it,  What  makcst  Ihou  ? 
—  Is.  ilv. 

2.  To  fit ;  to  adapt ;  to  accommodate ;  with  to. 

Laws  ought  lo  be  fashioned  to  tlie  manacra  aod  conditions  of 
the  people.  Spencer. 

3.  To  make  according  to  the  rule  prescribed  by 
custom, 

/b«ft«m£d  plaie  sella  for  more  than  its  weight.  Locke. 

4.  To  forge  or  counterfeit.     [J\'*o(  used.]        Skak. 
FASil'ION-A-BLE,  a.     Made  according  to  the  prevail- 
ing form  or  mode  ;  as,  a  fashionable  dress. 

2.  Established  by  custom  or  use  ;  current ;  prevail- 
ing at  a  particular  time ;  as,  the  fashionable  philoso- 
phy ;  fashionable  opinions. 

3.  Observant  of  the  fashion  or  customary  mode ; 
dressing  or  behaving  according  lo  the  prevailing 
fashion  ;  as,  a  fashionable  man.    Hence, 

4.  Genteel ;  well  bred  ;  aa,  fashionable  company  or 
society. 

FAS1MON-A-BLE-XES9,  n.  The  state  of  being 
fashionable  ;  modish  elegance ;  such  appearance  as 
is  according  to  the  prevailing  custom.  Locke. 

FASH'iON-A-BLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  according  to 
fashion,  custom,  or  prevailing  practice  ;  with  modish 
elegance  ;  as,  to  dress  fashion-My. 

FASH'ION-£D,  pp.  Made;  f  rmed  ;  shaped;  fitted; 
adapted. 


TCNE,  BULL,  U.NITE.  —  AN^GER,  VF'CIOUS.— €  as  K ;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SU  ;  TH  as  in  TlilS. 


} 


FAT 


of  lit« 

r. 

liiuntl 
FAST, 


,,     une  who  fornu  or  fives  8lia|io  to. 
..'f,r.     Koniilngi   e'>'"8  "''°l"'  '" ' 

"      \ii  obsrtiuloua  fullowcr  of  tlio 
VicU 
llavinj  nofMlilon. 
,   i;i;ii.  (faali'iin-inuiiB'S".)  "•    ""'' 

lU'liion  ;  a  fop. 
N   Utll-l.Ni;,   a.      Bcliaving   like   a 

Mil*. 
',':    In    ihips,  Ihc    liici.lmost   liiiibirs 
,10  the  bn-aillh,  mitl  form  llie  shapo 
.Viir.  /)w'. 
?«'st  rf k';  ..    A  minrnil,  a  mricly  <.f  pyroxene, 
Coin j  [n  lh<!  I'allf y  of  Fa»«i,  in  llio  '1  >fol. 
found      '^;[;"^,i_y.^.  alfi^t !  O.  vast,  Siv.  ami 

!.,n  /.rt.froinprcMins.biiiilins.  Qu. Fcrd.  j^JLwJ 

t ,  binJ,  10  make  tloJO  or  fart,  lo  shut,  to  'to;i^ ; 

Vc»,  a  stop.    Sco  CU«  11/.,  .No.  21,  Jj, 

>1,  itoppcil,  fixed,  or  pressed  close. 
.  I  ...  i  tight  ;  a.-.,  make  /<ijl  the  door  ;  take 
.,  id. 
,'.  lirni ;  Immovable. 

Wkj,  Vt  hk  lUTopli,  >rU/-tli/MI  111'  riMnlAiiu.  —  I''-  '"■ 

a.  Clotc;  itrons- 

Kitten  •»!  «ilh.i-luiUi.;  In  «:oo.l.  •■^'/'"■'''-■'g^,,,^. 

«.  Firmly  filed ;  el.HCly  adheriiisi  a-',tostick/u.<( 

in  mire ;  lo  make /Oil  a  rope.  ,  .i„.„ 

i  aoK,  u  ilccp  i  deep ;  sound  ;  a.%  a  f.i.ilMcp. 

<•    Firm  In  adherence  :  n,",  a /!-•(  friend. 

i-   .:  and  Imic!  variable;  inconstant ;  as,  to  play 

I .\.-- 1,  •./p.    Firmly ;  immovably. 

Vr<  <rtl  (toll  ll>K  /i"l,  •nJ  ilcUrcT  Ukc  Inlo  Uirir  land.  — 
J«J{n  XT. 

*i/<  »»,  or/iMt  trmle;  close  or  near  lo. 

f\tt  S»  tbo  thTvoe  ot^TiiiMti  fsmr  fraH.i.  Pope. 

»■  v^T  «.    (W.  /7j(,  fa.<t,  quick ;  frjiu,  to  hasten  ;  L. 

■.    If  /  H  not  »  rillon  for  A,  as  in  /itolr,  (see 

•  1)1,  No.  44,  45,  Vi.)  the  sense  is,  to  press,  drive, 

and  it  may  be  from  the  saino  root  as  the  prc- 

,-  »o<J,  ivith  a  dillertiit  application.] 

-    Ill;  inoTing  rapidly;  ijuick  in  motion;  as,  a 

swiniv  ;  rapidly ;  with  quick  Btc]«  or 

.  aj,  to  nin  fast :  to  move  fast  through 

1^  a  ship  ;  the  ivork  pors  oufasf. 

■  ■.  -  :    <■.  I.    I.-Jat.  f.f<(.iii,<:oth./ojMTi,toliist,tokce|i, 

..erve,  to  hoid  ;  C./x.i™  ,■  H.  r.i-<l,  linn  ;  rinlfii, 

;    II -I ;  Svv.  /d.fu;  from  the  same  root  as  /its!,  linn. 

'I'lie  iK'nsc  Is,  to  hold  or  stop.] 

I.  To  •b<Liiii  from  food  beyond  the  nsu.al  liinc  ; 
to  omit  to  tak.'  til-  usual  meals  for  a  time ;  as,  to 
/*rf  a  d.iy  or  a  \vcL>k. 

a  To  alutain  irom  food  volniiLarily,  for  the  morti- 
(leation  of  the  biidy  or  appetites,  or  as  a  token  of 
grief,  forruw,  ftnd  affliction. 

TWi  d«U/<ul  ifMl  v«ep  Fjr  C«  cjiiltl.  —3  S.im.  xii. 

WIro  re  fiut,  be  wA,  aj  the  hrpociitCT,  of  a  ^il  eoiinWnnnce. 

—  iUii.  »i. 
3.  To  absuin  from  food  partially,  or  from  particil- 
\^t  kinds  of  food;  as,  Iho  Itoinan  Catholics  yu^t  in 

1  .  «.  Abstinence  from  food ;  properly,  a  tot.iI 
r  unencc,  but  it  Is  used  also  for  an  abstinence 
from  porticnlar  kinds  of  food  for  a  ceruiin  time. 

ttiPTj"''!^  o«  fcwClhcii,  *ho  broke  Ujeir /<uu  with  licrls. 

Taylor. 

5.  Voluntary  abstinence  from  fcKid,  as  a  reli{;ions 
mortification  or  humiliation ;  eillier  total  or  partial 
ab^lmcnce  from  customary  food,  Willi  a  view  lo  mor- 
tify the  npTictilcs,  or  to  express  fricf  and  aliliction  on 
acecJint  or  lomc  calamity,  or  lo  deprccile  an  e.\- 
pcctcd  evil. 

X  TlMi  time  of  fastinp,  whether  a  day,  week,  or 
l4>nser  time.  An  annual  /ii.*t  Is  kept  in  New  Eng- 
land, usually  one  day  In  the  spring. 

TW  />ut  was  now  tlrniij  put.  —  .\cu  xxvii. 

F\9T,  ».    Thai  which  fastens  or  holds  ;   the  rope 
"-  tens  a  vessel  lo  a  wharf,  tc. 
'r,  B,     The  day  on  which  fa-sting  is  ob- 


.S^o*. 


ssclf ;  to 


Droion. 


5.  To  fix ;  to  impress. 

TliinVntff,  by  this  r.icr^ 
To  /<ul.n  1.1  o"  Uiooglil.U"!  lU.;)-  leefc  eourase, 

6.  To  lay  on  with  strength. 

Could  he  /l»Kn  .  Uo".  "  "^  »  """"■  «'""  ""'  /ilS. " 
approacli  I  ^ 

FXST'£.V  ti.  i.    To  fasten  on,  is  to  fi.1  one  s 
sei/.e  ami  hold  on  ;  to  clinch. 

■riio  Iced,  will  lisnll?  /'HI"!  on  0  <"^'- 

FX«'T£N--En,  (Cls'nd,)  w-.    M^'h-  firm  or  fast ;  fixed 
FXs'fe'Err'one  that  makes  nist  or  firm. 
vi<,''VFSAS{i,Pi>r.     Making  fast. 
FKS'tI-N-  NO  ...    Aiiytliius  Ih^it  l;i..Js  and  makes 

■fust ;  or  that  which  is  intended  for  tliat  purpose. 
FAST'ER,  n.    One  who  nbsUiiiis  Irom  loou. 
KaST'EU,  a.    .^lorc  raiiid  ;  swifter. 

2.  ni/e.    Sloro  rapidly. 
IWST'EST,  <i.    .Most  swia  or  rapid. 
FxST'EST,  ni/e.    Slost  swiftly. 
FAST'-IIAND-El),  c.  Close-handed  ;  '^"^''"'""^^^''Jf '^" 

F^tPrf  fui'^Tl'ic  Roman  calendar,  wliirh  save  the 

days  fof  festivals,  courts,  &c.,  corresponding  to  a 

modem  alnnnar.  .  .  , 

".  The  to(in.i-n'«>  were  records,  or  re^l.st<■r^,  oi 

important  events.  ^'''flF,',;,n 

Smifl. 


IIIII'UI  mill.    >.•■■-•■•-   -  . 

FAS-TIU-l-OS'I-TV,  11.    Fastidiousness. 

F  \S-Tin'I-OUS,  n.     [h.  fa.<ti,ths,is,  from  f»(t"'i\}P 
disdain,   from  /usfi.s,   liaughtincss.      Sec  Hel).  I  3. 


delicate  to  a  fault ; 
;  as,  a  foMiflwus  mind 


Class  67.,  No.  2,  3,  10,  30., 

1.  Disdainful  ;   si|U(  ainisli  ; 
over  nice  ;  dilticult  10  please 

"  Soiieamish;    rcjccliii!r  what  is  common  or  not 
ve'H'  nice  ;  suited  with  dimculiy  ;   as,  a  /u.f!.Ao«s 

FaS-Ti'd'I-OUP-IA',  nJi:  Disdainfully  ;  sqiicamisli- 
ly  ;  contcmpluously.  They  look  fastidiously  and 
speak  disdainfully.  .  .  ,  ,  .  „ 

FVS-TIU'lOUS-NESS,  71.  Disdainfulness;  con- 
templuousness  ;   sqiicainishness  of  mind,  taste,  or 

F.x'S'lO'I-.'^TE,     I  a.    [I.,  .fclijiodi-s,  pointed,  from 
FAS-TIIj'I-A-TED,  \      fiistigio,  to  point,  fasligiiim,  a 

top  fir  peak.]  , 

1.  Iniela..!/,  a/...vfi"in('stcmisonewhosel)i-anclics 

are  of  an  equal  liiclit.  Peduncles  are/ns(.?.'i(e  when 
they  elevate  the  fructifientions  in  a  hunch,  so  as  to 
bo  ennally  hiah,  or  when  they  form  an  even  surface 
at  the  to;?.  -^'■"•'i'"- 

2.  Hoofed  ;  narrowed  to  the  top. 
FAS-TlG'l-U.M,  ?i.    [L.]    The  summit,  apex,  or  ridge 

of  a  house  or  pediment.  FJiiies. 

FXST'ING,  vpr.    Abstaining  from  food. 
FaST'ING,  11.    The  act  of  abstaining  Cioni  food. 
FXST'I.N'G-n.AY,  I..    A  day  of  fasting  ;  a  fast-day  ;  a 

ilay  of  religious  mortification  and  humiliation. 
FXST'I.Y,  arfe.    Finnly  ;  surely. 
FXST'NES.S,  II.    rSax./KJe.icssc;  from/ust.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  fast  and  firm  ;  firm  adherence. 

2.  Strength ;  security. 

The  pl.iws  nt/aitntss  .-ire  l.iitl  opon.  Dnvuf. 

3.  A  stronghold ;  a  fortress,  or  fort ;  a  place  for- 
tified ;  a  castle.  The  enemy  retired  to  their  fast- 
ncsscs 

4.  Closeness  ;  conciseness  of  stylo.     [JVu(  itsci!.] 

.Iscliaiii. 

Receding  rapidly. 

IVortlstcortli. 
FXST'-SINK'ING,  a.    Rapidly  sinking. 
FAS'TU-OUS,  a.     [J,,  fastuasus,  from  fastus,  haughti- 
ness.] 
I'roud  ;  haughty  ;  disdainful.  Bcrroic. 

FAT, a.    [Sa\.f.ct,fett;  G./iU;  D.  vet;  Sw./it;  Dan. 
fecit;  B.asque,  betea.] 

1.  Flesliy;  plump;  corpulent;  abounding  with  an 
oily  concrete  substance,  as  an  animal  body  ;  tlic  can- 
trary  to  lean  ;  as,  a.  fat  man  ;  a  fat  ox. 

2.  Coarse ;  gross. 

Nay,  added  fnt  pollutions  of  our  owii.  Drylcn. 

3.  Dull  ;  heavy  ;  stupid  ;  unteacliable. 

Make  llie  lioart  of  this  p?ople  fal.—U.  vi. 

4.  Rich ;  wealthy  ;  affluent. 

Tlieic  arc  IcniWc  alarms  10  persons 


certaiucd  to  consist  of  two  substances,  sfMriii  and 
elain,  the  former  of  which  is  solid,  the  latter  liquid, 
at  common  tcmiieratures,  and  on  the  difli;rent  pro- 
portions of  w  hah  its  d.-grcc  of  consistence  depends. 
'  Encvc.     Brande. 

2.  Ftguratieehi,  the  best  or  ridiest  productions  ;  as, 
to  live  on  the  fat  of  tlie  land. 

Abel  brought  of  llie  /at  ofliis  Hock.  —  Gen.  if. 

F\T  I'  t.  To  make  fat;  to  fatten;  to  make  plump 
and  licshy  with  abundant  food  ;  as,  w  fat  fowls  or 
sheep.  ^'"'"-     *'"*• 

FAT,  11.  .'.    To  glow  fat,  plump,  and  fleshy. 

All  old  ox/oK  as  well,  and  is  as  jood,  as  a  young  J™^^.^^^ 

PAT    Ml.     rSax. /<tf, /ul, /ct  i  D.  rat;   C.  fass ;  Sw. 

VAT  fat :  Dan.  fad.  It  seems  to  be  connected 
with  D.  ralten,  G.  fassm,  Sw.  fatta,  Dan. /uHcr,  to 
hold.    au.  Or.  iriCo!.] 

A  ln"c  tub,  cistern,  orvessid,  used  fur  various  pur- 
noses  M  by  brewers  to  run  their  wort  in,  by  tanncts 
for  holding  their  bark  and  hides,  &e.  It  is  also  a 
xvooiien  vessel  containing  a  quarter  or  eight  busbe.s 
of  grain,  and  a  pan  for  containing  water  m  salt- 
works, a  vessel  for  wine,  &c. 

The  /au  shall  overflow  widi  wine  and  oil.  —  Joel  11. 

FAT    II      Amcasureof  capacity,  differing  in  dilTerenl 

commodities.  ^        ,  •'^'''"■'• 

Pa'TAT.,  a.     [h.  fatalis.     See  1-  ate.] 

1.  I'rocecdmg  from  fate  or  destiny  ;  necessary  ;  in- 
evitable. 

Th'sc  U.iii?!  arc/nMl  .iiid  necessary.  TilloUm. 

2.  Appointed  by  fate  or  destiny. 

It  was/nmJ  10  tlie  kins  I..  Ii;ht  for  his  money  "—- 


r/ii  the  fore-roinir  senses  the  ward  is  710W  little  ascd.] 
■S.  Causing'death  or  destruction ;  deadly;  mortal; 
as,  a /iilul  wound;  a /a(n!  disease. 
4.  iJestructive ;  calamitous ;  as,  a  fatal  day ;  a  fa- 


tal event. 
Fa'TAI.-ISM,  II 


The  doctrine  that  all  tilings  are  sub- 


FAST'-RE-CeD'ING,  a. 


YecYlo  fate,  ir  that  they  take  place  by  inevitable  ne- 
cessity '^ 
F.\'TAUIST,  .1.    One  who  maintains  that  all  things 

'happen  bv  inevitable  necessity.  W""^ 

PA-TAL'I-M'V,  71.     [Fr. /ut/tlitc,  liom /iitc] 

1  A  fixed,  unalterable  course  of  things,  incl.peml- 
cnt'of  Cod  or  any  controlling  cause;  an  myiuciblc 
necessity  existing  in  things  themselves ;  a  doctrine 
of  the  Bioics.  .       -,*°",'"- 

2.  Decree  of  fate.  A..!,?  Charles. 

3.  Tendency  to  danger,  or  to  some  great  or  liazara- 

""^•^vniit.  .r,Z7: 

4.  Mortality.  ,        ^V' .^^  \„ 
Fa'TAI,-LY,  ade.    By  a  decree  of  fate  or  destiny ;  by 

inevitable  necessity  or  determination.  ''.''""h!:. 

2.  llorlally  ;  destructively  ;  in  death  or  ruin,    tins 

encounter  ended  fatally.    The  prince  was  /'"."?  ^»- 

Fa'TAL-NESS,  11.    Invincible  necessity.         [ccivcd. 

FA'T.3  MOR-GA'^'-.^,  n.  [It.],  '^. '''Tm  1  i°„-,''  in 
nomenon,  at  Reggio,  on  llio  f^traits  of  Messina  in 
Italy,  in  which,  by  au  extraortlinaryatn.osderc  re- 
fract on,  multiplied  images  of  the  objcct-s  on  the  sur- 
rounding coasts  appear  in  the  air  over  the  ^^<rh^f^_o( 

PAT'-BRaIX-£D,  a.    Dull  of  apprehension.    SliaL 
FATE,  71.    [L.  fatim,  from  far,  fari,  to  speak,  whence 

■^"T'prhmrihi,  a  decree  or  word  pronouncetl  by  God, 
or  a  fixed  sentence  by  which  the  order  of  things  » 
prescribed.  Hence,  inevitable  ne,:ess,ty  ;  destmy 
depending  on  a  superior  cause,  ""d  ".■"=°"  °S 
Ae-cordini  to  the  Stoics,  every  event  is  dctcimincd 
by  fate. 


t  A~  1    f.N,  ;fi«'n,)  c.  (.     [Six.  /trtiiion  ;  Sw.  fastna; 
D.  t€ttt»;  D.in. //jler ;  U.  fitsta^aiK,  faiughim.^ 

1.  To  fix  firmly ;  to  niaka  fast  or  dose  ;  a-s,  to 
/uln  a  chain  to  the  feet,  or  lo  fajtua  the  feet 
with  fcttrn. 

a.  To  Intlr,  boll,  or  bar ;  lo  secure  ;  as,  to  faslm  a 
doiir  or  window. 

3.  To  hold  together ;  lo  cement  or  lo  Iin1c  ;  to  unite 
cl.iiiely  in  any  manner  and  by  any  means,  as  by 
ccmcnl,  hooks,  pins,  nails,  cords,  Ate 

4.  To  atSi  or  conjoin. 

T^  vofita  Whjjr  ■n.l  T.TT7  h«»*  ti.en  ptTcr-l  to  Ort  vnV^  of 
minx  i»»«-«i'i*»i  .^f  pMitK*,  « iU>  diycirt.t  i.lsaa  /.UUnM  10 
e»iji.    (,Yot  n»ur.«n.i  Hiei/t, 


producing  a  large  income  ; 
a  fat  soil ;  or  rich 


IS,  a  fat 
nourish- 


Keci  ssilv  or  chanc« 
,a  whiil  '1  will  is/ott.  '"'"<"■ 

destiny.    It  is  our 

It  is  tlie/utcof 


Slads. 
Diy<ttn. 

;  an  arrow  a  fealll- 


5.  Rich 
benefice. 

C.  Rich  ;  fertile ;  1 
ing  ;  as,  fat  pasture. 

7.  Abounding  in  spiritual  grace  and  comfort. 

They  (llic  tiglitcoua)  shall  Ir  /fi(  and  flourishing.  —  Ps.  xcii. 

8.  Among  printers,  a  page  having  many  blank 
spaces  or  lines  is  called  fat. 

F.Vr,  It.  An  oily,  concrete  substance,  deposited  in  the 
cells  of  the  adipose  or  cellular  membrane,  under  the 
skin,  and  in  various  other  parts  of  animal  bodies.  In 
most  parts  of  the  body,  fat  lies  immediately  under 
the  skin.  Fat  is  of  various  degrees  of  consistence, 
:is  in  tallow,  lard,  and  oil.    It  has  been  recently  ns- 


Appro.ich  no!  lue 

2.  Event  predetermined  ;  lot 
faFe  to  meet  with  disappoiiitineiits. 
mortals. 

Tell  uic  whal/olcs  attend  tiic  duke  of  Sulfolk, 

3.  Final  event ;  death  ;  destruction. 
Yet  still  he  chose  the  longest  way  to  /au. 

The  whiznug  arrow  eiiigs^ 
And  bears  thy /ale,  Au'juoiis,  on  lis  v  ■■ 

4.  Cause  of  death.   Drydcn  call 
""^.■^t'^fc,-  the  order  or  determination  of  God ; 

pirED,"»."  Decreed  by  fate  ;  doomed  ;  destined.-  Ho 
was  fated  to  rule  over  a  factious  people. 
2.  Modeled  or  regulated  by  fate. 

Her  awk-ward  love  indeed  was  oddly  fated.  P"Or. 

1   Fiidiied  with  any  quality  by  fate.        ^"J,!' 
4.  fnvS  with  the  powef  of  fatal  determination. 

Thc/iMl  sly  ^ji. 

Gives  us  free  scopj. 
r  The  two  last  senses  are  hardly  Irgitititatc.] 
FA'ra'FJJL,  a.    Bearing  fatal  power 

events.  ,  Snrlois. 

The  /Me/al  steel.  ■'•  " 

FATE'FIIL-LY,  ado.    In  a  fateful  manner. 
F.vrE'Fi;'  i-NES.«,  It.    State  of  being  fatetui 


producing 


't 


fauil 


I 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  ^VHAT METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  JIARINE,  BIRD.  — NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BC>(?lv.— 


410 


FAT 

FATES,  n.  f^  In  mijtfuflogii,  Ilia  Dostinies,  or  Puree  ; 
goddesses  supposed  to  preside  over  llie  binlt  and  life 
of  men.  They  were  tliree  in  num'jer,  Clolhn,  Lach- 
esis,  and  Atropos.  Lcmpriere. 

rX'THER,  «.  [Sax.  fiPder^fcder ;  G.  valer;  l>.  vatler; 
Ice.  S'.v.  and  Van.  fader  ;  Gr.  Trarin  ;  L.  pater ,-  Sp. 
padre;  lU padre;  Port,  jtaf,  or  pay;  Fr.  pcrc,  by  con- 

u  --- 
traction  3  Pers.   .^Xj  padar;  R\iss.batiai  Sans,  and 
HziWj  pita;  Zend,  fedre;  Syr.    (•  A^  Jciara.    This 

word  signifies  the  begetter,  from  the  verb,  Sw.  foda^ 
Dan.  foder,  to  beget,  to  feed;  Gotli.  fcdyan  :  Sax.  /«- 
rfi.'n;  D.  zoeden^  to  feed;  whc-nce /f»Afrr,  G.  fatter ^ 
fuuern.  The  prinnr^"  sense  is  obvious.  Si3e  Class 
Ud,  \o.  54,  55.  Tiie'  Golh.  atta.  It.  aWtir^  or  nUtair, 
B.isgue  aita,  may  be  lYoni  the  same  root  by  loss  uf  tlie 
first  letter.] 

1.  He  who  begets  a  child  ;  in  L.  geiiitor,  or  genera- 
tor. 

Thnfashcr  of.i  fool  Iwih  no  joy.  —  Prov.  xvii. 
A  wise  sou  luokeib  a  ^^.A/oiher.  ^Pro?.  x. 

2.  The  first  ancestor ;  the  progenitor  of  a  race  or 
family.  Adam  was  the  father  of  the  human  race. 
Abraham  was  the  /a/Atr  of  the  Israelite-?. 

3.  The  appellation  of  an  old  man,  and  a  term  of 
respect. 

The  kjii*-  of  Israe!  K-Jd  to  EUaiia,  My  faUier,  sb.ill  I  emite 
them?  —  2  King3  vi. 

The  servants  of  Xaaman  call  hXmfaVieT.  2  Kings  v. 
Elderly  men  an;  called  faVicrs ;  as,  the  fathers  of  a 
town  or  city.  In  t'te  chnrdiy  men  venerable  for  age, 
learning,  and  piety,  are  called  fadiers,  or  reterend 
fiihers. 

A.  The  grandfather,  or  more  remote  ancestor.  Neb- 
uchadnezzar is  called  the  father  of  Dclshazzar, 
though  he  was  iiis  grandfatJier.    Dan.  v. 

5.  One  who  feeds  and  supports,  or  exercises  pater- 
nal care  over  another.  God  is  called  the  Father  of  the 
fatherless.     Ps.  Uviii. 

6.  He  who  creates,  invents,  makes,  or  composes, 
any  thing;  the  author,  former,  or  contriver;  a  found- 
er, director,  or  instructor.  God,  as  creator,  is  Uie  Fa- 
ther of  tiW.  men.  JohnvVn.  Jabal  was  the/arArrof 
such  as  dwell  in  tents  ;  and  Jubal  of  musicians.  Onu 
iv.  Gcd  is  the  F<:fAfr  of  spirits  and  of  lights.  Ho- 
mer is  considered  as  the  father  of  epic  poetry.  \V;i<h- 
ington,  as  a  defender  and  an  affectionate  and  wise 
counselor,  is  call '^d  the  ^(/i/r  of  his  country.  And 
see  1  Chroju  ii.  51  ;  iv.  14  ;  ix.  35.  Satan  is  called 
the  fatlier  of  lies  ;  lie  introduced  sin,  and  instigates 
men  t(>  sin.  John  viii.  Abraham  is  called  the  father 
of  believers  ;  he  was  an  early  believer,  and  a  pattern 
of  faith  and  obedience.     Rom.  iv. 

7.  A  fatlier-in-law.  So  Heli  is  called  the  fatJicr  of 
Joseph.    Luke  iil. 

e.  The  anjKillation  of  the  first  person  in  the  adora- 
ble Trinity. 

Go  y,  therefore,  and  t«ich  all  nations,  baplian*  ibera  in  the 
niirac  of  thff  Father,  ami  of  the  Son,  and  of  the  Holj  Spirit. 
—  M:»tL  xxviit. 

9.  The  title  given  to  dignitaries  of  the  church,  su- 
periors of  convents,  and  to  cunfessors  in  the  Roman 
Caihohc  church 

10.  FaUicrSj  in  the  plural ;  ancestors. 

Darid  slept  wiiii  tUsfiUjiers. —  I  Kings  ii. 

11.  The  appellation  of  the  ecclesiastical  writers  of 
the  lirst  centuries,  as  Polycarp,  Jerome,  &c. 

12.  Tlie  title  of  the  senators  in  ancient  Kome  ;  as, 
conscript  fathers. 

Jidoplite  faiJicr ;  he  who  adopts  the  children  of  an- 
other, and  acknowledges  them  as  his  own. 

JVatural  fat'irr :  the  father  of  illegitimate  children. 

Puiative  fdtJicr;  one  who  is  only  reputed  to  be  the 
father;  the  supposed  father. 
F.^'THER-LV-LAW,  n.  The  father  of  one's  hu=band 
or  wife;  ajid  a  man  who  marries  a  woman  who  has 
children  by  a  former  husband  is  called  the  fatlter-ln- 
lax.  or  step-father  of  those  children. 
FA'THER,  V.  t.  To  adopt ;  to  take  the  child  of  anoth- 
er as  one's  own.  Shah, 

2.  To  adopt  any  thing  as  one's  own  ;  to  profess  to 
be  the  author. 

Slrn  of  wii 
Oflcn/crterei  wIiaI  be  writ,  Smjl. 

3.  To  ascribe  or  cliarge  to  one  as  Iiis  offspring  or 
production  ;  with  on. 

My  Dame  was  made  cm  of  hj  •ercral  pcreons,  one  of  whom 
was  plc-isti  \o/aVi.cr  on  nic  a  nzvr  srt  of  productions. 

Sioift. 

FA'TIIER-£D,  pp.     Adopted  ;  taken  as  one's  own ; 
ascribed  to  one  as  the  author. 
2.  Having  had  a  father  of  particular  qualities. 

T  am  no  stronger  llian  ir.y  sex, 
E:uj J  so /ajA«re/ and  »:^  liusbaiidcJ.     [Unaguai.]     She!;. 

FATMER-iroOD,  n.    The  state  of  being  a  father,  or 
the  character  or  authority  of  a  father. 

Wc  mi^hl  hare  had  an  cniir=  notion  of  this  fftthrrhoo-l,  or 
IxlhiTiy  autjoriiy.  Locke. 

F-tTHER-ING,  fjTT.    Adopting,  taking  or  acknowl- 


FAT 

ctlging  as  one's  own  ;  ascribing  to  the  father  or  au- 
thor. 

FA'TnER-L.\A.D,rt.  The  native  land  of  one's  fathers 
or  ancestors.  England  is  tlic  faOier-land  of  the  peo- 
ple of  New  Enfiland,  and  Persia  the  father-land  of 
the  Teutonic  nations. 

FX'TIIER-LASH-Elt,  n.  A  salt-water  fish,  Cvttits 
bttbalis,  allied  to  the  river  bull-head.  The  licad  is 
large,  and  its  spines  formidable.  It  is  found  on  the 
rocky  coasts  of  ihitain,  and  near  Newfoundland  and 
Greenland.  In  the  latter  country  it  is  a  great  article 
of  food.  Pennant.     Jardine^s  JVat.  Lib. 

FA'THER-LKSS,  a.     Destitute  of  a  living  father  ;  as, 
a  futh  friers  cliitd. 
2.  Without  a  known  author. 

FA'TilER-LESS-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  with- 
out a  father. 

Fa'THER-LI-NESS,  v.  [See  Fatherly.]  The  qual- 
ities of  a  father;  parental  kindness,  care,  and  ten- 
derness. 

FA'TUER-LY,  a.     [father  and  like.]     Like  a  father  in 
affection  and  care;   tender;  paternal;   protecting; 
careful ;  as,  fat'tcrltj  care  or  affection. 
2.  Pertaining  to  a  father. 

FA'THER-LY,  cdc.    In  the  manner  of  a  falher. 

Tlius  Adim,  fruherly  displc.iscd.        [Sot  projter.]      Milton. 

Fa'THER-SIIIP,  iu    The  state  of  being  a  falher. 

FATirOM,  V.  [S:\x.fetJicm;  Ir.fcad;  G.  faden;  D. 
vadcm.  (iu.  Dan.  favn.  The  German  word  signifies 
a  thread,  a  fathom,  and  probably  thread  or  line  is  the 
real  signification.] 

1.  A  measure  of  length,  containing  six  feet,  the 
space  to  which  a  man  may  extend  his  arms  ;  ttsed 
chiefly  p.t  sea  for  m.easuring  cables,  cordage,  and  the 
depth  of  the  sea  in  sounding  by  a  line  and  leail. 

2.  Reach ;  penetration ;  depth  of  thought  or  con- 
trivance. Shak. 

FATH'O.MjT:.  (.  To  encompass  with  the  arms  extend- 
ed or  encircling. 

2.  To  rcacli ;  to  master;  to  comprehend. 

Leave  if> /a'Jiom  such  higli  puiuls  ns  these.  Dnjilen, 

3.  To  reach  in  depth  ;  to  sound  ;  to  try  the  depth. 

Oiir  tlepUu  who  falhoms,  Pupe. 

4.  To  penetrate  ;  to  find  the  bottom  or  extent.  I 
can  not  fathom  his  design. 

FA'±'i{'05l-A-BLE,  a.    Capable  of  being  fathomed. 

Rich.  Diet. 
F.^TH'OM-jED,  pp.      Encompassed  with  tlie  aims  ; 

reached  ;  comprehended. 
FATH'OM-ER,  ti.    One  who  fathoms. 
F.VfH'OM-ING,  ppr.  Encompassing  with  the  arms; 

reaching;  compreheufling ;  sounding;  penetrating. 
FATU'OM-LESS,  a.    That  of  which  no  bottom  can  be 

found  ;  bottomless. 

2.  I'hat  can  not  he  embraced  or  encompassed  with 
the  arms.  S/ialc. 

3.  Not  to  be  penetrated  or  comprehended. 
FA-TID'ie-AL,  a.     [L.  fatidictts:  fatum  and  dico.] 

Having  power  to  furcleli  future  events ;  prophet- 
ic. Ifovrcll. 
FA-TIF'ER-OUS,  a.    [L.  fatifer ;  fatum  and  fcro.] 

Deadly;  mort.-".! ;  destructive.  Diet. 

FAT'I-GA-BLE,  a.     [See  Fatigue.]     That  may  he 

wearied  ;  easdv  tin-J. 
F.\T'I-GaTE,  vl  t.     [L.faiigo.] 

To  weaiy- ;  to  tire.    [Lithe  used.] 
FAT'I-GATE,  a.    Wearied  ;  tired.    [Little  used.] 

ElijoL 
FAT-I-Ga'TION,  n.     Weariness.        TF.  Jifowta.ru. 
FA-TrCUE^  ffa-tceg',)  v.     [Ft.  id.:  Arm.fat'rr};  It. 
falica  ;  Sp.  fatiga ;  from  L.  fatigo.     It  seems  to  be  •!- 
lied  to  L.  falisco ;  if  so,  the  sense  is,  a  j'ielding  or  re- 
laxing.] 

1.  \\  eariness  with  bodily  labor  or  mental  exertion  ; 
Lassitude  or  exhaustion  of  strength.  We  suffer  fa- 
tigue of  the  mind  as  well  as  of  the  body. 

2.  The  cause  of  weariness  ;  labor ;  toil ;  as,  the^a- 
tigues  of  war. 

3.  The  labors  of  military  men,  distinct  from  the  use 
of  arms  ;  as.  a  party  of  men  on  falitnie, 

FA-TIGUE',  (fa-teeg',)  v.  U  [L.fatigo;  It,  faticarc; 
Sp.  ffUigar.] 

1.  To  tire ;  to  weary  with  labor  or  any  bodily  or 
mental  exertion  ;  to  harass  with  toil ;  to  exhaust  the 
strength  by  severe  or  long*continued  exertion. 

2.  To  wearj'  by  importunity  ;  to  harass. 
FA-TfGU'£D,  (fa-teegd',)  pp.  or  a.    Wearied  ;  tired  ; 

harassed. 
FA-TfGU'ING,  Cra-tceg'ing,)7»;jr.    Tiring;  wearying; 
harassing. 

2.  a.     Inducing  wearin-jss  or  lassitude  ;    as,  fa- 
tiguing services  or  labors, 
FA^TIL'O-aUI.ST,  77.     [U  fatum  and  loquor.] 

A  fortune-teller. 
FA-TIS'CE.\CE,  11,    [h.  fitlsco,  to  open,  to  gape.] 
A  gaping  or  opening  ;  a  state  of  being  chiiiky. 

Diet,     Kinoaii. 
FAT'-KID-NEY-IH),  a.  [fat  and  /.-idncij.]   Fat ;  gross  ; 

a  leord  iiscd  in  contempt.  Shak. 

FAT'LING,  TU      [from /at.]     A  lamb,  kid,  r.  other 

young  animal,  fattened  for  slaughter  ;  a  fat  animal ; 

applied  to  quadrupeds  whose  flesh  is  used  for  food. 

David  sacrificed  ovn  o.t\\\  fadin^a.  —  2  Sarn,  vi. 


FAU 

FAT'LY,  (/./c    Grosslv;  greasilv. 

FAT'NEU,  n.    That  which  fattens;  that  which  gives 

fatness  or  richness  and  fertditv.  ArbuOinot. 

FAT'NESS,  71.     [from  fuL]    The  quality  of  b.-ing  fat, 

pUimp,  or  full  Ced  ;  corpulency  ;  fullness  of  flesh. 

Their  eyes  stand  out  ■KwUfainess.  —  Ps.  iKxiii. 

2.  Unctuous  or  greasy  matter.  Bacon. 

3.  Unctuousness  ;  sliminess  ;  a;yp/ic(/ to  cnrt.'i;  hence, 
richness;  fertility;  fruitfulness. 

God  gire  ihee  of  t)ie  dew  of  heaven,  and  l^afatnets  of  ihs  earth, 
and  plenty  of  com  and  wine. — Gen.  xxvii. 

4.  That  Which  gives  fertility. 

Thy  patlia  drop/fifn(*s.  —  Ps.  Ixv. 

The  clouds  drop/rttriess.  PhtHpt. 

5.  The  privileges  and  pleasures  of  religion  ;  abun- 
dant blessings. 


Let  your  soul  dL-light  itsell  in  fatness.  ~U.  W. 
FAT'TED,  pp.  or  a.     IMade  fat. 

FAT''T£N,  (fat'n,)  r.  u  To  make  f:ii ;  to  feed  for 
slaughter  ;  to  make  lleshy  or  plump  wiili  fat. 

2.  To  make  fLTlile  and  fruitful;  to  enrich;  as,  to 
fasten  land  ;  to  faaeii  fields  with  blood.        Dnjd^n. 

3.  To  feed  grossly  ;  to  fill.  Drtjdeiu 
FAT'T£N,  (fat'n,)  v.  i.    To  grow  fat  or  corpulent;  to 

grow  plump,  thick,  or  fleshy  ;  to  he  pampered. 

And  vWUimfaUen  wilii  Ihe  brave  man's  laljor.  Otteatf. 

'Jigera  anil  wolves  shall  in  lli'j  ocean  lir>?fd, 

The  whaie  und  dolpluu /alien  on  Uic  mrad.  GlanvUle. 

F.A.T'T£N"-A'D,  (fat'nd,)  vv-  or  a.    Made  fat,  plump,  or 

FAT'T£N-ER,  h.     See  Fatner.  [fle?hy. 

F.\T'T£N-ING,  (fat'n-ing,)  ppr.  Making  fat ;  grow- 
ing fat ;  making  or  growing  rich  and  fruitful. 

FAT'TI-NEJ-3,  h.  [from  faUy.]  The  state  of  being 
fat;  grnssness;  greasiness.  Sherwood. 

FAT'TING,  pur.     .Alaking  fat. 

FAT'TISH,  a.     Somewhat  fat.  Sherwood. 

FAT'TV,  a.  Having  tlie  qualities  of  fat ;  greasy  ;  as, 
a  fattii  substance.  ArbuVinot, 

FA-TO'I-TY,  71.     [Fr.  fatulti  ;  L.  fctuitas.] 

Weakness  or  imbecUity  of  mind  ;  feebleness  of  in- 
tellect ;  foolishness.         '  ArbaUinot, 

FAT'U-OUS,  fz.     [L.  fUmis.     Class  Bd,  No.  2,  fi,  G3.] 

1.  Feeble  in  mind  ;  weak  ;  silly ;  stupid  ;  foolish. 

Qlarivillc. 

2.  Impotent ;  without  force  or  fire  ;  illusory  :  allud- 
ing to  the  ignis  fatuns. 

Thenar /aruoiw  fires  and  meteors  lake  their  birth.      DeiOtam. 

FAT'-WIT-TED,  a.  [fat  and  wit.]  Ileavj- ;  dull ; 
stupid.  Shal:. 

FAU'BOURQ,  (fo'boorg,)  rt.  A  suburb  in  French  cit- 
ies; the  name  is  also  given  to  districts  now  within 
the  city,  but  wliich  were  formerly  suburbs  without  it, 
when  the  walls  were  less  extensive. 

Diet,  de  VAcad. 

FAU'CeS,  71.  p/.  [L.]  Theposteriorpartof  the  mouth, 
terminated  by  X\\(s  pharynx  and  larynx.  Brande. 

FAU'CET,  n.  [Fr.  faussct,  probably  contracted  from 
falseL] 

A  pipe  to  be  inserted  in  a  cask  for  drawing  liquor, 
and  stopped  with  a  peg  or  spigot.  These  are  called 
tnp  and  faueet. 

FAU'CHION.     See  Falchion. 

FAU'FEL,  n.  [Said  to  be  Sanscrit.]  The  fruit  of  a 
species  of  the  palm-tree. 

FAUGH,  (faw.)  Exclamation  of  contempt  or  abhor- 
rence. 

FAULT,  71.  [Fr. /u»/r,  for  fauUe;  fip.falta;  Port,  id.; 
tufallo;  from  fail.     See  Fail.] 

1.  Properly,  an  erring  or  missing ;  a  failing ;  hence, 
an  error  or  mistake  ;  a  blunder ;  a  defect ;  a  blemish  ; 
whatever  impairs  excellence  ;  applied  to  tJiina-s. 

2.  In  moraU  or  deportment^  any  error  or  defect ;  an 
imperfection  ;  any  deviation  from  propriety  ;  a  shght 
offense  ;  a  neglect  of  duty  or  propriety,  resulting  from 
inattention  or  want  of  pmdcnce,  mther  than  from 
design  to  injure  or  offend,  but  liable  to  censure  or  ob- 
jection. 

I  do  remember  my  faults  ihia  day. — Gen.  xli. 
If  a  man  be  overUiken  in  a  fault,  ye,  who  are  spirituid,  restore 
such  a  one  in  the  spirit  of  raeekncss.  —  Gal.  vi. 

Fault  implies  wrong,  and  often  some  degree  of 
criminality. 

3.  Defect ;  want ;  absence.  [JVot  now  ru^cd.]  [See 
Default.] 

I  could  tell  to  thee,  na  lo  one  it  pleaeos  me,  fur  fault  of  a  better, 
to  call  my  friind.  Shak. 

4.  Puzzle  ;  difficulty. 

Among  sportsmen,  when  dogs  lose  tlie  scent,  they 
are  said  to  be  at  faulL  Hcuce  the  phrase,  the  inquirer 
is  at  fault. 

5.  In  mining,  a  disturbance  of  the  strata  which  in- 
terrupts the  miner's  operations,  and  puts  hiui  at  fault 
to  discoverwhere  the  vein  of  ere,  or  bed  of  coa!,  .-^-i 
been  thrown  by  the  convulsions  of  nature.       Ure. 

To  find  fault;  to  express  blame  ;  to  complain. 

Thou  wilt  Kay  Uico,  Why  dolh  he  yet  find  fault  ?  —  Rom.  ix. 
To  find  fault  with ;    lo  blame  ;    to  censure ;    as,  to 
find  fault  with  Ute  times,  or  with  a  neighbor's  con- 
duct. 
FAULT,  r.  I.    To  fail  ;  to  Iif  wrong.     [jYoi  used.] 

Spenser, 


rONE,  BJJLL,  XJNITE,-AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.-e  as  K;  O  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CII  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


.% 


441 


FAV 


FAV 


^■^L  I  -^^  *  ^*''**  i  ^  accuse. 

:  ihee.  Old  Sbng. 

r- V  t  I  .vitli  afnult ;  nccuscd. 

Au  uUVuJcr  i  one  who  comintts  a 
Fair/ar. 
,  ,1  F.R.  n.    Oil  ■  wJiit  censures  or  objt'cK 
I  sini.  Shak. 

Dcfcclivcly  ;  cr- 
iiy ;  wronply. 
'  ...U-j.]     The  gUile  of  bo- 
:   ni'uii!* ;  ileffCl. 
,  evil  (li^piuiUion }  as,  the 

I'-tual  offensca.  Jlooktr. 

It  laiill ;    nut  (lefL'Ctlvo  or 
.  -!i  ;    (tvc  fruin  tncorrcct- 
1         ••'.,  poem  or  piclure. 
.a  vKc  «jf  iiupcrlcction  j  a-^,  a  Jhultless 

.       -  LV,  oJo.    Without  being  guilty  of  a 

i  'I-ESS-\ES3,  n.    Freedom  firom  ftmlta  or  de- 

c  ,,     ,        _'  CiiilH,  blemishes,  or  do- 

<-t ;   a^,  u  faulty  composi- 

,:  III  ur  design;    a  faulty  pic- 

<  :aiUy  of  a  ftult,  or  of  fhults ;  hence,  blamable ; 
:l.y  of  ccnaure. 

;,  i;.  1HJ-.U  Ihloff  MooewhoU /buJiy.— 2S.\m. 

■  Wn'Qs  ;  erroneous  ;  as,  a  fauity  polity.  Hooker. 
i.  Itfifecttre;  iupcrfecl;  bad;  ae,  &  faulty  hcU 
,  t.  Bacon. 

:     '       N     1.      ■'  I^  faJIMUS.] 

■'■'  Rvrtsnj,a  klml  of  domiRod,  or  rural 
i    alio  ay/roJi,  and   ditVering  lilltc  from 
-  fauns  aic  represetilcd  as  half  goat  and 
,■1  iiuit.  Encyc. 

I  \t    NA,   n.      [H-om  Uie    L. /aun>,  or  niral  dtilics 
1  i-rth.*  Runmns.]    The  various  animals  belong- 
-  iry  constitute  its  fauna.  LyclL 

.    One  who  attends  to  niral   dis<iuisi- 
■  .:alivt.  White. 

^  '  ',  CAii/i.Tian. 

',)  n.  [Fr.]  A  small  mound 
.t  ii  rampart. 
.  ,  ;t\»-t*;ul',J  n.    [Fr.j    i\x\  arm  ciiair;  an 

[I-  See  FiTon.]    A  favorer;   a  pat- 
ii<>  gives  countenance  or  support.    [Liitlt 
B.  Jonson. 
-^1  .1.    A  flmale  favorer ;  a  patroness. 

Chapman, 
y.rw  PAS^  C^'pl',)  [Fr.]    A  false  step;  a  mistake, 

T  i>  ri)ng  inf*i5'irc, 
FA-VU.'KOL*S,  a.    [I*./ari7/^,.n5hcs.l 

I,  »'.'n-<i*iinKuf  or  pcruiniiig  lo  ashes.     Broicn. 
'2.   He*t'iii!>line  a-ihfS, 
fA  Vi'ii.  ^,     ;i,.  /jrt»r;  Fr.farcur;  Ann.  faver ;  Sp. 
■  .  li.  f-.-  rr :  (wm  h.  farto i  U.  fabkar  i  ftivor; 

1.  KJnJ   rruMrd  ;   kindnc^  ;  countenance ;  propi- 
IkMU  a«[>cci ;  friendly  dt^irositton. 

in.^'-.  ■' ' '   ■-■^-■- .  ■~^., 

•""■  :.  WaUer. 

V  ■   —  PnjT.  xix. 

**-"■  .1  Uic  Uf\xi  of  Pharaoh. — 

f^«sr  »  ikCEltfaJ,  ud  bc&ufj  la  vain.  —  Pror.  zzxl. 

fi.  PapTVTrt  ;   itrfrnse ;  vindication  ;  or  disposition 

rifwjrt,  prumnte,  or  justify.    To  be 

:  ■,  \A  to  have  a  tliipu.sition  or  in- 

n  It  or  carry  it  into  eflecl.    To  be 

I  ;-u!\-    is  to  be  disposed  or  inclined  to 

1 1  juitify  its  proccccfuigs,  and  to  promote 

r  .iiricc  ;  kindness  done  or  granted  ; 

1  liy  word  or  deed  ;  any  act  of  grace 

"'  -  -^ingm^hed  from  acU  of  justice  or 

rcm>ir    •  I.  .n.     lo  pTT-Ionlhe  guilty  ba/jror,-  to 

pani«h  thf-m  Is  an  act  of  Justice. 

4.  I^nty  ;  mildness  or  mitigation  of  punishment. 

1  ■.'»•  bokj  ii^\  favor  tt  MM  KntalCC.    Sv^ 

'  will;  a  yielding  or  concession  to 

ar.  ■  . 

l-w,  w  *a  j}^/ator,  I  wfll  irtal  It  here.  i>ryf#». 

fi.  Tlw  f>hi^t  of  kind  rertrd  ;  the  person  or  thine 
f*v  :    •  » 

iVii£on. 
tr.l,  sonricLhing  bestowed  as  an 
■vill ;  a  token  of  love  ;  a  knot  of 
z  worn  as  a  token  of  affection.  A 
-biinrh  or  knot  of  white  ribbons  or 
"'*  11  at  \vcddin53. 

Bacon.     Spectator.     Shak. 
intrn.-\nce.     [AVi  used.]     Shak, 
•-  nvcnicnce  afforded  for  success. 
■  ^'^h-d  und -T  facor  of  the  nipbl, 
»'>•  I'tirtiiaiy  ;  b..i3.     A   diaSlenge  to  Vie  favor,  in 


bri. 


/dw,  is  tne  challenge  of  a  juror  on  account  of  some 
supposed  parlialily,  by  reayon  of  favor,  or  malice, 
interest,  or  connection. 
FA'VOR,  r.  (.  To  regard  with  kindness  ;  to  support ; 
to  aid, or  have  the  dispositum  to  aid,  or  lo  wi.-h  suc- 
cess to  ;  to  be  propitious  to  ;  to  counlenunce  ;  to  be- 
friend ;  to  encourage.  To /aror  the  cause  of  a  party, 
may  be  merely  to  wish  success  to  it,  or  it  may  signify 
to  give  it  aid  by  counsul,  or  by  active  exertions. 
Sometimes  men  professedly  facor  one  party,  and  se- 
cretly faror  another. 

Tlw  lords /cp3rth'?c  not.  — 1  Sam.  xiix. 

Tliou  »haU  ar*c,  aiitl  have  mercy  oa  Zion  ;  for  the  lime  tojaoor 

hrt,  j-ffa,  the  Kt  time,  U  cumc.  —  P».  cii. 
0  luppy  youlh  I  and  faoored  of  the  ekici.  Pope. 

2.  To  afford  advantages  for  success ;  to  facilitate. 
A  weak  place  in  the  fort  favored  the  entrance  of  tlie 
enemy  ;  tlie  darkness  of  the  night  favored  his  ap- 
proach.   A  fair  wind  favors  a  voyage. 

3.  To  resemble  in  features.  The  child /n-ors  bis 
father. 

4.  To  ease  ;  to  spare.  A  man  in  walking  favors 
a  lame  leg. 

FA'VOIl-A-CLE,  a.      [L.  favtrrabilts ;    Tr.  favorable  ; 
Sp,  id. ;  It.  favoradilcy  or  favorcvolc.\ 
J.  Kind  ;  propitious  ;  frit;ndly  ;  affectionate. 

Shak. 

Ps.  llXXT. 


Lend  /hvorable  cur  to  our  n-quL-st. 

Lord,  Uiou  h.-u(  tccn  faeorabit  to  thy  h\ad.  - 


Tr. 


2.  Palliative ;  tender ;  averse  to  censure. 

None  can  have  the  favorable  thouo^ht 

That  lo  0U7  n  lymiit's  will  thfy  fougliU  DrycUn. 

3.  Conducive  to;  contributing  to  ;  tending  to  pro- 
mote. A  salubrious  climate  and  plenty  of  food  are 
favorable  to  population. 

4.  Convenient;  advantageous  ;  affording  means  to 
faciniate,  or  affording  facilities.  The  low  price  of  la- 
bor and  provisions  is  favorable  lo  the  success  of  man- 
tifactures.  The  army  was  drawn  up  on  favorable 
ground.  The  siiip  took  a  station  favorable  for  nt 
tack. 

Tlic  pl-ico  wM/aroraWe  for  making  levies  of  men.     Clarendon. 

5.  Beautiful ;  well-favored.     [O&s.]        Sp(ni.<:er. 
F.\'VOR-A-l>!.E-i\li;sS,  ji.     Kindne.-fs ;    kind  dispo- 
sition or  regard. 

2.  Convenience;  suitableness;  that  state  which 
affords  advantages  for  success;  conducivcness  ;  as, 
the  favorablencis  of  a  season  for  crops ;  the  favora- 
bleric.<s  of  Uie  times  for  the  cultivation  of  Ihs  sci- 
ences. 

FA'VOR-A-BLY,  fl'/e.  Kindly;  with  friendly  dispo- 
sitions ;  with  regard  or  affection;  with  an  inclina- 
tion to  favor  ;  as,  to  judge  or  think  favorably  of  a 
measure  ;  to  think  favorably  of  those  we  love. 

Fa'VOU-ED,  pp.  Countenanced;  supported;  aided; 
supplied  \viih  advantages  ;  cased  ;  spared. 

2.  a.  Ri'garded  with  kindness;  as,  a  favored 
friend. 

3.  With  wdlQx  ill  prcfi.-tcd,  featured. 
tVell-favorcd  is  well-looking,  having  a  good  coun- 
tenance or  appearance ;  fleshy;  plump;  handsome. 

lU-favorcd  is  ill-looking,  having  an  ugly  appear- 
ance ;  lean.    Pee  Qen,  x.\xix.  xli.  &c. 

h'eU-favoredly ;  wilh  a  good  apiwarance.      [Little 
lued.] 
Illfavorcdiif :  with  a  bad  appearance.    [Liale  used.] 

FA'VOR-rn-.\t:SS,  n.    Appearance.  Dcut. 

Fa'VOR-KH,  71.  One  who  favors;  one  who  regards 
with  kindness  or  friendship  ;  a  well-wisher  ;  one 
who  assJHtd  or  promotes  success  or  prosperity- 

Hooker.     Shak. 

Pa'VOR-E.SS,  n.  A  female  who  favors  or  gives  coun- 
ts; nance. 

FA'VOR-ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Regarding  with  friendly  dis- 
positions ;  countenancing;  wishing  well  to  ;  con- 
tributing to  success;  facilitating. 

FA'VOU-ING-I.Y,  adv.     iiy  favorin*'. 

Fa' VOR-ITK,  (-it,)  n.  [Fr.favari,f(n^oriU;  11.  fa^vorito.] 
A  pcr-^on  or  thing  regarded  with  pL-cuIiar  favor, 
preference,  and  alfecliun  ;  one  greatly  beloved, 
fc'ciect  favoriti\s  from  among  the  discreel  and  virtu- 
ous ;  princes  are  often  misled,  and  sometimes  tu- 
'inc^\,hy  favor Ucs ;  Gave^ton  and  the  Spcnscrs,  the 
favorites  of  Edward  II.,  fell  a  sacrilice  to  public  in- 
dignation. 

Fa'VOR-ITE,  a.  Regarded  with  particular  kindness, 
affirclion,  esteem,  or  preference;  as,  a  favorite  walk  : 
n  favorite  author  ;  n  favorite  child. 

FA'VOR-IT-ISM,  n.  The  act  or  practice  of  favorin", 
or  giving  a  preference  to  one  over  another.  ° 

2.  Tlie  disposition  lo  favor,  aid,  and  promote,  the 
Interest  of  a  favorite,  or  of  one  person  or  family,  or 
of  one  class  of  men,  to  the  neglect  of  others  havinc 
equal  claims. 

It  has  been  BUffgi-sled  thai  Uic  proweda  of  the  fo.-eign  bills  — 
werp  filculaicd  merely  to  indulge  a  epirit  of  favondsm  to 

wu^u  ^^''},°^  ""=  ""''^'*  ""^-»-  HcimUlon. 

W  hich  wnBiUcration  impose  such  a  neccttitv  on  the  crown,  as 
uatn,  in  ft  great  measure,  KuWiicd  Uie  hifluciice  of  favorilr 
*""■  Palcy. 

PAiVf^^Vi^%°^  ^°^*"^  ^y  favorites.  Burke. 

r,v.      'i      -    '  ***     *^n''avored  ;  not  regarded  with 
lavor ;  imvmg  no  patronage  or  countenance, 
i  ^ot  favoring  ;  unpropitious.  Spciiscr. 


Buckingham. 


FEA 

FA-VoSE',  a.    Honey-combed  ;  like  the  section  of  a 

honey-comb.  Lindlcy. 

FAV'O-Sri'E,  n.     [L.faviiSy  a  hnney-comli.] 

A  name,  given  lo  certain  fossil  coraM,  having  a 
minute  prismatic  structure.  Dana. 

FAWN,  n.     [Fr.  .faon,  (awn.     Qu.  W.  ftjiut,  to  pro- 
duce.] 
A  young  deer ;  a  buck  or  doe  of  the  first  year. 
Bacon.     Pope. 
FAWN,  V.  i.     [Fr.faonncr.  ] 

To  bring  forth  a  fawn. 
FA'WN,  V.  u     [Sax./tTffc/Mfirt.    Pee  Faiw.] 

1.  To  court  favor,  or  show  attachment  to,  by  frisk- 
uig  about  one  ;  iis,  a  dog  fawns  on  his  nuister. 

2.  To  soothe;  lo  flatter  meanly;  lo  blandish;  to 
court  servilely  ;  to  crmge  and  bow  to  gain  favor  ;  aa, 
a  fawning  favorite  or  minion. 

My  love,  forbear  lo  faan  upon  tlidr  (rowus.  SJiok. 

It  is  followed  by  on  or  "upon. 

FA\VN,  n.    A  servile  cringe  or  bow  ;  mean  flattery. 

FAWN'KR,  71.  One  who  fawns;  one  who  cringes 
and  Halters  meanly. 

FAWN'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Courting  servilely  ;  flattfring 
liy  crincing  and  meanness  ;  bringing  forth  a  fawn. 

FAWN'ING,  n.     Gross  flatlerj-.  Shak. 

FAWiN'IXG-LY,  adv.  In  a  cringing,  servile  way; 
with  mean  flattery. 

FAX'£I),  (faxt,)  a.     [Sax./edz,  hair.] 

Hairy.     [JVot  in  use]  Camden 

FAY- 71.     [Fr./^e.l 

A  fairy  ;  an  elf.  Jililton.    Pope 

FAY,  7f-    Faith  ;  as,  by  my  fay.  Shak. 

FAY,  V.  t.     [Sax.  fiBgam  Sw.  foga;  P.  voegen.    Sec 
Fadoe.] 
To  fit ;  to  suit ;  to  unite  closely  with. 
[This  is  a  contraction  of  the  Teutonic  well,  and 
the  same  as  Fadge,  which  see.    It  is  not  an  elegant 
word.] 

FJiZ^ZO-LEVy  (f;a-so-let^)  n.  [It.]    A  liandkci chief. 

Pcrcival. 

FlcA'BER-RY,  n.    A  gooseberry. 

FeAGUE,  (feeg,)  v.  U     [G.frgai.] 
To  bt-at  or  whip.     [JVof  in  use.] 

FK'^VL,  a.     Faithful.     [Initx^.] 

Fk'AL-TY,  ji.  [Fr.  feat,  trtistv,  contracted  from  L. 
fidclis;  lufcdcltd;  Fr. Jidelitd;  .Sp. /r,  faith,  contracteil 
itam  fides ;  hence, ^cZ,  faithful ;  fiddad,  fitielily.] 

Fidelity  to  a  lord  ;  faithful  adherence  of  a  tenant 
or  vassal  to  the  superior  of  whom  he  holds  his  lands ; 
loyalty.  Under  llie  feudal  system  of  tenures,  every 
vassal  or  tenant  was  bound  to  be  true  and  faithful  to 
his  lord,  and  to  defend  him  against  lUl  his  enemies. 
This  obligation  was  called  his  fidelity,  or  fealty^  and 
an  oath  of  fcaity  was  required  to  be  taken  by  .'dl  ten- 
ants to  their  landlords.  The  tenant  was  c;dlcd  a 
liege  man;  the  land,  a  liege  fee;  and  the  superior, 
Uege  lord.     [Sec  Liege.] 

FkAR,  71.  [See  the  verb.]  A  painful  emotion  or 
passion  excited  by  an  expectation  of  evil,  or  the  ap- 
prehension of  impending  danger.  Fear  exjiresses 
less  apprehension  than  dread,  and  dread  less  than 
tci-ror  and  fright.  The  force  of  this  passion,  begin- 
ning with  the  most  moderate  degree,  may  he  Ihus 
expressed — fear,  drcad^  terror,  fri^hL  Fear  is  ac- 
companied with  a  desire  to  avoid  or  ward  olf  tiie 
expected  evil.  Fear  is  an  uneasiness  of  mind,  upon 
the  thought  of  future  evil  likely  to  befall  us.  WeUis. 

Fear  \s  the  iv>ssi'.)ii  of  our  nature  which  excites  ua  to  provide  for 
our  seciiniy,  on  the  approach  of  evil.  Bogtrs. 

2.  Anxiety ;  solicitude. 

The  principal /ear  was  for  the  holy  tcmplts 

3.  The  cause  of  fear. 

Thy  angel  becomes  a  fear. 

4.  The  object  of  fear. 

Except  t!ic  God  of  Abraham,  nnd  the  fear  of  leaac,  had  been 
wiib  me,  —  Gen.  xxxj. 

5.  Something  set  or  hung  up  to  teiTify  wild  ani- 
mals, by  its  color  or  noise.    Is.  xxiv.    Jer.  xlviii. 

6.  In  Scripture,  fear  is  used  to  express  n  filial  or  a 
slavish  passion.  In  good  mat,  the  fear  of  God  is  a 
holy  awe  or  reverence  of  God  and  his  laws,  wJiich 
springs  from  a  just  view  and  real  love  of  the  divine 
charanter,  leading  the  subjects  of  it  to  hate  and  shun 
everything  that  can  oflend  such  a  Iioly  being,  and 
inclining  them  to  aim  at  perfect  obedience.  This  is 
filial  fear. 

I  will  iHit  my  fear  in  llicir  hoiirts.  — Jer.  xxxii. 

Slavish  fear  is  the  effect  or  consequence  of  guilt  i 
it  is  the  painful  apprehension  of  merited  punishment 
Rom.  viii. 

Tlic  love  of  God  casteth  out  fear.—  \  John  W. 

7.  The  worship  of  God. 

I  will  (cichyou  liie/MTof  llie  I.orl.  —  Pa.  xxxlv. 

8.  The  law  and  word  of  God, 

The /ear  of  the  Lord  U  clean,  enduring  forever.  —  Pa-  xix- 

9.  RevLTence ;  respect ;  due  regard. 

Render  tn  all  their  dues ;  fear  to  v\ !  om  fear.  —  Hum.  xiii- 

Fr:.\R,  V.  f.  [Sax.  frran,  afmn,  to  unprcss  fear,  to 
terrify  ;  i).  vaaroi,  to  put  in  Ic  ir,  to  disorder,  to  ue- 


Mae^attu. 


Stiak 


FATE,  FAR,  F.VLL,  WHAT.-MaTE.  PRgY.-rrNE.  MARINE,  BIRD. -NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK— 


442 


FEA 

range  ;  L.  vereor.  In  Sas.  and  Diitclj,  the  verb  coin- 
cides in  elements  with  fare^  to  go  or  depart,  and  the 
sense  seeais  to  be,  to  scare  or  drive  awav.     Qu.  Syr. 

and  Ar.  jAJ  7w/ara,  to  flee  or  be  fearfiiL    See  Class 

Br,  No.  46,  33.] 

J  To  feel  a  painful  apprehension  of  some  impend- 
ing evil  J  to  be  afraid  of  j  to  consider  or  expect  whh 
emotions  of  alarm  or  solicitude.  We  fear  the  ap- 
pniach  of  an  enemy  or  of  a  storm  ;  we  have  reason 
to  fear  the  punishment  of  our  sias. 

I  Kill_^(jr  DO  efH,  for  thou  art  with  mc.  —  Pa.  xriii. 

9.  To  reverence  j  to  have  a  reverential  awe ;  to 

venerate. 

This  do,  and  live,  tor  I  fear  Goti.  —  Gca.  ilii. 

3.  To  affright ;  to  terrify  j  to  drive  away  or  prevent 
approach  by  fear,  or  by  a  scarecrow. 
[This  seems  to  be  Uie  primary  meaning,  but  now 

obsolete.] 

We  must  Dot  malre  a  scarecrow  of  llie  law, 

Sciliaj  it  up  to /ear  iLs  birds  of  pre/.  Shak. 

F£AJl,  r.  i.  To  be  in  apprehension  of  evil  j  to  be 
afraid  j  to  feel  amiety  on  account  of  some  expected 

eviL 

Bu  1  fear,  kst  by  any  means,  as  ibe  serpent  begufled  Ere 
:[uvu^  hJ3  5U^;y,  so  your  iiiinds  should  be  cciruptcd 
from  tne  simplicity  Uiat  is  in  Chii^  — 2  Cor.  xi. 

Fecr  not,  Atmun:  I  am  thy  stiield  and  thy  exceeding  great 
reward.  —  Gen.  it.  ° 

FeAR,  n.    [Sax.  fera,  gefera.] 
_  A  companion.  [jYot  in  use.]   [See  Peer.]    Spenser. 

FeAR'ED,  pp.  Apprehended  or  expected  with  painful 
solicitude;  reverenced. 

FeAR^FUL,  a.  Affected  by  fear;  feeling  pain  in  ex- 
pectation of  evil ;  apprehensive  with  solicitude  ; 
afraid.  I  am  fearful  of  the  consequences  of  ra^h 
conduct.    Uence, 

2.  Timid;  timorous;  wanting  courage. 

^V■^ut  HLia  ki  ibeie  thai  b  fearful  and  fai^t-hearted  ?  —  Dcut. 

3.  Terrible ;  impressing  fear ;  frightful ;  dreadful. 

It  ii  a  fearful  ihiaz  to  (all  into  the  hiuida  of  lbs  livin'  God.  — 
Uet..  X. 

4.  Awful ;  to  be  reverenced. 

0  Lord,  who  a  like  tiiee,  glorioas  in  bollaess,  fearful  in  praisea  ? 

Ex.  IT. 

That  thou  nuyest  fear  this  ^oiSous  and  fearful  nanie,  Jthcrafa, 
ihy  God.  —  Deut.  xxviii, 

FeAR'FI^'L-LY,  adv.    Timorously ;  in  fear. 

In  such  a  niarhl 
Di J  Thisbe  fearfully  o'ertrip  ihc  ilew.  Shck. 

2.  Terribly;  dreadfully;  in  a  manner  to  impress 
terror. 

There  is  a  diiT,  whose  high  and  bending  bead 

Looks /cor/Wi'y  on  the  confined  deep.  Shai. 

3.  In  a  manner  ta  impress  admiration  and  aston- 
ishmenu 

I  am  fe&rfuHxj  and  wcndeifuDy  made.  —  Fi.  cxxxix. 

FeAR'FI/L-XESS,  n.    Timorcusness ;  timidity. 

2.  State  of  being  afraid ;  awe  ;  dr^. 

A  tturd  thin^  that  maJcea  a  gTjT^mnwnl  despsed,  ia  fearfuliutt 
of,  and  mean  eompliances  itiib,  bolil  popular  od'endsn. 

South. 

3.  Terror ;  alarm  j  apprehension  of  evil. 

Ftarfxilrjest  hath  Eurproed  the  hypocrites.  —  U.  xixiiL 

FeAR  less,  o.    Free  from  fear ;  as,  fearless  of  death  ; 

fearless  of  consequences. 

2.  Bold  ;  courageous  ;  intrepid ;  undaunted ;  as,  a 

fearless  hero  ;  Vi  fearless  foe. 
FeAR'L.ESS-LY,  ode.    Without  fear;   in  a  bold  or 

courageous  manner  ;    intrepidly.    Brave  men  fear- 

lesjly  expose    themselves   to   the  most   formidable 

dangers 
Fe.\PJ'LESS->'E33,  n.    Freedom  from  fear ;  courage ; 

boldness ;  intrepidity. 

He  gare  instaocea  of  an  invindWe  counge  end  fearlestneta  in 
dan^r.  Clarendon. 

FeAR'XAUGHT,  (feer'nawt,)  n.  A  woolen  cloth  of 
p'.-.iX  tiiickn^^s;  dreadnaughL 

FeA5-I-BIL'I-TY,  n,  [See  FEi5i2LE.]  The  quality 
of  being  capable  of  execution  ;  practicability.  Be- 
fore we  adopt  a  plan,  lets  us  consider  iXa  feasibUUy. 

FeAS'I-BLE,  (feez'e-bl,)  a,  [Fr.  faisable,  from  faire^ 
to  make;  l^facere;  iLfattOnlc;  i^p.  faetU/U.] 

1.  That  may  be  done,  performed,  executed,  or  ef- 
fected ;  practicable.    We  say  athing  is  feasible^  when 
it  can  be  etfected  by  human  means  or  agency.    A 
thing  may  be  possible,  but  not  frasibte. 
_  2.  That  may  be  used  or  tilled,  as  land.  B.  Tr-urnbull, 

1  EA3'I-ELE,  n.  That  which  is  practicable  ;  that 
jvh!f!h  can  be  performed  by  human  means. 

t  EAg'I-BLE-NESS,  n.    Feasibility;  practicability. 

FeAS'I-BLY,  ado.    Practicably.  [Bp.  HaU. 

FE.ViT,  n,  [L.  festum ;  Fr.  file  ;  Sp.  fiesta ;  It.  festa  ; 
It.fcfuda;  h.feest;  G./tit.] 

I.  A  sumptuous  repast  or  entertainment,  of  which 
&  number  of  guests  partake ;  particularly,  a  rich  or 
splendid  public  entertainment. 

On  Pharaoh's  biitbday,  te  mack  a  feoMt  to  «II  bis  tcxraxitJ.  — 
Gen.  xl. 


FEA 

2.  A  nrh  or  delicious  repast  or  meal ;  something 
delicious  to  the  palate. 

3.  A  ceremony  of  feasting;  joy  and  thanksgiving 
on  stated  days,  in  comniemoratiim  of  some  great 
event,  or  in  honor  of  some  distinguished  personage  ; 
an  anniversary,  periodical,  or  slated  celebration  of 
some  event ;  a  festival ;  as  on  occasion  of  the  games 
in  Greece,  and  tlie  feast  of  the  passover,  ihe  feast  of 
Pentecost,  and  the  feast  of  tabernacles  among  the 
Jews. 

4.  Something  delicious  and  entertaining  to  the 
mind  or  soul ;  as,  the  dispensation  of  the  gospel  is 
called  a  feast  of  fat  things.    Is.  ixv. 

5.  That  which  delights  and  entertains. 

He  that  is  of  a  merry  hean  hath  a  contiimal  feast.  —  Prov.  it. 

En  the  English  Church,  feasts  are  immotahte  or  mova- 
ble ;  immovable,  when  they  always  occur  on  the 
same  day  of  the  year,  as  Christmas  daj-,  &:c. ;  and 
movable,  when  they  are  not  confined  to  the  same 
day  of  the  year,  as  Easter,  which  regulates  many 
others 
Feast,  v.  L  To  eat  sumptuously ;  to  dine  or  sup  on 
rich  provisions ;  particularly  in  large  companies,  and 
on  public  festivals. 

And  his  sons  went  ajid  feasted  in  iheir  booaea.  — Job  1. 

_  9.^  To  be  highly  gratified  or  delighted. 
Feast,  r.  ^    To  entertain  with  sumptuous  provis- 
ions ;  to  treat  at  the  table  magnificently ;  as,  he  was 
fcasud  by  the  king.  Hayward. 

•2.  To  delight ;  to  pamper;  to  gratify  luxuriously  ; 
as,  to  feast  the  souJ. 

■Whose  tasle  or  smell  can  bless  Hx  feasted  sense.        Dryden. 

Fe.\ST'ED,  pp.  or  a.    Entertained  sumptuously  ;  de- 
lighted. ' 
Fe.IST'ER,  n.    One  who  fares  deliciously.    Taylor. 
2.  One  who  entertains  magnificently.     JohjtsoJt. 
FeAST'FJJL,  a.    Festive  ;  jo>-ful ;  as,  a  feastful  day 
or  friend.                                                          MUUm. 
2.  Sumptuous;  luxurious;  as, /eos^/itZ  rites. 

Pope. 
FeAST'FI;L-LY,  adv.    Festively  ;  luxurioiisly. 
Fe.-VST'ING,  ppr.     Eating  luxiu-iously  ;  faring  sump- 

2.  Delighting  ;  gratifying.  [tuously. 

3.  Entertaining  with  a  sumptuous  table. 
FeAST'ING,  n.    The  act  of  eating  luxuriously  ;  an 

entertainment. 

FeAST^-RITE,  n.  Custom  observed  in  entertain- 
ments. Philips. 

Feat,  n,  [Vt.fait;  li.  fatto;  L.  factum,  from  faeioj  to 
perform.] 

1.  An  act,  a  deed  ;  an  exploit;  as,  a  bold  feat ;  a 
noble /raf;  feats  of  prowess, 

2.  In  a  subordinate  sense,  any  extraordinary  act  of 
strength,  skill,  or  cunning  ;  as,  feats  of  horseman- 
ship, or  of  dexterity  ;  a  trick. 

FeAT,  a.    Ready ;  skillful ;  ingenious. 

Never  master  had  a  page  —  so  feat.    [  05».]  Shck. 

Feat,  v.  U    To  form  ;  to  fashion,     f  Obs.]        Shak. 

FeAT'E-OUS,  a.    Neat;  dextrous. 

FeAT'E-OUS-LY,  arft;.    Neatly  ;  de.\trousIy.    [Obs.] 

Spenser. 

FEATH'ER,  (feth'er,)  n.  [Sax.  fetker  ;  G.fidcr;  D. 
veder;  Da.n.  Jixr ;  Sw.  fcder  j  allied  probably  to 
TTTspov,  and  riraXoi-,  from  rEra'-/*,  to  open  or  ex- 
pand. Fetheb,  according  to  the  etymology,  would 
be  the  better  spelling,] 

1.  A  plume;  a  general  name  of  the  covering  of 
birds.  The  smaller  feathers  are  used  for  the  filling 
of  beds  ;  the  larger  ones,  called  guills,  are  used  for 
ornaments  of  the  head,  for  writing  pens,  &:c.  The 
feather  consists  of  a  shaft  or  stem,  corneous,  round, 
strong,  and  hollow  at  the  lower  part,  and  at  ibe 
upper  part  filled  with  pith.  On  each  side  of  the 
shaft  are  the  vanes,  broad  on  one  side,  and  nar- 
row on  the  other,  consisting  of  thin  laminae.  The 
feathers  which  cover  the  body  are  called  the  plumage ; 
the  feathers  of  the  v.'ings  are  adapted  to  liight. 

2.  Kind ;  nature ;  spucies ;  from  the  proverbial 
phrase,  "  Birds  of  a  feather^"  that  is,  of  the  same 
species.    [  Unusuai.] 

I  am  not  of  thal/«(«A«r  to  shake  off 

My  fmnd,  when  he  moat  needs  me.  Shak. 

3.  An  ornament ;  an  empty  title. 

4.  On  a  horse,  a  sort  of  natural  frizzling  of  the 
hair,  which,  in  some  places,  rises  above  the  lying 
hair,  and  there  makes  a  figure  resembhnc  the  tip  of 
an  ear  of  wheat.  Far.  DicL 

A  feather  in  Vie  cap^  is  an  honor,  or  mark  of  dis- 
tinction. 

To  be  in  high  feather;  to  appear  in  high  spirits  and 
health,  like  birds  when  their  plumage  is  full,  after 
molting. 

To  show  the  ichite  featJter ;  to  give  indications  of 
cowardice  ;  a  phrase  borrowed  from  the  cockpit, 
where  a  while  feather  in  the  tail  of  a  cock  is  con- 
sidered a  token  that  he  is  not  of  the  true  game- 
breed.  Grose. 
FE.\TH'ER,  v.  t.  To  dress  in  feathers ;  to  fit  with 
feathers,  or  to  cover  with  feathers. 

2.  Figuratively,  to  cover  with  foliage  in  a  feathery 
manner.  Sir  W.  Scott* 


FEB 

3.  To  tread,  as  a  cock.  Dryden. 

4.  To  enrich ;  to  adorn ;  to  exalt. 

The  klu*  caied  not  to  plume  his  nobiljiy  and  people,  to  fcathtr 
Llinself.  Bccon. 

Tofiolher  one's  nest ;  to  collect  wealth,  particularly 
from  emoluments  derived  from  agencies  for  others  ; 
a  proverb  taken  from  birds  which  collect  feathers  for 
their  nests. 

FEATH'ER-BED,  n.  A  bed  filled  with  feathers;  a 
soft  bed. 

FEATH'ER-BOARD-ING,  71.  A  covering  of  boards 
in  which  the  edge  of  one  board  overlaps  another, 
like  the  feathers  of  a  bird.  London. 

FEATU'ER-DRiV-ER,  n.  One  who  beats  and  otlier- 
wise  prepares  feathers  to  make  them  light  or  loose. 

FEATII'£R-£D,  (feth'erd,)  pp.  Covered  with  feath- 
ers ;  enriched. 

2.  a.  Clothed  or  covered  willi  iealhers.  A  fowl 
or  bird  is  a  feathered  animal. 

Rise  from  the  ground  lie  f&aOiered  Mercury.  ^/loi. 

3.  Fitted  or  furnished  with  feathers ;  as.  a  feath- 
ered arrow. 

4.  Smoothed,  like  down  or  feathers.  Scott. 

5.  Covered  with  things  growing  from  the  sub- 
stance ;  as,  land  feathered  with  trees.  Coze. 

FEATH'ER-EDGE,  71.     An  edge  like  a  feather. 

A  board  ihat  has  one  edge  thmner  than  the  other,  b  callf-d  yinu^ . 
er-edge  sCuJ".  Moron. 

FEATH'ER-EDG-ED,  c  Having  one  edge  tliinncr 
than  the  other.  0>j:iU. 

FE.ATH'ER-FEW,  n.    A  corruption  of  Fetek-feav. 

FEATH'ER-GRASS,  7i.  A  species  of  grass,  distin- 
guished bv  its  feathered  beard.  Loudon. 

FE.\TH'ER-L\G,  ppr.    Covering  with  feathers. 

FEATH'ER-LESS,  c  Destitute  of  feathers  ;  un- 
fledced.  Hoirel. 

FE.\TH'ER-LY,  a.   Resembling  feathers.    [.Yot  used  ] 

Broicn. 

FEATII'ER-SELL'ER,  n.  One  who  seUs  feathers 
for  beds. 

FEATH'ER-Y,  (feth'er-e,)  a.  Clothed  or  covered 
with  feathers.  Milton. 

2.  Having  the  appearance  of  feathers;  pertaining 
1^0  or  resembling  feathers. 

FeAT'LY,  adc.  [from  feat.]  Neatly  ;  dextrously  ; 
adroillv.     [Little  used.]  Shak.     Lh-ydcn. 

FeAT'NESS,  n.  [from /ear.]  Dexterity  ;  adroitness; 
skillfulness.     [Little  used.] 

FeAT'ITRE,  n,  [^orm.  failure ;  L./acftira,  a  making, 
from /acta,  to  make  ;  lufattura.] 

1.  The  make,  form,  or  cast  of  any  part  of  the  face  ; 
any  single  lineament.  We  speak  of  large  features 
OT  smM  features.  We  see  a  resemblance  in  Ihe  feat- 
ures of  a  parent  and  of  a  child. 

2.  The  make  or  cast  of  the  face. 

Report  the  feature  of  Ociavb,  her  yean.  Shak. 

3.  The  fashion ;  the  make ;  the  whole  turn  or  cast 
of  the  body. 

4.  The  make  or  form  of  any  part  of  the  surface  of 
a  thing,  as  of  a  countr>'  or  landscape. 

5.  Lineiunent ;  outline;  prominent  parts;  as,  the 
features  of  a  treaty. 

Fe.\T'UR-£:D,  a.  Having  features  or  good  features  ; 
resembling  in  features.  Shak, 

FeAT'URE-LESS,  a.    Ha\ing  no  distinct  features. 

FeAZE,  v.  t.    To  untwist  the  end  of  a  rope. 

FeAZ'^D,  (feezd,)  pp.     Untwisted  [jiinsirorth. 

FeAZ'LXG,  ppr.     Untwisting. 

FE-BRiear-LA,  71.     [L.]     A  slight  fever. 

FF-BRre'U-LOSE,  a.    Aflocted  with  slight  fever. 

FE-BRie-TT-LOS'I-TY,  77.     Feverishness. 

FEB'RI-Fa-CIENT,  (-fa-shent,)  a.   [L.febris^  a  fever, 
and  facio,  to  make.] 
Causing  fever.  Beddoes. 

FEB'RI-FA-CIEA^T,  n.    That  which  produces  fever. 

Beddoes. 

FE-BRIF'ie,  a.     [L.  febris,  fever,  and  facia,  to  make.] 
Producing  fever ;  feverish. 

FEB-RI-FU'GAL,  a.  [Infra.]  Having  the  quality  of 
mitigating  or  curing  fever.  [Not  in  use  among  phy- 
sicians, but  only  among  unmedical  men.]  Lindley. 

FEB'RI-FUGE,  71.    [L. /e^m,  fever,  and /u^o,  to  drive 
away.] 
Any  medicine  that  mitigates  or  removes  fever. 

Encyc. 

FEB'RI-FUGE,  a.  Having  the  quality  of  mitigating 
or  subduing  fever  ;  antifebrile.  ArbuUmct. 

Fe'BRILE  or  FEB'RILE,  a.  [Fr.,  from  L.  fcbrilisy 
from  febris,  fever.] 

Pertaining  to  fever;  indicating  fever,  or  derived 
from  it ;  as,/c&r«c  symptoms  ;  febrile  action. 

FEB'RU-A-RY,  n.  [L.  Fcbruarius;  Fr.  Fcrrier;  It, 
Febhraio ;  Sp.  Febrero  ;  Arm.  Ferrer  :  Port.  Feverciro ; 
It.  Feabhra ;  Russ.  Pkebral.  Tlu^  Latin  word  is  said 
to  be  named  from  febnto,  to  purify  by  sacrifice,  and 
thus  to  signify  the  month  of  purification,  as  the  peo- 
ple were,  in  this  month,  purified  hy  sacrifices  and 
oblations.  The  word  februo  is  said  to  be  a  Sabine 
word,  connected  w'\i\\ferv€o,f.rbco,  \o  boil,  as  boiling 
was  used  in  purifications.  Varro.     Orid. 

This  practice  bears  a  rcsoinMi'.nce  to  that  of  mak- 
ing atonement  among  the  Jews  ;  but  the  connection 


TONE,  EIJLL,  TINITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CU  as  SH  ;  Til  as  in  THIS. 


443 


FlOi) 


FEE 


'  ....  .     .  ..Mf„|.    Tlie  W. 

ini.  keitertit^  is 

'       IllUlltll.] 

H,..  .1.  iliuycar,  inlro- 

r  Iiy  Xiiino.     In  cnm- 

.  rij  23  days  j  in  Uie  bis- 

_ir,  -■•■'  '1  '»  ■•- 

N ,  ■.    Purtflcallon.    [Sec  FEBRUABr.j 
Speiuer. 
"  ■    r(.]    Containing  or  consisting 
!,  or  cxcrcint'nL 

-  uiiricnl;  the  mattor  which  sub- 
r  liiiuor. 

■  an'I  the  ilcniinciation  nf  war 
law.  fCeiit. 

i.  ,  u-   mnilc]      A  woiil  inscribed  by 
•*.fr  thrir  narntra  on  a  work,  to  denote  tlic 

M,  Guido  feeit* 

S3,  oi    Spintlc-ij;  feeble;  weak;  perhaps  a 
n  uf  E»  TECTLts*.     [i^ottwik.] 
\,«.    The  gncn  matter  of  plants;  chloro- 

Ure. 
■  h  or  farina  ;  called,  also,  amtilaeeoits  feada. 
•  fin  Li  applied  lo  any  [nilvenilent  matter  ob- 

'  -.ntH  by  ciinply  hroakin*  down  the  lex- 

vwlh  wnliT,  mid  subsidence.     Hence 
■  .  starch  and  the  preen  feciila,  though 
I  in  chemical  jiroiwrties.  C</c 

/  N.     [I*  fttculentia^   from  fxcula^ 
\  .\     /fcM, /xr,  drega.] 
> :  fuulncsu  ;  tlic  quahty  of  being  foul 
-  mMter  or  lees. 

!:inenl  ;  drcg^  ;  or  rather  the  sub- 
vvith  liquor,  or  lloating  in  it,  wliich, 
1  and  lying  at  the  buiiom,  arc  called 
:  ■tMimcnt.  The  rrfinins  or  fining  of 
initiun  of  it  from  ilsficidencies. 

Foul  with  extraneous  or  impure 
.Idy;  thick;  turbid;  abounding  with 
■,1  rcmcntilioup  matter. 
' ''.  o.     [  L./irc«»(iuJ,  from  the  root  of /<rt:w  ] 
'<il  In  rliildren  ;  prolific  Oraimt, 

•  1'  \  IK.  P.  I.    To  make  fniiiful  or  prolific. 

:nalp  ;  as,  tlio  poltirii  uf  tlowers /<- 
:ma.  Anacharsia,  TVaiw. 

i.o.pp.    Rendrrcd  prolific  or  fruitful  j 

'  ^t*i  r/""'  **f  *•     Rendering  fruitful ; 

.')X,  n.    The  act  of  making  fruitful  or 
:  nation. 
,  r.  u    To  make  fruitful ;  lo  fecundate. 

K'    '  .  «.    [I*,  fireunditas.'] 

'H ;   Ihc  quality  of  prtHlucin<*  fniit ; 
quality  in  f.inalc  animals  of  produc- 
.<til  numbers. 

r  of  pru<lucin;  or  bringing  forth.  It 
:i.il  Uio  set'ds  of  some  planlj  rt;lain  (heir 
f.irty  yean.  Jlatj, 

tiliiy  ;  tlic  (wwer  of  brinpiug  forth  in  abun- 
ndrncss  of  invention. 
'.  and  pp.  of  Ft  CD,  which  see, 
:  \I,,  a.    [from  L.  jfaJus^  a  lua^e,  nlllcd,  per- 
iui^.  In  Eng.  ic.-J,  Sax.  tertUtuin^  L.  ru.*,  vaitity  radar, 
rcJimaninm.^    Hee  Ilcb.  Ch.  Syr.  03y,  to  pledge,  Class 

;  to  a  leainie  or  contract ;  derived  from 
^r  covi:naiil  between  parties,  particu- 
lationj. 

I  '  —  JhT'l'^  wctrtiy  lo  /e^trei  riffhl,  comncllal  llirm  lo  pan 

*!.  CAn^i.ilnj  ill  n  rom[»acl  between  parlies,  partic- 
vctrn  slate-*  or  nations  ;  found- 
Mri  or  mutual  agreement;  as, 
:,  such  as  tliat  of  the  United 

cftdly  to  the   constiintion   of  the   United 
[fee  the  noun.] 
:  v!''....«  I"*     ■^"  appellation    in   America, 
VUIS  r.  (     given  lo  llic  friends  of  the  con- 
-;  ^fth"  LnilH  I'lai.'q  at  its  fomiation  and 
to  lljp  ix,liiiral  party  which  favored 
I  '■'^n  pf  rrcsidcnt  Wasliingtun. 

t  •  M,  ■.  The  principIcT.  of  the  Federal ist<». 

..,»,„  .      -,  Morris, 

M^tAKj  r.  t  or  I.    To  nnil»:  in  compact,  as 
:  rtatcs  i  to  confederate  for  political  purposes. 

\L.-T7,-/:p,  pp.    United  in  compact. 
\L-IZ-I\(;,  ppr.    Confederal  inc. 
^.■'*^^'»  I  ■•     A  partner;  a  confederate:  an 
..'««     '      accomplice.     LVot  ujcd.]     Sh^k. 

inited  by  comjiael,  as  sovereignlies, 
•!«  ;  jointd  in  confederacy ;  :utj  federate 

Fi  .^r.u  \  iio.x,  n.    The  act  of  uniting  in  a  Icaciic. 

~  A  leazuc  ;  a  confedr  racv.  Bur*c 

FErrrS-A-TIVE    a.     Tn.Iing  ;  Joining  in  a  Ica^e  ; 
f  -f.dcracy. 


FEI)'I-TY,«.    {h.fadUas.]  ,,  „ 

Turniiude  ;  vilcness.    [Aot  in  iwc]  tiiui. 

FEE  Ti.  [Sax. /«, /mA  ;  D.  vee;  G.  vteli ;  Sw. /a - 
Dnii./<fe;  Scot,  fcf^fnj,  or  jic,  calUc  ;  L.  p«u, ;-«(«. 
From  the  use  of  caltlo  in  transferring  pro[>erty,  ur 
from  barter  and  payments  in  callle,  the  word  Ciinic 
lo  signify  monev  ;  it  signified,  also,  poods,  substance 
in  general.  Tlic  word  belongs  to  Class  Bg,  but  the 
primary  sense  is  not  obvious.] 

A  reward  or  compensation  for  services ;  recom- 
pense, cither  sratuitons,  or  established  by  law,  and 
claimed  of  riyhl.  It  is  applied  particularly  to  tlie 
reward  of  professional  services ;  as,  the  fees  of  law- 
yers and  physicians  ;  the  fees  of  otlico  ;  dork's  fees  ; 
sheri(r»s/c*s;  marriage /rw,  &c.  Many  ol  these  are 
fixed  by  law  ;  but  gmtuiiics  to  professional  men  are 
also  called /fM. 

FEE,  n.  [This  word  is  usually  deduced  from  Sax. 
/cyA,  cattle,  property,  and  fee,  a  reward.  This  is  a 
mistake,  Fee^  in  fund,  is  a  contraction  of  feud  or 
Ji(f,  or  from  the  same  source  ;  It.  ffdc^  Sp.  /r,  failh, 
trust.  Fccj  a  reward,  froni/r-o/t,  is  a  Teutonic  word  ; 
hwt fee, feiidyfrf,  arc  words  wholly  unknown  to  the 
Teutonic  nations,  w!io  use,  as  synonymous  with 
them,  the  word  vviiich  in  English  is  loan.  This 
word  fcr,  in  land  or  an  estate  in  trust,  was  first  used 
among  the  descendrnts  of  the  northern  coiniuerors 
of  Italy,  but  it  originated  in  tlic  soutli  of  Europe. 
See  Fkud.] 

Primari/y,  a  loan  of  land,  an  estate  in  trust,  granted 
by  a  prince  cr  lorrl,  to  be  held  by  the  grantee  on  con- 
dition of  personal  service,  or  other  condition  ;  and, 
if  the  urantee  or  tenant  fr.ik-d  to  perform  the  condi- 
tions, the  land  reverted  to  llie  lord  or  donor,  called 
the  Inndiotd,  or  itrdrlcrd,  the  lord  of  the  loan.  A  toe, 
then,:5nr.y  land  orteni;i':':;nt  held  of  a  superior  on 
ccrUiin  conditions.  It  ir.  f-ynnnymoiis  with  >/ and 
feud.  /J!  l>.e  l.-;::d  in  England,  except  the  crown 
ianrt,  is  of  tJiis  kind.  Feci  are  absolute  or  limited. 
An  cosoSiitc  fte^  or  fee--iimih,  is  land  wiiich  a  man 
holds  tc  himicU  and  his  heirs  forever,  who  are  called 
tenant:  in  fcc-simjile.  Hence,  in  jnodrru  times,  the 
•Crtn/ccor/M-w.-Kjj^cdiniotes  an  estate  of  iniierilance  ; 
and,  in  America,  wlicrc  lands  are  not  gnnerally  held 
of  a  superior,  a/r,  ox  fee-simple,  is  an  estate  in  which 
ihe  owner  has  the  whole  property,  w'ithout  any  con- 
dition annexed  to  the  tenure.  A  limitrd  fee,  is  an 
esLit-;  limited  or  clogged  with  certain  conditions  ;  as, 
Ti  qunlifieA  ot  base  fee,  \\\\\c\\  ceases  witli  the  exist- 
ence of  certain  conditions;  and  a  conditional  fee, 
which  is  limited  to  particular  heirs. 

Blackstor.r,     Encijc, 
In  Uie  United  States,  an  estate  in  fee,  or  fcc-simple, 
is  what  is  called  in  English  law  an  allodial  estate,  an 
estate  held  by  a  pcrscm  in  his  own  right,  and  de- 
scendible to  the  Iieiry  in  general. 

FEE'-F.\itM,  It.  [fee  and  farm.]  A  kind  of  tenuie 
of  estates  wilhoul  homage,  ftialty,  or  other  service, 
e.^ccpt  that  mentioned  in  the  feofi'inenl,  whitli  is 
usually  tlie  full  rent.  The  nature  of  this  tenure  is, 
that  if  the  rent  is  in  arrear  or  unpaid  for  two  years, 
the  leoflor  and  his  heirs  may  have  an  action  for  the 
recovery  of  the  lan;I?.  Enajc. 

FEE'-SIiSfPLE.     Sec  Feb. 

FRE'-TaIL,  «.    An  esintc  entailed  ;  a  conditional  foe. 

FEE,  r.  t.    To  pay  a  fee  to ;  lo  reward,     lience, 

2.  To  engage  in  one's  service  by  advancing  a  fee 
or  sum  of  money  to ;  as,  to  fee  a  lawyer. 

3.  To  hire  ;  lo  bribe.  *  ShaU. 

4.  To  keep  in  hire.  Shaii. 
FEE'BLE,  a.     [Fr.foihlc:  Sp.feblc;  Norm,  id.;  It. 

ficvole.  ^  I  know  not  the  origin  of  the  first  syllable,] 

1.  Weak;  destitute  of  much  physical  strength  ;  as, 
infanl-«  are  feeble  at  Ihoir  birth. 

2.  Infirm;  sickly;  debilitated  by  disease. 

3.  Dcbiliuued  by  age  or  decline  of  life. 

4.  Not  full  or  loud  ;  as,  a  feeble  voice  or  sound. 

5.  VVanting  force  or  vigor;  as,  feeble  efforts. 

0,  Not  bright  or  strong;  faint;  Imperfecl;  rs,  fee- 
ble light ;  f'cble  colors. 

7,  Not  J^trong  or  vigorous ;  as,  feeble  powers  of 
mind. 

8.  Not  vchempnt  or  rapid  ;  slow;  as, /ceWe  motion. 
FEE'BLE,  v.t.    To  weaken,     [JVotused.]     [See  En- 
feeble.] 

FEE'BLE-MTXD'ED,  a.  Weak  in  mind;  wanting 
finnness  or  constancy  ;  irresolute. 

Comfort  the  ffcUe-mindcd.  —  \  Thr-u.  t. 

FEE'RU'^.MTND'ED-NESS,  n.  State  of  having  a 
feeble  mind. 

FEE'nLE-NESS,  v.  Weakness  of  body  or  mind,  from 
any  cause;  imbecility;  infirmity;  want  of  slrc-U'^lh, 
physical  or  intellLiclual ;  as,  feebleness  of  the  body  or 
limbs  \feel/lenfss  of  the  mind  or  understanding. 

.-,  ;\  ant  of  fullness  or  loudness  ;  as,  feebleness  of 
voice.  ' 

3.  Want  of  vigor  or  furce ;  as,  feebleness  of  exer- 
tion or  of  operation, 
cobjr^^^'^'^*  "f  brightness  ;  as,  feebleness  of  light  or 

FEE'BLY,  aJr.  Weakly;  wilhoul  strengtli :  as,  lo 
move  feebly.  °     '       ' 


Thyffentle  runnUn  feehttj  creep. 


Dryden. 


FEE 

FEED,  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  Fed.  [Snx.fedan  ;  Dan./B- 
der,  Sw.  fUda,  to  fceil  and  lo  beget ;  Goth,  fodijan  ;  D. 
rocden,  to  feed;  G.  futtrr,  fmUlcr ;  pttrni,  to  fi_'cd  ; 
Norm. /u//fr,  to  feed  and  lo  dig,  uniting  with  feed  tlie 

L.  fodio  ;  At.  ILii  fata,  to  feed,  and  congressus  f;iit 
cum  ffcniina,  s.-ppius  conr.ubuit.  Class  Bd,  No.  14. 
(See  Fatheh.)  In  Kuss.  pctuijti  is  to  nourish  ;  and  in 
W.  biiyd  is  food,  and  bicijta  to  cat ;  Arm.  hocta  :  Ir. 
fadh,  food  ;  G.  wrid,  pasture.] 

1.  To  give  food  to;  as,  lo /err/  an  infant;  io  feed 
liorses  and  oxen. 

2.  To  ;;upply  with  provisions.  Wc  havj  fiour  and 
meat  enough  to  feed  ihe  army  a  month. 

3.  To  supply  ;  to  furnish  with  any  thing  of  which 
there  is  constant  consumption,  w-asie,  or  use.  Siirings 
feed  ponds,  lakes,  and  rivers  ;  ponds  and  streams/red 
"canal^■.    ftlills  are  fed  from  hoppers. 

4.  To  gTa;:e  ;  to  cause  to  be  cropped  by  feeding,  as 
Ik-rbagc  i»y  cattle.  If  grain  is  loo  forward  in  aurumn, 
feed  it  witii  sheep. 

Once  in  throe  jcai-s  feed  your  mowing'  1.ti»i1s.  lilortii.ier. 

5.  To  nourish  ;  lo  cherish  ;  to  supply  with  nutri- 
ment ;  as,  to /cc</  hope  or  expectation  ;  to /ccrf  vanity. 

(5.  To  keep  in  hope  or  expectation  ;  as,  to  feed  one 
with  hope. 

7.  To  supply  fuel ;  as,  lo  feed  a  fire. 
-     8.  To  dcliglil;  to  supply  with  somclliing  desirable; 
lo  enlcitain  ;  as,  to  feed  the  eye  with  :lie  beauties  of 
a  landscape. 

9.  To  give  food  or  fodder  for  fattening  ;  lo  fntlrn. 
The  old  county  of  Hampshire,  in  Rlassachusclls, 
feeds  a  great  number  of  cattle  for  slaughter. 

10.  To  supply  \viih  J'ood,  and  to  lead,  guard,  and 
protect ;  a  scriptuj-al  sense. 

lie  sltall  feed  h'ts  f.ock  like  a  slicphcrcl.  —  Isa,  xl. 

FEED,  V.  i.    To  take  food  ;  lo  eat.  Shah. 

2.  To  subsist  by  eating  ;  to  prey.  Pome  birds  fee4 
on  seeds  and  berries,  olliers  on  flesh. 

3.  'i'o  pasture ;  to  graze ;  lo  place  cattle  to  feed. 
Rz.  xxii. 

4.  To  grow  fat.  Jolnmon, 
FEED,  j(.    That  which  is  eaten;  provender;  fodder; 

pasture  ;  npplird  to  that  tchick  is  eaten  by  beasts,  vol  lo 
the  food  ofmnu  The  hills  of  our  country  furnish  the 
best  feed  for  sheep. 

2.  A  certain  portion  or  ftllowanre  of  provcmUT 
given  to  a  horse,  cow,  &c. ;  as,  a  feed  of  corn  or 

3.  Meal,  or  act  of  eating.  [oats 

Ff»r  sucli  pleasure  till  llnl  hour 
At  feed  or  louneiiii  never  had  I  found.  ^Jil'.on. 

FEED,  pp.  or  a.     Retained  by  a  fee, 

FEED'-PTPE,  T(.     A  pipe  which  feeds  or  supplies  ihe 

boiler  of  a  stcam-en:;ine,  &.Q.,  with  water.  Hrbcrt. 
FEED'ER,  V.    One  that  gives  food  or  supplies  nouiisli- 

menr. 

2.  One  \vho  furnishes  incentives  ;  an  encourager. 

'Vhr- feeder  of  my  rioo.  57ini. 

3.  One  tliat  cats  or  subsists ;  as,  small  birds  are 
feeders  on  crain  or  seeds. 

4.  One  tliat  fattens  cattle  for  slaughter.  [Uniud 
Sinter.} 

5.  A  fountain,  stream,  or  channel  that  supplies  a 
main  canal  with  water. 

Feeder  of  a  vein ;  in  minintr,  a  short  cross  vein. 

Ctjc. 
FEED'ING,  ppr.    Giving  food  or  nutriment ;  furnish- 
ing provisions  ;  eating  ;  taking  food  or  nourishment ; 
grazing  ;  supplying  water  or  that  wliirh  is  constantly 
consumed  ;  nourishing;  supplying  fuel  or  incentives. 
FEED'ING,  n.     The  act  of  eating. 

2.  That  which  is  eaten  ;  pasture.    Drayton. 
FEE'ING,  ppr.    Retaining  bv  a  fee. 

FEEL,  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  Felt.  [Sax.  felan,  f.rlan, 
gefelan;  G.  fiihlcn  ;  D.voelcn;  allied  probably  to  L. 
palpo.  Q,ii.  W.  ptcyllaic,  lo  impel.  The  primary  sense 
is,  to  touch,  to  pat,  lo  strike  gentlj*,  or  to  press,  as  is 
e\1dent  from  the  L.  palpito,  and  other  dorivatives  of 
palpo.  If  so,  the  word  seems  to  be  allied  to  L.  pcJh. 
See  Class  Bl,  No.  8.] 

1.  To  perceive  by  the  touch  ;  to  Iiave  sensation  ex- 
cited by  contact  of  a  thing  with  the  body  or  limbs. 

Suffer  me  thnl  1  m-xy/^el  tlic  pilbrs.  — Jnd^p-s  xvi. 
Coine  iir^ir,  I  pray  ihec,  llnl  I  may  frel  dice,  m/aon.  —  C«n. 
xxvii. 

9.  To  have  the  sense  of;  to  sufT^-r  or  enjoy  ;  as,  to 
feel  pain  ;  to  feel  pleasure. 

3.  To  experience;  to  suffer. 

■\Vlioso   k'-.-peUi  die  cpmni.imlmcn(s  «liall  /«i  no  c-"il  Ihin*. — 
l-keles.  vci. 

4.  To  be  affected  by  ;  to  perceive  mentally  ;  «^j  to 
feel  griirf  or  woe. 

Wonlil  I  hill  never  Iroil  Ihh  Ktis!i=h  earth, 

Or/dt  iho  ilsUnrit-a  thai  grow  upon  it.  ^7i(K. 

5.  To  know ;  to  be  acquainted  with  ;  to  have  a  real 
and  just  view  of. 

Kor  Ui-n,  aad  not  till  lh:-n,  he /fit  liitna-^if.  Shaii. 

G.  To  touch  ;  lo  handle  ;  Avilh  or  without  of.  Feel 
Iliis  piece  of  silk,  or  feel  of  it. 

To  feci,  or  to  fed  out,  is  to  try  ;  lo  sound  ;  tu  j^circh 


FATE.  FAR,  FALL.  WH»T— METE,  PREY— PLVE.  MARINE,  BIRD. -NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BOOK.- 


444 


FEl 

lur  ;  to  explore  ;  as,  lo  fed  ocfect  out  one's  upiiiious 
or  dc:?icns. 

To  feet  after:  to  search  for;  to  seek  to  find  ;  to  seefe 
as  a  person  groping  in  the  dark. 

ir  tuipij  they  inigiit  jlret  a/ler  bira,  aiiJ  tinJ  Iiiiii.  —  Acu  xvii. 

FKKL,  1-  i.  To  Iiave  perception  by  tlie  touch,  or  by 
the  conuict  of  any  substance  with  Ihe  bod)'. 

2.  1  o  have  the  sensibiiity  or  the  passions  moved  or 
excited.    The  good  man  feels  for  tlie  woes  of  oiliers. 

Mao  w  ho  /tela  fgr  all  maukiiul.  Pope, 

3.  To  give  perception  j  to  excite  sensation. 

EliiiU  loeu  s\y  U-id  feels  rou»h,  aiid  white  feels  aaiooth. 

So  we  say,  a  thing  fceU  soft  or  hard,  or  il  feds  hot 
cr  cold. 

4.  To  have  perception  mentally  j  as,  to  fed  hurt ; 
to  feel  grieved  ;  to  feel  unwilling. 

FEEL,  n.    The  sense  of  feeling. 

2:  The  perception  caused  by  the  toucli.  The  dif- 
ference of  tumors  may  be  ascertained  by  the  feck 
Argillaceous  stuiies  may  sometimes  be  known  by  the 
fed.    Mineralogists  speak  of  a  greasy /cc/. 

[Tfiistcord  is  chiejly  used  by  men  of  science  in  de- 
scribing malerial  objects.] 
FEEL'EK,  n.    One  who  teels. 

2.  One  of  the  palpi  of  insects.  The  feelers  of  in- 
sects are  usually  four  or  six,  and  situated  near  the 
mouth.  They  are  filiform,  and  resemble  articulated, 
movable  antennx.  Thev  are  distinguished  from  an- 
[?^nnce,  or  liorns,  by  uenig  short,  naked,  and  placed 
near  the  mouth.  They  are  used  in  searching  for 
food.  Eucye. 

Tlj.t  term  is  also  applied  to  the  antenna;  of  insects 
and  mollusks.  Paley. 

3.  Fi^uraticclyy  an  observation,  remark,  tc,  put 
forth  or  thrown  out,  as  if  casually,  in  order  to  ascer- 
t;iin  the  views  of  others. 

FKEL'IXG,  ppr.  Perceiving  by  the  touch;  having 
perception. 

2.  a.  Expressive  of  great  sensibility;  aflecting; 
tending  to  excite  the  ]tissions.  He  made  a  feeling 
representation  of  his  wrongs.  He  spoke  with  feeling 
iluqucnce. 

3.  Possessing  great  sensibility  ;  easily  affected  or 
moved  ;  as,  a  feeling  man  ;  a  fcding  heart. 

4.  Sensibly  or  deeply  afitected  ;  as,  I  had  a  fcding 
sense  of  his  favors.     [This  use  is  not  analogical^  but 

1  Kill,  l.\U,  n.  The  sense  of  touch  ;  the  sense  by 
uiiicli  we  [lerceive  external  objects  which  come  in 
contact  with  the  body,  and  obtain  ideas  of  their  tan- 
gible qualities  ;  one  of  the  five  senses.  It  is  by  feel- 
ing we  know  that  a  body  is  hard  or  soft,  hut  or  cold, 
wet  or  drj',  rough  or  smooth. 
2.  Sensation ;  the  etfect  of  perception. 

The  ttppreh'-nsion  of  (^le  jood 
GiTcs  but  Ote  grcaKr  feeling  lo  lue  worse.  Skck. 

Z.  Faculty  or  power  of  perception  ;  sensibility. 

Tbcir  ting",  out  of  a  priiiwty  feil'mg,  Wia  sparing'  and  coiapas- 
sioiiaie  (uw^nl  hu  suLijccu.  Dticou. 

4.  Nice  sensibility;  as,  a  man  o( feeling. 

5.  Excitement;  emotion. 

FEEL'ING-LV,  ode.    With  expression  of  great  si;nsi- 
bilily  ;  tenderly ;  as,  to  speak  feelingly. 
2.  So  as  to  be  sensibly  felt. 

Th?«  are  counselors, 
'V^tiX.  feelingly  periu^e  nie  what  1  ara.  Slvak. 

FEESE,  n.     A  race.     [JVbt  in  use.]  Barret. 

FEET,  M. .-  pi.  of  Foot.     [See  Foot.] 

FEET'LESS,  a.    Destitute  of  feet ;  as,  feeders  birds. 

Camden. 

FglGX,  (fane,)  r.  t.  [Fr.fcindre;  Sp.fnipr;  It.  fn- 
gere,  or  figacrc:  L.  jUngo;  D.  veinzen;  .Knn.  feijita, 
findta.  The  Tallin  forms  fctum,  fictus,  whence  ^- 
gura^  figure.  Hence  il  agrees  with  W./u^'taic,  lo  feign 
or  dissemble  ;  fag^  feint,  disguise;  also,  L./ucu^.] 

1.  To  invent  or  imagine  ;  lo  form  an  idea  or  con- 
ception of  something  not  real. 

Tber?  ar«  no  such  tliinga  iloii^  qs  thou  wycit,  but  ihov  feignetl 
tLeiii  cut  of  thy  own  ii';art.  —  Scii.  »L 

2.  To  make  a  show  of;  to  pretend;  lo  assume  a 
false  appearance  ;  to  counterfeit. 

I  pr.ty  ih*^,  fti^n  tliy^elf  to  he  a  moumcr.  — 2  Sam.  xiv. 
hhe /eism  bagb.  Pope, 

3.  To  represent  falsely ;  to  pretend ;  to  form  and 
relate  a  fictitious  tale. 

The  poet 
Did  fei;n  that  Orpliouj  drew  tree*,  atones,  n.nil  f!oo<b.     S/uii. 

4.  To  dissemble  ;  to  conceal.    [Obs.]      Spenser, 
FglGX'ED,  (fand,)  pp.  or  a.     Invented;    devised; 

imagined  ;  assumed. 

FEIGN'ED-LY,  adv.  In  fiction  ;  in  pretense  ;  not  re- 
ally. Bacon. 

FEIG\'ED-\E33,  n.    Fiction  ;  pretense  ;  deceit. 

Hannar. 

FEIGN'ER,  C^^n'er,)  n.  One  who  feigns;  an  Jn- 
vcnlor  ;  a  deviser  of  fiction.  B.  Jonson. 

FElGiVING,  ppr.  Inir.wining;  inventing;  pretend- 
ing: in-iking  a  false  show. 

FglCVING,  n.  A  false  appearance;  artful  con- 
trivance ;  deception  B.  Jonson. 


FEL 

FEIGN'ING-LY,  adv.     With  falsL-  appearance.  i 

F£L\T,  (lants,)  n.     [Fr.  feintc,  from  feindre.] 

1.  An  assumed  or  false  appearance  ;  a  pretense  of  I 
doing  something  nut  intended  lo  be  dune.  | 

Courtlcy's  IcUcr  b  but  a  /tin!  to  ^et  ofT.  Spectator,      | 

2.  A  mock  attack;  an  appearance  of  aiming  at 
one  part,  when  another  is  intended  to  be  struck.  In 
fcncin^^  a  show  of  making  a  tlirust  at  one  part,  to 
deceive  an  antagonist,  when  the  intention  is  to 
strike  another  part.  Prior.    Encyc. 

FEINT,  pp.  or  a.     Feigned ;   counterfeit ;  seeming. 

[JVot  used.]  Locke. 

FEL'AND-ERS.     See  FiLANDcns.  JlinsworUi. 

FELD'SrxU,  ")  n.  [G.  fdd,  field,  and  spar.  It  is 
FEL'SPaR,  (  written  by  some  authors  fdspar, 
FELD'SPATH,  f  which  is  roc^;>ar,  or /t/  is  a  con- 
FEL'SPATH,  J  traction  of  fidd,  Spath,  in  Ger- 
man, signifies  spar.] 

A  mineral  occurring  in  crystals  and  crystalline 
masses,  somewhat  vitreous  in  luster,  and  breaking 
rather  easily  in  two  directions,  with  smooth  sur- 
faces. The  colors  are  usually  white  or  fiesh-red,  oc- 
casionally bluish  or  greenish.  It  consists  of  silica, 
alumina,  and  potash.  Feldspar  is  oni  of  the  essen- 
tial constituents  of  granite,  gneiss,  mica-slate,  and 
porpliyrj',  and  enters  into  the  constitution  of  nearly 
all  volcanic  rocks. 

The  term  feldspar  family  is  applied  to  a  gioup  of 

allied  minerals,  including,  besides  conmion  feldspar, 

the  species  Albile,  Anorthite,  Labradorite,  and  Ryac- 

oiite.  Dana. 

FELD-SPATII'IC,      \  a.    Pertaining   to    feldspar,  or 

FELD-SPATH'OSE,  J      consisting  of  it. 

Journ.  of  Science. 
FE-LTC'I-TaTE,  r.  L     [Fr.  fdicilcr;  Sp.  fdicitar;  It. 
fdicitare ;  L.  fdicito^  from  fdiz^  happy.] 
J .  To  make  very  happy. 

Wliat  a   glorious    entcrl;iininent  ami  pli-risure  would   fill  and 
felicitau  his  ipiril,  if  Ua  could  grasp  jU  in  a  single  survey  I 

Wav.», 

More  generally, 

2.  To  congratulate  ;  to  express  joy  or  pleasure  to. 
We  felicitate  our  friends  on  the  aciiuisition  of  good, 
or  an  escape  from  evil. 

FE-LIC'I-TATE,  a.     -Made  very  happy.  Shak. 

FE-LIC'I-Ta-TED,  pp.     Made  very  liappy ;  congrat- 
ulated. 

FE-LIC'I-Ta-TI.\G,  ppr.    Making  vcrj-  happy;  con- 
gratulating. 

FE-LIC-I-I'a'TIOX,  n.    Congntulation.  Diet. 

FE-LIC'I-TOUS,  a.    Very  happy  ;  prosperous ;    de- 
lightful. Did. 

FE-L1C'I-T0U3-LY,  fl(/p.     Happily.  Did. 

FE-LIC'I-TOUS-NESS,     n.      Slate    of    being    verj^ 
happy. 

FE-LIC'I-TV,  n.     [L.  fdicitas,  from  felix,  happy.] 

1.  Happiness,  or  rather  great  happiness  ;  blessed- 
ness; blissfulness  ;  apprapriatdij,  the  joys  of  heaven. 

2.  Prosperity  ;  blessing  ;  enjoyment  of  good. 

The/eiici:i«*  of  her  wonderful  reigu  may  be  complete. 

AlUyb'iry. 
Femalcj  — who  confer  on  life  its  &\ieslfeUcitUs.  Rawle. 

FF.'LTNE,  a.    [L.  felinas,  from  fdis,  a  cat.     Uu.  /f//, 

fierce.] 
Pertaining  to  cats,  or  to  their  species;  like  a  cat ; 

noting  the  cat  kind  or  the  genus  Felis.     We  say,  the 

fdine  race  ;  fdine  rapacity. 
FELL,  prel.  of  Fali- 
FELL,  a.     [Sax.  fdl;  D.  fd.] 

1.  Cruel;  barbarous;  inhuman. 

It  seemed  fury,  discord,  m:\K\nm/ell,  Fair/ax. 

2.  Fierce  ;  savage  ;  ravenous  ;  bloody. 

More/e//  ttian  ligere  0:1  the  Libyan  pljiii.  Pope. 

FELL,  n.     [Sax.  fell ;   G.  fdl;   D.  vd;  L.  pdlis ;  Fr. 
pcau  ;  probably  from  pediiig.] 

A  skin  or  hide  of  a  beast;  used  chiefly  in  conipo- 
FELL,  71.     IG.  fds.]  [sition J  lis  icool-fdl. 

1.  A  barren  or  stony  hill.     [Local.]  Gray, 

2.  A  field.  Drayton. 
FELL,  H.     [Sax.  fdle.]    Anger  ;  mclanchulv.  Spenser. 
FELL,  V.  L     [D.  vellen;   G.  fallen;  Sw.  fdlla;  Dan. 

finhler  ,-  probably  from  Ihe  roc*t  ot  fall,] 

To   cause   to  fall  ;  to   prostrate  ;  in   bring   lo   the 

ground,  either  by  cutting,  as  to  fdl  trees,  or  by 

striking,  as  to  fdl  an  ox. 
FELL'£b,  (feld,)  pp.     Knocked  or  cut  down. 
FELL'ER,  ».   One  who  hews  or  knocks  down.    Is.  xiv. 
FEL-LIF'LU-OUS,  a.     [L-fel,  gall,  and/»o,  to  flow.] 

Flowing  with  gall.  Diet. 

FELL'ING^  ppr.     Cuttins  or  beatirtg  to  the  ground. 
FELL'MO\"GER,  (-mung'gcr,)  n.    A  dealer  in  Iiides. 
FELL'NESS,  n.     [See  Fell,  cruel.]     Cruelty;  fierce 

barbaritv  ;  rage.  Spenser. 

FEL'LoE.    See  Fellv, 
FEL'LoW,  71.     [Sax.  felaw;  Scot,  falutc^  from  fullow. 

In  an  old  author,  feliowskip  is  written  folowship.] 

1.  A  companion  ;  an  associate. 

In  youth  I  had  iwolvcye/Zoic*,  like  myself.  Atchmm. 

FUch  on  h'la/eUow  fur  ;issi»taitce  cidls.  Orijden. 

2.  One  of  the  same  kind. 

A  ihepherd   had  one  fivorile   doj;   he  Cod   liitn  wilh  Ms  own 
hand,  and  took  more  care  dlhun  lliaii  of  his  felloiat. 

L' Estrange. 


FEL 


1st   my  shepherd,  and  against  the   . 
■'    '  '  "osis.  —  Zech.  xili. 


3.  An  ecpial. 

Awake,  O  iwenl,  a;^ 

thai  is  my  felloie,  saitli  Jehovan  of  ho^sis. 

4.  One  of  a  pair,  or  of  two  things  used  togclher, 
and  suited  lo  each  other.  Of  a  pair  of  gloves,  wo 
call  one  Ihe  feUuw  of  iIk*  other. 

5.  One  eijual  or  like  anotlier.  Of  an  artist  wc  s.iy, 
this  man  has  nut  his  fdlow,  that  is,  one  of  like  skill. 

C.  An  appellation  of  contempt ;  a  man  without 
good  breeding  or  worth ;  an  ignoble  man ;  as,  a 
mean  fellow. 

Wonh  makes  the  inan,  and  want  of  il  \3x  fellow.  Pope. 

1.  A  member  of  a  college  that  shares  its  revenues  ; 
or  a  member  of  any  incorporated  society.    Johnson. 

8.  A  member  of  a  corporation  ;  a  trustee. 

Uidted  States. 
FEL'LoW,  V.  t.    To  suit  wilh ;   lo  pair  wilh ;    to 
match.    [Little  used.]  Shuk. 

9.  In  cunt  position^  fellow  denotes  community  of 
nature,  station,  or  employment. 

FEL'LoW-CIT'I-Z£.V,  (-sil'c-zn,)  n.     A  citizen   of 

the  same  state  or  nation.    Epfi.  ii. 
FEL'LoW-eOM'.MON-ER,  ji.  One  who  has  the  same 

right  of  common. 

2.  In  Cambridge,  Englaml^  a  student  who  commons 
or  din'.s  with  the  fi-llows. 

FEL'L0W-€0U.\'C1L-0R,  n.  An  associate  in  coun- 
cil. S!tak. 

FEL'LoW-COUX'TRV-MAX,  ».  One  of  the  same 
country. 

[This  word  seems  unnecessary,  but  is  sometimes 
used  in  England,  and  often  in  America.     Ed.] 

FEL'LoW-CRkAT'X^RE,  n.  One  of  the  same  race 
or  kind.  Thus  men  arc  all  called  fdljw -creatures. 
Walls  uses  the  word  for  one  made  by  the  same  crea- 
tor. "Reason,  by  which  we  are  raised  above  our 
fdlow-crioturcs,  the  brute*."  But  t'lc  word  is  not  voio 
usal  in  this  sense. 

FEL'LoW-FEEL'ING,  n.    Sympathy  ;  a  like  feeling. 
2.  .loinl  interest.     [J^'ot  in  use.] 

FEL'LoW-IlElR,  (-ar,)  /(.  A  co-heir,  or  joint-heir ; 
one  entitled  to  a  sliare  of  the  same  inheritance. 

That  the  Gculili's  should  be  feltouyheirs,  —  Eph.  iii. 

FEL'LoW-HELP'ER,  v.  A  coadjutor  ;  one  ivho  con- 
curs or  aids  in  Ihe  same  business.    3  John  viii. 

FEL'LOW-La'ROR-ER,  71.  One  who  labors  in  the 
same  business  or  design. 

FEL'LdW-UKE,  i  a.     Like  a  companion  ;  cumpan- 

FEL'L6\V-LV,       i      ioiiable  ;  on  equal  terms.  Carew. 

FEL'LoW-.MALD'i:X,  n.  A  miideu  who  is  an  asso- 
ciate. Shak. 

FEL'LoW-^IE.M'BER,  n,  A  member  of  the  same 
budv. 

FEL'LoW-^lIX'IS-TER,  h.  One  who  officiates  in 
the  same  luinistiy  orcallinc.  Shale. 

FEL'LoW-PEER,  )i.  One  wlio  has  the  like  privileges 
of  nobihlv.  ShaJ:. 

FEL'LoW-I'RIS'OX-ER,  (-priz'zn-er,)  ?i.  One  im- 
prisoned in  Uie  same  place.     Rum.  \v\. 

FEL'LoW-RaKE,  71.  An  associate  in  vice  and  prof- 
li'^acv.  .Armstrong. 

FEL'L'oW-SCHOL'AR,  n.    An  associate  in  studies. 

Shak. 

FEL'LOW-SERV'ANT,  n.  One  who  has  the  same 
master.  Milton. 

FEL'LoW-SIIIP,  71.  Companionship;  society;  con- 
sort; mutual  association  of  persons  on  equal  and 
friendly  icr.-ns ;  familiar  intercourse. 

Have  no  fellowship  wilh  llie  unfruilful  works  of  darkness. — 

Eph.  V. 
Men  are  made  for  sodely  and  mutual/; Wo uuAijJ.         Caiamy. 

2.  Association  ;  confederacy  ;  combination. 

Mo=t  of  the  olli.?i-  Clirislian  priiicea  w^-re  drawu  into  Ihe  fetlovy- 
thip  of  thai  war.     [Unusual.]  KtwUcs. 

3.  Partnersbip  ;  joint  interest  ;  as,  fdlowship  in 
pain.  MUton. 

4.  Company  ;  a  state  of  being  together. 

The  great  contcn'Joii  of  ihe  aca  and  skies 

Parted  our  ftlloaship.  Shak. 

5.  Frequency  of  intercourse. 

hi  a  great  town,  friends  are  scattered,  so  (hat  tlicrc  is  not  tlat 
Jellotoship  wiiich  is  in  lew  neighborhoods.  Bacon. 

G.  Fitness  and  fondness  for  festive  entertain- 
ments ;  with  good  prefixed. 

He  h:\d  by  hU  good  fellotosldp  —  made  himself  popular  wilh  all 
the  ulTicera  of  the  army-  Clarendon. 

7.  Communion  ;  intimate  familiarity.    1  John  i. 

8.  In  aritltmdic,  the  rule  by  which  profit  or  loss  is 
divided  among  tliose  who  are  lo  bear  it,  in  propor- 
tion to  their  investments  or  interests  in  tlie  imnsac- 
lion.  P-  Oyc. 

9.  An  eslablishment  in  colleges,  for  the  mainte- 
nance of  a  fellow. 

FEL'LOW-SoL'DIER,  (-sGl'jer,)  n.  One  who  fights 
under  the  same  commander,  or  is  engaged  in  the 
same  service.  Oflicers  often  address  their  compan- 
ions in  arms  by  Ihis  appellation.  ,    . 

FEL'LoW-STReAM,  ».    A  stream  in  the  vicinity, 

Sfictistonc. 

FEL'LoW-STO'DENT,  ji.  One  who  studies  in  the 
same  company  or  class  with  another,  or  who  belongs 
to  the  same  school. 


TONE,  BIJLL,  IJNITE.— AK"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K ;  6  as  J  ;  S  as  Z;  CH  as  SH  ;  Til  as  in  THIS. 


445 


r- 


t'EL 


FEN 


•',V  si'U'Jf'Cr,  n.    One  who  is  subject  lo  the 
.  .tliff.  Stc\ft. 

One  who  nliarcs  in  the' 
:  [Ito  same  sufTerings  with 

KAV'EL-ER,  n.  Ono  who  traTcla  in 
■'i  Tn'ithT. 

::k,  (-wurk'er,)  lu  Ono  employed 
.  in. 
..i:,n.  One  who  writes  at  the  soine 
.  ,,,...  Jiddison. 

FKL'LY,  aJr.    [S«  Fill,  cruel.]    Cruelly;  fiercely; 

b.ubaTDU«ly.  Spengrr. 

iH.'l.W  «.    [&kX./ieigei  Vrxn./telffe;   V.TcI^aG. 

!  •:  -  ritf  rior  part  or  rim  of  a  wheel,  aupiwrtetl  by 

'?,  [Ih]  In /air,  one  who  commits  felony 
r  J-Iibfralely  destroys  his  own  life. 

■' t.'Tt :   Low  tuftlo;  Arm.  ffUon  ; 

I  thitf.    I  ttccord  with  Spelmnn 

r.l  from  the  root  of/ai/,  the  origi- 

■..i.ii  bcinp,  a  vnssal  who  faital  in  his 

i:iince  tu  hi.-i  lun!,  and  committed  an 

flitch  hr- forfi'ilcd  his  feud.    Hence,  in 

;  l-*  irailorouB,  n'bellious.    So  the  word 

ind  deduced  in  Grepoirc's  Annoric  Dic- 

..  dirivalion  from  fee  and  Ion,  in  Spel- 

iiiin.  c.pi'd  by  Blackstone,  is  unnatural.} 

1.  In  fate,  a  person  who  has  committed  felony. 
[Src  FxLosT.] 

i  A  whitlow  ;  a  painful  swelling  formed  in  the 
prrioatpum  at  tJio  tnd  of  the  finger.  fViseman. 

FHL'ON,  a.    Malignant;  fierce;  malicious;  proceed- 
ing from  a  depraved  heart. 

Vain  tScT«  of  love  {o  v^  bl*  /tlon  hule.  Pope. 

■J.  Tniti'fous ;  disloyal. 

>,  a.  .Malignant ;  malicious;  indicating 
:.  ft"m  a  depraved  heart  or  evil  purpose  ; 
irailorous  ;  perfidious;  as,  a^  felonioiL/ 

2.  In  fa».  proceeding  from  an  evil  heart  or  purpose  ; 
' .;..  u  iili  tlie  di'liberate  purpose  to  commit  a  crime; 

liuniicide. 

>-l.\\  oilc.     In  a  felonious  manner; 

liberate   intention  to  commit  a  crime. 

fur  capital  olTenscs  must  stato  the  fact 

'  'oniously. 

)  -.  a.    U  icked ;  felonious.         Spenser. 

KLL  u.N-WOftT,  n-    A  plant  of  tJic  genus  Solanum. 

Fam.  of  Plants. 

FEI/O.V-V,  a.    [Seo  Felox.]    In  common  law,  any 

cnmo  which  incurs  the  forffilure  of  lands  or  goods. 

TreX4on  was  formerly  comprised  under  the  name  of 

/.'->r  .  l.'it  LA  now  distinguished  from  crimes  thus 

1,  nlihouch  it  la  really  a  felony.    All  of- 

!:able  with  death  are  felonies ;  and  so 

'  :ni-i  not  thus  punished,  as  suicide,  hom- 

:  J,  Lhanco-mcdlcy,  or  in  self-defense,  and  petty 

ny.     Cnpiuil   punishment,   therefore,  does   not 

'  --iarily  enter  into  the  tme  idea  or  definition  of 

■'  :  the  true  criterion  of  felony  being  forfeiture  of 

<T  goods.     But  the  id'-a  of  felony  has  been  so 

:       rally  connected  with  that  of  capital  punishment, 

Uni  law  and  usage  now  confirm  th;it  connection. 

TLuii,  if  a  statute  makes  any  new  oifense  a  felony, 

tt  is  understood  to  mean  a  crime  punishable  Willi 

death.  Bladistonc. 

FEI.'SrrE,  «.    [See  Feldspar.]    A  species  of  com- 

p-ii-i  f,-!i^j^ar,  of  an  azure-blue  or  green  color,  found 

.  ."L-i^ociatcd  with  quartz  and  mica. 

See  EcLosrAR.  [Kinvan. 

1  le, «.    Pertaining  to  or  composed  of  fel- 

FELT,  fTtL  and  p7.  or  a.  from  Feel. 

FKLT,  ».    [9t^x.  fdt:  CfU;  D.  vdt ;  Ft. fcutre,  for 

'r  ;  iL/f/iro.    This  may  be 

fool  of  Jill,  or  full,  to  stulf 

.  ihe  rotit  of  L.  pclli-<.  En". 

'':i,  n -N,ii,  irui  j.i-Kjtii.gor  stripping,  h.vcllo,vd- 

'«f  Eng.  roof.    In  Ir.  fvU,  W.  ^<illt,  is  hair.] 

I.  A  rMh  Of  -mfl"  made  of  wont   or  wool  and  fur. 


niii 

In? 


■\'oo\  and  fur, 
into  a  compact  substance  by  roll- 
ilh  lees  or  size.  Enaic. 

'   WOf-l.  •' 


Uiat  Ihc  ftit  l» 
Mortimer. 


FELT,  r.  L    To  make  UuUi  or  bluff  of  wool,  or  wool 

P??T' fiJ^^""'"5-,  ,      .    ,  'A^. 

t  t^l- 1  -HAT  ,  n.  A  bat  made  of  wool. 
VF.LTV.l),  pp.  or  o.  Work,  d  into  felt, 
pr  i'T'Fv/-  '•  "•    '''?J-''i  "'  ■""'  '■■IC't""  I'ke  felt. 

ML  -•  ''*'''^'''  "•  ""'  "■'"»«  occupation  b  to  make 

FE-Ll-e  C.\,m.     [ IL  filuia !  Fr. /deuimc;  Pp.  falua,  1 

A  boat  or  ve^el,  with  oara  and  lateen  ..ails,,  used 

nUie  .Mediterranean.    It  has  tbis  peculiarity,  that 

Uie  helm  mar  be  applied  lo  He  head  or  stem,  i  oc- 

rt.l.  1>0KT,  »■    A  plant,  a  species  of  Gentian. 


FiT.MAI.E.n.  [Ft.fcmdle;  h.  fcmdia  i  Arm.  fcmcll; 
I'r.  fajimc,  woman  j  Sans  vmna,  vamani,  a  woman. 
See  I'l-minine.] 

1.  Arnoiis  aiwnaU,  one  of  that  sex  which  conceives 
and  brings  forth  young.  , 

S.  Among  jtlanu,  that  which  produces  fruit  j  that 
whici)  bears  the  pistil  and  receives  the  pollen  of  the 
mole  flowers. 
Fii'M.\LE,  a.   Noting  the  eo.x  which  produces  young ; 
nut  male  j  as,  a  female  bee. 

2.  Pertaining  to  females  j  as,  a  female  hand  or 
heart ;  female  tenderness. 

To  Ihc  Tocrouj  dcdilon  of  a  fejmie  inuid  we  owe  Uie  djscov. 
ciy"o(  America.  Bclinap. 

3.  Feminine;  soft;  delicate;  weak. 

Female  r.'njmes  ;  double  rhymes,  so  called  from  the 
French,  in  which  language  "they  end  in  c  feminine. 

F£'iMALE-FLO\V-Elt,  7i.  In  hutany,  a  flower  which 
is  fiiiiiifhed  witli  the  pistil,  pointal,  or  feincdo  or- 
gans. 

F£'JIALE-PLANT,  n.  A  plant  which  produces  fe- 
male flowers. 

FE'-M.il.f^SeREW,  n.  The  .spiral-thieadeil  cavity 
into  which  another  screw  turns.  J^'^ieholsojt. 

FF.miF--COr'ERT,\''"-""-^  "■''  }  married  wo- 
man, wlio  is  under  covert  of  her  baron  or  husband. 

FKME-SOLF.',     I  ,.,   ,-.„,  ,  (  II.    [Fr.l   An  unmar- 

FEMME-SOI.k',  \  (f'-'"-'"''^'.)  i     ried  woman. 

Fem7n€-solc  merchant,  or  trader;  a  woman  who  uses 
a  tnidc  alone,  or  without  her  husband. 

FF,M-I-XAL'I-TY,  n.    The  female  nature.    Brown. 

FKM'l-NA'i'E,  a.     Ftmiinin*;.     [J^U  in  use]      Ford. 

FK-M'l-.MXE,  a,  [Fr.  feminin;  h.  feminmus,  from 
fcmiiia,  woman.  The  first  syllable  may  be,  and 
probably  is,  from  wemb,  or  womb,  by  the  use  of/ 
for  IB  i  the  b  not  being  radical.  The  last  part  of  the 
word  is  probably  from  many  quasi  femvmnj  womb- 
man. 1 

1.  Pert-lining  to  a  woukui,  or  to  women,  or  to  fe- 
males ;  as,  the  feminine  sex. 

2.  Soft;  tender;  delicate. 

Hlt  U'livcnly  form 
Anglic,  bul  inon;  boIi  aiid  /omniiie.  RlUlon. 

3.  Effeminate;  destitute  of  manly  qualities. 

Ralegh. 

4.  In  orammcr,  denoting  the  gender  or  words  which 
signify  females,  or  the  terminations  of  such  words. 
Words  are  said  to  be  of  the  feminine  gender,  wlien 
they  denote  females,  or  have  the  terminations  proper 
to  express  females  in  any  given  language.  Thus,  in 
Latin,  dominus,  a  lord,  is  masculine  ;  but  domina  is 
mistress,  a  femr.la. 

Milton  uses  fsmininc,  as  a  noun,  for  female. 
FEM'I-N'INE-LY,  adv.  In  a  feminine  manner. 
FEM':-NL\-ISM,  n.  Tlie  quaUties  of  females. 
FE-MiiVI-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  the  female  sex.  [Aof 

used.]  Spenser. 

FEM'I-NIZE,  c.  t.    To  make  womanish.    {J^ot  used.] 

More. 
FEM'0-RAL,    a.      [L.  femoralis,   from    femur,    the 
thigh.] 
Uelonging  to  the  thigh  ;  as,  the  femoral  artery. 
FEN,  71.     [Sax.  fen,  or  fcnn ;   D.  veen ;  Arm.  fcnna,  to 
overfiow;  W.  fynu,  to  abound,  to  produce;    hence, 
L.  fans,  Eng.  fountain.] 

Low  laud  overflowed,  or  covered  wholly  or  par- 
tially with  water,  but  producing  sedge,  coarse  grass- 
es, or  other  aquatic  plants ;  boggy  land  ;  a  moor  or 
marsh. 


A  loug  cuia]  the  muiMy  /en  divides. 


AdJiaon, 


FEN'-BER-UY,  n.    A  kind  of  blackberry.      Skinner. 

FEN'-liORN,  a.     Born  or  produced  in  a  fen.    JilUton. 

FEN'-CRESS,  n.    [Sai.  fm-cerse.] 
Cress  growing  in  fens. 

FEN'-eaiCK-ET,  n.  [Ortjllotalpa.]  An  insect  that 
digs  for  itself  a  litlle  hole  in  the  ground.    Mmson. 

FEN'-DUCK,  n.    A  species  of  wild  duck. 

FEN'-FOWL,  n.     Ally  fowl  that  frequents  fens. 

FEN'-LAND,  n.     Marshy  land. 

FE.N-'-SUCK-A'D,  (-sukt,)  a.  Sucked  out  of  marshes  ; 
as,  fen-sacked  fogs,  shak 

FEiVcE,  (fens,)  n.  [See  Fekd.]  A  wall,  hedge,  ditch, 
bank,  or  line  of  posts  and  rails,  or  of  boards  or  pick- 
ets, intended  to  confine  beasts  from  straying,  and  to 
guard  a  field  from  being  entered  by  cattle,  or  from 
other  encroachments.  A  good  fanner  has  good  fence.i 
about  his  farm  ;  an  insufficient  /«ice  is  evidence  of 
bad  management.  Broken  windows  and  poor  fences 
are  evidences  of  idleness  or  poverty,  or  of  both. 

r  f^  5"?'''' '  ""J"  """8  'o  restrain  entrance  ;  that 
which  defends  from  attack,  approach,  or  injury  ;  se- 
curity ;  defense.  '    '  ' 

A  fence  betwixt  us  and  tho  victor'a  wr^itJi.  Addi$on. 

^-  J™,f '."S>  °'  !'ie  art  of  fencing ;  defense.     Slwk. 
4.  Skill  in  fencing,  or  defense.  Sliok. 

ti "'""'''""'  ''  *  '''■'"'^'^  ™''''^''  encircles  a  whole  es- 

^^;\';'i'.'i'^°"''l''-  '•  '^°  ""='<'''=  ^^'"^  "  h'^'ltre,  wall, 
or  any  t  iing  that  prevents  the  escape  or  ent'rance  of 

tt^,U    e'""'T  ^^  =""  inelosurc.     In  JV'ti.  Englnml, 
larmers,  for  tho  most  part,  fence  their  lands  with 


FATE,  FXR,  FALL,  WHAT.- METE, 


FED 

posts  and  rails,  or  with  stone  walls.  In  England, 
lands  are  usually /cjiccti  with  hedges  and  ditches. 

lie  \\all\  fenced  my  way,  Uiat  I  can  not  pjisa.  —  Job  xix, 

2.  To  guard  ;  to  fortify. 

So  much  of  adder's  wisdom  I  have  learnt, 

To  fence  my  ear  ag.iiiiEt  thy  soixeries.  I\JiUon. 

FENCE,  V.  i.  To  practice  the  art  of  fencing  ;  to  use  a 
swoid  or  foil,  for  the  purpose  of  learning  the  art  of 
attack  and  defense.  To  fence  well,  is  deemed  a  use- 
ful accomplishment  for  military  gentlemen. 

2.  To  fight  and  defend  by  giving  and  avoiding 
blows  or  thrusts. 

They  fence  and  push,  .^nd,  pushing,  loudly  roar; 

Their  dewlaps  and  their  fiidea  aro  balJied  ui  gore.        Dryden. 

3.  To  raise  a  fence;  to  guard.  It  is  difficult  to 
fence  against  unruly  cattle. 

FENC'£1>,  (f^-nst,)  pp.  or  a.      Inclosed  with  a  fence  ; 

guarded  ;  fortified. 
FENCE'FHL,  (fens'ful,)  a.    Affording  defense. 

Congrcee. 
FENCE'LESS,  (fens'less,)  a.    Without  a  fence ;   uii- 
inclosed  ;  unguarded. 
2.  Open  ;  not  inclosed ;  as,  the  fenceless  ocean. 

Rowc. 
FEiVCE'-MONTH,  (-nmntb,)  n.  The  month  in  which 

hunting  in  any  forest  is  prohibited.  Bullokar. 

FENC'EK,  n.     One  who  fences  ;   one  who  teaches  or 
„    practices  the  art  of  fencing  with  sword  or  foil. 

Digby. 
FEN'CI-BLE,  a.    Capable  of  defense. 

Spenser.     Addison. 
FE.V'CI-BLES,  (-biz,)  n.  pi.   Soldiers  enlisted  for  Uie 
defence  of  the  country,  and  not  liable  to  be  sent 
abroad. 
FENCING,  /jpr.      Inclosing  with   fence;    guardinj.'; 

fortifying. 
FENCING,  71.    The  art  of  using  skillfully  a  sword  or 
foil  in  attack  or  defense  ;  an  art  lauplit  in  schools. 
2.  The  materials  of  fences  for  farms. 

J^cw  En<Tland. 
,  FENCING-MAS-TER,  71.      One  who  tenches  the  art 

of  attack  and  defense  with  sword  or  foil. 
FENCING-SCHOOL,  n.     A  school  in  which  the  art 

of  fencing  is  tau*glit. 
FEND,  V.  t.    [The  root  of  defend  and  ojend.    The  pri- 
mary sense  is,  to  fall  on,  or  to  strike,  to  repel.] 

To  keep  off;  to  prevent  from  entering  ;  to  ward 
off;  to  shut  out. 

With  fem  beuealh  to  fend  iLe  bitter  cold.  Dryden. 

It  is  usually  followed  by  off;  as,  to  fend  off  blows. 
To  fend  off  a  boat  or  vessel,  is  to  prevent  its  running 
against  another,  or  against  a  wharf,  &c.,  with  too 
much  violence. 

FEND,  V.  i.  To  act  in  opposition  ;  to  resist ;  to  parry; 
to  yhift  off.  LocJie. 

FEXD'ED,;>p.    Keptoff;  warded  off;  shutout. 

FEND'ER,  ji.  That  which  defends;  a  utensU  em- 
ployed lo  hinder  coals  of  fire  from  rolling  forward  to 
the  floor. 

2.  A  piece  of  timber,  old  rope  made  up  into  a  mass, 
or  other  thing  hung  over  the  side  of  a  vessel  to  pre- 
vent it  from  striking  or  rubbing  against  awliarf; 
also,  to  presei-vc  a  small  vessel  from  being  injured  by 
a  large  one. 

FEXD'ING,  ppr.    Keeping  or  warding  off. 

FEN'EU-aTE,  v.  i.     [L.  firnei-o.] 

To  put  to  use  ;  to  lend  on  interest.     [JVot  used.] 

FEN-EU-a'TION,  n.  The  act  of  lending  on  use;  or 
the  uiterest  or  gain  of  that  which  is  lent. 

FE-NES'TRAL,  a.      [L.  fenestralis,  from  fenestra,  a 
window.] 
Pertaining  lo  a  window.  J^icholson, 

FE-NES'TRaTE,  a.  An  epithet  applied  to  transpa- 
rent spots  on  the  wings  of  some  insects. 

FEN'NEL,   n.      [Sax.  fejwl:    G.  fenchcl ;    D.  venkd; 

Sw.fcnlcal;  Ban.  fennikel ;  W.  fcni:r>ji ;  Fr.fcnottil; 
Sp.  hiiiojo  ;  It.  finocchio  ;  Ir.  fcncul ;  L.  ffEniciUum, 
from  fainiiin,  hay.] 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Fceniculum,  cultivated  in 
gardens,  for  the  agreeable  aromatic  flavor  of  its  seeds 
and  finelv  divided  leaves. 
FEN'NEL-FL0\V-ER,7i.    A  plant  of  the  genus  Ni- 

gella. 
FEN'NY,  a.     [from  fen.]     Boggy  ;  marshy ;  moorish. 

Jloxoju 

a.  Growing  in  fens  ;  as,  fenny  brake.  Prior. 

'.i.  Inhabiting  marshy  ground;  as,  a /c7mj/ snake. 

FEN'NY-SToNES,  n.     A  plant.  [Shak. 

FEN'oW-£D,  a.     Corrupted  ;  decayed.     {■M'ut  inusc] 

FEN'U-GREEK,  71.     [h.firnum  grcEcum.] 

A  plant  of  llie  genus  Trigonclla,  allied  to  clover, 
and  sometunes  cultivated  for  its  seeds,  which  are 
used  by  farriers  in  cataplasms  and  fomentations. 

Loudon. 

FEOD,  ffude,)  n.     A  feud.      So  written  by  Blacksione 

and  other  authors  ;  but  more  generally  Feud,  wliich 

FEO'DAL,  (tu'dal,)  a.    Feudal,  which  see.  [see. 

FEO-DAL'I-TY,  (fu-dal'e-ly,)  n.    Feudal  tenures  ;  the 

feudal  system.  Burke. 

FEO'DA-KY,  (fu'da-ry,)  n.  One  who  liolds  landsof  a 
superior,  on  condition  of  suit  and  service.  [LiUlP 
used.]     [See  Feudatory.] 


PRSY.-PINE,  MARINE.  BIRD — N6TE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.- 


I 


FER 


FEO'DA-TO-RV.    See  FEUDixoRr. 
fief-    Tlie  drst  sylhiWe  is  Uie  II. /eA-    SiZ  ft  con- 

aUe't.^cSceV'''""'  ""  '^^' ^>"--=''"=  '  »-  -' 
To  invest  uith  a  fee  or  feud  ;    to  give  or  etnnt  to 

one  any  corporeal  hereditament.    Tlie  compound  in- 

feoff  IS  more  generally  used. 
FEOFF,  71.    A  tiff.     (See  Fief.] 
FEOF-FEE',  (fef-fee',)  «.    A  person  wlio  isinfeoffed  : 

that  IS,  invested  ivith  a  fee  or  corporeal  iieredita 

ment. 

llllZll:  I  (f<=ff-o !  "•,  ,9^  "■"°  """"^""■^  °^  "'^^'^ 

^^'irf'''^-''"^'  (^'-''^'"'^■"■J  "•      [Law  L./„^.;„„- 

ml,'f  "''}  °5  ^"f  "''.''  '''=*  <"■  "moreal  heredita- 
ment, a^  land,  casUos,  honors,  or  other  immovable 
thmgi  a  grant  m  fee-simple  to  a  man  and  his  heirs 
forever.  V\  hen  in  writing,  it  is  called  n  d,ed  affeofr- 
vmt.  The  primary  sense  is,  the  grant  of  a  feiid  or 
an  estate  in  trust.     [See  Fei-d  1 

™o1.ea?.f  "'*'  ''■"■'"^''"''^'■^  "■     [L./eraz,from/cr<,, 

Fruitfcilnes.5.     r£w&  uorrf.l  •• 

^P 'if^  "'"•■■'"  ?;^?5'  ^^-J     ^^'"^  i  ■""  "'""l.  Of  not 
ti.'K.-»L,  o.     [L.  fcralis.]  ftamahle 

Funereal ;  pertaining  to  funerals ;  mournial. 
FeBE,  n.     [Sai.  fcra,  or  gefcra,  wish  a  prejix.l 

wife."'fo4°l  '^"'"P'"""'' '  sometimes,  a  luistand  or 
FER'E-TO.U\',  n.    [L./«-c(ram,  a  bier.l 
A  place  in  a  clmrch  for  a  bier. 

!lSl^""^"-'''-'''^V"-  ^  °"''  of  =■  brownish-black 
color,  cowiisimg  of  columbic  acid  and  vttria,  witli 
someo.tyd  of  cerium  and  zirconia.    It  vVas  brou-ht 

FE-RI..i  JIO.N,  „  (L.  jn-Mia,  from  fericc,  vacant 
days,  holidays  ;  G.fdcr,  whence  /cie™,  to  rest  from 
labor,  to  keep  holiday,  1).  tirrat  ] 

¥r'liv  ?f-/l  ^^'Pi-'SholiJay;  cessation  from  work. 

from  rT!'.""  'L- /;"«"-:,  from /eras,  wild,  probably 
from  the  root  of  jax.  far^n,  to  go,  to  wander,  or  a 
verb  of  ihu  same  faniilv.J  j  "■  a 

Wild  ;  untamed  ;  saOage.     Lions,  tigers,  wolves 
and  bears,  arc  ferine  beasts.  '  //"&    ' 

i'F>'!!jvr"tn'-?'"''    '"  ""=  B'Mner  of  wild  beasts. ' 
PPl"    Tv"       ^?',  "■  ■  "  ''''';=^'  ;  savagencss.     Hale 
\iL   '"•     [L-  fcrilas,  from  feras,  wild.! 

fsee'r;',M  ]     ""  "'  ■■'"''  '^  '""^Sing-house.     [Ois.] 

^fee'EfSv"."]  [L--^™"''-"".  from/m;c»,  to  boil  i 

r-lA  *"""''  builing;  cr  the  internal  motion  of  the 
constituent  jxirL-;  of  a  liuid. 

r/i.  (Ai,  .«Me  u  is  r,irc/y  „.,-,</.  See  FEi,ME:.TiTiov.l 
.„     Intestine  motion  ;  heat ;  tumult ;  agitation  •  as 

Sukliic  anj  CK,!  Uic /!r,.-.«„I  of  dcm.  /2of  ,r. 

or  ftnnLmrng  beef "'''  fermentation,  as  yea.t,  barm, 

Xi^if"'},"-/-  '  [L./-..™(»,-  Fr./en.e„..;  Sp. 

bll-7^^^l"',""°"''  'o«<;i'o  internal  emotion;  to 
Meat ,  to  raise  by  intestine  motion. 

Whik  youth /!r™«,  Uic  UoekJ.  p,,., 

motion  r,''  h-  '■  TV"'"  '  '0  off-^rvesce ;  to  be  in 
S.  ^n  V?,  °  '■'•'"''''^  into  sensible  interna  motion 
fltiid     t" ?,'""="'  P^"^'"  of  an  animal  or  vegetable 

S'^'o7;r™-,a^"„--'^  '^  ""'  ^^^'^'  -  ">^  oftr 

m'^eift'ei"'''-^-'''''^''-^'^'  "■    C^i'^WIity  of  being  fl-r- 

^fidel'^beeTof^Vl^i,"-  C^P^'.'-'o  of  ferment.-,ti.m  ;  thus, 

tKOIEM  'AL,  n.    Having  power  to  causa  fermenta- 

tic  es  of  in  '.'"'T^'  """'""  of  the  conitiluent  par- 
by  a  ce2in  '1;'"'*  vegetable  substances,  occasioned 
Ponied  5^  an  ;:,T  ",  '"^'/"''  "■o'-'""--.  "'"i  accom- 

SJes  fe Zn.,T  ■■'  "-"^r  of  P'oP'^i"  in  the  sub- 
tlieh'  princS?-  .',  """f  ^'T  ""■''  combinations  of 
en  .ense  ?n"-  '','°^''  •"=  '"'^""ed,  in  its  most  gen- 
in  anTn"af  ;,""^  iTtT^T  """"^e  which  takes  place 
It  is  of  ?'uee  ori„'-:i';'V,"''f''''='^'''""lil"e  bas  ceased. 

asUiP  ,         '"-•'"""  "*  »'«°  '■PP'ied  lo  other  processes 
S»t      r&d'bv'f  "'"•"■  V"'  "'"""'  '''^'"-"l 


duclion  01  alcoliol  or  vinegar.  Fermentation  dhlers 
iron  eircrvesceiice.  The  former  is  confined  to  ani 
mal  and  vegetable  substances  ;  the  latter  is  apnl  ca  lie 

Se^aue'r  orodS'^r-  „'^"=. '""""  '^  ^onSeou  ; 
ine  latter  produced  by  the  miiture  of  bodies. 

eess  ^°""''"'S  ""  fomentation  ;  as,  fcrinentative  pro- 

'^d^:^''''^^''''-     The  state  of  being 
FER-MENT'ED,  pp.  or  «.    Worked;  havin-  under 

FEi^Mn  I  FT    '  ''^'.-  r  f-,    "'orking;  effervescing. 
™„i^'L-LEl ,  ,,.    A  buckle  or  clasp.  *" 

FERN,  «.     [sa.l:.  Jcani ;  G.  far,i-kraut;  D.  r<i«,-f„  1 

ices  wK  l,''-,v^";h  o*"  V"  °"?"  of  I'lant^  called  Vil- 
ces  which  have  their  fruclilication  on  the  back  of 

|^ftec^:^,St£:-x--,-,«? 

Jir,  a  bird  of  the  genusCaiii  nml"us  p  r>„ 

!■  EK.\'\  ,  a.    Abounding  or  overgrown  with  fern. 
FE-Eo'CrOL'S,  ffe-ro'shus,)  ..     [Fr./c.rc  ;  .t/c™:  i 
^imal.]'  •'       ■'"'"  •'  "^""^  '°  ■^"™''  w.ld,/i-4  a  wild 

fr,?;,;!'"? "  i  "™S^  i  "'''"^ :  indicating  cruelty ;  as,  a 
■'  o    i^     luck,  countenance,  or  features 

-.  Ravenous;  rapacious;  as,  a /cronViw  lion. 

PE-Ro^CIOnk.T''v  "^"'  ■  n'""' '  =^./<'™™"-'  savages, 
eity    '-'"'^'^LY,  ttrfu      Fiercely  ;  with  savage  cru- 

1.^4:?J\;^d,f^^°Siess;Alry'SS-: 
as,  the  ferocity  of  barbarians.  '  •  ">  >  "'^'-"i  .• 

<.^f  «unt™!^c^e"""""^"  '  ^"""^  "•="'  '  =^■^--'- 

^^f^'i^^,"^'  ";     [L.  /«rrc«s,  from  /«•,•„«,  iron,  Fr 

(rcS'crtreT'™"  """'"'  '''•■^"'  ^""''=•'•^'"• 

ma'!;'":' 'ijr'"""'  P"''""'"=  '°  """=  "jjo  iron; 


FER 


«£      V      ■     ,T;-^"™'''  I|-.jfr,W,-  Sp./,„™n;  It. /a! 
«lto.    J-„^  ,„  \v.  ,^  3„|„i|     penetrating,  cunning  f 

1.  An  animal  of  the  \Veu.sei  kind,  about  14  inches 
in  length,  of  a  pale  yellow  color,  with  red  eve"  ij 
ganafve  of  Africa,  but  has  bJen  intfoducfd  into 
Europe.    It  can  not,  however,  bear  cold,  and  can  i  "t 

catet  sSie"  '"p^'-^'""'  '="'•';' '"  =■  ''^"'^"y  ''"'"«"- 
,^-.    .f  Ferrets  are  used  in  catching  rabbits  to 

dnve  them  out  of  their  holes.    Encjr.     PurtinZn 

tinte-  „f     i,       """T"  '^P"'  n>^'''^  of  woolen,  some- 
tin  e»  of  cotton  or  silk.  Enajc.  of  Do,,,.  Eton. 
,.,  I,    1      -"."  f'""'-'""''"-^-,  the  iron  used  to  try  the 
melted  matter,  to  see  if  it  is  fit  to  work,  and  to  make 

FFwllv^  "'  ";"  ".1"'","^  of  bottles.  i-,  "f" 

?,      i^n'  "Ih       ^  "  ''"'■''  °"'  of  =>  b.rking-place,4s  a 

FE  •  '1  •  !-■  I- , .     '™'-'A  .  •'•''"'-■''"•     W"'. 

place  ''''■    ^'■"■'^n  from  a  burrow  or  lurkiiig- 

'^  v^te'r'eu;™'  "'    ^'"^  '""  '"""'  """"'o'  'n  Ws  pri- 

llp'l rr^TT?' '"'"■;.  ^'"'"'S  from  a  lurking-place. 

,,  ;ri,       J^'  "•    ,*^"P''"  ealcined  with  biiinstone  or 
,..,VJ  '".  V'^"''  "^"l  to  color  glass.  //,.«„, 

I ER'R1-A(5E,  „      [See  Fehev.]     The  price  or  fare', o 

lie  p.iid  at  a  ferry  ;  the  compensation  established  or 
i.-romi';-  'Conveyance  over  a  river  or  lake  in  a  boat. 
1 1.K  Kit,  a.    Pertaining  to  or  e.\trr.,  led  from  iron. 

'■"lime'!]'^-^'^'''''''''  "■    C'^-  ^'■'■'""'  ^°'"'ci., 

wifi.T,"'"^  "''  '=='.'='''reo"s  earth  or  limestone  combined 
with  a  large  portion  of  iron,  from  7  to  14  per  cent. 

FEu'rlp^FR'SflS"''  ""n   S-""^"  °™^  '»  ^"^0™"'' 
LIt-KlP'EK-OUS,  a.     [L.  f^,-m„  and  fa■o.^ 

I'roduciug  or  yielding  iron.  Plulliv 

F™'^i^-'-LITE,  n.    [U  fcrrum,  iron,  a.d  Gr.  Xio',/,  a 

,i,f  ^,"?^'  r^^'.."  """"'y  0''  ""P'  "Jntaining  iron  in 
Ifie  state  of  oxvd.  tp 

FER-RO-C?'A.S'-ATE,  „.    A  compound  of  0  e  ferre- 
cyanic  acid  with  a  base. 

"■  wS?;e'eO^'^"''''  "■     ''"  ^^"'""'  '""■  ="■"  '^""■''  I 
Pp/nn''r^p"A'w"'.V^''  Proto-cyanid  of  iron. 
^^:^  C^^^'^^,'  "•     ^  compound  of  the  proto- 
v^\,l-!'l  T/"  "'"'  ^onie  other  cyanid.  [,-,/ 

''^,r^;^,Sof^iL";u^tof'i^i-^     ""-^  ">-*' 
'"/i^!?,?,'fr^f  f '^'^  "•     '^•^^-'=-  '-'  of  iron,  from 
I.  rarlaking  of  iron  ;  containing  particles  of  iron 
S.  Of  the  color  of  the  rust  or  u.xyd  of  iron. 
[rERuuGiNEous  is  less  used.] 


''oJ™l-'f^r''i<ca^';,'j  ""  '"'"'"'''>  "•    [«P-  »-^.  -  »nS 

strtigtlfeifit""'     ■""  "'^'^  "  ""'■•''  ^  o'^"  "^"S  'o 
FER-RIJ-.M1J;-.\'TI0\'    »i       rr  1      Th»   -  11     ■ 
uniting  of  metals.       '  ^    ^     The  soldering  or 

fo4^  '  lh{.?  '■  «  "-','"  ''^'■'  ^""'  ""ore  nearly  to  Sa.v 
No  33,  s^f  ■    '"='  ^"''  ""''  FniiE,  and  Jla.^  lir, 

„..T°  ''"''''*'  ?  transport  over  a  river,  strait,  or  other 
water,  m  a  boat.    We  fcrr,j  men,  hinses    carri-^^- 

f  polo  v'  "■  '■  A  T"  P^'^  over  water  in  a  boat.  Milton. 
^,  r  Vf'l"-    '^  ''"'"  °''="'""  ^'os^el  in  which  passen- 
rmv  w^  ^'""''  '^'^  oonveyed  over  rivers  or  olu'eTnar- 
row  «  alers  ;  sometimes  called  a  v,hn-r,j.     [  Thisnvli- 

ZTJuaT"'  "■  '*"'""''  ""•^"y  *'"^''.  ^^^^ 

wa;e?'?o%^onrey°pa?sln"4?s.""^'^  •">="=  P-'  o™' 
or^;t™,"°"l  of 'ransporting  passengers  over  a  lalte 
I-r.nFT;  /,^  owns  the  ^crry  at  Windsor.  [/,. 
„!  '^^-liOAT,  n.  A  boat  for  conveying  pas=en"ers 
PFRa/vfSl'  ""''  o'l'fir  narrow  waters.  ^  P-"-""""-" 
FPrSSv  ,1  W/'^''-     Carrying  over  in  a  boat. 

port!  D^i™^.";    °'"=  "■''°  "'"^P^  ^^  '■'-■"y'  =""'  'rans- 
Tr.r'in,.?,  P?^scngers  ovcr  a  river. 

L,. /«!/«,  Irom /era,  to  bear.]  J^^nue, 

as^Vf/,?/!,""!',' •/'''' '  P™'"""!!  fr"it  m  abundance; 
Thifword  ?n  a'  '^"'""''  """'  "'C'''^'  or  meadows 
Ihisword,  in  America  IS  rarely  applied  to  trees  or 

h,  "ih'i'^""''  ^'"  '",  "'"'^-    "  f"™erly  had  »/ befL?e 
the  thing  produced  ;  as,  fcHde  e/all  kinds  of  grain 
but  111  is  now  used  ;  fertile  in  grain.  '' 

2.  Rich  ;    having   abundant  resources  ;    prolific  • 
p  oductive  ;  inventive  ;  able  to  produce  abunSlv ;' 

ppn',n^,  5^  ■*■;?"""'•  '"'nJ.  or  imagination. 
I  FJSS  ?  'LE-LV,  a,h:     Fniitlully. 
FER'TILE-NESS.    See  FERTiuTr 
FER-TIL'I-TY,  „.     [l^.fcrtulas.] 

1.  ^ruitfulness;  the  quality  of  producing  fruit  in 
abundance  ;  as    the  firtUtt.j  of  land,  groSnd,  so 
hclds,  and  meadows.  >  «  "> 

3.  Richness;  abund.int  resources;   fertile  inven- 
tion '  ''^'  ""-'■/""■"'''i'  of  eenius,  of  fancy,  or  imagina- 

FER'TIL-IZE,  V.  t.  To  enrich ;  to  supply  with  the 
pabulum  of  plants  ;  to  make  fruitful  or  productive  • 
as,  to  fcrt,t„e  land,  soil,   ground,  and  nieadow.s.' 

[I'ERTILlTiTE  IS  Uot  USod.] 

lpa',V,l"V&f?A''''-    Enriched;  rendered  fruitful. 

ii.ii  iiyiL-lSG,  ppr.  Enriching;  making  fruitful 
or  productive.  1  he  Connecticut  overflows  the  adia- 
cent  meadows,  /6TWi2;„»-  them  by  depositing  fine 
particles  of  earth  or  vegetable  substances 

2.  a.  Enriching ;  furnishing  the  nutriment  of 
plants. 

FER-U-LA'CEOUS,  a.     [h.fcr,:lc.] 

Pertaining  to  reeds  or  canes  ;  having  a  stalk  like 
a  reed  ;   or  resembling  the  Ferula  ;    aS,  fcrulaccou^ 

FERfULE,  (fer'ril  or  fer'rule,)  n.     [J,,  fernla,  from     I 
ferw    to  strike,  or  from  the  use  of  stalks  of  the 
ferula.] 

1.  A  litUe  wooden  pallet  or  slice,  used  to  punish 
children  m  school,  by  striking  them  on  the  palm  of 
tlle  hand.     [Ferdear  is  not  used.] 

2.  Under  the  Eastern  empire,  the  fernla  was  th" 
emperor's  scepter.  It  was  a  long  stem  or  shank 
with  a  flat,  square  head.  J'ncir 

p^H-m  ^I'l','""'"'  "J  for'role,)  v.  t.    To  punish' with  a 

rrnniJ"f>%'.''''-    '^"n'*'^''  with  a  ferule.         [ferule. 

i.M,.,,;;;'.^^';! '''■■•    '  "mshing  with  a  fcmle. 

FEK'VE.\-CY,  «.  [See  Fervent.]  Heat  of  mind  ; 
ardor  ;  eagerness.  s^^._   ' 

2.  1  lous  ardor ;  animated  zeal ;  warniUi  of  de- 
votion. 

When  jio.i  pr,,)-,  lei  U  1«  wilh  nucnlk.ii,  Milb/mieiKi/,  ami  vviUi 
I«r*vcr,,„c.:.  »■  ,|.^ 

FER'VENT,  a.     [I.,  ferocnj,  from  fcroco,  to  be  llot,  to 


ith 


boil,  to  glow ;  Ar.jLi  /aura,  to  boil,  to  swell  w 

heat,  to  ferment.  Class  lir.  No.  30.  Fcn-eo  gives  the 
Spanish  heroir,  to  boil,  to  swarm  as  beca,  whose  mo- 
tions resemble  the  boijjng  of  water.] 

1.  Hot ;  boiling ;  as,  a  fcrccnt  summer  ;  firrrnt 
'''oo'l-      .  Spenser.     If'otton. 

-'.  Hot  in  temper ;  vehement. 

They  ure /fruendo  dispute.  liooktr. 

3.  Ardent ;  veri'  warm  ;  earnest ;  excited  ;  ani- 
mated ;  glowing;  as,/ero«i(  zeal  ;/«-!if«  piety. 

Fcrccnl  ill  spirit.  — Rom,  xii. 

FER'VE\T-LV, nrfo.   Earnestly;  eagerly;  vehement- 
ly ;  Willi  great  warmth. 
2.  With  pious  ardor;  with  earnest  ze.Ti ;  ardently 

Epaplmis  — BAliilcUi  you,  laboring  ./imtfiu/i/  for  you  in  praycra. 
—  Col,  iv. 


TH  as  in  THIS. 


JET 


FET 


I 


(.    Fervency;  ardor;  zeal. 
(Jrou'titg  lio(. 

■-viiiiu.] 

tiing;  boilinf;;  an,/<TriJ  heal, 
.  .'ool ;  velicintrnl ;  eager ;  canieat ; 


iJv.   Very  lii'lly  ;  with  glowing  warinlJi. 
sd,  ■.    Clowlng  heat ;  ardor  of  mimi  ; 
vv  W.J.  .-■  li.  Bentleij. 

FlUl'VtlK,  «.     [U/ertor.] 

J.  Ileal  or  warinlh  ;  as,  tho  /croor  of  a  summer'^ 
diy. 

'J.  ir-.il  of  niifid ;  imlor ;  warm  or  nnimatod  zral 
nnd  rarDr>tm-u  lit  thu  duties  of  ruligioii,  particu- 


, :  \  H,  a. 
W.NB,  u. 


A  nuptial  song 


Pt-rtalning  to  Posccnnium,  in 
Keanet, 
or  a  licentious 
CartterighL 

I  1  -  t  OE.  II.    rFr./i?(ii,  fur/«lu,  a  straw  ;  L.  fcjituca, 
'    -  -?-ilK  uf  a  tree,  a  rod.] 

A  irn  uHcd  to  point  out  loticrs  to  children 
.;j  to  read.  DrmUn.     Holder. 

1 1,.   t_  1.  I.,  1. 1.    To  as^jist  lu  reading  liy  a  fe^icue. 

Smart. 
FES'COB-GRASd,  ■.    Tho  popular  name  of  the  IVs- 
...   .    ,  ..  .Mi4  of  grast*.-*  cuntaiiiing  scvcnU  speciea 
'■  in  a^iricullure.  P   Cyc.    Lfe. 

A  kind  of  Uase  grain.  May. 

t  ,.  .-..,    .   -./  (1.     [L./usciii,  a  band.] 

In  Arro/ary,  a  t>an'd  or  girdle,  jjossessing  the  third 
poTh  o(  ttio  eicutchcon ;  one  of  the  nine  honorable 
ordlnan'^A.  Peacltain.     Encijc. 

Fiyrftl'-POlXT,  m.    Tlie  exact  center  of  the  escutch- 

fvn.  Encyc, 

FKrf'Sl-TL'UE,  n.    [!>.]    Weariness. 
FtaTAI.,  a.     [L./cHtu,  festive.    See  Feast.1 
Fertainlng  to  a  fi-a^t ;  joyou^i ;  gay ;  mirthttil. 

Chestcrjieltl. 
FtlS'TAI.  LY,  ade.    Joyou.-^ly  ;  mirthfully. 
Fl>  TKIl.  c.  i.    [Un.  1*.  pejtu,  piw,  or  pttstala.] 

r    ...  '^1...  tocorrupt;  to  grow  virulent,    Wc  say 
wound,  il/ejUrs. 

^tJunAncxt  nuif  gire  et  n'OunJ  dint  slull  Ucci]  anO 
1     I . . ,  .^t  k  U  Uvaiiiery  that  inakn  'il/ula;  Soutli, 

FfyTKR-ING,  pjrr,  or  a.    Rankling;  growing  vim- 

!-nT. 
!'  :::  "'rvr, «.    Afcittcring.  Chalmers. 

K,  a.     [Iffe^iHOf/eJtinatiLS,'] 
limed.     IXot  in  use.]  SJiaJ:. 

t  I  -  1  1  N  \i  y^L\\aUc.    Hastily 
KI-'*-TI-N.\'TIO.\,  ■.    Iliwle. 

rrs  TI  VAI,,  a.    [L.  fe^tivusj  from  /e^tus^  or  fcstum, 
■^-  e  Fc*»T.j 
'  to  a  feast ;  Joyous ;  mirthful ;  as,  a  /cs- 

■  nmcnl.  ^Ucrburij. 

h  ^.■?  i  I  \  .\L,  B.    The  time  of  feasting  ;  an  anniver- 
taty  day  of  Joy,  civil  or  religious. 

TSe  mocTunf  truupcti /ubPoJ  pnclaimcd.  Hftibin. 

Ffa'TIVE.fl.     [U/M(iriu.] 

Peruining  to  or  bccommp  a  feast;  Juj-otis;  gay; 
mirtiiful. 

Tlw  ^atl  eirdff  ruuuti  Un^ni  yicU  t]i"ir  «oiik 

To/MltM  tuinli  ao.1  wii  itat  kuowt  no  g-.iJl.        Thomaort. 

FRSnTIVE-LY,  adr.    In  a  festive  manner. 

Fty-TIV'l-TV,  n.     [U  /.•^/ci/o.f.l 

I.  PrimjtriJy^  tlw  mirth  of  a  icast ;  hence,  joyful- 
•>■;  Social  joy  or  cxhilaraliuu  ol"  .spirits  at 
''">«nL  Tai;lor. 

■  al.     [Aot  iM  use,]  Broirn. 
>  "  •  '  'l  .S,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  feast ;  Joyous. 

I  I  ~  HiuN',«.    [yr,fesu>n:  ^\t.id.:  lt./csto»e;  proU- 

/    .  a  lie,  from  the  root  of /a.»(,  W.frst.] 

-     v"-  ii::  in  irnUatiun  of  a  garland  or  wreath.    In 

:\nd   tcnJpturr^  nil  ornament  of   carved 

form  of  a  wreath  of  tUnvtrs,  fniits,  and 

■  ■    -■  ...i.rmljcd  ortwbird  lOi,'.>thcr.    It  iii  in  tlic 

I  rni  ,>i  a  nnnji  or  collar,  somewhat  largest  in  the 

i-  aaitl  by  tho  cnd«,  Uie  eslrcuiitics  of  which  often 
hani  dovai  perpL-ndicularly. 

Harris.     Knojc.     Brande. 
t.    To  furm  in  feiitoous,  or  to  adorn 


ostilv. 

£.    [jVot  used,] 

us,  from  /tittts, 


SkaL 


yv 


•  v 


^p,   pp.  or  a.    Made  into  festoons,  o" 
tli  them. 

''"i.  pj'r.      Making   into  festoons,  oi 
^h  tbcni. 
M,  (aiu,)*!.    [h./'»ltica.] 
l^itiif  <.(■  ;i  Straw  color.  Broie.i 

IB'^^'^y^^'  "     Formoiofrtmw.  w..' 

PET,  ».     [Fr./uir]    Apiece    [AV  ..*./.! 
I-  t7T.  r.  t.  or  i.    To  fetch ;  tj  come  tu.    f .V«(  )(«,/.  ] 

?E7-\I"  "•  t^"*;"  ^'*"'      I'crtainin-  to  a  fans. 

F^rr.l  ./.  fS..x,Vo,...  or /..-.,«„.  Ih..vcnot 
r..m  I  ihiv  w-MfJ  III  aiiyMihcr  Ungiiajje.  >W,  rtttan 
nnwt  be  .1  .iirtertiit  word  .<r  a  comiption  ]    ' 

I.  Toguai.dbrinjr.ormmplytobring.th.itis.  to 
l<ear  a  thing  ttft^ant  or  to  a  i-crsou. 

«■«  *tU  uki;  QifD  t.>  frLH  xif-UiAl*  fur  the  n,'opIf  -Jtia-e^  tt 


In  the  latter  passage,  fctcfi  signifies  only  to  briitff. 
2.  To  derive  ;  to  draw,  as  from  a  source. 

On,  you  nobleelKn^lish, 
Whfw  bltwil  la/ttc.'ied  from  fatlicrs  of  war-prouf.  Shak. 

[Ill  tJtis  sense,  the  use  is  neither  common  nor  elegant.] 
k  To  strike  at  a  distance.     [JVut  mcd.] 

TItP  wiiiliiioni  and  [mprovomcuU  of  wcnpona  are  the/e(f/i»nff 
afar  oft'.  Bacon. 

4.  To  bring  back  ;  to  recall ;  to  bring  to  any  state. 
[jVut  used,  or  vul>rar.] 

Ill  iiiu-Ilfl  wo  iwe  ilicir  gr--;»t  niiJ  aiiiMcii  eRo^t  In  /clchlns  men 
njoin,  wlicii  iln:y  awooii.  Bdcon. 

5.  To  bring  or  draw ;  as,  to  fetch  a  thing  within  a 
certain  compass. 

C.  'J'o  make ;  to  pciTonn ;  as,  to  fetch  a  turn  ;  to 
fitch  a  leap  or  bound.  Shak. 

Fetch  a  coiiipi&a  Ucliind  them.  —2  SLini.  v. 

7.  To  draw  ;  to  heave  ;  as,  to  fetch  a  sigh. 

.'IdiltSOV, 

8.  To  reach  ;  to  attain  or  come  to ;  to  arrive  ai. 

Wc  fetched  the  syren's  isle  Chapman. 

9.  To  bring  ;  to  obtain  as  it.^  price.  Wheat  fetches 
only  75  cents  tho  bushel.  A  commodity  is  wortli 
what  it  will  fvtch. 

To  fetch  out ;  to  bring  or  draw  out ;  to  cause  to  ap- 
pear. 

To  fetch  to ;  to  restore  ;  to  revive,  as  from  a  swoon. 

To  fetch  up;  to  bring  up;  to  cause  to  come  up  or 
forth. 

To  fetch  a  pump  ;  to  pour  water  into  it  to  make  it 
draw  water.  Mar.  Diet. 

FETCH,  V.  i.    To  move  or  turn  ;  as,  to  fetch  about. 

Slui!:. 

9.  Among  seamen,  to  rcacli  or  attain  ;  as,  to  fetch 
to  windward.  Tottcn. 

FETCH,  n.  A  stratagem,  by  which  a  thing  is  indi- 
rectly brought  to  pass,  or  by  which  one  thing  seems 
intended  and  another  is  done  ;  a  trick  ;  an  artifice  ; 
as,  a  fetdi  of  wit.  Shah. 

Slr.tijlit  C-ist  aliont  lo  overmacn 

'i'Jie  unwary  cuiHim.Tor  with  a.  fetch,  Iludibras. 

FETCH'EU,  n.    One  that  brings. 

FETCH'ING,  /f/jr.  Bringing;  going  and  bringing; 
deriving;  drawing;  making;  reacliing;  obtaining 
us  price. 

FiuTE,  (fate,)  v.  [Fr.]  A  festival  lioliday,  or  cele- 
bration of  some  dav. 

FETE-CUAM-PKTRE',  (fut-sham-pritr',)  n.  A  fes- 
tival or  enlcrlahimcnt  in  the  open  air. 

Flc'TlClI,  (fee'lish,)  n.  An  object  selected  tempora- 
rily for  wurshi|>,  as  a  tree,  stone,  &c.  [Sec  Feti- 
rHissi.l 

FET'I-Clirs.M,  )  n.    Tlie  worship  of  idols  among  the 

FET'I-CISM,  i  negroes  of  Africa,  among  wliom 
fetich  is  an  idol,  any  tree,  stone,  or  other  tiling  wor- 
shi|)cd. 

A  stupid  kind  of  idolatry,  sucii  as  that  of  the  Afri- 
can negroe?,  which  consists  in  giving  lemporarv 
worslii|»  to  any  material  object  wliith  the  fancy  may 
ha]ipcn  to  spl:.'tt,  as  a  tree,  a  stojie,  a  jiost,  an  animal, 
«fC.  J.  Murdoch. 

FET'lD,  a.  [L.  ftrtidas,  from  fatco,  to  have  an  ill 
scent.] 

Uaviii;,'  an  offLusivc  smell;  having  a  strong  or 
rancid  scent. 

aiiist  putr.-fiit-tioiis  siH.-Il  iitlicvkli-I  ov  luoldy.    Bacon. 
FKT'in-XKSS,  ».      The  quality  of  smelliug  offen- 
sively; a  Iclid  <iu;dity. 
FE-TIFEU-UUS,  «.    [L.  t\  tlfr  ;  fofi'-<  aud /oo,  to 
be;ir.  | 
Pro  Inciii;,'  y<-'unp-,  as  animals. 
FET'LOCK.  /*.    {foot,  or fttf,  and  h„K:]    The  part  of 
the  leg  where  the  tnit  of  hair  gruws  Itclii-id  the  pas- 
tern joint  in  horses.  Fa>;.i  Envnc 
FE'TOlt,  it.     \\j.foto,:\  •   ' 
Anystron^/.oireusive  smell;  stench.   Arhnthuot. 
FET'TEU,  ./.    [Sax./r/<.j-,  from  ./«.</,  f&t,  as  in  L.  yjct?- 
M'<( ;  Q.fis*d.    t.'hicfly  used  in  tlic  plural.  f'JttrsS 
A  Cham  for  tile  Icet  ;  aehaiii  bywhich  auam- 


1. 


nial  IS  tonfuicd  by  the  foot,  either  niude  fast  or  fixed 
nsa  in-isoner,  or  impeded  in  nu.tioii  and  hindered 
from  Icapiii;,'.  us  a  horsy  whose  lore  and  hind  feet 
arc  coufiucd  by  a  chain. 

The  PliilisUii--s  Lomid  Salmon  Willi  fellert  ot  braiis.  —  Judges 

^_^2.  Any  thing  that  confines  or  restrains  from  mo- 

Pawioris  too  fi.-rco  to  be  in  fellert  twund.  p,  ydtfii. 

^^nlTSV  '■';  '•  ■  T'^  ^V^  ""  *''-"^'"^  5  '«  Shackle  or  con- 
hnethe  fiict  with  a  cluiin. 

mnr'iT"  I""**'  '"  f"^-l'-i'";  to  confine;  to  restrain 
niuiion  ;  to  nnposi:  restraints  on. 

FetUr  strong  maJui-M  in  a  ailkcn  Oxrcad.  ShaJc. 

FET'TER-ED,  pp.  or  a.    Bound  or  confined  bv  fet- 

In'  .Tf  ^'"'^^-   ,    .  Mar^ton. 

thev  ;r^  .7't''i''''"'u^  ^?  ^'"^  ^"^'^^  of  animul.s  when 

warning.  ^^''^^'^'"^^  backward,  and  appear  tn.fit  for 

^  feet' u^lhl^'*?'  '"'''■■      ^'«'l"'g   ("•   listening  hy   the 
Itct  .Mtl,  a  Cham  ;  confinin,. .  restraining  motion. 


FEU 

FET'TER-LESS,  a.    Free  from  fetters  or  restraint. 

Mur.^ton. 

FET'TLE,  V.  t.    To  repair.  Chcsh.  Qlosmry. 

9.  To  do  trifling  business.  Bp.  Hall. 

FETT'STEIN,  n.  [Oer.,  fat-stone.]  A  min.ral  of  a 
greenish  or  bluish-gray  color,  or  flesh-red,  called  also 
elaolite.  JUkin.     Jameson. 

Fk'TUS,  n. ;  pi.  Fetuses,     [L.  fa-tus.] 

The  young  of  viviparous  an'.  ;ials  in  the  womb, 
and  of  oviparous  animals  in  tliu  egg,  after  it  is  per- 
fcctly  formed,  before  which  time  it  is  called  embryo. 
A  young  animal  then  is  called  a  fetus,  from  tlie  time 
its  parts  are  distinctly  fornud,  till  its  birth.    E/tcye. 

FEOD,  (fade,)«.  [Sax  fi£hUt,  or  fiC<^th,UMnjxgaa,fron^ 
to  hate.  Hence  also /li/t,  a  foe,  and  from  Ihe'participbi 
feoiid,  a  fiend  ■,  D.  vyaitd,  G.  fiiud,  an  enemy ;  G. 
frhd,  war,  quarrel ;  Sw.  fegd;  Dan.  fcjde.  In  Irish, 
faath  is  hatred,  abhorrence.     Class  Hg.] 

1.  Primarily,  a  deadly  ijuarrel ;  hatred  and  conten- 
tion that  were  to  be  terminated  only  by  deatli. 
Among  our  rude  ancestors,  these  quarrels,  ihougli 
originating  in  the  murder  of  an  individual,  involved 
the  whole  tribe  or  family  of  the  injured  and  of  tbe 
aggressing  parties.     Hence,  in  modern  iv^age, 

2.  A  con.ention  or  quarrel ;  particularly,  an  invet- 
erate quarrel  between  families  or  parties  in  a  state; 
the  discord  and  animosities  which  prevail  among  tbu 
citizens  of  a  state  or  city,  sometimes  accompanied 
with  civil  wai.  In  the  north  of  Great  liritain,  tlie 
word  is  still  used  in  its  original  sense;  denoting  a 
combination  of  kindred  to  revenge  the  death  of  any 
of  their  blood,  on  the  ollendcr  and  all  his  race,  or 
any  other  great  enem)'.  We  say,  it  is  the  policy  of 
our  enemies  to  raise  and  cherish  intestine  feuds. 

The  word  is  not  strictly  appliaible  to  wars  between 
diflerent  nations,  but  to  intestine  wars,  and  to  quar- 
rels and  animosities  between  families  or  small  tribes. 
FEuD,  71.  Usually  sup|iosc-d  to  be  composed  of  the 
Teutonic  fee,  goods,  reward,  and  cad  or  odh,  W. 
eizauj,  possession,  property,  liut  if  feuds  had  Iiecn 
given  as  rewards  for  services,  that  consideration 
would  have  vested  the  title  to  the  land  in  the  donee. 
Yet  feud  is  not  a  Teutonic  or  Gothic  word,  being 
found  among  none  of  the  northern  nations  of  Eu- 
rope. This  word  originated  in  tlie  south  of  Europe, 
whether  in  France,  Spain,  or  Italy,  may  perhaiis  lie 
ascertained  by  writings  of  the  middle  ages,  « liidi  I 
do  not  possess.  It  ])robably  originated  among  the 
Franks,  or  in  Lombardy  or  Italy,  and  certainly  among 
men  who  studied  the  civil  law.  In  Italian,  a  feoffee 
is  c-dUcd  fedc-commcssarto,  a  trust-commissary  ; /ei/c- 
comtncsso  is  a  feoffment,  a  trust-estate  ;  Sp.  fuleicomi- 
so,  a  feoffment.  These  words  arc  i\\e  fidci-cinnmissa- 
rias,  fidei'Comwissum,  of  the  Digest  and  Codex.  In 
Spanish,  fado  signifies  security  given  for  another,  or 
bail ;  alfado,  on  trust ;  fador,  one  \\ho  trusts  ;  feudo, 
a  fief,  fee,  or  fend  ;  Port.  id.  In  .Kormau,  Jidz  de 
chevalers  signifies  knight's  fees.  Feud,  then,  with 
fee,  wliich  is  a  contraction  of  it,  is  a  word  formed 
from  the  Ju  fides.  It.  fcdc,  Sp.  fc,  Norm,  fei,  faith, 
trust,  with  had,  state,  or  cud  or  odh,  estate ;  and  a 
fend  is  an  estate  in  trust,  or  on  condition,  which  co- 
incides nearly  in  sense  with  tho  northern  woni,  G. 
lehcn,  D.  lecn^  Sw.  Idn,  Dan.  Ichn,  Eng.  loan.  From 
the  origin  of  this  word,  wc  see  the  peculiar  propriety 
of  calling  the  donee  ftdelt.^,  and  his  obligation  to  his 
lord  fidcUtas,  whence  fealty.] 

A  fief;  a  fee;  a  right  to  lands  or  hereditaments 
held  in  trust,  or  on  the  terms  of  ])erforining  certain 
conditions  ;  the  right  which  a  vassal  ur  tenant  has  to 
the  lands  or  other  immovable  thing  of  his  lunl,to  use 
the  same  and  take  the  profits  thereof  hereditarily, 
rendering  lo  his  superior  such  duties  and  services  as 
beluug  to  military  tenure,  Ate.,  the  property  of  tlie 
soil  always  remaining  in  the  lord  or  superior. 

From  the  foregoing  eNplaiiation  (d"  the  origin  of  the 

word,  result  very  naturally  tliu  dellnition  ofllieterm, 

and  the  doctrine  of  forfeiture,  upon  non-pc-rfonn.ince 

of  the  conditions  of  the  trust  or  loan 

FEOD'AL,  (fQd'al,)  a.     [Sp.  feudal. 


rs. 

1.  Pertaining  to  feuds,  fiefs,  or  fees;   as,  feudal 


^^I^;^i!LZ:^!:!2^!''^Z:zil^^ 


rights  or  services  ;  feudal  tenures. 

9.  Consisting  of  lends  or  tiefs  ;  embracing  tenures 
bv  inilitarj'  services;  as,  the  feudal  svstein. 

FEOD'AL,  11.    Soinctliing  iieW  by  tenure. 

FEuD'AL-ISM,  II.  'i'he  feudal  system  ;  the  principles 
and  constitution  of  feuds,  or  lands  held  by  military 
services.  IVIiitakcrt 

FEuD-AL'I-TY,  ii.  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
feudal :  feudal  form  or  constitution.  Burke. 

FEOD-AL-I-Z.l'TIO.V,  n.  The  act  of  reducing  to 
feudal  tenure. 

FEOD'AL-IZE,  r.  (.    Tu  reduce  to  a  feudal  tenure. 

FEUD'AL-IZ-£D,  ;i;i.     Kednccd  to  feudal  tenure. 

FEOD'.VL-IZ-ING,  jijir.    Keducing  to  a  feudal  form. 

FEuD'A-RY,  a.     Holding  laud  of  a  superior. 

FEuD'A-T.\-RV,  11.     A  feudatory,  which  see. 

FEOD'A-TO-RY,  n.    [i^],.  fciuiaiurio :  VoTt.  fcudatario.] 
A  tenant  or  vassal  who  holds  his  lands  of  a  supe- 
rior, on  condition  of  military  service  ;  the  tenant  ol 
a  feud  or  fief.  BlacksUme.     Encyc. 

FEU  DE  JOIE,  (fa'de-zhwa',)  [lire  of  joy.]  A  French 
phrase  for  a  bonfire,  or  a  firing  of  guns  in  token  tif 
joy. 


4-lS 


■NOTE,  DOVE,  iMOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.- 


FIR 

FEC'lt'IST,  «.     A  writer  on  feuds.  Spelman. 

FEUIl/LAGE,(fiil'yJizli,)"-    l^'-^  foliage.]     A  bunch 

or  rc-.v  of  leaves.  Jervas, 

FEU'ILLIi:-.MORT,  (fu'il-mort,)   n.     [Fr.,  dead  leaf-l 

Ttie  color  of  a  faded  leaf. 
FEO'TER,  c.  t.    To  make  ready.     [A''ot  in  ttsc] 

Spenser. 
FEO'TER-ER,  n.    A  dog-keeper.     [.\'U  tLsed.] 

Massiti^cr, 
!  r  VER,   n.     [Ft.,  Jiecre ;    Sp.  Jicbrc;   It.  fcbbre ;    L. 
'■'is,  supposed  to  be  so  written  by  transposition  for 
jVrbis  or  fcrviSf  from  ferbeo,  fercco,  to  be  liot,  Ar. 

I       iLi  /(iMra  or  faira.    Class  Br,  No.  30.] 

1.  Adiseose  characterized  by  an  accelerated  pulse, 
with  increase  of  heat,  inipaireri  fur:  it  ions,  dimini^lietl 
^irength,  and  often  with  prdternatural  thirst.  This 
order  of  diseases  is  called  by  Cullen  ■p\n-exrj,  Gr. 
-rii'irfta.  Fevers  are  often  or  generally  preceded  by 
rliills  or  rigors,  called  the  cold  sta^e  of  t?ie  disease. 
IVvers  are  of  various  kinds;  but  the  principal  di- 
vision of  fevers  is  into  remittimf  fevers,  which  sub- 
-i'i.-  or  abate  at  intervals  :  intermitting  fover>,  which 

irermit   or  entirely    cease  at   intervals  ;    and   coti- 
■med  or  couti.iual  fevers,  which  neither  remit  nor 
;:;!tTmit. 

■2.  Heat;  a?ilalion  ;  excitement  by  any  t!iing  that 

strongly  allecLs  the  passions.     This  news  lias  given 

I     me  a  fecer.     This  quarrel  has  set  my  blood  in  a 

fever, 
IFe'VER,  v.  l    To  put  in  r  fever.  Dryden 

iFic'VER-eOOL-I^G,  ...    vvllaying  febrile  heat. 

Fk'\'^R-ET,  Ji.    A  slight  fever.     [Obs.]        Aylijfe. 
!  F.'VEK-FEW,   Ji,      [Sax.   fefcrfa>re  i    L.  /cirw  and 
■-.;.«.] 

A  plant  allied  to  Chamomile,  and  so  named  from 
supposed  febrifuge  qualilies.     The  common  feverfew 
I    grows  to  the  hight  of  two  or  three  feet,  with  com- 
pound, radiated,  white  flowers,  with  a  yellow  disc. 
'Ff/VER-ISHjO.    Having  a  slight  fever;  as,the  patient 
IS  feccrislu 
'2.  Diseased  with  fever  or  heat ;  as,/fD£TwA  nature. 

Creech. 
\       3.  Uncertain;  inconstant;  flckle  ;  now  hot,  now 
I    cold. 

We  U»s3  and  turn  about  omi  feotrish  w  iil.  Dnjden. 

A.  Hot ;  sultry  ;  buniing ;  as,  the  feverish  north. 

Drijden. 
VER-I^=I^-LY,  adv.    In  a  feverish  manner. 
VEIM>H-\ESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  feverish  ; 
I  'light  f.tiril.?  atTection. 
j.Fg'VER-LV,  a.    Like  a  fever. 
|?E'VER-OCS,  a.      Affected  with  fever  or  ague. 
I,       2.  HaWng  the  nature  of  fever.  [Shak. 

All  fecerous  Iduik.  AlUton, 

3.  Having  the  tendency  to  produce  fever  ;  as,  a 
■  ic-rous  disposition  of  the  year.     [7'Aw  word  is  little 

'■'!.]  Bacon. 

I.  VER-OL'S-LY,  ade.  In  a  feverish  manner.  [Lit- 
Ue  uweJ,]  Donne. 

E'VER-ROOT,  71.  A  plant  of  the  ^enus  Triosteum. 
K'VER-SICK,  a.     [Sax.  fefer-secc.] 

Diseased  with  fever.  Pccle. 

E'VER-SoUE,  n.    The  popular  name  of  a  carious 

ulcer  or  necrosis.  Miner. 

■e'VER-\Ve.\K'£N-ID,  (-wCk'nd,)  a.     Debilitated 

by  fever. 

E'VER-VVEED,  n.     A  plant  of  the  genus  Erj-ngium. 
E'VER-WORT.     See  Fever-Root. 
E-VER-Y,  a.     Affected  with  fever.  B.  Jonson. 

EW,  (fu,)  a,  [Sax.  fa  or  feawa  :  Dan.  fitye  ;  Fr. 
pen;  Sp.  and  ft.  poco  ;  L.  pauci.  The  senses  oi  few 
and  svudl  are  often  united.     Class  Kg.] 

Not  many  ;  small  In  number.     Party  is  the  mad- 
ness of  many  for  the  gain  of  a  fcuj ;  but  few  men,  in 
times  of  parly,  regard  the  maxim. 
'EVV'EL,  n.    Combustible  matter.     [See  Fuel.] 
"EVV'NESS,  71.     Smallness  of  number  ;  paucity. 

Dryden. 

2.  Paucity  of  words  ;  brevity.  [J^''ot  used.]    Sliak. 
EY,  (£a,)  V.  t.     [D.  teegen.] 

T(t  cli^anse  a  ditch  from  mud.  Tiuscr. 

'S^'ET),pp.    Cleansed  from  mud  ;  applied  to  a  ditch. 
'EY'LVG,  ]tpr.     Cleansing  a  ditch  from  mud. 
'f-A'CRE,  (fe-i'kr,)  n.    A  French  hackney  coach. 
I'AXCE,  r.  t.     To  betroth.     [See  AKriANCE.] 
I'ARS,  (fC'arz,)  n.  pi.    The  price  of  grains,  as  fixed, 
in  the  counties  of  Scotland,  by  the  respective  sheriffs 
and  a  jury.  Jamieson. 

I'AT,  n.    [L.,  from/o.] 

Let  it  be  done  ;  a  decree  ;  a  command  to  do  some- 
IB,  n.     [See  Fable.     Ir.  meabhra.']  [thing. 

A  lie  or  falsehood  ;  a  word  used  among  children 
and  the  vulgar,  as  a  softer  expression  than  He. 
IB,  V.  i.    To  lie  ;  to  speak  falsely. 
IB'BER,  n.    One  who  tells  lies  or  fibs. 
IB'BING,  ppr.    Telling  fibs ;  as  a  noun,  the  telling 

T'BER,  )  n.    [Fr. fibre;  Ufihra;  Sp.  h'bra.fibra;  It. 

I    A  thread  ;  a  fine,  slender  body  \vhich  consti- 


FID 

tule.-i  a  part  nf  the  frame  of  itnimals.  Of  libers, 
some  are  soft  and  i!exible,  others  more  hard  and 
elastic.  Those  that  are  soft  are  hollow,  or  spong>', 
and  full  of  little  cells,  as  the  nervous  and  fleshy. 
Some  are  so  small  as  scarcely  to  be  visible  ;  others 
are  larger,  and  appear  to  be  composed  of  still  smaller 
fibres.  These  fibers  constitute  the  substance  of  the 
bones,  cartilages,  ligaments,  membranes,  nerves, 
Veins,  arteries,  and  muscles.  Quincy. 

2.  A  filament  or  slender  thread  in  ]>lants  or  min- 
erals ;  the  small,  slender  rout  of  a  plant. 

3.  .^ny  fine,  slender  thread. 

^FBRED^^^'i   -    naving  fibers. 

n-miSlLEis;'-     Having  no  fibers. 

FFBRIL,  w.     [Fr.  fibrille.] 

A  small  fiber ;  the  branch  of  a  fiber  ;  a  very  slen- 
der thread.  Cheyiie. 

Fl-BRIL'LOUS,  a.    Pertaining  to  fibers. 

Dr.  Kinnicr. 

FI'BRIN,  71.  [See  Fiber.]  A  peculiar  organic  com- 
pound substance  found  in  animnis  and  vegetables. 
It  is  contained  in  tlie  clot  of  coai^ulated  blood,  ;ii!d 
constitutes  nuisciilar  fiber.  Pure  fibrin  is  of  a  whitish 
color,  inodorous,  and  insoluble  in  cold  water;  it  is 
a  solid  substance,  tough,  elastic,  and  composed  of 
thready  fibers.  P.  Cyc.     Orakam. 

Fi'BRIN-OUS,  a.     Having  or  partaking  of  fibrin. 

FIB'llO-LITE,  n.     [from  L.fhnt,  and  Gr.  Xi%s.] 
A  fibrous  mineral  from  the  Carnatic,  supposed  to 
be  identical  with  Bucliolzite.    An  American  mineral 
so  called  is  nothing  but  Kyanite.  Dana. 

FrSROUS,  a.  Composed  or  consisting  of  fibers  ;  as, 
Sijibrous  body  or  substance. 

2.  Containing  fibers.    In  mineralogy,  n  fibrous  frac- 
ture is  that  which  presents  fine  tlireads  or  slendbr 
lines,  either  straight  or  curved,  parallel,  diverging,  { 
or  stellated,  like  the  rays  of  a  star.  Kincan. 

FIB'IT-LA,  71.  [L.]  The  outer  and  lesser  bone  of  the 
leg,  much  smaller  than  ihe  tibia.  Q_uincy. 

2.  A  clasp  or  buckle. 

FICK'I*E,a.  [Sax.ficol;  but  it  seems  to  he  connected 
with  wiceliau,  Sw.  vachla^  to  waver,  from  the  ruot  of 
7CU/ ;  L.  vacillo ;  Gr.  iroiKiko^;  Heb.  Cli.  Sjr.  JiD, 
to  fail,  or  rather  Ileb.  pis,  to  stagger.  Class  Bg,  No. 
44,  (30.1 

1.  VVavering;  inconstant  ;  unstable  ;  of  a  change- 
able mind  ;  irresolute  ;  not  firm  in  opinion  or  pur- 
pose ;  capricious. 

"Yhi^y  know  iiovtjickle  common  lovers  [ue,  Dryden. 

9.  Not  fixed  or  firm  ;  liableto  change  or  vicissitude  ; 
as,  afieJde  state.  Milton. 

FICK'LE-NESS,  «.  A  wavering  ;  wavering  disposi- 
tion; inconstancy;  instability  ;  unsteadiness  in  opin- 
ion or  purpose  ;  as,  the  ficlUcncss  of  lovers. 

2.  Instability  ;  changeablenes^ ;  as,  the  jicJdcness 
of  fortune. 

FICK'LY,  adv.    Without  firmness  or  steadiness. 

Southern. 
Fi'CO,  (fe'ko,)  71.    [It.,  a^^.]     An  act  of  contempt 
by  placing  the  thumb  between  tvi^o  of  the  fingers, 
expressing  a  fi{r  for  you.  Care7D. 

FICTILE,  a.     [L.  fctilis^  from  fctiis,  fi":fo,  to  feign.] 
Molded  into  form  by  art ;   manufactured  by  the 
potter. 

Fictile  earth  is  more  firagilc  thaa  crude  earth.  Bacon. 

FICTION,  71.     yL.fictio^  iromfingo,  to  feign.] 

1.  The  act  ot  feigning,  inventing,  or  imagining  ;  as, 
by  the  mere^c(jt»H  of  the  mind.  StdUn^fieet. 

2.  That  which  is  feigned,  invented,  or  imagined. 
The  story  is  a  fiction. 

So  aI>o  was  the  fiction  of  tlioae  troJden  nppleB  kept  by  a  dm^on, 
taken  from  tlie  sequent  wbicli  tempted  Kve.  Ralegh. 

3.  Fiction  ;  in  lawy  an  assumption  made  of  what  is 
not  literally  true,  for  the  purpose  of  passing  more  rapid- 
ly over  those  parts  of  the  subject  which  are  not  dis- 
puted, and  arriving  at  tlicpoinlsreally  at  issue.  jbVani/c. 

FI€'TIO\-IST,  71.    A  writer  of  fiction.    tVest.  Rcu. 
FIC'TIOr:S,for  Fictitious.     [JVotused.'\ 
FIC-TI"TIOUS,    (fik-tish'us,)    a.     [L.  fictitius,  from 
Jin^o,  to  feign.] 

1.  Feigned;  imaginary;  not  real. 

Tbc  hum:>n  persons  are  aa/cfitioKs  as  iho  airy  ones.       Pope. 

2.  Counterfeit ;  false ;  hot  genuine  ;  as,  fictitious 
fame.  Dryden. 

FIC-TI"T10US-LY,  aJy.     Uy  fiction;  falsely;  coun- 

terfeitly. 
Fie-TI"TIOUS-NESS,  n.     Feigned  representation. 

Brown. 
Fie'TIVE,  a.     Feignnd.     [Aof  used.] 
Fie'TOR,  7i.     [L.]    An  artist  who  models  or  forms 

statues  and  reliefs  in  clay.  Elmes. 

FID,  71.  A  square  bar  of  wood  or  iron,  with  a  shoulder 
at  one  end,  riseil  to  support  the  topmast,  when 
erected  at  the  head  of  the  lower  ni:isl.    Mar.  Dirt. 

2.  A  pin  of  hard  wood  or  iron,  tapering  to  a  point, 
used  to  open  the  strands  of  a  rope  in  splicing. 

Mar.  Diet. 
FID'OLE,  Cfid'dl,)n.     [G.  fiedcli   D,   vcdel;    h.  fides ^ 
Jidir.ula-] 

A  stringed  insfnimcnt  of  music;  a  violin. 


FIE 

FID'DIjE,  y  I.    To  play  on  a  fiddie  or  violin. 

'I'lieniisiDcloe   said   he  could   not.  ftddie,  l>ut   be  Cuuld   make  n 

Ktiuill  lowii  a  ewM  ciiy.  Bacon. 

U  ii  E^iiil  ib.it  y^c-jjiddled  wben  Runie  was  in  flames.     HiMiartf. 

2  To  trifle  ;  to  shilT:  the  hands  often  and  do  noth- 
ing, like  a  fellow  that  plays  on  a  fiddle. 

tiowl  coaks  cau  not  abide  what  they  c-xW  fiddling  work.     S-jrifl. 

FID'DLE,  7'.  (.    To  play  a  tune  on  a  fiddle. 
FID'DLE-FAD'DLE,  n.    A  trifle;  trifling  talk.     [j5 

low,  cant  word.]  Spectator. 

FID'DLE-FAD'DLE,  a.     Trifling;  making  a  bustle 

about  nothing.     [yul<rar.] 
FID'DLER,  n.    One  who  plays  on  a  fiddle  or  violin. 
FID'DLE-STICK,  n.    The  bow  and  string  with  which 

a  fiddler  plays  <ui  a  violin. 
FID'DLE-STRING,  ti.    The  string  of  a  fiddle,  fast- 
ened at  the  ends,  and  elevated  in  the  middle  by  a 

bridge. 
FID'DLE-WOOD,  ti.    A  plant  of  the  genus  Citharex- 

Vlon. 
F1D'DLL\G,  ppr.  or  a.    Playing  on  a  fiddle  ;  trifling. 
FID'DLING,  71.    The  act  of  playing  on  a  riddle. 

Bacon. 
FI-DE-JUS'SIOX,  (-jush'un,)  v.    Suretiship  ;  the  act 

of  being  bound  as  surety  for  another. 
FI-DE-JUS'SOR,  n.     [L."]     A  surety;  one  bound  for 

another.  Blaclistone. 

FI-DEL'I-TY,  71.     [L.  fidelitas,  from  fides^  faith,  fido., 

to  trust.    See  Faith.] 

1.  Faithfulness;  careful  and  exact  observance  of 
duty,  or  performance  of  obligations.  We  expect 
fidelity  in  a  public  minister,  in  an  agent  or  trustee,  in 
a  domestic  servant,  in  a  friend. 

The  bosl  s-'curity  for  \l\e  fidelity  of  men,  is  to  make  interest  coin- 
cide wiib  duty.  Pcderalist,  Hamilton. 

2.  Firm  adherence  to  a  person  or  party  with  which 
one  is  united,  or  to  which  cme  is  bound  ;  loyalty  ;  as, 
*^e  fidelity  of  subjects  to  their  king  or  government ; 
the  fidelity  of  a  tenant  or  liege  to  liis  lord 

3.  Observance  of  the  marriage  covenant;  as,  the 
fidelity  of  a  husband  or  wife. 

4.  Honesty  ;  veracity  ;  adherence  to  truth  ;  as,  the 
fidvlit.it  of  a  witness. 

FIDGE",      I  V.  i.     [Allied  probably  io fickle.]    To  move 
FIDG'ET,  \      one  way  and  the  other  ;  to  move  irregu- 
larly, or  in  fits  and  starts.     [Ji  low  ironL]         Swift, 
FID6'ET,  n.     Irregular  motion;  restlessness.     [Vui- 

Sjar.] 
FIUOTIT-Y,  n.     Restless;  uneasy.     [Vuls-ar.] 
FLDO'CIAL,  (fe-du'shal,)  a.    [from  L.  fiditcia,  from 
fidoy  to  trust.] 

1.  Confident;  undouhting;  firm;  as,  a  j?d»riti?  re- 
liance on  the  promises  of  the  gospel. 

2.  Having  the  nature  of  a  truyt ;  as,  fiducial  power. 

Spflman. 
FI-DO'CIAL-LY,  adc.  With  confidence.  South. 
FI-DU'CIA-RY,  a.    [h.fiduciariui,;  from  fido,  to  trust.] 

1.  Confident;  steady;  undoubting ;  unwavering; 
firm.  JVakc. 

•2.  Not  to  be  doubled  ;  as, /t/ucian/ obedience. 

Howell. 

3.  Held  in  trust.  Spclman. 
FI-Du'CI.-V-RY,  71.    One  who  holds  a  thing  m  trust; 

a  trustee. 

2.  One  wlio  depends  on  faith  for  salvation,  without 
works  ;  an  Antinomian.  Hammond. 

FIE,  (fl;)  an  exclamation  denoting  contempt  or  dis- 
like. [Tliis  may  be  from  the  Saxon  verb  fiaii,  to 
hate,  the  root  of  fiend.] 

FIeF,  (feef,)  TI.  [Fr.  fief  probably  a  compound  woid, 
consisting  of /e,  faith,  and  a  word  I  do  not  under- 
stand.    See  Fee,  Feoff,  and  Fel-d.] 

A  fee  ;  a  feud  ;  an  estate  held  of  a  superior  on  con- 
dition of  military  service. 

FIELD,  (feeld,)  71.  [Sax.  fdd ;  G.  field  ;  D.  veld  ;  Sw. 
and  Dan.  fdt;  probably  level  land,  a  plain,  from  D. 
vellen,  to  fell,  to  lay  or  throw  down.] 

1.  A  piece  of  land  inclosed  for  tillage  or  pasture  ; 
any  part  of  a  farm,  except  the  garden  and  appurte- 
nances of  the  mansion  ;  properly,  land  not  covered 
with  wood,  and  more  strictly  applicable  to  tUlage 
land  than  to  mowing  land,  which  is  often  called 
meadow.  But  we  say,  the  master  of  the  house  is  in 
the  field  with  his  laborers,  when  he  is  at  a  distance 
frniii  his  house  on  his  farm.  He  is  in  the/cW,  plow- 
ing, sowing,  reaping,  or  making  hay. 

2.  Ground  not  inclosed.  Mortima 

3.  The  ground  where  a  battle  is  fought.  We  say, 
the  field  of  battle ;  these  veterans  are  excellent  sol- 
diers in  the  field. 

4.  A  battle;  action  in  the  field. 

What  liiou'h  \X\e  field  be  lost.  Ahlton. 

r>.  To  keep  tliC  field,  is  to  keep  tlie  campaign  open  ; 
to  live  in  tents,  or  to  be  in  a  state  of  active  opera- 
tions. v\t  the  approach  of  cold  weather,  the  troops, 
unable  to  keep  the  field,  were  ordered  into  winter  quar- 

0.  A  wide  expanse.  [ters. 

Ask  of  j'ohfler  orgcnl/cW*  above.  Pope. 

7.  Open  space  for  action  or  operation  ;  compass ; 
extent.    This  subject  opens  a  wide  field  for  contem- 

8.  A  piece  or  tract  of  land.  [plation. 

The  field  1  give  lh*?e,  and  the  tive  liuit  la  therein.  —  Gen.  ixiil. 


TONE,  BJJLL,  IGNITE.-- AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  -  e  as  K ;  6  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  C»  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


57 


441) 


FIE 


FIG 


lb 


1 

in  1 


(I  Th*.  cTwin.!  or  blank  »pac«  on  wludi  flgures  are 
.'.i  or  jroiinJ  of  a  picluro.  Dryden. 
I  tim  wlioJo  Kurfoco  of  llie  shieltl,  or 

£rtffi/c. 
nV/J  ofltn  Bicnifies  Uie  opi-n  coiin- 
loacJ,  M  it  may  in  some  counliics 


IL, 


■  of  floating  ice. 

or  imrriisfr'/tf,  is  Ibe 
vHible  wlii-n  the  in- 
Brandc 

[Applied  to  various 


I  |>ii 


A  {tlant. 
ti.o.  A bwlcoolrived  for  canning  into  the 

.  tK»  n.     A  book  used  In  surveying,  in 
Vt  down  Uie  angles^  vlations^  distances, 

Barlov. 
I. -OR*,  {.knriurr.^  n.  pi.    In  ifdr,  small 
•"    •    ■  '  ■  '■  'r-Miimre,  carried  alone 
:,  t'.ir  marking  out  llic 
.[Liliiiiis.         Encyc. 
[fiHips  arp  drawn  out 
lint  evolutions. 
:   hti^lard,  nearly  as 
.-.mi .  f  will.  I  Ml.  ilv  in  Krance. 

i>iri.  of  Jv'nL  IHst, 
PIRLD'EP,  <.    Drlng  In  the  field  of  hatllc  ;  enf-am|)cd. 

Shak. 
FlP.Ln'F.XUE,  ».    [Jield  and/ure,  wandoring  in  the 

fitld.      SaI.    r'trum,  t<i  CO.] 

\ nirdus,  or  thrush,  about  ten 

li^  ul  if<h-coIiired,  the  hack  and 

•r  ■.■:s  of  a  lint.*,  deep  rhojilnul, 

aitii  III'-  1 11  ' '  "  -■■  ■  "^'^*'  birds  jki^  the  suniintT  in 
ihr  n.Tthtni  parti  of  Europe,  but  visit  Oreat  hntain 
in  «iMl«T.  Euct/c.     Partint^ton. 

FIfl  *'  "  ■  "-'ML,  Ti.  The  commander  of  an  array, 
n  ,  rtiijh  ritik  in  Kranco  and  Germa- 

tM  :  mdilarjotficerin  England  except 

L     -.     /.ll. 

•  r^JK,  n.    A  name  given  to  several  species 
ii  live  in  the  field,  bttrrowing  in  bank!«,&c. 

.MmrtimiT. 
FlP.l.n'-<iF'FI-CER,  n.    A  military  ollieer  above  the 
nnk  of  rniiLiin.  and  b<-)ow  that  of  general,  as  a 

-    '    ■■• i!  cidttn*!,  or  oilonit. 

A  ^mall  cannon  which  is  carried 
-.  and  UfU-d  m  ill--  field  uf  battle. 
F.A.  ITER,  n.    One  who  preaches  in  the 

IjariJiiTton. 
P.ACiriXO,  n.    A  preaching  in  the  field 
I  I  -■1-1  wi.  n'arburton. 

FIftLU'-ltuOM,  It.    Open  spnee.    [JVot  in  use.] 

Drayton. 
FIRLD'-^SPc^RTS,  n.  pL    Diversions  of  the  field,  as 

nhiMtiitii;  and  hunting-  ChesttrfiehL 

PIRI.U'-STaFF,  n.  A  weapon  carried  by  gunners, 
■btMit  the  b-iigth  of  a  halbi-rd,  with  a  »(|>ear  at  the 
end,  havmg  lUi  «ach  side  ears  screwed  on,  like  the 
rock  of  n  matchlock,  where  the  gunners  screw  in 
Itghtrd  malcheii,  when  they  aro  on  command. 

Encyc 
FIfiLD'-VOLE,  m.    The  short-tailed  field-mouse. 

Brandt. 
FIP.I.P'- WORKS.  (-iFurkfl,)  n.  pi     In  the   military 
«rt,  work^  thrown  up  by  an  army,  in  besieging  a 
fortit'Mf  or  by  tliu  besieged,  to  defend  the  place. 

Eneyc 
FIP.l.lKY,  a.    Open,  like  a  field.    [J^ot  in  nse,] 

IVieklife. 

•  nd,)  «.     [Sax.  ftond^  Goth.  Jiands^  from 
•■jfOJi,  to  hate;  G./cjmJ;  D.  ryan/i:  Sw.  and 

■  '.    Set'  Fei:d,  contention.] 
riy,  in  the  worst  stnse ;  an  implacable  or 
■  I'lie  ;  Uie  devil  j  an  infernal  being. 

n  lo  ill  On  mind 
'■■'•  touJcrjimd.  Popt. 

Terrifying  fiends.      More 
I.J  .1.     K'll!  (jfcvil  or  malignant  practices. 
.Marlowe. 
I*-I*Y»  adv.    In  a  fiend  like  manner. 
'F.ART-KD,  0.    Having  the  heart  of  a  fiend. 
I,  a.     Like  a  fiend  ;  malicious. 
M  NFSS,  a.     Maliciousness. 

J.    Kr»embling  a  fiend;  maliciously 

K     [Vr.firr;  ll.  Jiiro,  f trace  ;  Sp./«- 
1-  firiu,  frroiy  the  primary  sense  of 
riinntne,  pHhrng.] 
vuihnt;  furious;  nishing ;  impetu- 
wtnd.  Woixs. 

•  vrnoiia  ;  easily  enraged  ;  as,  a  firree 

-  :   ;  eager  of  mischief;  as,  a  jScrce 
-'  for  blood. 
i-f ;  not  to  be  restrained. 

.  f:r  ii  vu,<rrc«.  —  GfTi.  xlix. 

;  furious. 
:  nxioun ;  as,  a  fiertt  countc- 

-V  eager;  ardent;  vehement;  as,  a  man /erce 
,  -rty. 


FIEUCE'LY,  ado.    Violently;  furiously;  with  rage; 
as,  b»)lh  sides  jicrteh}  fougiit. 
2.  Witli  a  wild  aspect ;  as,  to  look  fiercely. 

Bacon. 
FIPRCE'-MIND'ED,  o.    Vehement;  of  a  furious  tem- 

'  Bp.  tfHsoti. 

FlKlicE'NESS,  n.  Ferocity  ;  savageness  ;  excessive 
violence  of  spirit. 

The  defrct  of  h?ftl,  which  gW«s/<rr«ncs«  to  our  nniores.  Sieift. 

2.  Eagerness  for  blood ;  fury  ;  as,  the  Jtercencss  of 
a  lion  or  bear. 

3.  Quickness  to  attack ;  keenness  in  anger  and  re- 
sentment. 

Tht  Grv-eVi  iw  itronj,  and  «killf<tl  to  thi^ir  itreojlh, 

IVrw  lo  their  «kill,  ami  to  \hvir  Jiercenesa  ynUxni.  STtnJt. 

4.  Violence ;  outrageous  passion. 

His  priilc  and  bnJUU  fitrcenesa  1  abhor.  Dryden. 

5.  Vehemence  ;  fury  ;  impetuosity  ;  as,  the  fierce- 
TTfcwof  a  tempest. 

Fl'E-R!  FA'Ct-AS,  (fl'c-rl-ni'she-aBO  ".  [L.J  In 
tatr,  a  judicial  writ  that  lies  for  him  who  has  recov- 
ered in  debt  or  damages,  commanding  the  sheritf  to 
levy  the  same  on  the  goods  of  him  against  whom  the 
recovery  w'as  had.  Cowel. 

FI'Ell-l-.VE:>S,  n.  [See  Fibrt,  FinR.l  The  quality 
of  being  fiery;  heat;  acrimony;  tlie  quality  of  a 
substance  that  excites  a  sensation  of  heat.    Boyle. 

a.  Heat  of  temper  ;  irritability ;  as,  a  fcriness  of 
temper.  .addison. 

FI'EU-Y,  a.  rfrom^re.]  Consisting  of  fire;  as,  the 
fiery  gulf  of  Etna. 

Aii'l./I«n/ billows  roll  below.  IVhtW. 

2.  Hot,  like  fire;  as,  a  ^cry  heart.  Shak. 

3.  Vehement ;  ardent ;  very  active  ;  impetuous  ; 
as,  a  fiery  spirit. 

4.  Fassionatc  ;  easily  provoked  ;  irritable. 

Ton  know  Vt\s fiery  ciu.iliiy  oflhe  dnke.  Shak. 

.1.  Unrestrained  ;  fierce  ;  as,  a  fiery  steed, 

6.  Heated  by  fire. 

The  sword  which  is  \Tc\t\c  fiery.  Hooker. 

7.  Like  fire  ;  bright;  glaring;  as,  a /cn^  appear- 
ance. 

FIFE,  71,  {TT.fifrc;  G.pfeife.  It  is  radically  the  same 
a-*  pipe^  W.  ptft.  Ir.  pib^  or  pip,  D.  pT/p,  Oan,  pibe^  Sw. 
pipa,  coinciding  with  L.  pip'o,  to  /u/*,  or  peqi,  as  a 
chicken.  The  word  may  have  received  its  name 
from  a  hollow  stalk,  or  from  its  sound.] 

A  small  pipe  used  as  a  wind-instrument,  chiefly  in 
martial  mu^^ir,  with  drums. 

FIFE,  p.  t.    To  play  on  a  fife. 

FTFE'-Ma-JOU,  n'.  The  cliief  or  superintendent  of 
the  fifers  of  a  regiment.  DootJi. 

FTF'ER,  n.    One  who  plays  on  a  fife. 

FIF"l'i:c.\,  a.    [Sax.  fiflyn.] 
Five  and  ten. 

FIF'TEHNTM,  a.     [?ax.  fiftyntka.] 

1.  The  ordinal  of  fifteen;  the  fifth  after  the  tenth. 

2.  Containing  one  part  in  fifteen. 
FIF'TEEiNTIl,  n.     A  lifteenth  part. 

2.  An  ancient  tax  laid  on  towns,  boroughs,  &c., 
in  England,  being  one  fifteenth  part  of  what  each 
town,  &.C.,  had  been  valued  at;  or  it  was  a  fifteenth 
of  each  man's  personal  estate.  Jluchanan. 

3.  In  jnusict  the  double  octave. 
FIFTH,  fl.     [Siix.fifta.     See  Five.] 

1.  The  ordinal  of  five  ;  the  next  to  the  fourth. 

2.  Elliplically,  a  fifth  part ;  or  the  word  may  be 
considered  as  a  noun;  as,  to  give  w fifth  or  two 
fiftJi^. 

FIFTH,  71.  In  mtisicj  an  interval  consisting  of  tliree 
tones  and  a  semitone.  Encyc. 

FIFTH'LY,  adn.    In  tlie  fifth  place. 

FIFTH-M0N'AR€II-Y-.MEN,7i.  pi.  A  fanatical  sect 
in  England,  who  considered  Cromwell  as  commenc- 
ing thti  fiflh  great  monarchy  of  the  world,  during 
which  Christ  should  reign  on  earth  a  thousand  years. 

Brande. 

FIF'TI-ETH,  n.  [Sax.  fiftco^eUta ;  //,  five,  and  tro- 
fff/Art,  teiitli.] 

The  ordinal  of  fifty  ;  as,  the  fifticVi  part  of  a  foot. 
This  may  be  used  elliptically  ;  as,  a  fiftieth  of  his 
goods,  part  being  understood  ;  or.  in  this  case,  the 
word  may  be  treated  in  gramtnar  as  a  noun,  admit- 
ting a  plural ;  as,  two  fiflirtJut. 

Fl  F'T Y,  a.      [Pax.  fifiitr ;  fif  five,  and  Goth.  (i>,  ten.] 
Five  tens ;  five  times  ten  ;    as,  fifty  men.    It  may 
be  used  as  a  nuun  in  the  plural. 

And  Ihuy  sat  down  byjifiies.  —  M&rk  vi. 
FIG,  n.  [L.fiais;  Sp.  fi fro,  or  ht^o  ;  JUfico:  Fr.figue; 
G.  feisei  D.  vyfr:  Heb.  "'JD  ;  Ch.  n3D.] 

1.  The  fruit  of  the  fig-tree,  which  is  of  a  round 
or  oblong  shape,  and  a  dark-purjdish  color,  with  the 
pulp  of  a  sweet  taste.  But  the  varieties  are  numer- 
ous ;  some  being  blue,  others  red,  and  others  of  a 
dark-brown  color.  Encyc. 

2.  The  fig-tree.  Pope. 
FIG,  c.  (.    To  insult  with  ficoes,  or  contemptuous  mo- 
tions of  the  fingers.     [LiUle  used.]  Shak. 

a.  To  pot  something  useless  into  one's  head.  {J^Tot 
„,'""M„„,  VEstran^e. 

!■  K.  -Ar-PLE,  71.     A  species  of  apple.  Johnson. 


FIG 

FIG'-GNAT,  (-nat,)  n.    An  insect  of  the  fly  kind. 

Johnson. 

FIG'-LkAF,  71.  The  leaf  of  a  fig-tree  ;  also,  a  thin 
covering,  in  allusion  to  the  first  covering  of  Adam 
and  Eve. 

FlG-MAR'I-GoLD,  71.  The  MesembrjTinthemum,  a 
succulent  plant,  resembling  hotiseleek. 

Fam.  of  Plants.    MUer. 

FIG'-PECK-ER,n.    [h.  ficcdiila.] 
A  bird. 

FIG'-TREE,  71.  A  tree  ot  the  genua  Ficus,  growing 
in  warm  climates,  and  valued  for  its  fruit.  The  re- 
ceptacle is  common,  turbinated,  camous,  and  conni- 
vent,  inclosing  the  florets.  The  male  calyx  is  tri- 
partite ;  no  corol ;  three  stamens.  The  female  calyx 
is  quinque partite ;  no  corol ;  one  pistil ;  one  seed. 

Encyc 
To  dwell  %1-nder  mr  vine  and  fig-treCy  is  to  live  in 
peace  and  safety.     1  Kings  iv. 

FIG'-WORT,  n.     A  plant  of  the  genus  Scrophularia. 

FIG'A-RY,7i.    A  frolic. 

FIG'A-RY,  for  Vagary,  is  not  English. 

FiGHT,  (fite,)  V.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  Fought,  (fawt.) 
rSax.  feaktan,  feohtan  ;  G.  fechten  ;  D.  vegten  ;  Sw. 
fackta;   Dun.  fegter ;  Ir.  fichim.] 

1.  To  strive  or  contend  for  victory,  in  battle  or  in 
single  combat ;  to  attempt  to  defeat,  subdue,  or  de- 
stroy an  enemy,  either  by  blows  or  weapons  ;  to  con- 
tend in  arms. 

Come  and  Iw  our  c«ptam,  that  we  may  fight  with  the  children  of 
Ammon.  —  Judges  xi. 

When  two  persons  or  parties  contend  in  person, 
fi^ht  is  usually  followed  by  wit-h.  But  when  we  speak 
of  carrying  on  war  in  any  other  form,  wc  may  say, 
to  fight  against, 

Sa.iil  took  the  kingdom  over  Israel, 'and  fought  agaiiH  all  ha 

eneniifs  on  every  side. .— 1  Sam.  xiv. 
Hazael  king  of  Syria  weut  up,  and  fouglU  against  Galh.  — 2 

Kings  xii. 
It  is  treason  for  a  man  to  join  an  enemy  to  fight 
against  his  country.     Hence, 
°  To  fight  against,  is  to  act  in  opposition ;  to  oppose ; 
to  strive  to  conquer  or  resist. 

The  Blare  in  their  coaaes fought  againtt  Siscm.  —Judges  v. 

2.  To  contend ;  to  strive ;  to  struggle  to  resist  or 
check. 

3.  To  act  as  a  soldier.  Shak. 
FIGHT,  (fite,)  r.  ^    To  carry  on  contention  ;  to  main- 
tain a  struggle  for  victory  over  enemies. 

1  have  fought  a  good^^'if.  —  -  Tim.  iv. 

9.  To  contend  with  in  battle ;  to  war  against 
They  fought  the  enemy  in  two  pitched  battles.  The 
captain  fought  ihe  frigate  seven  glasses.  [Elliptical ; 
leith  being  understood.] 

3.  To  cause  to  figlit ;  as,  to  fight  cocks  ;  to  fight 
one's  shin. 
FIGHT,  (fite,)  n.  A  battle^  an  engagement ;  a  contest 
inarms;  a  struggle  for  victory,  either  between  Indi- 
viduals, or  between  armies,  ships,  or  navies.  A  duel 
is  called  a  single  fight,  or  combat. 

2.  Something  to  screen  the  combatants  in  ships. 

Up  with  yourfighls  and  your  neltings  prepare.  DrytUn. 

FTGHT'ER,  n.  One  that  fights  ;  a  combatant ;  a  war- 
rior. 

FIGIIT'ING,  (fifing,)  ppr.  Contending  m  battle; 
striving  for  victory  or  conquest. 

2.  a.  Qualified  for  war ;  fit  for  battle. 

A  host  ot  fighting  men.  — 2  ChroQ.  xjcvi. 

3.  Occupied  in  war  ;  being  the  scene  of  war ;  as, 
a  fiThting  field.  Popt. 

FIGHT'ING,  71.    Contention  ;  strife  ;  quarrel. 

Without  wenfightinge,  wiLliiii  were  fears.  —2  Cor.  vii. 

FIG'MENT,  n.      [L.  figmcntum,  from  fingo,  to  feign.] 
An  invention  ;  a  fiction  ;  something  feigned  or  im- 
agined.    These  assertions  are  the  figments  nf  idle 
brains.  ^P-  ^^^^J^ 

FIG'U-LATE,  a.      [L.  fignlo,\o  fashion,  itoiw  fingo, 
or  rather  Hgo,  which  appears  to  be  the  root  oi  fingoA 
Made  of  potter's  clay  ;    molded  ;  shaped.    [IMe 
■used.]  ., 

FK.^U-RA-BIL'I-TY,  n.    The  quality  of  being  capable 

of  a  certain  fixed  or  stable  form.  . 

FIG'T^-RA-BLE,  a.  [from  figure.']  Capable  of  beinj 
brought  to  a  certain  fixed  form  or  shape.    Thus,  lead 

Bacon. 


is  fi(nirable,  but  water  is  not. 

FIG'lI-RAL,  a.    Represented  by  figure  or  delmeatioJi ; 

as,  figttral  resemblances.  Broion. 

Fi<rural  numbers.     See  Figuiiate  NuMSEn^. 

FfG' U-RAJVT,  71.  m.    )  [Fr.j     One  who  dances  at  Ifte 

FIO'U-RAJ^TE,n.f\       opera,  not  singly,  but  m 

groups  or  figures.  , 

2.  An  accessory  character  on  the  stage,  who  M- 
ures  in  its  scenes,  but  has  nothing  to  say.    Hence, 
applied  to  those  who  figure  in  any  scene,  withoui 
taking  a  prominent  part. 
FIG'IT-RATE,  a.     [h.  figuratus.] 
1.  Of  a  certain  deterhiinate  form. 

Plants  am  M/igurat^.  imd  dcu-minat?,  which  '"^"''"'\^^""' 
are  not.  "^^    ' 

9.  Resembling  any  thing  of  a  determinate  form ;  as, 
fignrate  stones  ;  stones  or  fossils  resembling  sheila. 


'-ii 


Fate,  P)(r,  fall,  what — mkte,  prey.  -  rixE,  marine,  bird.- 
45(j  " -— 


■NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.— 


FIG 

3.  Figurative.    [JVot  used  "^ 

Ftgurcte  counterpoini  ;  in  music,  that  wherein  there 
is  a  inUture  of  discords  with  concords.       Brande^ 

Fio-urate  descant ;  that  la  which  discords  are  con- 
cerned, though  not  so  much  as  concords.  It  may  be 
called  the  ornament  or  rhetorical  part  of  music,  con- 
taining all  the  varieties  of  points,  figures,  syncopes, 
and  diversities  of  measure.  Harris. 

Fi^urate  numbers,  in  mathematics,  are  numbers 
formed  according  lo  certain  laws,  aud  having  pecu- 
liar relations  lo  different  geometrical  figures,  as,  tri- 
angles, squares,  pentagons,  i^c.  In  the  following  ex- 
ample, the  two  lower  lines  are  composed  ot  fi^urate 
numbers .-  — 

1,    2,    3,    4,  &c 
1,    3,    G,  10,  &c. 
1,    4,  10,  20,  Slc. 
FIGTJ-Ea-TED,  a.    Having  a  determinate  form. 

Potter. 
FIG^U-RATE-LY,  adv.    In  a  figurate  manner.         *^ 
FIG-U-Ra'TIOX,  iu    The  act  of  giving  figure  or  d^ 
terminate  form.  Bacon. 

2.  Determination  to  a  certain  form.  Bacon. 

3.  ^li^ture  of  concords  and  discords  in  music. 

Gregory, 
FIG'U-RA-TrVT:,  a.     [Fi.  Jiptratif,  from  figure.] 

1.  Represerting  something  else  j  representing  by 
resemblance;  typical. 

This,  ibef  will  say,  vir&s  ^urntcse,  and  served  bf  God's  ap- 
poiaunent,  boi  for  a  tune,  lo  sbadow  out  Ihe  true  elory  <^  a 
more  dinne  saiiciity.  Hooker, 

2.  Representing  by  resemblance  j  not  literal  or 
direct.  A  Jiguratice  expression  is  one  in  which  the 
words  are  used  in  a  sense  different  from  that  in 
which  they  are  ordinarily  used ;  as. 

Slander, 
Whose  edge  is  sharper  thao  the  sword.  Shak. 

3.  Abounding  with  figures  of  speech  j  as,  a  de- 
scription highly  figurative. 

FIG^^-RA-TfV^E-LY,  adv.  By  a  figure ;  in  a  manner 
to  exhibit  ideas  by  resemblance  ;  in  a  sense  different 
from  that  which  words  originally  imply.  Words  are 
used  ji^urti£jre/|,,  when  they  express  something  dif- 
ferent from  their  usual  meaning. 

FICU-RA-TI VE-XESS,  n.    State  of  being  figurative. 

FICt^RE,  (fig'yur,)  n.  [Ft.  Jigure;  L.  ^gi^ra,  from 
Jigo,  to  fix  or  set  j  W.  fugijr,  from  fugiaw,  to  feign. 
See  Feigx.] 

1.  The  form  of  any  thing,  as  expressed  by  the  out- 
line or  terminating  extremities.  Flowers  have  ex- 
quisite goitres.  A  triangle  is  a  Jigure  of  three  sides. 
A  square  is  a  figure  of  four  equal  sides  and  equal 
angles. 

2.  Shape ;  fonn ;  person  j  as,  a  lady  of  elegant 
Sgure. 


\  good  fipirt,  or  person,  ia  man  or  woman,  gi»es  credit  at 
firet  si^ht.lo  the  choice  cf  either.  Kicrjzrdson. 

3.  Distinguished  appearance;  eminence;  distinc- 
tion ;  remarkable  euaracier.  Ames  made  ^.figure  in 
congress;  Hamilton,  in  the  cabinet. 

4.  Appearance  of  any  kind ;  as,  an  ill  figure;  a 
mean  figure. 

5.  Magnificence ;  splendor ;  as,  to  live  in  figure 
and  indulgence.  Law. 

6.  A  statue ;  an  image ;  that  which  is  formed  in 
resemblance  of  something  else;  as,  the  figure  of  a 
man  in  plaster. 

7.  Representation  in  painting;  the  lines  and  colors 
which  represent  an  animal,  ijarticularly  a  person ; 
as,  the  principal  figures  of  a  picture  ;  a  subordinate 
figure. 

8.  In  manufactures,  a  design  or  representation 
wrought  on  damask,  velvet,  and  other  stuffs. 

9.  in  logic,  the  form  of  a  syllogism  with  respect  to 
the  order  or  disposition  of  the  middle  term.  Watts. 

10.  In  OTiiAmc^jc,  a  character  denoting  a  number; 
a  digit ;  as,  2,  7,  9. 

11.  In  geometry,  a  diagram. 

12.  In  astrology,  the  horoscope;  the  diagram  of  the 
aspects  of  the  astrological  houses.  Sftak, 

13.  In  theology,  typi  ;  representative. 

Wiio  wa»  ih^fipjre  of  hira  ihal  waa  to  come.  — Rom.  t. 

14.  In  rhooric,  a  mode  of  speaking  or  writing  in 
wliicQ  words  are  deflected  from  their  ordinary  signifi- 
cation, or  a  mode  more  beautiful  and  emphatical  than 
the  ordinary  way  of  expressing  the  sense ;  the  lan- 
guage of  the  imagination  and  passions  ;  as,  knowl- 
edge is  the  light  o."the  mind  ;  the  soul  mounts  on  the 
wings  of  faith ;  youth  is  the  morning  of  life.  In 
strictness,  the  change  of  a  word  is  a  trope,  and  any 
affection  of  a  sentence  a  figure;  but  these  terms  are 
often  confounded.  Locke. 

15.  In  grammar,  any  deviation  from  the  rules  of 
analogy  or  syntax. 

16.  In  dancing,  the  several  elena  which  the  dancer 
makes  in  ortlei  and  cadence,  *Cv>n3idered  as  they 
furm  certain  figures  on  the  floor. 

£  ^IG'IjRE,  (fig'yur,)  r.  t.    To  form  or  mold  into  any 
determinate  shape. 

Aeeept  this  g&t>tet,  rough  with  fibred  gold,  Dryden. 

2.  To  show  by  corporeal  resemblance,  as  in  picture 
or  statuary. 


FIL 

3.  To  make  a  drawing  of;  as,  to  figure  a  plant,  a 
shell,  A:c.     {^Used  chiffiy  in  the  natural  sciences.] 

4.  To  cover  or  adorn  with  figures  or  images ;  to 
mark  with  figures  ;  to  form  figures  in  by  art ;  as,  to 
figure  velvet  or  muslin. 

5.  To  diversify ;  to  variegate  with  adventitious 
forms  of  matter. 

6.  To  represent  by  a  typical  or  figurative  resem- 
blance. 

Hooker. 


The  matter  of  the  sacnmenta  figureth  their  end. 

7.  To  imagine  ;  to  image  in  the  mind.      Temple. 

8.  To  prefigure  ;  to  foreshow.  S/iak. 

9.  To  form  figiirativeiy ;  lo  use  in  a  sense  not 
literal  ;  as,  figured  expressions.     [Little  used.] 

10.  To  note  by  characters.  [Locke. 

As  through  a  crysUJ  gloss  the  figured  hours  are  seen.    Dryden. 

11.  In  mv^ic,io  pass  several  notes  for  one  ;  to  form 
runnings  or  variations.  Encyc. 

FIG'URE,  V.  i.  To  make  a  figure  ;  to  be  distinguished. 
The  envov  figured  at  the  court  of  St.  Cloud. 

FIG'URE-€aST'ER,    i  ru    A  pretender  to  astroIog\-. 

FIG'URE-FLIXG'KR,  !       [Obs.] 

FIG'LJRE-STo-\E,  ii.  A  name  of  the  agalmatolite, 
or  bildstein. 

FIG^IJR-£D,  (fig'yurd,)  pp.     Represented  by  resem- 
blance ;  adorned  with  figures ;   formed  into  a  de- 
terminate figure. 
2.  In  miisie,  free  and  florid. 

FIG'UR-£D,  a.    Adorned  with  figures. 

FIG'IT RE-HEAD,  jt.  The  figure,  statue,  or  bust,  on 
the  projecting  part  of  the  head  of  a  ship.    Brande. 

FIG'UR-I.VG,  n.     Act  of  making  figures. 

FIG'UR-IXG,  ppr.  Forming  into  determinate  shape  ; 
representing  by  types  or  resemblances  ;  adorning 
with  figures  ;  making  a  distinguished  appearance. 

FI-LA'CEOUS,  (fe-la'shus,)  a.     [L.  filum,  a  thread  ; 
Fr.  file ;  Sp.  hiU).] 
Composed  or  consisting  of  threads.  Bacon. 

FIL'A-CER,  ji.  [Norm,  fiUcer,  from  file,  a  thread  or 
file,  h.filum,  Sp.  kilo.] 

An  officer  in  the  English  Court  of  Common  Pleas, 
so  called  from  filing  the  wTits  on  which  he  makes 
process.  There  are  fourteen  of  them  in  their  several 
divisions  and  counties.  They  make  out  all  original 
processes,  real,  personal  and  mixed.  Harris. 

FIL'A-MENT,  ii.  [Fr.,  from  lu.filamenta,  threads,  from 
jdum.] 

A  thread  ;  a  fiber.  In  analomy  and  natural  history, 
a  fine  thread,  of  which  flesh,  ner\'e3,  skin,  plants, 
roots,  &c.,  and  also  some  minerals,  are  composed. 
So  the  spider's  web  is  composed  of  filaments.  The 
threadlike  part  of  the  stamens  of  ])lauts  is  called 
the  filament. 

FILr-A-MENT'OUS,  a.  Like  a  thread  ;  consisting  of 
fine  filaments. 

FIL'.\N-DER£,  n.  pi.  [Fr,  filandres,  from  filum,  a 
thread.] 

A  disease  in  hawks,  consisting  of  filaments  of 
conguiated  blood  ;  also,  small  worms  wrapt  in  a  thin 
skin  or  net,  near  ihe  reins  of  a  hawk.  Encyc. 

FIL'A-TO-RY,  n.    [from  L.  filum,  a  thread.] 
A  machine  which  forms  or  spins  threads. 

This  mano&^lory  has  three  j!!a[orte£,eji:h  of  640  reels,  nhJch 
are  moved  by  a  water-wheel,  and,  besides,  a  small/Uatory 
turned  by  men.  Too^te. 

FIL'A-T^RE,  iu  Literally,  a  drawing  out  into  threads  ; 
heIlC(^  t!ie  reeling  of  silk  from  cocoons. 

2.  A  reel  for  drawing  off  silk  from  cocoons,  or  an 
establishment  for  reeling. 

FIL'BERT,  n.  [h.  avellana,  with  which  the  first  s>-l- 
lable  corresponds  ;  jW,  veL] 

The  fruit  of  the  cultivated  Coryhts  or  hazel ;  an 
egg-shaped  nut,  containing  a  kernel,  that  has  a  mild, 
farinaceous,  oily  taste,  which  is  agreeable  to  the 
palate.  The  oil  is  said  to  be  little  inferior  to  the  oil 
of  almonds.  Encyc. 

FILCH,  V.  t.  [This  word,  like  pilfer,  is  probably 
from  the  root  affile  or  peel,  to  strip  or  rub  off.  But  I 
know  not  from  what  source  we  have  received  it. 
In  Sp.  pellizcar  is  to  pilfer,  asfilouter,  in  Freucli,  is  to 
pick  the  pocket.] 

To  steal  something  of  little  value  ;  to  pilfer ;  to 
steal ;  to  pillage;  to  take  wrongfully  from  another. 

Fain  would  ihey  filch  ilial  liille  food  ai^-ay.  Dryden. 

But  he  tiiatjf.'cAcs  from  me  my  good  uome, 

Rol^  me  of  that  which  not  enriched  him, 

And  makes  me  poor  indeed.  i'ftoA, 

FTLCH'£D,  (filcht,)  pp.     Stolen ;   taken  wrongfully 

from  another ;  pillaged  ;  pilfered. 
FILCH'ER,  ji.    A  thief;  one  who  is  guilty  of  petty 

theft. 
FILCH'ING,  ppr.      Stealing,    taking    from    another 

wrongfully;  pilfering. 
FILCH'ING-LY,  adv.    By  pilfering;    in  a  thievish 

manner. 
FILE,  n.     [Fr.  file,  a  row  ;  filet,  a  thread  ;  L.  filum  ; 

Sp.  kilo  ;  Port,  filii;  It.  fila,  filo  ;  Russ.  biel,  a  thread 

of  flax.    The  primary  sense  is  probably  to  draw  out 

or  extend,  or  to  twist.    W.fiUiaw,  to  twist.] 

1.  A  thread,  string,  or  line  ;  particularly,  a  line  or 

wire  on  which  papers  are  strung  in  due  order  for 

presf  rvation,  and  for  conveniently  finding  them  when 

wanted.    Documents  are  kept  on  file. 


FIL 

2.  The  whole  number  of  papers  strung  on  a  line 
or  wire  ;  as,  a  file  of  writs.  A  file  is  a  record  of 
court. 

3.  A  bundle  of  papers  tied  together,  with  the  title 
of  each  indorsed  ;  Mc  mode  of  arranging  and  keeping 
papers  being  changed,  wiViout  a  cltange  of  names. 

4.  A  roll,  list,  or  catalogue.  Shak.    Burke. 

5.  A  row  of  soldiers  ranged  one  behind  another, 
from  front  to  rear  ;  the  number  of  men  constituting 
the  depth  of  the  battalion  or  squadron. 

FILE,  V.  L  To  string  ;  lo  fasten,  as  papers,  on  a  line 
or  wire  for  preservation.  Decl;i*->r-;;nsandaflidavits 
must  be  filed.  An  original  wrii  may  be  filed  after 
judgment 

2.  To  arrange  or  insert  in  a  bundle,  as  papers,  in- 
dorsing the  title  on  each  paper.  This  is  now  the 
more  common  mode  of  filing  papers  in  private  and  public 
offices. 

3.  To  present  or  exhibit  officially,  or  for  trial ;  as, 
to  file  a  bill  in  chancer>'. 

FILE,  V.  i.    To  march  in  a  file  or  line,  as  soldiers,  not 

abreast,  but  one  after  another. 
FILE,  71.     [Sax.  feol ;  D.  vyl,-  G.  feile  j  Sw,  and  Dan. 

fil,  a  file ;  Russ,  pila,  a  saw ;  perhaps  connected  in 

origin  with  polish,  which  see.    Class  Bl,  No.  30,  33, 

33,  45.] 
An  instrument  used  in  smoothing  and  polishing 

metals,  formed  of  iron  or  steel,  and  cut  in  little 

furrows. 
FILE,  V.  t.     [Russ.  opUevayti,  and  spilivayu,  to  file.] 

1.  To  rub  and  smooth  "with  a  file  ;  to  polish. 

2.  To  cut  as  with  a  file ;  to  wear  off  or  away  by 
friction  ;  as,  to  file  off  a  tooth 

3.  [from  defile.]     To  foul  or  defile.     [JVot  zised.] 

Shak. 

FILE'-eUT'TER,  n.    A  maker  of  files.        Jilozon. 

FiL'ED,  (t"ild,)  pp.  Placed  on  a  line  or  wire  ;  placed 
in  a  bundle  and  indorsed ;  smoothed  or  polished 
with  a  file. 

FiLE'-FISH,  n.  A  name  given  to  certain  fishes  from 
their  skin  being  granulated  like  a  file.  They  ace  in- 
termediate between  the  bonj'  aud  cartilaginous  fish- 
es, and  constitute  the  genus  BalUtes.      Partington. 

FILE'-LeAD'ER,  n.  The  soldier  placed  in  the  front 
of  a  file.  Cxjc. 

FIL'E-MOT,  n.     [Fr.  feuille-mortc,  a  dead  leaf.] 

A  yellowish  brown  color ;  the  color  of  a  faded 
leaf.  Swift. 

FIL'ER,  n.  One  who  uses  a  file  in  smoothing  and 
poHsIiing. 

FIL'IAL,  (fil'yal,)  a.  [Fr.  filial ;  It.  filiale  ;  Sp.  filial ; 
from  L.  filius,  a  son,  filia,  a  daughter,  Sp.  iiijo,  Cop- 
tic falu.  Sans,  bala  or  brJi.  It  agrees  in  elements 
with  foal  and  ptillus.  The  Welsh  has  hUiaw  and  ep- 
piliaw,  to  bring  forth  ;  hil  and  eppil,  progeny.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  a  son  or  daughter;  becoming  a 
child  in  relation  to  his  parents.  Filial  love  is  such 
an  affection  as  a  child  naturally  bears  to  his  parents. 
Filial  duty  or  obedience  is  such  duty  or  obedience  as 
the  child  owes  to  his  parents. 

2.  Bearing  the  relation  of  a  son 

Spri^  of  like  leaf  erect  their  /iliai  beads.  Prior. 

FIL'IAL-LY,  adv.    In  a  filial  manner 
FIL-I-a'TIOX,  n.     [Fr.,  from  L,  filiiis,  a  son.] 

1,  The  relation  of  a  son  or  child  to  a  father  ;  cor- 
relative to  paternity.  Hale. 

9.  Adoption. 

3.  The  fixing  of  a  bastard  child  on  some  one  as 
its  father;  affiliation.  Smart. 

FIL-IC'I-FORxM,  (-is'e-form,)  a.    Fern-sliaped.  Smart. 

FIL'I-eOID,  a.     [filices  and  etSos.] 

In  botany,  tern -like  ;  having  the  form  of  ferns. 

FIL'I-COID,  n.     .V  plant  resembling  ferns.    Lindlcy. 

FIL'I-FOR.M,  a.     [L.  filum,  a  thread,  and  form.] 

Having  the  form  of  a  thread  or  filament;  slender 
and  of  equal  thickness  from  top  to  bottom  ;  as,  Xi.  fili- 
form style  or  peduncle.  Jilartyn. 

FIL'I-GRANE,  k,    [L.  filum,  a  thread,  and  granum, 
a  grain.] 
The  original  word  for  Filigree,  which  see. 

FIL'I-GREE,  n.  A  kind  of  enrichment  on  gold  and 
silver,  wrought  delicately  in  tiie  manner  of  little 
threads  or  grains,  or  of  both  intermixed.      Hebcrt. 

FIL'I-GREED,  a.  Ornamented  with  filigree.  For- 
merly SJHjlt  FiLIGRASED.  Taller. 

FiL'ING,  ppr.  Placing  on  a  string  or  wire,  or  in  a 
bundle  of  papers;  presenting  for  trial ;  marching  in 
a  file  ;  smoothing  with  a  file. 

FIL'L\GS,  n.  pi.  Fragments  or  particles  rubbed  off 
by  the  act  of  filing  ;  as,  filings  uf  iron. 

FILL,  V.  ^  [Sax.  fyUan,  gcfiUan  ;  D.  vullcn ;  G.fvllen  ; 
Sw.  fylla ;  Dan.  fylder,  lo  fill ;  Fr.  foiUcr,  to  full,  lo 
tread,  that  is,  to  press,  to  crowd  ;  foule,  a  crowd  ;  Gr. 
TTfjAvj,  TT.AAut ;  allied,  perhaps,  to  fold  nnd  felt;  Ir. 
fiUim;  Gr.  ztXwj;  jriA-ia),  to  stuff;  L.  pilus,  pileus. 
We  are  told  that  the  Gr.  -fXatt-,  to  approach,  signi- 
fied originally  to  thrust  or  drive,  L.  peJh,  and  con- 
tracted into  -Xaw,  it  is  rendered  lo  fill,  and  ttAchj  is 
full.  If  a  vowel  was  originally  used  between  t  and 
A,  in  these  words,  they  coincide  with  fill;  and  the 
L.  plco,  (for  pcleo,)  in  ;ill  its  compounds,  is  the  same 
word.  In  Russ.  pobici  is  full ;  polmru,  to  fill.  See 
Class  Bl,  No.  9,  11,  13,  lo,  22,  30,  45,  47.] 


Tune,  BJJLL,  ^NITE.  — AN"GEE,  VI"CI0US.  — e  as  K;  6  as  J;  S  as  Z;  CH  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


FIL 


FIN 


•  Fr,-"Th.  10  pn-M  ;  to  crowd  :  lo  stulT.    Hrncp, 

,„■'  ,  Ml  ihi>  ihinB  will  liolJ  uo  more  i 

n,  .  ,  ;i  lioiili,  n  vcsad. 

\^  .    «.lh  wjtcr;  ami  llifj  /^.W  llKm  U»  Ihc 

2.  To  ftore ;  lo  supply  wiUi  abundance. 

\>  fruitfuj,  *nJ  mvilupJy,  anj  .«a  Uic  wale™  In  the  ««■.  — 
ti«».  L 

I   To  c«Ui«  to  abound  ;  to  make  universally  prcv- 

Tbo  eaith  wm;IU«I  wllh  »lol<«0.  — Gen.  tI. 

4.  To  tatisfy ;  tu  content. 

WVixr  .houU  Wf  hAre  w  moeli  bresd  In  tl«  sriljeroeu  a»  U 
jtl  i.'  ^tTit  K  mulliliMk- 1  —  M*tt.  x». 

5.  To  s'lil ;  to  surfeit. 

Th'nf.  ULit  4re  iwerl  luid  fit  an!  m\,n  filling.  Bacon, 

fu  To  niiikc  plump;  as,  in  n  coffll  Kcason  Ihc  Rrain 
li  woll  fillrJ,  In  the  suminer  of  lSI(i,  llio  ilriesi  anJ 
culd»t  which  the  oldc-it  ni.in  rLincmbcreJ,  the  rye 
wai  HO  well  JiUcJ,  that  Uie  crtiin  protruded  hiyoiid 
the  hii^k,  and  a  i.hock  yielded  a  peck  morn  iliaii  in 
common  year^*.  . 

7.  To  presJ  and  dilate  on  all  sides,  or  to  llie  CJ- 
tnmilieH ;  as,  the  saili  were  fiitcd. 

8.  'I'o  «upply  Willi  liquor;  to  pour  into  ;  as,  to  fM 
a  elav  for  a  euost. 

a.  To  supply  with  an  incumbent ;  as,  to  .mi  an 
olfice  or  vacancy.  IlamiiUm 

10.  To  hold  ;  to  possess  and  perform  the  duties  of; 
to  olliciate  in,  as  an  incumbent ;  as,  a  king  ftlh  a 
throne  ;  the  president  fiUi  the  otlice  of  chief  magis- 
trate ;  the  speaker  of  the  house  fJU  tlie  chair. 

11.  In  "utnanjAip,  to  brace  the  yards,  so  that  the 
wind  will  act  upon  the  after  surface  of  the  sails. 

ToUm. 
n  fU  cut ;  to  extend  or  enlarge  to  the  desired 
/■j  jaitipito  make  full.  [limit. 

ll  (wurs  Ibe  ljU»  that^tlJ  u^  all  the  nunj.  Pope, 

But  in  this  and  many  other  ca-scs,  the  use  of  uf 
weaken!  the  force  of  the  phrase. 

a.  To  occupy  ;  to  fill.  Seek  to  fll  up  life  with 
miTul  cnipluymeiits. 

3.  To  fill ;  lo  occupy  the  whole  extent ;  as,  to  Jill 
up  a  civcn  space. 

4.  I'o  engage  or  employ  ;  as,  to  Jill  up  time. 

5.  To  complrle  ;  a^,  to  JiU  up  the  measure  of  sin. 
C  To  complete  ;  to  accomplish.  [.Malt,  .\.xiii. 
XiAfilvp  vtut  U  behlnj  oTUie  alUJcdoai  ofChrUt.  —  Col.  .. 

FILL,  r.  i.    To  fill  a  cup  or  glass  for  drinking  j  to 
pve  lo  drink. 

to  a.e  cup  vhkb  ihe  lulh  fitled,  fil  to  Iier  iloubte.  —  n*:v.  xviii. 

2,  To  prow  or  become  full.  Corn  Jills  well  in  a 
warm  se.'ison.    A  mill  pond  Jilts  during  the  night. 

3.  'i'o  glut  ;  to  satiate. 

To  Jilt  up:  to  grow  or  become  full.    The  channel 
of  the  river  JilLi  up  witii  sand  every  spring. 
Fll. I*,  n.     Fullness;  as  much  as  supplies  want;  as 
miirli  n.<  gives  complete  satisfaction.    Eat  and  drink 
'-    Take  your  ^// of  joy. 

tlixW  yield  her  irult,  and  } 0  aholl  eat  >'Our  Jilt,  aitd 
.  U^-rcin  ill  niety.  —  Lev.  xxv. 

III.  l.A(;REE.    Sec  Filichask. 

tll.r.F.  in:  CIUM'BRE,  (-shim'br,)  [Fr.]    A  cliain- 

l>«rr-maid. 
FlLl.'KD,  pp.    Made  full ;  supplied  with  abundance. 
FILL'RR,  n.    One  who  fills;  one  whose  employment 

li  to  fill  vessel). 

.r.  MX  di;;;en  to  four  j(II«r«,  CO  a«  to  keep  Ilie  ^.'er« 
>ji  tt  wort.  A/ora;ner. 

:.  TiKii  Which  fills  any  space.  Drtjilen, 

X  (>no  that  supplies  abundantly. 
FIL'LET,  «.    [Kr.  jUtt,  a  thread,  from  Jile,  L.  fUtim,} 
1    A  little  band  lo  tic  about  the  hair  of  the  head. 


A  beU  tel  walit,  a >;«  UniU  her  hair. 


Pope, 


4  The  fle.hy  part  of  the  tlligh ;  applied  to  veal  ; 
-     -   ".'•  t  of  veal. 

it  rolled  together  and  tied  round.       Swi/L 

I     irjuuaurt,  a  little  square  member  or  orna- 

1  in  divers  places,  but  generally  as  a  corona 

•  atiT  nii.ldinj  ;  called  also  tisUL     Also,  the 

.   i;;iluJinil  ridge  between  the  flutlngs  of  a 

i.r. .  I  III  column,  except  the  Doric. 

i.  In  keraldr^,  a  kind  of  orlc  or  botdure,  contain- 
ing only  the  third  or  fourth  [lart  of  the  hreadlh  of 
the  common  bordure.  ll  runs  quite  round  near  the 
tdte,  a«  a  lace  over  a  cloak.  £iici/c. 

tk  Amonj  paintcri  and  irUtri,  a  little  rule  or  rog- 
lel  of  leaf  gold,  ilrawn  over  certain  moldings,  or  on 
the  edg.s  of  traraes,  jianels,  tc,  especially  when 
pninttd  white,  by  way  of  enriclimi:nl.  Eneijc 

7.  Ill  tke  nMt^t,  the  loins  of  a  horse,  beginning  at 
Uie  place  where  the  hinder  part  of  the  saddle  rests. 
_,,  Kiicijc. 

FIL  LET,  r.  L    To  bind  with  a  fillet  or  little  band. 

•J.  To  adorn  with  an  a»traBal.    Kc  xixviii. 
FlL'Lfrr-ED,  pp.     Bound  w  ith  a  little  band. 
E!.'','.''.^.'^J'^'''  '■'"■•    "I'ldiiig  witJi   a  liiile  band  or 
FIL'LI-UEG.  a.     [Gael.  Jilleadh-br;,]  [QUei. 

A  little  plaid  ;  a  kilt  or  dress  re.-iching  nearly  to  tlie 
kncu,  worn  in  the  Highlands  of  Scotland. 


FILL'I.Vli.  ppr.    Making  full ;  supplying  abundantly  ; 

growing  full. 
FII.L'INO,!!.    Amakingfull;  supply. 

'J.  The  woof  "■  weavini7. 
Fll.'l.ll',  1-.  I.   [I'loliably  liuin  the  ro'il  ol  L.  ;     ..,  like 
pelt   W.Jil,     ^ee  Fill*.] 

'i'o  strike  with  the  nail  of  the  finger,  first  placed 
against  the  ball  of  the  tlivimb,  and  forced  from  that 
misilion  with  a  sudden  spring. 
FIL'I.IP,  )i.    A  jerk  of  the  finger  forced  suddenly 

from  the  thumb. 
FlL'Lir-INO.wjr.    Striking  with  llie  nail  or  end  of 

the  finger.  ,        ,    . 

FII.'LY,  n.    [W.  filawa,  Irom  Jil,  a  scud  ;  a  dart ;    co- 
inciding with  Fr.Jille,  h.  Jilia,  Eng. /uul,  a  shoot, 
issue.] 
I.  A  female  or  mare  colt ;  a  young  mare. 
9.  A  wanton  girl.  Bcaum. 

FIL.'II,  71.  [Sax.  /dm.  Uu.  W.  fijlliaw,  to  shade  or 
grow  over,  or  It.  ecferae,  a  vail,  a  film,  L.  velamen, 
or  from  L.  pctlis.] 

.\  thill  skin  ;  a  pellicle,  as  oil  the  eye.     In  plants, 
it  denotes  tile  thin  skin  which  separates  the  seeds  in 
pods. 
FlliM.  V.  U    To  cover  with  a  thin  skin  or  pellicle 

'  Sliali. 

FILJl'I-NESS,  ?i.    State  of  being  filmy. 
FILM'V,  a.    Composed  of  thin  membranes  or  pelli- 
cles. 

\i hose  filmy  conl  sliouM  bind  iJie  stru*jling  fly.        Dryden. 

FI'LoSE,  a.    In  zaologTi,  that  ends  in  a  thread-like 

process.  Brandc 

FIL'TER,  II.  [Fr.  fdtn,  fcutre  |  Sf  .,«(ro  ;  It.  fdtro  ; 
properly,  felt,  fulled  wool,  lana  coacta,  this  being 
used  for  straining  liquors.] 

.\  strainer  ;  a  piece  of  woolen  clotli,  paper,  or  other 
substance,  through  which  liquors  are  passed  for  defe- 
cation. A  filter  may  be  made  in  the  form  of  a  hol- 
low inverted  cone,  or  by  a  twist  of  tliread  or  yarn, 
being  wetted,  and  one  end  put  in  the  liquor,  and  the 
other  sulfered  lo  hang  out  below  the  surface  of  the 
liquor.    Porous  stone  is  often  used  as  a  jitter. 

FIL'TER,!!.  (.  To  purify  or  defecate  liquor,  by  pass- 
ing it  through  a  filter,  or  causing  it  to  pass  through 
a  porous  substance  that  retains  any  feculent  matter. 

FIL'TER,  V,  i.     To  percolate  ;  to  pass  through  a  filter. 

FIL'TER,  K.    See  Philter. 

FIL'TER-£D,  pp.  or  a.  Strained  ;  defecated  by  a  fil- 
ter. 

FIL'TER-ING,  7>j>r.    Straining;  defecating. 

FIL'TER-I.N'G,  ii.    Tile  act  of  passing  llirougll  a  filter. 

FILTH,  11.  [Sax.  fijWi,  from  Jul,  Jala,  foal/  D. 
vuilte.    See  I'oui.  and  Dekile.] 

1.  Dirt ;  any  foul  matter ;  any  thing  that  soils  or 
defiles ;  waste  matter ;  nastiness. 

2.  Corruption  ;  pollution  ;  any  thing  that  sullies  or 
defiles  the  moral  character. 

To  puiiTy  the  soul  iioiti  the  diou  aailjitlh  of  Gensual  delights. 

TUlolson. 

PILTH'I-LY,    adv.      In  a    filthy    manner  ;    foully ; 

grossly. 
FILTll'I-NESS,  71.    The  state  of  being  filthy. 

3.  Foulness;  dirtiness;  filth  ;  nastiness. 

Ca7T>'  furdi  Ihs  Jil'Jtincas  out  of  Uic  holy  place.  —  2  Cliron.  xsijt. 

3.  Corruption;  pollution  ;  defilement  by  sin ;  im- 
purity. 

Let  „%  cleanse  ourselves  from  all  JitOtincsi  of  die  tieali  and  spirit, 
pcrfccling  holinc^  in  Uie  fijar  of  God.  —  2  Cor.  vii. 

FILTII'Y,  a.    Dirty  ;  foul ;  unclean  ;  nasty. 

2.  Polluted ;  defiled  by  sinful  practices ;  morally 
impure. 

He  tliat  isJUllty,  hihimhejilijiy  still. —  Rev.  xxii. 

3.  Obtained  by  base  and  dislionest  means ;  as,JittJiy 
lucre.    Tit.  i. 

FI  L'TK.^TE,  V.  U  [Sp.  filtrar ;  It.  fiUrare ;  Fr.  JiltTcr. 
See  Fii.TEB.] 

To  filter  ;  to  defecate,  as  liquor,  by  straining  or  per- 
colation. 

FIL'TRaTE,  n.  The  liquid  which  has  been  passed 
through  a  filler. 

FIL-TRa'TION,  71.  The  act  or  process  of  filtering ; 
the  meclianical  separation  of  a  liquid  from  the  undis- 
solved particles  floating  in  it.  The  filtering  substance 
may  consist  of  any  porous  matter,  as  porous  earthen- 
ware, unsized  paper,  sand,  &;c.  Ure. 

FIiM'lJLE~HE.MP,  ji.  [fcinale-hcmp.]  Light  summer 
hemp,  Ihat  bears  no  seed.  Mortimir. 

FIM'liRl-ATE,  a.    [L.  ^77!iWa,  a  border  or  fringe.] 
In  botany,  fringed  ;  having  llie  margin  bordereil  by 
filiform  processes  thicker  than  hairs.  Lbullcij. 

F1M'BR|..:\TE,  v.  t.     To  hem  ;  to  fringe.         Fuller. 

FI.M'BRl-.vTED,  pp.     Hemmed  ;  fringed. 

FI.M'nRl..\-'ri-:D,  a.  in  heraldry,  ornamented  as  an 
ordinary,  with  a  narrow  border  or  hem  of  another 

^''''"'ifc.  Eueije. 

g'J'LRI-A-TIXG,n)r.     Hemming;  fringing. 

UN,  71.      [Sax. /im;    1).  uin;    Sw. /eiw  ;    Dan.  ./imic; 
pimm,  tir  peniia.     The  sense  is  probably  a  shoot 


t 


L.7 


"f  I' is  from  diminishing.    See  Fine.    Class  Bn.] 

The  fin  of  a  fish  consists  of  a  membrane  sup- 
P""'^'"  "jy  rays,  or  little  bony  or  cartilaginous  ossi- 
cles.    1  he  fins  of  fish  serve  lo  keep  their  bodies  uji- 


FIN 

right,  nnil  to  prevent  wavering  or  vacillation.     The 
fins,  L-.vcfpt  the  caudal,  do  not  assist  m   prugrcssivc 
lOfitiun,  the  tail  being  the   instrument  of  swnnritin;;. 
FIN.  V  L     To  carve  or  cut  up  aehnb 
FIN'A-BLK,  a.     [See  Fine.]     That  admits  a  fine. 
2.  Subject  to  a  fine  or  penalty  ;  as,  a  finable  person 
or  offense. 
FI'NAL,  rt.      [Fr.  and  Sp. /naZ;    Ij.Jinalis;   It.  finale. 
See  Fine.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  end  or  conclusion  ;  last ;  ul- 
timate ;  as,  the  final  issue  or  event  uf  things  ;  fauit 
hope ;  fjial  salvation. 

2.  Conclusive  ;  decisive  ;  ultimate;  as,a/Ha/ juilg- 
ment.  The  battle  of  Waterloo  was  final  lu  the 
power  of  lloiiapaite ;  it  brought  the  contest  to  a 
Jinal  issue. 

3.  Respecting  the  end  or  object  to  be  gained  ;  re- 
specting the  purpose  or  ultimate  end  in  view.  The 
efficient  cause  is  that  which  produces  the  event  or  ef- 
fect;  the  Jinal  cause  is  that  for  the  sake  of  which 
any  thing  is  done. 

FI-JVA'LK,  (fe-iia'ia,)  n.  [It.]    Tlie  last  note  or  end  of 

a  piece  of  music. 
2.  The  last  performance  in  any  act  of  an  opera,  or 

that  which  closes  a  concert ;  close  j  termination. 
FI-NAL'I-TY,  n.     Final  state.  Baxter. 

Fi'NAL-LY,  adv.    At  the  end   or  conclusion;  ulli- 

malelv  ;    lastly.      The  cause  is  expensive,  but  wo 

sliall  Jiitalhj  recover.    The  contest  was  long,  but  the 

Romans  finally  conquered. 
2.  ConipletL-ly  ;  beyond  recovery. 

The  enemy  was  Jinally  eKteniiiii:iied.  Daoiei. 

FI-NANCE',  (fe-nans',)  n.  [Fr.  and  Norm. /nawce; 
Ann.  financz^  fine,  subsidy.  Finance  is  from  ftne^  ill 
the  sense  of  a  sum  of  money  paid  by  the  subject  to 
the  king  fur  tlie  enjoyment  of  a  privilege  ;  a  feudal 
sense.  Hence,  finance  was  originally  revenue  arising 
from //(PA'.    See  Finc] 

Revenue ;  income  of  a  king  or  state.  Bacon. 

The  United  States,  near  the  close  of  the  revolu- 
tion, appointed  a  superintendent  of  finance. 
\It  is  more  gencrallii  used  in  the  plural.] 
FI-N.'\N'CE.'S,  71.  7)Z.  '  Revenue  ;    funds  in  the  public 
treasury,  or  accruing  to  it ;    public  resources  of  mon- 
ey.   The  finances  of  the  king  or  government  were  in 
a  low  condition.    The  finances  were  exhau^led. 
2.  The  income  or  resources  of  individuals. 
IBiit  the  word  is  most  propei-hj  applicable  to  ^uhlk 
recenvcA 
FI-NAN'CIAL,  ffe-nan'shal,)  a.    Pertaining  to  public 
revenue  ;  as,  financial  concerns  or  operations. 

Jliidersott. 
FI-NAX'CIAL-LY,  adv.  In  relation  to  finances  or  pub- 
lic revenue  ;  in  a  manner  to  produce  revenue. 

We  shoulJ  be  cireful  nut  to  consider  as  financialty  effective 
exports  all  Uie  goods  aud  prixluce  which  luve  been  KUt 
abroad.  Walsh. 

FIN-AN-CIkR',  (fin-an-seer',)  n.  [In  France,  a  re- 
ceiver or  farmer  of  the  public  revenues.] 

1.  An  officer  who  receives  and  manages  the  pub- 
lic revenues  ;  a  treasurer. 

2.  One  who  is  skilled  in  the  principles  or  system  of 
public  revenue  ;  one  who  understands  the  moiie  of 
raising  money  by  imposts,  excise,  or  ta.xes,  and  the 
economical  management  and  application  of  public 
money. 

3.  One  who  is  intrusted  with  the  collection  and 
management  of  the  revenues  of  a  corporation. 

4.  One  skilled  in  banking  operations. 
FI'NA-RY.     See  Finery.  Dtc(. 
FINCH,  n.    [Sax.  fine ;  G.  finic ;  D.  vink ;  It.  ptncione ; 

VV.  pincj  fine,  gay,  a  finch.] 

A  small  singing  bird.  But  finch  is  used  chiefly  in 
composition  :  as,  cliaffinch,  goldfinch.  These belongto 
the  genus  Fringilla,  fLinn.)  or  family  FringillidE. 
FIND,  u.  t.;j>ret.  and  pp.  Found.  [Sax.  findan ;  G. 
finden;  D.  ri/trfcn,  or  vijiicn;  Sw.finnai  \)iin.  finder. 
This  word  coincides  in  origin  with  the  L.  vcnio;  but 
in  sense  with  invciiio.  The  primary  sense  is,  to  come 
to,  to  rush,  to  fall  on,  to  meet,  to  set  on;  and  tlieSw. 
finna  is  rendered  not  only  by  i7ivenire,  but  liy  offcn- 
dcrr.  So  in  Sp.  venir,  to  come,  and  to  assault.  ll  is 
probable,  therefore,  that  find  and  fend  me  from  one 

root.    Ar.    '  Li  fauna,  to  come.    Class  Bn,  No.  21. 

See,  also.  No.  7.J  ,. 

1.  Litcralbj,  to  come  to  ;  to  meet ;  hence,  to  dis- 
cover by  the  eye  j  to  gain  first  sight  or  kiiowk-.lge  o 
something  lost ;  lo  recover  either  by  searching  lor  u 
or  by  accident. 

DoLl.  Bhc  not  lipht  a  wmlle,  and  sweep  the  lioiise,  and  j^ck 
dili-euUy,  tiil  she  find  i\.i  and  when  she  Imtli /ound  K- - 
Luke  XV. 

2.  To  meet;  todiscover  something  not  before  seen 
or  known. 

ilesaiih  tohhn,  We  have /ount/ the  Mcsaioh.  — JijI""- 

3.  To  obtain  by  seeking. 

Ask,  mid  it  »haU  l>e  given  you ;  seek,  aud  yc  sliidl  fi'>d.  —  Ma«- 


4.  To  meet  with. 

In  woods  and  forests  tliou  &n  found. 


Coaley. 


J^XTE^AR,  FALL,  WII.^T.-METE,  PKEY.-PrNE,  MAJWXE,  BIRD.- 


NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  W^OLF,  BOOK.- 


l.'i',' 


FIN 


FIN 


FIN 


5.  To  discover  or  know  by  experience. 

The  (omj  ajue  b  now  /ouriii  iiabitiblc.  Coaley. 

G.  To  reach  ;  to  attain  to  j  to  arrive  at. 

strait  i3  the  gnte,  and  narrow  is  lh(?  way,  wliicli  leadelh  to  hfe, 
and  lew  'iitTe  be  that/nrf  it Matt.  vii. 

7.  To  discover  by  study,  experiment,  or  trial.  Air 
and  water  are  found  to  be  compound  substances. 
Alchemists  long  attemi)ted  to  M''-  the  philosopher's 
stone,  but  it  is  not  yet  foimd, 

8.  To  gain  ;  to  have  ;  as,  lo  find  leisure  for  a  visit. 

9.  To  perceive  ;  to  observe  ;  to  learn.  I  found  his 
opinions  to  accortl  with  my  own. 

10.  lo  catch  ;  to  detect. 

When  fir^t  found  in  a  lie,  talk  to  him  of  it  as  .1  Strang,  mon- 
strous Uiiii^.  Lodtc. 

In  tliis  sense,  ;i"nii  is  usually  followed  by  out. 

11.  To  meet. 

In  ills  their  business  and  tlicir  ^[oTJJiiid,  COidty. 

12.  To  have  j  to  experience  ;  to  enjoy. 

Behold,  in  the  day  of  your  fastyeyl/id  pleasure Is.  Iviii. 

13.  To  select ;  to  choose  ;  to  designate. 

I  haTe /ounrf  David  my  serraot Ps.  Ixxxix. 

II.  To  discover  and  declare  the  truth  of  disputed 
facts  ;  to  come  to  a  conclusion,  and  decide  between 
pnrties,  as  a  jury  The  jurj'  fiml  a  verdict  for  the 
pl.ii.;*iff  or  defendant ;  thev  find  the  accused  to  he 
euilty. 

15.  To  determine  and  declare  by  verdict.  The 
jury  have/ound  a  large  sum  in  damages  for  the  pl.ain- 
tijf. 

16.  To  establish  or  pronounce  charges  alleged  to 
be  true.  The  grand  jury  have  found  a  bill  against 
the  accused,  or  they  find  a  true  bill. 

17.  To  supply ;  to  furnish.  Who  will  find  the 
money  or  provisions  for  this  expedition  ?  We  will 
find  ourselves  with  provisions  and  clotliinj.    Hence, 

18.  To  supply  with  provisions.  He  pays  the  la- 
borer a  dollar  a  day,  and  finds  him. 

19.  To  discover  or  gain  knowledge  of  by  touching 
or  by  sounding.  We  first  sounded,  and  found  bot- 
tom at  the  depth  of  ninety-five  fathoms  on  the  Sole 
bank.  jV".  fV. 

To  find  onc^s  self;  to  be  ;  to  fare  in  regard  to  e.ase 
or  pain,  health  or  sickness.  Pray,  sir,  how  tlo  ytiu 
find  yourself  Ihis  morning  ? 

To  fiml  in  ;  to  supply  ;  to  furnish  ;  to  provide.  Ho 
fndj  his  nephew  in  money,  victuals,  and  clothes. 

To  find  out;  to  invent;  to  discover  something  be- 
fore unknown. 

A  man  of  Tyre,  skillfiil  to  work  in  ffold—  and  10  ftnd  out  every 
device. — 2  Cbron.  ii. 

2.  To  unriddle;  to  solve  ;  as,  to/nii  oiK  the  mean- 
mg  of  a  parable  or  an  enigma. 

3.  To  discover ;  to  obtain  knowledge  of  what  is 
hidden  ;  as,  lo  find  out  a  secret. 

4.  To  understand  ;  to  comprehend. 

Canst  thotj  hy  searchinj jSnd  out  God  ?  —  Job  xi. 

5.  To  detect ;  to  discover  ;  to  bring  to  light ;  ,ts  to 
find  out  a  thief  or  a  theft ;  to  find  out  a  trick. 

To  find  fault  witli ;  to  blame  ;  to  censure. 
FIND'ER,  n.    One  who  meets  or  falls  on  any  thing  ; 
one  that  discovers  what  is  lost  or  is  unknown  ;  one 
who  discovers  by  searching,  or  by  accident. 

2.  In  astronomij,  a  smaller  telescope,  attached  to  a 
larger  telescope,  for  the  purpose  of  finding  an  object 
more  readily. 
FTND'-FAULT,  r.    A  censurer ;  a  civiler.       Shak. 
FIND-FAULT'ING,  a.    Apt  to  censure  ;  captious. 

irTMn;r>-^  «.  WIlModi. 

ri.^U'l.Nd,  ppr.    Discovering. 

FI.N'D'ING,  n.    Discovery  ;  the  act  of  discovering. 
2.  In  law,  the  return  of  a  jur>-  to  a  bill  ;  a  verdict. 

ilND'INGS,  n.  pi.  The  tools,  together  with  thread 
and  wax,  which  a  journeyman  shoemaker  is  to  fur- 

piKmi"  ''"  •""P'oym^'nt-  SmWi. 

*1M  UY,  a.     [tax./n<ii»,  heavy  ;  gefindig,  capacious  ; 
um.fyiidig,  strong,  emphatical,  nervous,  weighty, 
fromfijnd,  force,  energy,  emphasis,  strength;  prob- 
ably from  crowding,  tension,  stretching,  from  find.] 
Full ;  heavy  ;  or  firm,  solid,  substantial.     [Obs.] 

A  cold  May  and  a  windy, 

.'Makes  the  b«m  Ikt  and/njy.  Old  Pros.    Joniue. 

FINE,  a.  [Fr./n,  whence  finesse  ;  9p.  and  Port,  fmo, 
whence  fimia  ;  It.  fino,  whence  fintzza ;  Dan.  fiin  ; 
aw.  fin;  G.fcin:  D.  fyn ;  hence  lo  rrfinc.  The  Ir. 
aaajion;  and  the  W.  fain,  fcinrj,  signify  rising  to  a 

-  "t 
point,  as  a   cone.     Ar.     ,ii   afana,  to  diminish. 
Cla.ss  Bn,  No.  S9.] 

1.  .Small;  thin;  slender;  minute;  of  very  small 
Jiameter  ;  as,  a  fine  thread  ;  fine  silk  :  a  fine  hair. 

S  '5>''  "''"i^"'  sand,  fine  particles. 

2.  Subtile;  thin  ;  tenuous;  ,as,  fine  spirits  evapo- 
,  V^ •""'■'■  ""■dium  opposed  to  a  grosser.    Bacon. 

J.  1  hln  ;  keen  ;  smo„thly  sharp  ;  as,  the  fine  cdgo 
of  a  razor.  i  >      >        j  b 

4.  Alade  of  fine  threads  ;  not  coarse  :  as,  fine  linen 
or  cambric.  ' 

5.  Clear;  pure;  free  from  feculence  or  foreign 


matter;  as,  jfiie  gold  or  silver ;  wine  is  not  good  till 
fine. 

G.  Refined. 

Tliosc  things  were  too  fint  to  be  fortunate,  and  succeed  in  all 
1™"-=-  JSoeon. 

7.  Nice;  delicate;  perceiving  or  discerning  minute 
beauties  or  deformities  ;  as,  a  fine  taste ;  a>t:c  sense. 

8.  Subtle;  artful;  dextrous.     [See  Finesse.] 

Bacon. 

y.  Subtle  ;  sly  ;  fraudulent.  lluhbcrd's  Tale. 

10.  Elegant ;  beautiful  in  thought. 

To  call  the  trumpet  by  the  name  of  the  metal  wasjlne.    Dryden. 

11.  Very  handsome  ;  beautiful  with  dignity.  The 
lady  has  a  fine  person,  or  a  fine  face. 

12.  -Accomplished ;  elegant  in  manners.  He  was 
one  of  the  finest  gentlemen  of  his  age. 

13.  Accomplished  in  learning;  excellent;  as,  a 
fine  scholar. 

1-1.  Excellent ;  superior ;  brilliant  or  acute ;  as,  a 
man  of  fine  genius. 

15.  .\mialile ;  noble  ;  ingenuous ;  excellent ;  as,  a 
man  of  a  fine  mind. 

16.  Showy  ;  splendid  ;  elegant ;  as,  a  range  of  fine 
buildings  ;  a^iitt;  house  or  garden  ;  a.  fine  view. 

17.  Ironically,  worthy  of  contemptuous  notice  ; 
eminent  for  bad  qualities. 

That  same  knave,  FonI,  her  husband,  has  the  finest  mad  devil 
of  jealousy  in  him,  M^ister  Brook,  Uiat  ever  governed  frenzy. 

Shai. 

Fine  arts,  or  polite  arts,  are  the  arts  which  depend 
chiefly  on  the  labors  of  tile  mind  or  imagination,  and 
whose  object  is  pleasure;  as  poetry,  music,  painting, 
and  sculpture. 

The  uses  of  this  word  are  so  numerous  and  indef- 
inite, as  to  preclude  a  particular  definition  of  each. 
In  general,  j?«(r,  in  popular  language,  expresses  what- 
ever is  excellent,  showy,  or  magnificent. 
FINE,  11.  [This  word  is  the  basis  of  finance,  but  I 
have  not  found  it,  in  its  simple  form,  in  any  modern 
language,  except  the  English.  Junius  savs  that  Jfin, 
in  Ciinbric,  is  a  mulct,  andiSiiio,  to  fine.  '  The  word 
seems  to  be  the  L.  finis,  and  the  application  of  it  to 
pecuniary  compensation  seems  to  have  proceeded 
from  its  feudal  use,  in  tho  transfer  of  lands,  in  which 
a  final  agreement  or  concord  was  made  between  the 
lord  and  his  vassal.  See  njD  fanaJu  Class  Bn,  No. 
23.]  ' 

1.  In  a  feudal  sense,  a  final  agreement  between  per- 
sons concerning  lands  or  rents,  or  between  the  lord 
and  his  vassal,  prescribing  the  conditions  on  which 
the  latter  should  hold  his  lands.  Spebnan. 

2.  A  sum  of  money  paid  to  the  lord  by  his  tenant, 
for  permission  to  alienate  or  transfer  his  lands  to 
another.  This,  in  England,  was  exacted  only  from 
the  king's  tenants  in  capite.  Blackstone. 

3.  A  sum  of  money  paid  by  way  of  penalty  for  an 
offense  ;  a  mulct ;  a  pecuniary  punisliinent.  Fines 
are  usually  prescribed  by  statute,  for  the  several  vio- 
lations of  law;  or  the  limit  is  prescribed,  beyond 
which  the  judge  cannot  impose  a^ne  for  a  particular 
offense. 

In  fine.     [Fr.  cnfin  ;  L.  in  and  finis.]     In  the  end 
or  conclusion  ;  to  conclude  ;  to  sum  up  all. 
FINK,  ti.  J.     [See  Pine,  the  adjectivej     To  clarify ; 
to  refine  ;  to  purify  ;  to  defecate  ;  to  free  from  fecu- 
lence or  foreign  matter;  as,  to  fine  wine. 

[  Tills  is  the  most  general  use  of  this  word.] 

2.  To  purify,  as  a  metal ;  as,  to  fine  go\A  or  silver. 
In  this  sense,  we  now  generally  use  refine;  but  fine 
is  proper.     Job  xxviii.     Proo.  xvii. 

3.  To  make  less  coarse ;  as,  to  fine  grass.  [JVbt 
''^''■''■l  Mortimer. 

4.  To  decorate  ;  to  adorn.     [JVat  in  use]      Shak. 
FI.\E,  V.  t.    [See   Fine,  the  noun.]    To  impose  on 

one  a  pecuniary  penalty,  for  an  offense  or  breach  of 
law  ;  to  set  a  fine  on  by  judgint  nt  of  a  court ;  to  pun- 
ish by  fine.    The  trespassers  were  fined  ten  dollars, 
and  imprisoned  a  month. 
2.  7'.  i.  To  pay  a  fine.     [J\'wt  iised.]  Oldham. 

FLN'-ED,  (find,)p;;.    Refined;  purified;  defecated. 
2.  Subjected  to  a  pecuniary  penalty. 

FINE'DUAW,  V.  t.     [fine  and  draw.]     To  sew  up  a 
rent  with  so  much  nicety  that  it  is  not  perceived. 

FINE'DRAW-EIl,  n.    One  who  finedraws.    [johnson. 

FINE'DRAW-ING,    71.      Rentering  ;   a  dextrous   or 
nice  sewing  up  the  rents  of  clotli  or  stuffs.        Encijc. 

FlNE'FL\"GEK-£D,  a.    Nice  in  workmanship ;  dex- 
trous at  fine  worlt.  Joltnson. 


FI-VE'-GRaIN-£D,  a.    Having  a  fine  grain. 
FINE'LESS,  a.    Endless  ;  boundless.     [JVot  used  \ 

Shak. 
FINE'LY,  adv.     In  minute  parts ;    as,  a  substance 
finely  pulverized. 

2.  To  a  thin  or  sharp  edge;  as,  an  instrument 
finely  sharpened. 

3.  Gayly  ;  handsomely  ;  beautifully  ;  w.lh  elegance 
and  taste.    .She  was  finely  attired. 

4.  With  elegance  or  beauty. 

Plutarch  says,  very  finely,  that  a  man  should  not  allow  himself 
to  hale  even  his  enemies  ;  for  if  yon  indul^  tliis  nassion  on 
some  occasions,  it  wiU  rise  ol  itself  in  others.        Addison. 

r,.  With  advantage  ;  very  favorably  ;  as,  a  house 
or  garden  finely  situated. 


6.  Nicely  ;  delicately  ;  as,  a  stuff  finely  wrotighu 

7.  Purely  ;  completely.  Clarcndmi. 

8.  By  way  of  irony,  wretchedly  ;  in  a  intiiiner  de- 
serving of  contemptuous  notice.  He  is  finely  caught 
in  his  own  sn.are. 

FINE'NESS,  n.     [Fr.  finesse ;  It.  finczia.] 

1.  Thinness;  smallness  ;  slen'derness  ;  as,  the  yinc- 
ness  of  a  thread  or  silk.    Hence, 

2.  Consisting  of  fine  threads ;  as,  fine  linen. 

3.  Smallness;  minuteness;  as,  theJinOTcjs  of  sand 
or  p.articles  ;  the  fineness  of  soil  or  mold. 

•!.  Clearness ;  purity :  freedom  from  foreign  mat- 
ter ;  as,  the  fineness  of  wine  or  other  liquor ;  i\\e  fine- 
ness of  gold. 

!j.  Niceness;  delicacy;  as,  the  ^"nciiMs  of  laste. 

6.  Keenness;  sharpness  ;  thinness  ;  as,  the >ic/ii»j 
of  an  edge. 

7.  Elegance  ;  beauty  ;  as,  fineness  of  person. 

8.  Capacity  for  delicate  or  refined  conceptions;  as, 
the  fineness  of  genius. 

9.  Show  ;  splendor  ;  gayety  of  appearance  ;  ele- 
gance ;  as,  the  fineness  of  clothes  or  dress. 

10.  Clearness  ;  as,  the  finenejis  of  complexion. 

11.  Subtilty;  artfulness;  ingenuity;  as,  the  fine- 
ness of  wit. 

19.  Smoothness.  Drat/ton. 

FIN'ER,  77.    One  who  refines  or  purifies.   Prov.  '.vxv.  4. 

2.  a.  Comparative  of  Fine. 

FIN'ER- Y,  71.    Show;  splendor:  g.avcty  of  colors  or 
appearance  ;  as,  the  finc7i/  of  a  dress. 

3.  Showy  articles  of  tiress ;  gay  clothes,  jewels, 
trinkets,  &,c. 

3.  In  iron  works,  a  furnace  where  cast  iron  is  con- 

verteil  into  malleable  iron.  Buchanan. 

FINE'-SPoK'-EN,  (-spiik'n,)  a.    Using  fine  phrases. 

Chesterfield. 
FiNE'SPUN,  a.     Drawn  to  a  fine  thread;   minute; 

subtile. 
FI-MEUSE',  (fe-ness',)  71.     [Vr.  finesse;    It.  finezza; 

Sp.  fineza ;  properly,  fineness.] 
Artifice ;    stratagem ;    subtilty  of   contrivance  to 

gain  a  point. 
Fl-NESSE',  V.  i.    To  use  artifice  or  stratagem. 
FI-NE8S'1NG,  ppr.    Practicing  artifice  to  accomplish  a 

purpose. 
FI-NESS'ING,  71.     The  practice  of  artifice. 
FINE'STILL,  V.  t.     To  distill  spirit  from  molasses, 

treacle,  or  some  preparation  of  saccharine  matter. 

Encye. 
FINE'STILL-EE,  77.      One   who  distills  spirit   from 

Jreacic  or  molasses.  Encye. 

FiNE'STILL-I-N'G,  71.      The    operation    of  distilling 

spirit  from  molasses  or  treacle.  Encye. 

FIN'-FISH,  71.     A  species  of  slender  whale. 
FIN'-FQOT-ED,  a.     Having  palmated  feet,  or  feet 

with  ities  connected  by  a  membrane.  Broien. 

FI-\"GER,  (fing'gtir,)  71.     [Sax.^io-cr,  from  fengan,  to 

take  or  seize  ;  G.  Sw.  and  Dan.  finger ;  D.  ringer. 

But  71  is  not  radical,  for  the  Goth,  is  figgrs.] 

1.  One  of  the  extreme  parts  of  the°hanti,  a  small 
member  shooting  to  a  point.  Tho  fingers  have  joints 
which  peculiarly  tit  them  to  be  instruments  of  catch- 
ing, seizing,  and  holding.  When  we  speak  of  the 
fingers  generally,  we  include  the  thumb  ;  as,  the  file 
fingers.  But  we  often  make  a  distinction.  'I'he  ^k- 
gers  and  thumb  consist  of  fifteen  bones  ;  three  lo 
each.  The  word  is  applied  to  some  other  animals 
as  well  .as  to  man. 

2.  A  certain  measure.  We  say,  a;i77^(rr',f  breadth, 
or  the  breadth  of  the  four  fingers,  or  of  the  three 

^77r'C7*S. 

3.  'I'he  hand.  IValler. 

Who  teacheUi  myfingen  to  light.  —  Ps.  cxliv. 

4.  The  finger  or  finders  of  Ood,  in  Scripture,  sig- 
nify his  power,  slreugth,  or  operation. 


5.  In  music,  ability;  skill  in  playing  on  a  keyed 

instrument.    She  1ms  a  good /iii-^cr.  Busby.       I, 

FIN"GER,  V.  t.    To  handle  with  the  fingers  ;  to  touch     I 

lightly  ;  to  toy.    The  covetous  man  delights  to  Jin-    1 

ger  money,  ''_ 

2.  To  touch  or  take  thievishly  ;  to  pilfer.    Soudi. 

3.  To  touch  an  instrument  of  music  ;  to  pl.ay  on 
an  instrument.  Shak. 

4.  To  perform  work  with  the  fingers ;  to  execute 
delicate  work. 

5.  To  handle  without  violence.  Bp.  Hall. 
FIN"GER,  V.  i.    To  dispose  the  fingers  aptly  in  play- 
ing on  an  iiistniment.                      "  Busby. 

FIN"GEIl-IioARD,  71.  The  board  at  the  neck  of  a 
violin,  guitar,  or  the  like,  where  the  fingers  act  ou 
the  strings.  fPood. 

FIN"GER;£D,  (fiug'gurd,)  pp.  Played  on  ;  handled  ; 
touched. 

9.  a.  Having  fingers.     In  botami,  digitate  ;  having 
leaflets  like  fingers. 

FIN"GER-FERN,  71.     A  plant,  .asplenium.  .Johnscm. 

FIN"GE11-GLaS.S,  77.  A  glass  containing  water  for 
dipping  the  fiiigei^  in  at  the  dinner-table. 

FIN"GKR-ING,  ppr.     Handling  i  touching  lightlv. 

F!N"GER-ING,  71.  Tlie  act  of  touching  ligliily  or 
handling.  Grcie. 


TONE,  BI;LL,  t;NITE.-AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.-e  as  K ;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SII ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


453 


FIN 


FIR 


FIR 


~  rxi.    ..onncrof  iwichinj  an  liuuuinonl  ofniu- 

i>  uik  made  wlOi  the  Bn«cr».      Sjioi'fr- 
!',  r..    A  pert  Willi  n  linger  puuiuns, 
:  m  to  llic  nmd. 

A  mannc  nholl  rcMmblins  a 
IM.  nf  Ai".  "'•"• 
,  \i:  n.    A  fossil  resembling  »n  arrow. 

'  JcSjuon. 

.VOLE...    Atrifl..    ['^'^lljYJ.tr... 
\C,0,m.    AplanlofthoBoniuPlwnia.    Tlio 

,  (clnil  iif  IxTT)-  or  iiliMii.     IM.    JU.  iMcye. 

ilowcr.  Hint  forms 

.  in  Gothic  arciii- 

;„i.  ii-  lUi-lf.  Elmrf. 

Mcf  ;  spruce  ;  foppisll ; 

,  ur  su|ktIIuou8  elegance  ; 

or  !<ho\vv  ;  as,  a  finical  dress. 
U'ltJi  great  nicety  or  sprucc- 

Extr«mo  nicety  in  drc.<s  or 
,  ,^  tVarburUm. 

in  trifles  ;  Idly  busy.    Smitrl. 

Fi.xi,  the  verb.]  Clarifying; 
.    defecating ;   separating   from 

ItlT. 

,  M,  tlie  noun.]    Imposing  a  nne  or  pc- 
I'v.  .,  . 

I'lie  process  of  refining  or  punfying; 
ally  (V  the  clarifying  of  wines,  malt 

a  solution  of  gelatin,  used  for  clari- 

1,  II.    A  vcMcl  in  which  metals  are  re- 
rir,..l, 
n'MS,  «.    [L.1    An  end  ;  conclusion. 
n.N'lsil,  If.  t.    [Ann./iiifM:  Fr./nir;  L.Jinio,  from 
>..u,  an  end,  Ir.  /.i/>,  \V .  .rtn      Class  Dn,  No.  23.] 

1.  To  arrive  at  the  cml  of,  in  performance  ;   to 
cii3ip!~i- ;  s',  lo  finiilt  a  house  ;  to  finiik  a  journey. 

T'-Ct. 

„tiUlj,f>di>i  noihlns.  Br<xmt. 

■1  end ;  to  end ;  lo  put  an  end  to. 

'.-nrinM  on  titr  pwpK  and  on  Uijr  hoiy 
i:u\x^:aMn,  aud  make  an  cntl  cf  iina.  — 

:!<•  •  omplish  :  to  polish  to  the  de- 

1.    In  Oiif  srnse  it  is  frc- 

plc  of  ilie  perfect  tense  as 

■V  'hed  perfonnance  ;  ho  is  a 

The  completion  of  a  work  of  art ;  that 
il  [^-rfeclton. 

I.  smooth  coat  of  plarter  on  a  wall. 

.hi,)  pp.      Completed  ;    ended  ; 

.  i  li.  I'uiii;'!  !-■ ;  perfect ;   polished  to  the  highest 

I      degree  of  eicellence ;  as,  a  jinvhed  poem  ;  a  finished 

:.  ».    One  who  finnncs;  one  who  com- 
mn.  Shak. 

lio  puts  .in  end  to.  Hooker. 
I         J.  'jufj  who  completes  or  perfects. 

\  I  I  ■■w,  the  author  ajrf  Jinufur  of  our  faith.  —  Ueb.  lii. 

'  ' ^'   '•  '*:;;,  ppr.  or  a.     Cumplctingj  perfecting; 
in  end. 


;,  n.     Completion ;  completeness  ;  pcr- 
■  l  pnlish  ;  finish.  IVarburton. 

[I-  jbiititj,  from  finioy  to  finish,  from 

'  ■  '  .  limited  ;  bounded  ;  opposed  to  in- 

imbcr  ;  finiu  cxi.-.lcnce  ;  applied  to 

■  fmile  b'jing,  finite  duration. 

WilJiin  limiLi ;  to  a  certain  degree 

Stillingftect, 

.    Limitation  ;  confinement  within 

.....Li.i-s;  as,  the  jimi£nej4  of  our  natural 

'V^n,    Limitation.     [-VoE  used.]    CJteipte, 
f- -    '-.]    Dcslitute  of  fins ;  as,  Jin- 
Suik. 
:.ng  a  fin  3  as,  a  fin-like  oar. 

Dnjdett. 

\  native  of  Finland,  in  Europe. 

Having  broad  edges  on  either  side  ;  ap- 
-Vjrfimer. 
\  sort  of  pigeon,  with  a  crest  some- 
;  the  mane  of  a  horse. 

DicL  of  -Vat.  iruL 
Fiimiihcd  with  fins  j  as,  finny  fish  ;  fin- 
^nf  prey.  Dryden.     Pope. 

' '   •■      [It  finocehio.] 
f  nnel. 
1.    [9p.]     Second  best  wool  from 

I"  Garflner. 

.  r>,  ».    A  river-fish,  r.illed  the  rudtL 

Chambers. 
■''^. '^.    [/n  and  toe]    Palmiped  ;  palmaled  ; 


■    having  toes  connected  by  a  membrane,  as  aquatic 
n'oRD',..    [SW.]    An  inlet  from  the  sea  ;a^bay. 
PI'O  RIX    n.    A  species  of  creeping  bent-grass,  once 
"pUli  «  b^rgreat  value  for  green  wm^-fod- 

'^""h^:^3'i:-alJ;nf^Smentofm„^^[;^. 

ban.-!f"^iS«e:  The  Dutch  call  il  sparre-boom,  spar- 

"tiIo  name  of  several  "V^f  f'Xriunb'^f'^^ 
allied  lo  the  pines,  and  valued  for  their  timber,  as, 
S  snoleh  fi'r,  thJ  silver  fir,  spruce  fir  l,e.i|^o  k  fi 

"l^'Z:  bT;.tr  au.i-opti';.  p.m,tliosun;  New 
Guin-e^,/e^  The  ru.lical  sense  of  fire  is  usua  ^,  to 
n"h,  to4ge,  to  be  violeii.ly  apitafid  ;  and  .1  t!,i^  is 
the  sense  of  yi«,  it  coincides  ""^^i;:,/.":^/^", 
be  from  shining  or  consuming.    »ee  Cl.iss  lir,  i\o.  _, 

^'?.' l?it  and  light  emanating  visibly  perceptibly, 
and  simultaneously,  from  any  ^otiy  ;C^l";i- ;  the  "^^^ 
known  cause  of  the  sensation  of  heat  and  0/ tni-  ff- 
rrocession  of  the  hniiiocencous  particles  of  bodies 
fron  one  anotbcr,  producing  e.-cp,-„ision  and  thus 
cnar^no  all  their  'linieii.iuns  ;  one  of  the  causes 
of  S'etism,  as  evinced  by  Dr.  Hare's  -j_^™otor. 

In  Ike  popular  acceptation  of  iJic  word  fire  is  the  ef- 
fect of  combustion.  The  combustible  body  ignited, 
mheated  to  redness,  we  call>e ;  and  when  asceiid- 
h  "  in  a"tream  or  body,  we  call  it  fame.  A  piece  of 
charo.al  in  combustion,  is  of  a  red  color,  and  very 
ho?  In 'this  state  it  is'said  to  be  on  fire,  or  to  con- 
tain fire.  When  combustion  ceases,  it  .oses  its  rea- 
nJss  and  exueme  heat,  and  we  say,  the  fire  is  ex- 

""" ''The  burning  of  fuel  on  a  hearth,  or  in  any  oth- 
er place.  VVc  kindle  a  fire  in  the  luorning,  an.1  at 
night  we  take  up  the  fire.  Anthracite  will  maintain 
Er'e  during  the  night. 

3  The  burning  of  a  house  or  town  ;  a  conflagra- 
tion. Newbur>'port  and  Savasnah  iiave  suffered  im- 
mense losses  by  fire.  The  great  Jirc  r.i  Boston,  in 
1711,  consumed  a  large  part  of  the  town. 

4.  Light  i  luster ;  splendor. 
Stin,  hide  ytio!  fires  I  Shci. 

5.  Torture  by  burning.  ''""T' 

6.  The  instrument  of  punishment,  or  the  punisll- 
meilt  of  the  impendent  in  another  state. 

\na  iimons  ns  Jlialldvi-dl  -.riUl  lIic  aerouiitij/ri!?  — I..  iJtsiii. 

7.  That  which  inliamcs  or  irritates  the  passions. 

Wiint  fire  is  itv  my  cars  ?  Shal: 

8.  Ardor  of  temper ;  violence  of  passion. 

He  iadfire  in  his  tcml>?r.  Atlerbury. 

9.  Liveliness  of  imagination ;  vigor  of  fancy  ;  in- 
tellectual activity  ;  animation  ;  force  of  sentiment  or 
expression. 

.4nd  wirm  tlic  critic  with  a  poel's/re.  Pope. 

10.  The  passion  of  love ;  ardent  affection. 

Tlic  god  of  love  retires  ; 
Dim  are  hia  toitlics,  ond  extinct  his^fi.  Pope. 

1 1.  Ardor ;  heat ;  as,  the  fire  of  zeal  or  of  love. 

12.  Combustion  ;  tumult ;  rage ;  contention. 

13.  Trouble ;  affliction. 

When  thou  walkeat  throus'-i  ^^  fi^'  ^°"  ^-'^'^  "°'  ^  ^^rox.  — 
IB.  xiiii 


To  set  on  fire ;  to  kindle ;  to  inflame  ;  to  cicitc  vi 
olent  action. 

St.  Aiiihony^s  fire ;  a  disease,  marked  by  an  erup- 
tion on  the  skin,  or  a  diffused  intl.imuiation,  with  fe- 
ver ;  the  crj'sipel.-is. 

Wild  fire ;  an  artificial  or  factitious  fire,  which 
burns  even  under  water.  It  is  made  by  a  composi- 
tion of  sulphur,  naphtha,  pitch,  gum,  and  bitumen. 
It  is  called  also  Qrcck  fire.  E.icifc. 

FIRE,  1-.  t.    To  set  on  fire ;  to  kindle  ;  as,  to  fire  a 
house  or  chimney  j  to  fire  a  pile.  X)r};dcn. 

2.  To  inflame  ;  to  irritate  the  passions  ;  as,  to  fire 
with  anger  or  revenge. 

3.  To  animate  ;  to  t'iv"  life  or  spirit ;  as,  to^rc  the 
genius. 

4.  To  drive  by  fire.     [Uttlc  used.]  SliaJc. 

5.  To  cause  to  explode  ;  to  dischurijc ;  as.  lo  fire  a 
musket  or  cannon. 

5.  To  cauterize  J  a  term  in  farriery. 

FIRE,  V.  i.    To  take  fire  ;  to  be  kind'ed. 

2.  To  be  irritated  or  inflamed  with  passion. 

3.  To  discharge  artillery  or  hre-arms.  They  fired 
on  the  town. 

FIRE'-ARMS,  71.  pi.  Arms  or  weapons  which  expel 
their  charge  by  the  cnmlmstion  of  powder,  as  pistols, 
nuiskfcLs,  &.C. 

FIRK'-AR-UoW,  71.  .\  small  iron  dart,  furnished  with 
a  match  impregnated  with  powder  and  sulphur,  used 
to  fire  the  sails  of  ships.  Enc7jc. 


FIKE'-BALL,  71.  A  grenade  ;  a  ball  filled  with  powder 
or  othef'combustibles,  intended  to  be  thrown  among 
enemies,  and  to  injure  liy  explosion. 

2.  A  meteor  which  passes  rapidly  through  the  air 
and  displodes. 
FIKE'-BaKE,  71.    In  old  Tertters,  a  beacon.  Lye. 

FIRE'-I!AR-UEL,  11.  A  hollow  cylinder,  filled  with 
various  kinds  of  combustibles,  used  in  fire-ships,  to 
convev  the  fire  to  tlie  shrouds.  Encjc. 

FIRE'-iiAV-IN,  71.  A  bundle  of  brush-wood,  used  in 
fircshius.  ^  ^■""J<^. 

FIRE'-IJL.KST,  71.    A  disease  of  plants  and  trees,  in 

which  they  appear  as  if  burnt  by  fire.  Cijc. 

FIRE'-BoARD,  71.    A  chimney-board,  used  to  close  a 

fireplace  in  summer.  ,  ,    ,  ,  ■  , 

FIUE'-nOTE,  71.    An  allowance  of  fuel,  to  which  a 

tenant  is  entitled.  ,  ,  ,    „    ».^(«„rf. 

FIRE'BRAND,  n.    A  piece  of  wood  kindled  or  on  fire. 

2.  An  incendi.ar>' ;  one  who  inliaines  factions,  or 

causes  contention  and  miscliief.  Bacmi. 

I  FIRE'-BRICK,  71.    A  brick  that  will  sustain  intense 

heat  without  fusion.  ,.    .      ., 

FiRE'-BRUSH,  71.  A  brush  used  to  sweep  the  heartli. 

btcift. 
FIRE'-BUCK-ET,  71.    A  bucket  to  convey  water  to 

engines  for  extinguishing  fire. 
FIRE'-CLAD,  a.     Clad  with  fire.  Wordstoit^Ji. 

FIRE'-CLaY,  71.    A  kind  of  clay  that  will  sr.MVa  m- 

teiiso  heat,  used  in  in,aking  fire-briclrs.  Ci" 

•FIRE'-COCIC,  71.  A  cock  or  spout  to  let  out  ivater  for 
extinguishing  fire.  , 

FiRE'-€O.M'PA-NY,  (-kum'p.i-ny,)  71.    A  company  of 

men  lor  managing  an  engine  to  extinguish  fires. 
FIRE'-CROSS,  71.    Something  used  in  Scotland  as  a 
signal  to  take  arms;  the  enils  being  burnt  black, .and 
in  some  parts  smeared  with  blood.  Jomisan. 

FIR'JSD,  pp.    Set  on  fire  ;  inflamed  ;  kindled  ;  anima- 
ted ;  irritated. 
FIRE'-DAMP,  11.    The  explosive  carbureted  hydrogen 

of  coal-mines.     [See  Damp.]  Ore. 

FIRE'-DRaKE,  71.    A  fiery  serpent. 

a.  An  ignis  fatuus.  Bcaiim. 

FiRE'-E.\T'ER,  77.     One  who  pretends  to  eat  hre. 
Ht;nc6 
o.  A'cant  term  for  a  fighting  character,  or  duelist. 
FIRE'-EN'<5INE,  71.    .411  engine  for  throwing  water 

to  extinguish  fire  and  save  buildings. 
FIRE'-ES'-esPE',  71.    A  machine  for  escaping  Irom 

tlie  upper  part  of  a  building  when  on  fire.        Uyc 
FIRE'-E^-A'D,  (-Ide,)  a.    Having  a  fieiy  eye. 
FIR  K'  -FL SIR,  71.    A  species  of  ray-fiah  or  Raia. 
FIRE'-FL'S,  II.    A  name  commonly  given  to  winged, 
luminous  insects ;  particularly  to  the  Elaler  Tiiiciilii- 
cus,  of  South  America,  whicli  emits  a  brilliant  light 
from  a  round,  glossy,  vellow  spot  on  each  side  ol  the 
thorax,  and  from  other  pans  of  the  body.  Partmglon. 
FIRE'-GUaRD,  71.    A  flamework  of  iron  wue,  lo  bo 

placed  in  front  of  a  fireplace. 
FIRE'-HOOK,  71.     A  large  hook  for  pulliug  down 

buildings 'in  conflagr.ations. 
FIRE'-I'feO.XS,  (-I'urnz,)  71.  pi.    The  irons  belonging 

to  a  fireplace,  as  the  shovel,  tongs,  poker,  Szc. 
FIRE'LOCK,  71.  A  musket,  or  other  gun,  Willi  a  locK, 
which  is  discharged  by  striking  fire  witli  Mint  ana 

FIRE'MAN,  77.  A  man  whose  business  is  to  e-xtuiguisli 
fires  in  towns,  &:c.  .       . 

=>.  A  man  who  tends  the  fires  of  a  steam-engine,  «c 

FIRE'-JIAS'TER,  71.  .\n  oflicer  of  ■.irliUery,  who  su- 
perintends the  composition  of  fireworlis. 

FIRE'-NEVV,  f-nu,)  a.    Fresh  from  Uie  forge  ;  bright. 

jjddtson. 

FIRE'-OF'FICE,  (-oPfis,)  71.  An  office  for  making  in- 
surance against  fire. 

FIRE'-OR'DE-AL.     See  Ordeai-  . 

FIRE'-P-IN,  71.    A  pan  for  holding  or  conveying  nre. 

FIRE'PLaCE,  71.  The  part  of  a  chimney  appropriated 
to  the  fire  ;  a  hearth.  . 

FIRE'-PLUG,  77.  A  plug  for  drawing  water  Irom  a 
pipe  to  extingnisli  fire. 

FIRE'-POT,  7,.  A  small  earthen  pot  filled  with  com- 
bustibles, used  in  military  operp.t.ons. 

FIRE'-PROOF,  a.    Proof  cgainst  fire  ;  inctjinbusliBie. 

FIRE'-aUE.\CH-IN&,  a.    Extinguishing  hre.  K'm- 

FIR'ER,  71.    One  who  sets  fire  to  any  thing  i  an  inceu- 

FIRFZ-'SHIP,  71.  A  vessel  filled  with  combustibles, 
..nd  furnished  with  grappling-irons,  to  hook  and  s" 
fire  to  an  enemy's  ships.  „fi„<[m- 

FIRE'-SllOV'iJL,  (-shuv'l,)  71.  A  shovel  or  instm 
ment  for  taking  up  or  removing  coals  tif  nre. 

FIRE'SIDE,  71.  A  place  near  the  fir.-  or  hearth ,  home , 
domestic  life  or  retirement.  j„m«=iic 

FIKE'SIDE,  a.    Belonging  to  the  fireside  "r^^™^"' 

FIRE'-STICK,  71.    A  lighted  stick  or  brand.  Digby. 
FIRE'-STONE,  71.     Iron  pyrites.     [Obs.] 

2.  A  kind  of  freestone  which  bears  a  high  oepte 

FIRE' WARD,  j  71.  An  officer  who  has  authority 
FlRE'VVARU'EN,  i  to  direct  others  m  the  txiin 
F^I^EI^  r  An  Americaru^lam^^fllf^i^ 


FATE,  FXR,  FALL,  1VHAT.  — METE,  rr^Y.-HNE,  ISLWUi-E,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.— 


454 


FIR 

t'jUus^  often  four  or  five  feet  high,  very  troublesome 
n  and  around  spots  where  brushwood  has  been 

I- irncd.  Farm.  Eiicyc. 

iiiE-\VIXG-£D,  a.    Having  fiery  wiugs.  Carlisle 

i .;  E'-WOOD,  71.    Wood  for  fuel. 
;-E'-^V6kK,  (-wurk,)   n.     Usually  m  the  plural, 

I'iBE-WOSKS. 

Preparations  of  jiunpowder,  sulphur,  and  other  in- 
rl^immable  materials,  used  for  making  explosions  in 
'.IS  air,  on  occasions  of  public  rejoicing  :  pyrotechni- 
.rJ  exhibitions.  This  word  is  applied  also  to  various 
mbustible  preparations  used  in  war. 
.  i;iE'-\VORK-ER,  n.  An  officer  of  artillery  subordi- 
■.  lie  to  the  fire-master. 

r.iE'-WOR-SUIP,  71.  The  worship  of  fire,  which 
r.-evailed  chietiy  in  Persia,  among  those  called  Ohc~ 
■  •  ■  r.^,  or  GiteifiT^-.  Enciic.  jim. 

Fti:E'-WOR-SHIP-ER,  n.    One  who  worships  fire. 
;  iK'LNG,  ppr.    Setting  fire  to  ;  kindling;  auiiuating; 

\citing;  inflaming;  discharging  fire-arms. 
.  iil'lXG,  n.     The  act  of  discharging  fire-arms. 

2.  The  application  of  fire,  or  of  a  cauter>'. 

3.  Fuel ;  fire-wood  or  coal.  Mortimer. 
liR'ING-I'KO.V,  (i'um,)  n.    An  instrument  used  in 

farrier}*  to  discuss  swellings  and  knots.  Eneyc 

FIRK,  (furk,)  r.  t.    To  beat ;  to  whip  j  to  chastise. 

fj\t'r  vsetl.']  Hudihras. 

FIU'KLN,  aur'kin,)  n.  [The  first  syllable  is  probably 
the  Dan.  j».  -.  D.  vicr^  four,  and  the  latter  as  in  Kil- 
derkin.] 

A  measu*"^  of  capacity,  being  the  fourth  part  of  a 
barrel.  It  is  n.,;;e  gallons  of  beer,  or  eight  gallons  of 
ale,  soap,  or  herrings,  in  America^  the  firkin  is  rare- 
ly used,  except  for  butter  or  lard,  and  signifies  a  small 
vessel  or  cask,  of  indeterminate  size,  or  of  difl^erent 
sizes,  regulated  by  the  statutes  of  the  different  States. 
FiR'LOT.  n.  A  dr>'  measure  used  in  Scotland.  The 
Liniiiiigow  wheat  firlot  is  to  the  imperial  bushel  as 
'.-JS  to  1000  ;  the  Linlithgow  barley  firlot  is  to  the  im- 
Kirial  bushel  as  14ot>  to  1000.  JlcCaUoelu 

.  :IM,  (furm,)  0.  [L-firmus;  Ft.  fervit ;  Sp.  Jirme ;  It. 
-mo ;  \V.  ftjrv.  Tliis  Welsh  word  may  be  from  the 
i>atin.  The  root  of  the  word  is  probably  Celtic  ;  W. 
/jr,  hard,  solid  ;/yr,  a  solid  ifer-i^  to  ctmcrete  or  con- 
gtfiJ,  to  fix,  to  freeze.  This  is  the  root  of  L.  ferrumy 
iron.] 

1.  Probably,  fixed  ;  hence,  applied  to  thu  matter  of 
budies,  it  signifies  closely  compressed;  compact; 
.'jird  ;  solid  ;  as,  firm  tlesh  ;  firm  muscles ;  some  spe- 
L.i.-ri  of  wood  are  more  firm  than  others  j  a  cloth  of 

^Irm  tcrxture. 

2.  Fjxed  ;  steady;  constant;  stable;  unshaken; 
not  easily  moved  ;  as,  a  firm  believer;  a  firm  friend  ; 
.1  firm  adherent  or  supporter  ;  a  firm  man,  or  a  man 

(firm  resolution. 

3.  Solid;  not  giving  way;  opposed  to  fiuiti;  as, 
^ri7i  land. 

i  HIM,  (furm,)  ti.  A  partnership  or  house  ;  or  the  name 
or  title  under  which  a  company  transact  business ;  as, 
the  firm  of  Hope  &.  Co. 

FIRM,  (furm,)  r.  L     lL.firmo.] 

To  fix  ;  to  settle ;  to  confirm ;  to  establish. 

And  Jove  toAfirrTicd  it  with  an  awful  nod.  Dryrlen, 

[Thif  Word  is  rarely  lucdj  except  in  poetry.     In  prose 
we  use  Co5FiR>i.] 
FIR3I'.\-ME.\T,  (furm'a-ment,)  n.    [L.  firmameiUum, 
from  firmus^  firmo.] 

The  region  of  the  air ;  the  sky  or  heavens.  In 
Sertpture,  the  word  denotes  an  expanse,  a  wide  ex- 
tent; for  such  is  the  signification  of  the  Hebrew 
word,  coinciding  with  reirio,  re^rion^  and  reach.  The 
original,  therefore,  does  not  convey  the  sense  of  so- 
lidity, but  of  stretching,  extension';  the  great  arch  or 
expanse  over  our  heads,  in  which  are  placed  the  at- 
mosphere and  the  clouds,  and  in  which  the  stars  ap- 
pear to  be  placed,  and  are  really  seen. 

And  GoJ  said,  Let  there  be  a  firmaTJienl  in  the  midst  of  the 
wstera,  and  let  it  diviite  the  waters  Crom  ibe  watcn.  —  Geo. 
i.6. 

And  God  said.  Let  there  be  ]i5hts  in  rhefirmamenL  —  Gen,  1,  14. 

FIR^f-A-MEiVT'AL,  a.  Peruining  to  tiie  firmament ; 
celestial  ;  being  of  the  uppsr  regions.  Dryden. 

FIR'MAN,  n.  An  Asiatic  word,  denoting  a  decree  or 
grant  of  privileges.  A  firman  given  to  a  traveler  is  a 
kind  of  passpon  insuring  to  him  protection  and  as- 
sisunce.  p.  Cyc. 

[Oflai  pronounced  fir-maun'.] 

FIRMED,  (furmd,)  pp.    Established;  confirmed. 

FIRM'-FOOT-ED,  a.  Havmg  firm  feet;  standmg 
firmly. 

FIRM'IXG,  (furm'ing,)  ppr.  Senling:  making  firm 
and  stable. 

FIRM'I-TUDE,  (furm'i-tude,)  tu    Strength  ;  solidity. 

i^«'  w  tts(!.i  Bp.  Hull. 

FIRM'I-TY,  (forra'i-ty,)  n.    Strength ;  firmness.  [JVot 

'«<<'•]  ChdlinirwortJi. 

FIRM'LESS,  (farm'le33,)a.  Detached  from  substance. 

Does  p«A»on  MiU  xh:  firmUiM  mind  control  ?  Pope. 

FTRMXI-ER,  aAr.    More  firmly.  MUton. 

FIRM'LY,  Cfurm'iy,)  ado.     Solidly  ;  com^ctly  ;  close- 
ly, as,  particles  of  matt"r  firmly  cohering. 
2.  Steadily  ;  with  constancy  or  fixedness ;  immov- 


FIS 

ably;  steadfastly,  lie  firmly  believes  in  the  divine 
origin  of  the  Scriptures.  His  resolution  is  firmly  fixed. 
He  firmly  adheres  to  liis  party. 
FIRil'NESS,  (furm'uess,)  n.  '  Closeness  or  denseness 
of  texture  or  structure  ;  compactness;  hardness;  so- 
lidity ;  as,  the  firmn^s  of  wood,  stone,  cloth,  or  other 
substance. 

2.  Stability;  strength;  as,  the  jjnnne5s  of  a  union, 
or  of  a  confederacy. 

3.  Steadfastness;  constancy;  fixedness;  as,  the 
firmness  of  a  purpose  or  resolution  ;  tlie  firmjie^s  of  a 
man,  or  of  his  courage  ;  firmness  of  mind  or  soul. 

4.  Certainty;  soundness;  as,  the  firmness  of  no- 
tions or  opinions. 

FIRST,  (furst,)  a.  [Sax.  first,  or  fyrst,  Sw.  fUrste, 
Dan.  forste,  first ;  G.  furst,  D.  vorst,  Dan.  fyrstc,  a 
prince,  that  is,first  man.  It  is  the  superlative  offirre, 
fyr,  before,  advanced,  that  \s,  forest,  fyrest^UoinS^x. 
faran,  to  go,  or  a  root  of  the  same  family.  See  Fake 
and  For.] 

1.  Advanced  before  or  further  than  any  other  in 
progression  ;  foremost  in  place;  as,  the  ,^r5(  man  in 
a  marching  company  or  troop  is  the  man  that  precedes 
all  the  rest.    Hence, 

2.  Preceding  all  others  in  the  order  of  time.  Adam 
was  the  first  man.  Cain  was  the  first  murderer. 
Monday  was  the  ^r^^  day  of  January. 

3.  Preceding  all  others  in  numbers  or  a  progressive 
series  ;  the  ordinal  of  one  ;  as,  1  is  the  first  number. 

4.  Preceding  all  others  in  rank,  dignity,  or  excel- 
lence. Demosthenes  w;ls  the  first  orator  of  Greece. 
Burke  was  one  of  the  first  geniuses  of  his  age.  Give 
God  the  first  place  in  your  affections. 

FIRST,  (furst,)  adv  Before  any  thing  else  in  the  order 
of  lime. 

Adam  -was first  formed,  then  Eve.  —  1  Tim.  ti. 

2.  Before  all  others  in  place  or  progression.  Let 
the  officers  enter  the  gate  firsL 

3.  Before  any  thing  else  in  order  of  proceeding  or 
consideration.  First,  let  us  attend  to  the  examina- 
tion of  the  witnesses. 

4.  Before  all  others  in  rank.  He  stands  or  ranks 
first  in  public  estimation. 

At  first;  at  Hie  first ;  at  the  beginning  or  origin. 
First  or  last;  at  one  time  or  another  ;  at  the  begin- 
ning or  end. 

And  all  are  foola  and  lovers ^s(  or  last.  Dryden. 

FIRST-BE-GOT',  >  a.     First  produced  ;  the  eld- 

FIRST-BE-GOT'T£X,  \      est  of  children.     J/i/ton. 
FIRST'-BORX,  a.     First  brought  forth  ;  first  in  the 

order  of  nativity  ;  eldest ;  as,  the  first-born  sun. 
9.  -Most  excellent ;  most  distinguished  or  exalted. 

Christ  is  called  the  first-born  of  every  creature.  Col.  i. 
FIRST'-BORN,  tu     The  eldest  child  ;  the  first  in  the 

order  of  birth. 
The  first-born  of  the  poor  are  the  most  wretched. 

Is.  xiv. 
The  firstrbom  of  death  is  the  most  terrible  death. 

Job  xviii. 
FIRST-CRE-aT'ED,  a.    Created  before  anv  other. 
FiRST'-FLoOR,  ti.     In  England,  the  floor*  or  tier  of 

apartments  next  above  the  ground-tloor,  called,  in 

America,  the  second  story. 
FIRST'-FRrIT,n..4.       )  The  fruit  or  produce    first 
FIRST'-FRuITS,  n.  pi.  \      matured  and  collected  in 

any  season.    Of  these  the  Jews  made  an  oblation  to 

God,  as  an  acknowledgment  of  his  sovereign  do- 
minion. 

2.  The  first  profits  of  any  thing.  In  tlie  church  of 
England,  the  profits  of  every  spiritual  benefice  for  the 
first  year.  Encyc. 

3.  The  first  or  earliest  effect  of  any  thing,  in  a 
good  or  bad  sense  ;  as,  the  first-fruits  of  grace  in  the 
heart,  or  the  first-fruitJi  of  vice. 

FIRST'UNG,  a.    First  produced;  as,  firstling  males. 

Drut.  XV. 
FJRST'LFNG,  it.    The  first  produce  or  offspring  ;  ap- 
plied to  beasts ;  as,  the  fir.'itlings  of  cattle. 

2.  Tlie  thing  first  thought  or  done.     [JVo2  ■used,'} 

The  very  firttUn^s  of  my  li;art  shall  be 

Tine  fir  sUings  of  iny  hand.  SItak. 

FiRST-LY,  mlv.    Improperly  used  instead  of  firsL 

FIRST-MOVER,  n.  The  original  propelling  power, 
whether  natural  or  artificial. 

FIRST'-RaTE,  a.     Of  the  highest  excellence;  pre- 
eminent ;  as,  a  first-^ate  scholar  or  painter. 
2.  Being  of  the  largest  size  ;  as,  a  first-^ate  ship. 

FIRTH,  (furth,)  n.  A  narrow  passage  of  the  sea. 
[See  Feith.] 

FIS€,  n.  \lj.fiscus;  Fr.  fisc;  Sp.  fisco ;  It,  id.  Fiscus, 
ciiCTKoj,  signifies  a  basket  or  hanaper,  probably  from 
the  twigs  which  composed  the  first  baskets,  Eng. 
whisk.  The  word  coincides  in  elements  with  basket, 
and  L.  fascia,  twigs  being  the  primitive  bands.] 

The  treasury  of  a  prince  or  state ;  hence,  to  confis- 
cate is  to  take  the  goods  of  a  criminal  and  appropriate 
them  to  the  public  treasury. 

FlSe'AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  public  treasury  or  rev- 
enue. 

Thi  Jieeat  arruigementa  of  government.  Uamilton. 

FISe'AL,  n.   Revenue;  the  income  of  a  prince  or  stale. 
2.  A  treasurer.  Swinbnrne, 


FIS 

3.  In  Spain  and  Portugal,  the  king's  soUcitor  ;  an- 
swering to  an  attorney-general. 

4.  In  Spain,  an  informer. 

FISH,  n.    [Sax  ,fisc;  D.  visch:  G.fisck;  Dan.  and  Sw. 

fisk  ;  Sp.  pez ;  It.  pesce ;  Fr.  poisson  :  verb,  pSchcr,  pes- 
cher  ;  Arm.  pesk ;  W.  pijsg ;  L.  piscis ;  Ir.  iasg.  This 
animal  may  be  named  from  its  rapid  motion.     In  W. 

fysg  is  hasty,  impetuous.] 

1.  An  animal  that  lives  in  water.  Fish  isa  gcner.'il 
name  for  a  class  of  animals  subsisting  in  water,"which 
were  distributed  by  Linn;Eus  into  six  orders.  They 
breathe  by  means  of  gills,  swim  by  the  aid  of  their  tail 
and  caudal  fins,  and  are  oviparous.  Some  of  them 
Iiave  the  skeleton  bony,  and  others  cartilaginous. 
Most  of  the  former  have  the  opening  of  the  gills  closed 
by  a  peculiar  covr;ring,  called  the  gill-lid ;  many  of  the 
latter  have  no  gill-lid,  and  are  hence  said  to  "breathe 
through  apertures.  Cetaceous  animals,  as  the  whale 
and  dolphin,  are,  in  popular  language,  called  fishes, 
and  have  been  so  classed  by  some  naturalists ;  but 
they  breathe  by  lungs,  and  are  viriparous,  like  quad- 
rupeds. The  term/.-iA  has  been  also  e.xtended  to  other 
atjualic  anuuals,  such  as  shellifcA,  lobsters,  &ic.  We 
use  fish,  in  tlie  singular,  for  fishes  in  general,  or  the 
whole  race. 

2.  The  flesh  offish,  used  as  food.  But  we  usually 
apply  fi^fi-  to  land  animals. 

3.  A  counter,  used  in  various  games. 

FISH,  V.  i  To  attempt  to  catch  fish  ;  to  be  employed 
in  taking  fish,  by  any  means,  as  by  angling  or  draw- 
ing nets. 

9.  To  attempt  or  seek  to  obtain  by  artifice,  or  in- 
directly to  seek  to  draw  forth  ;  as,  to  fish  for  compli- 
ments. 

FISH,  V.  t.  To  search  by  raking  or  sweeping  ;  as,  to 
fish  the  Jakes  for  papers.  Siti/i. 

9.  In  seamanship,  to  strengthen,  as  a  mast  or  yard, 
with  a  piece  of  timber.  Mar.  Diet. 

3.  To  catch  ;  to  draw  out  or  up  ;  as,  to  fish  up  a 
human  body  when  sunk  ;  to  fish  an  anchor. 

FISH,  n.  In  ships,  a  machine  to  hoi^t  and  draw  up 
the  flukes  of  an  anchor,  upon  t!ie  gunwale.   Totten. 

2.  A  long  piece  of  limber,  which  bellies  out  in  the 
form  of  a  fish,und  is  used  to  strengthen  a  lower  mast 
or  a  yard  when  sprung  or  damaged.  Hence,  the 
terras  fish-beam,  fish-back,  fi.^k-bellial  rail,  are  applied 
to  a  beam  or  rail  which  bellies  out  on  the  under  side. 

Francis. 

FISH'-BASK-ET,  n.    A  basket  for  carrjing  fish. 

FISH'ER,  n.     One  who  is  em[)loyed  in  catching  fi?h 
2.  A  carnivorous  (piadruped  of  the  weasel  family  , 
the  pekan.  Encyc.  Am. 

FISH'ER-Bo.VT,  n.  A  boat  employed  in  catching 
fish. 

FISH'ER-JMAN,  n.  One  whose  occupation  is  to  catch 
fish. 

9.  A  ship  or  vessel  employed  in  the  business  of 
taking  fisli,  as  in  the  cod  and  whale  fishery. 

FISH'ER-TOWN,  n.  A  town  inhabited  by  fishermen. 

Careio. 

FISH'ER-Y,  n.    The  business  of  catching  fish. 

Addisim. 
9.  A  place  for  catching  fish  with  nets  or  hooks,  as 
the  banks  of  Newfoundland,  the  coast  of  England  or 
Scotland,  or  on  the  banks  of  rivers. 

FISH'F[JL,  a.  Abounding  with  fish ;  as,  a  fishful 
pond.  Careic. 

FISH'GIG, }  n.    An  instrument  used  for  striking  fish 

FIZ'GIG,  t  at  sea,  consisting  of  a  statT  with  barbed 
prongs,  and  a  line  fastened  just  above  the  prongs. 

.Mar.  DicL 

FISH'-GLOE,  n.  A  name  sometimes  given  to  isin- 
glass. BooVi. 

FISH'llOOK,  n.     A  hook  for  catching  fish. 

FISH'l-F^',  ^•.  t.     To  change  to  fish.     [Lotc.'\     Shak. 

FISH'IXG,  ppr.  Attempting  to  catch  fish  ;  seaiching; 
seeking  to  dnw  forth  by  artifice  or  indirectly ;  add- 
ing a  piece  of  timber  to  a  mast  or  spar  to  strenglli- 
en  it. 

2.  a.  Used  or  employed  in  fishery,  or  hy  fisher- 
men ;  as,  fishing  boat  ;  fishing  tackle ;  fishing  vU- 
lage. 

FISH'ING,  71.    The  art  or  practice  of  catching  fish. 
2.  A  fishery.  Spenser. 

FISH'IXG-FROG,  w.  A  voracious,  spinous-finned 
sea-fish,  having  a  very  large  head ;  also  called  the 
angler,  or  frog-fish.  It  belongs  to  the  genus  Lo- 
phius.  P.  Cyr^ 

FISH'ING-PLaCE,  n.  A  place  where  fishes  are 
caught  with  seines;  a  convenient  place  for  fishing; 
a  fisherj'. 

FISH'-KET'TLE,  n.  A  kettle  made  long  for  boiling 
fish  whole. 

FISH'-LilCE,  a.     Resembling  fish.  Shak. 

FISH'-MAR'KET,  n.  A  place  where  fish  are  exposed 
for  sale. 

FISH'-ISlEAl^,  K.  A  meal  of  fish  ;  diet  on  fish  ;  ab- 
stemious diet. 

FISH'-MON'^GER,  n.  A  seller  of  fish;  a  dealer  in 
fish. 

FISH'-POND,  n.  A  pond  in  which  fishes  are  bred 
and  kept. 

FISIl'-ROOM,  «.  An  apartment  in  a  ship,  between 
the  after-hold  and  the  spirit- room.  Mar.  Diet, 


TtJNE,  BVLL,  UNITE.  —  AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

455" 


FIX 


l.WU'-HP£.\B.  .u    A  .pe«  for  tak-g  M'  by  .tabbing 
KL    «.    A  broaJ  kiiifc,  commonly  of 
liiS  nil  full  111  InMo- 
>     A  wunnii  llial  cries  full  for  sale. 

A  woman  who  «cll«  fish. 

,.„., .:,.rfisli. 

ilio  ;L.*!(  nood.      Pop'- 
.1"  n»h;  like  fish  i  ""i  * 
-  -mfll. 
1    t„.j.l     Ti'  nin  abiiul.     Cotpn'rie. 
1,)  u.    (L..«jai/u,  fruin/MM,  divided, 

''''"  Ud,  in  the  direction 


rlSH'-WOM-AX, «. 

FWirv  ■-  1. 11-1-1 


3   Anv  filuirt  return  attcr  inlcrniission  ;  a  turn  ;  a 
ptriod  or  inlcrval.    He  moves  by  Jit^  and  starts. 

Bj  fit  loy  .>«llliie  Sn'J'  "PI"™-  -li/t/Kon- 

A  tcmpornry  aircction  or  attack  ;  as,  &fd  of  mel- 


Shale. 
»r  part  of 
Johnson. 


llul  may  b*'  »v] 
of  Uw  IfTuin,  or  of  i 

FI.»-SIL'I-TY,  ».    The  quality  of  being  cleavablc. 
FIS'SlOX,  (fi«h'un,)  «.    [U.  /jMio.] 

A  birakint  up  Into  |>arl3.  ,     .    _  :„  „, 

FI.-«--'ll"  \I1-I*M,  "•     A  uiudt  ol  reproduction,  in  ccr- 

tj,"n  onimab  and  vo;clabl.s,  uli.cll  break  sl""";'"^; 

,  •.  ml.i  miiiuli'  portions,  each  havms  a  ^Lparate 

..„rr  and  powlh.  «"/.'."•,    ■O""'!-, 

-11'  .VllOL:?,  1.    [[^JIjjuj,  from  findo,  to  cut, 

and  parxo.  lo  produce  j  . 

KcpriMlucing  by  spontaneous  subdivision  ;  an  epi- 

lh.-l  applied  lo  certain  animals  and  veeetablcs,  of  IIil 

r  iltders,  which  spontaneously  divide  inio  smal 

iK,  each  of  which  has  a  separate  existence  and 

.III  /io/rrt. 

1  1-  -I  I'ED,  a.    (L.  yU'iK,  divided,  and  ?«,  foot.] 

Ilaviii*  separate  tws. 
KlS'ril-rED,  «.    An  animal  whoso  Iocs  are  separate, 

or  not  connected  by  a  mciiibmne.  Brown. 

FIS'-SIUOS'TR.VL,  a.    [L.  /uji«,  cleft,  and  nslmm, 

^n'^cr^tkology,  having  a  bill  with  a  very  wide 
nDe  :  >  term  applied  to  swallows,  goatsuckers,  &,c. 
•  *^  '  SicaiiLSO'i- 

FIS'SIJRE,  (lih'yur,)  n.    [Fr.,  from  L.  JUsura,  from 
imda.  to  split.] 

■l  .\  cleft  ;  a  nanow  ch.isin  made  by  the  parting 
of  any  substance ;  a  longitudinal  oiiening ;  as,  the 
jLsMurt  of  a  rock.  . 

•i.  In  <«ri.fry,a  crack  or  slit  in  a  bonc,eillicr  trans- 
Tcncly  or    longitudinally,  by    means   of  external 

force. 

a.  In  motoiiir, a  deep, narrow  sulcus,  ordcprcssion, 
dividing  the  anterior  and  middle  lobes  of  the  ccrc- 
bruiii  on  each  side.  Coxc. 

FIS'iU'RE,  r.  t.    To  cleave;  lo  divide;  to  crack  or 

fractiin.-.  *^'f""?"j 

FIS'!J|;R-£D,     (fish'yurd,)    pp.      Cleft  ;    divided  ; 

cracked. 
FIST,  ■.    [!Nli.  fast :  I).  rui.<( ;  G.  faust ;  Russ.  piast  ; 
Robem.  bcjt    Uu.  is  it  from  llic  root  n( fasti] 

The  hand  closed  ;    lllc    hand  with  Iho     fingers 
doubled  into  the  palm. 
FIST,  r.  (.    To  -trikc  with  the  fisl.  Dryden. 

•3.  Tn  gripe  with  the  fist     [LiUlc  used.]        Shal:. 
'•'-'•♦■    :.   A  Word  used  collmiuially,  in  £rt^'/aa(/,  for 
:is,  Jutic  exploits  ;  fijtic  heroes. 
I  K3,  n.  pL    [fist  and  ci^f.]     Blows  or  a 
.    ..  .» .ih  the  fisl  1  a  boxing.  Saift 

;    -  ll-.NUT,  n.    A  pistachio  nul. 
I  ;~   rU-KA,  n.     [L. ;  Enp.  tchiitlc.] 

I.  Prapcrty,  a  pipe  ;  a  wind-instrument  of  music  ; 
0rigi»alli/y  a  reed. 
4  In  i«r;?pry,  a  deep,  narrow,  sinuous  ulcer. 
F\itula  UiMrytnalu  ;  a  fistula  of  the  lachrymal  sac, 
.1  disorder  accompanied  with  Uie  flowing  of  tears. 
Coze,    aitarp. 
'  '     '■'    '  Ml,  B.    Hollow,  like  a  pipe  or  reed. 

■  TE,  r.  L    To  become  a  pi|)e  or  fistula. 
'.  TE,  c.  L    To  make  hollow  like  a  pipe. 

'-) 
1  UANJ,  n.  pi.     [I.  fisf^a,  a  pipe.] 
'   of  cchiuMlermatous   animals,  having  an 
1 .  eyUndncal,  tube-like  bodv.         Braivlc. 
1  FORM,  o.    [Jtrfu/a  and /i>rm.]     Being  in 
>Mow  columns,  as  a  mineral. 

6UlA£tiie  ortcQ  cMun/ftu^/brm.  PltUlipt, 

IFISiTU-UJUS,  a.    Having  the  form  or  nature  of  a  fis- 
tula ;  as,  a  fijtutaiu  ulcer.  IViianan. 
a.  Hollow,  like  a  pipe  or  reed.  LimUeii. 
PIT,  «.    [an.  \V.  /£A,  a  gliding  or  d.arting  motion. 
'       Th-  Fr»-n*-h  express  the  sense  of  this  word  by  bou- 
'     \  the  pnmary  sense  of  which  is  to 
It.     It  seems  to  be  allied  lo  L.  pe- 
uitt ;  or  lo  Eiig.  pet,  and  primarily  I 
*  T-.i-ning  on  or  attack,  or  a  start.  Sec  Fix,  ] 

invuion,  exacerbation,  or  paroxysm  of  a 
We  apply  the  word  lo  the  return  of  an 
.T!'-r  intermission  ;  as,  a  cold  JiL    We  apply 
urit  nitack.or  lo  the  return  of  other  diseases ; 
-•'till  or  stone;  and,  in  general,  to  a 
:  rontiniud  ;  .-ls,  a  fit  of  sickness, 
i  and  violent  alL-iek  of  disorder,  in 
Wiii^ii  wie  i>.^y  is  ttften  convulsed,  and  sometimes 
•ensclcss ;  as,  a  .^  of  apoplexy,  or  epilepsy  ;  hyster- 
ic ;Ib. 


nncholy,  or  of  grief ;  a  >t  of  pleasure. 

5.  Disorder;  distcmperatuie. 

6.  [Sax.  fu,  a  song.)    Jliicicnthj,  a  soni 
a  song  ;  a  strain  ;  a  canto.  -''':,    „fH„„ 

7.  The  close  and  easy  setting  of  an  article  of  dress  , 
as,  the  coat  has  an  cxcellcnt./i'-        ,  , 

FIT  a.  rFlcmisll,  vMm !  G.  piBS,  fit,  and  a  pace; 
pa^,ca,U,  be  fit,  suitable,  right.  This  is  from  the 
root  of  Eng.  passi  I).  F«>  ''"'e,  season;  van  pas, 
fitting,  fit,  convenient;  Eng.  pat  i  Dan.  passer,  to 
be  fit  In  L.  compcto,  whence  compatiWc,  signines, 
properly,  to  meet  or  to  fall  on ;  hence,  to  suit,  or 
be  fit,  from  peto.  This  is  probably  tjic  same  word. 
The  primary  sense  is,  to  come  to,  to  fall  on  ;  hence, 
to  meet,  lo  extend  to,  to  be  close,  to  suit.  To  come, 
or  f,Ul.  is  the  primary  sense  of  time  or  season,  as  in 
the  Dutch.  See  Class  Bd,  No.  45, 154,  and  Class  Bz, 
No.  5'i,  53,  70.] 

1.  Suitable;  convenient;  meet;  becoming. 

lsit/inosayto.ikiiiff,  Thou  ftrt  wicked?  — Job  xxxiv. 
Wi/«,  submil  yoiirsdvcs  lo  your  liusUiods,  as  U  isjll,  10  oie 
ijord.  — Col.  iii. 

2.  Qualified ;  as,  men  of  valor /(  for  war. 

No  man  bavins  pol  bis  l"nj  10  Uie  plow,  and  lookiug  lack,  is 
/it  for  the  KuigJoin  of  Uod.  —  Luke  ix. 

(.    To  adapt ;  to  suit ;  to  make  suitable, 


FIT,  .    . 

The  c-\rpcnler— markclh  it  out  with  a  line;  he  fittth  il  with 
planes.  —  Is.  xliv. 

2.  To  accommodate  a  person  with  any  tiling ;  as, 
the  tailor /ts  llis  customer  with  a  coat.  The  original 
phrase  is,  he  fits  a  coat  to  his  customer.  But  the 
phrase  implies  also  furnishing,  providing  a  thing 
suitable  for  another. 

3.  To  prepare ;  to  put  in  order  for  ;  to  furnish  with 
things  proper  or  necessary  ;  as,  to  .fit  a  ship  for  a  long 
voyage.    Fit  yourself /«■  action  or  defense. 

4.  To  qualify  ;  to  prepare  ;  as,  to  Jit  a  student  for 
college. 

To  fit  out ;  to  furnish  ;  to  equip ;  to  supply  with 
necessaries  or  means  ;  as,  to  Jit  out  a  privateer. 

Tofitup;  to  prepare;  to  furnish  with  things  suit- 
able ;  to  make  proper  for  the  reception  or  use  of  any 
person  ;  as,  to  fit  up  a  house  for  a  guest. 
FIT,  V.  i.    To  be  pro[)er  or  becoming. 


Slittk. 


Nor  Jits  it  to  prolong  the  fcnsl.  Pope. 

9.  To  suit  or  he  suitable  ;  to  be  adapted.     His  coat 
fLi  very  well.     But  this  is  an  elliptical  phrase. 

riTCU,  n.    A  chick-pea.  . 

FITCH 'ET,  j  n.  A  polecat ;  a  foumart.    [W.  gatcyU 

FITCH'EW,  !       ur  ^wicijii.] 

FlT'F\}h,  a.    Varied  by  sutlden  impulses, 

I'TT'Ll-EU,  a.  or  niln.  'More  fit  or  fitly. 

FIT'LI-EST,  a.    Most  fit.  Coleridge. 

FIT'LV,  ado.     Suitably;    property;   with  propriety. 
A  maxim  fitly  applied. 
2.  Commodiotisly  ;  conveniently. 

FIT'MENT,  ji.    Something   adaiited    to   a    purpose. 
IjYot  used.]  Sliak. 

FIT'KESS,  n.     Suitableness  ;  adaptedncss  ;   adapta- 
tion ;  as,  Iheftness  of  tilings  to  their  use. 

2.  Propriety ;  meekness  ;  justness  ;  reasonableness; 
as,  the  Jttjiess  of  measures  or  laws. 

3.  Preparation  ;  qualification  ;  as,  a  student's  fit- 
ness for  college. 

4.  Convenience  ;  the  state  of  being  fit. 
PIT'T.\-liLE,  a.     Suitable.     [Obs.]  Sherwood. 
FIT'TED,  pp.    iMadc  suitable ;  adapted ;  prepaied  ; 

(jualified. 
FIT'TER, «.    One  who  makes  fit  or  suitable ;  one 

who  adapts  ;  one  who  prepares. 
FIT'TING,  ppr.    Making  suitable;  adapting;  prepar- 
ing ;  qualifying;  providing  with. 
2.  a.    Fit  or  appropriate. 
FIT'TIi\'G-LY,  ade.     Suitably.  More. 

FITZ  [l\otm.ftes,fw-.,  or  fiz,  a  son]  is  used  in  names, 

as  in  Fit-JiFrhert,  Fitzroy,  Carlovitz. 
FIVE,  a.    [Sax.  Jifi  D.  viif;  G.  filuf;  Sw.  and  Dan. 
fein:  W.  iium,pujirp;  Arm.  pemp.] 

Four  and  one  atlded  ;  the  half  of  ten ;  as,  fee 
men  ;  fvc  loaves.  Like  other  adjectives,  it  is  often 
used  as  a  noun. 

Mrs  of  Ihcm  were  wise,  and  Jiue  were  foolbh.  —  MaU.  xxt. 
FIVE'BXR,  I  a.    Having  five  bars ;  as,  a  .^oe- 

FIVK'B.\Il-RKD,  i       barred  gate. 
FIVE'-eLEFT,  a.     Ciuinqucfid;  divided  into  five  seg- 
ments. 
F1VE'-FIN"GER,  n.    A  species  of  cinquefoil. 
1  J1/(W5.  Rep. 

FIVE'-FIN"GER-£D,  a.  Having  five  fingers,  or  parts 

resembling  fingers. 
FIVE'FoLD,  a.    In  fives;  consisting  of  five  in  one; 

five-double  :  five  times  repeated. 
FIVE'-Lf;.-\F,  ji.     Cinquefoil.  Drayton. 

FIVE'-lA-.AF-KD,  (leelt,)  a.     Ilavingfive  leaves  ;  as, 

fiee-Uafcd  clover. 
FIVE'-Lr>l!-/-;l),  a.    Consisting  of  five  lobes. 
FIVE'-PaRT-BD,  0.    Divided  into  five  parts. 
FIVES,  n.    A  kind  of  play  with  a  ball  against  the  side 


of  a  building,  resembling  tennis  ;  so  named  because 

three  fiocs  ot  fifteen  are  counted  to  the  game.  Smart. 
FIVES,  j  n.     A   disease   of  horses,  reseinbling   the 
VIVES,  t       strangles.  F.,icijc. 

FIVE'-'I  OOTIl-ZiD,  (-tootht,)   a.     Having  five  teeth. 
FIVE'-VALV-i'D,  (I.     Ilavingfive  valves.     Botany. 
FIX,  V.  t.     [Fr.  .rticr;    Sp.  f~xari   It.  Jissarei  L.  Jims, 

fiao.    Class  Bg.] 
°I.  To  make  stable  ;  to  set  or  establish  immovably. 

The  universe  is  governed  by  Jized  laws. 

2.  To  set  or  place  pennanenlly  ;  to  establish.  The 
prince  fixed  his  residence  at  York.  The  seat  of  our 
government  iafiicd  at  Washington,  in  the  District  of 
Columbia.    Some  men  have  no  Jized  opinions. 

3.  To  make  fast ;  to  fasten  ;  to  allaeh  firmly  ;  as 
to  fiz  a  cord  or  line  to  a  hook. 

4.  To  set  or  place  steadily;  tn  direct,  as  the  eye, 
without  moving  it ;  to  fasten.  The  Rentleinan  Jized 
his  eyes  on  the  speaker,  and  addressed  hiin  with 
firmness.  . 

5.  To  set  or  direct  steadily,  without  wandering; 
as,  lo^i  the  attention.  The  |ireaclier  JiiM  the  atten- 
tion of  his  audience,  or  the  hearers >j;  their  altention 
on  the  preacher.  ,     ,    , 

C.  To  set  or  make  firm,  so  as  to  bear  a  high  ilegrce 
of  heat  without  evaporating ;  to  deprive  of  volatility. 
Gold,  diamonds,  silver,  platina,  arc  among  the  most 
fizedXmiMcs. 

7.  To  transfix  ;  to  pierce.     [lAtdeused.]    Sandys. 

8.  To  withhold  from  motion. 

9.  In  .America,  to  put  in  order  ,  to  prepare  ;  to  ad- 
just ;  to  set  or  place  in  the  manner  -lesired  or  most 
suitable  ;  as,  to  Jiz  clothes  or  dres.s  ,  to  Jiz  Ihe  furni- 
ture of  a  room.  This  use  is  analogous  lo  that  of  set, 
in  the  phrase  to  set  a  razor. 

[This  very  common  Americanism  lias  no  sanction 
in  English  usage.  Tliere  is  a  use  of  the  wordjii  as 
a  noun  for  "  predicament,"  as,  "  to  be  in  a  bad  fix," 
xvhich  should  be  avoided  as  a  gross  vulgarism — Ed.] 
FIX,  V.  i.  To  rest ;  to  settle  or  remain  permanently ; 
to  cease  from  wandering. 

Your  kindness  banishes  your  fear, 

Resolved  lo  Jix  forever  here.  ►>  o''<r. 

2.  To  become  firm,  so  as  to  resist  volatilization. 

3.  To  cease  to  flow  or  be  fluid  ;  to  congeal ;  to  be- 
come hard  and  malleable,  as  a  metallic  substance. 

Bacon. 
To  fix  on ;  to  settle  the  opinion  or  resolution  on 
anything;  to  determine  on.    The  contracting  par- 
lies have  Jized  on  certain  leading  points.    The  legis- 
lature Jized  oa  Wethersfield  as  the  place  fur  a  state 

FIX'a"bLE,  a.    That  may  be  fixed,  established,  or 

rendered  firm. 
FIX-A'TION,  II.    The  act  of  fixing. 

2.  Stability  ;  firmness  ;  steadiness  ;  a  state  of  be- 
ing established  ;  as,  fixation  in  matters  of  religion. 

"  yuiirr  Charles. 

3.  Residence  in  a  certain  place  ;  or  a  place  of  resi- 
dence.    [Little  used.] 

To  lishl,  created  in  the  first  day,  God  gave  no  cerLain  plaa  or 

;iiolion.  mutgn. 

4  Tiiat  firm  state  of  a  body  which  resists  evap- 
oration or  volatilization  by  heat;  as,  the  fizalion  ol 
gold  or  other  metals.  Bacon.    Encyc. 

5.  'I'he  act  or  process  of  ceasing  to  be  lliiid  aim 
becoming  firm  ;  state  of  being  fixed.         alarm  le. 
FIX'ED,  (fikst,)  pp.  or  a.    Settled  ;  established  ;  lirm  , 
fiv^t '  sttible 

'Fized  air ;  .an  invisible  and  permanently  elastic 
fluid,  heavier  than  common  air,  and  latal  to  animal 
life,  produced  from  the  combustion  of  carbonaceous 
bodies,  as  wood  or  charcoal,  and  by  artificial  pro- 
cesses ;  called  also  oerial  aeid,  cretaceous  acid,  anu 
more  generally  carbonic  acid. 

Fixed  bodies,  ?iK  those  which  can  not  he  volatilised 
or  seitirated  by  a  common  menstruum,  without  great 
difliculty,  as  gold,  platinum,  lime,  &c.        trancis. 

Fizcd  oils,  or  alkalies,  such  as  remain  m  a  permanent 
state,  and  are  not  readily  volatilized,  so  called  in  dis- 
tinction from  volatUe  oils,  or  alkalies. 

Fized  stars,  are  such  stars  as  always  retain  lie 
same  apparent  position  and  distance  wi  ii  respet  i" 
each  other,  and  are  thus  distinguished  Irom  planets 
and  comets,  which  are  revolving  bodies. 
FIX'ED-LY,  ado.  Firmly;  in  a  settled  or  estabhsHea 
manner ;  steadfastly.  .^hintv 

FIX'ED-NESS,  II.  A  state  of  being  fixed  ;  stability, 
firmness;  steadfastness;  as,  n  fixedness  in  religion, 
or  politics  ;  fixedness  of  opinion  on  any  subject. 

o   The  stateof  a  body  which  resists  evaporation 
or  volatilization  by  heat ;  as,  the  jizedncss  ol  go  d. 
3.  Finn  coherence  of  parts  ;  solidity.        BnitUy. 
FIX-ID'I-TY,  Ji.    Fixedness.     [JVot  vscd.]       Myie. 
Fl'x'ING,  ppr.     Settling;  estabfishing.  ...„,,, 

FIX'I-TY,  n.  Fixedness  ;  coherence  of  P^"^.' ,'  , ' 
property  of  bodies  by  which  they  resist  J^^^UJ-dio" 

FIX'TiaiE,  (fiksl'yur,)  n.  That  which  is  fixed  or  at- 
tached to  soimtliing  as  a  permanent  aPPe''^"?'-.'  ,'^' 

the  fizturcs  of  a  pump;  ""'J';'""-"."f '' ^"."h  e 
fi^mres  of  a  dwelling,  i.  e.,  the  articles  « hich  the 
'tenant  cannot  legally  take  away 


,vhen  he  removes 


FATE,  F/R,  FAU.,  WH.*T.-MeTE,  PKEY.-Pi\E,  MARINTl,  BIRD.  — J^OTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  U^OLF,  BQQK.  - 


450 


FLA 

to  another  house.  This  is  a  modern  word,  tliough 
frequently  substituted  for  Fixure  in  new  editions  of 
old  works.  Sn'MrL 

FIX'l;RE,  71.     Position  J    stable  pressure;    lirmness. 

[Little  used.]  ShaJ:. 

FIZ'GIG,  H.    A  fishgii; ;  which  see. 
*2,  A  gadding,  flirting  girl. 

3.  A  firework,  made  of  powder  roUeJ  up  in  a 
paper, 

FI7Z  ) 

FIZZLE    \  ^'  '■    '^^  niake  a  hissing  sound. 

FLAB'BI-LY,  adv.     In  a  flabby  manner. 

FLAB'Bt-NESS,  n.  [See  Flaebv.]  A  soft,  flexible 
state  of  a  substance,  which  renders  it  easily  movable, 
and  yielding  to  pressure. 

FLAB'BY,  a.  [W  Ittb,  a  soil,  lank,  !inib:;r  state; 
Uihin,  flaccid,  lank  ;  Uipa,  flaccid,  lank,  jlappinir  ; 
llip&Uy  to  become  flabby,  to  droop ;  Hipanic,  to  make 
fflib  or  smooth.  Fiabby^  Jlap^  and  glib^  appear  to  be 
from  the  same  root.] 

Soft;  yielding  to  the  touch,  and  easily  moved  or 
shaken ;  easily  bent  ;  hanging  loose  by  its  own 
weight;  as,.fla66v  flesh.  Sm/t. 

FLa'BEL,  n.     [h,'jlabdlujn.]     A  fan. 

FL.\-BEL'LATE,  a.    Having  the  form  of  a  fan. 

FLA-BEL'LI-F0RM,7i.  [h.fiabeUum,a  little  fan,  and 
form,] 

Havinglheform  of  a  fan  ;  fan-shaped,  irdchcsck. 

FLA€'CID,  irtak'sid,)  a,  [L.  flaccidus,  from  JUiccco,  to 
hang  down,  to /an-;  i^p.  fioxo  ;  Pon.froxo;  Ir.Jloc/t; 
W.  UaCj  and  Ua^r^  slack,  slucgish,  lax  ;  UaciaiCj  to 
slacken, to  relax,  to  droop;  i/ucti, slop,  nunl ;  UcijriaWy 
to  flag,  to  lag,  to  skulk;  //ci^it*,  rtagsing,  drooping, 
sluggish,  slow.  We  see  that^acc"/,^u4'-,  A-ladc,  slti^- 
trish^  slowy  and  /ai^,  are  all  of  this  family.  See  Class 
Lg,No.40,41,42;4X] 

Soft  and  weak  ;  limber;  lax  ;  drooping;  hanging 
down  by  its  own  weight ;  yielding  to  jiressnre  for 
want  of  firmness  and  stifl'ness ;  as,  a.Jlaccid  muscle  ; 
flaccid  flesh. 

FLAC'CID-LY.  adv.    In  a  flaccid  manner. 

FLAC'CID-NESS,  )  n.      Laxity;    limberness  ;     want 

FLAC-CID'I-TY,    i     of  firmness  or  stifljiess. 

FLACK'ER,  r.  t.    To  flutter  as  a  bird.     [Local.] 

Orosr. 

FLAG,  r.  i.  [W.  IhicHu^  or  llaciaw,  to  relax,  to  droop  ; 
//c/u,toflag;  lj.fiacf.Po;  Sp.Jiaijacar  ;  PoiLfraqucary 
to  flag;  Ir. /a;r,  weak.  [See  Flaccid.]  The  sense 
is,  primarily,  to  bend,  or  rather  to  recede,  to  latr.] 

1.  To  liang  loose  without  stifl'ness  ;  to  bend  down, 
as  flexible  bodies  ;  to  be  loose  and  yielding  ;  as,  the 
fiagging  sails.  Dnjdcn. 

2.  To  grow  spiritless  or  dejected ;  to  droop ;  to 
grow  languid  ;  as,  the  spirits  fiag. 

3.  To  grow  weak  J  to  lose  vigor ;  as,  the  strength 

4.  To  become  dull  or  languid. 

The  plcaaures  of  the  town  begin  loJJag.  Sni/t. 

FLAG,  V.  L  To  let  fall  into  feebleness  ;  to  snfler  to 
droop  ;  as,  to  fiag  the  wings.  Prwr. 

FLAG,  71-  \\V.lUc;  It.  //a^r,  a  broad,  flat  stone  ;  allied, 
perhaps,  to  lay.] 

A  flat  stone  used  for  paving,  or  a  pavement  of  flat 
stones. 

FLAG,  V.  U    To  lay  with  flat  stones. 

The  aides  :uid  floor  vrtn  iilijUigs^d  with  excellent  marble. 

Sandys. 

FLAG,  71.    [\V.  Uar,  a  blade.] 

An  aquatic  plant,  with  a  bladed  leaf,  probably  so 
called  from  its  bending  or  yielding  to  the  wind. 
FLAG,  71.      [G.fiarrrrc;    Tf.vlag^vlagge;    Dan.  flag  ; 
Sw.Jiagg;   allied,  probably,  to  the  preceding  word, 
in  the  sense  of  bending  or  spreading.] 

An  ensign  or  colors  ;  a  cloth  on  which  are  usually 
painted  or  wrought  certain  figures,  and  borne  on  a 
staff.  In  t'lc  army^  a  banner  by  which  one  regiment 
is  distinguished  from  another.  In  Vie  marine^  a  ban- 
ner or  standard  by  which  the  ships  of  one  nation  are 
distinguished  from  those  of  another,  or  by  which  an 
admiral  ia  distinguished  from  other  ships  of  his  squad- 
ron. In  the  British  navy,  an  admiral's  flag  is  dis- 
played at  the  main-top-gallant-mast-hoad,  a  vice- 
admiral's  at  the  fore-top-gallant-mast-head,  and  a 
rear  admiral's  at  the  mizzen-top-gallant-inast-head. 

To  strike  or  litwer  the  fiag^  is  to  pull  it  down  upon 
the  cap,  in  token  of  respect  or  submission.  To 
strike  the  flag,  in  an  engagement,  is  the  sign  of  sur- 
rendering. 

To  hang  out  the  white  flag,  is  to  ask  quarter  ;  or,  in 
some  cases,  to  manifest  a  friendly  design.  The  red 
flag,  ia  a  sign  of  defiance  or  battle. 

To  hang  the  flag  half  mast  highy  is  atoken  or  signal 
of  mourning. 

Flag-ojficcr ;  the  commander  of  a  squadron. 

Flag-ship  i  the  ship  which  bears  the  commanding 
officer  of  a  squadron,  and  in  which  his  flag  is  dis- 
played. 

Flagstaff;  the  staff  that  elevates  the  flag. 

Kncyc.     Mnr.  Diet. 
FLAG'EROOM,  n.    A  broom  for  sweeping  flags. 

^  Johnson. 
FLAG'STONE,  71.    A  flat  stone  for  pavement 


FLA 

I  FLAG'WOUM,  (-wurni,)  n.      A  worm  or  grub  found 
among  flags  and  sedge.  Walton. 

A  little  fluie  ;  a  small  wind-instrument  of  music. 

More. 

FLAC'EL-LANT,  n.  [L.  flagcllans,  from  flagello,  to 
flog.] 

One  who  whips  himself  in  religious  disciphne. 
The  Flagellants  were  a  fanatical  sect  which  arose  in 
Italy  A.  D.  1260,  who  maintained  that  flagellation 
was  of  equal  virtue  with  baptism  and  the  sacrament- 
They  walked  in  procession,  with  shoulders  bare,  and 
whipped  themselves  till  the  blood  ran  down  tJieir 
bodies,  to  obtain  the  mercy  of  God,  and  appease  his 
wrath  against  the  ^-ices  of  the  ago.  Encyc. 

FLA(";'EL-LA'i'E,  r.  t.    To  whip  ;  to  scourge. 

FLAG-EL-La'TION,  7(.  [L.  flagdlo,  to  beat  or  whip, 
10  flog,  itovn  flagclUun,^\\h\p,  scourge,  or  flail,  D. 
vlegcl,  G.flcgel,  Fr.  flfaiu     See  Flail  and  Flog.] 

A  beating  or  whipping ;  a  flogging  ;  the  discipline 
of  the  scourge.  Qarth. 

FLAG'EO-LET,  (flaj'o-let,)  n.  [Fr.  pigcolH,  from 
L.jZflliis,  by  corruption,  or  Gr  TrAayiavAos,  TrXayiog, 
oblique,  and  avXis,  a  flute.     Lunier.] 

A  small  wind-instrument  of  music,  with  a  mouth- 
piece at  one  end,  and  stops  like  the  old  English  flute, 
sometimes  spelled  flagclcL  P.  Cijc. 

FLAG'G£D,  (flagd,)  pp     Laid  with  flat  stones. 

FLAG'GI-NESS,  n.  Laxity  ;  limberness ;  want  of 
tension. 

FLAG'GIXG,  ppr.  ova.  Growing  weak  ;  drooping^ 
laving  with  fiat  stones. 

FLAG'GINO,  71.    The  act  of  laying  with  flagstones. 

2.  A  pavement  or  sidewalk  of  flagstones. 
FLAG'GY,  a.    Weak;  flexible;  limber;  not  stifll 

IXnjdcn. 

0.  Weak  in  taste  ;  insipid  ;  as,  a  flaggy  apple. 

3.  Abounding  with  flags,  the  plant.  [Bacon. 
FLA-G["TIOUS,  (fla-jish'us,)    n.       [L.   flagitium,   a 

scandalous    crinR^,    probably  from  the  root  of  fla- 
granL] 

1.  Deeply  criminal ;  grossly  wicked  ;  villainous  ; 
atrocious;  scandalous;  as,  a  flagitious  action  or 
crime.  South. 

2.  Guilty  of  enormous  crimes;  corrupt;  wicked  ; 
as,  a  flagitious  person.  Pope. 

3.  Marked  or  infected  with  scandalous  crimes  or 
vices  ;  as,  flagitious  times.  Pope. 

FLA-Gl'''TIOUS-LY,  adv.  With  extreme  wicked- 
ness. 

FLA-<5I"TI0U6-NES3, 71,  Extreme  wickedness  ;  vil- 
lainy. 

FLAO'CiV,  71.  [L.  lagcna  ;  Gr.  Xny  ni'o?  i  Ir.  clo.gun  ; 
Fr.  fl^cnn  ;  Sam.  Castel.  col.  3013.] 

A  vessel  with  a  narrow  mouth,  used  for  holding 
and  conveying  liquors. 

Slay  me  with  flagons,  comforl  me  v/iUi  apples  ;  for  I  am  sick 
rt-ith  love.  —  Cant.  L. 

FLa'GRANCE,  71.    Notoriousness;  glaring  offense. 

Bp.  HalL 
FLa'GRAN-CY,  n.    [See  Flagrant.]      A  burning; 
great  heat ;  inflammation.     [  Obs.] 

Ltist  caused!  njlagraucy  in  the  eyes.  Bacon. 

2.  Excess ;    enormity  ;    as,    the    flagraiicy    of  a 
crime. 
FLa'GRANT,  a.      [L.  flagrans,  from  flagro,  to  burn, 
Gr.  '{iXiyo),  0Xcyo<o.     In  D.  fla/clccren  is  to  blaze.] 

1.  Burning;  ardent;  eager;  as,  ^a^«HE  desires. 

Hooker. 

2.  Glowing  ;  rtid  ;  flushed. 

S^e  Sjpplio  at  her  loiI''t'a  greasy  task, 

Then  issMiag  fagrant  to  an  evening  inofk.  Pope. 

3.  Red  ;  inflamed. 

The  bcadle'fl  lash  nlillflagranl  on  their  back.  Prior. 

[  The  foregoing  saises  are  umisual.] 

4.  Flaming  in  notice;  glaring;  notorious;  enor- 
mous ;  as,  a  flagrant  crime. 

FLA-ORAJ^TR  BEL'LO,  [L.]    The  war  raging. 
FLA-GRAA''TE  DE-LIC'TO^  [L.]     During  the  per- 
petration of  the  crime. 
FLa'GRANT-LY,  adv.    Ardently;  notoriously. 

Warton. 
FLa'GRaTE,  v.  t.     To  bum.    [Litdc  u^cd.] 

OreenhiU. 
FLA-GRa'TION,  n.    A  burning.     [Little  used.] 
FLaIL,  71.      [D.  vlegcl i    G.flcgel;    L.flageUum:    Fr. 

fleau.    We  retain  the  original  verb  in  flog^  to  strike, 

to  lay  on,  L.  fl'go,  whence  affligo,  to  afflict  j   Gr. 

^^\T1^  ri,  L.  plaga,  a  stroke,  or  perhaps  from  the  same 

root  as  lick  and  lay.     See  Lick.] 
A  wooden    instrument  for  tlirashing  or  beating 

grain  from  the  ear  by  hand. 
FLaKE,  71.     [Sax.  flacc  ;  D.  i^laak,  a  hurdle  for  wool ; 

tIoIc^  a  flock,  a  flake,  a  tuft  ;    fi.  fioeke,  flugc,  id. ; 

Dan.  flok,  a  herd,  and  lok,  a  lockox  flock  of  wool ;  L. 

floccus;    Gr.    -Xokti,   irXoxoi;    It.   floeco;    Ir.  flocas. 

Flake  and  flock  are  doubtless  the  same  word,  varied 

in  orthography,  and  connected,  perhaps,  with  L. 

plicoy  Gr.   nXi.t^of.    The  sense  is  a  complication,  a 

crowd,  or  a  lay,] 

I.  A  small  rollcetlon  of  snow,  as  it  falls  from  the 

clouds  or  from  the  air ;   n  little  bunch  or  cluster  of 

snowy  cr>'sial8,  such  a.H  fall  in  still,  moderate  weather. 

This  is  a  flake,  lock,  or  fl^ck  of  snow. 


FLA 

2.  A  platform  of  hurdles,  or  small  sticks  made  faal 
or  interwoven,  supported  by  stanchions,  on  which 
codfish  is  dried.  JUassachusetts. 

3.  A  layer  or  stratum;  as,  a^oie  of  flesh  or  tallow. 
Job  xli. 

4.  A  collection  or  little  particle  of  fire,  or  of  com- 
bustible matter  on  fire,  separated  and  flying  oDT. 

5.  Any  scaly  matter  in  layers;  any  mass  cleaving 
ofl*  In  scales. 

Little jloiM  of  KLirf.  AddUrm. 

6.  A  sort  of  carnations  of  two  colors  only,  having 
large  stripes  going  through  the  leaves.  Encyc. 

Jfliitc-flaJce,  in  painting.     See  Flake-White. 

FL.aKE,  v.  t.     To  form  into  flakes.  Pope. 

FLaKE,  r.  i.    To  break  or  separate  in  layers ;  to  peel 
or  scale  ofl'.     "We  more  usually  s:iv,  to  flake  off. 

FLaK'£D,  (flakt,)  pit.     Formed  into  flakes. 

FLAKE-WHITE,  n.    A     name  often  given  to  the 
purest  wliite  lead.  Brande,     Ure. 

FLaK'I-NESS,  71.    The  state  of  being  flaky. 

FLaK'ING,  p/)r.     Forming  into  flakes. 

FLAK' Y,  a.    Consisting  of  flakes  or  locks;    consist- 
ing of  small,  loose  masses. 

2.  Lying  in  flakes;  consisting  of  layers,  or  cleav- 
ing off"'in  layers. 

FLAM,  n.     [Ice.  flim  ;  W.  Vain,  a  leap.] 

A  freak  or  whim ;  also,  a  falsehood  ;  a  lie  ;  an  il- 
lusory pretext ;  deception  ;  delusion. 

Lies  immortalized  and  consigned  over  as  a  perpetual  ahuse  and 
flam  upon  posterity.  South. 

FLAM,  V.  L    To  deceive  with  falsehood  ;  to  delude. 

South. 

FLAM'BEAU,  (fiam'bo,)  n,      [Fr.,  from  L.  flamma, 
flame.] 

A  light  or  luminary  maile  of  thick  wicks  covered 
with  wax,  and  used  in  the  streets  at  night,  at  ilhimi- 
nations,  and  in  processions.  Flambeaus  are  made 
square,  and  usually  consist  of  four  wicks  or  branches, 
near  an  inch  thick,  and  about  three  feet  long,  com- 
pused  of  coarse  hempen  \  arn,  half  twisted.  Enajc. 

FLAME,  ».     [Ft.  flainoicfh.  Jlamma;  ll.flamma;  Sp. 
llama  ;  D.  vlam  .'  G.  fiammc] 

1.  A  blaze;  burning  vapor  ;  vapor  in  combustion  ; 
or,  according  to  modem  chemistiy,  hydrogen,  or  any 
inflammable  gas,  in  a  state  of  combustion,  and  natu- 
rally ascending  in  a  stream  from  burning  bodies, 
being  specifically  lighter  than  common  air. 

Aluminous  fluid  proceeding  from  burning  bodies, 
and  from  the  combustion  of  their  volatile  particles. 
Diet.  J^'at.  Hist. 

2.  Fire  in  general.  Cowley. 

3.  Heat  of  passion  ;  tumult;  combustion;  blaze  ; 
violent  contention.  One  jealous,  tattling  mischief- 
maker  will  set  a  whole  village  in  aflame. 

4.  Ardor  of  temper  or  imagination;  brightness  of 
fancy  ;  vigor  of  thought. 

Great  ore  their  f.\\i\l3,  and  glorious  ia  tlieir/flTTW.  WaUer. 

5.  Ardor  of  inclination  ;  warmth  of  affection. 

Smit  with  the  li>vc  of  kindred  nrls  wc  camp. 

And  met  congenial,  mingling //a//ic  wilUflame.  Pope. 

6.  The  passion  of  love  ;  ardent  love. 

My  heart's  onjiame.  Cowley. 

7.  Rage ;  violence  ;  as,  the  flames  of  war. 

8.  One  beloved  ;  as,  she  was  my  first  flame. 
FLAME,  V.  t.     To  inflame  ;  to  excite.  Spcnsrr. 
FLAME,  V.  i.    To  blaze  ;  to  burn  in  vapor,  or  in  a  cur- 
rent ;  to  burn  as  gas  emitted  from  bodies  in  combus- 

2.  To  shine  like  buming  gas.  [tion. 

Inflaming  yellow  briglit.  Prior. 

3.  To  break  out  in  \iolence  of  passion.     Beaum. 
FLAME'€0L-OR,  (-kul-lur,)  n.    Bright  color,  as  that 

of  rtanu'.  ^.  Jon.'^on. 

FLaME'€0I^OR-/:D,  (-kuMurd,)  a.    Of  the  color  of 
flame  ;  of  a  bright  yeflow  color.  Shnk. 

FLaME'E^'-£D,  (-ide,)  a.    Having  eyes  like  a  flame- 

FLAME'LESS,  o.     Destitute  of  flame;   without  in- 
cense. 

FLA'MEN,  71.  [L.]  In  ancient  Rome,  a  priest  de- 
voted to  a  particular  god.  Originally  there  were 
three  priests  so  called  ;  the  Flnjiirn  Dialis,  conse- 
crated to  Jupiter ;  Flamen  jVartialis,  sa<:r<Hl  to  Mars  ; 
and  Flamen  Qnirinalis,  who  superintended  the  riles  of 
Quirinus  or  Romulus. 
2.  A  priest.  Pope. 

FLAM'ING,  ppr.     Burning  in  flame. 

2.  a.  Bright  red.  Also,  violent ;  vehement ;  as,  a 
flaming  harangue. 

FLAM'ING,  7i.    A  bursting  out  in  a  flame. 

FLAM'ING-LY,  adv.    Most  brightly  ;  with  great  show 
or  vehemence. 

FLA-MIN"GO,  71.     [Sp.  and  Port,  flamenco,  from  L. 
fiamma,  flame.] 

Oneof  a  very  peculiar  genus  of  birds  called  by  natu- 
ralists Phcenicopterus.  The  beak  is  naked,  toothed, 
and  bent  as  if  broken ;  the  neck  and  legs  are  very 
long  ;  the  feet  have  the  three  front  toes  palmated  to 
the  end,  anil  the  hind  one  extremely  short.  When 
in  fufl  plumage,  tln-y  are  almost  entirely  red,  except 
the  (luill  f.-alticrs.  Thov  are,  generally  speaking, 
birds  of  warm  climates  and  rich  places.     Partington. 

FLA-RUN'IC-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  Roman  flamen. 

Milton. 


TOi\E,  B;JLL,  UNITE.  —  AN"GER,  VfCIOUS.  — G  as  K  ;  O  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


58 


457 


■,  ,  „  ,,  4  Rii'l.Ty.a.    The  quoJily  of  adinilliiip '"  I 
FI.  VM  M  ABU-^  inVilTdled  inio  a  Ibmo  or  blaze  ;  ...- 

J  i;,^    Cainble  or  being  onkiiidlcd  iiuo 

pil\'M-MA'TIOS,  ..    The  act  of  wlUns  on  fi.tme__ 

lut  words  are  little  used,    lll^tl■ad  of 
I   ihr  coniiKJUlids  l.-irLiMMABi-i:,  I'*- 

.,   IMLIXUATCOII.] 

M.  i.uS.o.    Conaiiting  of  name  J  like  llainc. 

'  Brmrn. 

MlFKK-OUS.a.  [U/amiiwand/»ro,tobring.] 
licine  rtanie.  ,  ^^ 

MIV'O-MOUS,  a.     [JL  ficmmii  and  romo,  to 


■  flames,  as  a  %*olcano. 
ironi  jConif.]     Blazing ; 


To  fall,  as  the  brim  of  a  hat,  or  other  broad 


Fl"\l"bRAG-ON,  n.    A  pby  in  which  they  catch  mi- 
sins  out  of  burning  brandy,  and,  c.xtingu.sh.ng  them 

'a!  The  thing  thus  caucht  and  eaten  Mivon. 

l.-LAl>'DRAG-ON,t>.(.  To  swiUlovv  or  devour.  iAoi. 
PI  » pip  \R-£D,  a.  Hav  ng  broad,  loo.ie  cars.  i/ioA. 
rLAP'JA<?Kt"'   A  sort  of  broad  panc.,lte.    Al^a,^an 

FLAl" MOUTH-i'D,  a.    Having  loose,  haugingJiiB, 


buniing ;  as, 
Sidney, 

■■   ri  iviii  ■  Uio  nature  of  llame ;  as,  fiam<i  matter. 
"  Bacon. 

3.  Having  the  color  of  flame.  !'"''"■' ^„ 

FLANCIl,  «.     In    mrchanLsm,   the   part  of  tt  piece 

Krtwcd  to  something  else.  .-•_..  „,rr 

KLA.NCE,  n.    [Uu.  ;lj-ut,  or  Fr.  fiimge,  Inngo,  or  Gr. 

'^"A''ratieJ  or  projecting  edge  or  rib  on  the  rim  nf  a 
wheel  and  alio  on  the  roils  of  a  c.rtain  kind  ot  rail- 
way ;  used  in  raatJlwery,  to  keen  the  band  Iroiii  sliii- 
ping  off,  and  to  prevent  cars  from  running  oil  tlie 


' Fr.  «onc:  Sp.  and  Port. ^aoco ;  It. /unco  ; 
v.  and  Dan./jait;  Gr.  A^juv  ;  probably 
x\i  laiii,  \V.  Hoc,  Eng.JIau-,  Gr.  Aajo/wt, 
.  n  -,. .  ui,  il  irura  its  lality,  or  from  breadth.) 

I.  The  iK-shv  or  muscular  part  of  the  side  of  an 
auUnol,  between  the  ribs  and  the  hip.     Hence, 

a  The  side  of  an  army,  or  of  any  division  of  an 
anny,  as  of  a  brigade,  regiment,  or  battalion  ;  the 
cjireme  right  or  left.  To  attack  an  enemy  m  fi^'Oi, 
ts  to  attack  them  on  the  side. 

3.  In  f«rtijiaitu,n,  that  part  of  a  bastion  w'hich 
reaches  fnim  the  curtain  to  tlie  face,  and  delenils 
the  opiwiilc  face,  the  liank,  and  the  curtain  ;  or  it  is 
a  line  drawn  from  Uie  eltreinily  of  the  face  toward 
the  inside  of  the  work.  ,.    Brandc 

\.  In  urcAiiwlart,  the  side  of  any  budding.  Branic. 
FUA.NK,  r.  (.     [Kr. /Lindner;  Sp.Jla/;7uMr.] 

1.  Tu  attack  Uie  side  or  Hank  of  an  army  or  body 
of  tTo.iiB  ;  or  to  place  troops  so  as  to  command  or  at- 
tack the  liank. 

2.  Tu  pa>i  so  as  to  overlook  or  command  on  tue 
•Ide  ;  as,  to  fiank  a  pa.<isage.  Dnjdcn. 

3.  To  secure  or  guard  on  the  aide  j  as,Jiai««/with 
rxij.  Dnjdcn. 

4.  To  turn  the  flank ;  to  |iass  round  the  side. 
FLA.NK,  r.  i.    To  border ;  to  touch.  BuUtr. 

2.  To  be  posted  on  the  side 
FLA.NK'/;!),  (flankt,)  pp.    Altncked  on  tlic  side  ;  cov- 

rrod  or  roininandcd  im  the  liank. 
FluVNKXR,  Ti.     A  fortification  projecting  so  as  to 
command  IJlc  side  of  an  assading  body. 

Knolles.    Fairfdz, 
FLANK'ER,  r.  L    To  defend  by  lateral  fortifications. 

Herbert, 
a.  To  attack  sideways.  Evclt/n. 

Fl.ANK'F.K-£0,  pp.    Attacked  on  the  side ;  defended 
1  .   •..,  .-I  ,vorks. 

ING,  ppr.    Defending  by  lateral  works; 
Jeways. 
1.,  ppr.    Turning  the  flank;  att-icking  on 
r  commanding  on  the  flank, 
i,    n.    [Fr.  .liaiiWic;  D.  and  Dan.  ;lancJ;  G. 
--■   ■'■!,  from  ric^n,  wool,  L.  iana,  Fr. 
*  'in.  i^loan.] 
.\oolcn  cloth,  of  loose  texture. 

Covered  or  wrap[)cd  in  llannel. 
"I  and  ktappe  ;  D.  lap  or  Idap ;  Sw. 
in.  ktap  or  l/jp ;  Sai.  Lrppa,  a  lap ; 
,  a  whipping;  ItalnaiDy  to  .^hp  i  L. 
■re  i.i  a  nunu'rotis  family  of  word; 
mL'  from  striking  with  somcLlling 
noun  denoting  something  flat  and 
diflicull  to  separate  Jtap  from  eta;/, 

■CC] 

ruad  and  limber  that  hangs  loose,  or 


p  on  tfie  pfcolog  cf  llie  Luynl.       Drown. 

'  ip  of  a  garment,  the  finp  of  the  cor, 

L  of  imy  thing  broad  and  loose,  or  a 
>lr"k.  u.ui  It. 

3.  That  part  of  the  coat  behind  from  the  liips 
downward. 

4.  Th'    "  ISO  in  the  lips  of  horses. 
KImAP,  r.  .■  Iinllap.        [Farrkr's  DUL 

tt'.  ■  wilb  (rU*ird  wiaji.  Pope. 

3.  To  iDove   something  broad ;   as,  to  fiap   the 
wings. 
n.  To  let  fall,  as  the  brim  of  a  hat.     [This  sense 
indicate  a  connection  with  lap.\ 
'.  To  mo%'e  oa  wings,  or  as  something  bro.ad 


Shak. 


Herbert. 


Milton 


Pi-ior. 


Sliak. 

FLAP'PED,  (flapt,)  pp.  or  a.    Struck  with  something 

broad  ;  let'downVhaving  the  brim  fallen,  as  -.xjluppcd 

n.AP'PER,?!.    He  or  that  which  Haps.  LilJ'- 

FLAPTING,  ppr.  or  a.    Striking;  heating;  inovmg 

^something  brSd  ;  ^,  flapping  wings  ;  '  ',yl"f^^^ '"» 

Jlappini'  and  fluttering.  i  f "''  "-,^- ,. 

Fl-Aliure.  .-.    [If  this  word  is  not  contracted,  it  ma> 

be  allied  to  c\ear,  glare  glonj,  I.  fiorcn    tng.  >or, 

the  primarv  sense  of  which  is  to  open,  to  s prtai , 

from  partiiie,  departing,  or  driving  apart,     uut  in 

Norm.  >,>  IS  to  blow,  and  possibly  it  may  be  from 

L.  to,  or  it  may  bo  contracted  from  G.  fiackcrn.] 

i  To  waver  ;  to  flutter;  to  burn  with  an  unsteady 
liglit ;  lis,  the  candle  Jiarts,  that  is,  the  light  wanders 
from  its  natural  course.  ,     ,  .i 

2.  'I'o  flutter  with  splendid  show  ;  to  be  loose  and 
waving,  as  a  showy  thing. 

With  ribbons  iWTi(Iant/arin»  'bout  her  head, 

3.  To  glitter  with  transient  luster. 

But  speech  alotie 
Doth  vaiiiah  lilte  ^xjtaring  Uimg. 

4.  To  glitter  with  painful  sjilendor. 

When  the  Bun  begins  to  fling 
His  Jlaring  beams. 

5.  To  be  exposed  to  too  much  light. 

I  c;in  notstiy 
Flaring  in  sunsliiiie  nil  t!ie  liay.    [Q.W.] 

G.  To  open  or  spread  outward. 

FLaRE,  !i.    An  unsteady,  broad,  oflensive  light. 

itmart. 

FLaPv'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Burning  with  a  waveruig  liglit ; 
fluttering  ;  glittering  ;  showy.  . 

a.  Opening ;  widening  outward  ;  as,  a  JUiring 
fireplace. 

FLaU'ING-LY,  aito.    Fhitteringly  ;  showily. 

FLASH,  lu  [Ir.  lasair,  lasrack,  a  flame,  a  flash ;  liisailli, 
lasaim,  to  burn,  to  kindle  ;  leos,  light ;  Uosam,  to  give 
light ;  also,  loisgim,  lasgadh,  to  burn  ;  ioiVi,  flame  ; 
Dan.  lijs,  light ;  lyscr,  to  shine,  to  glisten  or  glister ; 
Sw.  lias,  hjsa,  id.  ttu.  G.  hlitz,  a  glance  ;  Uilicn,  to 
lighten,  to;!<K;t ;  Russ.  hlcsk,  lileschu,  id.  There  is  a 
numerous  class  of  words  in  Ls,  with  different  pre- 
fixes, that  denote  to  skine,  to  throw  light,  as  glasn, 
glass,  glisten,  lilitsh,  flusk,  flash,  Ulster,  &c.  ;  but  per- 
haps they  are  not  all  of  one  family.  The  Wclsli  lias 
lUitltru,  to  make  smooth  and  glossy,  to  polish,  to 
glitter ;  UcUirid,  a  gleam,  a  flash.  See  Class  Ld,  No. 
.■),  aud  Ls,  No.  25,  and  see  Flush.] 

1.  A  sudden  burst  of  light;  a  flood  of  light  instan- 
taneously appearing  and  disappearing  ;  as,  a  Jlash  of 
lightning. 

2.  A  sudden  burst  of  flame  and  light;  an  instan- 
taneous blaze ;  as,  the  flash  of  a  gun. 

3.  A  sudden  burst,  as  of  wit  or  merriment ;  as,  a 
flask  of  wit ;  a/a.s/(  of  joy  or  mirth. 

His  conipaiiions  recollect  no  inatanco  of  prematuie  wit,   no 
striking  sentiineiit,  no  Jlask  of  fancy.  Wirl. 

4.  A  short,  transient  state. 

The  Persians  and  Maceilonians  had  it  for  aJUuh.         Bacon. 

5.  A  body  of  water  driven  by  violence.     [Local.' 


FLA 


_.  To  strike  or  to  throw  like  a  burst  of  liglit ;  as, 
to  fla-i/i  conviction  on  the  mind. 

FL.ASH'EU,  71.    A  man  of  more  appearance  of  wit 
than  reality.  -Di"- 

2.  A  rower.    [JVof  in  use.] 

FLASH'1-LY,  arie.     With  empty  show;  with  a  sud- 
den glare  ;  without  solidity  of  wit  or  tllnught. 

FLASH'ING,  ppr.  or  a.     Bursting  forth  as  a  Hood  of 
li"lit,  or  of  flame  and  litllit,  or  as  wit,  inirtli,  or  joy. 

FLASH'ING,  II.     [Probably  from  Fr.  plague  or/ajTic] 
In  architcctim,  a  term  .applied  to  pieces  of  lead,  or 
other  metal,  let  into  the  joints  of  a  wall,  so  as  to  lap 
over  the  gutters  and  prevent  the  plashing  of  ram  on 
the  interior  works.  G;ctlL 

FL.ASU'Y,  (I.    Showy,  but  empty  ;  dazzling  for  a  mo- 
ment, but  not  solid  ;  as,  fltL^ky  wit. 

2.  Sliowv ;  gay ;  as,  a  ^a.".7ii/  dress. 

3.  Insipid  ;  vapid  ;  witiiout  taste  or  spirit ;  as,  food 
or  drink. 

4.  Washy  ;  plashy.     [See  Plash.] 
FLXSK,  II.     [G.  flasche:  Sw.  flnskm  Dan.  flaskc;  D. 

fles,  flench;  Sax./oia;  Sp. and  Port. /raacu ;  It.^co, 
or  fiasco;  W.^Ios^,  a  t)asket.] 

1.  A  kind  of  bottle  ;  as,  a  flask  of  wine  or  oil. 

2.  A  vessel  for  powder. 

3.  A  bed  in  a  gun-carriage.  Bailen. 
FLXSK'ET,  11.    A  vessel  in  which  viands  are  served 

up  PV-    '*''!/■ 

2.  A  lone,  shallow  basket.  Spuiscr. 
FLAT,  a.     [D.  plat :  G.  platt ;  Dan.  flait ;  Sw.  flat ; 

Vr.vlal;  Arm.  Uad,  or  pladt :  ll.piallo;  from  extend- 
ing or  haying.  Allied,  probably,  to  W.  Ucz,  Hid,  llijd) 
L.  tetiis,  broad  ;  Gr.  r:\arvi .  Eng.  hlade.] 

1.  Having  an  even  surface,  without  risings  or  in- 
dentures, hills  or  valleys  ;  as,  flat  land. 

a.  Horizontal;  level  without  inclination  ;  as,  a/iit 
roof;  or  with  a  moderate  inclination  or  slope;  for  we 
often  apply  tlie  word  to"  the  roof  of  a  house  that  is 
not  steep,  though  inclined. 

3.  Prostrate  ;  lying  the  vvliolc  length  on  the  ground. 
He  fell  or  Vjiyflal  on  the  gnjunil. 

4.  Not  elevated  or  erect ;  fallen. 

Cease  to  admire,  and  beauty's  plumes 


il 


11 


Pcgge. 
6.  A  little  pool.    Qu.  plash.     [Local.] 

FLASH,  n.  The  slang  language  of  thieves,  robbers, 
&c.  Grose. 

FLASH'-HOUSE,  ri.  A  place  where  thieves  and 
robbers,  &c.,  resort  and  deposit  their  plunder.  Qrosc. 

FLASH,  V.  i.  To  break  forth,  as  a  sudden  flood  of 
liglit ;  to  burst  or  open  instantly  on  the  siglit,  as 
splendor.  It  differs  from  glitter,  glisten,  and  gleam, 
in  tlenoting  a  flood  or  wide  e.xtent  of  light.  The 
latter  words  may  express  the  issuing  of  light  from  a 
small  object,  or  from  a  pencil  of  rays.  A  diamond 
may  glitter  or  gluten,  but  it  does  not  flask.  Flash 
differs  from  other  words,  also,  in  denoting  suddenness 
of  appearance  and  disappearance. 

2.  To  burst  or  break  forth  with  a  flood  of  flame 
and  light;  as,  the  powder  T^s/icd  in  the  pan.  Flash- 
ing differs  from  exploding  or  disploding,  in  not  being 
accompanied  with  a  loud  report. 

3.  To  burst  out  into  any  kind  of  violence. 

Everj"  hour 
EeyfosAcs  into  one  gross  crime  or  otlier.  Slaik. 

4.  To  break  out,  as  a  sudden  expression  of  wit, 
merriment,  or  briglit  thought.  Fclton. 

FL.\SH,  V.  t.    To  strike  up  a  body  of  w.ater  from  the 
surface.  Carcie. 

He  rudely  yla«/ictj  tlie  waves.  Spenser. 

[In  this  sense  I  believe  this  word  is  not  used  in 
.America.] 


FaU  Jlal. 

5.  Level  with  the  ground  ;  totally  fallen. 

What  ruins  Idngdoms,  and  ItJ  s  cities  Jlal  ?  Milton. 

C.  In  painting,  wanting  relief  or  prominence  of 
the  figures.  ,      j     , 

7.  Tasteless  ;  stale ;  vapid  ;  msipiil ;  deatl ;  .is, 
fruit  flat  to  the  taste.  P/ii(i;i.«. 

8.  Dull ;  uiianiinated  ;  frigid  ;  witlioiit  point  or 
spirit ;  applied  to  discourses  and  compositions,  fhe 
sermon  was  very  ./Int. 

9.  Depresseil ;  sjiiritless ;  dejected. 

I  feel  —  my  hopes  all  Jlat.  Milton. 

10.  Unpleasing  ;  not  affording  gratification.  How 
flal  and  insipiil  are  all  the  pleasures  of  this  life  I 

11.  Peremptory  ;  alisohite  ;  |iositivo  ;  downngllt. 
He  gave  the  petitioner  a^at  denial. 

Thus  repulsed,  our  final-hopo 
Is  ;lal  despair.  "''""''■      i 

12.  Not  sharj)  or  shrill ;  not  acute  ;  as,  a  flat  sound. 

Bacon. 

13.  Low,  as  the  prices  of  goods  ;  or  dull,  as  sales. 
FLAT,  n.    .A  level  or  extended  plain.    In  Amcnea,  it 

is  applied  particularly  to  low  ground  or  meadow  tliat 
is  level ;  but  il  denotes  any  land  of  even  surface  and 
of  some  extent.  . 

a.  A  level  ground  lying  at  a  small  depth  under  the 
surface  of  water  ;  a  shoal  ;  a  shallow  ;  a  strand;  a 
sand  bank  under  water. 

3.  The  broad  side  of  a  blade.  Unjdcn. 

4.  Depression  of  thought  or  language.      Drijicn. 

5.  A  surface  without  relief  or  prominences. 

Bcniletj. 

6.  In  music,  a  mark  of  depression  in  sound  ;thiis, 
[I,.]    A  flat  denotes  a  fall  or  depression  of  halt  a 

""f'A  boat,  broad  and  flat-bottumed.  A  flat-bottmed 
boat  is  constructed  for  conveying  passengers  or 
troops,  horses,  carriages,  and  baggage. 

8.  ,\  hat  made  of  straw  braid,  witil  a  low  crown 
and  broad  brim. 

9.  A  story  or  loft  in  a  building.     [ScoUisft-j 

10.  One  v.-ho  IS  easily  duped  ;  opposed  to  one  wno 
is  sharp.     [Vulgar.]  Rtck.  Diet. 

PLAT,  II.  t.     [Fr.  flutir,  applatir.] 

1.  To  ievel ;  to  depress ;  to  lay  sniootll  or  even  ,  to 
maltc  broad  and  smooth  ;  to  flatten.  Bacon. 

2.  To  make  vapid  or  tasteless.  »""""■ 

3.  To  make  dull  or  unanirnaled. 

PLAT,  V.  i     To  grow  flat ;  to  fall  to  an  even  surfaco. 
'  ^  Temple. 

2.  To  become  insipid,  or  dull  and  nnaniinated. 

ICing  Charles. 

3.  In  masic,  to  depress  the  voice;  to  render  a  sound 
less  sharp.  ^  _.   „^_  „_« 

FLAT'-BOT-T0M-£D,  a.  Having  a  flat  bottom,  as  a 
boat,  or  a  moat  in  fortification. 

FLAT'-FISH,  II.  A  name  sonielimes  applied  in  com- 
mon to  iltfjse  fishes  which  have  tlie  body  of  a  flMJf"^" 
form,  swim  on  the  side,  and  have  both  eyes  on  one 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PREY PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD N6TE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BOOK.— 

456  ~  ~ 


FLA 

side,  embracing  such  as  liie  floumltr,  turbot,  huli- 
but,  and  sole.  ^It  is  particularly  afiplitd,  in  and  uear 
:Ve\v  York,  to  a  sm:ill,  salt-water  li^b  of  the  tloundcr 
kiad,  the  Platessa  plana  of  Mitchell,  which  is  es- 
teemed excellent  food. 

Partington.     Storcr^s  Jtlass.  Rep. 
rLAT'-I-ROX,  (-i-urn,)  n.    An  iron  for  smoothing 

cloth. 
.  La'TIVE,  a.    [L.Jlatus,  from  ^o,  to  blow.] 
Producing  wind  ;  flatulent.    [JVot  in  tisc] 

Brewer. 
TLAT'LONG,  ado.    With  the  flat  side  downward; 

not  edgewise.  Shale. 

TLAT'LV,  adD.     Horizontally;  without  inclination. 

2.  Evenly  ;  without  elevations  and  depressions. 

3.  Witliout  spirit ;  dully  j  frigidly. 

4.  Peremptorily  ;  positively ;  downright. 

UcJUitly  refused  his  aid.  Sidney. 

FLAT'XESS,  71.  Evenness  of  surface ;  levelness  j 
equality  of  surface. 

2.  VVant  of  relief  or  prominence ;  as,  the  jlatness 
of  a  iigure  in  sculpture.  Addison. 

3.  Deadness  ;  vapidness ;  insipidity  ;  as,  the  fiat- 
itessof  cider  or  beer.  Jlurtijiicr. 

■i.  Dejection  of  fortune  j  low  state. 

Thef-atness  of  my  lULKry.  Skak. 

5.  Dejection  of  mind  ;  a  low  state  of  the  spirits  ; 
depression  ;  want  of  life.  Collier. 

G.  Dullness  ;  want  of  point ;  insipidity  ;  frigidity. 

Some  of  Homer's  translators  have  swelled  into  fustinn,   and 

others  sunk  ialo  ^flatness.  Pope. 

7.  Gravity  of  sound,  as  opposed  to  sharpness, 
acuteness,  or  shrillness. 

Plainesa  of  souiid  — joined  vrith  a  hoishness.  Bacon. 

FLAT'-NOS-ED,  (-nozd,)  a.    Having  a  flat  nose. 

Burton. 

T.AT'-ROOF-in),  r-rooft,)  a.     Having  a  flat  roof. 
:  LAT'TED,  pp.      Made  flat;    rendi^red  even  on  the 

surfiice  ;  also,  rendered  vapid  or  insipid. 
r  LAT'T£\,  (flat'n,)  v.  t.     [Fr.  JUitir,  from  flat,] 

1.  To  make  flat ;  to  reduce  to  an  equal  or  even  sur- 
face ;  to  level. 

2.  To  beat  down  to  the  ground  i  to  lay  flat. 

Mortimer. 

3.  To  make  vapid  or  insipid  ;  to  render  stale. 

4.  To  depress ;  to  deject,  as  tlie  spirits  ;  to  dispirit. 
,  1  5.  In  musicy  to  depress,  as  the  voice  j  to  render 
j  j      less  acute  or  sharp. 

To  flatten  a  sail,  in  marine  hn^uagCj  to  extend  a 
sail  lengthwise  of  the  vessel,  so  that  its  efiect  is  only 
lateral  Brandc. 

-'LAT'T£X,  (flat'n,)  v.  i.  To  grow  or  become  even 
un  the  surface. 

2.  To  become  dead,  stale,  vapid,  or  tasteless. 

3.  To  become  duller  spiritless. 

4.  In  music,  to  depress  the  voice ;  to  render  a  sound 
less  sharp. 

r  LAT'T£\-£D,  (flat'nd ,)  pp.  or  a.    Made  flat. 
^AT'T£X-L\G,p/>7-     Making  flat. 

.  ;,AT'TEK,  n.  The  person  or  thing  by  which  any 
Ibin^  is  flattened. 
I  FLAT'TER,  v.  t.  [Fr.  flatter;  T).  vieijen;  Tent. 
fietscn;  Ice.  fladra;  Dan.  flatterer.  In  U.  bladaire^ 
is  a  flatterer ;  blcid,  a  wheedling ;  blaith  is  plain, 
smooth  ;  and  blatk  is  praise.  Flatter  may  be  from  the 
root  of  flat ^  that  is,  to  make  smooth,  to  appease,  to 
soothe  ;  but  tlie  Ir,  blatk  would  seem  to  be  connected 
with  L.  plaudo.  Perhaps  flat  and  plaitdo  are  from 
one  root,  the  radical  sense  of  which  must  be,  to  ex- 
tend, strain,  stretch.] 

1.  To  soothe  by  praise;  to  gratify  self-love  by 
praise  or  obsequiousness  ;  to  please  a  person  by  ap- 
plause or  favorable  notice,  by  respectful  attention,  or 
by  any  thing  that  exalts  him  in  his  own  estimation, 
or  confirms  his  good  opinion  of  himself.  ^Ye  flatter 
a  woman  when  we  praise  her  children. 

A  Bcan  \hM.f.aaereth  his  oei^hbor  spreadclb  a  net  for  his  feel.  — 
Prov.  xxix. 

2.  To  please ;  to  gratify ;  as,  to  flatter  one's  vanity 
or  pride. 

3.  To  praise  falsely ;  to  encourage  by  favorable 
notice ;  as,  to  flatter  vices  or  crimes. 

4.  To  encourage  by  favorable  representations  or  in- 
dications ;  as,  to  fl/iiter  hopes.  We  are  flattered  with 
the  prospect  of  peace, 

5.  To  raise  false  hopes  by  representations  not  well 
founded  ;  as,  to  flatter  one  with  a  prospect  of  suc- 
cess ;  10  flatter  a  patient  with  the  expectation  of  re- 
covc^,  when  his  case  is  desperate. 

6.  To  please  ;  to  soothe. 

A  conceit  of  voices  —  makes  a  harmony  tlial  flattera  Oi-;  eare. 

Drydtn. 

7.  To  wheedle ;  to  coax ;  to  attempt  to  win  by 
blandishments,  praise,  or  enticements.  How  many 
young  and  credulous  persons  are  fl^iUered  out  of 
their  innocence  and  their  prop'-rty,by  seducing  arts  I 

FLAT'TER-/;d,  pp.  Sonthnd  by  praise :  pleased  bv 
commendation  ;  gratified  with  hope^,  false  or  well 
founded  ;  wheedled. 

FLAT'TER-ER,  71.  One  who  flatters;  a  fawner;  a 
wheedler ;  one  who  praises  another  with  a  view  to 


FLA 

please  liim,  to  gain  his  favor,  or  to  accomplish  some 
purpose. 

Wheti  I  tell  him  he  haXr:aJlalleTcrs, 
Hs  sava  he  iJy';3  ;  being' then  moat  flattr.reil.  SliaJ:. 

Ttie  ttioat  abject jtoUercra  dugenerate  iiilw  ths  greatest  ivranu. 

Addiaon. 

FLAT'TEU-ING,  ppr.  Gratifying  with  praise ;  pleas- 
ing by  applause  ;  wheedling;  coaxing. 

2.  a.  Pleasing  to  pride  or  vanity ;  gratifying  to 
self-love;  as,  a  flattering  eulogy.  The  minister 
gives  a  flattering  account  of  his  reception  at  court. 

3.  Pleasing;  favorable;  encouraging  hope.  We 
have  a  flattering  prospect  of  an  abundant  harvest. 
The  symptoms  of  the  disease  are  flMtering. 

4.  Practicing  adulation  ;  uttering  false  praise  ;  as, 
a  fluttering  tongue. 

FLAT'TER-IKG-LY,  adv.    In  a  flattering  manner; 
in  a  manner  to  flatter. 
2.  In  a  manner  to  favor ;  with  partiality. 

Cumberland. 
FLAT'TER- Y,  n.     [Fr.  flatterie.] 

1.  False  praise;  commendation  bestowed  for  the 
purpose  of  gaining  favor  and  influence,  or  to  accom- 
plish some  purpose.  Dh-ect  flattery  consists  in  prais- 
ing a  person  himself;  indirect  jlatteri/  consists  in 
praisiug  a  person  through  his  works  or  his  connec- 
tions. 

Simple  ^riJe  for  flattery  makes  demands.  Pope. 

Just  pnuse  is  only  a  debt,  bul/oKcry  is  a  present.      Rambler. 

2.  Adulation;  obsequiousness;  wheedling.  Rowe. 

3.  Just  commendation  which  giatifies  self-love. 
FLAT'TING,  v.    A  mode  of  painting,  in  which  tlie 

paint,  being  mbted  with  turpentine,  leaves  the  work 
flat,  or  witliout  gloss.  Brande. 

2.  A  method  of  preserving  gilding  unburnished,  by 
touching  it  with  size.  Knowles.  ' 

FLAT'TI'SH,  <i.  [(rum  flat.]  Somewhat  flat;  ap- 
proaching to  flatness.  Woodward. 

FLAT'tT-LENCE,   )  n.    [See    Flatulent.]     Windi- 

FLAT'l^-LEN-CY,  (  ness  in  the  stomach  ;  air  gen- 
erated in  a  weak  stomach  and  intestines  by  imperfect 
digestion,  occasioniug  distention,  uneasiness,  pain, 
and  often  belchings.  Eneyc. 

2.  Airness ;  emptiness;  vanity.  Olanoillc. 

FLAT'U-LENT,  a.  [h.  flAtidentus,  flatus,  fi-om  flo, 
to  blow.] 

1.  Windy ;  affected  with  air  generated  in  the 
stomach  and  intestines. 

2.  Turgid  with  au* ;  windy ;  as,  a  flatulent  tumor. 

Quijicy. 

3.  Generating,  or  apt  to  generate  wind  in  the  stom- 
ach.   Peas  are  a  flatulent  vegetable.        Arbutluiot. 

4.  Empty  ;  vain  ;  big  without  substance  or  reality  ; 
pufly  ;  as,  a  flatulent  writer;  flutnlcnt  vanity. 

Drijdcn.     Qlanville. 
FLAT'IT-LENT-LY,  ado.    In  a  windy  manner ;  emp- 
tily. 
FLAT-II-OS'I-TY,   n.    Windiness ;    ftdlness  of  air; 

flatulence.     [JVot  used.]  Bacon. 

FLAT'U-OUS,  a.     [L.  fl,ituosus.] 

Windy;  generating  wind.  [JVot  used.]  Bacon. 
FLa'TUS,  n.     [L.,  fru'ui  Jlo,  lo  blow.] 

1.  A  breath  ;  a  puff"  of  wind.  Clarke. 

2.  Wind  generated  in  the  stomach  or  other  cavi- 
ties of  the  body  ;  flatulence.  Q,uincif. 

FLAT' WISE,  a.  or  ado,  [from  ^at.]  With  the 'flat 
side  downward,  or  next  to  another  object ;  not  edge 
wise.  iVoodward. 

FLAUNT,  V.  i.  [I  know  not  whence  we  have  tliis 
word.  It  is  doubtless  of  Celtic  origin,  from  the  root 
Ln,  bearing  the  sense  of  throwing  out,  or  spreading 
Qu.  Scot,  flantcr,  to  waver.     See  Flounce.] 

1.  To  throw  or  spread  out ;  to  flutter ;  to  display 
ostentatiously  ;  as,  a  flaunting  show. 

Youjiaunl  about  the  slreels  in  your  new  gilt  chariot. 

Arbuthiiot. 
One  Jiaunls  in  rags,  one  fluttera  in  brocade.  Pope. 

[This  correctly  expresses  the  author's  meaning, 
which  is,  that  the  proud  often  attempt  to  make  a 
show  and  parade  of  their  importance,  even  in  pover 
ty.  Johnson's  remark  on  the  use  of  the  word  seems, 
therefore,  to  be  unfounded.] 

2.  To  carry  a  pert  or  saucv  appearance.  Boyle. 
FLAUNT,  n.  Any  thing  displayed  for  show.  Skak. 
FLAUNT'ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Making  an  ostentatious 

display. 

FLAUNT'ING-LY,  adv.    In  a  flaunting  way. 

FLA-Vie'0-MOUS,  a.     [Uflavus  and  coma.] 
Having  yelloiv  hair. 

FLa'VOR,  n.  [au.  Fr.  flairer,  to  smell ;  W.fleiriaw.] 
The  quality  of  a  substance  which  affects  the  taste 
or  smell  in  any  manner.  We  say,  the  wine  has  a 
fine  ^i?or,  or  a  disagreeable  ^auor  ,•  the  fruit  has  a 
h:idflaoor;  a  rose  has  a  sweet  Jlauor.  The  word, 
then,  signifies  the  quality  which  is  tasted  or  smelt; 
tasto,  odor,  fragrance,  or  smell. 

FLA'VOR, «.(.  To  communicate  some  quality  to  a 
thing,  that  may  affect  the  taste  or  smell. 

FLA'VOR-ED,  pp.  or  a.  Having  a  quality  that  affects 
the  sense  of  tasting  or  smelling ;  as,  kigh-flavored  win-;, 
having  the  quality  in  a  high  de^Tee. 

FLa'VOR-ING,  ppr.    Giving  a  flavor  to. 

FLa'VOR-LESS,  a.  WiUiout  flavor ;  tasteless;  hav- 
ing no  smeU  or  taste.  Encijc. 


FLE 

FLa'VOR-OUS,  a.     Pleasant  to  the  taste  or  smell. 

Dnfden. 

FLa'VOUS,  a.    [L.  flavus.]     Yellow.     [JVot  ilscd.] 

SmiOi. 

FLAW,  71.  [W.  flaWy  a  piece  rent,  a  splinter,  a  ray,  a 
dart,  a  flmo  ;  flau,  a  spreading  out,  a  radiation  ;  fla,  a 
parting  from;  alsojioj-cn,  a  splinter;  /of ,  a  flying 
about ;  J?«fi,  to  dart  suddenly  ;  flii^iaie,  to  break  out 
abrujttly.  The  Gr.  0Aa<u  seems  to'be  contracted  from 
<pXa6io  or  (f/XaOio.] 

1.  A  breach ;  a  crack  ;  a  defect  made  by  breaking 
or  splitting  ;  a  gap  or  fissure  :  as,  a  flaw  in  a  scythe, 
knife,  or  razor  ;  a  fl^iw  in  a  china  dish,  or  in  a  ghiss; 
a  flaia  in  a  wall. 

2.  A  defect ;  a  fault ;  any  defect  made  by  violence, 
or  occasioned  by  neglect ;  as,  a  flaio  in  reputation  ;  a 
flaw  in  a  will,  or  in  a  deed,  or  in  a  statute. 

3.  A  sudden  burst  of  wind  ;  a  sudden  gust  or 
blast  of  short  duration  ;  a  word  of  common  use  among 
seamen.  [  This  proves  the  primary  sense  to  be,  to  burst, 
or  rush.] 

4.  A  sudden  burst  of  noise  and  disorder ;  a  tumult  j 
uproar. 

And  deluges  of  armii^s  from  the  town 

Came  pouring  in  j  1  b«;ird  the  ta\g\Ay  flaw.  Drydcn. 

[In  tiiis  sense,  not  used  in  tiic  United  States.] 

5.  A  sudden  commotion  of  mind.    [JVot  used.] 

Shak. 
FLAW,  V.  t    To  break  j  to  crack. 

The  bnizen  caldrons  with  the  frosts  hie  flawed.  Dryden. 

2.  To  break ;  to  violate  ;  as,  to  flaw  a  league. 
[Little  used.]  SliaJt. 

FLAWED,  (flawd,)  pp.    Broken  ;  cracked. 
FLAWING,  pifr.     Breaking ;  cracking. 
FLAWLESS,  a.    Without  cracks ;  without  defect. 

Boyle. 
FLAWN,  n.     [Sax.  flena ;  Fr.  flan.] 

A  sort  of  flat  custard  or  pie.     [  Obs.]  Tkissrr. 

FLAWTER,  V.  t.     To  scrape  or  pare  a  skin.     [JVot 

used.]  JiinszsorUi. 

FLAWY,  a.    Full  of  flaws  or  cracks;  broken;  de- 
fective ;  faulty. 
2.  Subject  to  sudden  gusts  of  wind. 
FLAX,  n.     [Sax.  fleaz,  flcz;  G.  flaclis;  D.  vlas.    The 
elements  are  the  same  as  in  flaccid.] 

1.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Linum,  consisting  of  a 
single  slender  stalk,  the  skin  or  harl  of  which  is  used 
for  making  thread  and  cloth,  caUed  linen,  cambric, 
lawn,  lace,  &.C.  TIte  skin  consists  of  fine  fibers, 
which  may  be  so  separated  as  to  be  spun  into  threads 
as  fine  as  silk. 

2.  The  skin  or  fibrous  part  of  the  plant,  when 
broken  and  cleaned  by  hatchcling  or  combing. 

FLAX'-CoMB,  (-kom,)7i.    An  instrument  with  teeth, 

through  which  flax  is  drawn  for  separating  from  it 

the  tow  or  coarser  part  and  the  shives.    In  America, 

we  call  it  a  hatclicl. 
FLAX '-D RES S-ER,  n.    One  who  breaks  and  swingles 

flax. 
FLAX'-DKESS-IXG,7t.    Tlie  process  of  breakingand 

swinf^Iing  flax. 
FLAX'-l'LANT,  n.    The  Phormium,  a  plant  in  New 

Zealand  that  serves  the  inhabitants  for  flax. 
FLAX'-KaIS-EU,  7(.    One  who  raises  flax. 
FLAX'-SEED,  n.    The  seed  of  flax. 
FLAX'-WEED,  n.     A  plant. 
FLAX'£N,  (-flaks'n,)  a.     Made  of  fiaxj  as,,^c« 

thread. 
2.  Resembling  flax;   of  the  color  of  flax;   fair, 

long,  and  flowing  ;  as,  flaxen  hair. 
FLAX'£N-HAlK-i:D,  i  a.    Having  hair  of  flaxen  col- 
FLAX'£N~HEAD'ED,  S      or.  Irvin<r. 

FLAX'Y,  a.     Like  flax  ;  being  of  a  light  color;  faTr. 

Sandys. 
FLAY,v.t.  [Sax.flean;  Biin.flaaer:S\v.fl^;G,fl<iJtcn; 

Gr.  (pXoK-i,  (t)XotC,oi,  whence    (pXotoi,  bark,    rind; 

probably  a  contracted  word.] 

1.  To  skin ;  to  strip  ofi*  the  skin  of  an  animal ;  as, 
to  flay  an  ox, 

2.  To  take  off  the  skin  or  surface  of  any  thing. 

[JVot  used.]  SwifL 

FLaY' ED,  pp.    Skinned  ;  stripped  of  the  skin. 

FLaY'ER,  n.     One  who  strips  ofl"  the  skin. 

FLaY'ING,  ppr.    Stripping  ofl"  the  skin. 

FLeA,  71.  [Sax.  flea;  G.  floh  ;  D.  vloo;  Scot,  fleek; 
Ice.  floe;  Irom  Sax,  fieogan,  to  flv.  See  Flee  and 
Fly.] 

An  Insect  of  the  genus  Pules.  It  has  two  eyes 
and  six  feel ;  the  feelers  are  like  threads ;  the  ros- 
trum is  inflected,  setaceous,  and  armed  with  a  sting. 
The  flea  is  remarkable  for  its  agility,  leaping  to  a 
surprising  distance,  and  its  bite  is  very  troublesome. 

FLeA'BaNE,  n.  A  name  given  to  Various  pUmts, 
from  tlieir  supposed  efficacy  in  driving  away  fleas. 
They  belong  to  the  genera  Conyza,  Erigeron,  and 
Pnlicnria.  Loudon. 

FLeA'BITE,        )  71.     The  bite  of  a  flea,  or  the  red 

FLeA'BIT-ING,  i      spot  caused  by  the  bite. 

2.  A  trifling  wound  or  pain,  like  tiiat  of  the  bite  of 
a  flea.  Harvey. 

FLE.A'-BIT-T£N,  a.    Bitten  or  stung  by  a  flea. 
2.  Mean ;  worthless ;  of  low  birth  or  station. 

CUaxcland, 


Tune,  BIJLL,  IJNITE.— AN"GER,  VI"CiOUa  — e  as  K;  C  as  J;  S  as  Z;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

—  ■  459 


FLE 


FLE 


rL^VWORT,  (rta'wuit,)  ■•     An  herb  of  iho  plan- 
tiUi\l«d.  bei'ing  D«u«rou.  mucilneinuu*  «^diL^ 

l-jf^K*?.     A  l.«-k.     fSre  FuiKi.] 
j.:'^^:*,.'  ..   _,_- 1- w.Jluin.-  Xrtt^.  firmm  or  flcm, 

harp  [H>iul.     In  Welsh, «««  and 
nciiaiinR.] 
I  -n.iip  in»lmuiLnt,  used  for  opening 
Tij*  bkiod. 
I  t.     [G.  Jledc,  a  fpol ;  Jtfckm^  lo  spot ; 

i  I        ..  ,  ,..,       I).   Wfi,    vlak,  Ttukkati    S\v.   JlacA', 
■(  t  . .: .  l>an.  je*Jt,  ieUer.] 

I..  ,i*>t;  lo  «treak  or  sinpc  ;   to  vnricgaie ;  to 

-,  tlr  WK  Arwrfan  rtrain.        DryJtn. 

..bsolcie,  or  Mseil  only  in  poclr>'.l 
I  ^^^}  ;'^  or  a.     SpotUrtI ;  variegated 

..lor«,  *'*'**"• 

1  [L.fiectio.) 

l^ndnig,  or  scale  of  being  bcnl.    [See 

1  A  flexor,  wliicli  see. 

1  I  pp.  of  Klel  ;  a-"<,  truth  has  JUxt. 

1  .)   a.      [«.  Jt"!^-rf:    I),   r/wir.   Hedged, 

!  ;  connected  wiUi  G.fiirgcity  D.  tlirgcn, 

Feathered;  furnished  with  feathers  or  wlng8 ;  able 

''  tn*  lock*  behind, 

Uy  w*»ln*  louad.  AftUon. 

Fl.El>6B,r.  L    To  furnish  with  feothcrs;  to  supply 
Willi  Uie  fcatlicrs  necessary-  for  lllghL 

Unb  mm  ool  jrt  ftdttd  enough  lo  ihift  for  thf  mvlr«. 
L'Ettnngt. 

FLKOCflD,  (fte>tl,)  to.    Furnished  with  feathers  for 

tli:fii .  cnvirrd  with  feather". 
n.KltOKl.ING,  n.    A  vniing  bird  just  flcdgcd. 
KM.IH";  IN';,ppr.    Fumi^!lingwilh  feathers  for  flight, 
nrtK";  LNU,  N.     Aniviringof  fenlhers. 
i  :  ,  K,  r.ui  prtU  Flbd.     [S;i\.Jlean^fieonjJlcogan;  G. 

1.  To  run  with  rapidity,  as  from  danger;  to  at- 
Irmpl  to  escape  ;  to  hx-'tcn  from  danger  or  exi>ected 
evU,    The  env my  Jled  at  the  first  fire. 

^f .  J.-r,  uhI/tc  Into  Egypt. 


TSr 


2.  .  ii-H  away. 

R-'_it  ii»-  ■;■'■,  -'1  ^  -.■  ',■■-.'.,•''(  frvin  you. — Jamci  if. 

3,  To  avoid ;  lo  keep  at  a  di^ttnce  from.  Flee 
fomical  on  ;  JUe  from  id(ilalr>'.    1  Cor.  yi.  10. 

ToJUe  tie  ijwMtion,  or  from  the  tjut^ony  in  legisla^ 
r^m,  b  Kikd  of  a  l(:giitI.itor  who,  when  a  question  is 
lo  Ik  p<it  to  the  house,  leaves  his  scat,  lo  avoid  the 
dikmma  of  voting  against  his  conscience,  or  giving 
an  unpopular  vtHc.  In  the  phrases  in  which  this 
vrb  appears  to  be   transitive,  there  is   really  an 


n.i.HL"K,ii.    [Sai.J(«*,^y»,;lMe,'  D.vlies;  G.JLitss; 
\  1  -t  prnhably  from  shearing  or  stripping,  as  in  Dutch 
t.,    word  sienifies  .i  film  or  membrane,  as  well  as  a 
'    f.    The  verb  lo  fleece  secmii  to  favor  the  sense  of 
^       ^uippmg.    See  Class  I,-*,  .\o.  25,  23,  30.    But  Uu. 
j       U  reiliu,  from  reth,  to  pluck  or  tear  off.     Varro. 
See  Class  Bl.    In  Uuss.,  rn/os  is  hair  or  wool,  writ- 
t«^,  also,  T^.    It  was  probably  the  practice  to  pluck 
I       oir  woni,  before  it  was  the  practice  to  shear  iL] 
[  1>»^  coat  of  wool  shorn  from  a  sheep  at  one  time. 

FhEti^C,  c.  t.    To  shear  ofl"  a  covering  or  growth  of 
wnoL 

4.  To  rtrip  of  money  or  propcrtv ;  lo  lake  from, 

\'\  »*  \t  fr- .  Tnftinn"",  under  color  oflaw  or  justice,  or 

'■\(<T  by  virtue  of  authority.    Ar- 

■  their  subjects  ;  and  clients  com- 

-:■-■  somciinicd  jU:«ed  by  their  law- 

)rr*. 

This  word  Is  rarely  or  never  used  for  plundering 
In  w.ir  »•-.  T  Ik-  ntious  soldier^-,  but  is  properly  used 
to  ■  ■  ;"ng  by  contributions  levied  on  a 

Cfin- 

•'  ,  ■  r  as  with  wool ;  to  make  white. 

Thomson, 
FLEE'CED,  (fleest,]  pp.    Stripped  by  severe  exac- 
tion*. 
FLEETTD,  ■!.     Furnished  with  a  fleece  or  with 

IItcc^  ;  as,  n  sheep  is  well  ^trerA. 
FI.f;E<'F/LEi*:^,  o.    Having  nn  ilccce. 
FLEE'CER,  m.    One  who  strips  or  takes  by  scx'ero 

f  tartion*. 
FLEE'CINfi.p^.    Stripping  of  money  or  property  by 

wrrrr  demands  of  fee*,  taxes,  or  contributions. 

FI.EE'CY,  a.     Covered  with  wool;   woolly;   as,  a 

^^vfl..^k.  Prior. 

•  ■■:  port :  complicated  ; 

;/  hosiery-. 

,    . ',  lo  makt;  wr>*  faces, 

ii:l>  i  Kt.  fiijrii.     In  I).,  ^luitrrn  sig- 

II    (i-^-p;    Sw.  plira:    Dun.   pUrnuU, 

ThL-*  word  sfoms  In  bi;  Irn-^  wiih  a 

prelii,  and    Utr   pn-srnts,    probably,  the    primary 

WDSCJ 

1.  To  deride;  to  sneer;  to  mock  ;  to  gibe;  to  make 


FUA 

lo  \:cT,  tu  l^ 
ni5c9  to  Ir«  I 
nfling,  Ifcnng. 


a  wr>'  face  in  contempt,  or  lo  grin  in  scorn  ;  as,  to 
f.ecr  and  flout.  . 

CoTi*ro(l  wilh  nn  nnlic  rac«, 
To  /eer  antl  Kom  nt  our  aokiuaity.  iSTia*. 

a.  To  leer ;  to  grin  wilh  an  air  of  civility.  Burton, 
FLKER,  V.  (.    Tu  mock  ;  lo  flout  at.  Bcaum. 

FLEER,  n.  Derision  or  mockery>  expressed  by  words 
or  looks. 

And  iniuk  ttx/ecri,  llie  gibes,  and  notable  KornB.  Shak. 

2.  A  grin  of  civility. 

A  tivachrrotu  Jleer  on  the  Cicc  ordoccifcis.  Soulh. 

FLEER'ER,  n.    A  mocker ;  a  fawner. 

FLEER'IIS'G,  ppr.  or  a.  Deriding;  mocking;  coun- 
terfeiting an  iiir  of  civility. 

FLEER'IXG-LY,  adv.    In  a  fleering  manner. 

FLEET,  in  Enntish  namcsy  [Snx.JUot,]  denotes  a/noa, 
a  creek  or  inlet,  a  bay  or  estuary,  or  a  river ;  as 
in  Fleet  Street,  JVartJi-Jiete,  FUrt  j>ru<on. 

FLEET,  H.  [."^ax.  JJota,  fiitt :  i}.  Jlotte ;  D.  vloot ;  Sw. 
fiottc  ;  D.flode  ;  Fr.fwtte.  Fleet  and  float  seem  lo  be 
allied  ;  but  whether  they  are  formed  from  the  root  of 
fioie,  or  whether  the  last  consonant  is  radical,  is  not 
obvious.     See  Float.] 

A  navy  or  squadron  of  shins ;  a  number  of  ships 
in  company,  whether  ships  of  war  or  of  commerce. 
Il  more  generally  signifies  ships  of  war. 

FLEET,  fl.  [Icc.potr  ;  Ir.  luatJi,  swift  ;  Russ.  Ictaiju, 
lo  fly  ;  Eng.  lofiit  If  the  last  cimsonant  is  radical, 
this  word  seems  lo  be  allied  to  D.vlicdcn,  to  flee,  to 
flv,  and  possiblv  to  the  Sliemilic  tflSo  ;  but  from  the 
Elhiopic  il  would  appear  that  the  latter  word  is  our 
sjililj  the  sense  being  to  divide  or  separate.] 

L  Swift  of  pace ;  moving  or  able  to  move  wilh 
rapidity  ;  nimble ;  liglit  and  quick  in  motion,  or 
moving  wilh  lightness  and  celerity  ;  as,  aficct  horse 
or  dog.  . 

2.  Moving  wilh  velocity;  j\Sj  Jtect  wmns. 

3.  Light;  supi^rticially  truitful ;  or  thin  ;  not  pene- 
tralins  ilecp;  as  soil.  Mortimer. 

A.  Skimmiiii:  the  surface.  Mortimer. 

FLEET,  r.  i.  'lo  fly  swiftly  ;  to  hasten  ;  to  flit  as  a 
light  substance.    'J'o/crt  aicay,  is  to  vanish. 

How  .-UI  tlic  other  paasions/ecl  to  ak  I  .5/(04. 

2.  To  be  in  a  transient  slate. 

3.  To  float. 

FLEET,  V.  U  To  skim  the  surface  ;  lo  pass  over 
rapidly  ;  as,  a  ship  that  Jlret.':  the  gulf.  Spetiscr. 

2.  To  pass  lightly,  or  in  mirth  and  joy  ;  as,  to  fleet 
away  time.    [JVut  used.]  Sha/c. 

3.  To  skim  milk.     [Local  in  Knirlaml.] 

The  verb  in  the  transitive  form  is  rarely  or  never 
used  in  America. 

FI-EET'-FOQT,  a.  Swift  of  foot ;  running  or  able  lo 
run  with  rapidity.  Shak. 

FLEET'ING,  ppr.  Passing  rapidly,  flying  with  ve- 
locity. 

2.0.  Transient;  not  durable;  as,  the  fleeting 
hours  or  moments. 

FLEET'ING-DISII,  TU    A  skimming  bowl.     [Local] 

FLEET'ING-LY,  adv.    In  a  fleeting  manner. 

FLEET'LY,  adv.  Rapidly  ;  Ughtly  and  nimbly ; 
swiftly. 

FLEET'NESS,  v.  Swiftness  ;  rapidity  ;  velocity  ; 
celerity  :  speed  ;  as,  the  Jlcetness  of  a  horse  or  deer. 

FLEM'ING,  n.  A  native  of  Flanders,  or  the  Low 
Countries  in  Europe. 

FLEM'ISH,  a.    Pertaining  to  Flanders. 

FLENSE,  V.  t.  To  cut  tip  a  whale  and  obtain  the  blub- 
ber. 

FLE.\S'I.\G,  V.  The  act  of  cutting  up  a  whale  and 
obUiining  its  blubber. 

FLESH,  H.  [Sax.  Jitfc,  fier,  or  JIj--«;  G.  ficisch  ;  D. 
vlcesc/i;  l):\u.  Jlcsk.  In  Danish,  the  word  si^ifies 
the  flesh  of  swine.  I  know  not  the  primar>'  sense ; 
il  may  be  spfi.] 

1.  A  compound  substance  forming  a  large  part  of 
an  animal,  consisting  of  the  softer  solids,  as  distin- 
guished from  the  bones  and  the  fluids.  Under  the 
general  appellation  of  fltsh,  we  include  the  muscles, 
fat,  glands,  &c.,  which  invest  the  bones  and  are 
covered  with  the  skin.  It  is  sometimes  restricted  to 
the  muscles. 

2.  Animal  food,  in  distinction  from  vegetable. 
Fltsh  wiihotit  being  qualified  wilh  ncids,  is  too  alkalescent  a 

diet.  Arbulhttot. 

3.  The  body  of  beasts  and  birds  used  as  food,  dis- 
tinct from.^s7i.  In  Lr;i(,  the  Roman  Catholics  ab- 
stain from^A,  but  eat  fish. 

4.  The  body,  as  distinguished  from  the  soul. 

A&  if  tiiiifeth,  which  walla  about  our  life, 

Wcni  Iraas  imprcgnable.  SliaJt. 

5.  Animal  nature;  animals  of  all  kinds. 
The  end  of  all/«ft  is  come  before  mc.  —Gen.  vi. 

G.  Men  in  general ;  mankind. 


My  epiril  Bhall  not  ^.hv;iy3  Btiifc  with  man,  for  that  h-  fdio  is 
Jltth. — Gen.  vi. 

7.  Human  nature. 

Tho  Wunl  WMin.-idc/ca^,Qiu1  tKvflt  nmonjin.  — John  i. 

8.  Tenderness;  human  feeling;  as,  there  is  no 


flesh  in  man's  obdurate  heart. 

CoiDpcr. 


Ezck.  xxxvi.  26. 


FLE 

9.  Carnality ;  corporeal  appetites. 

F.islingscrvea  to  morUry  the  flesh,  Smairidge. 

The  flesh,  luateih  agniiiM  ttie  spirit.  —  Gai.  v, 

10.  A  carnal  stale ;  a  state  of  unrenewed  nature. 

They  that  are  in  tIieJIe«A  can  not  pleaw  God.  —  Rom.  viii. 

11.  The  corruptiblebody  of  man,  or  corrupt  nature. 

FUth  and  blood  can  not  iulicrit  the  Idngdom  ol  God.  —  1  Cor. 

12.  The  present  life ;  the  state  of  existence  in  this 
world. 

To  .Abide  in  the  flesh  is  more  needful  for  you.  —Phil.  i. 

13.  Legal  righteousness,  and  ceremonial  services. 

Wbal  ehall  w<>  tlicn  say  tli.al  Abraham,  our  fathfr  aa  pertaining 
to  tha flesh,  lialli  found  ?  —  Rom.  ir.    Gal.  iii, 

M.  Kindred  ;  stock  ;  famfly 

He  13  our  brother,  and  ourj?e</t.^Gon.  xxxvit. 

15.  In  botany,  the  soft,  pulpy  substance  of  fruit; 
also,  that  part  of  a  root,  fruit,  &c.,  which  is  fit  lo 
be  f-nlen. 

One  flesh,  denotes  intimate  relation.  To  be  onr. 
fleshy  is  to  be  closely  united,  as  in  marriage.  Qen. 
ii.    F.ph.  V. 

,Sflcr  the  flesh  ,•  according  to  outward  appearances 
John  viii. :  — 

Or  according  to  the  common  powers  of  nature 
Gal.  iv. :  — 

Or  according  lo  sinful  lusts  and  inclinations 
Rom.  viii. 

,A.n  arm  of  flesh  :    human  strength  or  aid. 
FLESH,  V.  L    To  initiate ;  a  sportman's  use  of  the 
word,  iVoni  the  practice  of  training  hawks  and  dogs 
by  feeding  them  wilh  the  first  game  they  take,  or 
other  flesh. 

2.  To  harden ;  to  accustom  ;  to  establish  in  any 
practice,  as  dogs  by  often  feeding  on  any  Thing. 
Men  fleshed  in  cruelty  ;  women  fleshed  in  malice. 

3.  To  glut ;  to  satiate.  [S'alney. 

The  wild  dojr 
Slially7«h  his  tooth  on  CTery  iimocciit.  Shak. 

FLESH'-BROTH,  n.     Broth  made  by  boiling  flesh  in 

water. 
FLESH'^BRUSH,  n.     A  brush  for  exciting  action  in 

the  skin  bv  friction. 
FLESU'-€LOG-G£D,  a.    Encumbored  wilh  flesh. 
FLESH'-€0L-OR,  (-kul-lur,)  n.    The  color  of  flesh; 

carnation. 
FLESIl'-eOL-OR-^D,  a.    Being  of  tlie  color  of  ficsh. 
FLESH'-Dl-ET,  n.    Food  consisting  of  flesh. 
FLESH'J^D,p/j.  ora.    Initiated;  accustomed;  glutted. 

2.  a.  Fat;  fleshy. 
FLESH'-FL"5',  n.     A  fly  that  feeds  on  flesh,  and  de- 
posits her  eggs  in  il.  Roy. 
FLESH'-IIOOK,  71.    A  hook  to  draw  flesh  from  a  put 

or  caldron.     1  Sam.  ii. 
FLESH'I-NESS,   n.      [from  fleshy.]      Abundance  of 

flesh   or  fat  in  animals  ;    plumpness  ;    corpulence  j 

irrossncss. 
FLESIMNG,    ppr.       Initiating  ;    making   familiar ; 

gluttino;. 
FLESH'LESS,  a.    Destitute  of  flesh  ;  lean. 
FLESII'LI-NESS,  n.    Camal  passions  and  appetites. 

Spenser. 
FLESH'LING,  n.    A  person  devoted  to  camal  things. 
FLESH'LY,  0.    Pertaining  to  the  flesh  ;  corporeal. 

J)cnham. 

2.  Camal  ;  worldly  ;  lascivious. 

Abstain  from  fleshly  Insls.—  1  Pet.  ii. 

3.  Animal  ;  not  vegetable.  Dryden. 

4.  Human  ;  not  celestial  ;  not  spiritual  or  divine. 

Vain  o( fleshly  rrrm.  JSJillon. 

Fiesfdy  wisdom.  —  2  Cor.  i. 

FLESII'-MeAT,  71.    Animal  food  ;  the  flesh  of  ani- 
mals prepared  or  used  for  food.  SwifL 

FLESH'HIENT,  71.    Eagerness  gained  by  a  successful 
initiation.  Sfudi. 

FLESH'-310N"GER,(-mung'ger,)7i.    One  who  tlcals 
in  flesh  ;  a  procurer  ;  a  pimp.    [Little  -used.]    SJtak. 

FLESIi'-POT,  71.    A  vessel  in  wliich  flesh  is  cooked  ; 
hence,  plenty  of  provisions.    Exod.  xvi. 

FLESH'aUAlCE,  71.    A  trembling  of  the  flesh.    [ATwi 
usFd.'\  ^-  J<f"^on. 

FLEs'h'Y,  a.    Full  of  flesh  ;  plump  ;  musculous. 

The  sole  of  his  foot  is  fleshy.  Roy- 

2.  Fat ;  gross  ;  corpulent ;  as,  s.  fleshy  man 

3.  Corporeal.  ^ 

4.  Full  of  pulp  ;  pulpous  ;  plump  ;  as  fruit. 

Jiacon. 

FLET,  pp.  of  Fleet.    Skimmed.    [JVot  used.] 

'  '^^  Mortimer. 

FLETCH,  V.  t.     [FT.flechc] 

To  feather  an  arrow.  JVarbnrton. 

FLETCH'i^D,  (flelcht,)  pp.    Feathered,  as  an  arrow 
FLETCH'ER,  n,     [Ft.flcche,  It.  freccia,  an  arrow.] 

An  arrow-maker ;  a  manufacturer  of  bow.^  =" 
arrows.    Hence  the  name  of  Fletcher. 

IJut  tlio  use  of  the  word  as  an  appellative  nas 
ceased  with  tlie  practice  of  archery. 
FLE'I'CII'ING,  ppr.     Feathering. 
FLE-TIF'ER-OUS,  a.     [L.flctus  and  fero-l 

Producing  tears.  


Fxdes. 


and 


L-. 


raXE,  FAR,  FjVLL,  VVHAT.-iMETE,  PR6Y.-PL\E,  M.AJltNE,  BIRD. -NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK. 


460 


I 


FLl 

FI-ETZ,  a.     {Cfiiitz,  a  layer.] 

Ill  i^cLilo-ry^  ;i  lenii  applio<l  to  the  secondary  strata, 
bt'cause  tlity  generally  occur  in  llat  or  horizontal 
beds,  Brande. 

FLEUR  DE  LlSy  (finr'de-Ic-',)  [Fr,,  flower  of  the 
lily  J  corrupted,  in  English,  to  Jiower  de  luce.] 

1.  A  bearing  in  heraldry,  representing  a  lily,  em- 

2.  In  botany,  the  iris,  [blematic  of  royalty. 
FLEW,  (tiii,)  prcL  of  Flt. 

"Vixt  peoplej?«w  upon  tbe  spoil.  —  1  Sajn.  xiv. 

FXiEW,  7L    The  large  chaps  of  a  deep-mouthed  hound. 

Hanvier. 

FLEWED,  a.     Chapped ;  mouthed ;  deep-mouthed. 

Fi^X,  r.  £.     [h.JUcto^fi£jr^.]  {Skak, 

'I'o  l>end  ;  as,  a  mvscle ^czc5  the  arm. 

FLEX- -IXa-MO  US,  a,  [from  L.]  Having  power  to 
change  the  mind.     [-Vol  usedJ]  HoweU. 

FLEX'jEID,  (dekst,)  pp.  or  a.  Bent;  as,  a  limb  in  a 
fiex£d  position.  Hosack, 

FLEX-I-BIL'£-TY,  n.  [See  Flexible.]  The  quality 
of  admitting  to  be  bent ;  pliancy ;  flexibleness ;  as, 
the  JUxibilitrj  of  rays  of  light.  J^ercton. 

2.  Easiness  to  be  persuaded  ;  the  quality  of  yield- 
ing to  arguments,  persuasion,  or  circumstances;  duc- 
tility of  mind;  readiness  to  comply;  facility;  as, 
jUxlb'ditg  of  temper. 

FLEX'f-llLE,  a.  [L.  flexibilisy  from  JUclo,  JUxiy  to 
bend,  FT.JUfhh-y  coinciding  with  G.JiecJiUii,  to  braid  ; 
D.  vlegten.  These  words  have  the  same  elements  as 
L.  pUcoJ] 

1.  That  may  be  bent ;  capable  of  being  turned  or 
forced  from  a  straight  line  or  form  without  breaking ; 
pliant ;  yielding  to  pressure  ;  not  stiff;  as,  a  Jlezible 
rod  ;  a  fiexible  plant. 

2.  Capable  of  yielding  to  entreaties,  arguments,  or 
other  moral  force  ;  that  may  he  persuaded  to  compli- 
ance ;  not  inviucinly  rigid  or  obstinate ;  not  inexo- 
rable. 

Pliociou  wxs  a  roan  o(  greal  severUy,  and  oo  ways  Jlaible  to 
Uie  <aall  of  Uie  people.  Bacon. 

Tt  otten  denotes,  easy,  or  too  easy  to  yield  or  com- 
ply ;  wavering  ;  inconstant;  not  firm. 

3.  Ductile;  manageable:  tractable;  as,  the  tender 
and  Jlezible  minds  of  youth.  Flexible  years,  or  time 
of  life ;  the  time  when  the  mind  is  tractable. 

4.  That  may  be  turned  or  accommodated. 

This  ■4i"aa  n  prir.ciple  tuoKjtexibU  la  tlicir  purpose.      Rogers. 

FLEX'I-BLE-XESS,  n.  Possibility  to  be  bent  or  turned 
from  a  straight  line  or  form  without  breaking;  easi- 
ness to  be  bent ;  pliantness;  pliancy;  flexibility. 

Boyle, 

2.  Facility  of  mind  ;  readiness  to  comply  or  yield ; 
obseijuiousness  ;  as,  the  jUzibleneas  of  a  courtier. 

3.  Ductility  ;  manageableness ;  tractableness ;  as, 
the  JUribleruss  of  youth. 

FLEXa-BLV,  ode.     In  a  flesible  manner. 
FLEXILE,  (deks'il,)  a.     [I..  Jiciilis.] 

Pliant;  pliable;  easily  bent ;  yielding  to  power, im- 
pulse, or  moral  force.  Tlioinsoti. 
FLEX'ING,  ppr.    Bending. 
FLEXaON,  (iJeks'yun,)  it.     [L.  jUxio.] 

1.  The  act  of  bending. 

2:  A  bending  ;  a  part  bent ;  a  fold.  Bacon. 

3.  A  turn  ;  a  cast ;  as,  a  Jlexioit  of  the  eye.  [See 
Inflection.]  Bacon. 

FLEX'OR,  7u    In  anatomy,  a  muscle  whose  office  is  to 
bend  the  part  to  which  it  belongs,  in  opposition  to 
the  exleitsorj. 
FLEX'U-OUS.  (flek'3hu-U3,)  )  „      r.     ff,„,„^  „ . 
FLEX'U-6SE,  (flek'shu-ose,)  \  *^     t^  fieruosus.] 

L  Winding  ;  having  turns  or  winding  ;  as,  ajlez- 
votis  rivuleL  Dighy. 

2.  Bending;  winding;  wavering;  not  steady  ;  as, 
a  JUxaous  flame.  Bacon. 

ii.  In  botany^  bending  or  bent ;  changing  its  direc- 
tion in  a  curve,  from  joint  to  joint,  from  bud  to  bud, 
or  from  flower  to  flower.  Martyn. 

FLEX'URE,  (fleks'yur,)  iu    [L.  jlextira.] 

1.  A  winding  or  bending;  the  form  of  bending; 
incurvation  ;  as,  the  jUxure  of  a  joint 

2.  The  act  of  bending.  Shah. 

3.  The  part  bent;  a  joint.  Sandys. 

4.  The  bending  of  the  body  ;  obsequious  or  servile 
cringe.  Siiak. 

FLICK'ER,  V.  I,  [Sa.t.  jUccerian. :  Scot,  flecker,  to 
quiver  ;  D,  fiiklitren,  to  twinkle  ;  probably  a  diminu- 
tive from  tiie  root  of  ^j/.] 

1.  To  flutter ;  to  flap  the  wings  v.  ithout  flying ;  to 
strike  rapidly  with  the  wings. 

AadJUtiering  oo  her  D€«t  ruule  short  essajs  lo  eing.    DrytUn. 

2.  To  waver,  fluctuate,  or  twinkle;  as,  the  light 
JUckers  at  a  distance.  Burton. 

PLICK'EII-IXG,  ppr.  Fluttering;  flapping  the  wings 
without  flight. 

2.  o.  Wavering;  fluctuating;  having  a  fluttering 
motion  ;  with  amorous  motions  of  the  eye. 

The  (air  lAvina  —  looks  a.  Huiejliduring  after  Turnus. 

Dryden. 

FLICK'ER-ING,  n.     A  fluttering  ;    ahort,  irregular 

movements. 
FLICK'ER-IXG-Ly,  oile.    In  a  flickering  manner. 
FLICK'EK-MOUSE,  n.    The  baL  B.  Jonson. 


FLI 

FLI'ER,  n.     [See  Flt.    It  ought  to  be  FLrER.] 

1.  One  that  flics  or  flees. 

2.  A  runaway  ;  a  fujiitivp.  Slutli. 

3.  A  part  ofa  in;ichine  which,  by  moving  rapidly, 
equalizes  and  regulates  the  motion  of  the  whole ;  as, 
the  flier  of  a  jack. 

FLIGHT,  (flite,)  n.  [Sax. /r7i£;  G.flug.fluckt;  D. 
vluai  ;  Dan.  flugt ;  Sw.  flycht.     See  Flt. J 

I.  The  act  of  fleeing  ;  the  act  of  running  away,  to 
escape  danger  or  expected  evil ;  hasty  departure. 

Priy  yc  Uu.t  yomflighS  le  not  in  the  winter.  —  Matu  xxiv. 

To  put  tofliglu,  to  turn  to  flight,  is  to  compel  to  run 
away  ;  to  force  to  escape. 

9.  The  act  of  flying  ;  a  passing  through  the  air  by 
the  help  of  wings ;  volitation  ;  as,  the  flight  of  birds 
and  insects. 

3.  The  manner  of  flying.  Every  fowl  has  its  par- 
ticular flight  i  the  fligftt  of  ihe  eagle  is  high  ;  tht:_<igkt 
of  the  swallow  is  rapid,  witii  sudden  turns. 

4.  Removal  from  place  to  place  by  flying. 

5.  A  flock  of  birds  flying  in  company ;  as,  a  flight 
of  pigeons  or  wild  geese 

6.  A  number  of  beings  flying  or  moving  through 
the  air  together  ;  as,  a  flight  of  angels.  Jlilton. 

7.  A  number  of  things  passing  through  the  air  to- 
gether ;  a  volley ;  as,  a  flight  of  arrows. 

S.  A  periodical  flying  of  birds  in  flocks;  as,  the 
spring  fliglit,  or  autumnal  flight,  of  ducks  or  pigeons. 

9.  In  England,  the  birds  produced  in  the  same 
season. 

10.  The  space  passed  by  flying. 

II.  A  mounting;  a  soaring;  lofly  elevation  and 
excursion ;  as,  a  fligJit  of  imagination  or  laucy ;  a 
fltgfu  of  ambition. 

12.  Excursion;  wandering;  extravagant  sally  ;  as, 
a  flight  of  foUv.  TdloUon. 

13.  The  power  of  flying.  Shak. 

14.  In  certain  lead  worLi,  a  substance  that  flies  off 
in  smoke.  Encyc. 

15.  Flights  are  the  husk  or  glume  of  oats. 
Flight  of  stairs;  the  series  of  stairs  from  the  floor, 

or  from  one  platform  to  atiotlier. 
FLiGHT'ED,  a.     Taking  flight ;  flying. 
FLiGHT'I-LV,a£ir.  In  a  wild  or  imagmaiive  manner. 
FLIGHT' I-NESS,  (flit'e-ness,)  n.    I'he  state  of  being 

flighty;  wildness;  slii;ht  delirium. 
FLIGHTS-SHOT,  n.    The  distance  which  an  arrow 
FLlGHT'Y,  (flil'e,)  a.    Fleeting;  swiit.  [flies. 

The  Jtighly  putposa  never  is  o'ertook.  Shak. 

9,  Wild  ;  indulging  the  sallies  of  imagination. 
3.  Disordered  in  mind  ;  somewhat  delirious. 
FLIM'FLAM,  n.     [Ice.  fiim.\ 

A  freak  :  a  trick.  Beaum. 

FLI.M'SI-LY,  ode.  In  a  flimsy  manner. 
FLIM'SI-XESS,  Ti.  State  or  quality  of  being  flimsy  ; 
tliin,  weak  texture;  weakness;  want  of  substance 
or  solidity. 
FLLM'SY,  a.  [W.  Uymsi,  having  a  fickle  motion  ; 
Uyjiiu,  to  make  sharp,  quick,  pungent.  Owen.  But 
LIuyd  renders  llymsi  vain,  weak.  The  word  is  re- 
tained by  the  common  people  in  Xew  England  in 
limsy,  weak,  limber,  easily  bending.  See  Class  Lm, 
No.  2,  5,  C] 

1.  Weak;  feeble;  slight;  vain;  without  strength 
or  solid  substance;  as,  a  ^inwj/ pretext;  tx  flimsy  ex- 
cuse ;  fliiitsy  objections.  Milner. 

2.  Without  strength  or  force;  spiritless. 

ProaJ  of  a  vast  eitent  ofjlitiny  IJaes.  Pope. 

3.  Thin  ;  of  loose  texture ;  as,  flimsy  cloth  or  stull". 
[Little  used,] 

FLI^XH,  V.  i.  [I  have  not  found  this  word  in  any 
other  language  ;  but  the  sense  of  it  occurs  in  blench ; 
and  not  improbably  it  is  from  the  same  root,  with  a 
diflerent  prefix.] 

1.  To  shrink;  to  withdraw  from  any  suffering  or 
undertaking,  from  pain  or  danger;  to  fail  of  proceed- 
ing, or  of  performing  any  thing.  Never  flinch  from 
duty.    One  of  the  parties  flinched  from  the  combat. 

A  cliild,  by  a  comlant  course  of  kindness,  mriy  be  accustomed  to 
beai  very  rough  asige  wiihoul  flineJdng  or  coinpI::iiiiii^. 

Looie. 

2.  To  fail.  S/iak, 
FLLVCH'ER,  n     One  who  flinches  or  fails. 
FLIXCH'ING,  ppr.     Failing  to  undertake,  perform,  or 

proceed;  shrinking;  withdrawing. 
FLINCIl'ING,  n.    A  shrinking  or  drawing  under  pain 

or  dirticuUy. 
FLINCH'ING-LV,  adv.    In  a  flinching  manner. 
FLIN'DERS,  n.  pi,     [D.  flentcr,  a  splinter,  a  tatter.] 
Small   pieces  or  splinters  ;   fragments.     [IjOcoI  in 

England;  sometimes  used  in  .America.] 

[  This  seems  to  be  S^ll-^ter,  wUJiout  the  prefix.] 
FLiS'G,  V.  L;  pret.  and  pp.  Flung.      [Ir.  Ungtm,  to 

fling,  to  dart,  to  fly  off,  to  skip.    If  7t  is  not  radical, 

as  I  suppose,  this  may  be  the  W.  llaciaw,  to  fling,  to 

throw,  to  dart,  and  L.  lego,  legare  ] 

1.  To  cast,  send,  or  throw  from  the  hand  ;  to  liurl ; 
as,  to  fling  a  stone  at  a  bird. 

'T'u  fate  Oi:i.tflingt  the  dice ;  and  as  she  flings. 

Of  !dng8  rnxkcs  pcasauU,  and  of  p<:asanta,  kiii^.         Dryden. 

2.  To  dart :  to  cast  with  violence ;  to  send  forth. 


He  —  like  Jove,  his  ]ighln]ugflung. 


Dry  den. 


FLI 

3.  To  send  forth  ,  to  emit ;  to  scatter. 

Kr*T7  U-aui  n^w  trrniii''nt  C"lor»^in^«.  Pope. 

4.  To  throw ;  to  drive  by  violence. 

5.  To  throw  to  the  ground;  to  prostrate.  The 
wrestler  ^UH^-  his  antagonist. 

6.  To  baflle  ;  to  defeat ;  as,  to  fling  a  party  in  lit- 
igation. 

To  fling  away  ;  to  reject ;  to  discard. 

Cromwell,  1  charge  thec,/Iin»  amy  amLiwn.  S^ak. 

To  fling  down  ;  to  demolish ;  to  ruin. 

2.  To  throw  to  the  ground. 

To  fling  off;  to  baflle  in  the  chase ;  to  defeat  of 
prey.  Addison. 

To  fling  out ;  to  utter  ;  to  speak  ,  as,  to  fling  out 
hard  words  against  another. 

To  fling  in ;  to  throw  in  ;  to  make  an  allowance  or 
deduction,  or  not  to  charge  in  an  account.  In  set- 
tling accounts,  one  party  ^in"'.*  m  a  small  sum,  or  a 
few  days'  work. 

To  fling  open ;  to  throw  open ;  to  open  suddenly 
or  With  violence  ;  as,  to  fling  open  a  door. 

To  fling  up  ;  to  relinquish  ;  to  abandon ;  as,  to  fling 
up  a  design. 
f  LING,  V.  i.    To  flounce  ;  to  wince  ;  to  fly  into  vio- 
lent and  irregular  motions.    The  horse  began  to  kick 
and  fling. 

2.  'I'o  cast  in  the  teeth  ;  to  utter  harsh  l.inguage  ; 
to  sneer  ;  to  upbraid.  The  scold  began  to  flout  and 
fltag. 

To  fling  out :  to  grow  unruly  or  outrageous.    Sftak. 
FLIXG,  71.    A  throw;    a  flounce;    a  cast  from  the 
hand. 

2.  A  gibe  ;  a  sneer ;  a  sarcasm ;  a  severe  or  con- 
templuous  remark. 

I,  who  love  to  1iav«  ajling 

Both  at  senate  house  and  kin*.  Siei/t. 

FLING'ER,  n  One  who  flings ;  one  who  jeers. 
FLING'ING,  ppr.  Throwing;  casting;  jeering. 
FLINT,  H.     [Sax.  flint ;  Sw.  fiinta.     In  Dan.  flint  is  a 

light    gun,   and  flint  is  called  flijUsteen,   flint-stone. 

Bo,  also,   in   German.      The  Dutch   and  Germans 

call  it  also  flrestone.      It  may  be  from   the  root  of 

splendor.] 

1.  In  natural  history,  a  sub-species  of  quartz,  of  a 
yellowish  or  bluish  gray,  or  gniyish-black  color.  It 
is  amorphous,  interspersed  in  other  stones,  or  in  nod- 
ules or  rounded  lumps.  Its  surface  is  generally  un- 
even, and  covered  with  a  rind  or  crust,  either  calca- 
reous or  argillaceous.  It  is  very  hard,  strikes  fire 
with  steel,  and  is  an  ingredient'  in  glass. 

Kirxan.    Encyc 

2.  A  piece  of  the  above-described  stone  used  in 
firearms  to  strike  fire. 

3.  Any  tiling  proverbially  hard  ;  as,  a  heart  of flinL 

Spenser. 

FLINT'-GLXSS,  n.  The  purest  and  most  beautiful 
kind  of  glass,  distinguished  by  its  containing  oxyd 
of  lead,  til  which  it  owes  some  of  its  most  valuable 
qualities.  It  was  originally  made  of  pulverized  flints, 
wlience  ilie  name.  Brande. 

FLINT'-IIEaRT,         I  a.    Having  a  hard,  unfeehng 

FLINT'-HEaRT-ED,  (     heart. 

FLINT' V,  a.     Consisting  of  fiint ;  as,  a  flinty  rock. 

2.  Like  flint;  very  hard;  not  impressible;  as,  a 
flinty  heart. 

3.  Cruel:  iminerciful;  inexorable.  Shak. 

4.  Full  of  flint-stones  ;  as,  flinty  ground.  Bacoiu 
FLINT' V-SLaTE,  h.  A  rock,  of  two  kinds,  tJie  com- 
mon and  the  Lydian  stone.  The  former  has  a  some- 
what slaty  structure,  and  contains  about  75  per  cenL 
of  silica.  The  latter  is  less  liard,  and  is  sometimes 
used  as  a  touchstone  for  gold  and  silver. 

P.  Cije.     Ure. 
FLIP,  n.     A  mixed  liquor  consisting  of  beer  and  spirit 

sweetened,  and  also  warmed  by  a  hot  iron. 
FLir'-DOG,  ;t.    An  iron  used,  when  heated,  to  warm 

flip. 
FLIP'-FLAP,  atlv.  or  a.    Noting  the  repeated  stroke 

and  noise  of  something  broad  and  loose.  Ash. 

FLIP'PAN-CY,  H.    [See  FLipPA.n<T.]    Smoothness  and 

rapidity  of  speech  ;  volubility  of  tongue  ;  fluency  of 

speech. 
FLIP'PANT,  a,     [W.  Uipanu,  to  make  smooth  or  glib, 

from  Uib,  liipa,  flaccid,  soft,  limber  ;  allied  to  flabby, 

and  to  gltb,  and  probably  to  L.  labor,  to  slide  or  slip, 

and  to  liber,  free.     Class'Lb.] 

1.  Of  smooth,  fluent,  and  rapid  speech  ;  speaking 
with  ease  and   rapidity;  having  a  voluble  tongue; 

2.  Pert;  petulant;  waggish.  [talkative. 

AWi-ay  R-ilh  flippant  epilogues.  Thotnson. 

FLIP^PANT-LY,  ade.  Fluently  ;  with  ease  and  vol- 
ubility of  speech. 

FLIP'PANT-NESS,  n.  Fluency  of  speech  ;  volubility 
of  tongue  ;  flippancy. 

[This  is  not  a  low,  vulgar  word,  but  well  autlmr- 
ized  and  peculiarly  expressive.] 

FLIP'PER,  Ti.  The  paddle  of  a  sea-turtle  ;  the  broad 
fin  of  a  fish. 

FLIRT,  (flurt,)  v.  u  [This  word  evidently  belongs  to 
the  root  of  L.  fl4>reo,  or  ploro,  signifyi.»g  to  throw, 
and  coinciding  with  blurt,  Qu.  Sar  fleardiany  to 
trifle.l 


TCNE,  BJJLL,  UNITE.  —  AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K  ;  C  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

461 


FLO 


FLO 


FLO 


iidkiicliiff.  .    «   , 

,  lo  iiwve  buililoiily  !  w,  lo/"-i 

*  '^t        ■     Tn  iMr  or  «ibo  ;  to  throw  banlerinR  or 
■^li'ili.^"  liorS;^"  u.'to'r"'cJo.en,ptuo,„  lanp,aBe, 

"^I'-rrSn  ;;!;dd.m"«lH...f,  to  act  with  gi-Winc-, 
,-„',    ™"^:"rrluultract  lu.tico  i  to  play  nl  courl- 

t  the  room  or  tlio  Mrect. 
,  .uJJcn  jerk ;  a  quick  Uirow  or  cast ;  a 

n   A  vouns  Bitl  who  act.  with  giddiness,  or  plays 
.1  MUtilup ;  a  |X.Tt  e»l ;  a  coquette. 

ik,^  ,Lc  I'""  -^"'  "*°  ''•''  •  '"•'»"  •"  nisr,;." 

^uflTlATiaN/.^TSrAing ;  a  quick,  spriehUy  mc 

'""■  Plavlni!  at  courtship ;  coquetry.  f -J*"", 

n  mrxh    .,,.    Thrown  with  "  »"^f »  i^'^o^,,. 

,,,.    A  wanton,  pert  girl.  f™!;!,. 

r.oro.    ThroHinc;  jerking i  t0!.sinB, 
euldv;  coquettish. 
I  1111  '    In  n  rtirting  manner. 

•    ;  ,o  ily  or  tip"  ;  Dan.  ^yda■,  Sw. 

"/  .    away  ;  Dan.  Ai/ttir,  Sw.fiyttm, 

,U.,iur,  sKitt.    This  word  coincides 

->  ,;h  n.b.  Cli.  Syr.  oSd.    Class  Ld,  No. 

uJuubledly  from  the  same  root  as  ^ietl, 

'■"rToIlv^away  with  a  rapid  motion  ;  to  dart  along; 
U,'miveiith  c'olerity  through  the  »"•  ,  We  ^^^^y- » 
Sr.1  JldJ  away,  or  JI.u  in  air  ;  a  cloud  ^iits  jOoiig. 

"  To  tlulter  i  to  rove  on  the  wing.  I>'jden. 

1  T ,  I  nuv..  ;  tn  mijrate  ;  to  pass  rapidly,  as  a 
^S,l  :     [.lace  to  another. 

vm  tim  louti  of  rocn,  Ociwrtiog 
"  .,,ly  inw  tome  oUier.    Hoottr. 

4.  |„  s^.iLiJtJ,  to  remove  from  one  habitation  to 

"i^o  be  unstable ;  to  be  easily  or  often  moved. 

pur,    a.     Nimble;   quick;   swift.      [Obs.]      [See 

:'  ' ' I'-M,  ».  [Sai-fiica:  Fr.fittke,  an  arrow,  acoacli- 
,      n.  a  Hitch  of  bacon. J  ,    „     .       t,   ■« 

I  liL-  side  of  a  hog  s.nlud  and  cured.  Dnjdm.  Sicijt. 
KI.TTE,  c.  i.    [Soi.  jUum.] 

To  Veld;  to  quarrel.    [Uc^-]       ,„,        Oro..r. 
FI  IT'TED,  ro.    Removed  ;  flown  swiftly  ;  migrated. 
Fl  IT'TKK,  c.  i.    To  tlulter,  which  sec.        Chancer. 
KLI  T'TER,  n.    .^  rag  ;  a  tatter.    [Seo  Fbittek.]     ^ 
FLIT'TEU-.MOUSE,  n.    [fiu,  fiiucr,  and  moiuo;  G. 

■ATaiTan  animal  that  has  the  fur  of  a  mouse, 
and  membranes  which  answer  the  purpose  ol 
win!",  and  enable  the  animal  to  sustain  ilsell  in 
a  IliUKrins  llighu 

FLIT'TI-NESS,  n.  [from  JW.]  Unsteadiness;  levity; 
llrbtneM.  Bp.  nopkua. 

Fl.lT'TI.NG,  rpr-  Of  "^  Flying  rapidly;  fluttering; 
mikving  by  starts. 

FLIT'TING,  ».    A  flying  with  lightness  and  celerity  ; 

a  rtuttering.  ,.      r  o    . 

■3.  .\  removal  from  one  habitation  to  another,  [icol- 

;  11  rTlNC-LY,  adu.    In  a  flitting  manner. 
i  I.IT'TY,  a.    Unstable  ;  fluttering.  More. 

I   FLIX,  «.    [Qu.  from  JIai.]    Down  ;  fur.    [Jfot  used.] 
\  Dryden. 

f  t  I  v  .A- !'  r  1 1  «  The  Sigtjmbnum  sophia^  a  species  of 
r  Aving  on  walls  and  waste  grounds. 
\ .     [jVot  in  use.]  Otaucer. 

.  .     ..    [Sai.^ta;  G.  floss  i  U.  vlvt,  vloot ; 
.  aw.jbmi  Ft.ftaUe;  S\>.Jlata;  lUfintlai 

■  .viiirh  Rwims  or  is  home  on  water ;  as,  a 

•\  niches.     But  particutartijj  :i  body 

-  iib'.r,  boards,  or  planks,  fastened  lo- 

'  ycd  down  a  stream  ;  a  raft. 

r  j  u  laert  gmeraltij  used  in  Vie  United 

_.   . ..         -  '.r  quill  used  on  an  angling  line,  to 
support  il,  and  discover  the  bite  of  a  fish. 

Kneyc.     WoWm. 

a.  The  act  of  flowing ;  flux ;  flood ;  (Ac  primary 
t*iuf.  hut  pbs^^Ute.  Ilcokcr. 

A.  The  fliat-lKKird  of  a  wheel,  which  sec. 
6.  A  quantity  of  earth,  eighteen  feet  square  and 
one  deep.  .Vorfinier. 

6.  [Ft.  JU>t :  h.  fiuetui.]     A  wave. 

7.  A  bnKid,  wooden  instrument,  shaped  like  a  trow- 
el,withwhicb  inasonsJIodZ  over  and  smooth  the  plas- 

tnrinn  iin    vvnila  tillr.hjinitn . 


tcring  on  walls. 


icring  on  wans.  zjuenajtan. 

FLO.VT,  r.  I.  [J!ai.  JUclaa,  flotan :  C.  /».«icii ;  D. 
cfaMln,  clourii,'  Fr.  floUrr ;  Dan.  ^ifer.  Either 
from  the  noun,  or  from  Iho  root  of  the  L.  .fluo,  to 
flow.} 


;    To  ho  borne  or  sustained  on  the  surface  of  a 

^'Vr^UTo'vfor'-bo  conveyed  on  water;  to  swim. 
The  raft  fiiaU  down  the  river. 

Three  blusurag  nisl.1.,  1»">«  "J-  ">=  """"""  "'"'■  Dryde„. 

^■i^\,e,  buoyed  up  and  moved  or  conveyed  in  a 
fluid,  as  in  air. 

Ttov  .iretch  their  plume.  ...<ljl»«'  °P0"  "«  "I"''-         '''""■ 

.1.  To  move  with  a  light,  irregular  course.  ^Qu. 

-s;^jto"i,^:^?ejsnrvS.^^^'"s;;« 

'1. t^  id -^inSato;  to  overflow;  to  cover 

with  water.  n™,j.« 

Pread  PMlolus  /Io«I.  U>e  fruillul  lanj..  UryiU"- 

T  In  vlasterin.r,  to  pass  over  and  level  the  surface 
of  a  walfwi  h  a]('„„t  dipped  frequently  in  water. 
FLOAT-AGE,  ..    Any  .ii.ng  that  floats  on  tbe^water. 

PT  nAT'-BOARD,  71.    A  hoard  on  the  rim  of  an  un- 
^dfrshotw°te"wheel,  which  receives  the  impulse  of 

the  stream  bv  which  the  wheel  is  driven. 
float-Id,  Iv  "ro.    Flooded;  ovelflowc;  leveled 
o   Bonie  on  water.  .     P"'"'  "  "^•"• 

FLO  \T'ER,  V.    One  that  floats  or  swims.    Eusdeu. 
FLOAT-fNG,  ppr.  or  a.     Swimming ;  conveying  on 

water  ;  overflowing  ;  leveling  with  a  float. 

2  Lvin"  flat  on  the  surface  of  the  water;  as,  a 
*        If  Jijartyn. 

3  arculating  ;  passing  ;  not  fixed  ;  as,  a  floating 

FLOAT'ING-BRIDGE, ...    A  bridge  consisting  of  logs 
or  timber  with  a  floor  of  plank,  supported  wholly  by 

"'s.^In  war,  a  kind  of  double  bridge,  the  "PP"  o"" 
projecting  beyond  the  lower  one,  and  capable  of  bc- 
mg  tnovld  forward  by  pulleys,  used  lor  carrying 
troops  over  narrow  moats  in  attacking  the  outworks 

"^3.  rlarge  steam  ferry-boat.  [i!..„"-.]  ^™""'t„f 
FLOAT'ING-ISL'/VND,  (llo'ting-i'land,) ...  A  sort  ol 
food  made  of  milk,  white  wine,  sugar,  and  eggs,  with 
raspberrv  or  strawberry  marmalade,  jam,  fcc. 
FLO\T'ING-LIGHT,  ...  A  substitute  for  a  light- 
house, being  the  hull  of  a  ship  moored  oa  sunken 
rocks,  shoals,  &c.,  with  a  light  displayed  aloft,  to 
warn  mariners  of  their  danger. 

FLoAT'ING-LY,  adu.    By  floating. 

FLoAT'-STONE,  n.  Spongiform  quartz,  a  mineral 
of  a  spougy  texture,  of  a  whitish-gray  color,  often 
with  a  tinge  of  yellow.  It  frequently  contains  a  nu- 
cleus of  common  flinU  Clcavcland. 

FLo^T-y,  a.  Buoyant;  swimming  on  the  surface; 
li,.ht  Ralcgk. 

FLOe-CII^LA'TION,  n.  A  picking  of  bed-clothes  by 
a  sick  person  — an  alarming  symptom  m  acute  dis- 
eases Brande. 

FLOe-eU-LENCE,...  [L..floccu(i«,j'!occus.  See  Flock.] 
The  state  of  being  in  locks  or  Hocks  ;  adhesion  in 
small  flakes.  Higgius,  Med.  Bip. 

FLOCeU-LENT,  a.  Coalescing  and  adhering  in  locks 
or  flakes. 

1  s!ty  the  liquor  ia  broken  to  /occurence,  when  Uie  prirtlcles  of 
herbaceous  mailer,  a-.-ijecl  hy  thoso  of  Iht  lime,  aiul  coalcB- 
cinj,  .appear  large  ami  JioccuUnt.      mg^tns,  Med.  linp. 

FLOCK,  n.  rSax.^oM,-  L.fioceus;  G.flocke;  G.vlok; 
Dan.  flak :  Sw.  fljick,  a  crowd ;  uUc-lock,  wool-lock  ; 
Gr.  rXoKTi,  tXo/ius  ;  Russ.  klok.  It  is  the  same  radi- 
cally 3S  flake,  and,  applied  to  wool  or  hair,  we  write 
it  ioci:.    See  FLiKr..) 

1.  A  company  or  collection ;  applied  to  sheep  and 
other  smtdl  anioials.  A  flock  of  sheep  answers  to  a 
herd  of  larger  cattle.  But  the  word  may  sometimes, 
perhaps,  be  applied  to  larger  beasts  ;  and,  in  the  plu- 
ral, flocks  may  include  idl  kinds  of  domesticated  ani- 

k  A  company  or  collection  of  birds  of  any  kind, 
and,  wlien  applied  to  birds  on  the  wing,  a  flight ;  as, 
a  flock  of  wild  geese  ;  a  flock  of  ducks  ;  a  flock  of 
blackbirds.  In  the  United  States,  floclis  of  wild 
pigeons  sometimes  darken  the  air. 

3.  A  body  or  crowd  of  people.  [Little  used.]  [Clu. 
Gr.  \oxoi,  a  troop.] 

4.  A  lock  of  wool  or  hair.  Also,  pieces  of  cloth 
cut  up  very  fine. 

FLOCK,  .1.  i.  To  gather  in  companies  or  crowds  ;  ap- 
plied to  men  or  oiher  animals.  People  flock  together. 
They  floclt  to  the  playhouse. 

Frienils  daily /oci.  Dnjdcn. 

FLOCK'-BED,  ii.    A  bed  fiUod  with  locks  of  coarse 

wool,  or  pieces  of  cloth  cut  up  fine. 
FLOCK'ING,p;n..    (Jollecting  or  running  together  in 
FLOCK'LY,  o</u.    In  a  body  or  flocks.  [a  crowd. 

FLOCK'Y,  a.    Abounding  with  flocks  or  locks. 
FLOCK'-PA-l'ER,  71.    A  kind  of  wall-paper  havini 


. ijUi,.iv'-rA'l'l:.tt,  ...  A  Kino  ot  wan-paper  uaviiig 
raised  figures  resembling  cloth,  made  of  flock,  or 
cloth  cut  up  very  fine,  and  attached  to  the  paper  by 
size  or  varnisli. 


FLoE  n.    Among  seamen,  a  large  mass  of  floating  ice 
FLCETZ.    SeeFi,ET7..  .    (m  the  ocean. 

FI  OG  ».  (.  I L.  fligo,  to  strike,  that  is,  to  lay  on  ;  L. 
(laoTum,  flagcllum;  Eng.  /ai(  i  Goth,  bhggwan,  to 
strike  ;  Gr.  ...X.iyM,  ^\ny1,  L.  ?!'•?«,  a  stroke,  Eng. 
via  "ue.  We  have  lick,  which  is  probably  of  the  same 
family  ;  as  is  D.  slag,  G.  schlag,  Eng.  slay.] 

To  beat  or  strike  with  a  rod  or  whip  ;  to  whip ;  to 

lash  •  to  chastise  with  repeated  blows ;  a  eoll„^n<al 

Kord]  applied  to  whipping  or  heating  for  punishment ; 

as,  to  flog  a  schoolboy  or  a  sailor. 

FLOG'GED,  (flogd,)  pp.    Whipped  or  scourged  for 

punishment;  chastised.  ■  ,.        .      , 

FLOG'GING,  ppr.    Whipping  for  punishment ;  chas- 
tising. „  .  ,        , 
FLOG'GING,  n.    A  whipping  for  punishment. 
FLOOD,  (flud,)...     [Sax.  flod  1  G.fluth;  D.i)lMd;Sw. 
jlod  I  Dan.  flod ;  from  ./lo.o.]        ,    ,       , 

1  A  great  flow  of  water  ;  a  body  of  moving  wa- 
ter ■  particularly,  a  body  of  water,  rising,  swellmg, 
and  overflowing  land  not  usually  covered  \vitli  wa- 
ter. Tims  there  is  a  flood,  every  spring,  in  the  Con- 
necticut, which  inundates  the  adjacent  meadows. 
There  is  an  annual  flood  in  the  Nile  and  m  the  Mis- 

^'%'^Theflood,  by  wav  of  eminence  ;  the  deluge;  the 
rreat  body  of  water  which  inundated  the  earth  in 
the  days  of  Noah.    Before  the  flood,  men  hved  to  a 

great  age.  . 

3.  A  river ;  a  sense  ctof/ii7  poetical. 

4  The  flowins  of  the  tide  ;  the  semi-diurnal  swell 
or  rise  of  water  in  the  ocean  ;  opposed  to  Ebb.  1  he 
ship  entered  the  harbor  on  the  flaod.  Hence  pod- 
tide  i  voung  flood  ;  high  flood. 

5  A  great  quantity  ;  an  inundation  ;  an  overflow- 
ino  •  abundance  ;  superabundance  ;  as,  a  flood  of 
banic  notes  ;  a  f.ood  of  paper  currency. 

6  A  great  body  or  stream  of  any  fluid  substance; 
as,  a  flood  of  light ;  a  flood  of  lava.  Hence,  figura- 
tivelu,  Ti  flood  of  vice. 

7.  Menstrual  discharge  mrocy. 

FLOOD,  (flud,)  V.  t.  To  overflow;  to  inundate;  to 
deluge  ;  as,  to  flood  a  meadow.  .  Mortimer. 

FLOOD-ED,  fllud'ed,)  pp.    Overflowed  ;  inunrtatcd. 

FLOOD-GATE,  11.  A  gate  to  be  opened  for  letting  wa- 
ter flow  through,  or  to  be  shut  to  prevent  it. 

S.  An  opening  or  passage  ;  an  avenue  for  a  flood 
or  great  body.  ,         .        ,    . 

FLOOD  ING,  TJOr.    Overflowing  ;  inundating. 

FLOOD-ING^  n.    Any  preternatural  discharge  of  blond 

FL0OD--MAr'k,'  «.  The  mark  or  line  to  whicb"*e 
tide  rises  ■  high-water-mark. 

FLOOK,  .1.  The  arm  of  an  anchor.  [See  Fluke,  the 
usual  orthography.]  .  . ,. 

FLOOK-INg!  11.  In  mining,  an  interruption  or  shlft- 
iiiff  of  a  lode  of  ore  by  a  cross  vein  or  hssure.  Encyc 

FLOOK-Y,  a.    Furnished  with  fiooks  or  flukes. 

FLOOR,  tflore,)  ...  [Sax.  ./lo.-,  flore  ;  D.  vloer !  W 
llawr  and  ciawr,  the  earth  or  ground,  an  area,  0 
grSd-plot,  a  floor;  Ir.  lar,  and  «'-'7 .'  B^l"  o 
Cantabiiau,  ;«rra;  Arm.  Imr,  flat  '^nd,  or  ^oor ,  G 
nur.  a  field,  level  ground  or  floor.  In  early  ages,  M 
inlmbitants  of  Europe  had  no  floor  m  'Heir  Imts  .. 
the  ground.   The  sense  of  the  word  is,  probablj ,  that 

"'rl'haJfarroTatlling  or  room  on  which  we 
waik  ;  the  bottom  or  lower  part,  consisting,  m  mod- 
ern houses,  of  boards,  planks,  or  pavement ;  as,  the 
flo»r  of  a  hiuse,  room,  barn,  stable,  or  outhouse 

2!^  A  platform  of  boards  or  planks  laid  on  timbers, 
n.»  in  a  bridce  ;  anv  similar  plattorm.  . 

3  A  s  ory  in  a  building ;  as,  the  first  iloor,-  whjch, 
in  England,  is  the  one  next  above  the  ground-floor, 
called  in  America  the  second  story.  . 

4.  A  floor,  or  earthen  floor,  is  still  used  m  some 
kinds  of  business,  made  of  loam,  or  of  l™e,  sand, 
and  iron  dust,  as  in  malting.  „f  ,h  , Tecl- 

5.  The  bottom  of  a  vessel  on  each  side  odhcM 

rr/?SOR  V  t     To  lay  a  floor ;  to  cover  timbers  with  a 
^floi?r!'to  furnish  v^ith  a  floor;  as,  to .«o«r  a  house 

"'iJl'-flT^tr  d^.n,  or  lay  level  with  the  fl»^; -, 

'"tpi^i^Xi^  to  silence  by  some^^^va 

FL6SR'-eL0TS;t;f-  Oil-cloth,  or  painted  clotb.for 

floor-Id,"""  Coveredwlth  boards  plank,  orpave- 

inenl     furnished  with  a  Hour  ;  struck  down. 
PLOOR'ING,  ppr.    Laying  a  floor ;  furnishing  with  a 

FLe?;i-ING;",l"'A"platform  ;  the  bottom  of  a  room 
or  building ;  pavement. 
2.  Materials  for  floors. 

|{:§Si^;-%"ll!-BEUS«T';r  "-/i^timbers  on  which  a 

floor  is  laid.  *.  t?.  .  «  1 

FLOP,  x>.  t.     [A  different  spcUing  of  I'lap.j 

1.  To  clap  or  strike  the  wings. 

2.  To  let  down  the  brim  of  a  hat.  , 
FLO-RA,...     [L.  See  Floral.]    In  aniiqmty,  tbc  goa 

dess  of  flowers. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT MeTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  W^OLF,  BOOK. 


■102 


FLO 

2.  In  mmlem  usage^  a  catalogue  or  account  of  flow- 
ers or  pLints. 

3.  The  trees  and  plants,  or  botany,  of  a  particular 
countr>'. 

FLO'RAL,  0.    [lu  jioralis,  from  fios^  a  flower  j  which 
see.] 

1.  Containing  the  flower ;  as,  a  jioral  bud  ;  imme- 
diately attending  the  flower;  as,  :i.  fiord,  leaf. 

3.  Pertaining  to  Flora,  or  to  flowers  ;  as,  'fioral 
game?  ;  fioral  play.  Prior. 

FLOR'EX,       \  n.    An  ancient  gold  coin,  of  Edward 
FLORENCE,  \      ni.,  of  sis  shillinss  sterling  value. 
FLOR'E-\CE,  «.    A  bind  of  cloth.   ~  [Camdau 

2.  A  kind  of  wine  from  Florence,  in  Italy. 
FL0R'E.\-T1.\E,  a.    A  native  of  Florence. 

2.  A  kind  of  silk  cloth,  so  called. 
FLO-RES'CEXCE,   n.     [L.  fioresccns,  fioreseo.     See 
Flowee.] 

In  botany,  the  season  when  plants  expand  their 
flowers.  Martyn. 

FLo'RET,  n.     [Ft.  fieurette :  It.  fiorettc] 

A  liltle  flower ;  the  partial  or  separate  little  flower 
of  an  aagresale  flower.  Jifartijn. 

FLC'RI-AGE',  71.    [Fr.  fiorL]    Bloom  j  blossom. 

/.  ScotL 
FLOR'ID,  a,     [L.  fioridus,  from  fioreo,  to  flower.] 

1.  Litfraihj^  flowery;  covered  or  abounding  with 
flowers  ;  but  in  tbis  sense  little  used. 

i  Bright  in  color ;  flushed  with  red  ;  of  a  lively 

red  color  ;  as,  a  fi^rid  countenance  ;  a  fi^Md  cheek. 
3.  Embellished  with  flowers  of  rhetoric  ;  enriched 

to  excess  with  figures  ;  splendid  ;  brilliant;  as,  a 

fiorid  style  ;  fiorid  eloquence. 
FLO-RID'I-TY,  n.    Freshness  or  brightness  of  color  ; 

floriilness.  Floyer. 

FLOR'ID-LY,  oaf.    In  a  florid  manner. 
FLOR'ID-.XESS,  II.    Brightness  or  freshness  of  color 

or  complexion. 

2.  Vigor;  spirit.     [UnusuaL\  Ffltham. 

3.  Embellishment ;  brillianl  ornaments ;  ambitious 
' iii-jance  ;  applisd  to  style.  Boyle. 

rL<  i-RIF'ER-OUS,  a.     {L.fiorifcr,  Uom  fios,  a  flower, 
and  ftra^  to  bear.] 
Producing  flowers. 

FL0R-I-FI-€a'TIOX,  n.  The  act,  process,  or  time  of 
flowering.  IVdliams.    Journ.  of  Science. 

Lo'Rr-FORM,  a.    In  the  form  of  a  flower. 

FLOR'IN,  n.     [Fr.  fiorin  ;  It.  fiorino.] 

A  coin,  oriErinally  made  at  Florence.  The  name 
is  given  to  diflerent  coins  of  gold  or  silver,  and  of 
different  values  in  dilferent  countries,  the  silver  flor- 
ins varying  from  Is.  to  25.  4d.  sterling,  or  from  23  to 
5-!  cents  ;  and  the  gold  florin  of  Hanover  being  val 
ued  at  lit.  ild.  sterling.  It  id  also  used  as  a  money 
of  acconnt.  Kelhj. 

iFLo'KiST,  n.     [Fr.  ficurisU.] 

1.  A  cultivator  of  flowers  ;  one  skilled  in  flowers. 

Thomson. 

2,  One  who  writes  a  flora,  or  an  account  of  plants. 

Encijc. 
LOR'U-LEXT,  a.    Flowery  j  blossoming.     [jVot  in 
use.] 

•^LOS'^eU-LAR,    )  a.    [Infra.]    In  botany,  a  floscu- 

'LOS'CL'-LOUS,  S  lous  flower  is  a  rompound  flow- 
er, composed  entirely  of  florets  with  funnel-shaped 
petals,  as  in  burdock,  thistle,  and  artichoke.  This  is 
the  term  used  by  'I'ournefort,  For  this  LinnEus 
used  tubuIoiLS.  JUilne.    Jilartyn. 

'LOS'€i;LE,n.    {-L.  fiosculus.] 

In  botany,  a  partial  or  lesser  floret  of  an  ae?regate 

^flower.  _  Mdne. 

'iOS  FER'RI  n.  [L.,  flower  of  iron.]  A  mineral,  a 
variety  of  arragonite,  called  by  Jameson,  after  Haiiy, 
coralloidal  arragonite.  It  occurs  jn  little  cylinders, 
sometimes  diverging  and  ending  in  a  point,  and 
sometimes  bninched,  like  coral.  Its  structure  is  fi- 
brous, and  the  surface,  which  is  smooth,  or  garnished 
with  liirle  cnstalline  points,  is  often  very  white, 
with  a  silken  I.ii^ter.  It  takes  this  name  from  its 
being  often  found  in  cavitice  'U  veins  of  !=parry  iron. 

'LOSS   n.     [L.  fios.]  [Clmve/and. 

1.  A  downy  or  silken  subsCai?*  in  the  husks  of  cer- 
tain plants.  Too.'ce. 

2.  A  fluid  elas3  floating  on  iron  in  the  furnace, 
produced  by  the  vitrification  of  oxyds  and  earths. 

are. 
X  Untwisted  filaments  of  the  finest  silk,  used  in 
embroidering  on  satin,  &,c, 

LOS-SI-FI-Ca'TION,  n.  A  flowering;  expansion 
of  flower?.     [AotrcZ-l  Jkd.  Repos. 

LOSS'-r>ILK,  u.  The  nnme  given  to  the  portions  of 
ravt-led  silk  broken  oflT  in  the  filature  of  cocoons.  It 
i^  carded  and  .=pun  like  cott<m  or  wool.  Ure. 

L5'TA,  n.  fSp.  SeeFi-EET.j  A  fleet;  but  appro- 
}>ruitdy,  a  fleet  of  Spanish  ships  which  formerly 
saded  every-  year  from  Cadiz  to  Vera  Cruz,  in  Mex- 
ico, to  transport  to  Spain  the  productions  of  Spanish 
America. 
LoT'A(5E,  n,     [Ft.  fiotf^^e.] 

Tbat  which  floats  on  the  sea,  or  on  rivers.     [Litile 
''■'^'.id.  Cliambers. 

!*_*i'_A  T^'ON,  n.    The  act  of  floating. 

r.  t.    To  skim.     [jVwe  used  or  local.']      Ttisser. 


FLO 


FLO 


FLO-TIL'LA,  w.     [dim.  of  fiota.]     A  little  fleet,  or 

fleet  of  small  vessels. 
FLOT'SAM,   I  n.     [from  fioat.]      Goods  lost  by  shin- 
FLOT'SON,  i      wreck,    and    floating   on    the    sea. 
When  sucli  goods  are  cast  on  shore  or  found,  the 
owner  being  unknown,  they  belong  to  the  king. 

English  Law.    Blackstone. 
FL0T'T£X,  pp.    Skimmed.     [A*o(  in  use.i 
FLOUNCE,  (rtouns,)  v.  i.     [D.  plojissen.     See  Floun- 

DEB.] 

1.  To  throw  the  limbs  and  body  one  way  and  the 
other  ;  to  spring,  turn,  or  twist  with  sudden  eflbrt  or 
violence  ;  to  struggle  as  a  horse  in  mire. 


Sui/l. 


LOTE, 


■  gram 


You  neiitier  funie,  nor  fret,  aatjiounce. 

2.  To  move  with  jerks  or  agitation. 
FLOUXCE,  p.  t.    To  deck  with  a  flounce ;   as,  to 

fi^unce  a  petticoat  or  frock.  Pope. 

FLOUNCE,  n.    A  sudden  jerking  motion  of  the  body. 
2.  A  narrow  piece  of  cloth  sewed  to  a  petticoa't, 
frock,  or  gown,  with  the  lower  border  loose  and 
spreading. 
FLOUX'CED,  (flounst,)pp.    Decked  with  a  flounce. 
FLOUN'CLVG,  ppr.    Decking  with  a  flounce. 
FLOUN'DER,  n.     [Sw.  fiundra  ;  G.  fivnder.] 

A  flat  tish  of  the  genus  Platessa,  allied  to  the  hali- 
but, and  generally  found  in  rivers  near  the  sea. 

Partington. 
FLOUN'DER,  p.  i.    This  seems  to  be  allied  to  fiaunt 
and  fioiince.] 

To  fling  the  limbs  and  body,  as  in  making  efforts 
to  move  ;  to  struggle  as  a  horse  in  the  mire  ;  to  roll, 
toss,  and  tumble.  Pope. 

FLOUN'DER-ING,  ppr.     Making  inegular  motions  ; 

struggling  with  violence. 
FLOUR,  n.     [originally,  fiower  ;  Fr.  fieur  ;    Sp.  fixtr  ; 
It.  Jiore  ;  L.  fiA}St  fioris,  from  fioreo^  to  flourish.] 
The  edible  part  of  ground  com  or  grain  ;  meal. 

Johnson. 
In  the  United  States,  the  modem  practice  is  to  make 
a  distinction  between /<jMr  and  meat:  the  word  fi^onr 
being  more  usually  applied  to  the  finer  part  of  meal, 
separated  from  the  bran,  as  wheat  ^our,  rj-e  ^our. 
This  is  a  just  and  useful  distinction. 
FLOUR,  r.  (.     rSp.  fiorear.] 

1.  To  grind  and  bolt  ;  to  convert  into  flour. 
Wheat  used  formerly  to  be  sent  to  market ;  but  now 
great  quantities  of  it  are  fioured  in  the  interior  coun- 

2.  To  sprinkle  with  flour.  [try. 
FLOUR'£D,  pp.      Converted    into    flour;    sprinkle'd 

with  flour. 

FLOUR'ING,  ppr.  Converting  into  flour;  sprinkling 
with  flour. 

FLOUR'ING,  n.    The  business  of  convertin 
into  flour. 

FLOUR'ISH,  (flur'ish,)  v.  i.  [L.  fioreseo^  from  fioreo  ; 
Ft.  fieurir,  ficnrissant ;  Sp.  fiorear;  It,  fiarire.  Tije 
primary  sense  is,  to  open,  expand,  enlarge,  or  to  shoot 
out,  as  in  s^ortj,  L.  ploro,  or  in  other  words  in  Lr.] 

1.  To  thrive  ;  to  grow  luxuriantly  ;  to  increase 
and  enlarge,  as  a  healthy  growing  plant.  The  beech 
and  the  maple  ^aurisA  best  in  a  deep,  rich,  and  moist 
loam. 

2.  To  be  prosperous ;  to  increase  in  wealth  or 
honor. 

Bad  men  as  fretjuently  prosper  and  fiourish,  and  th-it  bj-  Ihe 

means  of  then  wickcunesa.  Nelson. 

Wh^n  all  the  workers  of  iniquity  dofiourUh.  —  Ps.  xcii. 

3.  To  grow  in  grace  and  in  good  works  ;  to  abound 
in  the  consolations  of  religion. 

The  ri^hteooa  shall  jSouWsh  like  tlie  palm-tree.  —  Ps.  icii. 

4.  To  be  in  a  prosperous  state  ;  to  grow  or  be  aug- 
mented. We  say  agriculture  ^urisAes;  commerce 
fiouriskes  ;  manufactures  fiourish. 

5.  To  use  florid  language;  to  make  a  display  of 
figures  and  lofty  e.tpressions ;  to  be  copious  and 
iiowerj'. 

Th'-y  dilate  andjiourwft  Ion*  on  little  L.^ideats.  WaU». 

6.  To  make  bold  strokes  in  writing  ;  to  make 
large  and  irregular  lines  ;  as,  to  fiourish  with  the  pen. 

7.  To  move  or  play  in  bold  and  irregular  figures. 

Impetnous  spread 
The  Btrcam,  and  smo\dn^,  JlourUhed  o'er  his  head.         Pope, 

8.  In  music,  to  play  with  bold  and  irregtilar  notes, 
or  without  settled  form  ;  as,  to  flourish  on  an  organ 

9.  To  boast ;  to  vaunt ;  to  brag.  [or  violin. 
FLOURTSM,  (flur'ish,)  V.  (.     To  adorn  with  flowers 

or  beautiful  figures,  either  natural   or   artificial;  to 
ornament  with  any  thing  showy. 

2.  To  spread  out ;  to  enlarge  into  figures.      Bacon. 

3.  To  move  in  bold  or  irregular  figures  ;  to  move 
in  circles  or  vibrations  by  way  of  show  or  triumph  ; 
to  brandish  ;  as,  to  fiourish  a  sword. 

4.  To  embellish  with  the  flowers  of  diction;  to 
adorn  with  rlietorical  figures  ;  to  grace  with  ostenta- 
tious eloquence  ;  to  set  off*  with  a  parade  of  words. 

Collier. 

5.  To  adorn  ;  to  embellish.  Shak. 

6.  To  mark  with  a  flourish  or  irrogular  stroke. 

The  day  book  and  inventory  book  shall  be  flourished. 

French  Com.  Code.     Walsh. 
FLOUR'ISH,  (flur'ish,)  n.    Beauty ;  showy  splendor. 

The  flourish  of  his  lobc^r  youUi.  Craahaw. 


2.  Ostentatious  embellishment ;  ambitious  copious- 
ness, or  amplification  ;  parade  of  words  and  figures  ; 
show  ;  as,  a  flourish  of  rhetoric  ;  a  flourish  of  wit. 

He  UriU  vriih  flouriskee  hia  long  harangue.  Dryden. 

3.  Figures  formed  by  bold,  irregular  lines,  or  fan- 
ciful strokes  of  the  pen  or  graver ;  as,  the  fiouriskes 
about  a  great  letter.  More. 

4.  A  brandishing;  the  waving  of  a  weapon  or 
other  thirit; ;  as,  the  fl^uHsh  of  a  sword. 

FLOUR'LSU-£D,      (flur'isht,)     pp.        EmbeHlshed  ; 

adorned  with  bold  and  irregular  figures  or  lines: 

brandished. 
FLOUR'Isn-ER,(flur'ish-er,)n.    One  who  flourishes  j 

one  who  thrives  or  prospers. 

2.  One  who  brandishes. 

3.  One  who  adorns  with  fanciful  figures. 
FLOUR'ISH-ING,  (flur'ish-ing,)  p;?r.  or  a.    Thriving; 

prosperous;  increasing;  making  a  show. 
FLOUR'ISH-ING-LY,     (flur'ish-ing-lv,)  adv.      With 

flourishes;  ostentatiously. 
FLOUT,  V.  t.     [Scot,  fiyte,  to  scold  or  brawl :    Sax. 

fiitan.] 

To  mock  or  insult ;  to  treat  with  contempt. 

Phillida/outs  me,  WaUtm. 

HeJlQuied  us  downright.  Shak. 

FLOUT,  V.  i.  To  practice  mocking;  to  sneer:  to  be- 
have with  contempt 

Pieer  and  gitx,  and  laugh  and/ouf,  Shak. 

FLOUT,  71,    A  mock  ;  an  insult. 

FLOUT'ED,pp.     Mocked;  treated  with  contempt. 

FLOUT'ER,  n.  One  who  flouts  and  flings  ;  a  mocker. 

FLOUT'ING,  ppr.     Mocking;  insulting;  fleerin'^. 

FLOUT'ING-LV,a(f?:.    With  flouting;  insultingly. 

FLoW,  (flo,)  V.  I.  [Sax.  flou^an  :  D.  rloeijen.  If  the 
last  radical  was  originally  a  dental,  this  word  coin- 
cides with  the  D.  vlieten,  G.  fiiessen,  Sw.  fiyta,  Dan. 
fiyder^  to  flow.  If  s  was  the  last  radical,  fiow  coin- 
cides with  the  L. //,ff  contracted  from /ha-o,  for  it 
forms  fiuxi,  fiuctum.  In  one  case,  the  word  would 
agree  with  the  root  of  hlotc,  L.  fio  ;  in  the  other,  with 
the  root  of  fiy.] 

1.  To  move  along  an  inclined  plane,  or  on  descend- 
ing ground,  by  the  operation  of  gravity,  and  with  a 
continual  change  of  place  among  the  particles  or 
parts,  as  a  fluid.  A  solid  body  descends  or  moves  in 
mass,  as  a  ball  or  a  wheel ;  but  in  the  fiowing  of  li- 
quid substances,  and  others  consisting  of  very  fine 
particles,  there  is  a  constant  change  of  the  relative 
position  of  some  parts  of  the  substance,  as  is  the 
case  with  a  stream  of  water,  of  quicksilver,  and  of 
sand.  Particles  at  the  bottom  and  sides  of  the  stream, 
being  somewhat  checked  by  friction,  move  slower 
than  those  in  the  middle  and  near  the  surface  of  the 
current.  Rivers  ^o;o  from  springs  and  lakes;  tears 
fiow  from  the  eyes. 

2.  To  melt ;  to  become  liquid. 

That   the   mountains  might /oia  H^vm  at  thy  preaence. — Is. 
Iziv. 

3.  To  proceed  ;  to  issue.  Evils  fiom  from  difl*erent 
sources.  Wealth  fiows  from  industrj-  and  economy. 
All  our  blessings  flow  from  divine  bounty. 

4.  To  abound  ;  to  have  in  abundance. 


Ill  that  day  the  mountains  shall  drop  dow 
hills  shall  jJow  with  milk.  — Joel  ui. 


n'jw  wine,  and  the 


5.  To  be  full ;  to  be  copious  ;  as,  flowing  cups  or 
goblets. 

6.  To  glide  along  smoothly,  without  harshness  or 
asperity  ;  as,  a  flowing  period  ;  fiowing  numbers. 

7.  To  be  smooth,  as  couiposition  or  utterance.  The 
orator  has  a  fiowing  tongue. 

Virgil  is  sweet  t^adfloj£ing  in  bis  hesarai-'.erE.  Dryden. 

8.  To  hang  loose  and  waving ;  as,  a  flowing  man- 
tle ;  fiowing  locks. 

The  imperial  purple /otwn^'  in  his  train.    fVderaZuf,  Hamilton. 

9.  To  rise,  as  the  tide  ;  opposed  to  ebb.  The  tide 
flaxes  twice  in  twenty-four  hours. 

10.  To  move  in  the  arteries  and  veins  of  the  body; 
to  circulate,  as  blood. 

11.  To  issue,  as  raj's  or  beams  of  light.  Light 
flows  from  the  sun. 

12-  To  move  in  a  stream,  as  air. 

FLoW,  u.  (.  To  cover  with  water  ;  to  overflow  ;  to 
inundate.  The  low  grounds  along  the  river  are  an- 
nually ^oirrrf. 

FLoW,  n,  A  stream  of  water  or  other  fluid  ;  a  cur- 
rent ;  as,  a  fi/}w  of  water ;  a  fiow  of  blood. 

2.  A  current  of  water  with  a  swell  or  rise  ;  as,  the 
fiow  and  ebb  of  tides. 

3.  A  stream  of  any  thing ;  as,  a  flow  of  wealth  into 
the  countrj'. 

4.  Abundance ;  copiousness  with  action  ;  as,  a 
fiow  of  spirits. 

5.  A  stream  of  diction,  denoting  abundance  of 
words  at  command  and  facility  of  speaking;  volu- 
bility. 

6.  Free  expression  or  comnnmication  of  generous 
feelings  and  sentiments. 

The  feast  of  reason,  and  the  fow  of  soul. 

FLoW'£D,  (flode,)  pp.    Overflowed  ;  inundated. 
FLOWER, n.     [Fr.  ^cur;  Sp.fior;  lufiore;  Basque, 


TONE,  B^:LL,  IINITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CI0US.      C  as  K  ;  6  as  J ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH;  TII  as  in  THIS. 


FLO 


FLU 


I  blouin.tobubriglit; 
tu  bloiuoin.     t?cu 


!    (■ 


K  jLw.  JLn^,  i»  iLiwiT :  /4/rcu, 

r""t  '^T-  tftnt  jKirt  ofn  piniit  which  coiUains 
■  ;■  tilic.iiiun,  with  their  coverings.  A 
ii|)li-U',  otiisirttn  ol'  ft  c:Uyx,  corol, 
1  ;  iHit  the  ciicntinl  parta  are  the 
I.  which  are  smfKiunl  lo  coiistitule 
.■  tht'T  ill  hcnim[»hrixlitt)  lIowerti,or 
.tiul  It'iniiln  thivvem. 

Marttpu  Milne. 
•  In  wpuiar  hmj^uagf^  a  blossom  or  lU»vvur  is  the 
■  1  .v%i>r-biiJof  a  plunl,  when  the  petals  aro  cxpantl- 
ril ,  i'|>rn  p.'lali  bruig  coiisitlered  as  the  princiiial 
thirit:  III  ctinHtitulnii;  a  Ihnver.  Hnt  in  botany^  the 
iKt.iU  aro  now  coni*iiiertd  aa  a  finer  B«)rt  of  cover- 
DC.  anil  ni4  at  all  necessary  to  constitute  a  Hower. 
•'  Mthe. 

3  The  early  part  of  life,  or  rather  of  manliood ; 
t  ..  "prim.-;  youthful  vigor;  youth;  as,  the  ;!««!«■  of 
:  ..rufhfe. 
I  'J'hi'  best  or  fineift  part  of  a  thins  ;  tnc  most  val- 
nabh*  (".irt.  'I'he  motl  active  and  vijroroiis  part  of  an 
army  are  calh-.l  the  fiov:er  of  the  troops.  Young, 
vi'^TMi--,  and  bravo  men  are  called  the  ^owfr  of  a 

Jiddistm. 
liiiedt  part ;  the  essence. 
'  knil^fouwr  uf  all  Lbinfi  pn)llt:LLk  the  Pulinii  <ta  more 
,     ;.  ;..iiUJii.  liooktr. 

C  lie  or  that  which  is  most  distinguished  fur  any 
thms  valuable.    We  say,  Uio  youth  aro  the  Jlouicr  of 
•ii'-  coiinlr\'. 
T.  The  hncst  part  of  grain  pulverized.      In  this 
,-.■.  tt  It  now  always  written  Jlour;  which  see. 

,  ;»^  :  in  old  cfuinistrij,  fine  particles  of  bod- 

.  illy  when  raised  by  (ire  in  sublimntion, 

r:iig'io  the  heads  of  vessels  in  the  form  of  a 

l»>wdcr  vi  nualy  ^vibstance  ;   a  term  e<[uivalent  to 

nblimate  ;  a»,  the  Jtoirrrs  of  sulphur.  Ure. 

A  «ub»t-incc,  somewhat  tiimilar,  formed  siionlane 
.  i-lv,  is  called  r0oTtdcence, 
■j.'lii  rArrurif,  figurts  and  ornamcnt'i  of  discourse 

•  ir  romiMv^ition. 
X  Mi-n-rtriial  discharge»i. 
PLOWKU.r.  i.      [from  the  noun.    The  correspond- 
Inc  word  in  L.  bi  jLrrto,  Fr.^cunr,  It.  jiorire^  Sp.  and 
VotX.jlifrfrfT,  \V.  jiurair.] 

I.  'Co  blossom  ;  to  htooin  ;  to  expand  the  petals,  as 
a  plaiii.  In  N«w  Hrii;tand,  peach-trees  usually  ^tiiccr 
In  .April,  and  apple-irees  hi  May. 

•J.  'J'o  be  in  (hi-  prime  and  spring  of  life  ;  to  rtour- 
Uh ;  to  be  youthful,  fresh,  and  vigorous. 

Wt(m/o»rr«rf  my  youitiful  ipnag.  SpenMcr, 

3.  To  froth ;  to  ferment  gently ;  to  mantle,  a^  new 
beer. 

Tbe  bwr  lisljlcatr  a  tiuJc.  Bacon. 

i.  To  come  as  cream  from  the  surface.      Miltnn. 
FLOWER,  r.  (.    To  embcllisli  with  figures  of  llow- 

ent :  In  adorn  with  imitated  flowers. 
FL'iW'liK-AOE,  n.    Slate  of  llowers;  flowers  in  gen- 

tnl. 
H.uW'ER-BKaR'IXG,  a.    Prodncinc  flowers. 
M,ii\V'KR-BUD,    n.     The  bud   which   produces  a 

llnwtr. 
FI.(-t\V'F.R-CRO\VX'£D,  a.    Crowned  with  flowers. 
ri.f>\V'F.K-DIi-LCtJE,  n.     [Fr.  fieur  dc  fw,  flower  of 
Uie  hly.] 

In  froCjny,  the  Iris,  a  genus  of  herbaceous  jiercn- 
nnl  ji'int^i  called,  also,  fiai^-fiowcr,  nnd  sometimes 
■l-teer-df.-Vu.      '1  he  species  arc  numerous. 
;  KD,  pp.  or  a.    Exp.'indcd  into  flowers  ;  em- 
with  (igurcs  of  flowers. 
MJ  'U    mCET,  n.     [Fr.  /furcWi-.] 

A»mall  flowiT  ;  a  floret.     Shak.    Mdton.    Dnjdcn. 
Mn  tiit:iny  Floret  is  solely  used.] 
'  U-FE.N'UE,  n.    The  name  ot  certain  plants. 

r  frnce  of  Barbadocj  is  of  llie  genus  Poin- 
U  fi  a  tropical  leguminous  bush,  with  prickly 
i.ranrr-..  and  »h<.wy  yellow  ur  red  flowers,  and  is 
con^idrn-d  one  of  the  most  beautiful  of  planls.  Its 
nomfT  I*  dtnvid  from  its  having  been  sometimes  used 
for  hr.lera  m  the  West  Indies.  p.  Cyc. 

Thtr  ba/Urd  fiaieer-fetue  is  the  .\denanthera. 

„.      „  Fam.  0/ Plants. 

I.  F(,li,  fl.     Aboundine  with  flowers. 
.■ti\H'l}F.S,n.    \  garden  in  which  flow- 
•'tl'  fultivaled. 

"■  TLE,  ».    A  plant,  ihn  amaranth 
-^S,  n.    [from  jloicery.]    The  state  of 
r  of  abounding  with  flowers. 
■T  !<peech  ;  abundance  of  figures. 
!'fr.  or  0.     lllosjoming  ;  bloomin** : 
-  tals,  as  planls.  ° 

wjtli  artificial  flowers,  or  figures  of 


FI.' 


Tlie  season  when  plants  blos- 


■J-    .\^i..r;.,i,i; 

blrvKoms. 
FI.OW'ER-l.\C, 

•cm. 

2.  The  act  of  adnrning  with  flower;. 
PLOW-ER-I.V-W0V'i:.\,  a.    Adorned  wiUi  flowers. 

Miiton. 
FLOW'ER-KIR'TLED,  (-kurt'Id,)  o.     Dressed  with 
{orlandi  of  flowers. 

MUlon. 


F1.0VV'EK-LK3S,  «.     Ilavin;;  n()  flowers.    Chaucer. 
2.  In  boOtnyj  having  no  flowers  or  organs  of  fructi- 
fication. Lindlcy. 

FLOVV'KK-LESS-NESS,  71.  State  or  quality  ol  being 
without  flowers. 

FLOW'ER-STALK,  (-stawk,)  7t.  In  botany,  the  pe- 
duncle of  a  plant,  or  the  slem  that  supports  the  flowtr 
or  fructification. 

FLOW'ER-V,  a.  Full  of  flowers;  abounding  with 
blossoms;  as,  a /"wrn/ field.  Mdton. 

2.  Adorned  witli  artificial  flowers,  or  tlie  figures  of 
blossoms. 

3.  Ilifihly  embellished  with  figurative  language; 
florid  ;  iia,  a  Jloicery  Ptylo. 

FLOWING,  jipr.  flioving  as  a  fluid  ;  issuing  ;  pro- 
ceeding; abounding;  smooth,  as  style  ;  inundating. 
2.  a.  Fhicnt ;  smooth,  as  styh;. 

FLOWING,  71.  The  act  of  running  or  moving  as  a 
fluid  ;  an  issuing;  an  overflowing;  rise  of  water. 

FLOWING-LY,  "g^«.  With  volubility  ;  with  abun- 
dance. 

FLOWaNG-NESS, «.  Smoothness  of  diction  ;  stream 
of  diction.  JVichols. 

FLOWK,  \  71.     [Sax.  jloc]    A  flat  fisli,  much  like  the 

FLOKK,  !     common  flounder.  Carcw. 

FLOWN,  (Juidficd,)  in  tluj  following  phrases,  is  not 
good  English. 

Was  n-iVBon^ten.  Prior. 

Sons  of  Uclij.    fto'jrn  wilh  insolence  and  wine.        MUtojt. 

In  tlie  former  passage,  fiown  is  used  as  tlie  partici- 
ple of  Jly  or  fice,  both  intransitive   verbs',  and   ♦he 
plinise  should  have  baeii,  had  reason  Jluion  or  fled. 
In  the  latter  passage, Jiwr/i  is  used  forblown,  inflated, 
but  most  improperly.    Flown  is  the  participle  of  tlie 
perfect  or  past  tense  of  ^y,  but  can  not  rcguhuly  be 
used  in  a  passive  sense 
FLO'ATE,  71.    [from  Jlutn;  which  see.]     In  chemistry, 
a  salt  once  supposed  to  be  formed  by  the  fluoric  acid 
combined  willi  a  base ;  as,  Jliuttc  of  alumina  or  uf 
soda.    These  arc  properly  ^mo7-((/j-,  which  see. 
FLUe'TU-ANT,  a.     [L.  fiuctuans.     See  Fluctuate.] 
Moving  like  a  wave;  wavering;  unsteady. 

L'F^tr  autre. 
FLUC'TU-.aTE,u.  i     fL.;ii(ciuo,fioni^uc(u5,a  wave, 
from  jlao,  to^w.] 

1.  To  move  as  a  wave  ;  to  roll  hither  and  tliither  ; 
lo  wave  ;  as,  afiuctitatin^  field  of  air.     Dlachmorc. 
G.  To  float  backward  and  forward,  as  on  waves. 

3.  To  move  now  in  one  direction  and  now  in 
another  ;  lo  be  wavering  or  unsteady.  Public  opin- 
ion often  fluctuates  ;  men  often  fluctuate  between 
diflcrent  parties  and  opinions.    Hence, 

4.  To  be  irresolute  or  undetermined. 

5.  To  rise  and  fall ;  to  be  in  an  unsettled  slate  ;  to 
experience  sudden  vicissitudes.  The  funds  or  the 
prices  of  slocks ^uf(ifa/(!  with  the  events  of  the  day. 

FLUe'TU-A-TING,  ppr.  Wavering;  rolling  as  a 
wave  ;  moving  in  this  and  that  direction  ;  rising  and 
faUing. 

9.  a.  Unsteady;  wavering;  changeable.  We  have 
little  confidence  in  fluctuating  opinions. 

FLUe-TU-A'TION,  71.    [h.fluctuatio.] 

1.  A  motion  like  tliat  of  waves  ;  a  moving  in  this 
and  tliat  direction  ;  as,  tha  fluctuations  of  the  sea. 

2.  A  wavering ;  unsteadiness  j  as,  fluctuations  of 
opinion. 

3.  A  rising  and  falling  suddenly;  a.s,  fluctuations 
of  prices  or  of  the  funds. 

FLUD'ER,     )n.    .-^n  aquatic  fowl  of  the  diver  kind, 
FLUD'DER, )     nearly  as  large  as  a  goose. 

Diet,  ofj^'at.  Hist. 
FLOE,  77.     [Probably  contracted  froiu  flume,  h.flumcn, 
from  fluo.] 

A  passage  for  smoke  in  a  chimney,  leading  from 
tiie  fireplace  to  tlie  lop  of  the  chimney,  or  into  anoth- 
c^passage  ;  as,  a  chimney  with  four^uc^. 
FLuE,  71.     [G.^U7n,-  L.p/u7Ha.l 

Light  down,  such  as  rises  from  beds,  cotton,  &:c.  ; 
sof\  down  ;  fur  or  hair.  Tuokc. 

FLU-EL'LEN,  n.    The  speedwell,  a  plant. 
FLy'ENCE,  for  Fluency,  is  not  used. 
FLU'EN-CY,  n.     [h.flacns,  fromjliio,  in  flow.] 

1.  The  quality  of  flowing,  applied  to  ypccch  or  Ian- 
fTua^e;  smoothness;  freedom  from  harshness;  as, 
fluency  of  numbers. 

2.  iteadincss  of  utterance ;  facility  of  words ; 
volubility ;  as,  fluency  of  speech  ;  a  speaker  of  re- 
niarkable  fluency. 

3.  Alfluence;  abundance.    [OJjs.]  Sandys. 
FLO'ENT,  a.     [See  Fluency.]     Liquid  ;  flowing. 

2.  Flowing;  passing.  [Bacon. 

Motion  being  s.jlucnl  lliinj.  Ray. 

3.  Ready  in  tlie  use  of  words;  voluble;  copious; 
having  words  at  command,  and  uttering  them  with 
facility  and  smoothness  ;  as,  a  fluent  speaker. 

___'*•  Flowing;  voluble;  smooth;  as,  JIucjK  speech. 

tLU'LNP,  71.  A  stream;  a  current  of  water.  \Lit- 
^^J^td.]  Philips. 

a.  In  analysis,  a  variable  quantity,  considered  as 
increasing  or  diminishing.  The  term  di-notes  the 
same  thing  as  intes-ral,  which  is  now  used  in  its 
stead,  the  diff,>rentud  and  intc>rral  calculus  having  su- 
perseded llir:  melhods  of  fluzion.-<  and  fluents.  Brande. 


FLU 

FLu'l-:XT-I<Y,fl(/r.  With  ready  flow  ;  volubly;  wnli 
out  hesitation  or  obstrurtion  ;  as,  to  speak  flumlhi. 

FL0'G/:L-MAN,  (flu'gl-nian,)  71.  [G.,  froni/i';'(.7,  a 
wing.] 

In  German,  the  leader  of  a  file  ;  but,  with  us,  one 
wlio  stands  in  front  of  a  body  of  soldiers,  and  whose 
motions  in  the  manual  exercise  they  all  simultane- 
ously follow. 

FLO'ID,  a.     [L.^KiWii.?,  fmm  jli/o,  to  flow.] 

Having  partiilr--;  wliu  li  easily  move  and  change 
their  relative  porfiilon  witlioiit  a  separation  of  tliu 
mass,  and  wliich  easily  yield  to  pressure :  that  may 
flow  ;  liquid  or  gaseous.  Water,  spirit,  air,  are  fluii 
substances  ;  all  bodies  may  be  rendered ^»((/  by  lieat 
or  caloric. 

FLU'ID,  71.  A  body  whose  particles  move  easily 
among  themselves,  and  yieltl  to  the  least  force  itn- 
I)ressed,  and  which,  when  that  force  is  removed, 
recovers  its  jjievious  slate.  Fluid  is  a  generic  term, 
comprehending  liquids  and  gases.  Waaler,  wind,  and 
steam,  am  fluids.  Olmsted. 

FLU-ID'I-TY,  71.  The  quality  of  being  capable  of 
flowing  ;  that  quality  of  bodies  which  renders  lliem 
impressible  to  llie  slightest  force,  and  by  wliicli  ijie 
particles  easily  move  or  change  their  relative  position 
without  a  separation  of  the  mass  ;  a  liquid  or  gaseous 
state  ;  opposed  to  solidity.  Fluidity  is  the  eft'ect  of 
heat. 

FLu'ID-NESS,  71.  The  state  of  being  fluid  ;  fluidity, 
which  sec. 

FLuKE,  71.  [Supposed  to  he  D.  phieir,  G.  pjiuir,  a  p.ow.l 
The  part  of  an  anchor  whieli  fastens  in  the  groimif. 

FLOKE,    )  71.      A  species  of  flat-fish,   of  the  genus 

FLOWK,  J  Platcssa,  much  like  the  common  floun- 
der. Partingtim. 

FLOKE'-WORM,  n.  A  small,  flat  worm,  often  fimiid 
in  the  intestines  of  sheep;  called,  also,  gourd-xoorm, 
from  its  resemblance  to  the  seed  of  a  gourd. 

Fann.  Encyc. 

FLuME,  71.  [Sax.  flaiiij  a  stream  ;  L.  flumcn,  from 
fluo,  to  flow.] 

Literally,  a  flowing  ;  hence,  the  passage  or  channel 
for  the  water  that  drives  a  inill-wheel. 

FLUM'MER-Y,  71.  [W.  llymry,  from  llymijr,  harsh, 
raw,  crude,  from  llym,  sharji,  severe.  In  Wd-^li,  ;i 
kind  of  food  made  of  oatmeal  steeped  in  watur, 
until  it  has  turned  sour.     See  Lumheu.] 

1.  A  sort  of  jelly  made  of  flour  or  meal  ;  pap. 

Milk  undflumrneiy  arw  very  fit  for  clilidrfu.  Lod-e, 

2.  In  iiu/^fiT- 7(-v/*,  any  thing  insipid  or  nothing  lo 
the  purpose  ;  flattery. 

FLVNG,j>ret.  and 2)p.  of  Fling. 

SuveraJ  slalues  tlic  Romans  Iheraselvei Cutis'  into  Ihe  river. 

AdiUson, 

FLUNK'Y,  n.  A  term  of  contempt  for  one  who  U 
mean  and  base-spirited  ;  pt-rhaps  from  the  Scottish 
flunkie,  a  livery  servant.  [Eiig:]  From  this,  the 
term  flunkyism  has  been  fornu-d. 

FLU-0-BO'RATE,  n.  A  compound  of  fluoboric  acid 
with  a  base. 

FLU-O-IJo'Rie,  a.  The  fluoboric  acid  or  gas  is  a 
compound  of  fluorine  and  boron;  also  called  Jlworid 
of  boron.  Davy. 

FLU'OII,  71.     [Low  L.,  from  fluo,  to  flow.] 

1.  A  fluid  state.  J^etoton. 

2.  Menstrual  flux.     [Little  used  in  eitlier  sensc.l 

3.  In  viiiicralogij,  flutjrid  of  calcium,  usually  called 
fluor-spar.  It  commonly  occurs  massive,  but  crystal- 
lizes in  octahedrons,  which  are  frequently  changed 
into  cubes.  It  is  a  mineral  of  beautiful  colors,  and 
much  used  for  oinament.al  vessels.  This  is  the  mate- 
rial of  which  the  original  myrrhine  vessels  of  the  an- 
cients were  made.  Dana. 

FLU  OR'IC,  a.  Pertaining  to  fluor;  obtained  from 
fluor. 

FLO'OR-ID,  77.  A  compound  of  fluc-rine  with  a 
metallic  or  combustible  base. 

FLu'OR-INE,  11.  An  element  in  llie  form  of  a  yellow- 
isli-liruwn  gas,  with  the  odor  of  chlorine  and  burnt 
sugar ;  one  of  the  acidifying  and  basifying  prin- 
ciples. ,.     ^ 

FLU-O-SIL'I-CATE,  77.     [f.uor  and  .sHcr  or  sdtca.] 
In  chemistry,  a  compound  of  fluosilicic  acid  Willi 
some  base.  , 

FLU-0-SI-LIG'ie  AC'XD,  ti.  An  acid  composed  of 
silicon  and  fluorine  ;  also  called  fluorid  ofsdicon. 

FLUR'Rl-A'D,  (fiur'rid,)  pp.    Put  in  agitation. 

FLTJR'RY,  71.  A  sudden  blast  or  gust,  or  a  light,  tem- 
porary breeze  ;  as,  a  flurry  of  wind.  Jt  is  never,  ttiW 
us,  applied  to  a  storm  of  dnratiov.. 

2.  A  sudden  sliower  of  short  duration  ;  as,  a  flurry 
of  snow. 

3.  Violent  agitation  ;  commotion  ;  bustle  ;  Imrry. 
FLUR'RY,  V.  t.    To  put  in  agitation ;  to  excite  or 

alarm.  Sicinbiime. 

FLUR'RY-ING,  ppr.    Putting  in  agitation. 

FLUSH,  V.  i.     [G.  fliessrn,  imperf.  floss,  to  flow    ^ 
vlieten,  in   a  different  di:dcct.     It  coincides  m  ce- 
ments with  blush,  blaze,  and  flush.] 

1.  To  flow  and  spread  suddenly;  to  rush;  a-: 
blood  flushes  into  the  fare. 

2.  To  come  in  haste  ;  to  start.  B.  Jonson, 


1  D. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WUAT.-MeTE,  PREY.-PL\E,  MARINE,  EIRD.-NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK— 


464 


FLU 

Ci   To  ai>pL-:»r  suiliiciily,  as  rL-dness  or  a  bliis]i. 

A  li-Jili  rose  im  'K-ir  clit-cks, 
Flushifis  nn,l  Luliiiglitic  liie  clutug'-fiil  pUy 
Cf  oohn  Jii  a  dolj^cii.  Perdvc!. 

4.  To  become  suddenly  red;  to  glow;  as,  the 
cheeks  Jlush. 

5.  Tu  be  gay,  splendid,  or  beautiful. 

\t  onw,  nmvcd 
III  all  Uic  eoIoiT  of  I'le  _^us/uii»  yc:ir, 
The  garJfti  jlo\vs.  27i077:ejji. 

FLUSH,  r.  f.    To  redden  suddenly  ;  to  cause  tlie  blood 
to  rush  euddenly  into  the  t'lce. 

NoryfusA  with  sb:uiic  the  passing  vivgiu's  check.  Gay. 

9.  To  eble ;  to  elevate ;  to  c.\cltu  the  spirits ;  to 
animate  with  joy  ;  as,  lo  Jliu-h  witli  victory. 
FLL'SIl,  a.    Krssh;  luH  of  vigor;  glowing;  bright. 

2.  Affluent;  abounding;  well  furnished. 

L<)nl  Sinil  wiis  net  very  Jlush  in  n-aily.  ArbuUmot. 

3,  Free  lo  spend;  liberal;  prcdisal.  He  is  very 
fiush  with  his  money,  [T/tis  is  a  papular  use  of  Vie 
vorJ  ill  America.] 

•I.  In  arcJtitecture,  even  or  level  iii  respect  to  sur- 
face. _  Oicilt. 

A  Jlush  dcch^  in  seameii^s  language^  is  a  deck  with 
a  continued  Iloor  unbroken  froni  stem  to  stern.  [Q,u. 
Russ.  plosLei,  H;it.  Tiie  sense  of  spreading  naturally 
TL'Sults  from  that  of  flowing.] 
FLUSH,  71.  A  sudden  flow  of  blood  to  the  face  ;  or, 
more  generally,  the  reduces  of  face  which  proceeds 
from  such  an  afllux  of  liJood.  Hectic  cun-'^tiiutions 
arc  often  known  by  a  frequent  Jlush  in  the  cheeks. 

9.  Sudden  impulse  or  excitement ;  sudden  glow ; 
a.^,  a  Jlush  uf  joy, 

3.  UUkjui  ;  growth  ;  abundance.  OoUj/mith. 

4.  [Fr.  and  Sp.  Jiux.]  A  run  of  cards  uf  the  same 
suit, 

5.  A  term  for  a  number  of  ducks.  SpctL^er. 
FLUSH'ED,  (rlu=hl,);ir;).  orrt.     Overspread  or  tinged 

with  a  rod  color,  from  the  flowing  of  blood  to  the  lace. 

We  say,  the  skin,  face,  or  cheek  is  Jlashed. 
2.  Elated ;  excited  ;  animated  ;  as,  Jlushal  with  joy 

or  success.    Heated  or  excited  witli  strong  drink. 
Sir  IV.  Temple. 
FLUSH'F.R,  !i.    The  lesser  butchcr-!.iid.     Cliambers. 
FLUSn'LVt;, ;;;».-.    Overspreading  wiih  red:  gluAviiit^. 
FLUSH'IXG,  It.    A  glow  of  red  hi  the  face. 
FLUSiri.\G-L\',  adc.    In  a  flushing  manner. 
FLUSH'XESS,  n.    Freshness.  Qaudtn. 

FLUS'TER,  V.  t.    To  make  hot  and   rosy,  as  with 

drinking;  to  heat ;  to  hurry;  to  agitate;  to  confuse. 
FLUS'TEIl,  V.  i.    To  be  in  a  heat  or  bustle  ;  to  be  agi- 
tated. ^ 
FLUS'TKU,  II.     Heat ;  glow  ;  agitation  ;  confusion  : 

disorder. 
FLUS'TER-£D,  pp.      Heated  with  Htiuor;  agitated; 

confused. 
FLOTE,H,     [Vr.Jlhte:  Arm.Jlait;  D.JiuU;  G.  Jwtc  ; 

J).\n.  jVojte ;    Sp.  JltiaUi ;    Vort.  frauta;   iL  Jlanlo  ;  L. 

fM^  Jlutus,  lo  blow,  or  L,  Jiulc,  a  lamprey,  with  the 

same  number  cf  hok-s,] 

1.  A  small  wind-instrunR-nt ;  a  pipe  with  litend 
Iiolei  and  keys,  played  by  blowing  with  tiie  mouth, 
and  by  stopping  and  opening  the  holes  with  the  fin- 
gers. 

2.  A  channel  in  a  column  or  pillnr  ;  a  perpendicu- 
lar furrow  or  cavity,  cut  along  the  shaft  of  a  column 
or  pilaster  ;  so  cnlltd  from  its  resemblance  to  a  flut.^ 
Itiaused  chieliy  in  the  Ionic  order;  somi-liuifs  in 
the  Composite  and  Corinlliian  ;  rarely  in  the  Doric 
and  Tu.:can.    It  is  called  also  a  reed.  Enajc. 

3.  A  similar  channel  in  the  muslin  of  a  lady's  ruffle 
is  called  a  Jinte. 

4.  A  long  vessel  or  boat,  with  flat  rib.i  or  floor  tim- 
ber, round  behind,  and  swelled  in  the  middle,  [^ 
different  ortlw^nnphfj  of  Float,  Fiota.]  Enaje. 

^rmed  en  Jliite;  an  armed  ship,  with  her  guns  in 
part  taken  out,  as  when  used  as  a  transport,  is  said 
to  be  armed  en  JliUe  Lunicr. 

FLOTE,  V.  i.     'I'o  play  on  a  flute.  Chancer. 

FLuTE,  V.  t.  To  form  (lutes  or  channels  in  a  column  ; 
tof.-.rni  corresponding  channels  in  the  niuslin  of  a 
lady's  ruffle, 

FLCT'ED,  pp.  or  a.    Channeled  ;  furrowed  ;  a.^  a  col- 
umn. 
2.  In  muaic^  ihin  ;  fine  ;  flutdike  :  as,  Jiutcd  notes. 

__  Busby. 

r  LUT-ER,  71.    One  who  plays  on  the  flute. 

I'LuTE'-STOI',  71.    A  range  of  wooden  pipes  in  an 

pr^-^v  '  '^*''^'="*^''  *"  imitate  tiie  flute.  P.  Cijc. 

rl^UJ'hVG,  ppr.  Channeling;  forming  furrows;  as 
m  a  column. 

FLOT'LNG,  71.    A  channel  or  furrow  in  a  column,  or 

„J"  JJ),c  "'"--^'in  of  a  lady's  ruffle  ;  fluted  work. 

pr  S'l,?!      '  "•     ^  performer  on  the  flute.         BiL^lnj. 

J-  l.U  I   I  EK,  r.  i.     [Sax.  jloUr.m  ;   I).  Jloddcren  ;  G.  JLit- 
Uru.    Ciu.  Fr.JliUer,  to  wav.-r,  fruin^flt,  a  wave.    It 
IS  po^dile  that  the  word  is  cuntrncted.J 
_   I.  To  move  or  fi.-ip  the  wings  rapidly,  without  fly- 
ing, or  with  short  flights ;  to  Jiover. 

A«  an  rajk  Btlrr.rili  ni 
iprc«l.;tii  al-road  b'- 


FLY 


FLY 


a.  To  move  about  briskly,  irrcjulaily,  or  vvilli  grout 
bustle  and  sho\v\  without  consequence. 

No  nig,  no  sci-np  of  all  Ilie  beau  or  wil. 

Thai  oiicc  so  f.^nieicd,  umi  ai;u  once  60  v. lit.  Pupe. 

3.  To  move  with  quick  vibrations  or  undulations  ; 
as,  a  JiiUteriit^  fan  ;  a  futtcrin^  sail.  Pojic. 

'i.  To  be  in  ogitalion  ;  to  move  irregularly ;  to  fluc- 
tuate i  to  be  in  uncertainty. 

How  lon^  v:e  Jlutlerfd  on  the  wings  of  iloublfcd  success.   Hoiod. 
ills  Llionijliu  are  vcryylii^criii^  mij  wTindcrnig.  Walu. 

FLUT'TEU,  V.  I.    To  drive  in  disorder.     [Liulc  usnl.] 
a.  To  hurry  the  mind  ;  to  agitate.  [Shale. 

3.  To  disorder  ;  to  throw  into  confusion. 
FLUT'TER,  7/.     Quick  and  irregular  motion ;  vibra- 
tion ;  undulation  ;  as,  the  fuUer  of  a  fan.  .idilUon. 

2.  Hurry  ;  tumult ;  agitation  of  the  mind. 

3.  Confusion  ;  disorder  ;  irregularity  in  i)osition. 
FLUT'TEll-£»,  pp.    Agitated  ;  confused  ;  disor(l.;ri-d. 
FLUT'TEU-ING,  ppr,  orn.    Flapping  the  wines  witii- 

out  flight,  or  with  short  flights;  hovering;  fluctua- 
ting ;  agitating  ;  throwing  into  con.'"usion. 

FLUT'TER-ING,  n.    Tlie  act  of  hovering,  or  flapping 
the  wings  wilhout  flight;  a  wavering;  agitation. 

FLUT'TEK-l.XG-LY,  adv.    In  a  fluttering  nianuer. 

FLUT'Y,  a.    Soft  ami  clear  i]i  tone,  like  a  flute. 

FLO'VI-AL-IS'I",  11.    One  wlio  explains  phenomena 
by  e.\'isting  streams.  ./im.  Quart,. 

FLU-VI  A'l''ie,  I  a.     [L.  Jlaviaticus,  from  fiuviuj!,  a 

FLu'Vl-AL,        I      river ;  Jluo,  to  flow.] 

Belonging  lo  rivers  ;  growing  or  living  in  streams 
or  ponds  ;  as,  a  fiuviatic  plant. 

FLU'Vr-A-TlLE,  a.     IL.JIiiciatdh.] 

Bclungmg  to  rivers  ;  existing  in  rivers  ;  as,  Jlueia- 
tile  strata.  "       LijcU. 

FLU.Y,  n.     [h.  fiimis;  Sp.  finxo;  Fl.jlux;  It.  fiiui'so  ; 
from  L.  JlitOj  fuixi.] 

1.  The  act  of  flowing  ;  the  motion  or  passin"  of  a 
fluid. 

2.  The  moving  or  p.assing  of  any  thing  in  contin- 
ued succession.  Things  in  this  life  are  in  a  contin- 
ual Jliix. 

3.  Any  flow  or  issue  of  matter.  In  meiliciiir,  an 
extraordinary  issue  or  evacuation  from  the  bowels  or 
other  part ;  as,  tliu  bloody  j!ui  or  dysentery,  hepatic 
JliLr,  &1C. 

4.  In  hij:lm^raphy,  the  flow  of  the  tide.  The  ebb 
is  called  rcjliix. 

5.  In  dicmi.-ttnj  and  mctnUiu-nij,  any  substance  or 
mi.xture  used  lo  promote  the  fusion  of  metals  or  min- 
erals, as  alkalies,  boi-ax,  tartar,  and  other  saline  mat- 
ter ;  or,  in  large  operations,  lintostoue  or  fluor.  Al- 
kaline fluxes  arc  eitiler  Ihe  crude,  the  ivhite,  or  the 
black  f.uT.  Jt'khoLim. 

6.  Fusion ;  a  liquid  state  from  the  operation  of 
he-at.  Encyc. 

7.  That  which  flow.-?  or  is  discharged. 

8.  ConcouriL' ;  confluence.     [Little  yscil.']     Sliak. 
FLUX,  a.    Flowing ;  moving  ;  maintained  by  a  con- 
stant succession  of  pur  Is  ;  inconstant ;  variable.  [Aui 
•well  atUJwrized.] 

FLUX,  V.  t.    To  melt ;  to  fuse ;  to  make  fluid. 

One  jrirt   ofiniiiCr.il   alAali  will  yiuj  two  of  silicions  i-atlli  willi 
iliiT/'-i^liSX.  A'i:-te«n. 


3.  To  rise  in  air,  as  light  subslance.«,  by  means  of  a 
current  of  air,  or  by  having  less  specific  gravity  than 
air,  as  smoke. 

Man  is  bom  lo  troujle,  as  the  spitksjli/  upwanl.  —Job  v. 

4.  To  move  or  pass  with  velocity  or  celerity,  either 
on  land  or  water.  He  flew  to  the  relief  of  his  dis- 
tressed friend.    Th-;  ship  //«  upon  the  main. 

5.  To  move  rapidly,  in  any  manner  ;  as,  a  lop  flt« 
about. 

0.  To  pass  away ;  to  depart ;  with  the  idea  of  taste, 
swillness,  or  escape.     Tiie  bird  has  flown. 

7.  To  pass  rapidlv,  a.'f  timt       "      '    ' 
hours. 

8.  To  part  suddenly,  or  with  violence ;  to  burst,  as 
a  buttle.  Sinift. 

il.  To  spring  by  an  elastic  force. 
JO.  To  pass  swiftly,  as  rumor  or  report. 
11.  To  flee  ;  to  run  away ;  to  attempt  lo  escape  ;  to 
escape. 

I'II/7y  from  sbeiihenls,  Cocl.s,  anj  Bowery  plains.  Fopt. 

13.  To  flutter ;  to  vibrate  or  play ;  as  a  flag  in  the 
wind. 


Swift  fly  the  fleeting 


:  to  spring  toward ;  to  rush  on  ;  lo  fall  on 
J  flies  at  a  man. 


SaiUll. 
g  away,  and 

Lr,<Uc. 
reduced  lo  a 

fu- 


lip  her  ne>t,   fiullertth  over  he 
. —  Utiit.  xxxii. 


2.  Tosrdivato,     [LMc'u.<cd.'\ 
FLUX-A'TION,  ».    A  flowin-  or  p: 

giving  place  to  otiier.?. 
FLUX'A'D,  (iluk.^t.)  i>p,    lilelted  ;  Uu 

flowing  stale. 
FLUX-I-lIIL'i-TY,  n.    The  quality  of  admillin, 

sion. 
FLUX'{-DLE,  a.     [from  Low  L.]    Capable  ef  being 

melted  or  fused,  as  a  mineral. 
FLUX-IL'I-TV,  ».     [Low  L.  fiullis.l 

The  quality  of  admitting  lusion  ;  jiossibility  of  be- 
ing fused  or  liquelit.-d.  Bnylc, 
FLUX'ION,  (fliik'simn,)  n.     [h.  Jinxio,  Uom  f.uo,  lo 
flow.] 

1.  The  act  of  flowing. 

■2.  The  matter  that  flows.  Tilscmnn. 

3.  In  viat/icmatie.^^  an  infinilely  small  (jnantity  ;  an 
increment ;  tlie  inhiiitely  small  increase  of  the  fluent 
or  flowing  quantity;  the  same  as  DirKEHEwriAL. 

Bailcij.    Braii'le. 

4.  Fhuions;  a  dejiartment  of  analysis.  It  is  the 
same  with  the  Dn  i->:i;E>-riAi,  and  I^■TE'JRAL  Cai,cu- 
Lvs.     [See  Calculus.] 

FLUX'ION-AL,      )  a.      Fcrtaining  to  niatheniatical 
FLUX'IO.N-A-UY,  \      IIu.^ion^', 

FLUX'ION-IS'I",  71,    One  sitilled  in  fluxions.  Berkeley. 
FLUX'IVE,  a.      Flowing ;   wanting  so'idiiv.      [J^ot 

■used.]  B.  Jonson. 

FLUX^CJRE,  (fluks'yur,)  n.    A  flowing  orfinid  nuitter. 

[A'^ot  used.]  J),aiitun. 

FL1?,  V.  i. ;  pret.  Flew  ;  part.  Flown.     [Sax.  ficogan  ; 

G.  Jliegen  ;    I),  vlicgcn  ;   Sw.  fy^^a  ;  Dan.  Jlyvcr."   In 

Saxon,  the  same  verb  signifies  to  JJy  and  to  Jlcc  ;  in 

German,  difl"erent  words  arc  used.] 

1.  To  move  through  air  by  the  aid  of  wings,  as 
fowls. 

2.  To  pass  or  move  in  air  by  the  force  of  wind  or 
oih. T  impulsft  i  as,  clouds  and  vapors  Jly  before  the 
wind.  A  ball  Jlies  from  a  cannon  ;  an  arrow  from  a 
bow. 


To  Jly  at 
suddenly, 

A  hen  fiics  at  a  do^  or  cat ;  a  di 

V'o  Jly  in  the  face;  to  insult. 

2.  To  assail ;  to  resist ;  to  set  at  defiance ;  lo  op- 
pose with  violence ;  to  act  in  direct  opposition. 

To  Jly  off;  to  separate,  or  depart  suddenly. 

2.  To  revolt. 
To  Jly  open  ;  to  open  suddenly,  or  with  violence  : 

as,  tlie  doors  Jiew  open. 

To  Jly  out ;  to  rush  out ;  also,  to  burst  into  a  pas- 
sion. 

9.  To  break  out  into  license. 

3.  To  start  or  issue  with  violence  from  any  direc- 
tion. ' 

To  let  Jly ;  to  discliarge  ;  to  throw  or  drive  with 
violence ;  as,  to  la  Jly  a  shower  of  darts. 

2.  In  seamanship^  to  let  go  suddenly  and  entirely. 
Let  Jly  the  sheets.  Tottcn. 

FLV,  V.  t.  [This  is  used  for  Jlce^  and  from  is  under- 
stood after  y,  so  that  it  can  luudlv  be  called  a  trans- 
itive verb.] 

1.  To  shun;  to  avoid;  to  decline ;  as,  to  /fythe 
siglit  of  one  we  hate  ;  that  is,  primarily,  to  Jlee 
from. 

Sleep _/Iws  the  wn:lch.  Drydert. 

2.  To  quit  by  flight. 

3.  To  attack  by  a  bird  of  prey.  [JVot  used.}  Bacon. 

4.  To  cause  to  float  in  the  air. 
FLY,  n.  [Sax.  Jleoife ;  Sw.  fuga  ;  l>an.  Jluc  ;  G.  ftege ; 

D.vlieg;  from  the  verb  Jleogan,  to  fly.] 

1.  In  zoology^  a  winged  insect  of  various  species, 
whose  distinguishini;  characteristic  is  that  the  win^s 
are  transparent.  By  this,  flies  arc  distinguished  from 
beetles,  butterflies,  grasshoppers,  &c.  Uf  flies,  some 
have  two  wings,  and  others  four.  Eticiir. 

In  common  language^  Jly  is  the  house-fly,  of  the  ge- 
nus Musca. 

2.  In  mechanics,  a  cross  with  leaden  weifihls  at  the 
ends,  or  a  heavy  w?;?el  at  right  angles  with  tlie  axis 
of  a  windlass,  jack,  or  other  machine.  'J'lie  use  of 
this  is,  to  legidi'te  and  equalize  the  motion  in  all 
jiarts  of  Ihe  revolution  of  the  machine,  and  sonu*- 
times  to  coiled  force  in  order  to  produce  a  vtrry  great 
instantaneous  iinprossion,  as  in  a  coining  press. 

iU-ande. 

3.  That  part  of  a  vane  which  points  and  shows 
which  way  the  wind  blov/s. 

•I.  Tlie  cifnt  of  an  ensign,  flair,  or  pendant  from 
tlie  stafl'  to  the  end  that  flutters  loose  in  tlu  wind. 

J/ar.  Diet. 
5.  A  light  carriage  formed  for  rnpid  motion. 
C.  In  printing,  one  who  takes  the  slieets  from  tlic 
press  in  cases  demaRding  expedition, 
FL^"DaXE,  V.    A  herbaceous  plant  called  Catch  Jlir, 

of  tlie  prnus  Silenc, 
FL1'-I1IT-T£N,  fl.     Maiked  by  the  bile  of  flies. 

Si'ia!:. 
FLVliLCiW,  v.  t.     To  deposit  an  e^g  in  any  thing, 
as  a  fly ;  to  taint  with  the  eggs  which  produce  mag- 
gots. 

Like  ajiy-blown  cake  of  tallow.  Swift. 

FLV'BLOW,  7t.    The  egg  of  a  fly. 

FLY'BLoVVN,p;j.  or  a.    Tainted  with  maggots. 

FI-?'BoAT,  71.     A  light,  swift  kind  of  boat,  used  on 

canals.  Budianan. 

2.  A  large,  flat-bottomed  Dutch  vessel.      Encye., 

FLY'CATCH-EIl,  n.    One  tliat  hunts  flies. 

2.  In  zo'dlogyj  a  name  common  to  very  numerous 
species  of  birds,  forming  t!ie  Linnaian  genus  Musci- 
capa,  and  having  a  bill  liatted  at  the  base,  ahnosl  tri- 
angular, notched  or  hooked  at  the  upper  mandible, 
and  beset  with  bristles.  Tlicse  birds  are  so  named 
because  they  feed  entirely  on  flies  and  other  winged 
insects,  which  they  catch  as  they  fly.  P.  Cyc. 

FL'f'EJl,  71.    One  that  flies  or  flees";  usually  writleu 
fiier. 

2.  One  that  uses  wings, 

3.  The  fly  of  a  jack. 

4.  In  architecture y  a  term  applied  to  the  steps  in  a 


TONE,  B?irA  I4N1TE.-AN"GER,  VI"0IOU.'=._e  a..;  K ;  C  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CII  as  SII ;  Til  a.5  in  THI.S. 


51) 


465 


FOA 


FOE 


'  ri  -!.i   .(■  t  i  'ra   w!itf?i  nrf   onniHel  to    t-ncli   otluT. 

'   -  aUtinpiislied  fmin 

ilii-ite  fitm  staiids 

:  Ittliirii)  Itiu  sccuiid, 

Ilu*  -J  liu  »-i.J  t"  «'-  •'/  i.'^'i'i  t'"«  unullier. 

*^       *  -  -    -  Jl/uxofl. 

r..    \  i^fforiurr  ia  Mexico,  who  fllea  round  an  cle- 

ilml  |«rt   of  n  spinning-mnchine,  or 
1,  wiUi  u  mpid  iiuitidii,  siiiiiei  the  Uirt'iid. 

i.    To  aiislo  wiUi  Ilifs  for  bait. 
SU,  n.    Aimliiig  ;  the  art  or  practice  of 
[L-.h  with  llu-d,  iinlural  or  urtificial,  for 
WaUon. 
.FL\P, «.    SoiucUiing  to  drive  away  flies. 

Coagrece. 

I  ;:V-SUCK-LE,    (-huii'ne-suM,)     h.      A 

i...iilc«ru.    'I'he  African  fiy-honeysucklc  ia 

Fam.  of  Plants. 
. ,  «.    A  name  given  to  the  txcreiiienli- 
r  in-ifls  cliitily  of  tlie  common  lly. 
-.    Moviiip  in  iiir  by  meani*  of  wings  j 
J..     1..:  I  .I'hlly  ;  uprlii-^'lny  ;  bur.-'liiig  ;  iivoiding. 
a.  ti/ FlvNitii'ig ;  waving;  ix:^^  fining  qvXots. 
\\.  '.  Mi.vinc;  light,  and  suited  for  prompt  motion  ; 

'    UJllK 

-< .-  a  phn»e  expre^snig  triumph. 
'i'Uf  act  of  moving  in  the  air  with 

ril/LE-RY,  n,      Artillorj'  trained   to 
vululions.    In  passing  from  one  part  of 
U;.   ii.Kl  Im  antdh'T,  the  men  sprini:  on  to  the  guns, 
\Uiirh  an-  ilniuti  hy  horses  at  full  gallop. 
KI.VIV<;   'tlUUCE,  n.     A  nu'ans  used  hy  armies  for 
.  i  r^  III  nipid  movfiiicnts.     It  is  sometimes 
IKtricd  bv  pont(»ons  or  light  lioats,  and 
A  large,  HatUotlouiod  boat,  anchored  up 
»;i  mil,  uliuh  IS  made  to  \kish  like  a  ferry-hoal  from 
line  •idi!  of  a  rivur  to  Uie  other,  by  the  force  of  the 
ciirrrnL 
FI.V'IN*t:-lirT'TRE:?.S,n.  A  contrivance  for  strenKlh- 
i-iiiii2tlie  iiavL- or  ccTitnil  [lart  of  a  Gothic  hiiililing, 
w  In  II  tl  ri«cs  coiisidenibly  above  the  side  aisl;-s  or 
i/i     li  ron-'i-it*  of  a  kind  of  brace,  in  n  curved 
,1.  or  half  arch,  thrown  across  from  the  lops  of  the 
1.    ant.'  Iniiln-sses  to  the  wall  of  the  nave,  prop- 
ping tl  np,  and  proventing  it  from  spreading  out- 
ward und**r  ihu-  pressure  of  the  roof.    From  ils  thus 
;       ;r.'  i^inngh  ilie  air,  over  the  roof  of  the  side 
lis  name  mX  fiijing-biUtreas.        P.  C\ic. 
\  Ml*,  ri.    A  camp  or  body  of  troops  funned 
!ioii  from  one  place  to  another. 
V\,\  im:   I'ISil,  n.     A  name  common  to  those  llshes 
which  have  the  jHtwir  of  sustaining  themselves  in 
ihr  air,  fur  n  certain  length  of  time,  by  nu-ans  of 
Ihnr  lone,  ixcloril  (\w«. 
FLV'I.N*i-I*AU'TV,  n.    In  vuUtary  affain^  n  detacli- 

mi'ui  of  men  employed  (o  hover  about  an  enemy. 
FIA'I.NtJ-n.N'IO.N,  H.    The  part  of  a  chick  having  a 
llv  IT  fan,  by  which  it  gathers  air,  and  checks  the 
r-ipiJiiy  i'f  ibe  clock's  motion,  when  the  weight  de- 
•frinU  ut  the  wtriking  |«rt.  £nci;c 

FI.9'IM;-.«Ut.*IR'IlIil*,  n.    A  speciesof  squirreriiav- 
inz  an  cxjiansivi,'  »tkin  on  cncli  side,  reacliing  from 
■  lie  fure  tu  the  hind  leg>j,  by  which  it  is  borne  up  in 
lf.ipin*. 
FLV'-l.P.AF,  n.     A  blank  leaf  at  the  beginning  or 

■  I  ..f  nl..i.tk. 
i  .   ,     I'uW-Ur.K,  n.    An  iin[>erfect  oxyd  of  arsenic, 
'\\,  ntiied  with  ijugar  and  water,  is  used  to  kill 
Brande. 
i  1   .    IL\IL,  ».    Thai  part  of  a  table  which  turns  out 
.It  iheh-af. 

I'-EU,  n.    One  that  shoots  flies. 
,  «.     In  bittaitif,  a  species  of  sensitive 
I  J'cmiji'i  Ftij-trap^llK  Dttmaa  Museijmla  ; 
.:  has  the  power  of  scizuig  inserts,  that 
PnrtiniTton. 
I..  Tl.    A  wheel  in  machinery  that  eqiial- 
•',  or  acciimulales  imwer  for  a  very 
•  inipressiiiii. 
:  ■        i,/d^;  G./ti/icn;  D.rcu/m;  Dan. 

I       j9i.Aw,jaia;  Vupovdam;  Ann. pouU,  nuH,  or   hcu- 
*c«l;  >V.  fAtfiri,-  Com.  titoi;  L.  puUas;  Gr.  irwAof  ,• 

Ch.M">iO;  Ar.  JJU9ta/a/a,tori8cortosctas  thcsun, 

In  b«»r  young,  and  JJUo  toJUan^  pullus.    The  pri- 

"*^''  ^  crb  w,  to  "hoot,  to  cast  or  ihrow 

•"  verb,  m  Heb.  and  Cli.,  signifies 

'■'  •'  ;  in  Hyr.,  to  font,  to  drfiU;  both 

■r,   \U\i  t,(  piitiinz  or  throwing  on.     The 

•',  prntkihly,  to  the  r«K»t  of  Eng.  fall  and 

-,  Se;  xvith  a  dirrerrnl  prefix.    Fuoi  is  lit- 

>  a  .-Ji.kK,  isanc,  or  that  which  ia  cast,  or  wliicb 


falK 

Tn 


'ine  1. 


lie  equine  genus  of  quadruped 
r  tk  X  ;  a  roll  or  fitly. 

li«  bring  furth  a  coll  or  filly;  lo  bring 
.  as  a  marp  or  n  she-ass. 


FOA  L,  V.  i.  To  bring  forth  young,  as  a  mare  and  cer- 
tain other  beasts. 

FoAL'ltlT,  «.    A  plant. 

FOAL'A."l>,  Pit-     Disburdened  of  a  foal,  as  a  marc. 

F6AL'F(X)T,  11.    The  coll's-fout,  Tussilago 

FOAL'lN'ti,  ppr.    liringing  forth  a  colt. 

FOAL'IXG,  n.    The  act  of  bringing  forth  a  colt. 

FOAM,  H.  [Sax.  /nn,  fam;  Cfaum^  foam;  L  fumo, 
lo  smoke,  to  foam.] 

Frolh  ;  spume  ;  the  substance  which  is  formed  on 
the  surface  of  liquors  by  ferinentalion  or  violent 
agitation,  consisting  of  bubbles. 

FO  \M,  r.  I.    To  froth  ;  lo  gather  foam.    The  billows 
foam ;  a  horse  foams  at  Ihc  inoulli  when  violently 
healed. 
2.  To  be  in  a  rage ;  to  be  violently  agitated. 

lie  foarruOi  and  giiasltclh  witli  1ii«  IceUi.  — Mark  ii. 

F0.^^1,  V.  t.  To  throw  out  with  rage  or  violence ; 
with  ouU 

F\>aming  out  thcif  own  sliitmc. — JuJe  13. 

FOAM'-CRCST-KD,  u.    Crested  with  foam. 
FOAM'f;D,  i>p.    Tlirowii  out  with  rage  or  violence. 
Ff)AM'h\'G,  pi>r.  or  (I.     Frothing;  fuming. 
FoAM'I.VG-IA',  arfr.     Frolliily. 
FoA.M'LESS,  a.    Having  np  foam. 
Fo.\M'V,  a.    Covered  with  foam;  frothy. 

IJ.holtl  liow  higli  iiicfoamu  billows  ride.  Drydtn. 

FOB,  ij.     [Uu.  G.fuppe.    1  have  not  found  the  word.] 

A  liiile  pocket  for  a  watch. 
FOB,  c.  (.     [G.foppcn.] 

To  cheat ;  to  trick  ;  to  impose  on. 
To  fob  off;  lo  shin  oIT  by  an  artifice  ;  to  put  aside  ; 
to  di^hide  Willi  a  trick.    [A  law  m>rd.]  Shah. 

FOB'U£L),  (fobd,)p;^    Cheated;  imposed  on 
FOB'IUNG,;';jr.     Cheating;  imposing  on. 
FO'C'VL,  a.     [from  L./ucits.] 

Belonging  to  a  focus  ;  :is,  a  focal  point. 
Focal  distance  ;  in  o/itics^  the  distance  between  the 
center  of  a  convex  Isiis  or  concave  mirror  and  its 
focus,  or  the  point  into  which  the  rays  of  light  are 
collected.  Brande. 

Fo'CILE,  n.    [Fr./oc(7c.] 

The  greater  focile  is  llie  ulna  or  tibia,  the  greater 
bone  of  the  fore  arm  or  leg.  The  lesser  focile  is  the 
radius  or  libula,  the  lesser  bone  of  tiio  fore  arm  or 
leg.  Coxc.     Wiseman. 

FOC-IL-La'TION,  71.     [L.  foc'dlo.l 

Comfort ;  support. 
Fo'ClJS,  n, ;  pi.  Focuses  or  Foci.     [L.  fociis,  a  fire, 
the  liearth  ;   Sp.  fuego  ;   Port,  fogo ;  It.  fuoco  ;   Fr. 
feu.;  Arm./y.] 

1.  In  opticsj  a  point  in  which  any  number  of  rays 
of  light  meet,  after  being  reflected  or  refracted  ;  a^, 
the  focus  of  a  lens.  Barlow.     A''eicton. 

2.  In  geometry  and  corAc  sectious^  a  term  applied  to 
certiiin  points  in  the  parabola,  ellipse,  and  hyperbola, 
whdre  rays  reflected  from  all  parts  of  these  curves 
concur  or  meet;  i.  e.,  rays  issuing  from  a  luminous 
point  in  the  one  focus,  and  falhng  upon  all  points  of 
llie  curves,  are  reflected  into  tlie  oilier  focus,  or  into 
the  line  directed  lo  the  other  focus,  viz.,  into  the 
other  focus  in  the  ellipse  and  parabola,  and  directly 
from  it  in  the  hyperbola.  Ifutton. 

3.  A  central  point;  point  of  concentration. 
FOD'I)EK,n.    [Sax.  foddor,  •r  foUien   G.  fatter;  V. 

vocder;  lian./ocder;  Hw.fodcr;  from  the  root  oT feed, 
tile  sense  of  wliich  is,  to  thrust  in,  to  stuff'.  Hence, 
in  German,  fuller  is  a  lining,  as  well  as  fodder.] 

1.  Food  or  dry  food  for  cattle,  horses,  and  sheep, 
as  hay,  straw,  and  other  kinds  of  vegetables.  The 
word  is  never  applied  to  pasture. 

2.  Tn  mining,  a  weight  by  which  lead  and  some 
other  metals  are  sold.  It  is  of  various  magnitudes, 
but  commonly  about  2400  lbs.  It  is  also  written 
l'''<iTHEn.  Brande.     Ure. 

FOD'DEU,  V.  t.  To  feed  with  dry  food,  or  cut  grass, 
&c. ;  to  furnish  with  hay,  straw,  oat3,&c.  Farmers 
fodder  their  cattle  twice  or  thrice  in  a  day. 

F()D'DER-/:i>,  pp.  Fed  with  dry  food,  or  cut  grass, 
straw,  &c. 

FOD'OER-ER,  n.    He  who  fodders  cattle. 

FOO'DER-ING,  ppr.    Feeding  with  dry  food,  &c. 

Fo'DI-ENT,  a.     [\..f,Hlin,  to  dig.] 

Digging;  throwing  up  with  a  spade.     [LiUleuscd.] 

FoE,  (to,)  n.  [Sax.  fak,  from  fean,  feon,  figan,  to  hate  ; 
the  participle  is  used  in  the  other  Teutonic  dialects, 
bee  Fiend.] 

1.  \n  enemy;  one  who  entertains  personal  en- 
mity, hatred,  grudge,  or  malice,  against  another. 

A  inaii's/of*  shall  ix:  ilicy  of  his  own  household.  —  MaU.  x. 

2.  An  enemy  in  war ;  one  of  a  nation  at  war  with 
another,  whether  he  entertains  enmity  a"ainst  the 
opposing  nation  or  not ;  an  adversary. 

Either  thrp!  yciri'  timhie,  or  tlircc  moiiUis  to  be  deslroycd  before 
tl>y/0M.— IChron.  xxi. 

3.  Foe,  like  aiemij,  in  the  singular,  is  used  to  de- 
^  A   ^"  "PP"^'"g  iirmy,  or  nation  at  war. 

4.  An  opponent ;  an  cneinv  ;  one  who  oiiposes 
any  thmg  in  principle  ;  an  ill-wisher;  as,  a/oe  to  re- 
ligion ;  a  foe  to  virtue ;  a  foe  to  the  measures  of  the 
.idminisiralion. 

FOE,  r.  f.    To  treat  as  an  enemy.     {Ohs.l     .Spenser. 


FOl 

FoE'-IIOOD,  n.     Enmity.     [J^ot  in  use.]        BahU. 
FoE'-I>t'K"B,  a.    Like  an  enemy.  Sandys 

I'oE'-MAN,  n.   An  enemy  in  war.    [Ohs.]    Spenser. 
FCET'I-CIDE,  (lU'c-side,)  n,     [h.  fatus  and  cado,  to 

kill.] 
In  medical  jurisprudence,  the  act  by  which  criminal 

abortion  is  produced.     [Recent.^  Beck. 

FCE'TUS.     See  Fetus. 
FOG,  71.     [In  Pp.  vaho,  is  stcarn ,  va}iar,  to  exhale. 

In    Italian,  sfogo  is  exhalation  ;  sfogare,  lo  exhale. 

In  Scot./ort"  is  moss.    In  Italian,  affogare  is  to  sutlb- 

cate,  Sp.  ahocar.    The  sense  probably  is  thick,  or 

that  which  is  exhaled.] 

1.  A  dense  watery  vapor,  exhaled  from  the  earth, 
or  from  rivers,  lakes,  and  other  collections  of  water, 
or  generated  in  the  atmosphere  near  the  earth.  Ji 
differs  from  viist,  which  is  rain  in  very  small  drops. 

2.  A  cloud  of  dust  or  smoke. 

FOG,        )  n.      [W,  fiDg,  long    dry  grass.     Johnson 

FOGGE,  1  quotes  a  forest  law  of  Scotland,  which 
mentions  fogagium.  It  may  be  allied  to  Scot,  /on-, 
moss.] 

After-grass  ;  a  second  growth  of  grass  ;  but  it  sig- 
nifies also  long  grass  that  remains  in  pastures  till 
winter.  Fann.  Kneyc. 

Dead  grass,  remaining  on  land  during  winter,  is 
called,  in  J\'ew  England,  the  old  tore. 

FOG,  15.  U    To  overcast ;  to  darken. 

FOG,  V.  i.     [Fr.  vogue.] 

To  have  power.  Milton. 

FOG'*B  ANK,  n.  At  sea,  an  appearance  in  hazy  weath- 
er sometimes  resembling  land  at  a  distance,  but  whicli 
vanishes  as  it  is  approached.  Mar.  Diet. 

FOG'GAGE,  71.  Kank  or  coarse  grass  not  mowed  or 
eaten  down  in  summer  or  autumn      Farm.  Encyc. 

FOG'GI-LY,  adv.     With  fog;  darklv 

FOG'GI-NEtfri,  71.  [from  fo^gy.]  Tlie  state  of  being 
fogg)' ;  a  state  of  the  air  filled  with  watery  exhalations. 

FOG'GV,  a.  [from  fog.]  Filled  or  abounding  with 
fog  or  water}'  exhalations  ;  as,  a  foggy  atniosjihere  j 
a  foggy  morning. 

2.  Cloudy  ;  misty  ;  damp  with  humid  vapors, 

3.  Producing  frequent  fogs  ;  as,  a  foggy  climate. 

4.  Dull;  stupid;  clouded  in  understandiii^g. 
FoH,  an  exclamation  of  abhorrence  or  contempt,  the 

same  :\.Bpoh  and/y. 

FOl'BLE,  a.    Weak.     [AToi  used.]  Herbert. 

FGl'BLE,  71.     [Fr.  foible,  weak.    See  Feehle.] 

A  particular  moral  weakness  ;  a  failing.  When 
we  speak  of  a  man's  foible,  in  the  singular,  wliich  is 
also  called  his  tom/c  5(rfc,  we  refer  lo  a  predominant 
failing.  We  use  also  the  plural,  foibles,  to  denote 
moral  failings  or  defects.  It  is  wise  in  every  man  to 
know  his  own  foibles. 

FOIL,  V.  t.  [In  Norm,  afolee  is  rendered  crippled; 
and  afoula,  aamaged,  wasted.  If  tlie  primary  or  true 
literal  sense  is  to  blunt,  tliis  word  may  be  from  llie 
same  root  as  fool ;  if  to  render  vain,  it  would  natu- 
rally be  allied  to  fail.] 

1.  To  frustrate  ;  to  defeat ;  to  render  vain  or  nuga- 
tory, as  an  elfort  or  attempt.  The  enemy  attempted  to 
pas's  the  river,  but  was  foiled,  lie  foiled  his  adversaries. 

And  Ijy  a  morU!  inao  at  len^h  am/oiied.  Diyden, 

2.  To  blunt ;  to  dull. 

Whea  li^hl-wmged  toys 
Of  feathered  Cnpid  foU.  Sliak. 

3.  To  defeat ;  to  interrupt,  or  to  render  impercepti- 
ble ;  as,  to  foil  the  scent  in  a  chase.  Addison, 

FOIL,  71.  Defeat;  frustration;  the  failure  of  success 
when  on  the  point  of  being  secured  ;  miscarriage. 

Death  never  won  .i  stalcc  wilh  sreiiter  toil, 

Nor  e'er  w.-is  fale  bo  near  a  fcil.  Dryden. 

FOIL,  ;:.  [W.  fwyl,  a  driving,  impulsion,  a  stroke,  a 
foil.] 

A  blunt  sword,  or  one  that  has  a  button  at  the  end 
covered  with  leather;  used  in  fencing. 

Isocrates  coutendcd  wilh  a  foil  n^aiiist  Demosthenes  with  b 
sword.  Mi{ford. 

FOIL,  71.  [Fr.  feuiUe:  It.foglia;  Tort,  folha;  Sii.  hoja; 
h. folium;  Gt.  <l)v\)iOV.] 
1.  A  leaf  or  thin  plate  of  metal ;  as,  tin  foU,  &c. 
9.  Among  jewelers,  a  thin  leaf  of  metal  placed  un- 
der precious  stones,  to  increase  their  brilliancy,  or  to 
give  them  a  particular  color,  as  the  stone  appears  to 
be  of  the  color  of  the  foil.     Hence, 

3.  Any  thing  of  another  color,  or  of  diflerent  quali- 
ties, which  serves  to  adorn,  or  set  ofl"  another  thing 
to  advantage. 

Hector  has  a.  foil  to  set  liiiti  off.  Brooim, 

4.  A  thin  coat  of  tin,  with  quicksilver,  laid  on  the 
back  of  a  looking-glass,  to  cause  reflection.  Encye. 

5.  The  track  or  trail  of  game  when  pursued. 
FOIL'A-BLE,  a.     That  may  be  foiled.         Cotgrave. 
FOIL'£D,  (foild,)  pp.     Frustrated  ;  defeated. 
FOIL'ER,  11.    One  who  frustrates  anotlier,  and  gains 

an  advantage  himself. 
FOIL'ING,  ppr.     Defeating;  frustrating;  di^appomt- 

ing  of  success. 
FOIL'ING,  77.    Among  hunters,  the  slight  mark  of  a 

passing  deer  on  tli;!  grass.  Chalmers. 

FOIN,  V.  t.     [  Fr.  poindrc,  to  sting,  to  dawn  ;  L.  pungo. 

The  sense  is,  to  jiush,  thrust,  shoot.] 


_MTE^FXK,  FALL.  WHAT- M  F.TE,  rRKY-PLxr,  MARINE,  EIllD.-NoTE,  D0V13, 


MOVE,  WOLF,  DOOK.— 


466 


FOL 

1.  To  ttirusl  wilh  a  sword  or  spear.  Spenser. 

2.  To  pricK  ;  to  stins.     [JVot  in  use] 

FOlN,  n.    A  push ;  a  thrust  with  a  sword  or  spear. 

Robinson. 
FOIN'IXG,  p/>r.    Pushing;  thrusting. 
FOIX'ING-LY,  cdc.    In  a  pushing  manner. 
FOIS'O-V,  (foiz'n,)  jj.     [L  fusio.] 

Plenty  ;  abundance.     ["JVVJ  used,}  TVsser. 

FOIST,  r.  t,  [Usually  supjiosed  to  be  from  Ft.  faus^^er, 
to  violate,  hterathjj  to  falsify  ;  Norm,  fauser.  This 
is  doubtful.] 

To  insert  surreptitiously,  wrongfully,  or  without 
warrant. 

Lesi  cegligeace  or  putiality  mi^hl  admit  or  foist  in  abuses  mid 
comipiiOD.  Careie. 

FOIST,  n.    A  light  and  fast-sailing  ship.    [Obs.J 
FOIST' ED,  pp.    Inserted  wrongfully.  [Beaum. 

FOIST'ER,  II.    One  who  inserts  without  authority. 
FOIST'I-JCD,  (foist'id,)  o.     Musty.    [See  Fustv.] 
FOIST'I-XESS,  n.    Fustiness,  which  see. 
FOIST'ING,  ppr.    Inserting  surreptitiously  or  without 
FOIST'Y,  a.    Fusty,  which  see.  [authoritv. 

FOLD,  ».  [Sax.  fald^ /aide;  W.fald  ;  Ir./c',  a  fold,'a 
wall  or  hedge  ;  Dan.  fold.     See  the  verb  to  Fold.] 

1.  A  pen  or  inclosure  for  sheep ;  a  place  where  a 
flock  of  sheep  is  kept,  whether  in  the  field  or  under 
shelter. 

2.  A  flock  of  sheep.  Hence,  in  a  scriptural  sense, 
""the  church,  the  flock  of  the  Shepherd  of  Israel. 

Other  sheep  I  have,  which  are  not  of  this  fold,  — John  i. 

3.  A  limit.    [JVo(  in.  iwe.]         , 

FOLD,  n.  [Sas.  feald ;  Sw.  fall;  G.  falie;  Russ. 
p)uilda ;  but  the  same  word  as  the  preceding.] 

1.  The  doublingof  any  flexible  rabstance,  ;is  cloth  ; 
Complication  ;  a  plait ;  one  part  turned  or  bent  and 
laid  on  another  j  as,  a  fold  of  linen. 

2,  In  composition,  the  same  quantity  added  ;  as, 
too  foldy  four  fold,  ten  foldj  that  is,  twice  as  much, 
four  times  as  much,  ten  times  as  much. 

FOLD,  r.  L  [Sax.  fealdan  ;  Goth,  faltlan  ;  G.  fatten; 
Dan.  folder  ;  Sw.  faUa  ;  Uu.  Heb.  '?£33,  Ch.  ^sp,  to 
double.  Class  Bl,  So.  47,  51.  See  also  No.  22.  The 
{vimary  sense  is,  to  fall,  or  to  lay,  to  set,  throw,  or 
press  together.] 

1.  To  double  ;  to  lap  or  lay  in  plaits  ;  as,  to  fold  a 
piece  of  cloth. 

2.  To  double  and  insert  one  part  in  another ;  as,  to 
fold  a  letter. 

3.  To  double  or  lay  together,  as  the  arms.  He 
folds  his  arms  in  despair. 

4.  To  confine  sheep  in  a  fold. 

FOLD,  r.  i.    To  close  over  another  of  the  same  kind  ; 

as,  the  leaves  of  the  door  fuld. 
FOLD'AGE,  71.    The  ri^ht  of  folding  sheep. 
FoLD'ED,  pp.    Doubled  ;  laid  in  plaits ;  complicated  ; 

kept  in  a  fold. 
FoLD'ER,  71.    An  instrument  used  in  folding  paper. 

2.  One  that  folds. 
FOLD'ING,  ppr.    Doubling;  laying  in  plaits;  keep- 
ing in  a  fold. 
2.  a.    Doubling ;  that  may  close  over  another,  or 

that  Consists  of  leaves  which  may  close  one  over 

another  ;  as,  a  folding  door. 
FoLD'IXG,  71.    A  fold  ;  a  doubling. 

2.  Among  farmers,  the  keeping  of  sheep  iu  inclo- 

Bures  on  aral>le  land,  &cc. 
FoLD'IXG-DOORS,  (-dorz,)  n.  pi  Two  doors  which 

meet  in  the  middle,  and  either  slide  back  or  turn 

back  on  hinges,  leaving  a  communication  between 

the  two  apartments,  &.c. 
FoLD'LESS,  a.    Having  no  fold.  Jifdnian. 

FO-LI-A'CEOUS,  a.     [L.  foliuccus,  from  folium,  a 

leaf.    See  Foil.] 

1.  Leafy  ;  having  leaves  intermixed  with  flowers  ; 
as,  a.  fdiaeeowt  spike.  Foliaceoas  glands  are  those 
situated  on  leaves. 

2.  Consisting  of  leaves  or  thin  lamina;  having 
the  form  of  a  leaf  or  plate  ;  as,  foliuccous  spar. 

IVoodward. 
FO'LI-AGE,  77.    [Fr.  fcuiUa-re,  from  feuiUt,  L.  folium, 
a  l&af ;  IL  fu^lmme- :  Sp.  foUnge.     See  Foil.] 

1.  Leaves  m  general ;  as,  a  tree  of  beautil'ul  foli- 
age. 

2.  A  cluster  of  leaves,  flowers,  and  branches; 
partieularly,  the  representation  of  leaves,  flowers, 
and  branches,  in  architecture,  intended  to  ornament 
and  enrich  capitals,  friezes,  pediments,  &;c. 

Fo'LI-AGE,  r.  t.  To  work  or  to  form  into  the  reprc-, 
sentation  of  leaves.  Drummond. 

FcyLI-A-GED,  a.    Furnished  with  foliage.   Skenstonc. 

Fo'LI-aTE,  v.  t.  [L.  faliatus,  from  folium,  a  leaf, 
Gr.^uAAo*..] 

1.  To  beat  into  a  leaf,  or  thin  plate  or  lamina 

Bacon. 

2.  To  spread  over  with  a  thin  coat  of  tin  and 
quicksilver,  &.c. ;  as,  to  foliate  a  looking-glass. 

FO'LI-ATE,  o.     In  botany,    leafy;    furnished    with 
_^  ieaves  ;  as,  a  foiiaie  stalk.  Mariyn.    Let. 

?'0'LI-.\'J'E,  71.     In  geometry,  the  name  given  to  a 

curve  fjf  the  tliird  order,  defined  by  the  equation 

5*  +  y^  =  axy.  Brande. 

O'LI-A-TED,  pp.  or  lu    Spread  or  covered  with  a 

liiin  plate  or  foil. 


l"OL 

2.  In  ■mineralogy,  consisting  of  plates  or  thin  lay- 
ers ;  resembling  or  in  the  form  of  a  plate  ;  lamellar ; 
as,  a  foliated  fracture. 

Minerals  ihat  ronsist  of  grains,  and  are  at  ihcsainc  tiine/oiiofed, 
are  called  jrauulariy/ototetf.  Xir-ujon. 

Fo'LI-A-TING,  ppr.    Covering  with  a  leaf  or  foil. 

FO-LI-A'TIOX,  .1  [L.  foliatto.]  In  botany,  the  leaf- 
ing .of  plants ;  vernation ;  the  disposition  of  the 
nascent  leaves  witiiin  the  bud.  Martyn. 

9.  The  act  of  beating  a  metal  into  a  thin  plate, 
leaf,  or  foil. 

3.  The  act  or  operation  of  spreading  foil  over  the 
back  side  of  a  mirror  or  looking-glass. 

Fo'LI-A-TURE,  n.    The  state  of  being  beaten  into 
Fo'LI-ER,  }t.    Goldsmith's  foil.  [foil. 

FO-LIF'ER-OUS,  a.     [L.  folium,  leaf,  and  fero,  to 

bear.] 
Producing  leaves. 
Fo'LI-O,  (lo'le-o  or  fol'yo,)  n.     [L.  /o/miH,  a  leaf,  in 

folio.] 

1.  A  book  of  the  largest  size,  formed  by  once 
doubling  a  sheet  of  paper. 

2.  Among  merchants,  a  page,  or  rather  both  the 
right  and  left  hand  pages  of  an  account-book,  ex- 
pressed by  the  same  figure.  Encyc, 

FO'LI-O,  a.  Pertaining  to  paper  folded  but  once,  or  to 
a  volume  of  the  largest  size. 

Fo'LI-OLE,  7J.    [from  L.  folium,  a  leaf] 

A  leaflet ;  one  of  the  single  leaves,  which  together 
constitute  a  compound  leaf.  Lee. 

FO'LI-O-MORT,  a.     [L.  folium  mortuum.] 

Of  a  dark  yellow  color,  or  that  of  a  faded  leaf; 
fillemot.  Woodicard. 

Fo'LI-OUS,  a.    Leafy;  thin;  unsubstantial.    Broicn. 
2.  In  botany,  having  leaves  inlennised  with  the 
flowers. 

FOLK,  (foke,)7i.  [Sax.  folcj  D.  volk;  G.  volk;  Sw. 
folck;  Dan.  folk;  L.  vvl^us.  The  sense  is  a  crowd, 
from  collecting  or  pressing,  not  from  follo^ving,  but 
from  the  same  root,  as  to  follow  is  to  press  toward. 
It  may  be  allied  to  Sax.  fela,  G.  vicl,  D.  veel,  Gr. 
TToAi's  and  -oAAof.  Originally  and  j)roperly  it  had 
no  plural,  being  a  collective  noun  ;  but  in  modern 
use,  in  America,  it  has  lost  its  singular  number,  and 
we  hear  it  only  in  the  plural.  It  is  a  colloquial 
word,  not  admissible  i:!to  elegant  style.] 

1.  People  in  general,  or  any  part  of  them  without 
distinction.  What  do  folks  say  respecting  the  war.' 
Men  love  to  talk  about  the  afiairs  of  other  foUcs. 

2.  Certain  people,  discriminated  from  others;  as, 
old  folks  and  young  folks.  Children  sometimes  call 
their  parents  the  old  folks.  So  we  say,  sick  folks ; 
poor  folks;  proud  folks. 

3.  In  Scripture,  tlie  singular  number  is  used  ;  as,  a 
few  sick  folk;  impotent  folk.  Mark  vi.  John  v. 
[Old  version.] 

FoLK'LAND,  (foke'Iand,)  n.     [Sax.  folcland.] 

In  English,  law,  copyhold  land  ;  land  held  by  the 
common  people,  at  the  will  of  the  lord.  Blackstone. 

FoLK'filoTE,  (foke'mote,)  n.  [Sax.  folcmote,  folk- 
meeting.] 

An  assembly  of  the  people,  or  of  bishops,  thanes, 
aldermen,  and  freemen,  to  consult  respecting  public 
aflairs ;  an  annual  convention  of  the  people,  an- 
swering, in  some  measure,  to  a  modern  parliament; 
a  word  used  in  England  before  the  Norman  con- 
que;?*,  after  which  the  national  council  wr.s  called  a 
parliament.  Somncr,     Spelman. 

But  some  authors  allege  that  the  folkmote  was  an 
inferior  meeting  or  court.  Spenser  uses  the  word 
for  a  mere  assemblage  of  people. 

FOL'LI-€LE,  (fol'le-ki,)  n.  [L.  folliculus,  from  follis, 
a  bag  or  bellows.] 

1.  In  botany,  a.n  univalvular  pericarp;  a  seed-ves- 
sel opening  on  one  side  longitudinally,  and  having 
the  seeds  loose  in  it.  Martyn. 

A  carpel  dehiscing  by  the  ventral  suture,  and 
having  no  dorsal  suture.  Lindley. 

9.  An  air  bag;  a  vessel  distended  with  air;  as  at 
the  root  in  Utricularia,  and  on  lhi3  leaves  in  Al- 
drovanda.  Martyn. 

3.  A  little  bag  in  animal  bodies;  a  gland  ;  a  fold- 
ing ;  a  cavity.  Coxe. 

FOL-LIC'tJ-LA-TED,  a.  Having  follicular  seed- 
vessels. 

FOL-LI€'U-LOUS,  a.    Having  or  producing  follicles. 

FOL'LI;FlJL,a.    Full  of  folly.    [J^'vt  used.]  Shenstone. 

FOL'LoVV,  V.  U  [Sax.  folgian,  ftlian,  fijlgan;  D. 
volgen;  G.  folgen  ;  Dan.  fdlgcr;  Qw.  folia  ;  Ir.  futl- 
cartam.  The  sense  is,  to  urge  forward,  drive,  press. 
Class  Bl,  Xo.  14,  4G.] 

1.  To  go  after  or  behind  ;  to  walk,  ride,  or  move 
behind,  but  in  the  same  direction.  Soldiers  will 
usually  follow  a  brave  officer. 

2.  To  pursue  ;  to  cliase ;  as  an  enemy,  or  as  game. 

3.  To  accompany ;  to  attend  in  a  journey. 

And  Rebekah  arose,  and  her  damsels,  and   tliey  rode  on  the 
camels,  and  followed  die  roan,  —  Gen.  xxW, 

4.  To  accompany ;  to  be  of  the  same  company  ;  to 
attend  for  any  purpose.     Luke  v. 

5.  To  succeed  in  order  of  time ;  to  come  after ; 
as,  a  storm  is  followed  by  a  calm. 

Si^is /oUowing  sigiifi  lead  on  tha  mighty  year.  Pope, 


FOM 

G.  To  be  consequential  ;  to  result  from,  oj  cfil-tl 
from  a  cause.  Intemperance  is  ofteu  followed  by 
disease  or  poverty,  or  by  botJi. 

7.  To  result  from,  ;ls  an  inference  or  deduction. 
It  follows  from  these  facts  that  the  accused  is  guilty. 

8.  To  pursue  with  the  eye  ;  to  keep  the  ej-es  fixed 
on  a  moving  body.  He  followed,  or  his  eyes  followed, 
the  ship,  till  it  was  beyond  sight. 

He  followed  wilh  his  eyea  the  fleetin*  shade.  Drydett, 

9.  To  imitate  ;  to  copy ;  as,  to  follow  a  pattern  or 
model ;  to  follow  fashion. 

10.  To  embrace  ;  to  adopt  and  maintain  ;  to  have 
or  entertain  hke  opinions;  to  think  or  believe  like 
another;  as,  to  follow  the  opinions  and  tcruts  of  3 
philosophic  sect ;  to  follow  Plato. 

11.  To  obey;  to  observe;  to  practice;  to  act  in 
conformity  to.  It  is  our  duty  lo  follow  the  command-' 
of  Christ.  Good  soldiers  follow  the  orders  of  their 
general ;  good  servants  follow  the  dhections  of  their 
master. 

12.  To  pursue  as  an  object  of  desire  ;  lo  endeavor 
to  obtain. 

FaHors  peate  wiUi  all  men.  — Ilob.  xii. 

13.  To  use;  to  practice;  to  make  the  chief  busi- 
ness ;  as,  to  follow  the  trade  of  a  carpenter;  to  fol- 
low the  profession  of  law.  Forby. 

14.  To  adhere  to ;  to  side  with. 

The  house  of  Jodah  followed  David.  —  2  Sato.  ii. 

15.  To  adhere  to ;  to  honor ;  to  worship ;  to  serve. 

I/dic  Lord  be  GoA,foUoiii  him.  —  1  Kings  xriij. 

16.  To  be  led  or  guided  by. 

\Vo2  to  die  foolish  prophots,  who  foUois  iheir  own  spiiit,  aud 
have  seen  nodklug.  —  Ezek.  xlii. 

17.  To  move  on  in  the  same  course  or  direction  ; 
to  be  guided  by  ;  as,  to  follmo  a  track  or  course, 

FOL'LoW,  V.  i.    To  come  after  another. 

The  famine  —  shall /oi'Jow  close  aAeryou.  — Jer.  jXo. 

2.  To  attend  ;  to  accompany.  SfiaJ:. 

3.  To  be  posterior  in  time  ;  as,  following  ages. 

4.  To  be  consequential,  as  efiect  to  cause.  From 
such  measures  great  mischiefs  nmsl  follow. 

5.  To  result,  as  an  inference.  The  facts  may  be 
admitted,  but  the  inference  drawn  from  them  does 

WOl  follow. 

To  follow  on  i  to  continue  pursuit  or  endeavor ;  to 
persevere. 

Then  shall  we  know,  if  we  follow  on  to  Vaow   the  I*opI.  — 
Hosca  vi. 
FOL'LoW-£D,  (fcl'lode,)  pp.     Pursued  ;  succeeded  ; 
accompanied  ;    attended  ;    imitated  ;    obeyed  ;    ob- 
sei-ved  ;  practiced  ;  adhered  to. 
FOL'LoW-ER,  71.    One  who  comes,  goes,  or  moves 
after  another,  in  the  same  course. 

2.  One  thattakesanother  as  his  guide  in  do'lrines, 
opinions,  or  example ;  one  who  receives  the  o|rinions, 
and  imitates  the  example,  of  another ;  an  adherent ; 
an  imitator. 

That  ye  be  not  slothful,  but  foUoiBers  of  them  wlio,  tiiough  Eiilh 
and  patience,  inherit  the  promiaes.  —  Heb.  vi. 

3.  One  who  obeys,  worships,  and  honors 

Be  ys  followers  of  God,  as  dear  chilftren,  —  Eph.  t. 

4.  An  adherent;  a  disciple;  one  who  embraces  the 
same  system  ;  as,  a  follower  of  Plato. 

5.  An  attejidant;  a  companion;  an  associate  or  a 
dependent.  The  warrior  distributed  the  plunder 
among  his  followers. 

No  foUovier,  but  a  friend.  Pope. 

6.  One  under  the  command  of  another. 

Spenser.     I}njden. 

7.  One  of  the  same  faction  or  parly. 
FOL'LoVV-ING,  ppr.  Coming  or  going  after  or  be- 
hind ;  pursuing;  attending;  imiUiting ;  succeeding 
in  time  ;  resulting  from  as  an  efiect  or  an  inference  ; 
adhering  to;  obeying,  observing  ;  using,  practicing ; 
proceeding  in  the  sanio  course. 

FOL'LoW-ING,  a.    Being  next  after  ;  succeeding. 
FOL'LY,  n.     IFv.folie,  from  fol,fou  ;  Aim.follez  ;  lU 
follia.     See  Pool.] 

1.  Weakness  of  intellect ;  imbecility  of  mind  ; 
want  of  understanding. 

A  fool  layeth  open  his  fo'.ly.  —  Prov.  xiii. 

2.  A  weak  or  absurd  act  not  highly  criminal ;  an 
act  which  is  inconsistent  with  the  dictates  of  reason, 
or  with  the  ordinary  rules  of  prudence.  In  this 
sense  it  may  be  used  in  the  singular,  but  is  geutrally 
iu  the  plural.    Hence  we  speak  of  ihe  follies  of  youth. 

Whoin/o!(yploase3,  or  \\\iast;  follies  please.  Pope. 

3.  An  absurd  act  which  is  highly  sinful ;  any 
conduct  contrary  to  the  laws  of  God  or  man;  sin; 
scandalous  crimes;  that  wliich  violates  moral  pre- 
cepts and  dishonors  the  oflender.  Shechem  wrought 
folly  in  Israel.  Achan  wrougIit/o%  in  Israel.  Qeiu 
xxxiv.    Jor,h.  vii. 

4.  Criminal  weakness  ;  depravity  of  mind. 

Johnson. 
FO'M.'VL-HAUT,  ti.    A  star  of  the  first  masnitude,  in 
the  consteiiation  Piscis  Australis,  or  Southern  Fish. 
It  is  much  used  in  astronomical  measurements, 

Olmsted. 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE,— AN"GEn,  Vl"CIOUS.  — e  as  K ;  6  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CU  as  SII ;  Til  as  in  THIS. 

467 


FON 


FOO 


,"      '  ^mlar;  It.  foinrnliirt.] 

;  I  li>iions  10  ;  to  biiiho  Willi  wnrni 
„i  with  Ibiiiul  iliiiiK.ll  ill  wanii 

To  chctitb  with  heal;  lo  cncoumsc  srn«tli. 
-fj\  .Vtltott. 

■ira-p  ;  to  nliil ;  tn  cliirUli  and  promi'lc 
M;   It  a  bad  tease;    M,  to  famtnl  ill 

Locke. 
lo  fimeHt  Ifoublos  or  Ulslurbaiucs  ;  to 
110  broiN. 

iltiN,  ».    The  act  of  n|iiil>iii5  wnrni 

l.ii.r.  1..  a  [Mrtnf  the  UkIv,  by  niealH  of  llaillitl!i 

ilioocil  ill  hot  water  or  meiliciileil  decoctions,  for  the 

pumIo-c  i.r  ea.iiii;  |>.iin,  by  rciaxiiii:  the  tkiii,  or  of 

di«uMine  liimort  J->f-     Q"""!'-   , 

i  •I'he  lotion  aiiplk'd.or  lo  bo  apjilicd,  to  a  diseased 

,^  JirbuUmoU 

'  ■■     ■  ■;  ,n  ;  iiirtljation  ;  cnenurasomenl. 

I  1,  PI',    llutlieil  with  warm  lotions ;  cn- 

: .  B.    One  n  ho  foments  ;  one  who  cii- 
.■iilitjattH  ;  ii-J,  a /I'.iifn/^'' of  sedition. 
..;,^»;fr.    vVi'plyiii!!  «iiriii  lnlion..>. 
■_■.  l.ii...Mia^liis  ;  abettiiis;  lironiotiiis. 
KO.\,  «.    (Clniicer,/.>iiiif,  afool;  [cc./uiine.] 

A  fool  ;nn  idiot.    iOis.]  Spm-irr. 

FONU,  a.    [Cliauccr,  foime,  a  foul ;  Scot./on,  to  jilny 

the  fool  i  />N«,  lu  fondle,  lo  toy  ;  Ir./oim,  delight,  de- 


tlre,  a  Ionising.    Ou.  Ar.  ^\  a/ana,  whirli  sigiii;ie.i! 
to  dltuinlih,  10  liniiair  monlal  powers,  to  make  fool- 

bh,  lo  be  dratlluto  of  reason ;  and  ^3  fanl,  is  to 

fail.    These  arc  the  most  probable  allinities  I  have 
buen  able  lo  And.] 
I.  FoiJish ;  iilly  ;  weak  ;  Indiscreet  j  imprudent. 

CtrMl  I  m»y  iiMer  j-ryfe  ao/oKtl 

Tu  tfi-t  nan  u>i  tu>  luth  or  Ujiitl.  S>iiys. 

tytnj  eK>o«tUJ  imjr  bl)  into  Mine  i<lle  bnvlii.  iMzUa. 

a.  Foolisldy  tender  and  loving ;  doting ;  weakly 
indulgent ;  at,  a/mii  mother  or  wife.         jhldi>m. 

X  Much  pleased  ;  lovinnardently  ;  dclijliled  wjlh. 
A  child  l<  fond  of  play  ;  a  gentlciiiim  is  fmd  of  lii.s 
«(vir1i,  or  of  his  country-seat.  In  pre.seiu  u:;;ige, /uiid 
d(K-i  not  always  imply  weakness  or  folly. 

<.  Kehibin:  llishlv.  The  epicure  is  fond  of  lligh- 
»-.-xiioncd  fixid.  .Multitudes  of  men  are  too  foiul  of 
»triitic  ilnnk. 

.I.  Trillins  ;  v:ilued  by  folly.   [£iU/c  used.]  S!iuk. 
FO.ND,  r.  L    To  Ueat  with  great  indulgence  or  telidcr- 
nm  i  to  carets ;  lo  cocker. 

TlH  Tfiba  hu2«  utd/onds  Itw  flo  ber  tifwut.  Dtyltn. 

Fuml  U  that  used  by  the  poets  onl)'.    We  now  u^c 

fcndU. 
FO.ND,  c.  i.    To  b«  fond  of;  to  be  in  love  witlii  to 

dote  on.     [IMtle  ujed.]  SItak. 

FO.N'D'LK,  (fond'l,)  r.  (.    To  treat  with  tenderness  ; 

to  coreu  i  as,  a  nurse /ij«ri/M  a  child. 
FO.NU'I.Kl), ;.;>.    Treated  Willi  aflection ;  caressed. 
KuNll'I.EK,  11.    One  who  fondles. 
F<i\l)'I.I.N'0,  ppr.    Caressing;  treating  with  tender- 

t     -t. 
r  'Mixing, n.  a  person  or  thing  fondled  or  caressed. 

L'Estraiiffe. 
i'uSli'LY,  atlr.    Foolishly;   weakly;   imprudently; 

with  inducteet  atfection. 


FOO 

Idiotical ;  absurd. 


size  inchidini;  a  due  proportion  of  all  the  lelters  in  I  FOOL  -nEG-G£D,  a     Irtiotical ;  abs 
t To  a    habet,  hirge  and  snail,  |.oinls,  accents,  and    POOL -I  Ol.D,  a.     Ijuoisily  bold 
'X^^  e.^0  li  necessary  fir'  printing  with  that    j^^OLMWRN,  ,,.^  ^i^'-'S^I^pL^lu., 


FO.NT'Ar.,  a.  IVitaiuiri^  lo  a  fuunt,  *■-■:  iUiin  -mirce, 
ui-  origin.  J'''-'"'*-  of  Pau;^ani<u. 

FONT'A-NEL,  ti.  [from  ll)o  Fr.]  An  issue  for  the 
disclmrge  of  humors  from  llic  buily.  Jhill. 

'\  A  vacimcy  in  tho  infant  cnmium,  between  the 
froiiml  ami  imrieial  liunus,  :inil  aU^o  bciwocn  the 
pariL'tiil  nml  occipital,  at  tlie  iwi*  cxlvcmilit'.s  of  the 
s;i-iUal  snunc.  Cijc.     Parr. 

F0\-TaN(5E'  ffon-tiViij',)  71.  [Fr.,  from  the  namu  ot 
ihe  first  wearer.]  A  knot  of  ribbons  on  tlie  top  ol  a 
head-dress. 


Addison. 


Fb«i^?y  w*  think  v.-e  ir.erit  honor  Uic», 
Wik-ii  «o  Laii  pnue  bunclvvi  iii  oiJter  men. 


Pope. 
We  fondly 


2.  With  creal  or  extreme  aflection. 
embrace  iho«c  who  arc  dear  to  us. 

Fo.N'D'NKSS,  n.  Foolid)mei>3 ;  weakness;  want  of 
f  n«?  or  jud'^mcnl.    [0^.*.]  Spatscr. 

'i.  FuolUh  tondt:niC3J. 

3.  Tender  (OMion  ;  warm  aflection. 

4.  Sir-mj  tnclin:ition  or  propensity  ;  as,  a  fondness 
f.,r  vice  uf  tin.  llammomi. 

X  .'^t;uii;'appclit.'  or  relUh  ;  aa./jiijKw^for  ardejit 
f|v(i|,  or  ftir  a  partiml  tr  kind  cf  Un»\. 

[it  u  H«0  ujft  chx'/y  in  lUt  Circe  latter  mtsrj.] 
FO.V'rurUt  (fon'dn.)  n.    [Fr.)    A  nnine  pivcn  by  the 
Frirnrh  lo  a  particular  si)!  ^  vC  priiilinc  c:dico,  papcr- 
lnnciiir«,  Alt.,  in  which  the  colnr^,  hko  lliose  of  the 
rail  t>^\\',  arc  mcllcd  or  graduated  into  each  other. 

Urc. 
rOSn.     K  of  Foe.  Spender. 

FONT,  II.  [Vr.fonU:  Sp.fu£nte;  lu  foitU;  L.fons; 
W.  fyniutm^  a  fountain,  and  fymax^  to  produce,  lo 
abound  ;  allied  !■}  l^faulo^  to  {totir  out.] 

.\  Iar?e  h.-i'^in  or  »lonc  vessel  in  which  water  is 

ronlained  for  baptizing  children  or  other  iwrions  iu 

the  church. 

F»  r\'r,  -.    [Vr.fonUf  fiuin  fondre,  to  melt  or  cast ;  L. 

i-'urout;  S(Lfuiuiir;  lufo.'ukre;  properly, 

I  Ir  nisortm;-nt  of  printing  types  of  one 


Fo6l),n.  (snx.fod.ftida;  G.futUr;  D.vuedzcl;  Dan. 
focder;  Sw. fOda,  ttomfccdimr.     Sec  Feed-I 

1.  In  a  ircncrnl  sciise^  whatever  is  eaten  by  nniniais 
for  nourishment,  and  whatever  supplies  uutiimeiit  lo 
planbf.  .       r 

2.  Meat;  aliment;  fle.-!h  or  vegetables  eaten  tor 
sustaining  liuiiian  life  ;  victuals;  provisions;  what- 
ever is  or  may  be  eaten  for  nourishment. 

Food  mc  wiUi/owicoriVfiiicul  form'-.  —  ProT.  xxx. 

3.  Whatever  supplies  nourishment  and  growth  to 
plants,  as  water,  caibonicacid  t!as,  &,c.  Manuring 
substances  ftunisli  planu  \\'\\.\\  fuod. 

•\.  Something  that  sustains,  nourishes,  and  auy- 
nutuls.    Flattery  i-s  the  food  of  vunity. 

FOOD,  V.  t.     To  feed.     [J^ol  in  MoT.]  Barret. 

FOOD'FUL,  a.    Siipplviii;;  food  ;  full  of  food.  Dnjdcn. 

FOOD'LiiSS,  a.  Without  food;  destitute  of  provis- 
ion^; ;  bairen.  Sandys. 

FOUD'Y,  a.    Eatable  ;  fit  for  food.     [J^ot  used.] 

Cliapman. 

FOOL,  71.  [Fr.  fid,  fou  ;  It.  folic,  mad,  foolish  ;  Ice. 
fal;  Ann.  fvll;  \V.  f.d,  nmiiA,  blunt,  foolish,  vain  ; 
fid,  a  fool,  a  blunt  one,  a  slujiid  one  ;  Russ.  phalm. 
It  would  seem,  from  llie  Welsh,  llial  i\w  pninaiy 
sense  of  tho  adjective  is,  thick,  blunt,  lumpish.  Ileb. 
Von.] 

1.  One  who  is  destitute  of  reason,  or  the  common 
jjowers  of  understanding  ;  an  idiot.  Some  persons 
are  born  fouU,  and  are  called  natural  fuoU ;  others 
may  become  fools  by  some  injury  done  to  the 
brain. 

2.  In  c:fin:noii  lun<;tia^e,  a  person  who  is  somewhat 
deficient  in  inteUcct,  but  not  an  idiot;  or,  a  person 
who  acts  absurdly;  one  wlio  does  not  exercise  his 
ri;ason ;  one  who  pursues  a  course  contrary  to  the 
diclatos  of  wisdom. 

Experience  kocns  a  dear  ectiool,  but/00^  will  learii  iii  iiu  other. 

'J.  In  Sci-ipturc,  fool  is  often  used  for  a  wicked  or 
depraved  person ;  one  who  acts  contrary  to  sound 
wisdom  in  his  moral  deportment;  one  who  follows 
his  own  inclinations,  who  prefers  Iriliing  and  tem- 
porary pleasures  to  the  service  of  God  and  elcmal 
iiappiness. 

Tlio  /ool  \a\t\i  6:iid  ia  \ih  heart,  Tlicrc  is  no  God.  —  Pa.  xiv. 

4.  A  \vcak  Christian  ;  a  godly  person  who  has 
much  remaining  sin  and  unbelief. 

0  fools,  and  b1<iw  of*  liciu'l  U>  Liclievc  uU  ihc  pruphcls  have  wril- 

tcii.  —Luke  xxiv. 

Also,  one  wlio  is  accounted  or  called  a  foul  by  un- 
godly men.    I  Cor.  iv.  10. 

5.  A  term  of  indignity  and  reproacli. 

To  be  Ihuiiglil  knowing,  Jou  must  lii-sL  put  tlic  foot  upon  uU 
tr.aiikiii>!,  Dn/den. 

G.  A  bulToon  ;  one  formerly  kept  by  kings,  and 
other  persons  of  rank,  as  a  jester  and  butt  of  ridi- 
cule. Ho  was  dressed  fanta-^tically  with  a  cnp  hav- 
ing a  red  stri|ie  on  the  top,  called  a  coxcomb  ;  and  r:ii- 
ried  a  baieblc,  hnarottc..,)  which  was  a  short  stick  wilh 
a  head  carvi-d  on  tlie  end,  sometimes  surmountid 
wilh  a  small  bladder  filled  narlly  with  pease,  gravel, 
&c.,  which  he  used  as  a  weapon  of  olfensive  sport. 

Kncyc.  Jim. 

1  f.oni,  ."lUhougli  tlicir  drudge,  to  be  ihnr  fool  or  Jost-jr.  Milton. 
To  play  Uicfool;   to  act  the  buffoon  j  to  jest;  to 

make  sport. 

2.  To  act  like  one  void  of  understanding. 

To  put  the  fool  on  ;  to  impose  on  ;  to  delude. 

To  vuikc  a  fool  of;  to  frustrate  ;  to  defeat ;  to  dis- 
appoint. 
FOOL,  V.  i.    To  trifle  ;  to  toy  ;  to  spend  time  in  idle- 
ness, sport,  or  mirth. 

Ia  Ihi^  a  time  ioifoolinsl  Dnjden. 

FOOL,  V.  t.    To  treat  with  contempt;  to  disappoint ; 
to  defeat ;  to  frustrate  ;  to  deceive  ;  to  impose  on. 
WliL-^u  I  Consider  life,  'lis  all  a  cheat ; 
Vol, /uoU'l  with  lioiM,  men  I'lvor  the  deceit.  Drydcn. 

2.  To  infatuate  ;  to  make  foolisli.  Shah. 

;i.^  'I'o  cheat ;  as,  to  fool  one  out  of  Iiis  money. 

To  foul  airay;  to  spend  in  trilles,  idleness,  folly,  or 
withovit  advautagi! ;  as,  to  fool  away  time. 

2.  To  spund  for  ihiiigs  of  no  value  or  use  ;  to  ex- 
liend  nnprovidenlly  ;  as,  to  fool  aicay  money 
FOOL,  Ti.    A  compound  of  gooseberries  scaUled  and 
cmshed,  {fouUs,)  wilh  cream  ;    commonly  called 
gooseberry  fooL  Ooldsmitk. 


Shak. 
Jiuh. 
birth  .SV«;/;. 

d  ;  defeati-d  ;  de 
ceived  ;  imposLd  oii 
FOOL'Flt-V,  n.    The  practice  uf  fuDy ;  habitual  folly  ; 
allentiou  to  trifles.  Slmk. 

9.  An  act  of  folly  or  weakness.  fViUts, 

3.  Object  of  folly.  Ralcirh. 
FOOL'-UAF'rV,  a.  Lucky  wilhout  judgment  or  cun- 

trivance.  Spenser. 

FOOL'-IIAUD'I-LV,  adv.    Wilh  fool-hardiness. 
FOOL'-lIXRi)'I-NES?^,  H.     Cuin-age  without  sense  or 

judgment ;  mad  rashness.  Drydcn. 

FOOL'-HXRD'It^E,  it.    Fool-hardiness.   [JVot  in  use] 

Spenser. 
FOOL'IIARD-Y,   a.     [fool  nxn\  hardy.]     Daring  wilh- 
out judgment ;  madly  rash  and  adventurous;  fin)l- 
i::ihly  bold.  Howell. 

FOOL'ING,  ppr.  Defeating  ;  disappointing ;  deceiving. 

2.  a.    Acting  like  a  fool. 
FOOL'tSII,  n.     Void  of  understanding  or  sound  judg- 
ment ;  weak  in  intellect ;  applied  to  irincrul  eharucter. 
2.  Unwisi? ;  imprudent;  acting  wilhout  judgment 
or  discretion  in  particular  things. 

'3.  Proceeding  from  folly,  or  marked  with  fully; 
silly  ;  vain  ;  trifling. 

Iliit/ou/is/(  quosUonB  iivoiil.  —  2  Tiiii.  ii. 

4.  Kidicidous  ;  despicable. 

A  foolish  figure  h'.-  umsl  miike.  Prior. 

t).  \\\  Scripture^  wicked;  sinful;  acting  wilhmit 
regard  to  tlie  divine  law  and  glory,  or  lo  one's  own 
eternal  hapjjiness. 

0  foolish  GtilUiiins.  — Gal.  iii. 

G.  Proceeding  from  depravity;  sinful;  vis,  fvolish 
lusls.     1  Tim.  vi. 
FOOL'ISII-LY,  (uli\    Weakly  ;  witliout  undr  rstand- 
in;i  or  judgment ;  unwisely;  indiscreetly. 
2.  Wickedly ;  sinfully. 

I  have  (lone  very  fooHnhbj.  —  2  Sum.  y.\W. 

FOOL'I.SII-NEPS,  V.    Folly  ;  want  of  understanding. 

2.  Foolish  jKaclice;  want  of  wisdom  or  good  judg- 
ment. 

3.  In  a  scriptural  sense,  ahsunVity-j  folly. 

The  pivndiins  of  tlie  cro^s  is  lo  tlu-m  ih'it  \vrhU  foo'.inlitiess.— 
1  Cijr.  i. 

FOOLS'eAP,  n.  [an.fiill  and  L.  scapna,  or /u/10  and 
shape.] 

A  kind  of  paper,  of  small  size,  usually  about  17 
inches  bv  14. 

FOOL'S'-ER'UAND,  n.  The  pursuit  of  wiiat  can  not 
bef.mml.  Booth. 

FOOL'S'-PARS'LEY,  n.  A  poisonous,  umbelliferous 
plant,  somewhat  resembling  parsley,  but  having  a 
disagreeable,  nauseous  smell.  It  is  the  JEtiiiisa  cy- 
nap'uim  of  botanists.  P.  Cyc. 

FOOL'SToNES,  n.    A  plant,  a  species  of  Orchis. 

I^OOL'TK.'VP,  n.    A  trap  to  catch  fooU,  as  a  fly-trap. 

Dnjdcii. 

FOOT,  j(. ;  pi.  Feet.  [Sax.  fot,  fet ;  D.  voct;  G.fuis; 
hw.fot;  Dnn.fod;  Gr.  irorf,  77060^;  h.  pes,  pedis; 
Sans,  pad;  Siam.  hat;  Fr.  pied,  pic;  Sp.  pic;  Port. 
pp.;  U.picde,pid;  Copt,  butt  fat.  Probably  this  word 
is  atliL-d  to  the  Gr.  iruTccy,  to  walk,  to  tread  ;  as  the 
W.  trncd^  foot,  is  to  the  Eng.  verb  to  tread.] 

1.  In  animal  bodies,  the  lower  extremity  of  the  leg ; 
tho  part  of  the  leg  which  treads  the  earth  in  standing 
or  walking,  and  by  which  the  animal  is  suslained 
and  enabled  to  step. 

2.  That  wliich  bears  some  resemblance  to  an  ani- 
mal's foot  in  shape  or  otlice  ;  the  lower  end  of  any 
thin;!  tlmt  siippoils  a  body  ;  as,  the  foot  of  a  table. 

3.  "Tlie  lower  iiart;  the  base  ;  as,  Ihc  /wof  ofacol- 
uuHi,  nr  of  a  mountain. 

■1.  The  lower  part ;  the  bottom  ;  as,  the  foot  of  an 
account ;  the  foot  of  a  sail. 

5.  Foundation  ;  condition  ;  state.  We  are  iiol  on 
the  same/oo£  with  our  fellow-citizens.  In  this  sense, 
it  is  more  common,  in  .A.nierica,  to  use  footing;  aiiu 
in  this  sense  the  plural  is  not  used. 

G.  Plan  of  estabiisbinent;  fundamental  principles. 
Our  constitution  may  hereafter  be  placcil  on  a  beller 
foot,     [la  this  sense  tlie  plural  is  not  u.^rd.] 

7.  U:  military  langm^c,  soldiers  who  march  and 
fight  on  foot;  infantry,  as  distinguished  from  cavalry. 
[/h  this  sense  the  plural  is  not  iised.] 

8.  A  measure  consisting  of  twelve  inches;  sun- 
posed  to  be  taken  from  the  length  of  a  man's  mot.  A 
square  fuot  contains  111  square  inches ;  a  cubic  foot 
contains  1728  cubic  inches. 

9.  In  poetry,  a  certain  number  of  sjllablcs,  consti- 
tuting part  of  a  verse,  as  the  iambus,  the  dactyl,  ana 
the  Spondee. 

10.  Step ;  pace. 

11.  Level;  par.     [Ohs.] 

12.  The  part  of  a  stocking  or  boot  which  receives 
tho  fuot. 

£»/oo(,  or  rather,  07i/«o(,  bv  walking;  as,  to  go  or 
pass  o/(  foot ;  or  by  fording ;  as,  to  pass  a  stream  on 
foot.     [J^ee  the  next  definition.]  . 

To  set  on  foot;  to  originate;  to  begin;  to  pUl  IH 
inction  ;  as,  to  set  on  fool  a  subscription.    Hence,  10 


VEstrangf-. 
Bacon. 


VaTV.,  FAR.  FALL,  WilAT.- :\]kTE,  PREY.-PINE,  MARYm5,  BIRD.-NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.— 


Aii-'i 


FOO 

heonfuot^is  lo  be  in  motion,  action,  or  processor 
execution. 
FOOT,  r.  L    To  dance ;  to  tread  to  measure  or  music ; 
iti"  skip.  Drydeiu 

9.  To  wnik  ;  opposed  to  ride  or  Jfy.    In  tliis  sense, 
the  word  is  commonly  followed  by  it. 

If  j-ou  are  for  a  merry  Jiunl,  I'll  irr,  for  one?)  who  cnn  fool  il 
f.mhest,  Dryden. 

FOOT.  r.  £.  To  kick  ;  to  strike  with  the  foo: :  to  spurn. 
*  *     ■  Shal:. 

9.  To  settle  ;  to  begin  to  fix.     [Ltttte  v^ea.']  Shak. 

3.  To  tread  ;  as,  to  foot  tiie  green.  TickcH, 

4.  To  add  the  numbers  in  a  column,  and  set  the 
sum  at  the  foot ;  as,  to  foot  an  account. 

5.  To  seize  and  liuld  with  the  fo'.n.     [JV'oe  itscdJ] 

HcrberL 

6.  To  add  or  make  a  foot ;  as,  io  J'oot  a  slocking  or 
boot. 

FOOT'DALL,  n.  A  hall  consisting  of  an  inflated 
bladder,'  cased  in  leather,  to  be  driven  by  the  foot. 

JValler. 
2.  The  sport  or  practice  of  kicking  the  football. 
ArbuUvnct. 

FOOT'-BAND,  n.     A  hand  of  infnntr\\ 

FOOT'-BOV,  n.     A  menial ;  an  attendant  in  liver^-. 

Swift. 

FOOT'-BREADTh',  (-hredth,)  n.  The  breadth  of  the 
iui.t.    Dcut.  ii. 

FOOT'-CRIDGE,  n.  A  narrow  bridge  for  foot  passen- 
gers. Sidnaj. 

FOOT'-CLOTH,  w,  A  snmpter  cloth,  nr  housings  of 
ahorse,  used  by  l!ie  gentry,  \\hich  U5u;illy  covered 
his  whole  body  and  reachetl  down  to  his  heels. 

Shak. 

FOOT'-CySH-IOX,  n.    A  cushion  fi.r  the  feet. 

FOOT'ED,  pp.  Kicked  ;  trod  ;  sunmifd  up  ;  furnished 
with  a  foot,  as  a  stocking. 

FOOT'ED,  a.  Sliaped  in  the  foot  j  a-%  footed  like  a 
goat.  Grew. 

FOOT'FALL,  n.    A  fcioLstop. 

2.  A  trip  or  stumble.  Shale. 

FOOT'-FlGflT,  (-fite,)  n.  A  conflict  by  persons  on 
iuut,  in  opposition  to  a  fi'^ht  on  Ijorscback.    Sidnci(. 

FOOT'GL'XRDS,  (-gardz,)  n.  pi.    Guards  of  infantr>-. 

FO0T'HALT,(-hawll,)n,  A  disease  incident  to  sheep, 
aiid  said  to  proceed  from  a  worm  whicli  enters  be- 
tween the  claws.  Ena;c. 

FOOT'HoLD,  Ti.  That  which  sustams  the  feet  firmly, 
and  prevents  them  from  slipping  or  moving  ;  that  on 
which  one  may  tread  or  rest  securely.   VEstravge. 

FOOT'UOT,  fl'/r.  Immediately ;  a  word  borrowed  from 
huntinrr.  Gawcr. 

FOOT'LXG,  ppr.  Dancing;  treading;  settling;  add- 
ing a  new  foot. 

FOOT'IXG,  n.  Ground  for  the  foot ;  t'lat  which  sus- 
iains  ;  firm  foundation  to  stand  on. 

a  fooling  nnd  help  to  ihc  next. 
Holder. 


lo  ascni;,  every  step  g-Joed  i 


Dryden. 
Locke. 
Dnjden. 
Let  not  these  evils  gain 


9.  Support ;  root. 

3.  Basis;  foundation. 

4.  Place;  stable  position. 

5.  Permanent  settlement. 
footinir- 

6.  Tread  ;  step  ;  walk.  JliUon. 

7.  Dance ;  tread  to  measure.  SJiak. 

8.  Steps;  road  ;  track.    [Little  used.]         Bacoji. 

9.  State;  condition  ;  settlement.     Place  both  par- 
ties on  an  equal  fooUna-. 

10.  A  plain,  cotton  lace,  without  figures. 

11.  In  arehiteciare^  a  term   applied   to   the   broad 
foundations  of  a  wall.  Brande. 

FOOT'LESS,  a.    Having  no  fest. 
F06T'-LICK-ER,  7(.    A  mean  liatterer  ;  a  sycophant ; 

a  fawner.  '  ShaJ:. 

FOOT'AIAN,  w.    A  soldier  who  marches  and  fights  on 
fooL 

2.  A  menial  servant ;  a  runner ;  a  senant  in  liv- 
ery. 
FOOT'M.VX-SHIP,  n.    The  art  or  faculty  of  a  runner. 

Haificard. 
FpOT'-MAX-TLE,  n.     A  garment  to  keep  the  gown 

clean,  in  riiiing. 
FOOT'-MARK,  n.    A  track  ;  mark  of  a  foot. 

Coleridge. 
PQQT'-MUFF,  n.   A  receptacle  for  the  feet,  lined  with 

fur,  &c.,  for  keeping  them  warm  in  winter. 
F0OT'-P.\CE,  n.    A  slow  step,  as  in  walking. 

Juhnson. 
9.  In  a  fight  of  stairs,  a  stair  broader  than  the  rest. 

Gwilt. 
fOOT'PAD,  Tt.    A  highwayman  or  robbcron  foot. 
FOOT'-PAS-SEN-CER,  n.    One  who  passes  on  foot, 

as  over  a  bridge,  &c 
FOOT'-PXTH,  n.    A  narrow  palli  or  way  for  foot-pas- 
senzers  only. 

FOOT'-PI.OUGH,  \  "*    ^  "^'"^  *'■  sv/mg-plow. 
FQOT'-PoST,  tu  '  A  post  or  messenger  that  travels  on 

foot  Carew. 

FOOT'PRINT,  n.    The  impression  of  tlte  foot. 

fV.  Ircing.    Jiloore, 
FOOT'-RoPE,  71.     The  rope  stretching  along  a  yard, 

upon  which  men  stand  when  reeting  or  furling ;  for- 


FOR 

merly  c-illed  a  horse.     Also,  tliat  part  of  tlic  hull-rope 
to  which  the  lower  edge  of  a  sail  is  sewed. 

R.  H.  Dana^  Jr.     Totlm. 

FOOT'ROT,  n.    An  ulcer  in  the  feet  of  sheep. 

f06t'-Rl'LE,  n.  A  rule  or  measure  twelve  inches 
lone 

FOOT'-SIIACK-LES,  (-Iz,)  n.  pi.  Shackles  for  the 
i'eet. 

FOOT'-SoLr-DIER,  (-s6l-jer,)  n.  A  soldier  that  serves 
on  font 

FOOT'STALK,  (-stawk,)  n.  [foot  and  stalk.]  In 
hotany^  a  petiole ;  a  p.Trlial  stem  supporting  the  K'af, 
or  connecting  it  wiMi  the  stem  or  branch.  :?niiio- 
times,  but  rarely,  the  same  footstalk  supports  both 
the  leaf  and  fructification,  as  in  Turnera  and  Hibis- 
cus. Marti/n. 

FOOT'STALL,  (-stawl,)  n.    A  woman's  stirrup. 

Johnson. 

FOOT'STEP,  71.  A  track  ;  the  mark  or  impression  of 
the  foot.  Locke. 

2.  Token;  mark  ;  visible  sign  of  a  course  pursued  ; 
as,  the  footsteps  of  divine  Wisdom.  Bcnilcy. 

Footsteps^ pi. ;  example;  as,  follow  the  footsteps  of 
good  men. 
2.  Wav  ;  course.    Ps.  Ixxvii. 

FOOT'STOOL,  V.  A  stool  for  the  feet;  '.:vat  which 
supports  the  ft-et  of  one  \^lun  sitting. 

To  mcMe  enemies  a  footstool,  is  to  reduce  them  to 
entire  subjection.    Ps.  ex. 

FOOT'Wa-LIXG,  n.  The  inside  planks  or  lining  of 
a  ve?sel,  over  the  floor-timbers.  Totteu. 

FOOT'-WARM-ER,  7(.   A  box  cont.->,in:ng  a  tin  vessel, 
into  whicli  hot  wnteris  put  for  warming  the  feet. 
Encijc.  of  Dinn.  Econ. 

FOP,  71.  [Sp.  and  Port,  guapoj  spruce,  gay,  affected, 
foppish,  ali'ectedly  nice  ;  also  in  Sp.,  stout,  bold,  from 
the  root  of  vapor,  vapid ;  Sp.  frttapcar,  to  brag.  The 
Latin  vappa,  a  senseless  fellow,  is  evidently  from  the 
same  rout,  with  the  sense  of  emptiness  or  iiphtness.] 
.A.  vain  man,  cf  weak  understanding  and  much  os- 
tentation; one  whose  ambifion  is  to  gain  admiration 
by  showy  dress  and  pertness  ;  a  gay,  trifling  man  ;  a 
coxcomb. 

FOP'DOO-DLE,  7!.  An  insigni.^.car.t  fe'.iow.  [Vulgar, 
and  not  used.]  H-.u'ibras. 

FOP'LLVG,  II.     A  pcrty  fop.  Ttchcll. 

FOP'PER-Y,  n.    AtTectation  of  show  or  importance; 
showy  folly  ;  as,  the  foppery  of  dress  or  of  manners. 
2.  Folly ;  impertinence. 


Let  not  the  eouik.1  of  s]vt\\o\v  foppery  enWr 
My  sober  house. 


Sl>nk. 


3.  Foolery  ;  vain  or  idle  practice  ;  idle  affectation. 

Swift. 

FOP'PISH,  a.    Vain  of  dress  ;  making  an  ostentatious 
display  of  gay  clothmg;  dressing  in  the  extreme  of 
fashion. 
2.  Vain  ;  trifling ;  aflected  in  manners. 

FOP'PISH-LY,  ailc.  With  vain  ostentation  of  dress  ; 
in  a  trifling  or  aflected  manner. 

FOP'PISH-XESS,  71.  Vanity  and  extravagance  in 
dress;  showy  vanity. 

FOR.,  prep.  [Sax.  for  or  fore;  D.  voor,  for,  and  be- 
fore ;  G.  fvr  and  vor  ;  Sv.-.  fUr ;  Dan.  for,  for  ;  Ir. 
fur;  Fr.  pour ;  Sp.  and  Port,  por,  para  ;  It.  per,  whicli 
unites  for  and  L.  per,  and,  if  this  is  the  same  word, 
so  is  the  Fr.  par.  Indeed,  fur  seems  to  be  radically 
the  same  word  ;  for  the  Germans  and  Dutch  use  vcr, 
far,  in  composition,  in  the  same  manner,  and  in  the 
same  words,  as  the  Engiisii,  Danes, and  Swedes,  use 
/or.  Thus  Ger.  vcrbictcn,  D.  verbicdai,  Dnn.forhjder, 
Sw.  forbinda,  are  ail  the  same  word,  Erig.  to  furbid. 
The  French  use  par  as  we  use  for,  in  pardomier,  to 
pardon,  to  forgive.  It.  perdonarc.  Arm.  par  mid  pour. 


in  composition  ;  Hindoo,  para;  Pers.   ^j  bur  or  her, 

and  J.4J  bchr.    For  corresponds  in  sense  witli  the 

L.  pro,  as  fore  docs  with  pro: ;  but  pro  and  pm  are 
probably  ciuitracted  from  prod,  prtrd,  'X'he  L.  por, 
in  composition,  as  in  pnrrigo,  is  probably  contrai'ted 
from  porro,  Gr.  -o/Jpo',  which  is  the  Eng.  far.  The 
Gr.  ruoti,  and  probably  irrpn,  rtoat;  are  from  the 
same  root.  TJie  radical  sense  of  for  is,  to  go,  to  p-ass, 
to  advance,  to  reach  or  stretch  ;  and  it  is  probably  al- 
lied to  the  Sax.  faran,  to  fare,  W.for,  a  pnss,foriaw, 
to  travel,  Class  llr,  No.  23,  37,  41.  To  go  toicard,  to 
meet,  or  turn  to,  is  the  primary  sense  of /or,  in  two 
of  its  most  common  uses ;  one  implying  opposition, 
against :  the  other,  a  favor  or  benefit :  or  for  may  he 
from  fore,  hence  opposite.  To  sell  or  exchange  a'  hat 
frr  a  guinea,  is  to  set  or  pass  one  against  the  otiicr  ; 
this  is  llic  primary  sense  of  all  prepositions  which 
are  placed  before  equivalents  in  saie  and  barter.  Ben- 
efit or  fiivor  is  expressed  by  moving  toirard  a  person, 
or  by  advancing  him.  This  present  is  for  my  friend  ; 
this  advice  for  his  instruction.  And  in  the  Old  Tes- 
tament, the  face  or  front  is  taken  for  favor.  For, 
in  some  phraser,  signifies  during,  that  is,  passing, 
continuing  in  time.  I  will  lend  a  book  fur  a  day  or 
a  month.  In  compo:^ition,  for  is  used  to  give  a  neg- 
ative sense,  as  in  forbid,  which  is  furebid,  to  com- 


Foil 

mand  before,  that  is,  against;  and  in  forgive,  to  give 
back  or  away,  to  remit,  to  send  back  or  to  send 
away.] 

1.  Against;  in  the  place  of  j  as  a  substitute  or 
equivalent,  noting  equal  value,  or  satisfactory  com- 
pensation, cither  in  b;uler  and  sale,  in  contract,  or 
in  punishment.  "  And  Joseph  gave  them  bread  in 
exchange  for  horses,  and  for  flocks,  and  for  the  cat- 
tle of  the  herds  ;"  that  is,  according  lo  the  original, 
J;e  gave  them  bread  against  horses,  like  the  Gr.  avrt, 
and  Fr.  contre.     Gen,  xlvii.  17. 

Ciiy  UB  and  our  Iniid /or  brr-ad.  — Gen.  xlvii.  19. 

And  if  auy  miaclii'jf  follow,  then  Uiou  sliall  give  life  for  life,  eye 

for  eye,  tooih  for  tooth,  hiiid  for  tuiid,  foot /or  foot.  — 

Kxod.  x::u 
Aa  the  Son  of  man  came  nol  (o  be  miuistrrcd  unta,  Init  to  miiiistrr, 

and  10  ^ive  lib  life  a  ransom  for  m:uif .  —  aUu.  x^c.    Sec 

ako  Mark  vili.  37.    Maa.  xvi.  36. 

2.  In  the  place  of;  instead  of;  noting  substitution 
of  persons,  or  agency  of  one  in  the  place  of  another, 
Vt'itli  equivalent  authority.  An  attorney  is  empow- 
ered to  act  for  his  principal.  Will  you  take  a  letter, 
and  deliver  it /ur  me  at  the  post-ofiice?  that  is,  in 
my  place,  or  for  my  benefit. 

3.  In  exchange  of ;  noting  one  thing  taken  or  given 
in  place  of  another  ;  as,  to  quit  the  profession  of  law 
for  that  of  a  clergyman. 

4.  In  the  place  of;  instead  of;  as,  to  translate  a 
poem  line  for  line. 

5.  In  the  character  of ;  noting  resemblance  ;  a  sense 
derived  from  substitution,  or  standing  in  tlte  place  of, 
like  avnOeos,  in  Greek. 

If  a  mnn  can  be  fully  assured  of  any  thiri»  for  a  truth,  v.-itIiout 
iiavin*  esamiiied,  what  is  Uii;re  tliot  be  inay  nut  embntce 
for  irulh  ?  Lo^e. 

But  let  her  go  for  an  lm5^^^?ful  woniau.  PhVipt, 

I  hear/or  ceruiin,  and  do  spiak  Uie  truth.  SJiok. 
He  quivered  with  hU  feel,  and  lay  for  dc;id.                 Dryden. 

G.  To'vard;  with  tlie  intention  cf  going  to. 

Wo  sjiibd  from  Peru/o<  China  and  Jijtan.  Baatn, 

\Vc  5.^1cd  ctirectlyybr  Giriioa,  and  had  a  Unr  wind.  Addison. 

So  we  say,  a  shiji  is  bound  for  or  fo  France. 

7.  In  advantage  of;  for  the  sake  of;  on  account 
of;  that  is,  toward,  noting  use,  benetit,  or  purpose. 

An  ant  is  a  wiso  creature /or  itself.  Bacon. 

Sh;dl  I  lliink  Uie  world  w;is  made /or  one, 
And  ni'-n  are  born /or-  kin^s,  as  bcasf/or  men, 
Not /or  pcolcction,  but  to  fe  devoured?  Dryden. 

8.  Conducive  to;  beneficial  to;  in  favor  of. 

It  is  for  the  general  good  of  human  society,  and  consequently 
of  particular  persons,  to  be  true  and  j'lst;  and  il  is  for 
men's  hcallli  to  be  icmpc-rale.  TUtolson, 

9.  Leading  or  inducing  lo,  as  a  motive. 

Tlicre  is  a  naturrtl,   immutable,  and    eternal  reason  for  that 
wliich  we  call  virtue,  and  a^iast  that  which  we  cdl  vice. 
Tiilolson. 

10.  Noting  arrival,  meeting,  coming,  or  possession. 
Wait  patiently  for  an  expected  good.  So  in  the 
plirases  looking  for,  staffing  for. 

11.  Toward  the  obtaining  of;  in  order  to  the  ar- 
rival nt  or  possession  of.  After  all  our  exertions,  we 
depend  on  divine  aid  for  success. 

13.  Against ;  in  opposition  to ;  with  a  tendency  to 
resist  and  destroy  ;  as,  a  remedy  for  the  headache  or 
toothache.  Alkalies  are  gootl  for  the  heartburn. 
So  we  say,  to  provide  clothes  or  stores  for  winter,  or 
against  winter. 

13.  Against  or  on  account  of;  in  prevention  of. 

Ridiardson. 
Shak. 

This  use  is  nearly  obsolete.  The  sense,  however, 
is  derived  from  meeting,  opjiosing,  as  in  No.  13. 

14.  Because;  on  account  of;  by  reason  of.  Fie 
cried  out/wr  anguish.  I  can  not  go /or  want  of  time. 
For  Ifiis  cause,  I  can  not  believe  the  rrport. 

'i'h.\t  which  we,  for  our  umvortliiness,  are  afraid  lo  crave,  our 
prayer  is,  that  God,  for  ihc  wonliincss  of  Iiii  Sen,  would, 
iiotwitlisutudiiig,  voiicliaife  to  granl.  Hooker. 

Edward  and  Richard, 

With  fiery  eyes  spiirkliug /or  very  wralli, 

Are  at  our  backs. 

How  to  choose  dogs /or  scent  or  sp^d. 

For  aa  much  as  il  ia  a  fu»damciit;d  law, 

15.  With  respect  or  regard  to  ;  on  the  part  of. 

II  was  young  conuscl  for  tlie  persons,  and  violent  coi'i>3-I  for 

lite  m.it!crs.  Bacon. 

Thus  much /or  ihc  bcgiuning  and  progress  of  tli?  dcln^>. 

jSitrnct. 

So  we  say, /or  me,  for  myself,  or  as/er  mo,  I  have 
no  anxiety,  but /ifr  you  I  have  ajjprehensions ;  all 
implying  toicard  or  on  the  side  of. 

16.  Through  a  certain  space  ;  during  a  certain 
time  ;  as,  to  travel  for  three  days  ;  lo  sail/rr  seven 
weeks;  he  holds  his  oiuce  fur  life;  he  traveled  on 
sand  fvr  ten  miles  together.  '  Tliesc  senses  seem  to 
iinplv  passing,  the  proper  sense  of  for. 

17,"  in  quest  of;  in  order  to  obtain  ;  as,  to  search 
for  arguments  ;  to  recur  to  antiquitv  for  examples. 
See  No.  IL 

18.  According  to;  as  far  as. 

Chemists  have  nol  been  able,  for  aught  is  vnlg.irly  ^I'own,  by 
fire  alone  to  separate  (rue  suli^hur  nwu  antimony.    Boyle. 

19.  Noting  meeting,  coming  toceUicr,  or  reception. 
I  am  ready /or  you  :  that  is,  I  am  ready  to  meet  or 
receive  you. 


Sh*?  wrapped  him  close /or  catchin*  Mid. 
And, /or  itietime  shall  not  s-i-cni  te»rio'ii. 


S!iab. 
Walter. 
Bacon, 


TCNE,  BULL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS._e  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

~  469' 


FOR 


FOU 


rj;  of  tcDileney  to;  as,  on  inclination 

-  >>r  5i(le  of;  lliat  iii, 
:\  free  government  J 

22.  With  a  view  U>  obtnln;  in  onler  to  jkwscss. 

II.  .. ,  f  -  f* -  .i...M.*y,  or /or  lurao  ;  lliat  ia,  toward 

in  return,  as  a  reward. 

I  teiiili'ncy  to,  or  in  favor  of.    It 

.  retire  from  oilice.    It  is /ur  our 

riiiinte  conncctionif. 

.  lis;  ac.iinst  ;   in  opposition  to. 

•  ,  /jr  any  Ihinsj  tliat  liaa  yet  np- 

Liik  lA  prr.-it,  liiit  /jr  all  itiat,'l  shall 

•  \  rn>n)  iirulertaking  IL    This  U  a  dif- 

aiun  of  tliu  stnsc  of  No.  1,  2,  3,  4. 

■   I  tlovhataheplflun/oraltine.    Sp«et.lio.79. 
■^  lot  iiic  use  of;  to  be  used  In ;  that  is,  toward, 
nutin];  advantage. 

Theer>k/or  nollilns  III, 
Tbeoi^'r  f  :xl/tfr  tvlji,  lite  [ui<Jjr/i>r  Ok  nuU.       Spenttr. 

9G.  In  recompense  of;  in  return  of. 


/br  pcACs  «t  hnnir,  aml/or  the  public  wfallfa, 
1  tMKa  to  avKa  a  bowl/or  Coar's  bcaltb. 


Dnjd*n. 


[Se«  No.  I.] 

V7.  In  projxirlion  to;  or  rather,  looking  toward, 

rrsnrding.     lie  is  tall/ir  one  of  hia  yearns,  or  tall  for 

98.  Uy  nuain  of.  [his  age. 

Monl  ctMiiJl-fatJuo  c\n  no  v.  .luiblc  anrvtlle, 

wrre  X  HJ*  /jr  th«  will.  i/n/c. 

00.  Uy  the  want  of, 

^loLiUnU  tuffend  ■crer.-ly  loih/t>j-  pai. iwoiia  and  fuel. 
Mart}utll. 

.  F<jr  my  lift  or  hearty  though  my  life  were  to  be 

-    II  in  cxchance,  or  aj  the  price  of  purchase,     I 

I  u  >t,/iT  mil  life,  understand  the  man.    [Xo.  1.] 

:.  F,rr  fj,  deniiiing  purpose.    For  was  anciently 

1  Ih  fore  the  inrinttivcs  of  verba,  and  the  use  is 

t,  but  now  obsolete,  cTrepl  in  vulgar  language. 

.     '  /■  lu  ste  you  ;  pour  roas  tvir. 

■  ■■■  •  wtrd  hy  which  a  reason  is  introduced 

.   I),  fore  advanced.    "  ThJit  ye  may  be 

'(  y»»ur  FailiL-r  who  is  in  heaven  ;  fur  he 

m  lo  rise  on  the  evil  and  on  the  good." 

.t  ncca,  for  has  the  sense  of  because,  hy 

1-  in  No.  14;  with  this  difference,  that 

lit  .N'l.  1 1,  thi;  Word  precedes  a  single  noun,  and  iiere 

n  [ifvcedi-i  a  oinlence  or  clause  ;  but  the  phra.'se 

» .rina  to  be  elliptical  —far  this  caust  or  reason,  which 

faiU-toi,  he  mikt-th  his  sun  to  rise,  ic.    In  Homans 

iut.  ti,  we  find  the  word  in  both  its  applications  — 

■  r      ''■'■  thb  cause  ye  i>ay  tribute  also  ;  "    the  first 

•  (n  the  sentence  following;  the  tatter  Ui 

;   on  Uiis  account  that ;    properly,  for 

Far  as  miicA,  compounded, /orajmiicA,  is  equivalent 
to,  in  re;n^rd  to  that,  in  consideration  of.  Forasmudi 
a-i  the  thirit  it  intolerable,  the  patient  may  be  iu- 
dulscd  In  a  litllu  drink. 

>')r  c/iv,   Fr.,  pOMr  ijuoi,  [per  quoil,  pro  quOy]  bc- 
'•au*c  ;  for  this  reason. 
Ftm,  a^  a  prefix  to  verbs,  has  usually  the  force  of  a 
I-  -■  .1  V.  m:  primitive,  denoting  an^a(R5(,  that  is,  bcforCj 

[Fr.  fourrage  ;    Arm.  fonraidi ;    It, 

'.farra^e;  PoTl.  forraffcm  ;  D.  voeraadTc. 

li  ilii.>^._.rd  Jticnilies  primarily  fowl  or  fodder,  it" is 

c.mncrtcd  with  \V.  port,  to  feed,  and  L.  voro.    But 

I  (-.'<■   n  i'<  b.'  from  the  root  of  Sax.faran,  to  go,  and 

•i;iiify  thni  which  is  collected  in  wan- 

■>:,  excursion.    In  Port,  furagido  is  a 

:i'l  forrrjar  is  to  waste,  to  ravage.] 

1.  1  •■•■1  Hi  .nny  kmd  for  horses  and  cattle, as  ctxss. 

jnrturr,  hay,  fom,  and  oaL**.  ^       ' 

a.  The  act  of  providing  forage, 

U  thn  f^trag,  b  W  bl  mJo  u  «  dittance  frora  Uw  Cfln.,>.    Encyc. 

3.  Search  for  provisions ;  the  act  of  feeding  abroad. 

p-tR'AOE  p.  L  To  collect  food  for  horses  and' cattle, 
by  WMdcrmg  about  and  feeding  or  stripping  the 
"S"!?'  ,     ,  Jilar3hall. 

T  X°  "-andcr  fax  ;  U>  rove.    [ ObsA  S'lak, 

I      .    T.''  ra»a«=  ;  to  fcfd  on  spoil.  S!iak. 

i  • ''.   \<jE,  c.  l    To  strip  of  provbilons  for  horses,  ic. 

h,'r*lf'f^^  "*1    *^"*  '*"*'  ^'^  '"  ^*^^^^  ***"  '*>0'1  foi" 

FOR 'A-CI.\(;,  ppr.  or  a.     Collecting  provisions  for 

b  .f<4  and  catUe,  or  wandering  in  search  of  food  ; 

'>■    --nir :  stnppme.    The  general  sent  out  a/i;raW«/? 

. ,  with  a  guard.  •»      a    i 

(      :\  (.IV*;,  n.    An  inroad  or  incursion  for  fonge 

Bp.IfaU. 
'^.  pl.  Fo-R*ii'i-.tA,  [h.]    A  liitli-  oiK-n- 

K. '  RA.\l'I.\.A-TED,  a.    Having  httle  holes. 
Budiland. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WUAT.-Mii 


FOR  \M-LN"l-FKll,  n.    One  of  the  foraniinifera. 
FO-KA.M-IN-IF'KK-A,  h.  pi     A  family  of  very  mi 

nuto    shells,  consisting  of  one  or  more  series  of 

chambers  united  by  a  small  perforation  or  foramen. 

Lydl. 
rO-RAM-IN-IF'EIt-OUS,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  foram 

tnifura. 
FORAM'IN-OUS,  a.     [L,  foramen^  a  hole,  from  foro^ 

to  bore.'[ 
Fill!  of  holes  ;  perforated  in  many  places;  porous. 

[LiUie  useih]  Jiacon. 

FOR-AS-^IUCII'.    In  consideration  of;  because  that. 

[See  Fon.J 
Fo'RAY,  w.     A  sudden  or  irregular  excursion  in  a 

border  war. 
FOR-BAOK',  (for-had^)prc^  of  Forbid. 
FOR-UA'i'IiE',  V.  t.    To  bathe.    [Xot  in  use.] 

Sadcville. 
FOR-BEAR',  (for-bSrc',)  v.  i. ;  prct.   Forbore  ;  pp. 

FoiinoRNE.    \S^x.  forb(Vra7i ;  for  and  bcur.\ 

1.  To  stop;  to  cease  ;  to  hold  from  proceeding  ; 
asy  forbear  to  repeat  these  reproachful  words. 

2.  To  pause  :  to  delay  ;  ixa,  forbear  a  while. 

3.  To  ah.stam ;  to  omit  ;  to  hold  one's  self  from 
motion  or  entering  on  an  affair. 

Sball  I  »o  af:\iru.t  Ramoth  Gilead  to  IviHle,  or  sli:Jl  I  forhearl 

A.  To  refuse  ;  to  decline. 

Wlictlior  ih'^y  will  heir,  or  whether  they  will  forbear.  —  Ezek,  ii. 
ti.  To  be  patient ;  to  restrain  from  action  or  vio- 
lence.   Prov.  xxv,  15. 
FOK-BEaR',  r.  (.    To  avoid  voluntarily ;  to  decline. 

Forbear  hia  presence.  Sltak. 

2.  To  abstain  from  ;  to  omit  ;  to  avoid  doing. 
Learn  from  the  Scriptures  what  you  ought  to  do  and 
wh:it  to  forbear. 

Wwvi  wo  not  power  to  forbear  working  ?  —  1  Cor.  ix. 

3.  To  Sparc  ;  to  treat  with  indulgence  and  pa- 
tience. 

Forbeanng  one  anotlier  in  love.  —  Eph.  iv. 

4.  To  Withhold. 

Forbear  ti\cc  from  mcdtiliii*  with  God,  who  is  wiih  me,  that  Iv; 
ilfsiroy  Hire  not.  —  2  Cnron.  xxxv, 

FOR-BESR'ANCE,  n.  The  act  of  avoiding,  shun- 
ning, or  omitting  ;  either  the  cessation  or  intermission 
of  an  act  commenced,  or  a  withholding  from  begin- 
jiing  an  act.  Liberty  is  the  power  of  doing  or  for- 
btaring  an  action,  according  as  the  doing  or  forbear- 
ance has  a  prutercnce  in  the  mind.  The  forbearance 
of  sin  is  fullowed  with  satisfaction  of  mind. 

2.  Command  of  temper  ;  restraint  ofpassions. 

Have  a  coriliiient  forbearance,  tJli  the  speed  of  his  nje  "oc3 
slower.  SJiai. 

3.  The  exercise  of  patience;  long  suffering;  in- 
dulgence toward  those  who  injure  us;  lenity;  delay 
of  resentment  or  punishment. 

Or  ilespLiCst  tliou  tlic  ricb(?s  of  his  gootlness,  and  forbearance, 
luitl  lonj-sulTcring  ?  —  Rom.  ii. 

FOR-BEaR'ER,  71.    One  that  intermits  or  intercepts. 

Tnsser. 
FOR-BEaR'ING,  ppr.     Ceasing;  pausing;  withhold- 
ing from  action  ;  exercising  patience  and  indulgence. 
9.  a.  Patient;  long-suffering. 
FOR-BEAR'ING,  ji.     A  ceasing  or  restraining  from 

action  ;  patience  ;  long-suffering. 
FOR-BEaR'ING-LY,  ado.     In  a  forbearing,  patient 

manner. 
FOR-BID',  r.  ^;  prd,  Foroade  ;  pp.  Forbid,  Forrid- 
DEN.     [Sax. /orActfA/H  ;   D.  verbiedenj   G.  vcrl/ictcn  i 
Dan.  forbydcr  ;  Sw.  f'orbiudn  ;  for  and  bid.] 
LiUrdlly,  to  bid  or  command  against.     Hence, 
L  To  prohibit;  to  interdict;  to  command  to  for- 
bear or  not  to  do.    Tiic  laws  of  God  forbid  us  to 
swear.    Good  manners  also  forbid  us  to  use  profane 
language.    All  si-rvile  labor  and  idle  amusements  on 
the  Sabbath  are  forbidden. 

2.  To  command  not  to  enter  ;  as,  I  have  forbid 
hitu  my  house  or  presence.  This  phrase  seems  to  be 
elliptical ;  to  forbid  from  entering  or  approaching. 

3.  To  oppose;  to  hinder;  to  obstruct.  An  im- 
passable river /or&if/^'  the  approach  of  the  army. 

A  blaie  of  glory  thai /oriiida  the  sight.  Dnjden. 

4.  Toaccurse;  to  blast.    [Obs.]  Skak. 
FOR-BIU',  V.  i.    To  utter  a  prohibition  ;  but  in  the  in- 
transitive form,  there  is  always  an  ellipsis,     I  would 
CO,  but  my  state  of  health  forbids,  that  is,  forbids  me 
to  2o,  or  my  g)ing. 

FOR-BII)',  i  pp,  or  a.     Prohibited  ;  as.  ihe  forbid- 

FOR-BID'DK.V,  i      den  fruit. 
2.  Hindered  ;  obslructcd. 
FOR-BID'D.WCE,  n.    Prohibition  ;  command  or  edict 

acainst  a  thinir.     [Liulc  iwc*/.]  Sfmlc. 

FOR-BID'DEN-Ly,  ado.    In  an  unlawful  manner. 

FOR-HID'DKN.NESS,  n.     A  state  of  being  prohib- 
ited.    [AwMwcd.]  Boyle. 
FOR-BID'OER,  71.    He  or  that  which  forbids  or  enacts 

a  prohibition. 
FOR-Uin'DL\G,  p;,r.    Prohibiting;  hindering. 

-i.  a.  Repdhng  approach;  rcpulsivii;   raising  ab- 
e,  avers lun,  or  dislike;  disagreeable;  as,  a 


horrcni 
51ETE,  PREY— PINE,  MAIUXE,  BIRD. 


FOR 

forbidding  aspect:  ^forbidding  formality;  n  forbid- 
ding air. 

FOR-BID'DING,  n.    Hinderance  ;  opposition.  Slialu 

FOR-BIO'DIiXG-LV,  adv.     In  a  forbidding  manner. 

FOR-BOIIE',  prct.  of  Forbear. 

FOR-BoRNE',  pp.  of  Forrear. 

Pew  ever  repented  of  having  forborm  to  speak.        liambJer. 

FORCE,  71.  [Fr.  force  It.  forza;  S]}.facrza;  Port 
forga;  from  L.  fortis.  All  words  denoting  force, 
power,  strength,  are  from  verbs  which  exprt-'^s  strain- 
ing, or  driving,  rushing,  and  this  word  has  the  ele- 
ments of  Sax.  farav,  and  L.  virco.] 

1.  Strength;  active  power;  vigor;  might;  energy 
tliat  may  be  exerted  ;  that  physical  property  in  a 
body  which  may  produce  action  or  njotion  in  an- 
other body,  or  may  counteract  such  action.  By  tlie 
force  of  the  muscles  we  raise  a  weight,  or  resist  un 
assault. 

2.  Momentum;  the  quantity  of  power  produced 
by  motion  or  the  action  of  one  body  on  another ;  as, 
the  force  of  a  cannon  ball. 

3.  That  which  causes  an  operation  or  moral  effect ; 
strength  ;  energy  ;  as,  the  force  of  the  mind,  will,  or 
understanding. 

4.  Violence  ;  power  exerted  against  will  or  con- 
sent ;  compulsory  power.  Let  conquerors  consitlcr 
that  force  alone  can  keep  wliat  force  has  obtained. 

5.  Strength  ;  mora!  power  to  convince  the  mind. 
There  is  great  force  in  an  argument, 

G.  Virtue ;  efhcacy.  No  presumption  or  hypothe- 
sis can  he  ot  force  enough  to  overthrow  constant  ex- 
perience. 

7.  Validity  ;  pov/cr  to  bind  or  litdd.  If  ilic  condi- 
tions of  a  covenant  are  not  fulfill'^d,  tlie  contract  is 
of  no  force.  A  testament  is  ot' force  after  the  testator 
is  dead.    Hcb.  ix.  17. 

8.  Strength  or  power  for  war  ;  armament ;  troops  ; 
an  army  or  navy;  as,  a  military  or  naval  force; 
sometimes  in  the  plural;  as,  military  forces. 

9.  Destiny ;  necessity ;  compulsicm  ;  any  extrane- 
ous power  to  which  nn^n  are  subject  ^  as,  the  force  of 
fate  or  of  divine  decrees, 

10.  Internal  power ;  as,  the  force  of  habit. 

11.  In  lajD,  any  unlawful  violence  to  person  or 
property.  This  is  simple,  when  no  other  crime  at- 
tends it,  us  the  entering  into  another's  possession, 
without  committing  any  other  unlawful  act.  It  is 
compound,  when  some  other  violence  or  unlaw- 
ful act  is  committed.  The  law  also  implies  force, 
as  when  a  person  enters  a  house  or  inclosure  law- 
fully, but  afterward  does  an  unlawful  act.  In  this 
case,  the  law  supposes  the  first  entrance  to  be  for 
tliat  purpose,  and  therefore  by  force. 

Physical  force,  is  the  force  of  material  bodies 
Moral  force,  is  the  power  of  acting  on  the  reason  in 
judging  and  determining. 

ForcCj  in  mechanics,  is  any  thing  which  moves  or 
tends  to  move  a  body.  The  pressure  of  bodies  at 
rest  is  called  a  force,  because  it  tends  to  produce  mo- 
tion. There  is  also  the /»rcc  of  gravity  or  attraction, 
centrifugal  and  ccntripetal/orccs,  expansive /urct^j&c. 

Olmsted. 
FoRCE,  n.   A  water-fall,  so  called  from  its  violence  or 

power.     [  Cumberland.  ]  Holloway. 

FoRCE,  r.  t.  To  compel ;  to  constrain  to  do  or  to  for- 
bear, by  the  exertion  of  a  power  not  resistible.  Men 
zxc  forced  to  submit  to  conquerors ;  masters /yrcc  their 
slaves  to  labor. 

2.  To  overpower  by  strength. 

I  should  have  forced  thee  soon  witJi  otlier  arms.  Milton. 

3.  To  impel ;  to  press  ;  to  drive  ;  to  draw  or  push 
by  main  strength  ;  a  sense  of  very  extensive  use  ;  as, 
to  force  along  a  wagon  or  a  ship  ;  to  force  away  a 
man's  arms  ;  water  forces  its  way  through  a  narrow 
chajine! ;  a  man  may  be/orc«iout  of  his  possessions. 

4.  To  enforce  ;  to  urge ;  to  press. 

Fhrdng  my  strength,  antl  gathering  to  the  shore.       Drydcn. 

5.  To  compel  by  strength  of  evidence ;  as,  to  force 
conviction  oit  'nemind;  to/ojccone  to  acknowledge 
the  truth  of  a  proposition. 

6.  To  obtain  by  force  ;  to  take  by  violence ;  to  as- 
sault and  take  ;  to  storm  ;  as,  to  force  a  passage;  lo 
force  a  town  or  fort. 

7.  To  ravish  ;  to  violate  by  force,  as  a  female. 

8.  To  overstrain  ;  to  distort ;  as,  a  forced  conceit. 

9.  To  cause  to  produce  ripe  fruit  prematurely,  as  a 
tree  ;  or  to  cause  to  ripen  prematurely,  as  fruit. 

10.  To  man;  to  strengthen  by  ^^oldiers ;  to  garri- 
son.    [Obs.]  S/iak.     Ralegh. 

To  force  from  ;  to  wrest  from;  to  extort. 

To  force  out ;  to  drive  out ;  to  compel  to  issue  out 
or  to  leave  ;  also,  to  extort. 

To  force  loinc,  is  to  fine  it  by  a  short  process,  or  m 
a  short  time. 

To  force  plantSj  is  to  urge  the  growth  of  plants  by 
artificial  heat. 

To  force  meat^  [Fr. /arcir,  to  stuff,]  is  to  stuff  it. 
Force,  1'.  i.    To  lav  stress  on.     [Obs.]        Camtlen. 

2.  To  strive.     [Obs.]  Spenser. 

3.  To  use  violence.  Spender. 
FoR'Ci;D,  (forst,)  pp.    Compelled;  impelled;  driven 

by  violence  ;  urged ;  stormed  ;  ravished. 


-  N6TE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK  ■ 


-170 


FOR 

2  a.  Affected  j    overstrained  ;    unnatural ;    as,  a 

forced  #tylc. 
FoIt'CED-LY,  ado.     Violently;   constrainedly;   un- 

iKittirallv.     [LiUleuscd.] 
I'OU'CED-NESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  forced  ;  dis- 

loriion. 
FdliCE'FljL,  rt.    Impelled  by  violence;  driven  with 

force  ;  acting  with  power. 

A  ^nst  the  steed  he  threw 
Ha  forceful  spear.  Drydtn, 

9.  Violent :  impetuous. 
FollCE'FrL-LV,  adc.     Violcntiv;  impetuously. 
FoRCE'LESS,  a.    Having  little'  or  no  force  ;  feeble  ; 

impotent.  _  Shak. 

FoRCE'-MkAT,  n.    [Fr./urciV,  to  stuff.]     In  cookery, 
meat  chopped  Ane  and  highly  seasoned,  either  served 
up  alone,  or  used  as  a  stutling. 
FOR'CErS,  n.    [L.]    LiUrally^  a  pair  of  pincers  or 
ton  5s. 

In  surgery,  an  instniment  for  extracting  any  thing 
from  a  wound,  and  for  like  purposes.  Qtinic?/. 

A  pair-of  scissors  for  cutting  off  or  dividing'tbe 
flesliy,  niembranous  parts  of  the  body.  Enajc. 

FoR'CER,  n.  He  or  tJiat  which  forces,  drives,  or  con- 
strains. 

•3.  The  solid  piston  of  a  pump;  the  instrument  by 
which  water  is  driven  up  a  pump.  Wdkins. 

FoR'CI-BLE,  a.  Powerful;  strong;  mighty;  as,  a 
punishmeut  forcible  lo  bridle  sin.  Hooker. 

2.  Violent ;  impetuous  ;  driving  forward  with 
force ;  as,  a  forcible  stream. 

3.  Efficacious  ;  active  ;  powerful. 

Sn-e».  -icells  are  inosl  ybrdtfc  Lo  dry  substances,  when  broken. 

Baoofi. 

4.  Powerful ;  acting  with  force  ;  impressive ;  as, 
forcible  words  or  arguments. 

5.  Containing  force  ;  acting  by  violence;  as,  forci- 
ble means. 

6.  Done  by  force  ;  suffered  by  force.  The  abdica- 
tion of  Jame^  his  advocates  hold  to  Iiave  been 
forcible.  Swift. 

7.  Valid;  binding;  obligatory.     [A''oi  use^."] 

Johnson. 

8.  In  lawj  forcible  cntnj^  is  an  actual,  violent  entry 
into  houses  or  lands. 

Forcible  detaijirr,  is  a  violent  withholding  of  the 
lands,  &c.,  of  another  from  his  pos?e=sion. 

Fijrcibie  abduction,  is  the  act  of  taking  away  wrong- 
fully, as  a  child  without  the  consent  of  the  father,  a 
ward  withofit  the  consent  of  the  guardian,  or  any 
person  contnir>-  to  his  or  her  will.  Blackstone. 

FoR'CI-BLE-XESS,  n.    Force;  violence. 
FoR'CI-BLY,  adc.     By  violence  or  force. 

9.  Strongly ;  powerfully ;  with  power  or  energy ; 
impressively. 

The  gBspel  offers  siich  consideradons  as  are  fit  (o  work  very 
forabty  on  our  hojw^  ami  fears.  THlloison. 

3.  Impetuously;  violently;   with  great  strength: 
as,  a  stream  rushing  forcibly  down  a  precipice. 
FoR'CING,  ppr.  or  a.    Compelling;  impelling;  driv- 
ing; storming;  ravishing. 

2.  Causing  to  ripen  before  the  natural  season,  as 
frait ;  or  causing  to  produce  ripe  fruit  prematurely, 
as  a  tree. 

3.  Fining  wine  by  a  speedy  process. 
FoR'CING,  71.    In  gardening,  the  art  of  raising  plants, 

flowers,  and  fruits,  at  an  earlier  season  than  the  nat- 
ural one,  by  artificial  heat.  Cyc 

9.  The  operation  of  fining  wines  by  a  speedy 
process. 

FoR'CIXG-PIT,  71.  A  pit  of  wood  or  masonry  sunk 
in  the  earth,  for  containing  the  fermenting  materials 
to  produce  bottom-heal  in  forcing  plants.     Qardiier. 

FoR'CIXG-PUMP,  7^  A  kind  of  "pump  used  to  throw 
water  to  a  distance.  It  has  a  solid  piston,  and  also  a 
side  lube,  through  which  the  water  is  forced  by  the 
action  of  the  piston.  Buchanan. 

FOR'CI-Pa-TED,  a.  [from  forcep.^.]  Formed  like  a 
pair  of  pincers,  to  open  and  inclose ;  as,  a  forcipated 
mouih.  Derkam. 

FOR-CI-Pa'TIOX,  n.    A  pinching  with  pincers. 

FoRD,  71,  [Sax.  ford,  fip-d;  G.  faH;  from  the  verb 
faran^  to  go  or  Rass,  or  its  root.] 

1.  A  place  in  a  river  or  other  water,  where  it  may 
be  passed  by  man  or  beast  on  foot,  or  by  wading. 

2.  A  stream ;  a  current. 

Perniit  my  ghost  to  pass  the  Slygiaa /ord.  Dryden. 

PoRD,  1:.  f.    To  pass  or  cross  a  river  or  other  water  by 

treading  or  walking  on  the  bottom ;  to  pass  through 

water  by  wading ;  to  wade  through. 
FoRD'A-BLE,  a.     That   may  be  waded  or  passed 

through  on  foot,  as  water. 
FORD'ED,  pp.    Passed  through  on  foot ;  waded. 
FoRD'ING,  ppr.    Wading;  passing  through  on  foot, 

as  water, 
FOE-DO',  V.  u     [gax.  fordon ;  for  and  rfo.] 

To  destroy  ;  to  undo ;  to  ruin  ;  to  weary.     [JVbi  in 

wej  Chaucer. 

FORE,  a.     [S^x.  ftfre,  f&ran :  G.  vor;  D.  voon   Sw. 

for;  Dan.  for;   Hindoo,  para;  It.  for.    This  is  the 

rame  word  in  origin  as  for,  from  the  root  of  Sax. 

farajij  to  go,  to  advance.] 


FOR 

1.  PropCT-Zy,  advanced,  or  be-in  g  in  advance  of  some- 
thing in  motifui  or  progression;  as,  the /cn-c  end  of 
a  chain  carried  in  measuring  land  ;  the  fore  oxen  or 
horses  in  a  team. 

9.  Advanced  in  time  ;  coming  in  advance  of  some- 
thing ;  coming  first;  anterior;  preceding;  prior;  as, 
the  fore  part  of  the  last  century ;  the  fore  part  of  the 
day,  week,  or  year. 

3.  Advanced  in  order  or  series;  antecedent;  as, 
the  fore  part  of  a  writing  or  bill. 

4.  Being  in  front  or  toward  the  face;  opposed  to 
back  or  behind  ;  as,  the  fore  part  of  a  garment. 

5.  Going  firet;  usually  preceding  the  other  part; 
as,  (he  fore  part  of  a  ship,  or  of  a  coach. 

FoRE,  adp.     In  the  part  that  precedes  or  goes  first. 
In  seamai*s  language,  fore  and  afi  signifies  from 
one  end  of  the  vessel  to  the  other;  lengthwise  of  the 
vessel.  Totten.     R.  If.  Dana,  Jr. 

Fore,  in  composition,  denotes,  for  the  most  part, 
priority  of  time ;  sometimes,  advance  in  place. 

[For  the  elymttlogies  of  the  compounds  of  fore, 
see  the  principal  word.] 

F6RE-AD-.MOi\'rsH,  v.  t.  To  admonish  beforehand, 
or  before  the  act  or  event. 

FoRE-AD-VTSE',  v.  t.  To  advise  or  counsel  before 
the  time  of  action,  or  before  the  event;  to  pre-ad- 
monish.  skaJc. 

FoRE-AL-LEOE',  (fore-al-lej',)  v.  t.  To  allege  or  cite 
i>efore.  Fothcrby. 

FoRE-AL-LEO'i;D,  pp.     Previously  alleged. 

FoRE-AL-LEG'L\G,  ppr.    Alleging  before. 

FORE-AP-POI.\T',  V.  u  To  set,  order,  or  appoint, 
b^'forehand.  Sherwood. 

FORE-A  P-POINT'MENT,  n.  Previous  appointment ; 
pre-ordination.  Sherwood. 

FoRE-.\RM',  r.  t.  To  arm  or  prepare  for  attack  or 
resistance  before  the  time  of  need.  SouUi. 

FoRE'XRM,  H.  In  anatomy,  that  part  of  the  arm  be- 
tween tlie  elbow  and  the  wrist. 

FoRE-ARAr£D,  a.  Armed  beforehand;  as,  fore- 
warned, fare-armed. 

FoRE-BE-L!kF',  71.    Previous  belief. 

FoRE-BoDE',  V.  t.    To  foretell ;  to  prognosticate. 
9.  To  foreknow ;  to  be  prescient  of;  to  feel  a  se- 
cret sense  of  something  future;  as,  my  heart  fore- 
bodes a  sad  reverse, 

FoRE-BoDE'MENT,  71.     Apresacins;  presagemenl. 

FoRE-BoD'ER,  n.  One  who  forebodes  ;  a  prognosli- 
cator;  a  souths.ayer.  UEstrange. 

2.  A  foreknower. 

FoRE-BoD'ING,  ppr.  Prognosticating;  foretellmg; 
foreknowing. 

FoRE-EoDTXG,  71.    Prognostication. 

FoRE-BoD'I.\G-LY,  adc.  In  a  prognosticating  man- 
ner. 

FoRE'BRaCE,  71.  A  rope  applied  to  the  fore  yard-arm, 
to  change  the  position  of  the  foresail.      Mar.  Diet. 

FoRE-B^'',  prep,  [fore  and  by.^  Near  ;  liard  by  ;  fast 
by.     [065.]  Spenser. 

FoRE-CAST',  v.  L    To  foresee  ;  to  provide  against. 
It  is  wisdom  to  forecast  consequences.  L'Eslrange. 

2.  To  scheme  ;  to  plan  before  execution. 

He  ihaU  forecast  his  devices  against  the  strongholds.  —  Dan.  xi. 

3.  To  adjust,  contrive,  or  ai>point,  beforehand. 

The  time  so  vett  forecast.  Dryden. 

FoRE-€AST',  v.  i.  To  form  a  scheme  previously  ;  to 
contrive  beforehand. 

Forecasting  how  his  foe  he  might  annor.  Spenser. 

FORE'CaST,  71.    Previous  contrivance  ;  foresight,  or 
the  antecedent    determination  proceeding  from  it ; 
as,  a  man  of  little /(?rfC(Ls(. 
FoRE-CaST'ER,  71.    One  who  foresees  or  contrives 

beforehand. 
FoRE-CaST'ING,  ppr.  Contriving  previously. 
FoRE'CAS-TLE,  (-kas's!,)  n.  That  part  of  the  up- 
per deck  of  a  vessel  forward  of  liie  foremast,  or  for- 
ward of  the  after  part  of  tiie  tore  channels  ;  also,  in 
vtcrclmnt  vessels,  the  forward  part  of  the  vessel,  un- 
der the  deck,  where  the  sailors  live. 

R.  H.  Dana,  Jr. 
FORE-CHoS'EN,  (fore-choz'n,)  a.  Preelected  ;  chosen 

beforehand. 
FoRE-CIT'ED,  a.    Cited  or  quoted  before  or  above. 

Jlrburhnot. 
FoRE-CLoSE',  r.  U     To  shut  up;  to  preclude;  to 
stop ;  to  prevent. 

The  cmb-irjo  with  Spain /oredo^ed  this  trade.  Carew- 

To  foreclose  a  mortgager,  in  lam,  is  to  cut  him  off 
from  his  equity  of  redemption,  or  the  power  of  re- 
deeming the  mortgaged  premises,  by  a  judument  of 
court.  Blackstone. 

[  To  foreclose  a  mortgage,  is  not  technically  correct, 
but  is  often  u-fed.] 
F6RE-eLoS'£D,  pp.    Prevented;  precluded;  cut  off 

from  the  right  of  redemption. 
FaRE-eLGS'ING,ppr.    Precluding;  cutting  off  from 

the  right  of  redemption. 
FoRE-CLOS'URE,  n.    Prevention. 

9.  7'he  act  of  foreclosing,  or  depriving  a  mort- 
gager of  the  right  of  redeeming  a  mortgaged  estate. 

Blackstone.      j 


FOR 


FoRE-eOX-CElVE',  11.  (.     To  preconceive.  Bacon. 
1'OKE-UaTE',  v.  t.    To  (late  lierore  (he  Irae  time 
KoRE-nAT'EU,  pp.     Dated  before  llic  true  time. 
For E' DECK,  n.     The  lore  part  of  a  deck,  or  of  a 

siiil). 
FoRE-DR-SlGX',  (sine,)  r.  (.    To  plan  beforehand; 

to  intend  previou>ilv.  Chnjne. 

FgRE-DE-SIG.\'i!D,p;,.     Planned  beforehand. 
FoRE-DE-SIGN'l.\G,  ppr.      Planning  or  intending 

previouslv. 
FoRE-DE'TER.M'I.\E,  r.  (.    To  decree  beforehand. 

Hopkins. 

FoRE-DE-TERM'I.\-KD,  pp.    Previously  determined; 

FoRE-DE-TER.M'IN-I\G,  ppr.  Previously  detcrm- 
hiing. 

FoRE-DOOM^  tj.  t.  To  doom  beforehand ;  to  predes- 
tinate. 

Thou  :\n  foredoomed  to  view  the  Stjgian  state.  Drydtn. 

FoRE'DOOM,  n.    Previous  doom  or  sentence. 

FoRE'-DoOR,  n.    The  door  in  the  front  of  a  house. 

FoRI':-ELD'EK,  n.     An  ancestor. 

FoRE'-ENU,  H.  The  end  wliicii  precedes  ;  the  ante- 
rior p;irt.  Bacon. 

FoRE'Fa-THER,  71.  An  ancestor;  one  who  precedes 
another  in  the  line  of  genealogy  in  anv  degree,  usu- 
ally in  a  remote  degree. 

FoRE-FEEL'ING,  n.     Presentiment.        Blackwood. 

FoRE-FE\D',  V.  t.    To  hinder ;  to  fend  off;  U>  avert ; 
to  prevent  approach  ;  to  forbid  or  prohibit.  Dryden. 
2.  To  defend;  to  guard  ;  to  secure.  SAoA-. 

This  word,  like  the  L.  arc?o,  is  applied  to  the  thing 
assailing,  and  to  the  thing  assailed.  To  drive  back 
or  resi^Jt  that  which  assails,  is  to  hinder  its  approach, 
to  forbid  or  avert;  and  this  act  defends  the  thing 
threatened  or  assailed. 

FoRE-FE\D'ED,;tp.    Hindered;  prevenU-d. 

FoRE-FEND'IXG,  ppr.     Hindering  ;  preventing. 

FoRE-FI\"GER,  (-fing'ger,)  n.  The  finger  next  to 
the  timinii ;  liie  index  ;  called  by  our  Saxon  ancestors 
the  shoot.- finger y  from  its  use  in  archery. 

FoRE-FEoW,  (7.  t.    To  flow  before.  Dryden. 

FoRLl'-FOOT,  71.  One  of  the  anterior  feet  of  a  quad- 
ruped or  nmltiped. 

2.  A  hand,  in  contempt  SluJc 

3.  In  n  ship,  a  piece  of  timber  which  terminates  the 
keel  at  the  fore-end,  connecting  it  with  the  lower  end 
of  the  stem.  Totten. 

FoRE'FRONT,  (-frunt,)  n.  The  foremost  part;  as, 
the  forefront  of  a  building  ;  the  forefrunl  of  the  bat- 
tle.    2  Sam.  xi.  \b. 

FoRE'-GaME,  77.    A  first  game;  first  plan.   Whiduek. 

FoRE-Go',  r.  t.  [See  G<u]  To  forbear  to  possess  or 
enjoy  ;  voluntarily  to  avoid  the  enjoyment  of  go(pd. 
Let  us  forego  the  pleasures  of  sense,  to  secure  im- 
mortal bliss. 

2.  To  give  up ;  to  renounce ;  to  resign.    But  this 
word  is  nsiiaUy  applied  to  things  not  pos^iesscfl  or  en- 
joyed, and  which  can  not  be  resimted. 
■3.  To  lose. 

4.  To^ go  before;  to  precede.    [Obs.]  Shak. 
FoRE-Go'ER,  71.    An  ancestor;  a  progenitor.     [JVot 

used.]  Sluik. 

2.  One  who  goes  before  another.  Davies. 

3.  One  who  forbears  to  enjoy. 
FORE-Go'IiN'G,  ppr.    Forbearing  to  iiavc,  possess,  or 

enjoy. 

2.  a.    Preceding ;  going  before,  in  lime  or  place  ; 
antecedent ;  as,  a  foregoing  period  of  time  ;  a  fore- 
going clause  in  a  writing. 
FoRE-GONE',  C-gawn',)  pp.  Forborne  to  be  possessed 
or  enjoyed.  Spaiser. 

2.  Predetermined  ;  made  up  beforehand  ;  as,  a  fore- 
gone conclusion.  Shak. 
FoUE'GROUND,  n.    The  part  of  the  field  or  expanse 
of  a  picture  which  seems  to  lie  before  tlie  figures. 
Dryden.    Johnson. 
FoRE-GUESS',  c.  t.    To  conjecture.    [Bad.] 

Sherwood. 
FoRE'IIANT),  ».    The  part  of  a  horse  which  is  before 
the  rider. 

_  2.  The  chief  part.  Sliak. 

FoRE'IIAND,  a.    Done  sooner  than  is  regular. 

And  so  extenuate  the  forehand  sin.  Sheik. 

F6RE'HAND-ED,  a.  Early  ;  timely;  seasonable  ;  as, 
a  forehanded  care.  '  Taidor. 

2.  In  Jimcrica,  in  good  circumstances  as  to  proper- 
ty ;  free  from  debt  and  possessed  of  projwrty ;  as,  a 
forehanded  farmer. 

3.  Formed  in  the  fore  parts. 

A  siiltsiantial,  true-bred  bcasl,  brave\j  forthanf.£a.      JTryden. 

FORE'HEAD,  (for'hed,  or  rather  for'ed,)  n.  The  p;irt 
of  the  face  which  extends  froni  the  hair  on  tlie  top  of 
the  head  to  the  eyes. 

2.  Impudence  ;  confidence ;  assurance  ;  audacious- 
ness. Bp.  Hall.     Swift. 

FORE'HEAD-BALD,  a.  Bald  above  the  forehead. 
Levit.  xjii.  41. 

FoRE-HkAR',  v.  i.    To  lie  informed  before. 

FoRE-IlEND',  V.  t.     To  seize.    [A''ot.  in  :ise.]    Spenser. 

FoRElIEW,  r.  /.    To  hew  or  cut  in  front.    SackcUlc. 

FoRE-IlEW^^D,  (-hudc',)  pp.    Cut  in  front. 

FORE-HEW  IXG,  ppr.    Hewing  in  fronL 


TONE,  BI7LL,  tINITE.  —  AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K  ;  6  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  ClI  as  SlI ;  Til  as  in  THIS. 


471 


FOR 


FOR 


;.od- 


X  Rrnn»te 


I  brt-ajjl-liouk  ;  n  piece  of 
111,  to  unito  llic  bows  and 
|,,,    i.irl  ..I  tllc  »llll>.         Mar.  Diet. 
:•..  «.    The  horse  in  a  team  which  goes 

.1.     [Fr.  /train  ;    N'orni.  /^>«m,• 
.  rm.l  of  t?ax. /iiroji,  to  go  or  ile- 
,  Fr.  Atfrj*,  nlinxiil.] 
iMilior  nnlii'ii  or  coiniln' ;  alien  ; 
,  wlticli  one  rejtules  ;  t-xlmneoii--*. 
.ir>'  /Mrti^n  which  i*  not  within 
;i  ti'  our  own"  povcrnini-iiL    In  this 
,11,1,  bcfiiro  liie  nnion,  w:is  forn^n  to 
:  I'nmila  i<  now  /irfij-ii  to  the  United 
"tf,  f"..rrtVM  is  applied  to  countrie.^ 
1  'aiij:ice»t  tcrrilory  ;  of,  a/irenni 
■unco.    In  the  UitiUd  States,  all 
,  iiiiKu-?*  are  furei^n. 
1  III  a  dliUiiit  country  or  jnrisdiclum  ; 
,   another  country  ;  as,  /urciV/i  soods  ; 
■c'rt  manufacture;  n  foreign  minister, 
"not  lielonjin;  ;  not  connected  ;  with  to 
Vou  .lisseinlile  ;  the  sentilnenU  you  express 
your  lieart.   This  design  ia/erci>a/rom 
[  7"»c  i"c  "/ from  ij  jiri/crii6/c,  ii"<i  ^Mt 

1  lii,|>ilini'nt ;  not  pertaining;  not  to  the  pur- 
law.  The  observation  is  foreign  to  the  subject 
under  consideration. 

5.  Eldudcd  ;  not  admitted  j  held  at  a  distance. 

SItal:. 

6.  Estrancous ;  adventitious ;  not  native  or  iiatu- 

7.  In  Ux,  a  /orcifn  aUaeJkineiU  is  an  atuichnient  of 
the  CMidi  of  a  forei;ncr  within  a  city  or  liberty,  for 
the  Mtuifaction  of  a  debt  due  fiunl  the  foreigner  to  a 
cill/en;  or  an  aiuifhincul  of  the  money  or  goods  ot 
a  debtor,  in  the  hands  of  another  p:TS<m. 

.\  /•rn>«  bill  I'f  cTclum;e,  is  a  bill  dr.iwn  by  a  per- 
«un  in  iine  c*Minlo*  on  his  corresiiondent  or  agent  in 
amillirr,  as  di^tinsiiishcd  from  an  irilomi  Hit,  which 
El  dnin  u  by  one  porscu  on  another  in  the  same  juris- 
diction or  countrj'. 

F.rn-n  plea  :  a  ploa  or  objection  to  a  judge  as  in- 
.  t,,;.  tent  to  trj-  the  question,  on  the  ground  that  it 
!    II.  I  wilhin  lii-i  jurisdiction.  Enaje. 

f  ,  <:.  l.u;N-llUILr,  (bilt)  a.  Huilt  in  a  foreign  couu- 
jrv.  Jefferson. 

FOR'EIG.N-ER,  (for'in-«r,)  «.  A  person  born  in  a  for- 
eign countr)-,  or  without  the  country  or  jurisdiction 
of  which  one  speaks.  A  Spaniard  is  a  farcisner  in 
France  and  EngUnd.  All  men  not  bom  in  the  Uni- 
trj  folates  arc  to  them  foreigners,  and  they  are  aliens 
till  naturaliced.  A  naturalized  person  is  a  citizen 
but  we  still  call  him  a  foreigner  bij  birth. 

FOR'EIG.N-XKSS,  (for'iu-ness,)  n.  Ilcnioteness ;  want 
of  relation  ;  .-ls,  the  foreignaess  of  a  subject  from  the 
main  bnsuipss. 

FORE-IJU-AC'I.VE,  r.  I.  To  conceive  or  fancy  before 
iirw.f,  or  bef,>rfhand. 

ri''i:i".-I>l-A(.*;'lN->JD,pp.    Conceived  before. 

I  ,  KK-l.M-AG'I.N'-I.N'tijp^T.     Imagining  beforehand. 

li'iKE-JUUGE',  (n;re-juj',)c.  t  To  prejudge;  to  judge 
beforehand,  or  befort-  hearing  tli-j  facts  and  proof. 

i  In  taw,  to  expel  from  a  court,  for  mal-pmclice  or 
non-ap[iearance.  When  an  attorney  is  sued,  and 
called  to  appt-.ar  in  court,  if  be  declines,  he  is  fore- 
iwiged,  and  his  name  is  struck  from  the  rolls. 

FARE  JirDC'El),  fp.    Prejudged. 

FfiRF.-J|-Dti'I.NG,  ppr.    Prejudging. 

FSREJLDC'ME.ST,  n.  Judgment  previously  formed. 

Spenser, 
FORE-K.NOW,  (-no",)  >  L    [Sec  Ksow.]    To  have 
previous  knowledge  ot ;  to  foresee. 

''^  i>«  ©fmwi /orttnots?  Dryden. 

■tkn»v,  Iv-  xljo  did  piTrlrstin.'Ue  lo  in  con- 
'  \rc  ol  hit  Dwa.  —  Rom.  Tiii. 

'■    \  ULE,  a.    That  m,ay  be  foreknown. 
W  KR,  It     One  lliat  f.ireknows.       [.Wore. 
-    U''lNU,BBr.     Knowing  beforehand. 
iiiKt.  kMjWI/EIWE,  (furc-nol'ej,)  n.    Knowledge 
of  a  tiling  before  it  happens  ;  prescience. 

Ut/ortinta, 
/Vf*iK]u.'»/x4  tfci«!  1*0  ralI.Ka<c  co  Unar  Ciull.         /irL'ton. 

1  ''I'.K-KSQW^'  pp     Known  beforehand. 

i '  'KEL,  «.    A  kind  of  narchuicnt  for  the  cover  of 

l>.,k«. 
i  "'.ItE'l.A.VD,  It     .\  promontory  or  cape  ;  a  point  of 
I  in.i  cttrndtlf  Into  tile  sea  some  distance  from  the 
Iin-  of  the  fhcrc  ;  a  hcnd-l.ind ;  as,  the  North  and 
South  Fordand  in  Kent,  in  England. 

•2.  In  ftni^fcaitan,  a  piece  of  ground  between  the 
'^  ill  of  n  place  and  the  rooat. 
t 'IlF.-LiY',  r.  L    To  toy  n-ail  for;  to  entrap  by  am- 
'.iKh  Dn/dm. 

2.  Tv  contrive  antecedently.  JohnsDn. 

FORK  I.EAD'ER,  r..    One  who  leads  others  by  his  c.t- 
aniple 
I  FOEB  LEND',  r.  t.    To  lend  or  give  beforehand. 
I  Spenser. 


vrMF  1 1  FT'  r.  1.    To  raise  aloft  any  anterior  part. 

r04    l'  '  Sjicnscr. 

FnllE'LOCK,  n.   The  lock  of  hair  that  grows  from  tlie 

Vorepart  of  Uie  head.    "  Take  time  by  the  foreoA," 

i  e  seize  an  oppoiluiiUy  when  presented.  Saijl. 
o    In  sea  la,l'na-e,   a    Hat   piece  ol    iron    driven 

through  the  eu'd  of  a  boll,  to  retain  it  tinidy  m  its 

^51 


ilace. 


FOUE-LQQK',  r.  1. 


ToUen, 

To  look  bcfon'liand  or  forward. 

Spenser. 

PnUE'JIAN,  n.    The  first  or  chief  man  ;  partieuliirhj, 

the  chief  man  of  a  jury,  who  acts  as  '"X^P^*"- 

"  Till-  superintendent  in  a  pnnting-olhce  or  other 
e^Iiblislimeiil,  who  coudilct-s  the  whole  work. 
FrtRE'M.\ST,  11.    Tlie  mast  of  a  ship  or  other  vessel 
whicii  is  placed  in  the  fore  part  or  forecastle,  and  car- 
ries the  lorcsail  and  fore-topsail  yards.  l:neyc. 
FoUE-MEANT',   florc-ment',)  a.      Intended   hclore- 

liand  Spenser. 

F01tE-MEN'TIOX-£0,  a.  lleiitioned  before  ;  reci- 
ted or  written  in  a  former  pari  of  the  same  writing 
or  discourse.  , 

FOUE'.MOST,  <u  First  in  place  ;  most  advanced  ; 
as,  the  foremost  troops  of  an  army. 

2.  First  in  dignity.     In  honor  lie  held  the  foremost 
rank.  _       ,  .        „  ., 

Ff»ltE'.Mr)TII-ER,  !i.    A  female  ancestor.  Pruleaux. 
FOItK'.NA.ME,  11.     T'hc    first   name   that    precedes 

aiKitliLT,  as  Impcrator  Ca'sar  -Augustus.         SeUIen. 
I'OllE'.\.\.M-/';i),  a.    Named  or  noininalcd  before, 
o    Mentioned  before  in  the  same  writing  or  dis- 


course. ...      J       r 

FoUE'XOON,  >i.  The  former  part  of  the  d.ay,  from 
the  morning  to  meridian,  or  noon.  We  usually  call 
the  first  part  of  the  day,  from  the  dawn  to  the  time 
of  breakfast,  or  the  hour  of  business,  tlie  morning, 
and  from  this  period  lo  noon,  the  /,»rc/ioaK.  But  the 
limits  arc  not  preciselv  defined  by  custom. 

FoRE'-No'TICE,  II,  Notice  or  information  of  an 
event  before  it  haiipens.  Rijmcr. 

FOREN'.'S.VL,  a.     Forensic. 

FO-UEN'Sie,  a.  [from  L.  forcnsis,  from  foram,  a 
court.] 

Uclonging  to  courts  of  judicature  ;  used  in  courts 
or  legal  proceedings  ;  as,  a  forensic  term  ;  forensic 
eloquence  or  disputes.  Locke.     iVatts. 

F611E-0U-BaIN',  v.  U  To  ordain  or  appoint  before- 
hand ;  to  preordain ;  to  prcdesliuatc ;  lo  prcdcter- 
ininc.  Hooker. 

FollE-OR-D.\IN'£D,  pp.    Previously  ordained. 

I'"oRi;-OR-DAlN'IN(i,  ppr.    Preordaining. 

FoRE-OR-DI-NA'TION,  n.  Previous  ordination  or 
appointment ;  predetermination  ;  predestination. 

Jackson. 

FoRE'PSTlT,  n.  Tlic  part  first  in  time  ;  as,  the  fore- 
port  of  the  day  or  week. 

2.  The  pan  most  advanced  in  place  ;  the  anterior 
pan  ;  as,  the  forepart  of  any  moving  body. 

3.  The  beginning  ;  as,  the  fin-qiarl  of  a  series. 
FoKE'P.\SS-£D,  j  a.    Past  before  a  certain  time  ;  as, 
FoRE'PaST,         \     forepasl  sins.     [LiUle  used] 

Hammond. 

FoRE'-PL.aNE,  n.  In  earpentnj  and  joincrij,  the  first 
plane  used  after  the  saw  and  axe.  Oicilt. 

FoRE-POS-SESS'£1),  (-pos-sesl',)  a.  Holding  for- 
merly in  possession ;  also,  preiiccupicd ;  prepos- 
sessed ;  preengaged.  Sanderson. 

FoRE-PRIZE',  v.  U    To  prize  or  rale  beforehand. 

Hooker. 

FoRE-PRlZ'KD,  ;;;i.    Prized  beforehand. 

FollI^PilTZ'IXG,  ppr.    Prizing  beforehand. 

FoRE'-PROM'IS-£D,  (-proin'isi,)  a.  Promised  before- 
hand ;  preiingaged. 

FoRE-aUoT'ED,  a.  Cited  before  ;  quoted  in  a  fore- 
going pan  of  the  work. 

FoRE^lAN',  pret.  of  Fobebux. 

I'oltE'KAXK,  II.    Tlie  first  rank  ;  the  front.     S/ioi. 

FoRE-RliACH'upoii,  V.  t.  In  navigation,  to  gain  or 
advance  upon  in  progression  or  motion.  Mar.  Diet. 

FoRE-ReAD',  c.  £.    To  signify  by  tokens.     [Ol/s.] 

Spenser. 

FoRE-Ee.\0'IXG,  n.    Previous  perusal.         Hales. 

FoRE-UE-ClT'ED,  a.  Named  or  recited  before.  Sliak. 

FoRE-RE-ME.M'IiER-£D,  a.  Called  to  mind  previ- 
ouslv.  jMonntagu. 

FoRE"'RTGHT,  (-rite,)  a.    Ready  ;  forward  ;  quick. 

J)lassinger. 

FoRE'RIGIlT,  (k(c.    Right  fonvard  ;  onward.  Bcaiim. 
F6RE-RUN',  17.  ^    To  advance  before  ;  to  come  be- 
fore as  an  earnest  of  something  lo  tollow  ;  lo  intro- 
duce as  a  harbinger. 

llcaTinca/oreruns  Uie  good  cv.^nt.  ShaJc. 

2.  To  precede  ;  lo  have  the  start  of.  Oraur.t. 

FoUE-RUN'.XER,  ii.    .\  messenger    sent    before  lo 

give  notice  of  tin:  approach  of  others ;  a  harbinger. 

My  clj;r  brolhcra,  my/orcruniwrs  came.  Dryden, 

2.  An  ancestor  or  predecessor.     [  04s.] 

3.  A  prognostic  ;  a  si^n  foreshowing  something  lo 
follow.  Certain  pains  in  the  head,  back,  and  limbs, 
are  the  forernnners  of  .a  fever. 

FoRE-RUX'NING,  jyo-.    Ilunning  before;  preceding. 
FoRE'SAID,  (-sell,)  pp.  or  n.    Spoken  before.    [Sec 
Aforesaid.] 


FOR 

FoRE'SaIL,  ji.     a  sail  extended  on  th>'  fereyiid, 

which  is  supported  by  the  Ibremasl. 
FoRE-SaY',  I!,  t.    To  predict ;  lo  rurtlell.         Siak. 
FoRi>-S.\V'ING,  n.    A  prcdiciion.  Sherwoo'L 

FORE-SEE', 11.  (.  To  see  belorelmnd  ;  to  sec  or  kiimv 
an  event  before  it  happens;  to  have  prescience  of ; 
to  foreknow. 

A  pniileiil  man  /oreieetli  die  evil  and  Uidch  himself. —  Pn>» 
XX  ii. 

FoRE-SEE'ING,  ppr     Seeing  before  the  evenU 

FoRE-SEEN',  pp.    Seen  beforehand. 

FoRE-SEER',  n.    Olio  who  foresees  or  foreknows 

FoRE-Sl.'.IZE',  T.  (.    To  seize  beforehand. 

FoRE-SKlZ'Kl),  pp.     Seized  beforehanil. 

FoRE-SKlZ'lXG,  ppr.    Seizing  beforehand. 

F6UE-SH.\D'oVV,  V.  t.  To  shadow  or  typily  before- 
hand. Dnjilen. 

FoRE  SIIAD'o\V-£D,  pp.    Typified  before. 

FoRE-Sll  AD'oW-INO,  ppr.     Shadowing  beforehanil. 

FoRE-SII.\D'o\V-ING,  ii.  The  act  of  shadowing 
beforehand ;  anticipation. 

FoKE-Sll.A.ME',  r.  t.  To  shame  ;  to  bring  reproach 
on.  *'«''• 

F6RE  SI1aJI'£D,  pp.    Shamed  before. 

FoRE-SllA.M'IXG,  ;i;ir.    Shaming  before. 

FORE-SHEW,  (-sho.)     See  Foreshow. 

FoRE'SIIIP,  >i.    The  fore  part  of  a  ship.    jScIjj  xsvii. 

FoRE-SUORT'£N,  ii.  (.  In  painting,  lo  represent 
figures  aslliey  appear  to  the  eye  when  seen  obliquely. 
Thus,  a  carriage-wheel,  when  viewed  obliquely,  ap- 
pears like  an  ellipse.  Human  figures  painted  on  a 
ceding  are  soinctimcs  so /orc^VioricjicJ,  that  Ilie  lues 
appear  almost  to  touch  the  chin.  So,  also,  in  slaiiil- 
ing  near  a  lofly  building,  tlie  parts  abo-'e  are /irc- 
skorlcnal,  or  appear  shorter  lo  the  ...e  than  tliey 
really  are,  because  seen  obliquely  from  below. 

Encijc.  Jliu. 
FfiRE-SIIORT'S.X-ING,  ii.      The  representation  or 
appoanince  of  oiijects  when  viewed  obliquely.    [.Sec 
FoREi^HoRTES.]  Dnjden. 

FoRE-SiloW',  c.  (.  To  show  beforehand  ;  lo  prog- 
nosticate. 

Ncxl,  like  Aiuoni,  Sp-iiser  rose, 
SVbose  purple  liluaU  ilie  day /or«7ioics. 

2.  To  predict ;  to  foretell. 

3.  To  represent  beforehand,  or  before  it  rouus. 
FoRE-SHoW'ER,  n.     One  "ho  predicts.    {Hooker. 
FoRE-SHoWIXa,  ppr.   Showing  before  ;  predicting. 
FORE-SlIoVVN',  pp.     .Shovvii  beforehand  ;  predicted. 
FoRE'-SllItOUUS,  II.  pi.    The  shrouds  of  a  ship  at- 

la':lieil  to  tlic  foremast. 
FoRE'SIOE,  11.     The  front  side;  also,  a  specious 

oulside.  Spenser. 

FoRE'SIGIIT,  II.    Prescience;  foieknowlcdge ;  pmg- 

noslicatioii  ;  the  act  of  foreseeing.  JiUlton. 

2.  Provident  care  of  futurity ;  foreknowl--dgc  ac- 
companied with  prudence  in  guarding  against  evil. 

Spenser. 
FoRE-SlGIIT'ED,  a.    Prudent  in   guarding  againsl 

evil;  providenl  for  tlis  future. 
FoRE-SlGHT'FIlL,  a.    Prescient;  provident,    [/.it- 

tlciuseJ.]  ■  Sii/iTCi,. 

FoRE-SlG'XI-F\',  II.  (.    To  signify  beforehand;  lo 

betoken  previouslv  ;  lo  loresliuw  :  to  typify.  Hiaker. 
FoRE'SKlX,  II.     The   skin    that   covers  llle   glans 

penis  ;  the  prepuce. 
FoRE'SKIRT,  II.    The  loose  ajid  pendulous  part  ol  a 

coat  before.  *■"/;, , 

F6KE-SL.4CK',  v.  t.    To  neglect  by  idleness.    [JVoI 

■used.]  Spenser. 

FORE  SLOW',  f.  (.    To  delay  ;  to  hinder ;  to  impede  ; 

to  obstruct.     [jVot  uscd.\ 

No  eirc.ain,  no  wood,  no  momiuiii  coulil /orcs/ow 
■rueir  hasly  pace.  Fiurfox. 

2.  To  neglect ;  lo  omit.    [JVot  used.']  ^'"i"', 

FORE-SLOW',  i:  i.    To  be  dilatory  ;  to  loiter.    [JV»1 

used.]  ®"'-^- 

FoRE-SPE.\K',  r.  t.      To  fore s ay  ;  to  foreshow;  to 

foretell  or  predict.  Oii»*n. 

2.  To  forbid.     Wot  uscil.]  *'"=''■• 

3.  To  bewitch.     [JVut  useJ.]  Draijtoii. 
FORE-SPeAK'ING,  It.     A  prediction  ;  also,  a  prelacc 

FoRE'SPEECII,  11.    A  preface.    [.Vol  iLicd.]  bhcnmoi. 
FoRE-SPENT',  «.    Wasted  in  strength;  tired; 


DcnU, 


Stiak. 


FoRE-i 
haiisted.  .  n     ^       — 

2.  Past;  as,  life/iresjifiif.     [LitUe  7iscd.}     Spenser. 

FORE-SPoK'£N,  II.    Previously  spoken. 

FoRE-SPUR'RER,  n.  One  that  rides  before,  l^voi 
used  1  *'""^ 

FOR'EST,  n.  [It.  forestei;  Fr.  forSt;  Arm.  forest! 
G.forst;  Ir.foraois,  foraigliis;  Nonn.  /"'■''f  J  ''""' 
the  same  root  as  L.  /oris,  Fr.  Iwrs,  and  the  aax. 
faran,  to  go,  to  depart.  Hence,  the  It.  foreseen,  »p. 
forastcro,  signifies  strange,  foreign  ;  It.  foresto,  win, 
sava"e;  Port.  foro<teiro,  a  stranger.  Tins  enables 
us  toundcrstand  the  radical  meaning  of  other  words 
wliicli  signify  strange,  wild,  barliarons,  &c.  1  ncy 
all  express  distance  "from  cities  and  civilization,  ana 
are  from  roots  expressing  departure  or  "andenng.J 

a.  An  extensive  wood,  or  a  large  tract  of  land  cov- 
ered with  trees.  In  .America,  the  word  is  usually  op- 
pUed  to  a  wood  of  native  growth,  or  a  tract  of  woou- 


FaTE,  FAK,  FALL,  WHAT — METE,  PREY.-PLNE,  MARINE,  BIRD. -NOTE,  DOVE,  iVlOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.  - 
^  -  - 


FOR 

land  which  iias  never  been  ciiltivntcd.  It  differs 
from  w6od  or  \V(io<is  ciiicMy  in  oxteiit.  We  read  of 
tli«^  Ilcrcjninn  //rr,-?,  in  litrinany,  and  Xhc /u rest  of 
AndennL'5,  in  France  or  GanJ. 

2.  In  laic,  in  Grrct  Briuuiiy  a  Certain  territory  of 
woody  grounds  ;ind  pastures,  privileged  for  wild 
bca="l3  and  fowls  of  forest,  chase,  and  warren,  to 
rest  and  abide  in,  under  the  protection  of  the  kins, 
for  his  pleasure.  [/«  Viis  satsCy  Utc  wtrrd  has  no  appli- 
cation in  .America.'} 

Forest  laics;  laws  for  governing  and  regulating 
forests,  and  preserving  game.  Kiv^lamL 

FOR'EST,  V.  t.    To  cover  witli  tree?  or  wood.'' 
FoKE'STAFF,  v.    An  instrunici:!  lormerly  used  at 
sea,  for  taking  the  altitudes  of  htaveniy  bodie?.    It  is 
now  superseded  by  the  sextant.  L'rande. 

FOR'EST-ACE,  n.  An  ancient  service  paid  by  forest- 
ers to  tile  king;  also,  tlic  riglit  of  foresters. 

Unirlaiid. 

F6RE-STALL',  v.  t.  [See  Stall.]  To  anticipate; 
to  lake  bclorehand. 

Why  ne^d  a  m!a\  fortslall  liU  «l:ite  of  grii-r, 

And  run  to  meet  \vh;il  li-:  wauki  must  uvoiU  ?  ^JUCon. 

2.  To  hinder  by  preoccupation  or  prevention. 

1  «-iII  not  forestaU  your  juilgmciit  ortlic  rest.  Pcpe. 

3.  In  hiic,  to  buy  or  bargain  for  com,  or  previsions 
of  any  kind,  before  tiicy  arrive  at  the  market  or  fair, 
with  intent  to  sell  them  at  higher  prices.  This  is  a 
penal  offense.  Encjjc. 

4.  To  deprive  by  something  prior.     [J\'ot  iii  use.] 

SftaJ;. 

F6RE-STALL'£D,  pp.  Anticipated  ;  hindered ;  pur- 
chased before  arrival  in  market. 

FoRE^^TALL'ER,  «.  One  who  forcjl^dls  ;  a  person 
who  purchases  provisions  before  they  come  to  the 
fair  or  market,  with  a  view  to  raise  the  price.    Locke. 

FORE-STALL'IXG,  p]rr.  Anticipating;  hindering; 
buying  provisions  bijfore  tliey  arrive  in  market,  with 
intent  to  sell  them  at  higher  pnces. 

FoKE-STALL'ING,  ti.  Anticipation  ;  prevention  ;  the 
act  of  buying  provisions  before  Ihi-y  arc  offered  in 
market,  with  intent  to  sell  them  at  higher  prices. 

FoRE'STAY,  71.  In  a  skip''s  ri^^ing,  a  lari:e,  strong 
rope,  reacliing  from  the  forciu;ist  head  toward  the 
bowsprit  end,  to  support  the  mast.  Mar.  Diet. 

FoRE'-STICK,  n.    'Ihc  front  stick  of  a  wood  fire. 

FOR'EriT-DORN,  a.    Uorn  in  a  forest  or  wilderness. 

Sfmk. 

FOR'EST-ED,  pp.    Covered  with  trees  ;  wooded. 

Toolic. 
2.  a.    Overspread  willi  a  forest.       S.  E.  Dwi<rht. 

FOR'EST-ER,  n.  In  EugUxnd,  an  ofticcr  appointed  to 
watch  a  forest,  preserve;  tiic  game,  and  institute  suits 
for  trespasses.  Enojc. 

2.  An  inhabitant  of  a  forest.  Sfiak. 

3.  A  furest-trec.  Ecchm. 
FOR'Er^T-IXG,  ppr.    Covering  with  trees. 
FoRE'r^WART,  >  a.     [Sec  Sweat.]     Exhausted  by 
FoRE'SWAT,     S      licat.     [04^.1  Sidncn. 
FoRE'-TACKLE,  v.    The  tackle  on  the  foremast". 
FoRE'TASTE,  m     A  taste  beforeh;ind  ;  anticipation. 

Tlie  pleasures  of  piety  arc  a  foretaste  of  heaven. 

FoRE-TaSTE',  c.  u    To  taste  before  possession;  to 
have  previous  enjoyment  or  experience  of  some- 
thing ;  to  anticipate. 
2.  To  taste  before  another. 

FoRF^TAST'ED,  pp.  Tasted  beforehand,  or  before 
another.  Milton. 

FoRE-TaST'ER,  n.  One  tJiat  tastes  beforehand,  or 
before  ani'iher. 

FoRE-TaSTI.\G,  ppr.     Tasting  before. 

FoRE-TAUGHT',  (-tawt',)  pp.    Taught  beforehand. 

FoRE-I^KACll',  r.  (.     To  teach  beforehand.  Spenser. 

FoRE-TELL',  v.  t. ;  prct.  and  pp.  Foretold.    To  pre- 
dict; to  tell  before  an  event  happens  ;  to  prophesy. 
jriltoH.     Pope, 

2.  To  foretoken  ;  to  foreshow.  fVarton, 
F6RE-TELL',  v.  i.    To  utter  prediction  orpropiiecy. 

All  the  propheta  from  S.iniiicl,  nml  iliose  that  folloiv  aner,  as 
many  as  have  sf  okcn,  linvu  likewise  foretold  of  tliese  days. 
—  Acta  iii. 

FoRE-TELL'ER,  n.  One  who  predicts  or  prophesies; 
a  foreshower.  Boitle. 

FoRE-TET.L'r.\G,p;7r.     Predicting. 

FoRE-TEU.'I.VG,  m.     Prediction, 

FoEE-THIXK',  r.  (.  To  think  beforehand  ;  to  antici- 
pate in  the  mind. 

The  soul  of  every  mnn 
Perpetually  do^/oreaitrJc  lliy  fail.  SJifd:. 

3.  To  contrive  beforehand.  Bp.  HaU. 
FoRE-TfllXK',  V.  I.    To  contrive  beforehand.   SniitJu 


FOR 


Foil 


FgRE-TfIOCGHT',((ore-thawt^)»^c^ofFoBl:THI^K. 

FoRE'THOUGHT,  (Hire'thawt,)  n.  A  thinking;  be- 
forehand ;  anticipation  ;  prescience  ;  premeditation. 
9.  Provident  caro.  Blaclcstone. 

PogE'-THOUGHT'Fl^L,  a.    Having  forethought. 

FoRE-To'K£N,  c.  t.  To  foreshow  ;  to  presignifv  ;  to 
prognosticate. 

Wtllrt  stnnje  pro<lisioii3  <>g-M  forrlokt^n  MckvI.  Daniel. 

KJf^'''^'^^^'  "•    Trognostic  ;  previous  sign. 
>ORE-To'K/;N-£n,;,p.     Foreshown.  [Sulncy. 

F6    E-To'K/.7^-ING,p//r.     Presignifying. 
tORt-ToLD',  pp.     Predicted  ;  told  before. 


FORE'-TOOTII,  v.;   pi.  Fohe-Teeth.      One  of  the 

teeth  in  the  fore  part  of  the  luowth ;  an  incisor. 
FoRE'TOP,  n.     The  hair  on  the  fore  part  of  th;;  head. 

2.  That  p;trt  of  a  woman's  head-dress  Uial  is  for- 
ward, or  tlie  lop  of  a  periwig. 

3.  In  .^kips,  llie  platform  erected  at  the  head  of  llie 
foremast,  [/h  this  seuse^  the  accatt  on  t/te  ticu  syllables 
is  nearhi  equal.] 

FoIiE-TOP'.MAST,  n.  The  mast  erected  at  the  head 
of  the  foremast,  ami  at  the  head  of  wliieli  stands  the 
foretop-callant-nKist. 

FOR-EV'KU,  adv.     At  all  times. 

2.  'I'o  eternity  ;  through  endless  ages. 
FoRE-VOL'CU'/CD,  (-voncht',}  pp.    Affirmed  before  ; 

formerly  told.  ShaJc. 

FoRE'\VARD,  n.     Tlie  van  ;  liic  front.     1  Macenhres. 

FoRE-WARX',  (torc-waurn',)  v.  /.  To  admonish  be- 
forehand. 

I  \\\Wforcixi,rnyou  whom  yc  sli:ill  re;ir.  —  Luke  xli. 

9.  To  inform  previously ;  to  give  previous  notice. 

Milton. 

3.  To  caution  beforeliand.  Dn/drn. 
FoRE-WAUX'£D,  pp.      Admonished,  cautioned,  or 

informed  beforehand. 

FoRE-VVARN'lXG,7)/>r.  Previously  admonishing  or 
infonniiiL'. 

FoHE-WARX'IXG,  n.  Previous  admonition,  caution, 
or  notice. 

FoUF^WEXD',  i\  (.     To  go  before.   [Obs.]    Spenser. 

FdRE'WlXD,  H.     A  favorahlo  v.'ind.  Shak. 

FoRE-WISir,  V.  L    To  wish  beforehand.     KnoUcs. 

FoRE'WO.M-AN,  n.  A  woman  who  is  chief;  the 
head  woman.  Tatler. 

FoRE-AVoRX',  pp.  [See  WEAn.]  Worn  out ;  wast- 
ed or  obliterated  by  time  or  use.  Sidnnj. 

FOR'FEIT,  (for'fit,)  o.  t.  [Fr.  forfalrc,  forfait;  Low 
h.furi^^faccre,  from  L.  furis,  out  or  abroad,  and  f'lciot 
to  make ;  Norm,  for/ace.  forfeit,  and  forjisty  for- 
feited.] 

To  lose  or  render  confiscable,  by  some  fault,  of- 
fense, or  crime  ;  to  lose  tiie  right  to  some  species  of 
property,  or  that  which  belongs  to  one;  to  alienate 
ttic  right  to  possess  by  some  neirlect  or  crime  ;  as,  to 
foi-feit  an  estate  by  a  breach  of  the  condition  of  ten- 
ure, or  by  trja^on.  Hy  tlic  ancient  laws  uf  England, 
a  man  forfeited  his  estate  by  neglecting  or  refusing 
to  fultill  the  conditions  on  which  it  was  gianled  to 
him,  or  by  a  breach  of  fealty.  A  man  now  forfeits 
iiis  esuite  by  committing  treason.  A  man  forfeits  his 
honor  or  reputation  by  a  breacli  of  promise,  and  by 
any  criminal  or  disgraceful  act.  Statutes  declare 
that  by  certain  acts  a  man  shall  forfeit  a  certain  sum 
of  money.  Under  the  feudal  system,  the  right  to  the 
l3nd/or/t((crf  vested  in  the  lord  or  superior.  In  mod- 
ern times,  the  right  to  things  forfeited  is  generally 
regulated  b)'  statutes  ;  it  is  vested  in  the  state,  in  cor- 
porations, or  in  prosecutors  or  informers,  or  partly  in 
the  state  or  a  corporation  .irid  partly  in  an  individ- 
ual. The  duelist,  to  secure  the  reputation  of  bravery, 
foifcits  the  esteem  of  good  men  and  tiie  favor  of 
Heaven. 

FOR'FEIT,  (for'fit,)  h.  [Fr.  forfuit;  W.  forfvd  ^  Low 
L.  farisfuctiira.  Originally,  and  still  in  X'rench,  a 
trespass,  transgression,  or  crime.  But  with  us,  the 
effect  of  some  transgression  or  offense.] 

L  That  which  is  forfeited  or  lost,  or  Uie  riyht  to 
which  is  alienated  by  a  crime,  offense,  neglect  of 
duty,  or  breath  of  contract ;  hence,  a  fine  ;  a  mulct ; 
a  penalty,  lie  tliat  murders  pays  the  forfeit  of  his 
life.  When  a  statute  creates  a  penalty  for  a  trans- 
gression; either  in  money  or  in  corporal  punishment, 
the  offender,  who,  on  conviction,  pays  tlie  money  or 
suffers  the  punishment,  pays  the  forfeit. 

2.  Something  deposited  and  redeemable  by  a  joc- 
ular fine  ;  whence  tlie  game  o£  forfeits. 

QoldsmilU.     Smart, 

3.  One  whose  life  is  forfeited.     [.Xot  used.]      Shak. 
FOR'FEIT,  part.  a.     [Used  for  Fobfeited.]     Lost  or 

alienated  for  an  offense  or  crime ;    liable  to  penal 
seizure. 

And  his  jor.g  toils  were  forfeit  for  a  look.  Dryien. 

FOR'FEIT-A-BLE,  (for'fil-a-bl,)  it.  Liable  to  be  for- 
feited ;  subject  to  forfeiture. 

For  liie  future,  uses  shall  l>o  sul.jca  to  iJie  statutes  of  inurtniain, 
and  forf enable  lilie  Uic  lantli  ilicnueWcs.  Blackstone. 

FORTEIT-ED,  pp.  or  a.  Lost  or  alienated  by  an  of- 
fense, crime,  or  breach  of  condition. 

FOR'FEIT-ER,  ii.  One  who  incurs  punishment  by 
forfeiting  his  bond.  Shak. 

FOR'FEiT-IXG,  ppr.  .Alienating  or  losing,  as  a  right, 
by  an  otiVnse,  crime,  or  breach  cf  condition. 

FOR'FEIT-URE,  (fnr'fit-yure,)  n.  The  act  of  forfeit- 
ing ;  the  losing  of  some  right,  privilege,  estate,  hon- 
or, office,  or  effects,  by  an  offense,  crime,  breach  of 
condition,  or  other  act.  In  regard  to  property,  for- 
feiture is  a  loss  of  the  right  to  possess,  but  not  gener- 
ally the  actual  possession,  which  is  to  be  transferred 
by  some  subsctpient  process.  In  the  feudal  system, 
a  f«.rfi;iture  of  lands  gave  him  in  reversion  or  remain- 
der a  right  to  enter. 

2.  That  which  is  forfeited  ;  an  estate  forfeited ;  a 
fine  or  mulct.  Tlie  prince  enriched  his  treasury  by 
fines  and  forfeitures. 


Pope. 


FOR'FEX,  n.    [L.]     A  pair  of  scissors. 

FOR  GAVE',  prct.  of  Fonc;iTE,  which  .see. 

I'oUGE,  n.     [Vr.fnr<^c:  Pp.  PmUforJa;  probably  from 

L.  f err  Hilly  iron  ;  lt.fcrricru,  a  forge  ;  VoTX.  fcrragnn^ 

iron-work.] 

1.  A  furnace  in  wliich  iron  or  other  metal  is  heated 
and  hammered  into  form.  A  lamer  forge  is  called 
with  us  iron-worlis.  Smaller  forges,  consisting  of  a 
bellows  so  placed  as  to  cast  a  stream  of  air  upon  ig- 
nited coals,  are  of  various  forms  and  uses.  Armies 
have  traveling/pr^ca'  for  repairine  gun-carriages,  &;c. 

2.  Any  place  where  any  thing  is  made  or  shaped. 

Iloohcr. 

3.  The  act  of  beating  or  working  iron  or  steel ;  the 
manufacture  of  metalline  bodies. 


In  tlie  greater  t«x!ic3  the  forge  w-\s  l 


Bacon. 


FoRgE,  v.  t.    To  form  by  heating  and  hammcringj  to 
beat  into  any  particular  shape,  as  a  metal. 
9.  To  make  by  any  means. 


Namca  tti:it   the  schools /or^crf, 
Bchol^ira. 


mil   1  ul   into   llic   maiillis  of 
Locke. 


3.  To  make  falsely;  to  falsify ;  to  counterfeit;  to 
make  in  tJic  likeness  of  something  else  ;  as,  to  forge 
coin  ;  to  forge  a  bill  of  exchange,  or  a  receipt. 
FoRG'iJD,  C^orjfli)  jfp.  or  a.     Hammered;  beaten  into 

sh.tpe;  made;  cotuiterfelted. 
FOKO'ER,  n.    One  that  makes  or  firms. 
3.  One  who  counterfeits;  a  falsitier. 
F0R6'ER-y,  71     The  act  of  forging  or  working  metal 
into  sliapc.     [Tn  tJUs  scusCy  rarely  or  ncrn-  now  used.] 
9.  The  act  of  falsifying  ;  tiie  crime  of  counterfeit- 
ing ;  as,  the  forgery  of  coin,  or  of  hank   notes,  or  of 
a  bond.     Forgery  may  consist  in  counterteiting  a 
writing,  or  in  setting  a  false  name  to  it,  to  the  preju- 
dice of  another  person. 

3.  That  which  is  forged  or  cnunlerfeited.  Certain 
letters,  purporting  to  be  written  by  Gi  noral  AVashing- 
ton,  during  the  revolution,  were  fofcric^. 
FOR-GET',  v.t.;  prct.  FcmcoT,  [Fo^b-iat,  o&j. ;]  pp. 
Forgot,  Forgotten.  [Sax.  forgctau ,  forgitan,  for- 
gytan  ;  G.  vcrgcsscn ;  D.  vcrgccteii ;  S\v.  fb'rgaia  ;  Dan. 
for^irttcr  ;  for  and  get.] 

f.  To  lose  the  remembrance  of;  to  let  go  from  the 
memory. 

Blcas  die  LorI,  0  my  soul,  and  forget  not  all  liis  bcnefiu. — 
Pi.  ciii. 

9.  To  slight;  to  neglect. 

Cnn  a  woman  forget  her  suiting  cliiM  ?    Yea,  iticy  may  furgety 
y:i  wiil  I  nvlforgd  tlicc. —  Is.  xWx. 

FOR-GET'FfJL,  a.  Apt  to  forget ;  easily  l.ising  the 
remembrance  of.  A  forgetful  man  slioiild  use  helps 
to  strengthen  liis  memory. 

2.  Heedless;  careless;  neglectful;  inattentive. 

Be  not  forgetful  to  eiitert^iiii  suning't-s.  —  Ileb.  xiii. 

3.  Causing  to  forget ;  inducing  oblivion  ;  oblivious ; 
as,  forgetful  drauuhts.  Drjidcn. 

FOR-GET'FUL-LV,  mlc.     In  a  forgcif.:!  manner. 
FOR-GET'FUL-NESS,  ,i.     The  quality  of  losing  the 

remembrance  or  recollection  of  a  thing;  or  ratlier, 

the  quality  of  being  apt  to  let  any  thing  slip  from  the 

mind. 
2.  Loss  of  remembrance  or  recollection  ;  a  ceasing 

to  remember ;  oblivion. 


A  ^KQ^tforgelftditCEt  of  human  care. 


Pope. 


3.  X'eglect;    negligence;  careless  omission;  inat- 
tention ;  as,  for <retf Illness  of  dutv.  Hooker. 

FORG'E-TIVE,  a.  [Uom  forge.]  That  may  forge  or 
produce  ;  inventive.     [.Vor  iised.]  ShaJi. 

FOR-GET'-ME-XOT',  ».  A  small  herb,  of  the  genus 
Myosotis,  bearing  a  beautiful  blue  fiower,  and  exten- 
sively considered  the  emblem  of  fidelity 

Encyc.  Am 

FOR-GET'TER,  v.  One  that  forgets  ;  a  heedless  per- 
son. 

FOR-GET'TIXG,  ppr.    Losina  the  remembrance  of. 

FOR-GET'T  I  NO,  n.  The  act  of  forgetting  ;  forgetful- 
ness;  inattention. 

FOR-GET'TIXG-LY,  ado  By  forgetting  or  forgclfiil- 
ness.  B.  Jovson. 

FoRg'IXG, /)/>r.  Hammering;  healing  into  shape; 
coiinlerfeituig. 

FoRG'IXG,  71.  The  act  of  beating  into  shape ;  the 
act  of  counterfeiting. 

FOR-GIV'A-BLE,  a.  [See  FoncivE.]  That  may  be 
pardoned.  Shcraood. 

FOR-GIVE',  (for-giv'j)  r.  t. ;  pret.  Forgave  ;  pp  For- 
civE.v.  [for  and  give;  Sax.  forgifan  ;  Goth,  fragi- 
ban;  G.vcrgebcn;  }).  ccrgrevcn ;  Dun.  forgirrr ;  Sw. 
tdgifva.  The  sense  is,  to  give  from,  that  is,  away,  as 
wo  see  by  the  Gothic  yrn,  from.  The  English  jyr, 
and  G.  and  D.  ver,  arc  the  same  word,  or  from  the 
same  root ;  ver  is  the  Eng.  far.  The  Swedish  td  sig- 
nifies to,  and  in  this  compound  it  signifies  toward  or 
back  ;  so  in  L.  remitto.     Sec  Givi;.] 

L  To  pardon;  to  remit,  as  an  offense  or  debt;  to 
overlook  an  ofl'eusc,  and  treat  the  offender  as  not 
guilty.  1'he  original  and  pro|»er  phrase  is  to  forgive 
Die  offense^  to  scn"d  it  away,  to  reject  it,  that  is,  not  to 
impute  ity  [put  it  to,]  the  offender.     But,  by  an  easy 


TONE,  BJJLL,  ^XITE.-AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS._e  as  K ;  6  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


60 


473 


rOR 

.  ixae  tlie  riliniso,  to  farjnve  the  vrr-  ]  FOR-LORX'LY,  ado. 
FOR-LORN'NESS,  n. 


It,  LonTa  Praytr, 

.  \.Mx  tmfuK*,  joat  benvculy  KailKf  will 

I.  —  Slati.  rt. 

TTM  R  (*•«■,  to  thcr  nnrtr  fortlpf  an  In- 

1  tJi.nl  ;>arJ(mf  like  forgive,  may  bo 
r  [KTSon,  ami  by  llie  utH-'iise  ; 
il  by  tliu  olfeime  only.     Wo 
.::iti,  but  we  dv  nut  remit  Iiim. 
a  ilcbt,  dno,  or  penalty. 
Pardoned  ;  roinitled. 
,  (fyr-Riv'noss,)  n.    TJie  act  of  for- 
•II  of  an  olfendcT,  by  which  lie  is 
r-.iKNl  un  not  cnilty.    TUo  forffice- 
'  a  Christian  duty. 
'  r  n-ini-wion  of  an  offense  or  crime; 
a  ,  of  win  or  of  injuries. 

Ik  lunlon  ;  willingness  to  forgive. 

Ami  mu.1  /^gittnets  lnierc«do 

Ta  itup  ill?  eofiilng  Llow.  Dryden. 

A.  Rrml£<]on  of  a  dt.'bt,  fine,  or  pcnaJty. 
K<  'II  GIV'ER,  n.    One  wlio  pardons  or  remits. 
F' tit  <;l  V'IN'CI,  ppr.     Pardonini;;  remitting. 

•'    ■     l»j,[»odcd  to  fnrgivo;  inclined  to  overlook  of- 
lid;   merciful;  compasiiionatc ;  as,  afar- 


pp.  or  a.  from  Foroet. 

To  draw  or  dlslress.    [JVbi  iLsed.] 
Spenser. 
CAL,  0.     [L.  forinsecus.'] 
iilien.     [tittle  used.] 

.    A  MIL'I.VIE,  r.  i.    [L.  forts,  without,  and 

fiumdui,  famdy.] 

To  rt-noiincti  a  legal  title  to  a  further  share  of  pa- 

r,  mil  Miiicritance.    JJln-aUtf^  to  put  one's  self  out  of 

Kl.  of  Criticism. 

\  MIL-I-S'TIONT,  H.    WliLii  a  child  has  re 

.    .  ..  i^-irlion  of  his  fatlier's  estate,  and  renounces 

tUl  utie  to  a  further  share,  his  act  is  called  fori-^famil- 

idtiiiM,  and  he  is  said  to  be  fori^fttmiliatai.      Enajc. 

FUIIK,  B.     [Sax. /ore;  D.  cor/; ;  W.forc;  Fr.  fourclic ; 

Ann.  fork;  Sp.  horca;  Port,  and  It.  fbrca  ;  I,,  fur- 

CO.] 

1.    \n  instrument  consisting  of  a  handle,  and  a 
■ii'lal,  divided  inio  two  or  nior-.-  points  or 
d  for  lifting  or  pitching  anything;  as,  a 
:-jt  feeding;   a  pitchfork:  a  dungfurk,  &.c. 
K<ak.-*  arc  al?o  made  of  ivor>',  wood,  or  otlicr  ma- 
terial. 

Q.  A  point;   as.  a  thunderbolt  witli  three  forks. 
Sliakspenre  u<es  it  for  the  point  of  an  arrow. 

3.  fhrks;  in  the  plural,  the  iwint  where  a  road 
rorts   into  two  ;   ami   the  jwint   wlicre  a  river  di- 
vides, or  miher,  where  two  rivers  meet  and  unite 
In  one  Btroam.    Each  branch  is  culled  ii  fork. 
FORK»  r.  i.    To  shoot  into  blades,  ns  corn.  .Mortimer. 

Q.  To  divide  into  two;  as,  a  road  forlis. 
FORK,  r.  f.    To  raise  or  pitch  with  a  fork,  as  hay. 
a  To  dig  and  break  ground  with  a  fork. 
3.  To  make  sharp  ;  to  point. 
F0KK;£D,  (forkt,)  pp.    Raised,  pitched,  or  dug,  with 
a  fork. 

2.  a.    Openinc!  into  two  or  more  parts,  points,  or 
■hooUi ;  as,  a/prAv(i  tongnc;  tho  forked  hghtnin". 

3.  Having  two  or  more  meanings.    [JVot  in  luie^] 

FORK'ED-LY,  adr.    In  a  forked  form.     ■^' '''"*-'"'"• 
I  nnKT.n-NESS,  n.    The  quality  of  opening  into  two 

'.rli, 

M»,  n.    The  point  of  an  arrow.    Spetucr. 
'■-,a.    Having  no  fork. 
/  ^-J  f^^'  "*   ^  ^'^"'0"  '"  '"^  fourth  ycar*s  growth. 

'  mll'JliJ!:  .r^?*''*'  furcated;  opening  into  two  or 
inorr  parts,  .hoots,  or  points ;  as,  a  forky  tongue. 

''a?h^^fy;/''•  '  J°^'"^^'^»^<'^J  toambufhT;^., 

^wav  .n'r  li"-  ^^,"'  ■^^T'^^"'  (rom  fJlcoran,  to  send 

rtr  t?w.  firiara,  to  tow.     Class  Lr.l 
}.  nr-^;tr-.|;  destitute;  stripped  or  deprived  ;  for- 
^t ;  helpless  ;  wretched  ;  solitary, 
hoj*;  Ml  o^a:  forlorn.  ItiMtTiL 

, . „^s',:;'',r4-^"''°™-      *^-- 

a  Taken  away.    [OJj.] 

Wb-i,  u  ni^i  laih  ^  rf  UjM/ortom.  Spma: 

f  UK  LORN  ,  ».    A  loji,  fomken,  soliiar)-  person. 
»iM.a  ?„  r''f  "^  ''■^'"'"'  »  •'•^^"clim.nt  of  m/„  4: 


FOR 

In  !i  forlorn  manner.   PaUok. 
Destitution;  misery;  a  forsak- 
en or  \w*tchcd  condition.  Boyle. 

FOR-L?E'.    See  Foblie, 

FORM,  M.  [L.  forma  i  Fr.fonne;  S[).  fnr:)ia,  horma; 
IL  fnrma ;  It.  foirm ;  D.  vorm ;  G.  form ;  Sw.  and 
Dan.  form.  Tho  root  of  this  word  is  not  certainly 
known.  Tlic  primary  sense  is  probably  to  set,  to  fix, 
to  fit.  The  1).  vormcii  is  rendered,  to  form,  to 
shape,  to  mold,  to  coit/ir/n;  and  forjn  may  be  allied 
to  frm.] 

1.  The  shape  or  external  appearance  of  a  body; 
the  figure,  as  defined  by  lines  and  angles  ;  that  man- 
ner of  being  peculiar  to  each  body,  whicli  exiiibits  it 
to  the  eye  as  distinct  from  every  other  body.  Thus 
we  spL*ak  of  the  form  of  a  circle,' the /r'nn  of  a  square 
or  triangle,  a  circular /«rm,  the  form  of  the  head,  or 
of  the  human  body,  a  handsome  forntj  an  ngly /or;n, 
a  frightful  form. 

Matter  is  the  basis  or  substratum  of  bodies  ;  form 
is  the  particular  disposition  of  matter  in  each  body, 
whicli  distinguishes  its  appearance  from  that  of  every 
other  body. 

Tlic/orm  or  lus  vUi^  wa3chnnge(l.  —  Dan.  iii. 
Aflcr  lUM  he  appeared  in  another  form  to  Iwa  of  Uiem,  as  they 
waJktii.  —  Aliirk  xvi.       . 

2.  Manner  of  arranging  particulars  ;  disposition  of 
particular  things  ;  as,  wform.  of  words  or  expressions. 

3.  Model ;  draught ;  pattern. 

HoM  f^t  the  form  of  soimJ  words,  wluch  thou  hast  heard  of 
nic.  —  2Tiiii.  I. 

4.  Beauty ;  elegance ;  splendor ;  dignity. 

He  hatli  no  form  nor  comelinesa.  —  Is.  liii. 

5.  Regularity  ;  method  ;  nrder  This  is  a  rough 
draught  to  be  re<luced  Ut  form. 

G.  External  appearance  without  the  essential  qual- 
ities ;  empty  sliow. 

Ilavrn*  llip/onn  of  goillinefs,  bnl  dcuj-ing  tlie  power  tliereof.  — 
2  Tim.  iii. 

7.  Staled  method;  established  practice;  ritual  or 
prescribed  mode  ;  as,  the  forms  of  public  worship  ; 
the  furiii:i  of  judicial  proceeding  ;  foi-ms  of  civility. 

8.  Ceremony  ;  ns,  it  is  a  mere  matter  oC  form. 
0.  Determinate  shape. 

Tiic  earth  \v:i3  widiout/onn,  and  void.  — Gen.  i. 

10.  Likeness;  image. 

Who,  heing  in  Ihsform  of  God.  —  Phil.  ii. 

Ho  louk  oil  hini  llic/on/i  of  a  6crv.iut.  —  Phil.  il. 

11.  Manner;  system;  as,  n  form  of  government ; 
a  monarchical  or  republican  form, 

13.  Manner  of  arrangement;  disposition  of  compo- 
nent parts  ;  as,  the  interior  form  or  structure  of  the 
flesh  or  bones,  or  of  other  bodies. 

13.  A  long  seat ;  a  bench  without  a  back.  TVatts. 

[In  this  and  the  two  following  senses,  the  English 
pronunciation  is  funii.] 

U.  In  schools,  a  class ;  a  rank  of  students. 

-1  -    _,  Dry  den. 

1.1.  The  seal  or  bed  of  a  hare.  Prior. 

IG.  A  mold  ;  something  to  give  shape,  or  on  which 
things  are  fashioned.  Eiicyc. 

17.  In  prijttAUif,  an  assemblage  of  types,  composed 
and  arranccd  in  order,  disposed  into  pages  or  col- 
umns, and  inclosed  and  locked  in  a  chase,  to  re- 
ceive an  impression.  Tiie  outer  form  always  con- 
tains the  first  and  last  pages,  the  imier  form  contains 
the  second  page. 

18.  Essential  form,  is  that  mode  of  existence  which 
constitutes  a  thing  what  it  is,  and  without  which  it 
could  not  exist.  Thus  water  and  light  have  each  its 
particular  form  of  existence,  and  the  parts  of  water 
being  decomposed,  it  ceases  to  be  water.  .Accidental 
form  is  not  necessary  to  the  existence  of  a  body. 
-Vnx*  '^  '^'^'"'^  ^^'"'  ^"^^'^^ever  may  be  its  color. 
-»i>\»    „   ^      [Li.  formo.] 

'o  make  or  cause  to  exist  in  a  particular  man- 


FORM,  . 

1.  T, 
ncr. 


And  ihc  T/Onl  God  formed  mau  of  the  dust  of  itie  orouud  — 
Uon.  il.  ° 

2.  To  shape ;  to  mold  or  fashion  into  a  particular 
shape  or  state ;  as.  Inform  an  image  of  stone  or  clay. 
J.    lo  plan  ;  to  scheme;  to  modify.  Dryden. 

4.  To  arrange;  to  combine  in  a  particular  manner  ; 
as,  ioform  a  line  or  square  of  troops. 

5.  To  adjust;  to  settle. 


Our  diflerenccB  wjili  die  Romanists 

ti'tcst. 

G.  To  contrive 
scheme. 

7.  To  make  up  ;  to  frame  ;  to  settle  bv  deductions 
oi  reason ;  as,  to  form  an  opinion  or  judgment  ;  to 
form  an  estimate. 

8.  To  mold  ;  to  model  by  instruction  and  discipline  : 
f,   ^r'""^  ^'"^  """'^ '"  virtuous  habits  by  education. 

VrVivl^K  7"^ ""^  ^  *'*  ""'^^  individuals  into  a  col- 
!ect.\e  body ;  as,  to^rm  a  society  for  missions. 
fJl.n     r^"""'  ^"  '-^t^f-l'sli.    The  subscribers  are 

{ecu  ati^.  'f'y/.i'"- "  "'•"^I«''-''i'"n*    They  have/«m../ 
regulations  for  their  govi;inment. 
11.  io  compile;  as  inform  : 
customs;  to/or/«  a  di-c^t. 


3  are  thus  formed  into  an  in- 
Decay  of  P  sty. 

;  to  invent;  as,  to  form  a  design  or 


body  of  laws  or 


FATE,  FAH;  FALL,  WflAT. _  METE,  PREY. _  fixe. 


FOR 

12.  To  constitute  ;  to  make.  Duplicity^  forms  no 
part  of  his  character.  These  facts /ur;H  a' safe  foun- 
dation for  our  conclusions.  The  senate  and  house 
of  rcpresentatives/orw  the  legislative  body. 

13.  In  ^-ammarj  to  make  by  derivation,  or  by 
affixes  or  prefixes.  L.  do,  in  the  preterit,  forma 
dedl. 

14.  To  enact ;  to  make  ;  to  ordain  ;  as,  to  form  a 
law  or  an  edict. 

FORM,  7).  t.    To  take  a  form. 

FORM'AL,  a.     According  to  form  ;  agreeable  to  es- 
tablished mode ;  regular;  methodical. 

2.  t^trictly  ceremonious  ;  precise;  exact  to  afll-cla. 
tion ;  as,  a  man  formal  in  liis  dress,  his  gait,  or  de- 
portment. 

3.  Done  in  due  form,  or  v/ilh  solemnity  ;  express ; 
according  to  regular  method  ;  not  incidental,  sud- 
den, or  irregular  He  gave  his  formal  consent  to  tlio 
treaty. 

4.  Regular  ;  methodical ;  as,  the  formal  stars. 

Waller. 

5.  Having  the  form  or  appearance  without  the  sub- 
stance or  essence  ;  external ;  ^s,  formal  duty  ;  formal 
worship. 

G.  Depending  on  customary  forms. 

Slil!  in  constraint  your  suffering  sex  remains, 

Or  bound  in  formal  or  in  real  clmiris.  Pope. 

7.  Having  the  power  of  making  a  thing  what  it  is; 
constituent  ;  essential. 

Of  leUera  the  matenai  part  is  breath  and  voice  ;  the  formal  \t 
conslititled  liy  the  inouons  and  figure  of  llie  Ofnna  uf  8|vech. 

Holder. 

8.  Retaining  its  proper  and  essential  characteristic; 
regular ;  proper. 

To  miOce  of  him  s\.  formal  man  njain.  Shnk, 

FORM'AL-ISM,  n.    A  resting  in  mere  external  forma 

of  religion. 
FORM'AL-IST,  n.     One  who  observes  forms,  or  prac- 
tices external  ceremonies.     More  generally, 

3.  One  wlio  rests  in  external  religious  forms,  or 
observes  tho  forms  of  worship,  without  possessing 
the  life  and  spirit  of  religion.  A  grave  face  and  tlie 
regular  practice  of  ceremonies  have  often  gained  to 
■,iformalL-t  the  reputation  of  piety. 
FOR-M.-VL'I-TV,  n.  Tlie  practice  or  observance  of 
forms. 

Fhrmalilies  of  extraordinary  zeal  and    piety  are  nevcf  more 
studied  and  cUborate  Uian  in  desperate  desijiia. 

A'.  ChurleB. 

2.  Ceremony ;  mere  conformity  to  customary  modes. 

Nor  was  his  attendance  on  divine  olliccs  a  matter  of  formality 
and  custom,  but  of  conscience.  AUerbury. 

3.  Established  order;  rule  of  proceeding;  mode; 
method;  as,  the /or/nn/i7ic5  of  judicial  process ; /vr- 
malities  of  law. 

4.  Order  ;  decorum  to  be  observed  ;  customary 
mode  of  behavior.  VEstran^c. 

5.  Customary  mode  of  dress;  habit;  robe.  Swlfi, 

6.  External  appearance.  Qlaiwilte. 

7.  Essence;  the  quality  \vhich  constitutes  a  thing 
what  it  is. 

The  fonitaliUj  of  the  vow  lies  in  the  promise  made  to  God. 

Stillingjieet. 

8.  In  the  schools,  the  manner  in  which  a  thing  is 
conceived  ;  or  a  manner  in  an  oliject,  importing  a 
relation  to  the  understanding,  by  which  il  may  be 
di>-tinpiii-h ;(!  from  another  object.  Thus  aniinaliiy 
and  rntuoHititii  lire  formalities.  Encyc, 

FOK.U'AL-IZi:,  ['.  t.     To  model.     [JVot  used.] 

llookcT, 

FORM'AL-IZE,  v.  i.  To  allVct  formality.  [LitHe 
■used.}  Hales, 

FORM\AL-TZ-£D,  pp.    Modeled. 

FORM'AL-IZ-ING,  ppr.     Modeling. 

FOUM'AL-LV,  adv.  According  to  established  form, 
rule,  order,  rite,  or  ceremony.  A  treaty  was  con- 
cluded anil  formalhj  ratified  by  both  parties. 

2.  Ceremoniously;  stiffly;  precisely;  as,  to  be  stiff 
and  formally  re>:erved. 

3.  In  open  appearance  ;  in  a  visible  and  apparent 
state. 

You  and  your  followers  do  stand  formalbj  divided  againrt  the 
aulliorizcd  guides  of  tiic  church,  and  the  rest  of  the  people. 

Hooter. 

4.  Essentially ;  characteristically. 

That  which  fonnalhj  makes  this  [charily]  a  Cliris'I^m  jnic*,  is 
the  spring  Itom  which  il  Rows.  .9malrUIse. 

FOR'M.a  PJ3U'PEJi-IS,  [L.]  To  sue  in  forma  pau- 
peris, is  to  sue  as  a  poor  man,  which  relieves  from 
costs.  Bouvicr. 

FOK'MATE,  Tt.  [A  more  correct  term  than  Formiate; 
but  both  are  used.]  A  salt  composed  of  formic  acid 
''.oinbincd  with  any  base. 

FOR-M.\'TI0\,  71.    [Fr.,  from  I.,  formatic] 

1.  The  act  of  forming  or  making  ;  the  act  of  cre- 
ating or  causing  to  exist ;  or,  more*gcnerally,  the  op- 
eration of  bringing  things  together,  or  of  shaping 
and  giving  form  ;  as,  tho  formation  of  the  earth;  the 
formation  of  a  state  or  constitution. 

2.  Generation;  production;  as,  the  formation  of  I 
ideas. 

3.  The  manner  in  which  a  thing  is  formed.  Ex- 
amine thf!  peculiar /ormnfJoH  of  the  heart. 


•174 


ifay.— PINE,  MAR^tNE,  BIRD — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.— 


FOR 

4.  In  gram  mar,  the  act  or  manner  of  forming  one 
word  froiu  another,  as  controller  from  control. 

5.  In  geolog-y,  formation  may  signify  a  single  mass 
of  one  kinil  of  rock,  more  or  less  extensive,  or  a  col- 
lection of  mineral  substances,  formed  by  the  same 
asent,  under  the  same  or  similar  circumstances ;  or 
it  may  convey  the  idea,  that  certain  maj^ses  or  col- 
lections of  minerals  were  formed  not  only  by  tlie 
same  agent,  but  also  during  the  same  geological 
eiKJch.  In  this  latter  sense  the  term  is  almost  al- 
ways employed.  Clcavdand. 

Formation  is  that  collection  or  assemblage  of  beds 
or  layers,  strata,  or  portions  of  earth,  or  minerals, 
which  seem  to  have  been  formed  at  the  same  cjKich, 
and  to  have  the  same  general  characters  of  compo- 
sition and  lodgment,  Dir.t.  J^at.  Hist. 
lORM'A-TIVK,  rt.  Giving  form;  having  the  power 
of  giving  form  ;  plastic  ;  as,  the  formative  arts. 

The  meniiest  plant  can  not  be  raieetl  wilhmit  scctls,  by  :\ny  form- 
oHee  power  reskling  io  the  soil.  Beniley. 

2.  In  grammar,  sen'ing  to  form  ;  derivative  ;  not 
radical ;  as,  a  tenninalion  merely/or/na/tre. 

;■  tRM'A-TIV'B,  ft.  In  grammar,  that  which  serves 
itierely  to  give  form,  and  is  no  part  of  tJie  radical. 

."  tR-M'/-;!!,  yp.  Made;  shaped;  molded;  planned; 
-rnnced;  combined:  enacted;  constituted. 

:  UR'MK-DOX,  H.  [forma  doni.}  In  English  Jaw,  a 
v.rit  of  right  for  a  tenant  in  tail.  This  writ  has  now 
been  abolished.  P.  Cyc. 

;"ORM'CR,n.    He  that  forms  ;  a  maker  j  an  author. 

rOR'.MKR,  a.  comp.  [Sax.  form^  forma,  but  it  is  ren- 
dered primiis,  first.  The  Saxon  word  seems  to  be 
composed  offorc  and  ma,  more  ;  but  of  this  I  am  not 
confident.] 

1.  Before  in  time ;  preceding  another  or  something 
else  in  order  of  time  ;  opposed  to  latter. 

Bei  formtr  husband,  who  sent  her  away,  may  not  lAke  her 
a^in  to  be  his  wile,  after  that  she  is  deliled.  — Deut.  xjtiv. 
Thtjonr.€T  and  the  latter  rain.  — Jcr.  v. 

2.  Past,  and  frequently  ancient,  long  past. 

Forinqaire,  I  pray  thee,  of  iheybrmtr  a^.  —  Jobviii. 

3.  Near  the  beginning  ;  preceding;  as,  the  former 
part  of  a  discourse  or  argument. 

4.  Jlentioned  before  another. 

A  had  anlhor  deserves  better  xaage  than  a  bad  critic ;  a  man 
may  be  the  former  merely  Ihrourh  the  misfortune  of  want 
of  judgment ;  but  he  can  not  be  £e  latter  without  both  tlu.t 
and  aji  ill  temper.  Pope. 

FOR'.MER-LY,  adv.  In  time  past,  either  in  lime  im- 
mediately preceding,  or  at  any  indefinite  distance; 
of  old  ;  heretofore.  We  formerly  imported  slaves 
lYom  Africa.  Nations  formerly  made  slaves  of  pris- 
oners taken  in  war. 
FORM'FJJLj  a.  Ready  to  form;  creative;  imagina- 
tive. TViomsoTi. 
FOR'.MI-ATE,   n.    [from  I.,  formica,  an  ant.] 

A  salt  composed  of  the  formic  acid  anil  a  base. 
[See  Formate.] 
FOR'Mie,  a.    [L.formi£ay  an  ant.] 

Pertaining  to  ants ;  as,  ijie  formic  acid,  an  acid 
obtained  originally  from  red  ants,  but  now  formed 
bv  artificial  distillation. 
FOR-M  I-e A'TION,  n,     [L.  formicatio,  from  formica,  or 
formica,  an  ant.] 

A  sensation  of  the  body  resembling  that  made  by 
the  creeping  of  ant3  on  the  skin. 
FOR'Ml-DA-BLE,  a.     [L.  formidahilL^,   from  formzdo, 
fear.] 

Exciting  fear  or  apprehension;  impressing  dread; 
adapted  to  excite  fear  and  deter  from  a[>proach,  en- 
counter, or  undertaking.    It  expresses  less  than  ter- 
rible, terrific^  tremendous,  horrible,  nnd  frigluful. 
They  seemed  to  fear  the /ormidoWe  lijht.  Dry/len. 

I  swell  my  prviiice  into  a  rol-'iae,  and  make  it  formidable, 
when  you  see  so  many  r*5'^  behind.  Dryden. 

FOR'MF-D.A-BLE-NESS.  n     The  quality  of  being  for- 
midable, or  adapted  to  excite  dread. 
FOR'MI-DA-BLY,  adr.     In  a  manner  to  impress  fear. 
FOR'MILL,  V.  U     To  order.     {Craven  dialed.] 
FORM'LESS,  a.    [from  form.]    Shapeless ;  without 
a  determinate  form;  wanting  regularity  of  sliape. 

Shah. 
FORM'Ij-LA,  n.    [L.]     A  prescribed  form  ;  a  rule  or 
2.  In  nredieinc,  a  prescription.  [model. 

3*  In  church  affairs,  a  confession  of  faith.    Kncijc. 

4.  In  mathematics,  a  general  expression  for  resolv- 
ing certain  cases  or  problems.  Cyc. 

5.  In  chemi^tni,  a  term  applied  Io  the  symbols  rep- 
resenting tile  diiferent  substances.  Ure. 

FORM'U-LA-RY,  n.    [Fr.  frrmulairc,  from  L.  formula.] 

1.  A  book  containing  stated  and  prescribed  forms, 
03  of  oaths,  declarations,  prayers,  and  the  like;  a 
book  of  precedents.  Encyc. 

2.  Prescribed  form  ;  formula. 
POR.MMT.LA-RY,  a.    Stated  ;  prescribed  ;  ritual. 
FORM'IJLE,  n.    [Fr.]    A  set  or  prescribed  model  ; 

formtila.  Johnson. 

FORN'r-CATE,      )  a.     [I.,  fomicatm,  from>rmr,an 
FORN'I-Ca-TED,  i       arch.] 

Arched  ;  vaulted  like  an  oven  or  furnace.  F.ncyc. 
FORXT-CaTE,   v.   i.       [I..  farnUor,   from   fornix,   a 
brothel.] 
To  commit  lewdness,  as  an  unmarried  man  or 


FOR 

woman,  or  as  a  manied  man  with  an  unmarried 
woman. 

If  a  Brahmin /ornicate  witli  a  Nayr  wom:ui,  lie  shall  not  ih'.Tsby 
lose  liis  caste.  As.  Peaearchea, 

FORN-I-€a'TION,  n.    [X..  fomicatio.] 

1.  The  incontinence  or  lewdness  of  unmarried 
persons,  male  or  female;  also,  the  criminal  con- 
versation of  a  married  man  with  an  unmarried 
woman.  Latcs  of  Connecticut. 

9.  Adultery.    Jifatt.  v. 

3.  Incest.     1  Cor.  v. 

4.  Idolatry  ;  a  forsaking  of  the  true  God,  and  wor- 
shiping of  idols.    2  Chron.  xxi.     Rev.  xix. 

5.  An  arching  ;  the  fonning  of  a  vault. 
FORX'I-Ca-TOR,  71.     An  unmarried  person,  male  or 

female,  who  lias  criminal  conversation  with  the 
otlier  sex  ;  also,  a  married  man  who  has  sexual  com- 
merce with  an  unmarried  woman.   [See  Adultebt.] 

2.  .\  lewd  person. 

3.  An  idolater. 

FORN'I-€a-TRESS,  71.  An  unmarried  female  guilty 
of  lewdness.  Shak. 

F0R-PAS3',  V.  T.  To  go  by  ;  to  pass  unnoticed. 
[Ohs.]  Spenser. 

FOR-PiNE',  V.  i.    To  pine  or  waste  away.    [Ohs.] 

Spenser. 

FOR-RaY',  v.  t.    To  ravage.    [Obs.]     [Qu.  forage.] 

Spensei: 

FOR-RaY',  n.    The  act  of  ravaging.    [See  Forat.] 

FOR-SaKE',  v.  t. ;  pret  Forsook;  pp.  Forsake.v. 
[Sax.forsacan,forsa:can,;for,n  negative,  and  secan, 
to  seek.  (See  Seek.)  Sw.  fdrsaka,  Dan.  forsagrr, 
G.  versagen,  D.  verzaakcn,  to  deny,  to  tenounce. 
See  Seek  and  Sat.] 

1.  To  quit  or  leave  entirely;  to  desert;  to  aban- 
tlon  i  to  dcfJnrt  from.  Friends  and  flatterers  forsake 
us  in  adversity. 

Fbrsake  the  foolish,  and  live.  —  Prov.  ii. 

2.  To  abandon  ;  to  renounce  ;  to  reject. 

If  his  children  forsake  my  law,  and  walk  not  in  my  jud^nenta, 

—  Ps.  Ixxxis. 
Cease  from  anger,  and  forsake  wrath,  — ■  Ps.  xxxvii, 

3.  To  leave;  to  withdraw  from  ;  to  fail.  In  anger, 
the  color  forsakes  the  cheeks.  In  severe  trials,  let 
not  fortitude /or.*a7,:c  you. 

4.  In  Scripture,  God  forsalces  his  people,  when  he 
withdraws  iiis  aid,  or  the  light  of  his  countenance. 

Brown. 
FOR-SaK'ER,  71.     One  that  forsakes  or  deserts. 
FOR-S.\K'£N,  pp.  or  a.    Deserted  ;  left  ;  abandoned. 
FOR-S.\K'rNG,  ppr.     Leaving  or  deserting. 
FOR-S.aK'INO,  71.    The  act  of  deseiling;  dereliction. 
FOR-SaY',  v.  t.    To  forbid  ;  to  renounce.     [Ohs.] 


Spenser. 
Spenser. 
and    soth, 


FOR-SLACK',  ?j.  £.    To  delay.     [Ohs.] 
FOR-SOOTH',  adv,      [Sax.  forsothe ;  fo\ 
true.] 
In  truth  ;  in  fact ;  certainly ;  very  well. 

A  fit  man,  forsooth,  to  govern  a  realm  1  Ilayicard. 

[It  is  generally  used  in  an  ironical  or  contemptuous 

FORS'TER,  71.    A  forester.     [Ohs.]  Chaucer. 

FOR-SWEaR',  v.  L  ;  -pret.  Forswore  ;  pp.  Fok-jworn. 

[Sa.x.  forsiBiSrian  ^  Dun.forsvterer;  Sw.forscdra  ;  G. 

verschw'dren,  abschwdren;  D.  afzwecrcn.     See  Sweab 

and  Answer.] 

1.  To  reject  or  renounce  upon  oath.  Shak. 

2.  To  deny  upon  oath. 

Like  innocence,  and  as  serenely  bold 

As  truth,  how  loudly  heforsiitars  thy  gold  I  Dryden. 

To  forsioear  one's  sclf^  is  to  swear  falsely  ;  to  per- 
jure one's  self. 

Thou  filialt  XialfoTSWtar  Ihtjself.  —  MatU  v, 

FOR-SWEaR',  v.  i.  To  swear  falsely ;  to  commit  per- 
jury. Shak. 

FOR-SWEaR'ER,  n.  One  who  rejects  on  oath  ;  one 
who  is  perjured  ;  one  that  swears  a  false  oath. 

FOR-S\VEAR'IIVG,i./?r.  Denying  on  oath  ;  swearing 
falsely. 

FOR-S\V0NK',  a.     [Sax.  swincan,  to  labor.] 

Overlnhored.     [0&5.J^  Spenser. 

FOR-SWoRE',prc(.  of  Forswear. 

FOR-S  WORN',  pp.  of  Forswear.  Renounced  on  oath ; 
perjured. 

FOR-SVVoRN'NESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  forsworn. 

Manning. 

FoRT,  n.  [Fr.  fort ;  It.  and  Port,  forte ;  Pp.  facrtc ; 
fueria;  L. /ortis,  strong.] 

1.  A  fortified  place  ;  usually,  a  small  fortified  place; 
a  place  surrounded  with  a  ditch,  rampart,  and  para- 
pet, or  with  palisades,  stockades,  or  other  means  of 
defense  ;  also,  any  building  or  place  fortified  for  se- 
curity against  an  enemy  ;  a  castle. 

2.  A  strong  side  ;  opposed  to  weak  side  or  foible. 
FoRT'AL-ICE,  71.    A  small  outwork  of  a  fortification. 

The  same  as  Fortelage. 

FOR'TE,  (for'la,)  ado.  [It.]  A  direction  to  sing  or 
play  with  loudness  or  force. 

F6RTE,  71.  [Fr.J  The  strong  point;  that  art  or  de- 
partment in  which  one  excels. 

FORT' ED,  a.    Furnished  with  forts ;  guarded  by  forts. 

Shak. 


FOR 

FORTH,  adv.     [Sax.  fortlt ;  G.  fort ;   D.  voort ;  f/oin 
fore,  for,  far  an,  to  go,  to  advance.] 

1.  Forward;  ou'vard  in  time;  in  advance;  af, 
from  that  day/oT-^A;  from  that  lime  forth. 

2.  Forward  in  place  or  order  ;  a.*i,  one,  two,  three, 
and  f^o  forth. 

3.  Out;  abroad;  noting  progression  or  advance 
from  a  state  of  confinement ;  as,  the  plants  in  spring 
put  forth  leaves. 

When  winter  f'Ost,  and  summer  scarce  begun, 

Invites  themyort/i  to  labor  in  the  sun.  Dryden. 

4.  Out;  away;  beyond  the  boundary  of  a  place  ; 
as,  send  h'\ir\  foWi  of  France.     [Little  xiscd.] 

5.  Out  into  jmblic  view,  or  public  character.  Your 
country  calls  you  fortli  into  its  ser\*ice. 

6.  Thoroughly  ;  from  beginning  to  end.     [Obs.] 

7.  On  to  the  end.     [Obs.]  [Sha]i. 

Forth,  prep.  Out  of. 

Prom /or  A  the  streets  of  Pomfret.  Shak. 

Some/orl/t  their  cabins  peep.  Donne. 

Forth,  n.     rSu.  Goth,  fort.]     A  way. 

J-,.-™  j-gg^  Come.]    Ready  to  ap- 


Let  the  prisoner  be/frt/i- 


FORTU'COM'ING,  a. 
pear;  making  appearance. 
coming. 

FoRTH'Go'ING,  ti.  A  going  forth,  or  utterance;  a 
proceeding  from.  Chalmers. 

FoRTH'Go'ING,  a.    Going  forth. 

FOR-THINK',  V.  L    To  repent  of.     [JVot  in  use] 

Spenser. 

FoRTH-IS'SU-IXG,  (-ish'shu-ing,)  a.  [See  Issue.] 
Issuing  ;  coming  out  ;  coming  ibnvard  as  from  a 
covert.  Pope. 

FoRTH-RiGHT',  adv.  [See  Right.]  Straight  for- 
ward ;  in  a  straight  direction.     [Obs.]  Sidney. 

FoRTH-RTGHT',  7^     A  straight  path.    [Obs.]   S/ia!:. 

FoRTH'WARD,  adv.     Forward.  Bp.  Fisher. 

FoRTH-WITir,  a4lv.  [fortJi  and  jcitJi.]  Immediate- 
ly ;  without  delay  ;  directly. 

ImmedUitely  there  fell  from  his  eyes  as  it  had  been^ocales;  and 
he  received  his  sight  foiOimth.  — Acts  ix. 

FoR'THY,  ath\     [Sax.  forthi.] 

Therefore.     [.Vo(  iisrd.]  Spenser. 

FOR'TI-ETH,  a.  [See  Forty.]  The  fourth  tenth; 
noting  the  number  next  after  the  thirty-ninth. 

FOR'Ti-FI-A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  fortified.  [Lit- 
tle used.] 

FOR-TI-FI-Ca'TION,  71.  [See  FoRTtFT.]  The  act 
of  fortifying. 

2.  The  art  or  science  of  fortifying  places  to  defend 
them  against  an  enemy,  by  means  of  moats,  ramparts, 
parapets,  and  other  bulwarks.  Encyc. 

3.  The  works  erected  to  defend  a  place  against  at- 
tack. 

4.  A  fortified  place  ;  a  fort ;  a  castle. 

5.  Additional  strength. 

FOR'TI-FJ  .ED,  pp.  or  a.     Made  strong  against  attacks. 

FOR'TI-FT-ER,  n.    One  who  erects  works  for  defense. 

2.  One  wlio  strengthens,  supports,  and  upholds  ; 

that  which  strengthens.  Sidney. 

FOR'TI-F"?,  V.  t.     [Fr.fortifer;  Sp.  fortifcar ;  It.  for- 

tijicarc] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  to  add  to  the  strength  of;  as, 
to  fortify  wine  by  the  addition  of  brandy.     [Recent.] 

2.  To  surround  with  a  wall,  ditch,  palisades,  or 
other  works,  with  a  view  to  defend  against  the  at- 
tacks of  an  enemy  ;  to  strengthen  and  secure  by 
forts,  batteries,  and  other  works  of  art  ;  as,  \o  fortify 
a  city,  town,  or  liarbor. 

3.  To  strengthen  against  any  attack  ;  as,  to  fortify 
the  mind  against  any  sudden  calamity. 

4.  To  confirm  ;  to  add  strength  and  firmness  to; 
as,  to  fortify  an  opinion  or  resolution  ;  io  fortify  hope 
or  desire. 

5.  To  furnish  with  strength  or  means  of  resisting 
force,  violence,  or  assault. 

FOR'TI-FV,  r.  i.    To  raise  strong  places.       Milton. 

FOR'TI-F?-ING,  ppr.   Making  strong  against  attacks. 

FoR'Tl-L.AGE,  n.  A  little  fort;  a  blockhouse.  [A'ct 
used.]  Spenser. 

FoRT'IX,  71.  [Fr.]  A  little  fort ;  a  field  fort ;  a 
sconce.  Shak. 

FOR-TIS'ST'MO,  [IL]  In  music,  a  direction  to  sing 
with  the  utmost  strength  or  loudness. 

FOR'TI-TER  /JV  RE,  [L.]  Firmly  in  action  or  exe- 
cution. 

FOR'TI-TUDE,  ti.  [L.  fortitudo,  from  fortis,  strong.] 
Tliat  strength  or  firmness  of  mind  or  soul  which 
enables  a  person  to  encounter  danger  with  coolness 
and  courage,  or  to  bear  pain  or  adversity  without 
murmuring,  depression,  or  despondency.  Fortitude 
is  the  basis  or  source  of  genuine  courage  or  intrepid- 
ity in  danger,  of  patience  in  suffering,  of  forbearance 
under  injuries,  and  of  magnanimity  in  all  conditions 
of  life.  We  soinctiines  confound  the  etfecl  willi  the 
cause,  and  use/07-/ifU(/c  as  synonymous  with  couinge 
or  patience  ;  but  courage  is  an  active  virtue  or  vice, 
and  patience  is  the  effect  of  fortitude. 

Fortitude  IS  tho  guanl  aiul  support  of  the  odier  virtues.    Locie. 

FoRT'LET,  V.     A  little  fort. 

FORT'NIGHT,  (fort'nile,)  ».  [Contracted  from  four- 
teen nirrhrs,  our  ancestors  reckoning  imie  by  nights 
and  winters  ;  so,  also,  serennights,  sennight,  a  week. 


TONE,  BpLL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  —  €  as  K  ;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


475 


FOR 


FOR 


FOS 


Nun  dionini  nurae-mni,  ul  nos,  std  ikhUuiii  compu- 
uiiL     TaeUiu.] 
■I'hfl  upof  of  fourtern  *hyH ;  iwo  wntka. 
roKT'SIllHT-LV,  ««/r.    Once  in  a  lurtiiinlit;  tit  in- 

.  ..  .......  ,  r..r(iiiKlil.  KnghvtiL 

.    [V't./orUreJje  { It./ortc::(i,  from  forty 

..  .:..,  :  ;aricU  [il.ico ;  a  fort;  ti  caallo ;  a  stronff- 
IwMi  a  place  of  dtft'imu  or  security.  Tlio  En(;lish 
h^ve  a  firoiis  /•jrtrut  oil  the  ruck  of  Cilirallar,  or 
Ihal  n»ek  b  a/frtre^. 

a  Deftrnie;  «afcty ;  security. 

Tl»e  l^nl  !■  my  rodi  ami  a\t  Jorirts:  —  V».  i^lU. 

K*'KTKESS,  p.  (.  To  furnish  with  fortiessfS;  to 
-H ml ;  lo  fortify.  SA/r/r. 

K"K  TKt::^S-/:n,  (fur'trcst,)  a.  Defondtd  by  u  for- 
•  r     - ,  protected  ;  Hfcurcd.  S|»c».«'fr. 

[  I  >K  rf'l-TOUS,  a.  [i,.  fortiiiUis^  from  llie  root  <if 
■  ,  j\,Hfy  fortuHQ  :  Fr.  fortuit;  It.  and  Sp.  fortaiU). 
i  (itf  pniiiary  scnw  is,  lo  cunie,  lu  fall,  to  liappcii. 
See  Fakc] 

Acctdi'ntal ;  caiiual ;  happi^nlng  by  cliancc  ;  coming 
or  occurring  uncxpcrli'dly,  or  uilhont  any  known 
cau«c.  We  speak  of  /ortnitoas  events,  wht^n  llicy 
occur  without  our  foreseeing  or  exjtecting  thcni ;  iinii 
of  a  /irrtuitouj  concournc  of  atoms,  when  wc  suppose 
the  concourse  not  lo  rei?uU  from  Ihedesign  and  power 
of  a  controlling  airenL  But  an  event  can  not  be  in 
fact /urtiiifrtK.*.     [Sec  ,\eciDKNT.*L  and  Casual.] 

KOi:-T0'ITOUtf-LV,  (I'/c.  Accidentally  ;  casunlly  ; 
by  chance. 

FUR-TC'I-TOU^NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  ac- 
ciil<  nt'it ;  accident;  chance. 

Full  TC'l-TV,it.    Accident. 

FOK'ri;-NATE,(fort'y»-nale,)(i.  [h.  furtnnatiuy.  Sec 
FoRTur*!:.] 

1.  Coming  by  good  hick  or  favorable  chance ;  bi  ing- 
ins  Aoinc  unexpected  Roodj  u^,  a  forliaiate  event  j  a 
furtuHOie  concurrence  of  circumataaces  ;  n  furtunatc 
ticket  in  a  lottery. 

2.  I^cky;  gucccs5fiil ;  receiving  some  unfure-feen 
or  uni'speclcd  jjood,or  sunte  goinl  which  was  net  de- 
|K'ndcnl  on  one's  own  skill  or  elfortd ;  as,  a  forlanalc 
udv*fnlurer  in  a  lottery.  I  was  nwsl  forttuiaU  thus 
unexpectedly  to  meet  my  friend. 

3.  trucce^Hfiil ;  happy  ;  prosperous ;  receiving  cr  en- 
Joying  Muie  Rootl  in  consequence  of  elTorts,  hut  where 
Uie  event  was  unccrt.tin,  and  not  absolutely  in  one's 
I»iwcr.  The  bravo  man  i^  usually  fortunate.  VVe 
f.iy,  a/i;r(Hjiaie  competitor  for  a  fair  lady,  or  for  a 
crown. 

FUK'TC-NATE  LY,  ado.  Luckily ;  successfully  ;  hap- 
pily ;  by  pMtl  fortune,  or  favorable  chance  or  issue. 

FuR'Tl^-NATE-NESS,  k.  Good  luck;  success;  hap- 
pi'jc^s.  Sitlncy. 

FOR' ri;NE,  (fort'yun,)  n.  [Fr.,  from  h.fartuna  ,•  Sp. 
and  It.  fvrtaim ;  Ann.  fortuti ;  from  the  root  cf  tiax. 
ftiraHy  to  go,  or  I*,  fcro  or  jforio.  So  in  L).  gcbcuren^ 
lo  happen,  lo  fall,  from  the  root  of  bear ;  gcbcnrtaiis, 
au  evi  nt  Wc  lind  the  same  word  in  opporlaniis^ 
(ofr'po'iMiiiu,)  seasonable.  The  primary  sense  is  an 
event,  that  which  comes  or  befalls.  So  Fr.  Iicurciu--, 
from  heurey  hour,  tJiat  is,  time,  season,  and  L.  tem- 
yejticiu.  (Sec  Hofn  and  TiiiK.)  The  Russ.  jjora, 
im»e,  sea-^on,  i.-*  of  Uiid  family,  and  fortune  is  closely 
allied  to  iL] 

1.  /*rop<r/y,  chance ;  accident;  luck;  the  arrival 
of  something  in  a  sudden  or  unexpected  manner. 
Ilcnc*;  the  heathens  deified  chance,  and  consecrated 
temples  and  altars  lo  the  codtlcss.  Hence  the  mod- 
ern u«  of  the  word,  for  a  power  supposed  V*  dislrih- 
ulc  Uw  loU  of  Ufc  according  lo  her  own  humor. 

Thow-b/ffr(«n«'«  ir.ilicc  ov-rrllirow  my  bUiIc.  Hhak. 

i  Tbo  good  or  ill  that  befalls  man. 

la  700  ihr/ortan*  <rf  Grval  Erinin  lici.  Drj-r/cTi. 

3.  Success,  good  or  bad  ;  event. 

Oar  «nal  criion  ilnJI  t(\n\\  fortune  give.  Dtylen. 

4.  The  chance  of  life;  means  of  living;  wealth. 

lU  hthrr  J/lfi-,  \ti  w,u  drircn  lo  t.omton  lo  seek  hxifoHitne. 

Swiji. 

5.  Kslalc;  poflscMions;  as,  a  gentleman  of  small 

fortmme, 

6.  A  large  rsUitc  ;  greai  wealth.  This  is  often  the 
*en«  of  the  word  sUnding  .ilone  or  unnualififd  -  as 
a  fenUcnian  or  lady  of /^f..,.f.  To  the  ladies  we 
ray,  Beware  of /yrtitnc-hunters. 

7.  The  portion  of  n  man  or  woman  ;  ccncrallv  of 
a  woman.  ^ ' 

8.  Fulurily  ;  future  rtale  or  cvcnla  :  dcst:nv.  The 
yoiing  are  anxious  to  have  ibcir  fortunes  told. 

Too,  vbo  mcn'i/tn-turuj  bi  ibrir  lacci  rcjj.  Coaleij 

FOR'TtiNE,  c.  L    To  make  fortunate.    [J^ot  iued.] 
o    -r    ji—  -  .  Chaucer. 

[0i/\       ****"**  fortunately  or  not ;  also,  to  presage. 

FOR'f  (^NE,  r  .-.  To  befall ;  to  fall  out ;  if  h^ppe,, ; 
lo  come  casually  to  pass.  *  ^     ' 

It  /orNwrf  the  nm^  ni^i  thii  a  Chmtiai.,  sminr  a  Txitk  In 

''^!^'T_^^'?:BWK.  n.      A  book  to  be  consulted  lo 


FOR'Tl'X-JSU,  a.     Supplied  by  fortune.  Shah: 

FOR'TUXE-IIUNT'EU,  v.      A  nian  who  seeks  I 


discover  future  events. 


Craskaio. 


SlniL 
FOR'TUXE-IIUNT'EK,  v.      A  nian  wno  seeks  lo 

marry  a  woman  with  a  large  pmtion,  with  a  view  lo 

enrich  himself.  Mi^ov. 

FO:t'TI.IiNE-IILTNT'tXG,  v.    'J'lie  seeking  of  a  lor- 

ttine  hv  luarria-.'e. 
FOll'TQiNE-LESS,  a.     hucklessj  also,  ileslifjle  of  a 

luitniie  or  portion. 
FOK'TllNE-TKIiL,  v,  t.    To  tell,  or  pretend  to  tell, 

the  future  events  of  one's  life  ;  to  reveal  futurity. 

Skak. 
FOR^T(;NE-TEL.Ii'ER,  n.   One  who  Idl^i,  or  pretends 

lo  foretell,  the  events  of  one's  life  ;  an  impostor  who 

deceives  people,  by  iirctcnding  to  a  knowhilge  of  fu- 
ture <*vents. 
FOR'TrXE-'I'ELl.'ING,  vvr.       Tcllins    tlie    future 

events'  cif  one's  life. 
FOlt'TtlNE-TELr/ING,  71.     The  act  or  practicft  of 

foretelling  the  future  fortune  or  events  of  one's  life, 

which  is  a  jiunishable  crime. 
FOIt'TI^iV-IZE,  V.  i.  To  regulate  llic  fortune  of.   [J^ot 

in  nsfi.]  Spenser. 

FOR'TY,  a.      [S:\x.  fcowcrtig;  fcowcr^  four,  and  ti^^ 

ten.    Sec  Four.] 

1.  Four  limes  ten. 

"2.  An  indelinite  number;  a  collo'juial  um.  A,  H, 
and  C,  and  forty  more.        '  Sioift. 

Fo'ItLFM,  V.  [li.  See  Fair.]  In  Rome,  a  public 
jilacc,  where  causes  were  judicially  tried,  and  ora- 
tions delivered  to  the  people;  also',  a  market-place. 
Hence, 

9.  A  tribunal ;  a  court ;  any  assembly  empowered 
to  hear  and  decide  causes  ;  also,  jurisdiction. 

FOR-VVj^IV'OER,  I'.  I.  To  wander  away ;  to  rove 
wililly'    [JVot  u.sed.']  Spenser. 

FOR'VVARI),  (iflo.  [Sax.  forwcard  ;  far,  fore,  and 
irranlj  turned,  L.  vcr,ins ;  directed  to  tlie  fore  part.] 

'J'nward  a  i)art  or  place  before  or  in  frcnt ,  onward  ; 
progressively;  opposed  tn  Backward.     Oo  forzcard  ; 
move  fvncard.     He  ran  backward  and  foriDard. 
In  a  ship^  fiirioard  denotes  to'.vard  the  fuie  part. 

FOU'WARD,  a.  Near  or  at  the  fore  part ;  in  advance 
of  souictliing  else  ;  as,  the  furward  gun  in  a  sliip, 
or  the  forward  ship  in  a  lieet ;  the  furward  horse  in 
a  team. 

2.  Ready;  prompt;  strongly  inclined. 

Only  Ihr-y  w-otitd  tlut  we  shoiild  rf^mcmber  tlie  poor  ;  tlie  &inie 
whicli  1  ulso  \vii3  forward  U)  do,  — Gcil.  ii. 

3.  Ardent;  eager;  earnest;  violent. 

Or  lead  l]\efortoard  yoiilli  to  noble  war.  Prior. 

4.  Hold;  confident;  less  reserved  or  modest  than 
is  proper;  in  an  ill  sense  i  as,  the  boy  is  loo  fortoard 
for  his  years. 

5.  Advanced  beyond  the  usual  degree;  advanced 
for  llie  season.  The  grass  or  the  grain  is  forward,  or 
forward  for  the  season  ;  w^e  iiave  a  forioard  spring. 

6.  Ciuick  ;  hasty;  too  ready.  Be  not  forward  to 
speak  in  public.  Frudence  directs  Ihat  we  be  not 
too  forward  to  believe  current  reports. 

7.  Anterior ;  lore. 

Ijet  us  take  the  insl-uit  by  thc/onoard  lop.  Slink. 

8.  Advanced;  not  behindhand.  Shah. 
FOR'WARD,  7J.  (.     To  advance;   to  help  onward  ;  to 

promote  ;  as,  to  forward  a  good  design. 

2.  To  accelerate;  to  (piicken  ;  to  liastcn  ;  as,  lo 
forward  the  growth  of  a  plant ;  to  forward  one  in 
improvement. 

3.  To  send  forward  ;  to  send  toward  the  place  of 
destination  ;  to  transmit ;  as,  to  forward  a  letter  or 
dis[iatclies. 

FOR'WARD-ED,  pp.  Advanced;  promoted;  aided 
in  progress;  quickened;  sent  onward  ;  transmitted. 

FOR'WARD-ER,  n.  He  that  promntes,  or  advances 
in  progress. 

2.  One  who  sends  forward  or  Iransmits  goods;  a 
forwarding  merchant.  Jimcrica. 

FOIl'VVARU-ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Advancing  ;  promoting ; 
aiding  in  progress  ;  accelerating  in  growth  ;  sending 
onward  ;  tranJ^mitUng. 

FOU'WARD-ING,  n.  The  act  oremplovmcnt  of  trnns- 
milting  or  sending  forward  merchandise  and  other 
property  for  others. 

FUR'\VARD-LY,  adv.     Eagerly  ;  Jiaslily  ;  quickly. 

,,^  Attcrbiinj. 

I- OR' WARD-NESS,  n.  Cheerful  readiness;  prompt- 
ness. It  expresses  more  than  wiUuigncss.  We  ad- 
mire \\\Q  forwardness  of  Christians  in  propagating  the 
gospel. 

2.  Eagerness;  ardor.  It  is  soinetiincs  dillicult  to 
restrain  the  foncardness  of  youth. 

3.  Boldness ;  confidence ;  assurance:  want  of  due 
reserve  or  modesty. 

Ill  Frnncc  il  is  usual  lo  brin:^  diililroii  into  company,  and  clii^r- 
isli  in  llicrn,  from  ilu-ir  infancy,  a  kinil  oi  forwardness  and 
a^^urance.  Addison. 

A.  \  slate  of  advance  beyond  the  usual  degree;  as, 
rni>'  /Jil"""^*''"'*-'-  t-f  spring  or  of  corn. 
fUU-U  Ati-rii',  V.  t.    'i'o  waste  ;  to  desolate.     {jXot  in 

use]  S    -irr 

FOR-U'KA'UY,  r.  f.    'JV.  tlispiiit.     [J^otint£c'.] 

FOR-WEEP',  r.  ,'.     To  weep  much.  cZZ'. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  W^.^■J'. 
476  '  ' 


FOR'WORD,  (wuid,)  n.    [fore  and  word.}  A  promise. 

[A'ot  ill  nse.]  Spenser. 

FOR-ZJlJ^'DOy   (fort-saii'do,)   [It.]     in  inii^ic,  directs   ! 

Ihat  notes  arc  to  be  boldly  struck  and  continued. 
FOSSE,  7(.     [Fr./(»s.?c  ;  Sp./cavi :  L.  and  \i.  fossa;  from 

fussas^fodia,  to  dig.     Class  ltd.) 

1.  A  ditch  or  inoat ;  a  irnrd  used  in  fortification. 

2.  In  anatoufij,  a  kind  id'  cavity  in  a  bone,  wilh  a 
large  aperture.  Eneijc. 

FOS'SII>,  a.  [FT.fossiU;  Sp./orft/;  ll.fossile;  L.  fos- 
silis;  from  fodio^fossus,  to  dig.] 

Dug  out  of  the  earth  ;  as,  fossil  coa!  :  fossil  salt. 
The  term  fossil  is  now  ap|)ropriated  lo  liiose  organic 
substances  which  liavc  become  penetrated  by  earthy 
or  metallic  pailieles,  and  are  found  in  rocks  or  the 
earth.  Thus  wc  say,  fossil  sliells,  fossd  bones, /u.^s(7 
wood.  Clravelaiid. 

FOS'SLL,  n.    A  substance  dug  from  the  earth. 

Fossil,  among  viiofralfio-isLs  and  <rcvloirisL-i,  is  now 
used  to  designate  the  petrified  forms  of  plants  and 
animals,  whicli  occur  in  the  strata  composing  Uie 
surface  of  our  globe.  It  is  also  sometimes  used  to 
denote  simple  and  compounil  mineral  bodies,  such  as 
earths,  salts,  bitumens,  and  metals.  P.  Cijc. 

FOS'SlL-€o'PAL,  V.  Highgate  resin  ;  a  resinous 
substance  found  in  perforating  the  bed  of  blue  clay 
at  Higligatc,  near  London.  It  appears  to  be  a  true 
vegetable  gum  or  resin,  partly  changed  by  remaining 
in  the  earth.  Cyc.     ,^ikin. 

-Ji'OS-SlL-IF'ER-OUS,  a.     [L.  fossilis  and  fero.] 

Containing  fossil  or  organic  remains  ;  us,  fossil  if er- 
ons  rocks. 

FOS'SIL-IST,  V.  One  who  studies  the  nature  and 
properties  of  fossds ;  one  who  is  versed  in  the  sci- 
ence of  fossils.  Black. 

FOS-SIL-I-Za'TION,  71.  The  act  or  process  of  con- 
verting into  a  fossil  or  petrifaction.      Joiini.  of  Set. 

FOS'SIL-IZE,  r.  t.  To  convert  into  a  fossil  or  petri- 
faction ;  as,  lo  fiissiliic  bimes  or  wood.    Joiini.  of  Sci. 

FOS'SIL-IZE,  11.  i.  To  become  or  bo  changed  into  a 
fossil  or  petrifaction. 

FOS'SIL-IZ-£0,  pp.  or  a.  Converted  into  a  fossil  or 
petrifaction. 

FOS'SIL-IZ-ING,  ]>pr.  Changing  into  a  fossil  or  pet- 
rifaction. 

FOS-SIL'0-GY,  n.     [fossil,  and  Or.  Xoj  <■?,  discourse.] 
A  discourse  or  treatise  on  fossils  ;  also,  tlie  science 
of  fossils. 

FOS-So'RkS,  If.  pi.  [L.,  diggers.]  In  laolofry,  a  group 
of  insects  which  arc  organi/.ed  for  excavating  cells 
in  earth  or  wood,  wlierc  lliey  deposit  tlieir  eggs,  witli 
the  bodies  of  otlier  insects,  for  the  support  of  Ihe 
young  when  hatched. 

FUS-SO'Ur-AL,  a.     Digging. 

FOS-So'IU-AL,  n.  An  animal  which  digs  into  the 
earth  for  a  retreat  or  lodge,  and  whose  locomotive 
extremities  are  adapted  for  that  purpose. 

FOSS'RoAD,  J  n.  A  Roman  military  way  in  Engl;ind, 

FUSS'WaY,  \  leading  from  Tutnes,  through  Exe- 
ter, to  Barton  on  the  llumber;  so  called  from  the 
ditches  on  each  side.  Eneyc. 

FOS'Sa-LATE,  a.     [L.  fossa.] 

Having  trenches,  or  depressions  like  trenches. 

FOS'TER,  V.  t.  [Siix.  fostrian,  {rom  foster,  a  nurse,  or 
food;  Sw.  and  Dan. /y.-'/fr,  a  child,  one  fed;  Dan. 
fostrcr,  to  nurse.  I  suspect  this  word  to  be  from  food, 
quasi  fiodster,  for  this  is  the  D.  word  vocdstcr,  a 
nurse,  from  voeden,  to  teed  ;  D.  voedsterhccr,  a  foster- 
father.] 

1.  To  feed  ;  to  nourish  ;  to  support ;  to  bring  up. 

JSoint;  a.iy  Hut  ravL'ns  faster  forlorn  cliUdn^n.  Shak. 

2.  To  cherish  ;  to  forward ;  to  promote  growth. 
The  genial  wanntli  of  spring  fosters  the  plants, 

3.  To  cherisli  ;  to  encourage  ;  lo  sustain  and  pro- 
mote ;  as,  to  foster  passion  or  genius. 

FOS'TER,  V,  i.  To  be  nourished  or  trained  up  to- 
gether. Spenser, 

FOS'TER,  71.    A  forester.  Spenser. 

FOS'TER-AGE,  n.    The  charge  of  nursing.  Ratarli. 

l''OS'TER-BROTH'ER,  (-bruth'er,)  v.  A  male  nursed 
at  the  same  breast,  or  fed  by  tlie  same  nurse,  but  not 
llie  offspring  of  the  same  parents. 

FOS'TER-CHILD,  71.  A  child  nursed  by  a  woman 
not  the  mother,  or  bred  bv  a  man  not  tlie  father. 

Addtsoo. 

FOS'TER-DAM,  n.  A  nurse;  one  that  performs  the 
office  of  a  mother  by  giving  food  to  a  child.     Dryden. 

FOS'TER-EARTH,  {-ciih,)n.  Earth  by  wiiich  a  plant 
is  nourished,  tliuugh  n.it  its  native  soil.        Philips. 

FOS'TER-£D,  pp.     Nourished  ;  cherished  ;  promoted. 

FOS'TER-ER,  //.  A  nurse  ;  one  Ihat  feeds  and  nour- 
ishes in  the  place  of  parents.  Onvics. 

FOS'TER-Fa'THER,  7(.  One  who  takes  the  place  of 
a  father  in  feeding  and  educating  a  child.    Bacon. 

FOS'TER-h\G,  ppr.     Nursing;  cherishing;  bringing 

FOS'TEIMNG,  a.    That  cherishes  and  encourages. 
FOS'TER-ING,  h.     TIic  act  of  nursing,  nourislimg, 
and  cherishing. 
2.  Nourishiiienl.  Chaucrr. 

FOS'TER-LING,  n.     A  fo^^I(  r-cliild.  B.  .foason. 

FOS'TER-MEi\T,  h.  Food  ;  nouri.shment.  [.Vutuscd.] 
FOS'TER-MOTll'ER,  (-mulh'er,)  «.    A  nurse. 


-Mete,  prey.  — pine,  marine,  bird.  — note,  dove,  move,  wolf,  rqok.— 


FOU 

FOS'TER-XURSE,  ».     A  nurse.     [Tautological.] 

FOS'TER-SrS'TER,  n.  A  f.-malc  nursed  by  ihe  saint- 
person.  S:riO, 

FOS'TEK-SOX,  (sun,)  n.  One  fid  and  oiliiralt-tflike 
a  son,  thousli  not  a  son  by  birth.  Drijdcn. 

FOS'TllESS,  H.  A  fjiiuile  who  feeds  and  clierislies ; 
a  nurse.  B.  Jansou. 

FOYH'ER,  71.  [G.  fiuler,  a  tun  or  load  :  D.  voeder ; 
Sax.  fot'terj  food,  fodder,  and  a  mass  of  lead,  from 
the  sen?e  of  stuffing,  crowding.     St-;;  Food.] 

A  fodder ;  a  weight  for  lead,  &c.,  of  various  mas- 
nitudes,  but  usu:dlv  about  24l)U  lbs.     [See  Foddeb.] 

FOTH'ER,  c.  t.  [From  stuffing,  tree  the  preceding 
word.] 

To  endeavor  to  stop  a  leak  in  llie  bottom  of  a  ship, 
while  afloat,  by  lilting  down  a  sail  under  her  bottom 
by  its  corners,  and  putting  chopped  yarn,  oakum, 
wool,  cotton,  &c.,  between  it  and  the  ship's  sides. 
These  substances  are  sometimes  sucked  into  the 
cracks,  and  ths  leak  stopped.  I'l.tten. 

rO'FH'ER-£D,  pp.  Stopped,  as  a  leak  in  the  bottom 
uf  a  ship. 

F0TH'ER4.\"G,  p/jr.    Stopping  leaks,  as  above. 

FOTH'ER-rXG,  n.  The  operation  of  stopping  leaks 
in  a  ship,  as  above. 

FOC-GXDE', )  n.    [FT-fougaJe;  Sp.  fwrada;  from  L. 

FOir-G.VSS',  i     Mus.] 

In  tJte  art  of  irar,  a  little  mine,  charged  with  pow- 
der, and  covered  with  stones  or  earth  ;  sometimes  d^ig 
outside  of  the  works,  to  defend  them,  and  sometimes 
beneath,  to  destroy  them  by  explosion.         P.  Cyc. 

FOUGHT,  (fawt,)  pnt,  and  pp.  of  Fight.  [See 
Fight.] 

FOUGHT'SN,  (fawt'n.)    For  Fought.     [Oi.-.] 

FOUL.a.  [Sax. /H/,/a;(i;  B.vuil;  G.fanl:  Dan. /a7. 
In  Cii.  with  a  prefix,  S-:  iiabai!^  to  defile.  The  Syr. 
with  a  dilTerent  prefix,  ''V.  =f\  }  tnfd^  to  dijUc.  It  co- 
incides in  elesnents  with  fuU^  and  probably  the  pri- 
mary sense  of  both  is,  to  put  or  throw  on,  or  to  siulf, 
to  crowd.  See  the  signification  of  the  word  in  sea- 
man's language.] 

1.  Covered  witii  or  containing  extraneous  matter 
which  is  injurious,  noxious,  or  olFensive ;  lilthy ; 
dirty  ;  not  clean  ;  as,  a  funl  cloth  ;  foal  hands;  a/u«/ 
chimney. 

My  Ctce  ii  foiil  ttith  wceiiinj.  — Jolt  £vi. 

9.  Turbid  j  thick  ;  muddy  ;  as,  foul  water ;  a  foul 
stream. 

3.  Impure  ;  polluted  ;  a.^,  a  fuid  mouth.       Shak. 

4.  Impure  ;  scurrilous ;  obscen:;  or  profane ;  as,  foul 
words ;  foul  language. 

5.  Cloudy  and  stormy  ;  rainy  or  tempestuous  ;  as, 
fold  weather. 

G.  Iinpure  ;  defiling;  as,  a /om/ disease. 

7.  Wicked  ;  detestjible  ;  abominable ;  as,  a  foid 
deed  ;  a  foul  si)irit. 

B-'ibyion  —  the  hold  of  every  fuut  spirit.  —  R^-v,  xviii. 

8.  Unfair;  not  honest;  not  lawful  or  according  to 
established  rules  or  customs  ;  as,  foul  play. 

9.  Hateful ;  ugly  ;  loathsome. 

Hast  Ihou  f.jr'ot 
Tlv:  fold  wiich  S>cor.ix  ?  Shak. 

10.  Disgraceful;  shameful;  as,  a /yu2  defeat. 

Wlia  fiiot  seduced  ilicm  Vi  tlint/ouZ  ivvoll?  Milton. 

11.  Coarse ;  gross. 

'i'licy  are  all  for  rank  .-tnJ/uiiZ  feeding-.  FtHon. 

12.  Full  of  gross  humors  or  impurities. 

Yoa  porwirc  the  body  of  our  kingilom, 
IIow  foul  it  U.  iViot. 

13.  Full  of  weeds  ;  as,  the  garden  is  very  foul. 

14.  Among  seamen,  entangled;  hindered  from  mo- 
tion ;  opposed  to  clear;  as,  a  rope  i^foid. 

15.  Covered  with  weeds  or  barnacles  ;  as,  the  ship 
has  afoul  bottom. 

16.  Xot  fair  ;  contrary  ;  as,  a  foul  wind. 

17.  Not  favorable  or  safe  for  anchorage ;  danger- 
ous ;  as,  a  futd  road  or  bay. 

To  fall  foul,  is  to  rush  on  with  haste,  rough  force, 
and  unseasonable  violence. 

2.  To  run  against;  as,  ilic  ship  fell  foul  of  her 
consort. 

[These  latter  phrases  show  that  this  u'crd  is  allied 
to  the  Ft.  fouler,  Eng.  fall^  the  sense  of  which  is  to 
press.] 

FOUL,  V.  L     [Sa.x.fuliitn,  nrfylan.] 

To  make  filthy;  to  defile;  to  daub;  to  dirty;  to 
hemire  ;  to  soil ;  as,  to  fnd  the  clothes  ;  to  foul  the 
face  or  hands.    Eich.  xxxiv.  13. 

FOUL'DER,  V.  i.    To  emit  great  heat.     [J^'ot  u.icd.] 

_„  Spcn,tcr. 

FOUL'jED,  (fowld,)  pp.    Defiled  ;  dirtied. 

FOUL'FAC-£D,  (-taste,)  a.  Having  an  ugly  or  hate- 
ful visage.  siiak. 

POUL-FEED'I.NG,fl.    Grtx^s  ;  feeding  grossly.  JIaU. 

FOUL'IXG,^.;,r.     Making  foul ;  defiling. 

FOUI/LY,  a-/c.  Filthily;  nastily;  hatefully;  scan- 
dalously; disgracefully;  shamefully. 

l/aully  wronged  liirn  ;  do,  fiirjlvc  luc,  Jo.  O'fiy,      j 

2.  Unfairly;  not  honestly. 

Tliou  pUiy'iLst  inosl/otiVy  for  1(-  Shal:      I 


FOU 

FOUL'MOUTH-JEO,  a.  Using  language  scunilous, 
opprobrious,  obscene,  or  profane  ;  uttering  abuse,  or 
profane  or  obscene  words;  accustomed  to  use  bad 
language. 

So  fouliitouliieii  a  vviuiu:^  ucver  appeared  in  :uiy  cuiisf. 

jidduon, 

FOUL'NESS,  71.  The  quality  of  being  foul  or  filthy; 
filthiness ;  defilement, 

2.  The  quality  or  slate  nf  containing  or  being  cov- 
ered with  any  thing  extraneous,  which  is  noxious  or 
offensive  ;  aS,  the  foulness  of  a  cellar,  or  of  a  well  ; 
tiie  foulness  of  a  ntusket ;  the  foulness  of  a  ship's 
bottom. 

3.  Pollution  ;  impurity. 

ThcrJ  i.9  iiot  so  thitste  a  niitiou  a^  this,  nor  so  free  froir.  .dl  p^jl- 
tiUJoii  or/oulnci'3,  Uaton, 

4.  Hatefulness  ;  atrociousnoss  ;  as,  llie  foidncss  of 
a  deed. 

0.  Ugliness;  deformity. 

The  /otilnesa  of  tlie  inftrcd  fcnn  lo  liide.  Drydcn. 

G.  Unfairness;  dishonesty;  want  of  candor. 

Piety  is  oppos-d  to  hypocrisy  and  iii sincerity,  and  all  falseness  or 
/oulntss  of  iiitt-n:ioiis.  Hammond. 

F0UL'-SP6Iv'£.\,  (I.     Slanderous.  S/iak. 

2.  Using  prulane,  scurrilous,  or  obscene  laniruagc. 
FOU'M A  RT,  Ji.     [Scot,  foumarte.     Qu.  foulmartin.] 

The  polecat. 
FOUND,  prct.  and  pp.  of  Find. 

I  ajn  found  by  tlv.nx  that  sought  me  nut.  —  Is.  Ixsr. 

2.  Supplied  with  food  or  board,  in  addition  to 
wages  ;  as,  a  laborer  is  hired  at  so  mucli  a  day,  and 
{afoioiil. 
FOUND,  V.  t.  [h.fando,  faiidare  ;  Fr.  fonder  ;  U.fon- 
diirc;  Sp.  fuiidar;  It.  Luu,  stump,  bottom,  stock,  ori- 
gin; bauajhn,  buiiait,  foundation.     If  it  is  radical  in 

found,  as  I  suppose,  it  seems  to  be  tlie  Ar.  LiL)  buna, 

Heh.  Ch.  no  to  build,  that  is,  to  set,  found,  erect. 
Class  Bn,  No.  7.] 

1.  To  lay  the  basis  of  any  thing;  to  set,  or  place, 
as  on  something  solid  for  sui)port. 

It  fi;il  not,  for  it  wn^  founded  on  a  roek.  —  At:ilL  vii. 

2.  To  begin  and  build  ;  to  lay  the  foundation,  and 
raise  a  superstructure  ;  as,  to  found  a  city. 

3.  To  set  or  place;  to  establisli,  as  on  something 
solid  or  durable  ;  us,  to  found  a  guvenuiient  on  prin- 
ciples of  liberty. 

4.  To  begin  to  form  or  lay  the  basis  ;  as,  lo  found 
a  college  or  a  library.  Sometimes,  to  endow  is  equiv- 
alent to  fuund.^ 

5.  To  give  birth  to ;  to  originate ;  as,  to  found  an 
art  or  a  family. 

6.  To  set ;  to  [ilace  ;  to  establish  on  a  basis.  Cliris- 
tianity  is  founded  on  the  rock  of  ages ;  dominion  is 
sometimes  fjund.d  on  conquest,  sometimes  on  choice 
or  voluntary  consent. 

Power,  fouiuUd  on  cotilract,  cui  descend  only  lo  him  who  1i;l3 
li^'ht  by  iJut  contract.  Loiske. 

7.  To  fix  firmly. 

1  h.id  ela«  been  period. 
Whole  as  tlie  marble, /ount/ed  aa  ilic  vock.  SUiik. 

FOUND,  r.  t.  [h.fandoy  fiuli,fasni:i ;  Fr.  fondre;  Sp. 
fiuidir,  or  hundir :  It.  fondere.  Tlw.  elements  are 
probably  Fd;  n.  being  adventitious.] 

To  cast ;  to  form  by  melting  a  metal,  and  pouring 
it  into  a  mold.  Milton. 

[This  verb  is    seldom  i:scd,  but  the   derivative 
fuundcry  is  in  common  use.    For  found  wo  use  cast.] 
FOUN-Da'TION, /I.    [h.fandatio;  Ft.  fondation  ;  from 
'L.fando.] 

1.  The  basis  of  an  edifi:e ;  that  jiart  of  a  building 
or  structure  which  rests  on  the  ground  ;  u.sually  a 
wall  of  stone  which  supports  the  edilice. 

2.  The  act  of  fixing  the  bapis.  Ticliel. 

3.  The  basis  or  groundwork  of  any  thing ;  that 
on  which  any  thing  stands,  and  by  which  it  is  su|)- 
ported.  A  free  government  has  its  fotuidation  in  the 
choice  and  consent  of  the  people  to  be  governed  ; 
Christ  is  tJie  foundation  of  the  church. 

Erh"M,  [  lay,  ill  Zion,  Toi^  foundation,  a  stone  —  a  pn'douscor- 

ncT-stonc. — Is.  xxviii. 
Oth'^r  foondalion  can   no   man    lay  than    that   which   is  laid, 

which  is  JoiUji  ChrL-t.  —  I  Cor.  iii. 

4.  Original ;  rise  ;  as,  the  foundation  of  the  world. 

5.  Endowment ;  a  donation  or  legacy  appropriated 
to  support  an  institution,  and  constituting  a  perma- 
nent fuinl,  usually  for  a  charitable  purpose. 

G.  Establislnnent ;  settlement. 
FOUN-Da'TION-ER,  v.     One  who  derives  sujiport 
from  the  funds  or  foundation  of  a  college  or  great 
school.  Jackson.  [£»"-.] 

FOUN-Da'TION-LESS,  a.    Having  no  foundation. 

llHminund. 
FOUND'ED,;*/-.    Set;  fi.\ed ;  established  on  a  basis; 

begun  and  built. 
FOUND'ER,  n.     One  that  founds,  establishes,  and 
erects ;  one  that  lays  a  foundation  ;  as,  the  founder 
of  a  temple  or  city. 
2.  One  who  begins;  an  author;  one  from  whom' 


FOU 


any  thing  orJ;;ir;;i;js ;  as,  the  founder  of  a  sect  of 
piiilosophrrs  ;  tli:*  founder  of  a  family  or  race. 

3.  One  vvlio  endows;  one  who  furnishes  a  perma- 
nent fund  fur  the  support  of  an  institutitui ;  as,  tJic 
founder  of  a  coHegir  or  hospital. 

4.  [FT.fandeur.]  A  caster  ;  one  who  casts  metals 
in  various  forms ;  as,  a  founder  of  cannon,  bells, 
hardware,  printing  typ--^,  &-C. 

5.  A  lameness  occasioned  by  inflammation  within 
the  hoof  of  a  horse.  Buchanan, 

FOUND'ER,  V.  i.     [Fr.fundrc,  to  melr,  to  fall.] 

1.  In  scanicn^s  la»snusfc,  to  fill  or  be  filled  with 
water,  and  sink,  as  a  ship. 

2.  I'o  fail  ;  to  miscarry.  SJW« 

3.  To  trip  ;  to  fall.  Chaucer. 
FOUXD'ER,  V.  t.     To  cause  internal  inflammatinn 

and  great  soreness  in  the  feet  of  a  hor^e,  so  as  lo  dis- 
able or  lame  him.  Kncye. 

FOUND'ER-£D,pp.  ora.    Made  lame  in  the  feet  by 
inflammation  and  extreme  tenderness,  as  a  horse. 
9.  Sunk  in  the  sea,  as  a  ship. 

FOU\D'KR-OUS,  a.  Failing  ;  liable  to  sink  from  be- 
neath ;  ruinous;  as,  a//'H«J(To(;j  road.  Burke. 

FOUND'ER-Y,  n.     [Fr.fundrrie.] 

1.  Tiie  art  of  castinjr  metals  into  various  forms  for 
use  ;  the  casting  of  statues. 

2.  The  house  and  works  occupied  in  casting  met- 
als ;  as,  a  fvuudcry  of  bells,  of  hollow  ware,  of  can- 
non, of  types,  &c. 

FOUND'ING,  n.  The  art  of  casting  or  Pjnning  of 
melted  metal  any  article,  according  to  a  given  design 
or  pattern. 

FOUND'UING,  V.  [from  found,  find.]  A  deserted  or 
exposed  infant;  a  child  found  without  a  parent  or 
owner.  A  hospital  for  such  children  is  cailed  a 
fuuudiinir  kospittd. 

FOUND'RESS,  n.  A  female  founder;  a  woman  who 
founds  tir  establishes,  or  who  endows  with  a  fund. 

FOUND'RV,  )i.  A  building  occupied  Ibr  casting  met- 
als.    [See  FouNDznr.] 

FOUNT,  I  n.     [L.fons;  Fr.  fontainc  ;  Sp.  fucntc; 

FOUNT'AIN,  \  It.  fonte,  fontaaa  ;  W.  fyimon,  a 
fountain  or  source  ;  fyniajc,fynu,  to  produce,  to  gen- 
erate, to  abound  ;  /io»,  a  source,  breath,  puff;  /u;/i(, 
produce.] 

1.  A  spring,  or  source  of  water  ;  projicrly,  a  spring 
or  issuing  of  water  fiom  Ihe  earth.  This  word  ac- 
cords in  sense  with  ledl,  in  our  mother  tongue  ;  but 
we  now  distinguish  them,  applying  fuuntai.i  to  a 
natural  spring  of  uater,  and  well  to  an  artificial  pit 
of  water,  issuing  from  the  interior  of  the  earth. 

2.  A  small  basin  of  springing  water.  Taylor. 

3.  A  jet ;  a  spouting  of  water;  an  artificial  spring. 

4.  Tile  head  or  source  of  a  river.  Dnjden. 

5.  Original;  first  principle  or  cause  ;  the  source  of 
any  thing. 

Almighty  God,  the /ounfoin  of  all  goodness.    Common  Prayer. 
Fount  of  tifpes.     See  Font. 
FOUNT'AiN-lIEAn,    (founl'in-hed,)    n.      Primary 

source  ;  original ;  first  prmciple.  louii*'. 

F0UNT'.\1N-LESS,  a.  Having  no  fountain ;  warning 
a  spring. 

A  barrni  cics-rl, /ounfninJcss  and  drj".  AJiUon, 

FOUNT'AIN-TREE,  n.  In  Uic  Canary  Ish-s,  a  tree 
which  distils  water  from  its  leaves  in  sitiiicit-ni  abun- 
dance for  the  inhabitants  near  it.  Kncye, 

FUUNT'FIJL,  a.     Full  of  springs  ;  as,  fo-'ntful  Ida. 

FoUR,  a.  [Sax.  feinccr  ;  (i.  cicr  ;  D.  vicr  ;  Sw.  fyra; 
Dan./;-t\  I  suspect  this  word  lo  be  contracted  from 
Goih.fidwor,  W.  pcdtcarj  Arm.  pcvar,  pcder,  or  petor, 
peoar,  from  which  I^.  petnritum,  petOTitum,  a  carriage 
with  four  \\hcv\^,  jtetotTOtu.] 
Twice  two  ;  donoting  the  sum  of  two  and  two. 

FOURBE,  (fjorb,)  n.  [Fr.]  A  tricking  fellow ;  a 
cheat.     [A'ut  En^Iisi'i.]  Denhani. 

FoUR'-ED6-J;D,  a.     Having  four  edges.  Sr.dUi. 

FoUR'FoLD,  w.  Four  double;  quadruple;  four  limes 
told  ;  as,  a  fmirfold  division. 

He  shall  i^loii:  tlii*  Umh  fourfold. — 2  S:viu.  xii. 

FoUR'FoLD,  n.    Four  times  as  much. 

FoUR'F6l>D,  i:  t.  To  assess  in  a  fourfold  ratio.  [Jxot 
auti'torizcd.] 

FoUR'FoLU-INO,  it.  Making  four  double;  quad- 
rupling. Dici'^/it. 

FoUR'FOOT-ED,  n.  auadruped  ;  having  four  feet ; 
as  the  horse  ami  the  ox. 

FOUR'I-ER-IS.M,  V.  Tho  system  of  Charles  Fmirier, 
a  Frenchman,  who  recoininends  the  reorganizaliou 
of  society  into  small  comnmnilie-',  living  in  com- 
mon. 

FOUR'I-EU-ITE,  V.     One  who  favom  Fourierism. 

FOUR'RIER,  H.     [Fr.]    A  harbinger.    [JYvt  nuiflislt.] 

Bud:. 

FoUR'SCoRE,  a.  [See  Score.]  Four  times  twenty  j 
eighty.  It  is  used  eilipticatly  for  fourscore  years ; 
as,  a  man  of  fourscore.  Temple, 

FoUR'SaUARE,  o.  Having  four  sides  and  four 
angles  equal ;  qundran-rular.  Ralcsh. 

FoUR'TEEN,  a.     [four  and  ten  ;  Sax.  fcotcertyjt.] 
Four  and  ten  ;  twice  seven. 

FoUR'TEENTH,  a.  'J'lio  <  rdinal  of  fourteen  ;  the 
fourth  after  the  tenth. 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


FOY 


FRA 


FOrBTEEXTII,  »■ 

^    nih. 

urn, 


Id    nu/c,  till  oclave  of  Uie 

The  orJiual  of  four ;  ilic  ncil  after  Hie 

1  inli-rval  composed  of  two 

Ihii  is  calluil  llio  pcrfict 

ami  a  neinilorii'  coiiiposf 

1  lifi.1.'  full  toues  compose  a 

,Ja«(.  P-  Cyc 

In  till-  fourth  place. 

i,-/.ii,  0.    Uaviiig  or  running  on  four 


o'ur,)  n.  A  dospicabic  fellow.  Brocket, 
[ft.  /uulrc.l  A  fic;  a  scoff.  (06s.] 
ft.  /.  u.'K.]    Dc3plcalile.  [Shak. 

>  lED,  0.    [Low  L /ocwiii.) 
II  iVii;;  lilUo  di'pP'SSMHor  piu.  Smth. 

rOVII.'LA,«.     fL./«ir«u.] 

\  lino  ^ul>st»ncc,  Impircrpiililc  lo  the  naked  eye, 
rniincd  from  Ihc  iwllin  of  llowcn-.  .Vortmi. 

FOWI,  ..  r&ii.  f'X'U  /"i'' ;  G.  and  D.  ro^rW ;  Ban. 
futliSw-hntl:  from  the  r.ot  of  llio  L.  fa^io,fugo, 
Gr.  Jti  I  ij,  and  slgnifyinl  llie/yini'  cntmal.] 

A  llyi'ne  or  wmged  animal ;  the  generic  name  of 

„^,in  „„iinal3  Uiat  move  through  the  air  hy  the  aid 

I'owls  have  two  feet,  arc  covered  with 

!  Iiave  wings  fur  lliglil.    Bird  is,  ctymo- 

..iine  fiiwl  or  chicken,  and  may  well  be 

■I! -r  s|iecic's  of  fowls.    Uut  it  has 

..f  fmrl,  and  is  now  commonly 

lerm,  though  this  is  not  in  ac- 

cr.uii..  u;i.i  ii.clymologj'. 

fbri  is  used  as  a  coUecuve  noun.  Wo  dined  on 
fish  and  foicl. 

Ut  l^m  h»M  Joiaiiiion  orer  U»e  fiili  of  Ihc  sea,  wid  orcr  the 
/««(<iflli««ll.— Ccn.  I. 

But  this  use  in  America  is  not  frequent.  Wo  gen- 
erally use  the  plural, /oir(s.  The  word  is  colloquially 
used  for  poultry,  or  rather,  in  a  more  limited  sense, 
for  barndoor  fowls. 

FOWL,  r.  i.  To  catch  or  kill  wild  fowls  for  game  or 
food,  OS  by  means  of  bird-lime,  decoys,  neU,  and 
unaroJ,  or  by  pursuing  them  with  hawks,  or  by 
»tioolini:.  ....     , 

FCiWI.'EK,  11.  A  sportsman  who  pursues  wild  fowls, 
or  takes  or  kills  them  for  food. 

FllWL'l.VG,  TfT.    Pursuing  or  taking  wild  fowls. 

FOWL'I.NG,  n.  The  art  or  practice  of  catching  or 
shcxtinc  fowls  or  birds;  also,  falconry. 

FnWL'lSc-rlECE,  n.  A  Ugllt  gun  for  shooting 
fowls  or  birds. 

F0,\,  «.     [Sal.  fill ;  G.  fuclts ;  D.  vos.] 

1  An  animal  of  llie  genus  Tui/iio-,  (Ctiiiis  of  Lin- 
n»uj,)  wilh  a  straight  tail,  yellowish  or  slraw-col- 
orrd  hair,  and  erect  ears.  This  animal  burrows  in 
the  earth,  is  remarkable  for  his  cunning,  and  preys 
on  lambs,  geese,  hens,  or  other  small  animals. 

2.  A  sly,  cunning  fellow. 

3.  In  liramcji'i  tan^aatre^  a  small  strand  of  rojie, 
made  by  twisting  several  rope-yarns  together ;  used 
for  seizings  or  mats  'i\)ltcn. 

4.  Farmerly,  a  cant  expression  for  a  sword.   Shak. 
FOX,  c.  (.    To  intoxicate  ;  lo  stupefy.    {J^ct  ujcJ.1 

Buji/e. 
2.  To  cover  llic  feel  of  boots  with  new  leather  and 
new  soles.  America. 

FOX,  r.  i.    To  turn  sour;  applied  to  beer  when  it 

■nun  in  fennenting.  Smart. 

FOX'CASE,  a.    The  skin  of  a  fox.    [Abt  ustd.\ 

L^Rstrnntre. 
FOX'-('H.\SE,  n.    The  pursuit  of  a  fox  wilh  hounds. 
FOX'/;l»,  (foxt,)p;7.  or  a.    T'urncd  sour  in  fermenting, 

OS  beer.  BooUt. 

FOX'ER-Y,  n.    Behavior  like  that  of  a  fox.    [JVut  in 
1       uj/.]  Chaucer. 

V'  i\'-P.-V/L,  n.    .^  kind  of  disease  in  which  the  hair 

;. Ill  off.  DieL 

t    '\'-GLOVE,n.  A  handsome  biennial  plant,  Z)i^a/u 
-  '"^-^ .  wliose  leavcsnro  used  .as  a  iKiwcrful  merti- 
xs  a  si^dative  and  diuretic.      Dunglisoii. 
'.  l>,  n.    \  hound  for  cha..4ing  foxes, 
r,  ■.    The  chase  or  hunting  of  a  fox. 
■  I'-EP.,  w.    One  who  hunts  or  pursues  foxes 

N  r-l.NG,  «.    The  employment  of  hunting 
:  .  I .  •. 
i  ■ '\'-!IL'NT-ING,  a.     Pertaining  to  or  engaged  in 
Itiii.ting  of  foxes.  illjl, 

I  a.    Resembling  a  fos  in  qualities ;  cun- 
(     ning. 
,  IT.    The  character  or  qualiiies  of  a  fox ; 

Shak. 
.  n.  A  species  of  grass,  the  .'Mopccurus. 
.  P,  «     A  (rap,  or  a  gin  or  snare,  lo  catch 

K.le--.. 

!   FOX'\,fl.    Pertainini;  lo  foxes  ;  wily.    [JW  usrd.] 
2.  An  epilhet  applied  to  paintings,  when  the  shad- 
ows and  luwer  tones  have  too  much  of  a  yellowish 


FOV'SO.V.    See  Poison. 

FRA'CAS,  Ji.  [Fr.]  An  uproar;  a  noisy  quarrel ;  a 
disturbance. 

Kit  \CT,  r.  (.    T 1  break.    [JV^ot  used.]  Sliak. 

FKAt'l  lO.V,  n.  [L.  fractio  ;  Fr.  firtetion  ;  from  L. 
fran-fOyfractus,  to  break.     [See  Bhkak.I 

I. 'The  act  of  breaking  or  state  of  being  broken, 
especially  bv  violence.  Burnet. 

2.  In  ariihmclie  and  algebra,  a  broken  part  of  an 
integral  or  integer;  any  division  of  a  whole  number 
or  unit,  as  ?-,  Iwo  fifths,  ^,  one  fourm,  which  are 
called  vulgar  fractions.  In  these,  the  figure  above  the 
line  is  called  the  numerator,  and  the  figure  below  the 
lino  the  denominator.  In  liccimal /ractioiis,  the  denom- 
inator is  a  unit,  or  I,  with  as  many  ciphers  annexed 
as  the  numerator  has  places.  'I'hey  are  commonly 
expressed  by  writing  the  numerator  only  willi  a  point 
before  it,  by  which  it  is  separated  from  whole  num- 
hera ,  thus  .5,  which  denotes  five  tenths,  -jSy,  or 
half  of  a  unit ;  .25,  that  is,  -^jj^y,  or  a  fourth  part  of  a 

unit. 
FRAC'TION-AL,  a.    nelonging  to  a  broken  number  ; 

comprising  a  part  or  the  parts  of  a  unit ;  as,  fractional 

numbers. 
FRACTIOUS,  (frak'shus,)-<i.    Apt  to  break  out  into 

a  passion  ;  apt  to  quarrel ;  cross ;  snappish  ;   as,  a 

fractious  man. 
FRAC'TIOUa-LY,  arfe.    Passionately;  snappishly. 
FRACTIO  L'H-NESS,  ii.    A  cross  or  snappish  temper. 
FKAe'TLIRE,    (frakt^yur,)    n.      [L.  fractura.      See 

Bbeak.] 

1.  A  breach  in  any  body,  especially  a  breach 
caused  by  violence ;  a  rupture  of  a  solid  body. 

2.  In  surgerjj,  the  rupture  or  disruption  of  a  hone. 
A  fracture  is  simple  or  co^npound ;  simple,  when  the 
bone  only  is  divided  ;  umpound,  wlien  llie  bone  is 
broken,  Willi  a  laceraliun  of  llie  inleguinents. 

3.  In  mineralogy,  the  manner  in  which  a  mineral 
breaks,  and  by  which  its  texture  is  displayed  ;  as,  a 
compact  fracture ;  a  fibrous  fracture ;  foliated,  striated, 
or  conchoblol  fracture,  Sl'C.  Kirtoan. 

FRAG'TURE,  v.  t.  To  break;  to  burst  asunder;  to 
crack;  to  sepanate  continuous  parts;  as,  to /racfurc  a 
bone  ;  to /racltirc  the  skull.  Wiseman. 

FE.\r'Ti;R-£;D,  (frakt'yurd,)  pp.  or  a.  Broken  ; 
cracked. 

FRAe'TlJR-INft,  ppr.  Breaking ;  bursting  asunder  ; 
cracking. 

FRAC'ILE,  (fraj'il,)  a.  [L.  fragilis,  from  frango,  to 
break.] 

1.  Brittle  ;  easily  broken. 

The  Blalk  of  ivy  is  lough,  aiid  not /recite.  Bacon. 

2.  Weak  ;  liable  to  fail ;  easily  destroyed ;  as, 
fragile  arms.  JlfUton. 

FRA^'ILE-LY,  adv.    So  as  to  be  easily  broken. 
Fit.\-(jiL'l-TY,  71.    Briltleness;  easiness  lobe  broken. 

Bacon. 

2.  Weakness  ;  liableness  to  fail.  KnoUis. 

3.  Frailly  ;  liableness  lo  fault.  fVotton. 
FRAG'MENT,  n.     [L.  fragmentum,  from  frango,  to 

break.] 

1.  A  pari  broken  off;  a  piece  separated  from  any 
tiling  by  breaking. 

tinlhcr  up  tlie  /rtisJncnts  that  remain,  Uiat  uolhLig  he  loat.  — 
John  1' 

2.  A  part  separated  from  the  rest ;  an  imperfect 
part;  as,  fragments  of  ;tneieut  writings. 

3.  A  small,  delachej  portion ;  as,  fra^ents  of 
lime.  Franklin, 

FRAG'.MENT-A-KY,  a.    Composed  of  fragmenls. 

JDonne. 
FRAG'MENT-ED,  a.    Broken  into  fragments. 
FRa'GOR,  II.    [L.    See  BniiiK.]     A  loud  and  sudden 
sound;   the  report  of  any  thing  bursting;   a  loud, 
harsh  sound  ;  a  crash. 
2.  A  strong  or  sweet  scent.     [Obs.] 
FRX'GR.iKCE,   In.    [h.  frarrrantia,  ftum  fra^rc,  to 
FRA'GRAN-CY,  , 

smell  strong.  Ar.  ^   .]  criga,  to  emit  or  dilVuse  odor. 

The  Arabic  is  without  a  prefix,  and  the  word  belongs 
probably  to  the  great  family  of  reach,  stretck.] 

Sweetness  of  smell ;  that  quality  of  bodies  which 
affects  the  olfactory  nerves  witii  an  agreeable  sensa- 
tion ;  pleasing  scent ;  grateful  odor. 

Etc  semrale  he  spies, 
Vailcti  in  a  cloud  of  fragrance.  MitUjn. 

The  goblet,  crownetl, 
BrciUied  axomo.ljz /ragrandes  around.  Pope. 

FRa'GRA.\T, 


n-ddish-browii  color. 
FOY,  «.    [Fr./ii.) 

Faith.     r.Vot  lued.} 
FOY,  «.     rfeul. /ory.J 

aboul  til  I  avt  .1  place. 


Joceltjn. 

Spenser. 
A  feast  given  by  one  who  is 
Kiigland^s  Jests. 


Sweet  of  smell ;  odorous. 

Fragrant  Uie  fertile  eanh 
Aticr  soft  showers. 


;UiJIon. 


FRa'GRANT-LY,  ade.    With  sweet  scent.  Mortimer. 
FRaIL,  a.    [Supposed  to  ho  from  Fr.  frcle.  It.  fralc. 

Un.  L.  fragilis,  or  from  a  different  root.] 
I.  Weak  ;  infirm  ;  liable  to  fail  and  decay  ;  subject 

to  casualties  ;  easily  destroyed  ;  perishable  ;  not  firm 

or  durable. 


TLit  I  may  know  how /raj/ 1  am.  — Ps.  xiiiii. 


FRA 

9.  Weak  in  mind  or  resolution  j  liable  to  trrur  or 
deception. 

Man  Lt/rai/  iiutl  jiroiic  lo  evil.  Ihy/or. 

3.  Weak  ;  easily  broken  or  overset ;   as,  a  fm.l 
FllAlL,  n.     [Nonn.  frailc]  [lurk. 

1.  A  basket  luadt;  of  rushes,  used  chiefly  for  cuii- 
tainini,'  fis*  and  raisin:?. 

2.  A  rusli  for  weaving  baskets.  John.<i)». 

3.  A  certain  quantity  of  raisin^,  about  75  pnunds. 
FRaIL'LY,  of/y.  Weakly;  infirmly.  [Knciic. 
FKaIL'XESS,  7j.     Weakness  ;  infirmity  ;  as,  the/ru;"/- 

ncssoi  the  body. 
FR.^IL'TV,  H.      Weakness  of  resolution  ;  infirniily; 
liableness  to  be  deceived  or  seduced. 

God  knows  o'ot  frailty,  anJ  jiilies  our  weakness.  LacVt. 

2.  Frailness;  infirmity  of  body. 

3.  Fault  proceeding  from  weakness  ;  foible;  sine!  , 
infirmity.     {In  Uds  sense,  it  has  a  plural]  i 

FRAlS'c'HEURt{U-^'Almr,)n,    [Fr.]    Freshness ;  cool-  "'■ 

ness.     [J^Tot  En^liith.]  Drydni. 

FRaISE,  n.     [Fr.,  fioin  It.  frcgio^  oriiament,  fne/.i-.j 

1.  \n  fort'Oication,  3k  defense  consisting  of  poinird 
stakes  diJv^n  into  the  ramparts,  in  a  horizontal  or  ni- 
cline'^  position.  P.  djc. 

2.  A  pancake  with  bacon  in  it.  [Obs.]    Ji.'iiisoit. 
FRaIS'-ED,  a.    Fortiticd  wilh  fraise. 
FRaM'A-IJLE,  a.    Tlial  may  be  framed. 

FRaMK,  v.  t.  [Sax. /rcmman,  to  frame,  to  efiV-ct  or 
perform;  Arm.  f ram  may  lo  join;  D.raam,  a  frame, 
G.  rahm,  a  frame  and  cream  ;  Dan.  nunc  ;  f?w.  rami 
Russ.  rama.  Qu.  Class  Rm,  No.  6.  In  Ru.ss.  rama 
is  a  frame,  and  ramo,  the  shoulder,  L.  annus,  Eiig. 
arm.] 

1.  To  fit  or  prepare  and  unite  several  parts  in  a 
regular  structure  or  entire  thing;  to  fabricate  Ly  or- 
derly construction  and  union  of  various  parts  ;  as,  to 
frame  a  house  or  other  building. 

2.  To  fit  one  thing  to  another;  to  adjust ;  to  make 
suitable.  Mhot, 

3.  To  make  ;  lo  compose  ;  as,  to  frame  a  law. 
Vot  Uiou  a.iifra7ned  of  (lie  firm  tniOi  of  valor.  Shak. 

4.  To  regulate;  to  adjust;  to  shape;  lo  conform  ; 
as,  to  frame  our  lives  according  to  the  rules  of  the 
gospel. 

5.  To  form  and  digest  by  thought  j  as,  lo  frame 
ideas  in  the  niind. 

IIpw  many  exiy^llenl  re:i3onmg3  are  framed  in  the  mintl  of  a 
iiuu  of  wisdom  ami  study  m  a  leiigJi  of  yean  t      WaUs. 

6.  To  contrive  ;  to  plan ;  to  devise ;  as,  to  frame  a 
project  or  design. 

7.  To  invent ;  lo  fabricate ;  in  a  had  sense;  as,  lo 
frame  a  stor)'  or  lie. 

FRAME,  V.  ?.    To  contrive.    Judges  xii.  6. 
FRAME,  ■>!.      The  timbers  of  an  edifice  fitted  and 
joined  i;i  the  form  proposed,  for  the  purpose  of  siii>- 
poriing  the  covering ;  as,  the  frame  of  a  house,  barn, 
bridge,  or  ship. 

9.  Any  fabric  or  structure  composed  of  parts  uni- 
ted ;  as,"the  frame  of  an  ox  or  horse.    Sq  we  say,  tiie 
frame  of  the  heavenly  arch  ;  the  f)amc  of  tlic  world. 
Hooker.     Tithtjon. 

3.  Any  kind  of  case  or  structure  made  for  admit- 
ting, inclosing,  or  supporting  things;  as,  the /rtj'ne 
of  a  window,  door,  picture,  or  looking-glass. 

4.  Among  printers,  a  stand  to  support  the  cases  in 
which  the  types  are  distributed. 

5.  Among  founders,  a  kind  of  ledge,  inclosing  a 
board,  which,  being  filled  with  wet  sand,  serves  as 
a  moid  for  castings.  Eucijc. 

6.  A  sort  of  loom  on  whicli  linen,  silk,  &;c.,  is 
stretched,  for  quilling  and  cnibrr^idering.       Encijc. 

7.  Order ;  regularity  ;  adjusted  series  or  composi- 
tion of  parts.  We  say,  a  person  is  out  of  frame;  Hie 
mind  is  not  in  a  good  fraine. 

Your  steady  soul  preserves  hcT  frame.  S>r\fU 

8.  Form ;  scheme  j  structure ;  constitution  j  sys- 
tem ;  as,  a  frame  of  government. 

9.  Contrivance ;  projection. 

John  ihcbastanl, 
Whose  spirits  toil  io/ronw;  ofvUiiuniL-s.  Shak. 

10.  Particular  slate,  as  of  the  mind. 

11.  Shape  ;  form  ;  proportion.  ITud'tbras. 
Lace-frame  ;  a  frame  or  machine  for  making  lace. 
Stocking-frame;    a  loom  or  machine  fur  making 

stockings,  with  silk,  woolen,  or  cotton  thread, 
FRaWED,pp.  or  a.    Fitted  and  United  in  due  formj 

made  ;  composed  ;  devised  ;  adjusted. 
FRaiM'ER,  ».     One  who  frames ;  a  maker  ;  a  con- 
triver. 
FR.\i\lE'-WORK,  (-wurk,)  n.    The  same  as  Frabie; 

that  which  supports  or  incloses  any  thing  else. 
FR.^M'ING,  ppr.    Fitting  and  joining  in  due  constnic- 

tion  ;  making;  fabricating;  ccmposiiig;  adjusting; 

inventing ;  contriving. 
FRaM'ING,  71.    The  act  of  constructing  a  frame  ;  tlie 

frame  thus  •'onstrucled. 
FRAiM'PoLD,  a.     Peevish;  cross;  vexatious.    [LoWj 

and  not  in  tise.]  Shak. 

FRAXe,  71.    A  silver  coin,  of  France,  of  the  value  of 

eightuen  cents  and  sL\  mills,  as  est^iblished  by  a  law 

of  Congress  in  1846. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WIIAT.-MkTE,  PREY._PL\E,  MARtNE,  RIRD.-NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOQK. - 


47H 


FRA 

FKAX'CHISE,  (Tran'cbiz,)  n.  [Fr.,  from  /rc/ic,  free  ; 
ll.fi-anchczza;  fcp.  and  Port,  franqueza.     Sec  Frank.] 

Prupcrhiy  liberty  ;  freedom.     Hciice, 

1.  A  particular  privilege  or  right  granted  by  a  prince 
or  sovereign  to  an  individual,  or  to  a  number  of  per- 
sons :  as,  tlie  right  to  be  a  body  corporate  with  per- 
petual succession ;  the  right  to  hold  a  court  leet,  or 
other  court ;  to  liave  waifs,  wrecks,  treasure-trove, 
or  forfeitures.  So  the  right  to  vote  for  governors, 
senators,  and  representatives,  is  a  franduse  belong- 
ing to  citiaens,  and  not  enjoyed  by  aliens.  The  right 
to  establish  a  bank  is  a  franchise. 

'2.  Exemption  from  a  burden  or  duty  to  which 
others  are  subject. 

3.  The  district  or  jurisdiction  to  which  a  particular 
privilege  extends ;  the  limits  of  an  iiumuniiy. 

Spenser. 

4.  An  asjlum or  sanctuary,  where  persons  are  se- 
cure from  arrest. 

Churcb-.'s  sud  mooasieiies  in  Spain  :t.K  franchises  tat  crirmnals. 

Encyc. 

FRAN'CIIISE,  r.  f.  To  make  free ;  bjU  Enfbaschise 
is  more  ffeneralty  used.  Shak, 

FRAN'C!H5-/:D,  (fran'chizdOpp-    Made  free. 

FR.V.\'cniSE-ME-\T,  (;fran'chiz-ment,)  ti.  Release 
from  burden  or  rf^Iriction  ;  free4!om.  Spenser. 

FRAi\"CinS-I\G,  ppr.    Making  free. 

FR.'VN'Cie,  a.    Terlainiug  to  the  Franks  or  French. 

FRA-\  :iS't-AN,  a.  Belonging  to  the  order  of  St. 
Francis. 

FRA.\-CIS'€AX,  n.  A  monk  of  the  order  of  St.  Fran- 
cis, fuuiHlcd  in  liK)9.  Tliey  are  called  also  Oratj  Fri- 
ars and  Kriars  JWinor. 

FRAN'eO-LIN,  ;:.  A  species  of  partridge,  European 
and  Asiatic  ;  tlie  Perdix  fmncolinus. 

FRAX  01-BJL'l-TV,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
frani!il*le. 

FRAN  GI-BLE,  a.     [from  L.  fraiigo,  to  break.] 

That  may  be  broken  ;  brittle  ;  fragile ;  easily  bro- 
ken. Bmile. 

FRJi~\^ 6J-PA.\'E^  n.  [Fr.]  A  species  of  pastry j|  con- 
taining cream  and  almonds ;  also,  a  perfume.   Smart, 

FR.AX'IOX,  (fran'yun,)  n.  A  paramour,  or  a  boon 
companion.     [J\''Ji  used.]  Spenser. 

FRANK,  0.     [Fr.  franc ;  It.  and  Sp.  fraiico  ,"  G.  frank ; 

D.  vrank.     Qu,  Ar.    c.  yj  faraga,  to  free.   Class  Br, 

So.  36,  or  Class  Brg,  Xo.  5,  G,  7,  8.  Free  and  frank 
may  be  from  the  same  root  or  family ;  for  free  in 
Saxon  is  frii/an^  coinciding  in  elements  with  breali, 
and  the  nasal  sound  of  a-  would  give  frank.  The 
French  franchir  gives  the  sense  of  breaJchtg  out  or 
over  limits. 

1.  Open;  ingenuous  ;  candid  ;  free  in  uttering  real 
sentiments  ;  not  reserved  ;  using  no  disguise.  Young 
persons  are  usually  frank;  old  persons  are  more  re- 
served. 

2.  Open  ;  ingenuous  ;  as,  a  fraiik  disposition  or 
heart. 

3.  Libera! ;  generous ;  not  niggardly.         Bacon. 
[  T/iis  sense  is  now  rare.} 

4.  Free  ;  without  conditions  or  compensation  j  as, 
a  frank  gift. 

5.  Licentious;  unrestrained,   yyot  iised."]    Spenser. 
FRANK,  71.    An  ancient  coin  of  Trance.    The  value 

of  the  gold  franc  was  something  more  than  thai  of 
the  gold  crown.  The  silver  franc  was  in  value  a 
third  of  the  gold  one.  The  gold  coin  is  no  longer  in 
circulation.  The  present  frank  (commonly  written 
franc)  is  a  silver  coin  of  the  value  nearly  of  nineteen 
cents,  or  ten  pence  sterling. 

2.  A  letter  which  is  exempted  from  postage;  or  the 
writing  which  renders  it  free. 

3.  A  Sly  for  swine.     [.Yot  used.']  S/ial:. 
FRANK,  ?i.    A  name  given  by  the  Turks,  Greeks,  and 

Arabs,  to  any  of  ihe  inhabitants  of  ihe  western  parts 
of  Europe,  English,  French,  Italians,  &.c. 

2.  An  individual  belonging  to  a  powerful  German 
iribe,  called  the  Franks^  who  conquered  France. 

FRANK,  V.  £.    To  exempt,  as  a  letter  from  the  charge 
c^  postage, 
i  To  shut  up  in  a  sty  or  frank.  [JVbt  used.]    ShaJi. 

3.  To  feed  high  ;  to  cram  ;  to  fatten.     [JVol  used.] 
FRANK-AL-MOIGNE',  (fnink-al-moin',)  n.     [frank, 

and  Norm,  almoigr.cs^  ah)is.] 

Free  alms ;  in  En^flish  larr^  a  tenure  by  which  a 
religious  corporation  holds  lands  lo  tliem  and  their 
successors  forever,  on  condition  of  praying  for  th:^ 
soul  of  the  donor.  Blaehstone. 

FRAN'K'-CHaSEjJi.  a  liberty  of  free  chase,  whereby 
jwrsons  having  lands  within  the  compass  of  the  same 
are  prohibited  to  cut  down  any  wood,  &.C.,  out  of  the 
vi«-w  of  the  forester.  '  Cowel. 

Free-chase,  \<  the  liberty  of  keeping  beasts  of  chase 
or  royal  game  therein,  protected  even  from  the  owner 
of  the  land  himstlf,  with  a  power  of  hunting  them 
thereon.  Blackstone. 

?RANK'£D,  (frankt,)pp.  or  a.  Exempted  from  post- 
age. 

RAXK'-FEE,  n.  Freehold ;  a  holding  of  lands  in  fee- 
simple.  F.ncyc. 

'KANK'-IIEART'ED,  a.   Having  a  frank  disposition. 


FRA 

rRAXK'-IlE.KRT'ED-XESS,  n.  The  slate  of  having 
a  frank  he:irt. 

FRAXK-IX'CEXSE  or  FR.AJN'K'IX-CEXSE.  n.  [frank 

and  incense]     A  drj',  resinous  substance,  in  pieces  or 

drops,  of  a  pale  yellowish  white  color,  of  a  bitterish, 

acrid  taste,  and  ver>' inflammable,  used  as  a  perfume. 

Hill.     Encyc. 

FRANK''  jG,  ppr.  ot  a.    Exempting  from  postage. 

FRAXTC'IXG,  71.    The  act  of  exempting  from  postage. 

FRAXK'ISH,  a.     Relating  to  the  Franks.     Vcrste^an. 

FRANK'-LAW,  n.  Free,  or  common  law,  or  tlie  ben- 
efit a  p^'rson  has  by  it.  Encyc. 

FRANK'LIX,  n.    An  English  freeholder.     [Obs.] 

Speitscr. 

FR-\XK'LIX-ITE,  m.  A  mineral  compound  of  iron, 
zinc,  and  manganese,  found  in  X'ew  Jersey,  and 
named  from  Dr.  Franklin.  Cleaveland. 

FR.-VXK'LY,  adv.  Openly  ;  freely  ;  ingenuously  ;  with- 
out reserve,  constraint,  or  disguise;  as,  to  confess 
one's  faults /rti7(Wy. 
2.  Liberally;  freely;  readily.    Luke  vii. 

FRANIC'-MAR'RIAGE,  n.  A  tenure  in  tail  special ; 
or  an  estate  of  inheritance  given  to  a  person,  together 
with  a  wife,  and  descendible  lo  the  heirs  of  their  two 
bodies  bepntlen.  Blackstone. 

FRAX^C'XESS,  n.  Plainness  of  speech  ;  candor;  free- 
dom in  communication  ;  openness  ;  ingenuousness. 
He  told  me  his  opinion  with  frankness. 

2.  Fairness ;  freedom  from  art  or  craft ;  as,  frank- 
ness of  dealing. 

3.  Liheralitv  ;  bounteousness.     [Little  used.] 
FRAXK'PLED'GE,  (-plej,)  «.    A  pledge  or  surety  for 

the  good  behavior  of  freemen.  Anciciiihj.  in  England, 
a  number  of  neighbors  who  were  bound  for  each 
other's  good  behavior.  Enctic. 

FRAXK'-TEX'E-i\lEXT,  n.  An  estate  of  freeliold  ; 
the  possession  of  the  soil  by  a  freeman.  Blackstone. 

FRAN'Tie,  a.  [L.  phrcnetich^;  Gr.  ^pti'^jru '5,  from 
i^a^viTti^  delirium  or  raving,  from  fPpiu,  mind,  tiie 
radical  sense  of  which  is,  to  rush,  lo  drive  forward. 
So  animus  signifies  mind,  soul,  courage,  spirit ;  and 
anima  signifies  soul,  wind,  breath.] 

1.  Mad  ;  raving  ;  furious  ;  outrageous  ;  wild  and 
disorderly;  distracted  ;  as,  a.  frantic  person  ;  frantic 
with  fear  or  grief. 

2.  Characterized  by  violence,  fury,  and  disorder; 
noisy  ;  mad  ;  wild  ;  irregular ;  as,  the  frantic  rites  of 
Bacchus. 

FRAX'TiC-LY,         )  adv.    Madly;  distractedJv  ;  out- 

FRAN'Tie-AL-LT,  j     rageously. 

FRAN'TIC-XESS,  ?:.  Madness;  fury  of  passion;  dis- 
traction. 

FRAP,  r.  (.  In  seamen^s  language,  to  draw  together, 
by  ropes  crossing  each  other,  with  a  view  to  secure 
and  strengthen  ;  as,  to  frap  a  tackle  or  vessel. 

ToUen. 

FRAP'PED,  (frapt,)7>p.    Crossed  and  drawn  together. 

FRAP'PIXG,  ppr.    Crossing  and  drawing  together. 

FRA-TER'XAL,  a.  [Fr.  fratcrncl;  L.  fraternus,fwm 
frater,  brother.] 

Brotherly  ;  pertaining  to  brethren  ;  becoming  broth- 
ers ;  as,  fraternal  love  or  affection  ;  a  fraternal  em- 
brace. 

FRA-TER'XAL-LY,  adv.    In  a  brotherly  manner. 

FRA-TER'XI-TY,  n.     [L.  fraternitas.] 

1.  The  state  or  quality  of  a  brother;  brotherhood. 
9.  A  body  of  men  associated  for  their  common  in- 
terest, business,  or  pleasure;  a  company  ;  a  brother- 
hood ;  a  society  ;  as,  the  fraternity  of  monks. 

3.  -Men  of  the  same  class,  profession,  occupation, 
or  character. 

Willi  what  lerraa  of  respect  knaves  aud  sots  will  spe;ik  of  tli>'ir 
ow'D  fralem'Uy.  SuuOi. 

FRAT-ER-NI-Za'TION,  n.  The  act  of  associating 
and  iK.biing  fellowship  as  brethren.  Burke. 

FRA-TER'XIZE,  v.  i.  To  associate  or  hold  fellowship 
as  brothers,  or  as  men  of  like  ociiipation  or  charac- 
ter. 

FRAT'ER-XTZ-ER,  n.    One  wlio  fiaternizes.  Burke. 

FRAT'RI-Cl-DAL,  a.    Pertaining  to  fratricide. 

FRAT'RI-CIDE,  n.  [L.  fratricidiurn ;  frater ,  brother, 
and  ca!do,  to  kill.] 

1.  The  crime  of  murdering  a  brother. 

2.  One  who  murders  or  kills  a  brother.  L.  ,^ddison. 
FRAUD,  n.     [L.fraus;  Fr.  Sp.  It.  and   VurX.  fraudc. 

'riv.fi  agri-es  in  elements  with  Sax.  brtcd,  bred,  fraud, 
which  is  contracted  from  bra^adcn^  fraud,  guile,  dis- 
guise ;  and  brmg  coincides  with  briguc.  But  I  know 
not  that  these  words  are  connected  with  the  Latin 
fraus.] 

Deceit ;  deception  ;  trick ;  artifice  by  which  the 
right  or  interest  of  another  is  injured;  a  stratagem 
intended  to  obtain  some  undue  advantage  ;  an  at- 
tempt to  gain,  or  the  obtaining  of,  an  advantage  over 
another  by  imposition  or  immoral  means,  parlicularly 
deceirtion  in  contracts,  or  bargain  and  sale,  either  by 
stating  falseiioods  or  suppressing  truth. 

][  fiucc^^sa  a  lov<>r's  Coil  uUcuda, 
Who  aska  if  Ibrce  ot/rcud  oblaiucd  his  ends  ?  Pope, 

FRAUD'FJJL,  a.    Deceitful  in  making  bargains ;  trick- 

isli ;  treacherous;  applied  to  persons,  Shak. 

2.  Containing  fraud  or  deceit ;  applied  to  tJtings. 

Dryden. 


FUE 

FRAUD'FyL-LY,  adc.  Deceitfully;  with  iulcnijon 
to'doceivc  and  pain  an  undue  advantage  ;  trickishly  ; 
treaclieroiislv  ;  by  sirat;igetn. 

FRAUD'LE^'S,  a.    Free  from  fraud. 

FRAL'U'LE.-^S-LY,  ale.     \\\  a  fraudless  manner. 

FRAUD'LESS-XKdS,  it.    State  of  being  fraudless. 

FRAUD'U-LEXCE,    j  n.    Deceit  fulness  ;  trickishness 

FRAUD'U-LEX-CY,  j  in  making  bargains,  or  in  so- 
cial concerns.  Itouker. 

FRAUD'U-LEXT,  a.  Deceitful  in  making  contracts ; 
trickish  ;  applied  to  persons. 

2.  Containing  fraud  ;  founded  on  fraud  ;  proceed- 
ing from  fraud  ;  as,  a  fraudulent  bargain. 

3.  Deceitful;  treacherous;  obtained  or  perfonncd 
bv  artifice.  Milton. 

FR}\IJD'U-LEXT-LY,  adv.    By  fraud;  by  deceit;  by 

artilice  or  imposition. 
FRAUGHT,  (frawt,)  a.     ID.  vragt;  G.  fraeht:  Dan. 

frht^t  ;    Sw.    fracht.      A   different   orthography  of 

Freight,  which  see.] 

1.  I,aden  ;  loaded  ;  charged  ;  as,  a  vessel  richly 
fraught  witli  goods  from  India.  t'/V-iu  sense  is  used 
in  poetry;  but  in  common  business  Frkiguted  onlvis 
lu'icd.] 

2.  Filled;  stored;  full;  as,  a  scheme /rau^/ii  with 
mischief;  the  Scriptures  are /rauo-A(  with  excellent 
precepts.  Hooker. 

FRAUGHT,  n.    A  freight ;  a  cargo.    [JVot  now  used.] 

Dryden. 
FRAUGHT,  V.  t.    To  load ;  to  fill ;  to  crowd.    [  Obs.] 

SJiak. 
FRAUGHT' AGE,  n.    Loading ;  cargo.    [JW  ttsed.] 

S/utk. 
FRAY,  n.  [Fr.  fracas.  It.  fracasso,  a  great  crash,  havoc, 
ruin  ;  Fr,  fracasser.  It.  fracassare,  lo  brt-ak ;  coinci- 
ding with  h.fractura,  from  frango.  Under  Affray, 
this  is  referred  lo  Fr.  effravcr,  lo  fright,  but  incorrect- 
ly, unless  Fright  is  from  the  same  root.  In  Iha 
sense  of  rubbing,  fretting,  this  is  from  tlie  L. /Wco, 
Sp.  fregar.  But  breaks  fright,  and  frico^  all  have  the 
same  radicals.] 

1.  A  broil,  quanel,  or  violent  riot,  that  puts  men  in 
fear.  [This  is  the  vulgar  word  for  Affray,  and  the 
sense  seems  to  refer  the  word  to  Fr.  ejfraycr.] 

2.  A  combat ;  a  battle  ;  also,  a  single*  combat  or 
duel.  Pope. 

3.  A  contest ;  contention.  .Milton. 

4.  A  rub  ;  a  fret  or  chafe  in  cloth ;  a  place  injured 
bv  rubbing.  Tatlcr. 

FRaY,  v.  t.    To  fright;  to  terrify.     [Obs.l 

Spenser.    Bacon. 
FRAY,  V.  t.    [Fr.  fraijer,  L.  /Wco,  to  rub.] 

1.  To  rub  ;  to  fret,  as  cloth  by  wearing. 

2.  To  rub  ;  as,  a  deer  fravs  his  head. 
FRAV'JCD,  pp.    Frightened  ;' rubbed;  worn. 
FRaY'I'SG,  ppr.    Frightening;  terrifying;  rubbing. 
FRaY'ING,  71.    Peel  of  a  deer's  horn.        B.  Jonson. 
FRkAK,  71.     [Ice.  frcka.    Qu.  G.  frcch,  bold,  saucy, 

petulant ;  Dan.  frck,  id.  ;  Scot,  fi-ack,  active.  The 
English  word  does  not  accord  perfectly  with  the  Ger. 
Dan.  and  Scot.  But  it  is  probably  froni  the  root  of 
break,  denoting  a  sudden  start,] 

1.  Literally,  a  sudden  stiirting  or  cliange  of  place. 
Hence, 

2.  A  sudden  causeless  change  or  turn  of  the  inind ; 
a  whim  or  fancy ;  a  capricious  prank. 

She  is  resiles  and  peevish,  luid  sometimes  in  a  /rtnk  will  in- 
tUnlly  change  her  hatilatiou.  Spcdalor. 

FReAK,  v.  t.     [from  the  same  root  as  the  preceding, 

to  break  :  \V.  brvc,  Ir.  hreac,  speckled,  parti-colored  ; 
like  yard,  from  ihe  Heb.  TiS,  to  divide.] 
To  variegate  ;  to  checker. 

Freaked  with  many  a  niin^led  hue.  Tlutmson. 

FRf.AK'-ED,  (freekt,)  pp.    Variegated  ;  checkered. 
FRkAK'ISH,  a.     Apt  to  change  the  mind  suddenly; 

whimsical  ;  capricious. 

It  mav  be  a  questJoti,  wlifihcr  the  wifc  or  tlic  woman  was  the 
mQK  frtakisJi  of  tlie  two.  L'Estrangt. 

FReAK'ISH-LY,  adc.  Capriciously  j  with  sudden 
change  of  mind,  witliout  cause. 

FReAK'1SH-XE5S,  71.  Capriciousncss ;  whimsical- 
ness. 

FRECK'LE,  (frek'l,)  7i.  [from  the  same  root  ns  freak : 
W.  bryc,  Ir.  brcac,  spoiled,  freckled  ;  W.  frrj/ci(,  lo 
freckle  ;  from  breaking,  unless  by  a  change  of  letters 
it  has  been  corrtipled  from  G.  fieck,  D.  tlaky  or  clck, 
Sw.  Jlack,  Dan.  Jlek,  a  spot ;  which  is  not  j)robabIe.l 

1.  A  spot,  of  a  yellowish  color,  in  the  skin,  panic- 
ulariy  on  the  face,  neck,  and  hands.  Freckles  may 
be  natural,  or  produced  by  the  action  of  the  sun  on 
tlie  skin,  or  from  the  jaundice. 

2.  Anv  small  spot  or  discoloration.  Evelyn. 
FRECK'LE,  r.  t.  or  r.  i.    To  give  or  acquire  freckles. 

Smart, 
FRECK'LED,  (frek'ld,)  a.    Spoiled;   having  small, 

yellowish  spol^  on  the  skin  or  surface  :  as,  a  freckled 

face  or  neck. 
2.  Spotted  ;  as,  a  frecUUd  cowslip.  Shak. 

FRECK'LED-NES.S.    n.     The  stale  of  being  freckletl. 
FRECK'LE-FaC'ED,  (frek'l-fasie.)  a.    Havmg  a  lace 

full  of  freckles.  Bianm. 

FRECK'LY,  a.      Fuil  of  freckles  ;    sprmkled   with 

spots. 


TOiVE,  BJ/1.L,  UNITE.      AN"GER,  V1"CI0US.      €  as  K  ;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  ClI  as  SII;  TH  as  in  THIS. 
■ -—  ^  -  ';j7y" 


rJ 


FRE 


I'KE 


VRRO;  Sax,  friLk,  Uan. /rtJ,  Sw.  frUI,  G.  frie4e,  D. 

- ..  ^:^.  f'.v</fr(£,  iloiiiiiiioii  of  iwace,  or 

viclurioiiJ  peacf.    l»ur  nii- 
Lrv  jWihtulr^  a  seal  of  puacc. 

^  ^^,  ,      ^ ,  ,   i.''*»  [rvt:;fri^au^/re0^an,lo 

free  !  li. /^* ;  l>.  p'-ii'  l»an. /ri;  Svv./Wf  nil  cun- 
IfUcUrd  fnun  /Vi/,  wliich  comsiwiids  with  Hcb.  aiid 

Cb.  pTfl,  Syr.  ^'^j  Sanu  ^^^3,  Ar.  O^  /aroAa, 

to  frrtfttt>  to  separate,  to  divide,  to  free,  to  redeem,  Sec. 
Sac  Kb  t  k  k>  1 

L  Beiii-  at  liberty  j  not  being  under  neceiisity  or 
rMtriiiil,  physical  or  iiiunil ;  a  word  of  general  iip- 
pltcalioii  lo  tlio  body,  the  will  or  mind,  and  to  corpo- 
ration*. 

'J.  '  :  lit,  not  cn:<Iuvcd  ;  not  in  a  stnte  ol 

v:i.  luleiict! ;  subject  only  to  fixed  hiws, 

1,1.. ,  ■,  and  to  a  regular  adminirilrutiou  of 

Mcli  inv-  ;  II  'i  subject  lo  llie  arbitrary  will  of  a  sov- 
ereign or  lunl ;  as,  a  free  utate,  nation,  or  people. 

a  In.'ililuled  by  a  free  people,  or  by  consent  or 
djoice  of  tlio-*  who  are  to  bo  subjects,  and  secur- 
ing pfivale  riehts  and  privilese:*  by  fi\ed  laws  and 
I>rittripl('4 ;  nut  uibitrar>'  or  desjwlic  ;  as,  a  free  con- 
.....      ^  J.  g^>vernineiiL 

!*;  no  fr€t  guTcminciU  without  n  dciiiocntteal  brancli 
<.\MutiIutkMi.  J-  Atlama. 

A.  Not  impri^ned,  confined,  or  uudor  arrest  j  as, 
tbe  pnsoncr  i*  stl  free. 

S.  L'ncon.-ilraincd;  unrestrained;  not  under  com- 
pulsion or  conlnd.  A  man  is  fru  to  pursue  his  own 
choice  ;  lie  enjoys  frtc  wilt. 

tx  Nut  cliLMuicaliy  combined  with  any  other  body  ; 
at  liberty  lo  esca|M*';  as,  free  carbonic  acid  gas. 

7.  rt-nnitleil ;  allowed  ;  open  ;  not  appropriated  ; 
a-j,  places  of  hunor  and  confidence  are  free  to  all ; 
^.  .■  •ft-ldoni  hear  of  a  commerce  perfectly /Vcc. 

->,  Not  obstructed;  as,  the  water  h:is  a  free  pas- 

-  i-c  or  chauni;! ;  the  house  is  open  to  a  free  current 
uf  air. 

9.  Licentious ;  unrestrained.  The  reviewer  is  ver>' 
fret  in  his  censures. 

10.  Oiten  ;  candid  ;  frank  ;  ingenuous  ;  unreserved  ; 
U,  vrc  had  a  free  conversation  together. 

Will  jrou  \ie/rtt  dldiI  uudid  u>  your  friend  i  Oticaij. 

11.  Liberal  in  expenses;  not  parsimonious;  as,  a 
frte  purse  ;  a  man  is  free  to  give  lo  all  useful  institu- 
tions. 

12.  Gratuitous ;  not  gained  by  importunity  or  pur- 
chajie.  lie  made  Iiiui  a  free  ofler  uf  his  services. 
It  U  a  free  gift.  The  salvation  of  men  is  of  free 
grace. 

IX  Clear  of  crime  or  offense ;  guiltless ;  innocent. 

Mf  luuiii  wv  pjiliy.  Iiul  inj  Iratt  Is  free.  Dryden. 

14.  Not  having  feeling  or  suffering  ;  clear;  exempt; 
with  from ;  as,  free  from  pain  or  disease  j  free  from 
remorse. 

15.  Not  cncumbercil  with  ;  a^,/re«  from  a  burden. 
hi.  Open  to  all,  without  restriction  or  witliout  ex- 
pense ;  ns,  a  free  school. 

17.  Invented  with  franchiifs ;  enjoying  certain 
Immunities;  with  of;  as,  a  ui:m  free  o/ the  city  of 
London. 

18.  Possessing  without  vassalage  cr  slavish  condi- 
tion* ;  as,  free  of  his  farm.  Dryden. 

ID.  Liberated  from  the  government  or  control  of 
pnrcnL^,  ur  of  a  guardian  or  master.  A  son,  or  an 
:i;iprenlice.  wliL-n  of  age,  is  free. 

*J0.  Ready  ;  eager  ;  not  dull ;  acting  without  si»ur- 
ring  or  v^liipping  ;  as,  a  free  horse. 

*il.  Genleel ;  chanuillg.  [Aut  ia  w.*c.]  Chaucer. 
FREE,  c.  I,  To  remuvL-  from  a  thing  any  encum- 
brancn  or  obstruction;  to  disengn-^e  from;  to  rid; 
U»  ilrip;  to  clear;  as,  lo  free  the  biidy  from  clothes  ; 
lo  free  Uie  feel  from  fclters  ;  to  free  a  channel  from 
mnd. 

2.  To  set  at  liberty  ;  to  rescue  or  release  from  slav- 
cry,  ca|rtivity,  or  cunfincmenl ;  to  loose  ;  the  prisoner 
U  freed  frnni  arrest. 

a.  To  diKULingle  ;  to  disengage 

4.  To  exempt. 

lU  that  b  deaj  li/r«rf  from  lia.  —  Rom.  vl, 

5.  To  manumit ;  lo  release  from  bondage :  a<!  to 
free  a  f>Iavc.  *       ' 

C.  'i'o  clear  from  water,  as  a  ship  by  pumpin« 
7.  To  release  from  obligation  or  duty. 
To  frtefrvM^  or  free  of,  is  to  rid  of,  by  removiu"  in 
any  manner.  ° 

FREE-A'CEX-CY,  n.     Th,.  stite  of  acting  freely,  or 

wiihoul  ncc<-«iiy  or  coni<traim  of  Hk;  will. 
FREEUE.N'CH',  b.    A  widow's  dower  in  a  coinhold. 

FREE'DOOT-ER,  ».    [D.  rrybuitrr  ;  G./r^^TSec 

BooTr.j 
One  who  wanders  about  for  plunder;  a  robber ;  a 

piltig^r  ;  a  plunderer.  Baron 

FUEE'DOOT-ING,  n.    Robb..ry  ;  plunder ;  a  pillaging. 

FREE'BORN,  a.    Bom  free  j  not  in  va'salageTinh'er- 
ilm*  h^rty.  **    * 


FREE-C!L\r'FX,  n.  In /:ii^'/u;i.7,  a  chapel  founded 
by  the  king,  and  not  subject  to  Ihe  jurisdiction  of  the 
ordinary.  'J'he  king  may  alio  grant  license  to  a  sub- 
ject to  iiHind  such  a  chapel.  Coirel. 

FKEE'-CIT'V,    in.    A  name  given  to  certain  cities, 

FREE'-TOWN,  j  principally  of  Germany,  which 
were  really  small  republics,  directly  connccled  with 
ihe  Geriuau  empire  ;  and  hence  ullen  called  imperial 
cities.  They  were  once  numerous,  but  are  now  re- 
duced to  four,  viz.,  Frankfort,  Ilamliurgli,  Lubcck, 
ami  Bremen  ;  to  whicli  was  also  added  Cracow  in 
l>ul;,n<l.  Encijc.  Am. 

FREE'-eOST,  «.  Wiiluiut  expense  j  freedom  from 
charges.  South. 

FREED,  pp.  or  a.  Set  at  liberty;  loosed;  delivered 
from  restraint  ;  cleared  of  liinderance  or  oI)struc- 
tion. 

FREl-:-DEN'I-ZK.V,  n.    A  citizen.  Jucl.-^on. 

FREE-DEX'I-ZE.X,  (-den'i-zn.)  r.  (.    To  make  free. 

Bp.  Hall. 

FUEED'.MAX,  it.  A  man  who  lias  bf^en  a  slave  ami 
is  manumitted. 

FREK'DtJ.M,  7(.  A  state  of  exemption  from  the  power 
or  control  of  another  ;  liberty  ;  exemption  from  slav- 
ery, servitude,  or  confinement.  Prcalom  is  personal, 
civil,  political,  and  rdi-rio^Ls.     [See  Lhjeutv.] 

2.  l*articular  privileg^.-s';  franchise  ;  iinmuiiity  ;  as, 
tlie  frccfloin  of  a  city. 

3.  Power  of  enjoying  franchises.  Swift. 

4.  Exemption  from  fale,  necessity,  or  any  constraiui 
in  consequence  of  predetermination  or  otherwise ; 
as,  liie  freedom  of  tlie  will. 

.^.  Any  exemption  from  constraint  or  control. 
G.  Ease  or  facility  of  doing  any  ihiriir.     lie  speaks 
or  acts  with  freedom. 

7.  Frankness ;  boldness.  lie  addressed  his  audi- 
ence with  freedom. 

8.  License;  improper  familiarity ;  violation  of  the 
rules  of  decorum  ;  with  a  pluial.  Beware  of  what 
are  calb'd  innocent  freedoms. 

FREE-FISH'ER-V,  h.  A  royal  franchise  or  exclusive 
privilege  of  fishing  in  a  public  river.  Ehcvc, 

FREE '-FOOT-ED,  a.  Not  rcslndncd  in  marcliing. 
[^rot  iisal^  Shak. 

FREE'-HEaRT'ED,  (-hLirt'ed,)  a,  [See  IIkaht.]  Open  ; 
frank ;  unreserved. 
2.  Liberal;  charitalile;  generous. 

FKEE'-HEART'ED-LY  adc.  Unreservedly:  liber- 
ally. 

FREE'-IIEXRT'ED-NESS,  n.  Frankness  ;  openness 
of  heart;  liberality.  Burnet. 

FKEE'HoLD,  n.  "That  land  or  tenement  which  is 
held  in  fee-simple,  fee-tail,  or  for  term  cf  life.  It  is 
of  two  kinds  ;  in  deed,  and  in  laic.  The  firi^t  is  the 
real  possession  of  sucli  land  or  tenement ;  the  last  is 
the  right  a  man  has  to  such  land  or  tenement,  before 
his  entry  or  seizure.  Kn-^.  Lata. 

Freehold  is  also  extended  to  such  offices  "as  a  man 
holds  in  fee  or  for  life.  It  is  also  taken  in  opposition 
to  riUfuafre.  Eneyc. 

In  Vtc  United  Sfalr.<,  a  freehold  is  an  estate  which  a 
man  holds  in  his  own  right,  subject  to  no  superior, 
nor  to  conditions. 

FREE'IIoLD-ER,  n.  One  who  owns  an  estate  in  fee- 
simple,  fee-tail,  or  for  iil'o  ;  the  possessor  of  a  free- 
hold. ^ 

FUEE'IXG,  jtpr.  Delivering  from  restraint ;  releasing 
from  confinement ;  removing  enctinibrances  or  liin- 
derances  from  any  thing  ;  clearing. 

FREE'LV,  t:dc.  At  liberty  ;  without  vassalage,  slav- 
ery, or  dependence. 

2.  Without  restraint,  constraint,  or  compulsion  ; 
voluntarily.  To  render  a  moral  agent  accountriblo, 
he  niu-t  act  frcelij. 

3.  Plentifully;  in  abundance;  as,  to  eat  or  drink 
freelij. 

4.  VV'ithout  scruple  or  reserve  ;  as,  to  censure /rec/y. 

5.  Without  impediment  or  liinderance. 

Of  every  tree  oflhc  g-orJoii  eiou  tmyv^l  freely  c:\l.~Gca.  ii. 

G.  Without  necessity,  or  compulsion  from  divine 
predetermination. 

y.-eeUj  Hi'!)-  elucKl  wlio  slooJ,  ami  itU  who  fell.  Ar,tu»i. 

7.  AViihnut  obstruction  ;  largely  :  copiously.  Tlie 
pulientbled//-fc/y.  •=    j  >      i  j 

8.  Spontaneously  ;  without  constraint  or  persua- 
sion. 

9.  Liberally  ;  generously  ;  as,  to  give  frcehj  to  the 
poor. 

10.  Gratuitously;  of  free  will  or  grace,  without 
purchase  or  consideration. 

Frcflyyc  have  rcccIvcU, /rrc'y  give. —Malt,  x. 

FREE'-LIV-ER,  v.  One  who  eats  and  drinks  abun- 
dantly. 

FUEE'-LIV-IXG,  n.  Foil  gralifuation  of  the  appe- 
tite. ' ' 

FREE'MAX,   n.     [free  ;nnl  man.}     One  who  enjovs 
iibcrty,  or  who  i^  not  subject  to  tiie  will  of  another  : 
one  nut  a  slave  or  vassal.       ^ 
2.  One  who  enjoys  or  is  entitled  to  a  franchise  or 

pi?r^'"i'',?^'^Z''""'^ ;  ^-''  lf'e>fci/.ca  of  a  city  or  state. 
„„  7'^^^'^*'^'"-  ■^^'''^»  ^^=0^^  produc.-s  twins, 
one  of  them  a  male,  and  the  otlicr  apparently  a  fe- 


male,  the  latter  is  mo-l  generallv  (but  not  invaiialjlj) 
barren  ;  and.  on  dissecliun,  v.  ill  be  found  to  have 
some  of  the  organs  of  e.icli  sex,  but  neillier  piifecl. 
t>ucii  an  animal  is  called,  by  the  English,  a/(Tc-»mr- 
((71,  and  was  called,  by  the  Greeks  and  Romans, 
T.ivoa^  ta.tra. 

FREE'Ma-SOX,  71.  One  of  an  ancient  and  secret  as- 
sociation or  fraternity,  said  lo  iiave  been  at  first  com- 
posed of  masons  or  builders  in  stone,  but  now  con- 
sisting of  persons  who  are  united  for  social  enjoy- 
ment and  mutual  assistance. 

FREE'M.^-SON-RY,  (-ma-sn-ry,)  ».  That  which  be- 
longs to  t!ic  fraternity  of  freemasons. 

FREE'-.^IIXD-ED,  a.    Not  perplexed;  free  from  care. 

Bacon. 

FREE'NESS,  v.  The  state  or  quality  of  being  free, 
unconstrained,  uncoiifined,  unincumbered,  or  unob- 
structed. 

2.  Openness  ;  unreserved ness  ;  frankness  ;  ingen- 
uousness ;  candor  ;  as,  the  frccncss  of  a  confession. 

3.  Liberality;  generosity;  as, /rccHe.so- in  giving. 

SpnUt. 

4.  Gratuitousness;  as,  the /rcejiMS  of  divine  grace. 
FUEE'-PoRT,  71.    A  name  given  to  certain  ports  on 

the  continent  of  Europe,  as  Genoa,  Leghorn,  &,c., 
where  ships  of  all  nations  may  load  aiul  unload 
free  of  duty  ;  hut  if  the  articles  importnd  are  car- 
ried into  the  adjoining  country,  they  pay  the  ordinary 
duties  at  the  gates  or  barriers.  Diet,  de  VJieud. 

In  Vtc  West  Indies,  a  free-port  is  one  wliere  gooili 
of  all  kinds  may  be  landed  from  foreign  ships,  on 
pa\inent  of  the  ordinary  duties. 

FREE'-SeiiOOL,  n.  A  school  supported  by  funiL^ 
&.C.,  in  \yhicli  pupils  are  taught  \vithout  paying  for 
tuition. 

2.  .\  school  open  to  admit  pupils  without  restric- 
tion. 

FREE'-SPoK-i:X,  a.  Accustomed  to  S|)eak  without 
reserve.  Bacon. 

FREE'-S'J'aTES,  v.  pi.  Those  states  of  the  Union  in 
which  slavery  has  been  abolished  by  law. 

FREE'SToNE,  11.  Any  sjiecies  of  stone  composed 
of  sand  or  grit,  so  called  because  it  is  easily  cut  or 
wrought. 

FRi;E"rilIXK-ER,  7!.  A  sutler  name  for  a  deist ;  an 
tnil)LliL-ytr  ;  one  w^ho  discanls  revelation. 

FRKE'T1IL\K-IXG,  n.  Undue  bold  ness  of  specula- 
tion ;  unbelief.  Berkeley. 

FRKE'THIXK-ING,  a.  Noting  undue  boldness  of 
speculation  ;  skeptical. 

FREE'-TOXGUED,  (-lungd,)  a.  Speaking  wiihout 
reserve.  Bp.  Hull. 

FREE-WAR'REX,  v.  A  royal  franchise  or  exclusive 
right  of  hilling  b^iasts  and  fowls  of  warren  within 
certain  limits.  Encyc. 

FREE-WILL',  71.    The  power  of  directing  our  <     n 
actions  without  restraint  by  necessity  or  fate.    Locue. 
2.  Voluntariness  ;  spontaneousness. 

FREE'-WILL,  a.  Si>ontaneous  ;  as,  a //■«-7Ci7i  offer- 
ing. 

FREEHVILL-BAP'TIST,  h.  One,  belonging  to  a 
branch  of  the  Baptist  denomination,  who  h(jhls  to 
tlie  freedom  of  the  will  in  opposition  to  necessity, 

FUEE'-WO.M-AX,  ?;.    A  woman  not  a  slave. 

FREEZE,  V.  i.;  pret.  Fkoze  ;  pp.  Frozen  or  Fboze. 

(Sax.  frysaii ;  D.  vriezcn  ;  Dan.  fryscr  ;  Sw.  frijsa. 
t  coincides  in  elements  with  D.  vreczcn,  lo  fear, 
that  is,  to  shrink,  contract,  tremble,  shiver,  Fr. 
f riser,  to  curl,  wlience /rwj-w/ifr,  to  shiver,  Sp. />i- 
sar.  These  are  of  one  family,  unless  there  Iios 
been  a  change  of  letters.  The  Italian  has  fre^io, 
for  frieze,  and  the  Gr,  i^nicio),  liad  for  its  radical 
letters  (/toij.  These  may  be  of  a  difiercut  family- 
To  freeze  is  to  contract.  See  Class  Ud,  lis,  No.  14, 
19,  25.     Qu.  Ru33.  mroz,  frost.] 

1.  To  be  congealed  by  cold  ;  to  he  changed  from  a 
liquid  to  a  sohd  state  by  the  abstraction  of  heal;  to 
be  hardened  into  ice  or  a  like  solid  body.  Water 
frcezct  at  the  temperature  of  32*  above  zero  by  Fahr- 
enheit's thermometer.  iMercury  freezes  at  40°  below 
zero. 

2.  To  bo  of  that  degree  of  cold  at  which  water 
congeals.  Shak. 

3.  To  chill ;  to  stagnate,  or  to  retire  from  the  e.v-  J 
treine  vessels  ;  as,  tlio  blood /recic^  in  the  veins.         ' 

4.  To  be  chilled  ;  lo  shiver  with  cold.  ! 

5.  To  die  by  means  of  cold.    We  say  a  nmi\  freezes  j, 
to  death.  j 

FREEZE,  V.  t.  To  congeal;  to  harden  into  ico;  to  ; 
change  from  a  fluid  to  a  solid  fibrin  by  cold  or  ab.'lrac-  | 
lion  of  heat.  This  weather  wUl  freeze  the  rivers  and  •: 
lakes.  I 

2.  To  kill  by  c«ild  ;  but  we  often  add  the  words  to  i 
dratJi.     This  air  \\'ill/rfr:c  you,  or  freeze  you  Ui  dcaUi.  ; 

3.  To  chill ;  to  give  the  sensation  of  cold  and  shiv-  ; 
ering.    This  horrid  tale  freezes  my  blood.  : 

FREEZE,  in  arddtcctnre.     See  Frieze. 

FREEZING,  p/»-.    Congealing;  hardtming  into  ice.     , 

FREEZ'ING,  71.    The  proces.^  or  state  of  congelation. 

FEEEZ'ING-INilX'TURE,  (-mikstVKr,)  n.  A  mixlurc 
of  two  or  more  substances,  as  of  salt  and  snow,  but 
usually  of  a  solid  and  a  fluid,  which,  in  melting  ab- 
sorb heat  from  contiguous  bodies,  and  thus  proflucc 
intense  cold.  \ 


Ii 


_FaTE.  far,  fall.  WIIAT-  METE,  PIIEV. _ riNT,,  M.-VRYNE,  BIUn.-NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE, 


WOLF,  BOOK. 


4=0 


FRE 

FREXZ'IXG-POl.N'i',  7i.  That  jwint  of  :i  thermome- 
ter at  which  fluids  begin  to  ficezc  j  applied  particu- 
larly to  water,  wliosc  freeiing^'point  is  at  ^3^  of  Fahr- 
enheit's thermometer. 

FREIGHT,  (frate,)  h.  [D.  vrairt ;  G.  frackt ;  Sw. 
fnuht :  Dan.  fragt ;  Fr.  fret ;  Port,  frete ;  Sp.  Jlete  ; 
Aim.  fret.  (See  Fraught.)  Qu.  from  the  root  of 
h.fero;  formed,  like  bright,  from  the  Ethiopic  ba- 
rah,] 

1.  The  cargo,  or  any  part  of  the  cargo,  of  a  ship  ; 
lading;  that  which  is  carried  by  water.  The/reiu-At 
of  a  ship  consists  of  cotton  ;  the  sliip  tias  not  a  full 
freight;  the  owners  have  advertised  for  freight; 
freight  will  be  paid  for  by  the  ton. 

2.  Transportation  of  goods.  We  paid  four  dollars 
a  loll  for  the  frdglU  from  London  to  Barcelona. 

3.  Tlie  hire  of  a  ship,  or  money  charged  or  paid  for 
the  transportation  of  goods.  Alter  paying /ret  o-Ai  and 
charges,  the  profit  is  trilling.  FniirGHTACE  is  now 
but  little  used. 

FREIGHT,  (frate,)  r.  U  To  load  with  goods,  as  a  ship 
or  vessel  of  any  kind,  for  transporting  tliem  from 
one  place  to  anotlier.  We  freighted  the  ship  for 
Amsterdam  i  Ihe  ship  was  freighted  with  flour  for 
Uavanna. 
2.  To  load  as  the  burden.  Shak. 

FREIGII'1''ED,  pp.    Loaded,  as  a  ship  or  vessel. 

FR£IGUT'ER,  (frat'er.)  lu  One  who  loads  a  ship,  or 
one  who  charters  and  loads  a  ship. 

FREIGHT'ING,  ;»j7r.  ore  Loading  or  carrjing,  as  a 
ship  or  vessel. 

FREIGIIT'LESS,  a.    Destitute  of  freight. 

FREIS'LE-BEX,  n.  A  miuL-ral,  of  a  blue  or  bluish- 
gray  color,  brittle,  and  soft  to  the  toucli.   Clenvdand. 

FREX,  n.     A  stranger.     {J^ot  used.]  Spender. 

FREXCH,  a.     Pertaining  to  France  or  its  inhabitants. 

FREXCH,  7(.  Tlie  language  spoken  by  the  people  of 
France. 

FttEXCH-BER'RY,  n.  The  same  as  AviCNo-N-BEBRV. 

Ure. 

FREXCH-CHALK,  (-chawk,)  n.  Scaly  talc,  a  variety 
of  indurated  talc,  in  masses  composed  of  small 
scales;  its  color  is  pearly-white  or  grayish.  It  is 
much  used  for  drawing  lines  on  clotii,  &.c.  Cleaveland, 

FREXCH-HORX',  n.  A  wind-instrument  of  music, 
made  of  metal. 

FREXCH'I-FI-£D,  (-fide,)  pp.  or  a.  Made  like  the 
French.  Burke. 

FREXCH'I-F?,  r.  t.  To  make  French ;  to  Infect  with 
the  uiauner  of  tlie  French.  Camden. 

FREXCH'-LIKE,  c    Resembling  the  French. 

Bp.  Hall. 

FRENCIJ'.MAX,  n.     A  man  of  the  French  nation. 

PRE-XET'[€.     See  Frantic  and  Phbznetic. 

FREX'ZI-€AL,  ti.    Partaking  of  frenzv. 

FRE.V'Z[£D,  part.  a.     .Mfected  with  madness. 

FREX'ZI-£D-LY,  adv.     Jladly;  distractedly. 

FREX'ZY,  n.  [Fi.frenesie  ;  Ix.  frenesia ;  from  L.  pkrc- 
mtis^  Gr.  ipnei-irfs,  from  •i>ot)v,  mind,  which  is  from 
moving,  rushing.    See  Frantic] 

Madness;  distraction  ;  rage;  or  any  violent  agita- 
tion of  the  mind,  approaching  to  distraction. 

All  else  is  toweriii  *  frenry  and  dlslriClion.  Addison. 

I^E'CITTENCE,  n.     [Fr.,  from  L.  frequentia.] 

A  crowd  ;  a  throng ;  a  concourse ;  an  assembly. 
[LittU  used.]  Shak.     .Mdtmi. 

'Re'Q,UEX-CY,  n.  A  return  or  occurrence  of  a  thing 
often  repeated  at  short  mtervals.  The  frequmcy  of 
crimes  abates  our  horror  at  the  commission  ;  the  fre- 
qaency  of  capital  punishments  tends  to  destroy  their 
proper  effect. 

2.  A  crowd  ;  a  throng.     [JVot  used.]    B.  Jorison. 
TlE'aUliXT,  a.     [Fr.,  from  L.  frequens.] 

1.  Often  seen  or  done;  often  happeninc  at  short 
intervals;  often  repealed  or  occurring.  We  made 
frtquenx  visit:  to  the  hospital. 

a  Used  often  to  practice  any  thing.  He  was  fre- 
quent and  loud  in  his  declamations  against  the  revo- 
lution. 

3.  Full ;  crowded  ;  thronged.  [JVo(  usrA.]  Milton. 
■RE-aUEXT',  X.  U     [L.  freifieiito  ;  Fr.  frequenter.] 

To  vi^it  often  ;  to  resort  to  often  or  habitually. 
The  man  who  freqiunts  a  dram-shop,  an  ale-bouse, 
or  a  gaming-table,  is  in  the  road  to  poverty,  disgrace, 
and  ruin. 

H^/requenUd  the  court  of  Augustus.  Dryden. 

■RE-aUEXT'A-BLE,  a.    Accessible.     [J^ot  used.] 

Sidney. 
"RE-atTEXT'AOE,  n.    The  practice  of  frequenting. 

Southey. 
RE-QUEXT-A^TION,  n.    The  act  of  frequenting. 
I      2.  The  habit  of  visiting  often.  [Chesterfield. 

RE-aL'EXT'A-TIVE,  a.  [It.  frequcnuiltvo  i  Fr.fre- 
quenlatif.] 

In  grammar,  denoting  the  frequent  repetition  of  an 
action  ;  as,  a  frequmtatice  verb. 
RE-aUEXT'A-TIVE,  h.    A  verb  which  denotes  tlic 
frequent  occurrence  or  repetition  of  an  action. 
,  RE-aUEXT'ED,  pp.  or  o.    Often  visited. 
*  RE-aUEXT'ER,  n.    One  who  oKen  visits  or  resorts 
to  custr.marily. 

RE-Q,UEXT'ING,  ppr  Often  visiting  or  resort- 
ing to. 


FRE 

FRE'aUEXT-LV,  adv.    Often  ;  many  tmies;  at  short 

intervals ;  commonly. 
FRK'aUEXT-iXESS,'?!.  The  quality  of  being  frequent 

or  often  repeated. 
FRERE,  (frare,)  n.     [Fr.]     A  brother. 
FRES'CaDES,  ft.  pi.    Cool  walks  ;  shady  places, 
FRES'eO,  n.     [It.  frescoy  fresh.] 

1.  Coolness;  shade;  a  cool,  refreshing  state  of  the 
air;  duskiness.  Prior. 

2.  A  picture  not  drawn  in  glaring  light,  but  in 
dusk.  Pope. 

3.  A  method  of  painting  on  walls,  performed  with 
water-colors  on  fresh  plaster,  or  on  a  wall  laid  with 
mortar  not  yet  dry.  Tlie  colors,  incorporating  with 
the  mortar,  and  drying  wiili  it,  become  very  durable. 
It  is  called  frescoj  either  because  it  is  done  on  fresk 
plaster,  or  because  it  is  used  on  walls  and  buildings 
in  the  open  air.  Eiicye. 

4.  A  cofd  n-fresJiing  liquor. 

FRESH,  a.  [Sax.  fcrsc;  D.verscit:  G.  frisch:  Dan. 
fcrsk  and  frisk;  Sw. frisk;  It.  fresco  ;  .Sp.  and  Port. 
id. ;  Fr.  frais,  fraiche ;  Ann.  fresg ;  W.  fres,  fn-sq. 
Tills  is  radically  the  same  word  as  frifk,  and  it  coin- 
cides also  in  elements  with  brisk,  \V.  brtjsg,  which 
is  from  rhys,  a  rushing,  extreme  ardency,  Ehg.  rush, 
which  gives  ilie  rafUcal  sense,  though  it  may  not  be 
the  same  word.] 

1.  Moving  with  celerity;  brisk;  strong;  some- 
what vehement  j  as,  afresh  breeze ;  fresh  wind  ;  the 
primary  sense. 

2.  Having  the  color  and  appearance  of  young,  thrifty 
plants  ;  lively  ;  nut  impaired  or  faded  ;  as  wlien  we 
say,  the  fields  \ook  fresh  and.  green. 

3.  Having  the  appearance  of  a  healthy  youth  ; 
florid  ;  ruddy  ;  as,  a/rtw/i-colored  young  man. 

•1.  X'^ew  ;  recently  grown  ;  as,  fresh  veg(? table??. 

5.  X^ew  ;  recently  made  or  obtaineil.  We  Ji:ive  a 
fresh  supply  of  goods  from  the  manufactory,  or  from 
India  ;  fresh  tea  ;  fresh  raisins. 

6.  Not  impaired  by  time  ;  not  forgotten  or  oblit- 
erated. The  story  is  fresh  in  my  mind;  the  ideas 
ait;  fresh  in  my  recollection. 

7.  Not  salt ;  ns,  fresh  water  ;  fresh  meat. 

8.  Recently  from  the  well  or  spring;  pure  and 
cool ;  not  warm  or  vapid.  Bring  a  glass  of  frc^h 
water. 

9.  In  a  state  like  that  of  recent  growth  or  recent- 
ness  ;  as,  to  preserve  tlowers  and  fruit  fresh. 

Frtth  as  April,  Kwcel  as  Miv.  CaretD, 

10.  Repaired  from  loss  or  diminution;  having  new 
vigor.     He  rose  fresh  for  the  combat. 

11.  New  ;  that  has  lately  come  or  arrived  ;  as,  fresh 
news ;  fresh  dispatches. 

12.  Sweet ;  in  a  good  state ;  not  stale. 

13.  Unpracticed ;  unused  ;  not  before  employed  ; 
as,  a  fresh  hand  on  board  of  a  ship. 

Fresh  way ;  the  increased  velocity  of  a  vessel. 

ToUen. 
FRESH,  TU     A  ft-eshet.  Beverly,  IfisC.  Plrginia. 

FRESH'BLoWN,  a.     Newly  blown. 
FRESH'£X,  (fresh'n,)  r.  t.    To  make  fre-:h  ;  to  dulci- 
fy ;  to  separate,  as  water  from  saline  particles ;  to 
take  saltness  from  any  thing ;  as,  to  freshen,  water, 
fish,  or  flesh. 

2.  To  refresh  ;  to  revive.     [J^ot  used.]     Spenser. 

3,  In  seamen^s  language,  to  apply  new  service  to  a 
cable  ;  as,  to  freshen  hawse. 

FRESH'£N,  V.  i.    To  grow  fresh  ;    to  lose  salt  or 
sal  tn  ess. 
2.  To  grow  brisk  or  stronu'  ;  as,  the  wind  freshens. 

FRF:SU'ES-EIi,pp.  Deprived  of  saUness;  sweetened. 

FRESH'£N-ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Making  or  growing  fresh  j 
depriving  of  saltness  ;  sweetening. 

FRESH'ES,  n.  pi.  The  mingling  of  fresh  water  with 
salt  water  in  rivers  or  bays,  or  the  increased  current 
of  an  ebb  tide  by  means  of  a  flood  of  fresh  water 
flowing  toward  or  into  the  sea,  and  discoloring  the 
water.  Beverly.     Encyc. 

2.  A  flood;  an  overflowing;  an  inundation;  a 
freshet, 

FRESll'ET,  H.    A  flood  or  overflowing  of  a  river,  by 
means  of  heavy  rains,  or  melted  snow ;  an  inunda- 
tion. .Vcio  England. 
2.  A  stream  of  fresh  water.  Browne. 

PRESH'FoRCE,  H.    lu  law,  force  done  within  forty 

FRESH'-LOOK'ING,  a.     Appearing  fresh.  [days. 

FRESH'LY',  adv.  Newly  ;  in  the  former  state  renewed  ; 
in  a  new  or  fresh  state. 

2.  With  a  healthy  look  ;  ruddlly.  SJiak. 

3.  Briskly ;  strongly. 

4.  CooUy. 

FRESH'MAX',  n, ;  pi.  Freshmen.  A  novice  ;  one  in 
the  rudiments  of  knowledge. 

2.  In  England,  a  student  during  his  first  year's  resi- 
dence at  the  university.  In  America,  one  who  be- 
longs to  the  youngest  of  the  four  classes  in  college, 
called  the  freshman  class. 

FRESH'MAX,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  freshman,  or  to  the 
cla^*s  called  freshmen. 

FRESH'MAX-SHIP,  n.    The  state  of  a  freshman. 

FREr^H'XESS,  7i,  Newness;  vigor;  spirit;  the  con- 
trary to  vapidness  j  as,  the  freshness  of  liquors  or 
odors. 


FllE 

2.  Vigor;  liveliness;  the  contrar>'lo  a  faded  sla.e; 
as,  the  freshness  of  plants  or  of  green  fields. 

3.  Newness  of  strength;  renewed  vigor;  opposed 
to  weariness  ot  fatigue. 

I'be  Scots  hod  the  advaiita^  boUt  for  numbei  and  frtthruii  of 
men.  Bayiearti. 

4.  Coolness;  invigorating  quality  or  state. 

And  brealhe  \}ic  freihness  of  the  open  air.  Dryden. 

5.  Color  of  youth  and  health  ;  nddiness. 

lUr  cbeeki  their /r<s7in«*»  lose  ami  wonted  ^Tac«.     GranoUle. 

C.  Freedom  from  saltness ;  as,  the  freshness  of 
water  or  flesh. 

7.  A  new  or  recent  state  or  quality  ;  rawness. 

8.  Briskness,  as  of  wind. 

FRESH'-NEW,  a.    Unpmcticcd.    [JVot  itsed.]    Shak. 

FRESH'-WA-TER,  a.  Accustomed  lo  sail  on  fresh- 
water only,  or  in  the  coasting  trade  j  as,afresh'irater 
sailor. 

2.  Raw  ;  unskilled.  KnoUe.t. 

FRESa'-WA-TER-£D,  a.    Newly  watered  ;  supplied 

with  fresh  water. 
FRET,  V.  t.     [Sw.  fr'dta,  to  fret,  to  corrode ;  Fr.  frotter^ 

to  rub  ;  Arm. /rotfl.     This  seems  to  be  allied  toGoUi. 

fretan  and  Sax.  freUai,  to  eat,  to  gnaw,  ii.frcssen,  I). 

vreeten,  which   may  be  formed   from  the  root  of  L. 

rodo,  rosi,  Sp.  rozar,  or  of  L.  rado,  to  scrape.     To  fret 

or  gnaw  gives  the  sense  of  unevcnness,  roughness, 

in  substances  ;  the  like  appearance  is  given  to  fluids 

by  agitation.] 

1.  To  rub  ;  to  wear  away  a  substance  by  frietion  ; 
as,  to  fret  cloth  ;  lo  fret  a  piece  of  gold  or  other 
metal.  J^ewlon. 

2.  To  corrode  ;  to  gnaw  ;  to  eat  away  ;  as,  a  worm 
frets  the  planks  of  a  ship. 

3.  To  impair ;  to  wear  away. 

By  starts, 
HisfretUd  fortuaes  give  him  hope  and  fear.  Shak. 

4.  To  form  into  raised  work.  Jtfiltoju 

5.  To  variegate  ;  to  diversify. 

Yon  gray  liiira, 

Tlmt  fret  the  ctouJs,  are  messengers  of  day.  Shai: 

0.  To  agitate  violently.  Shak. 

7.  T»j  agitate;  to  disturb;  to  make  rough;  to  cause 
to  ripple  ;  as,  to  fret  the  surface  of  water. 

8.  To  tease  ;  lo  irritate;  to  vex  ;  to  make  angrj'. 

Frei  not  thyself  because  of  cvil-docrs.  — P».  xxxvii. 

9.  To  wear  away  ;  to  chafe  ;  to  gall.  Let  not  a 
saddle  or  harness  ^rft  the  skin  of  your  liorse. 

FRET,  r.  i.  To  be  worn  away  ;  to  be  corroded.  Any 
substance  wiil  in  time  fret  away  by  friction. 

2.  To  eat  or  wear  in  ;  lo  make  way  by  attrition  or 
corrosion. 

Many  wheals  arose,  aud  fretted  one  into  another  with  great 
excoriation.  Wlaejnan. 

3.  To  be  agitated  ;  to  be  in  violent  commotion;  a.s, 
tlie  rancor  that  frets  in  the  malignant  breast. 

4.  To  be  vexed ;  to  be  chafed  or  irritated  ;  to  be 
angry  ;  to  utter  peevish  expressions. 

H-7  frets,  h<:  (uii.'^s,  he  stares,  lie  stamps  [lie  gruunds.  Dryden. 

FRET,  n.  The  agitation  of  the  surface  of  a  fluid  by 
fermentation  or  oilier  cause ;  a  rippling  on  the  sur- 
face of  water  ;  small  undulations  continually  re- 
peated. Addison. 

2.  Agitation  of  mind  ;  commotion  of  temper  ;  irri- 
tation ;  as,  he  keeps  his  mind  in  a  continual  fret. 

Yet  then  did  Dennis  rave  in  furious /rer.  Pope. 

3.  A  short  piece  of  wire  fixed  on  the  finger-board 
of  a  guitar,  ice,  wliich,  being  pressed  against  the 
strings,  varies  the  tone.  Busbij. 

4.  In  architecture,  an  ornament  consisting  of  small 
fillets  inlersL'CtIng  each  other  at  right  angles. 

QUiss.  of  Arch. 
.5.  In  heraldry^  a  bearing  composed  of  bars  crossed 

and  interlaced. 
FRET,  V.  t.    To  furnish  with  frets,  as  an  instrument 

of  music.  As.  Res. 

FRET,  7(.     [h.fretitm.]     A  frith,  which  see. 
FRET'FIjL,  a.  Disposed  lo  fret ;  Ill-humored  ;  peevish  ; 

annrv  :  in  a  state  of  vexation  ;  as,  a  fretful  temper. 
FRET'FUL-LV,  adv.     Peevishly  ;  angrilv. 
FRET'FiJI^NESS,  n.     Peevishness;  ill'-humor ;  dis- 
position to  fret  and  complain. 
FRETT,  n.    With  miners,  the  worn  side  of  the  bank 

of  a  river.  E>ic*ji. 

FRET'TED,  pp.  or  a.    Eaten;  corroded;  rubbed  or 

worn  away;  agitated;  vexed;  made  rough  on  the 

surface  ;   variegated  ;    ornamented  with  fretwork ; 

furnished  with  frets. 
FRET'TKX,  a.     Rubbed  ;    marked  :   as,  pock-freUen, 

marked  with  the  small-pox. 
FRET'TER,  n.     That  which  frets. 
FRET'TING,  ppr.  or  a.    Corroding  ;  wearing  away  ; 

agitating;   vexing;  making  rough  on  the  surface; 

vajriftratins. 
FRET'TIXG,    n.      A   state    of  chafing  ;    vexation  ; 

peevishness. 
FRET'TY,  a.     .\dorned  with  fretwork. 
FRE'TUM,n.  [L.]  A  strait,  or  arm  of  the  sea.    Raif. 
FRET'WORIC,  (-wurk,)  n.    Work  adorned  with  frets. 


TdNE,  bull,  IIMTE.— AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.-e  as  K;  G  as  Jj  S  as  Z;  CH  as  SH;  111  as  in  THIS. 


61 


481 


nil 


FRI 


KRT  A  CII/ITV. 


[Sec  Fbiabi.i:.]    Tlie  qual- 

u    v(  being   tasily  broken, 

•■>  p«\v»tor.  Locke, 

;  U  friabilU,  (Voin  /ri«,  to 

1^   iir.<li:il)ly  a  cuiUracled 

!(.,,.  "-;,  tu  bn-ak.] 

J  I  ;  ensily  reduced  to 

._  ., ^    i.<d    titunea   oro  ver)' 

Ml  ■     fFr,  fr^e,  ft  brother,  contracted  from  L. 

■    t  US  order,  but 

^,  il  onlfH*,  viz. 

,!:.-;  C-'O  AiiK'is- 

i.uiin,t»r  iiiuc^  rriiiitii  (4.)  White 

...avd  wnne,  a  monk  who  is  not  n 

I  i  UuHc  liiuD  who  art)  in  urdtTv  being  called 

I.'  ..^.Htimt,  nny  [Kirt  of  the  nage  which  has  not 
.  ink. 

.i'.,iL    Like  n  friar i  monastic;  unskilled 
,    ..   ...I.  KiwUts. 

I   \K-l,V,o.    Like  o  friar;  unlanght  in  the  atrairs 
I,  I,-,  Bdcvn. 

ii.i  AK'?-CO\VL,  ".    A  plant,  a  Fjwcies  of  Aniin, 
with  a  llower  re^-inblirig  a  ruwi. 

Jukttson,  Fi\m.  of  Plants, 
FlirAR'S-LAN'TKRN,  n.  The  ignis  fatnus.  MiUon, 
FlirAK-V,  H.    A  mona-siery ;  a  convent  of  friars. 

Dagdale, 
f!'i  \i>  V  fi.     Like  a  friar;  pertaining  to  friars. 

..  n,    'Vhf  art  of  cnimbling.         [Oimilen, 
[l^frirotux,  Kr.  frirule^  from  rubbing  ; 

,       .,. ,  ii  h  H  radical,  or  from  frico,  if  the  6  re  pre- 

)k:ntJ  a  (Kilatal  litier.     If  fr  is  ridical,  tlie  wdr<I  ac- 
cord!* with  |ian.  ripSf  trillf?,  frivoUmsness.] 
Fnv4tlouD  ;  trilling  ;  silly.  Brit,  Orit. 

FKIlt'liLK,    n.      A    frivolous,  trifling,    contemptible 

f.llotv. 
iviiiir   r.i.    To  trifle;  also,  to  toller.      Tatltr. 
.  n.     A  trillL-r.  Spfelalor. 

i   n.     [/rff  and  fcurflr.]     The  sanio   as 
M,  \       Fkank-i-ledge.  Cowel. 

■>,    [i^-e  FiiicAssEK.]     Meat  sliced  and 
'ti  wtront;  saiic*- ;  aNu,  an  uii<;u(.'nt  pre- 
'•'■-■  ''iiiips  tuiii-iher.   [Oftj.l    B.Jon.<on, 
iVik'an-du,)  «.    [Fr.J    A  ragout  or 
The  terni  Is  ((4)iiiclimcs  inipro|H;rIy 
1  ln-cf  highly  seasoned.        Cmtetj. 
Fiti*  [Fr. ;    It.  Jri^tutra:    Sp.  fricasea  ; 

P-  !ii  Vr.  friauser^  to  fry,  It.  friggtrc, 

l\-...,  .  .  ,.  /.-fir,  UfrifTo.] 

A  »tew  or  di^h  of  food  made  by  cutting  chickens, 
rabbiLi,  or  other  small  nninuds,  into  pieces,  and  dress- 

""■  " "  ■  •'■v  ing-jmn,  or  a  like  utensil.    Kin^, 

To  dress  in  fric.issee. 
,'.  or  a.    Dressed  in  fricassee. 

.  -■  !     •,  ppr.    Dressing  in  fricassee. 

^HI-t^\  ( iu.\,  rt.     [L./ricatio,  from  /nco,  lo  rub.] 

Thf  net  of  nibbing  ;  fnction.  [Lithe  ustd.]  Bacon. 
FRIf'TlO.N'.n.    [L./r«-fio;  VT.jrictton;  (lomL. frico, 
to  nib.  It.  frf^roT-t,  Sp  fricur.] 

1.  The  act  of  nitibing  the  surface  of  one  body 
nfiin«t  that  of  another  ;  attrition.  Many  bmlies  by 
•'  ttoa  emit  light,  and  frictton  generates  or  evolves 
.  ■  u. 

'  I"  "'^cAanicf,  the  effect  of  rubbing,  or  the  re- 
Itich  a  moving  body  meets  with  from  the 
which  it  movif?.  Kncyc. 

'Jicriif,  the  nibbing  of  the  body  with  the 

band,  or  with  a  bnnh,  rinnnel,  A:c. ;  or  the  nibbing 
ofadbeaird  part  with  oil,  unguent,  or  other  mcdica- 
"" "'  Enetjc. 

■,0.  Having  no  friction. 
KLS,  11.  ;;/.  In  mej::/Mrnic;f,  wheels 
liiitiniMh  the  friction  of  machinery. 
..  frig-dATjr  :  G.  freitag  ;  D.  vrydag  ; 
Veuu.i  of  the  north  ;  D.  trrouw.ts. 
■  Miimn.] 

t'f  ihe  Week,  formerly  consecrated 
■f-frician,]  [to  Fricga. 

'..     [AVI  in  Bjc]  IlaUytcctt. 

"•'0  FnEo. 
p.ot  a.    Dressed  in  a  frjing-pan; 

n.    [Pat.  /rfoB/J,  the  participle  of 

•vp,contmrl.d  from /n>n7i,  to  free  • 

'fd;  lyniu  frende  :  Sw.frUndc,     We 

ri«o  br  to  free ;  hence,  to  be  ready 

iful,  joyous,  and  allied  iwrbaps  to 

.  nnolher  by  nffectiuu; 
r  "cnlimenLiof  e.-leem, 
'■  nd  him  to  desire  his 

■If  his  happiness  and 

nny, 

.  /runi  Lu*i  ^i^t^ut  c^iacr  Uua  a  fcroiber.  •— Pror. 
rot  hoftile  ;  apposed  to  atK  enemy  in  war. 
3.  One  reconciled  aAer  enmity.    I^t  ua  be  friendj 


4.  An  attendant;  a  companion.  Drijdcn. 

5.  .\  favorer ;  one  who  is  propitious ,  as,  a  friend 
to  commerce ;  a  friend  to  poetry  ;  a  friend  to  charita- 
ble institutions. 

6.  A  favorite.    Husliai  was  David's  frinul. 

7.  A  term  of  salutation  ;  a  familiar  compellation. 

Prujul,  how  camcil  timu  in  hillicr  t  —  Matt.  Jtxii. 

So  Christ  calls  Judas  his /ricwrf,  though  a  traitor. 
JlfaH.  xxvi. 

8.  FoniiL-riy  a  paramour. 

9.  One  of  the  religious  seel  frequently  called 
Q^nakers. 

10.  A  friend  at  court;  one  who  has  sufficient  in- 
terest to  serve  anothtsr.  Chaucrr. 

FRIE.Mi,  (frcnd,)  i:.  (,  To  favor;  lo  countenance; 
to  befriend  ;  to  support  or  aid.  [But  we  now  use 
Befriend.]  *'''"''^- 

FKIE.ND'KI),  (frend'cd,)p;».    Favored  ;  hefrienJed. 
9.  a.     Inclined  to  love  ;  well-disposed.         Shah. 

FRIK.XD'IiNG,  (frend'iiig,)  ppr.     Favoring. 

FKlIi;Nn'LE.S.S,  (frend'Ies-s,)  a.  Destitute  of  friends; 
wniiling  countenance  or  support  ;  forlorn.      Pope. 

FRIEND'IJKI-:,  (frend'Iike,)  a.  Having  the  disposi- 
tions of  a  friend. 

FKIEXD'LI-.VKSS,  (frend'lje-ness,)  w.    A  disposition 

lo  friendship  ;  friendly  dispositions.  Sidney. 

2.  Exertion  of  benevolence  or  kindness.  Taylor, 

FRIEND'LY,  (frend'Iy,)  a.  Having  the  temper  and 
disposition  of  a  friend  ;  kind  ;  favorable  ;  disposed 
to  promote  the  good  of  another. 

Thou  tomimkiiid 
Be  good  .111(1 /rfenrf/j/  slill,  nml  ofl  return.  Milton. 

2.  Disposed  lo  peace.  Pope. 

3.  Amicable.    W^e  arc  on /ricHt/ty  terms. 

4.  Not  iiostile  ;  as,  Tvfricmllij  power  or  slate. 

5.  Favorable;  propitious;  salutary;  promoting  the 
good  of ;  as,  n  friendly  breeze  or  gale.  Excessive 
niins  are  wax  friendly  to  the  ripening  fruits.  Temper- 
ance is  frinidbf  to  longevity. 

FRIEND'LY,  (frend'Iy,)  adv.  In  the  manner  of 
friends  ;  amicably.     fjVV/t  much  vscd.]  Skah. 

FRIEND'SIIU*,  (frend'ship,)  71.  An  attachment  to  a 
person,  proceeding  from  intimate  acquaintance,  and 
a  reci|)rocalion  of  kind  othces,  or  from  a  favorable 
opinion  of  the  amiable  and  respectable  qualities  of 
Ins  mind.  Friendship  differs  from  benevolence. ^  which 
is  good-will  to  mankind  in  general,  anil  from  that 
love  which  springs  from  animal  appetite.  True  friend- 
ship is  a  noble  and  virtuous  attaclunenl,  springing 
flrom  a  pure  source,  a  respect  for  worth  or  amiable 
qualities.  Falac  friendship  may  subsist  between  bad 
men,  ;is  between  thieves  and  pirates.  This  is  a  tem- 
porary attachment,  springing  from  interest,  and  may 
change  in  a  moment  to  enmity  and  rancor. 

There  cui  be  no  /rwri.'Ja/tip  without  confidence,  and  no  confi- 
dence wiUiout  integrity.  lianthler. 
There  U  little  ftiendshtp  in  the  world.  Bacon. 
The  first  law  of  /riendahijt  in  sincerity.  Anon. 


2.  Mutual  attachment ;  intimacy. 

If  not  III  /rittuUhip,  Uvc  iit  IcMt  in  peitca. 

3.  Favor;  personal  kindness. 

Wi^frietulshipa,  stll!  to  few  confined, 
Were  alw.iya  uf  thn  middling  kind. 


Dnjden. 


Stoi/t. 

4.  Friendly  aid  ;  help;  assistance.  Skak. 

5.  Conformity;  allinity;  corresiwndence  ;  aptness 
to  unite. 

VTe  know  tliosc  colors  which  have  a  friendship  for  each  otJier. 

Dnjdcn. 
yVot  common,  and  hardly  Icfritiviale.] 
FRIEZE,  j  (freez,)H.    [Hp. /W,s7i,  freeze;  frtsar,  lo 
FllIZE,     (       raise  a  napon  clolh,to/ri::Ztf ;  Fr. /mcr, 
tocurlorcrisp,  to  shiver,  to  rulfie  ;  rort./mar;  Arm. 
friia.    du.  Sp.  rizar,  lo  crisp  or  curl,  to  frizzle  ;  Gr. 
0«)ic-(r&),  lo  shiver  or  tremble  with  fear,  whose  ele- 
ments are  Frg  or  Frk,  as  appears  by  0,o(fw,  (^ipiKroi, 
0o({.    If/ri<::e,  in  archifccturc,  is  the  same  word, 
which  seems  to  be  the  fact,  we  have  evidence  that 
the  elements  are  Frg,  for  in  Italian, /Wcie  is  fregio. 
The  primary  sense  is,  probably,  to  draw  or  contract.] 

1.  frt^jfr/T/,  the  nap  on  woolen  cloth;  hence,  a 
kind  of  coarse  woolen  cloth  or  stuff,  with  a  nap  on 
one  side. 

2.  In  architecture,  thai  part  of  the  entablature  of  a 
coliimn  which  is  between  the  architrave  and  cornice. 
Il  is  a  flat  member  or  face,  often  cnriclied  witli 
figures  of  animals,  or  other  ornaments  of  sculpture, 
wliencc  its  name. 

Cornice  or/ru«  with  hoa^  sculptures  gmvcu.  Milton. 

FRIkZ'M),  a.    Napped  ;  shaggy  with  nap  or  frieze. 

JHIr.ZE'LTKE,  a.    Resembling  frieze.         Addison. 

tlUG'ATE,  n.  [Fr.  frasatc ;  ll.  fregata;  Sp.  and 
lQn.fragata:  Turkish, /or^flta  ;  perhaps  Gr.  ri-i,/juK- 
Tos,  L.  aphraetum,  an  oiten  ship  or  vessel,  for  in 
Portuguese  it  signifies  a  boat  as  well  as  a  frigate. 
The  Greek  word  ai>>mKT(>i  signifies  not  fortilied ;  a 
and  0rt(i(7(7w.  It  was  originally  a  vessel  without 
decks,  used  by  the  Ithodians.  The  frigate  was  origi- 
nally a  kind  of  vessel  used  in  the  Mediterranean, 
and  propelled  both  by  sails  and  by  oars.    Lnnicr.] 

1.  A  ship  of  war,  of  a  size  larger  ih:in  a  corvette 
or  sloop  cf  war,  and  less  than  a  sliip  of  llie  line  ; 


FRI 

usually  it  has  batteries  on  two  decks,  viz.,  the  spar 
deck,  and  the  one  below  it,  or  main  deck,  on  which 
is  the  principal  force.     Il  rates  usually  from  twenty- 
eight  guns  up  to  forty-four. 
2.  Any  small  vessel  on  the  water.     [JVot  used."] 

Spenser. 

FRIG'ATE-BIRD,  n.  A  large  and  rapacious  tropical 
sea-fowl,  with  very  long  wings,  allied  to  llic  pelican. 
Its  general  color  is  black,  but  the  belly  of  the  female 
is  white.  It  belongs  lo  the  genus  Tachypetes  of  Vi- 
eillot.  P.  Oie. 

FRIG'ATE-BUILT,  (-bill,)  a.  Buitl  like  a  frigate,  in 
liaving  a  spar-deck  over  the  gun-deck. 

FRIG-A-TOON',  «.  A  Venetian  vessel,  with  a  square 
stern,  without  a  foremast,  having  only  a  maiiiinasi 
and  mizzenmast.  Knci/c. 

FRiG-E-FAe'TION,  n.  [L.  frigus,  cold,  and  facio, 
to  make.]  ^ 

The  act  of  making  cold.     [Little  used.]         Diet. 

I-TIIGIIT,  (frite,)  n.  [Dan.  frygt;  Sw.fruclitan;  Sax. 
fyrhto,  fijrhta,  fyrhtnis,  fright,  and  Jirhted,  frighted, 
frihtan,  to  frighten  ;  G.  furckt,  fvrchten  ;  D.  vruvten, 
to  fear  ;  Fr.  effraycr.  Ciu.  Gr.  ^/lorrrcj,  0f  (((■>,  to  fear, 
that  is,  lo  shrink  or  shiver.    Hiit  fright,  or  the  Sax. 

fyrhto,  is  precisely  the  Ethiopic  participle  Qi^UT' 

frrht,  from  (('^V  frrak,  to  fear,  which  seems  to  bo 
allied  to  L.  vereor.    Class  Br,  No.  33.] 

Sudden  ami  violent  fear  ;  terror ;  a  passion  excited 
by  the  sudden  appearance  of  danger.  It  expresses 
more  than /e«r,  and  is  distinguished  from /f«r  and 
dread  by  its  sudden  invasion  and  temporary  exist- 
ence ;  fright  being  usually  of  short  duration,  whereas 
fear  and  dread  may  be  long  continued. 
FRIGHT,  )  V.  t.  To  terrify  ;  to  scare  ;  to  alarm 
FRI(;HT'/;N,  j  suddenly  with  danger;  lo  shock  sud- 
denly with  the  approach  of  evil ;  to  daunt;  to  dis- 
may. 

Nor  exile  or  danger  iLna  fright  a  brave  sprnt.  Drytlen. 

FRTGHT'ED,  )   pp.   or  a.     Terrified;  suddenly 

FRIGHT'£\-/:D,    S        alarmed  with  danger. 

FRtGHT'-CN  ING,  (frite'n-ing,)  ;>/>r.  Terrifying  ,  sud- 
denly alarming  with  danger. 

FRIGHT'FUL,  a.  Terrible  ;  dreadful  ;  exciting  alarm; 
impressing  terror ;  as,  a  frightful  chasm  or  precipice ; 
a  fri'^htfid  tempest. 

FRIGHT'FLjL-LV,  adv.  Tembly ;  dreadfully;  in  a 
manner  to'impress  terror  and  alarm  ;  horribly. 

2.  Veiy  disagreeably  ;  shockingly.  Shclooks/ri>ft(- 
fiiUy  to-day. 

FRIGHT'FJJL-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  impressing 
terror. 

FRTGHT'LESS,  a.    Free  from  fright. 

FRtG'lD,  (frij'id,)  a.  [L.  frigidus,  from  frigco,  to  be 
or  to  grow  cold  ;  ri^eo,  to  be  stift'  or  frozen  ;  Gr.  |ii- 
j  £(j.  If  the  radical  sense  is,  to  be  stiff,  the  root  coin- 
cides nearly  with  that  of  right,  rectus,  or  with  that  of 
reach,  region,  which  is,  to  stretch,  that  is,  lo  draw  or 
contract.] 

1.  Cold ;  wanting  heat  or  warmth ;  as,  a  frigid 
climate. 

2.  Wanting  warmth  of  affection  ;  unfeeling ;  as,  a 
fngid  temper  or  constitution. 

3.  Wanting  natural  heat  or  vigor  sufficient  to  ex- 
cite the  generative  power  ;  impotent. 

4.  Dull ;  jejune  ;  unanimated  ;  wanting  the  fire  of 
genius  or  fancy  ;  as,  a  frigid  style  ;  frigid  rhymes. 

5.  Stiff;  formal;  forbidding;  as,  a  frigid  look  or 
manner. 

6.  Wanting  zeal;  dull;  formal;  lifeless;  as, /ri^irf 
services. 

FRIG'ID  Zone  ;  that  part  of  the  earth  which  lies 
between  the  polar  circle  and  the  pole.  It  extends 
about  23"  28'  from  each  pole. 

FRI-GID'I-TY,  n.  Coldness  ;  want  of  warmth.  Bid 
not  applied  to  the  air  or  wcatha: 

2.  Want  of  natural  heat,  life,  and  vigor  of  body; 
impotency  ;  imbecility  ;  as,  the  frigidity  of  old  age. 

3.  Coldness  of  affection. 

4.  Dullness  ;  want  of  animation  or  intellectual  fire ; 
as,  the  fria-idity  of  sentiments  or  style. 

FRIG'ID-LY,  adv.    Coldly  ;  dullv  ;  without  affection. 
FRIG'ID-NESS,  n.    Coldness  ;  dullness;  want  of  hent 

or  vigor;  want  of  affection.     [See  Frigiditv.) 
FRlG-b-RIF'I€,  a.     [Fr.  frigarifiqite ;  1,.  frigonjicus ; 
friges,  cold,  and  facio,  to  make.] 

Causing  cold ;  producing  or  generating  cold. 

Kncyc.    Quincy. 
FRILL,  n.     [Infra.]     An  edging  of  fine  linen  on  tbe 
bosom  of  a  shirt  or  other  similar  thing ;  a  ruftle. 

Masoiu 
FRILL,  V.  i.     [Fr.  frileur,  cliillv.    We  Iiavc  the  word 
in  trill,  D.  trillen,  to  sliake,  G.  trillcrn;  all  with  a  dif- 
ferent prefix.     Class  Rl.] 

To  shake  ;  to  quake ;  to  shiver  as  with  cold ;  as, 
the  hawk  frdis.  ^"<^y^- 

FRIM,  a.     [Sax.  frcom,] 

Flourishing.     [JVot  in  iwc]  Draim- 

FRINGE,  (frinj,)  h.     [Fr.  frange  :  II.  frangia  .  Sp.  and 

Port,  franja;  Arm.  frainch,  or  fiainck;  G  franfc;  V. 

franje  ;  Dan.  frynse.    It  seenis  to  be  from  L.  jrangOf 

to  break,  Sp.  frangir.l  


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WnAT.— 


MkTE.  PREY.-PL\E,  marine,  RTRD— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.- 


FRI 

1.  An  ornamental  appendage  to  tlie  borders  of  gar- 
ments or  furniture,  consisting  of  loose  threads. 

The  goltleo/Hn^e  e'en  set  Ihe  groutul  on  flame.        Drydcn. 

9.  Someliiing  resembling  fringe;  an  optm,  broken 
border.  Mountagu. 

FRINGE,  V.  L  To  adorn  or  border  with  fringe  or  a 
loose  edging. 

FUL\0'-?"i),  (frinjd,)  pp.  or  a.    Bordered  witii  fringe. 

FRI.N'OE'LESS,  a.    Having  no  fringe. 

FRrXtity-LIKE,  a.    Resembling  fringe. 

FRlNt-iE'-MAK-ER,  n.    One  wlio  makes  fringe. 

FRr-\(5E-TREE,  w.  A  small  tree,  CkimianVius  Vlr- 
^rinicay  growing  in  the  Southern  United  States,  and 
having  snow-white  flowers,  which  hang  down  like 
fringe.  Farm.  Enoic 

FRIN-CIL-La'CEOUS,  c     [L.  frin<rma.] 
Pertaining  to  the  finches,  or  fring^dlada. 

FRING'IXG,  ppr.    Bordering  with  fringe. 

FRIXC'Y,  a.    Adorned  with  fringes.  Shak. 

FRIPTEK,         ill.    [See  Frippery.]    One  who  deals 

FRIP'PER-ER,  J      in  old  clothes. 

FRIP'PER-Y,  n.  [Fr.  friperie.  from  friper,  to  fumble, 
to  rulTie,  to  wear  out,  to  waste  ;  Ann.fripa  oxfiippa  ; 
Sp.  ropcria,  ropavejeria,  from  ropUj  cloth,  stuff,  appar- 
el, which  seems  to  be  the  Eng.  rube  ;  Port,  roupa, 
clothes,  furniture  ;  farrapo,  a  rag  ;  perhaps  from  the 
root  of  Eng.  mib,  that  is,  to  wear,  to  u-str,  as  we  say, 
v.'earini;  apparel,  for  to  wear  is  to  rub.    See  Robe.] 

1.  Old  clolhes ;  cast  dresses  ;  clothes  thrown  aside, 
after  wearing.  Hence,  waste  matter ;  useless  things ; 
trifles  ;  as,  the  frippery  of  wit.  B.  Jonson. 

2.  The  place  where  old  clothes  are  sold        Skak. 

3.  The  trade  or  traflic  in  old  clothes.  Enajc, 
FRlP'PEK-y,  a.  Trifling  ;  contemptible.  Gray. 
FRI'SEUR',  (fre-zur',)  n.    [Fr.,  from  fristTy  to  curi.] 

A  hair-dresser.  Warton. 

FRISK,  r.  ?.  [Dan.  frisk,  fresh,  new,  green,  hrishy 
lively,  gay,  vigorous ; /W.si-iT,  to  freshen,  to  renew; 
frislJud,  coolness,  freshnes.-;,  briskness ;  Sw.  frisk ;  G. 
friscK  fresh,  brisk.  This  is  the  same  word  as  frcsh^ 
but  from  the  Gothic.  If  it  is  radically  the  same  as 
brisks  it  is  W.  brijsg,  speedy,  nimble,  from  rhys^  a 
rushing.  But  this  is  doubtful.  In  some  languages, 
frcjsh  is  written  ferse^  versch,  as  if  from  the  root 
Br.  But  I  think  it  can  not  be  the  Ch.  D3i3,  to  be 
moved,  to  tremble.] 

1.  To  leap;  to  skip;  to  spring  suddenly  one  way 
and  the  other. 

The  fisli  fell  a/risking  in  the  net.  L'Eatrange. 

2.  To  dance,  skip,  and  gambol,  in  frolic  and  gay- 
ety. 

The  frufcing  sfttj-rs  on  the  eummits  danccil.  Adchson. 

\n  vaiu  lo  fTisk  or  climb  he  tries,  Sisi/t. 

FRISK,  a.    Lively ;  brisk  ;  blithe.  UaU. 

FRISK,  7i.    A  frolic  ;  a  fit  of  wanton  gaycty.  Johnson. 

FRISK' AL,  It.    A  leap  or  caper.     [J\'"ci!  tii  ii^e.] 

B.  Jonsoji. 

FKISK'ER,  n.  One  wUo  leaps  or  dances  in  gayety ; 
a  wanton  ;  an  inconstant  or  unsettled  person. 

__  Camdeii. 

FRISK'ET,  It.  [Tt.  frlsipiau.  So  named  from  tlie 
velocity  or  freqtieiicy  of  its  motion.    See  Fhisk.] 

In  yrintin^,  tile  light  frame  in  which  a  sheet  of 
paper  is  confinetl,  to  be  laid  on  the  form  for  hiipres- 
sion. 

FRISK'r  [;L,  a.    Brisk  ;  lively.  Tiiomson. 

FRISK'I-LY,  ode.    Gayly  ;  briskly. 

FRISK'I-.NES.';,  n.  Briskness  and  frequency  of  mo- 
tion ;  gayety ;  liveliness ;  a  dancing  or  leaning  in 
frolic.  =  i     fa 

FRIi?K'ING,  ppr.  Leaping ;  skipping ;  dancing  about ; 
moving  v.ith  life  and  gayety. 

FRISK' V,  a.  Jumping  with  gayety  ;  frolicsome  ;  gay  ; 
lively. 

FRIT,  n.  [Fr.  fritle  ;  Sp.  /rite;  It.  friuo,  fried,  from 
1m,  frictus^fri^o^  Eng.  lo/ry.] 

In  the  mtTRufactiirc  nf  ^lass,  the  matter  of  which 
glass  is  made,  after  it  h.-is  been  c^ilcined  or  baked  in 
a  furnace,  htit  before  fusion.  It  is  a  composition  of 
silei  and  metallic  alkali,  occasionally  with  other  in- 
gredients. 

F.1ITH,  n.  [L.  fntum  ;  Gr.  rropO/tos,  from  »£;po),  to 
pass  over,  or  jtpocjjw,  voptmitm,  to  pass ;  properly, 
a  passage,  a  narrow  channel  that  is  passable  or 
passed.] 

1.  A  narrow  passage  of  the  sea ;  a  strait.  It  is 
used  for  the  opening  of  a  river  into  the  sea;  as,  the 
friVi  of  Forth,  or  of  Clyde. 

2.  A  kind  of  weir  for  catching  fish.  Carew. 
FRITH,,,.     [VV. /rirt,  or /ri:.] 

1.  A  forest ;  a  woody  place.  VraytoTi. 

2.  .•\  small  field  taken  out  of  a  common.  IVpme. 
[-^ot  itjed  iti  America^ 

FRITH'Y,  a.     Woody.     [jVot  in  use.]  Skelton. 

FRIT'It^LA  RV,  n.     [frUillus,  a  dice-box.] 

The  popular  name  of  the  Crown  Imperial,  a  bul- 
bous flowering  plant,  called  in  the  Spanish  Diction- 

PRIT'I-.VAN-CY',  n.     [L.  fHtimu,.] 

A  chirping,  or  creaking,  as  of  a  cricket.  [JVot  used.] 

pRlT'TER,„.    nt.filuclla:  np.friiiUa.i,fim:il;  from 
frulus^  fried  ;  Dan.  fritte.] 


FRO 


FRO 


1.  A  small  pancake  of  fried  batter;  also,  a  small 
piece  of  meat  fried. 

a.  A  frr.gmenl ;  a  shred  ;  a  small  piece. 

And  cut  ■whulc  giwiU  mU> /riuers.  lladibras. 

FUIT'TER,  V.  t.  To  cut  meat  into  small  pieces,  to  be 
fried. 

2.  To  break  into  small  pieces  or  fragments. 

Break  all  their  notrcs,  and  /riUer  all  their  sense.  Pope. 

To  fritter  away^  is  lo  diminish  ;  to  pare  off;  to  re- 
duce to  nothing  by  taking  away  a  little  at  a  time. 
FRIT'TER-£D,  pp.    Cut  or  broken  to  pieces. 
FRIT'TER-ING,  ppr.    Cutting  or  breaking  into  small 
pieces. 
'  FIII-VOL'I-TY,  71.    Acts  or  habits  of  trifling.     [See 

FkIV0L0USKE3S.] 

FRIV'O-LOUS,  a.  [L.  frivolus,  from  the  root  of /rio, 
to  break  into  small  pieces,  to  crumble ;  Fr.  frivole ; 
Sp.  and  It.  frivulo.  We  observe  the  same  radical 
letters,  Rb,  Rv,  in  trivial^  trijls,  L.  tero,  trivi,  to  rub  or 
wear  out.     Class  Rb.j 

Slight ;  trifling;  trivial  ;  of  little  weight,  worth,  or 
importance  ;  not  worth  notice  :  as,  a  frivolous  argu 
ment ;  a  frivolous  objection  or  pretest.  SwifL 

FRIV'O-LOUS-LY,  adv.    In  a  trifling  manner. 
FRIV'0-LOUS-NESS,  v.     The  quality  of  being  tri 
fling,  or  of  very  little  wortli  or  importance  ;  want  of 
consequence. 
FRIZ,  V.  t.     [Sp.  frisar:  Fr.  frisrr.     See  Frieze.] 
1.  To  curi  J  to  crisp;  to  form  into  small  curis  with 
a  crisping-pin. 

9.  To  form  the  nap  of  cloth  into  little  hard  burs, 
prominences,  or  knobs. 
FillZ'ZED,  p^.  ora.    Curied ;  fornirtd  iuto  little  burs 

on  cloth. 
FRIZ'ZING,  ppr.     Curiing;  forming  little  hard  burs 

on  ciotli. 
FRIZ'ZLE,  V.  t.    To  curl ;  to  crisp,  as  hair.        Gay. 
FRIZ'ZL£D,  (fi-iz'zld,)pp.  or  a.    Curled  ;  crisped. 
FRIZ'ZLER,  n.    One  who  makes  short  curls. 
FRIZ'ZLING,  ppr.     Curlmg;  crisping. 
FRo,  adv.      [Sax.  fra;  Scot,  fra,  frae;  Dan.  fra.     It 
denotes  departure  and  distance,  like  }rom,  of  wliicli 
it  may  be  a  contraction.    In  some  languages,  it  is  a 
prefi-x,  having  the  force  of  a  negative.    Thus  in  Da- 
nish frabriuger^  to  bring  from,  is  to  avert,  to  dispel ; 
frakaldcry  to  recall.     In  Gulh.  bugyan  is  to  buy  ;  fra- 
bu^aii  is  to  sell,  tliat  is,  in  literal  English,  frombay.] 
From  ;  away;  back  or  backward  ;  as  in  tlie  phrase, 
to  and/ro,  that  is,  to  and  froitij  forward  or  toward 
and  backward,  hither  and  thither. 
FROCK,  n.    [Fr.  froc;  Arm.  frocq,-  G.  frack  ;  Scot. 
fro^.] 

An  upper  coat,  or  an  outer  garment.    The  word  is 
now  used  for  a  loose  garment  or  shirt  worn  by  men 
over  their  other  clothes,  and  for  a  kind  of  gown,  open 
behind,  worn  by  females.    The  frock  was  formerly  a 
garment  worn  by  monks.         In'mlphus.     Spelman. 
FROCK'-eoAT,  n.    A  kind  of  straight-bodied  coat, 
having  the  same  length  before  and  behind,  like  a 
surtout,  but  shorter. 
FHOCK'jED,  (frokt,)  a.    Clothed  in  a  frock. 
FROCK'LESS,  a.    Destitute  of  a  frock. 
FROG,  H.     [Sax.  froga.frogga ,-  Dan.  friic.     Q.\i.  from 
the  root  of  firz-aA,  as  L.  ra/ia,  from  the  root  of  rend, 
from  its  broken  shape,  or  from  leaping,  or  its  fragor, 
or  hoarse  voice.] 

1.  An  amphibious  anhnal  of  the  genus  Rana,  with 
four  feet,  a  naked  body,  and  without  a  tail.  It  is  re- 
markable for  swimming  with  rapidity,  and  for  taking 
large  leaps  on  land.    Frogs  lie  torpid  during  winter. 

Encyc. 
9.  In  farriery^  a  sort  of  tender  horn  that  grows  in 
tht!  middle  of  the  sole  of  a  horse,  at  some  distance 
from  the  tue,  dividing  into  two  branches,  and  run- 
ning toward  the  heel  in  the  form  of  a  fork. 

Farrier's  Diet. 
3.  A  cloak-button,  swelled  in  the  middle. 
FROG'BIT,  n.    A  plant,  the  Ilydrocharis. 
FROG'-FISH,  n.    The  fishing-frog,  which  see. 
FKOG'-GRASS,  n.     A  plunt. 

FROCGY,  a.     Having  frogs.  Sherwood. 

FROG'-HOP-PER,  71.  A  small  insect,  living  on  plants, 
ami  remarkable  for  its  powers  of  leaping.  Its  larvae 
are  found  on  leaves,  inclosed  in  a  frothy  liquid,  and 
hence  called  cuckoo-ifpialc,  or  frog-spittle.  The  Jrog- 
Iwpper  belongs  to  the  Linn;ean  genus  Cicada.  P.  Cijc. 
FROISE,  u.     [Fr.  frois.str,  to  bniise.] 

A  kind  of  food  made  by  frying  bacon  inclosed  in  a 

pancake.  Chalmers. 

FROL'ie,     la.     [G.  fnihlich;  froh,   glad,   and   Hch, 

FROL.'ICK,j     like;  D.  m-ohjk;  Dan. /ro,  glad  ;  Sw. 

frogdeligy  from  fiiigd,  i^yifri^gila-i  to  exhilarate  ;  Ar. 


^  J.S  faradia,  to  be  glad,  to  rejoice.    Class  Brg,  No. 

6.    Probably  allied  to  free.] 

Gay;  merry;  full  of  levity;  dancing,  playing,  or 
frisking  about;  full  of  pranks. 


The/rotie  wind  ihat  bmathcs  the  spriag'. 
Till!  ^.\y,  lUc/roiic,  ami  the  louti. 


Milton. 

Waiier. 


FROL'ie,     )  n.    A  wUd  prank  ;  a  flight  of  levity,  ur 
FROI/ICK,  i      gaycty  and  mirth.  ' ' 

Ho  woul  1 1«  m  his /rude  oricc  ag:tiii,  Roscontmon. 

9.  A  sri-ne  of  gayety  and  niirlh,  as  in  dancing  vr 
play.     iThis  is  a  popular  use  of  the  word  in  Jimcnea.^ 
FROL'ie,     /  V.  i.   To  play  wild  pranks  ;  to  play  trick.^ 
FROL'ICK,  1     of  levity,  mirth,  and  gaycty. 

Tiic  bviziing  imectfl /roJic  in  the  air.  Ation. 

FROL'ie-FUL,  a     Frolicsome. 

FROL'lCK-£D,  (frol'ikt,)  pret.  of  p-  olic. 

FROL'ICK-ING,  ppr.  or  a.  riayi.ig  pranks;  frolic- 
some. 

FROL'ie-LY,  adv.    With  mirth  and  gayety.     [Obs.] 

BeauTR.  A-  f^'^ 

FROL'ie-SOME,  a.  Full  of  gayety  and  mirth ;  given 
to  pranks. 

FROL'ie-SOHIE-LY,  ado.    With  wild  payetj'. 

FROL'ie-SOiME-NESS,  /(.    Gaycty  ;  wild  pranks. 

FROM,  prep.  [Sxx.  from,  from ;  Goth.  fram.  In  Swe- 
dish, it  signihes  before  or  forward,  but  its  sense  i.^, 
past  or  gone,  for  frdmling  is  a  stranger,  and  frdmTa 
is,  to  go  out,  to  depart,  Dan./r«n,  whence /rfmjner, 
to  forward,  to  promote,  frcmmcd,  strange,  frcmkommrr, 
to  come  furlh  or  out ;  G.  frcmd,  strange,  foreign  ;  D 
rreemd,  id.  If  m  is  radical,  this  wortl  is  probably 
from  the  root  of  roam,  ramblcy  primardy  to  pass,  to 

Th 


[This  adjective  is  sddoin  used,  except  in  poetry.     As 
a  noun  and  a  verbj  itj  use  is  common.] 


'he  sense  oi  from  may  be  expressed  by  the  noun 
distance,  or  by  the  adjective  distant,  or  by  the  partici- 
ples, departing,  removing  to  a  distance.  Thus,  it  is 
one  imndred  miles  from  Boston  to  Hartford.  He  took 
his  sword  from  his  side.  Light  proceeds  from  the 
sun.  Water  issues  from  the  earth  in  springs.  Sepa- 
rate the  coarse  wool  from  the  fine.  Men  have  all 
sprung  from  Adam.  Men  often  '^ofrom  good  to  bad, 
and  from  bad  to  worse.  The  merit  of  an  action  de- 
pends on  the  principle  from  which  it  proceeds.  Men 
judge  of  facts  from  personal  knowledge,  or  from  tes- 
timony. We  should  aim  to  judge  from  undeniable 
promises. 

The  sense  oi  from  is  literal  or  figurative  ;  but  it  is 
uniformly  tiie  same. 

In  certain  phrases,  generally  or  always  elliptical, 
from  is  followed  by  certain  adverbs,  denotmg  place, 
region,  or  position,  indefinitely,  no  precise  point  being 
expressed  ;  as, 
From  above  i  from  tlie  upper  regions. 
From  afar;  from  a  distance. 
From  beneath  ;  from  a  place  or  region  below. 
Fro/n  bdow  ;  from  a  lower  place. 
From  behind  ;  from  a  place  or  position  in  the  rear. 
From  far;  from  a  distant  place. 
From  high  ;  from  on  high  ;  from  a  high  place,  from 
an  upper  region,  or  from  heaven. 

From  hence ;  from  this  place.     But  from  is  super- 
fluous before  hence ;  the  phrase,  however,  is  common. 
From  tlicncei  from  that  place ;  fi-om  being  super- 
fluous. 

From  whence ;  from  which  place  ;  from  being  super- 
fluous. 
From  where;  from  which  place. 
F}-om  iDiUUn  ;  from  the  interior  or  inside. 
From  wiUiout ;  from  the  outside  ;  from  abroad. 
From  precedes  another  preposition,  followed  by  its 
proper  object  or  case. 
From  amidst ;  as,  from  amidst  the  waves. 
Fro/n  among;  as,  from  among  the  trees. 
From  bcncutJt ;  as, /rffm  bciicatfi  my  head. 
From  beyond :  as,  from  beyond  the  river. 
From  forth ;  as,  fro7Ji  fortli  his  bridal  bower. 
But  this  is  an  inverted  order  of  the  words; /t>rtA 
from  his  bower. 

From  off;  as,jWni  off  the  mercy-seat,  that  is,  from 
the  top  or  surface. 

From  out ;  as,  from  out  a  window,  that  is,  through 
an  opening,  or  from  the  inside. 

From  out  of,  is  an  ill  combination  of  words,  and 
not  to  be  used. 

From  midcr ;  as,  from  vnder  the  bed,  jVom  under  the 
ashes,  that  is,  from  beneath  or  the  lower  side. 

F^om  within ;  as,  from  witJtin  the  house,  that  is, 
from  the  inner  part  or  interior. 
FROM'W.VRD,  adv.     [Sax.  from  and  weard,] 

Away  from  ;  the  contrary  of  Toward. 
FROND,  n.     [h.  frons,  fT07tdis.    The  sense  is,  a  shoot, 
or  shooting  torward,  as  in  frojis,frontis.] 

In  botany,  a  terra  which  LinniEus  applies  to  the 
stem  of  certain  plants,  as  the  fenis,  whose  stalk  and 
leaves  are  so  intimately  connected,  that  it  is  dirticult 
to  say  where  the  one  ends  and  the  other  begins. 

Milne. 
FRON-D.\'TION,  ».  .-A  lopping  of  trees.  Evdun. 
FRON-DESCE',  (fron-dess',)  v.  i.    To  unfold  leaves, 

as  plants.  StaiKrhton. 

FRON-DES'CENCE,  n.     [L.  frondesco,  from  frons.] 

In  botany,  the  precise  time  of  the  year  and  month  I 

in  which  each  species  of  plants  unfolds  its  leaves. 

JIUne.    Jilartyn. 

FRON-DIF'ER-OUS,  a.     [L.  frons  and  fcro,  to  bear.] 

Producing  fronds. 
FROND'OUS,  a.      A  Jrotulaus  flower  is  one  which  is 
leafy,  one  which  produces  branches  charged  with 


TONE,  B?JLL,  UNIT1^-AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.-e  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in"  THIS. 

— .  __ 


FRII 


ll     ^ 


^,  i^ileV,:..  occur  in  U.c  r»e  and  -»»<>-., 
tbo'eyr.;lience.tlR' whole  fucc. 

10./ro«  7-«  lH^->"-.  •"J  •*  '"»"•  """»""'■  ,    ,'^'''- 

a.  Thr  forclu-ad  or  face,  as  c.tprtssivc  of  the  '«■"• 
Mdn«-  or  .mpudencf.  So  a  h„rJm:d  frvnl  li 
•"-l^rH^-p,,,  of  any  Um,p  a..  11.0 /W,n.  of  a 

'Tl-hc  part  or  place  bi-foro  the  faco,  or  opi«.scd  to 
1,  Vto  luVrnru  liirl  of  a  thins,   lie  stood  m/™."  of 

;.Tr^l«^    TheVoad  pass-.-s  ...  front  uf  hj.  house, 
'"c.  Ti,'rn,«t  conspicuous  „.,«  or  patt.cular 
7    Imliudcnce;  as,  inenof/MiK.  .    ' 

FRO.St"  (fmn"')  r.  u    To  oppose  face  to  face  ;  to  op- 

txt-e  dirfclly. 

-  ■ '.-lUriosgho*'., 

,  .j,5_  OryUn. 

r  opposite,  or  over  nsainst 

11  ij,.'     i-i  Ills  iii>.-.'  /roll's  the  church. 

FRONT  (Frint,)  r.  i.    To  sund  foremost.         ShaJi 

•i  Tohave  the  face  or  front  toward  any  poHit  of 

FRO\T?.\GE,  n.    The  front  p.-m  of  a,,  edif.ce,  or  lot. 
FRONT'AL,  u.    Belonging  to  the  forehead. 
FKONT'AL,  K.    [L.  frc^uU.,  Fr.  /«n</J;  from  L. 


/roiu.l 
1.  In  1 


.    ...  medUioe,  a  medicament  or  preparatwn  to  be 
"^"l:;  r^^S^^a'^.-.e  pediment  or  f&, 

coMWins  of  four  pieces  of  vellu.n,  la.d  on  leathe 

and  tied  ?ound  the  forehead  in  the  synagogue;  each 

piece  cuuimins  some  text  of  Scr.plure      J.ncy'. 

FRONT' A-TED,  a.    Growing  broader  and  broader,  as 

FRONT'-noX,  (fnini'balss,)  n.    The  box  in  a  play- 

h:Mv  l«fi.re  the  rest.  ,     .  ,.     ,      °'"' 

FUO.NT'UD,  (frunl'ed,)  a.    Formei  T.:...  s  ■■-■^^^ 

FRO.NT-IER',  (fronl^Jcr',)  n.    [Fr.  frontim ;  iL/ron- 

Ijfra ;  Sn.  fri/Htera.'] 

The  marches  ;  the  border,  confine,  or  extreme  part 
nf  a  countr^■,  bordering  on  anotlier  country  ;  that  is, 
the  part  furthest  adranced,  or  the  part  that  liunts  an 
enemy,  or  which  an  invading  enemy  meets  in  Ironl, 
i.r  which  fronts  another  country. 

FRONTIER',  a.    Lying  on  llie  exterior  part  ;  border- 
ing :  conterminous  ;  as,  a  frontier  town. 

FRi  iNT-li>R'*.'D,  0.    Guarded  on  the  frontiers. 

FRO.NT'l.N'ti,  ppr-    Opposing  face  to  face.    [Speiuin: 
i  a.    Standing  with  the  front  tov.ard,  front  to 
front,  or  opposite. 

FRONT'INOLY,  ode.    In  a  facing  position ;  oppos- 

I    .'rN'-TIN-I.\e',  )  (-tin-yak',)  n.  .\  species  of  French 


1  .:.iN-TIG..\.\e', 


1  ..' >.\-i  ivj-.^.-n^-,  J     wine,  named  from  Fronti^tuxc 

I       I  ri..  place  in  Languedoc  where  it  is  produced. 
I  FRO.ST'IS-PIECE,  n.    [L. /roBlisyicium ;  frons  and 
iftao,  to  view.]  .     .   ,         ,     ,    ■,  , 

1.  In  iircAit«lurf ,  the  principil  face  of  a  building ; 
the  face  that  directly  presents  itself  to  the  eye. 
I  9.  An  crnameiital  fmurc  or  engraving  fronting  the 

'        ■"-■--      of  a  lK).)k,  or  at  the  beginning. 

i^SS,  (fmnl'lcss,)  a.     Wanting  shame  or 

.  not  dlthdelit ;  as,  fronllun  vice  j  frontlets 

Drydai.     Pope. 

1  irr,  n.     [from  front.]     A  frontal  or  brow- 

1  lillet  or  band  worn  on  the  forehead.    VetiL 

1 1.     It.  itce,  Shaltspeare  uses  it  to  denote  a  frowning 

brow. 


3   That  state  or  temperature  of  the  air  which  oc- 

ciionXeSng  or  the  ^""fTs^^^^^''^^^'^ 
4.  The  appearance  of  plants  sp.irkln.„  wnn^^ity 

"Sci /«.■(,  "inch  is  much  mar:-  ■' -""f  ."l '" 

^^t'^t^t'i^s-'^i^ai-:;^  r  J^: 

ffies  and  b    ow  thefreezing  point,  in  which  case 

--^i'j^i";'^?J^-fo?er;=^ 

"•^'l^tV^VvlSy  tilhl'g  resembling  hoar-fVost 
FRo'siv-BITtliN,  (-tn,)  a.    Nipped,  withered,  or  af- 

PUOST'-SoUND, ...    Bound  or  confined  by  frost 
?ROST'ED   w.  or  u.     Covered  with  a  compos,  ion 
^^i?e  white'-fr£t  •  covered  with  any  thing  resembling 

hoar-frost  in  color  or  torm.  , 

FllOST'I-I.Y,  ad^.    With  frost  or  excessive  cold. 

2.  Withoutwarmtl.  of  affection;  coldly. 
FROST'I-NESS,  n.      The  state  or  quality  of  b..ing 

FrSSt/iNgTw- '"covering  with  something  rescm- 

FllOST'TNCr^.'  The  coiiiposition,  resembling  hoar- 
frost, used  to  cover  cake,  tc. 
FROST'LESS,  a.  Free  from  frost ;  as,  a  /rosto  «  m- 

FROST'-XaII,  11.  A  naU  driven  into  a  horse-shoe, 
to  prevent  the  horse  fioiii  slipping  on  ice.  In  some 
of  nie  United  Slates,  the  ends  of  the  shoe  are  poiiit- 
ed  for  this  purpose,  and   these  points  are  called 

FROST'-Nir-PED,  (-niiit,)  c    Nipped  by  frost. 

FKOST'NU.MB-i!U,fl.    Made  numb  by  fro.st. 

FUOST'-WOllK,  (-wurk,)  n.  Work  tesenibling  hoar- 
frost on  shrubs.'  Blackmorc. 

FUOST'Y,  a.    I'roduciug  frost ;  havir.g  power  to  con- 
ceal water ;  as,  a  frostij  night ;  frosty  weather. 
2.  Containing  frost ;  as,  the  grass  is  Jrosty. 

2.  Chill  in  affection;  without  warmth  of  affection 

""iTcKmbling  hoar-frost ;  white  ;  gray-haired  ;  as, 
a /.•o.-.iii  head.  ,  =       c   j 

FROTH,  (froth  or  frautb,)  i<-  [Gr.  nOpot:  Sw.  ^-u^- 
^a  It  IS  a'.'.isd  oeriiipi  to  G.  brausen,  to  roar,  tret, 
froth  :  Ir.  oruiA:^'.  to  boil ;  W  hriidiaw,  to  leai.] 

1.  Sp;;ii!5  ;  foatn  ;  tiie  bubbbi:  caused  in  liquors  by 
fermentation  or  agitation.  Sacan.    Mlton. 

')    Anv  cmntv,  senselei.s  sllDW  of  wit  or  eloquence. 
■'        '  '  Jolmson. 

3.  Light,  unsubstantial  matter.  '^'!f^Z- 
FROTH,  c.  t.  To  cause  to  foam.  Bcaum.  1/ M. 
FROTH  t>.  i.    To  foam  ;  to  throw  up  spume  ;  to  throw 

out  foam  or  bubbles.    lieer  froOis  in  fermentation. 
The  sea  frotlis  when  violently  agitated.     A  horse 
froOi.^  at  the  mouth  when  heated. 
FROTH'I-LY,  adv.    With  foam  or  spume. 

2.  In  an  empty,  trilling  manner. 
FiiOTU'I-NESS,  II.    The  state  of  being  frothy;  emp- 
tiness ;  senseless  matter. 

FROTfl'I-NG,  ppr.     Foaming. 

FROrii'LF,:*S,  a.    Free  from  froth. 

FROTH'-SPIT,  71.  A  kind  of  white  froth  on  the  leaves 

of  plants  ;  cuckoo-spit.  .    . 

FROTII'Y,  a.    Full  of  foam  or  froth,  or  consisting  of 

froth  or  light  bubbles. 

2.  Soft ;  not  firm  or  solid.  Bacon. 

3.  Vain  ;  light ;  empty  ;  unsubstantial ;  as,  a  vain, 
frotliv  speaker ;  a  frothy  harangue. 

FROU'NCE,  71.    .K  mass  of  pimples  in  the  palate  of  a 

horse  ;  also,  a  similar  disease  in  hawks.         Boot}t. 
FROUNCE,  V.  t.    [Sp.  fruncir,  to  plait,  or  gather  the 

edge  of  cloth  into  plaits,  to  frizzle,  to  wrinkle  ;  Fr. 

froncer,  to  gather,  to  knit,  to  contract;  Arm./rojifin. 

l>f;e  Frown.] 
To  gather  into  plaits ;  to  form  wrinkles ;  to  curl  or 

frizzle  tlie  hair  about  the  face. 


OW. 

•2.  In  omilAoIoj^,  the  margin  of  the  head,  behind 
llie  bill,  of  birds,  generally  clothed  with  rigid  bris- 
tlej.  Brande. 

PRONT'-ROOM,  w.    A  room  or  apartment  in  the  fore 

port  of  a  house.  Moion. 

FROP'PISH,  a.    Pccvijih  ;  Croward.    [.Yot  in  tue.] 

Clarendon. 
rf,*.i'l-    ,j,     [G.  fror^gefroreni  J),  troor^  hevrooren.] 
II ;  frosty.    [Aot  in  lue.]  jViitoR. 

.  d.     Frozen.  Spenser. 

.  ... .  i.  * ,  a.     Frozen.  Spenser. 

2.  Covered  with  a  froth  resembling  hoar-frost.  [JVo 
in  a#r.]  Fairfiu. 

FRO.ST,  (frost  or  fr»u»t,)  ».  [Sax.  frait ;  G.  Sw.  and 
Dan.  Aoi<  ;  I),  varjt;  (ma  fru'.ty  fro'.e.  Qu.  Slav. 
mraij  atro:,  id.] 

1.  Frozen  dew;  alsocaUed  HoAR-rno*T, orWiiiTS- 
r«oiT. 

Ilr  luuenlh  ihc  \imt-froMt  like  uha.  —  Pi.  cxiril. 

2.  The  act  of  freezing ;  applied  chiefly  to  the  con 
gelation  of  water;  congelation  of  fluids. 

Tbe  Uutd  dxT  aancia/roir,  &  ki!Uii;/ro<:.  Sljik. 


Not  tricked  nai  frounced  ns  slio  waa  wont.  Milton. 

FROUNCE,  71.  A  wrinkle,  plait,  or  curl ;  an  ornament 

of  dress.  Bcaum.  ^  Fl. 

FR0UN'CJ=:D,  (frounst,)  pp.    Curled  ;  frizzled. 
FUOUNCE'LESS,  a.    Having  no  plait  or  wrinkle. 

Ckaucer. 
FROUN'CING,  ppr.    Curling  ;  crisping. 
FUOU'ZY,  a.    Fetid  ;  musty  ;  rank ;  dim  ;  cloudy. 

Swift-. 
FROW,  n.    [a.  frail ;  D.  vrouw ;  Dan.  fruc 

A  Dutch  or  German  woman.  [JVot  itsed.]  Bcaum. 
FRo'WARD,   a.     [Sax.  framweard  ;  from,  or  /ra,  and 
weard,  L.  ver.ms^  turned  or  looking  from.] 

Perverse ;  that  is,  turning  from  with  aversion  or 
reluctance;  not  willing  to  yield  or  comply  with  what 
is  required  ;  unyielding  ;  "ungovernable  ;  refractory  ; 
disobedient ;  peevish  ;  as,  a  froward  chUd. 

TlKy  are  :i  T.T>.  froward  generation,  children  in  wbom  is  no 
fiith.^-Deut.  xxxii. 

I  FR6'W.'\RD-LY,  ode.    Perversely  ;  in  a  peevish  man- 

npr. 


FRS'WARD-NESS,  n.    I'erverscncss  ;  reluctance  to 
yield  or  comply  •,  liisobedicnce  ;  peevishness.  SjuUi. 
FROW'ER,  n.    A  sliar|>edged  tool  to  cleave  laths. 

Ta-'scr. 
FROWN    V.  i.     [Fr.  refrogncr,  properly,  to  knit  the 
brows.  '  Fro<.rncr,  the  primitive  woiil,  is  nut  used.    It 
is  allied,  perliaps,  1..  frounce,  from  the  root  Rn.l 

1  To  express  displeasure  by  contracting  the  brow, 
and  looking  grim  or  surly  ;  to  look  stern  ;  followed 
by  071  or  at;  as,  to /roion  on  a  prolligate  inan.orto 
^oteii  at  his  vices. 

Heroes  in  aiiiraated  marble  froion.  Pope. 

o   To  manifest  displeasure  in  any  manner.  When 
Providence  frowns  on  our  labors,  let  us  bo  humblo 
and  submissive. 
3.  'I'o  lower  ;  to  look  threatening. 
FROWN    71.  t.    To  repel  by  expressing  displeasure; 
to  rebuke.    Frown  the  impudent  fellow  into  silence. 
FROWN   n.  A  wrinkled  look,  particularly  expressing 
dislike  ;  a  sour,  severe,  or  stern  look,  expressive  of 
displeasure 

His  front  yet  threatens  and  liis  /rou;n«  con-jiiand.  Prior. 

2.  .^ny  expression  of  displeasure  ;  as,  the  frowns 
of  Providence  ;  the  frowns  of  fortune. 

FROWN' ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Knitting  the  brow  .n  anger 
or  displeasure ;  expressing  displeasure  by  a  surly, 
stern,  or  angry  look  ;  lowering  ;  thrcalening. 

FROWN'ING-LY,  ado.  Sternly  ;  with  a  look  of  dis- 
pleasure. _  , 

FROW'Y,  a.  [The  same  as  Fnouzv  ;  perhaps  a  con- 
tracted word.]  , 

Musty  ;  rancid  ;  rank  ;  as,  Jrowy  butler.    Forby. 

FROWZY.    See  Frouzv. 

FRoZ'£N,  tJji.  or  a.  from  Fbbeze.  Congealed  by  cold. 

2.  Colli ;  frosty  ;  chill;  as,  the  frozen  climates  of 
the  norlli.  ^., 

3.  Cliill  or  cold  in  alTection.  Aulimj. 
4    Void  of  natural  heat  or  vigor.  Pope. 

PRoZ'iN,  a.    Subject  to  frost,  or  to  long  and  severe 

FRSZ'£N-NESS,  71.    A  stale  of  being  frozen. 
F.  R.  S.  ;  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society.        [  Oaiuletu 
FRUB'ISII,  for  FuiiauH,  is  not  used. 
FRUCT'ED,  a.     [L.  fractiLS,  fruit.] 

In  heruldrn.  bearing  fruit.  ,    -.     n 

FRUe-TES'CP;NCE,  n.    [Irom  L. /i-itcliw,  ftu«.    bee 

Frl'IT.]  ,  ,        ^     ..     e  » 

In  botany,  the  precise  time  wlien  the  fruit  of  a 
plant  arrives  at  maturity,  and  its  seeds  are  dis- 
persed;  tlie  fruiting  season. 

'  Ji;ii7i£.     Martyn.     Encyc. 

FRUe-TIF'ER-OUS,  a.     [L.  frtictus,  fruit,  and  fm, 
to  bear.] 

Bearing  or  producing  fruit. 
FRUC-TI-FI-Ca'TION,  II.     [See  Fruciifv.] 

1.  The  act  of  fructifying,  or  rendering  productive 
of  fruit ;  fecundation. 

2.  In  hotany,  the  temporary  part  of  a  plant  appro- 
priated to  generation,  terminating  the  old  vegetable 
and  bsninning  the  new.  It  consists  of  seven  parts, 
the  calyx  or  empalement,  the  corol  or  petals,  tlie  sla- 
l.iens,  and  the  pistil,  which  belong  to  the  flower,  the 
pericarp  and  seed,  which  pertain  to  the  iruil,  and 
the  receptacle  or  base,  on  which  the  other  parts  are 
seated.  The  receptacle  belongs  both  to  the  flower 
and  fruit.  Limmns.    Mane. 

FRUe'TI-FI-ED,  (fruk'te-f  ide,)  pp.    Rendered  fruit- 
ful or  productive. 
FRUe'TI-F5,  V.  t.     [Low  L.  fructifico ;  Fr.  fnictifer , 
friLclns,  fruit,  and  facio,  to  make.] 

To  make  fruitful;  to  render  productive ;  to  fertil- 
ize ;  as,  to  fractify  the  earth.  Homcll. 
FRUe'TI-F-2,  n. '".    Tobearlruit.     [C//iusu(i(.] 

HooKer, 

FRUCTI-FT-ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Rendering  fruitful  or 

productive  ;  fertUizing.  ,, 

FRUe-TU-\'T10N,7i.    Produce ;  fmit.    [Aotitstd.\ 

Pownatt, 

FRU€'TU-OUS,  a.    [Fr.  fructneuz.] 

Fruitful;  fertUe ;  alsc,  impregnating  with^fertihiy. 

FRUe'TU-OUS-LY,  adv.    Fruitfully  ;  fertilely. 

FRUC'TU-OUS-NESS,  ii.    Fruitfulness  ;  fertility. 

FRUC'TURE,  (frukt'yur,)  ii.  Use;  liuition  ;  enjoy- 
ment.    fjVotusei;.]  ,„7.,niil 

FRU'GAL,  a.  [L.'frugalU;  F"- ^"^^P- {^"f'Si 
to  be  from /ru.ws,  corn,  grain  of  any  kind.  Mo^' 
probablv  it  is  from  the  root  of  ;,-.tor,  for  /f"?'"-; ,'" 
use,  to' take  the  profit  of,  which  coincides  in  elc 
nients  and  sense  with  G.  braachen,  bax.  brucan.   bee 

^"Economical  in  the  use  or  appropriation  of  nioney, 
goods,  or  provisions,  of  any  kind  ;  ''""'"S '•"  ■"^»?^ 
Ixpense,  either  of  money  or  oi  any  """S  "^'^f,  "  ™' 
is  to  be'  used  or  consumed;  sparing;  not  proh.  e 
prodigal,  or  lavish.  We  ought  to  be JTuj-ii,  no  u.y 
n  the  expenditure  of  nioney  and  of  foods,  ujiii 
the  employment  of  time.  It  is  followed  by  /  be 
fore  the  thing  saved  ;  as,  frugal  of  t  n  e  It  is  "« 
synonymous  with  parsimonious,  nor  with  Urijly, 

FRuiAL'i-TY,  71.  Prudent  eonomy  ;  good  husband, 
ry  o?  hmisewiflry  ;  a  sparmg_useor_appropr|^ 


FATTB,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT  —  MicTE,  PRgY PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.— 


484 


FRU 

money  or  commodities ;  a  judicious  use  of  any  thing 
to  be  expended  or  employed;  tliat  careful  manage- 
ment of  money  or  goods  whicli  expends  notliinji  un- 
necessarily, and  applies  what  is  used  to  a  profitable 
purpose  ;  that  use  in  which  nothing  is  wasted.  It  is 
not  equivalent  to  parsimony,  the  hitter  bcin-i  an  ex- 
cess of  frugality,  and  a  fault.  Frugality  is  always  a 
virtue.  Nor  is  it  synonymous  with  Virifl,  in  its  prop- 
er sense  j  for  thrift  is  the  effect  of  frugality. 

Willioat  frusalUx/  none  cao  become  rich,  and  with  it  few  would 
lie  poor.  Johftson. 

9.  A  prudent  and  sparing  use  or  appropriation  of 
any  thing  ;  as,  fru<raUt)j  of  praise.  Dnjden. 

FRO'GAL-LY,  adc.  AVilh  economy  ;  with  good  man- 
agement ;  in  a  saving  manner  He  seldom  lives /rii- 
fT'illti  that  lives  by  chance. 

FRUG'GIX,  ».  [Fr.  fonr^oiu]  An  oven  fork;  the 
pole  with  which  the  ashes  in  the  oven  are  stirred. 

FRU-6IF'ER-0US,  c  [h.  frugifcr ;  frugcs,  com,  and 
/ct-o,  to  bear.] 

Producing  fruit  or  com. 

FRU-GIV'0-ROUS,  a.  [L.  fnigcs,  corn,  and  coro,  to 
eat.] 

Feeding  on  fruitSj  seeds,  or  corn,  as  birds  and  oth- 
er^ animals.  JSTat.  Ktst. 

FRuIT,  (friite,)  n.  [Fr.  frtdt ;  It.  fnUto  ;  Sp.  fnito  ; 
from  L.  fimctus ;  Arm.  frouczca,  or  froehen  ;  D. 
vrn^ht ;  G.  frucht ;  Dan.  fnii^'t ;  S\v.  fruchU  The 
Latin  word  is  the  participle  of  fntor,  contracted 
from  frugor,  or  frucor,  to  use,  to  take  the  profit  of; 
allied,  perhaps,  to  Sax.  bnican,  hnjccan^  G.  braiichcn, 
to  use,  to  enjoy.    Class  Brg,  No.  6,  7.] 

1.  In  II  general  semse^  whatever  the  earth  produces 
for  the  nourishment  of  animals,  or  for  clothing  or 
profit.  Among  the  fruits  of  the  earlii  are  included 
not  only  corn  of  all  kinds,  but  grass,  cotton,  flax, 
grapes,  and  all  cultivated  plants.  In  this  compre- 
hensive sense,  the  word  is  generally  used  in  the 
plural. 

2.  In  fi  TTforc  limited  sense,  the  produce  of  a  tree,  or 
other  plant ;  the  last  producti[)n  for  the  propagation 
or  multiplication  of  its  kind  :  the  seed  of  plants,  or 
the  part  that  contains  the  seeds,  as  wheat,  rye,  oats, 
apples,  quinces,  pears,  cherries,  acorns,  melons,  &;c. 

3.  In  botany,  the  seed  of  a  plant,  or  the  seed  with 
the  pericarp. 

4.  Production  ;  that  which  is  produced. 

Tlie  /ntit  of  the  Spirit  is  in  all  goodncfis,  nnd  righLoousnces,  and 
irutb.  — Epli.  V. 

5.  The  produce  of  animals;  offspring;  young; 
as,  the  fruit  of  the  womb,  of  the  loins,  of  the 
body.  Scripture. 

6.  Effect  or  consequence. 

Tlwy  shall  eat  thefrtdl  of  tlicir  doing's.  —  Is.  iii. 

7.  Advantage;  profit;  good  derived. 

What  fruit  had  ve  tlicn  in  those  things  whereof  ys  are  now 
ashamed  ?  —  Itom.  vi. 

8.  Production,  effect,  or  consequence;  in  an  ill 
sense ;  as,  the  fruits  of  sin  ;  the  fruits  of  intemper- 
ance. 

FRUIT,  (frute,)  v.  i.    To  produce  fruit.    Ckc^terficld, 
FRUIT'AGE,  (frut'aje,)  n.     [Fr.]     Fr.iit  collectively  ; 

various  fruits.  Milton. 

PRUIT'-BEaR-ER,  n.    That  which  produces  fruit. 
FRuIT'-BE.\R-I\G,  a.    Producmg  fruit ;  having  the 

quality  of  bearing  fntit.  Mortimer. 

FRCIT'-BUD.  71.    The  bud  that  produces  fruit. 
FRUIT'ER'ER,  n.    One  wiio  dt'als  in  fruit;  a  seller 

of  fruits. 
FRmT'ER-Y,7t.    [Ft.  frnitcrie.] 

1.  Fruit  collectively  taken.  Phdips. 
%  A  fruit-loft;  a  repository  for  fruit.       Johnson. 

FRuIT'FJJL,  a.  Very  productive  ;  producing  fruit  in 
abundance  ;  as,  fruitful  soil ;  a  frnilful  tree  ;  rx  fruit- 
ful season. 

2l  Prolific;  bearing  children  ;  not  barren. 

"Be  fruitful,  and  multiply,  —  Gen.  i. 

3.  Plenteous  ;  abounding  in  any  thing.        Pope. 

4.  Productive  of  any  thing  ;  fertile  ;  as,  fruUfnl  in 
expedients. 

5.  Producing  in  abundance  ;  generating;  as,/m[fr- 
ful  in  crimes. 

FB.tFlT'FUL-LY,  adr.  In  such  a  manner  as  to  bs  pro- 
lific. Roscommon. 

2.  Plenteou.=lv  ;  abundanllv.  SA/r/r. 
FRuIT'FJJL-.\ES.-i,  n.    Tlio  quality  of  producing  fruit 

in  abundance  ;    productiveness  ;  fertility ;    as,  the 
fruitfulncsj  of  land. 

2.  Fecundity  ;  the  quality  of  being  prolific,  or  pro- 
ducing many  young;  applied  to  animah. 

3.  Productiveness  of  the  intellect;  as,  the  fruitful- 
nes.1  of  Ihe  Itfain. 

4.  Exuberr-nt  abundance.  JS.  Jons.on. 
FRtJIT'-GRoVE,  n.    A  grove  or  clo?e  plantation  of 

fni  it-trees. 
FROIT^ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Rearing  fniit ;  pertaining  lo 

fniit. 
FUeiT'ING,  II.    The  bearing  of  fruit. 
FRtJ-I"TlOx\,  (fru  i.sh'rin,)  n.     [from  L.  fruor,  to  use 

or  enjoy.] 
Use,  accompanied  with  pleasure,  corporeal  or  in- 


FRU 

tellcctual ;  enjoyment ;    the  pleasure  derived  from 
use  or  possession. 

If  the  affliction  is  on  his  l»ody,  his  appetites  are  weaJiencd,  and 
tip^icity  of  fruition  tifsin'yed.  Rogers. 

FRO'I-TIVE,  a.    Enjoying.  Bmile. 

FRUIT'LESS,  a.    Not  brariug  fruit ;  barren  ;  destitute 

of  fruit ;  as,  a  fmitlrss  plant.  -    Ralegh. 

3.  Productive  of  no  advantage  or  good  effect;  vain; 
idle;  useless;  unprintable;  a.s,  a.  fruitless  attempt; 
a  fruitless  controversy. 
3.  Having  no  offspring.  Siiah. 

FRu[T'LESS-LY,  adn.  [from  fruitless.]  Without 
any  valuable  effect ;  idly ;  vainly  ;  unprolitably. 

Drifden. 
FRuIT'LE;?S-XEPP,  n.    The  quality  of  being  vain  or 

unprofitable. 
FROIT'-LOFT,  n.    A  place  for  the  preservation  of 

fruit. 
FRuIT'-TrnrE,  71.    The  time  for  gathering  fruit. 
FRUIT'-TREE,  j(.    A  tree  cultivated  for  its  fruit,  or  a 
tree  whose  principal  value  consists  in  the  fruit  it  pro- 
duces, as  the.  clierry-tree,  applo-lrcc,  pt'ar-lrcc.    'J'hfj 
oak  and  beech  produce  valuable  fruit,  but  the  fruit  is 
not  their  principal  value. 
FRuIT'Y,  a.     Resembling  fruit.  DicJ^cns. 

FRU-MEN-Ta'CEOUS,  (fru-mcn-ti'shus,)  a.  [h. 
frumentacetis.] 

\.  Made  of  wheiit,  or  like  grain. 
2.  Resembling  wheat,  in  respect  to  leaves,  cars, 
fruit,  and  the  like.  Encyc. 

FRU-MEN-Ta'RI-OUS,  a.  [L.  frumcntarhis,  from 
frumcjttum,  corn.] 

Pertaining  to  wheat  or  grain. 
FRU-MEN-TA'TIOi\,  n.     [L.frumcntctio.) 

Among  the   Romans,  a  largess  of  grain  beslowed 
on  the  people,  tu  quiet  tliem  when  uneasy  or  turbu- 
lent. Enajc. 
FRO'ME-V-TY,  Ti.     ['L.frumcntum,  wheat  or  grain.] 

Food  made  of  wheat  boiled  in  milk. 
FRU.MP,  n.    A  joke,  jeer,  or  ilouu     [jVoI  v^?^^f.] 

Bp.  Hall 
2.  In  modem  colloquial  usage,  a  cress-tempered,  old- 
fashioned  female.  t-marl. 
FRUMP,  V.  L     To  insult.     [J\rot  in  use.]    Bccum.  ^  Fl. 
FRUMP'ER,  71.    A  mocker.    [jYot  iisal.] 
FRUiMP'IriH,  a.     Old-fashioned;  ill-natured.     [Collo- 
quial.] Smart. 
FRUSH,  V.  t.    [Fr.  froisser.] 

To  bruise  ;  to  crush.     [Obs.]  Shak. 

FRUSH,  11.     [G.  frosck,  a  irog.] 

In  farriery,  a  sort  of  tender  horn  that  grows  in  the 
middle  of  the  sole  of  a  horse,  at  some  distance  from 
the  toe,  dividing  into  two  branches,  and  running 
toward  the  heel  in  the  form  of  a  fork  ;  the  same  as 
fiog.  Farrier''s  Diet. 

2.  A  discharge  of  a  fetid  or  ichorous  matter  from 

the  frog  of  a  horse's  foot ;  also  called  tlirusk.     Smart. 

FRU3'TRA-BLE,  a.     [See  Frustrate.]     That  may 

be  frustrated  or  defeated. 
FRUS-TRa'JVE-OUS,  a.      [St-e  Fru,^tr.yte.]     Vain; 

useless  ;  unprofitable.     [Little  u^etl.]  More.    SautU. 
FRUS'TRATE,  v.   t.     [h.frusiro;   Fr.  frustrer;   Sp. 
frustrar ;  allied,  probably,  to  Fr.  froisser,  briser.  Arm. 
brovsta,  frcuza,  to  break.     Class  Rd  or  Rs.] 

1.  /,(£naZ/»/,  to  break  or  interrupt;  hence,  to  defeat ; 
to  disappoint;  to  balk;  to  bring  to  nothing;  as,  lo 
frustrau  a  plan,  design,  or  attempt ;  to  frustrate  the 
will  or  purpose. 

2.  'J'o  disappoint ;  applied  to  persons. 

3.  To  make  null ;  to  nullify ;  to  render  of  no  ef- 
fect ;  as,  to  frustrate  a  conveyance  or  deed. 

FRUS'TR.ITE,  part.  a.  Vain;  ineffectual;  useless; 
unprofitable;  null;  void;  of  no  effect. 

Hooker.     Dryden. 

FRUS'TRa-TED,  pp.  Defeated  ;  disappointed  ;  ren- 
dered vain  or  null. 

FRUS'TRa-TING,  ppr.  Defeating;  disaiipoiuting  ; 
niakins  vain  or  of  no  effect. 

FUUS-TRa'TION,  71.  The  act  of  frustrating  ;  disap- 
pointment; defeat;  as,  tlie  frustration  of  one's  at- 
tempt or  design.  South. 

FRUS'TRA-TIVE,  fl.    Tending  to  defeat ;  fallacious. 

Diet. 

FRUS'TRA-TO-RY,  a.  That  makes  void  ;  that  va- 
cates or  renders  null  ;  as,  n  frustratory  appeal. 

.SyUff-e. 

FRUS'TUAt,  71.  [L.]  In  geometry,  the  part  of  a  solid 
next  the  base,  fonued  by  cutting  off  the  top ;  or,  the 
part  of  any  solid,  as  of  a  cone,  pyramid,  &c.,  between 
two  planes,  which  may  be  eitlier  parallel  or  inclined 
to  each  otlier.  Brandc. 

FRU-TES'CENT,  0.    [L.frutcz,  a  shnib.] 

In  botany,  from  herbaceous  becouiijig  shrubby  ;  a.-^, 
n  frutrsccnt  stem.  Martyn. 

FRO'TEX,  n.  rU]  In  botany,  a  shrub  ;  a  plant  hav- 
ing a  woody,  durable  stem,  but  less  than  a  tree. 

Mdne. 

FRD'TI-CANT,  «.    Full  of  shoots.  Rvclyn. 

FRO'TI-eOUS,  \  °'     [^^'JnLUcosiw^.] 

Shnib-!ike;  branching  like  a  shrub;  as,  a  frttti- 
CotLs  stem. 
FRU-TI€'U-LOSE,  a.     Branching  like  a  small  shrub. 


FUG 

FRY,  V.  t.  [L.  frigo  ;  Gr.  '!,nvy  o  ;  Sp.  freir ;  It.  frig- 
gere;  Fori,  frigir;  Fr.frire;  Ir.  friochtaiaim.  The 
sense  is  nearly  the  same  as  in  boil,  or  broil,  to  agitate, 
to  fret.] 

To  dress  with  fat  by  heating  or  roasting  in  a  pan 
over  a  fire  ;  to  cook  and  prepare  for  eating  in  a  fry- 
ing-pan ;  as,  to  fry  meat  or  vegt-tables. 

FRS',  V.  i.  To  be  heated  and  agitated,  as  meal  in  a 
frjing-pan  ;  to  suffer  the  action  of  fire  or  extreme 
heat. 

2.  To  ferment,  as  in  liie  sU)mach.  Batim. 

3.  To  be  agitated  ;  to  boil.  Dryden. 
FRS",  n,     [Fr.frai,  from  the  verb.] 

1.  A  swarm  or  crowd  of  little  fish  ;  so  called  from 
their  crowding,  tumbling,  and  a^ritation.  So  Sp. 
hcrmr,  to  swarm  or  be  crowded,  from  L.  fcrveo,  and 
vulgarly,  boding  is  used  for  a  crowd.  Mdtun. 

2.  A  dish  of  any  thing  fried. 

3.  A  kind  of  sieve.     [JVuC  used  in  jJmcrica.] 

Mortimer. 
FR^'IKG,  ppr.    Dressing  in  a  frying-pan;  healing; 

agitating. 
FR^'ING-PAN,  n.    A  pan  with  a  long  handle,  used 

for  frying  meat  and  vegetables. 
FUR,  ».    A  plump  young  person.    [A'ot  in  use.} 

SmarL 
FUB,  V.  t.    To  put  off;  to  deiav  ;  to  cheat,    [See  Fob.] 

SliaJ;. 
FUB'BY,  a.    Plump;  chubby.  Mdiols. 

FO-'GATE,      /         n    ^      ,       r        ^ 
Fu'eA-TED  I  °"     [U./«caiiw,  frora/oco,  to  stain. 

Painted  ;  disguised  with  paint ;  also,  disguised 
with  false  show.  Johnson, 

Fu'COID,  n.     [See  Fucus.] 

Fossil  sea-weed.  Hitchcaek. 

Fu'eOID,  a.    Resembling  sea-weed. 

FU-COID'AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  or  resembling  fucoids. 

FO'€US,  H.  [L.  See  Feign. ]  A  paint ;  a  dye  ;  also, 
false  show.  B.  Jonson.     Sandys. 

2.  pi.  Fuci.  In  botany,  a  gcntis  of  Mga^,  or  sea- 
weeds ;  the  sea-wrack,  &;c.  Encyc. 

FUD'DER  of  lead.     See  Fother  and  Fodder. 

FUD'DLE,  V.  t.    To  make  drunk  ;  to  intoxicate. 

Tkomson. 

FUD'DLE,  V.  i.     To  drink  to  excess.        VEstrangc, 

FUD'DLi^D,7»7J.     Drvmk  ;  intoxicated. 

FUD'DLER,  H.     A  drunkard.  Baxter. 

F\JD'piASG,ppr.     Intoxicating;  drinking  to  excess. 

FUDOE,  n.  A  made-up  story ;  stuff;  nonsense  ;  an 
exclamation  of  contempt.  Goldsmith. 

FO'EL,  7t.  [from  Fr.  feu,  fire,  contracted  from  Sp. 
fuego,  iLfuoeo,  L. /ocu5.] 

1.  Any  matter  which  serves  as  aliment  to  fire  ;  that 
which  feeds  fire  ;  combustible  matter,  as  wood,  coal, 
peat,  &c. 

2.  Any  thing  that  serves  to  feed  or  increase  flame, 
heat,  or  excitement. 

FO'EL,  V.  t.    To  feed  with  combustible  matter. 

Ni.'v(.T,  alrts  !  the  dre:idfii!  name, 

That  fuels  t!ic  iiif_-rn;il  llaim.'.  Coteley. 

2.  To  store  with  fuel  or  firing.  Wottan. 

FO'EL-£D,  (fu'eld.)  pp.     Fed  with  combustible  mat- 
ter; stored  with  tiring. 
FO'EL-ER,  n.     He  or  that  which  supplies  fuel.  Donne. 
F0'EL-lNG,7);)r.    Feedinir  with  fuel ;  supplying  with 
FU'E-RO,  H.    [^p.,  from  the  root  oi  force.]  [fuel. 

1.  A  statute;  jurisdiction. 
9.  A  charter  of  privileges. 
FUFF,  V.  i.    To  puff.     [LocgU]  BrockctL 

FUF'FY,  fl.    Light;  puffy.    [f.occh] 
FU-GA'CiOUS,(fu-gi'shus,)fl.     [I.,  fugaz,  from  f ago, 
to  chase,  or  fugio,  lo  tiee.] 
Flying  or  fleeing  away  ;  volatile. 
FU-Ga'CIOUS-NESS,  n.    The  quiUity  of  fij  ing  away  ; 

volatility. 
FU-GAC'I-TY,  (fu-gas'e-te,)  n.     [h.fugax,  supra.] 

1.  Volatility  ;  the  quality  of  flying  away ;  as,  the 
fugaeity  of  spirits.  Boyle. 

2.  Uncertainty;  instability.  Johrtson, 
FtJGH  or  FoH,  an  exclamation    expressing    abhor- 
rence. Dn/dcn. 

FU'GI-TIVE,  n.  [Fr./(;«-rti/,-  L.  fagitivus^  from  fugio  ^ 
to  tiee,  Gr.  ipcvyio.] 

1.  Volatile;  apt  to  flee  away;  readily  wafted  by 
the  wind. 

TJic  more  tender  and /Mjitiuf  parts.  Wood'MXrd. 

2.  Kot  tenable;  not  to  be  held  or  detained  ;  readily 
escaping  ;  as,  a  fngifice  idea.  Locke. 

3.  Unstable;  unsteady;  fleeting;  not  fixed  or 
durable.  '  Johnson. 

4.  Fleeing;  mnning  from  danger  or  pursuit. 

Milto7i. 

5.  Fleeing  from  duty ;  eloping;  escaping. 

Can  a  fu^iUve  daughter  enjoy  herself,  while  her  pnn-nts  are  in 

G.  Wandering ;  vagabond  ;  as,  a  fugitive  physician. 

ft'otton. 
7.  In  literature,  fagitii^e  compositions  are  such  as 
are  short  ami  occasional,  written  in  liasle  oral  in- 
tervals, and  considered  to  be  Ilcerjng  and  temponirj". 
FO'GI-TIVK,  7f.    One  wlio  llees  from  his  station  or 
duty  ;  a  deserter ;  one  who  flees  from  danger. 

Bacon.    Milton, 


TCNE,  BULL,  ITMTE.- AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.-€  aa  K ;  6  as  J  ;  S  aa  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

465 


FUL 


FUL 


.1,  utiJ  tnkrn  rtl'iico 
yn  .  >  liii*  Iltrd  frum  pmi- 

Uhuur,:.  .      ,        Drttd^a, 

a.  Ooo  luml  tu  Iw  caugtit  or  ikuiintu. 

Kb  ihtt  ■Jry/ufidr«,  railed  wi(.  iyarw. 

!'.    In  n  Oiffiiive  mnnner. 
,  «.     VolnlitUy  ;  fttpicUy ;  nn  apt- 

I'.)  ,  uiiHleaJinp^s.  Johtuoa. 

\,     tn.     [ii.  jUii^tlinann^  a  lilc-Icadcr, 
i  \\,  i     from  jl«;'f/,  u  wing.] 
uur  »Itu  inked  lii.i  place  in  front  uf  a  luililnry 
bund,  as  u  puido  to  \be  tjoldieri)  in  Cliu  niovc-int-nid  of 
•  :, -.Ir-ll. 

up;  L.  Pp.  nnil  U.fuija.] 
Ill  whicli  itie  dillVrcnt  parts 
pcnting  ihi^  siiliJL'ct  at  a  ccr- 
u.ii  mUivol  atiuvc  ur  LjIuiv  the  preceding  part. 

Urcnile, 
IH'  lif'TST.  (fiVijIit,)  n.    A  miHiclan  wlio  coinposis 
I  -rforni^  (lu-ni  exteniporanrously.    iiu^ibij. 
.    n.     [L.  fulcibilii^     W'lwcli    miiy    bo 
[JSi^'ot  in  tiaeA 
ILl/Oi  Mli.NT,  n.     [U /('"««'«">»  froni/u/cto,  to 
pru|i.] 

A  prop ;  a  fiilcmni ;  that  on  which  a  balance  or 
Ipvcr  rests.    [Uttle  tutd.]  mUiins. 

Ft'l/GRATE,  0.    [from  h./ulcnim,  a  prop.] 

1.  In  b  •i-titiffa/ulerate  stem  U  one  whoso  branchea 
lUc  earth,  us  in  I'iciis.  Lee. 

!i'jd  with  fuicniins. 
I     \  n. ;  jit.  Fulcra  or  Fulcrl'us.    [L.]     A 
^fiip  or  suji[Kjrt. 

U.  In  metMniesy  that  by  winch  n  Icvor  is  sustained, 
VI  the  point  about  which  it  movent. 

'J.  Ill  /">i':rii/,  a  term  applied,  in  the  phiral,  to  all 
tlid  appendape:^  of  the  axis  of  a  phint,  except  the 
K-avn*  and  itowcrs  j  Ud  the  stipules,  bracts,  tendrils, 
icK.  [IJisused,] 
y\:lt-FlUU,  c.  t.  [A  tautological  compound  of  full 
and  jiU.] 

1.  'I'o  accomplish  ;  to  perform  ;  to  complete  ;  to  an- 
^Wl■r,  In  cTtcution  or  event,  what  has  been  foretold 
or  prumi  i(  d  ;  an,  to  fulj'tU  a  prophecy  or  prediction  ; 
to  yuUU  a  prumiso. 

'J.  Ti'  accomplish  what  was  intended  ;  to  answer 
a  dcsr^n  by  execution. 

Ilrrv  N'KliitY  •eciut/ufrClAJ  In  all  liTCiidt.  Aft/ton. 

3.  To  accomplish  or  perform  what  was  desired  ;  to 
answer  any  desire  by  compliance  or  gratification. 

11^  will  /^!JUi  \1k  Afirt-  of  tkem  Ihai  fear  hlio.— Pb.  cxlr. 

•1.  To  perform  what  U  required  j  to  answer  a  law 
by. 

If  \xw  .\eeonliiig  to  Utc  ScripUirc,  Thon  shale 

V :  n*  thyidf,  70  do  well.  —  Juma  11. 

5.  To  ojiuplcU-  in  lime. 

f\JjH  h-r  week.  —  G-n.  xxii. 

6.  In  poncral,  to  accomplish  j  to  complete;  to 
earn'  into  effect. 

FI,'I#-FILL'/JD, pp.    Accomplished;  performed;  com- 

■    •-  '  '▼Tilted. 

FI^L-FI  Lu  1^^,  J*.    One  that  fulfills  or  .".ccomplishcs. 
FJJl^FILL'ING,  ppr.     Accomplishing;    performing; 

«■  ■'■iiilctini!. 
'     ■      ILL'.MENT,  j  n.      Accomplishment;    complc- 
.  ILL'LN'G,       i      tion  ;    as,    Uie    fulfillment    of 
,..-■., Ij.xy. 

•2.  Execution ;  performance ;  as,  the  ftiljUlmcnt  of 
a  pTiifni^. 
n  I.KIM r-,;iiT,  (-frawt,)  o.     [fM  and  fiausU.-] 
[Sec  Flli^fbaught.]  Shak. 

\  ,  n.    [L.  ftUgcits,  from  ftdgco,  to  sljinc. 

ri-i'i/lii'i'"^"'  "''''"'lOf;  e'iUcr.  Diet. 

H(LOhNT,o.  Shining;  dazzling;  ciquisitely bright. 
,  „      ,       „  MiWm. 

I.Y,o<i5.    Dazzlingly ;  Kliltcringly. 
[Ij.  fidgidua,  from  fitlgeo,  to  shine] 
dillcrinc ;  ilay.7.1ing.    [JVot  in  me.] 
'  \jn.    Splendor. 

'■    [L.]    Splendor;  dazzling  brightness. 
.,._  , ,  ^  Sroim.    More, 

i''^    Llchlcninir.    [.Vot  usti] 
1  E,  r.  i.    To   Hash  as  lightning.     [JVu( 

i  Vi^uL-UA'TION,  n.    [L.  ful^urclio,  (^"ful^l^r. 


[LUtlf.  UocJ, 


lifhtnlnft.] 

1.  Mahminn;  ihcact  of  lightaDlnc 
er  HotiitaJL]  " 

■A  The  sudden  brighicninit  of  a  fused  globule  of 

■  .  .  -  r    i.v,-r,  wh'-n  ihfi  I.xst  tihn  of  the  oxyd  of  lead 

^"i^^  its  wrfnce.  Bramtj. 

i  t*,  n.    ^L.  fulfrura.]    A  name  given  to 

ind-tiibev  which  are    suppose*]  lu  have 

Wcu  pi^uccd  by  the  tflriking  of  lighming  on  sand. 

nY,n.    Lightning.    [O'^f.]  Ccckcram. 

,,-*  "ni  word  for  false  dice.        Shnk. 
'?  i^T   '.,"•     n- /o^ijfi',  soot,  iTTobaWy 
. .  i.ii.ij  i  matter  (ScposiUiri  by  :.moke. 

Arraran,  Ocol. 


rrr/nt* 


FU-LlCi'I-NOliS,  (fu-lij'in-us.)  a.  [L.  fuligincuSi 
ftili'riitosus^  from/u/(;'o,  soot. J 

1.  Pertaining  to  soiil;  sooty;  dark;  dusky. 

2.  Pertaining  lo  smoke;  resembling  smoke;  dusky. 

Shenstonc. 
FU-UG'I-NOUS-LY,  ado.    In  a  smoky  stiite;  by  be- 
ing sooty. 
FO'LI-iM.\KT.    See  Foumart. 

FIJLL,.;.  [Sax.  fall ;  Sw.fuU  ;  C  voll;  V.  vol ;  Goth. 
fuliUi  Dan.  fuid;  VV.  "-ichM,  fullness.  Uu.  It.  vole, 
in  composition.     See  Fill  and  to  Full."] 

1.  Keplcie  ;  having  witliin  its  limits  all  that  it  can 
contain  ;  as,  a  vvusfl  full  of  liiiuor. 

a.  Abounding  with ;  having  a  huge  quantity  or 
abundance  ;  as,  a  house  fall  of  furniture  ;  life  is  full 
of  cares  and  perplexities. 

3.  Supplied  j  not  vacant. 

Had  Ihe  Uiroiic  been  full,  ihcir  meelinff  would  nol  liavo  Iceo 
r-jjulur.  lihieksline. 

A.  Plump;  fat;  as,  a /mW  body. 
o.  Saturated;  sated. 

I  am/uW  orihr;  tnjrnt-ofJcring)!  of  ramn,  —  Is.  i. 

r>.  Crowded,  with  regard  to  the  imagination  or 
nieinor}'. 

Every  one  is  full  of  the  miracles  done  by  cold  batlis  on  (lc«ij-ed 
;tii;l  wciik  cvii;sLilu lions.      •  Lockc, 

7.  Large ;  entire ;  not  partial ;  that  fills  ;  as,  a  full 
meal. 

8.  Complete ;  entire  ;  not  defective  or  partial ;  as, 
Ihc  full  accomplishment  of  a  prophecy. 

9.  Complete  ;  entire ;  without  abatement. 

It  canic  lu  pass,  nt  llic  end  of  Iwo  full  years,  Uiat  Pharaoh 
Urcaijicii.  —  Gcii.  xli. 

10.  Containing  the  whole  matter;  expressing  the 
whole;  as,  a  full  narration  or  description. 

11.  Strong;  not  faint  or  attenuated;  loud;  clear; 
distinct ;  as,  a  full  voice  or  sound. 

12.  Mature  ;  perfect ;  as,  a  person  of  fall  age. 

Kf.  Entire ;  complete  j  denoting  the  completion  of 
a  sentence  ;  as,  a  full  stop  or  point. 

14.  Spread  to  view  in  all  dimensions;  as,  a  head 
drawn  with  a  faU  face.  JSMison. 

15.  Bxiiibitiug  tlie  whole  disk  or  siufaco  illumi- 
nated ;  as,  tlie  fall  moon. 

16.  Abundant;  plenteous;  sufficient.  Wo  have  a 
fall  supply  of  provi.^ions  for  tlie  year. 

17.  Adequate;  equal;  as,  ti  full  compensation  or 
reward  for  labor. 

18.  Wei:  f.rd. 

19.  Well  supplied  or  furnished  ;  abounding. 

20.  Copious ;  ample.  The  speaker  or  the  writer 
was  full  upon  that  point.  Mitford. 

A  full  band,  in  music,  is  when  all  the  voices  and 
instruments  are  employed. 

A  full  organ,  is  v/hen  all  or  most  of  the  stops  are 
out. 
FJJLL,  7i.    Complete  measure ;  utmost  extent.    This 
instrument  answera  to  tlie  full. 

2.  The  highest  state  or  degree. 

The  swan'a  down  fcaUicr, 
Thnt  stniids  upon  the  swell  a.\./uU  ol  tide.  Shale. 

3.  The  whole ;  the  total ;  in  the  phrase  at  full. 

Skak. 

4.  Tlie  state  of  satiety ;  as,  fed  to  the/«?;. 

'i'hc  fall  of  the  moon,  is  the  time  when  it  presents 
to  the  spectator  its  whole  face  illuuiinated,  as  it 
always  docs  when  in  opposition  to  the  sun. 
Fl^JLL,  adv.     QuiK; ;  to  the  same  degree  ;   without 
abat'.-ment  or  diminution. 

The  imvii  I  prolltT  shall  bc/uW  m  good.  Dryden. 

2.  With  the  whole  effect. 

'I'hc  diap:isoii  clos'm^ full  in  mau.  Dryden. 

3.  Exactly. 

Full  iu  llic  cemrr  uf  die  sacred  wood.  Addison. 

4.  Directly  ;  as,  he  looked  hint  full  in  the  face. 

It  is  placed  before  adjectives  aiitt  adverbs  to  hight- 
en  or  strengthen  their  signification ;  ii^,fuU  sad. 

Milton. 
FuU  well  ye  reject  thfl  commandment  of  God,  tliat  ye  may  keen 
your  own  trarliiimi.  —  Mark  vii. 

FuM  is  prefixed  to  other  words,  chiefly  participles, 
to  express  utmost  extent  or  degree. 

FIJU^,  V.  t.  [Sax.  fallian  :  L.  fulh :  D.  vdlen,  vullen  ; 
Ft.  fouler ;  to  tread,  to  press,  to  full ;  foulc,  a  crowd ; 
It.  Jvlla^  and  foltn,  a  crowd  ;  folui,  dense  ;  allied  to 
Eng./c/l,  ji/(pr,  It./r;^v,  f-nm  being  thick  or  fulled 
Sax.  fcala,  many,  Gr.  ttvaA  .(,  that  is,  a  crowd,  a 
throng,  yoid  and  drfilc  are  proliaLHv  ■  ■'  llio  same 
laniily.  As  the  French  fofdcr  signilics  to  tread  and 
to  full  cloth,  so  loidkcr,  a  fuller,  is  from  the  root  of 
walk.] 

To  thicken  cloth  iu  a  mill.  Tim.  is  the  primary 
cTTWc;  but,  in  practice,  to  full  is  to  mill;  to  make 
compact;  or  to  scour,  cleanse, and  thicken,  in  a  mill. 

F!jLL'-A'eORN-£U,  a.    Fed  to  the  full  with  acorns. 

FIJL'LAM,  n.    An  old  cant  word  for  false  dice,  nam'ed 

PinT  ni  ^^,'IVJ'''!^'''^  "'*^>'  '■'"'^^  "'^fle.  Smart. 

Fi^LL'-BLOO.M'/:n,  a.    Ilavinc  nerfec 


FaZE,  FAE,  FALL,  W1L\T.- 
466 


Having  perfect  bloom. 

Crasha 


FULL'-WING'j:D,  a. 
large,  strong  wings. 
9.  Ready  for  llight ; 


FUL 

F[JLL'-I3L0WN,  o.    Fully  expanded,  as  a  Mossom.  * 

L'cuhnm. 
2.  Fully  distended  with  wind.  Dnnlm. 

FJILL'-IJOT'TOM,  n.    A  wig  with  a  large  butti.m. 

FULL'-B0T'TOM-£D,  a.  Having  a  large  l.uUoin,  ;is 
a  wig. 

FIJLL'-BUTT',  Hfiu.  Meeting  dkectly  and  with  vio- 
lence.     [Vulii-ur.]  L'Estranffc. 

FULL'-CHARG'^D,  a.    Charged  to  fullness,   S/iaJi. 

FpLL'-eUAM'M^U,  a.    Clammed  to  fullness. 

Muratnn. 

FyLL'-DIlESS'£D,  (-drcsl,)  a.  Dressed  in  form  or 
costume. 

FyLL'-I)RrVE',(i.    Driving  with  full  speed.  Chaucer. 

Ff^'LL'-KAll'£D,  a.  Having  the  ears  or  lieails  full  of 
grain.  Dfnham. 

F0LL'-E5^£D,  (-idc,)  (t.  Having  iarge,  prominent 
oye^. 

FULL'-FACiTf),  (-ttistc,)  a.    Having  a  broad  face. 

FlJIili'-FKD',  a.     Fed  to  fullness  ;  plump  with  fal. 

FULL'-FLESH'i^n,  (-(Icsht,)  a.  Having  full  Hush ; 
corpulent.  Lamb. 

FULL'-FORM'A'D,  a.    Having  full  form.  Cohrid<rc. 

FULL'-FRAUGHT',  (-frawt,)  a.  Laden  or  stored  to 
fullness.  "  Sludi. 

FyLL'-GORG'iiJD,  a.    Over  fed;  a  Una  of  hawking. 

ShaJi. 

FULL'-aRoWN^  a.    Grown  to  full  si/.e.       Mltou. 

FiJLL'-HEART'ED,  (-hiirt'ed,)  a.  FuU  of  courage  or 
confidence.  Shak. 

FIJLL'-HOT',  a.    Heated  to  the  utmost.  Sliuk. 

2.  Q.uite  as  hot  as  it  ought  to  be. 

FULL'-La'DT^N,  a.    Laden  to  the  full. 

FIJLL'-MAN'NED,  a.  Completely  furnished  with 
men. 

FULL'-MOUTH'ED,  a.  Having  a  full  or  strong  voice. 

FULL'-ORB'i:!),  a.  Having  the  oib  complete  or  fully 
illuminated,  as  the  moon ;  like  the  full  moon. 

Jlddisoa.    Jilason. 

F[}LL'-SPREAD',  (-spred,)  a.  Extended  to  the  ut- 
most. Dnjden. 

FyLL'-STOM'ACH-ED,  (-stum'akt,)  a.  Having  the 
stomach  crammed. 

FULL'-STUFF'^D,  (-stuft,)  a.  Filled  to  the  utmost 
e.vtent.  Drayton. 

FULL'-SUM'M£D,  a.    Complete  in  all  its  parts. 

Hoicell. 
Having   complete   wings,  or 

Shak. 
eager.  Bcaum. 

FTJLL'AGE,  n.     IMoney  paid  for  fulling  clotii. 

Fyi.L'^D,  pp.  or  a.  Cleansed;  thickened  ;  made 
dense  and  firm  in  a  mill. 

FULL'EU,  n.     One  whose  occupation  is  to  full  cloth. 

FIJLL'ER'S-EARTH,  (-crth,)  n.  A  variety  of  clay, 
compact,  but  friable,  unctuous  to  the  touch,  and  of 
various  colors,  usually  with  a  shade  of  green.  It  is 
useful  in  scouring  and  cleansing  cloth,  as  it  imhibes 
the  grease  and  oil  used  in  preparing  wool. 

Clcavcland.    Encyc. 

FTJLL'ER'S-THIS'TLE,  (-1,)  )  n.    Teasel,  a  plant  of 

FI-ILL'ER'S-VVEED,  \     the  genus  Dipsacus. 

The  burs  are  used  in  dressing  cloth. 

FJJLL'ER-V,  n.  The  place  or  the  works  where  the 
fulling  of  cloth  is  carried  on. 

FIJLL'ING,  ppr.  Thickening  cloth  in  a  mill ;  making 
compact. 

FIJLL'ING,  n.  The  art  or  practice  of  thickening 
cloth  and  making  it  compact  and  firm  in  a  mill,  at 
tlie  same  time  the  cloth  is  cleansed  of  oily  matter. 

FIJLL'ING-MILL,  «.  A  mill  for  fulling  clolh  by 
means  of  pestles  or  stampers,  which  heat  and  press  it 
to  a  close  or  compact  state  and  cleanse  it. 

FJJLL'NESS,  H.  [from  full.\  The  state  of  being 
filled,  so  as  to  leave  no  part  vacant. 

2.  The  state  of  abounding  or  being  in  great  plenty; 
abundance. 

3.  Completeness ;  the  state  of  a  thing  in  which 
nothing  is  wanted  :  perfection. 

In  tliy  ricsence  is  fuU:ies8  of  joy.  —  Ps.  xvi. 

4.  Repletion  ;  satiety  ;  as  from  intemperance. 

Tavlor. 

5.  Repletion  of  vessels  ;  as,  fullness  of  blood. 

fi.  Plenty  ;  wealth ;  atHuence.  Shak. 

7.  Struggling  peiluibation  ;  swelling;  as,  tliojV^ 
S.  Largeness  ;  extent.  [nc^is  of  the  heart. 

■''*crn  wnnled  ihe/uUncss  of  a  p!ol,  and  varioty  ofchamctrn,  to 
form  it  aa  it  ought.  Dryden. 

9.  Loudness ;  force  of  sound,  such  as  fills  the  car. 

Popn. 
FljL'LY,  ado.     Completely;  entirely;  without  lack 
or  def<'ct ;  in  a  numncr  to  give  satisfaction  ;  to  tho 
extent  desired  ;  as,  to  be  fulhj  persuaded  of  the  truth 
of  a  proposition. 

2.  Completely;  perfectly.   Things  partially  known 
in  tills  life  will  be  hereafter  fully  disclosed. 

F^ilhj  committed ;  in  law,  committed  to  prison  for 
trial,  in  distinction  from  being  previously  detainer 
for  e.vamination. 
FUL'MAR,  n.  A  sea  fowl,  the  Proccllaria  Ql^eidis  of 
Linnreus,  which,  like  the  other  [letrolR,  possesses  tho 
singular  faculty  of  spouting  from  its  hill  a  (piaiitiiy 
of  pure  oil  against  its  adversary.    It  is  an  inhabitant 


METE,  PR6Y.-PI.\E,  MARmE,  BIRD — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOpIC- 


FUM 

of  northern,  especially  polar  regions,  and  feeds  on 
tlie  flesh  and  blubber  of  dead  whales  and  seals,  or 
other  offal.  It  is  valued  for  its  down,  feathers,  and 
oil.  P.  Cijc     PaTlinston 

9.  The  fnulemart  or  fulimart.     [See  Foumart.] 

FUL'MI-NA.NT,  c.     [Fr.,  from  L.  falmiitaiis.] 
Thundering, 

FL' L'MI-NaTE,  i\  i.  [L.  fulmmo^  from  falmen,  thun- 
der, from  a  root  in  Bl,  which  signifies  lo  throw  or  to 
burst  forth.] 

1.  Tu  thunder.  Davies. 
9:  To  mnke  a  loud,  sudden  noise,  or  a  sudden, 

sharp  crack  ;  lo  detonate  ;  as,  fulminatiiig  gold.  Boyle. 
3.  Ttj  issue  forth  ecclesiastical  censures,  as  if  with 
the  force  of  a  thunderbolt.  Herbert. 

FUL'.MI-NaTE,  r.  «.    To  utter  or  send  out,  as  a  de- 
nunciation or  censure  ;  to  send  out,  as  a  menace  or 
censure  by  ecclesiastical  authority.         Warburton. 
a.  To»cause  to  explode.  Sprai, 

FULMII-NATE,  n.  A  compound  of  ftilniinic  acid 
with  a  base  ;  as,  fulminate  of  mercury  ;  fulminate  of 
silver  ;  often  called /u///u>Mifi«^  mercurj' and  silver. 
These  compounds  detonate  or  explode  by  percussion, 
friction,  or  heat.  Fulminate  of  mercury  is  much  used 
in  percussion  caps. 

FUL'MI-Na-TIXG,  ppr.  or  a.  Thundering;  crack- 
ling; exploding;  detonating. 

•2.  Hurling  papal  denunciations,  menaces,  or  cen- 
sures. 

Fulminating  powder ;  a  detonating  compound  of  sul- 
phur, carbonate  of  potash,  and  niter.  [See  the  noun 
FclmisateO 

FUL-MI-.\A'TION,  71.    A  thundering. 

2.  Denunciation  of  censure  or  tlireats,  as  by  papal 
authority. 

Ths  fulnunations  from  the  Tatican  were  turned  into  ridicule. 

Aytiffe. 

2.  The  explosion  of  certain  chemical  preparations ; 
detonation.  Encyc. 

FUL'MI-iNA-TO-RY,  a.    Thundering  ;  striking  terror. 

FUL'-MINE,  c.  i.     To  thunder.         Spenser.     Milton. 

FUL'MINE,  V.  t.    To  shoot ;  to  dart  like  lightning. 

FUL-.MIX'ie,  a.  Fidminic  acid,  in  chemistrj-,  is  an 
explosive  acid  composed  of  cyanogen  and  oxygen. 
fSe'"  Fclmisate,  «.] 

FUL'SO.ME,  a.     [Sax.  ful,  foul,  or  full.} 

R:mk ;  gross;  disgusting;  nauseous.  Farmcrhj, 
the  word  was  applied  to  things  which  disgust  the 
senses;  as,  a  fuhome  coffin,  a  fulsome  smell,  and 
hence  to  things  lustful  or  obscene  ;  n:^,fuUomc  ewes, 
a. fulsome ep'iSTXim.  In  present  iLsage^tht  term  is  usual- 
ly contiued  lo  that  which  disgusts  by  excess  orgross- 
ness  ;  as,  fulsome  flatterj'^,  a /uisowc  compliment,  a 
fulaomt  artifice.  Coicpcr. 

.  It  seems,  then,  that  full  and  foul  are  radically  the 
same  word,  the  primary  sense  of  which  is  stuffed, 
crowded,  from  the  sense  of  putting  on,  or  in.  lu 
prcse:tt  tuai^e,  the  compound  fulsome  takes  its  signifi- 
cation from  full,  in  the  sense  of  cloying  or  satiating  ; 
and  in  former  usage,  fulsome  takes  its  predominant 
sense  from  foulness. 

FUL'i^OME-LY,  adc.    Rankly  ;  nauseously, 

FUL'?-OME-NESS,  n.  Nauseousness;  offensive  gross- 
ness.  England. 

FUL'VID,  a.    See  Fulvous,  which  is  generally  used. 

FUL'VOUS,a.     [h.  fulvus.] 

Tawny ;  dull  yellow,  with  a  mixture  of  gray  and 
brown.  Lindley. 

FU-.Ma'DO,  ju     [L.  fumus,  smoke.] 

A  smoked  fish.  Caretn. 

Fu'MAGE,  n.     [L.  fumus.]     Hearth-money,      Diet, 

FO'MA-TO-RY,  71.    [h.  fujnaria  kerba  i  Fr.  fameterre; 

fVom  fiLmus,  smoke.]  [toby. 

A  plant  of  the  genus /liwaria;    also  written  Fumi- 

FUM'BLE,  v.  i.  {\).  fommelen ;  Dnn.  famleri  Sw. 
famla,  properly,  to  slop,  stammer,  falter,  hesitate,  to 
feel  along,  to  grope.] 

1.  To  feel  or  grope  about ;  to  attempt  awkwardly. 

Cudworth, 

2.  To  grope  about  in  perplexity ;  to  seek  awkward- 
ly i  as,  lo  fumble  for  an  excuse.  Dryden. 

3.  To  handle  much ;  to  play  childishly ;  to  turn 
over  and  over. 

I  saw  him/umNe  wiUi  the  sheets,  and  play  \vitJi  flowers.    Skak. 

FUM'BLE,  f.  u  To  manage  awkwardly ;  to  crowd  or 
tumble  together.  Shak. 

FUM'BLER,  7U  One  who  gropea  or  manages  awk- 
wardly. 

FUM'BLING,  ppr.  or  a.  Groping;  managing  awk- 
wardly. 

FU.M'BLING-LY,  adv.    In  an  awkward  manner. 

FuME,  n.     [L.  fumus.  Ft.  futnie,  smoke.] 

1.  Smoke  ;  vapor  from  combustion,  as  from  burn- 
ing wood  or  tobacco.  Bacon. 

2.  Vapor;  volatile  matter  ascending  in  a  dense 
*K»Jy-  Woodimrd. 

3.  Exhalation  from  the  stomach ;  as,  the  fumes  of 
Wme.  Dryden. 

4.  Rage  ;  heat ;  as,  the  fumes  of  passion.    Soutli. 

5.  Ally  thing  unsubstantial  or  fleeting.         Slia/c. 
fi.  Idle  conceit :  vam  imagination.  Bacon. 

FuMF,  V.  i.  [L.  fuTnOj  Fi.  fumer,  Sp. /uynar,  It.  fu- 
mare,  to  smoke.] 


FUN 

1.  To  smoke ;  to  throw  off  vapor,  as  in  combus- 
tion. 

Where  the  goMeii  aUn.r /umcc/.  Milton. 

2.  To  yield  vapor  or  visible  exhalations. 

Sitenus  lay, 
Whose  conalnnt  cupa  lay  fuming  to  his  brum.      Roscommon. 

3.  To  pass  off  in  vapors. 

Their  parts  arc  Itepi  from/umiiig'  away  by  their  fixity.    CJicyne. 

4.  To  be  in  a  rage  ;  to  be  hot  with  anger. 

He  frcU,  hifumes,  he  stares,  he  sU\nips  the  ground.    Dryden. 

FOME,  V.  t.    To  smoke  ;  to  dry  in  smoke       Carmo. 

2.  To  perfume. 

She/uTTieti  the  temple  Avith  an  odorous  flame.  Dryden. 

3.  To  disperse  or  drive  away  in  vapors. 

The  heat  ■will  fume  away  most  of  the  eceiit.  Mortimer. 

FuM'ED,  pp.    Smoked  ;  dried  in  smoke. 
FuME'LESS,  a.    Free  from  fumes. 
Fu'MET,  n.    The  dung  of  deer.  B.  Jonson. 

Fir-METTE',77,     [Fr.]     The  stench  of  tainted  meat. 
Fu'illD,  a.     [L.  fumidus.]  [Swift. 

Smoky;  vaporous.  Brown. 

FU-:\IID'I-TY,  71.    Smokiness. 
FU-MIF'ER-OUS,  a.    Producing  smoke. 
FU-MIF'U-OIST,  n.     [L.  /H7H«^-"and  fugo.] 

He  or  that  which  drives  away  smoke  or  fumes. 
FU'MI-GANT,  a.     Fuming. 

Fu'.AU-GaTE,  v.  t.      [L.  fumigo  ;   Fr.  fumigcr ;  from 
fumus,  smoke.] 

1.  To  smoke;  to  perfume.  Dryden. 

2.  To  apply  smoke  to  ;  to  expose  to  smoke  or  gas  ; 
as,  in  chemistry,  or  in  medicine,  by  inhahngit,  or  in 
cleansing  infected  apartments,  clothing,  &.c. 

Fu'iMI-GA-TED,  pp.    Smoked  ;  exposed  lo  smoke. 
Fu'jMI-Ga-TING,  p/jr.    Smoking;  applyingsmuke  to. 
FU-MI-Ga'TION,  71.     [L.  fumigatio.] 

1.  The  act  of  smokmg  or  applying  smoke  or  gas, 
as  in  chemistrj-  for  softening  a  metal,  or  in  the  heal- 
ing art  by  inhaling  the  smoke  of  certain  substances. 
Expectoration  is  often  assisted,  and  sometimes  ulcers 
of  the  lungs  healed,  hy  fumigation.  Fumigation  is 
also  used  in  cleansing  infected  rooms,  clothing,  &;c. 

2.  Vapors  ;  scent  raised  by  fire. 
Fu'iMI-GA-TO-RY,  a.     Having  the  quality  of  cleans- 
FuM'i-LY,  adv.     Smokily.  [ing  by  smoke. 
PuM'IiVG,  ppr.  or  a.     Smoking;    emitting  vapors; 

raging ;  fretting. 
FuAFING-LY,  adv.    Angrily  ;  in  a  rage.        Hooker. 
FUM'ISH,  a.     Smokv  ;  hot;  choleric.     [Little  Jtscd.] 
Fu'MI-TER,  n.     A  plant.     [See  Fuiiitorv.] 
FU'MI-TO-RY,  71.     A  genus  of  plants,  Famaria.     The 
leaves  nf  the  Frcmaria  officinalis,  or  common  fumito- 
ry, are  of  a  bitter  taste,  and  are  somethues  used  in 
disorders  of  the  skin.  Forsyth. 

FUiM'OUS, 
FuM'Y, 


Producing  fume  ;  full  of  vapor. 


lV)m  (lice  aad  wine  the  youth  retired  to  rest. 

And  pulfed  the/umy  god  from  out  his  breasL         Dryden. 

F\3N,  71.     [G.  wonne.] 

Sport;  vulgar  merriment.  .^  low  word.  [Q,u.  Eth. 
(D^P  want,  to  play.] 

FU-NAM'BU-LaTE,  V.  u    To  wa.1c  on  a  rope. 

FU-NAM'HU-La-TING,  ppr.    Walking  on  a  rope. 

FU-NAI\I'BU-LA-T0-RY,  a.    Performing  like  a  rope- 
dancer  ;  narrow,  like  the  walk  of  a  rope-dancer. 
Broicn.     Chambtrs. 

FU-NAM'BU-LIST,  n.    [L.  funis,  io[te,  and  ambulo,  to 
walk.] 
A  rope-walker  or  dancer. 

FU-NAM'BU-LO,      )  n.     [L.  funambulus]      A  rope- 

FU-NAM'BIJ-LUS,   i      dancer.  Bacon. 

FUNG'TION,  n.  [h.functio,  from  fungor,  to  perform.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  the  doing,  executing,  or  per- 
forming or  any  thing  ;  discharge  ;  performance  ;  as, 
the  function  of  a  calling  or  office.     More  generally, 

2.  Office  or  empioymont,  or  any  duty  or  business 
belonging  to  a  particular  station  or  character,  or  re- 
quired of  a  person  in  that  station  or  character.  Thus 
we  speak  of  the  functions  of  a  chancellor,  judge,  or 
bishop  ;  the  functions  of  a  parent  or  guardian. 

3.  Trade;  occupation.     [Less proper.] 

4.  The  oifice  of  any  particular  part  of  animal  bod- 
ies ;  the  peculiar  or  appropriate  action  of  a  member 
or  part  of  ihe  body,  by  which  the  animal  economy  is 
carried  on.  Thus  we  speak  of  the  functions  of  ihe 
brain  and  nerves,  of  the  heart,  of  the  liver,  of  the 
muscles,  »Scc. 

5.  Power;  faculty,  animal  or  intellectual. 

As  the  mind  opens,  and  its /unclions  apreail.  Pope. 

C.  The  animal  or  vcgetnble functions  are,  the  motions, 
operations,  or  acts,  whicli  the  organs,  or  systtm  of 
organs,  are  filled  by  nature  to  perform  ;  the  proper 
action  of  Ihe  mechanism.  Did.  ofA'^it.  Hist. 

7.  In  inafJtcmatics,  the  functio7i  of  ti  variable  quan- 
tity, is  any  algebraic  expression  into  which  that  quan- 
tity enters.  A  quantity  is  said  to  be  a  function  of  two 
or  more  variable  quanlities,  when  its  value  depends 
on  them,  and  on  other  quanlities  having  mvariable 
values.  Cijc.     Bartvw. 

FUNCTION-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  functions;    per- 


FUN 

formed  by  the  functions  ;  as,  a  functional  irregulari- 
ty.    [See  FuNCTtox.] 

FUNe^TlON-AL-LY,  adv.  Ry  means  of  the  func- 
tions. Lawrence,  Lect, 

FUNC'TION-A-RY,  n.  One  who  holds  an  office  or 
trust;  ns,^  \)\i\}\\c  functionary ;  secnl^M  functionaries. 

WaUk. 

FUJ^OTUS  OF-W'C/-0,  (-of-fish'e-o,)  [L.]  Hav- 
ing gone  through  with  an  office  or  duly;  out  of  of- 
fice. 

FUND,  77.  [Fv.fond;  ^y>.  fondo,  funda  ;  h.  fundus, 
ground,  bottom,  foundation  ;  connected  with  h.  fun- 
do,  to  found,  the  sunse  of  which  is  to  throw  down,  to 
set,  lo  lay  ;   Ir.  bon,  or  bun,  bottom ;    Heh.  Ch.  Syr. 

n:a,  Ar.  LLj  hana,  to  build.  Class  Bn,  No.  7.  The 
Iv.  funda,  a  sling,  a  casting-net  or  purse.  It.  fonda,  is 
froiu  Ihe  sanie  source.] 

1.  A  stock  or  capital ;  a  sum  of  money  appropria- 
ted as  the  foundation  of  some  commercial  or  other 
operation,  undertaken  with  a  view  to  profit,  and  by 
means  of  which  txjjenses  and  credit  are  sup[>ortcd. 
Thus  the  capital  stock  of  a  banking  institution  is 
called  its  fund;  the  joint  stock  of  a  comniercial  or 
manufacturing  house  constitutes  its /u7irf  or  funds ; 
and  hence  the  word  is  applied  to  the  money  which 
an  individual  may  possess,  or  the  means  he  can  em- 
ploy for  carr>'ing  on  any  enterprise  or  operation.  No 
prudent  man  undertakes  an  expensive  business 
without  funds. 

2.  Money  lent  to  government,  constituting  a  na- 
tional debt ;  or  the  stock  of  a  national  debt.  Thus 
we  say,  a  man  is  interested  in  the  funds,  oi  public 
funds,  when  he  owns  the  slock,  or  the  evidences  of 

the  public  debt;  and  the /M7irf5  are  said  to  rise  or 
fall,  when  a  given  amount  of  that  debt  sells  for  more 
or  less  in  the  market. 

3.  Money  or  income  destined  lo  Ibe  payment  of 
the  interest  of  a  debt. 

4.  A  sinking  fund  is  a  sum  of  money  appropriated 
to  the  purchase  of  the  public  slocks,  or  the  payment 
"of  the  public  debt. 

5.  Money  whose  income  is  set  apart  for  the  support 
of  some  permanent  object. 

6.  A  stock  or  capital  to  afford  supplies  of  any 
kind  ;  as,  a  fund  of  wisdom  or  good  sense  ;  a  fund 
of  wit.     Hence, 

7.  Abundance  ;  ample  stock  or  store. 

FUND,  V.  t.  To  provide  and  appropriate  a  fund  or 
permanent  revenue  for  the  payment  of  the  interest 
of ;  to  make  permanent  provision  of  resources  for 
discharging  the  annual  interest  of;  as,  to /und  ex- 
chequer bills  or  government  notes ;  to  fund  a  na- 
tional debt.  Bolingbroke.  Hamilton, 
2.  To  place  money  in  a  fund. 

FUND'-HoLD-ER,  n.  One  who  has  property  in  the 
funds. 

FUN'DA-MENT,  7i.  [L.  fundamentum,  from  fundo, 
to  set.] 

1.  The  seat ;  the  lower  part  of  the  body,  or  of  tlie 
intestinum  rectum.  Hume 

2.  Foundation,     [JVb£  77i  vse.]  Chaucer. 
FUN-DA-MENT'AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  foundation 

or  basis;  serving  for  the  foundation.  Hence,  es- 
sential; important;  as,  a.  fundamental  tnilh  or  prin- 
ciple ;  a  fundamental  law  ;  a  fundamental  sound  or 
chord  in  music. 

Fundamental  base  i  that  part,  in  musical  hannony, 
which  sustains  the  chord  ;  in  the  natural  position  of 
the  chord,  Ihe  lowest  part. 

FUN-DA  MENT'AL,  n.  A  leading  or  prunary  princi- 
ple, rule,  law,  or  article,  whicli  serves  as  the  ground- 
work of  a  system  ;  essential  part ;  as,  the  fundamen- 
tals of  the  Christian  f;iith. 

FUN-DA-MENT'AL-LY,  odr.  Primarily;  originally; 
essentially;  at  the  foundation.  All  power  is /M»aa- 
7iientalhj  in  the  citizens  of  a  slate. 

FUND'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Furnished  with  funds  for  regu- 
lar pa\ineiil  of  the  interest  of;  as,  funded  debt. 

FUXD'i.VG,  pjtr.  Providing  funds  for  tht-  payment  of 
the  interest  of. 

Funding  system ;  a  scheme  of  finance  or  revenue 
by  which  provision  is  made  for  paying  annual  inter- 
est on  a  public  debt. 

FUXD^LESS,  a.     Destitute  of  funds. 

Pertaining  lo  funerals.  Brown. 

FU'NER-.\L,  71.  [It,  funcrale:  Ft.  funcraillcs  :  from 
L.  fuuus,  from  fuualc,  a  cord,  a  torch,  from  funis,  a 
rope  or  chord,  as  torches  were  made  of  cords,  and 
were  used  in  burials  among  the  Romans.] 

1.  Rurial ;  the  ceremony  of  burying  a  dead  human 
body;  the  sulenniization  of  iuierment :  obsequies. 

2.  The  procession  of  persons  attending  ihe  burial 
of  the  dead.  Pop^- 

3.  Burial;  interment.  Dcnham. 
FU'NER-AL,  a.     Pertaining  lo  burial ;  used  at  the  in- 
terment of  the  dead  ;   as,  funeral  rites,  honors,  or 
ceremonies ;  a  funeral  torch  ;  funeral  feast  or  games  ; 
funeral  oration.                                      Encye.     Dryden. 

FU-NER-A'TION,  n.  Solemnization  of  a  funeral. 
[J\''ot  uscd.l  y 


TCNE,  BJJLL,  1;NITE,— AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ,  TH  as  in  THIS. 

— 


FUR 


FUR 


.r'RK-AL,  «.    SulUng  a  funeral;  pcitiUninp  to 

:     rial.  ^«*' 

■»    Uarfe  ;  diamal ;  mournful.  Tatftor. 

Kt'-NP.'KKAULV,  uiir.    Diumiilly  ;  mournfully, 
f-r-  '\r=T'.  :•    LQiiicnlnble',     [J^'vtustd.] 

R.    [from   fuMffua.^    A  compound    of 
inil  aWn*.  Cote. 

I  L. /KJi^fiw-]    A  Wockboad;  a  doll;  a 
Burton. 
:  !   N  (-.I -A,  n.     A  gcnuft  of  corals.    Tlic  species  of 
>;  Ii.iv.-  much  rcitfmblnnco  in  form  toa  mushroom. 
•  ircular  tir  i-IMpltcnl,  and  some  of  Ihcm 
lirH  m  diimittor.  Dana. 

IVnamini;  lo  or  obtained  from  mush- 
'aiijric  acid, 

;\I,u.    ^un/rus  and  form,]     In  mineralo- 
.\  tt-rminnliun  similar  lo  the  head  of  u 
PhUips. 
.  lilN,  n.    The  (iMhy  part  of  mushroomi*,  now 
.     I  -tilt-ri'd  ns  a  iwculiar'vcpi-tablu  principle.    Coze, 
KLNiJlTK,  n.   [rnim /u«i'(u.]   A  kind  of  fassil  coral. 
FL'N-CI  V'OK-Ol'S. .(.     [L.  fun^iu  and  voro.] 

IVt'dingon  mu^hnKims.  Kirbij. 

I  I  \   i;OID,  a.    Having  (ho  appearance  of  a  mush- 

I  I   N   (lOS'I-TY,  n.    Soft  excrescence. 
ri\N"«OUS,  a.    [See  Fuwgls.]    Like  fungus  or  a 
munhruom;  excrescent;  iipong>' ;  soft. 

2.  Growing  suddenly ;  but  nul  substantial  or  dura- 
ble. Harris. 
rL'X"GUS,  n. ,-  pi.  Fun'oi  or  pDN"r.U9-ES.  [L.]  A  term 
apidled  by  bolant^ftfi  to  a  large  natural  order  of  plants 
of  a  [tcculinr  organization  and  manner  of  growth, 
compreh' ndine  mushrooms,  toad^lodls,  the  micro- 
fcopir  plaiilit  whii'h  furni  mold,  mildew,  smut,  &c. 
I'he  Ku'ij!.n  coniititutc  otio  division  of  the  Linnit-aQ 
cloM  Crypiitsamia.  Tile  word  is  also  applied  to  cx- 
crrMeiicVs  un  plantn.                          P.  C>jc.     Encyc. 

2.  A  ajMMisy  •'^tresrcncc  in  animal  bodies,  as  proud 

flesh  fonuLj  m  wounds.  Coxe. 

The  u-nn  U  particularly  applied  lo  any  morbid  cx- 

rrice,  whether  lu  wounds  or  arising  spontnnc- 

Ctjf:     Coojicr. 

I  .       i-CLK,  It.    [L./tfHK;i(iuj,  dim.  of /iinis,  a  cord.] 

A  small  cord  ;  a  small  lif;iilure  ;  a  fibi-r.  Juhnsan. 
FI'-MC'II-LAR,  a.    Consisting  of  a  small  cord  or 

filter. 
F^NK,  R.    [Qu.  Arm.  fancq,  Fr.  faii^c,  nmd,  mire, 
mailer.] 
An  olTenfliTC  itmrll.    [I'ut^ar.] 
Fl'NK,  r.  L    To  envelop  with  ;u»  offensive  smell. 

King. 
FUXK,  V.  i.    To  stink  Uirough  fear.    [  yutgar.] 

Eptg-rnm  on  J.  Burtnn. 
FUN'XEL,  n.    [W./ynel,  an  air-hole,  funnel,  or  chim- 
ney, from  /ton,  breath,  source,  connected  with  fount, 
which  soc. 

1.  A  passage  or  avenue  for  a  fluid  or  flowing  sub- 
stance, imrlicularly  the  shaft  or  hollow  channel  of  a 
chimney,  through  which  ^tntike  ascends. 

2.  A  ivssel  fur  conreyinq  Iluids  into  close  vcsselsj 
a  kind  of  inverted  hollow  cone  with  a  pipe ;  a  tun- 
nel, liwf. 

FIT.N'NEI^FORM,       i  a.    Having  the  form  of  a  fun- 

FU.N'NE1,-SHAP-£D,  j  nel,  or  inverted  hollow  rone. 
Fam.  of  Plants. 

nrX'NY,  a.    [from  fan.]    Droll :  comical. 

FU.N'NY,  n.    A  light  boat. 

FUR,  m.  [Fr.  fourrure^  from  fourrcr,  to  put  on,  to 
(hnut  in,  lo  stuff;  Sp.  oforrar ;  Arm.  faira.  The 
si-nsc  secuis  lo  Ik.-,  to  stulF,  lo  mako  thick,  or  to 
put  on  and  thus  make  thick.  In  Welsh,  fcr  is 
dense,  jiolid.] 

1.  The  shurt,  fine,  wift  hair  of  certain  animals, 
lowing  thick  on  Uie  skin,  and  distinguished  from 
ihc  hair,  which  is  longer  and  coarser.  Fur  is  one  of 
Iho  most  perfect  non-conductors  of  heat,  and  serves 
to  keep  animals  wann  in  rold  climates. 

2.  '1  hr  skinq  of  certain  wild  animals  with  the  fur  : 
peltry  ;  M,  a  cargo  of  furs. 

3.  Smps  of  Bkim  with  fur,  used  on  garmenta  for 
lining  or  for  ornament.  Garments  arc  lined  or  faced 
with  fur. 

4.  Uair  m  general ;  a  loose  application  of  Vic  word. 

5.  A  coat  of  morbid  matter  collected  on  the  toneue 
In  person*  affected  with  fever. 

f>.  A  cf»al  or  cru.^t  formed  on  the  interior  of  vessels 
hy  matter  dr|»o5ited  by  hard  water. 
FL'K,  o.     pertaining  to  or  made  of  fur. 
Fl/R.r.t.    To  line,  face,  or  cover  with  fur;  as,  a/urrcrf 
robe, 
i  To  covf  r  with  morbid  mattr  r,  as  the  ton"ue 
3.  In  criAiUtturt,  lo  nail  small  strips  of  bwird  on 
joisiJ,  niters,  6lc.,  in  order  to  make  a  level  surface 
for  lathine.  Nmrdmg.  fee,  Otcilu 

liK'LV/VJ^.Vi^"'^'' Jr''""'*'5  "•     ^'^'leoffur.   aa,j. 
t  t-'KA  LIOL.^,  a.     [h.  furai,  from  /urw,  to  steal.] 
Given  to  theft ;  inclined  lo  sUal :  thievish.    \I.iult 

ILffrf.]  •■ 

rr-RAC'I-TY,  II.    nnevishnr5s.    [Limcustd.\ 
FLR'BE-LOW,  n.     [Fr.  W.  and  Sp./atta/a.]      ^ 

A  piece  of  stuff  plaited  and  puckered,  on  a  gown 
or  petticoat ;  a  flounce  ;  the  plaited  border  of  a  petti- 
coat or  gown. 


FUR'Uli-LoW,  r.  t.    To  put  a  furbelow  on  ;  to  fur- 
nish with  an  ornamental  appendage  of  dress.  Prior. 
FI'R'nK-LOW-KD,  pp.    Furnished  with  a  furlielow. 
FUU'IJE-LOVY-I.\G,  ypr.     Ad()rning  with  a  furbelow. 
FUK'llli?(I,  c.t.     [lU  forhirc  ;  Vi.fvttrbir.] 

To  rub  or  scour  to  brightness;  to  polish ;  to  bur- 
nish ;  as,  lo  furbish  a  sword  or  spear  ;  ta  furbish  arms. 
FUR'BISII-A-IJLE,  (U    That  may  be  furbished. 

Sh/Twond. 
FHR'HISH-iCI),  (fnr'bisht,)  pp.  Scoured  to  brightness  ; 

polished  ;  burnished. 
FUR'ItlSII-EK,  71.    One  who  polishes  or  makes  bright 

by  rubbing;  one  who  rb'nns. 
Fb'"K'IUSIl-Ii\G,p;;r.    Rubbing  to  brightness  ;  polish- 
FUR'CATE,      I  ^      r,    ,.  „^  „  f^rk  1  ^'"^• 

FUR'Ca-TED,  !  '*•     [l^.  J  urea,  a  tork.j 

Forked  ;  branching  like  the  prongs  of  a  fork. 

LeCy  Botavy. 
FUR-€a'TIO.N",  71.    A  forking;  a  branching  like  the 

tines  of  a  fork.  Brown. 

FUR'DLE,  r.  t.     [FT.ftrdcau,  a  bundle.] 

To  draw  uji  into  a  bundle.     [Ao(  %iscd.]     Brown, 
FUR'FUK,/!.  fl-.]    Dandruff;  scurf;  scales  like  bran. 
FUR-FU-RA'CEOUS,  «.     [L.  furfuracetis.] 

Scaly:  branny;  scurfy;  like  bran. 
Fl"»'RI-(JUS,  a.     [Ufuriosus;  It.  farioso  ;  Fr.  fiirieux. 
See  FuRV.] 

1.  Hushing  with  impetuosity  ;  moving  willi  vio- 
lence ;  as,  nfurioits  stream  ;  a  furious  wind  or  storm. 
a.  Raging;  violent;  transported  with  passion  ;  as, 
a  furious  animal. 
3.  Wad;  phrenetic  ;  frantic. 
FO'RI-OUS-LY,  adv.      With    impetuous    motion    or 
agitation ;  violently ;  vehemently  ;  as,  to  run  fari- 
ouslif ;  lo  attack  one  furioudy. 
F0'Rt-OUS-NESS,7i.    Impetuous  motion  or  rushing  ; 
9.  Wadness  ;  jiiirensv  ;  rage.        [violent  agitation. 
FURL,  V.  L     [Fr.  fcrln-';  Arm.  farlca;  Sp.  afc'rrar,  to 
grapple,  to  seize,  lo  finl ;  rort,/(r/77r.] 

To  draw  up;  to  wrap  or  roll  a  sail  close  to  the 
yard,  stay,  or  mast,  and  fasten  it  by  a  gasket  or  cord. 

Mar.  Did. 
FURL'J^D,  jfp.  or  a.     Wrapped  and  fastened    to  a 

yard,  &c. 
FURL'IXG,  ;ipr.    Wrapping  or  rolling  and  fastening 

to  a  yard,  &c. 
FUR'LONGj  71.    [Sax.  furlum:;  fur  or  fur,  and  hmg, 
ovfurh,  a  turrow,  the  length  of  a  furrow.] 

A  measure  of  length ;  the  ciglith  ])art  uf  a  mile; 
forty  rods,  poles,  or  perches. 
FUR'LoUGH,  (fur'lo,)  n.  [D.  vcrlof;  G.  urlauh  ;  Dan. 
Dan./(>r/ou  or  orlov  ;  Sw.  orlof;  compounded  of  the 
root  oi  fare,  to  go,  and  have,  permissitm.  (See  Fare 
and  Leave.)  The  coinmon  orthography, /in-ZoH^/i,  is 
corrupt,  as  tlie  last  syllable  exhibits  false  radical  con- 
sonants.   'I'hc  true  orthugrapliy  would  hafurlow.] 

Leave  of  absence  ;  a  word  used  only  in  military 
affairs.    Leave  or  license  given  by  a  cornmaiuling 
ofliccr  to  an  officer  or  soldier  to  be  absent  fruin  ser- 
vice for  a  certain  time. 
FUR'LoUGH,  e.  (.    To  furnish  with  a  furlough  ;  to 

grant  kavtt  of  absence  to  an  officer  or  soldier. 
rr-R  [.nl'GM-A'D.  pp.     Having  a  furlough. 
riTR'MEX-TV.     See  Frumenty. 

Frii';\A(_'l':,  V.  \Yt.  fouruaisc.,  fourncau  ;  Jt.fornace; 
S[).  homo;  from  L.  fomai,  funitts,  eitlicr  from  burn- 
ing, or  the  sense  is  an  arch.] 

1.  A  place  where  a  vehement  fire  and  heat  may  be 
made  and  maintained,  for  inclling  ores  or  metals, 
&.C.  A  furnace  for  casting  cannon  and  other  large 
operations  is  inclosed  with  walls,  through  which  a 
current  of  air  is  blown  from  a  large  bellows. 

2.  A  smaller  apparatus,  in  which  fuel  is  binned  for 
culinary  purjioscs. 

3.  In  Scripture,  a  place  of  cruel  bondage  and  afflic- 
tion.   J)eut.  iv. 

4.  Grievous  afflictions  by  which  men  are  tried. 
Ezek.  xxli. 

5.  A  placo  of  temporal  torment.     Dan.  iii. 

fi.  Hell ;  the  place  of  endless  torment.    Matt.  xiii. 

FUR'NACE,  v.  u    To  throw  out  sparks  as  a  furnace. 

FUlt'NI-MENT,n,     [Vx.  fmrniment.]  [Shale. 

Furniture.     [JSTat  m  jisc]  Spenser. 

FUR'NISH,  V.  t.  [Fr.  fovrnir ;  Arm.  fournigza:  It. 
fornire.  There  is  a  close  affinity,  in  sense  and  ele- 
ments, between  fumi.ih,  irarnish,  and  the  L.  orno, 
which  may  have  been  fo7-7io  or  homo.  We  see  in 
/«H.)y2-/j,  above,  the /is  lost  in  threeof  the  languages, 
and  it  may  he  so  in  onto.  The  primarj'  sense  is,  to 
put  on,  or  to  set  on.] 

1.  To  supply  with  any  thing  wanted  or  necessaiy  ; 
as,  to  furnish  a  family  with  provisiims  ;  to  furnish 
arms  for  defense;  to  furnish  a  table;  to  furnish  a 
library  ;  to  furnish  one  witii  money  or  implements. 

2.  To  supply;  to  store;  as,  lo  furnish  the  mind 
with  ideas  ;  to  furnish  one  with  knowled"e  or 
principles. 

3.  To  fit  up;  to  supply  with  the  proper  goods, 
vessels,  or  ornamental  appendages ;  as,  to  furnish  a 
Iioiisn  or  a  room. 

piTp;vT"w''l^i'*  •  *"  ""'^  ■"'"■  ='"  expedition  ;  to  supply. 
FUR.MMI  £D,  (nirnisbt,)  pp.  or  a.    Supplied;  gar- 
nished; hlied  with  necessaries. 
tUR'MSH-ER,  n.    One  who  supplies  or  fits  out. 


FUR 

FUR'-\lSn-ING,;»_Dr.   Supplying;  fitting;  garnishing. 
FUR'NISILWENT,  n.    A  supply  of  furniture  or  things 

necessarv. 
FUR'iNI-TIJRE,   n.     [Fr.  fonrniture  ;   II.  fomimtnto  ; 

Arm.  fournimaud.] 

1.  Goods,  vessels,  utensils,  and  other  appendages 
necessary  or  convenient  for  house-keeping  ;  what- 
ever is  added  to  the  interior  of  a  liouse  or  apartment, 
for  use  or  convenience  ;  chattels  ;  movables  ;  ellects. 

2.  The  necessary  appendages  in  various  employ- 
ments or  arts;  as,  \.\\(i  furniture  u^  ^  printing  press,  &c. 

3.  Appendages;  that  which  is  added  for  use  or  or- 
nament; as,  the  earth  with  all  i\s  furniture 

4.  Eqiii[)age;  ornaments;  decorations;  in  a  very 
general  sense. 

5.  In  music,  an  organ  with  mixed  notes,  some- 
times railed  mirture. 

Fu'KOR,  71.     [L.]     Fury  ;  rage. 

FUR'lt£I),  ;»7i.  or  a.    [See  Fun.]    Lined  or  ornamented 

with   fur;  lliickened    by   the  addition  of  strips  of 

board  ;  covered  with  fur. 
FLJR'IU-ER,  n.     A  dealer  in  furs  ;  one  who  makes  or 

sells  muffs,  tippets,  &c. 
FaR'RI-ER-Y,  71.     Furs  in  general.  Tookr. 

FUR'RING,  ppr.     Lining  or  ornamenting  with  fur; 

nailing  on  thin  strips  of  board  to  prepare  for  lath- 
ing, &-C. 
FUR'RING,  71.    The  nailing  of  thin  strips  of  board  in 

order  to  level  a  surface  tor  latliing,  boarding,  .Sec. ; 

the  strips  thus  laid  on. 
"FUR'RoW,  7/,.     [Sax.  fur  or  furh  ;  G.  furchc ;   Dan. 

fun-c;  Sw./«ru.     Ciu.  Gr.  (/ia/J"OJ,  to  plow.] 

1.  A  trench  in  the  earth  made  by  a  jdow. 

2.  A  long,  narrow  trench  or  channel  in  wood  or 
metal  ;  a  groove. 

3.  A  hollow  made  by  wrinkles  in  the  face, 
FUR'RoW,  V.  t.     [6^x.  fijrian.] 

1.  To  cut  a  furrow  ;  to  make  furrows  in  ;  to  plow. 

2.  To  make  long,  narrow  channels  or  grooves  in. 

3.  To  cut ;  to  make  channels  in  ;  to  plow ;  ns,  to 
furrow  the  deep. 

A.  To  make  hollows  in  hy  wrinkles.    Sorrow  fur- 
ro^cs  the  brow. 
FUR'Ro^V-i^D,   (fur'rodc,)  ;;;;.   or  a.      Marked  witli 

fuiTOWS. 

FUR'Rr)W-FAC--ED,    (fur'ro-f astc,)    a.      Having  a 

wrinkjed  or  furrowed  face.  B.  Jintsun. 

FUR'RoW-ING,  ppr.  or  a.     Marking  with  furrows. 
FUR'RoW-WEED,  7i.    A  weed  growing  on  plowed 

land.  Shuh. 

FUR'RY,  a.     [from  fur.]     Covered  with  fur  ;  dressed 

in  fur. 
2.  Consisting  of  fur  or  skins;  as,  fwi-y  spoils. 

Dniden. 
FUR'THER,  a.     [Sax.  further,  comparative  of /*""'/', 

from /for,  f;ir  ;  farnn,to  go,  to  advance.] 

1.  More  or  most  distant;  as,  the /«rt/icr  end  of  tlio 
field. 

2.  Additional.  We  have  a  further  renson  for  this 
oiiinion.    We  have  nolliiug/«7-(Acr  to  suggest. 

Wlnl/uri/ier  need  luive  wo  ofwiUiesses?  —  Malt,  xxvi, 

FUR'THER,  ado.    To  a  greater  distance.     He  went 

further. 
FUR'THER,   V.    t.     [&ax.  fijrthrian ;  G.  fdrdcrn  i    D. 

vordcren  ;  Sw.  befordra;  Dan.  befordrer.] 
To  help  forward  ;  to  |)romote  ;  to  advance  onward  ; 

to  forward  ;  hence,  to  help  or  assist. 

This  Liinds  Ihee  then  lo/urtlier  my  deai^.  Dnjdin. 

FUR'THER-ANCE,  ti.    A  helping  forward;  promo- 
tion ;  advancement. 

1  hiiow  ih^l  1  Elmll  nljkic  .inci  coiiliniic  with  you  all,  for  yoiit 
/uTlhcrance  ami  joy  of  faitli.  —  Phil.  i. 


Promoted ;  advanced. 
One  who  helps  to  advance  ;  a 


fur'ther-/=;d,  pp 

FUR'THER-ER,  n. 
promoter. 

FUU'THKR-IXG,  ppr.    Promoting  ;  advancing. 

FUK'THEIl-.AIoRE,  adv.  Moreover;  besides;  in  ad- 
dition to  what  has  been  said. 

further-Most,  a.     Most  remote. 

FUR'THEST,  n.  sup.  Most  distant,  either  in  time  er 
place. 

FUR'THEST,  adv.    At  the  greatest  distance. 

FUR'TIVE,  a.     [L.  furtivus  ;  Fr.  furtif;  from  fur,  a 
thief, /«ry?-,  to  steal.] 
Stolen  :  obtained  by  theft.  Prior. 

FUR'TIVE-LY,  adv.    Stealthily.  Lover. 

Fu'RUN-€LE,  (fu'runk-l,)  n.  [L.  fumncnlus ;  Fr. 
furoncle  ;  Sp.  hura  ;  from  L.furia,  furn.] 

A  superficial,  inflammaton,'  tunmr,  deep  red,  hard, 
circumscribed,  acutely-tender  to  the  touch,  suppura- 
ting with  a  central  core,  commonly  called  a  boil. 

FU'RY,  71.  [L.  furor,  furia;  Fr.  fureur,  furie;  Sp- 
furia ;  from  L.  fa-o,  to  rage  ;  W.  ftcijraw,  to  drive. 
Class  Br.J 

1.  A  violent  rushing;  impetuous  motion;  as,  the 
fury  of  the  winds. 

2.  Rage;  a  storm  of  anger  ;  madness;  turbulence. 

I  do  oppose  niy  p.iticiico  to  lils/wry.  Sliak. 

3.  Enthusiasm  ;  heat  of  the  mind.  '^ryden. 
A.  In  viijthidogy,  a  deity,  a  goddess  of  vengeance; 

hence,  a  stormy,  lurbulcnt,  violent  woman.  .,iddisQn. 
FU'RY-LTKE,  a.     Raging  ;  furious  ;  violent.   Thomson. 


F.\TE,  far,  FAIX,  WHAT.-MeTE,  PREY.-PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.-NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOQK. 


4S:^ 


i 


G 

FURZE,  11.     [Sax.  fijrs  :  probably  W.ferz,  thick.] 

Gorse  ;  whin  ;  ;i  thorny  evergreen  sliruh  with 
beautiful  yellow  flowers.  It  is  a  common  inhabit- 
ant of  the  plains  and  hills  of  Great  Britain.  It  is  the 
Ulex  Etiropceus  of  botanists.  P.  Cyc. 

FURZ'Y,  a.    Overs^own  with  furze  ;  full  of  gorse. 

Gau. 
FO'SA-ROLE,  n,      [it.]      In  arckUnctare^  a  moblin^' 
generally  placed  under  the  echinus  or  (iiiartcr-round 
of  coluinns    in   the   Doric,  Ionic,  and    Corinthian 
orders. 
FUS-Ca'TION,  n.    A  darkening;  obscurity. 
FUS'CITE,  7/.    A  mincnil  of  a  grayisn  or  creenish- 

black  color,  found  in  Norwav.  Philips. 

FUS'eOUS,a.    [h.fitscus.] 

Brown  ;  of  a  dark  color.  Ray. 

FOSE,  (fuze,)  V.  t     [h.fundoj  fnsum,  to  pour  out.] 
To  melt  J  to  liquefy  by  heat ;  to  render  fluid  :  to 
dissolve.  Cficinisirii. 

Fuse,  r.  i.    To  be  melted  ;    to  be  reduced  froiii   a 

solid  to  a  fluid  state  by  heal. 
FOSE,  (tuze,)  )(.    A  tube  filled  with  combustible  mat- 
ter used  in  blasting,  or  in  dischargins  a  shell,  i:c. 
FuS'i^D,  (fQzd,)  np.^or  a.     IMelted  T  liquefied. 
FU-SEE',(fu-zec',)n.    [Fr.fuseCyfuscaji;  It.fuso;  Sn. 
ku^o;  Port./uo-o  ;  from  L./Usus,  a  spindle,  from /uiu/o, 
fadiyfasum.] 

The  cone  or  conical  part  of  a  watch  or  clock,  round 
which  is  wound  iJie  chain  or  cord. 

Knajc.     Johnson. 
FU-SEE',  71.    [Fr.,  a  squib.]     A  small,  neat  musket  or 
firelock.    But  we  now  use  Flsil. 

"2.  i*'it?«r,  or/u'-e,  of  a  bomb  or  prauade  ;  asmallpi[)e 
filled  with  combustible  matter  by  whirh  liit-  is  com- 
municated to  the  powder  in  the  bomb  ;  but  as  the 
matter  burns  slowly,  time  is  given,  before  tlie  charge 
lakes  fire,  for  the  bomb  to  reach  its  destination.    A 
similar  fuse  is  used  in  blasting  rocks,  &.c. 
:i.  The  track  of  a  buck. 
FU  SI-BIL'I-TV,  «.     [i^ee  Fusible.]     The  quality  of 
being  fusible,  or  of  being  convertible  from  a  solid  to  a 
fluid  state  by  heat. 
FO'SI-BLE,  a.     [Fr.,  from  h.fitsiis,  Crnm  fimdo.] 

Timt  may  be  melted  or  liquefied.  The  earths  arc 
found  to  he  fusible. 

Fiuiibte  mrtal;  an  alloy  of  eif;ht  parts  of  bismuth, 
five  of  lead,  and  three  of  tin,  which  melts  at  the 
heat  c»f  boiling  water.  Ure. 

Fu'SI-FORM,  (/.     [}-..  fiism^  a  spindle,  and/or/;/.] 
Shaped  hke  a  spindle  ;  thick,  tapering  at  each  end. 

Liiuiley. 
FO'SIL,  a.     {FT.fusilci  L.  fusilis,  from  fusjts,  funUo.] 

1.  Capable  of  being  melted  or  rendered  fluid  by 
heat. 

2.  Running ;  flowinc,  as  a  liquid. 

.MiKfji.     PhiUps. 
Fu'SIL,  n.     [Fr.,  from  L./«5iw,/«?u/y.] 

1.  A  light  musket  or  firelock. 

2.  A  bearing  in  heraldry  of  a  rhoinboida!  figure, 
named  from  its  shape,  which  resembles  that  of  a 
spjndle.  Enafc. 

FU-SIL-EER',  n.     [from  fu^-il.]    Properly^  a  soldier 


GAB 

armed  with  a  fusil ;  but  in  modern  times,  a  soldier 
armed  like  others  of  the  infantry,  and  diatinguished 
by  wearing  a  cap  like  a  grenadier,  but  somewhat 

FtJS'ING,  p}ir.  or  a.     Melting.  [shorter. 

Fu'SION,  (fu'zhun,)  ».  [L.  fusio;  Fr.  fusion;  from 
L.  fuu'loy  fustun.] 

1.  The  act  or  operation  of  melting  or  rendering 
fluid  by  heat,  without  the  aid  of  a  solvent ;  as,  the 
fiuiun  of  ice  or  of  metals. 

2.  Tiie  state  of  being  melted  or  dissolved  by  Iieat ; 
a  state  of  fluidity  or  flowing  in  conse(iuencc  of  heat ; 
as  metals  in  fiision. 

JVatcrij  fiision;  tlio  melting  of  certain  crystals  by 

heat  in  their  own  water  of  crystallization.   Chrmiftry. 

Fu'SOME,  «.    Handsome;    neat;    notable.    [Local.] 

Oros/^. 
FUSS,  n.     [Allied,  perhaps,  to  Gr.  (/.ucaoj,  to  blow  or 
purr.] 

A  tuinnit ;  a  bustle  ;  hut  the  word  is  colloquial. 
FUS'SOCK,  71.    A  large,  gross  woman.     \_Locnl.'] 

Grose. 
FUSS'Y,  a.    Making  a  fuss.     [CoUorptial] 
FUST,  ».     [Fr.JtU;  It.fiista  ;  L.fustis,  a  staff.] 

The  shalt  of  a  column,  or  trunk  of  a  pilaster. 
FUST,  7/.     [Fr.fiit.]  [Gicilt. 

A  strong,  musty  smell. 
FUST,  V.  i.     To  become  moldv  ;  to  smell  ill.     Shah. 
FUST'ED,  fl.     ."^loldv  ;  ill  smelling. 
FUS'TET,  77.     [Fr. ;'  Sp.  and  Voit.  f us f.Hc] 

Tlie  wood  of  the   Rhus  cotnuis  or  Venice  sumach^  a 
shrub  of  Southern  Europe,  which  yields  a  fine  orange 
color,  but  not  durable  without  a  inordant.    P.  Cyc. 
FUS'TIAN,  (fust'yan,)  ».    [Fr.  fuf.ainc ;  Ann.fustant ; 
Sp./».*f«7i,  the  name  of  a  place.] 

1.  A  kind  of  coarse  twilled  cotton  stuff.  Besides 
the  common  sort,  called  ;f77/o70,  it  eniliraces  corduroy, 
velveteen,  &lc.  Ure.     Enajc  of  Dovi.  Econ. 

2.  An  inflated  style  of  writing  ;  a  kind  of  writing 
in  which  high-sounding  words  are  used,  above  the 
dignity  of  the  thoughts  or  .subject ;  a  swelling  style ; 
bombast. 

Faslian  is  Ihoujlits  and  wortis  ill  aorled.  Dnjilcn. 

FUS'TIAN,  (fust'yan,)  a.    Made  of  fustian. 

2.  In  style,  swelling  above  the  dignity  of  the 
thoughts  or  subject ;  too  pompous  ;  ridiculously 
tumid  :  bombastic.  Dryilcn. 

FUS'TIAA'-IST,  n.    One  who  writes  bombast. 

Mdtoiu 
FUS'Tie,  77.    [Sp./fi5rf,  wood,  timber;  l^.fustis.] 

The  woodof  the  Jl/flc?urafi«c((ir(rt  of  Don, or  Morns 
tinctoriaj  a  tree  growing  in  the  "We^t  Indies,  aiui 
used  in  dyeing  yellow.  This  is  the  old  fustic  of  the 
English  dyers;  their  young  fustic  is  fastct,  which 
see.  P.  Ciic. 

FUS-TI-Ga'TION,  71.  [L.  fustirratio,  from  fiisti^Oj  to 
beat  \v'ith  a  cudgel,  from  fustis,  a  stick  or  club.] 

Among  tlie  ancient  Romans^  a  punishment  by  beat- 
ing with  a  stick  or  club,  inflicted  on  freemen. 

Kncvc. 
FUST-I-La'RI-AN,  n.     A  low  fellow;  a  stinkard  ;  a 
scoundrel  Shak. 


Gthc  seventh  letter,  and  the  fifth  articulation,  of  the 
5  English  alphabet,  is  derived  to  us,  through  the 
Latin  and  Greek,  from  tlie  Assyrian  languages;  it 
being  found  in  th--  Chaldee,  Syriac,  Hebrew,  Samar- 
itan, Phenician,  Kthiopic,  and  Arabic.  In  the  latter 
language,  it  is  called  giimoxjim;  but  in  the  others, 
irimcl,  gomai,  or  gamal^  th:it  is,  camel,  from  its  shape, 
which  resembles  the  neck  of  that  animal,  at  least  in 
the  Chaldee  and  Hebrew.  It  is  the  third  letter  in  the 
Chaldee,  Syriac,  Hebrew,  Samaritan,  and  Greek  ;  the 
fifth  in  the  Arabic,  and  the  twentieth  in  the  Ethiop- 
ic.  The  Greek  F,  samma,  U  the  Chaldaic  i  inverted. 
The  early  Latins  used  C  for  the  Greek  gamma,  and 
hence  C  came  to  hold  the  third  place  in  the  order  of 
the  alphabet ;  the  place  which  gimel  holds  in  the  Ori- 
ental languages.  The  two  letters  are  primarily  pala- 
tals, and  so  nearly  allied  in  sound  that  they  are  easily 
convertible  ;  and  they  have  been  reciprocally  used, 
the  one  for  the  other.  But  in  the  Assyrian  languages, 
ffimel  had  two  sounds ;  one  close,  as  we  pronounce 
the  letter  in  gave,  good;  the  other  compound,  as  the 
English  j,  or  as  ch  in  chase.  In  the  Arabic,  this  letter 
has  the  sound  of  the  English^  or  rfiA,  and  this  sound 
it  has  in  many  English  words,  as  in  genius^  S'^^i 
ginger.  It  retains  its  close  sound  in  all  cases  before 
a,  0,  and  u ;  but  before  e,  i,  and  i/,  its  sound  is  close 
or  compound,  as  custom  has  dictated,  and  its  differ- 
ent sounds  are  not  reducible  to  rules.  It  is  silent  in 
some  words  before  n,  as  in  benign,  condign,  malign, 
campaign:  but  it  resumes  its  sound  in  benignity  and 
malignUy.    G  is  mute  before  n  in  gnash,  gnaw ;  it  is 


G. 


silent  also  in  many  words  when  united  uitli  h,  as  in 
bright,  might,  night,  nigh,  high.  The  Sason  g  has  in 
many  wurds  been  soflened  or  liquefied  into  y  or  ow  ; 
lis  Sax.  diEg,  gear,  Eng.  day,  year;  Sax.  hugan,  Eng. 
to  bow. 

The  Celtic  nations  had  a  peculiar  manner  of  be- 
ginning the  sound  of  u  or  7o  with  the  articulation  g, 
or  ratlier  prefixing  this  articulation  to  that  vowel. 
Thus,  guard  for  ward,  gicain  for  wain,  guerre  for  war, 
gwcll  for  locU.  Whether  this  g  has  been  added  by 
the  Celtic  races,  or  whether  the  Teutonic  nations 
have  lost  it,  is  a  question  1  have  not  examined  with 
particular  attention. 

As  a  numeral,  G  was  anciently  used  to  denote  40:), 
and  with  a  dash  over  it,  G,  40,u;i0.  As  071  abbrevia- 
tion, it  stands  for  Oaias,  Ocllius,  &^c.  In  music,  it  is 
the  mark  of  the  treble  clef;  and,  from  its  being  placed 
at  the  head,  or  marking  the  first  sound  in  Guido's 
scale,  the  whole  scale  took  tho  name  Qamnt,  from 
the  Greek  name  of  tho  letter. 

GA,  in  Gothic,  is  a  prefix,  answering  to  gc  in  Saxon 
and  other  Teutonic  languages.  It  sometimes  has  the 
force  of  the  Latin  cmn  or  con,  as  in  gazcttlian,  to  con- 
join. But  in  most  word.s  it  appears  to  have  no  use, 
and  in  modern  English  it  is  entirely  lost.  Y-clcped,  in 
which  ge  is  changed  into  y,  is  the  last  word  in  which 
the  Engli^'h  retained  this  prefix. 

GAB,  n.  [Scot,  gab,  Dan.  gab,  the  moutJi,  and  a  gap 
or  gaping;  Sw.  gap;  Ituss.  guba,  a  lip,  a  bay  or 
gulf,  the  mouth  of  a  river  ;  Ir.  cab,  the  mouth  ;  con- 
nected probably  with  gabble,  gibberish.  Sax.  gahban. 


GAli 

FUST'I-LUG,    /  7(.     \  gross,  fat,  unwieldy  pcrsoc. 
FUST'I-LUGS,  i  Junius. 

FUSTT-NESS,  n.    A  fusty  ?tate  or  quality;  an  ill 

smell  from  moldiness,  or  mohline^s  itself. 
FUST'Y,  a.     [See  Fust.]     Moldy;  musty;  ill-smcU- 

ing:  rank;  rancid.  &W». 

FO'SURE,  (-zhur,)  71.    A  smelting.    TSee  Fuse.] 
FO'TILE,  a.     [Fr. ;  L.futths,  from  futio,  to  pour  out ; 

effuiio,  to  prate  or  babble  ;  Heb.  and  Ch.  NE53,  to  utter 

rashly  or  foolishly.     Class  lid,  ,\u.  2,  (\    \r,.] 

1.  Talkative;  loquacious;  tatliing.  [ObsJ]    Bacon. 

2.  Trifling  ;  of  no  weight  or  importance  ;  answer- 
ing no  valuable  purpose  ;  worthless. 

X  Of  no  eflect. 
FO'TILE-LY,  ailc.    In  a  futile  manner. 
FU-TIL'I-TY,  n.      Talkativeness  ;    loquaciousness  ; 
loquacity.     [In  this  sense,  not  now  used.] 

2.  Triflingness ;  unimportanre ;  want  of  v^cight 
or  effect  ;  as,  to  expose  Uiefutdity  of  argument.s. 

3.  The  quality  of  pnidncing  no  valuable  effect,  or 
of  coming  to  nothing ;  as,  the'  futility  of  measures  or 
schemes. 

Fu'TIL-OUS,  a.    Worthless;  trifling.     [J^ct  used.] 
FUT'TOCK,  7(.     [an.  fof>t-hool<.     It  is  more  probably 
corrupted  {torn  foot-loch.] 

In  a  ship,  the  fnttocks  are  the  middle  timbers,  be- 
tween tlie  floor  and  tlie  upper  timbers,  or  the  timbers 
raised  over  the  keel,  wliich  form  the  breadth  of  the 
ship. 
FU'TIJRE,  (fut'ynr,)  a.     [L.fufurus;  Fr.  ftUur.] 

1.  That  IS  to  be  or  come  hereafter  ;  that  will  exist 
at  any  time  after  The  present,  indefinitely.  The  next 
moment  is  future  to  liie  present. 

2.  The  future  tcn.^e,  in  grammar,  is  the  modifica- 
tion of  a  verb  which  expresses  a  future  act  or  event. 

Fu'TtJUE,  71.  Time  to  came  ;  a  time  subsequent  to 
the  present;  :is,  the  future  shall  be  as  the  present ;  in 
future  i  for  the  future^  In  such  phnuscs,  time  or  sea- 
son is  implied. 

FC'TURE-LY,  adv.     In  time  to  come.     [JVotvsfd.] 

FU-TU-RI"T10N,  (fnt-yu-rish'un,)  7t,  The  state  of  be- 
ins  to  come  or  exist  iiereafter.  South.     Stiles. 

FU-Tu'RI-TY,  H.    Future  time  ;  time  to  come. 

2.  Event  to  come. 

All  futurities  arc  naked  before  the  all-sceiiig  eye.  South. 

3.  The  state  of  being  yet  to  come,  or  to  come  here- 
after. 

FuZE,  n.    A  lube,  filled  with  combustible  matter,  for 

discharging  a  shell,  &lc.     [Svc  Fusk.] 
FUZZ,  i\  i.    To  fly  ofl'  in  minute  particles. 
FUZZ,  71.    Fine,  light  particles  ;  loose,  volatile  matter. 
FUZZ'BALL,  77.      A  kind  of  fungus  or  mushroom, 

which,  when  pressed,  bursts  and  scatters  a  fine  dust, 
2.  A  pufl: 
FUZ'ZLE,  V.  t.    To  intoxicate.  Burton. 

FUZ'ZLED,  pp.     Intoxicated. 
FUZ'ZY,    a.      Light   and   spongj'.       [Craven    dialect. 

Written  also/c:?/  by  Brockctt.] 
FV,  eiclam.    A  wurd  which  expresses  blame,  dislike, 

disapprobation,  abhorrence,  or  contempt. 

Fy,  my  lord,/y  /  a  sojtticr,  and  afraid  ?  Siakt 


To  mock,  perhaps  to  make  moutlis.  See  Gabble  and 
Cape.] 

The  mouth  ;  as  in  the  phrase,  the  gift  of  the  gab, 
that  is,  lotpiaciousness.     Bid  the  word  is  so  vulgar  as 
rarely  to  be  nsrd. 
GAB,  r.  7.     [Sax.  s^abbctn.] 

1.  To  talk  idly  ;  to  prate.  Cliaucer. 

2.  To  impose  upon  ;  to  lie. 
GAB-AR-DKiVE',   (gab-ar-deen%)   71.     [Sp.  gabardma; 

gabo;i,  a  great  coat  with  a  hood  and  close  sleeves ; 
gabncha,  a  loose  gannent ;  Port,  gabam,  a  frock  j  It. 
gnvardina ;  Fr.  gabaiu.] 

A  coarse  frock  or  loose  upper  garment ;  a  mean 
d  ress.  Shak. 

GAB'BLE,  V.  i.  [D.  gahhercn,  to  prate;  Sax.  gabban, 
to  jeer  or  deride  ;  Fr.  gabcr,  id. ;  Eng.  to  gibe ;  Sw. 
gabbcri,  derision ;  It.  gabbarc,  to  deceive ;  gabbo,  a 
jeering.  These  may  all  be  from  one  root.  See  Class 
Gb,  No.  7.] 

1 .  To  prate  ;  to  talk  fast,  or  to  talk  without  meuning. 


Such  a  rout,  and  euch  a  nibMe, 
Run  to  hc;ir  Jack  VaMmg  gabble. 


Srci/t. 


2.  To  Utter  inarticulate  sounds  with  rapidilj* ;  as, 
gabbling  fowls.  Dryden. 

GAB'BLE.  jj.    Loud  or  rapid  talk  without  meaning. 

Milton. 
2.  Inarticulate  sounds  rapidly  ntlcred,  as  of  fowls. 

Shak, 
GAB'BLEU,  n.    A  prater;  a  noisy  talker;  one  Uiat 
utters  inarticulate  sounds. 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.  —  AN"GER,  VF'CrOUS.  — C  as  K ,  6  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


tJ2 


4«^9 


;.-  i  I 


GAl' 


GAI 


GAT 


rr.itini! ;  chatlerins  i  uilering  un- 
guis. 

;i;;  uf  a  confused  noise; 

Spectator. 

.    iiaino  civcn  by  llio 

'  ;^c  and  saussurito. 

;i,  and  lln:  rmte  di 

Ctcaveland, 
J ;  Sp.  gaida  I  Sal. 

A  U.,  ua^l.  ^  J-'i  .  "'-'">■■  ■>"  "'!j°j;ji,„„. 

c  ;  llKI^Ea,  n.    A  collector  of  the  gabel  o'  "J  '''^": 
,.  I  ':f:l.LK',n.    [Ft.]    In  i^<ii.«,  a  taj,  imrl^culljrlj 

,.  ^  1:1'. 'i\-.  .•.  fFr.  i.;.  :  II.  ;m'.*'>'1',  a  l^'SO  «='?«  i  »•'"*- 

'■;''.       •       '  .hMkel.    Inlr.A'a4- 

IT'  . .  i.meiu;«,  111.] 

r  Mr,  of  wicker-work. 

I  baiktt,  bill  liiiving  no  Uollom,  filled 
.,nd  s^nins  to  slieltcr  men  from  an  cne- 
°  P.  Ciic. 

..,  .,, D.N-.VADE',  o.     A  parapet  hastily  formed  by 

itK  ^'^* 

ij  s  r.l.i; '».  r\V.  Mi-ofI,  a  hold  or  gra.'^p,  the  gable  o' 
aliuu«-i  e^vadu,  to  gnisp,  hold,  arreil,  Ir.  ^aMam. 
Uu.  G.  i'c;6,'I,  Ir.  MiA/iiii,  a  fork.]  ,     ,.    „ 

The  irungular  end  of  a  house  or  other  builduiR, 
fru.u  the  cornice  or  eaves  to  the  top.    In  Ammca,  11 
1.1  u.ually  called  the  ^abU-nuL 
C  V'llLET,  n.    A  small  ornamented  gable,  or  eanop.v, 
formed  over  a  tabernacle,  niche,  &c.  «(om.  0/  ^rcn. 
G  \'IIR1-EL-ITES,  n.  pL    In  ecclesiastical  ktsU>ry,a  scci 
of  Anabaptbits  in  I'omerania,  so  called  from  one  Oa- 
briel  :dcherling. 
aA'tlKO-NITE,  n.    A  variety  of  ncphelmc,  occurring 
^11  111  i—  s  whoso  structure  is  more  or  less  foliated,  or 
c  ompaci.     lis  colors  are  gray,  bluish,  or 
V,  mid  s.^mclimcs  red.  CUacelaml. 

\  silly,  foolish  person.    [See  Giwov.] 
;  G.VU,  ».    ;sai.  gad,  a  goad  and  a  wedge ;  Ir.  ^adk,  a 
dart.1 

1.  A  sharp-pointed  rod,  or  pricking  mstrument ;  a 
goad.     Hence,  , 

2.  The  point  of  a  spear  or  arrow-head.         biiak. 

3.  .\  wedge  or  ingot  of  steel  or  iron.         Jlfozon. 
■t  A  punch  of  iron,  with  a  wooden  handle,  used 

by  miners.  ,       />«!/£. 

Upon  Uu  gad ;  upon  the  spur  or  impulse  of  the  mo- 
ment. ,  **^- 
GAI>,  r.  i.  (Ir.  gad,  a  stealing;  properly,  a  roving,  as 
r*t  is  connected  with  rorj  ;  gadaim,  to  steal,  it  co- 
incides with  the  Russ.  cAoii.a  going  or  passing  ;cAoju, 
to  go,  to  pass,  to  march.  See  Class  Gd,  No.  17,  iitn. 
.-in.l  .No.  fe.l 

I .  To  walk  about ;  to  rove  or  ramble  idly,  or  witn- 

•-  any  filed  purpose. 

M-»ler  no  miaiuiv.  neidicr  •  wlcktd  woman  liberty  lo 


_.   I    ramble  In  growth ;  as,  the  gaddin-;  vine. 

Milton. 
GAn'A-BOUT,  n.     One  who  walks  about  without 

biisinexs.     {Colloquial,'] 
GAD'DER,   lu    A   rambler ;   one  that   roves   about 

Idly. 
1:  Mi'DlNG,  ppr.    Rambling;  rovinir;  walking  about. 
1;  Mini.NG-LV,  ade.    In  aroving,  idle  manner. 
I.  '.|i'K1.7,  n.    fSai.  gad,  a  goad,  and  fiy.] 

.\n  insect  of  the  genus  (Eslnis,  which  stings  cat- 
tle, and  deposits  its  eggs  in  their  skin ;  called  also 
the  Srteie, 
GA'DOID,  a.  orn.    [L.  yn/iis,  cod.] 

A  term  denoting  a  family  of  sort-finned  fishes,  of 

1      the  of'Icr  of  Subbrachians,  or  tho^e  having  the  ven- 

if  \1  tiiH  below  or  in   advance  of  the  pectoral,  of 

■'iiily  the  cod  is  the  type.  Brande. 

N-TTE,  Ti.    .\  mincrril,  so  called  from  Pro- 

.'li.lin,  usually  in  amorphous  ma.'^ses  of  a 

■  olur,  and  having  the  appi:anince  of  vitreous 

■  '■nnlains  the  eurlh  called  yllria.       Dana. 

M,.  ft.   .\  inigrau^ry  aquatic  bird,  of  the  duck 

■  -h  is  excellent  food.    It  is  the  Anas 

■  tuii.  P.  Cye. 
-.)  a.     [from  Qael,  Gaul,  Oailia.'] 

.uiLl  Jtniiling  what  buiongs  to  the  Gaels, 
:    1,'cUir  nrii:in  inhabiting  the  Highlands  of 
i  ;  as,  the  Q'l'ltr  hii-'KitTf. 
•  ,   n.     The  I..  ■  !     Highlanders  of 

1. 
[Ir.  fd/,  a  b  .  ,,.1  Port  go/a,- She- 

i..i;ic  .-.C3,  nB2,  to  bend.; 
1.  .V  light  spear  used  by  fishermen. 
*J-  .V  sort  of  boom  or  yard, extcndingthc  upper  edge 
of  a  fore-and-aft  sail.     [Uu.  Sax.  geaJU,  a  pole.] 

Brande. 
(i.VFTER,  ».    [Uu.  Chal.  and  ileb.  ^aj  geiar,  a  man, 
nr ;  or  .Sax.  gefere,  a  companion,  a  p«r ;  or  Sw.  gvb- 
bt,  an  old  man.] 

.\  word  of  respect  which  seems  to  have  degenera- 
ted into  a  term  of  famili.arity  or  contempt,  when  ad- 
dressed to  an  aged  man  or  an  old  nistio.  [LiuU  used.] 

Oay. 
G.VF'FLE,  B.    [Sai.  gcafias,  chops,  ppurs  on  cocks.] 


1.  An  artificial  spur  put  on  cocks  when  they  are  set 

"""""rsteel  lever  to  bend  crossbows.      Mistrortli. 
c  vn    r    fc     (W.  cegimo,  to  choke,  to  strangle,  Irom 
uJ,  a  choking.    C.>g  signifies  the  mouth,  an  open- 

'"I'^To  stop  the  mouth  by  thnisting  something  into 

the'throat,  so  as  to  hinder  s|«aking.  .-/"''"^J!'";,, 

•-.   To  keck:  to  heave  with  nausea.    [InUeUh, 

gjg  is  an  opening  or  clellt ;  gagenu,  to  open,  chap,  or 

gag"'!    Something  thrust  into  the  mouth  and  throat 

Dkd.ecnit.ycr,  to  engage;  G.  rcagcn,  to  viage,  to 
Kalfd'or  r^slfW''.  »  ".-.lance  ;  D.  teaagen,  to  ven- 
ture Sw.  OTtrti,  Eng.  to  wage.  It  seems  to  be  allied 
Ti^^r^dglu  The  primary  sense  «■  '",  ■h™«",l  e 
lay,  or  deiiSsit.  If  the  elements  are  Bg,  VVg,  the 
original  French  orthography  was  „-M«.] 

1.  A  pledge  or  pawn ;  soiiietlung  laiil  down  or 
given  as'  a  sJcurity  for  the  performance  of  some  act 
to  be  done  bv  the  person  tlepositing  the  thing,  ."id 
which  is  to  be  forfeileil  by  non-p.!rlorinance.  It  is 
used  of  a  movable  thing,  not  of  land  or  other  im- 
movable. ■  c,  t 
Tbere  I  tiKow  ■"?  «"?«■ 

n.  A  challenge  to  combat ;  that  is,  a  gltjve,  a  cap,  a 
gauntlet,  or  the  like,  cast  on  the  ground  by  he  c ha  - 
lenger,  ind  taken  up  by  the  accepter  of  the  clial- 
1       i>  jLiicyCt 

"sf  A  mea-sure,  or  rule  of  measuring;  a  sland.-ird. 
[See  Gauge.]  ,.      .    /"""'V^ 

4.  The  number  of  feet  which  a  ship  sinks  m  the 

""s.^Among  leucr-fountlcrs,  a  piece  of  hard  wood, 
variously  notched,  used  to  adjust  the  dimensions, 
slopes,  &c.,  of  the  various  sorts  of  letters,     i-ncijc. 

([  An  instrument  in  joinery  made  to  strike  a  line 
parallel  lo  the  straight  side  of  a  board.  f 'f  !''=• 

7  The  position  of  one  vessel  witii  respect  to  an- 
other. The  veather-gage  denotes  a  jmsitiou  to  the 
windward;  and  the  lee-gage  a  position  to  the  lee- 

wnrd  loilen. 

A  iii(iin"--iriiiri;;  a  tool  used  by  mathematical  in- 
strument makers,  for  measuring  and  setting  ofT  dis- 
tances Encyc. 

Rain-'ran;  an  instrument  for  measuring  the  (pian- 
titv  of  water  which  falls  from  the  clouds  at  a  given 
ulace  Brande. 

Sai-mfe;  an  instrjmeot  for  finding  Uie  depth  of 
the  sea.  "  Encyc. 

Tiic-i'aire  ;  an  instrument  for  determining  the 
hipht  of  llie  tides.  .       »":f  ■ 

tfind-gagc  i  an  instrument  for  measuring  the  force 
of  the  wlnl  on  any  given  surface.  Encyc. 

GaGE  1:.  U  To  pledge ;  to  pawn  ;  to  give  or  deposit 
as  a  pledge  or  security  for  some  other  act ;  to  wage  or 
wager.    [Obs.]  .,    SAai. 

2;  To  bind  by  pledge,  caution,  or  security ;  to  en- 
gage. ^'"'''■ 

3.  To  measure  ;  to  take  or  ascertain  the  contents 
of  a  vessel,  cask,  or  ship  ;  written  also  GiHCE. 
G'SG'.ED,  pp.    PIctlged  ;  measured. 
GaC'ER,  II.  One  who  gages  or  measures  the  contents. 
GAG'GER,  71.    One  that  gags. 

GAG'GLE,  (gag'gl,)  11.  i.     [D.gaggden;  G.  gackcn; 
coinciding  with  cackle.] 
To  make  a  noise  like  a  goose.  Bacon. 

GAG'GLING,  71.     The  noise  of  geese. 
GaG'ING,  pjir.    Pledging  ;  measuring  the  contents. 
GAHK'ITE,  71.     See  Automolite,  with  which  it  is 
GAI'E-TY,  71.    See  Gavett.  [identical. 

OAIL-LIAHDE',  (gal-yird',)  n.     [Fr.]     A  sprightly 

IlaUan  dance.  Brande. 

GAI'I.Y,  ade.     [from  gay,  and  better  written  Gavlt.] 
1.  Splendidly;  with  finery  or  showiness. 
2  Joyfully ;  merrily. 
GAIN,  77."  t.    [Ft.  gagncr;  Arm.  goitnit;  Sw.  gagna; 
Sax.gynan;  Sp.  ganar;  Port,  ganhar ;  Hcb.  Ch.  and 


C.  To  draw  into  any  interest  or  party  ;  to  win  lo 
one's  side  ;  to  conciliate. 

To  emtify  Uie  iloctMi  iitiil  gain  the  court.  M,T''"ii 

If  hn  »l».ll  hrar  Vace,  U10.1  liMl  sot"«<i  Uiy  brother.-  Miitt.  »»»1. 

7.  To  obtain,  as  a  suitor.  Milton. 

8.  To  reach  ;  to  attain  to  ;  to  arrive  at ;  as,  to  ^-tun 
the'top  of  a  mountain  ;  to  gain  a  good  harbor. 

To  gain  into ;  to  draw  or  persuade  to  join  111. 
He  gained  Lcpitlfs  itito  his  measurL-ti.  M'uMteUm. 

To  gain  oi'crj  to  draw  to  another  party  or  interest; 
to  will  over.  ,    .  ,  ■ 

To  min  around  ;  to  advance  m  any  undertaking  ; 
to  prevail  ;  to  acquire  strength  or  extent;  to  in- 

To  irain  the  mind,  in  sea  language,  is  to  arrive  on 
the  windward  siile  of  another  sliip. 
GAIN    17.  i.     To  have  advantage  or  profit ;  lo  grow 
rich  ;  to  advance  in  interest  or  happiness. 


Syr.  njp,  Ar.  \Xs  kana,  to  gain,  to  possess.  Class  Gn, 
No.  49,  .50,  ,51.  The  radical  sense  is,  to  take,  or 
rather  to  extend  to,  to  reach.] 

1.  To  obtain  by  industry  or  the  employment  of 
capital ;  to  get,  as  profit  or  advantage  ;  to  acquire. 
Any  industrious  person  may  gain  a  good  living  in 
America ;  but  it  is  less  difflcuit  to  gain  property  than 
it  is  to  use  it  with  prudence.  Jloney  at  interest  may 
^ttiii  five,  six,  or  seven  per  cent. 

Wh^t  ia  a  man  profitetl,  if  hK  shall  gain  the  whole  world,  and 
loMJ  his  own  soitl  f  —  Matt.  xvi. 

9.  To  win  ;  to  obtain  by  superiority  or  success ;  a.s, 
to  gain  a  battle  or  a  victory  ;  to  ^aiti  a  prize  ;  to  ^ati. 
a  cause  in  law. 

3.  To  obtain  ;  to  acquire  ;  lo  procure;  to  receive  ; 
as,  to  ^ain  favor  ;  to  gain  reputation. 

For  fame  tsnth  toil  wo  gnin,  but  lose  with  Kise.  Fope. 

4.  To  obtain  an  incri-a-se  of  any  thing  ;  as,  to  ^aiii 
lime. 

5.  To  obtain  or  receive  any  thing,  good  or  bad  ;  as, 
lo  gain  harm  and  loss.    Acts  xxvii. 


Thc.i  hMt  jteedily  ffoineii  of  thy  n.aghbor>  by  extortion. - 
Eiek.  Jtxii. 

o   To  encroach  ;  to  advance  on  ;  lo  come  forward 
by"degrces  ;  with  oti;  as,  the  ocean  or  river  gams  on 

the  land.  ■     „  .  ,,.i,h 

3.  To  advance  nearer ;  to  gain  pound  on ;  w  itn 
071 :  as,  a  fleet  horse  ^iii7is  071  Ills  competitor. 

4.  To  get  ground  :  to  prevail  agaiust,  or  have  tlie 
advantage. 

The  KiislUh  ha™  not  only  fiunetl  nyon  the  Venetians  m  the 
UvSnt,  but  have  their  doUi  in  Venice  itself.         AMucn. 

5.  To  obtain  influence  with. 

My  eood  behavior  hsd  so  far  joineii  on  theemperor,  thit^I  L^pn 
10  conceive  hopes  of  hberty.  ""v'. 

GAIN,  71.    [Fr.  gain.']  ...  j 

1.  Profit;  interest;  something  obtained  as  an  ad- 
vantage. 

But  wha.  Uiing.  were  gain  lo  me,  those  I  counted  loss  for  Chrat. 

—  Phil.  Si. 
o.  Unlawful  advantage.    S  Cor.  xii. 
3.  Overplus  in  computation  ;  any  thing  opposed  10 

loss.  .     ■       T 

GAIN  TI.    rw.  gdn,  a  mortise  ;  ganu,  to  contain.J 
In  arcluteclure,  a  beveling  slioulder ;  a  lapping  of 
timbers,  or  the  cut  that  is  made  for  receiving  a  lim- 
ber. ,^,    -,  -^"'i"- 

GAIN,  a.    Handy ;  dextrous.    [Obs.] 

GAIN'A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  obtained  or  rcaciiei^. 
'  Sherwood. 

GAIIf'AGE,  71.  In  old  laws,  the  same  as  VVa.N4gc, 
that  is,  .uainage;  the  horses,  oxen,  and  lur.uture  of 
the  wain,  or  the  instruments  for  carrying  on  tillage, 
which,  when  a  villain  was  amerced,  were  left  free 
mat  cultivation  might  not  be  intermpted.  T.  he  wo  d 
sionifies  also  the  land  itself,  or  the  profit  made  by 

"^U"    iti    n  MjIICIJC, 

G.a'iN'£D°pp.  Obtained,  as  profit  or  advantage ;  won ; 
drawn  over  to  a  party  ;  reached. 

GAIN'ER,  71.  One  Ihat  gams  or  obtains  profit,  inter- 
est or  advantage.  ,  /., 

GAm'FUL,  a.  Producing  profit  or  advantage  ;  proht- 
able ;  advantageous ;   advancing  interest  or  .lappi- 

"''o^Lucrative  ;  productive  of  money ;  adding  to  the 

gS'fIiL.S%  «;'f.    With  increase  of  wealth ;  prof- 

itablv ;  advantageously. 
GAIN'"FUI^NESS,7i.    Profit ;  advantage. 
GAIN'Gi' V-ING,  II.     [from  the  root  ol  again,  against, 

and  o-iM.    See  GAiNSiV.]  .  .^ 

A  misgiving;  a  giving  against  or  aw^'y-j^j,;!;'" 

GAlN''iNO,  ppr.    Obtaining  by  industry  or  activity; 

gS^'IS&s:-"^."  Acquisitions  made  by  abororsuc- 

GlfN"LEsJ:T'"Not  producing  gain;  unprofitable; 

riiiiv"tG^iSv:^s^^-^™?t?S 

gZ:;tni  .^ay;  Eng.  against;  S^y.  igen;  Dan.  „-.».. 
tgien.  See  Again,  Against.] 
'  To  contradict ;  to  oppose  m  words  ;  to JieDyoi 
declare  not  to  be  true  what  another  ^"V^ J, •"  ^^^T- 
vert;  to  dispute;  applied  to  persons,  01  lo  proposl 
lions,  declarations,  or  facts. 

I  will  Eive  yon  a  mouth  and  wisdon,,  which  "''^J™;;;?"'^" 
shall  not  be  able  lo  Jiunsov  nor  resist.  —  Uikc  Jt»i. 

g?l55:iti;f^;Tr'wrc^it""'<'™- 

G^^V^^'i^" 'ST  CoZtJicting;  denying; 

GA1N°SAY'ING,  n.    Contradiction  ;  opposition. 
'flAlNST  f^enst.)    See  Agaittst.  j^„,ji 

GAIN'StVnD,  Jt.     [Sax.  gean,  "P>>f  ■  ^^"'""'•l 
To  w  ithstand  ;  to  oppose  ;  to  resist.     L  ""JJj, ^j,. 

GAIN'STRTVE,  v.  i.     [Sb^.  gean,  and  strive.] 
To  make  resistance.     [06s.]  rni,</ 

GaIN'STRIVE,».  1.    To  withstand.    [Ots.J 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT METE,  PREY.— PINE,  M^VRINE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK. 

490  ' 


GAL 

trAlH'ISH,  a.  [Q,u.  from  the  root  of  ^car^  Sax.  gear- 
wiany  to  prepare  or  dress ;  or  Scot.  <rai>,  a  stripe, 
whence  paired,  gairie,  striped,  streaked.  In  Gr., 
viivuTj  is  proud,  boasting.] 

1.  Gaudy;  showy;  fine;  affectedly  fine;  tawdry, 

Mons(n)us  hau  and  gairUk  colors.  As^iam. 

2.  Extravagantly  gay;  flighty. 

Faine  ajid  glory  transport  a  ciah  out  of  himself;  it  makes  the 

mind  loose  and  gatrish.  South, 

GaFR'ISH-LY,  adv.    In  a  gaudy,  showy  manner. 
GAIK'ISH-NESS,  n.    Gaudiness ;  finery;  affected  or 
ostentatious  show. 
S.  Flighty  or  extravagant  joy,  or  ostentation. 

Taylor. 

iIaIT,  n.  [This  word  is  probably  connected  with  go 
or  gad,] 

1.  \  going;  a  walk  ;  a  march  ;  a  way.     Spenser. 

3.  Manner  of  walloing  or  stepping.  Every  man 
has  his  peculiar  gait. 

GaIT'ED,  a.    In  compounds^  having  a  particular  gait. 
GxVl'TER,  71.    A  covering  of  cloth  for  the  leg. 

2.  A  kind  of  shoe,  consisting  chiefly  of  cloth,  and 
covering  the  ankles. 

GaFTER,  b.  u    To  dress  with  gaiters. 
Ga'LA,  n.     [Sp.  galuy  a  court  dress  ;  It.  gala.,  finery  ; 
Ft.  gaki,  show,  pomp.] 

A  gala  day  is  a  day  of  pomp,  show,  or  festivity, 
when  persons  appear  in  their  best  apparel. 
GA-LACTIX,  n.  A  vegetable  substance,  obtained 
from  the  sap  of  the  Galactodendron  uit/c,  or  cow-tree, 
of  South  America. 
GAL-AC-TOM'E-TER,  n.  [Gr.  vaAuv-o^,  gen.  of 
j-aAii,  milk,  and  psr-xif,  measure.] 

An  instrument  for  ascertaining  the  quality  of  milk ; 
a  laciomet^^r.  Ure. 

GAL-A€-T0PH'A-6IST,  n.      [Gr.    j  iXafruj,   milk, 
and  oa>"'',  to  eat.] 
One  who  eats  or  subsists  on  milk. 
G.\I^A€-TOPH'A-GOUS,  a.    Feeding  on  milk. 
GAL-At^-TOl'H'OR-OLTS,  a.    Producing  milk. 
GA-L.\e-TO-POI-ET'ie,  a.  or  ti,     [Gr.  jaXa,  milk, 
and  -3(£<j,  to  produce.]      A  terra  applied  to  sub- 
stances which  increase  the  flow  of  milk.    Brande, 
GA-LaGE',  h.     [Sp.  galocha.     See  GiLocHE.] 

A  wooden  shoe.    [0&5.]  Spciiser. 

GA-LAX'''GA,  n.  A  plant ;  the  specific  name  of  a 
species  uf  Ka^mpferia,  and  also  of  a  species  of  Alpi- 
nia,  coinmonly  called,  in  English,  QalangaL 
GA-LAX"GAL,  n.  A  plant;  the  English  name  both 
of  Kajiiipferia  Galanga,  and  Alpinia  Galanga,  whose 
roots  have  a  hot,  spicy  taste. 
GAL'ANT-iXE,  m.  A  dish  of  veal,  chickens,  or  other 
white  meat,  freed  from  bones,  tied  up,  boiled,  and 
served  cold.  Smart, 

GA-LA'TIANS,  n.  pi.  Inhabitants  of  Galatia,  in  the 
Iiesser  Asia,  said  to  be  descendants  of  the  Gauls. 
[See  Paul's  epistle  to  them.] 
GAL' AX- Y,  n.  [Gr.  j^aA^ifta?,  from  yaXa^  milk  ;  Ir. 
geal.,  white  ;  VV.  ghl^  clear,  fair,  whence  gaiaetk^  the 
milky  way  ;  Gr.  KaXo^,  fair.] 

1.  The  milky  way  ;  that  long,  white,  luminous 
track,  which  seems  to  encompass  the  heavens  like  a 
girdle.  This  luminous  appearance  is  found  by  Uie 
telescope  to  be  occasioned  by  a  multitude  of  stars,  so 
small  as  not  to  be  distinguished  by  the  naked  eye. 

EncijC. 
%  An  assemblage  of  splendid  persons  or  things. 

Bp.  HaU. 
GAL'BA-XU.M,  \  ru    [Heb.  n;2Sn,  and  in  Ch.  and  Syr. 
GAL'BAX,         )     varied  in  orthography,  from  J^n, 
to  milk.] 

The  inspissated  sap  of  Galbanum  officinale,  an 
umbelliferous  plant.  It  comes  in  pale-culored,  semi- 
transparent,  soft,  tenacious  masses,  of  different 
shadts,  from  white  to  brown.  It  has  a  strong,  un- 
pleasant smell,  with  a  bitterish,  warm  taste.  It  is 
unctuous  to  the  touch,  and  softens  between  the  fin- 
gers. When  distilled  with  water  or  spirit,  it  yields 
an  essential  oil ;  and,  by  distillation  in  a  retort  with- 
out mixture,  it  yields  an  emp^ieumatic  oil  of  a  fine 
blue  color ;  but  this  is  changed,  in  the  air,  to  a  purple. 

Parr. 
GALE,  n     [In  Dan.,  gal  is  furious,  and  kider  is  to 
blow  strong,  kuliviT,  a  gentle  gale,  from  the  root  of 
Coal  and  coQ,    In  Ir.,  gal  is  a  puff,  a  blast,  and  steam. 
The  sense  is  obvious.] 

A  current  of  air ;  a  strong  wind.  The  sense  of 
this  v.'ord  is  very  indefinite.  The  poets  use  it  in  the 
aense  of  a  moderate  breeze  or  current  of  air;  as,  a 
gentle  vale.     A  stronger  wind  is  called  ti  fresh  gale. 

in  ikt  language  of  seamen,  the  word  gale,  unac- 
companied by  an  epithet,  signifies  a  vehement  wind, 
a  ^lorm,  or  tt-inpcsl.  They  say,  the  ship  carried 
away  her  topmast  in  a  galc^  or  gale  of  wind ;  the 
ship  rode  out  the  gale.  But  the  word  is  often  quali- 
fied ;  as,  a  }uird  or  strong  gale,  a  violent  gale.  A  cur- 
rent of  wind,  somewhat  less  violent,  is  denominated 
^  miff  gale.  A  less  vehement  wind  is  called  vl  fresh 
5'a/«,  which  is  a  wind  not  too  strong  for  a  ship  to 
carry  single-reefed  top-sails,  when  close-hauled. 
When  the  wind  is  not  so  vioh.-nt  but  that  a  ship  will 
carry  her  top-sails  artrip,  or  full  spread,  it  is  called  a 
loom-gale.  Mar.  Diet.     Encyc. 


GAL 

GALE,  71.    A  plant  growing  in  bog5.  Smart. 

GaLE,  v.  i.     In  seaviai^s  language,  to  sail,  or  sail  fast. 
Ga'LE-A,  n.     [L.  galea,  a  helmet.] 

A  genus  of  sea  hedgehogs. 
GAL'E-AS,    71.    A    Venetian   galley,  large,  but  low 
built,  and  moved  both  by  oars  and  sails.    See  Gal- 

LIASS. 

Ga'LE-ATE,      )  a.    [L.  galeatus,  from  galea,  a  hel- 

Ga'LE-a-TED,  !     met.] 

1.  Covered  as  with  a  helmet.  Woodward. 

9.  In  botainjy  having  a  flower  like  a  helmet,  as  the 
monk's-hood. 

GA-LEE'TO,  71.  A  fish  of  the  genus  Blennius,  of  a 
greenish  color,  sometimes  variegated  with  blue 
transverse  lines,  and,  like  the  eel,  living  many  hours 
after_being  taken  from  the  water. 

GA-LE'NA,  71.  [Gr.  jaX/jf/?,  tranquillity,  so  named 
from  its  supposed  effects  in  mitigating  the  violence 
of  disease.] 
1.  Originally,  the  name  of  the  theriaca.  Parr. 
9.  Sulphuret  of  lead  ;  its  common  color  is  that 
shining,  bluish  gray,  usually  called  lead  gray  ;  some- 
times it  is  nearly  steel  gray.  Its  streak  has  a  metal- 
lic luster,  but  its  fine  powder  is  nearly  black.  Its 
structure  is  commonly  foliated,  sometimes  granular 
or  compact,  and  sometimes  striated  or  fibrous.  It 
occurs  in  regular  crystals,  or  more  frequently  mas- 
sive. Clcaveland. 

GA-LEX'ie,         )  a.    Pertaining  to  or  containing  ga- 

GA-LEN'ie-AL,  (      lena.  Ennjc. 

9.  [from  Oaten,  the  physician.]  Relating  to  Galen 
or  his  principles  and  method  of  treating  diseases. 
The  galenic  remedies  consist  of  preparations  of  herbs 
and  roots,  by  infusion,  decoction,  &.c.  The  chemical 
remedies  consist  of  prepamtions  by  means  of  calcin- 
ation, digestion,  fermentation,  Slc. 

GA'LEX-ISM,  7(.    The  doctrines  of  Galen. 

Ga'LEN-IST,  v.  a  follower  of  Galen  in  the  prepa- 
ration of  medicine  and  modes  of  treating  diseases  ; 
opposed  to  the  chemists. 

GAL-E-Rie'lI-LATE,  a.    Covered  as  with  a  hat. 

Smart. 

G.'\L'ER-ITE.  71.     [L.  giderus,  a  hat  or  cap.] 
A  genus  of  fossil  shells. 

GA-LIC'I-AN,  (-ish'e-an,)  a.    Pertaining  to  Galicia. 

GAL-I-Le'AN,  n.  A  native  or  inhabitant  of  Galilee, 
in  Judea.  Also,  one  of  a  sect  among  the  Jews,  who 
opposed  the  p.^yment  of  tribute  to  the  Romans. 

GAL-I-LK'AN-TEL'E-SeOPE.     See  Telescope. 

GAL'I-LEE,  n.  A  porch  or  chapel,  usually  at  the  west 
end  of  a  church.  Qwilt. 

GAL-I-MA'TIAS,  (-mi'sha,)  n     [Ft.  galimatias.] 
Nonsense.     [See  Gallimatia.]  .Addison. 

GAL'I-OT,  (gal'e-ot,)  ti.  [Fr.  gidiotc :  Sp.  galeota  ;  It. 
galeotta ;  L.  galea.] 

1.  A  small  galley,  or  sort  of  brigantine,  built  for 
chase.  It  is  moved  both  by  sails  and  oars,  iiaviug 
one  mast,  and  sixteen  or  twenty  seats  for  rowers. 

Diet. 

2.  Galictj  cr  galUott;  a  Dutcli  vessel,  carrying  a 
main-mast  and  a  mizzen-mast,  and  a  large  gaff  main- 
sail. JMar.  Did. 

GAL'i-FOT,  71.  [Sp.]  A  white  resin  cr  resinous  juice, 
which  flows,  by  "incision,  from  the  pine-tree,  espe- 
cially the  niaritJme  pine. 

Sp.  Diet.     Fourcroy.     Diet.  JViit.  Hist. 
Galipot  incnists  the  wounds  of  fir-trees  during 
winter.    It  consists  of  resin  and  oil.  Coze. 

GALL,  n.  [Sax.  gealla  ;  G.  galle  ;  D.  gal ;  Dan.  gaUlo ; 
'^w.  galle ;  Gr.  xoA'7)  probably  from  its  color;  Sax. 
gealew,  yellow.    See  Yellow  and  Gold.] 

1.  In  tke  animal  eeonomy,  a  bitter,  bottle-green 
fluid,  secreted  by  the  gall-bladder  on  tiie  under  side 
of  the  liver.  It  is  glutinous,  or  imperfectly  fluid,  like 
oil.  Encyc.    J^'icliolson. 

9.  Any  thing  extremely  bitter.  Drydcn. 

3.  Rancor;  malignity.  SpcJtscr. 

4.  Anger;  bitterness' of  mind.  Prior. 
GALL'-BLAD-DER,  ii.    A  small,  membranous  sack, 

shaped  like  a  pear,  seated  on  the  under  side  of  the 
liver,  which  secretes  a  thickish  and  very  bitter  fluid, 
of  a  dark,  bottle-green  color,  called  gall.        Tidly. 

GALL'-SICK-NESS,  71.  A  remitting  bilious  fever  in 
the  Netherlands.  Parr. 

GALL'-SToNE,  71.  A  concretion  formed  in  Uie  gall- 
bladder. 

GALL,  Ti.  [L.  galla ;  Sax.  gealla  ;  Sp.  agalla  ;^  It.  galla.] 
A  hard,  round  excrescence,  on  a  kmd  of  oak-tree, 
(the  Quercus  infectoria,)  in  certain  warm  climates, 
sjiid  to  be  the  nest  of  an  insect  called  cy:nps.  It  is 
formed  from  the  tear  issuing  from  a  puncture  made 
by  the  insect,  and  gradually  increased  by  accessions 
of  fresh  matter,  till  it  forms  a  covering  to  the  eggs 
and  succeeding  insects.  Galls  are  used  in  making 
ink :  the  best  are  from  Aleppo.  Purr. 

2.  Oall  of  glass,  also  called  sandiver;  the  neutral 
salt  skimmed  off  from  the  surface  of  melted  glass. 

Utc. 
GALL,  V.  t.     [Fr.  galer,  to  scratch  or  nib  ;  gale,  scab.] 
1.  To  fret  and  wear  away  by  friction  ;  to  excoriate; 
to  hurl  or  break  the  skin  by  rubbing;  as,  a  saddle 
galls  the  back  of  a  horse,  or  a  collar  his  breast. 


Tyrant,  I  wt-ll  deserv':;  thy  gaUlng  chain. 


P<^e. 


GAL 

2.  To  impair;  to  wear  away;  as,  a  stream  galls 
the  ground.  Hay. 

3.  To  tease  ;  to  fret ;  to  vex  ;  to  chagrin ;  as,  lu  be 
galled  by  sarcasm. 

4.  To  wound;  to  break  the  surface  of  any  thing 
by  rubbing ;  as,  to  gall  a  mast  or  a  cable. 

5.  To  injure;  to  harass;  to  annoy.  The  trooj  s 
were  galled  by  the  shot  of  the  enemy. 

In  our  wars  aguinsl  ibe  Preoch  of  olJ,  we  oacd  to  gait  th^-r. 
with  our  loiii;  bows,  at  a.  greater  dinana:  than  Ll^rcool.t 
shoot  iJieIr  arrows.  Atiiaxin. 

B.  In  dyeing,  to  impregnate  with  a  decoction  nf 
gall-nuts.  Vre. 

GALL,  V.  i.    To  fret ;  to  be  teased.  Shak. 

GALL,  71.    A  wound  in  tlie  skin  by  rubbing. 

GAL'LANT,  a.  [Fr.  galant ;  Sp.  galanU ;  It.  id.  This 
word  is  from  the  root  of  the  W.  gallu,  to  be  able,  to 
have  power;  Eng.  could:  L.  gallus,  a  cock.  See 
Could,  Call,  and  Gala.  The  primary  sense  is  to 
stretch,  strain,  or  reach  forward.] 

1.  Gay;  well-dressed;  showy;  splendid;  magnif- 
icent. 

Neither  shiiU  gaUcnt  ships  paw  th^re'iy-  —  I"-  xxxiJi. 

The  ^dy,  tlie  wise,  the  gailant,  nod  Ih-;  grave.         WcOer. 

[  This  sense  is  obsolete.] 

2.  Brave  ;  high-spirited  ;  courageous ;  heroic  ;  mag- 
nanimous ;  as,  a  gallant  youth  ;  a  g<dlant  officer. 

3.  Fine  ;  noble.  Shak. 

4.  Courtly;  civil;  polite  and  attentive  to  ladies; 
courteous.  Clarendon, 

GAL-LANT',  n.  A  gay,  sprightly  man ;  a  courtly  or 
fashionable  man.  Shak, 

9,  A  man  who  is  polite  and  attentive  to  ladies ; 
one  who  attends  upon  ladies  at  parties,  or  to  places 
of  amusement. 

3.  A  wooer  ;  a  lover  ;  a  suitor. 

4.  In  an  ill  sense,  one  who  caresses  a  woman  for 
lewd  purposes. 

GAL-LANT',  r.  t.    To  attend  or  wail  on,  as  a  lady. 
2.  To  handle  witli  grace  or  in  a  modish  manner; 

as,  to  frallant  a  fan.  Conaoisseiir. 

GAL-LANT'ED,  pp.    Attended  or  waited  on,  as  a 

I. id  v. 
GAI^LANT'ING,  2'pr.    Waited  on  by  a  gentleman. 
GAL'LANT-LV,  a^/u.    Gayly  ;  splendidly. 

2.  Bravely  ;  uobly ;  heroically  ;  generously ;  as,  to 
fight  rraUanthj:  tn  defend  a  place  gallantly. 

GAL'LANT-NEris>,  n.     Elegance  or  completeness  of 

an  acquired  qtialification.  HowelL 

GAL'LANT-RV,  v.     [Sp.  galantcria;  Fr.  galanterie.] 
1.  Splendor  of  appearance;  show;  magnificence; 
ostentatious  finerj*.     [Obsokte  or  obsolescent,] 

WidUr. 
9.  Bravery;  courageousness ;  heroism;  intrepidi- 
ty.   The  troops  entered  the  fort  with  great  gallantry. 

3.  Nobleness;  generosity,  Olanville. 

4.  Civility  or  polite  attention  to  ladies. 

5.  Vicious  love  or  pretensions  to  love ;  civilities 
paid  to  females  for  the  purpose  of  winning  favors  ; 
hence,  lewdness;  debauchery. 

GAL'LATE,  7(.  [from  gall]  A  salt  formed  by  tlie 
gallic  acid  combined  with  a  base.  Lavoisier. 

GAL'LE-ASS.     See  Galliass. 

GALL'ED,  pp.  [See  Gall,  the  verb.]  Having  the 
skin  or  surface  worn  or  torn  by  wearing  or  rubbing ; 
fretted;  teased;  injured;  vexed. 

GAL'LE-ON,  n.  [Sp.  galcon  i  Port,  gakami  It.  galc- 
onc.     See  Galley.] 

A  large  ship,  with  three  or  four  decks,  formerly 
used  by  the  Spaniards  to  transport  to  Spain  the  gold 
and  silver  bullion  from  the  mines  of  Mexico  and 
Peru.  P-  Cyc 

GAL'LER-Y,  rt.  [Vr.galerie;  Sp.  and  Port,  galcria; 
It.  fralleria;  Dan.  gallerie;  G.  id.;  D.  galdery;  Sw. 
galler-verck,  and  gall-rad.  Lunier  supposes  this 
word  to  be  from  the  root  of  G.  tcallen,  to  walk.  But 
is  it  not  a  projection.'    See  Gallant.] 

1.  In  architecture,  a  covered  part  of  a  buildiii?, 
commonly  in  the  wings,  used  as  an  ambulatory  vr  a 
place  for  walking.  Encyc. 

2.  An  oniamental  walk  or  apartment  in  gardens, 
formed  by  trees.  Encyc. 

3.  In  cJntrchcs,  a  floor  elevated  on  columns,  and 
furnished  with  pews  or  seats,  usually  ranged  on  three 
sides  of  the  edifice.  A  similar  structure  in  a  play- 
house. 

4.  In  fortification,  a  covered  walk  across  the  ditch 
of  a  town,  made  of  beams  covered  with  planks  and 
loaded  with  earth.  Encvc. 

o.  In  a  mine,  a  nanow  passage  or  branch  of  the 
mine  carried  under  ground  to  a  work  designed  to  be 
blown  up.  Enctic 

(J.  In  a  skip,  a  frame,  like  a  balcony,  projectmg 
from  the  stern  or  quarter  of  a  ship  of  war  or  oC  a 
large  merchantman.  That  part  at  the  sterr.  is  called 
the  stern- trallertj :  that  at  the  quarters,  the  tpicrter- 
gaUery.  7Vkc.i. 

7.  In  the  fine  arts,  a  term  applied  to  a  collection  of 
works  in  painting  or  .sculpture.  Brande. 

GAL'LE-T?LE,  71.     Calli|Kit.  Bacoit. 

G.\L'LEY,  v.;  pi.  Gallkys.  [Sp.  galera:  It.  galcra 
or  ^alea ;  Fr.  galdrc ;  Port,  gale ;  L.  galea.  The  Lat- 
in word  sisnifies  a  helmet,  the  top  of  a  mast,  and  n 


TONE,  BJjLL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS — €  as  K;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CU  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS 


OAL 


GAL 


nib'v 


a 

bjreu 
lire. 


Ill'  fiiiM' '  I' ilili  vcMi'l  nccms  10  have 
I  plcti',  ur  kind  of  bankci- 

!,  with  one  deck,  nnd  nav- 
■  aii«  .i!iJ  t -IP* ;   lunnerly  used  in  Ihc 
Ml.    It  was  Kins  and  narrow,  nnd  cor- 
n  with  Luocn  dad)).    The  largest  sort  of 
ycd  by  Ihc  \'cnetian",  were  lljti  feet  in 
I  W  oars,  each  oar  managed   by  six  or 
.l/,ir.  Dia.     I'.  Cue. 
Svuih. 
.  lite  Kivcr  Thames 
.■  ings,  and  fur  plca»- 
.War.  ma. 


\  The  cook-room  or  kitchen  of  a  sliip  of  war,  an- 
iwerios  to  the  caboow  of  a  nierchanuuan. 

-Var.  Diet, 
5.  An  oblonn,  reverberator)-  fiimace,  with  n  row  of 
retoiti  whoM  necks  protrude  tlirougll  lateral  open- 
ing, A"icAotfon. 
(;A1.'LF.Y,  (n.    In  prtHtin:;,  a  frame  which  receives 
GALXV,     i     the  types  from  the  coni|K>aing-slick. 

GAL'LEV-FOIST,  ».     A  barge  of  state.     IlakeirtlL 
i;M,  LKY-.-iLXVB,  ».     .\  (lerson  condemned  for  a 

tn  work  at  the  twr  on  board  of  a  galley. 

i:  \!  I.  II. T,  n.    .\n  insect  that  punctures  plants,  and 

1-1. .ns  call3  ;  the  cynips.  Encyc 

(JALLIARD,  (-yard,)  a.   [Fr.  ■•aiUard,  from  OTi,  gay.] 

(Jay  ;  brisk  ;  active.    rOJ.'.J  Chaucer. 

C  M.'I.IAIll),  n.     A  brisk,  gay  man;  also,  a  hvcly 

I..     r!<e«G>iu.nRDE.l  Bacon. 

.\'    I.IAKD-ISE,  n.     .Merriment;  excessive  gayety. 

,  I  Brotcn. 

..  M    I.IARD-NTSS,  n.    Gayely.     [Obs.]       aaylcn. 
i.\i    ;j    Xi'.'S,  ti.     A  heavy,  hiw-budt  vessel,  with  two 

:ii  '-t-.  nnd  having  both  sails  and  oars.  Shak. 

i;.\L'I.lC,  .1.    [from  (lallin,  Gaul,  now  France.]     I'er- 

laining  to  Gaiil  or  France. 
GAI.'Lle,  a.    [fnim  jr"".]     Belonging  to  galls  or  oak- 
apples  ;  derivfd  from  calls ;  as,  the  s^fillic  acid. 
CAI/LIC-AN,  0.     (I.  (lalUcuj,  from  Oallm,  Gaul.] 
rertaining  to  CJaul  or  France ;   as,  the  Oatitcan 
church  or  clerg>'. 
OAfLI-CISM,  ».    [Fr.  gaUieisme,  from  Oallia,  Gaul.] 
A  mode  of  speech  peculiar  to  the  French  nation  ; 
an  Idiomatic  manner  of  using  words  in  the  French 
lanituace. 
GAI.'LI-l"I7.E,  e.  (.     To  render  conformable  to  the 

French  id lum  or  language. 
CAI^M-G.\S'KI.NS,  n.  pi.      [Qu.  Caliga  yaiconum, 
Gxscon-hose.] 

Large,  open  hose  ;  used  en/y  in  ludicrous  laniputgc. 

Pkiiips. 
GAL-LI-MA'TIA,  ».    Talk  without  meaning. 
'i.U^LI-MAU'FRY,  n.    [Fr.  nliouifrle.] 

1.  \  hash  ;  a  medley ;  a  hodge-podge.   [Lxtlte  nscdJ] 

Spniscr. 
2:  Any  inconsistent  or  ridiculous  medley.    Dnjdcn. 
X  A  woman.     [.\">t  in  uA.}  A'W;. 

["  Od/tnuii^/rcy,  a  hodge-podge  made  up  of  the  rem- 
nants and  scraps  of  the  larder.'* 

Orose^s  Claj-tical  Dictionary  of  Oie  Vull^ar  Tonrrur. 
'*  Clear  and  e.isy  words  in  unintelligible  things  arc 
mere  words  without  sense ;  and  things  which  are 
unintelligible,  though  expressed  witli  plain  and  easy 
words,  arc  called  a  gatemuufrcy.'* 
.4»  Iiapartial  .Account  of  the  'Word  Mystrry,  as  it  is 
tnktx  in  lAe  Holy  Scripture.  Ixjnd.  1691 ,  4to.  p.  19. 
K-  II.  n.i 
'!AL-U-N.\'CEOU.S,  (ral-le-na'shiis,)  a.    [h.  gaUina- 
etu^,  from  co-'/ma,  a  hen,  gatlus,  a  cock,  who.se  name 
is  from  cniwins,  W.  foiie,  Eng.  to  caitj 

llcslgnating  that  order  of  birds  called  OaWmc,  in- 
cluding the  domestic  fowls  or  those  of  the  phea.sant 
kind. 

"•  ■■  a  glos.sy  substance  produced  liy 

^ol^  lapLn  obsidinnus  of  the  ancients. 

^  '  i;ht  from  Peru,  is  of  a  beautiful 

■V  '..U.r,  like  the  ^iillim;o.  Eneyc. 

■     «-  pi.       [L.]       SeCGAIJ.I,"*ACEOCS. 

.\rt  of  galling  or  fretting  the  akin. 
-mGaix,  the  verb.]    Fretting  the 

_  .  '-  '  '  fret  or  chagrin  ;  vexing. 

CAI.I.i  Mi;  rii;,  I,.    A  large  musquito. 

GALI.'-IN  SECr,  n.    .\  n.aine  common  to  a  family  of 

insert...  including  the  cochine.-vl  insect.        Bronde. 
GAL'I.I-.VLLE,  «.     [U  gaUiAula,  dim.  of  gallina,  a 

hen.] 
The  water-hen,  a  bird  allied  to  the  coot  and  rail, 

and  included  under  llie  Llnnxan  gcntls  J^tca 
GAI.'I.I-Or,  )    „      „ 
GAL'I.F^of  I    SecC»Liol. 
G.\ULir'0-Ll  OIL,  «.    An  inferior  kind  of  olive  oil, 

brought  from  Gallipoll,  in  the  kingdom  of  Naples. 
,  Buchanan, 

CAL'LI-POT,  n,    fD.  giryr,  potter's  clav,  and  pal.] 
A  small  po<  or  veuel,  jiaintcd  and  glazed,  used  by 

druggists  and  ai>othecarirs  for  omLaining  medicines. 
GAL-LIT'ZI.S  ri'E,  n.    Itiitile,  an  ore  of  tit.anium. 

G.\L'LI-VAT,  n.    A  small  vessel  used  on  the  .Maia- 
•>"  "»«•  Chalmers. 


li  M 

'•'kii 


GALL'LESS.a.  [from  gall,]  Free  from  gall  or  bit- 
terness. .     . 

G  AI.I/-NUT,  n.  .\n  excrescence  on  a  species  of  oak, 
used  in  dyeing,  making  ink,  ice.     [Sec  Gai.l.J 

GAL'l.O.'^,  n.  [Sp.  galon;  Law  L.  gahna.  In  Irenoll, 
galon  is  a  grocer's  bo.x.    Old  Fr.  jalon,  a  g-.dlnn.] 

A  measure  of  capacity  for  dry  or  liquid  things,  lint 
nsimllv  for  liquids,  containing  four  quarts.  Hut  the 
gallon' is  not,  in  all  cases,  of  uniform  contents  or  di- 
mensions. In  England,  the  old  wine  gallon  con- 
tains 231  cubic  inches ;  the  old  corn  gallon  contains 
208  Jjy  cubic  inches  ;  tlic  old  ale  gallon  conuains  282 
cubic  inches  ;  the  new  imperial  gallon,  as  settled  by 
the  act  of  George  IV.,  contains  10  pounds  avoirdu- 
pois of  distilled  water,  or  'i^^-^J^iJ  ci'^ic  inches. 

P.  Cyc. 

G.\L-LOON',  n.  [Fr.  galon ;  Sp.  galon  ;  It.  gallonc  ; 
Port,  gatam.] 

A  kind  of  close  lace,  made  of  gold  or  silver,  or  of 
silk  only.  Tatter. 

GAL-LOON'ED,  a.  Furnished  or  adorned  with  gal- 
loon. . 

G  AL'LOP,  r.  i.  [Fr.  galoper ;  Sp.  galoprar ;  Port.  la.  ; 
It.  galoppare  ;  .\rm.  gaUmpat,  or  galompai :  G.  galop- 
piren.  If  this  word  is  from  the  cleinenls  GI,  I  Know 
not  the  origin  or  meaning  of  the  last  constituent  part 
of  the  word.  I  suppose  it  to  be  formed  with  the  pre- 
fix ga  on  leap,  (i.  laufen,  D.  loopen,  gdoopm.  See 
Leah.] 

1.  To  move  or  run  with  leaps  or  bounds,  as  a  horse ; 
to  nin  or  move  with  speed. 

Bill  gallop  lively  down  Uic  weitem  hill.  Dor.ne. 

2.  To  ride  with  a  galloping  pace.  We  galloped  to- 
ward the  enemy. 

X  To  move  very  f:tst ;  to  run  over. 

Siicli  stip#rficial  iilciw  he  mny  colk-ct  In  galloping  over  it.  lAicKe. 

G.\L'LOP,  n.  The  movement  or  |)ace  of  a  quadruped, 
particularlv  of  a  hoi^c,  by  springs,  reaches,  or  leaps. 
The  animal  lifts  his  fore  feet  nearly  at  tlic  same  time, 
and  as  these  descend  and  are  just  ready  to  touch  the 
ground,  the  hind  feet  are  lifted  at  once.  The  gallop 
is  the  swil>csl  pace  of  a  horse,  but  it  is  also  a  moder- 
ate pace,  at  the  pleasure  of  a  rider. 

GAL-LOP-aDE',  71.  -A  kind  of  dance,  and  also  a  kind 
of  music  appropri.ale  to  the  dance. 

G.\L.'LOP-EU,  n.  A  horse  that  gallops;  also,  a  man 
that  gallops  or  makes  liiiste. 

2.  in  artiWcry,  a  carriage  on  which  very  sm.all  guns 
are  conveyed.  It  has  shafts,  sn  as  to  be  drawn  with- 
out a  limbon,and  it  may  serve  for  light  three  and  si.x 
pounders. 

GAL'LO-PIiV,  7!.     [Fr.]     A  servant  for  tlie  kitchen. 

[Ob.-,.l 
GAL'LOP-ING,  ppr.  (iT  a.    Ridinj;  or  moving  with  a 
GAL'LOW,  V.  t.     [Sax.  in^'rlwan.]  [gallop. 

To  fri?Iit  or  terrify.     [  Obs.]  Sfiak. 

GAL'LO-\V*aY,  11.  A  horse  or  species  of  horses,  of  a 
5mall  size,  first  brctl  in  Galloway,  in  Scotland. 

Haickeswoj-tk. 
GAL'L0VV-GLXS5,  n.    An  ancient  Irisli  foot  soldier. 

Spenser. 
GALT-OWS,  n.  frir.^. ;  71/.  Gali-oivses.    [Sax.  ^al^,  gc- 
alfra  i  Goth,  i^alga;  G,  i-.:."ym  ;  D.  •^ol'^ ;  Sw.  galge : 
Dan.  id.     Galhirs  is  in  tlie  singular  number,  ;ind 
should  be  precluded  hyc,  a  gallorcs.] 

I.  An  iustrmnenl  of  punishment  on  which  crimi- 
nals are  e.Tccuted  by  hanging.  It  consists  of  two 
posts  and  a  cross-beam  on  the  top,  to  which  the 
criminal  is  suspended  by  a  rope  fastened  round  his 
neck. 
5.  .\  wretch  that  deserves  the  gallows.  [JVot  used.] 

Skak. 

3.  pL  A  pair  of  pantaloon  suspenders.  [Colloquial.'] 
GAL'LOWS-FREE,  a.    Free  from  danger  of  the  gal- 
lows. Dryden, 

GAL'LOWS-TREE,  n.    The  tree  of  execution. 

Spenser. 
GALLS,  iu  pi.    Wounds  or  excoriations  produced  by 

tlic  friction  of  harness.  Gardner. 

GALL'Y,  a.    Like  gall ;  bitter  as  gall.  Cranmer, 

GAL'LY,  M.  [Port,  rt-o/d,  a  galley,  and  a  printer's 
frame ;  Fr.  gahe.] 

A  printer's  frame,  on  which  types  from  tlic  com- 
posing-stick are  placed.     [See  Galley.]  AsK 
GAL'LY-WORM,  Tt.    An  insect  of  the  centipcd  kind, 

of  several  s[)ecies. 
GA-LOCIIK',  fga-lo.sh,)  Ti.     [Fr.,  from  Sp.  galocha,  a 
cl02,  or  wooden  shoe.] 

A  patten,  clog,  or  wooden  shoe,  or  a  shoe  to  be 
worn  over  another  shoe  to  keep  the  font  dry.    It  is 
written  also  Galoshe. 
GA-LORE',  71.     [Ir.  gkire.] 

In  old  icritcrs,  plenty ;  abundance.     Still  used  bv 

seamen.  Smart.  ' 

GAL'SOME,  (gawl'dum,)  a.  [fTorn'raU.]  Ancry;  ma- 

hcnant.    [OU]  "  .Vorton. 

IjALIjTu    a  stiir,  bhic  mail,  of  tile  chalk  formation. 
PAT    v\v  Mantcll. 

(.AI*-\  Aa'IC,  n,    IVrtitining  to  galvanism;  contain- 

IM2  or  exhibiting  it. 
GAL'V.VN-ISM,  11.    [from  Oahani,  of  Bologna,  the 
discoverer.]  )  &     » 


GAM  i 

Electrical  phenomena  in  which  the  electricity  is 
developed  without  Ihc  aid  of  friction,  and  in  wliicll 
a  chemical  action  lakes  place  between  certain  bodies. 

Ellin.  Eneyc. 
Qalranism  is  heat,  light,  electricity,  and  magnetism, 
united   ill  combination  or  in  simultaneous  action  ; 
soiuetiines  one,  and  sumetiincs  another  of  them  pre- 
doiiiinating,  and  thus  producing,  more  or  less,  all  the 
effectij  of  each  —  usual  means  of  excitement,  contact 
of  dissimilar  bodies,  especially  of  metals  and  lluids. 
Hare.     SilUnian. 
0.\L'VAN'-IST,  V.    One  versed  in  galvanisin. 
GAL'VAN-IZE,  /■.  (.    To  affect  witli  galvanism. 
G.AL'VAN-IZ-£I),  pp.  or  a.    .Affected  with  galvanism. 
Qalvaniied  iron;  a  name  given  to  sheets  of  iron 
which  are  first  dipped  into  melted  zinc,  and  then 
into  melted  tin,  nnd  are  thus  prepared,  by  the  sup- 
posed galvanic  action  of  these  metals,  to  resist  oxy- 
dalion.  Franci'. 

GAL'V.AN-IZ-IN'G,  fpr.     Affecting  with  galvanism. 
GAI.^ViVN-OL'o-GIST,  11.     One  who  describes  the 

phenomena  of  galvanism. 
G.4L-VAN-OL'0-(5Y,  n.    [galcanism,  and  Gr.  Xo)  oj, 
discourse.] 

A  treatise  on  galvanism,  or  a  description  of  its 
plienomena. 
G.\L-VAN-OM'E-TER,  j  n.     \_galvanism,  and  Gr.  ;it- 
GAL-VAN'O-SeoPE,     )      rpav,  measure.] 

An  instrument   or  apparatus  for  measuring  the 
*  force,  or  detecting  the  presence,  of  minute  quanti- 
ties of  galvanic  electricity.  Urc. 
Ga'M.A  grass,  II.    A  tall,  stout,  and  exceedingly  pro- 
ductive grass,  said  to  admit  of  being  cut  six  tunes  in 
a  season.                                                 Farm.  Enryc. 
GA-MASH'ES,  )i.  pi.    Short  spatterdashes  similar  to 

gaiters.  Shelton, 

G.AM-Ba'DoES,  71.  pi.     [It.  gamia,  the  leg.] 

Cases  of  leather,  formerly  used  to  defend  the  leg 
from  mud,  and  in  riding  on  horseback.     Holloway, 
G.AiM'BET,  71.    .A  bird,  of  the  size  of  the  greeushank, 
found  in  the  Arctic  Sea,  and  in  Scandinavia  and  Ice- 
land. Frnnant. 
GAM'BI-SON,  71.     [Fr.]     A  stuffed  doublet  worn  un- 
der armor.  roD7ic 
G.\.M'liIT,  a.   In  chess,  a.  term  applied  to  a  game  which 
is  begun  by  moving  the  king's  or  queen's  pawn  two 
squares,  with  the  intention  of  moving  the  adjoining 
bishop's  pawn  two  squares  also,  thus  leaving  the 
first-moved,  or  gambit  pawn,  undefended.      SmarL 
GAM'BLE,  I'.  1.     [from  game.]    'J'o  play  or  game  for 

money  or  other  stake. 
G.AJI'BLE,  V.  U     To  gamble  away,  is  to  squander  by 
gaming. 


GAJI'BLiJD,  pret,  of  Gamble. 

GA.M'BLER,  71.  One  who  games  or  plays  for  money 
or  other  stake.  Oamblcrs  often  or  usually  become 
cheats  and  knaves. 

GA.M'BLING,  ppr.    Gaming  for  money. 

GAM'BLIA'G,  11.  The  act  or  practice  of  gaming  for 
money. 

GAiM-B0l5E',  71.  -A  concrete  vegetable  juice,  or  in- 
spissated sap,  produced  by  tho  Ilebradendron  Cain- 
bogioides.  It  is  brought  in  orbicular  masses,  or  cy- 
lindrical rolls,  from  Cambodia,  Cainboiija,  or  Camiogia, 
in  the  East  Indies,  whence  its  name.  It  is  of  ft 
dense,  compact  texture,  and  of  a  beautiful  reddish- 
yellow.  It  is  used  chiefly  a.s  a  pigment.  Taken  in- 
ternally, it  is  a  strong  and  harsh  cathartic  and  emet- 
ic. J^icholson. 

G.Aiil-Bo'fil-.AN,  a.    Pertaining  to  gamboge. 

G.A  Jl'BOL,  V.  i,  [Fr.  itamhiUcr,  to  wag  the  leg  or  kick, 
from  It.  gamba,  the  leg,  Fr.  jainbr,  Sp.  gamba.] 

1.  To  dance  and  skip  about  in  sport;  to  frisk;  to 
leap ;  to  play  in  frolic,  like  boys  and  lambs. 

Milton.     Dryden. 

2.  To  leap ;  to  start.  S'«i*'- 
G.AII'BOL,  n.    A  skipping  or  leaping  about  in  frolic;  a 

skip  :  a  hop  ;  a  leap ;  a  sportive  prank.        Dryden. 
GAM'BOL-ING,    ppr.      Leaping  ;    frisking  ;    playing 

pmnks. 
G.AM'BREL,  71.     [from  It.  gamba,  the  leg.] 

1.  The  hind  leg  of  a  horse.    Hence, 

2.  -\  stick  crooked  like  a  horse's  leg,  used  b.v  butch- 
ers. SntaH. 

A  curb-roof  is  called  a  gambrrUronf. 
GAM'BREL,  v.  t.  To  tie  bv  the  leg.  Beaum,  If  Fl. 
Game,  71.  [Ice.  4'ii7i!a7i ;  Sax.  gamcn,  a  jest,  sport ;  I'l- 
7711(171,  to  jest ;  to  sport ;  It.  giambarc,  to  jest  or  jeer; 
W.  camp,  a  feat,  a  game  :  campiaio,  to  contend  m 
games.  The  latter  seems  to  unite  game  with  coiiip, 
which  in  Saxon  and  other  northern  dialects  signifies 
a  combat.] 

1.  Sport  of  anv  kind.  Shak. 

a.  Jest;  opposed  to  earnest;  as,  betwi.xt  earnest 
and  game.     [JVut  nsed.']  Spenser. 

3.  An  e.xercise  or  play  for  amusement  or  winning 
a  stake  ;  as,  a  game  of  cricket ;  a  game  of  chess  ;  a 
game  of  whist.  Some  games  depend  on  skill,  others 
on  hazard. 

■1.  A  single  match  at  play.  ,/liUison 

5.  Advantage  in  play  ;  as,  to  play  the  game  into 
another's  hand. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.-MeTE,  PREY. - PI.NE,  MARINE,  BIRD. -NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK. 


492 


GAX 

6.  Scheme  pursued  ;  measures  planned. 

This  seeitis  to  1>3  the  prcieul  gcrte  of  Uial  cruwo.        Temple, 

7.  Field  sports  j  the  chase  j  falconry,  &c. 

Shak.     Waller. 

8.  Animals  puRued  or  taken  in  the  chase,  orin  the 
sports  of  ihe  field  ;  animals  appropriated  in  England 
to  legal  sportsmen,  as  deer,  hares,  &c. 

9.  In  antiquity,  games  were  public  diversions  or 
contests  exhibited  as  spectacles  for  the  gjatification  of 
the  people.  These  games  consisted  of  running,  leap- 
ing, wresHins,  riding,  Sec.  Such  were  the  Olympic 
games,  the  Pythian,  tlie  Isthmian,  the  Xenieau,  &.C., 
among  the  Greeks  ;  and  among  tlie  Romans,  the  Apol- 
linarian,  the  Circensian,  the  Capitoline,  &.c.  Eneyc 

10.  Mockery  ;  sport ;  derision  j  as,  to  make  game 
of  a  person. 

Ga31E,  v.  i.     [Sax.  gamian.'] 

1.  To  play  at  any  sport  or  diversion. 

2.  To  play  for  a  stake  or  prize  ;  to  use  cards,  dice, 
billiards,  or  other  instruments,  according  to  certain 
rules,  with  a  view  to  win  money  or  other  thing  waged 
upon  the  issue  of  the  contest. 

3.  To  practice  gaming. 

GaME'-€OCK,  n.  A  ccnrk  bred  or  used  to  fight;  a 
cock  kept  for  barbarous  sport.  Locke. 

GaME'-EGG,  fi.  An  egg  fi-om  which  a  fighting  cock 
is  bred.  Garth. 

GAilE'Fl^'L,  a.     Full  of  game  or  games. 

GaME'KJEEP-ER,  71,  One  who  has  the  care  of  game ; 
one  who  is  authorized  to  preser\*e  beasts  of  the  chase, 
or  animals  kept  for  sport.  Blacksione. 

G.\ME'-LEG,  71.     A  lame  leg. 

GaME'LESS,  a.    Destitute  of  game. 

GaME'SOME,  a.    Gay  ;  sportive ;  playful ;  frolicsome. 

This  gamesome  humor  of  childp^.  Locke. 

GA^^E  SOME-LY,  adv.     Merrily  :  playfully, 
t  JaME'SOME-XEsS,  71.    Sportivcness  ;  merriment, 
I  .aME'STER,  71.    {gamcy  and  Sax.  steora,  a  director.] 

1.  A  person  addicted  to  gaming ;  one  who  is  ac- 
customed to  play  for  monej"  or  otiier  stake  at  cards, 
liice,  billiards,  and  the  like ;  a  gambler ;  one  skilled 
in  games.  Jiddison, 

U  is  as  easv  (o  be  a  scholar  as  a  gamcsler.  Harris. 

2.  One  engaged  at  play.  Bacon. 

3.  A  merr>',  frolicsome  person.    [J^fot  iised,'\     Shak. 

4.  A  prostitute.     ^jYot  in  iiae.]  Shall. 

'.  AM'IXG,p;»r.    Playmg;  sporting;  playing  for  money. 

'-.aM'LNG,  71.  The  act  or  art  of  playing;  any  game,  in 
a  contest  for  a  victor}',  or  for  a  prize  or  stake. 

2.  The  practice  of  using  cards,  dice,  billiards,  and 
the  like,  according  to  c^ertain  rules,  for  winning 
money,  ice. 

GaM'IS'G-HOUSE,  t:.  A  house  where  gaming  is  prac- 
ticed. Blaekstone. 

GaM'IXG  Ta-BLE,  n.  A  table  appropriated  to  gam- 
ing. 

GAM-MAR'0-LTTE,  n.  A  petrified  crawfish,  or  other 
crustaceous  animal. 

GAM'MEE,  n.  [3w.  gamjtialj  Dan.  gcmindj  old  ;  Sw. 
gumma,  an  old  woman.] 

The  compellation  of  an  old  woman,  answerliig  to 
gaffer,  applied  to  an  old  man. 

GAM'3I0N,  7t.  [ll.  gamba  ;  Fr.jamhe,  a  leg ;  jaj/iioTi, 
a  leg  of  bacon,  jaw^e  boiie.'\ 

1.  The  buttock  or  thigh  of  a  hog,  pickled  and 
smoked  or  dried  ;  a  smoked  ham. 

2.  A  game,  called  usually  BiCKCAiiiios,  which 

3.  An  imposition  or  hoax.  [see. 
GAM'MON,  r.  (.    To  make  bacon;  to  pickle  and  dry 

in  smoke. 

2.  To  fasten  a  bowsprit  to  the  stem  of  a  ship  by 
several  turns  of  a  rope.  JUar.  DicL 

GAM'MOX,  r.  f.  In  the  game  of  backgammon,  the  par- 
ty that,  by  fortunate  throws  of  the  dice,  or  by  supe- 
rior skill  in  moving,  withdraws  all  his  men  from  the 
board,  before  his  antagonist  has  been  able  to  get  his 
men  home  and  withdraw  any  of  them  from  his  table, 
gammons  his  antagonist. 

2.  To  impose  on  a  person  by  making  him  believe 
improbable  stories  ;  to  humbug.  Dicketis. 

GAM'MO.\-£D,pp.    See  the  verb. 

GAM'MO.\-I.\G,  ppr.    See  the  verb. 

GAM'M0.\-LVG,  n.  The  lashing  by  which  the  bow- 
sprit of  a  vessel  is  secured  to  the  stem. 

R.  IT.  Dana,  Jr. 

GAM-0-PET'ALr-OUS,  a.  A  term  applied  to  the  corol 
of  a  flower,  when  the  petals  cohere  by  their  contin- 
uous marcins,  so  as  to  form  a  tube.  Lindley. 

GAM-0-SEP'AL-OUS,  a.  A  term  applied  to  the  calyx 
of  a  flower,  when  the  sepals  cohere,  by  their  contin- 
uous edges,  into  a  kind  of  tube  or  cup.       Lindley. 

GAM'UT,  71.  [Sp.  gamma;  Port,  id.;  Fr.  gamuu;  from 
the  Greek  letter  so  named.] 

1.  A  acale  on  which  notes  in  music  are  written  or 
printed,  consisting  of  lines  and  spaces,  which  are 
named  after  the  first  seven  letters  of  the  alphabet, 

2.  'I'he  first  or  gravest  note  in  Guido's  scale  of  nm- 
slc^  the  modem  scale. 

fJ.'iN  ;  a  contraction  of  Becas,  or  rather  tlie  original 

simple  word,  Sax.  gtjnnan,  to  begin. 
G.\A'CII,  p.  t,     [IL  gancio,  a  hook.] 

'J'o  drop  from  a  high  place  on  sharp  slakes  or  hooks, 

as  the  Turks  do  malefactors,  by  way  of  punishment. 


GAM 

GAA'CH  ING,  n.  The  act  of  letting  one  f;ill  on  sharp 
stakes  or  hooks ;  a  Turkish  punishment  of  criminals, 

GAX'DER,  71.  [Sax.  guiidra.  ganra ;  Ir.  ganra.  In  Ger. 
and  D.  gaiis  is  a  goose ;  D.  gansvriik,  a  gander  ;  Gr. 
Xniy  and  probably  J.,  anser.  Pliny  says  that,  in  Ger- 
many, the  small,  v.'hitc  geese  were  called  gama:. 
Lib.  10,  22.] 
The  male  of  the  goose. 

G.\XG,  V.  i.     [Sax.  gangan  :  Goth,  gaggcn."] 

To  go;  to  walk.     [^Votti^A.]  , 

GANG,  r;.  [Sax.  gang  :  D.  Dan.  G.  gang ;  Sw.  gangj 
a  going,  a  pace  or  gait,  a  way,  a  passage,  an  alley, 
an  avenue,  a  porcli,  portico,  or  gallery ;  G.  crzreicher 
gang,  and  Dan.  mineralisk  gang,  a  metallic  vein,  a 
streak  in  a  mine  ;  Goth,  gagg,  a  way  or  street ;  g^^g- 
gan,  to  go,  to  walk.] 

1.  Prcperly,  a  gomg ;  hence,  a  number  gomg  in 
company  ;  hence,  a  company  or  a  number  of  persons 
associated  for  a  particular  purpose ;  as,  a  ga:ig  of 
thieves. 

2.  In  seameri^s  language,  a  select  number  of  a  ship's 
crew  appointed  on  a  particular  service,  under  a  suit- 
able oflicer.  Mar.  Diet. 

3.  In  mining,  literally,  a  course  or  vein  ;  but  appro- 
priately, the  earthy,  stony,  saline,  or  combustible  sub- 
stance, which  contains  the  ore  of  metals,  or  is  only 
mingled  with  it,  without  being  chemically  combined. 
This  is  called  the  "ang  or  matrix  of  the  ore.  It  dif- 
fers from  a  mincr^izer,  in  not  being  combined  with 
the  metal.  Clearcland. 

[  This  word,  in  Vie  latter  sense,  is  commonly,  but  in  vi- 
olation of  etymology,  loritten  Gangue.] 
GANG'BoARD,  7^    A  board  or  plank,  with  cleats  for 
steps,  used  for  walking  into  or  out  of  a  boat. 

Falconer. 
2.  A  term  applied  to  planks  placed  within  or  willi- 
out  the  bulwarks  of  a  vessel's  waist,  for  tlie  sentinel 
to  walk  or  stand  on.  -  Totun. 

GANG'-D.\VS,  71.  pi.    Davs  of  perambulation. 
GAAG'HORN,  n.     A  flower.  Jlinsicorth. 

GAN"GLI-A€,  a.    Relating  to  a  ganirlion. 
GAA"GLI-OX,  (gang'gle-on,)  n.    [Gr.  yayyXtov.] 

1.  In  anatomy,  a  healthy  and  natural  enlargement 
occurring  somewhere  in  the  course  of  a  ner\-e.  There 
are  two  systems  of  ner\*es  which  have  ganglions  upon 
them.  First,  those  of  common  sensation,  whose  gan- 
glions are  near  to  the  origin  of  the  nerve  in  the  spinal 
cord.  Secondly,  the  great  sympathetic  nerve,  which 
has  various  gangliuns  on  various  parts  of  it. 

9.  In  surgery,  an  encysted  tumor  situated  some- 
where on  a  tendon,  formed  by  the  elevation  of  the 
sheath  of  the  tendon,  and  the  effusion  of  a  viscid 
fluid  into  iu  Tally. 

GAN"GLI-ON-A-RY,  a.    Composed  of  ganglions. 

GAN^'GLI-ON'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  ganglion  ;  as, 
the  ganglionic  ner\'es  of  the  digestive  organs  ;  or  the 
ganglionic  ner^'es  of  common  sensation.  Prout. 

GAIS'"GRE-NaTE,  r.  (.    To  produce  a  gangrene. 

GAN"G;{E-Na-TI:D,7»;».     Morlified.  [Brown. 

GAN-'CfiE-N.-.-TING,  ppr.     Mortifying. 

GAN"GkEXE,  (gang'green,)  ti.  [Fr.,  from  L.  gan- 
g:'£?M;  Gr.  yayyoaivi .'  Syr.  gangar.^ 

A  moiTiification  of  living  fltsh,  or  ol  some  part  of  a 
living  binmal  body. 

GAX'-'GREXE,  z.  t.    To  mortify. 

GAN"GRENE,  r.  i.     To  become  mortified. 

GAX"GReN-£D,  pp.     Mortified. 

GAX"GRE-XES'CENT,  a.    Tending  to  mortification. 

GAN"GREX-ING,ppr.     Mortifying. 

GAN"GRE-N0US,  a.  fliortified ;  indicating  mortifi- 
cation of  living  flesh. 

GAXGUE,  (gang,)  7i.    [G.  gang,  a  vein.] 

The  mineral  subsUiuce  which  incloses  any  metallic 
ore  in  the  vein.  l/re. 

[  T/ic  proper  spelling  would,  etymologicalbj^  he  Gang, 
which  see."] 

GAJS'G'WaY,  ;i.  A  passage,  way,  or  avenue,  into  or 
out  of  any  inclosed  place. 

2.  The  part  of  a  vessel  on  the  spar-deck,  forming  a 
passage  along  each  side,  from  the  quarter-deck  to  the 
forecastle  ;  more  properly  termed  the  waist.  Totten. 

To  brintr  to  the  gangway,  in  t/ie  discipline  of  ships, 
is  to  punish  a  seaman  by  tying  him  up  and  flogging 
him,  in  the  waist  or  at  the  gangway,  the  usual  place 
of  punishment.  Totten. 

GANG'WEEK,  n.  Rogation  week,  when  processions 
are  made  to  lustrate  or  sur\'ey  the  bounds  of  parish- 
es. Diet. 

GAX'IL,  Tu    A  kind  of  brittle  limestone.       Ktrican. 

GAN'NET,  n.     [Sax.  gaiwt.     See  Gander.] 

The  Solan  Goose,  a  sea-fowl  allied  to  the  pelican, 
and  belonging,  with  the  booby,  to  the  genus  Sula, 
about  seven  pounds  iu  weight,  with  a  straight  bill, 
six  inches  long,  and  palmated  feet.  These  gannels 
frequent  the  northern  regions  of  both  continents  iu 
summer,  and  feud  on  herrings  and  other  fish. 

Partington. 

Ga'XOID,  I  a.    Pertaining  to  the  order  of  fishes 

GA-XOIU'I-AN,  i      called  Qanoidians. 

CA-XOID'I-AXS,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  >atos,  brightness,  and 
ctooj,  form.] 

An  order  of  fishes,  having  angular  scales,  covered 
with  bright  enamel.  The  bony  pike  and  sturgeon 
belong  to  this  order.  jSgassiz. 


GAR 

G  AXT'LET,    I  n.    [The  la^t  syUable  is  from  the  Teu- 

GAXT'I.OPE,  i  tonic,  D.  loopeii,  to  run.  The  first 
is  probably  from  gang,  a  passage.  The  German  has 
gasscnl/tufcr,  strcct-riinncr.] 

A  military'  punishment  mflicted  on  criminals  for 
some  heinous  offense.  It  is  executed  in  this  manner: 
Soldiers  are  arranged  in  two  rows,  face  to  face,  each 
armed  with  a  switch  or  instrumciit  of  punishment; 
between  these  rows,  tlie  offender,  stripped  to  his 
waist,  is  compelled  to  pass  a  certain  number  of  times, 
and  each  man  gives  him  a  stroke.  A  similar  punish- 
ment is  used  on  board  of  ships.  Hence  this  word  is 
chiefly  used  in  the  phrase  to  7-un  the  gantlet,  or  gant- 
lope. Dryden.     Mar.  Diet. 

GAX'ZA,  71.     [Sp.  ganso,  a  goose.     See  Gander.] 
A  kind  of  wild  goose,  by  a  flock  of  which  a  virtu- 
oso was  fabled  to  be  carried  to  the  lunar  world. 

Johnson.     Hadibras. 

6aOL,  71.  [Fr.  geole ;  Arm.  geol  ox  jot :  W.  ^eot ;  X'orra. 
gemdc;  gecle;  Sp.  jaula,  a  cage,  a  cell ;  Port,  gaivla. 
Q.U.  Class  Gl,  No.  11,  36,  At.  As  the  pronunciation 
gole  accords  with  that  of  goal,  a  different  word,  it 
would  be  convenient  to  write  this  word  uniformly 
Jaiu] 

A  prison  ;  a  place  for  the  confinement  of  debtors 
and  criminals. 

GaOL,  r.  L    To  imprison  ;  to  confine  in  prison.  Baanu 

GaOL'-DE-LIV'ER-Y,h.  A  judicial  process  for  clear- 
ing jails  of  criminal:^,  by  trial  and  condemnation  or 
acquittal. 

6aOL'ER,  n.  The  keeper  of  a  gaol  or  prisoner;  a 
jailer. 

Gap,  71.  [See  Gape  and  Gab.  Gipsy,  geh^  Hindoo, 
gibali,  a  hole.] 

1.  An  opening  in  any  thing  made  by  breaking  or 
parting  ;  as,  a  gap  in  a  fence  or  wall. 

2.  A  breach, 

Al3.uiruld  miseries  ensued  by  ihs  opemov  vf  Utat  gap  to  all  that 
side  of  Cluute adorn.  KjtoUea. 

3.  Any  avenue  or  passage  ;  way  cf  entrance  or  de- 
pailure.  Dryden. 

4.  A  breach  ;  a  defect ;  a  flaw  ;  as,  a  gap  in  honor 
or  reputation.  Sluik.    More. 

5.  Any  opening,  interstice,  or  vacuity. 

A  thinl  can  fill  ih?  gap  with  laughing.  S^/t. 

6.  A  hiatus  ;  a  chasm  ;  as,  a  gap  between  words. 

Pope. 
To  stop  a  gap  :  to  secure  a  weak  point ;  to  repair  a 
defect. 

To  stand  in  the  gap ;  to  expose  one's  self  for  the 
protection  of  something ;  to  make  defense  against 
any  assailing  danger,    Ezek.  xxii. 
GXPE,  (pronounced  gape  to  a  limited  extent  in  Eng- 
land,) V.  i      [Sax,  geapan;  Sw.  gapa;  D.  gaapen;  G. 

goffen;  Dan.  gaber;  Ar.  »_>L=*  ji^uba,  to  split,  tear, 
or  cut  open.] 

1.  To  open  the  mouth  wide,  from  sleepiness,  drow- 
siness, or  dullness  ;  to  yawn.  Swift. 

2.  To  open  the  mouth  for  food,  as  young  birds. 

Dryden. 

3.  To  gape  fur,  or  after;  to  desire  earnestly;  to 
crave ;  to  look  and  long  for ;  as,  men  often  gc^e  af- 
ter court  favor. 

The  liunjiy  grave  for  her  due  tnbule  gapes.  DenJiem. 

To  gape  at,  in  a  like  sense,  is  hardly  correct. 

4.  To  open  in  fissures  or  crevices ;  as,  a  gaping 
rock. 

Maj  that  ground  gape  and  r»i-al!ow  me  alive.  Shot. 

5.  To  have  a  hiatus ;  as,  one  vowel  gaping  on  an- 
other. Dryden. 

G.  To  open  tiie  mouth  in  wonder  or  surprise  ;  as, 
the  gaping  tool ;  the  gaping  crowd. 

7.  To  utter  sound  with  open  throat.     Roscommon. 

8.  To  opon  the  mouth  with  hope  or  expectation. 

Utulibras. 

9.  To  open  the  mouth  with  a  desire  to  injure  or 
devour. 

Th?y  have  gaped  upou  me  with  their  mouth.  — Job  xwi, 
G.VPE,  71.    A  gaping.  .dddison. 

2.  In  zoology,  the  width  of  tlie  moutli  when  opened, 
as  of  birds,  tishes,  &c. 

The  gapes;  a  disease  of  young  poultry,  attended 
with  much  gaping. 
GXP'ER,  71.    One  who  gapes  ;  a  yawner. 

2.  One  who  opens  his  mouth  for  wonder  and  stares 
foolishly. 

3.  One  who  longs  or  craves.  Carets. 

4.  A  fish  with  sis  or  seven  bands  and  tail  undivid- 
ed. Pennant. 

GAP'IXG,  ppr.  or  a.    Opening  the  mouth  wide  from 
sleepiness,  dullness,  wonder,  or  admiration;  yami- 
ing  ;  opening  in  fissures:  craving. 
GAP'-ToOTH-£D,  (-tooiht,)  a.  ~  Having  interstices 

between  the  teeth.  Dryden. 

GAR,  in  Saxon,  a  dart,  a  weapon;  as  in  Edgar,  or 

Eadgar,  a  happy  weapon ;  Eihelgar,  noble  weapon. 

Oibsoiu 
This  may  be  the  Ch.  N-itj  or  Nii3,  an  arrow,  a  dart ; 
Sam.  an  arrow.] 
2.  Several  kinds  of  fish  are  known  by  this  name. 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.— AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS C  as  K ;  0  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  ClI  as  SH ;  TII  as  in  THIS. 

493 


GAR 


GAR 


f:;R  9,1.    'iOcmaie;i"inakP.  Spemer. 

•  >'   >  •  ^  V    -      \  rapacious  bird  of  Mexico,  of  Uie 

DieL 
All  citraci  of  muildcr  by  means 
'    iin-d  ill  France.  Ure. 

\  ,  countt-nuiicc  ;  It.  aiid  Sp. 
I  '!4,  dress  i  Ruiu.  gerb^  arms ; 

'    r  . ;  I'uibil ;  as,  the  garb  of  a  clcrg)'- 

tD'.-  ■ 

I  "I.-  iirdresfl.  Denham. 

,  Iixika.  SAaJk. 

1  :  of  grain.    [Fr.  gcrbe;  Sp. 

1.    ^1  kuuw  nut  the  coaiponeiit  parts  of 

. ..  ..,.AcU  of  an  aniinni ;  reftiso  parts  of  flesh  ; 
oifai.  Shak.    Zhyden. 

CAU'nA(>ED,  a.    Stripped  of  the  bowela.    Shertcood. 
«;vri:  »ii  ...     DfCiiskul ;  habited. 

The  phink  next  llio  kccI  of  a  sliip.  [See 

I . ,  ..  L     [Sp.  garbillar;  iL  crifrrarc,  criceUare; 

Fr.  er^lcr ;  L.  erifto,  eribella.  Uu.  Ar.  ^Jj^  garha- 
tA,  or  Ch.  S3-0,  (0  sift,  to  bolL    Class  Rb,  No.  30, 

I  ;ft  or  bt'lt ;  to  separate  the  fine  or 

val  :   '.\  sulistance  from  the  coarse  and 

Mn'.  '  ■  iVoiii  drosa  or  dirt  ;  as,  to  garble 
fpicr^s, 

0.  In  prejnu  usagfy  lo  pick  otii  or  separate  such 
part'i  u<-,n  a  whnle  as  luay  serve  a  pnrjNwc  ;  as,  to 
fri  -  Drtjden.     Ijockr. 

GAK  .  Sifted  ;  bolted  :  separated  ;  culled 

o«f .  ■  irj.oae  ;  as,  a  srorbled  quotation. 

GAR'ULLL,  :i.  uiu*  who  gnrbtes,  sifts,  or  sepiimtes. 
A  gcMer  of  spices  is  an  otHcer  of  great  aiititiuity  in 
Lcad'ii). 

^   '  ';->  out,  culls,  or  selects,  to  serve  a 

pur  .111};  ritiotations. 

GAK  1  ■-■  />/.    'I'he  dust,  soil,  or  GItli,  sev- 

ered liuai  :;uoJ  3;uces,  drugs,  &c.  Cyc. 

GAK'BLlXGfppr.  Sifting;  separating;  sorting;  cull- 
Int. 

GA  It'RCAKD,  n.  The  garboard  plank,  in  a  shipy  is  the 
Antt  plank  fastened  on  the  keel  on  the  outside. 

Saitey. 
Oarboard-ttreak,  in  a  ship,  is  Uie  firat  range  or 
flmk  of  planks  laid  ou  a  sbip^s  bottom  next  tlie 
kPcL  TotUn. 

GAR'BOIL,  «.     [Old  Fr.  f^arbouil ;  It.  garbuglio.] 
Tumult ;  upmnr.    [JVvt  used.]  ShaJi. 

GARI).    Sec  Guard  and  W'aiid. 

GAR'I)£N,  n.  [G.  garten  :  W.  garOi;  IL  giardino;  Sp. 
jfirJin  :  Fr.  id.  ,*  I'lTt.  jardim ;  .Arm.  jardd,  jardin,  or 
ganU.  Tlic  lirst  syllable  'ui  the  Sa^.j^eard^  Goth. 
gardj,  Enc  yard,  an  inclosed  p!rice.  'flie  Saxou  is 
ertgeard,  l>an.  urtegaard,  Siv.  ortegard,  wortyard,  an 
inel"*'"' ■  '"  f  111  rh,-.  'fhf!  Irish  is  gairdiu,  or garrdiia  ; 
ihi' -  Tj-ftcrtiM.  In  Slavonic,  ^an/,  liuss. 

/wr  .\vn  orcity,  and  the  derivative  verb 

ge-r  i^'i.  n  hedge.      Hence  Stuttgard, 

^<-"  The  primnrj'  sen^e  of  gar- 

den .  and  ini;Ii»:iiires  were  orii;i- 

nallj  .,  :,  yt:ikes,  or  palisades.     It  is 

pn>babic  thai,  m  Uie  iinst,  and  in  the  pa^storzil  stale, 
men  had  liiile  or  no  inclo5^ed  land,  except  such  an 
WM  frnced  for  the  pn»t''ction  of  herbs  and  fruits,  and 
f»jr  villages.    Sec  Coxe's  RtiAj.  b.  'I.J 

1.  A  piece  of  ground  apjirupriated  to  the  culttva- 
iton  of  herbs  or  plants,  fruita  and  flowers,  usually 
near  a  manaiun-hou£e.  Land  appropriated  lo  the 
raifllne  of  culinar)-  herbs  and  nmls  for  domestic 
u««-.  t.  nil  ,!  :x  kitehfTi-rrardai ;  that  appropriated  lo 
""■'  'i'' called  a^icrr^jrart/cn.- and  that 
*"  '  >  fruit-garden.  But  these  uses  are 
"•"-                    ,  .1. 

■J.  A  r.vi.,  w.il  cultivated  spot  or  tract  of  countrv- : 
a  dohghlful  fii»ot.  The  intor\aIs  on  the  River  Con- 
1     ti    i:  :iro  all  a  garden.     Lombardy  is  the  garden 

i.    Pertalninii  to  or  produced  In  a  garden. 
'.    T.»  lay  nut  or  t«t  cultivate  a  garden  ; 
I'  to  plant  and  till  it,  for  the  pur|>oso 

"'  ' '.  "hrubfl,  flowirs,  and  fniits. 

Dresju-d  and  cultivated  as  a  gar- 
it  pfT.N'-ER,  H.    One  whoso  occupation  is  to  make, 
1.  II.  1  .Ir.-'*  a  carden. 

-.    Cultivating  or  tillinq  a  garden. 
Tbf  act  of  Inying  out  and  culti- 
i  'rticulture.  Eneyc. 

Dcsljlute  of  a  garden.  ShcUey. 
'».    Mold,  or  rich,  mellow  earth, 
.Mortimer. 
The  plot  or  plantation  of  a  gar- 


GAK  1 


.  vj.S'IUjl;  ft 


'.aK  D£.\-STL'FF,  b.  Plants  growing  in  a  garden: 
v.j2€inhl(3  for  the  table.     [.^  uord  in  papular  lueA 

GAR'DtN-TIL'LAGE,  n.  The  tillage  or  cultivation 
<'i  a  cardan. 


GAR'D£N-WARE,  7J.    The  produce  of  gardens.   [JVot 

in  KJ^f.l  Mortimer. 

GXR'UO.V,  K.    A  fish  of  the  roach  kind. 
G.\IIE,  n.    Coarse  wool  growing  on  the  legs  of  sheep. 

Vict. 
GXR'FISU,  I  n.    A  marine  fisli.    In  jimrriea,  the  name 
GXR,  i     of  several  fishes  with  long,  pointed, 

bony  snouts,  belonging  to  the  genera  Lcptjo.^-tnu  and 

Belone.  flatdcinan. 

GAR'G.\-RISM,  7(.    [L.  gargart:>imLi ;  Gr.  juojaoi^oj, 

lo  wash  the  mouth  ;  allied  probably  to  gorge,  the 

throat.] 
A  gargle ;  any  litjuid  preparation  used  to  wash  the 

mouth  and  throat,  to  cure  inllammatious  or  ulcers, 

&c.  Encyc. 

G.\R'G.VRIZE,  r.  (.     [Fr,  gargariscr;  L.  gargarizo  ; 

Gr.  )at)}aot(,(i}.'\ 
To  wasli  or  rinse  the  mouth  with  any  medicated 

liquor.  Bacon. 

GAR'GET,  n.    A  disease  in  the  udders  of  cows  ;  also 

in  hogs.  Farm.  Encyc. 

GAR'GIL,  Ti.    A  distemper  in  geese,  which  stops  the 

head,  and  often  proves  fatal.  Encyc. 

GAR'GLE,  V.  t.     [Fr.  gargoaillcr,  to  paddle  or  dabble ; 

li.  gargagliarc,  in  murmur;  VLng.  io  gurgle ;  D.  gor- 

gcleii;  G.  gurgiln;  aWwii  to  gorge,  giirge.'i.] 

1.  To  wash  the  throat  and  inuiitli  with  a  liquid 
preparation,  which  is  kept  from  descending  into  the 
stomach  by  a  gentle  expiration  of  air. 

2.  To  warble:  to  play  in  the  tliroat.    [Umisual.] 

JValler. 

GAR'GLE,  V.  Any  liquid  preparation  for  washing  the 
mouth  and  throat.  Wiseman. 

CXR'GLEI),  pp.    Washed,  as  the  throat. 

GAR'GLING,  ppr.    Washing,  as  the  throat. 

GAR'GIjING,  n.  The  act  of  washing-the  throat  with 
a  gargle  or  liquid  preparation. 

GXR'GOL,  H.    A  dislKinper  in  swine.         Mortimer. 

GAK'GOYLE,  ti.     [Fr.  gargouiUc] 

Tlie  spout  of  a  gutter,  in  aticintt  Imildings,  frequent- 
ly representing  part  of  the  human  figure,  or  some  an- 
imal, with  the  water  issuing  from  the  mouth.  [O&s.] 
It  is  also  spelt  Gargi-k,  Gauoyle,  GunooyLE. 

GaR'ISH.     Sec  Gaihish.  [Qloss.  of  ^rck. 

GAR'LAND,  li.  [Fr.  guirlande ;  It.  ghirlanda  ;  Sp. 
guiriialtla ;  Port,  grinnlda ;  Arm.  garlantcz.  This  word 
has  been  referred  to  tiie  L.  gyrus^  and  it  may  be  from 
the  simie  root.  It  seems  to  denote  something  round 
or  twisted,  for  in  Spanish  it  is  used  for  a  wreath  of 
cordage  or  puddKuing.] 

1.  A  wreath  or  cha|ilet  made  of  branches,  flowers, 
feathers,  and  t^omeiimes  of  precious  stones,  lo  be 
worn  on  the  head  like  a  crown.      Pope.    Encyc. 

2.  An  ornament  of  flowers,  fruiu^,  and  leaves,  in- 
termixed, anciently  used  at  the  gates  of  temples, 
v.'herc  feasts  and  solemn  rejoicings  were  held. 

Gioilt. 

3.  The  top  ;  the  principal  thing,  or  tliinj,'  most 
prized.  khak. 

A.  A  collection  of  little  printed  pieces.        Poxy. 
5.  in  skips,  a  sort  of  ba;:,  of  network,  having  the 
mouth  e\lt;nded  by  a  lioop,  used  by  sailors  to  keep 
provisions  in.         '  TuUcii. 

GAR'LAiN  1),  V.  L    To  deck  v.'ith  a  gariand.  B.  Jonsun. 

GA  It'LA.\l)-ED,  pp.    Adorned  with  a  garland. 

GAlt'LAi\U-ING,  ppr.    Decking  with  a  gaiiand. 

GAR'LAND-LESS,  a.     Destitute  of  a  garland. 

GAR'I.ie,  n.  [^ax.  garltc,  or  garlcac ;  gar,  a  dart  or 
lance,  in  Welsh  a  shank,  and  Icac,  a  leek  ;  Ir.  gairli- 
"ir  '■  W,  garllcg.  The  Germans  call  it  knohlauch, 
kuohleck  j  D.  laiofujok  ;  Gr.  aKofloSov.] 

A  plant,  of  the  genus  Allium,  having  a  bulbous 
root,  a  very  strong  snu'll,  and  un  acrid,  pungent,  tnste. 
Each  root  is  composed  of  several  lesser  bulbs,  cr.iled 
c/(/i,T-- o/ ^(irKc,  inclosed  in  a  common  membranous 
coal,  and  easily  separable.  Evcyc. 

GAR'Lie-KAT'ER,  n.     A  low  fellow.  Shak, 

GAII'LICK-Y,  a.    Like  or  containing  garlic. 

GAR'Lie-PEAR-TREE,  n.  A  tree  in  Jamaica,  the 
Craleva,  bearing  a  fruit  which  has  a  strong  scent  of 
R'triic.  MiUer. 

GAR'.MEXT,  71.  [Norm.  g-cnmrnCTt ;  Old  Fr.  giiariii- 
vient ,-  It.  giuiniimento,  furniture,  ornament ;  from  the 
root  of  garnish,  and  denoting  what  is  put  on  or  fur- 
nished.] 

Any  article  of  clothing,  as  a  coat,  a  gown,  &c. 
Oarmetits,  in  (Ac  plural,  denotes  clothing  in  general ; 
dress. 


No  mun  piiUelh  a  piece  of  new  clotli  to  : 
MutL  ix. 


I  old  garmeitl.  ■ 


GARDNER,  7i.  [Fr.  grcnier;  h.  gcirneal;  Norm,  giier- 
mer,  gamier.     Sut  Ghaik.] 

A  granary ;  a  building  or  place  Where  grain  is  stored 
for  preser\'ation. 

S  V  S15?;S'  ^'*  ^    "^^  ^^^^'^-  ^"  ^  granary.  SkaJ:. 

r  X  TT'  r     ,  ^''^'  ''^*    I^eposiled  in  a  gainer 

r  X  n^vf 'r"'"*"*^'  ^'""*    ^^'^""g  i"  '-^  garner. 

t»Alt.\El,  71.  [l\.  graiiato  ;  Fr.grenat;  Sp.graiiatei 
U  irranattu^,  from  granum,  or  granatum,  the  pome- 
grnnale.]  * 

1.  A  mineral,  usually  occurring  in  symmetrical, 
twclve^lded  cryst^ils,  (dodecahedrons,)  of  a  deep-red 
color,  i  here  axe  also  green,  yellow,  brown,  and  black 


GAR 

varieties.  It  consists  of  silica,  alumina,  and  lime, 
with  more  or  less  oxyd  of  iron  or  manganese.  V\'heu 
transparent,  it  is  called  precious  garnet^  and  is  used 
as  a  gem.  Other  varieties  are,  inclaiutc,  grossular, 
allochroitf  colophonite.  The  last-mentioned  has  :m 
emerald-green  color.  Garnet  is  a  very  comnnm  ntin- 
eral  in  gneiss  and  mica-elate.  It  is  the  carbuncle  of 
the  ancients.  Donn. 

2.  In  ships,  a  sort  of  tackle  fixed  to  the  main-stay, 
antl  used  to  hoist  in  and  out  the  cargo.  Tutlen. 

GAR'NISH,  v.  t.  [Fr.  gamir ;  Arm.  goami';a;  Sp. 
guarnecer ;  It.  guaniire.,  guernirc  :  Korm.  ganicr^ 
garnishcr,  to  warn,  lo  summon.  'I'Jio  latter  sens*;  is 
still  used  in  law  language ;  and  it  would  seem  that 
warn  and  garnish  are  from  the  same  root,  for  warn, 
written  in  tlie  Celtic  manner,  would  be  guarn.] 

1.  To  ad  urn  ;  to  decorate  with  appendages;  to  set 
oD". 

All  within  VilJi  flovTen  was  gannshed.  Sprntcr. 

2.  In  cookery,  to  embellish  with  something  laid 
round  a  dish.  Smart. 

3.  To  fit  with  fetters  ;  a  cant  term. 

4.  To  furnish  ;  To  supply  ;  as,  a  fort  garnished  with 
troops. 

5.  In  laiD,  to  warn  ;  to  give  notice.      [See  Gar- 
nishee.] 

GAR'XISH,  ?:.  Ornament  j  something  added  for  em- 
bellishment J  decoration. 


Matter  and  figure  they  produce ; 
For  garnisk  tiiis,  and  tiuitfor  use. 


Prior. 


9.  In  cookery,  something  round  a  disli  as  an  embel- 
lishmeul.  Smart. 

3.  Injaih,  fetters  ;  a  cant  term. 

4.  Peiisiitiicula  carceraria ;  an  entrance-fee  demand- 
ed by  the  old  prisoners  of  one  just  committed  to  jail. 

Oro^e.- 
GAR'NISH-£D,   (gar'nisht,)  pp.      Adorned ;   decora- 
ted ;  embellislied. 

2.  Furnished. 

3.  W^arned ;  notified. 

GAR-NISH-EE',  n.  In  law,  one  in  whose  hands  the 
property  of  an  absconding  or  absent  debtor  is  at- 
tached, who  is  warned  or  notified  of  tlie  demand  or 
suit,  and  who  may  ajjpear  and  defend  in  the  suit,  in 
the  place  of  the  principal.    Bouvicr.     Stat,  of  Conn. 

GAR'NISH-ING,  «.  That  which  garnishes j  orna- 
ment. 

GAR'NISH-ING,  ppr.  Adorning;  decorating;  warn 
ing. 

GAR'NISH-MENT,  n.    Ornament;  embellishment. 

JVvtton. 

2.  Warning;  legal  notice  to  the  agent  or  attorney 
of  an  absconding  debtor,  to  appear  and  give  infor- 
mation to  the  court. 

3.  A  fee. 

GaR'NI-TQRE,  n.  Ornamental  appendages  ;  embel- 
lishment ;  furniture  ;  dress.    .Addison.  Bcattie.   Gray. 

G-^'ROUS,  a.     [L.  ganim,  pickle.] 

Pertaining  to  garum ;  resembling  pickle  made  of 
fish.  Broicn. 

GAR'RAN,  /  n.     [Ir.  garran  ;  Scot  garron;  G.  gur- 

GAR'RON,  j     re.] 

A  small  horse  ;  a  highland  horse;  a  hack  ;  a  jade; 
a  galloway.     [JVbt  itsed  in  .America.]  Temple. 

GAJi'RET,  71.  [Scot,  garret,  a  watch-tower,  the  top 
of  a  hill;  garritour,  a  watchman  on  the  battlements 
of  a  castle  ;  Fr.  guerite,  a  sentinel-box  ;  Sp.  guardil- 
la ;  Arm.  garid;  from  the  root  of  ward,  guard,  which 
see.] 

1,  That  pan  of  a  house  which  is  on  the  upper 
floor,  immediately  under  the  roof. 

2.  Rotten  wood  [J-.'ht  in  use.]  Bacon. 
GAR'RE'I'-ED,  c.  Protected  by  turrets.  Carcw. 
GAR-RET-EER',  iu   An  inhabitant  of  a  garret;  a  poor 

author. 
GAR'RI-SON,  71.  [Fr  gamison;  Arm.  eoarnison;  Sp. 
gnamicon,  a  garri3t«i,  a  flounce,  furbelow,  or  trim- 
ming, the  setting  of  any  thing  in  gold  or  silver,  the 
guard  of  a  sword,  garniture,  ornament ;  It.  gnernigl- 
one;  Port,  gitarni^am;  D.  wairison.  The  French, 
English,  Armoric,  Spanish,  and  Italian  words  are 
from  garnish  ,-  the  Dutch  is  from  waarcn,  to  keep,  tO 
guard,  Eng.  warren,  and  from  tliis  i-oot  we  havewa?^ 
raytt  and  guaranty,  as  well  as  guard  and  regard,  all 
from  one  source.    See  Wabken.] 

1.  A  body  of  troops  stationed  m  a  fort  or  fortified 
town,  to  defend  it  against  an  enemy,  or  to  keep  the 
inhabitants  in  subjection. 

2.  A.  fort,  castle,  or  fortified  town,  furnished  witfi 
troops  to  defend  it.  Waller. 

3.  The  state  of  being  placed  in  a  fortification  for 
its  defense  ;  as,  troops  laid  in  garrison.        Spenser. 

4.  It  is  sometimes  synonymous  with  winter  guar- 
ters.  Bravdc. 

GAR'RT-SON,  r.  (.    To  place  troops  in  a  fortress  for 

its  defense  ;  to  furnisli  with  soldiers ;  as,  to  garrison 

a  fort  or  town. 
2.  To  secure  or  defend  by  fortresses  manned  with 

troops  ;  as,  to  garrison  a  conquered  territor}' 
GAR'R[-SON-£D,  pp.    Furnished  with  troops  in  a  fort 

for  defense. 
GAR'RI-SON"-ING,p/)r     Furnishing  with  troops  in  a 

fortress  for  defense. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WIIAT.-fllETE,  PR^Y.-PINE,  MARINE, 
4i)4  '  — 


nino.  —  KoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK. 


GAS 

O^R-ROTE',  n.  [Sp.]  A  mode  of  puni^bmciil  in 
Sp;iin,  by  stmngulation,  the  victim  heing  placed 
on  a  sU'ol  with  a  post  behiiiil,  to  which  is  allixed 
an  iron  collar  with  a  screw;  liiis  collar  is  made  to 
clasp  the  ntck  of  the  criminal,  and  drawn  tigliter 
by  means  of  the  screw,  until  life  becomes  extinct. 

Borrow. 

GAR-llu'LI-TY,  71.  [L.  garrulitas,  from  trarrio^  to 
prate;  Gr.  j  apvoj,  ynovco;  Ir.  gairim;  W.  gaity  a 
word.     Class  Gr,  No.  3,  9,  15,  49.] 

Talkativeness;  loqiiacity  ;  the  practice  or  habit  of 
talking  much  :  a  babbling  or  latltin^.  Raij. 

GAWRV-hOUS,  a.  Talkative;  prating;  a.s, garrulojis 
old  age.  Thomson. 

G.VR'Rl'-LOUS-LY,  adv.    In  a  talkative  manner. 

GXR'TER,  71.  [Ft.  jaTTetierCj  from  W.  ^mr^  Ann.  gai-r, 
the  leg,  liam,  or  shank.] 

1.  A  string  or  baud  used  to  tie  a  stocking  to  the 
leg. 

2.  The  badge  of  the  highest  order  of  knighthood, 
in  Great  Britain,  called  the  order  of  t!ie  garter,  insti- 
[tited  by  Edward  III.  This  order  is  a  college  or  cor- 
poration.    Hence,  also,  the  order  itself. 

3.  TJit*  principal  king  at  arms.  Joknson. 

4.  A  term  in  heraldnj,  signifving  the  half  of  a 
I>fnd.  Encyc 

GXR'TER,  r.  £.    To  hind  with  a  garter. 

'2.  'i\\  invent  with  the  order  of  the  gaiter.    Warton. 
GaII'TC11-;^Dj  pp.     Bound  with  n  garter. 
GaR'TEII-FISH,  n,    A  fish  having  a  long,  depressed 
body,  like  the  blade  of  a  sword  ;  the  Lepidopus. 

Diet,  of  J^at.  Hist. 
GaR'TER-ING,  ppr.    Tying  with  a  garter. 
GaR'TER-SNaKE,  n.    The  striped  snake,  a  common 
American  serpent,  the  Coluber  Sirtalisj  not  poisonous. 

Enciic.  Am. 
GARTir,  n.     [\V.  garz.     See  Guides.] 
1.  A  dam  or  wear  for  catching  fish. 
L>,  A  close;  a  little  backside;  a  yard;  a  croft ;  a 
garden.     {JSTot  used.] 
(iA'RUiM,  Ti.    A  sauce,  much  prized  by  the  ancients, 
made  of  the  pickled  gills,  or  other  preparations,  of 
fishes. 
G  \S,   n.     [Sax.  gast,  G.  geist,  D.  geesty  spirit,  gkost, 
I'lie  primary  sense  of  air,  wind,  spirit,  is,  to  flow,  to 
ni~h.    Hence,  this  word  may  be  allied  to  Ir.  gaisim, 
1 1  flow  ;  gasaim,  to  shoot  forth,  to  gusfi,'  gast,  a  blast 
'  f  wind.    It  may  also  be  allied  to  yeasty  which  see.] 
In  chemiHry,  a  permanently  elastic,  aeriform  fluid, 
or  a  substance  reduced  to  the  state  of  an  aeriform 
fluid  by  its  permanent  combination  with  caloric. 

Gasf's  are  invisible  except  when  colored,  which 
hippens  in  a  few  instances. 
<;  A.S'eON,  7(.    A  native  of  Gascony,  in  France. 
GAS-GON-aDE',  71.     [Fr.,  from  Gascon,  an  inhabitant 
nf  Gascony,  the  people  of  which  are  noted  for  boast- 

A  boast  or  boasting;  a  vaunt ;  a  bravado  ;  a  brag- 
ging Swift. 

GA^-eON-ADE',  v.u  To  boast;  to  brag;  to  vaunt; 
to  bluster. 

GAS-eON-AD'ER,  n.    A  great  boaster. 

GAS'E-OUS,  a.  In  the  form  of  gas  or  an  aeriform 
fluid. 

GASH,  71.  [I  know  not  through  what  channel  we 
have  n.-ccived  this  word.  It  may  be  allied  to  chisel. 
See  Chiss  Gs,  No.  5,  G,  12,  28.] 

A  deep  and  long  cut ;  an  incision  of  considerable 
length,  particularly  in  flesh.  Miltxin. 

GASII,  r.  u  To  make  a  gash,  or  long,  deep  incision  ; 
ap;ilied  chiefly  to  incisions  in  tiesh. 

GA.SH'/lD,  (gasht,)  pp.  Cut  with  a  long,  deep  incision. 

GASH'r  iJL,  a.    Full  of  gashes  ;  liideous. 

GA?HL\G,  ppr.     Cutting  long,  deep  incisions. 

GAS'-UoLD-ER,  n.  A  vessel  for  containing  and  pre- 
serving gas  ;  a  gasometer.  Ure. 

GAS-I-FI-Ca'TION,  71.  [See  Gasify.]  The  act  or 
process  of  converting  into  gas. 

GAS'I-ri-£D,  pp.     Converted  into  an  aeriform  fluid. 

GA.'^'I-Flf,  V.  t.     [gas  and  L.  facto,  to  make.] 

To  convert  into  gas  or  an  aeriform  fluid,  by  combi- 
nation with  caloric. 

GAS'I-FY-ING,  pirr.    Converting  into  gas. 

GAS'KET,  71.     [Sp.  cazeta.     See  Case.] 

A  flat,  plaited  cord  fastened  to  the  sail-yard  of  a 
ship,  and  tised  to  furl  or  tie  the  sail  to  the  yard  ;  also, 
the  platted  hemp  used  for  packing  the  piston  of  the 
steam-engine  and  its  pumps.  Brande. 

GAS'KI.NS,  7(.p/.  Galligaskins  ;  wide,  open  hose.  [Sec 
GALLinA5KiN3.]  Sliak. 

GAS'-LIGHT,  C-lite,)  tu  Light  produced  by  the  com- 
bustion of  carbureted-hydrogen  gas.  Gas-lights  are 
now  substituted  for  oil-lighls,  in  illuminating  streets 
and  aiartmcnts  in  houses. 

GAS'.MK-TER,  n.  [gas  and  meter.]  A  machine  at- 
tachrtd  to  gas-works  and  to  gas-pipes,  to  show  the  ei- 
art  quantity  used.  Haldeman. 

GAS-OM'E-TER,  tu     [gas  and  Gr.  piTpov.] 

In  chemistry,  an  instrument  or  apparatus,  intended 
to  measure,  collect,  preserve,  or  mix,  dilferent  gases. 

Coze. 
An  instrument  for  measuring  the  quantity  of  gas 
employed  in  an  experiment;  also,  the  place  where 
gas  is  prepared  for  lighting  streets,     R.  .S.  Jameson. 


GAT 


GAU 


GAS-OM'E-TRY,  t(.  The  science,  art,  or  practice,  of 
measuring  gases.  It  teaches,  also,  the  nature  and 
properties  of  these  elastic  fluids.  Coze. 

GASP,  V.  i.  [Sw.  gispa,  Dan.  gisper,  to  gape,  to 
yawn.] 

1.  To  open  the  mouth  wide  in  catching  the  breath, 
or  in  laborious  respiration,  particularly  in  dying. 

Addison. 
9.  To  long  for.     [J^ot  in  use.] 
GASP,  V.  t.     To  emit  breath  by  opening  wide  the 
mouth. 

And  with  short  sgU  lie  gasps  av/ay  Ms  breath.  Dryden. 

GASP,  7j.  The  act  of  opening  the  mouth  to  catch  the 
breath. 

2.  The  short  catch  of  the  breath  in  the  agonies  of 
death.  Addison, 

GASP'£D,  (gaspt,)  pp.  of  Gasp. 

GASP'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Opening  the  mouth  wide  for 
catching  the  breath. 

GASP'ING,   71.    The  opening  of  the  mouth  to  catch 
breath. 
2.  Figuratively,  strong  aspiration  or  desire. 

GAS'SV,  a.  Full  of  gas  ;  hence,  inflated  ;  exhflarated. 
[Colloquial.] 

GAST,         \v,U    To  make  aghast ;  to  frighten.  [JVoi 

GAST'ER,  i      used,]  Shak. 

GAST'NESS,  71.    Amazement;  fright.    [J^otuscd.] 

Shah. 

GAS'TRIC,  a.  [from  Gr.  yas-iipj  the  belly  or  stom- 
ach.] 

ilelonging  to  the  belly,  or  rather  to  the  stomach. 
The  gastric  juice^  or  liquor,  is  a  thin,  pelhicfd  fluid, 
produced  by  a  peculiar  set  of  secretories  in  the  nm- 
cous  membrane  of  the  stomach.  It  is  one  of  the 
agents  in  digestion.  Tully. 

GAS-TRIL'0-aUIST,  n.  [Gr.  yas-np,  belly,  and  L. 
loquor,  to  speak.] 

Literally,  one  who  speaks  from  his  belly  or  stom- 
ach ;  hence,  one  who  so  modifies  his  voice  that  it 
seems  to  come  from  another  person  or  place.  Rcid. 

GAS-TRIL'O-GiUY,  n.  A  spealcing  that  appears  to 
proceed  from  the  belly. 

GAS-TRt'TIS,  n,  Chrenic  inflammation  of  the  stom- 
ach. 

GAS'TRO-CeLE,  n.     [Gr.  ja-f/P,  the  stomach,  and 
Kn^'i,  fi  tumor.] 
A  liernia  of  the  stomach. 

GAS-TROL'0-GY,  n.    A  treatise  on  the  stomach. 

GAS'TRO-MAN-CY,  n.  [Gr.  yarnp,  belly,  and  pav- 
Tcia^  divination.] 

1.  A  kind  of  divination,  among  the  ancients,  by 
means  of  words  seeming  to  be  uttered  from  the 
belly.  Brande. 

2.  Also,  a  species  of  divination  by  means  of  glasses 
or  other  round,  transparent  vessels,  in  the  center  of 
which  figures  appear  by  magic  art.  Brande. 

GAS'TRO-NoME,      (  7i.   One  who  loves  good  living; 

GAS-TRON'0-MER,  j      an  epicure. 

GAS-TRO-NOM'I€,  a.    Pertaining  to  gastronomv. 

GAS-TRON'O-MIST,  n.     One  who  likes  good  living. 

GAS-TRON'0-M  Y,  n.     [Gr.  j  urpwc] 
The  art  or  science  of  good  eating. 

GAS'TRO-POD,  n.  [Gr.  ya-i,o,  the  stomach,  and 
TTu^a,  feet.] 

An  animal  which  moves  by  a  fleshy  apparatus  un- 
der tlie  belly,  or  that  has  the  belly  and  foot  joined, 
as  in  tlie  slugs  Limax  or  naked  snails.  Bell, 

GAS-TROP'OD-OUS,  a.  Having  the  belly  and  foot 
joined. 

GAS-TROR'A-PHY,  n,  [Gr.  yaT']p->  belly,  and  ,'ff</.(a, 
a  sewing  or  suture.] 

The  operation  of  sewing  up  wounds  of  the  abdo- 
men. Quincy. 

GAS-TROT'O-MY,  7f.  [Gr.  yarrjo,  belly,  and  rf^^i  w, 
to  cut.] 

The  operation  of  cutting  into  or  opening  the  abdo- 
men. Encyc. 

GAS'-WORKS,  71.  pi.    A  place  wh::re  g;is  is  generated 

GAT,  ^ret.  of  Get.  [for  lighting  cities. 

GATE,  n.  [Sax.  gate,  gcat ;  Ir.  gcata  ;  Scot.  gait.  The 
Goth.  gatiDo,  Dan.  i^ade,  Sw.  gata,  G.  gassc.  Sans. 
gaut,  is  a  way  or  street.  In  D.  gat  is  a  gap  or 
channel.  If  the  radical  letters  are  Gd,  or  Gt,  it 
may  be  connected  with  gadj  to  go,  as  it  signifies 
a  iiassage.] 

1.  A  large  door  which  gives  entrance  into  a  walled 
city,  a  castle,  a  temple,  palace,  or  other  large  edifice. 
It  dillers  from  door  cJiiefly  in  being  larger.  Gate  sig- 
nifies both  the  opening  or  pjissage,  and  the  frame  of 
boards,  planks,  or  timber,  which  closes  the  passage. 

2,  A  frame  of  timber,  iron,  &.C.,  which  opens  or 
clones  a  passage  into  any  court,  garden,  or  other  in- 
closed ground  ;  also,  the  passage, 

3.  The  frame  which  shuts  or  stops  the  passage  of 
water  through  a  dam,  lock,  ice. 

4,  An  avenue;  an  opening  ;  a  way.        Knollcs. 
In  Scripture, ^/i'HrH^ii'c/j/,  power,  dominion.  "Thy 

seed  shall  possess  the  gafe  of  his  enemies  ; "  that  is, 
towns  and  fortresses.     Ocil  xxii. 

The  gat.es  of  hell,  are  the  power  and  dominion  of 
the  devil  and  his  instruments.    Matt.  xvi. 

The  gates  of  death,  are  the  brink  of  the  grave. 
Ps.  ix. 


GaT'ED,  a.     IIa\in?  gates.  Yountr. 

GaTE'LESS,  a.     Having  no  gate. 

GaTE'-VEIN,  (-vune,)'n.  The  vena  porUn,  a.  largo 
vein  which  conveys  the  blood  from  the  abdominal 
viscera  into  the  liver.  Bacon.     Hooper. 

GaTE'WaY,  7(.  A  way  through  the  gate  of  some  in- 
closure.  Mortimer. 

2.  A  structure  to  be  passed  at  the  entrance  of  the 
area  before  a  mansion.  Chalmers. 

GATH'ER,  v.  t.  [Sax.  gadcrian,  OT  gathenajt ;  D,  ga- 
deren.  I  know  not  whether  the  first  syllable  is  a 
prefix  or  not.  The  Ch.  -nj  signifies,  lo  inclose,  and 
to  gather  dates.  If  the  elements  arc  primarily  Gd, 
the  word  coincides  with  G.  gattcrn,  Ch.  liK,  to 
gather,  to  bind.] 

I.  To  bring  together ;  to  collect  a  number  of  sepa- 
rate things  into  one  place  or  into  one  aggregate  body.  ■ 

Oaihcr  slones ;  oud  they  look  otoiies,  anJ  moite  a  heap.  —  Gtn. 
xxxi. 

9.  To  get  in  harvest ;  to  reap  or  cut  and  bring  into 
barns  or  stores.    Levit.  xxv.  20. 

3.  To  pick  up  ;  to  glean ;  to  get  in  small  parcels 
and  bring  together. 

Gather  out  the  slonea.  —  Is.  Ixii. 

Hf  imist  gather  up  money  by  degrees.  Ltocke. 

A.  To  pluck  ;  to  collect  by  cropping,  picking,  or 
plucking. 

Do  men  gather  grapea  from  thorns,  or  fi ji  from  thistles  ?  —  Mati. 
vii. 

5.  To  assemble;  to  congregate  ;  to  bring  persons 
into  one  place.    Ezcfc.  xxii.  19. 

6.  To  collect  in  abundance;  to  accumulate;  to 
amass. 

I  gaUtered  me  also  »lver  aad  gold,  and  the  peculiar  trcajne  of 

kitig^.  —  E«lcs.  ii. 

7.  To  select  and  take ;  to  separate  from  others  and 
bring  logelher. 

Save  ua,  0  Lord  our  God.  and  gather  ua  from  among  the 
hcailien.  —  Ps,  cvi. 

8.  To  sweep  together. 

Tlie  kingdom  of  hL>;iven  is  like  a  net  thai  was  cnst  into  the  eea, 
aud  gaViered  of  every  kind.  —  Man,  xiii. 

9.  To  bring  into  one  body  or  interest. 

Yet  will  I  gallicr  others  to  Iiim.  —  Is.  Ivi. 

10.  To  draw  together  from  a  state  of  expansion  or 
diffusion ;  to  contract. 

GaOiering  liis  flowing  robe,  he  seemed  to  stand 

In  act  to  Kpciik,  and  graceful  stretched  liis  hand.  Pope. 

II.  To  gain. 

He  gaQicrs  giouud  upon  her  in  the  chose.  DnjiJen. 

12.  To  pucker  ;  to  plait. 

13.  To  deduce  by  inference  ;  to  collect  or  learn  by 
reasoning.  From  what  I  hear  I  gather  that  he  was 
present. 

Afl'^r  he  had  seen  the  vision,  immediately  wc  endeavored  to  go 
into  Macedonia,  assuredly  gal\ering  that  the  Lore!  had 
called  us  to  proach  iJie  gospel  to  them.  —  Acts  ivi. 

14.  To  coil,  as  a  serpent. 
To  gather  breaOt :  to  have  respite,    [Obs.]  Spenser, 

GATH'ER,  V.  i.  To  collect;  to  unite;  to  increase; 
to  be  condensed.    The  clouds  gather  in  the  west. 

2.  To  increase  ;  to  grow  larger  by  accretion  of  like 
matter. 

Their  snow-ball  did  not  gaOier  as  it  went.  Hacon. 

3.  To  assemble.    Tlie  people  gather  fast. 

4.  To  generate  pus  or  matter.    [Heo  Gathering.] 
GATH'ER,  71.    A  plait  or  fold  in  cloth,  made  by  draw- 
ing. 

GATH'ER-A-RLE,  a.  That  may  be  collected ;  that 
may  be  deduced.     [UnusaaL]  Oodwin, 

GATH'ER-£D,  pp.  ora.  Collected  ;  assembled;  con- 
tracted ;  plaited  ;  drawn  by  inference. 

GATH'ER-ER,  71.  One  who  gathers  or  collects ;  one 
who  gets  in  a  crop. 

GATH'ER-ING,  7V)r.  or  a.  Collecting;  assembling; 
drawing  togetlier ;  plaiting;  wrinkling. 

G.\TH'ER-ING,  n.  The  act  of  collecting  or  assem- 
bling. 

2.  Collection ;  a  crowd  ;  an  assembly. 

3.  Charitable  contribution.    1  Cor,  xvi. 

4.  A  tumor  suppurated  or  matmated  ;  a  collection 
of  pus  ;  an  abscess. 

GAT'TER-TREE,  7(.    A  species  of  Cornus  or  Corne- 
lian cherrv.  Fum.  of  Plants, 
GAT'-TOOTH-£D,  (-tootht,)  a.    Go;it-toothed  ;  hav- 
ing a  lickerish  tooth  ;  lustful.     [Obs.]         Chaucer. 
GAUD,  V.  i.     [L.  gaudco,  to  rejoice.] 

To  exult :  lo  rejoice.     [  Obs.]  Shak. 

GAUD,  n.     [L.  gaiidiiim.] 

An  ornament;  sometliing  worn  for  adorning  the 
person  ;  a  fine  thing.     [Oij.-.]  Shak. 

GAUD'ED,  a.  Adorned  with  trinkets  ;  colored.  [Obs.] 

Chancer.     S/iak, 
GAUD'ER-Y,  H.    Finery  ;  fine  things  ;  ornamc^'^ 

Bacon.     Dryden, 
GAUD'FIJL,  a.     Joyful ;  sliow\-. 
GAUD'I-LY,  adv.    Showily  ;  with  ostentation  of  fine 

dress.  Outhne. 

GAUD'I-NESS,  71.    Showiness  ;   tinsel  appearance  ; 

ostentatious  finery.  JVhittoek. 


TONE,  BIJLf.,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VT'CIOUS.  — C  as  K  ;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


GAV 


GAZ 


f;Al'l>'LH:?:^,o-     Dv-aUuto  of  orniunenL 
v;  M'ti'V,  ■     i'h^wy  i  spU-nJiil ;  U'»y- 

I  uw.  wiUi  gawijf  it*ia 

DiYltn. 

]v  fine  ;  gay  Iwyund  tlio  simplicity 
1  ui»tc. 

.  '.jif  pane  «ri  l-uy, 
1  in  Uncy  ;  rkh,  not  gaudy.  Sha*. 

UAUU'V,  «.  A  feasl  or  festival ;  a  word  in  the  unioer- 
*irt  f/  Otford.  Chnme. 

CAuK'FKR-IXC,  n.  A  nio«lo  of  plaitiof;  or  rliittiig 
CnlU,  &c.,  ill  which  the  plailti  aru  wider  than  usual. 
Kiicye.  of  Horn.  Eton. 

GXXJGY.,  (gij*',)  c.  t.  [.P'-  jou^"-,  »"  Ktipe  ;  j<i«j[r*,  a 
niraiuring-r"! ;  Arm.  wuju,  oriauchiy  to  patjf  ;;"•"'*> 
a  rod.  It  is  auppoaeu  by  J.  '1  honl.'^un,  that  um  is 
contracted  from  jaulije^  iroui  ^aute^  a  rod  ur  pole. 
Uul  oil.] 

1.  To  nicaiure  or  to  ascertain  the  contents  of  n 
calk  or  ve<!i«l,  ad  a  pipe,  puncheon,  hogshead,  bar- 
rel, tu-rctr,  or  ke-s. 

Q.  To  nifOiuro  in  rcspt'Ct  lo  proportion. 

TIm  vdcu  nkclf  gaugtd  un  each  iiil«.  Derham. 

GXUOE,  (fiije,)  n.  A  measure;  a  standard  of  mcas- 
uiw.  Mozon. 

2.  Measure;  dimensions.  Eurke. 
a.  Tlic  number  of  feel  which  a  ship  sinks  in  llie 

water. 

4.  .\mong  tfUer-ftiunders,  a  pieco  of  hard  wood  va- 
ricHtsly  notched,  u»ed  to  adjust  the  dimensions,  slopes, 
Ac,  of  the  various  sorts  of  letters. 

5.  An  instrument,  in  Juinenjy  made  to  strike  a  line 
parallel  to  ihu  titrai^'ht  sid»;  ul"  a  board. 

Rain-gau^'e ;  an  instrument  for  measuring  the 
quantity  of  water  which  falls  from  the  clouds  at 
any  given  place. 

Sfo-ganj^e ;  an  instrument  for  finding  the  depth  of 
the  iva. 

Slidimg-gaujre ;  a  tool  used  by  mnlhcmalical  instru- 
ment makers,  for  measuring  and  sotting  ofrdi.>!L-iMCcs. 
Tidt'ffause:   an  instrument  for  detcnnining  the 
hieht  iif  the  tides. 

tyiniii:au^e  :   an  instrument  for  measuring  the 
furce  of  ilie  wind  on  any  given  surface. 
[See  alMf  Hu:^.] 
GAuGK'A-BLK,  a.  That  may  be  gauged  or  measured, 
GAUCflD,  (gijd,)  pp.    Measured. 
G.inti'ER,  «.     Ont:  who  gauges;  an  officer  whose 

buainesM  is  to  ascertain  the  contents  of  casks. 
G.\UO'ING,  fpr.    iMensuring  a  cask  ;  ascertaining  di- 

men<iions  or  prottortions  uf  quantity. 
GAUCING,  n.    The  art  of  measuring  tlie  contents  or 

capantK^  u(  vessels  of  any  furni.  Ed.  Ena/e. 

GALG'ING-Itoi),  n.    An  instrument  to  be  used  in 

measuring  the  contents  of  casks  or  vessels. 
G.\UL,  n.     [L.  OaUia.] 

A  name  of  ancient  Fmncc  ;  also,  an  inhabitant  of 
O'Ul. 

G/Coh'isn,  a.    Pertaining  to  ancient  France  or  Gaul. 
GAUI*T,  B.    A  provincial  name,  in  the  east  of  Eng- 
land, for  a  series  of  licds  of  clay  and  marl,  the  geo- 
logical fMisition  of  whicli  is  between  the  upper  and 
low  Ktjrreen-sand.  Ltjcll. 

GXt'N'r,  (pint,)  a.  [The  origin  is  uncertain.  Uu. 
Sax.  fnff(ini«n,  tcu/iuui,  to  wane.  Iji  W.  a-man  is 
weak,  iwor.] 

Vacant;  hollo^v ;  empty,  as  an  animal  after  long 
fasting  i  hence,  lean;  meager;  thin  ;  slundur.  ShuJ:. 
GAUNT'LET,  n.     [Fr.  ganuUtj  from  gant^a.  glove; 
It.  jfuanto  ;  1).  vant ;  Dan.  and  Sw.  ra/i(e,  a  glove.] 

.\  largff,  iron  glove,  with  fingers  covered  with  small 
platen,  formerly  worn  by  cavaliers,  armed  at  all 
polntA. 

To  Otrtne  the  gauntlet,  is  to  challenge  ;  and 
'j\}^^  wp  (Av  gaunitrt^  is  to  accept  lliu  challenge. 
nxi.'NTM.ET-Kl),  a.    Wearing  a  gauntlet. 
'  ■  '  ^'   '.V,  (Binl'ly,)  aJr.    Leanly  ;  meagerly. 

■    [rfp.  ffiua;  Fr.  gaze;  Arm.  gazen.    Uu. 
',  or  ffoisipium,] 
»  >  .J  thin,  ihght,  transparent  stuff,  of  silk  or 
I       iincn.  Encijc. 

I  CAUZE'-l.OOM,  M.  A  loom  in  which  gauze  is  wove. 
'    » '  ■  '  >^'   -.    iji(c  gauxu  J  ijiin  as  gauze. 

■-  of  GlTE. 

-    In  /aiP,  tribute  ;  toll ;  custom.    [Sec  Ga- 


GA\'f,L,   n. 
jfjratt,  a  holi 


[Kr.  jaeWi*;  Port  garela,  a  ahcaf ;  W. 
if  ur  grasp.] 

'  ;-irccI  ol  wheat,  rye,  or  other  grain, 
reapers,  consisting  of  two,  three,  or 
JWio  England. 
_.  i.t  i- .„^<.>i,  a  provincial  word  fur  ;7Ti>u»u/. 

GAV'Er^,  for  GinLE,  or  GAnLE-E^n.  [Sf;e  Gaiile.I 
GAVELET,  n.  An  ancient  and  spcci.il  rMsaciV,  in 
V'^^,  m  England,  where  the  custom  of  gavelkind 
continues,  by  which  the  tenant,  if  lie  withdraws  his 
rent  and  st-rvicii  due  to  his  lord,  forfeits  his  lands 
and  tenement*.  Eneuc. 

•X  In  Lvn,!ait,  a  Writ  used  in  the  hustings,  given  to 
|or,i.,,rr.„,-,„  the  city.  Enajc, 

*'*^/  •    [Tins  word  gavrt  is  British.     In 

*■  '"^  a  hold,  a  grasp,  tenure;  gatad- 


cfHtt/i//,  the  hold  or  tenure  of  a  family^  (not  the  hind 
of  tenure;)  gavaclu,  to  hold,  gnisp,  arrest.  Ir.  gah~ 
had.,  gabhatHy  to  tako  ;  gabluiilcinc,  gavelkind.  In  Ir. 
^rabhut  is  a  fork,  (G.  galtcl,)  and  the  groin^  and  it  ex- 
presses the  collateral  branches  of  a  family  ;  but  the 
VVelsh  application  is  most  probably  the  true  one.] 

A  tenure,  in  England,  by  which  land  descended 
from  the  fatlier  to  all  his  sons  in  equal  portions,  and 
the  land  of  a  brother,  dying  without  issue,  descend- 
ed e(pially  to  his  brothers.  'J'liis  species  of  tenure 
prevailed  in  England  before  the  Xorman  conquest, 
in  many  parts  of  the  kingdom,  perhaps  in  the  whole 
realm  ;  but  parlicuhidy  in  Kent,  where  it  still  exists. 
Seldcn.     Cowel.     Jilaclcstoiie.     Cijc. 

GAV'E-LOCK,  n.    [tfax.]    An  iron  crow. 

GA'VI-AL,  n.  A  spcxies  of  crocodile,  having  a  long, 
slender  muzzle.  MantdL 

GAV'I-LAN,  71.  A  species  of  hawk  in  the  I'hilippine 
Isles  ;  tho  back  and  wings  yellow  ;  the  belly  white. 

G.AV'OT,  71.     [Fr.  gai'otte;  It.  gacottu.] 

A  kind  of  dance,  or  tune,  the  air  of  which  has 
two  brisk  and  lively  strains  in  common  time,  each 
of  which  is  played  twice  over.  The  first  has  usually 
four  or  eight  bars,  and  the  second  contains  eiglit, 
twelve,  or  more.  Eucijr.. 

G.WV'BY,  71.    A  dunce.     [JV*o(  in  use.] 

GAWK,  n.  [Sax.  gac,  gea<i,  a  cuckoo ;  G.  gauch,  a 
cuckoo,  and  a  foul,  an  unfledged  fop,  a  chough  ;  Scot. 
gaukic,  gaiikif,  a  fool;  D.  gel;;  Sw.  g'del;  a  fool,  a 
buffoon  "  Dan.  gick^  a  jest,  iijoke.  It  seems  that  this 
word  i^  radically  one  with  joke,  juggle,  which  see.] 

1.  A  cuckoo. 

2.  A  fool ;  a  simpleton.  [In  both  senses,  it  is  re- 
tained in  Scotland.] 

GAWK'Y,  a.  Foolish;  awkward;  clumsy;  clown- 
Ysh.  |;in  this  sense  it  is  retained  in  vulgar  use  in 
America,] 

[Is  not  this  allied  to  the  Fr.n-aiicAc,  left,  untoward, 
unhandy,  Eng.  awk,  awkwiu'd  ;  gauchir,  to  shrink 
hack  or  turn  aside,  to  use  shifts,  to  double,  to 
dodge.'  This  verb  well  expresses  the  actions  of  a 
jester  or  buffoon.] 

C.\AVK'Y,  71.  A  tall,  awkward,  ungainly,  or  stupid 
fellow. 

GAWN.  [Corrupted  fur  gallon.]  A  small  tub  or 
lading  vessel. 

GAW^''TItEE,  7(.  A  wooden  frame  on  which  beer- 
casks  are  set. 

GAY,  a.  [Ft.  gai;  Ann.  gac;  It.  gaio,  gay.  In  Sp. 
^(lya  is  a  stripe  of  different  colors  on  stuffs;  gaytn-o 
js  gaudy;  and  gayo  is  a  jay.  The  W.  has  "Tflyji 
gay,  gaudy,  brave.  This  is  a  contracted  word,  but 
whether  from  the  root  of  gaudy,  or  not,  is  not  ob- 
vious. In  some  of  its  applications,  it  seems  allied 
to  jay.] 

1.  Merry  ;  airy  ;  jovial  ;  sportive  ;  frolicsome.  It 
denotes  more  life  and  animation  than  cheerful. 

BeliQ'la  smiled,  and  ull  Uie  workl  \v;ii  gay.  Pope. 

2.  Fine  ;  showy  ;  as,  a  gay  dress. 

'3.  Iiiflained  oi  merry  with  liquor;  intoxicated ;  a 
vulgar  't(S''-  of  (he  word  in  Jimcrica. 
GAViTi.    An  oruament.    [J^ot  used.]      VEstrange. 
GaY'E-TY,  71.     [Fr.  gaiete;  Fr.  gaiczta.] 

1.  Merriment;  mirtli ;  airiness;  as,  a  company  full 
of  gaycty. 

2.  Act  of  juvenile  pleasure  ;  the  gayctics  of  youth. 

3.  Finery  ;  show  ;  as,  the  gaycty  of  dress. 
GaY'LY,  adv.     Merrily;  with  mirtli  and  frolic. 

2,  Finely;  splendidly;  puinpuusly  ;  as,  ladies  o-qt/- 
ly  dressed  ;  a  flower  gaiihi  blooming.  Pope. 

GaY'LY-GILD'EU,  a.    Gilded  with  showy  finery. 

GaY'NESS,  7i.    Gayety  ;  finery.  [Gray. 

GaY'SGME,  a.    Full  of  gayety.    [Little  used.] 

GaZE,  v.  i.  [Q,u.  Gr.  nya^nnai,  lo  be  astonished,  and 
Heh.  Ch.  Syr.  Sam.  n*n  chazaii,  to  see  or  look  ;  that 
is,  to  fix  the  eye  or  to  reach  with  the  eye.] 

To  fix  the  eyes  and  look  steadily  and  earnestly  ; 
to  look  with  eagerness  or  curiosity ;  as  m  admiration, 
astonishment,  or  in  study. 

A  lover's  vyci  will  qaze  an  eagle  bliml.  5?ial-. 

Yc  men  uf  GiJilee,  wliy  sUiml  ye  gazing  up  inlo  liciavcii?  — 
AcUi. 

GaZE,  V.  t.    To  View  with  fixed  attention. 

And  "-artfiZ  awhfle  llic  ainple  tky.  MUlon. 

fit  is  liiilc  used  as  a  transitive  verb.] 
GAZE,  7(.    A  fixed  look  ;  a  look  of  eagerness,  wonder, 
or  admiration  ;  a  continued  look  of  attention. 

Willi  Bcca-t  gaze. 
Or  opou  (ulniiralion,  him  beliolU.  Milton. 

2.  The  object  gazed  on ;  that  whicti  causes  one  lo 
gaze. 

Made  of  my  cnemioa  tlic  aconi  and  gaze.  I\hIlon. 

G.\ZE'FIJL,  a.  Looking  with  a  gaze ;  looking  in- 
tently.  Spenser. 

GaZE'HOUND,j!.  Abound  that  pursues  by  the  sight 
rather  than  by  the  scent.  Encyc,    Johnson. 

^'A'vS^'t'        I   "■       t^""*   ^*^=f^'«  '■    ^P*   £razcla  ;    Port. 
GA-ZELLE',  i      gazeUa;  from  the  Arabic.    The  verb 

under  which  this  word  is  placed,  ^^'  r  gazdla,  is 
rendered  to  remove,  withdraw,  retire,  or  be  separate.] 


GEL 

A  small,  swift,  elegantly-formed  species  of  ante- 
lope, celebratttd  for  the  luster  and  soft  expression  ol 
its  eyes.  lirande. 

GaZE'MENT,  ;i.     View.     [A'tit  iu  n^c]         Spcn.ier. 
GAZ'ER,  n.     t>ne  who  gazes  ;  one  who  looks  stL-adily 
and  intently,  from  delight,  admiration,  or  studj-. 

Pcpe. 
GA-ZET',  n.     [It.  gazzetta.]     A  Venetian  hahpenny. 

MlLS^IIIfrCr. 

GA-ZETTE',  (ga-/.ut',)  n.  [It.  mizctta  ;  Fr.  gazrtie. 
Gazzetta  is  said  to  have  been  a  Venetian  coin,  whic  li 
was  the  price  of  tlje  first  newspaper  ;  and  hence  llie 
name.] 

A  newspaper ;  a  sheet  or  half  sheet  of  paper  pub- 
lished periodically,  and  containing  an  account  of 
transactions  and  events  of  public  or  private  concrn, 
which  are  deemed  imjiortant  and  interesting.  The 
first  gazette  in  England  was  published  at  Oxford,  in 
1G65.  On  tjie  removal  of  the  court  to  London,  Uu- 
title  waschangetl  to  tho  London  Gazette.  Ii  is  tn.w 
the  ofiicial  newspaper,  and  published  on  Tuesdays 
and  Saturdays.  Encyc. 

GA-ZETTE',  (ga-zet',)  v.  t.  To  insert  in  a  gazette; 
to  announce  or  publish  in  a  gazette. 

GA-ZETT'El),  /);;.     Published  in  a  gazette. 

GAZ-ET-TEEH',  7i.  A  writer  of  news,  or  an  officer 
appointed  to  publi.-sh  news  by  authority.     Juhtson. 

2.  I'he  title  of  a  newspaper. 

3.  A  book  containing  a  brief  description  of  en)p)res, 
kingdoms,  also   of  cities,  towns,  and   rivers,   in   a 

*    country,  or  in  tlie  whole  world,  alphabetically  ar- 
ranged ;  a  bor»fc  of  topographical  ilescriptions. 
GaZ'IjNG,  ^;jr.  or  a.    [See  Gazi;.]    Looking  with  iixi^d 

attention. 
GAZ'ING-STOOK,  71.    A  person  gazed  at  with  scorn 
or  abhorrence  ;  an  object  of  curiosity  or  coiitcnqit. 

Bp.  JIult. 

GA-ZON',  (ga-/.oon',)  n.    [Fr.,  turf.]    In  fortijieation, 

pieces  of  turf  used  lo  line  parapets  and  the  faces  i.f 

works  raised  of  earth.  Brandc. 

GE.     [Sax.]     A  particle  often  prefixed  to  Saxon  verbs. 

GeAL,  u.  1.     [Fi.geler;  L.  gela.]  [Sec. 

To  congeal.     [Obs.] 
GEAR,  n.    [Sax.  gcarmian,  gyrian,  to  prepare  ;  gearw, 
prepared,  prompt ;  gcarioa,  habit,  clothing,  apparaUis ; 
G.  gar,  D.  guar,  dressed,  done,  ready  ;  perhaps  Svv. 
garfcn,  to  tan.] 

L  Apparatus;  whatever ia prepared  ;  hence, habit j 
dress ;  ornaments. 

Array  thyself  in  her  tnosl  gor^ous  gear.  Spetuer, 

2.  The  harness  or  furniture  of  beasts  of  draughlj 
tackle, 

3.  Tlie  same  as  Gearing,  which  see. 

4.  In  Scotland,  warlike  accoutcrments ;  also,  goods, 
riches.  Jainiesou. 

5.  Husincss  ;  matters.     [  Obs.]  Spenser. 
C.  By  seamen  pronounced  jtffi-^,  which  see. 

Gear,  v.  t.    To  dress  ;  to  put  on  gear;  to  harness. 

GeAR'£D,  pp.    Dressed  ;  harnessed, 

Gf.AR'ING,;)/»r.     Dressing;  harnessing. 

Gk.'VR'ING,  71.     Harness. 

2.  A  train  of  toothed  wlieels  fur  transmitting  nnv- 
litm  in  machinerv.  Jlebcrt. 

GeA'SON,  (ge'zii',)  71.  Rare;  uncommon;  wonder- 
ful.    [Obs.]  Spcascr. 

GeAT,  n.     [D.  gat      See  Gate.] 

Tlie  hole  Ihrough  wliicli  metal  runs  into  a  mold  in 
castings.  Moxon. 

GECK,  71.     [G.  geek ;  Sw.  gdck  ;  Dan.  gick.] 

A  duiie.     [Obs.]  Shak. 

GECK,  V.  t.    To  cheat,  trick,  or  gull.     [Obs.] 

GECK'O,  71.  A  name  common  to  a  family  of  saurian 
reptiles  ;  a  nocturnal  lizard.  Partington. 

GEE,  )   A  word  used    by  teamsters,  directing  their 

JEE,  j  teams  to  pass  further  to  the  right,  or  from 
tlie  driver,  when  on  the  near  side  ;  opposed  to  hoi  or 

GEESE,  71.  ;  jd.  of  Goose.  [A«w- 

GEEST,  71.  Alluvial  nmtler  on  llie  surface  of  land, 
not  of  recent  origin.  Jameson. 

GE-IIEN'NA,  71.  [Gr.  yccvi-a,  from  the  Ileb.  gc-htn- 
vom,  the  vallev  of  Hinnom,  in  which  was  Topbet, 
where  the  Isra'elites  sacrificed  their  cliildren  to  Mo- 
locii,  and  which  was  afterward  regarded  as  a  place 
of  abomination.    2  Kings  xxiii.  lO. 

This  word  has  been  used  by  the  Jews  as  equiva- 
lent to  hell,  place  of  fire  or  torment  after  death, 
and  the  Greek  word  is  rendered  by  our  translators 
by  hell  and  bell-Jirc.    Mat.  xviii.  9  :  xxiii.  15. 

GeH'LEN-ITE,  (gG'len-ite,)  n.  [from  Gchlm,  the 
chemist.] 

A  mineral  of  a  grayish  color  and  resinous  luster, 
found  chiefly  at  Ml.  Monzoni.  Its  primary  tonn  is  a 
risht  square  prism. 

Ok' IN,  71.  [Gr.  J  n,  earth.]  In  chemistry,  the  same  as 
Humus,  wliich  see. 

GEL'A-BLE,  a.     [from  L.  gchi,  frost,  or  gclo,  to  con- 

i'liat  may  or  can  be  congealed  ;  capable  of  being 
converted  into  jelly. 
GEL'A-TIN,  n.     [It.  and  Sp.  gelatina,  from  L-  gclo,  to 
congeal,  to  freeze.]  , 

A  concrete  animal  substance,  transparent,  anu 
soluble  slowly  in  cold  water,  but  rapidly  m  warm 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T.-MeTE,  PRgY  -PL\E,  lL\RtXE,  BIRD. -NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK. 


496 


GEM 

water.  Vv'jih  tannin,  a  yeliowisJi-whiie  precipitate 
is  tliruwn  down  from  a  solution  of  gelatin,  which 
forms  an  cl.iatic,  miliesive  mass,  not  nnlike  vegeta- 
ble eluten,  and  is  a  compound  of  tannin  and  gelatin. 

OEL'A-TIX.     See  GELiTixous.  [Parr. 

CE-LAT'I--\aTE,  v.  i.  To  be  converted  into  gelatin, 
or  into  a  substance  like  jelly. 

Lapis  lazuli,  if  calciiicd,  does  uol  effervjicc,  but  selaiitiaUs  with 
the  minenil  acids.  Kiruan. 

6E-LAT'I-NaTE,  V.  t.  To  convert  into  gelatin,  or 
into  a  substance  resembling  jellv. 

GE-LAT-I-XA'TIO.V,  K,  The  act  or  process  of  con- 
verting or  being  turned  into  gelatin,  or  into  a  sub- 
stance like  jelly.  Kincan. 

GE-LAT'I--\I^FORM,  a.    Having  the  form  of  gelatin. 
■Med.  and  Surer,  Joiini. 

GE-LAT'IN-lZE,  v.  i.    The  same  as  Gelatinatk. 

Flailing. 

CE-LAT-I-Xo'SA,  n.  pi  An  order  of  gelatinous  ani- 
mals. Cuvier. 

GE-L-AT'I-XOUS,  a.  Of  the  nature  and  consiatence 
of  gelatin  ;  resembling  jelly  ;  viscous  j  moderately 
stiff  and  cohesive. 

GELD,H.  [Sax.  gUJ;  Sw.  gdld ;  Dan.gield;  G.  and 
D.  geld.] 

Alooey  ;  tribute ;  compensation.  This  word  is 
obsolete  in  English,  but  it  occurs  in  old  laws  and 
law  books  in  composition  ;  as  in  Dancgeld,  or  Dane- 
gelt^  a  tax  imposed  by  the  Danes  j  IVcregdd,  com- 
pensation for  the  life  of  a  man,  &.c. 

GELD,  V.  t. :  pret.  Gelded  or  Gelt  j  pp.  Gelded  or 
Gelt.  [G.  geilen,  gelten  :  Sw.  g'dlhi;  Dun.  irilder, 
to  geld,  and^  to  cut  off  the  gdU  of  herrings;  Ir. 
caillim^  to  geld,  to  lose,  to  destroy.    Q,u.  W.  coUi^  to 

lose,  or  Etii.   iAl    gali,  to  cut  off.] 

1.  To  castrate  ;  to  emasculate. 

2.  To  deprive  of  any  essentia!  part.  Skak. 

3.  To  deprive  of  any  thing  immodest  or  exception- 
able. Drydcn. 

CPI  D'ED    ) 

GELT       '  [  ^^'    ^''^^ratt^*^  j  emasculated. 

GELD'ER,  n.    One  who  castrates. 

GELD'ER-Ro3E,  n.  [Uu.  from  Ouddcrland.]  A 
plant,  a  species  of  Viburnum,  bearing  large,  white 
balls  of  flowers ;  also  called  the  siiotcball-tree. 

GELD'IXG,  ppr.    Caslratina.  [P.  Cue. 

GELD'IXG,  ».    The  act  of  castrating. 

2.  A  castrated  animal,  but  chiefly  a  liorse. 

OEL'ID,  a.  [L.  gdidus,  from  gehj  to  freeze,  Fr.  gcler. 
See  Cool,  Cold.] 

Cold  ;  very  cold.  Thomson. 

GE-LID'1-TY,  V.     Extreme  cold. 

GEL'ID-LY,  ado.     Coldly. 

GEL'ID-r^ESS,  n.    Coldness. 

GEL'LY,  71.    [Fr.  gelee ;  Port,  gelm;  Sp.  jt^ea;  L. 

fehy  gelatus.  It  is  now  more  generally  written 
ELL?.] 

1.  The  inspissated  juice  of  fruit  boiled  with  sugar. 

2.  A  viscous  or  glutinous  substance  ;  a  gluey  sub- 
stance, soft,  but  cohesive.    [See  Jellt.] 

GELT,  p;).  of  Geld. 

GELT,  n.    A  castrated    animal ;    a    gelding.      [JV'oi 

used.] 
GELT,  for  Gilt.    Tinsel,  or  gilt  surface.     [Awt  used.] 
GE.M,  r..     [L.  gemma;  It.  id.;  Sp.  yema;  Port,  gomo  ; 

Ir.  geam;  G.  keim ;  T).  kiem.    The  sense  is  probablv 

a  shoot.    See  Class  Gm,  No.  5,  Ar.] 

1.  A  bud.  In  botany,  the  bud  or  compendium  of  a 
plant,  covered  with  scales  to  protect  the  rudiments 
from  the  cold  of  winter  and  other  injuries;  called 
the  hybernacle  or  winter  quarters  of  a  plant.     Encyc. 

2.  A  precious  stone  of  any  kind,  as  the  ruby, 
topaz,  emerald,  &c. 

<5E.M,  v.  t.    To  adorn  with  gems,  jewels,  or  precious 
stones. 
9.  To  bespangle;  .7S,  foliage  gemmed  with  dew- 

3.  To  embellish  with  detached  beauties.  [drops. 
England  is  studded  aud  gemmed  with  castles  and  palaces. 

Irving. 

6EM,  «.  I.    To  bud  ;  to  germinate.  Milton. 

GE-MX'RA,  77.     [Ch.  inJ,  to  finish.] 

The  second  part  of  the  Talmud,  or  the  commen- 
tary on  the  Mishna. 
GE-MAR're,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  Gemara.     Encyc. 
GEM'-EOSS-jED,  a.     Bossed  with  gems.  Jitherstone. 
GEM'EL,  71.     [L.  gemeUns.]      _ 

.\  pair  ;  a  term  in  heraldrv.  Drayton. 

OEM-EI^LIP'A-ROUS,  a.    [L.  gemellus  and  pario.] 
Producing  twins.  DicL 

EM'EL-RIXG,  71.    A  term  applied  to  rings  with  two 
or  more  links,  now  gimbal,  wliich  see. 
CEM'I-NATE,  V.  t.     [L.  gcmino.] 

To  double.     \Little  used.] 
GEM-I-Na'TIO.N,  71.    A  doubling;  duplication;  repe- 

''J'on-  ^_  Boyle. 

GF.M'(-Xi,  71.  p/.  [L.J  Twins.  In  o^frommiT/,  a  con- 
stellation or  sign  of  the  zodiac,  containing  the  two 
bright  stars  Caxtar  and  Pollui..  Encyc. 

OEM'I-NOUS.o.     [L.  gemijius.] 

Double  ;  in  pairs.  Brown. 

GEM'I-NV,  n.    [Supra.]    Twins  ;  a  pair  ;  a  couple. 

SUnk. 


GEN 


GEN 


OEM'.MA  RY,  a.     [from  gem.]     Pertaining  to  gem.t  or 

^jewels. 

GE.M'M.\TE,  a.     Having  buds  ;  reproducing  by  buds. 

GEM-Ma'TIOX,  n.     [L.  gemmatio^  from  gemma.] 

1.  In  botany^  budding ;  the  slate,  form,  or  construc- 
tion of  the  hud  oi  plants,  of  the  leaves,  stipules, 
petioles,  or  scales.  Martyn, 

9.  The  process  of  reproduction  by  buds. 

6EM'M£D,  pp.    Adorned  with  jewels  or  buds. 

GEiM'.ME-OUS,  a.     [L.  gc^nmeus.] 

Pertaining  to  gems ;  of  the  nature  of  gems  ;  re- 
sembling gems. 

GE.M-MIF'ER-OUS,  a.    Producing  buds, 

GEM'MI-XESS, //.     Spruceness  ;  smartness. 

GEM  MING,  }ypr.     Adorning  with  jewels  or  buds. 

GEM-MIP'A-ROUS,  a.  [L,  gcmmCy  a  bud,  and  pcrio. 
to  bear.] 

Producing  buds  ;  rcprodiicing  by  buds  on  the  body 
which  mature  and  f;ill  off  into  independent  animals, 
as  some  poljps.  Baim. 

GE.M-.MOS'l-TY,n.  Tiie  quality  of  being  a  gem  or 
jewel. 

GEM'MULE,  j(.    A  little  bud  or  gem.  Eaton. 

GEM-MU-LIF'ER-OCS,  a.     Roaring  gemmuies. 

GEM'iMY,  a.     Bright;  glittering;  full  of  gems. 

2.  Neat ;  spruce  ;  smart. 

GE-MoTE',  n.  [Sax.]  A  meeting.  [Obs.]  [See 
jIeet.] 

GE-MS'ROK,  K.  The  name  given  to  a  species  of  the 
antelope.  j,  Barrow. 

GEN-DARME',  Czhin-ddrm',)  n.  In  France,  one  of 
the  gensd'armes,  a  select  body  of  troops,  destined  to 
watch  over  the  interior  public  safely. 

OEN-DaR'MER-Y,  n.     [Supra.]     The  body  of  cen- 

_  d'armes.  Hume. 

GEN'DER,  71.  [Fr.  genre;  i^p.  genera ;  It.  generc; 
from  L.  genus,  Iroin  geno,  gigno,  Gr.  yewmo, )  ii/opai, 
to  beget,  or  to  be  born  ;  If.  geinim ;  W.  gent,  to  be 
born;  "-(Im,  a  birlli ;  cenaw,  offspring;  Gr.  ytvi^, 
yovos ;  Eng.  kind.  From  the  same  root,  Gr.  >  wn-,  a 
woman,  a  wife  ;  Sans,  trena,  a  wife,  jani,  a  woman, 
and  genaga,  a  father.  We  have  begin  from  tlie  same 
root.    See  Begin  and  Ca.v.] 

1.  Pro/7eWy,  kind  ;  sort.     [Obs.]  S!mk. 

2.  A  sex,  nuile  or  female.     Hence, 

3.  In  grammar,  a  difference  iti  words  to  express 
distinction  of  sex  ;  usually,  a  difference  of  teruiina- 
tion  in  nouns,  adjectives,  and  participles,  to  express 
the  distinction  of  male  and  female.  But  although 
this  was  the  original  design  of  different  terminations, 
yet,  in  the  progress  of  language,  other  words,  having 
no  relation  to  one  sex  or  the  other,  came  to  have 
genders  assigned  them  by  custom.  Words  express- 
ing males  are  said  to  be  of  the  masculine  gender  ; 
those  expressing  females,  of  the  feminine  iraidcr; 
and  in  some  lunguages,  words  expressing  things 
having  no  sex  arc  of  the  neuter  or  nciUier  <rendcr. 

GEN'DER,  v.  t.    To  begot,    liut  ExGE.-vDEn  is  more 

generally  used. 
GEN'DER,  V.  i.     To  copulate;  to  breed.     Leo.  xix. 
GEN-E-A-LOG'ie-AL,  a.     [from  genealogy.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  descent  of  persons  or  families  ; 
exhibiting  the  succession  of  families  from  a  pro- 
genitor ;  as,  a  genealogical  table. 

2.  According  to  the  descent  of  a  person  or  familv 
from  an  ancestor  ;  as,  rrcncalwrical  order. 

GEN-E-A-LOG'ie-AL-LY,  ai/y!    By  genealogv. 

GEN-E-AL'0-6IST,  71,  He  who  traces  descents  of 
persons  or  families. 

GEN-E-AL'0-GIZE,  v.  L  To  relate  the  historj'  of  de- 
scents. Trans,  of  Pansanias. 

GEN-E-AL'0-CY,  n.  [L.  gcnealogia ;  Gr.  yevviXoyia; 
VjEvof,  race,  and  Xoyoi-,  discourse  ;  Sax.  cyn,  gecynd; 
Eng.  kind.] 

I.  An  account  or  history  of  the  descent  of  a  per- 
son or  family  from  an  ancestor  ;  enumeration  of 
ancestors  and  their  children  in  the  natui-al  order 
of  succession. 

9.  Pedigree;  lineage;  reguUu-  descent  of  a  person 
or  family  from  a  progenitor. 

GEN'E'RA.    See  Genus. 

CEN'ER-.^-BLE,  a.  That  may  bo  engendered,  be- 
gotten, or  produced.  Bcntlcy. 

<jEN'ER-AL,  a.  [Fr.,  from  L.  generalis,  from  genus, 
a  kind.] 

1.  Properly^  relating  to  a  whole  genus  or  kind ; 
and  hence,  relating  to  a  whole  cbiss  or  order.  Thus 
we  speak  of  a.  general  law  of  the  animal  or  vegeta- 
ble economy.  This  w(ird,  though  from  gcnns,  kind, 
is  used  to  express  whatever  is  common  to  an  order, 
class,  kind,  sort,  or  species,  or  to  any  compmiy  or 
association  of  individuals. 

9.  Comprehending  many  species  or  individuals ; 
not  special  or  particular ;  as,  it  is  not  logical  to  draw 
a  general  inference  or  conclusion  from  a  particular 
fact. 

3.  Lax  in  signification ;  not  restrained  or  limited 
to  a  particular  import  ;  not  specific  i  as,  a  loose  and 
general  expression. 

4.  Public;  common;  relating  to  or  comprehending 
the  whole  community  ;  as,  the  general  interest  or 
safi.ty  of  a  nation. 

To  all  general  purpose*,  we  have  utiiformly  been  one  people. 
Ftderalisl,  Jay, 


5.  Common  to  many  or  the  greatest  number;  ae,  I 
a  general  oi):niun  ;  a  general  custom. 
(5.  Not  directed  to  a  single  object. 

If  Ui;  ».iin':  lliin^  Ic  peculiarly  evil,  dial  general  Brenion  wl'l  be 
turned  iiiiu  u  particular  hatred  a^aiiut  it.  SpratU 

7.  Having  a  relation  to  all ;  common  to  the  whole. 
Adam,  our  general  sire.  Milton. 

8.  In  liu),  to  plead  the  general  issue.,  is  to  deny  at 
once  the  whole  indictment  or  declaration,  without 
offering  any  special  matter  to  evade  it.        Bouricr. 

9.  Extensive,  though  not  universal  ;  coumton  : 
usual. 

This  word  is  prefixed  or  annexed  to  words  to  ex- 
press the  e.\tent  of  their  application.  Thus  a.  general 
assembly  is  an  assembly  of  a  whole  body,  in  "fact  or 
by  representation.  In  Scotland,  it  is  the  whole  church 
convened  by  its  representatives.  In  America,  a  legis- 
lature is  sometimes  called  a  general  assembly  or  gen- 
eral eourL 

In  logic,  a  general  tenn  is  a  term  which  is  the  sign 
of  a  general  idea. 

An  attorney-general,  and  a  solicUor-general,  is  an 
officer  who  conducts  suits  and  prosecutions  for  the 
king,  or  for  a  nation  or  slate,  and  whose  authority  is 
general  in  the  state  or  kingdom. 

A  vicar-gcneral  has  authurity  as  vicar  or  substitute 
over  a  whole  territory  or  jurisdiction. 

An  ailjutant- general  assists  the  general  cf  an  army, 
distributes  orders,  receive  returjis,  &lc. 

The  word  general,  thus  annexed  toa  name  of  office, 
denotes  chief  or  superior  ;  as,  a  commissary-general, 
quartermaster- general. 

hi  Vie  line,  a  general  officer  is  one  who  commands 
an  army,  a  division,  or  a  brigade. 
GEN'ER-AL,  n.    The  wlmle ;  the  total;  that  which 
comprehends  all  or  the  chief  part ;  opposed  to  par- 
ticular. 

In  particulars  our  kuowled^  begins,  snJ  so  spreads  ilKlf  I.t  dc- 

gri-cs  to  generais.  Lode. 

A  hiaiury  painter  painU  i:un  in  general.  Reynolds. 

2.  In  general;  in  the  main  ;  for  the  most  port  j  not 

always  or  universally. 

I  have  sliowii  ;li;vl  lie  eia-ls,  in  geixerai,  under  each  of  iJw; 
beads.  Aj3dUt>n. 

3.  The  chief  commander  of  an  army.  But,  to  dis- 
tinguish this  officer  from  other  generrils,  he  is  olteu 
called  general-in-ckief.  The  officer  second  in  rank  is 
called  lieutenant-general, 

4.  The  commander  of  a  division  cf  an  army  or 
militia,  usually  called  a  major-general, 

5.  Tlie  commander  of  a  brigade,  called  a  brigadier- 
general. 

6.  A  particular  beat  of  drum  or  march,  being  that 
which,  in  the  morning,  gives  notice  for  the  infantry 
to  be  in  readiness  to  march.  Encyc 

7.  Tiie  chief  of  an  order  cf  monks,  or  of  all  tlie 
houses  or  congregations  established  under  the  same 
rule.  Encyc. 

8.  The  public  ;  the  interest  of  the  whole  ;  the  vul- 
gar.    [J\rot  in  use.]  Sbal: 

6EN-ER-AL-IS'SI-M0,  71.  [It.]  The  chief  command- 
er of  an  army  or  militarj'  lorcc. 

9.  The  supreme  commander;  sometimes  a  title  of 
honor  ;  as,  Alexander,  generalissimo  of  Greece. 

Broten. 
GEN-ER-AL'I-TY,  n.     [Fr.  gcneralitc;  IL  generalitd.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  general ;  the  quality  of  in- 
cluding species  or  particulars.  Hooker. 

2.  Tlie  main  body;  the  bulk;  the  greatest  |>art; 
as,  the  generality  of  a  nation,  or  of  mankind. 

.Addison. 

GEN-ER-AL-I-Za'TION,  j:.  The  act  of  making  gen- 
eral ;  the  act  of  reducing  particulars  to  generals  or  to 
their  genrra. 

GEN'ER-.AL-IZE,  v.  t.  To  extend  from  particulars  or 
sjtecies  to  genera,  or  to  whole  kinds  or  classes ;  to 
make  general,  or  common  to  a  number;  as, to  gener- 
alize a  remark. 

2.  To  reduce  particulars  to  generals,  or  to  their  ge- 
nus. Bcid, 

Copernicus  gencmltzed  Uie  ct-lf^al  motions,  by  nwr**!?  RdVrrin? 
thcai  to  the  moon's  motion.  Ncwt&n  generalized  ibcm  stiil 
moi¥,  by  nfenin^  this  U&t  lo  tbs  mtrtiutk  of  3  stone  thmug'i 
the  air,  NttAaUon. 

GEX'ER-AL-tZ-£D,  pp.  E.xtended  to  generals;  re- 
duced to  a  genus. 

OEN'ER-AL^IZ-ING,  ppr.  Extcndhig  to  generals ; 
reducing  to  genera. 

GEN'ER-AL-LY,  adc.  Tn  general ;  commonly  ;  ex- 
tensively, though  not  universally  ;  most  frequently, 
but  not  without  exceptions.  .\  hot  summer  generaUy 
follows  a  cold  winter.  Men  are  generally  more  dis- 
posed to  censure  than  to  praise,  as  they  generally 
suppose  it  easier  to  depress  excellence  in  others 
than  to  equal  or  surpass  it  bv  elevating  themselves. 
2.  In  the  main  ;  without  deLiil ;  in  the  whole  tak- 
en together. 

Generalhj  ap?a);inj,  tliey  live  sery  quietly.  Aii^nn. 

6EN'ER-AL-NE?S,  n.  Wide  extent,  though  short  of 
universality;  frequencv  ;  commLUness.         Sidnry. 

OEN'ER-AL-SIIIP,  71.  "The  skill  and  conduct  of  a 
general  officer;  militarj-  skdl  in  a  commander,  cx- 


^CNE,  BJJLL,  IGNITE. -AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.-e  as  K ;  G  as  J  i  S  as  Z ;  CII  as  SH  j  Til  as  in  THIS. 


63 


4H7 


f-. 


GK.N 


GEN 


|ii*  I 


litMif.!  in  ih«  Jutlklou*  amui((ein«nU  of  troopi,  or 
■n  t4  war. 
I  V,  u.    Ttitf  wtiulv  ;  llio  totality.  Haie. 

:  .  m.      (I*  frieTtlHj.] 

■ '  <  Jt  ti  {;ciicniti»i  i  tl\e  power  or  prtnci- 
GlanrilU.     Hay. 
linf,  siirfiice,  or  «»Ii(l,  gcnerali'd, 
■  .^  ^iiicruli-d,  by  the  uiotiuiiura  point, 
.cc.  Barlov, 

!.,r.  (.    [L,  geaero.    See  Ge.hdeh.] 

, ,  ^.t;  to  procreate;  to  propapte ;  to  pro- 

ducr  a  b'liig  Kiitillitr  to  tliu  paft-nt.    Lvcry  aniinid 
gfuerulej  111*  i>W'n  sptiies. 

2.  Tu  priHiuc«? ;  to  caii^'  to  be  ;  to  bring  into  life  ; 
Wiprat  wUalci*  wliicli  tlie  walvm  generated.  Milton, 

3.  To  cauM  i  to  produce ;  to  furin. 

Hwtukk  <4K  gtimmmd  *  uera  Utrrv  U  no  idr  at  kU.  Bacon. 

Wkilrirr  ffnrratf^  a  •jiuuliiy  U  fwil  cUjrIo  tiltut  likcwuc  gen- 

Id  mujiicy  any  given  Bound  generates  with  itself  its 

«uvr  ;iihl   two  other  mninds  extremely  slKirp,  viz., 

i\»  irt.lrtli  above  or  tlie  octave  of  ild  liflh,  and  tJic 

•'  ■.  i  iilrriith  above.  Kncyc 

i.'.\  i:K-A-TK1»,  pp.      Ilegoiten  ;  engendered;  pn>- 

r    it  >l  ,  piodiii-ed  ;  funned. 
C,l.S  i:U  A  ri.\i;,p;ir.  oro.    Begetting;  procreating; 

|ir>>tlii(-ing  ;  fxniiing. 
OK\-KK  A'TiON,  It.    The  act  of  begetting;  procrea- 
tion, nit  of  aniinalii. 

i  HrtKluriioii ;  fummtloti ;  as,  tlic  generation  of 
•t>uail<i,  or  of  ciir\'i's  or  equations. 

3.  A  xincle  succe.-i^ion  in  natural  descent,  as  the 
childruu  of  the  tuinie  pareiUi; ;  hence,  an  age.  Thus 
we  Miy,  the  tliird,  the  fourth,  or  the  tenlli  gencrtUion. 
Gem.  IV.  1  a. 

4.  The  people  of  Uie  same  period,  or  living  at  the 
nnio  Uuic. 

0  Ulhira  Bitti  pcrrenc  gtrumtion  I  —  Luke  Iz. 

5.  Genealogy  ;  a  series  of  children  or  descendants 
from  the  ttame  «tock. 

TlM  )>  Ok  '»ok  i/  (be  gtntTQdona  of  AiLun.  —  Geo.  t. 

C  A  family  ;  a  race.  SkaJc. 

7.  I*n>);fny  ;  otTHphng.  Stiak. 

Cl'.N'BR-A-TIVR,  a.   Ilavinc  the  power  of  generating 

or  pmiKicnlnig  it-t  own  species.  Ralegh. 

2.  Having  the  power  of  producing.  BeuUey. 
X  Prolific  BeiiUetj. 

CF.N'KR-A-TOR,  n.  llcor  that  which  begets, causes, 
or  produces. 

•i.  In  mujir.ihe  principal  sound  or  sounds  by  which 
olhen  an-  pntluced.  Thus  Ihc  lowest  C  for  the  treble 
of  the  harpaichcrd,  besiib;s  its  octave,  will  strike  an 
attentive  ear  with  its  twelfth  above,  or  O  in  alt.,  and 
with  itt  gcveniefnlh  above,  or  E  in  all.  ilcnce  C  is 
railed  their  generator^  the  G  and  £  its  products  or 
hirmonics.  JCneijc. 

3.  A  v«93el  in  which  steam  is  generated.  Perkins, 
CF^NER'IC,  j  a.  [It.  and  Sp.  generiro;  Fr.  gene- 
OE-NEIt'lC-AL,  (      riifue;  from  L.  grniu.] 

Pertaining  to  a  genus  or  kind  ;  comprehending  the 
Kcnui,  a:i  distinct  from  species,  or  froni  aitotlier  ge- 
nus.   A  generic  description  is  a  description  of  a  ge- 
nus ;  a  generic  ditferenco  is  a  difterence  in   gtnus  ;  a 
•ftteric  name    i^  the  denomination  which  compre- 
hends all  thi-  spLcies,  .la  of  animals,  plants,  or  fos- 
»it4,  which  have  certain  essential  and  peculiar  char- 
arter*  in  coiunum.    Thus  Cani^i  is  the  irensrie  name 
uf  anim.iN  of  the  doj  kind  ;  l\tu,  of  the  cat  kind  ; 
C-rru.*,  of  lilt-  ilt-(.T  kind 
C.y  M.l;  It'-Al^LY,  ode.    Willi  regard  to  genus;  as, 
_'fnrricaUif  di.slinct  from  anullier,  or  two 
■ricaliu  allied.  Woodicard. 

•     VL-Nbas,  n.    The  quality  of  being  ge- 

OEN-EIt-OS'I-TY,  n.  [Fr.  generositi;  U  gcnerositas, 
from  f«i«,  race,  kind,  with  reference  to  birth,  blood, 
family. 1 

I.  riip  quality  of  being  generous ;  liberality  iu 
prmciikle ;  a  dnposition  to  give  hbcmlly  or  lo  be- 
rtow  f  IV-  r» ;  a  quality  of  the  heart  or  mind  opposed 
to  ni''.'mii'ioi  or  (larsiiiiony. 

fl:  Libf  rality  m  act ;  bounty. 

3.  Nobl-iie«of  soul;  magnanimity.     [This  is  Vie 
rtCTf^  ""*:"•  *"*  ^  "**"'  '''*^«  u.^ed.\ 
0E.\'ER-Ot"3,  a.    [L.  genervrus  ;  Ft.  genercux,  from 
geauj.  birth,  citmi  lion,  family.    See  Oe:<dem.] 

I.  Pnmarti^,  Ih  tng  of  honorable  birth  or  origin  ■ 
hence,  nt^ble  ;  honorable  ;  macnanimotH  ;  applied  to 
perMut;  ai,  n  gemerouj  f.M; ;  n  generous  critic. 

a.  Noble;  honorable;  apphtd  L,  Uimts ;  n<^  a  ffen- 
eroM*  Virtue  ;  gemerotu  tH.Idnei.s.  It  Unused,  aIsS,  to 
den.Hc  like  nualiticj  in  Irrational  animals ;  as  a  ^en- 
fWM  pack  of  hound*.  Jldducon. 

3.  Liberal;  bountiful;  munificent;  free  to  give  ■ 
h.%  a  grneroMS  friend  ;  a  generous  father.  ' 

•I.  SUong ;  full  of  spirit ;  as,  generotu  wine. 

,     „  ,,  -       .  Bayle.     Swi/t 

5.  Full;  overflowing;  abundant:  as,  a  generous 
cup ;  a  generous  table.  '       •       fc  *" 

^_^-  ^P"?''"y  ;  c'^irageoua  ;  tw,  a  generaa.^  steed. 

]L  tR-OLS-LY,  ai/r      Honorably  ;  not  meanly. 

T    ?!i*  i.  '"°8"^""'n'>"''l} .  Drfjden. 

3.  Ltben!ly  ;  niiinificenlly. 


CE.\'ER-0US-NES3,  n.    The  quality  of  being  gener- 
ous ;  magiianiinity  ;  nobleness  of  mind. 
a.  Liberality  ;  munificcnco  ;  generosity. 

GE.\'E-SIS,  H.  [Gr.  ycvcatSj  from  ytvvaujf  yii-opai. 
See  GcNota.] 

1.  The  act  of  produring. 

2.  The  first  book  of  the  sacred  Scriptures  of  the 
Old  Testament,  containing  the  history  of  the  crea- 
tion, of  the  apostasy  of  man,  of  the  deluge,  and  of 
the  first  patriarchs,  to  the  death  of  Joseph.  In  the 
original  Hebrew,  this  book  has  no  title;  the  present 
title  was  prefixed  to  it  by  tliose  wiio  translated  it  in- 
to Greek. 

3.  In  geometnj ^  tlic  formation  of  a  line,  plane,  or 
solid,  by  the  motion  of  a  point,  line,  or  surface. 

Barlow. 

GEN'ET,  n.  [Fr.]  A  small-sized,  well-proportioned, 
Spanish  horse.  Juhnson. 

2.  An  animal  allied  to  the  civet,  and  resembling 
the  polec:it  in  appearance. 

GENET',       (  H.    A  name  given  to  cal-skins,  when 

OE-NE'I"TE',  i  made  into  mulls  and  tippets,  ils  if 
tliev  were  skins  of  the  genet.  BootJi. 

6E-.\!n'H'Ll-Ae,  /I.     A  birthday  poem.         Brandc. 

GEN-ETII-Lr'Ae-AL,  >  tf.      [Gr.   jci'iCXfavot,   from 

OE  i\KT(l'M-.\e,  I       yiiyiiat,  to  be  born.] 

Pertaining  loiijilivitics,  as  calculated  by  astrologers  ; 
showing  llie  positions  of  the  stars  at  the  birth  of  any 
perst>n.     [Little  itscd.]  Ilmcdl. 

GE-j\KTIl'LI-AeS,  n.  The  science  of  calculating 
jiiilivities,  or  predicting  the  future  events  of  life 
from  tiie  stars  which  pre:>ide  at  the  birth  of  per- 
smis.     [Little  nscd.]  Johnson. 

GE-NETIl-LI-AT'ie,  v.  He  wlio  calculates  nativi- 
ties.    [Little,  iufe.d.']  Drummond. 

OE-NF.T'ie.  a.     [Gr.  j£i/£T(5.] 

iVrlaining  to  the  origin  ofa  thing,  or  its  mode  of 
production.  T.  D.  Woolsmj. 

GE-Nk'VA,  11.  [Fr.  grnevre^  or  genicire^  a  juniper- 
berry;  It.  gincpra;  Arm.  gcncora.  The  ;^panish 
word  is  ncbrina,  and  the  tree  is  called  cncbro^  Port. 
ziml>ro.] 

A  spirit  distilled  from  grain  or  malt,  with  the  ad- 
dition of  juniper-berries.  Hut  instead  of  these  ber- 
ries, the  spirit  is  often  flavored  with  the  oil  of  turpen- 
tine. The  word  is  usually  contracted,  and  pronounced 
gin.  Enafc. 

GE-Nr:'VA  BT'BLE,  n.  A  copy  of  the  Hiblc  in  Eng- 
lish, printed  at  Geneva,  fit>l  in  1  olIO.  This  copy  was 
in  common  use  in  England  till  the  version  made  by 
order  of  King  James  was  introduced,  and  it  was  laid 
aside  by  the  Calvinists  with  rchictance, 

6E-\i5'VAN,  a.     Pertaining  to  Geneva. 
2.  71.     An  inhabitant  of  Geneva. 

GE-Nk'VAN-I$M,  71.     [from   Geneva,  where  Calvin 
resided.] 
Calvinism.  Mountagu. 

OEN-E-VkSE',  r.  shi(r.  and  nl.    People  of  Geneva. 

GEX-E-VOIS',  (zhen-c-vwag  n.  pi.  People  of  Gene- 
va. Jiddisoiu 

Gii'NI-AL,  a,  [L.  gcnialis,  from  gcno,  gig^^o,  Gr.  }€v- 
rati),  v(i'o/ja(.J 

1.  Contributing  to  propagation  or  production  ;  that 
causes  to  produce. 

Cn?ator,  Vcuua,  genial  power  of  love.  Drydeu. 

2.  Gay  ;  merry.  Warton. 

3.  Enlivening;  contributing  to  life  and  cheerful- 
ness; supporting  life. 

So  much  I  feci  my  geiwU  spirits  drtiop.  Milton. 

4.  Native;  natural.     [J^otusual.'^  Brown. 
'J'hc  ffcniul  gods,  in  pagan  antiqntty^  were  supposed 

to  preside  over  generation,  as  earth,  air,  fire,  and 

water. 
dK  Nt-AL'I-Tr,  71.    Gayety;  cheerfulness. 
Gk'NI-AL-LY,   ado.    IJy  genius  or  nature ;  naturally. 

[Little  uml.]  Glanville. 

2.  Gayly  ;  cheerfully.  Johnso/i. 

Gk'M-AL-NESS,  71.    The  quality  of  being  genial. 
GE-NIC'II-L.\TE,  V.  t.    Tu  form  joints  or  knots. 

Cockeram. 
GE-NIC'tJ-LATE,      )  a.     [h.  geniculatus,  from  rrenic- 
GE-Nie'U-LA-TED,  J     ulam,  a  knot  or  joint,  from 

the  root  of  gcnuj  the  knee.    See  Kkek.1 
Kneed  ;  knee-jointed  ;  having  joints  like  the  knee 

a  little  bent ;  as,  a  gcnicxUalcd  stem  or  peduncle. 

Martyn. 
0E-.\ie'U-L.1-TING,  ppr.    Knotting;  jointing. 
GE-Nie-U-LA'TIOX,  n.      Kjiottiuess;    the  stale  of 

having  knots  or  joints  like  a  knee.  Juhnson. 

GE'NIE,  (je'ne,)  7i.    [Old   Fr.]     Disposition :  inclina- 

Uon  ;  turn  of  mind.     [Obsolete.] 
Gk'.\I-I,  h.  pi.     [L.]     A  sort  of  imaginary,  intennedi- 

ate  beings  between  men  and  angels  i  some  good  and 

some  bad.  £ncuc 

G£'M-0,  It.     [It.,  from  L.  genius.] 
-      ')  "\=^n  of  ^  particular  turn  of  mind.  Taller. 

GEN  I-TAL,  a.    [L,.  genitalis^  from  llie  root  of  gi^-no^ 

Gr.  }ivi'UM,tobrget.]  " 

M?>vi''S'"'"^  ^'^  generation  or  the  act  of  begetting. 
GL.\  l-TALS,  n.  pt.    The  parts  o(  an  animal  which 
^Sl^,.  .n.'i^'"*'"'''^'-  '""^truments  of  generation. 
Gh.N'l-TLNG,  n.     [Fr.  janct.on.^ 


[Fr.  jancton.] 
Aspecies  of  appU-  that  rip;;us  very  i^arly. 


>      iK,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  ^ 


GEN 

OEN'l-TlVE,  a.  or  n.  [L.  gmitivus,  from  the  root  of 
^e»f/cr.] 

In  grammaryO.  term  applied  to  a  case  in  the  declen- 
sion of  nouns,  expressing  primarily  the  tiling  from 
which  something  else  proceeds  ;  as,  JtUiu  patrb^  the 
soli  of  a  fatijer  ;  aqua  fontU,  the  water  of  a  fountain. 
But,  by  custom,  this  case  expresses  other  relations, 
particularly  possession  or  ownership;  us,  animi  mag- 
nitudo,  grealmss  of  mind,  greatness  possessed  by  or 
inherent  in  the  mind.  Tliis  case  often  expresses, 
also,  that  which  proceeds  from  something  else;  as, 
pater  septan  JUioruin,  the  father  of  seven  sons. 

(jEN'I-TOR,  n.    One  who  procreates;  a  sire  ;  a  father. 

Sheldon. 

C:EN'I-TIJRE,  71.    Generation;  procreation;  birth. 
_  Burton. 

Gk.N'IUS,  77.  f  pi.  Geniuses.  [L.,  from  the  root  of 
gigno,  Gr.  yeyraio,  lo  beget.] 

1.  The  peculiar  structure  of  mind  which  is  given 
by  nature  to  an  individual,  or  that  disposition  or  bent 
of  mimi  w  liieh  is  peculiar  to  every  man,  and  which 
qualities  him  for  a  particular  enipioyment;  a  partic- 
ular natural  taU:nl  or  aptitude  of  mind  for  a  particu- 
lar study  or  course  of  life  ;  as,  a  genius  for  liistory, 
for  poetry,  or  painting. 

2.  Strength  of  mind  ;  uncommon  powers  of  intel- 
lect ;  particulariy,  the  power  of  iiiveniiun.  In  lliis 
sense  we  say,  Homer  was  a  man  of  genius.    Hence, 

3.  A  man  endowed  with  uncommon  vj-for  of  mind  ; 
-  a  man  of  superior  iutelleclual  faculties.    Shakspeare 

was  a  rare  genius.  .Addison. 

4.  Mental  powers  or  facuUlus.     [See  No.  2.] 

5.  Nature  ;  disposilioiJi ;  peculiar  eliaracler  ;  as,  the 
genius  of  the  times. 

OE'J\ri-US,  n.  i  pi.  Genii.  [L.]  Among  the  ancients, 
a  good  or  evil  spirit,  or  demon,  supposed  to  preside 
over  a  man's  desliny  in  life;  that  is,  to  direct  his 
birth  and  actions,  and  bo  his  guard  and  guide ;  a  tu- 
telary deity  ;  tlie  ruling  and  protecting  power  of  nitn, 
places,  or  things.  This  seems  to  be  merely  a  person- 
ification or  deification  of  the  particular  structure  or 
bent  of  mind  which  a  man  receives  from  nature, 
\yhich  is  the  prunarv  signification  of  the  word. 

OE'^ri-US  LO'CIy  [L.]  The  presiding  divinity  ofa 
place  ;  and  hence,  the  pervading  spirit  of  a  jilace  or 
instilution,  as  of  a  college,  Sec. 

OEN-O-eSE',  n.  An  inhabitant,  or  the  people  of  Ge- 
noa, in  Italy. 

GENT,  a.    Elegant ;  pretty  ;  gentle.     [JVot  in  use.] 

Spenser. 

GEN-TEEL',  a.  [Fr.  geyitU;  It.  gentile;  Sp.  gcntd; 
L.  gentUiSy  from  gens,  race,  stock,  family,  and  wilh 
the  sense  of  noble  or  at  least  respectable  birth,  as  we 
use  birUi  and  family.] 

1.  Polite;  well-bred;  easy  and  graceful  in  man- 
ners or  behavior ;  having  the  manners  of  well-bred 
people  ;  as,  genteel  company  ;  genteel  guests. 

9.  Polite  ;  easy  and  graceful  ;  becoming  well-bred 
persons;  as,  o-c«(eeZ  manners  or  behavior;  a  gcntcrl 
address. 

3.  Graceful  in  mien  or  fornv;  elegant ;  as,  the  lady 
has  a  genteel  person. 

4.  Elegantly  dressed.  Law. 

5.  Decorous  ;  refined  ;  free  from  any  thing  low  or 
vulgar;  as,  5'e?i(cei  comedy.  Jiddison, 

GEN-TEEL'LY,  adv.  Politely  ;  gracefully  ;  elegant- 
ly ;  in  the  manner  of  well-bred  people. 

GE'N-TEEL'NESS,  71.  Gracefulness  of  manners  or 
person;  elegance;  politeness.  We  speak  of  the 
gcnteclness  of  a  person,  or  of  his  deportment. 

2.  Uualities  befitting  a  person  of  rank.   Johnson. 
GEN'TIAN,  (jen'slian,)  7i.  [L.  gcntiana;  Fr.  gcntiane, 

-o  - 

Ar.  UoA^D  kaiUa.] 

The  popular  name  of  a  genus  of  plants,  of  many 
species.  The  ofiicina!  gentian  is  a  native  of  the 
mountainous  parts  of  Germany.  The  root,  the  on- 
ly part  used,  has  a  yellowish-brown  color,  and  a  very 
bitter  taste,  and  is  used  as  an  ingredient  in  stomachic 
bitters.     It  is  sometimes  called  Pelwort.     Encyc. 

GEN-TIAN-EL'LA,  7j.    A  kind  of  blue  color. 

GEN'TIL,  n.     A  species  of  falcon  or  hawk. 

GEN'TILE,  71.  [L.  gentilis ;  Fr.  gniril;  Sp.  gentil; 
from  Ij.  gcnsj  nation,  race ;  applied  to  pagans.] 

In  the  Scripturesy  a  pagan  ;  a  W(trsJii|ier  of  false 
gods ;  any  person  not  a  Jew  or  a  Christian  ;  a  hea- 
then. The  Hebrews  included  in  the  term  goim,  or  na- 
tions, all  tlie  tribes  of  men  who  had  not  received  the 
true  faith,  and  were  not  circumcised.  The  riiristiaiis 
translated  goim  by  the  h.  gcntcsyimd  imitated  the 
Jews  in  giving  the  name  gentiles  lo  all  nations  who 
were  not  Jews  or  Christians.  In  civil  atfair^,  the  de- 
nomination was  given  to  all  nations  who  were  not 
Romans,  Enaje. 

GEN'TTLE,  a.    Pertaining  to  pagans  or  heathens. 
2.  In  gra.-mnary  denoting  one's  race  or  country  ;  as, 
a  gentile  noun. 

GEN-TI-LEriSF/,  71.    Complaisance.    [JVo(  in  use] 

Iludihras. 

GEN'TIL-IPH,  a.    Heathenish;  pagan.  Mdlon. 

GE\'TIL-lSM,7».  Heathenism;  pagtJiism  ;  l  he  wor- 
ship of  false  gods.  SttUingfieeU 


MkTE,  PltEY.-PTNE,  MARINE,  BTKD.-NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQOIC. 


GEN 

GEX-TI-LI"TIAL,  CJen-tc-Hsh'al,)      )  a.     [L.  ^enti- 
OEN-Ti  !.I"'noUS,  (jen-ie-lish'usj)  \      titiusy   from 
fftns.] 

1.  rcculinr  to  a  people  ;  national.  Brotcm. 
*3.  Iferediiary  J  entailed  on  n  familv.    J^rbuthnot. 

CE-VTIL'I-TV,  H.  [Fr.  trcnUlitc,  heathenism.  So  in 
Sp.  aiul  IL,  from  tlie  Latin  j  but  we  take  the  sense 
from  urnteel.^ 

\.  Politeness  of  manners ;  easy,  graceful  behavior  ; 
the  manners  of  well-bred  people';  genteelness. 

2.  Good  e.xlraction  ;  dignity  of  birth.       Edward. 

3.  Gnicefulness  of  mien.  Shah. 

4.  Geiur}'.     [JV^uf  in  use.^  Davies. 

5.  Pag;inism  ;  heathenism.  [.Vo(  («  it^c]  Hooker. 
GEN'Td^rZE,  V.  i.  To  live  like  a  heathen.  MiUun. 
GEN'TLE,a.    [See  Genteel.]    Well-horn  ;  of  a  good 

family  or  respL*ctabIe  birth,  though  not  noble  ;  as,  the 
studies  of  noble  and  gentic  youth  j  gentle  blood.  [  Obs.] 
JililtoH.     Pope. 

2.  JliUl ;  meek ;  soft ;  bland  ;  not  rough,  harsh,  or 
severe  ;  as,  a  gende  nature,  temper,  or  disposition  ;  a 
gentle  mnnuer;  a  i^-entle  address;  a  Tentle  voice.  1 
The^s.  ii.    2  Tim.  ii. 

3.  Tame ;  peaceable ;  not  wild,  turbulent,  or  refrac- 
tory ;  nsy  a  gentle  horse  or  beast. 

4.  Soothing  ;  pacific.  Danes. 

5.  Treating  with  mildness ;  not  violent. 

A  genCe  haad  may  lead  the  cleplioDt  witli  a  ioJi. 

Persian  Rosary. 

GEN'TLE,  n.    A  gentleman.     [Obs.]  Siak. 

2.  A  name  sometimes  given  to  tlie  maggots  or 
larvte  of  the  flesh-fly,  and  of  some  other  flies. 

Brande. 

GEN'TLE,  V.  t.  To  make  genteel;  to  raise  from  the 
vulgar.     [ph3.]  Ska):. 

GE\'TLE-FoLK,C-tl-ioke,)  rt.  [sentU^ndfolk.]  Per- 
sons of  good  breeding  and  family.  It  is  now  used 
only  in  the  plural,  ireuUeJulkSy  and  this  use  Is  vulgar. 

GEX'TLE-HKAKT'ED,  a.  Having  a  kind  or  gentle 
disposition. 

GE.\'TLE-MAN,  71.  [getUlc,  that  is,  geittesl,  and  ma7i. 
So  hi  Vr. geHtUhommejlt.  gentiluomo^  Sp.  gcnt'dhombre. 
See  Genteel.] 

1.  In  lis  most  extensive  sense^  in  Great  Brita'm, 
every  man  above  the  rank  of  yeoman,  comprehend- 
ing noblemen.  In  a  more  limited  setise^  a  man  who,  , 
without  a  title,  bears  a  coat  of  arms,  or  whose  ances- 
tors have  been  freemen.  In  iliis  sense,  gentiemen 
hold  a  middle  rank  between  the  nobility  and  yeo- 
man rj-. 

2.  In  t/ie  United  States,  where  titles  and  distinc- 
tions of  rank  do  not  exist,  the  term  is  applied  to  men 
of  education  and  of  good  breeding,  of  every  occupa- 
tion. Indeed,  this  is  also  the  popular  practice  in 
Great  Britain.     Hence, 

3.  A  man  of  good  breeding,  politeness,  and  civil 
manners,  as  distinguished  from  the  vulgar  and 
clownish. 

A  plowman  on  bU  le^  is  higher  ihan  a  geiUUman  on  his  knee-a. 

frarJclin. 

4.  A  term  of  complaisance.  In  t/ie  plural^  the  ap- 
pellation by  which  men  arc  addressed  in  popuhir 
assemblies,  whatever  may  be  their  condition  or 
character. 

5.  In  Great  Britain,  the  servant  of  a  man  of  rank, 
who  attends  his  person.  Also,  a  prefix  to  his  official 
title  ;  as,  gentleman  usher^  one  who  walks  before  his 
master  and  introduces  strangers  into  his  presence ;  gen- 
tleman  server,  one  who  serves  up  the  feast.   Camdcit. 

eEX'TLE-MA\-eOM'MO.\-ER,     n.      The    highest 

class  of  commoners  at  Oxford  University. 
GEN'TLE-iMAN-PEN'SION-ERS,  ».  pi.     In  Enfrlaml, 

a  hand  of  forty  gentlemen,  whose  oflke  it  is  to  attend 

tlie  king  to  a:id  from  the  royal  chapc-I.      Buchanan. 
GEN'TLE-MA\-hTKE,  )   a.     Pertaining  to  or  beconi- 
GcN'TLE-MAN-LY,       \       inga  geniIenian,or  aman 

of  good  family  and  breeding  ;  polite  ;  complaisant ; 

as,  gentlcmnidsj  manuf^rs. 
2.  Like  a  man  of  birth  and  good  breeding;  as,  a 

gentlemanly  officer. 
GEN'TLE-M  AM-LI-.\ESS, «.    Behavior  of  a  well-bred 
^nian-  Shcrt.iaod. 

GEN'TLE-.\f  AX-SHIP,  n.     Quality  of  a  gentleman. 
GE.\'TLE-A'E3S,n.    [See  Gentle.]    Dignity  of  birth. 

[LitUc  u^ed.]  J         =      J 

2.  Genteel  behavior.     [Obs.] 

3.  Softness  of  manners  ;  miidntss  of  temper  ; 
sweetness  of  disjiusltion ;  meekness. 

The  fniit  of  ih/-  Spirit  is  luve,  joy,  pc?-«,  lons-iutii-ring,  geiiHe- 
negt,  gnt^invta,  f.iitli.  — G^tt.  v. 

4.  Kindness;  benevolence.    [Obs.]  Slusk. 

5.  Tenderness;  mild  treatment. 
GEN'TI,K.S1HP,  n.    The  dciwrtment  of  a  gentleman. 

[O^'i;!  .dscham. 

Oh.N  TI.E-VV6M-AN,  n.  [^entls  and  icoman.]  A 
woman  of  good  family  or  of  good  breeding  ;  a 
Woman  ahovL-  the  vulgar. 

a.  A  woman  who  waits  about  the  person  of  one  of 
hiCh  rank. 
•i-  A  term  of  civility  to  a  female,  sometimes  ironi- 

/.«v".,  nrijden. 

GE.\'ILE-VV6.\I-AN-UKE,  a.  Decoming  a  gentle- 
woman. 


GEO 


GEO 


OiEN'TLY,  ado.  Softly  ;  meekly  ;  mildly;  with  ten- 
derness. 

My  miitros3  gently  cliivlca  Uio  f.uilt  I  inaiU:-.  DrytJ£n. 

9.  Without  vii;lenrc,  roughness,  or  asperity.  .S/iuI;. 
6EN-T00',  11.     [Port,  gentio,  a  gentile.] 

A  native  of  India  or  Ilindoo^^tan  ;  one  who  follows 
the  religion  of  the  Bramin.^.     [jYot  used  in  India.] 

6EN'TRY,  71.    Birth  ;  condition  ;  rank  by  birth.  *^' 

Shak. 

2.  People  of  education  and  good  breeding.  In 
Great  Britain,  the  classes  of  people  between  tlie 
nobility  and  the  vulgar. 

3.  A  term  of  civility  ;  civihty  ;  complaisance. 
[Obs.] 

GE-NtJ-FLEC'TIOX,  n.  [t..  genu,  the  knee,  and 
Jlectio,  a  bending.] 

The  act  of  bending  the  knee,  particularly  in  wor- 
ship.  Stillingjleet. 

GEN'U-INE,  a.  [L.  genuinus,  from  genus,  or  its  root. 
See  Gender.] 

Native  ;  belonging  to  the  original  stock  ;  hence, 
real ;  natural ;  true  ;  pure  ;  not  spurious,  false,  or 
adulterated.  Tiie  Gaels  are  supposed  to  be  genuine 
descendants  of  the  Celts.  Vices  and  crimes  lire  the 
genuine  eflects  of  depravity,  as  virtsie  and  piety  are 
the  genuine  fruits  of  holiness.  It  is  supposed  we 
have  the  genuine  text  of  ilomer. 

GE.\'U-IXE-LY,  adv.  Without  adulteration  orforeign 
admixture  ;  nnturally.  Boyle. 

OEX'q-INE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  native,  or 
of  the  true  original  j  hence,  freedom  from  ariultera- 
lion  or  foreign  admixture;  freedom  from  anything 
false  or  counterfeit ;  purity  ;  reality  ;  as,  the  ^/-jHi- 
iiieness  of  Livy's  History  ;  the  genuineness  of  fafth  or 
repentance. 

[Bishop  Watson,  in  his  Apologj-  for  the  Bible,  con- 
siders antlienticity  and  genuineness  to  be  quite  dis- 
tinct, the  former  referring  to  tiie  correctness  of  llie 
facts  detailed,  and  the  latter  to  the  authorship  of  the 
book  ctmtaming  them ;  whUe,  on  tlie  other  liand,  they 
are  used  by  Bishop  Marsh  as  synonymous. — E.  H.  B.] 

6E'NUS,n. ;  p/.  Gen'era.  (It'would  be  desirable  to 
anglicize  the  plural  into  genuses.)  [L.  genus,  Gr, 
yzuo^,  It.  gein,  offspring,  race,  or  family,  Sans,  jana; 
hence,  kind,  sort.    See  Gemder.] 

1.  In  logic,  that  which  has  several  species  under 
it ;  a  class  of  a  greater  extent  than  species  ;  a  uni- 
versal which  is  predicable  of  several  things  of  dif- 
ferent species.  Cy^. 

2.  In  natural  history,  an  assemblage  of  species  pos- 
sessing certain  characters  in  common,  by  which  they 
are  distinguished  from  all  otiiers.  It  is  subordinate 
to  cUtss  and  order,  and  in  some  arrangements,  to 
tribe  and  family.  A  single  species,  possessing  cer- 
tain peculiar  characters,  which  belong  to  no  other 
species,  may  also  constitute  a  genus ;  as  the  camel- 
opard  and  the  flamingo. 

3.  In  botany,  a  genus  consists  of  such  a  group  or 
assemblage  of  species  as  asree  both  structurally  and 
pliysinli)gicaily,as  respects  the  organs  of  fructilication, 
reproduction,  or  perpetuation,  and  at  the  same  time 
iiave  a  genera!  resemlilance  in  habit. 

GE-0-CEN'TRie,         )  a.     [Gr.  j  ?j,  earth,  and  Kif- 

GE-0-CEX'TR!t;-AL,  \       rpov,  center.] 

A  term  denoting  the  position  of  a  celestial  object  as 
seen  from  the  earth,  in  contradistinction  to  heliocrn- 
tric,  as  seen  from  the  sun.  Olmsted. 

GF>-Oe'RO-NtTE,  n.     [Gr.   j  r;,  earth,  and   lipoi'o;, 
Saturn,  the  aichemistic  name  of  lead.] 
A  lead  gray  ore  of  antimony  and  lead.        Dana. 

Oe'OOE,  71.  [Gr.  yauodi}?,  earthy,  from  yaia  or  yri, 
earth.     Plin.  gasodes,  lib.  3t>,  19.] 

In  mineralogy,  a  rounded  nodule  of  stone,  contain- 
ing a  small  cavity,  usually  lined  with  crystals,  though 
sometimes  with  other  matter.  Tlie  cavity  is  also 
called  a  geode.  Qeodcs  frequently  consist  of  agate, 
chalcedony,  and  various  zeolites.  i?a?ia. 

GE-0-I>ES'ie-AL,  r*    Geodetic.  Stdgtmck. 

GE-OD'El-SY,  n.  [Gr.  ycoj^aioia  ;  yrj,  the  earth,  and 
(!.ufu,  to  divide.] 

That  part  of  practical  geometry  which  has  for  its 
object  tile  determination  of  the  magnitude  and  figure 
either  of  the  whole  earth  or  of  any  given  portion  of 
its  surface.  Brande. 

GE-0-DET'ie,         I  a.    Pertaining  to  geodesy  or  its 

GE-0-DErae-AL,  (       measurements. 

CE-O-I)IF'ER-0US,  a.  [geode  and  L.fcro.]  I'roduc- 
in;^  geodes. 

Gi^:'<iG-NOST,  n.  [See  Geognosv.]  One  versed  in 
gei>euo>v  ;  a  geologist. 

GE-OG-NuST'ie,         I  a.      Pertaining  to  a  knowl- 

GE-OG-XOST'(e-AL,  (  edge  of  the  structure  of  the 
earth  ;  geological. 

GE-OG'NO-SY,  ?i.  [Gr.  )»;,  the  earth,  and  jKWfftj, 
knowledge.] 

That  part  of  natural  history  which  treats  of  the 
structure  of  the  earth.  It  is  the  science  of  the  sub- 
stancis  which  compose  the  earth  or  its  crust,  their 
structure,  position,  relative  situation,  and  properties. 

Cleav  eland. 
[This  word  originated  among  the  German  mineral- 
ogiiits,  and  is  synonymous  with  Geology.]  I 


GE-O-GOX'ie,  a.     Pertaining  to  geogony,  or  the  for- 

.•^^''^\'^?r.'i}}r-  '=""'■•  Humboldt. 

Gii^OG'O  NY,  71.  [Gr.  )/?,  the  earth,  and  ;e,im  ecii- 
eralton.J  /      '>  b 

'J*he  doctrine  «f  the  fonnation  of  the  cartli. 

GE-OG'RA-PIIER,  77.  [.See  Gkoorapht.]  One  who 
describes  that  part  of  this  globe  or  earth,  which  is 
exJnbiteti  upon  the  surface:,  as  the  continents,  isles, 
oceans,  seas,  lakes,  rivers,  mountains,  countries,  &.c. 
One  who  is  versed  in  geography,  or  one  who  com- 
piles a  treatise  on  the  subject. 

^P'?  So  i^SS;;^'        \  "•    R'l-'-iiio  or  containing 
GJ:.-U-GKAPH'ie-.\L,  (       a  description  of  the  terra- 

queous  globe  ;  pertaining  (o  geography. 

GE-0  GRAPHie-AL-LY,  adv.  In  a  geographical 
manner;  according  to  the  usual  practice  of  describ- 
ing the  surface  of  the  earth. 

GE-OG'RA-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  j ,;,  the  earth,  and  ypwln, 
description.] 

1.  Properhj^  a  description  of  the  earth  or  terrestrial 
globe,  particularly  of  the  divisions  of  its  surface, 
natural  and  artificial,  and  of  the  position  of  the  sev- 
eral countries,  kingdoms,  states,  cities,  etc.  As  a 
science,  geography  includes  the  doctrine  or  knowl- 
edge of  the  astronomical  circles  or  divisions  of  the 
sphere,  by  wliich  the  relative  iiosiiion  of  places  on  the 
gloiie  may  be  ascertained  ;  and  usually  treatises  of 
geography  contain  some  account  of  the  iuhabiuints 
of  the  earth,  of  their  government,  manners,  &:c., 
and  an  account  of  the  principal  animiUs,  plants,  and 
minerals. 
9.  A  book  containing  a  description  of  the  earth. 

GE-0-LOG'ie-AL,  a.  [See  Geolocv.I  Pertaining 
to  geology ;  relating  to  the  science  of  the  earth  or 
terraqueous  globe. 

GE-OL'0-GIST,    \  71.    One  versed  in  the  science  of 

GE-0-Ln'Gl-AX,  \       geology. 

GE'OL.'0-GiZE,  c.  i.  To  study  geology;  to  make  ge- 
ological investigations. 

GE-OL'O-GY,  71.  [Gr.  ;  v„  Uie  earth,  and  \oyos,  dis- 
course.] 

The  science  which  treats  of  the  structure  and 
mineral  constitution  of  the  globe,  and  the  causes  of 
its  physical  features.  Dana. 

The  science  of  Ihe  compound  miuenils  or  aggre- 
gate substances  which  compose  the  earth,  the  re- 
lations which  the  several  constituent  masses  bear  to 
each  other,  tlieir  formation,  structure,  position,  and 
direction.  CleacdamL 

GE'0-MAN-CER,  77.  [See  Geomaxcy.]  One  who 
foretells  or  divines,  by  means  of  lines,  figures,  or 
points,  on  the  ground  or  on  paper.  Encnc. 

6e'0-MAN-CY,  ?i.  [Gr.  J';,  the  earth,  and  fiar-ti.j, 
divination.] 

A  kind  of  divination  by  means  of  figures  or  lines,, 
formed  by  little  dots  or  points,  originally  on  the 
earth,  and  afterwards  on  paper.  Encnc. 

GE-0-.MAN'Tie,  a.    Pertaining  to  geoniancv. 

GE-OM'E-TER,  «.    [Gt.  yioijicrpm.   See  Ge'ometry.] 
One  skilled  in   geometry.    '[See  Geomethiciax, 
which  is  generally  used.]  H'otts. 

GE-O.M'E-TKAL,  a.    Pertaining  to  geometry. 

GE-O-MET'Rie,  )  r^  -i 

GE-O-MET'Rie-AL,  \    "'     t«r-  }  £w/i£r,oi«oj.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  gecuiielr}'. 

2.  According  to  the  rules'or  principles  of  geometry  ; 
done  by  geometry. 

3.  Disposed  according  to  geonietrj'. 

Geometrical  ratio,  is  Uiat  relation  between  quanti- 
ties which  is  exiiresscd  by  the  quotient  of  the  one 
divided  by  the  other. 

Geometrical  proportion,  id  an  eqnalitv  of  geometri- 
cal ratios. 

Quantities  are  in  geometrical  progression,  when 
they  increase  by  a  common  multiplier,  or  decrease 
bv  a  comriuin  divisor.  J.  Dai). 

GE-0-MET'Kie-AL-LY,  ado.  According  to  the  rules 
or  laws  of  geimieln'. 

GE-OM-E-TRr'CIAN,  (-trish'an,)  n.  One  skilled  in 
geouKtrv  ;  a  geometer.  Wattt. 

GE-O-M'E-TRIZE,  v.  t.  To  act  according  to  the  laws 
of  geometry  ;  to  perfonr.  geometrically.         Boyle. 

GE-OM'E-TRY,  n.  [Gr.  jcw/icrpta;  j i;,  the  earth, 
and  ptTo  ■!',  measure.] 

Origiuallij  and  properly,  the  art  of  measuring  the 
earth,  or  aiLy  distances  or  dimensions  on  it.  But 
geometry  now  denotes  the  science  of  magnitude  in 
general,  the  mensuration  of  lines,  surfaces,  solids, 
with  their  various  relations.  Bailev.     Enctir. 

GE-O-PON'ie,         >  a,     [Gr.  j  ri,the  earth,anJ  -o:Jf, 

CE  O-FOX'ie-AE,  i       labDr.] 

Pertaining  to  tillage  of  the  earth,  or  agriculture. 

GE-0-PO.\'ie.'^,  n.  The  art  or  science  of  cultivating 
the  earth.  Erelyn. 

GE-O-RA'JIA,  71.  [Gr.  >,-j,  tlie  earth,  and  b^apa, 
view.] 

An  mstrumcnt  or  machine  which  cvliibits  a  very 
complete  view  of  the  earth,  invented  in  Paris.  It  is 
a  hollow  sphere  of  forty  (cH  diameter,  formed  by 
thirty-six  bars  of  iron  lepresenling  the  paralLls  and 
meridians,  and  covered  with  a  bluish  clutJi,  intended 
to  represent  seas  and  lakes.  'I'he  land,  mouiU;uns,  and 
rivers,  are  painted  on  paper  and  pasted  on  this  cover. 
Journ.  of  Science. 


TONE,  UVIA.,  UNITE — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  Til  as  in  THIS. 


4'X) 


CIES 


GET 


A  tlt^troof  SI.  I 
htnof  till-  tnitor. 


CLOI.. 

Il-i 


Tgo  nil  hiiriio- 

DryiJen. 
I.     A  polJ  coin  ill  llio  I'illio  of 
raluo  orG<.  SJ-  aU'iliiii;. 


iSES'Tie,  a. 


Pertaining  to  ilccJs ;  legendary. 


2.  Relating  to  bodily  iiiolioil,  as  in  tlii'  lance. 


_  GES-Tre'tl-Wl'l-,  0.  i.    [1-.  ^rsHcii^or,  ■A.im  grslum, 

,UO.C.^    ,i;r:,i;:.7.»i7n.V.ici  ,,-d<p,cK,       i'7.;»„t°'g%S'„T.So"Ji,  a,  in  .peaking;  to 

"•I     .  ....._     :.: K  ...•«  .».i«tiir.>^.  Herbert. 


Ill  ;  >t  \^'  tirni  ciiiiipiMiilioii  on  the  Mib- 
NiiiiiA  ruto'*  fur  ciiUivnlitp^ 
;i4,  ilitr  Oi-ofi'icjof  Virpil. 
'  iij;  to  llio  tloclrinc  of  agri- 
,   .,  t      lukurc  ami  rur.il  nlliiirs. 
1  .<ri>l?',   [L.]   Tlie name  I'lD't  piven, 111 
..rao  Hl.,l»  Ui<;  iilaiicl  Uraiiu;*,  wliicit  sec. 
*  Olmsted. 

CROS'CO-rV,  ■.    [Cr.  )'»a"'l'^'forfL>.] 

Knowlcilge  of  Uio  ctirtb,  gruund,  or  soil,  oblain'-tl 
I.y  ln«p.-cliuii.  Chamber.^. 

CK-OT'ie, «.    [fir.  i^n,  earth.] 

)    :  ft-  tu  t.n.*;wili  ;  tL'rrcjttriu!. 

•  iwfiiticlh  pari  of  a  shekel,  or  nearly 

\|,ii.    [U,  from  Gr,  )cpJV(oi',  from  ) £rtii- 

"craiR-VMI.  n  g.-iuia  of  phut'*,  of  numerous  spe- 
cie*, ftoinc  of  which  are  cullivalcd  fur  Ihcir  Iragranco 
or  ihc  beauty  of  ihelr  llowcr^. 
CF.'RENT,  a.     [U  gercns.^ 

lu-armf! ;  u-*<.'il  in  Viccocbent. 
*";F.K'FAUC0N,  (Jer'fawkn.)    See  GrnKALCos. 
OKUM.n.     [U  germen.]  ..     ,    ,       .... 

I.  In  botami^  Iho  ovary  or  sced-bu*i  of  n  plant,  Inc 
niJinicnl  of  fruit  vet  in  embryo,  [l  is  the  base  or  lower 
part  of  xXxc  iiHtU/whicU  in  llie  progress  of  vegelaliun 
•wtlN  anil  U'cimitj)  the  seeil-vis.^el.  Martijn.  Milne. 
•2.  Origin  ;  fir.u  principle ;  tlial  from  wliich  any 
thine  "prings  ;  as,  tlic  germ  of  civil  liberty,  or  of 

'   CKK'MA\,a.     [I*,  fcrrrt  j'lii.?,  a  brother;  Fr.  ^ermain,] 
I.  CiHi^ins  gcnatin  are  the  sons  or  (laughteri  of 
'       brt>llirra  or  sisters  ;  first  cousins, 
t  2.  Rilaleil.     [Obs.]  SW» 

GER'MAN.a.    Iktonging  to  Germany. 
CER'MAN,  n.    A  niilive  of  Germany  ;  and  by  cllip- 

tLi,  tht'  Grnnan  laDgtiagc. 
GER'MAN-SIL'VKR,  H.    An  alloy  or  mixture  of  ino 
mrtsof  copper,  (»  of  7.inc,:uul -10  of  nickel.  Ora'i  :i.-. 
,  CKU-MAX'UEU,  Tt.    Tlie  popular   name  of  sifvuial 
plant*!,  as  the  reck  gmnamJrr,  of  the  ::ciiu3  Veronica, 
anJ  the  cammon  and  water  germander,  of  llie  Qcimn 
TcnrriuHi. 
CKR-.M  \.\'ie,  o.    Pertaining  to  Gcnnany ;    as,  the 

Ofrmanir  body  or  confederacy. 
CER'MA,\-IS>I,  m.    An  idiom  of  the  German  lanjiuage. 

Che.<terjuld. 
I   CERM'EN,  n.  ;  pi.  GEiiuENi.      Now  contracted    to 
I      Gcui,  which  wjo.    [The  spelltngGenMiNS  is  less  ac- 
curate] 
I  CER.M'I.N-.AL,  fl.    [from  germen.    Soo  GermJ     Tcr- 
t      tainlnc  to  a  gomi  or  seed-i>nd.  Jiled.  Repos. 

,    lJERM'I.V-ANT,  0,     Sprouting. 
I    CERM'IN-ATE,  r.  i.     [L.  grrmino,  from  grrmcn.'] 

To  <«prout ;  to  bud  ;  to  shoot ;  tu  begin  to  vegetate, 
as  a  plant  or  it^  seed.  Bacon. 

\  OERM'IN-ATE,  r.  t.    To  cause  to  sprout.   [Unxtsnal.] 

Vrice. 
I     CERM'IN-A-TI\G,   fpr.     .'Sprouting;    beginning  to 
[  i       Vf fclate. 
I  CERM-IN'-a'TIO.V,  H.    The  act  of  sprouting;  the  first 

I  beginning  of  vegetation  in  a  seed  or  plant. 
'  *i.  'rii'-  lime  in  which  seeds  vugclalo,  after  being 

-  -tiwn.  ■.Martijn. 

I  IC-AI*,    a.       PcrUiin^g   to    gcroeoniy. 
/.I  Smith. 

i.i.-ri'it   'i.mV,  n.     [Gr.  jf/irin- and  *ropcw.] 

II  That  imrt  of  inciiicine  which  treats  of  the  proper 
I        r«Kinirn  fur  old  people. 

I '  CER'UND,  It,    [I*,  gerutulium,  from  gero,  to  bear.] 
I  In  tMe  l^tin  grammar^  a  kind  of  verbal  noun,  par- 

'  -       taklne  of  tho  nature  of  a  participle.  Kncyc. 

OP  Ui;.M»'l-AL,  a.     Pertaining  to  or  resembling  a 

.   nind. 
'. !  J  LINO,  for  Cotuso.  Xorth  of  England. 

Ol^S  r,  «.    [L.  fftjtum^fwm  i^erOj  to  carrj',  to  do.] 
1.  A  deed, action,  or  achievement.    [Obs.] 
1  2.  Show;  representation.     [Obs.]  [Spenser. 

I  3.  [Fr.  ^t',  for /"''»  from  ;TMir,  to  lie.]    A  stage 

1       In  travchng  ;  »o  much  of  a  journey  as  is  made  witli- 
out  resting  ;  or,  properly,  a  rest ;  a  slop.    [06^.] 

Brown, 
4.  A  roll  or  Journal  of  the  several  days  and  stages 
prrfiicd  in  the  Joumeyji  of  the  Englii^h  kings,  many 
^  of  whjch  are  oilnnt  in  the  herald's  office.   Jlamner. 
GES-Ta'TIO.V,  n.     [L.  gejtntio,  from  gero,  to  carry.! 
I.  The  act  of  cnrr>  ing  young  in  the  womb  from 
conception  to  dchvor>- ;  pregnancy.       Rajj.     Coze. 
tt  The  act  of  wearing,  as  clothes  or  ornaments. 
'  I  V         •  Brown. 

■  I  3.  E.Terci5e  in  tvhich  one  is  bume  or  carried,  as  on 

:!       horseback,  or  in  a  carriage,  without  the  exertion  of 
hi*  own  powers  ;  passive  txerclsc.        .VeJ.  Rrpos. 
GEii'TA-TO-RV,  a.    Pertaining  to  gestation  or  preg- 
nancv. 
9.  Yhat  may  be  carried  or  worn.  Brown. 


use  iM>sture. . 
GEJ?-T1€'U-L.\TE,  v.  t.    To  represent  by  gesture  j  to 

jj,.(  ^  B.  Jonsoji. 

GKS-TIG'lJ-L.\-TrNG,  ppr.    Making  gestures,  aa  in 

speaking.  ,  .    ,    .    , 

0Eti-TIC-LT-L.\'TIOX,  71.     [L.  gc^ticulatw.] 

1.  The 'act  of  making  gestures  to  express  passion 
or  enforce  sentiments.  ...  , 

2.  Gesture;  amotionoftlie  body  or  limbs  ni  speak- 
ing, or  in  reprt-scniing  action  or  passion,  and  enforc- 
ing arguments  and  sentitncnls. 

X  .Vntic  tricks  or  motions. 

GES-TIG'I^-La-TOR,  ».  One  Iliat  sliows  postures,  or 
makes  gestures. 

Gi:S-Tie^U-I.A-TO-RY,  a.    lieprescntmg  in  gestures. 

Warton. 

OES'TOR,  Ti.  One  who  relates  the  gcstes  or  achieve- 
ments of  distinguished  jitTsonages.  jOiif.]  Chaucer. 

CV.^"VilR-.\L,  a.    Pertaining  to  gesture. 

GKS'TliRE,  (jest'yur,)  n.  [L.  gcstus,  fiom  gero,  to 
hear,  to  do  ;  Fr.  gestc]  . 

1.  A  motion  of  the  body  or  limbs  expressive  of 
sentiment  or  passion  ;  any  action  or  posture  intended 
to  express  an  idea  or  a  passion,  or  to  enforce  an  argu- 
ment or  opinion.  It  ^on^a^•lS  chielly  in  the  actions  or 
movements  of  the  hands  and  lace,  and  should  be 
suited  to  the  subject.  Encyc. 

2.  Movement  of  the  body  or  limbs 

Grace  W!ia  in  nil  Iter  Bt'.-p>,  heaven  in  her  eye, 

III  every  gestuye  digniiy  :iiiJ  luve.  ^tfUlon. 

GES'TtJRE,  r,  t.  To  accompany  with  gesture  or  ac- 
tion. Hooker.     Wotton. 

GES'TtJR-i:D,  pp.  Accompanied  with  gesture  or 
action. 

GErf'Tl'iaM.r^S,  a.    Free  from  gestures. 

GES''il  IIK  Mi:.NT,  7J.    Act  of  making  gestures. 

GES''i"l'lt  I.Ni;,  ppr.  Accompanying  witli  gesture  or 
action. 

GET,  V.  I.;  prct.  Got,  [Gat,  obs. ,-]  pp.  Got,  Gotten. 
[Sas.getaii,giita:'.yOr  gcatany  to  get ;  agytim,  to  know 
or  understand  ;  angitan,  andgitcn,  to  find,  to  umltT- 
sland.  The  Danisii  \\:x:iforgictter,  to  forget,  but  gin- 
tcr  signilies  to  guess,  or  to  suppose,  to  tliiukj  the 
Swedish  also  lias  f'org'dta,  to  forget,  to  give  to  oliliv- 
ion,  ez  animo  cjiccre.  'i'lie  simple  verb  gictler,  gdta., 
coincides  with  tiie  D.  gieten,  G.  gicssen.^  to  cast,  to 
pour  out,  to  found,  as  vessels  of  metal.  Sax.  prolan. 
To  get,  then,  is,  primarily,  to  tlirow,  and  with  re- 
spect to  acquisition,  it  is  to  rush  on  and  seize.  The 
Italian  has  cattare,  to  get ;  raccattarc,  to  regain,  to 
acquire.  Qu.  Sp.  rcscatar.  Port,  rcsgatar^  to  redeem, 
to  ransom.    Sec  Rescue.] 

1.  To  procure  ;  to  obtam  ;  to  gain  possession  of, 
by  almost  any  means.  W'e  get  favor  by  kindness; 
we  get  wealtli  by  industry  and  economy ;  we  get 
land  by  purchase  ;  we  get  praise  by  good  conduct ; 
and  we  get  blame  by  doing  injustice.  The  niercliant 
should  get  IV  profit  on  Iiis  goods;  the  laborer  should 
joTf  a  due  reward  for  his  labor;  most  men  ^eMvhat 
lliey  can  for  tlicir  goods  or  for  their  services.  Oct 
ditiers  from  aaiuirc,  as  it  does  not  always  express 
permanence  of  possession,  which  is  the  appropriate 
sense  of  acquire.  We  get  a  book  or  a  loaf  of  bread 
by  borrowing,  wo  do  not  acquire  it;  but  we  gel  or 

2.  To  have.  {acquire  an  estate. 

"riioii  liHst  got  ihc  face  of  a  m:m,  Herbert. 

Tliis  is  a  most  common,  hut  gross  abuse  of  tliis 
word.  We  constantly  hear  it  said,  I  have  got  no 
corn,  I  have  gol  no  money,  slie  has  got  a  fair  com- 
plexion, when  the  person  nii-nns  only,  1  have  no 
corn,  I  have  no  money,  she  has  a  fair  complexion. 

3.  To  beget ;  to  procreate  ;  to  generate.      Locke. 

4.  To  learn  ;  as,  to  get  a  lesson. 

5.  To  prevail  on  ;  to  induce  ;  to  persuade. 
Though  the  king  could  not  get  liiiii  to  engage  in  h  life  of  busi- 

neim.  Spectator. 

[This  is  not  elegant.] 

I'.  To  procure  to  he.  'We  could  not  get  the  work 
done.     [J^ot  cIcgayU.] 

To  get  itff';  to  put  off;  to  take  or  pull  off;  as,  to 
"■ft  off  a  garment ;  also,  to  remove  ;  as,  to  get  off  a 
ship  from  shoals. 

2.  To  sell  ;  to  dispose  of;  as,  to  get  off  goods. 

To  get  on  ;  to  put  on  ;  to  draw  or  pull  on  j  as,  to 
get  on  a  coat ;  to  get  on  boots. 

To  get  in;  to  collect  and  shelter;  to  bring  under 
cover ;  as,  to  get  in  corn. 

To  get  out ;  lo  draw  forth  ;  as,  to  get  out  a  secret. 

2.  lo  draw  out  ;  to  disengage. 

To  gcttJic  day;  to  win  ;  to  conquer;  to  gain  the 
victory. 

To  get  together ;  to  collect  ;  to  amass. 

To  get  over ;  to  surmount ;  to  cori'quer ;  to  pass 
without  being  obstructed  ;  as,  to  get  ouer  difficulties  ; 
also,  to  recover  ;  as,  to  get  over  sickness. 

To  get  above ;  to  surmount ;  to  surpass. 


GHO 

To  <rfi  I'P'  lo  i)repare  for  roniinglpcfore  Ihepubilc  ; 
lo  liliiif;  forward. 

Willi  a  pronoun  following,  it  sii;iiifie.s  lo  b'lake  ; 
to  remove  ;  lo  go  ;  as,  ppt  you  to  l);'d  ;  gU  life  oul 
of  tlie  land.  Uut  this  mode  of  expression  can  hardly 
be  deemed  elegant. 
GKT,  V.  i.  To  arrive  at  any  place  or  slate  ;  folh.weil 
by  some  modifying  word,  and  sometimes  implying 
dinicully  or  labor  ;  as, 

Ta  get  awatiy  or  away  frinn  ;  to  depart  \  to  quit  ;  to 
leave  ;  or  to  disengage  one's  self  from. 

Tit  ^rt.  ainoiijT ;  to  arrive  in  tlie  midst  of;  to  be- 
come one  of  a  number. 

To  get  he/ore  ;  to  arrive  in  front,  or  more  forward. 

To  grl  behind ;  to  fall  in  the  rear  ;  to  lag. 

To  gel  back ;  lo  arrive  at  the  place  from  wliich  one 
deparfed ;  to  return. 

'To  get  eleoT ;  to  disengage  one's  self;  to  be  rrdcased, 
as  from  confinement,  obligation,  or  burden;  also,  lo 
be  freed  from  ilanger  or  embarrassment. 

To  get  down ;  to  descend ;  to  come  from  an  eleva- 
tion. 

To  get  home  ,•  to  arrive  at  one's  dwelling. 

To  get  ill  or  into:  lo  arrive  within  an  inclosure,  or 
a  ini.ved  body  ;  to  pass  in  ;  to  insinuate  one's  self. 

To  get  loose  or  free  ;  to  disengage  one's  self  ;  to  be 
released  from  confinement. 

To  get  off;  to  escape  ;  to  depart ;  to  get  clear ;  also, 
to  alight ;  to  descend  from. 

To  get  out ;  to  depart  from  an  inclosed  jilace,  or 
-  from  confinement ;  to  escape  ;  to  free  one's  self  from 
cmbanassmelit. 

To  get  along  ;  to  proceed  ;  to  advance. 

To  get  rid  of:  to  disengage  one's  self  from  ;  also, 
to  shirt  off  i  to  remove. 

To  get  together;  to  meet ;  to  assemble  ;  to  convene. 

To  "get  up;  to  arise  ;  lo  rise  from  a  bed  or  a  scat ; 
also,  to  ascend  ;  to  climb. 

To  get  tlirimgh;  lo  pass  through  and  reach  a  |miiit 
beyoird  any  tlnng  ;  also,  to  finish  ;  to  accoinplisli. 

To  get  ejiiit  of;  to  get  rid  of;  to  sliifl  oil',  or  to  dis- 
engage  one's  self  from. 

To  gel  fonearil ;  to  proceed;  to  advance;  also,  to 
prosper;  to  advance  in  wealth. 

To  get,  near;  to  approach  within  a  small  distance. 

To  "gel  ahead  ;  to  advance  ;  to  prosper. 

To  get  on  ;  lo  proceed  ;  to  advanix-. 

To  get  a  mite  or  otiter  (ii:/tancc;  to  p.as3  ovlt  it  in 
traveling. 

To  get  at ;  to  reach  ;  to  make  way  Jo. 

To  get  asleep  ;  to  fall  asleep. 

'J'o  get  drunk;  to  become  intoxicated. 

To  'get  between  ;  to  arrive  between. 

To  iret  to  ;  to  reach  ;  to  arrive. 
GET'TEr,  v.    One  who  gets,  gains,  obtains,  or  ac- 

a.  One  who  begets  or  procreates.  [tpiires. 

GET'TliN'G,   ppr.     Obtaining;    procuring;    gaining; 

winning ;  begetting. 
GET'TING,  n.    The  act  of  obtaining,  gaining,  or  ac- 
quiring ;  acquisition. 

Get  wisilom;  and  Willi  all  tliy  getting,  get  unilcrstanding. — 

I'rov.  iv. 
a.  Gain  ;  profit.  Swift. 

GEWGAW,  n.  [Cln.  ?:ix.ge-gaf,:i  trifle, or  Fr.j»ii>il, 
a  playlliiiig,  or  from  the  root  of  goiid  joy,  jewel.] 

A  sliowy  trifle  ;  a  pretty  thing  of  little  worth  ;  a 
toy  ;  a  bauble  ;  a  spendid  plaything. 

A  licivy  ^eiegaw,  oiled  .T  crown.  Dnjiten. 

GEWGAW,  a.    Sbowv  without  value.  Law. 

GEV'SE'ft,  11.  [Icelandic,  raging  or  roaring.]  The 
name  of  certain  fountains  in  Iceland,  which  spout 
forth  boiling  water.  Manlell. 

GHAST'FUL,  o.  [See  Ghastlv.]  Dreary  ;  dismal ; 
fit  for  waikini!  ghosts.     [Obs.]  Spenser. 

GHaST'FLI^LY,  ode.    Frighllully.  Pope. 

GIUST'Li'-NESS,  71.  [from  ghastly.]  Horror  of 
countenance  ;  a  deathlike  look  j  resemblance  of  a 
ghost ;  paleness. 

GHAST'LY,  a.  [Sax.  gastlic,  from  gast,  spirit,  G. 
gcist,  D.  geest.  In  Sax.  gast  is  both  a  ghost  and  a 
guest,  botli  from  the  same  radical  sense,  to  move,  lo 
rush  ;  Ir.  gai^iin,  to  How  ;  Eng.  gush,  gitst.] 

1.  Like  a  ghost  in  appearance  ;  deathlike  ;  pale ; 
dismal  ,  as,  a  ghastly  face  ;  ghastly  smiles.  Miltim. 

2.  Horrible;  shocking;  dreadful. 

Mangled  willi  glinatjy  wounds.  MUton. 

GIUST'NESS,  ?i.    Ghastliness.    [JVot  jtsci/.]    Shall. 

GHAUT,  n.     [Qu.  gate.]     In  the  East  Indies,  literally, 
a  pass  through  a  mountain  ;  hence,  also,  a  range  or 
chain  of  mountains. 
9.  Stairs  descending  to  a  river.  Maleom. 

GIlE'DER,  and  GHE'IiRE,  »i.     See  GuEntn. 

GHEE,  71.  In  the  East  Indies,  butter  clarified  by  bod- 
ing, and  thus  converted  into  a  kind  of  oil.  Maleom. 

GliER'KI-N',  (gur'kin,)  71.     (G.  gnrke,  a  cucumber.] 
A  small  pickled  cucumber.    '  Skinner. 

GHESS,  for  Guess.     [JVo(  used.] 

GHIIi'EL-I.INE,  (gib'e-lin,)  71.  One  of  a  faction  in 
Italv,  in  Iho  I.'Uh  century,  which  favored  the  Ger- 
man emperors,  and  opposed  Ihe  Guelfs,  or  adherents 
of  the  popes.  ■^'■'"^'   . 

GHoLE,  (gole,)    71.      An    imaginary  demon    among 


Fate,  far,  FAIX,  WIIAT._METE,  PREY.-PINE,  IH.IHNF,,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQQK.- 


I 


.">(»0 


GIB 

Eastern  nations,  who  was  supposed  to  prey  on  hu- 
man liodiey.    'I'hc  word  is  more  properly  Ghouu 
GHOST,  (gosi,)  M.     [Sax.  ^a£t ;  (».  gcht ;  D.  ffccst }  Ir. 
^as(i(u    See  Ghastly.] 

1.  Spirit ;  tlie  poiil  ui  man.  Skah. 

In  this  sense  seldom  icscil.     But  hence, 

9.  The  soul  of  a  deceased  person  ;  the  soul  or  spirit 
separate  from  the  body  ;  an  apparition. 

The  migliiy  gkosU  ol  our  ^roM  Karrj's  roso.  Diyden, 

To  give  up  Vie  ffhost-,  is  to  die ;  to  yield  up  the 
brealli  or  spirit ;  to  expire.  Scripture. 

The  Holy  Ohost^  is  the  tiiird  person  in  tJie  adora- 
ble Trinity.  Scriylnre. 
GII6ST,  p.  i.    To  die  ;  to  expire.     {Obs.\       Sidney. 
G116ST,  V.  L    To  haunt  witli  an  apparition.     [06^.] 

Skak. 
GIIoSl''LESS,  a.     Without  life  or  spirit.     [.Vwl  iLicd.] 

Sherwood. 
GHOST'LIKE,  a.     Withered  j  having  sunken  eyes; 

ghastlw  Shencood. 

GHOST'LI-XESS,    n.      Spiritual     tendency.      [Little 

used.]  Johnson. 

GMoST'LY,  a.  Spiritual;  relating  to  the  soul ;  not 
carnal  or  secular. 

Save  and  licfoniJ  us  froin  our  gttosUy  eiicmios.   Cantnton  Prayer. 

2.  Spiritual ;  having  a  character  from  religion  ;  as, 
a  frkosthj  father.  Shak. 

.'}.   Per^iining  to  apparitions.  Akcnsidc. 

GHOUL,  (20ol,)  «.  All  imaginary  evil  being  among 
Eastern  nations,  which  preyed  on  Inimau  bodies. 

T.  Jtlncre. 
6lAL-I-0-Ll'xV0,  n,     [It,  giatlo  ;  Eng.  yellow.] 

A  fine  yellow  pigment,  much  used  under  the  name 
of  J^aplcs  ycUoic.  Kncyc. 

GlAxM'UEUX,  (zham'bb,)  w.  pi,  [Fr.jambc,  the  leg.] 
Greaves  ;  armor  for  the  legs.  [06»-.]  Spenser. 
OI'ANT,  H.  [Fr.  efant;  S]>.  ^iganU;  It.  id.;  L.  g-i- 
gas;  Gr.  >i}a5,  probably  from  j  ?;,  the  earth,  and 
yin,)  or  y  tvofiat.  The  ^vord  originally  signified 
earth-born,  tcrri-rcna.  The  ancients  believed  the 
first  inhabitants  of  the  earth  to  be  produced  from 
the  ground,  and  to  be  of  enormous  size.] 

1.  A  man  of  extraordinary  bulk  and  stature. 

CianU  of  mighty  tone  and  bold  cm  jrisc.  MiIUjti, 

2.  A  person  of  extraordinary  strength  or  powers, 
bodily  or  intellectual.  The  judge  is  a  giant  m  his 
profession. 

OiaiiOs  Causncay  :  a  vast  collection  oCbasaltic  pil- 
brs  in  the  county  of  Antrim,  in  Ireland.       Encyc. 

GI'AXT,  a.  Like  a  giant  ;  extraordinary  in  size  or 
strength  ;  as,  giant  brothers  ;  a  giant  son. 

Z>njden.     Pope. 

6I'AXT-ESS,  n,  A  female  giant ;  a  female  of  extraor- 
dinary size  and  stature.  S/uik. 

GT'ANT-FEX'XEL,  n.  A  large,  coarse  looking  herb, 
of  the  genus  Furuia.  The  stalk  of  the  common 
species  was  formerly  used  as  a  rod  to  punish  chil- 
dren. Lmidon. 

GI'ANT-iZE,  V.  i.    To  play  the  giant.        Shcnrood. 

CI'ANT-KILL-ING,  a.    Killing  or  destroying  giants. 

Cowpcr. 

6I'ANT-LIKE,  j  f7.    Of  unusual  size;  resembling  a 

6i'AXT-LV,  j  giant  In  bulk  or  stature;  gigantic; 
huge.  South. 

[GiASTLV  is  not  much  used.] 

6I'A.\T-RY,  ».     Tlr-  race  of  giants.     [Little  xi^cd.] 

GrA\T-SHIP,  H.  'J'lie  stJtL^,  quality,  or  character  of 
a  giant 

Kb  girinlthip  is  gone  somewhiil  crciifalleii.  AJillon. 

OlJiOUR^  (jowr,)   n.     [Infidd.]     A  n.ame  given,  by 
Turks,  to  unbelievers  m  Mohammedanism,  and  es- 
pecially to  Christians. 
GIB,  n.    A  cat.    [JVwt  m  u.^r.]  Skdton. 

GIB,  r.  (.    To  act  like  a  cat  ;  to  catenvaul. 

Bcunm.  <$■  Fl. 
GIBBE,  n.    An  old,  worn-out  animal.     [AV(  jised.] 

Shah. 
Gin'B£D,  a.     Having  been  caterwauling.     [Oh^:] 

./.  Bidwer. 
GIB'BER,  V.  i.     [See  Gahble.    It  is  probaljly  allied  to 
gabble^  and  to  jabber.] 
To  apeak  rapidly  and  inarticulately.     [JVut  lucd.] 

Sfiak. 
GIB'BER-ISH,  n.    [from  gibber.]     Rapid  and  inartic- 
ulate   talk  ;     unintelligible    language  ;    unmeaning 
words, 
GIR'BER-ISH,  n.     Unmeaning,  as  words.        Su-.i/t. 
Gllt'ltET,  n.     [Fr.  gihrt;  Ann.  gibel.] 

1.  A  gall'jws  ;  a  post  or  machine  in  form  of  a  gal- 
lows, on  which  notorious  malefactors  are  hanged  in 
chains,  and  on  which  their  bodies  are  sufilred  to  re- 
main, as  spectacles  in  terrorcm.  SwiJ^. 

2.  The  jtrojecting  beam  of  a  crane,  on  whicli  tlie 
pulley  is  fixed.  Jirande. 

GIB'BET,  V.  t.    To  hang  and  expose  on  a  gibbet  or 

gallowrt. 
2.  To  hang  or  expose  on  any  thing  going  traverse, 

as  the  beam  of  a  gibbet.  Shnk. 

GIH'BET-E1>,  pp.     Hanged  and  exposed  on  a  gibhi-t. 
CIB' BET-IMG,  ppr.  Hanging  and  exposing  on  a  gibbet. 
6jB'BlEU,«.     (Fr.l     Wild  fowl;  game.     [A%t  used.] 
A.  Tw  JiB-BooM.  [Jiddison, 


GIB'-BOOM.    Sec. 


GID 

GIB-BoSE',  a.  [L.  ^ibOa.]  Humped;  a  term  ap- 
plied to  a  surface  which  presents  one  or  more  large 
elevations,  Brande. 

GIB-BOS'I-TY,  71.  [Fr.  gibbosity,  from  L.  gibbosus. 
See  Gibbous.] 

Protuberance  ;  a  round  or  sweUing  prominence  ; 
convexity.  Ray. 

GIB'BOUS,  a.  [L.  gibbns  ;  Fr.  gibbeuz;  It.  gibboso  ; 
Sp.  giboso  ;  Gr.  (cui/joc,  from  xuTrrtj,  to  bend.  Class 
Gb,  No.  1,2,3,  4,5.] 

1.  Swelling;  protuberant;  convex.  The  moon  is 
gibbous  between  the  quarters  and  the  full  jnoon,  the 
enlightened  part  being  then  convex. 

Tlic  Ixines  will  rise,  ami  niakc  a  gibixjua  member.     Wueiiian. 

2.  Hunched  ;  hump-backed  ;  crook-backed. 

Brown. 

GIIVBOL'S-LY,  adv.  In  a  gibbous  or  protuberant 
form.  Eaion. 

GIB'BOUS-NESS,  w.  Protuberance  ;  a  round  prom- 
inence ;  convexity.  [This  word  is  preferable  lo 
GiBnosiTv.] 

GIBRS'ITE,  n.  A  mineral  found  at  Kichmond,  in 
Massachusetts,  and  named  in  lionor  of  George  Gibbs, 
Esq.,  president  of  tlie  American  Geological  Society. 
It  occurs  in  irregular  sialactical  nuisses,  which  pre- 
sent an  aggregation  of  elongated,  tuberous  brandies, 
parallel  and  united.  Its  structure  is  fibrous,  the 
libers  radiating  front  an  axis.  Its  colors  are  a  dirty 
Avliitc,  greenish  whitej  and  grayisli.  It  is  a  hydrate 
of  alumina. 

GIB'CAT,  n.    A  he-cat,  or  an  oUl  worn-out  cat.  Shnk. 

GIBE,  y.  I.  [S:iy:.  gabban;  Fr.  gnbcr  ;  It.  gabbarc.  (Sec 
GAKKLt.)  Tlie  sense  is  probably  to  tlirow  or 
cast  at,  or  maJce  moutlis.  But  See  Class  Gb,  No.  67, 
79.1 

To  cast  reproaches  and  sneering  expressions;  to 
rail  at ;  to  utter  taunting,  sarcastic  words  ;  to  ilout ; 
to  (leer ;  to  scotK 

Kle.-r  .iiid  gibe,  and  Imi-h  nxiA  l'...ut.  Sid/t. 

GIBE,  J*,  t.  To  reproach  with  contemptuous  words  ; 
to  deride  ;  to  scolf  at ;  to  treat  witii  sarcastic  retlec- 
tions  ;  to  taunt. 

Dmw  the  boasts  r\s  I  tWcrilK:  them, 

Fiuiii  their  leaHirea,  wliik-  1  gVx  Llicm.  Siaiji, 

GIBE,  n.  An  expression  of  censure  mingled  with 
contempt;  a  scofi*;  a  railing;  an  expression  of  sar- 
castic scorn. 

Mark  the  fleers,  liic  gibes,  .ind  the  noLible  scorns, 

ThAl  dwell  ill  every  region  uf  liis  Kicc.  Shak. 

GIB'ER,  j(.  One  who  utters  reproachful,  censorious, 
and  contemptuous  expressions,  or  who  casts  cutting, 
sarcastic  reflections ;  one  who  derides  ;  a  scoffer. 

B.  Jimscn. 

GIB'IXG,  ppr.  Uttering  reproachful,  contemptuous, 
and  censuriotis  words  ;  scoffin<_'. 

GIB'IXG-LY,  adc.  With  censorious,  savcastir,  and 
contem|)tuous  expressions;  scornfully.  Shak. 

GIB'LET,  a.     Made  of  giblets  ;  as,  a  giblct  pie. 

GIB'LETS,  n.  pi.  [Qu.  Fr.  giOicr,  game,  or  Goth. 
gibta,  a  wing.     See  Gip.] 

Tliose  parts  of  a  goose,  or  other  fowl,  which  are 
cut  off  or  taken  out  before  roasting,  as  the  head, 
feet,  pinions,  the  heart,  liver,  gi/./.ard,  &c.  ;  a  con- 
siderable article  in  cookery  ;  as,  to  boi!  or  slew  gib- 
let^.  It  is  used  only  in  the  plural,  except  in  compo- 
sition ;  as,  a  giblct-pie. 

GIB'STAFF,  71.  A  strilf  to  gauge  water  or  lo  push  a 
boat ;  furmcrhj,  a  slafl'  used  in  fighting  beasts  on  the 
stage.  Vict. 

Gin'HI  ED,  (gid'did,)  pp.     Made  to  reel. 

GID'DI-LY,  adc.  [Sec  Giddv.]  With  the  head  seem- 
ing to  turn  or  reel. 

2.  Inconstantly;  unsteadily ;  with  various  turn- 
ings ;  as,  to  roam  about  gidddy.  Donne. 

3.  Carelesslv  i  heedlessly;  negligently.  Sltak. 
GID'Ht-NESS,  11.  The  state  of  being  giddy  or  vertig- 
inous ;  vertigo;  a  sensation  of  reeling  or  whirling, 
when  the  body  loses  liie  power  of  preserving  its 
balance  or  a  steady  attitude,  or  u  hen  objec:ts  at  rest 
appear  to  reel,  tremble,  or  wliirl ;  a  swimming  of 
the  licad. 

2.  Inconstancy;  unsteadiness;  mutability.  Bacon. 

3.  Frolic;  wantonness;  levitv.     Donne,     South, 
GID'DY,  a.     [Sax.  gidig.     Class  Gd.J 

1.  Vertiginous  ;^reeling ;  whirling;  having  in  the 
Ii(!ad  a  sensation  of  a  circular  motion  or  swimming  ; 
or  having  lost  the  power  of  preserving  the  balance 
of  the  body,  and  therefore  wavering  and  inclinetl  to 
fall,  as  in  the  case  of  some  diseases,  and  of  drimk- 
ciiuess.  In  walking  on  timber  alolt,  or  looking 
down  a  precipice,  we  arc  apt  to  be  giddy. 

2.  'I'hat  renders  giddy;  that  iniluccs  giddiness; 
!is,  a  siddy  hight  ;  a  giddy  precipice.  Prior. 

3.  Rotaiy;  whirling;  running  round  with  celerity. 

The  s^ddy  motion  of  Uic  whirling  mill.  Pope, 

4.  Inconstant ;  unstable  ;  changeable. 

You  Trtt  i«3  s'iddy  ;ini[  volililc  ns ever.  Sisi/l. 

r».  Heedless  ;  thoughtless  ;  wild  ;  roving.  Roicc. 
G.  Tottering;  unfixed. 

As  \vc  Inve  p-icil  ;»I(iiiw 
Upon  the  giddf/  looliii;  ol  the  h.-iIclicK.  Shak. 


GIG 

7.  Intoxicated;  elated  lo  thougblJessness  ;  ren 
dcred  wild  by  excitement  or  joj*. 

Art  tliou  not  giddif  widi  tlie  rA^liioii  loo  i  Shak. 

GID'DY,  r.  (.    To  turn  tpiick.  Chapman, 

GID'DY,  r.  t.    To  make  reeling  or  unsteady. 

Farindon. 

GID'DY-BKaIN-A'D,  a.  Careless;  thoughtless;  un 
Ftcadv.  Otway. 

GID'DY-HEAD,  C-hed,)  n.  A  person  withoul  thougm 
or  judgment. 

GID'DY-IIEAD-ED,  a.  Heedless;  unsteady;  vola- 
tile ;  incautious.  Donne. 

GID'DY-PAC-Z:D,  (-past,)  a.    Moving  irregularly. 

Siiak. 

GTE  ;  a  contraction  of  Guide.     [Xtit  in  use.]  Chaucer. 

GIER'-kA-GLE,  (jer'-)  ti-     [Qu.  D.  gicr^  a  vulture.] 
.A  bird  of  the  eagle  kind",  mentioned  in  Leviticus 
xi.  18. 

GlK'SECK-lTE,  n.  [from  Sir  C  OiesKke.]  A  min- 
eral occurring  in  six-sided  prisms,  having  a  greasy 
luster.  It  has  been  considered  identical  Willi 
elaolitc.  Dana* 

GIF,  1".  (.     [from  Sax.  gif,  from  gi/an,  to  give.] 
Tiic  old  but  true  spelling  of  fr. 

GIFT,  71.  [from  give.]  A  present;  any  thing  given 
or  bestoued  ;  any  thing,  the  projierty  of  which  is 
voluntarily  transferred  by  one  person  to  another 
without  conipensaliou  ;  a  donation.  It  is  applicable 
to  any  thing  movable  or  iinmovable. 

2.  The  act  of  giving  or  conferring.  JMiUon. 

3.  Tlie  right  or  power  of  giving  or  bestowing. 
The  prince  has  the  gifi  of  many  lucrative  oflicirs. 

4.  An  offering  or  oblation. 

I;"  tli:a  bring  i!iy  gi/t  to  the  iiljUir.  —  Malt.  v. 

5.  A  reward. 

I^t  iJiy  ^j/w  be  10  tJijscIf.  — D.in.  v. 

ti,  A  bribe;  any  thing  given  to  corrupt  the  judg- 
ment. 

Neither  I;ikc  a  gij'l,  for  a  ^i/t  doth  hhml  the  eye*  of  Uie  wise.  — 
Hirut.  xvi, 

7.  Power ;  faculty ;  some  quahty  or  endowment 
conferred  by  the  Author  of  our  nature  ;  as,  the  ^rifi  of 
wit ;  the  gift  of  ridicule.  ,3ddisun. 

GIFT,  I',  t.    To  endow  with  any  power  or  family. 

GIFT'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Endowed  by  nature  with  any 
power  or  faculty  ;  furnished  witli  any  particular  tal- 
ent. 

GIFT'ED-NESS,  ».  The  state  of  being  gifted.  F.chard. 

GlFl'TNG,  ppr.    Endowing  with  any  power  or  faculty, 

GIG,  V.  t.     [L.  gigno.] 

1.  To  engender.     [J^vt  in  use.]  Drydcn. 

2.  To  fish  with  a  gig  or  fishgig. 

GIG,  n.  [It.  gigay  a  jig ;  Fr.  gigae^  a  jig,  n  romp ;  S\v. 
gigiiy  a  jewsharp  ;  Ice.  gigiOy  a  fiddle.^ 

The  radictd  idea  seems  to  be  that  ol  lively  motion. 
Hence, 

J.  A  top  or  whirligig;  any  little  thing  that  \s 
whirled  rouiul  in  play.  Locke. 

^.  A  light  carriage,  with  one  pair  of  wheels,  drawn 
by  one  horse  ;  a  chair  or  chaise. 

3.  A  fiddle. 

4.  A  d.irt  or  harpoon.     [See  Fishgig,] 

r>.  A  small  ship's-boat,  designed  for  rapid  molioii. 
G.  An  active,  playful,  or  wanton  person. 
7.  Gig'i,  or  gig-mnchinrs,  are  rotatory  cylinders,  cov- 
ered wiUi  wire  teeth  for  teazling  woolen  cloth. 

Braadc 
GI-GAN-Tf.'.\N,  <i.    [L.  giganUiis.    See  Giant.] 

Like  a  ciant;  mighty.  More. 

Gl-GAN'TfC,  a.     [L.  giganllcus.] 

L  Of  cxlr;u)rdinary  size  ;  very  large  ;  huge  ;  like  a 
giant.    A  man  of  gigantic  st.ature. 

2.  Enormous;  very  great  or  mighty;  as,  gigantic 
deeds  ;  gigantic  vvickcilness. 

[GiGA>Tic.\L  and  Gic.ASTiNE,/tfrGiOA>Tic,r«rc7y 
or  never  itsal.] 
GI-GAN-TOL'O-GY,  n.    [Gr.  jijrtf,  a  giant,  and  At?- 
jfj,  discourse.] 
An  account  or  description  of  giants, 
GT-G AN-TOiM'A-eiiY,  7i.  [Gr.  vtj  aj,  giant,  and  ua\.i, 
fight.] 
The  fabulous  war  of  the  giants  against  heaven. 
GIG'GLE,  H,     [Sax.  ge^gl;  Scot.  gexL] 

A  kind  of  laugh,  witJi  short  catches  of  the  voice  oi 
breath, 
GIG'GLE,  f.  r.  [D.  gichgelcn  ;  Sax.  gcagl;  a  laugh  or 
sneer,  and  gagoly  sportive,  wanton  ;  It.  ghignarcy  to 
simper,  ghignazzare,  to  laugh  or  grin.  In  Ir.  g'gK/n 
is  to  tickle  ;  Gr.  j  ij-)  Xitr^iU!.] 

To  laugh  with  short  catches  of  the  breath  or  voice; 
to  laugh  111  a  silly,  puerile  manner  ;  lo  litter  ;  to  grin 
with  childish  levilv  or  mirth.  Qarnek. 

GrG'CLER,  V.    One'  lh:;t  giggles  or  titters. 
GIG'Gl.lNG,  ppr.  or  a.    Laughing  witli  short  catches  j 

littering. 
GIG'GLING,  n.    The  act  of  laughing  with  short  catch- 
es ;  tittering. 
GIG'LET,  /  H.     [Sax.  Tr^ff/,  wanton  ;   Vr.  giguery  to 
GIG 'LOT,  (      romp,  tn  frisk.    Pec  Gic] 

A  waiii'in  ;  a  laseivious  girl. 
GIG'LOT 


Giddv;  li"tii;  inconstant;  wanton. 

Shak. 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS G  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z :  CH  ns  SII ;  TH  :is  m  THIS. 


^J 


[f,.]    In  coJtery,  11  term  n|>|ilic<l 


'm   One  of  a  rtlisious  order,  «o  nnmcd 
rJ  of  S«m|iriiigli;ini,  in  Liiicolnsliiri-, 

J     Btlonelnc  lo  llic  nionmillc  order 
1  e  lOrrrr. 

•.  n'nd  |>^  r.iLDCD  nr  Gilt.  [fa\.  «il- 
ldc«,  lo  nay  n  dfbl,  lo  fiW,  ond  y'';'. 
II 1  I>.  and  (i.  iffU,  money  ;  Dan.  girld, 
M  Toi'JJ  i*  10  cover  Willi  I'oW;  O- 
l„.Mr„:    \i:  rrrguU,^:   Dun. /..rtniWo- ,!»«•. /ar- 

..i  .  from  tM,  or  ll»  ruol,  U^'"- '"'"'•  ^"'(.f'^M^' 
.ii'v    Jonnecl.d  « itii  Ir.  t'ful,  W.  i'o/nu, 

ilu<»t:l,  No.C,  7.) 

n  Willi  cold,  cllllir  in  leaf  or  powder, 

, ,  wilU  quickKdver  ;  lo  ovprs|ireml  Willi 

»  ll.ln  covenns  of  gold  ;  .w,  ll.o  l>'t  fia""  of  n^nlr- 

llrr  l^T  In  flMH  <l«ri<J<»  wh^n  •'l''N 

•>  To  covir  with  nnv  yellow  niiiller. 
i  To  adorn  wllh  lualer  ;  lu  render  bright. 
No  iiAiK  llio  miiig  »UH  •I>aII  fl'i'  di?  iiwm 

<.  To  Uluniinnlo  ;  to  brighten. 

I.r(  oA  foo.1  humor,  mild  •nd  tT'Tt 
(JCi  the  cjlin  e*fnlng  of  jour  iU». 


A  young  salmon.  , ,  ,  ,f 

r  a.     [from  I'iW.l    Overlaid  Willi  gold  leaf 

Vrn'lhlncoaliiigof  gold  ;  illuininaled  ;  adorned. 


i;ii,sii 

UILT,  pp.ora. 


Gold  laid  on  llie  surface 


la  tiling;  gilding. 
Shuk. 


Pof. 
Shak. 


Popt. 
South. 


TtmiAM. 
■Va  give  a  fair  and  agreeable  Mtcrnnl  nppcar- 
once  ;  lo  r.  commend  lo  favor  and  receplmii  by  s.ipcr- 
lielal  deeorilum  ;  nv  to  fd  l"''"'f>V^'"';'''''"'';,,:,, 
GII.ICED,  pp.  or  «.    Overlaid  wall  gold  leaf,  or  a  linn 

r,..ilintof  gold  ;  illuininaled. 
CII.U'EK,  "■    I'ne  who  gilds:  one  wlioso  occupation 
I.  lo  overlay  things  Willi  gold. 

■>   A  Duich  coin,  of  the  value  of  twenty  slivers, 
about  as  ccnls,  or  one  shilling  and  nincpcnce  ster- 
ling.   It  I'  usually  written  Guiudeii. 
i:ll.|i'INr.,ppi-.    Ovcrbying  with  gold;  giving  a  lair 

GII.II'I.NG,  n.   The  art  or  practice  of  overlaying  things 

Willi  colli  leaf,  or  a  thin  coating  of  gold. 

»  Thai  which  is  laid  on  in  overlaying  with  gold. 

Clli!    it     rsw.  frf  I  Sp.ai'aH<i,n  gland  in  the  throat; 

,'   'l  nut,  a  n  indgall  on  a  horse, Ilie  lieak  ofa  shut- 

,id  the  gill  ofa  fi^h;  I'ort.  guclra,  or  gutrra. 

II,  I.  .■  11  would  seem  that  uM  is  a  flioot  or  proiiii- 

iieiice,  the  fringe-like  substance,  not  the  aperture. 

In  Danish,  sillrr  signifies  to  gild,  and  to  cul  oil  the 

gills  of  herrings,  and  in  Scot,  gil  or  ;fiil  is  a  crack  or 

Awurr.l  .    .        . 

1.  The  organ  of  respiration  in  fishes,  consisting  of 

a  rsrliUiginnus  or  bonvarch,  nllaclied  lo  the  hones  ot 

unci  nnd  furnished  on  the  exterior  conve.T  side 

.1  niultitude  of  ll.shy  leaves,  or  fringed  vascu- 

1      ;,li'il-.  nsenibling  plumes,  and  of  a  red  color  in  a 

lo.-illhv  stale.  The  water  is  admitted  by  the  eill-opeii- 

in-,  ni'id  arts  upon  the  blood  as  it  circulates  in  the 

lib'ills.    Other  animals  also  breathe  by  gills,  as  frogs 

III  llieir  tadpole  stale,  lobsters,  8cc.  Ed.  Eiicijc. 

IVl  f%  i^lfjnn  inplrilion  uiwW  wawt  by  (lie  gUll.  Raij. 

a  The  flap  that  hangs  below  the  beak  of  a  fowl  or 
blr«.  Bacm. 

i.  The  (le»h  on  the  lower  part  of  the  cheeks,  or 
inderth~chin.  Bocon.    Swift. 

^.  111  Eni'loitrf,  a  pair  of  wheels  and  a  frame  on 
which  timber  Is  conveyed.    [(.ocaW] 

.V  A  wixrtly  glen ;  a  place  between  steep  banks, 
and  a  rinibl  llowiiic  Ihrouch  it ;  a  brook.     [LiKal.] 
GII.I.'-FI.  \P,  ».    A  numhranc  attached  lo  the  poste- 
rior edge  of  the  gill-lid,  immediately  closing  the  gill- 
opening. 
(ill.l.'-FI.IRT, ».  A  jportivc  or  wanton  girl ;  thcsamo 

as  Jii-i^FLirT. 
r.lI.I.'-I.in,  ».    The  covering  of  the  gills. 
t;ll.l.-fv.rKN.IXG,  It.   The  aperture  ofa  fish,orother 
animal,  by  which  water  is  admitted  to  the  gills. 

FA.  Enajc. 
CILtj,  ■.  [how  L.  ^7/a,  jriH",  or  ^fW«,  a  drinking- 
cla««,  a  gill.  This  word  has  the  same  elementary 
f  Urrs  as  Gr.  ya'Xos,  a  pail  or  bucket,  and  Eng.  fral- 
('Ot,  probably  from  one  of  ihc  roots  in  Gl,  which  sig- 
nify lo  hold  or  contain.] 

A  menstire  of  capacity  containing  the  fourth  part 
,.f  a  pint.  Encijc. 

Gil. I.,  M.    ,A  plant,  ground-ivy,  of  the  genus  Glechoma. 

i  .Moll  liipior  medicated  with  groiind-ivy. 
Gl  I.I.,  ■.    [In  S\v.  ffilja  signifies  to  W(k>.] 

In  tiftirronj  langma^f,  a  female  ;  a  sportive  or  wan- 
to,!  girl,  from  Oillian^  a  woman^s  name.        Grose. 
RKh  Juk  «ah  hb  Gill.  B.  Jotuon. 

CIt.I.'-DEXR-ING,  a.    Producing  gills. 
..II.I.'-IIOL'SE,  It.    A  place  ivlicro  the  liquor  gill  is 

Id.  Pope. 

'.II.  MAN,  ».    A  girl.    [Obs.]  Beaum.  i- Fl. 

' .  1 1 .  1 ,1  r..  It.    .\  boy  ;  a  page  or  menial.       ir.  Heott. 
1. 11.  I.Y-FLOW-EB,  It.     (Kr.  eirofie,  riroftier.     The 
■  ■■fri-sponding  word  in  Arinorican  is  genoJUs  or  "eno- 
/'■«■} 

The  name  of  certain  plants.  The  clove  i^ilhjfloieer 
!•  tif  the  genus  Dianthiis,  or  carnalion-pink  ;  the 
7^rc^  i^iUt^Hitieer  is  of  the  gtnus  .Mathiola;  the  ijueen^s 
_ri:i,,Jf>i-rr  is  the  llcsperis.  Mint,  of  Plants. 


GILT,  n. 

o   In  Bi»loii./,ayoiim!  female  pig.  Ci/f. 

GI1,T'-!eM-/5I),  «•     Having  the  edge  covered  with 

IMLT'-'iTeAI),  n.    [gill  and  head.]     Ill  ieUtliyology,  a 
'■'spinous^mnJ.d  (X  of  the  genus  «r,.<e,,  .r«,  a  led 
li  tlio  sea-bream;  so  named  from  a  golden-jeliow 
'Veover^theeyes.  />"-'.-- 

GILT'-TAIL,  n.    A  worm  so  called  from  its  yellow 

.7  '  Johnson. 

Gl"l,"a.     [Contracted  from  ffcmmt;.]     Neat;  spruce; 

GIM'BAir'.':''' A  name  given  to  the  two  brass  rings  by 
which  a  sea-compass  is  suspeiide.l  in  its  box  and  by 
means  of  wliieh  the  eanl  is  kept  "'.=>,  '""'I'"'"' 1'"!" 
tion,  notwithstanding  Ihe  rolling  ol  the  ship,  flehcrt. 

(SIM'^U-VCK,  11.  A  trivial  mechanism;  a  device,  a 
toy;  a  pretty  thing.  Prior.    Arbiajmot. 

RIM'I.ET    n.      TFr.   mbeleti   Arm.  /rmjmeled.     Omlet 

"seems  to' be  tl.i  samt-  word  as  ».,aMc,  with  the  Ce  tie 
pronunciation,  gnimblc  ;  and  if  m  is  casual,  and  the 
primary  word  it  /[ibelrl,  m  gvihelel,  the  elements  of 
the  word  coincide  with  ^e.Mle,  qmlMe,  and  with  tlic 
\V.  'neid,  a  serpentine  nmiMn,  gwiimm,  to  wamler, 
to  move  in  a  circular  direction,  o-im'«T,  a  serpent,  a 
tiiper,  and  the  primary  sense  is,  to  turn.] 

A  borer;  a  small  instniiucnl  witli  a  pointed  screw 
at  the  end,  for  boring  holes  in  wood  by  tiiining.  It 
is  applied  only  In  small  instruments ;  a  large  instru- 
ment of  Ihe  like  kind  is  called  all  anger. 

GIM'I.ET  i;.  (.  In  .sc/Micn'sinK^uosT,  to  turn  round 
an  anchor  by  the  stock  ;  a  motion  resembling  that  of 
the  turnin!!  of  a  gimlet.  Mar.  I'lf' 

GIM'I.ET-ING,/vir.    Turning  as  an  anchor  round  the 

GIM'LET-ING,  n.     Act  of  turning  an  auclior  round 

by  the  stock. 
GI.M'MAL,  71.     [L.  n-cmfHils.] 

Joined  work  whose  parts  move  witliin  each  other, 
as  a  bridle  bit  or  interlocked  rings;  a  quaint  piece  of 
machinery.  '''<"""■ 

GIJl'.M.M..,  n.     [h.  gcmcllns,  twins.] 

Consisting  of  links.  r^,    i 

GIM'MER,  II.    Movement  or  machinery.    [OS.f.J 

More. 
GIMP,  It.    [Fr.  gniper,  to  cover  or  v}liip  about  with 
silk  ;  Eng.  to  Wiip.] 
A  kind  of  silk  twist  or  edging. 
GIMP,  a.     [W.gwijmp.] 

Smart ;  spruce  ;  trim  ;  nice.     [JVut  m  use.} 
GIN    ;i.    A  contraction  of  Oencva,  a  distilled  spirit  fla- 
vored with  oil  of  juniper,  or  oil  of  turpentine.    [See 
Geneva.] 
GIN,  n.    [A  contraction  of  cn/r"ic.]    A  machine  or  in- 
strument hv  which  the  inechanical  powers  are  em- 
ployed  in  'aid  of  human  strcnglli.     'I'hc  word   is 
applied  to  various  engines,  as  a  machine  for  driving 
piles,  another  for  raising  weights,  tc. ;  and  a  ma- 
chine for  separating  the  seeds  from  cotton,  invented 
by  E.  Whituev,  is  called  a  eotton-gin.     It  is  also  the 
name  given  to  an  engine  of  torture,  and  to  a  pump 
moved  by  rotary  sails. 
2.  A  trap  ;  a  snare.  Miltov.     l>hah. 

GIN,  V.  t.  To  clear  cotton  of  its  seeds  by  a  machine 
which  separates  tliem  with  expedition. 

Trans,  of  Society  of  jSrts. 
2.  To  catch  in  a  trap. 
GIN,  T.  i.     [Sax.  gijnnan.] 

To  begin. 
GIN'-IIOUSE,  Ti.    A  building  where  cotton  is  ginned. 
GIN'-SHOP,  II.    A  house  for  Ihe  retail  of  gin. 
GING,  71.    The  same  as  Gang,  or  body  of  persons  act- 
ing together.     [O&s.] 

Tlico;  is  (\  knot,  n  ging,  n  p:\ck,  a  conepinicy  agdinsl  me.  Shale. 

GIN'GER,  71.  [It.  gengiavo  ;  Sp.  gcngihre ;  Port,  gm- 
givre;  Fr.  gingcmbrci  G.  ingbcr ;  D.  gcmbcr ;  Sw. 
ingefdra:  Dan.  ingefcr;  L.  -Jir.iber ;  Gr.  iiyyiffepii  ; 
Arm.  -.iadibcl,  or  smgebel :  Ar.  Pers.  and  Turk,  lingi- 
bd  or  liiijiii;  ;  Syr.  and  Ch.  nearly  the  same.] 

A  plant,  or  the  root  of  Zingiber  officinale,  a  native 
of  Gingi  in  China.  The  roots  are  jointed,  and  the 
stalks  rise  two  or  three  feet,  with  narrow  leaves.' 
The  flower  stems  arise  by  the  side  of  these,  imme- 
diately from  Ihe  root,  ?i-''rd,  and  ending  in  an  oh 
long,  scaly  spike.  The  dried  loots  are  used  for  various 
purposes,  ill  the  kitchen  and  in  inediei"-  .  Encijc. 
Gl.\'GER-I!EER, )  II.  I'.eer  impregnated  with  gin- 
CLN'GER-POP,     S      ger. 

GIN'GER-IiREAD,  7i.  [ginger  and  ii-corf.]  A  kind  of 
cake,  composed  of  flour,  with  an  admixture  of  but- 
ler, pearlash,  and  tiiiger,  sweetened. 
GIN'GER-liREAD-VV<5UK,  ii.  Work  cut  or  carved  in 
various  fanciful  shapes,  as  an  oritnment  to  buildings, 
&c.  Oro.^e. 

GIN'GER-WINE,  71.    Wine  imprt^gnated  with  ginger. 
GI.\'GER-I-.Y,  mill.    Nicely  ;  cautiously.     [JVot  iisci/.] 

SkcltiiH. 
GIN'GER-NESS,7i.  Niccness  ;  tenderness.  [A'ot  us«/.] 


GIR 


GING'IIAM,  It     A  kind  of  striped  cotton  cloth. 

GIN'GING,  71.  In  tiiiuiiiii-,  the  lining  of  a  mine-shaft 
with  stones  or  bricks  for  its  support,  called  steuung, 
or  .Willi""-,  which  I  suppose  is  from  Sax.  stan,  stone. 

GIN'"GI-VA"L,  (7.    [L.  fftiijriea,  the  gum.)  [Ciie. 

Pertaining  to  tlie  gums.  .[,; 

GIN"GLE,  )  V.  i.     (Ill  Pers.  langl  is  a  little  hell.    In 

J1N"0I.E,  1  Ch.  nnd  Syr.  Nil  is  the  same.  au.  its 
alliance  to  chink  and  jangle.] 

1.  To  make  a  sharp,  clattering  sound  ;  to  ring,  as 
a  little  bell,  or  as  small  pieces  of  sonorous  nutal ;  as, 
<rin  iling  halfpence.  .      Omj. 

2?  To  utter  afliicted  or  chiming  sounds  in  periods 
or  cadence.  John.oit. 

GIN"GLB,  11.  I.  To  shake  so  as  to  make  rlaltering 
sounds  in  quick  succession  ;  to  ring,  a.s  a  litilc  bell, 
or  as  small  coins. 

The  bcllB  alic  gingled,  nml  the  whitdo  blew.  Pope. 

GIN"GLE,  71.  A  shrill,  clattering  sound,  or  a  succes- 
sion of  sharp  sounds,  as  those  made  by  a  little  bell 
or  by  small  coins. 

2.  Alfectation  in  the  sounds  of  periods,  in  reading 
or  speaking,  or  rather  chiming  sounds. 

GIN"(!I,KD,  )ip.    Shaken  so  as  to  ring  or  make  a  clat- 
tering sound.  ,    .     ,.  ,   „ 
GIN"GI.ING,  n.    Act  of  gingling,  as  bells. 
GIN"OLING,  ppr.  or  a.    Shaking  so  as  to  maite  a 

clattering  sound.  . 

GIN"GI.Y-MOID,  a.    [Gr.  yiyy  Xi'/ioj,  a  lunge,  and  ;i- 
-  ('')j,  form.]  , 

Pertaining  to  or  resembling  a  gmglymus. 
GIN"GLY-MUS,  71.     [Gr.  ,i;)Ai';"-s.] 

Ill  anatomy,  a  species  of  articulation  reseiublwig  a 
hin-e.  'I'liiit  species  of  articulation  In  wliicli  eadi 
bono  partly  receives,  and  is  partly  received  by,  tlie 
other,  so  as  to  admit  only  of  flexion  and  e.xteusioli,  is 
called  ginghjmii.i.  ■.         '", 

GiN'Nf;!),  71J1.    Caught  in  a  trap ;  cleared  of  its  seeds, 

as  coltiin. 
GIN'NET,  H.    A  nag.     [See  Jennet.] 
GIN'NING,  ppr.    Catching  in  a  trap;  clearing  cotton 

GIN'NING,  11'.    The  act  by  which  cotton  is  separated 

from  its  seeds.  Vre. 

GIN'SENG,  71.  [T.iisword  is  probably  Chinese,  and 
It  is  said  by  Grosier  to  signify  the  lesemblanre  ol  a 
man,  or  man's  thigh.  He  observes,  also,  that  tlie 
root,  in  the  language  of  the  Iroquois,  is  called  fiiroi- 
(oijum,  which  signifies  legs  and  Udglis  separated.  Oro- 
sicr's  China,  i.534.]  ,      ,  ■  ,    ■ 

A  plant,  of  the  genus  Panax,  the  root  of  winch  is 
in  great  demand  among  the  Chinese.  It  Is  found  111 
the  northern  parts  of  Asia  and  America,  and  is  an 
article  of  export  from  America  to  China.  It  has  a 
Jointed,  ilesliy,  taper  root,  as  large  as  a  man's  finger, 
which,  wlieii  dry,i3  of  a  yellowish-whitc  color,  wilh 
a  mucilaginous  sweetness  in  the  taste,  somewhat  re- 
sembling that  of  licorice,  accompanied  with  a  slight 

bitterness.  •E"f!.'r- 

J"o  take  out  the  entrails  ol  herrings.  Baileij. 
n.     A  kind  of  pouch  formerly  worn  at  the 
Bniiccr. 
It      The  Gipsies  are  a  race  of  vagabonds 
which    infest    Europe,   Africa,  and   Asia,  strolling 
about,  and  subsisting  mostly  by  theft,  robbery,  and 
fortune-telling.    The  name  is  supposed   to  he  cor- 
rupted from  Egnptian,  as  they  were  thought  to  have 
come  from  Egypt.    But  their  language  indicates  that 
tlicy  originated  in  Hindoostan.  Orellnian. 

2.  A  reproachful  name  lor  a  dark  complexion. 

Shall. 

3.  A  name  of  slight  reproach  to  a  woman,  some- 
times implying  artifice  or  cunning. 

A  slavelamloCliini'scyo: 

The  gipsy  kiiowB  her  powtr  .And  flir^B.  i  ^or. 

4.  The  language  of  the  gipsies. 
GIP'SV,  a.    Pertaining  to  or  resembling  the  gipsies. 
GIP'SY-ISM,  71.    The  arts  and  practices  of  gipsies ;  de- 
ception ;  chealing  ;  flattery.  GrcUman. 

•i.  The  stale  of  a  gipsy.  .-  -  ' 

GI-RAFFE',n.     [Sp.girafa;  It.  giraffa;  Ar.  HiSjj, 

so  called  from  leaping,  or  the  extreme  length  of  ils 


GIP, 
GIP'SIRE, 

girdle. 
GIP'SY, 


neck,  from  ij.\  larafa,  to  leap  on,  to  hasten.] 

The  ciimelopard,  an  African  quadruped,  whose  fore 
legs  are  niucli  longer  than  the  hinder  ones.  "  's  urn 
t-.llest  of  animals,  being  aonietimes  twenly  feet  Irom 
the  hoofs  to  the  top  of  Ihe  head.  [See  Camblopaho.j 

Parttnglon. 
GIR'AN-DOLE,  n.     [It.  girandola,  from  giro,  a  turn, 

"l"c'hanSe!L'rl  large  kind  of  branched  candle- 

GIR'A-SOIi'.jii.     [Fr.  and  Sp. ;   It.  gh-asoUi  giro, 

GIR'A-SC         i      L.  gyriu'>,  a  turn,  It.  «-iraK,  to  turn, 

and  sole,       to!,  the  sun.]  ii„ii„,ro. 

1.  The  turnsole,  n  plant  of  tlie  genus  Ilchotro- 

'"Ta  mineral,  usually  milk-white,  bluish-while  or 
skv-blue,  but  when  turned  toward  the  sun,  or  any 


FATE,  FAR,  r.\U.,  WHAT.  — METE,  PREY.  — PI.VE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK. — 


.">oa 


GIR 

liriL'ht  light,  it  constantly  reflects  a  reddish  color: 
IiLMice  its  name.  It  sometimes  stronglv  resembles  a 
trnnskicid  jelly.  '  Cleavcl^ind, 

GIRD,  (gtird,)  n.  [Sax.  rreard^  or  syrd^  or  srifrda,  Sl 
I'.vi^,  branch,  rod,  pole,  Eng.  a  yard;  G.  g-urt'n  girth, 
a  girdle;  Dan.  fl-terdc,  a  hedge,  a  rail.  This  word 
signifies,  primarily,  a  twig,  shoot,  or  branch  ;  hence, 
a  pole  or  stick  nsed  in  measurintr.  In  measuring 
land,  among  our  Saxon  ancestors,  the  gin-d  seems  to 
have  been  a  certain  measure  like  our  rod,  perch,  or 
pole,  all  of  which  signify  the  same  thing,  a  branch 
or  shoot,  a  little  pole.  VVe  now  apply  the  word  yard 
to  a  measure  of  three  feet  in  length.'  In  rude  ages, 
^irrds,  shoots  of  trees,  w^re  used  fur  binding  things 
together,  wlunce  th?  verb  to  gird.  (See  VVithe.) 
Otjrds  were  also  used  for  driving,  or  for  punishment, 
a:J  we  now  use  whips  ;  and  our  comm,  i;  people  use 
t^ird  for  a  severe  stroke  of  a  stick  or  whip.  See  Lve, 
under  Gvrd  and  WEAL-sTrLLi>-o.] 

1.  \  Iwilch  or  pang ;  a  sudden  spasm  which  re- 
sembles the  stroke  of  a  rod,  or  tJie  pressure  of  a 
band. 

2.  In  popular  language^  a  severe  stroke  of  a  stick 
or  whip. 

GIRD,  (gnrd,)  r.  (.  ,■  preL  and  -pp.  Girded  or  Gibt. 
[Pax.  ^tjrdan ;  G.  giirtsit ;  D.  garden. :  Sw.  giorda,  to 
gird  or  surround  ;  Dan.  gierder,  to  hedge,  to  inclose. 
(Sec  the  noun.)  It  is  probable  that  o-flrrfr«,  Ir.  ^ori, 
is  from  the  same  root;  originally,  an  inclosed  held, 
a  piece  of  ground  surrounded  v.-iih  poles,  stakes,  and 
branches  ot  trees.  If  the  noun  is  the  primarj-  word, 
the  sense  of  the  rnot  is  to^  shoot,  as  a  branch  ;  if  the 
verb  is  the  root,  tlie  sense  is  to  surround,  or  rather,  to 
bind  or  make  fast.  The  former  is  the  most  proba- 
ble.] 

1  To  bind  by  surrounding  with  any  Hexible  sub- 
stance, as  with  a  twig,  a  cord,  bandage,  or  cloth  ;  as, 
to  gird  the  loins  with  sackcloth. 

9.  To  make  fast  by  binding;  to  put  on  ;  usually 
with  on ;   as,  to  gird  on  a  harness  j   to  gird  on  a 

3.  To  invest ;  to  surround.  [sword. 

Th?  Son  appeared, 
Girl  with  omiiipotcnre.  MUton. 

4.  To  clothe  ;  to  dress ;  to  habit. 

I  girded  ihes  about  with  fine  linen.  —  Ezek.  xvi. 

5.  To  furnish  ;  to  equip. 

Girded  with  snaky  wiles.  MUlon. 

6.  To  surround  J  to  encircle;  to  inclose;  to  en- 
compass. 

The  Nyseian  isle, 
Girt  wiUi  Uie  River  Tiiion.  MUton. 

7.  To  gibe ;  to  reproach  severely ;  lo  lash.   Sliak. 
GTRD,  r.  t.    To  gibe ;  to  sneer ;  to  break  a  scornful 

jest ;  to  utter  severe  sarcasms. 

M^n  of  all  sorts  lake  a  pride  lo  gird  at  me.  STtak. 

GTRD'ED,  pp.  Eouiid  ;  surrounded  ;  invested  ;  put  on. 
GIRD'ER,  n.  In  architecture^  the  principal  piece  of 
timber  in  a  floor.  Its  end  is  usually  fastened  into 
the  summers  or  breast  summers,  and  the  joists  are 
framed  into  it  at  one  end.  In  buildings  entirely  of 
timber,  the  giraer  is  fastened  by  tenons  into  the 
posts. 
■2.  A  satirist.  LiUy. 

GIRD'^IXG, ppr.    Binding;  surrounding:  investing. 
GIRD  I.\G,  H.    A  covering.    Is.  iii. 
GiRD'LE,  (gurd'l.)  n.     [Sas.  gyrdle,  iryrdl;  Sw.  gUr- 
del;  G.  g"rtel;  D.  gordel.] 

1.  A  band  or  belt ;  something  drawn  round  the 
waist  of  a  person,  and  tied  or  buckled  ;  as,  a  girdle 
of  fine  linen  ;  a  leathern  girdle. 
9.  Inclosure ;  circumference. 

Witliin  the  girdle  of  these  waUa.  Shak. 

3.  The  zodiac.  Bacon. 

4.  A  round  iron  plate  for  baking,     [du.  griddle.] 

Pegge. 

5.  Among  jewelers,  the  line  which  encompasses 
the  stone,  parallel  to  the  horizon.  Cyc. 

GIRD'LE,  r.  t.    To  bind  with  a  belt  or  sash  ;  to  gird. 

Skak. 

9.  To  inclose  ;  to  environ  ;  to  shut  in.  Shak. 

3.  In  America,  to  make  a  circular  incision,  like  a 

belt,  through  the  bark  and  alburnura  of  a  tree,  to 

fcill  it.  J\rew  England.     Bclhnnp.     DicialU. 

GIRD'LE-BELT,  n.    A  belt  that  encircles  the  \vaist. 

Dnjden. 
GIRD'LfID,  pp.    Bound  with  a  belt  or  sash. 
GIRD'LER,  71.    One  who  girdles  ;  a  maker  of  girdles. 

Beanm. 
GIRD'LE-STEAD,  (-sled,)  n.    The  part  of  the  Dody 

w\\fr>-  the  girdle  is  worn.  Ma.^nn. 

G1R[)'L[\G, ppr.    Binding  with  a  belt;  surrounding. 
GIRE,  n.     [L.  gyrus.] 

A  circle,  or  circular  motion.  [See  Gybe.] 
^^^^  (g'"''))  «•  [The  origin  of  this  word  is  not  ob- 
vious. It  is  most  probably  the  Low  L.  gcntla^  a 
young  woman  employed  to  lend  children  ;  a  word 
left  in  England  by  the  Romans.  It  is  said  that  the 
word  was  formerly  used  for  both  sexes ;  be  it  so ; 
gerultu  wa-s  also  used  for  a  chairman.] 

1.  A  female  child,  or  yuung  woman.     In  familiar 
itngfiase,  any  young,  unmarried  woman.    lirydcn. 
9.  Among  sportunen^  a  roebuck  of  two  years  old. 


GIV 

GIRL'HOpD,  n.    The  state  of  a  girl.    [Liitle  u^ed.] 

jyiiss  Sacard. 
GIRL'ISH,  a.    Like  a  young  woman  or  child  ;  befit- 
ting a  girl. 
9.  Pertaining  to  tlie  youth  of  a  female.       Careto. 
GIRL'ISII-LY,  adv.     In  the  manner  of  a  girl. 
GlRL'ISil-NE^.S,  ».     Levity  ;  the  manners  of  a  girl. 
GiRN,  V.  i.     A  corruption  of  Gbin.  South. 

GI-ROND'IST,  71.    One  of  a  celebrated  political  parly 

during  the  French  revolution. 
GIIl'ROCK,  7f.    A  species  of  gar-fish,  the  lacertiis. 

Cyc. 
GIRT,  (gurt,)  pret.  and  pp.  of  Gird. 
GIRT,  V.  t.     To  gird  ;  to  surround.   Tlicnnsoji.    Toohc. 
[This  verb,  if  derived  from  tlie  noun  girt,  may  be 
proper.] 
GiRT,     i  n.    The  band  or  strap  by  which  a  saddle  or 
GIRTH,  \      any  burden  on  a  horse's  back  is  made  fast, 
by  passing  under  his  belly. 
9.  A  circular  bandage.  Wiseman. 

3.  The  compass  measured  by  a  girth  or  inclosing 
bandage. 


He's  a  Iiisty,  jolly  fcUoi 
the  girth. 


eil,  at  least  three  yanls  in 
Addison. 


GiRT'ED,  -pv-    Girded  ;  surrounded. 

GIRTH,  V.  t.    To  bind  witli  a  girth. 

GIRT'ING,/)/)*-.     Girding. 

(iiSE,  (jize,)  ('.  t.    To  feed  or  pasture.     [See  Agist.] 

GIS'LE,  (jiz'l,)  n.     A  pledge.     [Kot  in  xise.] 

GIST,  (jist  or  jit ;  Smart  and  Knowles  give  j(s(,  Jame- 
son jVi.)  71.     [Fr.  gesir,  to  lie  ;  gite,  a  lodgmg-place.] 
In  law,  the  main  point  of  a  question  ;  the  point  on 
which  an  action  rests. 

GITH,  n.     Guinea  pei)per. 

GIT'TERN,  n.     [L.  cithara  ] 
A  guitar.     [See  Guitar.] 

GIT'TERN,  V.  i.    To  play  on  a  giltem.  ^^^hon. 

QIUS'TO,  Cjus'to,)  [It.]     In  miijic,  in  just,  equal,  or 
steady  time. 

GIVE,(giv,)r.(. ;  prf^i.  Gave  ;p;».  Given.    [Sax.  ^//<m, 

gxjfan:  Goiii.giban;  G.  gcbcn  ;  T).  geevnt ;  Svr.gifca; 
an.  giver.  Hence,  Sax.  gif,  Goth.  iabai  or  yabai^ 
now  contracted  into  if.  Chaucer  wrote  ycvc,  yave. 
Uu.  Heh.  Ch.  Syr.  and  Sam.  3n'',to  give.  See  Class 
Gb,  No.  3,  '2t3,  43.  The  sense  of  give  is  generally  to 
pass,  or  to  transfer,  that  is,  lo  send  or  throw.] 

1.  To  bestow  ;  to  confer;  to  pass  or  transfer  the 
title  or  property  of  a  tiling  to  another  person,  without 
an  equivalent  or  compensation. 

For  ^nerous  lords  had  rather  give  than  pay.  Young. 

2.  To  transmit  from  himself  to  another  by  hand, 
speech,  or  writing  ;  to  deliver. 

The  woman  whom  thou  ^vest  to  be  Avilh  me,  she  gave  me  of 
the  tr^e,  and  I  did  eat.  —  Gen,  iii. 

3.  To  impart ;  to  bestow. 

Give  us  of  your  rri,  for  our  lantps  are  gone  out,  —  Matl.  xxv. 

4.  To  communicate ;  as,  to  gice  an  opinion  ;  to 
give  counsel  or  advice  ;  to  give  notice. 

5.  To  pass  or  deliver  the  property  of  a  thing  to 
another  for  an  equivalent ;  lo  pay.  We  give  the  t'ull 
value  of  all  we  purchase.  A  dollar  is  given  for  a 
day's  labor. 

Wlial  aliall  a  man  give  in  exchange  for  his  soul  ?  — Matt.  xvi. 

6.  To  yield  ;  to  lend  ;  in  the  phrase  to  give  ear, 
which  signifies  to  listen  ;  to  hear. 

7.  To  quit;  in  the  phrase  to  give  place,  which  sig- 
nifies   to  withdraw,  or  retire    to  make    room   for 

8.  To  confer;  to  grant.  [another. 
What  will  tlioo  gioe  me,  seeing  I  go  cliildless?  —  Gen.  xv. 

9.  To  expose ;  to  yield  to  the  power  of. 

Give  to  tUe  wanton  winds  their  flowing  hair.  Dnj'h-n. 

10.  To  grant ;  to  allow ;  to  permit. 

It  is  given  me  once  again  to  beiiold  my  friend.  liuice. 

11.  To  afford  ;  to  supply  ;  to  furnish. 

Thou  must  gice  ua  also  sacriiicoe  and  tiurnl-offerings.  —  Ex.  X. 

19.  To  empower;  to  license  ;  to  commission. 

Then  gioe  tliv  friend  lo  shed  the  s:icrcd  wine.  Pope, 

But  this  and  similar  phrases  are  probably  elliptical ; 
give,  for  give  power  or  license.  So  in  ihe  [ih.'-ases 
^(re  me  to  understand,  give  me  to  know,  gtr.c  the 
flowers  to  blow  ;  tliat  is,  to  give  power,  to  enable. 

13.  To  pay  or  render;  as,  to  give  praise,  applause, 
or  approbation. 

14.  To  render;  to  pronounce;  as,  to  o-irc  sentence 
or  judgment ;  lo  give  Ihe  word  of  command. 

15.  To  utter ;  to  vent ;  as,  to  give  a  shout. 

16.  To  produce  ;  to  show  ;  to  exhibit  as  a  product 
or  result :  as,  the  number  of  men  divided  by  the 
numlier  of  .ships,  gives  four  hundred  to  each  ship. 

17.  To  cause  lo  exist ;  lo  e.\cite  in  another  ;  as,  to 
give  orTensc  or  umbrage  ;  to  give  pleasure. 

18.  Tosend  forlh;  toemit;  as,  a  stone  «irc3  sparks 
with  steel. 

19.  To  addict ;  to  apply;  to  devote  one's  self,  fol- 
lowed by  the  reciprocal  pronoun.  The  soldiers  give 
themselves  to  phmder.  The  p:issive  participle  is 
much  used  in  this  sense  ;  as,  the  i>eople  are  o-irm  to 
luxury  and  pleasure  ;  the  youth  is  given  to  study. 

Give  thyself  wholly  lo  them.  — !  Tim.  iv. 


GIZ 

20.  To  resign  ;  to  yield  up;  often  followed  by  up 

Who  say,  I  circ  not,  lho«e  I  gire  for  Ic>»t.  IJertert. 

91.  To  pledge ;  as,  I  give  my  word  thai  the  debt 
shall  he  paid. 

2iJ.  To  present  for  taking  or  acccpt-mce  ;  as,  I  give 
you  my  hand. 

93.  To  allow  or  admit  by  way  of  supposition. 

To  give  away:  to  alienate  the  title  or  property  of  a 
thing  ;  to  make  over  to  another ;  to  transfer. 

Wb-itsoever  we   employ  in  cliariuUe  U»M  during  our  liv«,  U 
given  atcay  from  ourselvtu.  Attertury. 

To  give  back  ;  to  return  :  lo  restore.       AtUrburg. 

To  give  chtLfc  ;  to  pursue,  ToUen. 

To  give  fortJt;  to  ptiblish  ;  to  IcII;  to  rejwrt  pub- 
licly. I/aijtcard. 

To  ^ive  the  hand;  to  yield  preeminence,  as  being 
subortfinate  or  inferior.  Hooker. 

To  give  in  ;  to  allow  by  way  of  abatement  or  do 
duclion  from  a  claim  ;  to  yield  what  may  be  justly 
demanded. 

To  give  over  ;  to  leave  ;  lo  quit ;  lo  cease ;  to  aban- 
don ;  as,  to  give  over  a  pursuit. 

9.  To  addict ;  lo  attach  to ;  lo  abandon. 

When  ihe  Babylonians  had  given  tbemselvQ  over  lo  all  manner 
of  vice.  Greu!. 

3.  To  despair  of  recovery  ;  to  believe  to  be  lost  or 
past  recoven,'.  The  physician  had  given  over  the 
patient,  or  given  the  patient  over.  Addison. 

4.  To  abandon.  Milton. 

To  give  out :  to  utter  publicly ;  to  report ;  lo  pro- 
claim ;  to  publish.  It  was  ^rivcn  out  that  parliament 
would  assemble  in  November. 

2.  To  issue  ;  to  send  forth  ;  to  publish. 

The  night  was  distinguished  by  the  orders  which  he  gaee  out  to 
his  army.  Addison. 

3.  To  show  ;  lo  exhibit  in  false  appearance.    Shak. 

4.  To  send  out ;  to  emit ;  as,  a  substance  gives  out 
steam  or  odors. 

To  give  up  ;  to  resign ;  to  quit;  to  yield  as  hope- 
less ;  as,  to  give  xip  a  cause  ;  to  give  up  the  argument. 

2.  To  surrender ;  as,  to  give  up  a  fortress  to  an 
enemy. 

3.  To  relinquish  ;  to  cede.  In  this  treaty,  the 
Spaniards  gave  up  Louisiana. 

4.  To  abandon ;  as,  to  give  up  all  hope ;  they  are 
given  up  to  believe  a  lie. 

5.  To  deliver. 

And  Joab  gave  up  the  sum  of  the  number  of  the  people  to  the 
kinj.  —  2  Sam.  xxiv. 

To  give  one^s  selfnp  ;  lo  despair  of  one's  recovery  j 
to  conckide  to  be  lost. 
9.  To  resign  or  devote. 

Let  us  give  ourselves  wholly  up  to  Christ  in  heart  and  dec're. 

Taylor. 

3.  To  addict;  to  abandon.  He  gave  himself  up  lo 
intemperance. 

To  give  leay ;  lo  yield  ;  to  withdraw  lo  make  room 
for.    Inferiors  should  give  way  to  superiors. 

9,  To  fail ;  to  yield  to  force  ;  to  break  or  fall.  The 
ice  gave  way,  and  the  horses  were  drowned  ;  ihe 
scallblding  gave  wayi  the  wheels  or  axletrcc  gave 
way. 

3.  To  recede ;  to  make  room  for. 

4.  In  seamen's  language,  give  icay  13  an  order  to  a 
boat's  crew  to  row  ;uler  ceasing,  or  to  increase  their 
exertions.  Totlen. 

GIVE,  (giv,)  r.  t.  To  yield  to  pressure.  Tht-  earth 
givis  under  the  feet. 

2.  To  begin  to  melt ;  to  thaw  ;  lo  grow  soft,  so  as 
to  yield  to  pressure.  "  Bacon. 

3.  To  move  ;  to  recede. 

Now  back  he  gives,  then  ru»1ic&  on  amnin. 

DanieVs  dcil  War. 

To  give  in  .•  to  go  back  ;  lo  give  way.     [JV*u£  in  use] 
To  give  in  to ;  to  yield  ;issent ;  to  adopt. 

This  consideration  may  Induce  a  tnn&!:<.tor  to  giTt  m  to  those 
geticral  plirases.     "  Pope. 

To  give  off;  to  cease ;  to  forpe.ir.    [Utile  used.] 

Jjoeke, 
To  give  an  :  to  rush  ;  lo  fall  on.     [.Yot  in  ttse.] 
To  give  out :  lo  publish  ;  lo  proclaim. 
2.  To  cease  from  exertion ;  to  yield  ;  applied  lo 
persons.    He  labored  hard,  but  gave  out  at  last. 
Tu  give  over;  to  cease  ;  lo  act  no  more  ;  to  desert. 

U  would  be  well  for  :ill  authors,  if  they  km^w  when  to  gice  ozer, 
and  tit  d'.-sist  from  any  funlicr  pursuits  after  f.mir.  Aiidieon. 

GIVEN,  (giv'n.)  pp.  or  a.  Bestowed  ;  granted  j  con- 
ferred ;  imparted  ;  admitted  or  supposed. 

GIVER,  H.  One  who  gives  ;  a  dtuiitr;  a  bestower;  a 
grantor ;  one  who  imparts  or  distributes. 

It  is  the  gioer,  and  not  the  ^ft,  that  cngrosecs  ilic  heart  of  ihc 
CiirisUau.  KoUocA. 

GIVES,  n.  pi.  [It.  /rdbhion,  from  gcibhim,Uy  get  or 
hold.] 

Kilters  or  shackles  for  the  feet.    [Pee  Gtves.] 
GIVING,  ppr.     Bestowing;  conferring;   imparting: 

granting;  delivering. 
GIVING,  rf.    The  acl  of  conferring.  Pope 

9.  .'.II  iiMeiiinc  of  what  is  not  real.  SAak 

GfZ'ZARD,  »:    [Fr.  ge^icr.] 


TGNE,  BIJLL,  UNITE.— AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS — e  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  Cli  as  SH;  Til  as  in  THIS. 

503~ 


GLA 


GLA 


1 .10  »txuns.  musculou*  slomadi  of  a  fowl. 

Rag.     Dryden. 
,  inl;  10  banua;  to  vex  one**  self, 

(J,  .  Uudibroj. 

GLA  1  '.     [L.  s*iabro.] 

1\>  lUAA--  -uj^-Ui.     [.\yt  ujed.) 
Gl.  \B'KI-TY,  m,    SiiicM.lhms.i.     [JVbt  tutd.] 
*;LA'HROf:?, a.    [l*.  »tabcr, nllicd  to  Eng. ghb.    Class 
Lb,  Nt^  10,  'i4,  2??.  3^,  37.1 

EtiDot>tti ;  having  a  surface  without  hairs  or  any 
uof  Vtiiri.-*i.  . 

CL.\  t  nl,)  a.     [Fr.  glacial;  L.  guicialis, 

fn 

1.  .  _  <  r  ice;  frozen. 

f;/j.  .j/  f»'if;i.''ir«a,'  the  phenomena  which  accom- 
miiy  KinclcRi 

CLA'CIATK,  r.  i.    To  turn  In  ic*.  Via. 

iJLA-Cl-A'TiU.N',  (ali  aht-a'shun,)  n.  [Supra.]  The 
art  of  freerlnc  ;  ire  fomieil.  Brawn. 

GLATltU,  (Rli'*etr,)  n.  [Fr.  glaciere,  an  ice-house, 
from  i^taety  \\.  ^Maecio,  ice.    See  Glaciau] 

A  iK'Itl  or  niinienitu  mu*«  of  ice,  fornica  in  deep 
but  elevnleii  vallev,  or  on  llie  siJes  oi'  iJiy  Alps  or 
otiier  nioiuilaiii'*.  "  Thiiw;  masses  of  ice  extend  many 
miles  III  lcii<:lh  and  brcadUi,  and  remain  undissolved 
by  Hie  he.it  nf  suiuiikt.  Coic. 

Otacur  tMcorif;  the  theory  lli:it  the  frigid  and  tom- 
pcraie  z*)iies  weie  covered  with  ice  during  the  ice  pc- 
ritfJ,  and  that,  by  the  agency  of  this  ice,  during  its 
foniiatjitn  and  di!-isc>lution,  the  loose  materials  on  the 
earth's  surface,  (known  as  Ji/iicium,)  were  transport- 
ed and  acrumuliited. 

GLA'CIOL'S,  (gla'shus,)  a.    Like  ice  ;  icy.    Brown. 

GLA'CIS.  n.  [Fr.]  In  buitdinn^  or  gardatiiisr^  an 
cn-'<y,  inacnsibto  slope.  This,  also,  is  the  sense  in 
geoJop-.  Eitcyc. 

2.  In  foriificatioHj  a  sloping  bank ;  that  ntass  of 
canh  which  ser\*es  as  a  parapet  lo  tlie  covered  way, 
having  an  e.asy  sloiw  or  declivity  toward  the  cham- 
paign or  lield.  Enojc. 

G  LA  1»,  a.  [3.-UC.  gl^rd  or  glad ;  Sw.  glad  ;  Dan.  glad  ; 
perhaps  U  Uttuj,  without  a  prefix.  Sec  Class  Ld, 
No.  2,  Ar.] 

L  rieast'd ;  afll'Cted  with  pleasure  or  moderate  joy ; 
moili-ralcly  happy. 

A  wbc  Mil  mitkeOi  a  glad  C\t)icr.  —  Pror.  x. 

It  is  usually  followed  by  of.    I  am  gliut  of  an  op- 
IHwtunity  l4>  oblige  my  friend. 
It  U  sometime!!  followed  by  at 

lie  llut  •  glad  at  cjliiiiiira  >luJl  uol  Le  unpuiiUlic*!.  —  Prov. 
xtH, 

It  i*  sometimes  followed  by  trttJt. 

TV  Tp3)4ii,  g'^i  kU\  «jlit  of  l»*Lle  Wy«l.  Dnjden. 

JtTtA,  iiAer  glid^  is  unusual,  and,  in  this  passage, 
at  would  hav8  been  preferable. 

3.  Cheerful ;  joyous. 

Thfy  U'^?d  tt«f  kill?,  arxl  went  to  ihcir  leiiU,  J'lyfnl  .iiid  ^lad 
ci  bnrL  —  I  Kiiip  Ti;i. 

3.  Cheerful;  wearing  the  appearance  of  joy;  as, 
a  glad  C4iunlenance. 

4.  Wearing  a  gay  appearance ;  shott-y ;  briglit. 

The  wliWitCTB  and  Ur  loliLuy  place  *lall  Iw  gUul  for  tlif m.  — 

II.  ssxv. 
Glad  c*rain;  Aod  glad  mom  crownctl  tbe  fourth  day.  MiUon. 

5.  Pleasing ;  exhilarating. 

Her  eonremtion 
Store  f  lad  \a  me  iKin  ta  a  marr  moiicy  u.  Sidney. 

6.  Expressing  gladness  or  joy;  exciting  joy. 

llArfc  1  a  guid  Tcke  the  loutl/  tieacrt  d^cn.  Popt. 

GLAD,  r.  L  [The  prcl.  and  pp.  Gladdi:d  is  not  used. 
S«e  Gladoe:*.] 

To  make  glad  ;  to  affect  with  pleasure  ;  to  cheer ; 
to  gladden  ;  lo  exhilarate. 

E*cfa  .Wnlo  the  ]aiM  Uttt  gUidi  tlic  b«ut  of  man.  Pope. 

GLAO'D£.V,  (glad'n,)  r.  U  [Sax.  gladian;  Dan.  el<B- 
der:  9\\'.  gladia.]  ^ 

To  make  glad  ;  to  cheer;  to  please ;  to  exhilarate. 
The  news  of  pe.-icc  gladdens  our  hearts. 

Cboitbes  wiU  CTprr  irhrrc  g:r^.tn  hi*  eye,  :\i>d  hymni  of  praae 
TiLcatc  upon  ha  car.  Dteighl. 

CL,\D'DEN",  (glad'n,)  r.  i.  To  become  clad ;  to  re- 
joice. 

So  ihill  ywa  ani:iiry  erer  g:<U,Un  xi  tbe  sound  of  your  roiw. 
A-fcjTu'*  /rtauf  uroi  Omlion. 

GLAD'nE\-f:D,  pp.    Jfadc  glad  ;  cheered. 
SJ")P!PE«''*^^*  '^'■'  **•■  *^    Cheering ;  exhilarating. 
GLAU  DER,  n.    One  that  makes  glad,  or  gives  joy. 

GLAD'DLVG,  ppr.     Making  glad;  cheering;  giving 

GLADE, «.     [Ice.  A/ad.     Qu.] 

1.  An  opening  or  passage  made  through  a  wood  by 
loppmg  o{T  the  branches  of  the  trees,  toealhj,  in  the 
UnUed  Statu,  a  natural  opening  or  open  place  in  a 
forest 

There  in'-rrap-Tv^  in  Uvns  r-jv)  opcniny  g!adtt.  Pope. 

2.  In  Ji,'ew  iZaglandy  an  opening  in  the  ice  of  rivers 
or  lakes,  or  a  place  left  unfrozen. 

OLADE,  n      [D.  glad,  G.  gtau^  smoolh.l 

Smo<*th  ice.  jsTao  England. 


[L.  gladiusj  a  sword.] 


GLA'OKN, 

GLA'DliU,  ,  ^       . 

Srtord-grass ;  the  general  name  of  plants  that  rise 
with  a  broad  blade,  like  sedge.  Junius. 

GLAD'F^L,  o.    Full  of  gladness.     [Obs.]     Spenser. 
GLAD'F[jL-i\ESS,  tu    Joy  ;  gladness.    [Obs.] 

Spmser. 
GLAD'I-ATE,  a.     [L.  gladitis,  a  sword.] 

Sword-shapcd  ;  resembling  the  form  of  a  sword  ; 
a.-*  the  lepurin;  of  a  p):int.  Martyn. 

GLAD'l-A-TDlt,  H.     [L.,  from  sladiusy  a  sword.] 

A  sword-plaver ;  a  piizc-ficlitcr.    Tlie  gladiators, 
in  Koine,  were'inen  who  fought  in  the  arena,  for  the 
entertainment  of  the  poople. 
GLAD-I-A-To'KI-AL,  I  a.     Pertaining  to  gladiators, 
GLAD-I-A-ToMU-AN,  \     or  to  combats  for  the  enter- 
tainment of  the  Roman  people.  />'/'-  RojnohL'. 
GL;VD'1-A-T0-UY,  a.    Relating  to  gladiators. 

Bp.  Porteus. 
GLAD'I  A-TliRE,  n.    Sword-play  ;  fencing.     [J^ot  in 

vsc]  Oatjton. 

GL.\U'I-OLE,  ;i.     [L.  gladiolus,  n  diigger.] 

A  plant,  the  sword-lily,  of  the  genus  Gladiolus. 
The  water  glailiole  is  of  ttie  genus  ihitonius,  or  (low- 
ering rush,  and  also  of  the  genus  Lobelia,  or  cardinal 
flower.  Oic.     Fam.  of  Plants. 

GliAD'LY,  adv.  [Sec  Glad.].  Witli  pleasure  ;  joyfu^ 
ly ;  cheerfully. 

The  coiTiinon  people  heard  him  gladli/.  —  Mark  xii. 

GLAD'NESS,  v.  [See  Glad.]  Joy,  or  a  moderate  de- 
gree of  joy  an<l  exhilaration ;  pleasure  of  mind  ;  cheer- 
fulness. 

They  dill  cnl  thrir  meal  wiili  j&K/fwwand  singleness  of  heart.— 

Acts  ii, 
[Qladncss  is  rarely  or  never  equivalent  to  mirth, 
merriment,  gaycty,  aiid   triumph,  and  it  usually  ex- 
presses  less  than  deiighL     It  sometimes  expresses 
great  joy.    Esther  viii.  ix.l 
GLAD'SHIP,  w.    State  of  gladness.     [JVot  used.] 

Qower. 
GLAD'SOME,  (-sum,)  a.    Pleased  ;  joyful ;  cheerful. 

Spmser. 
2.  Causing  joy,  pleasure,  or  cheerfulness  ;  having 
the  appearance  or  gayety  ;  pleasing. 

Of  opening  heaven  ihoy  sitiij?,  niul  gladsome  day.  Prior. 

GLAD'SOME-LY,  adv  With  joy ;  with  pleasure  of 
mind. 

GLAU'SOiME-\ESS,  n.    Joy,  or  moderate  joy ;  pleas- 
ure of  mind. 
2.  Sliowiness.  Johnsotu 

GLAU'VVIiV,  71.     A  plant  of  the  genus  Iris. 

Earn,  of  Plant';. 

GLAIR,  n.  [Fr.  ghirc.  In  Sax.  gltpre  is  amber,  or 
any  thing  transparent.  Tliis  coincides  with  W.  eg- 
lur,  Eng.  clear,  L.  clarits,  and  with  Eng.  glare,  and 
L.  gloria  ;  perhaps  with  L.  glarea,  gravel,  or  pieces  of 
quartz.] 

1.  The  white  of  an  egg.  It  is  used  as  a  varnish 
for  preserving  paintings.  Ennjc. 

2.  Any  viscous,  transparent  substance,  resembling 
the  white  of  an  egg. 

\^.  A  kind  ctf  halberd.  Diet. 

GLaIR,   v.  t.    To  smear  with  the  white  of  an  egg;  to 

varnish. 
GLaIR'£D,  pp.    Smeared  with  the  while  of  an  egg. 
GLAIR'Y,  a.    Like  glair,  or  partaking  of  its  qualiiies. 

Fleming. 
GLAIVE.    SeeGLWE. 
GLA'MOUR,  n.    Witcherj,  or  a  rharm  on  the  eves, 

making  them  see  things  differently  from  what  they 

really  are.     [Scouish.] 

It  had  much  of  glamour  might 
To  m-ake  a  lady  seem  a  knight. 

ScoiTs  Lay  of  the  Last  Minstrel. 

GLANCE,  n.  [G.  glanz,  a  ray,  a  beam,  or  shoot,  of 
light,  splendor;  D.  ^lans;  Dan.  glands;  Sw.  glans. 
The  primary  sense  is,  to  shoot,  to  throw,  to  dart.] 

1.  A  sudden  shoot  of  light  or  splendor.     Milton. 

*  2.  A  shoot  or  darting  of  sight ;  a  rapid  or  moment- 
ary view  or  cast;  a  snatch  of  sight;  as,  a  sudden 
glance  ;  a  glance  of  the  eye.  Dryden.     ffatts. 

GLANCE,  V.  i.  To  shoot  or  dart  a  ray  of  light  or  splen- 
dor. 

When  through  the  gloom  the  glandng  lightnings  fly.    Roiee. 

2.  To  fly  off  in  an  oblique  direction  ;  lo  dart  aside. 
The  arrow  struck  the  shield  and  glanced.  So  we  say, 
a  glancing  ball  or  shot. 

y.  To  look  with  a  sudden,  rapid  cast  of  the  eye  ; 
to  snatch  a  momentary  or  hasty  view. 

Then  sit  ag^iin,  and  sigh  and  glance.  Suckling. 

4.  To  hint;  to  cast  a  word  or  reflection;  as,  to 
glance  at  a  ditlVrent  subject. 
.I.  To  censure  by  oblique  hints.  Sfiak. 

GLANCE,  V.  t.  To  shoot  or  dart  suddenly  or  oblique- 
ly ;  to  cast  for  a  moment ;  as,  to  glance  the  eye. 

Shah: 
GLAXCE,  71.  A  name  given  to  the  darker-colored,  me- 
^  t;illie  sTilphurets.  Dana. 

GLXNCE'-CoAL,  ji.  Anthracite  ;  a  mineral  composed 

chiefly  of  carbon.     [See  Antiii!\cite.]  O/c. 

GLaN'CAD,  (glinst,)  pp.    Shot  or  darted  suddenly- 


GLA 

GLAN'CING,  ppr.  Shooting;  darting;  casting  sud- 
denly; flying  off  obliquely. 

GLAN'CING-LY.  adu.  By  glancing  ;  in  a  glancing 
manner ;  transiently.  Hakcicill. 

GLAND,  7(.  [L.  glam,  a  nut ;  glandula,  a  gland  ;  Fr. 
glandc.     Uu.  Gr.  iiaXavo^,  with  a  ditferent  prefix.] 

1.  In  «im(07ni/,  a  soft,  ticsliy  organ,  in  sume  cases 
extremely  minute,  and  in  others  large  like  the  liver 
There  are  two  classes  of  glands,  one  for  the  modifi- 
cation of  the  fluids  which  pass  through  them,  as  the 
mesenteric  and  lymiihalic  glands;  and  the  other  for 
the  secretion  of  liuitls  whicli  are  either  useful  in  tbi; 
animal  economy,  or  require  lo  be  rejecled  fioni  the 
body.  Tidhj. 

2.  In  botanu,  a  gland^  or  glanihdc,  is  an  excrei(»ry 
or  secretrrv  duct  or  vessel  in  a  plant.  Glands  are 
found  on  tiit^  leaves,  petioles,  peduncles,  and  stipulus. 

Jilaiiijft. 

GL.'VND'ER-KD,  a.    Aflected  with  glanders.  Bcrhcley. 

GLAND'EUS,  n.  [from  glnnd.]  In  farriery,  a  C(»nta- 
gious  and  vuiy  destructive  disease  of  the  nuicoiis" 
membrane  in  horses,  characterized  by  a  con>liiiit 
discharge  of  sticky  matter  from  the  nose,  and  ;ui 
enlargement  and  induration  of  tho  glands  beneath 
and  within  the  lower  jaw.  Gardner. 

GL.'VN-DIF'ER-OUS,  a.  [L.  glandifcr;  glans,  an  acorn, 
and  fero,  to  bear.] 

Bearing  acorns,  or  other  nuts;  producing  nuts  or 
mast.      The  beech    and    the  oak  are  glandifcruiis 

GLAND'I-FORM,  a.     [L.  glans  and  forma,  form.] 
In   the  shape  of  a  gland,  or  nut;  resembling  a 
gland. 
GLAND'U-LAR,  a.    Containing  glands  ;  consisting  of 
glands;  pertaining  to  glands. 

2.  In  botany,  covered  with  hairs  bearing  glands  on 
their  tips.  Lindlai. 

GLAND-U-LA'TION,  n.  In  botanij,  the  situation  and 
structure  of  the  secretory  vessels  in  plants.  Martyn. 

Gtaridulation  respects   die  eecrctory  vessels,  which  arc  cither 
glaiidulfs,  fouicl-^,  or  utriclea.  Lee. 

GLAND'^LE,  7i.     [L.  glandula.] 

A  small  gland  or  secreting  vessel. 
GLAND-U-LIF'ER-OaS,  a.     [L.  ghindida  and/<»v,to 
bear.] 
Bearing  glands.  /'''''• 

GLAND-U-LOS'I-TY,  7U  A  collection  of  glands.  [L,t- 

tie  iiscd.]  Brown. 

GLAND'U-LOUS,  a.     [L.  glandulosiis.] 

Containing  glands;  consisting  of  glands,  pertain- 
ing to  glands  ;  resembling  glands. 
GLANS,  Ji.     [See  Gland.]     The  nut  of  the  penis;  an 

acorn;  a  pessary  ;  a  strumous  swelling.  Cote. 

GLARE,  71.  [Dan.  glar.  Ice.  gler,  glass.  It  coincides 
with  clear,  glory,  glair,  which  see.] 

1.  A  bright,  dazzling  light ;  clear,  brilliant  luster 
or  splendor,  that  dazzles  the  eyes. 

The  frame  of  burnlslied  steel  dial  cast  a  glare.  Dry'.cn. 

2.  A  fierce,  piercing  look. 

About  lliem  round, 
A  lion  now  be  Btiiks  willi  Gcryjlare.  Mil'.on. 

3.  A  viscous,  transparent  substance.  [SeeGL\ii;.] 
GLARE,  r.  i.    To  shine  with  a  clear,  bright,  dazzHng 

light ;  as,  glaring  light. 

The  caveni  glares  wit]i  new  admitted  light.  D/yUn. 

2.  To  look  with  fierce,  piercing  eyes. 

They  glnrcd,  like  angry  lions.  Dryden. 

3.  To  shine  with  excessive  luster;  to  be  ostenta- 
tiously splendid  ;  as,  a  glaring  dress  Milton. 

She  s'^^^^  i"  l^-ill^i  f'^i't  boxes,  and  tlic  ring.  P.-pc. 

GLARE,  V.  t.    To  shoot  a  dazzling  light. 

GLaR'£D,  pp.    Shot  with  a  fierce  or  dazzling  light. 

GLaR'E-OUS,  a.     [Fr.  glaireitz.     See  Glaib.] 

Resembling  the  white  of  an  egg  ;  viscous  and 
transparent  or  white. 

GLaR'I-NESS,        )  n.     A  dazzling  luster  or  brillian- 

GLAR'ING-NESS,  (      cv. 

GLAR'ING,  ppr.  ore.  Emitting  a  clear  and  brilliant 
light;  shining  with  dazzhng  luster. 

2.  a.  Clear  ;  notorious  ;  open  and  bold  ;  barefaced  : 
as,  a  glaring  crune. 

GLAR'ING-LY,  adv.    Openly  ;  clearly  ;  noloiiously. 

GLAR'Y,  a.    Of  a  brilliant,  dazzling  luster. 

GLASS,  n.  [Sax.  gltes;  Sw.  Dan.  G.  and  D.  glas;  so 
named  from  its  color  ;  W.glcls,  from  lias,  blue,  azure, 
green,  fresh,  pale  ;  glasu,  lo  make  blue,  to  become 
green  or  verdant,  lo  grow  pale,  to  dawn  ;  glaslys, 
woad,  L.  gUistum  ;  glestd,  blueness.  Tacitus,  de 
Mor.  Ger.  45,  mentions  glcsum,  amber  collected  in 
the  Baltic,  probably  the  same  word,  and  so  named 
from  its  clearness.  Greenness  is  usually  named 
from  vegetation  or  growing,  as  L.  virid.s,  from  vi- 
reo.] 

1.  A  hard,  brittle,  transparent,  factitious  substance, 
formed  by  fusing  sand  with  fixed  alkalies.    Encyc. 

A  definite  compound  of  silicic  acid  and  potassa  or 
soda.  The  pure  silicates  of  potassa  rnd  soda  are 
soluble  in  water ;  but  by  the  conjunction  of  a  silicate 
of  lime,  magnesia,  alumina,  or  any  other  earth,  U 
becomes  insoluble  in  water. 
In  cAcmisfr?/,  a  substance  or  mixture,  earthy,  saline, 


i 


J'ate.^r,  fall,  wh.^^t — mete,  prey.— pine,  .marine,  bird.  — note,  dove,  move,  wolf,  book.- 
504  


I 


GLA 


CLE 


ibot- 


or  metallic,  brouglil  by  fusion  to  tlje  slate  cf  a  liard, 
brittle.  tiaBspareot  m:iS3,  whose  fracture  is  conchnid- 
^  •      .  ^ikiii. 

2.  A  small  drinkiug-vessel  of  glass. 

3.  A  mirror  ;  a  looking-glass. 

4.  A  vessel  to  be  filled  with  sand  for  measuring 
time;  as,  an  houi-^lass. 

5.  The  destined  "time  of  man's  life.  His  elass  is 
run.  * 

6.  The  quantity  of  liquor  that  a  glass  vessel  con- 
tains.   Drink  a  ^!(iss  of  wine  with  me. 

7.  A  vessel  that  shows  the  wciglit  of  the  air. 

o     .  .  TaUrr. 

S.  A  lens  or  optical  instrument  through  which  an 
object  is  viewed  ;  as,  an  opuc-^lass.  Mlton. 

9.  The  time  which  a  glass  niiis,  or  in  which  it  is 
exhausted  of  sand.  The  seamen's  viiteh-<r'.ass  is  half 
an  hour.    We  s.iy,  a  ship  fought  three  glasses. 

10.  Glasses,  in  the  plural ;  spectacles. 
GL.\SS,  a.    Made  of  glass  :  vitreous  :  as,  a  "la. 

lie.  '      ■     » 

GLASS,  c.  u    To  see,  as  in  a  gl.iss.    [Aot  ikcA] 
_   ™  Sidiicij. 

2.  To  case  in  ghass.     [LiUle  used.]  S/lali. 

3.  To  cover  with  glass  ;  to  daze.  Sotjle. 
[In  the  latter  sense.  Glaze  is  senerally  used.1 

GLASS'-BLoU'-ER,  n.  One  whose  business  is  to 
blow  and  fashion  glass. 

GL.\SS'-eo.\CH,  71.  In  England,  a  coach  superior  to 
a  hackney-coach,  hired  for  the  day,  or  any  short  pe- 
riod, as  a  private  carriage,  so  called  because  original- 
ly private  carriages  alone  had  glass  windows. 

GLXSS'-FaC-ED,  (-fast,)  a.  Bv  a  glass-faced  flatterer, 
in  Shakspeare,  is  meant,  one  who  gives  back,  in  his 
looks,  the  looks  of  his  patron.  Johnson. 

GL.XSS'FljL,  V.    As  much  as  a  glass  holds. 

GL.XSS'-FCR-XACE,  ii.  A  furnace  in  which  the  m.1- 
terials  of  _Elass  arc  melted.  Ctjc. 

CL.\3S'-GaZ-IXG,  a.  Addicted  to  viewing  one's  self 
in  a  ulass  or  mirror  ;  finical.  Sliak. 

GLaSS'-GRI.VD-ER,  II.  One  wlioso  occupation  is  to 
grin.l  and  polish  glass.  Boyle. 

GLXSS'-HOUSE,  Ii.    \  house  where  glass  is  made. 

Jiddison. 

GLaSS'I-LY,  adc.    So  as  to  resemble  glass. 

GI,.\S.S'I-.\ES?,  71.  The  quality  of  being  glassy  or 
smoulh  ;  a  vitreous  appearance. 

GI.aSS'-UKE,  a.    Resembling  glass. 

<'LaSS'-.MA-\',  77.    One  who  sells  glass.  Swift. 

GL.\S3   MET-.iL,  (-met-1,)  71.    Glass  in  fusion. 

Boyle. 

GLXfcS'-POT,  71.  .A  vessel  used  for  melting  glass  in 
manufactories.  C«c. 

GL.!iSS'-\VORK,  (-wurk,)  17.    !\lanufacture  of  glass. 

GL.\SS'-U  ORKS,  n.  pL  The  place  or  buildings  where 
glass  is  made. 

GLaSS'WORT,  71.  A  plant,  the  popular  name  of 
some  species  of  Salicarnia,  yielding  a  large  quantity 
of  soda,  which  is  used  in  the  manufacture  of  glass. 
The  jointed  glasswort,  Sallcornia  herbacea,  is  often 
eaten  as  a  salad,  or  pickle,  under  the  name  of  marsk- 
samp.iirc.  P.  Cijc. 

CL.4SS'Y,  a.  Made  of  glass  ;  vitreous  ;  as,  a  "lassy 
substance.  Bacon. 

2.  Resembling  glass  in  its  properties,  as  in  smooth- 
ness, brittleness,  or  transparency  ;  as,  a  glassy 
stream  ;  a  glassy  surface ;  the  glassy  deep. 

„., „  SUak.     Driidcn. 

GLAS'T0.\-BU-EY-THORN,  (glas'n-ber-rj-)  71.  A 
v.iriety  of  the  common  hawthorn.  Louthn. 

GLAUB'EE-ITE,  71.  .4  slightly  soluble  mineral  con- 
sisting of  sulphate  of  soda  and  sulphate  of  lime.  It 
occurs  in  flattened,  oblique  crystals,  somewhat  glassy 
in  appea.'ance,  and  of  a  yellowish  or  gravish  color. 
This  mineral  has  been  met  with  only  in  salt-mines. 

GLAUB'ER'S-SALT,  b.  [from  Glauber,  a  German 
chemist,  who  discovered  it.] 

Sulphate  of  soda,  a  well-known  cathartic. 
GLAU-eo'.MA,  71.     [Gr.J    A  disease  in  the  eye,  in 
which  the  crystalline  humor  becomes  of  a  bluish 
or  greenish   color,  and   its   transparency   is  dimin- 
'^^^<i-  Encyc. 

An  opacity  of  the  vitreous  humor.  Hooper. 

According  to  .Sharp,  the  glaucoma  of  the  Greeks  is 
the  same  as  the  catara^zt ;  and  according  to  .St.  Yves 
and  others,  it  is  a  cataract  with  amaurosis.     Parr. 

Dimness  or  abolition  of  sight  from  opacity  of  the 

*  Olaneoma  consists  in  a  cliansc  of  structure  in  the 
vitreous  humor"' 


GLI 


change  m  the  crj-stalline  lens  ;  for  it  is  more  deeply 
sealed  ;  it  occupies  the  fundus  of  the  eye  and  you 
can  only  see  it  by  looking  at  it  when  you  cje  stand- 
ing directly  before  the  patient,  not  by  lookin"  at  tne 
eye  sideways.  This  is  called  glaucoma  simply  ;  and 
It  appears  to  ine  to  be  a  chronic  fomi  of  the  same  af- 
fection .as  that  to  which  the  term  acute  glaucoma  is 
given.  This  chronic  form  of  glaucoma  is  important 
to  be  observed  ;  for  it  is  liable  to  be  confounded  with 
nS^f."^-",  Lawrence,  Lectures  on  Surgern. 

GLAL-eo'MA-TOUS,  a.    Having  the  nature  of  glau- 
^  coma.  _  p_  (ijj_ 

GL.\U'eON-ITE,  I!.  An  argillaceous  marl,  sometimes 

containing  a  nii.\ture  of  green  sand.  Mantell. 

GLAU'eOL'S,  a,     [L.  glaucns.] 

1.  Of  a  sea-green  color  i  of  a  dull-green  passing  into 
grayish-blue.  Lindlcy. 

2.  In  Jotaiiii,  covered  with  a  fine  bloom  of  llie  color 
of  a  cabbage-leaf.  Lindley. 

GL.\VE,  77.     (Fr.  glaive :  W.  glaia,  a  billhook,  a  crook- 
ed sword,  a  cimeter;  .\riii.  glaif.] 

A  broadsword ;  a  falchion.     [JVo(  used.] 
r,r  « TTfnn  Fairfax.     Hudibras. 

GLAV'ER,   71.  !.     [W.  glavnt,  to  flatter ;  -rlaa,  some- 
thing smooth  or  shining ;  L.  glaber,  la:ms,  or  labri- 
ens ;  Eiig.  glib.] 
To  Halter  ;  to  wheedle.     [Little  iisaZ  and  vulgar.] 

GLAV'ER-ER,  77.    A  flatterer.     [Supra.l       '"''"''"• 
GLaY'.MOEE,  71.     [Gael,  claidlmmh  and  more.] 

\  large,  two-handed  sword,  formerly  used  by  the 

Highlanders  J^b7i71o-o7i. 

GL.^ZE,  c.  (.  [from  glass.]    To  furnish  with  windows 

of  glass  ;  as,  to  glaze  a  house. 

2.  To  iiicrust  with  a  vitreous  substance,  the  basis 
of  which  is  lead,  but  combined  with  sile.v,  pearlashes, 
and  common  salt ;  as,  to  glare  earthenware. 

3.  To  cover  with  anything  smooth  and  shining; 
or  to  render  the  exterior  of  a  tiling  smooth,  bright, 
and  showy. 

Tliougb  Willi  other  omament-i  he  m-Ay  glaze  .^na  Irandisli  Ihe 
>VKipo„3.  G,j„, 

4.  To  give  a  smooth  or  glassy  surface  ;  as,  to  <rlaze 
^  gimpowrter  ;  to  make  glossy  ;  as,  to  gla-.e  cloth." 
GL.XZE,    71.    The  vitreous  coating  or"  glazing  of  pot- 
ter's ware.  £/,c. 

GL.^Z'ED,  pp.  or  a.    Furnished  with  glass  windows 

incrusted  with  a  substance 

dered  smooth  and  shining. 
GLa'ZE.V,  a.    Resembling  glass. 
GLa'Z£.V-£D,  pp.  or  a.    Glazed. 
GL.^'ZIER,  (gla'zhur,)  77.   [from  glaze  or  glass.]     One 

whose  busint'ss  is  to  set  window-glass,  or  to  fix  panes 

of  glass  to  the  sashes  of  windows,  to  pictures,  ice. 

GL.iZ'IXG,  p;)r.    Furnishing  with  window-glass. 
2.  Crusting  with  a  vitreous  substance,  as  potter's 
ware. 


is  found  in  detached  parcels  ;  as,  to  glean  a  few  pas- 
sages from  an  author. 

hifhwaye  Cvc  tboosaiid  men,  — 

To  gather  stalks  or  cars  of  grain  left  by 


'I'hey  gleaned  of  diem  in  th' 
Judges  XX. 


resembling  glass; 

Wiclif. 


3.  Giving  a  smooth,  glossy  shining  surface,  as  to 
cloth. 
GLaZ'IXG,  71.    The  act  or  art  of  setting  glass  ;  the  art 
of  cnistiiig  with  a  vitreous  substance. 

2.  The  vitreous  substance  Willi  which  potter's 
ware  is  incrusted. 

3.  Any  factitious,  shining  exterior. 

4.  In  painting,  transparent,  or  semi-transparent, 
colors  passed  thinly  over  other  colors,  to  modify 
tlic  effect.  JoeehjH. 

GLk.\M,  71.  [Sax.  gleam,  or  gUem,  properly  a  shoot  of 
light,  coinciding  with  glimmer,  glimpse,  Ir.  laom,  (per- 
haps L.  Jlamma.)  The  radical  sense  is,  to  throw,  to 
shoot,  or  dart ;  and  it  may  be  of  the  same  family  as 
damo,  clamor,  a  shoot  of  the  voice,  and  W.  llam,  Ir. 

learn,  a  leap,  .\r.  j^^J,  Cl.ass  Lm,  No.  8.] 


'.Arthriiic  inflammation  of  the  internal  tunics  of 
the  eye  (an  inflammation  commencing  in  parts  most 
essential  to  the  funclion  of  vision,  in  the  retina,  in 
the  vitreous  humor,  and  probablv  involving  the  cho- 
roid coat)  has  sometimes  been  called  acute  glaucoma, 
tnis  term  being  derived  from  the  greenish  appearance 
of  the  eye.  It  has  been  called  glaucoma  from  .another 
symptom,  which  takes  place  where,  without  any  en- 
largement of  the  vessels,  willioiit  any  vcr>'  severe 
pain  or  absolute  extinction  of  vision  in  the  first  place, 
the  pupil  exhibits  the  same  greenish  discoloration,  a 
uis  :oluration  which  obviously  does  not  depend  on  a 


1.  A  shoot  of  light ;  a  beam  ;  a  ray ;  a  small  stream 
of  light.  A  gleam  of  dawning  light ;  metaphorically, 
a  gleam  of  hope. 

2.  Brightness ;  splendor. 
In  ihe  cle;ir  azure  gleam  Ihe  flocks  are  seen.  Pope. 

GLe.AM,  c.  I.    To  shoot,  or  dart,  as  rays  of  light     At 
the  dawn,  light  gleams  in  the  east. 

2.  To  shine  ;  to  cast  light.  Thomson. 

3.  To  flash  ;  to  spread  a  flood  of  light.  [Less  com- 
mon.] 

4.  Among  falconers,  to  disgorge  filth,  as  a  hawk. 
^  Encyc. 

GLeAM'IXG,  ppr.    Shooting,  as  rays  of  li™lit ;  shin- 
GLE.AM'I.VG,  71.    A  shoot  or  shooting  of  liuht.     fing. 


GLe.A.M'Y,  a.    Darting  beams  of  light;  casting  light 
in  rays. 

Ill  brizen  !\rms,  lliat  cast  a  gleamy  ny, 

Swift  through  the  low-n  the  warrior  beiida  iiiA  way  Pope. 

GLiiiAN,  V.  t.     [Fr.  glancr,  to  glean  ;  glane,  a  handful 
or  cluster.     Ill  W.  gliln  is  clean.] 

1.  To  gather  the  stalks  and  cars  of  grain  which 
reapers  have  behind  them. 

I<t  nic  now  go  10  die  fichl,  .iml  gttan  cars  of  corn.  —  Riitli  ii. 
9.  To  collect  things  thinly  scattered  ;  to  gather 
what  is  left  in  small  parcels  or  numbers,  or  what 


GLEAN,  1 

reapers. 

And  6he  went,  anj  came  ai.d  gbajud  In  the  field  aAer  die 
reapers — RuUi  ii. 

GLeAN,  71.  A  collection  made  by  gleaning,  or  by 
gathering  here  and  there  a  little. 

The  gleans  of  yellow  Ihyiiie  diiteiul  liig  lhi*lrf.  Dryden. 

GLeAN'£D,  pp.  Gathered  after  reapers ;  collected 
from  small,  deUichcd  parcels  ;  as,  grain  glcmU  from 
the  field. 

2.  Cleared  of  what  is  left;  .as,  the  field  is  aleaneiL 

3.  Having  suBered  a  gleaninL'.  The  public  prints 
have  been  gleaned. 

GLe.AN'ER,  71.    One  who  gathers  after  reapers. 

2.  One  who  collects  detached  parts  or  nuiiibcrs,  or 

who  gathers  slowly  with  labor.  Locke. 

GLeAX'ING,  ppr.     Gathering  what  reapers  leave; 

collecting  in  small,  detached  parcels. 
GLe.-VN'ING,  71.    The  act  of  gathering  after  reapers. 

^.  That  which  is  collecU-d  by  gleaning. 
GLeBE,  n.    [L.  gleba,  a  clod  or  lump  of  ctrtli ;  Fr. 

glebe,  land,  ground  ;  prob.ably  from  collecting,  as  in 

globe,  club.] 

1.  Turf ;  soil ;  ground. 

Till  the  ^l.id  suminons  of  a  gcnU  lay 

UuuiKb  the  gleU,  Gar'Jt. 

2.  The  land  belonging  to  a  parish  church  or  eccle- 
siastical benefice.  Spelman.     Encyc. 

3.  Acrjstal.     [Obs.]  JlrbnthnoL 

4.  Among  77ii7icrs,  a  piecs  of  earth  in  which  is  con- 
tained some  mineral  ore.  Encyc. 

GLeBE'LESS,  o.     Without  a  glebe. 
GLf.B'OUS,  o.    Gleby;turfv.  DUL 

GLeB'Y,  o.     Turfy  ;  cloddy! 

GLeDE,  71.  [Sax.  gliila,  from  glidan,  to  glide ;  Sw. 
glnda.] 

1.  A  bird  of  the  rapacious  kind,  the  kite,  a  species 
of  Falco.  The  word  is  used  in  Deut.  .xiv.  13  1  but 
the  same  Hebrew  word,  Lev.  xi.  14,  is  rendered  a 
vulture. 

2.  .-V  glowing  coal.     [Obs.]  Toone. 
GLEE,  71.     [Sax.  glie,  from  gltg,  gligg,  sport,  music] 

1.  Joy  ;  merriment ;  mirth  ;  gaycty  ;  particularly, 
the  mirth  enjoyed  at  a  fe.ast.  Spenser. 

2.  In  thhsic,  a  composition  for  voices  in  three  or 
more  parts.  Brande. 

3.  Aneienthi,  music  or  minstrelsy  generally.  \Obs.] 
GLEED,  71.     [Sax.o-M.]  '  "  [^Poonl 

A  glowing  coal.     [Obs.]  Chaucer. 

GLEE'FUL,  a.     Merry  ;  gay ;  joyous.  Shck. 

GLEEK,  71.  [See  Glee.]"  Jlusic,  or  a  musician. 
[06s.  siLok. 

2.  A  scofl";  a  game  at  cards.     [Obs.] 
GLEEK,  V.  i.    To  make  sport  of;  to  gibe  ;  to  sneer;  to 

spend  time  idly.     [Obs.]  Shak. 

GLEE'.M.AN,  7l     .-Vinong  the  Saxons,  an  itinerant  min- 
strel or  musician.    [Ohs.]  Brande. 
GLEEN,  V.  i.     [W.  ^?<iii,  clean,  pure,  holy,  bright; 
gleiniaw,  to  purify,  to  brighten  ;  Ir.  glan.] 
To  shine  ;  to  glisten.     [JVoJ  used.]  Prior. 
GLEE'SO.ME,  (glee'sum,)  a.    Merry  ;  joyous.    [Obs.] 
GLEET,  /I.     [From  Sax.  glidan,  to'glide,  or  hlyttrian, 
to  melt  ;  Ice.  glat.] 

The  flux  of  "a  thin  humor  from  the  urethra  ;  a  thin 
ichor  running  from  a  sore.  Eneiic     IFistman. 

GLEET,  i;.  i.  To  flow  in  a  thin,  liiiipid  humor ;  to 
ooze.  IViscman. 

2.  To  flow  slowly,  as  water.  Chcyne. 

GLEET' Y,  a.    Ichorous;  thin:  limpid. 
GLE.V,  71.     [W.  ^/i/7i,  a  valley  in  which  a  river  flows, 
as  if  from  1/1771,  liquor,  water  ;  Sax.  glen  ,■  Ir.  glean.] 
_.\  valley  ;  a  dale  ;  a  depression  or  space  between 
GLe'NE,  7L     [Gr.  yAiiiT,.]  [hills. 

In  anatomy,  the  cavity  or  socket  of  the  eye,  and 
the  pupil ;  any  slight  depression  or  ca\*ity  receiving 
a  bone  in  articulation.  Parr.     Ctie. 

GLe'NOID,  a.    A  term  applied  to  some  articulate"cav- 

ities  of  bones.  Forsvth. 

GLEW.     See  Glue 
GLI'A-DI.XE,  (gli'a-din,)  77.     [Gr.  ;  ,\in,  glue.J 

.A  peculiar  substance  obtained  from  gluten,  a  slight- 
ly transparent,  brittle  substance,  of  a  slraw-yeMow 
color,  having  a  slight  smell  similar  to  that  01  honey- 
comb. Ure. 

Bcrzelius  has  decided  that  gliadine  is  notiiini:  but 
pure  gluten. 
GLIB,  a.  [D.  glibberen,  glippen,  to  slide  ;  gUbberig, 
glib,  slipper)'  ;  W.  llipijr ;  L.  glaber,  smooth  :  labor, 
to  slide.  This  word  contains  the  elements  of  slin. 
Q.».  L.  gtubo,Gr.  )Xo:pco.     Chass  Lb,  No.  27,  37.] 

1.  Smooth ;  slipiiery ;  admitting  a  body  to  slide 
easily  on  the  surface  ;  as,  ice  is  glib. 

2.  Smooth  ;  voluble ;  e.asdy  moving ;  as,  a  glib 
tongue. 

GLIR,  71.  A  thick,  curled  bush  of  hair,  hanging  down 
over  the  eyes.     [JVot  171  iis*-.]  Sjirnser 

GLIB,  r.  f.    To  castrate,   [llu.  to  make  smooth,  jrhi&o, 

vAi'i/ioj.]  Shak. 

2.  To  make  smooth.  Bp.  HaU. 


TONE,  BUU,,  tiNITE.— .■VN"GER,  VI"CI0US.— e  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;   S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SII ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


64 


505 


GLO 


;  volubly  i  M,  10  SliJO  /f ''*- 


ibneu :  slIppcrincM ;  as,  a  pol- 

,^  Chapman. 

■ ,  \.l  lUc  ioliguo.    O"".  "/<A«  r.'BJr'if. 
.'     OBlIng  or  It-erlns  l""!"-  .  »■  J"'"""- 

■  ■.l./cr'  Uu.'Fr.  fLrr,  In  r.  5,irm-nt  dlo^ecU  U  has 
'  1.  Tu  Sow  g'-mly  ;  lo  loovo  W.U.0..1  noise  or  vio- 
lence :  M  »  ri""' 


•X™"t  Mrt*™  »'  Jot"!".'!  crjriwl  flooJ. 


U.  To  move  »ilently  and  smoothly;  '»  P»«',  "'''"" 
wUhout  ..|M"'"'<  >■"■>■"  i  •"•  »  """"  "'  ""  ""^  °  " 
-4'!rj"fo>'l"o';'V"  mpidly,  r,n,l  wl.h  app-,.ro„. 

*  in  a  .■•.fi^f  ««r.lo  move  or  slip  "I""!:,," '^ 
rwi  won  «  smooth  surface;  or  to  pass  along  r.p- 
ITy,  without  »Pl>arent  effort,  and  without  ohslrac- 

GLi'iIe  ".    The  act  or  manner  nf  moving  smoothly, 

.w.ftlv,  and  without  lahnr  or  obstruction.        Shak. 
nllliKU,  ti.     IIo  or  thiit  which  glides.       ,  ^'""•\''^;„  . 
i:iIl)IN«i   rpr.    ra.«ini!  along  ei^nlly  and  smoothly  , 

^'^i^Ji^.  "n  a^m^th,  .lowing,  rapid  man- 

mr. 
01. IFF,  n.    .\  tmnaienl  glance, 
a.  .\  sudden  fright.     [ScoHKft.J 

A  .Mi.'ir ;  a  scoff ;  a  flout.  *'"«• 

Gl.l.M,».    t?(im».<T.]    A  light  or  candle     Thomrson. 

[Slill  mcJ  among  sttihra ;  oj,  dense  the  glinis,  i.  c, 

nuf  out  (Ae  /ii'Atj.l  ,^_„   1/^ 

ilimmer;  U.  ulimmen;  Sw.  glmmai  Uan.  ^iimrcr, 

Ir.  lium,  name.)  ,   .  ,    . 

1   To  shoot  feeble  or  scattered  rnys  of  light,  .is, 
the  glbnmcring  dawn  ;  a  glimmemg  lamp. 

When  n»T  moniliij  ilimntrcd  o'«  U>c  JM^.  P°g'- 

2.  To  shine  faintly ;  lo  give  a  feeble  light. 

MiU  eTtiiiDg  jlimmcToi  on  lh=  hwii.  JVumbulI. 

OLIM'MER,  n.    A  faint  light ;  feeble,  scattered  rays 
of  light. 

GI,IM'"m  EK-i.\G,  vpr.  or  o.    Shining  faintly  ;  sliouting 

ferble,  scaltirtd  raysof  licliL  ,  ,.  , . 

OLI.M'MEIllNG,  n.    A  faint  beaming  of  light 

a  \  faint  view. 
GLIMPj^E,  (Slliiis,)  n.     [D.  gimp,  frora^-linimnl.J 
1.  A  weak,  faint  light. 

SiKh  vul  room  in  nature, 
Onir  to  •Iiinc,  ypt  Kara;  (0  coiithbuto 
ti3iort>iv»/imp.eofli!^il.  ™"»"- 

■>.  A  Hash  of  light ;  as,  the  lightning's  gUm'sc- 

Milton. 

X  Transient  luster. 

One  glimf^t  of  glory  to  my  Uwc  give.  On/dtn. 

1.  A  short,  transitory  view.    He  saw  at  a  glimpse 
the  dc^ign  of  tlic  enemy. 

5.  Short,  llceting  cnjovmcnt ;  as,  a  glimpse  ol  de- 
llghL  ^"'"■• 

fu  Eihibitian  of  a  faint  resemblance.  Sfialt. 

GLIMPSE,  c.i.    To  npiKar  by  glimpses.      Draylon. 
GLIS'SA,  n.  .K  Osli  of  the  tunny  kind,  without  scales. 

Did.  JVal.  Hist. 
GLIST,  ».  [from  gli.<leii.]  Glimmer ;  mica.  [See  Glim- 

"••-1  „     .  ■ 

GLIS'TEN,  (glis'n,)  r.  i.  [Sax.  gll-mian  ;  (5.  glcisam. 
This  word  and  gliltrr  arc  proliably  dialectical  forms 
of  the  same  word.  In  Irish,  (ujmWi,  lasaim,  ia  to 
burn,  to  light;  Imn.  lyer,  Sw.  lysa,  to  shine  ;  Russ. 
oUuMyn.  In  W.  lUUirn  is  to  make  smooth  and  glos- 
>y,  to  palish,  to  glitter,  ftu.  ileb.  o'?J,  to  shine,  L. 
t;ti.ieo,  Eng.  gloss.] 

To  shine  ;  to  sparkle  with  light ;  as,  the  gMeiiing 
itars. 


ITr  ■  as  the  .'liucr  of  arms ;  the  glitter  of  royal  equi- 

GLIT'TER-ING,  jipr.  or  a.    Shining  ;  splendid  ;  bril- 

(■  Ut'tER-ING-LY,  mlv.    With  sparkling  luster. 
G    OASI,  r.i.    To  be  sullen.     [See  Glum.] 
(ii:OAM'lNG,n.     Twilight.     [^c,.'fsk.} 

a.  Sulleniiess  ;  melancholy.    [Ubs.i 
GLOVR,  I'.  >.     [U-  ^'"a'-c,..  to  leer.] 

To  squint;  to  stare.     [0/w.J 

•'^^'ioSt  stei^J^t^TS^a^elJl^iestly,  or  wUh^a- 

Sii'^f  ^Vf-:;?  ':?:•  '^S^g'with  earnestness  ; 

looking  steadfastly. 
GLo'BAItt),  11.    A  glow-worm. 
Gl-CBATE,      I  „_     I'L,  ghbatus.] 
"•-^Having  tlie  ibrm  of  a  globe ;  spherical ;  spheroidal. 
GLfjliE    n°     IL.  globus:  Fl.glal'e:  S;!.  and  \l.:'lobv, 

Pax  cirl,  kwf,  or  cliaw ,  Eng.  clem.    (See  CTlew.) 

"Ta '^oi'imror'spherica,  solid  .  body  ;  a  ball ;  a 
ppherc  ;  a  body  whose  surface  is  m  every  part  equi- 
distant from  the  center.  , 

o  The  earth;  the  terr.aqueous  ball;  so  cillea, 
though  not  ptTleclly  spherical.  ,'i'   , 

3  An  artificial  sphere  of  metal,  paper,  or  other 
mauer,  on  whose  convex  si.rlac_e  is  drawn  a  map,  or 
representation  of  the  earth  or  of  the  heavens.  That 
on  wiiich  the  several  oceans,  se.as,  coiitinel.ts,  is  es 
and  countries  of  the  earth,  are  represented  is  ca  ed 
Ttrmstrial  globe.  That  which  exhibits  a  delnieat  on 
of  the  coiist&lations  in  the  heavens,  is  called  a  celes- 

""1  ^Atody  of  soldiers  formed  into  a  circle.  Milton. 
GLonE,  0.  '.  To  uather  round  or  into  a  circle.  Jlfirt"". 
GLOBe'-AM'A-RANTII,  ..     A  plant  of  the  g™us 

Gomvlurnn,  bearing  beautiful  heads  of  red  flow  ">• 
GLonis'-AN'I-MAL,  «.    A  species  of  aiiimakuK  "f 

GLfinE'-liAr'sY,  .1.    A  plant  or  flower  of  the  genus 

fjl  }    1 1  fin  Iitliil.OJ  i^tdili^- 

G'  OBE'-Fl'sil,  71.    A  fish  of  a  globular  shape,  belong- 
in-  to  the  genus  Diodoii.         Johnson.    Partuigton. 
CI.oBE'-FLOVV-ER,  ii.     A  plant  of  the  genus  TioJ- 

;,«.,■  bearing  liandsome  globular  flowers.       F.  Lijc. 
C!.Ol!E'-RA-NUK'eU-LUS,  n.    A  plant,  a  species  of 
liellcboro  ;  Hdleborns  ranunadinus ;  assigned  by  some 
brilanists  to  the  genus  TroUius.  Boolli. 

GLOOE'-THIS'TLE,  (-tliis'sl,)  n.    A  plant  of  the  ge- 
nus Bc/inio/is.  ^  Fam.  of  Plants. 
GLO-BOSE',  (I.     [h.  glolosiis,  from  globe.] 

Round  ;  spherical ;  globular.  MMon. 

GLO-BOS'I-TY,  II.  The  quality  of  being  round  ;  sphe- 
ricity. ,  ■«''!'■ 
GLO'BOUS,  a.     [L.  globosm.] 

Round ;  spherical.  ,      .»W(oii. 

GI.OB'U-LAR,  c.  rfrom  globe.}  Round  ;  spllerical ; 
having  the  form  of  a  ball  or  sphere ;  as,  globular  at- 
oms, o™"- 

Globular  cluirt.     See  Chart. 
Oloiulnr  projection.    Pee  Peojectiox. 
GLOB-U-LA'lll-A,  11.    The  natural-history  name  ol  a 
genus  of  plants,  the  species  of  which  grow  in  Uie 
temperate  and  warm  parts  of  Europe. 
GLOB'U-LAlt-LY,  adv.    In  a  spherical  form  ;  sphen- 

GLOR''U-L  AR-NESS,  ii.  The  quality  of  being  globular. 
GLOB'  ULE,  n.     [Fr.  globule ;  L.  globulus,  dim.  of  glo- 

A  little  globe ;  a  small  particle  of  matter,  of  a  spher- 
ical form  ;  a  word  particularly  applied  to  the  red  par- 
ticles of  blood  which  swim  in  a  transparent  serum, 
and  may  he  discovered  by  the  microscope. 

Quiiicj.    Jirbidhnot.    Encye. 


The  bdW  cyn  giituntti  with  plciiiiii 


/Tic/rfintion. 


GLOM'ER-ATE,  a.    Growing  in  massive  forms 

.aJlomeralo  gland,  is  one  which,  without  having 
anv  cavity,  discharges  at  once  into  a  duct. 
GLOM'ER-S-TED,  pp.    Gathered  into  a  ball  or  round 

GL0M'ER-7.-TING,;>;ir.    Collecting  or  winding  into 

a  hall  or  round  mass.  , 

GLO.M-ER-A'TION,ti.     [1..  ghmeratio.] 

1.  The  act  of  gathering,  winding,  or  forming  into 
a  ball  or  fjilierical  body, 
n    A  body  formed  into  a  ball.  isann. 

GL0M'Elt-(5US,  <i.     [Ij.  glomerosus.] 

Gathered  or  formed  into  a  ball  or  round  mass.  [Uu. 

GLOOM,  «■  [Scot,  glouni,  gloom,  n  frown.  In  T>. 
hmmeris  a  sh.ade,  and  loom  is  slow,  heavy,  dull.  In 
Sax.  "■ion""!!.'  is  twilight.] 

1  6bscurity  ;  i«rtial  or  total  darkness  ;  thick 
shade  ;  as.  Hie  gloom  of  a  forest,  or  the  gloom  of  mid- 

5  Cloudiness  or  heaviness  of  mind  ;  mobncholy  ; 
aspect  of  sorrow.  We  say,  the  mind  is  sunk  iiilo 
Woiim;  a  gloom  overspreads  tlic  mind. 

3.  Darkness  of  prospect  or  aspect. 

4.  SuUenness.  . 
GLOOM,  t>.  i.    To  shine  obscurely  or  imperrectly. 

2  To  be  cloudv,  dark,  or  obscure.  [Spnuer. 

3  To  be  melaiicnoly  or  dejected.  Goldsn-.ah. 
GLOOM,  B.  (.    To  obscure;  to  fill  with  gloom;  lo 

darken';  to  make  dismal.  ionng. 

GhOOM'ED.  pp.    Filled  with  gloom. 

GLOO.M'I-LY,  adr.  [from  gloomy.]  Obscurely  ;  dmi- 
Iv  :  darkly  ;  dismally. 

2  AVith  melancholy  aspect;  sullenly;  nnt  checr- 
f  ,,y  Dryden.     Tliomson. 

GLOO M'l-NESS,  n.  Want  of  light ;  obscurity ;  darlt- 
ness ;  dismalness. 

2  Want  of  cheerfulness  ;  cloudiness  ot  look  ;  Heav- 
iness of  mind  ;  melancholy  ;  as,  to  involve  the  mind 

in  WoomiiiKs.  ■         f"'',i„ 

GLobjl'Y,  a.  [from  gloom.]  Obscure ;  impcrteaiy 
ilUiminated  ;  or  dark  ;  dismal ;  as,  the  gloomy  cells  ol 
a  convent ;  the  gloomy  shades  of  night. 

o  Wearing  the  aspect  of  sorrow;  melancholy, 
clJuded;  dejected;  depressed;  heavy  of  heart;  as, 
a  gloomy  countenance  or  state  of  mind  ;  a  gloomy 

"s'^Of  a  dark  complexion.     [Lillle  vsed.]    Milton. 
GLOP'PEN,  n.  (.    To  surprise  or  astonish. 
GT  KrE   n      Fat  [JVorf''  "/  England. 

oio'RI-M  iSteX-CEL'SIS,  [h)     Glory  in  tile  high- 

gT&RI-A   Pi'TBT,   [L.]      In   the  Episcopal  sen-iec, 

praise  to  God  the  Father. 
GLO-RI-A'TION,  K.     [L.  gloriatio.]  „.  ,      .    , 

Boast;  a  triumphing,     [/^ot  used.]      Riehardson^^ 
GLO'RI-ED,  (glS'rid,)  a     tsee  Conv.]     '""^  J"'''. 

honorable.     [JVoHwai.]  r  ,e  art 

GL0-RI-FI-€a'TI0N,  n.     [See  Gloeifv.]      l™  »" 

of  giving  glory,  or  of  ascribing  honors  to.     •'"?"'f- 
«    Exaltntion  to  honor  and  dignity  ;  elevation  to 

glory  ;  as,  the  glorijication  of  Christ  after  his  rcsur- 

GL6'RI-FI-£D,  pp.  or  a.    Honored ;  dignified  ;  exalted 

GLO^RI-F?,  v.  t.     [Fr.  glorifter;  U  gloria  and  Socio, 

'°l!°  To 'praise;  to  magnify  and  honor  in  worship; 
to  ascribe  honor  to,  in  thought  or  words.  Psdm 
Isx.xvi.  9. 

Goaisjlo,-i/irf,whcn  .ud.  1J»  excellency,  above  "'■'  "'''Jf'' " 
Willi  cImu  ^dmirallon  ackiio»'lc(l;cil.  Jimhur. 

2.  To  make  glorious  ;  to  exalt  to  glory,  or  to  celes- 
tial happiness 


Whom  he  juslified,  them  he  also  ftori/fed.  — Bom.  »i 
The:  Gild  of  our  fiUien  haU.  glorified  his  Sou  Jews.  - 


■  Aclslii. 


,  lO  extol. 


RI.IS  TK.V-tll.p;!.     SUono;  », 
CLIS'TEN-lN(j,pj>r. oro.    Shining;  sparkling ; emit 

ting  mv*  of  light- 
CLIS'lER,  r.  I.    [.'cc  Glistck.]    To  shine  ;  to  be 

bright ;  to  sparkle  ;  to  be  brilliant. 

AU  that  fbttfri  u  tyA  got'l.  Shnk. 

GLIS'TER,  «.    Glitter  ;  luster. 

0.  Set*  Cltiteh. 
CI.IS'TER-INGippr.  or  a.    Shining;  sparkling  with 

llihl. 
CLIS'TER-INO-LY,  adv.    With  shining  luster. 
GI.IT'TER,  r.  i.      [Sax.  gliUnan;  Sw.  gliUra. 

Gliste:*.] 

1.  To  shine;  to  sparkle  with  light;  to  gleam;  to 
be  splendid  ;  as,  n  glittering  sword. 

The  IktJ  yet  gHUtri  with  the  [Wnip  of  tear.  DryUji. 

2.  To  be  showy,  s|>ccious,  or  striking,  and  hence 
allraclivc  ;  as,  the  slatting  sct^nes  of  a  court. 

GLIT'TER,  n.     Brightness  ;  brilliancy  ;  splendor  ;  las- 


Hailstones  have  opque  globules  of  snow  in  Uieir  center. 

GLOB'q-LIN,  11.  A  substance  closely  allied  to  albu- 
men, and  forming  the  principal  constituent  of  the 
globules  of  blooil."  Oraham. 

2.  This  name  has  been  given  also  to  the  green 
globules  Iving  among  the  cells  of  cellular  tissue,  and 
to  minute' vesicular  granules.  BranJc. 

GLOB'U-LOUS,  a.  Round;  globular;  having  the 
form  of  a  .small  sphere.  Soyle. 

GLflR'V,  (1.    Bound  ;  orbicular.  Shencood. 

GLoDE,  old  (ircl.  of  Glide.     [Obs.] 

GLO.M  E,  71.    (L.  glomus,  a  ball ;  Heb.  and  Ch.  D'JJ,  Ar. 

.  ':  uma,  to  wind,  convolve,  or  collect  into  a  mass. 
I  Inss  I.m,  No.  5,  II.    Qu.  its  aUiancc  to  Ziimi>,  ciiOT;, 

piH7»l&H771.] 

In  boUinn,  a  roundish  head  of  flowers.     Martyn. 
GFjO.M'ER-aI'E,  v.  I.     [L.  glomero,  from  glomus,  su- 
pra.] 

To  gather  or  wind  into  a  ball  ;  to  collect  into  a 
spliericiil  form  or  mass,  as  tiireads. 


3.  To  praise ;  to  honor , 

Whomsoever  they  f.nj  10  be  most  Ucenliou.  of  life,  ^f^^'J^"' 
up  ami  Jlori/y.  '^ 

4.  To  procure  honor  or  praise  to.  .    „.„''tin- 
GLo'RI-FS-ING,  ppr.  Praising  ;  lionoriiig  in  worship, 

exaltiuglo  glory;  honoring;  e.xtolhng. 
GLo'RI-OUS,  a„    [Fr.  glor>cuz  ;   L.  gloriosus.     bee 

*^'i°Yliustrious:  of  exalted  excellence  and  splendtjr; 
resplendent  in  majesty  and  divine  attributes;  applied 

to  Ood.     El.  XV.  11.  ,         ,  , ,,  .  ill,.- 

".  Noble  ;  excellent ;  renowned  ;  celebrated  ,  Hus- 
trious  ;  very  honorable  ;  applied  to  men,  their  aclaac- 
menu,  titles,  &.<:. 


L"!  tis  remember  we  are  Cato'a  frtenils, 
.ud  act  like  men  who  claim  that  glorious  ulle. 


Addieon. 

3.  Boastful ;  self-exulting ;  Haughty;  "i*™'^^'^"'"- 

GLQ'rI-OUS-LY,  adv.  Splendidly  ;  illustriously  ;  with 
great  renown  or  dignity. 

Sing  )C  to  the  Loni.for  he  hatl. Iriumpl.cil  gloriously. -««•«  ■ 

GLo'RI-OUS-NESS,  71.    The  state  or  qu,ality  of  being 

GLO'Ry!',,.  [h.  gloria :  Fr.  gloire  ;  Sp.  and  It.  gUnai 
Tr  "er  glory.^aud  ,.!or,\lear  5  W.  5  »J|  *J ' 
bright ;  Arni.  gloar,  glory.     It  coincides  with  clear. 


r,\TE,  FAR,  FALL,  WII.\T.-MeTE,  PREY.- PINE,  MARINE.  BIRD.-NoTE,  POVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  DOQK.- 


500 


GLO 

and  the  primary  sense  seems  to  be,  to  open,  to  ex- 
pand, to  enlnrge.  So  splendor  is  from  the  Celtic  ?/-■*- 
plan,  open,  clear,  plain,  L.  planus:  hence,  briglit, 
shining.  Oltmj,  then,  is  brightness,  splendor.  The 
L.  jioreo,  to  blossom,  to  jiower^  to  Jlcurish,  is  probably 
of  the  same  family.] 

1.  Brightness  ;  luster  j  splendor. 

The  mocn,  sereae  in  glory,  mouiita  ihe  sky.  Pope, 

For  he  r«^ived  from  God  the  Father  honor  and  glory,  when 
there  c-une  such  a  voice  to  him  from  the  eicellent  glory,  — 2 
Pet.  i. 
In  this  passage  of  Peter,  the  latter  word  glory  re- 
fers to  the  visible  splendor  or  bright  cloud  that  over- 
shadowed Christ  at  his  transfi^ra'ion.    The  former 
word  glory^  though  the  same  in  the  original,  is  to  be 
understood  in  a  figurative  sense. 

2.  Splendor;  magnificence. 

SolumoQ,  iQ  all  his  glory,  was  not  arrayed  \i.)se  one  of  these.  ^ 
Matt.  vi. 

3.  Praise  ascribed  in  adoration  j  honor. 

Glory  to  God  in  tfie  highest.  —  Lulre  ii. 

4.  Honor  ;  praise  ;  fame  ;  renown  ;  celebritj-.  The 
hero  pants  fur  glonj  in  the  fiehl.  It  was  the  glory  of 
Howard  to  relieve  the  wretched. 

5.  The  felicity  of  heaven  prepared  for  the  children 
of  God  ;  celestial  bliss. 

Thou  shalt  ^uide  nie  wiili  liiy  counsel,  and  aftcnA-ard  tweive  me 
to  glorv.  — Pi.  lulii. 

6.  In  Scripture,  the  divine  presence  ;  or  the  ark, 
the  manifestation  of  it. 

The  story  is  dep:uted  from  Israel.  —  1  Sara.  iv. 

7.  The  divine  perfections  or  excellence. 

The  heavens  declare  the  glorj/  of  God.  —  Ps,  xix. 

8.  Honorable  representation  of  God.    1  Cor.  xi.8. 

9.  Distinguished  honor  or  cmament  ;  that  which 
honors  or  makes  renowned  ;  that  of  which  one  may 
boast. 

Biibylon,  the  glory  of  fcing-Joms.  — Ts.  xiii. 

10.  Pride;  boastfulncss;  arrogance  ;  as,  vain  o-^ot-i/. 

11.  Generous  pride.  Sidne7j. 

12.  In  painting,  a  circle  of  ray«,  surrounding  the 
heads  of  saints,  ficc,  and  especially  of  the  Savior. 

GLo'RY,  r.  i-     [h.gloriory  from  gloria.]         [Brande. 

1.  To  exult  with  joy  ;  to  rejoice. 

Glory  ye  in  his  holy  name. —  Ps.  cv.     1  Chron.  xvi, 

2.  To  boast ;  to  be  proud  of. 

No  one  should  glory  id  his  prOBperily.  lUcharrlson. 

GLo'RY-ING,  ppr.     Exulting  with  joy  ;  boasting. 
GLo'RY-ING,  n.    The  act  of  exulting  ;  exultation  } 
boasting;  display  of  pride. 

i'our  glorying  is  net  good,  —  1  Cor.  v. 

GL6'RY-SMIT'T£N,  a.    Smitten  with  glory. 

GLoSE,  GLo?'ER.     See  Gloze.  [Coleridge. 

GLOSS,  n.  [G.  glosse,  a  gloss  or  comment ;  glotzcn^ 
to  gleam,  to  ghmmer.  In  Sax.  glcsan  signifies  to 
explain,  to  flatter,  to  gloze.     From  the  Gr.  j-Ai-Jcca, 

'  the  tongue,  and  a  strap,  the  L.  has  glossa  a  tongue, 
and  interpretation.  In  Heb.  ty'?;  signifies  to  shine, 
but  from  the  sense  of  smoothness ;  Syr.  .  <>  \   . 

gdash,  to  peel,  to  shave,  to  make  bald.  Whether 
these  words  are  all  of  one  family,  let  the  reader 
judge.  The  radical  sense  appears  to  be,  to  open,  to 
make  clear,  and  Ihe  sense  of  tongue  is  probably  to 
extend.  If  the  first  letter  is  a  prefix,  the  other  let- 
ters, Z5,  are  the  elements  of  Ir.  leos,  light,  L.  lasfroy 
^n^.  luster;  and  it  is  remarkable  that  in  Russ.  losk 
is  luster,  polish,  and  laakayu.  is  to  flatter.  The  Gr. 
y\o)r-:ay  in  the  Attic  dialect,  is  a  tongue,  and  in 
Swedish  and  German,  glatt,  Dan.  glat,  D.  glad,  is 
smooth.] 

1.  Brightness  or  luster  of  a  body  proceeding  from 
a  smooth  surface  ;  as,  the  gloss  of  silk ;  cloth  is 
calendered  to  give  it  a  gloss. 

2.  A  specious  appearance  or  representation  ;  exter- 
nal show  that  may  mislead  opinion. 

It  ia  no  put  of  my  secret  m-^aning  to  set  on  the  face  of  this  cause 
any  Ciirerg/ow  [Jlui  tli-;  naied  truLli  doth  alford.   Hooker, 

3.  An  interpretation  artfully  specious.        Sidney. 

4.  Interpretation;  comment;  explanation;  remark 
intended  to  illustrate  a  subject. 

All  this,  witliout  a  gloss  or  comment, 

He  would  onriil'Jle  in  a  moment.  H-jdihras. 

Explaining  the  text  in  short  glosses.  Baker. 

GLOSS,  B.  L  To  give  a  superficial  luster  to ;  to  make 
smooth  and  shining  ;  as,  to  gloss  cloth  by  the  calen- 
der ;  to  gloss  majiogany. 

2.  To  explain  ;  to  render  clear  and  evident  by 
comment'?  ;  to  illustrate. 

3.  To  0ve  a  specious  appearance  to ;  to  render 
specious  and  plausible  ;  to  palliate  by  specious  repre- 
sentation. 

Tou  havi*  the  art  to  glo£3  the  foiiVst  cause.  Philips. 

GLOSS,  V.  u    To  comment ;  to  write  or  make  explana- 
tory remarks.  Dnjden. 
2.  To  make  sly  remarkf:.  Prior. 
GLOS-Sa'RI-AL,  a.    Containing  explanation. 
GLOSS'A-RIST,  n.    A  writer  of  glosses  or  comments. 

Tjjnohia. 


GLO 

GLOSS' A-RY,  7J.     [Fr.  glossairei  Low  L.  glossarium.] 
A  dictionary  or  vocabulary,  explaining  words  which 

arc    obscure,  antiquated,  local,  &.c. ;    such  as  Du 

Cange's   Qlos.^artj ;  Spelman's  Gl'\si;ary. 
GLOS-Sa'TOK,  Ji.     [Fr.  glossateur.] 

A   writer  of  comments  ;  a  commentator.      [JVu( 

used.]  Jiyliffe. 

GLOSS'ED,  (glost.)  pp.    Made  smooth  and  shining; 

explained. 
GLOSS'ER,  71.     A  writer  of  glosses;  a  scholiast  ;  a 

commentator. 
9.  A  polisher ;  one  who  gives  a  luster. 
GLOSS'I-LY,  adv.    In  a  glossv  manner. 
GLOSS'I-NESS,  H.     [from    glossy.]     Thii    luster    or 

briclitness  of  a  smooth  Burface.  Boyle. 

GLOSS'ING,  ppr.    Giving  luster  to;   polishing;  ex- 
plaining by  comments  ;  giving  a  specious  appearance. 
GLOSS'IST,  71.    A  writer  of  comments.     [J\'ot  in  use.] 

IViltAin. 

GLOSS'LY,  adv.    Like  gloss.  Cowley. 

GLOSS-OG'RA-PHER,  n.    [gloss  and  Gr.  jpa-^/w,  to 

write.] 
A  writer  of  a  glossary  ;  a  commentator ;  a  scho- 

lisst.  Hayjoard. 

GLOSS-O-GRAPH'ie-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  glossog- 

raphv. 
GLOSS-OG'RA-PHY,  v.    The  writingof  glossaries,  or 

of  comments  for  illustrating  an  author. 
GLOSS-O-LOG'ie-AL,  a.     Pertaining  to  glo3soIogj\ 
GLOSS-OL'0-GIST,  n.     \gloss  and  Gr.  Aoyoj.] 

One  who  defines  and  explains  terms. 
GLOSS-0L'O-GY,7i.     [^Zwsand  Gr.  >o}  of,  discourse.] 

The  definition  and  explanation  of  terms. 
GLOSS'Y,  fl.    Smooth  and  shining;  reflecting  luster 

from  a  smooth  surface;  highly  polished  ;  as,  glossy 

silk  :  a  glossy  raven  ;  a  glossv  plum.  Dryden. 

GLOT'TAL,  a.    Pertaining  to  "the  glottis. 
GLOT'TIS,  n.     [Gr.  jXtjrrti,  the  tongue.] 

The  narrow  opening  at  the  upper  part  of  the  trachea 

or  wind  pipe,  which,  by  its  dilatation  and  contraction, 

contributes  to  the  modulation  of  the  voice. 

Encyc.     Parr. 
GLOUT,  V.  t.    [Scot.]    To  pout ;  to  look  sullen.    [J\'ot 

used,]^  Gartli. 

GLOUT,  V.  t.    To  view  attentively  ;  to  gloat.     [JVoi 

in  7is:c.] 
GLOVE,  (ghiv,)  n.     [Sax.  glof.      Qu.  W.  golov^  a 

cover.    The  G.,  D.,  Sw.,  and  Dan.,  call  it  a  hand- 
shoe.] 

A  cover  for  the  hand,  or  for  the  hand  and  arm, 

with  a  separate  sheath  fur  each  finger.    The  latter 

circumstance  distinguishes  the  glove  from  the  mitten. 
To  tliroio  die  glove,  with  our  ancestors,  was  to 

challenge  to  single  combat. 
GLOVE,  V.  t.    To  cover  with  a  glove,  Shak. 

GLOV'£D,  (gluvd,)  pp.  or  a.    Covered  with  a  glove. 
GLOVER,  R.    One  whose  occupation  is  to  make  and 

sell  gloves. 
GLOW,  r.  i.     [Sax.   gloican,  G.   gltihcn  ;   D.   glorijen, 

Dan.  gWder,  to  glow,  to  be  red  with  heat ;   Dan. 

ff&'d,  gloe,  Sax.  gled,  D.  gloed,  G.  glutJi,  Sw.  gliid,  W. 

glo.  Corn,  gloa,  Arm.  glaojicn,  a  live  coal ;  W.  gla  or 

glow,  D.  shining;  gloyio,  bright ;  gloijici,\o  brighten, 

or  make  clear.] 

1.  To  shine  with  intense  heat;  or  perhaps  more 
correctly,  to  shine  with  a  white  heat  ;  to  exhibit 
incandescence.  Hence,  in  a  more  general  sense,  to 
shine  with  a  bright  luster. 

Gloiss  in  the  stirs  and  blossoms  in  the  trees.  Pope. 

2.  To  burn  with  vehement  heat. 

The  scorching  fire  that  in  their  entmils  glows.  AdtVtson. 

3.  To  feel  great  heat  of  body ;  to  be  hot. 

Did  not  his  temples  glov 
III  the  same  sultry  winds  and  scorching  heats  f  Addison, 

4.  To  exhibit  a  strong,  bright  color ;  to  be  red. 

Clad  in  a  gown  that  glows  with  Tyrian  rays.  Dryden. 

Pair  iilens  flow, 
Strike  in  the  skcUh,  or  in  the  picture  gloto.  Pope. 

5.  To  be  bright  or  red  with  heat  or  animation,  or 
with  blushes  ;  as,  glowing  cheeks. 

6.  To  feel  the  Ileal  of  passion  ;  to  be  ardent ;  to  be 
animated,  as  by  intense  love,  zeal,  anger,  fee.  We 
say,  the  heart  glows  with  love  or  zeal ;  the  glmcing 
breast. 

When  real  virtue  fires  the  glotoing  bard.  Levis. 

If  you  have  never  gloiced  with  gratilnde  lo  the  Author  of  tlic 

Christian  icveiation,  you  know  nothing  of  Christianity. 

Biiekmintler. 

7.  To  bum  with  intense  heat;  to  rage,  as  pas- 
sion. 

With  pride  it  mounta,  and  with  revenge  it  glo>cs.        Dryden. 

GLOW,  V.  t.    .To  make  hot  so  as  to  shine.    [JVot 

used.]  IShak. 

GhoW.  n.    Shining  heat,  or  white  heal. 

2.  Brightness  of  color;  redness j  as,  the  glow  ot 
health  in  the  cheeks. 

A  waving  gloio  his  bloomy  beds  display, 

Blushing  in  bright  diversiiics  of  day.  Pope. 

3.  Vehemence  of  passion. 

GLOWING,  ppr.  or  a.    Shining  with  intense  heat; 
white  with  heat. 
2.  Burning  with  vehement  heal. 


GLU 

3.  Exhibiting  a  bright  colorj  red;  as,  a  glcvting 
color;  glowing  cheeks. 

4.  Ardent ;    vehement ;    animated  ;    as,    glowing 
zeal. 

b.  Inflamed;  ^s,  :i.  glowing  breast. 

GLoW'Ii\G-LY,  ado.  With  great  brightness;  with 
ardent  Iieat  or  passion. 

GLoW'-WORM,  (-wurro,)  n.  The  female  ol  llio 
Lampyris  nocHhica,  an  insect  of  the  order  of  Coteop- 
tera.  It  is  without  wings,  and  resembles  a  caterpil- 
lar. It  emits  a  shining  green  light  from  the  etttem- 
ity  of  the  abdomen.  The  male  is  winged,  and  flies 
about  in  the  evening,  when  it  is  attracted  by  the  light 
of  the  female.  Ennjc. 

GLoZE,  r.  (.     [Sax.  glcsan.    See  Gloss.] 

To  flatter;    to  wheedle;   to  fawn;    that  is,  to 
smooth,  or  to  talk  smoothly. 

So  glozed  the  tempter,  and  his  proem  tuoed.  Milton. 

A  false,  giozing  pansite.  South. 

GLoZE,7i.    Flattery ;  adulation.  Shak, 

2.  Specious  show  ;  gloss.  [JVot  ttsed,]  [See  Gloss.] 

Sidney. 
GLoZ'ER,  71.    A  flatterer.  Gifford. 

GLOZE  over,  v.  t.    To  palliate  by  specious  exposition. 
GLoZ'lNG,  77pr.    Flattering;  wheedling.     - 
GLoZ'ING,  n.     Spociou-  representation. 
GLu'CoSE,  71.    [Gr.  iXvKv;,  sweet.]     A  sugar  ob- 
tained from   grapes,   honey,  and  most  acid  fniits, 
v;hich  is  less  sweet  than  that  of  the  sugar-cane. 

GraJuitR. 
GLU  CI'NA,  Ti.    [Gr.   y\vKVi.]     .More  properly  Glt- 
crsA. 

The  only  oxyd   of  the  metal  glucinum.    It  is  a 

white  powder,  without  taste  or  odor,  and  insoluble 

in  water.    The  salts  of  glucina  have  a  sweet  taste, 

and  hence  its  name. 

GLU-Ci'NUM,  TI.    [Gr.  yXvKvi.]    More  properly  Gly- 

CYNL'M. 

Tile  name  of  a  metal,  which  appeal^  in  the  form 
of  a  grayish  black  powder,  and  acquires  a  dark 
metallic  luster  by  burnishing.  It  may  be  exposed 
to  air  and  moisture,  or  be  boiled  in  water  without 
oxydatiun. 
GLuE,  (glu,)  n.  [Fr,  g!u;  \V.  glyd;  .\rm.  glud;  Ir. 
glydh,  gliu,  glcten  :  I^.  gluten;  Gr.  y'Xia;  Russ.  kid. 
See  Class  Ld,  No.  8,  9,  10.] 

A  tenacious,  viscid  matter,  which  serves  as  a  cem- 
ent lo  unite  otli^T  substances.     It  is  extracted  from 
the  skins,  parings,  &c.,  of  animals,  as  of  oxen, 
calves,  or  sheep,  by  boiling  them  to  a  jell}'. 
GLuE,  V.  t.     [Fr.  glucr.]  [Encyc.    Parr. 

1.  To  join  with  glue  or  a  viscous  substance.  Cab- 
inet-makers glue  together  some  parts  of  furniture. 

2.  To  unite  ;  to  hold  together.  J^ewton. 
[This  word  is  now  seldom  used  in  a  Jiguraiive 

sense.  The  phrases,  to  glue  friends  together,  vices 
glue  us  to  low  pursuits  of  pleasures,  found  in  writers 
of  the  last  ccnturj-,  are  not  now  used,  or  are  deemed 
inelegant.] 

GLuE'-BOIL-ER,  ?!.  [glue  and  boil.]  One  whose 
occupation  is  to  make  glue. 

GLUED,  (gIQde,)/>p.    United  or  cemented  with  glue. 

GLO'ER,  n.    One  who  cements  «ith  glue. 

GTjO'EV,  a.     Viscous  ;  glutinous. 

GLu'EY-NESS,  n.    The  quality  of  being  gluey. 

GLy'ING,;^;/r.    Cementing  with  glue. 

GLU'ISH,  a.    Having  the  nature  of  glue.    Sherwood. 

GLUM,  a.     [Scot,  gloum,  a  frown.] 
Frowning ;  sullen.    [CoUoquiai.] 

GLUM,  71.  SuUenness ;  and,  as  a  verb,  to  look  sullen. 
[J\rot  in  use.] 

GLUM,  V.  i.  [from  ghioin]  To  look  sourly;  to  be 
sour  of  countenance.     [0&5.] 

GLU-MA'CEOUS,  a.  Having  glumes  ;  consisting  of 
glumes.  Barton. 

GLUME,  n.  [L.  glutna,  from  glubo,  to  bark  or  peel,  or 
Gr.  >Ai'(5aj.] 

In  botany,  the  calyx  or  corol  of  grain  and  grasses, 
formed  of  valves,  embracing  the  seed,  often  termi- 
nated by  the  arista  or  beard,  the  htisk  or  chalf  of 
grain.  Milne.     JVartyn. 

GLUM'MY,  a.    Dark  ;  gloomy  ;  dismal. 

GLO'MOUS,  a.  A  ghtmous  flower  is  a  kind  of  ag- 
gregate flower,  having  a  filiform  receptacle,  with  a 
common  glume  at  the  base.  Martyn. 

GLUT,  V.  i.  [L.  ffliitio  ;  Fr.  cngloutir  ;  Russ.  glotayu, 
to  swallow  ;  W.  ghcUiy  a  glutton  ;  glythu,  to  gorman- 
dize ;  from  llwth,  a  swallow,  greediness  ;  It,  ghiotio. 
Low  Ij.  gluto,  a  ghitton ;  Heb.  Ch.  csyV.    (See  vVr. 

Ulc-)    Class  Ld,  No.  17.    The  sense  is  to  crowd, 

to  stuff.] 

1.  To  swallow,  or  to  swallow  greedily  ;  to  gorge, 

JiTdton. 

2.  To  cloy  ;  lo  fill  beyond  sutficiency  ;  to  sate  ;  to 
disgust ;  as,  to  glut  the  appetites.  DenJtam. 

3.  To  feast  or  delight  even  lo  satiety. 

His  foilhful  heart,  a  bloody  sacrifiw, 

Tom  from  hia  lircast,  to  glut  the  tyrant's  eye?.  Dryden. 

4.  To  fill  or  furnish  beyond  sufficiency;  hb,  to  gliU 

the  market. 

5.  To  saturate.  Boylt. 


TONE,  BJJLL,  IGNITE AN"GER,  Vr'CIOUS.— €  as  K ;  6  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SII;  TH  as  m  THIS. 


507 


<;ly 


GNO 


Milton 


;ot'T   -      Ml  ■!  "  liirll  M  swiilIowcJ. 

.J,    ;  '.  I  Iwilllillg. 

r    '  nlacrmU*.  eren  In  Uk  rfiy  »(«( of  hit  (Itf- 

*'  L'Ettmngt. 

A  ,.'^  .1  »i_l>  ai.  1  reliremml.  '^'»- 

3.  Uore  than  cnoush ;  lupcnibiindiince. 

£.  Jonson. 

4.  Any  thine  Ilial  fills  or  obatnicu  the  jm-isago. 

'  IVoodKard, 

5.  A  |jn!c  w<iiHlcn  wodjf .  AVio  Fjigland. 
Gl.O'TK-AI.,  o.    [Or.  jAoirot,  niilM.] 

Tlic  -Uttnl  orCTj,  i»  a  lirancll  of  tlic  h)|«.!:aslric 
tnlfrnni  Iliac  nrter)i  whicli  siiiiplics  the  cliilcal 


niu«el<*«. 


Coze.    Hooper. 


Tlw  ■'tuttaS  miurlrs,  nrc  tlin-o  largo  muscles  on 
«uh  •IJo,  which  make  up  tho  llcshy  part  oflj^oj^"'- 
lock*. 


Parr. 


GI.C'TEV,  1.  [L.  ScoGli;!:.]  A  touRh,  chistic  sub- 
sLincf,  of  a  cmjiih  color,  which  becomes  brown  anil 
bnllle  by  dryinc  ;  found  In  the  Hour  ol  wheal  and 
other  Brain.  It  contributes  nnich  to  the  nutritive 
nuilily  of  Hour,  and  gives  tenacity  to  iu<  paste.  A 
timllar  substance  is  found  in  the  juices  of  certain 
idanK.  ,      Braiule. 

ULC'TE-US,  n.    The  large,  thick  muscle  on  which 

we  slL 
GLO'TIX-ATE,  r.  (.    To  unite  with  glue  ;  to  cement. 

Bailnj. 
United  with  glue. 

Uniting  with  glue. 
The  act  of  uniting  with  glue. 

Bailaj. 
Having  the  quality  of  ccment- 


Gtr'TI.V  A-TED.p/.. 
(;LC'TI.N-S-TI.NG,  ppr. 
GLU-TI.S-A'TiO.N,  n. 


CLO'TIN-ATIVE,  a. 

Inr ;  tenocious.  . 

OLUTl.N-OS'I-Ty,  II.    The  quality  of  being  glutin 

oiH ;  vi.^cousness. 
GLO'TI.N-OUS,  a.     [I.,  flittinosus.] 

1.  Viscous  ;  viscid  ;  tenacious  :  having  the  (lualily 
of  glue  1  resembling  glue.    Slarcli  is  gltitinoiw. 

2.  In  Mjbji,  bcsmclired  with  a  slippery  moisture  -, 
M,  a  cUliiwiD  leaf.  Mtirlijn. 

GLO'TI.N'-OUS-.VESS,  n.    Viscosity;  viscidity;   the 

tenacitv.  C/icjnr. 

GLUT'TED,  pp.    CloyeA  :  filled  beyond  sufficiency 


quality  of  glue ;  tenacitv 
JLUT'TED.  pp.  Cloyed 
3I,UT'T0N,  (glut'n,)n. 


Low  L.  glulo  i  Fr.  gloula/i. 
See  Glut.]  ' 

1.  One  who  indulges  to  excess  in  eating. 
a.  One  eager  of  any  thing  to  excess. 

QtittbjnM  b  mnnlT,  wanlun  to  ik-ilroy.  OV(inriW«. 

3.  In  idllogy,  the  Gulo  vulgaris,  found  in  the  north 
of  Europe  and  Siberia.  It  grows  to  the  length  of 
three  feet,  but  has  short  legs  and  moves  slowly.  It 
is  a  cnrnivorous  animal,  and,  in  order  to  catch  its 
prey,  it  climbs  a  tree,  and  from  that  darts  down  upon 
a  deer  or  other  animal.  It  is  named  from  its  vora- 
cious appetite.  Diet.  JVrif.  Hist. 
ltd  vomcily  has  been  ridiculously  exaggerated. 

Cu€icr. 

0LUT'T0.\-I7.E,r.  i.  To  cat  to  excess  ;  to  cat  vora- 
ciously ;  to  indulge  the  appetite  to  excess  ;  to  be  lux- 
urious. Trails,  of  Ordtman. 

GLUT'TON'-UKE,  a.     Like  a  glutton  ;  greedy. 

GI,UT'TO.\-OUS,  j  a.    Given  to  excessive  eating; 

GLUT'TOX-ISII,  j  indulging  the  appetite  fur  food 
to  excess  ;  as,  a  irhittonoiis  age.  Ralcgft. 

2.  Consisting  in  excessive  eating  ;  as,  gluttonotts 
delight.  Milton. 

CLUT'TON-OUS-LY,  ade.  With  the  voracity  of  a 
l(lulton  ;  with  excessive  eating. 

GLU'I  "i'ON-Y.  n.    Excess  in  eating;  extravagant  in- 
dulgence of  tile  appetite  for  food. 
i  Luxury  of  the  table. 

Thrir  Kimf<iioiu  ^lullaniti  ami  jnrjoo'is  fcasU.  Milton, 

3.  Voracity  of  appetite.  Encyc. 

GLVC'E-RIX,  n.    [Gr.  yXvKVs,  sweet.] 

.\  sweet  siibstanrc  that  forms  the  b.asis  of  fatly 
matter;  a  transinrciil  liquid,  without  color  or  smell, 
of  a  nirupy  consistence.  Ure. 

GL?-eOX'ie,      i  "•     t""™  •"  4'Ijconium.] 

Denoting  a  kind  of  verse  in  Greek  and  Latin 
l**etr>*,  consisting  of  three  feet,  a  spondee,  a  clio- 
rianib,  and  a  pyrrhic  ;  a.s,  glijconic  measure. 

Johnson. 

GLY-CVR'RIII  ZI.N',  n.  [Gr.  )  \ii,i,{,  sweel,nnd  If, 
a  rwiL]  .\  peculiar  saccharine  matter  obtained  from 
the  niol  of  llie  Ott/cj/rrlii-.a  glabra,  or  common 
liquoncc.  Brandc. 

GLV.N.    See  Gi.tr.. 

GLYPH,  (glif,)  n.    [Gr.  i  Xi(J/i,  from  > XeJ,i.i,  lo  carve.] 
In  sculpture  and  arckituture,  a  notch,  canal,  chan- 
nel, or  cavity,  intended  a.s  an  ornament,  and  usually 
nen"--ndiciilar.  Chambers.  ' 

Gf.VririC,  n.  .'\  picture  or  figure  by  wliicli  a  word 
i-i  irnpltrd.     [See  IIir.RocLrrMic] 

i;l.Vr  TIC,  a.     In  mincralogi/y  figured. 

'J.Vr'TICH,  II.  [supra.]  The  art  of  engraving  fig- 
itr»'s  nn  precious  .-.tone^. 

i;l.Vl"TO-D(i\,  n.  [Gr  jXeTrof,  engraved,  .nnd 
■  cot,-,  tooth.) 

An  cilinci  quadruped  of  the  .\rmailillo  family,  of 
the  <\ze  of  an  ox,  covered  with  scales,  and  having 
Itutcd  teeth.  MmUlL    Brande. 


GLYi'-TO-GRAI'll'lC,  n.     [Gr.  >Aii-r.-«  and  j-.on/.'o.] 
De.scriliing  the  inetliods  of  engraving  on  precious 

GLYr'-TOG'R.vriIY,  n.    [Supra.]    A  description  of 

Die  art  of  engraving  on  piecious  stones. 

British  Vrltie. 
GLYr-TO-TlIl";'eA,  n.     [Gr.   yXvifiu  and  W/ix-J-l    A 

building  or  room  for  the  preservation  of  works  of 

sculpture.  ^  ^'""nln 

G.N'XH,  fnilr,)      >   v.i.     [Sax.  piyrrail,gnoriiian,  DM. 
UNaUL,  (nJrl,)  )       tiiiirrcr;  S\v . kiiarra ;  V.  gnorrcii, 

tmirreii  ;  G.  gmirren,  kiiarrcn.] 
To  growl ;  to  murmur  ;  to  snarl. 

AiiJ  wolvci  are  jnariin-  wluth  shall  giuw  U.cc  fir.!.     Shak. 

[Gmb  is  nearly  obsolete.]  ,„     ,,      . 

G.VAKI/£D,  (nirld,)  a.    Knotty;  full  of  knots;  as, 

tho  gnarled  oak.  *'""'■ 

GNAUL'Y,  a.    Knotty  ;  full  of  knots  ;  as,  the  giwrbj 

oak  ''■"''•  ^"^ 

G.WSII,  (nash,)  V.  t.  [Dan.  Ixaskcr  ;  Sw.  gnissla  and 
kiiastra.  Qu.  D.  knarzcii,  G.  kilirrscliai,  to  gnash, 
and  lu  naiiascia,  the  jaw.] 

To  strike  ilic  teeth  together,  as  m  anger  or  jiain  ; 
as,  to  gnash  tlic  teeth  in  rage.  Dinjdcii. 

GX.isiI,  (nash,)  v.  i.    To  grind  the  teeth. 

lie  shall  ffnaeh  wiOi  Itis  Icelli  and  melt  away.  —  Ps.  cxii. 

2.  To  rage  even  to  collision  with  the  teeth ;  to 
growl. 

They  gjtasjied  on  me  wUli  their  leelli.  —  Fb.  xxxy. 

G.N'ASIl'li\G,(nash'ing,)  jii^r.  Striking  the  teeth  to- 
gether, as  in  anger,  rago,  or  pain. 

G-NAail'INU,  (na.shiing,)  ji.  A  grinding  or  striking  of 
the  teeth  in  rage  or  anguish. 

Thea-  sliall  he  wcci'in^  tmtl  giiashing  of  Icelh.  —  Wall.  viii. 

GNASll'ING-LV,  ado.    With  gnashing. 
G-N.AT,  (nal,)  «.     [Sax.  giiitt.    Qu.  Or.  k-oti'diip.] 

1.  A  name  applied  tu  several  insects,  of  the  genus 
Ciilex.  Their  mouth  is  formed  by  a  flexible  slieatil, 
inclosing  bristles  pointed  like  stings.  The  sting  is  n 
lube  coutaiuiiig  fiv-^  or  six  spicula;  of  oxniiisite  fine- 
ness, denlaled  or  edged.  The  most  troublesome  of 
this  genus  is  the  musquelo.  Encijc.     Cijc. 

2.  Any  tiling  proverbially  small. 
Ve  bliml  ^uij'-s,  who  elrain  al  a  siial,  and  swallow  a  camel. 

Mall.°xxiii. 


A    llowe 


[J' 


called  also  Bze- 

John.y'oii. 
irnntlin,  a  liattcr- 


GNAT'-FLOW-ER,  v. 

I'loiveb. 
Gi\A-THON'I€,  (na-) 
GNA-THON'I€-AI.,  (na)  . 

FI;iUciing  ;  deceitful.     [Jv'ot  in  tisc] 
GNAT'-SNAP-I'EK,  n.    A  bird  that  catches  grints. 

HfUcnrill 
GNAT'-WORM,  (nat'wurm,)  n.  A  small  water  insect, 
produced  by  a  pnat,  and  which,  after  its  several 
changes,  is  tran^fornird  into  a  gnat ;  the  larva  of  a 
gnat.  Cijc. 

GNAW,  (naw,)  v.  t.  [Sax.  ^na^ran;  G.  nngcni  D. 
knaagen  ;  .Sw./f;m^a;  vV.  cnoi ;  Gr.  fc'it-J,  to  scrape  ; 
Ir.  cnaghy  cnaoi,  consumption ;  audgli,  a  maggot ; 
cnaoulhim,  to  gnaw,  to  consume.] 

I.  To  lute  off  by  little  and  littlo  ;  to  bite  or  scrape 

off  with  the  fore  teeth  ;    to  wear  away  by  biting. 

The  rats  srndic  a  board  or  plank  ;  a  worm  ffnaws  the 

wood  of  a  tree  or  the  plank  of  a  sliip. 

'2.  To  <;at  by  biting  off  small  portions  of  food  with 

y.  To  bite  in  agony  or  rage.  [Ihe  fore  tcetli. 

'I'lii'y  grviwed  Ihoir  tuni^ucii  for  pain.  —  Kcv.  xvi. 

4.  To  waste  ;  to  fret ;  to  corrode. 
;').  To  pick  with  the  teeth. 

ilis  Ijouca  cl':aii  picltcil ;  his  very  Iwhcb  ility  giuitv.      Driflen. 

GNAW,  (naw,)  v.  u    To  use  the  teeth  in  biting. 

I  iniglit  well,  like  the  spnniel,  gnaw  upon  lh«  ch.iin  thai  ties  iu<-. 

Sidueij. 

GNAW'f:D,  (nawd,)  pp.  or  a.    Hit ;  corroded. 
GXAW'EK,  (naw'er,)  7t.     lie  or  that  which  gnaws  or 

corrodes. 
GNAWING,  (naw'ingO  ppr.  or  a.     Biting  off  by  little 

and  little  ;  corroding  ;  eating  by  slow  degrees. 
GNEISS,  (nice,)  ji.    [Qu.  Dan.  giiisterj  Sw.  ^nistas,  to 
sparkle.] 

In  miticrahsy.,  a  species  of  aggregated  rock,  com- 
posed of  quart/.,  feldspar,  and  mica,  of  a  structure 
more  or  less  distinctly  slaty.  The  layers,  whether 
straight  or  curved,  are  frequently  thick,  but  often 
varj-  considerably  in  the  same  specimen.  It  passes 
on  one  side  into  granite,  from  which  it  differs  in  its 
slaty  structure,  and  on  the  other  into  mica-slate.  It 
is  rich  in  metallic  ores.  KiriDan.     Clcavcland. 

Giicis.i  often  contains  hornblende.  The  only  dif- 
ference between  thi>!  and  granite  consists  in  the 
stratified  and  slaty  disposition  of  gneiss.  Hitchcock. 
GNEIS'SOII),  a.  Having  some  of  the  characteris- 
tics of  gneiss  ;  applied  to  rocks  of  an  intermediate 
character  between  granite  and  gneiss,  or  mica-slate 
and  gneiss. 
GNETS'SoSE,  a.    Having  the    general  structure  of 

cn«iss.  Lydl. 

GNOFF,  (nof,)  n.    A  miser.     [JWf  in  use.']   Clmuccr. 
GNoME,  (nome,)  n.    [Gr.  >  i-w^i/j,] 

1.  An  imaginary  being,  suppfwed  by  the  rahalists 


GO 

to  inhabit  tho  inner  parts  of  the  earth,  and  to  be  the 

guarilKin  of  mines,  quarries,  &c.  Encijc. 

a.  A  brief  reflection  or  maxim.     [JVot  used.] 
GNOM'ie,  (nnm'ik,)  (         r„     ,„„„„-| 

GNO.M'ie-.\L,  (nom'ik  al,)  ]  "'     ^^'-  '  '^"'"'■> 

.Sententious ;  uttering  or  containing  maxims,  o: 

striking  detached  thoughts  ;  as,  gnomic  poetry,  liks 

the  iiook  of  Proverbs.     [Little  used.] 
GNO-MO-I.OG'ie,         j        p„M.,ining  to  gnomolugv. 
GNO-.MO-LOG'ie-AL,  (  "'   "".lining  to  gnoi.iouiS.y. 

GNO-.M0L'0-(5Y,  (no-mol'o-jy,)  n.  [Gr.  yvapi),  a 
niaxiin  or  sentence,  and  Aojos,  discourse.] 

A  collertlon  of  maxims,  grave  sentences,  or  reflec- 
tions.    [Little  used.]  Milliin. 

GNo'MON,  (no'inon,)  ?i.  [Gr.  j-ewjiuv,  an  index, 
from  the  root  of  vii'wo-ico',  to  know.] 

1.  In  dialing,  the  style  or  pin,  which  by  its  shadow 
shows  the  hour  of  the  day.  The  line  whose  shadow 
shows  tile  time  is  parallel  to  the  axis  of  the  earth. 

Brande. 

2.  In  nstronomii,  a  style  or  column  erected  perpen- 
dicular to  the  limi'ion,  for  making  aslroiioniical  oli- 
servations.  Its  principal  use  was  to  find  llie  alli- 
liide  of  the  sun  by  measuring  the  lenglli  of  its 
shadow.  Briuiili: 

'^.  The  gnomon  of  a  globe,  is  the  index  of  Ilie  hour- 
circle.  Enriir. 

4.  In  fcomcln),  the  part  of  a  parallelograiii  which 
remains  w-lien  one  of  tlie  parallelngiams  about  its 
diagonals  removed.  Brande. 

GNO-MON'l€,         j  a.    Pertaining  to  tlie  art  of  dial- 

GNO-MO.\'ie-AL,  (      ing.  Clumiirrs. 

Qaoiiiontc  jirojeetion.     Sec  Projection. 

GNO-WO.\'ie-AL,-LV,  ruie.  According  to  llie  princi- 
ples of  the  gnomonic  projection.  P.  Cijc. 

GNO-MON'ieS,  II.  The  art  or  science  of  dialing,  or 
of  constructing  dials  to  show  the  hour  of  the  day  by 
tlie  shadow  of  a  gnomon. 

GN0-M0N-0L'0-(5Y,  ii.    A  treatise  on  dialing. 

GNOS'Tie,  (nos'tik,)  n.  [h.  gnosticus  i  Gr.  )i-wri'.[i(, 
from  )  iviiiTKio,  to  know.] 

The  Gnostics  were  a  sect  of  philosophers  Dial 
arose  in  the  first  ages  of  Christianity,  who  pieleiideil 
they  were  the  only  men  wllo  had  a  true  knowli-dge 
of  tlie  Christian  religion.  They  formed  for  them- 
selves a  system  of  theology,  agreeable  to  the  pliilos- 
ophy  of  Pythagoras  and  Plato,  to  which  they  ac- 
roniinodated  tlieir  interpretations  of  Scripture.  'I'liey 
held  that  all  natures,  intelligihle,  intellectual,  and 
material,  arc  derived  by  successive  emanations  from 
the  infinite  fountain  of  Deity.  These  cniaiiatinns 
they  called  icons,  aiiona.  Tiiese  doctrines  were  de- 
rived from  the  Oriental  philosophy.    Encye.    F.iifieli. 

GNiiS'TIC,  (nos'tik,)  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Gnostics 
or  Ilietr  dnelrines. 

GNOS'Tl-CISM,  (nos'te-sizm,)  re.  The  doctrines, 
principles,  or  system  of  philosophy  taught  by  the 
Gnostics.  Eiijicld. 

GNU,  (nu,)  11.  The  Catoblepas  Gnu,  a  ruminant  mam- 
mal of  the  tiibe  lioviiU-e,  inhabiting  Southern  .Africa, 
wliose  form  partakes  of  tliat  of  the  horse,  the  ox, 
and  llic  deer. 

2.  Tlie  draft  iron  attached  to  the  cud  of  a  plow 
beam,  (clevis,  clevy.)     [Local.] 

Go,  1'.  i.  .-  V"t.  \Ve->t  ;  pp.  Go.VE.  \\  ent  belongs  to 
the  root  Sa.x.  trcnrfaii,  a  difl'eient  word.  [?:-i\.  gan; 
G.  "Chen:  Van.  gaaer;  Sw.  ga;  D.  gaau  :  Dnsquc, 
gan.  This  is  probably  a  contracted  word,  but  the 
original  is  obscure.  In  Goth  gaggan,  to  go,  seems 
to  be  the  Eng.  gang  :  and  gad  may  belong  to  a  difler- 
ciit  family.  Tiie  primary  sense  is  to  pass,  and  either 
to  go  or  come.  Sax.  ga  forth,  go  forth ;  ga  hitlier, 
coine  hither  ;  her  gmth,  he  comes.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  to  move  ;  to  pass  ;  to  proceed 
from  one  place,  state,  or  station,  to  another;  opposed 
to  resting.  A  mill  goes  by  water  or  by  steam  ;  a  ship 
ffops  at  tlie  rate  of  five  knots  an  hour;  a  clock  fees 
Past  or  slow  ;  a  horse  goes  lame  ;  a  fowl  or  a  ball 
goes  with  velocity  through  the  air. 

The  mourners  go  about  llie  slrcehj.  —  Ecclea.  xii. 
a  To  walk  ;  to  move  on  the  feet,  or  step  by  step. 
The  child  begins  to  ^o  alone  at  a  year  old. 

Yoti  know  Ihal  love 
Will  creep  in  service  where  it  cannot  so.  SjMlc. 

3.  To  walk  leisurely ;  not  to  run. 

Thon  must  run  to  him;  for  thou  li:ist  sUiiil  so  long  lli.at  ?ot"* 
will  scvrce  serve  the  turn.  '^''"*- 

4.  To  travel  ;  to  journey  by  lanil  or  water.  I  miist 
go  to  Boston  ;  he  has  gone  to  Pliiladelphia  ;  the  min- 
ister is  going  to  France. 

5.  To  depart;  to  move  from  a  place;  opposcil  to 
come.  The  mail  goes  and  conies  every  day,  or  twice 
a  week. 

I  will  let  you  go,  tliat  ye  in.ay  saci-hice.  —  Ex.  viiu 

6.  To  proceed ;  to  pass. 

And  60  the  jest  goes  round.  Ltiyden. 

7.  To  move  ;  to  pass  in  any  manner  or  to  any  end ; 
as,  to  "o  to  bed  ;  to  go  to  dinner ;  to  go  to  war. 

8.  To  move  or  pass  customarily  from  place  to  place, 
denoting  custom  or  practice.  The  child  goes  <■" 
school  ;  a'sliip  goes  regularly  to  London  ;  wo  go  to 
rhurch. 


PATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT  -JIETE,  PREY.-PL\E,  M.^MNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOQK.- 

"508 


GO 

9.  To  proceed  from  one  sLitf  or  upinioii  to  another ; 
to  change.  He  «"«ci  from  uiio  opinion  to  auotlier  j 
liis  estate  is  goxn^  to  ruin. 

10.  To  proceed  in  mental  operations  ;  lo  advance  ; 
to  penetrate.  We  can  go  but  a  very  little  way  in 
developing  tbe  causes  of  things. 

11.  To  proceed  or  advance  in  accomplishing  an 
end.  This  sum  will  not  go  far  toward  full  payment 
of  the  debt. 

12.  To  apply  ;  to  be  applicable.  The  argument 
goes  to  this  point  only  ;  it  goes  to  prove  too  much. 

13.  To  apply  one's  self. 

Siting  IJnis.'lf  coiifroiiied  by  so  niany,  liki;  i  resolute  oititor,  he 
tcenl  rot  lo  denial,  but  to  justify  his  cruel  lolseliood.  Sidney. 

14.  To  have  recourse  to ;  as,  to  go  to  law. 

15.  To  be  about  to  do ;  as,  I  was  going  to  say  ;  I 
am  going  to  begin  harvest.  [This  use  is  chielly  con- 
lined  to  the  participle.] 

It),  To  pass ;  to  be  accounted  in  value.  All  this 
goes  for  nothing  -,  this  coin  goes  for  a  crown. 

17.  To  circulate ;  to  pass  in  report.  Tlie  story 
got-i. 

18.  To  pass  ;  to  be  received  ;  to  be  accounted  or 
understood  to  be. 


And  tlie  nwii  went  amon^ 
Saul.  —  1  Sjjq.  xviL 


men  for  aa  oM  man  iu  the  J^ys  of 


19.  To  move,  or  be  in  motion,  as  a  machine.  [See 
No.  1.1 

20.  To  move,  as  a  fluid  j  to  flow. 

The  god  I  am,  whos«  yellow  water  flows 

Around  these  £elds,  aiid  £itteus  as  it  goes, 

Tiber  my  name.  Dnjden. 

21.  To  have  a  tendency. 

AgTiiiist  rrjlit  reason  all  your  cotmsoU  gO.  Dryden. 

3f3.  To  be  in  compact  or  partnersiiip. 

They  were  to  go  equal  sliares  in  tlse  booty,  L'£slraiige. 

23.  To  be  guided  or  regulated  j  to  proceed  by  some 
principle  or  rule.  We  are  to  o-o  by  the  rules  of  law, 
or  according  to  the  precepts  of  Scripture. 

Vi'c  are  ti.i  go  l-y  another  raeaaur^.  Sjtrat. 

24.  To  be  pregnant.  The  females  of  different  ani- 
mals go  some  a  longer,  some  a  shorter  time. 

25.  To  pass;  to  be  alienated  in  pajmeut  or  ex- 
change. If  our  exports  are  of  less  value  than  our 
imports,  our  money  must  go  to  pay  the  balance, 

2',J.  To  be  loosed  or  released  ;  to  be  freed  from  re- 
straint.    Let  me  go ;  let  go  the  hand. 

27.  To  be  expended.  His  estate  goes  or  has  gone 
for  spirituous  liquors.     [See  No.  24.] 

28.  To  extend  ;  to  reach.  The  line  goes  from  one 
end  to  the  other.  His  land  goe^  to  the  bank  of  the 
Hudson. 

29.  To  extend  or  lead  in  any  direction.  TJiis  road 
goes  to  Albany. 

3i).  To  proceed  ;  to  extend.  This  argument  goes 
far  toward  proving  the  point ;  it  goes  a  great  way 
toward  esLiblishing  the  innocence  of  the  accused. 

31.  To  have  effect ;  to  extend  in  effect ;  to  avail ; 
to  be  of  force  or  value.  Money  goes  further  now 
than  it  did  during  the  war. 

32.  To  extend  in  meaning  or  purport. 

Ilia  amorous  expressions  go  no  further  than  virtue  may  allow. 

Z>ryicn. 

[In  the  three  last  examples,  the  sense  of  go  depends 
on  far,  farther,  /urtArr.] 

33.  To  have  a  currency  or  use,  as  custom,  opinion, 
or  manners. 

I  thiok,  as  the  world  goes,  he  was  a  gix>il  sort  of  n;an  enough. 

Arbutfinot. 

34.  To  contribute;  to  conduce;  to  concur;  to  be 
an  ingredient ;  with  to  or  into.  The  substances 
which  go  into  this  composition  ;  maiiy  qualifications 
go  to  make  up  the  well-bred  man. 

35.  To  proceed;  to  be  carried  on.  The  business 
goes  on  well. 

36.  To  proceed  to  final  issue;  to  terminate;  to 
succeed. 

Whether  llie  ctuse  goes  for  me  or  against  me,  you  must  pay  me 
the  reward.  Walls. 

37.  To  proceed  in  a  train,  or  in  consequences. 

How  goet  llie  night,  boy  ?  iSTioA. 

38.  To  fare  ;  to  be  m  a  good  or  ill  state.  How 
goes  it,  comrade  ? 

39.  To  have  a  tendency  or  effect ;  to  operate. 

Ilicae  cuwi  go  to  show  Ihal  the  court  will  vary  i!ie  coiislructiou 
of  iuatrumciiLs.  Sja«a.  Iteports. 

To  go  about :  to  set  one's  self  to  a  business ;  to  at- 
tcuiiil ;  to  endeavor. 

TJicy  never  go  nbouC  1}  hide  or  palliate  Uieir  vlcta.  Siaifl. 

9.  In  seamen^s  language,  to  tack  ;  lo  turn  the  head 
of  a  ship. 

To  no  abroail ;  to  walk  out  of  a  house. 

2.  To  be  uttered,  disclosed,  or  published.     ' 

To  go  against :  to  invade  ;  to  march  to  attack. 

2,  To  bo  in  opposition  ;  to  be  disagreeable. 

To  go  aside ;  to  withdraw  ;  to  retire  into  a  private 
sUu.ition. 

2.  To  err  ;  to  deviate  from  the  right  way. 

To  go  iLstray ;  to  wander  ;  to  break  from  an  incio-  I 


GOA 

sure  ;  al.-;o,  tii  leave  the  right  course  ;  to  depart  fiom 
law  or  rule  ;  to  sin  ;  to  transgress. 

7(j  go  ajcay  ;  to  di'|);ut ;  lo  go  to  a  (li.stincc. 

Togo  between  i  tJ  interjwse ;  to  mediate;  lo  at- 
tempt to  reconcile  or  to  adjust  diff^jrences. 

To  go  by ;  to  pass  near  and  beyond, 

2,  To  pass  away  unnoticed  ;  to  omit. 

3.  To  find  ur  get  in  the  conclusion. 

In  argument  witli  njoii,  a  woni.Aii  ever 

Ooeihy  the  worv,  wli.ii^vcr  be  htr  c-uae.  Mtllon. 

[A  phrase  now  little  used.] 

To  go  down;  to  descend  in  any  manner. 

2.  To  fail ;  to  come  to  nothing. 

3.  To  be  swalIo\\cd  or  received,  not  rejected.  The 
doctrine  of  the  divine  right  of  kings  will  not  go  dozen 
in  this  period  of  the  world. 

To  go  for  notiiing  ;  to  have  no  meaning  or  efficacy. 

To  go  forth;  to  issue  or  depart  out  of  a  place. 

To  go  funcard ;  to  advance. 

To  go  hard  with  ;  to  be  in  danger  of  a  fatal  issue  ; 
to  have  difficulty  to  escape. 

To  go  in ;  to  enter. 

To  go  in  to  ;  to  have  sexual  commerce  with. 

Scripture. 

To  go  in  and  out ;  to  do  the  business  of  life, 

9.  'I'o  go  freely  ;  to  be  at  lilnrly.     John  x. 

To  go  off;  to  depart  to  a  distance  ;  to  leave  a  place 
or  station. 

2.  To  die  ;  to  decease. 

3.  To  be  discharged,  as  fire-:irms;  to  explode. 
To  go  OH  ;  to  proceed  ;  to  advance  forward. 

2,  To  be  put  on,  as  a  garment.  The  coat  will  not 
go  on. 

To  go  out ;  to  issue  forth  ;  to  depart  from. 

2.  To  go  on  an  expedition.  Shak. 

3.  To  become  extinct,  as  light  or  life;  to  expire, 
A  candle  goes  out;  fire  goes  out. 

And  life  itself  goes  out  at  lliy  displcitsure.  Addkon. 

4.  To  become  public.  This  story  goes  out  to  the 
world. 

To  go  over;  to  read  ;  to  peruse  ;  to  study. 

2.  To  examine  ;  to  view  or  review ;  as,  to  go  over 
an  account. 

If  v.e  go  over  tlie  laws  of  Christianity.  Titiolson. 

3.  To  think  over;  to  proceed  or  pass  in  mental 
operation. 

4.  To  change  sides  ;  to  pass  from  one  party  to 
another, 

5.  To  revolt. 

G.  To  pass  from  one  side  to  the  other,  as  of  a  river. 
To  go  through ;  to  pass  iu  a  substance ;  as,  to  go 
throu^/i  water. 

2.  I'o  execute;  to  accomplish;  to  perform  thor- 
oughly ;  to  finish  ;  as,  to  go  Uirough  an  operation. 

3.  To  sulTer ;  to  bear;  to  undergo;  to  sustain  to 
the  end;  as,  to  go  Virough  a  long  sickness;  to  go 
through  an  operation. 

To  go  through  with ;  to  execute  effectually. 
To  go  under;  to  be  talked  of  or  known,  as  by  a 
title  or  name  ;  as,  to  go  under  the  name  of  relormers. 
To  go  vp  ;  to  ascend  ;  to  rise. 
To  go  upon  ;  to  proceed  as  on  a  foundation  ;  lo  take 
as  a  principle  supposed  or  settled;  as,  to  go  upon  a 
supposition. 

To  go  wilJi ;  to  accompany  ;  to  pass  with  others. 
2,  To  side  with  ;  to  be  in  party  or  design  with. 
To  go  ill  with ;  to  have  ill  fortune  ;  not  lo  prosper. 
To  go  well  with;  to  have  good  fortune  ;  lo  prosper. 
To  go  wiUiout;  to  be  or  remain  destitute. 
Qo  to  ;  come,  move,  begin  ;  a  phrase  of  exhortation  ; 
also  a  phrase  of  scornful  exhortation. 
Go'-BE-TWEEN,  7i.     [go  and  between.]     An   inter- 
poser;  one  who  transacts  business  between  parties. 

Shak. 
Go'-BY,  n.     [go  and  by.]     Evasion  ;  escape  by  arti- 
fice- Collier. 

2.  A  passing  without  notice  ;  a  thrusting  away  ;  a 
shifting  off;  as,  to  give  a  proposal  the  go-by. 
Go'-CART,  n.  [go  and  cart.]  A  machine  willi 
wheels,  in  wJiich  children  learn  to  walk  without 
danger  of  failing. 
GoAl),  H.  [Sax.  ^rat/^  a  goad  ;  ^w.  gadd,  a.  si'mg;  Scot. 
gad,  a  goad,  a  rod,  the  point  of  a  spear;  Ir.  gaUi, 
o-i;fA,  a  goad  ;  W,  oro(A,  a  push.  The  sense  is,  a  shoot, 
a  point.] 

A  pointed  instrument  used  to  stimulate  a  beast  to 
move  faster, 
GoAD,  V.  L    To  prick  ;  to  drive  with  a  goad. 

2.  To  incite;  to  stimulate;  to  instigate;  to  urge 
forward,  or  lo  rouse  by  any  thing  pungenl,  severe, 
irritating,  or  inflaming.     He  was  goaded  by  sarcastic 
remarks  or  by  abuse  ;    goaded  by  desire  or  other 
passion. 
GoAD'ED,  pp.     Pricked  ;  pushed  on  by  a  goad ;  insti- 
gated. 
GoAD'IXG,  ppr.     Pricking  ;  driving  with  a  goad  ;  in- 
citing; urging  on  ;  rousing, 
G6.\L,  ».     [Fr.  ganlc,  a  long  pole  j  W.  giPijal,  Arm, 
goalenn,  a  staff.] 

1.  The  point  set  to  bound  a  race,  and  to  which 
they  run  ;  the  mark. 

Pan  cnrh  tJirir  fiery  itocds,  or  •hun  the  gorj 

With  rapid  wheeU.  A/j/ij". 


GOD 

2.  Any  starling  poai.  JilUton. 

3.  'i'he  end  or  linal  purpose  ;  the  end  to  which  a 
design  tends,  or  wliich  a  iM^rsou  aims  lo  reach  or  ac- 
complish, 

K.TxIi  individual  »:clu  a.  screri]  goat.  Pope. 

Go-AR.  n.    More  usually  Gore,  which  see, 
GOAR'ISII,  a.     Patched;  mean.    [Obs.] 

Beaujn.  4*  ^i* 
GOAT,  71.     [Sax,  ga^t ;   D.  geit;  G.    geiss ;   Sw.  get; 

Dan.  gedcbuk,  a  he-poal ;  Riiss.  koia.] 
An  animal  or  quadruped  of  the  genus  Copra.    The 

horns  ar^  hollow,  turned  upward,  erect,  and  scabrous. 

Goats  are  nearly  of  the  size  of  sheep,  but  stronger, 

\im  timid,  and  more  agile.    They  delight  to  frequent 

rocks  and  mountains,  and  subsist  on  scanty,  coarse 

food.    'I'he  milk  of  the  goal  is  sweet,  noiirishing, 

and  medicinal,  and  the  flesh  furnishes  provisions  to 

the  inhabitants  of  countries  where  they  abound. 
GOAT'-CH.iE'ER,  ii.    An  insect,  a  kind  of  beetle. 

Bailey. 
GoAT'FISFJ,  n.    A  fish  of  the  file  diterran  can,  BaUstes 

capnscns.  Booth. 

GoAT'HERD,  n.     One  whose  occupation  is  to  lend 

^oats.  Spenser. 

GoAT'ISH,  a.    Resembling  a  goal  in  any  quality  ;  of 

a  rank  stnell.  More. 

_  2.  Lustful.  Shak. 

G6AT'fSH-LV,  adv.    In  the  manner  of  a  Goat ;  lust- 

fiiliv. 
GoAt'ISH-NESS,  71.    The  quality  of  being  goatish; 

l^u  St  fulness. 
CoAT-M.\R'JO-RAM,  n.    Goat-beard. 
GoAT'-iMILK-ER,  n.    A  kind  of  bird,  so  called  from 

being  supposed  to  suck  goaLs  ;  the  goat-sucker. 

Bailetf. 
GoAT'S'I)l-:.\RD,  n.     In  botany,  a  plant  of  tlie  genus 

I'ragoposon. 
GoAT'riKIN,  n.    The  skin  of  a  goat.  Pope. 

G6AT'S'-RuE,  71.    A  plant  of  the  genus  Galegu. 
GOAT'S'-STO-VES,  n.      The  greater  goaVs-stones  is 

the  Salviium  ;  the  lesser,  the  Orchis. 
GOAT'S'-THORN,  n.     A  plant  of  the  genus  Astrag- 
alus. 
GOAT'-SUCK-ER,  71.    In  ornitJiology,  a  bird  of  the 

genus  Capiiniulgus,  so  called  from  the  opinion  that 

it  would  suck  goats.    It  is  called,  also,  the  fern-owl. 

In  Uailey,  it  is  called  a  goat-milker. 
GOB,  It.     [Fr.  gobe  :  W.  gob,  a  heap.    Qu.  Ueb,  2i,  a 

hill,  a  boss  ;  L'h.  N3J  gtba,  lo  raise.] 
A  little  mass  or  collection;  a  mouthful.    [A  low 

word.  ]  V  Estrange. 

GOH'BET,  H.     [Fr.  gobe,  supra.] 

A  small  piece ;  a  mouthful ;  a  lump, 

Shak.    Addison. 
GOiJ'BET,  V.  t.    To  swallow  in  masses  or  moutlifuls 

[A  late  word.]  L^Estrarm-c. 

GOU'BET-LV,  adr.     la  pieces.  Mulvet. 

GOH'BING,  71,     In  mimng,  the  refuse  thrown  back 

into  the  excavations  remaining  after  the  removal  of 

the  coal.  Brande. 

GOB'BLE,  V.  u     [Fr.  gober,  to  swallow.] 

To  swallow  in  large  pieces ;  to  swallow  hastily. 
Prior.     SjoifL 
GOB'BLE,  V.  i.    To  make  a  noise  in  the  throat,  as  a 

turkey.  Prior. 

GOB'BL£D,  pp.    Swallowed  hastily. 
GOII'BLER,  n.    One  who  swallows  in  haste ;  a  greedy 

eater;  a  gormandizer. 
2.  A  name  sometimes  given  to  the  turkey-cock. 
GOB'BLING,  ppr.    Swallowing  hastily, 

2,  Making  a  noise  like  a  turkey. 
GOB'E-LIN,  a.    A  term  applied  to  a  species  of  rich 

tapestry  in  France.    The  term  is  derived  from  Gilles 

Oobclins,  a  celebrated  dyer  in  the  reign  of  Francis  I. 
2)ict.  de  PAead. 
GOB'LET,  77.     [Fr.  gobelet;  Arm.  gob  or  f^obeled; 

lleb,  JJOX] 
A  kind  of  cup  or  drinking  vessel  without  a  handle. 

We  love  not  lo:i<!',-d  Ui^uda  tuid  gob!ett  crowned.        Derxham. 

GOB'LIN,  71.  [Fr.  gobelin;  G,  kobold,  a  goblin;  D, 
habouter,  a  boy,  an  elf;  kaboutcr-viannctje,  a  goblin  ; 
Arm.  gobylin:  W,  cobhjn,  a  knocker,  a  llmmper,  a 
pecker,  a  fiend  ;  cobiaw,  to  knock  j  from  cob,  a  top,  a 
thump.] 

1,  An  evil  spirit;  a  walking  spirit;  a  frightful 
phantom. 

'i'o  whom  Uic  gobiiii,  full  of  wiath,  replied.  AlVton. 

2.  A  fairy  ;  an  elf.  Skak. 
Go'BY,  71.    A  name  given  to  certain  spinous-finned 

fishes,  allied  to  the  blcnny,  and  forming  the  genus 
Gobius,  They  are  mostly'small  sea-fishes,  and  can 
live  for  some  time  out  of  the  water. 

JardtHc's  JVat.  Lib. 
GOD,  77.    [Sax.  god;  G.  gott;  D.  god;  Sw.  and  Dan. 

gud;  Goth,  goth  or  guth  ;  I'ers.  ijvi^  goda  OTcboda  ; 
Hindoo,  khoda,  codam.  As  this  word  and  good  are 
written  exactly  alike  iu  Sa.xon,  it  has  been  inferred 
that  Qod  was  named  from  hts  goodness.  But  the 
corresponding  words  in  most  of  the  oilier  languages 
are  not  the  same,  and  I  believe  no  instance  can  be 


TONE,  B^LL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — G  as  K  ;  0  as  J  j  S  as  Z ;  ClI  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


GOD 


GOi 


,•^,,,1  ,.r  T  niim-  iTvrii  M  lh»  PHiirBiiio  Heine  fn>iii 

.ii-t  1.1*  iiKMi  111  early 
.  I  hivu  I'oiiiiil  lliu 

i!ty  taken  fri'iii 

'"■  ..alrlltln  Icira 

['t<:M  IT  rxtrt 

■'  1,1  .  .-.-.  v.r  luivi' evidi'licc 

;  ihu  wunl ;  lor,  In  IVwic, 
.<,  pojitjsitry  yrinccps,a:i  U  n 

Ji:.»jliv.-  ul    111.    ■■Jiiu-  "orJ.     Sco  Ciul.  let-  cul. 

^'I  The  Supremo  Ikinj  i  Jehuvoli ;  llic  clcrnal  niid 
Inlluilc  Sninl,  llio  Creatur,  and  llic  Sovereign  of  Uio 
Volvonc. 

t/-j/  ^  .  V  :  t ;  .'1 1  llwy  Ihal  wonUit  bin*  roiul  wonhip  hlill  in 
.1..  — Ji.ha  iv. 

a  hcatlien  deity ;  an  idol. 

^ui,  otlhe  A..u)rUCT.  — Juil^"^- 

3.  A  iirinco :  a  ruler  ;  a  magisiralc  or  Judgo ;  an 
aniol.  Iliou  «l"tl'  not  revUc  llie  i'tJifa,  nor  curao  the 
nil'r  of  Ihv  people.    Kx«J.  xxii.    /'s.  xcvii. 

ifjji/  lii'ic  l»  a  bad  Imnslalion.) 
.  .\ny  iiers'iii  or  lllins  eialteil  too  much  in  cslinm- 
lion,  or  dciliea  and  liou.jred  as  the  diief  good. 

Wh..«  tcJ  I*  ll.tlr  l«Uj.  —  Phil.  la. 

i;.ili  r  r.    To  deify.    [AVI  iucJ.1  Sliak. 

11.  11.    U'i'd  and  c*i^</.]     One  for  whom  a 

'mea  s|H.iiiiur  at  baptism,  and  promises  to 

.    .1  a.i  a  Christian. 

Uol>  l>,\H;ll-'l'K"i  (-daw-ter,)  11.    [god  and  ddugli- 

lir.'\    A  ftinale  f.ir  whom  one  becomea  sponsor  at 

taiitUin.    [Sec  G.iDtATHCii.;)  ,  ,.       -■ 

COlt'DE?--',  "■    A  feMLile  deity  ;  a  heathen  deity  of 

ibe  iVnialc  sex. 

"T  .if  Jupiter  pn»"nlc>l  licriicU  among  n  tmwl 
.  »-.«  .U*uii(iTil*li«i  by  Ler  ffr.ia-(.il  «taturc 
.utv.  Adiliton. 

1,,    ,uj;'«  pf  lote^  a  woman  of  superior 


[Sax.  godf  good,  and 


cliarm^  or  r.xrKllence. 
COIVDESS-LIKE,  a. 


Bcsembling  a  goddess. 


Pofe. 


COD'FX-TIIEU,  11.    [Sxi.  Si'd  and  /irfcr.    The  bax- 
Dn«  uicd,  .llso,  itodsil/b,  cood  rel.ilion.l 

A  man  wlio  becomes  sponsor  for  a  cliild  at  baptism, 
In  the  Eiitlish  and  Roman  Catholic  churches  i  who 
nukri  hlmst'lf  a  sorely  for  the  child,  that  he  will 
"  foraake  the  denl  and  all  his  works,  and  constantly 
believe  Ood'a  holy  word,  and  obediently  keep  his 
commnndnicnbi." 

[ninghain  maintains  that,  during  the  four  first  cen- 
luriM,  there  was  but  one  sponsor  for  a  child,  and 
that  one  the  )i;irent,  or  some  jierson  who  had  the 
charge  of  It.  Aftenvard,  the  number  of  sponsors 
wa«  increased,  and  tlie  parents  excluded  (roin  the 
ollice.  Murdmli.] 

COU'FA-TIIER,  r.  t.    To  act  as  godfather ;  to  take 

under  one's  fostering  care.  Burke. 

GOU'IIEAD,    (god'hed,)    n.     [god    and    Sax.    haile, 
"tntc.l 

1.  Godship;  deity;  divinity;  divine  nature  or  cs- 
iii-e  ;  applitd  tu  tJie  true  Ood^  and  to  healhm  deities. 
Mitton.     Prior. 
9.  A  deity  in  tierson  ;  a  gwl  or  goddess.  Dnjdcn. 
GOD'LESS,  a.    Having  no  reverence  for  God  ;  impi- 
ous ;  ungodly  ;  irreligious  ;  wicked.  Hooker. 

Q.  Atheistical ;  having  nu  belief  in  the  existence 
of  God.  Mdion. 

r.iiu  l.l'.ss-I,Y,  ode.    Irreverently;  atheistically. 

-  NES3,  B.    The  state  of  being  impious  or 
Bp.  Hall. 
-    -•-.-^I'.yO.    Resembling  God  ;  divine. 
'i.  Ui"^'iubline  a  deity,  or  heathen  divinity. 
'J.  Cif  Hupcrior  excellence;  as,  godlike  virtue;  a 
ftdltlr  prince. 
0<il)I.IKE-.NE.SS,  ».    The  stale  of  being  godlike. 
GOU'LI-LY,  adv.     Piously;    righteously. 

H.    Wharttm. 
G'  '  : .     [from  godly.\     Piety  ;    belief  in 

1  ■  lice  fur  his  character  and  laws. 

■  life ;  a  careful  observance  of  the 
U"A»  of  Uo.1,  and  p.:rfurinancc  of  religious  duties, 
proceeding  from  love  and  reverence  for  the  divine 
cbaiactirr  and  commands  ;  Christian  obedience. 

OrxliuidMi  b  pfoAuUo  aoto  ail  Oilngl.  —  1  Tim.  It. 

3.  Revelation  ;  the  system  of  Christianity. 

Wiihiiut  eormj»fny,  gT.!.n  ti  0*  m^Mciy  of  godUtvaa;  Ood 
v«a  raasiAnt  In  the  Anh.  —  1  Tun.  Ui. 

iii.ii'i  i\,:   „      \  Hiue  deity;  a  diminutive  god;  as, 

Dryden. 
iUkt.)    Pious  ;  reverencing  God,  and 

;.  .  ...id  laws. 

•1.  Living  in  obedience  to  God*s  commands,  from 
a  principle  of  love  to  him  and  reverence  of  his  char- 
acter and  prcceiits  ;  religious ;  righteous  ;  as,  a  godty 
person. 

3.  Pious ;  conformed  to  God's  law ;  as,  a  eodltt 
life.  *     ' 

GODXY,  adv.    Piously  ;  righteously. 

An  Oul  wfll  life  fodty  In  Chria  Jain  iluOi  iufler  penecutlon.  — 


fJOU'LY-HEAD,  (-hcd,)  n. 

hratt.\  » 

(:„;idn."i.s.     [Obs.^,  Spe,l.->er. 

CljD'.MOTIi-EU,  (-iuuth'er,)ll.     [ ^oi/ and  mottcr.  J     A 

woman  who  becomes  sponsor  for  a  child  in  bapliani. 

(See  GoUKATHEB.] 

Gl)-nOVVN',  n.    In  the  East  Indies,  a  corniption  of  the 
Malay  word  fodong,  a  warehouse.  Smart. 

CODKOON',  11.     [Fr.  godron,  a  ruDle  or  piilT.] 

Ill  architeetare,  a  kliiii  of  inverted  lluting  or  bead- 
ing lor  ornament.  Elmci. 

GOD'r^END,  ii.    Something  sent  by  Cod  ;  an  unexpect- 
ed aciiiiisitioli  or  piece  of  good  fortune. 

COD'SHIP,  II.    Deity ;  divinity  ;  the  rank  or  character 
of  a  god. 

O'er  hm«  nnd  il«li:«  tbeir  lodtldpl  cumo.  Pr'<": 

GOD'SMITII,  n.    A  maker  of  idols.  Dnjdm. 

COD'SO.N',  (-sun,)  n.     [Sax.  goiUmm.] 

One  for  whom  another  has  been  sponsor  at  the 

font.  ...  o 

GOD'SPEED,  11.     Good  speed,  that  is,  success.    2 
Jiihn  10. 

GOU'S'-PE.V-NY,  II.    An  earnest-penny. 

Bcaum.  e;  I'l. 

GOD'WAUI),  a*'.    Toward  God.  [.an  ill-formed  word.] 

GOD'WIT,  n.     [Ice.  god  and  i-ciVfe.] 

A  name  common  to  a  genus  of  birds,  the  I.nnusa, 
having  long  legs  and  long,  flexible  bills.  The  Black- 
tailod  Godwit,  in  its  sui  ■lucr  plumage,  has  the  leath- 
ers on  the  head,  neck,  and  hack,  of  a  light  reddish- 
brown,  those  on  the  belly  while,  and  the  tall  is 
rcglllarlv  barred  willl  black  and  while.  Tins  bird 
freiiucnts  fens  and  the  banks  of  rivers,  and  Us  flesh 
is  esteemed  a  great  delicacy.  Partington. 

(JOIl'YEI.l),    I  oilc.     [Supposed  to  be  contracted  from 

GOD' VIkLD,  i      good,  or  god,  and  shield.} 
.A  term  of  thanks.     [04s.] 

GO'EI..,  a.     [Sax.  gealew.] 

Yellow.     [OJ.S.]  Tassei: 

GO'EN,  port.  prrt.  of  Go,  formerly  so  written. 

Go'ER,  11.     [from  go.]     One  that  goes ;  a  runner  or 
walker  ;  one  that  has  a  gait,  good  or  bad.     Walton. 

2.  One  thai  transacts  business  between  parties  ;  in 
an  ill  sense.  HhaJc. 

3.  A  foot.  Chapman. 

4.  A  term  applied  to  a  horse  ;  as,  a  good  goer ;  a 
safe  iToer.     [  Unusual  in  Uie  United  States.] 

Go'E-TY,  11.     [Gr.  )o.ii-£i.i.]  [Bcaum.  Si  Fl. 

Invocation  of  evil  spirits.     [.V.)(  in  use.]  HallowM. 
GOEF,  11.    [Uii.  VV.  gofol,  contracted,  a  word  com- 
posed of  go  and  fdl,  foolish  ;  or  Fr.  goffe;  or  a  con- 
traction of  D.  kolf,  a  club.] 

A  foolisli  clown;    also,  a  game.      [Ohs.]     [See 
Gou-.) 
GOFF'ISILo.    Foolish ;  stupid.     [Ohs.]       Chaucer. 
GOGjU.    [VV.  gog,  activity,  rapidity  ;  probably  allied 
to  gig.    See  AooG.] 
Haste  ;  ardent  desire  to  go.  Bcaum.  S;  Fl. 

GOG'GLE,  (gog'l,)  V.  i.     [W.  gogeUi,  to  shun  ;  go,  a 
prefix,  aiitl  gcia,  from  ell,  a  shelter,  coinciding  with 
L.  cclo  ;  or  from  gog.] 
To  strain  or  roll  the  eyes. 

And  wink  and  gogs^e  like  an  owl.  Hiukbrat. 


Sliali. 


GOL 

The  hroncliocek' ;  a  cellulose  or  cystose  tumor,  the 
cells  oval,  curranl-ai/.cd,  or  gniiic-siaeil,  coiilainiiig 
a  serous  fluid  ;  sometimes  their  contents  are  c.vseoiis. 
It  is  seated  in  the  thyroid  gland,  and  appears  on  the 
anterior  part  of  the  neck.  The  same  disease  alllits 
the  tcste,s  and  the  female  breasts,  but  in  these  silua- 
tioiifl  is  not  called  Iroiichoeelc.  Cellular  sariMiiia  is 
a  name  applicable  to  the  ilisoase  in  all  locations. 

Tlic  inliabteinta  of  tliia  mrt  of  tlic  Villain  nJK  aiibJ-'Cl  to  eoiliri. 

Colt,  Suilz. 

GUI'TllduS,  a.     [Fr.  ^oitrern.] 

I.  Pertaining  to  the  goiter;  partaking  of  the  na- 
ture of  biouchocele. 
3.  Alfccted  with  bronclioccle.    Jouni.  of  Science. 
Let  ii.p  not  ho  unil.jnitoo.1  .a*  inainualing  llial  llie  liilialntanu  In 
general  are  oillier  goilrouf  or  iitioLs.  Colt,  Sivil:. 

GO'LA,7i.    [it.;  U  gula.] 

Ill  architecture,  the  same  as  Cvmatium  or  Cvii  i. 

GOLD,  11.  [Sax.  gold;  G.  gold:  D.  goud,  a  coiiln.i  l.al 
word  ;  Sw.  ali.l  Dan.  guld,  from  gnl,  gunl,  yellow. 
Hence  the  original  pronunciation  gootd,  still  retaiii.al 
by  some  people.  The  Dan.  gnul  is  in  Sax.  gtalnr, 
whence  our  iicllom,  that  is,  primarily,  briglit,  iVoiii 
the  Celtic,  W.   gawl,  galau,   gole,  light,  splendor; 

Gaelic  geal,  bright ;  Ar.  ^Vi.  c^o!a,  to  be  clear  or 

•    bright.    Class  Gl,  No.  7.] 

1.  A  precious  metal  of  a  bright  yellow  color,  aii.l 
the  most  ductile  and  malleable  of  all  the  metals.  It 
is  the  heaviest  metal  except  platinum,  and,  being  a 
very  dense,  fixed  substance,  and  not  liable  to  be  in- 
jured by  air,  it  is  well  filled  to  be  uscil  as  coin,  or  a 
rejireseiitalive  of  commodities  in  commerce.  Its 
ductility  and  malleability  render  it  tlie  most  suit.ililo 
metal  for  gildina.  It  is  often  found  native  in  solid 
masses,  as  in  Hungary  and  Peru;  though  generally 
in  combination  with  silver,  copper,  or  iron.  Encyc 

2.  Money. 

For  me  tbc  gold  of  France  ilij  not  seduce.  SItak. 

3.  Something  pleasing  or  valuable  ;  as,  a  heart  of 


gold. 


SImk. 


GOG'GLE,  a.     Having  full  eyes  ;  staring.     B.  Jonson. 
GOG'GLE,  II.    A  strained  or  affected  rolling  of  the 

eye. 
GOG'GLfiD,  a.    Prominent ;  staring,  as  the  eye. 

Herbert. 
GOG'OLF.-EtE,  n.    A  rolling  or  staring  eye. 

B.  Jonson. 
GOG'GLE-E?-£D,  (gog'1-Ide,)  a.    Having  prominent, 

distorted,  or  rolling  eyes.  Ascliam. 

GOG'GLES,  (gog'gl?.,)  II.  pi.     [W.  gogcln,  to  sllcltcr. 
See  GoooLK,  the  verb.] 

L  In  surgcrij,  insiruinents  used  to  cure  squinting, 
or  the  distortion  of  the  eyes  which  occasions  it. 

Knetjc. 

2.  Cylindrical  tubes,  in  which  are  fixed  glasses  for 
defentling  the  eyes  from  cold,  dilsl,  &.C.,  and  some- 
times with  colored  glasses,  to  abate  the  intensity  of 
light. 

3.  minds  for  horses  that  are  apt  to  take  fright. 
GTi'lNG,  pjir,     [from  ^'0.]     Moving;  walking;  travel- 
ing; turning;  rolling;  flying;  sailing,  &.c. 

Go'lNG,  11.    'I'he  art  of  moving  ill  any  manner. 

2.  The  act  of  walking.  Shah. 

3.  Departure.  Milton. 

4.  Pregnancy.  Qrew. 

5.  Procedure  ;  way;  course  of  life;  behavior;  de- 
portment ;  used  chielly  in  tlie  plural. 

Qu  cve»  arc  on  tlie  ways  of  niiui,  and  he  sccUi  all  his  goingt.  — 
Job  xxxiv. 

6.  Procedure ;  course  of  providential  agency  or 
government. 

Tliey  Iwro  lecn  Uiy  goingi,  0  GoAi  even  Uie  going*  of  my  God, 
my  King,  in  the  sonauary.  —  Pa.  Ixviii. 

Goin^  out,  j    in    Scripture,  utmost    extremity  or 
Qoings  out,  \       limit ;  the  point  where  an  extend- 
ed body  terminates.    JViim.  xxxiv.  5,  9. 
2.  Departure  or  journeying.    JVam.  xxxiii. 

GOI'TEK,  /         .„        .      , 

GOI'TRE,  i  "•     ["•  ff"''"-] 


4.  A  bright  yellow  color ;  as,  a  flower  edged  with 
gold. 

5.  Riches ;  wealth. 

Qold  of  pleasure;  a  plant  of  the  genus  Camilina, 
bearing  yellow  flowers,  sometimes  cultivated  for  llie 
oil  of  its  seeds. 

GOLD,  0.  Made  of  gold ;  consisting  of  gold  ;  as,  a 
gold  chain. 

GOLD'UkAT-EX,  (-bet'n,)  a.    Gilded.     [IJale  used.] 

GOLD'liEAT-ER,  ii.  One  whose  occupation  is  to  beat 
or  foliate  guld  for  gilding.  Boylt. 

Ooldbeater's  skin;  the  intestines  of  an  ox,  which 
goldbeaters  lav  between  the  leaves  of  the  metal  while 
they  beat  it,  whereby  the  membrane  is  reduced  very 
thin,  and  made  fit  to  be  applied  to  cuts  and  fresh 
wounds.  (iumcij. 

GoLl)'ni?„\T-ING,  II.  Tile  art  or  process  of  reducing 
gold  to  extremely  thin  leaves,  by  beating  with  a 
h.amiTier.  ^''''* 

GOLD'BOUN'D,  a.    Encomp.issed  with  gold.    Sliak. 

GOLD  COAST,  n.  In  geoi;raphy,  the  coast  of  Alrlc.1 
where  gold  is  found  ;  being  a  part  of  the  coast  of 
Guinea. 

GOLD'-DUST,  n.    Gold  in  very  fine  particles. 

GOLD'KN,  (giJid'n,)  a.  Made  of  gohl ;  consisting  of 
gold. 

2.  Bright;  shining;  splendid;  as,  the g-dWcn sun. 

Kecliiiing  soft  on  many  a  golden  cloud.  RotU. 

3.  Yellow;  of  a  gold  color;  as,  a  ^oWcii  harvest; 
golden  fruit. 

4.  Excellent ;  most  valuable ;  as,  the  o-oWcii  rule. 

Watlt. 

5.  Happy  ;  pure ;  as,  the  golden  age,  the  faliiiloiis 
age  of  primeval  simplicity  and  purity  of  inaniiera  in 
rural  eniiiloyments. 

6.  Preeminently  favorable  or  auspiciou 
opinions. 

L.:t  not  slip  die  golden  opponnnlty.  llamiiton. 

Golden  number ;  in  chronology,  a  number  showing 
the  year  of  the  moon's  cycle. 

GoWeii  rule;  in  ariOimetic,  the  rule  of  three,  or 
rule  of  proportion.  . 

G0LD'£N-eLU13,  n.  An  aquatic  plant,  bearing  jei- 
low  flowers. 

GoLD'£N-eUPS,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Ranun- 
culus. ,    . 

GOLD'EN-E?E,  (gold'n-I,)  ii.    A  species  of  duck. 

GoLD'£N  FLEECE,  ii.  In  mytJuilomj,  the  fleece  oi 
gold  taken  from  the  ram  that  bore  Phryxus  tlirougn 
the  air  to  Colchis,  and  in  quest  of  which  Jason  un- 
dertook the  Argonautic  expedition.  Ed.  Encyc. 

GoLD'£.\-LOOK-L\G,  a.     Appearing  like  gold. 

GoLD'i'.N'-LONG'VVORT,  li.  A  plant  of  the  genu. 
Hieraeiuin.  ,    .  ,,        .... 

GoLD'£N-LY,  adv.     Splendidly;  deligUtfully.^J[J|«' 

GOLD'^iSN-MJID'JEN-HiSm,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Polytrichum.  ^ . 


as,  "idden 
Slak. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT — MiiTE,  PREY PLNE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK. - 


ftIO 


GON 

GCLD'EN-MOUSE'eAR,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Hieraririm. 

GoLD'AiV-ROD, );.  A  tall,  coarse-iooking  herb,  bear- 
ing yellow  ilowers  j  a  name  common  to  plants  of  the 
genus  Soliilago.  Partimrton. 

G0LD'£N-ROD'-TREE,  ».  A  shrub  of  the  Canary 
Isles,  of  the  genus  Biisea.  Loudon. 

GoLD'£N-SAM'PHIKE,  n.  A  plant,  the  Inula  criVi- 
mifolia.  Lee. 

GoLD'fiN-SAXT-FRAGE,  w.  A  plant,  the  Chrysos- 
vleniuin. 

GoLD'/:X-TH!S'TLE,  fgold'n-this'I,)  n.  A  plant  of 
the  genus  Scohmus,  bearing  vellow  riowers. 

G6LD'/;X-TRESS-£D,  a.     Having  trusses  like  gold. 

G6LD'i:\-\VING-ED,  a.    Having  wings  like  gold. 

GoU)'FlXCH,  11.     [Sax.  ^oUifinc.} 

The  Frtngilla  cardudis,  a  beautiful  singing-bird,  so 
named  from  the  color  of  its  wings. 

GoLD'-FIXD-ER,  n.  One  who  5ntls  goM  ;  one  who 
empties  jakes.  Swift. 

GoLr>'-FI?^Ii,        ;  n.     A  fish  of  the  genus  C\prinus, 

GoLD'£\-FISH,  |     of  the    size  of  a  pilchard,  so 
named  from  its  bright  color.    These  fishes  are  bred  I 
by  the  Chinese,  in  small  ponds,  in  basins  or  porcelain  I 
vessels,  and  kept  fur  ornament. 

G6L0  HAM-MER,  n.    A  kind  of  bird.  Diet. 

GoIJJ  -lilLT-ED,  a.     Havine  a  gulden  hilt. 

COLD'I.VG,  n.     A  sort  of  apple.  Diet. 

GoLD'-LaCE,  n.    A  lace  wrought  with  gold. 

GoLD'-LaC-£D,  (-lasie,)  a.  Trimmed  with  cold  lace. 

GoLD'-LkAF,  n.  Goldfuliated  or  beaten  into  a  thin 
leaf. 

GOLD'LESS,  c    Destitute  of  gold. 

GoLD'NEV,  n.    A  fish,  the  gilthead.  DieL 

GoLD'-PLEAS-UUE,  n.  [For  Gold-of-Pleasube.]  A 
plant  of  the  genus  CameliucU 

GoLD'-PROOF,  a.  Proof  against  briber>- or  tempta- 
tion by  money.  Beaum.  if  FL 

GoLD'-SIZE,  n.  A  size  or  glue  for  burnishing  gild- 
ing. Kncyc. 

GOLD'SMITH,  n.  An  arti.^n  who  manufactures  ves- 
sels and  ornaments  of  gold  and  silver. 

2.  A  banker;  one  who  manages  the  pecuniarj- 
concerns  of  others.  Gcldsmitlts  were  formerly  bank- 
ers in  England,  but  in  America  the  practice  does  not 
exist,  nor  is  the  word  used  in  this  sense. 

GoLD'-STICK,  n.  A  colonel  of  a  rcgimc-nt  of  Ei:g- 
lish  lifeguards,  who  attends  bis  sovereign  on  siate 
occasions. 

GOLD'-THHEAD,  (-thred,)  a.  A  thread  fonncd  of 
flatted  guld  laid  over  a  thread  of  sDk,  by  twisting 
it  with  a  wheel  and  iron  bobbins.  Ure. 

3.  A  small,  evergreen  plant,  Coplis  trifolia  ;  so 
called  from  its  fibrous,  yellow  roots.    United  States. 

GoLD'-\VTRE,  n.  Wire  made  of  gold ;  usual'y,  silvt:r 
wire  gilded,  or  wire  made  from  an  ingot  of  silver, 
fiuperficiaJly  covered  with  gold,  and  drawn  through 
small,  round  holes.  Ure.    Hcbert. 

GoLD'V-LOCKS,  n.  A  name  given  to  certain  plants 
of  the  genera  Chrysocoma  and  Gnaphalium. 

GOLF,  B.  [D.  fto//,  a  club  or  bat ;  Dan.  kolo^  the  butt 
end  of  a  gun-stock.] 

A  game  with  a  small  ball  and  a  bat  or  club  crooked 
at  the  lower  end,  in  which  he  who  drives  the  ball 
into  a  series  of  small  holes  in  the  ground  with  the 
fewest  strokes  is  the  winner.  Strati. 

GOLL,  r..     [Gr.  >vaA.)i',  a  cavity,  and  the  hollow  of 
the  hand.    Qu.  is  this  the  Collie  form  of  vulaJ] 
Hands  ;  pawsj  claws.     [JVoi  in,  use,  or  local..] 

Sidney. 

GO-LoE'-SHOE,  (go-16'shoo,)  n.  [Arm.  golo,  or  golei, 
lo  cover.] 

An  over-shoe;  a  shoe  worn  over  another  to  keep 
thft  foot  dry. 

GO-LORE',  n.  Plenty;  abundance.  [Obs.]  [See 
Galqre.] 

GoLT'SHUT,  n.  A  small  ingot  of  gold ;  in  Japan,  of 
silver,  serving  for  money.  SnzarL 

OOM,  n.     [Sax.  gum:  Guth.  g-mna.] 
A  man.     [06^.] 

COM' AN,  71.  [Probably  from  ^ood  vtan.}  A  husband  ; 
a  master  of  a  family.     [Obs.] 

GOM-PIII'A-SItf,  71.    [Gr.  j  o>i  iaf,  a  nail.] 

A  disease  of  the  teeth,  when  ihcy  loosen  and  fall 
out  of  their  sockets.  Brande. 

GO.M-PHO'SIS,  71.  [Gr.]  The  immovablj  articula- 
tion of  the  teeth  with  the  jaw-bone,  like  a  na'd  in  a 
board. 

GO-.MtJ'TI,  n.  A  fibrous  substance,  resembling  horse- 
hair, obtained  from  a  kind  of  palm-tree,  {Buras.^tu 
gomctiLi^)  of  the  Indian  islands,  and  us^d  for  making 
cordage.  J^TCaUoch. 

GO\'DO-LA,  Tu  [It.  id.;  Fr.  gondole  j  Arm.  gondo- 
Unn.] 

1.  A  fiat-bottomed  pleasure-boat,  very  long  and 
narrow,  used  at  Venice,  in  Italy,  on  the  canals. 
It  is  painted  black,  and  has  a  small  cabin  furnished 
with  black  ciirtiins.  A  gondola  of  middle  size  is 
about  thirty  feet  long  and  four  broad,  terminating 
at  each  end  in  a  sharp  point  or  peak  rising  to  the 
hight  of  a  man.  It  is  usually  rowed  by  two  men, 
called  grnidolierSf  who  propel  the  boat  by  pushing  the 
oare.  The  gondola  i^  also  used  in  other  parts  of  Ita- 
ly for  a  passage  boat.  Enajc 


GOO 

2.  A  flat-bottomed  boat  for  carrying  produce,  &c. 
United  States. 
GON-DO-LIeR',  n.    A  man  who  rows  a  gondola. 
GONE,   (pronounced  nearly  gawn.)  pp.  of  Go.     De- 
parted. 

ll  WM  loM  SolomoD  Uiat  Shiinei  had  gone  from  Jerusalem  to 
Gulh.  —  I  Kings  ii. 

2.  Advanced  ;  for^'ard  in  progress  ,  whh  far,  far- 
ther, or  further ;  as,  a  man  far  gone  in  intemperance. 

3.  Ruined  ;  undone.  Exert  yourselves,  or  we  are 
gone. 

4.  Past  J  as,  these  happy  days  are  gone ;  sometimes 
with  by.    Those  times  are  gone  by. 

5.  Lost. 

WheD  her  masters  saw  ihal  Cue  nope  of  their  gaina  wz^  gone.  — 
Acts  xvi, 

6.  Departed  from  life  ;  deceased  ;  dead. 
GON'FA-LON,  )  n.     [gonfanon,  Chaucer  ;    Fr.  gonfa- 
GON'FA-\OX,  )      hn;  Sax.  guthfana,  war-flag,  com- 
posed of  guthy  war,  Ir.  eath  or  cad,  W.  cad,  and  Sax. 
fairny  Goth,  fana,  L.  pannus^  cloth  ;  in  Sax.  a  flag.] 

An  ensign  or  standard  ;  colors.     [Obs.]     Milton. 
GOX-FA-LON-lER',     r.     A  chief  standard-bearer. 

[Obs.]  Bp.  Wren, 

GONG,  n.    [Sax.  gang.^ 

1.  Apriv>-orjake3.     [Obs.]  Chaucer. 

a.  A  Chinese  instrument  made  of  an  alloy  of  cop- 
per and  tin,  of  a  circular  form,  producing,  when 
struck,  a  \crv  loud  and  ftarsh  sound. 
GO-x\I-OM'E-TER,  n.    [Gr.  y^vta,  angle,  and  nerpoi; 
measure.] 

An  instrument  for  measuring  solid  angles,  as  the 
angles  of  Cf>'stals,  &c,  or  the  inclinaliun  of  planes. 

Cyc. 
Rcjlectmg  goniometer ;  an  instrument  for  measuring 
the  anslesof  crj-stals  by  reflection.  WoUaston. 

GO-.\I-0-MET'Rie-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  goniome- 
ter. Goniomctrical  lines  are  used  for  measuring  the 
quantity  of  angles.  Chambers. 

GO-M-OM'E-THY,  n.    The  art  of  measuring  solid 

angles. 
GON-OR-RHe'A,   n.     [Gr.  j  ovu^,  semen,  and  kco,  to 
flow.] 

A  specific,  contagious  inflammation  of  the  male 
nreihrd,  or  the  female  vagina,  attended,  from  its  ear- 
ly stag4?,  with  a  profuse  secretion  of  much  mucus, 
intenniii^led  with  a  little  pus.  This  secretion  con- 
tains the  contagion  of  the  disease.  The  disease  is 
not  a  real  t^or.orrkira,  but  a  uretliritis,  or  elytritis. 
GOOD,  a.  JSax,  god^  or  good;  Gotli.  goda,  gods,  goth  ; 
G.  gat;  D.  goed;  Sw.  and   Dan.  god;  Gr.  a:  aVog ; 

Vers.  ^^^  cgod.  In  Russ.  gcdnei^  fit,  suitable,  seems 

to  be  the  same  word.  The  primary  sense  is  strong, 
from  extending,  advancing,  whence  free,  large, 
abundant,  fit,  and  particularly,  strong,  firm,  valid, 
(like  valid,  from  valeo  ;  worthy  virtue,  from  virco ; 
Sax.  duguih^  virtue,  from  dugan^  to  be  strong.)  In 
llie  phrase  a  good  deal,  we  observe  the  sense  of  ex- 
tending} iu  the  plirases  a  good  title,  a  medicine  good 
for  a  disease,  we  observe  the  sense  of  strong,  effica- 
cious. Ar.  .iL^fc  gauda^  to  be  liberal  or  copious,  to 
overflow,  to  be  good,  to  become  belter  or  more  firm. 

See  also  JiJ^u^  g<^iif^^  to  be  useful,  profitable,  or  con- 
venient. This  word  good  has  not  the  comparative 
and  superl;  tive  degrees  of  comparison ;  but  instead 
of  them,  &e*?.er  and  besty  from  another  root,  are  used. 
Class  Gd,  No.  3,  8.] 

1.  Valid;  legally  firm;  not  weak  or  defective; 
h.iving  strength  adequate  to  its  support ;  as,  a  good 
title  ;  a  good  deed  ;  a  good  claim. 

2.  Valid;  sound;  not  weak,  !\.ise,  or  fallacious; 
as,  a  good  ij-gnment. 

3.  Complete,  or  sufficiently  perfect,  in  its  kind; 
having  the  physical  qualities  best  adapted  to  its  de- 
sign and  ns."^ ;  opposed  to  bad,  imperfect,  corrupted, 
impaired.  We  say,  good  timber,  good  cloth,  a  good 
soil,  a  good  "^olor. 

And  God  sav  cTeiy  thin*  thai  he  had  made,  and  txrbold,  it  was 
rery  ^aod.  —  (Jca.  i. 

4.  Having  moral  qualities  best  adapted  to  itsdesign 
and  use,  or  the  qualities  which  God's  law  requires  ; 
virtuous;  p.ous;  religious;  applied  to  persotuij  and 
opposed  lo  ltd,  vicious,  wicked,  evil. 

Vet  penidvcnture  for  a  good  taan  some  would  even  dare  lo  die. 
—  Rom-  T. 

5.  Conformable  to  the  moral  law;  virtuous^  ap- 
plied to  aciu/ns. 

Id  all  tiling;  ■showing  thys-Hf  a  pattern  of  good  works.  —  TiL  ii. 

(5.  Proper  ;  fit  ;  convenient  ;  seasonable  ;  well 
adapted  l»>  i.Se  end.  It  was  a  good  time  to  com- 
mence opoalions.    He  arrived  in  good  time 

7.  Convenient ;  useful ;  expedient ;  conducive  to 
happiness. 

ll  ii  tie*,  good  th-tl  Ukc  man  should  be  nJoae.  —  Geu.  it. 

8.  Sound  ;  perfect  ;  urfcomipted  ;  undamaged. 
This  fruit  will  keep  good  the  whole  year. 


GOO 


S).  Suitable  lo  the  lasto  or  to  health  ;  wholesome  ; 
salubrious;  palalaldf- ;  nul  disagreeable  or  noxious; 
as,  fruit  good  to  cat ;  a  tree  good  for  food.     Gen.  ii. 

10.  .Suited  lo  produce  a  salutary  effect;  adapted  to 
abate  or  cure ;  medicinal  ;  snlulary  ;  beneficial ;  as, 
fresh  vegetables  are  good  for  H:orbutic  diseases 

11.  Suited  to  strengthen  or  assist  the  healthful 
functions  ;    as,  a  little  wme  is  govd  for  a  weak 

■stomach. 

12.  Pleasant  lo  the  laste ;  as,  a  good  apple. 

My  son,  eat  tlioti  honey,  lecaii>e  it  b  good,  and  Uie  botwry-cccit, 
which  is  stt-eci  lo  thy  ta^ie.  — Pror,  xiir. 

13.  Full ;  complete. 

The  ProiesUitl  suhj-xu  of  the  abb?y  nuke  op  a  good  lUrd  cf  ita 
IKopIc-  Ad^MOn. 

14.  Useful ;  valuable  ;  having  qualities  of  a  ten- 
dency to  produce  a  good  eflecL 

All  qiLiliiy,  that  is  good  for  any  tfaiog-,  is  origin-illy  ftrandM  en 
merit.  (Miur. 

15.  Equal;  adequate;  competent.    His  securitv  is 
good  for  the  amount  of  the  debt ;  applied  to  -■   ■ 
able  lo  fulfill  contracts. 

Anloniij  is  a  good  nan.  i  "._.. 

16.  Favorable  :  convenient  for  any  purpose;  as,  a 
good  stand  for  business  ;  a  good  station  for  a  camp. 

17.  Convenient;  suitable;  safe;  as,  a ^ood  harbor 
for  ships. 

18.  Well  qualified  ;  able  ;  skillful ;  or  performing 
duties  with  skill  and  fidelity ;  as,  a  good  prince  ;  a 
good  commander  ;  a  good  ofllcer ;  a  good  physician. 

19.  Ready  ;  dextrous. 


Those  are  ^ocraily  good  at  flatteri: 

et^e. 


J  who  are  good  for  noUiinj 
Soul':. 


20.  Kind  ;  benevolent ;  afleciionate ;  as,  a  good 
father ;  good  will. 

21.  Kind  ;  affectionate  ;  faithful ;  as,  a  good  friend. 

22.  Promotive  of  happiness ;  pleasant ;"  agreeable ; 
cheering;  gratifying. 

B-;ho!(I,  how  ^ood  and  how  pleasant  it  b  for  brethren  to  dwell 
io;^tiir;r  in  unity.  —  Pa.  csixiii. 

23.  Pleasant  or  pro.«perous  ;  as,  good  raorrov. .  -r . 
good  morning. 

24.  Honorable  ;  fair;  unblemished;  unimpea:;:  ' , 
as,  a  man  of  good  fame  or  report. 

A  govd  name  Ls  belter  than  precious  (uctment.  —  EccI'^.  tU. 

25.  Cheerful ;  favorable  lo  happiness.  Be  of  good 
comfort. 

26.  Great  or  considerable  ;  not  small  nor  very  great ; 
as,  a  good  while  ago ;  he  is  a  good  way  off",  or  at  a 
good  distance ;  he  has  a  good  deal  of  leisure  ;  I  had  a 
good  share  of  the  trouble.  Here  we  see  the  primary 
sense  of  e^e:idingy  adcancing. 

27.  Elegant;  polite;  as,  trotx/ breeding. 

28.  Real ;  serious  ;  not  feigned. 

Love  not  iu  good  earnest.  Shak. 

29.  Kind;  favorable;  benevolent;  humane. 

The  men  were  vcrj-  good  to  lu.  —  I  Sam.  xir. 

30.  Benevolent;  merciful;  gracious. 

Trulr  God  is  good  to  Ismc!,  evca  to  stKh  as  are  of  a  clean  heui. 
—  Ps.  Ixxiii. 

31.  Seasonable;  commendable;  proper. 


32.  Pleasant ;  cheerful ;  festive. 

Vic  conic  in  a  g'ooi  day,  —  t  Sam.  xrv. 

33.  Companionable  ;  social ;  merry. 

I:  is  well  known  that  Sir  Roger  kul  been  a  good  fellow  in  his 
youth.  Arhuihr^t. 

34.  Brave  ;  in  familiar  language.  You  are  a  good 
fellow. 

35.  In  llie  phrases,  the  good  man,  applied  to  Ihe 
master  of  the  house,  and  good  woman,  applied  lo  the 
mistress,  good  sometimes  expresses  a  moderate  degree 
of  respect,  and  sometimes  slight  contempt.  Among 
the  fir^t  settlers  of  New  England,  it  was  used  as  a 
title  in^itcad  of  Mr. :  as,  Qoodman  Jones  ;  Qoodman 
Wells. 

yc.  The  phrase  good  will  is  equivalent  to  benevo- 
lence ;  but  it  signifies  also  an  earnest  desire,  a  hearty 
wisli,  entire  willingness  or  fer\"ent  zeal ;  as,  we  en- 
tered into  the  service  with  a  gcodiciU;  he  laid  on 
stripes  with  a  good  jpUL 

37.  Comely ;  handsome ;  well-formed ;  as,  a  good 
person  or  shape. 

38.  Mild;  pleasant;  expressing  benignity  or  other 
estimable  qualities ;  as,  a  good  countenance. 

39.  Mild ;  calm ;  not  irrilable  or  fractious ;  as,  a 
good  temper. 

40.  Kind ;  friendly  ;  humane  ;  as,  a  good  heart  or 
disposition. 

Good  adviu  ;  wise  and  prudent  counsel. 

Good  heed ;  great  care  ;  due  caution. 

In  good  sooth  ;  in  gouil  truth  ;  in  realitj'.     [Oft^.] 

To  make  good;  lo  perform;  lo  fulfill;  as,  lo  make 
^ood  one's  word  or  promise;  Umt  is,  to  make  it  en- 
tire or  unbroken. 

2.  To  confirm  or  establish;  to  prove;  to  verify ; 
as,  to  make  good  a  charge  or  accusation. 

3.  To  supply  deficiency  :  to  make  up  a  defect  or 
lois.     I  will  make  good  what  is  wanting. 


TtJNE,  BULL,  TJNITE.- .\N 'GER,  VI"CIOUS.— €  as  K ;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z;  CH  as  SII;  TU  as  in  THIS. 


511 


GOO 


I' 


1.  T..  jiul.-miilft-;  to  five  an  cqiiivnleiil  for  dnm- 
iirtcr  lo>4,  I  will  uiake  it  gjod  to  yuu; 
iti;  to  carry  into  rflVcl ;  iis,  to  make 

i.  to  bo  firm  or  x'aliJ.    Ills  word  or 

■jd. 
.  to  see  goody  i^  to  be  plca^icd  or  satis- 
fled  ;  lu  tliiiik  to  bo  expedient. 

If  ye  t\i/it  go-jd,  gl/e  n>c  my  prfce.  —  Zv-cJu  xl. 

Jts  gOi}d  as ;  equally  ;  no  belter  than  ;  the  snmc  as. 
W'v  suy,  one  U  uj  i^oud  as  dead.     Ileb.  xi. 

Wi  jTitiiil  as  his  tcvrd  ;  equaling  in  fulllllinciit  wimt 
WM  prunii'fd  ;  perfurmin^  to  the  extent. 
t;(X>I),  n.  Thnt  which  contributes  to  diminish  or  rc- 
iii'iw  pain,  (T  to  increase  happiness  or  prosperity; 
benefit ;  advantn|:e  ;  opposed  to  evil  or  tnisertf.  The 
mcdirJne  will  do  neither  aood  nor  harm.  It  doc-r  my 
heart  f^ood  to  see  you  so  Imppy. 

TVrv-  uv  RianjUut  »*y,\Vrw»iil  ihow  ui  any  good7  —  Va.W. 

3.  Welfare  ;  prosperity  ;  advancement  of  interest 
or  hoppine"<>.    lie  Kibored  for  the  good  of  llie  state. 

TtiB  fo*-'  iimnitjr  cau  bo  promoted  only  by  tul- 

TBii  ti  of  the  lucjnbcn  compottn^  It. 

fWcra/i»r,  Jtu/. 

3.  Spiritual  lulvaiitage  or  improvement;   as,  the 
gooJ  of  souls. 

4.  Earnest ;  not  jest. 

Tttf  good  womiu  ncn-r  lUcJ  aflcr  Uii>,  till  it!ic  Can>c  to  die  for 
iwxi  auJ  .01.  L'Ettnin;e. 

Tlie  phrase  for  jpoofl  and  nil,  sipiitics,  finally  j  to 
close  the  whole  business;  for  the  last  time. 

5.  Moral  works;  actions  which  nro  ju^t  and  in 
conformity  to  the  moral  law  or  divine  precepts. 

Dirjnrt  from  evil,  and  ilo  gooi,  —  Ps.  xxxiv. 

r..  Moral  qualities;  virtue;  righteousness.     I  find 
t>  <  good  in  this  mnn. 
7.  The  best  fruits ;  richness ;  abundance. 

I  will  pve  jtu  tiw  good  of  llic  luiJ.  —  Gcii.  xl/. 

i.'»i>n,  r.  f.    To  manure.    [J^ot  in  ■use.']  Ildll. 

'  ■'^'.M>,  adt.    As  Qood ;  as  well ;  with  equal  advnntafje. 
H  id  you  not  flj  stood  Ro  with  mo?    In  America,  we 
Hit-times  u^efuotb,  the  Gothic  word.    Had  you  not 
•  ;'uoJ.f  go  ? 

In  repiicjf  good  signifies  well ;  ri^ht ;  it  is  satisfac- 
tory ;  1  am  satisfied.    I  will  he  with  you  to-morrow  ; 
answer,  Ooad,  very  good.    So  we  use  ujcW,  from  the 
root  of  It.  vaieo^  to  be  slronp. 
GQQD'-nREED'ING,  «.    Polite  manners,  formed  by 

a  et^xl  education  ;  a  polite  education. 
aOOD'-Bt' ;  farewell.    Sic  Br. 
GOQD-eON-ni"TI0.\-KD,  a.   Being  in  a  good  state  ; 
having  good  qualities  or  favorable  symptoms. 

Sharp. 
GQpU-D.W,  n.  or  inUrj.     A  term  of  salutation  at 

meeting  or  parting;  farewell. 
GQQU'-FEL'LOW,  ».    A  boon  companion. 

"f  TAi*  is  ksrdJu  to  be  admitted  as  a  compound  word.] 
GQyD'-FEL'LOVV,  r.  f.  To  make  a  boon  companion  ; 

to  besot.     [LitlJr  tufl.) 
GOOD'  FEL'LOU'-SIirP,  n,    .Merry  society. 
GOOl*-rRT'DAV,  n.    A  fast,  in  memory  of  our  Sa- 
vior's ^curfcrine^,  kept  on  the  Friday  of  passion  week. 
GOOD-HO'.MOK,  n.    A  cheerful  temper  or  state  of 

mind. 
COOI>-||C'MOR-ED,  o.    Being  of  a  cheerful  temper. 
G(X>U-H0'MOR-£D-Ly,  adv.    With  a  cheerful  tem- 
per ;  in  a  cheerful  w.iy. 
I   nOOD'l.I-ER.a.    More  excellent. 

G<>OU'H-EST,  a.    Most  good  or  e.xccllent. 
I   *^WI>-MAN'NEIIS,  n.  ;>/.    Propriety  of  behavior ;  po- 
liit-ni-'Sfl ;  dr-conim. 
<;'Hii).Mi>R'UO\V,  H.OT  interj.    A  term  of  salutation  ; 

l-inurning. 

I.,  .i  HuN.v'TURE,  n.   Natural  mildness  and  kindnesa 
I       of  di-iiK/^tiiion. 

C99I*-N'A'T(:U-W),  a.    Naturally  mild  in  temper; 
!       nt4  caj-ily  provoked. 
I   GWO'-.NA'TUR-£D-LY,a</r.  With  mildness  of  tern- 

G(SqD-NTGHT',  n.  or  intcrj.    A  form  of  salutation  in 
I      JP"*^'"!*  '"''  the  nighL 
GQQD'-NOW.    An  exclamation  of  wonder  or  sur- 

P^^,-'^""^'?'"'''*'^"  of  entreaty.  [Xot  u.e^.]  Sluik. 
'    ''Wt'-^K-^-'-E,  n.    i-oundjudgmunl. 
(;mi»'-SPEEI».  n.   <;iM>d  success;  OH  oW  form  o/»wA- 
■  '  «a«tM.    [See  HitED.l 

! '  !!llI'«wV'.^*  "•    ?.''**  mfslress  of  a  family.   Burton. 
«,i  '*  Ui-W  IIX',  n.    Benevolence. 

2.  In  /air,  the  good-teUlvf  an  eslablishment  is  its 

facilities  for  trade  or  business,  and  is  the  subject  of 

bireain  nnd  sate.  Brandt> 

GOOl>  WOM'AX,  n.    The  mistress  of  a  family     ap- 

I'll,  d  to  persons  in  the  lower  walks  of  life.  ' 

C(,)OI)'DE.\,  for  Saxon  good-dagcn,  good-day;  a  kind 

wish  or  sahitition.    [Of>g.]      *"     "•  -^  '  **  "■'"" 

r'!*S!l'IT"x"^^,?%    Having  no  goods.  [Obj.]  Chaucer. 

k-cVfeiig^ie"-    ^^"'"^^-^'^•l    Beauty  of  form; 
It*r  guodiinttt  vu  fuU  of  buiooay  to  1^  ^qs. 
G9QD'I.Y,  adv.     ExccilenUy. 


Sidnty, 
SpeTlser. 


GOO 

GOOD'LY,  a.  Being  of  a  handsome  fonn  ;  beautiful  ; 
(iriici^ful ;  u.^,  a  goodly  person  ;  govdlij  raiment ;  goodly 
houses.  Shak. 

2.  Pleasant ;  agreeable  ;  desirable  ;  as,  goodly  days . 

Shdk. 

3.  Bulky;  swelling;  aflectodly  turgid.    [Obs.] 

Lfniden. 
GpOD'LY-HE.VD,  n.    Goodness;  grace.   {J^ot'in  use.] 

Sprnser. 
GQOD'MAN,  n.     A  familiar  appellation  of  civility ; 
sometimes  used  ironically. 

Willi  you,  goodman  boy,  if  yon  pkM**.  SfiaJc. 

2.  A  rustic  term  of  compliment;  as,  old  goodman 
Dobson.  Swift. 

3.  A  familiar  appellation  of  a  husband;  also,  the 
master  of  a  family.     Prov.  vii.    Malt,  x.xiv. 

GOOU'.N'ESS,  71.  The  state  of  bcinj;  good  ;  the  pliys- 
ical  qualities  which  constitute  value,  excellence,  or 
perfection  ;  as,  the  goodness  of  timber ;  the  goodness 
of  a  soil. 

2.  Tile  moral  qualities  which  constitute  Christian 
excellence  ;  moral  virtue  ;  religion. 

The  fniil  of  the  Spirit  U  love,  Joy,  peace,  long-auillTing,  gcnllo- 
avsa,  goodness,  fiiidi.  —  Iral.  v. 

3.  Kindness  ;  benevolence ;  benignity  of  heart ; 
but  more,  generally,  acts  of"  kindness;  charity;  hu- 
manity exercised.  I  shall  remember  liis  goodness  to 
me  witli  gratitude. 

■4.  Kindness;  benevolence  of  nature ;  mercy. 

Tlie  Lonl  Gml  — jibuiKluit  in  goodness  :iih1  IruUi.  — Ex.  xx^iv, 

f).  Kindness;  favor  shown;  acts  of  benevolence, 
compassion,  or  mercy. 

Jilhro  rcioicfd  fur  nil  tlic  goodness  wliicli  Jclioviili  h.wl  tloiie  to 
Isnicl. —  Kx.  xviii, 

GOODS,  n,  pi.    Movables  ;  iiouscliold  furniture. 

2.  Personal  or  movable  estate,  as  horses,  cattle, 
utensils,  &c. 

3.  Wares;  merchandise;  commodities  bought  and 
sold  by  merchants  and  traders. 

GOOD'rilllP,  n.     Favor  ;  grace.     [JVwf  in  use.] 
(i(}(^U'Yf  n.     [Uu.  goodwifc]     A  low  term  of  civility 

or  sport ;  as,  goody  Dobson.  Swift.     Guy. 

GOOU'Y-SIIIP,  n.    The  state  or  quality  of  a  goody. 

f  Liiilicrons.]  Jludibras. 

GOQG'INGS,  71.  ;;/.     In  scamcii's  language,  clamps  of 

iron  bolted  on  the  stern-post  of  a  ship,  whereon  to 

hang  tlie  rudder ;  now  written  Gudgeq.vs. 

Mar.  Diet. 
GOOM,  71.     [Sax.  gjima,  Gotli.  givna^  a  man.] 

A  man  recently  married,  or  wlio  is  attending  his 

proposed  spouse  for  the  purpose  of  marriage;  used  in 

composition,  as  in  bridegonnu    It  Jias  been  corrupted 

into  Groom. 
GOO-ROO',  n.     A  spiritual  guide  among  the  Hindoos. 

Malcom. 
GOO.S'AN'DER,  ti.     A  migratory  water-fowl,  of  tlie 

genus  Mergus,  the  dun  diver  or  plunger ;  called  also 

merganser. 
GOOSE,  (goos,)  n.;  pZ.  Geese.     [Sax.^as;  Sw.  gas ; 

Dan.  gaas ;  Arm.  goas ;  W.  gioyz  ;  Russ.  gjts ;  Ir. 

gcdh,  or  geadli;  Pers.   *\ji  luii.    The  G.  and  D.  is 

gans,  but  whether  the  same  word  or  not,  let  the 
reader  judge.  The  Oh.  tin  or  NiiN,  and  the  corre- 
sjionding  Arabic  and  Syriac  words,  may  possibly  be 
the  same  word,  tlic  Europeans  prefixing  g  in  the 
Celtic  manner.] 

1.  A  well-known  aquatic  fowl,  of  the  genus  Anser, 
but  the  domestic  goose  lives  chiefly  on  land,  and 
feeds  on  grass.  The  soft  feathers  are  used  for  beds, 
and  the  quills  for  pens.  The  wild  goose  is  migra- 
tor)-. 

A  green  goose,  in  cookery,  is  one  under  four  months 
old. 

2.  A  tailor's  smoothing-iron.  i;o  called  from  its  han- 
dle, which  resembles  the  neck  of  a  goose. 

3.  A  silly  creature.  Rich.  Diet. 
GOOSE'BER.RY,  Cgoos'ber-r>-,j  n.     [In  Ger.  krdiisel- 

beere,  from  kraiu,  crisp;  D.  kruisbesy  from  kruis,  a 
cross;  L.  grossula  ;  W.  grwys,  from  rhioys,  lu.xuriant. 
The  English  word  is  undoubtedly  corrupted  from 
erossberry,  grossberr)/,  or  gorseberry,  a  name  taken 
from  the  roughness  of  the  shrub.  See  Ckoss  and 
Gross.] 

The  fruit  of  a  shrub,  and  the  shrub  itself,  the  Ri- 
bcs  grossularia.  The  shrub  is  armed  witli  spines. 
Of  the  fruit  there  are  several  varieties. 

The  South  Jimcricnn  gooseberry  belongs  to  the  ge- 
nus Melastoma,  and  the  West  Indian  gooschen-ii  to  the 
genus  Cactus.  /^^c 

GOOSE'IJER-RY-FOOL,  h.  A  compound  made' of 
gooseberries,  scalded  and   pounded    (foulcs),   with 

r.A'^«n;...«  auldJmiUi. 

OOOhE'CAP,  (goos'kap,)  n.    A  silly  person. 
„«„-.„, ^„^^  Bcaum.  ^-  FL    .Tuhnson. 

GOObE'FOOT,  Cgoos'foot,)  n.  A  plant,  the  Chenooo- 
(Iiuni. 

GOOSE'GRXSS,  Cgnos'grass,)  n.  A  plant  of  the  jic- 
nu3  Galium.    Also,  the  name  of  certain  plants  of  the 

"■"     *  ~ " ». 

In  a  ship,  a  piece  of 


genera  Poientillaand  Asneru" 
5003E'i\ECK,  Cgoos'nekO  n." 


GOR 

iron  bent  like  the  neck  of  a  goose,  and  filled  on  Cho 
cnil  of  a  boom,  yard,  Sec.  Totten. 

GOOSE'-UUIIX,  (goos'kwill,)  Ji.  The  large  feather 
or  quill  of  a  goose  ;  or  a  pen  made  with  it. 

GOOS'E-RY,  n.     A  place  for  geese. 

GOOSE'TONGUE,  (goos'tung,)  m.  A  plant  of  the  ge- 
nus Achillea. 

GOOSE'WING,  (goos'wing,)  n.    In  seamen'.'!  language, 

a  sail  set  on  a  boom  on  the  lee-side  of  a  ship  ;  also'  a 

term  applied  to  the  clews  or  lower  corners  of  a  ship's 

main-sail  or  fore-sail,  when  the  middle  part  is  furled. 

Eneyc.    Mar.  Diet. 

GS'PHER,  n.  The  French  popular  name  ((laufrcs)  of 
two  species  of  Diplostoma,  as  is  supposed,  rodent 
quadrupeds,  found  in  the  Mississippi  Valley  and  on 
the  Missouri,  about  the  size  of  a  squirrel.  They  bur- 
row in  the  earth,  throwing  up  hillocks  twelve  or 
eighteen  inches  higli.  They  are  very  mischievous  in 
cornfields  and  <:ardeiis.  Peck's  Qazetteer. 

Go'PHER,  V.  [ileb.]  A  species  of  wood  used  in  ilie 
construction  ol  the  ark,  in  Noah's  day.  But  whelliur 
cypress,  pine,  or  other  wood,  is  a  point  not  settled. 

GOP'PISII,  a.     Proud  ;  pettisli.     [J\rot  in  use.]     Ray. 

GOR'-BELM^I-£D,  (-bel'lid,)  a.     Big-bellied      Shale. 

GOR'-BEL-LY,  n.  [In  W.  gor  signifies  swelled,  ex- 
treme, over.] 

A  prominent  belly.     [J^ol  in  itse.] 

GORGE,  n.     rNorm.Fr.  gors.] 

A  pool  of  water  to  keep  fish  in ;  a  wear.  [JVot 
used.] 

GOR'-GOCK,  TI.  The  moor-cock,  red-grouse,  or  red- 
game;  a  bird  of  the  gallinaceous  kind.     Ed.  Encye. 

GOR'-CRoW,  71.     Tile  carrion-crow.  Johnson. 

GORD,  TI.    An  instrument  of  gaming  ;  a  sort  of  dice. 

Smart. 

GOR'DI-AN,  a.    Intricate.     [Sec  the  next  word.l 

Oordian  knot,  in  antiquity,  a  knot  in  tlie  leather  or 
harness  of  Gordiiis,  a  king  of  X'hrygia,  so  very  intri- 
cate that  tliere  was  no  finding  where  it  began  or  end- 
ed. An  oracie  declared  that  he  who  should  untie 
this  knot  should  be  master  of  Asia.  Alexander, 
fearing  that  his  inability  to  untie  it  should  prove  an 
ill  augury,  cut  it  asunder  with  his  sword.  Hence,  in 
modem  languairc,  a  Oordian  knot  is  an  inextricable 
dilnculty  ;  ancf  to  ait  the  Oordian  knot,  is  to  remove 
a  dilTiculty  by  bold  or  unusual  measures. 

Encijc.     Lempricre. 

GoRE,  71.  [Sax.  gor,  gore,  mud;  W.  gor;  Ir.  ccar, 
blood,  and  red  ;  Gr.  i\wy,-  from  issuing.] 

1.  Blood;  but  generally,  thick  or  clotted  blood; 
blood  that  after  efiusion  becomes  inspissated.  Milton. 
_  2.  Dirt ;  mud.     [Unusual.]  Bp.  Fisher. 

GoRE,  TI.     [Scot.  iTore,  or  gair  ;  Ice.  geir  ;  D.  geer.] 

1.  A  wedge-shaped  or  triangular  piece  of  cloth 
sewed  into  a  garment,  to  widen  it  in  any  part. 

Cliauccr. 

2.  A  slip  or  triangular  piece  of  land.  Cowd. 

3.  In  heraldry,  an  abatement  denoting  a  coward. 
It  consists  of  two  arcli  lines,  meeting  in  an  acute 
angle  in  the  middle  of  the  fess  point.  Encyc. 

GoRE,  V.  t.  [W.  gyru,  to  thrust;  Gipsy,  goro,  a  dag- 
ger. See  Ileb.  -iN3.  Class  Gr,  No.  30,  35,  3G,  53, 
57,  &LC.] 

1.  To  stab  ;  to  pierce  ;  to  penetrate  with  a  pointed 
instrument,  as  a  spear.  Drydcn. 

2.  To  pierce  with  the  point  of  a  horn. 

If  nil  ox  gore  a  niaii  or  a  woman.  —  Ex.  xxi. 

3.  To  cut  in  a  triangular  form ;  to  piece  with  a 
gore. 

GoR'i!-'D,  pp.  or  a.  Stabbed  ;  pierced  with  a  pointed 
instrument;  cut  in  the  form  of  a  gore  ;  pieced  with 
a  gore. 

GORGE,  Cgorj))  "■  [Fr.  gorge;  It.  gorga,  gorgia;  Pp. 
gorja,  the  throat,  and  gorga,  a  whirlpool ;  gorgear, 
to  warble  ;  G.  giirgcl,  whence  gargle;  h.  gunres.] 

1.  The  throat;  the  gullet;  the  canal  of  the  neck 
by  which  food  passes  to  the  stomarh. 

2.  A  narrow  passage  between  hills  or  mountains. 

3.  In  architecture,  a  concave  molding ;  the  same  as 
Cavetto,  which  see.  Owilt. 

4.  In  fortification,  llie  entrance  into  a  bastion  or 
other  outwork.  Brandt. 

5.  Tliat  which  is  gorged  or  swallowed,  especially 
by  a  hawk  or  other  fowl.  SAafc 

GORGE,  (gorj,)  v.  t.  To  swallow  ;  especially,  to  swal- 
low with  greediness,  or  in  large  mouihfuls  or  quan- 
tities.    Hence, 

2.  To  glut;  to  fill  lbs  throat  or  stomach;  to  sa- 
tiate. 

The  ^tuil  gorged  with  flvsU.  Additon, 

GORCE,  V.  7.    To  feed.  Milton, 

GORG'iciD,  (gorjd,)  pp.    Swallowed  ;  tilulted. 
GORG'£D,  a.     Having  a  gorge  or  throat.  Shak. 

2.  In  heratdnj,  bearing  a  crown  or  the  like  about  » 

the  neck.  EHCJje.     { 

GOR'GEOUS,  (gor'jus,)  a.     Showy;  fine;  splendid 

glittering  with  gay  coior>:. 

Witti  gorsfotLs  winjs.  the  murks  of  sovereign  jway.  Drjl6tn.\)^ 
A  sorgeous  robe.— Luue  xxiii.  3 

GOR'GEOUS-LY,  adv.  With  showy  magniJicence:  j? 
splendidly;  finely.  The  prince  was  gorgeously  at- ■ 
rayed. 


I-.. 


Fatb,  far,  fam.,  what  . 


Mi?.TE,  PREV.-PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK  - 


GOS 

GOR'CEOUS-NESS,  7i     Show  uf  dress  or  ornament ; 

splendor  of  raiment. 
GOR'OET.  (gor'jet,)  n,     [Fr.  gorgette^  from  gornv.] 

1.  A  piece  of  ;innor  for  defending  tlie^llifoat  or 
neck  J  u.  kind  of  breastplate  like  a  half  innon. 

iHnaic.      Cluilmcrs. 

2.  A  pendent  metallic  ornament,  \\-orn  by  officers 
when  oil  duty.     [Eng,]  Campbell's  JUtl.  Diet. 

3.  Furmerhj^  a  ruff  worn  by  females. 

4.  In  surgery,  gorget,  or  gorgeret,  is  a  cutting  in- 
strument used  in  lithotomy  ;  also,  a  concave  or  can- 
nulaled  conductor,  called  a  blunt  gorget. 

Cyc.     Encyc. 
GORCINGjppr.    Swallowing;  eating  greedily ;  glut- 
tins. 
GOR'GON,  71.    [Gr.]     A  fabled  monsier,  of  terrific  as- 
pect, the  sight  of  which  turned  the  beholder  to  stone. 
The  poets  represent  the  Gorgons  as  three  sisters, 
SUieno,  Eurjjale,  and  JMcdusa  ;   but  authors  are  not 
agreed  in  the  description  of  them. 
•2.  .'\ny  thing  very  ugly  or  horrid.  Milton. 

GOR'GON,  a.    Like  a  go'rgon ;  very  ugly  or  terrific; 

as,  a  gorgon  face.  Drvden. 

GUK-Go'XE-A\,  )  a.     Like  a  gor^'on  ;  pertaining  to 
GOR-Go'NIjAN,   i      gorgons.  Milton. 

G011-GO-\e'IA,  h.  pi.  In  ardiitectural  sculpture,  masks 
carvi-d  in  imi'.ation  of  the  gorgon's  or  Medusa's  head  ; 
used  as  key-stones.  Elmes. 

GOR-Go'XI-A,  h.  a  family  of  flexible  coral-zoophytes, 
growing  in  the  form  uf  shrubs,  twigs,  and  reticulate 
fronds.  The  branches  nmsist  of  a  horny  axis,  sur- 
roundtd  by  a  semi-calcarenus  crust.  The  polyps,  ag- 
gregated together,  constitute  th;;  crust,  and  by  secre- 
tions from  their  bases,  which  ;ire  directed  inward, 
they  form  the  axis.  The  species  are  ofteu  brii;ht-col- 
oreil,  and  among  them  is  liie  ^-ea-fan  of  the  West  In- 
»Mes.  Dana. 

GOR'-HEN,  71.    The  female  of  the  gor-cock. 
GoR'ING,  p;;r.     [from  gore]     Stabbing  ;  piercing. 
GoR'ING,  71.    A  pricking;  puncture.  Dnidcn. 

GOR'fllAND,         )  Ji.     [Fr.  gounnand,  from   \V.  gor- 
GOR'MAiND-ER,  \    vta?it,  plenitude,  exuberance  ;  gar^ 
extreme  ;  gormui,  excess.] 
A  2r.  tdv  or  ravenous  eater  ;  a  glutton. 
GOR'MAXD,  a.    Gluttonous  ;  voracious. 
GOR'AIAND-ISM,  ii.     Gluttonrv. 
GOR'iMAXn-IZE,  u.  i.    To  eat'  greedily;  to  swallow 

voraciously.  "  Shak. 

GOR'MAND-IZ-ER,  ».    A  greedy,  voracious  eater. 

Cleavclavd. 
GOR'MAND-TZ-ING,  ppr.  or  a,    Ealing  greedily  and 

voracious  I  y._ 
GOR'MAXD-rZ-IXG,  n.    The  act  or  liabit  of  eating 

gref'dily  and  voraciously. 
GORSE,  )  /„        •,  I  n.  [Sax.  gorst.    Q,u.  coarse,  L.  cras- 
GORSS,  i  i-e"'-!;  I      5u^,^  or  G.  kratzoi,  to  scratch.] 
Furze,  or  whin,  a  thick,  prickly  shrub,  of  the  genus 
Ulex^  bearing  yellow  flowers  in  winter.      Johnson. 
GoR'\ ,  a.     [from  gore.]     Covered  with  congealed  or 
clotted  blood  ;  as,  ganj  locks.  Sliak. 

2.  Bloody  :  murderous.  Shak. 

GOS'HAWK,  Ji.     [:^ax.  goshafoc,  goosehawk.] 

A  voracious  bird  of  the  hawk  kmd,  larger  than  the 
common  buz/.ard,  but  of  a  more  slender  shape.  The 
general  color  of  the  plumage  is  a  deep  brown ;  the 
breast  and  belly  white.  Diet.  JVaL  Ili^t. 

GOS'LING,  n.     [Sax.  gos,  goose,  and  ling.] 

1.  A  young  goose  ;  a  goose  not  full  grown. 

2.  A  calkin  on  nut-trees  and  pines. 
Bailey.     Johnson. 

GOS'PEL,  n.  [Sax.  godspell ;  god,  good,  and  spell,  his- 
torj*,  relation,  narration,  word,  speech,  that  which  is 
uttered,  announced,  sent,  or  communicated  ;  answer- 
ing to  the  Gr.  txyayycXnnf,  L.  evangelium,  a  good  or 
joyful  message.] 

1.  A  revelation  of  the  grace  of  God  to  fallen  man 
through  a  mediator,  inchidiuir  the  whole  scheme  of 
salvation,  as  revealed  by  Chric-l  and  his  apostles. 
This  gospel  is  said  to  have  been  preached  to  Abra- 
ham by  the  promise,  "  In  thee  shall  all  nations  he 
blessed."     Oal.  iii.  8. 

It  is  called  the  gospel  of  God.     Rom.  i.  1. 
It  is  called  the  gospel  of  Christ.     Rom.  i.  IG. 
It  IS  called  the  gospel  of  salvation.    Eph.  i.  13. 

2.  A  history  or  narrative  of  the  birth,  life,  actions, 
dwith,  resurrection,  ascension,  and  doctrines,  of  Je- 
sus Clirisl ;  as,  the  gospel  according  to  the  evangelist 
Matthew. 

3.  Divinity  ;  theology-.  Milton. 

4.  Any  general  <loctrine,  Burke. 
OS'PEL,  a.    Accordant  with  the  gospel  ;  as,  fros]}cl 
righieousness.                                                fyarburlon. 

.OS'PEL,  V.  t.    To  instruct  in  the  gospel  ;  or  to  fill 

_  with  sentiments  of  religion.  Shak. 

iOH'VEL-ED,  pp.  Evangelized  ;  instructed  in  the 
gospel. 

'*-'^fPEL-ER,  71.    An  evangelist;  also,  a  follower  of 
wiclif,  the  first  Englishman  who  attempted  a  refor- 
mation of  reJiaion.     [JVot  much  used.]  Rome. 
2.  He  who  reads  the  gospel  at  the  altar. 

OS'PEL-GU.S'SIF,  71.    One  who  is  over-zealous,  in 
running  about  among  his  neighbors  to  lecture  on  re- 
^';?'0''ssul'jects.  Jiddi^oti. 

US  FEL-ING,  pfpr.    Instructing  in  the  gospel. 


GOU 


GOV 


GOS'PEL-iZE,  V.  t.  To  form  according  to  the  gospel. 
L  O*^-;].  Mdton. 

2.  1  o  instruct  in  the  gospel ;  to  evangelize  ;  as,  lo 
gospehie  the  savages.     [Obs.]  Boyle. 

GuSiS,  n.     A  kind  of  low  furze  or  gorse.  SkaJ:. 

GOS'SA-MER,  It.     [L.  gossipium,  cotton.] 

A  fine,  filmy  substance,  like  cobwebs,  floating  in 
the  air,  in  calm,  clear  weather,  especially  in  autumn. 
It  is  seen  in  slubble-fields,  and  on  furze  or  low  bush- 
es, and  is  probably  formed  by  a  species  of  spider. 

GOS'SA-MER-Y,  a.  Like  go'ssamer  ;  flimsy  ;  unsub- 
stantial. Pursuits  of  Literature. 

GOfc'SlP, ;(.  [Sax.  godsihh;  god,  good,  and  sib,  or  sibb, 
peace,  adoption,  and  relation ;  a  Saxon  name  of  a 
sponsor  at  baptism.] 

1.  A  sponsor  ;  one  who  answers  for  a  child  in  bap- 
tism.    [Obs.]  Shak.     Davics. 

2.  A  tippling  companion. 

And  soinctimca  !urk  I  in  a  gossip's  Lwwl.  Shak. 

3.  One  who  runs  from  house  to  house,  tattling  and 
lelhng  news  ;  an  idle  tattler.  Dryden. 

[This  is  Vic  sense  in  lohich  Vie  tcord  is  now  used.] 

4.  A  friend  or  neiglibor,    [Obs.] 

5.  iMere  tattle  ;  idle  talk. 
GOS'SIP,  V.  i.   To  prate  ;  to  chat;  to  talk  much.  Shak. 

2.  To  be  a  pot-companion.  Shab. 

3.  To  run  about  and  tattle  ;  to  tell  idle  tales. 
GOS'SIP-L\G,  ppr.  or  a.    Prating;  chatting  ;  running 

from  phice  to  place  and  tattling  ;  containing  gossip. 

COtf'S[P-lXG,  II.  A  prating;  a  running  about  to  col- 
lect tales  and  tattle. 

GOS'SrP-LIIvE,  a.     Resembling  a  gossip. 

GOS'SIP-RED,  ».  Compaleriiily  ;  spiritual  airmity,  for 
which  a  juror  might  be  challenged.     [J\'ot  lu-ed.] 

GOS-SOON',  7(.     [Fr.  gar^on,  corrupted.]      [Davies. 
A  bov  ;  a  servant.     [J^'ot  in  u^e.] 

GOS'TING,  ».     An  herb.  .^insworth. 

GOT,  prct.  of  Get.  The  old  preterit  Gat,  (pronounced 
got,)  is  nearlv  obsolete. 

GOT  and  GOT'TiCN,  pp.  of  Get. 

GoTE,  n.  A  water  passage ;  a  channel  for  water.  Ch-ose. 

GOTH,  71.  One  of  an  ancient  and  distinguished  tribe  or 
nation  which  inhabited  Scandinavia,  now  Sweden 
and  Norway,  whose  language  is  now  retained  in 
tliose  countries,  and  a  large  portion  of  it  is  found  in 
English. 

2.  One  rude  or  uncivilized  ;  a  barbarian.    AddisoTi. 

3.  A  rude,  ignorant  [lerson.  Chestcrjield. 
Go'THAM-IST,  H.     A  v^iseacre  ;  a  person  deficient  in 

wisdom  ;  so  called  from  Gotham,  in  Kottinghamsliire, 
noted  for  some  pleasant  blunders.  Bp.  Morton. 

Go'THAM-ITE,  n.  A  term  sportively  applied  to  the 
inhabitants  of  New  York. 

GOTH'ie,a.  Pertaining  to  the  Goths  ;  as,  OoVitc  cus- 
toms ;   Gothic  barbarity. 

2.  Denoting  a  style  of  architecture  with  high  and 
sharply-pointed  arches,  clustered  columns,  &:c. 

3.  Rude ;  ancient. 

4.  Barbarous. 
GOTH'ie,  7(.    The  hmguagc  of  the  Goths. 
GOTH'I-CIS.M,  j(.    Rudeness  of  manners  ;  barbarous- 

2.  A  Gothic  idiom.  [ness. 

3,  Conformity  to  the  Gothic  stvle  of  buildiu". 
GOTH'I-ClZE,  V.  t.    To  make  Gothic:  to  bring  back 

to  barbarism.  Stmtt 

GOTH'I-CrZ-£D,  pp.    Made  Golhic;  brought  back'to 

barbarism. 
Go  TO,  (gu  too.)    A  phrase  of  exhortation ;   come  ; 
GOUD,  71.     Woad.     [J\rot  ic^ed.]  [come  on. 

GOUGE,  (gowj;  in  most  English  auUwritie^;  gooj  ;)  ji. 

[Fr.  gouge;  Arm.  gouich.] 
A  semicircular  chisel,  used  to  cut  holes,  channels, 

or  grooves,  in  wood  or  stone.  Mozon. 

GOUGE,  (gowj,)  V.  t.    To  scoop  out  with  a  gou^e. 
2.  To  lorce  out  the  eye  of  a  person  with  theUiumb 

or  finger  ;  a  barbarous  practice.  Jlnierica. 

GOUG'ED,  2>p.    Scooped  out,  as  with  a  gouge. 
GOUG'ING,  n.   The  act  of  scooping  out  with  a  gouge, 

or  forcing  out  the  eye  with  the  thumb  and  finger. 

[See  Gouge.] 
GOU'JEERS,  71.    The  venereal  disease.  Shak. 

GOU'LAND,  H.     A  plant  or  flower.  B.  Jonson. 

GOU-LARD^S'  EX'TRACT,  71.     [So  called  from  the 

inventor.]     A  satunited  solution  of  the  irisacelale  of 

lead,  used  as  a  remedy  for  inflammation.  Ure. 

GoURD,  ».     [Fr.  courge  ;  D.  kauwoerde.     Qu.  the  root 

of  gherkin,] 
A  plant  and  its  fruit,  of  the  genus  Legenaria.  The 

shell  is  sometimes  used  for  a  piggin  or  for  a  bollle. 
GoURD'I  NESS,  n.    A  swelling  on  a  horse's  leg  after 

ajournev.  Far.  Diet. 

GoURD'-TUEE,  7i.     A  tree,  the  Crescenlia,  or  Cala- 
bash, found  in  the  West  Indies.        Fam,  of  Plants. 
GoURD'V,  a.     Swelled  in  the  legs. 
GOUn'MAJv'D,  (goor'miind,)  n~    [Fr.]    A  greedy  or 

ravenou>i  ealcr  ;  a  iiluilon.     [See  Gormaxd.] 
GOUR'NET,  H.    A  fish.    See  Gurnet. 
GOUT,  7^    [Fr.  gouUc,  a  drop,  the  gout,  the  disease 

being  considered  as  a  dcfluxion  ;  It.  gutla  ;  Sp.  aota  ; 


Ir.  guta ;  L.  gutta.    Q,u.  Pers. 
firm  in  the  feel.] 


ji^  kot,  1 


J.  In  medicine^  a  chronic  disease,  occurring  by  par- 
.oxysms  ;  the  paroxysms  exactrbating  and  remitting. 
It  consist  essentially  in  a  perfectly  specific  and  (»c- 
ciiliar  topical  inflammation,  having  its  regular  Kcat 
m  the  largest  joint  of  the  great  toe;  and  an  e<ju:illy 
specific  and  peculiar  constitutional  febrile  aflV-ctinn. 
Tlie  irregular  forms  of  this  disease  are  too  numerous 
and  too  various  for  specification  in  this  place.  TuUy. 
2.  A  clot  or  coagulation  ;  as,  "on  the  blade  of  the 
dudgeon  gouts  of  blood."     [JVot  used.]  Shak. 

GOUT,  (goo,)  71.     [Fr.,  from  L.  gustus,  tasle.1 
Taste  ;  relish.  ■■ 

GOUT'I-LY,  adv.    In  a  gouty  manner. 

GOUT'I-NESS,  71.  The  stale  of  being  subject  to  the 
gout ;  gouty  afiectiona. 

GOUT'-SWELL-£D,  a.     Swelled  with  the  gout. 

GOUT'WORT,  n.    A  plant,  lU;  ^copodium. 

GOUT'Y,  a.  Diseased  with  the  gout,  or  subject  lo  the 
gout ;  as,  a  guuty  person  ;  a  gotUy  joint ;  a  gouty  con- 
stitution. -      ^  -        }     a      J 

2.  Pertaining  to  the  gout ;  as,  gouty  matter. 

BUukmore. 

3.  Swelled  ;  boggy  ;  a.a,  gouty  land.  [^'i>t  in  usf.] 
GoVE,  77.  A  mow.  [Local.]  [Spenser. 
GOVERN,  (guv'em,)  v.  L     [Fr.  gouvemer;  Sji.  gobcr- 

nar ;  It.  govemare  i  L.  gubcrno    The  L.  guberno  seems 
to  be  a  compound.] 

1.  To  direct  and  control,  as  the  actions  or  con- 
duct of  men,  either  by  established  laws  or  by  arbitra- 
Ty  will  ;  10  regulate  by  authority  ;  to  keep  wiihin  the 
limits  prescribed  by  law  or  sovereign  will.  Thus,  in 
free  states,  men  are  governed  by  the  constitution  and 
laws  ;  in  despotic  stales,  men  are  governed  by  the 
edicts  or  commands  of  a  monar.'h.  Everyman  should 
govern  well  his  own  family. 

2.  To  regulate  ;  to  influence  ;  to  direct.  This  is 
the  chief  point  by  which  he  is  t-j  govern  all  his  coun- 
sels and  actions. 

3.  To  control  ;  to  restrain  ;  to  keep  in  due  subjec- 
tion ;  as,  lo  govern  the  passions  or  temper. 

4.  To  direct;  to  steer;  to  regulate  the  course  or 
motion  of  a  ship.  The  helm  or  the  helmsman  gov- 
erns the  ship. 

5.  In  grammar,  to  require  to  be  in  a  particular 
case  ;  as,  a  verb  transitive  gover/is  a  word  in  the 
accusative  case;  or  to  require  a  particular  case  ;  as, 
a  verb  gi)vern3  Uie  accusative  case. 

GOVERN,  V.  i.  To  exercise  authority  ;  to  administer 
the  laws.  The  chief  magistrate  should  govern  with 
impartiality. 

2.  To  maintain  the  superiority ;  to  have  the  con- 
^'■<^'-  Drvden. 

GOVERN-A-BLE,  (guVern-a-bl,)  a.     That  may  be 
governed,  or  subjected  lo  authoritv ;    conlroll.-ibie  ; 
manageable  ;  obedient  ;  submissive 'to  law  or  rule. 
,  ,  Locke. 

GOVERN-ANCE,  n.  Government ;  exercise  of  au- 
thority ;  direction  ;  control;  management,  either  of 
a  public  oflicer  or  of  a  private  guardian  or  tutor. 

Maccabees.     ShaJ:. 

GOV'ERN-ANTE,  71.     [Fr.  gouvemante.] 

A  lady  who  has  llie  care  and  management  of 
young  females  ;  a  governess. 

GO  VERN-KD,  pp.  Directed  ;  regulated  by  authority ; 
controlled  ;  niuuuged  ;  influenced  ;  restrained. 

GOVKRN-ESS,  7(.  A  female  int'ested  with  authority 
to  control  and  direct ;  a  tutoress  ;  an  instructress  ;  a 
woman  wiio  has  the  careof  instructing  and  directing 
young  ladies. 

GOVERN-ING,  ppr.  Directing;  controlling;  regu- 
lating by  laws  or  edicts;  managing;  influencing: 
restraining. 

2.  a.  Holding  the  superiority;  prevalent;  ns,  a 
governing  wind  ;  a  governing  party  in  a  stale. 

Fedcralisty  Jay. 

3.  Directing;  controlling;  as,  a  governing  mr^Uyc. 
GOV'ERN-MENT,  71.    Direction  ;  regulation.    These 

precei)ts  will  serve  lor  the  n-oi-cr/ujifHiof  ourconducl. 

2.  Control ;  restraint.  Men  are  apt  to  neglect  llie 
government  of  their  temper  and  jKissions. 

3.  The  exercise  of  authority  ;  direction  and  re- 
straint exercised  o%*er  the  actions  of  men  in  commu- 
nities, societies,  or  slates  ;  the  administration  of  pub- 
lic aflairs,  according  lo  established  constitution,  laws, 
and  usages,  or  by  arbitrary  edicts.  Pnissiu  rose  lo 
importance  under  the  government  of  Frederic  II. 

4.  The  exercise  of  authority  by  a  parent  or  Iioust'- 
hold.  Cliihlren  are  often  ruined  by  a  neglect  of 
guccrnmcut  in  parents. 

Let  family  gottemment  lie  bkc  Ihnl  of  our  benveiilv  FaUicr, 
mild,  gtiiiile,  niul  ajll-ctioiiate.  JColiuck. 

r>.  The  system  of  polity  in  a  state ;  that  form  of 
fundamenUil  rules  and  principles  by  whicli  a  nation 
or  state  is  governed,  or  by  which  individual  mem- 
bers of  a  body  politic  are  to  regulate  iheir  social  ac- 
tions ;  a  constitution,  either  written  or  unwritten,  by 
which  the  rights  and  duties  of  citizens  and  public 
oflicrrs  are  prescribed  and  defined  ;  as,  a  monarchical 
government,  or  a  republican  gocernmenu 

Thirti'pn  gowrni/i*nfs,  tlnis  fuijiule«1  on  Lhc  natural  auihoiityof 
llic  pcoj  le  ujoiir,  willifciit  Ui»  prPtcns).'  ol  niintde  or  niT^ 
[ory,  iire  u  grc^il  pouii  jfuJiiol  iu  favor  ol  \ht  nfbw  of  man- 
kiuti.  J.  AdtuRa, 


TONE,  BJJLL,  UNITE. -AN"GEK,  VI"CIOUS.-€  as  K ;  C  aa  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CU  M  SII ;  Til  as  in  THIS. 


(if. 


513 


GRA 


6.  An  ruiptrr,  hiiieJoiii,  or  flliito  ;  uny  ei-rrilorj' 
1,1  i.r  -lit  i.idiUy  ia  e-vtrmled. 

_•  or  aJiniiiisteriiig  tho 
:   vt'Atud  Iho  gocernment 


Otrt  whff' 

T.  Tl. 
Inn*.  I 
of  I-.:..  '"'• 

,..  uf  iouiuil  utiti-l)  iiiliiiinidter  the 
la  !  .Ill  or  ^t:llu  ;  tx.ciilivy  iK>\vcr. 

■  >  .  ne^  ;  cuiiiutiaiico  }  ub>t-«|itioiiHnes!i. 

SAak, 

10.  RrcuIarUy  of  behavior.    [Awfin  u^f.]     ShaJi, 

11.  Mauafi-meul  uf  tlie  liiubs  ur  body.  [JVvt  in 
ust.]  Spatser. 

li  fu  grammar^  Ihe  inftucnco  of  a  word  in  regard 
10  cunttriicthiii.  tut  utieii  cslublislud  iisa^e  rL><|uireti 
Ihu  fiK-  w.ird  whuuldcouae  nuutlier  lo  he  iii  a  [arlic- 
til.ir  rx*c  or  iiiiidr. 

GOV  i:it.\  MKNT'AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  Bovenimonl ; 
iiridi-  by  tfuvcriiincnt.  JlamitUm. 

GOV" Kits  uU»  (giiv'crn-ur,)  h.  IIo  that  covltus, 
rulfs  or  difLcH;  one  iiivtuled  with  Hiiprttue  aii- 
ihnriiy.  The  Cfualor  m  iho  rit;tuful  aocernor  at  all 
bii  crcaiurL-«. 

•i  One  who  \*  invested  with  suiircme  authority  to 
administer  ur  tnforcL' llie  laws;  thy  wuprenie  execu- 
tive magi^tnilti  of  n  state,  coinumnity,  corporaliun, 
or  i>i.»L  Thus,  in  Ainerica,  *ach  slatt;  has  its  gov- 
erHi^.     Canada  has  if  ;,'urTnor. 

3.  A  liitor  i  i»nc  who  han  the  care  of  a  young  man  ; 
one  who  mntrurU  him  and  forms  Uis  manners. 

4.  .\  pilot ;  one  who  siit-rs  a  ship.    Jamr:/  iii. 

5.  (»ne[Kws4;4-iinc  d*'Iec:iied  aulhorily.  JosejWi  was 
goreriurr  over  the  land  oi  Kg>  pi.  Obadiah  was  gor- 
rrmor  uvrr  Ahab^s  house.  JJauiascus  iiad  a  gocenwr 
uodrr  Areia.s  iho  king. 

ti.  In  merhfinic-'i,  a  pair  of  heavy  baUs  connected 
%»ith  machinery,  designed  to  equahze  speed. 

COV'KKN OK-SlilP,  i(.    The  otlice  of  a  governor. 

Gl)\V*' AN,  H.     A  plant,  a  s;p)!Cies  of  Bellis  or  daisy. 

GOWK,  r.  I.    Tti  stujK-fy.     [  Obs.]  B.  Jonson. 

G(  tWK.     See  G*wit.  [Faiiu  of  Plants. 

iJtnVI.,  r.  i.     flee,  gorla.]     To  howl.  mckhp.. 

GO\V.\,n.  [\V.  gtem  U.  gunna  i  \X.  gonna.  This  is 
probably  tin*  jcai'tavfjof  Hesychius,  and  \\\ii  guanacum 
of  Varro ;  a  c^nnent  somewhat  like  the  aagtim  or 
sack,  said  to  bf  of  Persian  origin,  and  among  rude 
nations  IM;rha|M  made  uf  »kins,  (\V.  cintiagin^)  and 
aAinvard  of  wool;  a  kind  of  sliai:  or  frieze.  Ch. 
N231J,  mentioned  Judget  iv.  IS,  and  -2  Kings  viii.  15. 
Hee  Varro  de  Ling.  Lut.  \\\t.  4.  Kocliurl.  dc  Phirn. 
Col.  hb.  I,  cap.  -IJ,  and  t-'hiv.  .^nL  Qcrm.  lib.  1.] 
J.  A  woman's  upiH-r  garment.  Pupc. 

3.  A  loni:,  btose  oppj-r  garuienl  or  robe,  worn  by 
prufe».4innni  men.  as  divines,  lawyers,  students,  ^c, 
who  are  called  men  of  the  gvten^  or  goionmcn.  It  i.s 
made  of  any  kinil  of  cloth  worn  over  ordinary 
clnthc«,  and  hangs  down  to  tiie  ankles,  or  nearly 
•o.  F.Hcyc. 

3.  A  long,  loose  upper  garment,   worn   in  sick- 

nCM,  tLC. 

A.  Tho  dress  of  peace,  or  the  civil  magistracy  ; 
eedant  anna  tugir. 

He  AI»r»  <l'-)u«iil,  uiJ  .\nDs  to  goi^tv  innde  jticUl.       Dryden. 
GO\V\'/:i),  o.     Dressed  in  a  gown.  Dryden. 

GOWX'MAX,     )   n.     One  whose  professional  habit  is 
GO\V.N?'.MA.\,  i     a  gown,  as  a  divine  or  lawyer,an{| 
inrticnlarly  a  member  of  an  English  university. 

The  gotmman  Ir-imnl.  Pone. 

9.  One  devoted  to  the  arts  of  pence.  Rowc. 

OOWT,     I  fl.    A  shiicc  in  enibankmenls  against  ihe, 

GO-f)UT,  (      sea,  for  Idling  out  the  land   walers, 

when  the  tide  is  out,  and  preventing  ihe  ingress  of 

sall-wn(er.  FrancU 

GO'/.'Z AUn,  n.    [A  corruption  of  gooschcrd.]  One  wliu 

allrndn  geese.     [Fulgar.] 
GUAR,  n.    A  sudiien  grasp  itr  s^eizurc.    [Vulgar.] 
2.  A  vimpI  uaed  on  ilie  Malabar  coast,  having  two 
■-  ■'-      tnxsls.  jiicf^ 

'.    [Dan.  greb^  a  grasp ;  gribcr,  to  gripe ; 
a,  to  grasp ;   gripa,  lo  griiic  ;  W.  graO^  a 
■"■■"  'J 

1  o  >*c\zc  ;  to  gripo  suddcnlv.  [f^ultrar.] 
GRAB'IU:D,  (srabd,)  pp.  ^.i/xd  suddenly. 
''"  *"  '"^'l, /rpr.    SL-izinc  sudileidy. 

'■■/••'■     tdii'i.   "f  iprub:  D.  grabbelcn:  G. 
illkd   lo  grope^  irrurtty  HHii   grapple;  Arm. 

i'Mg.  scrabble  ;  allied  to  rai,  or  L.  runiV.or  to 

boilLj  '     ' 

I.  To  pope  ;  to  feel  with  the  hands.    .^rbuUtnoL 
a.  To  lie  prostrate  on  the  bully  ,  to  sprawl. 

GRAB'BLING,  ppr.    Groping ;  feeling  along  ;  sprawl- 

GRXcE,  n.  [Ft.  grace;  It.  graiia;  Sp.  graeia;  It 
rrtuo;  from  Ihe  I*  gratia,  whirh  is  formed  on  ihc 
'  ■""■  U.  rhad,  grace,  a  bUssinu,  a  gratuity.  It 
in  ongin  with  Fr.  gre  ;  Znj:.  agree,  am'rra- 
-'■adv.  J  he  pinnary  sLUseof  jrHtK*  is  free 
;...^.  .juifk,  willrng,  prompt,  from  advancing. 
l.la*s  Kd.     Set'  Grw>e.] 

1.  Favor  ;  fciKMl-will  ;  kindness  ;  disposition  lo 
oWige  another ;  as,  a  gram  made  as  an  act  of  grace. 

Or  rruh,  or  .-ill,  nay  win  i  Uuty  •«  greet.  Dn.'en. 


Or^ieh.  offill,  nay  win  i  Uuty't  greet.  Dryien. 

9.  Apjirnpnafefy,  the  free,  unmerited  love  and  favor 


II. 


12 


MiHon 


GRA 

of  Oud,  the  spring  and  source  of  utl  tlie  bcnetits  men 
receive  from  him. 

Ati^l  If  by  graee,  tlion  II  is  no  mom  of  works.  — Rom.  xi. 

3.  Favorable  influence  of  God  ;  divine  influence 
or  the  influence  of  the  Spirit,  in  renewing  ttie  heart 
and  restraining  from  sin. 

My  gra<t  It  iiuirici(>nt  for  tliee.  —  3  Cor.  xii. 

4.  The  application  of  Christ's  righteousness  to  tliu 
sinner. 

Wlicre  >in  abounded,  grace  diii  inucli  more  nboimd.  —  Rom.  v. 

f).  A  state  of  reconciliation  to  God.    Horn.  v.  2. 

6.  Virtuous  or  religious  aflt'Ction  or  disposition,  as 
a  liberal  disposition,  faith,  meekness,  humility,  pa- 
tience, ice,  proceedinjj  from  divine  inlluence. 

7.  Spiritual  instruclion,  improvement,  and  edifica- 
tion.   Kpli.  iv.  29. 

e.  A[)ostleship,  or  the  qualifications  of  an  apostle. 
F.pfi,  iii.  8. 

9.  Eternal  life ;  final  salvation.    1  Pa.  i.  13. 

10.  Tlie  gospel. 

ItcO-'ivu  not  \liQ  graa  of  God  in  vain.  —2  Cor.  vi. 
Favor  j  mercy  j  pardon. 

Buw  Qiid  mic  for  grace 
Willi  supiiliant  kiici.-. 

Favor  conferred. 

I  shoiiid  ihprcforc  «U'Cin  it  it  grcal  Tivor  and  grace.      Prior. 

13.  Privilege. 

Tu  few  prfat  Jiipilcrlmparls  this  grace.  Dryden. 

M.  'I'hat  in  manner,  deporinient,  or  langnace, 
which  renders  it  appro])riale  and  agreeable;  suita- 
bleness; elegance  or  case  willi  appropriate  dignity. 
VVc  say,  a  speaker  delivers  his  address  with  grace; 
a  man  performs  his  part  with  grace. 

Qrace  w:ifi  in  nil  her  ai'iM.  Milton, 

lli-r  i><irj>]e  Imbil  Giia  »'iili  such  a  grace 

On  h-r  miiootJi  slioulJi-n.  Dnjden. 

15.  Natural  or  acquired  excellence;  any  endow- 
ment that  recommends  the  possessor  to  others  ;  as, 
the  graces  of  wit  and  hrarning.  Huoker. 

It).  Beauty;  embellishment;  in  general,  wliatever 
adorns  and  reconnnends  to  fuvur  ;  siunctiine:^,  a  sin- 
gle beauty. 

1  (^w-isa  lln;ir  fonn  an.I  cfory  charming  grace.  Vryiien. 

17.  Ileauty  deified  ;  among  pagans,  a  goddess. 
The  Graces  Were  tliree  in  number,  jjglaia,  Tluilia, 
and  Euphrosyne,  tlie  constant  attendants  of  Venus. 

Lempriorc. 
The  Ijopea  delighted,  and  ihe  Graeies  pKyed.  Prior. 

18.  Virtue  physical ;  as,  the  5-;-(jce  of  plants.  [JVui 
•med.]  Shah; 

ID.  The  title  of  a  duke  or  an  archlnshop,  and  for- 
merly of  the  kingof  Kngland,  meaning  your  goodness 
or  clemency.  Ilis  grace  the  duke  of  York.  Your 
grace  will  jilease  to  aixept  my  tliaiiks. 

20.  A  sliorl  prayer  before  or  after  meat ;  a  blessing 
asked,  or  thanks  rendered. 

21.  In  vnisic,  graces  are  ornamental  notes  attached 
to  iirinr.i|ial  ones.  Brande. 

2±  In  EuglUk  universities,  an  act,  vote,  or  decree, 
of  the  government  of  the  institution. 

Daii  tif  grace;  in  (//ro/oiryj  time  of  probation,  wlieu 
an  olfcr  is  made  lo  sinners. 

Days  of  grace  ;  in  commerce,  the  days  immediately 
following  tlie  day  when  a  bill  or  note  becomes  due, 
which  days  are  allowed  to  the  debtor  or  payer  to 
make  pujnient  in.  In  Great  Britain  and  the  United 
States,  the  days  of  grace  are  tkrcv,  but  in  otiier  coun- 
tries more,  tho  usages  of  merchants  being  diU'crrnl. 
GIIaCK,  v.  t.  To  adorn;  to  decorate;  to  embellish 
and  dignify. 

Gri:al  Jove  and  Phccbiu  graced  hia  iioble  line.  Pojie. 

And  liiiil,  yt-  l.iir,  <jf  i^vcry  cliarm  jioascsscd, 

Who  grace  tliLt  rising  empire  of  ihe  \ivsi.        D.  Humphrey. 

2.  To  dignify  or  raise  by  an  act  of  favor  ;  to  honor. 

He  miglil,  111  his  pleasure,  grace 
Cuiirl. 

3.  To  favor ;  to  honor. 

4.  To  supply  with  heavenly  grace. 
GRSCK'-eUP,  n.      The  cup  or  health 

grace. 
GUaC /■:!),  (crast,)  pp.    Adorned;   embellished 
alted  ;  dignihed  ;  honored. 
2.  a.     lieautiful ;  graceful.    [J^Tot  in  use]   Sidney. 
X  Virtuous;  regular;  chaste.   [JVotinuse.]  Ska/c. 
GRa'CKS,  n.  pi.    In  heathen  mythology,  three  beautiful 
sisters,  who  attended  Venus. 

2.  A  play  with  a  hoop  and  rods,  designed  to  pro- 
mote cmce  of  motion. 

3.  Ift  T/tifiic,  ornamental  notes  attached  lo  principal 
ones. 

4.  f?«('.'i:i?Tacf5;favor,  friendship,  [gee  also  Grace.] 
GUACK'-fciAY-KU,  71.     Oni'  wlio  says  grace. 
GKaCI-VFIJI-,  a.    Ueautiful   with  dignity;    elegant; 

agreeable  in  appearance,  with  an  expression  of  dig- 
nity or  elevation  of  mind  or  manner;  used  particu- 
larly ot  motion,  looks,  and  fc-peecli  ;  as,  a  graceful 
walk  ;  a  irraceful  deportment :  a  graceful  speaker";  a 
graceful  air.  t>       ^       i  ? 

High  o'er  th»  r«(  in  nnni  the  graceful  Turatu  rode.  Dryden. 


nice  whom  he  uunld  in 

Knolies. 

Dniden. 

Bp.  'Hall 

drank  after 

Prior. 


GRA 

GUACE'F!,JL-LV,  adv.  WiLh  a  |tkasing  dignity  ; 
clegantty  ;  with  a  natural  case  and  propriety  ;  ;is,  to 
walk  or  speak  irracrfully. 

GKaCFj'FIJL-.\ES.S,  ;i.  Klegancu  of  manner  or  de- 
portment;  beauty  with  dignity  in  manner,  motion, 
or  countenance.  Gracifubicss  consists  in  the  natu- 
ral ease  and  propriety  of  an  action,  accompanied 
with  a  enuntenancc  expressive  oi  dignity  or  eleva- 
tion of  mind.  Happy  is  the  man  who  can  add  the 
graeefnhie,ss  of  ease  to  the  dignity  of  merit. 

GRACK'LESS,  a.     Void  of  grace;  unregencrate  ;  un- 
sanclified. 
2.  Corrupt;  depraved;  profligate 

GRaCE'LKSS-LY,  ado.    Without  grace. 

GRaCE'LKSS-NESS,  n.  Destitution  of  giacc  ;  profli- 
gacy. JJr.  Favour. 

GRAC'ILE,  (pras'il,)  )  ,,  .... 

GRAC'l-LEiNT,  Cgras'e-Ient,)  j    •*•     [^- ffracdis.] 
Slender.     [A'^ot  in  use.] 
i>   «      «i,i»^. 


[JSTot  in  use. 
grar.ieux 


ri, 


GRA-CIL'I-TY,  n.    Slenderness. 
GR.\'CIOUS,  (gri'shus,)  a.     [Fr. 

ti0SlL!i.'\ 

1.  Favorable;    kind;  friendly: 
with  a  gracious  reception. 

2.  Favorable;  kind;  benevolent;  merciful;  dis- 
posed to  forgive  offenses  and  imparl  unmerited  bless- 
ings. 


gra- 
as,  the  envoy  met 


Thou  art  n.  God   reudy  to  panioi 
NDh.  ix. 


gracious  and  incrciftiL  — 


3.  Favorable;  expres-^^ing  kindness  and  favor. 

All  bore  him  witness,  nnd  wondered  at  ihc  groriou*  words  ' 
procwvlcd  oiil  of  his  month.  —  Liikr  iv. 

'1,  Proceeding  from  divine  grace. ;  as,  a  persoi 
,  gracious  state. 
5.  Acceptable;  favored. 


He  made  us  gracious  bcfoit;  ihe  kin; 
1  i'I»Im£. 


I  of  Persia.     [LiUle   utid.] 


6.  Renewed  or  sanctified  by  grace;  as,  gracious 
affections. 

7.  Virtuous  ;  good.  Sfiak. 

8.  Excellent;  graceful  ;  becoming.     [Obs.] 

Jliwker.     Camden. 
GRA'CIOUS-LY,af/y.    Kindly;  favorably;  in  a  friend- 
ly manner;  with  kind  condescension. 

Ilia  testimony  he  gracioughj  conllrmcd,  Dnjdcn. 

9.  In  a  pleasing  manner. 
GRa'CIOUS-NESS,  71.    Kind  condescension. 

Clarendon. 

2.  Possession  of  graces  or  good  (pinlities. 

Bp.  Barlotfi. 

3.  Pleasing  manner.  Johnson. 

4.  Mercifulness.  Sambis. 
GRACK'LE,  (grak'I,)  n.     [T-.  ^?-rtrH7/w,  dim.  of  ("Joth. 

krage,a  crow.    (See  Cnow.)    Vano's  deduction  of 
this  word  from  grex  is  an  error.] 

One  of  a  genus  of  birds,  the  Gracula,  of  which  ihe 
crow-blackbird  is  a  species. 
GRA-Da'TION,  n.     [L.  gradatio  ;  Fr.  gradation.    See 
Grade.] 

1.  \  series  of  ascending  steps  or  degrees,  or  a  jiro- 
ceediiig  step  by  step  ;  hence,  progress  from  niie 
decree  or  state  to  another;  a  regular  advance  from 
step  to  step.  Wo  observe  a  >rradatiou  in  the  procress 
of  society  from  a  rude  to  a  civilized  lit'^-.  Mm  may 
arrive  by  several  gradations  to  the  most  horrid  im- 
piety. 

2.  A  degree  in  any  order  or  series  ;  we  observe  s 
grtulation  in  the  scale  of  being,  from  brute  lo  moOi 
from  man  to  angels. 

3.  Order  ;  series  ;  regular  prni>-ss  by  degrees  tBC 
steps  ;  as,  a  gradation  in  argument  or  description. ' 

4.  In  painting,  the  gradual  blending  of  one  tint 
with  anotiier.  "        Brande. 

5.  In  music,  a  diatonic  ascending  or  descending 
succession  of  chords.  Brande^ 

GRA-Da'TION-AL,  a.    According  lo  gradation. 

Lazerenee. 

GRA-Da'TION-JED,  a.    Formed  by  gradiiliim. 

JVcw  Jin.  Reg. 

GRAD'A-TO-RY,  a.    Proceeding  step  by  step.  Seward. 

GRAD'A-TO-RY,  n.    Steps  from  tJie  cloisters  into  the 
church.  ^insworth. 

GRADE,  n.  [Fr.  grade;  Sp.  and  It.  grwlo ;  Part, 
grao  ;  from  L.  gradus,  a  step  ;  gradior,  to  step,  to  go ; 
G.  grad ;  I),  grand;  Dan.  and  Sw.  grad,  a  step  or 
degree  ;  W.  grhz,  a  step,  degree,  rnnk,  from  rAdr, a 
going  forward  or  advance,  Arm.  radd.  It  maybe 
from  a  common  root  with  \V.  rluiwd,  way,  course, 
route  ;  rhodiaw,  to  walk  abuiit ;  rhod,  a  wh<'el,  L.  rota. 
We  observe  by  the  Welsli  that  the  first  letter  ^isa 
prefix,  and  the  root  of  the  word  then  is  Rd.  Wo  ob- 
serve fnrllier,  that  the  L.  gradior  forms  gressuSf  by  a 
common  change  of  rf  to  s,  or  lus  it  is  in  VVelsh  :,  [th.] 
Now,  if  ff  is  a  prefix,  then  gressus  [ressus]  coincidefl  t 
with  the  Sw.  resa,  Dan.  rrjscr,  G.  rviscn,  I>.  rri:cn,lO. 
go,  to  travel,  to  journey;  D.  rcis,  a  journey,  or. 
voyage.  In  Sw.  and  Dan.  the  verba  signify  not  only  !j 
to  travel,  but  to  raise.  \Vh<^ther  the  latter  word,' 
raise,  is  of  the  same  family,  may  be  doubtful ;  biil^ 
the  others  appear  lo  belong  to  one  radi.x,  coinciding' 

with  the  Syr.  (»  radah,  to  go,  to  walk ;  Ch.  mi,  loi 


t 


TE^FXR^LL,  WHAT.- METE,  PREY. -PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.- 


NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQOK 


5H 


OR  A 

Open,  extend,  flo\r,  instruct ;  Heb.  to  descend.    A 

stepj  ihvii,  is  a  stretch,  a  reach  of  tJie  foot.    Class  Rd, 
No.  J,:J,afi.] 

1.  A  dosfL-e  or  rani  in  order  or  dignity,  civil,  mili- 
tary, or  ecclesiastical. 

Sir  W.  &on.    J.  M.  JUasou.     TTaUh. 
While  quesuaiis,  periods,  aiid  gradst,  and  priviJegTs  are  never 
once  furmiUiy  tlisctis^.  iS.  MiUer. 

2.  A  Step  or  degree  in  any  ascending  series ;  as, 
crimes  of  every  grade. 

Whfn  we  come  lo  exajiiine  the  ititermcdJ^ite  grades. 

i'.  i'.  SmiOi. 

3.  A  degree  of  ascent  or  descent  in  a  road. 

U.  States. 
GRaDE,  r.  L    To  reduce  the  line  of  a  canal  or  road 
to  such  levels,  or  degrees  of  inclination,  as  prepare 
it  for  being  used.  U.  Suites. 

GRaD'ED,  pp.    Reduced  to  a  proper  degree  of  ascent. 
GRADE  LY,  a.     Decent;  orderly.     [Local.] 
GRaDE^LY,  adv.    Decently  ;  orderly.     [Local.] 
GRa'DI-E.VT,  a.     [L.  gradieits,  gradior.] 

1.  Moving  by  ste|js ;  walking  ;  as,  gradient  au- 
tomata. Wilkins. 

2.  Rising  or  descending  by  regular  degrees  of  in- 
clination ;  as,  the  arodienx  line  of  a  railroad. 

GRa'DI-EXT,  n.  The  degree  of  ascent  or  descent  in 
a  railroad.  England. 

GRAD'i.NG,  ppr.  Reducing  to  a  proper  degree  of 
ascent. 

GRaD'IXG,  71.  The  act  of  reducing  the  line  of  a 
canal  or  ruad  to  such  levels  or  degrees  of  inclination, 
as  prepare  it  for  bemg  used.  U.  Stales. 

GRAD'CJ-AL,  (grad'yu-al,)  a.  [Ft.  gradudj  from 
grade.] 

1.  Proceeding  by  steps  or  degrees;  advancing  step 
by  step  ;  passing  from  one  step  to  another  ;  regular 
and  slow;  as,  a  gradual  increase  of  knowledge  ;  a 
gradual  increase  of  light  m  the  morning  is  favorable 
to  the  L-yes. 

2.  Proceeding  by  degrees  in  a  descending  line  or 
progress  ;  as,  a  gradual  decline. 

GR.VD'  L'-AL,  n.    An  order  of  steps.  Dryden. 

2.  A  grail ;  an  ancient  book  of  hymns  and  prayers, 
so  called  because  some  of  the  anthems  were  chant- 
ed on  the  steps  (oroiiw)  of  the  pulpit.  Houk. 
GRAD-U-AL'1-TY,  n.      Regular  progression.      [JVu( 

used.]  Brown. 

GRAD'U-AL-LY,  adv.    By  degrees  ;  step  by  step ;  reg- 
ularly ;  slowly.    At  evening,  the  light  vanishes  grad- 
2.  In  degree.     [J^ot  used.]  [uallij. 

Human  reason  iIoiJi  not  ouly  gradually,  but  specifically  dillVr 
from  ihe  LtiiU^dc  reason  of  brutes.  Grew, 

GRA1)'U-aTE,  (grad'yu-ate,)  o.  t.  [It.  gradaare;  Sp. 
graduar ;  Fr.  grailuer ;  from  L.  gradiiSj  a  degree.] 

1.  To  honor  with  a  degree  or  diploma,  in  a  college 
or  university  ;  to  confer  a  degree  on  ;  as,  to  graduate 
a  master  of  arts.  Carew.     Wotton. 

2.  To  divide  any  space  into  small,  regular  inter- 
vals. Thus  the  limb  of  a  circular  instrument  is  grad- 
tiated  into  degrees  and  minutes ;  a  barometer  is  grad- 
uated into  inches  and  parts  of  an  inch.         Olinslcd. 

3.  To  form  shades  or  nice  differences. 

4.  To  raise  to  a  higlier  place  in  the  scale  of  met- 
als. Boijle. 

5.  To  advance  by  degrees  ;  to  improve. 

Dyers  id7dnce  and  graduau  their  colora  with  sdts.      Brovm. 

6.  To  temper;  to  prepare. 

Dlaeases  originating  jo  the  atmosphere  act  exclusively  on  bodies 
gradiMiled  to  receive  their  impressions.  Med.  Hepos, 

7.  To  mark  degrees  or  differences  of  any  kind ;  as, 
to  graduate  punishment.  Dapoitceau. 

o.  In  chemistry^  to  bring  fluids  to  a  certain  degree 
of  consistency. 

GRAD'U-aTE,  t.  i.  To  receive  a  degree  iVom  a  col- 
lege or  university. 

2,  To  pass  by  degrees  ;  to  change  gradually.  Sand- 
stone which  graduates  into  gneiss.  Carneiian  some- 
times gradiiafcs  into  quartz.  Kinoan. 

GRAD'U-ATE,  n.  One  who  has  received  a  degree  in 
a  college  ur  university,  or  from  some  professional  in- 
corpi.raled  s^tciety, 

3RAD'U-A-TED,  pp.  or  a.  Honored  with  a  degree  or 
diploma  from  some  learned  society  or  college. 

a.  .Marked  with  degrees  or  regular  intervals  j  tem- 
pered, 

pRAD'U-ATE-SHIP,  n     The  state  of  a  graduate. 

Milton. 
RADII- a-TING,   ppr.     Honoring  with  a  degree; 
marking  with  degrees. 

RAD-U-A'TION,  n.  Regular  progression  by  succes- 
sion of  degrees. 

2.  Improvement ;  exaltation  of  qualities.  Brown. 

3.  The  act  of  conferring  or  receiving  academical 
degree-f.  C'laHer  of  Dartmouth  Colleirc. 

4.  A  division  of  any  space  into  small  regular  inter- 
vals -,  as,  the  gruduaUon  of  a  barometer  or  thermom- 
eter. 

5.  The  proce>s  of  bringing  a  liquid  to  a  certain  con- 
sisi*;nrt:  by  evaporation.  Parke. 
RAD'U-A-TOR,  n.    An  instrument  for  dividing  any 
line,  right  or  curve,  into  small,  regular  intervals. 

Joum.  of  SciencS. 


GRA 

GRa'DUS,  n.     [L.l     A  dictionary  of  prosody. 

GRAFF,  H.     [See  Grave.]     \  ditch  or  moat. 

GRA F F,^ for  G ra fi-.     [ Obs. ]  [ Clarcnd(m . 

GRAF'FER,  n.  In /arc,  a  notary  or  scrivener.  Baucicr. 

GRAFT,  11.  [Fr.  grej^ci  Arm.  id.;  Ir.  grafchur ;  D. 
grij'el;  from  the  root  of  grarc,  atgrave,  Gr.  y/iaif/uiy 
L.  scribo,  tlie  sense  of  which  is  lo  scrape  or  to  dig. 
In  Scot,  fraif  signifies  to  bury,  to  inter.  The  sense 
of  o-ra/i  IS  that  which  is  inserted.    See  Grave.] 

A  small  shoot  or  cion  of  a  tree  inserted  in  another 
tree,  as  the  stock  which  is  to  support  and  nourish  it. 
These  unite  and  become  one  tree,  but  the  graft  de- 
termines the  kind  of  fruit. 

GRAFT,  V.  t.     [Fr.  greffer.] 

1.  To  insert  a  cion  or  shoot,  or  a  small  cutting  of 
it,  into  anotljer  tree.  Dryden. 

9.  To  propagate  by  insertion  or  inoculation.  Dryden. 

3.  To  insert  in  a  body  to  which  it  did  not  originally 
belonir.    Rom.  xi.  17. 

4.  To  impregnate  with  a  foreign  branch.      ShaJi. 

5.  To  join  one  thing  to  another  so  as  to  receive 
support  from  it. 

And  grafl  my  love  tmmortai  on  thy  fame.  Pope. 

GRAFT,  V.  i.  To  practice  the  insertion  of  foreign  cions 
on  a  stock. 

GRXFT'ED,  pp.  or  a.    Inserted  on  a  foreign  stock. 

GRAFT'ER,  n.  One  who  inserts  cions  on  foreign 
stocks,  or  propagates  fruit  by  ingrafting. 

GRAFT'ING,  ppr.    Inserting  cioui  on  different  stocks. 
J^ote.  —  The  true  origined  orthograpliy  of  this  word 
is  Graff  ;   but  Graft  has  superseded  the  original 
word,  as  it  has  in  the  compound  Ingraft. 

GRAFT'ING,  71.    The  act  of  inserting  grails  or  cions. 

GRaIL,  n.     [L.  gradaale.] 

A  book  of  offices  in  the  Roman  Catholic  church ;  a 
gradual.  Wartoiu 

GRAIL,  71.     [Fr  grele,h:x\\.] 

_SmaH  particles  of  any  kind.  Spenser. 

GRAIN,  n.  [Fr.  grain  ;  L.  granum ;  Sp.  and  It.  gra- 
no  i  G.  gran;  D.  graan:  Ir.  gran,  corn;  W.  graun^ 
graenj  ^oJiyn,  a  little  pebble  or  gravel-stone,  Ir. 
grean.  Arm.  gnian,  which  seems  to  be  the  Eng. 
ground  ;  Russ.  gran,  grain,  and  a  comers  a  boundary. 
In  Scot,  grain  is  the  branch  of  a  tree,  tlie  stem  or 
stalk  of  a  plant,  the  branch  of  a  river,  the  prong  of  a 
fork.  In  Sw.  gnjn  is  grain  ;  grann^  fine  ;  grcn^  a 
branch  ;  and  grdns^  boundarj'.  Dan.  gran^  a  grain, 
a  pine-tree ;  grand^  a  grain,  an  atom  ;  green,  a  branch, 
a  sprig;  grandse,  a  boundary;  G.  ^an,  D.  gi-aan, 
grain  ;  G.  granze,  D.  grens,  a  border.] 

1.  Any  small,  hard  masa ;  as,  a  grain  of  sand  or 
gravel.    Hence, 

2.  A  single  seed  or  hard  seed  of  a  plant,  particu- 
larly of  those  kinds  whose  seeds  are  used  for  food  of 
man  or  beast.  This  is  usually  inclosed  in  a  proper 
shell,  or  covered  with  a  Imsk,  and  contains  the  cm- 
br>o  of  a  new  plant.     Hence, 

3.  Orain,  without  a  definitive,  signifies  corn  in 
general,  or  the  fruit  of  certain  plants  which  consti- 
tutes the  chief  food  of  man  and  beast,  as  wheat,  rye, 
barley,  oats,  and  maize. 

4.  A  minute  particle. 

5.  A  small  weight,  or  the  smallest  weight  ordina- 
rily used,  being  the  twentieth  part  of  a  scruple,  in 
apothecaries'  weight,  and  the  twenty-fourth  of  a  pen- 
nyweight troy. 

6.  A  component  part  of  stones  and  metals. 

7.  The  veins  or  fibers  of  wood,  or  other  fibrous 
substance  ;  the  direction  of  the  fibers  ;  whence,  cross- 
grained,  ami  against  the  grain^  used  figuratively  to 
denote,  nsainst  the  natural  temper  or  feelings.  fSee 
No.  13.] 

8.  The  body  or  substance  of  wood  as  modified  by 
the  fibers. 

H:ini  tnjx,  and  linden  of  a  softer  grain.  Dryden. 

9.  A  rough  or  fibrous  texture  on  the  outside  of  the 
skin  of  animals. 

10.  The  boiiy  or  substance  of  a  thing,  considered 
with  respect  to  the  size,  form,  or  clirection,  u^  the 
constituent  particles ;  as,  stones  of  a  fine  grain. 

Woodieard. 
Tiic  toolb  of  a  aea-boree  coDloius  a  curdled  grmn.      Brovn. 

11.  Any  thing  proverbially  small  ;  a  very  small 
particle  or  portion  j  as,  a  grinji  of  wit  or  of  common 
sense. 

Xeglect  not  to  make  uje  of  any  grain  of  gnuzc.    Hammond. 

12.  Dye  or  tincture. 

All  iu  a  robe  of  darkest  grain.  it^ton. 

13.  The  heart  or  temper;  as,  brothers  noi  united 
in  grain.  Hayaard. 

14.  The  form  of  the  surface  of  any  thing,  with  re- 
spect til  smoothness  or  roughness  ;  state  of  the  grit 
of  any  body  composed  of  grains  ;  as,  sandstone  of  a 
fine  grain. 

15.  A  tine,  prong,  or  spike.  Ray. 

A  grain  of  allowance;  a  small  allowance  or  indul- 
gence ;  a  small  portion  to  be  remitted ;  something 
above  or  below  just  weight.  Watts. 

To  dye  in  grain,  is  to  dye  in  the  raw  material,  as 
wool  or  silk  before  it  is  nKinufnriured. 
GRAIN,  V.  I.     To  yield  fruit.     [Obs.]  Gower. 

GRAIN  or  GRaNE,  for  Groa.-c.     [JVol  in  use.] 


GRA 


GRAIN,  r.  (.    To  paint  in  imitation  of  llic  grain  of 

wood. 
2.  To  fiirm  into  grains,  aw  jiowdfr. 
GRAIN'i;i>,  a.    Rough  ;  made  less  smooth.       SAci. 
2.  Dyed  in  grain  ;  ingrained.  Brown. 

GRAIN'EU,  (grand,)  ;7p,  or  a.    Painted  in  imitation  of 

the  grain  or  fibers  of  wood  ;  formed  into  grains  ; 

roughened. 
GRAIN'ER,  n.  A  lixivium  obtained  by  infusing  pigeon's 

dung  in  water,  used  by  tanners  to  give  Heiibilily  to 

skins.  i/re. 

2.  One  who  paints  in  imil.-i:.^;i  of  the  grain  of 

wood. 
GRaIN'ING,  n.    Indentation.  Leake. 

2.  A  fish  of  the  dace  kind.  Diet.  JVat.  Hut. 

GRAIN'IN(;,  ppr.    Piiinting  iu  imitation  of  the  grain 

nf  wood  ;  forming  into  grains. 
GRaIN'ING,  n.     A  kind  of  painting  in  imitation  of 

the  grain  or  fibers  of  wood. 
GRAIN'-MO'I'H,  n.    An  insect  whose  larves,  or  grub?, 

devoui  grain  in  tlie  storehouse. 
GRAINS,  71,  pi.    The  husks  nr  remains  of  malt  after 

brewing,  or  of  any  grain  after  distillation. 

Orains  of  paradise ;  a  very  piin<;cut  Indian  spice, 

the  seeds  of  a  species  of  Amomutu, 
GRaIxV'-STAFF,  71.  A  quarter-staff. 
GRAIN'Y,  a.    Full  of  grains  or  corn  ;  full  of  kernels. 

Johnson. 
GRaITH,  v.  t.  To  prepare.  [See  Greith  and  Readv.] 
GRAL'L^,  n.  pi.    [L.]     Wading-birds.     [See  Gbal- 

Lic] 

GRAL'L.\-TO-RY,       )        .y  »  .  i 

GR.\L-LA-T(5'RI-AL,  r*     i^- ffraUaU^tus.] 

A  term  denoting  birds  which  are  waders,  having 
long,  naked  legs. 
GRAL'LIG,  a.     [L.  gralla,  stilts,  crutches.! 

Stilted  ;  an  epithet  given  to  an  order  of  birds  hav- 
ing long  legs,  naked  above  the  knees,  which  fit  Ibem 
for  wading  in  water. 
GRAM,  a.     [Sax.  gram  ;  Sw.  gram  angry ;  Dan.  gram^ 
envious,  grudging.] 
Angry.     [Obs.] 

I  n.  [Fr.  gramme,  from  Gr.  yoii/ifia,  whence 


yiianfiixpiov  the  twenty-fourth  part  of 


GRAM, 

GR^iJiLME,  I 
an  ounce.] 

In  t/tc  new  system  o/  French  weights,  the  unity  of 
weights.  It  is  the  weight  of  a  qmintilv  of  distilled 
water  equal  to  a  cubic  centimetre,  or  18  grains 
Tu  o'u  ij  ^''^"*^'*)  ^'^  *^"-  poids  de  marc,  equal  to  15.434 
grains  troy,  or  y^/^^j  dram  avoirdupois.      Luuier. 

[It  would  be  desirable  to  Iiavc  titis  word  Gram  anrrli- 
ciied.] 
GRAM^-V-RYE,  n.    Tlie  art  of  necromancv. 

IValtcr  Scoti. 
GRA-JIER'CY,   [for  Fr.  grand-merci,  great  thanks.] 
An  interjection  formerly  used  to  express  thankful- 
ness, with  surprise.  Spenser. 
GRA-.MIN'E-AL,     (  a.     [L.  gramiReus,  from  gramcn, 
GRA-MIN'E-OUS,  j      grass.] 

Grassy  ;  like  or  pertaining  to  grass.  Gramineous 
plants  are  those  which  have  simple  leaves,  a  jointed 
stem,  a  husky  calyx,  termed  glame^zwd  a  single  seed. 
This  description,  however,  includes  several  sorts  of 
corn,  as  well  as  erass.  JUilne. 

GRA.M-IN-I-Fo'U-OUS,  a.  Bearing  leaves  like  grass. 
GRAM-IN-IV'0-ROUS,   a.     [L.   gramen,  grass,   and 
voro,  to  eat.] 

Feeding  or  subsisting  on  grass.  The  ox  and  all 
the  bovine  genus  of  quadrupeds  are  graminivorous 
animals;  so  also  the  horse  or  equine  gonits. 
GRAM'.M.\R,  71.  [Fr.  graminaire :  h.  grainmat:ca  :  Gr. 
ypapiiartKrif  from  ypapfia,  a  letter,  from  ) cu^to,  tc 
write.     See  Grave.] 

1.  In  practice,  the  art  of  speaking  or  writing  a  lan- 
guage with  propriety  or  correctness,  according  to  es- 
tablished usage. 

As  a  science,  grammar  treats  of  the  natural  connec- 
tion between  ideas  and  words,  and  develops  liie  prin- 
ciples which  are  common  to  all  languages. 

9.  A  system  of  general  principles  ami  of  particular 
rules  for  speaking  or  writing  a  laognagf^;  or  a  dige^^t- 
cd  compilation  of  customar>'  forms  of  spee^:h  in  a 
nation ;  also,  a  book  containing  such  principles  and 
rules. 

3.  Propriety  of  speech.  To  write  grarntaar,  we 
must  write  according  to  the  practice  of  good  writers 
and  s[)eakers. 

[''  Qramvtar  is  a  term  borrowed  from  the  Greek, 
and  used  with  little  variation  by  the  Latins,  French, 
English,  &.C. ;  but  the  Wclsli  are  under  no  necessity 
of  borrowing  from  others,  while  tiiey  have  so  signiii- 
cant  a  term  of  their  own  as  Uiit.hyreg." 

The  Rev.  John  IFaiters^s  Diss,  on  the  Wchh  Lan-    \ 
guage,  Cowbridge,  1771,  tivo.  p.  32.  —  E.  II.  U.j 
GRAM'MAR,  v.  i.  To  discourse  according  to  the  rules 

of  grammar.     [06^-.] 
GRAM'MAR,  fl.     Belonging  to  or  contained  in  gram- 
mar ;  as,  a  grammar  rule. 
GRAM'MAR-l^ESS,  a.    Destitute  of  grammar. 
GRAM'MAR-c^eilOOL,  h.      A  school   m   which  ilie 
learned  languages  are  taught.    By  learned  languages 
we  usually  mean  the  l^atm  and  Greek;  but  others 
may  be  includud. 


Tone,  BJJLL,  unite AN"0ER,  VI"CI0US e  as  Kj  d  ns  J;  «  aa  Z;  ClI  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


GRA 


GKAM-MA'RI-AN,  n.    One  vcrs<*il  in  cmininar,  or  the 
cnu*tnirtiun  ul"  lanciiaced  ;  a  phllulouist. 
a.  Our  whn  tcacbc!(  gruniniar. 

ORAMMATie,         ia.     [Fr.]     Bcloiiginj:  to  Rnim- 

URAM-MAT'IC-AIm  i      mar;  oh,  a  frrammntical  rule. 
a.  Acci>rdine  to  llie  ruloa  of  cramniar.    Wo  say,  a 
MhU'uce  b  aul  ^rammatuat ;  llttf  cun^tructiun  is  nut 
framnmtieal. 

GIIAM-MAT'IC-AULV,  adr.  AccordiiiR  to  the  prin- 
ciples and  rute<i  of  gruniniar ;  an,  to  writu  or  sjitrak 
rrammatiealiu. 

CRAM-MAT'ie-AI^NE?.^,  n.  Quality  of  being  gram- 
niaiical,  or  acconlinc  to  tliu  nilt-s  u(  cniiniiiar. 

GRAM-MAT'lt^Atf-TKR,  «.  [I^]  A  low  (iramnm- 
rian ;  a  prclonitcr  to  a  kiiowleugu  of  gnniiiiiir;  a 
pedant.  Peuy. 

GHAM-MAT'l-CIZE,  r.  I.    To  render  grammatical. 

Johnson. 

GRAMMAT'I  CTZ-£D,  pp.    RtMuIcrcd  (inunmatical. 

GRAM'MA-TIST,  n.  A  pn-tender  to  a  knowledge  of 
grammar.  Jf.  Tooke. 

CRAM'MA-TITE.    Sec  Tbkmolitk. 

ORjiMME.     Svti  Grau. 

GRAM'PLK,  n.    A  crab-fiah. 

GR.\.M'PUS,  n.  [Fr.  {,'^mpoise;  grandpoisson,  con- 
traclfd.     Sptlinan.^ 

A  ti'*h  of  the  o'tiiri-'oiis  order,  and  genus  Detphlniis. 
Thw  fish  prow.s  tn  the  lenjiih  of  tweiity-rive  ft-et,  and 
la  remurkably  tlWck  in  pruporlion  to  il!i  length.  The 
nos«  Li  llat/and  turns  up  at  the  end.  It  li.is  thirty 
te«th  in  each  jaw.  The  sjHiut-holt;  is  on  the  tup  of 
the  neck.  The  culor  of  the  back  is  black  ;  the  belly 
b  of  a  snowy  whiteness ;  and  on  each  shoulder  is  a 
large  white  spot.  This  fish  is  remarkably  vora- 
cious. 

GRA-NADE',  GRA-XA'DO.     Pee  Grenade. 

GRA.\-A-I)IL'LA,  n.  [Sp.]  \  plant ;  the  fruit  of  the 
PassiJUira  fjuadraufpttarii,  which  is  sometimes  as  large 
as  a  child's  head,  and  is  much  esteemed  in  tropical 
Countries  an  a  pleasant  dessert  I'ruiL  P.  Cijc. 

GR.\N*'A-RY,  11.  [L.  frranariumj  from  ffranum,  grain  ; 
Fr.  frenirr.] 

A  storehouse  or  repository  of  grain  after  it  is 
tbrnshed  ;  a  corn-house. 

GR.VN'ATK,  H.     equally  written  Garnet,  which  see. 

GHA-VA-TITK.    l^t-e  Gbenatite. 

GRAND,  a.  [Fr.  irrand  ;  tf j).  and  It.  -rrandt ;  L.  f.-.m- 
dis;  Norm,  grant.  If  »  i^  casual,  this  word  coincides 
with  f^rfat.  But  most  probably  it  behnigs  to  the  class 
Rn.  The  .tense  is,  to  extend,  to  advance  ;  hence  it 
■ienttk:^,  old,  advanced  in  age,  as  well  as  great.] 

1.  Great;  but  mostlij  in  a  fig-uratice  sense;  ilhistri- 
iui*  ;  hijli  in  |)ower  or  dignity  ^  as,  a  grand  lord. 

2.  Great ;  spK-ndid  ;  magnificent ;  as,  a  arand  de- 
■ign  ;  a  grand  parade  ;  a  grand  view  or  prospect. 

JL  Great ;  priiici[)al ;  chief;  as,  "  Satan,  our  grand 
foe."  Mdton. 

4.  Noble;  sublime;  lofty;  Cfmccived  or  expressed 
with  great  dignity  ;  as,  a  grand  conception. 

In  pencr.il,  wc  apply  the  epithet  grand  to  that 
which  is  great  and  elevated,  or  which  elevates  and 
expands  our  ideas.  The  ocean,  the  sky,  a  loiYy  tow- 
er, are  grand  objects.  Hut  to  constitute  'a  thin-/  grand, 
it  lieems  necessarj-  that  it  should  be  distinguisired  by 
•ome  degree  of  beauty.  FJem.  of  Criticism, 

5.  Old  ;  more  advanced  ;  as  In  grand/atJicr,  graml- 
nolAfr,  that  is,  old-father ;  and  to  correspond  with 
this  relation  we  use  grandson,  granddaagkicr,  grand- 
child. 

GRA.\'D.\M,  n.    [grand  znd  dame.]    Grandmother. 

ShaJ:, 

0.  An  old  woman,  Dnjden. 
'.i: AND'CIIILD,  n.    A  son's  or  daughter's  child:  a 

child  in  the  second  degree  of  descent. 
GRA\D'I)AUGn-TFR,(^aw-ter,)  n.    The  daughter 

ot  a  sun  or  daughter. 
GRAN-DEE',  n.     [Sp.  grande.] 

A  nobleman  ;  a  man  of  elevated  rank  or  station. 

In  Spam,  a  nobleman  of  the  first  rank,  who  has  the 

<;i;  \\D'f;sT,  a.    m,>ji  (mnd. 

'.l;A.M)'Ki:it,  (jrand'yur,)  n.    [Fr.,  frora^<.«i] 

1.  in  u  ffjtfroJ  ,c,ue,  creatiifsa;  that  quality,  or 
eoiiibinalion  of  quahtic..,  in  an  cl.jccl,  whicli  clcvites 
or  cip-ind..  the  n.in,l,  ami  i-wit..s  plcasnrablu  cnio- 
lion«  in  him  uh..  vien-»  or  contemplates  it.  U'lius 
the  Client  and  unifonnily  of  surface  in  the  ocean 
con.rt|lul..  irraxdiur  :  as  do  the  ixteni,  the  elevation 
«nd  Ihe  concave  ap|«:araiice  ur  vault  of  the  sky.  So 
we  »peak  of  the  .n-un/Zcur  of  a  larce  and  wcll-uropor- 
lioned  edilice,  of  an  extensive  miiEc  of  lofty  i„oun- 
tain..,  of  a  large  cataract,  of  a  pyniniid,  &c 

a.  Splendor  of  appearance;  state;  inaBnificence  ; 
M,  the  srandeiir  of  a  court,  of  a  procession,  &c 

i.  Klevalion  of  IhraiRlit,  sentiment,  or  expression. 
We  speak  of  the  grandtur  of  conceptions,  and  of 
«»v|e,  or  diction. 


Swinburne. 


GRA 

the  next  degree  above  the  father  or  mother  in  lineal 
ascent. 

GH.\N-DIP'ie,  a.    Making  great. 

(;U.\N1)II.'<)-UI.S.\CE,  II.  Lofiy  speaking;  lofty 
expressions.  .'Ijre. 

GK.\.\-UlI.'0-i;UEXT,  a.     [L.  grandiUj,jaem.j 
I'oiiipoiis ;  bombastic. 

GR.A.N-DIL'O-auOUS,  a.     [L.  graMliloquus  :  g-ramhs 
and  loquor,  to  speak.] 
Speaking  in  a  lofty  style. 

GRAi\'DI-NOUS,  a.    [h.  pandu.] 

Consisting  uf  hail.  Diet. 

GRAND^I-TV ,  II.  Grealnesj  ;  magnificence.  [JVut 
ii.vr(/.]  Camden. 

GU.-\Nl)-J0'UOR,  11.  Oncof  a  grand  jury.  In  Con- 
necticut^ an  iiiforminij  ollicer. 

GK.^XD-JO'RV,  H.  [ifrand  ^ni\  jnry.^  A  jury  whose 
duty  is  to  examine  into  the  grounds  of  accusation 
against  ollcnders,  and,  if  they  .see  just  cause,  tlicn  to 
tiiid  hills  of  indictment  against  tliein,  to  be  presented 
to  the  court. 

GRAND'LY,  adt\  In  a  lofty  manner;  s])leiididly ; 
sublimely. 

GRA.ND'MoTir-EU,  (-nmth-er,)  n.  The  mother  of 
oin  N  fiitli.i  nr  mother. 

GR.A.NU  .N'Kl'll'EVV,  n.  The  grandson  of  a  brother  or 
sister. 

GR.-V.ND'NESS,  71.  (Jrandeur;  greatness  with  beauty  ; 
magnificence.  IVoUaston. 

GRA.VD'iNYECE,  (-iiecs,)  n.  The  gr.anddaiiglitcr  of  a. 
brother  ur  sister. 

CRANO-.siiIG.\'[OR,  (-soen'yur,)  ii.  The  sovereign 
or  sultan  of  Turkey. 

GRAND'.SIRE,  ii.     A  grandfather. 

2.  In  poetry  and  rkcturic,  any  ancestor. 

Drvdcn,     Pope. 

GRAND'SON,  (-sun,)  ii.  The  son  of  a"son  or  daugh- 
ter. 

CR.\ND-VIZ'IER,  (-vizh'yer,)  ii.  The  chief  minister 
of  the  Turkish  empire ;  the  same  as  Vi/.ier. 

GR.\N(5E,  (grunje,)  n.  [Fr.  <rranse,  a  barn  ;  ftranrrier^ 
a  farmer ;  Sp.  irranirear,  to  cultivate ;  trrangcro,  a 
fanner;  Ir.  irrainscack,  a  grange;  Scot,  fp-anire,  Ihs 
buildings  belonging  to  a  corn-farin,  originally  a  place 
where  the  rents  and  tithes,  paid  in  grain  to  religious 
houses,  were  deposited  ;  from  tp-anum,  tp-ain.] 
A  farm,  with  the  buildings,  stables,  &:c. 

Milton.     Skak. 

GRA-NIP'ER-OUS,  a.     [L.  ^anum,  grain,  and  fero, 
to  bear.] 
Bearing  seeds  like  grains.  Humble. 

GRAN'I-FORM,  a.    Formed  like  grains  of  corn. 

Loudon. 

GR.4N'I-LITE,  ji.  [See  GRisiTE.]  Indeterminate 
granite ;  granite  that  contains  more  than  three  con- 
stituent parts.     [Ohs.]  Kirtcan. 

GR.'VN'ITE,  (gran'it,)  n.  [Fr.  ^-iinii ;  It.  gramto, 
grained.] 

In  gculojpj,  an  aggregate  rock,  composed  of  the 
minerals  quartz,  feldspar,  and  mica,  or  at  least  of  two 
of  these  minerals,  confusedly  crystallized  together. 
The  texture  is  more  or  less  finely  granular.  The 
grains  vary  in  size  from  that  of  a  pin's  head  to  a 
mass  of  two  or  three  feet ;  but  usually  the  largest 
size  is  that  of  a  nut.  The  color  of  granite  is  greatly 
diversified  by  the  dirt'erent  colors  and  proportions  o'f 
the  component  parts,  and  in  general  these  stones  are 
very  hard.  The  most  common  colors  are  gray,  gray- 
ish-white, and  flesh-red.     Diet.  JVa!.  Hist.     Kiricun. 

GRAN'I-TEL,  n.  [dim.  of  granite.]  A  binary  aggre- 
gate of  minerals ;  a  granitic  compound  containing 
two  constituent  parts,  as  quartz  and  feldsp.'tr,  or 
quartz  and  shorl  or  hornblend.     [Obs.]     Kirwan. 

Italian  workmen  give  this  name  to  a  variety  of  gray 
granite  consisting  of  small  grains.  Diet.  JVo(.  Wst. 

GUA-NIT'ie,  a.     Pertaining  to  granite  ;  like  granite  ; 
having  the  nature  of  granite  ;  as,  granitic  te.xturo. 
a.  Consisting  of  granite  ;  as,  granitic  mountains. 

GRA-NIT-I-Fl-e.\'TIO.\,  n.  The  art  or  process  of  be- 
ing formed  into  granite.  Humble. 

GR.'\-i\lT'I-FOIliM,  a.    Resembling  granite  in  struct- 

„ '"■"  V  sli^Pe.  Humble. 

GRAN'I-TIN,  71.  An  aggregate  of  three  species  of 
minerals,  some  of  which  ditfer  from  the  species 
which  compose  granite,  as  quartz,  feldspar,  and 
jade  or  shorl.     [Obs.]  Kirwan. 

GR/VN'I-TOID,  a.    Resembling  granite. 

GRA-MV"0-ROU.S,  a.  [L.  o'raiiiira,  grain,  and  roi'o, 
to  eat.]  >  o        I  I 

Ealing  grain  ;  feeding  or  subsisting  on  seeds  ;  as, 
granivorojui  birds  Brown 

SS')5'-',56'*'' !  "•     [FotGrasdam.]     a  grandmotli'er. 

r    iVT^',    i.f *'"'"'"■•]  B.Jonsou. 

I.KAA  1 , 1-.  (.  [Norm,  granter,  to  grant,  to  promise,  or 
agree.  I  have  not  found  this  word  in  any  other  lan- 
guage. I'crhaps  ii  is  not  radical,  fur  in  some  ancient 
charters  It  is  written  grat.  "  Oratamus  el  coneedi- 
mus."     Spdman.] 

1.  To  admit  as  true  what  is  not  proved  ;  to  allow  ; 
to  yield  ;  to  concede.  We  take  that  for  granted  which 
13  supposed  to  be  true. 

Cronr  Uial  Uic  liio,  have  firmed  by  ihcir  decree.        Dryden. 

-•  '''°  ?'""  i  'o  bestow  or  confer  on  without  com 


Gil  A 

pensatioU)  particularly  in  answer  lo  prayer  or  re- 
quest. 

'J'hou  hast  frrauUd  inc  lifi-  iiml  ftivor.  — Job  x. 

Gixt  granted  liiin  that  which  hi  requobii'd.  — 1  Chn.n.  iv. 

X  To  transfer  the  title  of  a  thing  to  another,  for  a 
gnod  or  valuable  consideratiDU  ;  to  convey  by  deed 
or  writing.  The  legislature  liave  granted  all  the  new 
land. 

Gram  me  the  place  J  lliis  thresliing-floor,  —  1  Chroii.  xxt. 

GRXNT,  71.  Tiie  act  of  gi-anting ;  a  bestowing  or  con- 
ferring.'. 

2.  The  thing  granted  or  bestowed  ;  a  gift  ;  a  boon. 

3.  In  law,  a  conveyance,  in  writing,  of  such  things 
as  can  not  pass  or  be  transferred  byword  only ,  as 
land,  rents,  reversions,  tithes,  &c. 

A  grant  is  uii  excculcil  coiitmcL  7..  Sieift. 

A.  Concession;  admission  of  something  as  true. 

Drijden 
5.  Tilt)  thing  conveyed  by  deed  or  patent. 

GRaNT'A-BLE,  a.  Thai  may  be  granted  or  con- 
veyed 

GR.\NT'£D,  pp.  Admitted  as  true  ;  conceded  ;  yield- 
ed ;  liestowed  ;  conveyed. 

GRANT-EE',  71.  The  person  to  whom  a  conveyance 
is  made. 

GRANT'ER,  n.    In  a  general  sense,  one  who  grants. 

GR\NT'1NG,  ppr.  or  a.  Admitting;  conreding;  be- 
PiuA'ing;  conveying. 

GRXNT'OR,  7).  In  law,  the  person  who  grants  ;  one 
who  convevs  land,  rents,  Sac. 

GRAN'U-LA'R,       ;  rr         t  ■     i 

GRAN'U-LA-RY,  i  °*     l-from  L.  granum,  gram.] 

L  Consisting  of  grains  ;  as,  a  granular  subslaiice. 
2.  Reseniltling  grains  ;  as,  a  stone  of  granuUtr  ap- 
pearance. 
GRAN'U-LAR-LY,  adv.     In  a  granular  form. 
GRAN'li-LATE,  r.  (.      [Fr.  granuler,   from   L.  gra- 
num.] 

1.  To  form  into  grains  or  small  masses ;  as,  to^ra«- 
ulate  powder  or  sugar. 

2.  To  raise  in  small  asperities  ;  to  make  rough  on 
the  surface.  Raii. 

GRAN'q-LATE,  v.  i.  To  collect  or  be  formed  into 
grains;  as,  canc-iuice  gramilalAS  into  suyar;  melted 
metals  granulate  when  poured  into  water. 

GRAX'l^-LATE,  a.    Having  numerous  small  eleva- 
tions, like  shagreen.  Brandt. 
2.  Consisting  of  or  resembling  grains. 

GRAN'U-La-TED,  pp.     Formed  into  grains. 

2.  a.  Consisting  of  grains ;  having  the  form  of 
grains. 

GRAN'I.I-La-TING,  ppr.    Forming  into  grains. 

GRAN-U-La'TION,yi.  The  act  of  forming  iiitograins; 
as,  tlie  granulation  of  powder  and  sugar.  The  gran- 
ulation of  metallic  substances  is  performed  by  jiour- 
ing  the  melted  substances  slowly  into  water,  usually 
through  a  colander  perforated  with  holes.         Urc. 

2.  In  phijsiotugy,  granulations  are  small,  grain-like 
protuberances,  which  form  on  the  surface  of  ulcers 
and  in  snppuiiUing  sores,  and  which  serve  to  fill  up 
the  cavil)  iiiid  unite  the  sides.  The  process  of  doing 
this  is  c;!!!:  (i  i>ni)uilatJon.  Tulhj. 

GRAN'ULE,  ;i.     [Sp.  granillo,  from  L.  granum.] 
A  little  grain  ;  a  small  particle. 

GRAiX'^-LOUS,  a.  Full  of  grains  ;  abounding  with 
granular  substances. 

GRaTE,  n.  [Tliis  word  is  from  the  root  of  grab,  gripe, 
and  signifies  primarily  a  cluster  or  bunch  ;  Fr.  grappe 
de  raiiin,  a  bunch  of  grapes;  W.  grab,  a  cluster,  a 
grape;  grabin,  a  clasping;  It.  grappa,  a  grappling; 
grappa,  a  cluster,  a  bunch  of  grapes.] 

1.  Properly,  a  cluster  of  tlu-  fruit  of  the  vine ;  but 
with  u.i,  a  single  berry  of  the  vine  ;  the  fiuit  from 
which  wine  is  made  by  expression  and  fermentation. 

2.  In  the  manege,  grapes  signities  mangy  tumors  on 
the  legs  of  a  horse. 

GRaPE'-H^'A-CINTH,  71.  A  plant  or  flower,  a  siw- 
cie.s  of  Ilvacinthus  or  Muscari. 

GRaPE'LESS,  a.  Wanting  the  strength  and  flavor  of 
tlie  grape.  Jentjns. 

GRaP'ER-V,  71.  A  building  or  inclosiire  used  fur  tlie 
rearing  of  grapes. 

GRaPE'-SHOT,  71.  A  cluster  of  small  shot,  confined 
in  a  canvas  bag,  forjning  a  kind  of  cylinder,  \vhose 
diameter  is  equal  to  that  of  the  bait  adapted  to  the 
cannon.  Brande. 

GRaPE'-SToNE,  71.    Tlie  stone  or  seed  of  the  grape. 

GRaPE'-ViNE,  n.     Tlie  vine  which  yields  Ihc  gra|)c. 

GRAPII'IC,  )  a.    [L.  graphicus ;  Gr.  ypa^iKui,  from 

GRAPII'IC-AL,  j      jpu^w,  to  write.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  art  of  writing  or  delineating. 

2.  Well  delineated.  Bacon. 

3.  Describing  with  accuracy. 
Ornphic  granite  ;  a  variety  of  granite,  composed  of 

feldspar  and  quartz  so  arranged  as  to  bear  a  remote 
resemblance  to  oriental  characters.  Dana. 

GRAFII'ie-AL-LY,  adv.    With  good  delineation  ;  m 

a  picturesque  manner.  Brown. 

GRAPH'ITE,  n.     [Gr.  ypa>l>(o,  to  write.] 

Carburet  of  iron,  a  substance  used  for  pencils, 
commonly  called  Black-lead,  or  Plumbago. 

Cicaveland. 


Fate,  far,  fall.  \VHAT.-METE,  PREY.-riNE,  M.UtlN-E,  niRD.-NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE.  WOLF.  BgpK.- 


5Ib 


GRA 

GRAPH'O-LlTE,  h.  [Supra.]  A  species  of  slate, 
proper  for  writing  on. 

GRAPH-OM^E-TEK,  ?u  [Gr.  yoa^io,  to  describe,  and 
pieTOfjy,  measure.] 

A  niatlieniatical  instrument,  called  also  a  semicircley 
whose  Use  is  to  observe  any  ancle  whose  vertex  is  at 
the  center  of  the  instrument  in  any  plane,  and  to  tin d 
how  manv  decrees  it  contains.  Encyc. 

GRAPH-O-MET'Rie-AL,  a.  Pertainins  to  or  ascer- 
tained by  a  graphoraeter. 

f  R  AP'XFr        } 

GRAP'LINE      "•     l^^'"*  S'f'^PP^'^-     ^*^^  Grapple.] 

A  small  anchor,  fitted  with  four  or  five  flukes  or 

claws,  used  to  hold  boats  or  small  vessels.    Tottm. 
GR.AP'PLE,   (grap'pl,)   v.  t.     [Golh.  (p-dpan^  lo  gTtpe  ; 

G.  ^reifcni    D.  g-njpen;    Dan.   grtbcr ;    Siv.    grabba, 

•rripa;    It.  grapparcj  W.  crapeaw.     See  Gbape  and 

Gripe-] 

1.  To  seize ;  to  lay  fust  hold  on,  either  with  the 
liands  or  with  hooks.  We  say,  a  man  grapples  his 
antaj^onist,  or  a  ship  grapples  another  ship. 

2.  To  fasten  ;  to  fix,  as  the  mind  or  heart.  [J^'ot 
in  use.]  Shak. 

GRAP'PLE,  r.  i.  To  seize  ;  to  contend  in  close  fight, 
as  wrestlers.  Jililton.    Addison. 

To  grapple  with ,"  to  contend  with ;  to  struggle 
against  with  boldness.  Shak. 

GRAP'PLE,  n.  A  seizing  j  close  hug  in  contest ;  the 
wrestler's  bold.  JWdton. 

2.  Close  fight.  Shalu 

3.  A  hook  or  iron  instrument  by  which  one  sliip 
fastens  on  another.  Drydni. 

GRAP'PLED,  pp.    Seized  ;  laid  fast  held  ori. 
GRAP'PLE-MENT,  71.    A  grappling;  close  fight  or 

embrace. 
GRAP'PL[.\G,  ppr.     Laying  fast  hold  on. 
GRAPPLING-I'ROXS,  n.  pi.     Irons  used  as  instru- 
ments of  grappling   and   holding  fast  a  vessel   or 
some  other  object. 
GRAP'TO-LITE,  71.    [Gr.  >  na-roq  and  XiOo;.] 

A  fossil  zoophyte,  having  the  appearance  of  writ- 
ing or  sculpture,  found  in  tlie  siltirian  shales. 

Bravdc. 
GRaP'Y,  a.    Like  grapes  ,:  full  of  clusters  of  grapes. 

Addison. 
2.  Made  of  grapes.  Qay. 

GRASP,  r.  t,     [It.  irraspare.] 

1.  To  seize  and  hold  by  clasping  or  embracing  with 
the  fingers  or  arms.  We  say,  to  grasp  with  the  hand, 
or  with  the  arms. 

2.  To  catch  ;  to  seize  ;  to  by  hold  of ;  to  take  pos- 
session of.  Kings  often  grasp  more  than  they  can 
hold. 

GRASP,  p.  I.    To  catch  or  seize  ;  to  gripe.    Drydcn. 

2.  To  struggle  ;  to  strive.     {Js'ot  in.  use."] 

3.  To  encroach.  Dnjden, 
To  grasp  at ;  to  catch  at ;  to  try  to  seize.    Alexan- 
der grasped  at  universal  empire. 

GRASP,  71.  The  gripe  or  seizure  of  the  hand.  This 
seems  to  be  its  proper  sense  ;  but  it  denotes  also  a 
seizure  by  embrace,  or  infolding  in  the  arms. 

2.  Possession ;  hold. 

3.  Reach  of  the  arms  ;  and  fignrativchj,  the  power 
of  seizing.  Bonaparte  seemed  to  think  he  had  the 
Russian  empire  within  his  grasp. 

GRASP'A-BLE,  a.    That  can  be  grasped. 

GRASP'£D,  (graspt,)  pp.  Seized  with  the  hands  or 
arms  ;  embrdced  ;  held  j  possessed. 

GR.\SP'ER,  Tj.  One  who  grasps  or  seizes  ;  one  who 
catches  at ;  one  who  holds. 

GRASP'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Seizing;  embracing;  catch- 
ing ;  holding. 

GRXSP'ING-LY,  adv.    In  an  eager,  grasping  manner. 

GRASS,  jj.  [Sax.  grasj  gccrs^  or  graid ;  Goth,  gras  ;  G. 
and  1).  gras  ,■  Sw.  griis  :  Dan.  grccs.  In  G.  rasen  is 
turf,  sod,  and  verrasen,  to  overgrow  with  grass ; 
hence,  g  may  be  a  prefix.     Grass  may  be  allied  to 

Gr.  «)  ooirrni,  icortCTi;,  }0<l(Trii.] 

1.  In  common  usage,  herbage  ;  the  plants  which 
constitute  the  food  of  cattle  and  other  beasts. 

2.  In  botamj,  a  plant  having  simple  leaves,  a  stem 
generally  jointed  and  tubular,  a  husky  calyx,  called 
^iu77i«,  and  the  seed  single.  TJiis  definition  includes 
wheal,  r>e,  onts,  barley,  &c.,  and  excludes  clover 
and  some  other  plants  which  are  commonly  called 
by  the  name  of  grass.  The  grasses  form  a  numerous 
family  of  plants.  Encjc. 

Grass  of  Parnassus  :  a  plant  growing  in  wet  ground, 
of  the  genus  Parnassia. 
GRASS,  0.  L    To  cover  with  grass  or  with  turf. 
GRASS,   c.  i.     To  breed  grass  ;   to  be  covered  with 

erass.  Tiu^scr. 

GRAS-Sa'TION,  71.     [L.  grassatio.l 

A  wandering  about.     [Little  itsefi.] 
GRASS'-BLaDE,  71.    A  blade  of  grass. 
GRASS'-GK-EEN,  a.    Green  with  grass.    Shcnstone. 

2.  Dark-creen,  like  the  color  of  grass, 
GRASS'-GRoWN,  a.    Overgrown  with  grass. 

77(07715071. 

grass; HOP-PER,  71.  [grass  and  hop.\  An  insect 
that  lives  among  grass,  a  species  «>f  Grjilus. 

GRASS'i-iN'ESS,  n.  [from  grassy.]  The  stato  of 
abounding  with  grass;   a  grassy  state. 

GRASS'LESS,  a.    Destitute  of  grass. 


GRA 

GRASS'-PLOT,  n.    A  plat  or  level  spot  covered  with 

grass. 
GRASS'POI^Y,  n.    A  plant,  a  species  of  Lvlhrum  or 

willow-wort. 
GRASS'VETCU,  n.     A  plant  (.f  Ilie  genus  Lathvnis. 
GRASS'WRACK,  (-rak,)  n     A  jilanr,  the  Zoste'ra. 
GRASS'Y,  a.    Covered  with  grass ;  abounding  with 

grass.  Spenser. 

2.  Resembling  grass ;  green. 
GRaTE,  7(.  [It.  grata,  L.  crates^  a  grate,  a  hurdle.  Qu. 

its  alliance  to  the  verb,  to  grate] 

1.  A  work  or  frame,  composed  of  parallel  or  cross 
bars,  with  interstices  ;  a  kind  of  lattice-work,  such 
as  is  used  in  Uie  windows  of  prisons  and  cloisters. 

2.  An  instrument  or  frame  of  iron  bars  for  holding 
coals,  used  as  fuel,  in  houses,  stores,  shops,  &c. 

GR.\TE,  r.  t.  To  furnish  with  grates;  to  make  fast 
with  cross-bars. 

GRATE,  V.  t.  [Fr.  graUcr,  It.  grattare,  to  scratch  ; 
Dan.  grijttcr,  to  grate,  to  break  ;  Sp.  gricta,  a  scratch, 
a  crevice;  VV.  rhathu,  to  rub  off,  to  strip,  to  clear; 
rkatlidl,  a  rasp.  See  the  Shemitic  Ti3,  Bin,  nin, 
and  T>p.  Class  Rd,  Xo.  38,  5S,  62,  81.  If  g-  is  a 
prefix,  this  word  coincides  with  L.  rado.     See  Cry.] 

1.  To  rub,  as  a  body  with  a  rough  surface  against 
another  body  ;  to  rub  one  thing  against  another,  so 
as  to  produce  a  harsh  sound  ;  as  to  grate  the  teeth. 

2.  To  wear  away  in  small  particles,  by  rubbing 
with  any  tiling  rough  or  indented  ;  as,  to  grate  a 
nutmeg. 

3.  To  offend  ;  to  fret ;  to  vex  ;  to  irritate  ;  to  mor- 
tify ;  as,  harsh  words  grate  tiie  heart ;  they  are  grat- 
tjig  to  the  feelings  ;  harsh  sounds  grate  the  ear. 

4.  To  make  a  harsh  sound  by  rubbing  or  the  fric- 
tion of  rough  bodies.  Milton. 

GUaTE,  v.  i.  To  rub  hard,  so  as  to  offend  ;  to  offend 
by  oppression  or  importunity. 

This  grated  harder  upon  ihe  liearts  of  men.  5ou(/i. 

2.  To  make  a  harsh  sound  by  the  friction  of  rough 
bodies.  Hooker. 

GR.^TE,  fi.     [L.  grattis.] 

Agreeable.     [JVot  in  use.] 
GRaT'ED,  pp.  or  a.    Rubbed  harshly  ;  worn  off  by 
rubbing. 
2.  Furnished  with  a  grate  ;  as,  grated  windows. 
GRaTE'FUL,  a.     [from  L.  grains.     See  Grace.] 

1.  Having  a  due  sense  of  benefits  ;  kindly  di^^posed 
toward  one  from  whom  a  favor  has  been  received  ; 
willing  to  acknowledge  and  repay  benefits;  as,  a 
grateful  heart. 

2.  Agreeable;  pleasing;  acceptable;  gratifying; 
as,  a  grateful  present;  a  grateful  olfering. 

3.  Pleasing  to  tiie  taste  ;  delicious  ;  affording  pleas- 
ure ;  as,  food  or  drink  grateful  to  the  appetite. 

Now  golden  fniiLs  on  loaded  br\nch«  shine, 

And  grateful  diiatcrs  swell  with  floods  of  winr.  Pope. 

GRATE'FyL-LY,  adv.  With  a  due  sense  of  benefits 
or  favors  ;  in  a  manner  that  disposes  to  kindness,  in 
return  for  favors.     The  gitl  was  gratefully  received. 

2.  In  a  pleasing  manner.  Study  continually  fur- 
nishes something  new,  which  may  strike  the  imagi- 
nation gratefalbj. 

GRaTE'FUL-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  grate- 
ful ;  gratitude 

2.  The  quality  of  being  agreeable  or  pleasant  to  the 
mind  or  to  the  taste. 

GRAT'ER,  tj.  [See  Grate.]  Aw  instrument  or  uten- 
sil, with  a  rough,  indented  surface,  for  rubbing  off 
small  particles  of  a  bodv  ;  as,  a  grater  for  nutmegs. 

GRA-TIC-U-La'TION,  ».  Tlie  "division  of  a  design 
or  draft  into  squares,  for  the  purpose  of  reducing  it 
to  smaller  dimensions.  Gicilt. 

GRAT-I-FI-Ca'TIOX,  tj.  [L.  gratification  ^rom  grati- 
ficoT ;  gratus  and  facto,  to  make.] 

1.  Tiie  act  of  pleasing,  either  the  mind,  the  t.istc, 
or  the  appetite.  We  speak  of  the  gratification  of  the 
taste  or  liie  palate,  of  the  appetites,  of  the  senses,  of 
the  desires,  of  tlie  mind,  soul,  or  heart. 

2.  That  which  aflbrds  pleasure;  satisfaction;  de- 
light. It  is  not  easy  to  renounce  gratifications  to 
which  we  are  accustomed. 

3.  Reward  ;  recompense.  Morton. 
GRAT'I-FI-£D,  (-fide,)  pp.  or  a.     Pleased;  indulged 

according  to  desire. 
GRAT'I-FI-ER,  v.    One  who  gratifies  or  pleases. 
GRAT'I-F'S',  V.  t.     [L.  gratificor  ^  grains,  agreeable, 

and  facio,  to  make.] 

1.  To  please  ;  to  give  pleasure  to  ;  to  indulge  ;  as, 
to  ora^j/;/ the  taste,  the  appetite,  the  senses,  the  de- 
sires, the  mind,  &c. 

2.  To  delight ;  to  please  ;  to  humor  ;  to  Ecothe  ;  to 
satisfy  ;  to  indulge  to  satisfaction. 

For  who  would  die  to  gratify  a  tba  ?  Drydtn. 

3.  To  requite  ;  to  recompense. 
GRAT'I-F5-1NG,  ppr.    Pleasing;  indulging  to  satis- 
faction. 

2.  a.    Giving  pleasure;  affording  satisfaction. 
GRaT'IXG,  ppr.     [See  Gbate.]      Rubbing ;  wearing 
off  in  particles. 

2.    a.    Fretting;    Irrilating;    harsh  ;    as,  grating 
sounds,  or  a  gi-niing  letiection. 
GRaT'ING,  71.    [See  Ghate.]     A  harsh  sound  or  nib- 
bing. 


GRA 

2.  A  partition  of  bars,  or  latticework  of  wood  or 
iron  ;  as,  the  grating  of  a  prison  or  convent. 

3.  An  open  cover  for  the  halche-s  of  a  ship,  rcsem- 
blinjr  lattice-work  ;  commonly  used  in  Oie  plural. 

GRAT'LXG-LY,  adv.  Harshly ;  offensively ;  in  a  man- 
ner to  irritate. 

GRa'TIS,  ado.  [L,]  For  nothing;  freely;  without 
recompense;  as,  to  give  a  thing  gratis}  to  perform 
service  gratis. 

GRAT'I-TUDE,  n.  [L.  gratitudo,  from  gratus,  pleas- 
ing.    See  Gbace.] 

.\n  emotion  uf  tlie  heart,  excited  by  a  favor  or  ben- 
efit received  ;  a  sentiment  of  kindness  or  good-will 
toward  a  benefactor  ;  thankfulness.  Gratitude  is  an 
agreeable  emotion,  consisting  in,  or  accompanied 
with,  good-will  to  a  benefactor,  and  a  disposition 
to  make  a  suitable  return  of  benefit-^  or  services, 
or,  when  no  return  can  be  made,  with  a  desire  to 
see  the  benefactor  prosperous  and  happy.  Grati- 
tude is  a  virtue  of  the  highest  excellence,  as  it  im- 
plies a  feeling  and  generous  heart,  and  a  proper 
sense  of  duty. 

Tlie  love  of  God  ii  die  suUiincst  gralitude.  PaUy. 

GRA-TtJ'I-TOUS,  a.  [h.  gratuitns,  Uom  gratua i  Fr. 
grat'sii;  It.  grataito.     See  Grace.] 

1.  Free  ;  voluntary  ;  not  required  by  justice  5  grant- 
ed without  claim  or  merit. 

We  mistake  the  graiuiloua  llcssiogi  of  Heaven  for  Ihc  fruiU  of 
our  own  indcslry.  L'Bilrange. 

2.  Asserted  or  taken  without  proof;  as,  a. gratui- 
tous argument  or  airirination. 

GRA-TU'I-TOUS-LY,  adv.  Freely  ;  voluntarily  ; 
without  claim  or  merit;  without  an  equivalent  or 
compensation  ;  as,  labor  or  services  gratuitousltf  be- 
stowed. 

2.  Without  proof;  as,  a  principle  gratuxtoushj  as- 
sumed. 

GRA-Tu'I-TY,  n.  [Fr.  gratuiti,  from  gratuit,  from 
gratus.] 

1.  A  free  gift  ;  a  present ;  a  donation  ;  that  which 
is  given  without  a  compensation  or  equivalent. 

2.  Something  given  in  return  for  a  favor;  an  ac- 
knnwledgnient. 

GRAT^IT-LaTE,  r.  t,  [L.  gratulor,  from  gratus,  pleas- 
ing, grateful ;  Riiss.,  with  the  prefix  na,  nagrada, 
recompense  ;  nagrajdayu,  to  gratify,  to  reward.  See 
Grace.] 

1.  To  express  joy  or  pleasure  to  a  person,  on  ac- 
count of  his  success,  or  the  reception  of  some  good  ; 
to  salute  witli  declarations  of  joy  ;  to  congratulate. 
[  The  latter  word  is  more  generally  used.] 

To  gTalalalc  the  ^uUe  princes  there.  S!iak. 

2.  To  wish  or  express  joy  to.  Shak. 

3.  To  declare  joy  for  ;  to  mention  with  jo}\ 

B.  Jonson. 
G  RAT' IT- La -TED,  jip.    Addressed  with  expressions 

of  joy. 
GRAT'II-La-TIXG,  ppr.  Addressing  with  expressions 

of  jov,  on  account  of  some  good  received. 
GRAT-II-La'TION,  71.     [L.  gratulatio.] 

An  address  or  expression  of  joy  to  a  person,  on  ac- 
count of  some  good  received  by  him  ;  congratulation 

I  slio]]  timi  my  wishes  into  gratulaAons.  ^uA. 

GRAT'IT-LA-TO-RY,  71.  [h.  gratulatio.]  An  address 
or  expression  of  joy  to  a  person,  on  account  of  some 
good  received  bv  him  ;  concralulalion. 

GRAT'n-LA-TO-KY,  a.  Expressing  gralulation  ;  con- 
gratulatory. 

GIIA-Va'MEN,  ».  [L.]  In  laic,  the  grievance  com- 
plained of;  the  substantial  cause  of  the  action.  Boucier. 

GRAVE,  a  final  syllable,  is  a  grove,  Sax.  grtpf;  or  it  is 
an  officer,  G.  graf. 

GRAVE,  r.  t. :  pret.  Graved  ;  pp.  Grwen  or  Graved. 
[Fr.  graver;  Sp.  grabar;  Sax.  gi'C'fan,  G.  grahcn:  D. 
graaven;  Dan.  graver;  Sw.  grafca;  Arm.  cngiv_gi, 
engravi ;  Ir.  grafadh,  grafaim  ;  W.  cririaie,  from  rhir  ; 
Gr.  j,oo0a),  to  write  ;  originally  all  writing  was  grar- 
iit'r ;  Ens.  to  scrape;  Ch.  and  Syr.  313,  to  plow.  See 
Class  Rb,  No.  30.] 

1.  To  carve  or  cut  letters  or  figures  on  stone  or 
other  hard  substance,  with  a  chisel  or  edged  toot ;  to  '. 
engrave.    [  The  latter  word  is  now  more  generally  used.] 

Thou  shr»!t  t.ike  two  onyx-stones,  and  ^rate  on  tliem  the  omrcs 
of  the  children  of  Israel. — Ex.  xxviii. 

2.  To  car\'e  ;  to  form  or  shape  by  cutting  with  a 

chisel ;  as,  to  grave  an  image. 

Thou  shait  not  make  to  thee  any  grecen  imng*.  —  Ex.  xx. 

3.  To  clean  a  ship*3  bottom  by  burning  oflT  filth, 
grass,  or  other  foreign  matter,  and  paying  it  over  with 
pitch. 

4.  To  entomb.     [Uttusnah]  Sliak. 
GRAVE,  V.  I.    To  carve  ;  to  write  or  delineate  on  hard 

substances;  to  practice  engraving. 
GRAVE,  71.     [Sax.  gr(rf:  G.  grab  :  D.  and  Sw.  graf: 
Dan.  oral!,-  Russ.  grab,  a  ditch,  a  trench,  a  grave; 
L.  scrobs.    Sec  the  verb.]  . 

1.  The  ditch,  pit,  or  exca^-ated  place,  m  which  a   I 
dead  Imman  body  is  depnsited  ;  a  place  for  the  corpse   j 

2.  A  tomb.  [of  a  human  being  ;  a  sepnlcher 

3.  .-^ny  place  where  the  dead  are  reposited  ;  a 
place  of  great  slaujihtcr  or  mortality.    Flanders  was  1 


TONE,  B^LL,  UNITE.— AN"GER,  VI"CT0US — €  as  K  :  0  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SII ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

ol7 


OR  A 


GRA 


GRE 


llraccj,  llltlfj' 


-U  nriniiK  ;  KuBsiii  provi'.l 
li  army  uiulcr  Buliaimrti: ; 
•   jrriirt  of  Aiuurican  scn- 

.  ,ith  or  Jislruclion. 
uAi/,  sediment  of  mulled  tallow. 
Branilt. 
I- UT-rl.nD,  ».    aodofnisrave. 

rllK.S,  n.  pi.    Tlie  cluUica  or  dross  in 

i.i  nrt^  intuncd. 

uEK,  H.    One  whoso  occupation  is  to 

'^|}V)K-I.NO,  o.     Apiiearing  Rravo. 

:      .M.\k-F.ll,  n.     A  gravr-dipRer.  SAo*. 

-i:(  ill-UrU,  n.    Oni;  who  robs  a  grave. 

;    -111  >ll  Itl.Nli,  It.     A  roliliins  of  the  Rnive. 
-i'liiNE,  ».     -V  "one  laid  over  a  grave,  or 
1  near  U,  as  a  monument  to  pregerve  llic  inem- 

VXRO,  ii.    A  yard  or  inclosuro  for  the  intcr- 
■  l  the  dead.  . 

•    J.    [Kr.  tfp.  and  II.  irTarr ;  Arm.  /^tmu ;  from 
.ft.,  heavy,  whence  L.  /rraro,  and  agffraco,  to 


Hence  gritf,  which  sec. 


Ar.  i_^^3 
Class  Kb, 


lamia,  to  overload,  to  press,  to  grieve. 
No.  30.1    iVopo-.'v,  pressing,  heavy.    Hence, 
1    It.  „,,,.r,  low  •,  depnssed  ;  solemn  ;  opposed  to 
or  *c»A;  as,  a  grave,  lone  or  sound. 
-rare  denotes  slow. 
:.  :.i:i ;  sober ;  serious  ;  opposed  to  gay,  ligM, 
orjonoi ;  as,  a  man  of  a  grarc  deportment ;  a  grave 
character. 

Youth  on  tilcnl  wln?l  ia  floMl ; 

Orawfr  yfan  come  roUiog  on.  I^rtor. 

3.  Plain  ■,  not  gay ;  not  showy  or  tawdry ;  as,  a 
grace  suit  of  clotlles. 

A.  Being  of  weight ;  of  a  serious  character;  ns,  a 

grate  writer.  , 

5.  luiportant;  momentous;  havmg  a  serious  and 

ilitrresling  import.  Lord  FJdoK.     ICent. 

anW'F.Si.pp.    [See  the  verb.l    Carved  ;  engraved  ; 

'     ■     '    :-  a  ship. 

[Fr.  gritcrlle,  gravkr ;  Ann.  grctcll,  or 
,  stone-gravel ;  t;.  grobrr   sand,  coarse 
11..  I',  ^rratrel.    Probably  from  rubbing,  grating. 
ge<?  tiRiTE,  the  verb.] 

I.  Sinnll  stones,  or  fragments  of  stone,  or  very 
small  pebblM,  larger  than  the  particles  of  sand,  but 
often  intrmiixed  with  them. 

i  In  mcdtcine,  a  disease  produced  by  small,  calcu- 
lous concretious  in  the  kidneys  and  bladder.     Cyc. 
CR.W'KL,  V.  L    To  cover  with  gravel;  as,  to  gravel 
a  walk, 
a.  To  stick  in  the  sand.  Camden. 

'X  To  pnzrle  ;  to  stop ;  to  embarrass.  Prior. 

4.  To  hurt  the  foot  of  a  horse,  by  gravel  lodged 
under  the  shoe. 
GUAV'F.I^WJ,    pp.    or   o.      Covered    with    gravel; 

slonm-d  ;  embarrassed  ;  injured  by  gravel. 
GUA\  F.'Lb;S:-,a.    [from  grace]     Witllout  a  grave  or 

torab ;  unburied.  Sliali. 

Glt.WEL-I.NG,  ppr.    Covering  with  gravel;  enibar- 

rassing  ;  hurting  the  feet,  as  of  a  horse. 
GRAV'KL-I.N'G,  n.    The  act  of  covering  with  gravel. 
GKAV'EULY,  a.     [from  graret.]     Abounding  with 
gravel ;  consisting  of  gravel ;  .as,  a  gravelly  soil  or 
land. 
GKAV'EL,-W,\LK,  (-wawk,)  n.     A  walk  or  alley 
rovered  with  j^^rerl,  which  makes  a  hard  and  dry 
bottom  ;  used  in  gardens  and  matts. 
GUAVE'LY,  ailc.    [from  grave.]    In  a  gtavc,  solemn 

I      manner ;  ^-'--.i;     ..  .M.,,«iy. 
Tl>!  I,  :r€jyiiiuW-  Suiift. 

0.  Witl;  ,        or  show ;  as,  to  be  dressed 


■IIIN'TB,  [It.]    In  ma-^ic,  with  a  depressed 
1  innly.     [See  Grave.] 
i.K  \\  1.  -NtSS,  n.    Seriousness;  solemnity;  sobriety 
of  behavior  ;  gravity  of  manners  or  discourse. 

Denham. 
GRA'Vr.-0-LENCE,  n.     [L.  gravis  and  olw.] 

.\  sirong  and  uflirnsive  smell. 
GR.\'V&(J-LE.\T,  a.     Having  a  strong  odor. 
GR.W'F.R,  It.    [See  Grave.]    One  who  carves  or  en- 
cravi-- ;  one  whose  profession  is  to  cut  letters  or 
7,.,...-^  ,r.  -t.in*.,  kc;  a  sculptor. 

■iiig  tool;  an  tnstmment  for  graving 


(MUV'ING.i'pr.    Engraving;  carving;  euttnig hgurcs 

V.o  stone  coiMier,  or  other  hard  substance. 
GRiv'lNo'  «•     J'l'"  net  of  cutting  figures  in  hard 
substances. 
2.  Carved  work. 

3  The  act  of  cleaning  a  ship's  bottom. 

4'  Fiaiiraiivclii,  impression,  as  on  the  heart. 

GR.\V'I-TATE,   t^   i.      [Sp.   graver,-    I-r.   grav.ter , 

from  L.  gravilas,  from  gravis,  heavy.]  „,,„„„„ 

"  'o  be  attracted  according  to  the  law  of  S-^v  «  o"- 

A  body  is  said  to  gravitate,  when  it  tends  toward 

anler  body  in  accordance  with  the  law  ol  grav- 

GRAv'''!-T\-TING,  ppr.  or  (I.     neing  attracted    or 
..Ending  towiud  a'nSher  body  accortling  to  the  law 

GRAV^l'^TA'TlbN,  n.    The  act  of  tending  to  the  cen- 
ter, or  of  being  drawn  toward  soniethm!!. 

2.  In  mtaralphih-^aphy,  tlic  tcndeiicy  t.t  all  mat  .r 
in  the  universe  towartl  all  otli.M-  mallei-.  I'.ve  >  bo  > 
Tr  portion  of  matter  attracts  and  ,s  ^■•'""'■J  •'';7,[  -^ 
as  its  quantity  of  matter,  ami  inver..ely  as  v^  s'l'"''' 
of  its  di.«tance  from  the  atlracl.ng  body      OlmM. 

GR.\V'I-TY,  M.     [Fr.  gravitc  ;  t'li.  gramdad  ,  U.  grav- 
ilas, from  gravis,  heavy.    See  Geave.] 

1.  Weight ;  heaviness. 

2.  In  naairal  pkihs,<plnj,  the  tendency  of  a  inass- of 
matter  toward  its  central  body  ;  partial  arhj,  the  ten- 
dency of  a  bodv  toward  tho  center  ot  the  earth  ;  tei- 
rcstrial  gravitation,    might  is  the  measure  "J^B^^^fJ- 

The  fone  of  sramty  in  a  My  is  iti  diiM  prorotio"  ^  '"f,^"- 
Uly  of  malter. 

3.  Specific  gravity  ;  the  weight  of  a  body  compared 
with  another  of  tlie  same  bulk,  taken  as  a  standard. 
Water  is  the  standard  for  solids  and  l.qiiids,  cammon 
air  for  "ascs.  Thus  the  exact  weight  of  a  cubic  inch 
of  gohtrcomparcd  with  that  of  a  cubic  inch  (>f  water, 
is  called  its  s/ieci/ic  ^TOTi(!(.  ,    "'„iM,'„f 

4.  Seriousneas  ;  sobriety  of  manners  ;  solemnity  01 
deportment  or  character. 

Gnj;il  Calo  there,  for  ^airtry  reiiowneil.  Dryden. 

5.  Weight ;  enormity  ;  atrociousncss  ;  as,  the  grav 
ity  of  an  injury.     [jVe(  used.]  Haaker. 

0.  In  vmsic,  lowucss  of  sound. 
GRa'VY    71.    The  fat  and  other  liquid  matter  mat 
drips  from  flesh  in  roasting,  or  when  roasted  or 
baked,  or  a  ini.xtlire  of  that  juice  with  llmir. 
GRAY    a.     [Sax.  grig,  gr<cg ;  G.  gran;  U.  graamo ; 
Dan.  "T<wf;  Sw.  ^ni°;  It.  grigio ;  Ir.  gre.     This  is 
probably  ro.nit.s,   Onccus,  Greek,  Graii,  tile  name 
given  to  the  Greeks,  on  account  of  their  fair  com- 
plexion compared  with  the  Asiatics  and  Africans. 
(See  Europe.) 
*opi[tii  6'  av  K>|r(a  Tfiaias  rmz  KaX'KiiraproVi, 
E«  ytvtrriq  iruAinj-  Tus  it]  Tpaiai  KnX'-ovaiii. 

Hesiud.  Tlieog.  270. 

"  Keto  bore  to  Phorcus  the  Graiaj  with  fair  cheeks, 
while  from  their  birth,  and  hence  they  were  called 
Oraia."  The  Greek  word  ypnia  is  rendered  an  old 
woman,  .and,  in  this  passage  of  Hesiod,  is  supposed 
to  mean  certain  deities.  The  probability  is,  that  it 
is  applied  to  an  old  woman,  bectiuse  she  is  gray. 
But  the  fable  of  Hesiod  is  easily  explained  by  sup- 
posing the  author  to  have  had  in  his  inind  sonic  im- 
perfect account  of  the  origin  of  the  Greeks.] 

1.  White,  with  a  mixture  of  black. 

These  srtiij  antl  iliiii  colors  may  be  also  proiluixtl  hy  niixiug 
whites  imd  blacks.  KeicUm. 

2.  White ;  hoary ;  as,  gray  hair.  We  apply  the 
word  to  hair  that  is  partially  or  wholly  white. 

3.  Dark  ;  of  a  mixed  color ;  of  the  color  of  ashes  ; 
as,  gray  eyes ;  the  oray-cyed  morn.       Qay.     Shale. 

4.  Old  ;  mature  ;  as,  giay  experience.         Ames. 
CRaY,  a.    A  grav  color.  Parmll. 

2.  An  animal  of  a  gray  color,  as  a  horse,  a  badger, 
and  a  kind  of  salniou.  Smart. 

GRaY'-BKARD,  a.     An  old  man  Shak. 

GRAY'-Et-ED,  (grS'ide,)  a.     Having  gray  eyes. 

GRAY'FL?,  Ji.    The  tmmpet-fly.  MUon. 

CUAY'-HAlR-En,  0.     Having  gray  hair. 

GRAY'-HE.\D-ED,  (gra'hed-ed,)  a.  Having  a  gray 
head  or  gray  hair. 

GRaY'HOUND,    n.      [Sax.    grighund.      See   Gbev- 


GKAVI 


:'.    More  grave. 
.jpert     -Most  grave. 


[U  grandus,  from  gravigf  heavy.! 
Pnanant ;  being  with  child.  UeroerL 

CR.\V'lb-A-TED,  a.    Made  pregnant ;  liig.     [JVot  in 

lt»r.  ]  Barraie. 

CRAV-1J).A'TI0N,  n.    Pregnancy.     [Jfat  in  nse.] 

Pearson. 

GRA-Vnyi-TY,  «.    Pregnancy.    [-Vot  ia  tise.] 

Arbathnnt. 
GRA-V!.M'E-TER,  n.    fL.  gravis,  and  Gr.  p-rp-iv.] 
.\T\  instrument  for  ascertaining  the  speciltc  gravity 
of  bodies,  solid  or  liquid. 


HOL'ND.l 

GRAY'ISH,  a.    .Somewhat  gray ;  gray  in  a  moderate 

decree. 
GRAY'I.IXG,  71.    A  fi5h  ef  the  genus  Salmo,  called, 
also,  imher,  a  voracious  lioli,  about  sixteen  or  eigh- 
teen inches  in  lenctli,  of  a  more  elegant  ^'."ire  than 
the  trout ;  the  bai-k  and  sides  are  of  a  silvery-gray 
color.    It  is  found  in  clear,  rapid  streams  in  the  north 
of  Europe,  and  is  excellent  food.     Diet.  JVat.  Hist. 
GRAY  MaRE.    "  The  gray  mare  is  the  better  horse," 
—  said  of  a  woman  who  rules  her  husband.     Qrose, 
GRAY'NESS,  11.    The  quality  of  being  gray. 

Shenvood. 
GHAY'SToNE,  71.     A  grayish  or  greenish  compact 
rock,  composed  of  feldspar  and  augite,  and  allied  to 
basalt. 
GRaY'WACKE,  (-wak,)  n.     [G.  grauwaeke.] 

In  geology,  a  conglomerate  or  grit-rock,  consisting 


of  rounded  pebbles  and  sand  firmly  united  together. 
Tho  name  is  applied  only  to  certain  rocks  below  the 
coral  series,  and  deposits  of  shale  are  sometimes  in- 
cluded under  this  designation,  along  with  the  con- 
glomerate „  Dana. 
GRAZE,  V.  U  [Sax.  grasian;  G.  grasen;  D.  graazeii; 
from  rrrass,  or  from  the  root  of  L.  rii(/o,  rasi,  or  rodo, 
ro.?i  j'Sp.  rotor.  Port,  rofur,  to  rub  against,  to  graze. 
In  Russ.,  "-ritii,  or  (tcih,  signifies  to  bile,  to  gnaw.] 

I.  To  rub  or  toudi  liglilly  in  passing;  to  brush 
lightly  the  surface  of  a  thing  in  passing ;  as,  the  bul- 
let 'rrazed  the  wall  or  the  earth.  . 

or  To  feed  or  supply  cattle  with  grass ;  to  furnish 
pasture  for  ;  as,  the  farmer  grazes  large  herds  of 

3.  'i'o  feed  on  ;  to  eat  from  the  ground,  as  growing 
herbage. 

Tlie  l.unte  mlh  wolves  shall  jrore  Uic  verdant  meitd.     Pope. 

4.  To  tend  glazing  cattle ;  as,  Jacob  grazed  La- 
haii's  sheep.  ,     ,  .  **,=''■■ 

GRAZE,  V.  i.    To  eat  grass  ;  to  feed  on  growing  herb- 
age ;  as  cattle  graze  on  the  meadows. 

B.  To  supply  grass  ;  as,  the  groiinil  will  not  graze 
well.  i'"''"'- 

3.  To  move  on  devouring.  .  Jiacan. 

GRAZ'f:D,  pp.  Touched  lightly  by  a  passing  body , 
brushed.  ,  , - 

o    Fed  by  growing  grass  ;  as,  cattle  are  grazed. 
3.  Eaten,  as  growing  herbage ;  as,  the  fields  were 
(rrazed. 
-tJllA'/.'ER,  n.    One  that  grazes  or  feeds  on  growing 

lierba"p.  Pliilipf- 

GKS'ZIEU,  (gru'zhur,)  71.    One  who  pastures  cattle, 

and  rears  them  for  market.  Bacun. 

GRaZ'ING,  ppr.    Touching  lightly,  as  a  moving  boily. 

2.  Feeding  on  growing  hcrlmge  ;  as,  ^0:111^  cattle. 

3.  (!.  Supplying  pasture  ;  as,  a  grazing  Cirin. 
GRaZ'ING,  ji.     A  pasture. 

GRJi-ZI-0' SO,  (grat-se-o'so,)  [It.]  In  77i«sic,  grace- 
ful, smooth,  and  elegant. 

GKitASE,  71.  [Fr.  graisse ;  It.  grasso ;  bp.  grasa, 
crease;  Port,  graja,  grease  for  wheels,  and  a  dis- 
temper in  a  horse  when  his  fat  is  melted  by  exces- 
sive action.     Port.  Diet.] 

1.  Animal  fat  in  a  soft  state  ;  ody  or  unctuous  mat- 
ter of  anv  kind,  as  tallow,  lard  ;  but  particularly  the 
fatty  matter  of  land  animals,  us  distinguished  from 
the  oily  matter  of  marine  animals. 

o  An  inflammation  of  the  heels  of  a  horse,  which 
suspends  the  ordinary  greasy  secretion  of  tlie  part, 
and  which  produces  dryness  and  scurfiiicss,  followed 
bv  cracks,  ulceration,  and  fungous  excrescences. 
GREASE,  (preez,)  v.  t.  To  smear,  anoint,  or  daub, 
with  crease  or  fat.  r  «e  .  .r..- 

2.  To  bribe ;  to  corrupt  with  presents.  [JiTot  cto- 
jrant  ^  Dnjden. 

Glf  eAS'ED,  77p.    Smeared  with  oily  matter  ;  bribed. 
GKeAS'I-LY,  adv.    With  grease  or  an  appearance  of 

it ;  grossly.  .  .,. 

GKeAS'I-NESS,  71.    The  state  of  being  greasy  ;  odi- 

ness ;  uncluonsness.  ■',,°',. 

GReAS'ING,  ppr.    Smearing  with  fat  or  oily  matter, 

bribing. 
GREAS'Y,  (creez'y,)  a.    Oily  ;  fat ;  unctuous. 

2.  Smeared  or  defiled  with  grease. 

3.  Like  grease  or  oil ;  smooth  ;  as,  a  fossil  that  has 
a  greasif  feel.  , 

4.  Fa't  of  bodv  ;  bulky.     [LttUe  used.]  Shak. 

5.  Gross;  ind'elicate;  indecent.  Marstan. 
GREAT,  a.     [Sax.  great;  D.  groot;  G.  gross:  r>orin. 

irrcs;  It.  irrosso;  Sp.  gnieso  ;  Port,  grosso ;  it.  gros! 
Arm.  OT-»c: ;  and  probably  L.  cras.nis.  Great  and 
oross  are  the  same  word  dialectically  varied  m  or- 
thography.   See  Class  Rd,  No.  59,  S,  70.] 

1  Large  in  bulk  or  dimensions  ;  a  term  of  com- 
parison, denoting  more  magnitude  or  extension  than 
somelliing  else,  or  beyond  what  is  usual ;  as,  a  great 
body ;  a  great  house  ;  a  great  farm. 

2.  Being  of  extended  length  or  breadth  ;  as,  a  great 
distance  ;  a  great  lake. 

3.  Large  in  number ;  as,  a  great  many ;  a  greM 
multitude.  .  ,    .^ 

4.  Expressing  a  large,  extensive,  or  unusual,  de- 
gree of  any  thing  ;  as,  great  fear ;  great  love  ;  great 
strength;  great  wealth;  great  power;  "■rrat  luflu- 
ence ;  great  follv. 

5.  Lone  continued;  as,  a  ^cat  while. 
G.  Important ;  weighty  ;  as,  a  great  argument ;  a 

oTMt  truth;  a  great  event;  a  thing  ol  no  iTcat  con- 
sequence ;  it  is  no  orcot  matter.  rT.„„i.,„,i 
7    Chief;  principal ;  as,  the  great  .seal  of  Lnglanu. 

8.  Chief;  of  v.ist  power  and  excellence  ;  supreme, 
illustrious  ;  as,  the  great  God  ;  the  ..rr.-oi  Creator. 

9.  Vast ;  extensive  ;  wonderful ;  admirable. 
Great  are  thy  works,  Jehovah.  Milton. 

10.  Possessing  large  or  strong  powers  of  mind;  as, 

*  ?I'°HlvmTmade  extensive  or  unusual  acquisitions 
of  science  or  knowledge  ;  as,  a  great  philosopher  or 
botanist ;  a  great  scholar. 


li 


iarDistrngiiished  by  rank,  office,  or  power ;  elc- 
■  ■     '     the  trreat  men  ot 


vated  ;  eminent ;  .as,  a  great  lord 
the  nation  ;  the  great  Jfogul ;  .W' 


;aiidir  the  Great 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.— NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.— 


51S 


GRE 

13.  Dignified  in  aspect,  mien,  or  manner. 

Ainidst  liie  crowd  slie  walks  serenely  :p-ea[.  Dryden. 

14.  Masiiauiinous ;  generous ;  of  elevated  senti- 
ments ;  high-minded.     He  has  a  great  soul. 

15.  Rich;  sumptuous  ;  magnificcnL  He  disdained 
not  to  appear  at  ^reat  tables ;  a  ^eat  feast  or  enter- 
tainment. 

\Q.  Vast ;  sublime  ;  as,  a  great  conception  or  idea. 

17.  Dignified ;  noble. 

Noihing  can  be  great  which  is  not  rijhu  Rambler. 

18.  Swelling;  proud j  as,  he  was  not  disheartened 
by  ^eat  looks. 

ID.  Chief;  principal;  much  traveled;  as,  a  ^rcat 
road.     The  ocean   is  called  the  great  hishway  of 
nations. 
20.  Pregnant,  teeming;  as,  oreaf  with  younfr. 
91.  Hard;  ditfjcuU.    ft  is  no  orcaC  matter  to  live  in 
peace  with  meefe  people. 
23.  Familiar;  intimate      [Vnlgar.'\ 
23.  Distinguished  by  extraordinary  events,  or  unu- 
sual importance.     Jiide  6. 

34.  Denoting  consanguinity  one  degree  more  re- 
mote, in  the  ascending  or  descendini:  line  ;  as  great 
gmuiiraiher,  the  father  of  a  grandfather ;  great  great 
grandfather,  the  father  of  a  great  Grandfather" and 
so  on  inderinitfly ;  and  great  grandson,  oreai  great 
grandson,  &;c. 

25.  Superior  ;  preeminent ;  as,  great  chamberlain  ; 
great  marshal. 

The  sense  of  gi-eat  is  to  be  understood  by  the  things 
it  is  intended  to  qualify.     Oreat  pain  or  wrath  is  vio- 
lent pain  or  wratli ;  great  love  is  ardent  love ;  great 
peace  is  entire  peace  ;  a  great  name  is  extensive  re- 
nown ;  a  great  evil  or  sin  is  a  sin  of  deep  malig- 
nity, &c. 
GREaT,7(.    The  whole;  the  gross  ;  the  lump  or  mass  ; 
as,  a  carpenter  contracts  to  build  a  ship  by  the  great. 
2.  People  of  rank  or  distinction.    The  poor  envy 
the  griat.  and  the  great  despise  the  poor. 
GREaT'-BEI^LI-£D,  Q.    Pregnant;  teeming.  Skak. 
GRE-aT'-€oAT,  11.    An  overcoat. 
GREaT'-€6AT-ED,  a.    Wearing  a  great  coat. 
GKExT'E::i,v.L    To  enlarge.    {Obs.]  Ralegh. 

GREaT'KX,  v.  i.      To  increase  ;    to  become  large. 

GREATER,  a.  Larger;  more  extensive  or  wonderful. 
GREaT'EST,  a.  Largest;  most  extensive  or  important. 
GREAT'-HEART'£D,a.     High-spirited  ;  undejected  j 

noble.  Clarendon. 

GREaT'LY,  adv.    In  a  great  degree  ;  much. 

I  will  greatly  inaltiply  Iby  sorrow,  —  Gen.  iii. 

2.  Nobly ;  illustriously. 

By  a  high  fate,  thou  greatly  didsl  expire.  Dryden. 

3.  Magnanimously  ;  generously  ;  bravely.  He 
greatly  scorned  to  turn  his  back  on  his  foe.  He 
greatly  spnnied  the  offered  boon. 

GREaT^NESS,  71.  Largeness  of  bulk,  dimensions, 
number,  or  quantity  ;  as,  the  greatnc^sof^  mountain, 
of  an  edifice,  of  a  multitude,  or  of  a  sum  of  money. 
With  reference  to  solid  bodies,  however,  we  more 
generally  use  bulk,  size,  extent,  or  magnitude^  than 
greatness ;  as,  the  bulk  or  size  of  the  body  ;  the  extent 
of  the  ocean  ;  the  magnitude  of  the  sun  or  of  the  earth. 

2.  Large  amount  j  extent ;  as,  the  greatness  of  a 
reward. 

3.  High  degree  ;  as,  the  greatness  of  virtue  or  vice. 

4.  High  rank  or  place  ;  elevation  ;  dignity ;  dls- 
Unction ;  eminence;  power;  command. 

FaieweU,  a  lon^  farewell,  to  all  my  greaUiett.  Skak. 

5.  Swelling  pride  ;  affected  state. 

"   It  b  not  of  pride  or  grtatness  Ihal  he  comelh  not  uboaid  your 
ships.  Bacon. 

6.  Slagnanimity,  elevation  of  sentiment ;  noble- 
ness ;  as,  greatness  of  mind. 

Virtue  b  ib?  only  eoliii  tnsia  of  grealneaa.  liamhler, 

7.  Strength  or  extent  of  inlelleclual  faculties ;  as, 
the  greatness  of  genius. 

8.  Large  extent  or  variety  j  as,  the  greatness  of  a 
roan's  acquisitions. 

9.  Grandeur;  pomp;  magnificence. 

Greatnett  with  Timoa  ilwells  in  siich  a  draught, 

As  brings  all  Brobdi'nag  before  yoor  thoti^hl.  Pope. 

10.  Force  ;  intensity  ;  as,  the  greatness  of  sound, 
of  passion,  heat,  &lc. 

GREAT  Seal,  n.    The  principal  seal  of  a  kingdom, 

state,  &c. 
GReAVE,  forGROTE  and  Gboove.     [See  Grove  and 

Groove.]  Spenser. 

GReAVES,  (greevz,)  n.  pi     [Port,  and  Sp.  grevas. 
In  Fr.  greve  is  the  calf  of  the  leg.] 
L  Armor  for  the  legs  ;  a  sort  of  boots.   1  Sam.  xvii. 
2.  Qreaves,  or  graves ;  the  sediment  of  melted  taJ- 
^  low.  Brande. 

GReBE,  71.     A  name  common  to  numerous  species  of 
wel>-footed  birds  with  short  wings,  and  very  expert 
at  diving.    They  constitute  the   genus  Podiceps  of 
Latham,  or  part  of  the  Linnsan  genus  Colymbus. 
_  Partington.     P.  Cyc. 

GRe'CIA\,  (gre'shan.)  a.    Pertaining  to  Greece. 
GRk'CIAN,  n.    A  native  of  Greece.    Al30,a  Jewwho 
understood  Greek.    jJcts  vi. 


GRE 

9.  One  wcil  versed  in  the  Greek  language. 
GRK'CIA.\-iaRE.    See  Greek-Fire. 
GRe'CISAI,  n.     [U.  gr.r.cu!niLs.] 

_.\n  idiom  of  the  Greek  language.  Addison. 

GRe'CTZE,  v.  *..    To  render  Grecian. 

^.  To  translate  into  Greek. 
GRr/CiZE.  \  c.  i.      To  speak  the  Greek  lan- 

GKe'CIAX-IZE,  S       guage. 
GRk'CiZ-KD,  (i.'ri;s'Izd,)/»;*.     Rendered  Greek. 
GRe'CIZ-ING,  77/r.    R-.-ndering  Greek. 
GREE,  n.     [Fr.  ^r(j.    Sec  Agree.] 

J.  Good-will.    [06a]  Spenser. 

2.  trtep  or  stair;  rank  ;  degree.  [See  Degree.] 
\Obs.'\  Spenser. 

GREE,  V.  i.     To  agree.     [Obs.]     [See  Agree.] 
GREECE,  71.     [W.  grAi  i  L,  gre^su.^.    It  is  the  plural 
of  Gkee,  a  step,  and  is  sometimes  written  Grice,  or 
Grise.] 

A  flight  of  steps.     [Obs.]  Bacon. 

GREED,  H.     Greediness-.     [Obs.]  Graharn. 

GREED'r-LY,  adv.      [See  Greedy.]    With  a  keen 
appetite  for  food  or  ilrink ;  voraciously;    ravenous- 
ly; as,  to  eat  or  swallow  greedily. 
2.  Witli  keen  or  ardent  desire  ;  eagerly.    Judt  11. 
GREED'l-iVESS,  n.    Keenness  of  appetite  for  food  or 
drink  ;  ravenousness  ;  voracity. 

Fox  in  stealth,  wolf  in  greediness.  Shak. 

2.  Ardent  desire. 
GREED'Y,  o.     [Sax.  griedig  :  D.  grcetig  ;  Goth,  gre- 
dags,  from  grcdon,  to  hunger.    It  agrees  in  elements 
with  L.  gradior,  and  probably  sigtiifies  reaching  for- 
ward.] 

1.  Having  a  keen  appetite  for  food  or  drink  ;  rav- 
enous ;  voracious;  very  hunprj- ;  followed  by  nf; 
as,  a  lion  that  is  greedy  p/his  prey.     Ps.  xvii, 

2.  Having  a  keen  desire  of  any  thing ;  fagcr  to 
obtain  ;  as,  greedy  of  gain. 

GREED'Y-GOT,  h.  A  glutton  ;  a  devourer  ;  a  bellv- 
god.     [  J'tdgar.]  Todd.' 

GREEK,  a.     Pertaining  to  Greece.     [See  Grav.J 

GREEK,  71.    A  native  of  Greece. 
2.  The  laniniage  of  Greece. 

GREEK'ESS,  ii.     A  female  Greek.  Taylor. 

GREEK'-FiRE,  77.  A  cumbustible  composition  which 
burns  under  water,  the  constituents  of  which  are 
supposed  to  be  asphalt,  with  niter  and  sulphur. 

Ure. 

GREEK'ISH,  a.    Peculiar  to  Greece.  Miltun. 

GREEK'LING,  71.  A  little  Greek,  or  one  of  smaU 
esteem  or  pretensions.  B.  Jonson. 

GREEK'-RoSE,  n.    The  tlower  campion. 

GREEN,  a.  [Sax.  greue:  G.  griin  :  D.  groni ;  Dan. 
grijn;  Sw.  griin;  Heb.  l:yi,  to  grow,  to  tiourish. 
Class  Rn,  No.  7.] 

1.  Proper/y,  growing,  flourishing,  as  plants  ;  hence, 
of  the  color  of  herbage  and  plants  when  growing,  a 
color  composed  of  blue  and  yellow  rays,  one  of  the 
original  prismatic  cidors  ;  verdant. 

2.  New;  fresh;  recent;  as,  a  oreat  wound. 

The  greenest  usurpation.  Burke. 

3.  Fresh ;  flourishing  ;  undecaved ;  as,  green  old 
age. 

4.  Containing  its  natural  juices  ;  notdr>';  not  sea- 
soned ;  as,  green  wood  ;  green  timber. 

5.  Not  roasted  ;  half  raw. 

We  s>iy  the  meat  ia  green,  when  half  roasted.  Watts. 

[Rarely,  if  ever,  used  in  America.] 
(j.  Unripe ;  immature ;  not  arrived  to  perfection  ; 
as,  green  fruit.     Hence, 

7.  Immature  in  age  ;  young;  inexperienced;  raw; 
as,  green  in  age  or  judgment. 

8.  Pale ;  sickly  j  wan  ;  of  a  greenish  pale  color. 

Shtik. 
In  cookery f  a  goose  is  said  to  be  green  until  it  is 
more  than  four  months  old.  Enctjc.  Ditm.  Kcon. 
GREEN,  71.  The  color  of  growing  plants  ;  a  color 
composed  of  blue  and  yellow  rays,  which,  mixed  in 
diifereut  proportions,  exhibit  a  variety  of  shades  ;  as, 
apple  green,  meadow  green,  leek  green.  Sec 

2.  A  grassy  plain  or  plat;  apiece  of  ground  covered 
with  verdant  herbage. 

O'er  the  smooth  enameled  green.  Millon. 

3.  Fresh  leaves  or  branches  of  trees  or  other  plants ; 
wreaths  ;  usually  in  the  plural. 

The  fragnnt  greens  I  se^k,  my  brows  to  bind.        Dryden. 

4.  The  leaves  and  stems  of  young  plants  used  in 
cookery  or  dressed  for  food  in  the  spring  ;  in  the 
plural. 


!n  that  soft  season,  when  descending  shon'era 
CjU  forth  the  greens,  and  wake  the  risjng-  flowers. 


Pope. 


GREEN,  V.  U  To  make  green.  This  is  used  by 
Thomson  and  by  Barlow,  but  is  not  an  elegant 
word,  and  indeed  is  hardly  legitimate,  in  the  sense  in 
which  tliese  writers  use  it.  "  Spring  greens  the 
year."  "  God  ^ce/w  the  groves."  The  only  legiti- 
mate sense  of  this  verb,  if  used,  would  be,  to  dye 
green,  or  to  change  to  a  green  color.  A  plant  grow- 
ing in  a  dark  room  is  yellow  ;  let  this  plant  be  car- 
ried into  the  open  air,  and  the  rays  of  the  suu  will 
green  iL  This  use  would  correspond  willi  the  use  of 
whiten,  blacken,  redden. 


GRE 

GREEX'nROOM,  >  *     1     .    r.i.  ^        . 

GPFFV'WFFl)     (   "*     A  P'Snloi  Ihe  genus  Genisia- 

GREEN'CLO  TH,  71.  A  bf>ard  or  court  of  jnstir*"  held 
in  the  counting-house  of  the  British  kinc's  house- 
hitld,  composed  of  the  lord  Kteward  and  the  oiiic«ri 
under  him.  This  court  has  the  cliarsie  and  cngiii- 
zance  of  all  matters  of  justice  in  ilie  king's  Ixiiise- 
hoid,  with  power  to  C(»m;cl  ofienders  and  keep  the 
peace  of  the  verge,  or  jurisdiction  of  ihr-  cniri-ruyal, 
which  extends  every  way  two  hundred  yards  from 
the  gate  of  the  palace.  Johnson.     Kncyc. 

GREEN'-eOL-OR-ED,  (-kulurd,)  a.    Pale  ;  sirkly. 

GREEN'-GROP,  n.  A  crop  of  green  vegetabk-s,  such 
as  artificial  grasses,  lurni|>s,  &c.,  consumed  on  a 
farm  in  their  unripe  state.  Farm.  Encye. 

GREEN'-EARTH,  n.  A  species  of  earth  or  mineral, 
so  called  ;  the  77iou7itoJ7i  rtrrrn  of  artists.  Ure. 

GREEN'^D,  (grend,)  pp.     Made  green. 

GREEX'ER-Y,  7J.    Green  plants  ;  verdure- 

GREEN'-ET-£D,  (-Ide,)  a.  Having  grcc-u  eyes  ;  as, 
green-eyed  jealousy,  ShaX. 

GRcEX'FINCH,  n.  A  bird  ;  also  called  green  gross- 
beak. 

GREEN'FISH,  71.    A  fish  so  called.  Aitu. 

GREE\'G.aGE,h.    a  species  of  plum. 

GREEN'-GRdCER,  n.  A  retailer  of  vegetables  or 
fruits  in  iheir  fresh  or  green  state. 

GREEX'HAlR-iJD,  a.     llaving  green  locks  or  hair. 

GREEN'-HAND,  7i.     One  raw  and  inexperienced. 

GREEX'HOOD,  n.     A  st^ite  of  greenness.    Chaucer. 

GREEN'HOKN,  n.     A  raw  youth.  tV.  Irving. 

GREEN'-HOUSE,Ti.  A  house  in  which  lender  plants 
are  sheltered  from  the  weather,  and  preserved  green 
during  the  winter  or  cold  weather. 

GREEX'ING,  7i.     A  well-known  sort  of  apple. 

GREEX'ISH,  o.  Somewhat  green;  having  a  tinge  of 
green  ;  a^,  a  greenish  j'ellow.  AVicton. 

GREEX'rSH-XESS,«.    The  quality  of  being  greenish 

GREEX"'LY,  adv.      With   a    green    color  ;    newlv 
freshlv  ;  immaturelv,  —  a.    Of  a  green  color. 

GREEN'-MAN'TLED,  a.     Covered  with  green. 

GREEN'NESS,  7u  The  quality  of  being  green  ; 
viridity  ;  as,  the  greenness  of  grass  or  of  a  meadow. 

2.  Immaturity  ;  unripeness  ;  inaliteratorfiguratiee 
sense:   as,  the  greenness  of  fniit,  or  of  youth. 

3.  Freshness;  vigor.  South. 

4.  Newness, 

GREEN'OCK-ITE,  n.  [from  Lord  Greenock.]  A  na- 
tive suipliurel  of  cadmium,  presenting  a  honey -yellow 
or  or-ange-vellow  color. 

GREEN'-ROOM,  n.  The  name  given  to  the  retiring- 
room  of  play-acturs  in  a  theater. 

GREENS,  n.  pi.  Tlie  leaves  of  various  plants,  as 
spinach,  &;c.,  boiled  in  their  green  stale  for  food. 
[See  Grf-en.]  Enctic.  of  Dom.  Econ. 

GREEN'-SAXD,  71.  A  term  applied  to  beds  of  sand, 
sandstone,  or  limestone,  belonging  to  the  Crtiaceous 
Period  ;  so  called  because  green  earth,  or  chlorite, 
is  ordinarily,  though  not  always,  scattered  throughout 
the  sandstone,  limestone,  &c.  Lycll. 

GREEN'-SICK-NESS,  n.  A  disease  of  females, 
characterized  by  pale,  lurid  complexion,  languor, 
listlessness,  depraved  appetite  and  digestion,  and  a 
morbid  condition  of  the  catmnenial  excretion. 

GREEN'-SICS-NESS-£D,  (-sik'ncst,)  a.  Having  a 
sickly  taste.  Bishrp  Ramile. 

GREEN'-SNAKE,  n.  Two  small  species  of  snakes, 
not  poisonous,  of  the  genus  Coluber,  are  known  by 
this  name  in  the  United  Stales. 

GREEN'-STALL,  ?i.  A  stall  on  which  greens  arc 
exposed  to  sale. 

GREEN'SToNE,  71.  [So  called  from  a  tinge  of  green 
in  the  color.] 

A  rock  of  the  trap  formation,  consisting  of  horn- 
blende and  feldsjKir  in  Ihe  state  of  grains  or  small 
crystals,  Ure. 

GREEN '-SWARD,  ti.    Turf  green  with  grass. 

GREEX'-VIT'RI-OL,  n.  A  popular  name  for  Uie 
sulphate  of  iron. 

GREEN-WEED,  7;.     Dyer's  weed. 

GREEN 'WOOD,  a.  A  wocmI  when  green, as  in  summer. 

GREEN  WOOU,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  greenwood  ;  as, 
a  greenwood  shade.  Dryden. 

GREET,  V.  L  [Sax.  grctan,  grettan,  to  salute," to  ex- 
claim, to  crj*  out,  to  bid  farewell,  to  appro:uh,  to 
touch  ;  G.  griissen  ;  D.  grocten,  to  greet ;  Sax,  gnt- 
dan,  to  cry  ;  Goth,  greitan,  S\v.  grata,  Dan.  ^adcr, 
to  weep ;  It.  gridare  ;  Sp.  and  PbrL  gritar  :  W.  grtj- 
dian,  ^jdiato,  to  shoul,  to  scream, or  shriek,  to  wail, 
to  maKe  a  vehement,  rough  noisti ;  perhaps  L.  rudo, 
to  bray,  to  roar.    See  Class  Rd,  No.  7,  19,  43,  70,75.] 

1.  To  address  with  expressions  of  kind  wish;;s; 
to  salute  in  kindness  and  respect. 

My  lord,  the  mayor  of  London  coiccs  to  greet  you.         Sr.ai. 

2.  To  address  at  meeting;  lo  address  in  any  man- 
ner. Shak. 

3.  To  congratulate. 

4.  To  payVompIiments  at  a  distance;  to  send  kind 
wishes  to.     Col.  iv.    2  Tim.  iv. 

5.  To  meet  and  address  wilh  kindness;  or  to  ex- 
press kind  wishes  accompanied  with  an  embrace. 
1  Thess.  V. 

6.  To  meet.  SAak. 


TONE,  BJJLL,  IJNITE AN"GER,  V1"C10US €  as  K;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Zj  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


'>10 


GUI 


GRI 


GREirr,  r.  i.    To  luitl  onil  salulc. 

TVI»  f  rMI  In  vlfoce  u  the  JcaJ  arc  wout, 

And  •lerp  u»  l^^ct,  A'la*. 

n  To  WMP  ;  writlcn  by  SpL-n«r  GnciT.     [Ois.] 

(  Il'tT'KI)  TO.     Adilri-isiil  Willi  kind  nisllL's;  com- 

..  ;rt:r'Klt,  «.     One  »  ho  Bnola.  [|i|j|iiinHtd. 

•  .l.t.KI'lSla,  ppr.    Addris-miB  "ill"  kind  wiMiis  or 

uprcnloDS  of  Joy  ;  complimiiiling  ;  coiisrnluhiting  ; 

MlullnC'  ....  I 

OREET'I.NG,  ».    EiprcMion  of  kinilncs.i  or  j.\v  ;  sai- 

iilalinn  ;it  nieclinR  ;  coninliiiient  addressed  Iroiii  one 

RREC/K,  «.    II.  t.Tfji...iij.)  [nhseiu. 

•\  «U|i,  or  hiBlil  of  «U|«.    [Obi.]    [Sec  CsscccJ 

GIlEKflElt,!!.   [fr.]     (ScoOVArT.)    A  riRistrrir,  or 

irrordcr.  "P-  ''""■ 

GItP.GAL,  a.     [L.  fT«.] 

IViiiiinme  to  11  Hock.  "«• 

GREGA'Kl-AiN,  a.     [See  Gmoimous.]      BcIonRing 

III  Mil-  In-rd  or  conuiion  sorl.  llowcli. 

GREUA'lll-OUS,  o.      [L.  gregarias,  from   fKx,  ii 

Iwrtl-l  ...       n    ^ 

llnvlne  the  lialiil  of  nsscmlilinB  or  livinR  in  n  llocK 

or  hrrd ;    n.il  Imliilually  soliuiiy  or   livuiK   alone. 

(Talllc  and   »liwp  arc  grrfmniii-i  animals.     Many 

njireiM  of  birds  an'  /rrc^-arious.     Uaiiacious  aniinab 

an-  Rpnt-rally  liol  grcgnrioiut. 

GRE-G.A'ttl-OUS-LV,  aJo.    In  a  Hock  or  liml ;  in  a 

roiniiany.  ,.        , 

CBEGA'lll-OUS-NKSS,  ii.    Tlic  .«lalo  or  quality  of 

livme  in  llockn  or  herds. 
ORKi;'i:oE,  n.  A  short  jacket. 
GRE-lifi'RI-.V.N,  11.  Uenolina  what  bclonss  to  Grej- 
or)-.  'I'lie  OrrgarUm  calendar  is  the  reBiilation  of 
the  year  accordini;  to  the  reformation  introduced  by 
I'l-IH-  Urccory  XIII.,  in  l.Wi  The  Grrgarian  year 
.-  the  year  as  now  reckoned  accordins  to  the  flrcgo- 
r.riN  calendar.  Thus,  every  year  which  is  divisible 
b)  ^,  except  lbo.<e  divisible  by  100  anil  not  by  '100, 
has  3i>)  davs  ;  all  oilier  years  have  yti.'i  days. 

Clrrgorion  cAanI,  is  choral  music,  accorilinE  to  the 
eisht  celebrated  church  modes,  as  arranged  by  Pope 
UlTcory  I.  Porter. 

arts'riai  Ultaeafe  ;  a  form  of  the  rellecting  telcs- 
citpe,  so  named  from  its  inventor.  Prof.  James  Grey- 
orj,  of  the  University  of  r.dinburgli.  In  this  telescope 
lire  lifhl,  proceeding  from  a  heavenly  body,  iscollectcd 
liy  n  larse  concave  mirror,  and  forms  an  image  in 
the  focus  of  a  small  reflector,  which  transmits  the 
liRlit  back  through  an  opening  in  the  center  of  the 
large  mirror,  where  it  forms  a  second  image,  which 
in  maenificd  by  the  eye-glass.  Olmsted. 

GRP.rr,  c.  i.     [Goth,  greilan.] 

To  lament.     ( 0»».]  Spenser. 

i;i;i;rni,  r.  l    (Sai.  gencdian,  to  prepare;  gc  and 
v.rJc,  ready.] 
Tn  make  ready.     [  Oh.]  Ckauecr. 

GRF.ITII,  n.    Goods;  fiirnllure.     [04i.]      Chaucer. 
GRP.'.MI-.\L,  a.     [L.  gremium.] 

Belonging  to  tile  lap  or  bosom.  Diet. 

GRE-NADE',  n.  [Sp.  grannita,  lU  granata^  Fr.  gre- 
nade^ a  pomegmnate,  ot  grained  npple.J 

In  tJte  art  of  var,  a  hollow  ball  or  shell  of  iron  or 
other  metal,  about  two  inches  and  a  half  in  diameter, 
lo  be  filled  with  powder,  which  is  to  be  fired  by 
means  of  a  fusee,  and  thrown  by  hand  among  en- 
emies. This,  bursting  into  many  pieces,  does  great 
injury',  anil  i.s  particularly  useful  in  annoying  an  en- 
cmv  III  trenches  and  other  lodgments.  Enojc. 

CREN-.\-UIkR',  n.  [from  Vr.  grcnatle^^[i.  granada, 
a  pomegranate-tree ;  so  called,  it  is  said,  from  the 
cap  worn,  which  resembled  the  Mowers  of  tli.at  tree  ; 
or,  as  other*  allege,  so  called  from  carrying  and 
ibrftwing  hand  grenades.  The  latter  is  the  opinion 
of  Lunier.] 

1.  A  fool-vsoldicr,  wearing  a  high  cap.  Grciiatlicrs 
arc  usually  tall,  active  soldiers,  distinguished  from 
others  chiefly  by  their  dress  and  arms ;  a  company 
of  lliem  is  usually  attached  to  each  battalion. 

2.  A  fnwl  f.)und  in  .Angola,  in  Africa.      [Eiicye. 
CRE-.SAT'1-FORM,  a.    Ueing  in  the  form  of  grena- 

llte._  Oibbs. 

GREX'A-TITE,  n.    Si.aurotide  or  slaiirolite,  a  mineral 
of  a  dark,  reddish  brown.    It  occurs  imbedded  in 
mica  slate,   and   in   lalc,  and  is  infusible  by  the 
blowpipe.     It  Is  also  called  prismatic  garncL  Cyc. 
GRE.'vi^o'RI-.AL,  a.    In  ornithohgy^  having  three  toes 
of  the  feet  forward,  two  of  them  connected,  and  one 
behind. 
CRF.W,  prct.  of  G«ow. 
CR6V.     .-^ce  OinT. 
GReV'lIOLXD,  n.     [Sax.  grigkmd.] 

A  tail,  fleet  ilog,  kept  for  the  chase. 
CRIUE,  n.     .\  liltle  pig. 

2.  A  flight  of  steps.    [See  GartcE.]    B.  Jonson. 
GUID'DLE,  a.    [W.  greidellf  from  grediaw,  to  heal, 
singe,  scorch.] 
A  p;in,  broad  and  shallow,  for  baking  cakes. 
GRTUE,   c.  I.     [iL^rWare;  Sp.  gritwr;  Port,  ii  ;  Fr. 
cri<x;  Eng.  to  cry;  Sax.  grxdan ;  D.an.  grader;  Sw. 
grata,    tjce  Greet.] 

To  grate,  or  to  cut  with  a  grating  sound;  to  cut; 
tn  iienetrate  or  pierce  harshly  ;  as,  the  griding  sword. 

.Viltm. 
TU\t  tlirougti  bis  Uii^tli  lh<!  moreil  ■!«]  did  gridt.     Spttuer. 


i\ 


GKIIVE-HN,  n.     [Fr.  ^rw  dc  liii,  flii.x  gray.] 

A  color  mixed  of  wliitc  and  red,  or  a  gray  violet. 

Vnjdcn. 
GRTD'ING,   ppr.     Grating ;    culling  with  a  grating 

found.  ,  , 

GKIU'MtON,  f-I-urn,)  n.  [\V.  ffrctliaw ;  Ir.  ffreadam, 
to  licat,  scorcli,  roast,  and  iron.    See  GnioDi-E.] 

A  grated  utensil  for  liroding  ilc^h  :ind  lirfli  over 
coals.  „ 

GllIU'MtON-rKND'^-LUM,  v.    See  Pendulum. 
GUIlT:l*\  (grcf,)  n.     [D.  ffricf,  liurt ;  Fr.  fn-«/,  and  frrc- 
rer,  to  oppress  ;  Pp.  atrravio ;  Norm,  grief,  grcf^  grcvc ; 
L.  trraois.     Sec  Gravk  and  Aggbavate.     Tlie  sense 
is,  pressure  or  oppression.] 

1.  The  pain  of  mind  produced  by  loss,  misfortune, 
injury,  or  evils  of  any  kind  ;  sorrow  ;  refiret.  We 
e.\perieucc  frrirf  wheii  \vc  lose  a  friend,  when  we 
incur  loss,  when  wc  consider  ourselves  injured,  and 
by  sympathy,  wc  leel  ffricfnt  the  misfortunes  of  oth- 
ers. 

2.  The  pain  of  mind  occasioned  by  our  own  mis- 
conduct ;  sorrow  or  regret  that  we  lj;ive  done  wrong ; 
pain  accompnnving  rejtciitance.  We  feel  n-Wf/whcii 
we  have  otlcnded  or  injured  a  friend,  and  the  con- 
sciousness of  having  t.lKmdt-d  the  t>upreme  IJeuig, 
lills  the  penitent  heart  witii  the  most  poignant  ffriq;. 

3.  Cause  of  sorrow  ;  thaf  which  afflicts. 

Wiiich  wero  a  ^rief  of  mine)  uiilo  Isaac  and  to  Rrbckah.  —  Gen. 
A  foolisli  sun  isli  g^icf  to  tits  fallicr.  —  Prt>v.  xvii.  [  ;xvi. 

GIlIicF'FlIIj,  a.    Full  of  grief  or  sorrow.    SacIivUle. 

Giar:F'-l".M-HlT''l'Kll-i;n,  a.    Imbitlercd  by  grief. 

GKli<F'[-KSS,  <i.     Wittioiit  grief.  Huloet. 

(JIUkK'-SUo'I',  n.     Vivirvd  with  grief.  Shak. 

<;UlKV'.\-liLL;,  a.     Laini-nialile.     [Obs.]        Ouwcr. 

GHIkV'ANCE,  II.  [from  4-Tif/.]  That  which  causes 
grief  or  uneasiness;  that  wJiich  burdens,  oppresses, 
or  injures,  implying  a  sense  of  wrong  done,  or  a  con- 
tinued injury,  and  therefore  applieil  only  lo  the  effects 
ol' kninan  conthirt ;  never  to  provideurial  evils.  The 
oppressed  subject  has  the  right  to  petition  for  a  re- 
dress of  griccaiicr.'^. 

GKlKYfi,  V.  t.  [D.  ffricvcn;  Fr.  grcvcr,  I o  oppress ; 
Sp.  agraviar,  agravar ;  It.  gravare;  L.  gravo,  from 
grav'w.     See  Grave.] 

1.  I'o  give  pain  ol  mind  to ;  to  afllict ;  to  wound 
the  feelings.  Nothing  gricvc<>  a.  parent  like  the  con- 
duct of  a  profligate  child. 

a.  To  atllict ;  to  inflict  pain  on. 

VoT  111-  (loth  nut  alllicl  \villiii2l>',  iiwr  S'Wx:  tl'C  diililic-ii  of  incu. 
—  L;mi.  iii. 

3.  To  make  sorrowful ;  to  excite  regret  in. 

4.  To  offend  ;  to  displease  ;  to  provoke. 

Grieve  not  the  Holy  Spiril  of  Gotl.  —  Epii.  iv. 

GRI£VE,  V.  i.  To  feel  pain  of  mind  or  heart ;  to  be 
in  pain  on  account  of  an  evil ;  to  sorrow  ;  to  mouni. 
Wc  grieve  at  tlie  loss  of  friends  or  property.  We 
grieve  at  the  misfortunes  of  otiiers.  We  grieve  for 
our  own  misfortunes,  follies,  and  vices,  as  well  as 
for  those  of  our  chiidren.  It  is  followed  by  at  or 
for. 

CmIUicV'KD,  pp.  or  a.  Pained;  afflicted;  suffering 
sorrow. 

GUIkV'ER,  n.    He  or  that  which  grieves. 

GRIkV'IN'G,  ppr.  ot  a.    Giving  pain;  afflicting. 
Q.  Sorrowing;  exercised  with  grief ;  mourning. 

GRIkV'ING'LY,  adr.     In  sorrow  ;  sorrowfully.   Shah. 

GRIt:V'lJ(JS,  a.  [from  grieve^  or  grirf.]  Heavy  ;  op- 
pressive ;  burdensome  ;  as,  ix  ffricoous  load  of  taxes. 

2.  Affliclive  ;  painful  ;  hara  to  he  borne. 

Com-ctioii    is    grieeoui    to   liiiii    Ihut     fursuketh   ihe    wny. — 
Prov.  XV, 

3.  Causing  grief  or  sorrow. 

The  thing  was  very  giieoous  in  ALiralMin's  sigiit,  because  of  Lis 
Eon, — Gen.  xxi. 

4.  Distressing. 

Tim  fnininc  w;ia  very  grievous  in  the  hiiul.  — Gen.  xij. 

.5.  Great ;  atrocious. 

Ccwusc  their  sin  is  very  grievous.  — Geo.  xviii. 

G.  Expressing  great  uneasiness ;  as,  a  grievous  com- 
phiint. 

7.  Provoking;  offensive;  tending  to  irritate;  a.s, 
grievoius  words.     Prov,  xv. 

8.  Hurtful ;  destructive ;  causing  mischief;  as, 
grievous  wolves,     .^ctt  xx. 

GRIliV'OUS-LY,  adv.  With  pain;  painfully;  with 
great  pain  or  distress  ;  as,  to  be  grievously  afflicted. 

2.  With  discontent,  ill-will,  or  grief.        Knollcs. 

3.  Calamitously  ;  miserably  ;  greatly  ;  witli  great 
uneasiness,  distress,  or  grief. 

4.  Atrociously  ;  as,  to  sin  or  offend  gricvoushi. 
GRIkV'OUS-NESS,  71.    Oppressiveness;  weight  that 

gives  pain  or  distress  ;  as,  the  grievousncss  of  a  bur- 
den, 

2.  Pain ;  affliction  ;  calamity ;  distress  ;  as,  the 
griCLotcsne^'s  of  sickness,  war,  or  famine. 

3.  Greatness,  enormity;  alrociousness ;  as,  the 
"ricvonsnesa  of  sin  or  oflenses. 

GUIF'FI  N,    )  11.    [Fr.  uriffon  ;  Sp.  grifo  :  It.  grijo,  grif 
GRIF'FON,  \     fonc  ;  G.  grcif;  Dan.  grif;  D.  gnffiocn  ; 

L.  gnips.,  grypkiis;  Gr.  j  ftvip ;  W.  gruff  fierce,  bold, 

a  grilUn.j 


GRI 

In  tlic  nnlnral  hislonj  of  Uie  aiicirnL-f,  an  imnyinaiy 
animal,  said  lobe  peneialed  between  the  lion  and 
the  ea^ilc.  It  is  represenled  witli  four  legs,  wini'.s. 
and  a  beak,  the  upper  part  rescmblini;  an  eayle,  iimi 
the  lower  part  a  lion.  This  animal  was  sup|iosed  lu 
watch  over  mines  of  [rolil  and  liiililen  treasures,  and 
was  consecrated  to  the  sun.  The  figure  of  tlie  i;rif- 
llll  is  seen  on  ancient  medals,  and  is  still  borne  in 
eoat-arinor.  It  is  also  an  ornamfnt  of  Greek  archi- 
tecture. Encijc. 

(iUir'IMN-LTKE,  a.     Ilcscmblins  a  griffin. 

GllIG,  1/.     A  small  eel ;  the  sand-eel. 

a.  A  niirry  creature,  from  lively  motions,  like 
those  of  the  eel.  Swift. 

3.   Ileallh.     [Obs.] 

GRILL,  !■.  r.     [Fr.  grillcr.] 

1.  'i'li  broil. 

2.  To  torment,  as  if  by  broiling 

GRILL, u.    CausiiigteiTororsliakingwilhcold.  [Obi.] 

Chaucer. 

Gl!lI,-L.^Di;',  71.  [Fr.]  Bioilcd  meat,  or  something 
broiled. 

(JRlL'LAGi;,  n.  A  name  given  to  the  sleepers  and 
cross-beams  on  which  some  erections  are  carried  up, 
as  piers  on  marshy  soils,  &c.  Buchanan. 

GRILL' KI),  ;7i.  or  o.     Broiled;  tormented. 

GUILL'ING,  ;i;"'.     Uroiling  ;  tonnenling. 

GKIL'Ly,  n.  1.     To  harass.  [JViK  ill  use.]     Ilmlibras. 

GIII.M,  (I.  [Sa.\.  grim,  fierce,  rough,  ferocious;  o-rflwl, 
raging,  fury  ;  grcmian,  to  provoke  ;  I),  grnm,  angry; 
grimmrn,  to  prowl;  gi-iminig,  grim;  gromnien,  \o 
grunilile  ;  G.  grimm,  furious,  prim  ;  grimme.n,  to  rage  ; 
gram,  grief,  sorrow  ;  Dan.  ^rrim,  stern,  grim,  peevish  ; 
gram,  prudging,  hating,  peevish  ;  VV.  grcmiim,  to 
gnash,  to  snarl,  from  rhem,  whence  rhemial  lo  mut- 
ter. Hence  Fr.  .[.'ri/»(fcc  These  words  belmis  |troli- 
ably  lo  the  root  of  L. /rrmo,  wliieli  lias  a  dilll-ient 
pre'li.\,  Gr.  /j'pt/iM,  Ell g.  "Tumi/c,  rumble,  It.  grim, 
war.    See  Class  Um,  No.  11,  13.] 

1.  I'lcrce  ;  lerocious ;  impressing  terror  ;  frightful; 
horrible  ;  as,  a  grim  look  ;  a  grim  face  ;  ^o-i»i  war. 

JUitton.     .'iitdison, 

2.  Ugly  ;  ill-looking.  S'l'i't- 

3.  Sour;  crabbed;  peevish;  surly. 
GRIM'-FAC-BD,  (-fiste,)  «.     Having  a  stern  counte- 
nance. 

GRIM'-r.IiI.\-NING,  a.  Grinning  with  a  tierce  coun- 
tenance. Shali. 

GIUM'-VIS-AG-KD,  (-viz.-ajd,)  a.    Griin-faced. 

GRI-iMaCE',  n.  [Fr.,  from  grim,  or  its  root ;  Sp.  grir 
7ilft:».l 

1.  A  distortion  of  the  counleiianee,  from  habit,  af- 
fect.alinn,  or  insolence.  Spectator. 

3.  An  air  of  alVectation.  Oranvillr. 

["Half  the  French  words  used  afl'ectedly  by  Me- 
lalitha,  in  Dryden's  Marriage  d-la-Modc,  as  innov.v 
tioiis  ill  our  language,  are  now  in  common  use :  cha- 
grin, (hmblc-cntcnrlrc,  eclnirciascmeul,  emharrti^,  fpli- 
voqnc,  foible,  grimace,  naivete,  ridicule.  All  these 
words,  which  she  learns  by  heart  to  use  occasion- 
ally, are  now  in  common  use." 

D' Israeli,  Curiosities  of  Litn-atnre,  Second  Scries, 
2d  ed.  vol.  i.  p.  3115.  — E.  II.  Ii.] 
GRI-MaC'ED,    (gre-mast',)  a.     Distorted;   having  a 

crabbed  look. 
GRI-MAL'KIN,  n.     [Qu.  Fr.  gris,  gray,  and  viaKm.] 
The  name  of  an  old  cat.  rhihps.^ 

GItl.ME,  71.  [Ice.  gryma.  Say.  brum,  soot ;  Rabbinic, 
DT13,  soot.     Class  Km,  No.  21.] 

Foul  matter;  dirt;  sullvhig  bl.ackness,  deeply  in- 
sinuated. Shak.     Woodward. 
GRIiME,  V.  t.     To  sully  or  soil  deeply  ;  to  dirt.  Shak. 
GRIH'LY,  a.    Having  a  hideous  or  stern  look. 

Bciinm.  Si  FL 
GRIM'LY,  alio.    Fiercely  ;  ferociously  ;  Willi  a  look  of 
fury  or  fcrocily.  Mdi.tmi. 

2.  Sourly;  sullenly.  *'''"'■■ 
GRIM'NESS,  n.    Fierceness  of  look ;  sternness ;  crab- 

bedness. 
GRi'.MV,  a.    Full  of  grime  ;  foul. 
GRIN,  II.  I.     [Sax.  grinniam  G.  greinen,  grinscmVI. 

grynen,  grinzen ;    Sw.  grina  ;  Dan.  gritwr.     In  W. 

ys'njrnieg  is  a  grin  or  snarl,  and  ysgorn,  scorn.] 

1.  To  set  the  teeth  together  aiid  open  the  Irps,  or 
to  open  the  iiioiilli  and  withdraw  the  lips  from  the 
teeth,  so  as  to  show  them,  as  in  laughter  or  scorn. 

Kc.ols5ri11011fo.Js.  Vouns. 

2.  To  ll.x  the  teeth,  as  in  anguish. 

GRIN,  n.  The  art  of  closing  the  teeth  and  showing 
them,  or  of  withdrawing  tlie  lips  and  showing  tlie 
teeth.  Aldison.    Hulls. 

GRIN,  a.     .\  snare  or  trap.     [JVot  ia  use.]     Chancer 

GRIN,  V.  t.    To  express  by  grinning. 

Srinntd  l.oiTilily  a  giijilly  siiiile.  Millon. 

GRIND,  V.  t. :  jiret.  and  pp.  Ground.  [Sax.  ^riiiita- 
This  word,  if  71  is  radical,  may  be  allied  to  7-ra''i  " 
not,  it  coincides  with  grate.  See  Class  Rn,  No.  J, 
to  make  smooth,  as  viotlis  in  L.  allied  to  7no/.j  ] 

1.  To  break  and  reduce  to  fine  particles  or  powder 
by  friction  ;  to  coinminute  by  attrition  ;  to  triturate. 

Tiilie  tlie  iniHsIoiivs  ni.il  irrinti  m.-iii.  — 1«.  «l"i- 

We  say,  to  grind  meal:  but  this  is  an  ellipticnl 
phrase.    Tiie  true  phrase  is,  to  grind  corn  lo  meal.^ 


FATE.  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.-MeTE,  PRgY.-PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOQK.- 

520  '"  ~ 


lo  polish  by  friction;  as,  to 


to  powder;  al- 


GRI 

2.  To  break  and  reduce  lo  small  i»icces  by  the  leelli. 

Dnideti, 

3.  To  sharpen  by  rubbin?  or  friction ;  lo  wear  otT 
the  substance  of  a  metallic  instrument,  and  reduce 
it  to  a  sharp  edge  by  the  friction  of  a  stone  j  as,  to 
ffriiiil  an  ax  or  scythe. 

4.  To  make  smooth 
grind  glass. 

5.  To  rub  one  against  anoUier. 

IIaisIi  sounds,  and  Ihe  grinding  of  one  stone  n^.iinsl  .inolher, 
make  a  Bliiverinj  or  liorror  in  the  ijody  and  set  tlie  icclJi  on 
ells'-  Bacon. 

6.  To  oppress  by  severe  exactions  ;  lo  afflict  cruel- 
ly ;  to  harass ;  as,  to  griid  the  faces  of  the  poor. 
/s.  iii. 

7.  To  crush  in  pieces ;  to  ruin.    MaU.  xxi. 

S.  To  grate  ;  as,  grindinfr  pains.  Drydcn. 

GRIND,  V.  i.    To  perform  the  operation  of  grinding; 
to  move  a  mill.  Jltttm,. 

3.  To  be  moved  or  rubbed  together,  as  in  the  op- 
eration of  grinding  ;  as,  the  orinrfi"^  jaws.    Roicc. 

3.  To  be  ground  or  pulverizeil  by  friction.  Corn 
will  not  ^rind  well  before  it  is  drv. 

4.  To  be  polished  and  made  'smooth  by  friction. 
Glass  ip-inds  smootll. 

5.  To  be  sharpened  by  grindint:.  Steel  rrrhids  to  a 
fine  edge.  ~  ° 

GRIiND'ER,  ji.    One  that  grinds,  or  moves  a  mill, 
a.  The  instrument  of  grinding.  P/iilips. 

3.  A  tooth  that  grinds  or  clicws  food :  a  double- 
tooth  ;  a  jaw-tooth. 
•!.  The  teeth  in  general.  Dnjdcii. 

GRI.VD'ING,  ppr.  or  n.  Reducing  lo  powder  by  fric- 
tion ;  triturating;  levis.uing;  chewing. 

2.  Making  sharp;  making  smooth  or  polishin"  bv 
friction. 

3.  Oppressing. 
GRI.VD'I.VG,  n.    The  act  of  reducin 

•■■o,  of  sharpening  or  polishing. 
GRI.VD'SToXE,   ,1.    A  Hal,  circular  stone  used  for 
griniiing  or  sharpening  tools.     Grniilcstonc,  used  by 
old  writers,  is  obsolete. 
JJJJ!  J', '^ '''"'''•   (SeeGni.v.]    One  that  grins,  .^rfi/feon. 
Gltl.N  MAG,  j>;<r.  or  ,i.     Closing  the  teeth   and  show- 
ing them,  as  in  l.aughter  ;  a  showing  of  the  teeth. 
■  ;:LV'.\I\G.LV',  ndo.     With  a  grinning  laugh. 
'■i:iP,  «.     The  griffin.    f.Vut  m  use]  Shak. 

'.i;ir,  n.     [D.an.  grch  ;  G.  friff.     See  Gripe.] 

A  grasp  ;  a  liolrting  fast.    [Obsolete  or  vnli'ttr.'\ 
<;liIP,  «.     [D.  jTocp  ;  Sax.  o-rap.] 

A  small  ditch  or  furrow.  [JVo(  used  in  Jlmeriea.] 
■•!;iP,e.  (.  To  trench  ;  to  dr.ain.  [J\rot  used.] 
' .  U' JPE,  71.  t.  [S.ax.  gripan ;  Goth,  grdpan  ;  D.  gn/pcn  ; 
'••  grcifen;  few.  gripai  Dan.  trribcr  i  Fr.  gri'pper ; 
\rm.  scratiti,  serapein ;  VV.  grab^  a  cluster,  a  grape; 
"rabhi,  a  clasping ;  grabiniaw,  to  grapple,  to  scram- 
ble. Uu.  Sans,  grepipati.  These  words  may  be  al- 
lierl  in  origin  to  L.  rapio.] 

1.  To  seize  ;  to  grasp  ;  to  catch  with  the  hand,  and 
to  cl.isp  closely  with  the  fingers. 

a.  To  hold  fast ;  to  hold  with  the  fingers  closely 
pressed. 

3.  To  seize  and  hold  fast  in  the  arras  ;  to  embrace 
closely. 
■1.  To  close  the  fingers  ;  to  clutch. 

5.  To  pinch  ;  to  press  ;  to  compress. 

6.  To  give  pain  to  the  bowels,  as  if  by  pressure  or 
Contraction. 

7.  To  pinch;  to  straiten:  to  distress;  as,  rrripmir 
imverty.  '  o    i     = 

GRIPE,  ti.  1.  To  seize  or  catch  by  pinching;  to  get 
money  by  hard  bargains  or  mean  exactions ;  as,  a 
griphtfT  niiser. 

a.  To  feel  the  colic.  Locke. 
3.  To  bring  her  head  too  close  to  the  wind,  as  a 

r.n-lP;,  fl.  //.  Dann,  Jr. 

(jKIl  E,  71,  Grasp ;  seizure ;  fast  hold  with  the  hand 
or  paw,  or  with  the  arms.  Shak.     Dnjdcn. 

2.  Squeeze  ;  pressure.  Driiden. 

3.  Oppression  ;  cruel  exactions.  S/iuk. 

4.  Affliction;  pinching  distress;  as,  the  oripc  of 
poverty. 

5.  In  se^men^s  language,  the  fore-foot,  or  piece  of 
timber  which  terminates  the  keel  at  the  fore  end. 

.  Totlen. 

b.  Griper ;  in  the  plural,  pain  in  the  intestines  of 
the  character  of  that  which  accompanies  a  lax.  This 
sort  of  pain  in  the  intestines  is  technically  called  tor- 
mma. 

7.  Gripes  ;  in  seamcn^s  language,  an  assemblage  of 
ropes,  dead-eyes,  and  hooks,  fastened  to  ring-bolts 
r'^-i„l',i',\''-^'  '°  ^'"^'"■''  "'s  boats.  T-ottCTi. 

rpT  /  •    "    '  ""    I^'^Pfsed  to  gripe. 
GRIP'ER,  71.    One  who  gripes;  an  oppressor;  an  ex- 
tortioner. 
GRIP'ING,  ppr.  or  a.     Grasping;  seizing;  holding 
fnTD/'rv""^'"""'  "PPre'sing;  distressing  the  bowels, 
r  u      ''   "■    A  pinching  or  grasp  ;  a  peculiar  pain 
01  the  intestines,  as  in  a  lax  or  colic, 
a.  In  seamen's  language,  the  inclination  of  a  ship 
hd^d""  '"  ""'  """'Iwrd  of  her  course.    Mar.  nirt. 
OKIP  I.NG-LY,  (KiB.    With  .a  peculiar  pain  in  the  in- 
testines. 


GRO 


GRO 


GRIP'PLE,  o.    [from  z.Ti;'r.]    Griping;  greedy;  cove- 
tons  ;  unfeelins.    [Obs.]  Spenser. 
3.  GraspiuiT  fast;  tenacious.    [OhsA         Spenser. 
GRIP'PLE-i\ESS,  ;..     Covetousness.  [OhsA  Bu.  Hall 
GUtS,  (grGz,)  n.    [Fr.  g-rts,  gray.] 

A  kind  of  fur.  Chaucer 

GUIS'AM-BER;    used,  by  Milton,  for   Ambergris. 

[Ob.^,] 
GUISE,  V.     A  step,  or  scale  nf  steps.    [L.  irressus,  Sw. 
resa.     SeeGREKCE.]    [Obs.]  Shak. 

2.  A  swine.    [Obs.] 
ORl-SETTE',  (gre-zet',)    n.    [Fr.]    A  tradesman's 

Wife  or  dauglitcr.     [J^Tot  usr,!.]  Sterne. 

GRItf'KIX,  H.  [SeeGKisF..]    TIiu  spine  of  a  hog.  [J^ot 

111  us/:.] 
GRI$'LI-NESS,  it.     Quality  of  being  grisly,  or  horri- 

Sidncij. 


ble 


Pope. 


GRrs'LY,  (griz'ly,)  a.  [Saw  srblic ;  G.  n-mss,  ^rdss- 
lick,  and  ip-atis  ;  W.  ccnjs,  dire,  shocking,  that  causes 
to  start,  from  rkys,  a  rushing ;  Sax.  anrigan,  to  shud- 
der.] 

Friphtful ;  horrible;  terrible;  as,  ^rishj  locks;  a 
ffnslij  countenance  ;  a  s-rislij  face ;  a  irrisly  specter. 
Sbalc.    jMilton.     Dnjdcn. 
_Onshj  bear.     See  Grizzly. 
GRI'.soN,  „.    A  Soulli  American  animal,  of  the  glut- 
ton kind,  a  little  larcer  than  a  weasel.  Partington. 
GRt'SONS,  (gre'zunz,)  n.  pi.    Inhabitants  of  the  east- 
ern Swiss  Alps. 

GRIST,  n.  [Sax.  grist ;  Efli.  ^1^48  charats,  to  grind, 
coinciding  with  Ileb.  and  Ch.  Vnn.  c^iass  Rd,  No. 
60,  53,  ice]  ' 

1.  Properly,  tJiat  whicli  is  ground  ;  hence,  corn 
ground;  but  in  comninn  usage,  it  signifies,  corn  for 
grinding,  or  that  which  is  ground  at  one  time;  as 
much  grain  as  is  carried  to  the  mill  at  one  time,  or 
the  meal  it  produces. 

Get  griit  to  the  mill  lo  Invc  plenty  in  store.  Tusser. 

2.  Supply  ;  provision.  Stcift. 

3.  Frofit  ;  gain;  [as  in  Latin  emolumcntnm,  "from 
violo,  to  grind;]  in  the  phrase,  it  brings  grist  to  the 
mill. 

GRIS'TLE,  (gris'I,)  w.  [Sax.  5-n,?£ZG  ;  perliaps  the  L. 
cartd,  in  cartilago  ;  cartd  for  crat'd.  Clu.  Gr.  naiiTC- 
pof,  Koarinosj  strong,  or  Ir.  crisUon,  sinews.] 

A  cartilage  ;  a  smooth,  solid,  elastic  substance,  in 
animal  bodies,  chiefly  in  those  parts  where  a  small, 
easy  motion  is  required,  as  in  the  nose,  ears,  larynx, 
trachea,  and  sternum.  It  covers  the  ends  of  all 
bones  wliicli  are  united  by  movable  articulations. 

Qnincy. 

GRIST'LY,  a.  Consisting  of  gristle  ;  like  gristle;  car- 
tilaginous ;  as,  the  gristly  rays  of  lins  connected  by 
membranes.  Rajj, 

GRFST'-MILL,  n.    A  mill  for  grinding  grain. 

GRIT,  7(.  [Sax.  great,  or  grijt,  grytta  ;  G.  gries,  grit ; 
griitzc,  groats  ;  l3.  grttf,  gruhc,  and  gritl^ ;  Dan.  ^rrtis, 
or  grdd;  Sw.  griis,  probably  allied  to  gratr  i^Da-n. 
grytter,  to  bruise  or  grate  ;  W.  gnit,  rrnid,  the  latter 
from  rkiid,  a  cast,  or  driving  forward.] 

1.  Tlie  coarse  part  of  meal. 

2.  Oafs  hulled,  or  coarsely  ground ;  written  also 
Groats, 

3.  Sand  or  gravel ;  rough,  hard  particles. 

4.  A  hard  sandstone;  stone  composed  of  particles 
of  sand  agglutinated. 

GRITH,  n.    Agreement.     [JVut  in  use.!  Chaucer. 

GRIT'ROCK,    ;«      ^  ,,     ^ 

GRFP'SToNE.  (  ®^'^  ^'"^'  ^"-  ^^ 

GRIT'TI-NESS,  v.  The  quality  of  containing  grit,  or 
consisting  of  grit,  sand,  or  small,  hard,  rough  parti- 
cles of  stone. 

GRIT'TY,  a.  Containing  yand  or  grit ;  consisting  of 
grit ;  full  of  hard  particles  :  sandy. 

GRIZ'E-LIN.     SeeGniDKLix. 

GRIZ'ZLE,  71.     [Fr.  Sp.  and  Port,  gris,  gray.] 

Gray;  a  gray  color;  a  mixture  of  white  and  black. 

Shak. 

GRIZ'ZLED,  0.     Gray;  of  a  mixed  color.     Gen.  \\x\. 

GRIZ'ZLY,  a.     Somewhat  gray.  Bacon. 

Grizzly  bear  ;  a  large  and  ferocious  bear  of  Western 
North  America,  tlie  Ursus  fcroz  of  Lewis  and  Clark. 

GRoAN,  V.  i.  [Sax.  graniany  grttnoni;  W.  gncnan; 
L.  grunnio ;  Fr.  grander;  Sp.  grunir;  It.  gra>rnire; 


GRoAN'ING,  «.  Tie  act  of  groaning;  lamcnUition  ; 
coniiilaint ;  a  deep  oiind  uttered  in  pain  or  sorrow. 

1  hiivc  heard  ilie  groa rang  of  tlie  diildrcn  of  Urfl..!,  —  Ex,  »i, 

2.  In  huntings  the  cry  or  noise  of  the  buck. 

^„^  .  ,„  Chamb. 

GROAI ,  Cerawt,)  n.  [D.  groot,  G.  grot,  that  is,  greal^ 
a  great  piece  or  coin  ;  so  called  because  before  Uiis 
piece  was  coined  by  Edward  ML,  the  English  Jiad  no 
silver  coin  larger  than  a  penny.] 

1.  An   Engli.sh  money  of  account,  equal  to  four 

2.  A  iirovcrbial  name  inr  a  small  sum.  fpenc**. 
GROATS,  (grawts,)  n.  pi  [Sec  Grit.]   Oats  thai  have 

the  hulls  taken  off. 

GROATS'-WORTH,  (grawts'wnrth,)  n.  The  value 
of  a  groat.  Shateood. 

GRo'CER,  71.  [This  is  usually  considered  as  furincd 
from  gross,  but  in  other  languages,  the  corresponding 
word  is  from  the  name  of  plants,  herbs,  or  spices  ; 
D.  kruidenier,  from  kruid,  an  lierb,  wort,  spices  ;  ictiri- 
krdmcr,  a  dealer  in  worts,  herbs,  or  spires ;  S  w.  krtjdd- 
krdmare.  The  French,  Spanish,  and  rortngiicse,  use 
words  formed  from  the  name  of  spice,  and  the  Ital- 
ian is  from  the  same  word  as  dmg.  It  would  seem, 
then,  that  a  grocer.,  wliatever  may  be  the  origin  of  the 
name,  was  originally  a  seller  of  spices  and  other  vcg- 


Ar.    "   .  ranna,  Hcb.  ami  Cii.  pi,  to  rry  out,  to  groan  ; 

L.  raiia,  a  frog.     Class  Rn,  No.  4.] 

1.  To  breathe  with  a  deep,  murmuring  sound;  to 
utter  a  mournful  voice,  as  in  pain  or  sorrow. 

For  \vf ,  ihnt  nn?  in  this  t-ilienvidc,  lio  groan,  Ltin"  burvlcnod.  — 
'Z  Cor.  V. 

2.  To  sigh  ;  to  be  oppressed  or  afflicted  ;  or  to  com- 
plain of  oppression.  A  nation  groans  under  the 
weight  of  taxes. 

GRCAiV,  71.    A  deep,  mournful  sound,  uttered  in  pain, 

sorrow,  (w  anguish. 
2.  Any  low,  rumbling  sound;  as,  the  groans  of 

roaring  wtml.  skalc. 

GRoAN'FlIL,  a.    Sad  ;  inducing  groans.      Spenser. 
GROAN'ING,  ppr    or  a.       ""  " 

sound. 


etahle 

A  tracer  who  deals  in  tea,  sugar,  spices,  coffee, 
liquors,  fruits,  &:c. 

GRo'CER- Y,  71.    The  commoditieg  sold  by  grocers,    it 
is  used  in  the  singular  in  England,  in  the  plural  in 
the  United  States. 
2.  A  grocer's  store.  United  Stales. 

GROG,  71.  A  mixture  of  spirit  and  water  not  swecU 
encd. 

GROG'-BLOS-SOM,  n.  A  rum-bud  ;  a  redness  on  the 
nose  or  face  of  men  who  drink  ardent  spirits  to  ex- 
cess ;  a  deformity  that  marks  the  beastly  vice  of  in- 
temperance. .America. 

GROG'-DRINK-ER,  n.  One  addicted  to  drinking 
grog. 

GROG'GY,  a.  A  groggy  horse,  is  one  that  bears 
wholly  on  his  heels  in  trotting.  Cyc. 

2.  In  vulgar  language,  liuiiy  •  intoxicated. 
GROG'RAM,  (  rr, 
GROG'RAN,  i  "■     1^^^-  <?'"''^*>''"«;'^a"«,  gross  gram.] 

A  kind  of  stuff  made  of  silk  and  mohair. 
GROG'SIIOP,   ».     In  .America,  a  shop  where  grog  and 
other  spirituous  liquors  are  retailed.    GRoccERy  li:is 
also  been  used  of  late. 
GROIN,  7(.     [Ice.  and  Gotli.  grcin.    Chalmers.    But  I 
do  not  find  this  in  Lye.] 

1.  Tlie  depressed  part  of  the  human  bodv  between 
the  belly  and  the  thigh. 

9.  Among  builders,  the  angular  cur\'e  made  bv  the 
intersection  of  two  semi-cylinders  or  arches,   Eueuc. 

3.  [Ft.  groin;  Gr.  /Sn.]  The  snout  or  nose  of  a 
swine.  Chaucer. 

GROIN,  V.  i.     To  groan.     [Obs.]  Chancer. 

GROIN'£D,  n.    Having  an  angular  curve  made  by  the 

intersection  of  two  semi-cylinders  or  arches;  as,  a 

groined  arch  ;  a  groined  ceiling. 
GUO.APET,      ;  7i.     [Arm.  grojnm,  a  curb,  Fr.  gour- 
GROM'.MET,  i      inctte.] 

Among  sf</mcH,  a  ring  formed  of  a  strand  of  rope 

laid  round,  used  for  various  purposes.  Tctten, 

GRO.M'WELL,  \  n.    A  plant  of  the  genus  Lithosper- 
GRGiM'IL,  \      mum.     The    German   Gromicell  is 

tiie  Stellera.  ^o  ^  Fam.  (if  Plants. 

GROOM,  n.     [Ptrs.  L^o  y^  ^nrnia,  a  keeper  of  horses. 

0,11.  Flemish  or  old  D.  grom,  a  boy.] 

1.  A  boy  or  young  man  ;  a  waiter ;  a  servant. 

2.  A  man  or  boy  who  has  the  charge  of  horses  ; 
one  who  takes  care  of  horses  or  the  stable. 

3.  In  England,  a  title  of  several  ofticers  of  the 
royal  household,  chiefly  in  the  lord  chamberlain's 
department;  as,  the  ^oohj  of  the  chamber  ;  groom  of 
the  stole  or  robes.  Brandc. 

GROOM,  n.  [Sax.  and  Goth,  gnma,  a  man.]  A  man 
recently  married,  or  one  wlto  is  attending  his  pro- 
jjosed  spouse  in  order  to  be  married  ;  used  in  compo- 
sition, Its  in  bridegroom,  which  see.  [This  is  a  |)al- 
jialilc  mistake  for  q-oohj.] 

GROi  )M,  r.  t.    To  take  cure  of  horses. 

GROOM'iNG,  n.    The  care  and  feeding  of  Iwrses. 

GROO.M'^POR'TER,  n.  An  officer  in  the  household 
of  thi-  king  of  England,  who  succeeded  the  master 
of  revels,  and  gave  direction  as  to  sports.    Fosbroke. 

GROOVE,  (groov,)  71.  [Ice.  groof;  Sw,  grop;  but  it 
is  merely  a  variation  of  grace.  See  Grate  and 
Grip.] 

1.  A  furrow,  channel,  or  long  hollow  cut  by  a  tool. 
Among  joiners,  a  channel  in  the  edge  of  a  molding, 
style,  or  rail. 

2.  Among  jniners^  a  shaft  or  pit  sunk  into  the 
earth.  1 

GROOVE,  V.  t.     [Sw.  griSpa.]  ' 

To  cut  a  channel  with  an  edccd  tool ;  to  furrow.      I 
GROO  V'/:n,  pp.     Clianneled  ;  cut  with  grooves. 
GROOVER.  71.     A  miner.     [lA^caL]  Hollviraa. 

GROOVING, p/fr.    Cutting  in  channels. 
Ctlerhig  a  low,  mournful  |  GROPE,  v.  i.    [Sax.  gropian,  grapian:  G.  grabbrln^ 
greifen;  D.  grypcn,  grabbclat ;  Dan.  gribery  to  gripe. 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUP €  as  K  j  (5  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


66 


oWl 


GRO 


la  fni«";  Sw-  rnU",  l>an.  trmUrr,  lo  search.    The 
MUi.  ■    ■    ■    '  'T  I"  caich  wiih  ihu  hoiiil.] 

I.  la  Bifiirch  »r  uit<'iii|>t  lo  find  in 

Ibt-  :.ml  t>crson,  by  fL-t*Uiig. 

\»  tiii.J.  —  li.  lii. 

1 .  -  wrejing  dilMr 


Ibo  luuCTicm 

a  Tu  KTk  lihmlly  in  inli'lli'rlual  ilnrkui.w,  wiLh- 
oul  a  cfrlalli  Rultle  ttr  iiicans  of  knowh-dirc 
CROPr   '    '     '''"  '"■'I'll  Itv  feeling  in  the  (InrK.    We 

i  --r  mmnt 

^I»i,J  pp.    Ft'll  in  the  dark. 
Ono  who  cropes ;  one  who  feels  his 
lark,  or  scnrclK'rt  by  feeling. 
■/•.    l-Veliiig  for  something  In  darkness ; 
iVeliiig. 
y,  ndr.    In  n  proping  nmnner. 
[Fr.]    Thick;  stroiiR ;  a  word  used  in 
iind   words  fur  silk   goods ;    ns,  gros 
. .   :>  i'l  .Vuptesj  gros  lie  7'oursj  4cc.,  aJI  strong  I'ab- 
Encyc,  Am, 
>  .     -^  HP.AK,  R.    A  bird.    Sec  GnossoEiK. 
i^uO-"^  '^'-    —     .It.nnd  Port,  "to.^^o ;  Sp. griiCAO, 

frv  ■■  n  dialectical  variation  of  ^great,] 

1.  .  particularly  npplit-d  tu  anuualsj 

fal;  t'ii(nii'  ni .    ui,  u  gTOAs  man  ;  a  ffross  body. 

9.  Conrw  ;  rude ;  rough ;  not  delicate ;  as,  ffross 
srulpturf.  tf^oUon. 

3.  CNwrse,  I'l  a  fi^arative  sensfi  rough}  mean; 
partieuhrlify  vuli^r ;'  obscene ;  indelicate;  as,  gross 
lanRiia::!- :  jjt<im  jests. 

A.  Tliick ;  larnc  ;  opposed  to  Jfnc;  as,  wood  or 
rtonr  of  a  i^roas  grain. 

5.  Iiupurr  ;  unrefined;  as,  ^0£«  sensuality. 

6.  Grvat ;  p;ilpable  ;  as,  a  gross  miblake  ;  gross  in- 
justice. 

7.  ('(larM* ;  larjje  ;  not  delicate ;  as,  gross  ft-atures. 

8.  Thick  ;  dense;  not  aticnuatt'd  ;  not  refined  or 
pure  ;  as,  u  gross  modiuni  of  sight ;  gross  air  -,  gross 
i-Icmt^nls.  Bacon,     Pope. 

*X  rn«penily ;  enormous  ;   shameful ;   great  j  as, 
groM  rorniplions  -,  gross  vices. 
Iff.  S|ii|>h1  :  iliill. 

'  ''-.il  no  grott  far  tin  lic-ir.  Milton, 

I;  !;rR;  at,  the  gross  sum,  or  ^oss 

:i:i.  I  tu  a  ftim  consisting  of  separate 

'  I  In-  niainbtxly  ;  thechicf  part ;  the  bulk  ; 

T<,  Uie  gro.'-i  of  the  people.     [Wo  now 
U:;.  Hl  :.■-..]  Addison. 

2:  The  number  of  twelve  dozen  ;  twelve  times 
twelve ;  as,  a  gross  of  bottles.  It  never  has  the 
plural  form.    We  say,/cfl  gross  or  ten  gross. 

In  the  gro^s,  in  grn.'j,  in  ilie  bulk,  or  the  whole  un- 
divid*  il  ;  .'ill  iKiti-  lakm  together. 
/*"  I  like  SL'iisf. 

('■  the  weight  of  merchandise  or 

got  Hi  I  and  drofs,  the  ba;T,  cask,  chest, 

ice,  in  v.Jiica  tlry  arc  conl;iiucd,  for  which  an  al- 
lowimce  is  to  be  mndt-  of  tare  and  tret.  This  being 
didiirt  il,  11'  r-m -liil.  r,  or  rral  weiqlit,  is  dennmi- 
nnl'  ■:  f'rossvfrisrfu  was  abolished 

In  I"  .  May,  18-27. 

In  !  '/I  •rro*.'*,  was  one  whndid 

not  bi!  ng  t,i :!;  l.iuj,  but  immediately  ti  the  per- 
5nn  '  f  lh(!  l.-ril,  and  was  transiVrrable  by  deed,  like 
chati'-'N,  fr.-in  onfrowner  to  another.      Blacf:stone. 

.■ldrL'tc.,0.1  in  gross:  an  advtiwson  separated  frnm 
th-  prnptrty  of  a  manbr,  and  annexed  lo  the  person 
'  fi''  ■  v.n  r.  Blnchstonc. 

■1  jT.\'.*,  x-i  common  annexed  lo  a  man's 
nut  appurtenant  to  land.     Blndistone. 
'".."..     A  sinsing  bird  of  several  specit-s, 
'  and  linnets.    The  bill  is  convex 
I'-k  at  the  base,  from  which  cir- 
ils  name.  p.  Cvc, 

:.    Coarsest;  rudest;  most  inddicatc. 
\  IKED,  a.   Having  a  thick  skuU  ;  stupid. 

Miltoiu 
•  r.      In  bulky  or  large  parts  ;  coarsely, 
ii  grosAij  pulverized. 
:  I'i'iMy;  enormously;  as,  this  aflair 
f>''  '■nled. 

'[  ■  •'^^  r»"o«'y  criminal. 

;  ^  rincnit  nt  or  delicacy  ;  as, 

[language  grossly  vulgar. 
*;  bulkincss;  ciirpulcnce 

hoditS. 


CRf. 

fa: 


dcli 
Ui. 


.  <i\--xi'\c  ;  deniity;  as,  the  gross- 

nidcncsa;  want  of  refinement  or 
■    ;  as,  the  grossncss  cf  language ; 

•mt4M  th.1t  deliylrti  to  wound  Ihe  car  of 

-^Airr^V"^'^'  enormity;  m  the  grossness  of  vice. 
G, »(_.>>  T  'LAR,  a.      Pertaining  to  «,r  resembling  a 
-*s,  grofsul/ir  ^met. 
VK,  B.    A  species  of  garnet  of  a  green 


GRO 

GROT,         j  ".  [Pr.grottci  li.grotta:   Sp.  and  Port. 
GROT'TO,  (     grtita;  G.  and  Dan.  groUe;   D.  grot: 
Sax.  grut.     Grotla  is  not  used.] 

1.  A  large  cave;  a  subterraneous  cavcni ;  and, 
prim/in7y,  a  natural  cave  or  rent  in  the  curlh,  or  such 
us  is  formed  by  a  current  of  water,  r.r  an  tnrlliquake. 

Prior.     Dnjden. 
5,  An  artificial,  ornamented  cave  for  coolness  and 
rcfp'shmcnt.  Pope. 

GRO-Ti:aaUE',  (gro-tesk',)  a.      [Pr.  grotesque  ;    gp. 
and  P<trt.  grutcscn  ;  It.  groUcsta;  from  grotto.] 

Wildly  formed;  whimsical;  extravagant;  of  ir- 
regular forms  and  proportions ;  ludicrous ;  antic. 
The  term  is  derived  from  the  figures  fdund  in  tlh- 
suhterraneous  apartments  (;;'-rftHDc.v)  in  the  ancient  ru- 
ins at  Rome,  and  is  hence  applied  to  pieces  of  sculp- 
ture and  painting,  and  to  natural  scenery  ;  ay,  gro- 
te^iptc  painting;  grotesque  design.  Dnjdcn. 

GRO-TESCIUE',  (gro-tesk',)  ti.    Whimsical  figures  or 
scenery. 

2.  Artifici;il  crotto-work.  Brandc. 
GRO-TK^Ul'r.'LV,  adv.    In  a  fantastical  manner. 
GRO-'i'KSUL'K'.\EJ;tf,  n.    t^tate  ol'  btnng  grotesque, 
GROUND,  Ji.     [Sax,  grund ;  G.  Dan.  and  tfw.  grund  ; 

D.  grand;  Riiss.  grunt.  This  word  maybe  the  Ir. 
griaTij  ground,  bottom  of  a  river  or  lake,  from  grean, 
W.  ^Tflcan,  gravel.  [SeeGRAis.]  It  seems,  primari- 
ly, to  denote  the  gravelly  bottom  of  a  river  or  lake, 
or  of  the  sea,  wliich  shuws  the  appropriate  sense  of 
the  verb  to  ground,  as  used  hy  seamen.] 

The  i^urfacc  of  land  or  upper  part  of  llio  earth, 
without  reference  to  the  materials  which  compose  it, 
We  apply  ground  to  soil,  sand,  or  gravel,  Indifferent- 
ly, but  never  aiply  it  to  the  wiiole  mass  c»f  the  earth 
or  globe,  nor  to  any  jwriion  of  it  when  removed.  We 
never  say  a  shovel  full  or  a  load  of  ground.  We  say 
under  ground,  but  not  under  earth ;  and  wo  speak  of 
the  globe  as  divided  into  land  and  water,  not  into 
ground  and  water.  Yet  ground,  rnr/Ji,  and  land,  are 
oftt-n  used  symmymously.  Wo  say,  tlie  j)roduce  or 
fruits  of  the  gi-ound,  of  the  earfJi,  or  of  land.  The 
water  overflows  the  low  ground^  or  the  low  land. 

There  waa  not  .x  mini  lo  till  the  ground.  —  Gen.  ii. 
Thi?  f^ouftd  aliall  ^ive  its  incr^^si',  —  Zech.  viil. 
The  lin.'  ran  .i!on;*on  ih-'  ground.  —  Mxwl.  ix. 

2.  Region  ;  territory  ;  as,  Egyptian  ffroMmZ  ,•  Brit- 
ish ground;  heavenly  nroun/i.  Milton. 

3.  Land  ;  estate ;  possession 

Thy  ncxl  design  is  on  ihy  nHghbor's  grounrlt.      Dnjden. 

4.  The  surface  of  the  earth,  or  a  floor  or  pavement. 

Dajon  h^d  fallen  on  his  Cxce  to  tlic  ^ound.  —  1  S.im.  v, 

.'>.  Foundation ;  that  which  supports  any  thing. 
This  argument  stands  on  defensible  o-rownrf."  Hence, 

G.  Fundamental  cause  ;  primary  reason,  or  origi- 
nal principle.  lie  statel  the  grounds  of  his  complaint. 

Making  happine^a  ihc  ground  of  Lis  unhappitiLss      Sufneij. 

7.  First  principles  ;  as,  the  grounds  of  religion. 

Milton. 

8.  In  painting^  that  which  is  first  put  on  ;  the  sur- 
face on  which  a  fijrure  or  object  is  represented  ;  that 
surface  or  substance  which  retains  the  original  «'ii!or, 
and  to  which  the  other  colors  are  applied  to  make 
the  representation  ;  as,  crimh-{)n  on  a  wliite  ground. 

Encyc. 

9.  In  manufactures,  the  principal  coliT,  to  which 
others  arc  considered  as  ornamental.        Hakcwill. 

10.  GroumU  ;  plural,  the  bottom  of  litpiors  ;  dregs  ; 
lees ;  feces ;  as,  coITec  groaiuLi ;  the  grounds  of 
strong  beer. 

The  ti?nn  grounds  is  also  used  in  architecture,  to  de- 
note pieces  of  wood.  Hush  witli  the  jilasiering,  to 
which  moldinss,  &c.,  are  atta-Iied.  Brandc. 

11.  The  plain  song;  the  tune  on  which  descants 
arc  raised. 

Oo  Ui.it  ;rroun/!  I'll  hutlc!  a  holy  tiescanl.  Shak. 

]•?.  In  efching,  a  gummous  composition  spread  over 
the  surface  of  the  metal  to  be  etched,  to  prevent  the 
nitric  acid  from  eating,  except  where  Ihe  ground  ia 
opened  with  the  pc.int  of  a  needle.  Encyc. 

13.  Field  or  place  of  action.  He  fought  with  fury, 
and  would  not  quit  the  ground. 

14.  In  music,  the  name  given  to  a  composition  in 
which  the  base,  consistineofa  ffw  bars  of  independ- 
ent notes,  is  continually  repeated  to  a  continually 
varying  melody.  Busb,,. 

15.  The  foil  to  set  a  thing  off.     [Obs.]         Shak. 

16.  Formerly,  the  pit  of  a  plavhousc.      B.  Jonson. 
Po  gain  ground;  to  advance;  to  proceed  forward 

in  confiict;  as,  an  annv  in  battle  gains  ground. 
Hence,  to  obtain  an  advantage;  to  have  some  suc- 
cess; as,  tlie  army  gains  ground  on  the  enemv. 
Hence, 

2.  To  gain  credit;  to  prevail ;  to  become  more  gen- 
cnU  or  extensive  ;  as,  the  opinion  gains  ground. 

To  lose  ground  ;  to  retire  ;  to  retreat ;  to  withdraw 
from  the  position  taken.  Hence,  to  lose  advantaep. 
Hence,  ^ 

2.  To  lose  credit;  to  decline;  to  become  less  in 
force  or  extent. 

To  girr.  ground ;  to  recede  ;  to  vield  advantage. 
used"  ^^^  ^'"""''  ^*1  '0  ^<^Aer  ground,  are  seldom 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— 
5^" 


GRO 

GROUND,  V.  t.    To  lay  or  set  on  the  ground. 

2   To  found  ;    to  fix  or  set,  as  on  a  fuundatiun, 
cause,  reason,  or  principle  ;   as,  arguments  grounded 
on  reason  ;  faith  grounded  on  scriptural  evidence. 
3.  To  settle  in  first  principles ;  to  fix  firmly. 
Being  rooted  ami  grounded  In  love.—  Epli.  iU. 

GROUND,  r.  i.  To  run  aground  ;  to  strike  the  bottom 
and  remain  fixed  ;  iS,  the  ship  grounded  in  two  faili- 
oiiis  of  water. 

GROUND,  pr/^.  and  pr).  or  a.  from  Gkind. 

GROUND' AGE,  v.  A  tax  paid  by  a  ship  for  tlio 
ground  or  space  it  occupies  white  in  port.     BoiLtirr. 

GROUND'-AN"GLlNG,  n  Fishing  wi'.tiout  a  tloal, 
with  a  weight  placed  a  few  incJu-a  from  the  hook. 

GROUND'-AHH,  u.  A  sapling  of  ash  ;  a  young  shoot 
from  the  stump  of  an  fish  'Mortimer. 

GROUND'-BaIT,  n.  Bait  consisting  of  halls  of  hoiUd 
barley,  ice,  drojiped  lo  the  bottom  of  the  water  to 
collect  together  the  fiih.  Wnlton, 

GROUND-CIIER'RY,  ti.  An  American  weed  {v^njsca- 
lis  viseosa)  having  an  inflated  catvx,  or  secd-poil. 

GROUND'KD,  pp.    Laid  in  the  cround  ;  run  agruiiiid 

OROUND'ED-LV,  adv.     Upon  firm  principles. 

GUOUND'-FLoOR,  n.  The  first  or  lower  floor  of  a 
house.  Hut  tlie  English  call  Ihe  second  floor  from 
the  groiiiul  the  first  floor. 

GROUND.'-FOItM,  v.  In  grammar,  the  basis  of  a 
word,  to  which  the  other  parts  are  added  in  defleii- 

-  sion  or  conjugation.  It  is  sometimes,  hut  not  always, 
the  same  as  the  root.  Gilih.i. 

GUOUND'-HOG,  n,  [gi-oand  and  hog.]  The  populnr 
name  of  the  Aujerican  Arctoniys,  or  marmot,  usually 
called,  in  New  England,  wondchuck. 

GROUND'-i-VY,  n.  A  well-km.wn  plant,  the  Gle- 
chnnia  hrdrracca:  called,  also,  alehoofuiu\  gdl, 

GROL'XD'LESS,  a.  Wanting  ground  or  foundation; 
wanting  cause  or  reason  for  support;  ixs^  groundless 
fear. 

2.  Not  authorized ;  false ;  as,  a  groundless  report 
or  assertion. 

GROUND'LE.SS-LY,  adtj.  Without  reason  or  cause  ; 
^vitliout  authority  for  sii[iport.  Boifh: 

GROUND'LESS-XES?,  n.  Want  of  just  cause',  rea- 
son, or  authority  for  support.  Tillot.^on. 

GROIJND'LING,  it.  A  fish  that  keeps  at  the  bottom 
of  the  water.  Sliak. 

2.  Ancirntlij,  one  whn  stood  in  the  pit  of  the  thea- 
ter, which  was  literally  on  the  ground,  having  neillier 
floor  nor  benches.  Toonr. 

GROUND'LV,  aiZr.  Upon  principles;  solidly.  Aschan. 
[A  had  word,  and  not  used.] 

GROUND'-NEST,  n.     A  nest  on  the  ground. 

GROUND'-NUT,  r.  The  fruit  of  lhe^mc/n.s-  hypo^wa, 
called  also  pna-nnt,  a  native  of  South  America.  [J=ce 
also  Earth-Nft.] 

2.  A  leguminous,  twining  plant,  Apios  tnhrrasa, 
producing  clusters  of  dark-p»irple  flowers,  and  having 
a  root  tuberous  and  pleaL^ant  lo  the  taste. 

Dcircii^s  Mass.  R'-p. 

GROUND-oAK,  n.    A  saplins  of  oak.      Mortimtr. 

GROUND'-PiNE,  n.  A  plant,  a  species  ofTeucrimu 
or  germander,  said  to  be  so  called  fiom  its  resinous 
smell.  Encve.     lidl. 

GROUND'-PLaTE,  n.  In  ardiitccture,  the  ground- 
plates  are  the  outermost  pieces  of  timber  lying  on  or 
near  the  ground,  framed  into  one  another  with  mor- 
tises and  tenons.  Harris. 

GROUND'-PLOT,  n.    Tlie  giound  on  which  a  build- 
ing  is  placed. 
2.  The  ichnosraphy  of  a  huihiing.  John,<!on. 

GROUND'-RENT,  7(.  Kent  paid  fur  the  privilege  of 
building  on  another  man's  land.  Johnson. 

GROUND  -ROOM,  ti.  A  room  on  the  ground  ;  a  low- 
er room.  Tatler. 

GROUND'SEL,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Scnccio,  of 
several  species. 

GROUND'SEL,   )  n.      [around  and   Sax.  syll,  basis, 

GROUND'SILL,  (  allied  probably  to  L.  sella,  that 
which  is  set.     See  Sill.] 

The  timber  of  a  building  which  lies  next  to  the 
ground,  commonly  called  a  sdl. 

GROUND'-SWELL,  71.  A  swell  and  heaving  of  the 
sea,  with  great  power  iVom  beneath,  while  the  sur- 
face is  not  acitated  by  any  cxistins  tempest. 

GROUND'-TACK-LE,  (-tak-I,)  v.  "In  ships,  a  gem-rnl 
term  for  every  thing  necessary  to  secure  a  ves'sel  at 
anchor.  Totlen. 

GROUND'-W^oRK,  n.  The  work  which  forms  tlic 
foundation  or  support  of  any  thing;  the  basis;  the 
fundamentals. 

2.  The  ground  ;  that  to  which  the  rest  are  addition- 
al. Dnjilrn. 

3.  First  principle;  original  reason.  Dnjden. 
GROUP,  n.     [It.  groppo,  a  knot,  a  hunrli ;  Fr.  irraupe; 

Sp.  sr.:po.    It  IS  radically  the  same  word  aa  croup, 
crupper,  rump  ;  W.  grab,  a  cluster,  a  grape] 

1.  A  cluster,  crowd,  or  Ihronp ;  an  assemMagc, 
either  of  persons  or  things  ;  a  number  collected  with- 
out any  regular  form  or  arrangement ;  as,  a  group  of 
men  or  of  trees  ;  a  group  of  isles. 

2.  In  painting  and  sculpture,  an  assemblage  of  two 
or  more  figures  of  men,  beasts,  or  other  things,  which 
have  some  relation  to  each  other. 


METE,  PREY. -PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD. -NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOQK.  - 


GRO 

GROUP.  V.  U     [Fr.  ^ouver.} 

To  form  a  group;  to  bring  or  place  together  in  a 
cluster  or  knut;  to  furm  an  asset iililagc. 

T^e  diSicuhy  1^  in  drawing  and  disposing,  or,  as  the  j[viintcr3 
vena  it,  in  grouping  suui  a  multitude  of  diaerent  ohyxu. 

Prior. 

GROUP'£D,  (groopt,)  f^.  or  a.    Fonned  or  placed  in  a 

crotvd. 
GROUPING,  ppr.    Bringing  together  in  a  cluster  or 

assemblage. 
GROUP'US'G,  n.    The  art  of  composing  or  combining 

the  objects  of  a  picture  or  piece  of  sculpture.     Cyc. 

O       3   3 

GROUSE,  (grous,)  n.     [PeR.  ^j^^y^  khorosj   gros, 

a  cock.] 

A  lieath-cock,  or  cock  of  the  wood,  a  bird  of  the 
genus  Tetrao.  The  name  is  given  to  several  species, 
hishly  prized  for  food,  such  as  the  black  game,  the 
red  game,  the  ptarmigan,  the  ruffed  grouse,  &c. 

GROUSE,  V.  i.    To  seek  or  shoot  grouse. 

GROUS'IXG,  ppr.    Shooting  grouse. 

GROUT,  H.     [Sax.  srut.     See  Groat.] 

1.  Coarse  meal ;  pollard. 

2.  A  kind  of  wild  apple.  Johison. 

3.  A  thin,  coarse  mortar,  used  for  pouring  into  the 
joints  of  masonry  and  brick-work.  The  term  is  also 
applied  to  a  tiner  material,  used  in  finishing  the  best 
ceilings.  Qwilt,    Braiide. 

A.  Lees  ;  that  which  purges  off.  Warner. 

5.  Wort  of  the  last  running.  Holloway. 

GKOUT'ING,  n.  The  process  of  fining  in  or  finishing 
with  p-oul.  Gwilt. 

9.  The  grout  thus  tilled  in. 
CRoUT'NOL.    See  Growthead. 
GROVE,  Tu   [Sai.  ^rff/,  graf,  a  firave,  a  cave,  a  g-rove; 
Goth,  groba  ;  from  cutting  an  avenue,  or  from  the  re- 
semblance of  an  avenue  to  a  channel.] 

1.  In  gardr,nmg^j  a  small  wood  or  cluster  of  trees 
with  a  shaded  avenue,  or  a  wood  inipervinus  to 
the  rays  of  ihe  son.  A  grove  is  eilluT  open  or  close  ; 
open  when  consisting  of  large  trees  whose  branches 
shade  the  ground  below ;  close  when  con.'^isting  of 
trees  and  underwood,  which  defend  tiie  avenues  from 
the  rays  of  the  sun  and  from  violent  v/inds.     Encyc. 

2.  A  wood  of  small  extent.  In  America^  the  word 
is  applied  to  a  wood  of  natural  growth  in  the  fi'_'ld,  as 
well  as  to  planted  trees  in  a  garden ;  but  only  to  a 
wood  of  small  extent,  and  not  to  a  forest. 

3.  Something  resembling  a  wood,  or  trees  in  a 
wood. 

Tail  groves  of  masts  arose  in  beauleons  pride.  TrumhtiU. 

GROV'£L,  (grov'l,)  v.  i.  [Ice.  grjtca;  Chaucer,  ^<)/?", 
flat  on  the  ground  or  face ;  Scot,  on  groufc ;  allied  to 
gritpe,  which  see.] 

1.  To  creep  on  the  earth,  or  with  the  face  to  the 
ground;  to  lie  prone,  or  move  with  the  body  pros- 
trate on  the  earth  j  to  act  in  a  prostrate  posture. 


GniA  on  and  grorel  on  thy  Cicc. 
To  cref  p  and  §rocet  on  ihe  jrouutL 


ShaJc. 
MUlon. 


2.  To  be  low  or  mean  ;  as^  groveling  sense  j  srovel- 
ing  thoughts.  Dnjden.     Addison. 

GRO  V'jE^^-ER,  n.  One  who  grovels  ;  an  abject  wretch. 
6R0V'£L-ING,  ppr.  Creeping  ;  moving  on  the  ground. 

2.  a.    ilean  ;  \vithout  dignity  or  elevation. 
GRoV'Y,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  grove  ;  frequenting  groves. 
GRoW,  c.  i. ;  jrrcL  Grzw  ;  pp.  Grows.     [Sax.  groican ; 

D.  groeyen  ;  Dan.  groer;  Sw.  gro^  a  contracted  word  ; 
W.  crotuiw,  crytliu,  to  grow,  to  swell.  Tliis  is  prob- 
ably the  same  word  as  L.  crcsco,  Russ.  rastu,  rostuy  a 
dialectical  variation  of  crodk  or  grodh.  The  French 
croitre,  and  Eng.  iTtcreasCj  relam  the  final  conso- 
nant.] 

1.  To  enlarge  in  bulk  or  stature,  by  a  natural,  im- 
perceptible addition  of  matter,  through  ducts  and  se- 
creting organs,  as  animal  and  vegetable  bodies ;  to 
vegetate  as  plants,  or  to  be  augniented  by  natural 
process,  as  animals.  Thus,  a  plant  grows  from  a 
seed  to  a  shrub  or  tree,  and  a  human  being  grows 
from  a  fetus  to  a  man. 

He  cauESth  Um  gnsa  to  grow  for  cattie.  —  Ps.  civ. 

2:  To  be  produced  by  vegetation  ;  as,  wheat  grows 
in  most  parts  of  the  world  ;  rice  grows  only  in  warm 
climates. 

3.  To  increase  ,  to  be  augmented  ;  to  wax  ;  as,  a 
body  grows  larger  by  infiation  or  distention  j  intem- 
perance is  a  growing  evil. 

4.  To  advance ;  to  improve ;  to  make  progress  ;  as, 
to  grow  in  grace,  in  knowledge,  in  piety.  The  young 
man  is  growing  in  reputation. 

5.  To  advance  ;  to  extend.  His  reputation  is  grow- 
ing. 

6.  To  come  by  degrees  ;  to  become  ;  to  reach  any 
state;  as,  he  grows  more  skillful,  or  more  prudent. 
Let  not  vice  grow  to  a  habit,  or  into  a  habit. 

7.  To  come  forward  ;  to  advance.  [J^Tot  mucJi  used,] 

Winter  bejan  to  grow  fast  on.  KrtoUei. 

8.  To  be  changed  from  one  stale  to  another;  to 
become  ;  as,  lo  grow  pale  :  to  grow  poor  :  to  grow 
rich 

0.  To  proceed,  as  from  a  cause  or  rexson.  Lax 
morals  may  grow  from  errors  in  opinion. 


GRU 

10.  To  accrue ;  to  come. 

Why  should  damage  grots  to  Uie  hurt  of  the  kings  ?  —  Ezrx  \v. 

11.  To  swell ;  to  increase  ;  as,  tlie  wind  grew  to  a 
tempest. 

To  grow  out  of;  to  issue  from,  as  plants  from  the 
soil,  or  as  a  branch  from  the  main  stem. 

These  wars  have  grojon  out  of  commercial  consiclPnttionB. 

Federalist,  ilemUtnn. 

To  grow  up  ;  to  arrive  at  manhood,  or  to  advance 
to  full  stature  or  maturit>-. 

To  grow  up  ;  i  to  close  and  adhere  ;  to  become 

To  grozD  togetJier ;  \  united  by  growth,  as  flesh  or 
the  bark  of  a  tree  severed. 

Grow  signifies,  properly,  to  shoot  out,  to  enlarge  ; 
but  it  is  often  used  to  denote  a  passing  from  one  stale 
to  another,  and  from  greater  to  less. 

Mairi:!^  grow  Icjs  fr^tjucnt.  Pa!c-j. 

[To  grow  Jess,  is  an  abuse  of  this  word  ;  the  phrase 
should  be,  to  become  less.] 

GRoVV,  V.  t.  To  cause  to  grow  ;  to  produce  ;  to  raise  ; 
as,  a  fanner  grows  large  quantities  of  wheat.  [This 
is  a  modem,  agricultural  use  of  grme,  but  prevalent 
in  Great  Britain,  and  the  British  use  begins  to  be 
imitated  in  America.  Until  witliin  a  few  years,  we 
never  heard  grow  used  as  a  transitive  verb  in  New 
England,  and  the  ear  revolts  at  the  practice.] 

GROWER,    n.     One  who  grows  ;    that  which  in- 
creases. 
Q.  Ill  English  Tise,  one  who  raises  or  produces. 

GROWING,  ppr.  or  a.  Increasing ;  advancing  in  size 
or  extent;  becoming;  accruing;  swelling;  thriving. 

GROWTi-  V.  i.  [Gr.  j  onAX/;,  a  grunting ;  Flemish,  grol- 
len.  Junms.     D.  kroUen,  to  caterwaul.] 

To  murmur  or  snarl,  as  a  dog ;  to  utter  an  angrv", 
grumbling  sound.  Oay.' 

GROWL,  I',  t.    To  express  by  growling.      Thomson. 

GROWL,  7!.    The  murmur  of  a  cross  dog. 

GROWL'ER,  71.    A  snarling  cur;  a  grumbler. 

GRO^VL'ING,  2>pf.  or  a.     Grumbling;  snarling. 

GKOWL'ING,  Ti.    Tlie  act  of  grumbling  or  snarling. 

GROWL'ING-LY,  ado.    In  a  grumbling  manner. 

GRoWN.  pp.  or  a.  from  Grow.  Advanced  ;  increased 
in  growth. 

9.  Having  arrived  at  full  size  or  stattire ;  as,  a 
groicni  woman.  Locke. 

Qrowfi  over;  covered  by  the  growth  of  any  thing; 

GROWSE,  V.  i.    [Sax.  agrisan.]  rove'rgrov,-n. 

To  shiver  ;  to  have  chills.     \_JVbt  vscd.)  Ray. 

GROWTH,  71.  The  gradual  increase  of  animal  and 
vegetable  bodies ;  the  process  of  springing  from  a 
germ,  seed,  or  root,  and  proceeding  to  full  size,  by 
the  addition  of  matter,  through  ducts  and  secreiorj' 
vessels.  In  plants,  vegetation.  We  speak  of  slow 
growth,  and  rapid  growth;  of  early  growth,  late 
groiclh,  and  full  growth. 

2.  Product  i  produce  ;  that  which  has  grown  ;  as, 
a  fine  growth  of  wood. 

3.  Production  ;  any  thing  produced  ;  as,  a  poem  of 
English  growth.  Dryden. 

4.  Increase  in  number,  bulk,  or  frequency. 

Johnson. 

5.  Increase  in  extent  or  prevalence;  as, the  growth 
of  trade  ;  the  groioOi  of  vice. 

G.  Advancement ;  progress;  improvement;  as, 
irroicth  in  srace  or  piety. 

GRoWT'HEAD,  {  n.     [Probablv  gross,  or  great-head.] 

GROWT'NOL,     )      A  kind  of  fish.  ^inswortft. 

9.  A  lazy  person  ;  a  lubber.     [Obs.]  Tusser. 

GRUB,  u  i.  [Goth,  graban.  See  Grate.  The  prima- 
ry sense  is  probably  to  rub,  to  rake,  scrape,  or  scratch, 
as  wild  animals  dig  by  scratching.  Russ.  grcbu,  to 
rake,  to  row  ;  greben,  a  comb  j  grob,  a  grave  ;  grob- 
lia,  a  ditch.] 
To  dig  ;  to  be  occupied  in  digging. 

GRUB,  V.  t.  To  dig  ;  mostly  followed  by  \ip.  To  grub 
up,  is  to  dig  up  by  the  roots  witli  an  instrument ;  to 
root  out  by  digging,  or  throwing  out  the  soil ;  as,  to 
grub  vp  trees,  rushes,  or  sedge. 

GKUB,  71.  [from  the  verb.]  A  name  given  to  any 
fleshy,  ding>'-coIored  lar\'a,  whether  proceeding  from 
the  eggs  of  a  beetle,  raoth,  or  other  insect.  It  has 
sometimes  been  confined  to  the  larvie  of  beetles  and 
weevils.  Partington. 

2.  A  short,  thick  man ;  a  dwarf,  in  contempt. 

Careio. 

GRUB'-AX,  71.    A  tool  used  in  grubbing  up  roots,  &lc. 

GRUB'BER,  n.     One  who  grubs. 

2.  An  instrument  for  digging  up  the  roots  of 
trees,  &.c. 

GRUB'BING,  ppr.    Digging  up  by  the  roots. 

GRUC'BING,  n.  Operation  of  digging  up  shrubs,  &c., 
bv  the  roots. 

GRUB'BING-HOE,  n.  .\n  instniment  for  digging  up 
trees,  shrubs,  &c.,  by  the  roots ;  a  mattock ;  called 
also  a  grub-az. 

GRUB'BLE,  V.  i.      [G.  griibcln.     See  Grotel   and 
Grabble.] 
To  feel  in  the  dark  ;  to  grovel.    [Rare.]  Dryden. 

GRUB'STREET,  n.  or  a.  Originally,  the  name  of  a 
street  near  -Moorfields,  in  London,  much  inhabited  by 
mean  writers  ;  hence  applied  lo  mean  writings  ;  as, 
rt  Grtihstrcct  poem.  JoJmson. 

[The  street  is  now  called  Milton  street.     Smart.] 


GRU 

GRUDGE,  F.  t.  [W.  grwg,  a  broken,  rumbling  noise  j 
grwgag,  a  murmur,  and,  as  a  verb,  to  murmur; 
grwga^u,  to  grumble  ;   from  t!ie  root  of  rhteciair,  to 

rnt,  or  grumble ;  rAwj,  a  grunt,  what  is  rough ; 
rug  to ;  Scot,  gruck,  to  grudge,  to  repine;  Gr. 
jov^cj.  We  see  the  primary  sense  is,  to  grumble, 
and  this  from  the  root  of  rough,] 

1.  To  be  discontented  at  anothcr^s  enjoyments  or 
advantages  ;  to  envy  one  the  possession  or  happiness 
which  wc  desire  for  ourselves. 

'Tia  na  in  thee 
To  gmd^e  my  pleaaurcs,  lo  cut  off  my  train.  ShaJt. 

1  have  ofico  hear.l  ih"?  Presbytemoj  a»y,  Uxy  did  not  grudee  us 
our  employrnciil*.  Ski/L 

It  is  followed  by  two  objects,  but  probably  by  el- 
lipsis ;  as,  grudge  us,  for  gruAge  to  us. 

2.  To  give  or  lake  unwillingly. 

Nor  grudge  my  cold  emtjraMs  in  ih^  ^rare.  Dryditi. 

They  have   grudged  those   contribuliona,  which  tarv  «rt  «ar 

country  al  the  heatl  of  all  thz  goTcminenta  of  Europe. 

AddUon. 
GRUDGE,  r.  i.    To  murmur;  to  repine;  to  complain  ; 
as,  to  grudge  or  complain  of  injustice.         Hooker. 

9.  To  be  unwilling  or  reluctant.  Grudge  not  to 
serve  your  country. 

3.  To  be  envious. 

Grudge  not  on^  agaiast  another.  —  James  t. 

4.  To  V.  ish  in  secret,     [JVot  used,  nor  proper.] 

5.  To  feel  compunction  ;  to  grieve.    [-Vbt  in  use.] 
GRUDGE,  n.    Sullen  malice,  or  malevolence  i  ill-will ; 

secret  enmity  j  hatred  ;  as,  an  old  grudge, 

B.  t/onsoTU 

2.  Unwillingness  to  benefit. 

3.  Remorse  of  conscience.    [O&s.] 
GKUDG'EONS,  (grudj'unz,)n.p/.  Coaree  meal.   [Abt 

in  use.]  Be-aum.  ^  FL 

GRUDG'ER,  n.    One  that  grudges  ;  a  murmurer. 
GRUDG'ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Envying;  being  uneasy  at 

antiiher's  possession  of  something  which  we  have  a 

desire  to  possess. 
GRUDG'ING,  71.      Uneasiness  at  the  possession  of 

something  by  another. 

2.  Reluctance  3  also,  a  secret  wish  or  d^ire. 

Dryden. 
He  had  a  grudging  still  to  be  a  krave.     [Oiu.J  Dn/dett. 

3.  A  symptom  of  disease.    \^JVot  in  use.]    Jackson. 
GRUD6'ING-LY,  orfu.    Unwillingly;  with  reluctance 

ordiscontent ;  as,  to  give  grudgingly. 
GRU'EL,  71.     [Fr.  gruau  ;  W.  grualT] 

A  kind  of  light  food  mode  by  boiling  meal  in  wa- 
ter. It  is  usually  made  of  the  meal  of  oats  or  maize. 
GRUFF,  a.     [D.'grof:  G.  grob  ;  Dan.  grov  ;  Sw.grof; 
W.  gruf,  a  griffin,  one  fierce  and  bold.] 

Of  a  rough  or  stern  manner,  voice,  or  counte- 
nance ;  sour ;  surly  ;  severe  ;  rugged  ;  harsh. 

.Addison. 
GRUFF'LY,    adv.       Roughly;     sternly;    ruggedly; 
harshly. 

Aud  grujly  looked  the  god.  Dn/den. 

GRUFF'NESS,  ti.      Roughness  of  countenance^  of 

manner,  or  voice  ;  sternness. 
GRUM,  a,    [Dan.  gram,  cruel,  fierce,  peevish;    Sw. 

gryrn,   id. ;     Dan.  gremmer,  to   monm ;    W.  grwai, 

growling,  surly ;  grymian,  to  grumble.] 
1.  Morose ;  severe  of  countenance ;  sour ;  surly. 
.^rbuthnot. 
9.  Low  ;  deep  in  the  throat ;   guttural ;  rumbling ; 

as,  a  oTum  voice. 
GRUM'BLE,  V.  i.      [D.  grommelen,  grommen;   Pax. 

grymctan;  Tivm.  gremmtr ;  YT.^ommrler:  W.grtjmi- 

ai,  to  grumble  ;   Russ.  o-rozn,  a  loud  noise,  thunder  ; 

gremlyii,  to  make  a  loud  noise,  to  thunder  ;    Arm. 

grommcllat;  Ir.  cruim,   thunder;    probably  from  the 

root  of  rumble;  Heb.  Ch.  Syr.  uy^,  to  roar,  murmur, 

thunder  ;    Sax.  rcomian,  rhtmman,  to  scream.     Class 

Rm,  No.  11,13.] 

1.  To  murmur  with  discontent;  to  utter  a  low 
voice  by  way  of  complaint. 

L'Avare,  not  using  half  his  store, 

Still  grumbles  that  he  has  no  more.  Prior. 

2.  To  growl  J  to  snarl  j  as,  a  Hon  grumbling  over 
his  prey. 

3.  To  rumble  ;  to  roar ;  to  make  a  harsh  and  heavy 
sound  ;  as,  grumbling  Umnder;   a  grumbling  storm. 

iln  this  sense,  Rumble  is  generally  u.sed.] 
UM'BLER,  H.    One  who  grumbles  or  murmurs; 
one  who  complains ;  a  discontented  man.      Sici/l. 
GRUJrBLING,  ppr.  or  a.    Murmuring  through  discon- 
tent;  nmibling;  growling. 
GRUM'BLING,  n.    A  murmuring  through  discontent  j 

a  rumblin::. 
GRUM'BLING-LY,  adc.    With  grumbling,  or  com- 
plaint. 
GRuME,  71.     [Fr  grumeau;  L.  grvmus;  It.  and  Sp. 
grumo.] 

A  thickj  viscid  consistence  of  a  fluid  ;  a  clot,  as  of 
blood,  &c. 
GRUM'LY,  adv.      Morosely;  with  a  sullen  counte- 
nance. 
GRu'MOUS,  o.    Thick;  concreted;  cloUed  ;  as,  ^nt- 
mous  blood. 
2.  In  botany,  in  the  form  of  little  clustered  grains. 

LatdUy. 


TONE,  BJJLL,  liNITE.  —  AN"GER,  Vr'CIOUS e  as  K ;  G  aa  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

__ 


GUA 


GUA 


^r,<s  VOUS-NES3,  K.    A  stale  cf  U-iiig  dolled  or 
,  _.jpj^  IVhcman. 

li"y.  0-    Surly:   dissalluficd.      [Localin  En^- 

Farby. 
GuVnI)'SEL.    S«w  Gbocndsei-  MUton. 

GRL'N'i'.  «*•  '•  [I*a"-  erifnter;  G.  STKnim  ;  Sax.  ^ni- 
iuin;  Ft.  fTo/wfr ;  Arm. -TOJirfai ;  U»r«imu>;  bp. 
^niAn-,-  It    ^Ti.*ntrf.    See  Ileb.  Ch.  Sam.  I:^  Ar. 


UJ 


rc-iaa,  to  cry  out,  to  inurnuir.  C'Ias3  Un,  No.  4.] 


'ib  uiurnmr  like  a  hog  ;  to  tiller  a  short  groan,  or  a 
,;-t  p,  Kutiural  sound.  Saift.     Shak. 

GilUNT,  n.    .\  deep,  pultural  sound,  as  ol  ii  hoR. 
GRt'.N  I'KR,  n.    Out-  ihal  pnnils.  [^Orydcn. 

a  A  li-h  of  Ihe  purnard   kinil,  so  called  Irom  Ihc 
oe''iih:>r  iiHiiJC  winch  it  nmke^i.        Diet.  J\'*uf.  HlsU 
C.VJ  \  i  iNt;.  ppr.  or  a.     Ciuring  ihf  murniurmg  or 
iid  of  swine  or  oMirr  an  imals. 
n.     The  gutlural  sound  of  swine  and 

..  i.Ni;  LY.Oi/r.    Wiih  pnniiing  or  murmurs. 
.  I'l.R.  c.  i.    Tu  gninl.     [Xotmuciiu^ed.] 
i;Ui   \  ]■  LING,  n.    A  yuung  hog. 
GKUTCI.'.fur  Grudcl,  is  now  vulgar,  and  not  to  he 
GRy,  1.     !Gr.)pv.]  ["«^d. 

1.  A  iionnure  containing  one  Icnlh  of  a  line.  Locke. 
S.  Anv  thmgvery  small,  orof  liltle  value.  [Rare.] 
GRYPII  I  I'K,  n.     [L.  ip-KphiUs ;  Gr.  voi-ros,  hooked. 
Cniw>t»ne,  an  oblong  fossil  shell,  narrow  at  the 
bead,  and  wider  toward  the  extremity,  where  it  ends 
in  a  rtrrulnr  limb  ;  the  head  or  beak  is  very  hooked. 
GUA-eiiA'ltO-BlUD,  n.    A  nociuma!  bird  of  South 
America,  of  the  genus  Sleaiomis.     It  feeds  on  hard 
fruits,  and  i-<  valued  for  its  fat.  Jlitrtboltlt. 

GUA'IA-fUM,  (gwi'va-kHm,)  n  Thcnameof  a  j^cnus 
of  pl:iiU-,andaIsoof  thr  resin  of  the  tpccies  G.  ^(Tici- 
nale,  n  luLuIy called  U:piumvU(r^ or  pox  icood;  atree 
proditud  in  "the  warm  climates  of  America.  The 
wood  i?  very  hard,  ponderous,  and  resinous.  The 
leain  f  t  this  tree,  sometimes  ciilled  i>-uiac,  is  of  a 

ff*eniiii  caat,  and  much  uaed  in  medicine.   Eneyc. 
X'  N  A ,  n.    A  species  of  lizard,  found  iii  tlie  warmer 


part^  *<  .\inerica. 

GOANA'eO.H.  The  Auchenia  Uuanaca,  a  species 
of  tin.  genus  of  ruminant  mammals  to  which  the  la- 
ma ')  li  ng.4.  It  inhabit  the  Andes,  and  is  domcsti- 
ca:  <l.    It  i-^  h\V\ct\  lu  the  coinul. 

QUA-NU'ER-OCS,  a.    Yielding  guano.  Ure. 

QUA  Nt'.  n.  A  subslanrc  found  on  some  parts  of  the 
Soutli  American  and  African  coasts,  which  arc  fre- 
qiwnti  d  by  sea-fnwls,  and  composed  chielly  of  Iheir 
Mcrvracnt ;  used  as  a  manure.  (fre. 

GUA'UA,  H.  A  bird  of  Brazil,  the  Tantalus  nibcr, 
abjut  the  size  of  a  spoonbill.  ^VIlen  first  hatched, 
it  ii«  hlnc.>c:  it  afterward  changes  to  gray,  and  then 
!■>  vivid  red.  Diet  ofJ\rat,  Hist. 

GUAK-A.\-TKE',  (gar-an-lcc',)  n.  [Fr.  surant ;  Sp. 
'ijm.ifui ;  Arm.  noarand :  Ir.  bnrranta ;  W.  gtearant.] 

1.  An  undertaking  or  L-ngagcmont,  by  a  third  per- 
.r>n  or  isirty,  that  the  stipulations  of  a  treaty  shall  be 
ib«er\*td  by  the  contraning  [Kirticaorby  one  of  them  ; 

an  undertaking  th:il  the  engagement  or  promise  of 
another  shall  be  p^^rformud.  VVc  say,  a  clnnse  of 
fvar'tnue  in  a  treaty.  Ilnmilton. 

2.  One  whu  biniU  himself  to  sec  the  stipulations 
r  1  another  performed.  [Guarantee  is  becoming  the 
rfcval'-ni  spelling.] 

JL  AU -AN-TEIV,  (gar-an-tcc',)  c.  f.  [Fr.  garantir; 
''.  i:  liar  entire :  Arm.  froaranti;  W.  gicararUUf  from 
.  --.J-,  secure,  smooth,  or  rather  from  gwartij  to  fend, 
'  •  fi.nce,  the  root  of  guards  ihal  is,  to  ilrive  ofT,  to 
Iwld  otr,  to  stop;  D.  isaarcn^  to  prescr^'e,  to  indem- 
nify ;  t^ax.  arrian,  lo  defend  ;  Eng.  to  ward ;  allied 
lo  rorren,  tec.    See  WARnAXT.] 

1.  To  warrant ;  to  make  sure  :  lo  undertake  or  en- 
irase  that  anoth.  r  person  shall  perform  wliat  he  has 
Kiptilalcd  ;  lo  ubligc  one's  self  lo  see  thai  another's 
cn|agemcnl5  arc  |K;rformed  ;  to  .secure  tlie  perform- 
ance of;  as,  lo  cuaranttt  the  execution  of  a  treaty. 

.Mtsdiiort.     HamiUon, 

2.  To  undertake  lo  secure  lo  another,  at  all  events, 
a«  claim*,  rights,  or  po«?e.-«ion3.  [Thus,  in  tlie 
tmty  .f  1,.-.  Franc;  eynrantefd  to  the  United 
i^'  ■  'Vi  »overei:;nly,  and  independence, 
o:i  'Us;  and  (lie  United  States  giiar- 
a^'                       Its  i>osscs9ions  in  .-Vmerica. 

■  jI!  jTiaj-cnW  to  rrrry  ^uic  iti  Uw  Union  % 
qI  Korcrnmf  n'..   Cotul,  of  United  Statu. 

'■■  '"f^>' ;   lo  save  harmless.   [Sec  Gdar- 

GUAR-.^N-TEED', )  _     „, .   . 

CUAR'AN-TIKD,    \PP-    ^^arranted. 

GITAR-A.VTEE'IXG,  ppr.     IVarranling. 

*;UAR'A.\TOR,  (car'an  lor,)  h.  A  warrantor;  one 
who  rncagrs  to  sec  thai  ihe  stipulations  of  ancther 
are  jwrformed  ;  al5o,  one  who  engages  lo  Ctcare 
anotlirr  in  any  neht  or  po<^session. 

GU.\R'A.\TV,  (jTU'an  ty,)r.  r.     [Ft.  garaalir.]    To 

warrant ;  to  make  sure  ;  tuundcrtakr  or  ensagethat 

anoUier  person  ^thajl  perform  what  he  ha.^  stipulated. 

2,  To  undertake  in  pccure  to  another,  at  allcvenu. 

X  To  indemnify  ;  to  save  harmless. 


GU.\R'AN-TY,  (gar'an-ly,)  n.  [Fr.  garant:  Sp.  A'a- 1 
rantia  1  An  undertaking  or  engagement  by  a  third  , 
person  or  parly,  ihat  the  stipulations  of  covenant 
shall  be  ojiservcd  by  the  contracting  parties  or  by  one 

*^  --^  olio  who  binds  himself  to  see  the  stipulations 
of  another  iwrformod.  [Written  also  Guakantee.J 
:r\KD  (gArd,)r.  (.  [Fr.  garden  Sp.  and  Fort,  guar- 
dar:  It.  '^uardare,  lo  keep,  preserve,  defend  ;  also,  to 
look,  to  behold  ;  Uasque,  gordi;  W.  gjcara,  to  fend 
or  -niard,  to  fence,  to  play.  The  primary  sense  is,  to 
strike,  strike  back,  repel,  beat  down,  or  to  turn  back 
or  slop;  hence,  to  keep  or  defend,  as  by  repelling 
assault  or  danger.  The  sense  of  seeing,  looking,  is 
secondary,  from  the  sense  of  ^Hari/in"-,  and  we  re- 
tain a  similar  application  of  the  root  ot  this  word  in 
beieare ;  or  it  is  from  the  sense  of  reaclinig,  or  cast- 
ing the  eye,  or  from  turnini;  the  head.  This  is  the 
English  to  ward.  In  W-,  gwar  is  secure,  mild,  pla- 
cid: that  is,  set,  filed,  held.  It  seems  to  be  allied  to 
G.  wahr,  true,  L.  verivi;  irciArm,  lo  keep,  to  last,  to 
hold  out;  hewahrenyXa  keep  or  preserve;  bewdhren, 
to  verify,  to  confirm  ;  1).  icaar,  true  ;  waarcn,  to  keep, 
preserve,  indemnify;  tcaarandc,  a  warren,  and  guar- 
antee; waarison,  a  garrison;  Dan.  vufr,  wary,  vigi- 
lant, watching;  Eng.  ware, -aware;  Dan.  vterger.to 
<niardj  defend,  maintain;  rare,  a  guard,  or  watch, 
icarcs,  merchandise ;  varer,  to  keep,  last,  endure ; 
Sw.  vara,  to  watch,  and  to  be,  to  exist ;  Dan.  vtrrer, 
to  be  :  Sax.  warian,  werian,  to  guard,  to  defend,  to  be 
wanj.  The  sense  of  existing  implies  extension  or 
continuance.    See  Reoabd  and  Reward.] 

1.  'I'o  secure  against  injury,  loss,  or  attack  ;  to  pro- 
tect ;  to  defend  ;  to  keep  in  safety.  We  guard  a  city 
by  walls  and  forts ;  a  harbor  is  guarded  by  ships, 
Ii'ooms,  or  batteries  ;  innocf-nce  should  be  gnarde.d  by 
prudence  and  piety  ;  let  oh-ervation  and  experience 
Tuard  us  against  temptations  to  vice. 

y.  To  secure  against  objections  or  the  attacks  of 
malevolence. 

llgmcr  iwa  jiidrtfcd  cvcr>'  circumstance  willi  caitlion.     Broome. 

3.  To  accompany  and  protect ;  to  accompany  for 
protection ;  as,  to  guard  a  general  on  a  journey  j  to 
guard  the  bacgage  of  an  army. 

4.  Toadorn  with  lists,  laces,  or  ornaments.    [065.] 

Sliak. 

5.  To  gird  ;  to  fasten  by  binding.  B.  Joiison. 
GU.\RD,  V.  i.    To  watch  by  way  of  caution  or  defense  ; 

lo  be  cautious  ;  to  be  in  a  state  of  defense  or  safety. 
Guard  against  misUikcs,  or  against  temptations. 
GUARD, n,    [Fr.garde;  ^p.gnarda;  It.guardia;  Eng. 
iffirt/.l 

1.  Defense ;  preservation  or  security  against  in- 
jury, loss,  or  attack. 

2.  That  which  secures  against  attack  or  injuiy ; 
that  which  defends.    Modesty  is  the  guard  of  inno- 


cence. 

3.  A  man  or  body  of  men  occupied  in  preserving  a 
person  or  place  from  attack  or  injury ;  he  or  they 
whose  business  is  lo  defend,  or  to  prevent  attack  or 
surprise.  Kings  have  their  guards  to  secure  their 
persons.  Josepli  was  sold  lo  Potiphar,  a  captain  of 
Pharaoh's  guard. 

4.  A  state  of  caution  or  vigilance ;  or  the  act  of 
observing  what  passes,  in  order  to  prevent  surprise 
or  attack;  care;  attention;  watch;  heed.  Be  on 
your  guard;  temerity  puts  a  man  off  his  guard. 

5.  That  which  secures  against  objections  or  cen- 
sure; caution  of  expression. 

Thfy  linvc  expressed  llicmselves  with  as  Tew  guards  nnil  re- 
Btiiciions  .Ts  I.  Atlerbury. 

C>.  Part  of  the  hilt  of  a  sword,  which  protects  the 
7.  In  fencing,  a  posture  of  defense.  [hand. 

S.  An  cirnamental  lace,  hem,  or  border.     [0&.*.] 
Jldvancai  gaard;)m    military    ajfairs,   a  body    of 
P'an  guard ;  )     troops,  either  horse  or  foot, 

that  march  before  an  army  or  division,  to  prevent 
surprise,  or  give  notice  of  danger. 

Hear  guard ;  a  body  of  troops  that  marcli  in  the 
rear  of  an  army  or  division,  for  its  protection. 

Life  guard  ;  a  body  of  select  troops,  whose  duty  is 
to  defend  the  person  of  a  prince  or  otlier  officer. 

The  giiards  of  a  steamboat  are  a  widening  of  the 

deck  by  a  framework  of  strong  timbers,  which  curve 

out  on  each  side  to  the  water-wheel,  and  protect  it 

and  the  shaft  against  collision  with  wharfs  and  other 

boats. 

GUARD'-BoAT,  n.     A  boat  appointed  to  row  the 

rounds  among  ships  of  war  in  a  harbor,  to  observe 

that  their  officers  keep  a  good  look-out.   Jllai:  Diet. 

GUARD'-CIiAM-BER.n.   A  guard-room.    1  iri»ir^^  xiv. 

GUARD'-ROOM,  71.    A  room  for  the  accommodation 

of  guards. 
GUARD'-SHIP,  71.    A  vessel  of  war  appointed  to  su- 
perintend the  marine  atTairs  in  a  harbor  or  river,  and 
also,  in  the  Knglish  service,  to  receive  impressed 
seamen. 
GUAUD'A-ELE,  a.    That  mav  he  protected. 
GUARD'AGE,  ».     Wardship."  [Obs.]  ShaJ:. 

GIJARD'ANT,  a.    Aciing  as  guardian.     [Obs.] 

2,  In  hrratdni,  having  the  face  turned  toward  the 
spectator. 
GUARD'ANT,  n.    A  guardian.  Shak. 


G IJ  K 

GUARD'ED,  pp.    Defended;  protected;  accompanied 
by  a  guard  ;  provided  with  means  of  defense. 

9.  a.  Cautious ;  circumspect.  He  was  guarded  in 
his  expressions. 

3.  Framed  or  uttered  with  caution  ;  as,  his  expres- 
sions were  guarded, 
GUARD'ED-LY,  adv.    With  circumspection. 
GIJAItD'ED-NESS, ;(.     Caution  ;  circumspection. 
GUARD'ER,  ?j.     One  that  guards. 
GUAHD'FUL,  a.    Wary;  cautious. 
GIIaRD'I-A.\,  71.      [from  guard;    Fr.  gardicn;    Sp. 
guardian.] 

1.  A  warden  ;  one  who  guards,  preserves,  or  se- 
cures ;  one  to  whom  any  thing  is  committed  for 
preservation  from  injur)-. 

9.  In  law,  one  who  is  chosen  or  appointed  to  take 

charge  of  the  estate  and  education  of  an  orphan  \yho 

is  a  minor,  or  of  any  person  v.iio  is  not  of  sullicient 

discretion  to  manage  liis  own  concerns.    The  person 

committed  to  the  care  of  a  guardian  is  called  his  ipurd. 

Guardian  of  the.  spiritualities  i  the  person  to  whom 

the  spiritual  jurisdiction  of  a  diocese  is  intrusted, 

during  the  vacancy  of  the  see. 

GUARD'I-AN,  a.    'Protecting;  performing  the  office 

of  a  protector  ;  as,  a  guardian  angel ;  guardian  care. 

GUARD'I-AN-ESS,  ti.    A  female  guardian.     [JVot  in 

■use.]  Beaum.  ^-  Fl. 

GUARD'I-AN-SHIP,  «.     The  office  of  a  guardian; 

protection  ;  care  ;  walch. 
tlUARD'IiVG, jj/ir.    Defending;  protecting;  securing j 

attending  for  protection. 
GUARD'LESS,  a.    Without  a  guard  or  defense. 
GUARD'SIIIP,  n.     Care  ;  protection.     [Little  used.] 
GUa'RISH,  (gii'rish,)  v.  t.     [Fr.  guerir.]         \Swift. 
To  heal.     [Ob's.]  Spcnstr. 

GUA'VA,  Cg\va'v-A,)7t.  An  American  tree,  and  its  fruit, 
of  the  genus  Psidium.  Two  species  are  well  known,  || 
the  P.  pyriferum,  or  xrhitc  guava^  and  P.  poitiifcrum,  or 
red  guava.  The  fi  uit  or  berry  is  large  and  oval-shaped, 
like'a  pomegranate,  which  it  resembles  in  its  astrin- 
gent quality.  The  pulp  is  of  an  agreeable  flavor, 
and  of  this'fniit  is  made  a  delicious  jelly.  Encyc. 
GU'RER-NaTE,  v.  U     [L.  pibcrno.] 

To  govern.     [jVot  -used.] 
GU-BER-Na'TION,  n.    [L.  giibernatio.  See  Covers.] 

Government;  rule;  direction.     [Rare.]      iVatts. 
GU'BER-NA-TIVE,  a.     Governing.  Chaucer. 

GU-BER-NA-To'RI-AL,  a.     [h.  gubcrnator.] 
Pertaining  to  government,  or  to  a  governor. 
[Sometimes  used  in  ..imerica.] 
GUD'GEON,  (gud'jun,)  7i.     [Fr.  gvujon.] 

1.  A  small,  fresh-water  fish,  of  the  genus  Cypri- 
nus,  a  fish  easily  caught ;  and  hence, 

2.  A  person  easily  clieated  or  insnaied.        SinifL 

3.  A  bait ;  allurement;  sometliing  to  be  caught  to 
a  man's  disadvantage.  S/taL 

4.  An  iron  pii.  on  which  a  wheel  or  shaft  of  a  ma- 
chine turns.  In  a  ship,  a  clamp  on  which  the  rudiler 
turns.  Hebert.     Tottai. 

Sea-gudfTCon  ;  the  black  goby  or  rock-fish. 

GuIbIe;]"-     [?--.  infidel.] 

The  nnme  given  by  tlie  Molianimcdans  to  the  Per- 
sian fire-worshipers.  Tlie  Gucicrs  inhabit  the  soiitli- 
crn  parts  of  Persia,  are  poor,  and  miserably  o|ipresscd 
by  their  IMohanimedan  lords.  In  India,  tlioy  are 
called  Paesees.  jMunhck. 

GUETyi)ER-RoSE,  (gel'der-)  it.    See  Celdeh-Uose. 

GUKLF,     )  (cwclf,)  n.    The  Giiclft,  so  called  from  the 

GUELPII,  (  "name  of  a  family,  composed  a  faction 
formerlyin  Italy, opposed  to  the  Ghibelincs. /.  .4ita7M. 

GUER'DON,  (ger'don,)  n.  [Fr.,  from  tile  same  root 
as  rcicard,  Norm.  TC^ardc] 

A  reward  ;  requital ;  recompense  ;  in  a  good  or  bad 
sense.     [Obs.]  Spenser.    MUlon. 

GUKR'DON,  r.  (.    To  reward.     [04s.]      B.  Joiison. 

Gri;i;'lH.I.\-.\-nLE,  (!.     Worthy  of  reward.    Buck. 

Gl'i;i!'ll(i.\  KD,  pp.     Rewarded. 

GUER'DU.V-LESS,  u.     Unrecompensed.     [Obs.] 

GUER-RIL'L.'i,  (Kwer-lil'la,)n.  or  a.  [.Sp.,  little  war.] 
A  term  applied  to  an  irregular  mode  of  carrying  on 
war,  by  tile  constant  attacks  of  independent  bands. 
It  was  adopted  in  the  north  of  Spain  during  the  Pen- 
insular war.  The  term  is,  for  the  most  part,  used 
adjectively.  I 

GUESS,  (ges,)  V.  U  [D.  !rissm  ;  Sw.  gissa  ;  Ir.  gea- 
sam ;  Dan.  gictter.  It  coincides  with  east,  like  the 
L.  conjicio  ;  for  in  Danish,  £-ie((cr  is  to  guess,  and  ficl- 
huns,  is  a  casting-house  or  foundery,  gijdcr,  to  |iour 
out.  Hence  we  see  that  this  is  the  G.  gicssen.  In 
pour,  cast,  or  found,  Eng.  to  gwsh.    In  Russ.  gadayv, 

is  to  guess,  and  kidayu,  to  cast.  Ar.  ^V=»  cliauu,  lo 

divine  or  guess.  Class  Gs,  No.  31.  See  nlso  Class 
Gd.  The  sense  is,  to  cast,  that  is,  to  throw  together 
circumstances,  or  to  cast  forward  in  mind.] 

1.  To  conjecture  ;  to  form  an  opinion  withont  cer- 
tain principles  or  means  of  knovvlcdgi: ;  to  judge  al 
random,  cither  of  a  present  unknown  fai  I,  or  ol  a 
future  fact. 

Firat,  if  thou  canst,  the  haplcr  reMon  gueet.  Pep'- 

2.  To  judge  or  form  an  opinion  from  some  reasons 


I 


I 


Fate,  f.\r,  fall,  wil^t — mete,  prey  —pine,  marine,  bird.  — note,  do\t:,  move,  wqlf,  book. 


5'H 


GUI 

tlut  render  :i  ihins  probable,  but  fall  short  of  suf- 
)u-ieiil  evidence.  From  t^Iight  circumstances  or  oc- 
casional expressions,  we  a^te^s  an  author's  meaning. 

3.  To  hit  upon  by  accident.  Locke. 

■1.  To  suppose  ;  to  tliink  ;  to  be  inclined  to  believe. 

Ygar  owu  people  have  infonnecl  you,  I  guess,  bj  this  lime. 

Mlldlelon. 

GUESS,  V.  L    To  conjecture ;  to  judge  at  random. 
We  do  not  know  which  road  to  take,  but  we  must 
Siiess  at  it. 
gCeSS,  n.    Conjecture  ;  judgment  without  any  cer- 
tain evidence  or  grounds. 

A  poet  must  confess 
His  art's  like  physic,  but  a  liappy  gtiest.  DryJen. 

GVESS'ED,  (gest,)  pp.    Conjectured  ;  divined. 

GUESS'ER,  n.  One  who  j^esses  ;  a  conjecturer;  one 
who  judges  or  gives  an  opinion  without  certain  means 
of  knowing.  Pope. 

GUESS'ING,  ppr.  Conjecturing  ;  judging  without 
certain  evidence  or  grounds  of  opinion. 

GUESS'IXG,  H.     The  forming  of  conjectures. 

GUE?S'I.N'G-LV,  adv.     Bv  wav  of  conjecture.  Shak. 

GQESS'-RoPE.     See  Guest-Kope. 

GUESS'- WORK,  n.  Work  perfonned  at  hazard  or  by 
mere  conjecture. 

GUEST,  fgest,)  n.  [Sax.  ^cst;  G.  and  D.  ^ast :  Dan. 
iriest;  Sw.  gdst;  W.  gw^st,  a  going  out,  a  visit,  an 
inn,  a  lodging  ;  also,  (o  visit,  to  be  a  guest ;  ^ives^  a 
going;  Russ.  ^ost,  a  guesL  TJiis  is  the  Latin  visito^ 
Eng.  visit,  with  the  Celtic  prefix.  See  Owen's  JVelsh 
Dictionary.] 

1.  A  stranger;  one  who  comes  from  a  distance, 
and  takes  lodgings  at  a  place,  either  for  a  night  or 
for  a  longer  lime.  Sidnnj. 

2.  A  visitor;  a  stranger  or  friend  entertained  in 
the  house  or  at  the  table  of  another,  whether  by  in- 
vitation or  otherwise. 

The  weJdiiig  was  fumisiied  with  g^uesis.  —  Malt.  xsii. 

GUEST'-CHa.M-BER,  n.  An  apartment  appropriated 
to  the  eritert;iinnient  of  guests.    Jfork  xiv. 

GUEST'-RlTE,  ».     Office  due  to  a  guest.  Chap:nan. 

GUEST'-RoPE,  ]  n.    A  rope  to  tow  with,  or  to  make 

GUESS'-RoPE,  (      fast  a  boat.  Mar.  Diet. 

GUE.ST'WrSE,  adv.    In  the  manner  of  a  guest. 

GUG'GLE.    See  Gukgle. 

GUHR,  (gur,)  n.  A  loose,  earthy  deposit  from  water, 
found  m  tlie  cavities  or  clefts  of  rocks,  mostly  wliite, 
but  sometimes  red  or  yellow,  from  a  mi.ttiire  of  clay 
or  ocher.  JClchnUun,     Clcarcland. 

GUID'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  guided  or  governed  by 
counsel.  Sprat. 

GUTD'AGE,  n.  [See  Guide.]  The  reward  given  to  a 
guide  for  services.     [Little  itscd.] 

GUTD'.AA'CE,  n.  [See  Glide.]  The  act  of  guiding  ; 
direction  ;  government ;  a  leading.  Submit  to  the 
siiiilancc  of  age  and  wisdom. 

GUIDE,  (gTde.)  K.  t.  [Fr.  guider;  It.  guidare;  Sp. 
/ruiar,  to  guide  ;  guia,  a  guide,  and,  in  seamen's 
language,  a  giig ;  Port.  id.  See  Class  Gd,  No.  17, 
53.] 

1.  To  lead  or  direct  in  a  way ;  to  conduct  in  a 
course  or  patli ;  as,  to  n-itidc  an  enemy  or  a  traveler, 
who  is  not  acquainted  with  the  road  or  course. 

The  rrtcek  will  he  g^ide  in  jud^mcnL  —  Pa.  I3tv. 

2.  To  direct ;  to  order. 

He  will  guiile  his  afturs  widi  discretion.  — Ps.  cxii. 

3.  To  influence;  to  give  direction  to.  Men  are 
guided  by  their  interest,  or  supposed  interest. 

4-  To  instruct  and  direct.  Let  parents  guide  their 
children  to  virtue,  dignity,  and  happiness. 

5.  To  direct ;  to  regulate  and  manage  ;  to  superin- 
tend. 

I  W.1I  [Jiat  the  youn^r  womea  marry,  bear  children,  and  guide 
the  iiouse.  —  1  Tim.  v. 

GUIDE,  Tu    [Fr.  guide  ;  It.  guida ;  Sp.  guia.] 

1.  A  person  who  leads  or  directs  another  in  his 
way  or  course  ;  a  conductor.  Tlie  army  followed 
the  guide.  The  traveler  may  be  deceived  by  his 
guide. 

2.  One  who  directs  another  in  his  conduct  or  course 
of  life. 

He  will  be  our  guide,  even  imto  dcatli.  —  Ps.  xlviii. 

3.  A  director;  a  regulator;  that  which  leads  or 
conducts.    E.vperienc2  is  one  of  our  best  guides. 

GUID'ED,  pp.    Led  ;  conducted  ;  directed  in  the  way ; 

instructed  and  directed. 
GUIDE'LESS,  a.    Destitute  of  a  guide;   wanting  a 

director.  Drijdcn. 

GUIDE'-PoST,  n.    .\  post  at  the  forks  of  a  road,  for 

dirccling  travelers  tlie  way. 
GUID'Elt,  H.    A  guide  ;  one  who  giiides  or  directs. 

South. 
GUTD'ING,  ppr.     Leading;    conducting;    directing ; 

sn]n-rinteiiding. 
GUI'DOX,  (grdon,)  n     [Fr.]    The  silk  standard  of  a 

regiment  of  dragoons,  or  light  dragoons.     It  is  broad 

at  one  extreme,  and  almost  pointed  at  the  other. 

Campbell's  Mil.  Diet. 
GUILD,  (gild,)  n.     [Sax.  g-rW,  gield,  gild,  or  gyldi  D. 

gild:  G.  glide;  so  called,  it  is  said,  from  geldan,  gil- 

dan,  to  pay,  because  each  member  of  the  society  was 


GUI 

to  pay  sometliing  toward  the  charge  and  support  of 
the  company.] 

In  Enalaiul,  a  society,  fraternity,  or  company,  as- 
sociated for  some  jiurpose,  particularly  for  carrying 
on  commerce.  The  luerchant-^rin/fi,-  of  our  ancestors 
answer  to  our  modern  corporations.  They  were  li- 
censed by  the  king,  and  governed  bv  laws  and  orders 
of  their  own.  '  Cuwcl.     Entyc. 

GUILD'A-BLE,  a.     Liable  to  a  tax.  Spelman. 

GUILD'ER.     See  Gildeu. 

GUILD'-HALL,  (gild'hawl,)  n.  The  hall  where  a 
guild  or  corporation  usually  assemble ;  the  great 
court  of  judicature  in  London. 

GUILE,  (gile,)  n.  [Uu.  Old  French  guille,  or  giUe.  It 
mav  be  the  Celtic  form  of  Eng.  wile.  See  Ethiopic, 
Cast.  col.  533.] 

Craft;  cunning;  artifice;  duplicity;  deceit;  usu- 
ally in  a  bad  sense. 

We  may,  with  more  successful  hope,  rcsol/e 

To  w;(g^e  by  fore-j  or  guile  ftcnial  war.  Milton. 

BchoM  au  laraeliie  indeed,  in  whom  b  no  guile,  — John  i. 

GUILE,  r.  f.     To  disgtiise  craftily.     [Obs.]    Spenser. 

GUILE'FIJL,  a.     Cunning;  cmfty;  artful;  wily  ;  de- 
ceitful ;  insidious  ;  as,  a  gudrful  person. 
9.  Treacherous  ;  deceitful.  S/ial:. 

3.  Intended  to  deceive  ;  as,  gnileful  words. 

GUILE'FIJL-LY,  adv.  Artfully;  insidiously;  treach- 
erously. Miiion. 

GUILF/FUL-NESS,  n.    Deceit;  secret  treachery 

SheriEootl. 

GUILE'LESS,  a.  Free  from  guile  or  deceit;  artless; 
f7ank  ;  sincere;  honest. 

GUiLE'LESS-LY,  ado.     Artlessly;  honestly. 

GUTLE'LESS-NESS,  «.  Simplicity;  freedom  from 
2uile. 

GUIL'ER,  n.  One  who  betrays  into  danger  by  insid- 
ious arts.     [.Vuf  used.]  Spenser. 

GUIL'LE-MOT,  (gil'le-mot,)  7i.  [from  the  Welsh 
^wilawg,  whirling  about.] 

A  water-fowl,  of  the  genus  Urin,  allied  to  the  Pen- 
guins, Auks,  and  Divers.  II  is  fuund  in  the  northern 
parts  of  Europe,  Asia,  and  America.  P.  Cyc. 

GUIL'LE-VAT,  n.    A  vat  for  fermenting  liquors. 

OUII^LOCHE',  (giMosh',)  n.  [Fr.]  in  architecture, 
an  ornanient  in  the  form  of  two  or  more  bands  or 
strings  twisting  over  each  other  in  a  continued  se- 
ries. OwilL 

GUIL'LO-TtNE,  (gil'Io-teen,)  ti.  [Fr.,  from  the  name 
of  the  inventor.] 

An  engine  or  machine  for  beheading  persons  at  a 
stroke. 

GUIL'i,0-TINE,  (gil'lo-teen,)  t?.  (.  To  behead  with 
the  guillotine. 

GUIL'LO-TfX-i:D,  pp.  Beheaded  at  a  stroke  by  a 
guillotine. 

GUIL'LO-TtN-ING,  ppr.    Beheading  by  a  guillotine. 

GUILLS,  n.    A  plant,  the  corn  marigold. 

GUILT,  (gilt,)  n.  [Sa.x.  gylt^  a  crime,  and  a  debt,  con- 
nected with  gtjldan^  to  pav,  or  it  is  from  the  root  of 
D.  and  G.schuid,  Dan.  shjl'd,  a  debt,  fauU,  guilt.  (See 
Shall,  Should.)  If  the  word  is  from  gildan,  gyldan, 
to  pay,  it  denotes  a  debt  contracted  by  an  offense,  a 
fine,  and  thence  came  the  present  sigmncatiou.] 

1.  Criminality;  that  slate  of  a  mora!  agent  which 
results  from  his  actual  commission  of  a  crime  or  of- 
fense, knowing  it  to  be  a  crime,  or  violation  of  law. 
To  constitute  guilt,  there  must  be  a  moral  agent  en- 
joying freedom  of  will,  and  capable  of  dislinguishins 
between  right  and  wrong,  and  a  wilful  or  intentional 
violation  of  a  known  law  or  rule  of  duty.  The  guilt 
of  a  person  exists  as  soon  as  the  crirae  is  coiumitteil ; 
but  to  evince  it  to  others,  it  must  be  proved  by  con- 
fession, or  conviction  in  due  course  of  law.  Guilt 
renders  a  person  a  debtor  to  the  law,  as  it  binds  him 
to  pay  a  penalty  in  money  or  suffering.  Guilt,  there- 
fore, implies  both  criminality  and  liableness  to  pun- 
ishment. Guilt  may  proceed  eitlier  from  a  positive 
act,  or  breach  of  law,  or  from  voluntary  neglect  of 
known  duty. 

2.  Criminality,  in  a  political  or  civil  view ;  expo- 
sure to  forfeiture  or  other  pemUty. 

A  £lijp  iiKiira  guilt  by  the  violation  of  a  Uockade.        Kerd. 

3.  Crime ;  offense.  .  Sliak, 
GUILT'I-LTKE,  a.  Guilty.  [Xot  used.]  Shidi. 
GUILT'I-LY,  adc.    In  a  manner  to  incur  guilt;  not 

innocentlv.  Skak. 

GUILT'I-NES.S,  w.  The  state  of  being  guilty  ;  wick- 
edness ;  criminality  ;  guilt.  Sidney, 

GUILT'LESS,  a.  Free  from  guill,  crime,  or  offense  : 
innocent. 

The  Lorvl  will  not  liold  him  guiltless,  that  t:iJccth  his  name  in 
Tain.  —  Ex.  XX. 

2.  Not  produced  by  tlie  slaughter  of  animals. 

Evit  from  th'>  nionniain's  graasy  side, 

A  guiitlesi  fciiH  I  brin*.  Gotdimtth. 

GUILT'LESS-LY.  adv.    Without  guilt;  innocentlv. 

GUILT'". ESS-XEJ-S,  «.  Innocence;  freedom  from 
guilt  or  crime.  Sidney. 

GIJILT'-SICK,  a.    Diseased  in  consequence  of  guilt. 

GUILT'Y,  (gilt'y,)  a.     [Sax.  gylti^.]  [Beauvu 

L  Criminal :  having  knowingly  committed  a  crime 
or  offense,  or  having  violated  a  law  by  an  overt  act 
or  by  neglect,  and  by  that  act  or  neglect  being  liable 


GUL 

to  punishment ;  not  innocent.    It  may  be  followed 
by  of;  as,  to  be  guilty  i>f  theft  or  arson. 

Nor  h«,  nor  you,  were  guilty  of  ihie  •IhTe.  Drydtn. 

9.  Wicked  ;  corrupt ;  sinful ;  aa,  a  gmU\j  world. 

3.  Conscious.  B.  Jonson. 

In  Scripture,  to  he  guilty  of  death,  is  to  have  com- 
mitted a  crime  which  deserves  death.     MatL  xx\a. 

To  he  guUty  of  tlie  body  and  blood  of  Christ,  is  to  be 
chargeable  with  the  crime  of  crucifying  Christ  afresh, 
and  offering  indignity  to  his  person  and  righteous- 
ness, represented  by  the  symbols  of  the  Lord's  sup- 
per. 1  Cor.  xi. 
GUIM'BARD,K.  A  musical  instrument, the  jewsharp. 

Maunder. 

GUIN'EA,  Cg"»'ny,)  ji.  [from  Guinea,  in  .\frica,  which 
abounds  with  gold.] 

Fiirmcrly,  a  gold  coin  of  Great  Britain,  of  the  value 
of  twenty-one  shillings  sterhng,  equal  to  S!.GG|, 
American  money. 

GULVEA  CORN,  ti.  The  great  or  Indian  millet, 
(^Sarghum  vulgare.)  P,  Cyc. 

GUL\  EA-DRor-PER,  n.  One  who  cheats  by  drop- 
pinc  guineas. 

GUIN'EA-FOWL,  I  lu    The  A^umida  mdea'r^ri^,  a  fowl 

GUIN'EA-IIEX,  \  of  the  gaUmarcous  order,  a  na- 
tive of  Africa.  It  is  larger  than  the  rummon  domes- 
tic hen,  and  has  a  kind  of  colored  fleshy  horn  on 
each  side  of  the  head.  iLs  color  is  a  dark  gray,  beau- 
tifiiMv  varietiated  with  small,  wiiite  spots.     Encye. 

GUIX'EA-PEPTER,  n.  A  plant,  a  species  of  jimo- 
■mum  or  Capsicum.  The  fruit  of  some  species  is  used 
for  pickles. 

GUIN'E.-\-PIG,  71.  In  zoology,  a  quadruped  of  the  ge- 
nus Cavia  or  Cavy,  a  native  of  Brazil.  It  is  about 
seven  inches  in  length,  and  of  a  white  color,  varie- 
gated with  spots  of  orange  and  black. 

GUIN'I-AD.     See  Gwixud. 

GUISE,  (gizc,)  n.  [Fr.  guise;  It.  guisa,^\-:iy,  manner; 
Arm.  guis,  ^iz;  vV.  gwez,  order,  shape;  Sax.  tcisej 
Eng.  wise ;  G.  weise :  D.  guizen,  to  beguile.] 

1.  External  appearance  ;  dress  ;  garb.  He  appeared 
in  tlie  guise  of  a  shepherd.  The  hypocrite  wears  the 
guise  of  religion. 

That  love  whii^h  is  wilhoul  iii>siiiiiiI.-ilJoii  wears  net  t>ie  gtate  of 
modcnt  Uberahly.  j,  jy.  Mason. 

2.  Manner ;  mien  ;  cast  or  behavior. 

By  tbeir  guUe 
JiiBt  men  they  Kcm.  Jidilton. 


3.  Custom ;  mode ;  practice. 

The  swain  replied,  It  never  was  our  guise, 
To  sli^'hl  the  poor,  or  aught  humane  despise. 


Pope. 


GUIS'ER,  (gl'zer,)  n.  A  person  in  disguise  ;  a  mum 
mer  who  goes  about  at  Christmas.  England. 

GUIT-Ail',  (git-iir',)  n.  [Fr.  guttarc  ;  It.  chitarra;  Sp. 
and  Port,  guitnrra  ;'  L.  cithara  ;  Gr.  kiOaoa.] 

A  stringed  instrument  of  music.    In  England  and 
the  United  Stites  used  chiefly  by  ladies,  but  in  Spain    I 
and  Italy  much  used  by  men.  Encyc.       ; 

GC'LA,  i  n.     An  ogee,  or  wavj-  member  in  a  building  ; 

Go'LAt  S      the  cymatium. 

Gu'L.VR,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  liiroat.  P.  Cyc. 

Gu'LAUXD,  7i.  .\n  aquatic  fowl,  of  a  size  between  a 
duck  and  a  goose,  the  breast  and  belly  whit*;,  Uie 
head  mallard  green.    It  inhabits  Iceland.    Pennant. 

GULCH,  Tt.     [D.  g:ihig,  greedy.] 

.V  glutton  ;  a  swallowing  ordevourius.  [,\'ot  used.] 

GULCH,  V.  t.     To  swallow  greedily,     yVot  xLsed.] 

GuLES,  (gulz,)  n.     [Fr.  gueules,  red.] 

In  heraldry,  a  term  denoting  red,  intended  i>crbaps 
to  represent  courage,  animation,  or  hardihood.  Encyc. 

GULF,  n.  [Fr.  irolfc;  lU  Sp.  and  Port,  golfo ;  Arm. 
golf;  D.  golf;  Gr.  jcoArrof.] 

1.  A  recess  in  the  ocean  from  the  general  line  of 
the  shore  into  the  land,  or  a  tract  of  water  extending 
from  the  ocean  or  a  sea  into  the  land,  between  two 
]joints  or  promontories  ;  a  large  bay  ;  as,  the  gulf  of 
Me.xico;  the  gulf  of  Venice;  ihe' gulf  of  Finland. 
A  gtdf  and  a  bay  riifler  only  in  extent.  We  apply  bay 
to  a  large  or  small  recess  of  the  sea,  as,  the  bay  of 
Biscay,  tlie  bay  of  Fundy  ;  but  gutf  is  applied  only  to 
a  large  extent  of  water. 

2-  An  abyss ;  a  deep  place  in  the  earth ;  as,  tlie 
gulf  of  Avernus.  Spntscr. 

3.  A  whirlpool ;  an  absorbing  eddy.         Spenser. 

4,  .\nv  thing  insatiable.  SAak. 
GULF'-IX-DEXT'ED,a.  Indented  witli  gulfs  or  baj-s 

J.  Barluic. 
GULF'Y,  a.    Full  of  wliiripools  or  gulfs ;  as,  a  gulfy 

sea- 
GULL,  V.  L     [D.  kullen  ;  Old  Fr,  guiller ;  allied  pmba- 
bly  to  culhj.] 

To  deceive  ;  to  cheat ;  to  mislead  by  deception ;  to 
trick ;  to  defraud. 

The  vulgar,  guUtd  into  rebellion,  armed.  Dryd4n. 

GULL,  Tt.    A  cheating  or  cheat;  trick  j  fraud.  SAak. 

2.  One  easily  cheated.  Shak, 
GULL,  71.     [W.  gjoijlan  ;  Corn.  g^lUan.'\ 

A  well-known  web-footed   sea-fowl,  with    long 
wings,  belonging  to  the  genus  Lanis.    There  are  nu- 
merous species.  Partington. 
GULL'-CATCH-ER,  n.    A  cheat;  a  man  who  cheats 
or  entraps  silly  people.  SAoi. 


TONE,  BIJLL.  IJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K ;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SII;  TU  as  in  THIS 


GUM 


GUN 


CVlA.'n*,r^    Otii-aieil:  dcaivcil ;  dcftauded. 


1 4^ 
1 


,/,]  Burton. 

,  mmi  L.  ffuta  ;  Russ. 

iti  Uic  iiL'ck  of  nil  animal  by  which 
L-Oscn  inio  Uie  stomach  ;  Ihf  cst>|ih- 


^A  olream  or  lake.    [wVbl  tutd,]  IlevUm. 

OlM/-LI-»IL'I-TY,tt.   UiwuapectlnB  creduJily.  [^/* 

..  '  i.  r.I-IU.E,  a.    Easily  |[ulleil.     [/.(«•. 
(  l.f:ii,  ((;urild,)/-i>.  oro.    Ilaviitg 


_,  _  ^^     toio 

J\i\n  Fojiter. 

a  holluw  worn 


ypr.    Cheating;  Jtfrauding. 

Foolish  ;  rtupid.     [.V<>(  i«  vse.] 
NtlSri,  n.    Foolidiiucas  i  stupidity. 


[JVof 


GL'L'LY.  n.    A  channel  or  hollow  worn  in  the  earth 

by  a  currnit  of  water.         -\Vic  England.    MitftmL 

•J.  A  larpi;  knife.     [&oKi.fA.]  tValter  SeotL 

GUI/LV,  c.  L  To  wear  a  hollow  channel  in  the  enilh. 

jimerica. 
Ort'IA',  r.  I.    To  run  with  noise.    [.Vot  in  use.] 
GLTL'LV-HOLE,  «.    An  openinp  where  guiltrs  empty 
ilicir  contents  into  the  suUernuicous  eewt-r. 

Johnson. 
GUL'I.Y-IN'G,  pyr.    Wearing  a  hollow  channel  in  the 

GU-LOS'I-TY,  n.    [L.  ;fy/o*iw,  from   «Ti/a,  the  gul- 
let.] ,     ^    J 

GreedineM ;  voracity  ;  excessive  appetite  for  food. 
[LiUlt  luerf.l  Brown. 

GULr, »".  t,    [D.  fntlphn  ;  Dan.  ^p^r.] 

'V  "  ■■  r  -■(•rly,  or  in  large  draughts.     Oay. 

■/  throw  up  from  the  throat  or  stoiu- 

arii 
GULr,  n.     .1  ^*^  .liiuw,  or  as  uiucii  as  is  swallowed  at 
once. 
^  .\  disgorging. 
GUI.P'ini.  (eulpt,)  pp'    Swallowed  eagerly. 
GULPII.    See  Golf. 
GL'.M,  n.    [Sax.  foma.    Sec  the  next  word.] 

The  hard,  rteshy  substance  of  the  jaws  which  in- 
vests tlu)  teetli. 
GU.M,  n.     [Sax.  ffoma  ;  L.  gummi ;  D.  gom  ;  Sp.  troma ; 
IL  eomrnii;    Ff.  ffomme ;    Gr.  ta/i/ii ;    Russ.  kamcd. 
Sec  Clo-'S  Gm,  Xu.  10, 129.] 

I.  Thf  rnnrr.tc  miicilace  of  vegetables  ;  a  concrete 
juir  -  '  '  ■■■  '"r  Ugh  the  bark  of  trees,  and 
((,,  It  is  s.'Iuble  in  water,  to 

w  1.  iind  atthrsive  quality.    It  is 

in.-Hiu.j-  ,11  .m  ■-."i.  .mil  coagulates  in  weak  acids. 
When  dry,  it  is  tmnyparcnt  and  brittle,  not  easily 
piilvpriwd,  ami  "f  an  i«sii)td  or  slightly  sarcharine 
•-  •  ';■;■■  '  •*'  -  *'-  :n  resin  in  si'veral  particulars, 
tily  grven  the  name  of  gum 
..u-reMns,  as  gimi-copal,  guiii- 

-.Tii^i  11.11  ti.  L  Jill  iiiii iiac,  and   others.    The  true 

gum--*  are  cnni-aralnc,  Guin-c>encKal,  gum-tragncanth, 
and  the  gums  of  the  p^-acb,  plum,  atid  cherry  trees, 
,•;  r.  J^tchoUon.    Hooper. 

?.  A  tree  of  the  genus  Nyssa,  called,  also,  bhuk 

.  i  t  and  Mtntr  »nm. 

'.'         '-  .  -      -  1 1  -  .:.  rtTiirij  [«u>a(cA<n«:,]  is  a  w«.'ll 
;ud  from  a  tree  In  America 
iie  juice,  wliieh,  when  dry, 
I-  :  elastic,  and  is  u^ed  for  bot- 

tl  it^,  for  overshoes,  &c.    This 

Mi  used  for  various  other  pur- 

pup«-,  iKiu-  [1.  lu  iiiv  itiipcrmeable  to  water. 
I  ^ieAoLton.     Encye. 

I   GUM,  r.  t    To  amcar  with  gum. 

■'    '■    ■  nite  by  a  viscous  substance. 

\  Bl€,  B.    A  gum  which  flows  from  the 
Arabia,  Eg)pl,  &c. 

A  boil  on  the  gum. 
[Pec  Resi:*.]    A  name  given  to 
1  saps,     A  juice  of  plants,  consist- 
1  ^'arious  other  Fub>«tanccs,  which 
I       li  I'lr  a  zummy  substance.    The  gum- 

I       r  ■^^<w  naturally  from  plants,  but  are 

Ijy  incision,  in  the  funn  of  white, 
nuNivc  tbiids,  which  dry  nnii  con- 
■t  important  Hpeciea  are  ulibanum, 
■'luny.  (jamboge.euphurbium,  a-safel- 
,  antl  amiiiLiniac.  Foureroy. 

I..  It.  A  gum  rt^emblinc  sum-arabic, 
■ ■•- t  counirj- of  the  River  Senegal,  in  Af- 
rica. 
GUM-TRAG'A-CAXTIf,  n.    Tlie  gum  of  a  thorny 
ibrub  of  that  name,  in  Crete,  Asia,  and  Greece. 

Encyc 
GUM'-TREE.  ».  The  popiilnr  name  of  the  black  grim, 
of  ti..     -.  '.1,.  \,    ...    ..r...  .  r  Th"  largest  trees  of  the 
P-  "i  ill  blue  fruit,  which 

tl'  iru     Moil  of  the  large 

tr  —- -'rf£  in  the  terui 

t"  r  the  &-*outhcm 

St  i.iade  from  por- 

li-i'    ■•  •"        --•  :.^..«-,  ...i-i  ijcnce,  in  many 

placts,  bet-gum  has  become  the  term  to  denote  a  bee- 
hive. 
GUM'BO,  n.    A  dL«ih  of  fnod  made  of  young  u^istiles 


of  ocra,  with  salt  and  pepper,  stewed  and  served  I 
with  melted  buiter. 
Gl'.M'I.Ae,  n.    The  resinous  produce  of  an  msect 
which  dejwsiu  its  epirs  nn  the  branches  of  a  ir.e 
ciillcd  bUiar,  in  As.sam,  a  country  bordering  on  Thibet, 
and  fUewhere  in  Asia.     [See  Lac]        JSTidwlson. 
GnM-MIF'KK-Ol'S,  a.    Producing  gum. 
GU.M'.MI-XKSS,  H.     The  state  or  quality  of  being 
gummy ;  viscousness. 
•2.  Accunnilation  of  gum.  tViseman. 

GUMMOS'l-TY,  Fi.     The  nature  of  gum ;   gumini- 

ness  ;  a  viscous  or  adhesive  quality.  Flmjcr. 

GU.M'iMOUS,  a.    Of  Uie  nature  or  quality  of  gum  j 

viscous ;  adhesive  IVoodtrard. 

GU.M'MV",  a.    Con.'^isling  of  gum  j    of  the  nature  of 

gnm  :  viscous  ;  adhesive.  Halci^.i. 

'2.  I'roduclivu  of  gum.  .MtUan. 

3.  Coven.d  with  cum  or  viscous  matter.  Vnjdcii. 

GU.MP,  ».     [Dan.  and  Sw.  gamp,  the  rump  of  a  fowl.] 

A  foolish  person;  a  dolt,     [yatgar.]     HoiUman. 
CU.MP'TION,  (gump'shun,)  n.     [Sax.  gymene,  care; 
gymaitj  to  obser^'e,  or  bo  careful.] 
Capacity i  shrewdness;  address,     [f-'ulgar.] 

Sittart.     Fvrby. 
GUN,  n.     [W.  gvm  ;  Com.  gun.\ 

An  instrument  consisting  or  a  barrel,  or  tube  of 
iron,  or  other  metal,  S-xed  in  a  stock,  from  which 
balls,  shot,  or  other  deadly  weapons  are  discharged 
by  llie  explosion  of  guniwwder.    The  larger  species 
of  guns  are  called  cannon;   and  the  smaller    spe- 
cies are  called  musktU^  carbines,  foirUnir-pieces,  &.C. 
But  one   species  of  fire-arms,  the  pistol,  is  never 
called  a  gun. 
GUN,  c.i.    To  shoot.    [Obs.] 
GU.\'-BAR-REL,  ».    The  barrel  or  tube  of  a  gun. 
GUN'-UOAT,  n.  A  boat  or  small  vessel  fitted  to  carry 

a  c:uinon  in  the  bow  or  amidships.  Tutttrt. 

GUN'-eAR-IU.\GE,  (kar-rij,)  n.    A  wheel  carriage 

for  bearing  and  moving  cannon. 
GUN'-eOT-TON,  n.    A  highly  explosive  substance 
obtamed  by  tioaking  cotton,  or  any  vegetable  fiber, 
in  nitric  and  sulphuric  acid;i,  and  then  leaving  it  to 
dr>'.    It  is  Uied  as  a  substitute  for  gunpov/der. 

Da»a. 
GUN'NAGE,  n.     The  number  of  guns  in  a  sliip  of 

war. 
GUN'-FIRE,  k.    In  militarij  ajiiirs,  the  hour  at  which 
the  morning  or  evening  gun  is  fired. 

CampbcWi  Mil.  Did. 
GUN'NEL.    See  Gunwale. 

GUN'NER,  m.    One  skilled  in  the  use  of  guns  ;  a  can- 

nonicr ;  an  otticer  apintinted  to  manage  artillery.    In 

the  narj/,  a  warrant  officer,  having  charge  of  all  the 

ordnance  of  a  vessel.  Tottcn. 

GUN'NER  Y,  n.    The  science  of  artilU-ry  ;  the  art  of 

niana;rinK  cannon.  OimpbcWs  MU.  Diet. 

GI/.\'N1NG,  H.    The  act  of  hunting  or  shooting  game 
itii  a  gun. 
la  UjC  csulitr  time*,  ihe  art  of  gunning  w-os  but  liUle  pnclicwl. 

GUN'NA',  n.  [BcngaL]  A  coarse  sackcloth  manufac- 
tured in  Bengal,  of  which  bags  are  made  for  con- 
taining .^alt  and  other  articles.  Brandc. 

GUN'POW-DER,  n.  A  composition  of  saltpeter,  sul- 
phur, and  charcoal,  mixed  and  reduced  to  a  fine  pow- 
der, then  g:anulalt-d  and  dried.  It  is  used  in  artil- 
lerT,-,  in  shooting  game,  in  blasting  rocks,  &lc. 

GUN'koO.M,n.  In  shipA,  an  apartment  occupied  as  a 
mess-room  by  the  coiuinissioned  olficers.       Tatttn. 

GUN'SIiOT,  H.  The  distance  of  the  point-blank 
range  of  a  cannon-shot.  Tuttau 

GUN'SHOT,  a.  Made  by  Uie  shot  of  a  gun ;  as,  a 
gunshot  wound. 

GON'SMITII,  77.  A  maker  of  small  arms ;  one 
whose  occupation  is  to  make  or  repair  small  fire- 
arms. 

GUN'SMITH-ER-Y,  n.  The  business  of  a  gunsmith  ; 
the  art  of  making  small  fire-arms. 

GUN'STICK,  H.  A  rammer,  or  ramrod;  a  slick  or 
rod  to  ram  down  the  charge  of  a  musket,  Ace. 

GU.X'STOCK,  71,  The  stock  or  wood  in  which  the 
barrel  of  a  gun  is  fixed. 

GUX'SToXE,  TI.  A  stone  used  for  the  shot  of  can- 
non. Before  the  invention  of  iron  balls,  stones  were 
used  for  shot.  Sliak. 

GUN'-TACK-LE,  (-tak'l,)  n.  A  gun-tackte  purdiojie^  in 
scamcn^s  language^  is  Composed  of  two  single  blocks 
and  a  fall.  TotUn. 

GUN'TER'S  CHAIN,  n.  [from  Edmund  QmiUr,  the 
inventor.]  The  chain  commonly  used  for  measuring 
land.  It  is  four  rods  or  06  feet  long,  and  is  divided 
into  lUO  links. 

GUN'TER'S  LINE,  »i.  Alogarillunic  line  on  Gunter's 
scale,  used  for  peiforining  the  umltipUcation  and  di 
visum  of  iiumhers  mechanically. 
GUN'TER'S  SC.aLE,  ti.  A  large  plane  scale  having 
various  lines  of  numbers  engraved  on  it,  by  means 
of  which  questions  in  practical  geometr\'  and  arith 
melic  arc  resolved  with  the  aid  of  a  pair  of  com 
pa-«?e=.  Brandt. 

("'UN'^VALE,  j  71.    The  \ipper  edge  of  a  ship's  side ; 

iGUN'NF.L,  (  the  uppermost  wale  of  a  ship,  or 
that  piece  of  limber  wiiich  reaches  on  either  side 

1     from  the  quarter-deck  to  the  forecastle,  being  the 


GUT 

uplit-rmost  bend  wliich  finislies  the  iipp*ir  works  of 
till-  hull.  -V<ir.  D'tcU     Knctjc 

GUKOK.  n.     [L.  ffnT<fe3  :  It.  ^orffo.] 

A  whirlpool.     [LiUte  used,]  Milton. 

GVRdK.v.t.    To  swallow.     [.Vat  in  use.] 

GUU'GEON,  11.  Tlu;  coarser  part  of  meal  separated 
from  the  bran.     [.Vi^t  iLsed.]  JToUin-^hcd. 

GUR'GLE,  V.  L  [It.  gorgogtiarc,  from  fftir^a,  the 
thriKit,  ^orj^o,  a  wliirlpool,  ft.  gurges.  See  Gabci.e, 
wliicli  ^rcms  to  bi-  of  the  same  family  ;  or  the  same 
woril  (litferently  apiiljed.] 

To  run  as  liquor  with  a  purling  noise  j  to  run  or 
flow  in  a  broken,  irn-2ular,  noisy  current,  ns  writer 
from  a  bottle,  or  a  small  streani  on  a  stony  bottom. 

Pure  gurgUns  rilU  llir  loiiely  tlt«:rt  trace.  Young. 

GUR'GLIXG,  Rfjr.  Running  or  flowing  with  a  purl- 
ing sound. 

GUil'GLIXG,  71.  A  running  Willi  a  broken,  noLsy 
current. 

GUK'IIOF-ITE,  n.  A  suuvariety  of  maencslan  car- 
bonate of  lime,  found  near  Gurhof,  in  Lower  .\i]s. 
tria.  It  is  snow-white,  and  has  a  dull,  slightly 
conchoidal,  or  even  fracture.  Ckacdaiul. 

GUR'.N ARD,  j  n.     [Ir.  gmrnead ;  W.  prn-gcrtum.  Corn. 

GUR'.XET,     \     pc/i-i'Qp/i,  horn-hoad, or  iron-head.] 
A  sea-fish  of  several  species,  some  of  which  are 
llighlv  esteemed  for  food.    They  belong  to  the  Lin- 
na:air  genus  Trigla.     The  head   is  loricated  with 
rough  lines,  or  bony  plates. 

-9sA.    Encyc.  of  Dom.  Eton. 

GUR'NET,  71.  A  kind  of  fish  that  abounds  on  the 
south  coast  of  Devonshire,  in  England. 

GUR'K.Ml,  71.  A  kind  of  plain,  coarse  Indian  mus- 
lin. 

GUSH,  V.  i.  [Ir.  gam!n  ;  G.  gicsscn ;  or  D.  gudsen,  or 
kissen.    See  Guess.] 

1.  To  issue  with  violence  and  rapidity,  as  a  fluid  ; 
to  rush  forth  as  a  fluid  from  cunlinemenl ;  as,  blood 
gushes  from  a  vein  in  venesection. 

Behold,  lie  siiiote  llic  lock,  Uiat  the  waters  fft(*A«d  out.  — Pt. 
Izxviii. 

9.  To  flowcopiouslv.    Tears  gTwAcd  from  her  eyes. 
GUSH,  r.  t.    To  emit  in  copious  efi'usion. 

The  <r-.ipin»  wound  gushed  out  a  crimson  dood.    [Unusual.] 
"  Dryjen. 

GUSH,  11.  A  sudden  and  violent  issue  of  a  fluid  from 
an  inclosed  place  ;  an  emission  of  liquor  in  a  large 
quantity  and  with  force  ;  the  fluid  thus  emitted. 

Harrey. 

GUSH'IXG,  jipr.  or  a.  Rushing  forth  with  violence, 
as  a  fluid  ;  flowinp  copiously  ;  as,  gushing  waters. 

2.  Emitting  copiously  ;  as,  gushing  eyes.     Piipe. 
r.I'SH'LNO,  II.    A  rushing  forth  with  violence. 
GUSU'!.XG-LY  adr.    In  a  gushing  manner. 
GUS'SET,  71.     I  Fr.  gous.iet,  a  fob,  a  bracket,  a  gusiet, 

as  if  from  gousse,  a  cod,  husk,  or  shell,     liut  in  W. 
ctoystd  is  a  gore  or  gusset,  from  cic;/s,  a  furrow.] 

A  small  piece  of  cloth  inserted  in  a  garment,  for 
the  purpose  of  strengthening  or  enlarging  some  ptirt. 
GUST,  71.  [L.  gustttn.  It.  Sp.  yuslo,  I"r.  ^nftl,  taste  J 
L.  ^itstu,  G.  Uastca,  VV.  jbiKJJk,  to  taste  ;  Gr.  jci-'.i, 
a  coniriictert  word,  for  it  has  jteois,  taste ;  Vi. 
ctcacOi,  id.] 

1.  Taste  ;  tasting,  or  the  sense  or  tasting.    More 
generally,  the  pletisure  of  tasting  ;  relish.  TiUotsm. 
°  2.  Sensual  enjoyment. 

WlicTC  love  18  duly  on  the  female  side, 

On  Uicirs,  mere  sensual  gust,  and  fiought  with  surly  pode. 

3.  Pleasure ;  amusement ;  gratification. 

Destroy  all  creatures  for  thy  sport  or  gu*t.  Pope. 

4.  Turn  of  fancy ;  intellectual  taste. 

A  choice  of  it  may  be  made  ticconlin^  to  the  gust  and  manner  of 

ihe  ancient*.  Dn^tn. 

[TisTE  is  now  generally  used.] 
GUST,  V.  U    To  taste  ;  to  have  a  relish.     [Liale  used.] 
GUST,  71.     [Dan.  gusli  Ir.  gaoVi,  wind  ;  \V.  cici/fJ,  a 
puff,  a  blast  of  wind  ;  allied  perhaps  to  giu^h.] 

1.  A  sudden  squ.lll  ;  a  violent  blast  of  wind ;  a 
sudden  rushing  or  driring  of  the  wind,  of  short 
duration.  Drydeii.    Mdison. 

2.  A  sudden,  violent  burst  of  passion.       Boon. 
GUST'A-BLE,  a.    That  niav  be  tasted  ;  tastahle. 

Harxey. 
a.  Pleasant  to  the  taste.    [Little  used.]     Dcrhom. 
GUST-A'TION,  «.    The  act  of  tasting.     [IMIle  used.] 

Brown. 
GUST'.\-TO-RY,  a.    Pertaining  to  gust  or  taste. 
GUST'FPL,  a.    Tasteful;  well-tasted  ;  that  relishes. 
GUST'FUL-SESS,  ti.     Relish;    pleasantness  to  Uie 

Liste.    ■■  Barroa. 

GUST'LESS,  a.    Tasteless.  Broicn. 

GUST'O,  n.  [It.  and  Sp.  See  Gcst.]  Relish ;  thai 
which  excites  pleasant  sensations  in  the  palate  M 
tongue.  Derhmn. 

2.  Intellectual  taste.    [IMle  used.]  Drydcn. 

GUST'YjO.  Subjecttosuddenblaslsofwind;  stormyi 
tempestuous. 

On«e  upon  a  raw  und  ^uely  day. 
The  tritubled  Tiber  chafing  wiUi  his  shore!.  ^»™** 

GUT,  It.     [G.  kullel ;  Ch.  nSriip  katla.] 

1.  The  intestinal  canal  of  an  animal  i  a  pipe  or 


FaTE,  par,  fall,  WH^T.  — MliTE,  PREY — PLNE,  JIARINE,  BIRD.  — .\oTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.— 

5a6  ■  —  ^  ~ 


II 

tube  cMr-nrtinjr.  wrth  manv  nrcum volutions,  from 
the  j>)  lonis  m  ihe  vent.  This  pipe  is  composed  of 
thre^'  ciiafcs,  and  is  attached  to  the  body  by  a  mem- 
bram-f  ailed  the  mesentery.  This  canal  is  of  different 
sizes  in  dirierent  parts,  and  takes  dilferent  names. 
The  tliin  and  small  parts  are  c;illed  the  ducdenuta,  the 
Uemn,  and  the  jfjunum  ;  the  large  aiid  thick  parts  are 
called  liie  fjcrain,  the  colon^  and  Uie  rectum.  By  this 
pipe,  the  nndigeited  and  unabsorbod  parts  of  food 
are  conveyed  from  the  stomach  and  discharged. 
This  word  in  tlie  plural  is  appHed  to  the  whole  mass 
formed  by  its  natural  convolntions  in  the  abdomen. 

2.  The  stomach;  the  receptacle  of  food.    [Low.] 

lyrydeii. 

3.  Gluttony  ;  love  of  gormandizing.    [Low.\ 

HakeaiU. 
GUT,  r.  L    To  take  out  the  bowels  ;  to  eviscerate. 
2.  To  plunder  of  contents  J  as,  the  mob  irutted  the 

house.  Drydcn. 

QUT'TA  SE-RE'Jt'A^  [L.]    In  we^^iciwc,  amaurosis  ; 

l-lindness  occasioned  by  a  palsied  retina. 
GLT'TA-TED,    a,      [L.    giUta.]      Besprinkled    with 

drops. 
GUT'TED,  pp.    Deprived  of  tlie  bowels ;  eriscerated ; 

deprived  of  contents. 
GL'T'TKR,  ju     [Fr.  goutiure^  from  goutu^  a  drop;  Sp. 

and  Porl.  i?ofa,  a  drop  ;  Sp.  goUra,  a  guUer ;  from  L, 

gutta^  a  ilrop.    A  gutter  is  a  dropper,  that  which 

catches  drops.] 

1.  A  channel  for  catching  and  conveying  off  the 
water  which  collects  on  the  roof  at  the  eavea  of  a 
building. 

2.  A  ciiannel  or  passage  for  water;  a  hollow  in  the 
earth  for  conveying  water  ;  and,  in  popular  usage^  a 
channL-l  worn  in  the  earth  by  a  current  of  water. 

GUT'TER,  r.  t.    To  cut  or  form  into  small  hollows. 
SJtak.     Drt/den, 
GUT'TER,  V.  L    To  be  hollowed  or  channeled. 
9.  To  run  in  drops  or  hollows,  as  a  candle. 
GUT'TER-£D,  pp.    Formed  into  small  hollows. 
GL'T'TER-l-VG,  ppr.    Formmg  into  small  hollows; 

nuinins  in  hollows. 
GUT^TER-IXG,  m    A  forming  into  hollows. 
GUT'TI-FER,  n.     [L.  gutta  and  fero.] 

In  botanif,  a  plant  that  exudes  gum  or  resin. 
GUT-TIF'ER-OUS,  a.    Yielding  gum  or  resinous  sub- 
stances. 
GL'T  TLE,  V.  t.     To  swallow.     [JVut  used.] 

L*  Estrange. 
GUT'TLE,  V.  u    To  swallow  greedily.    [J^otused.] 
GUT'TLER,  V.    A  greedv  eater. 
GUT'TU-LOUS,  a.     [from  L.  guttula,  a  little  drop.] 
In  the  from  of  a  smalt  drop,  or  of  small  drn])s. 
[Little  iiaed.}  Brown. 

GUT'TUR-AL,  a.     [Fr.  guttural,  from  L.  guUur^  the 
thruaL] 

Pertaining  to  the  throat ;  formed  in  the  throat ;  as, 
a  -rutturai  letter  or  sound  ;  a  guttural  voice. 
GUT'TUR-AL,  n.    A  letter  pronounced  in  the  throat ; 

as  the  Greek  \-. 
GUT'TLTR-AL-LY,  ads.    In  a  guttural  manner;  in 

the  throat. 
GUT'TUR-AL-XESS,  n.     The  quaUty  of  being  gut- 
tural. 
GUT'TUR-INE,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  throat.    [JVot  in 

tue.'  Hay. 

GUT'TY,  a.     [from  L.  smUa,  a  drep.l 

in  heraldry^  charged  or  spriukletl  with  drops. 

En  eye. 
GUT'WORT,  n.    A  plant  globularia  aiypunty  a  violent 

purgative. 
GU?,  (j;!,)  n.    [Sp.  and  Port,  guia^  from  guiary  to 
guidf.    See  GvE.j 

In  >uarine  affaJrH:,  a  rope  attached  to  any  thing  to 
sleady  it,  and  bear  it  one  way  and  unothi-r  in  hoist- 
ing or  lowering.  R.  IL  Daaa.Jr. 
GUZ'ZLE,  C2U7/1,)  V.  i.  [Probably  allied  loArm. 
gouzoucqy  tjie  throat  In  Italian,  gozzo  is  tlic  crop  of 
a  bird.] 


His  the  eighth  letter  of  the  English  alphabet.  It 
is  properly  the  representative  of  the  Chaldee, 
Syriac,  and  Hebrew  n,  which  is  the  eighth  letter  in 
Uiose  alphabets.  Its  form  is  Itiesameas  the  Greek  H, 
tta.  U  is  not  strictly  a  vowel,  nor  an  articulation, 
bni  tlie  mark  of  a  stronger  breathing  than  tiiitt  which 
precedes  the  utterance  of  any  other  letter.  It  is  pro- 
iioimced  with  an  expiration  of  breath,  wliich,  pre- 
ceding a  vowel,  Ls  perceptible  by  the  ear  at  a  consid- 
erable distance.  Thus /uirni  and  arm,  Ac«r  and  rj/-, 
Afot  and  eat, are  di.stiugui'ibed  at  almost  anydiritanct: 
at  which  the  voice  can  be  heard.  H  is  a  letter  aiti 
generis,  btit  :w  useful  in  forming  and  distinguishing 
wwda  as  any  otiier. 


H 

To  swallow  liquor  greedily ;  to  drink  much ;  to 

drink  frequently 

Wi-^U-s/'^soneti  towls  the  ^os&ip'a  spirit  ruse, 
WLo,  uhile  she  guzzUt,  cbata  the  doctor'*  pruje. 

Roieommon. 

GUZ'ZLE,  V.  t.  To  swallow  much  or  often ;  to  swal- 
low with  immoderate  gust. 

Still  guszling  must  of  wine.  Dryien. 

GUZ'ZLE,  TU    An  in.sat!able  thing  or  person. 
GUZ'ZLED,  pp.     Swallowed  often.  [Marstmi. 

GUZ'ZLER,  71.    One  who  guzzles;  an  immoderate 

drinker. 
GUZ'ZLIi»rG,fpr.    Swallowing  with  immoderate  gusL 
GWIX'IAD,  n.     [W.  gioen,  g^V^-,  white.]     A  fish  of 

the  salmon  kind,  shaped  like  ihe  herring,  and  often 

called  l\\e  fresh-water  herring. 
0;\'BE,  (jibe,)  71.    A  sneer.     [See  Gibe-] 
Oj^'BE,  v.  (.     In  seamen's  language,  to  s\\\ii  a  boom  of  a 

fore-and-aft  sail  from  one  side  of  a  vessel  to  the 

other.  Tolten. 

GVB'ING,  ppr.    Shifting  a  boom  from  one  side  of  a 

vessel  to  the  other. 
GfE,  r.  t.     To  guide.     [O&a]  Chancer. 

GYM-Na'SI-ARCH,  71.     [Gr.  yviivaGtav  and  ao^/j.] 
An  Athenian  officer  who  provided  the  oil  and  other 

necessaries  for  the  gjinnasia  at  his  own  e.'cpense. 

Brande, 
GY1I-N.a'3I-U&I,  71.     [Gr.  j  v/truaioi',  from  -ju^vQ^y 

naked.] 

1.  A  place  where  athletic  exercises  are  performed  ; 
originally,  in  GreecCy  by  persons  naked. 

2,  A  school  for  the  higher  branches  of  literature 
and  science. 

GY.M'XAST,  (jim'nast,)  n.  One  who  teaches  or 
learns  gymnastic  exercises. 

GYM-A'AS'TIG,c.  ['L.  gyinnastieas ;  Gr.  jy/iyn<rrixo;, 
from  yx"^aaZ,o}y  to  exercise,  from  yvpvoi,  naked  ;  the 
ancients  being  naked  in  their  exercises.] 

Pertaining  to  athletic  exercises  of  the  body,  in- 
tended for  health,  defense,  or  diversion,  as  gunning, 
leaping,  wrestling,  throwing  the  discus,  the  javelin, 
or  the  hoop,  playing  with  balls,  &c.  The  modern 
gymnastic  exercises  are  intended  chiefly  for  the  pres- 
ervation and  promotion  of  health. 

GYM-XAS'Tie,  n.    Athletic  exercise. 

GYM-XAti'Tie-AL-LY,(Mfy.  In  a  gymnastic  manner; 
athleticallv.  Brown. 

GYM-XAStreS,  n.  The  g^-mnastic  art;  the  art  of 
perfonning  athletic  exercises. 

GYil'XlC,  (jim'nik,)a.     [Gr.  xvuviko?;  Ij. gymniciis.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  athletic  exercise  of  the  body. 

2.  Performing  athletic  exercises.  Mdton. 
OY.M'XIC,  ".  Alhlelic  e.xercises.  Burton. 
GY.M-XUd'O-PHIST,  n.      [Gr.  yvpvos,  naked,  and 

cutptGTii,  a  philosopher.] 

A  philosopher  of  India,  so  called  from  his  going 
with  bare  feet,  or  with  little  clothing.  The  Gym- 
nosopliists  in  India  lived  in  the  woods  and  on  moun- 
tains, subsisciiig  on  wild  productions  of  the  eartii. 
They  never  drank  wine,  nor  married.  Some  of  Uiem 
traveled  abouT,  and  practiced  physic.  They  be- 
lieved in  the  inimoilalJiy  and  transmigration  of  the 
soul.  I'hey  placed  the  chiel  happiness  of  man  in  a 
contempt  of  the  goods  of  fortune,  and  of  the  pleasures 
of  sense.  Enciic. 

GYM-XOS'0-PIIY,  n.  [Supra.]  The  doctrines  of  the 
( ;  V  mnosophists.  Ooud. 

GYM'XO-SPERM,  n.  [Gr.  yv^tyos,  naked,  and  a-cppa, 
seed.] 

I'j  bntanv,  a  plant  that  bears  naked  secd-s. 

GY.M-XO-SPERM'OUS,  u.  [^Supra.]  Having  naked 
seeds,  or  seeds  not  inclosed  m  a  capsule  or  oilier  ves- 

GY.M'.XOTE,  n.     [from  Gr.]     A  naked  person.      [sel. 

GY.M-Xo'TUS,  H.  [>r;ii''js  auil  i'w'c?-]  A  genus  of 
South  .\inerican  tresli-water  fishes,  including  the 
fleciric  eel.  P.  Cyc, 

GYN,  0. 1.    To  begin.     [Obs.] 

GY-X.A.X'nRI-.'\,  11.  [Gr.  ywnt  a  female,  and  aiijpj  a 
male.] 


HAA 


-=n 


H. 


In  our  mother  tongue,  the  Anglo-Saxon,  and  other 
Teutonic  dialects,  /*  sometimes  represents  the  L.  c, 
and  the  Gr.  \- ;  as  in  horny  L.  corjiu,  Gr.  Kifjos  -■  fudc, 
G.  Aauf,  Sw.  Aurf,  D.  huid,  Dan.  A i/ J,  J ^.  cutis  ;  Sax. 
hlinian,  L.  c/i«fl,  Gr.  *:Aii'(.i,  to  lean  ;  L.cf/0,  to  conceal, 
Sax./uinR,  G.  hchlen,  Dan.  A^rifr.  In  Latin,  A  some- 
times represents  the  Greek  \' ;  as  in  haloy  Gr.  \aA(ia>; 
kioy  x'KJ  In  the  inodern  European  languages,  it 
represents  other  gutlurai  tetters. 

In  English,  h  is  somettiues  mute,  ns  in  honor, 
honest ;  also  when  united  with  g,  as  in  right, 
Jighty  brought.  In  ichicJt,  what,  whv,  jchom,  and 
some  other  words  in  which  it  follows  w,  it  is  pro- 
nounced before  it,  hwich,  hwat,  &.c.    As  a  numeral 


in  Latin,  II  denotes  200,  and  with  a  dash  over  it,  Q, 
200,000. 

As  an  abbreviation,  in  Latin,  H.  stands  for  kcmOy 
htrcSy  hora,  &.C. 

H.X  ;  an  exclamation,  denoting  surprise,  joy,  or  grief. 
With  the  first  or  long  sound  of  n,  it  is  u?ed  as  a  ques- 
tion, and  is  equivalent  to  "What  do  you  say?" 
When  repealed,  ha,  hay  it  is  an  expres.^ion  of  laugh- 
ter, or  sometimes  itisetiuivalentto  "Weill  it  is  so." 

HXAF,  Tt.  The  term  used  to  denote  tlie  fishnigof  cod, 
ling,  and  tusk,  in  the  Shetland  Isles.         Jami^san. 

HaAK,  fhake,)n.    A  fi^h.  the  luike.  Ash. 

HA-XR'KIES,  V.  Capillar)-  pyrites  in  Tcr>- delicate 
acic'Uar  cr)-sUils.  Brojuit. 


In  the  LiniuEan  system  of  botany,  a  class  of  plants 
whose  stamens  grow  out  of,  or  are  united  with,  the 
pistil.  tldin.  Eucvc. 

GY-XAX'DRI-AX,  )  a.    Having  stamens  inserted  in 

GY-XA.\'DROUS,  (      the  pistil. 

GYX'AR-€U  Y,  (jm'ar-ke,)  n.    [Gr.  yvvn,  woman,  and 
apxr,  rule.] 
Government  by  a  female.  Chesterfield. 

6YX-E-€0e'RA-CY,  n.  [Gr.  yvvaiKOKpaTta.]  Pet- 
ticoaj  government;  female  power. 

GYX-E'CIAN,  a.     Relating  to  women. 

GYX-£-Oe'RA-CY,  m.     [Gr.  yii'n  and  Kparo?.] 
Government  over  which  a  woman  may  nili   '  r ' 
side.  .■- 

GYX'O-PHORE,  71,     [Gr.  ;  vjd  and  <},opc(o.] 

The  pedicel  on  which  stands  the  ovary  in  certain 
flowers,  as  in  the  passion-flower.  Lindlcy. 

GYP,  71.  rSaid  to  be  a  sportive  application  of  yviU,^ 
vulture.!  A  cant  term  for  a  serv:int  at  Cambridge, 
Englaiia,  as  scout  is  used  at  Oxford.  Sumrt, 

CYP'SE-OUS,  L.  [See  Gvfslm.J  Of  the  nature  of 
girpsum  ;  partaking  of  the  qualities  of  gj'psum  ;  re- 
sembling g>-psum ;  containing  g^'psum. 

GYp'lEvJseeG.rsT. 

OYP-SIF'ER-OUS,  a.    Containing  gvpsuin. 
GYPSUM,  n.  [L.,fromGr.,yvi^Oi;  Ch.  D'>siJ  and  =S), 


to  oveispread  with  plaster ;  Ar.      ,  vj^^a.^  gibsi- 

Sulphate  of  lime,  containing  91  per  cent,  of  w.iter. 
It  often  occurs  in  transjtarent  crystals,  or  crystalline 
masses,  ea^^ity  splitting  into  plated,  and  i.i  then  called 
SeUnite.  There  are  compact  and  earthy  varieties  of 
various  colors.  When  while,  fine-grained,  and  trans- 
lucent, it  constitutes  alabaster.  Gypsum  burnt  to 
drive  off  the  water,  and  ground  up,  forms  Plaster  of 
Paris.  Dana. 

GT'RAL,(i.  [See  Gtre.]  Whirling;  movingiuacir> 
cular  form. 

G^'RATE,  a.  In  botanyy  winding  or  going  round,  as 
in  a  circle.  Lindlcy. 

G"5'RATE,  I',  t.  To  revolve  round  a  central  point,  as 
a  tornado.  Re4field. 

6Y-RA'T10X,n.     [L.  gyratio.     See  Gvhe.] 

A  turnin'i  or  whirling  round  ;  a  circular  UHsticn. 

CVRA-TO-RY,  a.    Moving  in  a  circle.        [.Xewtoa,        \ 

GS'RE,  71.     [L.  gyrus;  Gr.  vipcs.    Class  Gr.] 

A  circular  motion,  or  a  circle  described  by  a  mov- 
ing body  ;  a  turn. 

Ct,uick  ami  aiore  quick  lie  spins  iii  ^d;  gyM.       Drt^sn. 

GYRE,  V.  U    To  turn  round.  Bishop  HdL 

GyR'£D,  a.     Falling  in  rings.  Shak. 

OYR'FAL-eOX,  (jef'faw-kn,)  «.    [Fr.  gerfauU.    This 
is  said  to  be  in  Latin  hierofalcOy  froiii  Gr.  (Voij,  sa- 
cred, and  falcoy  and  so  named  from  tlie  veneration  of 
the  Eg>'ptians  for  hawks.     Cutier.] 
A  species  of  Faico,  or  hawk. 

GY-ROG'OX-ITE,  n.  The  fossil  seed  of  the  charOy  a 
plant  found  in  ponds  and  ditches;  once  supposed  to 
be  shells.  LutlL 

GYR-o'MA,  71.    [Gr.]     A  turning  round.  SmitJu 

GYK'O-MAX-CV,  n.  [Gr.  ^vpos,  a  circuit,  and  >iav- 
Tua,  divination.] 

A  kind  of  divination  performed  by  walking  round 
in  a  circle  or  ring.  Cyc 

G'f'RON.  n.  In  heraldry,  an  ordinary*  consisting  of 
two  lines  from  several  parts  of  the  escutcheon,  meet- 
ing in  tJie  fesse  i>oint.  MsK. 

GVRoSE,  a.    Turned  round  like  a  crook.    Lovuder. 

G'?VE,  CJ'^^i)  "■     [y^-  ff<^*^'"»  '■  l""*  gcibkeciy  or  geibian  ,- 
from  holding  or  making  f:ist.    SccGatcu] 
Gyves  are  fetters  or  shackles  for  the  legs, 

Gyw*  ami  the  mill  luwl  Uiuctl  ilict.  MUlon. 

G?  VE,  F.  L    To  fetter  :  to  shackle ;  to  chain. 
GtV'EI),  Oi\t\,)pp.    Fettered. 
OWING, ppr.    Putthig on  g\vcs. 


TONE,  BJJLL,  IGNITE.  — AN"GEil,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K ;  6  as  J ;  S  as  2 ;  CH  as  SU ;  TH  as  in  TIUS. 


HAB 


IIAC 


BA'BRJiS  COR'PVS,  (U.  Iiave  the  body.]  A  writ 
fiir  delivering  a  prrsoii  fn»ni  falde  im prison mnnl,  or 
(ot  rtfnioving  a  [wnton  from  one  courl  lo  another,  tc. 

Covel. 
..  .  ■  •  «-'>ffy  „      [I,,]    'I'lie  ttccond  part  of  n  deed 
ticf,   (fruiii  itn    commencing    with  this 
rip*t  bring  the  premiKcs. 
li  \n  ....  .•\SH-KR,  n.    [Perhaps  from  G.  habe,  I). 
Atfce,   C'X'dn,  anil  G.   tauscheiit  to  barter,  to  truck. 
If  nut,  I  can  givt*  no  account  of  it^j  orijiiu.] 

A  •■.  !!■  r  i.f  ^rnall  xvart-iJ  J   confined,  at  present,  to 
rii  l>  II',  tiiiM"*,  pin-f,  ni-fdtes,  and  llircad.       Stuart. 
I  .i  trL'-  i  littlf  ujeil,  or  iwt  at  aU^  in  the  United  Stat.ej.] 
II  All  Kit-l>A5'Il-KIt-V,  n.    The  goods  and  wares  sold 

by  a  hnbi-rdnshpr. 
IIAU'EK-m.NE,  (hnb'er-doon,)  n.    A  dried  salt  cod. 

^irtsicorth. 
HA-BER'CE-0\,  n.     [Fr.  hauhergcon;  Norm,  hauberi- 
om;  Arm.  hobreifon.    It  has  been  written,  nUOy  ha- 
brrffCy  hauberk,  £c.,  G.  halsbrrfre  ;  Aa/j,  the  neck,  and 
itrgen,  to  save  or  defLlid  ;  It.  usberi^o.] 

A  coal  of  mail  or  armor  lo  defend  the  neck  and 
broavl.  It  is  fonned  of  littlo  iron  rings  united,  and 
dwccnding  from  tlie  neck  to  the  middle  of  the  body. 

Kncyc. 
HAB'ILE,  n.     Fit ;  proper.     [A^W  m  Wifl-l      Spenser. 
HA-UIL'I-MENT,  n.     (Fr.  habillementy   from  /tabilln-, 
lo  cUiitic,  from  l^  habeo,  lo  have.| 

.A  garment ;  clothing  ;  usually  in  the  plural,  habiti- 

mrnu,  dcnutini.'  ganncnb*,  clothing,  or  dress  in  gen- 

IIA-IUL'I-TATE,  F.  (.     [Fr.  liabUiUr.]  [end. 

To  tiualifv.     [J^ot  usetl.l  Bacon. 

IIA-HIL'I-TATE,  a.     aualificd  or  entitled.     Bacon. 
HA-IllL-l-TA'TION,  n.     aualification.     [vVu(  in  lue.] 

Bucon. 
IIAIUI/I-TV.    See  Adilitt. 

lIAn'IT,  n.  [Fr.  habU;  Sp.  Aaftifo;  It.  abito;  L. 
kabitus,  from  habto,  lo  have,  to  hold.    See  Have.] 

1.  Garb ;  dress  \  clothes  or  garments  in  general. 

TV  BC^OM  are  oJJ,  tbe  hahili  are  Utc  nmo 
We  wore  lut  year.  Drydtn. 

Ttert  ore,  tiaaa^  tlie  •tatuci,  KToro)  of  Veutu,  in  diU'ercnt 
Kabttt.  Add'uon. 

2.  A  coat  worn  by  ladies  over  other  garments. 

3.  Stale  of  any  tliinR,  implying  some  continuance 
or  permanence  ;  temperament,  or  particular  state  uf 
a  body,  formed  by  nature  or  induced  by  extraneous 
clrcumKtanceii ;  as,  a  costive  or  lax  habit  of  body  ; 
a  sanguine  habit, 

A.  A  disposition  or  condition  of  the  mind  or  body, 
a  tendency  or  aptitude  for  tlie  performance  of  certain 
actions,  acquired  by  custom,  or  a  frctpient  riipetition 
of  the  same  net.  Habit  is  that  witicli  is  held  or  ro- 
toined,  the  effect  of  custom  or  frequent  repetition. 
Hence  we  speak  of  good  habits  and  bad  Jiabits.  Fre- 
quent drinking  of  spirits  leads  to  a  hub  it  of  intem- 
perance. We  should  endeavor  to  correct  evil  habits 
by  a  chance  of  practice.  A  great  point  in  the  educa- 
tion of  children,  is  to  prevent  the  formntiun  of  bad 
babils. 

Habit  ofphmts;  the  general  form  or  appearance,  or 
the  conformity  of  plants  of  tliu  same  kind  in  struc- 
ture and  growth.  J\Tartijn. 
n.\B'IT,  r.  L    To  dress ;  to  clothe ;  to  array. 

They  habiud  lhein»?I»ci  like  ruraJ  (leitios.  Dryden. 

IIAB'IT,  p.  (.    To  dwell;  to  inhabit.    [Ohs.]  Chaucer. 
HAB-IT-A-BIL't-TV,  n,    Habitableness.   BaeklamL 
HAB'IT-A-BLE,  o.     [Fr.,  from  L.  habUabUis,  from 
hobito,  lo  dwell.] 

Thai  may  be  inhabited  or  dwell  in  ;  capable  of  sus- 
taining   human    beings;    as,    the  habitable    world; 
•omc  climates  are  scarcely  halritable. 
IIAB'IT-A-BLE-.\E3S,  n.    Capacity  of  being  inhab- 
I        >l«'l'  More.     Ray. 

I    IIAB'IT-A-BLY,  adt.    In  such  a  manner  as  lo  be  hab- 
;    ,  '^•^\^-  Forsyth. 

I    HAB'lT-A-eLE,  n.    A  dweding;  also,  a  niche  for  a 
I       Ktatuc.    [Abt  luttf.] 
IIAB'IT-ANCE,   n.     Dwelling;    abode;    residence. 

IIAB'IT-AN-CY,  ji.    Legal  stltlement  or  inhabitancy. 

r,  i'!f,*'..!.'"'""^*^*^^d  Belhiau. 

IIAB'I  I  -AN  r,  n.     [Fr.,  from  I^  luibitans.'] 

An   inhabitant;  a  dweller;  a  resident;  one  who 
ba.^  a  prrmaneni  abode  in  a  place.     Milton.     Pope. 
HABTr-AT,  n.     [L.]     Habitation;  the  natural  abode 

or  locality  of  an  animal,  plant,  &.c.  Smart. 

HAB-IT-A'TIO.V,  n.  [L.  habilalio,  from  habito,  to 
dwell,  from  habeOf  to  hold,  or,  as  wo  say  in  Enclisli 
lo  keep.]  **       ' 

1.  Act  of  inhabiting;  slat- of  dwelling.    Denham. 
±  Place  of  abode  ;  a  s<.itl.  d  dw.lling;  a  mansion  ; 
I  Jnfuse  or  otiii-r  place  in  which  man  or  any  animal 
dwells.    The  stars  may  be  Ihe  habitaUons  of  numer- 
ous races  of  beings. 

Th*  Lsfd  Unacth  ihe  tuuiU'ion  of  the  Jutt.  —  Prov.  ii[. 

IIAB'IT-A-TOR,  n.    [L.]    A  dweller;  an  inhabitant, 

H\l,ir-ED,  pp.  or  fl.     Clothed;  dressed.    He  was 

.i\ted  like  a  shepherd. 

i  .\ccuslomed.    [A'ot  usuaL] 
llA-BFrij-AL,  0.     [Fr.  kabUutl,  from  habit.] 


J.  Formed  or  acquired  by  habit,  frequent  use,  or 
custom. 

Art  ii  itmpcriy  am  habitual  knowlcilgu  of  cerUin  ml-s  nnd 

2.  Customary;  according  to  habit ;  as,  the /laiittm/ 
pnictice  of  sin  ;  the  habitual  exercise  of  holy  affec- 
tions. 

It  it  iJio  dUtlngiiUUinff  m^rk  of  habitual  piety  to  Iw  pmtefiil  for 
llie  ino»l  commwii  blcfaiiiga.  liuckmintUr. 

3.  Formed  by  repeated  impressions  ;  rendered  per- 
manent by  continued  causes  ;  as,  an  habitual  color  of 
the  skin.  S.  S.  Smith. 

IIA-IJIT'^-AL-LY,  adv.  By  habit;  customarily;  by 
frequent  practice  or  use;  us  y  habitually  \itoUu\c  \  ha- 
bituallii  kind  and  benevolent. 

II.VlllT'U-AI^NESS,  71.     auality  of  being  habitual. 

HA-BIT'U-A'I'E,  V.  t.     [Fr.  habitucr,  from  lutbit.] 

1.  To  accustom  ;  to  make  familiar  by  frequent  use 
or  practice.  Men  may  habituate  tliemselves  to  the 
taste  of  oil  or  tobacco  ;  they  habituate  themselves  lo 
vice;  let  us  habituate  ourselves  and  our  children  to 
thi:  exercise  of  charily. 

2.  To  sellle  as  an  inhabitant  in  a  place.    Temple. 
IIA-BIT'U-ATE,  a.    Inveterate  by  custom. 

Ilammoufl. 
2.  Fonned  by  habit.  Temple. 

HA-BIT'U-A-TED,  pp.     Accustomed  ;  made  familiar 

by  use. 
HA-IJIT'tJ-A-TING,ppr.    Accustoming  ;  niakingeasy 

and  familiar  bv  practice. 
IIA-ltrr-U-A'TiON,  n.     The  state  of  being  habitu- 
ated. 
IIAlt'I-TO'DE,  n.    [Fr.,  from  L.  habitudo,  from  habitus.] 

1.  Relation;  respect;  state  with  regard  to  some- 
thing else.     [Little  used.]  Hale.     South. 

2.  Frequent  intercourse  ;  familiarity.     \_Xot  usual.] 

To  write-  well,  one  must  liavu  fR'quent  habitudea  with  llie  best 
coniiijuiy.  Dryden. 

3.  Customary  manner  or  mode  of  life ;  repetition 
of  the  same  acts ;  as,  the  habitudes  cf  fowls  or  in- 
sects. Ooldsinith. 

4.  Custom  :  habit.  Dryden.     Prior. 
Ha'BLE,  fl.     [\>.  hahilts.]     Fit ;  proper.     [See  Able.] 

Spenser. 
HAB'N.'VB,  adn.    [hap  ve  liap,  let  it  happen  or  nut.] 
At  random  ;  by  chance  j  without  order  or  rule. 

Hadibras. 
HAB'RO-NEME,  a.     [Gr.  h0nos,  delicate,  and  injiia, 
a  thread.] 

In  miiteralotryj  having  the  form  of  fine  threads. 
HAC-I'EJ^'DJi,  n.  [Sp.j  An  isolated  farm  or  farm- 
house. Stephens. 
HACK,  V.  t.  [Sax.  haccnn  ;  D.  Jmkken;  G.  hachen; 
Dan.  AwtAer;  Sw.  AorAa,-  Fr.  hacker,  from  which  we 
have  hash  and  hatchet,  and,  from  the  same  root, 
hatchel:  Arm.  haicha;  VV.  haciaw^  to  hack;  /w^',  a 
gasli ;  and  hatru-lc  is  of  Uic  same  family,  as  are  hew 
and  hoc.     Class  Cg.] 

1.  To  cut  irregularly  and  into  small  pieces;  to 
nolcli ;  lo  mangle  by  repeated  strokes  of  a  cutting 
instrument. 

2.  To  speak  with  stops  or  catches  ;  to  speak  with 
hesitation.  Shah. 

H.\CK,  71.    A  notch  ;  a  cut.  S^iak. 

HACK,?!.    A  horse  kept  for  hire ;  a  horse  much  used 

in  draught,  or  in  hard  service;  a  worn-out  horse; 

any  thing  exposed  to  hire,  or  used  in  common. 

2.  A  coach  or  other  carriage  kept  tor  hire.  [From 
fiackney ;  -used  in  Jlnurica.] 

3.  licsilating  or  faltering  speecli.  More. 

4.  A  writer  employed  in  the  drudgery  and  details 
of  book-making. 

5.  A  rack  for  feeding  cattle.     [Local.] 

HACK,  fl.  Hired;  much  used  or  worn,  like  a  hired 
horse.  JVakeficld. 

H-ACK,  V.  i.  To  he  exposed  or  offered  to  common  use 
for  hire  ;  lo  turn  prostitute.  Hanmrr. 

2.  To  rough ;  to  make  an  effort  to  raise  phlegm. 
[See  Hawk.] 

HACK'IJER-RV,  «.  An  American  tree,  Celtis  crass! fo- 
lia, with  a  tall,  straight  trunk,  and  grayish,  unbroken 
back,  covered  with  asperities  unequally  distributed 
over  the  surface.  Farm.  Kncyc.     Etieyc.  Am. 

HACK'/OI),  (^liakt,)  pp.    Chopped  ;  mangled  ;  coughed. 

II.\CK'K-RV ,  li.  A  street  cart  in  Uengal,  drawn  by 
oxen.  J\I<dcom. 

HACK'ING,  ;*/>r.    Chopping  into  small  pieces;  man- 
gling ;  mauling  ;  coughing  in  a  broken  manner. 
2.  a.  Short  and  interrupti-d  ;  as,  a  hackinir  cough. 

HACK'LE,  (hak'l,)  v.  t.  [G  hccheln ;  I),  htkelen. 
This  is  a  dialectical  variation  of  hatehcl,  hctekch] 

1.  To  separate  the  coarse  part  of  flax  or  liunip  from 
the  fine,  by  drawing  it  through  the  teeth  of  a  hackle 
or  hatchel. 

2.  To  tear  asunder.  Burke. 
UACK'LE,  (hak'l,)  ti.    An  instrument  with  teeth  lor 

separating  the  coarso  part  of  flax  or  hemp  from  the 
fine;  a  hatchel.  [The  laUcr  word  is  used  in  the 
U.iited  States.] 

2.  Raw  sUk  ;  any  flimsy  substance  unspun. 

Johnson.     Walton. 

3.  A  fly  for  angling,  dressed  with  feathers  or  silk. 

ClialmeTs. 


HAG 

HACK'LY,  a.    [from  liack.}     Kough ;   nroken,  as  if 

hacked. 
In  mineralogy,  having  fine,  sliort,  and  sharp  points 

on  the  surface  ;  as,  a  lutchly  fracture.       Clcavclunil. 
IIACK'iMA-TACK,   n.      'i'he    popular    name    of   tlitj 

American  larch,  Larix  JJmericatia,  a  very  large  tree, 

and  much  prized  for  timber.      Browne^s  Syl.  Ain. 
HACK'NEY,  n.     [Fr.  hat/uenec,  a  pacing  liorse  ;  Sp, 

hacanca,  a  nag  somewhat  larger  than  a  pony  ;  Iiaca, 

a  pony  ;   Port,  hacanca  or  acanea,  a   choice  pad,  or 

ambling  nag;  li.  chinea.] 

1.  A  pad  ;  a  nag  ;  a  pony.  Chaucer. 

2.  A  horse  kept  for  hire  ;  a  horse  much  used  ;  also, 
a  lady's  pony. 

3.  A  coach  or  other  carriage  kept  for  hire,  and  ofien 
exposed  in  the  streets  of  cities.  Tlie  word  is  some- 
times contracted  to  hack. 

4.  Any  thing  much  used  or  used  in  common ;  a 
hireling;  a  prostitute. 

H.ACK'NEY,  a.  Let  out  for  hire  ;  devoted  to  common 
use  ;  as,  a  Aac/cHey-coach. 

2.  Prostitute  ;  vicious  for  hire.  Roscommon. 

3.  Much  used;  common;  trite;  as,  a  haekncy  au- 
thor or  remark. 

HACK'NEY,  V.  t.     To  use  much  ;  to  practice  in  one 

thing  ;  to  make  trite. 

2.  To  carrv  in  a  hacknev  coach.  Cowper. 

H.\CK'NEY-eoACH,  n.    A  coach  for  hire  in  cities, 

commonly  at  stands  in  the  street. 
HACK'NEY-CoACH'MAN,  n.    A  man  who  drives  a 

hackney-coach. 
HACK'NEY-i^D,  (liak'nid,)  pp.  or  a.     Used  much  or 

in  common  ;  worn  out. 
2.  Practiced;  accustomed. 

He  IS  long  hackneyed  in  llio  wjys  of  men.  S}uik. 

HACK'NEY-ING,  ppr.     Using  mucli ;  accustoming. 

HACK'NEY-MAN,  n.  A  man  who  lets  horses  and 
carriages  for  hire.  Barret. 

HACK'STER,  n.  A  bully  ;  a  rutBan  or  assassin. 
[Obs.]  Bp.Hatt. 

HACaUE-TON,  n.     [Fr.  /lor/.tcfon.] 

A  stuffed  jacket  formerly  worn  under  armor,  some- 
times made  of  leather.     [JVut  used.]  Spenser. 

HAD,  pi-et.  and  pp.  uf  Have;  contiacled  from  Sa.v. 
h(Eftl,  that  is,  Iiaccd ;  as,  [  had;  I  have  had.  \n  Iho 
phrase,  "  I  had  better  go,"  it  is  supposed  that  hid  is 
used  for  would;  "  I'd  better  go."  The  sense  of  the 
phrase  is,  "  it  would  be  better  for  me  to  go." 

HAD-I-VVIST',  a  proverbial  expression  —  O  that  I  had 
known !  Todd. 

HAD'DER,  7t.     [G.  hcide.] 

Heath.     [JVo(  in  use.]     [See  Heath.] 

HAD'DOCK,  K.  [\t.  code  jr.  The  first  syllable  seems 
to  be  cod  or  gadus,  and  the  last,  tiie  termination,  as 
in  bullock.] 

A  sea-fish  of  the  genus  Gadus  or  cod.  It  has  a 
long  body,  the  upper  part  of  a  dusky  brown  color, 
and  the  belly  of  a  silvery  hue  ;  the  lateral  line  is 
black.  This  fish  breeds  in  immense  numbers  in  the 
northern  seas,  and  constitutes  a  considerable  article 
of  fi)od.  Partington. 

HADE,  71.  Among  miners,  the  steep  descent  of  a  slinft; 
also,  the  descent  of  a  hill.  Drayton. 

2.  In  vdning,  the  inclination  or  deviation  from  the 
vertical  of  any  mineral  vein.  Ure. 

Ha'DeS,  71.  [Gr.  a(j7)s,  qu.  a  negative,  and  citiw,  to 
see.] 

The  region  of  the  dead  ;  the  invisible  wurld,  or  the 
grave. 

HADJ,  71.  [Ar.]  The  pilgrimage  to  Mecca  and  Medi- 
na, performed  by  Mohammedans. 

HiEC-CE'I-TY,  n.     [from  L.  lime,  this.] 

A  word  used  by  the  sclioolmen  to  denote  the  es- 
sence of  individuality.  Smart. 

HAF'FLE,  u.  f.  To  speak  unintelligibly;  to  prevari- 
cate. 

HAFT,  n.  [Sax.  Itirft,  a  haft,  and  lueftan,  to  seize  ;  G. 
A^ ;  D.  heft ;  Dan.  hefte ;  from  the  root  of  have,  or  of 
L.  eapio,  W.  hafiaw,  to  snatch.] 

A  liandle  ;  that  part  of  an  instrument  or  vessel 
which  is  taken  into  tlie  hand,  and  by  which  it  is 
held  and  used.  It  is  used  chiefly  for  the  part  of  o 
knife,  sword,  or  dagger,  by  which  it  is  held ;  the 
hilt. 

HAFT,  V.  t.    To  set  in  a  haft ;  to  furnish  with  a  ban- 

HAFT'ER,  71.     [VV,  hafaw,  lo  catch.]  [die. 

A  caviler;  a  wrangler.     [JVot  in  use.]        Barret. 

HAG,  71.  [In  Sax.  luciresse  is  a  witch,  fur}',  or  goblin, 
answering  to  the  Hecate  of  mythology.  In  W.  hagyr, 
ugly,  is  from  hag,  a  gash,  from  the  root  of  hack.  In 
Russ.  ega  is  a  foolish  old  woman,  a  sorceress.  See 
Haggard.] 

1.  An  ugly  old  woman ;  as,  an  old  hag  of  three- 
score. Dryden. 

2.  A  witch  ;  a  sorceress  ;  an  enchantress.    Shak. 
li.  A  fury  ;  a  she-monster.  Crashaw. 

4.  A  cartilaginous  fish,  the  Gastrobranehus,  (Myii- 
nc  glutinosa  of  Linnaeus,)  which  enters  other  fi^^lies 
and  devours  them.  It  is  about  five  or  six  inches 
long,  and  resembles  a  small  eel.  It  is  allied  to  the 
lamprey.  ^'J^' 

o.  Appearances  of  lirlit  and  fire  on  horses'  manes, 
or  men's  hair,  were  formerly  called  liags.     Blount. 


FATE,  TAR,  FALL,  WII.\T.-METE,  FKEY.-PINE,  MARINE,  BtRD.-NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQQK.- 


528 


ilAl 

HAG,  V.  t.     To  liamss  ;  to  torment.  hctlcr 

'2.  To  tire  ;  to  \VL;try  with  vexation. 
IIAG'-BORN,  c.    Born  of  a  hag  or  witcli.         Shah. 
HAG'GARD,  c.     [G.  lia^er,   lean;   W.  Iiag^  a   gash; 
hacciaic,  to  hacl^     See  Hack.] 

1.  Litcraily,  having  a  ragy;ea  look,  as  if  hacked  or 
gashed.  Hence,  lean ;  meager  j  rough  j  imving  eyes 
sunk  in  their  orbits  ;  ugly. 

2.  Willi  or  intractable ;  disposed  to  break  away 
from  duty,  like  a  liaggard  or  refractory  hawk. 

If  I  ilo  prove  her  haggard, 
Thonjli  that  her  jesst's  were  my  ile.or  lieiirlstrings, 
I'J  wFiislIc  her  ofl,  and  let  lier  IIowq  ilio  wioJ, 
't'o  prey  at  fortune.  SliaJ;. 

\  HAG'GARD,  n.     [See  Hag.    This  and  the  other  de- 
rivatives ofliag  ought  to  be  written  with  a  single  g-.] 

1.  An  untrained  or  refractory  hawk,  which  often 
broke  away  or  flew  otT.  Partington. 

Hence, 

2.  Figuratively,  any  tiling  wild  and  iittractable. 

3.  A  has.  GartJi. 
HAG'GARD,  n.     [Sax.  haga,  a  little  field,  and  gcard,  a 

yard.] 

HAG'GARD-LY,  adv.    In  a  haggard  or  ugly  manner; 

With  deformity.  Dniiicn. 

A  stack-yard.  Jfowell. 

HAG'GEI),  a.     Lean  ;  ugly  ;  like  a  liap.  Gray. 

HAG'GESS,  )  n.     [from  hacli.]     A  pudding  containing 

HAG'GIS.S,  (  the  entrails  of  a  sheep  or  Iamb,  chopped 
with  fine  herbs  ami  suet,  higlily  seasoned  with  leeks 
and  spices,  and  boiled  in  Wn.-  tuaw.  Perry. 

HAG'GISH,  a.  Of  the  nature  uf  a  hag;  deformed; 
ugly  ;  horrid.  Hhak. 

FIAG'GISH-LV,  adr.    In  the  manner  of  a  hag. 

HAG'GLE,  r.  (.  [\V.  hag,  a  gasli  or  cut.  It  is  a  di- 
minutive from  llie  root  of  hnck.] 

To  cut  into  small  pieces  ;  to  notch  or  cut  in  an  un- 
skillful manner  ;  to  make  rough  by  cutting  ;  to  man- 
gle ;  as,  a  boy  haggles  a  stick  of  wood.] 

SuS^olk  first  di^d,  ;ind  York,  all  haggled  o'er, 

Comes  to  hiin  where  in  ^ore  lie  lay  maleeped.  SficX: 

IIAG'GLE,  V.  i.  To  be  difficult  in  bargaining;  to  hes- 
itate and  cavil.     [See  Higglk.J 

HAG'GL-ED,  pp.  Cut  irregularly  into  notches  ;  made 
rough  bv  cutting;  mangled. 

HAG'GLER,  n.    One  who  haggles. 

2.  One  who  cavils,  iiesiiales,  and  makes  diftictilly 
in  bargaining. 

HAG'gLiXG,  ppr.  or  a.  Hacking;  mangling;  cavil- 
ing and  hesitating  in  bargaining. 

HAGJGLING,  71.  The  act  of  liesitating  and  making 
dithcultv  in  bargaining. 

Ha'GI-XR-€HY,  n.     [Gr.  uyioi  and  noxri.] 

The  sacred  government ;  government  of  holy  or- 
ders of  men.  SouO'uy. 

IU-GI-OG'RA-PHA,  k.  pi.  [L.,  from  Gr.  uywi,  holy, 
and  J  >,a  .'fj,  a  v/riting.] 

Literalhj^  sacred  writings ;  the  last  of  the  three 
Jewish  divisions  of  the  Old  Testament.  Tlie  Jews 
divide  the  books  of  the  Scriptures  into  lliree  parts: 
the  law,  which  is  contained  in  the  first  five  books  of 
the  Old  Testament ;  the  Prophets,  or  ^'evim ;  and 
the  Cetuvim,  or  writings^  by  way  of  eminence.  The 
latter  class  is  called  by  the  Greeks  Hagio<rrapha,  com- 
prehending the  books  of  Psalms,  Proverbs,  Jtjb,  Dan- 
iel, Ezra,  Xehemiah,  Ruth,  Esther,  Chronicles,  Can- 
ticles, Lamentations,  and  Ecclesiastes. 

2.  In  the  Raman  CaUiolic  churchy  the  lives  of  the 
saints.  Braudc. 

L\-GI-0G'R.\-PHAL,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  hagiogra- 

pha,  whicii  see. 
IA-GI-OG'RA-PIIER,  «.     One  of  the  writers  of  the 
hagiograplia. 

rA-CI-OG'KA-PHY,  n.     See  Hagiographa. 
1a-GI-0L'0-GIST,  71.    One  who  writes  or  treats  of 
the  sacred  writing:?. 

A-GI-OL'0-GV,  It.  The  hiiitory  or  description  of  the 
sacred  writings.  Quart.  Rev. 

AG'-RI1>-D£N,  a.    Aillicted  with  the  nightmare. 

Chcyue. 
AG'-.SEED,  n.  The  descendant  of  a  hag.  Shak. 
AG'SIIIP,  lu    The  state  or  title  of  a  hag  or  witch. 

Middlcton. 
AGUE'nUT,  (hag'but.)    See  Aruuebl-se. 
aH  ;  an  exclamation  exprcr^sing  surprise  or  effort. 
A-H'A.',  n.     A  fence  or  ban!c  sunk  between  slopes,  or 
a  ditch  not  seen  till  close  upon  it.     Walpole  deiives 
it  from  an  expression  of  surprise  at  finding  a  sudden 
check  to  progress  in  a  walk  —  ha!  hn! 
aIK,  71.     A  large  piece  of  woolen  or  cotton  cloth 
worn  by  Arabs  over  the  tunic,  but  under  the  bnr- 
nooae.     [Spelt  also  Hyke.] 

■aIL,  ».  [?Jax.  h^gel^  or  hagd;  C.  D.  Dan.  and  Sw. 
hagel;  so  called  from  its  rough,  broken  fii:ni,  from  the 
root  of  hacky  haggle.} 

Moisture  preclpiLatcd  from  tiie  atmosphere  in  the 
form  of  ice.  The  concretions  of  ice  arc  ustiaJly  more 
or  less  spherical,  constituting  hatUtonr.<^  but  some- 
times consist  of  plates  or  laminx,  or  of  agglomerated 

ML,jj.t.  To^urdown  masses  of  ice  or  froz-en  vapors. 
|]   \IL,  »  £.    To  pour  dov,-n  in  the  manner  of  hail. 

Hhak. 


liAi 

HAIL,  a.  [Sax.  /m.',  whole,  sound;  A^/,  heaUh ;  G. 
hcd^  D,  and  Dau.  heel,  Sw.  Ac/,  Gr.  ouAwj,  wJloIc.  See 
Heal.] 

Sound  ;  whole  ;  healthy  ;  not  impaired  by  disease  ; 
as,  a  hail  body  ;  }iaH  corn,  [/n  Hiis  sense  it  is  usually 
written  Haxi:.] 

IIaIL,  an  exclamation,  or  rather  a  verb  in  the  impera- 
tive mode,  being  the  adjective  hid  used  as  a  verb. 
Hail^  be  well ;  be  in  healtii ;  health  to  you  ;  a  term 
of  salutation  equivalent  to  L.  sir/ye,  salaetc. 

Hj'U,  haii,  Ijrave  fneiid.  STioJlr. 

IlAlL,  n.  A  wish  of  health;  a  salutation.  Tliisword 
is  sometimes  used  as  a  noun  ;  as,  "  the  angel  had  be- 
stowed." Milton. 

IIaIL,  v.  t.  [from  the  same  root  as  call,  L.  calo^  Gr. 
Kaktoi.     See  Call  and  Heal,] 

To  call  ;  to  call  to  a  pt^rson  at  a  distance,  to  arrest 
his  attention.  It  is  properly  used  in  any  case  where 
the  person  accosted  is  distant,  but  is  appropriately 
used  by  seamen.  Hooy  or  lioi,  the  ship  a.'umy,  is  the 
usual  manner  of  hailing  a  sliip  ;  to  which  the  answer 
is,  hidloa,  or  hollo.  1'lien  follow  the  usual  questions, 
\\innce  came  ye.'  Where  are  you  bound  i*  &.c. 

HaIL'AD,  pp.  _C'a!led  to  from  a  distance  ;  accosted. 

H.aIL'-FEL-LoW,  n.    An  intimate  companion. 

HaIL'LN'G,  ppr.    Saluting  ;  calling  to  from  a  distance. 
2.  Pouring  down  liail. 

HaIL'SIIOT,  ?j.  Small  shot  which  scatter  like  hail- 
stones.   JJ^''ot  lu-icd.]  Hayward. 

IIAIL'SToNE,  k.  A  single  mass  of  ice  falling  from 
a  cloud.  Drydcn. 

HaIL'Y,  a.    Consisting  of  hail ;  as,  haily  showers. 

Pope. 

HaIR,  71.  [Sax.  ha:r;  G.  hoar;  D.  hair;  Sw.  harj  Dan. 
haar.] 

1.  A  small  filament  issuing  from  the  skin  of  an  an- 
imal, and  from  a  bulbous  root.  Each  lilamenl  con- 
tains u  tube  or  lioliow  within,  occupieil  by  a  pulp  or 
pith,  which  is  intended  for  its  nutrition,  and  extends 
onh'  to  that  part  v.iiicli  is  in  a  slate  of  growtli.    Ci/c 

When  hair  means  a  single  lilauicnt,  it  has  a  jjlural, 
Jiairs. 

2.  Tlip  collection  or  mass  of  filaments  growing 
from  the  skin  of  au  annua!,  and  forming  an  integu- 
ment or  covering  ;  as,  tlie  hair  of  the  head.  Hair  is 
the  common  covering  of  many  beasts.  When  the 
filaments  are  very  fine  and  short,  the  collection  of 
them  is  called  fur.  Wool,  also,  is  a  kuid  of  hair. 
When  hair  signifies  a  collection  of  these  animal  fil- 
aments, it  has  no  plural. 

'3.  Any  thing  very  sm;dl  or  fine  ;  or  a  very  small 
distance  ;  the  breadth  of  a  hair.  He  judges  to  a  hair, 
that  is,  very  exactly.  Drijden. 

A.  A  trifling  value.    It  is  not  worth  a  hair. 

5.  Course  ;  order  ;  grain  ;  tije  hair  failing  \i\  a  cer- 
tain direction.     [JVut  uscd.'\ 

You  go  ig-jinst  the  h(UT  of  your  jirofosiioa.  Sluik. 

6.  Long,  straight,  and  distinct  filaments  on  tlie 
surface  of  plants  ;  a  species  of  down  or  pubescence. 

Jilartyn. 

HaIR'CELL,  n.  A  plant,  a  species  of  Isyacinth  ;  the 
harebell.  Snuirt. 

U:\\R'-m\7\m-ED.     See  Hare-brai.ned. 

H.^IR'-liREADTH,  (-bredth,)  n.  [See  Breadth.] 
The  diameter  or  iireadllj  uf  a  Jiair;  a  very  snirdl  dis- 
tance; sometime*;,  dcfinitcln,  the  -ISlh  part  of  au 
inch. 

Seven  hundred  chosen  men  left-haudcJ  :  every  one  couid  filing 
Ktoiies  to  ti.hair-breadih. — -Judges  X3C. 

It  is  used  as  an  adjective  ;  as,  a  hair-breadth  escape. 
But,  in  JVWf  Eiiglandy  it  is  gen^-rally  hair's  breadth. 

HaIR'-BRUSH,  n.    A  brusli  for  smonthing  the  hair. 

HAlR'eLOTH,  71.  Stiift'  or  cloth  made  of  hair,  or  in 
part  with  Isair.  In  inditary  affairs,  pieces  of  this 
cloth  are  used  for  covering  tlie  powder  in  wagons,  or 
on  batteries,  or  for  covering  charged  bombs,  &c. 

HaIR'£D,  a.     Having  hair.  [Encyc. 

HAIR'-HUNG,  a.     Hanging  by  a  hair.  Young. 

HaIR'I-NESS,  71.  [from  hairy.]  Tlje  state  of  abound- 
ing or  being  covered  with  hair.  Johnson. 

HaIR'LaCE,  71.  A  fillet  for  lying  up  the  hair  of  the 
head.  Swift. 

HaIR'LESS,  a.  Destitute  of  hair ;  bald;  as,  liairlcss 
scalps.  Shak. 

HaIR'-LTNE,  n.    A  line  made  of  hair. 

HArR'-NEE-DLE,  )  it.     A  pin  used  in  dressing  the 

([aIR'-PLV,  i      hair. 

HAIR'-PEN-CIL,  n.  A  brush  or  pencil  made  of  very 
fine  hair  for  painting.  Urc. 

HAIR'-POW-DER,  ti.  A  fine  powder  of  flour  for 
sprinkling  the  hair  of  the  head. 

HaIR'-SALT,  7j.     [haar-salz,  Werner.] 

A  variety  of  native  Epsom  salt.  Aiso,  a  compound 
of  the  sulphates  of  magnesia  and  iron.  Dana. 

HaIR'-SPUT-TING,  a.  i^Iaking  very  minute  dis- 
tinctions in  reasoning.  Robinson. 

HAIR'-SPLIT-TIN(J,''k.  The  act  or  practice  of  mak- 
ing minute  distiuclions  in  reasoning. 

HAIU'-\VOR..^^,  H.  A  genus  of  worms,  (vennes,)  called 
C(fr//((w,  resemlilin;;  a  long  hair:  a  Idiforni  animal 
found  in  fresh  water  or  in  llie  earth.  There  are  sev- 
eral species.  Encyc. 


HAL 

ilAlIt^Y,  a.  [from/wir.J  Overgrown  with  hair;  cov- 
ered with  hair;  abounding  with  hair. 

Kuu,  ijiy  brolVr,  u  a  hairy  man.  —Gen.  xxriL 

2.  Consisting  of  hair;  as,  AaiTT/ honors.   Vnjden. 

3.  Resembling  hair  ;  of  the  nature  of  hair. 
HAKE, /I.    A  kind  of  sea-fish  of  the  cod  family,  the 

Mcrluccias  viilgarl*,  in  Bhape  »)mi;what  resembling 
the  pike.  It  is  ollen  salted  and  dried,  but  is  not 
very  much  esteemed  as  food.      Jardine^s  JVat.  Lib. 

HAKE,  r.  i.    To  sneak  ;  to  go  about  idly.        Orose, 

HAK'OT,  71.    A  fish.  AinsworOu 

HAL,  in  some  names,  signifies  JiaU. 

liAL'BERD,  n.  [Er.  hallchardr. :  G.  hellebarde :  D.  W- 
Ubnard;  It.  alabarda  or  labardo ;  Sp.  I'oil.  alabarda ; 
lUiss.  ba-disk,  a  halberd  or  battle-ax,  a  pole-ai.  The 
etymology  is  not  settled.  It  seems  ancieutly  to  have 
been  a  battle-ax  fixed  to  a  long  pole,  and  in  Gothic, 
hilde  is  battle.] 

A  miliUiry  weapon,  consisting  of  a  pole  or  shaft  of 
wood,  with  a  head  armed  with  a  steel  point,  with  a 
cross  piece  of  steel,  flat  and  pointed  at  both  ends,  or 
with  a  cutting  edge  at  one  end,  and  a  bent  point  at 
the  otJier.  It  is  carried  by  sergeants  of  foot  and  dra- 
Sou"^-  Eimjc. 

HAL-BERD-IkR',  (hol-berd-cer',)  n.  One  who  is 
armed  witli  a  halberd.  Bacon. 

UALaiLUD-SHAP-A-D,  (-shipt,)  a.  Having  the  shape 
of  a  halberd. 

HAL'CY-OX,  (hal'se-on,)  n.  [L.  halcyon,  Gr.  u/rvur, 
a  king-fisher,  frmn  nAj,  the  sea,  and  wn(,',  to  con- 
ceive, from  breeding  among  reeds  by  the  sea.  Moriiu} 
The  name  anciently  given  to  the  king-fisher,  oth- 
erwise called  aleedii ;  a  bird  tliat  was  s.iid  to  lay  her 
eggs  in  nests,  on  rocks  near  the  sea,  during  tiie'calDi 
weather  about  the  winter  solstice.     Hence, 

HAL'CY-ON,  a.  Calm ;  quiet ;  peaceful ;  undisturbed  ; 
happy.  Halcyon  days  w  ere  seven  days  before  and  as 
many  after  the  \vinter  solstice,  when  llie  weather 
\\'as  calm.  Hence,  by  halcyon  days  are  now  under- 
stood days  of  peace  and  tranquillity. 

HAL-CV-6'iM-Ai\,  a.     Halcyon  ;  calm.         Sheldon. 

HALE,  a.  [Sax.  hal,  sound,  whole.  See  Hail  and 
Heal.] 

Sound  ;  entire ;  healthy  ;  robust ;  not  impaired  j 
as,  .1  hale  body. 

HALE,  n.     Welfare.     [JVo(  in  iise.]  Spenser. 

HaLE  or  HALE,  v.  t.     [Sw.  hala;  Fr.  Imler.] 

To  pull  (ir  draw  with  forct; ;  to  dnig.  Tliis  is  now 
more  generally  written  and  pronounced  /wim/,  whicli 
see. 

HALF,  (hUf,)  7(. ,-  pi.  Halves,  (hUvz.)  [Sax.  Aa^;' or 
hciiif;  GolU.haWs;  D.  Italf;  Sw.lialf;  Dan.  halv;  G, 
halb.] 

One  part  of  a  thing  which  is  divided  into  two 
equal  parts,  either  in  fact  or  in  contemplation  ;  a  moi- 
ety ;  as,  half  a  pound  ;  lialf  a  tract  of  land  ;  half  an 
orange;  Au//the  miseries  or  pleasures  of  life.  It  is 
applied  to  quantity,  number,  length,  and  ever>'  thing 
susceptible  of  division.  In  practice,  of  is  often  or 
usually  omitted  after  half.  We  say,  haJfa,  pound  ; 
/m//a  mile  ;  half  the  number. 

JJalf  the  misery  of  life.  Additon. 

HALF,  (haf,)  V.  t.      To  divide  into  lialvcs.      [See 

Halve.] 
HALF,  adv.    In  part,  or  in  an  equal  pait  or  degree. 

Hal/  loth  .Hid  ha!/  con&eiiUng'.  Dryden. 

hi  composition,  half  deuolcs  an  equal  part;  or,  in- 
drfinitdy,  a  [lart,  and  hence,  imperfrcL 

HXLP'-BLOOD,  (hufblud,)  n.  Relation  between  per- 
sons born  of  the  same  father  or  of  the  same  mother, 
but  not  of  both  ;  as,  a  broUier  or  sister  of  the  half- 
blood.    Tlie  word  is  soraeliiues  used  as  an  adjective, 

HALF'-BLOOD'ED,  o.  Mean;  degenerate.  [Liule 
vsed.]  ShaJ:. 

2.  Proceeding  from  a  m.ale  and  fem:Ue,  each  of  full 
blood,   but   of    difierent  breeds;    as,   a  half-blooded 

HaLF'-BRED,  a.     Half-blooded.  [sheep 

HALF'-BREED,  a.     Half-blooded. 

HALF-HROTH'ER,  (haf-,)  n.  A  brother  by  one  pa 
rent,  but  not  by  both. 

HALF'-CAP,  n.  A  cap  not  wholly  put  oir,  or  faintly 
moved.  Shak. 

HALF'-CASTE,  w.  In  Tndia,  one  born  of  a  Hindoo 
parent  on  the  one  side,  and  of  a  Kuroi>ean  on  the 
other. 

IIALF'-€0CK,  TI.  When  the  cock  of  a  gnu  is  re- 
tained by  th:;  first  notch,  the  gun  is  said  to  lie  at  half- 
cod:.  Biwth. 

HALF'-DEjVD,  (-ded,)  a.  Almost  dead;  nearly  ex- 
hausted. 

IIALF'£N,  a.  Wanting  half  its  due  qualities.  {.\'ot 
used.]  Spenser. 

nALF<EX-DEAL,aJy.    [Tent.  halfd.-el,]    Nearly  half. 

Spenser 

HALF'ER,  TI.    One  that  possesses  half  only. 
2.  A  male  fallow  deer  gelded. 

HALF'-FAC'ED,  (-aste,)  a.  Showing  only  part  of 
the  face.  Siiak. 

IIALF'-HATCII-£D,  (-hatclit,)  a.  Iui|ierfcclly 
hatched  ;  as,  half-haUhai  eggs,  Oa^. 

HALF'-HEARD,  (-herd,)  a.  luiperfeclly  heard;  not 
lieard  to  tlie  end. 

And  leave  haj/heard  Uic  melancholy  tale.  Pope. 


TONE,  EJJLL,  UNITE.— AN"GER,  Vl^CIOUS.  — G  as  K ;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  ClI  as  SH;  Til  as  in  Till.'. 


,H,.K-HO..'l  DAY.  ..     A  Imlf  of  a  day  glv«n  to 

'  n  nnble,  or  C.<.  M.  slerling. 

1  nl  the  iiuartcra,  wlit-n 

I.  ...,.|. 

I"'-  ,  linlf-ninon.    In/ir- 

?■    '  I  tv    .'   ■I'S.forliiine 

-■  .      ,. ,  „  ,ii  Uic  lurmof  nai!S- 

'  "    '                             Eitryc. 

! ','T''lii  m.«'V,  «  mini"'.  >»'"«  '"^''  " 
iiri"i."i'Vl[T  n      An  equal  ptirt.  **"*• 

,,r;1^:"l.^•v^;^^i^t;;^"^e:;;it..^o'^;i^pay,a«, 

.NY?  (lmi>'r»n-i>y  or  lii'|>oi.-ny,)  n.    A 
„  uf  Iho  value  of  Imlln  |K-nny  ;  also,  the 
V  Juv  ul  rialf  a  iwnny     It  »  U8e<l  '»  »»'•  I-'"™- 

lb  ciKiu  for  *«y-p»~«.  i)rv<!.n. 

ntiin  coin  i«  not  current  in  America.] 
IIXl  r- "evNY.  a.    or  ti.e  lirico  or  value  of  half  a 

llAl.t'-rEN-.NY-WOIllH.j 

IIV. 


5.  A  room  for  a  r.,>rpon.lion  or  public  assembl>  , 
r,    \  ccllceialo  body  in  tho  univcrsilies  of  Oxford 

,^i'^;^l^H,  >  (hai-ic-mv^o  "•  nv"^  t"^'^"' 

\L  LE-  C'J  All,  praise  ye  Jah  or  iehuvah,  from 
■^Snrto  praite,  that  is,  to  throw,  or  raise  the  vo.ce, 

to  utter  a  loud  sound.  Ar.  3j*>  halta  or  cMa,  to  ap- 
near-  to  becin  to  shine,  as  the  new  mmm ;  to  es- 
?Sn  to  exult;  to  sine;  '<•  "^J""^"  •, '°  I'^^lf  "' 
wo,!;hip  God.  G'r.  fMXcv,  a  shout  .n  battle.  It  co- 
incides in  Clements  with  /wmI,  L.  ^'"'"-J      .  , 

Praise  vo  Jehovah;  give  praise  to  f.od  ,  a  woru 
jTin  sonss  of  praise,  or  a  term  of  rejojcing  m 
"olc'lnn  ascriptions  of  thnnksR.vms  to  Gud.  It  is 
used  as  a  noun,  or  as  an  exclanirvtion. 

fTl  ■        '  ' "  " 


The  value  of  a  half- 


lULK'-l'IKE,  n 


A  short  Dike  carried  by  olTicers. 
Tallfr. 
"   A  short  pike  used  in  boardinp  ships.  Mar.  Diet 
IIAI>'-PINr,  ■>■    The  lialf  of  a  pint  or  f">'«|'^^';f  " 
nJ'Lr-READ.  (-red,)  c     Sup.mcially  informefby 

liri'F'-fioUND.n.    A  semicircular  moldinR.  Oim/l. 
IIXLF'-SCIIOL  AK,  ».    One  imiRrfeclly  '•••"™«^'|-^ 
lIAl.F'-SiSASO'VER;  a  low   expression,  denoting 

ii'.'f  K'^rnVT  n     In  playing  the  violin,  a  move  of 
"th;hani"li..'u  way  upward' on  the  neck  of  the  ,n- 

„ALF:^;;HT'^Mh"rst;'e^) ".    Seeing  imperfect- 

Iv     bavins  weak  discernment.  llacm. 

IIAliF'-.^IS'TER,  ».    A  sister  by  one  parent,  but  not 

^    "    'illi"RK,  n.    Ilemisphere.  B.  Jumoit. 

vRV-KO,  a.     .Mmi'St  starved. 
-  1  ll.\l.N-i;l),  o.     ILilfbrcd  i  imperfect. 

Vn/flfn. 
IIAI.F'-SWOKD,   (hifssrd,)   n.      Within    half  the 

If  ntth  of  a  sword  ;  close  fieht.  Shak. 

IIXLF'-WAY   Wr.    In  the  middle  ;  at  half  the  dis- 
tance Orancillc. 
IIALF'-«'AY,  a.    Equally  distant  from  the  extremes  ; 

as,  a  half-ray  house. 
IIXLF'-\VIT,  n.    A  foolish  person;  a  dolt;  a  blnck- 

1    nil  Drijtlcn. 

nAi.F'-\VIT-TED,o.    Weak  in  Intellect;  silly;  fool- 
ish. .  *'"''*•, 
IlAI  F'-VP\R-LY,  a.    Two  in  a  year;  semi-annual. 
1IAI.F'-YE.\R-EY,  lulo.    Twice  in  a  year;  semi-an- 

niiutlv.  .,.         , 

HM  •riir"     lu    A  fish  of  the  genus  Ilippoglossus, 
r.  .vPleuroneclidK.  Thislishhasacompiessed 
..'  side  resembling  the  back,  the  oilier  the 
mI  I>o1Ii  eves  on  the  same  side  of  llie  head. 
U    LW*  to  a  great  size  ;  some  to  the  weight  of  3110 
Of  400  p..und3.    It  fnnns  an  article  of  food,  and  some 
larts  of  the  Imlv  are  fat,  tender,  and  delicious.    This 
ll«h,  like  ipther  ilal  fl»h,  sivims  on  its  side,  and  hence 
llw  none  i/f  the  family.  Jardinr's  A'lil.  Lib. 

IIAI.'I-UOM,  n.     [Sax.  hali/rilomc;  My  and  ilum.] 

Aitjuralii.n  by  what  Is  holy.    [Obi.]        Spctuer. 
IIAL'I-MASS,  n.     [.Sax.  An/if,  holy,  and  nuns.] 

The  feajitof  All  Souls;  Hallowmas. 
IIAl.'lNr,  or  IIAL'ISO.  See  IUiling. 
1IA-I.IT'1|  OUS,  a.    [L.  »oii(n»,  breath.] 

T.tfco  breath;  vap<irous.    [Ob.i.]  Boyle. 

■  !.  [Sax.  hral;  U.  bal  or  laal ;  G.  sml  i  Sw. 
.lu  ill :  Fr.  .lalte  ;  It  and  Pp.  sdia  j  L.  aula; 
•  ',;  Sans,  aala  ;  Copt.  auU ;  Turk,  ouiii ;  Uu. 

Heb.  S"K,  a  tent,  .\r.  ^£>\  to  marr)',  and  to  begin 

liiitMekfepine,  or  Ilcb.  Ch.  and  S\T.  Sa^n,  a  palace. 
I  ill.  are  lIi'->^  all  of  one  family  ?    See  Salt.] 
I,  In  uz-fAi/^i-furr,  a  larp-  room  at  the  entrance  of 

1 _   I 1..    .i.—    I ..r  n.;..L..>.....   ..I* 


led  as  a  noun,  or  lis  -lo  c.v..n>...' ....  „ 

rlhis  word  s  improperly  wrill.  n  with  j,  in  con 
forniilv  w™l  the  German  and  other  c.mtiiieiital  lan- 
ma-e*  hi  which  j  has  the  sound  of  ,,.  I  ut  to  pro- 
Kice  tta  word  with  the  Ihiglish  .sound  oljdestroy-s 

Us  beauty.  The  like  mistake  of  Ihe  sound  ol  ]  m  Je- 
ZXZlan.  Jo.,c„h,  h,-is  perverted  tl'V™»  l>'™"'|- 
ciatioi  which  w.vs  Yekmuli,  YorJau,  Yo.':epli.  Llns 
perversion  Miusl  now  be  siibmitted  to,  but  in  HalUlu- 
iah  it  oucht  not  to  be  tolerated.] 

HAl'uARD,  (  (hal'yard,)  ...  from  hah  haul.]  A 
1  \L'YARI),  terin  applied  to  ropes  or  tackles  for 
iio^.tinR  or  lowering  yards  or  sails.    Bra«de.     Tolen. 

11  \  'LI-ER, ...  A  particular  kind  of  net  lor  catching 
It  hntnjc. 

H.\L-toO',  t>.  i.    [This  seems  to  belong  to  the  family 

°''to  ciy- t'lt'fS'lxclaim  with  a  loud  voice  ;  to  call 
to  by  nmne,  or  by  the  word  halloo. 

Coumry  folia  holloold  ivn.l  lloolcil  allor  me.  Sidniy. 

HAL-LOO',  V.  (.    To  encourage  xvith  shouts. 

Old  John  ftoUooM  lilJ  hoiimls  ag-jin.  P™'- 

2.  To  chase  with  shouts.  Skak. 

3.  To  call  or  shout  to.  .     mo*- 
[This  verb  is  regular,  and  pronounced  with  the  ac- 
cent on  the  first  syllable.] 

UAI^LOO'  ;  an  exclamation,  used  as  a  call  to  Invite 
allention. 

HAI.-LOO'ING,  ppr.    Crying  out. 

IIAI.-LOO'ING,  n.    A  loud  outcry.  Smart. 

IIAL'LOW  V  t.  (Sax.  hiiUsan  or  halnan,  to  conse- 
crate, to  sanctify,  from  hatia  or  hal-;,  holy,  from  ;.<.;, 
sound,  safe,  whole;  G.  hcilism,  Iro.in  Imhg,  ho\y, 
heil  w'hole ;  hrilai,  to  heal  ;  D.  hdUgcii,  from  hctliS;, 
holy,  heil,  safety,  happiness ;  D.-in.  hclUgcr,  from 
AtUi",  holy ;  hed,  whole,  entire ;  Sw.  hdsia,  from 
;ie(i.r,  holy.  (See  Iloi.v.)  It  coincides  111  origin  witll 
hold,  and  L.  calko,  to  be  able.] 

1    To  make  holy  ;  to  consecrate  ;  to  set  apatt  lor 
holy  or  religious  use.    Et.  xxviii.  xiix.     1  Kings  viii. 
2.  To  devote  to  holy  or  reUgious  exercises ;  to  treat 
as  sacred. 

Halloa  tlic  Sabtalli  iby,  u  do  no  work  tlwrein.  —  Jer.  ivii. 

a  To  reverence  ;  to  honor  as  sacred. 

HaUmti  lie  thy  name.  ioni'«  Prayer. 


HAL'O-tSEN,  71.    [Gr.  a\i,  salt,  and  ymai^,  to  gen- 

"'AMibstancc  which,  by  combination  with  a  metal, 
forms  a  haloid  salt.  /J"«°- 

IIA-LOO'EN-OUS,  a.     Having  the  nature  of  halogen. 

lL\'LOII),  u.     [(ir.iUj,  salt,  and  ciios,  form.] 

Reseinbling  a  salt.  In  c/ieiiiislri;,  the  term  AaloiJ 
lalt  is  applied  to  binary  compounds  containing 
chlorine,  iodine,  and  the  allied  elements.  Coiuiiiun 
salt,  which  is  a  chlorid  of  sodium,  is  a  hahid  salt. 

HALSE,  (hawls,) ...     [Sax.  hats.]  {Bcr:d,us. 

-The  neck  or  throat.     [Obs.]  Spenser. 

HALSE, .'.  i.    To  embrace  about  the  neck  ;  to  adjure , 

IIAL'SEN-INg'"-    Sounding  harshly  in  the  throat  or 

HATi''EU,(haws'er,)  n.    [Sax.  ftais,  G.  D.  Dartnd 
iiw.    hals,  the  neck ;  and  qu.  Sax.  sti,  a  rope  or 

^'Tiargc  riSiie  of  a  size  between  the  cable  and  the 
tow-line.     [See  ILiwser.] 
HALT   r.  i.     [Sax.  hcalt,  halt,  lame;  AraitM.i,to  limp; 
G.  hkt,  a  hold,  stop,  halt ;  haltrn,  to  hold  ;  bw.  halt, 
halta :  Dan.  halt,  haller  ;  from  the  root  of  /.o(.;.] 

1  To  stop  in  walking;  to  hold.  U\  mihtary  avoirs, 
the  true  sense  is  retained,  to  stop  in  a  march.  Ihe 
army  halted  at  noon.  . 

n    To  limp  ;  that  is,  to  stop  with  lameness. 

3.  To  hesitate  i  to  stand  in  doubt  whether  to  pro- 
ceed, or  what  to  do 

How  long  halt  ye  between  two  opinions  f  —  I  Kings  sviil. 


rtiturrt  urw ,  .■  ■•>■  k'      itH.tii    iii    ,ii<..  i.ii,iiui,.c    ui 

hnii-e   or  patnre.     In   the   houses  of  ministers  of 

-•ifF-,  nir.^i'tnT''-.  ^<".,  it  is  the  place  where  they 

■  !i  business.  Eneye. 

■  mrts  of  justice  are  held  ; 

ti  was  originally  a  royal 

r.     !■-.  .  ui'   kmi:- M[  I. niri.ind  formerly  holilhig  tlieir 

iorliamenLs  and  riiuns  of  jiidicaliire  in  their  own 

dwellings,  as  is  stdl  the  practice  in  SjMiin.     Eneye. 

',\.  .\  manor-house,  so   cnlted  because  in    them 
courts  were  formerly  held,  Addij^on. 

4.  A  college,  or  large  edifice,  belonging  to  a  colle- 
giate institution. 


HAL'LoW-iCD,  pp.  or  a.    Consecrated  to  a  sacred 

use,  or  to  religious  exercises;  treated  as   sacred; 

reverenced.  ,.         ah 

HAL'LoVV-EKN,   n.     The  evening    preceding  All 

Hallows  or  .Ml  Saints'  day.     [Scottish.] 
HAL'LOVV-ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Setting  apart  for  sacred 

purposes  ;  consecrating  ;  devoting  to  religious  exer- 

ci.ses ;  reverencing, 
UAL'LoW-MAS,ii.    [See  JUss.]    1  he  feast  of  All 

Souls.  ,  Shali. 

HAL-Lu'CIN-ATE,Ji.  i.    [L.  hallaeinor.] 

To  stumble  or  blunder. 
n.\L-L0-CIiV-A'TION, ...     [L.  Wtec.'nat.o,  from /lal- 

Ineinor,  to  blunder.] 

1.  Error  ;  delusion  ;  mistake.     [Lme  xised.] 

Addison. 

2.  In  medicine,  faulty  sense  (dy.iiesthcsia)  or  errone- 
ous imagination.  Ilalhieinations  of  the  senses  arise 
from  some  defect  in  the  organs  of  sense,  or  from 
some  unusual  circumstances  attending  the  object,  as 
when  it  is  seen  by  moonlight ;  and  they  are  some- 
times symptoms  of  general  disease,  as  in  fevers. 
.AJ.miiiaii  Ilalhieinations  arise  from  some  imaginary  or 
misuiken  idea.  Similar  hallucinations  occur  in 
rcvcry.  IJartcin.     Parr. 

HAI.,-l6'CIN-A-T0-RY,  o.     Partaking  of  hallucina- 
tion. 

HALM,  (hawm,) ...    [Sax.  Acalm ;  L.  culmus.] 
"  Straw.    [See  Haum.] 


Ha'LO,  n.    [Ar.  ^\j>  haulon.    The  verb  sigllihes  to 

frighten,  and  to  adorn  with  necklaces.] 

A  name  given  to  the  circular  or  elliptical  appear- 
ances surrounding  the  sun,  moon,  or  other  celestial 
bodv.    llalos  occur  sometimes  singly,  sometimes  in 
concentric  or  intersecting  curves,  which  arc  usually 
I     more  or  less  diversified  in  color.  Olmsted. 


4   To  fail ;  to  falter  ;  as,  a  *a((i..^  sonnet.   SAa*. 

HATT  V  t  To  stop;  to  cause  to  cease  marching;  a 
nnUturv't^n.  The  general  haUed  his  troops  for  re- 
freshment. Washington 

HALT,  a.     [Sax.  hcalt.] 
■■  Lame  ;  iliat  is,  holding  or  stopping  m  walking. 

Erin-  hilli-t  die  poor,  Ihe  maimed,  ihc  Ml,  and  Ihe  bUnJ.- 
Luki;  3tiv. 

HALT,  ...    A  stopping;   a  stop  in  marching.    The 

Vroops  made  a  halt  at  the  bridge. 
2.  The  act  of  limping. 
HALT'ED,  pp.     Stopped. 
HALT'ER, ...    One  who  halts  or  limps. 
HALT'EU   ...     [G.  Aailcr,  a  holder,     bee  Halt. 

"1.  A  rope  o\  strap  and  head-stall  for  leadmg  or 

confining  a  horse. 

2.  A  rope  for  hanging  malefactors. 

3.  A  strong  cord  or  string. 

HALT'ER,  V.  t.    To  put  a  hrflter  on  ;  as,  to  /.alter  a 

''"o'to  catch  and  hold,  or  to  bind  with  a  rope  or  cord 
riALT'ER-El),  W-    Caught  or  bound  with  a  rope. 
HALT'ER-ING,  H.r.    Putting  a  halter  on  ;  catching ; 

binding.  „  ^  i,..«„rt 

H  ALT'ING,  n.    The  act  of  stopping  or  faltering. 

HALT'ING,  ijur.  or  a.    Stopping  ;  limping. 

HALT'ING-LY,  adu.    With  limping  ;  s'.owly. 

HALVE,  (hiv,)  V.  t.  [from  half.]  To  divide  mto  tn  o 
equal  parts  ;  as,  to  halve  an  apple.  .         . 

HALV'KD,  (havd,)  a.  In  J»(a«.j,  hemispherical; 
covering  one  side  ;  placed  on  one  side. 

HaLV'I.N'G,  mr.    Dividing  into  two  equal  part-s. 

HaLvES,  (ha'vz,) ... ;  ?;.  of  Half.  Two  equal  parts 
of  a  thing.  ,    ,   ,„ 

To  cry  halves,  is  to  claim  an  equal  share. 
To  "o  halves,  is  to  have  an  eqiui  share. 

HALVING,  (l«v'ing,),v.      Div.dmg  into  two  eq^l 

H\L'YAR0.     See  Halliaisd.  j,'-    ,r' 

HAM,  [Sax.  ham,]  a  house,  is  our  modern  ^™rd  Ao».t,G. 
%in:  It  is  used  in  hamlet,  and  in  the  n""'«%"f  P''  «'• 
as  in  Waltham,  wood-house,  watt,  •'"■'"''''  f"f„A7i 
a  house,  [not  Wal-tham,  as  it  is  often  P™»™ '"^'J 
ISnelUnlham,  Jfolting-ham,  Wrent-ham,  Dnr-Hin,k.e.. 

"•'\'.'T-he^mi^VrhLpartof.heknee;thei„nera^^ 
gle  of  the  joint  which  unites  the  thigh  and  the  leg 
'''o'"Ti;e'"high"of"'=a' beast,  par.icularly  of  a  hag, 
whether  salami  and  cured  or  not.  But  tlie  word  i 
more  generally  understood  to  mean  the  thigu  oi 
hog  salted  and  dried  in  sinoke. 

HAM'A-DRT-AD, ...    [Gr. .!;...,  together,  and  i,M, 

"!tlood-nymph,  feigned  to  live  and  die  with  the 

tree  to  wliich  it  was  attached.  bpeaaior 

Ha'MATE,  a.     [-L.  hamatus.]  Berhdiy. 

Hooked  ;  entangled.  ;"      .  ■'„)( . 
HA'i\lA-TED,  a.     [L.  hamatiis,  from  haua,  a  liooii , 

Celtic  and  Pers.  cam,  crooked.]  j. 
Hooked  or  set  with  hooks. 
HAM'ULE,  .;.  (.     [Sax.  hamelan.] 

To  hamstring.     [J^ot  iisal.]  „  j. 

"^S^;i^-to^-tfrS^:i- «•--'' 

"^Jil^Sll^LadraugliMimse^-^f^'; 
lSe!ir'::SrJi;?rUrl.f''3er,niade-e 
conform  to  the -^hape  of  the  neck.  „      violcu'- 

HAllE'SUCK-BN,  ...      In   S'""'''^„  ':'  ' wn  hou=e. 
seeking  and  invasion  of  a  person  in  his  o'^"  »j^^. 


FiTE 


FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — IMETE,  PREY PI.\E,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  DIOVE,  WOLF,  BQQK 


530 


HAM 

Ha'MITE,  n.    The  fossil  remains  of  a  curved  shell; 

an  extinct  species  of  ceiilialopods.  Mantell. 

HAM'LET,  Ti.  [Sax.  ham,  a  house  ;  Fr.  hameau  ;  Arm. 
hamdl,  or  hamm.     See  Home.] 

A  small  Tillage ;  a  little  cluster  of  houses  in  the 
country. 

This  word  seems  originally  to  have  signified  the 
seat  of  a  freeholder,  comprehending  tlie  mansion- 
house  and  adjacent  buildings.  It  now  denotes  a 
small  collection  of  houses  in  the  country,  in  distinc- 
tion from  a  city,  a  large  town,  or  township. 

The  country  wa^ced  and  the  hamUIs  Ijurued.  Dnjtlen. 

HAM'LET-ED,  a.  Accustomed  to  a  hamlet,  or  to  a 
country  life.  Fdtham. 

H.Wl'MER,  n.  [Sax.  Jamn- .-  D.  hamer;  G.  and  Dan. 
hammer;  Sw.  hammare  ;  probably, the  beater.] 

1.  .-Vn  instrument  for  driving  nails,  beating  metais, 
and  the  lilte.  It  consists  of  an  iron  head,  fixed  cross- 
wise to  a  handle.  Hammers  are  of  various  sizes  :  a 
large  hammer  used  by  smiths  is  called  a  sledge. 

9.  A  piece  of  steel  covering  the  pan  of  a  ^jnusket 
locli.  Campbell's  Mil.  Did. 

H.\M'.MEE,  V.  t.  To  beat  with  a  hammer ;  as,  to  ham- 
mer iron  or  steel. 

2.  To  form  or  forge  with  a  hammer ;  to  shaue  bv 
beating.  "^      ' 

3.  To  work  in  the  mind ;  to  contrive  by  intellectu- 
al labor  i  usually  with  out ;  as,  to  liammcr  oat  a 
scheme. 

HAiM'iMER,  V.  i.    To  work  ;  to  be  busy  ;   to  labor  in 
contrivance 
2.  To  be  working,  or  in  agitation. 

HA.AI'.liER-A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  shaped  by  a 
hammer.  Sherwood. 

HAJ1'.MER-BK.\M,  n.  In  Gothic  architecture,  a  beam 
acting  as  a  tie  at  the  feet  of  a  pair  of  principal  raf- 
ters, but  not  extending  so  as  to  connect  the  opposite 
sides.  Qwilt 

H.«l'.MEE-eLOTH,  n.  The  cloth  which  coveri  a 
coach-box,  so  called  from  tlie  old  practice  of  carrying 
a  hammer,  nails,  &c.,  in  a  little  pocket  hid  by  tins 

cloth.  Pe^trc. 

HAM'.MER-J5D,yy.ora.    Beaten  with  a  liammerT 
HAM'.MER-ER,  ».  One  who  works  with  a  hammer. 
HAM'.IIEE-HARD,  n.    Iron  or  steel  hardened  by  h.im- 

mf""?-  .Mozon. 

HA  JI'-MER-ING,  ppr.  Beating  with  a  hammer ;  work- 
ing: contriving. 
HA.M'.MER-Ii\G,  n.    The  act  of  beating  with  a  ham- 
mer. 
IIAiM'MER-MAN,  n.    6ne  who  be.als  or  works  with  a 

hummer. 
HA1I|.\1EK-W0RT,  n.     An  herb.  CMlmers. 

HAM'.MOCK,  71.  [Sp.  hamuca  ;  Port.  maca.  A  word 
of  Indian  origin;  for  Columbus,  in  the  iN'arrativu  of 
his  first  Voyage,  says,  "A  great  many  Indians  in 
canoes  came  to  the  ship  to-day  for  the  purpose  of 
bartering  their  cotton,  and  Itamacas,  or  nets,  in  which 
they  sleep."] 

A  kind  of  hanging  bed,  suspended  between  trees 
or  posts,  or  by  hooks.  It  consists  of  a  piece  of  hem|)- 
en  cloth  about  six  feet  long  and  three  feet  wide,  gatli- 
ered  at  the  ends,  and  suspended  by  cords.  It  forms 
abed,  or  a  receptacle  for  a  bed  on  board  of  ships. 
Eiiciic.  Mar.  Diet. 
HAM-JIO-eHRt'SOS,  a.     [Gr.  a,-,,ot  and  xpl-cf"!-] 

A  stone  with  spangles  of  gold  color. 
Ha'MOUS,    a.      [L.    hamus,  a    hook;    Celtic,  cam, 
crooked.] 

Hooked  ;  having  the  end  ilooked  or  curved  ;  a  term 
»/ *"''!«!'■  Lee.    Martyn. 

HA.M  PER,  n.  [Contracted  from  hanaper,  or  from  hand 
paTin:er.] 

1.  A  large  basket  for  conveying  things  to  mar- 
ket, &c.  1    -b  b 

2.  Fetters,  or  some  instrument  that  shackles. 

fV.  Browne. 
_  [This  signification,  and  that  of  the  verb  following, 
indicate  that  this  word  is  from  liaiiaper,  and  that  the 
latter  is  from  the  sense  of  interweaving  twigs.] 
HAM'PER,  ».  (.  [See  the  noun.]  To  shackle  ;  to  en- 
tangle ;  hence,  to  impede  in  motion  or  progress,  or  to 
render  progress  dirhcult. 

A  lion  hampered  in  a  net.  L'EsiTnji^e. 

They  hamper  and  entangle  our  soula,  and  hinder  their  ttiiiht 
"P»«'d-  Tittouon. 

2.  To  insnare  ;  to  inveigle  ;  to  catch  with  allure- 
ments. S/iafc 

3.  To  tangle  ;  to  render  complicated.    Blaclcmore. 

4.  To  perplex  ;  to  embarrass. 

Hampered  by  the  laws.  Bittler. 

HAM'PER-ED,  pp.  Shackled  ;  entangled  ;  insnared  : 
perplexed.  >  b       ,  , 

HAM'PER-ING,  ppr.  Shackling;  entangling;  per- 
plexing. 

IIAM'STER,  n.     [G.  hamster ;  Uass.  cliomialc] 

A  species  (]f  rat,  the  Mas  ericetus  of  LinniEUS,  or 
German  marmot.  This  rat  is  of  the  size  of  the  wa- 
ter tat,  but  is  of  a  browner  color,  and  its  belly  and 
legs  ot  a  dirty  yellow.  It  is  remarkable  for  two  bags, 
like  those  of  a  babmjn.  on  each  side  of  the  jaw,  un- 
der the  skin,  in  which  it  conveys  grain,  peas,  and 
acorns  to  Its  winter  residence.    Eneije.    Ooldsmith.      i 


HAN 


HAN 


ham,  and  thus  disabling. 
HAM'STEUNG,;);).     r.--' 
of  the  ham  cut. 


HAJI'STRING, )!.    The  tendons  of  the  ham. 

HAM'STKING,  v.  t. ;  pre(.  and  pp.  HAMsTRo"o"'or 
llAMsTniNGKD.  To  cut  the  tcudons  of  the  ham, and 
thus  to  lame  or  disable.  Dryden 

HAM'STRL\G-ING,  ppr.    Cutting  the  tendons  of  the 
•'  •'-  ■     'ling. 

Disabled  by  having  the  tendons 

H  A  S;  i°!,i',^'"^'  '°  "'"  '''"'"'■  Spe,Ker. 

U.ANA-IER,  K.  (Norm,  hanap,  a  cup,  a  hamper; 
Sax.  hnoTi,  G.  napf,  O.  nap,  Fr.  hanap.  Arm.  Iiaaaff,  It. 
nappo,  a  bowl  or  cup.  These  seem  to  be  all  the  same 
word,  yet  I  see  not  how  a  cup  and  a  basket  should 
have  the  same  name,  unless  the  vessel  was  orininally 
made  of  bark,  and  so  tight  as  to  hold  liquors-.] 

The  hanaper  was  used  in  early  days,  by  the  kings 
of  England,  for  holding  and  carrying  with  them  their 
money,  as  tiley  journeyed  from  place  to  place.  It 
was  a  kind  of  basket,  like  the  fiseas,  and  hence  came 
to  be  considered  as  the  king's  treasury.  Hence,  the 
clerk  or  warden  of  the  liauaper,  is  an  officer  who  re- 
ceive the  fees  due  to  the  king  for  seals  of  charters, 
patents,  commissions,  and  v/rits.  There  is  also  an 
officer  who  is  controller  of  the  Itanaper.  This  word 
therefore,  answered  to  the  modern  ezcheqaer  ' 

HANCE,  HXUNCE,  for  E.-<hanc2.     [  Obs  ]' '  SeTEN- 

HANCE. 

HAN'CES,  n.  pi     [L.  ansa.] 

1.  Ill  architecture,  the  ends  of  elliptical  arches 
which  are  the  arches  of  smaller  cu-cles  than  the 
scheme  or  middle  part  of  the  arch.  Harris. 

2.  Ill  a  ship,  fulls  of  the  fife-rails  placed  on  balus- 
ters on  the  poop  and  quarter-deck  down  to  tlie  gang- 

^  way.  Marris. 

H.'VND,  II.  [Sax.l!a7ul,hi)nil;  G.  and  H.  Iiand  ;  Dan. 
haand ;  Sw.  hand.  This  word  may  be  connected  in 
origin  with  Sax.  hcnlan,  to  follow,  to  take,  or  seize, 
Gr.  xai'^avu,  L.  heitdo,  in  prcltendo ;  but  from  its  de- 
rivatives, Itandy,  handsome,  it  would  ajipear  to  pro- 
ceed from  a  root  signifying  to  be  strong,  right,  straight, 
which  would  give  the  sense  of  fitness  and  of  beauty. 
Chaucer  has  hende,  hendy,  civil,  courteous.] 
_  1.  In  man,  the  extremity  of  the  arm,  consisting  of 
the  palm  and  fingers,  connected  with  the  arm  at  tlie 
Avtist ;  the  part  with  which  we  hold  and  use  any  in- 
Elnimeut. 

2.  In  falconry,  the  foot  of  a  hawk  ;  and  in  the  ma- 
nege, the  fore  foot  of  a  horse. 

3.  A  measure  of  four  inches ;  a  palm ;  applied 
chiejly  to  horses  ;  as,  a  horse  14  hands  hiiih. 

4.  Side  ;  part ;  right  or  left ;  as,  on  the  one  hand 
or  the  other.  This  is  admitted  on  all  hands,  that  is, 
on  all  sides,  or  by  all  parties.  So,  to  be  on  the  mend- 
ing hand,  is  to  be  on  the  side  of  recovery  from  ill- 
ness. 

5.  Act ;  deed ;  performance  ;  external  action  ;  that 
is,  the  efiect  for  the  cause,  the  hand  being  the  instru- 
ment of  action 

Thou  aawest  Uie  contradiction  between  my  heart  and  liand. 

King  Cltarles. 

6.  Power  of  performance ;  skill. 

A  friend  of  mine  has  a  very  fine  hand  on  the  violin.    Addison. 
He  had  a  mind  to  tiy  his  hand  at  a  Spectator.  Addieon. 

7.  Power  of  making  or  producing. 
An  intelligent  being  coming  out  of  the  handt  of  infinite  perfec- 
tion- Cheynt. 

8.  JManner  of  acting  or  performance  ;  as,  he  changed 
his  hand.  Dryden. 

9.  Agency  ;  part  in  performing  or  executing.  Pun- 
ish every  man  who  had  a  hand  m  the  mischief.  We 
see  the  hand  of  God  in  this  event. 

10.  Conveyance ;  agency  in  transmitting. 

11.  Possession  ;  povver.  The  estate  is  in  the  Imnds 
of  the  owner.     The  papers  are  in  my  liands. 

12.  The  cards  held  at  a  game  ;  hence,  a  game. 

13.  An  index,  or  that  which  performs  the  office  of 
the  hand,  or  of  a  finger,  in  pointing  ;  as,  the  hand  of 
a  clock  ;  the  hour-AtiHrf,  and  the  miiiute-An«rf. 

14.  A  person  ;  an  agent ;  a  man  employeti  in  agen- 
cy or  service.    The  mason  employs  tweiity  hand.-:. 

l.'i.  Form  of  writing  ;  style  of  peunian'ship  ;  as,  a 
good  hand ;  a  bad  liand ;  a  fine  hand. 
It).  Agency  ;  service  ;  ministry.    Ez.  iv.   Lev.  viii. 

17.  Rate  ;  price  ;  conditions ;  as,  "  bought  at  a  dear 
hajid."     [^Obs.]  Bacon. 

18.  In  bcripture,  the  hand  of  God,  is  his  eternal  pur- 
pose and  executive  power,    .^cts  iv. 

19.  The  providential  bounty  of  God.    Ps.  civ. 

20.  The  power  of  God  exerted  in  Judgments  or 
mercies,  in  punishing  or  defending.  Jndgcs  ii.  Ps. 
xxxii. 

21.  The  Spirit  of  God  ;  divine  influence.  1  Kings 
xviii. 

22.  The  favor  of  God,  or  his  support.  J\'eh.  ii. 
LtUie  i. 

•it  hand ,-  ne.-ir  ;  either  present  and  within  reach,  or 
not  far  distant. 

Vonr  liuabimd  is  at  hand;  I  hear  hia  trumpet,  Shak. 

2.  Near  in  time  ;  not  distant. 

Tite  day  of  Christ  is  at  hand.  —  2  Thea.  ii. 
Bijhand;  with  the  hands,  in  distinction  from  the 


instrumentality  of  tools,  engines,  or  animals  ;  is,  to 
weed  a  garden  by  liand;  to  lift  draw,  or  carry  i« 
Iiand. 

In  Iiand ;  present  payment ;  in  respect  to  the  re- 
ceiver. 


TOiVE,  BULL,  UNITE. -AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.-e  aa  K ;  G  as  J ;  S  .as  Z ;  ClI  as  SH  ■  Til  as  in  THIS. 


Receiving  m  hand  one  year's  tribute.  KnoUe*. 

2.  In  the  state  of  execution.  I  have  a  great  work 
in  hand. 

At  my  hand,  at  his  hand,  &c.,  denote  from  the  per- 
son or  being. 

Shall  we  receive  good  at  ilie  hand  of  God,  and  »l»it  we  not  »- 
ceivc  evil  I  — Job  ii. 

On  hand ;  in  present  possession  ;  as,  he  baa  a  sui>- 
ply  of  goods  on  /«inii 

2.  Under  one's  eare  or  management. 

Jupiter  had  a  tirm  on  hie  hande.  L'Eetrange. 

Off  hand  ;  without  delay,  hesitation,  or  difficulty  : 
immediately  ;  dcxtrously ;  without  previous  prepara- 
tion. 

Oat  of  Iiand ;  ready  payment,  with  regard  to  the 
payer 

Let  not  Uie  waget  ol  any  mii  tarry  with  thee  :  twt  fflve  fa  him 

out  0/  hand.  TtibiL 

2.  At  once  ;  directly 

To  his  hand,  to  my  hand,  &.l.  in  readineis ;  already 
prepared  ;  ready  to  be  received. 

Tiie  work  is  made  to  hi*  hands.  Ijoekt. 

Dnder  his  hand,  under  her  hand,  &c. ;  with  the  prop- 
er writing  or  signature  of  the  name.  This  deed  is 
executed  under  the  Iiand  and  seal  of  the  owner. 

Hand  over  luad;  negligently  ;  rashly  ;  without  see- 
ing what  one  does.     [Litlle  used.]  Bacon. 

Hand  over  Iiand ;  by  passing  the  hands  altematelv 
one  before  or  above  another  ;  as,  to  climb  hand  ova- 
hand  ;  also,  rapidly ;  as,  to  come  up  with  a  chase 
hand  over  hand;  used  by  seamen.  Mar.  Diet. 

Hand  to  hand  ;  in  close  union  ;  dose  fight.  Dryden. 

But  from  hand  to  hand,  is,  from  one  person  to  an- 
other. 

Hand  in  hand ,-  in  union  ;  conjointly ;  unitedl}'. 

Sicift. 

To  jom  hand  in  Itand,  is,  to  unite  eflbrts  and  act  in 
concert. 

Hand  in  hand ,-  fit :  pat ;  suitable.  Shot. 

Hand  to  mouth.  To  live  from  hand  to  mouth,  is  to 
obtain  food  and  other  necessaries,  as  want  requires, 
without  making  previous  provision,  or  having  an 
abundant  previous  supply. 

To  bear  in  hand ;  to  keep  in  expectation  ;  to  elude. 
[JVof  used.]  Shalt. 

To  bear  a  hand;  to  hasten;  a  seaman's  phrase. 

„  Tottcn. 

To  lend  a  hand  ;  to  give  assistance.  X.  H.  Dana,  Jr. 

To  be  hand  and  glove ;  to  be  Ultimate  and  famUiar, 
as  friends  or  associates. 

To  set  the  hand  to ;  to  engage  in  ;  to  undertake. 

That  the  LottI  thy  God  may  biess  Uiee,  in  all  Uiou  teiuet  l\ii« 
hand  to.  —  Dent,  ixiii. 

To  take  in  Iiand ;  to  attempt ;  to  undertake.  Luke  i. 
Also,  to  seize  and  deal  w-itli. 

To  have  a  hand  in  ;  to  be  concerned  in  ;  to  have  a 
part  or  concern  in  doing;  to  have  an  agency  in. 

South. 
To  put  the  last  hand,  or  finisldng  hand,  to ;  to  com- 
plete ;  to  perfect ;  to  make  the  last  corrections,  or 
give  the  final  polish. 

7*11  change  hands;  to  change  sides;  to  shift;  to 
change  owners.  BuUer. 

Hand,  in  tlie  sense  of  rate,  price,  terms,  conditions, 
as  used  by  Bacon,  Taylor,  ice,  is  ob.solele  ;  as,  "to 
buy  at  a  dear  hand;"  "  ticcept  the  invslerj-,  but  at 
no  hand  wrest  it  by  pride  or  ignorance'."  So  in  the 
sense  of  advantage,  gain,  superiority,  .as  used  by 
Hayward ;  and  in  that  of  competition,  content,  as 
used  by  Shaksjieare. 

To  get  hand,  to  gain  inlluence,  is  obsolete. 
,^  heavy  hand ;  severitj-  or  oppression. 
.4  light  Itand ,-  gentleness  ;  moderation. 
.A strict  hand;  severe  discipline;  rigorous  govern- 
ment. 

Hands  off;  a  vulgar  phrase  for  keep  tiff,  forbear. 
To  pour  water  on  the  hands,  in  the  phraseolog}-  of 
tlie  Scriptures,  is  to  serve  or  minister  to.  2  Kings  iii. 
To  uash  tJie  hands;  to  profess  innocence.    MatL 
xxvii. 

To  kiss  Utc  hand,  imports  adoration.    Job  sxxi. 
To  lean  on  the  Iiand,  imports  famUiarity.  2  Kings  v. 
To  strike  hands ;  to  make  a  contiact,  or  to  become 
surety  for  another's  debt  or  good  behavior,    Prov. 
xvii. 

Putting  the  Iiand  nniler  the  thigh,  w-as  an  ancient 
ceremony  used  in  swearing. 

To  give  the  hand,  is  to  make  a  covenant  with  one, 
or  to  unite  with  him  in  design.    2  Kings  i. 

The  stretching  out  of  Uie  Iiand,  denotes  an  exertion 
of  power.    But, 

The  stretching  out  of  the  hand  to  Qod,  imports  earn- 
est pr.ayer  or  solemn  dedication  of  one's  self  to  him.     ' 
Ps.  Ixviii.  and  cxiiii. 

Tiu  iifting  of  tite  hand,  was  used  in  affirm.ition  and 
sw-earing,  and  in  prayer  imported  a  solemn  wishing 
of  blessings  from  God.     Oni.  liv.    Lev.  xix. 


531 


HAN 


HAN 


T»  '-ft  Uu  Hand  afairut  a  suf  trior ;  lo  rebel.  9  Sum. 

"iv  ,,/  ftrth  tit  hand  agaiiut  out ;  to  kill  lihn.    1 

'"•/i  ViIT'cf '*  hami  to  a  ntigUior't  goodj ;  In  steal 
tbcm.    Kt.  l3Ul«  ,  .  ,„ 

To  b»  »"</i »«  in  a.grr;  to  airault,  or  seize,  or  to 
•mile.    /It.  xxiv.    //.  xi-  ,.  T  t   1 

To  Uv  Lhi  hand  on  tU  mo«lA,  impolla  silence.  Jo6  ll. 

■;•*.  /i»;«.'  u«  0/  lundi,  waa  also  a  ceniiiony  ui^ed 
i„,., ,,., .cloollice.    .Vurn.  xivii.  1  /im.  IV. 


ll 


1  111  ble..i..tiiig  jiertions.    Mark  x. 
,  1  (Ae  Jwmn,  denotes  idleness  ;  in- 
«£l,i -  hni-ss.     Prue.  \ll.  ,  .  . 

■tMiiopp>»-  «/ ItailiU,  denotes  Joy  and  rejoicing. 
But  in  suiiie  instances,  contemiil  or  derision,  or  joy 
ul  tlic  clila.ililies  of  otiierj.     Fs.  .vlvll.    J-.ltk.  xvv. 

A  stnlion  at  the  rit''i(  *aiuJ  is  honorable,  ami  de- 
notrs  favor,  ai>prcib.illon,  or  Imnor.  A  station  on  tiie 
Wft  koHd  u  less  honorable.    Matt.  XX. 

Ood's  iVitdia!!  at  tht  nVAl  hand  c/  men,  iiii|!orIs  his 
resarU  for  llieiii,  and  his  readiness  lo  defend  and  iis- 
kisl  Ihem.    Pi.  xvi.  . 

SiuiiN  rfanJm*  at  titt  n>Al  hand  o/ntoi,  imports 
hit  readiness  lo  accuse  Iheni.or  to  hinder  or  toriuenl 
them.     '/Mh.  iii.  ^       , ,        , 

Cliait  haiuLi,  denotes  innocence  and  a  blameless 
and  holy  life.    Pi-  xxiv. 

A  iLick  lumd,  denotes  idleness ;  carelessness ;  slotli. 

ritri-'H  hand,  denotes  power ;  strength.     Ei.  XV. 
II.\ND,  r.*i.  To  eivo  or  transmit  with  the  hand.  JIand 
mo  a  book.  ....,,      ,    . 

"  To  lead,  luido,  and  lift  with  the  hand ;  to  con- 

X  To  manage  ;  as,  I  hand  my  oar.  Prutr. 

4.  To  seize  j  to  lay  hands  on.  [J^'ot  used.}    SkaJi. 
;i  In  traitatuhip,  10  furl ;  to  ivnipor  roll  a  sail  close 
lo  Ihc  yard,  stay,  or  mast,  and  fasten  it  with  gaskets. 

-1/tir.  Diet, 
To  hand  down  ;  to  transmit  in  succession,  as  from 
falhcr  lo  son,  or  from  predecessor  to  successor.    Fa- 
bleii  are  hundid  Jovit  from  ai;e  to  age. 
II.VM),  e.  i.  To  60  band  in  hand ;  to  cooperate.  [OSs.J 

IIAXD'-BALL,  11.    An  ancient  game  wi;h  a  ball. 

Brandt. 
IIA.VD'-BAR-ROW,  n.     A  barrow  or  vehicle  borne 
by  the  hands  of  men,  and  without  a  wheel. 

Martimtr, 
II.VND'-D.\SK-ET,  n.    A  small  or  portable  b;isket. 

.Morinacr. 
IIAND'-BELL,  n.    .\  small  bell  rung  by  the  hand  ;  a 

lable-bill.  iJiiciHi. 

IIA.VU'-IILOU',  n.  [liond  and  JIoio.]  A  blow  or  stroke 

with  the  hand. 
nA.VD'-llOOK,  n.    .\  book  for  the  hand  ;  a  manual; 

applied  freijnenlly  lo  a  guide-book  for  travelers. 
iIA,\0'-nOlV,  n.  .\  bow  managed  by  the  hand. 
lIA.Nll  llltEADTII,  (bredtli,)  n.   \  space  equal  to  the 

ba>adtli  of  the  hand  ;  a  palm.    />.  .xxv. 
IIAND'-CLOTII,  71.    A  handkerchief. 
U.\N  U't  KX  tT,  (1.     [.--al.  handcr,rfL] 

1.  Manual  occupation  ;  work  jicrforaicd  by  the 
liand.  Jlddisan.     llarmtr. 

2,  A  man  who  olil^iins  hi  ■  'iviiig  by  manual  labor  ; 
one  skilled  in  some  inechai  ;_al  art.  Dnjden. 

[This  vord  is  usuaUy  sptil    Handicraft  ;   but  the 
^r/erable  spelling  would  lit  Hasdcraft,  ia  accord- 
ante  with  t}i'.  Saton.] 
II  ANIi'CIUFTS-.M  AN,  n.    A  man  skilled  orcmployed 

in  manual  i>ccupatinn  ;  a  tnanufacturer.  Swift. 

IIAND'CLTF,  n.     [Sal.  lamltopse.] 

\  I,  mv  given  to  manacles,  consisting  of  iron  rings 
rists,  and  a  conii;;cting  chain  to  coiilinc  tlie 


FF,  r.  (.  To  manacle ;  to  confine  the  hands 

with  li:indcutT4. 
IIA.NirfllFF  £D,  (.kuft,)  ;>p.    Manacled;  confined 

by  hnndrulTs. 
IIA.Sb'LO, pp.    (liven  or  transmitted  by  the  hands; 

conducted  ;  furled.' 
llAMiKli.  u.    Wiih  hands  join  :l.  jVdton. 

'p"n  ,■  xs,  riglit-/i.tm/»/,  most  dextrous 
■.lie  right  hand  ;  having  the  right  hand 
'  ally. 

:i:iviiig  the  left  hand  most  strong  and 
(  iToiciiial  use. 

HA  '■  '  Mie  who  hands  or  transmits  ;  a  con- 

vinr  III  .-Ul  CLijion.  Dryden. 

HA.ND'FAS  T,  n.    Hold  ;  custody  ;  power  of  confining 

orkeepins.     lOlu.]  Shak. 

HA.N'O'FA.-'T,  a.    Fa.«t  by  contract ;  betrothed  by  join- 
ing liand.<    [See  the  verb.] 
IIA.VK'FAST,  r.  t.     [Sax.  handfiraan.) 

To  pledge ;  to  bclrolh  by  joining  hanil5,  in  order 
to  cohabitation,  before  the  celebration  of  marriage. 

.hmie^on. 
U.\\n'FX.ST-lN-f:,  n.    A  kind  of  belrolliing  by  join- 
inc  bands,  in  ont-r  lo  cohabitation,  before  marriage. 
HAND'-FET-IER,  n.    A  fetter  fur  the  hand  ;  a  man- 
acle. S'ltrwood. 
HA.ND'FljL.  it.    As  much  as  the  hand  will  grasp  or 
ConUlin.  JIddisoa. 


'J.  As  much  as  the  arms  will  embrace. 

3.  A  palm;  four  inches.     [Ois.]  Baton. 

■i.  A  small  uuanlily  or  number.   A  handful  of  men. 

Clarendon. 
5.  As  much  as  can  bo  done  ;  full  employmeiit. 

llattsh. 

In  .ftmeriea,  the  phrase  is,  he  has  his  hands  fall 

I!  \.Nl)'-GAL.-LOP,  71.     A  slow  and  c.isy  gallop,  in 

wliich  the  hand  presses  the  bridle,  to  hinder  increase 

of  speed.  ,     .  ,     MtisoH. 

IIANU'GL,XS.=,  n.     In  gardenma,  a  glass  used  for 

placing    over,  protecting,  and  forwarding,  various 

plants  in  wint-^r.  Ci/c. 

II.\N1)'-GRE-.N.\DE',  n.    A  grenade  to  be  thrown  by 

the  hand.  ,     .      - 

H.VND'OKIPE,  11.    [/loiii;  and  jTipf.J    A  gripe  or  seiz- 

iile  ami  pressure  Willi  the  hand.  Iladibras. 

H  WU'-GUN,  ji.    A  gun  to  be  used  by  the  hand. 

Camden. 
HAND'I-eU.KFT,  71.     [Sax.  }ianderafl.] 

1.  Jlanual  occupation  ;  work  performed  by  the 
l,,,i.((^  Jlddison.     Hnrmcr. 

2.  A  man  who  obtains  his  living  by  manual  labor  ; 
one  skilled  in  some  mechanical  arL  Dnjden. 

[Pee  Hanuchvft.I 
HAND'I-€U.\FTS-MAN,  Ji.     A  man  skilled  or  cm- 
ployed  in  manual  occupation  ;  a  manufacturer.  Swift. 
[See  Handcraft.] 
HAND'I-LY,  aitv.     [See  Handv.]    With  dexterity  or 
skill ;  dextrously  ;  adroitly. 
2.  \Vith  ease  or  convenience. 
HAND'I-NESS,  71.    The  ease  of  performance  derived 

from  practice  ;  dexterity  ;  adroitness.     Chesterfield. 
H.\ND'ING,  ppr.    Giving  with  tlio  hand. 
II.'VND'I-WliRK,  71.    [.\  corruption  of  Aa7i(/Ki07-;i.] 

Work  tiune  by  the  hands.     [Ohs.] 
H.\ND'KER-CHIEF,  (liaiik'er-chif,)  n.  [hand  and  kcj^ 
thief.    See  Kerchief.] 

1.  Apiece  of  cloth,  usually  silk  or  linen,  carried 
about  the  person  for  the  purpose  of  cleaning  the  face 
or  hands,  as  occasion  requires. 

2.  A  piece  of  cloth  to  be  worn  about  the  neck,  and 
sometimes  called  a  neckerchief. 

I1.'VND'-LAN"GUAC;E,  (-lang'gwaje,)  71.  The  art  of 
conversing  bv  the  bauds.     [JVot  in  use.] 

IIAND'LE,  I'. "(.  [G.  liandeln^  D.  liandden^  S\v.  handla^ 
Dap.  handler,  to  treat,  to  trade,  to  negotiate.  But  in 
English  it  has  not  the  latler  signification.  The  word 
is  formed  from  liand,  as  manage  from  L.  vianus.] 

1.  To  touch  ;  to  feel  Willi  tile  hand  ;  to  use  or  hold 
with  the  hand. 

Tlie  bodl-B  wc  diiily  luindle  —  liinder  Ihc  approacli  of  the  pait  of 
our  li;uids  dial  pre-m  thcni.  Li}d;e. 

2.  To  manage  ;  to  use  ;  to  wield. 
That  fellow  liandUi  a  bow  hke  a  crow-keepor.  SliOk, 

3.  To  make  familiar  by  frequent  touching. 

The  breedere  ia  Flaiidcre  — /iaj«ite  ihoir  colu  six  months  every 
year.  Temple. 

4.  To  treat ;  to  discourse  on  ;  to  discuss  ;  to  use  or 
manage  in  writing  or  speaking.  The  author  /tandlcd 
the  subject  with  address.  Tlie  sjieaker  Jtundled  the 
arguments  to  the  best  advantage. 

5.  To  use  ;  to  deal  with  ;  to  practice. 

They  that  handle  the  law  knew  ino  noL  —  Jer.  ii. 
C.  To  tre.at ;  to  use  well  or  ill. 

How  wen  thou  harvHed  ?  57aii. 

7.  To  manage  ;  to  practice  on  ;  lo  transact  with. 

You  shall  see  how  I  will  lujndle  her.  Slink. 

HAND'LE,  71.     [Sax.    Ciu.  L.  ansa,  Norm.  ftHii.^fr.l 

1.  'i'liat  part  of  a  vessel  or  instriimont  which  is 
held  in  the  hand  when  used,  as  the  haft  of  a  sword, 
tlie  bail  of  a  kettle,  fee. 

2.  That  of  which  use  is  made  ;  the  instrument  of 
clTectiiig  a  purpose.  South. 

IlA.\D'LE-.^-llLE,  (hand'1-a-bl,)  a.  That  maybe  han- 
dled. Shenoood. 
I1AND'-LE.\D,  (-led,)  71.    A  small  lead  for  sounding. 
HA.ND'LED,  ;);i.    Touched;  treated;  managed. 
HAND'LESS,  a.    Withuut  a  hand.  Sliak. 
IIAND'LING,  jijTT.  Touching  ;  feeling ;  treating ;  mau- 

atjing. 
HAiNIVLING,  71.    .\  touching  or  use  by  the  hand  ;  a 

treating  in  discussion. 
IIAND'-IiOO.M,  71.    A  weaver's  loom  worked  by  tlie 

hand. 
HA.VD'MaID,         in,    A  maid  that  waits  at  hand  ;  a 
llA.ND'iMAID-KX,  (     female  servant  or  attendant. 

Scripture. 
HAND'MII.L,  71.    A  mill  worked  by  the  hand. 

Dnjden. 
.\  rail  supjiorted  by  balusters,  &:c., 
Owill. 


HAN'D'R.aIL,  71. 

as  in  staircases. 
H/VND'SAILS,  n.  pi.    Sails  managed  by  the  hand. 

Temple. 
U/VND'SAVV,  71.    ,\  saw  to  lie  used  with  the  hand. 
In  the  proverb,  "  not  to  know  a  hawk  from  a  hnnd- 
sato,"  denoting  trreal  ignorance,  handsaw  is  a  corrup- 
tion of  Itcronshaw,  i.  e.,  the  heron,  which  see. 

Todd's  ShaJc. 
II.\Nr)'S€REW,  (-skru,)  n.    An  engine  for  raising 
lieavyinobers  or  weighu  ;  a  jack. 


HAN 

Aa7t(/i-'///aii,  to  deliver  into  tlic  hand.    See  Sale  and 
Sei.uI 

1.  The  first  act  of  using  anv  thing ;  the  first  sale. 

Eltial. 

2.  All  earnest ;  money  for  tlio  fir.-.t  sale.  [Litlte 
used.]  Uooker. 

H-4N1)'SEL,  I'.  (.    To  use  or  do  any  thing  the  first 
time.  Dryden. 

H.\NU'SEL-ED,  pp.     Csed  or  done  for  Ihe  first  time. 

II.\ND'SOME,  (haud'sum,)  a.  [T).  hand-.aam,  soft,  lim- 
ber, tractable  ;  hand  and  laum,  together.  Zaam,  or 
saaia,  we  see  in  assemble.  The  sense  of  docility  is 
taken  from  liand,  as  in  G.  behandttn,  D.  bclunidelen,  lu 
handle,  to  manage.  The  Dutch  sense  of  soft,  lim- 
ber, is  luobably  from  the  sense  of  easily  managed  or 
handled.] 
I.  Propcrhj,  dextrous  ;  ready  ;  convenient. 

Kor  a  ihief  it  is  so  h^ivlisme,  aa  it  may  accm  it  w;iB  fir^it  in. 
vciiUKl  for  liim.  Spenter. 

This  sense  is  either  from  the  original  meaning  of 
hand,  or  from  the  use  of  the  hand,  or  rather  of  the 
right  hand.  In  this  sense  the  word  is  still  used.  We 
Bay  of  a  well-fought  combat  and  victory,  it  is  a  liand- 
siime  affair,  an  aflair  well  performed,  done  with  dex- 
terity or  skill,     [h'ee  IIanoy.] 

a.'Moderately  beautiful,  as  the  person  or  other 
tiling;  well  made  ;  having  symmetry  of  parts;  well 
formed.  It  expresses  less  lliaii  beautiful  or  clevant ; 
as,  a  hamUome  woman  or  man  ;  she  has  a  handsome 
person  or  face.  So  we  say,  a  handsome  house  ;  a  luind- 
siime  tvpe. 

3.  Graceful  in  manner  ;  marked  with  propriety  and 
ease  ;  as,  a  handsome  address. 

4.  Ample  ;  large  ;  as,  a  handsome  fortune. 
0.  Neat ;  correct ;  moderately  elegant ;  as,  a  Imii- 

somc  style  or  composition. 

[1.  Liberal ;  generous  ;  as,  a  handsome  present. 
The  applications  of  thisword,  in  popular  language, 
are  various  and  somewhat  indefinite.  In  general, 
when  applied  to  things,  it  imports  that  tlie  form  is 
agreeable  to  the  eye,  or  to  just  taste  ;  and  when  ap- 
plied to  manner,  it  conveys  the  idea  of  suitableness, 
or  propriety  with  grace. 

HAND'SOME,  as  a  verb,  to  render  neat  or  beautilul,  is 
not  an  authorized  word.  Donne. 

HAND'SO.ME-LY,  ailo.  Desirously  ;  cleverly  ;  with 
skill.  Spenser. 

2.  Gracefully  ;  with  propriety  and  ease. 

3.  Neatly;  with  due  symmetry  or  proportions  ;  as, 
a  tiling  is  lumdsomehi  made  or  finished. 

4.  With  a  tlcgree  of  beauty ;  as,  a  room  Imutsomelij 
furnished  or  ornainenled. 

5.  Amply  ;  generously  ;  liberally.  She  is  Imndsome- 
hj  emlnwed. 

HAJv'D'SO.ME-NES.«,  71.  A  moderate  degree  of  lieaiily 
or  elegance ;  as,  tiic  handsomeness  of  the  person  or  of 
an  edifice. 

2.  Grace ;  gracefulness ;  ease  and  propriety  in  man- 
ner. 

II.\M1'S0^I-ER,  a.  camp.     More  handsome. 

H.\Mi'Sfi.M-r.sr,  a.  suprrl.     Most  handsome. 

H.VNIVririKE,  n.  A  bar,  usually  of  wood, used  willl 
the  hand  as  a  lever,  for  various  purposes,  as  in  rais- 
ing weights,  heaving  about  a  windlass,  &c. 

HAND'STXFF,  71. :  pi.  IIandstaffs.  A  javelin.  Ez. 
xxxix. 

H.'VND'STRoKE,  11.  [hand  and  stroke.]  A  blow  or 
stroke  given  by  tlie  hand.  Bcaum,  Sr  Fl. 

HAND'VICE,  71.  A  small  vice  used  by  hand,  or  for 
small  work.  .Voron. 

IIAND'WEAl'-ON,  (-wep'n,)  n.  Any  weapon  lu  be 
wielded  by  the  hand.    JVuiii.  xxxv. 

HANI)'-W1NG-£D,  a.  A  literal  translation  into  Eng- 
lish of  the  technical  term  cheirapterous,  a  term  in  nat- 
ural history  used  in  application  to  the  family  of  bats. 

A'iriiy. 

H AND'WORK,  11.    Work  done  by  the  hands.    ( Obs.] 

H.\ND'^VRI'J'-1^'G,  II.  The  cast  or  form  of  wrilnig 
peculiar  lo  each  hand  or  person.  Shak. 

2,  .^ny  writing. 

HAND'V,  .1.  [D.  luindig,  bchendig  ;  Dan  tarnli^  1 
from  hand.] 

1.  Performed  by  the  hand. 

Th.jy  came  lo  (innJy  blows.    [06s.)  Kmllli. 

2.  Dextrous;  ready;  adroit;  skillful;  skilled  to 
use  the  hands  willi  case  in  performance  ;  applied  la 
;,c«Mis.  He  is  luiMy  with  the  saw  or  the  plane. 
Eacli  is  haadij  in  his  way.  "''.',"■ 

3.  Ingenious;  performing  with  skill  and  readmess. 

4.  Rt^dy  to  the  hand  ;  near.    Jly  books  are  very 

5.  Convenient ;  suited  to  the  use  of  the  band. 

C  Near ;  that  may  be  used  without  dilliculty  or  go- 
ing lo  a  distance.  We  have  a  spring  or  pasture  llial  i» 
handy. 

IIAND'Y-DAN-DY,  71.  ,  ..  ,....,  ..■.■•.■■.  -;;;;^„„j. 


Jlolloway. 
A  play  among  children  in 
which   foinelhiiig  is  shaken  'between  two 
and  then  a  guess  is  made  in  which  hand  » '=."' 
tained. 
HAND'Y-GRlPE,  71.    Seizure  by  the  hand. 

Iludibras. 

II  AND' Y-STR5KE,  71.    A  blow  inflicted  by  the  hand. 


iic.i»y  iiiuuuns  or  weiguts  ;  a  jaCK.  ii;viM'  i-^a  ivur^i-.,  ".     .ii  i^."-  ."...--—  -^  .^ 

IIAND'SEL,  „.    [Dan.  /1,171,/sf i ;  Sax.  handselen,  from  I  II.\NG,  i).  (. ;  prct.  and  pp.  Hanged  or  llu-vn.    !■-'■'_; 


F.iTE,  FAR,  FALL,  VVIIAT.-METE,  rREY.-PINE,  .MAIUNE,  lilRD.-NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVF.,  WOLF,  BOOK.— 


IIAN 

kcngan ;  Sxv.  hcnga :  Dan.  hrnscr  ;  G.  and  D.  han- 

frryi ;  W . /ton gian,  to  ]\nn^  \  Audif,  a  hanging,  or  clang- 
ing ;  hoitc,  a  shake,  a  wagging;  honcaw.  to  shake, 
wr.s,  siafTser,  to  waver.  The  ia:ter  seems  to  be  the 
pinnary  i^ense.] 

1.  To  suspend  ;  to  fasten  to  some  fixed  object 
above,  in  such  a  manner  as  to  swing  or  jnove  ;  as, 
to  hau^  a  thief.  Pharaoli  hanged  the  chief  baker. 
Hence, 

2.  To  put  to  death  by  suspending  by  the  neck. 

flUny  men  would  rebel  mlhrr  lli.io  be  ruined ;  but  tliej-  would 
rather  not  rebel  ihau  be  hanged.  Amei. 

3.  To  place  without  any  solid  support  or  founda- 
tion. 

He  han^eth  the  eartli  np. on  aotKins".  —  Job  x=xvL 

4.  To  fix  in  such  a  manner  as  to  be  mo\-able;  as, 
to  hang  a  door  or  grate  on  hooks  or  by  butt5. 

o.  To  cover  or  furnish  by  any  thing  suspended  or 
fastened  to  the  walls  ;  as,  to  hang  an  apartment  witii 
curtains  or  with  pictures. 

Httng  be  the  hcarens  with  M.ick.  Ska':. 

And  hung  thy  holy  roots  with  8.iT.ije  epoIlB.  Drytien. 

To  hang  out;  to  suspend  in  open  view  j  to  display; 
to  exhibit  to  notice  ;  as,  to  hang  out  false  colors. 

2.  To  hang  abroad  ;  to  suspend  in  the  open  air. 

To  han^  down  ;  to  let  fall  below  the  proper  situa- 
tion ;  to  bend  down  ;  to  decline  ;  as,  to  hung  tloicii 
the  head,  and  elliptically,  to  hang  Vic  head. 

To  hang  vp ;  to  suspend ;  to  place  on  something 
fixed  on  high. 

2.  To  suspend  j  to  keep  or  suffer  tn  remain  un- 
decided ;  as,  to  hang  up  a  tjuestion  in  debate. 

To  hang  Jirc ;  in  the  militnTTj  art,  is  to  be  slow  in 

communicating,  as  fire  in  the  pan  of  a  gun  to  tlie 

charge. 

HANG.  r.  i.    To  be  suspended  ;    to  be  sustained  by 

something  above,  so  as  to  swing  or  be  movable  below. 

2.  To  dangle  ;  to  be  loose  and  flowing  below. 

n.  To  bend  forward  or  downward  j  to  leau  or  in- 
chne.  Addison. 

Uli  neck  obliquely  o'er  his  shoulder  hung.  Pope, 

4.  To  float ;  to  play. 

And  fall  those  sayings  from  ihit  gentle  tongiie, 

Wliere  civil  speech  and  soli  periuason  hung.  Prior. 

5.  To  be  supported  by  something  raised  above  the 
ground  ;  as,  a  hanging  garden  on  the  top  of  a  house. 

ti.  To  depend ;  to  rest  on  sometliing  fur  support. 
This  question  hangs  on  a  single  point. 

7.  To  rest  on  by  embracing;  to  dins  to;  as,  to 
hang  on  the  neck  of  a  person. 

Two  infants  hanging  on  her  neck,  Peachzm. 

8.  To  hover ;  to  impend  ;  with  (rcer.  Viuw  the 
dangers  that  Jiang  over  the  countrj'. 

9.  To  be  delayed  ;  to  linger. 

A  noMe  stroke  hi  liflcd  hi^h, 
Which  hung  not.  MUlon. 

10.  To  incline;  to  have  a  steep  declivity;  as, 
hanpng  grounds.  Mortimer. 

11.  To  be  executed  by  the  halter 

Sir  Bala-im  hangs.  Pspe. 

To  hang  on,  or  upon;  to  adiiere  to,  often  as  some- 
thing troublesome  and  unwelcome. 

A  chc<?rfiil  temper  dLsflpatcs  t!»c  ap[>r:h-nsions  which  hang  on 
ihe  limorcus,  Addtsvn. 

2.  To  be  suspended  in  fixed  attention  and  interest. 

Though  wotn!erin»  s^n;ueA  hung  on  nil  he  spoke, 

Th?  duti  must  h-ij  him  master  uf  tlie  joke.  Pope, 

3.  To  adhere  obstinately  ;  to  be  importunate. 

4.  To  rest;  to  reside;  to  continue,  as  sleep  on  the 
eyelids.  s/iak. 

5.  To  be  dependent  on. 

How  ^vTl:tchpd 
is  that  poor  nun  thnl  hangs  on  pn;ices'  Uvon  !  SliaJe. 

6.  In  seamen's  language,  to  hold  fjist  without  belay- 
ing ;  to  pull  forcibly. 

To  hang  oKcr;  to  e.^tend  or  project  from  above. 
To  hang  in  dovJ/t ;  to  be  in  suspense,  or  in  a  state  of 
uncertainty. 

Thy  Lfe  shrJi  h/ing  in  douhl  h^fbn  thee.  —  De<iL  xxtl'L 
To  hang  togct}ter;  to  be  closely  united  ;  to  cling. 

In  the  comrcon  cause  ■we  are  ;tll  of  a  piece  ;  we  hang  together. 

Dryden. 

2.  To  be  just  united,  so  as  barely  to  hold  together. 

Shtik. 
To  hang  ow,  or  upon;  to  drag;  to  be  incommo- 
diou.sIy  joined. 

Life  han^t  upon  rn-,  and  become*  a  burden.  Additon. 

DA  ^^  '^"o  ^  '  to  adhere  closely  ;  to  dins. 

HANG,  V.    A  sharp  declivity.     [CoVoqHial.] 

HA^'G'ltlRD,  n.  A  name  familiarly  given  in  America 
lo  the  Baltimore  oriole,  from  the  peculiar  construction 
of  its  nest,  which  is  suspended  from  the  hmb  of  a 
tree. 

HAiVG'B7,  Ti.    A  dependent,  in  contempt.         Ran. 

IIANG'DOG,  n.  A  term  cf  reproach  for  one  of  a  base 
and  degraded  character,  as  if  fit  only  to  hu  the  hang- 
man of  dogr«. 

HANG'£D,  pp.  Suspended  ;  put  to  death  by  being 
suspended  by  the  neck. 


HAP 


HAR 


IIANG'EK,  Ti.    That  by  which  a  thing  is  suspended. 

2.  A  short,  broad  hword,  incurvatcd  toward  the 
po'nt.  Smollett. 

3.  One  that  hangs,  or  causes  to  be  hanged. 

Jltibrnj. 
IIANG'ER-OX,  n.    One  who  besets  another  impor- 
tunately in  soliciting  favors. 

2.  A  dependent ;  one  who  eats  and  drinks  without 
payment.  sirift. 

HAiVG'IiVG,  ppr.    Suspending  to  something  above. 

2.  Being  suspended  ;  dangling  ;  swinging. 

3.  a.    Foreboding  death  by  the  halter. 

What  a  hanging  I'ace  I  Dryden. 

4.  Ucquiiingpunishracnl  by  the  halter;  as,  a/j/in"- 
ing  matter.  .Mnuton." 

IIANG'ING,  71.  A  terra  applied  to  linings  for  rooms 
of  arras,  tapestry,  paper,  &c.  GwilL 

No  purple  hangings  clothe  the  palace  w.iils.  Dryden. 

2.  DealJi  by  the  Iialter;  as,  hard  words  or  liangitig. 

Pope. 

3.  Displayj  cxliibitinn.  Addison. 
IIA\G'IXG-Sil)E,  7(.      In   mining,   the  overhanging 

side  of  an  inclined  or  hading  vein.  Cije. 

IIANG'ING-SLEKVES,   h.  pi.      Strips   of  the   same 

stuff  with  tlie  gown,  hanging  down  the  back  from 

the  sJiouIdcrs.      [Obs.]  Halifax. 

IIAXG'MAN,  n.    One  who  hangs  .another  ;  a  public 

executioner  ;  also,  a  term  of  reproach. 
HANG'NaIL,  iu  A  small  pit-ce  or  sliver  of  skin  which 

hangs  from  the  root  of  a  finger-nail.  HoUoicay. 

HANG'NEST,  7(.     The  name  of  certain  species  of 

birds,  wliich  build  nests  suspended  from  the  branches 

of  trees,  such  aii  the  Baltimore  oriole  or  red-bird  ; 

also,  the  nest  so  suspended. 
HANK,  71.     [Dan.  liank,  a  handle,  a  Iiook,  a  tack,  a 

c!a5p ;  Sw.  Itanh,  a  band.] 

1.  A  name  given  to  two  or  more  skeins  of  thread 
or  silk  tied  together.  Brandr. 

2.  In  ships,  a  name  given  to  rings  of  wood,  &c., 
fixed  on  slays,  to  confine  the  sai'i  »vnen  hoisted. 

Tottcn. 

3.  A  rope  or  withy  lor  fastening  a  gate.    [Local.] 
HANK,  V.  u    To  form  L-:to  hanks. 

HANK'ER,  V.  i.  [D.  hunkercn.  The  corresponding 
word  in  Danish  is  higcr,  and  probablv  n  is  casual.] 

1 .  To  long  for  with  a  keen  appetite  and  uneasiness  ; 
tji  a  literal  sense  ;  as,  to  hanker  for  fruit,  or  after  fruit. 

2.  To  have  a  vehement  deoire  of  son:eihing,  ac- 
companied with  uneasiness  ;  as,  to  hanker  after  the 
diversions  of  the  town.  .iddtson. 

It  is  usually  followed  by  afler.  It  is  a  familiar,  but 
not  a  low  word. 

HANK'ER-ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Longing  for  with  keen 
appetite  or  ardent  desire. 

HANK'ER-ING,  ii.  A  keen  appetite  that  causes  un- 
ea^ine^stiil  it  is  gratified  ;  vehement  desire  to  possess 

HANK'ER-ING-LV,  adv.    Longindy-  for  cnjov. 

HAXK'LE,  (Iiank'l,)  r.  t.  [See  Hank.]  To  twis't. 
[A'lf  in  use.] 

HAN'S-^RD,  n.  A  merchant  of  one  of  the  Hanse 
Towns.  JilcCulhek. 

HAN-SE-AT'r€,  n.  Pertaining  to  the  Hanse  Towns, 
or  to  their  cont>derary. 

HANSE  TOWNiS.  Ilanse  signifies  a  society;  Goth. 
hansa,  a  multitude.  Tho  Hanse  Towns,  in  Germany, 
were  certain  commerci.il  cities  whirh  associated  fur 
the  protection  of  commerce  as  early  as  the  twelfth 
centur>\  To  this  conlVderary  acceded  certain  com- 
mercial cities  in  Holland,  England,  France,  Spain, 
and  Italy,  unlU  they  amounted  to  suveniy-two;  and 
for  centuries  this  confederacy  commanded  the  re- 
spect and  defied  the  power  of  kings.  It  has  now 
ceased  to  exist,  and  its  remnan:^,  Lubeck,  Hamburg, 
Bremen,  and  Frankfort,  aro  called  Free  Cities. 

Encyc.  Jim. 

HaN'T;  a  vulgar  contraction  of  H.4ve  not  or  Has 
NOT ;  as,  I  han't,  he  han't,  we  /mn'^ 

HAP,  7t.  [W.  liap^  or  lial),  luck,  chance,  fortune,  that 
is,  that  which  falls,  or  a  coming  suddi-nly.  This 
seems  to  be  allied  to  Fr.  hnppcr,  to  snap  or  catch ;  D. 
happen ;  Norm,  hopper,  to  seize ;  \V.  hr.jiaw,  to 
snatch.  In  Sp.  haher  signifies  to  have,  to  happen  or 
befall,  lo  take.  Tiiese  verbs  seem  lo  unite  in  one 
radix,  and  all  coincide  with  L.  capio.  The  primary 
sense  is,  to  fall  or  to  rush  ;  hence,  to  rush  on  and 
seize  J 

1.  That  which  comes  suddenly  or  unexpectedly; 
chance;  fortune  ;  accident  ;  casual  event.  [See 
Chance  and  Casual.] 

Wla-lher  .irt  it  wm  or  heedless  hnp.  Spenser. 

Cursed  l«  good  liaps,  and  cuned  be  they  tliat  biiUd 

Their  hopes  on  haps.  Sidney. 

2.  Misfortune. 

[But  this  word  is  obsolete,  or  obsolescent,  except  in 
compounds  and  derivatives.] 
HAP,  r.  i.    To  happen  ;  to  befall ;  to  come  by  chance. 

[065.1  Spen.ier.     Baeon. 

HAP-HAZ'ARD,  n.    [This  is  tautological.    See  Haz- 
ard.] 
Chance;  accident. 

\Vc  take  our  princiiil-s  M  hnp-hazard,  on  tnisl.  Lod:e. 

HAP'LESS,  a.  Lucklesa  :  unfortunate  ;  unlucky  ; 
unhappy;  a.-;,  Afl/i/*.--.*  youth  ;  hapless  maid.    Dnjdm. 


II AP'LY,  adv.    By  chance ;  perha|M  ;  it  may  be. 

l^st  hnp!-j  >c  be  founil  to  fi jlil  .---iiarf  Go-J.  —  Acta  r. 

2.  By  accident ;  ca.sually.  Milton 

H.VP'P/;N,  (hap'n,)  p. '.  [W.  hapiaw,  to  happen,  to 
have  luck.  (Sec  Hai'.)  Svv.Ai/pjui,  to  be  surprised  or 
amazed.] 

1.  To  conio  by  chance  ;    to  come  without  one^s 
previous  expectation  ;  to  fall  out. 

There  sli:dl  no  cril  happen  lo  the  JtoL  — Pror.  xH. 

2.  To  come  ;  to  befall. 

Tliey  talked  to-rihcr  of  all  iboec  Uiinsi  wluch  lud  hapvencd.  — 
i.uke  xxiv. 

3.  To  light ;  to  fall  or  corac  unexpectedly. 

I  liavc  happened  on  s«n«  other  accounts  rclalln*  lo  mArUlHyv. 

Graunt. 

IIAP'P/;\-ING,  ppr.    Coming  or  falling ;  befalling. 
HAP'PI-LV,  adv.     [Sec  Hai-py.]    By  good  fortune ; 

fortunately;  luckily  ;  with  success. 

Preferred  W  conquest,  happily  oVrtltroii-n.  WaCer. 

2,  In  a  happy  state ;   in  a  state  of  felicity.    Uc 
livud  happily  with  his  consort. 

3.  With  address  or  dexterity ;  gnccfully  ;  in  a 
manner  to  insure  success. 


Pormf  d  hy  thy  conrers.',  happily  to  ulr^T 
i'tom  p;ivc  lo  jay,  from  hvt-fy  m  tcrrcr:. 


Pope. 


4.  Bv  chance.  [Sec  Haplv 
HAP'PI-NESS,  71.  [from  happ>r.]  'J'hc  agreeable  sen- 
sations which  spring  from  the  enjoyment  of  good ; 
that  state  of  a  being  in  which  his  itesircs  are  grati- 
fied by  the  enjoyment  of  pleasure  without  pain  ;  fe- 
licity ;  but  happiness  usually  exprenscs  lef^s  than  fe- 
licitij,  and  felicity  less  than  bliss.  IIappines.t  is  com- 
parative. To  a  person  distressed  with  pain,  relief 
from  that  pain  iifYnrAs  happiness  :  in  other  cases,  wc 
give  the  name  happiness  to  jHisilive  pleasure  or  an 
exxitemcnt  of  agreeable  sensations.  Happiruss  there- 
fore admits  of  indefinite  degrees  of  incrca.*^;  in  en- 
joyment, or  gratification  <»f  desires.  Perlccl  Imppi- 
ness,  or  pleasure  unalloyed  with  pain,  is  dot  altaiDa* 
ble  in  this  life. 

2.  Good  luck  ;  good  fortune.  Johnson. 

3.  Fortuitous  elegance;  un:=tudicd  grace. 

For  Ui^re's  a  happbicss,  as  well  as  cirr.  P<^. 

HAP'Py,  a.  [from  hap:  W.  hapus,  propcrlv  lucky, 
fortunate,  receiving  good  from  something  tiial  falls 
or  comes  to  one  unexpectedly,  or  by  an  event  that  is 
not  within  control.     Ser  Houit.] 

1.  Lucky  ;  furlunate  ;  successful. 

Chemists  huve  h?en  more  happy  in  finding  experiments  than 
die  causes  of  ihem.  Boyle. 

So  WC  say,  a  hapjiy  thought ;  a  happy  expedient, 

2.  Being  in  the  enjoyment  of  agreeable  sensations 
from  the  possession  of  good  ;  enjoying  pleasure  from 
the  gratification  of  appetites  or  desires.  The  pleas- 
urable sensations  derived  from  the  gratification  of 
sensual  appetites  render  o  person  lem|K»nirily  happy: 
but  he  only  can  be  esteemed  really  and  pennancnlly 
happy,  who  enjoys  peace  of  mind  in  tliu  favor  of 
God.  To  be  m  any  degree  happy,  we  must  be  free 
from  pain  both  of  body  and  of  mind ;  to  be  very 
happy,  we  must  be  in  the  enjoyment  of  lively  sensa- 
tions' of  pleasure,  either  of  b()d'y  or  mind. 

Happy  .-im  I,  f^r  ihc  daughters  will  tall  me  Wesaed.  ^Gfn.  xxx. 

He    i<j\m<X    himself   kappieU   in   co:miiuiikauu»    tuppinrss  to 

ollicrs.  Win. 

3.  Prosperous  ;  liaving  secure  possession  of  good. 

Happy  is  lliat  jx^ople  whose  Go<l  is  Jt'liorah.  —  Vi.  ciliT. 

4.  That  supplies  pleasure;  that  furnishes  enjoy- 
ment ;  agreeable  ;  applied  to  tAings ;  as,  a  happy  con- 
dition. 

0.  Dextrous  ;  ready  ;  able. 

One  gentleman  ia  happy  at  a  repiv,  anotiK-T  excels  la  a  reloimler. 

Saifl. 

6.  Blessed  ;  enjoying  the  presence  and  favor  of 
God,  in  a  future  life. 

7.  Harmonious ;  living  in  concord ;  enjoying  the 
pleasures  of  friendship  ;  as,  a  happy  family. 

8    Propitious  ;  favorable.  S^ak. 

HAP'PV-MaK-LNG,  a.  Making  happy.  MiUoru 
HAQtJE'BUT,  (hak'but,)  n.    An  arqucbuse  or  hand- 

g»in.  Brande. 

HA-RANGUE',  Cha-rang',)  77.    [Fr.  harangue ;  Sp.  and 

Port,  arcnga;   It.  aringa:   Arm.  knrencg ;  from  the 

root  of  ring,  to  sound,  Sax.  hringan.] 

1.  A  speech  addressed  to  an  assembly  or  an  anny ; 
a  popular  oration  ;  a  public  address.  This  word 
seems  to  imply  loudness  or  declamation,  and  is 
therefore  appropriated  generally  to  an  address  made 
lo  a  popular  a^■senlbly  or  to  an  army,  and  not  to  a 
sermon,  or  to  an  argument  at  the  bar  of  a  court,  or  to 
a  speech  in  a  deliberative  council,  unless  in  con- 
tempt. 

2.  Declamation;  a  noisy,  i>cmpou?,  or  irregular 
address, 

HA-RANGUF/,  (ha-rang',)  v.  i.  To  make  an  address 
or  speech  lo  a  large  assembly ;  to  make  a  noisy 
speech. 

IIA-RANGUE',  Cha-rang',)  r.  /.  To  address  by  ora- 
tion ;  as,  the  trt-neral  harangued  the  troojw. 

HA-RANG'U£U,pp.     Addressed  by  oration. 


TCXE,  BTXL,  UNITE AN"GER,  VI'TIOUS.  — C  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


533 


HAR 


UAR 


.  a.    Full  of  haninKUc. 
.-rangVr,)  n.  An  tirntor ;  one  who 
itly  t>r  anuy  ;  n  noLny  dcclainicr. 
>r.     Uc-claiming  ;  audressing  witb 

H  \K  A-*",  r.  .'.    i^l-'r.  harasser.    Qu.  It.  ermsam.] 

1.  To  Wtfar>' ;  *»»  fatigue  to  cxces*  ;  to  tiro  with 
bodily  labor  j  u,  to  harass  an  aniiy  by  a  lung  luarch. 

Bucon. 
S.  To  weary  with  importunity,  care,  or  perplexity ; 
to  lease  ;  to  perplex. 

Nauuw  gfipr— gJ  and  korawtd  out  wllh  cvc.  Xdifwon. 

3.  To  wanto  or  desolate.    [  Obs.]  Hammond. 

tl  \U'  \-:>.    lu      Waste  i    disturbance  ;    dtvasuition. 
. !  ,MUton. 

;•.  (har'ast,)  PP-    Wearied  ;  tired  ;  leased. 
K,  lu      Ono  who    harasses  or  teases  j  a 

H  \K  ASS-INfi.ppr.  or  0.    Tiring ;  fatipiing  ;  teasing. 

HAK'iUN-CCR,  n.  [See  IIariior.  Harbinger  is  prop- 
erly a  p^THon  who  goes  to  provide  harbor  or  lodgings 
for  thti-tf  ttini  fullotv.] 

1.  In  Kn^'land^  an  officer  of  the  king's  household, 
who  rides  a  day*s  journey  before  the  court  when 
traveling,  to  provide  lodgings  and  other  accommoda- 
tions. Encyc. 

3.  .\  forerunner ;  a  precursor ;  that  which  precedes 
and  gives  notice  of  the  expected  arrival  of  sometliing 
rite. 

"  \  i:  lU.N-dEK-ED,  a.    Trcceded  by  a  harbinger. 

\.\V.  r.*»K,  n.  [Sax.  here-berea^  the  station  of  an 
niiy  ;  1).  herbrr^^  an  inn;  Dan.  iSw.  and  G.  hcr- 
!■:(-.  Fr.  aubfrge :  Sp.  and  Port,  albcrffue  ;  It.  al- 
'  .-,M.  The  first  syllable,  in  tJie  Teutonic  dialects, 
•■i;;iiiiir,<  an  anny,  or  a  troop,  a  crowd  ;  the  last  sylla- 
ble ii  ber^,  bur^,  a  town,  or  catftle,  or  from  bergen^ 
to  ovi-.  But  in  the  Celtic  dialects,  the  first  syllable, 
d/,  is  probably  dilfercnt  from  that  of  the  other  dia- 
lecla.1 

1.  A  lodging ;  a  place  of  entertainment  and  rest 

For  Aorior  at  «  thMiund  doori  Utcj  Iraoclcn].  Dryden. 

3.  A  port  or  haven  for  ships  ;  a  bay  or  inlet  of  the 
•m,  tn  which  8hips  can  moor,  and  be  sheltered  from 
the  fur>'  of  winds  and  a  heavy  sea  ;  any  navigable 
water  where  ships  can  ride  in  safety. 

X  An  asylum ;  a  shelter  i  a  place  of  eaftty  from 
■torms  or  danger. 
lUR'ItOK,  r.  L    To  shelter;  to  secure}  to  secrete; 
.IS,  to  karbor  a  thief. 

i  To  entertain ;  to  permit  to  lodge,  rest,  or  reside ; 
as,  lo  harbor  malice  or  revenge.  Harbor  not  a  thought 
of  revenge. 
IIAR'BOU,  c.  L    To  lodge  or  abide  for  a  time ;  to  re- 
ceive cnteriainmcnL 

T^  oijbt  !«••  Aarfior  bcre  in  York.  Shak. 

2.  To  take  shelter. 

IUR'BOR-Ati£,  n.     Shelter;  entertainment.      [J^ot 

«■'«'•)  Shak. 

HAR'UOR-f:D,p;..    Entertained;  sheltered. 
H.\R'BOR-ER,  R.    One  who  entertains  or  shelters  an- 

\\\\'.  WnK-iyiC, ,  ppr.     Entortainins  ;  sheltering. 

'!  ■  K  I.'  »R.LE;»S,  a.    Without  a  harbor;  destitute  of 

'.'.■■T  iT  a  lodcinj. 
HaK  iiuR-MAS'TER,  »i.    An  officer  who  has  charge 
lif  the  mooring  of  ships,  and  executes  the  regulations 
rr^p<Ttinp  harbor*.  AVuj  York. 

IlAIt'DOR-OUGH,  (hlir'bur-ro,)  n.    A  harbor  or  lodg- 
ing. 
».\R'B0R-0U3,  0.    Hospitable.     iN^ot  in  use.'] 
HARD,  o.      [Sax.  heard i   Goth,  hardu;   D.  hard;  G. 
hart ;  Ban.  hoard ;  Sw.  hard. 
pressed.] 

1.  Firm  ;  solid  ;  compact ;  not  easily  penetrated,  or 
•eparatcd  into  parts  ;  not  yielding  to  pressure ;  applied 
t.,  ni.-it,"n:d  h.Hiie«,and  opposed  losoji;  as,  hard  wood ; 
1  bard  apple. 
■t  ;  not  easy  to  the  intellect. 

-■-r-  Ui.nin  KarxlU}  be  UDdciitood.  —  2  Pet.  iii. 
■  «  ■-    I  )  rouffht  Ui  Mcoca. — Kx.  xriii. 

aecomplishraenl ;  not  easy  to  be 
jji^  A  hard  task;  a  disease  hard  to 

U  uij  tlw»c  toe  hard  tor  the  Lord  ?  -Gto.  xnii. 

I. A;  Th"  ""^  '^'^l'^^}'^  Of  Obstacles;  not  easy  to  be 
UavclH  ;  a-^,  a  hard  way.  Miu^ 

3.  Painful;  drmcult;  distressing. 

R*clirl  in»-l«J.  and  .Sa  Ittd  Aorrf  l»bor._(J«,.  xxxv. 

nr^ff**"^S!,V  '■'^S}''"?  i  attended  with  difficulty 
JiJJl^cc        '  "*  *'°'*^  "'  '^***'' '  '"^'^  **"*^  ■ 

7.  Oppressive  ;  rigorous;  arvcre  ;  cruel 
iwndap ;  a  hard  master.    fU,  i.    /,,.  xiv. 

a.  Unfeeling  ;  insen-ihic  ;  not  easily  moved  by  pity  : 
nj<  susceptible  of  kindness,  mercy/or  other  lender 
affections  ;  as,  a  hard  heart. 

9.  Severe;  harsh;  rough;  nbuaive. 

IUts  you  cirrn  tdm  u>r  herd  irorda  of  lite  f 

10.  Unfavorable 


The  primary  sense  is, 


CUltd. 


labor ;  hard  duty 
hard 


Stiak. 

«ih„    -     I.    J. ».'""*='"'*  J  'raplyine  blame  of  an 
oincr;  as,  hard  thoughts. 
11.  Severe  ;  rigorous  -,  oppressive.    Thi 


ue  enemy  was  i 


compelled  to  submit  to  hard  terms.  So  we  say,  a  hard 
bargain ;  hard  conditions. 

I'i.  Unreasonable  ;  unjust.  It  is  hard  to  punish  a 
mail  for  speculative  opinions.    It  is  a  hard  case. 

13.  Severe;  pinching  with  cold;  rigorous ;  tem- 
pestuous ;  as,  a  hard  winter  ;  hard  wcatlicr. 

14.  Powerful ;  forcible  ;  urging ;  pressing  closo  on. 

The  Hs\g  woL»  loo  Aorrf  Tor  Ih?  honv,  L'Btlrange. 

Tbc  diipaUnt  u'u  Km  hard  fur  liis  niiUigoDuI.  Anon. 

15.  Austere;  rough;  acid;  sour;  as  liquors.  The 
cider  is  hard. 

16.  Harsh;  stiff;  forced;  constrained ; unnatural. 

Othen  —  make  Ihc  fipires  harder  than  the  marble  itself. 

Dryden. 
Hi*  riicUon  is  hard,  his  figure*  tw  bold.  Dryden. 

17.  Not  plentiful;  not  prosperous;  pressing;  dis- 
tressing ;  as,  hard  times,  when  markets  are  bad,  and 
money  of  course  scarce. 

18.  Avaricious ;  difficult  in  making  bargains ;  close. 
Matt.  XXV. 

19.  Rough  ;  of  coarse  features ;  as,  a  liard  face  or 
countenance. 

20.  Austere  ;  severe  ;  rigorous. 

31.  Rude  ;  unpolished  or  unintelligible. 

A  pcojitc  of  hartl  language.  —  Ezck.  iii. 

22.  Coarse  ;  unpalatable  or  scanty  ;  :is,  liard  fare. 
Hard  tto/CT-,  is  that  which  contains  some  mineral 
subsUince  that  decomposes  soap,  and  thus  renders  it 
unfit  for  wasliing. 
HARD,  aJr.  Close;  near;  as  in  the  phrase  liard  by. 
In  this  phrase  the  word  retains  its  original  sense  of 
pressed,  or  pressing.  So  in  It.  prcssoj  Fr.  prds,  from 
L.  pressiis. 

2.  With  pressure;  with  urgency;  hence,  diligent- 
ly;  laboriously;  earnestly;  vehemently;  importu- 
nately ;  as,  to  work  Iiard  for  a  living. 

And  prayed  so  hard  for  racrcy  from  the  prince.  Dryden. 

3.  With  difficulty  ;  as,  the  vehicle  moves  Itard. 

4.  Uneasily  ;  vcxationsly.  Sliak. 

5.  Closely ;  so  .as  to  raise  difficulties. 

The  question  la  hard  set.  Broten. 

C.  Fast ;  nimbly ;  rapidly ;  vehemently ;  as,  to  run 
hard^  that  is,  with  pressure  or  urgency. 

7.  Violently  ;  with  great  force  ,  tempestuously ;  as, 
the  wind  blows  hard,  or  it  blows  hard. 

8.  With  violence ;  with  a  copious  descent  of  wa- 
ter ;  as,  it  rains  iiard. 

9.  With  force  ;  as,  to  press  hard. 

Hard-a-lcc :  in  seamen^s  ianguaffc,  an  order  to  put 
the  helm  closo  to  the  lee-side  of  the  ship,  to  tack  or 
keep  her  head  to  the  wind ;  also,  that  situation  of  the 
helm.  Mar.  Diet. 

Hard-a-weather ;  an  order  to  put  the  helm  close  to 
the  weather  or  windward  side  of  llie  ship;  also,  that 
position  of  the  helm. 

Hard-a-port ;  an  order  to  put  the  helm  close  to  the 
larboard  side  of  a  ship. 

Hard-a-starboard ;  an  order  to  put  the  helm  close  to 
the  starboard  side  of  a  ship.  Mar.  Diet. 

HXRD'BeAM,  71.     A  tree  of  the  genus  Carpinus,  so 

called  from  its  compact,  horny  texture  ;  hornbeam. 
IIARD'-BE-SET'TING,  a.     Closely  besetting  or  be- 
sieging. Mtlton, 
HARD'BOUND,  a.    Costive;  fast  or  tight;  as,  hard- 
bound brains.  Pope. 
HARD'-DRINK'ER,  71.    One  who  drinks  to  excess. 
HARD'-DRINK'IXG,  n.    Drinking  to  excess. 
HARD'-EARN-£:D,  (-emd,)  a.    Earned  with  toil  and 

difficulty.  Burke. 

HARD'£N,  (hard'n,)  c.t.  To  make  hard  or  more  hard  ; 
to  make  firm  or  compact ;  to  indurate  ;  as,  to  harden 
iron  or  steel ;  lo  harden  cl:iy 

2.  To  confirm  in  effrontery;  to  make  impudent; 
as,  to  harden  the  face. 

'■i.  To  make  obstinate,  unyielding,  or  refractory ; 
as,  to  harden  the  neck.     Jer.  xix. 

4.  To  confirm  in  wickedness,  opposition,  or  enmi- 
ty ;  to  make  obdurate. 

Why  then  do  ve  harden  your  hearts,  as  Pharaoh  and  the  Egyp- 
tians haratned  their  hearta  i  —  1  Sam.  vi. 

So  God  is  said  to  harden  the  heart,  when  he  with- 
draws llie  influences  of  his  Spirit  from  men,  and 
leaves  them  to  pursue  their  own  corrupt  inclinations. 

5.  To  make  insensible  or  unfeeling;  as^lo  harden 
one  against  impressions  of  pity  or  tenderness. 

6.  To  make  firm  ;  to  endure  with  constancy. 

1  would  harden  myself  in  sorrow.  — Juh  vi. 

7.  To  inure ;  to  render  firm,  or  less  liable  to  injury, 
by  exposure  or  use  ;  as,  to  Itarden  to  a  climate  or  to 
labor. 

UARD'EN,  (hard'n,)  o.  t.  To  become  hard  or  more 
hard  ;  to  acquire  solidity,  or  more  compactness.  Mor- 
tar hardens  by  drying. 

2.  To  become  unfeeling. 

3.  To  become  inured. 

4.  To  indurate,  as  flesh. 

HARIVKN-ED,  pp.  or  a.  Made  hard,  or  more  hard 
or  compact;  in;tdc  unfeeling;  made  obstinate ;  con- 
firmed in  error  or  vice. 

HARD'^N-ER,  ».  He  or  that  which  makes  bard,  or 
more  firm  and  compact. 


HAR 

HXRD'£N-ING,  jipr.  or  a.  Making  hard  or  more  com- 
pact;  making  obdurate  or  unfeeling;  confirming ; 
becoming  more  hard. 

HARD'£N-ING,  7i.  The  giving  a  greater  degreo  of 
liardness  to  bodies  than  they  had  before.        Knnjc. 

IIARD'ER,  a.     More  hard. 

HARD'EST,  a.    Most  hard. 

lIARD'-FA-VOR-i':D,a.  Havingcoarsefcatureq; harsh 
of  countenance.  Driidcu. 

IIARD'~FA-VOR-£D-NESS,  n.  Coarstncss  iif  fea- 
tures. 

HARD'-FkAT-UR-£D,  a.    Having  coarse  features. 

Sinvllctt. 

HARD'-FIST-ED,  a.    Having  hard  or  strong  hands, 
as  a  laborer. 
2.  Close-fisted  ;  covetous.  Hall. 

HARD'-FOUGHT,  (-fawt,)  a.  Vigorously  contested ; 
as,  a  hard-fought  battle, 

HARD'-GOT-Ti^N,  a.    Obtained  with  ditJicuUv. 

HARD'-HAND-ED,  a.  Having  hard  liand.s  as  a  la- 
borer S/iak. 

HARD'HEAD,  (-hed,)  n.  Clash  or  collision  of  hwids 
in  contest.  Drydnu 

HARD'-HEaRT'ED,  C-hiin'ed,)  a.  Cruel;  pitiless; 
merciless;  unfeeling;  inhuman;  inexorablo. 

Shah.     Driidcn. 

HARD'-HEART'ED-LY,  adv.  In  a  hard-hearted  man- 
ner. 

HARD'-HEART'ED-NESS,7i.  Wantoffeeling  or  ten- 
derness ;  cruelty  ;  inhumanity.  Soutlu 

HARD'I-EST,  a.     Most  hardy.  Baxter, 

HARD'I-HOOD,  7i.  [See  Hardv  and  Hood.]  Rold- 
ness,  united  with  firmness  and  constancy  of  mind  j 
dauntless  bravery  ;  intrepidity.  MilUrn. 

It  \&  lite  society  of  mimbere  wUch  jives  hardihood  to  iiiiqully. 

Buckniineter. 

Hardihead  and  Hardiment,  in  the  sense  o^hard- 
ihood,  are  obsolete.  Spenser.     Fairfaz. 

HARD'I-LY,  ado.     With  great  boldness  ;  stoutly 

Scott. 
2.  With  hardship;  not  tenderly.  Ooldsmilh. 

HARD'I-NEt^S,  n.     [Fr.  hardiessc.     See  Hardy.] 

1.  Boldness  ;  firm  courage  ;  intrepidity  ;  stoutness ; 
bravery  ;  applied  to  the  mind,  it  is  synonymous  with 
hardihood. 

2.  Firmness  of  body  derived  from  laborious  exer- 
cises. 

3.  Hardship;  fatigue.     [Obs."]  Spenser. 

4.  Excess  of  confidence  ;  assurance  ;  effrontcrj-. 
HARD'-La'BOR-£D,  a.    Wrought  with  severe  labor; 

elaborate  ;  studied  ;  as,  a  hard-labored  poem.   Sicijl. 
HaRD'LY,  adv.    [See  Hard.]    With  difficulty;  with 
great  labor. 

Recovering  hardly  what  he  lost  belbrp.  DryiUn. 

2.  Scarcely  ;  barely  ;  almost  not. 

Hardly  shall  you  find  any  one  so  had,  but  he  de&irea  th«>  crodit 
of  being  thought  good.  SouOi. 

3.  Not  quite,  or  wholly.  The  object  is  so  distant 
we  can  hardly  see  it.  The  veal  is  hardly  done.  The 
writing  is  Aard/y  completed. 

4.  Grudgingly  ;  as  an  injury.  ShaJ:. 

5.  Severely;  unfavorably;  as,  to  think  A^rrf/j/ of 
public  measures. 

6.  Rigorously  ;  oppressively.  The  prisoners  were 
hardly  used  or  treated.  .Addison.    Swi/L 

7.  Unwelcomely ;  harshly. 

Such  infonnaUon  comes  very  hardly  and  harshly  lo  a  ^wii 
roan.  Locke. 

8.  Coarsely ;  roughly  ;  not  softly. 

Heaven  was  her  canopy,  bare  earth  her  bed ; 

So  hardly  lodged.  Dryden, 

HARD'-i^IOUTH-£D,  a.  Not  sensible  to  the  bit;  not 
easily  governed ;  as,  a  hard-mouthed  horse.    Dryden. 

HaRD'WESS,  n.  [See  Hard.]  Firmness;  close 
union  of  the  component  parts;  compactness;  solid- 
ity; the  quality  of  bodies  which  resists  impression  or 
the  separation  of  their  particles  ;  opposed  to  softness 
and  fiuidity. 

2.  Difficulty  U)  be  understood.  Shak. 

3.  Difliculty  to  be  executed  or  accomplished;  as, 
the  hardness  of  an  enterprise.  Sidney. 

4.  Scarcity;  penury;  ditficulty  of  obtaining  mon- 
ey ;  as,  the  hardness  of  the  times.  Swift. 

5.  Obduracy ;  impenitence ;  confirmed  state  of 
wickedness;  as,  hardness  of  heart. 

6.  Coarseness  of  features  ;  harshness  of  look ;  as, 
hardness  of  favor.  Jiay. 

7.  Severity  of  cold ;  rigor;  as,  the  Aorrf/tM*  of  win- 
ter. 

8.  Cruelty  of  temper  ;  savageness ;  harshness. 

The  blame 
May  hang  upon  your  Itardneas.  Sliok. 

9.  Stiffness ;  harshness  ;  roughness ;  as,  the  hardf 
nesses  of  sculpture.  Dryden. 

10.  Closeness ;  niggardliness ;  stinginess. 

JokTU^on. 

11.  Hardship  ;  severe  labor,  trials,  or  sufferings. 

Eoduri!  hardness  as  a  good  soldier  of  Jeics  CliiisL  —  2  Tiro.  ii. 

12.  A  quality  in  some  kinds  of  water  which  unfits 
it  for  washing.     [See  Hard.] 

HARD'NIB-B£D,  (-nibd,)  a.    Having  a  hard  nib  or 

point. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  AVH^T.-M£TE,  PREY.- 
534  — 


^^^E,  MARINE,  BIRD— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.— 


HAR 

HAU'DOCK,  n.  Probably  hoardock,  dock  with  whitish 
leaves.  S.'iaJ:. 

HARD  PAX.    See  Fan,  No.  4. 

HARDS,  Tu  ;ji.  The  refuse  or  coarse  part  of  flax; 
tow. 

HARD'SHIP,  n.    Toil ;  fati|ue  ;  severe  labor  or  want ; 
whatever  oppresses  tlie  body. 
2.  Injury  ;  oppression  ;  injustice.  Swtft. 

HARD'-VIS-A6-£D,  a.  Having  coarse  features  ;  of  a 
harsh  countenance.  Burke. 

HAUD'WaRE,  71.  A  general  name  for  all  wares 
made  of  iron  or  other  metal,  as  pots,  kettles,  saws, 
knives,  Slc. 

HAU1)'\VaRE-MAN,  71.  A  maker  or  seUer  of  hard- 
wares. Swift. 

HARD'-WOX,  a.    Won  with  difficultv.  Scott. 

HXRO'-VVORK-ING,  a.    Laboring  hard. 

HARD'V,  a.  [Fr.  kurdi ;  Norm,  hardy;  Arm.  hardiz^ 
hardUi :  It.  ardire,  to  dare,  and  boldness,  assurance. 
The  sense  is,  shouting,  or  advancing  forward.] 

1.  Bold  ;  brave  ;  stout ;  daring  ;  resolute  ;  intrepid. 
Who  is  fmrdy  enough  to  encounter  contempt? 

2.  Strong ;  firm  ;  compact. 

An  tinwholesome  blast  may  shake  in  pieces  his  hardy  febric. 

South. 

3.  Confident;  full  of  assurance ;  impudent;  stub- 
bom  to  excess. 

4.  Inured  to  fatigue ;  rendered  firm  by  exercise,  as 
a  veteran  soldier. 

HARD'Y,  71.    An  iron-smith's  too!. 

ILVR,  HARE,  HERE,  in  composition,  signify  an  army, 
Sax.  here,  G.  Acer,  D.  heir.  So  Harold  is  a  g;eneral  of 
an  army  ;  Hcncin,  a  victorious  army.  So  in  Greek, 
Strtitocles,   from  arptirof,   and  Polemarchiis,  from 

HARE,  n.     [Sax.  hara ;  Dan.  and  Sw.  hare.] 

1.  A  quadruped  of  the  genus  Lepus,  with  long 
ears,  a  short  tail,  soft  hair,  and  a  divided  upper  lip. 
It  is  a  timid  animal,  often  hunted  for  sport,  or  for  its 
flesh,  which  is  excellent  food.  It  moves  swiftly  by 
leaps,  and  is  remarkable  for  its  fecundity. 
%  A  constellation  situated  directly  under  Orion. 

P.  Cyc. 
HARE,  V.  u     [Norm,  /tarer,  liaricr,  to  stir  up,  or  pro- 
voke.] 

To  fright,  or  to  excite,  tease,  and  harass,  or  worry. 
[JVrt(  jtsfd.']     [See  Harrv.]  Locke. 

IIaRE'BELL,  71.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Hyacinlhus, 
with  campaniform  or  bell-shaped  flowers. 

Fam,  of  Plants. 
HaRE'-BRaIN-SD,  fl.     [hare  3.nd  brain.]  Wild;  gid- 
dy ;  volatile  ;  heedless.  Bacon. 
HaRE'FOOT,  71.    A  bird  ;  a  plant.            JJinswortk. 
HaRE'-HEART'ED,  (-hart'ed,)  a.  Timorous  ;  easily 

frightened.  j^tnsworth. 

HaRE'-HOUXD,  n.    A  hound  for  hunting  hares. 

C/ialmers. 
HIRE'-HUXT-ER,  n.    One  who  hunts,  or  is  used  to 

hunting  hares.  Pope. 

HaRE'-HUNT-ING,  71.    The  hunting  of  hares. 

SomerviUe. 
HaRE'LIP,  71.    A  fissure  or  perpendicular  division  of 
one  or  both  lips,  but  more  commonly  the  upper  one, 
like  that  of  a  hare.  Wt.'^cman. 

HaRE'L[P-P1;D,  (-lipt,)  a.    Having  a  harelip. 
HaRE'MJNT,  7i.     A  plant.  Ainswortk. 

HaRE'PiPE,  n.    A  Aiare  for  catching  hares. 

Stat.  James  I. 
HaRE'S'-kAR,  n.    A  plant  of  the  genus  Bupleumm. 

The  Ba.'^far'l  Hnre^s  Ear  is  of  the  genus  Phyllis. 
HaRE'S'-LET-TUCEj  C-Iet-tis,)  n.    A  plant  of  the 

genus  t^onchus. 
HaRE'WORT,  n.    A  plant. 

HaR'EM,  n.     [.Ar.  ^   *.i:>  Iiarama,  to  prohibit,  drive 

off,  or  deny  access.] 

The  division  allotted  to  females  in  the  larger  dwell- 
ing-houses of  the  East.  Smart. 

HA-REN'6I-F0RM,  a.  [See  Herring.]  Shaped 
like  a  herring.  Diet.  JVat.  Hist, 

UAR'I~COT,  (har'e-ko,)  n.     [Fr.  from  Gr.  apavos.] 

1.  A  kind  of  ragout  of  meat  and  roots. 
Chesterfidd, 

2.  The  kidney-bean. 

HAR'I-ER,  71.     [from  liare.']    A  dog  for  hunting  hares. 
[This  spelling  is  now  disused.    Smart.]    [See  Har- 
rier.] 
HAR-I-O-La'TION,  71.     FL.  barioUUio.] 

Pro snnsti cation  ;  soolh=nving. 
HaR'ISH,  ff.     I-ikcahare. 

HARK,  r.  t.     [Contracted  from  Jtearhnt,  wliicli  see.] 
To  listen  ;  to  lend  the  ear.  Shak.     Hiulibras. 

[This  word  is  rarely  or  never  used,  except  in  the 
imperative  mode,  hark^  that  is,  listen,  hear.] 
HARL,  n.    The  skin  of  tiax;  the  filaments  of  flax,  or 
hemp. 
2.  A  filamentous  substance.  Mortimer. 

HAR'LE-QULX.  (har'le-kin,)  ti.  [Fr.  Aar/fl/um,  a  buf- 
foon ;  (t.  arlfcckino ;  Pp.  arleqttin  ;  Arm.  harliqin, 
fiirhtqfv^  a  jucgler.  T  know  not  the  origin  of  this 
word,  ft  nas  been  sug2e=led  that  tlie  last  compo- 
nent pan  of  the  word  is  from  the  Gothic,  Sw.  Icca^ 


HAR 

to  play,  and  a  storj-  is  told  about  a  comedian  who 
frequented  the  house  of  iM.  de  Harley ;  but  I  place  no 
reliance  on  these  suggestions.] 

A  bufibon,  dressed  in  parly-colored  clothes,  who 
plays  tricks,  like  a  meny-andrew,  to  divert  the 
populace.  This  character  was  first  introduced  into 
Italian  comedy,  but  is  now  a  standing  character  in 
English  pantomime  entertainments.  Encys. 

[Bountlless  anil  mad,  disorlcred  rhyme  w.ts  seen; 
Disguised  Apollo  cliaiised  to  Harletjuin, 

£(jileau's  Art  of  Poetry  ;  EtigUsk  Translathn  of 
his  Works, l.orn\.  ma,  vol.  i.  p.  &9.— E.  H.B.j 

HAR'LE-aUIN,  V.  i.  To  play  the  droll:  to  make 
sport  bv  playing  ludicrous  tricks. 

HAR'LE^aUlN-ADE',  u.    Exhibitions  of  harlequins. 

HAR'LOCK,  71.     A  plant.  Drayton. 

HAR'LOT,  n.  [W.  hcrlawd,  a  stripling;  hcrlodes^  a 
hoiden ;  a  worn  composed  of  her,  a  push,  or  chal- 
lenge, and  llawdj  a  lad.  This  word  was  formerly  ap- 
plied to  males,  as  well  as  females. 

A  stimiie  harlot — thai  was  lior  itostcs  man.     CSiaucer,  7h.Us, 
He  w;\s  a  geulil  harlot  and  a  kind.  Ibm. 

The  word  originally  signified  a  bold  stripling,  or  a 
hoiden.  But  the  W.  llawd  signifies  not  only  a  /arf, 
that  is,  a  shoot,  or  growing  youth,  but  as  aii  adjec- 
tive, tending  forward,  craving,  Incd.    .See  Lewd.] 

1.  A  woman  who  prostitutes  her  body  for  hire  ;  a 
prostitute  ;  a  common  woman.  Drydcn. 

2.  In  Scripture^  one  who  forsakes  the  true  God  and 
worships  idols.    Is.  i. 

3.  A  servant ;  a  rogue  ;  a  cheat.     [06^.]       Fox. 
HAR'LOT,  a.    Wanton;  lewd  ;  low;  base.      Skak. 
HaR'LOT,  v.  i.     To  practice  lewdness.  Milton. 
HaR'LOT-RY,  71.    The  trade  or  practice  of  prostitu- 
tion ;  habitual  or  customary  lewdness  ;  prostitution. 

Dryden. 
HARM,  7(.     [Sax.  licarm  or  harm.    In  G  the  word  sig- 
nifies grief,  sorrow.] 

1.  Injury,  hurl;  damage;  detriment;  misfortune. 

Oo  tliyself  no  harm.  —  Acta  xvi. 

He  shall  make  amcuds  for  the  harm  be  hath  done  in  the  holy 
thing.  —  L*;t.  v. 

2.  Moral  wrong;  evil;  mischief;  wickedness;  a 
popjilar  sense  of  the  word, 

HARM,  V.  t     To  hurt ;  to  injure  ;  to  damage  ;  to  im- 
pair soundness  of  body,  either  animal  or  vegetable. 
Waller.     Rav. 

HAR-MAT'TAN,  n.  A  hot  dry  wind  from  the  interior 
of  Africa,  which  destroys  vegetation.'  It  corresponds 
to  the  saraiel  or  simoom  of  Arabia,  &;c.  Encyc.  Amer. 

HaRM'JED,  ;7/j.     Injured;  hurt;  damaged. 

HAR'MEL,  71.    The  wild  African  rue. 

HaKM'FUL,  a.  Hurtful;  injurious ;  noxious ;  detri- 
mental ;  mischievous. 

The  earth  brought  forth  fruit  and  food  for  man ,  without  any  mix- 
ture of  hai-mful  quality.  Ralegh. 

HaRM'FUL-LY,  adv.  Hurtfully;  injuriously;  with 
damage.  Ascham, 

HaRM'F[JL-NESS,  71.    Hurlfulness;  noxiousness. 

HaRM'ING,  ;;;ir.     Hurting;  injuring. 

HARM'LESS,  a.  Not  hurtful  or  injurious  ;  innoxious. 
Ceremonies  are  harmless  in  Uiemselves.        Hooker. 

2.  Unhurt ;  undamaged ;  uninjured  ;  as,  to  give 
bond  to  save  anotlier  harmless. 

3.  Innocent ;  not  guilty. 

Who   U  holy,  harmless,   uudefiled,   sepaLiate   from   siunere.  — 
Heb.  vLi. 

HARM'LESS-LY,  ado.    Innocently  ;  without  fault  or 
crime  ;  as,  to  pass  the  time  liarmlcssly  in  recreations. 
2.  Without  hurt  or  damage. 

Bullets  fall  harmlessly  into  wood  or  fcathera.    Decay  of  Piety. 

HARM'LESS-NESS,  n.    The  quality  of  being  innox- 
ious ;  freedom  from  a  tendency  to  injme. 
2.  Innocence. 
HaR-MON'I€,  I  a.      [See   Harmony.]      Relating 

HAR-MON'ie-AL,  i  to  harmony  or  music  ;  as,  har- 
mordcal  use  Bacon. 

2.  Concordant;  musical;  consonant;  ns,  harnwnic 
sounds. 

Harmonic  twanw  of  leather,  horn,  and  brass.  Pope. 

The  basis  of  au  narnionic  system.  Bncyc. 

The  harmonic  eleinenii.  are  the  three  smallest  concords. 

Edin.  Encyc. 

3.  An  epithet  applied  to  the  accessarj-  sounds 
which  accompany  the  predominant  and  apparently 
simple  tone  of  any  chord  or  string. 

Harmonic  triad:  in  mu.tic,  the  common  chord  ;  the 
<~^"rd  of  a  note  with  its  third  and  fifth.       Brandc. 

Harmonical  vican  ;  in  ariUimetic  and  algebra,  a  term 
used  to  ex'press  certain  relations  of  numbers  and 
quantities,  whicii  bear  an  analogy  to  musical  conso- 
nances. 

Harmonical  proportion  :  in  arithmetic  and  algebra. 
See  Proportion. 

Harmnnical  .-icries  or  progression ;  a  series  of  num- 
bers such  that  any  three  consecutive  terms  are  in 
harmonical  proportion.  Brandc. 

HA[l-MO\'I-€'.\,  n.  A  musical  instrument  invented 
by  Dr.  rranklin,  in  which  the  tones  are  produced  by 
friction  airainsi  the  edges  of  a  series  of  hemispherical 
glasses.  HcbcrU 

HAK-MO.\'ie-Al.-LY,  arfr.     Musically 


HAR 

HAR-M0.\''IC3,    n.      Ilannonious    Bounds  ;    <<:.    ■ 
nanco'. 

2.  The  doctrine  or  science  of  musical  wiund. 

Dr.  li.  SfiiitJi. 

3.  Derivative  sounds,  generated  with  predominant 
sounds,  and  produced  by  subortlinate  vibration!'  of  a 
chord  or  string,  when  lus  whole  length  vibmi*- 
'i'hese  shorter  vibrnijona  produu;  more  acuta  ^unuii 
and  are  called  acute  Imrmonics. 

4.  Orave  /iormoHic*,  are  luw  sound."  whicli  accom- 
pany every  perfect  consonance  of  two  sounds. 

Edin.  Encyc. 
HaR-Mo'NI-OUS,  a.     Adapted  to  each  other  ;  having 
the  parts  proportioned  to  each  other  ;  symmetrical. 

God  hath  made  the  Hitf;U«tual  woriJ  harmoniout  vmJ  txrau'Jful 
witlwiii  us.  Lodce. 

2.  Concordant ;  consonant ;  s>'mphonioii8 ;  musi- 
cal. Hannoniaus  sounds  are  such  a^  accord,  and  are 
agreeable  to  the  ear. 

3.  Agreeing  ;  living  in  peace  and  friendship;  as,  a 
harmoniou.-;  familv  or  socit-ty. 

HAR-iMo'NI  OUS^LY,  adc.  With  just  adaptation  and 
proportion  of  parts  to  each  other. 

Diirtaiiwa,  motions,  and  quantitirs  of  matter  harmonioutla  ad- 
justed in  this  gWiU  vjuieiy  of  our  »ySCTn.  Jhndey. 

2.  With  accordance  of  sounds ;  musically ;  in  con- 
cord. 

3.  In  agreement ;  in  peace  and  friendship. 
HAll-Mo'NI-OL'S-NESS,  n.    Proportion  and  adapta- 
tion of  parts ;  nmsicalness. 

2.  Agreement ;  concord. 
HaR-MON'LPHON,  71.     [Gr.  npiiovia  and  ^wi-t?.] 
A  musical  instrument  whose  sound  is  prtxluced 
by  the  vibration  of  thin  metallic  plates.     The  air 
which  acts  on  these  vibralinc  substances  is  blown 
by  the  mouth  through  an  elastic  tube.     It  is  played 
with  keys  like  a  piano-forle. 
HaR'.MO-NIST,    ;i.      A    musician ;   a   composer   of 
music. 

2.  One  who  brings  together  corresponding  pas- 
sages, as  of  the  four  Gospels,  to  show  their  agree- 
ment. 

IL\R'MO-NIZE,  i:  i.  To  be  in  concord;  to  agree  in 
sounds. 

9.  To  agree ;  to  be  in  peace  and  friendship,  as 
individuals  or  families. 

3.  To  agree  in  senst-  or  purport ;  as,  the  arguments 
harmonize;  the  facts  stated  by  different  uitiicfses 
fiarmonize. 

HaR'MO-NTZE,  v.  t.  To  adjust  in  fit  proportions  ;  lo 
cause  to  agree. 

2.  To  make  musical  ;  to  combine  according  to 
the  laws  of  counterpoint. 

HAR'MO-NIZ-SD,;//).  or  a.     Made  to  be  accorlant 

HaR'MO-XIZ-ER,  n.      One  that  brings  togt  iher  or 
2.  In  miijic,  a  practical  harruunist.  [reconciles 

HAR-MO-X_iZ-l\G,  pjfr.    Causing  to  agree. 

HaR'MO-NiZ-I.NG,  a.  Being  in  accordance,  bring- 
ing to  an  ncreeniimt. 

HAR-MO-NOM'E-TER,  71.    [Gr.  ao^tovia  and  /•rr.joi'.] 
An  inslmmtiit  or  monochord  for  measuring  the 
harmonic  relations  of  sounds. 

HAR'MO-NY,  H.  [L.  harmmiia:  Gr.  Hopni-ia^  a  set- 
ting together,  a  closure  or  seam,  agreement,  concc*., 
from  rt,>tii,  to  fit  or  adapt,  to  stjunre ;  Sp.  amu'ma  ;  It. 
id. ;  Fr.  harmome.  If  (he  Greek  aooj  is  a  contmcled 
word  for  vh-j'-i,  which  is  probable,  it  may  be  the 
French  carrcr,  Cf/uarrir.] 

1.  The  just  adaptation  of  parts  to  each  other,  in 
any  system  or  composition  of  things,  intended  lo 
form  a  connected  whole ;  as,  tlic  harmony  of  the  uni- 
verse. 

Entiality  and  eorrespondeace  are  the  caa9(3  ofAomony.  Beam. 
All  discord,  harntony  not  nudeTstoo<l.  Pope, 

2.  Just  proportion  of  sound  ;  consonance ;  musical 
concord  ;  the  accordance  of  two  or  more  intcr\'als  or 
sounds,  or  that  union  of  different  sounds  which 
pleases  the  car;  or  a  succession  of  such  sounds, 
called  chords. 

Ten  thousand  harps,  that  tuned 
Angelic  Kannotiiet.  !itii:on. 

3.  Concord  ;  agreement ;  accordance  in  facts ;  as, 
the  harmony  of  the  Gospels. 

4.  Concord  or  agreement  in  views,  sentiments,  or 
manners,  interests,  &:c.  ;  good  correspondence ; 
peace  and  friendship.    The  citizens  live  in  harmojiy. 

5.  The  agreement  or  consistency  of  different  his- 
tories of  tlie  same  events ;  as,  the  harmony  of  the 
Gospels. 

6.  A  literarT,-  work  which  brings  together  parallel 
passages  of  historians  respecting  the  same  events, 
and  shows  their  agreement  or  cousisiency. 

J'ratural  harinouy,  in  music,  can^i^ls  of  the  har- 
monic triad,  or  coximon  chord.  Artijicial  harmoKu,  is 
a  mixture  of  concords  and  discords:  Figitrrd  har- 
viuny,  is  when  one  or  more  of  the  parts  move,  during 
the  continuance  of  a  chord,  through  certain  notes 
which  do  not  form  any  of  the  constituent  p.arts  of 
that  chord  Busby. 

Perfect  harmony,  implies  the  use  of  untempered 
concords  onlv.  'fymprrcd  h/trmont/,  is  when  the  notes 
are  varied  bv  lemperamenL    [See  Ti:xrzn.\yt£ST,] 

Harmony  of  the  spheres.     See  Mrsic.         [Encyc 


TCNE,  Bt;LL,  UNITE.— .\N"GER,  VI"CI0US.  — C  as  K ;  6  as  J ;  »  as  Z ;  OH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS 


535 


UAR 


IIAR'MOST,  M.    [Or.  itpitornrt  '^'"  a;i*«''<rfffi  u»  rcg- 

uUlc  I 
In  awrient  Orttce,  a  Spartan  governor,  rojnilaior, 

or  prtfpcl.  ,  Mt^ford. 

IIaR'M«»-T(3ME,  b.    [Gr.  ap/ioj,  a  Joint,  anil  r^/ivw, 

*°"'**1  ..  ..   t 

In  niiii(Ta/o*y,  tro.«s-rtono,  or   Elanmliic,    callcil 

fti«-  •"rramititeai  uohte.     (fVi)  Cno-n  St"M:.] 

IlAR'Nr.^'^.  ri.      [VV.  Aar«uM,  inun    Aurw,    tint    is, 

cla«'l)  lilt^!  ;  Vt.  karno'n;  Arm.  hitmen;  It.  arneje; 

Sj*.  flr«M ;  I'ort.  or/ic:  ;  |).  hiirnn^  :  G.  harui^cA ;  Sw. 

kamf'X  ,  D:iii.  AjrnuA-.    'I'hi*  piinmry  sense  is,  ta  fit, 

prr|iari%  *>r  put  on;  and  in  iliHWt'nt  Inngunses,  it 

■leniAra  not  only  AuritMJ,  but  I'umiliirc  and  ultn- 

mUJ 

1.  Armor;  Ihf;  whole  nccouicnnonls  or  e^nipmrnts 
of  a  kmclil  or  horseman  ;  wriVmoWy,  pt-rhnp^,  littV'n- 
mvo  ornmr,  hut  in  a  more  modi-m  iiml  enlarged 
wntr,  iht!  riirni;urf  of  a  mihlan.-  man,  defensive  or 
oirrncivr,  m  a  casipiu,  cuira^,  hehuet,  girdle,  sivord, 
burklcr,  &r. 

2.  The  fumitnrj  of  a  dratiffht  horso,  whether  for 
n  wasoD,  otarli,  pip,  chaise,  Air. ;  caUed,  in  some  of 
the  .American  Stale?,  tncUe  or  tneklins^y  with  whtcli, 
tn  it.-*  prim:iry  sense,  il  is  sviioiiymous.       Dnjden. 

IIAU'.N'ES:^,  r. /.  To  drcss'in  armor  j  to  equip  with 
artnor  fur  war,  as  a  horseman. 

IIarv4tifl  hi  ru;5^l  Mx\.  Itoue. 

2.  To  put  on  the  furniture  of  a  horse  for  draught. 

Harne*M  llrr  hon«.  —  Jcr.  xl»l. 

3,  To  defend  j  to  equip,  or  furnUh  for  defense.  1 
Mate.  IV. 

II.\R'NE.^^ED.  (h.lr'nr^,)  pp.  or  a.    Equipped  with 
amior;  furnu<hc'd  with  the  drc.-;*  for  draught;  de- 
fended. 
IIAR'NE,'5S-ER,n.    One  who  puts  on  the  harness  of  a 

hor*p.  Shcriroo'l. 

IIAR'.\E-S.'*-I.\G,  ppr.    Putting  on  armor  or  furniture 

fitr  draught. 
n.\RNS,  n./i/.     Ilrains.  Grose. 

HARP,  lu  [Sa:t.  hrarpn;  G.  harff ;  D.  harp;  Sw. 
karpa;  Oan.  harpe;  Er.  harpe;  It.  Sp.  and  Port. 
arpa.] 

I.  An  instnimcni  of  music  of  the  stringed  kind,  of 
a  thangidnr  figure,  held  upright,  anil  cnmiiionly 
touched  witll  tlie  fingers.  E'lcijc.     Ja/llt.^on. 

0.  A  constfUatinn,  /^jfni,  or  the  Lyre.        P.  Cyc. 
HARP,  p.  I.    To  play  on  the  harp. 

I  bcapl  Hw:  Tolco  of  harpen,  harping  with  Ihclr  linrps.  —  Rev. 
II*. 

SI.  To  dwell  on  tediously  or  vcTatiously,  in  speak- 
ing or  writing. 

He  •ccms 
Prouil  :inr1  dixl-unf'il,  htuping  on  wlut  t  am  — 
Not  wlut  h.-  tif.v  I  U-.1S,  ShrA. 

3.  To  touch,  OS  a  passion  ;  to  affect.  Shak. 

HARP'ER,  II.    A  player  on  the  Iiarp. 

IIARP'I.VG,  ppr.  Playing  on  a  harp;  dwelling  on  con- 
tiniinlly. 

IIAKP'ING,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  harp;  as,  harping 
5ymplionies.  JilUion. 

JIARP'I.N'G,  »r.    A  continual  dwelling  on. 

Mikinf  infinite  mcniinent  by  Karpingt  upon  old  lhcni«. 

/ruin*. 

IIARP'IXG,  n. ; />^  HAR^I^os.  In  ships ^  httrjiings  arc 
tJic  fore  part-s  of  the  wales,  which  cncompa.s^  the 
bow  of  the  ?hip,  and  arc  fa-<leiied  to  the  stem.  Their 
u*c  is  to  ^t^e^£:thcn  the  ship,  in  the  place  where  slie 
sustains  the  greatest  i<hock  in  plunging  into  the  sea. 

Totten. 
Cat-harpin^s  arc  ropes  which  serve  to  hrace  in  tJic 
rigging,  lo  tighten  it,  and  to  givo  a  greater  sweep  to 
the  yards.  Tottcit. 

IIARP'I.\G-I-U0X,  C-Iurn,)  n.  A  harpoon,  wliich 
see. 

IIARP'IST,  n.     A  harper.  Brown. 

IIAR-POON',  jr.  [Kr.  harpon;  Sp.  arpon;  Port,  arpam, 
arpfo;  lUarpiane;  G.  ftarpune  :  li.  harpocii ;  from  Fr. 
karptry  to  grapple  ;  Sp.  arpary  to  claw  ;  Gr.  u/iTr-ii^w, 
from  <i ps-nw,  to  seize  with  the  claws;  prohahly  h. 
rapioy  by  transptisition  of  leHcrs.     Class  Kb.] 

A  harping-inm  ;  a  ppear  or  javelin,  used  to  s^trike 
whnles  for  killing  diein.  It  consists  of  along  shnnk, 
with  a  broad,  tlat,  triangular  head,  sharpened  nt  both 
edges  for  p-nclniting  the  whale  with  facililv.  It  is 
p-nerally  Uirown  by  h:md. 

IIaR-POON',  r.  t.  To  strike,  catch,  or  kill  with  a  har- 
1-  (.n. 

'ibe  belu^*  b  uiuanj  eanght  In  ncti,  but  b  •ometimps  har- 
poontd.  Pemianl. 

IlAR-POO>''£D,p/;.  Stnick,  caught,  or  killed  with  a 
harpoon. 

IIARPOON'ER,   )n.  One  who  ns^cs  a  harpoon;  the 

MAR-PO-NEER',  \  man  in  a  whale-boat  who  throws 
ihc  harp<>on. 

IIAR-POO.N^ING,  ppr.    Strikinc  with  a  harpoon. 

IIARP'ril-CHORD,  n.  [harp  aix(\  chord.]  An  instru- 
ment of  mu;«ic  with  strin;;s  of  wire,  played  by  the 
fingers,  by  nif?ans  of  keys.  The  strikirig  of  th-sc 
keys  moves  certain  little  jacks,  which  move  a  double 
row  of  cords  or  strings,  tstrcichcd  over  four  bridges 
on  the  tabic  of  the  in;<trumcnt.  Enajc. 


HAR 

IIAIfpy,  n.  [Vt.  harpic :  It.  >=p.  and  Port.  ar;?ia  ;  h. 
harpyia ;  Gr.  (i;jjri>(u,  from  the  root  of  «<j:tu^^w,  to 
fceize.or  claw.]  , 

I.  In  mitiiputit,  the  hanne^  were  fabulous  winged 
monsters,  ravrn'ous  and  filthy,  having  the  face  of  a 
woman,  and  the  body  of  a  vulture,  with  their  feet 
nnd  lingers  armed  with  sharp  claws.  Tliey  were 
Ihrce  in  number,  Acllo,  Ocypotc,and  (VIcno.  They 
were  sent  by  Juno  to  plunder  the  table  of  Phineus. 
Thi-y  arc  represented  as  rapacious  and  lilthy  nni- 
lualri.  I.ei/ipricrc. 

■2.  The  largest  of  the  caclc  tribe  ;  the  H.irpyia 
destructor,  inhabiting  Mexirn  and  Urazil. 

3.  .Any  rapacious  or  ravenous  animal ;  an  extor- 
tioner ;  a  plunderer. 

HAK'UUE-IUr.SE.    See  AuQUEnusE. 

HAIMIA-TEE.N'',  n.    A  kind  of  stulf  or  cloth. 

Shenstnnc. 

IIAR'RI-CO,  7t.  A  dish  of  vegetables,  as  beans.  [Sec 
IIakicot.] 

HAR'RI-DAX,  V.  [Fr.  haridcUc,  a  j:ulc,  or  worn-out 
Jmrse.    See  rTxnE,  the  verb.] 

A  decnvcd  strntnpct.  Swift. 

IIAR'RI-/-:!),  (har'rid,)  pp.    Stripped  ;  harassed. 

IIAR'RI-EU,  II.  A  kind  of  liounrl  for  hunting  hares, 
Jiaviiig  an  acute  sense  of  snielhng.  [The  original 
s[(rlling  llARtKR  is  disused.     Smart.] 

IIAR'UoVV,  n.  [Sw. /mr/,  Dan.  Aflruc,  a  harrow.  D. 
fturfcy  G.  hurkcy  a  rake,  is  probably  the  same  word,  al- 
lied to  Sw.  harja,  Uan.  hergcry  Sax.  hcrgian^  to  rav- 
age, or  lay  waste.] 

An  instrument  of  agriculture,  formed  of  pieces  of 
timber  somi;tiines  crossing  each  other,  and  set  with 
iron  or  wooden  teeth.  It  is  drawn  over  plowed  land 
to  level  it  and  break  the  clods,  and  to  cover  seed 
when  sown. 

IIAR'RoW,  V.  t.     [Sw,  harfaa;  Dan.  harvcr.] 

1.  To  (Iraw  a  harrow  over,  for  the  purpose  of 
breaking  clods  and  leveling  tlie  surface,  or  for  cov- 
ering see<l  .sown  ;  as,  lu  harrow  land  or  ground. 

2.  To  break  or  tear  with  a  harrow. 

Will  11?  harrow  tlie  rall-'ya  .ifl'T  tlicc?  — Job  xxsix. 

3.  To  tear ;  to  lacerate  ;  to  torment. 

I  could  :i  tal<;  iinruld,  wliosc  lighlcst  word 

Would  hanoio  up  tliy  soul.  Shak. 

4.  To  pillage  ;  to  strip ;  to  lay  waste  by  violence. 
[J\l'i»t  used.] 

;').  To  disturb;  to  agitate.     [0!js.]  ShaJc. 

n.AR'RoW,  [Old  Fr.  hanm.]   An  exclamation  of  sud- 
den distress  ;  help;  halloo.  Spcn.\-er. 
HAR'RoVV-£U,  pp.  or  a.    Broken  or  smoothed  by  a 

harrow. 
IIAK'UoW-ER,  n.    One  who  harrows. 

;?.  A  hawk. 
HAR'KoVV-lNO,  ppr.    Breaking  or  levelling  with  a 
3.  a.  Torruenting  ;  lacerating.  Jharrow. 

HAR'ROW-ING,  n.    The  act  or  process  of  using  a 

li  arrow. 
IIAR'RY,  V.  U   [Sax.  hcrgiaUy  to  strip  ;  hyrioian,  to  up- 
braid ;  or  \V.  hcncay  to  rove  f(;r  plunder,  to  scout ; 
hcry  a  push.] 


HAR 


n 


1.  To  strip  ;  to  jnllage.     [See  Harrow.] 

2.  To  Iiarass  ;  to  agitate  ;  to  tease.  .S//f7/.', 
HAR'KV,  V.  J.    To  make  a  predatory  incursion.  [  Ofts.] 

Beaum.  ^-  Fl. 
HARSH,  a.     [G.harsch:    Scot,  karsk.     In   Dan. /iar.s/c, 
Sw.  kdr^k,  is  rank,  rancid.] 

1.  Rough  to  the  touch  ;  rucged  ;  grating;  as,  harsh 
sand  ;  AuivA  cintli ;  opposed  to  smooth.  Boyle. 

2.  Sour  ;  rough  to  the  taste  ;  as,  harsh  fruit. 

3.  Rough   to  the  car;   grating;  discordant;  jar- 
ring ;  as,  a  Itarsh  sound  ;  harsh  notes ;  a  harsh  voice. 

Dniden. 

4.  Austere;  crabbed;  morose;  peevish.    Civiliza- 
tion sol"l.en3  the  hanh  temper  or  nature  of  man. 

5.  Rough;    rude;    abusive;    as,  harsh  words;  a 
harsh  relleclion. 

G.  Rigorous ;  severe. 

Thoiigli  harsh  l\\n  precept,  yel  Ihff  preacher  channcd.  Dryden. 

IIARSH'LY,  adi:.    Roughly  ;  in  a  harsh  manner. 

2.  Sourly ;  austerely. 

3.  Severely;  morosely;  crabbedly  ;  as,  to  speak  or 
answer  harshly. 

4.  Roughly  ;  rudely  ;  with  violence  ;  as,  to  treat  a 
person  harshly.  Jlddismi. 

5.  Roughly;  with  a  grating  sound  j  unpleasantly. 

U  would  Bomid  harshly  in  her  ears.  Sha!:, 

IIARSH'NESS,  «.    Roughness  to  the  touch  ;   opposed 
to  sojincss  and  smootJiness, 

2.  Sourness;    austereness;    as,  the   harshness  of 
fruit. 

3.  Roughness  lo  the  ear;  as,  the  7m?-^/mc55  of  sound, 
or  of  a  voice,  or  of  verse. 

'Tia  not  pnougli  no  harshness  i^Ivcs  oITensc, 

The  Bound  intisi  .wmn  an  cclio  lo  die  Kns6.  Popf. 

4.  Rougltnsss  of  temper;   inoroscness ;    crabbed- 
noss  ;  p<revishness.  Slialc. 

.5.  Roughness  in  manner  or  words  ;  severity  ;  as, 
the  harshness  of  reproof. 
IIAR.S'LET,  ?  „       ,     . 

H.-VS'LET,    !    "•     \y^^-  '*''^'"-     ^i>-] 
The  heart,  liver,  lights,  &c.,  of  a  hog. 


HART,  71.  [Sax.  hem-t ;  Dan.  and  Sw.  hiort ;  G.  hirsch ; 
D,  hcrt.] 

A  stag,  or  male  deer ;  an  anhnal  of  the  cervine  ge- 
nus. 
HART'BEEST,  n.    A  species  of  the  antelope,  the 
Canma^  the  most  roinmon  of  the  large  antelo[tes  Ju- 
habitiiij  the  plains  of  South  Africa.  P.  Cyc. 

IlAirr-UOY'Al,,  «.     A  plant. 

IIARTS'HORN,  71.  The  horn  of  the  hart  or  male 
deer.  I/art'^horii  shavingSy  originally  taken  frniu  ( 
the  horns  of  slags,  or  harts,  ^vhicll  are  a  species  of 
bone,  are  now  obtained  chiefly  by  planing  down  thi! 
bones  of  calves.  They  alTord  a  nutritious  ami  specd- 
ily-fonm.'d  jelly.  Hcbrrt. 

Salt  of  hartshorn y  or  volatile  s(dts  ;  an  impure  selid 
rarhorialc  of  ammonia,  obtained  by  the  destruclivo 
distillation  of  hartshorn,  or  any  kind  of  bone. 

Brandc. 
Spirit  of  hartshorn  ;  an  impure  solution  of  carbonate 
of  ammonia,  obtained  by  tlie  distillatinu  of  bones, 
hoofs,  horns,  or  other  refuse  of  the  slaugliter-Iiouse. 

Ilrhcrt. 

ILirtshorji  plantain. ;  an  annual  spcci<!S  of  pliiniain, 

riiiiittnrn  cnrnnopus;  called,  also,  buckshorn,       Boutli. 

HAR'l'.S'TOXGUE,    (-tung,)    n.     [See    Toncuk.]     A 

coinnion  Brilisli  feni,  tho  Scolnpendrium  oftirinarum  at 

Sniitli ;  also,  a  West  Indian  fern,  the  pohjiio'/iiun  phijl- 

litiiiis  of  LinUTUS.  Parfiif/foti. 

HART' WORT,  It.  Tlie  name  of  certain  umbellilLieus 
-  plants  of  the  genera  Sescli,  Tordylium,  and  llupleu- 
rum. 

HaR'U.M  S€aR'UM,  a.  Wild;  precipitate;  giddy; 
rash.     [CoUoqiiiaL]  .Smari. 

HA-RUS'PICE,  H.  [L.  hariispcTy  from  specio,  to  view.] 
In  Roman  history,  a  [lerson  wlio  pretended  to  for- 
tell  future  events  by  inspecting  the  entrails  of  Iit:i>ts 
sacrificed,  or  watching  the  circumstances  altenihiig 
their  slaughter,  or  their  manner  of  burning  and  llic 
ascent  of  the  smoke.  F.ncye.     Jidain. 

HA-RUS'PI-CY,  71.  Divination  by  the  inspection  uf 
victims, 

IIAR'VEST,  n.  [Sax.  htrrfesty  harfc^ty  harvest,  au- 
tumn ;  G.  hcrhst ;  D.  hcrfst.  This  word  sigiiilies 
antumvy  and  primarily  had  no  reference  to  the  rul- 
lection  of  the  fruits  of  the  earth  ;  but,  in  Gerniiiii, 
herbstzrit  is  harvest  time.  It  seems  to  be  fi)nii'd 
from  the  G.  bcrbe,  harsh,  keen,  tart,  acrrby  L.  arrrbns, 
and  jiriinarily  it  refers  to  the  cold,  rliilly  weather  in 
autumn,  in  the  north  of  Europe.  Tliis  being  XUri 
time  when  crops  are  collected  in  northern  cliniritLS, 
the  wold  came  to  signify  harvest.] 

1.  The  seasim  of  reaping  and  gathering  in  corn  or 
otlier  crops.  It  especially  refers  to  the  time  of  rol- 
Iccting  corn  or  grain,  which  is  the  ehief  food  of  nnii, 
as  wheat  and  rye.  In  Egypt  and  Syria,  the  wheal 
harvest  is  in  April  and  May ;  in  the  south  of  Europe 
and  of  the  Uniteil  States,  in  June  ;  in  the  Noiibern 
States  of  America,  in  July  ;  and  in  the  north  of  I'u- 
rope,  in  August  and  Septemticr.  In  the  United 
States,  the  harvest  tif  maize  is  mostly  in  October. 

2.  The  ri|)e  corn  or  grain  collected  and  secured  iu 
barns  or  stacks.    Tlw3  harvest  this  year  is  abundaut. 

3.  Tlie  product  of  labor  ;  fruit  or  fruits. 

Let  us  the  }iarvrsl  of  our  Inljor  eat.  Dryden. 

4.  Fruit  or  fruits;  effects;  consequences.  He  that 
sows  iniquity  will  reap  a  liarnest  of  woe. 

5.  In  Scripture,  harvest  signifies,  figuratively,  the 
proper  season  for  business. 

He   that  siccpctli   in   harvest  ia   a  son  tlmt  cnnseth  dtainc  — 
Prov,  X. 

Also,  a  people  whose  sins  have  ri])ened  tlit'in  for 
judgment.     Jod  iii. 

Also,  tlie  end  of  the  world.    MitL  xiii. 
Also,  a  seasonable  time  for  instructing  men  in  the 
gospel.    Jilatt.  Ix. 
HaR'VEST,  v.  t.    To  reap  or  gather  rii)e  corn  and 

other  fruits  for  the  use  of  man  and  beast. 
HAR^VEST-ED,  pp.  or  a.    Reaped  and  collected,  as 

ripe  corn  and  fruits. 
HAR'VKST-ER,  n.    A  reaper;  a  laborer  in  gathering 

grain. 
HAR'VEST-FLf,  v.    A  name  applied  to  several  large 
insects  of  the  cicada  group,  popularly  called  locusts. 
The  males  of  several  species  are  remarkable  for  ll:eir 
loud,  buzzing  noise.  9^ 

HaR'VEST-HoME,  n.    The  time  of  harvest.      ' 

Dnjdrn. 

2.  The  song  sung  by  reapers  at  the  feast  made  at 
tho  gathering  of  corn,  or  the  feast  itself.    ■  Dnjden. 

3.  The  onporlunity  of  gathering  treasure.    Shak. 
HXR'VEST-h\G,  71.    Operation  of  reaping  and  col- 
lecting, as  ripe  grain. 

IIaR'VEST-IKG, /./Jr.  Reaping  and  collecting,  as  npe 
corn  and  other  fruits. 

HAR'VEST-LOUD,  ».  Tho  head-reaper  at  the  har- 
vest. Tasscr. 

IIaR'VKST-.MAN,  7?.    A  laiiorer  in  harvest. 

HAR'VEST-MOOX,  n.  Tlie  moon  near  the  full, 
about  the  time  of  the  autumnal  equinox,  when,  by 
reason  of  the  small  angle  of  the  ecliptic  and  moon  s 
orbit  with  the  horizon,  it  rises  nearly  at  the  same 
hour  for  several  days.  The  name  is  given,  because 
this  is,  in  England,  the  period  of  harvest.     Olmsted 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT  —  MeTE,  PREY.— PTXE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK. 


536 


HAS 

HA U'VEST-MOUSE,  «.  A  von,'  small  Kuropean 
species  of  the  fieUl-niousc,  the  .Mas  inc^soriiL^.  whicli 
builds  its  nesl  on  tlic  stems  of  wlieat  or  oihur  plants. 

Parthi^iov. 

lUR'VEST-aUEEN,  v.  An  imnce  r.^prfsentin'^  Ce- 
res, formerly  carried  about  on  the  last  ilay  of  harvest. 

U.\9.     The  third  person  singular  of  the  verb  Have- 

HaSE,  r.  t.  To  nrge,  drive,  harass.  Bootfi.  [Still 
used  among  sailors.     R.  11.  Dana,  Jr.     Pee  Hazc] 

HASH,  r.  t.  [Fr.  hachcr;  Ann.  haidia  ;  Eiig.  to  hac/i. 
See  Hack.] 

To  chop  into  small  pieces ;  to  mince  and  mix  ;  as, 
to  hash  meat.  Qnrth. 

HASH,  7?,  -Minced  meat,  or  a  dish  of  meat  and  vegs- 
tables  cliopped  into  small  pieces  and  mixed. 

HASH'ED,  (hasht,)/)p.  or  a.  Cut  up  into  smu,U  pieces, 
as  meat. 

HA3K,  n.    A  case  made  of  rushes  or  flags.     [JSTot  xiscd.] 

Spenser. 

HAS'LET.    See  Harslet. 

HASP,  71.  [Sax.  Jupps ;  G.  haspc,  a  hin^e  ;  Dan.  hasp. 
S\v.  haspe.  We  probably  iiave  the  word  from  the 
Danes.] 

1.  A  clasp  that  passes  over  a  staple  to  be  fastened 
by  a  padlock.  Afortiinrr. 

2.  A  spindle  to  wind  thread  or  silk  on.  [Local.] 
HXSP,  i\  u  To  shut  or  fasten  with  a  Iiasp.  GaHh. 
HAS'SOCK,   w.     [W.  fiesor.     Qu.    from   h€s^,   sedge, 

rushes.  It  signities,  in  Scottish,  a  besom,  any  thing 
bushy,  and  a  turf  of  peat  moss  used  as  a  seat.  Tiie 
sense  is,  therefore,  the  same  as  that  of  mat,  a  collec- 
tion or  mass.] 

A  thick  mat  or  bass  on  which  persons  kneel  in 
church.  Jlddison. 

And  knees  and  ha.?socks  arc  vrcll  ni^h  iliTtirrpfl.         Cornier. 

H.VST,  the  second  person  singular  of  Have;  I  li;ivc, 
thou  hast,  contracted  from  )tavcst.  It  is  used  only 
in  the  solemn  style 

IIAS'TATE        ) 

IIAS'TA-TED   1  '^'     [^"  ^"'-^''^''"•'"i  ^'"om  hasta,  a  spear.] 
In  botany,  spear-shaped  ;  resembling  the  head  of  a 
halberd  ;  triangular,  hollowed  at  the  base  and  on  the 
sides,  with  the  angles  spreading;  as,  a  hastate  leaf. 
Jllartyn,     Lee. 

HASTE,  71.  [G.  Sw.  and  Dan.  !iast;  D.  haast;  Fr. 
hate,  for  Iraste;  Arm.  kast  i  from  hurrying,  pressing, 
driving.    Sec  Heat.] 

1.  Celerity  of  motion  ;  speed  ;  swiftness  ;  dis- 
patch ;  expedition  ;  applied  only  to  vohmtary  beings, 
as  men  and  other  animals ;  never  to  other  bodijs. 
We  never  say,  a  ball  tlies  with  haste. 

The  king's  business  rcijuircd  haute.  — I  Sam.  xxi. 

2.  Sudden  excitement  of  passion  ;  quickness;  pre- 
cipitance; vehemence. 

I  said  in  mv  haste,  AU  men  are  liajs.  —  Fa.  cxvi*. 

3.  The  state  of  being  urged  or  pressed  by  business ; 
as,  I  am  in  great  /uzstc. 

HaSTE,  (jiast,)         j  V.  t,    [G.  kastcrt :  D.  haasten  ;  Sw. 

HaST'£.N,  (has'n,)  \      hasLa;  Dan.  hosier;  Fr.  hater.'] 

To  press  ;  to  drive  or  urge  forward  ;  to  push  on  ; 

to  precipitate  ;  to  accelerate  movement :  to  expedite : 

to  hurry.  ' 

I  wouM  hasten  my  escape  from  llie  windy  stonii.  —  Ps.  Iv. 

HaSTE,      j  V.  i.    To  move  with  celerity  ;  to  be  rapid 

HaST'^X,  J     in  motion  ;  to  be  speedy  or  (juick. 

They  were  troubled,  :\n(I  hasted  a-.vny.  —  Ps.  xhili. 

HaST'ED,         }  pp.      Moved    rapidly;    accelerated  ; 
H.5ST'/:N-ED,  i      urged  with  speed. 
H.aST'/:N-EK,  n.    One  thnt  hastens  or  urges  forward. 
{j^?^''-^?'  \lW-     Urpnia  forward;  pushing  on  ; 

IIasT'£X-ING,  \      proceeding  rapidly. 

That  st:iw  is  hasunim  to  ruin,  in  wliich  no  difTcrcnce  h  m.-ido 
between  gnyj  aiid  buJ  men.  AiidtUienea.    En/ieUL 

HaST'I-EY,  adv.  [See  Hastv.]  Tn  haste;  with 
speed  or  quickness  ;  speedily;  nnnhly.  v 

n.'.lfclolhed,  linll  nnJced,  haMlUy  rciir?.  Dryden. 

2.  Rashly;  precipitately;  without  due  reflection. 

Wc  hcsjUy  cii J^ged  in  tlte  ivar.  SiojfU 

3.  Passionately ;  under  sudden  excitement  of  pas- 
sion. 

HaST'I-XESS,  71.  Haste  ;  speed  ;  quickness  or  celer- 
ity in  motion  or  action,  as  of  animals. 

2.  Rashness ;  heedless  cacerness ;  precipitation. 
Our  hastiness  to  engage  in  the  war  caused  deep 
repret. 

3.  Irritability;  susceptibility  of  anger,  warmth,  or 
temper. 

HaST'I.VG-PEaR,  71.      An  early  pear,  called,  also, 

p-ren  ehissel.  Enaje. 

HaST'INGS,  tu  pi.     [from  hasty.']     Peas  that  come 
„^^rly-  Mortimer. 

HaST'IVE,  a.     [Fr.  hhtif,  from  }uis-f.n.] 

Forward  ;  early ;  as  fruit.    [A'ot  muck  used.] 
„_j^  Eneijc. 

HaSI'Y,  a.  Quick ;  speedy ;  expeditious;  opposed  to 
dow. 

Be  not  hasty  to  20  out  of  hii  sight.  —  Ec-cles.  viii. 
2.  Eager;  precipitate;  rash;  opposed  to  deliberate. 

Secat  ihou  A  man  ihr\t  In  l<a fly  in  iruwonls.'    ThrM«  Js  more 
'juxeofa  fool  ihaii  ol  him.  —  Prov,  xxix. 


HAT 


UAU 


3.  Iiiitalile  ;  easily  cicilcd  to  m r.illl ;  inssiniiale. 
He  llwl  is  hastij  of  Bpirit  ex:iltrih  fftllv.  —  Pro?,  xiv. 

.  *■_  Early  lipo  ;  fiirwaril ;  as,  luutij  fnilL     ft.  iiviii, 

!lA&l'Y-rgn'l)h\G,7i.  A  luidiling  made  of  tlic  meal 
of  maize  moisuncil  wiih  water  and  boiled,  or  of 
milk  and  Ilotir  boiled. 

HAT,  II.  JS.-I.V.  tei;  0.  /„,/;  n.  hoed;  Dan.  lint:  Sw. 
luitt;  W.  hcd  or  lirr.  Tlie  word  si^^ilies  a  cover, 
and,  in  German,  fui^rer-hut  is  a  Ihiuiblc.  The  pri- 
mary sense  is  probably  to  war.l  off,  or  defend.] 

1.  A  covering  for  the  Inad,  jnade  of  various  jnatc- 
rials,  and  worn  by  m.n  or  women  for  defejidin-  !hc 
liead  from  ram  or  h.'at,  or  for  orn.ament.  Hats  for 
men  are  usually  made  of  for  or  wool,  and  formed 
"_itli  a  crown  and  brim.  Hats  for  females  are  made 
of  straw  or  grass  braid,  ajid  various  other  materials. 
Of  tJiese,  the  cvcr-varyins  forms  admit  of  no  descrip- 
tion that  can  long  he  correct. 
_  2.  The  dignity  of  a  cardinal. 

HaT'A-BLI3,  a.  [from  hate]  That  may  be  hated  : 
odious.  Skcrwoo,!. 

IIAl'-CVND,  ?;.    A  band  round  the  crown  of  a  hat. 

HAT'-nOX,    (11.     ."V  box  for  a  hat.    But  a  case  for  a 

HAT  '-e.A.«E,  i      lady's  hat  is  called  a  hmul-bitt. 

KAT'-MUL'SH,  n.     A  ■■^oft  brush  for  hats. 

If.VrCH,  r.  t.  [O.  hcckm,  attshccken,  Dan.  hchkcr,  to 
hatch.  This  word  seems  to  be  connected  with  G. 
heck,  Dan.  hrl.kc,  Sw.  hdck,  a  hrdge,  Dan.  hck,  a  fence 
of  pales  ■,  and  the  hatckcs  of  a  ship  are  doubtless  of 
the  same  family.  Tlie  sense  probably  is,  to  thrust 
out,  to  drive  oil;  whence  in  tfw.  hd^n,  a  hedge,  is  al- 
so protection  ;  hd^na,  to  hedge,  to'guard.  To  kalch 
is  to  exclude.] 

1.  To  produce  young  I'rom  eggs  bv  incubation,  or 
by  artilieial  heat.  In  Egvpt  chickens  are  hauhcd  by 
aitificiid  Iieat. 

Tlie  partiiaj^  EJtlctli  oil  e^^  anil  Jiatdielh  tliem  not.  —  Jcr.  xvii. 

2.  To  contrive  or  plot ;  to  form  by  meditation,  and 
bring  into  being ;  to  originate  and  produce  in  silence  ; 


Hooker. 


as,  to  hauh  mischief;  to  hatch  heresy. 
HATCH,  B.  (.     [Fr.  hachcr,  to  hack.] ' 

1.  To  cross  with  lines,  in  drawing  and  engraving, 
in  a  peculiar  manner  called  Hatchino,  which  see.  ° 

Those  liatchln^  Btrokea  of  ihe  pencil.  Drydcn. 

T, .  ^:,'^°  ■''™''-    I"'^-]  ^<■'"""• 

HATCH,  r.  i.  To  produce  young ;  to  bring  the  young 
to  maturity.  Eggs  will  not  hatch  without  a  due  de- 
gree ami  continuance  of  heaL 

n.VTCH,  71.  A  brood  ;  as  inanv  chickens  as  are  pro- 
duced at  once,  or  by  one  incubation. 

2.  The  act  of  exclusion  from  the  egg. 

3.  Disclosure  ;  discover!-.  Shah. 
H.\TCH,  II.     [Sax.  lucca ;  t).  lick,  a  raUing,  gate,  ic. 

See  Hedge  and  Hatch,  supra.] 

1.  The  opening  in  a  ship's  deck,  or  the  passage 
from  one  deck  to  another,  the  name  of  the  grate  it- 
self being  used  for  tlie  opening  ;  this  is  more  properly 
called  the  Hatchwav.  Jifar.  Did. 

a.  A  lialf-door,  or  door  with  an  opening  over  it. 
Q"-  Jnhiisoii.     Shak. 

3.  Floodgates.  Encijc.    Mnsicnnh. 

4.  In  Cornwall,  En^.,  opsnings  into  mines,  or  in 
search  of  them.  Encm. 

5.  Hatches,  pi. ;  the  coverings  placed  over  the  hiitch- 
"■lys.  nilrn. 

To  be  ujtdcr  the  hatchcn ;  to  be  confined  belo^v  ;  ti 
be  in  distress,  depression,  or  slavery.  Locke. 

HATCII'EL,  n.  [G.  heekel,  D.  heke'l,  Dan.  7(cn-/f,  .'Jw 
hdckht,  whence  the  conmiou  pronunciation  in  Amer- 
ica, hetche!.     In  Slav,  hakcl  is  a  rake.j 

.■\n  instrument  formed  with  long,  iron  teeth  set  in 
a  board,  for  cleansing  flax  or  hemp  frcm  the  low, 
har<ls,  or  coarse  jiart.  TJic  hatchd  is  a  large  species 
of  comb. 

II.^TCH'EL,  11.  (.    To  draw  flax  or  hemp  through  the 

teeth  of  a  hatcliel,  for  sejiarating  the  coarse  pan  and 

broketi  pieces  of  the  stalk  from  the  tine,  fibrous  parLs. 

2.  To  tease  or  vex  by  sarcasms  or  reproaches ;  a 

vvt^nr  ii.ve  of  the  word. 

H.Vrcll'ICL-ED,  ;i;/.  or  a.  Cleansed  by  a  hatchel ; 
combed. 

H.VrCll'EI^F.n,  II.    One  who  uses  a  hatchel. 

H.ATCH'EL-ING,  ;i;.r.  Drawing  throush  the  teeth  of 
a  hatchel. 

HATCU'ER,  11.    One  that  hatches,  or  contrives  a  plot. 

Smart. 

HATCII'ET,  71.  [G.  hacke;  Dan.  Imkkc;  Fr.  hacht; 
from  hat]:,  which  sec.] 

A  small  ax  with  a  snort  liandle,  to  be  used  with 
one  hand. 

To  t/Lke  up  the  hatchrt,  a  plirase  borrowed  from  the 
natives  of  America,  is  to  make  war. 
To  biinj  the  hiitrhct,  is  to  make  peace. 

HATCH'ET-F.aCI-;,  II.  A  sliar^i,  prominent  face,  like 
the  eilge  of  a  hatchet.  Dnjden. 

II.VrCH'E-TINP.,  71.  A  substance  of  the  hardness  of 
sofl  tallow,  of  a  yellowish-white  or  greenish-yellow 
color,  found  in  South  Wales.  Cleove'lntid 

HATCII'ET-SII.Al'-£D,  (-shr.pt,)  a.  Having  the sh.ape 
of  a  hatchet. 

HATCU'INi;,  71.  .\ct  of  producing  young  by  incuba- 
tion. 


HA'J'CII'I.NG,  II.  A  mode  of  execution  in  eugravinc, 
drawing,  and  miniature  painting,  in  which  tlicefTect 
is  produced  by  courses  of  lines  crossing  each  other  at 
angles  more  or  less  acute.  Jocehjn. 

H.ATCH'I.NG,  ppr.    Producing  voung  from  eggs. 

HATCH'.ME.Xr,  r..  [CorruptedYrom  achimmenL]  An 
armorial  escutcheon  of  a  de,ad  person,  placed  in  front 
of  the  house,  on  a  hearse  at  funerals,  or  in  a  churclj. 

Shak. 

H  ATCH  '\V.\Y,  71,  In  ithipa,  a  square  or  oblong  0[K*n- 
ing  in  the  deck,  affording  a  passage  from  one  dccic 
to  anotlicr,  or  into  the  hold  or  lower  apartments. 

,  BraniU. 

llA  I  B,  V.  I.  [Sax.  hntian,  to  hale,  and  to  heat ;  Goth. 
hatfjan;  G.  /ulwcti  ;  D.  haaten  ;  Sw.  hata  ;  Dan.  hader; 
L.  adi,  for  hodi.  In  all  the  languages  except  llic  Sax- 
on, Aatc  and /ifn«  are  distinguished  in  orthography  j 
but  the  elements  of  the  word  are  the  s;ime,  and  prob- 
ably they  are  radically  one  word,  denoting,  to  stir,  to 
irritate,  to  rouse.] 

1.  To  dislike  greatly  ;  to  have  a  great  aversion  lo. 
It  expresses  less  than  ni/wr,  rfrtot,  and  <iiuiriiiui<c,  un- 
less pronounced  with  peculiar  emphasis. 

How  long  will/ooi»  hale  knowledge ?  —  ProT.  i. 
Ble.vscd  .-uc  ye  when  men  shall  hate  you.  —  Ltikc  *i. 
The  Roman  lyrant  wjia  oinu-iiUrd  to  be  luuei,  if  ha  was  Nit 
K'^^-i.  Jiaaiur. 

2.  In  Scripture,  it  signifies,  to  love  less. 

If  any  man  come  10  mc,  and  hau  not  fattier  and  inodier,  Lc 

Luke  XIT. 
lie  that  sparnh  tile  nKl  /LOteth  hU  son.  —  Ppir.  xiii. 

HaTE,  71.    Great  dislike  or  a\-ersion  ;  hatted.  Dnjdrtu 

HaT'ED,  pp.  or  a.    Greatly  disliked. 

IlATE'FflL,  n.    Odious;  exciting  great  dislike,  aver- 
sion, or  disgust.    .\1I  sin  is  hateful  in  the  sig.'it  of  God 
and  of  good  men. 
2.  Tliat  feels  hatred  ;  malignant ;  malevolent. 

.\n't  worse  liian  lieaUi,  to  view  vltii  luue/jt  eye» 

H:a  nvai's  cn.iq«est.  Dn/Jtn. 

HaTE'FIJL-LY,  adv.    Odiously  ;  with  great  dislike. 

_  a.  M.alignantly  ;  maliciously.    j::ci-.  xxiii. 
H.\TE'FyL-IVESS,   ii.      Odiousness  ;    the   quality  of 

bring  liateful,  or  of  exciting  aversion  or  dis"ust. 
H.\T'EK,  11.    One  tliat  hates. 

An  enemy  to  God,  and  a  hater  of  nil  *ood.  Broan. 

HaT'ING,  ppr.    Disliking  extremely ;  entenaining  a 

great  aversion  for. 
HAT'LESS,  a.     Having  no  hat. 

H.\'TRED,  II.    Great  dislike  or  aversion  ;  hate ;  en- 
mity.   Hatred  is  an  aversion  to  evil,  and  may  spring 
from  utter  disapprobation,  as  the  hatred  of  vice  or 
meanness  ;  or  it  may  spring  from  olTenscs  or  injuries 
done  by  fellow-men,  or  from  envv  or  jealousy,  in 
which  case  it  is  usually  accompanied  with  ni.-jcvo- 
Icnce  or  m.alignity.    Extreme  hatred  is  abhorrence  or 
detestation. 
H.\T'TED,  a.  [from  hat.]    Covered  with  a  hat  ;  wear- 
ing a  hat. 
HAT'TElt,  r.  (.    To  harass.     rjVot  m  use.]    Drtidn. 
IIAT'TER,  71.    [from/io;.]    A  maker  of  liaUs. 
HAT'TI-SHERIfF,  71.    An  irrevocable  order  which 
comes  immediately  from  the  grand  seignior. 

Eiieyc.  .^m. 
IIAT'TI.E,  a.     Wild ;  skittish.     [LoeeU.] 
HAT'TOCK,  71.     [Erse,  attack.] 

.\  shuck  of  corn.    [JCot  in  itse.\ 
HAU'UEKK,    71,      .\  coat  of  mail  without  sleeves, 
farmed  of  steel   rings   intenvoven.      [OAs.]      [See 
HAMERoroN.]  Ora't. 

H.1L-D  P.IS'Sf-BUS  ..^'QUIS,    [I-.]    Not  with  e.|ual 

pace  or  rapidity. 
HAUGll,  (haw,)  71.    .\  low -lying  meadow,   [ScoffiVi.] 
11  AUGHT,  (hawt,)  a.    [an'.  Fr.  Auut,  or  the  root  of 
the  English  Aiir/i.    If  it  is  from  the  French  liaut,  the 
orthography  is  corrupt,  tor  /iii«t  is  from  the  I^lin  al- 
tos, that  is,  haltu.^,  changed  to  hauL] 
High  ;  elevated:  hence,  proud;  insolent.     [Obs.]     ■ 
Spenser.     Shak. 
HAUGH'TI-ER.  a.    More  h.aughtv  or  disdainful.  1 

H.^UGH'TI-EST,  (7.     Most  haughty  Borrmr. 

H.\UGU'T1-LY,  (Imw'te-ly,)  adv.  '  [See  IIai-cht  and    ; 
Haoohtt.]     Proudly  ;  afiogantly  ;  with  contempt  or 
disdain  ;  as,  to  speak  or  behave  hauffhtity.  1 

Her  heavenly  form  too  hcttghli^y  >he  priied.  Dryitn. 

HAUGH'TI-NESS,  (haw'te-ness,)  ri.  The  quality  of  ' 
being  haughty ;  pride  mingled  with  some  degree  of  I 
contempt  for  others;  arrogance. 

I  will  lay  low  die  hau^htinets  of  llie  temtile I».  xi'.i. 

HAUGH'TV,  (haw'tj-,)  o.     [from  haii^hr,  Fr.  kaat.] 

1.  Proud  and  disdainful ;  having  a  high  opinion  of 
one's  self,  with  some  contempt  for  others  ;  lofty  and 
arrogtmt ;  supercilious. 

His  wife  was  a  woman  of  a  ha\ishly  nnct  imperious  nalni*. 

Ctareitflcn. 
.\  haughty  spirit  goeth  before  a  fall.  —  Prov.  xvi. 

2.  Proceeding  from  excessive  pride,  or  pride  min- 
gled with  contempt;  manifesting  pride  and  disdain  : 
as,  a  haui^htti  air  or  walk. 

3.  Proud  and  imperious  ;  as,  n  httu^htii  nation. 

4.  Lofty  ;  bold  ;  of  high  hazard  ;  as,  a  hauirhty  en- 
terprise.    [Obs.]  Sprriser. 

HAUL,  V.  t.    [Fr.  holer;  .Arm.  hala  ;   Sp.  haUir ;  D. 


TO.NE.  BPLL.  U\-ITE.-AN"GER,  VI"CI0L.'3.-e  as  K  t  G  03  j  :  S  as  Z :   CH  as  ?H  ;  TH  a.s  in  THIS 


(JS 


637 


1^ 


HAV 


U«tn.      !l  U   iometinM**  wiittcii    hale^  but   haul  la 

.    .      ..  ■  .     ...  .,,.    ..  ..-.  .,  (/..   Uu-   !'r-:il   ^..lllHl   »  f  fl.l 

1   U)l 

iiioic  I'urcc 
:vs,  to  Amii 
,11,  ice. 

Attn/  Implies  compulsion 

iH  to  mm  the  head 
,1  wliicli  lilt;  wind 

i.bliinicly,  bracing 

irila  luixu  luiwtuil.  Uuuliiig  tlio  stu-ota  mure 
Mar.  DicL 
.;,,.  U  «.    A  pulliug  Willi  force  ;  a  violent  pull. 
..  'J'fiomson. 

1 1         a  A  draft  of  a  net ;  as,  to  ealcli  Ji  hundred  fwli  at 

i^vld.)  pp.   Pulled  with  force ;  dragged  ; 

KlllVC. 

,  yi;r.     Drawing   by   force  or  violence  j 

,      draBRtiic. 

1 1  nATLM.  i  (hawm.)  n.    [Sax.  healm ;  G,  D.  Sw.  and 
)i  M   \i      t      Ihiii.  >\,i!,r\ :  Kr.  eiduMie ;  L.  cu/miu,  Uie 
:t  probably  that  Which  is 
t  '  bo  llio  VV.  colov,  a  sUmi 
,  -, .  -  .  _,  ;i  column.] 
II  i>r  stalk  uf  grain,  itf  all  kinds,  or  of 
.  ho\t^.  Sec. 
...,:,  ,  iJn-  drj-  stalks  of  com,  tc,  in  general. 
[Pr.  kancMcf  Arnu  hoineh;  Sp.  It.  and 


<•  II. 
.  anta.] 


he  flip ;  that  part  of  the  body  of  man  and  of 
-  i;icdi  which  lies  between  tbc  last  ribs  and  the 

I  ,  .!.  Encijc 

-r,Tf     III.' Iiind  part.     [J^otvutedJ]      SJuik, 
H  ■'.)pp.oxa.     Having  haunches. 

H  '.er  ;  Arm.  hantdn  or  henti.1 

,...:.:.  resort  to  much  or  often,  or  to 

bv  much  abuui  \  to  viait  custouuirily. 

Cclmk]  Venui  Aaunlfl  MMu'igruvci.  Pope. 

2.  T.  I'lontly  ;  to  intrude  on;  to  trouble 

iritb  I  lit  follow  importunately. 

T  ;  ;.i  tj\>inl  inr  lioi»e.  Shck. 

,n.l  to.vn.  i'u'i/t. 

■'i\  to  Bpcctera  or  appari- 

■    1  by  fear  and  credulity  as 

:atiig  ur  inhabiiin^  uM,  decayed,  and  deserted 

Pcnil  iplriti  Aaunt  mj  radog-pUc«.  Faiufax. 

llAl'NT,e.L    Tobemuch  about;  to  visit  or  bo  pres- 
ent nlVn. 

*  'J»-*  n5i  !o  Adunt  aboiil  my  door.  Shak. 

\  place  to  which  one  frequently  resorts. 

■  ficn  thi"  haunts  of  tipplers.    A  den  is 
^  )Id  beasts. 

■I  or  ciutom  of  resorting  to  a  place. 

ArbuthnoU 
prarlice.    [04*.]  Chaucer, 

t'  .  or  iL    frequently  visited  or  resorted 

y  ap(.:irition9. 
I  liy  frequent  visits. 

One   who   frequents   a   particular 
'-n  about  it. 
''•'  'pr.      Frequenting;    visiting   often; 

frequent  visits. 
'  'I'E,  n.    [from  M.  Ilausmann.]     One 

mangnncse,  having  a  brownish-black 
Dana. 
-IT.  Airojfa.] 

■  \Obs.]  Ray. 

\  rE,  a.    Provided  with  a  haustellum 
'•nain  insects. 
l>  j'boy,)  n.    [Fr.  AaiU,  high,  and  bois, 

instrument,  somewhat  resembling   a 
!  niniy  toward  the  b(>iU)m,  and  sounded 

■  ■  The  tfL'bli:  is  two  feet  long.  The 
ith  lower,  when  blown  open.  It  has 
I"*;  but  the  base,  which  is  five  feet 
'.^  ,  Encijc. 

strawberry     [The  name  belongs  to 

',orho-t5nr',)n.    [Fr.]    Pride: 
■y  mannrr  or  spiriL 
"',)  [Fr.]    High  relish  or  taste. 

A  tain. Td.  named  from  the 
■?  in  prainsor  small 
lite,  shinin;;  crj-s- 
is  shades.      It  is 
Vulcanic  lucks,  ba«all,  clink- 
CUaveland. 
prcx.  an-i  n*.  TIad.  Indie,  present, 
.  ihoy  hate,    [Sax. 
D.   hehben ;    Sw. 
-,  -    loirr;  Port  haver; 
U.  Aj,w.v,  to  snatch  or  sri/.o 
tc.  happen.     The  Spanish  haber 
-pen  J  habery  to  have  or  possess. 


ltd  in 


HAV 

to  Uike,  t.:  aappen  or  bcliUI.  Tlie  primary  sense,  then, 
is,  to  fall  on,  or  to  rush  on  and  sei/.u.  See  Happen. 
Class  Gb,  No.  74,  79.] 

1.  To  possess ;  to  hold  in  possession  or  power- 

IIow  manv  loaves  have  ye  i     Mntt.  xv. 

lie  Uiat  gaUicroi  nmcli  had  nothing  over.  —  Ex.  xvi. 

I  have  a  L/cvilc  to  my  priest.  —  J111I5CI1  xvii. 

To  have  and  to  liold ;  terms  in  a  deed  of  convey- 
ance. 

2.  To  possess,  as  something  that  is  connected 
witli,  or  belongs  to,  one. 

Have  yc  n  futhcr?      Nave  yo  ftnollier  brother  ?  —  Gfn.  xlUi. 

mid  xlW. 
Slt;cp  llial  have  no  slwph'^nl.  —  1  Kings  xxii. 

3.  To  marr>' ;  to  take  for  a  wife  or  husband. 

Ill  Ih'*  rrsum-ciioti,  who*^  wiTc  cliall  iho  be  of  llic  seven  ?   for 
Iluy  alt  knd  her.  —  MaU.  xxii. 

4.  To  hold  ;  to  regard.  Thus,  to  have  in  honor, 
is,  to  hold  in  esteem  ;  to  esteem  ;  to  honor. 

2'o  have  in  derision  or  contempt ;  to  hold  in  derision 
or  contempt ;  to  deride  ;  to  despise. 

5.  To  maintain  ;  to  liold  in  opinion. 

Sometimes  they  will  have  them  to  be  the  niitiiml  hc.it ;  someliiiies 
they  will  ftotw  tJiem  to  be  the  qualities  of  iJic  tiingible  pnrts. 

Bacon, 

6.  To  be  urged  by  necessity  or  obligation ;  to  be 
under  necessity,  or  impelhtd  by  duty.  I  have  to  visit 
twenty  patients  every  day.  We  have  to  strive 
against  temptations.  We  fuive  to  encounter  strung 
prejudices.  The  nation  has  to  pay  the  interest  of  an 
immense  debt 

7.  To  seize  and  hold ;  to  catch.  The  hound  has 
him.  [TTte  ortgtnaly  btU  now  a  vulgar  use  of  the 
wiird.\ 

8.  To  contain.  The  work  Ms  many  beauties  and 
many  faults. 

9.  To  gam ;  to  procure  ;  to  receive  ;  to  obtain  ;  to 
purchase.  I  had  this  clolli  very  cheap.  He  }ias  a 
guinea  a  montli.    He  has  high  wages  fur  his  services, 

10.  To  bring  fortli,  to  produce,  as  a  child. 
Had  ratJicr,  denotes  wish  or  preference. 

I  hartrathtr  be  n  <ioor-)cceper  in  the  house  ofniy  God,  than  (twell 
hi  the  tenia  of  wickedness.  —  Ps.  Ixxxiv. 

Is  not  this  phrase  a  corruption  of  would  raOier  ? 

To  liave  after ;  to  pursue.  [J^ot  lauch  7csed,  nor  ele- 
gant.] S/iak. 

To  have  away ;  to  remove  ;  to  take  away.     Tusscr. 

To  have  at ;  to  encounter  ;  to  assail ;  as,  to  have  at 
liim  ;  to  have  at  you.    [Lc>/itii>iatc^  but  vulgar.] 

To  enter  into  competition  Avith ;  to  make  trial 
with.  Shak. 

Have  with  yoUj  is,  have  one  with  you  ;  let  us  go  to- 
gether. ShaL 

To  have  in ;  to  conttin. 

To  have  on ;  to  wear ;  to  caiTy,  as  raiment  or 
weapons. 

Re  Baw  n  man  who  ha/l  not  on  a  wedtlinsr  gaxmeiit.  —  Matl. 
xxii. 

To  liave  out ;  to  cause  to  depart.    2  Sam.  xiii. 
To  have  a  care;  to  lake  care  ;  to  be  on  the  guard, 
or  to  guard. 

To  have  pleasure  ;  In  enjoy. 
To  have  pain  ;  to  suffer. 
To  have  sorrow  :  to  bo  grieved  or  afflicted. 
'With  would  and  should. 

He  would  ham  ;  he  desires  to  have,  or  he  requires. 
He  should  liave ;  he  ought  to  have. 
Hut  the  various  tises  of  have  in  such  phrases,  and 
its  uses  as  an  auxillarj*  verb,  are  fully  explained  in 
grammars.  As  an  auxiliary,  it  assists  in  fonning 
the  perfect  tense ;  as,  I  have  formed,  thou  hast  formed, 
he  luuh  or  has  formed,  we  have  formed ;  and  the 
prior-past  tense  ;  as,  I  liad  seen,  thou  hadst  seen,  he 
had  seen. 

["  To  have  and  to  be.  The  distinction  is  marked 
in  a  beautiful  .sentiment  of  a  German  poet  —  Hn'it 
thou  any  thing?  Share  it  with  me,  and  I  will  pay 
thee  the  worth  of  it.  .^rt  thou  any  thing  ?  O,  then, 
let  us  exchange  souls." 

Dr.  Soulhey's  Omiianay  i.  237.  — E.  H.  B.] 
IIAVE'LESS,  (hav'lcss,)  a.    Having  little  or  nothing, 

[JVot  in  iwc]  Oower. 

Ua'VKN^  (haVn,)  n.  [Sax.  Jupfan;  D.  liavcn;  Dan. 
havn;  Vr.hdvre;  Arm.  liaffm  G.  hafcn;  from  haber, 
a  Gaulish  word,  signifying  the  mouth  nf  a  river, 
says  hunier.  But  in  Welsh,  hav  is  summer,  and 
haeijn  is  a  flat,  extended,  slill  place,  and  a  haven.] 

1.  A  harbor ;  a  port  ;  a  bay,  recess,  or  inlet  of  the 
sea,  or  the  mouth  uf  a  river  which  alfords  good  an- 
chorage and  a  safe  station  for  ships ;  any  place  in 
which  ships  can  be  sheltered  by  the  land  from  the 
force  of  tempests  and  a  violent  sea. 
iiin^r^VI'';'^*^'''  ^"  '■'^yhim  ;  a  place  of  safety.   Shak. 
tiA  V7-,.N-l',K,  n.    The  overseer  of  a  oort;  a  harbor- 
HAv'rn     f-^''^  «*^'''J  Carew. 

,    ! J  '  "•    *^"^  ^^"^  ^^  or  possesses ;  a  possessor  : 
JMv?rn''    l^/H^'^"^'«-!  Shak. 

iiA V  tit,  n.     ,G.  hafcr  i  D.  haver ;  perhaps  L.  avcna.  ] 
Oats;  a  word  uf  local  use  in  the  north  of  Eng- 

HAV'ER.^ACK,  n.     [Pr.  havre-sac] 

A  soldier's  knapsack. 
HAVING,/»pr.    [hom  have.]    Possessing  ;  holding  in 


HAW 

power  or  possession ;  containing ;  gaining ;  receiv- 
ing ;  taking. 
IIAV'ING,  7i     Possession;  goods;  estate.         Sliak. 
2.  The  act  or  state  of  possessing.  Sidncij. 

HaV'IOK,  71.    Conduct;  manners.  Spenser. 

IIAV'OG,  n.  [W.  havojTy  \x  spreading  about,  waste, 
devastation  ;  liavogi,  to  commit  wasit-,  to  devaatale  ; 
supposed  to  be  from  /my,  a  spreading.  But  qu.  Ir. 
arvachy  havoc.] 

W;iste;  devastation;  wide  and  general  destruc- 
tion. 

Yc  gods !  what  havoc  docs  amhitioa  moke 

Amonc:  your  works  1  Adilisnit. 

As  for  Saul,  he  made  Iiavoc  of  llie  church.  —  Acta  viii. 

IIAV'OG,  V.  t.    To  waste ;  to  destroy  ;  to  lay  waste 
To  Waste  and  havoc  yonder  world.  Al'Ulon, 

HAV'Oe,  ex-clam.     [Sax.  hafoc,  a  hawk.] 

Orifriitallij,  a  terra  of  excitement  in  hunting,  but 
afterward,  a  war-cry  and  the  signal  for  iiidisciiminalc 
slaughter.  Toone. 

Do  not  cry  havoc  when  you  should  but  hunt 

With  modest  warnini.  Shak. 

Cry  havoci  and  let  slip  the  do^  of  war.  Shak. 

HAW,  71.  [Sax.  luEfft  hag,  G.  Aecfc,  D.  luiag,  heg,  Dan 
hck,  hckkc,  u  hedge.] 

1.  The  berry  and  seed  of  the  hawthorn,  that  is, 
hedge-thorn.  Bacon. 

2.  [Sax.  fiaga.]  A  small  piece  of  ground  adjoining 
a  house ;  a  small  field  ;  properly,  an  inclosed  piece  uf 

"land,  from  hedge,  like  garden,  which  also  signifies  an 
inclosure.     [Dan.  hauge,  a  garden.] 

3.  In  farricnj,  an  excrescence,  resembling  a  gristle, 
growing  under  the  nether  eyelid  and  eye  of  a  horsr. 

Encyc. 

4.  A  dale.     [Obs.]  Chaucer. 

5.  A  hesitation  or  intermission  of  speech. 
HAW,  V.  i.    [Corrupted  from  haiok,  or  hack.]     To  stop, 

in  speaking,  with  a  haw,  or  to  speak  with  interrup- 
tion and  hesitation  ;  as,  to  hem  and  /mw. 

L^  Estrange. 

HAWFINCH,  71.  A  bird,  a  European  species  of  gross 
beak. 

HAW-HAW',  n.  [Duplication  of  haw,  a  hedge.]  A 
ience  or  bank  that  interrupts  an  alley  or  walk,  sunk 
between  slopes,  and  not  perceived  till  approached. 
[See  Haha.]  Chalmers. 

HAWING,  ppr.  or  n.  Speaking  with  a  haw,  or  witli 
iiesitation. 

HAWK,  71.  [Sax.  Jiafoc;  D.  havUc;  G.  habicht;  Sw. 
hok ;  Dan.  hUg,  h'o'dg ;  W.  kcbog,  named  from  hcb, 
utterance.] 

A  name  common  to  numerous  species  of  birds, 
nearly  allied  to  the  falcons,  having  a  crooked  beak 
fimiished  witli  a  cere  at  the  base,  a  cloven  tongue, 
and  the  head  thick  set  with  feathers.  Most  of  the 
species  are  rapacious,  feeding  on  birds  or  other  small 
animals.  Hawks  were  formerly  trained  for  sport  or 
catching  small  birds. 

HAWK,  v.  i.  To  catch,  or  attempt  to  catch,  birds  by 
means  of  hawks  trained  for  the  purpose,  and  let  loose 
on  the  prey  ;  to  practice  falconry. 

He  that  hawks  at  larks  and  sparrows.  Locke. 

A  filcuner  Uenrj-  is,  when  Emma  hawks.  Prior. 

2.  To  fly  at ;  to  attack  on  the  wing  ;  with  at. 

To  hawk  at  flies.  Dryifn. 

HAWK,  r.  i.  [W.  hogi ,-  Scot,  hawgh.  Q,\i.  Clial.  no, 
and  keck,  and  coitgh.    See  Class  Gk,  No.  5,  29,  3(3.] 

To  make  an  effort  to  force  up  phlegm  with  noise; 
as,  to  hajck  and  spit.  Shak.     Harvey. 

To  hawk  lip,  transitively  ;  as,  to  hawk  up  plilegiit. 
HAWK,  71.    An  eflbrt  to  force  up  phlegm  from  the 

throat,  accompanied  with  noise. 
HAWK,  V.  t.      [au.  G.  hocken,  to  take  on  the  back; 
hocken,  to  higgle  ;  hjackcr,  a  huckster  ;  or  the  root  of 
Xj.  auctio,  auction,  a  sale  by  outcry.    The  root  uf  the 
latter  probably  signified,  to  cry  oiit.] 

To  cry  ;  to  offer  for  sale  by  outcry  in  the  street,  or 
to  sell  by  outcry  ;  as,  to  kawk  goods  or  pamphlets. 
HAWKE,  n.    Among  plasterers,  a  small  board,  with  a 
handle  on  the  under  side,  to  hold  mortar. 

Buchanan. 
HAWK'ED,  (hawkt,)  pp.     Oflered  for  sale  by  outcry 
ih  the  street. 
2.  a.    Crooked  ;  curving,  like  a  hawk's  bill. 
HAWK'ER,  71.    One  who  offers  goods  for  sale  by  out- 
cry in  the  street ,  a  peddler.  .      SieifL 
2.  A  falconer.     [Sax.  hafcere.] 
HAWK'-E^-£;D,  (-ide,)  a.     Having  a  keen  eye  ;  dis- 
cerning. 
HAV^•K'-HEAD-ED,  (-hed-ed,)  a.   Having  a  head  like 
that  of  a  hawk.                                          Dr.  fVarren.  . 
HAWK'ING,  ppr.    Catching  wild  birds  by  hawks. 

2.  Making  an  effort  to  discharge  phlegm. 

3.  Offering  for  sale  in  the  street  b\'  eiitcry. 
HAWK'ING,  71.     The  exercise  of  taking  wild  fowl? 

by  means  of  hawks. 

2.  Making  an  effort  to  discnarge  pniegiii. 

3.  Off(.Ting  for  sale  in  tlie  streets  by  outcry 
HAWK'-MOTH.   n.     A  very  large  moih,  or  butterfly. 

which  moves  from  flower  to  Mower  witli  great  rapid- 
ity and  a  loud,  humming  sound. 
IIAWK'-NoS-Jf;D,  a.     Having  an  aquiline  nose. 

Farrand. 


FATE.  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT-METE,  PR£Y-PIXE.  MARINE,  BIRD-KOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.. 


538 


HAZ 

:!AWK'-\VEED,  h.  The  vulgar  name  of  several  spe- 
cies of  plants,  of  the  genera  Hieracium,  Crcpis,  Hy- 
nseris,  and  Andryala. 

:IAWSE,  (iiawz,)  n.  [See  Halser.]  The  situation 
of  the  cables  before  a  vessel's  stem,  when  moored 
with  two  anchors  from  the  bows,  one  on  the  star- 
board, the  other  on  the  larboard  bow  ;  as,  the  ship 
has  a  clear  hawse,  or  a  foul  haicse.  A  fotd  fiawsey  is 
when  the  cables  cross  each  other  or  are  twisted  to- 
gether. Mar.  Diet. 

The  word  is  also  sometimes  used  to  denote  the  lit- 
tle distance  ahead  of  the  vessel ;  as,  to  anchor  in  our 
haiPse. 

BAWSE'-HoLE,  n.  A  cylindrical  hole  in  the  bow  of 
a  ship,  through  which  a  cable  passes. 

HAWSE -PIECE,  n.  One  of  the  foremost  timbers  of 
a  ship,  through  which  the  hawse-holu  is  cut. 

HAWS'ER,  n.     [See  Halseh.]     A  small  cable*,  or  a 
large  rope,  in  size  between  a  cable  and  a  tow-line. 
J\Iar.  Diet.     Eiiojc. 

HAWS'ES.    See  Hawse-Hole. 

HAWTHORN,  n.  [Sax.  fusg-thm-n,  hedge-thorn  ;  Sw. 
hagtom ;  Dan.  hagetorn ;  G.  kagedorn ;  D  haage- 
doiyrn.'] 

A  shrub  or  tree  which  bears  the  haw,  of  the  genus 
Cratce:^s ;  the  white-thorn.  T!ie  hawthorn  is  much 
used  for  hedges,  and  for  standards  in  gardens.  It 
grows  naturally  in  al!  parts  of  Europe.        Enctje. 

HAWTUORN-FLY,  n.    An  insect  so  called. 
'_  Walton. 

HaY,  7j.  [Sax.  hcgfkigi  G.Jieu;  D.hooi:  Dan.  Aoe  ; 
Sw.  his.] 

Grass  cut  and  dried  for  fodder ;  grass  prepared  for 
preservation.    31ake  hay  while  the  sun  shines. 
To  dance  the  hay  ;  to  dance  in  a  ring.         Donne. 

HaY,  v.  t.     [G.  keueji.] 

To  dry  or  cure  grass  for  preservation 

HAY,  n.     [Sax.  hag.] 

1.  A  hedge.     [065.1  Chaucer. 

2.  A  net  which  incloses  the  haunt  of  an  animal. 

Harmer. 

HaY,  v.  t.    To  lay  snares  for  rabbits.  Huloet. 

HaY'-BoTE,  n.  Hedge-bote.  In  English  law,  an  al- 
lowance of  wood  to  a  tenant  for  repairing  hedges  or 
fences.  Btackstone. 

HaY'€OCK,  n.  A  conical  pile  or  he-ap  of  hav,  in  the 
field. 

HaY'D£X-ITE,  n.  A  mineral  resembling  chabasite, 
and  perhaps  identical  with  it.  It  occurs  near  Balti- 
more, in  pale, yellowish-brown  crjstals,  where  it  was 
discovered  by  Dr.  Hayden. 

HaY'IXG,  n.    Haymaking ;  the  getting  in  of  hay. 

Bcaum.  ^  Fl. 

HaY'-KiVIFE,  (-nife,)  n.  A  sharp  instrument  used  in 
cutting  hay  out  of  a  stack  or  mow. 

HaY'-LOFT,  71.  A  loft  or  scaffold  for  hay,  particular- 
ly in  a  bam. 

HaY'MaK-ER,  7^  One  who  cuts  and  dries  grass  for 
fodder. 

HaY'MaK-ING,  71.  The  business  of  cutting  grass  and 
curing  it  for  fodder. 

HaY'-MaR-KET,  n.    A  place  for  the  sale  of  hay 

HaY'MOW,  71.  A  mow  or  mass  of  hay  laid  up  in  a 
bam  for  preservation. 

HaY'RICK,  n.  A  rick  of  hay ;  usually,  a  long  pile 
for  preservation  in  the  open  air. 

HaY'STACK,  n.  A  stack  or  large  conical  pile  of  hay 
in  the  open  air,  laid  up  for  preservation. 

HAY'-STALK,  n.    A  stalk  of  hay. 

HaY'THORX,  ru     Hawthorn.  Scott. 

HaY'VV.ARD,  71.  [Fr.  haie^  hedge,  and  ward,  hedge- 
ward.] 

A  person  formerly  appointed  to  guard  the  hedges, 
and  hence  to  keep  cattle  from  doing  them  injury.  In 
A*eu)  England,  the  hayward  is  a  town  officer,  whose 
duty  is  to  impound  cattle,  and  particularly  swine, 
which  are  found  running  at  large  in  the  highways, 
contrary  to  law. 

HAZ'ARD,  n.  [Fr.  hasard  ;  probably  from  the  root  of 
L.  casus,  a  fall,  and  ard,  tJie  common  termination. 
But  qu.  the  word  in  Italian  is  azzartlo.] 

1.  Chance  ;  accident;  casualty  ;  a  fortuitous  event; 
that  which  fails  or  conies  suddenly  or  unexpectedly, 
the  cause  of  which  is  unknown,  or  whose  operation 
is  unforeseen  or  unexpected. 

I  will  stmd  the  hazard  of  ihe  die.  SJiak. 

9.  Danger ;  peril ;  risk.  He  encountered  the  enemy 
at  the  hazard  of  his  reputation  and  life. 


Men  are  led  on  from  one  sUg'^  of  life  to  anollier,  i 
of  the  ulmosl  hazard. 


n  condjtjon 
Rogera. 

3.  A  game  at  dice.  Sjbi^. 

To  run  the  hazard;  to  risk  ;  to  take  the  chance  ;  to 
do  or  neglect  to  do  something,  when   the  conse- 
quences are  not  foreseen,  and  not  within  the  pow- 
ers of  calculation. 
HAZ'ARD,  V.  t.     [Fr.  hasardf^.] 

1.  To  expose  to  chance;  to  put  in  danger  of  loss 
or  injuiy ;  to  venture  ;  to  risk ;  as,  to  hazard  life  to 
save  a  friend  ;  to  hazard  an  estate  on  the  throw  of  a 
die  ;  to  hazard  salvation  for  temporal  pleasure. 

M«n  hazard  nothing  by  a.  course  of  ev&ngelical  obedience, 

J.  Clarke. 


HEA 

■^ 

9.  To  venture  to  incur,  or  bring  on  ;  as,  to  hazard 
the  loss  of  reputation. 
HAZ'ARD,  17.  i.    To  try  the  chaii'rc ;  to  adventure ;  to 
run  the  risk  or  danger. 

Pause  a  day  or  two  before  yeu  hazard.  Shak. 

IIAZ'ARD-A-BLE,  a.  That  is  liable  to  hazard  or 
chance  Brown, 

HAZ'ARD-ED,  pp.  Put  at  risk  or  in  danger;  ven- 
tured. 

HAZ'ARD-ER,  n.  One  who  ventures  or  puis  at  stake. 

HAZ'ARD-ING,  ppr.  Exposing  to  danger  or  peril ; 
venturing  to  bring  on. 

HAZ'ARD-OUS,  a.  Dangerous;  that  exposes  to  peril 
or  danger  of  loss  or  evil ;  as,  a  kazardons  attempt  or 
experiment. 

HAZ'ARD-OUS-LY,  adv.  With  danger  of  loss  or  evil ; 
with  peril. 

HAZ'ARD-OUS-NESS,  71.  State  of  being  attended 
with  danger. 

HAZ'ARD-RY,  n.    Rashness,  temerity      [Obs.] 

Spenser. 
_  9.  Gaming  in  general.     [Obs.]  Chaucer. 

HaZE,  11.  [The  primary  sense  of  this  word  is  proba- 
bly, to  mix,  or  to  turn,  stir,  and  make  thick.] 

Vapor  which  renders  the  air  thick,  but  not  as 
damp  as  in  foggy  weather. 

IIaZE,  v.  1.  To  be  hazy,  or  thick  with  haze.  [M  lo- 
cal 7cord.]  Bay. 

UAZE,v.t.  [See  Hase.]  To  urge,  drive,  harass,  es- 
pecially with  labor  ;  used  among  saihrs. 

B.  H.  Dana,  Jr. 

Ha'Z£L,  (ha'zl,)  n.  [Sax.  furscl,  a  hat,  or  cap;  IubsI, 
hazel ;  luesl-nutu,  hazel-nut ;  G.  hasel ;  D.  hazelaar ; 
Dan.  hasscl,  kasselnod;  Sw.  hass el.  By  the  Saxon, 
it  appears  that  the  word  signifies  a  cap,  and  the  name 
of  the  nut,  a  cap-nut.] 

A  shrub,  of  the  genus  Cor>'lus,  bearing  a  nut  con- 
taining a  kernel  of  a  mild  farinaceous  taste.     Encyc. 

Ha'ZEL,  (ha'zl,)  fl.  Pertaining  to  the  hazel,  or  like  it; 
of  a  iight-brown  color,  like  the  hazel-nut. 

HA'Z£L-EARTH,Cha'zl-erlh,)n.  A  kind  of  redloam. 

Ha'Z£L-NUT,  71.    The  nut  or  fruit  of  the  hazel. 

Ha'ZEL-LY,  a.  Of  the  color  of  the  hazel-nut ;  of  a 
light  brown.  Mortimer.     Encyc. 

Ha'ZI-iNESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  hazy. 

Ha'ZY,  fl.  [See  Haze.]  Thick  with  vapor,  but  not 
as  damp  as  in  foggy  weather  ;  as,  hazy  weather;  the 
hazy  north.  Tfiomson.     Toticn. 

HE,  pronoun  of  the  third  person  ;  nom.  lie ;  poss.  his ; 
obj.  him.  [Sax.  mas.  he ;  fern,  keo ;  neut.  hit,  now 
contracted  to  it,  L.  id,  for  hid.  It  seems  to  be  a  con- 
tracted word,  for  the  L.  is  hie,  and  the  Saxon  accusa- 
tive is  sometimes  hig.  In  English  it  has  no  plural, 
but  it  has  in  Saxon  Ai,  Viey.] 

1.  A  pronoun,  a  substitute  for  the  tliird  person, 
masculine  gender,  representing  the  man  or  male  per- 
son named  before. 

Thy  desire  sh.-iU  be  to  thy  husband,  and  he  chall  nile  over  thee. 

—  Gen,  iii. 
Thou   ehalt  fear  Jehovah   thy  God;  him  ahalt  thou  serve.— 

Deut.  I. 

9.  It  often  has  reference  to  a  person  that  is  named 
in  the  subsequent  part  of  the  sentence,  i/eisthe  man. 

3.  He  is  often  used  without  reference  to  any  par- 
ticular person,  and  may  be  referred  to  any  person  in- 
definitely that  answers  the  description.  It  is  then 
synonymous  with  any  vian. 

He  that  walketh  with  wise  men  shall  be  wise.  —  Prov,  xiii. 

4.  //c,  when  a  substitute  for  man,  in  its  general 
sense,  expressing  mankind,  is  of  common  gender,  rep- 
resenting, like  its  antecedent,  the  whole  human  race. 

My  spirit  shaJl  not  always  strive  with  man,  for  that  he  also  is 
flesh,  — Gen.  vi, 

5.  IVIan ;  a  male. 

1  eland  to  answer  thee,  or  any  he  the  proiidfst  of  thy  sort.  Shak. 

In  this  use  of  he,  in  the  ludicrous  style,  the  word 
has  no  variation  of  case.  In  the  foregoing  sentence, 
he  is  in  the  objective  case,  or  position,  and  the  word 
is  to  be  considered  as  a  noun. 

6.  He  is  sometimes  prefixed  to  the  names  of  ani- 
mals to  designate  the  male  kind  ;  as,  a  he-goat,  a  he- 
bear.  In  such  cases,  he  is  to  be  considered^as  an  ad- 
jective, or  the  two  words  as  forming  a  compound. 

HEAD,  (bed,)  n.  [Sax.  heafod,  hefed,  heafd :  D.  hoofd; 
Dan.  hoved;  Sw.  hufctid :  G.  haiipt.  This  word  is  a 
participle  of  the  Sax.  heafan,  he/an,  to  heave,  pret.hof, 
hove;  G.  heben,  hob,  &:c.  Heafod,  heaved,  the  ele- 
vated part,  the  top.    Class  Gb.] 

1.  The  uppermost  part  of  the  human  body,  or  the 
foremost  part  of  the  body  of  prone  and  creeping  an- 
imals. This  part  of  the  human  body  contains  the 
organs  of  hearing,  seeing,  tasting,  and  smelling;  it 
contains  also  the  brain,  which  is  supposed  to  be  the 
seat  of  the  intellectual  powers,  and  of  sensation. 
Hence  the  head  is  the  chief  or  most  important  part, 
and  is  used  for  the  whole  person,  in  the  phrase,  Let 
the  evil  fall  on  my  head. 

2.  An  animal ;  an  individual  ;  as,  the  tax  was 
raised  by  a  certain  rate  per  head.  And  we  use  the 
singular  number  to  express  many.  The  herd  con- 
tains twenty  head  of  oxen. 

Thirty  thousand  head  of  swine.  Additon. 


HEA 

3.  A  chief;  a  principal  person  :  a  leader;  a  com- 
mander ;  one  who  has  the  first  rank  or  place,  and  to 
whom  others  are  subordinate ;  as,  the  head  of  an  ar- 
my ;  the  head  of  a  sect  or  party.     Eph.  v. 

4.  The  first  place ;  the  place  of  honor,  or  of  com- 
mand. The  lord  mayor  sat  at  the  head  of  the  table. 
The  general  marched  at  Ihe  head  of  his  troops. 

5.  Countenance;  presence;  inthephrases,  to  hide 
the  head,  to  show  the  head. 

C.  Understanding;  faculties  of  the  mind;  some- 
times in  a  ludicrous  sense ;  as,  a  man  has  a  good 
head,  or  a  strong  head.  These  men  laid  their  hfaas 
together  to  form  the  scheme.  Never  trouble  your 
head  about  this  affair.  So  we  say,  to  beat  the  head  ; 
to  break  the  head;  that  is,  to  study  hard,  to  exercise 
the  understanding  or  mental  faculties. 

7.  Face ;  front ;  fore  part. 

The  ravishers  turn  head,  the  fight  renews.  {Unuauai.]  Dryden. 

8.  Resistance ;  successful  opposition  ;  in  the  phrase, 
to  make  head  against;  that  is,  to  advance,  or  resist 
with  success. 

9.  Spontaneous  will  or  resolution  ;  in  the  phrases, 
of  his  own  head,  on  their  own  head.  But  of  is  more 
usual  than  on. 

10.  State  of  a  deer's  horns  by  which  his  age  is 
known.  The  buck  is  called,  the  fifth  vear,  a  buck  of 
tlie  first  head.  '  Shak. 

11.  The  top  of  a  thing,  especially  when  largf^r 
than  the  rest  of  the  thing  ;  as,  the  head  of  a  spear  ; 
the  head  of  a  cabbage  ;  the  head  of  a  nail ;  the  head 
of  a  mast. 

12.  The  fore  part  of  a  thing,  as  the  head  of  a  ship, 
which  includes  the  bows  on  both  sides  ;  also,  the  or- 
namental figure  or  image  erected  on  or  before  tho 
stem  of  a  ship.  Encye. 

13.  The  blade  or  cutting  part  of  an  ax,  distinct 
from  the  helve. 

14.  A  rounded  mass  of  foam  which  rises  on  a  pot 
of  beer,  &c.  Mortimer. 

1.5.  The  upper  part  of  a  bed  or  bedstead. 

16.  The  brain. 

They  turn  their  heads  to  imitate  the  sun.  Popt. 

17.  The  dress  of  the  head  ;  as,  a  laced  head.  [  Un- 
usual.] Swift. 

18.  The  principal  source  of  a  stream  ;  as,  the  A^od 
of  the  Nile. 

19.  Altitude  of  water  in  ponds,  as  applicable  to 
the  driving  of  mill-wheels.  The  mill  has  a  good 
head  of  water. 

20.  Topic  of  discourse  ;  chief  point  or  subject ;  a 
summary  ;  as,  the  heads  of  a  discourse  or  treatise. 

21.  Crisis;  pitch;  bight.  The  disease  has  grown 
to  such  a  head  as  to  threaten  life. 

22.  Influence;  ibrce;  strength;  pitch.  The  sedi- 
tion got  to  such  a  head  as  not  to  be  easily  quelled. 

23    Body;  conflux.     [Obs.]  ShaJc.     Spenser 

24.  Power  ;  armed  force. 

My  Inrd,  my  lord,  Ihe  French  have  gathered  Iiead.         ShaX: 

25.  Liberty ;  freedom  from  restraint ;  as,  to  give 
a  horse  the  head.    Hence, 

26.  License ;  freedom  from  check,  control,  or  re- 
straint.   Children  should  not  have  their  heads. 

He  has  too  long  giccn  his  unruly  passions  the  Itead.        SouOl. 

27.  The  hair  of  the  head ;  as,  a  head  of  hair. 

28.  The  top  of  com  or  other  plant ;  the  part  on 
which  the  seed  grows. 

29.  The  end,  or  the  boards  that  form  the  end  ;  as, 
the  head  of  a  cask. 

30.  The  part  most  remote  from  the  mouth  or  open 
ing  into  the  sea;  as,  the  head  of  a  bay,  guff,  or 
creek. 

31.  The  maturated  part  of  an  ulceror  boil ;  hence, 
to  come  to  a  head,  is  to  suppurate. 

Head  ana  ears;  a  phrase  denoting  the  whole  per- 
son, especially  when  referring  to  immersion.  lie 
plunged  head  and  ears  into  the  water.  He  was  head 
and  cars  in  debt,  that  is,  completely  overwhelmed. 

Head  and  shoulders ;  by  force  ;  \iolentIy ;  as,  to 
drag  one  head  and  shoulders. 

They  bring  in  every  figure  of  speech,  headand  shoulders. 

Fitllon. 

Head  or  tail,  or  neither  head  nor  tail ;  a  phrase  de- 
noting uncertainty  ;  not  reducible  to  certainty.  Burke. 

Head,  as  an  adj.  or  in  composition,  cliief;  princi- 
pal ;  as,  a  head  workman. 

Bij  the  head,   in    seamen^s   language,  denotes    the 
state  of  a  ship  laden  too  deeply  at  the  fore-end. 
HEAD,  (hed,)i-.  t     To  lead  ;  to  direct ;  to  act  as  lead- 
er to  ;  as,  to  head  an  army  ;  to  head  an  expedition ;  to 
head  a  riot. 

2.  To  behead  ;  to  decapitate.    [Unu.-'uaL]     Shak. 

3.  To  form  a  head  to  ;  to  fit  or  furnish  with  ahead  ; 
as,  to  head  a  nail. 

4.  To  cut  off  the  head  ;  to  lop  ;  as,  to  head  trees. 

5.  To  go  in  front  of;  to  gel  into  the  front  in  order 
to  stop  ;  as,  to  head  a  drove  of  cattle.  Hence,  Jigu- 
ratively,  to  head  a  person,  is  to  check  or  restrain  him. 

n.  To  set  on  the  head  ;  as,  to  head  a  cask. 
7.  To  oppose  ;  to  veer  round,  and  blow  in  opposi- 
tion to  the  course  of  a  ship;  as, the  wind  heads  us. 


TCNE,  BULL,  UNITE. -AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.-e  as  K;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


HEA 


HEA 


(IKAD,  (bed J  B.  i.    Trt  cri-lnate  ;  to  iqirlng;  to  have 

A  btttwl  nvrr,  (b*i  iJloc  RiJfv  of  mounubu. 

•^  ;i.,)VV  d<>.'^  Ih*"  ^lllp  Afrtd? 

,  llic  cablKifitit  head  oarly. 
IIKA''     ■  .       <i.    l*nin  in  ihe  hi-mt. 

IIKAD  U.V.NU,  ilitJ  baiiJ,)   n.     A   rtllt- 1 ;   n  band  for 
tbo  bi*a(l ;  aUo,  Lbo  band  at  each  end  ol'  a  bouk. 
K  I... 
IIKAI'  ■  il.  flud'biir-rn,)  n.     In  KnglnnilyfoT- 

m>  '■  ^  frank  |iIrdgt',iUJtiiic,  ur  thcon- 

1,1  •  r  It-n   families  i    raltud,  in   suiiic 

■  Vr,   Ihat   IS,  barvugk^g    tlilcr,  nnd 
'  lOM.  BltteXsUfite. 

tird'drcM,)  n.     Tlio  drcsd  of  llic 
lujJ  ,  Uu;  cuvcnns  or  ornamt-nWcf  a  woninn's  ht-ad. 
Pope,     jiddi^on, 

2.  Thr  ciest  or  tuft  of  fi-alliers  on  a  fowl's  head. 

JidtUson. 
nr.Vn'En,  (hcd'ed.)  jrp.     lyd  ;  dirccicd:  furnished 
with  a  head  \  having  a  topu    ThiK  is  used  in  compo- 
Bilinn  a*  nn  adjective  j  as,  clear  A«K/<rJ,  loug-AfWeJ, 
x\i\c)t.hftdtd^  &C. 
IICVD'KK,  (hed'er.)  pi.    One  wlio  hcad.^  nails  or  pins. 
S.  One  vvhu  teadii  a  moh  or  part^v. 
a.  A  trirk  or  stono  laid  with  ifcJ  shorter  face  or 
head  In  ihf  surface  of  the  wail.  GwilL 

IIKAD'FAST',  (hcdTW,)  n.    A  rope  at  the  head  of  a 
ihip  lu  foitcn  It  to  a  wharf  orotliL-r  fixed  object. 

ToUcn. 
HnAD'-nRST',  (hcd'furBl',)  ade.     Wiih  the  head 

fon-ino^t. 
IIKAl)'-0.\n-GLE,  (hcd'Eir-gl,)  m.    A  di!<easo  of  cat- 
tic.  .MorliiTiCT. 
Hi;vn'-GEAR,  (hcd'gccr,)  n.    Covering  or  orr.amoat 

of  the  ht-ad.  Burton. 

IIKAD'I-LV,  (hodV-Iv,)  cuh.    Rashlv  ;  hastily. 
IIEAO'I-NF^S,  (h.-d''e-ncss,)n-   (Set;  Hi:adv.]    Rash- 
nev-  .  ;     .  i;Ht  ,t.  .n  ;  a  dispa-iitiou  to  rush   forward 
witi  ration  or  prudence.  Spenser. 

.  obsliuacy. 
IIEA'.'  :.L',)  n.    Thai  Which  stands  at  thfl 

hci'l .  tiU  : ,  as,  tlie  htidins^  of  a  p.'iper. 
'J.  Mat-  rials  for  the  heads  of  c;u>'k>. 
IlKAP't. AN!'.  'li.d'Iand,)  n.     A  caiK: ;  a  promontory  ; 
a  I--  uclin?  Irom  the  shore  into  the  sea, 

or  1  water. 

■-i|»of  unplowcd  land  at  the  ends 
of  I  'a  fence. 

HKAl  '^sO  a.    Ilavinc  no  head  ;  behead- 

ed •■ixly,  neck,  or  carcase.    Spenser. 

•2.  l>-_;titu:'-  ul  a  chief  or  leader.  Ralcgli. 

3.  Destiiutc  of  understanding  or  prudence  ;  rash  ; 
nb^tlnale.  Spenser. 

IIKAD'LOXG,  (hcd'ionp,)  (nfp.    With  the  head  fore- 
most ;  a«,  to  fall  hradlim^.  Dryden. 
2.  Rashly  ;  precipitately  j  without  deliberation. 

Ha  hurrifi  htadlong  la  Ka  fate.  Ihi/dcn. 

X  (Insiily  ;  without  delay  or  ref>ptte. 
lir.AD'LO.NG,  (hcd'longj  a.    Steep;  precipiloii?. 

Milton. 
0.  Ra-«li ;  precipitate  ;  as,  headlong  folly. 
MEAD'-M'aCilD,  a.    Dmssed  by  the  head,    SAaA. 
IIKAH'-MAIX,  n.    The  main  ditch  bv  which  water  i;? 
drawn  fmm  a  river,  ic,  for  inigati'on,  to  be  distrib- 
uted (hrouch  nniallcr  channels.  Loudon. 
»?K\I»-MAN,  (li(d'man,)n.     A  chief ;  a  lender. 
lIKAlrMOLU-yilOT,  Ti.     A  di*ex-=e  in  children,  in 
whirh  ihp  Buiirrcs  of  the  skull,  usually  l he  coronal, 
ride,  iliai  i«,  when  their  edges  shoot  over  one  anoth- 
er, and  arc  m  close  locked  as  to  compress  Uie  brain, 
iiPAn  ""^-''^'"nins  convulsions  and  deaUi.      Enajc. 
llt^D  -MO.VEY,  (hed'muu-ny,)  n.   A  capitation-tax. 
Ill-  tii'^t-  "f.  JHUtoit. 
•-T,  (hcd'mflfrt,)  a.    Most  advanced;  most 
r<t  m  a  linf  or  order  of  progression  ;  as, 
'-  ship  m  a  il«(i. 
-■  ~;  A.N,  (hcd'pin,)  n.    The  braia-pan.    [vVeC  in 

[■■■) ?,'~^,T^^,T-  ""f 'l'P«ns,)  n.    A  poll-tax.    [ Ohs.] 
'•■'  ,  *'         '•d'pt«,)B.    Annorfor  the  licad:a 

.,  S.djir.!.     Dnjdm. 

i;;;  force  of  mind.    [JSToi  common.] 

or^fr.l<lfiiri-  of  the  cumniancli-r-ln  chief  of  an  arinv 
^J  ■      '  ~  '  "•■""}•  chief,  or  place  from  which 

HEM  ir-pc,)".   That  part  of  a  boU-rone 

wh. ..  ..-,„,,!.,  Uic  ufpc-  edge  or  head  of  ihc  prin- 
cipal Kltl«,  y       ' 

IIeTD'-PAII.  (hed'sil.,)  .,   The  general  namc^Jall 
r!!^r!L'**  °*  "  '^*^^'  "■^''*  ^"  «'  forw.ird  of  the 


foremart. 


ToUm. 


5:;^  w^'-^'  (bcd'.-co,)  n.   Wave,  that  meet  the  head 
itS  »?.r^i?;  ?^.^"  3-ainst  her  course.  TotUn 

IIEAD'-SIUKE.  (hrdVhake,)  „.    A  significant^^ce 
__o|  itie  hrad.  c.„. 


ShaJi. 


IIEAD'SIIir,  (hed'>hip,)  I,.    Authority  ;  chief  X'o. 

na\DB'M,\,\,  (hedz'nian,)  n.  One  that  cuts  off  head-, 
an  eiecutioner.     {UnusHcl.]  Dnjdriu    '' 


IIEAD'SPRING,  (heil 'spring,)  n.    Fountain;  source; 

origin. 
IIEAD'STALL,  (hcd'stawl,)  n.    That  part  of  a  bridle 

which  enronipiLSses  the  head. 
IIEAD'-S'i'O.N'R,  (hed'stSne,)  n.    The  principal  stone 

in  a  foundation  ;  the  chief  or  corner  stone.    Psalins. 
2.  TJie  stone  at  llie  head  of  a  prnve. 
UEAD'STUONG,  (hcd'strong,)  a.   Violent ;  obstinate  ; 

ungovernable ;  resolute  to  run  his  own  way  ;  bent  on 

pursuing  his  own  will ;  not  easily  restrained. 

Now  Id  Iho  hetuUtrong  boy  my  will  control.  Dryden. 

2.  Directed  by  ungovernable  will,  or  proceeding 
from  obstinacy  ;  as,  u  hcaiUtronif  course.      Drydnu 

HEAD'STRONG-NESS,  71.    Obstinacy.    [AVr  in  iisc] 

Gaylon. 

IICAD'-TIItE,  (hcd'tlre,)  n.  Dress  or  attire  for  the 
head.     1  Esdras  iii. 

HEAD'WAV,  (hed'wa,)  tt.  The  motion  of  an  advanc- 
ing ship.  A  ship  makes  haulicaij,  when  she  ad- 
vances, as  from  a  slate  of  rest. 

HEAD'-WIXD,  (hrd'wind,)  n.  A  wind  that  blows  in 
a  direction  opposite  to  the  ship's  course. 

IIEAD'-WORK,  «.    Mental  or  intellectual  labor. 

2.  An  ornament  for  the  key-stone  of  an  arch. 

Gicilt. 

IIEAD'-WORK'MAN,  n.  The  chief  workman  of  a 
party  ;  a  foreman  in  a  manufactorj'.  Swift, 

HEAIi'Y,  (hed'y,)fl.  [Pee  Head.]  Rash  ;  hasty  ;  pre- 
cipitate i  violent ;  disposed  to  rush  forward  in  an  en- 
terprise without  thought  or  deliberation  ;  hurrieil  on 
by  will  or  passion  ;  ungovernable. 

All  l-'w!  talent  rwiiiirixl,  U  to  be  heady,  to  be  violent  on  one  side 
or  the  other.  Temple, 

3.  Apt  to  affect  the  head  ;  inflaming  ;  intoxicating  ; 
strong;  as,  spirituous  litiuors.  Cliampagne  is  a  keady 
wine. 

3.  Violent ;  impetuous ;  as,  a  hcatly  current.  [JVot 
usiiaL]  Shtik. 

IlK.\L,  V.  t.  [S:t\.  Atf/an,  kelaUj  gchclan,  to  heal,  and 
to  conceal,  L.  cdo  ;  Gotli.  hailt/cn,  to  heal ;  O.  heilcn  ,■ 
D.  heelcn  ;  S\v.  hrla  :  Dan.  hccicr;  from  hid,  heil,  heel, 
hfl,  whole,  sound,  allied  to  kutd  and  holy.  Heb.  So, 
SS^,  Ch.  K73,  to  be  whole  or  entire,  all.  '  The  prima- 
rj' sense  of  the  root  is,  to  press,  strain,  extend  ;  hence, 
lo/ioW,toshut,  inclose,  conceal,  to  embrace  the  whole. 
To  hml  is  to  make  xelvole^  halc^  sound,  and  to  conceal 
is  to  hold,  or  lieep  close.] 

1.  To  cure  of  a  disease  or  wound,  and  restore  to 
soundness,  or  to  th;:t  state  of  body  in  which  liie  nat- 
ural functions  are  regularly  performed  ;  as,  to  heal 
the  sick. 

Spcik,  and  my  servant  himll  be  healed.  —  M,il(.  viii. 

9.  To  cure;  to  remove  or  subdue  ;  as,  to  Itcal  a  dis- 
ease. 

3.  To  cause  to  cicatrize  ;  as,  Co  heal  a  sore  or 
wound. 

4.  To  restore  to  soundness  ;  as,  to  hml  a  wounded 
limb. 

5.  To  restore  purity  to ;  to  remove  feculence  or  for- 
eign mnlter. 

Thill  s.iilli  llw  I/onl,  I  h^ve  heaird  lh'-»e  w.iiers.  — 2  Kinjs  ii, 

C.  To  remove,  as  differences  or  dissension  ;  to  rec- 
oncile, as  parties  at  variance  ;  as,  to  heal  a  breach  or 
difference. 

7.  In  Scripture^  to  forgive;  to  cure  moral  disease, 
and  restore  soundness. 

I  will  heai  tlirir  lkicl(sli,!ln  j.  —  Hr>.  xiv. 

B.  To  purify  from  comiptions,  redress  grievances, 
and  restore  to  prosperity.    Jcr,  \iv. 

y.  To  covLT,  as  a  roof  with  t;l\*,  slate,  lend,  &c. 
[Pax.  kelan^]  Rncyc. 

IIkAL,  r.  i.  To  grow  sound  ;  to  return  to  a  sound 
slate  ;  as,  the  limh  kmh^  or  ihe  wound  heals  ;  some- 
times with  vp  or  (ten- ;  it  v.ill  hcd  up  or  nvfrr. 

IIkAL'A-BLE,  n.     That  may  be  heakd.     Sherwood. 

HicALDS,  71.  pi.  Tlie,  harness  for  guiding  the  warp- 
llireads  in  a  loom.  Ure, 

IIkAL'TCD,  pp.    Restored  to  a  sound  stale. 

HkAL'ER.  ju  He  or  that  which  cures,  or  restores  to 
soundness. 

Hk.'VL'IXG,  ;i;;r.    Curin;; ;  restoring  to  a  sound  state. 

2.  a.    Tcndins  to  cure;  mild;  mollifying. 
IIkAL'IXG,  n.    The  act  or  process  bv  which  a  cure  is 

effecled. 
2.  The  act  of  covering.    [Ohs.'] 
UkAT/I.\G-LY,  adc.    So  as  to  cure. 
HEAl/ni,  (helth,)  v.     [from  heal.]     That  state  of  an 
animal  or  living  body,  in  whieii  the  parts  are  sound. 
Well  orpiuized  and  disposed,  and  in  which  thev  all 
perform  freely  their  natural  functions.    In  this  state, 
the  animal  feels  no  pain.    This  word  is  also  adnpteil 
to  plants. 

Tlioii^Ii  hfolih  mtty  h?  cr.)oye.I  withonl  Emiitudo,  it  tan  not  Ix* 
sixirtcil  with  wi^iont  loas,  or  rcg;iiuffJ  by  courig^. 

Buckniineter. 
*J.  Sound  Slate  of  the  mind  :  natural  vigor  of  fac- 
ulties, p^  „, 

J.  :^ound  stale  of  the  mind,  in  a  moral  sense  ;  puri- 
ty ;  go(Mlne.-Js. 

'1  i'/rc  in  no  htcdlh  \n  us.  Common  Prayer. 

•I.  Salvation  or  divine  favor,  or  grace  which  cheer?: 

God's  pr-oplf.     Ps.  xVM. 


HEA 

5.  Wish  of  health  and  happiness ;  used  in  drijt^^in^. 
"  Come  love  and  henU/t  to  all ;  "  an  cni]>tical  plirase, 
for,  I  wish  heaWi  to  you. 
HEALTII'FyL,  (hcltli'ful,)  a.  Being  in  a  sound  stale, 
as  a  living  or  organized  being  ;  having  the  parts  or 
organs  entire,  and  their  functions  in  a  free,  active, 
and  undisturbed  operation  ;  free  from  disease.  We 
speak  of  a  healthful  body,  a  healthful  person,  a  health- 
fill  plant. 

2.  Serving  to  promote  health  ;  wholesome  ;  salu- 
brious; as,  a  iiealthful  air  or  climate;  a  healthful 
diet. 

3.  Indicating  health  or  soundness ;  as,  a  lualthful 
condition. 

4.  Salutary;  promoling  spiritual  health. 

Common  Prayer. 

5.  Well-disposed ;  favorable. 

A  healOiful  enr  to  hcrtr.     [Vnusuai.']  Sliftk. 

HEALTn'FIJL-LY,  adv.    In  health  ;  wholesomely. 

HEALTH'FIJL-NES.S,  n.  A  state  of  being  well ;  a 
state  in  which  the  parts  of  a  living  body  are  scpund, 
and  regulariy  perform  their  functions. 

2.  AVholesomeness  ;  salubrity ;  state  or  qualities 
that  promote  liealth  ;  as,  the  hcalthfulncss  of  tlie  air, 
or  of  climate,  or  of  diet,  or  of  exercises. 

IIEALTH'I-LY,  Qf/y.  [See  Health.]  Without  disease 

IIEALTII'I-NESS,  n.  The  stale  of  health;  aour.d- 
ncss  ;  freedom  from  disease  ;  as,  the  healthiness  of  an 

^  animal  or  plant. 

IIEALTHa.ESS,  (helth-,)  a.    Infirm  ;  sickly. 

2,  Not  conducive  to  liealth.     [Little  used'.]    Taiilor. 

HEAL'rH'Ll',.sS-\ESS,  7(.     Slate  of  being  heallhiess 

IlEAI/ni'SOME,  (bilih'sum,)  a.     Wholesome.    Shale 

IlEAi/nrV,  a.  lieiifg  in  a  sound  state;  enjoying 
health ;  hale ;  sound ;  as,  a  healUiy  body  or  coiisti- 
tulion. 

2.  Conducive  to  health  ;  wholesome  ;  salubrious  ; 
as,  a  healthy  exorcise;  a  licalthy  climate  ;  hcnlOuj  rec- 
reations. Locke. 

HiiAM,  11.  In  beasts,  the  same  as  after-birth  in 
women.  Johnson. 

IIkAP,  71.  [Sax.  krap,  heap;  D.  hoop;  G.  haufe ;  Sw. 
hop  ;  Dan.  hob  ;  Russ.  kupa ;  W.  ruA,  a  heap,  what  is 
put  tocether,  a  bundle,  a  cube.  Sec  Class  Gb,  No.  1, 
2,  3,  4;  5.] 

1.  A  pile  or  mass ;  a  collection  of  things  laid  in  a 
body,  so  as  to  form  an  elevation  ;  as,  u  heap  of  earth 
or  stones. 

Kug^e  heaps  of  Bl>iin  around  tJic  body  rise.  Dryden. 

2.  A  crowd ;  a  throng ;  a  cluster;  applied  to  living 
pcrsmis. 

[Inelegant^  and  not  in  use.]  Bacon.    Dryden, 

3.  A  mass  of  ruins. 

Thou  hust  ni.iJe  of  a  cliy  ^kenp.  — Is.  xxv. 
Heap,  p.  t     [Sxx.  hcapian;  Sw.  hopa;  G.  hdufcn;  D. 
hotipcn.] 

1.  'J'o  throw  or  lay  in  a  heap  ;  to  pile  ;  as,  to  heap 
stones ;  often  with  up  ;  as,  to  heap  up  earth  ;  or  willi 
071 ;  as,  to  heap  on  wood  or  coal. 

2.  To  amass  ;  to  accumulate  ;  to  lay  up ;  to  collect 
in  great  quantity  ;  with  up  ,■  as,  to  heap  up  treasures. 

TiioHgh  the  MicltPiI  heap  up  silver  as  the  dust.  —Job  xxvii. 

3.  To  add  something  else,  in  large  quantities. 

Shnk. 

4.  To  pile  ;  to  add  till  the  mass  takes  a  roundish 
form,  or  till  it  rises  above  the  measure;  as,  to  heap 
any  thing  in  measuring. 

IlKAP'rD,  (heept,)  pp.  Piled;  amassed;  accumu- 
lated. 

IlKAP'ER  ■:.    One  who  heaps,  piles,  or  amasses. 

II  kAP'ING,  ppi:    Piling  ;  coilecling  into  a  mass. 

IlK.AP'V,  a.    Lving  in  heaps  ;  xs,  luapij  rubbish. 

Gay. 

HkAR,  r.  (. ;  prct.  and  pp.  Heard,  but  more  correctly 
Heared.  [Sax.  heorauj  hyran  ;  G.  hUren  :  D.  hoorenj 
Dan.  hiircr ;  Sw.  liura.  It  seems  to  be  from  cfir,  L. 
auris^  or  from  the  saine  root.  So  L.  audio  seems  to  he 
connected  with  Gr.  ovg.  The  sense  is  probably,  to  lend 
Ihe  ear,  to  turn  or  incline  the  ear,  and  ear  is  probably 
a  shoot  or  extremity.] 

1.  To  perceive  by  the  ear ;  to  feel  an  impression  of 
sound  by  the  proper  organs  ;  as,  to  hear  sound ;  to 
hear  a  voice  ;  lt»  hear  words. 

2.  To  give  audience  or  allowance  to  speak. 

He  sent  lur  Paul  ,ind  heard  him  concpming-  the  faith  in  Christ.— 
Acts  3u:iv. 

3.  To  attend  ;  to  listen  ;  to  obey. 

To-d.iy,  it  yc  will  Aear  his  voice,  h-irdcn  not  yovj  heart.  —  Pst 
xcv. 

4.  To  attend  favorably ;  to  regard. 

Th-'y  thinV   they  shall   be  heard  for  their  much   spealdiij^.— 
'M.ilt.  vi. 

5.  To  g]-ant  an  answer  to  prayer. 

1  luvc  the  I.onI,  bcc:insc  hs  huth  heard  my  voice,  —  Pa.  cxvl. 

G.  To  attend  to  the  facts,  evidence,  and  arguments, 
in  a  cause  between  parties  ;  to  try  in  a  court  of  law 
or  equity,     'i'he  cause  was  heard  and  determined  at 
l!ip  lust  "term  ;  or,  it  was  heard  al  tiie  last  term,  and  , 
will  he  determined  at  the  next.     ?>'o  2  Sam.  xv.  j 

7.  To  acknowledge  a  title  ;  a  Latin  phrase. 

Jlear'sl  thou  Eubmisfive,  but  a  luT\-ly  Irirlli.  Prior. 


FATE.  FAH,  FALL.  WHAT- >iETE,  rr.F.V-PTN-P.    MAKLVE.  EIRD.-NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  DQOK.- 


540 


HEA 

8.  To  beaiiearer  of;  to  sit  unuerliie  preaching  of; 
a->,  what  milliliter  ilo  you  hea?-?  [ji  colloquial  use  of 
the  icord.] 

9.  To  leani. 

1  speJc  to  tlic  world  UiOEC  iXanga  vvliicli  I  Uave  heard  of  liliii.  — 
Juim  v^u, 

10.  To  approve  and  embrace. 

Ti:r7  spe.ik   of  tlia   world,  and    Uis  world   keartlh  ihem.  —  I 

jobii  if. 
To  hear  a  hirdiing;  to  receive  private  communica- 
tiun.  Shak. 

IlKAlt,  I*,  i.  To  enjoy  tiie  sense  or  faculty  of  perceiv- 
ing sound.    He  is  deaf,  he  can  not  Afar. 

2.  To  listen ;  to  hearken ;  to  attend.  He  hears 
with  solicitude. 

3.  To  be  told ;  to  receive  by  report. 

1  hear  there  are  divUiocs  amonj  you,  Bad  I  partly  beHeve  il,  — 
1  Cor.  xi. 

HEARD,  (herd,)  prct.  and  pp.  of  Heaiu    Perceived  by 

the  ear. 
HeAR'ER,  n.    One  who  hears  ;  one  who  attends  to 

what  is  orally  delivered  by  another ;  an  auditor  j  one 

of  an  audienue. 
HeAR'ING,  ppr.    Perceiving  by  tlie  ear,  as  sound. 

2.  Lislenijig  to  ;  attending  lo;  obeying;  observing 
what  is  cominauded. 

3.  Attending  lo  witnesses  or  advocates  in  a  judi- 
cial trinl;  trjing. 

HeAR'IXG,  h.  The  faculty  or  sense  by  which  sound 
is  perceived. 

2.  Audience ;  attention  to  what  is  delivered  ;  op- 
portunity to  be  heard.  I  waited  on  the  minister,  but 
could  not  obtain  a  Awrino-. 

3.  Judicial  trial ;  airenticn  to  the  fact^,  testimony, 
and  arguments,  in  a  cause  between  parties,  with  a 
view  to  a  just  decision. 

4.  The  act  of  perceiving  sound  ;  sensation  or  per- 
ception of  sound. 

I  Uave  Iieard  of  thee  by  tlic  hearing  of  the  car.  — Job  ilii. 
And  to  ^  otliers  lie  said  in  my  Kau-ing.  —  E&eL-.  ix. 

5.  Reach  of  the  car;  extent  within  which  sound 
may  be  heard.     He  was  nut  within  hearing. 

HEi\,RK'£X,  (hirk'n,)  c.  i.  iSax.hcorcnian^htjrcttian; 
G.  horchen.] 

1.  To  listen  i  lo  lend  the  ear;  to  attend  to  what  is 
uttered,  with  eagerness  or  curiosity. 

T'ii;  furea  hearken,  aiid  their  snakes  uncuri.  Dryden. 

?.  To  attend ;  to  regard ;  to  give  heed  lo  what  is 
utt' rud  ;  lo  observe  or  obey. 

Iharken,  O  laniel,  to  the  statutn  and  tlie  jud^rments  which  I 
l^acb  you,  —  Dent.  iv. 

3.  To  listen  ;  to  attend ;  to  grant  or  comply  with. 

Hearhen  thou  to  tlie  suppilcation  of  U.y  s-rrvauL  —  ]  Kiii^i  viu. 

HE.X.RK'£N,  (hark'n,)  r.  t.     To  iiear  by  listening. 

ILittle  u^ed.] 
nEAKK'j:.\-£D,  (hark'nd,)  pp.    Heard  by  listening. 
nEAKK'£X-ER,  (hirk'n-er,)  n.    A  listener;  one  who 

hearkens. 
HEaRK'£N-IXG,  (hUrk'n-ing,)  ppr.    Listening  ;   at- 

lemiing;  observing. 
HEAR'.SAL,  for  Rehearsal.     [JVbf  in  use.']  Spenser. 
HeAR'.SaY,   n.     [hear  and  smj.]     Report ;    rumor ; 

fame ;  common  talk.    He  altirms  v/iibout  any  au- 

tliority  except  hearsay  ;  the  account  we  have  depends 

on  hiarsaij.    It  is  sometimes  used  as  an  adjective  ;  as, 

hearsay  evidence. 
HEARSE,  (hcrse,)  n.     [See  Herse.]    A  lemporar)- 

monument  set  over  a  grave.    [  Obs.]  Shak. 

2.  An  ornamented  car  in  which  the  bodies  of  the 
great  were  carried  to  the  cemeterv".     [Obs.]     Hence, 

3.  A  carriage  for  conve)  iiig  the'  dead  to  the  grave, 
[See  Herse.] 

4.  A  hind  in  the  second  year  of  her  agr.  Encye. 
HEARSE,  (herse,)  v.  t.    To  inclose  in  a  hearse  ;  to 

burv.  Shak. 

HEARSE'-CLOTH,  (herse'kloth,)  n.  A  pall ;  a  cloth 
to  cover  a  hearse.  Sanderson. 

HEARSE'-LTKE,  (herse'llke,)  a.  Suitable  to  a  funeral. 

HEART,  fhlirt,)  «.  [Sax.  heart ;  G.  Iierz  ;  D.  Aart  ;  Sw. 
kierta;  Dun.  hierte;  Gr.  Kapoia:  Sans. /(^rrfa.  I  know 
not  the  primary  sense,  nor  whether  it  is  from  the  root 
of  Kcap,  L.  cor^  eordU,  and  allied  to  Eng.  core,  or 
named  from  motion,  pulsation.] 

1.  A  muscular  \iscus,  which  is  the  primary  organ 
of  the  blood's  motion  in  an  animal  body,  situated  in 
the  thorax.  From  this  organ  all  the  arteries  arise 
and  in  it  all  the  veins  terminate.  By  its  alternate 
dilatation  and  contraction,  the  blood  is  received  from 
t!i3  veins,  and  relumed  through  the  arteries,  by 
which  means  the  circulation  is  carried  on,  and  life 
presc.Ted. 

2.  The  inner  part  of  any  thing  ;  the  middle  part  or 
interior  ;  as,  the  heart  of  a  counlrj-,  kingdom,  or  eiii' 
pire  ;  the  heart  of  a  town  ;  the  heart  of  a  tree. 

3.  That  which  has  the  shape  or  form  of  a  heart. 

4.  The  chief  part ;  the  vilal  part ;  the  vigorous  or 
enicaciou3  part.  Bacon. 

5.  The  seat  of  the  affcctiong  and  passions,  a3  of 
love,  joy,  grief,  enmity,  courage,  pleasure,  Sec. 

The  heart  is  deceitful  above  all  things.  Every  im- 
agination of  the  thoughts  of  the  heart  is  evil  contin- 


HEA 

ualty.  We  read  of  ait  honest  and  good  hearty  and  an 
evil  licart  of  unbelief,  a  willing  hairt,  a  heavy  heart, 
sorrow  of  heart,  a  hard  hearty  a  prnud  heart,  a  pun: 
heart.  The  heart  faints  in  advLT^ity,  or  under  dis- 
couragement, that  is,  courage  fail?;  the  Iteart  is  de- 
ceived, enlarged,  reproved,  lifted  up,  fixud,  estab- 
lished, moved,  iic.  Scripture. 

G.  By  a  metonymy,  heart  is  used  for  an  afleclion  or 
passion,  and  particularly  for  luvu. 

Tilt  kind's  heart  wjs  toward  Absjlom.  — 2  Soin.  xiv. 

7.  The  sent  of  the  understanding ;  as,  an  under- 
standing heart.  We  read  of  men  wise  in  heart,  and 
slow  of  heart.  Scripture. 

8.  The  seat  of  the  will ;  hence,  secret  ptirposcs,  in- 
tentions, or  designs.  There  are  many  devices  in  a 
man's  heart.  The  heart  of  kings  is  unsearchatjie. 
The  Lord  tries  and  searches  the  Jirart.  David  had  it 
in  his  heart  to  build  a  house  of  rest  for  the  ark. 

Scripture. 
Sometimes  heart  is  used  for  the  will,  or  determined 
purpose. 

The  heart  of  the  soaa  of  nicu  is  fully  set  iu  tbciit  to  du  evil.  — 
Eccli^.  viii. 

9.  Person;  character;  itsed  uiiih  respect  to  cotiraffe 
or  kindness, 

Cbeerly,  my  hearts.  Slai-, 

10.  Courage;  spirit;  as,  to  take  heart;  to  give 
heart ;  lo  recover  heart.    Speft.^icr.     Temple.     JiliUon. 

IL  Secret  thoughts;  recesses  of  the  mind. 

Mlcli.d  E.IW  king-  Diuid  leaping  and  dancing  before  die  LonI, 
and  she  despised  him  ia  hezheart.  —  3  Sam.  vi. 

12.  Disposition  of  mind. 

He  had  a.  heart  lo  do  well.  Sidtiey. 

13.  Secret  meaning  ;  real  intention. 

And  thou  sliow  you  the  kaarl  of  my  mcsjiige,  S'laS:. 

14.  Conscience,  or  sense  of  good  or  ill. 

Every  man's  heart  and  conscience  —  dolh  either  like  or  dia;il- 
low  iL  IIuc!:er. 

15.  Strength;  power  of  producing;  vigor  ;  fertility. 
Keep  the  laud  in  heart. 

That  llie  spent  eart^  inay  g-ather  heart  ajain.  Dryden. 

IG.  The  utmost  degree. 


This  gay  chaim  —  hatii  beguiled  ma 
To  the  very  heart  ol'losa. 


S3Lak. 


To  get  or  learn  by  heart ;  to  commit  to  memory  ;  to 
learn  so  perfectly  as  to  be  able  to  repeat  without  a 
copy. 

7'o  take  to  heart :  to  be  much  a5"ected  ;  also,  lo  he 
zealous,  ardent,  or  solicitous,  about  a  thing  ;  to  have 
concern. 

To  lay  to  hearty  is  used  neariy  in  the  sense  of  tlie 
foregoing. 

To  set  Vie  heart  on  ;  to  fix  the  desires  on  ;  to  be 
very  desirous  of  obtaining  or  keephig;  to  be  very 
fond  of. 

To  set  the  luart  at  rest ;  to  make  one's  self  quiet ;  to 
be  tranquil  or  easy  in  mind. 

To  fnd  in  the  heart;  lo  be  willing  or  disposed. 
Ijvid  il  in  my  heart  to  sj,k  youc  pardon.  Sidney. 

For  my  heart ;  for  tenderness  or  afiection.  I  could 
not  fur  my  heart  refuse  his  request. 

Or  this  phra^ie  may  signify,  for  my  life;  if  my  life 
v/as  at  stake. 

I  c^uld  not  ^et  him  Jur  my  heart  to  do  it.  Siiak. 

To  spcalc  to  one's  heart;  in  Scripture,  to  speak  kind- 
ly to  ;  to  comfort ;  to  t;ncourage. 

To  have  in  the  heart ;  to  purpose  ;  to  have  design  or 
intention. 
Ahardheart;  cruelty;  want  of  sensibility. 
HEXRT,  V,  J.     To  encourage.     [Ay(  much  used.] 

Pridcaux. 
HEART'-a€HE,  (hirt'iike,)  n.     Sorrow  ;  anguish  of 

mind.  Shak. 

HEXRT'-AF-FECT'IXG,  a.     Affecting  the  heart 
HEART'-AL-LtJR'ING,  a.     Suited  to  allure  the  affec- 
tions. Pamcll, 
HEART'-AP-PALL'ING,  a.     Dismaying  the  heart. 
HEART'-BREaK,  n.    Overwhelming  sorrow  or  grief. 

Sliak. 
HEART'-BREaK-ER,  n.    A  ladv's  curl ;  a  love-lock. 
HEART'-BREaK-LVG,  a.     Breal'dng  the  heart;  over- 
powering with  cricf  or  sorrow.  Spenser. 
HEART'-BRE.^K-L\G,  n.     Overpowering  grief;  deep 

affliction.  Ilakewill. 

HEART'-BRED,  a.  Bred  in  the  heart.  Crashaw. 
HEART'-BROK-i^N,  a.  Deepiv  afflicted  or  grieved. 
HEART'-BUR-I-Z:D,  (-ber'nd,)  a.     Deeply  immersed. 

Young. 
HEART'-BURN,H.    Cardialgy;  a  disease  or  affection 
of  the  stomach,  attended  with  a  sensation  of  heat 
and  uneasiness. 
HEART'-BUR\-£D,  a.    Having  the  heart  inflamed. 

Shak. 
HEART'-EURN-LN'G,  a.    Causing  discontent. 

Middteton. 
HEART'-BURN-L\G,  n.     Heart-bum,  which  see. 

2.  Discontent ;  secret  enmitv.  SicifL 

HEART'-CHILL-£D,  (hirt'ciuld,)    a.      Having  the 

heart  chilled.  Shcnstonc. 


IIEA 

UESRT'-€iJ.\-Su.M'l.VO,  a.  Deslrojing  peace  « 
iiiind. 

IIUAItT'-COn  r.Oll'IM;,  a.     rrrvins  on  Ihc  heart. 

HI'.aUT'-DioAK,  u.     t^intirely  bfloicd.  S/w*. 

HKART'-Dl'.liF,  o.     Hi«}tL-(l  in  Ihe  iioart.       Herbert. 

IlEAUT'-DIS-tOUR'Ati-l.NG,  a.  [See  CooRiCE.] 
Oppressing  flie  spirits.  South, 

HEA  RT'-]:ASE,  II.     Quiet ;  tranquillity  of  mind. 

Shak. 

I1EaRT'-i;AS-I.\G,  a.    Giving  quiet  lo  the  mind. 

.Miltm. 

IlEART'-KAT-IN'G,  a.    Preying  on  the  heart.  Burton 

HEART'-E.\-I,IV'£.V-ING,  a.    Enhvening  the  heart 

HEART'-EX-PAXD'I.VG,  a.  Enlarging  the  heart, 
opening  Ihe  feelings.  Thomson. 

IIEART'-FELT,  a.  Dcjply  felt;  deeply  affecting 
either  as  joy  or  sorrow. 

HEART'-OltliiF,  n.    Affliction  of  the  heart.    MdUm 

HEaUT'-GRIND-ING,  a.    Grinding  the  heart. 

.Mrs.  Biitlir. 

I!E.iiRT'-IlARD-£X,ED,  a.  Obdurate;  impenitent, 
mifuelin?.  Harmer. 

HEART'-iIARD-£X-I.\G,  a.  Rendering  cruel  or  ob- 
durate. SJuiJi. 

HEART'-IIEAV'I-NESS,  (-hev'e  ncs,)  n.  Depression 
of  spirits.  Shak. 

IIEAKT'-IIUM-BLED,  <2.    Humbled  in  heart.  Jiloore. 

HEART'I-ER,  o.     .More  hearty. 

HEaRT'I-EST,  a.    Most  hearty. 

HEART'LET.  n.     A  little  heart. 

HEAET'-OF-FE.\D'I.\G,  a.    Wounding  tlie  heart. 

Shak. 

HEART'-P.Al.X-ING,  a.    Giving  pain  to  the  heart. 

HEART'-PkA,  7(.    A  plant,  heart-seed,  which  see. 

MiUer. 

HEXRT'-PIicRC-I.VG,  a.    Piercing  the  heart. 

HEART'-PO'RI-Fy-I.XG,  a.    Purifying  the  heart. 

HEART'-aUEEL-ING,  <i.    ComiuJring  the  atlcction. 

Spender. 

HEaRT'-REND-IN'G,  d.  Breaking  the  heart;  over- 
powering with  anguish  ;  deeply  alflictive.    Waller. 

HEART'-RIS-I.\'G,  !i.  .\  rising  of  the  heart;  oppo- 
sition. 

HEaUT'-ROB-BIXG,  a.    Depriving  of  thought ;  ec- 
static. Speiiser. 
2.  Stealing  the  heart ;  winning.  Speiis/r. 

HEART'.S'-BLOOD,  (  ,  ,  i    ,  -  (  n.     The  blood  of  tlie 

HEART'-BLOOD,      i  (-bluuj  I    ^g^^t .  ,,fe  .  essence. 

HEART'S'-kASE,  7!.  A  plant ;  a  species  of  Viola  or 
violet ;  also,  a  species  of  Polygonum. 

IIEART'-SEARCH-ING,  (-serch-ing,)  a.  Searching 
the  secret  Ihouelils  and  purposes. 

HEART'-SEED,"".  .4clinibingplaiit,  of  the  genus  Car- 
diospenniiim.  liaving  round  seeds  which  are  marked 
with  a  spot  like  a  heart.  Lvuiioic. 

HEART'-Sf!AP-£D,  a.    Having  the  shape  of  a  he.art. 

HE.\RT'-t=ICK,  a.  Sick  at  heart;  pained  in  mind  j 
deepiv  alilicted  or  depressed. 

UEAKt'-SICK'£.X-Ii\G,  a.    Sickening  the  heart. 

E.  EoeretL 

HEXKT'SuME,  a.  Merry;  cheerful;  lively.  [Scot- 
tish.] 

HEART'-SoRE,  )i.    That  which  pains  the  heart. 

Spettser. 

UEART'-SoRE,  a.    Deeply  wounded.  Sluik. 

HEART'-SOK'RoW-IKG,  a.  Sorrowing  deeply  in 
heart.  Stiak. 

HEAUT'-STIE-RING,  a.    Moving  the  heart. 

HEART'-STRIKE,  v.  t.    To  alTcct  at  heart. 

B.  Jonson. 

HEART'-STRIXG,  ii.  A  hypothetical  nerve  or  ten- 
dun,  supposed  lo  brace  and  sustain  the  heart. 

Skal;.     Taylor. 

HEART'-STRL'CK,  a.  Driven  to  the  heart;  infiied 
in  the  mind. 

2.  Shocked  with  fear ;  dismayed.  Milton. 
HEXRT'-SVVELL-IXG,  a.    Rankling  in  the  hearU 

Spe:tscr. 

HEART'-TIIRILL  IXG,  a     Thrilling  the  heart. 

HEART'-TOUCH-ING,  a.    AHccting  the  heart. 

HEAUT'-WHEEL,  71.  The  name  of  a  well-kno«Ti 
mechanical  contrivance,  (an  elliptical  wheel  fur  con- 
verting a  circular  motion  into  an  alternating  rectilin- 
ear one,)  coininon  in  cuttnn-raills.  Brattde. 

HEART'-WHOLE,  (-hole,)  a.     [See  Whole.]     Not   \ 
allected  with  love;  not  in  love,  or  not  deeply  af- 
fected. 
9.  liaving  unbroken  spirits,  or  good  courage. 

UEART'-WOQD,  n.  The  hard,  central  part  of  the 
trunk  of  a  tree,  dilTering  in  color  from  the  outer  lay- 
ers. Brande.     Lintllett. 

HEART'-WOUND-ED,  a.  Wounded  with  love  or 
grief;  deeply  affected  with  some  passion.        Papr. 

IlEART'-WOUMD-IXG,  a.   Piercing  v.ilh  grief.  Howe. 

IIEAUT'ED,  a.    Taken  to  heart.     [JV'ot  mai]     Shak. 
a.  Coiniiosed  of  hearts.     [Alt  used.]  Shah. 

3.  Laid  up  in  the  heart.  Shak. 
This  word  is  chiefly  used  in  composition;  as,  hard- 

hearteil,  hint-hearted,  sloul-hearted,  &.C. 
HEART'E.V,  (hirt'n,)  v.  t.  To  encourage  ;  to  aiiiniato  ; 
to  incite  or  stimulate  courage.  Sidney. 

2.  To  restore  fertility  or  strength  to  ;  as,  to  hearUn 
land.     [LiUle  used.]  May. 


TCNE,  BULL,  UNITE.  — AN"GEE,  VI"CIOUS.  — e  as  K  ;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CU  as  SH;  TIT  as  in  THIS. 


Jit  A 


HE  A 


HEA 


iiiiul  j:.\'  r.R,  rlr.ifii  .r,) 


a.  (• 

matot: 

.J  ilj  uimjtv 

iii;-.nTn 

1! 

-VOX-EV, 
r  PS-NY, 

:  O.NE,  1 

Willi  all  lil" 

IIEXK 


He  or  tlviC  wlikh 

Brotinu 

-im-llolU'U  by  m»  reconl 

■\;   C.  hrrdi  Dan.  haarit; 

.    i\llli   rarM,   which 

r(.».) 

.  r  stono  In  n  clliin- 
1  Troui  wliirh  ttli^ru 
■I  J. 

It",  iifl  the  nbcHio  of 
I  ii  ii.^iMCuhtyiuslmnei'rs. 
Stmirt. 
A  lax  on  liuarlli:). 

BlacJislone. 
Blono  fonnlng  Ihc  hcnrtli ; 

"     From  Uio  heart; 
;  n-ally. 

■-'  lively  ;   vigorously     IIo  heartily 

.^ j;   freely i  largely;  as,  lo  cat 

-S,  ».    Sincerity;  leul;  ardor;  eam- 
.  sj  of  niipclile.  [estness. 

-,«.    withoul courage;  spirltloss ;  faint- 

■,  4nJ  quiiuvJ  i^u  thdr  ground.  Orj^n. 

li  or  ufffcllon. 

:.'r.    Without  courage  or  spirit; 
.  biy.        . 
■  or  nITictton 
Hill  -   n.    Want  of  courage  or  spirit ; 

'  nrss.  Dp.  llaU. 

:  nruircctioli. 
i;  ,        i' .  :;uart  encaged  in  .my  thing; 

".mctlu  1  warm  ;  icliiMi  ;  OS,  to  be  htarty  ill  supiwrt 
ot  corcrnmenl. 
■J   Pr..r  .'ling  from  tlie  heart ;  sincere;  warm;  as, 
' -umr. 

liill  of  health ;  sound ;  strong ;  healthy ; 
_  .  -        ^  man. 

4.  tUoug;  durable;  03,  hearlij  timber.  [JVul  i«e<i 
n  Jmeruji.]  IVoUmi. 

i.  Having  a  keen  appetite ;  eating  much ;  as,  a 
kforty  eater. 
1"^  ^'Irnni;  nourishing;  as,  *Mrlo  food, 
n  EA  BT'  V-li A  LE,  a.    Good  for  the  licarU    [  Obs.] 

Upatser. 
1IP..\T,  It.    [Sal.  ktm,  lurt;  D.  hilU;  G.  hilzc;   Sw. 
ktua ;  I),  kale ;  I-  ifjlits,  for  *<Mti«,  or  c<tiliu.    See 
the  vfrb.) 

I.  Heat,  as  a  cause  of  sensation,  is  considered  by 
•ome  to  be  the  result  nf  the  vibration  of  elastic  media, 
by  others  as  a  subtile  fluid,  contained  in  a  greater 
or  le*s  degree  in  all  bodies.  In  motttrn  chcmi-^ry,  it 
Is  called  tidorit.  It  expands  all  bodies  in  dilierent 
propurtioni,  and  Is  llie  cause  of  fluidity  and  evapora- 
lion.  A  certain  dt'creo  of  It  is  also  essential  to  ani- 
mal and  vegetable  life.  Heat  is  talent,  when  so 
combined  with  other  matter  as  not  to  be  perceptible. 
It  li  tnuihU,  when  it  is  evolved  and  perceptible. 

Laroisicr.     Encyc. 
0."  ri^ation,  is  the  cllect  produced  on 

■1  of  animals,  by  the  passage  of 
from  surrounding  bodies,  to  the 
touch  or  approach  a  hot  body, 
asses /rom  that  body  to  our  organs 
,f  :  ■.  ig  the  sensation  of  heat.    On  the 

,.  .li.ii  we  touch  a  cold  body,  the  caloric 
>  the  hand  to  that  body,  and  causes  a  sen- 
■  .-  .M.  Lavotsicr. 

^Vut — This  theory  of  heat  seems  not  to  bo  fully 

Killed. 

3.  Il.jt  air ;  hot  weather;  as,  the  heal  of  the  trop- 
ical climates. 

4.  Any  accumulation  or  concentration  of  the  mat- 
ter of  heat  or  caloric  ;  as,  the  heat  nf  the  body  ;  the 
ktmt  of  a  Airnaco ;  a  red  heat ;  a  white  heat ;  a  wcld- 
10  s  hral. 

t  accumulation  of  heal,  or  the  time 
ttion  ;  xs,  in  the  A^at  of  the  day. 
r  being  once  heated  or  hot    Give 

r    .toL 

7.  A  vluLnl  action  unintermitted  ;  a  single  effort 
kUa^  tMmtm  tn  RquiRd  f^r  rrfitahtnoit  Utwccn  tlw  ktau. 

Oryltn. 

"  rt  in  ninnlng;  a  course  at  a  race 

first  heat, 
ilir  face;  flush.  AMiim. 

■itemenl ;  violent  action  or  agita- 
11.    The  body  Is  all  in  a  heat, 
■Icncc  ;   rage  ;  vehemence  ;  as,  the 

lie. 

■ncc  ;  ardor  ;  as,  the  heat  of  party. 
Mlion  of  mind  ;   inflammation   or  excitc- 
.  i-'iperalion  ;  as,  the  heal  of  passion. 
:  t;   fervency;    animation    In  thought  or 


thr 
cat 


lb' 


5.  Til 


nf 
Ih- 


I; 


Wim  ail  Uif  e: 

15.  Fennentati 
HBAT,  r.  L    (Sax.  nuMi 


AiUiton. 


1  call,  in  order,  command, 


or  promise;  (-elMtan,  to  call,  to  piomiee,  to  grow 
warm  ■  hrlan,  to  heat,  to  command,  to  call ;  gehietan, 
lo  promise;  ha:ie,  order,  command;  M<rs,  a  vow  ; 
behlrtan.  to  vow  ;  enlur.tali,  to  heat,  to  inllamc  ;  hatmn, 
to  heal  to  be  hot,  to  boil,  lo  hate  ;  lutt,  heat,  heat ; 
hat,  hot ;  hate,  hatred,  hate ;  L.  odi,  ofu!,  for  hodi, 
Amus  ■■  Goth.  Iuit:jan,  to  bate  ;  liaitan,  gahiutan,  to  can, 
to  command,  to  vow  or  promise ;  G.  hciss,  not ; 
hea<e«,  to  call ;  hdlien,  to  heat ;  Aide,  heat,  ardor, 
vehemence  ;  sduiss,  command  ;  verhcisscn,  to  prom- 
ise ;  /wi»,  hale  ;  fcusen,  to  hate  ;  D.  hcct,  hot,  eager, 
h  islv  ;  Aiuc,  heat ;  hectcn,  to  heat,  lo  iianio  or  call,  to 
bo  called,  lo  command  ;  Itaat,  hate  ;  ;«Mtc»,  to  hate  ; 
rerhittci,,  to  inllame  ;  Sw.  Art,  hot ;  hctta.  Ileal,  pas- 
sion ;  Ai-U<j,  to  be  hot,  to  glow ;  /«(«,  to  be  called  or 
named  ;  A«t,  hate,  hatred  ;  hata,  to  hate  ;  Dan.  Ac»<(, 
hot ;  heJc,  heat,  ardor  ;  licder,  to  heat,  to  l>c  called  or 
named  ;  had,  hate ;  /Miter,  to  hate.  With  these 
words  coincides  the  I..  «1im,  for  Aie^tiw,  heat,  tide, 
Gr  uiOw,  to  burn,  and  the  English  haste  and  hotst 
are  probably  of  the  same  family.  The  primary  and 
literal  sense  of  all  these  words  is,  tn  stir,  to  rouse,  to 
raise,  to  agitate,  from  the  action  of  driving,  urging, 
stimulating,  whence  Sw.  he.U,a,  Dan.  hcdscr,  to  ex- 
cite, to  set  on  dogs.  See  Class  Gd,  No.  39,  and  oth- 
ers. II  may  be  further  added,  that  in  W.  cis  is 
hatred,  a  cattle,  from  the  sense  of  separating  ;  casait, 
to  hate  ;  and  if  this  is  of  the  same  family,  it  unites 
casUc  with  the  foregoing  words.  In  these  words  we 
sec  the  sense  of  repulsion.] 

1.  To  malte  hot ;  to  communicate  heat  to,  or  cause 
to  bo  hot ;  as,  to  heat  an  oven  or  a  furnace ;  to  heat 
iron.  ,       .,    , ,     , 

2.  To  make  feverish  ;  as,  to  Acat  the  blood. 

3.  To  warm  with  ]iassion  or  desu-e ;  to  excite ;  to 
rouse  into  action. 

A  noble  emuUtion /Mai*  your  bre.-i5t.  Drydcn. 

4.  To  agitate  the  blood  and  spirits  with  action  ;  to 
excite  animal  action.  Dnjden. 

IIP  \T  c.  i.  To  grow  warm  or  hot  by  fermentatinn, 
o'r  extrication  of  latent  heat.  Green  hay  heats  in  a 
mow,  and  green  corn  in  a  bin. 

ij.  To  grow  warm  or  hot.  The  iron  or  the  water 
heals  slowly. 

HEAT,  for  Hi;.iTED,  used  by  Shakspeare  and  Ben  Jon- 
son,  is  still  sometimes  used,  and  pronounced  hct; 
but  it  is  not  elegant. 

IIeAT'ED,  H).  or  a.     IMade  hot ;   inflamed  ;  esaspcr- 

IlE.Vr'ER,  II.     He  or  that  which  heals.  [aled. 

2.  K  mass  of  iron  which  is  heated  and  inclosed  in 
a  box  or  case  in  order  lo  heat  or  keep  sometliiiig 
hot ;  as,  a  coifee-Acatcr. 

Heath,  «.  [Sax.  A/KA  ,-  D.  and  G.  hcidc  ;  Dan.  hede  ; 
Sw.  hcd;  Scot,  haddiir;  W.  ciiiar,  culinected  with 
eiziaw,  to  take  to,  or  possess ;  the  clinging  plant.] 

1.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Erica,  of  many  species, 
bearing  beautiful  flowers.  It  is  a  shrub  whicli  is 
used  in  Great  Ilritain  for  brooms,  thatch,  beds  for 
the  poor,  and  for  heating  ovens.  Its  leaves  are 
small,  and  continue  green  all  tile  year.  It  is  called 
also  Lino.  JUillcr.     P.  Cijc. 

2.  A  place  overgrown  with  heath.  Temple. 

3.  A  place  overgrown  with  shrubs  of  any  kind. 

Bacon. 

IIkATH'-GI-ID,  a.  Clothed  or  crowned  with  heath 
HEATIl'-eOCK,  j  n.  A  large  bird  which  frequents 
I1E.VTH'-G.^ME,  j      heaths,  a  species  of  grouse. 

Carew. 
HEATH'-PeA,  71.    A  species  of  bitter  vetch,  Orobus. 

Johnsait. 

HeATII'-POUT,  VI.  A  bird,  the  same  as  the  heath-cock. 

Ed.  Encye. 
HE.\Tir-RoSE,  n.     A  plant  Mnsworth. 

HitA'THBN,  (he'thn,)  n.  [Sax.  lucthat;  G.  heide, 
heath,  and  a  heathen  or  pasan  ;  D.  hdden ;  Dan. 
and  Sw.  Itedningi  Gr.  lOviiii  frt  in  lieath,  that  is,  one 
who  lives  in  the  country  or  wunds,  as  pagan  from 
pa<eas,  a  village.] 

1.  A  pagan ;  a  Gentile  ;  one  who  worships  idols, 
or  is  unacquainted  with  the  true  God.  In  the  Scrip- 
tures, the  word  seems  to  compreiiend  all  nations  ex- 
cept llie  Jews  or  Israelites,  as  tliey  were  all  strangers 
to  the  true  religion,  and  all  addicted  to  idolatiy.  The 
word  may  now  be  apiilied,  perhaps,  to  all  nations, 
except  to  Christians  anil  Mohammedans. 

Heathen,  willinut  the  plural  termination,  is  used 
plurally  or  collectively,  for  Gentiles  or  heathen  na- 
tions. 

Atk  of  nip,  and  1  will  give  lliec  l!ie  heatlicn  for  Ihine  inlieriLaiicc, 
-P..ii. 

Ikatlien,  however,  has  a  plural,  expressing  two  or 
more  individuals. 

If  iii^n  li.ivc  r:a»on  to  be  hetuhene  in  Jupsn.  Lorte. 

The  prv-cepu  and  examples  of  Ihc  ancienl  heathens.    Addison. 

9.  A  rude,  illiterate,  barbarous  person. 
UEA'TII£N,a.    Gentile;  pagan;  as,  aAMlAwiaiithor 

Addison. 
HeA'THEN-DOM,  11.    That  part  of  the  world  where 

heathenism  prevails.  Irving. 

HeA'T H£N-1SH,  a.  Belonging  to  Gentiles  or  pagans  ; 
as,  heaVtenish  rites. 
9.  Rude  ;  illiterate  ;  wild  ;  uncivilized. 
3.  Barbarous  ;  savage  ;  cruel ;  rapacious.   Spenser. 


HEA'THi-'N-ISII  lA',  adu.  After  the  maiinei  of  hea- 
thens. „  .    , 

llEA'T IIEN-ISII-NESS,  n.  The  slate  of  being  hea- 
then, or  like  lieatheus. 

llEA'THi'.'N-lS.M,  71.  Gentilism  ;  paganism  ;  igno- 
rance of  the  true  God  ;  idolatry  ;  the  rites  or  system 
of  religion  of  a  pagan  nation.  Hammond. 

■>,  Rudeness  ;  barbarism  ;  ignorance. 

HEA'T1I£N-IZE,  v.  t.  To  render  heathen  or  hea- 
thenish. J^'inii;™. 

IIE.V'f  IIEN-IZ-£D,  pp.  Rendered  heathen  or  liea- 
thenisM 

HE.\'TH£N-I>5-lNG,MJr.    Eendcring  heathenish. 

IlEA'TlIf.'N-NESS,  71.    State  of  being  heathens. 

IIE.^TII'EK,  (heth'er.  This  is  the  only  pronimcia- 
tinn  ill  l-;:,)i.Iaiid.J  7i.    Heath. 

lIEA'f  II'EK-HELLS,  (hetti'er-bclz,)  7i.  pi  The  blos- 
soms ot  the  iteiither.  Bnm.^. 

IIEATHIO'i--'-,  (hclll-,)  a.  Heathy;  abounding  in 
heather.         '  •""•  H(wans. 

HEATi;  Y,  a.  [from  AcniA.]  Full  of  heath  ;  abound- 
ing with  heath  ;  as,  AtiitAi;  land.  Moriimcr. 

HE.^T'ING,  pp'.  Making  warm  or  hot;  inllaming; 
rousinji  the  ixissions  ;  exasperating. 

2.  a  'I'enling  to  imparl  heal  to  ;  promoting 
warmth  or  neat;  exciting  action  ;  stimulating;  as, 
heating  medicines  or  applications. 

HEAT'ING-LY,  adv.    So  as  to  impart  heat  to. 

He.A.T'LESS,  a.    Destitute  of  heat ;  cold. 

licaum.  Sr  Fl. 

HEAVE,  (heev,)  v.  t;  pret.  IIeaveo,  or  Hove;  iip. 
IlEiTED,  Hove,  formerly  Hoveh.  [Sax.  hrafan, 
he/an,  hcofan  ;  Goth,  haj'yan ;  Sw.  hdfva  ;  D.  litgeit ; 
G.  heien ;  Dan.  'han}er,  lo  heave  ;  Gr.  itinltw,  lo 
breathe  ;  lairino,  id.     Class  Gb.] 

1.  To  lift ;  lo  raise ;  to  move  upward. 

So  stretched  out  husje  in  length  the  arch  fiend  lay, 

Chained  on  Uie  burning  hike,  nor  ever  hence 

Has  risen,  or  heaoed  bis  head.  AJil(o». 

2.  To  cause  to  swell. 

The  glittering  finny  swarma 
That  heave  our  friths  and  crowd  upon  our  sliorcs.    Thontuun. 

3.  To  raise  or  force  from  the  breast ;  as,  to  hrarc  a 
sigh  or  groan,  which  is  accompanied  wilh  a  swelling 
or  expansion  of  llie  thorax. 

4.  To  raise ;  to  elevate ;  with  Ai^-A. 
One  heaved  on  high.  Shak. 

5.  To  puIT;  to  elate.  Hayward. 
0.  To  throw;  to  cast;  to  send;  as,  to  Acueeaslone. 

This  is  a  common  use  of  the  word  in  popular  lan- 
guage, and  among  seamen  ;  as,  to  Acaue  the  lead. 

7.  To  raise  forcilily,  by  turning  a  windlass  ;  with 
up  ;  as,  lo  heave  up  the  anchor.    Hence, 

8.  To  turn  a  windlass  or  capstan  wilh  bars  or 
levers.     Hence  the  order,  to  heave  away. 

To  heave  ahead ;  to  force  a  vessel  aliead  by  any 
means,  when  not  under  sail,  Totteii. 

To  heave  astern  ;  to  cause  lo  recede  ;  to  draw  back. 

To  heave  down ;  lo  throw  or  lay  down  on  one  side  ; 
lo  careen. 

To  heave  out ;  to  throw  out.  With  seamen,  lo  loose 
or  unfurl  a  sail,  particularly  the  slay-sails. 

To  heave  in  stays ;  in  tacking,  lo  put  a  vessel  on 
the  other  tack.  Totten. 

To  heave  short;  to  draw  so  much  of  a  cable  into 
the  ship,  as  that  she  is  almost  perpendicularly  above 
the  anchor.  ,    ^,  .  , 

To  heave  a  strain;  to  work  at  the  windlass  with 
unusual  exertion. 

To  heave  tawht;  lo  lum  a  capstan,  fee.,  tdl  llie 
rope  becomes  strained.     [See  Taught  and  TioiiT.] 

To  heave  to ;  to  brmg  the  siiip's  liead  to  the  wind, 
and  stop  her  motion. 

To  heave  up;  lo  relinquish;  [so  to  lAroTO  !ip ;  J  as, 
to  Araoc  ii;)  a  design.     [Vulgar.] 
HEAVE,  (heev,)  v.  i.    To  swell,  distend,  or  dikile  ;  as, 
a  horse  heaves  in  panting.     Hence, 

2.  To  pant ;  to  breathe  with  labor  or  pain  ;  as,  be 
heaves  for  breath.  Drydcn. 

3.  To  keck ;  to  make  an  effort  lo  vomit. 

4.  To  rise  in  billows,  as  the  sea  ;  to  swell. 

5.  To  rise ;  lo  be  lifted  ;  as,  a  ship  hea-ven. 

6.  To  rise  or  swell,  as  the  earth  at  the  breaking  up 
of  frost.  . 

To  heave  in  sight ;  to  appear ;  to  make  Us  hrst  ap- 
pearance ;  as,  a  ship  at  sea,  or  as  a  distant  object 
approaching  or  being  approached. 

We  observe  that  this  verb  has  often  the  sense  ot 
raising  or  rising  in  an  arch  or  circular  form,  as  in 
throwing  and  in  distention,  and  from  this  sense  is 
derived  its  application  to  the  apparent  arch  over  our 
heads,  heaven. 
HEAVE,  (heev,)  71.  Arising  or  swell ;  an  exertion  or 
effort  upward. 

None  could  guess  whether  the  next  heave  of  llio  earthquake 
would  aelUa  or  swallow  them.  Uryaen. 

2.  A  rising  swell,  or  distention,  as  of  the  breast. 

These  profound  heanee.  Shak, 


UJE 

I' 


3.  An  effort  to  vomit. 

4.  An  effort  lo  rise. 
He.'^V'£D,  pp.    Lifted  ;  swelled  ; 

vomit. 


Hudihras. 
panted;  tried  to 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  -  .METE,  PREY PINE,  IVIARYNE,  BIRD NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.- 

548  ;===========:===^^=====r=r:===;:=====;^=== 


HEA 

HKA\''£N,  (hcv'n,)  n.  [Sax.  heafcn^  hcfcn,  hcofen, 
from  hra/an^  to  heave,  and  signifying  elevated  or 
arcIieJ.] 

1.  Tlifi  region  or  expanse  which  surrounds  tlie 
earth,  and  which  appears  above  and  around  us,  like 
ail  immense  arch  or  vault,  in  which  are  seen  tlie 
sun,  niuon,  and  stars. 

•J.  .Vuiong  Christians,  the  part  of  space  in  which 
the  omnipresent  Jehovaii  is  supposed  to  afford  more 
i^iiisiblt!  manifestations  of  his  glory.  Hence,  tliis  is 
calleil  the  habitation  of  God,  and  is  represented  as 
i!:.'  residence  of  angels  and  blessed  spirits.  DctU. 
xxvi. 

'I'll?  KtnclilicU  heart  loves  heaven  for  its  purity,  ami  God  for  his 
^lodiiees.  BucAmineler. 

3.  Among  pagans,  the  residence  of  the  celestial 
g^.ils. 

■I.  The  sky  or  air  j  the  region  of  the  atmosphere  ; 
or  an  elevated  place  ;  m  a  very  indefinite  senAc.  Thus 
we  spjak  of  a  mountain  reaching  to  heaven  ;  the 
fmvls  of /jcarcn  ;  the  clouds  of  heacai;  hail  or  rain 
from  heaccTU    Jer.  Jx.    Job  xxxv. 

Their  civics  are  walled  to  heaven.  —  Deut.  i. 

5.  The  Hebrews  acknowledged  three  lieavens ;  the 
air  or  aerial  heavens;  the  firmament  in  which  the 
i-Uirs  are  supposed  to  be  i)]aced  ;  and  the  heaven  of 
heavens,  or  third  heaven,  the  residence  of  Jehovah. 

Bro-ion. 

G.  RIodern  philosophers  divide  the  expanse  above 
and  around  the  earth  into  two  parts,  the  atmospliere 
or  aerial  heaven,  and  the  ethereal  heaven  beyond 
the  region  of  the  air,  in  which  tliere  is  supposed  to 
he  a  thin,  unresisting  medium,  called  ether.    Encyc. 

7.  Tile  Supreme  Power  ;  the  Sovereign  of  heaven; 
God  ;  as,  prophets  sent  by  Jleaveji. 

I  liaciT  sinned  agaittst  Heaven.  —  Luke  xv, 

Shuu  the  impious  profaitcnesi  which  scods  at  tlie  uutitutions  of 
Heaven.  Dmsht. 

8.  The  pagan  deities  J  celestials. 

Aa<i  s'.ioiv  the  heavens  more  JisC.  Shak. 

9.  Elevation ;  sublimity. 

0  for  a  muse  of  fire,  that  would  ascend 

The  brightpst  heaven  of  invention.  Shak. 

10.  Supreme  felicity  ;  great  happiness. 

11.  The  angels.    Job  xv.  15. 

12.  Distinguished  clory.    Is.  xiv.  19. 
HEAV'£N-AS-PIR'ING,  a.    Aspiring  to  heaven. 

Jikniside. 
HEAV'£N-BAN'ISH-£D,    (-'lan'isht,)  a.     Banished 

frttm  heaven.  Milton. 

HEAV'£N-BE-GOT',  a.    Begot  by  a  celestial  being. 

Dry  den. 
HEAV'£X-BORN,  a.    Bom  from  Iieaven  ;  native  of 

heaven,  or  of  the  celestial  regions;  as,  kcavoi-borii 

sisters.  •  Pope. 

HEAV'£.\-BRED,    a.      Produced    or    cultivat-Ml    in 

heaven  ;  as,  heacen-bred  poesy.  iShak. 

HEAV'iS.V-BRIGHT,  a.    Bright  as  heaven. 
HEAV'£.\-BUILT,  (-bilt,)  a.     Built  by  tiie  agency  or 

favor  of  the  cods  ;  as,  a  heaven-built  wall.        Pope. 
HEAV'EN-DAll-Ii\G,a.    Offering  dt-fiance  to  Heaven, 

or  to  the  divine  will  and  commands. 
HE.\V'i':.\-m-UEeT'ED,  a.    Pointing  to  the  sky; 

as,  a  heavni-dirccted  spire.  Pope. 

9.  Taught  or  directed  by  the  celestial  powers  ;  as, 

heaven-directfd  hands.  Pope. 

I!EAV'yt;X-EX-ALT'ED,  a.     Exalted  to  heaven. 
HEAV'/:N-FALL'/:.\,  a.    Fallen  from  heaven  ;  hav- 
ing rrvHJied  from  God.  MUtun. 
UEAV'£N-GIFT-ED,  a.    Bestowed  by  Heaven. 

Miltoju 
HEAV'EX-GIV-E.V,  a.  Given  by  Heaven.  VcrpUinck. 
HEAV'£.\-GUlD-ED,  a.     Divinelv  guided.   Mdion. 
HE.\V'£N~1N-SPTR'£D,  a.    Inspired  by  Heaven. 

Miltvn. 
HEAV'£N-IN-STUUeT'ED,  c.    Taught  by  Heaven. 

Crashaw. 

HEAVEN'-iZE,    (hev'n-ize,)  v.  t.    To   render    like 

Heaven.     [Unauthorized.']  Bp.  Hall. 

HEAV'iJN-iaSS'liVG,  a.    Touching,  as  it  were,  the 

sky.  Shak. 

HEAV'£M-LI-XESS,  n.     [from  heavenly.]     Supreme 

excellence.  Davics. 

HEAV'^N-LOV-ED,  (-luvd,)  a.    Beloved  by  Heaven. 

Milton. 
UEAV'EN-LY,  a.    Pertaining  to  heaven  ;  celestial  ; 

as,  lieavenly  regions  ;  b£avcnly  bliss. 
9.  Resembling  heaven;  supremely  excellent;  as, 

a  Iteavcnhj  lyre ;  a  heavenly  temper. 

The  love  ofhcincn  myites  one  heavenly.  Suitiey. 

3.  Inhabiting  heaven  ;  as,  a  heavenly  race  ;  the 
heavenly  Ihrf'ng. 
HEAV'A'N-LV,  adx)     In  a  manner  resembling  that  of 
heaven. 

Where  htaotnlij,  peosire  Oontempialion  dwcUs.  Popt. 

2.  By  the  influence  or  agencv  of  Iieaven.  i 

Our  heaccnly  piiticd  loul  »haIJ  c[innk>.  Milton,      j 

HEAV'J!.N-LY-MIMD'ED,  a.  Havin?  the  affections  I 
placed  on  heaven,  and  on  spiritual  things. 

Milner.      I 


HEA 

HEAV'£N-LY-MTND'ED-NESS,  n.  The  state  of 
having  the  affections  placed  on  heavenly  things  and 
spiritual  objects.  Milner. 

HEAV'£N-PRO-TEeT'ED,  a.  Protected  by  divine 
power 

HEAV'£N-SA-LUT'ING,  a.    Touching  the  sky 

Crashaw. 

HEAVEN-WARD,  adv.    Toward  heaven.      Prior. 

HEAV'EN-WAR'RING,  a.  Warring  against  Heaven. 

Milton. 

HeAVE'-OF-FER-ING,  71.  Among  the  Jews,  an  of- 
fering or  oblation  made  to  God  ;  so  called  because  it 
was  to  be  heaved  or  elevated.  JVu?;t.  xv.  and  xviii. 
The  same  as  wave-offcrinir. 

HeAV'ER,  n.  One  wlio  heaves  or  lifts.  Among  sea- 
men, a  staff  for  a  lever. 

Heaves,  (heevz,)  H.  A  disease  of  horses,  character- 
ized by  dithcult  and  laborious  respiration. 

HEAV'I-ER,  (hev'e-er,)  a.    More  heavy. 

HEAV'I-EST,  (hev'e-est,)  a.     Most  heavy. 

HEAVa-LY,  (hev'e-ly,)  ado.  [from  heavy.]  With 
great  weight ;  as,  to  bear  heavily  on  a  thing  ;  to  be 
lieavihj  loaded. 

2.  With  great  weight  of  grief;  grievously;  afflict- 
ively.  \Vhen  calamities  fall  heavily  on  the  Christian, 
he  linds  consolation  in  Christ. 

3.  Sorrowfully  ;  with  grief. 

1  came  hilh(-r  to  transport  the  tidings, 

Which  I  have  heavily  Lonie.  Shak. 

4.  With  an  air  of  sorrow  or  dejection. 

Why  looks  your  grace  so  heavihj  to-day  ?  Shak. 

5.  With  weight;  oppressively.  Taxes  sometimes 
bear  heavily  on  the  people. 

G.  Slowly  aad  laboriously  ;  with  dithcully  ;  as,  to 
move  heavily. 

Sotht-y  drove  1ii(;m  heavily.  —  Ex.  xiv. 

HEAV'I-NESS,  (liev'e-ness,)  n.  Weight ;  ponderous- 
ness  ;  gravity  ;  the  quality  of  being  lieavy ;  as,  the 
heaviness  of  a  body. 

2.  Sadness  ;  sorrow  ;  dejection  of  mind  ;  depression 
of  spirits. 

Heaviness  in  the  heart  of  man  malieth  it  sloop.  —  Prov.  xH. 
Ye  greatly  rejoi:e,  though  now  for  a  season  ye  are  in  heaviness, 
through  manifold  (emptations. —  1  Pet.  i. 

3.  Sluggishness  ;  torpidness  ;  dullness  of  spirit ; 
languidness  ;  languor;  lassitude. 

What  means  this  heaviness  that  hangs  upon  me  i       Addison. 

4.  Weight ;  burden ;  oppression  ;  as,  the  heaviness 
of  taxes. 

5.  Tliat  which  it  requires  great  strength  to  move 
or  overcome  ;  that  which  creates  labor  and  difficulty ; 
as,  the  Iteaviness  of  a  draught. 

G.  Thickness ;  moistness ;  deepness  ;  as,  the  heav- 
iness of  ground  or  soil. 
7.  Thickness;  moistness;  as  of  air. 
HEAVING,  ppr.  or  a.     Lifting  ;  swelling;  throwing; 

pantin2  ;  making  an  effort  to  vomit. 
HkAVJNG,  n.    A  rising  or  swell ;  a  panting. 

Jiddison.     Shak. 
HEAVI-SOME,  (hev'e-sum,)  a.    Dull ;  dark  ;  drowsy. 

[Local.] 
HEAVY,  fhev'y,)  n.     [Sax.  hcafi^,  hefi>r,  that  is,  lift- 
liJce,  lifted  with  labor,  from  hcafan,  to  heave.] 

1.  Weighty  ;  pon(lerous  ;  having  great  weight  ; 
tending  strongly  to  tlie  center  of  attraction  ;  contrary 
to  light ;  applied  to  material  bodies  ;  as,  a  heavy  stone  ; 
a  heavy  load. 

2.  Sad  ;  sorrowful ;  dejected ;  depressed  in  mind. 

A  h'ghl  wife  makes  a  heavy  liushaiid.  Sliak. 

So  is  he  thai  singelh  sung^  to  a  heavy  heart.  —  Prov.  xxv. 

3.  Grievous;  afflictive;  depressing  to  the  spirits; 
as,  heavy  news  ;  a  heavy  calamity. 

4.  Burdensome  ;  oppressive  ;  as,  heavy  taxes. 

Malve  thy  fatlier's  heavy  yoke  —  liglitcr.  —  1  Kiuirs  xii. 

5.  Wanting  life  and  animation;  dull. 

My  hetit^j  eyes,  you  say,  confess 

A  heart  iw  love  and  grief  inchucd.  Prior. 

6.  Drowsy  ;  dull. 

Their  eyes  were  heavy.  — Matt.  xxvi.     Lube  ix. 

7.  Wanting  spirit  or  animation  ;  destitute  of  life  or 
rapidity  of  sentiment;  dull;  as,  a  heavy  writer;  a 
heavy  style. 

8.  Wanting  activity  or  vivacity  ;  indolenL 

Eul  of  A  heavy,  dull,  degetjt;r.ite  mind.  Dryden. 

9.  Slow  ;  sluggish.     He  walks  with  a  heavy  gait. 

10.  Burdensome  ;  tedious  ;  as,  heavy  hours.  Time 
lies  heavy  on  him  who  has  no  employment. 

11.  Loaded;  encumbered;  burdened. 

He  found  his  men  heavy,  and  laden  with  booty.  Bacon. 

19.  Lying  with  weight  on  the  stomach  ;  not  easily 
digested  ;  as,  oily  food  is  heavy  to  the  stomach. 

13.  Moist ;  deep  ;  soft  ;  miry  ;  as,  heavy  land  ;  a 
heavy  soil.  We  apply  heaoy  to"  soft,  loamy,  or  clayey 
land,  which  makes  the  draught  of  a  plow  or  wagon 
difficult  and  laborious.    So  we  say,  a  heavy  road. 

14.  Difficult;  laborious;  as,  a  Acaoy  draught. 

15.  Weary  ;  supported  with  pain  or  ditficulty.  i 

And  the  hands  of  Moses  were  heavy.  —  Ex,  xvii.  I 


HEC 

IG.  Inflicting  severe  evils,  punishments,  or  judg- 
ments. 

Thchondof  the  Lord  waa  heavy  on  them  of  Aihdod. —  ISam.  ▼. 

17   Burdensome ;  occasioning  great  care. 

This  thing  is  loo  luaoy  for  Uice.  —  Ex.  xviii. 

18.  Dull;  not  hearing;  inattentive. 

Neither  hui  car  heaxnj,  that  he  can  not  hear.  —  Ii.  lii. 

19.  Large,  as  billows ;  swelling  and  rolling  with 
great  force  ;  as,  a  heavy  sea. 

20.  Large  in  amount ;  as,  a  heavy  expense ;  a  heavy 
debt. 

21.  Thick  ;  dense ;  black  ;  as,  a  keaxyy  cloud. 

99.  Violent ;  tempestuous  ;  as,  a  heavy  wind  or  gale. 

23.  Large ;  abundant ;  as,  a  heavy  fall  of  snow  or 
rain. 

24.  Great;  violent;  forcible;  as,  a  heavy  fire  of 
cannon  or  small  arms. 

25.  Not  raised  by  leaven  or  fermentation  ;  not 
light ;  clammy  ;  as,  heavy  bread. 

20.  Requiring  much  labor  or  much  expense  ;  as,  a 
heavy  undertaking. 
27.  Loud  ;  as,  heavy  tliunder. 

Heavy  metal,  in  military  affairs,  signifies  large  guns, 
carrying  balls  of  a  large  size,  or  it  is  applied  to  large 
balls  themselves. 

HEAVY,  (hev'y,)  adv.  With  great  weight;  used  m 
cmnposition. 

HEAVY,  (hev'y,)  v.  t.  To  make  heavy.  [JVot  in 
"^■c.J  Wickliffe, 

1IEAV'Y-BR0W-£D,  a.    Having  heavy  brows. 

HEAVY  HAA'D-ED,  a.  Clumsy;  not  active  or  dex- 
trous. 

HEAVY-HEAD-ED,  a.  Having  a  hea%-y  or  dull  head. 

HEA  VY-LaD'£N,  a.    Laden  with  a  heavy  burden. 

HEAVY-SPAR,  n.  [See  Baryta.]  A  heavy,  sparry 
mineral,  but  little  harder  than  calc-spar  and  sulphu- 
ric acid. 

HeA'ZY,  a.     [Ice.  hoese.] 

Hoarse  ;  wheezing.     [Local] 

HEB'DO-iMAD,  n.     [Gr.  fji6oiiag,  seven  days,  from 
eirra,  seven  ;  L.  hebdomada.] 
A  week  ;  a  period  of  seven  days.     [JVot  used.] 

Brown. 

HEB-DOM'AD-AL,      )  a.  Weekly  ;  consisting  of  sev- 

HEB-DOM'AD-A-RY,  j  en  days,  or  occurring  every 
seven  days.  Brown. 

HEB-DOM'AD-A-RY,  n.  A  member  of  a  chapter  or 
convent,  whose  week  it  is  to  officiate  in  the  choir, 
rehearse  the  anthems  and  prayers,  and  perform  other 
services,  which,  on  extraordinary  occasions,  are  per- 
formed bv  the  superiors. 

HEB-DO-JiAT'ie-AL,  a.     Weekly.        Bp.  Morton. 

HEB'EN,  It.     Ebony.  Spenser. 

HEB'E-TATE,  u.  t.  [L. /teSefo,  from  Aciw,  dull,  blunt, 
heavy.] 

To  duJI ;  to  blunt ;  to  stupefy ;  as,  to  hebetate  tho 
intellectual  faculties.  ^rbuihnot, 

HEB'E-Ta-TED,  pp.    aiade  blunt,  dull,  or  stupid. 

HEB^E-TA-TING,  ppr.  Rendering  blunt,  dull,  or  stu- 
pid. 

HEB-E-Ta'TION,  71.    The  act  of  making  blunt,  dull, 
or  stupid. 
2.  Tiie  state  of  being  dulled. 

HEB'eTE,  a.     Dull ;  stupid.     [Ohs.] 

HEB'E-TUDE,  n.     [L.  hebetudo.] 

Dullness  ;  stupidity.  Harvey. 

HE-BRA'ie,  a.  [from  Hebrew.]  Pertaining  to  the 
Hebrews  ;  designating  the  language  of  the  Hebrews. 

HE-BRa'IC-AL-LY,  adv.  After  the  manner  of  the 
Hebrew  language  ;  from  right  to  left.  Swi/L 

He'BRA-ISM,  n.  A  Hebrew  idiom;  a  peculiar  ex- 
pression or  manner  of  speaking  in  the  Hebrew  lan- 
guage. 

He'BRA-IST,  n.  One  versed  in  tho  Hebrew  language 
and  learning. 

ne-BRA-IST'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  resembling  H;'- 
brew. 

He'BRA-iZE,  v.  r.  To  convert  into  the  Hebrew  id- 
iiim  ;  to  make  Hebrew.  J.  P.  Smiih. 

Hk'BR.V-IZE,  v.  I.  To  speak  Hebrew,  or  to  conform 
tji  liie  Hebrews. 

Hk'BRA-IZ- ED,  pp.  Converted  into  the  Hebrew  id- 
iom. 

He'BREW,  (he'bru,)  n.  [Heb.  ^t;  Ebcr,  cither  a 
proper  name,  or  a  name  denoting  passage,  pilgrim- 
age, or  coming  from  beyond  the  Euphrates.] 

1.  One  of  the  descendants  of  Eber,  or  Heber  ;  but 
particularly,  a  descendant  of  Jacob,  who  was  a  de- 
scendant of  Eber;  an  Israelite  ;  a  Jew. 
_  2,  The  Hebrew  language. 

He'BREW,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Hebrews;  as,  the 
Hebrew  language  or  rites. 

He'BREW-ESS,  n.    An  Israelitish  woman. 

HE-BRI"CL-\N,  (he-brish'an,)  n.  One  skilled  in  tho 
Hebrew  language.     [Less proper.]     [See  HEiiKAidT.J 

UE-BRID'I-Ai\%  a.  Pertaining  to  the  isles  called  Heb- 
rides, west  of  Scotland.  Johnson. 

HEC'A-TOMB,  (hek'a-toom,j  n.  [L.  hecatombe:  Gr. 
'f-Karotiiif} ;  tKarov,  a  hundred,  and  fiovi;,  an  ox.' 

in  antiquity,  a  sacrifice  of  a  hundr- d  oxen  or 
beasts  of  the  same  kind,  and.  it  is  s:ud.  at  a  nundred 
altars,  and  by  a  hundred  priests.  Kneye. 


TONE,  BJJLL,  UNITE.— AN"GER,  VI"C10US.  — €  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  ns  in  THIS. 

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,inf«  iMdiJi»Utiif,  any  Micrilici}  uf  a 

,   , Brand f. 


■'•1 


-  ■^•'^' "  H^y- 

X  A  I«-bJ  In  a  .ireani.    [G.  tat,  a  corner.] 

.    7, .r,  I,  of  »  iuor.     [Ucal.]     QrMt. 

t.    A  durerent  ortliosrapliy  of 

tmnJii'd,  antl    U 


ii.-.i    J  .n»i..  -■      .-"   txarovt 

"TVn-Dcli  niTamro  foiitainiiiB  »  I'u'ulre'' f"- <!' 

irii  ih.««ind  uiwuv  mttru,  or  nfarly  '»«  »'"'  "  '""f 

riitlHli  acre*.  ,         . ,    ''T'lZ'^c 

m;«  TU-,        («-    (Gr.  i.ri.o,-,  from  ijit,  lial'il  of 

llJ'.t  TIC-AI.,  (     budv,  from  r\ij,  to  liavc] 

I    llaliilunl ;  piirlainiii(  tu  liecUc. 

S.  AffecUd  mill  lioclic  f.'Vrraj    l«,  a  htclic  pa- 

Sa  l4<Jc  u^lxil  «ir.  ll.'  ir»ll<-  <"^'-  junior. 

irlTTtr  1    Ain-tai-iTbalin?amlromilliiie  fever,  Willi 
i.tal,  niiJ  awcnl,  varimisly  ililcr- 
M.cliicily  In  llio  ivening;   the 
iil|:lit ;  pulse  weak  ;  uriiio  with 
,  1. ,  ..U.1  cic.ud.  ralhj. 

I  I.Y,  U1.V.     Conslilulionally.    Johmon. 

li,  .  ,     »\|,         In.  [Gr.  (•aruj'.ahundrcU,  and 

///  /    ro  dlLIMMF.,]      )f'.i|i/'J,  a  g'iini.J 

In  Ihc  l-rwncli  nyneni  of  wciglits  and  iiie.isnrcs,  a 

\v-  -Vt  rnti'Ttnini;  a  hundred  ^cir.mcj,  or  about  Ji 

•:.,|..i*.  f  ""'■"■■  , 

I  III,  in.    [Gr.  iicarov,  a  hundred,  anil 

,,  /;K,  1     .\ir/.a,  a  pound.] 

VI  :r.  uf  cajkicily  for  liquids,  contain- 

In.  3  .  cnual  to  a  tenth  of  a  cubic 

^"(,,.  :  .u.rns  of  wine  nie.isure,  or  22  iiii- 

|i«nil  jali'ii..    A*  a  dry  measure,  it  is  called  a«ticr, 
and  eoniainj  10  drcuUtra,  or  about  2|  Winchcs- 
.  .  ....  1    1.  Lttnicr,    jilcCaltoch, 

:  F.R,  I  n.    [Gr.  i«arui',  a  hundred,  and 
IRE.  \      )i(r^..i ,  ineaiure.l 

fqual  In  a  hundred  metres;  the 

■  ..f  lineal  uiea-sure.    It  is  equiva- 
i.'.lish  feet.  Lunicr. 

li,, ,,.       ,,,.111  Uutur,  tlio  son  of  Priam,  a 

brave  Trojan  warrior.] 
I.  .\  bully  ;  a  blufierinf,  turbulent,  noi.<iy  follow. 
9.  tine  wholeaMiior  vo.\C3. 
IIIX'TOR,  r.  (.    To  Uinraten ;  to  bully  ;  to  treat  with 
la^Jrncr.  Dryden. 

•    '     •  ■  '<(■ ;  to  vex  ;  tolonnonl  by  words. 
I  ,.    To  play  the  bully  ;  to  blusU-r  ;  to  be 

-  inoilent.  Swift, 

>    ■■  ■      liiillied  ;  leased. 

Ilullyin;:;  bludterinc;  vexin-:. 

f  a  hectoring  fellou!  is  a  more  fa- 

-    a  participle   similarly    formed, 

.  blurted  in  its  use  to  express  a 

-  opposite  of  Us  original.    The 

«i,,„  ,  „i  1 ,  „i,ite5,  we  know, 

*  Tiae  niUnt  canntn  vitb  Ihe  tjnvrst  mlatl.' 

-11...  .,.'..  1.  iiA  Trk-  i.f  Troy,  he  reveres  the  opinion  of 

'.  and  hastening  to  the  battle,  he 

infant,  and  to  soothe  the  a^ic- 

tii  lii-i  brother's  faulLs  he  is  in- 

iicrself  witnesses,  over  his  grave, 

:a-ard  from  him  one  accent  of  un- 

„ _.J  to  be  protected  from  the  re- 

pnjacii  ot  uthcnt  by  his  mild  speech  and  kindly  dis- 
I      pouUoiM: 

1'""'  i    ;,    '    iTCyrf^KclanTi  ayvaoT^  iirUeot.*^ 

.'■/■-    .-,  an  unpublished  work  by  Lord 
■.•■  n.ill.-^  1824,  p.8«.  — E.  U.  B.] 
-\l,  n.    The  disposition  or  practice  of  a 
.llyinj.  Ch.  Rdig.  Affcal. 

'i  .  a.    Rlnntcring  ;  insolent.       Barrota. 
v,)n.  pi.    The  harness  for  !!iiiding 
a  loom.  Jlucfiii!i/i;t. 

-,  a.     [from  HeiUnbcr:^,  who  first 

\  Iv  black,  cleavabic  v.iricly  of  nu- 

^*  '"  i;>:'*'anince,  containing  a  large 

I-  Dana. 

I'.)  a.    [I*.  ArJprCfCj.*,  from 

. ,  from  holding,  clinging  ; 

•  -  -"'O  llciTii.] 

;        1  n-)-. 

llKlt  t  K  \i..  .;.     1  uni|x»cJ  of  Ivy  ;  b-jluiiging  to  Ivy. 
I  Bailn,. 

'    urn  R-RrF'ER-OCS,  a.     [U  ktden,  ivy,  and  fcro,  to 

.•hrjr. 

.)  a.  [Six.  ht«e,  kta^^  kng^  kf^ge  ;  G. 
I  ■-.  i  II.  ^-f.kaag;  t>in.  kckkr  ox  htk  ;  S\\.  h<t<n\, 
I       brdte,  nruUctiun  :    Fr.  Iiait ;  W.  cat    Hence  Eiig. 


/'r™rW»,a  lliicki-t  orih..rn-bushcs,..rnIliorsli  ub=, 
orsmall  trees ;  liu  •.  iippropriatdy,  such  a  thicket  iilant- 
rJ  round  a  field  10  fence  it,  or  in  rows,  to  separate 
the  iiarts  of  a  garden. 

//,</»f  prefixed  to  another  word,  or  in  composi- 
tion Oeliotcs  .winething  mean,  ns,  a  ;int'e-|iriesl,  a 
AtJi't-prcis,  a/iciJjre-vicar,  tliat  is,  bom  in  or  belonging 
10  the  hcJs'J  or  woods,  low,  outlandish.     [JVot  used 

HEUGlErM,)  I-,  t.  To  inclose  with  a  hedge ;  to 
fence  with  a  thicket  of  shrubs  or  siimll  trees ;  to 
separate  by  a  hedge  ;  as,  to  hedge  a  Held  or  g.arden. 

2.  To  obstruct  with  a  hedge,  or  to  obstruct  in  any 
inauner. 

1  will  htdse  up  Uiy  way  with  Ihonis.  —  Uua.  ii. 

3.  To  surround  for  defense ;  to  fortify. 

Kngliiid  hed^td  ill  Willi  Ihtf  main.  .s'ftoA, 


4.  To  inclose  for  preventing  escape. 

Tlwl  ii  a  Ixw  10  hedge  iii  lliccuckow. 


Locke. 

written 


Drydcn,  Swifl,  and    Sliakspcair,    have 
HrocE  for  Edoe,  to  ed«e  in,  but  improperly. 

5.  To  guaril,  or  protect ;  ns,  to  hedge  one's  bets,  that 
is,  after  having  bet  on  one  side,  to  het  also  on  tlie 
other  side,  thus  guarding  one's  self  against  great 
loss,  whatever  may  be  the  result.  Smarl. 

HEDGE,  (licj,)  V.  L    To  hide,  us  in  a  hedge  ;  to  hide  ; 


to  skulk. 


Shak. 


i«B,  and  Hagiu  ;n  fli»!ianu. 
a  kuecm  oT  tnomv  uant.* 


A."    —  Ls*  lautTon, 


2   To  bet  on  both  sides.    [See  No.  .■>,  above.] 

HEUCE'-lill.I.,      j  71.    A  cutting  hook  used  in  dress 

HEUG'ING-Illl.L,  i     ing  hedges. 

HEDGli'-BOR.N',  n.  Of  low  birili,  as  if  born  in  the 
woods  ;  outlandish  ;  obscure.  Shak. 

HEDGE'-BoTE,  n.    Wood  for  repairing  hedges. 

Blackstone. 

IIEDGE'-CREEI'-Ell,!!.  One  who  skullis  under  hedges 
for  had  purposes. 

IIEDGE-FO'.MI-TO-RY,  n.     .\  plant.        Jl,its\iiorUi. 

REDGE'HOG,  11.  A  quadruped  of  the  gunus  Erina- 
ceus.  Tlie  common  hedgeliog  has  round  ears,  and 
crested  nostrils;  his  body" is  about  nine  inches  long, 
and  the  upper  |iart  is  covered  with  prickli's,  or  spines, 
and  the  under  part  witli  hair.  When  attacked,  tliis 
animal  erects  his  prickles,  anil  rolls  himself  into  a 
round  form,  which  presents  the  points  of  the  pric- 
kles, on  all  sides,  to  an  assailant. 

Ediu.  Encijc.    Partins^Um. 

2.  A  term  of  reproach.  Shak. 

3.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Mcdicago,  or  snail-trefoil. 
The  jiods  are  sli.ipcd  like  a  snail,  downy,  and  armed 
with  a  few  short  spines.  Loudon. 

■\.  The  glolie-lish.  -4s.'(. 

This  fish  belongs  to  the  geiius  Diodon.  It  is  cov- 
ered with  long  spines,  and  has  the  power  of  inllating 
its  body,  whence  the  name  glnbe-Jish.     [Fr.  orbe.] 

Cuvier. 

The    sea-hedgehog    is    the    ecliiauSy   a    genus     of 

zoiiphytos,  geirerally  of  a  nearly  spheroidal  or  oval 

form, and  covered  with  movable  spines.    [See  Echi- 

M^-s.j  Cuvicr.     Cije. 

HEDGE'HOG-THIS'TLE,  (-tllis'l,)   u.     A  plant,  the 

Cactus.  f'nm.  of  Plants. 

IIEDGE'-HYSSOP,  71.    A  bitter  herb  of  the   genus 

Gratiola. 
IlEDGE'LE.-JS,  0.    Having  no  hedge. 
HEDGE'-.MUS-T.\RD,  7i.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Erysi- 
mum. 
IIEDGE'-NET-TLE,  v.    An  herb,  or  nnderslirub,  of 
the  genus  Stachys,  whose  flowers  grow  in  spikes. 
The  shrnbhtj  hedge-neUle  is  of  the  genus  Prasium. 
IIEDGK'-.N'oTE,  11.  A  term  of  contempt  for  low  writ- 
ing. Drydcn. 
HEUGE'PIG,  71.    A  young  hedgehog.  Shak. 
HEDGE'-lloW,  II.      A  row  or  series  of  shrubs,  or 
trees,  planted  for  inclosure,  or  separation  of  fields. 

Milton. 
IlEDGE'-SrAR-RoW,  71.      A  European  bird  of  the 
Linn.i!an  genus  Molacilla,  frequenting  hedges  ;  distin- 
guished from  the  span'ow  that  builds  in  thatch. 

F.nciic.     Johnson. 
HEDGE'-ST.aKE,  71.    A  slake  to  support  a  hedge. 
IIEUGE'-WUIT-ER,  71.    A  Grub-^treet  writer,  or  low 

author.  Staift. 

IIEDG'ER,  7t.    One  who  makes  hedges. 
IIEDG'I.N'G,  jipr.    Inclosing  witli  a  hedge  ;  obstruct- 
ing; confining;  betting  on  both  sides. 
UEDG'ING-IIIIX,  71.    A  bill  or  hook  like  a  sickle,  for 

pruning  hedges. 
IIE-l)O.N'I€,  a.     [Gr.  iiiavn,  plensure.] 

Pertaining  to  pleasure.    Tiie  Ilcdonie  sect,  in  an- 
tiquity, was  one  that  placed  the  highest  happiness  in 
pleasure.    This  was  called  the  CijrcntUc  sect. 
IlK'DV'-PlIANE,  71.    [Gr.  /jiius,  sweet,  and  ^uii-ai,  to 
appear.] 

A  white  or  gnyish  mineral,  of  an  adamantine  lus- 
ter, consisting  of  oxyd  of  lead,  and  lime,  combined 
with  the  arsenic  and  phosphoric  acids,  and  some  chlo- 
rine. Dana. 
HEED,  r.  (.  [Sax.  Aci/un ;  G.  Aiilc/i ;  D.  Aoeiii/i ;  Or. 
*-7l_tfrcj ;  Sp.  and  Port,  cuidar.1 

To  mind ;  to  regard  with  care ;  to  take  notice  of; 
to  attend  to  ;  lo  observe. 

Wi'J..  p;c«tiTr  Argus  the  musician  nctaj. 


Walter. 


HEG 

HEED,  71.    Care  ;  attention. 

With  w.aulon  heed  and  giiMy  cunning.  ii;i/lon. 

2.  Caution  ;  care  ;  watch  for  danger  ;  notice  ;  cir- 
cumspection ;  usually  preceded  hy  take.  Take  heed 
of  evil  company  ;  take  heed  to  your  ways. 

Amasa  fooi  no  heed  to  the  sword  that  was  in  Joah's  hand.  —2 
tiaia.  XX. 

3.  Notice  ;  observation  ;  regard  ;  attention  ;  often 
preceded  by  give. 

The  preacher  gave  good  heed.  —  EMles.  xii. 

Neilh'T  give  heed  to  ialles.  —  1  Tim.  i. 

Tlierelore  we  ought  to  ^ue  ttie  iiioru  earnest  heed Hcb.  ll. 

4.  Seriousness  ;  a  steady  look. 

A  heed 
Was  in  his  connfciiano--.     [tjnusutl.]  Stiok. 

HEED,  7'.  i.    To  mind  ;  to  consider.  TVarton. 

HEED'ED,  pp.    Noticed  ;  observed  ;  regarded. 
HEED'FIJL,  a.    Attentive;  observing;  giving  heed  ; 
as,  heedful  of  advice.  Pope. 

a.  Watchful ;  cautious  ;  circumspect ;  wary. 
HEED'FIJL-I,Y,  aJe.     Attentively;  carefully;    cau- 
tiously.'   Listen  heedfully  to  good  advice. 
2.  Watchfully. 
HEED'FJJL-NESS,    n.      Attention  ;    caution  ;    vigi- 
lance ;  circumspection  ;  care  to  guard  against  dan- 
ger, or  to  perform  duty. 
IIEED'I-LY,  oJ/i.     Cautiously  ;  vigilantly.         Diet. 
IIEED'I-NE.^S,  71.    Attention  ;  caution. 
HEED'LESS,  o.    Inattentive  ;  careless  ;  negligent  of 
the  means  of  safety  ;  thoughtless  ;  regardless  ;  un- 
observing.     We  say,  heedless  children  ;  Iteedlcss  of 
danger  or  surprise. 

The  heediese  lover  does  not  know 
V/hoac  eyes  they  Ere  that  wound  iiini  so. 

HEED'LESS-LY,  nife.  Carelessly  ;  negligently  ;  in- 
attentively ;  without  care  or  circumspection.   Brown. 

HEED'LESS-NESS,  7i.  Inattention  ;  carelessness  ; 
thoughtlessness;  negligence.  Loeke. 

HEEL,  Ji.  [Sax.  hel,  hela;  D.  hicl;  Sw.  h'dl;  Dan. 
lucl;  L.  call.     Qu.  its  alliance  to  Gr.  Kti'kn,  a  tumor.] 

1.  The  hind  part  of  tlie  foot,  paniculaily  of  man  ; 
but  it  is  applied,  also,  to  tlie  corresponding  part  of  tlie 
feet  of  quadrupeds. 

2.  The  whole  foot. 

The  slag  recivlls  his  strength,  his  speed, 

Hi.  winged  Uels.  Denham. 

3.  The  hind  part  of  a  shoe,  either  for  man  or  beast. 

4.  The  part  of  a  stocking  intended  for  the  heel. 
To  be  out  at  the  heels,  is  to  have  on  stockings  that 

are  worn  out ;  hence,  figaratioclij,  to  be  in  bad  con- 
dition. 

5.  Something  shaped  like  the  human  heel ;  a  jiro- 
tuberance  or  knob.  Mortmer. 

C.  The  latter  part ;  as,  a  bill  was  introduced  mtu 
the  legislature  at  the  ftecl  of  the  session. 

7.  A  spur. 

This  horee  underslan.Is  the  heel  well.  Eiicyc. 

8.  The  after  end  of  a  ship's  keel ;  the  lower  end 
of  the  sternpost  to  ^vhicll  it  is  connected ;  also,  the 
lower  end  of  a  mast. 

To  he  at  the  heels ;  to  pursue  closely ;  to  follow 
hard  ;  also,  tu  attend  closely. 

Hungry  waul  is  at  my  lieels.  Oluiay. 

To  slww  the  heels  :  lo  flee  ;  to  run  from. 
To  lake  to  the  heels ;  to  floe  ;  to  betake  to  flight. 
To  lay  by  the  heels  ;  to  fetter ;  to  shackle  ;  to  con- 
fine. Mdison. 
To  hive  tlie  heels  off  to  outrun. 
.Vrc/i  and  heels :  the  whole  length  of  the  body. 
HEEL,  V.  L     To  dance.  Shak. 
HEEL,  r.  t.     To  arm  a  cock.                            Johnson. 

0.  To  add  a  heel  to ;  as,  to  htcl  a  shoe. 

HEEL,  r.  i.     [Sax.  hyldan,  to  lean  or  incline  ;  D.  hcl- 

Icn  ;  Dan.  helden  Sw.  Imlla,  to  till.]  ,  •     ,    , 

To  incline ;  to  lean,  as  a  ship ;  as,  the  ship  heels 

a-pon,  or  a-starboard.  Encijc. 

nEEh'ED,pp.     Supplied  with  a  heel. 
HEEL'ER,  71.    A  cock  that  strikes  well  with  his  heels. 
HEEL'ING.ppr.    Supplying  with  a  heel. 
HEEL'-PIEi:E,  11.     Armor  tor  the  heels.     Chesterfeld. 

".  A  piece  of  leather  on  the  heel  of  a  shoe. 
UEEL'-TAP,  n.     [heel   and   ln;i.]     A  small   piece  ol 

leather  tor  the  heel  of  a  shoe.  ,,      ,       .    „,. 

HEEL'-T.\P,  V.  I.    To  add  a  piece  of  leather  to  llie 

heel  of  a  shoe.  '  .    ,  o  i 

HEFT,  71.     [Sax.  he.fe,  from  hefan,  to  heave,  to  lift.] 

1.  Heaving ;  effort. 

II..  cnieka  his  gorge,  his  sides,  . 

Willi  violent  Itefls.     [iVot  used.}  ^"1". 

"  Wei"lit ;  ponderousnes.s.  [This  use  is  common 
in'popula?  language  in  America.  And  we  sometimes 
hear  t  used  ns  a  verb  as,  to  heft,  to  lilt  for  the  pur- 
pose of  feeling  or  judging  of  the  weight.  Provincial 
in  England.  See  Ilallowaij.] 
3.  ID.  MI.]  A  handle  ;  a  haft.  [.\utuse,l.] 
1-         •    ■•  Waller. 

HEFT'ED.  77.     Heaved  ;  expressing  agitation.  Sliak. 
HE-GE-MO.\'R-,  j^_     rGr.iivruoi'icoM 

IIE-GE-MON'IC-AL.  i 

Principal;  I  iling;  preaommant. 


""  '"°'-' w.j.  p,„m  A.gv.  the  musician  e.e.as.  Dr,jden.     I         Principal;  riling;  preflommat 

FaTE,  FAR.  FALL,  WII.\T.- METE,  PREY.-PL\E,  MARINE,  BIRD. -NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE.  V .  OLF.  BQQK.  - 


fiotnerov. 


."'11 


ara.  to  remove, 


HEl 

HE-OFRA,  n.     [At.,  nom  jj^Sji  haj< 

to  desert.] 

In  dtroitolo-ry^  an  epoch  among  the  Muhammetlans, 
from  which  they  compute  time.  Tlie  event  which 
gave  rise  to  it  was  the  flight  of  Mohammed  from 
^lecca  ;  from  which  the  mujiistrates,  fearing  his  im- 
postures might  raise  a  sedition,  expelled  him,  July 
16,  A.  D.  f.22,  under  the  reign  of  tlie  emperor  Herac- 
lius.  Harris.     Enciic. 

HErP'ER,  (hePer,)  n.  [Sax.  heafre^  hcahfore^  heafare. 
Qu.  Heb.  n"i3.] 

A  young  cow.  Pope. 

ilETGH'-Ho,  (hi'ho ; )  an  exclamation  expressing 
some  degree  of  languor  or  uneasiness.  Dr3'den  has 
u?ed  it  for  tiie  voice  of  exultation. 

liEXGUT,  I  .. -.„  V  ( T(.     [Sax.  heaJitko,   heaihoy   keJuhe^ 

IIIGHT,  i  t"^^^"* }  heotho,  hethe,  hVith,  hyluhe,  con- 
tracted or  changed  from  heagthe,  or  hijetJi,  or  kigk- 
Ute ;  G.  JuikCy  hoheit :  D.  fiooirtc,  S\v.  Iioffhct,  Wgdi 
Dan.  hbjdCj  /ivjhed.  This  word  is  formed  from  keaJt^ 
lioh,  hog,  now  high,  and,  as  the  orthography  i=5  un- 
settled, I  should  prefer  to  form  it  regulai  ly  from  the 
present  English  word  high,  and  write  it  higkt,  as  was 
formerly  done  by  distinguished  writers.] 

1.  Elevation  above  the  ground  ;  any  indefinite  dis- 
tance above  the  earth.  The  eagle  flies  at  a  great 
hight,  or  highth. 

2.  Tlie  altitude  of  an  object ;  the  distance  which 
any  thing  rises  above  its  fnot,  basis,  or  foundation  j 
as,  the  higlu  or  hightli  of  a  tower  or  steeple. 

3.  Elevation  of  a  star,  or  other  celestial  luminarj', 
above  the  horizon, 

4.  Degree  of  latitude  either  north  or  south.  In  this 
application,  tlie  distance  from  the  equator  is  consid- 
ered as  elevation.  Latitudes  are  higher  as  they  ap- 
jiriiach  the  pole.  Johnson. 

Guinea  lietlj  u>  tiia  north  sea,  io  the  Kune  highl  as  Pen  to  lUo 
aoulh.  Atbot. 

5.  Distance  of  one  thing  above  another. 

6.  An  eminence ;  a  summit ;  an  elevated  part  of 
any  thing. 

7.  X  hill  or  mountain ;  any  elevated  ground  ;  as, 
the  hights  of  Dorchester. 

8.  Elevation  of  rank;  station  of  dignity  or 
office. 

By  him  tint  nus^-d  me  to  ihia  careful  htght,  SJiok, 

9.  Elevation  in  excellence  of  any  kind,  as  in  pow- 
er, learning,  arts. 

10.  Elevation  in  fanu  or  reputation. 

11.  Utmost  degree  in  extent  or  violence  :  as,  the 
highth  or  higlu  of  a  fever,  of  passion,  of  madnes;;,  of 
fully,  of  liappiness,  of  good-breeding.  So  we  say, 
the  hig'ht  of  a  tempest. 

12.  Utmost  exertion. 

I  bIiaU  now  put  you  to  the  highl  of  your  brecdiu  j.  Slial:, 

13.  Advance ;  degree  j  progress  toward  perfection 
or  elevation  ;  speaking  comparatively. 


HEL 


Social  duties  are  carried  to  a  ^alcr  Itight  - 

our  relimi^n. 


■by  the  principles  of 
A'idMon, 


.  (.    To  raise  higher;  hit 
not  often  used  in  t/iis  literal 


sense. 

2.  To  advance  in  progress  toward  a  better  state  ; 
to  improve  ;  to  meliorate  ;  to  increase  in  excellence 
or  good  qualities  ;  as,  to  highten  virtue  ;  to  /lighten 
the  beauties  of  description,  or  of  poetry. 

3.  To  aggravate  ;  to  advance  toward  a  woi-se  state  j 
to  augment  in  violence. 

Forei^  states  !u.vc  cudcivored  to  highten  our  cotiTuBiciii. 

Ad/lison, 

4.  To  increase  ;  as,  to  highten  our  relish  for  intel- 
lectual pleasure. 

5.  In  painting,  to  make  prominent  by  touches  of 
light  or  brilliant  colors,  as  contrasted  with  the  shad- 

^^  ows.  Brandc. 

IIEIGHT'i?:X-i:D,  )  ,,,-w„^  ■.  (  pp.oza.  Raised  hii^htr ; 
HIGHT'KN-SD,    I  (.'i't"'J;J  J    elevated;  exalted ;  ad- 
vanced ;  improved;  aggravated;  increased, 

HIGHT^-'er'^'  I  ''•    *-*"^  ^^^^^  heightens. 
HETGHT'kx-lXG,  (   ,     .    -      .  t  ppr.  or  a.    Raising  ; 
HIGHT'KX-IXG,    i  t'"t  n  mg.j  j      elevating  ;  cxalt- 
I    ing;  improving;  increasing;  aggravating. 
|HETGHT'£N-ING,  ;  .....     .       .  (  n.     The  act  of  ele- 

|nTGHT'i:.\.IXG,    !  t^'^  "  '"SJ  j      vating  ;  increase 
'    <if  excellence  ;  improvement.  Dryden. 

-I.  Aggravation  ;  augmentation. 
iV'OU?^,  (ha'nus,)  a.    [Ft.  haineiix,  from    hainc, 
I  t!red.    Ciu.  Gr.  aivg.    Th'- spelling  Hainou3  would 
M  rord  belter  with  the  etymology  of  this  word.] 

Properly,  hateful;  odious.  Hence,  great;  enor- 
mous; aggravated;  as,  a  Acmous  sin  or  crime. 

Mitford. 
fI£rN'OU5-l.V,  adv.     Hatefully;  abominably;  enor- 
rnously. 

IgliV'OUS-NESH,  71,     Odiousness;  enormity  ;  as,  the 
heinousness  of  theft,  or  robbery,  or  of  any  crime. 

Johnson. 
■IgrR,  (are,)  n.     [Noriu.  hier,  here  ;  ATJn.  hear,  haer ; 
Hw.  hcredero ;  Port,  herdeiro  i  Fr.  heritier ;  It.  erede; 


L.  JuEres,  hceredis,  from  the  verb,  Eth, 


.(Dih 


Heb.  o-i',  Ar. 


^J} 


icaratay  to  become  an  heir,  to 


inherit.  The  primary  sense  is,  to  seize,  or  to  rush  on 
and  take,  or  to  expel  and  dispossess  others,  and  lake 
tlieir  property,  according  to  the  practice  of  rude  na- 
tions. \Ve  observe,  in  the  Hebrew  and  Ethiopic,  the 
last  consonant  is  a  sibilant,  as  in  the  Latin  nomina- 
tive ;  but  the  oblique  cases  in  the  Latin  correspond 
with  the  Arabic  word,  wliose  linal  consonant  is  a 
dentiU.  This  word  may  be  connected  with  the  Gr. 
a'lpuxi,  to  take.    Cee  Class  Rd,  No.  51,  52,  68.] 

1.  The  man  who  succeeds,  or  is  to  succeed,  an- 
other in  the  possession  of  lands,  tenements,  and 
hereditaments,  by  descent ;  the  man  on  whom  the 
law  casts  an  estate  of  inheritance  by  the  death  of  the 
ancestor  or  former  possessor  ;  or  the  man  in  whom 
the  title  to  an  estate  of  inheritance  is  vested  by  the 
operation  of  law,  on  the  death  of  a  tormer  owner. 

We  give  tlie  title  to  a  person  who  is  to  inherit 
after  the  death  of  an  ancestor,  and  during  his  life, 
as  well  as  to  the  person  who  has  actually  come  into 
possession.  A  man's  children  are  his  heii-s.  In 
most  monarchies,  tlie  king's  eldest  son  is  heir  to  the 
throne ;  and  a  nobleman's  eldest  son  is  heir  to  his 
title. 

Lo,  one  bom  in  my  liouae  is  my  heir,  —  Geu.  xv. 

2.  One  wfio  inherits  or  takes  from  an  ancestor. 
The  son  is  often  hctrlo  the  disease  or  to  the  miseries 
of  the  faliier. 

3.  One  who  succeeds  to  the  estate  of  a  former  pos- 
sessor.   Jtr.  xlix.    J\Iic.  \. 

4.  One  who  is  entitled  to  possess.  In  Scripture, 
saints  are  called  heirs  of  tho  promise,  heirs  of  riglit- 
eousness,  heirs  of  salvation,  &.c.,  by  virtue  of  the 
death  of  Christ,  or  of  Gud's  gracious  promises. 

Koiii.  viii. 

HEIR,  (are,)  v.  L  To  inherit ;  to  take  possession  of 
an  estate  of  inheritance,  after  the  death  of  the  an- 
cestor. Dryden. 

HEIR-AP-P.\R'EXT,  n.  The  man  who,  durmg  the 
life  of  his  ancestor,  is  entitled  to  succeed  to  his  es- 
tate or  crown. 

IIEIR'DOM,  (ure'dura,)  71.    Succession  by  inheritance. 

Burke. 

HEIR'ESS,  (ir'ess,)  n.  A  female  heir  ;  a  female  that 
inherits,  or  is  entitled  to  inherit,  an  estate;  an  in- 
heritrix. 

HglR'LESS,  (areMess,)  n.     Destitute  of  an  heir. 

HEIU'-LOOiM,  (are'loom,)  n.  [Ucir  and  Sax.  lonia, 
gdfima,  andloman,  utensils,  vessels.] 

Any  furniture,  movable,  or  personal  chattel,  which 
by  law  descends  to  the  heir  with  the  house  or  free- 
hold, as  tables,  cupboards,  bedsteads,  &:c. 

EnT.  Law. 

HEIR'-PRE-SUMP'TIVE.  n.  One  who,  if  the  an- 
cestor sliould  die  immediately,  would  be  heir,  but 
whose  right  of  inlieritance  may  be  defeated  by  any 
contingency,  as  by  the  birth  of  a  nearer  relative. 

Encyc. 

HEIR'SHIP,  (ire'ship,)  71.  Tlie  state,  character,  or 
privileges  of  an  heir;   right  of  inheriting. 

Johnson. 
2.  Heirship  mncahles  ;  in  Scotland,  llio  best  of  cer- 
tain kinds  of  movables  which  the  heir  is  entitled  to 
take,  besides  the  heritable  estate.  Encyc. 

HELD,  pret.  and  pp.  of  Hold.  A  court  was  held  in 
Westminster  Hall.  At  a  council  held  on  the  first  of 
January. 

HeLE,  v.  t.     [L.  cclo.]    To  hide.     [Obs.]       Oowcr. 
[This  is  the  masonic  hed  or  Itatl,  to  conceal,  which 
is  ignorantly  supposed  to  be  hail,  to  salute.] 

He'LI-AC,         )  a.     [L.  heliaciLs  i    Fr.  hcliaque;   from 

HE-Ll'Ae-AL,  (      Gr.  ijXtug,  the  sun  j  W.  haul.] 

Emerging  from  tlie  light  of  the  sun,  or  passing 
into  it.  The  heliacal  rising  of  a  star,  is  wl>en,  after 
being  in  conjunction  with  it  and  invisible,  it  emerges 
from  the  light  so  as  to  be  visible  in  the  morning  be- 
fore sun-rising.  On  the  contrary,  the  heliacal  setting 
of  a  star,  is  wlien  the  sun  approaches  so  near  as  to 
render  it  invisible  by  its  superior  splendor.     Encyc, 

HE-LI' .AC-AL-LY,  adv.  A  star  rises  hdiacally,  when 
it  emerges  from  the  sun's  light,  so  as  to  be  visible, 
J^See  the  preceding  word.] 

IIEL'l-eAL,  a.     [Gr.  i.\il,  a  scroll,  or  spiral  body.] 
Spiral;  winding;  coiled  in  a  spiral  form. 

lVilki)is, 

HEL'I-CITE,  71.  [SeeHEus:.]  Fossil  remains  of  the 
helix,  a  shell. 

HEL'I-eOID,  a.  [Gr.  iA(f,  a  winding,  and  £i(5of, 
form.] 

In  geometry,  an  epithet  of  a  curve  which  arises  from 
tJie  supposition  that  tho  axis  of  the  common  parab- 
ola is  bent  round  into  the  periphery  of  a  circle,  and 
is  a  line  then  passing  through  the  extremities  of  the 
ordinales,  which  now  converge  toward  the  center  of 
the  said  circle.  This  curve  is  also  called  the  para- 
bulic  spiral.  Brandc, 

HEL'I-eOX,  71.  A  moimtain  in  Boeotia,  in  Greece, 
from  which  flowed  a  fountain.  The  Greeks  placed 
here  the  residence  of  the  Wuses. 


HEL 

HEL-I-Co'NI-AX,  a.    Pertaining  to  Helicon. 
He'LIXG,  7i.     [from  hcie,  obs. ;  L.  celo.\ 

The  covering  of  tlie  roof  of  a  building;  written 
also  Hilling.     [JV*o(  used  in  Vie  United  States.] 
HE-LLO-CEN'Tiiie,  )  a.     [Ft.  heliocentrique  ;  Gr. 

HE-LI-0-CEN'TRie-AL,  \  fjAioj,  the  sun,  and  kiv- 
Tfiov,  Center.] 

Heliocentric  place ;  the  position  of  a  heavenly  body, 
as  seen  from  the  sun. 

Heliocentric  longitude;  the  distance  of  a  heavenly 
body  from  the  vernal  etjuinox,  as  seen  from  the  sun, 
and  measured  on  the  ecliptic. 

Heliocentric  latitude;    the  distance   of  a  heavenly 
body  from  the  ecliptic,  as  seen  from  tlie  sun,  and 
measured  on  a  secondary  to  the  ecliptic.      Olmsted. 
HE-LI-O-GRAPH'ie,  a.    Pertaining  to  heliography. 
HE-Ll-OG'RA-PHY,  n.     [Gr.  .;A(os"and  ifja.>.r,,] 

The  art  of  fixing  images  of  objects  by  the  camera 
obscura. 

[This  name  is  preferable  to  that  of  Dagueereo- 
Tvi'E,  which  see,] 
HE-L[-OL'A-TEK,  n.    [Gr,  !i\io5,  the  sun,  and  Xa- 
Tijzvo},  tn  worship.] 

A  woi-siiiper  of  the  sun.  Drummond. 

HE-LI-OL'A-TUV,    71,      [Gr.    ;,X:os,    the    sun,    and 
XaTfitia,  service,  worshiji.] 
The  worship  of  the  sun,  a  branch  of  Sabianism. 
IIE-LI-OM'E-TER,    n.      [Gr,    i;Aios,    the    sun,    and 
HiTocbi,  to  measure.] 

A  kind  of  micrometer  for  measuring  with  exact- 
ness the  apparent  diameter  of  the  sun  ;  used  also  to 
measure  any  small  celestial  space,  as  the  diameter  of 
tlie  moon,  planets,  &c.  Brunde. 

He'LI-O-SCOPE,  n.  [Gr.  I'yAioc,  the  sun,  and  uKor.eoi, 
to  view.] 

A  sort  of  telescope  fitted  for  viewing  the  sun  with- 
out pain  or  injury  to  the  eyes,  as  when  made  with 
coloied  glasses,  or  glasses  blackened  with  smoke. 

Encyc. 
He'LI-0-STAT,  t;,     [Gr.  »^X(o?,  the  sun,  and  r^iroj.] 
An  instrument  by  which  a  sunbeam  may  be  intro- 
duced into  a  dark  room,  and,  by  means  of  clock- 
w<irlc,  kept  steadily  in,  Brande, 

He'LI-O-TROPE,  n.  [Gr.  /jXioj,  the  sun, and  rpcToi, 
to  turn  ;  rpo-nri,  a  turning.] 

1.  Among  the  ancients,  an  instrument  or  machine 
for  showing  when  the  sun  arrived  at  the  tropics  and 
Hie  equinoctial  line.  Encyc. 

2.  The  popular  name  of  certain  species  of  plants 
belonging  to  the  genus  heliotropium. 

3.  A  mineral,  a  subspecies  of  rliomboidal  quartz, 
of  a  deep-green  color,  peculiarly  pleasant  to  the  eye. 
It  is  usually  variegated  with  blood-red  or  yellowish 
dots,  and  is  more  or  less  translucent.  Before  the 
blowpipe,  it  loses  its  color.  It  Is  generally  supposed 
to  be  cliaicedony,  colored  by  green  earth  or  chlorite. 

Cleareland.     Ure. 

Hi!:llpnER'Te-AL,  I  "•     ['-'"  =""i  '7'-'-] 

Spiral.  The  helispherical  line  is  the  rhomb  line  in 
navigation,  so  called  because,  on  the  globe,  it  winds 
round  the  pole  spirally,  coming  nearer  and  nearer 
U)  it,  but  never  terminating  in  it.  Barlow. 

He'LIX,  71. ;  pi.  Hel'i-ce3.     [Gi*.  i\i^,  a  winding.] 

1.  A  spiral  line,  as  of  wire  in  a  coil ;  a  circumvo- 
lution ;  a  winding,  or  suincthing  that  is  spiral ;  as,  a 
winding  staircase  in  architecture,  or  a  caulicule  or 
little  volute  under  the  flowers  of  the  Corinthian  cap- 
ital. In  anatomy,  the  whole  circuit  or  extent  of  the 
auricle,  or  external  border  of  the  ear.  Brande. 

2.  In  KJo^on-y,  the  snail-shell. 

HELL,  71.  [Sax.  hell,  lielle ;  G.  hiille;  D.  hel,  hdle; 
Sw.  helvetc  ;  Dan.  hclvede.  Ciu.  hole,  a  deep  place, 
or  from  Sax.  hclan,  to  cover.] 

1.  The  place  or  state  of  punishment  for  the  wicked 
after  death.    Matt  x.    Luke  xii. 

Sid  U  hell  bi'guii,  as  religion  is  heaven  anticipated.    J.  Lathrop. 

2.  The  place  of  the  dead,  or  of  souls  after  death  ; 
the  lower  regions,  or  the  grave  ;  called  in  Hebrew 
sheol,  and  by  the  Greeks  hades.    Ps.  xvi.    Jon.  ii. 

3.  The  ;;fl»i5  of  hell;  temporal  death,  or  agonies 
that  dying  persons  feel,  or  which  bring  lo  the  brink 
of  the  grave.    Ps.  xviii, 

4.  The  gates  of  hell ;  the  power  and  policy  of  Satan 
and  liis  instruments.    Matt.  xvi. 

5.  The  infemifl  powers. 

While  S.iul  and  liell  crossed  hi<  strong  Etc  in  vain.      Cotalty. 

G.  The  place  at  a  running  play  lo  which  are  car- 
ried those  who  are  caught.  Sidnry. 

7.  A  place  into  which  a  tailor  tlirows  Iiis  shreds, 
or  a  printer  his  broken  type.  Iliulibras. 

8.  .\  dungeon  or  prison.    [Obs,] 

9.  A  gambling-house. 
HELL'-BEND-EU,  n.    A  name   given  to  tlie  large 

North  American  salamander. 

HELL'-BLACK,  a.     Black  as  hell.  Shak. 

HELL'-BORN,  a.    Born  in  hell. 

HELL'-BRED,  a.     Produced  in  hell.  Spenser. 

HELL'-BREW-£D,  (-briideO  a.     Prepared  in  hell. 

HELL'-BROTH,  n.  A  composition  for  infernal  pur- 
poses. Shak. 

HELL'-€AT,  n,    A  witch  ;  a  hag.  Mddlcton. 


TtjNE,  BJJLL,  UNITE.  — AN^'GEB,  VI"CI0US  — C  aa  K;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  ClI  as  SH  ;  Til  as  in  THK^. 


69 


545 


HEL 


iirhL'-eO.VfOUND'IXG.o.    D«feaUnR  the  infernal 

'      rt,.  Bfauai   ^-Fl. 

UtLL-UOOM'IlD,  «.    Doomed  or  comiiglua  lo  liuU. 

■-!    1.1'v  II.  < V '-<<ted  by  hell.     SSak. 

\s  tn-ll.  Skak. 

1.1.;  I.    ■..*.    ».....«.     i iiJ  by  Ibe  devil. 

Dryden. 
IIKIX'-IIOUND,  m.    A  dog  of  hell ;  ^m  igeiit  of  hill. 

Vr^UcH.    MiltoH. 
IIUIX'-KITE,  n.    A  kitr  of  an  infernul  breed. 

SMak. 

•  »v<.i.r*'   „      ^Ir.  U\rji' nnd  (*fci/.] 

Jilgfuf  tht*  gniiiei',  exercises, 
>l  It!  which  uf  tho  candidates 

rdilliTenl  genera,  tlie 

lii     t'lnck  hi!llcl)«re, 

■.  of  the  pirnu^i 

the  pemif'  Vlt- 

,. .,,.  ,.  ,         i>,  and  are  nscd 

icuant-t  and  alii-rulivc-n.  Ci/c. 

I,  n.      A  tntidicuml  proimraiiun  of 
Farrand. 

'Jj^'jo.    [Gr.  l^XrtvtoKOSt  IWnvios.] 

itj  to   the    IlrIIone«,   or   inhabitantii   of 
•  called  from   Hellan,  in  Greece,  or  from 


'-^*   -,     [Gr.  i>\nft(TffJS.] 

.    idiom,  genius,  or  constrnctlon  of 
■_ie.  Addison* 

.,-..;!.     [Gr.  iXX^fij-lf.] 
■  rclan  Jew;  a  Jew  wlio  used  the  Greek 
CampbelL     Kncyc. 
'  "I  in  the  Greek  lan^unfie. 

'.  a.    ri-naiihni;  td  the   Hellcnist«. 
npiaze   wai«  the  (>rcek   spoken  or 
„■»  .  .■>   in.    ^.  i\ji  who  lived  in   Kgypi  and  other 
euunlrta4,  wherv  tlie  Greek  language  prevailed. 

Campbell. 
■  ..I   I  L-v  ipT'IC-AL-LY,  ade.      According  to   the 
dialL-Ct.  Orerronj. 

.  IZE,  r.  i.    To  use  the  Greek  language. 
Jfammond. 
IIKL'LES-PONT,  n.    .\  narmw  slmil  between  Eu- 
rope and  .\siaf  now  caltLiI  ttie  Dardanelles ;  a  pan 
of  the  pasxage  between  tlie  Euxineand  tho  Egean 

IlKUr.ES-PONT'I.VE,  o.    Pertaining  to  Uie   Hetles- 

■    ■•  Miford. 

:;,  n.     A  tiler,  or  slater.     [See    IltLE.] 

Mi.i.i.  i.^M,  a.    Pt,*rtaintnf!  to  hell.  Sidney. 

S.  Like  hell  in  qiialitles ^   infernal;   malignant; 
wicked  ;  drii-i^table.  SohOl. 

II I- 1  I    f^ii  I  \     ..^f.     Infernally;  with  extreme  ma- 
V  ;  ili-tcst:ibly.  lip.  Barlmc. 

-.  :i.  'I"he  nuulilies  of  hell, or  of  its  in- 
u      LI  1.^  .    <  ..>i<  loe  wickedness,  malignity,  or  iin- 
IM.-ly. 
IIKLL'WAnn,  crfr.    Toward  hell.  Pcpt. 

illlLL'Y,  a.     flavins  the  (|tialities  of  hell.    Jindrrson. 
IIKLM,  a  termination,  denote;)  defense  ;  aa  \uSighcliny 

vicionous  defen-ie.     [I^ce  Mci.met.J 
iiir  M   ..      [Siix,  Af/isa  ,•  G.  A/'im,  a  ,W/n,  and  a  Af/pf  ,- 
!•  m.  hdm  :   Sw.  hielm;   called,  in  sotne  dia- 
■taek,  which  must  be  the  tiller  only ;  proI>- 
.  the  nx)t  of  4u///.] 

in>tniint  nt  by  which  a  ship  is  steered,  con- 
:  1  niddL-r,  a  tiller,  and,  in  large  vessels,  a 

.■^ce  lU-DDEB.]  J\l(ir.  Diet. 

'  >n  of  government;  the  place  of  direction 
.'•  mcnt ;  a.4,  to  be  at  the  A.'/m  in  the  ndtuin- 

?.    To  itcerj  to  guide;  to  direct,     [Liute 

Shak. 
-vcr  witli  a  hcmlcL  Milioiu 

r  [n.    [Sai.lulm.    Sec  Hblm.] 

•  -  -■  irm..r  fcr  the  head  ;  ahead-piece;  a 
'  hnet  19  worn  by  linrsemen  to  defend 

I  the  tirond^wurd. 

-    . ..    ,-... . !'  a  cent  of  arms  that  bears  llic  crest. 
John.ion. 

3.  Tho  oppcT  port  of  a  retort.  Doytc. 

4.  In  Muy,  the  hooded  upper-lip  of  some  flow- 

IIKLM'AGE.  R.    Guidance.  '*"  *^-"^' 

iin.M  rt»,        »        „ 

■  Ep^  j  «•    r  nmmhed  with  a  helmet. 

•  THie,  a.     [Gr.    Vyivf,  :t  worm.] 
iiS  to  worms  :  expelling  wormii. 
I!KI^.ML\  THIC,  «.    A  medicine  for  expelling wormo. 

HI-     MINT.I..  I.MVtr,  jo.     [SeellELMlS";!. 

'    AL,  \     oi;y.]   Pcrtainingio 
their  history. 
-*.-'^T.  ».    One  who  is  versed 
ry  o<"  vemif^s  or  worms. 
'^^i»-  [G*"-    A/iU'j,  a  worm,  and 


I  ci\n  not  help  rfinarkiiifr  Uie  rcscmbliiice  bctwci 

atithor. 


-] 


HEL 

The  science  or  knowledge  of  vermes  or  worms; 
the  deffcription  and  natural  history  of  vermes  or 
worms.]  J^'i-  Eiuyc. 

HELM'LKSS,  a.    Destitute  of  a  }iemlet.        Harlow. 
'J.  W'ilhont  a  helm. 

IIEL>t?'.MAX,  Fi.    Tho  man  at  the  helm. 

HKli.MAVlM),  «.  A  wind  in  the  mountainous  parts 
of  Englaiul,  so  called.  Burn. 

HE' LOT,  n.    A  slave  in  ancient  Sparta. 

IIIC'LOT-IS.M,  71.  Slavery  ;  the  condition  of  the  He- 
lots, slaves  in  Sparta.  Stfjihais. 

IIE'LOT-KY,  11.    Tho  collective  body  of  tlie  Helots. 
T,  B.  Jliicautey. 

HELP,  V.Li  a  regular  verb;  the  old  past  tense  and 
participle,  liolp  and  holpen,  being  obsolete.  [W. 
helpu;  Sax.  tulpan,  Injlpait;  G.  hclfen;  D.  hdpen; 
Sw.  hielpa ;  Dan.  lueJper  ;  Goth,  hilpun.] 

1.  To  aid  ;  to  assist ;  to  lend  strength  or  means 
toward  ellecting  a  purpose  ;  as,  lo  help  a  man  in  his 
work  ;  to  help  another  in  raising  a  building  ;  tu  help 
one  to  pay  his  debts ;  to  help  the  memory,  or  Die  un- 
derstanding. 

2.  To  assist ;  to  succor  ;  lo  lend  means  of  deliver- 
ance ;  as,  to  kelp  one  in  distress  ;  to  help  one  out  of 
prison. 

3.  To  relieve;  to  cure,  or  to  mitigate  pain  or  dis- 
ease. 

Help  ftiid  ease  tliem,  but  by  no  mcctns  bemoan  (hem.    Loeba. 
Tlic  true  culiuntta  htlpt  a  cou^h.  Geranl. 

Sometimes  with  of}  as,  to  help  one  of  blindness. 

Shak. 
A.  To  remedy ;  to  change  for  the  better. 

Ccue  to  laiiionC  for  wlial  thou  CAjist  not  help.  .'iJtnk. 

5.  To  prevent ;  to  hinder.  Tlic  evil  approaches, 
and  who  can  help  it  ? 

6.  To  forbear  ;  to  avoid. 

htm  and  our 
Pope. 

To  helpfurward ;  to  advance  by  assistance. 
To  help  on  ;  to  forward  ;  to  promote  by  aid. 
To  help  out :  to  aid  in  delivering  from  difficulty,  or 
to  aid  in  completing  a  design. 

The  £od  of  Ir-.iniin?  ami  of  light 

Would  want  «  god  hiiiiselflo  help  him  0"f.  Sai/t. 

To  help  over  ;  to  enable  to  surmount;  as,  to  help 
one  over  a  dilficully. 

To  hrlp  oj/'i  to  remove  by  help;  as,  lokdp  o^time. 
[Unusual.]  Loclce. 

To  help  to;  to  supply  with  ;  to  furnish  with. 

Whom  tht-y  would  lielp  to  a  kingdoin.  —  1  Maccabees. 

Also,  to  present  lo  at  table;  as,  to  A  dp  one  to  a 
glass  of  wine. 
HELP,  V.  i    To  lend  aid ;  to  contribute  strength  or 
means. 

A  gcnerotis  present  helps  to  persuade,  as  well  aj  an  agreeable 
pcranii.  QarOi. 

To  help  out;  to  lend  aid  ;  to  bring  asupplv. 
HELP,  ji.     [W.  help.] 

1.  Aid  ;  assistance  ;  strength  or  means  furnished 
toward  promoting  an  object,  or  deliverance  from  dif- 
ficulty or  distress. 

Give  us  help  from  Imuhle  ;  for  vain  is  the  help  of  man.  —  Pa.  Ix. 

2.  That  which  gives  assistance;  he  or  that  which 
contributes  to  advance  a  purpose. 

Virtue  is  a  ir\fm\  and  u  help  to  nature.  Soulh. 

God  ia  a  very  pn-scnt  help  m  time  of  trouble.—  Ps.  xlvi. 

3.  Remedy  ;  relief.  The  evil  is  done  ;  there  is  no 
help  for  it.  Tlicre  is  nohdp  for  the  man  ;  his  disease 
is  incurable. 

^.  A  hired  man  or  woman ;  a  servant. 

United  States. 
HELP'A'D,  (helpt,)pp.    Aided;  assisted;  relieved. 
HELP'ER,  ;i.    One  that  helps,  aids,  or  assists;  an  as- 
.sistanl ;  an  auxiliary. 

2.  One  that  furnishes  or  administers  a  remedy. 

Cumpiissioii  — ia  ofu>miinea  ^helper  of  evils.  More. 

3.  One  that  supplies  with  any  thing  wanted; 
with  to. 

A  helper  lo  a  huskiud.  Sha!:. 

4.  A  supernumerary  serv'ant.  Swift. 
HELPTJJL,  a.    That  gives  aid  or  assistance  ;   thai 

furnishes  means  of  pronjoling  an  object ;  useful. 
2.  Wholesome;  salutary;  us,  Ac(/»/Hnnedicines. 

Ralcffh. 
UELP'FJJL-NESS,  ».    .'Xssistance  ;  usefulness. 

MUlon. 
11  ELP'ING,  p;w.  or  rt.      Assistinn  ;    aiding;   support- 

m;,'. 
HELP'LESS,  a.    Without  help  in  one's  self;   desti- 
tute of  tlie  iKiwer  or  means  to  succor  or  relieve  one's 
self.    A  per.-ion  is  rendered  helple^-i^i  by  weakness,  or 
want  of  means.    .\n  infant  is  hc-ple.'t.'t. 

2.  Deslimteof  support  or  assistance. 

How  8h.Ul  1  then  your  htlpkss  fame  defend  ?  Pope. 

3.  Admitting  no  help;  Irremediable.     LN-otxLscd.] 
t.  Lnsupplied;  destitute.  [Spender. 

y/e//>/e«  (1  all  that  huro-iov/ants  pxiuirc.  [iYo(u««f.]  Diyden. 

lilil'SII'^;^^-^^''  ''''^-    Without  snccor. 
HKLP'LL^S-NKS.S,,,.    Want  of  strength  or 


Kid. 
bility  ; 


HEM 

inability  ;  want  of  means  in  one's  self  to  obtam 
relief  in  trouble,  or  to  accomplish  one's  purposes  or 
desires. 

It  ia  the  tendency  of  slcknru  to  reduce  our  extravagant  Bclf 
estimation,  by  exhibiting  our  solitary  htlpUttnett. 

BuckminaUr. 

IIELP'MaTE,  )  71.    An  assistant;  a  helper;  a  coni- 
HELP'MEET.  i       paniou. 

HEL'TER-SKEL'TER;  cant  words  denoting  hurry 
and   confusion,      [yul^ar.]      (in.  L.  hilariter  and 

celeriter^  or  Ch.  aSn,  Ar.  laX::^  to  mix. 

HELVE,  (helv,)  n.     [Sax.  keif;  G.  helm,  a  helve  and  a 
helm  ;  probably  from  the  root  of  hold.] 
The  handle  of  an  ax  or  hnichet.  Johimou. 

HELVE,  (helv,)  v.  t.    To  furnish  with  a  helve,  as 

HELV'£D,  pp.    Fitted  with  a  helve.  [an  ax. 

HEL-VET'ie,  fl.  [Sax.  Jftrfcldcn,  the  Hclvctii.  Qu. 
hill-men,  or  high  hill-men.] 

Pertaining  lo  the  Ilelvitii,  the  inhabitants  of  tho 
Alps,  now  Switzerland,  or  to  the  modern  slati;s  and 
inhabitants  of  the  Aljiine  regions;  as,  the  Helvetic 
confederacy  ;  Helvetic  states. 

HEL'VIN,  n.     [from  Gr.  //Acs,  the  sun  ] 

A  mineral,  of  a  ynllovvish  color,  occurring  in  regu- 
lar tetralicdrons,  with  truncated  angles.  Cliavclaiid. 

HELVlNGyPpr.     Furnishing  with  a  helve,  as  an  ax. 

HKM  ;  an  exL-lamation  whose  utterance  is  a  sort  of 
voluntar>'  half  cough,  loud  or  subdued,  as  the  emo- 
tion may  snggpot.  Sttiart. 

HEM,  7(.     [Sax.  hem  ;  W.  hem  ;  Russ.  kaima.] 

1.  The  border  of  a  garment,  doubled  and  sewed 
to  str(;ngthcn  it  and  prevent  the  raveling  of  the 
threads. 

2.  Edge  ;  border.    Jifatf.  i.v. 

3.  A  particular  sound  of  the  human  voice,  ex- 
pressed by  the  word  hmi. 

HEiM,  V.  t.    To  form  a  hem  or  border  ;  to  fold  and  sew 
down  the  edge  of  cloth  to  strengthen  it. 
2.  To  border ;  to  edge. 

AH  the  ekirt  ftboul 
Was  hemmed  with  golden  fringp.  Spenser, 

To  hem  in  ;  to  inclose  and  confine  ;  to  surround  ; 
to  environ.    The  troops  w'ere  hermncd  in  by  the  ene- 
my.   Sometimes,  perhaps,  to  hem  about  or  round  may 
be  used  in  a  like  sense. 
HE.M,  V.  i.     [D.  hcmmeti.] 

To  make  the  sound  expressed  by  tlie  word  hem. 
HEM'A-CHaTE,  71.     [Gr.  af/ia,  blood,  and   a\arr,^, 
agate.] 
A  species  of  agate,  of  a  hlood  color.  Enciic. 

HE.M-A-DYN-A-MOM'E-TEll,  n.  [Gr.  ni/.a,  bioa.!, 
and  dy?iamometer,  which  see.] 

A  contrivance  for  ascertaining  the  pressure  of  the 
blood  in  the  arteries. 
HE.^l-E-STAT'ie-AL,    a.       [Gr.    nl/ia,    blood,    and 
cthtiko^.] 
Relating  to  the  weight  of  the  blood. 
HEM'A-TLV,  n.     [Gr.  alpn,  blood.] 

The  coloring  principle  of  logwood,  of  a  red  color 
and  bitterish  taste.  Chcvrcul. 

HE.M'A-TITE,  71.     [Gr.  aipartrr,^,  from  a(>-i,  blood.l 
Red  hematite  is  a  variety  of  the  specular  ore  of 
iron.     Brown   hevintitCy  the   hydrated   oxyd   of  iron. 
The  name  hematite  is  now  mostly  restricted  to  the 
latter  ore.    The  word  alludes  to  the  rtd  or  brownish- 
red  color  of  the  mineral  when  rubbed  or  powdered. 
IJoth  of  these  ores  are  used  extensively  in  the  man- 
ufacture of  iron.  Dana. 
HE.M-A-TIT'ie,  a.    Pertaining  to  hematite,  or  resem- 
bling it :  composed  of  or  containing  hematite. 
HE.M'A-TO-CELE,  71.     [Gr.  u'tpa,  blood,  and  /cijAi?,  a 
tumor.] 
A  lumor  filled  with  blood. 
HEI\1-A-T6'PIN,  71.    One  of  the  proximate  principles 

of  the  blood,  containing  its  red  colorinj^-matler. 
HE:M-A-To'^^IS,  7i.    A  morbid  nuantity  of  blood. 
HE.M-E-RO-BAP'TIST,    n.      [Gr.    tipeouy    day,    and 
jtjoirrw,  to  wash.] 

One  of  a  sect  among  the  Jews,  who  bathed  eveiy 
day.  ^  Fulke. 

IIE.M'I,  in  cumpositiony  from  the  Gr.  {jptcrv^j  signifieB 

half,  like  dnni  and  semi. 
HEM'1-€Ra-NY,  JI.     [Gr.  /;/i((ti's,  half,  and  Kpaviov^ 
the  skull.] 

A  pain  that  affects  only  one  side  of  the  head. 
HEM'I-CV-eLE,  (-sl-kl,)  v.     [Gr.  i)ptKVK\'>i.] 

A  half  circle  ;  more  generallv  called  a  .semicircle,  '■■ 
HEM-I-DI'To.\'E,  71.    In  Greek  'musit:y  the  lesser  third. 

[See  Demi-Ditone.]  Bitsby. 

HEM-I-HE'DRAL,  a.  [Gr.  Hiucv,  half,  and  'iSfiOt 
face.] 

In  viincralogy.,  a  term  apidied  to  a  crystal  with  nali 
of  the  similar  edges  or  angles  similarly  replaced. 

Dava. 
HEM'I-NA,7t.    [L.]    In  Roman  antiquity,  a  measure 
containing  halt  a  sextary,  and  according  to  ArbuUi- 
not,  about  half  a  pint  English  wino-nieasirie.  Encye. 
2.  In  inalicine,  a    measure    equal    to    about   ten  ■ 
ounces.  Quinaj. 

HEiM-I-PLK't5r-A,  )  n.     'Gr.  )'/ii(7vs, half, and  r.Xnyn, 
1IEM'I-PLE-0:V,     i       a' stroke,    from    rrA^/orw,  tn 
•strike  j 


JWE^Xn,  FAU„  WHAT— MiSTE.  PREV.- PI.NE,  JI,ui,XE,  B!RD.-NeTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.- 


m 


HEN 

A  palsy  that  affects  one  half  of  the  body  ;  a  par- 
alytic affection  on  one  side  of  the  human  frame. 

Ettcyc. 
HEM-I-PRFS-MAT'ie,  a.    Half  prismatic. 
HE-MIP'TER, «.  i        [Gr.    fttitav^,    half,    and 

HE-MIP'TER-A,  n.  pL  \    Tzreoov,  a  wing.] 

Terms  applied  to  insects  with  the  upper  wings,  or 
wing-covers,  usually  half  coriaceous  and  half  mem- 
branaceous, and  incumbent  on  each  other  j  as  the 
Ciniex. 

Having  the    upper  wings 
half  coriaceous  and  half  raem- 


HE-MIP'TER-AL, 
HEMrP'TER-OUS, 

branaceous. 
HE.M'I-SPHERE,  h. 
1.  A  half  sphere 


[Gr.  {])HGitatptov.'\ 
,  one  half  of  a  sphere  or  globe, 
when  divided  by  a  plane  passing  through  its  center. 
Particiilurb/y  one  half  the  mundane  sphere.  Tlie 
equator  divides  the  sphere  into  two  equal  parts. 
That  on  the  north  is  called  the  northern  hemisphere  ; 
the  other,  the  southern.  So  the  horizon  divides  the 
sphere  into  the  u;7per  and  lotcer  hcmL'-pheres.  Hemi- 
sphere is  also  used  for  a  map  or  projection  of  half  the 
terrestrial  or  celestial  sphere,  and  is  then  oflen  called 
planisphere. 

9.  A  map  or  projection  of  half  the  terrestrial  globe. 
HEM-I-SPHER'ie,  i  a.  Containing  half  a  sphere 
HEM-I-SPH£Rae-.\L,  t      or  globe  ;  as,  a  hemispheric 

figure  or  form  :  a  knnispherical  body. 
HKM-I-SPHER'ULE,  n.    A  half  spherule. 
HEM'IS-TICH,  (hem'e-stik,)  n.     [Gr.  {)fiiGTixiov.'] 
Half  a  poetic  verse,  or  a  verse  not  completed. 

Drydeu.     Encyc. 
HE-^fIS'TIe^I-AL,  (he-mis'tik-al,)  a.    Pertaining  to 

a  hemistich  ;  denoting  a  division  of  the  verse. 
HEMT-TONE,  n.     [Gr.  !ip,r^,ft:n:]  [rf-art^^i. 

A  half  tone  in  music;  now  called  a  Semitone. 
HEMT-TRoPE,  a.     [Gr.   i)iucv?j  half,  and  roo-ij,  a 
turning.] 

Half  turned ;  a  hemitrope  crystal  is  one  in  wliich 
onesegraent  is  turned  through  half  the  circumference 
of  a  circle.  The  word  is  used  also  as  a  noun.  Haiiii. 
HEil'LOCK,  n.  [Sax.  Itemleac ;  the  latter  syllable  is 
the  san:e  as  leek,  Q,u.  is  it  not  a  border-plant,  a  plant 
growing  in  hedges  ?  ] 

1.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Coniuni,  whose  leaves  and 
root  art.'  poisonous.     [See,  also,  WATZB-ftEMLocK  ] 

2.  A  North  American  tree,  of  the  genus  Abies  or 
Fir,  an  evergreen. 

3.  A  puison,  an  infusion  or  decoction  of  the  poi- 
sonous plant.     [See  Cicuta.] 

Popo!:ir  liberty  might  then  have  escaped  the  indelible  irpro^xcli 
of  decreeing  to  Hi:;  s;inie  citizeus  t!iL-  hemlodc  on  one  il;ty, 
and  statuea  on  ihe  oext.  f^iiertUUt,  AfaHuon. 

HEM'MZD,  pp.  or  a.  Bordered ;  edged  j  folded  and 
sewed  down  at  the  edge. 

HEM'MEL,  71.     [Dan.  hemmcUg;  close.] 
A  shed  or  hovel  for  cattle.     [Local.] 

HEM'iHXG,  pyr.  Bordering;  folding  and  sewing 
down  at  the  edge  of  the  cloth. 

HE-M0P'TY-SI3,^J  n.    [Gr.  ataa,  blood,  and  rrvcts, 

HE-MOP'TO-E,     i       a  spitting.] 
A  spitting  of  blood 

HE.M'OR-RHAGE,  n.  [Gr.  aqioopayia;  at/Jo.  blood, 
and  /jrjj  ;dw,  to  burst,! 

Any  discharge  of  blood  from  vessels  destined  to 
contain  iL  The  ancients  confined  the  word  to  a 
discharge  of  blood  from  the  nose  ;  but  in  modern, 
use.,  it  is  applied  to  a  flux  from  the  nose,  lungs,  in- 
testines, &c.  E71C>JC. 

HE-M-OR-RHA6ae,  (-raj'ik,)  a.  Pertaining  to  a  flux 
of  bluod  ;  consisting  in  hemorrhage. 

HEM-OR-RHOID'AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  hemor- 
rhoids ,  as,  the  hemorrhoidal  vessels. 

2.  Consisting  in  a  flux  of  blood  from  the  vessels  of 
thu  anus. 

nEM'OR-RHOTDS,  n.  [Gr.  alpoopoig ;  aipa^  blood, 
and  //'JO,,  a  flowing.] 

A  discharge  of  blood  from  the  vessels  of  the  anus  ; 
the  pilss  ;  in  Scripture,  emcrods 

Tiie  term  is  also  applied  to  tumors  formed  by  a 
morbid  dilatation  of  the  ht.'niorrhoidal  veins.  When 
they  do  not  discharge  blond,  they  are  called  blind 
pile^ ;  when  they  occasionally  emit  blood,  bleeding  or 
open  piles,  '  Cjc,     Pan-. 

HE.MP,  71,  [Sa.x.  hcnep  :  G.  hanf;  D.  hennep  or  kennip ; 
Sw.ftampa:  Dan.  hnmp;  Ft.  chanerc  ;  Arm.  eonab ; 
U.^cuniuiib,  enaib;  L.  cannabis;  Gr.  Kai'vafSig,-  Fp. 
eanomf*;  It.  eanapa  ;  Rus^.  konope!.  It  is  found  in  the 
Arabic.    See  Class  .Nb,  Xo.  90,  35.] 

1.  A  fibrnus  plant,  of  liie  genus  Cannabis,  whose 
skin  or  bark  is  used  for  cloth  and  cordage.  Hence, 
eoniMu,  the  coarse,  strongcloth  used  fnr  sails. 

2,  The  skin  or  rind  of  the  plant,  prepared  for  spin- 
ning. Large  quantities  of  hrmp  are  exported  from 
Russia. 

HEMP-AG'RI-MO-NY,  n.    A  plant,  a  species  of  Eu- 

patorium. 
HEMP'£\,  (hemp'n,)  a.  Made  of  hemp  :  as,  a  hempen 

cord. 
HiJMP'-NET-TLE,  ru    An  annual  plant  of  the  genus 

Galeopsis,  whose  flower  has  a  grotesque  figure. 
vmsfvinr  Loiulon. 

gfMPTf,  a.    Like  hemp.     [Unusual]  Howell. 

KEN,  n.     [Sax.   Acn,  henne;    G.  henne;    D.  hen;  Sw 


HEP 

hijna;  Dan.  itiinc.  In  Goth,  hana.  Sax.  han^  kana,  is 
a  cock  ;  G.  hahn ;  D.  /laan.  In  Sw.  and  Dan.  fiane  ia 
a  cock,  the  male  of  a  fowl,  anil  Iian  is  he,  the  per- 
sonal pronoun.] 

The  female  of  any  kind  of  fowl ;  but  it  is  particu- 
larly applied  to  the  female  of  the  I'omestic  fowl  of 
the  gallinaceous  kind,  or,  as  sometimes  called,  the 
barn-door  foicl. 

HEX'BaNE,  n.  [hen  and  baite.]  A  plant  of  the  ge- 
nus Hyoscyamus,  of  several  Bpeciea.  The  roots, 
leaves,  and'  seeds,  are  poisonous.  Eneye. 

HEX'BIT,  n.  A  name  common  to  several  pla'nts ; 
also  called  Dead-nettle,  or  Speedv/eu.,  wiiich  see. 

HEN'-€00P,  n.    A  coop  or  cage  for  fowls. 

HE.\'-DRi  V'ER,  li.     A  kind  of  hawk.  TValton. 

HEX'-HARM,  )  ».    A  species  of  buzzard,  Falco 

HEN'-HAR-RI-ER,  I  gadeus  of  Linnwus.  It  de- 
rives its  English  name  from  its  persecutions  in  the 
poultry  yard.  Krlin.  Encyc. 

HEX'-HEXRT-ED,  G.    Cowardlv:  timid  ;  dastardly. 

HEX'-HOUSE,  n.     A  house  or  shelter  for  fowl.--. 

HEX'-PECK-£D,  C-Pt-'kt;)  a.    Governed  bv  the  wife. 

HEX'-ROOST,  t(.  a  place  where  poultry  rest  at 
night.  Jiddison. 

HEXS'FEET,  7(.    A  plant,  hedge  fumitory.     Johnson. 

HEX^CE,  (heus,)  adv.  [Sax.  heona ;  Scot,  kijnc ;  G. 
hin.] 

1.  From  this  place. 

Arise,  let  us  go  hence.  — Joliiv  iW, 

I  will  send  iliee  far  hence  to  the  Gentiles.  — Ads  xxu. 

2.  From  this  time;  in  the  future;  as,  a  week 
hence  ;  a  year  hence. 

3.  From  this  cause  or  reason,  noting  a  consequence, 
inference,  or  deduction  from  sometliing  just  before 
stated. 

Hence,  perhaps,  it  is,  lliat  Solomon  calls  the  fear  of  the  Lonl  the 
be^.nnin^of  wisduin.  TUlotson.     , 

It  sometimes  denotes  an  inference,  or  consequence, 
resulting  from  sometliing  that  follows. 

Whence  come  wars  ajid  fi^hiin^  among'  you  ?     Corns  they  not 
lience,  even  froiu  your  lusts  7  —  Jaines  iv. 

4.  From  this  source,  or  original. 

All  other  faces  burrowed  hence.  Suckling. 

Hence  signifies /rom  this,  and  from,  before  hence,  is 
not  strictly  correct.  But  from  hence  is  so  well  estab- 
lished by  custom,  that  it  may  not  be  practicable  to 
correct  the  use  of  the  phrase. 

Hence  is  used  elliptically  and  imperatively,  for  go 
hence ;  depart  hence ;  away ;  begone. 

Eence  with  your  Ullte  ones.  i7ia.t. 

Hence,  as  a  verb,  to  send  ofl",  as  used  by  Sidney,  is 
improper. 
UEXCE-FoRTH',  (hens-forth',)  adv.     From  this  time 
forward. 

1  never  from  ihy  side  henceforth  will  stmy.  MiUon. 

HEXCE-FOR'WARD,  (hens-for'ward),  adv.      From 

tljis  lime  forward;  henceforth.        Shak.     Dnjden. 
HEXCH'ilAX  i  n.     [Sax,  hinc,  a  servant.] 
HEXCH'BOY,  (      A  page  ;  a  servant.    [  Obs.] 

S/uik.     Dryden. 
HEXD,  j  r.  (.     [Sax.  hentnn.] 

HEXT,  \      To  seize;  tu  lay  hold  on  ;  to  occupy.  [OJ.?.] 
Tlie  preterit  of  Hekd  "is  also  Hent.  [shnk. 

HEXD,  or  IIEXD'V,  a.     Gentle.     [Obs.']       Chaucer. 
HEX-DEC'A-GON,    n.      [Gr.    ivdeKn^    eleven,    and 

I  wi  (u,  an  angle.] 
In  geometry,  a  plane  figure  of  eleven  sides  and  as 

manv  angles.  Encyc. 

HEX-OEe-A-SYL-LAB'I€,  a.      Pertaining  to  a  line 

of  eleven  svllahles. 
HEX-DEe-A-"SYL'LA-BLE,    n.       [Gr.    €v6tKa    and 

cuAAa/J/;.] 

A  metncal  line  of  eleven  syllables.  JVarton. 

HEX-DI'A-DYS,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  Iv  6ia  ovon;  one 
by  two.] 

In  grammar,  a  figure  in  which  the  same  idea 
presented  by  two  words  or  phrases. 
HEN'XA,  rt.  [Arabic.J  A  deciduous,  tropical  tree,  or 
shrub,  of  the  genus  Lawsonia.  Also,  a  paste  made 
of  its  pounded  leaves,  and  much  useil  by  tlie  Egj-p- 
tians  and  Asiatics  for  dyeing  their  nails,  &:c.,'of 
an  orange  Ime.  It  is  also  used  by  the  men  for 
dyeing  their  beards,  the  orange  color  being  after- 
ward changed  to  a  deep  hiaok,  by  tlie  application  of 
indigo.  Loudon.     Partington.     P.  Cue. 

HEP,  n.    The  fruit  of  the  wild  dog-rose.    [See  flip.] 
H^'PAR,  71.     [L.  hrpar,  the  liver;  Gr.  »jr««.] 

A  combination  of  sulphur  with  an  alkali,  or  rather 
with  the  metallic  base  of  an  alkali,  was  furmeriy 
called  by  chemi.^ts  hrpnr  sulpfiiiris,  liver  of  sulphur, 
from  its  brown-red  color.  The  term  has  been 
applied  to  all  combinations  of  alkali,  or  earth,  with 
sulphur,  or  phosphorus.  JVicholson. 

The  hcpars  are,  by  modem  chemists,  called  stdphu- 
^^'  Eourcroif. 

HF^PAT^e,  ia.       [h.    hepatinis;    Gr.    i]-.iriKoc, 

HE-PAT'ie-AL,  j     from  i):ra.j,  the  liver.] 

Pertaining  to  the  liver;    as,  hepatic  gall;  hepatic 

pain  ;  hepatic  artery  ;  hepatic  flux.    Quiney.  Jirbuthno;. 

Hepatic  air,  ur  gas,  is  a  fetid  vapor,  or'elaslic  fluid, 

emitted  from  combinations  of  sEUIphur  with  alkalies, 

earths,  and  metals.  JVichohon.    Encyc. 


HER 

This  species  of  air  is  now  called  sulphureted  kij- 
drogeii  gas.  Fourcrov. 

Hepatic  mercurial  ore,  or  hepatic  cinnabar.     Sec 

CjNNABAR. 

HEP'A-TITE,  ji.    A  gem,  or  mineral,  that  takes  its 
name  from  the  liver.    Plin.  I.  37,  11. 

Hepatite  is  a  name  given  to  the  fetid  sulphate  of 
b-.irjta.  It  sometimes  occurs  in  globular  masses, and 
is  either  compact,  or  of  a  foliated  structure.  By 
friction,  or  the  application  of  heat,  it  exhales  a  fet- 
id odor,  like  that  of  sulphureted  hydrogen. 

CUaxeland. 
nEP-A-TI-Z.\'TIOX,  n.     The  act  of  impregnating 
with  sulphureted  hydrogen  gas. 

9.  Conversion  into  a  substance  resembling  the  liv- 
^r.  Dunglison. 

HEP'A-TIZE,  V.  t.    To  impregnate  with  sulphureted 
hydrogen  gas. 
9.  To  fill  with  blood  or  plastic  matter.    Dunglison. 
HEP'A-TIZ-ED,  ;?;».  or  a.    Impregnated  or  combined 
with  sulphureted  hydrogen  gas ;   gorged  with  blood, 
or  piastic  matter. 

On  UiT  riglitof  iLn  ris-er  were  two  wcUs  cfhepadzed  Tratcr. 

Barroto, 

HEP-A-TOS'eO-PY,  «.      [Gr.   j^rrao,  the  liver,  and 
CKOTTEG},  to  view.] 
The  art  or  practice  of  divination  by  inspecting  the 


Encyc. 

Grose. 
[Gr.  CTTTa,  seven,  and 


liver  of  animals. 
HEP'PEX,  a.     [Sax.  hceplic] 

Neat ;  fit ;  comfortable. 
HEP'TA  CHORD,  (-kord,)  n. 
Xopdt},  chord.] 

A  system  of  seven  sounds.  In  ancient  poetry, 
verses  sung  or  played  on  seven  chords  or  different 
notes.  In  this  sense  the  word  was  applied  to  the 
lyre,  when  it  had  but  seven  strings.  One  of  the  in- 
ter\'als  is  also  called  a  heptachord,  as  containing  the 
same  number  of  degrees  between  the  extremes.  Encyc. 
HEP'TaDE,  n.  The  sum  or  number  of  seven.. 
HEP'TA-GLOT,  n.  [Gr.  iTtra,  seven,  and  yXwrra, 
language.] 

A  book  of  seven  languages. 
HEP'TA-GOX,  71.    [Gr.^trra,  seven,  and  yajvia,  an 
angle.] 

In  geometry,  a  plane  figure  consisting  of  seven 
sides  and  as  many  angles. 

In  fortif  cation,  a  place  that  has  seven  bastions  for 
defense.  Encyc, 

HEP-TAG'OX'-AL,  a.  Having  seven  angles  or  sides. 
Heptagonal  numbers ;  in  aritJtmetie,  a  sort  of  polygonal 
numbers,  wherein  the  difierence  of  the  terms'of  the 
corresponding  arithmetical  progression  is  5.  One  of 
the  properties  of  these  numbers  is,  that  if  they  are 
multiplied  by  40,  and  9  is  added  to  the  product,  the 
sum  will  be  a  square  number.  Brande. 

HEP-TA-GYX'I-A,  n.     [Gr.  lttto,  seven,  and  yvv/jj  a 
female.] 
In  botamj,  an  order  of  plants  having  seven  stj'Ies. 

Linntsits. 
HEP-TA-GYX'I-AX,  \  a.    In    botany,  having    seven 
HEP-TAG'\"X-0US,   i      ^lyles. 
HEP-TA-He'DROX,  n.    A  solid  figure  with  seven 

sides, 
HEP-TA-HEX-A-He'DRAL,  a.      [Gr.    i-ra,  seven, 
and  herahedrahl 

Presenting  seven  ranges  of  faces  one  above  an- 
other, each  ranire  containing  six  faces.  Cleareland. 
HEP-TAM'E-REDE,  n.    [Gr,  i^ra,  seven,  and  ;<co(s, 
part.] 
That  which  divides  into  seven  parts.     A.  Smith. 
HEP-TAN'DRI-A,  71.    [Gr.  is- ra,  seven,  and  qviiojSl 
male.] 
In  botany,  a  class  of  plants  having  seven  stamens. 

LinnaiLt. 

HEP-TAn'dkOUS,*  i  ""•    ^^^""S  seven  stamens. 

HEP-TAN"GU-LAR,  a.     [Gr.  i^rii,  seven,  and  amru- 
lar.] 
Ilaving  seven  angles. 

HEP-TAPH'YLLOUS,  a.      [Gr.    i-ra,    seven,  and 
ipvWov,  a  leaf.] 

Having  seven  leaves. 

HEP-TARCH'ie,  a.    Denoting  a  sevenfold  govern- 
ment. fVarton. 

HEP'TXRCn-IST,  /  n.    A  ruler  of  one  division  of  a 

H  E  P'TX  RC  H ,  j      heptarchy.  TVarton. 

HEP'TXKCH-Y,    n.     [Gr.  tn-ra,    seven,  and    aoxv, 
mie.] 

A  government  by  seven  persons,  or  the  countn,- 
governed  by  seven  persons.  But  the  word  is  usually 
applied  to  England,  when  under  the  government  of 
seven  kings,  ordivided  into  seven  kingdoms  ;  as,  the  j 
Saxon  heptarchy,  which  comprehended  the  whole  of  i 
England,  when  subject  to  seven  independent  princes. 
These  petty  kingdoms  were  those  of  Kent,  the  South 
Saxons,  [Sussex,]  West  Saxons,  East  Saxons,  [E?- 
sex,]  the  East  Angles,  Mercia,  and  Xorthuinberland. 
Hist  of  England. 

IIEP'TA-TEC€H,  (-tuke,)  n.     [Gr.  Ura,  seven,  and 
Tiv\og,  book.] 
The  first  seven  books  of  the  Old  Testament. 

HEP'-TREE.  71.    The  wild  dog-rose,  a  species  of  Eo- 
sa,  the  Rosa  canina. 

HEU,(hur;)  an  adjective,  or  pronominal   adjective. 


TONE,  BULL,  TJNITE.  — AN"GEU,  Vl"CIOUS.  — €  aa  Kj  ft  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS 


irf  th?  thin) 

p.,. 
J" 


•J.  II  I 
lluu. 

I 

«llluu. 

;■ 


HER 

r«Mn.     Tf^ax.  AjW,  ting.,  keoru^  pi.,  t)ic 
'     ;  but  more  proiwrly,  an  ad- 

.!<• ;  Its,  her  fnco  ;  her  hcnd. 
Lwivu-  lu-uicr  nutiUB  in  itcntonifica- 

I  n«  a  pmnuun,  or  bub^liltile  fur  n 

<  livf  t-a-i.>,  aftrr  a  vt  rlj  or  pn-po- 


■  •r  KfiiiUvo  case,  de 
to  ;i  tVniale.  But  it 
liiiativc  or  olgcctive 


eaie. 

Ami  vlut  U*  foytuaa  wwital*  )Ur«  could  meod.  Oryctrii. 

II  -  Cor  her  fortune :  but  it  mu<;t  be  con- 

oid iiiiiative  to  could  mend,    I  will  tat;u 

ixx'.  \,  and  give  you  hcrj.     Here  hers  is 

ibr  I'liji  '  1  ;i(1i.T  ;.'trf. 
IlKK' Al.h,  H.  [Fr.  keraut,  for  keraitlt :  Ann.  beraU,  or 
karod ;  Sp.  kerat'to :  Port,  arttuio;  Ii.  araldo ;  G.  Ae- 
iWi/ .-  \V.  herodtfr,  cinbn.>sador  nnd  bemld,  from  /<e- 
micJ,  a  df  ri:tnci>  or  cltallrnt,'C,  herime,  to  bramli^^h,  to 
ilift-aten,  fmni  Mr^  a  push,  a  motion  of  defiance,  n 
cltallt-uKc.  Tilt*  primary  i>ense  i«,  to  send,  tbrust,  or 
drive] 

1.  An  orTicer  wlioso  business  was  to  denounce  or 
proclaim  war,  to  chnllcngc  to  battle,  to  proclaim 
l»*ace,  itnd  to  bt-ar  messages  lYom  the  commander 
of  an  army.    ICenrc, 

S.  Aprocl.iimer;  a  publisher;  a.«,  the  ArraM  of  an- 
o*h<*r*H  fanu-. 

3.  A  forcninner  ;  a  precursor;  a  harbinger. 

It  wu  Uic  Srk,  t!)C  htralj  cttiii:  mom,  Shek. 

4.  An  officer  in  Oreat  Britain,  *tvhose  business  \s  to 
m^f.)  I  ...1.,  .,.,,]  conduct,  royal  cavalcades,  ccr- 
rmi  ■  iins,  royal  marriages,  insinuations, 
tri  ■  and  other  nobles,  embassies,  fu- 
ntr*;  ,...  ■  -,..,,-,  .K-rlanttions  of  war,  proclamations 
uf  peace,  ace. ;  also,  to  record  and  blazon  the  arms 
of  the  nobility  and  gcnlrj',  and  to  regulate  abuiics 
Uicrctn.  F.ncye. 

5.  K.irmcrly  applied,  bv  the  French,  to  a  minstrel. 
IIKU'ALl),  c.  f.    To  introduce,  as  bv  a  herald.    SJuik. 
IIER'AI-I^KD»  pp.    Intn>dncrd,  as  by  a  herald. 
HKU-AI/IMC,  u.    rcriaining  to  heralds  or  hcraldr>' ; 

a^.  krraidu  dfliriraiitJiiJi.  Warton. 
lIKU-AL'Die-AI^LV,  .ulc.    In  a  heraldic  manntr. 
MKK'AI.l)  l\0,  ppr,    Intrt^ucinc,  as  by  a  herald. 
HKIt'ALn  ItV,  n.    The  art  or  ollicc  of  a  herald.    Her- 
.  ■  ,-,  ,-  fi,,  :iri^  practice,  or  science,  uf  recording  gen- 
1  blazoning  arms  or  ensigns  armnnal.   It 
•  whatever  relati-s  to  the  marshaling  of 
.  -.processions,  and  other  public  ceremonies. 

IIF.R'ALD-SinP,  n.    The  office  of  a  herald.  ScUcn. 
llEUn,  (erb,)  11.     [L.  hrrba;  Fr.  herbe;  It.  erba:  Sp. 

inba :  Von.  erra.     Qu.  Ir.  forla,  glebe,  that  ii,  food, 

jKuturc,  iiub4i...t«-nce  ;  Gr.  -Jto/Joi.] 

1.  A  plum  or  vccenble  w  iih  ii  sort  or  succulent 
ftolk  or  stem,  which  dies  !•■  he  root  ever)'  year,  and 
U  thu«  dutinjuishid  from  .,  irec  and  a  simib,  which 
have  li^'Dcouj,  or  hard,  woody  stcmft. 

-Vi7nf.    Martyn. 

2.  in  Ike  Unnxen  Aolani;.  Ih.it  p:irt  of  a  vcRetaWe 
which  <prins»  from  the  root  and  is  terminated  by  the 
fruttillcauon,  indudine  the  stein  or  stalk,  tJic  leaves 
the  fulcra  or  propa,  and  ihe  hibernacle.  ' 

.„  ...  Mine.    Marlijn. 

I  he  word  »rrj  comprLliends  all  the  grasses,  and 
mimcrniH  planti  used  f„r  culinary  purposes. 
U.lMHllIsT'O.I'lIEK,  ».    An  herb,  Al^a  spia,ta, 
!' med  in  ncr\    ha  diseases.  Purtin>rton. 
■  IIT,  n.    A  ],lant,  a  species  of'Gcra- 

lli.UMU  .;K01-?  (her.ba'shu.,>  a.    (I,.  ;,cr4occ,«.] 
P.rtain.ni:  to  herbs  ;  havii,;;  t|„.  nature  of  an  herb. 
•  i.lants  arc  such  as  i .  risli  annually  down 
«oft,  succulent  vegetables.    .«o,  a  Urba- 
■  one  which  i.j  soft,  not  woody.    Jitrba- 
,^  ,  '  '•  '  'niraals  by  Dcrliam,  is  not  aiithor- 

'"^V'  -  hcrb''.ii,)  n.    [Fr.,  from  icrlf.l 

for  bca^u.  '    ''' '  ^™"  •  P^'-'""  i  B'ecn  food 

CMHCJUIt  -■       - 

a.  In  law,  the  liberty  or  nghl  of  p,isturc  in  the  for- 

■'-""■'" '  ""' '"'""■  Eneye. 

I  wiih  irrais.      ThomoB. 
A  bo.jk  that  Contains  the 
'      '     "f  the  classes,  gcn- 
t'    ,  tables.       Baeon. 

„~  „'  :  II ;  a  collection  of 

tsoned.     Encyc 


II) 


11  ■ 


---.  -  i^o-.s-.,  er^;r,-  ri  s."^~i 

ButinrdriiUr, 


HERHAL,  .z.     iVflainrng  to  jierb?. 
IIKRII  AL-KST,   n.     A  p-rson  skill 


wiio  makM  ctillecliong  of  pJanL-i 


killed  in  plants;  one 


HER 

MKUB'AU,  II.    An  herb.    [Ohs.]  Spcnstr. 

HERU'AU-IST,  n.    A  Iierbalist.     [tUdeused^ 

Dcrham.     Boyle. 
IIEU-B.^'RI-UM,  «. ;  pi.  IlEnnAniVMs.    A  collection  of 
plants  carefully  dried  and  preser^'td.    Med.  liqjos. 
ii.  A  book  or  other  contrivance  for  thus  preserving 
nKKB'A-rtlZE.    Sec  IlKHnonr/E.  [plants. 

IIRKB'A-UY,  71.    A  garden  of  plants.  IVarton. 

H  EUB'K-LET,  v.    A  small  herb.  Shak. 

IIKKB'ER,  n.    Formerly,  an  nrbor.     [See  HEHBAnv.] 
HEKB-ES'CENT,  a.     [L.  bcrhcsecns.j 

Growing  into  herbs. 
IIEIUJ'ID,  a.     [L.  hcrbidus.) 

(Covered  with  herbs.     [Little  used.] 
IIEKB-IE'EU-OL'S,  a.    Bearing  herbs. 
IIKKB'IST,  H.    One  skilled  in  herbs. 
HEKB-IV'O-R.A,  *i.  pi.    In  science,  animals  subsisting 

on  iierbs  or  vt-sftablcs. 
HEKK-IVO-UUL'S,  a.     [L.  herba  and  voro,  lo  eat.] 
Eating  licrbs  ;  subsisting  on  herbaceous  plants  ; 
feeding  on  vegetables.     The  ox  and  the  horse  are 
herliivorons  animals. 
IIKRB'LESS,  (erb-)  a.     Destitute  of  herbs.   JVarton, 
IIERB'O-RIST.     Set-  Heiiba.list.  Ray. 

iIERB-0-UI-ZA'TlON,  (herb-)  n.  [from  herborize.] 
'I'he  act  of  seeking  plants  in  the  field ;  botanical  re- 
search. 

2.  The  figure  of  plants  in  mineral  substances.  [See 
ARBonizATioN.]  Diet.  JWit.  Jlist. 

HERB'O-KTZE,  v.  L  To  search  for  plants,  or  to  seek 
new  Fpecies  of  plants,  with  a  view  to  ascertain  their 
characters,  and  to  class  them. 

He  krrborixed  ns  lie  Inivcletl,  and  enriched  the  Plora  Suoci»a 
with  new  discoveries.  Too'te. 

IIERB'0-RIZE,  r.  (.  To  figure;  to  form  tlic  figures 
of  plaius  in  minerals.     [See  Aruorize.]  Fuurcroy. 

lIERlJ'0-RiZ-.ED,  pp.  or  a.  Figured;  containing  the 
figure  cf  a  plant ;  os  a  mineral  body. 

Daubcnton  h-is  tlown  that  herborized  tUmcs  cont-im  very  fine 
mcsccj,  fburcroy. 

IIERI)'0-MZ-IKG,  mr.    Searchins  for  iilants. 

2.  Fornijnc  the  ni^urcs  of  plants  in  minerals. 
IIER'BOR-OUUII,  (her'bur-ro,)  ii.    [Ger.  Iicrber/r.] 

Place  of  temporary  residence,  especially  for  iioops. 
B.  Jonson. 
HERB'OUS,  n.     [h.  Iwrbosiis.] 

Abounding  with  herbs. 
IIERII'-VVO.M-AN,  n.    A  woman  that  sells  herbs. 
HERB'y,  a.  Having  the  nature  of  herbs.  [Liulc  nscil.] 

Bacon. 
IIER-eO'LE  AX,  a.     [from  Ilcrculcs.    See  Club  op 
Hercules.] 

1.  Very  yreat,  dilficnlt,  or  dangerous;  such  as  it 
would  require  the  strength  or  courage  of  Hercules 
to  encounter  or  accomplish;  as,  Herculean  labor  or 
task. 

a.  Ilavingextraoidinary  strength  and  size ;  as,  Her- 
culean limbs. 

3.  Of  extraordinary  strength,  force,  or  power. 
HER'eU-I.ES,  n.    .\  hero  of  antiquity,  celebrated  for 

his  strengtii. 

2.  A  constellation  in  the  noiiliern  liemisphere,  near 
Lyra.  p.  cijc. 

HER-CYN'I-.\X,  a.  (iVom  Hcmjnla  ;  G.  liar:,  resin.] 
Denoting  an  extensive  forest  in  Germany,  the  re- 
mains of  which  arc  nou-  in  Swabia. 

IIKRD,  Ii.  [Sa.x.  lierd,  heard;  G.  hcrde;  Sw.  and  Dan. 
hiord;  Basque,  oriJi.  Words  of  this  kind  have  for 
their  primary  sense,  collection,  assemblage.  So  in 
Saxon,  here  is  an  army.  It  may  be  from  driving,  W. 
i^yr,  or  her.'] 

1.  A  collection  or  assemblage  ;  applied  to  beasts 
when  feeding  or  driven  together.  We  say,  a  herd  of 
horses,  ox-en,  cattle,  camels,  elephants,  bucks,  harts, 
and,  in  Scripture,  a  herd  of  swine.  Ilut  xve  say,  a 
yloi:lr  of  sheep,  goats,  or  birds.  A  number  of  cattle 
going  to  market  is  railed  a  drove. 

2.  A  comjiany  of  men  or  people,  in  contempt  or 
detestation  ;  a  crowd  ;  a  rabble  ;  as,  a  vulgar  herd. 

HERD,  n.  [Sax.  hijrd  :  G.  Airt ;  Sw.  Aerdi; ;  Dan.  hynle 
or  hire  :  from  the  same  root  as  the  preceding,  that  is! 
till;  holder  or  keeper.] 

.\  keeper  of  catllc  ;  used  by  Spenser,  and  still  used 
in  Scotland,  but  in  English  now  selilom  or  nex'er  used 
except  in  composition  ;  as,  a  shepherd,  a  goatherd,  a 


HER 

which  are  highly  esteemed  for  liay,  particularl"  Tim- 
othy, (Phlcum  pralenje,)  Fox  Tail,  (Ali/pceuruj  vra- 
tensis,)  ami  Red  Top,  (-4nTo.</i>  vitliraris.) 

HERDS'MAN.  11.    A  keeper  of  herds  ;  one  employed 
in  tenililig  hi-ros  ol  cattle 

2.  Formerly,  tile  owner  of  a  herd.  [Formerly  spell 
Herdman.]  Sidn-u. 

HERE,  ade.   [Goth.  Iter;  Sax.  her;  G.  and  D.  hicr;  Sw. 
hdr;  Dan.  Aw.    It  denotes,  this  place.] 

1.  In  this  place  ;  in  the  jilace  where  the  speaker  is 
present  i  opposed  to  t/icrc.  Behold,  Acre  am  1.  Lodge 
here  this  night.    Build  here  seven  altars.     Scripture. 

2.  In  the  present  life  or  state. 

Thus  sliall  you  Ije  lupjiy  here,  and  more  li-ippy  licreuftir. 

Bacon. 

3.  It  is  used  in  makrng  an  offer  or  attempt. 

Tlifrn  herc'i  for  caruest.  Dryieu. 

-1.  In  drinking  health. 

Ucre's  to  llice,  Dick.  Caicley. 

It  i.i  neither  here  nor  there ;  it  is  neither  in  this  place 
nor  in  that ;  neither  in  one  place  nor  in  another. 

Here  and  there  ;  in  one  place  and  another;  in  a  dis- 
persed manner  or  condition  ;  thinly  ;  or  irregularly 

HERE'A-BOUT,       /  [comp..  Acre  and  about.]    Abu 

HeRE'A-BOU'J'S,    (      this  place. 

HERE-.>iFT'ER,  [comp.  here  and  after.] 
come  ;  in  some  luture  time. 
_  2.  In  a  future  state. 

Here  AFT'ER,  71.    .\  future  state 

'Tis  Ilcavon  ilst-lf  Ui:(t  jioiiiu  om  a  hereafter. 

HiiRE-.'VT',  [comp.  Acre  and  at.]     At  111 

oflended  hcrent,  tliat  is,  at  this  saying,  this  fact,  Slc. 
HEUE-BS'',  [comp.  here  and  by.]     I3y  this. 

Hereby  we  twcarni?  ftc<ni;umed  with  t!lc  nature  of  tiling.   H'oU*. 

HERE-IN',  [comp.  Aei-e  and  in.]    In  this. 

Herein  U  my  Father  gloiilicii,  Ihat  yc  Iwar  much  fruit.  — John 

HERE-IN'TO,  [comp.  here  and  into.]    Into  this. 

Hooker. 
HeRE-OF',  (heer-olT,)  [comp.  here  and  of.]    Of  this; 
from  this. 

//erco/ comes  it  that  Priucc  Harry  U  valianU  S},ak. 

IlERE-ON',  [comp.  ;/frc  and  on.]     On  this.    Brown. 

HEREOUT',  [comp.  here  and  out.]    Out  of  this  place. 
_  Spr?tscr. 

UkUT.-TO'  }  [comp.  here  and  linfo  or  to.]     'I'o  this. 

IlERE-UX-To',i  Jhoker. 

HeRE-TO-FoRE',  [com|i.  here  and  lofore.]    In  times 
before  the  present ;  formerly.  Sidney. 

HeRE-UP-ON"',  [comp.  Acre  and  iijiua.]     On  this. 

HeRE-WITH',  |;comp.  Acre  and  wltli.]  \Villi  this. 
Most  of  the  compounds,  of  here  and  a  preposition, 
are  obsolete  or  obsolescent,  or  at  least  are  deemed 
inelegant.  But  hereafter  and  heretofore  are  in  elegant 
use.  Herein  and  hereby  are  frequently  used  iu'tlie 
present  version  of  the  Scriptures,  and  ought  not,  per- 
haps, to  he  discarded.  Indeed,  some  of  these  words 
seein  to  be  almost  indispensable  in  technical  law 
language. 

HE-RED'IT-.\-BLE,  a.   [from  the  root  of  Acir;  L.  A<j- 
reditas.] 
That  may  be  inherited.   [Xot  much  used.]  [See  Is 

HERITABLE.]  Lotke. 

HE-RED'IT-A- — 
descent. 


About 
.Addison. 
In  time  to 


Afliliion. 

He  was 


.-ELY,  ada.    By  inheritance ;  by  right  ot 


Tile  ojie-house-owiiers  ooi. 


.•nriaelierd. 

HERD,  c.  i.  To  unite  or  associate,  as  beasts;  to  feed 
or  run  in  collections.  Most  kinds  of  beasts  manifest 
a  disposition  to  herd, 

2.  To  a.ssociate ;  to  unite  in  companies  customa- 

3.  To  a-ssociate ;  lo  become  one  of  a  number  or 
party.  IVakh 

ni^oH;  JV. '•    To/oi-m  <"  P"t  into  a  herd.  B.  Jonson. 

'  '■;""  ER,  n.     .\  herdsman. 

HER'DKR-ITE,  v.     [from  Herder,  who  discovered  it] 

,   A  '"imral  winch  occurs  in  Saxony,  in  crystals  im- 
„;?;',",;)'""""'•      ,      ,  Brande. 

ERD'GROo'x.  "'^  '*"?'"<^"-'l''^'-     [04S.1        Chaucer. 
ui-KU  GKOO.M,  ,1.    A  keeper  of  a  herii.    [04».] 

Iirnni'^r'^if'^^    Associating  in  companies.  ''"'^"' 
iiLitu*  -OK.\^B,  ,1.   A  name  given  to  various  grasses 


MTE,  FAR.  FALL.  WHAT- METE,  TREY. -PINE,  .MARINE,  BIRD.-N6TE,  DOVE, 
548 — 


ficreiUtallv  io  no  private  p^noni. 
Tooke,  Rati,    lincye. 

HER-E-DIT'A-MENT,  n.     [L.  lueres,  lucrcdinm.    See 
He  III.] 

Any  species  of  property  »liat  may  be  inherited ; 
lands,  tenements,  any  thing  corporeal  or  incorporeal, 
real,  personal,  or  mixed,  that  may  descend  to  an  licir. 

BlacL-itone^ 
A  corporeal  hereditament  is  visible  and  tangible; 
an  iiicorptrreal  hereditament  is  an  ideal  right,  existing 
in  contemplation  of  law,  issuing  out  of  substantial 
corpnrL*al  property. 
HE-ItED'IT-A-RI-LY,  adv.    By  inlieritanee ;  by  de- 
scent from  an  ancestor.  Pope. 
HE-UED'IT-A-RY,  a.     [P/.  hcrcditairc ;  lu  ercdttano. 
See  Heik.] 

1.  TJiat  has  descended  from  an  ancestor,  ile  is  in 
possession  of  a  large  hereditary  estate. 

2.  Tliat  may  descend  from  an  ancestor  to  an  lieirj 
descendible  to  an  heir  at  law.  The  crown  of  Great 
Britain  is  hereditary. 

y.  That  is  or  may  be  transmitted  from  a  parent  to 
a  child  ;  ius,  hereditary  pride  ;  hereditary  bravery  j  he- 
rcilitani  dise^ise. 
HER'J>AIIT,  V.     A  hermit.     [Obs.]  Bp.  HaU. 

HER-E-MITar-AL,  a.  [See  Hermit.  It  should 
rather  bo  written  IIermitical.]  SoUtary;  secluded 
from  societv.  Pope. 

nER'E-SI-AR€H  or  HE  Re'SI-ARCH,  n.     [Gr.  a'tpe- 
ffts,  heresy,  and  (ip\of,  chief.] 
A  leader  in  heresy ;  the  chief  of  a  sect  of  heretics. 
Stilling^et. 
HER'E-.Sr-XR€n-y,  -n.    Chief  heresy. 
HER-E-Sl-0G'RA-PHER,7i.  [Gr.  aiorffis  and  jpa^u.] 
One  who  writes  ^jw  lieresies. 


MtjVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.— 


I 


HER 

1 1  ER-E-SI-OG'RA-PHY,  n.    A  treatise  on  licrps,'. 

IIER'E-SY,  n.    [Gr.  (i(',.)c(rif,  from  a'lpeio,  to  take,  to 
iKild  ;  L.  lucresis  :  Fr.  keresie.] 

1.  A  finulamcntal  error  in  religion,  or  an  error  of 
opinion  respecting  some  fundamental  doctrine  of  re- 
ligion. But  in  countries  wlicre  there  is  an  established 
church,  an  opinion  is  deemed  heresij  when  it  dirters 
from  that  of  the  church.  The  Scriptures  being  the 
standard  of  faith,  any  opinion  that  is  repugnant  to 
its  doctrines  is  heresy;  but  ,13  men  dilfer  in  tlie  inter- 
pretation of  Scripture,  an  opinion  deemed  hercSical  by 
one  body  of  Christians  may  be  deemed  orthodox  by 
another.  In  Scripture  and  primitive  usage,  lieresy 
meant  merely  sect,  party,  or  the  doctrines  of  a  sect, 
as  we  now  use  denomination  or  persuasion,  iinplyin" 
no  reproach.  ° 

2.  Heresy,  in  laio,  is  an  offense  against  Christiani- 
ty, consisting  in  a  denial  of  some  of  its  essential 
doctrines,  publicly  avowed,  and  obstinately  n;ain- 
tamed.  BlacksUme. 

3.  An  untenable  or  unsound  opinion  or  doctrine  in 
politics.  SioifL 

IlER'E-Tie,  n.    [Gr.  ai'pt-uos  ;  It.  erctico  :  Fr.  herc- 

tiqtu.] 

1.  .\  person  under  any-  religion,  but  particularly 
the  Christian,  who  holds  and  teaches  opinions  repug- 
nant to  the  established  faith,  or  that  which  is  made 
the  standard  of  orthoJosy.  In  strictness,  among 
Christians,  a  person  who  liolds  and  avows  religious 
opinions  contrary  to  the  doctrines  of  Scripture,  the 
only  rule  of  faith  and  practice. 

2.  Any  one  who  maintains  erroneous  opinions. 

DE-KET'le-.U,,  a.    Containing  heresy  ;  contrary  to 
the  established  faith,  or  to  the  trtie  faith. 

HE-RET'ie-AL-LY,    ado.      " 
with  heresv. 

HE-RET'ie-ATE,  r.  t.    To  decide  to  be  heresv. 

S?n'lrJ2S'     '  ""    i^^^-  Itretoga,  here,  an  army,  and 

lli.lv  i.-!  OCH,  )      teache,  a  leader,  from  teo-rim,  teon, 
to  lead,  L.  ihico,  dux,  Eng.  to  tug.] 

.\mong  our  Saxon  ancestors,'' the  leader  or  com- 
mander of  an  army,  or  the  commander  of  the  militia 
in  a  county  or  district.  This  oliicer  was  elected  by 
the  people  in  folkmote. 

HER'I-OT,  n.     [Sax.  here^eat :  here,  annv,  -and  treat, 
tribute,  supply,  from  trcotan,  to  flow,  to  render.]  ° 
In  English  law,  a  tribute  or  line  payable  to  the  lord 


HER 


HER 


In  a  heretical  manner; 


er,  or 
tarv 


of  the  fee  on  the  decease  of  the  owner,  landholdei 
vassal.  Originally,  this  tribute  consisted  of  niilii 
furniture,  or  of  horses  and  arms,  as  appears  by  the 
laws  of  Canute,  C.  69.  But  as  defined  by  modern 
writers,  a  heriot  is  a  customarj-  tribute  of  goods  and 
chattels,  payable  to  the  lord  of  the  fee  on  the  decease 
of  the  owner  of  the  land ;  or  a  render  of  the  best 
beast,  or  other  movables,  to  the  lord,  on  the  death  of 
the  tenant.  Ileriots  were  of  two  sorts  ;  heriot  ser- 
vice, which  was  due  by  reservation  in  a  grant  or  lease 
of  lands  ;  and  heriot  custom,  which  depended  solely 
on  immemorial  usage.     Ifllkins.  Spdman.  Blackstone. 

iIER'I-OT-.\-BLE,  a.    Subject  to  the  payment  of  a 
henot.  Burn. 

HER'IS-SON,  !i.    [Fr.,  a  hedgehog,  fiora  hcrisser'to 
bristle,  to  stand  out  a»  hair.] 

In  fortification,  a  beam  or  bar  armed  with  iron 
spikes  pointed  outward,  and  turning  on  a  pivot,  used 
to  block  up  a  passage.  Eiicyc. 

HER'lT-.4-BLE,  a.     [from  the  root  of  7tcir,  L.  lueres'.] 

1.  Capable  of  inheriting  or  taking  by  descent. 

By  th?  canon  Ix^  this  son  sbnll  be  legitiniate  and  heriial^e. 

Hale. 

2.  That  may  be  inherited.     [  This  is  Oie  true  sense.'] 

3.  Aimeied  to  estates  of  inheritance.  In  Scots  law 
hcnUibU  rights  are  all  rights  that  affect  lands  or  other 

.r?,l';'.t™.''i''S-  'Ei.cyc.     Blaclistone. 

IIER'IT-AGE,  >i.     [Fr.,  from  the  root  of  heir.] 

1.  Inheritance ;  an  estiito  that  passes  Irom  an  an- 
cestor to  an  heir  by  descent  or  course  of  law  ;  that 
which  is  inherited.  In  Suits  laic,  it  sometimes  si"ni- 
fics  immovable  estate,  in  distinction  from  movable. 

2.  In  Scripture,  the  saints  or  people  of  God  are 
called  his  heritage,  iis  being  claimed  by  him,  and  the 
objects  of  his  special  care.    I  Pet  v. 

HER'IT-OR,  n.    In  Scotland,  a  proprietor  or  landhold- 
er in  a  parish.  Jamiesoit 
HEE-MAPII-RO-»E'I-TY,  ,i.     Ilcrmaphrodism.      ' 

IIER-JIAPII  R0-DIS?5f,        )  „.    rinfra.l    Tlfe'Tnion 

HER-.MAPirRO-DIT-ISM,  (     of  She  twi  .sexes  ,n  Ihe 

same  individual.  Diet  JVat  Hist, 

IIER-.MAPIPRO-DITE,  (-maf'ro-dite,)  n.    [Fr.,  from 

Gr.  cypaippticiTo; ;  'E/i;,!,,-,  .Mcrcur>-,  and  .Vioodirn, 
V  enns.]  »-.  «, 

1.  An  animal  or  human  being  h.aving  the  parts  of  I 
generation  both  of  male  and  female.  Encyc. 

2.  In  hotany,  a  flower  that  contains  both  the  sta-  | 
men  and  the  pistil,  or  the  male  and  female  organs  of 
generation,  within  the  same  calyx,  or  on  the  same 
receptacle  Man,jn.     Enc„c. 

J.  A  plant  that  has  only  hermaphrodite  flower's. 

UER-MAPII'RO-DrrE,  a.    Designating  both  Ss'in 
me  same  animal,  flower,  or  plant. 


Among5ii;7(M-s,  a  hermaphrodite  Wvz,  is  one  that  is 
square-rigged  forward,  and  schooner-rigged  aft. 

HER-MAPH-RO-DIT'ie,         )  a.     Partaking' of Toth 
HER-MAPH-RO-niT'ie-AL,  (      sexes.  Brown. 

HER-.MAPIJ-RO-DIT'ie-AL-LY,  ode.  After  the  man- 
ner of  hermaphrodites. 

SS5';\"'-""'*'^-'""'"'*^'         \  "•     V^'-  ii'ltl'evTiKos,  from 

lih,K-ME-NEu'Tie-.4.L,  (  ippn'cvs,  an  interpreter, 
Irom   Ej/iTjf,  Wercur\'.] 

Interpreting;  explaining;  unfolding  the  significa- 
tion ;  as,  hermeneutic  theology",  the  art  of  expounding 

„J-';f  f^S^'"i^-  '      BtoomMd.     Encvc.  ° 

UER-ME-NEU'TICAL-LY,  ado.  According  to' the 
true  art  of  iuterpreting  words.  Jir.  Stuart. 

HER-.ME-NEu'TleS,  n.  The  science  of  interpreta- 
tion, or  of  finding  the  meaning  of  an  author's  words 
and  phrases,  and  of  explaining  it  to  others ;  par- 
ticularly applied  to  the  interpretation  of  the  Scrip- 
tures. _  ^ 

HER'.MkS,  n.     [Gr.  'E,o,iiif,  Mercury.] 

In  arclueologti,  a  name  given  to  rough,  quadrangu- 
lar stones  or  pillars,  having  a  head  sculptured  on  tlie 
top,  without  arms  or  body.  .Such  stonr.s  were  placed 
by  the  Greeks  in  front  of  buildings,  and  used  by  the 
Romiais  as  boundaries  or  landmarks.  As  they  ori"i- 
nally  bore  the  head  of  Hermes  or  Mercury,  they  have 
been  called  by  his  name,  even  when  surhioanted  bv 
the  heads  of  oliier  deities,  &c.  SmiUi's  DicL  ' 

SS?'?"^''"'''^'         ( ''•    [t^'- I'ermetique  ;  S-\>.  Iiermetico ; 

HER-JIH"ie-.\L,  I  from  Gr.  'Eouns,  .Mercury,  the 
tabled  inventor  of  chemistrj'.] 

1.  Design.ating  chemistry;  chemical;  as,  the  her- 
metic art. 

2.  Designating  that  species  of  philosophy  which 
pretends  to  solve  and  explain  all  the  phenomena  of 
nature  from  the  three  chemical  principles,  salt,  sul- 
phur, and  inercurj' ;  as,  the  hermetic  philosophy. 

3.  Designating  the  system  which  explains  the 
causes  of  diseases  and  the  operations  of  medicine, 
on  the  principles  of  the  hermetical  philosophy,  and 
particulariy  on  the  system  of  an  alkali  and  acid  ;  as 
hermetical  physic  or  medicine.  Enctfc.   ' 

4.  Perfectly  close,  so  that  no  air,  gas,  or  spiritj  can 
escape ;  as,  a  hermetic  seal.  Tile  hermetic  seal  is 
formed  by  heating  the  neck  of  a  vessel  till  it  is  soft, 
and  then  twisting  it,  till  the  apertiu-e  or  passage  is 
accurately  closed.  Encyc. 

Hermetic  books  ;  books  of  the  Egj-ptians,  which 
treat  of  asfroiogj-.  Bryant. 

Books  which  'treat  of  universal  principles,  of  the 
nature  and  orders  of  celestial  beings,  of  medicine, 
and  other  topics.  Enfield 

HEE-MET'ie-.-iL-LY,  adv.  According  to  the  herm'et- 
ic  art ;  chemically ;  clossiy  ;  accurately  ;  as,  a  vessel 
hermetically  sealed  cr  closed. 
HER'iMIT,  M.  [Fr.  l-.ermite,  cnnUe;  Sp.  ermitano;  It. 
cremita;  Gr.  cnr^pirr.^,  fiom  roij^oc,  solitarj-,  desti- 
tute. Perhaps  from  the  Shemitic  Din,  to  cut  olffrom 
society,  to  expel,  or  to  be  separated.  Class  Km.  See 
KAr.z;:.J 

J.  A  person  who  retires  from  society  and  lives  in 
solitude  ;  a  recluse  ;  an  anchoret.  The  word  is  usu- 
ally applied  to  a  person  who  lives  in  solitude,  disen- 
gaged from  tlie  cares  and  interruptions  of  society 
for  the  purpose  of  religious  conteir.plation  and  devo- 
tion. 

a.  A  beadsman  ;  one  bound  to  pray  for  another. 

Sliak. 
HER'MIT-AGE,  n.    The  habitation  of  a  hermit  ;   a 
house  or  hut  with  its  appendages,  in  a  solitary  place, 
where  a  hermit  dwells.  Milton. 

2.  A  cell  m  a  recluse  place,  but  annexed  to  an  ab- 

J.  A  kind  of  wine. 

HER'JIIT-A-RY,  n.  A  cell  for  the  hermits  annewd 
to  some  abbey.  Howell. 

HER'.MIT-ESS,  7i.     \  female  hermit.       Drummond. 

HER-.MIT'ie-.\X.,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  hermit,  or  to  re- 
tired life. 
2.  Suited  to  a  ncrmit.  Coccntnl. 

HER-.MO-DAC'TYL,  n.  [Gr.  'E,,;,,,;,  Mercury,  and 
CaKTvXoq,  a  finger;  .Mercurj-'s  finger.] 

In  the  materia  medico,  a  root  brought  from  Turkey. 
It  is  in  the  shape  of  a  heart  flattened,  of  a  white  col- 
or, compact,  but  easy  to  be  cut  or  pulverized,  of  a 
viscous,  sweetish  taste,  with  a  slight  degree  of  acri- 
mony. Some  suppose  it  to  be  the  root  of  the  Colchi- 
cum  variegatum  ;  others,  the  root  of  the  Iris  tiibero- 
sx  It  was  anciently  in  great  repute  as  acath.artic; 
but  that  which  is  now  furnished  has  little  or  no  ca- 
thartic qualitv.  Erciic 

HER-JIO-Ok'SI-AN'S,  n.  pi.  A  sect  of  ancient"  here- 
tics, so  called  from  their  leader,  Hermogcnes,  who 
lived  near  the  close  of  the  second  ceiitury.  He 
held  matter  to  be  the  fountain  of  all  evil,  and  that 
souls  are  formed  of  corrupt  matter  Encyc. 

HER.V, ;;.     .\  heron,  which  see. 

IIKR.V'IIII.I,,  It.    A  plant. 

I1ER'.\I-A,  n.  [Gr.  £1110,  from  cprof, a  shooting  forth, 
a  branch.] 

In  surgery,  a  protrusion  of  some  organ  of  the  ab- 
domen through  an  interstice  in  its  parietcs ;  pro- 
ducing a  soft  and  slightly  clastic  tumor. 


;  as,  a  heroic  line  in  pedi- 


^er'*^.'  '^^'  "'     '''•■""'"'"S  '^'  "■■   connected  with, 
UERK'SHAW,  n.    A  heronshaw  or  heron.     ( Oij.' 

Ue'RO,  n.  [I,,  heros,  Gr.  ^.xjf,  a  demigod.  'Tt^rain- 
cides  in  elements  with  Ir.  earr,  noble,  grand,  a 
diainpion,  and  with  the  G.  here,  D.  luer,  lord,  niis- 

1.  A  man  of  distinguished  valor,  intrepiditv,  or 
enterprise  in  danger  ;  as,  a  hero  in  arms       Coaiey. 

i.  .\  great,  illustrious,  cr  extraordinary  peison  : 
as,  a  hero  in  learning.     [Little  used.] 

a  In  a  poem,  or  romance,  the  principai  pcrsonaoe 
or  the  person  who  has  the  principal  share  in  t'he 
transaclio.is  related  ;  as  Achilles  in  the  Iliad,  Ulys- 
ses m  Ihe  Odyssey,  and  v'Eneas  in  the  .•Encid. 

4.  In  pagan  mytlwlogy,  a  hero  w.xs  an  illustrious 
person,  mortal  mdced,  but  supposed  by  the  populace 
to  partake  of  immortality,  and  after  his  death  to  be 
placed  among  the  gods.  Encyc 

HE-Eo'DI  A-\S,  ,..  ;,/.      A    sect  among  the  Jews, 
which  took  this  name  from //CT-ui :  but  authors  are 
not  .igreed  as  to  their  peculiar  notions. 
HE-Ro'IC,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  hero  or  heroes  ;  as,  Ae- 
roic  valor. 

2.  Becoming  a  hero  ;  bold  ;  daring ;  aiustrious : 
as,  hcrmc  action  ;  heroic  enterprises. 

3.  Brave;  intrepid;  magnanimous;  entcrprisins  ■ 
mustrious  for  valor;  as,  Hector,  the  Iteroic  son  of 
Priam  ;  a  licrou:  race. 

4.  Productive  of  heroes 
gree. 

5.  Reciting  the  achievements  of  heroes  ;  as,  a  Ae- 
roic  poem. 

(i.  Used  in  heroic  poetry  or  hexameter  ;  as,  heroic 
verse  ;  a  heroic  foot. 

Heroic  age  :  the  age  when  the  heroes,  or  those 
called  the  children  of  the  gods,  are  supimsed  to  have 

Sr^'n -I!^-Jf '/;.  '^"^  ^■'""'=  "'  HcEoic.  [Little  med.] 

nt-KO  lt.-At,-I^\,  adv.  In  the  manner  of  a  hero; 
wit  1  valor  ;  bravely  ;  courageously ;  intrepidly.  The 
wall  w.is  heroicallij  defended. 

HE-RO-I-eOM'le,  a.  [See  Hzr.o  and  Comic.]  Con- 
sisting of  the  heroic  and  the  ludicrous ;  denoting  the 
high  burlesque  ;  as,  a  heroi-comie  poem. 

ULVO-I.\E,  (her'o-in,) ,,.    [Fr.  Iieroine,  from  hero.] 
A  female  hero  ;  a  woman  of  a  brave  spirit.   [Hero- 
ess  IS  not  in  use.]  Druder 

HER'0-ISM,  n.     (fi.  heroisme.]  ^ryaen. 

The  qualities  of  a  hero  ;  bravery ;  courage  ;  intre- 
pidity ;  particularly  in  war.  Broome 

HER'ON,  n.  [Fr.]  A  water  fowl  of  the  genus  Ar- 
dea,  with  long  legs,  wings,  and  neck,  a  great  de- 
vourer  of  fish. 

HER'OX-KY,  n.    A  place  where  herons  breed. 

HER^OX-SHA\V,  n.     A  heron.  Pen^t'. 

HE-RO-OL'O-GIST,  n.  One  who  treats  of  heroes. 
S!V  .S?-®^"'"' ';•  The  character  of  a  hero.  Cowper. 
IIEK  Pes,  71.    [Gr.  £o-/?f,  from  lo-ot,  to  creep.] 

Tetters  ;    an   eruption  of  the  skin ;    erysipelas 
ringworm,  &c.    This  disease  takes  various  names, 
according  to  its  form  or  the  part  affected. 

Coze.    Encyc. 
A  term  applied  to  several  cutaneous  eruptions,  from 
their  tendency  to  spread  or  creep  from  one  part  of 
the  skin  to  another.  Ciic, 

An  eruption  of  vesicles  in  small  distinct  clus'te'rs, 
accompanied  with  itching  or  tingling;  including  the 
shingles,  ringworm,  itc.  "  Good. 

HER-PET'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  herpes  or  cutane- 
ous eruptions ;  resembling  the  herpes,  or  partaking 
of  its  nature  ;  as,  herpclic  eruptions.  Darwin. 

KER-PET-O-LOG'ie,        i  a.      Pertaining  to  herpe- 
HER-PET-0-LOG'ie-.4I,,  \      tolo-w 
HER.PE-TOL'O-GIST,  n.    A  person  versed  in  lier- 

petology,  or  the  natural  history  of  reptiles. 
HER-P£-TOL'0-CY,  n.    [Gr.  to.Tiroj,  a  reptile,  Xo- 
yos,  discourse.] 

A  description  of  reptiles ;  the  natural  historj-  of 
reptiles,  including  oviparous  quadrupeds,  as  the  croc- 
odUe,  Irog,  and  tortoise,  and  serpents.  The  history 
ot  the  latter  is  called  ophiologv.  . 

HER'EING,   n.      [Sax.    Iiarin'g ;    Fr.    harcng ;    Arm.     - 
hanneq  ;    G.   tiering;    D.   haring ;    It.   arimm;    Sp. 
arenqnc ;  Port,  id.]  " 

A  fish  of  tlie  genus  Clupea.  Herrings,  when  they 
migrate,  move  in  vast  shoals,  and  it  is  said  that  the 
name  is  formed  from  the  Teutonic  here,  hcer,  an 
army  or  multitude.  Thev  come  from  high  northern 
latitudes  in  tlie  spring,  and  visit  the  shores  of  Europe 
and  .Vmerica,  where  they  are  taken  and  s.a!led  in 
great  quantities. 
HER'RI.VG-FISH'ER-Y,  n.  The  fishing  for  her- 
rings, which  constitutes  an  iinport.Tnt  branch  of  busi- 
ness with  the  English,  Dutch,  and  .Americans. 
HERRX'HUT-ER,  n.  [Ger.]  One  of  a  sect  est.alH 
hshcd  by  Nicholas  Lewis,  count  of  Zinzendorf; 
called  also  Moraeians. 
HERS,  (hiirz,)  pron.  fern,  possessive;  as,  this  house 
is  hers,  that  is,  this  is  tlio  house  of  her.  But  perhaps 
it  "ivould  he  mor.;  correct  la  consider  hers  as  a  substi- 
tute for  the  noun  and  adjective,  in  the  nominative 


TONE,  BjJLL,  tTNITE.-Ay"GER,  VI"CI0US.-e  as  K ;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TU  as  in  THIS. 


649 


I. 


of 


IIKT 

11  Uio  best;  that  is, 

[t't'j.J  Speiurr. 

.'  A  plnncl  itiscovtTfJ  by 
iiisl  culled  Qtorgtum  Siduj, 

[Ft.  kerstt  a  harrow,  a  portculHt). 
!  uurk  ;  radlcidly  the  samo  word 

ice  or  ])ortciilli'<  in  ilif^  form 

n  T;[if!t"«.     It  is  Jnmg  by  ii 

.    „';ito  is 

.     It  in 

,    ,        L  ,      ,     .  ii  con- 

.i>t.  .r   ■<:rii^lii   riik.i   u  itiiutit   rri-H  ].it  .cs,  il  Id 

calJrU  orf^ues. 

Utrtt  u  alto  a  ltnrr<iw,  used  for  n  che^Tiux-de-frisc, 
■Dtl  laid  In  the  way  or  in  breaches,  wich  iho  points 
upf  to  obstruct  or  IncommoUo  tho  innrch  of  an  ou- 
ooiy.  Euctfc. 

%  A  carrloRO  for  bearing  corpses  lo  the  grave; 
now  spelt  IlKAftsc.  It  is  a  framo  only,  or  a  box, 
bom«  i>n  wheelK. 

3.  A  teiD|tonLr>-  monument  set  over  a  grave.  [  Oh 
ntttg.]  H'eever. 

4.  A  rrhearsal ;  "  the  holy  Afr.«,"  rehearsal  of 

I  **,«.  ]  Spenser. 

-.)  p.  t    To  put  on  or  in  a  hcrso, 

'}■  !'« the  grave.  [Skak.     Chapman. 

■     [hrr  and  frlf.)     This  denotes  a 

1  of  discourse  ocforu  mentioned, 

imniinative  or  objective  case.    !n 

:ivf-.  It  UNunlly  follows  :^hc,  and  is  added 

for  the  tiake  of  cnipha^i.-(,  or  cmphalical  distinction  ; 

R*,  -.'f  hrrftlf  will  bear  tlie  blamo. 

T  of  Phancli  came  down  lo  wiub    htrttlf. — 


thp  command  of  herself;  mistress  of 
'  r^,  judgment,  or  temper.    Tho  wo- 
i.  lull  she  is  now  herself  ng:tin. 

character;  as,  the  woman  acts  like 


fein 
anil 
the  i: 


II'. 


man 

I7hf  : 

3.  In  hi-r  iru 
kfr.tlf. 

irKRsr.T.TKK,  (hcrs'llke,)  a.    Funereal;  suiUiblo  to 

Bacon. 
•S,  n.    [Fr.,  from  herse.]     In  tAc  military 
A  or  Ikeani,  whose  sides  aro  set  with  spiltos 
I  .  N,  f  '  incommwlo  and  rvlard  the  march  of  an 
I   :iiy  ;  a  hente.  Brande. 

[^nx.  herian.] 

'>.     [Oba.]  Spenser. 

[i^:c  IIe^itati:.]  A  iloiibting; 
;  of  the  mind ;  a  pausing  to  con- 
- ;  suspense. 

rtilcncy  about  ihe  nir  it—  Boyle. 

licsitating;  pausing;  wanting  vol- 


.iKKV 
'I". 
IIESM 

lUfr 

aid.. 


LY^  adn.    With  liesitancy  or  doubt. 
".,  V.  I.    (L.  hajito;  Fr.ftcaitcr;  from  htesij 
irftt.  (,(■  1«  hxrto^  to  hang.] 

1.  To  Rtopor  pause  respccttnc  derision  or  action; 
to  bo  doubtful  as  to  fact,  principle,  or  dctennination  ; 
to  be  in  su^pcnflc  or  nncertainly  ;  ;l'?,  Jic  hesitated 
whether  to  accept  ilio  o/Tir  or  not.  We  often  hesUate 
what  Judgment  to  form. 
It  ia  never  transitive,  unless  by  poetic  license. 

Jatt  hiot  a  fikult,  and  huitate  dbllLe.  Pn^. 

'^   To  Stammer;  to  stop  in  speaking. 
''  "  '  7,^'7,^^'PP'     ^toppt'd;  [)aused  ;  iloubted. 
'      -  i  I'A-TINGjp^r.  or  c   Doubting;  pausing;  stani- 

lO-LY,  arfr.    With  hesitation  or  doubt. 

'>iN',  n,  A  pauijing  or  delay  in  forming 
'■' '  ■^T  commencing  action;  doiibt;  suspen- 
sion oi  opinion  or  decision,  from  uncertainty  what 
to  proper  to  be  decided.  When  evidence  is  clear,  we 
•"  ■■   ■'■    '  '■■  wiitioulAwita/ion. 

;'ing  in  speech;  intermission  between 

'"P^-Tlllp-  Swijl. 

\N,a.    [L.  Awjwniw,  western,  from  hes- 
:  th'.'  pvi  nlng  star,  Venua,  Gr.  iffireooc,! 
situated  at  the  west.  * 

■  ^'"^'i  "-    -^i'  inhabitant  of  a  western  coun- 

I  iA»i    y*.     L.       y  J.  Barlaio. 

■-1AW,  (hcah'an,)  a.    Relating  to  ncBsc,  in  Gcr- 

'  1.7,  n.    [y©  called  from  the  opinion  lliat 
'hi  tnlo  America  by  the  Hessian  troops. 

ri'Volulion.J 

A  •mail,  iwo-wingcd  fly  or  midge,  nearly  black 
very  de-tn.ctivo  u,  young' wheat  Ii'  i.riho  cS- 
..^  .  ^'  :^.,'or  of  Say  e.  C.  tfcrrick. 

-IT.  Ad-jc  ■  0.  geheui,  a  command  ;  heis- 
I  '  bid  ;  D.  heeutu    See  IIkat.I 
1  ;  precept;  injunction;  order.      Shak 
Ictc,  but  it  is  retained  in  the  compound, 

uu. v:chast:"  f^S«;y^'^"'»>*-  ^'^^ 

^\_r,u,ft.rt.  Bib.  Rrpository. 

[Gr.  irroof,  another,  and  uoxi, 


HET'E-RaR-€HY, 
rule.] 
The  govemrocot  of  an  alien. 


Bp.  Hall 


HET 

HKT  E-KO-UIR'€.\L,  a.  [Gr.  ircoos,  and  KipKn^.] 
Au  epithet  applied  to  fishes  which  have  tlio  upper 
fork  of  the  tail  hmgcr  lliaii  the  lo%ver.         Jlgassiz. 

IIET'n-RO-€LlTI',,  H.  TGr.  ItkookXitov  ;  i-t/juj,  an- 
other, or  dilferenl,  and  *A(ros,  from  «A(vw,  to  in- 
cline, lo  lean.] 

1.  in  e^Minmar.  a  word  which  is  irrcgiilar  or  anom- 
alous either  in  declension  or  conjucation,  or  ^vliieh 
dovlalcs  from  ordinary  ftirms  of  intleciion  in  words 
of  a  like  kind.  It  is  particularly  applied  tu  nouns 
irregular  in  declension. 

2.  Any  thing  or  person  deviating  from  common 
forms.  JohiL^oit. 

IlET'E-RO-CLTTE,  )  a.    Irn^gular  ;  anonuilous  ; 

lIKT-1'MlO-CEIT'ie,  >  deviating  from  ordinary 
IIK  r-lMlO-CLi'i'Me-AL,  )  forms  or  rules.  Brown. 
IIET-E-ROe'LI-TOU.S,  a.  Ileteroelitic.  [JVutiuusc] 
HET'E-RO-DOX,  a.  [Gr.  irf.oos,  another,  diirereni, 
and  (jjfii,  opinion.] 

1.  In  Utcvloipj^  heretical ;  contrary  to  tlie  faith  and 
doctrines  of  the  true  church  ;  or,  more  precisely,  con- 
trary to  tile  real  doctrines  uf  the  Scriptures ;  as,  a 
heterodox  opinion  ;  opposed  to  Orthouok. 

'2.  RL'pugnant  to  the  doctrines  or  tenets  of  any  es- 
labli^tied  chunii. 

3.  llohling  opinions  repugnant  to  tlie  doctrines  of 
the  Scriptures;  as,  a  Itetcmdox  divine;  or  holding 
(ipinioi'.a  contrarv  to  IhoL^e  of  an  established  church. 

IIF.T'E-RO-DOX-LY,  adv.    In  a  heterodox  niaunur. 

IIET'E-RO-DOX-NESS,  ii.    State  of  being  heterodox. 

IIKT'E-RO-DOX-Y,  ;i.  Heresy;  an  opinion  or  doc- 
trine contrary  to  the  doctrines  of  the  Scriptures,  or 
contrary  to  those  of  an  established  cliurch. 

IIET-E-ROG'A-MOUS,  a.  [Gr.  Cteoos,  different,  and 
yajiQiy  marriage.] 

In  botamjf  having  different  essential  parts  of  fruc- 
tification. 

IIET'IS-RO-OkNE,  a.    [Ohs.]     [See  the  next  word.] 

IIET-E.RO-Ge'i\E-AL,    )  tL    [Gr.  ircpo?,  other,  and 

IIRT-E-RO-Gk'NE-OUS,  !      ycfoi,  kind.J 

Of  a  dilferenl  kind  or  nature  ;  unliko  or  dissimilar 
in  kind  ;  opposed  to  Momogeneous. 

Tjj?  light  wboiw  mya  an?  nil  alike  refrangible,  I  Gill  simple, 
hoiiKi^'iiciil,  iiiitl  ilinttnri  and  tlii\t  wliuso  rayd  an  aunie 
iLiore  rvfnintriljlc  thiui  oUicra,  I  call  compound,  hclcragencal, 
Riid  diasunilar.  Nciolon. 

Heterogeneous  iiouns,  arc  such  as  are  of  different 
genders  in  the  singular  and  plural  numbers  ;  as,  kic 
locus,  of  the  masculine  gender  in  the  singular,  and 
hi  loci  and  hicc  loca^  both  nmsculine  and  neuter  in  llie 
plural.  Uor,  cffifum,  neuter  in  the  singular;  hi  call, 
masculine  in  the  plural. 

Nctcroffcncous  quantities^  in  mnOicmaUcs^  are  such 
as  are  inaipablo  of  being  compared  together  in  re- 
spect to  magnitude.  Brande. 

Jfctiro/rencous  surds,  arc  such  as  have  different 

radical  signs.  Barlow. 

HET-B-RO-GE-Ne'I-TY,  n.     Opposition  of  nature  ; 

contrariety  or  dissimilitude  of  qualities,   [informed.] 

2.  Dissimilar  part ;  something  of  a  different  kind. 

BoTilc. 
IIET-E-RO-Gk'NE-OUS-NESS,  n.    Difference  of  na- 
ture and  quality ;   dissimilitude   or   contrariety    in 
kind,  nature,  or  qualities. 
HET-E-RO-PATH'te,  a.    The  same  as  ALLOPATHtc. 
HET-E-ROPH'YL-LOUS,    a.      [Gr.   ircoos,  diverse, 
and  0u,\Aoi',  leaf.] 

Having  leaves  different  from  the  regular  form.  A 
heterophjUous  violet  is  one  which  has  leaves  not 
analogous  to  the  leaves  of  other  violets. 
HET'E-RO-POD,  n.  One  of  an  order  of  molluscous 
animals,  whoso  foot  is  compressed  into  a  vertical, 
muscular  lamina,  serving  for  a  fin. 
IIET-E-KOP'Ties,  n.    [Sec  Optics.]    False  optics. 

,.„ Spectator. 

HET-E-ROS'CIAN,  n.  [Gr.  Irepog,  other,  and  cKia, 
shadow.] 

Those  inhabitants  of  the  earth  are  called  hctcros- 
cians,  whose  shadows  fall  one  way  only.  Such  are 
those  who  live  between  the  tropics  and  the  polar  cir- 
cles. Tlie  shadows  of  those  who  live  north  of  the 
tropic  of  Cancer  fait  northward  ;  those  of  tlie  inhab- 
itants south  of  the  tropic  of  Capricorn  fall  south- 
ward ;  whereas  the  shadows  of  those  who  dwell  be- 
tween the  tropics  fall  sometimes  to  the  north  and 
someliines  to  the  south. 
HE'r-l->ROS'CIAN,  a.     Having  tlie  shadow  fall  one 

iiS'r?'."V,'^''    --  Gregoru. 

Hhl  I>R()-SirE,  7(.  A  mineral,  of  a  greenish-gray 
or  bluish  color,  becoming  violet  on  exposure,  and 
consisting  of  phosphoric  acid,  and  the  oxyds  of  iron 
and  manganese.  Dana 

HET-t^ROT'O-MOUS,  a.  [Gr.  ir^pos,  another,  and 
rr/iyw,  lu  cleave.] 

Ilaving  a  diirerent  cleavage  ;  applied  to  a  species 
of  the  feldspar  family,  because  tile  cleavage  differs 

IIET-K-ROT'KO-1'OUS,  (  "•  i'''-  '''Vo!  and  -ptrrw.] 
In  botany  ivlien  the'inicropyle  is  at  neither  end  of 
vnr,.7?'  .""■„™l"}''>  will  lie  neither  erect  nor  in- 
vertea,  but  wdl  be  in  a  more  or  less  oblique  direction 
w  lb  respect  to  the  seed,  and  is  then  said  to  be  lictc- 
rolropaw,,  or  kctcrotropal.  Lindlaj. 


PATE.  FAR.  FALL,  WHAT- METE,  PUeV.-PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.- 


HEX 

HI■y^^^IAN,  n.    a  Cossack  commander-in-chief. 

HEO'LAND-TTE,  n.  [from  U.  Uculand.]  A  mineral 
of  the  zeolite  family,  occurring  in  amygilaloid,  in 
pearly,  foliated  niiisses,  and  also  crysuiIli/.L-d  in 
rliomhoidat  prisms,  with  the  basal  plane  pe:uly.  It 
consists  of  silica,  alumina,  and  lime,  witii  alioiit  16 
per  cent,  of  water.  Dana. 

HEW,  (hu,)  V.  t.  f  prcL  Hewed  ;  pp.  Ukwv.d  or 
Hewn.  [Sax.  heaioian;  G.  hajicn;  D.  humocn;  Kw. 
hu.rr<fa ;  Dan.  hugfrcr.  In  Sw.,  hafi<^  is  a  out,  a 
slash  ;  Dan.  Av^-,  a  beating,  a  striking';  so  that  the 
primary  sense  is  to  strike,  to  drive  with  the  hand. 
See  Hoe.] 

1.  To  cut  with  an  ax,  or  other  like  inslnunent,  for 
the  purpose  of  making  an  even  surface  or  side  ;  as, 
to  hew  timber. 

2.  To  chop ;  to  cut ;  to  hack ;  as,  to  licm  in  pieces. 

3.  To  cut  with  a  chisel ;  to  make  smooth  ;  as,  to 
hew  stone. 

4.  To  form  or  shape  with  an  edged  instrument ; 
with  out ;  as,  to  hew  out  a  sepulcher.    Is,  AXii. 

5.  To  form  laboriously. 

I  now  pns!  my  days,  not  studious  nor  Idle,  r.-illior  poltflhinp  nl.I 
wuika  Uiau  hewing  out  w.\v  oir-s,     [Unuvual.]        Pope. 

To  hew  down  ;  to  cut  down  ;  to  fell  by  cutting. 
To  hew  off;  to  cut  off;  to  separate  by  a  cutting  in- 
strument. 
HEW,  n.     Destruction  by  cutting  down.        Spensr.r. 

2.  Color.     [See  Hue.] 
llF.VJ'ED^pp.  or  a.     Cut  and  made  smooth  or  even  ; 
chopped  ;  hacked  ;  shaped  by  cutting  or  hy  a  chisel. 
H  EW'Ell,  71.    One  who  hews  wood  nr  stoiii;. 
HEWING,  ;);»-.    Cutting  and  making  smooth  or  even; 

chup[)ing;  liacking ;  forming  hy  llic  chisel. 
HEWN,  (hune,)  pp.  or  a.     Tlie  same  as  Hewed. 
HEX'A-CHORD,  ■;;.     [Gr.  ^c,  six,  and  V'p/5>;,a  chord.] 
In  ancient  music,  an  imperfect  chord  called  a  niitli. 
Also,  an  instrument  of  six  chords  or  strings,  and  a 
scale  or  system  of  six  sounds.  Rousseau. 

HEX-A-DAG'TYI^OUS,  a.     [Gr.  i^  and  SaKTvXoi.] 

Having  six  fingers  or  toes. 
HEX'aDE,  71.     [Gr.  tr,  six.] 

A  series  of  six  numbers.  Med.  Rcpos. 

HEX'A-GON,  v.     [Gr.  t^,  six,  and  vcivia,  an  angle.] 
In  ffeomctrijj  a  plane  figure  of  six  sides  and  six 
angles.    If  the  sides  and  angles  are  equal,  it  is  a  rc-f- 
ular  hexagon.     The  cells  of  honey-comb  are  hexa- 
gons, and  it  is  remarkable  that   hoes  instinctively 
iform  their  cells  of  tiiis  figure,  whicli  fills  any  given 
space  without  any  interstice  or  loss  of  room. 
HEX-AG'ON-AL.  a.     Having  six  sides  and  six  angles. 
HEX-AG'ON-Y,  for  Hexagon,  is  not  used. 
HEX-A-OVN'I-A,  71.    [Gr.  i?,  six,  and  ywrj,  a femide.] 
In  botamjy  an  order  of  plants  having  six  styles. 

LinniEtis, 
HEX-A-6YX'I-AN, ;        .    ,  ,         ,      .        .      ,  , 
HEX-AG'YN-OUS   I  ^-    ^"  ooiamjy  having  six  styles. 

UEX-.\-IlE'DRAL'a.    Of  the  figurcof  a  hexahedron; 

having  six  equal  sides. 
HEX-A-He'DRON,  n.     [Gr.  t^.six,  and  iipa,  a  base 

or  scat.] 
A  regular,  solid  body  of  six  sides  ;  a  cube. 
HEX-A-Hk'ME-RON,7?.   [Gr.  if,  six,  and  t/.i/ja,  day.] 

1.  The  term  of  six  days.  Qood, 

2.  The  history  of  the  six  days'  work  of  creation, 
as  contained  in  the  first  chapter  of  Genesis.  Many 
of  the  learned  fathers  wrote  commentaries  on  this 
history,  giving  their  views  of  the  created  nniverde. 

jMurdodc. 
HEX-AM'E-TER,  71.     [Gr.  tf,  six,  and  /itrpyi',  nicas-. 
ure.] 

In  ancient  poetry,  a  verse  of  six  feel,  the  fir^t  four 
of  which  may  be  either  dactyls  orKpondees  the  fifth 
must  regularly  be  a  dactyl,  and  tlie  sixth  always  a 
spondee.  In  this  species  of  verse  are  composed  the 
Iliad  of  Homer  and  the  ^neid  of  Virgil. 

Diua  so  I  lofix  |  oa  ocu  \  !os  a  \  verea  Un  \  ebai.  VlrgU, 

HEX-AM'E-TER,  a.    Having  six  metrical  foct. 
HEX-AiMET'RI€,         i  a.    Consisting  of  six  metrical 
HEX-A-MET'K.e-AL,  \      feet.  IVuriun. 

HEX-AN'DRI-A,  n.     [Gr.  ij,  six,  and  ai-np,  iuaIc] 
In  botany,  a  class  of  planti  liaving  six  stamens. 

Linnmtis. 

\\itl^''^l'ot^:\''-    Having  six  stamens. 
HEX-AN"GU-LAR,  a.     [Gr.  if,  six,  and  angular.] 

Having  six  angles  or  corners. 
HEX-A-PET'AL-OUS,  a.     [Gr.  if,  six,  and  r:cra\ov, 
a  leaf,  a  petal.] 

Having  six  petals  or  flower-leaves. 
HEX-APH'YL-LOUS,  a.     [Gr.  t<,  six,  and  ^vAAox/,  a 
leaf.] 
Having  six  leaves. 
HEX'A-PLA,  n.     [Gr.  if  and  u-Aat.i.]    A  collection  of 
the  Holy  Scriptures  in  six  languages,  applied  p;irlic- 
ularly  to  the  collection  published  by'Origen,  in  tho 
third  centurv.  Enajc.  Jim.. 

HEX'A-PLAR,  a.    [Gr.  if,  six,  and  <i-Aoaj,  to  unfold.] 

Sextuple;  ctmlaining  six  columns  ;  from  hexapla. 
HEX'A-POD,  a,     [Gr.  if,  six,  and  novg,  rrcths,  L.pc*, 
pedis,  the  foot.] 
Having  six  feet. 
HEX'A-POD,  71.     [Gr.  if  and  r^uj.] 


■  Note,  dove,  move,  wolf,  book.— 


t>oO 


HID 


HIE 


1.  An  insect  baviiig  six  feet. 

2.  A  fathom.     [.W»£  ht  use.] 
HEX'A-STI€H,  (-slik,)  n.    [Gr.  i^,  six,  and  ri.xof,  a 

verse.] 
A  poem  consisting  of  six  verses.  Johnson,  fFcever. 
HEX'A-ST?LE,  ».     [Gr.  £f,  sl\,  and  rw^os,  a  col- 
umn.] 
A  buihlins  with  six  columns  in  front.        Encyc. 
HEX-Oe-TA-HE'DRON,  n.     [Gr.  £^  sis,  okto),  eight, 
and  ii^pQf  face.] 

A  solid  contained  under  forty-eight  equal,  triangu- 
lar faces.  Dana. 
IlEY,  (ha;)  an  exclamation  of  joy  or  mutual  exhorta- 

tinn,  the  conlrarv  to  the  L.  hcL  Prior. 

HEV'DAY,  (ha'da",)  exdam,  [Qu.  hi^k-day.']  An  ex- 
jiresslon  of  frolic  and  exultation,  and  sometimes  of 
wonder.  Shafe. 

HEV'DaY,  w.     a  frolic  ;  wildness.  Sfiak. 

HEY'DE-GUY,  n.  [Perhaps  from  heijday  and  ^dsc] 
A  kind  of  dance ;  a  counto'  dance  or  round.     [  Obs.j 

S])e>is€r. 
HI-a'TION,  7u     [L.  hio,  to  gape.] 

The  act  of  gaping.    [JVut  used.] 
Hi-A'TUS,  n.     fL.,  from  hio,  to  open  or  gape,  Gr. 
XG'J-] 

1.  An  opening ;  an  aperture ;  a  gap ;  a  cnasm. 

2.  In  oTimmar,  the  concurrence  of  two  vowels  in 
two  successive  syllables  or  words,  occasioning  a 
hardness  in  the  pronunciation.  Pope. 

3.  A  defect ;  a  chasm  in  a  manuscript,  where  some 
part  is  lost  or  effaced.  Encyc. 

HT-BER'XA-CLE,  n.  [L.  hibernacula,  winter-quar- 
ters.] 

1.  In  botanijj  the  winter-quarters  of  a  plant;  that 
is,  a  bulb  or  a  bud,  in  which  the  embryo  of  a  future 
plant  is  in^-losed  by  a  scaly  covering,  and  protected 
from  injuries  during  winter.  Bartun.    Jilartyn. 

2.  The  winter-lodge  of  a  wild  animal. 
Hl-UER'NAL,  a.     [L.  fnbn-nus.] 

Bf-longinc  or  relating  to  winter.  Brown. 

HI'BER-IVaTE,  v.  i.     [L.  hibemo  ;  It.  vermire.] 

To  winter ;  to  pass  the  season  of  winter  in  close 

quarters  or  in  seclusion,  as  birds  or  beasts.   Darwin. 
HI'BER-Na-TIXG,  ppr.ora.    Passing  the  winter  in 

close  quarters. 
HI-RER-Xa'TION,  71,    The  passing  of  winter  in  a 

close  lodge,  as  beasts  and  fuwis  that  retire  in  cold 

weather.  Darwin. 

HI-BER'Xr-AN,  a.    Pertaining  to  Hibernia,  now  Ire- 
HI-BER'M-AN,  n,    A  native  of  Ireland.  [InTul. 

Hl-BER'XI-CISM,       I  It.    Anidiom  or  mode  of  speech 
HI-BER'NI-AN-ISM,  (      peculiar  to  the  Irish.    Todd. 
HI-BER'XO-CEL'Tie,  ?i.     The  native  language  of 

the  Irish  ;  the  Gaelic. 
Hie'ClUS  DOe'TIUS.     [au.  L.  IUc  cH  doctus.]      A 

cant  word  for  a  juggler.  Hndibras. 

HICeOUGH,  (hik'up,)  n.     [Dan.  hih  or  hikkca:  Sw. 

hicka;    D.    Iiifc,   hUiken:   Fr.   hoquct:   W.    i>,    (>,'oj(  ; 

Arm.  hicq.    The  English  is  a  compound  of  hie  and 

cou^h ;  and  hie  may  be  allied  to  hitch^  to  catch.] 
Convulsive  catch  of  the  respiratory  muscles,  with  i 

sonorous  inspiration ;  repeated  at  short  intervals. 

Good. 
Hie'€OUGH,  (hik'up,)  v.  u     To  have    convulsive 

catch  of  some  of  the  respiratory  muscles. 
SIC  JA'CET,  [L.J     Here  lies. 
HICK'0-RY,  71.    Several  American  trees  of  the  genus 

Carja  are  so  called.    They  are  sometimtjs  called 

walnut^  but  not  very  correctly.     Its  nut  is  called 

hickory-nut. 
HICK'UP  :  a  spelling  sometimes  given  to  Hiccough. 

hIck-'wA-yM"-   [an. /■,■,./,«««.] 

A  small  species  of  woodpecker. 
HID,  /  pp.  of  Hide.     Concealed;  placed  in  se- 

HID'D£N,  \      crecy. 

2.  a.  Secret  j  not  seen  or  known. 

3.  Mysterious  ;  difficult  to  be  known. 
HTD'AGE,  71.     [from  hide,  a  quantity  of  land.]     An 

extraordinarv'  t;ix  formerly  paid  to  the  kings  ot  Eng- 
land for  every  hide  of  land. 

HI-IWL'GO,  n.  [Sp.]  In  Spain^  a  nobleman  of  the 
lowest  class.  Brandc. 

H[D'D£N-LY,  adv.    In  a  hidden  or  secret  manner. 

HIDE,  u.  (. ;  pret.  Hid;  /7p.  Hid,  Hidden.  [Sax.  Ay- 
dan;  W.  cuzimn;  Arpi.  etna,  or  ciuldyo^  or  kytbo ; 
Com.  Jdtha  ;  Russ.  kutayu  ,■  Gr.  kivOu).  In  Sw., 
bydda,  Dan.  fnjtu,  is  a  hut:  and  the  Sw.  hyda^forhy- 
dcy  Titin.  forhuer,  to  sheathe  a  ship,  seem  to  be  the 
same  word,  flbo//,  as  well  as  Auf,  may  belong  to  this 
root.    See  Class  Gd,  No.  2r..  31,  43,  55.] 

1.  To  mTiccal  ;  to  withhold  or  v.:  'nw  from 
sight;  to  place  in  any  state  or  position  in  uliicli  the 
view  is  intercepted  from  the  object.  The  inter^-en- 
tion  of  the  moon  between  the  earth  and  the  sun 
hides  the  latter  from  our  sight.  The  people  in  Tur- 
fcey  hide  their  grain  in  the  earth.  No  human  being 
can  hide  his  crimes  or  bis  neglect  of  duty  from  his 
Maker. 

2.  To  conceal  from  knowledge;  to  keep  secret. 

Depart  to  Xhe  mountains ;  hide  yoarselvce  Ihcp?  three  days.  — 

Josh.  ii. 
Tell  me  nnw  what  ihou  birt  done — hide  it  DOlfrom  me. — 

Josh.  vii. 


3.  In  Scripture,  not  to  confess  or  disclose ;  or  to  ex- 
cuse and  extenuate. 

I  ackiiowleil^  my  siu  to  llici*,  and  my  ioiqiiily  have  I  not  hid. — 
Ps.  xxxii. 

4.  To  protect ;  to  keep  in  safety. 

lo  the  lime  of  trouble  lie  shall  hide  me  in  his  pavilion.  — Fs. 

XXV  ii. 

To  hide  the  face  from  ;  to  overlook  ;  to  pardon. 

Hide  Vuf  face  from  my  siiw.  —  Pa.  Ii. 

To  hide  the  face ;  to  withdraw  spiritual  presence, 
support,  and  consolation. 

Tboudiilst  kide  Oiyface,  and  I  was  troubled.  — Ps.  xix. 

To  hide  one^s  self;  to  put  one's  self  in  a  condition 
to  be  safe ;  to  secure  protection. 

T!ie  prudent  man  forwfeth  the  evil  and  h'vletli-  himself.  —  Prov. 
XX  ii. 

HIDE,  7\  i.  To  lie  concealed  ;  to  keep  one's  self  out 
of  view  ;  to  he  withdrawn  from  sight. 

Bred  to  disguise,  in  public  'lis  you  hi'le.  Pope. 

Hide-ajid-scck ;  a  play  of  children,  in  wliich  some 
hide  themselves,  and  another  seeks  them.  OulUver. 

HIDE,  7/.  [According  to  Lye,  Sax.  Diet.,  under  tocoi- 
styllimr,  this  word  signified  originally  a  station,  cov- 
ered place,  or  place  of  refuge  for  besiegers  against 
the  attacks  of  the  besieged.     Q,u.] 

In  the  ancient  laics  of  En^rland.,  a  certain  portion  of 
land,  the  quantity  of  which,  however,  is  not  well 
ascertained.  Some  authors  consider  it  as  the  quan- 
tity that  could  be  tilled  with  one  plow;  others,  as 
much  as  would  maintain  a  family.  Some  suppose  it 
to  be  CO,  some  80,  and  others  100  acres. 

Spelman.     Encyc. 

HIDE,  n.  [Sax.  htid,  hyde  ;  G.  haul :  D.  haid :  Sw.  and 
Dan.  hud;  L.  cutis;  Gr.  »cw5,  Ko<dtnr ;  either  a  peel, 
from  stripping,  separating,  or  a  cover.] 

1.  The  skin  of  an  animal,  either  raw  or  dressed  ; 
more  generally  applied  to  the  undressed  skins  of  the 
larger  domestic  animals,  as  oxen,  horses,  &^c. 

2.  The  human  skin,  in  contempt.  Dryden. 
HIDE'BOUND,  a.     An  animal  \s  hidebound,  whew  his 

skin  sticks  so  closely  to  his  ribs  and  back  as  not  to 
he  easily  loosened  or  raised.  Far.  Diet. 

Trees  are  said  to  be  hidebound,  when  the  bark  is  so 
close  or  firm  that  it  impedes  the  growth.         Bacon. 

2.  Harsh  ;  untractable.     [*Vot  used.]      Iludibras. 

3.  Niggardly  ;  penurious.     [J^ot  used.]     Mnsworth. 
HTD'E-OUS,  a.     [Fr.  hideux;  Norm,  hidous,  from  hide^ 

fright,  dread.] 

1.  Frightful  to  the  sight ;  dreadful ;  shocking  to  the 
eye  ;  applied  to  dpformity ;  as,  a  hideous  monster ;  a 
Ait/eoiw  spectacle  ;  kideo its  ]ooks.       Shak.     Dryden. 

2.  Shocking  to  the  ear;  exciting  terror  ;  as,  a  AmZ- 
eoris  noise.  Woodward. 

3.  Detestable.  Spenser. 
HID'E-OUS-LY,  adv.   In  a  manner  to  frighten  ;  dread- 
fully ;  shockindy.  Shak. 

HID'E-0US-NESS,7t,  Frightfulnesstothe  eye;  dread- 
fulness;  horribleness. 

IIIO'ER,  71.    [from  hide.]     One  who  hides  or  conceals. 

HID'ING,  ppr.    Concealing  ;  covering  or  withdrawing 

from  view  ;  keeping  ck)se  or  secret. 
"HID'ING,  71.    Concealment.    Hab.  iii. 

2.  Withdrawment;  a  withholding  ;  as,  ihe  hidiv ^s 
of  God's  face.  Mdncr. 

3.  A  b^-ating,     [Vulgar.]  Snuirt. 

HTD'ING-PLaCE,  71.    A  place  of  concealment. 

HIE,  I',  i.  [Sax.  higan,  higian,  to  hasten,  to  urge  for- 
ward, to  press,  to  endeavor;  also,  hicgaii  and  higgan, 
to  be  urgent,  to  strive.] 

1.  To  hasten  ;  to  move  or  run  with  haste  ;  lo  go  in 
haste  ;  a  word  chiefiy  v^Cf   •n  poetry. 

The  youth,  returning  to  his  iiiistress,  hits.  Dryden. 

2.  With  the  reciprocal  pronoun ;  as,  He  thee  home. 
HIE,  7!.     Haste;  diligence.    [Obs.]       ^        Chaucer. 
Hl'E-RXRCH,  7(.     [Gr.  h(iaoxni'>  q*  d.  6  rwv  Uq<ov  an- 

X-'iv-tVL  ruler  in  sacred  things.] 
One  who  rules  or  has  authority  in  sacred  things. 

Suicer. 
Hl'E-RAR€H-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  hierarch. 

Milton. 
HI-E-RARCH'ie-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  hierarchy. 
HIE-RXRCH-ie-AL-LY,  ado.    After  the  manner  of 

a  liierarcliv. 
HT'E-RAReH-ISJI,  n.    Principles  of  a  hierarchy. 
HI'E-RXRCn-Y,  7i.     [Gr.  Upanx^a.] 

1.  Dominion  or  authority  in  sacred  things.  Suicer. 
9.  The  persons  who  have  the  exclusive  direction 
of  things  sacred  ;  used  especially  of  a  body  of  clergj" 
of  ditferent  ranks  or  orders  i  but  applicable  to  all  who 
claim  to  be  a  holy  order  of  men,  with  an  exclusive 
right  to  minister  in  holy  things.  Murdocfi. 

3.  The  edestial  hierarchy,  in  the  writings  of  pseiido- 
Dionysnis,  embraced  Christ  as  its  head,  and  the  va- 
rious orders  of  angels  as  his  ministering  spirits. 

Murdoch. 
Hl-E-RAT'ie,    a.      [Gr.   hpariKai,  sacerdotal,  from 
Utioi,  sacred.] 

1.  Consecrated  to  sacred  uses ;  sacerdotal ;  pertain- 
ing to  priests.  RiisseU. 

2.  A  term  applied  to  a  mode  of  ancient  Eg>-ptian 
writing,  chiefly  used  in  papyri,  considered  as  a  rapid 


HIG 

mode  of  writing  hieroglyphics,  and  being  the  sacer- 
dotal character,  as  the  deiiwtic  was  that  of  the  people. 

P.  Cyc. 
HI-E  ROC'RA-CY,  n.     [Gr.  uqoi  and  KcamoA 

Guveumient  by  ecclesiastics,  Jefferson. 

HI'E-RO-GLYPII,       {n.  [Gr.  iroas,  sacrcd,  and  >^Ao- 
HI-E-RO-GLYPH'ie,  (      0w,  to  carve.] 

J.  Literally,  a  sncred  character;  applied  to  a  s]k- 
cies  of  writing  first  practiced  by  the  ancient  Eg>'ptian 
priests,  often  called  piciurf- writing,  which  expr'-s.sed 
a  series  of  ideas  by  representations  of  visible-  objr.cls. 
According  to  ChanipoIIirui,  the  Egyptian  hit-roclyph- 
ics  consist  of  three  dilTerent  .-species  of  characters: 
1.  The  hieroglyphic,  properly  so  called,  in  which  the 
object  is  represented  by  a  picture,  cither  entire  or  in 
an  abridged  fomi.  2.  Symbolical,  in  which  an  idea 
is  expressed  by  some  visible  object  which  represents 
it ;  ns  adoration  by  a  censer  containing  incense.  3. 
Phonetic  characters,  in  which  the  sign  represents  not 
a  visible  object,  but  a  sound.  Brandc. 

HI-E-RO-GLVPH'ie,  i  a.     Emblematic;  exprcss- 

HI-E-RO-GLYPHTe-AL,  \  ive  of  some  meaning  by 
characters,  pictures,  or  figures ;  as,  hieroghjpliic  wri- 
ting ;  a  hieroirhiphic  obelisk. 
Ht-E-RO-GL\T*ir(e-AL-LY,  adr.  Emblematically ; 
by  characters  or  pictures  expressive  of  facts  or  moral 
qualities.  The  Mexicans  wrote  histor>-  lueroglyphic- 
ailii. 
ni-E-RO-GEYPH'IST,  n.    One  versed  in  hierogl)*ph- 

jcs.  Gliddon* 

HI'E-RO-GRAM,  n.    [Gr.  is.ocj,  sacred,  and  ;pa;i/xa, 
letter.] 
A  species  of  sacred  writing. 
HT-E-RO-GRA.M-MAT'ie,  a.   [Gr.  i'rp'.s,  sacred,  and 
}  pa/ifia,  letter.] 

Denoting  a  kind  of  writing  in  sacred  or  sacerdotal 
chiiracters,  used  only  by  the  priests  in  Egj-pt. 

ffarburton. 
Hi-E-RO-GRAM'MA-TIST,   n.      Literally,  a   sacred 
writer ;  an  Egj'ptian  priest  whose  duty  was  to  deci- 
pher hieroglyphics,  aud  preside  over  the  religious  ser- 
vices. Brandc 
HI-E-RO*GRAPH'I€.         |  a.      Pertaining  to  sacred 
HT-E-RO-GRAPH  le-AL,  S      writing. 
Hi-E-ROG'RA-PHY,  n.     [Gr.  u.ous,  holy,  and  ypa*i>u3y 
to  write  ;  yO'ijri,  a  writing.] 
Sacred  writing.     [Little  used.] 
Hl-E-RO-LOG'ie,         \  a.    Pertaining  to  hieroloffy. 
HT-E-RO-EOG'ie-AL,  \                                     Gliddon. 
ni-E-ROL'O-GtST,  7t.    One  versed  in  hierology. 
Hi-E-ROL.'0-GY.  n.    [Gr.  ucoi  and  Xoys.] 

Literally,  a  discourse  on  sacred  things ;  partlcularhj, 
the  science  which  treats  of  the  ancient  writings  and 
inscriptions  of  the  Egyptians,  or  a  treatise  t-n  that 
science. 
HI'E-RO-MAN-CY,  7i.  [Gr.  kooc,  sacred,  and  pay 
Tua,  divination.] 

Divination  by  obser\-ing  the  vjirious  things  offered 
in  sacrifice.  _  Encyc. 

HI-G-ROM-Ne'JION,  n,    [Gr.  (tpuj,  sacred,  and  pirr 
[lo-'v,  preserving  memorj'.] 

In  ancient  Greece,  the  most  honorable  of  tlie  two 
classes  of  representatives  which  composed  the  .-Vm- 
phictyonic  council.  The  word  sometimes  occurs,^ 
also,  as  apolied  to  priests  or  magistrates,  in  Pome  i  f 
the  Grecian  states.  Smith's  Diet, 

Hi'E-RO-PH.\NT  or  HI-ER'O-PHANT,  n.    [Gr.  kpo- 
tpairrii  ;  hfloSy  sacred,  and  -^atiioj  lo  show.] 

A  priest ;  one  who  teaches  the  mysteries  and  du- 
ies  of  religion.  Hale. 

HI-E-RO-PHANT'ie,  a.     Relating  to  hieroTiiianls  ; 

sacred. 
HIG'GLE,  v.  i.  [In  Dan.  kykler  signifies  to  fl.alter, 
fawn,  disguise,  or  play  the  hypocrite  ;  Sw.  hyckla,  id. 
In  Welsh,  hiciaw  is  to  snap",  to  catch  suddenly,  to 
trick,  as  if  allied  to  hitdu  This  word  may  be  from 
the  same  root  as  L.  cocio.     See  Huckster.] 

1.  To  carry  provisions  about  and  offer  iliem  for 
sale. 

2.  To  chaffer ;  to  be  tedious  and  nice  in  making  a 
bargain. 

It  argues  an  iffnorant  mind,  whete  we  have  vrsoDged,  to  higgle 
anddoiigt  ill  the  amends.  Haie. 

HIG'GLE-DY-PIG'GLE-DY,  adv.     In  confusion;  a 

low  7Cord. 
HIG'GLER,  n.    One  who  carries  about  provisions  for 

sale. 
2.  One  who  is  tedious  and  nice  in  bai^ining. 
HIG'GLING,  n.    The  employment  of  a  higgler;  the 

act  of  being  tedious  and  nice  in  bargaining. 
HIGH,  (hi,)  a.     [Sax.  heah.,  hig,  heh,  or  hih :  G.  koch ; 

D.  hoog;  Sw.  Ii'jg;  Dan.  hoj;  San.  ucficltah.    The  W, 

uc,  ucd,  may  be  the  same  word,  with  the  loss  of  the 

first  letter.] 

1.  Extending  to  a  great  distance  above  the  surt'acc 
of  the  earth  ;  elevated ;  lofty  ;  of  great  altitude ;  as, 
a  high  mountain  ;  a  high  tower. 

2.  Rising,  or  iia\ing  risen,  or  being,  far  abov«  the 
earth  ;  elevated  :  lofty  ;  ns,  a  high  flight ;  the  clouds 
are  high  in  the  atmosphere. 

3.  Elevated  above  the  horizon  ;  as,  how  high  is  the 
sun  ?    It  is  an  hour  high. 

4.  Raised  aboye  any  object. 

High  o'er  lliL-ir  heads  a  moldcring  rode  is  placed.        Dryden. 


TCNE,  BULL,  IJNITE.— AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K ;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  a3  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


1.  Culml  In  irnlure  or  disnity. 

yu  lug^-ttt  Unliy  odht  woui.  Bcjur. 

S,  E1"ralfa  In  rank.condilion.oronicf.  We  9|H-nk 
^  ,    .     ..  I  I .,,     ,.f  a  »!>*  uilic«  ;  ltig\  rank  ;  higit 

•ovcmt'*!  by  honorable  pride;  ntv 

" 11.     .liquified;  n»,  a  ninn 

■  iiL    [of  Aiy*  mind. 

_j  tlatf.  A/iJtoB. 


bk 


glorious ; 


9.  Dllllcull  i  «bsmne. 

TV.     -:  ■,    Vif.  «nJ«inrtrioeh*(#A  Oiinsi.  ^^^^. 

I  .  .fi-nlatioUB. 

II  .  ,  ■  Kith  iliicourarf,  unouoted  ir»lly  bul  to 

1  Iwx.  Ctafciidon. 

'.  I .  Anojint  i  proud  ;  lofty  ;  loud. 

.  s-  mn^MT  imJo  lilm«lf  ratiTJ  wlU,  IJ»  «ili  U.J  UirraWiiug 
Uii{u4{V.  Clartndm. 

li.  Loud  1  b«l.'itemu«i  thrcalcning  or  nngrj'.  Tljc 
partK-:*  bnd  vcr>'  kigk  words. 

Ul  Violent ;  aevcK  ;  opprtssive. 

\V  t».a  Ih-IT  «iT»raiTUi  on  rlLVr  lidc  »  Ai/fc  hand,  viojf  nt  prne- 
totoii,  fe.  " 

11.  Public  ;  powerful ;  triuinpliiint 
under  divine  protection. 

TV  «ti3il[^n  ot  Iirwl  wdit  out  of  F-CJi*  with  a  high  Iwnd.— 

El.   liT. 

15.  Noble;  Ulustrioiu;  honorable;  su,  a  man  of 

Ai;,'*  birth.  ,.  ^ 

IG.  Expressive  of  pride  anil  haughtiness ;  as,  high 

17.  Powerful ;  mighty.  [looks.    Is.  x. 

Slnoeii  thjr  tunil,  ftix^  » thy  light  hAnJ.  — P*.  Ixilix. 

18.  Posaened  of  supreme  power,  dominion,  or  ex- 
cellence. 

Thoo,  Lord,  «rt  Ai^A  aloTC  all  llK  raith.  — P».  xcTii. 

19.  Great ;  Important ;  solemn ;  held  in  venera- 
tion. 

for  that  ^at^iUi  ilay  sras  a  high  (lay.  —  Jolili  xix. 

SO.  Violent;  nishing  with  velocity;  tempestuous; 
w,  n  kiffk  wind. 

31.  Tumultuous ;  turbulent ;  inflamed  ,  violent ; 
fts,  kif^h  passions. 

iJ2.  Full ;  complete.    It  is  high  time  to  retire. 

It  i*  liigk  time  to  awike  from  •Iwv  —  Itom.  xiii, 

23.  Raised  ;  accomp.inied  by,  or  proceeding  from, 
gnat  eicitemcnt  of  the  feelings  ;  as,  higli  pleiusure  of 
body  or  mind. 

24.  Rich  ;  luxurious ;  well-seasoned  ;  as,  /u>ft  fare ; 
AijT*  Uving  ;  high  saucw.  MiUon.     Bacon. 

is.  Strong  ;  vivid  ;  deep;  as,  a  Ai<r/t  color. 

a«x  Dear ;  of  a  great  price,  or  greater  price  than 
usual ;  as,  to  purchase  at  a  hi^h  rate ;  goods  arc 
Ufh. 

S7.  Remote  from  the  etiuator  north  or  south ;  as,  a 
kiffh  latitude. 

28.  Remote  in  past  time ;  early  in  former  time ;  .as, 
kich  antiquity. 

29.  Extreme  ;  intense  ;  as,  a  hiirh  heat. 

30.  Loud  ;  as,  a  Ai^^A  sound.    Hut  more  f^cnrraUy^ 

31.  In  miMif, acute ;  sharp;  ai», a Ai^A  not:; ;  ahi^h 
\  ■I'-c  ;  opposed  to  tow  or  irravc. 

;l'.  Much  rnijcd  ;  as,  hi/jh  relief,  [aUo  rc/icro.] 

.cl.  I'ar  advanced  in  .irt  or  science ;  as,  AiVA  at- 
tainmenLi. 

3-1.  Great;  capital;  committed  against  the  king, 
sovereign,  or  state ;  as,  Ai^^A  treason,  distingiiislied 
from  ptUif  treason,  which  is  committed  against  a 
master  or  other  siiiierior. 

?f>.  Hrrat ;  exalted ;  as,  a  hi^h  ojiinion  of  one's 

Idiy;  applied  to  the  situation  of  a  vessel 
■und  above  water  mark.  Tottcn. 

■  urfA  and  Um  church;  in  Great  liriluin^ti 
■1  intn.<luceil  after  the  revolution.  The  high 
^  1  re  supposed  to  fnvur  the  papists,  or  at  least 

I i'C'rt  the  Iiiuh  claims  to  pr<TogaliVe  which  were 

niainuined  by  tlR  siuarL-i.    'I'lie  low  church  entcr- 
tain'*f1  more  mtsjcmle  nuiions,  inanilVsted  great  en- 
; "  ijierv-.  and  were  inclined  to  circuiiiscrihc 
I'rercatives.    This  distinction  is  now  less 
tut  not  \vholIy  obliterated. 
;■/,  high  noon;  tile  time  when  the  sun  is  in 
■   lian. 
IJateh.  is  the  German  language,  as  distin- 
pii'iuil  from  Low  Dutch  or  Ilelgic,  or  the  cultivated 
j       Orman,  as  opposed  to  the  vuliMr  dialccLs. 
HIGH,  iTdr.    .Aloft;  to  a  great  altitude;  as,  towering 
3.  Emmently  ;  greatly.  [Ai^A. 

Hi^T-n  ».,rl  fanh 
Shall  >Li/;K  pxlol  Ujj  [-ra'Kk.  UUtan. 

3.  With  deep  thought;  profoundly. 

Ilr  r^ajciml  fli/A.  Mijlon. 

•4.  Powerfully.  Mtttm. 

HIGH,  i».    An  elevated  place  ;  superior  region  ;  as,  on 
kigk :  from  on  AiVA, 

Oh  AijA  ;  aloud,     f  OA#.l  Snauer. 

2.  Aloft. 
niGii'-AI.M  CD,  c    Having  grand  or  lofty  designs. 

Crajhaw. 


III(;il'-.\UCIl-iD,   (Urcht,)    a.      Having    «l«^^^"^>' 

IlIfiir-VS-PIPi'ING,  a.     Having   elevated    views  ; 

niininj  at  elevated  objects.  ^''i/f""' 

IIir.H'-l!LF..*  P,  <i.    Supremely  happy.  Jlliltou. 

IIIUII'-BLOW.N,  (I.    Swelled  much  with  wind  ;  in- 

Ilated.  as  with  pride  or  conceit.  Shak. 

llIGII'-IiOKN,  a.    Ucing  of  noble  birth  or  extraction. 

Roice. 
IlIGIl'-BUF.D,  a.    I'red  in  liicll  life.  Hijron. 

IITGir-nROW-KD,  a.     Having  high  brows.  JUoore. 
IIIGir-DUlLT,  (hl'bilt,)  o.  Of  lofty  structure.   Miltm. 
2.  Covered  with  lofty  buildings. 

Til?  /lijr-'i-Aji/t  clfp'.iAiii  hi*  ostk-  rears.  Creech. 

HIGH'-CHUUCH,  <i.  An  epithet  applied  to  those  in 
the  episcopal  church,  who  altarh  the  highest  impor- 
tance to  episcopacv,  so  as  to  <iuestiun  nr  deny  the 
validity  of  rites  and  ordinances,  performed  by  those 
who  have  not  been  episcojKilly  ordained. 

HIGII'-CIIURCH'ISM,  ii.  The  principles  of  the  hlgh- 
cliiirch  party.  ,       .    , ,     ,  .  . 

IlIGir-CHLiltCH'MA.V,  n.  One  who  holds  high 
church  principles. 

HIGir-€U.Ml!-I.NG,  (hi'klim-ing,)  a.    Climbing  to  a 
great  highl. 
2.  Diflicult  to  be  ascended  -  MUton. 

IIIGH'-eOI.-OR-/;D,  (lii'kul-lurd,)  a.  Having  a  strong, 
deep,  or  glaring  color.  Flayer. 

2.  Vivid  ;  strong  or  forcible  in  representation  ;  as, 
a  hi<rk-colarcd  description. 

HIGlf'-€ON'ST.'\-BLE,  ii.  .\  police  officer  in  some 
cities.  Benivier. 

HIGH'-eORL-ING,  a.    Rising  high  in  curls. 

Jil.  Bruce. 

HlGU'-D.^y,  n.     Fine  ;  befitting  a  holiday.      SAoA-. 

HIGH'-DE-SIGN'ING,  a.    Forming  great  schemes. 

Drydcn. 

HIGH'-E.M-Bo\V'£D,  a.    Having  lofty  arches. 

MtUon. 

1ITGI1'-EX-(!;EX'DER-£0,  (I.  Engendered  aloft,  or 
in  the  air.  *'''"''■• 

IlKill'-FED,  //.     Pampered  ;  fed  luxuriously.    Miami. 

HIGH'-Fl.N'lSIl-ilD,  (-lin'isht,)  a.      l-'inished  com- 

HIGIP-FL.^.VI-ING,  a.  Throwing  llanie  to  a  great 
hight.  PV- 

Il«;il'-FL.\-VOK-ED,  a.     Having  a  hich  flavor. 

HIGH'-FI.t-ER,  )i.  One  that  carries  his  opinions  to 
extravasanee.  Sirifl. 

HIGIl'-FLoWN,  0.  Elevated;  swelled;  proud  ;  as 
hi-'h-Jloini  hopciS.  Dcnliam. 

'2.  Turgid;  swelled  ;  extravagant;  as,  :l  hisb-Jloicn 
hyperbole.  VEstrangc. 

inGH'-FLUSH-£D,  (hi'flusht,)  a.    Much  elated. 

Yomig. 

HIGH'-FL'S-IiXG,  a.  Extravagant  in  claims  or  opin- 
ions ;  as,  hitrh-pjinff^  arbitrary  kings.  Drydcn. 

HIGH'-GaZ-ING,  <2.    Looking  upward.  Mure. 

HtGH'-GO-IiN<!,  n.     Moving  rapidly.        Massin^cr. 

HIGH'-GRoWiN,  a.  Having  the  crop  considerably 
grown. 

HIG  H'-H AN  D-ED,  a.  Overbearing  ;  oppressive ;  vio- 
lent. 

HIGH'-HkAP-ED,  (hl'heept,)  a.    Covered  with  high 


11IGI1'-RE.'VK-£D,  a.  Raised  high;  of  lofty  struc- 
ture. ,      ,       Sin;;. 

IIIGH'-RED,  o.  Having  a  strong  red  color;  deeply 
red.  -""»'<■• 

IIIGH'-RE-PENT'ED,  n.    Deeply  repented.    (/H.J 

Very  resolute. 

Tit.  Jinilran. 
HIGH'-RoAD,  71.    A  highway  ;  a  much  frequenteJ 

road. 
HIGIl'-RoPES,  II.  ;i/.    A  person  is  said  to  be  on  his 
Aio-A  ropes  when  he  is  greatly  elevated  or  excited,  es- 
peciallv  by  passion.  Gro.-.e. 

HIGH'-HOOI-'-£D,   (hi'rooft,)  a.     Having  a  lofty  or 


HIGH'-RE-SOLV'/rD,  a. 
ROAD, 


.1/i(t<in. 
a.     Enriched  with  spices  or 

Fixed  on  high  ;  seated  in  an 

J(c/(oii. 
Always  looking  upward. 

Shak. 
Maving  a  high  spirit.  Eoerett 
oslenta- 


piles  ;  as,  a  liiirh-hcapeil-  table.  Pope. 

a.  Raised  in  high  piles.  Pope. 

HIGH'-IIEART-ED,  a.  Full  of  courage.  Beaum. 
IIKJH'-HI'.EL-EU,  (I.  Having  high  heels.  Sicift. 
IIIGH'-llIJ.\G,n.  Hung. iloft;  elevated.  Dryilm. 
HiGII'-LIV-iil),  a.    Pertaining  to  high  life. 

(iold.^nith. 

HIGH'-M.tSS,  II.     Among  Roman  CatlioUcs,  that  mass 

which  is  read   before  the  high  altar  on  Sundays, 

feast-days,  and  crcat  occasions.  Encyc.  Jim. 

HIOll'-JIET-TLKD,  o.    Having  high  spirit ;  ardent : 

full  of  fire  ;  as,  a  hi'rh-mculcd  steed. 
HIGU'-MI.\l)-ED,  a.    Proud;  arrogant. 

E:  not  hi^h-mirvled,  hut  I'car.  —  Rom.  xi. 
2.  Having  honorable  pride;    magnanimous;   ui> 
jHiscd  to  iHcnn. 
mGH'-MINU-ED-NESS,    ii.      State  of  being  higli- 

iliindeil. 
HIGH'-PL.aCE,  11.  In  Scripture,  an  eminence  or 
mound  on  which  sacrifices  were  oflcred.  Before 
the  temple  was  built  in  Jerusalem,  sacrifices  were 
offered  to  Jehovah  by  his  worshipers,  on  high 
piaccs ;  but  afterward  such  mounds  were  devoted 
to  idolatrous  s.acrifices. 
HIGH'-PLaC-ED,  (-plisl,)  a.    Elevated  in  situation 

or  rank.  Shak. 

IllGH'-PRr.f:s'i;RE,  a.    See  Steam-E.ngine. 
lli<:il'-l']llr.ST,  I).    A  chief  priest.  Scripture. 

I1T(;II-PU1i;.-;T'SH1P,  h.    office  of  a  high-priest. 
HIUH'-PUl.N'-CI-PLtl),  a.    Extravagant  in  notions 

of  politics.  Swift. 

HIGH'-PROOF,  a.    Highly  rectified ;    very  strongly 

alcoholic;  as,  AiffA-prory^ spirits. 
IlIGn'-RAlS-£D,  a.  Elevated ;  r.aised  aloft.  Dryden. 
2.  Raised  with  great  expectations  or  conceptions. 

Milton. 
HTGH'-Ri-.ACH-IXG,  a.    Reaching  to  a  great  hight. 

2.  Reaching  upward.  Milton. 

3.  Ambitious  ;  aspiring.  Sliak. 


sharp  root. 
I1IGH'-SkA'S0N-£D, 

other  seasoning. 
IlIGH'-SEAT-ED,  n. 

elevated  place. 
IIIGH'-SIGHT-ED,  a. 

HTGH'-SoUL,-£D, «.  ..        .      . 

IIIGH'-SOU.\D-ING,  a.    Pompous;    noisy 

tious  ;  as,  hiolt-sannding  words  or  titles. 
HIGir-SPlU'IT-ED,  a.    Full  of  spirit  or  natural  fire  ; 
easily  irritated ;  irascible. 
2.  Full  of  spirit ;  bold  ;  daring. 
IHGH'-STOM'AeH-£D,  (-stniii'akd,)  a.      Having  a 

loftv  spirit ;  proud  :  obstinate.  Shak. 

JITGH'-SWELL-BU,  a.    Swelled  to  a  great  liight. 
HIGH'-SWELL-ING,  a.    Swelling  greatly;  inflated; 

boastful. 
HIGH'-SWoLX,  a.    Greatly  swelled.  SUak. 

HIGH'-Ta-PER,  71.    -V  plant  of  the  genus  Verb.asciim. 

Fam.  of  Plants. 
I1IGH'-T.\ST-ED,  a.  Having  a  strong  relish  ;  piquant. 

Dcahaw. 
HTGH'-TIME,  n.    Ouite  time  ;  full  time  for  the  occa- 
sion, or  the  time  when  anv  thing  is  to  be  done. 
HIOH'-ToN-KD,  a.     High  in  sound. 
HIGH'-TOW-ER-JED,  a.  Having  lofty  towers.  MUton. 
HiGH'-VIC-£D,  (-vist,)  a.    Enormously  wicked. 

Shok. 
UIGH'-VVA'TER,  17.    The  utmost  flow  nr  greatest  ele- 
vation of  llie  tide  ;  also,  the  time  of  such  eluvaticni. 
HIGH'-VVA'TER-MARK,  ii.    The  line  made  mi  the 

shore  bv  the  tide  at  its  utmost  hight.        .Mar.  Diet. 
HIGH'-VVROUGHT,  (rawt,)  a.      ^Vrouglit  with  ex- 
quisite art  or  skill ;  accurately  finished.  Pope. 

2.  Inflamed  to  a  high   degree;  as,  hgh-icrvuglil 
passion. 
IlIGH'ER,  a.  coin;).    More  high. 
HIGH'i;ST,  a.  siipcrh     Most  high. 
HIGH'OSTE  RES'IN.     See  Fossil.  Cop.iL. 
HIGH'LAND,  ii.    Elevated  land;  a  mountainous  re- 
gion. .        ■  ,   u 
Uiohlcmls  of  Scotland  ;  mountainous  regions  inhaa- 
ited  Tiv  the  descendants  of  the  ancient  Celts,  who 
retain'their  primitive  language. 

HiK-hlands  on  the  Hudson,  sixty  miles  from  ^ew 
York"  These  aflbrd  most  sublime  and  romantic 
scenery,  and  here  is  West  Point,  a  fortuiud  post 
during  the  revolution,  and  now  the  scat  of  one  ul 
the  best  military  schools  of  the  age. 
HIGII'LAND-ER,  ii.     An  inhabitant  of  the  mottn- 

tains  ■  as,  the  Ilifhlimdcrs  tif  Sccitlaad. 
HTGU'LAND-ISII,  a.    Denoting  higP  o:  inounlainolts 

land.  Drummond. 

HIGII'LY,  (hl'lv,)  adr.    With  elev.ition  in  place. 

2.  Ina  gieatdcgrre.  We  arc  Ai>A(i;  favored,  ex- 
ercise is  highly  requisite  to  health. 

3.  Proudly;  arrosantly ;  ainbitioilfly.  SmI.. 

4.  \Vith  elevation  of  mind  or  opinion  ;  w  uli  great 
estimation ;  as,  to  think  highly  of  one's  perform- 
ances. __  _  -.,  ,. 

HIGH'MoST,  a.    Highest.     [JVut  iiscA]  smh. 

HIGH'NESS,  (hi'ness,)  n.  Elevtttion  above  the  sur. 
face;  loftiness;  altitude;  hight. 

2.  Dignity  ;  elevation  in  rank,  character,  or  power. 

3.  Excellence  ;  value.  lloacU. 
A.  Violence  ;  as,  the  highiess  of  wind. 

5.  Great  amount ;  as,  the  highnes.i  of  price. 

6.  Aciiteness  ;  as,  the  highness  of  a  note  or  voice. 

7.  Intenscness,  as  of  heat. 

8.  A  title  of  honor  given  to  princes  or  other  men  , 

HTGHT,  (hite,)  u.     [Sec  Height.]    Elevation  ;  alii-  1 
tude ;  loftiness.  ,       ! 

[It  is  very  desirable  th.at  tins  noun  should  bo  uius 
regularlv  formed  from  the  adjorlive  Ai^ A,  as  was  lor-  ^ 
merly  done  bv  distinguished  writers.  .   .    ,,,     ! 

Hight,  named,  called,  promised,  commanded,  Kr., 
fsometimes  written  Hote,)  is  a  corruption  from  SJX.  , 
Aafaa.  It  is  obsolete.    [See  llEaT.]    ChauciT.  Spenser. 

HIGUT'£N-ER,  71.    One  that  hightens. 

HIGH'W.-lY,  71.  A  public  road ;  a  way  open  to  n.i 
passengers  ;  so  called,  cither  because  it  is  a  cr<-f'' 
publicroad,  or  because  the  earth  was  raised  to  form 
a  dry  path.  Highways  open  a  communication  iroin 
one  city  or  town  to  another.  , 

2.  Course  ;  road  ;  train  of  action.  ''""^ijc 

HIGH'WaY-:«AN,  77.  One  who  robs  on  the  piioiic 
road,  or  lurks  in  the  highway  for  the  purpose  oi 
robbing. 


FATE,  FAR,  F/VLL,  WHAD' — METE,  PREY.  — PIXE,  M.\EYXE,  BIRD.  — X6TE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK. 


HIN 

HIL'A-RaTE  is  not  in  use.    See  Exhu-ailite. 
HT-La'RI-OUS,  a.    Mirthful ;  mern'. 
Ul-LAR'I-TV,  n.      [L.  hilaritas;   Gr.  I'Aaoo?,  joyful, 

niern\    If  r  is  radical,  this  cannot  be  from  tAizcj,  to 

be  propitious.] 
A  pleasurable  excitement  of  the  animal  spirits  ; 

mirth ;  merriment  j   gayety.     irdarity   differs   from 

joij;  the  latter,  excited  by  good  news  or  prosperity, 

is  an  affection  of  the  mind ;  the  former,  by  social 

pleasure,  drinking,  &c.,  which  reuse  the    animal 

spirits. 
HIL'A-RY-TERM,    n.     The   terra   of  courts,    &c., 

which  begins  about  the  lime  of  the  festival  of  St. 

Hilary,  or  near  the  middle  of  January.      England. 
HILD,  [G.  and  D.  JieU,  Dan.  heldu  a  hero,]  is  retained 

in  names ;  as,  Hildebcrtj  a  bright  hero  ;  JIathild,  J\Ia- 

tilda,  a  heroic  lady. 
HILD'IXG,  n.     [Ou.  Sax.  kijJdan,  to  decline,  or  hjjlde- 

tc/is^  destitute  of  affection.] 
A  mean,  sorrv,  paltrj'  man  or  woman.     [05s.] 
niLE.    See  Hilum.  [ShaJ:. 

HLLL,  71.     [Sax.  hiU  or  hijl ;  L.  cotUs;  perhaps  Gr. 

KTjXri.    It  cannot  be  the  G.  kiigdj  D.  kmvd,  unless 

contracted.] 

1.  A  natural  elevation  of  land,  or  a  mass  of  earth 
rising  above  the  common  level  of  the  surrounding 
land  ;  an  eminence.  A  hill  is  less  than  a  mountain, 
but  of  no  definite  magnitude,  and  is  sometimes  ap- 
plied to  a  mountain.  Jerusalem  is  seated  on  two 
lulls,    Rome  stood  on  seven  hills. 

2.  A  cluster  of  plants,  and  the  eartli  raised  about 
them ;  as,  a  hill  of  maize  or  potatoes.    United  States. 

HILL,  V.  t.    To  raise  earth  about  plants;  to  raise  a 
little  mass  of  earth.    Farmers  in  A'ew  Er.Siand  kiU 
their  maize  jn  July.    Hilling  is  generally  the  third 
hoeing. 
•2.  To  cover.     [Obs.]     [Sax.  hdan  ;  L.  ce^Q.^ 

HTLL'fZD,  pp.  or  a.    Raised  into  hills  ;  having  hills. 

HILL'I-XESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  hUly.   Rich.  Diet. 

HILL'ING,  ppr.    Raising  into  hills. 

HILL'I.NG,  H.     A  covering.     [Obs.l 

2.  The  act  of  raising  the  earth  around  plants. 

HILL'OCK,  n.     A  small  hill.  MUton.     Dmiden. 

HILL'-SIDE,  n.    The  side  or  declivity  of  a  hilL 

HLLL'-TOP,  n.     The  top  of  a  hUl.  [J.  Barlow. 

HJLL'y,    a.      Abounding   with    hills  j    as,    a   hUhj 
countrj'. 

HILT,  n.     [Sax.  kiltj  the  holdj  from  kcaldan,  to  hold.] 
The  handle  of  any  thing  ;  but  chiefiy  applied  to 
the  handle  of  a  sword. 

niLT'ED,  a.     Having  a  hilt. 

HI'LUM,  n.     [L. ;  ^V.  Ju'.,  a  particle,  issue.] 

The  eye  ot  a  bean  or  other  seed  ;  the  mark  or  scar 
of  the  imibilical  cord,  by  which  the  seed  adheres  to 
the  placenta.  JUart?jn, 

HIM,  prot!.    The  objective  case  of  he,  L.  oim,  an- 
ciently em  cr  im. 

ISm  'Jia',  is  weak  in  tlie  fiiUi  receive.  —  Rom.  xiv. 

Him.  and  kls  were  formerly  used  for  nouns  of  the 
neuter  gender,  but  the  practice  is  obsolete. 
HIM-SELF',  proju     [him  and  self.]     In  the  nomina- 
tive or  objective  case. 

1.  He ;  but  hhase!/  is  more  emphatical,  or  more 
expressive  of  distinct  personality  than  he. 

Wiiij  slvune  r^memtors,  uitile  hinuset/ v.-tis  f>ne 

Of  (be  nine  herd,  liimsc!/  tii^  same  h^ii  done.  Dettham. 

2.  When  Mmself  is  added  to  Ac,  or  to  a  noun,  it 
expresses  discrimination  of  person  with  particular 
emphasis. 

B'li  he  ftinr**//" rstimrxl  from  the  quarries.  — Jiulj^s  lij. 
Bill  God  Mmself  \s  with  us  for  our  captain.  — 2  CJiiron.  xiii. 

3.  When  used  as  the  reciprocal  pronoun,  it  is  not 
usually  emphatical. 

DaviJ  hid  himsel/'ia  llie  ficlu.  —  1  Sam.  x". 

4.  It  was  formerly  used  as  a  substitute  for  neuter 
nouns  ;  as,  high  as  heaven  kimseJf.  iThis  use  w  now 
improper.'^ 

5.  It  is  sometimes  separated  from  Ac ;  as  As  could 
not  go  himseify  for  ke  himself  could  not  go. 

U.  Iliinsdf  is  used  to  express  the  propsr  character 
f.r  natural  temper  and  di^posititm  of  a  person,  after 
■^ir  in  opposition  to  wandering  of  mind,  irroguLirity, 
or  devious  conduct,  from  derangement,  passion,  or 
extraneous  influence.  We  say,  a  man  has  come  to 
A/f/i-W/,  after  delirious  or  cxtrav;igant  behavior.  Let 
I!)"  man  alone  ;  let  iiim  act  himself. 

By  himself;  alone;  unaccompanied;  sequestered. 
He  sits  or  studies  by  himself. 

Ahab  nrenl  onr  way  6j/  himself,  ajri  Obodiah  v/cnt  another  vaj 
by  himself.  —  1  Kings  xviii. 

Hi:f,7i.    [Heb.  in.] 

A  Hebrew  measure  of  liquids,  said  by  Joscphus  to 
bs  double  the  Greek  x^'J?j  ^^"(l  therefore  about  six 
quarts  English  measure.  Ocsenius. 

m.ND,  n.     [Sax.  kinde;   G.  and  D.  Jiitide;    S\v.  and 
Dan.  Idnd :  allied  perhaps  to  han,  hen.     See  Hen.] 
The  female  of  the  red  deer  or  stag. 
in.ND,  n.     [Sax.  hine:  Scot,  htjuc] 

1.  A  domestic;  a  servant.    [Obs.]  Shah. 

2.  A  peasant;  a  rustic  ;  a  countryman  ;  a  sw.-iin  ; 
a  boor ;  or  a  husbandman's  servant.    [English,] 

Encjjc. 


HIN 

HIND,  a.  [Sax.  hfjndan,  hindan  ;  G.  hintun  ;  D.  hinder. 
Dcric.  comp.  Hinder,  supcrl.  IltMjMosx.] 

Backward  ;  pertaining  to  the  part  which  follows  ; 
in  opposition  to  tlie  fore  pan ;  as,  the  hind  legs  of  a 
quadruped  ;  the  hind  toes  ;  the  hind  shoes  of  a  horse  ; 
the  hind  part  of  an  animal. 

HLVD'BER-RY,  «.  The  wild  fruit  of  a  species  of 
Rubus,  allied  to  tlie  raspberry.  Bouth. 

HIXD'ER,  (z.  ,•  comp.  of  Hind.  Tliat  is  in  a  position 
contrary-  to  that  of  the  head  or  fore  part ;  designating 
the  part  whicli  follows ;  as,  the  hinder  part  of  a 
wagon  ;  the  hinder  part  of  a  ship,  or  the  stern,  .dels 
xxvii. 

niN'DER,  17.  t  [Sax,  hensTtj  hynan,  hindrian;  G. 
hindern;  D.  Ithidcrzn  ;  Sw.  hindra;  Dan.  hindrcr; 
from  /;j'7?rf,  hijn.  The  Saxon  verbs  henan,  hynan,  sig- 
nify to  oppress,  as  well  as  to  hinder,  and  hean  is  low, 
humble,  poor.  Qu.  L.  cunctor,  or  Gr.  oki/£m  for  okz- 
vsfo.     See  Class  Gn,  No.  4,  14,  41.] 

1.  To  stop;  to  interrupt;  to  obstruct;  to  impede 
or  prevent  from  moving  t'orward  by  any  means.  It 
is  applicable  to  any  subject,  physical,  moral,  or  intel- 
lectual. 

Tliera  that  were  entering  iu,  ye  hindered.  —  Luke  li. 

2.  To  retard  ;  to  check  iu  progression  or  motion  ; 
to  obstruct  for  a  time,  or  to  render  slow  in  motion. 
Cold  weather  hinders  the  growth  of  plants,  or  hinders 
them  from  coming  to  maturity  in  due  season.  Let 
no  obstacle  hinder  daily  i  in  prove  me  nt. 

3.  To  prevent,  in  a  general  sense  y  as,  what  hinders 
our  having  that  right? 

What  Jiitiders  youngrr  brnihers,  being  talhers  of  fanulies,  from 
haviu^  Uie  atinc  right  ?  Locke. 

IIIN'DER,  V.  i.  To  interpose  obstacles  or  impedi- 
ments. 

This  objecliOD  hinders  rot  but  that  the  heroic  action  of  some  com- 
Diander  may  be  written.  Dryden, 

HIN'DER-AXCE,  )  n.      The  act  of  impeding  or  re- 
HIN'DR.ANCE,      <,      straining  motion. 

2.  Impediment ;  that  wiiich  stops  progression  or 
advance;  obstruction. 

He  must  remove  .-Ul  these  hinderartcea  out  of  the  way. 

Allerbury, 

niN'DER-£D,  pp.  Stopped  ;  impeded  ;  obstmcted ; 
retarded. 

HL\'DER-ER,  n.  One  who  stops  or  retards;  that 
which  liinders. 

HIN'DER-ING,ppr.  Stopping  ;  impeding  ;  obstruct- 
ing ;  retardinc. 

HIND'ER-LING,  h.  A  paltrj-,  worthless,  degenerate 
animal. 

HTXD'ER-MoST,a.  That  which  is  behind  all  others; 
the  last^    C^'"-  ^'^  ^^^"^  "^^  Hindmost.] 

UrND'JMoST,  a.  The  last;  that  is  in  the  rear  of  all 
others. 

He  met  Ihee  in  the  war,  and  smote  the  hindmost  of  thee. — 
Deut.  XIV. 

HtN'DOO,  )  n.    An  aboriginal  cf  Hindoosian,  or  Hin- 
HIN'DU,     )     doslan.  The  language  of  the  Hindoos  is 

called  Hindoostanee, 
HIN'DOO-ISM,  \  n.    The  doctrines  and  rites  of  the 
HIN'DLT-ISM,     i      Hindoos;  the  system  of  religious 

principles  amonsthc  Hindoos. 
HIX-DOO-ST.\N'EE,  a.  or  n.    A  term  applied  to  the 

Hindoos  or  their  language. 
HINGE,  (hinj,)  n.  [This  word  appears  to  be  connected 

with  hang,    and    with  an^le,    the    verb ;   G.   angel, 

a  hook,  or  hinge;  D.  hcngzel^  a  hinge,  a  handle.] 

1.  The  hook  or  joint  on  which  a  door,  gate,  &c., 
turns. 

The  ^te  seb'-openett  wldi?, 
Cii  goMen  hinges  lurniDg.  SHUton, 

2.  That  on  which  anything  depends  or  turns;  a 
governing  principle,  rule,  or  point.  Tliis  argument 
was  ihchiii^e  on  which  the  question  turned. 

3.  A  cardinal  point,  as  east,  west,  north,  or  south. 
[Little  usal.'\  Creech. 

To  be  off  the  IdngeSf  is  to  be  in  a  state  of  disorder 
or  irregularity.  Tillolson. 

HIN(!lE,  r.  t.    To  furnish  with  hinges. 

2.  To  bend  like  a  hinge.     [Little  used.]         Shale 
HINOjE,  r.   i.     To  stand,  depend,  or  turn,  as  on  a 

hinge.    The  question  hinges  on  this  single  point. 
HING'-£D,  (hinjd,)  pp.    Placed  on  a  hinge. 
HINCING,  (hinj'ing,)  ppr.    Dept^nding  ;  turning. 
HIN'.\I-aTE,  I  V.  i.     [L.  hinnio.]     To  neigh. 
HIN'XV,  \  B.  Jonson, 

HIN'NY,  n.    The  produce  of  a  stallion  and  a  she-ass. 

Bootlt. 
HINT,  V.  U    [It.  cchtio,  a  nod,  or  hint;  accrn /rare,  to 
nod,  or  beckon.] 

To  bring  to  mind  by  a  slight  mention  or  remote 
allusion  ;  to  allude  to ;  to  suggest  by  a  slight  intima- 
tion. 

Jtist  hint  a  fault,  and  hesitate  dislike.  Pope. 

HINT,  r.  i.    To  kini  at,  is  to  allude  to;  !o  mention 

slightly. 
HINT,  71.    A  di.^tant  allusion  ;  slight  mention  ;  intima- 

ti(m  ;  insinuation ;  a  word  or  two  intended  to  give 

notice,  or  remind  one  of  something,  without  a  full 

declaration  or  explanation. 
2.  Suggestion. 


IIIR 

3.  Occasion  ;  as,  our  /ii;il  of  woe  is  common  ;  it 
was  my  hint  to  speak.    [Obs.]     [May  not  tliis  word 
be  from  hcnt^  (hentan,)  to  seize,  or  lay  hold  of,  and 
thus  denote  tiiat  which  is  to  be  laid  hold  o/,  as  an  oc- 
casion, an  intimation,  &.c.  ?  Ed.] 
HINT'ED,pp.    iUludcd  to  ;  mentioned  slightly. 
HINT'ING,  ppr.    Alluding  to;  mentioning  slightly. 
HINT'ING-LY,  adv.    In  a  hinting  maimer ;  suggest- 
in  gly. 
HIP,  n.      [Sas.  hipe,  Injpe^  hi/pp  ;    G.  hiiftc ;   D.  hrup; 
Sw.hoft:  Ba.n.  hojFte^    It  coincides  with  Aeap,- Sax. 
hypCy  and  probably  signifies  a  mass,  or  lump.j 

The  projecting  part  of  an  animal  formed  by  the 
haunch  bone;  the  haunch,  or  the  Ilcsh  that  covers 
the  bone  and  the  adjacent  pans ;  the  joint  of  the 
thigh. 

To  hare  on  Vie  hip;  to  have  the  advantage  over 
one ;  a  low  phrase,  borrowed  probably  from  wrcft~ 
lers. 

To  smite  kip  and  thigh :  completely  to  overthrow  or 
defeat.    Judges  xv. 
HIP,  V.  u    To  sprain  or  dislocate  the  hip. 

HOP  (  "■    '^^^  ^"^'^  ^^  ^^®  dog-rose,  or  wild  brier. 

HIP,' HIPPED.  HIP'PISH.     See  Hvp. 

HIP'HALT,.!.  [htp  and  halL]  Lame;  limping.  [Obs.] 

Omccr. 

HIP'PrD-ROOF,  (hipt'roof,)  ti.  A  roof  whose  ends 
slant  back  at  the  same  angle  with  the  adjacent 
sides;  also  called  Hip-boof.  Gmli, 

HIP'PO-€AMP,  71.     [Gr.  trrroxa/i-os;  (-;:'?,  a   lioRC, 
and  Kapi-XTU},  to  bend.] 
A  name  given  to  the  sea-horse  Browne. 

HIP-PO-CEN'TAUR,  n.  [Gr.  't--::oKtvTavQoi  ;  Irr.-j, 
a  horse,  kcvtcu},  to  spur,  and  rarooj,  a  bull.] 

In  ancient  fable,  a  supposed  monster,  half  man  and 
half  horse.  The  hippocentaur  differed  from  the  cen- 
taur in  this,  that  the  latter  rode  on  an  ox,  and  the 
fonner  on  a  horse,  as  the  name  imports.         Eneyc, 

HIP'PO-€RAS,  7(.  [Fr.,  quasi  wine  of  ITcppocraUs.] 
A  medicinal  drink,  composed  of  wine  with  an  in- 
fusion of  spices  and  other  ingredients;  used  as  a 
cordial.  That  directed  by  the  late  London  Dispensa- 
tory, is  to  be  made  of  cloves,  ginger,  cinnamon,  and 
nutmegs,  beat  and  infused  in  canary  with  sugar;  to 
the  infusion,  milk,  a  lemon,  and  some  slips  of  rose- 
mary are  to  be  added,  and  the  whole  strained  through 
flannel.  Ennic. 

HIP-P0€'RA-Te5'  SLEE\T:,  71.  A  kind  of  'bag, 
made  by  uniting  the  opposite  angles  of  a  square 
piece  of  flanuL-l,  used  for  straining  sirups  and  de- 
coctions. Quincy. 

HIP-PO-CRAT'ie  FACE,  n.  \h.  fades  hippveratica.} 
Pale,  sunken,  and  contracted  leatures,  considered  as 
a  fatal  svmptom  in  diseases.  Parr. 

HIP-POC'RA-TIS-M,  71.  The  philosophy  of  Hippoc- 
rates, as  it  regards  medicine.  Chambers. 

HIP'PO-DAME,  n.    A  sea-horse.  Spenser. 

HIP'FO-DROME,  n.  [Gr.  Iz-ucoopoi;  ;--«;,  a  horse, 
and  ff/jiuos,  a  course,  from  tJpr^&j,  to  run.} 

Ancientlij,  a  circus,  or  place  in  which  horse-races 
and  chariot-races  were  performed,  and  horses  exer- 
cised.    The  term  is  still  in  use.  Brnndc 

HIP'PO-GRIFF,  71.  [Fr.  hippogriffe,  from  Gr.  t"«j,  a 
horse,  and  )f'i'-J--,  a  griffin.] 

A  fabulous  animal  or  monster,  half  horse  and  half 
griffin  ;  a  winsed  horse.  Johnson.    jMiUon, 

HIP-P0-PA-THbL'O-6Y,  ti.  The  science  of  veleri- 
nnrv  medicine  ;  the  patholoiv  of  the  horse. 

HIP-POPII'A-GOUS,  a.  Feeding  on  horses,  as  the 
Tartars. 

HU'-POFH'A-GV,  71.     [Gr.  (tttos-,  a  horse,  and  i^ayoy, 
to  eat,] 
The  act  or  practice  of  feeding  on  horses. 

Quart.  Rev. 

HIP-PO-POT'.VMUS,  71.  [Gr.  hrro;,  a  horse,  and 
TToraiio^y  a  river.] 

A  pachydermatous  mammal  allied  to  the  elephant, 
having  a  thick  and  square  head,  a  very  large  muzzle, 
small  eyes  and  ears,  thick  and  heavy'  body,  short 
legs  terminated  by  four  toes,  a  short  tail,  two  ventral 
dugs,  skin  without  hair,  except  at  the  extremity  of 
the  tail.  It  inhabits  nearly  the  whole  of  AlVica. 
There  are  supposed  to  be  two  species.  He  has  been 
found  of  the  length  of  seventeen  feel.  He  delights 
in  the  water,  but  feeds  on  herbage  on  land. 

HIP-PC'Rie  ACID,  n.  [Gr.  irr^os,  horse,  and  oroo;-, 
urine.]  An  acid  allied  to  benzoic  acid,  obtained  from 
the  urme  of  horses,  Szc.  Brande. 

HIP'PU-RTTE,  71.  An  extinct  bivalve  raollusk  of  the 
genus  Hippurites,  occurring  in  the  chalk  fonuation. 

Brande. 

HIP'ROOF,n.  [hip  and  roof.]  The  same  with  Uippsd- 
RooF,  which  see. 

HIPZ&HOT,  a.  [hip  and  shot]  Having  the  hip  dis- 
located. V  Estrange, 

HIP'WORT,  71.    A  platit. 

HIR,  pron.  In  old  English,  Hun  ;  sometimes  used  for 
the  plural  Their. 

HIR'Cie  ACID,  H.  An  acid  produced  by  the  saponi- 
ticalion  of  hircin.  f'^f- 

HTR'CIN,  71.  [L.  hircus,  a  goat.]  A  liquid,  f-stty  mat- 
ter, obtained  from  mutton  suet,  and  giviny  it  a  pecu- 
liar rank  smell.  Brande. 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE — AN"GER,  VI"CrOUS — €  as  K ;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z  ;  ClI  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


70 


563 


HIS 


HIS 


IIIBB.  r.  L    [Box.  kyram ;  0  kmrai ;  8w.  hyn  t  D;in. 

Ayrtri    W.  Aiiniiie  t  CIl  Syr.  8ain.  -^JK,  Ar.  jj>\ 

(I  '".''■.  ' 

'1.  -tm,  and  fur  tempt*- 

,  .f  1  vtlpMln!'-!!  or  rea- 

"  ir  ;  to 

I  rt'Mt. 

,v:iril; 

■ilrir:   wit'i    f.  r  :\  .  ..ihim:i-:iM.ii      's  ti>  Aire  a, 

.  nil  fur  a  year ;  to  hire  laborers  by  the  day  or 

1.1   uth. 

:!.  To  bribe;  to  engage  in  Immoral  or  illegal  service 
for  a  reward. 

T.'  ' ir'    v.'  otV  jeJ/:  to  let ;  to  engage  one's  ser- 
-  I  reward. 

:  iStnutlpt*  lot  braid.  —  1  &ini.  il. 

:rc  out ;  to  let ;  to  lease  ;  to  praut 

ihc  I 'iiiiK)nir>-  UMj  uf  a  tliinR  for  a  compensation. 
Ur  )u-<  hirfd  out  Ills  houj^i)  or  tiJN  furiii. 
HIKE,  n.     [Sax.  kyre.    (la.  can  ttic  Gr,  K£pS-Ji  be  of 
Uiii  family?] 

I.  Tlie  price,  reward,  or  comitcnsaiion  paid  or 
contracted  to  be  given  fur  tbo  tLMuporarj'  use  of  any 
ttiiag. 

'2.  Wages ;  the  reward  or  recompcnso  paid  for  per- 
•ooal  service. 

TV  Uborer  b  worthy  of  liisMr*.  — LuJte  x. 

3.  Reward  for  base  or  illepjl  5cr\'icc ;  a  bribe. 
IIIR'KI»,;»f>.  or  a.    Procured  or  taken  for  usc,at  a  stip- 
ul.it"d  or  reasonable  price  ;  as,  a  hiral  ftinn. 
■2.  T'lii'li'ved  in  service  for  a  coniirensalion  j  as,  a 
I  Mretl  servant. 
I.    AViihuut  hire. 
...  .!.    One  who  is  hired,  or  who  serves  for 

'J.  A  m(.'rcenar>* ;  a  prostitute.  Pope, 

IIIRC'LING,  a,    Ser\'ini!  for  wacca ;  venal ;  nierce- 

DOO'  i  employed  for  money  or  other  compensation. 

A  ladioiu  citw 
or  hirtling  inoiirnfn.  Dryden. 

HTREN, «.    A  strumpet.    [Obs.]     Todd*s  Skaksjieare. 
UIR'ER,  n.    One  that  hires;  one  that  procurer  the 
use  of  any  thine  for  a  compensation  ;  one  who  em- 
ploy* iKTsons  fur  wa'^es,  or  contracts  witli  persona 
for  "service. 
IIIR'IM;,  pjtr.    Procuring  the  u?e  of  for  a  compensa- 
IIIK-SCTK',  o.     [h.  hirsutus.     Uu.  fiair.]  [lion. 

I.  Hairy;  rou^h  with  hair;  shaggy;  set  with 
briitlt-^. 

ti  In  bolaity.  it  is  nearly  synonymous  with  Ai.?piW, 
but  it  denoted  having  mure  hairs  or  bridttcs,  and  less 
-'■'''  MartijH. 

".  ESS,  n.    Holrlnr's.i.  Burton. 

'}n,  posjtssive  of  IJe.    [Sax.  gen.  Ayj,  and 

1.  uf  him.  Thus  in  Alfred's  Orosius,  "  Sumcfor 
ku  ege  ne  dorjtan."  Some  fur  fear  of  him  durst  not ; 
/it^a%,  for  A/.*  awe,  fur  awe  of  him.  Lib.  ;J,  g.  In 
this  iiiHtance,  Aw  dues  not  express  what  bcloniis  to 
the  antecedent  of  Aw,  (Philip,)  but  llie  fear  whicli 
others  enterlnined  if  him. 

9.  The  present  use  of  Ai»  is  as  a  pronominal  ad- 
jective, in  any  ca<!c  indiirerenlly,  corrcsponiling  to 
the  L.  futis.     Thus,  tell  Jolin  his  papers  are  rcMtiy.  1 
will  di'livrr  Aw  papery  to  his  messenger.     He  may 
takeAif  son's  books.    When  the  noun  is  omitted, 
"'■-'■■>'    ;is  its  sub:*tiiule,  eitht^r  in  the  nominative 
.  ^  case.    Tell  John  this  book  is  Aw.    He 
:  nnt^  and  1  wdl  take  Aw. 
I  ...  w...  was  fonncrly  used  for  ii5,  but  improperly, 

I       and  the  use  hxs  ceased. 

4.  U  was  formerly  used  as  a  sign  of  the  posses- 
I       nive.    The  man  Aw  cround,  for  the  marCa  ground. 

ThU  ii-tc  hxs  r»Iso  cexscd. 

5.  Hu  IS  still  used  as  a  substitute  for  a  nonn,  pre- 
I       ceded  by  of;  as,  all  yo  saints  of  his  ;  yc  ministers  of 

*"•  Scripture 

I  HinrLF  is  no  longer  used. 

I    HIS'IN-GER-ITE,  n.    A  soft,  black,  iron  ore,  nearly 

canhy,  consisting  of  silica  and  iron.with  20  per  cent. 

HI^K,  r.  i.    To  breathe  with  diificullv. 
.    HIS'PIp,  a.     [U  hispiJus.]  [AWt  of  F.nsland. 

1.  R'Jiigh  with  bri«llc^  or  minute  spines  ;  bristly. 
a.  In  botany,  having  strong  hairs  or  bristles  ;  beset 
,,;r'^  «*'."■  ^"^tlei..  Martyn. 

, '  ^  '*  f  ^^'  ^y-'*'"'*  Awcan,  hispan,  htjspan.] 
I.  To  make  a  sound  by  driving  the  breath  between 
tfic  fitinie  and  iIi--  upper  teeth  ;  to  give  a  strong  as- 
pintH.n,  r.--  TiiMinj;  the  noise  made  bva  soriwnl  and 
some  oHier  animals,  or  that  of  water  thrown  on  hot 
iron,    //l&fl/io'  ia  an  expression  of  contempL 

The  mrrthaou   anvony  U>c  ppople  ihoU  Mi»  ai  thcc.— Eick, 

I         ii.  To  express  contempt  or  disapprobation  by  hisa- 

3.  To  whiz,  as  an  arrow  or  other  thing  in  rapid 
I       flight.  "  *^ 

j   HI?;3,  F.  L    To  condemn  bv  hissing  ;  to  explode.  The 


9.  To  procure  hisses  or  disgrace. 

ThAi  of  ail  Iwur'i  ngc  dolli  htii  Uie  tpcaJicr.  Skak. 

HISS,  II,  The  Hound  made  by  propelling  the  breath 
between  tlie  tongue  and  upper  teeth  ;  Die  noise  of  a 
serpent,  a  goose,  &.c. 

lie  hUa  tor  hiss  retumcd.  MUton. 

2.  An  expression  of  contempt  or  disapprobation, 
used  in  places  of  public  exhibition. 

HISS'KO,  (hist,)  pp.    E.vpressed  contempt  by  hissing. 
UK'^STNG,  ppr.  or  a.    -flaking  or  resembling  the  noise 

of  sorjients. 
HISS'I^'G,  M.    A  hissing  sound;   an  expression  of 

scorn  or  contempt. 
9.  The  occasion  of  contempt ;  the  object  of  scorn 

and  derision. 

I  will  make  tlita  clly  doiohtc,  and  ft  hUsiiig.  —  3ft.  x\x. 
HISS'LVG-LY,  adv.    With  a  wJiistling  sound. 

SItencood. 
HIST,  cxciam.     [Dan.  Ay^i.    In  Welsh,  Atw£  is  a  low, 
buzKingriOund.] 

.\  word  commanding  silence;  equivalent  lo  husk ^ 
be  silent. 
HIS-TO'RI-AL,  a.     Historical.     [Obs.]  Cluiuccr. 

HIS-To'RI-.'\N,  Ti.  [Fr-  hutoricn;  L.  hisfMricus ;  It. 
istorico.     See  HisTonv.] 

A  writer  or  compiler  of  history  ;  one  who  collects 
and  relates  facta  and  events  in  writing,  jiarticularly 
respecting  nations.  Hume  is  called  an  elegant  his- 
torian. 

HIS-TOR'ie  AL  i  "■     ^^'  ''**'^'"'''^"^  '  ^''  historiqtic] 
\.  Containing  history,  or  the  relation  of  facts;  as, 
a  historical  poem  ;  the  historic  page  ;  historic  brass. 

Pope. 
9.  Pertaining  to  history  ;  as,  historic  care  or  fidelity. 

3.  Contained  in  luslorj' ;  deduced  from  history; 
as,  historical  evidence. 

•I.  Representing  history  ;  as,  a  historical  chart. 

liislorical  painting  :  llmt  Jiighest  branch  of  the  art 
whicii  cnn  embody  a  story  in  one  picture,  and  invest 
it  with  the  wariutli  of  poetry.  Smart. 

Historical  sense,  is  tliat  meaning  of  a  passage  which 
is  deduced  from  the  circumstances  of  time,  place, 
&c.,  under  which  it  was  v/ritlen  ;  the  primary  sense, 
as  opposed  to  any  secondary  or  remoter  one. 
HIS-TOR'I€-AL-LY,  adv.  In  the  manner  of  history ; 
according  to  Iiistory ;  by  way  of  narration. 

The  GcsjK.ls  declare  historicaliy  somelhin j  wliicli  our  Lord  J csus 
Clinst  did,  spoke,  or  sufl'^nad.  Hooker, 

HIS'TO-RI-ED,  (his'to-rid,)  a.    Recording  in  history. 

nrS-To'RI-ER,  n.    A  historian.     [Obs.] 

HIS-T0R'I-F5,  V.  t.  To  relate  ;  to  record  in  history. 
[JVot  used,]  Sidneif. 

HIS-TO-RI-OG'RA-PHER,  n.  [Gr.  larofytaj  history, 
and  youiptij^  to  write.] 

A  historian  ;  a  writer  of  history ;  particularly,  a 
professed  historian  ,  an  otficer  employed  to  write  the 
h!>lory  of  a  prince  or  state;  as,  the  historiographer  of 
his  Rritannic  majesty. 

IIIS-TO-RI-OG'RA-PHY,  n.  The  art  or  employment 
of  a  historian. 

IIIS-TO-RI-OL'0-GY,  n.  A  discourse  on  history,  or 
the  knowledge  of  history.     [JVot  in  vsc] 

HIS'TO-RY,  71.  [Gr.  laTopia  ;  L.  Sp.  and  Port,  historia ; 
It.  istnria ;  Fr.  histoire  ;  Ir.  sdair,  stair  ;  Sax.  stair, 
stcr,  probably  from  the  Latin;  W.  ysdori,  history, 
matter  of  record,  what  is  of  concern  or  in  mind, 
from  ijsdawr,  an  object  of  care  or  concern,  from 
dawr,  to  care,  to  be  concerned,  to  regard.  The 
Greek  iTToto  signifies  knowing,  learned,  and  t^rcpctu 
is  rendered  to  inquire,  to  explore,  to  learn  by  inspec- 
tion or  inquiry.  This  would  seem  to  be  connected 
with  W.  ystyriaio,  to  consider,  to  regard  or  talte  no- 
tice. History  and  Story  are  the  same  word  dif- 
ferently written.] 

1.  An  account  of  facts,  particularly  of  facts  re- 
specting nations  or  states ;  a  narration  of  events  in 
the  order  in  which  they  happened,  with  their  causes 
and  effects.  History  differs  from  annals.  Annals  re- 
late simply  the  facts  and  events  of  each  year,  in 
strict  chronological  order,  without  any  observations 
of  the  annalist.  History  regards  less  strictly  the  ar- 
nmgement  of  events  under  each  year,  and  admits 
the  observations  of  tlie  writer.  This  distinction, 
however,  is  not  always  regarded  with  strictness. 

History  is  of  different  kinds,  or  treats  of  different 
subjects ;  as,  a  hift/try  of  government,  or  political 
history;  history  of  tlie  Christian  cliurch,  or  ecclesias- 
tical Awfory ;  history  of  war  and  conquests,  or  mili- 
tary Idstory  i  ]ust^ry  of  law  ;  histor\i  of  commerce  ; 
histmy  of  the  crusades,  &:c.  In  these  and  similar 
examples,  history  is  written  narrative  or  relation. 
What  is  the  history  of  nations,  but  a  narrative  of  the 
follies,  crimes,  and  miseries  of  man  ? 

2.  Narration  ;  verbal  relation  of  facts  or  events ; 
story.  Wc  listen  with  pleasure  to  the  soldier  or  the 
seaman,  giving  a  history  of  his  adventures. 

What  histories  of  toil  could  I  declare  !  Pope. 

3.  Knowledge  of  facts  and  events. 

tfutonj  —  is  nccoiiar\-  to  divines.  WaVe, 

4.  Description  ;  an  account  of  tliinc^  that  exist; 


HIT 

as,  natural  history,  which  comprehends  a  description 
of  the  works  of  nature,  particularly  of  animals, 
plants,  and  minerals  ;  a  history  of  animals,  or  kooIo- 
gy  ;  a  history  of  plants. 

5.  An  account  of  the  origin,  life,  and  actions  of  an 
individual  person.  We  say,  wc  Iiave  a  concise  his- 
tory of  the  prisoner  in  the  testimony  offered  to  the 
court. 

A  forma!  written  account  of  an  individual's  life, 
is  called  HiooBAfrry. 

UIS'TO-RY-PIeCE,  71.  A  representation  of  any  real 
event  in  painting,  which  exhibits  the  actors,  tiieir 
actions,  and  the  attending  events  to  the  eye,  by  fig- 
ures drawn  to  the  life. 

HIS'']'RI-ON,  71.    A  player.    [JVyi  in  use]        Pope. 

HIS-TRI-ON'ie,         I  a.     [L.  histrionicas,  from  Aw- 

HIS-TRI-ON'ie-AL,  J  trio,  a  buffoon,  an  actor,  or 
stage-player.] 

Pertaining  to  a  stage-player ;  belonging  to  stage- 
playing;  bcfittingatheater;  theatrical;  pant()uiimic. 

Johnson. 

HIS-TRI-ON'ie-AL-LY,  adv.  In  the  manner  of  a 
stage-player ;  theatrically. 

IIIS'TRI-O-NISM,  n.  The  acts  or  practice  of  buf- 
foons or  pantomimes  ;  stage-playing.  Southnj. 

HIT,  V.  t. ;  prct.  and  pp.  Hit.  [Sw.  hitta,  Dan.  hiker, 
to  find,  to  meet,  that  is,  to  come  to,  to  come  or  fail 
on.    This  word  illustrates  the  signification  of  Find.] 

1.  To  strike  or  touch,  either  with  or  without  force. 
We  hit  a  thing  with  the  finger,  or  v/ith  the  head ;  a 
cannon  ball  hits  a  mast,  or  a  wall. 

2.  To  strike  or  touch  a  mark  with  any  thing  di- 
rected to  that  object ;  not  to  miss. 

The  ardicrs  hit  him.  —  I  Sam.  txxi. 

3.  To  reach  ;  to  attain  to. 


Birds  lemming  tuiica,  and  their  i;udcaTor5  to  kit  tJic  notes  ri  j! 

Lockt 


it. 


4.  To  suit ;  to  be  conformable. 

Melanchol/, 
Whose  saintly  visaffe  Is  too  bright 
To  hit  the  Bt;iise  oniuniao  &ijlit.  MUton. 

5.  To  strike ;  to  touch  properly ;  to  offer  the  right 
bait. 

There  you  Jdt  him  —  Ihnt  nrgumeiit  nevtr  faiU  with  him. 

Di-yden . 

To  hit  off;  to  strike  out ;  to  determine  luckily. 

2.  To  represent  or  describe  exactly.        [Tcmplr. 
To  hit  out  i  to  perform  by  good  luck.     [Little  used.] 

Spenser. 
HIT,  V.  i.    To  strike  ;  to  meet  or  come  in  contact;  to 
clash  ;  followed  by  against  or  on. 

If  hodira  be  mere  extension,  how  can  Ihcy  move  miJ  kit  one 

against  anoUier.  Locke. 

Corpusdoa,  meeting  with  or  hitting  on  tliose  boiJies,  h^couic 

conjoiuted  with  them.  Woodtcard, 

9.  To  meet  or  Hill  on  by  good  luck ;  to  succeed  by 
accident ;  not  to  miss. 

And  oft  ithits 
Where  hope  is  coldest,  and  despair  most  fits.  Shnk. 

3.  To  strike  or  reach  the  intended  point ;  to  suc- 
ceed. 

And  miltioiis  miss  for  one  that  hits.  Swift, 

To  flit  on,  or  upon ;  to  light  on  ;  to  come  to  or  fall 
on  by  chance ;  to  meet  or  find,  as  by  accident. 

None  of  Uiera  hit  upon  the  art.  Addison. 

HIT,  71.  A  Striking  against;  the  collision  of  one 
body  against  another ;  the  stroke  or  blow  that  touches 
any  thing. 

So  he  the  famed  Cilician  fencer  praJBed, 

And  at  each  liit  wiUi  wonder  sceins  amazed.  Dnjden. 

9.  A  chance ;  a  casual  event ;  as,  a  lucky  //((. 

3.  A  lucky  chance  ;  a  fortunate  event.    Dryden. 

A.  A  term'  in  backgammon.  Three  Aits  are  equal 
to  a  gammon. 

.5.  A  striking  expression  or  turn  of  thought,  which 
seems  to  be  peculiarly  applicable,  or  to  Ait  the  point. 

HITCH,  V.  i.  [Ar.  tirL::=»  /laika,  to  hitch  along;  W. 
hccian,  to  halt,  hop,  or  limp,  or  hictaw,  to  snap,  to 
catch  suddenly.     Boili  may  be  of  one  family.] 

1.  To  move  by  jerks,  or  with  stops;  as,  in  collo- 
quial language,  to  hitch  along. 

Whoe'er  olVijnda,  at  some  unlucky  lime 

Slides  in  a  verse,  or  luldies  in  a  rhyme.  Pope. 

2.  To  become  entangled  ;  to  be  cauglit  or  hooked. 

South. 

3.  To  hit  the  legs  together  in  going,  as  horses. 
[JVot  used  in  the  United  States.] 

4.  To  hop  ;  to  spring  on  one  leg.  [Local.]  Grose. 

5.  To  move  or  walk.  Grv:,c. 
HITCH,  V.  t.    To  hook  ;  to  catch  by  a  hook;  as,  to 

hitch  a  bridle. 

2.  To  fasten  by  hitching  ;  as,  to  AifcA  a  horse  by  a 
bridle,  or  to  hitch  him  to  a  post.  JVcio  England. 

HITCH,  71.  A  catch  ;  any  thing  that  holds,  as  a  hook ; 
an  impediment. 

2.  TJie  act  of  catching,  as  on  a  hook,  «?cc. 

3.  In  seamen's  language,  a  knot  or  noose  in  a  rope 
for  fastening  it  to  a  ring  or  other  object ;  as,  a  clove 
hitch,  a  timber  A((cA,  &c.  J^Jar.  Did. 

4.  A  stop  or  sudden  halt  in  walking  or  moving. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T.  —  MeTE,  PRgY — PLNE,  MARINE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.— 


354 


HOA 

HITCH'£D,(Iutdit,)pp.    Caiiglit ;  hooked;  fastened. 
HITCH'EL,  V.  t.     To  liatchel.      [JVuC   mcd.]      [See 

Hatchel.1 
HITCH'IXG, ppr.    Hooking;  fastening. 
HITCH'ING,  71.    A  fastening,  as  with  a  string  or  strap 

to  a  rin2,  hook,  or  other  fixture. 
HITHE,  ?(.     [Sax.  hjtJi.] 

A  port    or    sniall   haven  ;    as  in  Q,ueen!iithe  and 

Lambiiithcy  now  LambcOu     lEnglish.] 
HITU'ER,  adv.     [Sax.  hither  or  hidcr ;  Goth,  kidrej 

Dan.  hid:  Sw.  ;«7.] 

1.  To  this  place  ;  used  with  verbs  signifying  mo- 
tion ;  as,  to  come  hither  i  to  proceed  hither ;  to  bring 
hither. 

2.  Hither  and  thither;  to  this  plnce  and  that. 

3.  To  this  point ;  to  this  argument  or  topic  ;  to  tliis 
end.     [Little  used^  and  not  to  be  eiicouraged.] 

Ifither  we  refer  whntever  Ulocgs  to  tlie  toighesl  pcrP.clion  of 
mnii.  Hooker. 

Hri'H'EK,a.    Nearest;  toward  the  person  speaking ; 
as,  on  tbe  hither  side  of  a  hill ;  the  hither  end  of  the 
building. 
HITH'ER-MoST,  tt.    Nearest  on  this  side.        Hale, 
HITH'ER-Td,  [comp.  hWter  and  to.]    To  this  tune ; 
yet. 

The  Lord  hath  blessed  mc  hitherto.  ■ —  Josh.  srii. 
9.  In  any  time,  or  every  time  till  now ;  in  time 
preceding  the  present. 

aiore  ample  spirit  than  Iiitherto  waj  wont.  Spenser. 

3.  To  this  place  ;  to  a  prescribed  limit. 

HUherlo  sliali  Ihou  come,  but  uo  f^irther.  —  Job  xxiviii. 

IILTH'ER-WAKD,  [comp.  hither  and  ward.]  This 
way ;  toward  this  place. 

A  puissaul  aiij  mighty  power  — 
U  marching  kiOienjxird  in  prouti  luiay.  Skak. 

lUT'TING,  Tppr.    Strikmg. 

HIVE,  71.  [Sax.  hiifc :  Eth.  T<C  kafo.  Class  Gb,  No. 
S8.  In  W.  cyf  is  the  stem  or  stock  of  a  tree,  and 
ciifg-wentpt  is  a  bee-hive.  So  in  G.  birnenstock,  Sw. 
///5toc/L-,  bee-stock.  The  liiveof  wild  bees  is  a  hollow 
tree.] 

1.  A  box,  chest,  or  kind  of  basket  for  the  reception 
and  habitation  of  a  swarm  of  honey-bees.  It  is 
made  of  boards,  straw,  or  other  materials. 

2.  A  swarm  of  bees ;  or  the  bees  inhabiting  a 
hive.  Shoi'i. 

3.  A  company  or  society  together,  or  closely  con- 
nected.    [Unusual.]  Swift 

HIVE,  r.  f.  To  collect  into  a  hive  ;  to  cause  to  enter 
a  hive  ;  as,  to  hive  bees.  Dn/den.     Mortimer. 

2,  To  contain ;  to  receive,  as  a  habitation,  or  place 
of  deposit. 

Where  all  delicious  svreeta  are  fti-ccf.  Cleaveland. 

HI\rE,  r.  1.  To  take  shelter  or  lodgings  together;  to 
reside  in  a  collective  body.  Pope. 

HlV'7?D,  pp.    Lodged  in  a  hive  or  shelter. 

HI V'ER,  n.    One  that  collects  bees  into  a  hive. 

HIVING,  ppr.    Collecting  into  a  hive.     [Mortimer. 

HIVES,  It.     [Scot.    au.  heave.] 

A  disease,  the  croup,  or  cijnanckt  trachealis  ,•  rat- 
tles. 

2  A  popular  name  of  an  erupti\'e  disease,  allied  to 
the  chicken-pox.  Buchanan. 

HIZZ,  V.  i.     To  hiss.  Shah. 

HIZZ'ING,  n.    A  hissing  or  hiss.  Maij. 

H6,  exdam.  A  word  used  by  teamsters,  to  stop  their 
teams.  It  has  been  used  as  a  noun,  for  slop,  moder- 
ation, bounds. 

There  is  no  ho  with  them.  Dekker.     Green. 

[This  word  is  pronounced  also  who,  or  hwO.] 

HCi\   \   ^*^''^'"*     [■^-  ^'"'■] 

A  call  to  excite  attention,  or  to  give  notice  of  ap- 
proach. 

What  noise  there,  ho  7  SliaJ:. 

Boa  t  who's  wiihun  ?  Shnk. 

HoAR,  3.  [Sax-  har;  Heb.  Ch.  Syr.  and  Ar.  iin, 
white.] 

1.  White  ;  as,  hoar  frost ;  hoar  cliffs.     Thomson. 

2.  Gray ;  white  with  age ;  hoar>- ;  as,  a  matron 
grave  and  hoar.  Speitscr. 

3.  Musty;  moldy.  [Obsolete.]  Spenser. 
H5AR,  n.  Hoariness  ;  antiquity.  Burke. 
HoAR,  r.  L    To  become  moldy  or  musty.     [Little 

iised.] 

HoAR'-FROST,  71.  The  white  particles  formed  by 
the  congelation  of  dew. 

Hoard,  n.  [Sax,  hord,  from  gathering,  hiding,  or 
depositing.] 

A  store,  stock,  or  large  quantity  of  any  thing  ac- 
cumulated or  laid  up;  a  hidden  stock  ;  a  treasure ; 
as,  a  hoard  of  provisions  for  winter;  a  hoard  of 
money.  Shak.     Woodward. 

2.  A  fence  inclosing  a  house  and  materials  %vhile 
haild.-rs  are  at  work.     [Eng.]  Smart 

iioARD,  V.  t  To  collect  and  lay  up  a  large  quantity 
of  any  thing;  to  amass  and  deposit  in  secret  ;  to 
stora  secretly ;  as,  to  hoard  prain  or  provisions ;  to 
Iward  silver  and  gold.  Dryden. 

rt  is  sometimes  followed  by  up,  but  without  use  ; 
as,  to  hoard  up  provisions. 


HOB 

Hoard,  v.  i.    To  collect  and  form  a  hoard ;  to  lay 

up  store. 

Nor  cared  to  hoard  for  those  whom  !.,  .!:d  breed.        Spenetr, 

HoARD'£D,  pp.  or  a.    Collected  and  laid  up  in  store. 

HoARD'ER,  n.  One  who  lays  up  in  .store  ;  one  v/ho 
accumulates  and  keeps  in  secret. 

H6ARD'ING,ppr.     Laying  im>  in  store. 

2.  a.  Instinctively  collFCling  and  laying  up  pro- 
visions for  winter;  as,  the  squirrel  is  a  hoarding 
animal. 

HoARD'ING,  71.    A  laying  up  in  store. 

Ho.\R'jBD,  a.     Moldy  ;  mustv.     [J^Tvt  in  tise.] 

Ho.'VR'HOUND,  «.  The  name  of  several  plants  of 
different  genera.  Tlte  common  hoarhound  is  the 
jMarrubiiiia  vulgare.  It  has  a  bitter  taste,  and  is 
used  as  a  tonic.  Encyc. 

HoAR'I-NESS,  n.  [from  hoary.]  The  state  of  being 
white,  whitish,  or  gray  ;  as,  the  lioariness  of  the  hair 
or  head  of  old  men. 

HOARSE,  (hors,)  a.  [Syr.  tSCLA^  fiars^  to  be  rough  or 
hoarse,] 

1.  Having  a  harsh,  rough,  grating  voice,  as  when 
affected  with  a  cold. 

2.  Rough  ;  grating ;  discordant ;  as  the  voice,  or 
as  any  sound.  We  say,  the  hoarse  raven  ;  the  hoarse 
resounding  shore.  Dnfdeji. 

HoARSE'-SOUND-ING,  a.  Making  a  rough,  gating 
sound.  .Alien. 

HoARSE'LY,  adv.  With  a  rough,  harsh,  grating 
voice  or  sound.  Dryden. 

HoAKSE'NESS,  ti.  HarsJmess  or  roughness  of  voice 
or  sound  ;  preternatural  asperity  of  voice. 

Jirbnthnot. 

HoAR'SToNE,  n.  [Arm.  harz,  a  bound  or  limit. 
"  In  many  parts  of  Great  Britain  are  to  be  seen  cer- 
tain upright,  nule  pillars,  or  massive  blocks  of  stone, 
which  in  England  are  called  hoarstones,  ox  by  a  name 
of  nearly  the  same  sound,  with  all  the  gradations  of 
dialectical  variety.  Their  appellation  in  Scotland  is 
the  hare-stane."] 

A  landmark;  a  stone  designating  the  bounds  of  au 
estate. 

HoAR'Y,  a.  [See  Hoar.]  White  or  whitish  ;  as,  the 
hoary  willows.  Jlddison. 

2.  White  or  gray  with  age  ;  as,  hoary  hairs ;  a 
haary  head. 

ReTerence  the  hoanj  head.  Dtdght. 

3.  Moldy  ;  mossy.  Knojoles. 

4.  In  botamj,  grayish  white,  caused  by  very  short, 
dense  hairs  covering  the  surface.  Lindley. 

HoAX,  71.  [Sax.  hucsBy  or  hucx,  contempt,  irony,  de- 
rision ;  or  W.  hocedy  cheat,  deceit,  juggle,  trick.] 

Something  done  for  deception  or  mockery  ;  a  trick 
played  off  in  sport. 

HoAX,  V.  t.  To  deceive ;  to  play  a  trick  upon  for 
sport,  or  without  malice.  [A  collvqitinl  zcurd,  but  not 
ele^'-ant.] 

HoAX'-KD,  (hokst,)  pp.  Deceived ;  played  a  trick 
upon  for  sport. 

HoAX'ER,  7(.  One  who  hoaxes  or  deceives.  [Cvllo- 
quial.]  Smart. 

HoAX'iNG,  ppr.  Deceiving;  tricking,  without  mal- 
ice. 

HOB,  )  iu    [Dan.  hobj  a  heap;  or  W.  hob^  that  which 

HUB,  i      swells.] 

The  nave  of  a  wheel ;  a  solid  piece  of  timber  in 
which  the  spokes  are  inserted.  Washington, 

HOB,  n.  The  flat  part  of  a  grate  at  the  side,  where 
things  are  placed  to  be  kept  warm.  Smart 

HOB,  n.    A  clown  ;  a  fairy. 

HOB  OR  NOB.     See  Hobnob. 

HOB'BISM,  n.  The  principles  of  the  skeptical  Thomas 
Hobbes.  Skelton. 

HOB'BIST,  TI.    A  follower  of  Hobbes,  the  skeptic. 

HOB'BLE,  (hob'bl,)  v.  i.  [W.  hobcht,  to  hop,  to  hobble. 
See  Hop.] 

1.  To  walk  lamely,  bearing  chiefly  on  one  leg  ;  to 
limp ;  to  walk  with  a  hitch  or  hop,  or  witli  crutches. 

The  &Ijr  was  hoi^ling  the  samo  \v;ij-  [oo,  Dryden. 

2.  To  walk  awkwardly,  as  when  the  feet  are  en- 
cumbered with  a  clog,  or  with  fetters. 

3.  To  move  roughly  or  irregularly,  as  verse. 


Wbilp  Tou  Pindaric  Imlhs  rehear^?, 
Sh?  hooblea  in  alternate  veree. 


Prior. 


HOB'BLE,  V.  t     To  perplex.     [J^'ot  in  iise.] 
HOB'BLE,  TI.    An  unequal,  halting  gait;  an  encum- 
bered, awkward  step. 

He  has  a  hobble  in  hts  gnit.  Sici/t. 

2.  Difficulty  ;  perplexity.  Rich.  Diet. 

HOB'BLE-DE-'HOV,  n.    A  stripling;  a  cant  phrase 

for  a  bov  between  fourteen  and  tvrenty-onc.  SjoifL 
HOB'BLER,  n.     One  that  hobbles. 
HOB'BLER,  rt.     [from  hobby.]    One  wlio  by  his  tenure 

was  to  maintain  a  hobby  for  military  service  ;  or  one 

who  served  as  a  soldier  on  a  hobby  with  hght  armor, 
Encyc.     Davics. 
HOB'BLING,  ppr.  or  a.    Walking  with  a  halting  or 

interrupted  step. 
HOB'BLING-LY,  adv.    With  a  limping  or  inteiTupted 

step 


HOD 

HOB'BY,  71.     [W.  hobri,  what  slops  or  starts  suddenly ; 
Aim.  hobcreli :  l*'r  hobcruiu.] 

A  species  of  falcon,  Falco  subbatrj.  It  is  extremely 
active,  and  was  formerly  trained  for  hawking. 

Jurdine, 
HOB'BY,  n.     [Norm.  Fr.  hobtjn,  and  allied  to  the  pre- 
ceding.] 

1.  A  strong,  active  horse,  of  a  middle  size,  said  to 
have  been  originally  from  Ireland :  a  nag ;  a  pacing- 
horse  ;  a  garran.  Johnson.    Encyc. 

2.  A  stick,  or  figure  of  a  horse,  on  which  boys 
ride. 

3.  Any  favorite  object ;  that  which  a  person  pur- 
sues with  zeal  or  delight. 

4.  A  stupid  fellow. 

HOB'BY-HORSE,  7u    A  hobby  ;  a  wooden  horse  on 
which  boys  ride.     [Tautoloajcd.] 

2.  A  character  in  the  old  Alay-games.        Douu. 

3.  A  stupid  or  foolish  person.  Shak. 

4.  The  favorite  object  of  pursuit. 
HOB-BY-HORS'I€-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  or  having  a 

hobbv-liorse ;  eccentric.  Sterne. 

HOE  BY-nORS'ie-AL-LY,arft-.  Wliimsically.  Sterne. 
HOB'GOB-LIN,  n.     [Probably  AV.  hob,  hop,  and  gob- 
lin.] 
A  fairy  ;  a  frightful  apparition. 
HOB'I-LE'R,  n.    A  feudal  tenant  bound  to  serve  as  a 
light  horseman  or  bowman  ;  the  same  as  Hobbler. 

Brandc 
Ho'BIT,  71.     [Sp.  hobus;  G.  haubitze.] 

A  small  mortar,  or  short  gun  for  throwing  bombs. 
[See  Howitzer,  the  common  orthography.] 
HOB'LTKE,  a.     Clownish ;  boorish.  Qjtgravc. 

HOB'NAIL,  71.     [G.  hufnagcl,  hoof-nail.] 

1.  A  nail  with  a  thick,  strong  head,  such  as  is  used 
for  shoeing  horses.  ShaJu 

2.  A  clownish  person,  in  contempt.  Milton. 
HOB'NaIIv-SD,  a.    Set  v.'ilh  hobnails  ;  rough. 

Dryden, 
IIOB'NOB,  adv.    [Uu.  Sax.  habban,  n^bban,  have,  not 
have.] 

Take  or  not  take  j  a  familiar  invitation  to  recipro- 
cal drinking.  Skak. 
HOB-0-MOK'KO,  71.    Among  American  Indians.,  an 
Ho'BOY,    See  Hautbot.                              [evil  spirit. 
HOB'SON'S  CHOICE  ;  a  vulgar  proverbial  expression 
denoting  a  choice  without  an  alternative ;  the  thing 
offered  or  nothing.    It  is  said  to  have  had  its  origin 
in  the  name  of  a  person  at  Cambridge.  England, 
named  Hobson,  who  let  horses,  and  obliged  ev^;ry 
customer  to  take  in  his  turn  tliat  horse  which  stood 
next  the  stable-door.                                   Encyc.  .Sm. 
HOCK,  71.     [Sax.  hoh.    See  Hough.] 

1.  The  joint  of  an  animal  between  the  knee  and 
the  fetlock.  Johnson. 

2.  A  part  of  the  thigh. 

HOCK,         \v.t    To  hamstring  ;  to  hou:rh  :  to  disable 
HOCK'LE,  \      by  cutting  the  tendons  of  the  ham.] 
HOCK,  71.     [from  Hochhcim,  in  Germany.]    A  highly- 
esteemed  sort  of  Rhenish  wine,  of  a  hght-yellowish 
color.  Mortimer. 

HOCK'A-MORE,  ji.    A  Rhenish  wine.     [See  Hock.] 

Hadibras. 
HOCK'DaY,  I  n.    High  day ;  a  dav  of  feasting  and 
HoKE'DaY,  i      mirth,  formeriy  held  in  England  the 
second  Tuesday  at^er  Easter,  to  comniL-moratc  the 
destruction  of  the  Danes  in  the  time  of  Ethelred. 

Encyc. 
HOCK'ED,  (hokt,)  pp.     Hamstrung;  disabled  by  cut- 
ting the  tendons  of  the  ham. 
HOCK'EY,  71.     [G.  hoch.  Sax.  heah,  high.    Un.] 

1.  Harvest-home.     [JVotiised.] 

2.  A  game  at  ball  played  with  a  club  curved  at  tlie 
bottom.  It  seems  to  be  the  same  with  Hawkey,  as 
described  by  Hollowav. 

HOCK'HERB,  (-erb,)  n.    A  plant,  the  mallows. 

Aiusicorti!. 
HOCK'LE,  (hok'l,)  v.  t.    To  hamstring.      Hanmcr. 
2.  To  mow.  "  Mason. 

Ho'CUS-Po'eUS,  n.    [W.  hnccd,  n  cheat  or  trick,  and 
perhaps  bieg  or  pwc^i,  a  hobgoblin.] 

A  juggler;  a  juggler's  trick  ;  a  cheat  used  by  con- 
jurers, Hudibras. 
Ho'€US-P6'€US,  V.  t    To  cheat.          L'Estrange. 
HOD,  n.    [Fr.  kotte.] 

.\  kind  of  tray  for  carrying  mortar  and  brick,  used 
in  bricklayinc    It  is  fitted  with  a  handle,  and  borne 
on  the  shouKler. 
HOD'D£N-GRaV,  rt.     Cloth  made  of  wool  in  its  nat- 
ural state,  without  beinc  dyed.    [Scot(i>A.] 
HOD'DY-DOD'DY,  7(.  An  awkward  or  foolish  person. 

[Obs.]  B.Jonson. 

HOD6E-P0D0E,    )  71.    [au.  Fr.  hochcr,  to  shake,  or 
HOTCH'-POTCH,  S     hachisy  minced  meat.] 

A  mixed  mass  ;  a  medley  of  ingrcdicut.«.  [  Vulgar.] 
[See  Hotchpot.] 
HO-DI-ERN'.^L,  a.     [L.  hodieraasj  from  hodic,  hoc  die, 
this  dav.] 
Of  this  dav ;  belonging  to  the  present  day. 
HOD'MAN,  n'.    A  man  who  c.-irrics  a  iiod  ;  a  mason's 

tender. 
HOD'MAX-DOn,  71.      A  shell-fish,  otherwise  called 
dodman.  Bacon. 

2.  A  shell-snail.  ! 


TtJNE,  BIJLL,  UNITE AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K  ;  6  as  J ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


HOI 


HOL 


HOE,  (h«.)  n.    ('• 
Urn'    • 


U. 
A 


l^x .-  Sw.  lucka,  nnit  Uiis  U  tlio 

. k  ;  Fr.  Adtifc    II  seems 

:  'tftc  :  S:ix.  heaieian ; 
1,  Ihill.  *aUer,  to 


juicnt  lur  cullin?  up  weeds  and 
1  m  Held!"  and  k-ardens.    Il  is  in 
,,,,;    Uko  an  ad/.,  being  a  plate  of  iron, 
.    for  a  liandli-,  which  u  «el  at  an  acute 
•;ic  pliile.  . 

ill, I    rt      i  o  cut,  di2,  "crapi!,  or  clean  With  a  hoc  ; 
w"lo  4j!  the  earth  in  a  parden  ;  to  koe  the  beds. 
"   To  clear  from  weeds  i  as,  to  lioe  inair.c  ;  to  hue 
I1-I-,  r.  i.    To  u»o  a  hoi-.  [cabb.ices. 

Ill'  .'  li,(liade,)y;>.    Cleared  from  wteds,  or  loosened  by 
I'l  ■  lior.  ...  .  . 

lloK'I.NG,)i(n-.    Cutlins,  straplnR,  or  digging  with  a 

2.  Clcaringof  weeds  with  a  hoe.  [hoc. 

lloiri.NG,  M.    TUc  act  of  scraping  or  digguig  with  a 

lioe.  . 

110' FUL,  a.    (Sax.  kahfull,  hogfMi  ho<;tt,  care,  and 

/•it] 

Careful.    [Olu.^ 
HOG,  ».     |U.  »icf,  a  hog,  a  push  or  thrust;  Arm. 
»»«M  •■  probably  so  named  from  his  snout,  or  froin 
rooting  i  Sp.  Aocico,  the  snout  of  a  beast ;  haucar,  to 
root-]  .       , 

1.  A  swino  ;  a  general  naiuc  of  that  species  ol  an- 
imal. ,  , , 

•i  In  EAiland,  a  castrated  sheep  of  a  year  old. 

.^.$'1. 

a.  A  bullock  of  a  year  old.  -*■*''• 

^.  A  brutal  fi  Uow  ;  one  who  is  mean  and  filthy. 

5.  Anion;  framen,  a  sort  of  scrulibing-broom  for 

•craping  a  ship's  bottom  under  water.        V'uUcti. 

HOG,  r.  (.    To  scrape  a  ship's  bottom  under  water. 

2.  [G.  hodxn.]    To  carry  on  the  back.    [Loral.] 
*•  Oritse. 

3.  To  cut  the  hair  short ;  as,  to  fte»  the  mane  of  a 
hone.  Smart 

HOG,  r.  i.  To  bend,  so  as  to  resemble  in  some  degree 
a  hoc'n  back  ;  as,  a  ship  *o»s  in  launching. 

nOG'COTE,  ».  [lug  and  cole.]  A  shed  or  house  for 
•wine  ;  a  sty.  .Mortimer. 

HOG'GKD,  (hogd,)  pp.    Scraped  under  water. 

•i  Curling i  having  tlic  ends  lower  than  the  mid- 
dle. £'""■ 

HOC'GER-EL,  n.    A  sheep  of  the  second  year.  .ash. 

HOC'CET,  n.    [.Norm.  *o»cf.] 

1.  A  sheep  two  years  old.  Skinner. 

2.  A  coll  of  a  year  old,  called  also  ha^-colt.  [Lo- 
egL]  Orose. 

3.  A  vouns  boar  of  llie  second  year.  Cijc 
HOG'GLN'G,  ppr.    t^craping  under  water. 
llOG'GlrH,  a.    Havinj  the  Qualities  of  a  hog ;  brutish ; 

gluUonnns  ;  lilthy  ;  mean  ;  selfish. 

HOG'GISII-LY,  e<Jr.  In  a  bnitish,  gluttonous,  or 
rtllhv  manner. 

IIOG'GISH-.NESS,  n.  Dnilishncis  :  voracious  greedi- 
ness m  eating ;  beastly  tililiiness ;  mean  selfish- 
ness. 

H0GH,(h3,)n.    [rice  niGH.]    A  hill ;  a  cliflT.    [Obs.] 

HOCHERD,  n.    [hoff  and  herd.]    A  keeper  of  swine. 

liroicne. 
IIO'GO,  B.   [Comipled  from  Aaid  ^ou(.]    High  (lavor ; 

slronit  i^cCDL    [3cc  Kaut  Gout.] 
IIOG'PEX,  II.    [Ao^  and  j>en.]    A  hogsly. 
IIOG'-PLUM,  n.    A  tropical  ircc  of  the  scniis  Spon- 
dins,  with  fruit  somewhat  resembling  plums,  but 
cliicfly  eaten  by  liojs.  Booth.    Loitdon. 

HOG'-UING-EU,  n.    One  whose  business  is  to  put 

rinci  in  the  snouts  of  swine. 
M')f;'s'-B£AN,  «.      [A  mere  translation  of  the  Gr. 
"1    T^^ra/iif.]    Aplant,  Hyoscyatnus  nigcr,  ami  other 
,   cicd  of  the  gcnun  Ilyoscyamua  ;  henbane. 

HOG'S'-FEN-XEL,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genua  Peuccd- 
nniim. 

HOG'S '-MUSH-ROOMS,  71.     A  plant.      ^insKorth. 

MOGS'IIEAD,  (hoc7.'hcii,)  n.  [I),  oxlioofd;  G.  oik»ff.; 
Dan.  orMorfii  .■  Sw.  oxliufmd ;  that  is,  oxhead.  The 
Enjlish  orthncraphy  is  pro^tsly  corrupt.] 

1.  A  mf^asure  of  capncity,  conlainins  63  wine  gal- 
I  n-",  or  nho-.n  52',  imperial  sallon^.  Th',-  old  ale  hoRs- 
Jn  ad  contained  54  ale  gallons,  or  nearly  5o  imperial 
gallon?.  jMcCuUocfi. 

2.  In  j^mrrica^  this  name  is  often  yiven  to  n  butt,  a 
cask  conLiininc  from  Jl'i  to  12J  wine  gallons  ;  as,  a 
koffskfod  of  spirit  or  motasjes. 

3.  A  Lirce  cask  of  iiideQuiCe  contents        Bacon. 
IIOG'-SKIN,  It.    Tanned  leather  made  of  the  skins  of 

swine. 
HOG'STEER,  n.    A  wild  boar  of  three  years  old. 

IIOG'STY,  n.    [Ao/  and  sty.]    A  pen  or  inclosure  for 

IIOG'\V.\Slf,  rt.  [Ao^nnd  teaA.]  Swill;  the  refuse 
mattcra  of  n  k  tcnen  or  brewery,  or  likir  mailer  for 
'"Wine.  .QrbitOmoL 

nOlIL'.SPATri,  Ti.  [G.^  The  mincml  otherwise 
called  macicy  and  c'liastolite, 

IIOI'DE.N,  n.    [\V.  boedtnj  a  flirt,  a  wanton,  a  co- 


1.  A  rude,  bold  girl  i  a  romp.  ,     „  .,  , 

o    A  rude,  bold  man.     [JVoC  used  m  Vie  Umted 

stitfs.]  y»W(««. 

IIOl'D^N,  o.    Rude;  bold  j  m elegant ;  rustic. 

Younff. 
IIori»f;\,  r.  i.    To  romp  rudely  or  indecently.   Sicifi~ 
llnrn/.N-IIOOD,  ji.    Slate  of  being  a  hoiden. 
IH_)rU/-N-It=ll',  a.     Having  the  manners  of  a  hoiden. 
IKJIST,  V.  t.     [Originally  hoisei  but  corrupted  perhaps 

beyond  remedy.    G.hissen;    D.hysscn;    i^w.  hi^sa; 

Han.hisctr;    Fr.  isscr;    Arm.  ifta;    i^p.  irur,-    Port. 

icar.    This  appears  by  the  Germp 

the  same  word  as  hrat;  which  see.] 

1.  To  raise  ;  to  lift. 
We'll  quickly  hoi*l  Duke  Humplirey  from  Iili  s'-al.        Sliok. 

In  popnlar  Innguase,  it  is  a  word  of  general  appli- 
cation, IJut  tiiu  word  has  two  appropriate  uses,  one 
by  seamen,  ami  the  other  by  milkmaids,  vi/.. 

2.  To  raise,  to  lift  or  bear  upward  by  means  of 
tackle;  and  to  draw  up  or  raise,  as  a  sail  along  tlio 
nu-ust  or  Slays,  or  as  a  flag,  though  by  a  single  block 
onlT.    HoUt  tlie  main-sail,    //oiit  tlie  Hag. 

'  Mar.  Diet. 

X  To  lift  and  move  tlie  leg  backward  ;  a  word  of 
connnand  used  by  milkmaids  to  co-.v«,  when  they 
wish  thciii  to  lift  and  set  back  the  right  ieg. 
II0IST.7i.  Ininarinc  lanfruaffcVAG  perpendicular  higlit 
of  a  Hag  or  sail,  as  opposed  to  the^Ij/,  or  breadth  from 
The  slatf  to  the  outer  edge.  Encijc. 

IIOIST'ED, ;»/».    Raised;  lifted  ;  drawn  up. 
H0IST'ING,/'/'r.     Raising;  lifting. 
HOIT,  V.  i.     [Icel.  haiita.]     To  leap  ;  to  caper. 

Bciitim.  tS'  PI' 
HOI'TY  TOI'TY ;  an  exclamation  denoting  surprise 
or  disapprobation  with  some  degree  of  contempt. 

Iloiiy  toilij  I  wli:U  have  1  ti>  da  wllli  dreams  ?  Cov'Teue. 

rau.  Ice.  liaiitijj  to  leap.] 
H0L'€AD,  71.    [Gr.  6X«i^(«i'.] 

in  ancient  Greece,  a  large  ship  of  burden.  Miiford. 
HOLD,  r.  (. ;  jirvt.  Held  ;  -pji.  Held.  Holden  is  obsolete 
in  elegant  writing,  [tiax.  hcaldaii;  G.  haltcn  ;  D. 
}wuden,l  suppressed;  Sw.  halla;  Dan.  holder;  Gr. 
*f(ijXvcj,to  hold, or  restrain;  Heb.  70,  lohold  or  run- 
tain  ;  Ch.  and  Syr.  to  incasuro,that  i-^jlo  limit;  n'?^, 
to  confine,  restrain,  or  shut  up;   Cli.  Syr.  id;  Ar. 

M.*^^  to  keep,  guard,  or  preserve;  Ch. '?:3N',  Intake, 
also,  to  cat,  to  roar,  to  thunder.  [See  Call.]  The  pri- 
mary sense  is,  to  press,  to  strain.  Class  Gl,  No.  IS, 
32,  3G,  40.] 

1.  To  stop;  to  confine:  to  restrain  from  escape; 
to  keep  fast;  to  retain.  It  rarely  or  nuver  signifies 
the  first  act  of  seizing  or  falling  on,  but  the  act  of  re- 
taining a  tiling  when  si-izeii  or  confined.  To  ^rafp, 
is  to  seize,  or  to  keep  fast  in  the  h:inii  ;  hold  coin- 
cides with  <rra.fp  in  the  latter  sense,  but  not  in  the 
former.  We  hold  a  horse  by  means  of  a  bridle.  An 
ancltor  kolds  a  ship  in  her  station. 

2.  To  embrace  and  confine,  with  bearing  or  lift- 
ing, \Vo  hold  an  omnge  in  ilie  hand,  or  a  child  in 
the  arms. 

3.  To  connect ;  to  keep  from  separation. 

The  loops  held  one  ciirtiin  to  ;uiothcr.  —  Kxo<l.  xxxvi. 

4.  To  maintain,  as  an  opinion.  lU  halds  Uv;  doc- 
trine of  justification  by  (tist:  grace. 

5.  To  consider;  to  regard;  to  think;  to  judge, 
tiiat  is,  to  have  in  the  mind. 

I  hold  liim  b«l  .-i  fotil.  Sliok. 

Tlie  I-oril  will  imt  hold  Iiiin  giiiidcss,  tli.it  ta!i-.Oi  li;s  name  iu 
v;un.  — Kxoil.  XJt. 

C.  To  contain,  or  to  Iiavc  capacity  to  receive  and 
contain.  Here  is  an  empty  basket  that  hold^  two 
bushels.  'J'his  empty  cask  holds  tliirty  gallons.  The 
church  holds  two  thousand  people. 

7.  To  retain  wilhin  itself;  to  keep  from  running 
or  flowing  out.  A  vessel  with  holes  in  its  bottom 
will  not  hold  fluids. 

They  li.ivi-  hewed  them  yiit  brukcD  cisterns,  Ihal  can  hold  i\o 
wrUer. — Jer.  ii. 

8.  To  defend;  to  keep  possession  ;  to  maintain. 

With  what  nmw 
Wc  meiui  lo  hold  vvhnl  andciitly  wc  cluim 
Of  empire.  MlUon. 

n.  To  have  ;  as,  to  hold  a  place,  office,  or  title. 

10.  To  have  or  po^isess  by  title ;  ns,  he  held  his 
lands  of  the  king.  The  estate  is  held  by  copy  of 
court-rotl. 

11.  To  refrain  ;  to  stop;  to  restrain  ;  to  withhold. 
Hold  your  laughter.     Hold  your  tongue. 

Di-.iUi  I  what  ilu'sl  ?     0,  hold  thy  blow.  Cnuhfiw. 


12.  To  keep  ;  as,  hold  your  peace. 
\X  To  fir;   to  confine;  to  compel  to  observe  or 
fulfil :  as,  to  hnhl  one  to  hif'  promise. 
14.  To  confine  ;  to  restrain  from  motion. 


Qltl-' 


The  Mo*i  Ilish- 
VMrxi. 


■held  Mill  the  flood  till  iKi-y  hnil  pasaciL- 


15.  To  confine  ;  tnbind  ;  in  a  legal  or  moral  sense. 
He  is  held  lo  pt-rform  his  covenants, 
in.  To  maintain  ;  lo  retain  ;  to  continue. 

IJiil  -Mill  he  held  liis  piiriiose  to  depart.  Dryden. 


HOL 

17.  To  keep  in  continuance  or  practice. 

And  Nigiit  and  Chuos,  ancestor*  of  NftHiif,  hold 

Kieriud  imai-chy.  MUlon. 

18.  To  continue ;    to  keep ;    to  prosecute  or  car- 
ry on. 

ScciMime  nnd  hcn-est,  heat  niid  lioary  froil, 

Shall  hold  llii.ii  coiuft.^.  Millnn. 

10.  To  have  in  session  ;  as,  to  hold  a  court  or  par- 
liament ;  to  hold  a  council. 

20.  To  celebrate;    to  solemnize;   as,  tn  hold   a 
feast. 

21.  To  maintain  ;  to  sustain  ;  to  have  in  usr  or  is- 
crcisc  ;  as,  to  kohl  an  argument  or  debate. 

22.  To  sustain  ;  to  support. 

Thy  right  hand  sli.dl  hold  mo.  —  P«.  fixxxix 

23.  To  carry  ;  to  wield. 

Tliey  nil  /loiti  swoiik,  bcin^  expert  hi  war.  —  Cant.  iii. 

24.  To  maintain  ;  lo  observe  in  practice 

Yc  hold  the  iraitiliiins  (.f  mm.  —  Mirk  vii. 

2^.  To  last ;  lo  endure.  The  provisions  will  hvld 
us,  till  we  arrive  in  port.  So  wc  say,  the  provisiunji 
will  laat  us  ;  but  llie  phrase  is  elliptical  for  will  hidd, 
or  last/(i/'us,  the  verb  being  intransitive. 

To  hold  forth;  to  olTer  ;  to  exhibit;  lo  propose. 

Oljscrvf  \\\".  cunnrction  of  ii.lc.TS  in  (he  pruposilions  which  l->i)l.8 
hoUlfortii  and  pretend  to  tench.  Locke. 

2,  To  reach  forth  ;  to  put  forward  to  view.  Chn/ne. 
To  hold  ill ;  lo  restrain  ;  to  curb  ;  to  govcm  by  the 
bridle.  Swift. 

2.  To  restrain  in  general ;  to  check  ;  to  repress. 

Hooker. 
To  hold  of;  to  keep  at  a  distance.  Po]te. 

To  hold  an;  to  continue  or  [uoceed  in;  a^,  to /«>M 
on  a  course. 

To  hold  out ;  to  extend  ;  to  stretch  forth. 

The  king  held  oitl  to  F.»dicr  the  goKI-n  sc-ptcr.  —  K-tli-r  v. 

2.  To  propose ;  to  offer. 

Forl'nic  holds  oal  these  lo  yoa  as  rewards.  B.  Joiiscin. 

3,  To  continue  to  do  or  suffer. 

II.?  cnn  not  loiij  hold  out  these  pan^s.     [Xot  used.]       Shah. 

To  hold  over ;  to  remain  in  after  om^'s  term  has  (  x- 
]iired. 

To  hold  up ;  to  raise  ;  as,  hold  up  your  licad. 

2.  To  sustain  ;  lo  support. 

Ih' holds  hiin6:lfii/)ill  viitne.  SHimj. 

3.  To  retain  ;  to  withhold. 

4.  To  ofler;  to  exhibit.  He  held  vp  lo  view  the 
prospect  of  gain. 

5.  To  sustain  ;  to  keep  from  falling. 

To  hold  onc'g  oirn  :  to  keep  good  one's  pre:;ent  con- 
dition ;  not  to  fall  oU",  or  to  lose  ground.  In  .■<eavini\^ 
langmi-jc,  a  ship  holds  her  own,  when  she  sails  as  fa>l 
as  another  ship,  or  keeps  her  course. 

To  hold,  is  used  by  the  Irish,  for  to  Jaij,  as  a  bet,  to 
wager.  I  hold  a  crown,  or  a  dollar;  but  this  is  a 
vulgar  use  of  the  v.'ord. 
HoLD,  V.  i.  To  be  true;  not  to  fad;  to  stand,  as  a 
fact  or  truth.  Tiiis  is  a  sound  Rrgument  in  imiMV 
cases,  but  does  not  hold  in  the  case  under  considei- 
ation. 

The  rule  holds  in  hnds  as  well  as  in  other  tiling?.         Loikf. 

In  this  application,  wc  often  say,  to  hold  true^io 
hold  sromL  The  argument  Iwlds  good  in  both  cases. 
This  Aw/(/jr  true  in  most  cases. 

2.  To  continue  unbroken  or  unsubdued. 

Our  tuic-j  by  laud  liaili  nobly  held.     [Little  used.]  Shiik. 

3.  To  last ;  to  endure.  Bacon. 
We  now  say,  to  hold  oat. 

4.  To  continue. 

While  our  obedience  holds.  ^rdton. 

r>.  To  be  fast ;  to  be  firm  ;  not  to  give  way,  or  p;irt. 
TIic  rope  is  strong;  I  believe  it  will  hold.  The  an- 
chor holds  well. 

G.  To  refrain. 

Ilia  dauntless  heart  would  f^in  have  held 

From  wuepiog.  Dryltn. 

7.  To  stick  or  adhere.    The  plaster  will  not  hold. 

To  hold  forth ;  to  speak  in  public  ;  to  har;mgue  ;  to 
proacli :  to  proclaim.  Vl.^lrange. 

To  hold  in;  to  restrain  one's  self.  He  was  tempted 
to  laugh  ;  lie  could  hardly  hold  in. 

2.  To  continue  in  good  luck,     [Unusual]  HiofL 
To  hold  off:  to  keep  at  a  distance  ;  to  avoid  con- 

nci:iion.  ,  .,, 

To  hold  of;  to  be  dependent  on;  to  derive  title 
from 

My  crown  is  abaolntp,  and  hold«  o/nonc.  Dryden. 

To  hold  on ;  to  continue ;  not  to  be  interrupted. 

Th"  trade  held  on  m^v?  yars.  S'eift. 

9.  To  keep  fast  hold  ;  to  cling  to. 

3.  To  proceed  in  a  course.    Job  xvii. 

To  hold  out:  to  last;  to  endure  ;  to  contmue.  A 
roiisuinptive  constitution  may  hold  out  a  fi-w  years. 
He  will  accomplish  the  work  if  his  strength  hoKLi 

2.  Not  to  yield  ;  not  to  surrender ;  not  to  be  sub- 
dued.   The  garrison  still  held  out.  


PaTE,  far,  FALL,  WHAT.— METE,  PRgY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BOOK.— 


^Bllm. 


Shui. 


HOL 

To  iLohl  to ;  to  cling  or  crcave  to  ;  to  adhere. 

Else  he  \vi!I  hold  Co  ihe  one,  an.I  dospisc  ihe  oUier.  —  M:i[(.  vi. 

To  kolil  under,  or  from :  to  have  title  from  ;  as,  pet- 
ty barons  itotdinir  under  the  "greater  barons. 

To  hold  with  ;  to  adhere  to  ;  to  side  with  ;  to  stand 
up  fur. 

To  hold  plow  ;  to  direct  or  steer  a  plow  hy  the  hand 
in  lilla-ie. 

To  hold  UyneUier  ;  to  b2  joined  ;  not  to  separate  5  to 
remain  in  union.  Dnjdm.     Locke. 

To  hold  up;  to  support  one's  self;  a.«,  to  hold  up 
under  niisfbrtunes. 

"J.  To  cease  rainin?  :  to  cease,  as  falling  weather  ; 
used  impersonally.    It  holds  irp  ;  it  will  hold  up. 

3.  To  continue  the  same  speed  ;  to  run  or  move  as 
last.  CoUicr. 

But  we  now  say,  to  keep  up. 

To  hold  a  wager;  to  lav,  to  stake,  or  to  hazard,  a 
"•ager.  Swift. 

Hold,  used  imperatively,  signiflcs  stop  j  cease ;  for- 
bear ;  be  still. 
Hold,  «.  .\  gmsp  with  the  hand  ;  an  embrace  with 
the  arms;  any  act  or  exertion  of  the  strength  or  limbs 
v/hich  keeps  a  thing  fast  and  prevents  escape.  Keep 
your  hold ;  never  quit  your  hold. 

It  is  much  used  after  the  verbs  to  taJic,  and  to  lay : 
to  take  Itold,  or  to  laif  hold,  is  to  seize.  It  is  used  in  a 
literal  sense  ;  as,  to  take  hold  with  the  bands,  witli 
the  arms,  or  with  the  teeth  ;  or  in  a  figurative  sense. 

.Som-v.-  sliall  rake  hold  on  llie  iiiluiiiuiits  of  Paicsliua Ex.  xv. 

7'ai:e  last  hold  of  iiulrucUon,  —  Prov.  iv. 

My  soui  look  hold  on  Lhee.  Addison. 

3.  Something  which  may  be  seized  for  support; 
that  which  supports. 

If  a  n..in  be  upon  abigij  place,  wiiliouls  good  hold,  he  is  re.iily 
to  I'liJI.  Bico. 

3.  Power  of  keeping. 

On  rour  rigor  now 
Jly  hold  of  this  new  Idngjoin  .ill  3epencU. 

4.  Power  of  seizing. 

The  law  hath  yet  another  hold  on  you. 

5.  A  prison  ;  a  place  of  confinement. 

They  laid  hajidi  on  lliein,  and  pLil  tliora  in  hold  till  tlic  next  day. 
—  Acu  iy.  ' 

G.  Custody  ;  safe  keeping. 

Kin^  Richanl.  he  is  m  tlie  mijiity  hohl 

Of  Bolin^brokc.  Shtz^;. 

7.  Power  or  influence  operating  on  the  mind  ;  ad- 
vantage that  may  be  employed  in  directing  or  per- 
suading another,  or  in  governing  his  conduct. 

i'ear  —  hy  which  God  and  his  laws  laie  tlie  surest  hold  of  us. 

nUolsor'. 
Gives  fo.-!unc  no  more  ftofd  of  liim  Ihan  is  necessary.    Drt/deii. 

8.  Lurking-place  ;  a  place  of  security ;  as,  the  hold 
of  a  wild  beast. 

9.  .K  fortified  place ;  a  fort ;  a  castle  ;  often  called 
a  strontT  hold.     Jer.  li. 

1(1.  The  whole  interior  cavity  of  a  ship,  between 
the  floor  and  tlie  lower  deck.  In  a  vessel  of  one 
deck,  the  whole  interior  space  from  tlie  keel  or  floor 
to  the  deck.  That  part  of  the  hold  which  lies  abaft 
the  raain-inast,  is  called  the  afur-hold:  that  part  im- 
mediately before  the  main-mast,  tlie  r.iain-Iiold ;  that 
part  about  the  fore-hatclnvay,  the  fore-hold.  Mar.  Diet. 
11.  In  music,  a  mark  directing  the  performer  to  rest 
on  the  note  over  which  it  is  placed.  It  is  called  also 
a  pause. 
HoLD'CVCK,  B.    Check  ;  hinderance  ;  restraint. 

Hujmnond. 
2.  The  iron  in  the  thill  of  a  wheel  carriage,  to 
which  a  part  of  the  harness  is  attached,  in  order  to 
enable  the  animal  to  hold  back  the  carriage. 
HoLD'ER,  n.    One  who  holds  or  grasps  in  his  hand, 
or  embraces  with  his  anns. 

2.  A  tenant ;  one  who  holds  land  under  another. 
«    „  Carcw. 

3.  Something  by  which  a  thing  is  held. 

4.  One  who  owns  or  possesses  ;  as,  a  holder  of  stock 
or  shares  in  a  joint  concern. 

5.  In  ^hips,  one  who  is  employed  in  tlie  hold. 
„  Mar.  Diet. 
HOLD'ER-FoPuTH',  >,.    A  haranguer ;  3  preacher. 

Iludibras, 
HoLD'FXST,  11.    A  general  name  of  various  contri- 
vances for  securing  and  holding  things  in  their  place, 
x<  a  long,  flat-headed  nail,  a  catch,  a  hook,  &c. 

Hebert. 
HoLD'ING,  fpr.     Stopping;  confining;  restraining; 

keeping;  retaining;  adhering;  maintaining,  &c. 
HoLD'I.N'G,  n.    A  tenure ;  a  farm  held  of  a  superior. 

Corcw. 

p.  The  burden  or  chorus  of  a  song.  Sliak. 

_  ;!.  Hold  ;  influence  ;  power  over.  Burke. 

Hole,  «.     [Sax.  Iwl ,-  G.  lullde ;  D.  hoi ;  Dan.  hul,  hale  ; 

Sw.hal;   Basque,  ch'doa;  Gr.  jcoiAat,  /coi.Xos.     Qu. 


HOL 


HOL 


IKb.  Sn,  or  Ar.  ^\^  Miala.    Class  Gl,  No.  20,  23.] 

1.  A  hollow  place  or  cavity  in  any  solid  body,  of 
any  shape  or  dimensions,  n.atural  or  artificial.  It  may 
differ  from  a  rent  or  fissure  in  being  wider.  A  cell; 
a  den  ;  a  cave  or  cavern  in  the  earth  ;  an  cjccavation 


in  a  rock  or  tree  ;  a  pit,  &c.    Is.  li.  Ezek.  viii.  JVu/i. 
li.    .MatL  viii. 

2.  A  perloratinn  ;  an  aperture;  an  opening  in  or 
through  a  solid  body,  lcH  in  the  work  or  made  by 
an  instrument. 

Jehoida  took  a  clicst,  and  bored  a  Aofe  in  the  lij  of  il.  — 2 
Kings  xii. 

3.  A  mean  habitation  ;  a  narrow  or  dark  lodging. 

Dryden. 

4.  .\n  opening  or  means  of  escape  ;  a  subterfuge  ; 
in  the  vulgar  phrase,  he  has  a  hole  to  creep  out  at. 

Arm-hole  :  the  ami-pit ;  the  cavity  under  the  shoul- 
der of  a  person.  Bacon. 
_  2.  An  opening  in  a  garment  for  the  arm. 

Hole,  v.  i.     'Va  go  into  a  hole.  B.  Jonstm. 

Hole,  v.  t.    To  cut,  dig,  or  make  a  hole  or  holes  in  ; 
as,  to  hole  a  post  for  the  insertion  of  rails  or  bars. 
2.  To  drive  into  a  bag,  as  in  billiards. 

HOL'I-EaT.     See  Halibut. 

IIOL'I-DAM,  71.  [hoUj  and  dame.}  Blessed  lady,  an 
ancient  oath.  Hanmer. 

HOL'I-D.XY,  rt.  A  day  set  apart  for  commemorating 
some  important  event  in  history  ;  a  festival. 

2.  A  day  of  joy  and  gayety. 

3.  A  day  of  exemption  from  labor;  a  day  of  amuse- 
ment.   JSee  HoLYDAv.j 

HOL'I-D.\Y,  a.     Pertaining  to  a  festival ;  gay. 

Ho'LI-LY,  adc.  [from  holy.]  Piously  ;  with  sanctity. 
2.  S;icredly  ;  inviolably ;  without  breach.  [Liule 
used.]  Shali.     Sidney. 

HS'LI-.VESS,  ji.  [tiomlwhj.]  The  state  of  being  ho- 
ly ;  purity  or  integrity  of  iiioral  character;  freedom 
from  sin  ;  sanctity.  Applied  to  the  Supreme  Being, 
holiness  denotes  perfect  purity  or  integrity  of  moi^l 
character,  one  of  his  essential  attributes. 

Wlio  is  like  tlice,  glorious  in  holiness?  —  Exod.  ly. 

2.  .Applied  to  human  beings,  holiness  is  purity  of 
heart  or  dispositions;  sanctified  atfections ;  piety; 
moral  goodness,  but  not  perfect. 

We  si;e  piety  and  holiness  ridiciUed  as  morose  singularities. 

Jiogeis. 

3.  Sacredness ;  the  state  of  any  thing  hallowed, 
or  consecrated  to  God  or  to  his  worship ;  applied  to 
churches  or  temples. 

4.  That  which  is  separated  to  the  service  of  God. 

Urad  n-as  holiness  unlo  the  Lord.  —  Jcr.  ii. 

5.  .\  title  of  tile  pope,  and  formerly  of  the  Greek 
emperors.  Eneyc. 

HoL'ING-AX,  a.    A  narrow  ax  for  cutting  holes  in 

posts. 
HOL-LoA',)  exclam.    A  word  used  in  calling.    Among 
HOL-Lo',    i      seamen,  it  is  the  answer  to  one  that 

hails,  equivalent  to,  "  I  hear,  and  am  ready."    It  is 

also  written  Holla. 
HOL'LO,  I  (hol'lo  or  liol-lo',)  v.  i.    [Sax.  aldowan.]    To 
HOL'L.'V,  i      call  out  or  exclaim.     [See  IIalloo.J 
HOL'LAND,  «.      Fine  linen  first  manufactured   in 

Holland. 
HOL'L.\ND-ER,  i\.    A  native  of  Holland. 
HOL'LAND-ISII,  a.    Like  Holland. 
HOL'LANDS,  vi.    Gin  made  in  Holland. 
HOL'LE.Y.    See  Holly. 
UOL'LOW,   a.      [Sax.   hoi;    G.   hold;    D.   hoi;    Sw. 

halig ;  lian.hulcd;  Arm.  goullo,  or  /io»//«,  emptied. 

See  Hole.] 

1.  Containing  an  emply  space,  natural  or  artificial, 
within  a  solid  substance  ;  not  solid ;  as,  a  hollow 
tree ;  a  hollow  rock  ;  a  hallow  sphere. 

Holloa  with  boartia  shalt  Ihou  make  it Exod.  xxvii. 

2.  .Sunk  deep  in  the  orbit ;  as,  a  hollow  eye. 

3.  Deep ;  low  ;  resembling  sound  reverberated  from 
a  cavity,  or  designating  such  a  sound ;  as,  a  hollow 
loar.  Dn/den. 

4.  Not  sincere  or  faithful ;  false  ;  deceitful ;  not 
sound  ;  as,  a  hollow  heart ;  a  hollow  friend. 

Milton.     Shal;. 
IIOL'LoVV,  17.     A  cavity,  natund  or  artificial  ;   any 
depression  of  surface  in  a  body ;  concavity ;  as,  the 
hollow  of  the  hand. 

2.  A  place  excavated  ;  as,  the  hollow  of  a  tree. 

3.  .\  cave  or  cavern  ;  a  den  ;  a  hole  :  a  broad,  open 
space  in  any  thing.  SluUc.    Prior. 

4.  A  pit.  Addiwa. 

5.  Open  space  of  any  thing;  a  groove;  a  channel ; 
a  canal.  Addison. 

HOL'LOW,  r.  (.     [Sax.  holian.] 

To  make  hollow,  as  by  digging,  cutting,  or  en- 
graving ;  to  excavate. 


HOL'LoW-LY,  adv.    Insincerely ;  deceitfully.    Uluik. 
HOL'LoW-NESS,  71.      The  state  of   being   liollow  : 

cavrly;  depression  of  surfice  ;  excavation.  Bacmu 
T,,,,;,'-?.".'""^"*''  'leceillulncss  ;  treachery.  SouUi. 
IIOL'LoW-liOOT,  71.    A  plant,  tuberous  moscliatel, 

or  inglorious,  constituting  the  genus  Ado.\a ;  a  low 

plant,  whose  leaves  and  flowers  smell  like  musk : 
..i?",^"-"  "^  st^'metimes  called  musk-crojefooU  Enciic. 
HOL'LoVV-SPAR,  -      '••>—.-■ .--./.     . 

tolde. 


The  mineral  called,  also,  chiia- 


Trees  ladcly  liolloical  did  llic  waves  sustain.  Dnjilcn. 

HOI.'Lo^V  or  HOI^LoW,  r.  i.  To  shout.  [See 
IIoLLA_and  Hollo.]         Dryden.    Addison.     Smart. 

HOL'LoW,  ado.  He  carried  it  hollow,  or  he  beat  all 
hollow ;  that  is,  he  beat  all  his  competitors  without 
ditficulty.     [Colloi/uial.]  Grose. 

HOL'LoW-£D,  ;?;i.  or  a.    Made  hollow  ;  excavated. 

IIOL'Lo\V-E?-/;n,  (-idc,)  a.     Having  sunken  eyes. 

HOL'LOVV-HEART-El),  a.  Insincere;  deceitful; 
not  sound  and  Irue  ;  of  practice  or  sentiment  differ- 
ent from  profession.  Bailer. 

HOL'LoVV-LVG,  ppr.     JIaking  hollow  ;  excavating. 


HOL'LoW-bQLaRE,  71.  A  body  of  foot  soldiers 
drawn  up  to  receive  the  charge  of  cavalrj-,  having 
an  empty  space  in  the  middle  to  receive  the  officers 
orliUery-men,  &c.,  and  protected  on  all  sides  by  1  line 
ol  bayonets. 

"r^'J',^' "•,  f'"''^-  ''"''?";  D-  I'alst:  perhaps  L.  act, 
lor  hdei.  In  \\  elsh,  the  corresponding  word  is  celm, 
from  the  root  of  celu,  to  conceal,  L.  celo.  The  Utx 
m  Sw.,  is  called  iVoii  oak.] 

The  holm-tree,  of  the  genus  Ilex,  of  several  spe- 
cies. The  common  holly  grows  from  20  to  30  feet 
liigli ;  the  stem,  by  age,  becomes  large,  and  is  cov 
ered  with  a  grayish,  smooth  bark,  and  set  with 
branches  which  form  a  sort  of  cone.  The  leaves  are 
oblong  oval,  of  a  lucid  green  on  the  upper  surface, 
but  pale  on  the  under  surface;  the  edges  are  indent- 
ed and  waved,  with  sharp  thorns  terminating  each  of 
the  points.  The  flowers  grow  in  clusters,  and  are 
succeeded  by  roundish  berries,  which  turn  to  a  beau- 
tiful red  about  Michaelmas.  This  tree  is  a  beautiful 
evergreen.  Encrje. 

2.  The  holm  oak,  Quercus  ilei,  an  evergreen  oak  • 
often  called  liolbj-oalt.  p.  Cue.    Brandt. 

Knee-liolly;  a  plant,  the  butcher's  iiroom,  of  the 
genus  Ruscus. 
Sea-holly;  a  plant  of  the  genus  Eryn"ium. 

IIOL'LY-HOCK,  71.     [Sax.  holihoc] 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Althtca,  bearing  flowers  of 
various  colors.    It  is  called,  also,  rose-mallnc. 

HOL'LY-RoSE,  71.     A  scentless  plant.  Smart 

HoL.M,  71.    The  evergreen  oak  ;  the  ilex. 

2.  An  islet,  or  river  isle. 

3.  A  low,  flat  tract  of  rich  land  on  the  banks  of  a 
river.  q 

HoLM'lTE,  71.  A  variety  of  carbon.ate  of  lime  ■  so 
called  from  Mr.  Holme,  who  analyzed  it.     [  Obsolete.] 

IIOL'O-CAUST,  n.  [Gr.  JX^s,  whole,  mT^aT/r'ou 
burnt,  trom  Kaiio,  to  burn.] 

A  burnt  sacrifice  or  offering,  the  whole  of  which 
was  consumed  by  fire  ;  a  species  of  sacrifice  in  use 
among  the  Jews  and  some  pagan  nations. 

HOL'O-GRAPH,  71.  [Gr.  oAos,  whole,  an"d  ypa.Z''to 
write.]  'r   7-    ) 

A  deed  or  testament  written  wholly  bv  the  grantor's 
or  testtitor's  own  hand.  '         Encyc 

HOL-O-GR  APH'ie,  a.     Written  wholly  by  the  grantor 

or  testator  himself. 
HOL-0-He'DRAL,  a.    [Gr.  oXof,  whole,  and  l6oa, 
face.] 

In  mineralogy,  a  term  applied  to  a  cn-stal  with  all 
the  similar  edges  or  angles  similarly  replaced. 

Dana. 
HO-LOM'E-TER,  n.     [Gr.  b\o;,  all,  and  pcroso,,  to 
measure.] 

An  instrument  for  taking  all  kinds  of  measures, 
both  on  the  earth  and  in  the  heavens  ;  a  pantomeler. 

HoLP,  noLP'£X,  the  antiquated  prel.  and  pp.  of 
Help. 

HoL'STER,  71.  [Sax.  heolster,  a  hiding-place  or  re- 
cess; Port,  coldrc;  from  holding,  or  concealina  L. 
celo.  Sax.  hclan.]  "  " 

A  leathern  case  for  a  pistol,  carried  by  a  horseman 
at  the  fore  part  of  his  saddle. 

HoL'STER-£D,  a.  Bearing  holsters ;  as,  a  liolstered 
steed.  Bin-on. 

IIOLT,  71.     [Sax.  Iiolt,  Ir.  coillle,  W.  edit,  a  wood,  from 
the  root  of  Sax.  hdan,  L.  celo,  W.  celu,  to  hide,  to 
keep  close;  a  word  retained  in  names.] 
A  wood  Of  woodland  ;  obsolete,  except  in  poelrj'. 

„,,,,,  Drayton.     Browne. 

IIo'LY,  a.  [Sax.  halig ;  G.  and  D.  heUig  ;  Sw.  Actt.r  ; 
Dan.  hellig  ;  from  the  root  of  heal,  liold,  whole,  and 
all;  Sax.  hal,  G.  heil,  D.  heel,  Sw.  krl,  Dan.  heel, 
whole.  See  Heal  .ind  Hold,  and  Class  Gl,  No.  31, 
35,  42.  The  sense  is  whole,  entire,  complete,  soiuid!  '. 
unimpaired.] 

1.  Properly,  whole,  entire,  or  perfect,  in  a  moral  ' 
sense.    Hence,  pure  in  heart,  temper,  or  dispositions.  1 
free  from  sin  and  sinful  affections,    .\pplied  to  the 
Supreme  Being,  holy  signifies  perfectly  pure,  imniac-  ; 
ulate,  and  complete,  in  moral  character  ;  and  man  is   i 
more  or  less  holy,  as  his  heart  is  mors  or  less  sancti- 
fied, or  purified  from  evil  disfiositions.    We  call  a 
man  holy,  when  his  heart  is  conformed  in  some  de- 
gree to  the  image  of  God,  and  his  life  is  regulated 
by  the  divine  precepts.    Hence,  holy  is  used  as  nearly 
synonymous  with  good,  pioits,  godly. 

Be  ye  holy ;  for  I  am  Ao.'y.  —  I  Pet.  i. 

2.  Hallowed  ;  consecrated  or  set  apart  to  a  sacred 
use,  or  to  the  service  or  worship  of  God ;  a  sense 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE. -AN"CER,  VI"CIOUS.-e  Qs  K ;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  fis  in  THIS. 


557 


HOM 


HOM 


ftMijrni  In  NcrliHure ;  M.  Ilif  »ol»  SnliliaUi ;  holji 


I 

c.- 


'  .1  holy  imtiou  ;  Itie  A»/y  lonip! 

in  piou*  prlnciplcii,  or  (llrectcU  to 
,  Atf/y  rt-nl. 

nj,  llio  haty  law  of 


ana  ^khI  ; 


lb- 

CCI   * 

110'! 

tU'U 

ph."       ■ 

th 
110' 1. 
UCi. 

xxxtii. 
HO'lA-noOD,  Ti. 

oHf-  ;  '•  -    '  ■■   '■ 
trir 

110'! 

II..:, 
110' !.\ 

cl.  ^ 

If 
110' I 

Wit 

IIO  I 


(he  Inncrmn-i 

■  r  tcfiijil*',  \\  1 

.r. 
rii:  the  ilivlnc  5i|)irll ;  tlio 

.    .    .1..     J...,^i..-,.  .-  .1-  -„i|Is. 

■       lloly 
n  cni- 

<  I'll  ill  St 

rU'tnili 

aiiw-T. 

,  ,„  .^ .  .  L-ipii-m- 

.;,  In  mouior}'  ot  lin'  i-xnll:i- 
Brawle. 
u.     <  lucl  from  excess  of  Iioline*?. 
Sfiai:. 
A  religious  fcstivnl;  BomciiniL*:*  :ip- 
'  nf  any  kind,  for  which  IIolidav  is 
iio  term. 

I.    A  iinnie  fur  the  Inquisition. 
1,)  n.    An  appellation  of  the  Su- 
",  :iv  of  rnipha^i-*. 
II  (>f  Chri.-t.    li.  .\Iiii. 
icj  to  Uie  twrvlcc  of  God.    Deut. 

Tho  crosa  or  crucifix,  iKirlicul.irly 
Tirin  Catholic  churches,  ovlt  Iho  cn- 
■el. 
li'  palace  In  Kdinburgh,  the  word 

■rood.     Smart.] 
\  ,n.    A  fcsliva!  observed  on  the 
'inber,  in  ineniory  of  thr  csalta- 
•'  cross.  Bramle. 

A  stone  uiicd  by  seamen  for 
of  shipi  ;  eo  cMeA  In  derision,  it 
-like  of  se:inicn  tu  use  iL  ToUciu 
t.  To  scnib  tlie  deck  of  a  vessel 
t>v  seamen  fur  this  purpose. 
.  C-tliis'l,)  n.    A  plant  of  Uic  ge- 


'[  :Ic,  Ctntaurm  betirdicta.         Cye. 

IIO'IA  •  >••  i.*.t\V,n.  The  ilny  on  which  tho  as- 
cension  ol  onr  f*avior  is  coainioutomlcd,  ten  days  be- 
fore Whiuuiiliiie.  Johtuon. 

nO'Ly-\V,\-TEK,n.  In  the  Orak  and  Roman  CaOwUc 
eMurdus,  water  which  ha^  l)ceu  coni^ecrntcd  by  the 
prn^  to  sprinkle  (he  fuitJiful,  and  things  used  for 
holy  purprwc!*. 

lIo'LV-U'KEK,  Ti.  The  week  before  Easter,  in  wliich 
the  Tuuiiion  of  our  Savior  is  comnieniunLtcd.  JoIulsoh. 

IIO'LV-WRIT,  f-rit,)  n.    The  sacred  Scriptures. 

llUll'AfiK,  n.  [Fr.  humiaaffe  ;  &p.  homenage }  iLomag- 
•rio  ;  iiowx  L.,  Aomo,  nian.1 

1.  \i\  feudallaie^  tile  submission,  loyalty,  and  ser- 
vice which  a  tenant  promised  to  his  lord  or  sujierior, 
when  first  admitted  to  tho  land  which  ho  iield  of 
him  in  fee  ;  or  ratlicr  the  act  of  the  tenant  in  making 
this  submission,  or  beinc  invented  with  the  fee.  The 
ceremony  of  doing  iwaianc  was  thus  performed.  Tiie 
tenant,  being  ungirt  and  uncovurcd,  kneeled  and 
held  up  both  his  hands  between  those  of  the  lord, 
who  sal  before  him,  and  there  profLSsed  that  "  he  did 
become  Uis  man,  from  that  day  forth,  of  life,  and  limb, 
and  eartlily  honor,"  and  tlicn  received  a  kiss  from 
hU  lord.  Blackstonc. 

2.  Obeisance  ;  respect  paid  by  external  action. 

OOf  fi  **ih  hoaiAgt  yon  proud  vurori  mwl.  DrytUn. 

X  Kevercnce  directed  to  the  Supreme  Being;  rev- 
prrntial  worship;  devout  afloction. 

HO.M'.VtE,  r. '.  'i"o  pay  rcspicl  to  by  external  action  ; 
to  Bivc  rrvcrt-ncr  to  ;  lo  profess  fualtj'-. 

IH>M'A0L:-A-IJLE,  a.    :;uhjecl  to  homace.    Howdl. 

IH.iM'A-0;i:it,  n.  One  who  docs  homage,  or  holds 
land  t)f  another  bv  homapc.  Bacon 

IIOM'UEJIG'S  PY^ROPH'O-RUS.  An  inflammable 
cnmpmiliun  whose  essential  in;;redient  is  sulphurel 
of  putassium  in  a  itale  of  minute  division.  Turner. 

nO.ME,  n.  [.-'ax.  ham;  G.  and  D.  hrim;  Sw.  hem; 
Dan.  hiem;  Gr.  cujirj ;  properly,  :i  house,  a  close 
place,  or  place  of  rest.  Hence  hamUt,  Ft.  hameau, 
.\tm.  hamell.  The  primarj-  sense  is  probably  to  in- 
close, to  cover,  or  lu  make  fast.  Deri^'atives  in  G. 
D.  3w.  and  Dan.  nignify  secret  close ;  and  we  say 
10  bring  heme  arguments,  that  is,  press  them  close  ■ 
to  drive  Aa««a  nail,  tec  If  the  radical  sense  is  closed 

it  may  be  from  tha  lamo  root  as  .\r.  t^^J*  kamai^  to 

cover.    Hee  CHi:Mi«TBT,and  Class  Gm,  No.  7,  9,  20, 

1.  .\  dwelling-boose  ;  the  house  or  plac*  in  which 
one  resides.    He  was  not  at  hoiae. 

Tbeo  Oie  drcple*  wcol  «»-ay  tLgain  to  their  own  home. 
Worj-*  L»  iV  cfcf n^t  r^fu*c  of  otrr  be. 


-John 
DryUn. 


2.  One's  own  country.    Let  oHairs  at  home  be  well 
managed  by  the  administration, 
a.  Tho  place  of  constant  residence ;  the  seat. 

PI.\iw1rii,  ly  iV«ii(y,  ina<l':  iht  homt  of  war.  Prior. 

•i.  Tho  grave ;  death  ;  or  a  ftiture  state. 

Man  go?Ui  lo  hb  long  honu.  —  Eccles.  xll. 
S.  The  present  state  of  existence. 

Wfilht  v/p  are  at  Aoiiw  in  the  boily,  we  are  absent  from  the  Lord. 
— i  Cur.  T. 

,21  home;  at  one's  own  house,  or  lodgings. 
To  be  at  Iiome ;  to  bo  conversant  with  what  is  fa- 
miliar. 
HOME,  a.    Pertaining  lo  one's  dwelling  or  country 
donie.'*lic  ;  as,  home  manufactures. 
2.  Closo  J  severe  ;  poigitanl ;  as^  a  home  thrust. 
nO.ME,  adv.    [Tliis  is  merely  elliptical,  to  being  omit 
ted.] 

1.  To  one's  own  habitation ;  as  in  tho  phrases,  go 
homo,  come  home,  bring  Aohu*,  carry  home, 

2.  To  one's  own  countrj'.  Home  is  opposed  to 
abroad,  or  in  a  foreign  country.  My  brother  will  re- 
turn home  in  Ihc  first  ship  from  India. 

3.  Close  J  closely  ;  to  tho  point ;  as,  this  consider- 
ation comes  home  io  our  interest,  that  is,  it  nearly  af- 
fects it.    Drive  the  nail  home,  that  is,  drive  it  close. 

To  haul  home  the  to[>-sail  sheets,  in  scamoCs  Ian- 
g'uage,  is  to  draw  tlu^  bottom  of  the  tojhsail  close  to 
tlie  yard-arm  by  means  of  tlie  sheets. 

An  anchor  is  said  to  come  home^  when  it  loosens 
from  the  ground  by  tho  violence  ot  the  wind  or  cur- 
rent, &c. 
HOiME'-BORN,  fl.    Native;  natural.  Donne. 

2.  Domestic  ;  not  foreign.  Pope. 

HOME'-IJOUND,  fl.     See  HoMEWARo-nouND. 
HOME'-liRED,a.  Native;  natural ;  tts^homc-brcd  lusts. 

Ifammond. 
2.  Domestic;   originating  at  home;   not  foreign; 
as,  home-bred  evil.  Spenser. 

',i.  Plain ;  rude  ;  artless  ;  uncultivated ;  not  polished 
by  travel. 

Only  to  me  two  komt-bred  youths  boloii^.  Dryaen. 

HOME'-BUILT,  (-bilt,)  a.    Ruilt  in  our  own  country. 

Jefferson, 
HoME'-DRIV'£N,  a.     Driven    home,  as    a  blow; 

driven  closelv. 
Ho.ME'-DWELL'ING,  a.     Dwelling  at  home. 
HuME'-FELT,  a.   Felt  in  one's  own  breast ;  inward  ; 
private;  as,  home-felt  joys  or  delight. 

JilUtoji.    Pope. 
HoME'-KEEP-ING,  a.     Staying  at  home;  not  gatl- 

ding.  Shak. 

HOME'LESS,  a.    Dtjstitute  of  a  home. 
HO.ME'LI-ER,  a.  eomp.     More  homely. 
H6M  r:'Lf-EST,  a.  stipcrl.     Most  hon'ielv. 
HOME'LI-LV,  adv.     Itndely  ;  inelegantly. 
HOME'LI-NESS,?;.     [from  homely.]    Plainness  of  fea- 
lirres  ;  want  of  beauty.    It  expresses  less  tiian  Ug- 
liness. 
2.  Rudeness ;    coai-scness ;    as,  the  homeliness   of 
•    dress,  or  of  sentiments.  .Addison. 

H0.ME'-LOT,  n.    An  inclosnre  on  or  near  which  the 

mansion-house  stands.    [Jlmerica.] 
lIOi^IE'LV,  fl.    [from  home.]     OHgtnalhj^  belonging  to 
home ;    domestic ;    hence,  of  plain    features ;    not 
liandsomu  ;    as,  a  homely  face.      It    expresses  less 
than  L'<;i,T. 

Let  lime,  which  nirtkes  yoit  homely,  maku  yon  wise. 
9.  Plaui ;  like  that  wliich  is  made  for  common  do- 
mestic use;  rude;  coarse;  not  fine,  or  elegant;  as, 
a  Iiomely  garment ;  a  homely  house  ;  homely  fare. 

Now  Slrcphoii  tl.-xily  eiitcrtaina 

His  Chloc  m  the  homeliest  stniins.  Pope. 

UQ^IE'IaY  y  ads.    Plainly;  mdcly  ;  coarsely;  as,/wne- 

ly  dressed.     [LitUe  used.] 
UoME'LYN,  n.     A  species  of  fi.-!;. 
Ho.ME'-.M.aDK,  a.  Made  at  homt  ;  being  of  domestic 

manufacture;  made  either  iii  private  families,  or  in 

one's  own  country.  Locke. 

HO-ME-0-PATH'ie,  a.    Pertaining  or  belonging  to 

honieopathv. 
IlO-.ME-O-PATII'ie-AL-EV,  odi.-.    In  the  method  of 

homeopathy. 
IIO-ME-OP'A-THIST,  it.    A  believer  in  hoineonutJjv. 
HO-ME-OP'A-THY.    n.      [Gr.  b,ioto7Ta9cui ;  buoioi, 

like,  and  iratioij  alfection.] 
The  doctrine  or  theory  of  curing  diseases  with 

very  minute  doses  of  medicine,  by  producing  in  the 

|>atient  aflections  similar  to  those  of  the  disease. 

Jiled.  and  Surir,  Joum. 
HO'^IER,     )  II.    A  Hebrew  measure  containing,  as  a 
€Ho'MER,  I     liijuid  measure,  ten  haOis,  and  as  a  dry 

measure,  ten  cphalis.  Oeseniits. 

nO-.MER'I€,  a.    Pertaining  to  liomer,  the  great  poet 

of  Greece,  or  to  his  poetry  ;  resembling  Homer's 

verse. 
IIOME'SICK,  a.    Depressed  in  spirits,  or  grieved  at  a 

separation  from  home. 
HOME'SICK-XE.SS,  ii.     In  medicine,  nostalgia,  grief, 

or  depression  of  spirits,  occasioned  by  a  separation 

from  one's  home  or  country. 
HOME'-SPkAK-ING, 


HOM 

HOME'SPU.X,  a.     Spun  or  wrought  at  home;  of  do- 
mestic nianufactinc.  Swijl. 
12.  Nut  made  in  foreign  countries.             ^^ddison. 
3.  Plain;  coarse;  rude;  homely;  not  elegant ;  as, 
a  homespun  English  proverb  ;  a  homespun  author. 

l>njden.    ^^ddison. 
HoME'SPUN,  n.    Cloth  made  at  home  ;  as,  he  Wiis 
dressed  in  Jufiitespim. 
2.  A  coarse, unpolished,  rustic  person.         Shak. 
IIO.ME'STALL,  J  H.  The  place  of  a  mansion-lujuse ; 
HoME'STEAD,  i      llie  inclosure  or  grouiul  inniK-di- 
alely  connected  with  the  mansion.  Dryden 

2.  Native  seat ;  original  station,  or  place  of  resi- 
dence. 

We  can  trace  tliem  back  to  a  homestead  on  the  Rivera  Vclen  nnd 


H0.^ 


[In  the  United  States,  Homestead  is  the  word  used.] 
ME'WARD,  adv.     [Sox.  ham  and  iccard,] 
'J'oward  home  ;  toward  one's  habitation,  or  toward 
one's  native  country.  Sidney.     Milton. 

H6-ME'\VARD-i;0UND,n.    Bound   or  directing  the 
course  homeward,  or  lo  one's  native  land;   as,  the 
hoianmrd-bound  fleet.    We  spoke  a  brig  homeirard- 
bound, 
HOM'I-CI-DAL,  fl.     [from  homicide,]     Pertiining  to 

homicide  ;  murderous  ;  bloody. 
HOM'I-CIDE,  n.  [Ft.,  from  L.  homicidium ;  /iymo,nian, 
and  caidt),  to  strike,  to  kill.] 

1.  The  killing  of  one  man  or  human  being  by  an- 
"  other.     Homicide  is  of  three  kinds —ju.-^tijlablc,  c:^ 

disable,  and  felonious ;  justifiable,  when  it  proceeds 
from  unavoidable  necessity,  without  an  intention  to 
kill,  and  without  negligence  ;  ezcusablc,  wlien  it  hai>- 
pens  from  misadventure,  or  in  self-defense  ;  felonious, 
when  it  proceeds  from  malice,  or  is  done  in  the  pros- 
ecution of  some  unlawful  act,  or  in  a  sudden  pas- 
sion. Homicide  committed  with  premeditated  mal- 
ice, is  murder.  Suicide,  also,  or  self-murder,  is 
felqnious  homicide.  Homicide  comprehends  murder 
and  manslaughter.  Blocksto7ic 

2.  A  persou  who  kills  another ;  a  manslayer. 

f)ri!dcn. 
HOM-I-LET'ie,         I  a.  [Gr,  bpi\T}TiKOi,  from  SpiMio. 
HOM  t-LET'IG-AL,  (      to  converse  in  company.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  familiar  intercourse  ;  social;  con- 
versable ;  companionable.     [Rare,]  AUerbury. 

2.  Pertaining  to  liomiletics. 
HOM-I-LET'ieS,  n.    The  science  which  teaches  the 

principles  of  adapting  the  discourses  of  the  pulpit 
lo  the  spiritual  benefit  of  the  iiearers.  It  is  a  part  of 
practical  theolog)-.  E.  T.  Pitch. 

HOI^l'I-LIST,  n.   One  that  preaches  to  a  congregation. 

Bcaiim.  »5'  ^V. 

HOM'I-LY,  n.  [Fr.  homclic;  Sp.  homUia;  It.  omeiia; 
Gr.  oju\ia,  i"rom  'o}i.i\tw,  to  converse  in  company, 
6/i(Xo?,  a  company  or  assembly.] 

A  discourse  or  sermon  read  or  pronounced  to  an 
audience. 

Tiie  Book  of  nomilics,  in  the  English  church,  is  a  col- 
lection of  plain  sermons,  which  was  prepared  at  the 
time  of  the  Reformation,  to  be  preached  by  those  of 
the  inferior  clergy  who  were  not  qualified  to  compose 
discourses  themselves. 

HO-M'I-Ny,  7!.  [Indian.]  In  jim/rica,  maize  hulltd 
and  broken,  but  coarse,  prepared  for  food  by  being 
mixed  with  water  and  boiled.  Adair. 

HO.M'MOCK,  n.  [I  suppose  tliis  to  be  an  Indian 
word.] 

A  hillock,  or  small  eminence  of  a  conical  form, 
sometimes  covered  with  trees.      Bertram.    Encyc. 

HOAI-O-CEN'TRie,  a.    [Gr.  0/-05  and  klvtoov.] 
Having  the  same  center. 

HO-MOG'A-MOUS,  a,  [Gr.  0^35,  the  same,  and  ;  a- 
poi,  mari'iage.] 

In  botany,  having  the  same  essential  parts  of  fruc- 
tification. 

HO-MO-Ge'NE-AL,    I  a.     [Fr.  homogene;  Gr.  bpo}C- 

HO-MO-GK'NE-OUtS,  j  w/s  ;  V^S)  the  same,  and 
}ivji,  kind.] 

Of  the  same  kind  or  nature ;  consisting  of  similar 
parts,  or  of  Citments  of  the  like  nature.  Thus  we 
nay,  homogeneous  particles,  elements,  or  principle's; 
homogeneous  bodies. 

HO-MO-Gr-'NE-AL-NESS,  )  icords  not  to  be  eneour- 

HO-MO-GE-Nl;'I-TY;  j     aged,  equivalent  to 

HO-MO-Ge'NE-OUS-NESS,  71.  Sameness  of  kind  or 
nature. 

IIOM'O-t^E-NY,  M.  Joint  nature.  Bacon. 

HOM-OI-OP'TO-TON,  n,  [Gr.  bpoio;,  like,  and  -rw- 
Tos,  falling.] 

A  figure  in  rhetoric,  in  which  the  several  parts  of 
a  sentence  end  with  the  same  case,  or  a  tense  of  like 
sound. 

HO-MOI-OU'SI-AN,  «.  or  a.  [Gr.  bpoiovotusy  o/ioioy, 
similar,  and  ovaia,  being.] 

In  church  history,  a  term  applied,  in  the  fourth  cen- 
tury, to  those  Arians,  who  held  that  the  Son  was  like 
the  Father  in  essence,  but  not  the  same.      Brandc. 

HO-MOL'0-G-\TE,  v.  f.     [It.  omologare:  Fr.  lutmolo- 
gucr;  Gr.  bpoi^oyeto;  6/iOs,  the  same,  and  Xeyio,  to 
speak.] 
To  approve  ;  to  allow.       Wheatonh  Rep.  vol.  iv. 


speaking 


,,__      ,  to  allow.       --   , 

Forcible    and    efficacious    HCJ-.'M0-L06'I€-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  homolog:>' ;  hav- 


Milton. 


ing  a  structural  affinity. 


DatuL 


Fate,  far,  fall,  Wn^T.-aiETE,  PREY.-KNE.  MARYNE,  bird. -note,  POVJE.  move,- wolf,  liOQK.- 


553 


HON 


HON 


HON 


HO-MOL'O-GOUS,  a,    [Gr.  hnog,  ihe  saine,  and  Xo- 
jo?,  proportion.] 

Having:  the  same  ratio  or  proportion.  In  geometry, 
it  is  applied  to  those  sides  of  similar  figures  whicb, 
bein^  opposite  to  ecjual  and  corresponding  angles,  are 
proportional  to  each  other.  Brandt. 

The  hamolo^oii^  terms  of  a  proportion  are  eitlier 
the  two  antecedents  or  the  two  consequents.  J.  Day. 
HO-MOL'0-CY,  71.  In  physical  science^  affinity  depend- 
ing on  structure,  and  not  merely  on  similarity  of  form 
or  use.  Dana. 

HOM'O-XY,  n.    See  Homint. 
HOM'0-XYM,  71.    [Gr.  6/105  and  ovoi^a.] 

A  term  applied  to  words  which  are  the  same  in 
sound,  but  differ  in  signification;  as  the  noun  bear 
and  the  verb  to  bear,  Brande. 

HO-MOX'Y-MOUS,  a.  [Gr.  o/iwvu/ios  ;  6;/oj,  thesame, 
and  ■7i'o;(u,  name.] 

Equivocal;  ambiguous;  that 'has  different  signifi- 
cations, or  may  be  applied  to  different  tilings.  Watts. 
HO-MOX'Y-MOUS-LY,  adv.  In  an  equivocal  manner. 

Harris. 
HO-MOX'Y-MY,  n.    [Gr.  hnwvvitia.    See  supra.] 
Ambiguity ;    equivocation.     Sameness    between 
words  which  differ  in  signification ;  ambiguity. 

Joknson. 
HO-MO-OU'SI-AN,  n.  or  a.    [Gr.  hti'tovaios ;  iifiost  t^e 
same,  and  ov^ta,  being.l 

In  church  history  J  a  term  applied,  in  the  fourth  cen- 
turj',  to  those  who  maintrJned  tiiat  the  Son  had  the 
sjme essence  with  the  Fatlier;  opposed  to  Homoiou- 
siA.v.  Brande. 

nOil'O-PHONE,  n.    [Fr.,  from  Gr.  hito^  and  0(oc>7.] 
A  letter  or  character  expressing  a  like  sound  with 
another.  Gliddon. 

H0-3I0PH'0-N0US,  a.  [Gr.  6//0;,  the  same,  and 
(^'.-ji/Tj,  tone.] 

Eeing  of  the  same  pitch ;  in  unison ;  expressing 
the  same  sound  or  letter. 
HO-MOPH'0-NY,  n.    [Gr.  hfio^^  the  same,  and  0tji/j;, 
sound.] 

Sameness  of  sound.    Among  the  GrreeJcs,  a  kind  of 
music  performed  in  unison,  in  opposition  to  A>tiph- 
oNr. 
HO-MOT'0-XOUS,  a.  [Gr.  hjifJi,  the  same,  and  rafoj, 
tone.] 

Equable ;  of  the  same  tenor ;  applied  to  diseases 
zchich  luize  a  uniform  tenor  ofrioXj  state,  or  dedension. 

Qitiitaj. 
HO-:MOT'RO-PAL,  a.    [Gr,  o/ioy,  the  same,  and  -po-r}, 
a  turning.] 

In  botany,  a  terra  used  in  describing  the  direction 
of  bodies,  to  denote  any  one  Iiaving  the  same  direc- 
tion as  the  body  to  which  it  belongs,  but  not  being 
straight.  Brande. 

HoXE,  n.  [Sw.  hen,  a  hone  ;  Sax,  ]uenan,  to  stone. 
The  word  is  found  in  the  Greek  nKtyvri ;  and  in  two 
dialects  of  the  Bunnan  empire, /liw,  Afen,  signifies  a 
stone.    .^sioL  Researches,  5,  228.    We  find  the  word 

also  in  the  SjTiac  11  ni  akana,  a  hone,  coticula.  La- 
pis Lydius.     CasU  Hrpt.  213.] 

A  stone  of  a  fine  grit,  used  for  sharpening  instru- 
ments that  require  a  fine  edge,  and  particularly  for 
selling  razors. 

[We  never,  I  believe,  call  a  hone  a  whetstone.  The 
latter  is  a  stone  of  coarse  grit.    See  the  word.] 

noXE,  V.  L  To  rub  and  sharpen  on  a  hone ;  as,  to 
hoiie  a  razor. 

HoXE,  r.  i.     [Q,u.  W.  Aawn,  eager.] 
To  pine  ;  to  long.    [Obs.] 

HoX'£D,  pp.    Sharpened  on  a  hone. 

HoXE  ^v6RT,  71.  An  umbelliferous  plant  of  the  ge- 
nii^  Sison. 

HOX'EST,  (on'est,)  a.  [Fr.  honncte,  for  ftonestc;  Sp. 
and  Port,  honcslo  ;  It.  oncsto ;  from  L.  /wnestus,  from 
lioTtos,  honor.'] 

1.  Upright ;  just ;  fair  in  dealing  v/ith  others  ;  free 
from  trickishness  and  fraud  ;  acting  and  having  the 
disposition  to  act  at  all  times  according  to  justice  or 
correct  moral  principles  ;  applied  to  persoiis. 

An  honest  man's  the  noblest  work  of  God.  Pope. 

An  Aoncjr  physician  l&iv*  hb  p;t6<:nt,  when  he  ran  contribute 
wo  CirAcr  to  ius  lieallb.  Tetnplt. 

2.  Fair  ;  just ;  equitable  ;  free  from  fraud  ;  as,  an 
honest  transaction  ;  an  honest  transfer  of  property. 

3.  Frank  ;  sincere;  unreserved;  according  to  truth; 
as,  an  honest  confession. 

4.  Sincere ;  proceeding  from  pure  or  just  princi- 
ples, or  directed  to  a  good  object ;  as,  an  honest  inqui- 
ry after  truth  ;  an  hanesl  endeavor ;  honest  views  or 

5.  Fair ;  good  ;  unimpeached.  [motives. 

Se*:k  seven  mco  of  honest  report.  —  Acts  vi. 

6.  Decent ;  honorable,  or  suitable. 

hroTiile  ihinp  Aoneil  in  the  sight  of  all  men. — Rom.  xii. 

7.  Chaste ;  faithflil. 

Wives  may  be  ineiiy,  and  yet  honett  too.  Shak. 

With  reference  to  this  last  sense,  a  man  who  mar- 
ries his  concubine  is  still  said  to  make  an  honest 
woman  of  her.  Smart. 

nON'EST,  (on'est,)  v.  L  To  adorn  ;  to  grace.  A-of 
'"«'^  ]  Sandys. 


H0X-E3-Ta'TI0X,  n.  Adornment ;  grace.  [JVot  used.] 

Mountagu. 
H0X'E3T-LY,  (on'est-Iy,)  adv.     UprighHy  ;  justly  ; 
with  integrity  and  fairness ;  as,  a  contract  honestly 
made. 

9.  With  frank  sincerity ;  without  fraud  or  disguise ; 
according  to  truth  ;  as,  to  confess  konestly  one's  real 
design. 

3.  By  upright  means ;  with  upright  conduct ;  as,  to 
live  honestly. 

4.  Chastely ;  with  conjugal  loyalty  and  fidelity. 
HOX'ES-TY%  (on'es-ty,)  ».     [Fr.  honnctete;  L.  hones- 

tas.] 

1.  In  principle,  an  upright  disposition  ;  moral  recti- 
tude of  heart ;  a  disposition  to  conform  to  justice  and 
correct  moral  principles,  in  all  social  transactions. 
In  faet,  upright  conduct ;  an  actual  conformity  to  jus- 
tice and  moral  rectitude. 

Honesty  is  chiefly  applicable  to  social  transactions, 
or  mutual  dealings  in  the  exchange  of  property. 

9.  Fairness  _:  candor ;  truth ;  as,  the  tionesty  of  a 
narrative.  fVardlaw. 

3.  Frank  sinccrit}'.  Shak. 

4.  A  flowering  herb  of  the  genus  Lunaria. 
HOX'EY',  (hun'y,)  71.    [Sax.  Au7nV  ,•  G.honig:  D.  ho- 

nigjkoninj ;  Sw.  honing;  Dan.  honmng.] 

1.  A  sweet  juice  collected  by  bees  from  the  flowers 
of  plants,  and  deposited  in  ceUs  of  the  comb  in  hives. 
Honey,  when  pure,  is  of  a  moderate  consistence,  of  a 
whitish  color,  tinged  with  yellow,  sweet  to  the  taste, 
of  an  agreeable  smell,  soluble  in  water,  and  becom- 
ing vinous  by  fermentation.  In  medicine,  it  is  useful 
as  a  detergent  and  aperient.  It  consists  chietly  of 
sugar,  mucilage,  and  an  acid.  Encyc.     Ure. 

2.  Sweetness ;  lusciousness. 

The  king  h:\tb  found, 
Mailer  against  him,  that  forerer  mora 
The  honetf  of  his  language.  Shak. 

3.  A  word  of  tenderness;  sweetness;  sweet  one. 

Dry  den. 
This  word  is  sometimes  used  adjectively  ;  as,  the 
music  of  bis  honaj  vows. 

HOX'EY,  V.  i.     To  Uilk  fondly.   [Little  jtsed.]     Sltak. 

HOX'EY,  V.  t.    To  sweeten. 

HOX'EY-BAG,  «.  The  receptacle  for  honey  in  a  hon- 
ey-bee.    _  Grew. 

H0X'EY-eo3IB,  (hun'y-kome,)  n.  A  substance  of  a 
firm,  close  texture,  formed  by  bees  into  hexagonal 
cells  for  repositories  of  honey,  and  for  the  eggs  which 
produce  their  young. 

2.  A  casting  of  iron  or  other  metal  which  has  cells 
like  a  honevcomb. 

HOX'Ey-€oMB-£D,  (-konid,)  a.  Having  little  flaws 
or  cells.  ^  Wiseman. 

HON'EY-DEW,  (-dii,)  n,  A  su*eet,  saccharine  sub- 
stance, found  on  the  leaves  of  trees  and  other  plants 
in  sma.l  drops,  like  dew.  Two  substances  have  been 
called  by  this  name:  one  secieted  from  the  plants, 
and  the  other  deposited  by  a  small  insect,  called  the 
aphis,  or  vine-frelter.  Bees  and  ants  are  said  to  be 
fond  of  honey-<iew.  Encuc. 

HOX'EY-ivD,  (hun'nid,)  a.  Covered  with  honey.  Milton 
2.  Sweet ;  as,  honeyed  words.  Mdtun.     Shak. 

HOX'EY-FLOW-ER,  71.  An  evergreen  shrub,  of  the 
genus  Meliantfaus,  a  native  of  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope.  Loudon. 

HON'EY-GXAT,  (-nat,)  n.    An  insect,    ^insworth. 

HOX'EY-GUTDE,  7(.  A  species  of  Cuckoo,of  the  ge- 
nus Indicator,  found  in  Africa,  which,  by  its  motions 
and  cries,  conducts  persons  to  hives  of  \\ild  honey. 

P.  Oic\ 

HOX'EY-HaR-VEST,  7?.  Honev  collected.  Dinidcn. 

nOX'EY-LESS,  a.    Destitute  of  honey.  Sliak. 

HOX'EV-Lo-eUST,  7t.  A  Xorth-American  tree,  the 
Oleditschia  triacontkiis,  armed  with  thorns,  and  having 
wood  resembling  that  of  the  locust.  It  hiis  some- 
times, though  erroneously,  been  called  tlie  thrce- 
thorned  aeacia.  Encifc.  Am. 

HOX'EY-MOOX,     ;  n.    The  first  month  after  mar- 

HON'EV-.AIONTH,  j     riage.  Aildison. 

HON'EY-MOUTH-£D,  a.    Soft  or  smooth  in  speech. 

Shak. 

HON'EY-STALK,  (hun'y-stawk,)  n.    Clover-flower. 

HGX'EY-SToXE.     See  -Mei.lite.  [Mason. 

HOX'EY-SL'CK-LE,  71.  The  popular  name  of  some 
species  of  a  genus  of  plants,  the  Lonicera  or  Capri- 
folium,  one  of  which  is  called  wcadbine.  Thev  are 
celebrated  for  the  beauty  and  fragrance  of  their  flow- 
ers. 

HOX'EY-SUCK'LED,  f-suk'ld,)  0.  Covered  with 
honeysuckles. 

HOX'EY-SWEET,  a.     Sweet  as  honey.       Chancer. 

HOX'EY-TOXGU-£D,  (tungd,)  a.  Using  sort  speech. 

Shak. 

HOX'EY-WORT,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Cerinihe, 
whose  flowers  are  very  attractive  to  bec-S.   Loudon. 

HO.NG,  n.  Tlie  Chinese  n;mie  of  large  factories  at 
Canton,  where  each  nation  has  a  separate  hona. 
Hence,  a  hong  merchant  is  a  Chinese  who  is  author- 
ized to  trade  with  these  hongs.  Buclutnan. 

HO'jYI  SOIT  qui  MAL  Y  PEJ^SE,  [Ft.]  Shame 
he  to  him  that  evil  thinks. 

HON'I-ED,  (hun'nid,)     [HI.]    See  Honeyed.  | 


HON'OR,  (on'ur,)  tu  [L.  honor,  honos;  Ft.  honneur; 
Sp,  honor;  Port,  honra;  It.  onore :  Arm.  enor;  It. 
onoir.] 

1.  The  esteem  due  or  paid  to  worth ;  high  estima- 
tion. 

A  pronhf  t  Is  not  without  honor,  except  in  bb  own  coontiy.  — 
M.itt.  xiii. 

2.  A  testimony  of  esteem  ;  any  expression  of  re- 
spect or  of  high  estimation  by  words  or  actions;  as, 
the  honors  of  war  ;  military  honors  i  funeral  iionors; 
civil  honors. 

3.  Dignity  ;  exalted  rank  or  place  ;  distinction. 

I  have  given  tfi^r  richr^s  .Tn'l  fioror.  —  1  Kin^  iii. 
Thou  art  dotlied  with  honor  oDil  majcxtr.  —  Pi.  dr. 
In  doiiiv  a  good  thing,  ihciv  u  to'ii  Aorun-  and  p!ea*<ire. 

Fmnilm. 

4.  Reverence ;  veneration  ;  or  any  act  by  which 
reverence  and  submission  are  expressed,  as  worsliip 
paid  to  the  Supreme  Being. 

5.  Reputation  ;  good  name  ;  as,  his  honor  is  unsul- 
lied. 

6.  True  nobleness  of  mind  ;  magnanimity;  digni- 
fied respect  for  character,  springing  from'  probity, 
principle,  or  moral  rectitude  ;  a  distinguishing  trait  in 
the  diaracter  of  good  men. 

7.  An  assumed  apfKrarance  of  nobleness  ;  scorn  of 
meanness,  springing  from  the  fear  of  reproach,  with- 
out regard  to  principle  ;  as,  shall  I  violate  my  trust? 
Forbid  it,  honor. 

8.  Any  particular  virtue  much  valued,  as  bravery 
in  men,  anti  chastity  in  females.  Shak. 

9.  Dignity  of  mien  ;  noble  appearance. 

Godlike  erect,  with  native  honor  clad.  MUum. 

10.  That  which  honors ;  he  or  that  which  confers 
dignity ;  as,  the  chancellor  is  an  honor  to  his  profes- 
sion. 

11.  Privileges  of  rank  or  birth  ;  in  thepluraL 

Restore  me  V>  ray  honort.  Sfici, 

12.  Civilities  paid. 


Then  here  a  slave,  or,  if  yon  will,  a  loni, 
To  do  the  honors,  and  to  gire  the  word. 


Pope. 


13.  That  which  adorns;  ornament;  decoration. 

The  Eire  tlien  shook  llic  Aonor*  oftusbead.  Dryien. 

14.  A  noble  kind  of  seignorj'  or  lordship,  held  of 
tlie  king  m  capitc.  Euejc. 

Honors ;  in  games,  the  four  highest  cards,  the  ace, 
king,  queen,  and  jack. 

Hojiors  of  war ;  distinctions  granted  to  a  vanquished 
enemy,  as  of  marching  out  from  a  camp  or  intrench- 
menls  with  all  the  insignia  of  military  etiquette. 
Also,  tlie  compliments  paid  to  great  personages  when 
they  appear  before  an  armed  body  of  m?n  ;  likewise, 
such  as  are  paid  to  the  remains  of  a  deceased  olhcer. 

Encyc.  Am. 

On  or  upon  my  Iwnor ;  words  accompanying  a  dec- 
laration which  pledge  one's  honor  or  reputation  for 
the  truth  of  it.  The  members  of  the  house  of  lords, 
in  Great  Britain,  are  not  under  oath,  but  give  their 
opinions  on  their  honor. 

Laws  of  honor,  among  persons  of  fashion^  signify 
certain  rules  by  which  their  social  intercourse  is  reg- 
ulated, and  which  are  founded  on  a  regard  to  repu- 
tation These  laws  require  a  punctilious  attention 
to  decorum  in  external  deportment,  but  admit  of  the 
foulest  violations  of  moral  duty  Paley. 

Court  of  honor;  a  court  of  chivalr}' ;  a  court  of  civil 
and  criminal  jurisdiciion,  having  power  to  redress 
injuries  of  honor,  and  to  hold  pleas  respecting  mat- 
ters of  arms  and  deeds  of  war.  Encyc^ 
HON'OR,  (on'ur,)  v.  t.  [l..honoro;  Fr.  honorer;  Sp. 
Itonrcr ;  It,  onorare.] 

1.  To  revere  ;  to  respect ;  to  treat  with  deference 
and  submission,  and  perform  relative  duties  to. 

Honor  thy  fithor  and  thy  nwdter.  —  Ex.  xx. 

9.  To  reverence ;  to  manifest  the  highest  venera- 
tion for,  in  words  and  actions ;  to  entertain  the  most 
exalted  thoughts  of ;  to  worship ;  to  adore. 

Th;U  all  men  should  honor  tJic   Son,  even  as  ihey  honor  the 
Father.  —  John  v. 

3.  To  dignify  ;  to  raise  to  distinction  or  notice  ;  to 
elevate  in  rank  or  station  ;  to  e.xali.  Slen  are  some- 
times honored  with  titles  and  offices  which  they  do 
not  merit. 

Thus  shall  it  be  iJone  to  ll»e  man  whoni  the  king  dcligiilcth  Lj 
honor.  —  Esiher  vi. 

4.  To  glorify  ;  to  render  illustrious. 

I  will  te  honored  upon  Pharaoh,  and  upon  all  his  host. —  Ex. 
xiv. 

5.  To  treat  witli  due  civility  and  respect  in  the  or- 
dinary intt-rcourse  of  life.  The  troops  honored  the 
governor  with  a  salute. 

6.  In  commerce,  to  accept  and  pay  when  due;  as, to 
lumor  a  bill  of  exchange. 

HOX'OR-A-BLE,  «.     [L.  honora&ilis  :  Fr.  honorable.] 

1.  Holding  a  distinguished  rank  in  sociel>- ;  illus- 
trious or  noble. 

Sh<ih<>in  was  more  honorable  than  idl  the  house  ol  hb  fither.  — 

Gen.  xxxiv. 
Mauv  of  tbem  believed ;  also  of  hortomH^  women  vko  were 

Greeks  — not  a  few.  — .^cts  xvii. 

2.  Possessing  a  high  mind  ;  actuated  by  principles 


TONE,  B^-LL,  UNITE. -AX"GER,  VI"CIOUS.-e  as  K ;  6  as  J ;  8  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH :  TH  as  in  THIS 


Ij 


IIOO 


IIOO 


arbunoc  or  ft  »enipul«i*  ns^t^  »o  probiiy,  rectitude, 
orrrpuutkm.    He  t.  an  AowroA:*  iiiun. 

X  r.'nf.-rTmc  honor,  or  procureil  by  noble  avcdi  ; 
M,  A.  H^raW.f  WuUiJilK.  i>rw./r;i. 

^  fuoji-tt  lit  wil*  bonur  or  rtpuiaiion.  It  in  mU 
iaai»r^/«  to  opprcKi  tho  weak,  or  lo  iiisuU  Uio  vuu- 

'^'i  BcipccleU ;  wortby  of  respect ;  rcgnrdctl  with 
C>tr«IU.      ^^^^j^i^  ^  A*i»ort4:«  lo  all.  -  Heb.  xOl. 

C  performed  or  accompanied  with  marka  of  hon- 
or, or  with  teitlmonies  of  esloen: ;  ns,  an  honorable 
burial. 

7.  Procfcdini!  from  an  upriuhl  and  laiidable  cause, 
nriiirrct'tl  lu  a  just  and  proper  end  ;  no!  base;  not 
rrproachfiH  ;  a^.  an  iwnorable  inolivc.  Nolhiiig  can 
b«  konorabU  wblch  \a  immoral. 

8.  Not  to  be  diitgraced. 

Lf  t  bcr  ik«<oJ  ;  my  clumtrn  arc  AorwraU'i.  Sxak. 

9.  Ilone.n;  without  hypocrisy  or  deceit;  fiiir.  His 
intentions  appear  lo  bo  honorable. 

10.  An  epithet  of  respect  or  distinction ;  as,  tlie 
honurdl'U  senate  ;  the  honorable  cenlleinHn. 

11.  Bt  coming  men  of  rank  nrid  character,  or  suited 
losupitort  men  in  a  station  of  dignity  ;  as,  an  honor- 
able salar)*,  ConMilation  vf  JilussachiisiWi. 

HON'OK-A-BLE-.VESS,  (un'ur-a-bl-ness,)  «.  The 
rtate  of  Wing  honorable  ;  eminence  ;  distinction. 

2.  Conformity  to  the  principles  of  honor,  probity, 
or  moral  rectitude  ;  fairness  ;  applied  to  dispoculion  or 
to  eoJidueU 

HO.\'OR-A-BLY,  adv.  With  lukens  of  honor  or  re- 
spect.   The  nuin  was  hoaombbj  received  at  court. 

2.  Magnanimouslv  ;  generously  ;  with  a  noble  spirit 
or  purpose.  The  prince  honorably  interposed  to  pre- 
vent a  nipture  between  the  nations, 

3.  Ileputably  ;  without  reproach. 

Whr  d'J  t  n»t  nwrc  Aonoroify  iLirvc  ?  Dryden, 

nOR-OR-A'RI-UM, )  n.    A  term  applied,  in  Eiirope^io 

IION'OR-A-RV,  i  the  recompense  offered  lo  pro- 
fesMira  in  universities,  and  to  medical  or  other  pro- 
fesiiional  Ecntlemcn  for  tlieir  services.  It  is  nearly 
equivalent  to  Fi:e,  with  tho  additional  idea  of  being 
pit'en  honori.1  c^usa,  as  a  token  of  respect.  Bninde. 

HON'OR-A-RV,  a.  Conferring  honor,  or  intended 
morvly  lo  conf»-r  honor ;  as,  an  honorary  degree ;  an 
honorary  crown. 

2.  Possejwing  a  title  or  place  without  perfonning 
services  or  receiving  a  reward  ;  as,  an  Itonoranj  mem- 
ber of  a  societv. 

H0X'OR-i?D,  (on'urd,)  pp.  or  a.  Respected  ;  revered  ; 
reverenced;  eleva!fd  to  rank  or  oliice;  dignified; 
exalted  ;  glorified ;  accepted  and  paid,  as  u  bill  of 
exchange. 

HON'OR-ER,  n.    One  that  honors  ;  one  that  reveres, 
reverences,  or  regards  with  respect, 
2.  One  who  e\a!ts,  or  who  confers  honors. 

IION'OR-ING,  n.    Tho  act  of  giving  honor. 

HOX'OR-ING,  ppr.  Respecting  highly  ;  revrencing  ; 
exalting;  dignifying;  conferring  marks  of  esteem; 
accepting  and  paving,  as  a  bill. 

nON'OR-LESS,  (on 'ur-less,)  a.  Destitute  of  honor; 
not  honored.  IVarburton. 

HQQD,  in  eampoiition,  [Sax.  had^  hade,  C.  htit,  D.  heid, 
Sw.  Af/,  Dan.  AfJ,  as  m  majiJiood,  chtldUood,]  denotes 
state  or  fixedness,  hence  quality  or  character,  from 
some  root  signifying  to  set,  Sax.  hadian,  to  ordain.  It 
is  equivalent  to  the  termination  yiess  in  English,  and 
tas  in  Latin ;  as  goodness,  G.  giUJieit ;  brotJicrhood,  h. 
fratemitas. 

HOOD,  n.  [Sax.  h»d ;  W.  hod.  Qu.  from  the  root  of 
hut  or  hide7\ 

1.  A  covering  for  the  head,  used  by  females,  and 
deeper  than  a  bonncL 

2.  \  co^-ering  for  the  head  and  slioulders,  used  by 
monks ;  a  cowl. 

3.  A  covering  for  a  hawk'3  head  or  eyes,  used  in 
fslconr>'. 

4.  .Any  thini;  lo  be  drawn  over  the  head  to  cover  it. 

5.  .An  ornami-nU'd  fidd  that  hangs  down  the  back 
of  a  graduaii;  to  mark  his  degree  Johnson, 

ii.  A  low,  wooden  porch  over  the  ladder  which 
leadt  to  tho  sleemge  of  a  ship  ;  the  upper  part  of  a 
galley-chimney  ;  the  cover  of  a  pump.    J\Iar.  Diet. 
HOQD,  r.  t.    To  dress  in  a  hood  or  cowl ;  to  put  on  a 


The  rriir  hooded,  aaJ  tlie  moiurch  crowited, 
•2.  To  cover ;  to  blind. 

Ill  hood  my  cye«. 
3.  To  cover. 

Aod  hood  the  flunea. 


POpC: 


Dnjdei 


noon'ED,pp.  or  a.    Covered  with  a  hood  ;  blinded. 

IIO<)l)'l.\(;,  ppr.     Covering  with  a  hood. 

n6r)l)'LES>-,  a.     Having  no  hood. 

luX>U'MAN-iiU\D,  n.  A  play  in  whicli  a  person 
idmded  U  to  catch  another,  and  tell  his  name ;  blind- 
manVbutf.  shak 

HOQD'WhXK,  p.  U  {hood  and  vinU.']  To  blind  by 
covering  the  eyes. 


2.  To  cover;  to  hiile. 

For  the  priirt  I'll  brtn;  (hco  lo, 
SluUI  AowiuirJ;  tbia  inbetuuicc. 

3.  To  deceive  by  external  appearances  or  disguise 


to  impose  dh. 


Siditmj. 


We  vClUIatl  ivmI  hoodieink  Iiim. 


HOOD'WI.NK  .ED,  (-winkt,)  pp.    Blinded  ;  dcceivtd, 
h6()|)'\VIMM.\G,  ppr.    Blinding  the  eyes;   cover- 
ing;  hiding ;  deceiving.  ^         ,    ^        ,        c 
HOOF,  «.     [Sax.  Iwf;  G.  huf;  D.  haef;  Dan.  hov;  Sw. 
hot',  a  hoot,  and  a  measure,    (.'lass  Gb,  .\o.  31. | 

1,  The  horny  substance  that  covers  or  terminates 
the  feet  of  certain  animals,  as  horses,  oxen,  sheep, 
goats,  deer,  &.c. 

2.  An  animal ;  a  beast 

He  had  not  aiiiigk-  Aoo/of  any  kind  lo  slawgliter.  Washinglon. 

HOOF,  v.i.    To  walk  as  cattle.     [Little  w/ed.] 

'  IViUUirn  Se-ott. 

HOOF'-BOUND,  a,  A  horse  is  said  lo  be  hoof-homid 
when  he  h.is  a  pain  in  the  fore  feet,  occasioned  by 
the  drjness  and  contraction  of  the  horn  of  tlie  quar- 
ters, which  straitens  tlie  quarters  of  the  heels,  and 
often  makes  him  lame.  Far.  Diet. 

HOOF'£D,  (hooftj)  a.    Furnished  with  hoofs. 

or  all  tho  hoofed  qiiailrupcils  Ui?  liorea  U  the  nioit  bcnutifiil. 

Grew. 

IIOOF'I.ESS,  a.     Destitute  of  Iioofs. 
IIOOF'-TKKAD,  n.    The  tread  of  a  hoof;  a  track. 
HOOK,  71.     [Sax.  hoc ;  I),  haak  ;  G.  Iiaken ;  Sw.  hake  ; 

i>i\u.  hti'fc  i  W.  hiar;  Heb.  riDn  ;  Ch.  ■'jn.    Class  Cg, 

No  22,23,24.1 

1.  A  piece  ot  iron, or  otiier  metal,  bent  nito  adurve 
for  catching,  holding,  and  sustaining  any  thing  ;  as, 
n  hook  (or  catching  lish ;  a  tenler-Awo/u  r  a  chimuey- 
fwnk;  ;i  pot-Ao«A',  &C. 

2.  A  snare  ;  a  trap.  Shak. 

3.  [W.hoc,  a  scythe.]  A  curving  instrument  for 
cutting  grass  or  grain;  a  sickle;  an  iusirument  for 
culling  or  lopping.  Mortimer.    Pope. 

4.  That  [Kirt  of  a  hinge  which  it-  fixed  or  inserted 
in  a  post ;  whence  the  pluase,  lo  be  off  the.  hooksy  to 
be  unhinged,  to  be  disturbed  or  disordered.     Sioift. 

5.  A  forked  timber  in  a  ship,  placed  on  the  keel, 
(i.  A  catch  ;  an  advantage.     [Kw/w^Hr.] 

7.  In  Aiwian/^ry,  a  field  suwn  two  years  running. 
[Local.]  JiinsXDorih. 

By  Itook  and  by  crook ;  one  way  or  other ;  by  any 
means,  direct  or  indirect.  Dnjdcn. 

HOQK,  V.  t.    To  catcli  with  a  hook  ;  as,  to  hook  a  fish. 

2.  To  seize  and  draw,  as  with  a  hook.         &hak. 

3.  To  fasten  witli  a  hook. 

4.  To  entrap  ;  tfi  insnare. 

5.  To  draw  by  force  or  artifice.  Xurris. 
To  hovk  on  ;  to    pply  a  hook. 

HOOK,  V.  i.    To  btnd  ;  to  be  curving. 

ilo6K'AH,  11.    A  Turkish  pipe,  in  which  the  smoke 

of  tobacco  is  made  to  pass  througli  water  for  the  sake 

of  cooling  it. 
HOOK'iCD,  (hook'cd  or  hri^kt,)  a.    Bent  into  the  form 

of'  a  hook ;  curvated.    TJic  claws  of  a  beast  are 

hooked. 
2.  Bent;  curvated;  aquiline;  as,  a  Aoo/.etZ  nose. 

Brown, 
HOOK'iCD,  Chf?i?kt,)  2'P-   Cau!;ht  with  a  hook  ;  fastened 

with  a  hook. 
IIOOK'ED-NESS,  ix.      A  state  of  being  bent  like  a 

iiook. 
HOOK'ING,  ppr.     Catching  with  a  hook;  fastening 

with  a  hook. 
nOQK'-.NoS-£D,  a.    Having  a  curvated  or  aquiline 

nose.  Sluik, 

HOOK'V,  a.    Full  of  hooks  ;  pertaining  to  hooks. 
H66I»,  7).     [D,  lioep,  hocpel] 

1.  A  band  of  wood  or  inelal  used  to  confine  the 
staves  of  casks,  tubs,  &,c.,  or  for  (lilicr  simdar  pur- 
poses. Wooden  lioops  arc  usually  made  by  splitting 
an  oak  or  hickory  sapling  into  two  parts ;  but  some- 
times they  are  made  of  thin  splint^-,  and  of  other  spe- 
cies of  wood. 

2.  A  j)ieco  of  whalebone,  in  the  form  of  a  circle  or 
ellipsis,  used  formerly  by  females  tu  extend  their  pet- 
ticoats ;  a  farthingale.  Swift. 

3.  Something  resembling  a  hoop;  a  ring;  anything 
circular.  Jiddi^^on. 

HOOP,  V.  t.    To  bind  or  fasten  with  hoops ;  as,  to  hcop 
a  barrel  or  puncheon. 
2.  To  clasp  ;  to  encircle  ;  lo  .surround. 

Hhali.  Orcw. 
HOOP,  V.  i.  [Sax.  heafiaii,  hrojian,  to  howl,  to  lament, 
to  weep ;  also,  hweopan,  to  whipy  to  icccp,  to  howl,  to 
whoop ;  the  latter  is  written  also  leeopauy  wepany  to 
weep;  Golli.  wop^jan,  to  whoop.  The  Sax.  heajian 
seems  to  be  connected  with  heavs,  and  the  sense  is 
probably  lo  raise  or  throw  the  voice.  Whether  heofi- 
an  and  hmcopan  are  radically  the  same  word,  is  not 
certain  ;  most  pndiably  they  are,  and  whoop  and  weep 
are  evidently  the  same.  fVeepingy  in  rude  ages,  is 
by  howling,  or  loud  outcries.  See  Whoop,  the  samu 
word  diflerently  written.] 

To  shout;  to  utter  a  loud  cr>-,or  a  particular  sound 
by  way  of  call  or  pursuit. 
HOOP,  V.  t.    To  drive  with  a  shout  or  outcry.  Shak. 
2.  To  call  by  a  shout  or  hoop. 


HOP 

HOOP,n.    A  slioul ;  also,  [Sw.  hi'J\]  a  measure,  ei\K,i\ 
to  a  pi'ck. 
2.  The  hoopoe. 

IIOOP'£I),  (lii)..ipt,)w'-    Fasltncd  with  lioops. 

ll66l"EIl,  n.  Une  wJio  Jioops  caskd  or  luha ;  a 
cooper. 

IIQOr'ING,  ;v>r.     Fastening  With  hoops. 
*3.  Cryin;:  out ;  shouliuy. 

IIOOr'ING-€()U(;ll,  71.  A  cough  in  whieh  llie  pa- 
tient lioops,  or  whoopM,  with  a  deep  inspiration  of 
brcatli. 

II00I"6E,  j  Ji.    [Fr.  htippc^  the  hoopoe,  anil  n  tuf\ ; 

HOOr'OO,  J       /m;ip^,  tui'ted  ;  UT  L.  upuiia,  cpup:,-;  (Jr. 

£1701^.1 

A  bird  of  tlie  genus  Upiipa,  whose  head  isailorned 
with  a  beautiful  crest,  which  it  can  erect  or  depress 
at  pleasure.  F.ncijc. 

IIptOr'-rOLE,  n.  A  small  young  tree  cut  for  nialuiig 
hoops. 

IIOO'SIER,  (hoo'/.her,)  n.  A  term  applied  to  tlie  cili- 
zens  of  the  state  of  Indiana.  C7/ii(ef/  iilaU^. 

HOOT,  V.  i.  [W.  hwd,  or  kwt^  a  taking  oil',  oil',  i\\\:\y  ; 
hctiawj  to  take  oil*,  to  push  away,  to  itmjt ,-  and  iniam, 
to  howl  or  yell ;  Fr.  teer,  a  contracted  word  ;  iKMce, 
/iwf,  in  liue  and  cry.] 

1.  To  cry  out  or  shout  in  contempt. 

Mjlroiis  niui  girl*  shall  hoot  .'rl  tlioe  no  mori.  Dryiion. 

2.  To  cry  as  an  owl. 

Tin-  clamorous  owl,  Ihnl  Iilglilly  hoott,  7Jr.-.'en, 

"HOOT,  V.  t.  To  drive  with  cries  or  shouts  uttered  in 
contempt. 

Purlridse  ami  Lis  cUn  may  hoot  mc  fitr  a  che.^l.  Smj'i. 

HOOT,  71.    A  cry  or  shout  in  contempt.       Olniirille. 
IIOOT'ED,  ]ip.    Driven  with  shouts  of  colitiiiipt. 
HOOT'ING,  ppr.     Shouting  in  contempt. 
HOOT'ING,  71.     A  shouting  in  contempt. 

2.  The  crv  of  an  owl. 

HOOVE,      fit.    A  disease  in  cattle  consisting  in  the 

HOOV'EN,  (     excessive  intiation  of  the.  stomacli  hy 

gas,  ordinarily  caused  by  eating  too  much  green  fund. 

Garilncr. 
HOP,  V.  i.     [Sax.  Iioppan ;  G.  hiipfm  ;  D.  happelai :  Sw. 
hoppa ;   Dan.  hopper ;   VV.  Iiobdii,  to  hop,  to  holjble. 
It  has  the  elements  of  caper.] 
1.  To  leap,  or  spring  on  one  leg ;  applied  to  persons. 
a.  To  leap  ;  to  spring  forward  by  lea|)s  ;  to  skip,  as 
birds. 

Hopping  from  spray  to  spray.  Dnjti'-ii. 

3.  To  walk  lame  ;  to  limp  ;  to  halt. 
[Wg  generally  use  Hobble.] 

4.  To  move  by  "leaps  or  starts,  as  the  blood  in  the 
veins.     [JVoI  used.]  Spenser. 

5.  To  spring  ;  to  leap  ;  to  frisk  about. 

C.  To  dance.  Ckaucer. 

HOP,  n.    A  leap  on  one  leg;  a  leap;    a  jump,  a 
spring. 
9.  A  dance.     [Colloijilial.] 

HOP-O'-.^lY-THUSIil,  li.  A  very  diminutive  person. 
[Vulgar.]  Orosc. 

HOP,  71.  [D.  ;io;> ;  G.  hopfin  ;  probably  laop,  from  wind- 
in?.] 

A  plant  constituting  the  genus  Ilumulus  The 
stalk  or  vine,  which  grows  to  a  great  length,  is  weak, 
and  requires  to  be  supported.  In  growing,  it  climbs 
or  winds  round  a  pole  or  other  support.  This  jilant 
is  of  great  irapoitaiice  in  brewing,  as  it  tends  to  pre- 
ser\-e  malt  liquors,  and  renders  them  more  salubri- 
ous. £/ici;c. 

HOP,  V.  t.    To  impregnate  with  hops.         Mortimer. 

HOP'-IilND,  71.  The  stalk  or  vine  on  which  hops 
piQ^v.  Btaekstonc. 

HOP'oAST,  71.     In  Kent,  a  kiln  for  drying  hops. 

HOP'-PICK-ER,  71.    One  that  picks  hops. 

HOP'-PoLE,  71.  A  pole  used  to  support  hops.    Tu.iscr. 

HOP'-VINE,  71.    The  stalk  of  hops. 

HOP'- YARD,         \  71.  A  field  or  inclosnre  where  hops 

HOP'-GaR-D£i\',  (      are  raised. 

HOPE,  71.  [Sax.  hopa;  D.  hoop;  Svi.hopp  :  VlMX.Iuub; 
G.  hoffnung.  Uu.  L.  ciijiio.  Class  Gb.  The  primary 
sense  is,  to  extend,  to  reach  forward.] 

1.  A  desire  of  some  good,  accompanied  with  at 
least  a  slight  expectation  of  obtaining  it,  or  a  belief 
that  it  is  obtainable.  Hope  ditfers  from  iclsh  and  Je- 
sirc  in  this,  that  it  implies  some  exjiectation  of  oli- 
taining  the  good  desired,  or  the  possibility  of  jiossess- 
ing  it.  Hope,  therefore,  always  gives  pleasure  or 
joy  ;  whereas  wish  and  desire  may  produce,  or  be  ac- 
companied with,  pain  and  anxiety. 

Th5  hypocrite's  hope  shall  perish.  —  Joh  viii. 

He  wished,  hut  not  Willi  hojie.  .Vi.I.jri. 

Sweet  hope  I  kind  cheat  I  Ciotltaic 

lie  that  lives  upon  /io;rc  will  dio  faslinjj.  r  iii/i;.!/'. 

2.  Confidence  in  a  future  event ;  the  highest  de- 
gree of  well-founded  expectation  of  good  ;  as,  a  hope 
founded  on  God's  gracious  promises  ;  a  scripttlTOl 
sense.  A  well-founded  scriptural  hope  is,  in  our  re- 
ligion, the  source  of  ineft'ahle  Iraiipiiiess. 

3.  That  which  gives  hope  ;  he  or  that  which  flir- 
nishes  ground  of  expectation,  or  promises  desit^a 
good.    The  hirpe  of  Israel  is  the  Messiah. 

The  I.'  .-i  will  be  the  hope  ofhii  p?oplc.  —  Joel  iij. 

4.  ."^n  opii  ion  or  belief  not  amounting  to  certainty. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT — METE,  PREV.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  —NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQOK.- 


HOR 

liiit  grounded  on  substantial  evidence.    'J'lie  Chris- 
tian indulge:^  a  hope,  that  his  sins  are  parduiied. 
IIoPE,  V.  i.     [Sax.  hopian;    G.  hoffen;   U.  hoopcn,  to 
iiupe,  and  to  Jieap  ;  Dan.  haaber ;  S\v.  hoppas.] 

1.  To  cherisli  a  desire  of  good,  with  soine  expecta- 
tion of  obtaining  it,  or  a  beUef  tiiat  it  is  obtainable. 

Hope  for  good  success.  Taylor, 

Bo  sol>?r  ami  hope  to  ihe  end.  —  1  Pel.  i. 

Hope  humbly  then,  with  trembling  pintona  soar.  Pope. 

2.  To  place  confidence  in ;  to  trust  in  with  confi- 
dent expectation  of  good. 

Why  art  thou  cast  down,  0  my  soul,  and  why  art  thou  dU^uieted 
wiiliiii  me  ?    Hope  thou  iii  God.  —  Pi.  xlii. 

HOPE,  V.  t.  To  desire  with  expectation  of  good,  or  a 
belief  that  it  may  be  obtained.  Hut  as  a  transitive 
verb,  it  is  seldom  used,  and  the  phrases  in  which  it 
is  so  used  are  elliptical,  /ur  being  understood. 

So  stands  the  Thracian  herdsman  with  his  spear, 

Full  ia  liie  gap,  and  hopet  liic  bimled  bear,  Dnjden. 

Ht)i  E,  n.  A  sloping  plain  between  ridges  of  moun- 
tains.    [Js'ut  ill  uo-e.]  AinswarUi. 

fldP'ED,  (hopt,)  pp.    Desired  with  expectation. 

n6rE'-DE-SERT'ED,c.  Deserted  by  hope  ;  hopeless. 

HOPE'FUL,  a.  Having  qualities  which  excite  liope  ; 
jironiising  or  giving  ground  to  exjiect  good  or  success  ; 
as,  a  hupeftil  youth  ;  a  hopeful  prospect. 

2.  Full  of  hope  or  desire,  with  expectation. 

1  was  hopeful  the  Guccea  of  your  first  rt'tempts  wotilJ  micourage 
you  lo  the  Lria!  of  more  nice  and  diJicuU  e3tj>t:niin;uls. 

Boyle. 

noPE'FUL-LY,  adv.  In  a  manner  to  raise  hope;  in 
a  way  promising  good.  He  prosecutes  his  scheme 
fuipefully. 

'2.  In  a  manner  to  produce  a  favorable  opinion 
ri-ripecling  some  good  at  tlic  present  lime.  'I'iie  young 
man  is  hupefully  pious. 

3.  With  hope  ;  with  ground  to  expect. 
HoPE'FlJL-NESS,  n.     Promise  of  good  ;    ground  to 

expect  what  is  desirable.  H'utoit. 

HoPE'LESri,  a.    Destitute  of  hope  ;  having  no  expuc- 

tation  of  that  which  is  desirable  ;  despairing. 

1  am  a  woman,  friondlijss,  hopeless^  Siiok. 

2.  Giving  no  ground  of  hope  or  expectation  of 

good  ;  promising  nothing  desirable  ;  desperate  ;  as,  a 

hopele<g-i  condition. 
HoPE'LE.^.S-LY,  a(/r.    Without  hope.  Beaum.  ^- F!. 
lioPE'LESS-NESS,  71.    A  state  of  being  desperate,  or 

niiurding  no  hope. 
HoP'ER,  71.    One  that  hopes.  ShaJc 

HoP'ING,  ppr.     Having  hope ;   indulging  d(;sire   of 

good,  with  tlie  expectation  of  obtaining  it,  or  a  be- 

_  2.  Confiding  in.  [lief  that  it  is  obtainable. 

HoP'IXG-LY,  adv.    With  hope  or  desire  of  good,  and 

expectation  of  obtaining  it.  Hammond. 

HOP'LITE,  n.     [Gr.  o-Air/j;,  from  hjT^ov,  a  weap.iu.] 
In  ancient  Oreece,  a  heavy-armed  soldier.     Mufurd. 
HOP'P£D,  (liopt,)^;?.    Leaped  on  one  leg;  danced. 

2.  Impregnated  with  hops. 
HOP'PER,  71.     [See  Hop.]     One  who  hops,  or  leaps 

on  one  leg. 

2.  Properly,  a  wooden  trough  or  shoe  through 
which  grain  passes  into  a  millj  so  named  from  its 
moving  or  shaking.  But  we  give  the  name  to  a  box 
or  frame  of  boards,  which  receives  the  grain  before 
it  passes  into  the  trough  ;  also,  to  a  similar  box  whicli 
receives  apples  for  conducting  them  into  a  mill,  and 
to  one  which  supplies  fuel  to  a  furnace,  &c. 

3.  A  vessel  in  which  seed-corn  is  carried  for  sow- 
ing. Kncyc. 

HOP'PER-BOY,  71.    In  mills,  a  rake  moving  in  a  circle 

to  draw  the  meal  over  an  opening  in  the  Hour, 

through  which  it  falls. 
HOP'PERS,  ?t.    A  play  in  which  persons  hop  or  leap 

on  one  leg  ;  hopscotch,  which  see.  Johnson. 

HOP'PING,  ppr.     Leaping  on  one  leg;    springing; 
2.  Impregnating  with  hops.        [frisking;  dancing. 
HOP'PING,  7[.    A  leaping  on  one  leg;  a  springing, 

frisking,  or  dancing. 
2.  A  gathering  of  hops.  Smart. 

HOP'PLE,  r.  t.    To  tie  the  feet  near  together,  to  pre- 
vent leaping ;  as,  to  hopple  an  unruly  horse.  Hullowaij. 
HOP'PLES,  (-plz,)  n.  pi.     Fetters  for  horses  or  other 

animals  when  turned  out  to  graze.  Bramle. 

HOP'PO,  n.     In   China,  a  collector ;  an  overseer  of 

commerce.  Milcom. 

HOP'SeOTCH,  n.     A  play  among  boys.    I'he  word 

scotch  refers  to  lines  whieh  are  scotched  or  traced  on 

the  ground,  over  which  the  player  can  pass  only  by 

hopping.  TuyiK'. 

Ho'RAL,  a.    [L.  kora,  an  liour.    See  Hour.] 

_  Relating  to  an  hour,  or  to  hours.  Prior. 

Ho'RAL-LY,  adv.     Hourlv.     [JVo(  in.  use.] 
HO'KA-RY,  a.      [L.  hordriiia ;   Fr.  horaire;    from  L. 

Jun-a,  hour.] 

1.  Perttining  to  an  hour;  noting  the  hours;  as, 

the  horary  circle.      '  Encye. 

_  2.  Continuing  an  hour.  Brown. 

Horde,  n.     [D.  horde,  a  clan,  and  a  hurdle  ;  G.  lurrde, 

A  clan,  and  a  pen  or  fold.    This  seems  to  be  the  Sax. 

At/wrf,  a  h^rd.j 

A  company  of  wandering  people,  dwelling  in  tents 

or  wagons,  and  migrating  from  place  to  place,  for  the 


noR 

sake  of  pasturage,  plunder,  Sec.     Such  are  some 

tril)cs  of  the  'i'nrtars  in  the  north  of  Asia.    A  horde 

usually  consists  of  fifty  or  sixty  tents. 

Encyc,    Jifitfnrd. 
HOR'DE-IiV,  T(.     A  substance  analogous  to  starch, 

found  in  barley. 
HoIlE'HOUND,7i.  [Sax.  Aara-Zmnr,  white  hune.]    See 

HOARHOUND.] 

HO-RI'ZON,  7t.  [Gr.  SptCwy,  from  o/ji^w,  to  bound, 
0/J05,  a  limit ;  Fr.  fwrtzon;  Sp.  horizonte;  It.  orizonte. 
This  word  was  formerly  pronounced  Itor'izon,  hke 
or'ison,  which  is  in  accordance  with  the  regular 
analogy  of  English  words.] 

1.  A  circle  touching  the  earth  at  the  place  of  the 
spectator,  and  bounritd  by  the  line  in  which  tlie  earth 
and  skies  seem  to  meet.  This  is  called  the  sensible 
horizon. 

2.  The  great  circle  which  divides  the  earth  into 
upper  and  lower  hemispheres,  and  separates  the  vis- 
ible heavens  from  the  invisible.  Tliis  is  called  the 
rational  horizon.  Tlie  sensible  horizon  is  parallel  to  the 
rational,  but  is  distant  from  it  by  the  semi-diameter  of 
the  earth,  or  nearly  4U00  miles.  Ulmstcd. 

HOR-I-ZON'TAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  horizon,  or 
relating  to  it. 

2.  Parallel  to  the  horizon ;  on  a  level ;  as,  a  hori- 
zontal line  or  surface. 

3.  Near  the  horizon  ;  as,  horizontal,  misty  air. 

Milton. 

HOR-I-ZON'TAL-LY,  adv.  In  a  direction  iiarallel  to 
the  horizon ;  on  a  level ;  as,  a  ball  carried  horizon- 
tally. 

HOR-r-ZON-TAL'I-TY,  iu  The  state  of  being  bori- 
zonlal.  Kincnn. 

HORN,  n.  [Sax.  horn  ;  G.  Sw.  and  Dan.  horn :  (;oih. 
fiaurn ;  D.  hoorn;  Sw.  horn,  a  corner;  W.  cnrn,  a 
horn,  coniel,  a  corner  ;  L.  cornu  ;  Sp.  cuerno  ;  It.  and 
Port,  corjio  ,■  Fr.  cornc;  Heb.  Ch.  Syr.  Eih.  Ar.  pp. 
The  sense  is,  a  shoot,  a  projection.  Class  Iln,  No.  15.] 

1.  A  hard  substance  growing  on  the  heads  of  cei-- 
tain  animals,  and  particularly  on  cloven-footed  quad- 
rupeds ;  usually  projecting  lo  some  length,  and  ter- 
minating in  a  point.  Kerns  are  generally  bent  or 
curving,  and  those  of  some  animals  are  spiral. 
They  serve  for  weapons  of  offense  and  defense. 
The  substance  of  horns  is  gelatinous,  and  in  Papin's 
digester  it  may  be  converted  into  jelly.  Encyc. 

Horn  is  an  animal  substance,  chiefly  membranous, 
consisting  of  coagulated  albumen,  with  a  little  gelatm 
and  phosphate  of  lime.  Ure. 

Tlie  horns  of  deer  possess  exactly  the  properties  of 
bone,  and  are  composed  of  the  same  constituents, 
only  tiie  proiiorlion  of  cartilage  is  greater.     Thomson. 

2.  A  wind  instrument  of  music,  made  of  horn  ;  a 
trumpet.    Such  were  used  by  the  Israelites. 

3.  In  modern  times,  a  wind  instrument  of  music, 
made  of  metal. 

4.  An  extremity  of  tlie  moon,  when  it  is  waxing 
or  w.aning,  and  forming  a  crescent.  £>rydcn. 

5.  The  feeler  or  antenna  of  an  insect. 

t).  The  feeler  of  a  snail,  which  may  be  withdrawn  ; 
hence,  to  pull  or  di-aw  in  tlie  horns,  is  to  repress  one's 
ardor,  or  to  restrain  jiride.  Johnson. 

7.  A  drinking  cup  ;  horns  being  used  anciently  for 
cups.  Hence,  in  vidf^ar  language^  to  take  a  horn,  to 
drink. 

8.  .A  winding  stream.  Dryden. 

9.  Horns,  in'the  plural,  is  used  to  characterize  a 
cuckold.    lie  wears  the  horns. 

10.  In  Scrii'turcj  horn  is  a  symbol  of  strength  or 
power, 

Thi  horn  of  Moab  U  cut  c'X.  —Jer.  xlviii. 

Horn  is  also  an  emblem  of  glory,  honor,  dignity. 
My  horn  is  exalted  in  die  Lord.  —  1  Sam.  ii. 

In  Daniel,  kom  represents  a  kingdom  or  state. 

HORN,  r.  i.     To  cuckold,  B.  Jonson. 

HORN'BkAK,  71.     A  fish.     [See  Hornfish.I 

HORN'BiiAM,  n.     [See  IJeam.]     The  popular  name 
of  one  or  two  species  of  a  genus  of  trees,  the  Car- 
pinns,  having  wood  of  a  horny  toughness  and  hard- 
ness, used  for  various  implements  of  husbandry. 
Earm.  Encyc. 

HORN'BILL,  71.  A  large,  voracious  biro,  of  the  genus 
Buceros,  which  has  a  Hat,  bony  foreliead,  with  two 
horns  ;  a  native  of  tlie  East  Indies.  There  are  many 
species  in  India  and  Africa,  distinguished  in  general 
bv  a  large  bill  with  one  or  two  horns. 

HORN'RLENDE,  n.  [G.  horn  and  blende..]  A  com- 
mon mineral,  occurring  massive  or  in  prismatic  crys- 
tals, and  of  various  colors,  from  white,  through  green 
shades,  to  black.  The  crystals  are  sometimes  short, 
but  generally  very  long  and  slender,  blade-ljke  or 
mere  fibers.  The  black  variety  is  called //ar7i/»/c7irfc; 
the  green,  ^ciiijo^ixc  ;  the  while,  Tremolite,  or  tVhite 
Jurrnblende ;  ihc  fibrous,  .^sbcsiits. 

This  mineral  consists  essentially  of  silica  combined 
with  magnesia,  lime,  or  iron. 

HORN'IJLENDE-SOHIST,  (-shist,)  ti.  A  hornblende 
rock  of  schistose  structure.  Dana. 

HORN-BLEND'ie.  a.  Composed  chiefly  of  horn- 
blende. PcrcicaVs  QcoU 

HORN'BLOW-ER,  n.     One  that  blows  a  horn. 

HOR.V'BOOK,  71.    The  first  book  of  children,  or  that 


HOR 

in  which  they  learn  their  lelle/'i  and  rudimenla;  w) 
called  from  its  cover  of  Imrn.    [AVw  little  ujed.] 

Locke. 

HORN'-BUG,  n.  A  kind  of  beetle  of  a  dark,  muhoga^ 
ny  color.  Farm.  Encvc. 

HORN'-DIS-TEM'PER,  n.  A  disease  of  cattle;  af- 
fecting the  internal  substance  of  the  horn.    Encyc 

HORN'-ED,  a.    Furnished  with  horns  :  as,  homed  cat- 
tle. 
2.  Shaped  like  a  crescent,  or  the  new  moon. 

Millon. 

HORN'iCD  HORSE,  ti.    The  Gnu,  which  sec. 

H0RN'E[>-NESS,7(.    The  appearance  of  horns. 

HORN'ER,H.  One  who  works  or  deals  in  horn.  Grae. 
2.  One  who  winds  or  blows  ihe  horn.    Shertaood. 

HORN'ET,  71.  [Siix.  hyrnct,  hyrnele;  G.  Iiornisj;  D. 
horzel.] 

An  msect  of  the  genus  Vespa  or  wasp,  the  Ve-rpa 
crabro.  It  is  much  larger  and  stronger  than  llie 
wai-p,  and  its  sting  gives  severe  pain.  'J'liis  insect 
constructs  a  nest  of  leaves,  or  other  substances, 
which  resemble  brown  paper  of  a  light  color.  This 
is  attached  to  the  branches  of  trees,  and  often  of  the 
size  of  a  half  peck  measure. 

HOKN'FI.SH,  77.  The  gar  fish  or  sea-needle,  of  the  old 
genus  Esot.  Encyc. 

HORN'FOOT,  a.     Having  a  hoof;  hoofed.     Hai:ewiU, 

llORN'I  F^',  V.  t.  To  bestow  horns  upon.  [Xut  used, 
orvnlisar.]  Btaum.  4'  El. 

HORN'ING,  77.  Appearance  of  the  moon  when  in- 
creasing, or  in  the  form  of  a  crescent.         Qregury. 

2.  In  Scnltish  laze,  letters  cf  luirning  arc  a  process 
against  a  debtor  requiring  the  debt  to  be  paid  with- 
in a  limittd  time,  in  dttfault  of  which  the  debtor  in- 
curs a  charge  of  rebellion.  iV.  Scott.    Brnnde. 

HORN'ISH,  a.     Somewhat  like  horn  ;  hard.     Saitdys. 

IIORN'I-TO,  n.     [UfoTnare,  Sp.  horno.] 
An  oven. 

HORN'-LEAD,  (-led,)  n.    Clilorid  of  lead. 

HORN'LESS,  a.     Having  no  horns.    Journ.  of  Science. 

HORX'-.MAD,  a.     .Mad  from  cuckoldom.  Shak. 

HORN'-MaK-ER,  v.    a  maker  of  cuckolds.    H-iaJu 

HORN'-MER'eU-RY,  7i.    Chlorid  of  mercur>-. 

HORN'OWL,  71.  A  species  of  owl,  so  c;dled  from  two 
tufts  of  IVrttliers  on  its  head,  like  horns.  AinstmrOt. 

HORN'PIPE,  71.  An  instrument  of  music  in  Wales, 
consisting  of  a  wooden  pipe  with  horns  at  the  ends, 
one  to  collect  the  wind  blown  from  tlie  mouth,  llie 
other  to  carr>'  off  the  sounds  as  modulated  by  ihe 
performer.     [W.  pib-corn.]  Encyc. 

2.  A  lively  air  or  tune  of  triple  time,  with  six 
crotchets  in  a  bar  ;  four  to  the  descending  beat,  and 
two  to  the  ascending,  Encyc. 

3.  A  characteristic  British  dance.  Smart. 
HORN'-SHaV  INGS,  71.  pi.    Scrapings  or  raspings  of 

the  horn^*  of  deer.  B.  Jonson. 

HOR.V-SIL-VER,  ti.    Chlorid  of  silver. 

IK  'HX'^LaTE,  n.     A  gray,  silicious  stone.    Kirwan. 

H(  tliX'SPuON,  7i.    A  spoon  made  of  horn. 

HoRX'^^TcjXE,  77.  A  silicious  stone,  a  subspecies  of 
(luariz.  It  is  divided  by  Jameson  into  splintery, 
conchoidal,and  wood-stone.     [See  Chert.] 

HORN'WORK,  77.  In  fortification,  an  outwork  com- 
posed of  two  demi-bastions  joined  by  a  curtain. 

Brmfde. 

HORN'WRACK,  f-rak,)  n.  A  species  of  coralline. 
[See  ConALLoiD.J 

HORN'Y,  a.    Consisting  of  horn,  or  horns.    Mdton. 

2.  Resembling  horn. 

3.  Hard  ;  callous.  Dnjden. 
HO-ROCaiA-PHY,  77.     [Gr.  wna,  hour,  and  yowlio}, 

to  \vrite,  yija<i,>i,  a  description.] 

1.  An  account  of  hours. 

2.  The  art  of  constructing  dials.  Cyc 
IIOR'0-LOGE,^ji.     [Fr.  horlo^e;    h.  horolof^ium  ;    Gr. 

CjpnXoyiof ;  ojoti,  hour,  and  Ac;  <.>,  to  tell.] 

An  instrument  that  indicates  ilii-  hour  of  tlie  day. 
But  Chronometer  is  now  generallv  used. 

HOR-O-LOO'IC-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  horologe,  or 
to  horologv. 

HOR-0-LO-GI-OG'RA-PHER,  7i.  A  maker  of  clocks 
or  dials. 

HOR-O-LO-Gl-O-GRAPH'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
art  of  dialini:.  Chambers. 

HOR-O-LO-GI-OG'R.A-PHY,  71.  [Gr.  woa.liour,  Ai^os, 
discourse,  and  yoa^n,  description.] 

An  account  of  instruments  that  sliow  the  liour  of 
tln^  day  ;  also,  t>f  the  art  of  constructuig  dials.   Dirt. 

HO-ROL'O-OY,  7t.  [Gr.  ('j/ioA't}t!j  ,■  cj.<a,  liour,  and 
Ar>".',  to  indicate,     fcee  Horologe.] 

That  branch  of  mathematics  which  treats  of  the 
principles  and  construction  of  machines  fur  meas- 
uring and  indicating  pcrtions  of  tune,  as  clocks, 
watches,  &r.  Edin.  Encye. 

HOR-O-MET'Rie-AL,  a.  [from  Iwromctry.]  Be- 
longing to  horomotry,  or  to  tlie  measurement  of  lime 
by  hot:.-;;  and  subordinate  divisions.        ^siat.  Res. 

HO-RO.'^rE-TRY,  n.  [Gr.  uiaa,  hour,  and  ptr^ov^ 
measure.] 

The  art  or  practice  of  measuring  lime  by  hours  and 
subordinate  divisions.  ,  , 

HOR'O-SeOPE,  71.     [Fr.,  from  Gr.  uoocKOTTOi ;  tioa, 
hour,  and  o-Av-rtw,  to'  view,  or  consider.] 
1.  Vn  astrology,  a  scheme  or  figure  of  the  twelve 


TONE,  BULL,  XJNITE.  — AN^'GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — G  as  K  ;  6  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


71 


5(ii 


HOR 


HO  II 


inai  ■ 

tu- 
■ta; 


ward. 


„  iwrlvo  •icru  of  Ihe  iodine,  In  which  is 

:  ,.      .    .      ,    ..  .,t-  (((,■  htMvciiM  »t  a  givrn 

iiiruHily  lold  the  for- 

Uic  iKwition  of  Iho 

F.nc^c. 

11  I.I'  Ihc  hi-nvi'n«    QrHiiii; 

w'  ^  '  i.t'  Ihy  liori/.iili  nl  any  uivi-ii 

.1,,...  >■  I,  11  ..  i,i,...vi. -11  l»  10  l>«  made  of  a  fuluro 

"",,    '  '  Ennc. 

\u\  kiAto-PY,  n.    The  nrt  or  pmct.  ■  nf  predictliiR 

Mia  by  Iho  diaposiUon  of  Iho  nmrs  and 

a.    [L.  Aorrntj.    Seo  I1or»ob.] 
^landing  orcct  as  brlsllcs;  pointing  out- 

WWi  Irtftil  cmbUjoon'  •"1  horrtnl  •rmi.  AKaon. 

IIOR'KI-IU.K,  u.     [L.  JorriWu.     See  llonnoli.] 

Eirilin;,  or  li  ndini;  In  oxdle,  horror  ;  dreadful  ; 
Irmlile  ;  <lu>clcini! ;  liideolH;  as,  a  horrible  ligure  or 
Ni^ht ;  a  hurribte  stor)". 

A  auiitton  «<ITTi4.'«  on  »"  •Uf'  rouiij.  ABlori. 

IIOR'RI  ni.E-XESS,  n.  'J'ho  Mate  or  qualities  that 
nmy  escito  horror  ;  dreodl\ilnRia  ;  tcrribloness  i  liid- 
eoURnrs--*.  , 

IIOK'KI-BLY,  ail:.  In  a  manner  to  excito  horror; 
dtfadfully;  terribly;  aa,  hcrribhj  loud;  homUy 
afraid.  „      ,,  i 

IIOR'KID,  a.     [L.  AorTWu.<.    See  Iloiuion.] 

1.  That  does  or  may  excite  horror;  dreadful ;  hid- 
rom ;  allocking ;  as,  a  lurrid  sptcuicic  or  sight ;  Iwr- 
rH  syminthy.  ,.      ,     •;"'"'"'• 

9.  Rough  ;  rugged.    [  Thu  is  We  lileral  md  prtmanj 

Hcrrii  with  frm,  ftnd  tnlricatc  wHh  thorn.  Dryltn. 

3.  i^hocking ;  very  offensive ;  a  calhiptial  sriiie. 

Pope. 
llOR'Rini.Y,  n.v.    Ill  a  manner  to  cxcito  horror; 

drc:idliiMv  ;  <hi.ikin»ly. 
IU)R  Rill  .NF.r:s  ii.    Tlie  qualities  that  do  or  may  e.x- 

rlte  honor  ;  hidcuusiuss  ;  enormity.        Hammond. 
HOR-lUF'ie,  a.     1 L.  horrificus.] 

Caiuins  horror.  Thomson. 

IIOR'RI-n-EI),  (hor'rc-fldc,)pp.  oro.    Made  liorrihlo  ; 

Ktnirk  with  horror. 
UOIl'Rl -FV,  r.  (.    [L.  horrvr  and  facio.] 
To  make  horrible  ;  to  strike  with  horror. 

E.  Irving. 
nOR-RIP-II.X'TlON,  n.    A  bristling  of  the  hair  of 

the  h<ad  or  iKidy,  resulting  fri.ni  disease  or  terror. 

IIOR-Rl.-^'O-.NOI;.-',   a.      [I-    horri^onusi   horreo,  to 

(thake,  and  .■lanuj.  found.) 

t'oundins  drenilfully  ;  lUterin!;  a  terrible  sound. 

IIOR'UHK,  n.    [I.,  friim  hurreo,  to  shake,  or  shiver,  or 

to  set  u|i  the  hrisl^^■^,  to  be  roiich.] 

1.  .\  sbakiOL',  shiveriiitr,  or  sniidderinc,  as  in  the 
cold  fit  whli-ll  prercdis  a  t<;ver.  This  ague  is  llHilutly 
accnni[>.inicd  wilhatoiilnictionof  tho  skin  into  small 
wrinkles,  civinc  it  a  kind  of  roughness. 

2.  .An  excessive  degree  of  fear,  or  a  painful  enio- 
tiun  which  makes  a  person  tremble  ;  terror  ;  a  shud- 
derini;  with  fear  ;  but  appropriately,  terror,  or  a  sen- 
sation approaching  it,  accompanied  with  hatred  or 
detestation.  Horror  is  often  a  [lassion  compounded 
of  fear  and  hatred  or  disgust.  The  recital  of  a 
bloody  deed  fills  us  with  horror. 

A  KomiT  of^T^it  tlirVn'^  (rll  on  At/run.  —  Gen.  xr. 
Horror  hath  Ltkrn  hoI<l  On  UK,  bccaiue  of  the  wicki.-d  dint  tonake 
thy  law. —  Pi.  cxix. 

X  That  which  may  excite  horror  or  dread ;  gloom ; 
dreariness. 

Awl  txralhe*  a  Iffowner  Pope. 

I    I  I'.idfiil  thoughts. 

•'.ssing  scenes;   as,  the  fttwrtir*  of  war  or 

-rorii :  a  result  of  habits  of  inebriation  ;  a 
■  \lremo  bodily  and  mental  agitation,  occa- 
.  a  withdrawment  of  the  customary  slim- 

STRICK'EN,  a.    Struck  with  horror. 
CO.V-B^r,      (hor-dc-kotn-bil',)      [Fr.l 
■'    combat;  disabled  to  fiRht. 

[Sax.  hors ;  G.  ross ;    D.  ros ;  Fr.  rosse ; 


iiOiisi 
Il-r 

1- 

l: 

J 

1*1 

und 

and 

bark 


K,   n. 
tic] 

A    ^ii 


back, 
•ay. 


of  quadnipeds  of  the  genus  Eqiius, 
and  parallel  fore-teeth  in  the  upper 
I'-wlinl  prominent  in  thcunilcr  jaw  ; 
.  ■._■  solil:ify,  and  the  foct  consist  of  an 

ividcd  li-s.f.    The  horst^  is  a  beautiful  animal, 
of  areat  ugc  for  dmuglit,  or  conveyance  on  his 
y/.T-v.  m  English,  is  of  common  gender,  and 
■  ■!  the  male  and  female. 
'">"■  Creech. 

1  body  of  troops  serving  on  horse- 
..  la  IliL".  sense,  it  has  no  plural  termination.  \Ve 
a  thousand  hme  ;  a  regiment  of  home. 
\  iii.irlnni'  hv  which  soinelbing  is  supported; 
■rne  with  lei's.  Various  ma- 
:>  re  thus  called.  Encyc. 

uie  on  which  soldiers  ride  by 
i.f  puiiisliiueat ;  sometimes  called  a  timbrr.mnre. 
Johnnnn. 

foot-rope   extending 


;vaj 
6.  In    aramev?a  Uagva^e 


from  the  middle  of  a  yard  to  its  extremity,  to  sup- 
port llio  sailors  while  they  loose,  reef,  or  furl  the 
sails  ;  also,  a  thick  rope  extended  near  the  mast  for 
hoisting  a  yard  or  extending  a  s.iil  on  it.       Tutten. 
To  take  horse ;  to  sot  out  lo  ride  on  horseback. 
9.  To  be  covered,  as  a  mare.  [.Addison. 

nORSE,  r.  (,    To  mount  on  a  horse. 

2.  To  take  or  carry  on  tlio  hack. 

The  keeper,  honing  a  rtccr.  Butler. 

3.  To  ride  or  sit  on  any  thing  astride  ;  as,  ridges 
horsed.  Sliah: 

^.  To  cover  a  marc,  as  the  male.  MorUmer. 

MORSE,  r.  i.    To  pet  on  horseback.  ShelUm. 

HORSE'lt.'VCK,  (hors'bak,)  n.    The  state  of  being  on 
a  horse ;  Iho  posture  of  riding  on  a  liorse. 

I  fciw  them  »ii!iile  on  hortehadc.  Shak. 

HORSE'-BE.\N,  n.    A  small  bean  usually  given  to 

hordes.  Jilortimcr. 

HOasE'-BI.OCK,  «.    A  block  or  stage  that  assists 
persons  in  mounting  and  dismounting  from  a  horse. 
HUIISE'-DOAT,  71.    A  boat  used  in  conveying  horses 
over  a  river  or  other  water. 

2.  A  boat  moved  by  horses ;  a  species  of  ferry- 
boat. 
IIOllSE'-BOY,  n.    A  boy  employed  m  dressing  and 

tending  horses:  a  stable-boy.  ICnoUcs. 

IIOU.-:E'-IiRK.\K-EK,  n.    Ono  whose  eiuployiiient  is 

tu  break  horses,  or  to  teach  llieiu  to  draw  or  carry. 

Orach. 
IIORSE'-CHEST'NUT,  n     A  largo  nut,  the  fniit  of 
a  species  of /Esculus;  or  the  tree  that  produces  it. 
The  tree  is  much  r.uUivated  for  shade. 
HOKSK'-el.cTH,  71.    A  cloth  to  cover  a  horse. 
HORSE'-€olJRP'ER,  "■     Olio  that  runs  horses,  or 
keeps  horses  for  the  race.  ./ohm-on. 

2.  .\  dealer  in  horses.  fViscman. 

HORSE'-GIIAI!,  II.     A  cruslaceous  fisli.    MiiiDworlli. 
ilORSE'-€0'GUM-ltER,  71.    A  large  green  cucumber. 

.Morliiner. 
HORSE'-Di;.VL-ER,  7i.    Ono  who    buys    and    sells 

horses. 
HORSE'-DIIENCH,  77.    A  dose  of  physic  for  a  horse. 
HOKSE'-nUNG,  n.    The  dung  of  horses.        [Shak. 
HORSE'-EM-.\lET,  w.    A  species  of  large  ant. 
110RSE'-FaC-£D,  (-fJsto,)  a.    Having  a  long,  coarse 

face. 
HOKSE'-FI.RSU,  71.    The  flesh  of  a  horse.    Bacon. 
IIOUSE'-FI.V,  7!.    A  largo  lly  that  slings  horses. 
UOttSE'-FyOT,  71.    A  plant,  called  also  Coltsfoot. 

Aiiisiciirlh. 
HORSE'-GUARDS,  71.  pt    A  body  of  cavalry    for 

guards. 
IIORSE'-IIAIR,  77.    The  hair  of  horses. 
IKiRSE'-lIoE,  n.    A  hoe  for  cleaning  a  field  by  means 

of  hoisi;s. 
IIORSE'-JOCK-EY,  n.    A  dealer  in  the  purchase  and 

pvie  of  horses. 
IIORSE'-KEEP-ER,  71.    Ono  who  keeps  or  takes  care 

of  horses. 
HORSE'-KNAVE,  (-nave,)  71.    A  groom.     [04s.] 

Chaucer. 
HORSE'-KNOPiS,  (hors'nops,)  n.  jl.    Heads  of  knop- 

weed.  Grose. 

HOKSE'-LXUGH,  (lif,)  ji.    A  loud,  boisterous  laugh. 

P(qic. 

nORSE'-LEECH,  71.    A  large  leech.    [See  Leech.] 

2.  A  farrier.  .^insicorUi. 

IIORSE'-I.IT-TER,  71.    A  carriage    hung    on    poles 

which  aro  horno  by  and  between  two  hordes. 

MilLon. 
lIORSE'-LoAD,  71.    A  load  for  a  horse. 
HORSE'LV,  a.     Appheu  to  a  horse,  as  mavly  is  to  a 

man. 
IIOR.SE'.MAN,  71.    A  rider  on  horseback.     Jlildison. 
2.  A  man  skilled  in  riding.  Dnjdcn. 

X  A  soldier  who  serves  on  horseback.  Mayjoard. 
IIORSE'MAN-SHIP,  71.    The  act  of  riding,  and  of 

training  and  managing  horses.  Pope. 

HORSE'-M,\R-TEN,  K.     A  kind  of  large  bee. 

.^insie,irth. 
HORSE'MATCII,  71.     A  bird.  Mnxworth. 

HORSE'-MEAT,  7t.    Food  for  horses  ;  provender. 

Bacon. 
HORSE'-IIILL,  71.    A  mill  turned  by  a  horse. 
HORSE'-MIL'LI-NER,a.     [ftenve  and  7iii((oo:r.]     One 

who   supplies   ribbons   and   other   decorations  for 

horses.  Smart. 

IIORSE'-MINT,  71.    A  specii:3  of  large  mint. 
HORSE'-MUS-CLE,  (-mus'l,)  it.    A  large  muscle  or 

shell-fish.  Bacon. 

II()RSE'-P,\TII,  71.    A  path  for  horses,  as  by  canals. 
HORSH'-PLaY,  71.     Itougll,  rugged  play.      Drydeil. 
HORSE'-Ff)XD,  71.    A  pond  for  watering  horses. 
HORSE'-POVV-ER,  n.     'I'he  power  of  a  horse  ;  or  its 

eipiivalent,  w-hich  has  been  estimated,  by  Mr.  ^Vatt, 

as  a  power  which  will  raise  32,00(1  lbs.  avoirdupois 

one  foijt  hich  per  minute.  Urc. 

IIORSE'-PUKS'LANE,  71.      A  plant    of  the    genus 

Triantliema. 
noRt^E'-R.ACE,  n.    A  race  by  horses ;  a  match  of 

horses  in  running. 
HO!lSE'-RAC-lNG,7i.    The  practice  or  act  of  running 

llorsis. 


HOS 

IIORSE-RAD'ISHjTi.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Cochlcfiiiti, 

a  species  of  scun'y-gniss,  having  a  root  of  a  pungent 

ttiste. 
HOUSE'SHOE,  (-shoo,)  n.  A  shoe  for  horses,  conaist- 

in{r  of  a  plate  of  iron  of  a  rlrcular  form. 
2.  Any  thiii):  shaped  like  a  horseshoe. 
IIOKSK'SHOE-IHOAD,  (-shoo-hcd,)  Tf.     A  dhease  of 

infants,  in  which  the  sutures  of  the  skull  are  too 

0|tCIi;  npimscil  to  Headmold-shot. 
nOKSK'SlloK-INO,  n.    The  net  or  cinplnyment  of 

•SlKiriii^   Itnrscs. 
I[()HSIi'-STi.:AJ--ER,  /  A.I        e  ^ 

nORSK'-THUlF,  i   "■     -^  •'^'■=^'^>"  ''^  ''"'''^^'• 

IIORf^K'-S'l'lcAL-ING,  n.    The  stoallnR  of  a  horse  or 
aORSE'-STING-ER,  n.    The  dr:igon-lly.        [Iior.-ics. 
HORSE'-TaIL,  71,.     A  plant  of  the  genus  Equi^eium, 
allied  to  the  ferns.    The  shrubby  liorsctail  is  of  the 
genus  Ephedra.  Fam.  of  PJanLt. 

2.  A  'I'urkish  standard.  Commanders  are  distin- 
guished hy  the  nuniher  ttf  korsr^taUs  carried  before 
them,  or  planted  in  front  of  their  tents.  Tlius,  the 
sultan  lias  seven,  the  uraniUvizier  five,  anil  the 
pa^haws  three,  two,  or  one.  Kncyc.  Am. 

HORSE'-TONGUE,  (tung,)  n,     A  plant  of  the  genus 

Ruscus, 
HORSE'-VETCH,  )  V.     A  plant  of  the  genus 

HORSE'SIICE-VETCH,  \       Fiippocrepis. 
IIORSE'-VVaY,    (  71.    A  way  or  road  in  which  horses 
UORSE'-RoAD,  i       may  travel. 
^ORSE'VVHIP,7(.  Awhipfordriving  or  striking  horses 
HORSE' WHIP,  V.  t.    To  lash  ;  to  strike  with  a  horse- 
whip, 
HORSE'WHIP-P£D,  pp.    Struck  with  a  horsewhip. 
IIORSE'VVIIIP-PING,  ppr.     Lashing  or  beating  with 

a  hnrsewhip. 
II0HSE'\V!Ml'-rrNG,7i.  A  striking  with  a  horsewhip. 
HORHE'VVC).M-AN,  7t     A  woman  who  rides  on  iiorse- 

back. 
H0RSE'-VV5RM,  n.    A  worm  that  infests  horses  ;  a 

bolt. 
HOR-Ta'TION,  n.  [L.  hortatio,  from  hortor,  to  exhort.] 
Tlio  act  of  exhorting,  or  giving  advice;  exhorta- 
tion ;  advice  intended  to  encourage.    [But  Exhorta- 
tion (.s-  ireiierally  iisrd.] 
HOR'TA-TIVE,  fl.    Giving  exhortation  ;  advisory. 
HOR'TA-TIVE,  71.    Exhortation;  a  precept  °iv.:ri  to 

incite  or  encourage.  litici'ii. 

riOR'TA-TO-RV,  a.    Giving  exhortation  or  ndvi(  u  ; 

encouraging  ;  inciting  ;  as,  a  hortatory  spt'ech. 
nOR-TEN'SIAL,  (-shal,)  a.     [h.  kartcnsis.] 

Fit  for  a  garden.     [.N'at  used.]  Erdyn. 

HOR'TI-€UL-TOR,  n.      [L.  Iwrhis,  a  garden,  and 
ciiltor.,  a  tiller.] 
One  who  cultivates  a  garden. 
lIOR-TI-eUL'TUR-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  cultMrp 

of  gardens. 
HOR'TI-eUL-Tl^RE,  n.     [L.  Iiortus,  a  garden,  r-.nd 
culfnraj  culture,  from  colo,  to  titl.l 

The  cultivation  of  a  garden,  or  the  art  of  culti- 
vating gardens. 
HOR-TI-€UL'TTJR-IST,  v.    One  who  is  skilled  in 

the  art  of  cultivating  gardens. 
UOR'TU-LAN,  a.     [U  hortiilanits.] 

Belonging  to  a  garden  ;  as,  a  hortulan  calendar. 

EvrhiJi. 

HOR'TUS  Sie'€US,H.  [E.]  f.((CT-H%,  a  dry  garden  ;^ 
an  appellation  given  to  a  collection  of  specimens  of 
plants,  carefully  dried  and  preserved.  The  old  name 
of  HERBABruM.  Encyc. 

HORT'VARU,  71.     An  orchard  ;  which  see. 

HO-SAN'NA,  71.     [Ileb.,  save,  I  beseech  you.] 

An  exclamation  of  praise  to  God,  or  an  invocation 
of  blessings.  In  the  Hebrew  cereinonks^  it  was  a 
prayer  rehearsed  on  tlie  several  days  of  the  feast  of 
tabernacles,  in  which  this  word  was  often  repeated. 

Hose,  n.  ,■  pi.  Hose,  (hoze,)  formerly  Ho?e?j,  (ho'zn.) 
[Sax.  hosy  a  heel,  a  thorn,  or  twig,  and  hose  ;  G. 
hose;  D.  ko\iSy  W.  has,  AosrtH,  from  hms^  a  cover- 
ing, a  housing ;  Fr.  chaussc ;  ly.  cusan.  The  Welsh 
unites  this  word  with  house.  The  hosc^  or  hosan,  waa 
a  garment  covering  the  legs  and  thighs,  like  the 
modem  long  trowsers.  Hence,  in  G.  hoscn-gurt,  a 
hose-g-irty  is  a  waist-band;  and  hosen-tr'dncr.^  hosfr- 
supporter,  or  shoulder-strap,  indicates  thai  the  hose 
was  sustained,  aa  breeches  and  pantaloons  now  are, 
by  suspenders  or  braces.] 

1.  Hreeches  or  trowsers.  SAaft. 

Q.  Stockings ;  covering  for  the  legs.  This  word, 
in  mrrcantile  twe,  is  synonymous  with  stockingSf 
tliough  originally  a  very  diffi:rrent  garment. 

3.  A  flexible  pipe,  generally  made  of  leather,  iiBCj 
with  engines,  for   conveying  water   to   cxtin.r"' 
fires,  &.C. 

Ho'SIER,  (ho'zhur,)  n.    One  who  deals  in  stocklW 
and  socks,  &c. 

H6'ffiIER-V,  (ho'zhur-y,)  ti.  Stockings  in  general; 
socks.  . 

HOS'PiCE,  (bos'pces,)  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  fiospitiam.] 
A  term  applied  to  convents  in  some  of  the  passes  Of 
the  Alps,  for  tlie  entertainment  of  travelers. 

HOS'PI-TA-BLE,  a.  [L.  hosjntaUs,  from  ho.tpcSf  & 
guest ;  It.  vspitalc  and  ospdaUUe.  Hosprs  is  from  the 
Celtic  ;  W.  o.si,  a  stranger  or  wanderer,  a  guest; 
Arm.  osh.,  usj),kospy'L     See  Host.] 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  UIIAT.-MeTE,  PR^Y.-PIXE,  MARINE,  BIRD— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.- 


563 


HOS 

1.  Receivin™:  and  entertaining  slmnjjers  with  kind- 
ness and  without  reward  ;  kind  to  strangers  and 
guests  ;  disposed  to  treat  guests  with  generous  kind- 
ness ;  as,  a  hospitable  man. 

2.  Proceeding  from  or  indicating  kindness  to  guests ; 
manifesting  generosity  ;  as,  a  hospitable  table  ;  hos- 
pitable rites.  Drydcn. 

3.  Inviting  to  strangers  ;  offering  kind  reception  ; 
indicating  hospitality. 

To  where  yoo  taper  cheers  the  vale, 

With  hospitabie  ray.  Goldsirulh. 

HOS'PI-TA-BLY,  adv.     With  kindness  to  strangers 
or  guests ;  with  generous  and  liberal  entertainment. 
Prior.     Swift. 

H0S'PI-TA6E,  n.     Hospitality.     [  Obs.]         Spenser. 

HOS'PI-TAL,  71.  [Fr.  hOpUal,  for  hospital;  L.  Iwspi^ 
talis,  supra.] 

1.  A  building  appropriated  for  the  reception  of 
sick,  infirm,  and  helpless  paupers,  who  are  supported 
and  nursed  by  charity ;  also,  a  house  for  the  recep- 
tion of  insane  persons,  whether  paupers  or  not,  or 
lor  seamen,  soldiers,  foundlings,  &c.,  who  are  sup- 
ported by  the  public,  or  by  private  charity,  or  for  in- 
fected persons,  &c. 

2.  A  place  for  shelter  or  entertainment.     [Obs.] 

Spenser 
HOS'PI-TAL,  a.     Hospitable.    [J\'ot  in  use.]  Howell. 
HOS'PI-TAL-ER,  n.     [from  hospital]     Propa-bj,  one 
residing  in  a  hospital  for  the  purpose  of  receiving 
the  po(ir  and  strangers.      The  hospitalers  were  au 
order  of  knights  who  built  a  hospital  at  Jerusalem 
for  pilgrims.    They  were  called  knights  of  St,  Joltn, 
and  are  the  same  as  the  knitrhts  of  JilaUa,       Encye. 
HOS-PI-TAL'I-TY,  n.     [Fr.  hospitalite ;    L.  hospitali- 
tas ;  W.  ysbyd.     See  flospiTAELE.] 

The  act  or  practice  of  receiving  and  entertaining 
strangers  or  guests  without  reward,  or  with  kind 
and  generous  liberality. 

A  bisJiop  —  must  be  given  lo  hospitality.  —  1  Tim.  lij.  ^ 

Hospitality  I  have  rouad  as  univeisal  as  the  (ace  of  man. 

Ledyard. 
HOS'PI-TaTE,  v.  i.     [L.  hospitor.] 

To  reside  or  lodge  under  the  roof  of  another. 
[J\rut  used.]  OreiD. 

HOS'PI-TaTE,  v.  t.    To  lodge  a  person.     [J^ot  used.] 
HOS'PO-DAR,  It.    A  governor  appointed  by  the  Turk- 
ish   pv^irte  over  the  Christian  provinces  of  Moldavia 
ancl  \V;Ulachia.    Since  1829,  the  appointment  is  fi»r 
life.  Brande. 

H5ST,  n.  ["Fr.  hote^  for  hoste;  It.  oste:  Sp.  hucsped ; 
Port,  kospede ;  and  L.  hostis,  a  stranger,  an  enemy, 
probably  of  the  same  family.  (?ee  Hospitable.) 
The  sense  is,  a  stranger  or  foreigner,  that  is,  a  wan- 
derer or  traveler,  from  some  root  signifying  to  wan- 
der, to  go  or  pass,  or  to  visit.  See  Class  Gs,  No.  5. 
14,  '6.] 

1.  One  who  entertams  another  at  his  own  house, 
without  reward. 

Homer  newer  eotertaJned  ^esU  or  ?iosls  with  long  speeches. 

Sidney. 

2.  One  who  entertains  another  at  his  house  for 
reward  ;  an  innkeeper  ;  a  landlord. 

3.  A  guest ;  one  who  is  entertained  at  the  house 
of  another.  The  innkeeper  says  of  the  traveler,  he 
has  a  good  host,  and  the  traveler  says  of  his  landlord, 
he  has  a  kind  kosL     [See  Guest.]  Enajc. 

Host,  n.  [L.  hosUs,  a  stranger,  an  enemy.  The 
sense  is  probably  transferred  from  a  single  foe  to  an 
army  of  foes.] 

1.  An  army;  a  number  of  men  embodied  for 
war. 

_  9.  Any  great  number  or  multitude. 

Host,  n.  [L.  hostia^  a  victim  or  sacrifice,  from  hoslk, 
an  enemy;  Fr.  hostic;  applied  to  the  Savior,  who 
was  offered  fur  the  sins  of  men.] 

In  the  Roman  Catholic  church,  the  sacrifice  of  the 
mass,  or  the  consecrated  wafer,  representing  the 
body  of  Christ,  or,  as  the  Roman  Catholics  allege, 
transubstantiated  into  his  own  body  and  blond. 

Brande. 

Host,  v.  i.  To  lodge  at  an  inn;  to  take  up  enter- 
tainment.    [Little  used.]  Shak. 

Host,  v.  t.     f  o  give  entertainment  to.    [JVot  used.] 

Speaser. 

H0S'TA6E,  n.  [Fr.  Stage,  for  ostage ;  Tt.  ostagsrio ; 
Arm.  ostaieh  :  G.  geissel ;  W.  gwijstijl,  a  pledge, 
pawn,  surety,  hostage.] 

A  person  delivered  to  an  enemy  or  hostile  power, 
as  a  pledge  to  secure  the  performance  of  the  condi- 
tions of  a  treaty  or  stipulations  of  any  kind,  and  on 
the  performance  of  which  the  person  is  to  be  re- 
leased. Bacon,    .^tterbuni. 

HOS'TEL  ) 

HOS'TEL^RY   ( "'     ^"  ^""'     [^^^0  Chaucer. 

HOS'TEL-ER^  n.    An  innkeeper.  Booth. 

IIOST'ESS,  n.  A  female  host ;  a  woman  who  enter- 
tains guests  at  her  house.  Dnjden. 

2,  A  woman  who  keeps  an  inn.  Temple. 
H6ST' ESS-SHIP,  n.    The  character  or  business  of  a 

hostess.  Shak. 

HOS'TIE,  (hos'te,)  n.    [L.  hoatm.]     The  consecrated 

wafer.  Burnett 

HOS'TILE,  (hos'til,)  a.     [U  hostilis,  from  ftostis,  an 

enemy,  that  is,  a  foreigner.] 


HOT 

I.  Belonging  to  a  public  enemy  ;  designathig  en- 
mity, particularly  public  enmity,  or  a  sUite  of  war; 
Inimical ;  as,  a  hostile  band  or  army  ;  a  hostile  force  ; 
hostile  intentions. 

9.  Possessed  by  a  public  enemy  ;  as,  a  hostile  coun- 
try. Kent. 

3.  Pertaining  to  or  expressing  private  enmity  or 
opposition  ;  as,  hostili'.  to  sudden  change. 
HOS'TILE-LY,  adv.    In  a  hostile  manner. 
HOS-TIL'I-TY,  71.     [Fr.  hostUite ;  L.  hostilitas,  from 
hostis,  an  enemy.] 

1.  The  state  ol  war  between  nations  or  states; 
the  actions  of  an  open  enemy  ;  aggression  ;  attacks 
of  an  enemy.  These  secret  enmities  broke  out  in 
hostilities. 

Hostiiiaj  beinj  thus  suspended  with  France.  Hayieard, 

We  have  earned  on  even  our  hosdlitUs  with  humanUy. 

Allerbury. 

2.  Private  enmilv  ;  a  sense  less  proper. 
HOS'TIL-IZE,  V.  t.  To  make  an  enemy.  [Little  used.] 
HoST'ING,  n.     [from  host, an  army.]     An  encounter; 

a  battle.     [Little  iised.]  Milton, 

2.  A  muster  or  review.     [Obs.]  Spenser. 

HOS'TLER.  (hos'Ieror  os'ler,)  k.     [from  Fr.  hotelier, 
an  innkeeper.    See  Hotel.] 
The  person  who  has  the  care  of  horses  at  an  inn. 
HoST'LESS,  a.     Inhospitable.     [JVot  in  use.] 
HoST'RY,  7!.    A  stable  for  horses.  Dnjdm. 

9.  A  lodging-Iiouse.  Howell. 

HOT,  a.  [Sax.  hat ;  G.  heiss ;  D.  heet ;  Sw.  het ;  Dan 
heed.     See  Heat.] 

1.  Having  sensible  heat ;  opposed  to  cold ;  as,  a  hot 
stove  or  fire  ;  a  hot  cloth  ;  hot  liquors,  iifot  expresses 
more  than  warm. 

2.  Ardent  in  temper  ;  easily  excited  or  exasper- 
ated ;  velieraent. 

Achilles  is  impalieot,  fiot,  and  reven^ful.  Dryden. 

3.  Violent ;  furious ;  as,  a  hot  engagement  or  as- 
sault. Dryden. 

4.  Eager;  animated  ;  brisk;  keen;  as,  a  hot  pur- 
suit, or  a  person  hot  in  a  pursuit. 

5.  Lustful;  lewd.  Shall. 

6.  Acrid;  biting:  stimulating;  pungent;  as,  hot 
as  mustard  or  pepper. 

HOT,  HoTE,  Ho'TEN,  pp.    Called  ;  named.    [Obs.] 

Gower. 

HOT'nED,  71.  In  gardening,  a  bed  of  earth  and 
horsedung,  or  tanner's  bark,  covered  with  glass  to 
defend  it  from  the  cold  air,  intended  for  raising  early 
plants,  or  for  nourishing  exotic  plants  of  warm  cli- 
mates, which  will  nut  thrive  in  cool  or  temperate 
air.  Farm.  Encye. 

2.  A  place  which  favors  rapid  growth  or  develop- 
ment ;  as,  a  hotbed  of  sedition. 

HOT'-BLOOD-ED,  a.  Having  hot  blood  ;  high  spirit- 
ed ;  irritable. 

HOT'-BRAlN-Jin),  a.  Ardent  in  temper  ;  violent ; 
rash  ;  precipitate  ;  as,  hot-brained  youtJi.       Dniden. 

HOTCH'POT,  n.  [Fr.  hochepot,  from  hocherj  to 'shake, 
and  probably  pot,  a  pot  or  dish.] 

1.  Properly,  d.  iTiingled  mass;  a  mixture  of  ingre- 
dients. Bacon,     Camden. 

2.  In  law,  a  mixing  of  lands.  Thus  lands  given 
in  frank-marriage  to  one  daughter,  shall,  after  the 
death  of  the  ancestor,  be  bleniled  witii  the  lands  de- 
scending to  her  and  to  her  sisters  from  the  same  an- 
cestor, and  then  be  divided  in  equal  portions  to  all 
the  daughters.  Blackstone. 

HOTCH'POTCH.    See  Hodgepodge  and  Hotchpot, 

No.  1. 
HOT'-€0CK-Li:s,  f-kok'lz,)  n.  pi.     [Uu,  Fr.  kantes 
coquiUes,  high  shells.] 

A  play  in  whicli  one  covers  his  eyes,  and  guesses 
who  strikes  him,  or  his  hand  placed  behind  him. 

Oan. 
HO-TEL',  71.     [Fr.  hotel,  for  hostel^  a  palace  or  dwell- 
ing-house of  a  prince  or  lord.] 

1.  A  house  for  entertaining  strangers  or  travelers. 
It  was  formerly  a  house  for  genteel  strangers  or 
lodgers,  but  the  name  is  now  given  to  any  inn. 

2.  In  France,  a  palace  or  dwelling  of  persons  of 
rank  or  wealth. 

HO-TEL'  DIEU'.Co-teVde-u',)     [Fr.]     A  hospital. 

HOT'-FLOE,  n.  An  apartment  heated  by  stoves  or 
steam-pipes,  in  which  padded  and  printed  calicoes 
are  dried.  (Jn: 

HOT'-HEAT»-ED,  a.  Of  ardent  passions  ;  vehement ; 
violent;  rash.  Arbnthnot, 

HOT'HOUSE,  7(.  A  house  kept  warm  to  shelter  ten- 
der plants  and  shrubs  from  tlie  cold  air  ;  a  place  in 
which  the  plants  of  warmer  climates  may  be  reared, 
and  fruits  ripened. 

2.  A  bagnio,  or  place  to  sweat  and  cup  in.  She]:. 

3.  A  brothel.  B  Jonsun. 
HOT'LY,  adv.     [from  hot]     With  heal. 

2.  Ardently;  vehemently;  violently;  as,  a  stag 
hotly  pursued. 

3.  Lustfully.  Dryden, 
HOT'-MOUTH-ED,  a.    Headstrong  ;  ungovernable. 

That  liot-nioutJied  beast  that  liears  against  die  curb.     Dryden. 

HOT'.NESS,  71.    Sensible  heat  beyond  a  moderate  de- 
gree of  warmth.  \ 
2.  Violence  ;  vehemence  ;  fury.  | 


HOU 

HOT'-PRESS-iD,  (-prest,)  a.  Pressed  while  heal  is 
applied,  for  the  purpose  of  giving  a  smooth  and 
glossy  surface. 

HOT'-PRESS-LVG,  n.  The  application  of  lieat  in  con- 
Junction  with  intrchanical  pressure,  for  the  puqwse 
of  giving  a  smooth  and  glossy  surface,  as  to  paper, 
linen,  &:-c. 

HOT'-SPIR'IT-ED,  a.    Having  a  fiery  spirit,    Irving. 

HOT'SPUK,  7(.    [hot  and  spur.\    A  man  violent,  pas- 
sionate, heady,  rash,  or  precipitate.  Shak, 
2.  A  kind  of  pea  of  early  growth. 

HOT'SPCR,  a.     Violent ;  impetuous,  Spenser. 

HOT'SPUR-RJEJD,  (hot'spurd,)  c  Vehement;  rash; 
headv  ;  headstrong.  Peaeham. 

HOT'T^N-TOT,  n.    One  belonging  to  a  South  Afri- 
can tribe,  formerly  esteemed  the  most  degrad^  of 
the  human  race. 
2.  A  savage,  brutal  man. 

nOT'T£:V-TOT-CHEU'RY,  71.  A  plant.  [SeeCHKR- 
RT.J  Chambers. 

HOT'TEST,  a.    Most  hot. 

HOT'-'WALL,  71.  In  gardening,  a  wall  constnicled 
with  Hues  for  the  conducting  of  heat,  for  securing  or 
hastening  tlie  growth  of  fniit-lrees.  Brande. 

HOU'DAH,  n.    A  seat  to  be  fixed  on  a  camel's  back. 

.-iOUGH,  (hok,)  71.  [Sax.  hoh,  the  heel  or  the  hough  ; 
G.  haeke,  D.  hak,  a  heel,  a  hoe.] 

1.  The  lower  part  of  the  thigh  ;  the  ham  ;  the 
joint  of  the  hind  leg  of  a  beast  that  connects  the 
thigh  with  the  leg.  Encye. 

9.  An  adz  ;  a  hoe.    [Xot  in  use,]        StiRmgjlcet. 
HOUGH,  (hok,)  w.  u    To  hamstring;  to  disable  by 
cutting  the  sinews  of  the  ham. 

2.  To  cut  with  a  hoe.     [Obs.] 

HOUGH'£D,  (hokt,)   pp.      Hamstrung;   disabled  by 

cutting  the  sinews  of  the  ham. 
HOU'LET,  n.    An  owl.     [See  Howlet.] 
HoULT.     See  Holt. 
HOUND,  71.     [Sax.  hund;  G.  Sw.  Dan.  and  Scot. 

hnnd  ;  D.  hond;  L.  canis;  Gr.  kviov,  kvvo^-;  Fr.  chien; 

It.  cane.] 
A  generic  name  of  the  dog ;  but  in  English  it  is 

confined  to  a  particular  breed  or  variety,  used  in  the 

chase.    It  has  long,  smooth,  pendulous  ears. 
HOUND,  V.  t    To  set  on  the  chase.  BramhaJL 

2.  To  hunt ;  to  chase.  L'Estrantre. 
HOUND'FISH,  71.    A  name  of  certain  fishes  of  the 

shark  family.  The  smooth  houndfish,  or  smooth 
shark,  is  the  Jilustclus  Ufvis,  which  grows  to  the 
length  of  three  or  four  feet,  and  is  esteemed  delicate 
food  among  the  Hebrides.  Jardins^^  JVat,  Lib. 

HOUNDS,  n.  pi.  In  seamen''s  language,  the  projecting 
parts  of  the  head  of  a  mast,  serving  as  shoulders  for 
the  top  or  trestle-trees  to  rest  on.  Totten. 

HOUND'S'-TONGUE,  (-tung,)  t^.  A  plant  of  the  ge- 
nus Cynoglossiun,  so  called  from  the  shape  of  ita 
leaves.  Partington. 

HOUND'-TREE,  n.    A  kind  of  tree.        JiinswortJi, 

HOUP.     See  Hoopoo. 

HOUR,  (our,)  n.  [L.  and  Sp.  hora  ;  Gr.  woa  ;  It.  ora ; 
Fr.  keure  ;  Arm.  heiir ;  W.  awr ;  Ir.  luzir ;  G.  uAr ;  D. 
7iur.  Tlie  pnmarj'  sense  is,  time  or  season,  occasion, 
from  a  root  which  signifies  to  come,  to  happen,  to 
fall,  to  rush  or  drive.  Hence  the  Fr.  hear  signifies 
hick,  good  fortune,  and  heureux,  lucky,  fortunate, 
happy,  that  is,  seasonable.  So  in  L.  tcmpestivus, 
from  tempus.  (See  Time.)  But  /witr,  hora,  afterward 
came  to  signify  a  certain  portion  or  di\ision  of  the 
day.    This  has  been  different  in  different  nations.] 

1.  A  space  of  time  equal  to  one  twenty-fourth  part 
of  the  natural  day.    Aji  hour  answers  lo  fifteen  de- 
grees of  the  equator.    It  consists  of  sixty  minutes, 
each  minute  of  sixty  seconds,  &.c. 
9.  Time  ;  a  particular  time  ;  as,  the  hour  of  death. 

Jesvis  jai'.h,  Woman,  my  ho-jr  is  not  yet  com--.  —  J 

3.  The  time  marked  or  indicated  by  a  clir    . 

tor,  clock,  or  watch  ;  the  particular  time  of  tin;  i.:;y. 
What  is  the  honri  At  what  htmr  shall  we  meet.'  1 
will  be  with  yon  at  an  early  hour. 

Good  Iwur,  signifies  early  or  seasonably.  Y'ou 
have  arrived  at  a  good  hour. 

To  keep  good  hours;  to  be  at  home  in  good  season  ; 
not  to  he  abroad  late,  or  at  the  usual  hours  of  retiring 
to  rest. 

Hours;  in  the  plural^  certain  prayers  in  the  Roman 
Catholic  church,  to  be  repeated  at  stated  times  of 
the  day,  as  matins  and  vespers.  Encye. 

In  mytltology,  the  Hours,  (Hora,)  were  divinities, 
regarded  either  as  the  goddesses  of  the  seasons  or  of 
the  hours  of  the  day.  Brande^ 

HOUR'-CIR-eLE,  (our'sur-kl,)  71,  In  astronomy,  a  me- 
ridian ;  so  called  because  the  arcs  of  the  equatoi,  iu 
tercepted  between  the  meridians,  are  used  as  meas- 
ures of  time.  Olmsted 

HOUR'-GLASS,  (our'gldss,)  ti.  A  chronometer  that 
mea'sures  intervals  of  time  by  liie  running  of  sand 
from  one  glass  vessel  to  another,  through  a  small  ap- 
erttire.  Tiie  quantitj-  of  sand  may  be  so  propor- 
tioned as  to  measure  an  hour,  a  half  hour,  or  a 
quarter. 

2.  Space  of  time.  Bacon. 

HOUR'-H.VND,  71.  The  hand  or  pointed  pin  which 
shows  the  hour  on  a  chronometer. 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.— A\"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — e  aa  K ;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


r.{>3 


HOC 


HOU 


ilOL'R'l  triourV,)  ».  Among  llu  .Vohauimnlinu,  a 
liyllipir«f  |«raJ'"-  yc»i<i»r.. 

IIOUR'I.V,  (our'ly,)  a.  Iluppciims  or  .lono  ci'cry 
hour,  ociumuB  Uour  byli.mr;  fr.qudit ;  oneii  ro- 
(iralctl. 

OCaun  ■!»  »tiili>J  ■»»«>  «iill  loilrly  view.  DryUn. 

3.  Conlliittal. 

W«  i»««  Uts  la  »«ii'Iy  elpKUltoo  orimin-  llie  Itoopi  J^'j^- 

IIOUR'LV,  (our'ly,)  <ulv.  Ever)'  hour;  frequcnlly ; 
continually. 

Un>l  wu  Uielr  «*,  whkh  »ourly  «a«  r«iw»tj.       VryUn. 

HOUK'-PLATE,  (our'iilnte,)  ».  The  plate  or  a  clock 
or  other  ilmopiocc  on  which  the  liouni  are  marked ; 

IIOUJ'ACE,  ».  (from  hmue.]  A  fee  for  keeping 
loolJ  ni  a  house.     [.Vul  in  u^(.)  Chambtrx. 

HOUSE,  (lioui,)  n.  [Sai.  **. ;  Goth.  Siv.  and  scot. 
Au  •  (;  Aaiu ;  1>.  hua  :  Dan.  Auiw  ,■  I«  coj-a  ,"  It.  t*p. 
and  Port,  casa:  W.ixj,  a  covering  or  housiiis.  If 
the  primary  sense  la  a  covering,  this  word  may  be 


kasUj 


nferred  to  Heb.  Ch.  Syr.  noj,  Ar.  L 


to  put  on,  to  cover.  Class  Gii,  No.  57.  It  corre- 
■nolids  to  cat,  in  a  diirereiil  dialect.] 
Mn  a  -rHrrcl  sriur,  a  liiiildiiiR  or  .shed  intended  or 
UKd  us  a  haliilation  or  shellcr  lor  animals  ol  any 
kind  ■  but  appn'pnalrlii,  a  building  or  edifice  for  the 
habiuilion  uf  man ;  a  dwelling-place,  mansion,  or 
abode  for  unv  of  the  liiinian  species.  It  may  be  of 
any  aire,  and  composed  of  any  materials  whatever 
^  wood,  stone,  brick,  A:c. 

»  An  edilico  or  buildiug  appropriated  to  the  wor- 
ihlji  of  God  i  a  temple ;  a  church  ;  as,  the  hoiLse  of 
God. 

3.  A  monaster!- ;  a  college;  as,  a  religious  house. 

4.  The  manner  of  living ;  the  table.  He  keeps  a 
KMtd  Ai/HjC,  or  a  inisemblo  fiottse. 

5.  In  a-Jrclofy,  the  station  of  a  planet  in  tlic  heav- 
cus,  or  the  twellUi  part  of  the  heavens. 

Johiuon.    Encyc. 

6.  .\  family  of  ancestors;  descendants  and  kin- 
dred; a  race  of  |>ersons  from  the  same  stock;  a 
tnbc.  It  particularly  denotes  a  noble  family  or  nn 
illustriouj  race ;  as,  tile  hcust  of  Austria ;  the  house 
of  Hanover.  So,  in  Sa-lpture,  the  house  of  Israel,  or 
0?  Judah. 

Tko  nC  X  hoiut  lew  jxgr*  wu  nlToiil.  Dryilcn. 

7.  One  of  the  estates  of  a  kincdom  assembled  in 
parliament  or  legislature  ;  a  body  of  men  united  in 
lliiir  legislative  capacity,  and  holding  their  place  by 
right  or  by  election.  'I'lius  we  say,  the  house  of 
lords  or  peers  of  Great  Britain  ;  the  house  of  com- 
mons ;  the  houii  of  nprcseiitatives.  In  most  of  'he 
United  States,  the  U-gisIiilures  consist  of  two  houses, 
ihe  senate,  and  the  liou^e  of  representatives  or  delc- 

■  ili-s. 
-.  The  quorum  of  a  Icgi.slative  body;  the  number 
:  npresenlatives  assembled  who  are  constilulion- 
ally  einjiowered  to  enact  laws.  Hence  we  say,  there 
is  a  sufficient  number  of  reprjseiitalives  present  to 
form  a  house. 

9.  In  nrrctuttUe  ajfairs,  :'  firm  or  commercial  es- 
tabli-Iiinent,  :is  the  house  ol  liaring  &  Ilrothers. 

10.  Ill  ^^i/iturr,  those  who  dwell  in  a  house  and 
<  impose  a  family  ;  a  household. 

L^mcltJA  wu  a  dcTout  man,  tin  1  feared  God  with  all  bU  hoitte. 
—  AtU  X. 

1 1.  Wealth  ;  estate. 

Ye  il*»our  widowi'  l.otttts.  —  fttill.  xxiii. 

12.  The  grave  ;  as,  tliu  house  appointed  for  all  liv- 
ing.    J^t)  XXX. 

13.  Household  affairs  ;  domestic  concerns. 

Set  thy  houtt  In  cr  1  .T.  —  2  Kin^  XX. 

M.  The  body  ;  tlie  residence  of  the  soul  in  this 
world  ;  xs,  our  canlily  Aoit.,*c.    2  Cor.  v. 
16.  The  church  among  the  Jews. 

Mue>  vu  (ile,ful  In  alt  liu  /.uutf ,  —  Heb.  iii. 

16.  A  place  of  residence.  Egypt  is  called  the 
h^use  of  bondage.     Mr.  xiii. 

17.  A  square,  or  division  on  a  chess-board.   Encyc. 
Ilouit  of  correclion  ;  a  prison  fur  the  punishment  of 

Idle  and  disorderly  persons,  vagrants,  trespassers,  &.c. 

Brande. 
HOI.'SE,  (houz,)  r.  f.     [Sw.  hysa.] 

I.  To  cover  from  the  inclemencies  of  the  weather ; 
to  shelter  ;  to  protect  by  covering  ;  as.toAeiuewood  ; 
to  hoii.tr  larmiiig  utensils  ;  to  Aoiwe  cattle. 
3.  To  admit  to  residence  ;  to  hartior. 

PaiUiii.n  wlshe<l  him  to  houti  all  the  IIe!ali,  &itnn. 

3.  To  deposit  and  cover,  as  in  the  grave.     Sandys. 
A.  To  drive  tti  a  shelter.  Shak. 


HOUSE'BOTE,  (lious'bote,)  n.  [house  and  Sai.  hot, 
bupply.l  .         , 

In  tuic,  a  sufficient  allowance  of  wood  to  repair 
the  house  and  supply  fuel.         ,        ,  „  , 

HOUSE'-liltEAK-liU,  (lious'bruk-er,)  n.  One  who 
breaks,  opens,  and  enters  a  house  by  day  with  a  fe- 
lonious intent,  or  one  who  breaks  or  o]iens  a  house, 
and  steals  therefrom  by  daylight.  lUackstmie. 

HOUSK'-liREAlC-I.NG,  (hous'hrrtk-ing,)  >i.  The 
breaking,  or  opening  and  entering  ol  a  house  by 
daylight,  with  the  intent  to  commit  a  felony,  or  to 
steal  or  rob.  The  same  crime  cominitled  at  night  is 
burohnj.  BUickstonc. 

IIOUSe'-DOG,  n.    A  dog  kept  to  guard  tlie  house. 

Jiddison. 

HOITS'BD,  (hoU7.d,)  pv.     Put  uniler  cover  ;  sheltered. 

UOUSE'HOLD,  (huus'hOld,)  ii.  Those  who  ilwell  un- 
der the  same  roof  and  compose  a  family  ;  tliose  wlio 
belong  to  a  family. 

1  bitptiied  nlao  the  houfehold  of  Stephanns.  —  1  Cor.  i. 

2.  Familv  life  ;  domestic  management.        Shal;. 
HOUSU'IloLD,  a.    liclonging  to  the  house  and  fami- 
lv ;  domestic;   as,  Iwusehold  furniture;  Iwuscluild  al- 

UOL'SE'HOI.D-BREAD,  (-bred,)  ii.  Common  bread, 
or  not  of  the  finest  quality.  . 

HOUSE'IIoLD-ER,  ".  The  m.nstoror  chief  of  a  fami- 
ly ;  one  who  keeps  house  wiili  his  family.  JI/ij«. 
xiii.  ^    , 

IIOUt-E'HoLD-STUFF,  n.  Tiie  furniture  ofa  house  ; 
the  vessels,  utensils,  and  goods  i.-i'  a  fauiily.     Bacon. 

IIOUSE'KEEl'-ER,  ii.  One  wiio  occupies  a  house 
with  liis  f.iniily  ;  a  man  <,r  weinar.  v?ho  maintains  a 
family  state  in  a  house ;  a  houBcholder;  the  master 
or  mistress  of  a  family.  Lochc. 

2.  .\  fcin.iie  servant  who  liar  the  chief  care  of  the 
family,  and  superintends  the  oilier  servants.      Swift. 

3.  One  who  lives  in  plenty.    [JVot  in  use.']  Wotton. 

4.  One  who  keeps  much  at  home.     [.Vet  nsfrf.] 

Skak. 

.'J.  A  house-dog.     [JVof  used."]  Sliak. 

HOUSE'KEEl'-I.NG,  u.    Domestic;  used  in  a  family; 
as,  housckcepini^  commodities,     [/.itttc  used.]    Carew. 
IIOUSE'KEEl'-lNG,  v.    Tlie  family  state  in  a  dwell- 
ing ;  care  of  duniestic  concerns. 

2.  Hospitality ;   a  plentiful  and  hospitable  table. 
rOis.l  SAn*. 

HOUS'EL,  (houz'el,)  ii.     [Sax.  husel.    Lye  supposes 
this  to  be  from  Goth,  hunsa,  a  victim.] 
The  eucharist ;  the  sacred  bread. 
IIOUS'EL,  t'.  t.     [Sax.  hu.sUan.] 

To  give  or  receive  the  eucharist.     [Ohs.]    Chaucer. 
IIOUSE'-LAMB,  71.    A  Iamb  kept  in  a  house  for  fat- 
ting. 
HOUSE'LEEK,  71.    [See  Leek.]     A  plant  of  the  ge- 
nus Sempervivum,  wliich  is  tound  on  the  tops  of 
houses.      The  lesser  houselcek  is  of  the  genus  Se- 
diiin. 
HOnSE'LESS,  a.    Destitute  of  a  house  or  habita- 
tion ;  as,  the  houseless  child  of  want.       Ooldsmitli. 
2.  Destitute  of  shelter. 
HOUSE'LTNE,  I  n.      Among   seamen,    a    small    line 
Hl^US'ING,       )      fiHiiied    of  three  strands,  smaller 

than  rope-yarn,  used  for  seizings,  &,c.  Tottcn. 

IIOUSE'-M.^IU,  71.  Ji  female  servant  employed  to  keep 

a  house  clean,  Slc. 
IIOUSE'-l'llj-EON,  71.    A  tame  pigeon.       Gregory. 
H0USE'-Ea1S-ER,  71.    One  who  erects  a  house. 

fVottou. 
IIOUSE'-ROOM,  71.    Room  or  place  in  a  house. 

Dryden. 
HOUSE'-S.V.AlL,  11.    A  i)aitii:ular  kind  of  snail. 

Diet. 
HOUSE'-WARM-ING,  (lious'warni-ing,)  n.  A  least  or 
merry-making  at  the  time  a  family  enters  a  new 
house.  Johnson. 

HOUSE'VVIFE,  n.     [hottse  and  lei/c  ;  contracted  into 
huswife,  hussy.]     The  misliess  of  a  family.    Pope. 
2.  A  female  econumist ;  a  good  manager. 

Dryden.     Adilison. 
.1.  One  skilled  in  female  business.  Addison. 

4.  A  little  case  or  bag  ftir  articles  of  female  work  ; 
(prou.  huz'zif.)  Sheltoiu 

HOU.SE'VVIFE-LV,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  mistress  of 
a  family. 

2.  Taken  from  housewifery,  or  domestic  affairs; 
as,  a  hotisririferu  uicUl]ihuv.  Blachstonc. 

HOI7SE'\VIFli-liV,  71.     The  business  of  the  mistress 
of  a  family  ;   female  business  in  the  economy  of  a 
family  ;  female  management  of  donieslic  concerns. 
Temple.     Taylor. 
IlnuSE'WRIOllT,  (bous'iTlc,)  71.    An  architect  who 
builds  bouses.  Fothcrhy. 

1  IIOUS'I.\G,  ppr.    Depositing  in  a  house;  covering; 
i     sheltering. 

itnfToE!  /,.        NT..,,  ,    ,  ■ I         -■  Warped  ;  crooked,  as  a  brick. 

HOUSE,  (hoM,)  f.  I.    T„  las..  .l,dl.-r  or  lodgings;  to  '  HOUS'IXG,  n.    [Fr.  Iwusse;  W.  hies,  a  covering.] 

1.  Cover  or  eltJhoverorumlcrahorse'ssaridle,  used 


HOW 

'1.  In  urchitcclurc,  the  space  t:ikcn  out  of  one  solid, 
t*i  ailmil  Uif  iiisniKin  of  anollior.  Uratulr. 

Also,  ;i  ni.:liu  for  a  sljituc.  Olo.t.t.  ofArchit, 

HOUi^'LIN'G,  a.  [Seo  tlousBi..j  Kuci:iinuiit;il ;  us, 
handing  lire,  used  in  the  ceremony  of  nKuriago. 
[Ohs.]  Spenser. 

IlOUSa,  7J.    A  covering.     [Sue  Housing.]  Dnjdcn. 
HOVE  ;  prct.  of  Hiiavk. 
HOVEL,  Ti.     [Pax.  kof.  hofc,  a  house,  a.  cave.] 

1.  An  open  shed  lor  sheltering  cattle,  protecting 
produce,  &.e.,  from  the  weather.  Jirande. 

2.  A  cottage  ;  a  niL'au  house. 
HOV'ICL,  i-.  L    Tu  put  in  a  hovel ;  to  shelter. 
HOV'EL-A'D,  ;j;^.    I'ut  in  a  hovel  i  sheltered. 
HOV'KNjpp.  of  Hkave. 
HOV'KR,  (huv'er,)  v.  i.     [W.  hoviaw^  to  hang  over,  to 

flurtuate,  to  hover.] 

1.  To  Hap  the  wings,  as  a  fowl  ;  to  hang  over  or 
about,  Huttering  or  flappingthe  wings,  with  short, ir- 
regular flights. 

Grcilt  flijrlils  ui  birds  axe  hovering  tibout  Uie  briJge,  mid  ii'eJin(j 
oil  it.  AdiUson. 

2.  To  hang  over  or  around,  with  irregular  ino- 
lioiiis. 

A  hovering  mist  came  swimming  o'er  his  aiglit.  Vryden. 

3.  To  Stand  in  suspense  or  expectation.  Spenser. 

4.  To  wander  about  from  place  to  place  in  the  neigh- 
borhood ;  to  move  back  and  forth  ;  as,  an  army  hov- 
ering on  our  borders  ;  a  ship  hovering  on  our  cuasl. 

Cranch^s  licp. 
HOVER,  n.     A  protection  or  shelter  by  hanging  over. 


[Ohs.] 
IIOV'ER-GUOUXD,  ti.    I.ieht  ground. 
HOVER-ING,  ppr.     Flapping   tlie   wings; 


keep  abode  ;  tu  resid' 

To  Koiut  wiit\  ils!  ■  A/Uton. 

2.  To  have  an  asUtM-.u.-  ■.  ^Uu.uu  in  the  heavens. 

Wbfre  Suiim  hvutu.  Drydtn, 

HOrSE'-BOAT,  (hous'bOal,)  n.    A  covered  boat 


originally  to  keep  oil'  dirt,  and  al'terwnrds  as  an  or- 
namental or  mihtarj-  appendage  ;   a  saddle-cloth  ; 
horse-cloth. 

2.  Ilor-scs,  taken  collectively.     [Obs.] 

3.  [Sec  IlousKLiNE.' 


Rinj. 
hanging 
over  or  around  ;  moving  ivitli  short,  irregidar  llights. 
HOV'Elt-ING-LY,  ado.    In  a  hovering  manner. 
HOW,  tide.     [Sax.  hu;  D.  hoe.] 

1.  In  what  manner.    I  know  not  how  to  answer. 
How  can  a  man  bo  bom  wlieii  he  is  old  l    How  cau  Uicbc  thiuja 

be?  — JoUn  iii. 

2.  To  what  degree  or  extent.  How  long  shall  we 
suller  these  indignities.^  How  much  heller  is  wis- 
dom than  gold  ! 

0,  hoio  lovi;  I  lliy  liiw  !  How  Bweel  ;ire  tltv  words  to  iru'  t;isle  I 
Ps.  cxix. 

3.  For  what  reason  ;  from  what  cause. 

How  iiow,  my  love,  why  \i  your  check  so  pale  ?  Shak, 

4.  l\v  wliat  means.  How  can  this  effect  be  pro- 
duced ? 

5.  In  what  state. 

Ilote,  mid  widi  what  reproach  eliall  I  lY-'tura  I  Dryden. 

G.  It  is  used  in  a  sense  marking  proportion;  as, 
hoxD  nmch  less  ;  hoio  much  more. 

E(.liold,  he  piiUL-lli  no  oust  in  hia  aervunts  — /lOw  much  leu  ui 
Uieni  Ihut  itwfll  in  hoiis'!*  of  clay  1  —  Job  iv. 

Cy  how  much  ihev  would  dmiiniiili  Uie  present  extent  of  the  aea, 
ta  mucli  tlicy  winild  impair  the  fcrlilily,  and  founftiiiis,  and 
liv-eri  ot  the  ciirlh.  lienUetj. 

7.  It  is  much  used  in  exclamation. 

Hoio  arc  the  mighty  fullca  ]  —2  Sam.  i. 

8.  In  some  popular  phrases,  how  is  superfluous  or 
inelegant. 

Thick  clouds  put  ui  in  some  hope  of  land  ;  kuowin^  how  (bat 
part  of  the  South  ata  was  utterly  unknown  Bacon. 

HOAV'BE,  adv.     Nevertheless.     [Obs.]  Spenser. 

HOW-Bk'IT,  adv.     [how,  be,  and  it.]     Be  it  as  it  may ; 
nevertheless;  notwithstanding;  yet;  but;  however. 
HOWDY,  71.     A  midwife.     [Local.]  drone, 

HOW  D'Yli  ;  how  do  vou  ?  Iiuw  is  your  health  ? 
HOW-EVER,  adv.    [Uoib  ami   crcr.l      In   whatever 
manner  or  degree  ;  as,  however  good  or  bad  tlie  style 

2.  At  all  events ;  at  least.  [may  be. 

Our  cliicf  end  is  to  be  freed  from  lUl,  if  H  may  be,  however  from 
the  greatest  evils.  Tdloison. 

3.  Nevertheless;  notwithstanding;  yet.  I  shall 
not  oppose  your  design  ;  I  can  not,  however,  approve 
of  it. 

You  mi'ht,  however,  havo  took  a  laiier  way.  Dnjdtn, 

A  kind  of  mortar  or  short  gun,  mounted  on  a  field 
carriage,  and  used  fur  throwing  sliclls.  The  differ- 
ence hetween  a  inoriar  and  a  liowitz  is,  that  the 
trunnions  of  a  mortar  are  at  the  end,  but  those  of  a 
liowit/.  are  at  the  middle.  Encye. 

HOW'ICER,  71.  A  Dutch  vessel  with  two  inasts.a 
main  and  a  miz/.en-mast ;  also  a  fishing-lioat  with 
one  mast,  used  on  the  coast  of  Ireland.    Mar.  Diet. 

HOWL,  1-.  i.  [D.  huUem  G.  heulen  ;  Sw.yla;  Dan. 
hijh'r;  Up.  aulUtr;  L.  uluto  ;  Gr.  i.Ariu;  Corn. /lOii/M- 
Qii.  \V.  wijlaie;  .\rm.  g-uela,  or  ialn;  U.gudimfU. 
miaiolare.  'I'he  latter  coincide  with  wad  and  ycV.] 
°  1.  To  cry  as  a  dog  or  wolf ;  to  ntler  a  particular  kiiiil 
of  loud,  protracted,  aiid  mournful  sound.  We  say, 
the  dog  ;ioir(.s;  tlie  wolf  *0!cb.    Hence, 

a.  To  utter  a  loud,  mournful  sound,  expressive  ol 
distress ;  to  wail. 

Hoiol  ve,  fur  Ihc  <l.\v  of  the  Lord  is  tU  hand.  — Ii 
Ye  rich  lii'ii,  weep  ami  hotel 

f         3.  To  roar,  as  a  tempest 


-Jiuliefl  V. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  Wn.^T — SIETE,  PIlgY — PINE,  M.\RfNE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BpOK.— 


564 


V 


HUE 

HOWL,  r.  L    To  ulter  or  speak  with  outcry. 

Go  —howl  it  oul  in  drscm.  Phiilpt. 

HOWL,  n.    The  cry  of  a  dog  or  wolf,  or  other  like 

sound. 
2.  The  en-  of  a  human  being  in  horror  or  anguish. 
HOWL'£0,  ]';;.     UUercd  with  outcry,  as  a  (log  or 

wolf. 
HOWL'ET,  n,     [Ft.  hulotUj  from  ou:l] 

An  owl. 
IIOWL'ING,  ppr.     Utterinj,'  the  cry  of  a  dog  or  wolf; 

ntterinc  a  loud  cry  of  distress. 
HO VVL'IXG,  a.    Filled  wiih  howls,  or  howlins  beasts ; 

drearj'. 

Innumerable  aitinces  :tnd  stnbigcms  arc  acied  in  the  hovsling 
w  ili!cni»s  ami  in  Ui;  great  detp,  that  caii  never  cont«  lo  our 
knowledge.  A'ldiaQn. 

HOWL'ING,  n.    The  act  of  howling;  a  loud  outcry 

or  mournful  sound. 
HOW'So,  crfr.  [Abbreviation  of  Aowsoercr.]  Although. 

Danitl. 
HOW-SO-EVTU,  ode.     [Aarc,  so,  and  c"cr.] 

1.  In  what  manner  soever.  Ralc^rh. 

2.  Although.  Skak. 
[For  this  word,  However  is  generally  used.] 

HOX,  V.  t.  To  hough;  to  hainslring.  '  [J^'ot  itscd.] 
[See  Hoi-GH.]  Shak. 

HOY,  lu  A  small  vessel,  usually  ris'^ed  as  a  sloop, 
and  employed  in  conveyintr  passtingcrs  and  goods 
from  place  to  place  on  the  st,a-cnxst,  or  in  lran>port- 
ing  goods  to  and  from  a  ship  in  a  road  or  hay. 

Enc'jc.     Mar,  Diet. 

HOY;  an  exclamation,  of  no  deftuite  meaning. 

HUB,  w.  [See  Hob.]  The  nave  of  a  wheel.  [See 
Nave.] 

Up  to  t'te  hnb  ;  to  a  j^eat  extent ;  deeply  involved  ; 
as,  a  man  is  in  debt  up  to  Vlc  hub, 

HUIt'BUB,  71.  A  great  noise  of  many  confused  voices; 
a  tumult ;  uproar;  riot.  Spender.     Clarendun, 

HUB-BUB-BOO',  n.     A  howling.  Smart. 

HUCK,  r.  I.     To  haggle  in  trading.     [JVot  in  itse.] 

HUCK,  7*.    The  name  of  a  German  river  trout.  Diet. 

HUCK'A-BACK,  ».  A  kind  of  linen  with  raised 
fiaures  on  it,  used  for  lablt-clotbs  aud  towels. 

HUCK'LE,  7(.     [Infra.]     The  hip,  that  is,  a  bunch. 

HUCKLE-BACK-ZTD,  (huk'l-bala,)  a.     [G.  Iwckcr,  a 
biincli,  and  bade] 
Havinir  mund  shoulders. 

UUCK'LtMiEU-RY,  (huk'l-,)  u.     The  berry  cabled, 

also,  WHORTLEBEnnV. 

HUCfv'LE-BoXE,  (huk'l-,)  n.  [G.  !iiJcJ:cr,  a  bunch.] 
Tiie  hip  lione. 

HUCK'STEK,  n.  [G.  hiJckCj  Jiockcr;  Dan.  hUlJccr.  It 
seems  to  bj  from  iwckcn,  to  take  on  the  back,  and  to 
signify  pri[narily  a  peddler,  one  that  carries  goods  on 
his  back.] 

1.  A  retailer  of  small  articles,  of  provisions, 
nuts,  Slc. 

2.  A  mean,  trickish  fellow.  Hah.  Tale. 
HUCK'STER,  V.  i.    To  deal  in  small  articles,  or  in 

petty  bargains.  Stcifi. 

HUCK^STER-AGE,  n.    The  business  of  a  huckster; 

a  dealine.  J\riUon. 

HUCK'STRESS,  n.    A  female  peddler. 
HUD,  71.    The  shell  or  hull  of  a  nut.    [Local]    Orose. 
HUD'DLE,  V.  i.     [In  Ger.,  hudeln  signifius  to  bungle. 

It  may  be  allied  to  AuT,  hide,  or  cufidte.] 

1.  To  crowd  ;  to  press  tojiether  promiscuously, 
without  order  or  regularity.  We  say  of  a  throng  of 
people,  they  huddle  together. 

2.  To  move  in  a  promiscuous  throng  without  or- 
der; to  press  or  hurry  in  disorder.  The  people  hud- 
dle alone,  or  huddle  into  the  house. 

HUD'DLE,  p.  (.    To  put  on  in  haste  and  disorder  ;  as, 
she  huddled  on  her  clothes. 
2.  To  cover  in  haste  or  carelessly.  Edicards. 

?..  To  perform  in  haste  and  disorder.         Dnjdca. 
4.  To  throw  together  in  confusion  ;  to  crowd  to- 
gether without  regard  to  order;  as,  lo  huddle  propo- 
sitions togetlier.  Locke. 
HUD'DLE,  ji.      A  crowd  ;  a  number  of  persons  or 
things  crowded  together  without  order  or  rcj^ularity  ; 
tumult;  confusion.                          Glanvdlc.     Lurke. 
HUD'DLED,  pp.    Crowded  together  without  order. 
HUD'DLER,  71.    One  who  throws  things  into  confu- 
sion ;  a  bungler. 
HUD'DLING,  ppr.    Crowding  or  throwing  together  in 

disorder;  putting  on  carelessly. 
HL'-DI-BRAS'Tie,  a.    Similar  in  style  lo  Hudibras, 

or  doggerel  poetry. 
IIuE,  (hii,)  n.  [Sax.  hicwe,  kiw^  color,  form,  imace, 
beauty  ;  hiwiauj  to  form,  to  feign,  to  simulate.  This 
may  be  contracted  ;  for  in  Sw.  hyckla,  Dan.  hyldcr^  is 
to  play  the  hypocrite.  Perhaps  Aow  is  of  this  family.] 
OoloT ;  tint ;  dye. 

Flowers  of  all  hue,  ^ruton. 

flOE,  in  the  phrase  hue  and  crij^  signi.lcs  a  shouting  or 
vocif«;ration.  In  laio,  a  hue  and  cry  is  tin:  pursuit  of 
a  felon  or  offender,  witii  loud  outcries  or  clamor  to 
cive  an  alarm.  JIuc  is  a  contracted  word,  Norm.  Auc, 
Fr.  huer  or  bnther^  Dan.  Ami,  or,  more  probably,  it  is 
from  the  same  rout  as  hofd, 

HO'/JI),  (Imdf!,)  a.     Having  a  color. 

HCE'LEaS,  c.    Destitute  of  color. 


HUL 

UO'EK,  77.  One  whose  business  is  to  cry  out  or  give 
an  alarm.     [J^ol  in  lur.]  Carew. 

HUFF,  77.  [Up.  ckufa^  an  empty  boast ;  chufar,  to  hec- 
tor, to  bully  ;  Su'.  jf/cw,?,  nfra  .'ii!r.  This  word  coin- 
cides in  eUrments  with  heacc^  huoCy  Dan.  hovnrr,  to 
swell ;  but  it  may  be  a  diJTerent  word.  See  Class 
Gb,  No.  4,  31.] 

1.  A  swell  of  sudden  anger  or  arrogance. 

A  Spani:irl  was  wonderfully  upon  tlie  ftujT  about  liis  citmcUon. 

L'£!8trange. 

2.  A  boaster;  one  swelled  with  a  false  opinion  of 
his  own  value  or  importance. 

Lewd,  Ehallow-bmiiicd  Aujfa  make  ntheism  and  contempt  of  re- 
ligion the  biiil^  ofwii.  South. 

HUFF,  r.  t.     To  swell  ;  lo  enlarge  ;  lo  puff  up.   Grew. 
2.  To  hector;  to  bully;  to  treat  with  insolence  and 
arrogance  ;  lo  chide  or  rebuke  with  insolence. 
HUFI*',  r.  7.    To  swell;  to  dilate  or  enlarge;  as,  the 
bread  hiijjl,: 

2.  To  bluster ;  lo  swell  with  anger,  pride,  or  arro- 
gance ;  lo  storm. 

This  arrogant  conceit  made  them  Awjf  at  ihe  doctrine  of  repent- 
ance. Soul/i. 
A  huffing,  sliining,  flattering,  crinjio*  coward.             Olway. 

HUFF'^D,  (hufl,,  pp.    Swelled  ;  puffed  up. 

HUFF'ER,  77.    A  bully  ;  a  swaggerer  ;  a  blusterer. 

HUFF'I-NESSjji.  Pelulancc;  (he  stale  of  being  puffed 
up.  /luUdn-as. 

HUFF'ING,ppr.    Swelling;  puffing  up;  blustering. 

HUFF'IiXG,  77.     Petulance";  huffiness. 

HUFF'ISII,  (7.     Arrogant;  insolent;  hectoring. 

HUFF'ISII-LY,  ndf.  '  With  arrogance  i»r  blustering. 

HUFF'ISU-NESS,  Ti.  Arrogance;  petulance j  noisy 
bluster. 

HUFF' Y,  a.    Swelled  or  swelling ;  petulant. 

HUG,  V.  t.  [Dan.  harrr,  to  hug,  lo  cherish,  Sw.  hu<r- 
na  ;  Dan.  kii^rcr,  lo  sit  squat  on  the  tail.  The  latter 
seems  lo  be  the  G.  kockeir,  to  sit  yqual,  lo  keep  close, 
D.  hiikkcn.  The  sense  is  to  press,  and  Ihis  word  may 
De  allied  to  hedge] 

1.  To  press  close  in  an  embrace. 

And  hugged  loe  in  his  amis.  Shak. 

2.  To  embrace  closely;  to  hold  fas; ;  lo  treat  witli 
fondness. 


We  hug  defonnitics  if  they  be;ir  our  iiaraca. 


Gtamiile. 


3.  To  congratulate  ;  followed  by  a  reciprocal  pro- 
noun ;  as,  to  Ai/fl-  one's  self.  Smart. 

4.  To  gripe  in  wreslliug  or  scuffling. 

5.  In  seaijien^s  Ian frua^e,  to  keep  c\otie  to  ;  ns,lohiia- 
the  land  ;  to  Au^  the  wind.  Tottcn. 

HUG,  71.    A  close  embrace.  Gay. 

2.  A  particular  gripe  in  wrestling  or  scuffling. 

nCGE,  a.  [This  word  seems  to  belong  to  the  family 
of  highy  D.  hoogy  G.  hoch.  If  so,  the  primary  sense 
is,  lo  swell  or  rise.    If  not,  I  know  not  its  origin.] 

1.  Very  large  or  great ;  enormous;  applied  to  bulk 
or  size  :  as,  a  hiige  mountain  ;  a  huge  ox. 

2.  It  is  improperly  applied  to  space  and  distance, 
in  the  sense  of  great,  vast,  immense  ;  as,  a  huge 
space  ;  a  huge  difference.  This  is  inelegant,  or 
ratiier  ^Tilgrir. 

3.  In  colloquial  language,  very  great;  enormous; 
as,  a  huge  feeder.  Shak. 

HOGE'-BEL'LI-ED,  a.    Having  a  very  large  beily. 

Mdton. 
HCGE'-BUILT,  (bilt,)  a.    Built  to  a  huge  size. 
UCGE'LY,    cdv.      Very  greatly  ;    enonnously  ;    im- 
menseij'. 

Dotli  it  not  flow  OS  hugely  as  tlie  !«a  ?  Sfiai. 

IIuGE'NESS,  71.     Enormous  bulk  or  largeness;  as, 

the  hugeness  of  a  mountain  or  of  an  elephanl. 
riUG'GKD,  pp.     Closelv  embraced  ;  held  fast. 
HUG'GER-iMUG'GER,'T7,     [i^'H^-^rer  contains  the  ele- 
ments of  hug  and  hedge,  and  mugger  those  of  smok€j 
W.  77iiP^,  and  of  stntiggle.] 

Jn  hugger-muggery  denotes  in  privacy  or  secrecy, 
and  the  word,  adverbially  used,  denotes  secretly. 
[/(  i.<  a  loic,  cant  wnrd.]  HoUtncay. 

HUG'tJING,   ppr.      Pressing  or    embracing   closely ; 

fondling. 
HU'GUE-XOT,  (hu'ge-not,)  n.     [The  origin  of  this 
Avord  is  uncertain.    It  is  conjectured  to  be  a  corrup- 
tion of  G.  cidgcnosi'ciiy  confederates ;  eidy  oath,  and 
genussy  consort.] 
A  name  formerlv  given  to  a  Protestant  in  France. 
HO'GUF^NOT-ISM,  n.    The  religion  of  the  Hugue- 
nots in  France.  Sherwood. 
Hu'GY,  a.     [from  huge.]     Vast  in  size.     [JVbt  itscrf.] 

Dryden. 
UUl'SHER,  (hwC'sher,)  n.     [Ft.  huissicr.] 

An  usher.     [Obs.]     [SeeUsHBn.J        B.  Jonson. 
HuKE,  7L     [W.  hug.j 

A  cloak  ;  n  liyke.  Bacon. 

HULCH,  77.    A  bunch  or  hump.     [JVot  used,] 

HlJLCIi'Y,  o.     iMuch  swelling;  gibbous.     [J^otuscd.] 

HULK,  77.    [D,  huUi ;  Sax.  hulc,  a  collage  or  lodge,  a 

vessel ;  l)an.  Ao^A,  a  hoy  ;  Sw.  halk.    (lu.  Gr.  iA^ac.] 

1.  The  body  of  a  shi[),  or  ilecked  vl-sscI  of  any 

kind  ;  but  the  word  is  applied  only  to  the  body  of  an 

old  ship  or  vessel  which  is  laid  by  as  unlit  tor  ser- 


HUM 

vice.    A  sheer-hulk  is  an  old  ship  fitted  with  an  ap- 
paratus to  fix  or  take  out  the  masts  of  a  ship. 

Kncyc.     Mar.  Diet. 
2.  Any  thing  bulky  orunwIeUIy.   [wVotwiftL]  Slialc. 
Tlie  hulks ;  in  England,  old  or  dismasted  ships,  for- 
merly used  as  prisons. 
HULK,  r.  (.    To  take  out  the  c-ntraUs;  as,  to  At/7/;  a 

hare.     [Little  used.]  AtTisicorth. 

HULK'Y,  a.     Bulky  ;  unwieldy.    [AV« «.?«/.] 
HULL,  7(.     [Sax.  Am/,  the  covcrof  a  DUt ;  G.hulsc;  D. 
hulse;  W.hitly  a  cover;  kuliawy  to  cover,  to  deck,  G. 
hvleiK    See  Hulk.] 

1.  Theouter  covering  of  any  thing,  particularly  of  a 
nut  or  of  crain.  Johnson  says,  the  bull  of  a  nut  cov- 
ers the  shell. 

2.  The  frame  or  body  of  a  vessel,  exclusive  of  her 
masts,  yards,  sails,  and  rigging.  Totten. 

To  tic  a  kully  in  seamaids  language^  is  to  lie  as  a  ship 
without  any  sail  upon  her,  and  her  helm  lashed  a-lee. 

Encyc 
To  strilic  a  hull,  in  a  siorm,  is  to  take  in  the  isails, 
and  lash  the  helm  on  the  Icc-side  of  a  ship. 

Ene^e. 
Hull  down,  expresses  that  tlic  hull  of  the  ship  is 
concealed  by  the  convexity  of  the  sea. 
HULL,  V.  t.    To  strip  off  or  separate  the  liull  or  hulls ; 
as,  to  hull  grain. 

2.  To  pierce  the  hull  of  a  ship  with  a  cannon 
bail. 
HULL,  V.  i.    To  float  or  drive  on  the  water,  like  the 

hull  of  a  ship,  without  sails.  Milton. 

HULL'£D,  pp.  or  a.    Stripped  off,  as  the  hulls  of  seed. 
Hidled  cum  or  grain :   com  or  grain  boiled  in  a 
weak  lye,  so  that  the  hull  or  coat  separates,  or  is 
easily  separated,  from  the  kernel. 
HULL'IXG,  ppr.    Stripping  off  the  hull. 
HULL'Y,  a.    Having  husks  or  pods;  siliquous. 
HUL'VER,  n.    Holly,  an  evergreen  shrub,  or  tree.  [D 

hulst.]  '  Tusscr. 

llUMy  V.  i.     [G.  hutnvicn;  D  hommclat.] 

1.  To  utte.-  the  sound  of  bees  :  to  buzz. 

2.  To  make  an  inarticulate,  bu/.zing  sound. 

The  cloudy  messenger  tiuns  me  his  tcck, 

And  hums.  Shak. 

3.  To  pause  in  speaking,  and  make  an  audible 

noise,  like  the  humming  of  bees. 

He  hummed  and  liawed.  Ht/dSbras. 

4.  To  make  a  dull,  heavy  noise  like  a  drone. 

Slill  huTTuning  oii  their  drov.sy  course  Ihcy  look.  Pope. 

5.  To  applaud.     [Obs.] 

HUM,  v.  t.    To  sing  in  a  low  voice ;  as,  to  hum  a  tunc. 

2.  To  cause  to  hum  ;  lo  impose  on.    [yulgar.] 
HUM,  n.    The  noise  of  bees  or  insects. 

2.  A  low,  confused  noise,  as  of  crowds ;  as,  the 
busy  hmn  of  men.  MUton. 

3.  Any  low,  dull  noise.  Pope, 

4.  A  low,  inarliculate  sound,  uttered  by  a  speaker 
in  a  pause  ;  as,  hums  and  haws.       Shak.    Drydau 

5.  An  expression  of  applause.  Spectator. 

6.  An  imposition  in  jest.     \  Vulgar.]  SmarL 
HUM,  ezdam.    A  sound  with  a  pause  implying  doubt 

.and  deliberation.  Pope. 

HU'MAN,  a.  [L.  humamis ;  Fr.  humain;  Sp.  huniano  ; 
It.  umano.  I  am  not  cer^iin  which  are  the  radical 
letters  of  this  word,  but  am  inclined  to  l«Iieve  them 
to  be  Jfn  :  that  the  first  syllable  is  a  prefix  ;  that  Ac- 
mo  in  Latin  is  contracted,  the  7i  being  dropped  in  the 
nominative,  and  restored  in  the  oblique  cases  ;  hence 
homo,  and  the  Gothic  and  Sax.  guma,  a  man,  may  be 
the  same  word  ;  but  this  is  douTjtful  If  Mn  are  the 
elements,  this  word  is  from  the  root  of  77ia7i,  or  rath- 
er is  formed  on  the  Teutonic  word.  Heb.  pa  form, 
species.  The  corresponding  word  in  G  is  jnaischlich, 
(manlik-fy)  D.  mensclichjl:.     See  M.vn.] 

1.  Belonging  to  man  or  mankind;  pertaining  or 
relating  to  the  race  of  man  ;  as,  a  Au77(aB  voice  ;  hu- 
man shape  ;  AiiTJiaTi  nature  ;  Aii77ia7i  knowledge  j  hu- 
man life, 

2.  Having  the  qualities  of  a  man.  Sm/L 

3.  Profane  ;  not  sacred  or  divine  ;  as,  a  human  au- 
thor.    [J\'ot  in  use.]  Brown. 

HO'MAN-ATE,  a.    Endued  with  humanity.     [Obs.] 

Cranmcr. 
HU-MaNE',  a.  [Supra.]  Having  the  feelings  and 
dispositions  proper  to  man  ;  having  tenderness,  com- 
passion, and  a  disposition  lo  treat  others  with  kind- 
ness ;  particularly  in  relieving  them  when  in  distress, 
or  in  captivity,  when  they  are  helpless  or  defenst^ 
less  ;  kind  ;  benevolent. 

2,  Inclined  lo  treat  the  lower  orders  of  animals 
with  tenderness. 
HU-MaNE'LY,  adv.    With  kindness,  tenderness,  or 
compassion  ;  as,  the  prisoner  were  treated  humandy. 
2.  In  a  humane  manner  ;  with  kind  feelings. 
HU-Mai\E'NESS,  ti.    Tenderness.  Scott, 

HC'MAN-IST,  71.    One  who  pursues  the  study  of  the 
humanities,  (liter<B  humaniores,)  or  polite  lilcralure; 
a  term  usea  in  various  European  universities,  es- 
pecially the  Scottish.  Brande. 
2.  One  versed  in  the  knowledge  of  human  nature 
S'tcjlesbury. 
IIU-M.\N-I-Ta'RI-AN,  71.     [L.  humamiSy  humanitas.] 


TONE,  BJJLL,  ITNITE.  —  AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K ;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

r>65 


1 1  ir  M 


HUM 


HUM 


I  •  inily  or  Chriut,  and  believes 

...  i::M,  n.    The  doctrine  of  Iho 

f  L.  kumanittu  ;  Ft.  humaniti.] 
[1  itiiif  ..I  Tiini,  by  which  ho  ia  dis- 
lii  Thii^  rhrisl,  by  liis 

111  I  humantty. 

,  .i.c  huiuun  ruco. 

-U,  he  li  ftU«  to  Imch  nil  humanity. 

GianviiU. 

'  '  i-i.-y-  S.S.  SmiA. 

3.  'i'lit*  kind  leohnirB,  dinponiUuii-s,  and  sympatliies 

ol'iuan,  by  which  he  H  difiUngui^hi-d  frunt  Uic  luw- 

cr  . ',1,  f,   .,»■    .mii.j.      kindiiesji;   benevulonce ;  t'S- 

I*  ■  rchtv*?  pcrsonii  in  distress, 

aji  1  iiir.is  those  who  are  lielple^ 

1U\  ,  ,    ._.d  tu  Cllt'ELTr. 

I  i<>  treat  the  lower  orders  of  animals 
Wi  -r  al  least  to  give  them  nounneces- 

■ai . 

»f  kindness  ;  arts  of  tenderness. 
>  r;imrnaticul  Btudies.  Johnson. 
Ji-   ■  ■  ■  -     .  ..i  iliL'phiral,  si;inilie8  pranminr,  rheto- 
ric, im-  Lntiii  niut  (;ret-k  lancuacefi,  and  potir)- j  for 
(carbine  wliich  there  are  profes^or^  in  the  universities 
•  '  "^^    "  ""'•  Enajc. 
^  VTlOS^n.    The  act  of  hunianizinR. 
' .),  p.  f.     To  soften  ;  to  render  iitimane  ; 
li-fpositions  tocruelty.andrcndersusccpli- 
blo  ui  kind  feelings. 

W«  k  lh«  buaiii<:n  of  nugic  to  humanize  our  iiaturw  ? 

AddUon,     Wllhrrtpoon. 

!     ''l\S-lZrEDj  pp.    SoAencd  in  feeling;  rendered 


'  !XG,  ppr.  or 

-;tionii. 

i  N'D,  n.    The  race  of  man 


Softening ;   subduing 


;  mankind ;  the 

■,  '»••."!>,  Pope. 

^  .  ade.  After  the  manner  of  men ;  ac- 
tiie  opinions  or  knowledge  of  men.  Tho 
prospects,  kumtailtj  speaking,  promise  a  hap- 


Popc 


py  lA-'ue. 

/?.  Kin.Ily;  humanely.     [Obs.] 
"      '"'  'N'»n.    Interment.    [Jrotvscd.] 

j  n.    A  very  ^niall  bird  of  the  ge- 
-IURD,  i     nus  Trochilus,  mo  called  from 
UIC    nii,.i  of  its  wines  in  tlight.    Tlie  rostrum  is 
Kubuluie,  filifonn,  and  longer  liian  the  head ;    the 
liingue  I.-*  iihlurm  and  lubuluu^.    It  never  liglits  to 
take  fiKxi,  but  ft-eds  while  on  the  wing. 
IIL'.M'BLK,  d.     [Fr.  humble:    h.liumilhi  supposed  to 
be  from  Aumiw,  the  earth,  or  its  root.] 
1.  Iaiw  ;  opposed  to  High  or  Loftv. 

Tby  humii:«  atii  buili  on  tne  jfrounJ.  Cowley. 

a.  I^w  ;  opposed  to  LoFTir  or  Great  :  mean  ;  not 
loagnincent ;  a.",  a  humble  cottage. 

A  kuoA^M  n»f,  and  an  ot»cure  retreat  Anon. 

a  Lowly  ;  modest ;  meek  ;  submissive ;  opposei  to 

raouDj  lUuGHTr,  Arrogant,  or  Asslsiixo.     In  an 

ecamirehaU  sense,  having  a  low  opinion  of  one's  self 

andii  ii.    ^■-  "=■  'f  unworlhiocsa  in  tile  sight  of  God. 

^  rjuj,  but  giveth  ffTAce  to  the  hambU.— 

"  ■  -JAtion  of  ihc  tUviiie  Autlior  of  oiu  Mcsseil 

W<uAingtan  »  Orotiar  AMrtta  or  UUcr,  June  18,  J7S3. 

HTO'BLE.  r.  (.  To  brinft  down  ;  to  reduce  to  a  low 
state.  Ihts  victory  AumWtd  the  pride  of  Rome.  The 
power  of  Rome  was  fiumblcd,  but  not  subdued. 

Wm.h   '"7"'^,'^'  Y""^  '  '"  aubdue.    The  battle  of 
\\  alerloo  humbled  the  power  of  Bonaparte. 

J.  lo  mortify,  ur  make  ashamed  ;  as,  one  may  be 
hu^lal  without  having  true  humility.  ^ 

Jdc.rf'"^l*'» '."""*''""'  ''"'''>'  *"  "'*"''  '  t"  abu.se  the 

^?iv^  't^."^'^"*^'^"^Sance  and  self-dependence: 

I-*  „i^  0  .1  Iu;v  opinion  of  one's  moral  wortli :  to  make 

submissive  to  the  divine  will;  theevan- 

■  It'.  unl T  ih.  ,,  ,.i,.v  k.md  c-f  God,  tli.-,l  he  rriAy 
"f  hU  hc*rU  —  a  Chron. 

.p^k  to"h^."'  ''■'"'''"•"'■  «-=  *»■»("  himself  to 
C  To  hnn;  ilnwn ;  lo  lower;  to  reduce. 

•  maj  I,  kumiltd  Inlo  xallcjt  Batimll 
■  rhastlly.    Daa.xxi. 
■'        i..  .o,„..;ocon{riir"'^""  """"i"  one',  self 
'<■    ■    lil.E-BEB,   n.      [G.4a™w; 

■^'A.  'j'jTi.'a  ;   from  hum. 

,  a  buzzing.] 
iiccics.Umi  draws  its  food  chiefly 

/.  '*  a.    Made  low 
-n,UTU.£i),a.     Mild;  meek;  mnde^u 

"CM,BLE-pjA:VT.T'''r,,«cies„fS.i^r;S.. 
. .^ •Mtrrtimcr, 


7. 

r,. 


D.  kommtl ;   Dan. 
It  ia  often  called 


aliased ;  rendered 


HUM'BLEK,  n.    lie  or  tlmt  which  humbles;  he  that 
reduces  pride  or  mortifies. 

UM'BLES    '("■I''-    Entrails  of  a  deer.    Johnson. 
HUM'llLlisS,  n.    [Old  Fr. /4umWM«.]     Humbleness; 

humility.  Sjieiuier. 

lIUM'lJMiVG, /»;>r.    Abasinj:;  crushing;  subduing'. 

2.  a.  Adapted  to  abase  pride  and  self-depcndetice. 
HUM'BLING,  n.  Humiliation  ;  abatement  of  pride. 
HUiM'BLY,  flrfp.    In  a  liiiinble  manner  ;  with  modest 

subniissiveness ;  with  Imnulity. 

Hope  humbly  then ;  vviili  trciiililinff  pinions  soar ; 

Wiul  llir;  grvat  u-jMihcr,  death,  ana  Uod  tiilorc.  Poim. 

2.  In  a  low  slate  or  condition  ;  without  elevation. 
HU.M'liOI,DT-rNE,  71.     [from  Ilmholdt.]      A  native 

o.Yalalc  of  iron. 
mjM'HOLDT-ITE,   n.     [from  Humboldt.]     A   rare 

mineral,  a  variety  of  datholite. 
HUAI'ISLTG,  n.    An  imposition  under  fair  pretenses ;  a 

person  who  thus  imposes.     [A  law  word.} 
HUM'BUG,  II.  J.    To  deceive  ;  to  impose  on.     [.i  lovi 

word.} 
HUM'BUG-G£D,p;).    Imposed  on  ;  deceived. 
HUiM'UUG-GER-Y,  n.    The  practice  of  imposition. 
HUM'DRUM,  a.     [Qu.  hum  and  drone,  or  VV.  trom, 

heavy.] 

Dull ;  stupid.  .  Mdisiin.     Iludibras. 

HUM'DKUM,  n.    A  stupid  fellow  ;  a  drone. 
lIU-.MEe'l'',  j  V.  t.    [L.  humecto,  from  Immco,  to 

HU-MECT'aTE,  j      be  moist ;  I-r. /mniccter.] 
To  moisten;  to  wet;  to  water.     [Litlle  used.] 

Brown.     Howell. 
HU-MEGT-a'TION,  71.    The  act  of  moistening,  wet- 
ting, or  watering.     [Little  used.]  Bacon. 
HU-^IEeT'IVE,  a.    ilavinfi  the  power  to  moisten. 
IIO'JIER-AL,  (I.  [Fr.,  from  L.  humerus,  the  shoulder.] 
Belonging  to  the  shoulder  ;  as,  the  humeral  artery. 
HUAI'IIU.M,  II.    A  kind  of  plain,  coarse  India  clotll, 

made  of  cotton. 
Hu'Mie  AC'IU,  71.    An  acid  formed  from  humus  by 

the  action  of  an  alkali.  Cooley 

HU-MI-Ca-B.l'TION,  n.     [L.  humus,  the  ground,  and 

cuho,  to  lie.] 

A  lying  on  the  ground.     [Little  used.]     Bramliall. 
HO'.MID,  a.    [L.  humidus,  from  humco,  to  be  moist 

Fr.  humidc] 

1.  JIuist ;    damp  ;    containing  sensible  moisture ; 
as,  a  humid  air  or  atmosphere. 

2.  Somewhat  wet  or  watery  ;  as,  humid  earth. 
IIU-MID'I-TY,  71.    iVloisture;  dampness;  a  moderate 

degree  of  wetness,  which  is  perceptible  to  the  eye  or 
touch,  occasioned  by  the  absorption  of  a  fluid,  or  its 
adherence  to  the  surface  of  a  body.  When  a  cloth 
has  imbibed  any  fluid  to  such  a  degree  that  it  can  be 
felt,  we  call  it  hutnid  ;  but  when  no  humidity  is  per- 
ceptible, we  say  it  is  dni.  Quicksilver  communi- 
cates no  kmnidilij  to  our  hands  or  clothes,  for  it  does 
not  adhere  to  them  ;  but  it  will  adhere  to  gold,  tin, 
and  lead,  and  render  them  humid  and  soft  to  the 
touch. 

2.  Moisture  in  the  form  of  visible  vapor,  or  per- 
ceptible in  the  air. 

HO'.MID-NESS,  71.    Humidity. 

HU-MIL'[-aTE,  v.  t.     [I.,  humilio ;  Fr.  humUicr.] 

To  humble;    to  lower  in  condition;  to  depress; 
as,  humiliated  slaves.  Eaton 

IIU-MIL'I-A-TED,   pp.      Humbled  ;  depressed  ;    de- 
graded. 

UU-l\lIL'I-A-TING,ppr.    Humbling;  depressing. 
2.  <j.    Ahatmg  pride ;    reducing    self-confidence  ; 
mortilymg.  Boswell 

HU-MIL-I-a'TION,  n.    The  act  of  humbling;  the 
state  of  being  humbled. 

2.  Descent  from  an  elevated  state  or  rank  to  one 
that  IS  low  or  humble. 

The  former  wiu  a  h<inalmlion  ot  deily ;  Uie  Inter,  a  humiliation 
of  .nanhood.  Hoolltr. 


3.  The  act  of  abasing  pridi 
reduf- '  *~  '    - ' 


e  ;  or  the  state  of  being 


duced  to  lowliness  of  mind,  meekness,  penitence" 
d  submission. 

The  doctrine  he  preached  was  humiliaHon  and  repeiitauM. 


See 


III!  ■5",r'}^?-1,';?"^"'  "•"  P"''«  ;  mortification. 
HU-MIL'I-TY,  n.      [1,.  humility;  Fr.  humilM. 
Humrle.] 

1.  In  ethics,  freedom  from  pride  and  arrogance  ; 
liiiniblencss  of  mind ;  a  modest  estimate  of  oiie's 
own  worth.  In  Uteoloipj,  humility  consists  in  lowli- 
ness of  mind,  a  deep  sense  of  one's  own  unworthi- 
ness  in  the  sight  of  God,  self-abasement,  penitence 
lor  sin,  and  submission  to  the  divine  will. 

Before  honor  ia  humility.  —  Prov.  xv. 

Serving  tlie  Lord  wiUi  all  humU\ty  of  mind.  —  Acta  xx. 

2.  Act  of  submission. 

With  UieK  humilili,,  ihey  sitisEed  the  yoimj  kinj.     BooiM. 
II -'mJ'*'  "■     ^"^  H"«f  »• 

mi„,,I^'  "■    A  "^^  Vesuvian  mineral,  occurring  in 
miniitc  complex  crystals.    It  was  named  from  Su- 

I'aMU   tlUIilL'.  r\ 

"l.'"^''-)^''^'  "•     [''rom  Aiim.]    One  that  hums  ;  a^ap- 

Aiiiswortk. 
ppr.  or  a.      Making  a  low  buzzing  or 


plaud... 
HlJM'MIiNG, 

munnuriiig 


nUIM'MrXG,  71.    The  sound  of  bees ;  a  low,  raiirinur- 

ing  sound. 
HUM'MING-ALE,  it.    Sprightly  ale.  Dnjden. 

HUiM'MlNG-lJIRD,  v.    Tlic  smalU-st  of  birds,  of  the 

genus  Tiochilu.s.     [See  IluMtiiBo.] 
HUM'MOCK,  n.    A  solid  mass  of  turf  considcnibly 

elevated  above  the  surrounding  earth.     [See  IIom- 

MOCK.] 

HUM'MaiMS,  n.  j)l.     [Persian.]     Baths  or  plnccs  for 

sweating. 
Hu'MOR,  n.   [L.,  from  humeo^  to  be  moi.st ;  Sans,  nj.io, 

moist.      The  pronunciation  yumor  is  odiously  vul- 

1.  Moisture ;  but  the  word  is  chiefly  iiaetl  to  ex- 
press the  moisture  or  fluids  of  animal  bodies ;  as 
the  humors  of  the  eye.  Hut  more  generally  the  word 
is  used  to  express  a  fluid  in  its  moriiid  or  vitiated 
slate.  Hence,  in  popubir  sp-jech,  wo  often  hear  it 
said,  till!  hUioil  is  full  of  humors.  But  llie  expression 
is  not  technical,  nor  correct. 

JiqncotLs  humor  of  the  cijc ;  a  transparent  fluid,  oc- 
cupying the  spaci^  between  the  crystalline  lens  and 
the  cornea,  both  before  and  behind  the  pupil. 

Criistnllinc  humor  or  laui ;  a  small,  transptiront, solid 
body,  of  a  softisli  consistence,  occiipving  a  middle 
position  in  the  eye,  between  the  aqueous  and  vitre- 
ous Inimors,  and  dneclly  behind  the  pupil.  It  is  of 
a  lenticular  form,  or  with  double  convex  surfaces, 
and  is  tiie  principal  instrument  in  refracting  the  rays 
of  light,  so  as  to  form  an  image  on  the  retina. 

Vitrcoics  humor  of  the  eye;  a  fluid  contained  in  the 
minute  cells  of  a  transparent  membrane,  occupying 
tlie  greater  part  of  tho  cavity  of  the  t^ye,  and  all  the 
space  between  the  crystalline  and  the  retina. 

JVutar 

2.  A  disCEise  of  the  skin  ;  cutaneous  eruptions. 

Fiilding. 

3.  Turn  of  mind  ;  temper;  disposition,  or  rather  a 
peculiarity  of  disposition  often  temporary  ;  so  called 
because  liiu  temper  of  mind  has  been  supposed  to 
depend  on  the  fluids  of  tlie  body.  Hence  we  say, 
pood  humor  ;  melancholy  humor  ,■  peevish  humor. 
Such  hitmorsj  when  temporary,  we  call  frcaLs, 
whims,  ciipricc.  Thus  a  person  characterized  by 
good  nature  may  have  a  fit  of  HI  humor:  and  an  ill- 
natured  j)erson  may  have  a  fit  of  good  humor.  So 
we  say,  it  was  the  humor  of  the  man  at  the  time  ;  it 
was  the  humor  of  the  multitude. 

4.  Tliat  quality  of  the  imagination  wliich  gives  to 
ideas  a  wild  or  fantastic  turn,  and  tends  to  excite 
laughter  or  mirth  by  ludicrous  iniagLS  or  rci>resrnta- 
tions.  Humor  is  less  poignant  and  brilliant  tlian  wtt. ; 
hence  it  is  always  agreeable.  Wit,  directed  against 
folly,  often  offfends  by  its  severity  ;  humor  makes  a 
man  ashamed  of  his  follies,  without  exciting  his  re- 
sentment. Humor  may  be  employed  solely  to  raise 
mirth  and  render  conversation  pleasant,  or  it  ni;iy 
contain  a  delicate  kind  of  satire 

5.  Petulance;  peevishness;  better  expressed  hy  ill 
humor. 

Is  n;y  riiciid  .ill  pcrfeclion  i   has  he  not  humors  to  Ix;  endured  ? 

Houth. 

6.  A  trick ;  a  practice  or  habit. 

I  lil;o  not  the  humor  of  lying.  SliaJc, 

HO'MOR,  V.  t.  To  gratify  by  yielding  to  particular  in- 
clination, humor,  wish,  or  desire  ;  to  indulge  by  com- 
pliance. We  somttimes  humor  cliildren  to  their  in- 
jury or  ruin.  Tiie  sick,  the  inlirm,  and  the  aged 
often  require  to  be  humored. 

2.  To  suit;  to  indulge;  to  favor  by  imposing  no 
restraint,  and  ratlicr  contributing  to  promote  by  oc- 
casional aids.  We  say,  an  actor  humors  his  part,  or 
the  piece. 

It  is  my  part  to  inveut,  and  that  of  Ihe  muEiciana  to  humor  thai 
invention.  Diydcn. 

HO'MOR-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to,  or  proceeding  from, 

the  humors  ;  as,  a  humoral  fever.  Harmj. 

Humoral  pathology  ;  that  pathology,  or  doctrine  of 

the  nature  of  diseases,  which  attributes  ail  mipvbid 

phenomena  to  the  disordered  condition  of  tlie  iluida 

or  humors.  Cijc. 

Hu'MOR-AL-ISM,  n     State  of  being  humoral. 

Caldwell, 
9.  The  doctrine  that  diseases  have  their  seat  in 

the  humors. 
Hu'MOR-AL-IST,  n.     One  who  favors  the  Immoral 

pathology. 
nv'^]OR-ED,  pp.    Indulged  ;  favored. 
Hu'MOR-ING,  ppr      Indulging  a  particular  wish  or 

propensity  ;  favoring ;  contributing  to  aid  by  falling 

hito  a  design  or  course. 
HU'MOR-ISM,  n.    Tlie  state  of  the  humors. 
Hu'MOR-IST,  n.    One  who  conducts  himself  by  his 

own  inclination,  or  bent  of  mind  ;  one  who  gratilied 

his  own  humor. 

The  humorist  is  one  that  is  gre.itly  pif.-iscd  or  grc.Tlly  disploaud 
with  little  ihinffB;  hia  actiuDo  eoldum  directed  ly  the  rcaaoa 
and  nature  of  things.  Watia. 

2.  One  that  indulges  Immor  in  speaking  or  wri- 
ting ;  one  who  has  a  playful  fancy  or  genius.  [See 
Humor,  No.  4.] 

3.  One  who  has  odd  conceits ;  also,  a  wag  j  a 
droll.  HalL    Bodlaj, 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT MeTE    PRFV       i,7vr.    „  . 

-  — —      •  ^'  '^'^g^— I*t.^E,  MARINE,  BIRD.-N6TE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK. 

566  —      •• 


N 


HUN 

Hu'MOR  LESS,  a,    Deslilute  of  humor. 

IIC'MOU  OL^S,  a.  Coulaining  humor;  full  of  wild 
orfancifiil  imiices  ;  adapted  to  excite  laughter ;  jocu- 
lar ;  as,  a  Am maroits  essay  ;  a  kuvzorous  story. 

2.  Having  the  power  to  speak  or  writ;;  in  the  style 
of  humor;  fanciful;  playful;  exciting  lauglUcr;  as, 
a  litunorims  man  or  author. 

3.  Subject  to  be  governed  by  humor  or  caprice  ; 
irregular;  capricious;  whimsical. 

I  a:n  hiiovni  to  be  a  humorous  patrician.  .S^ai. 

Ituiisti  ai  a  siorra,  and  humorous  as  Uie  wind.  Dryden. 

A.  Moist ;  humid.     [JVof  m  uscl  Drayton. 

IIu'-MOR-OliS-LY,  adv.  With  a  wild  or  grotesque 
rombtuation  of  ideas  ;  in  a  manner  to  excite  laugh- 
ter or  mirth  ;  pleasantly  ;  jocosely.  Addison  de- 
scribes humorously  the  manual  exercise  of  ladies' 
fans. 

2.  Capriciously  ;  whimsically  ;  in  conformity  with 
one's  humor. 

We  resolve  by  halves,  r.ish!y  and  kumorously.  Calamy. 

HO'MOR-OUS-NESS,  7(.  The  state  or  quality  of  be- 
ing humorous  ;  odduess  of  conceit ;  jocularity. 

2.  Fickleness ;  capriciousness. 

3.  ^^fevishnes3  ;  petulance.  Goodman. 
HU'MOR-SOME,  (-sum,)  «.    Peevish  ;  petulant;  in- 
fluenced by  the  humor  of  the  moment. 

The  commons  do  not  al>:t  htirnorsiome,  facLious  anns.    Earke. 

2.  Odd  ;  humorous  ;  adapted  to  excite  laughter. 

Swift. 
HU'.MOR-SO-AIE-LY,  adv.    Peevishly;  petulantly. 

2.  Oddlv  ;  humorously.  [Joluison. 

HU-AIP,  71.    '[L.  umbo.] 

The  protuberance  formed  by  a  crooked  backj  as, 
a  camel  with  one  hump,  or  two  humps. 
HUMP^BACK,  n.    A  crooked  back  ;  high  shoulders. 
2.  A  humpbacked  person.  [TafJer. 

HU.MP'3ACK-£D,(-bakt,)a.    Having  a  crooked  back. 
IlD'MUS,  n.      [L.,  ground.]      A  pulverulent  brown 
substance  formed  by  the  action  of  air  on  solid  ani- 
mal or  vegetable  matter.    It  is  a  valuable  constituent 
of  soils.  Gru/ium. 

HUXCH,  71.  [See  the  verb.]  A  hump;  a  protuber- 
ance :  as,  the  hunch  of  a  camel. 

2.  A  lump  ;  a  thick  piece  ;  as,  a  hunch  of  bread  ; 
a  word  in  common  vulgar  nse  in  JVcw  England. 

3.  A  push  or  jerk  with  the  fist  or  elbow. 
HUNCH,  v.L    To  push  with  the  elbow;  to  push  or 

thrust  with  a  sudden  jerk. 

2,  To  push  out  in  a  protuberance ;  to  crook  tlie 
back.  Di-ydcn. 

HUNCfrBACK,  n.    A  humpback. 

HUNCH'BACK-£n>,  (-bakt,)  a.  Having  a  crooked 
back.  L'Estrange.     Dryden, 

HUNCH'ED,  (huncht,)  pp.  Pushed  or  thrust  with 
the  fist  or  elbow. 

HUXCH'IXG,  pp-     Pushing  with  the  fist  or  elbow. 

HUND'RED,  a.  [Sax.  hund  or  hundred;  Goth,  hand; 
D.konderd;  G.  hundcrt ;  Sw.hundra;  Dan. /lunt/re, 
hundred ;  L.  centum  i  W.  cant,  a  circle,  the  hoop  of  a 
wheel,  the  rim  of  any  thing,  a  complete  circle  or 
series,  a  hundred  ;  Corn,  cam  ;  Arm.  cant ;  Ir.  ccantr. 
Lye,  in  his  Saxon  and  Gothic  Dictionary,  suggests 
thai  this  word  hund  is  a  mere  termination  of  the 
Gothic  word  for  ten  ;  taihun-taUiund,  ten  times  ten. 
But  this  can  not  be  true,  for  the  word  is  found  in  the 
Celtic  as  well  as  Gothic  dialects,  and  in  the  Arabic 

^Xiji  hand,  Class  Gn,  No.  63 ;  at  least,  this  is  proba- 
bly the  same  word.  The  Welsh  language  exhibits 
the  true  sense  of  the  word,  which  is  a  circle,  a  com- 
plete series.  Hence  W.  cantrev,  a  division  of  a 
county,  or  circuit,  a  cantcn,  a  hundred.  (See  Can- 
tos.) The  word  signifies  a  circuit,  and  the  sense  of 
kv7uired  is  secondary.  The  centuria  of  the  Romans, 
and  the  hundred,  a  division  of  a  county  in  England, 
might  have  been  merely  a  division,  and  not  an  exact 

'    hundred  in  number.] 

Denoting  the  product  of  ten  multiplied  by  ten,  or 
the  number  of  ten  times  ten  ;  as,  a  hundred  men. 

HUND'RED,  n     A  collection;  body,  or  sum,  consisting 
often  tiitiesten  individuals  or  units  ;  the  number  100. 
2.  A  division  (.r  part  of  a  county  in  England,  sup- 
posed to  have  originally  contained  ix  hundred  iamiWcs, 
or  a  hundred  warriors,  or  a  hundred  manors. 

[But  as  the  word  denotes  prinuirily  a  circuit  or 
dinision,  it  is  not  certain  that  Alfred's  divisions  had 
any  reference  to  that  number.] 

HUND'RED-eoURT,  n.  In  England,  a  court  held 
for  all  the  inhabitants  fS  l  I;undred.        Blackstone. 

HUND'REL'-::::,  71.     in  England,^  ni:ai  ...:,.  maybe 
of  a  jury  in  any  controversy  respcctmg  land  within 
the  hundred  to  which  he  belongs. 
2.  One  having  the  jurisdiction  of  a  hundred. 

KUND'REDTH,  a.    The  ordinal  of  a  hundred. 

HUNG,  i^rrt.  r<nd  pp.  of  Ha.vg. 

ilUNG'-BEEF,  n.  The  fleshy  part  of  beef  slightly 
sailed  and  hung  up  to  drj- ;  dried  beef. 

HUN'GA-HV-WA'TER,  ;*.  A  distilled  water  pre- 
pared from  the  tops  of  flowers  of  rosemary ;  so 
called  from  a  queen  of  Hungary,  for  whose  use  it 
was  first  made.  Encyc. 


HUN 

HUN"GER,  n.  [Sax.  hunger,  G.  Dan.  and  Sw.  hun- 
ger, D.  hanger,  Goth,  huhrns,  hunger ;  Sax.  kungrian, 
hingrian,  Goth,  kuggryan,  to  hunger.  It  appears 
from  the  Gothic  that  it  is  not  radical  ;  the  root, 
then,  is  ITg.] 

1.  An  uneasy  sensation  occasioned  by  the  want  of 
food  ;  a  craving  of  food  by  the  stomach  ;  craving 
appetite.  Hunger  is  not  merely  want  of  food,  for  |)er- 
sons  when  sick  may  abstain  long  from  eating  with- 
out hunger  or  an  appetite  for  food.  Hunger,  there- 
fore, is  the  pain  or  uneasiness  of  the  stomach  of  a 
healthy  person,  when  too  long  destitute  of  food. 

2.  Any  strong  or  eager  desire. 

For  hunger  of  my  gold  1  die.  Dryden. 

HUN"GER,  V.  i.  To  feel  the  pain  or  uneasiness 
which  is  occasioned  by  long  abstinence  from  food  ; 
to  crave  food. 

2.  To  desire  with  great  eagerness  ;  to  long  for. 

Blessed  are  tbey  that  hunger  and  thirst  after  rJghtcousnaiS.  — 
iMall,  V. 

HUN"GER,  V.  t.    To  famish.     [A-oi  in  use.] 

HUN"GER-Bn',  )  a.  Pained,  pinched,  or  weak- 

HUN"GER-BIT-T£N,  ]       ened  by  liunger.  MiUoii. 

HUN"GER-£D,  pp.  oi  a.  Pinched  by  want  of  food  ; 
hungrj-. 

HUN"GER-ING,p;/r.  Feeling  the  uneasiness  of  want 
of  food;  desiring  eagerly  ;  longing  for;  craving. 

HUN^"GER-LY,  a.  Hungiy  ;  wanting  food  or  nour- 
ishment. Shak. 

HUN"GER-LY,  adv.  With  keen  appetite.  [Little 
used.]  ShaJ:. 

HUN"GER-STARV-jED,  n.  Starved  with  hungi  r  ; 
pinched  by  want  of  food.  Shah.     Druden. 

HUN"GER-STUNG,  a.     Slung  by  hunger.     Drake. 

HUN"GR£D,  a.  Himgry  ;  piuched  by  want  of  food, 
f  Ois.]  Bacon. 

HUN"GRI-LY,  adv.  [from  hungry.]  Willi  keen  ap- 
petite ;  voraciously. 

When  on  harsh  acorns  hungTily  they  fed.  Dryden. 

HUN"GRY,  a.     Having  a  keen  appetite  ;  feeling  pain 
or  uneasiness  from  want  of  food.    Eat  only  when 
you  are  hungry. 
9.  Having  an  eager  desire. 

3.  Lean  ;  emaciated,  as  if  reduced  by  hunger. 

Caiiiiis  has  a  lean  and  hungry  look,  Sliak. 

A.  Not  rich  or  fertile ;  poor ;  barren  ;  requiring 
substances  to  enrich  itself;  as,  a  hungry  aoil ;  a 
hungry  gravel.  Mortimer. 

HUNKS,  n.  A  covetous,  sordid  man;  a  miser;  a 
niggard.  Dryden. 

HUNS,  n.  pi.     [L.  Hunni.] 

The  Scythians,  who  conquered  Pannonta,  and  gave 
it  its  present  name,  Hungary. 

HUNT,  V.  t.  [SiLt.  huntian.  This  word  does  not  ap- 
pear in  the  cognate  languages.  See  Class  Gn,  No. 
67,] 

L  To  chase  wild  animals,  particularly  quadrupeds, 
for  the  purpose  of  catching  them  for  food,  or  for  the 
diversion  of  sportsmen ;  to  pursue  with  hounds  for 
taking,  as  game  ;  as,  to  hunt  a  slag  or  a  hare. 

2.  To  go  in  search  of,  for  the  purpose  of  shooting; 
as,  to  hunt  wolves,  bears,  squirrels,  or  partridges. 
This  is  the  common  use  of  the  word  iu  America  It 
includes  fowling  by  shooting. 

3.  To  pursue  ;  to  follow  closely. 

Evil  shall  /unit  the  violent  man  looverlliiow  him.  — Ps.  cxI. 

4.  To  use,  direct,  or  manage  hounds  in  the  chase. 

He  hunts  a  pack  of  dogs.  Addison. 

To  hunt  out,  up,  or  after ;  to  seek  ;  to  search  out. 

Locke. 
To  hunt  from. ;  to  pursue  and  drive  out  or  away. 
To  hunt  down;  to  depress;  to  bear  down  by  perse- 
cution or  violence. 
HUNT,  V.  i.     To  follow  the  chase.     Ocn.  sxvii 

2.  To  seek  wild  animals  for  game,  or  for  killing 
them  by  shooting  when  noxious;  with  for :  as,  to 
hunt  for  bears  or  wolves ;  to  hunt  for  quails,  or  for 
ducks. 

3.  To  seek  by  close  pursuit ;  to  search ;  with  for. 

The  adulteress  will /lunt/or  tlie  precious  life.  —  Prov,  vi. 

To  hunt  counter ;  to  imcs  the  scent  backward  in 
hunting;  to  go  back  on  one's  steps.     [0&5.]     SliaJ:. 
To  ru2i  counter  is  still  used. 
HUNT,  tt.    A  chase  of  wild  animals  for  catching 
them. 

2.  A  huntsman.     [JV*o(  in  use.]  Chaucer. 

a.  A  pack  of  hounds.  I>ryden. 

4.  Pursuit ;  chase.  Sliak. 

5.  A  seeking  of  wild  animals  of  any  kind  for 
game  ;  as,  a  hunt  for  squirrels. 

6.  An  association  of  iiuntsmen  J  as,  the  Caledonian 
hunt. 

HUNT-eoUNT'ER,  7i.  A  dog  that  runs  back  on  the 
scenl,  and  hence  is  worthless.  Shak. 

HUNT'J^D,  pp.  or  a.    Chased  ;  pursued  ;  sought. 

HUNT'Ell,  7i.  One  who  pursues  wild  animals  with  a 
view  lo  take  them,  either  for  sport  or  for  food. 

2.  A  d;!g  that  scents  game,  or  is  employed  in  the 
chase. 

3.  A  horse  used  in  the  chase. 


HUR 

HUNT'ING,  ppr.      Chasing  for  geizure ;   pursuing, 

seeking;  searching. 

HUNT'ING,  n.  The  act  or  practice  of  pursuing  wild 
animals,  for  c-atching  or  killing  them.    Hunting  was 

■  originally  practirt:d  by  men  for  the  ptirjiose  of  pro- 
curing food,  as  it  still  is  by  uncivilized  nations.  But, 
among  civilized  men,  it  is  practiced  mostly  for  exer- 
cise or  diversion,  or  for  the  destruction  of  noxious 
animals,  as  in  America. 
2.  A  pursuit ;  a  seeking. 

HUNT'ING-HORN,  n.  A  bugle;  a  horn  used  to 
cheer  the  hounds  in  pursuit  of  game. 

HUNT'ING-HultSE,  ;  n.    A  honse  used  in  hunting. 

HUNT'ING-NAG,       \  BuUer. 

HUNT'ING-SkAT,  71.  A  temporary  residence  for  the 
purpose  of  hunting.  Gray. 

HUNT'RESS,  7/.  A  female  that  hunts,  or  follows  the 
chase.     Diana  is  called  the  huntrcs.^^-. 

HUNTS'MAN,  n.  One  who  hunts,  or  who  practices 
hunting.  fVaUcr. 

2.  The  servant  whose  ofiice  it  is  to  manage  the 
chase.  VEstrantre. 

HUNTS'MAN-SHIP,  n.  The  art  or  practice  of  hunt- 
ing, or  the  qualifications  of  a  hunter.  Donne. 

HUR'D£N,  a.     [Made  oXhurds,  hards,  or  coarse  flax.] 
A  coarse  kind  of  linen.     [Local  or  obs.]    Sltcnstonc. 

HUR'DLE,  71.  [Sax.  hyrdel ;  G.  hiirde,  a  hurdle,  a 
fold  or  pen  ;  D.  horde,  a  hurdle,  a  horde.  The  ele- 
ments of  this  word  arc  the  same  as  of  the  L.  craters, 
Hrd,  Crd.  It  coincides,  also,  with  herd,  denoting 
closeness,  pressure,  holding.] 

1.  A  texture  of  twigs,  osiers,  or  sticks;  a  crate  of 
various  forms,  according  to  its  destination. 

2.  In  England,  a  sled  or  crate  on  which  criminals 
were  drawn  to  the  place  of  execution.  In  this  sense, 
it  is  not  used  in  America.  Bacon. 

3.  In  fortification,  a  collection  of  twigs  or  sticks 
interwoven  closely,  and  sustained  by  long  stakes.  It 
is  made  in  the  figure  of  a  long  square,  five  or  six 
feet  by  three  and  a  half.  Hurdles  serve  lo  render 
works  firm,  or  to  cover  traverses  and  lodgments  for 
the  defense  of  workmen  against  fireworks  or  stones. 

Eticyc, 

4.  In  husbandry,  a  movable  frame  of  split  timber  or 
slicks  wattled  together,  sen'ing  for  gates,  inclosures, 
&c.    It  is  sometimes  made  of  iron.    Farm.  Encyc. 

HUR'DLE,  V.  t.    To  make  up,  hedge,  cover,  or  close, 

with  Imrdles.  Seicard. 

HURDS,  71.    The  coarse  part  of  flax  or  Iiemp.    [See 

HaRD3.] 

HUR'DY-GUR'DY,  n.  A  stringed  instrument  of  mu- 
sic, whose  sounds  are  produced  by  the  friclitin  of  a 
wheel,  and  regulated  by  the  fingers.  J\^ter. 

HURL,  V.  t.  [Ann.  luirlua.  This  may  be  a  tl-irercnt 
spelling  of  tchirl.] 

1.  To  throw  with  vioU'nce ;  to  drive  with  great 
force  ;  as,  to  Imrl  a  stone. 


And  hurl  them  h^afUous  lo  thuir  Beet  and  main. 


Pope. 


2.  To  utter  with  vehemence  ;  as,  to  hurl  out  vows. 
[A''i't  in  nsc]  Spmser. 

3.  To  play  at  a  kind  of  game.  C  rnc. 
HURL,  V.  (.    To  move  rapidly  ;  lo  wjiirl.    [Ra.  r.] 

Thv  'tson. 
HURL,  71.    The  act  of  throwing  with  violence 

2.  Tumult;  riot;  commotion.  KroUes. 

HURL'BAT, 71.    A  whirl-bat ;  an  old  kind  of  v.eapou. 

.^in^f'i.'urth. 
HURL'UoNE,  71.    In  ahorse,  a  bone  near  Uie  middle 

of  the  buttock.  J.'.tct/c 

HURL'KD,  pp.    Thrown  witJi  violence. 
HURL'ER,  7^    One  who  hurls,  or  who  plays  at  hurl- 
ing. Carcto. 
HURL'ING,  ppr.    Throwing  with  force;  pkiying  at 

hurling. 
nURL'WIND,  71.    A  whirlwind,  which  see.  Sandys. 
HUR'LY,  }n.     [Russ.  iuWrw,  to  be  noisy  or 

HUR'LV-BUR'LY,  ]     turbulent;  Dan.  hurl  om  burl, 
topsy-turvy ;  Fr.  hurlu-burlu,  inconsiderately.] 
Tumult ;  bustle  ;  confusion.  '  ShaJ:. 

HI^iR-RA,'     j  ej^clam.     [Sw.  hurra.     The  Welsh  has 
HIJR-TIAH',  i      cwara,  play,  sport;  but  the  Swedish 
appears  lo  be  the  English  word.] 
A  shout  of  jov  cr  exultation. 
HUR'RI-CANE, ';i.    [Sp.  huracan,  for  furacun,  from 
the  Ij.  furio,  furo,  to  rage ;  Port,  furagam  ,•  It.  oraga- 
110 :  Fr.  onra^nn ;  D.  orkaan  ;  G.  Dan.  and  Sw.  orcan. 
I  know  not  the  origin  nor  tlie  signification  of  the  last 
syllable.] 

A  violent  storm,  distinguished  by  tlie  vehemence 
of  the  wind  and  its  sudden  changes.  A  hurricane  on 
the  water  is  called  a  gale;  on  the  land,  a  tornado. 

Olmstctl. 
Hurricane  deck:  a  name  given  to  the  upper  deck  of 
steamboats,  which,  from  its  hight,  is  liable  to  be  in- 
jured by  sudden  and  violent  winds. 
HUR'RI-ED,  f imr'rid,)  pp.  or  a.    ffrom  hurry.]    Hast- 
ened ;  urged  or  impelied  to  rapid  niolion  or  vigorous 
action. 
HUR'RI-£D-LY,  adv.    In  a  hurried  manner. 

Bojcring. 
HUR'RI-ED-NESS,  7i.    State  of  being  hurried.  Scott. 
IIUR'RI-ER,  jj.    One  who  hurries,  urges,  or  impels. 
HUR'RY,  c.  U     [This  word  is  evidently  from  the  root 


TONE,  BJJLL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VF'CIOUS.  — €  as  K ;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SU ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


uus 


HUS 


HUZ 


■    ti   ,..™,-  rr  t<mrir;  Sw.iBra;  W.  jri/ra,  lo  drive, 
^yl^jumi,  andjL^  '<■"". «»  BO  round,  to  hast- 

,  ,„„vani«ltl.  ...are  rapid-ty ;  It.  urfe    o  ncl 

,  ,1  .villi  ...ua-  relinly  ;  :l-,  to  hurry  tlio  «ork- 

iho  work.    Our  bus.nisa  AurriM  us.     iUL 

r  1.  hoi  aud  the  load  heavy ;  we  can  not  sale- 

tlie  hor3»'s. 

I  „  drive  or  impel  with  violence. 

i„pu„„.  lux  »um<.  him  on  »  uLWy  UK  crins.  of  il.  ^^ 

1  To  ureo  or  drive  will.  precipiLnlion  and  confu- 
sion i  for  confuaiou  13  often  caused  by  hurry. 

And  »ll'l  .'iK^awtM  hurrUi  np  mid  down 
Tho  liUi--  iiuiitbcr  oTyoir  iIoiilxAil  fnciiil*. 


SlMlr. 


To  »«rry  <"M»  ■•  to  drive  or  carry  away  m  Imste. 
Un' KV  7;;.    To  move  or  act  with  ha.-le  ;  lo  proceed 
„'il    c'urlly  or  precipitation     The  bus.ness  is  ur- 


iiun' 
» 

n'"lK\\'-'  A  dnving  or  prcMing  forward  in  motion 
or  iMKinc**. 

o   Prenur*  ;  iircciicy  lo  h.asle. 
lone ;  »  c  are  in  a  hurry. 


\Vc  can  not  wail 

one;  we  are  in  a  nurry.  ■ 

i.  rreclpilaiion  that  occasions  disorder  or  confu- 


sion. ,      . 


violtill 
AiMitan. 


Anan. 

4.  Tumult ;  busUc ;  commotion. 

AcUUon  r»l».  .  ..."..■H  I"  «■'  •■'"I.  ""<  P""  "  '"",i 
fctirry  v(  UwojliU 

IIUR'RY-I.NG,   ppr.     Driviiis   or  urging   to  greater 

uncfil  ;  precipilalinc.  , 

Iu/k'RV-I.NG,  n.    The  urgiiiR  to  greater  speed;  ra- 

prditv  of  UHilion. 
lirU'ltV-IN.M.Y.iirfc.    In  a  lnirr>ni!:  manner. 
IHR  IIY-SKUR'RY,  adr.    Confusedly;  in  a  br.stlo. 

t.N:,f ...  uji.]  f"-"!'- 

I1CU.<T,  ».     [Sa\. /lurit  or  *!rr,-f.J 

A  w.kkI  or  grove  ;  a  word  found  in  many  names, 
iu>  in  Ilo-JfhuTfi,  . 

HURT,  r.  (. ;  v"'-  and  pp.  IIobt.  [Sax.  (ii/rt,  wound- 
ed ;  11.  urturr,  Fr.  hturtrr,  10  strike  or  dash  against ; 
\V.  »yr:iaif ,  lo  push,  Ihrust,  or  drive,  to  assault ;  lo 
butt ;  .\rin.  hrnrtta.l 

1.  To  bruise;  lo  give  pain  by  a  contusion,  pres- 
jurc  or  any  violence  lo  the  bodv.  We  hurl  tin;  liody 
by  a  Mvcro  blo.v,  or  by  ligbl  clollies,  and  llie  feel  by 
fellers.     P<.  cv. 

2.  To  wound  ;  to  injure  or  impair  the  sound  stale 
of  Iho  liody,  as  by  incision  or  fniclure. 

3.  To  harm  ;  to  damage  ;  lo  injure  by  occasioning 
loM.    We  hurt  a  man  by  destroying  his  properly. 

4.  To  injure  by  diminution  ;  to  impair.  -V  man 
»«rt>  his  estate  by  extravagance. 

5.  To  injure  by  reducing  in  ipialily  ;  to  impair  the 
strength,  purity,  or  beauty  of. 

Hurl  not  Ifw  wini  ami  OiC  oil.  —  Rrv.  vi. 

6.  To  harm  ;  lo  injure  ;  to  damage,  in  general. 

7.  To  wound;  lo  injure;  lo  give  pain  lo;  as,  lo 
»iir(  Ihc  feelincs. 

HURT,  n.    A  wound  ;  a  bntise ;  any  tiling  that  gives 
pain  lo  the  body. 

The  paini  of  licknCH  and  hurU.  Lock:. 

2.  In  a  gncral  acnst,  whatever  injures  or  harms. 

1  Imtp   I'-iin  R  man  to  my  woun'linf,  Mill  R  younff  nwii  to  my 
Kurt —Gen.  i». 

3.  Injury;  loss. 

Whj  iho'iU  diinagr  JTow  to  Uiff  fturl  of  th<r  kin;^  ?  —  fjra  iv. 

IIURT'K.R,  ».    One  who  hurts  or  does  hann. 
IIL'RT'F.RS,  n.  pi.    Pieces  of  wood  al  the  lower  end  of 
a  platform,  lo  prevent  the  wheels  of  gun-carriages 
fmm  injuring  the  parapet. 
IIURT'FJ.'L,  0.     Injurious;  mischievous;  occasion- 
ing lo49  or  dcslniction  ;  lending  lo  impair  or  destroy. 
Neghcence  is  hurtful  lo  properly ;  intemperance  is 
hurtful  lo  health. 
HI'RT'FI.'Irl.Y.  adc.    Injuriously;  mischievously. 
IIL'RT'FJ.L-NE::*^,  n.     Injuriousiicss ;  tendency  to 

occasion  loM  or  deslniclion  ;  miscliievousness. 
IIUR'TI.E,  (hur'll,)  r.  i.    [from  hurt.]    'fa  clash  or 
run  against ;  lo  jostle  ;  lo  j'kirmish  ;  lo  meet  in  shock 
and  encounter ;  lo  wheel  suddenly.    [J^ot  now  used,] 
Spenjier,     Shak. 
HUR'TLE,  r.  (    To  move  wiih  violence  or  impetuos- 
ity.    [Obi.]  Speiucr. 
•i.  To  push  firriblv  ;  to  whirl. 
IIITR'TI.F^IIKR-RY,  ».     .\  .vliorllebcrry,  which  see. 
Hl.'R'TLR?,  I  n.  pi'    A   name  of  horses  among  the 
Hini'TKI-«,  (      Ilifhlandcrs  in  Scotland. 
HrilT'I.F..*^^,  a.     HannleM;  innocent;  doing  no  in- 
jury; innoxious;  as,  Aiir.'/f.<j  blo.vs.  Dryden, 
2.  Rerriving  no  injury. 
IIURT'LE.SS-LV,  adc.    Without  harm,    [rjule  turd.] 

Siilunj, 
HURT'LE-^.^NESS,  n.    Freedom  from  any  htirniful 

quality.     [Lillle  tisett.]  Jukn.ion. 

ilUS'BAND,  n.  [Sax.  hyubcnda;  hus,  house, and  burnrly 


a  farmer  or  cnltivalor,  or  an  inhabitant,  frwn  iyan,  to 
iiibabit  or  till,  contracted  Iroiii  tiufiaa  ;  Dan.  huus- 
ZnJc;  Sw.  l,u4bo,:dei  Sw.  frr/;'-w,  Dan.  t^if,"-"-,  to 
build  '  D.  bouim,  G.  baiien,  lo  build,  to  till,  to  plow, 
or  culivate;  C„  bauer,  a  builder,  a  coiintryilian,  a 
clown  a  rustic,  a  (rw:  D.  iuiir,  the  htel  compouunl 
part  Jncishbor.  Band,  baud,  in  this  wor.l,  is  the  par- 
ticiple of  baan,  byan,  that  is,  buntd,  occupying,  tilling, 
and  husband  is  the  farmer  or  inliabitant  ol  the  house  ; 
in  Scottish,  a  farmer  ;  thence  the  sense  of  husbandry. 
II  had  no  relation,  primarily,  lo  inarriaoe  ;  but  among 
the  common  people,  a  woman  calls  her  consort  my 
man  anil  the  man  calls  his  wife  mi/  icnmoii,  as  in 
Hebrew  ;  and  in  this  instance  the  farmer  or  occupier 
of  the  house,  or  the  builder,  was  called  my  farmer ; 
or  by  some  other  means,  haabaiid  came  lo  denote  the 
consort  of  the  female  head  of  llio  family.] 

1  A  iimii  coiitractcil  or  joined  lo  a  woman  by  niar- 
,ia"e  A  man  lo  whom  a  woman  is  belriithed,  as 
well  as  one  actually  united  by  marriage,  is  called  a 
husband.     Lev.  six.     Dent,  xxii.  ,-,,,„ 

o.  In  seamen's  language,  llic  owner  of  a  ship  who 
manages  its  concerns  in  person.  Mar.  Diet, 

3  The.naleof  animals  of  a  lower  order.    Dryden. 
A.  An  economist ;  a  good  manager ;  a  man  who 
knows  and  practices  the  methods  of  frugality  and 
profit.    In  this  sense,  the  word  is  modified  by  an  ep- 
ithet ;  as,  a  good  husband ;  a  bad  husband. 

Davies.     Collier. 
[Bat  in  .America,  this  applicatwu  of  tlu  word  is  little 
or  not  at  all  used.] 
5   A  farmer ;  a  cultivator ;  a  tiller  of  the  ground. 
Bacon.     Dryden. 
[In  litis  sense  it  is  not  used  in  America;  tee  always 

TLse  HUSBAKDMAX.l  

IIlIS'llAND,  V.  t.  To  direct  and  manage  xvith  frug.al- 
ity,  in  expending  any  thing  ;  to  use  or  employ  in  the 
manner  best  suited  In  produce  the  greatest  elfect ;  to 
use  with  economy.  Wc  say,  a  man  husbands  his  es- 
tate, his  means,  or  his  lime. 

Ub  ii  coii!ciaiu  liow  ill  lie  h;ui  hiuUioied  ll.c  sr^^al  de^osit^  oMus 
Creator 


o.  To  till;  to  cultivate  witli  good  management. 

Baron, 
.1.  To  supply  with  a  husband.  [Little  used,]     Shalt, 
HUS'BANU-A-liLE,  a.     Manageable  with  economy. 


[III.] 


.Sherirood. 


IlfTS'li  A^D-ED,  pp.  Used  or  managed  with  economy 
well  managed.  , 

I!U.S'B.\.\1)-IXG,  wr.  Using  or  managing  with  Itu- 
galitv.  .  . 

HUS'liAND-ING,  n.  The  laying  up  or  economizing; 
frugal  inanagemeiit. 

HUS'BAND-LESS,  a.    Destitute  of  a  husband.    bluUc. 

IIUS'BAND-LY,  a.    Frugal ;  thrifty.     [Little  used.] 

Tusscr. 

IIUS'RAND-MAN,  7i.  A  farmi^r  ;  a  cultivator  or  tiller 
of  the  around  ;  one  who  labors  in  tillagi;.  Ill  Amer- 
ica, where  men  generally  own  the  laml  on  winch 
Ihey  labor,  the  proprietor  of  a  farm  is  also  a  laborer 
or  husbandman ;  but  the  word  includes  the  lessee 
and  the  owner. 

2.  The  master  of  a  family.  [JVot  in  use  in  Amen- 
ea.]  Chaucer. 

m;s'B.\NI)-RV,  II.  The  business  of  a  fanner,  com- 
prehendins  acriculture  or  ullage  of  the  ground,  the 
raising,  managing,  and  I'allening  of  cattle  and  other 
domestic  animals,  the  management  of  the  duiry,  and 
whatever  the  land  produces. 

2.  Frugality  ;  domestic  economy  ;  good  manage- 
ment ;  thrift.  But  in  this  sense,  wc  generally  prelix 
fTOod ;  as,  good  husbandnj.  Swift. 

3.  Care  of  domestic  artairs,  usually  with  good. 

Sital:. 

HUSH,  a.  [G.  husch ;  Dan.  hys,  hysU  In  W.  Ac:  is 
peace  ;  hiiu,  lo  make  peace  ;  cios  is  rest,  sleep  ;  and 
hust  is  a  low,  bu7,7.ing  sound ;  Heb.  n- n,  to  be  silent. 
Class  Gs,  No.  46.]  ^      ^ 

Silent;  still;  quiet;  as,  they  are  /ti»/i  as  death. 
This  adjective  never  precedes  the  noun  which  it 
qualifies,  except  in  the  compound  hush-money. 
HUSH,  B  t.  To  still ;  to  silence ;  to  calm  ;  to  make 
quiel ;  to  reiircss  noise  ;  as,  to  hush  the  noisy  crowd  ; 
the  winds  were  hushed. 

My  tongue  sltill  huth  a^in  llik  Btorm  of  war.  Shak, 

a.  To  appease ;  to  allay  ;  to  calm,  as  commotion  or 
agitation 

Will  tliou,  llicn, 
Hath  my  caR-3?  Oliccy. 

HUSH,  ti  i.    To  be  still  ;  to  be  silent.  Spcn.ier. 

HUSH ;  imperative  of  the  verb,  used  as  an  exclama- 
tion ;  be  still ;  be  silent  or  tjuiet ;  ni.ake  no  noise. 
Ti»  hush  up  ;  to  suppress  ;  lo  keep  concealed. 

Tills  m;Uti  r  is  Itttshedup.  Pope, 

IIUSH'ioD,  (husbt,)  pp.    Stilled;  silenced;  calmed. 
HUSH'INO,  ppr.    Silencing;  calming. 
IIUSH'-MON-EY,  (-mun-y,)  n.    A  bribe  to  secure  si- 
lence ;  money  paid  to  hinder  infonnation  or  disclo- 
-siire  of  facts.  Swift. 

HUSK,  n.    [fill.  W.  pwis^.  Corn,  ijue.'slc,  a  cover ;  or  It. 
ffitseiOt  '"o-k  or  shell ;  Sp.  and  I'orl.  casca,  husks  of 
graiics,  bark.     It  signifies,  probably,  a  cover  or  ' 
I       peel.] 


The  external  covering  of  certain  fruits  or  seeds  of 
plants.  It  is  the  calyx  of  the  llower  or  glume  of  corn 
and  "i-asses,  formed  of  valves  embracing  the  seed. 
The  husks  of  the  smell  grains,  when  separated,  are 
called  cliaff;  but  in  America  we  apply  the  word 
chietly  to  the  covering  of  the  ears  or  seeds  of  maize, 
which  is  never  denominated  chuff.  It  is  someliines 
used  ill  England  for  the  rind,  skin,  or  hull  of  seeds. 
HUSK,  11.  (.  To  strip  ofl"  the  external  integument  or 
covering  of  the  fruits  or  seeds  of  plants  ;  as,  to  husk 
maize.  ,..-,,     , 

nUSK'£D,  (Imskt,)  pp.    Stripped  of  its  husks. 

2.  a.    Covered  with  a  husk. 
HUSK'I-LY,  orfo.    Dryly;  roughly. 
HUSK'I-NESS,  ?i.    The  state  of  being  dry  and  rough, 
like  a  husk. 

2.  Fiifuratincly,  roughness  of  sound  ;  aa,  busancss 
of  voice. 
HUSK'ING,  ppr.  Stripping  off  husks. 
HUSK'ING,  11.  The  act  of  stripping  off  husks.  Ill 
New  England,  the  practice  of  farmers  is  lo  invite 
their  neighbors  to  assist  them  in  stripping  their 
maize,  in  autumnal  evenings,  and  this  is  called  a 
huskinir.  _    , 

HUSK'Y,  a.     Abounding  with  husks ;  consisting  ol 
husks.  Dryden. 

2.  Resembling  husks ;  dry;  rough. 

3.  Eough,  as  sound  ;  harsh  ;  whizzing. 
HU'SO,  71.  A  chondropterygious  fish  with  free  branclua-, 

-tielonging  to  the  genus  Aeipenser.  It  is  freqiuntly 
found  lo  exceed  twelve  and  liftecn  feet  in  length,  and 
to  weigh  more  than  twelve  hundred  pounds,  llie 
finest  isindass  is  made  from  its  natatory  bladder.  It 
iiiliabits  the  Danube  and  the  rivers  of  Jlussia.  The 
stur"eoii  belongs  lo  the  same  genus. 

HUS-S.\Il',  (huz-zir',)  n.     [Tartar,  mncar,  cavalt^- ; 
Sans,  uswu,  a  horse.     Thomson.] 

A  mounted  soldier  or  horseman  in  German  caval- 
ry. Tlie  hussars  are  the  iiatinual  cavalry  of  Hungary 
and  Croatia.  Their  regimentals  are  a  fur  cap  adorned 
with  a  feather,  a  doublet,  a  pair  of  breeches  to  which 
the  stockings  are  fastened,  and  a  pair  of  red  or  yel- 
low boots.  "  Their  arms  are  a  saber,  a  carbine,  ami 
pistols.  Hussars  now  form  a  pari  of  the  French  aud 
Eiicli^li  cavalry.  .^"^J/'; 

IlUSSTl'l".,  .1.    A  follower  of  .Tohn  Huss,  the  Bubc- 
mian  rrrininer,  .vho  was  liuriit  alive  in  lAlrt. 

HUS'SY,  II.     [Contracted  from  Au-siei/f,  housewife.] 

1.  A  bad  or  worthless  woman.  It  is  used  also  lu- 
dicrously ill  sliglit  disaiiprobatiiin  or  conteinpt.  Go, 
hussy,  go.  ^, 

2.  An  economist;  a  thrifty  woman.  1  asscr. 
nUS'TLNGS,  71.  pi,     [Sax.  hustingc;  supposed  to  be 

composed  of  hns,  house,  and  I^iin^-,  cause,  suit ;  llie 
house  of  trials.] 

1  A  ciiurt  held  in  Guildhall,  iii  London,  before  the 
lord  mayor  and  aldermen  of  the  city  ;  the  supreme 
court  or'coiiucil  of  tlio  city.  In  this  court  are  elect- 
ed the  aldermen  and  the  four  members  of  parliament.^ 
2.  Tlie  place  where  an  election  of  a  member  ot 
parliament  ia  held.  ,    Burke. 

HUS'TLE,  (hus'l,)  v.  t.     [D.  hutsclen,  to  shake;  bw. 
hulla,  lo  shuffle.] 
To  shake  together  in  confusion  ;  to  push  or  crov.  u. 
HUS'TLKD,  (lius'ld,)  pp.    Shaken  together. 
HUS'TLING,  ppr.     Shaking  together. 
HUS' Wl  FE,  (huz'zif,)  7!.    A  worthless  woman  ;  a  bail 
manager.     [See  Hussv.]  »'"'■■ 

"    A  female  economist ;  a  tliriftv  woman,   snak, 
HUS'WIFB,  (huz'zif,)  V.  t.  To  manage  with  economy 

and  frugality.  .     Dryden. 

HUS'Wl  FE-RY,  (huz'zif-ry,)  a.  The  business  ol  man- 
aging the  concerns  of  a  family  by  a  female;  female 
inanageiiient,  good  or  bad.  Tasscr. 

HUT,  71.  [O.  Imttc ;  D.  Iiut :  Dan.  hjUe !  Fr.  Kutle :  per- 
haps a  dialectical  orthography  of  Sax.  hus,  house,  and 
cot ;  W.  e:et.]  ,    , 

A  small  house,  hovel,  or  cabin  ;  a  mean  lodge  or 
dwelling ;  a  cottage.    It  is  particularly  applied  to  log- 
houses  erected  for  troops  in  winter. 
HUT,  V.  t.    To  place  in  huts,  as  troops  encampci!  in 

winter  quarters.  Marshall.    Smolklt. 

HUT,  V.  i.    To  take  lodgings  in  huts. 

Pickerir;. 


'I'lic  noops  hutkd  for  the  wioter. 
HUTCH,  71.     [Fr.  Iiuche  ;  Sp.  hucha ;  Sax.  hwo'cca.] 

1.  A  chest  or  box  ;  a  corn  chest  or  bin  ;   a  case  lor 
rabbits.  .Vortmer, 

2.  A  rat-trap. 

HUTCH,  r.(.    To  hoard,  as  in  a  chest.  MUton, 

IIUTCH'JSD,  (hutcht,)  pp.    Deposited  in  a  chest. 
HUTCH'ING,  ppr.    Depositing  in  a  hutch.  . 

HUTCH-IiV-So'M-AN,  ti.  A  follower  of  the  opinions 

of  John  Hutchinson,  of  Yorkshire,  England. 
HUT'TED.lp.     Lodged  in  huts.  Milford, 

HUT'TING,  ppr.    Placing  in  huts  ;  taking  lodgings  in 

HUX,'b.  I,  To  fish  for  pike  with  hooks  and  lines  fast- 
ened to  floating  bladders.  Eiicjc. 

HUZZ,  V.  i.    To  buzz.     [JVot  in  use,]  rf",'\ 

HIJZ-'/.^',  71.  A  shout  of  joy.  The  word  chiclly  iMii 
is  our  native  word,  HuitRAii,  which  see. 

HUZ-ZA',  V,  i.  To  utter  a  loud  shout  of  joy,  or  an  ac- 
clamation in  joy  or  praise.  


fate,  far,  fall,  wh^t.— mete,  PREY.— pine,  mamxe,  bird.— note,  dove,  move,  wolf,  boqk. 


563 


HYD 

llVZ-ZX'j  V.  t.    To  receive  or  attend  witli  shouts  of 

joy.  Addison. 

lU.'Z-ZX'ED,  (huz-zid',);^.  Uttered  in  sliouls  of  joy. 

:?.  Received  with  shouts  of  joy. 
\l\]7.-'Lx'i'SQ,ppr.  Shouting  with  joy  ;  recoivJngwith 

shmits  of  joy. 
IIliZ-ZA'ING,  71.    A  shouting  with  joy  ;  a  receiving 

with  shouts  of  joy. 
Hy'A-CIXTH,  n.     [L.  hyacinthus:  Gr.  vaKiv^O';.] 

I.  In  botany,  the  popular  name  of  soaie  species  of 
.1  ccnus  of  plants.  The  Oriental  hyacinth  has  a 
Tarce,  purplish,  bulbous  root,  from  which  spring  sev- 
eral narrow,  erect  leaves  ;  the  fiOvver  stalk  is  upright 
and  succulent,  and  adorned  with  many  hell-shaped 
dowers,  united  in  a  large  pyramidicat  spike,  of  dif- 
fi^rent  colors  in  the  varieties.  K:icyc. 

•2,  In  mineralogy,  a  red  variety  of  zircon,  some- 
times used  as  a  gem.     I  Kee  Zircon.]  Dana. 
IIY-A-CINTH'INE,  a.    Made  of  hyacinth  j  consisting 

of  hyacinth  ;  resembling  hyacinlii.  Milton, 

IIY'A-DeS,  /  tupL  [Gr.  vaoc5jfvo:u  iJcj,  torainj  vcrog^ 
H^'ADS,      i      rain.] 

In  ao(rona;ny,  a  cluster  of  five  stars  in  lliG  BulPs 
face,  supposed  by  the  ancients  to  bring  rain. 

Brmide. 
Il^'A-LIXE,  a.     [Gr.  vaXtv-.g,  from  taXof,  glass.] 
Glassv  :  resembling  glass ;  consisting  of  glas?. 
HT'A-LITE,  It.     [Gr.  UXo^.]  (MUton. 

A  pellucid  ^'ariety  of  opal,  looking  like  colorless 
gum  or  resin.     It  is  also  called  Jirvller^s  glass.  Dana. 
IIV'A-LOID,  a.     [Gr.  vu\o^  and  ei^.og.] 

A  term  applied  to  tninsparcnt  membranes,  es- 
pecially tiiat  which  invests  tlie  viiroous  humor  of 
lilt;  eve. 

IlY'FEr-\ATE         (See   HiBSBrfAci.E,  Uiijernvte, 

HY-BER-Na'TION.  )        HiBERNATIOX. 

Hy'BRID,  or  IIYB'RID,  ».     [Gr.  viSpn^  injurj',  force, 

rape ;    L.  hybridaJ] 
A  mongrel;  an  aninuil  or  plant  produced   from 

the  mixture  of  two  species.  Lcc.    JSIaHyn. 

H'f'BRID,  \  a.      Mongrel ;    produced    from    the 

HYB'RID-OU?,  J      mixtuii;  of  two  species. 
Hy'BRID-ISM,    }  n.    State  of  being  the  offspring  of 
HY-DRID'I-TY,  j     two  species. 
H?'DA6E,  n.    In  law^  a  tax  on  lands,  at  a  certain  rate 

by  the  hide.  Blackstone. 

HYD'A-TID,  71.    An  intestinal  worm  of  the  genus 

Hvdalis,  which  see. 
HYD'A-TIS,  77.     [Gr.  t'Jarts,  from  vf.t^p,  water.] 

In  natiLTol  history^  the  name  of  a  genus  of  EnEozoii, 

or  intestinal  worms,  found  in  various  textures  and 

cavities  of  the  human   body;  in;lced  in  all,  (as  is 

said,)  except  ihs  cavity  of  tlie  alimentarj'  canal. 
HV'DRA,  n.     [L.  hydra';  Gr.  r^xi,  from  ii(Jt.)p,  water.] 

1.  A  water  serpent.  In  fnbvjous  histonjy  a  serpent 
or  monster  ^in  the  lake  or  marsh  of  Lerna,  in  Pel- 
oponnesus, represented  .is  having  many  heads,  one 
of  which,  being  cut  otf,  was  immcdiatvly  succeeded 
by  another,  unless  the  wound  was  cauterized.  Her- 
cules killed  this  monster  by  applying  firebrands  to 
the  wounds,  as  he  cutotf  th?  head^.  Hence  we  give 
the  nanie  to  a  multitude  of  evils,  or  to  a  cause  of 
multifarious  evils. 

2.  The  name  of  a  genus  of  minute  fresh-water 
polyps.  Dana. 

•  3.  A  southern  constellation  of  great  length. 

P.  Cr.c. 
II^'-DRAC'ID,  (-dras'sid,)  H.    [Gr.  Cdwp,  water,"and 
acid.] 
An  a;:d  whose  base  is  hydrogen. 
II5'DRA-GOGUE,(hy'dra-gog,)7i.  lv(]pay^oyni;  vScoo, 
water,  and  ay'-)}ij,  a  leading  or  drawing,  from  ayo),  to 
lead  or  dri\-e.] 

A  medicine  that  occasions  a  discharge  of  watery 
luimors. 
In  general,  the  iitrongcr  cathartics  arc  hydragogues. 
Qwincj/.     Encnc. 
II^-DRAN'^GE-A,  n.     [Gr.  i<5a)p,  water,  and  ayy'inov, 
a  vessel.] 

1.  A  plant  which  grows  in  the  water,  and  bears  a 
beautiful  flower.  Its  capsule  has  been  compared  to 
a  cup.  De  Thcis,  QIoss.  Botan. 

2.  The  name  of  a  genus  of  plants. 
HY'DR.A.NT,  n.     [Gr.  vd/>aicw,  to  irrigate,  from  v^iop^ 

water.] 

A  pipeor  machine  with  suitable  valves  and  a  spout 
by  which  water  is  raisi-d  and  discharged  from  the 
main  conduit  of  an  aqueduct. 
HS-DRAR'GIL-LITE,    n.      [Gr.   V(^t,..o,  water,    and 
apyiAAo?,  clay.] 
A  mineral,  called  also  TVacclUte. 
H5-DRAR'G0-€HL6'RID,  n.    A  c<.mpound  bichlorid 
of    mercury  (corrosive    sublimate)    with    another 
chlorid.  Brandc. 

II?-DRXR'6Y-RUM,  ji.    [Gr.  v6wp  and  a/)j  v.oto*'.] 

Cluicksilver. 
HT'DRATE,  n.    [Gr.  i.5w/),  water.] 

In  chcmiHry,  a  compound,  in  definite  proportions, 
rif  a  metallic  oxyd  with  water.  Ure. 

A  hydrate  is  a  substance  which  has  formed  so  in- 
timate a  union  with  water  as  lo  solidify  it,  and  ren- 
der it  a  component  part.  Slaked  lime  is  a  hydrate  of 
lime.  Parke. 


IIYD 

ll-f'DRA-TED,  fl.     Formed  into  a  hydrate. 

H5'-DRAUL'ie,  \  a.     [Fr.  hvdrauUque  ;  L.  hydrau- 

lI-ff-DRAUL'ie-AL,  i  lictts:  Gr.  iMV<ii-\(?,an  instru- 
ment of  music  played  by  water;  v(!tj/?,  water,  and 
avXus,  a  pipe.] 
Pertaining  to  hydraulics,  or  to  fluida  in  motion. 
Hydraulic  lime;  a  species  of  lime  which,  wlicn 
formed  into  mortar,  hardens  in  water;  used  for  ce- 
menting under  wnlrr.  Journ.  of  Science. 

HV-DRAUL/ie  PRESS.     See  Hydrostatic  Press. 

HY-DRAUL'ie  RAM.    See  Ram. 

HY-DRAUL'ie-ON,  v.  An  ancient  musical  instru- 
ment acted  upon  by  water  ;  a  water  organ. 

H?-DRAUL'ieS,  Ji.  That  branch  of  the  science  of 
hydrodynamics  which  treats  of  liuids  considered  as 
in  motion.  Ed.  Encyc. 

H^-DREN-TER'O-CELE,  ti.  [Gr.  Wwp,  water, 
tvTSfinv,  intestine,  and  KT}\^^,  a  tumor.] 

A  hernial  tumor,  whose  contents  are  intestine,  with 
the  addition  of  water. 

HS'DRI-AD,  71.  In  mythology^  the  name  of  a  kind  of 
water  nymi)hs. 

HYD'RI-6-DATE,  ti.  A  supposed  salt  formed  by  the 
Jiydriodic  acid  with  a  base.  More  correctly,  Iodohv- 
DR-VTE.  Dc  Claubru. 

HYU-RI-OD'ie,  a.  [hydrogen  and  iodine.]  A  term 
denoting  u  peculiar  acid,  produced  by  the  combina- 
tion of  hydrogen  and  iotiine.    Better,  Iqdohydric. 

H'?-DRO-B'Ro'Mie,  a.  Composed  of  hydrogen  and 
bromine.    iMore  ctirrectly  Bbomohydric. 

H-Y-DRO-GAR'BON,  n.  A  term  applied  by  chemists 
to  compounds  of  hydroceu  and  carbon.       Brandc. 

H?-DRO-eAR'BOi\-ATE,  ».  [Gr.  i^i'ujp,  water,  or 
rather  hydrogen,  and  L.  carbo,  a  coal.] 

Carbureted  hy<lrogen  gas,  or  heavy  inflammable 
air.  Jiikin. 

Hr-DRO-e.\R'BU-RET,  n.    Carbureted  hydrogen. 

Hniry. 

HY'DRO-Cf.LE,  n.  [Gr.  tSpok-rj'Xti ;  {Jojp,  water,  and 
k'iXjj,  a  tumor.] 

A  dropay  ol  the  vaginal  tunic  of  the  spermatic 
cord. 

HY-DRO-CEPIl'A-LUS,   7i.      [Gr.  {-(.^f.'/i,  water,  and 
A-(t6'£A?7,  the  head.] 
Dropsy  of  the  head. 

n^--DRO-enLo'RATE,  V.  A  supposed  compound 
of  liydrocidoric  acid  and  a  base  ;  formerly  called  a 
i.inrinte.  iMore  correctly,  CHLoaoHvoitATE.  The  /ly- 
drockloratc^  arc  really  chlorids.        Journ.  of  Science. 

IlY-I>RO-eiILo'nie,  a.     [hydrof^en  and  chlorie.] 

Hydrochloric  acid  is  muriatic  acid,  a  compound  of 
clilorin  and  hjdrogen  gas.  More  correctly,  Chloro- 
iivDuic.  Brandc. 

IlY-IlRO-C^'''A-N'ATE,  71.  A  supposed  compound  of 
hydrocyanic  acid  willi  a  base.  More  correctly,  Cyan- 

nHYOniTE. 

IlY-DRO-C'S'-AN'ie,  a.  [Gr.  uJwp,  water,  or  rather 
hydrogen,  anil  Kvavuzy  blue.] 

A  term  applied  to  an  acid  vvliose  base  is  hydrogen, 
and  its  acidifying  principle  cyanogen  ;  more  correct- 
ly, Cyaxohydric.  Tliis  acid  is  one  of  four  or  five 
dilTerent  compounds  that  have  been  called  pmssic 
acid. 

Il?-DRO-DY-NAM^ie,  a.     [v6top,  water,  and  Sufajus, 
power,  force.] 
Pertaining  to  the  force  or  pressure  of  water. 

Ilt-DRO-DY-NAM'ie.^,  n.  That  branch  of  natural 
philosophy  which  treats  of  the  pro|ierties  and  rela- 
tions of  water  and  otiier  fiuidw,  whether  in  motion  or 
at  rest.  It  comprehends  both  hydro^tatic-f  and  hy- 
draulics. Ed.  Encvc. 

Il?-DRO-FLu'ATE, n.  A  supposed  compound  of  hy- 
(irolhioric  acid  and  a  base.    Better,  Fluohvdrate. 

IIV-DRO-FLU-OK'ie,  a.  [Gr.  iuw.j,  water,  and 
fiaor.] 

Consisting  of  fluorin  and  hydrogen.  The  hydro- 
fluoric acid  is  obtained  by  distilling  a  mixture  of  one 
part  of  the  purest  fiuurspar  iti  fine  pnwder,  with  two 
of  sulphuric  acid.    More  coiTcctly,  Fluohvdric. 

Brandc. 

H?'DR0-6EX,  71.  [Gr.  ^fJwn,  water,  and  yewai^^io 
generate ;  so  called  as  being  considered  the  generator 
of  water.] 

In  ch^zistry,  a  gas  wliich  constitutes  one  of  the  el- 
ements of  v/ater,  of  which  it  constitutes  one  ninth 
nai"t,  and  oxygen  eii^ht  ninths.  Hjdrogen  gas  is  an 
aeriform  fluid,  the  hghtest  body  known,  and,  though 
extremely  inflammable  itself,  it  extinguishes  burning 
bodies,  and  is  fatal  to  animal  life.  Its  specific  gravi- 
ty is  0.0694,  that  of  air  being  1.00.  In  cons*;qucnce 
nf  its  extreme  lightness,  it  is  employed  lor  filling  air- 
balloons.  Lavnisier.     Brandc, 

H-?'I)RO-GEN-aTE,  v.  t.  To  combine  hydrogen  with 
any  thing. 

HS"DR0-GEN-.X-TED,  pp.  or  a.  In  combination  with 
hydrogen. 

H^"'DRO-GEN"-IZE,  v.  t.  To  combine  with  hydro- 
gen. 

HVDRO-GEN-TZ-ED,  pp.    Combined  with  hydrogen. 

H?'DRO-GEN  IZ-IN<;,  ppr.  Combining  with  hydr(>- 
cen. 

HV-l)ROG'E-XOTTS,  a.    Pertaining  to  hydrogen. 

Ilf-lJUOG'RA-PIiEK.  i;.  [See  Hvoroorai-hy.]  One 
who  draws  maps  of  the  sk;i,  lakes,  or  other  waters. 


HYD 

with  the  adjacent  shores ;  one  who  describes  the  sea 
or  uiher  waters.  Boyle, 

n?-nRO-GR.\PH'ie,         )  a.    Relating  to  or  contain- 

US-DRO-GRAPH'ie-AL,  S  ing  a  description  of  the 
sea,  sea-coast,  isles,  shoals,  depth  of  water,  &c.,  or  of 
a  lake. 

II^'-DROG'RA  PHY,  n.  [Gr.rJw/j,  water,  and  jpa^w, 
to  describe  ;  jotn/j//,  description.] 

The  ait  of  measuring  and  describing  the  sea,  lakes, 
rivers,  and  other  waters  ;  or  the  art  of  forming  charts, 
exhibiting  a  representation  of  the  sea-coasl,  giilfs, 
bays,  isles,  promontories,  channels,  soundings,  ice. 

HV-DROG'U-RET,  n.  A  compound  of  hydrogen  with 
a  base  ;  a  hvdruret.     [Little  used.] 

Ht'DRO-I.ITE,  n.  [Gr.  uowp,  water,and  Ai6o5,  a 
stone.] 

A  mineral  whose  crystals  are  described  as  six-sided 
prisms,  terminated  by  low,  si,\--sided  pyramids,  with 
tmncated  summits.  Clravclaud. 

HV-DRO-LOG'ie-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  hydrologj'. 

HV-DROL'0-GY,  n.'  [Gr.  iowp,  water,  and  Av>of, 
discourse.] 

The  science  of  water,  its  properties,  phenomena, 
and  laws. 

HY'DRO-MAN-CY,  n.  [Gr.  loajo,  water,  and  navTUOy 
divination.] 

A  niethoa  of  divination  or  prediction  of  events  by 
water,  invented,  according  to  Varro,  by  the  Persians, 
and  practiced  by  tlie  Romans.  Encyc. 

HV-DRO-MAN'Tie,  a.  Pertaining  to  divination  by 
water. 

HS'DRO-MEL,  71.  [Fr.,  from  Gr.  v6u)n,  water,  and 
;/£X(,  honey.] 

A  liqunr  consisting  of  honey  diluted  in  water.  Be- 
fore fermentation,  it  is  called  siVw^'/e  hyJromcl;  after 
fermentation,  it  i^  called  vinnu.i  hvdromcl,  or  7nead. 

IIS'-DROM'E-TER,  n.  [See  Hyduometry.]  An  in- 
strument for  dLtermining  the  spficific  gravities  of 
liquids,  and  thence  the  strength  of  spirituous  liquors, 
ihese  being  inversely  as  their  si)ecific  gravities. 

Bra7vle. 

H^'-DRO-MET'RI€,         \  a.    Pertaining  to  a  hvdrom- 

H"?-DRO-MET'Rie-AL,  \     eter,  or  lo  the  determina- 
tion of  the  specific  gravity  of  fluids. 
2.  IVIade  by  a  hydrometer. 

IIY-DROJI'E-TRY,  7i.  [Gr.  vCo-w,  water,  and  ptrpov^ 
measure.] 

The  art  of  determining  the  specific  gravity  of  li- 
quids, and  thence  the  strength  of  spirituous  liquors. 

H\'-DRO-PATH'I€,  a.    Pertaming  to  hydropathy. 

HY-DROP'A-THIST,  71.  One  who  practices  hydropa- 
thy. 

HS'-DROP'A-THY,  v.     [Gr.  U(^p  and  iraflos.] 

The  water-cure,  a  mode  of  treating  diseases,  by  the 
copious  and  frer^uent  use  of  pure  water,  both  inter- 
nally and  externally. 

IIY'DRO-PH.AXE,  7u  [Gr.  vjwp,  water,  and  tpaivu), 
lo  show.] 

In  mineralogy,  a  variety  of  opal  made  transparent 
by  immersion  in  water.  Kirwan. 

II?-DRUPH'A-NOUS,  a.  Made  transparent  by  im- 
mersion in  water.  Kirwan. 

Ili'-DKOPH'I-DES,  n.pl     [Gr.  Utoo  and  o<pt<:.] 

A  term  applied  to  that  section  of  the  Ophidians 
which  includes  the  water-snake.  Brandc. 

HY-DRO-PHo'BI-A,  |7i.     [Gr.  rt^ wo,  water,  and  00- 

II-^'DRO-PHO-BY,     i     /?£«;mu,  to  fear.] 

A  preternatural  dread  of  water ;  a  symptom  of  ca- 
nine madness,  or  the  disease  itself,  which  is  thus 
denominated.  This  dread  of  water  sometimes  takes 
place  in  violent  inflammations  of  the  stomach,  and 
in  hysteric  fits.  Encyc. 

HY-DRO-PHOB'ie,  a.  Pertaining  lo  a  dread  of  water, 
or  canine  madness.  Ma}.  Repos. 

IIY'DR0-PH5TE,  lu     [Gr.  iiiuip,  water,  and  i^itov,  a 
plant.] 
An  aquatic  plant.  BelL 

H?-DROP'ie,  /  a.     [L.  hydrops;  Gr.  v^pL>xp,  drop- 

Hf-DROP'ie-AL,  \      sy,  ,-.!<jo,  water.] 

1.  Dropsical ;  diseased  with  extravasated  water. 

2.  Containing  water ;  caused  by  e.ttravasated  wa- 
ter ;  as,  a  hydropic  swelling. 

3.  Resembling  dropsy. 

Every  lust  is  a  kind  of  hyriropic  distemper,  imd  ihf?  more  we 
drink  the  more  we  sluvll  Uiirst.  'nUotson. 

IIV-DRO-PNEU-MATae,  (-nu-mat'ik,)  a.  [Gr.  vh.^a, 
water,  and  TrjTW/itirivof ,  inflated,  from  n-i  cv/tu,  breath, 
spirit.] 

An  epithet  given  to  a  vessel  of  water  used  to  col- 
lect gises  in  chemical  experiments,  SiUimatu 

HV'DROP-SY.     See  Dropsv. 

H^'DRO-SALT,  ii.  A  salt  supposed  to  be  formed  by 
a  hvdraciii  and  a  base. 

II?'DUO-S€oPE,  H.  [Gr.  tccup,  water,  and  rxo«w, 
to  view.] 

A  kind  of  water-clock,  or  instrument  used  ancient- 
ly for  measuring  time,  consistingof  a  cylindrical  tube, 
conical  at  the  bottom,  perforated  at  the  vertex,  and 
the  whole  tube  graduated.  Encyc 

HY-DRO-STAT'IC,         )  a.     [Gr.  vt^^p,  water,  and 

II^-DRO-STAT'IG-AL,  i  (rrariAOs,  static,  standing, 
or  settling.] 

Relating  to  the  science  of  weighing  fluids,  or  hy- 
drostatics. 


TONE,  BI;LL,  IINITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CI0TJS €  as  K ;  6  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS 


5^9 


■line  8nb- 
.  iLiii;;  llR'ir 
Brttntlf. 
i.iMliina  foroblaininR  an  cnor- 
,1  ihc  mediuui  uf  walt'r. 

Brande, 
^  fAT'lC-AL-LY,  adv.  Acconllng  lo  livJto- 
,  1,.  !i.i!ro-t.,tli:  princlplos.  Btiiueij. 

.  Hi/drMMia  Is  lliat  Umncli  of 
lvn:iMiicj>  Hliicli  ircau  cif  tlio 
■  usi.  Etl.  Encyc. 

1.  L  rilATi:,  n.    The  aamc  as  I1vdro«ul- 

f!   I'lir  nET.ii.  [kt/dngenanisulpliiiret.] 
ullilmrcud  fiyclrogiii  with  an 
:'!i-  o\ytl. 
.  1'  lit),  a.  Coniliincd  wilh  sul- 

1 1  •  acid  is  calloU  also  lii/Jralh'uin- 
.^ydrpt;m, 
u.    [Or.  vijijp,  water,  and  da- 


I  Uu'UAX. 


G»xe- 


II 


ill  tlic  chest. 

:.    fGr.  i'^otp,  water.] 
.  ^charge  of  water. 
.    A  medicine  that  purges  oil  wiilcr 

.^rbuthnot. 
niATE,  n.     [Gr.  i<!u/),  water,  and 

i  compound  of  hydroianthic  acid  with 
-■»  «,■.->(.] 

I'llie,  a.     A  term  used  to  denote  a 
mod  bv  the  action  of  alkalies  on  the 
I  of  carbon.     It  is  called  also  carbo- 
I.     [Rarity  used.]  Hmru. 

V  VU,  n.    [Gr.  i.'')//,  water,  and  onjd.] 
1  Ulic  oiyd  combined  with  water  ;  a  metallic 
Parke.    Coze. 
V  liliL'.RET,  B.    A  compound  of  hydrogen  destitute 
of  acidity. 
<;  I>r.r.-;,  ri.    rCr.  iluo,  water.] 

■ke ;  also,  n  new  constellation  of  the 
..-phere,  near  the  south  [Kjle.    P.  Oje. 
[L.  ikirau,  winter  ;  Sans,  htma,  cold  ; 


:..  winter;  done  in  winter. 
I .  t.    To  winter  at  a  place.    [JVo!  in 

'N,n.    [I.,  iicmo,  to  winter.] 

lU  or  spending  of  awinler  in  a  particular 

-,ii.   [I..]  Winter.       _  Shak. 

\A,  a.     [L.  hyiEtvi;  Gr.  vatva.] 

.\  nuadrupi-d  of  the  genus  Cams,  havini;  small, 

nokvd  e.irj,  four  tod  on  each  foot,  a  slraiphujoiiiUJ 

L.il.   Ill  !  .tict  hair  on  Uie  neck;  an  inhabitant  of 

■y,  Svria,  Tcrsia,  and  Ilarbary.    It  is  a 

.  il,  and  feeds  on  lUsh  ;  it  iircys  on  Hocks 

.;iil  will  optn  graves  to  obtain  food.    It 

rniel,  and  untamable  animal,  and  is 

illed  the  U^er-molf.    Shakspcare  writes 

lA.N,  a.    Relating  to  Ilygcia,  the  goddess  of 

'  ni'XA,  )n.    Health,  or  the  art  or  science  of 
,    .!  F.I'XK.J    prcscnin:  health.  That  department 
:,    .1  i;NE',   J    of  medicine  which  treats  of  the  pres- 
!i  .1"  h,-alth. 

•■   'I.    Pertaining  to  health. 
f'iV,  n.     [Gr.  t'>p(js  and  Xoj-05.] 
Me  of  the  fluids  of  the  body. 
I'ER,  n.     [Gr.  Jyj/os,  moist,  and  /iirpor, 

:,ient  for  measuring  the  degree  of  moist- 
■■iio^phere.  Encyc. 

Ki€,        )  a.    Pertaining  to  hycrome- 
I  tue-AL,  i     try;  made  by  or  according 
L.  ui    U>.:rumeter. 

^X.  Readily  absorbing  and  retaining  moisture,  as 
;-.'i-ii.  Brantle. 

TRY,  n.  The  art  of  measuring  the  moist- 
f. 
■    'PE,  a.    [Gr.  vjoiij,  moist,  and  cxorcw, 

The  ^ime  as  HTamou£TcR.     The  latter  is  now 

-a.    Pertaining  to  tho  hygroicope  ; 
rty  of  readily   imbibing  moisture 
re.  Admta. 

Ill  •■(:' '^1  A'C  ICS,  H.    [Gr.  V}  ,oo;,  moist,  and  cra- 
nio Kricnco  of  comparing  degrees  of  moisture. 
""'»'.]  Evelyn, 

::  p  <E,  «.    [At.]    A  loose  Arabian  garment.     [See 

;luK.J  ParkhuraL 

llt'LxR'eUIC-AL,  0.    [Gr.  vXi,  matter,  and  aoxri, 

nllr.j 

l'r<  -inin:!  ..v.r  matter.  UalUvidL 

WiA.  \      ;:i;?!,  n.     [Gr.  jiAaiu;,  belonging  to 

w  ..a  lizard.] 

\-  iiTinl.  which  blended  the  osteology  of 

th.'  rr  ■ri.i.liit  \\  uh  that  of  tlic  lizard;  found  in  the 
wialtlen  formation,  England.  [Sometimes  wriltt-n 
Ay>o^diir.]  ManUli. 


IIV'I  O  I=iT  n.   One  who  believes  matter  to  be  God. 
IIV'LO-TIIE-ISM,  n.     [Gr.  vU,  matter,  and  Otu;, 

'^The  doctrine  or  belief  that  matter  is  God,  or  that 
thfre  is  no  God,  cxcepl  matter  and  the  universe. 

II V-1.0-Zi5'ie,  .1     [Or.  vXn,  mailer,  and  s"!),  'K-J 
Oiii-  who  holds  matter  to  be  animated.      Clarlu. 

llV-LU-ZO'ie.o.    Pertaining  lo  hylozoism. 

HT-LO-Zo'lS.M,  II.     [Gr.  i..\,;,  matter,  and  i;!.ir?,  lift-J 
The  doctrine  that  mailer  possesses  a  species  ol  lite. 

Cuaworth. 

IIV  LO-ZO'IST,  11.  One  who  holds  that  matter  and 
everv  particle  of  it  has  a  species  of  life  or  anunalioil. 

IIYM  n.  A  bloodhound ;  a  mistake  in  transcription 
for  hm  *'"''"    *"""■'• 

Ht'MEN,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  v/i')i',  mcmbrana.  pellic- 
ula, 'j>™™^-J_^,  myOuloffy,  a  fabulous  deity,  tho  son 
of  Uacchus  and  Venus,  supiMised  to  preside  over  mar- 

2.  In  anatamy,  the  virginal  nicmbraiie.  riages. 

3.  In  botany,  the  fine  pellicle  which  incloses  a 

flower  intlle  bud. 

IIT-MEN-K'AL,  j  a.    pertaining  to  maiTiage.   Pope. 
I1Y-MEN-E'.\N,  ( 

!1I'mfn:e'an  I  "•  '^  '"""'"»'=  '"""•     ■"''"""■ 

II?-MEN-OP'Ti:K,)t  (   [Gr.  v^i).',  a  membiaiie, 

III-MEN-OP'TE-RA,  71.  pi.  (      and  -ri/igi/,  a  wiiig.J 

In  cnuimolo^y,  terras  applied  lo  insects,  having  four 

nicmbranous  wings,  and  llie  tail  of  the  female  mostly 

armed  with  a  sting,  of  which  the  bee  is  an  example. 

IIV-ME\-0P'TER-AL,    j  a.     Having  four  mrmbra- 

U?-A1EN0P'TER-0US,  (      nous  wings. 

UY.MN,  (him,)  n.     [L.  hymmis ;  Gr.  vi^voi  ;  Eng.  hum.} 

A  son-  or  ode  in  honor  of  God,  and,  amoiK-  pagans, 

in  honor  of  some  deity.     A  hymn  among  Ciinstians 

is  a  short  poem,  comiioscd  for  religious  service,  or  a 

song  of  joy  and  praise  lo  God.    The  v/ord  primarily 

expresses  the  tunc,  but  il  is  used  for  the  ode  or  poem. 

Auil  wlicii  llipy  liaU  ■uiii;  ii  Injam,  Ihcy  weol  out  lo  the  Mount 

ol  Olives.  — Matt.  xxvi.  r.  ,   - 

Admoniahiiig  one  uiiotlier  in  pealllis  and  ftymn*.  —  Col.  lu. 

IIY'MN,  (him,)  t>.  t.    To  praise  in  song ;  to  worship  by 
singing  hymns.  Jlilton. 

2.  To  sing ;  to  celebrate  in  song.    They  hymn  thcu- 
Maker's  praise. 

HYMN,  (him,)  v.  i.    To  sing  in  praise  or  adoration 


excess,  from  iacpSa^Xu,  to  throw  beyond,  to  ex- 
ceed.] .  ,       , .  , 

In  rhetoric,  a  figure  of  speech  which  expr.  sses 
much  mora  or  less  than  the  truth,  or  which  repre- 
sents tilings  imicli  greater  or  less,  belter  or  worse, 
than  th(7  really  are.  An  object  uncommon  in  size, 
either  great  or  small,  strikes  us  with  surprise,  and 
this  emotion  produces  a  moinenlary  conviclioii  that 
ilic  object  is  greater  or  less  than  it  is  in  reality.  1  he 
same  effect  attends  figurative  grandeur  or  littleness  ; 
and  hence  the  use  of  the  hyperbole,  which  expresses 
this  momentary  conviction.  The  following  are  in- 
stances of  the  use  of  this  figure. 

Ho  WM  owivr  of  a  piece  of  ground  not  larger  tjian  a  Lacede- 
monian letter.  Lottginua. 
If  R  man  can  number  tlic  dual  of  the  caitli,  tlicn  slnill  thy  8ccd 
al&olK-  numbered. — Ucn.  xiii. 

Ipse  ardous,  altaquc  puUat 
siidera.  V"'?'- 

Ho  wa«  so  gaunt,  the  case  of  a  llagelct  was  a  mansion  'or  mm. 

H?-PER-l!OL'ie,        j  a.     Belonging  to  the  liyper- 
H?-PEll-BOL'ie-AL,  i     hola  ;  having  the  nature  of 
the  hyperbola. 

2.  Relating  lo  or  containing  hyperbole  ;  exaggerat- 
ing or  diminishing  beyond  the  fact ;  exceedins  the 
truth  ;  as,  a  hyperbolical  expression. 

Hiipcrbolit.  space;   in  geometry,  the  area  coniprc- 
hended  betv.-ecn  the  curve  of  a  hyperbola  and   a 
doulde  ordinate. 
H'J-PEIl-UOL'ie-AL-LY,  ailv     lu  tile  foria  of  a  liy- 
jierbola. 

2.  With  cxaggeratiim  ;  in  a  manner  to  express 
more  or  less  than  the  truth. 

ScylU  —  is  hyrterbolicatly  described  by  Homer  :»a  inacccasiljb'. 

HV-PER-BOL'I-FORM,  a.     [hyperbola  and  form.] 
Having  the  form,  or  nearly  the  form,  of  a  hyper- 
bola. Johnson, 
Ht-PEU'EO-LISM,  n.    The  use  of  hyperbole. 

JcJI^crson. 
HT-PER'BO-LIST,  n.     One  who  uses  hypcrboli'S 


Milton. 
HYMN'JiD,  pp.  Sung  ;  praised  ;  celebrated  in  song. 
lIYM'Nie,  a.    Relating  lo  hyinlis.  Donne. 

HYJIN'ING,  wi"-    Praising  in  song;  singing. 
HYMN'ING,  II.    The  singing  of  hymns. 
llYM-NOL'O-tilST,  71.  A  composer  of  hymns.  Busby. 
HYM-NOL'0-GY.  n.    [Gr.  ipvo;  ;md  Xoyoi.] 

A  collection  of  hymns.  Mcde. 

H^'Oin,  a.    A  term  denoting  a  bone  of  the  tongue. 
H9-OS-C'S'A-iMIN,      )  71.    An  alkaloid  obtained  from 
ny-OS-CY-AM'I-NA,  >     Hyoscyamus  niger,  and  cou- 
n?-OS-C?'A-MA,        )     sidered  lobe  new  and  pecu- 
liar.    Thomson  supposes  tliat  it  is  identical  with 
Atrophia  or  JDtituriiia;  but  the  effects  of  Hyoscya- 
mus differ  too  much  from  Atropa  and  Datura,  to  allow 
any  probabilitv  to  Thomson's  hypothesis. 
HYP,  II.    [A  contraction  of /ii/jwc/ioiuirias.]     A  disease  ; 

depression  of  spirits. 
HYP,  0.  (.     To  make  melancholy;   to  depress  the 

spirits.  Spectator. 

HS-P^E'THRAL,  a.    [Or.  v-o,  under,  and  ait'iip,  the 
air.] 

In  architecture,  a  term  applied  to  a  building  or  tem- 
ple without  a  roof.  Qwilt. 
HY-PAI-'LA-(5E,   (hip-p.il'la-jy^)  n.     [Gr.  vitaMayv, 
change,   from   vTraXXaocoi  ;    vrro    and  nWuacaj,  to 
change.] 

In  grammar,  a  figure  consisting  of  a  mutual  change 
of  cases.  Thus,  in  Virgil,  dare  classibus  austros,  for 
dare  classes  austris.  Ilypallage  is  a  species  of  hyper- 
baton. 
HY-PAS'PIST,  fhip-)  it.  [Gr.  i-aai:i(j7iii !  vno  and 
aattii,  a  shield.] 

A  soldier  in  the  armies  of  Greece,  aimed  in  a  par- 
ticular manner.  Mitford. 
II?'PER  [Gr.  i-ia,  Eng.  over]  is  used  in  composition 
lo  denote  excess,  or  sonietlimg  over  or  beyonti. 
2.  71.    A  llypercrilic.    [J\7)t  used.]  " 
n?-PEK-.\S'PIST,  71.    [Gr.   'vni^auTnons 
affTts,  a  shield.] 
A  (Jefcnder.                         Cliillingworth.    Milner. 
H?-PEll-P..^T'I€,  a.    Transposed  ;  inverted. 
II5-PEU'BA-T0N,  71.     [Gr.  i-:filinrov,  from  iirep- 
/iiai'ti),  to  transgress,  or  go  lieyond.] 

In  p-amtnar,  a  figurative  construction,  inverting 
the  natural  and  proper  order  of  words  and  sentences. 
The  species  are  the  anastrophe,  the  hysteron-prote- 
ron,  the  hypallage,  the  synchysis,  the  Imesis,  the 
parenthesis,  and  the  proper  hyperbaton,  which  last 
IS  a  long  retention  of  the  verb  which  completes  the 
sentence.  .Eitci/c. 

HT-PER'BO-LA,  71.      [Gr.  i-to,  over,  beyond,  and 
/?fiAX(o,  to  throw.] 

In  gcoTnetry,  a  curve  formed  by  a  section  of  .a  cone, 
when  the  cutling-planc  makes  a  greater  angle  with 
the  ba.^e  than  tliu  side  of  the  cone  makes.   Webber. 
HS-PER'BO-LE,  71.      [Fr.  hyperbole;  Gr.  vTrcpiSoAr], 


HS-PER'BO-LIZE, 

aggeration. 
Hf -PER'BO-LIZE,  v.  t. 

HY-PER'BO-LOID,  n. 
form.] 

A  hyperbolic  conoid 


To  speak  or  write  with  cx- 

Mowita^n. 
To  exaggerate  or  extenuate. 

Fothcrbij. 
[hyperbola,  and    Gr.    ritJcs, 

a  solid  formed  by  the  revolu- 
tion of  'a  hvpeiliala  about  its  axis.  Ed.  Encyc. 
H^-PER-BO'RE-.VN,  a.     [L.  hyperborens ;    Gr.  Dii/i- 
ffaiicoi  ;  uTio,  beyond,  and  fiopctK,  the  north.] 

1.  Northern ;  belonging  lo  or  inhabiting  a  region 
very  far  north  ;  most  northern. 

2.  Vcrv  cold  ;  frigid. 
Hf-PER-Bo'RE-AN",  n.    An  inhabitant  at  the  most 

northern  region  of  the  earth.  The  ancients  gave 
this  denomfiuiiion  to  the  people  and,places  to  the 
nonliward  of  the  Scythians,  pi;ople  and  regions  ol 
which  they  had  little  or  no  knowledge.  Tlie  hyper- 
boreans, then,  are  the  Laplanders,  the  Sanioiixles, 
and  the  Russians  near  the  While  Sea. 
H-?-PER-eAU'BU-RET-EI),     a.        Supeicaiburcted ; 

having  the  largest  proportion  of  carbon.     Silliman. 
H?-PER-e.\T-A-LEe'Tie,  a.     [Gr.  izcpxarahiJiTt- 
Koc  ;  i-cp  and  ».ai-aAD{is,  termination.] 

A  hijpercatalertic  verse,  in  Greek  and  Latin  poetry, 
is  a  verse  which  has  a  syllable  or  two  beyond  the 
regular  and  just  measure.  Bailey.    Encpc. 

H'S'-PER-eRIT'ie,  71.     [Fr.  hypercritique ;  Gr.  iiiri.o, 
beyond,  and  /c(,(7i«o5,  critical.    Sea  Critic] 

One  who  is  critical  beyond  measure  or  reason  ;  an 
over-rigid  critic  ;  a  captious  censor.  ■Di-J*"- 

HV-PElt-CRlT'IC,         jo.     Over-critical ;  critical  bo- 
H?-PER-eiaT'I€-.\L,  i      yond  use  or  reason  ;  ani- 
madverting on  faults  with  unjust  seventy  ;  as,  a 
hypercritical  reader.  'r.„t 

5   Excessively  nice  or  exact;  as,  a  hypercritical 

Evelyn. 
In  a  hypercritical 


punctilio. 
H^-PEH-eRIT'ie-AL-L\ , 


adv. 


Prior. 

i,T;:o  and 


manner. 
Ht-PER-ealT'I-CISM, 


Excessive  rigor  of  ciiti- 
^js„,  Med.  Repos.     Bailey. 

H^-PER-DU'LI-A,  11.  [Gr.  iirep,  beyond,  and  iavXti", 

'"^Super-service  in  the  Roman  Catholic  church,  per- 
formed to  the  Virgin  Mary.  c-  i  'll!' 
H'l-PER'I-eON,  II.    John's  wort.                   *,'"  V  i'.',,- 
H5-PE'RI-0N,  n.    A  name  of  Apollo,  the  god  ol  d.iy, 
who  was  distinguished  for  his  beauty. 
So  excellent  a  liing  ;  Uut  w.™  to  diis, 
Uijpenxm  to  a  satyr.  ^""*' 
rPronounced  HyperVon  in  the  classics.] 
H-Sr-PER'ME-TER,  n.     [Gr.  iirtp,  beyond,  and  pe- 

'"'A.;y'"tWng'Liealer  than  the  o'^inary  standard  of 
measure.  ,       .,  „ '  ,.,i„a  a 

A  verse  is  called  a  hypcrmeter,  when  it  contau  s  a 
syllabic  more  than  the  ordinary  measure,  u  n<.i' 
this  is  the  case,  the  following  Ime  begins  witn  a 
vowel,  ami  the  fedundant  syllable  of  thefbrmerjint, 
blonds  wilh  the  first  of  the  followmf 
read  a.s  one  syllable. 


and  they  arc 


Il¥-PEU-MET'Kie-AL,  a.    Exceeding  thr_^  common 
measure  ;  h.aving  a  redundant  syllable.     iJ«to;_ 


Fate,  FXK,  F^LL,  what.— mete,  prey.  — PINE,  JL\RINE,  BIRD.— Note,  dove,  move,  wolf,  BOOK.— 


d70 


HYP 

il?-PER-OR'THO-DOX-Y,  n.     Orthodoxy  indulged 

To  c::ccss.  Dick 

liY-PEK-OXTD,  n.    [Gr.  v-rta  and  oxyd] 

Tbat  which  has  an  excess  of  oxygen  ;  a  super- 
r-xvd. 

:\r-PER-OX'Y-GEN-A-TED. )  a.    [Gr.  T.Ti:f3,l)evond, 
.if-PER-OX'Y-GEN-IZ-£D,  S      and  ortj^cnated^   or 
oxy^renizcd.] 
Super-saturated  with  oxj-gen.    [Obs.l 

Darzsin.    Med.  Repos. 
liV-PER-OX-Y-Mu'RI-ATE,  n.    The  same  as  Chlo- 
rate.    [Obs.] 
:  I  V-FER-OX-Y-MU-Rr-AT'ie,  a.    The  h'jperoxymuri- 
'.:Uc  .-n-iJ  is  the  chloric  acid.     [Obs.] 
:  1  -PEK-PHYS'ie-AL,  a.    Supernatural. 
lY-PER-SAK-Co'SIS,  71.      [Gr.   I'rrfo,  lieyond,    and 
-.'..;:,  Iitsh.;[ 
Proud  or  lungous  flesh. 
;  v^'EH-STENE,     I  lu     [So  named  from  its  difficult 
avTEK^THENE,  !       fnmgibility.     Gr.    i^so    and 

A  nitneral,  Labrador  liomblende,  or  schillerspar. 
Its  color  is  between  grayish  and  greenish -black,  but 
nearly  copper-red  on  the  cleavage.  KirisaTi.    Pkillips. 
It  is  a  foliated  variety  of  either  augile  or  home- 
blende.  Dana. 

llf-PER-STHEX'ie,  a.  Composed  of  or  containing 
hyperslhene. 

nv-PER-THYR'I-ON,  ii.  [Gr.  vTcp  and  dvpiov,  a 
door.] 

That  part  of  the  architrave,  in  buildings  which  is 
over  a  door  or  window. 

IK^-PER-TROPH'ie,         i  a.    Producing  or  tending 

HV-PER-TROPH'ie-AL,  i     to  produce  hypertrophy. 

Uv--PER'TRO-PHY,  71.     [Gr.  v:t£p  and  T,.)fi(>^.] 

In  medicine^  the  enlargement  of  a  part  of  the  body 
frum  excess  of  nourishment,  P.  Cyc. 

IlV'PHEN,  71.     [Gr.  i<p€Vj  under  one,  or  to  one,] 

A  mark  or  short  line  made  between  two  words  to 
show  that  they  form  a  compound  word,  or  are  to  be 
connected  ;  as  in  pre-oceupied  ,■  five-leaved :  ink-stand. 
In  Tcriting  and  printing,  the  hyphen  is  used  to  con- 
nect the  syllables  of  a  divided  word,  and  is  placed 
after  the  syllable  that  closes  a  line,  denoting  the  con- 
nticlion  of  that  syllable,  or  part  of  a  word,  with  the 
first  syllable  of  the  next  line. 

HVP-XOT'ie,  a.     [Gr.  vrrcos,  sleep.] 

Having  the  quality  of  producing  sleep ;  tending  to 
produce  sleep  j  soporific.  Brown. 

HYP-NOT'ie,  71.  A  medicine  that  produces  or  tends 
to  produce  sleep  ;  an  opiate ;  a  soporific. 

Hv'PO ;  a  Greek  preposition,  {>-t^,  under,  beneath  ; 
ii3ed  in  composition.  Thus,  kypcsulphuric  acid  is  an 
acid  containing  less  oxygen  than  sulphuric  acid. 

H-Sr-POB'0-LE,  n.  [Gr.  v-o,  under,  and  /jaXAw,  to 
cast.] 

In  rhetoric,  a  figure  in  which  several  things  are 
mentioned  that  seem  to  make  against  the  argument, 
or  in  favor  of  the  opposite  side,  and  each  of  them  is 
refuted  in  order.  Encyc. 

HYP'O-CAUST,  71.  [Gr.  vTTOi^-avcTJv  ;  vtto  and  kqilj, 
to  burn.] 

1.  Among  the  Orecks  and  Romans,  a  subterra- 
neous place  where  was  a  furnace  to  heat  baths. 

2.  Among  the  modems^  the  place  where  a  fire  is 
kept  to  warm  a  slove  or  a  hothouse.  Encyc. 

HYP-O-CHON^DRES,  n.  pi.  i     a       „ 
HYP-0-€H0X'DRY,7..  \     See  Hypochondria. 

HYP-O-CHON'DRI-A,  n.  [Gr.,  from  vrro  and  x«i'- 
oijrjs,  a  cartilage.] 

1.  in  anatomy,  the  sides  of  the  belly  under  the  car- 
tilages of  the  spurious  ribs ;  the  spaces  on  each  side 
of  the  epigastric  region.  Coze.    Encyc. 

9.  Hypochondriac  complaints,  being  a  combina- 
tion of  melancholia  and  dyspepsia,  consisting  in 
gloomy  ideas  of  life,  dejected  spirits,  and  indisposi- 
tion to  activity.  The  true  name  of  this  disea'ie  is 
HypocHONDRiAsis.  Toiler. 

HYP-O-CHON'DRI-Ae,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  hypo- 
chondria, or  the  parts  of  the  body  so  called  ;  as,  the 
hypoc/iondriac  region. 

2.  Affected  by  a  disease,  attended  with  debility, 
depression  of  spirits,  or  melancholy. 

3.  Producing  melancholy,  or  low  spirits. 
HYP-0-€HON'DRr-A€,  n.     A  person  affected  with 

debility,  lowness  of  spirits,  or  melancholy. 
HYP-0-€HO.\-DRI'Ae-AL,  a-    The  same  as  Hvpo- 

CHOr^DRIAC. 

HYP-O-CHON  DRI'A€-AL-LY,  adv.  In  a  depressed 
or  melancholy  manner. 

HYP  O-CHOX-DRI'A-CISM,  71.  A  disease  character- 
ized by  languor  or  debility,  depression  of  spirits  or 
melancholy,  with  dyspepsy.  Darwin. 

HYP-O-CHCJN-DEI'A-SIS,  71.    Hypochondriacisni. 

Uf -PO-CIST'IS,  n.  [Gr.  vttokicjtis,  sub  cisto,  under 
the  cistus.] 

An  inspissated  juice  obtained  from  the  Cyttntis 
HypoeistLf.  The  juice  is  expressed  from  the  unripe 
fruit  and  evaporated  to  the  consistence  of  an  extract, 
formed  into  cakes  and  dried  in  the  sun.  It  is  an  as- 
tringent, useful  in  diarrheas  and  hemorrliages. 

Encye. 


HYP 

H1f-P0-€RA~TER'I-F0RM,  a.  [Gr.  vtto,  under,  Kpa- 
Tr,n,  a  cup,  and  farm.] 

Tubular  below,  but  suddenly  expanding  into  a  flat 
border  at  top ;  applied  to  a  monopt;ialous  corol. 

Bigclow. 
HY-POe'RI-SY,  (hip-pok're-sy,)  n.     [Ft.  hypccrisie ; 
L.  hypocrisis ;    Gr.  {tnofoto-ts,  simulation;   v^oKpi- 
vopat,  to  feign  ;  vtto  and  Kpifo),  to  separate.] 

1.  Simulation;  a  feignin;;  *i  he  what  one  is  not; 
or  dissimulation,  a  concealniout  of  one's  real  charac- 
ter or  motives.  More  generally,  hypocrisy  is  sinmja- 
tion,  or  the  assuming  of  a  false  appearance  of  virtue 
or  religion  ;  a  deceitful  show  of  a  good  character,  in 
morals  or  religion  ;  a  counterfeiting  of  religion. 

Beware  ye  of  th'2  lc:iVi?n  of  tlie  Pharisees,  wliicii  is  hypocrisy.  — 
Luke  lii. 

2.  Simulation  ;  deceitful  appearance  j  false  pre- 
tense. 

Hypocrisy  is  the  necessary  tiurdea  of  villainy.         Rambler. 

HYP'O-CRITE,  71.     [Fr.  hypocrite  ;  Gr.  rrovptr^j-] 

1.  One  wlio  feigns  to  be  what  he  is  not ;  one  who 
has  the  form  of  godliness  without  the  power,  or  who 
assumes  an  appearance  of  piety  and  virtue,  when  he 
is  destitute  of  true  religion. 

And  Ihe  hypocrite's  bope  stiall  perish.  — Jolj  viii. 

2.  A  dissembler ;  one  who  assumes  a  false  appear- 
ance. 

Fair  hypocrite,  you  seek  to  cheat  iu  Tain.  Dryden. 

HYP-0-€RIT'ie,         \  a.    Simulating;  counterfeiting 
HYP-O-CRIT'IC-AL,  \      a  religious  character;  assum- 
ing   a    false  and  deceitful  appearance ;   applied    to 
persons. 

2.  Dissembling  ;  concealing  one's  real  character  or 
motives. 

3.  Proceeding  from  hypocrisy,  or  marking  hypocri- 
sy ;  as,  a  hypocritical  face  or  look. 

HYP-O-CRIT'ie-AL-LY,    adv.      With     simulation  ; 

with  a  false  appearance  of  what  is  good ;  falsely  ; 

without  sinceritv. 
HY-PO-GAS'TRie,  a.     [Gr.  C-'J,  under,  and  yacTJ)p, 

the  belly.] 

1.  Relating  to  the  hijpogastrium,  or  middle  part  of 
the  lower  region  of  the  bslly. 

2.  An  appellation  given  to  the  internal  branch  of 
the  iliac  artery.  Encyc. 

H-S-PO-GAS'TRO-CELE,  7?.    [Gr.  v-oya<7Tptoy,  and 
K.-jAr;,  a  tumor.] 
A  hernia  through  the  walls  of  the  lower  belly. 

Ci/xc. 

HYP'0-CENE,  a.     [Gr.  v-n  and  yti-opai.] 

A  term  applied  to  rocks  not  formed  on  the  surface 
of  the  earth,  but  thrust  up  from  below,  as  granite, 
gneiss,  &c.  Lye^l. 

Hf^-PO-GE'UM,  n,  [Gr.  vtto,  under,  and  yaia  or  ;^, 
the  earth.] 

A  name  given  by  ancient  architects  to  all  the  parts 
of  a  building  which  were  under  ground,  as  the  cel- 
lar, &lC.  QwilL 

HYP'0-GYN,  71,    A  hypogynous  plant. 

H'C-POC'Y-NOUS,  a.  [Gr.  v~o,  under,  and  jvrij,  a 
female.] 

In  botany,  growing  from  below  the  base  of  the 
ovaty.  Lindley. 

HY-PO-XI'TROU3  ACID,  n.  An  acid  composed  of 
nitrogen  and  oxygen,  but  containing  less  oxygen 
than  nitrous  acid.  It  is  composed  of  three  equiva- 
lents of  oxygen  and  one  of  nitrogen.  Silliman. 

HV-PO-PHOS^PHTTE,  n.  A  compound  of  hypophos- 
phorous  acid  .".nd  a  salifiable  base. 

Ht-PO-PHOS'PHOR-OUS,  a.  [Gr.  v-o  and  phospho- 
rous.] 

The  hypophosphovous  acid  contains  less  oxygen 
than  the  phosphorous,  and  is  obtained  from  the 
phosphuret  of  barj'lum.  It  is  a  liquid  which  may 
be  concentrated  by  evaporation,  till  it  becomes  vis- 
cid. It  lias  a  very  sour  taste,  reddens  vegetable 
blues,  and  does  not  crystallize.  Urc. 

HY-P6'PI-U.M,  71.  [Gr.  vzo,  under,  and  nvovy  pus, 
because  there  is  pus  under  the  comea.J 

An  effusion  of  pus  into  the  anterior  chamber  of 
the  eye,  or  that  cavity  v/hich  contains  the  aqueous 
humor.  It  is  always  a  mure  sequel  of  an  inflamma- 
tion. 

HY-POS'TA-SIS,  71.  [L.  hypost^is;  Fr.  hypostasc ; 
Gr.  {rn-ooracris,  from  tJtth,  and  ic-r/j^t,  to  stand.] 

Properly,  subsistence  or  suhstance.  Hence  it  Is 
used  to  denote  distinct  substance,  or  subsistence  <»f 
the  Father,  Son,  and  Holy  Spirit,  in  the  Godhead, 
called  by  the  Greek  Christians  three  hypostases. 
The  Latins  more  generally  used  persona  to  express 
the  sense  of  hypustasis,  and  this  is  the  modern  prac- 
tice. We  say,  the  Godhead  consists  of  three  per- 
sons. 

HY-PO-ST.\T'ie,         \  a.      Relating  to  hvposlasis ; 

IIY-PO-STAT'!€^AL,  \      constitutive. 

Let  our  Camcadca  waru  men  not  lo  Bubscribc  to  Ibe  eraiut  tloc- 
triiie  of  the  chymisls,  touchinjf  ihcir  three  hyposlaUcat  priuci- 
pl<rs,  till  ill'"/  have  a  little  examined  it.  Boyle. 

2.  Personal,  or  distinctly  personal ;  or  constituting 
a  distinct  substance  Pearson. 


HYT 

HY-PO-STAT'ie-AL-LY,  adv.    Personally. 

H  Y-PO-SUL'PH  ATE,  n.  A  compound  of  hyposulphu- 
ric  acid  and  a  base. 

HY-PO-SUL'PHITE,  n.  A  compound  of  hyposulphur- 
ous  acid  and  a  ^i^ilifiable  base. 

H5--P0-SUL-PHU'RIC,  a.  ffypasulphune  a^uf  is  an 
acid  combination  of  sulphur  and  oxygen,  interme- 
diate between  sulphurous  and  sulphuric  acid.  C/re. 

H^-PO-SUL'PHUR-OL'S,  a.  Hyposulphurouj  ac'ul  is 
an  acid  containing  Ics-s  oxygen  than  sulphurous  acid. 
This  acid  is  known  oitly  iu  combination  with  salifia- 
ble bases.  Vre.     Henry. 

Ht-POT'E-NUSE,  n.  [Gr.  ir.oTiivovaa,  part,  of  m- 
Tcu'io,  to  subtend.] 

In  geometry,  the  subtense  or  longest  side  of  a  right- 
angled  triangle,  or  the  line  that  subtends  the  rigiit 
angle.  Eneyc. 

HY-POTH^E-CaTE,  v.  L  [L.  hypotheca,  a  pledge ; 
Gr.  vTTo6iiKi),  from  v-onQniHi  to  put  under,  lo  sup- 
pose.] 

1.  To  pledge,  and,  properly,  lo  pledge  the  keel  of 
a  ship,  that  is,  the  ship  itself,  as  security  for  the  re- 
payment of  money  borrowed  lo  carrj'  on  a  voyage. 
In  this  case,  the  lender  hazards  the  loss  of  his  money 
by  the  loss  of  the  ship  ;  but  if  the  ship  returns  safe, 
he  receives  his  principal,  with  the  premium  or  inter- 
est agreed  on,  though  it  may  exceed  the  legal  rale  of 
interest.  Black^tone.     Park. 

2.  To  pledge,  in  gaicral,  for  the  security  of  a  cred- 
itor, as  goods,  stocks,  iScc.  Park. 

HY-POTH'E-€a-TED,  pp.  Pledged  as  security  for 
money  borrowed. 

H1?-POTHE-eA-TING,  pvr.    Pledging  as  securit)'. 

HY-POTH-E-Ca'TION,  i^  The  act  of  pledging,  as 
a  security  for  debt,  without  parting  with  the  imme- 
diate possession,  differing  in  this  last  particular  from 
the  simple  pledge.  Brandt. 

HY-POTH'E-Ca-TOR,  71.  One  who  pledges  a  ship  or 
other  property  as  security  for  the  repayment  of  money 
borrowed.  Judf^e  Johnson. 

HV-POTH'E-NuSE,  71.     H>'potenuse,  which  see. 

HY-POTH'E-SIS,  71.  [L.,  from  Gr.  vTzodecis,  a  suppo- 
sition ;  vTroriOiiiu,  to  suppose  ;  vttq  and  rtOfj/a.] 

1.  A  supposition  ;  a  proposition  or  principle  which 
is  supposed  or  taken  for  granted,  in  order  to  draw  a 
conclusion  or  inference  for  proof  of  liis  point  in 
question  ;  something  not  proved,  but  assumed  for 
the  purpose  of  argument.  Encyc. 

2.  A  system  or  theory  imagined  or  assumed  to  ac- 
count for  whut  is  not  understood.  Encuc. 

H5-P0-THET'ie,         (  a.     Inchiding  a  supposition  ; 

HY-PO-THET'ie-AL,  \  conditional ;  assumed  with- 
out proof  for  the  purpose  of  reasoning  and  deducing 
proof.  IVatts. 

HY-PO-THET'ie-.AL  BAP'TISM.    See  BAriisii. 

HY-PO-THET'ie-AL-LY,  adv.  By  way  of  supposi- 
tion ;  conditiouallj'. 

HY-PO-TYP-o'SIS,  7t.  [Gr.]  In  rhetoric^  imagery ;  a 
description  of  things  in  strong  or  lively  colors. 

HYP'P£D,  (hipt,)  pp.     Made  melanchnlv. 

HYPTISH,  a.    Affected  with  hypochondria. 

IIYRSE,  (hirs,)  ti.    [G.  kirse.] 
Millet. 

HYRST,  71.     A  wood.     [See  Hcrst.] 

HY'SON,  7i.    A  species  of  green  te,i  from  China. 

HYS'SOP,  (hi'zup  or  his'sup,)  71,  [L.  hyssopxts;  Gr. 
{'(To-wTToj.    It  would  be  well  to  write  this  word  Hr- 

30P.] 

A  plant,  Hyssopus  officinalis.  The  leaver  have  an 
aromatic  smell,  and  a  warm,  pungent  taste.  Some- 
thing called  hyssap  was  much  used  by  the  Jews  in 
purifications.  Encyc. 

HYS-TER'ie,  I  a,     [Fr.  hysteriqiie ;  Gr.  vTTtpiKCs, 

HYS-TER'ie-AL,  (     from  vsrc^a,  the  womb.] 

Disordered  in  the  region  of  the  womb ;  troubled 
with  tils  or  ner\'ous  affections. 

HYS-TER'ieS,  (  71.    A  dise;ise  characterized  by  con- 

HYS-Te'RI-A,  \  vulsive  struggling,  alternately  re- 
mitting and  exacerbating;  rumbling  in  tlie  bowels; 
sense  of  suffocation  ;  drowsiness  ;  urine  copious  and 
limpid  ;  temper  fickle.  Oood. 

HYS-TER'0-CELE,  n,    [Gr.  vcreoay  the  v.'ouib,  and 
Ki}\7],  a  tumor.] 
A  species  of  hernia  containing  the  womb.  Coze. 

HYS-TER-OL'O-GY,  71.    [Gr.  vcnp'.i  and  \oyoi.] 
In  rhetoric,  a  figure  by  which  the  ordinary-  course 
of  thought  is  inverted  in  expression,  and  the  last  put 
first ;  called  also  hystcron-proteroiu 

HYS'TER-ON-PROT'ER-ON,  77.  [Gr.  vGTCpoVt  last, 
and  -poTCpov,  first.] 

In  grammar,  a  figure  in  which  t!ic  word  that  should 
follow  comes  first ;  as,  vdct  ct^te  ticit,  "  he  is  well 
and  lives."  Hence  the  word  is  sometimes  used  to 
denote  an  anachronism,  or  the  putting  of  a  later  his- 
torical event  before  an  earlier  one.  Encyc.  Jim 

HYS-TER-OT'O-MY,  ;i.  [Gr.  vctlcci,  the  uterus,  and 
TOiin-i  a  cutting.] 

In  snrgenj,  the  Cesarean  section  ;  the  operation  of 
cutting  into' the  uterus,  for  taking  out  a  fetus  which 
can  not  be  excluded  by  the  usual  nirans. 

H5THE,  n.    A  port.    [See  Hithe.] 


TdNE,  BIJLL,  unite AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  Ch  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


571 


lUE 


Ih  tli^  ninilt  l**ltPr.  nnd  thn  third  rowol,  of  (ho  Enc- 
•      "■'     r      ive  it,  ilirough  tlio  I*atm 

.:ic  ji"/,jV,  or  yr,  iti  Crook 

uurd  jift.    This  vuvvrl  in 

I  <[i  iiiii-t  i.iirnjH-aii  lansunnc^f,  lias  the 

II. I,  wliicli  wv  fvprfs.^  Ity  c  in  wf,  or  « 

TliiH  iHiunil  we  rL-iniu  in  some  foreign 

ae  iiu(t)niti/.cd  in  our  l.inguage,  atj  in 

1'.    lUii  in  nuijti  I^nfrliyh  worAs  ihls 

-Iiurtent'd,  III  in  hoUne^j^  pity,  ffifi  ;  in 

till*  sound  of  i  coincides  witli  (hat  of 

md  lit  the  rud  of  wnrd^j  In  unaccented 

11  hol*i,  f^iirry.    \x  JH  iijis  rttiort  sound  of 

111  :i  iiid  Iiahnn  i  which  we  hear  in  the  pro- 

'  l':  n  f'f  been^  which  wo  pronounce  bin.    Arter 

::.     I  Iter  has  soinetinies  the  liquid  sound  of  y,  as 

;i  ri,  [inmounced  tnilHon.  This  sound  corresijonds 

A    11  liitiif  the  llflirew-i,a3in7(»jf/»A,  which  in  Syria 

•  1'  ;i>iinL-ed  I'yjvjjA,  aiul  with  the  sound  of  the  Oer- 

.    .  i  '.  .u  ni)<i,  r<iAr,  that  is,  t/n,  yahr. 

I        "und  of  i  lune,  a-s  in/i/ir,  A-i/i(i,  arw(r,  is  diph* 

'       .-  il  ;  it  begins  with  a  sound  njiproaching  to  that 

:  '  ;    il  a,  but  il  is  not  exactly  the  ::;aino,  as  (he  or- 

irf  not  opened  to  (he  :iame  c.\tcnt,  and  there- 

:   r    th-  sound  begins  n  little  above  that  ofaic.    The 

1.  ..  if  continued,  chwcs  wiili  one  (hnt  nearly  a[>- 

u--^  to  thai  of  e  long.  This  sound  can  be  learned 

.  the  ear. 
I     iLlter  enters  into  several  digraphs,  as  in /ai7, 
:f,/ci^n,  Tahiyfricnd;  and  with  o  in  oil^join^ 
■  titljw  to  form  a  proper  diplilhoni*. 
'.     KuglLfh  woni  ends  with  i ;  but  when  the  sound 
:  I'tlcr  occurs  at  the  end  of  a  word,  it  is  e.x- 

;  r      ■  4  by  y  !  alkali^  batidiui,  and  a  few  other  words 
I'l  htrtign  origin,  are  the  only  excepiinns. 

As  a  numeral^  I  signifies  one,  and  stands  for  as 
many  units  ns  it  is  repeated  in  limes,  as  II,  two,  HI, 
Sir.     When   il  stands  br/ore  V  or  X,  it  sub- 
I'^.if,  and  the  numerals  denote  one  less  than 
.-  the  X.    Thus  IV  expresses  /wwr,  one  less 
In  111  V  ,jicf  ;  IX  stands  for  iii«e,  one  less  than  X,  ten. 
Hut  whtn  it  is  placed  ajirr  V  or  X,  it  denotes  tlie  ad- 
dition of  a  unit,  or  as  many  units  as  Iho  letter  is 
repcnUd  in  tunes.     Thus  VI  is  Jirc  and  oncy  or.vti; 
and  XI  is  un  and  one,  or  eleven ;  VlII  stands  for  /tve 
and  tkr^f,  or  riffhtj  Sec. 

\rnr,ng  Uu  ancient  Roman*^  10  s(ood  for  500  :  CIO, 
' ;  100,  for  50Of) ;  CCIOO,  for  10,000  :  1000, 
:  r      ,'>oii ;  nnd  CCCIOOO,  for  100,000. 

1.  lormerly  prefixed  (o  some  English  words,  as  in 

iiui?(,  in  a  rontmcliun  of  the  Saxon  prefix  gci  and 

more  pcnerally  this  was  written  y. 

I,  pron.     [Sax.  ic  :  Guth.  and  I),  ik;  G.  ich;  Pw.  ja^r; 

Dan.  jfff  :  Cr.  c^  u ;  I.,  cifo ;  Port,  ru  ;  Sp.  tjo  ;  It.  w  ; 

Vt.J'-;  Saris,  a^am.    In  Armoric  vie  is  the  nomina- 

-  ■  \V.  mi,  Fr.  rtoi,  Hindoo,  nte.     Either  <•;'(»  is 

■■■d  from  mr'To,  or  /and  tne  are  from  diflercnt 

It  U  certain  thai  me  is  contracted  from  mcr  or 

wi/.     SCO  Me.] 

Til"  pronoun  of  the  firsl  person  ;  the  word  which 

cxpr.---sr,H  one's  («flf,  or  that  by  which  a  speaker  or 

wnttr  denot.;s  himself.    It  is  onlv  the  nominative 

caic  .if  the  pronoun ;  in  the  objective  cade  we  use 

"'•,.  ^  "'"  '^^^'^ched  to  study  ;  study  delights  mc. 

•  •  •'  orten  hear,  in  popular  language,  the  phrase  it 

«  l"ch  13  now  considered  to  be  ungrammalical, 

'■  I-    nut  the  phrase  may  have  come  down  to 

'  of  the  Wtlsh  mij  or  from  the  French 

■'c  c'«j(  moi, 

.  wo  use  tee  and  w,  which  appear  to 
'■  r.i  iK.iiiy  distinct  from  /. 
'  :  ..onolwcm,  that  ShakspLare  uses  /  for  ay  or 
III  this  he  IS  not  followed,  and  (he  use  is  incor- 


n.     [Ft.  iambiijue;  L.  iambietu ;  Gr,  la/i/Jt- 


i-.\Ai'nic, 

toe.] 

Pcrtainin?  to  the  iambus,  a  poetic  foot  consisting 

i-.AM'mc  )        ""        *""■  ^'^"""■*='»  t'y  a  '""S  «nc! 

T-  \M'Mr.S,  )  "•     t^  iambus  ;  Cr.  in;i/j?o(.] 

■     ^  "i'^'  !?  fP^'^.^ns'sl'ng  of  two  syHables,  the 
rt  and  (ho  last  long,  as  in  deli^rhu    The  fol- 
--V  iiiR  line  consists  wholly  of  iambic  feel : 
Ue  iconn  I  the  fince  |  thii  lUrei  1  luj  f u  ]  ry  «ay, 

■^TiUM  '.^  ^''  }  '"^'^  composed  of  short  and  hmc 
syllables  alK  rnatcly.  jlneienUu,  certain  soncs  or  sal- 
Ires,  supposed  lo  have  given  birth  lo  ancient  com- 

I-A-TRO-I.EP'TIC  a      [Gr.  ,arno,  and  a\u^co.] 
TfRPv      which  euro;  by  anointinc. 

i«-  Vh-  a[^^  J^  ^^"^"^  "*"  *-'^f"^»  Of  2"^*i  '"liabit 
'"»  ""^  A'r».  Pyrenees,  Apennines,  tec.    The  male 


ICE 


I. 


is  red-brown  in  summer,  and  jjray-hrown  in  winter. 
The  female  is  earthy-brown  and  ashy.  The  young 
is  gray  Tho  horns  of  the  male  are  (iat,  and  bent 
backward,  witli  two  longitudinal  ridges  at  the  sides, 
crossed  by  numerous  transverse  knots.  The  horns 
of  the  female  arc  short,  more  erect,  with  three  or 
four  knots  in  front. 

Tlie  ^^giii^nis,  or  wild  goat  of  llio  mounlainfl  of 
Persia,  appears  to  lie  the  stock  of  llie  tame  goat. 
'J'he  Ibex  is  a  distinct  species.  Cuvier. 

IM'II);  a  contraction  o( ibidem. 

lU  I'DEM,  [E.]     In  tlie  same  placo. 

mis,  71.  [Gr.  and  L.]  A  genus  of  grallatory  birds, 
one  of  whose  most  remarkable  species  is  the  Ibis 
religiosa  of  Cuvier.  This  is  found  throughout  Africa. 
It  was  reared  in  the  Icmplcs  of  ancient  Egypt,  with 
a  degree  of  respect  bordering. on  adoration.  Ibis 
rubra,  another  species,  is  found  in  all  the  hot  parts 
of  America. 

I-Ca'RI-AN,  a.  [from  Icarus,  the  son  of  Da?dahis, 
who  (led  on  wings  to  escape  the  resentment  of  Minos  j 
but  Iiis  (light,  being  too  high,  was  fatal  to  him,  as  the 
sun  melted  the  wax  that  cemented  his  wings.J 

Adventurous  in  lliglit ;  soaring  loo  hiyh  fur  safety, 
like  Icarus. 

ICE,  n.  [Sax.  is,  ts-a  ,■  G.  cis ;  I).  1/5  ;  Dan.  Us ;  Sw. 
and  Ice.  is;  Ir.  cuisc.  The  true  orthography  would 
be  u^c.  The  jirimary  sense  is  doubtless  to  set,  to  lis, 
to  congeal,  or  harden.  It  may  be  allied  to  the  G. 
eisen,  iron  ;  [lerhaps  also  to  L.  os,  a  bone.] 

1.  Water  or  other  Huid  congealed,  or  in  a  solid 
state;  a  solid,  transparent,  brittle  substance,  formed 
by  the  congelation  of  a  fluid,  by  means  of  the  ab- 
straction of  the  heat  necessary  to  preserve  its  fluidity, 
or,  to  use  common  language,  congealed  by  cold. 

2.  Concreted  .<;ugar. 

To  brccOi  the  ice,  is  to  make  tho  first  opening  to 
any  attempt;  to  remove  the  first  obstnictions or  dif- 
ficulties ;  to  open  the  way.  SliaJc. 
TCE,  V.  L    To  cover  with  ice  ;  to  convert  into  ice. 

FlcUher. 
2.  To  cover  with  concreted  sugar ;  to  fro^t. 
'3.  To  chill ;  to  frC(r/,e.  [Puller. 

TCE'BERG,  ».    [ice  and  G.  bcr^,  a  hill.] 

A  hill  or  niountai.'i  of  ice,  or  a  vast  body  of  ice 
floating  on  the  ocean. 

This  term  is  applied  to  such  elevated  masses  ns 
exist  in  the  valleys  of  the  fiigid  zones;  to  those 
which  arc  found  on  the  surface  of  fixed  ice  ;  and  to 
ice  of  great  thickness  and  hight  in  a  lioating  stale. 
These  lofty  floating  masses  are  sometimes  detached 
from  the  icebergs  on  shore,  and  sometimes  formed 
at  a  distance  from  any  land.  They  are  found  in 
both  the  frigid  zones,  and  are  sometimes  carried 
toward  the  equator  as  low  as  40".  Ed.  Enenc. 

ICE'-1!IKD,  n.    A  bird  of  Greenland. 
ICE'CLIXK,  V.    A  name  given  by  seamen  to  a  bright 
appearance  near  the  horizon,  occasioned  by  tlie  ice, 
and  observed  before  the  ice  itself  is  seen,      Eneyc. 
ICE'-IJOAT,  71.    A  strong  boat,  commonly  propelled 
by  steam,  usi-d  to  break  a  passage  throtifrh  ice. 

2.  A  b'lat  for  sailing  on  Die  surface  of  ice  ;  much 
used  in  Holland.  Ilrhn-t. 

TCE'-noUNI),  a.  h\  seamcjC.-i  language,  totally  sur- 
rounded Willi  ice,  so  as  to  be  incapable  of  advancing. 

Mar.  Diet. 
ICL^-RUILT,  C-bilt,)  0.    Composed  of  ice. 

2.  Loaded  with  ice.  Gratj. 

ICE'-CRkAM,  71.  Cream  flavored  and  con:realed  by  a 
freezing  mixture.  Sometimes,  instead  of 'cream,  the 
materials  of  a  custard  are  used. 

J!^J5/~^^^^®' "• '''•  J''»"s  composed  of  ice.    Coleridge, 
JCE  -FLtlE,  7;.    A  large  mass  of  floating  ice. 
ICE-GLaZ-ZJD,  «.    Glazed  or  incrusted  with  ice. 

ICE'-IIOUSE,  n.  [ice  and  house]  A  repository  for 
the  preservation  of  ire  during  warm  weather ;  a  pit 
with  a  drain  for  conveying  oif  the  water  of  the  ice 

Tf'^r!"»"  '''^^"''•''■'''  "'»'l  usuallv  covered  with  a  roof. 

Ith-ISLE,  (lsc'ilc,)7i.  [icF  and  isle]  A  vast  body 
ol  fleattng  ice,  such  as  is  often  seen  in  the  Atlanlic, 
ort  the  banks  of  Newfoundland.  .7.  Barlvw. 

VVhen  flat  and  extending  beyond  the  reach  of 
sight.  It  IS  called /cZ(/  ice ;  when  smaller,  but  of  very 
large  dimensions,  it  is  called  a /oc;  when  lofty,  an 
J^fberg.      J'here  arc  numerous  other  terms  for  tlie 

Tr-ii/?'',^v,Vi^'?l!?^^^"'^*^=^  ""^  floating  ice.       Ed.  Encyc. 

lUlJ  Ij.\iS  IJ-I"jlt    71.       A    .,„#;.._  ,1-   r.    ..._    1 

rcE-LA.ND'ie,  a. 


ICl 


A  native  of  Iceland. 
i'lTlainini;  to  Ici'land  : 


ICE'I.AND-MOSS,  „.    A  lun.1  of  lid 


and  as  a 


mountainous  district.^  of  Eurooe. 
nutritive. 


Aptnninc»,  &c.    Tho  male  I  IIJE-LANU-SPXR.  „.    Calcarcons 


hen  common  in 
It  is  a  tonic  and 

spnr,  in  laminated 


masses,  easily  divisible  into  rliomb.-i,  perfectly  similar 
to  the  primitive  rliomh.  Clcaveland. 

TCE'-PL.AIN,  n.    A  iilain  of  ire.  Coleridge. 

ICE'-PLAXT,  7(.  A  jilant  <if  the  genus  Mesembryan- 
thiiuum,  sprinkled  witli  pellucid,  glittering,  Avatery 
vesicles.  Enr.iic. 

TCE'SPAU,  71.     A  variety  of  feldspar,  the  crystals  of 

wliicli  r<'seinble  ice.  Jameson. 

ICE'-TONGS,  71. 7;/.    Large  iron  nippers  for  handling 

ice. 
XCII  DfEN,  (eeh  deen,)   [G.]    Literally,  /  ^rn'c ;  the 

motto  of  the  Prince  of  Wales.  '        Brande. 

ICH-NEu'MON,  Ti.  [L.,from  the  Gr.  ixvcvuutv,  from 
iXi/eud),  to  follow  the  steps,  ixfos,  a  footstep  ;  a  fol- 
lower of  the  crocodile.] 

An  animal  of  the  genus  Viverra,  or  Mangnsta. 
Its  body  is  dotted  etpially  all  over  ;  dirty  yellow  and 
slate  color,  each  hair  being  annulatcd  alternately 
with  these  tints  ;  paws  and  muzzle  black;  tail  long 
and  terminated  by  a  diverging  tuft.  It  inhabits  Egypt 
ahd  feeds  on  the  eggs  of  the  crocodile,  mice,  and  all 
sorts  of  small  animals.  It  is  domesticated.  Its 
native  name  is  j\rems. 

Ichneumon  fill ;  a  genus  of  flies,  of  the  order  Ily- 
menoplera,  containing  several  thousand  species. 
The  abdomen  is  generally  petiolated,  or  joined  to 
the  body  hy  a  pedicle.  These  animals  are  great  de- 
stroyers of  caterpillars,  plantlice,  and  other  insects, 
as  the  ichneumon  is  of  the  eggs  and  young  of  the 
crocodile.  Kvcrjc. 

ICH-NEU-MON'I-DAN,  fl.    Relating    to  the  ichncu- 

monid.T,  a  family  of  predaceous  insects. 
letl-NO-GRAPHTe,         \  a.      [See  IcH:tociiAi'HY.] 
ICH-NO-GRAPH'ie-AE,  \       Pertaining  to  ichnogra- 

pliv  ;  describing  a  ground-plot. 
I€H-NOG'RA-PHY,   n.     [Gr.    i\fos,  a   footstep,  and 
)  paipo>,  to  describe.] 

In  drawings  a  plan;  a  horizontal  section  of  a 
building  or  other  object,  showing  its  true  dimensions 
according  to  a  geometric  scale.  Jlcbcrt. 

rCHOR,  H.     [Gr.  ixojp,] 

1.  A  thin,  watery  humor,  like  serum  or  whey. 
9.  Colorless  matter  flowing  from  an  ulcer. 
I'GHOR-OUS,  rt.    Like  ichor;  thin;  watery;  serou?. 
leH'THV-O-eOL,         )  n.       Gr.  ixOv^,  a  fish,  and 
ICH'TJIV-O-eOL-LA,  j       koX\<x,  glue.] 

Fish-glue  ;  isinglass  ;  a  glue  i)rcpared  from  the 
sounds  of  fish.  Tookr. 

iei!-TIIY-0-l)OR'U-LITE,  n.      [Gr.   ixOv^,  a  fish, 
(!'j«ij,  a  spear,  and  AifJoj,  stone.] 
The  fossil  dorsal  spine  of  certaui  fishes.  Humble. 
leil-THY-OG'RA-PHY,  7(.    [Gr.  -txfy?  and  ypci^w.] 

A  treatise  on  fishes. 
leil'TIlY-OID,  a.     [Gr.  cv^li.?,  fish,  and  ttjof,  form.] 
A  term  applied  to  saiirians  having  many  of  the 
characters  of  a  fish.  p.  Cijc. 

ICH'TIIY-0-LlTE,  n.  [Gr.  ixOvs,  a  fish,  and  XiOoi, 
a  stone.] 

Fossil  fish  ;  or  tlie  figure  or  impression  of  a  fish  in 
rock.  Hitchcock. 

ieiI-TIIY-0-LOG'ie-AL,  a.      Pertaining  to  ichlliy- 

nlogv. 
I€II-THY-OL'0-ClST,  71.    [See  Ichthvology.J    One 

versed  in  ichthyology. 
ieiI-TIIY-OL'0-G  Y,  71.     [Gr.  i^Oo?,  a  fish,  and  Aoj  yf, 
discourse.] 

The  science  of  fishes,  or  that  part  of  zoblogy  which 
treats  of  fishes,  their  structure,  form,  and  elassifira- 
lion,  their  habits,  uses,  &.c.     Encye.     Edin.  Encijc. 
ieiI'THY-0-MAN-CY,  n.    Divination   by  the  heads 

of  fishes. 
leil-THY-OPII'A-GlST,  7U     [Gr.  ixOvs^  a  fish,  and 
tfiay.',  to  eat.] 
One  who  eats  or  subsists  on  fish. 
len-TIIY-OPH'A-GOUS,  a.      [Gr.   txOvg,  fish,  and 
0tij('.>,  lo  cat.] 

Eating  or  subsisting  on  fish.  D^JlnviUe. 

len-THY-OPH'A-GY,  n.     [Supra.]     The  practice  of 

ealins  fish. 
leil-THY-OPH-THAL'SIITE,  h.     [Gr.  tx^i'?,  a  fish, 
and  oipBaXfingy  an  eye.] 
Fish-evfi-stone.     [See  Apophyllite.] 
IGH-THY^O-SAU'RUS,  n.     [Gr    ixdvs,  a  fish,  and 
<j<ivooi,  a  lizard.] 

The  lish-lizard,  an  extinct  marine  animal,  whose 
fossil  remains  are  found  in  England  and  other  coun- 
tries, and  whose  skeleton  combines  in  its  striicturc 
the  characteristics  of  a  fish  with  those  of  a  crocodile. 
[Sometimes  written  Ichthvosaub.]  Burktatid. 

ICIl-TlIY-o'SIS,  71.     [Gr.]     A  roughness  of  the  skin, 

which  becomes  thick,  hard,  and  scaly. 
I't'I  CLE,  Cl'sik-ki,)  7(.     [Sax.  iecs-gcccl,  D.  yskegcl,  , 
ice-cone.    Kegel  is  a  cone  or  ninepin.] 
A   pendent  conical  mass  of  ice,  formed  by  the 


^ATE^FAR^FALL.  ^VHAT.-METE,  PRg^-PIXE,  maR(NE,  BIRD.-NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.- 

67a  


IDE 

fiveiing.  of  v.-;tier  vt  otJitir  il;;iil  as  it  tious   down 
an  incliucd  jituiic,  or  coll'xl^  in  (Irnjis  and  is  sus- 
pended.   Ill  llie  north  of  En^-land,  it  is  called  icA7r. 
I'CI-NESe,  ?;.    T!ic  state  of  biiiiig  icy,  or  of  being 
very  cold. 
3.  The  slats  of  generating  ice. 
I'CIXG,  pffT.    Covering  with  irft.  Byron. 

2.  Covering  with  concreted  sugar. 
I'CI.Nti,  n.    A  covering  of  concreted  sugar. 
i'eoX,  n.     [Gr.  ifjcwf,  la  image,  from  cticu,  to  resem- 
ble.] 
An  image  or  representation.     [JVo(  m  ■use.'] 

Brown.     Hakewill. 
I'eOX-ISM,  n.    [Gr.]     A  ii§ure  or  representation. 

JMorc. 
I-eOX'O-CLAS.M,  n.    The  act  of  breaking  or  destroy- 
ing iniases,  as  of  idulaier?. 
I-eO.\'0-"eLAST,    H.      [Fr.    iconodastc;    Gr.    ctifcjr, 
an  imag2,  and  AAacrijy,  a  breaker,  from  \->acj,  to 
break.] 

A  breaker  or  destroyer  of  images  ;  a  name  which 
Roman  Calliolics  give  to  those  who  reject  the  use  of 
images  in  rehgious  worship.  Encyc. 

r-eOX-0-€LAST'I€,  a.    Breaking  images. 
I-eo\-OG'KA-PHV,  n.     [Gr.  uk(^v,  an  image,  and 
j-o/K&w,  to  describe.] 

The  description  of  images    or   ancient   statues, 
bu->ts,  semi-busts,  paintings  in  fresco,  mosaic  works, 
and  ancient  pieces  of  miniature. 
l-eO\-OL'.V-TER,  n.    [Gr.  rixoi*',  an  image,  and  \a- 
rpcvsi  a  servant.] 

One  that  worships  images  j  a  name  given  to  tJie 
Roman  Catholics. 
I-eON'-OL'O-GY,  It,    [Gr.  ctxcji',  an  image,  and  Xoyog, 
a  discourse.] 

The  doctrine  of  images  or  emblematical  represent- 
ations.     _  Johnson. 
i-€0-SA-Hk'DR.VL,  a.  [Gr.  ctKoct,  twenty,  and  iopoj 
seat,  basis.] 
Having  twentv  equal  sides  or  faces. 
I-eO-S.\-HE'DRdN,  71.     [Supra.]     A  solid  of  twenty 
equal  sides  or  faces^. 

In  ^€i>viHrij,a.  regular  solid,  consisting  of  twenty 
equal  and  similar  irianiiular  pyramids  whose  vertices 
meet  in  tlie  center  of  a  sphere  supposed  to  circum- 
scribe it.  Encyc  Enfield. 
I-eO-3AX'DRI-A,n.pL[Gr.  iikocIj  twenty,  and  aci?/), 
a  male.] 

In  botany,  a  class  of  plants  having  twenty  or  more 
stamens  inserted  in  the  calyx.  Linnaeus. 

I-€0-SAX^DR]-.'VX,  /  u.  Pertaining   to  the    class  of 
I-eO-yAN'DROUS,  i       plants    Icosandria  ;     having 

twenty  or  more  stamens  inserted  in  the  calyx. 
l€^TEU'ie,         )  a.     [h.  ictcricaSf  from  icterus,  jaun- 
le-TER'ie-AL,  f      dice.] 

1.  Affected  with  the  jaundice. 

2.  Gdod  in  the  cure  of  the  jaundice. 
le-TER'ie.  ».    A  remedy  for  the  jaundice.      Su;ifL 
ie-TE-RI"tlOT;S.  )         rj    .  .  ,.     , 
I€^TEP'I-TOUS      i         L      icJfrits,  jaundice.] 

Yellow;  having  the  color  of  the  skin  when  it  is 
affected  by  the  jaundice. 
I'CY,  a.     [from  ice.]    Abounding  wi'li  ice ;  as,  the  icy 
regions  of  the  north. 

2.  Cold  ;  frosty;  as,  icy  chains  S!iali. 

3.  Made  of  ice. 

4.  Resembling  ice ;  chilling 

Reiijion  lays  not  an  iaj  hzad  on  the  Irue  joys  of  liie. 

Badcminsler. 

5.  Cold  ;  frigid  ;  destitute  of  affection  or  passion. 

Shak. 

C.  Indifferent ;  unaffected  ;  backward.        Shak. 
rCY-PEARL-£D,  (-perld,)  a.    Studded  with  spangles 

of  ice.  Jililtoii. 

I'D  ;  cuntracted  from  I  would  or  I  liad. 
ID.^  contracted  from  idem. 

I-De'A,  n.     [L.  idea;  Fr.  idee;  Gr.  iSca,  from  etSoj,  to 
see,  L.  video.] 

I.  Literally,  that  which  is  seen  ;  hence,  form,  im- 
age, model  of  any  thing  in  the  mind;  that  which  is 
held  or  comprehended  by  the  understanding  or  intel- 
lectual faculties. 

I  have  used  the  word  idea,  to  express  v/hatever  is 
meant  by  phantasm,  notion,  species,  or  whatever  it 
is  which  the  mind  can  be  employed  about  in  think- 
ing. Locke. 

Wbale\'er  the  mind  perceives  in  itself,  or  is  the 
immediate  object  of  perception,  thought,  or  Hnder- 
standing,  that  I  call  an  idea.  Lockr. 

The  attention  of  the  undersl^inding  to  the  objects 
acting  on  it,  by  which  it  beconies  sensible  of  the  ira- 
pfL-ssions  they  make,  is  called  by  logicians  pcrcep- 
tiun  ;  :md  the  notices  themselves,  astiiey  exist  in  the 
mind,  as  the  materials  of  thinking  and  knowledge, 
arc  distinguished  by  the  name  of  uleas. 

Encyc,  art.  Loi^ic. 

An  idea  is  Die  reflex  perception  of  objects,  after  the 
original  perception  or  impression  has  been  felt  by  the 
mind.  Encyc. 

In  popular  languatre,  idea  signifies  tlic  same  thing 
a.s  conception,  apprehension,  notion.  To  have  an 
w/f«  of  any  thing  is  to  conceive  it.  In  philosophical 
iwf,  it  does  not  signify  that  act  of  the  mind  which 


IDE 

we  call  thought  or  conception,  but  some  object  of 
thouglit.  Reid. 

According  to  modern  writers  on  mental  philosophy, 
au  idea  is  the  object  of  thouaht,  or  (he  notice  which 
the  mind  takes  of  its  perceptions. 

Darwin  uses  idea  for  a  notion  of  external  thincs 
which  our  organs  bring  us  acquainted  with  originally  ; 
and  he  defnies  it,  a  contraction,  motion,  or  configura- 
tion of  the  fibers  which  con:;titute  the  immediate  or- 
gan of  sense  ;  synonymous  witli  which  he  sometimes 
uses  sensual  motion,  in  contradistinction  to  inusailar 
motion.  Zotin. 

2.  In  popular  use,  idea  signifies  notion,  conception, 
thought,  opinion,  and  even  purpose  or  intention. 

Burke. 

3.  Image  in  the  mind. 

Iter  sweet  idea  wandereJ  Uirougli  his  UioughU.  i'hir/dx, 

\^  bad  use  of  the  word.] 

4.  An  opinion  ;  a  proposition.  These  decisions  are 
incompatible  with  tlie  ulea,  that  the  principles  are  de- 
rived from  the  civil  law. 

I-De'AE,  c  Existing  in  idea ;  intellectual ;  mental ; 
as,  idetU  knowledge. 

There  will  atways  Lc  a  wide  interval  letwccn  practical  and  vient 
estceUence.  HamUer. 

2.  Visionan.' ;  existing  in  fancy  or  imagination  on- 
ly ;  as,  ideal  good. 

3.  That  considers  ideas  as  images,  phantasms,  or 
forms  in  tlie  mind;  as,  the  ideal  Iheorj' or  philoso- 
phy. 

I-DE'A-LESS,  a.     [idea  and  less.]    Destitute  of  ideas. 

.illan. 

I-De'AL-ISAF,  71.  The  system  or  theory  that  makes 
every  thing  to  consist  in  ideas,  and  denies  the  exist- 
erice  of  material  bodies.  Walsh. 

I-De'AL-IST,  n.  One  who  holds  the  doctrine  of  ide- 
alism. 

I-DE-AL'I-TY,  n.  A  lively  imagination,  united  to  a 
loveof  tlie  beautiful,  forming,  in  its  higher  exercises, 
one  of  the  chief  constituents  of  creative  genius  in 
poetrj'  and  the  fine  arts.  Covibe. 

T-DE-AL-1-Z.A.'TION.  n.    The  act  of  forming  in  idea. 

i-De'AL-iZE,  v.  i.    To  form  ideas. 

T-De'AJj-LY,  cdr.    Intellectually;  mentally;  in  idea. 

Broitn. 

I-De'ATE,  v.  L  To  form  in  idea ;  to  fancy.  [jYot  in 
use,]  Donne. 

I'DEAI,    [L.]    The  same. 

I-DEN'Tfe,  a.    Identical,  which  see.    [Rarehj  jised.] 

I-DEX'TI€^.'VL,  a.  [Fr.  identiqne;  Sp.  identico;  from 
L.  idem,  the  same.] 

The  same  ;  not  different ;  as,  the  identical  person  ; 
the  identical  proposition.  We  found  on  the  tliief  the 
identical  gootls  that  were  lost. 

M>EN'TI€'-AL-LY,  adv.    With  sameness. 

I-DEX'Tie-AL-XESS,  n.    Sameness. 

l-DEN-T[-FI-€A'TION,  n.  The  act  of  making  or 
proving  to  be  the  same. 

I-DEX'TI-FI-£D,  pp.  Ascertained  or  made  to  be  the 
same. 

r-DEX'TI-F?,  V.  t.  [L.  idem^  the  same,  and  facio,  to 
make.] 

1.  To  ascertain  or  prove  to  be  the  same.  Tlie  own- 
er of  the  goods  found  them  in  the  possession  of  the 
thief,  and  identified  them. 

2.  To  make  to  be  the  same;  to  unite  or  combine 
in  such  a  manner  as  to  make  one  interest,  purpose, 
or  intention ;  to  treat  as  liaving  the  same  use  ;  to 
consider  as  the  same  in  effect. 

Paul  has  iiUntifwd  the  two  ordiiinnees.circumciEion  anJ  traptism, 
and  thus,  by  liomonslratin*  that  they  have  one  and  the  Kuue 
use  and  meajiiiig-,  he  has  cxltibited  to  our  riew  the  very 
same  seal  of  God's  covenant.  J.  M.  Mason. 

That  tie;ity  in  diet  identified  Spain  with  the  republican  govern- 
ment of  France,  by  a  virtual  ackuowledgitient  of  unrnialijLM 
Tas»a'agT?,  aad  by  specific  stipulations  of  uucoD<hiional  de- 
fense. British  Dcclaradon,  Jan.  1S05. 

Every  precaution  is  lalicn  to  idenli/y  the  iuLcreats  of  tlie  people, 
and  of  the  nilera.  Ramtay. 

I-DEX'TI-F?,  V.  ?.  To  become  tlie  same  ;  to  coalesce 
in  interest,  purpose,  use,  effect,  &lc. 

An  enlightened  self- interest,  which,  when  well  unJcntood,  they 
tell  ua  will  identify  with  an  interest  more  enlarged  and 
public.  Burke. 

I-DEX'TI-FT^-IXG,  ppr.  Ascertaining  or  proving  to 
be  the  same. 

2.  Making  the  same  in  interest,  purpose,  use,  effi- 
cacv,  -Stc. 
I-DEX'TI-TY,  71.     [Fr.  Uaitit6.] 

Sameness,  as  distinguisheu  from  similitude  and 
diversity.  We  speak  of  the  identity  of  goods  found, 
tht;  identity  of  persons,  or  of  personal  identity, 

Locke.    Soutli. 
ID-E-0-GKAPH'ie, 
ID-E-O-GUAPH'IG-AL,  . 

Representing  ideas  independently  of  sounds,  as 
the  digit  9,  whicli  to  an  Englishman  represents 
nine,  and  to  a  Frenchman  7icuf.  Brandc. 

ID-E-0-LOG'I€-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  ideologj-. 
II)-E-0L'0-GIST,  n.  One  who  treats  of  ideas. 
ID-E-OL'O-GY,  n.     [idea  and  Gr.  Ao>  oj.] 

1.  A  treatise  on  ideas,  or  the  doctrine  of  ideas,  or 
tiie  operations  of  the  understanding.  Ji-firrson,  iv.  297. 
a.  The  science  of  mind.  Stewart. 


[idea  and  Cr.  jpu^w.] 


ID! 

IDES,  7J.  pL  [h.  iduir.  Qu.  the  Uetnirlan  iduo,  lo  di- 
vide, the  root  of  widr,  divide,  individual.  The  Cly- 
mology  is  not  a.scfrtained.1 

In  Uic  nncii-nt  Itontan  calrndar,  the  fifteenth  day  of 
Marcii,  May,  July,  and  October,  and  the  thirtecntti 
day  of  the  other  months.  Eight  days  in  each  month 
often  pass  by  this  name,  but  only  one  strictly  receives 
it,  the  others  being  called  the' day  before  the  ides, 
the  third  from  the  ides,  and  so  on,  backward,  lo  the 
eighth  from  the  ides.  Encyc.     Brande. 

W  EST,     [L.]     That  is. 

ID-I-Oe'KA-SY,  n.  [Gr.  «J(05,  proper,  peculiar  to  one's 
self,  and  Koaoi^,  mixture,  temperament,  from  Jtcouo*, 
KZpavvvfii,  to  mix.] 

Peculiarity  of  constitution  ;  that  temperament,  or 
slate  of  constitution,  which  is  peculiar  to  a  person. 

ID-I-0-€IlAT'ie,         i        T.      . 

ID-I-0-€K.\T'ie-AL,  \  °'    Peculiar  in  consiiluuon 

ID'I-O-CY,  Tj.     [Gr.  (ofwreta.    See  Idiot.] 

A  defect  of  understanding ;  properly,  a  natnral  de- 
fect. 

Idiocy  and  lunicy  excuse  from  tlic  guilt  of  crime.  Encyc. 

ID-I-0-E-LE€'TRre,  a.  [Gr.  t^io;,  separate  from 
others,  peculiar  to  one's  self,  and  electric] 

Electric  per  se,  or  containing  electricity  in  its  natu- 
ral state.  Gregory. 

ID'I-OM,  7J.  [Fr.  idiontt;  L.  idioma,  from  Gr.  fiJiw^a, 
from  nJiof,  proper,  or  peculiar  to  one's  self.  The 
root  of  ici'js  is  that  of  dicidcj  Uctrurian  id'jo,  Eng 


wiaow,  wide,  Ar.  tXj  badda,  to  separate.    Class  Bd, 

x\0.  I.] 

1.  A  mode  of  expression  peculiar  to  a  language ; 
peculiarity  of  expression  or  phraseolog}-.  In  this 
sense  it  is  used  in  the  plural  to  denote  forms  of 
speech  or  phraseology  peculiar  to  a  nation  or  lan- 
guage. 

lud  to  just  idioms  fix  our  doubtful  speech.  Prior. 

2.  The  genius  or  peculiar  cast  of  a  language. 

He  followed  the  Latin  lanju-ige,  Lui  did  BOt  comply  with  the 
idiom  of  ourii.  Drydau 

3.  Dialect. 

ID-I-O-MAT'ie,         )  a.    Peculiarto  a  language  ;  per- 

ID-I-0-:\IATa€-AL,  ]  taining  to  the  particular  gen- 
ius or  modes  of  expression  which  belong  to  a  lan- 
guage ;  as,  an  idiomatic  phrase. 

ID-I-0-MAT'I€-Ai-LY,aiir.  According  to  the  idiom 
of  a  language. 

ID-I-O-PATH'ie,  a.  [See  Idiopathv.]  PerUiining 
lo  or  indicating  a  disease  not  preceded  and  occasioned 
bv  anv  oilier  disease  ;  opposed  to  Sviii-TOMATic. 

ID-I-0-PATH'I€-AL-LY,  adv.  In  the  manner  of  an 
idiopathic  disease  ;  not  symptomaticallv. 

ID-I-OP'A-THY,  H.  [Gr.  t6iog,  proper," peculiar,  and 
jTa6os,  suffering,  disease,  from  -ac-.x'^j  '**  suffer.] 

1.  A  morbid  state  or  condition  net  preceded  and 
occasioned  by  any  other  disease. 

2.  Peculiar  affection.  More, 
ID-I-O-RE-PUL'SIVE,  a.    Repulsive  by  itself;  as,  the 

idiorepuhivc  power  of  heat. 

ID-I-O^SYX'GRA-SY,  n.  [Gr.  (litoj,  proper,  cui-jWith, 
and  Koacii,  temperament.] 

A  peculiarity  of  constitution  and  susceptibilit}-  oc- 
casioning certain  peculiarities  of  effect  from  the  im- 
press of  extraneous  influences  or  agencies.  Synon- 
vmous  with  Idiocbasv. 

ID-I-O-SYXeRAT'ie,  a.  Of  peculiar  temper  or  dis- 
position. 

ID'I-OT,  Ti.  [L.  idiota ;  Gt.  t^icornSi  pri\'ate,  vulgar, 
unskilled,  from  ictos,  peculiar,  that  is,  separate,  sim- 
ple ;  Sp.  and  It.  idiotc  ;  Fr.  idiot.     See  Idiom.] 

1.  A  natural  tool,  or  fool  from  his  birth  ;  a  human 
being  in  form,  but  destitute  of  reason,  or  the  ordina- 
ry intellectual  powers  of  man. 

A  person  who  has  unJcrelandin*  eooujh  lo  me&sure  a  yard  of 
cloth,  number  twenty  correctly,  tell  liie  days  of  the  week, 
&<!.,  is  not  au  idiot  in  the  eye  ot  the  law.  Encyc 

2.  A  foolish  person ;  one  unwise. 

["  A  collection  of  picturesque  words,  found  among 
our  ancient  writers,  would  constitute  a  precious  sup- 
plement to  the  historj'  of  our  language.  Far  more 
expressive  tlian  our  term  of  executioner  is  their  sol- 
emn one  of  the  dcatltsman  :  —  than  our  ca>rabond  their 
scatterlin^:  —  than  our  idiot  or  lunaticlbeir  nwonlin^: 
a  word  which,  Mr.  Gifford  ohser^'cs,  should  not  iiave 
been  suffered  to  grow  obsolete." 
D^ Israeli,  Curiosities  of  Utrraturc,  2d  scries, 

2d  edit.  vol.  i.  p.  407.  —  E.  H.  B.] 
[See  Insoce.xt.] 

ID'I  OT-CY,  71.    State  of  being  an  idiot. 

ID-I-OT'I€,         }  a.      Like  an  idiot:    foolish;   sol- 

ID-I-OT'ie-AL,  \      tish. 

ID-I-OT'ie-AL-LY,  adv.  After  the  manner  of  an 
idiot. 

ID-I-OTa-€OX,  71.  [Gr.]  A  dictionary  of  a  particu- 
lar dialect,  or  of  t!ie  words  and  phntses  peculiar  to 
one  part  of  a  country*.  Brandc 

ID'I-OT-ISH,  a.  Like  an  idiot;  partaking  of  idiocy ; 
foolish.  Palcy. 

ID'I-OT-ISM,  71.   [Fr.  idiotisme ;  It.  ajid  Sp.  idiotismo ; 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.  —  AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K ;  6  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


573 


Cr 


IDO 

1  ftinn  (>r  Aiiccrti  taken  (torn  ilic  vtil- 

'         r,  ^tiimi ;  a  mode 
;  a  i>ccuUiirity 


wvnlj 


t  dinl  iilioturiu,  lultAtlc  t 


-.  1-  Beddoes,  Jfy^eta. 

Uut  a  wuultl  U.'  Well  (o  rfstraii)  thL-i  word  to  its 
proper  iiii;i)ltlcution,  and  kcvp  idtoci/  aiid  iJtotism  dis- 
tincL 
ID'l-OT-rZE,  r  i.  To  btcoine  slunid.  Ptrj.  letters. 
I'DI.K,  (rdl,)a.  [Pax.  «/^/,  yJW,  vniii,  oinpty  ;  G.  cif^/, 
mere,  jmrf,  idl**,  frivuluiirt  ;  D.  :jdety  %'ain,  empty,  idle- ; 
Uan.  and  Sw.  idd,  iiiL-rc,  pure,  unmixed.  Sou 
Apdlc.    Cltu-H  DI,  No.  (1,  Itl,  'Jii.  29.] 

1.  \ut  tin;;'  \i(l ;  unoccupied  with  busiiicss;  iii- 
artr  .        ■ling. 

^11  iW  dajr  id:£«7  — Matt.  xx. 

i         ^_    ,  ..^  Ttciotu.  Ba'nhitr. 

2.  i:>'nililul ;  given  to  rest  nnd  caso ;  averse  to  la- 
bor or  t-uiployjnenl ;  lazy ;  an,  an  idle  iimii  j  an  m//c 
felloH'. 

3.  AfTordinR  leisure;  vacant;  not  occupied ;  as 
idU  ttmo  ;  iV/r  hours. 

■I.  Kcmaining    unused;    unemployed;  applied  to 
tkin^t :  n-*,  my  8Word  or  upenr  is  idle', 
i.  L'sflesa ;  vain  ;  iueircclual ;  as,  idle  rage. 

Down  th*ir  idla  wciporu  droppptl.  Milton. 

6   Unfruitful ;  barren  ;  not  productive  of  good, 
or  utfra  Tu*.  and  idU  deacrtf.  jSAot. 

I'ilt  weed*.    [06*.]  Shak. 

7.  TriHine;  vain;  of  no  importance;  as,  an  idle 
•tury ;  an  idle  reason ;  idle  areumcnLa. 

Hooker.    Dnjden.    Swi/t. 

8.  Unprofitable;  not  tending  to  edification. 

F'-  iii'nilwlUpoAfc,  ih-y  ahalJ  give  an  account 

■  L'f  Judgin-;iit.  —  Mnu.  xii. 

/-'  ■  !'::y .'  the  latter  implying  constitu- 

tion '  ^^vi-rsion  or  iiidi?]in-;iiion  to  latior  or 

wti'  ■ ;  wljen'jis  iillr,  in  improper  sense, 

dcii  ■  1  riipluyed.    An  indiistridus  man 

nmy  li    ; ..' ,  li  u  ]ir  can  not  be  lazy. 
I'bLK,  r.  1.    To  U>se  or  spend  time  in  inaction,  or 
wilbdut  bi'ing  employed  in  business. 

Tw   tiUf  aioay :   ill  a  transitive  acnse^  to  spend  in 
idliMiciM  ;  ax,  to  iiHe  aieaii  litne. 
I'DLE-HEAO-KI),  (I'dl-hed-ed,)  a.     [idle  and  head.] 
Fooli.«h ;  nnrcasunabtc.  Carew. 

a.  Delirious;  infuiualed.    [LUtU  vsed,] 

L'Kstran^e. 
I  DLb-.NE^S,  n.    Abstinence  from  labor  or  employ- 
ment ;  tlic  stale  of  a  person  who  is  unemployed  in 
laUtr,  or  unoccupied  in  Im.iincds  ;  the  state  of  doing 
DOlbmf*.    Idleness  is  the  parent  of  vice. 

Throuifti  ih-  iiUnutt  of  the  Uandi  the  hotue  dropwth  throuirli 

—  fjixi^.  X.  II  -if 

2.  Aversion  to  labor;  reluctance  to  be  employed, 
or  to  exertion  eithtr  of  Iwdy  or  mind;  Jazmess; 
«ioth  .  Bluspislmess.  This  is  properly  laziness;  but 
idleness  is  often  the  etfect  of  laziness,  and  sometimes 
(hii  word  may  be  used  for  it. 

3.  Unimporianct: ;  trivialness. 

ApeaofufrcruM.  sf,ak. 

4.  Tnefflcacy;  uscle.<t<tness.    [Liuleused.] 

5.  Rarrcnnes!! :  wortlilessncsg.    [Little  used.l 
G.  Eraplincss  ;   foolishness:   infatuation  ;  aa,  irf/c- 

»'«  of  brain.     [Little  itted.]  Bacon. 

T""  r'-PA-TED,  (1.     Idle-he:idcd  ;    stupid.      Oterburij. 
'  -,  ".    One  who  does  nothing  ;  one  who  spcndij 
■  liic  in  inaction,  or  without  being  cnua-'ed  in 


2.  A  la/.y  perwn  ;  a  slugcard. 
ni.Ks.RY,  (I'dlz-bc,)  n.    An  i 


Ralefrh. 
idle  or  lazy  person. 
a       A-  ■..  TVhiUoek, 

t^pondmc  in  idleness  or  inaction. 
'"  ^^  ItHc  manner;  without  cmploy- 
ii.  Lazily ;  sluggishly. 
3.  Fooli^thly ;  uselessly ;  in  a  trifling  way. 

A.  CarvlesMv;  without  attention.  '^^'^or' 

tnuh  "^'^''''*"'^'^'  "•''•*^  reason  .(ffjf  against 

'^tur^^-Vm^*  .""r    ^^'^  '^^'"^  ^"'"'  "^"^  "^""-f.  ^^^- 
IiifL- ;  a  mixed  ficurc.]  ' 

A  mini-ral,  oci-Hrrine  f  ithir  in  missive  or  in  modi- 
hrTlv^l'T"-'  !;"'""■  P'^'on'ini!  a  limd.wrau  brown  or 
bruw  nL-l..ydln>v  c„l..r.  Ii  c.msin,  essenlinlly  of  sil- 
ica, alimima,  nnd  lime.  Il  is  the  Vcsucian  of  Wer- 
ner.    CiffTuu  a  Ihc  name  of  a  rosc-rcd  variety. 

or.  ti^u^oy,  from  tiiaj,  form,  or  iiHw,  to  see.! 

I.  An  Imajc,  form,  ur  reprcsjntation,  usiiallv  of  a 
mm  or  oilier  animal,  consiorat.d  a«  an  ubiuct  of 
woivhlp ;  a  papn  drily.  IJoU  arc  usually  smtue?  or 
imap-s,  canrcd  out  of  wood  or  stone,  or  formed  of 
metals,  particul^irly  silver  or  gold. 

T^  ffwl.  of  iJk  niljans  arc  idoU.  —  P<.  jterf. 


IF 

2.  An  image. 

Nur  ewriilil  seemed  ko  nmcb  alive.  Dry<len. 

3.  A  jMtrson  lovod  and  honored  to  adoration.  Tlio 
prince  was  tlie  idol  of  tllo  people. 

4.  .\ny  tiling  on  wliich  we  set  our  affections  ;  that 
to  wliicli  we  indulge  an  excessive  and  sinful  attach- 
ment. 

LlllJo  eJilWren,  Icvp  youreclvea  from  ido!s.  —  1  John  v. 
An  ultti  ii  nnjr  tiling  which  unurpa  Uie  Jilttce  of  Ijod  iti  tlio  liearhi 
of  Ilia  r.iUonid  croaluica.  ^.  Milter, 

5.  A  representation.    [JVof  in  use]  Spenser. 
r-DOL'A-TER,  71.      [Fr.  idolatre;  L.  idohhtra ;  Gr. 

ctiti)\o\iiTf}f}i.     See  Idolatry.] 

1.  A  W(?r3hiper  of  idols  ;  one  who  pays  divine 
honom  to  images,  statues,  or  representations  of  any 
tiling  made  by  hands  ;  one  who  worships  as  a  de- 
ity that  which  is  not  God  ;  a  pagan. 

2.  All  adorer  ;  a  great  admirer.  Jfurd. 
I-DOL'.V-TI!E.S.S,  11.    A  female  worshiper  of  idols. 
I-1)0-LAT'KIG-AL,  a.     Tciuling  to  idolatry. 
I-DOL'A-TKIZE,  „.  i.    To  worship  idols. 
I-DOL'A-TKIZE,  v.  t.    To  adore  ;  to  worship. 

tSinswortli. 
I-nOL'A-TRIZ-KD,  pp.    Worshiped  ;  adored. 
I-DOL'A-TltlZ-lNG,  ;);»•.    Adoring;  worshiping. 
I-DOL'A-TKOIJS,  (1.     Pertaining  to  iilolatly  ;  imrtak- 
ing  of  the  nature  of  idolatry,  or  of  the  worship  of 
faise  gods ;  consisting  in  Ule  worship  of  idols  j  as, 
idolatrous  worsliip. 

2.  Consisting  in  or  partaking  of  an  excessive  at- 
tachment or  reverence  ;  as,  an  idolatrous  veneration 
for  antiquity. 
I-DOL'A-TROUS-LY,  adw.    In  an  idolatrous  manner ; 

with  excessive  reverence.  Hooker. 

I-DOL'A-TRY,  n.  [iV.  idolalrie ;  L.  idoloUtria :  Gr. 
ti^'jAoXiiroEia;  ckToAwi',  idol,  and  Aarocvw,  to  wor- 
ship or  serve.] 

1.  The  worship  of  idols,  images,  or  any  thing 
made  by  hands,  or  which  is  not  God. 

Idolatry  is  of  two  kinds  ;  the  worship  of  images, 
statues,  pictures,  &c.,  made  by  hands ;  and  the  wor- 
ship of  the  heavenly  bodies,  the  sun,  moon,  and 
stars,  or  of  demons,  angels,  men,  and  animals. 

Encyc. 
a.  lixcessive    attacliuient  or  vener.ition  for  any 
tiling,  or  that  vvhicli  borders  on  adoration. 
T'DOL-ISH,  a.    Idolatrous.  Milton 

I'UOL-IS.M,  It.    The  worship  of  idols.    [LHUt  used'.] 

I'DOL-IST,  11.     A  worshiper  of  images;  a  poetical 

word,  Milton. 

I'DOL-IZE,  V.  t.    To  love  to  excess ;  to  love  or  reve- 
rence to  adoration  ;  .is,  to  idoli-.c  gold  or  wealth  ;  to 
irfo(i:c  children;  to  iVoftjc  a  virtuous  magistrate  or  a 
hero. 
VnOL-lZEH,  pp.  or  a.    Loved  or  reverenced  to  ado- 
ration. 
I'DOL-IZ-EU,  II.    One  who  idolizes  or  loves  to  rever- 
ence. 
I'I)OL-IZ-IJVG,  vpr.    Loving  or  revering  to  an  excess 

bordering  on  adoration. 
I'DOL-OU.Sjn.     Idolatrous. 

M)0'iVE-Otj.S,  a.     [h.  idoncus  ;  probably  from  the 

root  of  Gr.  ,'vvapai,  to  be  strong,  able,  or  sufficient.] 

Fit ;   suitable  ;    jiropcr ;    convenient ;    adequate. 

[IMtle  tLsrd.]  Boyle. 

ID'RI-A-LIN,  »i.     A  bituminous  substance  obtained 

from  the  (piicksilver  mines  of  Idria.  Brandc. 

I  mi,,  n.     fL.  idijilium;   Gr.  eidvWior ;  supposed  to 
be  from  uhi,  form.] 

A  short  poem  ;  properly,  a  short  pastoral  poem  ;  as, 
the  utyls  of  Theocritus.  i         >      > 

I.  E.  stands  for  L.  id  est,  that  is. 

IE'L.\ND  or  rather  I'l.AND,  „.  [G.  and  D.  eiland  ; 
bax.  ealond,  ieglaiul ;  composed  of  le,  ea,  water  Fr 
eau,  contracted  from  L.  aqua,  au-l  ?aiirf.  This  is'  the 
genuine  English  word,  always  used  in  discourse 
though  in  spelling  it  has  been  ihangcd  into  island, 
an  absurd  coni|ioiind  of  Fr.  isle  and  land,  which  si"- 
nifies  fa?irf-i;i-ioo(n- funrf,  or  rather  idanrf-Zani;.  Mi". 
ford  writes  this  word  Hand;  .and  in  the  Bishops'  Bi- 
ble it  was  always  written  Hand  or  viand;  but  it  is 
probably  too  late  to  hope  for  any  general  return  to 
the  true  spelling. 

1.  .'V    portion  of  land    surrounded  by  water    as 
Bermuda,  Barbadoes,  Cuba,  Great  Britain,  Borneo. ' 

2.  A  large  mass  of  floating  ice. 
lt,y.t.    Imperative,  contracted  from  i?ax.  gif,  fr.nn 

ri/aii,  Goth.  iriSnii,  to  give.  It  introduces  a  condi- 
tional sentence.  It  is  a  verb,  without  a  specified 
nominative.  In  like  manner  we  use  ^rant,  admit, 
.^appose  Repdarhj,  if  should  be  followed,  as  it  was 
lormerly,  by  the  substitute  or  pronoun  tliat,  referring 
ill,  ."'li^*-'*-'-'''"'^  sentence  or  proposition.  If  that 
John  shall  arrive  in  season,  I  will  send  him  with 
me.ssagc.    But  tfuit  is  now  omitted,  .md  the  <„!,=, 


IGN 

thou  canst  make  me  whole,"  that  is,  thou  canst 
make  me  whole,  ^iee  the  fact,  that  thou  wilt. 

//"thou  nrl  the  Son  of  God,  command  that  Ibcsc  atones  be  iii.Ade 
hreiul.  —  Malt.  xlv. 

2.  Whether  or  not. 

I/nccrLiiii  i/  hy  Aii*iiry  or  chance.  Dn/dcn, 

So  in  French,  soil  que,  let  it  be  that. 
' [Abbreviation  of  ill /ai(A.]     Indeed; 


,  ado. 


now  omitted,  and  the  subse- 


!!o,^s'i!l„'r';"i"'"''^,','"'T''''''"'  °'  affimiation,  may  be 
shnii  L"-^.  '^  ""=  "'"J""  "f  "'«  "''•''■      Owe  John 


shall  arrive 


•p-aiit,  suppose,  mlmit  that  he  shall  ar- 


rive 1  will  send  him  with  a  message.    The  sense  of 
equivalent  l.i 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT. -METE 


,  let  the  thing  take  place.'    If,  then, 
Srant,  uttme,    admit.      "If   thuu   wilt 


I'FaITII 

t"iiy-  ■    siwk. 

IG-A-SU'RI€  ACID,  11.  An  acid  found  combined 
with  strychnine  in  nux  vomica  and  St.  Ignatius's 

,  ,''!?-;„„  llrande. 

;!^;^i.        '  "•  f  "'^  Atcrm  formerly  used  for  blockhead. 

IG'M.-OUS,  a,  [L.  i^neus,  from  ignis,  fire.  Sans. 
aglini  or  Eg-iiis,  or  agnih.  Bengal,  aag,  ofin,  Slav. 
ogn.]  " 

1.  Pijrtaining  to  or  consisting  of  fire;  as,  irmeims 
particles  emitted  from  burning  wood. 

2.  Containing  lire  ;  having  the  nature  of  lire. 

3.  Resembling  fire;  as,  an  in-iicoiw  appeanince. 

4.  In  geology,  proceeding  from  the  action  of  fire  ; 
as,  lavas  and  basalt  are  igneous  rocks.  Dana. 

IG-NES'CENT,  o.  [L.  igncscens,  igncsco,  from  i"nis, 
fire-]  " 

Emitting  sparks  of  fire  when  struck  with  steel ; 
scinliUaliiig  ;  as,  igncscent  stones.  Fourcroy. 

IG-.\ES'CEiVT,  n.  A  stone  or  mineral  that  gives  out 
sparks  when  struck  with  steel  or  iron. 

Many  other  stones,  besides  this  class  of  igncscent*,  produce  a 
i«.il  scuilillation  wlicn  struck  a^hisl  sleel.         I^urcTot/. 

IG-NIF'EE-OUS,  n.     Producing  fire. 
IG'Nr-FI-£D,  f-nde,)  pp.     Formed  into  fire. 
IG-NIF'LU-OI>S,  a.     [L.  ire,i,;^,<„.,-.] 
,^,J,'™'"S  with  fire.         °  Cockcram. 

IG'NI-FY,  V.  t.     [L.  ignis  and  facia.] 

To  form  into  fire.  Stukcbi 

IG'KI-F?-ING,  ppr.     Forming  into  fire. 
IG-NI<S'E-NOUS,  a.     [L.  iViiis  and  Gr.  ym-ao,.] 

Produced  by  fire.    It  is  supiiosed  a  part  of  tlie 
crust  of  the  earth  is  imduenous 
IG-NIP'0-TENT,  a.    fL.  ignis,  fire,  and  potcns,  pow- 
erful.] 
Presiding  over  fire.    Vulcan  is  called  the  power 

ignipotcnt.  Pone 

IG'Nl.S  FAT-U-US,  71.;  pi  Iones  Fatui.  [L.]  'a 
meteor  or  light  that  appears  in  the  night,  over  marshy 
grounds,  supposed  to  be  occasioned  by  the  decompo- 
sition of  animal  tir  vegetable  substances,  or  by  some 
inllamuiable  gas;  vulgarly  called  IViU-wia-tiic-misp, 
and  Jack-with-a-Uintcm.  led.  Eticitc. 

IG-NITE',  v.  t.     [L.  tViiw,  fire.] 

1.  To  kindle  or  set  on  fire, 
a.  More  gmcrally,  to  communicate  fire  to,  or  to 

render  luminous  or  red  by  heat ;  as,  to  ignite  char- 
coal or  iron.  .'Vnlhracile  is  iVn/lcrf  with  nioie  diffi- 
culty than  bituminous  coal. 

IG-NITE',  V.  i.  To  take  fire  ;  to  become  red  with  heat. 

IG-NlT'ED,  pp.  or  a.    Set  on  fire. 

2.  Rendered  red  or  luminous  by  heat  or  fire. 
IG-NIT'I-UI.E,  0.     Capable  of  being  ignited. 
IG-NIT'ii\G,  ppr.      Setting  oh  fire  ;    becoming  red 

with  heat. 
2.  Communicating  fire  to  ;  heating  to  redness. 
IG-NI"TION,  (ig-nish'un,)  ii.    The  act  of  kindling, 
or  setting  on  fire. 

2.  The  act  or  operation  of  communicating  fire  or 
heat,  till  the  substance  becomes  red  or  luminous. 

3.  The  state  of  being  kindled  ;  more  generally,  the 
state  of  being  heated  to  redness  or  Inminousness. 

4.  Calcination. 
IG-NIV'O-.\10U.«,  a.     [L.  ignivomus,   ignis,  fire,  ami 

vonw,  to  vomit.] 

Vomiting  fire  ;  as,  an  ignivomous  mountain,  a  vol- 
cano- Derham. 
IG-IVO-BIL'I-TY,  n.    Ignobleness.    [JVbf  m  use.] 

Ball. 
IG-No'BLE,  a.     [Fr.,  from  L.  ignahilis ;  in  and  mbilis. 
See  NoRLE.] 

1.  Of  low  birth  or  family;  not  noble-  not  illus- 
trious. 

2.  Mean  ;  worthless ;  as,  an  ignoble  plant. 

3.  nase ;   not  honorable,  elevated,  or  generous; 
appljri/  to  feelings  and  actions;  as,  an  irnwble  motive. 

IG-No'BLE-NESS,  n.    Want  of  dignity  ;  meanness. 

^linswortJu 
IG-Xo'BLY,  adv.    Of  low  family  or  birth  ;  as,  igno- 
blii  born. 

2.  Meanly  ;  dishonorably  ;  reproachfully  ;  disgrace- 
fully ;  basely.     The  troops  imiobhi  fly, 
IG-NO-MIN'I-OUS,  a      "     ■ 

MINV.] 

1.  Incurring  disgrace ;  cowardly 
acter. 


[L.  ignominiosus.     See  IcNO- 
of  mean  cliar- 


Then  wilh  pale  fear  surprised , 
Fled  i^nooLinioua.  Milton. 

2.  Very  shameful ;  reproachful ;  dishonorable  ;  in- 
famous. To  be  hanged  for  a  rrime  is  ignominious. 
Whipping,  cropping,  and  branding  arc  ignominious 
punishments. 

3.  Despicable  ;  worthy  of  contempt ;  as,  an  igno- 
minious projector.  Sreifl, 

IG-NO-MIN'i-OUS-LY,  oAj.     Meanly;  disgracefully; 
shaiiieruMy. 


574 


PREY  -  PtNE,  MARINE,  BIRD. -NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE, 


WOLF,  BOOK.- 


ILL 

IG'jN'0-MIX-Y,  It.  [h.  i^nominia  ,*  in  and  nomen, 
against  name  or  repiitatioji ;  Ft.  tV/iomi/tJe.l 

Public di>gr:ice  uiultr  t!ii>  in:inU:ttion  v(  aislmnora- 
ble  motives  or  conduct  j  shame ;  reproach ;  dishon- 
or; infamy. 

'ITieir  g^n-^nls  \ixwe  bc*ii  trwivwl  witli  hotter  after  their  ilefeat ; 

yours  Willi  igjtominy  nftur  conquiW.  .-iditison. 

Vice  Urgius  iu  tikititiLke,  »nd  eiiiLs  iii  ijriomtn^.  Rangier. 

IG'NO-MY,  n.    An  abbreviation  of  i^xominy.    SJiak. 
IG-NO-Ra'jUUS,  k.    [L.,  we  are  igiinraiil ;   from  iV- 
noro.y 

1.  The  indorsement  which  a  grand  jur>'  make  on 
a  bill  presented  to  them  for  in'juiry,  when  there  is 
not  evidence  to  support  Uie  diaries,  on  which  all  pro- 
ceedings are  slopped,  and  tlie  accused  person  is  dis- 
charged. 

2.  All  ignorant  person ;  a  vain  pretender  to  knowl- 
edge. ■  South, 

IG'NO-RANCE^  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  ignorantia;  ignoroy 
not  to  know;  ignarus,  ignorant;  in  and  giiarus, 
knowing.] 

1.  Want,  absence,  or  destitution  of  knowledge; 
the  negative  slate  of  the  mind  which  has  not  been 
instructed  in  arts,  Hterature,  or  science,  or  has  not 
been  informed  of  facts.  Ignnrance  may  be  genenil, 
or  it  may  be  limited  to  particular  subjects.  I^rh- 
ranee  of  the  Jaw  does  not  excuse  a  man  for  violating 
it.    Ignorance  of  facts  is  often  venial. 

Ignorance  b  ftrefenMe  to  error.  Je^erson. 

2.  Tgiioraiicesy  in  the  plural,  is  U-^ed  sometimes  for 
omissions  or  mistakes ;  but  the  use  is  uncommon, 
and  not  to  be  encouraged. 

IG'NO-RANT,  c  [h.  ig7:Grar2s.^  Destitute  of  knowl- 
edge ;  uninsiructed  or  uninformed  ;  untaught ;  un- 
enlightened. A  man  may  be  iirnorant  of  the  law,  or 
of  any  art  or  science.  He  may  be  ignorant  of  his 
own  rights,  or  of  the  rights  of  others. 

2.  L'nknown ;  undiscovered;  a  poetical  use;  as, 
ignorant  concealment.  S!iak. 

3.  Unacquainted  with. 

Ignorant  olguiil,  I  fear  not  Eh:ime.  Dryden. 

4.  UnskillfuUy  made  or  done.     [JVot  legitimate.] 

FooTignorcnl  baubles.  Skak. 

IG'XO-R.^JN  T,  Tt.  A  person  untaught  or  uninformed ; 
one  unlettered  or  unskilled. 

DiiJ  I  for  this  Like  pains  to  tescit 

Our  zealous  ifnoranls  topre:ich  ?  Deiiham. 

IG'NO-RANT-LY,  0^0.  Without  knowledge,  instruc- 
tion, or  information. 

Whom  therefore  ye  ignoranJiy  wonliip,  him  decl.'UC  I  to  yoa.  — 
Acts  xrii. 

2.  UnskiUfulIy  ;  inexpertly.    A  man  may  mistake 
blunders  for  beauties,  and  ignitrantly  admire  them. 
IG-\oRE',  V.  t.    To  be  ignorant  of.     [J^ot  in  n.-^e.] 

Boyle. 
2.  In  laWj  llie  grand  jury  are  said  to  ignore  a  bill, 
when  they  do  not  find  the  evidence  such  as  to  in- 
duce them  to  make  a  presentment.  Brandc. 
IG-XO^'CI-BLE,  a.      [L.    ignoscibilis.]    Pardonable. 

IG-NoTE',  a.    [L.  i'mortw.j     Unknown.    [^Xot  iisfd,] 

1G-Ua'XA,  (-wU'na,)  n.  A  genus  of  saurian  reptiles. 
2.  The  Ignana  tuberculata,  the  common  liiuana 
of  South  America,  whose  Ilesh  is  eaten  and  esteemed 
delicious. 

IG-U.K 'NO-DON,  7j.  An  extinct  saurian  reptile.  The 
fossil  remains  of  this  animal  found  in  Tilgate  forest, 
and  r.t  .Maidstone  in  England,  indicate  the  animal  to 
be  sixty,  seventy,  or  more  feet  in  length.    JMantdl. 

ILE ;  so  written  by  Pope  for  nUt,  a  walk  or  alley  in  a 
church  or  public'building.    [J^ot  in  use,] 

2.  An  ear  of  corn.     [JVoi  iued.]  Ainsworth. 
IL'E-US,  n,    [Gr.  tXtn^.]     The  technical  specific  name 

of    common  colic,  both   in   ancient    and    modem 
limes. 

3.  Intestinal  intussusception,  from  the  hypothesis 
that  this  stale  always  exists  in  common  colic. 

I'LEX,  n.  [L.]  In  botany^  the  generic  nnme  of  the 
Holly  tree.  Also,  the  Quercus  ilex,  or  great  scarlet 
oak. 

IL'l-.AC,  a.  [L.  iUacusy  from  i/ia,  the  j]ank,  or  small 
intestines  ;  Gr.  ttXiuy^  to  wind.] 

Pertaining  to  the  lower  bowels,  or  to  the  ileum. 
The  i/,*flc  pa-sion  is  a  bad  form  of  ileus  or  common 
colic,  in  which  there  is  inversion  of  the  peristaltic 
action  of  the  upper  part  of  the  small  intestines. 

IL'I-AD,  n.  [from  Ilium,  lUon,  Troy.J  An  epic  po- 
em, composed  by  Homer,  in  twenty-four  books.  The 
subject  of  this  poem  is  the  wrath  of  Achilles;  in 
descnbing  which,  the  poet  exhibits  the  miserable  ef- 
fects of  disunion  and  public  dissensions.  Hence  the 
phrase  Ilias  malorum^  an  7/iad  of  woes  or  calamities, 
a  world  of  disasters.  Cicero. 

ILK,  a.    [Sax.  tic,  each.]    The  same  ;  each.     Spenser. 
In  Scottish,  the  phrase  of  Viat  iU;  denotes  that  a  per- 
son's surname  and  title  are  the  same;  as.  Grant  of 
that  ii'c,  i.  e.,  Grant  if  Grant.  Jamieson, 

ILL,  a.    [Supposed  to  be  contracted  from  eri/,  Sax. 
ijfel;  but  this  is  doubtful.     It  is  in  Swedish  Ula.  and 
Dan.  iUle.] 
L  Bad  or  evil,  in  a  general  sense ;  contrary  to  good, 


ILL 

physical  or  moral ;  applied  totJtings;  evil;  wicked; 
mrong  ;  iniquitous  ;  as,  his  ways  are  ill;  he  sets  an 
ill  example. 

2.  Producing  evil  or  misfortune ;  as,  an  iU  star  or 
planet. 

3.  Bad;  evil;  unfortunate;  as,  an  ill  end;  an  HI 
fate. 

4.  Unhealthy;  insalubrious;  as,  an  ill  air  or  cli- 
mate. 

5.  Cross;  crabbed;  surly;  peevish;  as,  i// nature ; 
ill  temper. 

C.  Diseased;  disordered;  sick  or  indisposed;  ap- 
plied to  persons  ;  as,  the  man  is  ill;  he  has  been  ill  a 
long  time ;  he  is  ill  of  a  fever. 

7.  Diseased  ;  itnpaired  ;  as,  an  ill  state  of  health. 

8.  Discordant;  harsh;  disagreeable;  as,  an  ill 
sound. 

9.  Homely  ;  ugly  ;  as,  ill  looks,  or  an  Ul  counte- 
nance. 

10.  Unfavorable ;  suspicious ;  as  when  we  say, 
this  affair  bears  an  ill  look  or  aspect, 

11.  Rude;  unpolished;  as,  t'H  breeding;  iU  man- 
ners. 

19.  Not  proper ;  not  regular  or  legitimate ;  as,  an 
ill  expression  in  grammar. 
ILL,  7?.    Wickedness  ;  depravity  ;  evil. 

Strong  virtue,  tike  slrinjr  nn.ture,  stru^Ies  still, 

Exerts  itself,  and  then  ttirows  od  iJie  Ut,  Dryleii. 

2.  Misfortune  ;  calamity  ;  evil ;  disease  ;  pain  ; 
whatever  annoys  or  impairs  happiness,  or  prevents 
success. 

Who  can  all  sense  of  others'  ills  escape 

Is  but  a  brute  at  best  in  human  shape.  TaU. 

ILL,  adv.    Not  well ;  not  rightly  or  perfectly.    He  is 
HI  at  ease. 

2.  Not  easily ;  with  pain  or  difficulty.  He  is  ill 
able  to  sustain  the  burden. 

IU  bears  the  seic  the  youthful  lovere'  fate, 

When  just  approaching  to  the  nuptial  elate.  Dryden. 

Illy  is  sometimes  but  erroneously  used  for  ill. 
ILL,  prefixed  to  participles  of  the  present  tense,  and 
denoting  tvil  nr  wrong,  may  bs  considered  as  a  noun 
governed  by  the  participle,  or  as  making  a  part  of  a 
compound  word  ;  as,  an  iU-meaning  man,  an  ill-de- 
signing man,  an  Ul-boding  hour;  that  is,  a  man 
meaning  ill,  an  hour  boding  ill.  It  is  more  conso- 
nant, however,  to  the  genius  of  our  language,  to 
treat  these  and  similar  words  as  compounds.  In 
some  cases,  as  before  llie  participles  of  intransitive 
verbs,  ill  must  be  considered  as  a  part  of  the  com- 
pound, as  in  ill-laoking.  When  used  before  tiic  per- 
fect participle,  ill  is  to  be  considered  as  an  adverb, 
or  modifying  word,  or  to  be  treated  as  a  part  of  the 
toiii pound;  as  in  Hl-bred^  itl-guverned^  ill-fated,  ill- 
favored,  ill-formed,  Hl-mindrd.  In  these,  and  all  simi- 
lar connections,  it  might  be  well  to  unite  thu  two 
words  in  a  compound  by  a  hyphen.  As  ill  may  be 
prefixed  to  almost  any  participle,  it  is  needless  to  at- 
tempt to  coHect  a  list  of  such  words  for  insertion. 
n,  prefixed  to  words  beginning  with  /,  stands  for 
in,  as  used  in  the  Latin  language,  and  usually  de- 
notes a  negation  of  the  sense  of  tlie  simple  word  ;  as, 
iltegaly  not  legal ;  or  it  denotes  to  vr  on,  and  merely 
augments  or  enforces  the  sense,  as  in  illuminate. 
IL-LAB'iLE,  a.    [See  Labile.]    iS'ot  liable  to  fall  or 

err;  infallible.     [JVot used.]  Chetfne. 

IL-LA-BIL'I-TV,  ji.    The  quality  of  not  beingliable 

to  err,  fall,  or  apostatize.     [JVot  ustd.]  Cheyne. 

IL-LAC'ER-A-BLE,a.    [See  Lacerate.]    That  can 

not  bs  torn  or  rent. 
IL-LA€'RY-."\1A-ULE,  a.     [L.  illacnjmabais.]     Inca- 
pable of  weeping. 
IL-LAPSE'.  (il-iaps',)  H.     [See  Lapse.]   A  sliding  in; 
an  immission  or  entrance  of  one  thing  into  another. 

JVorris. 
2.  A  falling  on  ;  a  sudden  attack.  Thomson. 

IL-LAa'UE-ATE,  tiMak'ivc-rue,)  F.  (,     [L.  illaqaeo; 
in  and  Inrjneo,  to  insnare  ;  laqucus,  a  snare.] 

To  insnare;  to  entrap;  to  entangle;  to  catch. 
[Little  used.]  Jilore. 

IL-LAa'UE-.\-TED,  pp.    lusnared. 
lL-LAa-UE-A'TIO\,  Ti.     The  act  of  insnaring ;  a 
catching  or  entrapping.     [LilUc  used.]  Brount. 

2.  A  snare. 
ILL'-AR-li.ANG'£D,  a.     Not  well  arranged. 
ILL'-AS-SORT'EI),  a.    Not  well  assorted. 
IL-La'TION,  n.     [h.illatioi  in  and  /ado,  a  bearing; 
Vitus,  from  fero.] 

An  inference  from  premises;   a  conclusion;  de- 
duction.    [Little  vxed.]  LotJce. 
IL'LA-TIVE,  a.    [See  Inlatios.]     Relating  to  illa- 
tion ;    that  may  be  inferred;  as,  an  illative  conse- 
quence. 

2.  That  denotes  an  inference  ;  as,  an  illative  word 
or  particle,  as  then  and  therffore.  Watts. 

IL'LA-TIVE,  71.    That  which  denotes  illation  or  in- 
ference. Bp.  Halt 
IL'LA-TIVE-LY,  adv.    lly  inference. 

Bp.  Richardson. 
IL-LAUD'A-BLE,  a.     [Sec  Laudablx.]     Not  lauda- 
ble ;   not  worthy  of  approbation  or  commendation; 
as,  an  Ulaudable  motive  or  act. 
2.  Worthy  of  censure  or  disp.^aise 


ILL 

IL-LAUD'A-BLY,  adr.  In  a  manner  unworthy  of 
praise  ;  witliout  deserving  praise.  Broome, 

ILL'-BAL'AXC-£D,  (-bal'aiist,)a.  XoHvell  balanced. 

ILL'-BLOOD,  n.     Resentment  j  enmity. 

Quarr.  Rel:. 

ILL'-BRED,  a.    Not  well  bred  :  unpolite 

ILL'-BREED'LNG,  n.  Want  of  good  breeding ;  un- 
polileness 

ILL'-eO.V-CERT'ED,  )  „  .       ti         .  ■     j 

ILL'-€0N.TRIV'B1)'  )  "•    ^'"  "'"  on'"™"!- 

ILL-eO.\-Dl"T10\-J!D,  (-konJlish'und,)  a.  [See 
Condition.]     Heiii!:  in  bad  order  or  slate. 

ILL'-eO.\-DUeT'Ell.  a.     Badly  conducted. 

ILL'-eON-SID'ER-£D,  a.    Xr.t  well  considered. 

ILL'-nE-Fr.V£D,  a.     Not  well  rielined. 

ILL'-DE-SERV'£D,  a.     Not  well  de.'erved 

ILL'-DE-\^S'£D,  a.     Xot  well  devised. 

ILL'-DI-RECT'ED,  a.     Xo!  well  directed. 

ILL'-DIS-PoS'iD,  a.     Not  well  disposed. 

IL-LE'CE-BROUS,a.    [L.  illcaln-osui.] 

Alluring ;  full  of  allurcinenL  Elyot. 

IL-Le'GAL,  a.  [See  Legal.]  Not  legal;  nnlawfiil ; 
contrary  to  law ;  illicit ;  as,  an  iUtgal  act ;  ilU'rai 
trade.  " 

IL-LE-GAL'I-TY,  n.  Contrariety  to  law  ;  unlawful- 
ness ;  as,  the  illegality  of  trespass,  or  of  false  impris- 
onment. 

IL-Le'GAL-IZE,  v.  t.    To  render  unlawful. 

IL-Le'GAL-IZ  £0,  jjp.    Rendered  unlawful. 

[L-LE'G.\lrLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  contrarj-  to  law  ; 
unlawfully ;  as,  a  man  UU^atly  imprisoned. 

BlaeAstone. 

IL-LE'GAX-NESS,  n.    Illegality. 

II--LEG-I-BIL'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  being  illegi- 
ble. 

II^LEG'I-BLE,  a.  [?ee  Leoible.]  That  can  not  be 
read  ;  obscure  or  defaced  so  that  the  words  can  not 
be  known.  It  is  a  disgrace  to  a  gentleman  to  write 
an  ilieg-ihh  hand.  The  manuscripts  found  in  the  ra- 
ins of  Herctilaneum  are  mostly  ille<nble. 

II^LEG'I-BLE-NE.SS,  n.     State  of  being  illegible. 

IL-LEG'I-BLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  not  to  be  read; 
as,  a  letter  written  iUcribly. 

IL-LE  GIT'I-JI.-l-CY,  ii.  [See  Legitimate.)  The 
state  of  being  born  out  of  wedlock  ;  the  state  of  bas- 
tardy. B/adtsfame. 

9.  The  state  of  being  not  genuine,  or  of  legiti- 
mate origin. 

IL-LE-GIT'I-MATE,a.  [See  Legitimate.-  Unlaw- 
fully begotten  ;  bom  out  of  wedlock  ;  spurious ;  as, 
an  illefritimate  son  or  daughter. 

2.  Unlawful ;  contrarj'  to  law. 

3.  Not  legitimately  deduced  ;  illogical ;  as,  an  ilk- 
gitimate  inference. 

4.  Not  authorized  by  good  usage ;  as,  an  iUetriti- 
mate  word. 

IL-LE-GIT'I-MaTE,  v.  U  To  render  illegitimate  ,  to 
prove  to  be  born  out  of  wedlock  ;  to  bastard  i/.e. 

Wollon. 
IL-LE-GIT'I-Jl.i-TED,   yrp.      Rendered  illegitimate; 

proved  to  have  been  bom  out  of  wedlock. 
IL-LE-GIT'I-iL-VTE-LY,  adc.    Not  in  wedlock  ;  with- 
out authority. 
IL-LE-GITI-Ma'TION,  71.    The  state  of  one  not  born 
in  wedlock.  Bacon. 

2.  Want  of  genuineness.  Martin. 

ILL'-E-CiUII"P£D,  (-kwipt',)  a.    Not  well  equipped. 
1L-LEV'I-.\-BLE,  a,    \in^  not,  and  Fr.  leecr,  to  raise 
or  levy.] 
That  can  not  be  levied  or  collected.  Hale. 

ILL'-P AC-ED,  (-fSste,)  a.     Having  an  ugly  face. 

Hall. 
ILL'-Fa-TED,  a.     Unfortunate. 

ILL'-Fa'VOR-£D,  a.  [ill  and  fatared.]  Ugly  ;  ill- 
looking;  wanting  beauty;  detbrmcd. 

I'd-fajsirtd  and  lcan-3cah«l.  — Gen.  xli. 

ILL'-F.5'V0R-£D-LY,adr.    With  deformitv. 

5.  Roughlv  ;  rudely.  'HoadL 
ILL'-Fa'VOR-£U-NESS,  tt.    Ugliness;  deformity. 
ILL'-FIT-TED,  a.    Not  well  fitted. 
ILL'-FOR.M-irn,  u.     Not  well  funned. 
ILL'-FRaM-KD,  a.     Not  well  framed. 
1LL'-FUR'MSH-£D,  (-fur'nisht,)  a.    Not  well  fur- 
nished. 

ILL'-HAB'IT-ED.  a.    Not  well  habited 
IL-LIB'ER-AL,  a.    [See  Liberai.]    Not  liberal ;  not 
free  or  generous. 

9.  Not  noble  ;  not  ingenuous ;  not  catholic  ;  of  a 
contracted  mind.  Cold  iu  charity  ;  in  rrligion,  t//ti- 
cral  K.  Charles. 

.1.  Not  candid ;  uncharitable  in  judging. 
A.  Not  generous;  not  munificent;  spitring  of  gifts. 
fVvodicard, 

5.  Not  becoming  a  well-bred  man.  Harris. 

6.  Not  pure;  not  well  authorized  or  elegant :  as, 
t/it'&crai  words  fn  Latin,     [(/nusual.]     (ytesierjic'd. 

IL-LIB-ER-.\L'I-TY,  It.    Narmwness  of  mind  :  con- 
tractedness  ;  meanness  ;  want  of  catholic  opinions. 
2.  Parsimonv  ;  want  of  munificeiicf.         Bacon. 
IL-LIB'EU-AL-rZE,  r.  (.    To  make  illibeml. 

.Wic  .^r.x.  Rt^, 
IL-LIB'ER-AI^TZ-KD,  rp.     Made  illibeml. 
1L-LIB'ER-AL-IZ-I.\G,  ppr.    Jlaking  illiberal. 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS — C  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SII ;  Til  as  in  THIS. 


IMA 


I 


iTi  !R'ER.\U1.Y.  dJc.  Uncfii-^rouily  ;  uneandWly  ; 
"'"'        ' i.iii.-onuouily. 

:.    [L.  iHiciliu;  •»  anil/ici!u», 

I  .1  ailcwpJ  1  prohibilcd  ;  unlawful; 
.lie  ;  iHifil  intcrcoiirie  or  connection. 
,,  -di''    I'nbwfully. 

I  s,  .1.    Unlnwfalncss. 

I  -,o.    Unlawful.  „, 

,  \    c.  (.      [Stf  Light,  Lichtcj..)      lo 
'  ^  -  Ralegh. 


To  ilo  or  avtenipl  at  an  unsuitable 


!l\i'lTrA'BLE.V  [m.  not,  and  !.».<,  or  L. 
'    ,  i,i,  can  not  be  limited  or  bounded  ;  "'i^^J^^j"'/"' 

I^UMt'^A-UI'V,  cdc.  VViilioul  possibility  of  be- 
lli;; Ixtuniluii. 

luJi-M-'lT-in-lo  "■-    The  state  of  being  Uliniit- 

n"lllM'IT-ED,  a.    [Fr.  OlimU;  in  and  L.  limes,  a 

"tnLndi-d;  not  liniiled  ;  interminable.  Bp.//<.". 
lUUMTl-  E1)-.N-ESS,».    lluundlessncis;  tliu  stale  of 
bemtwitbout  limits  or  restriction. 

■p.>krn  ci. 

Ill'  IN.FORM'tT),  a.    Not  well  infonncd.       

lULi-NI''Tl6x,(il-le-nish'uii,)  n.  [L..HmU.<^-,  Mw.o, 

ii>  inuint  •  in  and  (mo,  to  besmear.] 
.\  Uiin  crn^t  of  soino  eltraneous  substance  formed 

on  minerals. 

11  b  «in«l™  <iiH!»i«>l  ^y  •  '^°  "°"  "  """'^K.rJr' 

a.  A  nibbing  in  of  an  ointment  or  liniment. 
II,UT'Ell-A-CY,  „.    [from  .«i(ero(j.]'riie  Slate  of 
1       beins  ..nlauBht  or  unlearned  ;  want  of  a  knowledge 
i,f  letters;  isnorancc.  J^.nciir.. 

'    lUI.IT'EK-AL,  o.    Not  literal.  

llr-UT'Ell-.VrK,  .1.     [L.  iUiKTOtus  ;  in  and  lilcrufai , 
from  titfra,  a  Iflter.l  .      , 

TiiUttered  ;  ijnir.nl  of  letters  or  books ;  un- 
taiisbt ;  unlearned  ;  uninslniclcd  in  science  ;  as,  an 
J/ii/ro:--  man,  nation,  or  Iribc.  .  trouon. 

II  LIT'ER-VrE-NES.-^,  Ti.    Want  of  learninp  ;  igno- 
rance of  Utters,  books,  or  science.  ■"%''•, 
IL-LlT'ER-.\-TLRE,  ii.    «aiit  ot  learning.     [IMc 

u.aL]  '       J      .  ■^^'•■^'■ 

I   ILL'^l'DC^-ED,  o.    Not  well  judged. 

'    ILW-U\'-1:D,  a.     Leading  a  wicked    l.fc.    \L  He 

II.l.'-LOOlMXG,  0.    Ilavmg  a  b.id  look. 
II,1.'-M.\SX-KI'.  0.    Not  well  furnished  Willi  men 
ll'.L'-MP.AN'IXC,  a.     .Meaning  ill  or  evil. 
lLI.'-MOll'El--tD,  a.     nadly  modeled. 
ILL'-NA'TlltE,  II.    [i"  and    riutiirc]      Crossness; 
crabbcdness  ;  habitual  bad  temper,  or  want  of  kind- 
nes»;  fnirliuusnes?.  *"""'•. 

ILL'-Na'TUU-/;D,  a.    Cross;  crabbed;   surly;    in- 
tractable;   of  habitual  bad  temper;  peevish;   frac- 
tious.   An  ill-atuurrd  person  may  disturb  Uie  harmo- 
ny of  a  whole  parish. 
'■i.  That  indicates  ill-nature. 

Th^  i::-wil»ircrf  LLilc  rcfu»r.  A-idUon. 

3.  Intractable;    not  yielding  lo  culture;    as,  iM- 
»<Uiirr<i  land.     [.Vol  lentiiMlt.]  Philips. 

ILL'-N.\'TQR-ED-LY,  adr.    In  a  peevish  or  frovvard 
manner  ;  crossly  ;  unkindly. 
1   ILI.'-N.\'TUR-£1)-NESS,  n.    Crossness;  want  of  a 
kind  disposition. 
ILI^NESS,  n.  [from  M.]   Badness ;  unfavorablencss  ; 
as,  the  iliaejt  of  the  weather.     [jVgl  lu-ttd.]     LocJ:c. 

2,  Disease  ;   indisposition  ;    malady  ;   disorder  of 
health ;  sickness.    He  lias  recovered  from  his  ill- 

3.  Wickedness ;  iniquity ;  wrong  moral  conduct. 

Shak. 

IL-LO<!'IC-.\L,ii.  [See  Logical.]  Ignorant  or  neg- 
ligent of  the  rules  of  logic  or  correct  reasoning ;  as, 
an  dlogirul  disputant. 

i  Contrary  to  the  rules  of  logic  or  sound  reason- 
..'1  •     :i.    .in  xllogit^  inference. 

t'-AL-LY,  flJc.    In  a  manner  contrary  to  the 

nrrect  reasoning. 
•_■  AL-NE53,  n.  Contrariety  lo  sound  rcitson- 

tliimmond. 
r..S'-£D,  0.    Having  unlucky  omens.  -V«/e. 

'  -Kt).  (-peest,)  (1.     Not  well  pieced.  Bur\c. 

ILL  -I  it'  •-Poll'TIUX-iJD, c.    Nut  well  proportioned. 
ILL-I'llil  VIDEO,  c     Nil  well  provided. 
ILI/-ltE  allT'EU,  o.    Not  well  re<iuited. 
ILL'-f  HKTEl),  o.    Not  well  sorted. 
ILL'-.*ORT'IN<;,  0.    .Not  well  sorting. 
ILL'-.ST.iK-Ri:l>,  a.  [<!l  and  arur.]  Fated  lo  be  unfor 

tunate.  Bcdiloti. 

ILL'-STOR-ED,  o.    Not  well  stored. 
1LL'-SI'P-I'RE:5S'BD,  (-prest',)    a.    Not  fully  sup- 
pressed. 
ILL'-TE.M'PER-ED,  o.     Of  bad  temper;   morose; 
crabbed;  sour;  peevish;  fretful. 


U.L'-TI.\1E',  e.  (. 

ii't"' TIM-/^D,  o.   Done  or  said  at  an  unsuitable  lime. 

lIZ'-TRAlN-l;!),  fl.    Not  well  trained  or  i'^^^- 

ITI'-TLTiN.  n.    An  unkind  or  ininrious  act. 

o    A  sliglll  attack  of  illness,    (familiar.]  America 
IL-l7)UE',  r.  t.    [L.  iUvido ;  .«  anh  ladt,  lo  play,  [fcee 

'■  Toplay  uion  by  artifice  ;  to  deceive  ;  to  mock  ;  to 
excite  hope  and  disapponil  it. 
II   I  fiD'El).  J171.    Deceived  ;  mocked.  .  . 

L-LOD'INO  w'--    Playing  on  by  artifice  ;deceivmg. 
!r     flMl"        )v.U     [i'r.  illamiiirr ;    J.,  illammo ;    m 
Il^LO'MlNE,  i     and  7umi«o,  to  enlighten,  from  (uracil, 
lii'lit.    See  Luminous.]  - 

1.  To  illuminate  ;  to  enlighten  ;  to  throw  or  spread 
li"ht  on;  to  make  light  or  bright.  Mntoii. 

°l  These  icords  arc  iLscdcliieftijinpodry.i 
k  To  enlighten,  as  the  mind  ;  lo  cause  to  under- 
stand. 
3.  To  brighten  ;  to  adorn. 

The  moiineiiii'*  lirow, 
Illumed  «iUi  a>ii.l  sM.  Tkmuon. 

IL-LO'JIIN-ANT,  H.    That  which  illuminates  or^af- 

IlfiO'MiN-ATE,  V.  t.  [See  Ili.u.«e.]  To  enlighten  ; 
to  throw  light  on ;  to  supply  with  light.  {This  word 
is  iised  in  foelnj  or  vrose.]  ,      «  „, 

o   To  adorn  wilh  fest.ll  lamiis  or  bonfiies. 

3.  To  enligliten  iiitelleclu.illy  with  knowledge  or 

^^^To  adorn'wilh  „rnani=ntcd  lellcrs,  or  with  pic- 
tures, portraits,  and  other  paintings;  -.n^Ui  Mummalc 
manilscripts  or  books,  according  to  ancient  prac- 
lice  ±.ncijc.. 

5?  To  illustrate;  to  throw  light  on,  n.^  on  obscure 
1  ■  p.,o  Watts. 

II^LO'MIN-.\TE,  a.    Enlightened.  Bl<;  Hall. 

l'lO'MIN-ATE  n.  One  of  a  seel  of  heretics,  pre- 
tending to  possess  extraordinary  ligiit  and  kilowl- 

ILlLO'MIN-.X-TEn,  pp.  or  a.  Enlightened  ;  rendered 
light  or  luminous ;  illustrated  ;  adorned  with  orlia- 
nv-nled  letters  and  pictures,  as  books. 
IL-LU-.MIN-A'TI,  n.;.(.  I  A  church  term,  anciently 
IL-LU-.MIN-EE',  ».  i  applied  to  persons  who 
had  received  baptism  ;  in  whicli  ceremony  they  re- 
ceived a  lighted  taper,  as  a  symbol  of  tiie  taith  and 
grace  they  had  received  by  that  sacrament.  Eitcyc. 

"  The  name  of  a  sect  of  heretics,  who  sprung  up 
in"spain  about  the  year  1575,  and  who  afterward  ap- 
peared in  France.  Their  principal  doctrine  was, 
that,  by  means  of  a  sublime  manner  el  prayer,  lliey 
had  attained  to  so  perfect  a  stale  as  to  have  no  need 
of  ordinances,  sacraments,  and  good  works. 

£;ici/c. 
3  The  name  given  to  certain  associations  of  nieii 
in  modern  Europe,  who  were  said  to  have  combined 
to  overthrow  the  existing  religious  iiislitulioiis,  alirt 
substitute  reason,  by  which  lliey  exiiected  to  raise 
men  and  society  to  perfection.  It  has  been  denied, 
however,  that  this  was  their  object.  Ki)bi.ion. 

U.-L0'.M1N-A-TING,  vv-  Enlightening  ;  tendering 
luminous  or  bright ;  illustrating  ;  adornins  with  or- 
namented letters  and  pictures. 
IL-LO'.MlN-.^-TING,  11.  The  act,  practice,  or  ait,  o 
adorning  manuscripts  and  books  with  ornainented 
letters  and  paintings.  . 

IL-LU-MLN-A'TION,  ri.    The  act  of  illuminating  or 
rendering    luminous;    the    act  of  supplying   with 

2  The  act  of  rendering  a  house  or  a  town  light, 
by  placing  lights  at  the  windows,  or  in  elevated  sit- 
uations, as  a  manifestation  of  joy ;  or  the  slate  ol 
being  thus  rendered  light. 

3.  That  which  gives  light. 
The  6un  —  U  .111  illaimtiation  crcntcit.  Ralegh. 

4.  Brightness;  splendor. 

5.  Infusion  of  inlcllectual  light ;  an  enlightening 
of  the  understanding  by  knowledge,  or  the  mind  by 
spiritual  light. 

6.  The  act,  art,  or  practice,  of  adorning  inanu- 
scripls  and  books  with  ornamented  letters  and  pic- 

tnfes.  ^        ^    J'f"-f- 

7.  A  manuscript  or  book  llius  adorned,  .i^sdrofte. 

8.  Inspiration  ;  the  siiccial  cunmiunication  of 
knowledge  lo  the  mind  by  the  Supreiii:  lieing. 

Hymns  and  t«.ilin»  —  in:  rraincd  Ijy  iilL-diUition  bcfyl^iiud,  or 
by  pn>i)licliaii  UJuminacion  arc  inspired.  Ho»Ker. 

IlrLC'.MIN-A-TIVE,  a.     [Fr.  ilUminiiiif.'] 

Having  the  power  of  giving  light.  Diabtj. 

IL-LO'.MlN-A-TOn,  Ji.    He  or  tlial  which  illuiniualcs 
or  gives  light. 

2.  One  whose  occupation  is  to  deeor.ite  manu- 
scripts and  books  with  ornamented  letters,  or  with 
pictures,  portraits,  and  drawings  of  any  kind.  This 
practice  began  among  the  Ilonians,  and  was  contin- 
ued during  the  miildle  ages.  The  manuscripts  con- 
taining jinrlraits,  pictures,  and  embleinalic  figures, 
form  a  valuable  part  of  the  riches  preserved  in  the 
principal  libniries  in  Europe.  Hebcrt.     Encijc. 

From  Ibis  word,  by  contraction,  is  formed  Limner. 


IL-Lfi'MIN-f:D,pp.    Illuminated;  made  light. 

lI,-I,ri'MlN-lNG,wir.    Uendering  light  i  illuminatiiig 

IL-I.U'.MIN-ISM,  "■     The  principles  of  the  llluiiiinati. 

IL-l.u'-^IlN-lZE,  11.  (.     To  ill  mate  into  the  duelriues 
or  iirinciples  of  the  Ilhimiliali.  -^i".  Re^-icio. 

IL-LJJ'MIN-IZ-iCD,  pp.    Initiated  into  the  doctrines, 
Sec,  of  the  IlluminHli. 

IL-LO'MIN-IZ  ING,;)pr.  Initiating  into  the  doctrines, 
tec,  of  the  Illiiminati.  . 

IL-Lu'SION,  (il-lii'zhun,)  ii.    [Fr.  iUusioti  i  L.  iKusio ; 
from  illiido,  lo  i7(iii(iT.] 

Deceptive  appearance ;  false  show,  by  which  a 
person  is  or  may  be  deceived,  or  his  cipeclations  dis- 
appointed ;  mockery. 

Ye  soa  illuiions,  dour  doceiUj  nrL»c  !  Pupt. 

IL-LtJ'STON-IST,  11.    One  given  to  illusion. 
IL-Ltj'SlVE,  a.    Deceiving  by  false  show  ;  deccitlul ; 

While  th;:  fond  Boul, 
Wrapt  in  ff-iy  viflioiie  of  unreal  l.li*s, 
sun  painu  Ih'  iUu«ii'«  form.  T/ior.soi. 

IL-Lv'SIVE-LY,  adiu    By  means  of  a  false  show. 
IL-LU'SIVE-NESS,  Ji.     Deception  ;  false  show.    J?.</i. 
IL-LU'SO-RY,   a.      [Fr.    illusoirc,    from   L.    illusus, 

Dcceivin"  or  intending  to  deceive  by  false  appear- 
ances ;  fallacious.     His  oilers  were  illiisonj. 
IL-LCJS'TRaTE,  II.  (.     [Fr.  illnstrer;   L.  illustro  :  oi 
and  (usfra,  lo  illuminate.    See  Lusteu.] 
I.  To  make  clear,  bright,  or  luminous. 
"      2.  To  brighten  with  honor ;  to  make  distinguished. 
MatlT  to  me  of  glory  I  whom  Iheir  Italc 
JUiMralu.  Mll.cn. 

3  To  brighten  ;  to  make  glorious,  or  to  dis;ilay  the 
clorv  of;  as,  lo  illustrate  the  perfections  of  God. 

4  To  explain  or  elucidate  ;  to  make  clear,  intelli- 
gible, or  obvious,  what  is  dark  or  obscure;  as,  to 
illustrate  a  passage  of  Scripture  by  comments,  or  ol  a 
profane  author  by  a  gloss.  ,     ■  . 

5.  To  explain  and  adorn  by  means  of  pictures, 
drawings,  ice  ,,,,.,.  , 

IL-LUS'TK.\-TED,  pp.  or  a.     Made  bright  or  g.o- 

'"sI^ExpIained  ;  elucidated  ;  made  clear  to  the  un- 
derstanding. 
3.  Explained  bv  pictures,  &e. 
XL  LUS'TU.\-TING,  ppr.    Making  bright  or  glorious  ; 
rendering  distinguished  ;  elucidalhig  ;  explainmg  by 

Il'^LUS-TRA'TION,  «.    The  act  of  rendering  bright 
or  glorious.  .  , 

2.  Explanation  ;  elucidation  ;  a  rendering  clear 
what  is  obscure  or  abstruse.  LocUr. 

3    An  engraving  or  picture  designed  to  lllustral'-. 
IL-LUS'TIIA-TIVE,  (i.    Having  the  quality  of  elu.  i- 
dating  and  making  clear  what  is  obscure ;  as,  an 
argument  or  simile  iUiistrative  of  the  subject^^^^^^^ 

2.  Having  the  quality  of  rendering  glorious,  or  of 

Ii!lUS^TRA-TTVE-LY,  ade.     By  way  of  i"^^.t;_^«™ 

IL°LUS-TiS°-TOR,  11.     One  who  illustrates  or  makes 

II^LUS'TRA-TO-UY,  a.    Serving  to  illustrate. 
TI.-LUS'TllI-OUS,  a.     [Fr.  i((iii(«;  L.  ?/liistris.J 

1  Conspicuous;  distinguished  by  the  reputation 
of  "reatne.ss  ur  renown  ;  eminenl ;  as,  an  illuslrims 
mnet^  or  magistrate  ;  an  lUustrwus  prince. 

2  Conspicuous  ;  renowned  ;  conferring  honur ; 
as.  i((u^trioii5  actions.  <.,,.,  .i, ,.;.,.! 

i.  Glorious  ;  as,  an  illustrious  disjilay  of  the  dr.  me 

perfections. 
4.  A  title  of  honor.  , ,    . 

IL-LUS'TRI-OUS-LY,  adv.     Conspicuously  ;  nobly  , 

eminently  ;  with  dignity  or  distinction. 
2   Gloriouslv ;  in  a  way  to  nianitest  glory.     1  be 

redempUon  of  man  displays  illuslnously  the  justice 

as  well  as  the  benevolence  of  GmI. 
II^LUs'tRI-OUS-NESS,  11.     Eminence  of  character ; 

ereatness  ;  grandeur  ;  glory- 
IL  LUX-tI'Rl-OU.S,  <i.    Not  lu.xurious.  Driirtj 

IT  T '-WILL'  >i.    Enmity  ;  malevolence. 
ILL'-WILL'ER,  71.    One  who  wishes  ill  to  another. 
TT  T*'  W'nTv>J   a      Not  well  worn.  . 

1l?LY%  .21"  A  word  sometimes  used,  though  improp- 

IL'MEN-n%t..    A  black,  inetallic  mineral,  consisting 
of  titanic  acid  and  oxyd  of  iron.  -f"""- 

lar'lal.  We  use  the  same  V'"!]^ J""^"''^t  lie 
;,f  T  atin  origin,  as  n  nnbaak,  mibiUcr.  J  or  "i.  ""- 
FrcS  wriJI";,,,  which  we  also  use  in  words  bor- 
ron^ed  from  their  language.  ;,„„„eii :  It. 

IM'AGE,  71.    [Fr.  ima;rci  h.  ima^o ;  fap.  masen , 

lh?ng  fori£  of  a  material  substance  ;  as,  an  image 
wrou"ht  out  i.f  stone,  wood,  or  wax. 

Whoso  is  il  ;j  iTMse  and  .ojsrscripUon  7  -"»'■■  "°1 


FaTE,  far,  pall,  WIIAT.-METE,  prey—pine,  MAJllNE,  BTRD.-NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  '.VOLF,  BQQK^ 


576 


The  worship  of  images  ,■ 


IMA 

2.  A  slump. 

3.  An  idol ;  llie  rfprcsent.ition  tif  any  person  or 
t}nng  Ihat  is  aa  object  of  worship.  Tlie  second  com- 
mandment forbids  the  worsliip  of  imas,'cs. 

4.  Thu  hkeness  of  any  thing  ou  ciinvas  j  a  pic- 
lure ;  a  resemblance  painted. 

5.  Any  copy,  representation,  or  likeness.  The 
child  is  the  image  of  its  mother. 

6.  Semblance  ;  sliow ;  appearance. 

The  face  of  things  x  frijhtfiil  image  bears.  Dryiien. 

7.  M\  idea;  a  representation  of  any  thin^  to  the 
mind  ;  a  conception  j  a  picture  drawn  by  fancy. 

Can  we  conceive 
Image  of  aught  delighU'uJ,  soft,  or  great  ?  Prior. 

8.  In  rhetoric,  a  lively  description  of  any  thing  in 
discourse,  which  presents  a  kind  of  picture  to  the 
mind.  Enajc, 

9.  In  optics,  the  figure  of  any  object,  made  by  rays 
of  light  proceeding  from  tlie  several  points  of  it. 
Thus  a  mirror  reflects  the  image  of  a  person  standing 
before  it,  as  does  water  in  a  vessel  or  stream,  when 
undisturbed. 

I.M'AGE,  v.  t.    To  represent  or  form  an  image  of  j  as, 
mountains  imaged  in  the  peacgful  lake. 

a.  To  form  a  likeness  in  the  mind  by  the  fancy  or 
ri-'col  lee  lion. 

AjiJ  inicge  cb-inns  Le  mual  beboM  oo  more.  Pope, 

I.-\I'A6E-A-BLE,  a.    That  may  ba  imaged. 
I3I'A0-£D, /jp.    Formed  into  an  image~;  copied  by  the 

imagination. 
I.M'a6E-LESS,  a.    Having  no  image.  ShcUcij. 

IM'.-VOE-RY,  (im'aj-r>-,)  7i.    Sensible  representations, 

pictures,  statues. 

Rich  carvings,  portmitures,  ami  ivxagery.  Dryden. 

2.  Show  J  appearance. 

Wh.il  caji  thy  imagery  anj  sorrow  mean  ?  Prtor. 

3.  Forms  of  the  fancy;  false  ideas;  imaginar}' , 
phantasms. 

The  imagery  of  a  melaticliolic  fane;.*.  AlUHtury. 

4.  Re  prase  nlat  ions  in  writing  or  speaking ;  lively 
descriptions,  which  impress  the  images  of  things  on 
the  mmd  ;  figures  in  discourse. 

I  wish  there  may  be  iu  this  pocni  aiiy  iiuUncc  of  good  imagery. 

Dryden. 

5.  Form  ;  make. 
IM'AOE-U'OR'SHIP, 

idtilatrv. 
IM-AO'IX-A-BLE,  a,     [Fr.     See  Isulcfne.]     That 

may  or  can  be  imagined  or  conceived.    This  po-iit  is 

proved  with  all  imaginable  clearness. 
Di-AG'IN-A-BLY,  adv.     In  an  imaginable  manner. 
IM-AO'IN-ANT,  a.      Imagining  j    conceiving.     [JVot 

■u^ed.]  ~  Bacon. 

IM-AG'IX-A-RV,  a.    Existing  only  in  imagination  or 

fancy  ;  visionary  ;  fancied  ;  not  real. 

Imaginary  ills  a.od  fanclfil  tortures.  Addison, 

Imaginary  qiianlity ;  a  name  given  to  certain  ex- 
pressions that  arise  in  various  algebraical  and  trigo- 
nometrical operations,  to  which  no  value,  either  ra- 
tional or  irrational,  can  be  assigned.  Barlow. 
I3J-A0-IX-a'TION,  n.  [L.  imaginatio ;  Fr.  imagina- 
tion.'] 

1.  The  power  or  faculty  of  the  mind  by  which  it 
conceives  and  forms  ideas  of  things  commimicated 
to  it  by  the  organs  of  sense.  Eiicyc. 

Imagination  I  understand  to  be  the  representation 
of  an  individual  thought.  Bacon. 

Uur  simple  apprehension  of  con'oreal  objects,  if 
present,  is  sense;  if  absent,  is  imagiiuilion,  [concep- 
'    "1-]     ....  °  Olanville. 

Imagination,  in  its  proper  senac,  signifies  a  lively 
rriiception  of  objects  of  sight.  It  is  distinguished 
ffum  conception  as  a  part  from  a  whole.  Reid. 

The  business  of  conception  is  to  present  us  with  an 
eiact  transcript  of  what  we  have  felt  or  perceived. 
But  we  have  also  a  power  of  modifying  our  concep- 
tions, by  combining  the  parts  of  different  ones  so  as 
lo  form  new  wholes  of  our  own  creation.  I  shall 
employ  the  word  imagination  lo  express  this  power. 
I  apprehend  this  to  be  the  proper  sense  of  the  word, 
if  imagination  be  the  power  wiiich  gives  birth  lo  the 
productions  of  the  poet  and  the  paij  ten       Stewart. 

We  would  defins  imagination  to  os  the  will  work- 
ing on  the  materials  of  memory  ;  not  satisfied  with 
following  the  order  prescribed  by  nature,  or  suggesi- 
ed  by  accident,  it  selects  the  parts  of  different  con- 
ceptions, or  objects  of  memory,  lo  form  a  whole, 
more  pleasing,  more  terrible,  or  more  awful,  than 
has  ever  been  presented  in  tJie  ordinary  course  of  na- 
ture. Ed.  Encjjc. 

The  two  latter  definitions  give  the  true  sense  of 
the  word,  as  now  understood. 

2.  Concepiion  ;  image  in  the  mind  j  idea. 

SoiDi'limci  Deajiair  (Lirkcns  all  her  ijna::inaUons.         Sirlnct. 
U'u  imaginadoju  were  oUcn   ai  Jiiataa   ihcy  were  ImjM  "and 

3.  Contrivance;  scheme  formed  in  the  mind  :  de- 
vice. 


1MB 


lyin 


4.  Conceit ;  an  unsolid  or  fanciful  opinion. 

V."e  are  apt  to  think  that  spnce,  in  itself,  i*  Mtiially  boundleu ;  to 
whicli  WMsination  the  idea  of  space  of  itself  leads  ui. 

Ucke. 

5.  First  inolinn  or  [turpose  of  Ihe  mind.     Gen.  vL 
IM-A6'L\-A-T1VE,  a.     [Fr.  imaginati/.] 

1.  That  forms  imaginations.  ''  Taylor. 

2.  Full  of  imaginations  ;  fantastic.  Bacon. 
[*'  Ulilton  had  a  highly  imaginalirc,  Cowley  a  very 

fanciful  mind."     S.  T.  Culcrid<re.  Bion-.  Lit.  i.  88.— 
E.  H.  B.l 


[See  Imaginatfon.' 

-AG'i: 


State  of  being  imagin- 


IM-AG'IN-A-TI  VE-i\ESS 

ative. 
IM-AG'INE,  V.  t.     [Fr.  imaginer ;   Sp.  imatrinar ;   L. 
imaginor,  from  imago,  image.]  ° 

1.  To  form  a  notion  or  idea  in  the  mind  ;  to  fanc.v. 
We  can  imagine  tlie  figure  of  a  horse's  head  united 
to  a  Iiuman  body. 

[In  tliis  sCiLsc,  Fancy  is  the  more  proper  word.} 

2.  To  form  ideas  or  representations  in  the  mind, 
by  modifying  and  combining  our  conceptions.  Stewart. 

3.  To  contrive  in  purpose  ;  to  sciiemc  ;  to  devise. 

Ilovv  long  wiil  yc  imagine  miscliicf  ag^ist  a  man?  —  P*.  Ixli. 

IM-AG'INE,  1.'.  i.  To  conceive  ;  to  have  a  notion  or 
idea.  I  can  nut  imagine  how  this  should  have  lia]>- 
pened. 

IM-AG'fX--f:D,  pp.  or  o  Formed  in  tJie  mind ;  fan- 
cied ;  contrived. 

IM-AG'IN-ER,  n.  One  who  forms  ideas;  one  who 
contrives.  Banni. 

IM'A(5-ING,  V.    The  forming  of  an  image.  Carlisle. 

I.\r  AG-ING,  ppr.  Forming  into  an  image;  depicting 
by  Ihe  imagination. 

LM-AO'lN-IKG,j(.  The  act  of  forming  images  or  ideas. 

Channintr. 

IM-Ao'IN-IXG,  ppr.  Forming  ideas  in  the  mind  ;  de- 
vising. 

I-MaM 


A  minister  or  priest  who  performs  the 
iilar  service  .   '  ' 
hainmedans, 


the 


Thou  hast  sa-.n  nil   their  vcng-iauc/;,  and  all  Uiiir  imaginationj 
ag:iinM  me.  —  Lr.rr..  iii. 


1-MAM',      \n.     Am 

I-MAU.M',  \     regular  service  of  the  mosque  amon 

rAL?t.\,       >     Mohammedans. 

2.  AMoliamiiiedan  prince  who  unites  in  his  pcr>-on 
supreme  spiritual  and  temporal  power;  as, tlie  imauni 
of  Muscat. 

IM-BaLM',  IM-BAR'GO,  IM-BaRK',BI-BaSE'.  See 
Embalm,  Embargo,  Embark,  Embask. 

IM-BAN',  i:.  t.  [m  and  6ofi,]  To  excommunicate,  in  a 
civil  sense  ;  to  cut  off  from  the  rights  of  man,  or  ex- 
clude from  the  common  privileges  of  iiunianiiy.  [.W 
well  antJwrized.]  j,  Barloie. 

IM-BA\D',  V.  t.  [in  and  band.]  To  furm  inlj  a  band 
or  bands. 

Ecneatli  fullaiils  imlnirided  n.ititi.is  lisj.  J.  Earloio. 

IiAr-BAND'ED,pp.  or  a.    Formed  into  a  band  or  bands. 

IM-BAXK',  V.  t,  H:i  and  banL]  To  inclose  with  a 
bank  ;  to  defend  by  banks,  mounds,  or  dikes. 

IM-BAXK'£D,  (uu-bankt',)  pp.  Inclosed  or  defended 
with  a  bank. 

IM-BAJVK'I.VGjp/w.  Inclosing  or  surrounding  with  a 
bank. 

IM-BANK'.MENT.  n.  Tlie  act  of  surrounding  or  de- 
fending wiih  a  bank. 

2.  Inclosure  by  a  bank  ;  the  banks  or  mounds  of 
earth  tliat  are  raised  to  defend  a  place,  especially 
against  floods. 

IM-BAN'NER-£D,  a.    Furnished  witii  banners. 

IJI-BARN',  V.  t.    To  deposit  in  a  barn.    [JSTot  lued.] 

Herbert, 

I.M-RAS'TARD-IZE,f.(.  To rcuder degenerate.  [ObsA 

Mdtmi. 

IM-EaTHE',  t!.  t.     [in  and  liathc]    To  bathe  all  over. 

And  grave  Iif^r  to  licr  il;Lu5lil''rs  to  imbathe 
Inneclared  Livcniiiliowedwiih  .isphodel.  MUtatij  Cbmiij, ▼.  837. 
["  The  word  Imbathe  occurs  in  our  author's  Refor- 
mation:—  *BIethink3  a  sovereign  and   reviving  joy 
must  needs  rush  into  the  bosom  of  Ijim  that  reails  or 
hears ;  and  the  sweet  odor  of  the  returning  (lospel 
iwbatlic  his  soul  with  the  fragrance  of  heaven.'  (^Prose 
Works,  vol.  i.  p.  2.)    What  was  enthusiasm  in  most 
of  the  puritanical  writers  was  poetrv  in  Jlillon."    7". 
Warlon,  Minor  Poems  of  .Milton,  p.  2i35.  —  E.  H.  B.l 
IM-B.*TH'£D,  ;,^.    Bathed  all  over. 
IiM-Bk.\D',  r.  (.    [in  and  beai!.]     To  fasten  with  a 
bead. 

The  sljoD»,  I>riglit  bayonet  itnbeaded  fii£U  J.  Barloa. 

I.M-EEAD'/;D,  pp.    Fastcneil  with  a  bead. 
I.M-Bi-:AD'ING,  ppr.    Fastening  with  a  bead. 
IM'DE-CILE,  (im'he-sil  or  im-be-seel',)  a.     [L.  imbccil- 
li3 ;  Fr.  imbecile.   This  seems  lo  be  a  coiii{K)und  word, 
of  whicii  the  priinitive,  ice,  is  not  now  to  be  found 
or  recognized.] 

Weak  ;  feeble  ;  destitute  of  strength,  either  of  body 
or  of  mind  ;  impotent.  Barroir. 

IM'BE-CILE,  (im'be-sil  or  i.ii-be-seel',)  n.    One  desti- 

tut'-  of  strength,  either  of  body  or  mnid. 
IM'BF.-OILE,  r.  (.     To  weaken.     [Obs.]     Bn.  Tuiilor. 
IM-BE-CIL'i-T.^TE,  v.  u    To  weiten ;  to  render'fee- 

ble.  j]^  IVilion 

IM-BE-CIL'I-T Y,  n.  f  I,.  iiKbecillitas ;  Fr.  imbeciUul] 
1.  Want  of  strength  ;  weakness  ;  feebleness  of 
body  or  of  mind.  We  speak  of  the  imhecilitij  of  the 
boily  or  of  Ihe  intellect,  when  either  does  not  possess; 


the  vigor  that  usually  belongs  lo  men,  and  wiiieli 
IS  necessary  lo  a  due  performance  of  iL»  functions 
This  may  be  natural,  or  induced  by  violence  or  dis- 
ease. 

3.  Impotence  of  males ;  inability  to  procreate  chil- 
oren. 

IM-BED',  c  i.  [in  and  bal.]  To  sink  or  lay  in  a  bed  ; 
to  place  in  a  mass  of  earth,  sand,  or  other  substance, 
so  as  to  be  partly  inclosed. 

IM-BED'DED,  ],p.  or  a.  Laid  or  inclosed,  as  in  a  bed 
or  mass  of  surrounding  matter. 

I.M-BED'DIKG,  ppr.     Laying,  as  in  a  bed. 

l.M-nEL'Lie.  a.     [L.  iu  and  brllicus.] 

Not  warlike  nr  martial.     [Litlle  wied.']      Jun'uu. 

IM-BE.\CH'ING,  „.     [i,i  and  JctcA.]    A  raised  work 

r-,l'o''-J},l'f"''''-     „  ParUatrst. 

iHii-aiiih  ,  V.  t.    [L.  imhibo  ;  in  and  bibo,  to  drink  :  Fr. 

imbiber.] 

1.  Todrink  in  ;  to  absorb  :  as, a  drv  or  porous  body 
unbibe.^  a  fluid  ;  a  sponge  imbibes  moisture. 

2.  To  receive  or  admit  into  the  mind  and  retain  ; 
as,  to  imbibe  principles ;  to  imbibe  errors.  fntbUrintr  in 
Vie  mind,  always  implies  retention,  at  least  for  a  lime. 

.1.  To  imbue,  as  used  by  Newton;  but  lie  has  not 
been  fullowed. 

I.M-UiIt'^D,  pp.  Drank  in,  as  a  fluid  ;  absorbed  ;  re- 
ceived intu  the  mind  .and  retained. 

tM-nil!'ER,  71.     He  or  that  which  imbibes. 

I.M-I!II!'ING,  ppr  Drinking  in  ;  absorbing  :  receivioe 
ami  retaiuinc. 

IM-BI-B1"TI0N,  (bish'un,)  v.    The  act  of  imbibing. 

IlI-EIT'TER,  V.  t.     [in  and  biUer.]     To  make  bitter. 

2.  To  make  unhappy  or  grievous ;  to  render  dis- 
tressing. The  sins  of  youth  often  imbiuer  old  age 
Grief  imbiuers  our  enjojnients. 

3.  To  e.xasperate  ;  to  make  more  severe,  poignant, 
or  painful.  The  sorrows  of  true  penitence  are  imbit- 
tered  by  a  sense  of  our  ingratitude  to  our  Almightv 
Benefactor. 

4.  To  exasperate ;  to  render  more  violent  or  malig- 
nant:  as,  to  imbittcr  enmity,  anger,  rage,  passion,  tc. 

Ill-BIT'TER-BD,  pp.  or  a.  Mode  unhappy  or  painful 
exasperated. 

l.\W;iT'TER-ER,  ji.    That  which  makes  bitter. 

Johnson. 

IM-BIT'TER-I.N'G,  ppr.  Eendering  unhappy  or  dis- 
tressing ;  exasperating. 

IM-BOn'[-£D,;)/i.  or  o.    [See  Embody.]    Formed  into 

I.M-BOD'V.     See  Embody.  [a  body. 

1:'1-B(J1L',  z'.  i.    To  effervesce  ;  to  rage.        Svmsn-. 

I.M-BoLD'£.V.    See  Emeoldem. 

liM-EOR'DER,  v.  I.     [in  and  borijer.]    To  furnish  or 
inclose  witli  a  border  ;  to  adorn  with  a  border. 
2.  To  terminate  ;  to  bound.  JiliUon. 

I.M-BOR'DER-£D,  pp.  Furnished,  inclosed,  or  adorned 
with  a  border;  bounded. 

I.M-liOR'DER-ING,  ppr.  Furnishing,  inclosing,  or 
adorning  with  a  bonier  ;  bounding. 

I.^l-BOSK',  r.  I.     [It.  imboscare.     See  BcsH.] 

To  conceal,  o<:  in  bushes  ;  to  hide.  Milton. 

I-M-BOSK',  c.  /.    To  lie  concealed.  Milteni. 

IJl-BO'SO.M,  V.  t.  [in  and  bosom.]  To  hold  in  Uie 
bnsora  ;  to  cover  fondly  with  the  folds  of  one's  gar- 
ment. 

2.  To  hold  in  nearness  or  intimacy. 

Tlie  Father  infinite. 
By  whom  in  bliss  imbosomed  sal  the  Son.  MUton. 

3.  To  admit  to  the  heart  or  aifection  ;  lo  caress. 

But  »Iad  desire,  bis  late  i.T.iosojnetl  gu'-st.  SUncy. 

4.  To  inclose  in  the  midst ;  lo  surround. 
Tillages  irnbosomed soTlm  trees.  Thornton. 

5.  To  inclose  in  the  midst ;  to  cover ;  as,  pe;irls 
inibosomed  in  the  deep. 

IM-BO'SO.M-£D,  pp.  or  a.  Held  in  the  bo-som  or  to 
the  breast ;  caressed  ;  surrounded  in  the  midst ;  in- 
closed ;  covered. 

IM-BO'SO.M-I\G,  ppr.  Holding  in  the  bosom  ;  caress- 
ing; holding  to  the  breast;  inclosing  or  covering  in 
the  midst. 

I.AI-BOU.M)',  r.  t.  [in  .andioanrf.]  To  inclose  in  lim- 
its ;  to  shut  in.     [Liltle  used.]  Sha.':. 

I.M-BoW',  r.  t.  [in  anil  irate.]  To  arch  ;  to  vault  ; 
as,  an  imbo:ced  roof.  .Miltua. 

2.  To  make  of  a  circular  form  ;  as,  imbutre^l  win- 
dows.  Biiam. 

IM-BoVV .CT,  pp.  or  a.  Arched ;  vaulted  ;  made  of 
a  circular  Ibrm, 

IM-BOW'ER.    See  Embower. 

I.M-BoW'ING,  p;ir.  Arching ;  vaulting  ;  making  of  .t 
circular  form. 

IMBOW'.MENT,  II.     An  arch  ;  a  vault  JSaeon. 

IM-nuX',  r.  f.     To  inclose  in  a  box. 

lM-l!0.\'/:n,  (im-boksl',)  pp.    Inclosed  in  a  box. 

I.M-BOX'ING,  ppr.     Inclosing  in  a  box. 

IM-BRAN"GLE,  r.  (.     To  cnlangle.  Jluditras. 

IM-BRED',  pp.    Generated  within. 

IiM-HRKKI)',  e.  (.    To  generate  within  ;  to  inbreetl. 

[.■M-BREEll'lNG,  p/ir.    (Jcnerating  within. 

IM'URl-t' ATE,       (  a.      [L.   imbriealus,   imbrico,   from     | 

ir.!'l!RI-e.x-TEl).  i       imiriJ-,  a  tile.]  | 

I.  Bent  and  hollowed  like  a  roof  or  guller  lUe. 


TONE,  CUM-   qNITE.-AN"GER,  VT'CIOUS.-C  as  K ;  G  as  J  j  S  ;ts  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  .is  in  THIS. 


73 


IM1 


IMiM 


3.  Id  htiUMV,  tj 


:lk-rin  repjlar  order, 
irn  llt<-  Clip  «'f  sonu' 
.  ti.of  lamlklly  nl  the  mar- 
<ii,  o^  leuves  iit  the  bud. 

A  concave  indLnlurr.  Iiku  iliat 

irWn,)  n.    [IL]    InMeJrc.viu, 
'  plot. 
hruian.]    To  make  brown ; 

*  o  cuiof  of  J  to  inako  dirty. 

1  .iiAi  »a»  with  dirt  (wiiroi»f«<f.         Ooy- 
3.  ■"■;";. 

pf-Iii:  iit'd;  LinncJ. 

IM-lii^  ■'■"  >  durkcn- 

Idj;  .    t  .r:..t,:. 

IM-UROt:',  (iiii-lira',)  p.  t  [Gr.  tttQpcxw,  to  moisten  ; 
(.  nnd  ^  ■c\^,i.  Hence  it  U  allied  to  e/HArofaZ^,  and 
8(«.  faAria-'or,  to  intoxicate.  Sec  Edbikty,  Brook, 
aiidRos.]  ,       ,    . 

I.  To  wet  or  mnNten  ;  !o  soak ;  to  drench  m  a 
diild,  chielly  in  blu    : 

WhaK  WTo*»  111  II  i>.trti«.  Szndyt. 

I.  r\rn, 

Tlui  w^aMifil/-u<  III  If  i.ij..:-  Ill  i-.iiu'«  Uwod.         Attduon. 
9.  To  |>imr  out  nr  distil.    [Ofty.l  Spenser. 

IM  rT:r'n>.  pfi.    ^\Vl;  moi:^len(il  ;  drenched. 

.  ..liar.    Willing;  lucisiL-nin? j  drenching. 
\  1',  It.    Th.-'  act  (if  iiiihruini:. 
.-.  L    [in  .iiid  bnitr.]    To  degrade  to  the 
s:-i;,*  (jf  a  brute  j  to  reduce  to  brutalily. 

Aivt  mix  with  t>-it!0  ttiiiio 
Th'*  f«Poe?  to  liicafuate  anil  iniaraU.  Milton, 


I.M-BROTE',  V.  i.    To  sink  to  Uie  state  cf  a  bnito. 

Th-  r-'l  -T™in  r'"M->t  l>y  eoiiU^l'jn, 

•|  '  lior  Cr»l  In.-inj;.     iViiisn**  Comua,  t.  456. 

'![  HI  speaks  iif  the  debasement  and 

ton  -  n;(  divine  essence. 

!  iinbruU, 
, .1  ,.:twJ.         Parad.  Lost,  9,  1S5. 

IM-nilfT  nn.  pp.     Uesnd'Nl  to  briitism. 
IM-HROT'l.\ti.  wr.    Kedticiiig  to  brtitiiihness. 
IM-Kf-K',  (Mil  bii',)  r.  t.    [L.  imbuo ;  in  and  the  root 
o    Cne.  btteM :  to  buck  cloth,  that  is,  to  dip,  drench, 
or  ste»p,  in  ivaler.l 
J.  'J'o  lingo  deeply  ;  to  dye ;  as,  to  imbue  cloth. 

Boyle. 
*i   Tn  Tincture  deeply ;  lo  cause  to  imbibe  j  ai>,  to 
iindsi  nf  yoiiih  with  cood  principles, 
ni-bailc'.)  pp.    Tincfd  ;  dyi-'d  :  tinctured. 
1   '  T.  Tincing;  dyeing  ;  tincturing  deeply. 

I  !  :  A  det'p  tincture. 

I.M  i:i  r''.)r./.    [See  BcnjE.]  To  supply 

in. .'I  ^  with  money.    [JVotioiett] 

I.M-l;rK<i;'^li:.\  i",  ».    The  act  of  supplying  money. 

'2.  M.ni.v  laid  up  in  slock. 
IM-hft'Tli  »\,  n.    Act  of  inibuing.  lee. 

I.M-I-TAHIL'I-TY,   n.       (Sef-    Imitable,   Imitate.] 

Thp  qimlitv  of  beiii^  iniilable.  J^^orris. 

I.M'1-TA-ULi;,  0.    [Fr.,  fromL.  imitabiUs.    .See  laii- 
t*teJ 

I.  Thnt  may  be  imitnted  or  copied.  Let  us  follow 
o«r  Savior  ill  all  hij  imitable  conduct  and  imils  of 
rhamcier.  There  are  some  works  of  the  ancients 
that  an-  linnlly  imitable.  The  dignified  style  of 
John-nn  is  acarct-Iy  imitable. 
'i  Worthy  of  imitation. 
IM'I-TATK,  r.  L  JFr.,  imi(cr ;  Sp.  and  Port,  imitor  ; 
It.  initare:  L.  imttor ;  allied,  perhaps,  to  Gr.  bttog, 
itmitnr,  niiia).] 

1.  To  fi.llow  in  manners;  to  copy  in  form,  color, 
OT  qtiTiii'v.  \Vf  imitate  another  in  dress  or  manners  ; 
^*'''  '  '".a  ptiintinc,  a  sound,  an  action, 
*^''  .loilKit  which  r^-.'iembh-s  it.  Wu 
*""  -t  modt  Is  tn  imitate;  and,  in  mor- 
al.4  nil  1  I'l  '.y,  It  M  uiir  duty  lo  imitau  the  example  of 
Mir  .Savior.  Bui,  as  w«  can  not  always  make  an  ex- 
act ■imilitnde  .  f  ih?  oricinal,  hence, 

2.  To  allempl  or  rnflcavor  lo  copy  or  resemble  • 
««,  to  imitaie  tli-  colors  of  the  rainbow,  or  anv  of  the. 
JJJ^';!*'*  "''  "I""-"-    Ciceru  apiKara  to  have  'imitated 


1  '''lirBwonlto  wiilil, 

^'*'-^'J-  Dryien. 

of  a  compojiltion,  so  as  to 
i  pl^s".  Johnson.     Oatj. 

:  »;.      Fulliiwid;  Cfipied. 

Fi'IIowing  In  manner;  copyin», 
[  Fr. ,  from  h.  imitatio ;  imitor,  to  im- 

followins  in  manner,  or  of  copying 

'-  "f  iii:iking  the  siinililiidc  of'any 

-•escmblancc.     By  the  imita- 

•  il  CTampId,  we  arc  apt  to 

(n  t'lr  , ,.  -:.,,,.  ,,.-  n:itiinil 
Iinihi- 

'  - :  part:<. 


r    ■ 

1 
11,11, 

th« 

act  or 

In  r 

Ifill . 

lh,i. 

fji.t 

CU"' 

tor: 

tt« 

■f.in: 

whuru  it  i:)  re|>cated  by  one  aft'^r  the  other,  cither  in 
uniijon  or  at  the  distance  of  a  fourth,  a  fillh,  a  tJiird, 
or  any  interval  whatever.  Imitation  in  oratonj.,  is  an 
endeavor  lo  resemble  a  speaker  or  \vrilcr  in  the  qual- 
ities which  we  propose  to  ourselves  as  patterns. 

Encye. 

9.  That  which  is  made  or  produced  as  a  copy; 
likoncHs  J  resemblance.  We  say,  a  thing  is  a  true 
imitation  of  nature. 

3.  A  method  of  translating,  in  which  modern  ex- 
amples and  illustrations  are  used  foi'  ancient,  or  do- 
mestic for  foreign,  or  in  which  the  translator  not  only 
varies  the  words  and  sense,  but  forsakus  them  as  he 
sees  occasion.  Jo'/ns'in.     jyryrlen. 

I.M'I-T.^-TIVE,  a.    Inclined  to  follow  in  manner  j  as, 
man  is  an  imitatii'c  being. 

9.  Aiming  at  resemblance ;  that  is  used  in  the 
business  (if  forming  resemblances.  Painting  is  an 
imitative  art. 

3.  t'orjned  after  a  model,  pattern,  or  original. 


This  (cmpl<*,  lets  in  fonn,  with  rqun!  gnce, 
WnsinMolioi  of  the  Tint  In  Tliracc. 


Vryder 


Tinitative  musicy  is  that  which  is  intended  to  rcsf-m- 
blo  some  natural  operation,  the  passions  and  the  like. 

Bnsby. 
IM'I-TA-TfVE-LY,  tuh\    In  all  imitative  manner. 
I.M'I-Ta-TOK,  n.    One  that  follows  in  manners  or  de- 
portment. 

2.  One  that  copies,  or  attempts  to  make  the  resem- 
blance of  anv  thing. 
IM'I-TA-TOK-SHII»,  n.    The  olHcc  or  slate  of  an  imi- 
tator. Jilarjton. 
IM-MAG'lJ-LATE,  a.     [L.  hmnaculatus ;  in  and  viac- 
ula,  a  spot.] 

1.  Spotless;  pure;  unstained;  undefiled ;  without 
blemish  ;  as,  immaculate  reputation  ;  immaculate 
thoiiglits.  Our  .Savior  ha-^  set  us  an  cxamjilc  of  an 
immaculale  life  and  conversation. 

2.  Pure  ;  limpid  ;  not  tinged  with  impure  matter  ; 
as,  an  immaculate  fountain.  Shah 

Immaculate  conception.  The  doctrine  of  the  immac- 
idate  conception,  as  held  in  t]:e  Komnn  Catholic 
church,  is  tlie  doctrine  that  the  Virj:in  Mary  was 
b(irn  without  original  sin.  Jlook, 

IM-MACU-LATn-LY,  adv.     Willi  spotless  purity. 

IM-.MA€'Q-LATil-NESS,  iu     Spotless  purity. 

IM-iMaIL'KI),  a.     Wearing  mail  or  armor.    Browne. 

IM-.MAL'LE-A-BLE,  a.  [in  and  mallcaUc.]  Not  mal- 
leable ;  that  can  not  be  c:ttunded  by  hammering. 

Jled.  Itepos. 

Dj-.M.\N'A-€LE,  v.  t.  [in  and  manacle.]  To  put 
niaiiaclcs  on ;  lo  fetter  or  confine ;  to  restrain  from 
free  action.  Milton. 

lM-M.\N'A-ehKD,  pp.    Fettered  ;  confined. 

I.M-MA.V'.A-eLING,  npr.     Fetforing  ;  contining. 

!M-MA-Na'TIO.\,  h.'    a  Howmg  or  entering  in. 

IM-MaNE',  a.     [L.  mi/m/iw.]  [Oocd. 

Vast;  huge;  very  great.     [Little  used.'] 

IM-MaNE'LY,  flf/y.    MoiiJitrouslv  ;  crtiellv.    Milton. 

IM'MA-.\EN-UY,  71.     Internal  dwelling.      Pearson. 

IM'.MA-NEXT,    a.      [L.    in   and  vianenSy  vmnco,  to 
abide.] 
Inherent;  intrinsic;  internal.  South. 

LM-.MAN'I-TY,  n.     [h.  immanitas.] 

Barbarity  ;  savageness.  Skak. 

I.M-MAN'U-EL,  71.  [Ileb.]  God  with  us;  a  name 
given  lo  the  Savior.    Matt.  i.  23. 

I.M-;MAR-CES'SI-BLE,  a.  [h.  in  and  vmrcesco.  to 
fade.] 

Unfading.  Diet. 

IM-M.\R'TIAL,  (im-mUr'shal,)  a.  [in  and  martial'] 
Not  martial ;  not  xvarlike.  Chapvian. 

[I\!-.MA.^K',  V.  t.  [in  and  mask."]  To  cover,  as  with  a 
maL^k  ;  to  disguise.  ShaJc. 

TM-.M.\SK'A"D,  (im-miiskt',)pp.    Covered;  masked. 

IiM-.MaSK'I.\0,  ppr.    Covering  ;  disguising. 

I.M-.\IATCH'A  BLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  matched; 
pct;rless._ 

IM-MA-Te'RI-AL,  a.  [Fr.  immatcriel;  in  and  Tnate- 
riaL] 

1.  Incorporeal;  not  material:  not  consisting  of 
matter ;  as,  immaterial  spirits.  The  mind  or  soul  is 
vntnaterial. 

9.  Unimportant;  without  weight;  not  material; 
of  no  essential  consequence. 

Mclmuth.    Aikin.     Jlayley.     Ruffhcad. 

BI-MA-Tr:'RI-AL-ISiM,  n.  The  doctrine  of  the  ex- 
istence or  sfile  of  immaterial  substances  or  spiritual 
beings. 

IM-MA-TE'RI-AL-IST,  n.  One  who  professes  imma- 
teriality.  Swift. 

IM-MA-TE-RI-AL'I-TY,  n.  Tiie  quality  of  being  im- 
material, or  not  consisting  of  matter  ;  destitution  of 
mailer;  as,  the  immaterial ittj  of  tlie  soul. 

IJI-MA-TiTyRI-AL-IZ-^D,  a.  Rendered  or  made  im- 
material. Olanvillc. 

IM-.MA-T].:'RI-AL-LY,  adv.  In  a  manner  not  de- 
pending on  matter. 

2.  In  a  manner  unimportant. 
I.M-MA-T|.:'RI.AL-NESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  im- 
material immateriality. 

IM-M.-V-Tf;'RI.A']'E,  a.     Not  consisting  of  matter ; 
_J^>coi7Kn^ul;  i„,,„,^leri:i!.     [Little  nscd.]  Bacon. 


131M 

IM-MA-TCUE',      )  o.      [L.  immatvnis ;  in  and  T.ia- 
IiM-iMA-TOK'£D,  j       turiu.] 

1.  Not  mature  or  ripe;  unripe  ;  that  has  not  ar- 
rived to  a  perfect  state;  applied  to  fruit. 

2.  Not  perfect ;  not  brought  to  a  complete  state ; 
as,  immature  plans  or  counsels 

3.  Hasty ;  too  early ;  that  comes  before  the  natural 
time.  Taylor. 

[In  this  sense,  Premature  is  generally  used.] 
IM-MA-TORE'LY,  adv.    Too  soon ;   before  ripeness 

or  completion  ;  before  tlie  natural  time. 
IM-MA-TuRE'NESS,  )  n.      Unripeness  ;    inrompiete- 
IM-MA-TO'RI-TV,      \      ness ;  tlie  state  of  a  tiling 

which  has  not  arriveu  to  [lerfection. 
im-WE-A-UIL'I-TY,  71.     [L.  in  and  vieo^  to  pas^.] 
Want  of  power  to  pass.  ,^rbuthnot. 

The  proper  sense  is,  the  quality  of  not  being  pcr- 

mea6/p,  or  not  affording  a  pa^sajje  through  tho  pores. 

[Little  used.] 
IM-MEAS'UU-A-BLE,  (im-mezh'ur-a-bl,)  a.     [in  and 

m'xisure.] 
Tliai  can  not  he  measured  ;  immense ;  indefinitely 

extensive  ;  as,  an  immeasurable  distance  or  space  ;  an 

i)n.)iira.-iarable  abyss.  Milton.    Mdison. 

I.M-.MEAS'IJR-A-BLE-NESS,  n.    The  state  of  being 

incapable  of  measure  or  measurement. 
LM-MEAS'lTR-A-BLY,  adc.    To  an  extent  not  to  be 

measured  ;  immensely ;  beyond  all  measure.  Milton. 
IM-ME.\S'UR-£D,  a.     Exceeding  common  measure. 
IM-ME-CHAx^'ie-AL,  a.     [in  and  vicchanical.]     Not 

consonant  to  the  laws  of  mechanics.    [Oba.] 

Chcyne. 
lM-ME-€HAN'ie-AL-LY,  adv.    Inconsistcnlly  with 

the  laws  of  mechanics. 
DI-51k'DI-A-CY,  71.      [from  immediate.']      Power  of 

acting  without  dependence.  Shak. 

IM-i\ll£^DI-ATE,  a.    [Fr.  immcdiat;  It,  immediato ;  L. 

in  and  mcdias,  middle.] 

1.  Proximate;  acting  without  a  medium,  or  with- 
out the  intervention  of  another  cause  or  means  ;  [iro- 
ducing  its  eflect  by  its  own  direct  agency.  An  im- 
medialc  cause  is  that  which  is  exertijd  directly  in 
producing  its  effect,  in  opposition  to  a  mediate  cause, 
or  one  more  remote. 

2.  Not  acting  by  second  causes  ;  as,  the  immediate 
will  of  God.  Abbot. 

0.  Instant;  present;  without  the  intervention  of 
time.  We  must  have  an  immediate  supply  of  bread  ; 
immediate  duty. 

immediale  are  my  needs.  Sitok. 

Dcatli  —  iiillictcd  —  by  an  iiiunetliale  strolcc.  Milton. 

lai-Mil'DI-ATE-Ly,  adv.    Without  the  intervention 
of  any  oilier  cause  or  event ;  opposed  to  Mediately. 
The  tnnafer,  whether  accepted  immediaUly  hy  himself,  or  medi- 
ately by  liis  a^nt,  vests  in  him  the  property.  Anon. 

9.  Instantly  :  at  the  present  time ;  witliout  delay, 
or  the  intervention  of  time. 

Anil  Jesus  put  fgrth  his  h.inci,  and  touched  him,  s.iyi:i^,  T  will ;  l« 
Ihuu  d'':iii.  And  immtdicilcly  \\\s  leprosy  was  cicniiuiL  — 
Mull.  viii. 

IM-Me'DI-ATE-NESS,  71.     Presence  with  regard  to 
time. 
2.  Exemtition  from  second  or  intervening  causes. 
rM-MED'l-€A-BLE,  a.      [\..  imviedicabdii ;    in   and 
mcdicabili.i',  from  medico,  to  heal.] 

Not  to  be  healed  ;  incurable.  Miltcii. 

IM-iVIE-LO'DI-OUS,  a.     Not  melodious.      Drwmnomt. 
IM-MEM'O-RA-ELE,    a.      [L.   imvtcmorabiUa ;  in  iwvl 
viomorabilis.     See  Memory.] 
Not  to  be  remembered ;  not  worth  remembering. 

.hthnsoii. 
IM-ME-MO'RI-AL,  a.     [Fr.,  from  L.  in  and  mcmor, 
mcmoria.] 

Beyona  memory  ;  an  epithet  given  to  time  or  (hi- 
ration,  &c.,  whose  beginning  is  not  remembered,  or 
can  not  be  traced  and  ascertained  ;  as,  v/hen  it  is 
said  a  man  has  possessed  an  estatt;  in  fee  from  lime 
immemorial^  or  time  out  of  mind.  Such  possessiiwi 
constitutes  prescription,  or  prescriptive  ri^ht.  So  we 
speak  of  immemorial  use,  custom,  or  practice.  In 
England,  a  thing  is  said  to  be  immemorial,  when  it 
commenced  before  the  reign  of  Edward  U. 
IM-ME-Mo'RI-AL-LY,  adv.    Beyond  memory. 

Bentley. 
IM-MENSE'.  a.     [Fr.,  from  L.  irnmcnsus :  in  and  men- 
sus,  mcticir,  to  measure.] 

1.  Unlimited;  unbounded;  infinite. 

O  goodness  infinite  !   goodtic^s  immense  t  yiiiton. 

2.  Vast  in  extent ;  very  great  j  as,  an  immense  dis- 
tance. 

3.  Huge  in  bulk  ;  very  large  ;  as,  the  immense  body 
of  Jupiter. 

LM-MENSE'LY,  adv.  Infinitely;  without  limits  or 
2.  Vastly  ;  very  greatly.  [measure. 

IM-MENSE'NESS,  n.  Unbounded  extent  or  great- 
ness. 

IW-MENS'I-TY,  n.  Unlimited  Citcnsion;  an  extent 
not  to  be  measured  ;  infinity. 

By  the  power  we  find  in  oiirselves  nf  repenting',  m  often  as  we 
will,  any  idea  of  space,  wc  get  the  JJca  of  immensiiu. 

2.  Vastness  in  extent  or  bulk ;  greatness. 
IM-MEN-SU-RA-BIL'I-TY,  ti.    [from  ivmcnsurable.] 


r-^TE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.- .ilRTE,  PREV.-PINE.  MARINE,  BIRD.- 


-NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOQK.- 


578 


.1 


IMM 


IM5I 


I  MB! 


The  quality  of  not  bemq  capable  of  measure;  im- 
possibility to  be  measured 
IM-MEN'SU-RA-ULE,  a.      [L.  in  anrf  mcnsurabUU, 
from  viaisara,  measure  ;  lacnsus^  mctior.l 
Kui  to  be  measured;  immeasurable. 

TLs  h\v  of  uature  —  a  term  ot immciisurahlc  extent,      Wartl. 

IM-MEiV'SU-RATE,  a.    Unmeasured.     W.Mountar^u. 
IM-.MEROE',  (im-merj',)  v.  t.     [L.  imvier^o ;  in  and 

viergo^  to  plunge.] 
1.  'I'o  plunge  into  or  under  a  fluid.      [See  lu- 

MERS£,  which  is  generally  used.] 
•3.  V.  I.  To  disappear  by  entering  into  any  medium, 

as  into  the  light  of  the  sun,  or  the  shadow  of  the 

earth. 
IM-MER{5'ED,  (im-merjd',)  pp.    Plunged  into. 
IJM-MERC'INGj  pp'r.    Enterinc  or  plunging  into. 
1  M-MER'IT,  n.    \Vant  of  wonii.     [J^Tot  uied.] 
IM-.MER'IT-ED,  c.    Unmerited.     [JWi  used.] 
IM-MER'IT-OUS,  a.    Undeserving.    [jN'Vt  used.] 

Miltoit. 
IM-^IERSE',  (im-mers',)  v.  t.     [L.  immersus,  from  im- 

tncrgo  :  in  and  mergo^  to  plunge,] 

1.  To  put  under  water  or  other  fluid  ;  to  plunge ; 
to  dip. 

2.  To  sink  or  cover  deep;  to  cover  wholly  ;  as,  to 
be  immersed  in  a  wood.  Unjden, 

3.  To  plunge ;  to  overwhelm ;  to  involve ;  to  en- 
gage deeply;  as,  to  immerse  in  business  or  cares. 

It  ii  impossitic  tor  a  man  to  h:iTc  a  lively  bono  ia  another  life, 
and  yet  be  deeply  immersed  in  the  enjoyment  cf  hl;. 

AlUrbiiry. 

IM-MERSE',  a.    Buried;  covered  ;  sunk  deep. 

IM-MERS'£D,  (im-merst',)  pp.  Put  into  a  fluid; 
plunged  ;  deeply  engaged  ;  concealed  by  entering 
into  any  medium,  as  into  the  hght  of  the  sun,  or  the 
siiadow  of  the  earth. 

Dl-.MERS'IXG,  ppr.  Plunging  into  a  fluid  ;  dipping; 
overwhfljiiing  ;  deeply  engaging. 

LM-MER'SION,  n.  The  act  of  putting  into  a  fluid  be- 
low the  surface;  the  act  of  plunging  into  a  fluid 
till  covered. 

2.  The  state  of  sinking  into  a  fluid. 

3.  The  state  of  being  overwiielnied  or  deeply 
engaged  ;  as,  an  immersion  in  the  afiairs  of  life. 

Atterbiiry. 

4.  In  astronormjy  the  disappearance  of  a  celestial 
body  by  entering  into  any  mediuin,  as  into  the 
light  of  the  sun,  or  the  shadow  of  the  earth,  op- 
posed to  Emersion.  Olmsted. 

IM-MESH',  V.  t.  [in  and  mesh.]  To  entangle  in  the 
meshes  of  a  net,  or  in  a  web.  Observe  whether  the 
fly  is  completely  immcshcd.  The  spider  used  his 
efforts  to  immcsk  the  scorpion.  Goldsmith. 

IM-MESH'£D,  (im-meshi',)  pj>.  Entangled  in  meshes 
or  web?. 

ni-]\lE?H'IXG,  ppr.    Entangling  in  meshes  or  webs, 

IJI-ME-THOD'ie-AL,  a.  [in  and  mct/iadical.  See 
Method.] 

Having  no  method  ;  without  systematic  arrange- 
ment ;  without  order  or  regularity ;  confused. 

.Addison. 

IJI-!\rE-THOD'[e-AL-LY,  adv.  Without  order  or 
regularitv  ;  irregularlv. 

IM-ME-TnOD'I€-.AL--XE3S,  n.  Want  of  method  ; 
confusion. 

IM'.MI-GRANT,  n.  A  person  that  removes  into  a 
cniintry  for  the  purpose  of  permanent  residence. 

IJI'MI-GRaTE,  r,  1.  [L.  immigro ;  in  and  migroj  to 
migrate.] 

To  remove  into  a  countr}'  for  the  purpose  of  per- 
manent residence.     [See  EMrnRtTE.]        Belknap. 

IM-.MI-GRa'TION,  71.  The  passing  or  removing  into 
a  country  for  the  purpose  of  permanent  residence. 

I.M'.MI-XEN^CE,  j[.  [L.  imjnijtentia,  immineo,  to  hang 
over.] 

Properbj,  a  hanging  over,  but  used  by  Shakspeare 
for  impf-nding  evil  or  danger.    [Little,  used.] 

IM'MI-NENTjfl.  [1,.  imminens,  from  immineo,  to  hang 
over;  in  and  minor,  to  threaten.    See  Menace.] 

Literalhjy  shooting  over;  hence,  hanging  over; 
impending  ;  threatening  ;  near ;  appearing  as  if 
about  to  fail  on;  vsed  of  exits;  as,  iimnincnt  dan- 
ger; im7/tiTiCTi(  judgments,  evds,  or  death. 

Hooker.    Jlfilton. 

IM'MI-XENT-LY.  adv.    Impendingfy  ;  threateningly. 

fM-MI.\"GLE,  V.  t.  [in  and  viinglc]  To  mingle ;  to 
mi-X  ;  to  unite  v.'ith  numbers.  Thomson. 

IM-MIN"GL£0,  pp.    Mixed  ;  mingled. 

1M-M1N'"GLIXG,  ppr.    Mixing;  mingling. 

I-M MI-XCTION,  71.     [L.  imminutio,  imminuo  ;  in  and 
minuo,  to  lessen.] 
A  lessening;  diminution;  decrease.  Rnij. 

i ."  I-MIS-CI-BIL'I-Ty,7i.    [L.  immisceo ;  in  and  viiscco, 
to  mi.*c.] 
Incapacity  of  being  mixed. 

IM-MIS'CI-I;LE,  a.  [in  and  misciblc]  Not  capable 
of  being  mixed.  Med.  Rcpos. 

I.M-MIS'SIOX,  (im-mish'un,)  n.  [L.  imjnissioj  iuh 
miUn;  in  and  mittOy  to  send.l 

The  act  of  sending  or  tlirusting  in ;  injection  ; 
contrary  to  Ejrissrox. 

I M-MIT',  V.  t.     [h.  immiito ;  in  and  miltOj  to  send.] 
To  send  in  ;  to  inject.  OrcenhUl. 


IM-MIT^-GA-BLE,  a.     [in  and  viiiigaie.]    That  can 

not  be  mitigated  or  appeased.  Harris. 

FM-MIT'I-GA-BLY,  a^lv.    In  an  immitigable  manner. 
IM-MIT'TED,p;».     Sent  in;  injected. 
IM-MlT'TING,;'/;r.    Sending  in  ;  injecting. 
IM-:MIX',  v.  t.     [in  and  mix.]    To  mix  ;  to  mingle. 
IM-i\IIX'A-BLE,  a.    Not  capable  of  being  mixed. 

mikins. 

IM-MIX'T^'  I  °-    Unmixed.  Herbert. 

IM-MIX'IXG,  ppr.     Mingling. 

IM-MO-Bll.'1-TY,  71.     f  Fr.  iwmobiliti ;  L.  immobllitas, 
from  immobilis ;  in  and  mobilis,  from  movcoy  to  move.] 
Unmovableness ;  fixedness  in  place  or  state;  re- 
sistance to  motion.  Arbulhnot. 

IM-MOD'ER-A-CY,  n.    Excess.  Brawn. 

Ifll-MOD'ER-ATE,  a.  [L.  immoderatus;  in  and  mod- 
eratus.     See  SIoderate.] 

Exceeding  just  or  usual  bounds;  not  confined  to 
suitable  limits ;  excessive ;  extravagant ;  unreasona- 
ble ;  as,  immoderate  demands ;  immoderate  passions, 
cares,  or  grief. 

IM-MOD'EH-ATE-I.Y,  adv.  Excessively ;  to  an  un- 
due degree  ;  unreasonably  j  as,  to  weep  immoder- 
atelif. 

IM-M"OD'ER-ATE-NESS,  n.      Excess ;  exti-avagance. 

Shelf ord. 

IM-MOD-EP.-A'TION,  w.  Excess;  want  of  modera- 
tion. Hammond. 

IM-MCD'HST'.  (1.  [Fr.  immodest£;  L,  immodestus  ;  in 
and  7?.i>uVru/,  DitjCesi.    See  the  latter.] 

1.  LiUr:Uii\  ziot  limited  to  due  bounds.  Hence, 
in  a  saieral  «:wr,  immoderate ;  exorbitant;  unrea- 
sonable ;  arrogant. 

9,  .Appropriate^' ,  wanting  in  the  reserve  or  restraint 
which  decency  requires;  wanting  in  decency  and 
delicacy.  It  is  immodest  to  treat  superiors  with  the 
familiarity  that  is  customarj'  among  equals. 

3.  AVanting  in  chastity;  unchaste;  lewd;  as,  an 
immodest  female. 

4.  Impure ;  indelicate  ;  as,  an  immodest  thought. 

5.  Obscene  ;  as,  an  immodest  word.  [Drijdcu. 
IM-MOD'EST-LY,  adv.    Without  due  reserve  ;  inde- 

cenllv  ;  unchastely;  obscenely. 
IM-ftlO'D'ES-TY,  7(.     [L.  immodestia.] 

1.  Want  of  modesty  ;  indecency  ;  unchastity. 

2.  Want  of  delicacy  or  decent  reserve. 
IM'MO-LaTE,  V.  (,     [Fr.  immolcr;  1..  immolo,  to  sac- 

riHce  ;  in  and  mola,  meal  sprinkled  with  salt,  which 
was  thrown  on  the  Iiead  of  the  victim.] 

1.  To  sacrifice ;  to  kill,  as  a  victim  offered  in  sac- 
rifice. Boyle. 

9.  To  offer  in  sacrifice. 

Now  immolate  the  tongues  tiuil  mix  the  wine.  Pope. 

IM'MO-La-TED,  2>P-  or  a.  Sacrificed ;  offered  in  sac- 
rifice. 

Pconi  the  sanie  altar  on  which  the  small  states  shall  be  immo/o- 
ted,  will  rise  the  smoke  of  sacriJlced  liberty,  and  dcspoiisni 
must  be  the  dreadful  successor.  U.  Traaj. 

IM'MO-La-TING,  ppr.      Sacrificing ;    offering,  as  a 

victim. 
IM-I\IO-La'TIOX%  n.    The  act  of  sacrificing.  Brown. 

2,  A  sacrifice  ofl'ered. 
I1\I'M0-La-T0R,  n.    One  who  offers  in  sacrifice. 
IM-MoLD',  i'.  t.    To  mold  into  shape ;  to  form. 

■  Fletcher. 

IM-MoLD'ED,  pp.    Molded  into  shape. 

IM-MOLD'ING,  ppr.     Molding  into  sliape. 

IM-Mo'MEXT,  a.     Trifling.     [JVot  En<Tli3h.]     ShaJ:. 

IM-MO-MEXT'OUS,  a.     Unimportant.  Semard. 

IM-MOR'AL,  «.  [in  and  moral.]  Inconsistent  with 
moral  rectitude ;  contrary  to  the  moral  or  divine  law ; 
wicked;  unjtist ;  dishonest;  vicious.  Every  action 
is  immoral  which  contravenes  any  divine  precept,  or 
which  is  contrary  to  the  duties  which  men  owe  to 
each  other. 

2.  Wicked  or  unjust  in  practice  ;  vicious;  dishon- 
est ;  as,  an  iimnoral  man.  Every  man  wlio  violates 
a  divine  law  or  a  social  duty  is  immoral ;  but  we  par- 
ticularly apply  the  term  to  a  person  who  habitually 
violates  the  laws. 

IM-MO-RAL^I-TY,  n.  Any  act  or  practice  which 
contravenes  the  divine  commands  or  the  social  duties. 
Injustice,  dishonesty,  fraud,  slander,  profaneness, 
gaming,  intemperance,  lewdness,  are  immoralities. 
All  crimes  are  immoralities;  but  crime  expresses 
more  tlian  immornlity. 

IM-MOR'AL-LY,  adv.  Wickedly;  viciously;  in  vio- 
lation of  law  or  duty. 

IM-MO-RIG'ER-OUS,  a.     [Low  L.  ivmoriger.] 

Rude  ;  tincivil.  Staclc/iouse. 

I.M-MO-RIG'ER-OUS-NESS,  n.  Rudeness  ;  disobe- 
dience. Bp.  Taylor, 

IM-MOR'TAL,  a.    [L.  immortalis.    See  JIortal.] 
1.  Having  no  prmciplc  of  alteration  or  corruption  ; 
exempt  from  death ;  having  life  or  being  that  shall 
never  end  ;  as,  an  immortal  soul. 

ViiU)  tlip  Kii)^  cterr.iil,  immor'-ai,  invisible,  Ui2  only  wiie  God, 
be  huiiur  iiiid  glory  forever.  —  I  'fun.  1. 

9,  Connected  with,  or  terminating  in  immortality  ; 
never  to  cease ;  as,  immortal  hopes,  desires,  .iic. 

I  have 
ymmorfti/lonjrin»s  in  me.  Shak. 


3.  Perpetual;  having  unlimited  exislcnci.  A  CttT- 
poration  is  called  an  immortal  being. 

4.  Destined  (o  live  in  all  ages  of  this  world ;  im- 
perisl)able  ;  as,  immortal  fame.  So  Komer  is  called 
the  immurtjil  bard. 

IM-MOIt'TAL,  Tt.    One  who  is  exempt  from  death. 

IM-MORTAL'I-TY,  «.  The  quality  of  never  ceas- 
ing  to  live  or  exist ;  exemption  from  death  z\A  anni- 
hilation ;  lifu  destined  to  endure  without  eiil;  as, 
the  immortality  of  the  human  soul. 

Jesus  Christ,  who  hath  abo!Uh<:(i  death,  and  holh  brought  Ule  and 
immoTlaiily  to  hgli:  tliruiijh  Uie  gospjJ.  —  2  Tiitu  i. 

2.  Exemption  from  oblivion. 

3.  Perj-etuity  ;  existence  not  limited;  as,  the  im- 
vwrtalit]}  of  a  corporation.  J.  MarsltaU. 

IM-MOP^T.VL-I-Za'TION,  71.  The  act  of  immor- 
talizing. 

IM-MOR'TAL-IZE,  r.  t.  [Fr.  immortali^er;  Sp.  im- 
mortalizar.] 

1.  To  render  immortal ;  to  make  perpetual ;  to 
cause  to  live  or  exist  while  the  v/orld  shall  endure. 
The  Iliad  has  immortalized  the  name  of  Homer. 

Alexander  hid  no  Homer  to  immortalize  Im  jruilty  namr, 

9.  To  exempt  from  oblivion ;  to  make  periKjtual. 

IM-MOR'TAL-IZE,  v.  i.  To  become  immortal.  [J\'ot 
in  use.]  Pope, 

IM-M0R'TAL-IZ-£D,  pp.  Rendered  immortal  or  per- 
petual. 

II\I-MOR'TAL-IZ-IXG,  ppr.  Slaking  immortal  or  per- 
petual. 

IM-MOR'TAL-LY,  ado.  With  endless  existence;  with 
exemption  from  death. 

IM-M0R-TI-FI-€a'TI0N,  n.  [in  and  mortification.] 
Want  of  subjection  of  the  passions.      Bp.  Tayhr. 

IM-MOV-A-BIL'I-TY,  71.  Sleadfastnesa  that  can  not 
be  moved  or  shaken, 

IM-MOV'A-BLE,  a.  [in  and  movable.]  That  can  not 
be  moved  from  its  place  ;  as,  an  immoccWe foundation 

2.  Not  to  be  moved  from  a  purpose ;  steadfast ; 
fixed  ;  that  can  not  be  induced  to  change  or  alter ;  as, 
a  man  who  remains  immovable. 

3.  That  can  not  be  altered  or  shaken  ;  unalterable  ; 
unchangeable  ;  as,  an  immovable  purpose  or  resolution. 

4.  That  can  not  be  affected  or  moved  ;  not  impres- 
sible ;  not  susceptible  of  compassion  or  tender  feel- 
ings ;  unfeeling.  Dnjdcn. 

5.  Fixed  ;  not  liable  to  be  removed  ;  permanent  in 
place  ;  as,  immovable  estate.       Blackstonc.    Aylijfc. 

G.  Not  to  be  shaken  or  agitated. 

IM-'llOV'A-BLE-XESS,  ?i.  The  quality  of  being  im- 
movable. 

IM-MO  V A-BLES,  (-biz,)  ?:.  pL  In  law^  the  opposite  of 
MovARLEs;  things  which  can  not  be  legally  taken 
away,  in  leaving  a  house,  farm,  &,c.  Bouvier. 

IM-MO  V'A-BLY,  ad-o.  In  a  manner  not  to  be  moved 
from  its  place  or  purpose  ;  or  in  a  manner  not  to  b^i 
shaken  ;  unalterably  ;  unchangeably.  Jnimorably  firm 
to  their  duty  ;  immovably  fixed  or  established. 

IM-MUND',  a.     [L.  immundas.] 

Unclean.  Burton. 

IM-MUN-DIC'I-TY,  71.    Uncleannc?s.      Mountagu, 

IM-JIO'NI-TY,  n.  [Fr.  immunite ;  L.  hnmunitas^  from 
im;nuHiV,  free,  exempt;  m  and  t/iumi/^,  charge,  ollicc, 
duty.] 

1.  Freedom  or  exemption  from  obligation.  To  be 
exempted  from  observing  the  rites  or  duties  of  the 
church,  is  an  immunity. 

2.  Exemption  from  any  charge,  duty,  office,  tix, 
or  imposition  ;  a  paiticniar  pri\nlege  ;  as,  the  itmnnnt- 
tics  of  the  free  cities  of  Gennanj' ;  the  immunities  of 
the  clerg>'. 

3.  Freedom  ;  as,  an  im7nunity  from  error.    Drydtn 
IM-MuRE',  V.  t.     [Norm.  <rmn(«rrfr,  to  wall  ia;  Sw 

inmura,  L.  in  and  mttrus,  a  wall.] 

1.  To  inclose  within  walls ;  to  shut  up ;  to  confine ; 
as,  to  immure  nuns  in  cloisters.  The  student  immures 
hiniself  voluntarily. 

2.  To  wall ;  to  surround  with  walls. 
l^ysimachus  vrimured  it  with  a  wall.    [Not  uiuai.}    &i;t,'r>-. 

3.  To  imprison.  Denham. 
I  .I-MORE',  n.    A  wall :  an  inclosnre.    [.ATji  -.tscd.] 
lM-MV'il'ED,pp.    Confined  within  walls.        [ShaJ:. 
IM-MfTR'ING,  p;;.-.    Confining  within  w  Us. 
I.U-MtJ'SIC-AL,  a.    [in  and  rnusie^il.]     Not  musical; 

inharnmnions ;  not  accordant ;  Itursii.  £'  icon.  Brown. 
IM-.ML'-TA-BIL'i-TY,  w.    [Fr.  immritr^ili:^  :  U  immu- 

tabilitas ;  i;t  and  mutabitiSj  mutable,  fr  im  mutOy  to 

chairge.] 
Unchangcableness ;  the  quality  that  renders  change 

or  alteration  impossible  ;  invariablencss.    Immtitab'U- 

iiii  is  an  attribute  of  God. 
IM-".Mu'T.\-ULE,  a.    [L-  immutalilis ;  in  and  mutalilis.] 
Unchangeable  ;  invariable ;  unalterable ;  not  C3i>a- 

ble  or'suscX^ptihle  of  change. 

Thai  In-  t\vi>  inimatablc  tilings,  in  wlitcli  it  vas  impKsillc  for 
Gvd  to  lie,  vfc:  nil^ht  lnw  fitnui^  cooKJaliJii.  — Heb.  vi. 

IM-MtJ'TA-BLE-NESS,  71,      Unchaiigeableness ;  im- 

muiabjlitv. 
LM-JIU'TA'-BLY,  adv.     Unchangeably  ;  unalterably  ; 

invariably ;  in  a  manner  tliat  admits  of  no  change. 
^  '  BoyU. 


TCXT:,  bull,  TINITE.— AN"GER,  Vr^CrOUS.  — e  as  K;  G  as  J;  S  as  Z;  ClI  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS 
'1  ^       579" 


IMP 


IMP 


IMP 


,  d.    [L.  itamutatuj.] 


[Obs.] 


Lee 


More* 
SalkcliL 


,2(1 


IJI-MC'TATE. 

l.-nrhanri-J. - 

111  MU   TA'TinX,  «.     [I'-  immutalio.] 

IMMOTi:.  ■■■<-    To  clnnao  or  allcr. 

IMI',  N.    i  VV.  imp,  a  shoot  or  cioii;  S\v.  ymp,  Dan. 

VSM,  id.J 

1.  A  toll  i  ofliprmg  i  pmgeny 

The  wntW  («•;»  »M  *..*iMd. 
A  Uil  brii}<\  -u)  un;>  nl  fjunc. 

0  .\»iibiillpriii.r|«invilLVil.      Hanker.    ^fM<m. 
(•'  Itir  ail  addilion  to  u  Ijccliivu  ;  also,  one  Itn;^  i 

of  liair  twi-liJ,  a<  luriniiii!  part  of  a  fishinKlm-- 
J  r.  Brnd-i't,  Olo.'san  o/ jVort*  Cjiintry  »or<t 
c'liL  !>.  IW.  -  E.  H.  B.]     .      ^       ^  ,,  ^    . 

IMP  c  (      (W.  iMPian,  U.  vnpftn,  Sw.  jm^a,  Sax.  im- 
pa',,  Han.  wmpcr,  to  insraft  ;  D.  e,U,  a  gra"  i  ""'",  '" 

"'rT;.'=raft.  ^    C*«..r, 

3.  To  Iciicihfn  ;  to  extend  or  entiirc**  by  soinelhing 
InMfftr.l  iir  added  ;  a  lerm  originally  used  by  lalcon- 
cra,  who  npair  a  linwks  wing  by  adtling  Icalliers. 

Jnp  «ut  our  Jroopi"?  coni.trr'*  LroVwi  wio^.  Sltoit. 

Her  Lrokeo  Jtafue  lo  i'";'  her  wrriKnl  wliig».  MilUm. 

{This  Ptrb  w,  I bfUeve^  u.^fd  onlij  in  poetrti.] 
\Ui  niUonry,  to  imp  a  ftather  in  a  hawk's  wine,  is 
lo  add  a  new  piece  lo  a  mulilated  slump,  from  the 
Sax.  impan.  lo  ingraft.  Spenser,] 

IM-PA'CA-KLE,  a.     [L.  in  and  pacoy  to  appease.] 

Ni.ltob.'npi»c:i5eilorquii;ltd.  Spenser. 

IM-PA'€A-BLV,  adv.    In  a  manner  nol  admitinig  of 

btriup  .ipiK-ajsed.  . 

IMPACT',  c.  L    [L.  impact  as  tirom  tmptn^o;  m  and 
paajfi*,  to  drive.] 
To  drive  cluso ;  lo  press  or  drive  firmly  logethcr. 
tVooditard. 
I  N'  P  \CT,  n.    Touch  ;  impression.  Darwin, 

■J  111  medianie.*,  the  sin^Me  in=laniancoU5  blow  or 
«ir..ke  communicated  from  one  body  in  molion  to 
uiollier  either  in  nmlion  or  at  rest.  Barlcnc. 

IM-PA€rr'ED,j';/.    Driven  hard  ;  made  close  by  driv- 
ing, li'oodaard. 
IMPACT'ING,  ppr.    Driving  or  pressing  close. 
IM-PAINT',  r.  L    To  paint ;  lo  adorn  with  colore. 

SJtak. 
IM-PAINT'ED.pp.    Ornamtnted  with  colors. 
IM-PAINT'ING,  fpr.    Adorning  with  colors. 
i.M-pAlK',  r.  t.     [Ft.  anpirer  ;  Sp.  fi/i;iforar  ;  Port,  cm- 
foantry  frum  pfior,  worse,  Sp.  peoTy  Ft.  j»irc,  from  L. 
ptjtfr.]  I 

1.  To  make  worse ;  to  diminish  in  quantity,  vr.lue, 

01  exci'IIencc.  An  estate  is  impairrd  by  extravagance 
or  neglect.  The  prolligate  impairs  his  esUitc  and  his 
mwtatinn.     Iniprudtiice  iiapairj  a  man's  U5efu1ne>s. 

•J.  To  IfS-yn  in  power ;  lo  weaken  ;  to  enfeeble. 
'Hie  cuiislitntion  I-j  imynired  I)y  inlemperance,  by  in- 
nrmity,  and  by  age.  'I'lio  force  of  evidence  may  be 
uapairfd  by  Uie  tiuspicion  of  interest  in  the  witness. 

IM-PAIU',  r.  i.  To  be  lessened  or  worn  out.  [Little 
««i/.]  Spetiscr. 

DI'PAIll,  a.    [L.  imvary  unequal.] 

1.  LTn^uiinble.    (06s.]  Shak. 

2.  \ucrystailc^aphyyi\  lerm  applied,  by  Haiiy,  to 
cr>f^als  whose  sides  niid  suinmils  tiave  nut  the  same 
numbr  of  faces     {Dl<\Lftd.\ 

IM-PAIR',  J  n.    Diini:nitlon  ;  dccrcajse  ;  injur}'. 

IM-PAIR'.MF.NT,  \      [Xrt  aaed.]  Brown. 

lyi'VAlR' r.Dy  pp  ore  iJiniinidbcd  ;  injured  j  weak- 
ened. 

IM-PA(R'£B|  n     He  or  that  which  impairs. 

fVarbiirtiin. 

IM-PAIR'ING,  ppr.  Making  worse ;  lessening  ;  injur- 
ing; fnf.-t-'rilinc. 

IM-PAL'.\-TA-nLE,  a.    Unpalatable.    [Little  used.] 

IM-PAI.E',  r.  r.    [l^  in  and  paiusy  a  iK>1e,  a  stake.] 

1.  Tn  tix  on  a  htake  ;  lo  juit  u*  death  by  fixing  on 
an  upright,  jiharp  ?t:ikr.    [See  Eui-alb.] 

'2.  To  intlosf  with  stakes,  posts,  or  ]>alisades. 
3.  In  kfT^ldrgy  to  join  two  coats  of  arms  pale-wise. 

Kucyc. 
IM-PAIX'MKNT,B.  The  act  of  inclosing  or  surround- 
Ine  w  ith  »l:Lke«.     [R.ire.]  Mtlton. 

2.  A  |»u  li^Ument  formerly  used  by  the  Turks  and 
••  ■'  ■  :"  ns^  which  couNisiod  in  Itinisiing  a  stake 

'   r-  fiindamenl  into  the  body,  and  thus  Icav- 
1  Inn  to  n  lingtring  death.  Hrandc. 

...  -ii  -aUlryy  Xhf  divi.-ion  of  a  shit;Id  palc-wi^e. 
IM-PAi/LIO,  c.  L    To  make  pallid  or  p;ile.     [JVot  in 

1*^.1  Ftltham. 

IM-PALM',  (lm-p3ni',)  c.  (.     [I«  in  and  paUnay  the 
hand.] 
To  grajip :  to  Uke  in  tlic  h.ind.  J.  liarltnc. 

I.M-PA1^PA-ItIL'l  TY,  n.    The  quality  of  not  being 

|nlt>nM<- »  r  p<'rreptible  by  the  Ifurb.  Jtyrtin. 

IMPAI-  PA-ltl.E,  a.  [Fr.,  from  L.  in  and  paJpo,  to 
fetl.     Sec  pALPiBLE.J 

1.  Not  to  be  felt ;  that  can  not  h-  |)erceiv('d  by  the 
liMich  ;  a.4,  an  impafpabtr  powder,  whose  parts  are  so 
minute  lh.it  they  can  ni>l  be  distinguished  by  the 
»cn*c<,  particularly  by  feeling.  Entme. 

2.  -Not  coarse  or  gross.  Wartoa. 
IM  P  \I,'P  \.ItT,V,  adr.    In  a  manner  not  lo  be  felU 


IM-PAL':5IED,  (-porzid,);>/».    Struck  with  palsy. 
IM-P.\L'SY,  (-iwl'zc,)  V.  t.    [in  and  palsy.]     To  strike 

witii  nalsv  ;  to  paralyze  ;  lo  deaden. 
IM-PAL'SV-lNtl,  rv-     Affecting  with  palsy. 
IM'P.\-.\ATK,  a.     [I'. )"  :>iiJ  pauis,  bread.] 

FJnbodied  in  bread.  Cranmer. 

IM'P.V-NaTE,  v.  U    To  embody  with  bread. 

fVaterla-nd. 
IM'PA-XA-TED,  ;;p.    Embodied  in  bread. 
I.M'PA-N.^-'I'I.NG,  p;ir.    Embodying  in  bread. 
1M-P.\-Na'TH).V,  71.   The  supposed  real  presence  and 
union  of  Christ's  material  body  and  blood  with  the 
substance  of  bread,  in  the  cucharist.     Kupert  of 
I)nytz,  in  the  tweltUi  century,  proposed  this  modi- 
fication of  the  doctrine  of  transubstanlialion.      He 
supposed  the  Messiah  assumes  the  bread  in  the  eu- 
charist,  just  as  lie  assumed  human  nature  at  his  in- 
carnation, i.  e.,  by  a  union  of  the  two  natures,  with- 
out any  change  lif  either.    LuUier's  doctrine  of  con- 
substantiation  waa  understood,  by  both  Papists  a^d 
Ihe  Iteformcd,  to  be  the  same  with  impauation. 

Murdoek. 
IM-PAX'.VEI*,  u.  (.    [in  and  panel.]    To  write  or  enter 
the  names  of  a  jurv  in  a  list,  or  on  a  piece  of  parch- 
ment, called  a  panel;  to  form,  complete,  or  enroll  a 
list  of  jurors  in  a  court  of  justice. 
IM-PAN'NKL-KD,  pp.     Having  the  names  entered  in 

a  panel ;  formed,  as  a  jury. 
LM-P.-VK'NEL-LNC,  ppr.  Writing  the  names  on  a  pan- 
el ;  formins,  as  a  jury. 
LM-PAU'A-DiSE,  v.  U     [It.  imparadisarc ;  in  and  para- 
'  disc] 

To  put  in  a  place  of  supreme  felicity  ;  to  make  per- 
fectly happv. 
IM-PA'R'.-V-OIS-icD,  pp.    Placed  in  a  coiidilion  resem- 
bling that  of  paradise  ;  made  perfectly  happy. 
IM-PAU'A-UlS-ING,  ppr.    Making  perfectly  happy. 
I.M-PAR'AI^LEL-£:D,  a.     Unparalleled.     [Ar«(  used.] 

Bu.i-net. 
IM-PAR-A-SVL-LAB'ie,  a.     [L.  i«,  par,  and  syllabc.] 
Not  consisting  of  an  equal  number  of  syllables. 
An  imparoMdl^ibic  noun  is  one  which  has  not  the 
same  number  of  syllables  in  all  the  cases ;  as,  lapts, 
lapidis ;  mens,  mentis.  Bryant. 

IM-PXU'DOX-A-BLE,  a.    Unpardonable.        SoutJi. 
IM-PAR'I-TY,n.     [in  and  parity;  L.  ;)ar,  equal.] 

1.  Inequality  ;  disproportion.  Bacon. 

2.  Oddness  ;  indivisibility  into  equal  paiL^.  Broicn. 

3.  Dilference  of  degree,  rank,  or  excellence. 

SancrofL 

IM-PXRK',  V.  t.  [in  and  parL]  To  inclose  for  a  park  , 
to  make  a  park  by  iuclosure  j  to  sever  from  a  com- 
mon. Johnson. 

IM-PAUK'7;D,  (iin-pArkt', );>/).    Confined  in  a  park. 

lM-pARK'IXG,2)/)r.    Inclosing  in  a  park. 

I.M-PARIi',  I',  i.  [Norm,  empcrler;  in  and  Fr.  parler, 
to  speak.] 

To  hold  mutual  discourse  ;  appropriately,  in  law,  to 
have  license  to  settle  a  lawsuit  amicably  ;  to  have  dc- 
lav  for  mutual  adjustment.  Blackstone. 

IM-PXRL'AXCE,  II.  Properly,  leave  for  mutual  dis- 
course ;  appropriatclyy  iu  law,  the  license  or  privilege 
of  a  defendant,  granted  on  motion,  to  have  delay  of 
trial,  to  see  if  he  can  settle  the  matter  amicably  by 
talking  with  the  plaintifl',  and  thus  to  determine 
whal  answer  he  shall  make  to  the  plainlill~'s  action. 
Hence. 

2.  The  continuance  of  a  cause  till  another  day,  or 
from  day  to  day.  Blackstone. 

I.M-PXll-SOX-EE',  a.  Aparsnn  iinparsoncc,  is  a  parson 
pnrsented,  inslitiiled,  and  inducted  into  a  rectory, 
and  in  full  iwssession.  Blackstone. 

IM-P.\UT',  I!,  t.  [L.  impcrtior;  in  and  partiOj  to  di- 
vide ;  from  parsy  a  part.] 

1.  To  give,  grant,  or  communicate  ;  to  bestow  on 
annlher  ashare  or  portion  of  something;  as,  to  impart 
a  portion  of  provisions  to  the  poor. 

2.  In  a  wider  scnsry  simply  to  bestow  on  another  ; 
to  grant ;  to  give  j  to  confer ;  as,  to  impart  honor  or 
favor. 

3.  To  communicate  the  knowledge  of  something  ; 
lo  make  known  ;  to  show  by  words  or  tokens. 


GcnUe  lady, 
Vlicii  first  I  Ji<l  iinpan  wy  luvi;  lo  you. 


Sfioi. 


IM-PXRT'AXCE,n.  Comniunicntion  of  ashare  ;  grant. 

IM-PXKT-A'TION,  7i.  Tiie  act  of  imparting  or  con- 
ferring.    [ A"o(  much  used.]  Channcry, 

IM-PXRT'ED,  ;»p.  cr  a.  Communicated  ;  granted; 
conferred. 

IM-PXRT'ER,  M.    One  that  imparts. 

IM-PXR'TIAL,  (im-par'shal,)a.  [in  and  partialj  from 
party  L.  pars.] 

1.  Xot  partial ;  not  biased  in  favor  of  one  parly 
more  than  another;  indifterent;  unprejudiced;  dis- 
interested ;  as,  an  i/n/jarnu/ judge  or  arbilmtor. 

2.  Xot  favoring  one  party  more  than  another  ;  equi- 
table ;  just ;  as,  an  impartial  judgment  or  decision  ; 
nn  impartial  opinitui. 

lM-PXR'TIAL-lST,7i,  One  wlio  is  impartial.  [Little 
usc^L]  Boiile. 

IM-PAU-TIAL'I-TY,  (im-pJr-shal'e-ty,)  n.  Indilfcr- 
I  ence  of  opinion  or  judgment ;  freedom  from  bias  in 
I     favor  of  one  side  or  party  more  llian  another  ;  disin- 


terestedness.   Impartiality  is  indispensable  to  an  up- 
right judge. 

2.  Equilableness;  justice  ;  as,  the  impartiality  of  a 
decision. 

IM-PXK'TIAL-I.Y,  adv.  Without  bias  of  judgment ; 
without  prejudice  ;  without  inclination  to  favor  one 
party  or  side  more  than  another  ;  eipiitably  ;  jiistle. 

IM-PXRT-I-RIL'I-TY,  ji.  The  quality  of  not  being 
subject  to  partition. 

2.  'i'he  quality  of  being  capable  of  being  commu- 
nicated. 

IM-PXRT'I-nLE,  a.     [Sp.  impartible  ;  in  and  partible.] 

1.  Not  partible  or  subject  lo  partition  ;  as,  an  im- 
partible estate.  Blackstone. 

2.  [from  impart.]  That  may  be  imparted,  con- 
ferred, bestowed,  or  communicated.  Digbv. 

IM-PAUT'INO,  ppr.  Communicating;  granting;  be- 
slo'ving. 

IM-r-AKT'.MEXT,  n.  The  act  of  imparting ;  the  com- 
irmnication  of  knowledge  ;  disclosure.  Shnk. 

IM-PASS  A-BL.E,  a.     [in  wm\  passable.     See  Pass.] 
That  can  not  be  passed  ;  not  admitting  a  pxssage  ; 
as,  an  impassable  road,  mountain,  or  gulf. 

Jilihon.     Temple. 

IM-PXSS'A-BLE-XESS,  n.  The  stale  of  being  im- 
passable. 

IM-PXSS'A-BLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  or  degree  that 
prevents  passing,  or  the  power  of  passing. 

IM-PAS-SI-ItlL'I-TY,      )  71.      [from  impassible.]     Ex 

IM-PAS'SI-BLE-NESS,  (  emption  from  pain  or  suf- 
fering; insusceptibility  of  injury  from  external  things. 

Dryilcn. 

IM-PAS'St-BLE,  c.  [Fr.  impassible;  Sp.  iwpasible;  L. 
impassibilisy  from  passus,  patinry  t<)  sulft-r.] 

Incapable  of  pain,  passion,  or  sutTeiing ;  that  can 
not  be  atfected  with  pain  or  uneasiness.  Whatever 
is  destitute  of  sensation  is  impassible. 

Tliovi'h  oaltcd  and  impassible,  depart.  Drydfn. 

IM-PAS'SIOX,  (im-pasli'un,)  v.  t.     [in  and  ;;aj.j.ioH.] 

To  move  or  affect  strongly  with  p:ission. 
IM-PAS'SION-A-ULE,  a.     Easily  excited  to  auger  ; 

susceptible  of  strong  emfition. 
1M-P\S'SI0N  ATE,  V.  t.    To  affect  powerfully.  J^Iorc. 
IM-PAS'SIOX-ATE,  a.    Strongly  allccted. 

2.  Without  passion  or  feeling.  Barton. 

IM-PAS'SI0X-/:D,  (-pash'und,)  a.  Actuated  or  agi- 
tated by  passion. 

The  icinpter,  all  impa$sio7ud^  tlius  beg m.  Milion. 

2.  Animated  ;  excited  ;  having  the  feelings 
wanned  ;  as,  an  impassioned  orator. 

3.  Animated;  expressive  of  passion  or  ardor;  as, 
an  impassioned  discourse. 

IM-PAS'SIVE,  a.  [L.  in  and  passusy  potior,  to  suffer.] 
Not  susceptible  of  pain  or  suffering;  as,  the  im- 
passive air  ;  impassive  ice.  Dnjden.     Pope. 

IM-P.AS'SIVE-LY,  ode.  Without  sensibility  to  pain 
or  suffering. 

IM-PAS'SIVE-XESS,  n.  The  stale  of  being  insuscep- 
tible of  pain.  Mounta-ru, 

ni-PAS-SlV'I-TY,  71.  The  quality  of  being  insuscep- 
tible of  fL^f'ling,  pain,  or  suffering.    Pansanias.  Trans. 

IM-PAS-TA'TIOX,  n,  [in  and  paste.]  A  union  or 
mixture  of  different  substances  by  means  of  cements 
which  are  capable  of  resisting  the  action  of  lire  or 
air. 

IM-P.\STE', 

1.  To  knead  ;  lo  make  into  paste. 

2.  In  painting,  lo  lay  on  colors  thick  and  bold. 
IM-PaST'£D,  pp,  or  a.    Concreted,  as  into  paste. 

Siiak. 
2.  Pasted  over;  covered  with  paste,  or  with  thick 
paint. 
IM-PAST'IXG,  ppr.    Making  into  paste. 
IM-PAT'I-HLE,  a.     [L.  impalibdis.] 

Iiitobrable  ;  tliat  c;in  not  be  borne. 
IM-Pa'TIEXCE,  71.     [Fr. ;  L.  impatientia,  from  impor 
tiens  ;  in  and  potior,  to  suffer.] 

Uneasiness  under  pain  or  suffering;  the  not  en- 
durinji  pain  witli  composure  ;  restlessness  occasioned 
by  suffering  positive  evil,  or  the  absence  of  expected 
good.  Impatience  is  not  rage,  nor  absolute  inabdity  to 
bear  pain  ;  but  it  implies  want  of  fortitude,  or  of  its 
e\erci-e.  It  usually  springs  from  irritability  of  tem- 
IM-Pa'TIEXT,  a.     [L.  impatiens.]  [per. 

1.  Uneasy  or  fretful  under  suffering ;  not  bearing 
pain  with  composure  ;  not  enduiing  evil  without  fret- 
fulness,  uneasiness,  and  a  desire  or  elFort  to  get  rid 
<f  ilie  evil.  Young  men  are  impatient  of  restraint. 
We  are  all  apt  to  be  impatient  under  wrtmgs  ;  but  it 
is  a  Christian  duty  not  to  be  impatient  in  sickness,  or 
under  any  afflictive  dispensation  of  Providence. 

2.  Xot  suffering  quietly  ;  not  enduring. 

Fame,  impatUtU  of  exiromes,  d«.iya 

Not  more  by  eiwy  Uiaii  excess  of  pmiso.  Pope. 

3.  Hasty;  eager;  not  enduring  delay.  The /.■»;«»- 
(icTi(  man  will  not  wait  for  information  ;  he  often 
acts  with  precipitance.  Be  not  impatient  fi.r  the  re- 
turn of  sprini:. 

4.  Xot  to  be  borne  ;  as,  impatient  smart.      Spens^, 
This  word  is  followed  by  of,  at,  for,  or  under.    We 

are  impatient  of  restraint,  or  of  \vrongs  ;  impatient  at 
\      the  deby  of  expected  good  ;  impatient  for  the  return  i 
I     of  a  friend,  or  for  the  arrival  of  the  mail ;  impatiaa  ', 


Brandc. 
.  L     [Fr.  cmpatcr :  in  and  pdte,  paste.] 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — M£TE,  PRfiY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK. — 


580 


IMP 

KJider  evils  of  nny  kind.    The  proper  use  of  these 
particles  can  be  learnt  only  by  practice  or  obserra- 
lion. 
IM-Pa'TIENT,  n.    One  who  is  restless  under  suffer- 


in?.     I  Unusual.] 


IM-PA'i'lE\T-LY,  adv.  With  uneasiness  or  restless- 
ness ;  as,  to  bi-ar  disappointment  vitpatifnflu. 

2.  With  eager  desire  causing  uneasiness ;  as,  to 
wait  impatiently  for  the  arrival  of  one's  friend. 

3.  PassionateU' ;  ardently.  Clamuhn, 
IM-PAT-RON-I-Za'TION,  n.     Absolute  scignory  or 

possession.  Cotgrave. 

IM-PAT'RON-IZE,  r.  t.     [Ft.  impatro7ihcr.] 

To  gain  to  one's  self  the  power  of  any  scignory. 

Bacrnt. 

I3t-PAWN',  V.  t.  [in  and  pawju]  To  pawn  ;  to  pledge  j 
to  (it-posit  as  security.  SfiaJi 

ni-P/VWN'£D,  pp.    Pledeed. 

1M-P.\WN'ING,  ppr.    Pledging. 

IM-PeACH',  r.  t.  [Ft.  cmpecficr;  Arm.  ampcich,  cm- 
pcchcin:  Port,  and  Sp.  cinpac/iur ;  ll.  impacciarc ;  to 
hinder,  to  stop.  It  signities  also,  in  Portuguese,  to 
surfeit,  to  overload,  to  glut.    It  belongs  to  the  family 

of  pack ;  L.  pan^o,  paclus  ;  Ar.  t^X-j  hnhlca^  to  press 

or  compress.  Class  Bg,  Xo,  13,  20,  61.  The  literal 
sense  of  impeach  is,  to  thrust,  or  send  against ;  heucc, 
to  hinder,  to  stop.] 

1.  To  hinder;  to  impede.  This  sense  is  found  in 
our  early  writers. 

These  unjndaus  pnicliccB  of  htssons  diii  imj-.each  bis  journey 

to  the  Holy  Land.  Davits. 

A  tlcflujiion  on  my  thro^tt  impeached  my  iitteninc-e.       }lo:'.cU. 

[This  application  of  the  word  is  obsrhte.] 

2.  To  accuse;  to  charjie  witii  a  crime  or  misde- 
meanor ;  but  appropriately^  to  exhibit  cliarges  of  mal- 
administration against  a  public  officer  before  a  compe- 
tent tribunal,  that  is,  to  send  or  put  on,  to  load.  The 
word  is  now  restricted  to  accusations  made  by  au- 
thority ;    as,   to   impeach  a  judge.      [See  Im:*each- 

ME7JT.] 

3.  To  charge  with  impropriety ;  to  call  in  question  ; 
as,  to  impeach  one's  motives  or  conduct. 

4.  To  call  to  account:  to  charge  as  answerable. 
I.M-PkACH',  71.    Hinderancc.    [Oh.^.]  Shak. 
IM-PeACH'A-BLE,  fl.    Liable  to  accusation;  charge- 
able with  a  crime  ;  accusablc  ;  censurable. 

2.  Liable  to  be  called  in  question;  accountable. 

Owr.ers  of  lands  in  f:^c-siinp!e  arc  not  impeachabie  for  wasic. 

Z.  Si~-^jt. 

IM-PeACH'ED,  (im-peeciit',)  pp.    Hindered.     [Obs.] 
2.  Accused  ;  charged  with  a  crime,  misdemeanor, 
or  wrong ;  censured. 

The  first   rfo 

pca/:hed. 

IM-PkACII'ER,  n.    An  accuser  by  authority;    one 

who  calls  in  question. 
IM-PeACH'I.\G,  ppr.    Hindering.     [Obs.] 

2.  Accusing  by  authority  ;  calling  in  question  the 

purity  or  rectitude  of  conduct  or  motives. 
IM-PeACH'.MEXT,   It.      Hinderance;     impediment; 

stop ;   obstruction.     [Obs.]  Spenser.     ShaJc. 

2.  .Vn  accusation  or  charge  brought  against  a  pub- 
lic officer  for  maladministration  in  his  office.  In 
Great  Britain,  it  is  the  privilege  or  right  of  the  hnn=  ■ 
of  commons  to  impeach,  and  the  right  of  the  Imi]  t 
of  Icrds  to  try  and  determine  impeachments.  In  tht 
United  State-i,  it  is  the  right  of  the  house  of  repre- 
sentatives to  impeach,  and  of  the  senate  to  try  and 
determine  impeachments.  In  Great  Britain,  the 
house  of  peers,  and  in  the  United  States,  the  sen- 
ate of  the  United  States,  and  the  senates  in  the  sev- 
eml  slates,  are  the  high  courts  of  impeachment. 

3.  The  act  of  impeaching. 

4.  Censure;  accusation;  a  calling  in  question  the 
purity  of  motives  or  the  rectitude  of  conduct,  &c. 
This  declaration  is  no  impeachment  of  his  motives  or 
of  his  judgment. 

5.  The  act  of  calling  to  account,  as  for  waste. 

6.  The  slate  of  being  liable  to  account,  as  for 
waste. 

IM-PEARL',  rim-perl',)  r.  f,  [in  and  pear!.]  To  form 
in  the  resemblance  of  pearls. 

Dfw-drops  ivliicli  the  sun 
trnpearls  on  CTtry  \^\t,  uittl  every  llowcr.  ^t'dton. 

2.  To  decorate  with  pearls,  or  with  things  resem- 
bling pearls. 

Thp  ilews  cf  the  triorning  impearl  ovrj"  ihorn.  Di;:hj. 

H1-PEARL'£D,  pp.    Formed   in  the  resemblance  of 

pearls. 
IM-PE.\RL'TXG,  ;ip.    Forming  in  the  resemblance  of 

pearh  ;  decorating  with  pearls. 
IM-PE€^eA-liIL'I-TY,  )  n.     [.See  Impeccable.]  The 
IM-PEe'CAX-CY,  \     quality  of  not  being  liable 

to  sin  ;  exemption  from  sin,  error,  or  otTense.     Pope. 
ni-PE€'€A-BLE,  (I.     [Sp.  impccabte;    Ft.  impeccable ; 

in.  and  Sp.  pecablCy  Fr.  peccable,  from  L.  peeco,  to  err, 

to  sin.] 
Not  liable  to  sin  ;  not  subject  to  sin  ;  exempt  from 

the  possibility  of  sinning.    No  mere  man  is  impeeca- 

bU. 


in  tail  mny  com-Tiit  waste  williout  bcinj  im 
Z.  Hwift. 


IMP 

IM-PkDE',  r.  t.  [Sp.  impedlr ;  It.  impcdirc  ;  L.  impc- 
Ji^ ;  supposed  to  bs  compounded  of  ir  and  pedes, 
fee?,  to  catch  or  entangle  the  feet.] 

To  hinder  ;  to  stop  in  progress ;  to  obstruct ;  af?,  to 
rmppile  the  progress  of  troops. 

IM-PkD'ED,  pp.    Hindered;  stopped;  obstructed. 

IM-Pe'D[-BLE,  a,    TJiat  may  be  impeded. 

IM-PEH'I-MEXT,  n.     fL.  impedimentum.] 

1.  That  which  hinders  progress  or  motion  ;  hin- 
derance  ;  obstruction  ;  obstacle  ;  ajyplicable  to  every 
subject,  physical  or  moral.  Bad  roads  are  imprdimenU 
in  marching  and  traveling.  Idleness  and  dissipation 
are  impediments  to  improvement.  The  cares  of  life 
are  impediments  to  the  progrer-s  of  vital  religion. 

2.  That  which  prevents  distinct  articulation  ;  as, 
an  impediment  in  speech. 

IM-PED'I-.MEXT,  V.  t.    To  impede.     [JVo!  hi  iise.] 

Bp.  Ramolds. 
IM-PED-I-MEXT'AL,  a.    Hindering  ;  o'br.tr.icdng. 

IM-PkD'IXG,  p7;r.    Hindering  ;  elcr-oing  ;  ccstrucling- 
IM  'PE-DITi:,  c'.     Hi!:dered.  7V:'?(W. 

I.M'PE-DlTE,  i\  t.    To  impede.    [^Tot  in  use.] 
I.M-PE-DI"TiOX,  (-pe-dish'un,)  n.    A  hhideripg. 

Baxter. 
I.M-PED'I-TIVE,  a.    Causing  hindemnce.   Sanderson, 
IJI-PEL',  r.  t,     [Sp.  impclcr ,'  It.  impcllerc ;  L.  impctlo  ; 
in  au<l  pcllii,  tu  drive.] 

To  drive  or  urge  forward  ;  to  press  <tn  ;  to  excite 
to  action,  or  to  move  forward,  by  the  application  of 
physical  fcrce,  or  moral  suasion,  or  necessity,  A 
ball  is  impelled  by  the  force  of  powd«T  ;  a  ship  is  im- 
pelled liy  wind  ;  a  man  may  hfi  impelled  by  hunger  or 
a  regard  to  his  safety  ;  motives  of  policy  or  of  safety 
impel  nations  to  confederate. 

The  sur^  iinprHed  me  on  a  cni^jy  coast,  Pope. 

And  several  men  impel  lo  several  ends.  Pope. 

LM-PEL'LED,  (im-peld',)  pp.  Driven  forw.ird  ;  urged 
on  ;  moved  bv  anv  force  or  power,  physic;;!  or  moral. 

IM-PEL'LENT,  fl. "  Having  the  quality  ot  ;:n|);tling. 

IM-PEL'LEXT,  71.  A  power  or  force  that  ',  v.- ^  for- 
ward ;  motive  or  impulsive  power.  O.tiuvdlc. 

II\I-PEL'LER,  n.    lie  or  that  which  impels. 

I.M-PEL'LL\G,pj»r.  or  u.  Driving  forward;  urging; 
pressing. 

IM-PEX'",  I*,  t.  [in  and  pen.]  To  pen  ;  to  shut  or  in- 
close in  a  narrow  place.  Fcltliam, 

LM-PEXD',  V.  i.  [L.  impaidco ;  in  and  pendcoj  to 
hang.] 

1.  1  o  hang  over ;  to  be  suspended  above  ;  to  threat- 
en.   A  dark  cloud  impends  over  the  land. 

PcsLruciion  sure  o'er  ail  your  hr^da  impends.  Pope, 

2.  To  be  near ;  to  be  approaching  .and  ready  to 
fall  on. 

It  expresses  our  deep  sense  of  God's  impending  vi-nili. 

Smalri/l^e. 
Nor  bear  advices  of  impending  foes.  Pope. 

IM-PEXD'EXCE,  \n.      The  slate  of  hanging  over  ; 

UVt-PEND'EN-CY,  \  near  approach ;  a  menacing  at- 
tiliidi-'.  Itammond, 

IM-PE.VD'ENT,  a.  Hanging  over  ;  imminent :  threat- 
ening ;  pressing  closely  ;  as,  an  impmdait  evil.  Hale. 

IM-PEXD'IXG,  p/n-.  ora.  Hanging  over;  approach- 
ing near  ;  threatening. 

ni-PEX-E-TRA-BIL'I-TY,  n.  [from  impenetrable.] 
The  quality  of  being  impenetrable. 

9.  In  natural  philosophy,  that  ipiality  of  matter  by 
which  it  excludes  all  other  matter  from  the  space  it 
occupies.  Oluisted. 

3.  Insusceptibility  of  intellectual  impression. 

Johnson. 
IM-PEX'E-TR.\-BLE,  a.     [L.   impcnetrabilis  i   in  and 
penetrabili<.  from  penctro,  to  penetrate.] 

1.  That  can  not  be  penetrated  or  pierced  ;  not  ad- 
mitting the  passage  of  other  bodies;  as,  an  iwipcHc- 
tralile  shield. 

2.  Xot  to  be  affected  or  moved  ;  not  admitting  im- 
pressions on  the  mind.  The  hardened  sinner  re- 
mains impenetrable  to  the  admonitions  of  the  gospel. 

3.  Not  to  be  entered  by  the  sight ;  as  impenetrable 
darkness.    Hence, 

4.  Not  to  be  entered  and  viewed  by  the  eye  of  the 
intellect;  as,  impenetrable  obscurity  or  abstnisencss. 

IM-PEX'E-TR.V-BLE-XESS,  n.  ImpenetrabiUty, 
which  see. 

IM-PEX'E-TRA-BLY,  oih:  With  solidity  that  admits 
not  of  being  penetrated. 

2.  With  hardness  that  admits  not  of  impression  ; 
as,  impcnctrabbf  dull.  Pope, 

IM-PEX'I-TENCE,  )  n.     [Fr.  impenitence  ;  Sp.  impen- 

IM-PEN'I-TEN-CY,  i  itcncia;  It.  impenilniza  ;  L.  in 
and  pamitens,  from  pa-nilco,  to  repent,  ptcnu,  pain.] 

Want  of  penitence  or  repentance  ;  absence  of  con- 
trition or  sorrow  for  sin;  obduracy:  hardness  of 
heart.  Final  impmiuncc  dooms  llie  siuuer  to  Inev- 
itable punishment. 


He  will  advance  from  one  ilegnfe  of  impenitetux  to  another. 

Hosera. 

IM-PEN'I-TE.N'T,  a.    [Fr. ;  iti  and  penitent,  supra.] 
Not  penitent ;  not  repenting  of  sin  ;  not  contrite ; 

obdurate  ;  of  a  hard  heart. 

They  died 
fmpeni'xnc.  MUlon. 


IMP 

IM-PEN'I-TEXT,  n.  One  who  dt>e3  not  icpent;  a 
bardeii'^d  sinner. 

IJI-PE.X'I-TKN'I'-LY,  adv.  Without  repentance  or 
contrition  for  sin  ;  obdurately. 

DI-PEX'XA'i'E,  a.  or  n.  [L.  in  and  penna.']  A  t*.'nn 
applied  to  swimming  birds,  as  penguins,  chnraclcr- 
i/.ed  by  short  wings  covered  wilii  feathers  re.«em- 
bling  scales.  Braade. 

I!M-PEN'\£D,  pp.    Inclosed  in  a  narrow  place. 

I.M-PEN'XIX(;,  ppr.     Inclosing  in  a  narrow  place. 

IM-PEN'XOUS,a.  [mand  pr/mou-O  Having  no  wing.s 

I.M-PeO'PLE,  (im-iwe'pl,)  v.  t.  To  form  into  a  com- 
munity.    [See  People.]  Bea»m.  4'  /•'/. 

IM-PeO'PL/oD,  pp.     Funned  into  a  community. 

I.M-PeO'PLING,  ppr.    Fonning  into  a  communilv, 

IM'  PE-R AXT,  a.     [L.  impcro.] 

Commanding.  Baxter. 

IM'PE-RATE,  a.    [L.  imperatus,  imptro,  to  command.] 
Done  by  impulse  or  direction  of  the  mind.     [Aot 
V-sed.]        '  SijuiA.    Hale. 

IM-PEU'A-TiVE,  a.  [Fr.  impcrati/f  L.  impenUiousj 
from  i/nprro,  to  command.     See  Empire-] 

1.  Commanding  ;  authorit'itive  ;  expressive  of 
command  ;  containing  positive  command,  as  distin- 
guished from -Advisory,  or  DiscRExroNART.  Thcor- 
ders  are  imperative. 

2.  In  grammar,  the  imperative  mode  of  a  verb  is 
that  which  expresses  command,  entreaty,  advice,  or 
exhortation  ;  as,  fro,  tcrite,  attend. 

IM-PF,R'A-TIVE-LY,  adr.    With  command  ;  autbor- 

ilativilv. 
ni-PER-A-To'RI-AL,  a.    Conunanding.  [JS'ct  in  «je.] 
IM-PER-CkIV'ABLE,  a.     Imperceptible.    [J^'orris. 
I.M-PER-CeIV'A-BLE-XESS,  ?i.     Imperrepiiblene-s. 
IM-PEK-CEP'TI-BLE,  a.     [Ft.  ;  in  and  perceptible.] 

1.  Xot  to  be  perceived  ;  not  to  be  known  or  discov- 
ered by  the  senses.  We  say  a  thing  is  imperceptible 
to  the  touch,  to  the  eye  or'sicht,  lo  the  ear,  to  the 
taste,  or  smcH.    Hence, 

2.  Ver>*  small;  fine;  minute  in  dimensions;  or 
ver>'  slow  in  motion  or  progress  ;  as,  the  growth  of  a 
planter  animal  is  imperceptible  i  it  is  too  slow  to  be 
perceived  by  the  eye. 

Ifll-PER-CEP'TI-BLE,  n.  Tliat  wliich  can  not  be 
perceived  by  the  senses  on  account  cf  its  smallness. 
[Little  used.]  TaUer. 

TM-PER-CEP'TI-BLE-XESS, )  n.  The  quality  of  being 

Ii\I-PEU-CEP-TI-BIL'!-TY,    S     imjwrcepiible.  Hale. 

LM-PER-CEP'TI-BLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  not  to  be 
perceived.  Addison. 

IM-PER-CIP'I-EXT,  a.  Xot  perceiving  or  not  having 
power  to  perceive.  Barler. 

IM-PER-DI-BIL'l-TY,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  be- 
ing imperdible. 

IM-PER'DI-BLE,  a.  Xot  destructible.  [A'or  a  le^ti- 
mate  leord.] 

IM-PERTECT,  a.  [h.  impcrfrctus ;  ir.  :intl  perftctus^ 
finished,  perfect;  pvrjicio, to  perfect ;  i^o- and /acio, 
to  make.] 

1.  Xot  finished  ;  not  complete.  The  work  or  design 
is  imperfect. 

2.  Defective;  not  entire,  sound,  or  whole;  want- 
ing a  part ;  impaired.  The  writing*  of  Livy  ate  iai' 
perfect, 

3.  Not  perfect  in  intellect;  liable  lo  err:  as,  men 
are  imperfect ;  our  minds  and  understandings  are  im- 
perfect. 

4.  Not  perfect  in  a  moral  view  ;  not  accordina  to 
the  laws  of  God,  or  the  rules  of  right.  Our  services 
and  obedience  arc  imperfect. 

5.  In  grammar,  ilie  imperfect  tense  denotes  an  ac- 
tion in  ti~me  pasl,  then  pa-sent,  but  not  finished. 

6.  In  nnisic,  incomplete  ;  not  having  all  the  acces- 
sary sounds  ;  as,  an  imperfect  chord. 

An  imperfect  intrrral,  is  one  which  does  not  contain 
its  complement  of  simple  sounds.  Busby. 

7.  In  botany,  wanting  either  stamens  or  pistils,  as 
a  (lower. 

Imperfect  number ;  one  which  is  not  equal  lo  tlie 
sum  of  its  aliquot  parts  or  divisors.    [See  Perfect.] 
IM-PER-FEC'TIOX,  n.     [Fr.,  from  L.  impcrfectio,  su- 
pra.] 

1.  Defect ;  fault ;  the  want  of  a  part  or  of  some- 
thing neccssarv  to  complete  a  thing;  equally  applica- 
ble to  physical  or  moral  subjects.  When  fntit  fails  to 
come  to  maturity,  and  after  it  begins  lo  der;iy,  we 
denominate  the  tlefcct  an  imprrfcctioit.  Law.-;  some- 
times fail  of  the  intended  effect,  either  from  their  rm- 
perfrdion,  or  from  the  imperfection  of  tiie  adminislm- 
tion.  iMen  are  all  chargeable  with  imperfc-ctions,  botli 
in  character  and  in  conduct. 

2.  In  book-binding,  a  sheet  or  signature  wanting  to 
complete  a  book. 

IM-PER'FECT-LY,  Gffr.    In  an  imperfect  manner  or 

degree  ;  not  fully  ;  not  entirely  ;  not  completely ;  not 

in  the  best  manner;  not  without  fault  or  laihirc. 

IM-PER'FECT-XESS,n.  The  slate  of  brine  imperfect. 

IM-PER'FO-RA-BLE,  a.     [Infni.]    That  cin  not  be 

perforated  or  bored  tlirough. 
IM-PER'FO-RATE,  a.    (  L.  i«  and  perforatus.  perforo  ; 
Xot  perforated  or  pieiced  ;  having  no  optnmg. 

Sharpr. 
IJI-PER'FO-Ra-TED,  a.     Xot  lyerfomlrd.       Brnmn. 
2.  Having  no  pores. 


^"i^  J.  Banks. 


TOXE,  ByLL,  UNITE.  — .'VX'^GER,  VI"CIOUS,— G  as  K  ;  6  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  Til  as  in  THIS 


581 


IMP 


,i  A'TION,  n.  The  slaio  of  being  not  pcr- 
^wtlioul  nny  aperture. 
IM  I'f,  KI--\[.,  a.    [Kr.,  from  L.  imperitUis,  from  impc- 
TJ^  lo  eomriinnd.    t?ef  Eurtnon.] 

1.  rrrtrimiifj  lo  nn  empire,  or  to  an  emperor;  as, 
ui  I  Miit-nt;  ail  imperial  diadem  ;  impe- 

rijj  i;  imperial  power  or  sway. 

•J.  .  :ig  lo  a  iiioiiarch  ;  as,  an  imperial 

pja.  -.  Dryden. 

3.  .  yalty  ;  denoting  sovereignty. 

■1.  I  _  ,  lUQintaining  iiupremacy  ;  as,  tlio 

r.izy  of  Athens.  JiUtford. 

Umber ;  llio  sovereign  court  of  the  Ger- 
Kncyc, 
I'.i  r.-.i  City;  acity  in  Germany  Laving  no  bead 
but  i)if  pmiK-ror. 
r-rpn^.n'  dirt;  an  assembly  of  all  Uio  states  of  the 
irc.  Kncye. 

i  ,   n.     In  arcAiteetnrey  a  kind  of  dome, 

."I  in  profile,  is  pointed  toward  tJic  top, 
,'in'I  u  III-  ns  as  it  descends,  aa  in  Mcforish  buildings. 

Elmcs. 
1  \  Tift  nf  hair  on  a  man's  lower  lip. 
r^  "  ;  I.  IST,  71.    Ono  who  belongs  to  an  cmpe- 

t  or  soldier  of  nn  emperor.    The  denom- 
ruilists  \H  often  given  to  the  troops  or 
r.rrii!'  ^  Ml  lUv  emfteror  of  Germany. 
IMPE-RI-AL'I-TV,  n.    Imperial  power. 

*i  Tlie  ri^lit  of  an  emperor  to  a  share  of  the  prod- 
uce of  mines,  &.c. 

The  bie  rmprrw  liaviny,  by  ukaaca  of  pncc,  rclInquUhcd  her 
iaprrii^dea  on  tbe  privnti)  mloes,  riz.  the  tciiUia  of  Uto 
cc[.f>-r,  iron,  tilrer,  nntl  gold.  Toohe. 

IM-PS'RI-AL-IZ-ED,  0.    Made  imperial  or  belonging 
I      to  an  i-niperor.  Fuller. 

IM-I'K'UI-AI.  LY,  adc.    In  an  imperial  manner. 
IM  fKUI-AUTV,  n.    Imperial  power.  Skcldon. 

P!  IT.iriL,  c.  (.    [in  and /icri/.]    To  bring  into  dan- 

Spcnscr. 
.;  II*-£D,  pp.    Brought  into  danger. 
_.i'lL-IMG,  jipr.    Lringing  into  danger. 
1>!-I'r:'  lU-OUS,  a.     [L.  ir!*periostts ,'  It.  and  i?p.  impcri- 
030  ;  Kr.  intperieux.     See  Imfkrial.] 

1.  ''Mniiiiiinding ;  dictatorial;  haughty;  arrogant; 
domineering  ;  aa,  an  imperious  tyrant ; 
•  lictalor;  an  imperious  man  ;  an  imperi- 
Morc.     Shak. 
■^  Luuiiiinnding;  indicating  an  imperious  temper; 
authoritative  ;  as,  imperious  words.  Locke. 

n.  Powerful ;  overbearing ;  not  to  be  opposed  i)y 
:  I'llca  ;  as,  a  man  of  a  vast  and  imperious  mind. 
Tillotson. 
i-'ommanding ;  iircent;  pressing;  ins ^  imperious 
love ;  imperiom  circumstances  ;  imperious  appetite. 
Dryden.     S.  S.  SmitJi. 
5.  AatfaoritatJvc ;   commanding  with  rightful  au- 
thorit>-. 

The  coKitnandmenl  hiffti  imd  imperious  in  Us  daina. 

D.  A.  Qarke. 

IM-Pfi'RI-OU.^LY.aic.  Witharroganceof command; 
with  a  haughty  air  of  authorit}' ;  in  a  domineering 
manner.  South, 

9.  IVith  urgency  or  force  not  to  be  opposed. 

IM-PE'RI-OUS-r-fESS,  Ti.  Authority ;  air  of  command. 

2.  Arrogance  of  command  ;  haughtiness. 

Imptriaiunttt  uiJ  •crrriiy  b  an  ill  w»y  of  licHiiig  men  who 
IwTc  pM*on  to  piide  tbem.  Locke. 

ni-PER'ISH-A-IJLE,  a. 

-  .  subject  to  decay ;  not  liable  to  perish ;  inde- 

I'li' ;  cndurin;  pennancntly  ;  as,  an  itupcrUlia- 

n'!r;i(_-nt  ;  ihipcri^fiaiilc  renown.    Elegant  Jis- 

.,:lue  — will  not  supply  the  consolations 

hnpe. 
\  BLE-XESS,  ji.    The  quality  of  being 

1  •:  i  IRISII-A-BLY,  ailc.    So  as  not  to  be  liable  to 

/.7-i7.1/  hv  IM-PS'ni-o,    [L.]    Government 
!i>  a  t.ivcmiD.-nt. 
-MANliXCE, 
■"i''(l  tluratinn. 


[Fr.  imperUsoMe;  m  and  per- 


IM- 


i:. 


Want  of  pcnnanence  or 

M-\  VPVT-'         r-  ,  W.  MoiLnlagu. 

'i.\:\t.A  I ,  a.    lin  and  permanent.]    Not  ner- 
:' ;  not  cndunM:.  Grc^nri, 

no.'l^^'-'^''^'-''^''  "•    Thequalitv  in  boSof 
not  permitlMis  a  Hu.d  to  pass  throiicb  tiieni. 

,    .  Cccallo.    .^siat.  Res. 

i.Lt,  c.     [L.  in  and  perinea ;  par  and 

1  to  J.odioa  which  do  not  permit  nuida 
'■    India-nibber  is  impermeable  to 

'rmeaiU  to  air.  OlmsUil. 

•  -l-^:?,  n.    State  of  being  iinper- 


IM-PER'JIE-A-BLY,  ad 
■  ^'eUC'TA-BLE 


In  an  impermeable  man- 
That  can  not  be  searched 
Rr'TA-rLlVNlSS,  n.    State  of  not  being 

^Vt.  impcr3onnel ;  Jj,imprrsona- 
S  from  persona.     See  Pecso.x.] 


IMP 

In  frrammar,  an  impersonal  verb  is  one  which  is  not 
employed  with  the  first  and  second  persons,  /  and 
Viou  or  xjouy  wc  and  yc,  for  nominatives,  and  which 
has  no  variation  of  ending  to  express  iheni,  but  is 
used  only  with  the  termination  of  Ihc  third  person 
singular,  with  (t  for  a  nominative  in  English,  and 
without  a  nominative  in  Latin;  as,  if  rains;  it  be- 
comes us  to  be  modest ;  L.  ta-dcl ;  libct ;  putfiiatur. 

IM-PER-SON-AL'I-TV,  n.  Want  or  indistinctness  of 
personality.  Draper. 

lAI-PER'SOiV-AL-LY,  adv.  In  the  manner  of  an  im- 
personal verb. 

liM-PER'SON-ATE,  v.  t.  To  invest  with  personality 
or  the  bodily  substance  of  a  living  being. 

2.  To  ascribe  tiie  qualities  of  a  person ;  to  person- 
ifv.  fVart07i. 

IM-PER'SON-A-TED,  pp.  or  a.  Made  persons  of. 
[Sec  Personated.]  iVarlon. 

IM-PER-SON-A'TlOtV,  It.  Embodiment,  or  state  of 
being  invested  with  personality. 

2.  The  act  of  personifying,  or  representing  things 
without  life  as  persons.  West.  Rev. 

IHI-PER-SPI-€U'I-TY,  71.  Want  of  perspicuity  or 
clearness  to  the  mind. 

i:\I-PEU-SPI€'U-OUS,  a.  [in  imi\  ■perspicuous.']  Not 
perspicuous;  not  clear;  obscure.  Bailctj. 

IM-PER-SUA'SI-BLE,  a.  [L.-  trt  and  persHOsii/ilis. 
See  Persuade.] 

Not  to  be  moved  by  persuasion ;  not  yielding  to 
argnnumts.  Dccaij  of  PieUi. 

IM-l'ER'Tl-NENCE.  )  n.     [Fr.  impertinence^  from  li. 

IM-PER'TI-NEN-CY, !  impertincns ;  in  and  perti- 
ncns,  pertinco,  to  pertain  ;  per  and  tcncOy  to  hold.] 

1.  That  which  iii  not  pLitinenl;  that  which  does 
not  belong  to  the  subject  in  hand;  that  which  is  of 
no  weight.  Bacoru 

2.  The  state  of  not  being  pertinent. 

3.  Folly  ;  rambling  thouglit.  [Little  used.]    Shak. 

4.  Rudeness ;  improper  intrusion ;  interuirence  by 
word  or  conduct  which  is  not  consistent  with  the 
age  or  station  of  the  person. 

[This  is  Vie  most  usual  sense.] 

We  should  avoid  die  vexation  and  impertinence  of  pedants. 

5.  A  trifle ;  a  thing  of  little  or  no  value. 

There  arc  many  subiile  imperlinenceB  leaml  in  EChools-     Watts. 

IJI-PER'TI-NENT,  a.     [L.  impertincns,  supra.] 

1.  Not  pertaining  to  the  matter  in  hand  ;  of  no 
wciglit ;  having  no  bearing  on  the  subject;  as,  an 
impa-tincnt  remark.  Hooker.     Tillotson. 

'■2.  Rude;  intrusive;  meddling  with  tliat  which 
does  not  belong  to  the  person ;  as,  an  impertinent 
coxcomb. 

3.  Trifling;  foolish;  negligent  of  the  present  pur- 
poBe.  Pope. 

IM-PER'TI-NENT,  n.  An  intruder  ;  a  meddler  ;  one 
who  interferes  in  what  does  not  belong  to  him. 

L'Estrange. 
IJI-PER'TI-NENT-LY,  adc.    Without  relation  lo  the 
matter  in  hand. 
3.  Officiously;  intrusively;  rudely.        Addison. 
IM-PER-TR.\i\'-SI-BIL'l-TY,  n.    The  quality  of  not 

being  cnpable  of  being  passed  through.  Hale. 

rM-PER-TR.VN'SI-IJLE,  a.      [L.  in  and  pcrtransco; 
per  and  trnnsco,  to  pass  over  or  through ;  trans  and 
eo,  to  go.] 
Not  to  be  passed  through.     [Little  itscd.] 
DI-PER-TURB'A-BLE,  a.      [L.  in  and  pci-turbo,  to 
disturb  ;  per  and  turbo.] 

That  c;in  not  be  disturbed  or  agitated  ;  permanently 
quiet.  Encyc. 

IM-PER-TUR-Ba'TION,  7i.    Freedom  from  agitation 

of  mind  ;  calmness.  JJ''.  Mountagu. 

IM-PER-TQRB'^I),  a.     Undisturbed.    [J^ot  in  use.] 

Bailey. 
IM-PER'VI-A-BLE,  a.    Impervious. 
Ii\I-PER'VI-A-BLE-NESS,  )  n.    Imperviousness. 
IM-PER-VI-A-BIL'I-TY,    j  Ed.  Rev. 

IM-PER'VI-OUS,  a.  [L.  impervius ;  in  and  pcrvius, 
passable  ;  per  and  via,  way.] 

1.  Not  to  be  penetrated  or  passed  through  ;  impen- 
etrable ;  as,  an  impervious  gulf;  an  impercious forest. 

2.  Not  penetrable  ;  not  to  be  pierced  by  a  pointed 
instrument ;  as,  an  impervious  shield. 

'3.  Not  penetrable  by  lisht;  not  peinieable  to  fluids. 
Glass  is  pervious  to  light,  but  impervious  to  water. 
Paper  is  impervious  to  ]i;:ht.  In  tlic  latter  sense  only, 
impervious  is  synonymous  with  impermeable. 

IM-PER'VI-OUS-IA*,  adv.  In  a  manner  to  prevent 
passage  or  pi;netnition. 

IM-PKR'VI-OUS-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  not  admit- 
ting a  passage. 

I.M-Pl-:S'TER,  V.  t.    To  vex ;  lo  tease.     [JVot  used.] 

IM-PE-T1C;'IN-0US,  a.  [L.  impetigo,  a  ringworm.] 
Of  the  nature  of  impetigo. 

IM-PE-TI'GO,  n.  [L.]  A  cutaneous  eruption  con- 
sisting of  chisteriug  pustules  whicJi  are  yellow  and 
Itching,  and  terminate  in  a  yellow,  scaly  crust,  iiiter- 
sectrd  with  cracks.  Good. 

IM'PE-TRA-BLE,  c.  [See  IjiPEinvTE.]  That  may 
be  fibiained  by  petition. 

ni'PR-TRATE,  V.  t.     [L.  impclro.]  I 

^Toobtain  by  request  or  entreaty.  Usher.      \ 


IMP 

IM-PE-TRA'TION,jt.  The  actof  oblaining  by  prayer 
or  petition.  Herbert. 

2.  In  /aw,  tliC  pre-obtaining  of  benefices  from  the 
church  of  Rome,  which  belonged  to  the  ilispoaul  of 
the  king  and  other  lay  patrons  of  the  realm   Encyc. 

IM'PE-TRA-TIVE,  a.  Obtaining;  tending  to  obtain 
by  entreaty.  Bp.  Halt. 

IM'PE-TRA-TO-RY'',  a.  Beseeching;  containing  en- 
treaty. Taylor. 

IM-PET-U-OST-TY,  n.    [f?ee  Impetuous.]     A  rush- 
ing with  violence  and  great  force  ;  fury  ;  violence. 
2.  Vehemence  ;  furiuusness  of  temper. 

IM-PET'Q-OUS,  a.  [Fr.  impetucux  ;  L.  impcrnosiLv, 
fiom  impetusj  impeto;  in  and  pcfo,  to  urge,  lo  rui:h. 
See  Bid.] 

1.  Rushing  with  great  force  and  violence ;  moving 
rapidly;  furious;  forcible;  fierce;  raging;  as,  an 
impetuous  wind  :  an  impetuous  torrent. 

2.  Vehement  of  mind  ;  fierce;  hasty;  passionate; 
violent ;  as,  a  man  oiimpct^uous  temper. 

lai-PET'lT-OUS-LY,  ado.    Violently;  fiercely;  forci- 
bly ;  with  haste  and  force.  Jlildisan. 
BI-PET'U-OUS-NESS,  n.    A  driving  or  rusliiiig  with 
haste  and  violence  ;  furiousncss  ;  fury;  violence. 
2.  Vehemence  of  temper  ;  violence. 
IM'PE-TUS,  71.    [L.  supra.]     Force  of  motion ;  the 
force  with  which  any  body  is  driven  or  iuipelled. 

2.  The  force  with  which  one  body  in  motion  strikes 
another. 

',^.  In  gunnery,  the  altitude  through  which  a  heavy 
T)ody  must  fall  to  acquire  a  velocity  e(iual  lo  that 
with  which  a  ball  is  di-scliarj^ed  from  a  piece. 

Brandc. 
IM-Pie'TUR-£D,  a.    Painted  ;  impressed.    Spenser. 
IM'PIER.    See  Umpire. 
IJI-PIeRCE',  v.  t.    To  pierce  through  ;  to  penetrate. 

Draijton. 
iai-PIi-;RCE'A-BLE,  (im-peers'a-bl,)  a.  [in  and  pierce.] 

Not  to  be  pierced  or  penetrated.  Spenser. 

IM-PIkRC'/JD,  (im-pccrsl',)  7;/!.    Pierced  through. 
IM-PIKRC'ING,  ppr.    Piercing  through. 
IRI-PI'E-TY,  T(.     [Fr.   impictd;    L.  impiUas;  in  and 
pietas,  plus,] 

1.  Ungodliness ;  irreverence  toward  the  Supreme 
Being ;  contempt  cf  the  divine  character  and  author- 
ity; neglect  of  the  divine  precepts.  These  con- 
stitute different  degrees  of  impiety. 

2.  Any  act  of  wickedness,  as  blasphemy  and  scolT- 
jng  at  the  Supreme  Being,  or  at  his  authority  ;  pro- 
faneness.  Any  expression  of  contempt  for  God  or 
liis  laws,  constitutes  an  impiety  of  the  highest  degree 
of  criminality.  Disobedience  to  the  divine  com- 
mands, or  neglect  of  duly,  implies  contempt  for  his 
authority,  and  is  therefore  impiety.  Impiety,  when 
ii  expresses  the  temper  or  disjKisition,  has  no  plural ; 
hut  it  is  otherwise  when  it  expresses  an  act  of  wick- 
edness, for  all  such  acts  are  impieties. 

IM-PIG'NO-RaTE,  v.  t.    To  pledge  or  pav.n.     [J^ot 

in  use.] 
IM-PIG-NO-Ra'TION,  7z.    The  act  of  pawning.  [Xot 

in  nsc.] 
IM-PINGE',  (im-pinj',)  v.  i.     [L.  impingo ;    in  and 

pan^o,  to  strike.     j?ee  Pack.] 

To  fall  against;  lo  strike;  to  dash  against;  to 

clash  upon. 

The  causs  of  reflection  ia  not  the  impinging  of  light  on  the  solid 
or  impei'vioua  parlA  of  bodies.  Newlan. 

IlI-PINGE'MENT,  TI.     Act  of  impinging.   D.  Clinton. 
IM-PTNG'ING,  ppr.     Striking  against. 
IM-PIN"GUaTE,  (-ping'gwate,)  v.   t.      [L.    in  and 
pinguisj  fat.] 

To  fatten  ;  to  make  fat.     [JVoJ  in  itse.]       Bacon. 
IM'PI-OUS,  a.     [L.  impius;  in  and  pins,  pious.] 

1.  Irreverent  toward  the  Supreme  Being;  wanting 
in  veneration  for  God  and  his  authority  ;  irreligious ; 
profane.  The  scotfer  at  God  and  his  autlioriiy  is 
impious.    The  profane  swearer  is  impious. 

When  vice  prcviiila,  and  impious  men  bear  sway, 

The  post  of  honor  ia  a  private  station.  AMisoti. 

2.  IiTevercnt  toward  God  ;  proceeding  from  or 
manifesting  a  contempt  for  the  Supreme  Being  ; 
tending  lo  dishonor  God  or  his  laws,  and  bring  them 
into  contempt ;  as,  an  impious  deed ;  impious  lan- 
guage ;  impious  writings. 

IM'PI-OUS-LY,  adv.    With  irreverence  for  God,  or 

contempt  for  his  authority ;  profanely ;  wickedly. 
IM'PI-OUS-NESS,  71.    Impiety ;  contempt  of  God  and 

his  laws. 
IMP'ISH,  a.     Having  the  qualiti:^s  of  an  imp. 
IM-PLa-GA-BIE'I-TY,      j  lu    [from  implacable.]    The 
LM-PLa'CA-BLE-NESS,  i      quality  of  not  being  aj)- 

peasable ;  inexorableness ;  irreconcilable  enmity  or 

anger. 
IM-PLA'eA-BLE,   a.     [Fr.,  from  L.  implacabilis ;  in 

and  placabilis,  from  placo,  lo  appease.] 

1.  Not  to  be  appeased ;  that  can  not  be  pacified 
and  rendered  peaceable;  inexorable;  stubborn  or 
constant  in  enmity;  a.s,  an  implacable  princQ. 

2.  Not  lo  be  appeased  or  subdued  ;  as,  implacable 
anger  ;  implacable  enmitv,  malice,  or  revenue. 

IM-PLa'GA-BLY,  adv.  With  enmity  not  to  be  paci- 
fied or  subdued ;  inexorably  ;  as,  lo  hate  a  person 
implacably. 


^YATE,  FAR,  FAXL,  WH»T.-MeTE,  PREV.-PIXE,  .MAKIi\T3,  BIRD. -NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQOK. 


582 


IMP 

IM-PI.AXT',  V.  i.    [in  and  plants  L.  planto.] 

To  set,  plant,  or  infix,  for  the  purpose  of  prowtli ; 
a>:,  to  implant  the  seeds  of  virtue,  or  the  principles 
of  knowledge  in  the  minds  of  youth ;  to  iinplaul 
grace  in  the  hcjirt. 

[ft  is  nou)  seldom  or  never  -used  in  its  literal  sense  for 
scttin<^  plants  or  seeds  in  the  earth.] 

1M-PLANT-a'TI0N,  n.  The  act  of  setting  or  infix- 
ing ill  the  mind  or  heart,  as  principles  of  first  rudi- 
ments. Brown. 

IM-I'LANT'ED,  pp.  or  (I.  Setj  infixed  in  the  mind, 
as  principles  or  rudinienls. 

IM-PLANT'ING,  ppr.  Setting  or  infixing  in  the  mind, 
as  principles. 

IM-PLAU-SI-BIL'I-TY,  n.  [from  implausible]  The 
q-jaliiy  of  not  being  plaiiTsible  or  specious. 

I.M-PLAU'SI-BLE,  a.  [m  and  plausible.]  Not  spe- 
cious; not  wearing  the  appj^arance  of  truth  or  cred- 
ibility, and  not  likely  to  be  believed  j  as,  an  implau- 
sible harangue.  Sicift. 

IM-PLAU'SI-BLE-NESS,  ?:.  Slate  of  not  being  plau- 
sible. 

I.M-PLACSI-BLY,  adv.  Without  an  appearance  of 
prob;ibi!ity. 

ni-PLi;ACir,  V.  ^  [in  tind  pleach.]  To  interweave. 
\jYothi  nse.]  S.'iak. 

IM-PLeAO',  v.  t.  [in  and  plead.]  To  institute  and 
prosecute  a  suit  again^^t  one  in  court;  to  sue  at  law. 
The  corporation  shall  have  power  to  plead  and  be 
impleaded. 

Lot  tliem  implead  one  another.  — AcLs  xix. 

I.M-PLE-VB'ED,  pp.     Prosecuted ;   sued ;  subject  to 

un-iw^'r  to  a  suit  in  court. 
IM-PLi_:AD'ER,  7(.     One  who  prosecutes  another. 
IM-PLKAD'I\G,;jpr.    Prosecuting  a.  suit. 
IM-PLiC:\S'ING,  a.     Unpleasing.     [A'o^  in  hsc] 
IM-PLEi)OE',  (ira-plej',)  v.  t.    To  pawn.     [JVot  used.] 
I>I-PLEDO'£D,  a.    Pledged  ;  pawned. 
IM'PLE-MEXT,  71.     [Low  L.  implcnientnmj  from  iin- 
plco,  to  fill ;  in  and  plro.] 

AViiatever  may  supply  wants  ;  particularly  applied 

to  tools,  utensils,  vessels,  instruments;  the  tools  or 

instruments  of  labor;  the  vessels  used  in  a  kitchen, 

&.C. ;  as,  the  implements  of  trade  or  of  husbandry. 

[It  is  a  word  of  very  extensive  sirrnification.] 

IM'PLE-.MENT-ING,  a.  Furnishing  with  implemcnt3. 

ild.  Rev. 
ni-PLE'TION",  71.     [L.  impleo,  to  fill ;  in  and  pko.] 
The  act  of  filling  ;  the  state  of  being  full. 

Th;  imp'.etion  a  eillitr  in  simple  or  conipouiui  flowers.  Tiie 
impielion  of  simple  flowers  is  by  the  uicreaBC  either  of  Uie 
pculs  nv  of  the  necUuy.  Lee. 

IM'PLEX,  a,    [L.  implexus.    See  Implicate.] 
Infolded  ;  intricate ;  entangled ;  complicated. 

Every  poem  is  simple  or  implex;  il  is  cnlieil  simple,  when  th'?re 
is  110  Chang's  of  rortunc  in  it ;  implex ,  \\Uf.f\  l!ie  lortnue  of 
tlie  chief  acior  chongrrs  from  bad  to  good,  or  from  good  (o 
bad.  Spectalor. 

IM-PLEX'ION,  (im-plek'shun,)n.  [See  Implicate.] 
The  act  of  infolding  or  involving  ;  the  state  of  being 
involved  ;  involution.     [Little  used.]  Diet. 

IM'PLI-€aTE,  v.  U  [Fr.  impliqucr ;  It.  implicare  ;  L. 
implico,  implicatus ;  in  and  plico^  to  fold  ;  Gr.  rrXsKto, 

W.  pllj!ru.] 

1.  To  infuld  ;  to  involve  ;  to  entangle.        Boijle, 
[Sefdfim  Jiscd  in  its  literal  sense.] 

2.  To  involve  ;  to  bring  into  connection  with ; 
also,  to  show  or  prove  to  be  connected  or  concerned  ; 
.1.-;,  the  evidence  does  not  implicate  the  accused  per- 
snn  in  this  conspiracy. 

!M'PLI-eA-TED,pp.    Infolded  ;  involved. 

2.  Involved  ;  connected  ;  concerned  ;  proved  to  be 
Mincerned  or  to  have  bad  a  part.  Twenty  persons 
;ire  implieated  in  the  plot. 

I.M'PLI-Ca-TING,   ppr.      Involving  ;    proving  to  be 

roncomed. 
I  M-PL1-€a'TI0N,  71.     [L.  implication  supra.] 

1.  The  act  of  infolding  or  involving. 

•2.  Involution  ;  enUinglcment. 

Three  priiiciirnl  causes  ot"  firnmrjsa  are,  the  grossiicss,  the  quiet 
contact,  and  the  implica&on  of  ihe  coinpoiiciil  parts.    Boyle. 

3.  An  implying,  or  that  which  is  implied,  but  not 
f  \pressed  ;  a  tacit  inference,  or  something  fairly  to 
be  understood,  though  not  expressed  in  words. 

The  tlocl'jrs  ,-ire,  by  implicadon,  of  a  different  opinion.    Ayliffe. 

IM'PLI-eA-TiVE,  a.    Having  implication. 
!.M'PLl-eA-TIVE-LY,a^o.     By  implication.    Buck. 
IM-PLIC'IT,  (im-p!is'it,)  a.     [L.  impUcituSf  from  im- 
plico.] 

1.  Infolded ;  entangled  ;  complicated. 

In  his  woolly  fleece 
I  cling  implicit.     [LilUe  uaed,]  Pope. 

2.  Implied  ;  tacitly  comprised ;  fairly  to  be  under- 
stood, though  not  expressed  in  words ;  as,  an  implicit 
contract  or  agreement. 

3-  Resting  on  another ;  trusting  to  the  word  or 
authority  of  another,  wilhfiut  doubting  or  reserve,  or 
without  examining  into  the  truth  of  the  thing  itself. 
Thus  we  give  implicit  credit  or  confidence  to  tjie 
declarations  of  a  person  of  known  veracity  ;  we  re- 
ceive with  implidl  faith  whatever  God  has  clearly 
revealed. 


IMP 

IM-PLICn'-LY,  adv.  By  inference  deducible,  but 
not  expressed  in  words ;  virtually  j  in  rc:dity,  but 
not  in  name. 

He  thn.t  denies  Ihc  providcuce  of  God  implidUy  denies  liis 
existence.  Benlley, 

2.  By  connection  with  something  else;  depend- 
cntly  ;  with  unreserved  confidence  ;  without  doubt- 
ing, or  without  examining  evidence.  We  arc  dis- 
iwsed  to  believe  implicitli/  what  a  man  of  veracity 
testifies. 

Learn  not  to  dispute  (he  methods  of  his  providence,  but  humbly 
und  impUcithj  lo  acquiesce  in  and  adore  them.  Atterbury. 

IM-PLIC'IT-NESS,  71.  The  slate  of  being  implicit; 
tlie  state  of  trusting  without  reserve. 

IM-PET'£D,  pp.  or  c.  [See  Implt.]  Involved  ;  con- 
tained virtually,  though  not  expressed  J  as,  an  implied 
promise. 

ni-PLi'ED-LY,  adv.    Bv  implication. 

IM-PLO-Ra'TION,  n.    Earnest  supplication. 

Bp.  ma. 

IM'PLO-Ra-TOU,  71.    One  who  implores.         ShaL 
IiM-PLoRE',  r.  t.     [Fr.  implorcr  ;  Sp.  implm-ar ;  It.  im- 
plorarc  ;  L.  imploro  ;  in  and  ploro^  to  ciy  out.] 

1.  To  call  upon  or  for,  in  supplication  ;  to  beseech  ; 
to  pray  earnestly ;  to  petition  with  urgency;  to  en- 
treat ;  as,  to  implore  the  forgiveness  of  sins ;  to  im- 
plore mercy. 

I.-nptoring  all  ihe  gods  ilia  t  reign  above.  Pope. 

2.  To  ask  earnestly ;  to  beg. 
r.M-PLoRE',  V.  i.    To  entreat ;  to  beg. 
IM-PLollE',  71.    Earnest  supplication.     [JVot  used.] 

Spenser. 

IM-PLCR'KD,  pp.    Earnestly  supplicated  ;  besought. 

l.M-PLoR'EU,  jt.    One  who  prays  earnestly. 

I.M  PLc3R'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Beseeching;  entreating; 
praying  earnestly. 

IM-PLoR'ING-LY,  adv.    In  the  manner  of  entreaty. 

IM-PLOM'/CD,    i  a.    Having  no  plumes  or  feathers. 

IM-PLOM'OUS,  i  Johnson. 

iiM-PLUNGE',  (im-plunj',)  v.  t.  To  plunge;  to  im- 
merse. Fuller. 

IM-PLV,  7J.  t.  [Fr.  impliqucr;  Sp.  implicar ;  It.  im- 
jdicarc;  L.  implico;  in  and  plieoj  to  fold.  See  Im- 
plicate.] 

1.  Literally^  to  infold  or  involve  ;  to  wrap  up. 
[  Obs.]  Spenser. 

2.  To  involve  or  contain  in  substance  or  essence, 
or  by  fair  inference,  or  by  construction  of  law,  when 
not  expressed  ia  words. 

Where  a  malicious  act  is  proved,  a  malicious  intention  is  irn- 
plied.  .Slterlock. 

When  a  man  employs  a  I.iborer  to  work  for  him,  or  an  n'-^ut  to 
tr.uisaci  ijuiincss  for  him,  die  net  of  hiring  implies  ivn  obligi- 
tion,  and  a  promise  dial  he  ehiill  pay  liim  a  re;usoii:ible  r- 
ward  for  liis  services.  Contracts  axe  exprcssi^d  or  implieil ; 
expr  M  conir.icis  are  those  in  which  an  apvement  or  prom- 
ise is  expr.ssed  by  wortla  or  in  wriiiufr ;  implied  coutracis 
are  such  as  arise  from  die  presumption  of  law,  or  the  justice 
iind  reason  ol  the  tRinsaction.  Blackstorie. 

IM-PL'?'ING,  ppr.      Involving ;    containing  in  sub- 
sUtnce,  or  by  fair  Inference,  or  by  construction  of 
law. 
IM-POCK'ET,  V.  t.    To  pocket.     [A*o(  used.] 
IM-POIS' ON,   (im-poiz'n,)    v.    t.      [Fr.    empoisanncr. 
See  Poiso.v.] 

1.  To  poison  ;  to  impregnate  with  poison  j  to  cor- 
rupt with  poison. 

2.  To  imbitter ;  to  impair ;  as,  grief  impoisons  the 
pleasures  of  life. 

3.  To  kill  with  poison.     [Rare.]  Shak. 
IM-POIS'ON--ED,  jj;j.     Poisoned;   corrupted;   imbit- 

tered. 

IM-POIS'0.\-ING,  Tjpr.  Poisoning;  corrupting;  im- 
bittering. 

IJI-POIS'^ON-MENT,  n.    The  act  of  poisoning. 

Pope. 

IM-Po'tiAR-I-LY,  adv.  Not  according  to  the  d  irection 
of  the  poles.     [JVot  v^cd.]  Brown. 

IM-POL'I-CY,  71.  [in  and  policy.]  Inexpedience ; 
unsuilableness  to  the  end  proposed  ;  bad  policy  ;  de- 
fect of  wisdom  ;  a  word  applied  to  private  as  lOcU  as 
public  affairs.  fVashin^ton. 

IM-PO-LITE',  <r.  [in  and  polite.]  Not  of  polished 
manners:  impolite;  uncivil;  rude  in  manners. 

IM-PO-LITE'EY,  adv.     Uncivilly. 

IM-PO-LITE'NESS,  ti.  Incivility ;  want  of  good 
manners.  Chesterfield. 

IM-POL'I-Tie,  fl.  Not  wise;  devising  and  pursuing 
measures  adapted  to  injure  the  public  interest;  as, 
an  impolitic  prince  or  minister. 

2.  LJnwise;  adapted  to  injure  the  public  interest; 
as,  an  impolitic  law,  measure,  or  scheme. 

3.  Not  wise  in  private  concerns;  pursuing  raeas- 
tires  ill  suited  to  promote  private  welfare  ;  not  pru- 
dent. 

4.  Not  suited  to  promote  private  interest. 
IM-PO-LIT'I€-AL,  fur  Impolitic,  is  obsolete. 
I.\I-PO-LIT'ie.ALnLY,  adv.    Witliout  art  or  forecast. 

[Koi  used.]  Bacon. 

IM-POL'I-TI€-LY,  adv.    Not  wisely ;  not  with  due 

forecast  and  prudence  ;  in  a  manner  to  injure  public 

or  private  interest. 
IM-P0N-DER-A-BIL'I-TY,7i.    Destitution  of  sensible 

weight. 


IMP 

IM-PON'DEU-A-BLE,  a.  [in  and  pomlcraOU.]  Not 
having  sensible  weight. 

I  Jeat,  light,  electricity,  and  m.ignctism,  arc  called 
vnpondcrublc  t-ubstances.  Brande. 

IM-PO.N'UEU-A-BLE-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  im- 
ponderable. 

LM-PON'DER-OUS,  a.    Not  having  sensible  weight 

Drown. 

IM-PON'DER-OUS-NESS,  n.  Stale  of  being  iznpou- 
dcrous. 

IM-PoNE',  V.  t.    [L.]    To  slake ;  to  wager.    [Obs.} 

Shak. 

IM-POOR',  V.  t,  [in  and  poor.]  To  impoverish.  [A*o« 
1"  "-^p.l  Browne. 

IM-PO-ROSa-TY,  71.  [in  and  poro^-Uy.]  Want  of  po- 
rosity ;  closeness  of  texture  j  compactness  tliat  ex- 
cludes pores.  Bacon. 

I.M-ro'ROUS,  a.  Destitute  of  pores;  very  close  or 
cnini)aft  in  texture;  solid.  Brown.    Ray. 

IM-PoRT',  r.  (.  [Fr.  importer;  L.  importo;  in  and 
porto,  to  bear.    See  Bear.] 

1.  To  bring  from  a  foreign  country  or  jurisdiction, 
or  from  another  stale,  into  one's  own  country,  juris- 
diction, or  state  ;  opposed  to  iCxpuitr.  W'a  import  leas 
and  silks  from  China,  wines  from  Spain  and  France, 
and  dry  goods  from  Great  Britain.  Great  Britain  im- 
ports cotton  from  America  anrl  India.  We  may  say 
also  that  Connecticut,  ."Massachuseti-Sjand  Maine,  im- 
port  Iluur  from  the  Middle  States. 

2.  To  bear  or  convey,  as  sisnilication  or  meaning; 
to  mean  ;  to  signify;  to  imply.  We  arc  to  under- 
stand by  a  term  what  it  clearly  imports, 

3.  To  he  of  weight  to ;  to  be  of  moment  or  conse- 
'    quonce  to ;  to  bear  on  the  interest  of,  or  to  have  a 

bearing  on. 

Her  k'lijth  of  ackness,  with  what  cUc  more  eciioiu 
ImvvrleJi  dice  to  know,  this  bcare.  Sl:ai. 

If  I  endure  il,  what  imporia  it  yuu  i  Dn/den. 

IM'PoRT,  7t.  That  which  is  borne  or  conveyed  in 
words;  meaning;  signification;  the  sense  which 
words  are  intended  to  convey  to  the  understanding, 
or  which  they  bear  in  sound  interpretation.  Import 
difibrs  from  Implication  in  this,ilmt  the  meaning  of 
a  term,  or  number  of  words.  In  coimection,  is  less  ob- 
scurely expressed.  Import  depends  less  on  inference, 
or  deduction,  than  impUeation^  and  is  also  applied 
more  fretiuently  lo  a  single  word.  In  all  philosophi- 
cal discnjfsions,  it  is  useful  to  ascertain  the  import  of 
tlie  terms  employed.  In  the  constniction  of  laws 
and  treaties,  we  are  to  cvaniinc  carefully  ihe  import 
of  words  and  phrases. 

2.  That  which  is  Imported  or  brought  into  a  coun- 
try from  aiii-rhtr  country  or  state:  generally  in  tiic 
plural.  Our  imports  exceed  our  expoils  :  the  kdancc 
umst  be  paid  in  specie  ;  hence  the  scarcity  of  coin. 

3.  Importance;  weiglil ;  conscipience.  [Formerly 
accrntcd  on  t'ic  f'cond  sijltablc]  Shak.     Drydcn. 

IM-PoRT'A-liM:,  a.    That  may  he  imported. 
2.  Insupportable;  not  to  be  endured.     [Obs,] 

Spatscr. 
IM-PORT'ANCE,  h.     [ Fr. ;    Sp.  imporlancia;   It.  im- 
portanza ;  from  import!] 

1.  Weight;  ronscipienc^ ;  a  bearing  on  some  in- 
terest ;  that  quality  of  any  thing  by  which  it  may  af- 
fect a  measure,  interest,  or  result.  The  educniiDn  of 
youth  is  of  great  importance  to  a  free  government-  A 
religious  education  is  of  infinite  importance  lo  evcr>' 
human  being. 

2.  Weight  or  consequence  in  ihe  scale  of  being. 


Thy  own  importance  know, 
Nor  bound  tliy  iiiirrow  views  to  things  below. 


Pop*. 


3.  Weight  or  consequence  in  self-csUmaliou.  He 
believes  himself  a  man  of  importance. 

4,  Thing  implied;  matter;  subjccl;  importunity. 
[In  Uiese  senses^  obsolete.]  S-hak. 

I5I-P0RT'ANT,  rt.  [Fr.]  Literally,  bearing  on  orlo. 
Hence,  weighty  ;  momentous  ;  of  great  consequence  ; 
having  a  bearing  on  some  Interest,  measure,  or  re- 
sult, by  which  good  or  ill  may  be  produced,  'i'rulh 
is  important  lo  happiness  as  well  as  to  kmtwledge,  but 
none  so  important  as  religious  truth.  The  commerce 
of  Great  Britain  is  important  to  her  navy,  ;iud  her 
navy  is  important  lo  her  indt^pendence.  Men  often 
forget  the  important  end  for  which  they  were  created. 

2.  Bearing  on ;  forcible ;  driving. 

Uc  tiercciy  at  him  6?w, 
And  with  imporlant  outrage  him  osa^ulod.  l^teruer. 

3.  Importunate.     [JVot  used,]  Shak. 
IM-PORT'ANT-LY,  adv.    Weightily;  forcibly. 

Ifaininoitd. 
IM-P6R-Ta'TI0N,  n.     [Fr.  ;  from  import.] 

1.  IMie  act  or  practice  of  importing,  or  of  bringmg 
from  anolher  country' or  stale  ;  opposed  to  Exiolta- 
tio.n.  Nations  forbid  the  importation  of  commodities 
which  are  produced  or  manufactured  in  sulTicient 
abundance  at  home.  , 

2.  The  wares  or  commodities  imprrtcd.  The  wn- 
pftrtationsy  this  season,  exceed  those  of  the  lasL 

3.  Conveyance. 

IM-P6RT'ED,  pp.  or  a.    Brought  from  another  coun- 

irv  or  state. 
IM-PoRT'ER,  v.     Uc  that  imports ;  the  merchanl 


TONE,  BULL,  qNITE.  — AN"GER,  VF'CIOUS.  — €  as  K ;  6  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  ClI  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


! 


by  himwif  or  hu  aeont,  brings  goods  ftora  aii- 

.    «or.  or  «.    Ilriiising  50<>da,  kc.  Into 
,iilry  Dt  stall-  from  n  foreign  or  dialanl 

Warin:,  as  aiiisnilicalion  ;  meaning, 
llnv.ii"  wtiehl  or  cons<i|Uonrc. 

.-■.;    a.    or  no  weight  or  consequence. 

*  Sfiak. 


The  act  of   importuning  i 
[U  impartunu.'.    See  Ijli-oii- 


I.M-rOS'ING,  ppr     Laying  on  ;  enjuinlng  ;  deceiving. 
2.  a.  Cuninmnding  ;  adaplcd  to  nnprcss  forcibly ; 
a",  an  imposing'  air  or  manner. 

I^™  ..ml  impo^ins  edito.,  imbo»mcd  in  U  J  -to'C"  »[  ""mi- 
ritli  vAlky.  "  •'"'''  "<««"■ 

ni-Pf)S'IN'G,  ;i.    Among  iiriiitcrs,  tlic  ni't  of  putting 

'  ■  ■         -■       -        ' i....,«..i„(r- 


1  .  \  CY,  n. 

IM'rulir'U-.N.V'l'E,  a. 

'T  'lllarinB  on  ;  pre.win-  or  urging  in  rrqucst  or  de- 
mand :  urgent  and  (lertiiiacious  in  Bohcitation ;  as, 
an  iinBiTlunuK  suitor  or  p.titionir. 
•»   rre^^iii"  •  ur-enl ;  a.^,  an  iiriiinrtunate  deinanu. 
ri  Incunig"urBc"nily  for  gralilicniion  ;  as,  i/njicriu- 

natt  pa»< ■<  and  ap|i<tite.<. 

IM  hiKT'i:  .NAIF.Ly,o-/e.    With  urgent  request; 

Willi  rTi--sinscolirila(ion. 
IM  1'(iKT'I-.N.\T1;N1>^,  n.    l-'reent  and  pressing 

•     taiion.  "'"7i', 

1',     iir'l.'-X.VTOR,ii.    One  tli.ll  importunes.  [.\oi 

1 M  i'.  il!-TOXF,',  r.  (.  [Fr.  im(«>r(uii<T ;  Sp.  imporlumr ; 
II.  ii«,wrl«Jiorc;  from  U  i/»(«>r(uiciw ;  in  andyurto,  to 

To"lwuc3t  Willi  urcencv  ;  to  press  with  solicita- 
tion ;  to  urge  with  frapicnt  or  unceasing  application. 

TVir  nJiml-r.  ^...1  r-il-nl.  hrre  Kwe  l»n<l.i«lly  i™wrl.™J 
Uic  c.iurl  wiUi  iui(r-A.v^«aM<-  ik-nMiid*.  .swt/i. 

IM-POR-TPNE',  <i.    [!■.  iinpariuims.     Formerly  ac- 
cented on  llie  second  syllable.] 

1.  Pressing  in  request ;  urgent ;  trouMcsomo  by 
fiwiucnl  demands  ;  vexatious  ;  unreasonable. 

Spender.     Bncon. 

2.  Unseasonable.  ,•"!'!"'"; 
[This  word  is  obsolete ;  being  superseded  by  Im- 

runri-HATL,  unless  |Krlia|is  in  poetry.] 
IM-IM  IR.TC'X'KD.  pp.    Ueqiiestcd  with  urgency. 
IM  I'lilt  TC.NX'LV,  m/r.    With  urgent  solicitation; 
liKcMantly  ;  conlinually  ;  troublesoniely.    [Obs.] 

Spenser. 
Unseasonably;  Improperly.     [Olis.] 

SanaiTson. 
One  who  urges  with  carnest- 


[Fr.,  from  L. 


J\Iilton. 


tt'atiB. 


IM-POR-TON'ER, «. 
nes«. 


I.M-POR-TC'X'IXfi,  ppr.    Soliciting  with  urgency. 
IM-POR-TC'.Sl-TY,  ».    |Fr.  jiji/ior(um'(ii ;  L.  tmyortu- 
nitas.] 

Pressing  solicitation  ;  urgent  request ;  applicalinn 
for  a  cbiin  or  I'.ivor,  which  is  urged  with  trouble- 
some fret|uencv  or  pcRinacily.  .Men  are  soinelimes 
overcome  by  the  imjiortioiir!/  of  their  wives  or 
childrrn. 
IM-POUT'  i;OUS,  0.    [L.  iinporluosiu ;  m  and  por'.us.] 

Without  a  port,  haven,  or  harbor. 
IJI-POS'A-ULE,  II.    That  may  be  imposed  or  laid  on. 

JlammotiiL 
I.MPOS'A-BLE-XESS,  n.  State  of  being  iniposablc. 
151-POSE',  r.  (.  [Fr.  impvscr  ;  L.  impo.^ilinn,  from  tcl- 
pcrno  ;  in  and  ponn,  to  put.  Poiio,  lus  written,  bebings 
la  Class  itn  ;  and  piMui^  posirum,  to  Class  lis  or  Ud. 
The  niter  coinciiles  with  Eng.  put.  But  ii  and  s  may 
be  convertible.] 

1.  To  lay  on  ;  to  set  on  ;  to  lay  on,  as  a  burden, 
las,  loll,  duly,  or  p  iialty.  The  legislature  imposts 
taxes  for  the  support  of  government ;  loll  is  imposed 
i.n  passenger*  lo  maintain  road«,  and  penalties  are 
'  i"»*<d  on  those  who  violate  llic  laws.  God  im- 
'  •  no  burdens  on  men  which  they  are  unable  to 


On  iTijioot  realms  and  taiti«oiti  liiii  Ji  impote 

Tli;  i''.i«<.  Pope. 

Q.  To  place  over  by  authority  or  by  force.  The 
Romans  often  impo^eA  rapacious  governors  on  their 
colonics  and  conquered  countries. 

:i.  'I'm  Iny  on,  as  a  command  ;  lo  enjoin,  as  a  duty. 

-n  the  ikrp  impottal  nobler  Uwi.  Waller. 

"  \MX  yoitr  CMiunuMjx.  Dryten. 

i.   i  i>  lix  on  ;  lo  Impute.    \LiUte  used.']    Brown. 

5.  To  lay  on,  as  hands  in  the  ceremony  of  ordina- 
tion, or  of  cnfirmnlion. 

6.  To."      '    '  "     i  Msly.  I 

■-  Ut-iikt  no*  fit  1 

To  bn;    '  ■.  he  wn««  fut  wiL  Drylcn. 

T.  Amon;  pni:tn;'^  lo  out  the  pigcs  on  tlie  stone 
and  flt  on  the  cba.-«e,  and  thus  prepare  Ihe  form  for 
the  pr.--*. 

to  deceive  ;  to  mislead  by  a  trick  or 
'  ij/fiir?y,  10  put  upon.  We  .are  liable 
tty  olhcrs,  and  sometimes  we  impose 


the  pages  of  a  sheet  in  proiier  order  on  t  le  imposin 
sloiie,  and  preparing  tlieni  to  he  printed,      hr.imh: 
IMPoS'lMi-LY,  ndv.     Ill  an  imposing  manner. 
I.M-l'fi's'lXG-HTOM:,  11.    Among  printers,  the  stone 
'on  which  the  pages  or  columns  <d"  typ-s  arc  imposed 
or  made  into  forms. 
IM-PO-Sr'TIO.X,  (im-iKi-zisli'iin,)  « 
imposilio.     .See  iMPOsi;.]  . 

).  In  (I  ireneral  smse,  llio  act  of  laying  on 
o  The  act  of  laving  on  hands  in  the  ceremony  of 
ordination,  wlicn  the  bishop  in  tlieE|iiscopal  eliuich, 
and  the  niinisters  in  most  other  cliurehcs,  place 
their  hands  on  the  head  of  the  person  whom  tlicy 
arc  ordainiii",  while  oiio  prays  for  a  blessing  on  Ins 
labors.    The  same  ceremony  is  used  in  other  eases. 

a.  The  act  of  selling  on  or  alTuing  lo  ;  as,  Ihc  im- 
position of  names.  Boyle. 

■1.  That  which  is  imposed  ;  a  lax,  toll,  duty,  or 
excise,  laid  by  authority.    Tyrants  oppress  their  sub- 
iecls  Willi  glievous  vnpositions. 
5.  Injunction,  as  of  a  law  or  duly. 
C.  Constraint ;  oppression  ;  burden, 

Lcl  ll  not  Iw  nwilc,  contrnTy  lo  il3  own  i.:»tiire,  llii^  wccisioli  of 
Ktrife,  ft  nftrrow  spirit,  and  iliilc.isoliable  iinpoiill07is 
miiKl  and  pncticj. 

7.  Deception;  imposture. 

Kcin"  amuftinled  wiUl  bis  li:mJ,  I  hrnl  no  rcaron  lo  unmet  an 
im;>o»iIion.  »no/icl(. 

8.  A  supernumerary  exercise  enjoined  on  students 
as  a  punishment.  Eii/rlaml. 

["  Every  pecuniary  mulct  whatever  on  young  men 
ill  statu  pnpillari,  should  be  abolished  ;  the  proper 
piinislimcnt  is  employing  llicir  minds  in  some  useful 
imposition."  Knormous  Expr;isc  of  Education  in  Cam- 
bridf^e. 

"  Liteniry  tasJcs  called  impositions,  or  frequent 
compulsive  attendances  on  tedious  and  imimproving 
exercises  in  a  college  hall."  7'.  Il'arton,  Minor  Po- 
ems ofMlloii,  p.  423.  —  E.  II.  B.] 
IM-PO'S-SI-BIL'I-TY,  71.  (from  im;iossi4!c.]  That 
which  can  not  bo ;  the  state  of  licilig  not  possible  lo 
exist.  That  a  thing  should  ho  and  not  be  at  the  same 
lime,  is  an  impossihititij. 

a.  Impracticabilitv ;  tlie  stale  or  quality  of  being 
not  feasible  or  possible  to  be  done.  ■J'lKit  a  man  by 
his  own  strenetli  should  lilt  a  ship  of  the  line,  is  to 
him  an  impossiLilitij,  as  the  means  are  inadequate  to 
the  end.  [See  iMrossiRLt.] 
IJl-PO.S'SI-I!I.E,  a.  [Fr.,  t"roin  L.  impossibilis ;  in  and 
possibili.^,  from  possiiiii-,  In  be  able.] 

1.  That  can  not  be.  It  is  impossible  that  two  and 
two  should  make  five,  or  that  a  circle  and  a  square 
should  he  the  same  tiling,  or  tliat  a  thing  should  be 
and  nut  be  al  the  same  lime. 

9.  Impracticable ;  not  feasible ;  that  can  not  be 
done. 

illi  Uod  all  tiling  are  possi- 


IMP 

An  abscess  ;  a  collection  of  pus  or  purulent  nialter 
in  any  pari  of  an  animal  body.  Eneije. 

[This  word  and  ils  derivatives,  being  mere  corrup- 
tions, might  well  be  suflered  lo  pass  into  oblivion.] 
IM-POS'TIIU.ME,  r.  i.     The  same  as  Imfostiil'Mitk. 
IJI-POS'TOU,  71.     [Fr.  impostcur;  Pp.  and  Port,  iinjifi.--- 
tor;  It.  impostarc;  from  Low  L.  impostor,  from  iiii- 

J107KJ.       Pee  IMI'OSK.] 

One  who  imposes  on  others ;  a  person  who  as- 
sumes a  clKiraeler  for  the  purpose  of  deception  ;  a 
deceiver  under  a  false  eharaeler.  It  seems  lo  be  yet 
unsettled  whether  Perkin  Warbeck  was  an  iin;i.«!ur. 
A  religious  impostor  may  be  one  who  assumes  the 
character  of  a  preacher  without  autliority  :  or  ono 
who  fiilselv  pretends  to  an  extraordinary  commission 
from  lieavcn,  and  terrifies  people  with  denuncia- 
tions of  jiiilgmeiils.  Eneye. 
IM-PO.S'TUll-.'VGE,  71.    Imposition.    [JVot  tii  use] 

Up.  Taylor, 

IiM-POS'Tt'RE,  71.      [Fr.,  from   L.  i',7ijios(ura.     Sec 

Impose.]  , 

Deceplion    practiced    under  a   false    or  assumed 

eharaeler;  fraud  or  imposition  practiced  by  a  lalsc 

pretender. 

Form  new  IcgeniN, 
And  fill  die  world  wilh  foUiys  and  impostures.  Ireor- 

IM-POS'TUR-£D,  o.    Having  llie  nature  of  imposture. 

Brainii.  I)'  I''l. 
IM-POS'TOR-OUS,  a.    Deceitful.     [JVo(  iiscrf.] 

Bcoum,  <V  J""'- 
Ul'PO-TENCE,    j  71.     [L.  impntcniia  ;  in  and  potriitia, 
IM'PO-TEN-CY,  i      from  potcns,  from  the  root  of  I,. 
possum,  jio.wr,  which  consists  of  the  Clements  Pd  or 

Pi.     See  Power.]  

1.  Want  of  strength  or  power,  animal  or  intellec- 
tual ;  weakness  ;  feebleness  ;  inability  ;  imbecility  ; 
defect  of  power,  natural  or  adventitious,  to  perform 
any  thing. 

Some  were  poor  bv  llie  impotency  of  nauirc ;  as  young  falhcru-M 
children,  old  ilecrepit  pereone,  idiow,  and  cripples. 

'  HayirOTd. 

iim.M  motion  attends  fever*. 

Arbittluiijt. 


Tlic  im;io(ence  of  exercising 


to  : 

on  our.-*elVLS. 
IM-POSE',  a. 


Command ;  injunction. 


[vVot  used.] 
Shak. 

I>I-P6»'KD,  (im-pozd',)  pp.    Laid  on,  as  a  la.x,  bur- 
den, duty,  or  penally  ;  enjoined. 
fmposed  on :  deceived. 
tM-Pf>SE'MEXT,  «.     Imposition.     [Bud.]      Moore. 
I.M-PCS'ER,  «.    One  who  lays  on  ;  one  who  enjoins, 
Thfi  impoteri  of  iVje  callu  n.igbt  repcnL  Walton. 


Willi  men  Iliis  Is  impottiile 

Lie.  — Matt.  xix. 
WiOii.nt  faiUi  it  is  iwpotsible  lo  please  God.  — Ileb.  xi. 

There  arc  two  kinds  of  impossiliililies,  phy.^ical  and 
moral.  Tll.at  is  a  physical  impossibility,  wllicll  is  con- 
trary 10  tlie  law  of  naliiic.  A  thing  is  said  to  be 
moralbi  impossible,  »  hen  in  itself  it  is  possible,  but 
attended  with  difliculties  or  circumslanecs  which 
give  it  the  appearance  of  being  impossible.     [See 

P0SS1DL£,  PbaCTICADLE,  aud  iMPRiOTICABLE.] 

Eneyc. 
Impossible  quantity.     See  iMAClNsny. 
IM'POST,  71.     [Sp.  and  ll.  impostai  Fr.  impot,  for  ini- 
pcst  )■  L.  iin/jo.vi((iiri,  hitpouQ.] 

1.  Any  lax  or  tribute  imposed  by  authority  ;  partie- 
vJarhj,  a  duly  or  lax  laid  by  government  on  goods 
imported,  and  paid  or  secured  by  the  importer  at  the 
time  of  importation.  Imposts  are  also  called  cus- 
toms. 

2.  In  architeeture,  that  part  of  a  pillar  in  vaults  and 
arches  on  wliicli  llic  weight  of  the  building  rests  ;  or 
Ihe  capital  of  a  pillar  or  cornice  which  crowns  the 
pier  and  supports  tlie  first  stone  or  part  of  an  arch. 

AmsmorUi.     Jlsh. 

LM-POS'TIIU-MaTE,  (im-pos'tu-mStc,)  v.  i.  [See 
Imposthumi:.]  To  form  an  abscess  ;  lo  gather  ;  to 
collect  pus  or  purulent  matter  in  any  part  of  an  ani- 
mal body.  Arhutlinot. 

IM-P0S^TI!U-J1.\TE,  e.  t.  To  affect  with  an  inipos- 
liiunie  or  abscess. 

I.M-POS'THU-JU-TED,  pp.  Affected  with  an  impos- 
thiime. 

IM-POS'THU-^L^'TIXG,  ppr.  Forming  into  an  ab- 
scess. 

IM-P0S-TI1U-Ma'TI0N,  71.  The  act  of  forming  an 
abscess  ;  also,  an  abscess ;  an  imposthume. 

Core.     Baeon. 

IM-POS'TnUME,  (im-pos'irinie,)  71.  [This  word  is 
a  comiplion  of  aposiem,  I.,  apostrma,  Gr.  uTri.trrij/ia, 
from  rtincrr.itt,  to  separate,  lo  withdraw,  or  to  stand 

I     off;  u-o  and  icrij^i,  10  stand.] 


2.  Moral  inabililv  ;  the  want  of  power  or  inclin.i- 
tion  to  resist  or  overcome  habits  and  natural  propen- 
sities. 

3.  Inability  to  beget. 

4.  Ungovernable  passion  ;  a  Latin  sii^>n,ficotioii. 
[Little  used.]  ,      Milton. 

IM'PO-TENT,  a.     [Fr.,  from  L.  iin;io(OTS.] 

1.  Weak;  feeble;  wanting  strength  or  power ;  un- 
able by  nature,  or  disabled  by  disease  or  accident,  10 
perform  any  act. 

1  know  tliou  wast  not  slow  to  bear, 

Nor  iiopount  to  save.  Aadtton. 

2.  Wanting  the  power  of  propag.ation,  as  males. 

3.  Wanting  the  power  of  restraint;  not  having  ihe 
command  over  ;  as,  impotent  of  tongue.       Vrydcn. 

IM'PO-TE.NT,  11.  One  who  is  feeble,  infirm,  or  lan- 
guishing under  disease.  Sha.'i. 

IM'PO-TEiNT-LY,  ado.  Weakly;  without  power 
over  the  passions. 

IM-POUXIJ',  e.  f.     [ill  and  ;)niin</.     Pec  Pot;!tD  ] 

1.  To  put,  shut,  or  ronniie,  in  a  pound  or  close 
pen  ;  as,  to  impound  unruly  or  stray  horses,  rat- 
tle, &c.  

2.  To  confine  ;  to  restrain  Willi  limits.       Kacoii. 
IM-POUiN'D'l'.l),  ;i;>.    Confined  in  a  pounil. 
I.M-POUiND'EU,  n.    One  who  impounds  the  beasts  ol 

another.  ,   .        .  j      , 

IM-POU.\D'ING,  ppr.     Confining  in  a  pound  ;   re- 
straining. 
IM-POV'ER-ISII,  71.  (.     [Fr.  appauvrir,  appaurrisscnt, 
from  pauvrc,  pour ;  ll.impoverire.     See  Poon.] 

1.  To  make  poor ;  to  reduce  to  poverty  or  indi- 
gence. Idleness  and  vice  are  sure  to  impocerisli  in- 
dividuals and  families. 

2.  To  exhaust  strength,  richness,  or  fertility ;  as, 
to  impoverish  land  by  frequent  cropping. 

IM-F0V'EH-1SH-J';D,  (im-pov'er-isln,)  ;v'-  <"  "■  "'^" 
duced  to  iioverty  :  exhausted. 

IM-POV'ER-ISII-EK,  11.  One  who  maKcs  others  poor. 
2.  That  which  impairs  fertility. 

IM-POV'ER-ISfl-I.N'G,  ppr.   Making  poor ;  exhausting. 

IM-POV'ER-ISH-IXG,  a.  Tending  or  filled  lo  reihite 
'to  poverty,  or  to  exhaust  of  fertility.  White  cro|is 
are  impoverishing  to  land. 

IM-POV'EIl-ISINLY,  adv.    So  as  to  impoverish. 

IM-POV'ER-ISH-MENT,  71.  Depauperation;  a  re- 
ducing to  indigence ;  exhaustion  ;  dram  of  weallli, 
richness,  or  fertility. 

IM-POW'EK.     See  Empower. 

I.M-PRA€-TI-€.\-mL'l-TY,     )  n.      [See    Impracti- 

IM-PRAC'TI-e.V-BLE-NESS,  \      cable.] 

1.  The  stale  or  quality  of  being  beyond  human 
power,  or  the  means  proposed  ;  infe.asibility 

2.  Untraclableness ;  stubbornness.  ■°""'  i., 
IM-PRAe'TI-€A-BLE,    <7.      [in  ixii  practicable ;  rt. 

impraetieable.     See  PnAcricE.]  . 

1  That  can  not  be  done  or  performed  ;  iiifcisiliie  , 
not  to  bo  eflVicted  by  human  means,  or  by  the  means 
oronosed.  It  is  impraetieable  for  a  man  lo  lilt  a  ui  11 
by  his  unassisted  strength  ;  but  not  impracUcable  lor 
a'man  aided  by  a  mechanical  power. 


FaTE,  far,  fall,  WHAT — .METE,  PREY PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  M' JLF,  BQQK.- 

_-  ^        -  -,  - 


Q.  Untrattnhle  ;  iiiinianageable  ;  sluhboni ;  as,  a 
ficrcp,  iinprncticahtc  niiture.  Rowc. 

3.  Thiit  can  not  be  passed  or  Iraveleil ;  as,  an  iia- 
practicabh  ro^d  ;  a  colloquial  sense. 
I.^I-PRAe'TI-eA-BLV,  ode.    In  a  manner  or  degree 
that  hinders  pmctice. 

Morality  not  ivipracticaithj  ri^d.  Johnson. 

IMTRE-€aTE,   v.  t.     [L.  imprccor;  in  and  prccor,  to 

pnty.    See  Prav.] 
To  invoke,  ;is  an  evil  on  any  one  ;  to  pr:iy  that  a 

curse  or  cahitnily  may  fall  on  one's  self  or  on  another 

person. 
IMTRE^Ca-TED,  pp.    Invoked  on  one,  as  some  evil. 
IM'PRE-€a-TL\G,  ppr.    Callinf:  for  evil  on  one's  self 

or  another. 
1M-PRE-€a'TI0X,  h.     [L.  imprccatio.] 

The  act  of  imprecating,  or  invoking  evil  on  any 

one  ;  a  prayer  that  a  cur^e  or  calaniiiy  may  fall  on 

any  one  ;  a  curse. 
IM'PRE-eA-TO-RV,  a.    Containins  a  prayer  for  evil 

to  befall  a  person. 
lAI-PRE-CIS'ION,  11.      [in  and  ]>Trcisian.]     Want  of 

precision  or  exactness  ;  defect  of  accuracv.      Tayhr. 
151-PRkGN',  (im-precn',)  v.  t.     [It.  impregnarc  ;    Fr. 

impre^er:  L.  in  zin tl  prtBrrnaiis.     See  Pregnant.] 
To  impregnate ;  to  infuse  the  seed  of  young,  or 

other  prolific  principle.     [Used  in  poetrj-.'    See  Im- 

freg:sate.]  Mtlton.     Thomson. 

BI-PREG'NA-RLE,  a.     [Fr.  imprrnahlc] 

1.  Not  to  b-j  slormcd,  or  taken  by  assault ;  that 
can  not  be  reduced  by  force  j  aide  to  resist  attack  j 
as,  an  imprttrnnhlc  fortress. 

2.  Not  to  be  moved,  impressed,  or  shaken  ;  invin- 
cible. 

Ths  man's  ofTecliuii  remams  wholly  unconccmril  and  i.7iprf  jvic- 
hle.  South. 

IM-PREG'NA-BLY,  cdr.  In  a  manner  to  resist  pene- 
tration or  assault ;  in  a  manner  to  defy  force  ;  as,  a 
place  imprr.^nnhbj  fortified.  Sandijs. 

1M-PREG'NaTE,  v.  t.  [It.  impregnarc;  Fr.  imprc^ncr; 
Sp.  imjtrciptnr.     Sec  Pbecnant.] 

1.  To  infuse  the  principle  of  concoption ;  to  make 
pregnant,  as  a  female  animal. 

2.  To  deposit  the  fecundating  du=t  of  a  (lower  on 
the  pistils  of  a  plant ;  to  render  pruliiic. 

3.  To  infuse  particles  of  one  thine  into  another; 
to  communicate  the  virtues  of  one  thing  to  another, 
as  in  pharmacy,  by  mixture,  digestion,  ficc. 

IM-PREG'NATE,  a.  Impregnated  ;  rendered  prolific 
or  fniilful. 

LM-PREG'NA-TED,pp.  ora.  Mado  pregnant  or  pro- 
lific ;  fecundated ;  filled  with  something  by  mix- 
ture, Sec. 

IM-PREG'Na-TING,  ppr.  Infusing  seed  or  pollen  ; 
rendering  pregnant ;  fructifying;  fecundating;  filling 
bv  infusion  or  mixture. 

DKPREGNa'TION,  h.  [Fr.]  The  net  of  fecun- 
dating and  rendering  fruitful ;  applied  to  animals  or 
plants. 

2.  The  communication  of  the  particles  or  virtues 
of  one  thing  to  another. 

3.  That  with  which  any  thing  is  impregnated. 

JJcrhani. 

4.  Saturation.  Ainsicorlk. 
IM-PRE-JC'DI-GATE,  a.     [L.  in, prrr,  and  judico.] 

Not  prejudged;  unprejudiced;  not  prciiossessed  ; 
impartial.     [JVot  used,]  Brown, 

IM-PREP-A-Ra'TION,  n.     [in  and  preparation.] 

Want  of  preparation;   unpreparedne.ss  ;  unreadi- 
ness.    [Litdc  uspd.]  Hooker. 
IM-PRE-ri€R[P-TI-i5lL'I-TV.  n.     [Fr.  imprescriplibi- 
lite,  from  imprescriptible.] 

The  state  of  being  independent  of  prescription  ; 
the  state  which  renders  a  thing  not  liable  to  be  lost 
or  impaired  by  the  prescription  of  another,  or  by 
one's  own  non-user.  P'atld,  Trans.  ' 

IM-PKE-SGRIP'TI-BLE,  a.  [Fr.,  from  prxscriptible, 
from  L.  prascribo ;  prie  and  scribn,  to  write.] 

That  can  not  be  lost  or  impaired  by  non-user,  or 
by  the  claims  of  another  founded  on  prescription. 

RigikU  of  mere  atAlily  which  a  man  may  use  or  not  at  piriasuiv, 
wiLhont  any  person's  h-ivinj  a  right  to  prescribe  to  me  on 
tint  Huljjfci,  arc  imprescripuble.  VatUl,  Trans. 

The  rights  of  navigauoii,  fislihi^.  nnii  othprs  that  m,iy  be  CTri' 
ciscil  on  the  s-n,  bcloiigiii^  lo  Itie  right  of  mere  itliiliiy,  an? 
imprescripubie.  VaUet. 

IJf-PRESS'^,  V.  t,  [L.  imprcssum,  from  imprimo  ;  in 
and  prerao,  to  press.] 

1.  To  imprint ;  to  stamp ;  to  make  a  mark  or  fig- 
ure on  any  thing  by  pressure ;  as,  to  impress  coin 
with  the  figure  of  a  man's  head,  or  with  tliat  of  an 
ox  or  sheep  ;  to  impress  a  figure  on  wax  or  clay. 

2.  To  print,  as  books. 

3.  To  mark  ;  lo  indent. 

4.  To  fix  deep  ;  a.s,  to  impress  trutii  on  the  mind, 
or  facts  on  the  mcmor>-.     Hence,  to  convict  of  sin. 

n.  To  compel  to  enter  into  public  service,  as  sea- 
men :  to  seize  and  take  into  service  by  compulsion, 
as  nurses  in  sickness.  In  this  scn?c,  we  use7?rfss  or 
impre.-:.?  indifr(;rently. 

6.  To  seize  ;  to  take  for  public  service  ;  as,  to  im- 
prfs-.t  provisions.  Marshall. 

IMTRESS,  7(.  A  mark  or  indentation,  made  by 
pressure 


IMP 

2.  The  figure  or  image  of  any  thing  made  by  pres- 
sure ;  stamp ;  hkeness. 

3.  Mark  of  distinction  ;  stamp;  character. 

Goil  leavea  us  OiU  p-ncral  iinprcBa  or  cliaraclcr  on  tliC  worl  h  of 
creation,  itmt  tncy  wen:  very  gooil.  i'yuL'i. 

4.  Device :  motto. 


To  describe  emblntoned  shield*, 
Impretsfs  quiint. 


Milton, 


5.  The  act  of  compelling  to  enter  into  public  ser- 
vice.    [See  Press.]  Sliak. 

IM-PRESS'-GANG,  a.  A  parly  of  men  with  an  ofTi- 
cer,  employed  to  impress  seamen  fur  ships  of  war. 
[See  Pre33-Gano.] 

IM-PRESS'£D,  (im-pre.st',)  pp.  or  a.  Imprinted  ; 
sUimpcd ;  marked  by  pressure :  compelled  to  enter 
public  service  ;  seiz.cd  for  public  use  ;  fixed  in  the 
mind  ;  made  sensible  ;  convinced. 

IM-PRESS-I-BIL'I-TY,  h.  The  quality  of  being  im- 
pressible. 

lil-PRESSl-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  impressed  ;  that 
yields  to  an  impression ;  that  may  receive  impres- 
sions.    Solid  bodies  are  not  easily  impressible. 

2.  That  may  be  impressed  ;  tliat  may  have  its  fig- 
un^  stamped  on  another  body. 

L^I-PRESS'I-BLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  to  make  jm- 
prpssion. 

IM-PRESS'ING,  ppr.  Imprinting;  stamping;  fixing 
in  the  mind  ;  compelling  into  service. 

IM-PRES'SION,  (-presh'un,)  n.     [Fr. ;  L.  impressio.'] 

1.  The  act  of  impressing,  as  one  body  on  another  ; 
as,  a  figure  made  by  impression. 

2.  iMark  ;  indentation  ;  stamp  marie  by  pressure ; 
as,  a  seal  makes  an  impression  (m  wax. 

3.  The  effect  which  objncts  produce  on  the  mind. 
Tims  we  say,  the  truths  of  the  gospel  make  an  im- 
pression on  the  mind  ;  they  make  no  impression,  or 
a  deep  and  lasting  imprcssivn.  Tlie  heart  is  imprcs.^cd 
v/ith  love  or  gratitude.  We  He  open  to  t!ie  impres- 
sions of  (lattery. 

4.  Image  in  the  mind  ;  idea. 

5.  Sensible  effect.  The  artillery  made  no  impres- 
sion on  the  fort.  Tlie  attack  made  no  impression  on 
ilie  enemy. 

G.  A  single  edition  of  a  book  ;  the  books  printed 
at  once ;  as,  a  copy  of  the  last  impression.  Tlie 
wliole  i/nprcssion  of  the  work  was  sold  in  a  month. 

7.  Sligiit,  indistinct  remembrance.  I  Jiave  an  im- 
pression that  the  fact  was  stated  to  me,  but  I  can  not 
clearlv  recollect  it. 

IM-PRES'SION-A-BLE,  a.  Susceptible  of  impression  ; 
that  can  be  impressed. 

IM-PRE.SS'IVE,  a.  iMaking  or  tending  to  make  an 
impression  ;  having  the  p(wer  of  affecting,  or  of  ex- 
citing attention  and  feeling  ;  adapted  to  touch  sensi- 
biliry  or  the  conscience  ;  as,  an  impre^sicc  discourse  ; 
an  imprcssire  scene. 
2.  Capable  of  being  impressed  ;  susceptible. 

Spenser. 

IM-PRES3'IVE-LY,  adi?.  In  a  manner  lo  touch  sen- 
sibility or  to  awaken  conscience ;  in  a  manner  to 
produce  a  powerful  effect  on  the  mind, 

IM-PRESS'lVE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  im- 
pressive. 

IM-PRESS'ME.\T,  n.  The  act  of  impressing  men 
into  public  service  ;  as,  tlie  impressment  of  seamen. 

2.  The  act  of  compelling  into  any  service  ;  as,  the 
impressment  of  nurses  lo  attend  the  sick. 

3.  Tlie  act  of  seizing  fur  public  use;  as,  the  im- 
pressment of  provisions  for  the  army.         JilarshaU, 

IM-PRESS'lIRE,  H.  The  mark  made  by  pressure ;  in- 
dentation ;  dent;  impression.  '  S/wft. 

IM'PREST,  n.     [It.  imprcstarc.} 

A  kind  of  earnest-money  ;  loan  ;  money  ad- 
vanced. £urke. 

LM-PREST',  V.  t.    To  advance  on  loan. 

IM-PREV'A-LENCE,  k,    Incapabilily  t.f  prevailing. 

HaH. 

IM-PRI-Ma'TUR,  71.  [L.,  let  it  be  printed.]  A  li- 
cense to  print  a  book,  &c. 

IM  PRIM'ER-Y,w.     [Fr.  iirprimn-ic.] 

A  print ;  impression  ;  a  printing  house ;  art  of 
printing.     [.Vfli  in  imc] 

IM-PRI'.\IIS,  iidv.     [L.  imprimis,  for  in  primis.'] 
In  the  first  place  ;  first  in  order. 

ni'PRINT,  «.  Thn  name  of  the  publisher  of  a  book, 
newspaper,  tc,  with  the  place  and  time  of  publi- 
cation, inserted  in  the  first  page. 

IM-PRINT',  V.  L  flL  imprimcrc:  Sp.  imprimir;  Ft. 
imprimer;  J,,  imprimo ;  in  and  prcmo,  to  press.  See 
Print.] 

1.  To  impress  ;  lo  mark  by  pressure  ;  as,  a  charac- 
ter or  device  imprinted  on  wax  or  cloth. 

2.  To  stamp  letters  and  words  on  paper  by  means 
of  types  ;  to  print. 

3.  To  fix  on  the  mind  or  memory  ;  to  impress. 
Let  your  father's  admonitions  and  instnrclions  be 
imprinted  on  your  mind. 

IM-PRIXT'ED,  p/».      .Marked   by  pressure  ;   printed; 

fixed  in  the  mind  or  memory. 
IM-1*RIa\T'ING,  ppr.    Marking  by  pressure  ;  printing; 

fixing  on  the  mind  or  memory-. 
IM-PRIS'ON,  (im-priz'n,)  v.  t.     [Fr.  emprisonner;  in 

and  prison.] 


IMP 

1.  To  put  into  a  prisf)n  ;  to  confine  m  a  prison  or 
jail,  or  to  arrest  and  detain  in  custody  in  .any  place. 

2.  To  confine;  to  shut  up;  lo  restrain  from  escape; 
lo  deprive  of  the  liberiy  to  move  from  place  to  place  j 
as,  to  be  imprisoned  in  a  cell. 


He  irnpritonfd  vm  :n  chaini  remMilcM. 
Try  to  imprison  ibc  mijilea  wiuds. 


Spenart. 
Dryien. 


ISI-PRIS'ON-ED,  pp.  or  a.  Confined  in  a  prison  or 
jai! ;  restraimrd  from  escape,  or  from  going  ai  large. 

I&I-PRIS'ON-ER,  «.    One  who  imprisons  another. 

Claylvn. 

IM-PRIS'ON-ING,  n.    Act  of  confining  in  prison. 

IM-PR1S'0N-I.\G,  jfpr.  .*?huuing  up  in  prison  j  con- 
fining in  a  place. 

IM-PRIS'  ON-MENT,  n.  The  act  of  putting  and  con- 
fining in  prison;  the  act  of  arresting  and  detaining 
in  custody. 

2.  Confinement  in  a  place ;  restraint  of  liberlv  lo 
go  from  place  to  place  at  pleasure,  .^pprpprjaidij, 
tfie  confinement  of  a  criminal  or  debtor  within  Uie 
walls  of  a  prison,  or  in  the  custody  of  a  sheriff,  A:c. 

False  irnprisoiwient^  is  any  confinement  of  the  per- 
son, or  restraint  of  liberty, 'without  lesal  or  sufficient 
authority.  Tlie  arrest  or  detention  of  the  jier^on  by 
an  offiCL-r,  without  warrant,  or  by  an  illegal  warrant, 
or  by  a  legal  warrant  executed  at  an  unruwfiil  time, 
is  false  imprisonment.  Jilarlcstouc. 

IM-PROB-A-IIIL'I-TV,  n.  [See  Improbable.]  The 
quality  of  being  improbable,  or  not  likely  to  be  true  ; 
unlikelihood. 

IM-PROR'A-BLE,  a.  [Sp.  Fr.,  from  L.  improbabdis;  in 
and  probabilis,  from  probu,  to  prove.] 

Not  likely  to  be  true ;  not  lo  be  expected  under  the 
circumstances  of  the  case.  It  is  always  improbable 
that  men  will  knowingly  oppose  their  own  interest ; 
yet  tlie  fact  is  possible.  It  is  improbable  that  snow 
will  fal!  in  July,  but  not  incredible. 

IM-PROB'A-GLY,  adc.    In  a  manner  nollikciv  to  be 
true. 
2.  In  a  manner  not  to  be  approved.    [06^.]    Boyle. 

IM'PRO-BaTE,  v.  L     [L.  improbo.\ 

To  disallow ;  not  lo  approve.     [.Vot  used."] 

AinsieorOi. 

IM-PRO-B.\'TION,  77.  The  act  of  disapproving.  [JVbc 
I"  nse.]  JJinsJcorih. 

IM-PROB'I-TY,  71.  [L.  improbitas;  in  and  pmbUas, 
frim  probo,  lo  approve.] 

That  which  is  disapproved  or  disallowed  ;  want  of 
integrity  or  rertitude  of  principle  ;  disbonesly.  A 
man  of  known  improbity  is  always  suspected,  and 
usually  despised. 

IM-FR0-DUC'£D,  (im-pro-dGst',)  a.    Not  produced. 

Rav. 

IM-PRO-FF'CIEXCE,  C-pro-fish'ens,)       )  n.  ^Varit  of 

IM-PRO-FI"CIE\-CY,  (-pro-fish'en-sy,)  j  proficien- 
cy. Bacon. 

DI-PROFaT-A-BLE,  a.    Unprofitable.     [.Xot  in  iwf,] 

Elliot. 

IM-PRO-GRES'SIVE,  a.    Not  progressive. 

IM-PRO-LIF'ie,  a.    Not  prolific  ;  unfruitful.     [Obs.] 

TVatcrhouse, 

IM-PRO-LIF'ie-.ATE,  r.  t.  To  impregnate;  to  fe- 
cundate.    [Obs.] 

IM-PRO.MP'TU,  adv.  or  a.  [L.  m  promptu,  in  readi- 
ness, fritm  promputs,  ready,  quick.] 

Off  hand  ;  without  previous  study  ;  as,  a  verse  ut- 
tered or  written  improtnptu. 

IM-PROMP'TU,  71.  A  piece  made  off  hand,  at  the 
moment,  or  without  previous  study  ;  an  extempora- 
neous composition. 

IM-PROP'ER,  a.  [L.  bnpropriiis ;  in  and  propriusj 
proper.] 

J.  Not  proper  ;  not  suitable  ;  not  adapted  to  its  end  ; 
unfit ;  as,  an  improper  medicine  for  a  particular  dis- 
ease :  an  improper  regulation. 

2.  Not  becoming;  not  decent;  not  suited  to  the 
character,  time,  or  place  ;  as,  improper  conduct  in 
church  ;  improper  behavior  before  superiors ;  an  im- 
proper speech. 

3.  Not  according  to  the  settled  usages  or  principles 
of  a  language  :  as,  an  improper  word  or  phrase. 

4.  Not  suited  to  a  particular  place  or  office ;  unqual- 
ified ;  as,  he  is  an  improper  man  for  the  office. 

Improper  fraction  ;  a  fraction  whose  denominator  13 
not  greater  than  its  numerator. 

IM-PliOP'ER-LY,  adc.  Not  filly;  in  a  manner  not 
suited  to  the  end  ;  in  a  manner  not  suited  to  the  com- 
pany, time,  place,  and  circumstances;  unsuitably; 
incongruously. 

2.  (n  a  manner  not  according  with  esUiblishcd 
usages ;  inaccurately ;  ungrammatically ;  as,  to  speak 
or  write  impropcrlt,. 

LM-PRO-PI"TIOUS,  (-pro-pish'us,)  a.  Not  propitious  : 
unpropitious.  IVotton. 

\  The  latter  is  Vie  word  in  use.] 

IM-PRO-PoR'TIOX-A-BLE,  a.  Not  proportionable. 
[Little  »--Trf.]  B.  Jcnson. 

IM-PRO-PoR'^TIOX-ATE,  a.  Not  proportionate  :  not 
adjusted.     [Little  used.]  Smith, 

TJI-PRo'PRI-.\TE,  r.  t.     [L.  in  and  proprius,  proper.] 
1.  To  appropriate  to  private  use ;  to  take  to  one's 
self;  as,  to  impropriate  thanks  lo  one's  self.    [JVbf 
KSfrf.]  Baton. 


TONE,  BI;LL,  UNITE.— AN"GER,  Vr'CIOUS.  — C  as  K,  6  as  J;  S  aa  Z;  CH  as  SII ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


ISIP _^ 

■J  of  ccclciiiurtical  (iroiii-rty  in 


1  u,,:!,li-SSe 

M  for  lier 
'  ,,t;i  I'M- 

,l."lu4,  l:.:uiu.-i;.  H.l!.j 
.  i:,  o.    Devolved  into  Uie  hands  of  a 

1.    Appropriated  to  one's  sdf. 

, ..;  ...  I u  of  a  layman,  as  diurcli  prop- 

Wl'l-'itOTni-A-TIXG,  ppr.     Appropriating  to  one's 

'  '  :,.Ha  of  ecclesiastical  property  in  tlie 

I.  h  iv    !■.    Tlie  act  of  puttcns  an  ec- 

lianJs  of  a  layman. 
.1.  [/Ijiijf. 

.  :  ,\  Mian  wlu>  lias  pos.-cs- 
Hon'oi  the  lands  ol  Uio  tUurill,  or  an  ««'^'/','^^"' 

pi' Pii  PTY,  ».    [Fr.  vnprvpriaf,  from  L.  I'm- 

Impropkr.] 

unsnitableness  to  cliaracter,  nine, 

.  ■   nccs;  as,  improprictil  of  behavior 

,  f  conduct  Is  an  htpropriett/  in 

rul  at  a  funcnil.    Rudeness  or 

!„,„   ,  ,„^   ..:,i  persons  l>eforc  their  superiors 

is  v'pruprul}.    inileccncy  and  indecorum  arc  impro- 

'".'.  'i.' -ry  in  languacc  ;  a  word  or  plirnse  not 

,'the  cstabiisbed  usages  or  principles  of 

riling. 

■  '••jta,  howcTcr  agllioriacd  by  we^ce, 
,!.  Sta/t. 


INMR'^  J  . .  n.    Unprosperity  i  want  of  suc- 

J^awtton. 
■PER-OUS,  a.     [in  and  prnspcnius.]     Not 
u~  ,  not  successful ;  nnforluiiale  ;  not  yioUl- 

t  advancing  interest ;  as,  an  impriKpcr- 

.ni:  or  voyage.  Drijden. 

\..,vi  u  I.Vc  Kcrd  most  ■renaralli/  iweii  m 

:  OUS-LY,  adv.     Unsuccessfully  ;  un- 
unfortunalely.  Botjlc 

;   ;  .;  iJUS-NESS,  K.    Ill  success  ;  want  of 

Hammond, 
I    I  IL'I-TY,  n.    [Sec  Isipbotable.]    The 

IV  of  being  cap.iblc  of  improvement ; 
nf  being  made  better. 
l.E,  o.    [See  iMPRovi;.]    Susceptible  of 
;   capatile  of  growing  or  being  made 
jiay  be  advanced  in  good  qualities. 

T.  I  r ':..  Tuii  ihiltooof  no  imnroiMA/e  iL-itun!, 
'.  .-Anccnwnt.      JJtau/  of  }Htt)f. 
jla-,  r.il  rriuciplci,  improwHt  by  lh« 

IhaTr  J  ..  .-  *;  --u  .i  ..   ,  ,  ^.-..'a'c  Uo(U.  Ail/iuon. 

2.  That  may  be  used  to  advantage,  or  for  tJie  in- 
crease "f  ;iii>  t!iilr^  v;'.IU:ibIo. 

Xt  ■  rj  Ur.prosabte  hin'j  10  b-tlcr. 

Broun. 

3,  I  cultivation. 

A  K«njiy  t  -^niair,  Mt  in  thoe  colonist. 

Hut.  OuvUna.    B.  TrumbuU. 

t.t  i.t-.-.i-- \  .  .    ,_  Stisceplibitity of  improve- 

'  X  being  made  belter,  or  of  being 

...'. ,  uir.    In  a  manner  that  admits  of 

;m-proov',)  v.  t.  [Norm,  prover^  to  im- 
-I'lrmenl,  improving.  The  French  and 
the  same  compound  in  a  different  sense. 
"  L.  in  and  probo,  to  prove,  or  tlie  adjec- 


II  uVh^ffuIt^of  rcraoM  not  Unprovin^  that  U5I1L    S.  Clarke. 
¥ll;  2^Sl.»  ST-  .bo  mo^CMt-  won,  t.>.y  .»  ™;.™« '•• 

A  y»nns  mb-^iCT  «Uhin-  to  taroK  <^=  '«••»"'"•     '^^  ®'"'°"- 

3.  To  apply  to  practical  purposes  ;  a.-;,  to  mprove  a 

discourse,  or  the  doctrines  stated  and  P'O'cd  m  a 

'Tto  advance  or  increase  by  use ;  in  a  b^d  sense. 

1  foivr  we  tare  »ot»  liule  imf™""!  •!■=  """"'"l  '"^C'-u"  "' 
oar  .■mc<ator».    [/«■! 

5.  To  use ;  to  employ ;  as,  to  improve  a  witness  or 
a  deposition. 

Ut  even  Ihe  coach,  the  i..n>,  .or  -Jic  .lup,  te  "'L"'S'f,,  " 
opc,un-»  for  lucful  iu.trocuon.  '  ■  "'o"- 

e   To  uso:  to  occupy;  to  cultivate.    Tlie  house 
or   the   farm  is    now  improved  by  an  industrious 

'"'This' application  is  perhaps  peculiar  to  some  parts 
of  the  United  States.  It,  however,  deviates  little 
from  that  in  some  of  the  foregoing  definitions. 

Old  authors  sometimes  use  this  word  hr  Cesjube 
or  Impeach,  i.  e.  reprove.  !<<"'■  ^"'-  , 

IM-PROVE'  (ira-proov',)  v.  i.  To  grow  belter  or 
'wiser;  to  advance  in  goodness,  knowledge,  wisdom, 
or  other  excellence.  VVc  are  pleased  to  see  our  chil- 
dren improve  in  knowledge  and  virtue.  A  farm  im- 
proves under  judicious  nianagement.  The  artisan 
improves  bv  experience.  It  is  the  duty,  as  it  is  tlie 
diiire,  of  a  good  man  to  improve  in  grace  and  piety. 
\Vc  uke  cine  10  teiiroce  in  our  ttus;>lily  and  ''^•^"^^;,^^^^^ 

2.  To  advance  in  bad  qualities ;  to  grow  worse. 

Domilian  impro^d  in  cruelty  toward  the  end  of  bis  «ig!j-^^_ 
[/  pc^et  to  see  this  word  tlius  used,  or  raOier  per- 

3.  To  increase ;  to  be  enhanced  ;  to  rise.     The 


si-ht,  or  of  the  measures  which  foresight  might  d 
tale  for  safety  or  advantage.   Half  Ihe  mconvcnienccs 
and  losses  which  men  siirtor  are  the  effects  ol  improv- 

IM-PROV'I-DENT,  a  [L.  in  and  prosidens :  pro  and 
video,  supra.]  .  .    .      ■„  ,  „ 

Wantiii"  forecast  ;  not  foreseeing  what  will  be 
necessary  or  convenient,  or  neglecting  the  measures 
which  foresight  would  dictate ;  wanting  care  to  malie 
provision  for  future  exigencies.  Seamen  are  prover- 
bially improi>i(/cn«.  It  is  sometimes  foUowcd  b>  oj , 
as,  iiirnroiirffnt  of  harm.  ■  1 ,     , 

IM-PUOV'l-UENT-LY,  ade.  Without  foresight  or 
forecast ;   witliout  care   to  provide  against   lututc 

IM-PROV'IXG,  ppr.  Making  better ;  growing  better ; 
using  to  advantage. 

IM-I'llOV'l.N'G,  a.  Growing  better;  tending  to  ad- 
vance in  good  qualities;  as,  an  improving  roUilion  of 
crops. 

Ill-PROV'ING-Ly,  adv.    In  an  improving  manner. 

IiM-PROV'I-SATE,  a.     Unpreiiicil Hated. 

liM-PROV-I-SA'TION,  n.  Act  of  making  poetry  or 
nerforining  music  extemporaneously. 

:M-PROy-l-S.i-rO'RE,  ».  [it.]  a  man  who  makes 
rhymes  and  short  poems  extein|>oralieously. 

(This  word  is  usually  spelled  with  but  one  v  by  llio 


English  and  French.] 
-0-RY, 


Relating  to  extemporarj 


I.  fo  mall 


I.   fo  malic  better;  to  advance  in  value  or  good 

qu.-Uitieii.  \Vc  amend  a  bad,  but  tmprore  a  good  thing. 

\  T'>id  education  ifnprorr.3  the  mind  and  the  mnn- 

.    A  judicious  rotation  of  crops  tends  to  improve 

'..  Johnson. 

:!.  To  use  or  employ  to  pood  purpose ;  to  make 

pr'>diirtivf  ;  to  turn  to  profitable  account ;  to  use  for 

a  lv.-;n'.i;'-' ;  to  employ  for  advancing  interest,  reputa- 

Ilup       -  '    •'■•-•. 

<au  el  impnting  morxj,  whkl),  If  n  mim 

,'.  *i>^nr»r.l*  p»*o*'r.  RttoAler. 

'     •"■    -  ■       -    ■''■      -'n-awlimprorinj 
Ramhlrr. 
-  -iin,  tiivU  ,u  to 
lfrc#;>infIon. 
Marihalt. 
Lct'xr  inttrxilon,  ahould 

Mi)n*r. 
- i'-t-f  cUIl^rlly  the  ud- 
Barrov, 
pQvitioa,  and  im- 

-titton't  Worit, 

cuL  Gibbon. 

«.  OMon. 

A  W\tc  ■"m  cjyTied  nnil  im- 

,    .^-  ..  AddUon,  Sj<eL  iii. 


6.   10  increase  ;    lo  uo  ciiu.ii....."  ,    -"  .--— 
price  of  cotton  tmprocM,  or  is  improved.     \A  mercan- 
tile and  modem  use  of  the  word.] 

To  improve  on:  to  make  useful  additions  or  amend- 
ments to ;  to  brine  nearer  to  perleclion  ;  as,  to  imiiroce 
on  the  mode  of  tillage  usually  practiced. 
IJI-PROV'£D,  P7J.  or  a.  Made  better,  wiser,  or  more 
excellent ;  advanced  in  moral  worth,  knowledge,  or 
manners.  „      ..  .,  ., 

2.  Made  better;  advanced  in  fertUitj-  or  otlier  good 
<iualities.  _,      .,.  ^ 

3.  Used  to  profit  or  good  purpose ;  as,  opportunilies 
of  learning  improved. 

4.  Used  ;  occupied  ;  as,  improved  land. 
I.M-PROVE'iMENT,  (im-proov'ment,)   n.     Advance- 

iiK-nt  in  moral  worth,  learning,  wisdom,  skill,  or 
other  excellence ;  as,  the  improvement  of  tiie  mind  or 
of  the  heart  by  cultivation  ;  improticmCTil  in  classical 
learning,  science,  or  meclianic-U  skill;  improvement 
ill  music  ;  improvement  in  holiness. 

2.  Melioration  ;  a  making  or  grov.-ing  better,  or 
more  v.aluable  ;  as,  the  improvement  of  barren  or  ex- 
hausted land  ;  the  imjiroeraifiit  of  the  ro.ids  ;  the  im- 
provement of  the  breed  of  horses  or  cattle. 

3.  A  valuable  addition  ;  excellence  added,  or  a 
change  for  the  better ;  sometimes  with  on. 

The  paru  of  Sinon,  Camilla,  and  eoine  few  olhera,  arc  imj>Tove- 
mcnu  on  die  Greek  poel.  Adduon. 

4.  Advance  or  progress  from  any  state  to  a  better. 

There  is  a  defflCT  of  rubliehing  the  history  of  aicbitccture,  with 
ita  aevenil  tmproveiwnia  and  decays.  Addison. 

5.  Instruction  ;  growth  in  knowledge  or  refine- 
ment ;  etlification. 

1  look  upon  your  city  as  the  best  place  ot  improtemenl.   ^uth. 

6.  Use  or  employment  to  beneficial  purposes ;  a 
turning  to  good  account ;  as,  the  improvement  of  nat- 
ural advantages,  or  spiritual  privileges. 

A  goo<l  improoement  ofbifl  reaaon.  S.  Clarlte. 

7.  Practical  application  ;  as,  the  improvement  of  the 
doctrines  and  principles  of  a  sermon. 

I  ahall  make  some  ini;n-or;nKrtl  of  Uiis  tloctrine.        7^/o!*on. 
Hence, 

8.  The  part  of  a  discourse  intended  to  enforce  and 
apply  the  declrines,  is  called  the  improvc:nenL 

9.  Use ;  occupancy, 

10.  Improvements,  pi. ;  valuable  additions  or  melio- 
ration, as  buildings,  clearings,  drains,  fences,  &.C.,  on 
a  farm.  '  Kent. 

IM-PRiSV'EE,  n.  One  who  improves  ;  onewhomakes 
himself  or  any  thing  else  better  ;  as,  .an  iriiproucr  of 
horses  or  catlle. 

2.  rii.at  which  improves,  enriches,  or  meliorates  ; 
as,  ch^.k  is  an  improver  of  lands.  Mortimer. 

IM-I'RO-MD'ED,  a.  (L.  improvisus ;  in  and  provideo, 
to  foresee  or  provide.] 

Unforeseen ;  unexpected  ;  not  provided  against. 
[Obs.j  Spenser. 

IM-PR(5V'I-DE\CE,  n.    [h.  in  and  providens,  provi- 
dentic,  from  pro,  before,  and  video,  to  see.] 
Want  of  providence  or  forecast ;  neglect  of  fore- 


IM-PROV'1-SA-TO-:      , 

composition  of  rhymes.  .  -,  ,  -  s     , 

IJ,t-pkoy-l-Sj]-TRl'CE,  (lUl-prov-e-sa-tro'cha.)  >■ 
[It.]  .\  woman  who  makes  rhymes  or  short  pueiii= 
extemooraneously.  ,     .  ,  ,    .  i  „  ,,,„ 

[This  word  is  usually  spelled  with  but  one  v  hy  the 
English  and  French.]' 
IM-PRO-V(SE',  V.  i.    To  speak  extemporaneously,  e.^ 
"  pccially  in  verse.  Siniirt 

BI-PUO-VIS'ION,  (-vizll'un,)  Ji.     [in  and  provisicn.\ 
Want  of  forecast;  improvidence.     [Liutc  nsed.] 

BroKn 
IJI-PRO'DENCE,  11.  [Fr.,  from  L.  impritdcr.tia :  in  and 
pnirfcntia,  prudence.]  r  „,„;„„ 

Wa'it  of  prudence  ;  indiscretion  ;  want  of  caution, 
circumspection,  or  a  due  regard  to  the  consequences 
of  words  to  be  uttered,  or  actions  to  b.-^  performed,  or 
their  probable  efiects  on  the  interest,  safety,  repiil.i- 
tion,  or  happiness,  of  one's  self  or  others;  hee.llfs- 
ness  ;  incoiisiderateness ;  rashness.  Let  a  nian  i.l 
sixty  attempt  to  enumerate  the  evils  winch  its  impru- 
dence has  brou  ght  on  himself,  his  family,  or  his  neigh- 

Im'-PRO'DENT,  a.    [Fr.,  from  L.  tmprittfcns ;  in  and 
vriidens,  prudent.]  .         .    ,.         ,    ;„■„, 

Wanting  pruilence  or  discretion  ;  indiscreet;  inju- 
dicious ;  not  attentive  to  the  consequences  of  words 
or  actions  :  rash  ;  heedless.  The  imprudent  man  often 
lamenus  his  mistakes,  and  then  repeats  them. 
IM-I'RU'DENT-LY,  adv.  Without  the  e.xercise  of  pni- 
dence ;  iiidiscreetl}'.  .        ,  .      ,.  i 

IM'PU-DENCE,  a.    [Fr.,  from  L.  impndens ;  i«  and 
midens,  from  pmlco,  to  bo  ashamed.] 

Shamelessness  ;  want  of  modesty  ;  effrontery  ;  as- 
surance, accompanied  with  a  disregard  of  the  opin- 
ions of  others. 

TboM  clear  truths,  d.at  either  Uteir  own  ev,de..«  force.  u»  to 
admit,  or  common  expeiiu-nce  make*  it  •mpudena:  lojta^y. 

TWPU-DEXT,  a.     [Fr.,  from  L.  tmpiid™s.] 

Shameless ;  wanting  modesty ;  bold,  with  contempt 
of  others ;  saucy. 

When  we  behold  .an  angel,  not  to  fe-al 

Is  to  be  impudent.  '-^^ " 

IM'PU-DE.NT-LY,  adv.    Shamelessly  ;  with  indecent 

assurance. 

At  once  assail 
With  c:.ea  mouUia,  and  impudently  rail. 
IM-PU-DIC'I-TY,  n.    [L.  impudicitia.] 

Immodesty.  , 

IM-PUGN',  (im-pune',)  v.  t.    [Fr.  ""i"'^"^;, ,--  „ 
pugnar ;  L.  impugno ;  m  and  piigno,  to  figlit,  or  re 

''Vo  oppose  ;  to  attack  by  words  or  .nrgnmen's  ;  to 
contradict.  The  lawfulness  of  lots  js  impugned  by 
some,  and  defended  by  others 


Sand-ji. 

SieUon. 
Sp.  im- 


The  tru'J,  hereof  I  will  not  rashly  impusn,  o,  0Te.>'.>^d^^- 

TM-P'JG-Na'TION,  ji.    Opposition,    [•^'"'^^■"jj;], 

IM-PUGN'£D,    (im-pund',)   pp.      Opposed;    conlra- 

ir,^POG'N'EE,  n.    One  who  opposes  or  contradku 
IxM-PCGX'IiNG,  !^.    Opposing;   attacking,   contra 

IM-PO'IS-SANCE,  n.    [Fr. ;  in  and  ?»i'-^«»«^_„„. 
Impotence  ;  weakness.    [OSs.]     .  f  ""' 

t\tPi-i't«-SANT  a.  fFr.l  Weak ;  impotent. 
ImIuZIe,  (to'liiSs,)  n.  ■'[L.i.-ni-utet.-.nom  -"'F'-'- 
^T  Force'lommunicated  instantaneously ;  the  of- 
fec  of  a  sudden  or  momentary  communica  on  ol 
motion.  /,np,*c  is  in  1™P°«-," '„"  ">,'^7'"'>"'*  "' 
matter  and  velocity  of  "•f^,'">P^"',"S^'l'^f- 
2.  Inllucnce  acting  on  the  mind  ;  motive. 

The=  •  were  my  natural  i,;,pi.!.e.  for  the  unJen.-.k.u;.  Dn^ 


FaTE,  F.\R,  FALL,  WHAT.  — >r-T2,  PRgY PINE,  M.-UllNE,  BIRD.  — XoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.- 


58<) 


IMP 

3.  Impression  J  supposed  supernatural  influence  on 
tbe  mind. 

M«aniime,  by  Jove's  intpaise,  Mecentius,  armed, 
Succ?e<ifiJ  Tamns.  Dryden, 

LM  PUL'SrOX,  (-sliun.)  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  impidsio. 
Sec  Impel.] 

1.  The  act  of  driving  against,  nr  impelling;  Uie 
sudden  or  momentary  agency  of  a  body  in  motion  on 
another  body.  Bacon, 

9.  Influence  on  the  mind  ;  iinpnlso.  Milt03i. 

IM-PULS'IVE,  a.     [Fr.  vnpulsif.     H-.-c  Impel.] 

1.  Having  thepowerof  driving  or  impelling;  mov- 
ing ;  impellent. 

Poor  men  !    poor  papeis !    We  anJ  tiiey 

Do  Eorae  impulsice  force  olxrjr.  Prior, 

2.  Actuated  by  impulse ;  as,  a  person  who  is  tm- 
viiisivc. 

lyi-PULS'rsrE-TjY,  adv.    With  force:  by  impulse. 
:  M-PU.\e'TU-AL,  a.    Not  punctual. 
LM-FUXe-TU-AL'I-TY,  n.    Neglect  of  punctuality. 

-^.  Hamilton. 
IM-Pu'NI-BLY,  adv.    Without  punishment. 
IM-PC'XI-TY,  71.     [Fr.  impunif e ,-  L.ir.ipunitas;  niand 
pu7!io,  to  punish.] 

1.  Exemption  from  punishment  or  penalty.  No 
persoa  should  be  permitted  to  violate  the  laws  with 
impunity.    Impunity  encourages  men  in  crimes. 

2.  Freedom  or  exemption  from  injun,-.  Some  fe- 
rocious animals  are  not  to  be  encountered  with  impu- 
nity. 

IM-PuRE',  a.  [Ft.  impur  ;  L.  impurus;  in  and  purusj 
pure.] 

1.  Not  pure  ;  foul ;    feculent ;   tinctured  ;   raLxed 
or  impregnated  with  extraneous  substances  j  as,  im- 
pure water  or  air  ;  impure  salt  or  magnesia. 
9.  Obscene  ;  as,  impure  language  or  ideas. 

3.  Unchaste  ;  lew^d  ;  unclean  ;   as,  impure  actions. 

4.  Defiled  by  sin  or  guilt j  unholy;  3S persons. 

5.  Unhallowed  ;  unholy  ;  as  tJiings. 

6.  Unclean  ;  in  a  legal  sense ;  not  purified  ac- 
cording to  the  ceremonial  law  of  Closes. 

IM-PORE',  r.  t  To  render  foul;  to  defile.  [JVot 
^^'i']  Bp.  Hall. 

IM-PCllE'LY,  adv.  In  an  impure  manner;  with  im- 
pur it\'. 

IM-ruRE'NESS,  J  7j.      [Fr.  impurctii    L.   impuritas, 

IM-PU'RI-TY,      i     supra.] 

1.  Want  of  purity;  foulness;  feculence;  tbe  ad- 
mixture of  a  foreign  substance  in  any  thing  ;  as,  the 
impurity  of  water,  of  air,  of  spirits,  or  of  any  species 
of  earth  or  metal, 

2.  Any  foul  matter. 

3.  Unchastity;  lewdness. 

The  foul  impurides  Ihai  reigned  among  (he  monkish  clergy. 

AUtrhury. 

4.  Want  of  sanctity  or  holiness;  defilement  by 
guilt. 

5.  Want  of  ceremonial  purity ;  legal  pollution  or 
uncleanness.  By  the  Mosaiclaw,  a  person  con- 
tracted impurity  by  touching  a  dead  body  or  a  leper. 

C.  Foul  language ;  obscenity'. 

Proraneness,  impurity,  or  scajidal,  is  not  wit.       Backminsler. 
I3I-PUR'PLE,  V.  U    [m  and  purple  ;    Fr.  cmpourprcr.'] 
To  color  or  tinge  with  purple  ;  to  maJce  red  or 
reddish;  as,  afield  impurpled  with  hlocd. 

The  bright 
PiTera?nt,  that  IfVe  a  sea  of  jasper  shone, 
Impurpled  with  celestial  roses,  sniDed.  iUi/ron. 

IM-PUR'PLED,  pp.  or  a.  Tinged  or  stained  with  pur- 
ple color. 

IM-PUR'PLING,  ppr.   Tinging  or  coloring  with  purple. 

IM-PUT'A-BLE,  a.  [See  Impl-te.1  That  maybe 
imputed  or  charged  to  a  person;  chargeable.  Thus 
we  say,  crimes,  sins,  errors,  trespasses  are  imputable 
to  those  who  commit  them. 

2.  That  may  be  ascribed  to  ;  m  a  good  sense.  This 
favor  is  imputable  to  your  goodness,  or  to  a  good  mo- 
tive. 

3.  Accusable ;  chargeable  with  a  fault.  [JVot  prop- 
er.] .'iylifc. 

4.  That  may  be  set  to  the  account  of  another.  It 
has  been  a  question  much  agitated,  whether  Adam's 
sin  is  imputable  to  his  posterity. 

IM-PuT'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  im- 
putable. JVorm. 

IM-PU-Ta'TION,  71.  [Fr.,  from  imputer.]  The  act  of 
imputing  or  charging;  attribution;  generally  in  an 
ill  sense  ;  as,  tbe  imputation  of  crimes  or  faults  to  the 
true  authors  of  iJiem.  We  are  liable  to  the  impiUa- 
tion  of  numerous  sins  and  errors  ;  to  the  imputation 
of  pride,  vanity,  and  self-confidence  ;  to  the  imputa- 
tion of  weakness  and  irresolution,  or  of  rashness. 

2.  Sometimes  in  a  good  sense. 

If  I  Kad  a  suit  to  Master  ShalloK-,  I  woiilij  humor  hb  men  with 
U»e  iinpuuttion  of  bdag  near  their  mjrter.  S?iaJc. 

3.  Charge  or  attribution  of  evil;  censure;  re- 
proach. 

1^1  OS  be  cairfu)  to  gojod  onrwlves  ag:iin;it  ihrtie  gTOuniIIe« 
Knpulaions  of  onr  enemies,  anU  lo  roc  above  ihcin. 

Addison. 

4.  Hint ;  slicht  notice.    Qu.  intimation.        Shak. 
IM-Pfj'TA-TIVE,  a.    That  may  be  imputed. 


INA 

IM-PO'TA-TIVE-LY,  adv.    By  iniputalit)n.    Encyc. 
IM-PuTE',  V.  t.     [Fr.  imputcr    It.  imputarc;  Sp.  impu- 

tar;   L.  impiito ;  in  and  puto,ui  think,  to  reckon; 

properly,  to  set,  to  put,  to  throw  to  or  on.] 

1.  To  charge ;  to  attribute  ;  to  set  to  the  account 
of;  generally  ill,  sometimes  ^jo*/.  We  i»;ipH/«  crimes, 
sins,  trespasses,  faulLs,  blame,  A;c.,  to  llie  fiuilty  per- 
sons. We  impute  wrong  actions  to  bad  motives,  or 
to  ignorance,  or  to  folly  and  rashness.  We  impute 
misfortunes  and  miscarriages  to  imprudence. 

And  therefore  it  was  imputed   to    him  for   righteousness.  — 
Rom.  iv. 

2.  To  attribute ;  to  ascribe. 

I  have  read  a  look  imputed  to  Lord  E.itjuirst.  Sicijl. 

3.  To  reckon  to  one  what  does  not  belong  to  him. 

It  has  been  held  Uiat  A*!am*s  sin  is  imputed  lo  all  his  posterity. 

Enqjc, 
Thy  merit 
imputed  shall  ahaolve  them  who  renounce 
Their  own  both  righteous  and  unrighteous  deeds.        AUllon. 

IM-POT'ED,  pp.  or  a.    Charged  to  the  account  of;  at- 
tributed ;  ascribed. 
IM-POT'ER,  n.    One  that  imputes  or  attributes. 
i:\U?\jT'i:<G,ppr.    Charging  to  tiie  account  of;  at- 
tributing ;  ascribing. 
liM-PU-TRES'Cf-BLE,  a.     [in  and  L.  pu'.rcsco,  to  pu- 
trefy.] 

Not  subject  to  putrefaction  or  corruption. 
IN,  a  prefix,  [L.  m,]  is  used  in  composition  as  a  particle 
of  negation,  like  the  English  uk,  of  which  it  seems  to 
be  a  dialectical  orthography ;  or  it  denotes  wiUiin, 
ijitOy  or  among,  as  in  inbred,  incase ;  or  it  serves  only 
lo  augment,  or  render  emphatical,  the  sense  of  the 
word  to  which  it  is  prefixed,  as  in  i?iclosc,  increase. 

In,  before  I,  is  changed  into  il,  as  in  illusion  ;  and 
before  r  into  *>,  as  in  irregular  ;  and  into  irn  before 
a  labial,  as  in  imbitter,  immaterial,  impatient, 
l^^  prep.  [h.  in ;  Gt.  cv ;  Goth,  nt ;  Sax.  tn;  Fr.  m; 
Sp.  en;  It.  in;  G.  in,  or  cini  D.  in;  Dan.  iad;  Sw. 
in ;  W.  yn ;  Sans,  antu.] 

In  denotes  present  or  inclosed,  surrounded  by  lim- 
its ;  as,  in  a  house  ;  in  a  fort ;  in  a  city.  It  denotes  a 
state  of  being  mixed  ;  as,  sugar  in  tea ;  or  combined, 
as  carbonic  acid  in  marble,  or  latent  heat  in  air.  It 
denotes  present  in  any  state ;  as,  in  sickness  or 
health.  It  denotes  present  in  time  ;  as,  in  that  hour 
or  day.  The  uses  of  in,  liowever,  can  not,  in  all 
cases,  be  defined  by  equivalent  v/ords,  except  by  ex- 
plaining the  phrase'  in  which  it  is  used  ;  as,  in  deed  ; 
in  fact;  in  essence;  in  quality;  in  reason;  m  cour- 
age ;  in  spirits,  &c.  A  mau  in  spirits  or  good  cour- 
age, denotes  one  who  possesses  at  the  time  spirits  or 
courage  ;  in  reason,  is  equivalent  to  with  reason  ;  one 
in  ten,  denotes  one  of  that  number ;  and  v/e  say  also 
one  of  ten,  and  one  out  o/ten. 

In  the  name,  is  used  in  phrases  of  invoking,  swear- 
ing, declaring,  praying,  &;c.  In  prayer,  it  denotes 
by  virtue  of,  or  for  the  sake  of.  In  the  Tiame  of  the 
people,  denotes  on  their  behalf  or  part;  in  their 
stead,  or  for  their  sake. 

In,  in  many  cases,  is  equivalent  to  on.  This  use  of 
the  word  is  frequent  in  tiie  Scriptures ;  as,  let  fowls 
multiply  in  the  earth.  This  use  is  more  frequent  in 
England  than  in  America.  We  generally  use  oj:  in 
all  shnilar  phrases,  and  this  is  most  correct. 

In  signiiies  by  or  through.  In  thee  shall  all  na- 
tions be  blessed.    I  am  glorified  in  them. 

In  a  hilt,  properly  denotes  under  the  surface  ;  but 
in  a  valley,  denotes  on  the  surface  of  the  land. 

Intlmt,  is  sometimes  equivalent  to  because. 

Some  things  they  do  in  that  ihey  are  men  ;  some  thinTs  m  that 
tliey  are  nion  misled  ami  blinded  with  error.  looker. 

In  these  and  similar  phrases,  that  is  an  antecedent, 
substitute,  or  pronoun  relating  to  the  subsequent  part 
of  the  sentence,  or  the  subsequent  clause.  God  com- 
mendeth  his  love  toward  us,  in  tliat,  while  we  were 
yet  sinners,  Christ  died  for  us.  That  is,  in  the  facts 
slated  in  the  latter  clause,  for  which  that  is  the  sub- 
stitute.   Rom.  v. 

In  as  much;  seeing;  seeing  that;  this  being  the 
fact.    I  will  ride  for  health,  inasmuch  as  I  am  infirm. 

In  is  often  used  without  the  noun  to  which  it 
properly  belongs.  I  care  not  who  is  in,  or  whoiswKf, 
that  is,  inojjice,  or  outofojice.  Come  in,  that  is,  into 
the  house  or  other  place.  AVho  has  or  will  come  in, 
that  is,  into  office.  A  vessel  has  come  in,  tlial  is, 
into  port,  or  has  arrived. 

To  be  or  keep  in  with  ;  to  be  close  or  near.  Ket^  the 
ship  in  with  the  land. 
IN-A-BIL'I-TY,  n.    [Fr.  inhabiUti ;   h.  itUiabiUs;  in 
and  hnbilis.  Norm,  kable,  able.] 

1.  Want  of  sufficient  physical  power  or  strength; 
as,  the  inability  of  a  man  to  raise  an  arm  or  a  leg. 

2.  Want  of  adequate  means ;  as,  an  iriabiUty  to 
purchase  a  farm,  or  lo  fit  out  a  ship. 

3.  Want  of  moral  power.  Jiloral  inability  \a  con- 
sidered to  be  want  of  inclination,  disposition,  or 
will,  or  a  deep-rooted  aversion  lo  act,  and  therefore 
improperly  so  called. 

Moral  inability  aggravates  our  giillt.  ScoU. 

4.  Want  of  intellectual  strength  or  force ;  as,  an 
inability  to  comprehend  a  mathematical  demonstra- 
tion. I 


INA 

5.  Want  of  knowledge  or  skill ;  as,  an  inability  to 

read  or  write. 
IN-A'BLE-.VENT,  Tu    [See  Exaei.e.]    AbUity.    [AV 

in  use.]  '  Bacon. 

IN-AB'.sTI-NENCE,  n.    [in  and  absUnence.l    A  not 

abstiiining;    a  partaking;    indulgence  of  appetite; 

as,  the  inahstinaice  of  Eve.  Stilton. 

IN-AB-STKACT'ED,  a.    Not  abstracted.      Booker. 
IX~A-BU'SIVE-LY,  adr.     Without  abuse.      /..  AVrtA. 
IN-AC  CESS-I-BIL'I-TY,      J  n.     [from  huucoisible.] 
IN-AC-CESS'I-BLE-NESS,  \      The  quality  or  statu 

of  beinc  inaccessible,  or  not  to  be  reached. 
IN-AC-CESS'I-ELE,  a.      [in  and  aceea.tible.']     Not  to 

be  reached  ;  as,  an  inacctssihU  liight  or  rock.    The 

depths  of  the  sea  are  inaccessible. 

2.  Not  to  be  obtained.  The  necessary  vouchers 
are  inaccessible. 

3.  Not  to  be  approached ;  forbidding  access ;  as, 
an  inaccessible,  prince. 

IN-AG-CESS'I-liLY,  adv.  So  as  not  to  be  approached. 

fVarton. 

IN-A€'GC-RA-CY,  n.  [from  inaccurate.]  Want  of 
accuracy  or  exactness;  mistake;  fault;  defect;  er- 
ror ;  as,  an  inaccuracy  in  writing,  in  a  trauscripl,  or 
in  a  calculation. 

IN-A€'eU-RATE,  a.  [in  and  accurate)  Not  accu- 
rate ;  not  exact  or  correct ;  not  according  to  truth  : 
erroneous  ;  as,  an  inaccurate  man  ;  he  is  inaccurate  in 
narration;  the  transcript  or  copy  is  inaccurate;  the 
instrument  is  inaccurate. 

IN-ACeU-RATE-LY,  adv  Net  according  to  truth  ; 
incorrectly  ;  erroneously.  The  accounts  are  inacca- 
rateltf  strited. 

IN-AG-QUaINT'ANCE,  71.    Unacquaintance.    Good. 

IX-A€-aUI-ES'CENT,  a.    Not  acquiescinij. 

IN-A€^ TION,  71.  [Fr. :  in  tmd  action.]  Want  of  ac- 
tion ;  forbearance  of  labor;  idleness;  rest.    Pope. 

IN-ACT'IVE,  a,  [in  and  aetire.]  Not  active  ;  inert ; 
having  no  power  to  move.  ila:ter  is,  per  se,  iiuic- 
tive. 

2.  Not  active;  not  diligent  or  industrious;  not 
busy  ;  idle.  Also,  habitually  idle  ;  indolent ;  slug- 
gish :  as,  an  inactive  officer. 

IN-A€T'IVE-LY,  adv.  Idlyj  sluggishly;  without 
motion,  labor,  or  employment, 

IN-AeT-IV'I-TV,  n.  [in  and  activity.]  Inertness; 
as,  the  inactivity  of  matter. 

2.  Idleness,  or  habitual  idleness;  want  of  action 
or  exertion  :  s'ugsishness.  Swift. 

IN-A€T'IJ-aTE,  v.  t.    To  put  in  action.     [Xot  used,] 

Glanville. 

IN-ACT-U-a'TION,  n.     Operation.     [A'oi  used.] 

GlanvUlc* 

IN-AD-APT-a'TION,  71.  A  slate  of  being  not  adapted 
or  fitted.  Dick. 

IN-AD'E-aUA-CY,7i.  [from  inadequate]  The  quali- 
ty of  being  unequal  or  insufficient  for  a  purr^s^'. 

The  inafcTaaoy  acd  coaseqGt;ut  inelEcacy  of  ifas  o^.  . 

2.  Inequality. 

Dr.  Price  considejs  this  inadeipiaey  of  rcpirsentation  as  o«r 
fundamental  grievance.  Bvrke. 

3.  Incompleteness;  defectiveness;  as,  the  wiai- 
equaty  of  ideas. 

IN-AD'E-UUATE,  a.  [in  and  adequate,  L.  aiauptaius, 
from  adtzqxio,Xjo  equal.] 

1.  Not  equal  to  tlie  purpose ;  insufficient  to  effect 
tlie  object ;  unequal ;  as,  inadequate  power,  strength, 
resources. 

2.  Not  equal  to  the  real  state  or  condition  of  a 
thing ;  not  just  or  in  due  proportion ;  partial  ;  in- 
complete ;  as,  inadrqitate  ideas  of  God,  of  his  per- 
fections, or  rhoral  government;  an  inakequatc  com- 
pensation for  services. 

3.  Incomplete;  defective;  not  just  ;  ;is, inadequate 
representation  or  description. 

IN-AD'E-ail  ATE-LY,  adv.  Not  fully  or  sufficiently ; 
not  completclv. 

IN-AD'E-aUATF^NESS,  h.  Thq  quality  of  being 
inadequate  ;  inadequacy ;  inequality  ;  incomplete- 
ness. 

IN-AD-E-aUA'TION,  n.  Want  of  exact  correspond- 
ence.    [Ohs.]  Puhtr. 

IN-AD-Hk'SION,  (-he'zhun.)  b.  [m  and  adhesion.] 
Wantof  adhesion ;  a  not  adhering. 

Poretlain  day  is  dislingwUhetl  from  colorific  eaitts  by  inorfftwion 
tu  lb.:  fifigcrs.  Kirv^t. 

IN-AD-MIS-SI-BIL'I-TY,  n.  [from  inadmissible.]  The 
quality  of  being  inadmissible,  tjr  not  proper  to  be  re- 
ceived ;  as  the  inadmissibility  of  an  argument,  or  of 
evidence  in  court,  or  of  a  proposal  in  a  nesoliation. 

IN-AD-MIS'SI-BLE,  n.  [Fr. ;  in  and  admissible,  from 
admitto,  to  admit.] 

Not  admissible ;  not  proper  to  be  admitted,  al- 
lowed, or  received;  as,  inadmissible  testimony;  an 
inadmissible  proposition. 

IN-AD-MIS'SI-BLY,<K/r.  In  a  manner  not  admissible. 

IN-AD-VERT'EXCE,    \  n.     [Fr.  inadcertance^  from  h. 

IN-AD-VERT'EN-CY,  j  in  and  adeertcnst  advcrtc. 
See  Advert.] 

1.  A  not  inrnins  the  mind  to  ;  inattention  ;  negli- 
gence ;  heed  I  ess  r.  «?:-■=.  Many  misi;ikcs,  and  some 
misfortunes,  proceed  from  inadvertence. 


TONE,  BULL,  TINITE,  —  AN''GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — G  as  K ;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  ClI  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


5S7 


INA 


INC 


f  „„..,ciilion  :  any  ..virsislil,  mi^ 

,.:•       ,  f.S  which  iirocccds  f.u.n  negligence  of 

IV  «n  VFKT'ENT,  n.    [L-  '»  ""il  "J^'n^CTu-J    «<!' 
'■U"nstbl»und  .a;S,«dlc,si   ca,c.c« ;    negU- 


l.s'-'ui-VEIlT'r.NT-LY,  nde. 


l>-vi;iiir..,.-'.  ••-•    nce.ll.;s..ly;   carclcss- 

\  UK'  \  lil.K,  .     Tlnl  can  not  he  Bssistcil.  iJi«A. 

«.a4l<,  fruiil  L.  ■!'>>»»>  •J"-""'-  ...     -i 

I'lnliiimblc  .  Ural  c:inni.t  lie  Irjally  or  jusu>  ai 

i..,,a^ lo    ira^s.f.m.l  lo  anotlK-r.    The  'l^n"».ons 

uril  richu  >vhich  are  u,al.c^Mt.  ";^.""''  '1" 
nmior  U  iiol/f"-!"',  without  a  "servai  on  of  ihi. 
;?Sh,  o^cdenipUonlorlhe  aulhor.ty  of  the  kg.»i^- 

LnTl'IKX-A-BLE-XESS,  n.    The  slate  of  '«^?,i"- 

IX  AL^r  KX.  ABLY,  Mr.    In  a  manner  that  forbids  al- 

,N":;nEK-A-l'.IL'I-TY,n.    [from  i.al,rrMc.T"n>e 

qi^ayof  not  hting  alterable  or  '^l»"S>^^-''J,^;^^„j, 
IN-AVTER-A-BLE.a.    Ii«  and  »ll^|.M..]    Ttat  ^an 
'  noi  or  may  nol  be  allerci  or  chanjod  ;  ""5|^-^W»; 

IN-X'MI-A-BLE,<i.    Unamiable.     [-y"' '""■''•}  ^  ,  ;„ 
IN-X'MI-A-BLE-NESS,  «.    Unamiablcncss.    {Ml  m 

I V  vlllS'SI-BLE,  0.    [U.  lA  and  amiua,  to  lose.] 

Xotlnbclwt.    [/.iuieu^r-'O  Hammond. 

l\.\-MIS'SIBLf>NESS,n.    Tlie  state  of 


7;r^;ri:;f^XcirA-m.E,  «.    [".and  »w'-'""''»«'-] 

;;i?;V!?.!S.(;?K!lLV;"^r'l^'a.  not  to  be  ap- 
INTZ-nloTUI-ATE,  «.    [.■«and«,pr.prm«]     Not 

"T^;;r^,-S!;;e1von,K?f^..o;^iJ« 

INAPT',  1.    Unapt ;  not  apt. 
IN  Al'T'I-TUUB,  11.    [in  and  ajilidirfi-J 
■jll.dc;  unfitness;  uiusuitablcnes!. 
in'  \p-r'I.V,  ("(i'.    Unfitly  ;  unsuitably. 
IN-Al'T'.XE.S;?,  n.    Unlilncss. 
IN-A'UUA-l'E,  o.     [L.  in  and  njuaiiis.] 
Embodied  in  water.  . 

Ii\'-A-UU.i'TION,  n.    The  slate  of  br:in 


Want  of  apt- 
Burkc. 


if  not  being 

luible  lo  be  lo5L 
/.V-jf.l/0-RA'rO,  n.  m.  j  r^.  („  mJ  aaCT,  lore.] 
IJf-.1M0-RA'TA,n.f.  (^  „    ^„ 

Alovor,  „      .3/i:r.-«m. 

IN  AXn  IX  i  (0  brerd  in  onil  in.    See  To  Bbecu. 
I.XAXE'.o.     [U  tiwiiii,  empty.]  „    ,„  „, 

Empty;  void;  sometimes  used  as  a  noun,  lo  c.x- 
nrcM  a  void  »pacc,  or  space  beyond  the  confines  of 
the  world.  „.  ,       ^-?™'- 

IX-AN"GL'-L.\R,ii.    Nol  angular.    [tuUc  itW.J 

Brown. 
IX-AX'I-MATE,  r.  I.    [Infia.]    To  animate.    [LMe 

iurd,\  . 

IN-AK'I-MATE,  a.    [I.,  iiioaunofus ;  in  and  ammo, 
aximntiu.l  „  .  J 

1    Destitute  of  animal  life.    Plants,  stones,  and 
ratth  arc  inoniimil*  substances ;  a  corpse  is  an  mam- 
r.idte  IwmIv. 
i  Desiiiutc  of  animation  or  life. 
IN-  \X'1->IA-TED,  a.    Dcsiiiule  of  .inimal  life. 

Chctpie. 
0.  Nol  animated ;  not  sprightly.    [See  Usanim*- 

1. W'l-MA'TION,  n.     Animation.     [Unusual  and 

1.'.-\M''T10X,  n.    [Fr.,  from  L.  inani>,  empty.] 
EmptincM ;  want  of  fullness ;  as,  iiianitwa  of  body 
1       or  of  the  vessels.  Barlon. 

IN  .\X'I-TY,  n.    [I-  innniKu,  from  imiiiis,  void.] 

Eniplmc-v" ;  void  space  ;  vaciiily.  Vtgby. 

INAP'PE-TEXCK,  )  n.    [in  and  oji/ic<niK,  L.  0;)}>«cn- 
IX-AP  PE-TENCY,  (      Hi.] 

I.  Want  of  appetence,  or  of  a  disposition  to  seek, 
Kicct,  or  imbil>o  niitrimrnt.    [See  Apfbtence.] 
Q.  Want  of  desire  or  inclination.  Clteync. 

IX-APP1.I  CA-BIL'1-TY,  n.  [from  innpflicaljle.]   The 
I       quality  of  not  b,>ing  applicable  ;  iinrilliess. 
IX-AP'PLIC.VBLE,  o.    [in  and  n,-);il.coi(<:.]    Nol  ap- 
plicable ;  that  can  not  lie  applied  ;  not  Riiited  or  suit- 
able lo  the  purixwe.    The  argument  or  the  testimony 
1«  intipplicabU  to  the  C3*e. 
l.NAP'PLI-eA-BLY,  o-lc.    In  a  manner  not  suited  lo 


Crdnmrr. 
inaqilate. 
Cfurdncr. 
N  \R'\-in,E,   a.     [in  and  arable.]     Nol  arable  ;  not 
ranab le    f  bJing  plowed  or  tilled.  !>•"■    . 

f N  x'^R  'n  r  t  ti"  and  ardi.]  'i'o  paft  by  approach  ; 
'•VoV"^  ."by  uniting  »  cioii  to 'a  ^l--"  "!|l-"VSc''" 
ix'iilicir™..  in-ht'Twi.  Grafted  by  approach. 
INXRCH'ING.Tmr.  Graftilia  by  approach. 
N  \RlJ  '  Ni;  "  A  inetliod  of  insraftin?,  by  winch 
''Vci'on  Wlthoilt  being  separated  fiom  lis  P--  '-i 
is  joined  to  a  stock  standing  near.  v '',:,, 

I\-XR-TIC'0-LATE,  o.  [m  and  ordnilolc]  ^otul 
tered  wUli  articulation  or  junction  of  the  organs  of 
Bueccli  not  articulate  ;  not  distinct,  or  with  distmc- 
tta,  of  syllables.  The  sounds  of  brutes  and  fowls 
are,  for  the  most  part,  i;mr(iciita(c. 
o  In  zOilofv,  not  jointed  or  articulated.  Dana 
IN  XB-TI€'U-LA'1'E-LY,  ade.    Nol  with  distinct  syl- 

i-^^ii^^^ESS,  n.    indistinctness  of  ut- 
terance by  animal  voices;  tt-.intof  distmct  arlicula- 

I.nTu-TIC-TJ-La'TION,  n.    Indistinclncss  of  sounds 

IXXK-Ti'k1''CIAL,  t-ir-te-fish'al,)  a.  [tii  and  nrti- 
icte.1  Not  done  by  art;  not  made  or  performed  by 
the  rules  of  art ;  formed  without  art ;  as,  an  ,narU- 
ficicJ.  style  of  composition. 
r^-liw'T-l'l''ciAL-l.Y,  ailr.  Witliout  art;  in  an 
'a  .less  manner  ;  coiilriLT  to  the  rules  of  ^rt.  &«-■ 
IN-AS-MUCil',  <l!i-J.     [ii',  as,  and  muck.]     buch  being 

IX-AS-yN'TIONTji.''  Ti"  !'-n'l  attention.)  The  want 
of  attention,  or  of  tixin;  the  inind  steaifily  on  an  ob- 
jccl ;  heedlessness  ;  neglect. 


Novel  lays  atlncl  onr  ravi.-lif  J  enrs, 
Bui  old  Uie  miiid  wiUi  iimMention  htf.ira. 


Pope 


the  piirvo«*. 
IX-AP-I'I.I-CA'TION,  II.     [Fr.  ;   in  and  oppliMtion.] 
Want  of  application  ;  want  of  attention  or  assiduity  ; 
li'-Cltrence  ;  iiidelcnce  ;  neclecl  of  study  or  industry. 


[i«  and  appo.fitf.]    Nol  apposite  , 
i»l  pertinent;  as,  an  inapposite 


IX-AP TO-SITE,  n. 
not  Hi  or  stiitabl 
areumenL 

IX-AP'PO-SITE-LY,  ode.    Not  pertinently  ;  not  suit 
.tbly. 

IX-AP-PRf.'CI.\-BLE,  I),    [in  and  apprtcinbU,  from 
appretiau.]    Not  to  be  appreciated  ;  that  can  nol  be 
duly  valued. 
2.  Thai  ran  not  be  estimated.  Vre. 

I.X-AP-PRE-IIENS'l-BLE,  a.    Not  intelligible. 

.Mdtnn. 

IN-AP-rRE-IlEXS'IVE,  a.  Nol  appr.:hcnsivc  ;  regard- 
less. Tbjrtor. 


IN  \T-TENT'IVE,  0.  [in  and  uKcnlicc]  Not  fixing 
the  mind  on  an  object ;  heedless  ;  careless  ;  iieg  i- 
cciit ;  regardless  ;  a-s,  an  iiKKtoit.ue  spectator  or  hear- 
er ;  an  mattenlive  liabil.  .  't^""^-  „ 

IN  AT-TENT'IVE-Ly,(i'/e.  ^Vilhout  attention  ;  care- 
lessly ;  heedlessly  .  •^"'"'^''"• 

IN-AUD-I-BIL'I-TY,     j        g,3,g  of  hem"  inaudible. 

lN-Ari)'l-liLE-NE.?S,  I  "•  ,        ' 

IN-AUD'I-liLE,  n.    [ill  and  oro/Wc]    '1  Iiat  can  not 
b'  lieard  :  as,  an  inandilde  voice  or  sound, 
o   .Making  no  sound  ;  as,  the  inandMe  foot  of  time. 

IN-\UD'I-ELY,  infc.    In  a  manner  not  to  bo  If^rd. 
■■  Colcbrolie. 

IN-AU'GU-RAL,  a.     [L.  innu^suro ;  in  and  imgnr-] 
'I.  Pertaining  lo  inauguration  ;  as,  inuiin-iiral  cere 

2.  -Made  or  pronounced  at  an  inauguration  ;  as,  an 
inniK'Mra?  address.  „    .         , 

I\-AIT'GU-UaTE,  v.  t.  [.Supra.]  To  introduce  or  in- 
dii'cl  into  an  office  with  solemnity  or  suitable  ceremo- 
nies ;  to  invest  with  an  office  in  a  formal  manner  ;  a 
word  borrowed  from  the  ceremonies  used  by  the  Ko- 
inans  when  tlicy  were  received  into  the  college  ol 
aa^'nrs.  Kings  and  emperors  are  inaugurated  ay 
coronation  ;  a  prelate,  by  consecration  ;  and  the 
president  of  a  college,  by  such  ceremonies  and 
forms  as  give  weight  and  autliority  lo  the  transac- 
tion. ,- 
2.  To  begin  with  good  omens.    [.\ot  ii.'r</.J 

fVoUon. 
IN-AU'GU-RATE,  o.    Invested  with  office.    Drajjton. 
IN-AU'OU-Ra-TED,  pp.     Inducted  into  oflice  with 

appropriate  ceremonies.  . 

IN-AU'GU-ltX-TING,  ppr.    Inducting  into  office  v.  i.n 

solemnities.  . 

IN-AU-GU-Ra'TION,  II.    The  art  of  inducting  into 
oflice  with  solemnity  ;  investiture  with  office  by  ap- 
propriate ceremonies. 
IN-AU'GU-R.v-TOR,  n.    One  who  inaugurates. 

Coleridge. 
IN-AU'GU-RA-TO-RY,  a.    Suited  to  induction  into 
otKce  :  pertaining  lo  inauguration  ;  as,  inanguratorij 
gratiilations.  Jo;in.»ori's  Lives  of  the  PaeXs. 

IN-AU-RA'TION,  n.     [L.  iiMiiro,  inauratus ;  in  and 
aurum,  gold.] 
The  act  or  process  of  gilding  or  covering  with  gold. 
.drbutJiuat. 


IN-AU'SPI-eATE,  (1.    Ill-omened.  Duel;. 

N-AlI-SPr'ClOUS,  f-aw-spisli'us,)  a.  1'"  "•"!  ": 
Jiciou-.]  Ill-omeneil;  unfortunate;  unlucky;e\d, 
■iflifavorable.  The  war  comn.enced  at  ■■^';'''^"^'''""l 
time  and  its  issue  was  iiiau-spicious.  1  he  counsels 
of  a  had  man  have  an  iiim,.-.;iic;«i«  influence  on  soci- 

IN-AU-PPr'CIOUS-LY,  ado.    With  ill  omens  .  unfor- 

nmatelv  ■  unfavorably.  ^ 

IN-AU-SPi"CIOUS-NESS,  71.     Uiiluckiness  i   unfa- 

mimKaX     [in  nt^A  being.]     Inherence;  i.jherent 

existence  :  inseiiarablencss.  ,    ,,'  e 

IN'UoARD  a.    Carried  or  stowed  within  the  hold  of 

"a  sliiii  or  olli.'r  vessel ;  as,  an  »ii<ia|;ii  cargo. 
IN'BSARD,  adv.    Witliin  the  hold  ol  a  vessel. 
IN'IiORN  n.     [Ml  and  (lun,.]     Innate ;    implanted  by 

■nature;  as,  „,4»r,Mnissio..s  ;  "'X;;;"  ^iWiVoii. 
IN'BKEAK-ING.a.    Bieaking  into.  Kd.  Rei: 

IN-BRC.Vi-IlE',  .-.  (.    To  infuse  by  breathmg.^.^^^^^ 

IN-DRicATII'jED,  pp.  or  a.    Infused  by  bteathiirg  (.r 

In'br'p  \t'1i'INR,  jilir.    Infusing  by  breathing. 
In-bred,  "     [i-  and  l,red,  heed.]    Bred  witlim  ,  in- 
nate; n-Wral;  as,  latrci  worth;  ''>'■■■''' »"^™»;,_ 

IN-BREED',  v.  U    To  produce  or  generate  wj;'™- ^^ 
INtlA  rink'a,)".    The   title  given  by  tlie  natives  of 
'■\T™'to  their  kings  and  to  the  I>"n-^,°f ,!  'I;, ' ';°,'',' 

before  the  conquest  of  that  country  by  the  fcpaninids 
IN-eSGE',  e.  t.    [m  and  cage.]    To  confine  111  a  cage  ; 

to  coop  up  ;  to  confine  to  any  narrow  limits.    Shak. 
li-iTSzO,  pp.    Cooped  u|. ;  confined  to  a  cage  or  to 

IN  €SGe!'mENT,  ,1.    Confinement  in  a  cage.  Slulton. 
INleAc'lNC^  W'r.    Confining  to  a  cage  or  to  narrow 

INC  \l'.'eU-LA-BLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  calculated  ; 

IN^e'.^?'e"-LA.'^LE-NESS,  „.    auality  of  being  be- 

I^I'SvV'-euttBLY,  ado.    In  a  degree  beyond  cal- 

IN^eA-LES'CENCE,    In..  [L.  inci-/»cr,«,  u,cd«™ ; 
1N-€A-LES'CEN-CY,  j     hi  and  calesco,  calco,  to  be 

""a  growing  warm  ;  incipient  or  increasing  heat. 
IN-CA-LES'CENT,   a.    Growing  warm  ;   increasing 
InIcSeU-^'TION,  n.     [ia  and  camera,  a  chamber 

"■?l,1'acl«Vrocess  of  uniting  lands,  revenues   or 

i^^gS'j;;^cr:^  t^r  ;,a-;c...,  L.u^ 

„;  ill  and  caiitoce  /  c<mrfc„,  canco,  to  bo  white,  to 

^"A'^WhUri'ieaM  or'tle  glowing  whiteness  .,f  a  body 
caused  by  intense  heat."  We  say,  a  metal  is  healed 

i:J^S-;^^CENT,    a.      White  or    glowing  with 

lie  \NT-.\'TION,  n.     [h.  iucantalio,  incanto  ;  in  and 

IN-c\.N'T'ING,  a.    Enchanting.     [jVoluscd.] 

Ix-CAk'TON,;..  t.     [in  -.mi  canton.]    lo  nil   e    o  , 

canton  or  seiiarate  community.         .  , ,   i     'ri,^ 

T?0  PA  I'A-BlL'I-TY,     )  n.       [from  vtcapable.]      I  he 

xeVptBI.E-NEs's,        quility    of  being    incapa- 

''\fet  nlml  incapacity,  o?  want  of  l'"-- ;  -,     - 

incapableness  of  a  child  to  comprehend  logical  sjllo- 

^'o™  Want  of  legal  qualifications  or  of  legal  power; 
as"  the  inenpobdity  of  holding  an  oflice. 
IN  fiA'PA-BLE,  fl.     [Fr.  in  and  nijiaWcJ 

1    Wanting  capacity  sufficient;  not  having  romn 
sufficient  10  coniiin  or  hold  ;  followed  by  ef.    We 
sav   a  vessel  is  incapable  of  colltaiiung  or  holding  a 
certain  qua  lity  of  liquor ;  but  I  believe  we  rarely 
'      or  never  -av   a  vessel  is  incapable  of  Ihat  quanll  y. 
o""van?i.ig  natural  power  or  capacity  to  leil^n, 
kn'mv  understand,  or  comprehend.     .Man  is  l«MM- 
t' "o    comprehending  the  essence  .of  the  divine  Be- 
in-      An  idiot  is  inc<i;iiil'ic  of  learning  to  read. 
'":,:  Not  admitting  ;  not  i^  ^^'"''^  "  '"^^^^'lio 
susceptible  of;  as,  a  bridge  is  incapable  of  reparation. 
"  4.  Wanting  power  equal  to  any  purpose. 


Is  no!  your  fcUifr  grown  wcapailt 
01"  rcA!.oii!ible  aflV-ire  ? 


Shai. 


f  Wanting  moral  power  or  disposition.     He  is 

,„,on(iWc  of  a  dishonorable  act.  ,  i„„ni  sense  •, 

H.'^I-niliialified   or  disqual.lied,  in    a    f?/''  f^f",, 

not  having  the  legal  « -"f  l"'''™"  „'!""„'^  )  ' and 
A   man  not  thirty  years  of  age  is  un,juatijicih_^__ 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  W1IAT.-M£TE,  PBEY.-PINE,  .MARINE,  BIRD.-NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF^^QQK___ 


588 


INC 

tliereforc  incapable  of  liuiding  ilio  office  of  president 
of  the  L'nited  States  ;  a  m;iu  convicted  on  impeach- 
ment is  ilisqitalific J,  and  therefore  incapable  of  holding 
any  otiice  of  honor  or  profit  under  tlie  euverninent. 

Incapable  properly  denotes  a  want  of  passive 
power,  the  power  of  receivinj:,  and  is  applicable 
particularly  to  tlie  mind  ;  unable  denotes  the  want  of 
active  power,  or  power  of  performing:,  and  is  appli- 
cable to  the  body  or  mind.  [See  Incafacitv.] 
rX-€A'PA-BrjY,  adv.  In  an  incapable  manner. 
IiV-€A-i'A'CIOUS,  (-ka-pa'shus,)  a.  [in  and  capa- 
cious.] Not  capacious;  not  larije  or  spacious;  nar- 
row j  of  sinai:  content  j  as,  an  incapacious  soul. 

Burnet. 
IX-GA-PA'CIOLrS-iNESS,  71.     Narrowness;   want  of 

conlaininj  space. 
IX-€A  rAC'I-TATE,  c  t.     [in  and  capacitate] 

1.  To  deprive  of  capacity  or  natural  power  of  learn- 
ing, knowinfT,  understandiufr,  or  performing.  Old 
ace  and  infirmrty  often  incapacitate  men  to  exercise 
the  oliice  of  a  judge. 

'2.  To  render  or  make  incapable  ;  as,  infancy  inca- 
pacitates a  child  for  learning  algebra. 

n.  To  disable  ;  to  weaken  ;  to  deprive  of  conipe- 
tjiil  power  or  abihty.  Tiiis  is  an  improper  use  of 
tiie  wurd.  The  loss  of  an  arm  disables  a  soldier,  but 
does  not  incapacitate  him. 

A.  To  render  unfit;  as,  infancy  incapacitates  one 
fur  marriage. 

5.  To  ili.-qualify ;  to  deprive  of  legal  or  constitu- 
tional requisites;  as,  conviction  of  a  criuie  incapaci- 
tates one  to  l)«  a  witness. 
IX-eA-PAC'I-TA-TED,  pp.     Rendered  incapable  ;  de- 
prived of  capacitv. 
IN-GA-PAC'l-TA-iTNG,  ppr.     Depriving  of  capacity  ; 

rendering  incapable. 
I.\-eA-PAC-l-TA'T10X,  It.    Want  of  capacity  ;  dis- 

qualitication.  Burke. 

I\-€A-FAC'1-TY,  n.  [in  and  capacity.]  Want  of 
capacity,  intellectual  power,  or  the  power  of  receiv- 
iu2,  containing,  or  understanding  ;  applied  to  t'ic 
mind,  and  it  mat/  be  natural  or  casual.  There  is  a 
vatnrtd  incapacity  in  children  to  comprehend  dilficult 
propositions  in  logic  or  metaphysics,  and  a  iiatural 
incapacity  in  men  to  comprehend  the  nature  ofspirii- 
tial  beings.  The  defect  of  understanding  proceeding 
from  intoxication,  or  from  an  injury  done  to  the 
brain,  is  a  casual  incapacity. 

3.  Want  of  qualification  or  legal  requisites  ;  ina- 
bility; as,  the  i«capac((y  of  minors  to  make  binding 
contracts. 

3.  Disqualification  ;  disability  by  deprivation  of 
power ;  as,  tlie  incapacity  of  a  convict  to  give  testi- 
mony in  a  court  of  law. 
IN-e.\R'C£R-ATE,  V.  t.  [L.  incarcero;  in  and  career, 
a  prison,  Sp.  cared,  Sax.  earc^irrn,  Goth.  Icarkara,  G. 
aud  D.  Lerker,  W.  carcar.  Career  seems  to  be  allied 
to  W.  care,  Eng.  cark,  care ;  showing  that  the  pri- 
mary sense  is,  to  press  or  strain.] 

1.  To  imprison  ;  to  confine  in  a  jail. 

2    To  confine  ;  to  shut  up  or  inclose.         Harvey. 
IX-€XU'C£R-.\TE.  a.     Imitrisoned  ;  conrincd.    More. 
IX-CAR'CER-A-TED,  pp.     Imprisoned. 
IN-eXR'CER-A-TIXG, /y;;r.     Imprisoning. 
IX-€aR-CER-a'TIOX,  n.    The  act  of  imprisoning  or 

confining;  imprisonment. 
IN-CaRN',   r.   t.     [L,   incarno ;   in  and   caro,  carnls, 
flesh.] 
To  cover  with  fle:<li ;  to  invest  with  flesh. 

fflsejnan. 
IX-GaRN',  v.  i.     To  breed  flesh.  Wiseman. 

I\-eXRX'A-DINE,  a.     [Ft.  mcamadin ;    It.  incarna- 
tino :  Ia.  in  and  caro,  flesh.] 
Flesli-colored  ;  of  a  carnation  color  ;  pale  red. 

ShaJi. 
IX-GaRX'A-DIXE,  v.  t.    To  dye  red  or  flesh  color. 

[Liitlr  nsedj] 
IN-€aRX'aTE,  r.  (.     [Fr.  incarncr;  Sp.  cncaniar;  It. 
incarnare  :  L.  incamo  ;  in  and  caro,  flesh.] 
To  clotlie  with  flesh  ;  to  embody  in  flesh. 

Jlfilton.     J3siaL  Res. 
rv  eXRX'.VTE,  a.    Invested  with  flesh  ;  embodied  in 
lies!) ;  as,  the  incarnate  Son  of  God. 
9.  In  Scotland,  of  a  red  color;  flesh-colored. 
IX-GaRX'a-TED,  pp.    Clothed  with  flesh. 
IX-CaRX'a-TIXG,  ppr.     Investing  with  flesh. 
IX-€aRX-a'TIOX,  ?i.    The  act  of  clothing  with  flesh. 

2.  The  act  of  assuming  flesh,  or  of  taking  a  human 
body  and  the  nature  of  man;  as,  the  incarnation  of 
the  Son  of  God. 

3.  In  surirery,  the  process  of  healing  wounds  and 
filling  the  part  with  new  flesh,  Kncyc. 

IN-CARX  A-TIVK,  a.     [Fr.  incarnatif.] 

Causing  new  fiesJi  tu  grow;  healit»g.  Eneyc. 

IX-CAKX'A-TIVE,  n.  A  medicine  that  tends  to  pro- 
mote the  growth  of  new  flesh,  and  assist  nature  in 
the  healing  of  wounds.  Encye. 

1N-CaSE',  t.  t,     [in  and  case]    To  inclose  in  a  case. 
i!.  T<i  inclose;  to  cover  or  surround  with  some- 
thing solid. 


Ricli  pUWs  of  gold  the  folding  doors  intate. 


Pope. 


IN-€aS'AT),  fin-kast',)  pp.    Inclosed  as  in  a    cxse, 
sheath,  or  box. 


INC 

IX-GaSE'MEXT,  n.    An  inclosing  with  a  casement. 

IX-€aS'ING,  ppr.     Iiuhising  as  in  a  case. 

IX-GASK',  v.  t.     To  |)Ut  iutit  a  cask.  Sncrtrood. 

IN-€AS'TEL-Ea-TED,  a.  Coniined  or  inclosed  iu  a 
castle. 

IN-GAT-E-Xa'TIOX,  71.    [L.  rafcHa,  achain.] 

The  act  of  linking  together.  Goldsmith. 

IN-GAU'TIOX,  n.     Want  of  caution.       Rich.  D,d. 

IX-eAU'TIOUS,fl.  [i/iand  cauttous.]  Not  cautious; 
unwary;  not  circumspect;  heedless;  not  attending 
to  the  circumstances  on  which  safety  and  interest 
depend  ;  as,  ivcaiuious  vouth. 

iX-GAU'TIOUS-LY,  a'dc.  Unwarily  ;  liecdlessly  ; 
without  due  circumspection. 

IX-CAU'TIOUS-XESS,  71.  Want  of  caution  ;  unwa 
riness  ;  want  of  foresight. 

IN'€A-Va-TED,  a.     [L.  in  and  euro,  to  make  hollow.] 
Made  hollow  ;  bent  round  or  in. 

IN-e.\-VA'TrOX,  n.    The  act  o^  making  hollow. 
2.  A  liollow  made. 

IX-CEXD',  r.  t.     [L.  inccndo.] 

To  inflame;  to  excite.     [Little  used.]      Marsfon. 

IN  CEXD'I-A-RISM,  ;*.  The  act  or  practice  of  mali- 
ciously setting  fire  to  buildings. 

IN-CEXD'I-A-RY,  71.  [L.  inemdlarins,  from  incendo, 
to  burn  ;  in  and  candec,  to  shine,  or  be  on  fire.] 

1.  A  person  who  maliciously  sets  fire  to  another 
man's  dwelling-house,  or  to  any  out-house,  being 
jiarcel  of  the  same,  as  u  barn  or  stable  ;  ono  wlio  is 
guilty  of  arson. 

2.  Any  person  who  sets  fire  to  a  building. 

3.  A  p,irson  wlio  excites  or  inflames  factions,  and 
promotes  quarrels. 

Scvewl  cities  of  Grcecc  ilrovc  them  out  as  tncendiaties.  Dentletj. 

Incendiaries  of  figure  :niii  ilistiiiciion,  who  :ire  the  invrnloni  uml 
publishers  of  gioss  f.ildcliootls,  tin  not  Ijc  regarded  but  wiUi 
iLe  utmost  deiesWliuu.  AJdison. 

4.  He  or  that  which  excites. 

IX-CEXD' I-A-RY,  a.      Pertaining    to  tlie  malicious 

burning  of  a  dwelling;  as,  an  incendiary  purpose. 
2.  Tending  to  excite  or  inflame  factions,  sedition, 

or  quarrel. 
IX-CEND'I-OUS,  a.    Promoting  faction  or  contention. 

Bacon. 
IX-CEXD'I-OUS-LY,  adv.    In  a  manner  tcndmg  lo 

promote  contention. 
IN'CENSE,  (in'sens,)  n.     [L.  incensiun,  burnt,  from 

inccndo,  to  burn  ;  It.  iucrnso  ;  Fr.  cnccHa\] 

1.  Perfume  exhaled  by  fire  ;  the  odors  of  spices 
and  gums,  burnt  in  religious  riles,  or  as  an  offering 
to  some  deity. 

A  thick  clou'i  of  iiiccnee  went  up,  —  Ezek.  viii. 

2.  The  materials  burnt  for  making  perfjmes.  The 
incense  used  in  the  Jewish  offerings  was  a  mixture 
of  sweet  spices,  stactc,  onycha,  galbanum,  and  the 
gum  of  the  frankincense-tree. 

Nadid)  mid  Abihu,  tlie  sons  of  Aaron,  took  cither  of  them  hia 
c«nser,  und  put  tire  ihcrein,  mid  put  incense  thcreou.  .— 
Lev.  X. 

3.  Acceptable  prayers  and  praises.     JiTal,  i. 
IN'CENSE,  (in'sens,)  r.  t.     To  perfumewith  incense. 

In  tlie  Roman  Catholic  church,  it  is  the  deacon's  olfice 
to  incense  the  officiating  priest  or  prelate,  and  the 
choir.  Encye. 

IN-CEXSE',  fin-sens', )  I'.  (.  To  enkindle  or  inflame 
to  violent  anger ;  to  excite  angry  passions  ;  to  pro- 
voke ;  to  irritate  ;  to  exasperate  ;  to  heat ;  to  fire.  It 
expresses  less  than  Enrage. 

How  could  my  pious  son  thy  power  incense  7  Diydtn. 

IX-CENS'£D,  (in-senst',)  pp.  or  a.    Inflamed  to  vio- 
lent anger;  exaspcntted. 
IN-CENSE'MENT,  (in-scns'ment,)  h.     Violent  irrita- 
tion of  the  passions ;   heat ;  exasperation.     It  ex- 
presses less  than  Rage  and  Flkv,  Shak. 
IN-CEXS'IXG,  j'pr.    Inflaming  to  anger;  irritating; 

exasperating. 
IN-CEX'SION,  7J.    [L.  ineensio,  from  incendo,  to  burn.] 
The  act  of  kindling  ;  the  state  of  being  on  fire. 

Bacon, 
IN-CENS'IVE,  a.    Tending  to  excite  or  provoke. 

Barrow. 
IX-CENS'OR,  11.     [L.]     A  kindler  of  anger;  an  in- 

flainer  of  the  angry  passions. 
IX-CEXS'O-RY,  71.    The  vessel  in  which  inct;nse  is 
burnt  and  oflered.  ^insicorth. 

[We  generally  use  Ckn^er.] 
IX-CEN'SUR-A-IILE,  a.    Not  censurable.    Dici^kL 
IX-CEX'TIVE,  n,     [Low  L,  inccntivusj  from  incendo, 
to  burn.] 
Inciting;  encouraging  or  moving. 

Competency  is  tlie  most  iitccntioe  to  iudnslry.     Decay  of  Piety. 

IN-CEN'TIVE,  71.     [Low  L.  incentivum.] 

1.  Tliat  which  kindles  or  inflames  ;  used  noio  in  a 
fitrurative  sense  only. 

2.  That  wliich  moves  the  mind  or  operates  on  the 
passions  ;  that  which  incites  or  has  a  tendency  to  in- 
cite to  determination  or  action  ;  that  which  prompts 
to  good  or  ill ;  motive ;  spur.  The  love  of  mttne\', 
and  the  desire  of  promotion,  are  two  most  powerful 
incrntiiJes  to  action. 

IX-CEX'TIVE-LY,  adc.    Incitingly  ;  encouragingly. 


INC 

I  IN-CEP'TIO.X,  71.     fL.  inceptio,  from  incipio,  to  begin  ; 

in  and  cfipio,  to  take.] 
Ileginning.  Bacon. 

1  1  \ifj\y  Uii*  -incrly  will  not  1»t  ituirkotl  wiiJi  vir.ielty  cf  inctption, 

I  n[M(liy  <'f  pru^ri-M,  und  prcnuturetteu  o(  decay,    Uatrie. 

IX-CEP''1'1VE,  a.      [L.  inceptimu,  from   incipio^    to 

begin.] 

Uegmning;  noting  beginning;  as,  an  inceptice 
proposition ;  an  inceptive  verb,  H^hich  exprc?:tes  the 
beginning  of  action.  A  point  is  inceptive  of  a  line, 
and  a  line  is  inceptive  of  a  surface. 

IN-CEP'TIVE-LY,  adc.    In  a  manner  noting  Lcgin- 
ninsr. 

IN-CEP'TOR,  71.    A  beginner;  one  in  the  rudiments. 

fVaUvn, 

IX-CF,R-A'TrOX,  71.     [L.  ineero^  from  cera,] 
The  act  of  covering  with  wax. 

IN-CER'A-TIVE,  a.    Cleaving  to  like  wax. 

IN-CER'TAIX',  a.      [in    and    certain.]      Uncertain  j 
doubtful  ;  unsteady.  Fairfax. 

1\-CER'TAIX-LY,  adc.     Doubtfully. 

IX-CEa'T.\IX-TY,  n.     Uncertainly  ;  doubt     Davits. 

IX  CER'TI-TUDE,  n.     [L.  inccrtUudo,  from  incertus  ; 
in  and  crj-tus,  certain.] 

Uncertainty  ;  doubtfulness  ;  doubt. 

IN-CE3'S.\-RLE,  a.    Unceasing;  continual.     [Little 
uiscd.]  SJtetton. 

IX-CES'SA-HLY,  adv.     Continually  ;  unceasingW. 

IN-CES'SAN-CY,  7(.     [I'rom  incissant.]    Uniniernlittcd 
continuance :  unceasmgness.  Dtcii^fit. 

IN-CES'SANT,  a.     [L.  i,i  and  cessans,  from  ctsso^  lo 
cease.] 

Unceasing;  unintermitted  :  uninterrupted  ;  contin- 
ual ;  as,  incessant  rains ;  ijicessant  clamors. 

Milton,     Pope. 

IN-CES'SAXT-LY,  adv.    Without  ceasing;  conliuu- 
ally.  Spenser. 

IN'CEST,  7J.     [Fr.  inceste ;  L.  incestum;  in  aud  castus, 
chaste.] 

The  crime  of  cohabitation  or  sexual  commerce  be- 
tween persons  related  within  the  degrees  wherein 
marriage  is  prohibited  by  the  law  of  a  ciiuntr>". 

Spiritual  incest,  is  a  like  crime  committed  between 
persons  who  have  a  spiritual  alliance  by  means  of 
baptism  or  confirmation.  It  is  also  understood  of  a 
vicar  or  other  beneficiary,  who  holds  two  benefices, 
the  one  depending  on  the  collation  of  the  other. 

Encye. 

IN-CEST'q-OUS,  a.    Guilty  of  incest;  as,  an  incestu- 
ous person. 

2.  Involving  tlie  crime  of  incest ;  as,  an  tnccstuoas 
connection. 

IX-CE?T'T]-OUS-LY,  adv.     In  an  incestuous  man- 
ner; in  a  Hi  ;r:ner  lo  involve  the  crime  of  incest. 

IX-CEST'U-OUS-NESS,  n.     The   stale  or  quality  of 
being  incestuous.  Bp.  Bali. 

INCH,  n.    [Sax.  ince ;  L.  uncia,  the  twell\h  part ;  Gr. 
ovyyia,  but  said  to  be  from  the  Latin.] 

1.  A  lineal  measure  in  Great  Britain  and  the 
United  States,  being  the  iwelRh  part  of  a  foot,  and 
equal  to  the  length  of  three  barley-corns. 

2.  Proverbially,  a  small  quantity  or  degree ;  as,  to 
die  by  inches  ;  to  gain  ground  by  inches. 

3.  A  precise  point  of  time. 

BeldAine,  1  ihiuk  we  watched  you  at  an  incA.  [Unusaal.)  SJtak. 

INCH,  I'.  (.    To  drive  by  inches  or  small  degrees. 
[Little  used.]  Drydcn. 

2.  To  deal  out  by  inches  ;  to  give  si>aringly.    [Lit- 
tle used.]  Ainsvcorth. 
INCH,  V.  i.    To  advance  or  retire  by  small  dcgrues. 
[Little  used.]  Johnson. 

Inched,  contiining  inches,  is  added  to  words  of 
number  ;  as,  four-inchal.  Shak. 

But  in  America  the  common  practice  is  to  add  only 
inch  ;  as,  a  seven-inch  cable, 
IX-CHaM'BER,  v.  U     [Fr.  cnchambrer.]    To  lodge  in 

a  chamber. 
IX-CHAR'I-TA-BLE,  a.    Uncharitable. 

[  The  latter  is  Uic  tcord  used.] 
IN-CHAS'TI-TY,  h.     [in  and  chastity.]     Lewdness; 

impuritv  ;  unchastitj'.  J.  Edwards. 

IX-CHEST',  r.  U     To  put  into  a  chest.        Shcrtcood. 
IN-CHEST'EDj  pp.     Put  into  a  chest. 
INCH'-Me-\L,  n.     [inch  and  mea}.]    A  piece  an  inch 
long. 

By  inch-meal ;  by  small  degrees.  Shak. 

IX'eilO-ATE,  (in'ko-ate,)  v.  U     [L.  inchoo.] 

To  begin.     [Little  used.]  More. 

IX'eHO-ATE,  a.    Begun  ;  commenced. 

It  is  ncidiera  substance  perfect,  nor  a  sutstAiiCi;  inckoaie. 

Kalegh. 

IX'eilO-ATE-LY,  adc.    In  an  incipient  degree. 
IN-GHO-A'TION,  n.     The  act  of  beginning;   com 
mcncemcnt ;  inception. 

The  selling-  on  foot  some  uf  these  arts  in  those  T^rtt,  o'ould  bo 
]ook<.-d  on  as  the  first  iuchtxUioti  ol  Ihein.     [Li'Jle  *tte>l.] 

Halt. 

IN-€Ho'A-TIVE,  a.     Noting  beginnmg;   inceptive; 

as,  an  inchoative  verb,  otherwise  called  Inceptive. 
IXCH'PIN,  7i.    Some  part  of  the  inwards  of  a  deer. 
IN-CIDE',  r.  t.     [L.  incido  ;  in  and  oxdo,  to  strike,] 
To  cut;  to  separate;  as  medicines.    [ObsS] 

Quiney.     ArbuUinoL 


TONE,  BJJLL,  UNITE.— AN"GER,  VI"CI0US.  — C  as  K  ;  <5  as  J ;  S  as  Z  j  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


"i!  '&ili^!;'rallins  on  ;  whence,  an  "cid^ni  or 
»J>'»"T-  .     ..       .  .  .1,,.  direcllun  in  which  a 

-  I".  ;;)•  surfiicf. 

")""  .\Ur..l,lo  liuninlily  ot  rcfrac- 

la  nl  JVfwtoit. 

f,m":'",;f'n-urface.  make,  with  u  l-'.^";^-f ' 

'■^  '  illins  on  ;  ns,  nn  incident  ray. 

nunl;  rortuilous;  coining  or  happcn- 

or  not  in  tlio  usual  coursu  ol  lliinps, 

'^'  ',.,  i„  ciiieclalion  or  in  coniit-ciion 

"  '.'',„  ^  tomrooi.  »ir«ln  b  rtUro«0  of  •»,«■■,"■ 

i'^  ,.  ...  I  .  iiul  cqohy  cooiiJcred.  Uooto-. 

\  I,'r„mvsiiii.n  introduced  by  «*o,  "'*;^.  "*°"> 

,f.W    itc.,  i»  called  an  .n.r.J.i.i  ''"'"'1,' 2'  '  J^' 

Juh^,  r»^e  »umame  was  Cesar,  ovcrcau-.o  Pomr>=^  • 

3  llanpcnini! :  a|*  to  happen  ;  as,  intoinpirato 
paiiinTSrnV  to 'human  ii;,.ure;  di.ea.es  .«.d<»t 
to  a  climate  •  niislortuncs  wndciil  tci  tile  pool. 

?,  A  ^'..aining  to  or  f„Ilo»in?  the  chief  or  prin- 

ciral      \  court  baron  in  incidi.U  to  a  manor.     R'cyc. 

IN'Cl  DE.NT,  II.    That  which  falls  out  or  taltos  plafc ; 

'"a^That  which  happens  aside  of  the  main  design ; 
an  cpiiode  or  subordinate  action. 

N,  i^™,.,  n»  C»rii«l  in  a  rl«y  tul  .n...l  be  of  u«  ';  "JJ^o" 
lti«  iiuia  dciijn.  J 

3  In  lair,  something  nece.wnrily  appertaining  to 
and  depeudi'ng  on  another, which  is  "•'""'y^lf,?;"'- 

I\.T-M>F.NT'AL,  a.      Happening  as  an    occasional 
I  ..   ....1.  ..,t  rcnilarity;  coining  witliout  design; 

I.  nlar;  as,  an  inciiie/iiai  conversation; 

.  rcurrencc.  , 

..    ,  ...  to  the  chief  purpo-ie ;  occasional. 

iw  «u»  ilittiM  appear  to  bo  rcganlert  a«  an 

"f  '  ^  Hogcrs. 

1N-Cl-I)E.NT'.VL,  n.    An  incident.    [iiiUc  used.]      . 

PvpC. 

IV-CI-DEST'AL-LY,  oiie.    Casually  ;  without  inten- 
"tion  ;  accidentally.     1  was  incidcnUdhj  present  when 
tho  convor-ation  took  olaco. 
2  Beside  tlie  mam  design  ;  occasionally. 

I  iital  dcbcr  purposciy  or  inditiJloWy  of  colon.  Banlc. 

I\'CIDENT-LV,  adn.     Occasionally;  by  the  way. 

■  .\-  ■  u,ed.]_  ,      .  .  BacOK. 

\  ER-aTE,  t).  (.      [L.    1/1   and   cmis,  cmcris, 

Bacon. 


TkFi'TANT,  71.    [from  incite.]    That  which  excites 
'-\ttontn  an  animal  body.  ^,,  ,,„-?J?"- 

IX' fl  TX'TIO.V,  II.    [L.  "iiMfcilio.    BeelsciTE.) 

I'l'he  act  of  inciting  or  moving  to  actioi^i^incitc- 

"■■""incitemeat ;  incentive  ;  motive  ;  that  which 
cxci'Jslo  action  ;  that  which  rouses  or  prompts. 
eicix»  lo  ..tLiu    ,  OOTenlTOCTit  xftlw  Tongue. 

l.\--CITE',  V.  t.  [L.  incito  !  '«  a""!  "''°> '"  '^''"'  '"  ^"'' 
"''i^  To  move  the  mind  to  action  by  persuasion  or 
moiives  presented  ;  to  stir  up ;  to  rouse  ;  to  spur  on. 

An*.hu»,  ^vhcn  ho  '"ri^;;/™tm.'°  '""  '"  ""'  ^°" 
lAm  tlic  gronlncBS  of  lli«  Kotimiw. 

2.  To  move  to  action  liy  impulse  or  influence. 

No  Wown  iiinUlioii  ilooa  our  arms  incite.  ShaJc. 

1  To  animiite  ;  to  cncourngf.  , 

In  general,  Incite  denotes  to  operate  on  the  mind 

or  win     Excite  has  the  same  sense,  but  it  extends 

S  so  to  the  passions  and  to  material  substances  ;  as, 

in  ercite  action  in  the  heart  and  arteries. 

INCIT'ED;;."..    Moved  to  action;  stirred  up;  spurred 

IN  CITE'MENT,  n.  Tliat  wliicli  incites  the  mind  or 
'moves  to  action  ;  motive;  incentive  ;  impulse. 


From  tho  loiij  records  of  n  diaWiil  a?o, 
Derive  imUJmntu  to  renew  thy  rjjje. 


Pope. 


To  bum  to  ashes. 
IN-C-l.V'ER  A-TEU,pp.    Burnt  to  ashes. 
l.S  L'l.N'Eil-.A-Tl.N'G,  rpr.    Reducing  to  ashes  by  coin- 

I.\.Cl.N-ER-J'TION,  lu    The  act  of  reducing  to  ashes 
■|,y,ombu«tion.  -Boi)''-     Eneuc. 

I.N'OIP  1-E.N-CY,  «.    Beginning;  commencement. 
IN  Clrl-ENT,  a.    [L.  iiici^iinii,  incipio;  in  and  capio, 

"Beginning;  commencing;  as, the  inofinit stage  of 
a  fi-ver ;  iiiriyic/it  light  or  day. 
r;  f'IP't  r.N'l  -LY,  ade.    Ill  an  incipient  manner. 

■■   ;i.    A  small  circle.  Sidney. 

seillP'TI-BLE,  <i.     'I'h.it  can  not  be 
.1  or  limited.  Crmiincr. 

l.\  Lll;  CL-MSPEe'TION,ii.  [m.andetVcumspcctJOii.J 

Want  of  circumspection  ;  heedlessness.   Brown, 
INCISE',  r.t.     [Er.  inciifr.] 

To  cut  in  ;  to  carve  ;  to  engrave.  Oircw, 

IS'CJ^'t'.b,  yp.  or  a.    [L.  iHci-^iiu,  from  ineicJo,  to  cut.] 
Cut  or  engraved;  made  by  cutting;  as,  an  incised 
w.iund;  iiicijwi  lips.  mseman. 

I.NCISE'LY,  air.     In  the  manner  of  incisions  or 
,,,,"li.-,-.  Eaton. 

■ .  ppr.    Cutting  in  ;  carving. 
.  (in-sizh'un,)  lu    [Fr. ;  L.  iacisto,  from 
..It.] 
!.  .\  rutting;  the  act  of  cutting  into  a  substance. 
*J-  A  cut ;  a  gash  ;  the  separation  of  the  surface  of 
any  substance  made  by  a  sharp  instrument.    The 
surgeon  with  his  knife  makes  on  inei.iian  in  the  flesh, 
and  the  garden,  r  in  a  tree  ;  but  we  do  not  say,  an 
inr.'-i ^T  '*  marl',  with  a  plow  or  a  spade  ;  al  least, 
gill  .  .  is  unusual. 

["viscid  matter  by  medicines.  [Obs.] 
IN-c  I  I'r.  iaciaif.]  [Bcem. 

Ilav  h;  111'.  c]iinliiy  of  cutting  or  separating  the 
gup^'rliciiil  part  of  any  thing. 

Inei'iee  utth,  in  onimuij,  arc  the  fore  teeth,  the 
cutters  or  inci.sors. 
IN-Cl'SOR,  n.    [L.]    A  cutter ;  a  fore  tooth,  which 

cnt-^i,  bite3,^or  separates. 
IN-CI't*OR-V,  n.    Uaving  the  quality  of  cutting. 
IN-CISTRE,  fin-sizh'yur.)  n.     [E.  incijurn.] 

A  cut ;  a  place  opened  by  cutting ;  an  incision. 

Derham. 


IN-CIT'EU,  n.    He  or  that  which  incites  or  moves  to 

IN-Cn"lNG,imi-.or(i.    F,.\citing  to  action  ;  stirringup. 
IN-CIT'IXG-LY,  adu.    So  as  to  excite  to  action. 
IxN't'IV'II,    a.     [ill  and  civil.}    Uncivil;   rude;  un- 

polite.     [But  Uncivil  is  generally  used.] 
IN-UIV-I1.-I-Za'TI0N,  n.    An  uncivilized  state. 
IN-CI-VIL'I-TV,  II.     [Fr.  incioiiitiS.] 

1   Want  of  courtesy;  rudeness  of  manners  toward 
others ;  impoliteness.  v''         Z:„ 

o  Any  act  of  rudeness  or  ill  breeding;  with  a 
vlu'ral.  Loud  laiiglltcr  and  uncomely  jests,  in  re- 
spectable company,  arc-  hicivililics  and  mdeceiicies. 
IN-CIV'IL-LY,  Olio.  Uncivilly  ;  rudely. 
IN  ClV'ISiM,?!.  [ill  and  civism.]  Want  ot  civism; 
went  of  love  to  one's  country,  or  of  patriotism  ;  un- 
friendliness to  the  sfato  or  government  of  which  one 
is  a  citizen.  ,    ,  j  ,    .     r,   ,    "',1' 

IN-eL.'iSP',t'.(.    To  clasp;  to  hold  fast.    Cadworth. 
IN-eLksP'£D,  (in-ltlasptO  vv-    Held  fast. 
IN-eLASP'ING,  ;ipr.    Holding  fast. 
IN'CLA-VA-TED,  u.     Set ;  last  n.«d.  Diet. 

IN'CIiE,  (ink'l,)    See  Inkle.  ,     .    , 

IN-CLEM'EN-CY,  ii.  [Fr.  inekmcncc  ;  L.  mclcmcntia. 
See  Clemencv.]  ..     ., ,  « . 

1  Want  of  clemencv  ;  want  of  mildness  of  tem- 
per; unmercifulness ;  harshness;  severity;  applied 

Ut  nei....0H5. 

'J  Kou"liness  ;  boistcrousness  ;  storinmess  ;  oi 
simply  raininess  ;  severe  cold,  &c.  ;  applied  to  the 
weatlir.  We  were  detained  by  the  mclemciicij  ot 
the  weather.  „  ., ,        .   ,  -    , 

IN-eLEM'ENT,  a.  Destitute  of  a  mild  and  kind 
temper ;  void  of  tenderness ;  unmerciful ;  severe  ; 
harsh.  , 

2.  Rough  ;  stormy  ;  boisterous  ;  rainy  ;  rigorously 
cold    &c. ;  as,  inclement  weather ;  iiicicnicnl  sky. 
'  Pope. 

IN-CLEM'EKT-LY,  adv.    In  an  inclement  manner. 
IN-CLIN'A-ULE,  a.     [L.  indhmbilis.    See  Incline.] 
1.  Leaning;   tending;   as,  a  tower  inelinaik  to 
fall.  Bentlai. 

a!  Having  a  propension  of  will ;  leaning  in  dispo 
sition  ;  somewhat  disposed  ;  as,  a  mind  inclmable  to 
truth.  Milton. 

IN-CLTN'A-BLE-NESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  m- 

clinable ;  inclination.  ....       « 

IN-CLlN-A'TluN,  n.    [Fr.,  from  L.  mdmatw.    See 

Incline.]  „     .    ,         ,.      ^ 

1.  A  leaning ;  any  deviation  of  a  body  or  line  tioin 
nn  upright  position,  or  from  a  parallel  line,  toward 
another  body  ;  as,  the  inclination  of  the  head  m 
bowing. 

2.  In  geometm,  the  angle  made  by  two  lines  or 
planes,  which  n'leet,  or  which  would  meet,  if  pro- 
duced ;  as,  the  inclination  of  the  axis  of  the  earth  to 
the  plane  of  the  ecliptic  is  23°  28'. 

3.  A  leaning  of  the  mind  or  will ;  propension  or 
propensity  ;  a  disposition  more  ftivorable  to  one  thing 
than  to  another.  The  prince  has  no  inclination  to 
peace.  The  bachelor  has  manifested  no  inclination 
to  many.    Men  have  a  natural  iiicliimiion  to  pleasure 


A  mere  incjiiialion  to  a  Uiing  13  not  properly  a  willing:  of  tiiat 
Ihius.  .SouUi. 

4.  Love;  affection;  regard;  desire;  with  for. 
Some  men  have  an  inclination  for  music,  otliers  for 
painting. 

f).  Dispo.^ition  of  mind.  Slial:. 

6.  The  dip  of  the  magnetic  needle,  or  its  tendency 
to  incline  toward  the  earth ;  also,  the  angle  made  by 
the  needle  with  the  horizon.  Enfield. 

7.  The  act  of  decanting  liquors  by  stooping  or  in- 
clining the  vessel.  Quincy. 

IN-CLIN'A-TO-RI-LY,  adv.    Obliquely  ;  with  incli- 
I     nation.  Brown. 


IN-eLIN'A-TO-RY,  a.  Having  tlie  quality  of  lean- 
ing or  inclining.  .  r/°T:,, 

IN-€LIi\E',  V.  i.  [L.  inchno  ;  in  and  chao,  Or.  kAii/w, 
Sax.  hlinian,  lilcmian,  Mynian,  Eng.  to  Icon,  G.  lelmen, 
D  feuiira  Russ.  klouyu  and  iio/ilanioi/ii,  Ir.  clconawi ; 
Ft.  ineliner  :  Port,  and  S\t.  inclinar ;  ll.  inchnare,  m- 

cimttre,  eliinarc.     t'lass  Ln.l  

1  To  lean  ;  to  deviate  from  an  erect  or  par.illei 
line  toward  any  oh.iect ;  to  tend.  Converging  linos 
incline  toward  each  other.  A  road  inclines  to  tin. 
north  or  south.  Connecticut  River  runs  south,  i«- 
ciinino-,  in  some  part  of  its  course,  to  the  west ;  ami, 
below"  Miildletown,  it  inclines  to  the  east. 

2.  To  lean  ;  in  a  moral  scn.ie ;  to  have  a  propension  ; 
to  lie  disposed  ;  to  have  some  wish  or  desire. 

Tlicir  licaru  indinid  W  follow  AUmcloch.  — Juilgcs  Ix. 

3.  To  have  an  appetite  ;  to  be  disposed ;  as,  to  be 

IN'eLIN'l.y  "r  i.'  To  cause  to  deviate  from  an  erect, 
perpcndiclilar,  or  parallel  line;  to  give  a  leaning  to ; 
as,  iiiciijic  the  column  or  post  to  the  east;  vicliac 
your  head  to  the  right.  . 

2.  To  give  a  tendency  or  propension  to  the  will  or 
affections;  to  turn  ;  to  dispose 

incii,!.  our  liearls  lo  keep  this  law.  OjTTimon  Prober. 

/ijcli;ie  li.y  la.arl  to  liiy  iestinioiiies.  —  Ts.  cxix. 

3  To  bend  ;  to  cause  to  stoop  or  bow  ;  as,  to  in- 
cline the  head  or  the  body  in  acts  of  reverence  or 

iN-CLIN'Bn,  pp.  or  a.    Having  a  leaning  or  tendency ; 

^'Telined  plane,  in  mechanics,  is  a  plane  that  makes 
an  obi  que  angle  Willi  the  iilane  of  the  horizon  ;  a 
sloping  plane.  -It  is  one  of  the  five  simple  mechan- 
ical powers. 

IN-CLIN'ER,  n.    An  inclined  dial.  . 

IN-eLTN'IiVG,  ppr.    Leaning  ;  causing  to  lean. 

lN-f;LIN'[NG,  a.    Leaning.  ,     , 

IN-CLIP',  r.  t.  [in  and  clip.]  To  grasp  ;  to  inclose ; 
to  surround.  ,     .     ,    *„i°" 

IN-CLIP'PED,  Cin-klipt',)w.    Gr.asped;  inclosed. 

IN-eLlP'PLNG,  ppr.    Grasping ;  suiToundmg. 

IN-CLOIS'TER,  i>.  t.  [ill  and  rfoMlcr.]  To  shut  up 
or  confine  in  a  cloister.     [But  Cloister  is  generally 

IN-GLoSE',  V.  t.  [Fr.  cuclos ;  Sp.  It.  induso ;  L.  incbi- 
sus,indiido:  imuiAclaudo,  or  cludo.] 

1  To  surround ;  to  shut  in ;  to  confine  on  all 
sides  ;  as,  to  inclose  a  field  with  a  fence  ;  to  inclose  a. 
furt  or  an  army  with  troops ;  to  inclose  a  town  with 

""'k  To  sepaiate  from  common  grounds  by  a  fence ; 

"'^■l.^T'o'^include  ;^to  shut  or  confine ;  as,  to  inclose 

trinkets  in  a  box. 
4.  To  environ  ;  to  encompass. 
5   To  cover  with  a  wrapper  or  envelope  ;  to  covir 

under  seal ;  as,  to  inclose  a  letter  or  a  bank  note. 
IN-€LOffi'/iD,  „.  or  a.    Surrounded;  encompassed; 

confined  on  a  1  sides;  covered  and  sealed  ;  feneed. 
IN€r.es'ER  „.   He  or  that  which  incloses;  one  who 

separates  land  from  common  grounds  by  a  fence. 
IN-€LoS'LNG,  TPr.      Surrounding  ;    encompassing  , 

"  shutting  m;  covering  and  connmng. 
IN-CLOS'U.RE,    Cin-klo'zhur,)   n.      The   act  ol   in 

'^'2?"riie  separation  of  land  from  common  ground 
into  distinct  possessions  by  a  fence. 

3  The  aniiioiiiiation  of  things  common.  7ay(oi. 

4.  State  of  being  inclosed,  shut  up,  or  enrora- 

'"'.5'*Vhat  which  incloses  ;  a  barrier  or  fence. 

6.  A  space  inclosed  or  fenced  ;  a  space  compre- 
hended within  certain  limits. 

7   Ground  inclosed  or  sepaiated   from   common 

'""sl'Tliat  which  is  inclosed  or  contained  in  an  en- 
velope, as  a  paper.  To  darken     to 
IN-CLOUD',  VI.  (.      [m  and  cloud.]     To  darKen^,^  to 

IN-CLOUD'En,  PI'-    Involved  in  obscurity. 
IN-CLOUl)'INO,wr.    Darkening;  P''5"',""e-„ ,,,,,, 
IN-CLODE',  V.  t.    [h.  includo;  m  and  cMo,  to  shut 

"'V.  ?V  ToS:\vi.hin ;  to  hold  ;  to  conta;  ;  as 
the  ^Pell  of  a  nut  includes  the  kernel ;  a  pean  is  i« 
rtaW  ill  a  shell.    [But  in  these  senses  we  more  com- 

'^T%T:i}^;,\::-i  comprehend  ;  to  contain.    The 
hisioiy  of  Erglank  necessarily  includes  ■'Von.on^l 
that  ol-  Fiance.    The  word  duty  •"j'"''"^:^  i'^',  "^J 
owe  to  God,  to  our  fellow-men,  and  to  ourselves, 
T;  i°.,  also  a  tax  payable  to  <:^'-^'>l^ZZ^^enioi. 

IN-€LUU'E1),  pp.  or  a.    Contained  ;  comprehenoca. 

IN-CLCD'ING  }.pr.    Containing  ;  comprising. 

IN-eLO'SION,  (in-klu'zhun,)  ii.     [L.  rac;a«o.l 
The  act  of  including. 

IN-€LO'SIVE,  a.     [Fr.  indusif.]  ^^^.^ 

1.  Inclosing  ;  encircling.  , 

2.  (Comprehended  in  'he  number  or  sum  ,  as  n^in 
Monday  to  Saturday  inclusioe,  that  is,  taking  m  com 
Mondav  and  Saturday.  „,ii„„  ihe  thing 

IN-CLO'SIVE-LY,  adv.      Comprehending  tlie^mnb 


Fate,  FAR,  FALL,  WII.\T.  -  MRTE,  PREY. -PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD. -NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOQK.- 


51)0 


INC 

from  Monday  to  Saturday  indu- 


LTnconstraincd. 


nienlioued  ;    a 
sirclij. 

IS-€0-A€T', 

IXeO-ACT'ED. 

IN-eO-AG'U-LA-ULE,  c.  [in  and  coagulahlc]  Tiiat 
can  not  be  coas^iilated  or  concreted. 

IN-eO-ER'CI-I»LE,  a.  [in  and  coercible^  from  coerce.] 
Nut  to  be  coerced  or  compelled;  that  can  not  be 
forced.  Black. 

IX-eO-EX-IST'ENCE,  n.  [in  and  cocxtstoicc]  A 
not  existing  together.     [ATjt  common.]  Lncke. 

IX-COG',  adi\  [contracted  from  inco^nto.]  In  con- 
cealment J  in  disguise ;  in  a  manner  not  to  be 
kiiuun. 

IX-€0(>'r-TA-BLE,  a.    Unthought  of.    Dean  Kin^. 

I.\-eO(5'I-TANCE,  In.   Ih.incua-UajUiaiimnidcotri- 

m-€OG'l-TAN-CY,  S      to,  to  think. 

Want  of  tiiougbt,  or  want  of  the  power  of  think- 
ing. Decay  of  Piety. 

IN-€O0:'I-TANT,  a.    Not  thinking ;  thoughtless. 

MUtmt. 

I?s*-eO(:;'I-TANT-LY,  adv.    Without  consideration. 

Boyle. 

IN-€OG'I-TA-TIVE,  ti.  [i,i  and  co^tativc,]  Not 
thinking  ;  wanting  the  power  of  tliuught ;  as,  a  vege- 
table is  an  incog^itativc  bein=r.  Locke. 

IN-eOG'NI-TO,  a.  or  adv.     [It.] 

Unknown  ;  in  concealment ;  in  a  disguise.  It  is 
sometimes  used  as  a  noun,  as  also  is  incognita^  in  the 
feminine. 

IN-eOG'NI-ZA-BLE,  (in-kog'ne-za-bl  or  in-fcon'c- 
za-b!,)  a.     [m  and  eo^nizahk.] 

Tliat  can  not  be  recognized,  known,  or  distin- 
guished. 

The  LettUIi  rncs,  not  a  primitive  stock  of  Ihe  Slavi,  bat  a  disUuct 
bi'aiich,  now  becuino  incogrdzahle.  Tooke. 

IX-CO-HeU'ENCE,    \  n.     [in  and  coherence.]     Want 
IN-eO-IlER'EN-CY,  \      of  coherence;  want  of  cohe- 
sion or  adherence ;  looseness  or  unconnected  state 
of  parts,  as  of  a  powder.  Boyle. 

2.  Want  of  connection  ;  incongruity;  inconsisten- 
cy; want  of  agreement  or  dependence  of  one  part 
on  another;  as,  the  iHccAcrcHt;!;  of  arguments,  facts, 
or  principles. 

3.  Inconsistency  ;  that  which  does  not  agree  with 
other  parts  of  the  same  thing. 

IN-eO-HKR'ENT,  a.  [m  and  coherent.]  Wanting 
cohesion;  loose;  unconnected;  not  fixed  to  each 
other  ;  ajtplied  to  material  aubstanccs.         IVoofiward. 

2.  Wanting  coherence  or  agreement  ;  incongru- 
ous ;  incunsistent ;  having  no  dependence  of  one 
part  on  another;  as,  the  thoughts  of  a  dreaming 
man,  and  the  language  of  a  madman,  are  incoherent. 

I.N-eO-Hj^R'ENT-LY,  ado.  Inconsistently;  without 
colierence  of  parts  ;  as,  to  talk  incohprcnthj. 

IN-eO-IN'CI-DENCE,  71.  [in  mi\i  coincidence.]  Want 
of  coincidence  or  agreement. 

IN-eO-IN'CI-DEXT,  a.  [in  and  coincident.]  Not  co- 
incident :  not  agreeing  in  time,  place,  or  principle. 

IN-eO-LU'MI-TY,  5(.     [L.  incoliLviitas.] 

Safety  :  seciiritj'.  llcvitU. 

IN-eOM-IJIN'ING.  c.  Not  combining  or  uniting; 
disagreeing;  diffding.  Milton. 

L\-eO.M-IJUST-I-blL'I-TY,  iu  [from  incombastiblc.] 
The  quality  of  being  incapable  of  bemg  burnt  or 
constmicd.  Jtay. 

IN-eOM-BUSTa-DLE,  a.  [in  and  combustible.]  Not 
to  be  burnt,  decomposed,  or  consumed  by  fire.  As- 
bestij:^  is  an  i'lromhujitible  suhstunce. 

L\-€0-M-BI'ST'l-RLE-NESS,  n.    Incombustibility. 

IN-eOil-BUdT'I-BLY,  ado.  So  as  to  resist  combus- 
tion. 

IN'C'OME,  (in'kum,)  n.  [in  and  come.]  That  gtiin 
which  proceeds  from  labor,  business,  or  property  of 
any  kind  ;  the  produce  of  a  farm ;  the  rent  of 
bouses  ;  the  proceeds  of  profopsional  business  ;  tiie 
profits  of  commerce  or  of  occupation  ;  the  interest  of 
money  or  slock  in  funds.  Income  is  often  u>ed  sy- 
nonyjnotisly  Willi  Revk.vue,  but  income  is  more  gene- 
rally applied  to  t!ie  gain  of  private  persons,  and  rev- 
enue to  that  of  a  sovereign  or  of  a  state.  We  speak 
of  the  annual  income  of  a  gentleman,  and  the  an- 
nual recennc  of  the  State. 
2.  A  coming  in  ;  admission;  introduction.    [Ohs.] 

I.V'f' OM-IXG,  (in'kum-ing,)  a.    Coming  in.    Burhc. 

IX'€O.M-ING,  n.    [in  and  come  J    Income  ;  gain. 

lliuiy  incoTTdnss  are  subject  to  jreat  fluctu-itjona.  Toohe. 

IK  COM-MEX'DA.%  [Law  Lat.]  In  England,  to 
hold  a  vacant  living  in  commcndam^  is  to  iiold  it  by 
favor  of  the  crown,  till  a  proper  pastor  is  provided. 

Blaclistonc. 

IN-€OM-MEN-Sa-RA-BrL'I-ri^     )  n.    [from  incom- 

IN-€0M-MEX'SU-EA-BLE-NES3,  i      mensurable.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  a  thing,  when  it  has  no 
common  maasuie  with  another  thing,  or  wliea  the 
same  thing  will  not  exactly  measure  both. 

!N-e05I-MEX'SU-RA-BLE,  a.  [in  and  commer^-ara- 
hie.] 

Having  no  common  measure.  Quantities  aro  in- 
commcasuraile  when  no  third  quantity  can  be  found 
tliat  is  an  aliquot  p;irt  of  both.  Enctic. 

IN-eO.M-.MEX'SU-RA-BLY,  adv.  So  as  not  to  ailmit 
of  mensuration. 


INC 

IN-eOiM-MEX'SU-RATE,  a.  [in  and  commensurate.] 
Not  admitting  of  a  common  measure.  More. 

2.  Not  of  equal  measure  or  esteiit ;  not  adequate. 
Our  means  are  incommensurate  to  our  wants. 

IN-eOM-MEN'SU-RATE-LY,  adu.  Not  in  equal  or 
due  measure  or  proportion.  Chcyne. 

IN-eOM-?dIS'Cr-BL10,  a.  [in  and  commix.]  That 
can  not  be  commixed  or  mutually  mixed. 

IN-eOM-MIX'TlTRE,  n.    A  Plate  of  being  unmixed. 

IN-COM'MO-DaTE,  i;.  t.     To  inconnnude.       [Brown. 

IN-eOMTvtO-DA-TED,  pp.     Incommoded. 

IN-€0M'i\10-D.i-TING,  ppr.    Incommoding, 

IN-€OM-MO-Da'TION,  n.  State  of  being  incommo- 
dated. 

IN-€OM-MoDE',  V.  t.  [L.  imomTnodo ;  in  and  covi- 
viodoj  con  and  viodus.] 

To  give  incunvcnience  to;  to  give  trouble  to ;  to 
disturb  or  molest  in  tlie  quiet  enjoyment  of  some- 
thing, or  in  the  facility  of  acquisition.  It  denotes 
It:s3tlian  Annoy,  Vex,  or  Harass.  We  uxe  incommoded 
by  want  of  room  to  sit  at  ea^e.  Visits  of  strangers, 
at  unseasonable  Iiojus,  incommode  a  family.  Olten 
we  are  incommoded  by  a  fiishionable  dress. 

IN-€0,M-WoD'ED,  pp.  Put  to  inconvenience;  mo- 
lested. 

IN-eOM-MoDE'MENT,  n.    Inconvenience.     [Ohs.] 

CIteyne. 

IN-eoai-MoD'rNG,p^r.  Subjecting  to  trouble  or  in- 
convenience. 

IN-eOM-MO'DI-OUS,  a.     [L.  incommodus.] 

Inconvenient;  not  affording  ease  ur  advantage; 
unsuitable;  giving  trouble  without  much  injury.  A 
seat  in  church,  or  the  site  of  a  house,  may  be  inconi- 
inodioas. 

IN-€0M-Mo'DI-OUS-LY,  adv.  In  a  manner  to  create 
inconvenience;  inconveniently;  unsuitably. 

IN-eOM-JIo'DI-OUS-NESS,  7i.  Inconvenience;  un- 
suitableness. 

IN-eOai-MOD'I-TY,  n,  [Fv.  incojnmodite ;  IL.  hicom- 
moditas.] 

Inconvenience ;  trouble.     [J*J'oio  Utile  ztsed.] 

Bacon. 

IN-€OM-I\IU-X[-eA-TUI/I-.TY,      )  n.      [from  incom- 

IN-eO^r-Mu'NI-CA-BLE-NESS,  j  municable.]  The 
quality  of  not  being  communicable,  or  capable  of  be- 
ing imparted  to  another. 

IN-eOM-Mu'NI-€A-BLE,  a.  [in  and  communicable] 
That  can  not  he  conmiunicaled  or  imparled  to  oth- 
ers. 

2.  That  can  not  or  may  not  be  communicated,  told, 
or  revealed  to  others.  South. 

IN-eOM-M0'?;i-eA-HLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  not  to 
be  imparted  or  communicated.  Jlakcicill. 

IX-€O.M-Mu'N[-€a-'J'ED,  a.    Not  imparted. 

IN-eOM-Mu'Nl-CA-TING,  a.  Having  no  commun- 
ion or  intercourse  with  each  otiier;  as,  an  adminis- 
tiation  in  incnmmun tenting  hands.  Hale. 

IN-eOM-Mu'NI-€A-TIVE,  a.  Not  communicative; 
not  free  or  apt  to  ini[)art  to  others  in  conversation. 

2.  Not  disposed  to  hold  communion,  fellowship,  or 
intercourse  with. 


Tlie  Ciiiiicsc  —  a 


.  incommunicaUve  iiaUon. 


Buchanan. 


IN-€OM-BXC'NI-eA-TIVE-LY,  adv  Not  communi- 
cativel}'. 

f  N-€OM-:\tuT-A-B[L'I-TY,    )  n.    The  quality  of  be- 

IN-eOM-JMOT'A-BLE-NESS,  j      ing  incommutable. 

IX-eOAI-MuT^\-BLE,  a.  [in  and  comvintuble.]  Not 
to  be  exchanged  or  commuted  with  another. 

IN-eO.'\l-M0T-A-BLY,  adv.  Without  reciprocal 
change.  Ch.  Relig.  Jlirpeal. 

IN-CO.M-PA€T',       )  a.     [in  and  compact.]    Nut  com- 

IN-eOM-P.\eT'ED,  (  pact;  not  having  the  parts 
firmly  united  ;  not  solid.  Bcn,h. 

IN-GO.M'PA-RA-BLE,  a.  [in  and  comparable.]  'That 
admits  of  no  comparison  with  otiiers ;  usually  in  a 
good  sense,  but  it  may  be  jiropcrly  used  in  a  bad 
sense.  When  we  sjiy,  an  incomparable  man,  we 
mean  a  man  of  good  qualities,  or  of  some  excellence 
that  raises  him  above  comparison  or  equality  willi 
others.  So  v/e  say,  incomparable  excellence,  virtue, 
wit,  &.C.  But  incomparable  baseness  or  malignity 
may  be  used  with  pro[)riety. 

IN-eOM^PA-RA-BLE-NESS,  n.  Excellence  beyond 
comparison. 

IN-€O.AI'PA-RA-BLY,  adi:.  Beyond  comparison ; 
without  competition.  Newton  was  incomparably 
the  greatest  philosopher  the  English  nation  had 
produced. 

IN-eOM-P.\R'£D,  a.    Not  matched;  peerless. 

Spcnstr. 

IN-eOM-PAS'SION,  ?(.    Want  of  compassion.  [Obs.] 

IN-eO.M-PAS't'ION-ATE,  a.  [in  and  compassionate] 
Void  of  comj)as3ion  or  pity ;  destitute  of  tenderness. 

Johnson. 

IN-eOM-PAS'SION-ATE-LY,  adv.  Without  pity  or 
tenderness. 

IN-€0M-PAS'SI0N-ATE-NE3S,  n.    Want  of  pity. 

Qrangcr. 

IN-COM-PAT-I-BIL'X-Ty,  n.  [from  incompi^iblc?]  In- 
consistency ;  that  quahty  or  state  of  a  thing  which 
renders  it  impossible  that  it  should  subsist,  or  be 
consistent  with,  soniething  else.  There  is  a  perma- 
nent incompatibility  botweun  truth  and  falsehood. 


INC 

2.  Irreconcilable  disagreement.  During  lUc  rev- 
olution in  Trance,  incompatiliititu  cf  teniner  was 
deemed  a  sufiicient  caube  for  divorcing  man  and 
wife. 
IN-€OAI-PAT'I-BLE,  a.  [Fr,,  from  the  L.m  and  com- 
peto,  to  suit,  to  be  proper  or  convenient ;  eon  and  pf£a, 
to  press  toward,  to  seek,  or  press  on.  It  was  for- 
merly incoinpctible.] 

1.  Inconsisti^nt ;  that  can  not  subsist  with  some- 
tJ)ing  else.  Thus,  truth  and  falsehood  arc  essential- 
ly incompatible,  as  are  virtue  and  vice.  A  de^ec  of 
cold  that  congeals  water  is  incmapatible  wjlh  veg-jLi- 
lion.  Dissipation  is  incompatible  with  health,  reputa- 
tion, and  virtue. 

2.  Irreconcilably  different  or  disagreeing ;  incon- 
gruous ;  as,  incompatible  tampers. 

3.  Legally  or  constilutionally  inconsistent;  that 
cannot  b;.-  united  in  the  same  person,  wiUiont  vicla- 
ting  the  law  or  c-jnsiitutton.  By  our  constiluiion, 
theoliices  of  a  legislatorand  of  a  judge  are  incojitpati 
blcy  as  they  cannot  be  held  at  the  same  time  by  ihe 
same  person. 

4.  In  di.emistryy  a  term  applied  to  saJts  and  oilier 
substances,  which  can  not  exist  together  in  solution 
without  iKiturat  decomposition.  Brandr, 

IN-€OM-PAT'I-BLY,  adv.  Inconsistently;  incon- 
gruoush". 

IX-eOM-PENS'A-BLE,  a.  That  can  not  bo  recom- 
pensed. 

IN-eOM'PE-TEXCE,  \n.      [Fr.    incompetence,    from 

IN-eOiM'PE-TEN-CY,  \      incompctenL] 

1.  Inability  ;  want  of  sufiicient  intellectual  pow- 
ers or  talents  ;  as,  the  incompetency  of  infant:!  or 
idiots. 

2.  Want  of  natural  adequate  strength  of  body  or 
of  suitable  faculties;  as,  the  incompetency  of  tin: 
cj'es  to  discern  tlie  motions  of  the  heavenly  bodies 

3.  Want  of  legiU  or  constitutional  qualifications . 
as,  the  incompetaicy  of  a  witness. 

4.  Want  of  adequate  means. 

5.  Insulficicncy  i  inadequacy  ;  as,  the  inconpcwney 
of  tesiimonv. 

IN-eO.M'PE-tENT,  a.  [Fr.,  from  L.  in  and  compeUns, 
compcto.    See  Incompatiule.] 

1.  Wanting  adequate  powers  of  mind,  or  suitablt- 
faculties;  as,  an  incompetent  judge.  Infancy,  de- 
rangement, want  of  learning,  or  dotage,  may  render  a 
person  incompetent  to  fill  an  office  or  to  transact  busi 
ness. 

2.  Wanting  due  strengtli  or  suitable  faculties ;  un- 
able. 

3.  Wanting  the  legal  or  constitutional  qualifica- 
tions. A  ])erson  convicted  of  a  crime  is  an  incompe- 
tent witness  in  a  court  of  law  or  equity. 

4.  Destitute  of  means  ;  unable. 

5.  Inadequate;  insulficient ;  as,  incompetsttt  testi- 
mony. 

G.  Unfit;  improper;  legally  unavailable. 

It  is  incompetent  for  Ihe  defeatlonl  to  make  this  defcnw. 

IkJtuM.  Hep. 

IN-€OM'PE-TENT-LY,  cdv.  Insufficiently;  inad- 
equately ;  not  suitably. 

IN-COiM-PLkTE',  a.  [in  and  complete.]  Not  finished. 
The  building  is  incomplete. 

2.  Imperfect ;  defective. 

3.  In  botan7f,  lacking  calyx  or  corolla,  or  both. 
IX-€OM-PLKtE'LY,  adv.     Imi>erfecl!y. 
!X-eOM-PLi:TE'NESS,  n.    An  unfinished  state ;  im- 

perfectness  ;  defectiveness. 

IN-€OiM-PLt:'TION,  tu  Incompleteness.  [Una-j- 
tharized.]  SmarL 

IN-€O.M-rLEX',  c  [in  and  complex.]  Not  comple.^ ; 
uncomponnded  ;  simple. 

rX-€OM-PLi'.VULE,  a.    Not  compliable. 

IN-eOiM-PLI'jVXCE,  n.  [in  and  eompUanee.]  De- 
fect of  compliance;  refusal  to  comply  witli  solicita- 
tions. 

2.  Untractableness ;  unyielding  temper  or  consti- 
tution. 

Sel-^cfi.nccil  proiluccs  jjccvishncsa  and  incompUanee  of  humor  ia 
tliinipi  lawful  »iid  in;lideieaL  TVtoUon, 

IN-eO.M-PLFANT,  a.  [in  and  compliant.]  Unyield- 
ing to  request  or  solicitation;  not  disposed  to  com- 
ply. 

IN-eOM-rLFANT-LY,  adv.    Not  compliantly. 

lN-eOM-PoS'£D,  G.  [in  and  composed.]  Disordered; 
disturbed.  Milton. 

[Gut  this  word  is  little  used.  Instead  of  it  we  use 
Discomposed.] 

IN-€0-AI-POS'ITE  or  IN-eOM'PO-SITE,  a.  [in  and 
composite.]    T.'ncom pounded  ;  snnple. 

IN-eOM-POS-SI-BIE'I-TY,  h.  [in  and  compossible,] 
The  quaJitv  of  not  being  possible  but  ty  the  negation 
or  destruction  of  something;  inconsistency  with 
something.     [ Lialc  itscd.]  More    Hale. 

IN-eOM-POS'SI-BLE,  a.  [<"«,  can,  and  fossjWe.]  Not 
possible  to  be  or  subsist  with  something  else.  [77m- 
and  the  preceding  word  are  little  used,  and  can  hardly 
be  co7isiflrrr.d  as  legitimate  English  words.] 

IN-€0:d-PRi:-HEXS-I-BIL'I-TY,  «.  [Seo  the  next 
word.]  The  <iuality  ci  being  incomprehensible,  or 
beyond  the  reach  of  human  intellect;  inconceivable- 
ntk^s.  CaiiipbclL 


TONE,  BULI,,  UNITE.  — AN"CER,  VI"CIOUS.  — G  as  K;  6  as  J;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


INC 


INC 


I.S-eOM  PBE-IIHNS'I-DLK,  a.     [Fr.    Sec  Cojii-he- 

I.  "i  Irtt  ean  not  be  c»tm|ireIuiiJeiI  or  understond  ; 
Hat  i*  b.-yiina  III-  r.  ach  of  limniin  mtcllecf ;  incoii- 
, ,  iv  tf '  .     The  nalurr  v(  r;|>irilua!  boiiig  is  incompre- 
,  ur  fry  UK. 

•  conlninril.     [Lt'ttle  used.]       Hooker, 
I  ,  ..  IIE.NS'I-ULE-NKriS.n.  Inconiprchcns- 

■■.    \\  tiu'h  '<pi". 
IN  c  rM.lMtE-IIEN:5'I-B!.V,  at/c.    In  n  manner  wliicli 

1 ,  II,  mind  cuii  nut  cuinprchend  ur  tiiiderstaiid  ; 

I'Ocke. 
I'lEX'glOX,  n. 
r<iui)din!;. 
>^!  I'KIMIENS'IVE,  a, 


I.N  t' 


Want  of  coniprclicn- 

Xot  comproliensive ; 
hot  r\t.-n-iv.'.  IVarton. 

l.\  COM  l'Ui:5S-I-BIL'I-TV,  «.  [Sfc  Incompressi- 
BLE.]  The  quality  of  rfsisliny  compression,  or  of 
bcin-  incapable  of^a'diictioii  by  force  into  n  smaller 
rompa.'W.  ,   ,    „ 

I.N  CO.M-l'KE^S'MiLE,  a.  [in  :im\  compressible]  Aol 
til  bo  compressed  ;  not  capable  of  luring  reduced  by 
tMKv  into  a  smalltT  coniiMiss  ;  resisting  compression. 
A' i!.r  \i  not,  as  was  once  suppo:fed,  wbuMy  incom- 

IN  iMM-POT'A-BLE,  (1.    That  can  mit  be  compuled. 

I.N  CUN  » 'RAL'A-BLE,  n.  [in  and  ctmccalable.]  Not 
cunc.-alalili! ;  not  tu  bo  hid  (ir  kept  secret.     Brown. 

IN  CON-CftlV'A-BLE,  a.  [in  and  conceirnblc;  Fr. 
iactneerabU.] 

1 ,  'I'bnt  can  not  be  conceived  by  the  mind  ;  incom- 
prehrn^ible.     It  is  iiuoneeivabte  to  us   bow  Ihu  will 
aciA  in  producing  nmsciilar  motion, 
'i  That  ran  not  lie  unch'rstood. 

l.N-eON-Ci":lV'A-BLE-\Krid,  n.  Tlie  quality  of  be- 
mg  inrnnci-ivabU' ;  incomprehensibility. 

IN  eoN  OCtlV'A-BI.V,  a'ir.  In  a  manner  beyond 
comprehension,  or  beyond  the  reach  of  human  intel- 
lect. Soiith. 

LN-€O.N-CEP'TI-DLE,  n.  Inconceivable.  [LitUe  usa!.] 

Hale. 

IN-€0\-('IN'NI-TV,  n.     [U  ineoneinnitas.] 

I'n-'uitaliKruv'i  ;  want  of  proportion.  JHore. 

IN-e«»N-<;LC'nENT,  a.  [L.  in  and  eonchtdcnSj  eon- 
ctujt\  to  conclude.] 

Sol  inferring  a  conclusion  or  consequence.    [LitUc 
usfit.]  Ayliffc. 

I?C-COS'-CIjOD'INC,  o.    Inferring  no  consequence. 

Pearson. 

IN-COX-CLCSIVE,  a,  [in.  and  eondiisive.]  Not  pro- 
dm-in?  a  conclusion  ;  not  closing  concludinir,  or  set- 
Uinc  a  p«iint  in  dibalc.  or  a  doubtful  question.  An 
ar^mt-nt  or  evidence  is  inconelasiKty  when  it  docs 
not  f  xhibit  the  tnith  of  a  disputed  case  in  such  a 
mann/r  a^  to  satisfy  the  mind,  and  put  an  end  to  de- 
bale  or  doubt. 

IN-eoxeLO'SIVE-LY,  o/ir.  AVithout  surh  evidence 
as  to  determine  the  understanding  in  regard  to  truth 
or  falsebooil. 

IX-eON-tL0'SIVE-XESS,n.  Want  of  such  evidence 
as  to  satisfy  the  mind  of  truth  or  lalseiiooiJ,  and  put 
an  end  to  debate. 

I.N-eO.N-eoeT',  a.    Inconcocled. 

I.N  CO.N-eoeT'ED,  a.  [in  and  coneacL]  Not  fully 
digested;  not  matured  j  unripened.  Bacon. 

I\-*.O.N-eoe'TION,  n.  [ill  and  concoction.]  The 
stale  of  being  indigested  ;  unripeness ;  immaturity. 

Bacon. 

IN-CON-CI'R'RING,  a.  [in  and  eoncurriuff^  from  con- 
ear.]     Not  concurring  ;  not  agreeing.  Broion. 

IN-eoN-CL'S':5I-ULE,  a.    That  can  not  be  shaken. 

Rcvnoltl^s. 

IX-eON*-DEXS-A-BIL'I-TY,  n.  [Sec  Incosdensa. 
■Lt.l    The  quality  of  being  not  condensable. 

IX-COX-UEXS'A-BLE,  a. 

capable  of  condtiisatiun ; 
deiiM;  or  compact. 


[in  and  condaisabU.]     Not 
that 


can  not  be  made  more 
Black. 
i  Not  to  bo  converted  from  a  stale  of  vapor  to  a 

IN-CON'OITT,  o.    [L.  inconditiis ;   in  and  condo.  to 
build.] 
Rude  ;  unpolished  ;  irregular.    [LitUe  used.] 

IX-eoX  DI"TION-AL,  (kon-di.^h'un-al,)  a.^'*[intnd 
cimiUtu'n,iI.i  Without  any  condition,  exception,  or 
limit.ttiun  :  absolute.  [JVoi  nowtued.]  [See  Uncon- 
PlTio:«*uj  Brown. 

rxeoX-OI'^'TIOX-ATE,  a.  [in  mil  condition.]  Not 
hmilfa  or  rcstraini:d  by  conditions ;  absolute.  \JVot 
WW  tued.]  Ji^„^^.^ 

IN-COX-FiRlM'KT),  fur  U:*coxKinMED,  is  not  in  use 

I.N-rOX-FOR.M'A.BLE,  o.    Not  conformahlo. 

LN-CON-FORM'ITV,  n.  [in  ntxii  c^n/ormUtj.]  Want 
of  ronformity;  incompliance  with  the  practice  of 
other.-,  r.r  witti  th-*  refpiisiiions  nf  law,  nde,  or  cus- 
*o'"  "'>••     [The  Uitlcr  word  is  more  com- 

"•'"  ''J  to  e^re^.^  dissent  in  religion.] 

IN-€' '  ■        -  Not  confused ;  distinct. 

.  .  ^  Bacon, 

IN-eoX-FO'SlDX,(-fii'zhun,)».  Distinctness.  Bacon. 

IX-C0.NC£AL'A-BLE,  a.  Not  capable  of  being 
tmzen. 

IN-CON-GKAI/A-BLE-NES-3,  «.  The  impossibility 
of  being  congealed  or  frozen. 


IN-CON-Oii'NI-AL,  u.     [in  and  cun:jcnial.]     Not  con- 
*  genial ;  not  of  a  Iikt;  nature  ;  unsuitable. 

IN-CON-GE-XI-AL'I-TV,  n.  Unlikeness  of  nature; 
uusuitableness. 

IN-eON"GIlU-ENCE,7i.  [inxiwii  consmencf.]  Want 
of  congruence,  adaptation,  or  agreement ;  unsuitable- 
ness.  \Lialeuscd,     ff^c  mow  uie  Inuongruitt.] 

Boyle. 

I.N-eON"GRU-ENT,  a.    Unsuitable;  inconsistent. 

KlyoU 

I.N-€ON-GR0'I-TV,  «.  [in  and  confrrnitij.]  Want  of 
congruity  ;  improprietv  ;  inconsistency;  absurdity; 
unsuitableness  of  one  thing  to  another.  The  levity 
of  youth  in  a  grave  divine  is  deemed  an  inconirnutij 
between  manners  and  profession. 
2.  Disagreement  of  parts ;  want  of  symmetry. 

Donne. 

IN-eON"GRU-0U3,  a.     [h.  i/icono-ri/u.t.] 

Not  congruous  ;  unsuitable  ;  nut  fitting  ;  inconsist- 
ent ;  improper.  The  dress  of  a  seaman  on  a  judge 
would  be  deemed  incongruous  with  his  character 
and  station. 

IN-eON"GUU-0US-LY,  adv  Unsuitably;  unfitly; 
inipruperly. 

IN-CON-NEe'TION,  ?t.  [in  and  connection.]  Want 
of  cunneotion  ;  louse,  disjointed  state.       Bp.  Hall. 

IX-€ON-NE\'ED-LY,  adc.    Without  connection. 

IN-eON'riCION-.\-BLE.  (-kon'shun-a-bl,)  a.  Having 
no  sense  of  good  and  evil  ;  unconscionable.  Sjjauicr. 

I.N-eON't^E-aUKNCE,  71.     [L.  incoii.^equcntia.] 
Want  of  just  inference;  inconclusiveness, 

StilUnrrJlcet. 

IX-GON'.SE-aUENT,  a.  Not  following  from  the  prem- 
ises ;  without  regular  inference ;  as,  an  inconsciiucnt 
deduction  or  argument.  Brown. 

IN-eON-SE-CiUEX'TIAL,  a.  Not  regularly  follow- 
ing from  the  premises. 

ii.  Not  of  consequence  ;  not  of  impoitance  ;  of  lit- 
tle moment.  Chesterfield. 

I.N-€ON-SE-aUEN-TIAL'I-TV,  7(.  State  of  being  of 
no  consequence. 

IN-eON-SE-aUEN'TIAL-LY,  adv.  Without  reguLir 
sequence  or  deduction. 

IN-eON-SID'ER-A-BLE,a.  [in  ^\\A  considerable.]  Not 
worthy  of  consideration  or  notice;  unimportant; 
small ;  trivial.  We  spoak  of  an  inconsiderable  dis- 
tance ;  an  inconsidiTahle  quality  or  amount ;  inconsid- 
crablc  value.  No  sin  is  inconsiderable  in  the  sight  of 
a  holv  God. 

IN-CON-SID'ER-A-BLE-NESP,  «.  Small  importance. 

Tillotsoii. 

IN-CON-SID'ER-A-BLY,  adv.  In  a  smaR  degree ;  to 
a  small  amount ;  very  little. 

IN-eON-SU)'ER-A-CY,7i.  Thoughtlessness  ;  want  of 
considL'ration.     [  Unttsual.]  Chesterfield. 

IN-eov  sriJ'ER-ATE,  a.  [L.  inconsidcratns.  See 
CoNs:oi:H,] 

1.  Not  considerate ;  not  attending  to  the  circum- 
stances which  regard  safety  or  propriety;  hasty; 
rash;  imprudent;  careless;  thoughtless;  heedless; 
inattentive.    The  young  are  generally  incons'uhratc. 

2.  Proceeding  from  heedlessness  ;  rash  ;  as,  incon- 
siderate conduct. 

3.  Not  duly  regarding  ;  with  of  before  the  subject ; 
as,  inco7isidcrate  of  consequences. 

IN-eON-SID'ER-.'\TE-LY,  ado.  Williout  due  consid- 
eration or  regard  to  consequences;  heedlessly;  care- 
lessly ;  rashly;  imprudentlv.  .Addison. 

IN-eON-SID'ER-ATE-NESS,  n.  AVant  of  due  regard 
to  cunsequcnces  ;  carelessness;  thoiighUcssness  ;  in- 
advertence ;  inattention  ;  imprudence,      'i'dlotsun. 

IN-eON-SID-ER-A'TlON,  n.  [Fr. ;  in  and  considera- 
tion.] 

Want  of  due  consideration  ;  want  of  thought ;  in- 
attention to  ronseqiiences.  Taylor. 

IN-GON-SISIT'ENCE,   /  n.  [in  and  consistence.]    Such 

IN-Gf^JN-SIST'EX-CY,  )  opposition  or  disagreement 
a=  that  one  preposition  infers  the  negation  of  the 
other ;  such  contrariety  between  tilings  that  both  can 
not  subsist  together. 

Tli?ri?  U  a  perfect  ineousisUncy  iKtwcni  thnt  ivltich  Is  of  deU 
und  tliAl  wiiicli  U  of  free  ^IC.  South. 

2.  Absurdity  in  argument  or  narration  ;  argument 
or  narrative  where  one  part  destroys  the  other;  self- 
contradiction.  Johnson. 

'^.  Incongruity  ;  want  of  agreement  or  uniformity; 
as,  the  incoiishtency  of  a  man  with  himself. 

•1.  Unsteadiness;  changeablencss. 
IN-€ON-t?IST'ENT,  «.     Incompatible;  incongruous; 
not  suitable.     I^oud  laughter  in  grave  company  is  in- 
consistent  with  good  bre«iiing.     Ilahitual  gloom  is  in- 
consistent with  health  and  ha|)piness. 

2.  Not  consistent ;  contrary,  so  that  one  infers  the 
negation  or  destruction  of  tiu-  other,  or  so  that  the 
truth  of  one  proves  the  other  to  be  false.  Two  cov- 
ennnu,  one  that  a  man  shall  have  an  estate  in  fee, 
and  the  other  that  he  shall  hold  it  for  years,  are  in- 
consistent. 

3.  Not  uniform  ;  being  contrary  at  different  times. 
Men  are  sometimes  inconsistent  with  themst-lves. 

IN-eON-SIST'ENT-LY,  adv.  With  absurditv  ;  in- 
congruously ;  with  self-contradiction  ;  without  stead- 
iness or  uniformity. 


INC 

IN-eON^IST'ENT-NESS,  n.  Inconsistency.  [JsU 
in  i/.iv.]  Jilore. 

IN-€ON-SIST'lNG,  a.    Inconsistent.     [JVo(  nscd.] 

Dnuicn. 

IN-€ON-SoIi'A-RLE,  a.  [in  and  consolnble.]  "Not  to 
be  consoled  ;  grieved  beyond  susceptibility  of  com- 
fort, .addison. 

IN-eON-SoL'A-BLY,  adi:.  In  a  manner  or  degree 
that  does  not  admit  of  consolation. 

IN-€ON'SO-NANCE,  n.  Disagreement  of  sounds; 
disconlancc.  Bn^bij. 

IN-eOX'SO-NAN-CY,  71.  [in  and  consonancy.]  Dis- 
agreement; inconsistency.  la  viusicy  disagreement 
of  sounds  ;  discordance. 

IN-€0N'SO-NANT,  a.  Not  agreeing;  inconsistent; 
discordant. 

IN-CON'SO-NANT-LY,  adv.  Inconsistently ;  discord- 
anilv. 

IN-eON-SPie'lJ-OUS,  a.     [in  and  conspicuous.]     Not 
discernilde  ;  not  to  be  perceived  by  the  sight.    Buijlc. 
2.  Not  conspicuous. 

IN-eON-Srie'U-OUS-LY,  adv.  So  as  not  to  bo  per- 
ceived. 

IN-eON'STAN-CY,  n.     [L,  inconstantia.     Sec  Con- 

STANCY.] 

1.  Mutability  or  instability  of  temper  or  aflectioii  ; 
unsteadiness ;  fickleness.  Jiddison. 

2.  Want  of  uniformity  ;  dissimilitude,    fl'oodwnrd. 
IN-€ON'STANT,  a.     [L.  inconsljitis  :  Fr.  inconsta}it.] 

1.  Mutable  ;  subject  to  change  of  opinion,  inclina- 
"tioii,  or  purpose;  not  firm  in  resolution;  unsteaily ; 

fickle ;  used  of  pervious ;  as,  inconsta7U  in  love  or  friend- 
ship. 

2.  Mutable;  changeable;  variable;  tised  of  thinifs. 
IN-eON'STANT-LY,  adv.   In  an  inconstant  manner; 

not  steadilv. 

IN-eON-Su!M'A-BLE,  a.  [in  and  consjimahlc.]  Nut 
to  be  consumed  ;  that  can  not  be  wasted.    Brown. 

IN-€ON-S0M'A-BLY,  adv.  So  as  not  to  be  consuma- 
ble. Shclttif. 

IN-€ON-SUM'.MATE,  a.  Not  consummate;  not  fin- 
ished ;  not  complete. 

IN-€ON-SUM'MATE-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  in- 
complete. 

IN-eON-SUMP'TI-BLE,  a.     [L.  in  and  coimunptn.^^] 

1.  Not  to  be  spent,  wasted,  or  destroyed  liy  fire. 
[JVot  used.]  Di^bij. 

2.  Not  to  be  destroyed.     [J^'ot  xised.'] 
IN-£'ON-TAM'IN~ATE,  a.    Not  contaminated.  Mnwe. 
IN-eON-TAM'IN-ATE-NESS.  «.    Uncorrupted  state. 
IN-eON-TEST'A-BLE,   a.      [Fr.]      Not   ront(  stab!-- 

not  to  be  disputed;  not  admitting  debate ;  too  clear 

to  be  controverted  ;  incontrovertible  ;  as,  incontestable 

evidence,  triitli,  or  facts. 
IN-€ON-TEST'A-BLY,  adv.    In  a  manner  to  preclude 

debate;  indisputably  ;  incontrovertibly  ;  indubitably. 

Rcitl. 
IN-eON-TIG'U-OUS,  a.     [in  and  contis-uous.]     Not 

contiguous;  not  adjoining  ;  not  touching;  separate. 

Boyle. 
IN-€ON-TIG'lI-OUS-LY,  adc.  Not  contiguously ;  sep- 

arately, 
IN-eON'T[-NE\CE,    }  n.    [l..incontinei}tia;  Fr.incon- 
lN-€ON'Tl-NEN-CY,  \      tinence.    See  Contixence.] 

1.  W^ant  of  restraint  of  the  passions  or  appetites; 
free  or  uncontrolled  indulgence  of  the  passions  or  ap- 
petites, as  of  anger.  Oilht-^^  ./iristotle. 

2.  Want  of  restraint  of  the  sexual  appetite  ;  free  or 
illegal  indulgence  of  lust ;  lewdness;  used  of  either 
sez,  but  appropriatehj  of  the  male  sex.  Incontinence  in 
men  is  the  same  as  unchastity  in  women. 

'X  Among  physicians,  the  inability  of  any  of  the 
animal  organs  to  restrain  discharges  of  their  con- 
tents, so  that  the  discharges  are  involuntary. 
IN-eON'TI-NENT,  a.     [L.  incnulinetis.] 

1.  Not  restraining  the  passions  or  appetites,  partic- 
ularly the  sexual  appetite  ;  indulging  lust  witlmut  re- 
straint, or  in  violation  nf  law;  unchaste;  lewd. 

2.  Unable  to  restrain  discharges. 

In  the  sense  of  immediate  or  immediatehi ,  obsolete. 

IN-eON'TI-NENT,  n.     One  who  is  unchaste. 

B.  Jonson. 

IN-€ON'TI-NEXT-LY,  adv.    Without  due  restraint 
of  the  passions  or  appetites  ;  unchastely. 
2.  Immediately.  Pope.     Dichais. 

IN-€ON-TRAeT'ED,  a.  Nut  contracted  ;  not  short- 
ened. Blarlneall. 

IN-eok-TRoE'LA-BLE,  a.  [in  and  controllable.]  N"t 
to  be  cunlroiled  ;  that  can  not  be  restrained  or  gov- 
erned ;  uncontrollable.  It'alJi. 

IN-eON-TR6L'LA-ULY,  adv.  In  a  manner  that  ad- 
mits of  no  control, 

IN-eON-TRO-VERT'I-BLE,  a.  [in  and  co7itroverti- 
btc.]  Indisputable;  too  clear  ur  certain  to  admit  of 
dispute. 

IN-€ON-TRO-VERT'I-BIA',  adv.  In  a  manner  or  to 
a  degree  that  precludes  debate  or  controversy. 

IN-€0N-Vf,N'1ENCE,   I  71.     [L.  ineonvenietis ;  i 

IN-eON-Vi5N'IEN-CY,  )      conoenio,  conveniens.] 
1.  Unfitness;  unsuitableness;  incxpedience. 


I  and 


'I'hoy  pleaJ  iigTiiust  Uic  inconueiiitnccs,  not  liie  unl.v 
po])UIi  apparel. 


Hooker. 


That  which  gives  trouble  or  uneasiness;  disad- 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MeTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.- 


09« 


mc 

vantage  ;  any  thing  that  disturbs  Quiet,  laipcdcs  pros- 
perity, or  increases  the  ililhculty  of  action  or  success. 
Rain  and  bad  roads  are  inconveniences  to  the  traveler; 
want  of  utensils  is  a  great  inconvenience  to  a  family  ; 
but  the  great  inconvnticnce  of  human  life  is  the  want 
of  money  and  the  means  of  obtaining  it. 
IN-eON-VEN'IENT,  a.     [Fr.,  from  the  L.,  supra.} 

1.  Incommodious;  unsuitable;  disadvantageous; 
giving  trouble  or  uneasiness  ;  increasing  tlie  difhcul- 
ty  of  progress  or  success ;  as,  an  inconvenient  dress 
or  garment ;  an  inconvenient  house  ;  incnnvenieiit  cus- 
toms ;  an  inconve7iient  arrangement  of  business. 

2.  Unfit;  unsuitable.  Hooker. 
IN-CON-VeN'IENT-LV,  adv.      Unsuitably  ;  incom- 
modiously ;  in  a  manner  to  give  trouble;  unseason- 
ably. 

IN-€bX-VERS'A-BLE,  a.  [in  and  c4)nversaUe.]  Not 
inclined  to  free  conversation  ;  incommunicative  ;  un- 
social ;  reserved.  ATorc. 

I.\-eOX'VERS-ANT,  a.  Not  conversant ;  not  famU- 
iar  ;  hot  versed.  Shawns  Zool. 

L\-€OX-VERT-I-BIL'I-TY,  n.  [from  inconvertible.] 
The  qualit>'  of  not  being  changeable  or  convertible 
into  something  else;  as,  the  inconvcrtibilitjj  of  hank 
notes  or  other  currency  into  gold  or  silver.     Walsh. 

IX-eOX-VERT'1-BLE  a.  [in  and  convertible.]  Not 
convertible  ;  that  can  not  be  transmuted  or  changed 
into  something  else.  One  metal  is  inconvertible  into 
another.  Bank  notes  are  sometimes  inconvertible  into 
specie.  WaUk. 

L\-€Ox\-VI€T'ED-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  not  con- 
victed.    [Bail.]  More. 

lX-€0\-VLVCl-BLE,  a.  [in  and  convincible.]  Not 
convincible  ;  that  can  not  be  cojivinced  ;  not  capable 
of  conviction. 

rN-€OX-VIN'CI-BLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  not  admit- 
tin2  of  conviction. 

IN-G6'NY,  a.  or  n.     [Qu.  in  and  con,  to  ?uiow.] 

Unlearned;  artless;  an  accomplishea  person,  in 
contempt.     [lU.]  Skalc. 

IN-eoR'PO-RAL,  a.  [in  and  corp(yral.]  Not  consist- 
ing of  matter  or  body ;  immaterial.  [Incorporeal 
is  generally  u^ed.]  Ralcrh. 

IN-eOR-PO-RAL'I-TV,  «.  The  quality  of  not  con- 
sisting of  matter ;  immaterialitj-. 

IN-€OR'PO-RAE-LY,  adv.  Without  matter  or  a  body ; 
immateriaJlv. 

IN-eOK'PO-RATE,  a.     [in  and  corporate.]    Not  con- 
sisting of  matter;  not  having  a  material  body.     [Lit- 
tle xLsed.] 
2.  Mised  ;  united  in  one  body  ;  associated. 

Bacon.     ShaJ:. 

IN-€OR'PO-RaTE,  v.  t.  [Fr.  incarporer;  Sp.  incorpo- 
rar ;  It.  incorporare ;  1j.  incorporo ;  in  and  corpiLs^  a 
l-odyO 

1.  In  pharmacy,  to  mix  different  ingredients  in  one 
niass  or  body  ;  to  reduce  dry  substances  to  the  con- 
^i^tence  of  paste  by  the  admixture  of  a  fluid,  as  in 
making  pills,  &.r.  Encyc. 

2.  To  mix  and  embody  one  substance  in  another; 
.1-^,  to  incorporate  copper  with  silver. 

A.  To  unite  ;  to  blend  ;  to  work  into  another  mass 
I  r  body ;  as,  to  incorporate  plagiarisms  into  one's  own 
composition. 

4.  To  unite  ;  to  associate  in  another  government  or 
r  mpire.  The  Romans  incorporated  conquered  coun- 
tries into  their  government.  Jiddison. 

5.  To  embody  ;  to  give  a  material  form  to. 

The  itlolalCTs,  wbo  woi^hipcJ  iheir  linages  as  gwl3,  euppjosed 
some  sjiiril  to  be  incorporated  (iicrciii.  Stillingjleel, 

6.  To  form  into  a  legal  body,  or  body  politic  ;  to 
•  .nstitute  a  body,  composed  of  one  or  more  individ- 
imIs,  with  the  quality  of  perpetual  existence  or  suc- 
o'ssion,  unless  limited  by  tlie  act  of  incorporation  ; 
as,  to  incorporate  tlie  inhabitants  of  a  city,  town,  or 
parish  ;  to  incorporate  the  proprietors  of  a  bridge,  the 
stockholders  of  a  bank,  of  an  insurance  company, 
&c.  New  Haven  was  incorporated  in  January,  1764, 
Hartford  in  May,  1784.  Stat,  of  Conn. 

IN-€OK'PO-RaTE,  v.  i.  To  unite  so  as  to  make  a 
part  of  another  body ;  to  be  mixed  or  blended ;  to 
grow  into,  &c. ;  usually  followed  by  with, 

Paiolera'  colors  antl  asiiea  (io  belter  incorporate  with  oil.  Bacon. 

IN-€OR'PO-Ra-TED,  pp.  or  a.    Mixed  or  united  in 

one  body ;   associated  in  the  same  political  body ; 

united  in  a  legal  body. 
IN-eOR'PO-RA-TING,  ppr.    Mixing  or  uniting  in  one 

body  or  mass  ;  associating  in  tho  same  political  body  ; 

forming  a  legal  body. 
1N-€0R-P0-Ra'TI0N,  n.      The  act  of  incorporating. 

2.  Union  of  different  ingredients  in  one  mass. 

3.  Association  in  the  same  political  body ;  as,  the 
incorporation  of  conquered  countries  into  the  Roman 
republic. 

4.  Formation  of  a  legal  or  political  body  by  the 
union  of  individuals,  constituting  an  artiticiai  per- 

(^  son.         _  Blackstone. 

iN-eOR-Po'RE-AL,  a.     [Fr.  ineorporel;  L.  incorpora- 

USf  incoiyoreus.] 
Not  consisting  of  matter ;  not  having  a  material 

•'•'dy;  immaterial.     Spirita  are  deemed  incorporeal 

-ilistances. 


INC 


,  adv. 


Witliout  body;  imma 
Bacon. 
The  (nudity  of  being  not 


IN-eOR-PO'RE-AL-LY 

teriallv. 

IN-eOR-PO-RK'l.TY,  H, 
material ;  immateriality. 

IN-eORPSiy,  (in-korps'',)  v.t.  To  incorporate.  [Bar- 
barous.] ShaJc. 

IN-eOR-RECT',  a.  [in  and  correct.]  Not  correct ; 
not  exact ;  not  according  to  a  copy  or  model,  or  to 
established  rules  ;  inaccurate  ;  faulty. 

The  piece,  you  thial;,  u  incoi-recl.  Pope. 

2.  Not  according  to  truth;  inaccurate;  as,  an  tV 
corrcct  statement,  narration,  or  calculation. 

3.  Not  according  to  law  or  morality. 

4.  In  old  writers^  not  duly  regulated  or  subordina- 
ted. 

It  shows  a  will  most  incorrect  to  heaven.  Shak. 

IN-€0R-RE€'TION,  n.    Want  of  correction,  ^rmrny. 
IN-eOR-RECT'LY,   adv.     Not  in   accordance  with 

truth  or  other  standard  ;  inaccurately ;  not  exactly  ; 

as,  a  writing  incorrectly  copied  ;  testimony  incorrectly 

stated. 
IN-€OU-RE€T'NESS,  n.      Want    of  conformity  to 

truth  or  to  a  standard  ;   inaccuracy.     Inccrrrcctncss 

may  consist  in  defect  or  in  redundance. 
IN-€OR-RE-SPOND'ING,  a.    Not  corresponding. 

Colcridae. 

IN-€OR'RI-Cr-BLE,  a.  [Fr. ;  in  and  corrigible;  L. 
corriiro  ;  con  and  re^o.] 

1.  That  can  not  be  corrected  or  amended  ;  bad  be- 
yond correction  ;  as,  incorrigible  error. 

2.  Too  depraved  to  be  corrected  or  reformed  ;  as, 
an  ineorrifriblc  sinner  ;  an  incorri^fiblc  drunkard. 

IN-eOR'RI-Gl-BLE-NESS,  \  n.    The  quality  of  being 

IN-€OR-Rt-Gl-BIL'I-TY,  (  bad,  erroneous,  or  de- 
praved beyond  correction  ;  hopeless  depravity  in  per- 
sons and  error  in  things.  Locke. 

IN-eOR'RI-GI-BLY,  adv.  To  a  degree  of  depravity 
beyond  all  means  of  amendment.  Roscommon. 

IN-€OR-RoD'I-BLE,  a.    That  can  not  be  corroded. 

IN-eOR-RUPT',        j  a.     [L.  incorruptiis  ;  in  and  cor- 

IN-COR-RUPT'ED,  j  rumpo,  corruptus ;  con  and  rum- 
po,  to  break.] 

Not  corrupt;  not  marred,  impaired,  or  spoiled  ;  not 
defiled  or  depraved  ;  pure;  sound;  untainted  :  abovu 
the  power  of  bribes  ;  applicable  to  persons^  principlec>, 
or  substances.  Milton, 

IN-€OR-RUPT-I-BIL'I-TY,  n.  [from  incorruntible.] 
The  quality  of  being  incapable  of  decay  or  ot  being 
corrupted. 

IN-eOR-RUPTT-BLE,  a.     [Fr. ;  m  and  corruptible.] 

3.  That  can  not  corrupt  or  decay  ;  not  admitting  of 
corruption.    Thus  gold,  glass,  mercury,  &c.,  are  u 
corruptible.    Spirits  are  supposed  to  be  incorruptible. 

Our  bodies  shall  be  changed  into  inc(nTupdble  and  immortal 
subslnuc:^.  Wake. 

2.  That  ca:i  not  be  bribed 
right. 

IN-eOR-RUPT'I-BLE-NESS,  K.  The  quality  of  being 
incorruptible,  or  not  liable  to  decay.  Bmile. 

IN-eOR-RUPT'I-BLY,  ado.  So  as  not  to  admit  of  cor- 
ruption o#  decay. 

IN-eOR-RUP'TION,  V.  [hi  and  ctyrruplion.]  Incapa- 
bility of  being  corrupted. 

U  13  sown  in  corruption  ;  il  is  luised  in  incarruplion,  —  I  Cor. 

XV, 

IN-€OR-RUPT'IVE,  a.    Nut  liable  to  corruption  or 

decay.  J3hcnside. 

IN-eOR-RUPT'NESS,  n.     Exemption  from  decay  or 

corruption. 
2.  Purity  of  mind  or  manners  ;  probity  ;  integrity  ; 

honesty.    _  'fVuodward. 

IN-€RAS'SaTE,  v.  t.    [I,,  iiicrasso,  incrassatus ;  in  and 

cras;nts^  thick.] 

1.  To  make  thick  or  tliicker;  to  thicken  ;  the  con- 
trary to  Attenuatk. 

2.  In  pharmacy.,  to  make  fluids  thicker  by  the  mix- 
ture of  other  substances  less  fluid,  or  by  evaporating 
the  thinner  parts. 

Acids  dissolve  or  altuimate  :  lUkiilies  precipiLite  ur  incrasmte. 

Newton, 

IN-€RAS'SaTE,  v.  i.     To  become  thick  or  thicker. 
IN-€RAS'S.\TE,      )  a.     In  botany,  thickened  or  be- 
IN-CRAS'Sa-TED,  i      coming  thicker.         Martyn. 

2.  Fattened. 
IN-€RAS'Sa-TED,  pp.    Made  thick  or  thicker. 
IN-€RAS'Sa-TING,  ppr.    Rendering  thick  or  thicker ; 

growing  thicker. 
IN-GRAS-Sa'TION,  71.     The  act  of  thickening,  or 

state  of  becoming  thick  or  thicker.  Brown. 

IN-€R.'\S'SA-TIVE,  a.    Having  the  quality  of  thick- 
ening. 
IN-eRAS'SA-TIVE,  n.    That  which  has  the  power 

to  thicken.  Harvey. 

IN-CREAS'A-BLE,  a.    That  may  bo  increased. 

_  Shericood. 

IN-GRe-^SE',  v.  i.      [L.  intresco ;   in  and  cresco,  to 

grow,  Fr.  cro'ttj-c,  Sp.  crccery  It.  erescere^  Arm.  crcsqi. 

As  the  Latin  prrt.  is  crrvi,  this  word  and  the  Eng. 

grow  are  probably  of  the  same  famfly.    Class  Rd, 

No.  59,  75.]  . 

1.  To  become    greater  in  bulk  or  quantity  ;    to 

grow;  to  augment;  as  plants.    Hence,  to  become! 


infloxibly  just  and  up- 


INO 

more  in  number ;  to  advance  in  value,  or  in  any 
quality,  good  or  bad.  Animal  and  vcgctablo  bodies 
increase  by  natural  growth  ;  wealth  increases  by  in- 
dustry; heat  increiLs-ej  :v*  the  sun  advances  toward 
the  meridian  ;  a  nndtitudc  increases  by  accession  of 
numbers;  knowledge  iHcreiwej  with  age  and  study; 
passion  and  enmity  increase  by  irrilalionj  and  miiiery 
increases  with  vice. 

The  I.onI  nuke  you  lo  increaie  uid  abound  in  lore  one  towiinl 

anoUicr.  —  1  Thi.:^.  iij, 

2.  To  become  more  violent ;  a.**,  the  fever  iacreages ; 
the  pain  increases;  cold,  wind,  or  a  storm,  inereaset. 

3.  To  become  more  bright  or  vivid ;  as,  the  light 
increa^'cs. 

4.  To  swell ;  to  rise. 

The  waters  incrcaaed,  and  bore  up  the  ark.  —  Gen.  rij. 

5.  To  swell ;  to  become  louder,  as  sound. 

6.  To  become  of  more  esteem  and  authority. 

He  must  iTureuae,  bill  I  nun'.  dccrea*r.  —  John  iiJ. 

7.  To  enlarge,  as  the  enlightened  part  of  the 
moonjs  disk. 

IN-CReASE',  v.  L  To  augment  or  make  greater  in 
bulk,  quantity,  or  amount ;  as,  to  increase  wealth  or 
treasure  ;  to  increase  a  sum  or  value. 

2.  To  advance  in  quality  ;  to  add  to  any  quality  or 
affection;  as,  to  incrfa*-c  the  strength  of  moral  hab- 
its ;  to  increase  love,  zeal,  or  passion. 

3.  To  extend;  to  lengthen;  as,  to  increase  dis- 
tance. 

4.  To  extend ;  to  spread ;  as,  to  increase  fame  or 
renown. 

5.  To  aggravate  ;  as,  to  increase  guilt  or  trespass. 
IN-CRiSASE'  or  IN'CRkASE,  m.    Augmentation ;  a 

growing  larger  in  size,  extent,  quantity,  &c. 

Of  the  increase  of  im  government  and  pe^ue,  tliere  shuJI  be  no 
cud.  —  Is.  ix. 

2.  The  result  of  augmentation  ;  profit;  interest; 
that  which  is  added  to  the  original  stock. 


Take  thou  no  interest  of  him  or  increase ; 


but  (ear  thy  God.  - 


3.  Produce,  as  of  land. 

Thf'n  shall  the  earth  yield  her  increate.  —  Ps.  IxTii. 

4.  Progeny;  issue;  offspring. 

All  the  increase  of  thy  house  shall  die  in  the  flower  of  their  age. 
—  1  Siun.  ii. 

5.  Generation.  ShaJc. 

6.  The  waxing  of  the  moon  ;  the  augmentation  of 
tlie  luminous  part  of  the  moon,  presented  to  llie  in- 
habitants of  the  earth. 

Seeds,  hair,  nails,  hed^a,  and  hcrU  will  grow  loonest,  if  act  or 
cut  in  tJie  increase  of  the  moon.  Bacon. 

7.  Augmentation  of  strength  or  violence ;  as,  in- 
crease of  heat,  love,  or  other  passion  ;  increase  of 
force. 

8.  Augmentation  of  degree  ;  as,  increase  of  happi- 
ness or  miser>'. 

IN-eRKAS'£D,  (in-kreest',)  pp.  or  a.    Augmented; 

made_or  grown  larger. 
IN-GReASE'EUL,  a.    Abundant  in  produce.   Skak, 
IN-€Re.-\.S'ER,  ».    He  or  that  which  increases, 
IN-CReAS'ING,   ppr.    or   a.      Growing ;    becoming 

larger^;  advancing  in  any  quality,  good  or  bad. 
IN-€ReAS'ING-LY,  adv.     In  the  way  of  growing; 

glowingly. 
IN-€RE-aTE',  v.  U    To  create  within.  Hoier, 

IN'€RE-aTE,      I  a.     Uncreated,  w'hich  see.      [The 
IN'CRE-.\-TED,  j      latter  is  the  xcord mostly  used.] 
IN-CRED-I-BIE'l-TY,  «.     [Fr.  ineredibUiti.     Sec  In- 
credible.] 
The  quality  of  surpassing  belief,  or  of  being  too 

extraordinary  to  admit  of  belief.  Dryden. 

IN-eRED'I-BLE,  a.    [L.  incrcdibais  ;  in  and  credibiiis^ 

credible.] 
That  can  not  be  believed  ;  not  to  be  credited  ;  too 

extraordinar}'  and  improbable  to  admit  of  belief. 

Why  slioiild  it  he  thought  a  thin*  uicrfdibie  with  you,  that  GoJ 
should  nise  the  dejul  ?  —  Acts  xxvi. 

IX-€RElvr-BLE-NESS,  n.    Incredibility,  which  sec. 

T  V-t'RllD'I-HLY,  (i</e.     In  a  manner  to  preclude  1k*- 

LN-CUK  DtJ'Ll-TY,  n.     [Fr.  incredulity.]  [hcf. 

The  quality  of  not  believing  ;  indis|)Osilion  to  Iil-- 

lieve  ;  a  withholding  or  refusal  of  belief.     Ralc-Th, 


Of  every  sijccics  of  iticredulity,  relijiui 
moot  iriulioiial. 


1  unbelief  is  inl^niti-Iy  tlw 
Btidc:nin*UT. 


IN-CRED'IJ-LOUS,  a.    [L.  imredulus;  in  and  crcitu- 

lus ;  credo,  to  believe.] 

Not  believing;   indisposed  to  admit  the  truth  oi 
what  is  related  ;  refusing  or  withholding  belief. 

Bacon. 
IN-eRED'U-LOUS-LY,  adv.      In  a  manner  not  dis- 
posed to  believe. 
IN-eRED'Q-LOUS-NESS,  n.    Incredulity,  which  see. 
IN-€RE.M'A-BLE,  a.     [L.  in  and  cremo.] 

That  can  not  be  burnt.     [JNT^t  used,]  Brown. 

IN'CRE-JIENT,  71.     [L.   incrcmcntum^   from   increseo. 
See  Increase.] 

1.  Increase  ;  a  growing  in  bulk,  quantity,  number, 
value,  or  amount ;  augmentation. 

2.  Produce;  production. 

3.  Matter  added  ;  increase. 


TtNE,  BULL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.~e  as  K ;  C  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS 


75 


593 


INC 


INC 


t  In  mdHimiitiu.  Ihc  flnlte  incremo  of  a  vnrinble 
,„.,il,lv.  ,  «'"'»"'• 

|N'fHKl-.\Ti:,  r.  (.     [L.  ti<erepo.] 

To  rliul-- ;  I"  nliiikc.    [.\iit  in  uje-j 
IN-€KF,rA"I'IO.N,  ».     [It-  in<-'-<7>«:ioii'.] 

A  chidlnit  I*  rebukiin  ;  nbuko  ;  npnlicnslon. 
JIammotttI, 
IX-CRKSTKNT,  a.    [l^  inerryeens.    Bee  Iuckeao:.] 

lm'rviL-.int ;  eroninii ;  iiugnicnling  ;  swelling. 
IN-CKIMlNATi;,  r.  I.     [L.  •»  mill  OTmldiir,  to  ac- 
tutf.    .-'cu  CniMi:.] 
To  nccuiw ;  to  cliaree  nith  a  crime  or  l.iull. 
IN-CRI.M'IX-A-TED,  pp.    Accused;  cliarg.il  w.lli  a 

IN-eRI>riN-A-TI-\'G,  ppr.   CUargins  wilh  a  crime  or 

raull. 
IN  CRUKNT'AL,  0.    [L.  inn-»m(uj.] ,    _,  ,  .  . 

Unl)liK>dy  ;  not  attended  with  blood.  [Jnt  in  iwf.J 
I.\-eRl'ST',  r.  (.      [L.  inmwlo  ;  in  and  cnisto,  to 

cnwt.l  ...       .   .    ^ 

Tn  cover  wilh  a  crust  or  with  a  hard  coat ;  to  form 
a  cnisl  cin  llie  surface  of  any  sub5lanco ;  :is,  iron  in- 
crtuuj  Willi  oljd  or  rust ;   a  vessel  incrnsdi/  wilh 

IN-CRl'ST'ATE,  r.  (-    To  incrust,    [Less  fregiuntlij 

IX^BUST-A'TIOiV,  n.    [Fr.,  from  L.  au^uslntii).] 
I.  .\  crust  or  coal  of  any  thing  on  the  surface  of  a 

S.  .\  covering  or  inlaying  of  marble,  mosaic,  or 
oilier  substance,  attached  by  cramp-irons,  cem- 
,  ,,,_  f^f.^  Brands. 

■  •   .  lil'riT'Kn,  pp.    Covered  with  a  crust. 

■  \  •I'l'ST'IN't:,  ppr.    Coverint;  wilh  a  crust. 

IN  fliU.'^T'.ME.NT,  II.     Incrustation.  Ki!.  Rev. 

l.\-tttVS'T.\I,-LIZ-A-IJLE, a.    [in  and  crijstaHizaMi:] 
That  will  not  crysLillize  ;  that  can  not  be  formed  in- 
to cr>-stals ;  uiicryslallizable. 
IN'eu-llATE,  c.  i.    [L.  iiicaho;  in  and  cube,  to  lie 
down.l 
To  sit,  M  on  e?)pi  for  hatching. 
IN-eU-BA'TIO.V,  11.    [Fr.,  from  L.  incuSiili'o.] 

The  act  of  silling  on  eggs  fur  the  purpose  of  hatch- 
Ine  younit.  ^^'J' 

This  word  has  of  late  been  sometimes  applied  to 
the  Imlchini!  of  eggs  by  artificial  heat.  Ure. 

IN  CCni-TDRE,  11.    Incubation.    [.Vol  iisni.] 
IN'eU-BUS,  11.     [U,  from  iiiriide,  tn  lie  on.] 

I.  The  nishlmnre;  siitTin-ative  alihelalion,  with  a 
lensc  of  external  pressure  iiium  the  chest,  often  seem- 
in?  tn  be  that  of  some  hideous  monster,  and  with 
tremor  or  violrnt  stnis^'le.  transilor>'  j  most  common- 
ly occurring  during  sleep,  tllougli  sometimes  during 
wakefulness. 
9.  A  demon :  an  Imaginary  being  or  fairy. 

Bp.  Hall 
I\-GL"L'€.5TE,  r.  (.    [I.,  ir.nilco,  to  drive  or  force  on  ; 
in  and  m/co,  to  tnail,  calx,  the  heel.] 

To  impress  by  freijuent  admonitions  ;  to  teach  and 
enforce  by  frequent  repetitions  ;  to  urge  on  the  mind. 
Our  :?aviur  inculcatts  on  his  followers  liumiiily  and 
fiirgiveness  of  injuries. 
I.V-eL'L'CA  TKII,  pp.  Impressed  or  enforced  by  fre- 
quent adninnilions. 
IX-CL'L'CA-Tl.NG,  ppr.    Impressing  or  enforcing  by 

repented  instruction. 
IN-eULe.A'TIOiN,  n.    The  action  of  impressing  by 

repeated  admonitions. 
IN-CCL'I*.\-ULE,  a.  [L.  in  and  cvlpahUis,  from  culpa, 
a  fault.] 

Without  fault ;  unblamable ;  that  can  not  be  ac- 
cuMd.  South. 

IN-eULTA-BLE-NESS,  n.    Unblamableness. 

MouTitatm. 
IN-eULTA-BLV,  adv.    Unblamably  ;  without  blame. 

South. 
IN-€UL'PaTE,  v.  l    [L.  inculpo,  to  excuse.] 
To  blame ;  to  censure ;  opposed  to  Exculpate. 

Smart. 
[This  sense  is  directly  contrary  to  tlial  of  the  Lat- 
in word,  but  is  established  by  good  authority.! 
IN-CITL'PA-TED,  pp.    Blamed;  censured. 
IN-CULTA-TIXG,  ppr.    Blaming;  censuring. 
IN-ei't^PA'TlON,  n.    [I.  in  and  cii/pa.] 

Blame ;  censure.  Jefferson. 

IN  iil,l'A-TO-RY,  a.    Imputing  blame. 
'      ■  0.    (L.  nevlliu  ;  in  and  cultus,  from  colo.] 

I  ;  uncultivated.  Thomson. 

I  .  I-VA-TED,  a.    Not  cultivated ;  uncultiva- 

Itd. 

IN-eUL-TI-VA'TION,  ii.    Neglect  or  want  of  culti- 

"tion.  Brriniflmt. 

IN-Ol'I.'Tt'RE,  n.    Want  or  neglect  of  cultivation. 

, ,  .  .  FeUham. 

1  .  ri    I  iii.N  (S .  n.    [from  incuoiJent.]    A  lying  or 

•1  g  Of  being  in  possession  of  a 


Tutv  Aiv^an  to  be  jail  ■ 

btney. 
Th^r^  b  no  lot  of  the  leu  - 

Irin;. 


■  ilurfng  hb  inrwn- 

"7  on  IlK  jnn  cf  ilie 
E.  Enrol. 


1N-€UM'BR.\T,  a.    [h,  ineambms,  incambo;  in  and 
cim*o,  to  lie  down  ;  Sp.  inciiniiir.] 


1.  Lying  or  resting  on. 

AnJ  wlicii  to  move  Uic  i-ictimi«iit  loud  Ihcy  try.         Addiion. 

2.  Supported  ;  buoyed  up. 

Aud  fly  incumbent  on  Uiu  duiliy  Mr.  Dryden. 

3.  Leaning  on  or  resting  against ;  as,  jiicumirat  sta- 
mens or  anthers,  in  botany.  Martyn. 

■I.  Lyiiii;  on,  lus  duty  or  obligation ;  imposed  and 
einpliaticnily  urging  or  pressing  to  performance  ;  in- 
dispensable. 

All  men,  truly  zenloiia,  will  pcrfonn  those  good  worlta  which  ;\re 
ineumbtitt  on  all  Christians.  Sinal. 

IN-eUM'BENT,  71.    The  person  who  is  in  present  pos- 
session of  a  benefice,  or  of  any  office     [ft  is  applied 
to  civil  oarers  as  well  as  to  reclesiastieal.] 
IN-eUM'BENT-LY,  adc.    In  an  incumbent  manner. 

Chalmers. 
IN-CUM'BEU,  V.  t.     [Fr.  nicombrer;  It.  ingombrare..'] 
To  burden  with  a  load  ;  to  embarrass.    [See  En- 
cuMHEB,  and  its  derivatives.] 
IN-€U.M'liUANCE,  n.     A  burdensome  and  trouhle- 
"sonie  load  ;   anv  thing  l!i:it  impedes  motion  or  ac- 
tion, or  renders  it  dilficult  or  laborious  ;  clog;  imped- 
iment; embarrassment. 
2.  .\  h"i'\\  claim  on  the  estate  of  another. 
IN-eUM'BllAN-CER,  ii.     One  who  h.as  an  incum- 
brance, or  some  leg.al  claim  on  an  estate.         Kent. 
IN-eUM'BROUS,   o.      Cnmbeisoine  ;    troublesome. 

f  Obs.]  Chawier. 

IX-€Ull',  ».  I.  [L.  mcurro,  to  run  against ;  in  and 
curro,  to  run  ;  It.  incvrrere ;  Sp.  iiteurrir.] 

1.  LiteraUii,  to  mn  against;  hence,  to  become  lia- 
ble to ;  to  become  subject  to.  Thus,  a  thief  incurs 
the  punishment  of  the  law  by  the  act  of  stealing,  be- 
fore he  is  convicted,  and  we  have  all  incurred  the 
pen:dtics  of  God's  law. 

2.  To  bring  on  ;  as,  to  irtcitr  a  debt ;  to  in^nr  guilt ; 
lo  tiiMi-  the  displeasure  of  God ;  to  incur  blame  or 
censure. 

3.  To  occur  ;  to  meet ;  to  press  on  ;  wilh  to  or  int^. 
[Obs,]  Bacon. 

IN-eOR-.A-BIL'I-TY,  n.     [Fr.  incurability.] 

The  state  of  being  incurable;  iinposaibinly  of  cure  ; 
insusceptibility  of  cure  or  remedv.  Jlarvcit. 

IN-€OR'A-BLE,  a.  [Fr. ;  in  and  curaMe.]  That  can 
not  be  cured  ;  not  admitting  of  cure ;  beyond  the 
iwwcr  of  skill  or  medicine  ;  as,  an  incurable  dis- 
ease. 

2.  Not  admitting  remedy  or  correction  ;  irremedia- 
ble ;  remediless;  as,  ineur(i?iZc  evils. 

TN-€CR'.\-BLE,  n.  A  person  diseased  beyond  the 
reach  of  cure. 

IN-€uR'.'V-BLH-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  not  admitting 
cure  or  remedy. 

IN-eCR'.V-BLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  or  degree  that  ren- 
ders cure  impracticable. 

IN-€U-UI-0S'1-TV,  n.  Want  of  curiosity  ;  inattcn- 
tiveness ;  indifference.  Wotton, 

IN-eO'RI-OUS,  a.  [in  and  cnrioiB.]  Destitute  of  cu- 
riosity ;  not  curious  or  inquisitive  ;  inattentive. 

Swift. 

IN-eO'RI-OUS-LY,  ado.    Without  inquisitiveness. 

Bp.  Hall. 

IN-GO'RI-OUS-NESS,  n.  Want  of  curiosity  or  inquis- 
itiveness. Chestcrjield. 

IN-€UR'RED,  (in-kurd',)  pp.    Brought  on. 

I.\-eUR'RENCE,  Ji.  The  act  of  bringing  on,  or  sub- 
jecting one's  self  to  ;  as,  the  incnirrencc  of  guilt. 

IN-GUR'RING,  ppr.  Becoming  subject  or  liable  to ; 
bringing  on. 

IN-€UR'SION,  71.  [Fr.  incursion  j  L.  incursio,  from 
incurro.     See  Incur.] 

1.  Literally,  a  ninnmg  into ;  hence,  an  entering  in- 
to a  territory  Willi  hostile  intention  ;  an  inroad  ;  ap- 
plied to  the  expeditions  of  small  parties  or  detach- 
ments of  an  enemy's  anny,  entering  a  territory  for 
attack,  plunder,  or  destruction  of  a  post  or  magazine. 
Hence  it  differs  from  invasion,  which  is  the  hostile 
entrance  of  an  army  for  conquest.  During  the  revo- 
lution, the  British  troops  made  an  incursion  lo  Dan- 
bury,  and  destroyed  the  magazines.  In  opposing 
this  incttr.^'ion.  General  Woosler  was  killed. 

2.  Attack ;  occurrence ;  as,  sins  of  daUy  incursion, 
r  Unu.'rnal.']  South. 

IN-€UR'SIVE,  a.  Hostile ;  making  an  attack  or  in- 
cursion. 

IN-€URV'aTE,  v.  t.  [h.  incurco  ,"  in  and  curvus, 
bent.] 

To  bend  ;  to  crook ;  to  turn  from  a  right  line  or 
straight  course. 

IN-rUlt  V'ATE,  a.    Curved  inward  or  upward. 

IN-eURV'A-TED,yji.  Bent;  turned  from  a  rectilinear 
direction. 

IN-eURV'A-TING,  ppr.  Bending  ;  turning  from  a 
right  line. 

IN-eURV-A'TION,  n.    The  act  of  bending. 

2.  The  stale  of  being  bent  or  turned  from  a  recti- 
linear course  ;  luirvity  ;  crookedness. 

3.  The  act  of  bowing,  or  bending  the  body  in  re- 
spect or  reverence.  Stillinffjlcet. 

IN-eURVE',  (in-kurv',)  v.  (.      To  bend;   to  make 

cronk.Ml. 
IN  eURVAJD,  pp.  or  a.    Bent ;  bent  or  curved  inward. 
IN-eURV'l-TY,  n.     [from  L.  ineurvus.] 


IND 

A  stale  of  being  bent  or  crooked  ;  crookedness ;  a 
bending  inward.  Brown. 

IN'D.4-GaTE,  11.  t.     [L.  indaoo.] 

To  seek  or  search  out.     [JVot  used.] 

IN-DA-Ga'TION,  71.  The  act  of  searching  ;  search  ; 
inquiry  ;  examination.    [Little  used.] 

Boyle.     Brown, 

IN'D.^-Ga-TOR,  71.  A  searcher ;  one  who  seeks  or 
inquires  with  diligence.     [Little  used.]  Boyle. 

IN-I)AM'Al5E.     See  Endamaqe. 

IN-DART',  7).  (.  [in  and  dart.]  To  dart  in  ;  to  thrust 
or  strike  in.  Shak 

IN-DART'ED,  pp.     Darted  in. 

IN-DAKT'ING,  ppr.    Darting  or  thrusting  in. 

lM-DEB-1-TA'TUS  .aS-SUMP' SIT.  See  Assump- 
sit. 

IN-DEBT',  (-del',)  a  verb,  is  never  used. 

IN-DEBT'ED,  (in-det'cd,)  a.     [It.  indebitato.] 

1.  Being  in  debt;  having  incurred  a  debt ;  lield  or 
obliged  to  pay.  A  is  indebted  lo  B;  he  is  indebted  in 
a  large  sum,  or  to  a  large  amount. 

2.  Obliged  by  something  received,  for  which  resti- 
tution or  gralilude  is  due.  W^e  are  indebted  to  our 
parents  for  their  care  of  us  in  infancy  and  youth  ; 
we  are  indebted  to  God  for  life  ;  we  are  indebted  to  llie 
Christian  religion  for  many  of  the  advantages,  and 
much  of  the  refinement,  of  modern  times. 

IN-DEBT'ED-NESS,  (in-det'ed-ness,)  n.  The  state 
of  being  indebted.  Smart. 

IN-DEBT'iMENT,  (in-det'meilt,)  n.    The  slate  of  be- 
~    ing^ndebted.    [Little  used.]  Hall. 

IN-De'CEN-CY,  n.  [Fr.  indecence  ;  It.  indecenza  :  L. 
indecens,  indeceo  ;  in  and  decea,  to  become.] 

That  which  is  unbecoming  in  language  or  man- 
ners ;  any  action  or  behavior  which  is  deemed  a  vio- 
lation of  modesty,  or  an  offense  to  delicacy,  as  rude 
or  wanton  actions,  obscene  language,  and  whatever 
tends  to  excite  a  blush  in  a  spectator.  Extreme  as- 
surance or  impudence  may  also  be  deemed  indecency 
of  behavior  toward  superiors.     [See  Indecorum.] 

IN  De'CENT,  a.     [Ft.  from  L.  iii<iccc7w.] 

Unbecoming  ;  unfit  to  be  seen  or  heard  ;  offensive 
to  modesty  and  delicacy  ;  as,  indecent  language ;  in- 
decent manners ;  an  indecent  posture  or  gesture. 

lyryden. 

IN-DiJ'CENT-LY,  aiiii.  In  a  manner  to  offend  mod- 
esty or  delicacy. 

IN-DE  CID'IJ-O'US,  a.  [in  and  deciduous.]  Not  fall- 
ing, as  the  leaves  of  the  trees  in  autumn  ;  lasting; 
evergreen. 

IN-DEC'I-MA-BLE,  a.  Not  liable  to  the  payment  of 
tithes.  Cornel. 

IN-DE-CI'PIIEE-A-BLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  deci- 
phered. 

IN-DE-CIS'ION,  (-de-sizh'un,)  n.  [in  and  decision.] 
Want  of  decision  ;  want  of  settled  purpose  or  of 
firmness  in  the  determination  of  the  will ;  a  waver- 
ing of  mind  ;  irresolution.  Burke. 

IN-DE-CI'SIVE,  a.  [in  and  decisioe.]  Not  decisive  ; 
not  bringing  to  a  final  close  or  ultimate  issue  ;  as,  an 
indecisive  bailie  or  engagement ;  an  argument  indeci- 
sive of  the  question. 

2.  Unsettled  ;  wavering ;  vacillating  ;  hesitating ; 
as,  an  indecisioe  slate  of  mind ;  an  indecisive  char- 
acter. 

IN-DE-CI'SIVE-LY,  adv.    Without  decision. 

IN-DE-CI'SIVE-NE.SS,  71.  The  state  of  being  unde- 
cided ;  unsettled  state  ;  slate  of  not  being  brought  to 
a  final  issue. 

IN-DE-CLIN'.'V-BLE,  a.  [Fr.,  from  L.  indeclinabilis ; 
in  and  declino.] 

Not  declinable ;  not  varied  by  terminations ;  as, 
pondo,  in  Latin,  is  an  indeclinable  noun. 

IN-DE-GLIN'A-BLY,  adv.    Without  variation. 

Moanta^ 

IN-DE-eOM-PoS'A-BLE,  a.  [in  and  dectmposable, 
decompose.]  Not  capable  of  decomposition,  or  of 
being  resolved  into  the  primary  constituent  elements. 

Encijc, 

IN-DE-COM-PoS'A-BLE-XESS,  ti.  Incapableness  of 
decomposition. 

IN-DE-€o'ROUS  or  IN-DECO-ROUS,  a.  [h.  indeeo- 
nts ;  in  and  decor,  dccus,  decco,  to  become.] 

Unbecoming;  violating  good  manners;  contrary 
to  the  established  rules  of  good  breeding,  or  to  the 
forms  of  respect  which  age  and  station  require.  It 
is  indecorous  in  a  young  person  10  take  the  highest 
place  in  company,  when  his  superiors  are  present. 
Lulecorons  is  sometimes  equivalent  to  indecent ;  Imt  It 
is  less  frequently  applied  to  actions  wlilch  offenil 
modesty  and  chastity. 

IN-DE-e'o'ROUS-LY  or  IN-DEe'0-ROUS-L\ ,  adv. 
In  an  unbecoiiiing  manner.  ,.„o-, 

IN-DE-eO'RoUS-NESS  or  IN-DECO-ROUS-NESS, 
71.     Violation  of  good  manners  in  words  or  behavior. 

IN-DE-CO'KU.M,  71.     [L.  in  and  dccomm.] 

Impropriety  of  behavior  ;  that  in  behavior  or  man- 
ners which  violates  the  established  rules  ol  civility, 
or  the  duties  of  respect  which  age  or  station  requires  ; 
an  unbecoming  action.  It  is  sometimes  synonymous 
with  Indecency  ;  but  indecenctj,  more  frequently  Itliin 
indecorum,  is  applied  to  words  or  actions  which  rcler 
to  what  nature  and  propriety  require  to  be  conccalca 
or  suppressed. 


FaTE,  r.\R,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PRgY — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.— 

^i  — ' — ^^ 


IND 


IN-DEED' ,  adv.    [in  and  deeil.] 
in  facU 


IND 


INE 


In  reality  ;  in  irutli ; 

Tti-?  carnal  mind  is  enmity  R^nst  God  ;  for  it  13  not  subject  to 
tlie  law  of  God,  neilber  indeed  c:m  be.  —  Rom.  viii. 

Iridred  is  usually  emphatical,  but  in  some  cases 
more  so  tlian  in  otiiers ;  as,  this  is  true  ;  it  is  indeed. 

I  wet^  a  be.ast  indeed  to  do  you  wron^.  Dryden. 

Some  60ns,  iitdeed,  some  very  few  wo  see, 
Wlio  kee[j  tbemselves  from  tliis  intbcUoo  free.  Dryden. 

Therv  is,  indeed,  no  greater  pleasure  in  visiting  these  mao-aaines 
"f""-  Addison. 

It  is  used  to  denote  concession  or  admission  ;  as, 
ships  not  so  large  iitdeed,  but  better  manned. 

Indeed  is  used  as  an  e.vpression  of  surprise,  or  for 
the  purpose  of  obtaining  confirmation  of  a  fact  stated. 
Indeed!  is  it  possible .'  is  it  so  in  fact  1 
IN-DE-FAT'I-GA-BLE,  a.     [L.  indefaliffabilis ;  in  and 
drfatiiro,  fatigo,  to  fatigue.] 

Unwearied ;  not  tired  ;  not  exhausted  by  labor ; 
not  yielding  to  fatigue ;  as,  iiidefatigaMc  exertions  ■ 
indefattgable  attendance  or  perseverance. 

Upborne  with  inde/adgable  wings.  MiUon, 

LV-DE-F.\T'I-GA-BLE-NESS,  n.      Unwcariedness 
persistency.  Parncll 

IN-DE-FAT'J-GA-BLy,  adv.      Without    weariness 
without  yielding  to  fatigue.  Dnidtm 

IN-DE-FAT-I-Ga'TION,  n.  Unweariedness.  UYot 
used.]  "■ 

IN-DE-FEAS-r-BIL'T-TY,  v.  [from  iiidrfejtsible.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  not  subject  to  be  made  void  ■ 
as,  the  indefeasibilihj  of  a  title.  ' 

IN-DE-FEAS'I-BLE,   a.     [in  and   defeasible;   Fr.  de- 

faire,  defait,  to  undo,  to  defeat ;  de  and/aice,  to  make 

L.  facio.]  ' 

Net  to  be  defeated  ;  that  can  not  be  made  void : 

as,  an  indefeasible  estate  or  title. 

IN-DE-FeAS'I-BLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  not  to  be  de- 
feated or  made  void. 

IN-DE-FECT-I-BIL'I-TY,  n.  [fiom  indefectible.]  The 
quality  of  being  subject  to  no  defect  or  decay. 

IN-DE-FECT'I-BLE,  <7.  [in  and  defect.]  '  uSin"  ■ 
not  liable  to  defect,  failure,  or  decay.  "  ' 

IN-DE-FECT'IVE,  a.  Not  defective  ;  perfect ;  com- 
plete. Sottth 

IN-DE-FeI'SI-BLE,  o.    Indefeasible.     [M-atrused.]' 

IN-DE-FEN.S-I-BIL'I-TY,  ».     [from  i,tdefe,isibh.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  not  being  capable  of  defense 
or  vindication.  Walsh 

L\-DE-FENS'I-BLE,  a.  [in  and  defemiblc,  from  de- 
feitd.] 

1.  That  can  not  be  defended  or  maintained.  A 
military  post  may  be  indefensible ;  a  bad  cause  is  inde- 
fensible. 

2.  Not  to  be  vindicated  or  justified.  An  improper 
action  or  indecent  expression  is  indefensible. 

IN-DE-FENS't-BLY,  adv.    In  an  indefensible  manner. 
IN-DE-FENS'IVE,  a.    Having  no  defense.  Herbert. 
IN-DE-FI"CIEN-CY,  (-flsh'en-se.)  n.     The  quality  of 

not  being  deficient,  or  of  suftering  no  delay. 
IN-DE-FI"CIENT,  a.     Not  deficient ;    not    faiUno  ■ 

perfect.  ° 

IN-DE-FIN'A-BLE,  a.    That  can  not  be  defined. 

I.N-DE-FlN'A-BLY,  adv.    So  as  not  to  be  cap"a"we'of 

definition. 
IN-DEF'IN-ITE,  a.     [L.  indefinitus  :  in  and  dejinitus, 

definw,  to  define  ;  de  anii  Jinio,  to  end,  finis,  end.] 

1.  Not  limited  or  defined ;  not  determinate  ;  not 
precise  or  certain  ;  as,  an  indefinite  time.  An  indefi- 
nite proposition,  term,  or  phrase,  is  one  which  has 
not  a  precise  meaning  or  limited  signification. 

2.  That  has  no  certain  limits,  or  to  which  the 
human  mind  can  affix  none ,  as,  indefiniu  space.    A 


3.  That  can  not  be  effaced  or  lost ;  as,  impressions 
on  the  mind  may  be  indelible ;  reproach  or  stain  on 
reputation  may  be  indelible. 

IN-UEL'I-BLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  not  to  be  blotted 
out  or  efi'aced  ;  too  deeply  imprinted  to  be  effaced  or 
to  vanish. 

IN-DEL'I-eA-CY,  71.  [in  and  delicacy.]  Want  of 
delicacy  ;  want  of  decency  in  language  or  behavior, 
regarding  what  nature  aiid  manners  require  to  be 
concealed.  Mdison. 

a.  Want  of  a  nice  sense  of  propriety,  or  nice  re- 
gard to  refinement  in  manners  or  in  the  treatment  of 
others ;  rudeness ;  coarseness  of  manners  or  lan- 
guage ;  that  which  is  offensive  to  refined  taste  or 
purity  of  mind. 

IN-DEL'I-eATE,  a.     Wanting  delicacy;    indecent: 

but  it  expresses  less  than  Indecedt  ;  as,  an  indelicate 

word  or  expression ;  indelicate  bellavior ;    indelicate 

customs. 

2.  Offensive  to  good  manners,  or  to  purity  of  mind. 

IN-DEL'I-CATE-LY,  adv.  Indecently  ;  in  "a  manner 
to  offend  against  good  manners  or  purity  of  mind 

IN-DEiM-Nl-FI-CA'TION,  n.     [from  indemnify.]    The 
act  of  indemnifying,  saving  harmless,  or  securing 
against  loss,  damage,  or  penalty. 
2.  Security  against  loss. 


IN 


3.  Reimbursement  of  loss,  damage,  or  penalty. 
■DEM'NI-FI-£D,  (iii-dein'ne-nde,)yp.  Saved  lia 


,)pp.  Saved  harm- 

[in  and  damnify ;  L.  daninificus ; 

to  secure  against  loss,  dam- 


space  may  be  indefinite,  though  not  infinite. 

L\-DEF'IN-ITE-L  Y,  adv.  Without  any  settled  limita- 
tion ;  as,  space  indefinitely  extended. 

2.  Not  precisely  ;  not  with  certainty  or  precision  ; 
as,  to  use  a  word  indcfiniuhl. 

IN-DEF'IN-ITE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  im- 
dedned,  unlimited,  or  not  precise  and  certain. 

IN-DE-Fn\'I-TUDE,  n.     ttuantity  not  limited  by  our 

TV  ?.t'"?,f  J,"!!^^'  "'°"8'>  y*^'  fi"''«-     t-^'"  """^O    Sale. 

iiyufc-HJ&'OLM,  a.  [m  and  de/ijicra(.]  Not  open- 
ing spontaneously  at  maturity,  as  the  pericarp  of  the 
hazel-nut.  Lmdleii 

IS-DE-LIB'ER-ATE,  a.  [in  and  deliberate;  Fr.  in- 
delibere.] 

Dune  or  performed  without  deliberation  or  consid- 
eration ;  sudden  ;  unpremeditated  ;  as,  the  indeliberate 
commission  of  sin. 

IN-DE-LIB'ER-ATE-LY,  adv.  Without  deliberation 
or  premeditation. 

•*"^|^M:L-I-BIL'I-TY,  n.    The  quality  of  being  indel- 

IN-DEL'I-BLE,  a.  [Fr.  indelcbUe  ;  L.  indelelui^' in 
and  delebilts,  from  deleo,  to  blot  out.] 

1.  Not  to  be  blotted  out ;  that  can  not  be  effaced 
or  canceled  ;  as,  indelible  letters  or  characters.  Indct- 
tblc  mk  IS  such  as  can  not  be  taken  out  of  paper  or 
cloth,  or  not  by  ordinary  means. 

2.  Not  to  be  annulled. 

Tkey  .re  endued  <rith  indeliUe  power  from  above,  to  feed  and 
ffovem  Ibts  bousehold.     [f/nusueU.] 


Sprat. 


IN-DEM'NI-F5,  v.  t. 
damnum,  loss.] 

1.  To  save  harmless 
age,  or  penalty. 

2.  To  make  good  ;  to  reimburse  to  one  what  ho 
has  lost.  We  inilemnify  a  man  by  giving  sufficient 
security  to  make  good  a  future  loss,  or  by  actual  re- 
imbursement of  loss,  after  it  has  occurred. 

IN-DE]VI'NI-F?-ING,  ppr.    Saving  harmless  ;   secur- 
ing against  loss  ;  reimbursing  loss. 
IN-DEiM'NI-TY,  n.     [Fr.   indenmiti  ;  Sp.   indemnidad; 
It.  indennitd  ;  L.  in  and  damnum,  loss.] 

1.  Security  given  to  save  harmless  ;  a  writing  or 

pledge  by  which  a  person  is  secured  against  fiituife 

9.  Security  against  punishment.  [loss. 

3.  Indemnification  or  compensation  for  injury  sus- 

Tbey  were  told  to  expect,  upon  the  fall  of  Walpole,  a  large  and 
lucrative  indemmly  for  Uieir  pretended  wrongs. 

Lord  Mahon^s  Hietory'o/  England. 

[This  is  a  recent  sense  of  the  word ,  borrowed  from 
the  French,  and,  perhaps,  not  fully  authorized  1 

IN-DE-MON'STRA-BLE,  a.  [in  and  demonstrable.] 
That  can  not  be  demonstrated. 

IN-DEN-I-Za'TION,  n.  The  act  of  naturalizing,  or 
the  patent  by  which  a  person  is  made  free. 

IN-DEN'IZE,  v.  t.    To  endenize,  v/hich  see. 

IN-DEN'I  Z£N,  v.  t.  To  invest  with  the  privileges  of 
a  free  citizen.  Overbuni. 

IN-DEN'I-Z£N-£D,  pp.  Invested  with  the  privileges 
of  a  free  citizen. 

IN-DEN'I.Z£N-ING,  ppr.  Investing  with  the  privi- 
leges of  a  free  citizen. 

IN-DENT',  V.  t.  [in  and  Fr.  dent,  L.  dens,  a  tooth ; 
Fr.  dentelex  ;  Arm.  danta.] 

1.  To  notch  ;  to  jag ;  to  cut  any  margin  into 
points  or  inequalities,  like  a  row  of  teeth;  as,  to  in- 
dent the  edge  of  paper. 

The  margins  —  .are  indented.  Woodward. 

2.  To  bind  out  by  indentures  or  contract ;  as,  to 
indent  a  young  man  to  a  shoemaker;  to  indent  a 
servant. 

IN-DENT',  V.  i.  To  be  cut  or  notched ;  hence,  to 
crook  or  turn.  Miltmi. 

2.  To  Contract ;  to  bargain  or  covenant.  [From 
the  practice  of  using  indented  writings  or  counter- 

,  parts.]  shuli. 

IN-DENT',  n.  Incisure  ;  a  cut  or  notch  in  the  margin 
of  any  thing,  or  a  recess  like  a  notch.  Shak. 

2.  A  stamp. 

IN-DENT',  n.  A  certificate  or  indented  certificate  is- 
sued by  the  government  of  the  United  States  at  the 
close  of  the  revolution,  far  the  principal  or  interest 
of  the  public  debt.    [JVot  used.]    Ramsay.     IlamiUim. 

IN-DENT-J'TION,  .1.  A  notch  ;  a  cut  in  the  margin 
of  paper  or  other  things.  JVoodtvard. 

2.  A  recess  or  depression  in  any  border. 

IN-DENT'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Cut  in  the  edge  into  points, 
like  teeth. 

2.  Bound  out  by  indented  writings;  as,  t\ii  indented 
apprentice  or  servant. 

3.  Bound  out  by  writings,  or  covenants  in  writing. 
[The  practice  of  indenting  writings  is,  in  somo  places, 
discontinued,  but  the  tenn  remains  in  use.] 

IN-DENT'ED-LY,  adv.     With  indentation,?. 

IN-DENT'ING,  ppr.    Cutting  into  notches. 
2.  Binding  out  by  covenants  In  writing. 

IN-DEi\T'ING,  n.  An  impression  like  that  made  by 
a  tooth. 

IN-DENT'MENT,  II.    Indenture.     [ObsoUtf.] 

Bp.  Hall. 

IN-DENT' IJRE,  71.  A  writing  containing  a  contract. 
Indentures  are  generally  duplicates,  laid  together 
and  indented,  so  that  the  two  papers  or  parchments 
correspond  to  each  other.     But  indenting  is  often 


neglected,  while  the  writings  cr  countcrpartu  retain 
the  name  o^  indentures. 

IN-DENT'UKE,  v.L  To  indent;  to  bind  by  indent- 
ures; as,  to  iiu/e/ituri:  an  apprentice. 

IN-DENT'UKE,  v.  i.    To  run  in  and  out ;  to  indent 

IN-DENT'IIR-£D,  pp.  Bound  by  indenSTV 
prenliced.  '      * 

m:SipEr?D^N?E'"T     "^'""'"^  by  indenture,. 
IN-DE-PEND'EN-CY,  j  "•     ['"  '""'  ifpendmce.] 

1.  A  state  of  being  not  dependent:  complete  ex- 
empticin  from  control,  or  the  power  of  others ;  as 

n  '"f'V""'""'  of  the  Supreme  Being. 

2.  A  state  in  h  hich  a  person  does  not  rely  on  oth- 
ers for  subsistence  ;  ability  to  support  one's  self. 

J.  A  state  of  mind  in  which  a  person  acts  without 
bias  or  influence  from  others ;  exemption  from  un- 
due infiuence  ;  self-direction.  IndepcuUim  of  mind 
IS  an  important  qualification  in  a  judge. 

-1.  In  ecclesiastical  affairs,  a  svstem  of  indtptndencv 
IS  o.ie  m  which  each  congregation  of  Christians  is  a 
compitte  church,  subject  to  no  superior  authority 

Ueclaratton  of  Independence;  the  solemn  declaration 
of  the  congress  of  the  United  Slates  of  America,  on 
the  4tli  of  July,  1770,  by  which  they  formally  re- 
nounced their  subjection  to  the  government  of  Great 
Britain. 
IN-DE-PEND'ENT,  a.     [in  and  dependent.] 

1.  Not  dependent;  not  subject  to  the  control  of 
others  ;  not  subordinate.  God  is  the  only  beiue  who 
IS  perfectly  indrpendait. 

2.  Not  holding  or  enjoying  possessions  at  the  will 
of  another;  not  relying  on  others;  not  dependent. 
We  all  wish  to  be  independent  in  property  ;  vet  few 
men  are  wholly  independeiu,  even  in  property  and 
none  independent  for  the  supplv  of  tlieir  wants. 

3.  •'Vflbrdingthe  mcansof  uidependence;as  an  in- 
dependent estate, 

4.  Not  subject  to  bias  or  influence;  not  obsequi- 
ous; self-du-ecting;  as,  a  man  of  an  independent. 
mmd.  '^ 

5.  Not  connected  with.  It  is  believed  that  the  soul 
may  exist  independent  of  matter. 

C.Free;  easy;  self-coininanding;  bold;  Uncon- 
strained ;  as,  an  independent  air  or  manner. 

7.  Separate  from ;  exclusive. 

I  mean  the  account  of  that  oblisalion  in  general,  under  wh"ch  we 
conceive  ounielves  bound  to  obev  a  law,  independent  of  those 
resources  which  the  law  provides  for  its  own  enlor«emei,t. 

8.  Pertaining  to  the  Independents. 
This  word  is  followed  bi'  of  or  on,  both  of  which 

are  well  authorized.  On  is  most  conformable  to  anal- 
og}', for  it  always  follows  depend,  but  of  is  most  com- 
mon. 

IN-DE-PEND'ENT,  71.  One  who,  in  religious  affaiis, 
maintains  that  every  congregation  of  Christians  is  a 
complete  church,  subject  to  no  superior  authoritj-, 
and  competent  to  perform  every  act  of  government 
In  ecclesiastical  affairs. 

IN-DE-PE.N'D'ENT-LY,  adv.  Without  depending  or 
relying  on  others  ;  without  control. 

2.  Without  undue  bias  or  influei^-e:  not  obsequi- 
ously. 

3.  Without  connection  with  other  things. 
IN-DEP'RE.€A-ELE,  a.   That  can  not  be  deprecated. 
IN-DEP-RE-IIENS'I-BLE,  a.    That  can  not  be  found 
„?"<•  Bp.  Morton. 
IN-DE-PRi  V'A-BLE,  a.    That  can  not  be  deprived. 
IN-DE-SeRIB'A-BLE,  a.    That  can  not  be  described. 
IN-DE-SCRIP'TIVE,  a.    Not  descriptive  or  contain- 
ing just  description. 

IN-DE-SERT',  71.    [!7t  and  dcierU]    Want  of  merit  or 
^^"■o«li-  Mdtson. 

IN-DES'I-NENT,  a.     [L.  in  and  dcsino,  to  cease  ;  dc 

and  .^i;ui.]    Not  ceasing;  jierpctual. 
IN-DES'l-JiENT-EY,<K/f.    Without  cessation.    Ray. 


IN-DE-SIR'A-BLE,  a.    Not  desirable. 

IN-DE-STRUeT-r-BIL'I-TY,  n.      [from  indestmoi- 
blc.] 

'I'he  quality  of  resisting  decomposition,  or  of  bein" 
incapable  of  destruction. 

IN-DE-STRUCT'I-BLE,  a.     [in  and  destructible.] 

That  can  not  be  destrovetl;  incapable  of  decompo- 
sition ;  as  a  material  substance.  Boidr 

IN-DE-STRUCT'I-BLY,  adv.     In  an  indestruitible 
manner. 

IN-DE-TER51'IN-A-BLE,  a.    [in  and  dcterminabU.) 

1.  That  can  not  be  determined,  ascertained,  or 
'^^ei.  Brotcn. 

2.  Not  to  be  determined  or  ended. 
IN-DE-TERiU'IN-A-BLY,  adv.    In  an  indeterminable 

m.anner. 
IN-DE-TERiM'IN-ATE,  a.     [in  and  determinate.] 

1.  Not  determinate  ;  not  settled  or  fixed  ;  not  defi- 
nite ;  uncertain  ;  as,  an  indeterminau  number  of 
years. 

2.  Not  certain  ;  not  precise. 
Art  indeterminate  quantity  ;  in  mfltAeTrMfrW,  a  qnantitv 

which  has  no  fixed  value,  but  which  may  be  varied 
in  accordance  with  any  proposed  condition. 

Ji.  D.  Stanley. 
IN-DE-TERJMN-ATE-LY,  adv.    Not  In  any  settled 


TCNE,  BjJLL,  UNITE. -AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.-e  as  K ;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


,595 


IND 


IND 


manner :  Indcfliiuely  ;  col  wilh  precUo  liuiiU ;  lis,  a 

v;  *  '  r  prcciHion  of  signification ; 

^'  ,  ("tprcsised. 

l>i.in  .  i.S:;;,     It.      ludi-riiiiti'nc^s ; 

want  ..I  I  :;i^ii  Imut^  ;  waiil  of  precUion.      I'aley. 
IN  OK  TKKM-IN-A'TIO\,  n.     [i«  and  drtmninatton.] 
I.  Wunlof  diUrminnnon;  an  uuscUltd  or  wavcr- 
IDC  stati',  "■*  f^(  il>»'  mind. 
•J.  Wuiil  of  fut'd  ur  stiti'd  direction.     Branthull. 
IX  UK  TKKM'IN-KI>,  a.     [in   and    determined.]     Un- 

d.ttnnint-tt ;  uii«;Ui»'d  :  untix*d. 
IN-I»E-Vr>TK',  a.     Not  dwvotcd.  BeiUlcy. 

I.N'-iiK  VoT'KD.  u.     Not  divoted.  Clarendon. 

INUE-VO'TION,  B.     [Fr. ;  in  and  Jfcutitm.l 

Want  of  dtvoiion  ;  absence  of  devont  affections. 
Decay  of  Piety. 
IN-DF^YOUT',  a.    [Fr.  indevoL] 

Uodt-vout ;  not  having  dfvout  affections. 

Decay  of  PUty. 
IX-DF-VOUT'LY,  ot/c.    Without  devulion. 
IN'liKX,  ". ;  pi'     l:*Di:xi:',  sometimes  Indices.     [I^-, 
ronnccltd  witli  indico,  to  nhow ;  in  and  dico,  Gr. 

h*^'rijiit  which  points  out;  tliat  which  sliows  or 
manitL-st}. 


2.  The  hand  tliat  points  to  any  thing,  as  tlie  hour 
of  the  dav,  the  road  to  a  place,  ficc.  Bentley. 

3.  .\  table  of  the  conienta  of  a  book.  WatU. 
A  table  of  references  in  an  alphabt'iical  order. 

4.  In  ona/jMiy,  the  fore-lineer,  or  iK»intin^'  fin^'er. 

5.  In  arithtnrtic  and  als^bra,  the  figure  or  letter 
which  shows  to  what  power  any  quantity  is  in- 
volved ;  llie  exponent.  [In  this  sense,  the  plural  is 
alwaya  Indicks.I  Barlow. 

C.  The  inJei  of  a  losariOtm^  is  the  intejmil  part  of  the 
lo^rithm,  and  b)  always  one  less  than  the  number  of 
mtegral  fijures  in  the  given  number.  It  is  also  called 
Ihi'  charaeterntic.  Barlow. 

7.  The  indcL  of  a  slobe^  or  the  /rrjomoH,  is  a  little 
rtylo  fitted  on  the  north  pole,  which,  when  the  ylobe 
U  turned,  strves  to  point  to  certain  divisions  of  the 
hoUrcirclc.  >:»<-'/c. 

a.  Indtz  of  refraction  ;  in  optics,  the  sine  of  the 
angle  of  incidence,  the  sine  of  the  anjile  of  refrac- 
tion being  taken  for  unity.  Thusilie  imlci  ifrcfrao 
tii/n  for  unlpliiir  is  2,  becauscj  when  lisht  passes  out 
«f  air  into  sulphur,  Iho  sine  of  the  angle  of  incidence 
U  doubli-  the  sine  of  the  angle  of  refraction. 
0.  In  mu-nr,  a  direct,  which  see.  [Olmsted. 

Ill  tAe  Human  CiithoUc  church,  the  index  prohibitory 
is  a  catato^e  uf  books  which  are  forbidden  to  be 
read  ;  the  inJ^r.  crpur^atory  is  a  catalogue  specifying 
passagt  s  in  lH>oks  which  are  to  be  expun<;ed,  or  al- 
tered. These  catalogues  are  published  with  addi- 
tions, from  limt)  to  time,  under  the  sanction  of  the 
nope.  Hook. 

IN'DKX,  r.  e.  To  provide  with  an  index  or  table  of 
referL-nces ;  to  reduce  to  an  index ;  as,  to  uidez  a 
biNik. 

IN'UKX-£I),  (in'dexl,)  pp.  Furnished  with  or  reduced 
loan  index. 

IN'DEX-ER,  «.    One  who  makes  an  index. 

IN-DKX'ie-AL,  a.  Having  the  form  of  an  index; 
perLiininc  to  an  index. 

IN-DEX'It>.\I^LY,  ade.  In  the  manner  of  an  in- 
dex. Swift, 

IN'I»EX-IXG,  pjw.    Fumi  hingwith  a  table  of  refer- 

IX-I>KX-TEU'I-Ty,  II.     [m  and  dezterUy.]        [inces. 

1.  Want  uf  dexterity  or  readiness  in  tile  use  of 
the  hands;   rlum-'iness ;  awkwardness. 

2.  Want  of  skill  or  readiness  in  any  art  or  occupa- 
tion. Jlarveu. 

IN'DIA,  (ind'yil,)  ti.    A  country  In  Asia,  so  naiiied 

from  the  River  Indus. 
IN'DIA-MAN,  n.    A  large  ship  employed  in  the  India 

tradf. 
IN'KIAX,  (iud'yan,)  a.     [from  India,  and  this  from 

iitdH.<,  the  name  of  a  river  in  AsiaJ 
Pi'ruininK  to  cither  of  the  Indies,  East  or  West,  or 

ti»  the  aborigines  of  America. 
INDIAN,  E.    A  fiencrd  name  of  any  native  of  the 

Indirji;    as,  an    Easl  Indian,  or  Wvsi  Indian.     It  is 

;  mi-ulritty  applied  to  any  native  of  the  American 

\R'ROW-ROOT,  m    A  plant  of  the  genus 

J.N  Pl.W  HER'RY,  n.    Cocculus  Indicus,  which  see. 

Ure. 

I.S'DIAX  HREAn,  n.    A  plant  of  the  genus  Jalropha. 

IX'DIAN  eoRX,  n.  Aplant,  the  maize,  of  the  genua 
Zra.  n  native  of  America. 

IN'DI.XX  CRE^:*,  n.  A  plant  of  tile  genus  Tronieo- 
lum. 

IN'DIA.V  FIG,  n.     A  plant  of  the  genus  Cactus. 

IX'niAX  INK,  i  It.     Asubstance  brouchi chiefly  from 

IN'DIA  INK,  i  China,  used  for  water  rolurs.  It 
Is  in  rolls,  or  in  square  cakes,  and  is  aaid  to  consist 
of  Innipblnrk  and  animal  gbje.  Brandt 

L'^'DIAX-ITE,  n.  [Uom  India.]  A  doubtful  miner- 
al of  the  feldspar  family.  Dana 

IN'DIAN-LtKB,  a.    Resembling  an  Indian. 


IX'DI.\N  RED.  ".  A  species  of  oclier,  a  very  fine, 
purple  earth,  of  a  lirm,  compact  texture,  and  great 
weiglit.  ■'^'^'- 

IN'DIAN  REED,  ij.    A  plant  of  the  genus  Canna. 

JN'DIAN  TO-BACeO,  «.  A.  species  of  Lobelia, 
which  see. 

IN'DIAN  TUR'Nir,  ii.  An  American  plant,  Arum 
iriphylhun,  with  n  liead  of  red  (lowers  growing  on  a 
stem,  a  rout  resumbliiig  a  small  turnip,  but  having 
»  very  acrid  juice.  i'''o.rm.  Kncyc. 

IN'DIA  RUIJ'llER,    \  w.  The  caoulchouc,  asubstance 

IN'DIAN  RUlt'BER,  i  of  extraordinary  elasticity, 
called  also  Elastic  Gum,  or  Rbsik.  It  is  produced 
by  incision  from  several  trees  of  different  genera. 

IN'DI-CANT,  a.  or  k.  [L.  indicans;  in  and  dicti,  to 
show.] 

A  term  applied  to  that  which  points  out  what  is  to 
be  done  for  the  cure  of  disease.  Coze. 

IN'DI-CaTE,  v.  t.  [L.  indico;  in  and  dicoj  to  show, 
Gr.  6ciKvvnt.] 

1.  To  show;  to  point  out;  to  discover;  to  airect 
the  mind  to  a  knowledge  of  something  not  seen,  or 
something  that  will  probably  occur  in  future.  Thus, 
fermentation  indicates  a  certain  degree  of  heat  in  a 
liquor.  A  heavy  swell  of  the  sea,  in  calm  weath- 
er, orten  indicnto!  a  storm  at  a  distance.  A  particular 
kind  of  cloud  in  the  west,  at  evening,  indicates  the 
approach  of  rain. 

a.  To  tell ;  to  disclose. 

a.  In  medicine,  to  show  or  manifest  oy  symptoms  ;  to 
point  to  as  the  proper  remedies  ;  as,  great  prostration 
of  strength  indicates  the  use  of  stimulants. 
IN'DI-eA-TED.  jy).    Shown;  pointed  out ;  directed. 
LVDI-Ca-TING,  p;)r.    Showing;    pointing  out;    di- 
recting. 
IN-DI-Ca'TION,  n.    The  act  of  pointing  out. 

2.  Mark  ;  token  ;  sign  ;  symptom  ;  whatever  serves 
to  discover  what  is  not  before  known,  or  otherwise 
obvious. 

Tlic  frcqiifiu  stojis  ihey  make  iii  the  most  convenicut  places  are 
plain  in/ticaii:ns  of  their  weariness.  Addison. 

3.  In  medicine,  any  symptom  or  occurrence  in  a  dis- 
ease, whii^h  serves  to  direct  to  suitable  remedies. 

•1.  Discovery  made  ;  intelligence  given.   Bentley. 
ty.  Explanation  ;  display.     [Little  used.]     Bacon. 

IN-DIC'A-TIVE,  is.  [L.  indicattviLs.]  Showing  ;  giv- 
ing intimation  or  knowledge  of  something  not  visi- 
ble or  obvious.  Reserve  is  not  alw^iys  indicative  of 
modesty  ;  it  may  be  indicative  of  prudence. 

2.  In  i^ramviar,  the  indicative  mode  is  the  form  of 
the  verb  that  indicates,  that  is,  which  affirms  or  de- 
nies; as,  lie  writes,  he  is  writing;  theyrn?!  .•  we  mis- 
improve  advantages.  It  also  asks  questions  ;  as,  has 
the  mail  urrivedl 

The  word  is  often  used  as  a  noun  to  denote  this 
mood. 

IN-Die'.VTIVE-LY,  adv.  In  a  manner  to  show  or 
signify.  Orew. 

IN'DI-eA-TOR,  iu  He  or  that  which  sho^vs  or  points 
out.  Smith. 

IN'DI-e.-V-TO-RY,  a.  Sliowing  ;  serving  to  show  or 
make  known. 

IjV-Dl-CA'yJT,  n.  [L.]  In  Enirland,  a  writ  of  pro- 
hibition which  lies  for  the  patron  of  a  church  whose 
incumbent  is  sued  in  the  spiritual  court  by  another 
clergyman,  for  tithes  amounting  to  a  fourth  part  of 
the  profits  of  the  advowson.  Blackstone. 

IN'DICE.    See  Index. 

IN'DI-eO-LITE,  n.  [L.  indicum,  indigo,  and  Xi6of,a 
stone.] 

In  viineralogy,  a  variety  of  shorl  or  tourmalin,  of 
an  indigo-blue  color,  sometimes  with  a  tinge  of  azure 
or  green.  Clcavdand. 

IN-DICT',  (in-dite',)  v.  t.  [L.  indictus,  from  indico ;  in 
and  dico,  to  speak.] 

In  law,  to  accuse  or  charge  wilh  a  crime  or  misde- 
meanor, in  writing,  by  a  grand  jury  under  -latli.  It 
is  the  peculiar  province  of  a  grand  jur>'  to  tndict,  as 
it  is  of  a  house  of  representatives  to  impeacfu  It  is 
followed  by  of;  as,  indicted  <if treason  or  arson. 

IN-DICT'A-BLE,  (in-dit'a-bl,)  a.  That  may  be  in- 
dicted ;  as,  an  indictable  offender. 

2,  Subject  to  be  presented  by  a  grand  jury;  sub- 
ject to  indictment;  as,  an  iwdictaWe  offense. 

IN-DICT'ED,  (in-dit'ed,)  pp.  Accused  by  a  grand 
jury. 

IN-D!CT-EE',  n.    A  person  indicted. 

IN-DlCT'ER,(in-dIt'er,)  n.    One  who  indicts. 

IN-DICT'ING,  (in-dit'ing,)  ppr.  Accusing,  or  making 
a  formal  or  written  charge  of  a  crime  by  a  grand 
jurv. 

IN-DIC'TION,  ti.     [Fr.,  from  Low  L.  indictio,  indico.] 

1.  Declaration;  proclamation.  Bacon. 

2.  In  chronolo'Ty,  a  cycle  of  tjftcen  years,  instituted 
by  Constanline  the  Great ;  originally  a  period  of  tax- 
ation. Constantine,  having  reduced  the  time  which 
the  Romans  were  obliged  to  serve  in  the  army  to  fif- 
teen years,  imposed  a  taxortribute  at  the  end"  of  that 
term,  to  pay  the  troops  discharged.  This  practice  in 
truduced  the  keeping  of  accounts  by  this  period. 
Hut,  as  It  is  said,  in  honor  of  the  great  victory  of 
Constanline  over  Mezentius,  Sept.  24,  A.  D.  312,  by 
which  Christianity  was  more  effectually  established, 


IND 

the  council  of  Nice  ordained  thai  accounts  of  years 
should  no  longer  be  kept  by  Olympiads,  but  that  Die 
iHt/icdOTi  should  boused  as  the  point  from  whirli  lo 
reckon  and  date  years.  Tiiis  was  begun  January 
1,  A.  D.  313.  Johnson.     Knnn:.  ' 

IN-Die'TIVE,  a.    Proclaimed  ;  declared.      Knimt. 

IN-DICT'MENT,  (iii-dite'ment,)  n.  A  written  accu- 
sation or  formal  charge  of  a  crime  (tr  mi.«deim-anor, 
preferred  to  a  court  by  a  grand  jury  under  oath. 

Blacksloiic. 
2.  Tlio  paper  or  parchment  containing  the  accusa- 
tion of  a  grand  jury. 

IN'DIES,  (ind'yczO  ".;«'.  of  India. 

IN-DrF'Fi:R-ENCE,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  indifftrentia  :  in 
and  di_(t'cro, to  differ.    Indiffebencv  is  litllensf^d.] 

1.  Equipoise,  or  neutrality  of  mind  between  (iiff>  r- 
ent  persons  or  things  ;  a  slate  in  which  the  itiind  is 
nut  inclined  to  one  side  more  than  the  other;  as 
when  we  see  a  contest  of  parties  with  indijfi-rcncc. 

2.  Impartiality ;  freedom  from  prejudice,  prepos- 
session, or  bias  ;  as  when  we  read  a  book  on  contro- 
verted points  with  indifference.  [This  is  a  dij^'crnit 
application  of  the  first  detinition.] 

3.  Unconcernedness  ;  a  state  of  the  mind  when  it 
feels  no  anxiety  or  interest  in  what  is  presented  to 
it.  No  person  of  humanity  can  behold  the  wretch- 
edness of  the  poor  with  indiffa-cnce. 

4.  State  in  which  there  is  no  differenro,  or  in 
whicli  no  moral  or  pliysical  reason  preponderates; 
as  when  we  speak  of  the  indijfcrence  of  tilings  in 

"    themselves.  Hooker. 

IN-DIF'FER-ENT,  a.     [Fr.,  from  L.  indifferens,] 

1.  Neutral ;  not  inclined  to  one  side,  parly,  ur 
thing  more  than  to  another. 

Calo  knows  nei'Jier  of  them, 
Indiffcrenl  in  Itia  choice  lo  sleep  or  die.  A<Uii»on. 

2.  Unconcerned  ;  feeling  no  interest,  anxiety,  or 
care  respecting  any  thing.  It  seems  to  be  impossible 
that  a  rational  being  should  be  iHrf/j?tTCH(  to  the  means 
of  obtaining  endless  happiness. 

It  was  (I  remarkaWi^  liiw  of  Solon,  thiil  luiy  person  who,  in  iln! 
commotions  of  the  republic,  remained  neuter,  or  an  indqUr- 
enl  spccutor  of  the  contemltu^  parties,  should  he  eondeinncd 
to  perpetual  banishment.  Addixon. 

3.  Having  no  influence  or  preponderating  weight; 
havui;:  no  difference  that  gives  a  preference,  it  is 
indi^'crcnt  wliicli  road  we  take. 

4.  Neutral,  as  to  good  or  evil.  Things  in  Ihfiii- 
selves  indifferent  may  be  rendered  evil  by  the  prohi- 
bition of  law. 

5.  Impartial  ;  disinterested  ;  as,  an  indifferent 
judge,  juror,  or  arbitrator. 

G.  Passable  ;  of  a  middling  state  or  quality  ; 
neither  good,  nor  tlie  worst;  as  indifferent  writing  or 
paper. 

Indifferent,  used  adverbially,  as  indifferent  hone^^t, 
is  ungranimatical  and  vulgar. 
IN-DIF'FER-ENT-ISM,    n.      State    of    indifference. 

[Bad.]  CarlL-^lc. 

IN-DIF'FER-ENT-LY,  adv.     Without  distinction  or 

preference  ;  as,  to  offer  pardon  indifferently  to  all. 

Jiddison. 
9.  Equally ;  impai-tially  ;  without  favor,  prejudice, 
or  bias. 


They  may  truly  and  indifferently  miniaior  jvisiico. 

Common  Praijer. 

3.  In  a  neutral  state ;  without  concern  ;  without 
wish  or  aversion. 

Sl'I  lionor  in  one  eye  and  denth  i'  the  oUior, 

And  I  will  look  ou  dcatli  indifferenlly.  Sliak. 

4.  Not  well ;  tolerably  ;  passably ;  as,  indifferently 
well ;  to  be  indiffercnthi  entertained. 

IN'DI-OENCE,   ( 71.     [Fr.  indigence,  from  L.  ijuligen- 

IN'DI-CEN-CY,  i      tia,  from  indigco  ;  in,  or  i/it/,  and 
ege.o,  to  want,  lo  lack.] 

Want  of  estate,  or  means  of  comfortable  subsist- 
ence ;  penury  ;  poverty.  A  large  portion  of  the  hu- 
man race  live  in  indigence,  while  others  possess  more 
than  they  can  enjoy. 

IN'DI-CENE,  n.     [h.indigena;  in,  or  i/irf,  and  geno, 
frigiio,  to  beget  or  to  be  born.] 
"  One  born  in  a  country  ;  a  native  animal  or  plant, 
Evelyn.     Valtel. 

IN-DI6'EN-0US,  a.     [L.  indigena,  supra.] 

1,  Native  ;  horn  in  a  countr>- ;  applied  ta  pcrsojis. 

2.  Native ;  produced  naturally  in  a  country  or  cli- 
mate ;  not  exotic  ;  applied  to  vegetables. 

IN'DI-CENT,  a.     [L.  indigens  ;  Fr.  indigent.] 

Destitute  of  property  or  means  of  coniforlable  sub- 
sistence ;  needy ;  poor. 

Charity  consists  in  rolievin*  the  indigent.  Adi^on. 

IN'DI-GENT-LY,  adv.   In  an  indigent,  destitute  man- 

IN-Di-OEST%  n.    A  crude  mass.    [JVot  used.]    Sltak. 
IN-DI-GEST'ED,  a.     [in  and  digested  ;  h.  indtgestasA 

1.  Not  digested  ;  not  concocted  in  the  stomach  ; 
not  changed  or  prepared  for  nourishing  the  body; 
undigested  ;  crude. 

2.  Not  separated  into  distinct  classes  or  orders,  or 
into  proper  form  ;  not  regularly  disposed  and  ar- 
ranged. Chaos  is  represented  as  a  rude  or  indigcsua 
mass. 


F.aTE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— MeTE,  PREY.— PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.- 


596 


IND 

3.  Not  methodized ;  not  reduced  to  due  form  ; 
crude;  as,  an  indiircsted  scheme. 

4.  Not  prepared  by  heaL 

5.  Not  brousht  to  suppuration,  as  the  contents  of 
an  abscess  or  boil ;  as,  an  indigested  wound. 

Tflseman. 
Ii\-DI-6EST'I-BLE,  a.    [in  and  difrestible.]    Not  di- 
gestible ;  not  easily  converted  into  chyme,  or  pre- 
pared in  tbe  stomach  for  nourishing  the  body. 

Arbuthiwt. 
5.  Not  to  be  received  or  patientiv  endured. 
I  N-DI-GEST'I-BLY,  adv.    Not  digestiblv. 
IN-DI-6ES'TION,  C-Jest'yun,)  n.     [in  and  digestiojt.] 
Want  of  due  coction  in  the  stomach  ;  a  failure  of 
that  change  in  food  which  prepares  it  for  nutriment; 
crudity.  Kiicyc. 

As  a  disease,  dyspepsy  ;  that  state  of  liie  stomach, 
in  which  it  is  incapable  of  performing  its  natural 
healthy  functions. 
IX-DIG'IT-aTE,  r.  i.    To  communicate  ideas  by  the 

fingers  ;  lo  show  or  compute  by  the  fingers. 
IN-DlCaT-ATE,  V.  U    To  point  out  with  the  finger. 

Brown. 
IN-DIG'IT-A-TING,  ppr.  Showing,  directing,  or  com- 
puting by  the  finsrers. 
IN-DIfi^IT-A'TION,  n.    The  act  of  pointing  out  with 

thefinser.  More. 

I\-DiGN',  fin-dine',)  a,     [L.  inUgnus.] 

Unworthy  ;  disgraceful.    [06^%]  Skalc. 

IN-D1G'N.\NCE,  n.    Indignation.    [A'at  i.i  use.] 

Spenser. 
IN-DIG'NAXT,  a.     [L.  indignans.,  from  indignor^  to 
disdain  ;  in  and  dignor,  digitus.'] 

.\fiected  at  once  with  anger  and  disdain  ;  feeling 
the  mingled  emotions  of  wrath  and  scorn  or  con- 
tempt, as  when  a  person  is  exasperated  at  one  de- 
s[)ised,  or  by  a  mean  action,  or  by  the  charge  of  a  <lis- 
honorablc  act.  Goliath  was  indignant  at  the  chal- 
lenge of  David. 

He  Etrides  indignant,  and  wiUi  hayghly  criea 

To  single  fij^bt  ihe  f;ijry  prince  deii«.  TUkell. 

IN-DIG'NANT-LY,  ado.    In  an  indignant  manner. 

IN-DIG-Na'TION,  n.     [Fr.,  from  L.  ijidigiiatio.] 

1.  A  strong  and  elevated  disapprobation  of  what  is 
flagitious  in  character  or  conduct ;  anger,  or  extreme 
auger,  mingled  with  contempt,  disgust,  or  abhor- 
rence. 

When  Hamiui  saw  MordecaJ  in  Ihe  king's  eati?,  that  he  stood 
not  up,  nor  raoTed  for  him,  lie  w:is  lull  of  indignadon 
ag^Qst  MordecaJ.  —  £sth.  t, 

9.  The  anger  of  a  superior;  extreme  anger;  par- 
ticularhj,  the  wrath  of  God  against  sinful  men  fur 
their  ingratitude  and  rebellion.    2  Kings  iii. 

3.  The  eflfccls  of  anger;  the  dreadful  effects  of 
God's  wrath  :  terrible  judgments.    Is.  xx^i. 

4.  Holy  displeasure  at  one's  self  for  sin.  2  Cor. 
vir. 

IN-DIG'NI-F?,  r.  L  To  treat  disdainfully.  [JVji 
xised.]  Spenser. 

IN-DIG'NI-TY,  71.     [L.  indignitas.] 

Unmerited,  contemptuous  conduct  toward  an- 
other ;  any  action  toward  another  which  manifests 
contempt  for  him  ;  contumely  ;  incivility  or  injurj-, 
accompanied  with  insult.  Contemptuous  words  re- 
specting one,  or  foul  language  in  the  presence  of 
persons  of  character  and  delicacy,  and  indecent  bc- 
ha\'ior,  are  indignities.  Christ  on  tlie  cross  was 
treated  with  the  foulest  indignity. 

IN-DIGX'LY,  (in-dlne'lv,)  adv.    Unworthily.     [Ob:^ 

Hall. 

IN'DI-GO,  71.  [L.  indicumyfiom  India;  Fr.  It.  and  Sp. 
indigo.] 

A  substance  or  dye,  prepared  from  the  leaves  and 
stalks  of  the  indigo-plant,  which  are  steeped  in  water 
till  the  pulp  is  extracted,  when  the  liquor  is  drawn 
off  and  churned  or  agitated,  till  the  dye  begins  to 
granulate.  The  flakes  are  then  left  to  settle  ;  the 
liquor  is  again  drawn  off,  and  the  indiso  is  draim^d 
ill  bags  and  dried  in  boxes.  It  is  used  for  dveing  a 
deep  blue.  Edwards,  W.  Ind. 

IN-DI-GO'GEN,  n.  White  or  reduced  indigo,  pro- 
duced by  the  action  upon  blue  indigo  of  any  deoxy- 
dating  bodv.  Graham. 

IN-DI-GO.M'E-TER,  n.  An  instrument  for  ascertain- 
ing the  strength  of  indigo.  Ure. 

IN'Dt-GO-PLANT,  n.  A  name  common  to  several 
species  of  the  genus  Indigofera,  from  which  is  pre- 
pared indigo.  They  are  natives  of  Asia,  Africa,  and 
America,  and  are  called  by  the  native  Americans 
anil.  The  calyx  is  patent ;  the  carina  of  the  corol  is 
furnished  with  a  subulate,  patulous  spur  on  each 
side  ;  the  legume  is  linear.  Sevsral  species  are  cul- 
tivated for  making  indigo,  of  which  the  most  impor- 
tant are  the  /.  tinctona,  or  common  indigo-plant,  the 
/.  anil,  a  larger  species,  and  the  /.  dispcnna^  which 
flimisbes  the  Guatimala  indigo. 

Enajc.     ^Miller.     Eilin.  Encyc. 

IN-DI-OOT'IG,  a.  Indigottc  add  is  obtained  by  boiling 
indigo  in  nitric  acid,  diluted  with  an  equal  weight  of 
water, 

IN-DIL'A-TO-RY,  a.  [in  and  dilatonj.]  Not  dilatory 
or  slow.  CornjraUis. 

IN-DIL'I-6ENCE,  71.  [in  and  dUigence.]  Want  of 
diligence  ;  slothfulness.  B.  Jonson. 


IND 

IN-DIL'I-GENT,  a.    Not  diligent ;  idle  ;  slothful. 

Fcltham. 
IN-DIL'I-CENT-LY,  adv.    Without  dUigence. 

Bp.  Hall 
IN-DI-MIN'I5II-A-BLE,  a.    That  can  not  be  dimin- 
ished. JiliUvn. 
IN-DI-REGT',  a.     [L.  iiidircctus;  in  and  dircctust  from 
dirigo.J 

1.  Not  straight  or  rectilinear  ;  deviating  from  a  di- 
rect line  or  course  ;  circuitous.  From  New  York  to 
England  by  Bourdeaux,  is  an  indirect  course. 

2.  Not  direct,  in  a  moral  sense;  not  tending  to  a 
purpose  by  the  shortest  or  plainest  course,  or  by  the 
obvious,  ordinary  means,  but  obliciueiy  or  conse- 
quentially;  by  remote  means;  as,  an  indirect  accu- 
sation ;  an  indirect  attack  on  reputation  ;  an  indirect 
answer  or  proposal.     Hence, 

3.  Wrong;  improper.  Shak. 

4.  Not  fair;  not  honest;  tending  to  mislead  or 
deceive. 

IrStrecl  <!ealiaj  will  be  dlscoreretl  cne  time  or  other.    TiUolson. 

5.  Indirect  tax,  is  a  tax  or  duty  cm  articles  of  con- 
sumption, as  an  excise,  customs,  &c. 

IN-Dl-REC'TION,  lu      [in  and  directioiu]      Oblique 

course  or  means.  Skak. 

2.  Dishonest  practice.     [ObsA  Shak. 

IN-DI-RECT'LY,  ode.     Not    in    a    straight   line  or 

course ;  obliquely. 

2.  Not  by  direct  means. 

3    Not  in  express  terras.     He  iitdirectlij  mentioned 
the  sttjject. 
4.  Unfairiy. 

Your  OTwn  nn.i  Idngilam  indirecGy  held.  Shak. 

IN-DI-RE€T'NE3S,  n.    Obliquity  ;  devious  course. 
2.  Unfairness  ;  dishonesty.  Mountairji, 

IN-DIS-CERN'I  ULE,  (-diz-zem'a-bl,)  a.  [in  and  dis- 
cernible.] That  can  not  be  discerned  ;  not  visible  or 
perceptible  ;  not  discoverable.  Denham. 

IN-DIS-CERN'I-BLE-NESS,  n.  Incapability  of  being 
discerned.  Hammond. 

IN-DIS-CERN'I-BLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  not  to  be 
seen  or  perceived. 

IN-DIS-CER1"I-BLE,  a.    Indiscerptible.    [Ols.] 

More. 

IN-DIS-CERP'I-BLE-NES3,  n.  The  suite  of  not  being 
capable  of  separation  of  constituent  parts. 

IN-DIS-CERP-TI-BILT-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
incapable  of  dissolution,  or  separation  of  parts. 

IN-DIS-CERP'TI-BLE,  a.  [in  and  disccrptible,]  In- 
capable of  being  destroyed  by  dissolution,  or  separa- 
tion of  parts.  Bp.  Butler. 

IN-DI3-CERP'TI-BLY,  adv.  So  as  not  to  be  capable 
of  separation  into  parts. 

IN-DIS'CI-PLIN-A-BLE,  a.  [in  and  disciplinable.] 
That  can  not  be  disciplined  or  subjected  to  discipline ; 
not  capable  of  being  improved  by  discipline.    Hale. 

IN-DIS'CI-FLINE,  n.  Want  of  discipline,  or  instruc- 
tion. O.  Alorris. 

Ix\-DIS-€OV'ER-A-BLE,  (-kuv'er-a-bl,)  a.  [in  and 
discoverable.]  That  can  not  be  discovered ;  undis- 
c  over  able. 

IN-DIS-€OV'ER-Y,  n.  [in  and  discovery.]  Want  of 
di3cover>'.     [CTnusual.]  Broicn. 

IN-DIS-€REET',  a.  [in  aud  discreet]  Not  discreet; 
wanting  in  discretion  ;  imprudent ;  inconsiderate  ; 
injudicious  ;  as  persons. 

2.  Not  according  to  discretion  or  sound  judgment ; 
as,  indiscreet  behavior. 

1N-DIS-€REET'LY,  adv.  Not  discreetly  ;  without 
prudence;  inconsiderately;  without judsment. 

IN-DIS-CReTE',  a.    Not  discrete  or  separated. 

Poicnal. 

IN-DIS-€RE"TION,  (-dis-kresh'un,)  n.  [i/i  and  di.s- 
crction.]  Want  of  discretion ;  imprudence.  The 
grossest  vices  pass  under  the  fashionable  name  in- 
discretions. 

IN-DIS-CRIM'IN-ATE,  a.     [L.  indiscriminatus.    See 

DiSCRIMIKATE.] 

1.  Undistinguishing ;  not  making  any  distinction; 
as,  the  indiscriminate  voraciousness  of  a  glutton. 

CScsUyJield, 

2.  Not  having  discrimination  ;  confused. 

3.  Undistinguished  or  undistini^iiishable. 
IN-DIS-eRIM'iN-ATE-LY,  adv.   Without  distinction  ; 

in  confusion. 

IN-DIS-€RIM'fN-A-TIXG,  a.  Not  making  any  dis- 
tinction ;  as,  the  victims  of  an  indiscriminating  spirit 
of  rapine.  MarshalL 

IN-DIS-eRIM-IN-.\'TION,  n.  Want  of  discrimina- 
tion or  distinction.  Jefferson. 

IN-DIS-eRIMTN-A-TtVE,  a.    .Making  no  distinction. 

IN-DIS-eU:;S^£D,  (-dis-kust',)  a.    Not  discussed. 

Donne. 

IN-DIS-PENS-A-EIL'I-TY,  n.  Indispens;ibl!.^ness. 
[Little  nsed.]  Skelton. 

IN-DIS-PENS'A-BLE,  a.  [Fr. ;  in  and  di.-^pcnsable.] 
Not  to  be  dispensed  with  ;  that  can  not  be  omitted, 
remitted,  or  spared  ;  absolutely  necessarj-  or  requi- 
site. Air  and  water  are  indispensable  to  tiie  life  of 
man.  Our  duties  to  God  and  to  our  fellow-men  are 
of  indispensable  obligation. 

IN-DIS-PENd'A-BLE-NESS,  «.  The  state  or  quality 
of  being  absolutely  ncct^siir>-. 


IND 

IN-DIS-PENS'A-BLY,  adv.  Necesearily ;  in  a  man- 
ner or  degree  that  forbids  dispen.-'ation,  omission,  or 
want. 

IN-DIS-PERS'£D,  (-dis-perst',)  o.    Not  dispersed. 

Mere. 

IN-DIS-POSE',  r.  (.  [Fr.  xndUposer ;  in  and  dv^potevt 
to  dispose  or  fit.    See  Dispose.] 

1.  To  disincline  ;  lo  alienate  the  mind  and  render 
it  averse  or  unfavorable  to  any  thing.  A  love  of 
pleasure  indisposes  the  mind  to  severe  study  and 
steady  attention  to  business.  The  pride  and  selfish- 
ness of  men  indiipose  them  to  religious  duties. 

2.  To  render  unfit  ;  to  disqualify  fur  iu  proper 
functions  ;  to  disorder;  as,  the  distempcraturc  of  in- 
disposed organs,  OlanviUr. 

3.  To  disorder  slightly,  a^  the  healthy  functions  of 
the  body. 

It  made  hkn  rather  indUpoted  than  adL.  Walton, 

4.  To  malve   unfavorable   or   disinclined ;   with 

toward. 

The  Idng'  was  sufficiently  inditpottd  taaard  the  pwwm,  or  the 
principles  of  Calvin 'edieciplcs.  Clartivian. 

IN-DIS-PoS'£D,  pp.  or  a.  Disinclined;  averse:  un- 
willing; unfavorable. 

2.  Disordered;  disqualified  for  it:  functions;  unfit. 

3.  Slightly  disordered  ;  not  in  perfect  health. 
IN-DIS-PoSED-NESS,n.    Disinclination;  slight  aver- 
sion ;  unwillingness  ;  unfavorable  a  ess. 

2.  Unfitness  ;  disordered  slate. 
IN-DIS-PoS'ING,ppr.    Disinclining;  renderin.  ■< ni.  - 
what  averse,  unwilling,  or  unfavorable. 
2.  DisoLdering;  rendering  unfit. 
IN-DIS-PO-SI"TiON,  C-po-zish'un,)  n.     [Fr. ;  in  and 
disposition.]     Disinclination;  aversion  ;   unwilling- 
ness ;  dislike  ;  as  the  indisposition  of  men  to  submit 
to  severe  discipline ;    an  indisposition  to  abandon 
vicious  practices. 

A  general  tndUposidon  toward  believing'.  AUtrbury. 

2.  Slight  disorder  of  the  healthy  functions  of  the 
body ;  tendency  to  disease.  Indisposition  is  a  slight 
defect  of  healthy  action  in  bodily  functions,  rather 
than  settled  or  marked  disease. 

3.  Want  of  tendency  or  natural  appetency  or  aflin- 
ity  ;  as,  the  indisposition  of  two  substances  to  com- 
bine. 

IN-DIS'PC-TA-BLE,a.    [Fx. ;  in  nnd  disputable.]    Not 

to  be  disputed ;  incontrovertible  ;  incontestable  ;  too 

evident  to  admit  of  <!:<pute.  Jlddisoji. 

IN-DIS'PU-TA-BL]:-NESS,  ti.    The  slate  or  qnaUty 

of  being  indisputable,  or  too  clear  to  admit  of  con- 

troversv. 
IN-DIS'PU-TA-BLY,  adv.      Without  dispute;    in  a 

manner  or  degree  not  admitting  of   controversy; 

unquestionably ;  without  opposition. 
IN-DIS-PuT'ED,  a.    Not  disputed  or  controverted; 

undisputed.  Encye. 

IN-DIS-SO-LU-BIL'I-TY,  ti.    [Fr.  indissolubUiU.  See 

I:<DH501,UBLE.] 

1.  The  quality  of  being  indissoluble,  or  not  capable 
of  being  dissolved,  melted,  or  liquefied.  Locke, 

2.  The  quality  of  being  incapable  of  a  breacb ; 
perpetuity  of  union,  obhgation,  or  binding  force. 

IVarbHTton. 
IN-DIS'SO-LU-BLE,  ff.  [¥T.,ttom'L.  indi^olubdis ;  in 
and  dissolubilis,  {mm  dissolvo  i  d is  and  solro,  to  loosen.] 

1.  Not  capable  of  being  dissolved,  melted,  or  lique- 
fied, as  by  heat  or  water.  Few  substances  are  abso- 
lutely indissoluble  by  h«at ;  many  are  indissolulile  in 
water. 

2.  That  can  not  be  broken  or  rightfully  violated  ; 
perpetually  binding  or  obligatory  ;  as,  nn  indissotubU 
league  or  covcnanu  The  marriage  covenant  is  in- 
dissoluble, except  in  certain  specified  cases. 

3.  Not  to  be  broken  :  firm  ;  stable  ;  as,  indissoluble 
friendship  ;  indissoluble  bands  of  love. 

IN-DIS'SO-LU-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
incapable  of  dissolution,  separation,  or  breach ;  indis- 
solubility. Hale. 

IN-DIS'SO-LU-BTA",  adc.  In  a  manner  resisting  sep- 
aration ;  firmly  united  beyond  the  power  of  separa- 
tion ;  in  a  manner  not  to  be  dissolved  or  broken. 


Oh  they  iwrre 
Indissolubiy  film. 


MUlort. 


IN-DIS-SOLV'A-BLE,  (-diz-zolv'-,)  a.  [in  and  rfw- 
solcable.]  That  can  not  be  dissolved ;  not  capable 
of  being  melted  or  liquefied. 

2.  Indissoluble  ;  that  can  not  be  broken  :  perpeln- 
ally  firm  and  binding;  as,  an  indissolrablc  bond  of 
union. 

3.  Not  capable  of  separation  into  parts  by  nakiral 
process. 

IN-DIS-SOLV'A-BLE-NESS,  n.    Indissolubleness. 

IN-DIS'TAN-CY,  n.  Want  of  distance  or  separation. 
[.3  bad  icord,  and  not  used.]  Pearson. 

IN-DIS-TIN€T',  a.  [Fr, ;  L.  indistinaus  ;  in  and  dis- 
tinctus.     See  Distinct.] 

1.  Not  distinct  or  distincuishable;  not  separate  in 
such  a  manner  as  to  be  perceptible  by  itself.  The 
parts  of  a  subsUince  are  indistinct,  when  they  ore  so 
blended  that  the  eye  can  not  separate  them,  or  per- 
ceive them  as  separate,  t^ouiids  are  tndisHnet,  when 
the  car  can  not  seiKirale  them.     Hencr, 


TONE,  B[JLL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VF'CIOUS.  — e  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  TIUS. 


597 


IND 


S.  OlMcure  i  not  ctt-ur ;  cunfuMd ,  aa,  indistinet 
Ideas  or  nottons. 

a.  Imperfect  i  faint;  not  pn'Senting  clear  and  well- 
deAnrd  Inmgea ;  as,  tHdtstiact  vi:jiun  ;  an  indLftinct 
view 

4.  No<  ftactly  dlscernlnc.    [Unusual,]        Sfiak, 
IN-DIM-'I'INCT'I-BLB,  a.    Undutlnguisliablp.    [LiUlc 

umJ  J  fVarton. 

I.N-Dlt<-TINe'TION,  n.  Want  of  distinction ;  confu- 
•iuo ;  uncertainty. 

Tb>r  itvMstinaion  of  mail/  c/  tike  auix  mine  —  tuth  rond';  ■omo 
tjoutx.  Brown. 

2.  Indiscrlmlnallon  ;  want  of  distinction.  S/mi/. 

3.  Equality  nf  cundiliun  or  rank.        Cozf^  Switt. 
IX-DIS-TINeT'LY,  adv.    WiUioul  distinction  or  sep- 
aration ;  as  when  parts  of  a  thing  are  indutinctltj 
seen. 

2.  Coniiifc-'dly  ;  not  clearly;  obscurely;  as  when 
fdea^  Are  indistinctly  comprehended. 

3.  -Nul  definitely  ;  not  with  precise  limits ;  as  when 
the  border  of  a  thin;;  in  indistitteUii  marked. 

IN-DIS-'riN€T'iNKSS,  n.  Want  of  distinction  or  dis- 
crmiinntion  ;  confuiion  ;  uncertainty, 

2.  Obscurity ;  faintue&s ;  as,  the  indistinctness  of 
vision. 

IN-DIS-TL\"GUISH-A-BLE,  (-ting'gwish-a-bl,)  a. 
[in  and  di^tmiruiihable.]  That  can  not  be  dislin- 
culahed  or  separated  ;  uudislinguishnble.      TyUer. 

I.N'-DIS-TL\'"Gi;i2;H-h\G,  a.  Making  no  difference; 
03,  indi>tiniruisl»ing  liberalitiei^.  Johnson, 

IN'-UIS-TL'RU'ANCE,  n.  [m  and  disturbance,]  Free- 
dom from  di:iturbanco ;  calmness ;  repose ;  tranquil- 
lity. Temple. 

IN-DITCH', «.  U    To  bury  in  a  ditch.    [Litdc  used.] 

Bp.  HaU. 

IX-DTTE',  r.  C  [K  imfuo,  iiu/utum;  in  and  dico^io 
»pealt/| 

1.  To  compose ;  to  write ;  to  commit  to  words  in 
writing. 

Mm  how  learned  Greece  her  useful  rules  indiUt.  Pope. 

2-  To  direct  or  dictate  what  is  to  be  uttered  or 
wriiit-n.  The  late  Pre:$ident  Dwight  indited  his  ser- 
mons. 

My  beart  ti  inditing  a  good  matter.  —  P*.  xlr. 

TN-DITF.'.  p.  i.    To  compose  an  account  of.     fValUr. 
[This  li  trom  TOO  same  original  as  I:<dict.    The 
dinV-rent  applications  of  tlie  word  have  induced  au- 
thors to  express  each  in  a  different  orthography,  hut 
without  good  reayon.] 

I.\-I)IT'EI»,  p;-.    Composed;  written;  dictated. 

I.N-fH  rK'MEM",  n.    The  act  of  inditing. 

I.\-Drr'EB,  n.     One  who  indites. 

l.\-DIT'ING,  ppr.  Commiiiing  to  words  in  writing; 
dictilinc  what  shall  be  written. 

IN-DI-VTD'A-BLE,  a.    Not  capable  of  division.  Skah. 

IX-DI-VID'ED,  a.     Undivided.  Patrick. 

IN-DI-VIO'U-AL,  a.  [Fr.  individucl;  L.  individuus ; 
in  and  diciduus,  from  divitlo^  to  divide.] 

1.  Not  divided,  or  not  to  be  divided;  single;  one; 
as,  on  individuai  man  or  city. 

Under  bis  grmi  riagcrrm  reign  aWdo 

United,  u  ooo  indiaidual  toul.  Milton. 

2.  Pertaining  to  one  only :  as,  iTidividual  labor  or 
rxertlons. 

^^"^''^™^'^-'^^»  "■  A  single  person  or  human  be- 
mg.  This  is  the  common  application  of  the  word  ; 
as,  there  was  not  an  individual  present. 

2.  A  single  animal  or  thin^  of  any  kind.  But 
tliw  word,  as  a  noun,  is  ajiplied  particularly  to  hu- 
man beinc!*. 

IN-DI-Vin'U-AL-lSM,ji.  ThcBtaleof  individual  in- 
trrc-»l  or  atiaehmcnt  to  the  interest  of  individuals, 

.  J".J1'^.?^*'".1^  *"  ^^^  common  interest  of  society. 

IN- UI-VIU-H-AL'I.TY,  n.    Separate  or  distinct  ex- 

I J  Ml"  vt'r.^T^l'f  1^  oneness.  .^rbutknot. 

.:i   "i  *^-H'A^'-7"^"l"JON,  n.    The  act  of  individ- 

IV  n    vm-    "l?*i^^^  *"^'"e  individualized. 

IVI>I-\1D'1,.AL-!ZE,  r.  f.  To  distmguish  ;  to  se- 
ctor mark  as  an  individual,  or  to  distinguish  the 

In'I^I  VlTr^?' TV%A  P«"«"Jron»  "Ihers.      Drake. 

'•'in^dlnTal!''^''^-^"^'  ^'-    I>-^-fiu>shin''gtran 
lSAn.\'lw\;.Al^JA\adv.    Separately;  by  itself ;  to 
acOTM"h«hat  enrh  of  th.m  ind,vid„nUy  c-.iu  not 
2.  Withsepora:  o.tence. 

2,  Iiuepanbly;  Incommunlcably. 

OmniKfcoa  -«,  attrliut^  (ndhtdMoUf  pwpcr  to  tie  Oodbwd. 
IX-DI-VlD'U-ATE.a.    Undivided.  '^'^• 

IN-DI-VID'tJ-ATE.  r.  L  To  make  single ;  to  distin- 
guish from  others  of  the  species. 


Ufc  Ui«ii«AMi«J  Liu,  Inflniic  numben,  thai  hire  thHr  .lisiltici 
orlbcsame,  to  the  exriuslon  of  others.  Watis! 


IND 

2.  The  act  of  separating  into  individuals  by  analy- 
sis. Etyiiwl.  Vocabulary. 

IN-DI-VID-l^'I-TY,  Ti.  Separate  existence.  [JVot 
\tscd.] 

IN'-DI-v'IN'I-TY,  n.    Want  of  divine  power.    Brovm. 

L\-DI-VIS-I-IJIL'I-TV,  n.  [Sec  Indivisible.]  The 
state  or  properly  of  being  indivisible.  Locke. 

IN-DI-VIS'I-ULK,  a.  [in  and  divisible.  See  Di- 
vide. 

That  can  not  be  divided,  separated,  or  broken  ;  not 
separable  into  parts.  Tcrhaps  the  particles  of  matter, 
however  small,  can  not  he  considered  as  indivisible 
The  mind  or  soul  must  be  indivisible.  A  mathemati- 
cal point  is  indivisible. 

IN-DI-VIS'I-BLE,  7i.  In  geometry,  indivisibles  are 
the  elemenls  or  principles,  supposed  to  be  infinitely 
small,  into  which  a  body  or  figure  may  be  resolved. 

Bar  to  ID. 

IN-DI-VIS'I-HLE-NESS,  m.    Indivisibility,  which  sen. 

IN-Dl-VIS'1-ltLV,  adv.  So  as  not  to  be  capable  of  di- 
vision. 

IN-DI-VIS'ION,  71.    A  state  of  being  not  divided. 

J\Iorc. 

IN'DO-BRIT'ON,  v.  A  person  born  in  India,  one  of 
whose  parents  is  a  native  of  Great  Britain.   Malcom. 

IN-DO'CT-BLE  or  IN-DOC'I-BLE,  a.  [in  and  doci- 
ble  ;  L.  rfoeco,  to  teach.] 

1.  Unteachable ;  not  capable  of  being  taught,  or 
not  easily  instructed  ;  dull  in  intellect.      Bp.  Hall. 

2.  Intractable,  as  a  beast. 
IN-Do'CT-BLE-NESS  or  Ii\-DOC'I-BLE-NESS,  ti.  In- 

docility.  Taylor. 

IN-DO'CILE  or  IN-DOCILE,  a.  [Fr. ;  1..  indocilis ; 
in  and  docilis  ;  docco^  to  teach.] 

1.  Not  teachable ;  not  easily  instructed  ;  dull. 

Bentlq/. 

2.  Intractable,  as  a  beast. 
IN-DO-CIL'1-TY,  Ti.     [Fr.  indocilit6.] 

1.  Unteachableness ;  dullness  of  intellect. 

Bp.  Hall. 

2.  Intractableness,  as  of  a  beast. 
IN-DO€'TRIN-ATE,  v.  t.     [Fr.  endoctriner ;  h.  in  and 

doctrina,  learning.] 
To  teach  ;  to  instruct  in  rudiments  or  principles. 

lie  took  much  delight  in  indoctrinating  liis  young,  unexperienced 
favorite.  Clarendon. 

IN-DOG'TRIN-A-TED,  pp.     Taught;    instructed   in 

the  principles  of  anv  science. 
IN-DOe'TRIN-A-TING,  ppr.    Teaching;  instructing 

in  principles  or  rudiments. 
IN-DOe-TRL\-A'TION,  n.    Instruction  in  the  nidi- 

nients  and  principles  of  any  science  ;  information. 

Brovyn. 
IN'D0-LENCE,7i.  [Fr.,  {rum  h.indolcntia;  in  and  do- 

Ico,  to  be  pained.] 

1.  Literally,  freedom  from  pain.  Burnet. 

2.  Habitual  idleness;  indisposition  to  labor ;  lazi- 
ness ;  inaction,  or  want  of  exertion  of  body  or  mind, 
proceeding  from  love  of  ease  or  aversion  to  toil.  In- 
dolence, like  lazinessy  implies  a  constitutional  or  ha- 
bitual love  of  ease  ;  idleness  does  not. 

IN'DO-LENT,  a.    [Fr.]    Habitually  idle  or  indisposed 
to  labor  ;  lazy  ;  listless  ;  sluggish  ;  indulging  in  ease  ; 
applied  to  persons. 
9.  Inactive  ;  idle  ;  as,  an  indolent  life. 

3.  Free  from  pain  ;  as,  an  indolent  tumor. 
IN-DO-LENT-LYjOtZc.  In  habitual  idleness  and  ease; 

without  action,  activity,  or  exertion ;  lazily. 

0:Um  and  serene  you  indolently  sit.  Addison. 

IN-DOM'I-TA-BLE,  a.  [L.  in  and  domo,  to  tame.] 
That  can  not  be  subdued  ;  irrepressible  ;  untamable. 

HerbcrL 
IN-DOMPT'A-BLE,a.     [Fr.  in  and  domptcr,  L.  domo, 
to  tame.] 
Not  to  be  subdued.     [Unjisual.]  Tooke. 

IN-DOUS'A-BLE,  a.   That  may  be  indorsed,  assigned, 

and  made  payable  to  order. 
IN-DORSE',  V.  t.     [L.  in  and  dorsum,  the  back.] 

1.  To  write  on  the  back  of  a  pai)er  or  written  in- 
strument ;  as,  to  indorse  a  note  or  bill  of  exchange  ; 
to  indorse  a  receipt  or  assignment  on  a  bill  or  note. 
Hence, 

ti.  To  assign  by  writing  an  order  on  the  back  of  a 
note  or  bill ;  to  assign  or  transfer  by  indorsement. 
'J"hc  hill  was  indorsed  to  the  bank. 

3.  To  give  sanction  or  currency  to  ;  as,  to  indorse 
a  statement  or  the  opinions  of  another.     {Modern.] 

To  indorse  in  blank  ,■  to  write  a  name  onlv  on  a  note 
or  bill,  leaving  a  blank  to  bs  filled  by  the  holder. 
IN-D()RS'i;D,(in-dorst',);7).  orfl.  VVrittenontheback ; 

assi^ied;  sanclioned. 
IN-p(JK-SEE',  71.    The  person  to  whom  a  note  or  bill 

is  indorsed,  or  assigned  by  indorsement. 
IN-pORSE'MENT,  n.    The  act  of  writing  on  the  back 
of  a  note,  bill,  or  other  written  instrument. 

2.  That  which  is  written  on  the  back  of  a  note, 
bill,  or  other  naper,  as  a  name,  an  order  for  payment, 
the  return  of  an  officer,  or  the  verdict  of  a  grand 

3.  Sanction  or  support  given,  as  the  indorsement  of 
a  rumor. 

lN-pORS'ER,Ti,  The  person  who  indorses,  or  writes 
his  name  on  the  back  of  a  note  or  bill  of  exchange  ; 


IND 

and  who,  by  tliis  act,  as  the  case  may  be,  makes  him- 
self liable  to  pay  the  nott?  or  bill. 

IN-DORP'ING,  ;7/r.  Writing  on  the  back  ;  assigning; 
sanctioning. 

IN-DOKS'ING,  71.  The  act  of  making  an  indorse- 
ment. 

IN'DRAUGHT,  (in'driift,)  ti.  fin  and  draught.]  An 
opening  from  the  sea  into  the  land ;  an  inlet,   f  Obs.] 

Raleirh. 

IN'DRAVVN,  a.    Drawn  in. 

IN-DRENCH',  V.  U  [in  and  drcndi.]  To  overwhelm 
with  water  ;  to  drown  ;  to  drench.  Shah. 

IN-DRENCII'i;D,  (in-drenchl',)  pp.  Overwhelmed 
with  water. 

IN-DO'BI-OUS,  a.  [L.  indubius',  in  and  dubius,  doubt- 
ful.] 

1.  Not  dubious  or  doubtful ;  certain. 

2.  Not  doubting  ;  unsuspecting;  as,  iTJf/uifnw.'^  con- 
fidence. Ilarrry. 

IN-DC'BI-TA-BLE,  Q.  [Fr.,  from  h.  indubiiubitts  ;  in 
and  dubitabilis,  fjom  dulnta^  tn  doulit.j 

Not  to  be  doubted  ;  uiKiucstumable  ;  evident ;  ap- 
parently certain  ;  too  phiin  to  admit  of  doubl.   iValts. 
IN-Du'D'l-TA-BLE-NESS,7t.    State  of  being  indubita- 
ble. Ash. 
IN-DU'BI-TA-BLY,  adv.     Undoubtedly  ;   unquestion- 

ablv  ;  in  a  manner  to  remove  all  doubt.  Sprat, 

IN-DU'BI-TATE,  a.     [L.  indubitatus.] 

Not  questioned  ;  evident;  certain.     [J^otused.] 

Bacon. 
fN-DOCE',  V.  t.    [L.  induco ;  in  and  duco,  to  lead  ;  Fr. 
induire  ,*  It.  indui-re.] 

1.  To  lead,  as  by  persuasion  or  argrinient ;  to  pre- 
vail on;  to  incite;  to  influence  by  motives.  The 
emperor  could  not  be  induced  to  take  part  in  the  con- 
test. 

2.  To  produce  by  influence 

Ab  this  belief  is  nbsolutcly  necessary  for  all  mankind,  the  evi- 
dence for  inducing  it  must  be  of  that  nature  aa  to  nrcommo- 
date  itBClf  to  all  species  of  men.  Forbca. 

3.  To  produce  ;  to  bring  on ;  to  cause  ;  as,  a  fever 
induced  by  extreme  fatigue.  The  revolution  in 
France  lias  induced  a  change  of  opinions  and  of 
property. 

4.  To  intioduce  ;  to  bring  into  view. 

The  poet  may  be  eeea  inducing  Lis  pcreonnges  in  the  first  ilind. 

Pope. 

5.  To  offer  by  way  of  induction  or  inference.  [JVot 
used.]  Brojon. 

G.  In  electTicity,  to  transmit  an  electric  influence 
through  a  non-conducting  medium  without  any  ap- 
parent communication  of  a  spark. 

IN-DuC'£D,  (in-dust',)  pp.  Persuaded  by  motives; 
influenced  ;  produced  ;  caused. 

IN-DuCE'i\lENT,  n.  Motive;  any  thing  that  leads 
the  mind  to  will  or  to  act ;  any  ar^iment,  reason,  or 
fact,  that  tends  to  persuade  or  influence  the  mind. 
The  love  of  ease  is  an  indncanent  to  idleness.  The 
love  of  money  is  an  inducement  to  industry  in  good 
men,  and  to  the  perpetration  of  crimes  in  the  bad. 

2.  In  law,  a  statement  of  facts  introducing  other 
material  facts. 

IN-DuC'ER,  n.  He  or  that  which  induces,  persuades, 
or  influences. 

IN-DU'CI-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  induced  ;  that  may 

be  offered  by  induction.  Brown. 

2.  That  may  be  caused.  Barrow. 

IN-DuC'ING,  ppr.  Leading  or  moving  by  reason  or 
arguments;  persuading;  ])roducing  ;  causing;  trans- 
mitting electrical  influence  through  a  non-conducting 
medium. 

IN-DU€T',  V.  t.  [L.  inducttis^  from  induco ;  in  and  du- 
co, to  lead.] 

1.  Literally,  to  bring  in  or  introduce.    Hence, 

2.  Appropriately,  to  introduce,  as  to  a  benefice  or 
oflice  ;  to  put  in  actual  possession  of  an  ecclesiastical 
living,  or  of  any  other  office,  with  the  customary 
forms  and  ceremonies.  Clerks  or  parsons  are  in- 
ducted by  a  mandate  from  the  bishop  lo  tlie  arch- 
deacon, who  usually  issues  a  precept  to  other  cler- 
gymen lo  perform  the  duty.  In  the  United  States, 
certain  civil  officers,  and  presidents  of  colleges,  are 
inducted  into  office  with  appropriate  ceremonies. 

IN-DUeT'ED,  pp.  Introduced  into  office  with  tlie 
usual  formalities. 

IN-DUe'TILE,  a.  {in  and  ductile]  Not  capable  of 
being  drawn  into  threads,  as  a  metal.  [See  Duc- 
tile.] 

IN-DUe-TIL'I-TY,  71.  The  quality  of  being  induc- 
tile. 

IN-DUGT'ING,  ppr.  Introducing  into  office  with  the 
usual  formalities. 

IN-DU€'TI0N,   n.     [Fr.,  from  L.   inductio.     See  Jn- 

DUCT.J 

1.  Literally,  a  bringing  in  ;  introduction  ;  entrance. 
Hence, 

2.  The  bringing  forward  of  particulars  or  individ- 
ual cases,  with  a  view  to  establish  some  general  con- 
clusion. 

3.  A  kind  of  argument  which  infers  icsprcting  a 
whole  class  what  has  been  ascertained  resp*.:rling 
one  or  more  individuals  of  that  class.       Wiatcly. 

This  is  the  iriductive  vietJwd  of  Bacon,  and  is  the 


Fate,  far,  FALL..  AVH^T.-METE,  PR£Y.-PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.- NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BOOK. 


598 


IND 

direct  r3verse  of  logical  deduction.  It  ascends  from 
the  parts  lo  (he  wholo,  and  forms,  from  the  general 
analogy  of  nature,  or  special  presumptions  in  the 
case,  conclusions  which  have  creater  or  less  degrees 
of  force,  and  whicli  may  be  strengthened  or  weak- 
ened by  subsequent  experience.  It  relates  to  actual 
esistcnres,  as  in  physical  science,  or  the  concerns  of 
life.  Deduction  descends  from  the  whole  to  sonic  in- 
cluded part ;  its  inferences  are  necessary  conclusions 
according  to  the  laws  of  thought,  being  merely  the 
mental  recognition  of  some  particular,  as  included  or 
contained  in  something  general. 

4.  The  inference  of  some  general  tnith  from  all  the 
particulars  embraced  under  if,  as  legitimated  by  the 
laws  of  thought,  and  abstracted  from  the  conditions 
of  any  particular  matter.  This  may  be  called  mtta- 
phi/stcal  induction,  and  should  be  carefully  distin- 
guished from  the  illations  of  physics,  spoken  of 
above. 

5.  The  conclusion  or  inference  drawn  from  a  pro- 
cess of  induction. 

6.  The  introduction  of  a  clergj^man  into  a  benefice, 
or  giving  possession  of  an  ecclesiastical  living;  or 
the  introductiou  of  a  pereon  into  an  otBce  by  the  usu- 
al forms  and  ceremonies.  Induction  is  applied  to  tlie 
introduction  of  officers,  only  when  certain  oaths  arc 
to  be  administered  or  other  formalities  are  to  be  ob- 
served, which  are  intended  to  confer  authority  or 
give  dignity  to  the  tiTinsaction.  In  Great  Britain,  in- 
ditction  is  used  for  giving  possession  of  ecclesiastical 
offices.  In  the  United  States,  it  is  applied  to  the  for- 
mal introduction  of  civil  officers,  and  tlie  higher  offi- 
cers of  colleges. 

7.  In  electricitijy  an  influence  exerted  by  an  electri- 
fied body  through  a  non-cunducting  medium,  without 
any  apparent  communication  of  a  spark.  Thus  elec- 
trical attractions  and  repulsions  may  be  transmitted 
by  induction  through  glass,  although  no  spark  can 
pass  through  such  a  medium.  Olmjtcd, 

S.  In  old  platjsy  an  introductorj'  scene,  leading  to 
the  main  action,  as  the  episode  of  the  Duke  and  the 
Tinker,  in  Shakspeare's  Taming  of  the  Shrew. 

Toone. 
L\-DU€'TION-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  induction. 

Maunder. 

IN-DUeX'IVE,  o.    Leading  or  drawing ;  with  to. 

A  bnitjsh  vice, 
JndtKtive  nuinl;  (o  Uie  sia  ot  Eve.  MUton. 

S.  Tending  to  induce  or  cause. 

They  may  be  irviucUce  ofcredibility.    [Unusuai.]  Hale. 

3.  Leading  to  inferences  ;  proceeding  by  induction  ; 
employed  in  drawing  conclusions  from  premises ;  as, 
inductive  reasoning. 

IN-DUCT'IVE-LY,  ode.    By  induction  or  inference. 
IX-DU€T'OR,  71.    The  person  who  inducts  another 

into  an  office  or  benefice. 
IN-DUE',  (in-du',)  c.  (.  [L.  induo  ;  Gr.  iv5voi ;  Fr.  en~ 
duire.  This  word  coincides  nearly  in  signification 
with  endow,  that  is,  to  put  on,  to  furnish.  Duo  is  ev- 
idently a  contracted  word.] 

1.  To  put  on  something  ;  to  invest ;  to  clothe  ;  as, 
to  indue  matter  with  forms,  or  man  with  intelligence. 
'2.  To  furnish  ;  to  supply  with  ;  to  endow. 
Ixnu'ED,  fin-dude',)  pp.    Clothed;  invested. 
LN-DOE'MENT,  (in-du'ment,)  n.    A  putting  on  j  en- 
dowment. JSIountagu, 
TN-Du'ING,  ppr.    Investing  ;  putting  on. 
T.V-DULGE',  fin-dulj',)  r.  t.    [L.  indulgco.     This  word 
■  compouna,  but  the  primitive,  simple  verb  is  not 
'iiown,  nor  the  radical  sense.    If  allied  to  G.  and  D. 
idden,  to  bear,  to  tolemte,  it  is  from  the  root  of  L. 
''  'ero.J 

1.  To  permit  to  be  or  to  continue  ;  to  suffer;  not 
•  i  restrain  or  oppose  ;  as,  to  indulge  sloth ;  to  indulge 
i  111?  passions  ;  to  indulge  pride,  selfishness,  or  inclma- 

■2.  To  gratify,  negatively ;  not  to  check  or  restrain 

'  .-.'J  will,  appetite,  or  desire  ;  as,  to  indulge  children 

-i  amusements. 

■J.  To  gratify,  positicelij ;  to  grant  something,  not  of 

iht,  but  as  a  favor ;  to  grant  in  compliance  with 

V,  jshes  or  desire. 

Yet,  yet  a  moment,  oae  dim  ny  of  lu;bt 

Indulge,  dread  Cliaos  and  eternal  N^ht  1  Pope. 

4.  In  general,  to  gratify ;  to  fax'or ;  to  humor ;  to 
:  r^'ld  to  the  wishes  of;  lo  withhold  restraint  from. 

ft  is  remarked  by  Johnson,  that  if  the  matter  of 
Indulgence  is  a  single  thing,  it  has  wiUi  before  it;  if 
it  is  a  habit,  it  has  m.  He  indulged  himself  wiUi  a 
glass  of  wine  ;  he  indulges  himself  in  sloth  or  intem- 
perance. 
IN-DULGE',  (in-dulj',)  r.  i.  To  permit  to  enjoy  or 
practice  ;  or  to  yield  to  the  enjoyment  or  practice  of. 
Without  restraint  or  control ;  as,  to  indulge  in  sin,  or 
in  sensual  pleasure.  This  form  of  expression  is  eUip- 
tical,  a  pronoun  being  omiued  j  as,  to  indulge  mystlf 
or  JUmseJf. 

Most  nuea  aie  more  wlllia^  to  induige  in  easy  vices,  than  to 
pnciice  laborious  virtues.  Joknaon. 

5.  To  jneldj  to  comply;  to  be  favorable.     \ Little 

WtttJ 

IN-DULG'iD,  pp.    Permitted  to  be  and  to  operate 


IND 

without  check  or  control ;  as,  love  of  pleasure  in- 
dulged to  excess. 

2.  Gratified  ;  yielded  to  ;  humored  in  wishes  or  de- 
sires ;  as,  a  child  indulged  by  liis  iiarcnts. 

3.  Granted. 
IN-DUL'GENCK,   j  71.    Free  pcnnission  to  the  appc- 
IN-DUL'GEN-CV,  \     tites,  humor,  desires,  passions, 

or  \i'ilt,  to  act  or  operate  ;  forbearance  of  restraint  or 
control.  How  many  children  are  ruined  by  indul- 
gence! Indulgence  is  not  kindness  or  tenderness,  but 
it  may  be  the  effect  of  one  or  the  other,  or  of  negli- 
gence. 

2.  Gratification  ;  as,  the  indulgence  of  lust  or  of  ap- 
petite. 

3.  Favor  granted  ;  Uberality  ;  gratification. 

If  all  iheaC  gracious  indulgendea  arc  witliout  effect  on  us,  we 
must  pcridb  iu  our  folly.  Roger*. 

•I.  In  the  Roman  CaUiolic  church,  remission  of  the 
punishment  due  to  sins,  granted  by  the  pope  or 
church,  and  supposed  to  save  the  sinner  from  pur- 
gatory ;  absolution  from  tlie  censures  of  the  church 
and  from  all  transgressions.  Encyc, 

IX-DUL'GENT,  a.  Yielding  to  the  wishes,  desires, 
humor,  or  appetites  of  those  under  one's  care  ;  com- 
pliant; not  opposing  or  restraining;  as,  an  indulgent 
parent. 

2.  Mild  ;  favorable  ;  not  severe  ;  as,  the  indulgent 
censure  of  posterity.  Waller. 

3.  Gratifying ;  favoring  ;  with  of. 

The  feeble  old,  indulgent  oy  their  ease.  Dryden. 

IN-DUL-GEN'TIAL,  a.  Relating  to  thojndulgences 
of  the  Roman  Catholic  church.  [JVot  well  authorized.] 

Brevint. 

L\-DUL'GENT-LY,  adv.    With  unrestrained  enjoy- 
ment. Hammond. 
9.  Mildly  ;  favorably  ;  not  severely. 

IN-DLfLG'ER,  n.    One  who  indulges.        Jlomitagu. 

irs^UULG'IXG,  ppr.  Permitting  to  enjoy  or  to  prac- 
tice ;  gratifying. 

IN-DULT',     (   n.    [Fr. ;   It.  induUo,  a  pardon  ;  L.  in- 

IN-DULT'O,  j      dultas,  indulged.] 

1.  A  privilege  or  exemption.  Johnson. 

2.  In  the  Roman  Catholic  church,  a  privilege  granted 
by  the  pope,  to  certain  persons,  of  doing  or  obtaining 
something  contrarj'  to  established  rule  or  law. 

Lunier. 

3.  In  Spain,  a  duty,  tax,  or  custom,  paid  to  the  king 
for  all  goods  imported  from  the  West  Indies  in  the 
galleons.  Encyc.  Brit. 

IN-DU'PLI-CATE,  a.     [L.  in  and  duplicatus.] 

In  botany,  having  the  margins  bent  abruptly  in- 
ward, and  the  external  face  of  these  edges  applied 
to  each  other  without  any  twisting,  as  in  some  spe- 
cies of  Clematis.  Lindley. 
IN'DU-RaTE,  v.  i.  [L.  induro  ;  in  and  duro,  to  hard- 
enj 

To  grow  hard  ;  to  Ijarden  or  become  iiard.    Clay 
indurates  bv  drying,  and  by  extreme  heat. 
IN'DU-RATiS,  V.  t.    To  make  hard.   Extreme  heat  in- 
duratcs  clay.     Some  fossils  are  indurated  by  exposure 
to  the  air. 

2.  To  make  unfeeling ;  to  deprive  of  sensibility ; 
to  render  obdurate  ;  as,  to  indurate  the  heart. 

Ouldsmith. 
IN'DU-Ra-TED,  pp.  or  a.     Hardened ;   made  obdu- 
rate. 
IN'DLT-Ra-TING,  ppr.    Hardening;  rendering  insen- 
sible. 
IN-DU-Ra'TION,  n.  The  act  of  hardening,  or  process 
of  glowing  hard.  Bacon. 

2.  Hardness  of  heart ;  obduracy.  Decay  of  Piety. 
IN-DO'SIAL,  (-shal,)  a.     [L.  ttidusia.] 

Composed  of  or  contaming  the  petrified  cases  of 
the  lari'es  of  certain  insects  ;  as,  induMal  limestone. 
IN-Du'SI-UM,  (-she-um,)  n.  fL.]  In  botany,  a  col- 
lection of  hairs  upon  the  style  of  a  flower,  united 
into  the  form  of  a  cup,  and  inclosing  the  stigma,  as 
in  the  Ooodeniacca.  Lindley. 

2.  A  superincumbent  portion  of  cuticle  continuing 
to  cover  the  sori  of  ferns  when  they  are  mature. 

Luutley. 
IN-DUS'TRI-AL,  a.    Consisting  in  industry  ;  pertain- 
ing to  ijidustry. 
IN-DUS'TRI-AL-LY,  adv.    With  reference  to  indus- 

trj-. 
IN-DUS'TRI-OUS,  a.     [L.  industrius,  from  industria.l 

1.  Diligent  in  business  or  study;  constantly,  reg- 
ularly, or  habitually  occupied  in  business ;  assiduous  ; 
opposed  to  SL.0TUFUL  and  Idle. 

Frugal  and  induxtrioua  men  or;  commool;  fricadly  lo  the  estat*- 
iiahed  govenimeot.  Temple, 

2.  Diligent  in  a  particular  pursuit,  or  to  a  particular 
end  ;  opposed  to  Remiss  or  Slack  ;  as,  industrious  to 
accomplish  a  journey,  or  to  reconcile  contending 
parties. 

3.  Given  to  industry  j  characterized  by  diligence  j 
as,  an  iwlustrious  life. 

4.  Careful ;  assiduous ,  as,  the  industrious  applica- 
tion of  knowing  men.  Watts. 

IN-DUS'Tltl-OUS-LY,  adv.     With  habitual  diligence  ; 
with  steady  application  of  the  powers  of  body  or  of 
mind. 
2.  Diligently  ;  assiduously  ;  with  care;  applied  to 


INE 

a  particidar  purpose.    He  attempted  industriously  to 
make  peace.    He  industriously  concealed  his  name. 

IN'DU'S-TRY,  n.  [L.  industrial  Ft.  xnduxtrit.  This 
is  a  compound  word,  and  the  root  protKibly  of  Ibe 
Class  Ds.] 

Habituiu  diligence  in  any  employment,  either 
bodily  or  mental  ;  steady  attention  to  husint-M ; 
assiduity;  opposed  to  Sloth  and  Idleness.  Wc 
are  directed  to  take  lessonn  of  industry  from  the  bee. 
Industry  pays  dcbta,  while  idleness  or  despair  will 
increase  them. 

IN'DWELL-EK,  n.    An  inhabiuint.  Spenser 

IN'DWELL-L\G,  a.  [in  and  dwelling.]  Dwelling 
within  ;  remaining  in  the  heart,  even  after  it  is  rt> 
newed  ;  as,  indweUing  sm. 

Owen.    .Maeknight,    JtfUner. 

IN'DWELL-IXG,  71.  Residence  within,  or  in  the 
heart  or  soul. 

IN-E'BRI-ANT,  a.    [.See  Iserbiate.]    Intoxicating. 

IN-E'BRI-^VNT,  n.  Any  thing  tlial  intoxicates,  as 
opium.  Encyc 

IN-E'BHI-aTE,  v.  t.  [L.  infhrio,  incbriatus;  in  and 
ebrio,  to  intoxicate  ;  ebrius,  soaked,  drenched,  drunk- 
en. The  Latin  ebrius  is  contracted  from  e^ri^Tt5  or 
cbregus,  as  appears  from  the  Spanish  embriagar,  lo 
intoxicate  ;  embriago,  inebriated  ;  It.  briaco,  drunk  ; 
imbriacarc,  imbriacarsi.  The  sense  is,  lo  wash  or 
drench,  and  it  is  evidently  from  the  common  root  of 
the  Gr.  /?p£X(j,  to  water  or  irrigate.    See  Rai:^.] 

1.  To  make  drunk;  to  intoxicate.  Sandys. 

2.  To  disorder  the  senses  ;  to  stupefy,  or  to  make 
furious  or  frantic ;  to  produce  effecU  like  those  of 
liquor,  which  are  various  in  different  constitutions. 

IN-E'BRi-ATE,  V.  i.    To  be  or  become  intoxicated. 

BaeoTU 
IIS'-K'BRI-ATE,  n.    An  habitual  drunkard. 

Some  inebriates  have  their  piuroxysms  of  inebriety  terminated  by 
much  pale  uriue,  profuse  sweats,  ^.  Daruin. 

IX-E'BRI-a-TED,  pp.    Intoxicated. 

I.\-E'BRI-A-TING,/)/)r.   Making  drunk;  intoxicating. 

IN-e'BRI-a-TING,  a.  Having  intoxicating  qualities; 
tending  to  intoxicate  ;  as,  inebriating  liquors. 

IN-E-BRI-A'TION,  n.    Drunkenness  ;  intoxication. 

Broicn. 

IN-E-BRl'E-TY,  tu    Drunkenness;  intoxication. 

Darwin. 

IN-ED'IT-ED,  a.     [in  and  edUcd.]    Unpublished. 

Warton. 

IN"-EP-FA-BIL'I-TY,  n.    Unspeakableness. 

IX-EF'FA-BLE,  a.  [Fr.,  from  L.  inejfabilis ;  in  and 
effabilis,  from  cffor,  to  speak.] 

Unspeakable;  unutterable;  that  can  not  be  ex- 
pressed in  words;  ^isitally  in  a  good  .sense;  as,  the 
iueffiiblc  joys  of  heaven  ;  the  incjjable  glories  of  the 
Deitv 

IN-EF'FA-BLE-XESS,  n.  Unspeakableness  ;  quality 
of  being  unutterable.  ScotL 

IN-EF'FA-BLY,  adv.  Unspeakably ;  in  a  manner  not 
lo  be  expressed  in  words.  Jililton. 

IN-EF-F.\CE'A-BLE,  a.    Tliat  can  not  be  effaced. 

IN-EF-FaCE'A-BLY,  adv.    So  as  nut  to  be  effaceable. 

IN-EF-FECT'IVE,  a.  [in  and  ejtctire,]  Not  effect- 
ive ;  nut  producing  any  effect,  or  the  eflecl  intended ; 
inefficient;  useless. 

The  wi>r\l  of  God,  williout  the  Epirit,  is  a  tiead  and  in^t<tie€ 
k-tUT.  Dx^Sor, 

2.  Not  able  ;  not  competent  to  the  sen'ice  intend- 
ed ;  as,  ineffective  troops  ;  ineffective  force. 

3.  Producing  no  effecU 
IX-EF-FECT'IVE-LY,  ode.     Without  effect  j   ineffi- 
ciently. 

IN-EF"FE€T'U-.VL,  a.  [in  and  cffeetuaL]  Xot  pro- 
ducing its  proper  effect,  cr  not  able  to  produce  its 
effect ;  inefficient ;  weak  ;  as,  an  inrffectual  remedy  ; 
the  Spaniards  made  an  ineffectual  attempt  to  reduce 
Gibraltar      'See  Inefficacious.] 

IN-EF-FECT'U-AL-LY,  adv.  Without  effect;  in 
vain. 

IN-EF-FEeT'U-AL-NESS,  n.  Want  of  effect,  or  of 
power  to  produce  it ;  inctficacy. 

J^mcs  speaks  of  the  ineShctutUnest  of  BOice  mca's  dcTotion. 

Woks. 

IN-EF-FER-VES'CENCE,  «.  [in  and  cftrvcsccncc.'] 
Want  of  eflerv'esccnce ;  a  state  of  not  effervescing. 

Kirtcan. 

IN-EF-FER-VES'CENT,  a.  Not  effervescing,  or  not 
susceptible  of  eftervescence. 

IN-EF-FER-VES-CIBIL'I-TY,  v.  The  qualitjof  not 
effervescing,  or  not  being  susceptible  of  effervescence. 

Kirwan. 

IN-EF-FER-VES'CI-BLE,  a.  Not  capable  of  cffer- 
vescence. 

IN-EF-FI-Ca'CIOUS,  a.  [It.  an.l  Fr.  ine^cacc;  L. 
int'fficaz ;  in  aud  c^cax^  cjjicioj  to  effect ;  ez  and  factor 
to  make.] 

Not  efticacious ;  not  having  power  to  produce  the 
effect  desired,  or  the  proper  effect;  of  inadequate 
power  or  force. 

Incffcaiml,  says  Johnson,  rather  denotes  an  actual 
failure,  and  incfficacmis,  an  h.ibituai  impotence  to 
anv  effect.  But  the  distiuclieii  is  not  always  ob- 
served, nor  can  it  be  ;  for  we  c.-in  not  always  know 
whether  means  are  vtr:^dous,  till  experiment  has 


TCNE,  BfJLL,  TINITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K ;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;   f  H  as  in  THIS. 
■"*""  599" 


INE 


INE 


proved  tbem  in'fiauitl ;  nor  even  tlinn,  for  \vc  ran 
■ul  be  ci-nain  Ihal  Ihi'  failurf  of  means  to  iiroJuco 
•n  clfrtl  »  lo  Ik-  nunbnlid  lo  liatiilual  wunl  of  pow- 
er, or  Co  accldintal  and  li-mi«irary  cun»i'9.  iNtrti- 
cAcioi-i  i»  llicri'Iure  BonieUmcs  synunyuiou:!  wiltl 
lntrrKCTPAU 

I.\KK>"ICA'CIOUS-LY,  adc.  Willioul  cITicacy  or 
■  ir.'.!. 

IN  KFKI-CA'CIOUS-XES?,  «.  Want  of  power  to 
iirixliicf  ih<*  frtcct,  or  warn  uf  cfiVxt. 

I.VKK'FieA-CY,  n.     [in  and  rfficacy,  L.  e^cada.] 

1.  Want  of  power  Ui  producL-  ihe  (k-iiirod  or  proper 
cffMl ;  incincicncy  ;  oa,  Ihe  inr^cacy  of  nicilicillcs  or 
of  mean,-!. 

•2.  Infirectunlness  J  failure  of  elTccl. 

I.\-EK-FI"(.'IKXCV,  n.  [in  and  rffieieacy.']  Want 
of  [lower  or  eiertion  of  power  lo  produce  Uio  cllccl ; 
ttielflracy. 

IN >:F-F1"CIENT,  (llsli'ent,)  a.      [in  and  rfficiciU.] 
.v.*  etfirient ;  not  producing  Ihe  eirt-ct ;  inetlicarious. 
•J.  Not  active  i  elFecling  nothing  ;  :is,  an  iiicirieimt 
force.  Chcstcrjidd. 

1.\-KF-FI"C1E»\T-LY,  ode.  Ineffectually;  without 
eirect. 

IX.E-LAB'O-RATE,  a.  Not  elaborate;  not  wrouslit 
with  rare.  Cackcram. 

I.N  F,I.AS'TIC,  n.  [in  and  t/ajdc]  Not  clastic; 
wrtntinc  elajfticity ;  nnelastic. 

I.\F,-L.\!--TIC'I-TV,  71.  The  absence  of  elasticity  ; 
ihi*  want  of  elastic  power. 

I.NKI,'F,r,A.\CE,   j  n.    [.*ee  Iicelecvst.]     Want  of 

IN-EL'tOAN-i'V,  t  elecancc;  wani  ol  beauty  or 
pidlsh  In  Iangnaj;e,  coniivj^ition.  or  manners ;  want 
of  synimetr>- or  ornament  in  building;  want  of  deli- 
cacy in  colorins,  i.c. 

I.V-EL'IUJ.\.NT,  a.  [li.  indegansi  in  and  dcganSj 
from  the  root  tt(  etigOy  to  choose.] 

Not  clesant ;  wanting  beauty  or  poli.^h,  as  lan- 
guage, or  refinement,  as  manner:^ ;  wanting  symme- 
try or  omainent,  as  an  edihce  ;  in  short,  wanting  in 
aiiv  thing  which  correct  taste  requires. 

IN-l-!l.'F.-<:.\.\T-I.V,  ojIc,  In  an  inelegant  or  nnlie- 
coniiiii'  manner  ;  coarsciv  ;  roughly.      Chesterfield. 

IN-EL-l-GI-Bll.'l-TY,  II.    [from  indigiblt.]    Incapaci- 
ty of  being  elected  to  an  office. 
*J.  Ptjite  or  iin:dilv  of  not  being  worthy  of  choice, 

I.N'-EL'l-OI-BLE,  a.'  [in  and  eligMe.]  Not  capable  of 
being  elected  to  an  ollicc. 

2.  Not  worthy  to  be  chosen  or  preferred ;  not 
eip'-'diont. 

I.N'-KI.'I-GI-BLY,  ode.    In  an  ineligible  manner. 

iN-EL'0-iiL'E.N"r,  a.  [i/tand  r/ofuc/ir.j  Not  eloquent; 
not  speaking  with  (luency,  propriety,  grace,  and  pa- 
|Ik>9  :  not  jn'rsuaiive  ;  used  of  persons, 

*2.  Not  fluent,  cmcefiil,  or  pathetic ;  not  persuasive ; 
ft.*  language  or  composition.  Milton. 

I.VEL'c  i.itlE.vr  LV,  cdr.    Without  eloquence. 

L\-F.-I,l.t;r'A  IILK,  <i.     [L.  ineluctaiUU:.] 

Not  to  be  rvsLsted  by  stniggling ;  not  to  be  over- 
come.    [A'ot  used.]  Pearson. 

IN-E-LPD'l-ni.E.  a.  [in  and  dudiilc.]  That  cin  not 
bo  eluded  or  defeated.  QUnriUe. 

INE.M'IIRY-ON-ATE,  a.    Not  fonned  in  embryo. 

INE-NAIt'Il.V-llI.E,  a.     [L.  inenarrabUis.] 
That  can  not  be  narrated  or  told. 

IN-EPT',  a.     [I,,  ineptiis;  ill  and  aptm,  fit,  apt.] 

1.  Not  apt  or  lit :  unfit ;  unsuitable.    IVoodirard. 

2.  Improper  ;^  unbijcnming;  foolish.  More. 
IX-EPT'I-TL'OE,  II.    t.'nfitness  ;  inaptitude  ;  nnsiiil- 

ableiics.s  ;  as,  an  inrplitn/Ie  lo  motion.       .^rbntJtnot. 
IN-EPT'LY,  adc.    Unfitly  ;  unsuitably  ;  foolishly. 

.  . Qlanville, 

IN;-F.PT'NF.SS,  n.    Unfitness.  JIforc. 

I.N'-f.'QUAI,,  n.    [in  and  equal.]    Unequal ;  uneven  ; 

t V  "f"?;r\  y.f'^""'^-^  Shensme. 

I.N-KiL  AL  I.TY,n.  [I^  imzquaUtas  :  mandtfVTuaJw, 
«|ual ;  Fr.  iiii-i><ilili(.] 

1.  Difference  or  want  of  eqiialitv  in  degree,  quan- 
tity, length,  or  quality  of  any  kind  ;  the  state  of  not 
having  equal  iiiea3urc,dcgreo,dimensions,  or  amount; 
.-u,  an  uirqimlily  in  siit  or  stature  ;  an  iiirmatity  of 
numlxTS  or  of  power;  ineaualUy  of  distances  or  of 
motion*. 

2.  Uncvcnnesj ;  want  of  levclness ;  the  alternate 
rising  and  falling  of  a  surface  ;  as,  the  inenualilics  of 
Ulc  surface  of  ihe  earth,  or  of  a  marble  slab. 

3.  Di»proii.irtion  to  any  office  or  pnn>osc ;  inade- 
quacy: inrompilency;  as,  the  ini-^un/ify  of  terrestrial 
tiling*  to  the  wanlH  of  a  rational  soul. 

4.  Oivcisily  ;  want  of  uniformitv  in  different  times 
or  places  ;  as,  the  ineijualiln  of  air  or  temperature. 

5.  Difference  of  rank,  station,  or  condition  ■  as 
the  iniqnalitiej  of  men  in  society  ;  inequalHies  of  rank 
or  property, 

6.  In  atlnmomy,  an  irregiiLaritv  or  deviation  in  the 
motion  of  a  planet  or  satellite  from  its  uniform  mean 

motion.  Brand' 

1N-E<IUI-DIS'TANT,  a.    Not  being  equally  di.staut. 

Say. 
Ics. 
Say. 

and  equita- 


IN-F.-C1UI-LAT'ER.AI.,  o.    Il.aving  unequal  sid 

fv  S'^.'-'H''"' «'-  O.  [  L.]    In  an  even  poise. 
'V?  v'  ^  '^  "'■'^-  (-^k'we-ta-bl,)  „.    [E^am 
oU.\    Not  ciiuiuible;  not  iust. 


lN-i5'aUI-VAI.VE,  j    a.       Having     unequal 

IN-E-aUI-VALV'U-LAR,   j       valves,  as  the    shell 

of  an  ovstor. 
IN-E-IlAU'I-eA-BLE,  a.    That  can  not  be  eradicated. 

Cliannins. 
IN-E-R.VD'I-CA-BLY,  adv.    So  as  not  to  be  cradica- 

ble. 
mri^'iT'le'-AlJ--    "-ving  no  energy. 
IN-KU-GET'ie-AL-LY,  adv.    Williout  energy. 

IN-ERM'buS  \  ^'    t^*  »"''"«'*'  *'"  ^"'^  '^'■""''  ""US.] 
Unarmed  ;   destitute  of  prickles  or  tlionis,  as  a 
leaf;  a  boUmical  icard.  jMartijn. 

IN-ER-!lA-mL'I-'rYj  n.  [from  inerrable]  Exemp- 
tion froui  error,  or  trom  tlic  possibility  of  ernnji;  in- 
faUibilitv.  ^",?  Charles. 

I^'^-EK'UA-BLI-;,  rt,  [irt  and  err.]  'I'hat  can  not  err; 
exempt  from  error  (tr  mistnke  ;  infallible.    Hammond. 

IN-ER'RA-ULE-NKS.^,7i.  Exeniptlun  from  error;  in- 
errabilily.  Hammond. 

IN-ER'RA-BLY,  a(/y.  Willi  security  from  error;  in- 
fallibly. 

IN-ER-KAT'ie,  a.  [in  and  en-atic]  Not  erratic  or 
wandering  ;  fixed.  Paits.  Trans. 

IN-ER'RING-LY,  adv.  Without  error,  mistake,  or 
deviation.  '  OlanviHc. 

IN-ERT',  a.  [L.  incrs;  in  and  ars^  art.  The  English 
sense  is  drawn  not  from  art,  but  from  the  primary 
sense,  strength  or  vigorous  action.] 

1.  Destitute  of  the  power  of  moving  itself,  or  of 
active  resistance  to  motion  impressed  ;  as,  matter  is 
inert. 

2.  Hull ;  sluggish  ;  verj'  slow  to  act  j  indisposed  to 
move  or  act.  Thomson. 

IN'-KR'TIA,  (in-er'sh:l,)  n.     [L.]     A  property  of  mat- 
ter by  which  it  tends  to  preserve  a  state  of  rest  when 
still,  and  of  uniform  rectilinear  motion  when  mov- 
ing. Bigclow. 
t2.  Inertness;  indisposition  to  move. 

IN-ER'TION,  71.  Want  of  activity  ;  want  of  action 
or  exertion. 

These  vicis.'olutlcs  of  exertion  and  inerlion  of  llic  artcrini  systpni 
constitute  the  paroxysms  of  rcniittt-nl  fever.  Dancin, 

IN-ERT'I-TUDE,  n.  The  state  of  being  inert,  or  a 
tendency  to  rcniaiu  quiescent  till  impelled  by  exter- 
nal force  to  move.  Good. 

IN-ERT'LY,  adv.    Without  activity  ;  sluggishly. 

Diinciad. 

IN-ERT'NESS,  v.  Tho  state  or  quality  of  being 
inrrt,  or  destitute  of  the  power  to  movejjcr  sc.     [See 

I.VKllTTA.] 

y.  Want  of  activity  or  exertion  ;  habitual  indispo- 
sition to  action  or  motion  ;  sluggishness. 

IJV-E.S'eATE,  7'.  t.     [L.  incsco,] 
To  bait ;  to  lay  a  bait  for. 

IN-ES'eA-TED, ;./».     Baited. 

IN-ES-Ca'TION.  n.    The  act  of  baiting.    Halhncell 

I^r  ES'SE.  [L.J  In  being;  actually  existing;  dis- 
tinguislied  from  inpossc^  or  inpotentia,  which  denote 
that  a  thing  is  not,  but  may  be. 

IN-ES~SEN'TIAL,  a.    Not  essentia! ;  unessential. 

IN-ES'TI-MA-lil-E,  a.  [L.  ina-stimabilis.  See  Esti- 
mateJ 

1.  That  can  not  be  estimated  or  computed ;  as,  an 
inestimable  sum  of  money. 

2.  Too  valuable  or  excellent  to  he  rated ;  bsing 
above  .all  price ;  as,  inestimable  rights.  The  privi- 
leges of  American  citizens,  civil  and  religious,  are 
ine.^timable. 

IN-ES'TI-MA-BLY,  adv.    In  a  manner  not  to  be  esti- 
mated or  rated. 
IN-E-VA'iSI-liLE,  a.    That  can  not  he  evaded. 

Ec.  Rev. 
IN-EV'I-DENCE,  v.    Want  of  evidence  ;  obscurity. 

BaiTow. 
Ix\-EV'I-DEi\T,  a.     [in  and  evident.]     Not  evident ; 

not  clear  or  obvious  ;  obscure.  Brown. 

IN-EV-I-TA-iilL'I-TY,  71.  [from  inevitahk.']  Impos- 
sibility to  be  avoided  ;  cyrtaiiity  to  happen. 

Bramltall. 
IN-EVa-TA-nLE,  a.     [Fr.,  from  L.  Incvitabilis  i  ii 
and  evitab'Uis,  from  cvito,  to  shun.] 

Not  to  be  avoided  ;  that  can  not  be  shunned  ;  una- 
voidable ;  that  admits  of  no  escape  or  evasion.  To 
die  is  the  inevitable  lot  of  man  ;  we  are  all  subjected 
to  inanv  inevitable  calamities. 
IN-EV'i-TA-BLE-NESS,  n.  Tlie  state  of  being  una- 
voidable. 
IN-EV'I-TA-ULY,  ado.  Without  possibility  of  escape 
or  evasion  ;  unavoidably  ;  certainly. 

How  inevitably  dues  immotlcratc  Iixughlcr  enil  in  a  aigh  t  SoutJi. 

IN-EX-AGT',  (z  as  o-;,)  a.    [in  and  czact.]    Not  exact ; 

not  precisely  correct  or  true. 
IN-EX-AGT'NESS,  (ias5-:,)7N  Inconeclness  ;  want 

of  precision. 
IN-EX-CIT'A-BLE,  c,     [in  and   rrcitable.]     Not  sus- 

ceptibleof  excitement;  dull;  lifeless;  torpid. 
IN-EX-t)OS'A-IJLE,  a.     [L.  iiirrciu^abilij} ;  in  and  ct- 

cusabilis^  exeiiso.     Sec  Excuse.] 
Not  to  he  excused  or  justified  :    as,  inczeusablc 

folly. 
IN-EX-eOS'A-BLE-NESS,  n.     The  quality  of  not 


INE 

admitting  of  excuse  or  justification;  «Morniity  be- 
yond forgiveness  or  palliation. 

Thb  incxcMsaUenitt  is  etntcd  on  Ihc  eupposilJon  tlmt  Ux'y  knew 
Goil,  but  ilia  not  glorify  him.  South. 

IN-EX-€OS'A-nLY,  adv.  With  a  degree  of  guilt  or 
folly  beyond  excuse  or  justification. 

IN-EX-liVeOT'A-IJLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  executed 
or  p'^rrnrnii'd.  Q.  Morris, 

IN-EX-F.  i'u''l'ION,  7(.  Neglect  of  execution;  nnn- 
pcitorinaiin-  ;  as,  the  inexccution  of  a  treaty. 

IN-EX-EK'TION,  (x  aa  irz,)  n.  [in  and  erertion.] 
Want  of  exertion  ;  want  of  effort;  defect  of  aciinn. 

Danciu. 

IN-EX-HaL'A-BLE,  {X  as  5-:,)  «.      [in  and  fxhalable, 
L.  ezhalo.'] 
Not  to  be  exhaled  or  evaporated ;  not  evaporable. 

Brown. 

IN-EX-IIAUST'ED,  (z  as  ^:,)  a.  [in  and  exhausted.] 
Not  exhausted  ;  not  emptied  ;  unexhausted. 

2.  Not  spent;  not  having  lost  all  strength  or  re- 
sources ;  unexhausted. 

IN-EX  IIAUST'I-BLE,  (i  as  «■:,)  a.  [in  and  exhaust- 
ible.] That  can  not  be  exhausted  or  emptied  ;  un- 
failing; as,  an  inexhaustible  quantity  or  sujiply  uf 
water. 

9.  That  can  not  be  wasted  or  spent ;  as,  ir.cThausti- 
blc  stores  of  provisions. 

IN-EX-HAUST'I-BLE  KESS,  (z  as  gz,)  n.  The 
state  of  being  inexhaustible. 

IN-EX-HAUST'I-BLY,  (z  as  gz,)  adv.  In  an  inrx- 
haustibk'  manner  or  degree. 

IN-EX-IIAUST'IVE,  (r  as  ^i,)  a.  Not  to  be  ex- 
hausted or  spent. 

IN-EX-IST',  (T  as  ^:,)  v,  i.     Not  to  exist.       Tvchcr. 

IN-EX-IST'ENCE,  {x  as  ^:,)  n.  [in  and  rristnur.] 
Want  of  being  or  existence.  Broome. 

2.  Inherence. 

IN-EX-IST'ENT.  {x  as  gi,)  a.     [in  and  existent.]     Not 

liaving  being  ;  not  existing.  South.    Brown. 

2.  Existing  in  something  else.  Boyle. 

IN-EX-O-RA-BIL'I-TY,  v.  The  quality  of  being  in- 
exorable or  unyielding  to  entreaty.  P^ih-i/. 

IN-EX'O-RA-ULE,  a.  [Fr.,  from  I-,  inexorabilis';  in 
and  cxorabUis,  from  exoro,  lo  entreat;  ex  and  oro,  to 
pray.1 

1.  Not  to  be  persuaded  or  moved  by  entreaty  or 
prayer  ;  too  firm  and  determined  iu  purpose  to  yield 
to  supplication  ;  as,  an  inexorable  prince  or  tyrant; 
an  ineiorable  judge. 

2.  Unyielding ;  tiiat  can  not  he  made  to  bend. 

Inexorable  equa.lity  of  laws.  Gihbciii. 

IN-EX'0-RA-BLY,  adv.  So  as  to  be  immovable  by 
entreaty. 

IN-EX-PE€T-a'TION,  71.  State  of  having  no  expec- 
tation. Fdtkam. 

IN-EX-PE€T'ED,  a.    Not  expected.     [J^ot  in  use.] 

IN-EX-Pk'DI-KNCE,  )  n.    [in  and  expedience.]   ^Vant 

IN-EX-Pe'DI-EN-CY,  \  ol  fitness  ;  impropriety  ;  un- 
suitableness  to  the  purpose.  The  incxpedicnce  of  a 
measure  is  to  be  determined  by  the  prospect  of  its 
advancing  tho  purpose  intended  or  not. 

IN-EX-PE'i>I-ENT,  a.  [in  and  expedient.]  Not  ex- 
pedient; not  tending  to  promote  a  purpose;  not 
tending  to  a  good  end;  unfit;  improper;  unsuilatile 
to  time  and  jilace.  AVhalevcr  tends  to  retard  or  de- 
feat success  in  a  good  caust;,  is  inexpedient.  Wlial  is 
expedient  at  one  time,  may  be  inexpedient  at  an- 
other. 

IN-EX-Pe'DI-ENT-LY,  adv.  Not  expediently  ;  un- 
fitly. 

IN-EX-PENS'IVE,  a.    Not  expensive.        Colcndirc. 

IN-EX-Pe'RI-ENCE,  n.  [in  and  experience.]  Want 
of  experience  or  experimental  knowledge  ;  as,  the 
inexperience  of  youth,  or  their  inexperience  of  the 
world. 

IN-EX-Pe'RI-ENC-EH,  (-eks-pc're-cnst,)  a.  Not  hav- 
ing experience  ;  unskilled. 

IN-EX-PERT',  a.  [in  and  expert.]  Not  expert ;  not 
skilled  ;  destitute  of  knowledge  or  dexterity  derived 
from  practice. 

In  Iclleis  and  in  lawa 
Not  inexpert.  Prior. 

IN-EX-PERT'NESS,  7(.    Want  of  expertness. 
IN-EX'PI-A-BLE,  a.     [Fr.,  from  L.  incxpiabilis.    See 

EXPIATE.] 

1.  That  admits  of  no  atonement  or  satisfaction ; 
as,  an  inexpiable  crime  or  offense. 

2.  Tlmt  can  not  be  mollified  or  appeased  by  atone- 
ment ;  as,  inexpiable  hate.  Milton. 

IN-EX'PI-A-I!LY,  adv.  To  a  degree  that  admits  of 
no  atonement.  Roscommon. 

IN-EX-PL.A  IN'A-BLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  explained  j 
inexplicable.     [Ohs.] 

IN-EX-PLe'A-BLY  or  IN-EX'PLE-A-BLY,  adv.  In- 
satiably.    [JVot  ./^crf.l  Sandys. 

IN-EX-PLI-€A-BIL'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  or  stale  of 
being  inexplicable. 

IN-EX'PLI-€A-BLE,  a.  [Fr.,  from  L.  inexpUcabilis ; 
in  and  expUco^  to  unfold.] 

That  can  not  be  explained  or  interpreted  ;  not  ca- 
pable of  being  rendered  plain  and  intelligible;  as, an 
inexplicable  mystery. 


Fate,  far,  F^VLL,  WH^T — MkTE,  prey — pine,  M^VRINE,  bird note,  dove,  move,  WOLF,  BOOK.- 


600 


INF 

L\-EX'l'LI-eA-BLE-NESS,  n.  A  state  of  being  in- 
explicable. 

LV-KX'PU-eA-BLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  not  to  be  ex- 
plained. 

IN-EX-PLIC'IT,  o.  Not  explicit;  not  clear  in  state- 
ment. 

IN-EX-PLoR'A-DLE,  a.  [in  aiiii  czplorablCj  from  ex- 
plore.] 

Tbat  can  not  be  explored,  searched,  or  discovered. 

Tcokc. 

IN-EX-PoS'lIRE,  n.  [in  and  crpostirc]  A  state  of 
not  beins  exposed.  Aled.  Rcpos. 

TX-EX-PRESS'I-BLE,  a.  [In  and  exFrcssible,  from 
ezprcss.] 

Not  to  be  expressed  in  words  ;  not  to  be  uttered  ; 
unspeakable;  unutterable ;  as,  inexpressible  grief, 
jov,  or  pleasure. 

IN-EX-PRESS'I-JJLY,  ado.  In  a  manner  or  degree 
not  to  be  told  or  expressed  in  words  j  unspeakably ; 
nnutterablv.  Hammond. 

IX-EX-PRESS'IVE,  a.  Not  tending  to  express;  not 
expressing;  inexpressible. 

IN-EX-PRESS'IVE-NESS,  n.  Tlie  state  of  being  in- 
expressive. 

1\-EX-PUG'NA-BLE,  a.  [Fr.,  from  L.  incTpu^nahilis ; 
in  and  cxpugno ;  ex  and  puirno,  to  liiilil.] 

Not  to  be  subdued  by  force  ;  not  to  be  taken  by  as- 
sault ;  impregnable.  Ray. 

IX-EX-SO'PER-A-BLE,c     [h.  incxsuperabilis.] 
Not  to  be  passed  over  or  surmounted. 

LNM-:X-TEND^ED,  a.     Having  no  extension.     Good. 

Ix\-EX-TEN'SION,7i.  [in  and  extension.]  Want  of 
extension  ;  unextemled  state.  Encyc. 

IjY  EX-TEJ^SO,  [L.]     Fully  ;  at  full  length. 

IN-EX-TERM'IN-A-BLE,  a.  [in  and  extcnninablc  \ 
Thai  can  not  be  extenninated.  Rush 

TN-EX-TINGT',  a.     Not  quenched  ;  not  extinct. 

IN-EX-TIN"GUISH-A-BLE,  a.  [in  and  cxtimrui^^ha- 
blc]  Tliat  can  not  be  extinguished  ;  uuqutnchable  ; 
as,  inrrtJiifrui^-ifiaMc  Jlame,  thirst,  or  desire. 

r\-EX-'riKL"A-BLE,  a.     That  can  not  be  extirpated 

IN-EX'TRI-CA-BLE,  a.  [Fr.,  fron\  L.  incxtricabilis. 
See  ExTRrcATE.] 

1.  Not  to  be  disentangled  ;  not  to  be  freed  from  in- 
tricacy or  perplexity  ;  as,  an  inextricable  maze  or  dif- 
ficulty. Sherlock. 

2.  Nut  to  be  untied  ;  as,  an  inextricable  knot. 
IX-EX'TRI-€A-BLE-NESS,    n.    The   stat^   of  being 

inextricable.  Donne. 

IN-EX'TRI-CA-BLY,  ndc.  To  a  degree  of  perplexity 
not  to  he  disentangled.  Pope. 

IN-FA'E',  (in-i',)  v.  t.  To  inocuiate,  as  a  In^e  or  a 
bud^  JMd'ps. 

rX-EY'SD,  (in-Ide'O  W*  Inoculated,  as  a  trey  or 
bud. 

IN-FAB'RI-€a-TED,  (t.  Unfabricated  ;  unwrought. 
[JVot  used.] 

IN-FAUEI-"BIL'I-TY,     {  v.      [from  infallible.]      The 

IN-FAL'LI-BLE-NESS,  S  quality  of  being  incapa- 
ble of  error  or  mistake;  entire  exemption  from  lia- 
bility to  error;  inerrability.  No  human  being  can 
justly  lay  claim  to  infallibility.  This  is  an  attribute 
of  God  only. 

IN-FAL'LI-BLE,  a.  [Fr.  infailliblc;  in  and  failUr,  L. 
fallo.] 

1.  Not  fallible  ;  not  capable  of  erring  ;  entirely  ex- 
empt fVom  liability  to  mistake  ;  applied  to  persons.  No 
man  is  infallible  ;  to  be  infhllible  is  the  prerogative  of 
God  only. 

2.  Not  liable  to  fail,  or  to  deceive  confidence  ;  cer- 
tain ;  as,  infallible  evidence  ;  infallible  success. 

To  whom  he  showed  himssif  alive  after  Ills  pn^doii,  by  many 
in/aUib!e  proo6.  —  Acu  i. 

IN-FAL'LI-BL  Y,  adv.  Without  a  possibility  of  erring 
or  mistaking.  Smalrid^H. 

2.  Certainly;  without  a  possibility  of  failure.  Our 
Savior  lias  directed  us  to  conduct  that  will  infallibhj 
render  us  happy. 

IN-FaiME',  v.  U    To  defame.     [J^ot  nscd.] 

Bacon.    Jililton. 
TN'FA-MTZE,  t?.  f.    To  make  infamous.   [JVot  ledl  au- 

tlinrizrd.] 
IN'FA-.MOUS,  a.     [Fr.  hifame:    L.  infamisj  ivfamo^  to 

defame  ;  in  and  fama,  fame.] 

1.  Of  ill  TeiKirt,  empliaf-icalhj ;  having  a  reputation 
of  the  worst  kind;  publicly  branded  with  odium  for 
vice  or  guilt ;  base  ;  scandalous  ;  notoriously  vile  ; 
used  of  persons ;  as,  an  infamous  liar;  an  infamom 
rake,  or  gambler. 

9.  Odious  ;  detestable  ;  held  in  abhorrence  ;  that 
renders  a  person  infamous  ;  as,  an  infamous  vice. 

3.  Branded  with  infamy  by  conviction  of  a  crime. 
An  infamniLi  person  can  riot  be  a  witness. 

IN'FA-MOUS-LY,  ado.  In  a  manner  or  degree  to  ren- 
der infamous;  scandalously;  disgracefully ;  shame- 

2.  With  open  rcpruarh.  [fully. 
IN'FA-MY,  in.  [Fr.  infamie;  L.  infamia ; 
IX'FA-MOUS-NESS,  (      in  and  fama,  report.] 

1.  Total  los3  of  reputation  ;  public  disgrace.  Avoid 
the  rrimes  and  vices  which  expose  men  to  infamy. 

2.  Ctualitieg  which  are  detested  and  despised  ; 
fpialities  notoriously  bad  and  scandjJous  j  as,  the 
jrtfamy  of  an  action. 


INF 

;?.  In  laip^  that  loss  of  character  or  public  disgrace 
which  a  convict  incurs,  ami  by  which  a  person  is 
rendered  incapable  of  being  a  witness  or  juror. 

Encyc. 
IN'FAN-CY,  7/..     [h.  infantia.     See  Infant.] 

1.  The  first  part  of  life,  beginning  at  the  birth.  In 
common  lUiagc,  infancy  extends  not  beyond  the  first 
year  or  two  of  life  ;  but  tliere  is  not  a  defined  limit 
whore  infancy  ends,  and  childhood  begins. 

2.  In  laxDy  infancy  extends  to  tlie  age  of  twenty-one 
years. 

3.  The  first  age  of  any  tiling;  the  beginning  or 
early  period  of  existence  ;  as,  the  infancy  of  the  Ro- 
man republic  ;  the  iH/a?(cy  of  acoIlege,or  of  a  charita- 
ble society  ;  the  infancy  of  agriculture,  of  manufac- 
tures, or  of  commerce. 

IN-FAN'DOUS,  a.     [L.  infajidus.] 

Too  odious  to  be  expressed.     [JVot  in  nse.]  Howell. 
IN-FANG'THEF,  71.     [Sa.x.  in,  fan^ran,  to  lake,  and 
theof,  thief.] 

In  English  lato,  the  privilege  granted  to  lords  to 
judge  thieves  taken  on  their  manors,  or  within  their 
franchises.  Cowcll. 

IN'FANT,  71.     [Fr.  enfant;    L.   infans;    in  and  fans, 
speaking,  fari,  to  speak.] 

1.  A  child  in  tile  first  period  of  life,  beginning  at 
his  birth  ;  a  young  babe.  Iw  comrnon  usaire,  a  child 
ceases  to  be  called  an  infant  within  the  first  or  second 
year,  but  at  no  definite  period.  In  some  cases,  au- 
thors indulge  a  greater  latitude,  and  extend  the  term 
to  include  children  of  several  years  of  age. 

2.  In  law,  a  person  under  the  age  of  twenty-one 
years,  who  is  incapable  of  making  valid  contracts. 

Spenser  used  infant  for  the  son  of  a  king,  like  the 

Spanisli  infante. 
IN'FANT,  a.    Pertaining  to  infancy  or  the  first  period 

of  life. 
2.  Young  ;  tender  ;  not  mature  ;  as,  infant  strength. 
IN-FANT'a,  71.    In  Spain  and  Portugal,  any  princess 

of  the  rnyal  blood,  except  the  eldest  daughter  wheu 

heiress  apparent. 
IN-F.\NT'E,  V.    In  Spain  and  Portugal,  any  son  of 

the  kinc,  excopt  the  eldest,  or  heir  apparent. 
IN'Fv\NT-GAUD,  n.    A  tov  for  children. 
IN-FANT'I-CIDE,  w.     [Low  h.  infanticiditnn  ;  infans, 

an  infant,  and  ctsdo,  to  kill.] 

1.  The  intentional  killing  of  an  infant. 

2.  The  slaughter  of  infants  by  Ilerod.    J^Iatt.  ii. 

3.  A  slaver  of  infants. 
IN'FANT-ILE,  a.     [L.  infantilis.] 

Pertaining  to  infancy,  or  to  an  infant ;  pertaining 
to  the  first  period  of  life. 

IN'FANT-INE,  a.    Pertaining  to  infants  or  to  young 
children.  Sir  fValta-  Scott, 

IN'FANT-LTKE,  a.    Like  an  infant.  Skal:. 

IX'FANT-LY,  a.     Like  a  child.  Bcanm.  ^-  Fl. 

IN'FANT-RY,  n.     [Vr.  infantcrie ;   Sp.  infantcria ;    It. 
fanteria.     See  Infant.] 

In  military  affairs,  the  soldiers  or  troops  that  serve 
on  foot,  as  distinguished  from  cavalry;  as,  a  compa- 
ny, regiment,  or  brigade  of  infantry.  In  some  ar- 
niicf=,  there  have  been  heavy-armed  infantry,  and  light- 
armed  or  ligkt-infavfry,  accovdm^  to  ilmiT  manner  of 
arming  and  eriuipping. 

IN-FARCE',  V.  t.     To  stuff.     [JVot  in  use] 

IN-FARG'TION,  n.     [L.  iitfarcio,  infcrcio,  to  stufj";  in 
and  farcio.] 
The  act  of  stuffing  or  filling ;  constipation. 

Harvci/* 

IN-FASII'ION-A-BLE,  a.  Unfasiiionable.  [A'ot  ns'cd.] 

Beanm.  Sf  Fl. 

IN-PAT'I-GA-BLE,  a.    Indefatigable.    [Obs.] 

IN-FAT'Ti-.\TE,   v.   t.      [L.  ivfatuo  ;    in  and  fatnus, 
foolish.] 

1.  To  make  foolish  ;  to  affect  with  folly  ;  to  weaken 
the  intellectual  puwers,  or  lo  deprive  of  sound  judg- 
ment. In  general,  this  word  does  not  signify  to  de- 
jirivc  absolutely  of  rational  powers  and  reduce  to  id- 
iocy, but  to  deprive  of  sound  judgment,  so  that  a 
person  infatuated  acts  in  certain  cases  as  a  fool,  or 
without  common  discretion  and  prudence.  Whom 
God  intends  to  destroy,  he  dist  infaluates. 

visilile  ill  infatuating  a  peo- 
Clarendon. 


The  jml^enl  of  God  will  b?  very  visihle 
pic  ripe  ami  pn;p,ircil  for  dcstmctioii, 


2.  To  prepossess  or  incline  to  a  person  or  thing  in 
a  manner  not  justified  by  prudence  or  reason  ;  to  in- 
spire with  an  extravagant  or  foolish  passion,  too  ob- 
stinate to  be  controlled  by  reason.  iMen  are  often  in- 
fatuated with  a  love  of  gaming,  or  of  sensual  pleas- 

IN-FAT'U-ATE,  a.     Infatuated.  [ure. 

IN-FAT^J-A-TED,  pp.  or  a.    Affected  with  folly. 

IN-FAT'U-A-TING,  ppr.  or  a.     Aflecting  with  foUv. 

IN-FAT-IJ-A'TION,  71.      The  act  of  affecting  with 
folly. 

2.  A  state  of  mind  in  which  the  intellectual  pow- 
ers are  weakened,  either  generally  or  in  regard  to 
particular  objects,  so  that  the  person  all'cclod  acts 
without  his  u^ual  judgment,  and  contrary  to  the  dic- 
tates of  reason.  All  men  who  waste  their  substance 
in  gaming,  intemperance,  or  any  other  vice,  are 
chargeable  with  infatnation. 

IN-FAUST'ING,  n.     [L.  infatisttut.] 

The  act  of  making  unlucky.     [Obs.]  Bacon, 


INF 

IN-FkAS-I-IUL'I-TY,     I  n.      [from  infiosiblc.]      Im 

IN-FkAS'I-BLE-NESS,  \  practicability  ;  the  quality 
of  not  being  capable''of  being  done  or  performed. 

IN-Fk AS'I-HLE,  a.  [m  and  feasible ;  Fr.  faisable,  from 
faire,  to  make  or  do,  L.  facia.] 

Not  to  be  done ;  that  can  not  be  accomplii^hcd  ;  im- 
practicable. Gtunvdie. 

IN-FECT',  V.  t.  [Fr.  infecter ;  Sp.infcctar;  It.  infnta- 
re ;  L.  in^ftcio,  tnjectus  ;  in  and  faeio.  In  this  applica- 
tion of  injicio,  as  in  infcu/r,  lo  deny,  we  find  the  rad- 
ical sense  o(  facia,  to  make,  which  is,  to  IhruHt,  to 
drive.  To  infect,  is  to  thrust  ui ;  to  d«;ny,  is  lo  tltmst 
againxt,  that  is,  to  thrust  away,  lo  repel.  And  here 
we  observe  the  diff'erent  effects  of  the  prefix  in  uiwh 
the  verb.] 

1.  To  taint  with  disease  ;  to  infuse  into  a  healthy 
body  the  virus,  miasma,  or  morbid  matter  of  a  dis- 
eased body,  or  any  pestilential  or  noxious  air  or  .^^ub- 
stance  by  which  a  disease  is  produced.  Persons  in 
health  are  infected  by  the  contagion  of  the  plague,  of 
sj'philis,  of  small-pox,  of  measles,  of  malignant  fever*-. 
In  some  cases,  persons  can  be  infected  only  by  con- 
tact, as  in  syphilis;  in  most  caseM,  they  may  be  in- 
fected without  contact  with  the  diseased  body. 

2.  To  taint  or  affect  with  morbid  or  noxious  mat- 
ter ;  as,  to  infect  a  lancet ;  to  infect  clothing  ;  to  infect 
an  apartment. 

3.  To  communicate  bad  qualities  to  ;  lo  corrupt ;  to 
taint  by  tlie  communication  of  any  thing  noxious  or 
pernicious.  It  is  melancholy  to  see  the  young  infected 
and  corrupted  by  vicious  examples,  or  the  minds  of 
our  citizens  infected  with  error?. 

4.  To  contaminate  with  illegality. 
IN-FEeT',  a.  Infected.  [.Yot  used.] 
IN-FEeT'ED,  pp.  or  a.    Tainted  willi  noxious  matter ; 

corrupted  by  poisonous  exhalations;  corrupted  by  bad 

qualities  communicated. 
IN-FEGT'ER,  n.     He  or  that  which  infects. 
IN-FEGT'ING,  ppr.    Tainting  ;  corruoting. 
IN-FE€'TION,  n.     [Fr.,  from  L.  injicio.] 

1.  The  act  or  process  of  infecting. 

2.  The  thing  which  infects.  In  Tijc^iciHC,  the  terms 
infection  and  contagion  are  used  as  synonymous  in  a 
great  majority  of  cases.  Ditferent  writers  proposed 
and  attempted  to  make  a  distinction  between  them, 
but  there  has  been  a  great  disagreement  as  to  what 
the  distinction  should  be  ;  and  in  general  no  regard  is 
paid  to  the  proposed  distinctions. 

Infection  is  used  in  two  acceptations;  first,  as  de- 
noting the  effluviuni  or  infectious  matter  exhaled 
from  the  person  of  one  diseased,  in  which  sense  it  is 
synonymous  with  contagion  :  and  secondly,  as  signi- 
fying the  act  of  communication  of  such  morbid  efflu- 
vium by  which  diseases  are  transferred.  Cyc 

3.  That  which  taints,  poisons,  or  corrupts,  by  com- 
munication from  one  to  another  ;  as,  the  infection  of 
error  or  of  evil  example. 

4.  Contamination  by  illegality,  as  in  case?  of  con- 
traband goods. 

5.  Communication  of  like  qualities. 

Mankind  are  g^j  or  serious  by  in/tciion.  Ii!i.-nbier. 

IN-FEG'TIOUS,  (-fek'shus,)  a.  Having  qualities  that 
may  taint,  or  communicate  disease  to ;  as,  an  infec- 
tious fever;  infcctioiis  clothing;  infections  air;  it^fec- 
tioits  miasma. 

2.  Corrupting  ;  lending  to  taint  by  communication ; 
as,  infectious  vices  or  manners. 

3.  Contaminating  with  illegality  ;  exposing  to  seiz- 
ure and  forfeiture. 

Coiitmband  arLiclce  art?  s-iid  tu  be  of  an  iryVcUotJJ  naluic.   Kent. 

4.  Capable  of  being  communicated  by  near  ap- 
proach. 

Grief,  as  well  as  Joy,  is  ir\f<ctiotu.  Kames. 

IN-FEe'TIOUS-LY,  adv.    Bv  infection. 

IN-FEG'TIOUS-NESS,  ;i.  The  quality  of  being  in- 
fectious, or  capable  of  communicating  disease  or  taint 
from  one  to  another. 

IN-FECT'IVE,  a.  Having  the  quality  of  communica- 
ting disease  or  taint  from  one  to  ano'tiier.      Sidney. 

IN-Fe'€UXD,  0.     [L.  infa-cundus;   in  and  f>icimdus, 
prolific] 
Unfruitful ;  not  producing  voung  ;  barren. 

IN-FE-eUND'I-TY,  tu     [L.  i70a:eundit4is.] 

Unfruitfulness  ;  barrenness.  Med.  Rcpos. 

IN-FE-LIC'LTOUS,  a.    Not  felicitous  ;  unhappv. 

IX-FE-LIC'I-TY,  M.  [Fr.  infelicitc ;  L.  infeliciUi.^.  See 
Felicitv.] 

1.  (Jnhapplness ;  misery;  misfortune. 

2.  Unfortunate  state  ;  unfavorableness  ;  as,  the  in- 
felicity of  the  times,  or  of  the  occasion. 

IX-FEOFF',  (-fef.)  See  Enfeoff. 
IN-FER',  TJ.  t.    [Fr.  infcj-er ;  L.  vtfero ;  in  and  fcro,  to 
bear  or  produce.] 

1.  Lderallii,  to  bring  on  ;  to  induce.     [Little  ttscd.] 

Ifarrey. 

2.  To  deduce  ;  to  draw  or  derive,  as  a  fact  or  con- 
sequence. From  the  character  of  God,  as  creator 
and  governor  of  the  world,  wc  ifi/Vrthe  indispensable 
obligation  of  all  his  creatures  to  obey  his  commands. 
We  in/crone  pronositiun  or  truth  from  another,  when 
we  perceive  that  if  one  is  true,  the  other  must  be  true 
also.  ,  ,  „,  , 

3.  To  oflTer  ;  lo  produce.    [JVot  used.]  Shak, 


TtlNE,  BSJLL,  qNITE.  — AN"GER,  VF'CnUS.  — e  as  K ;  O  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS- 


76 


601 


INF 


IN  FER'A-HI.K. 


I.N 


r.  fi  nil  pi<l" 


rluvitins  or  (imiHWillous 


Tlial  may  Iw  Infiricd  or  de<luccil 
J'   ■  ten'.ten  Ikkbbriuli:.]    Burkt. 
,  r.,  Inw  iii/frrr.) 

.1  JmHu  iriim  nnullier  which 

I  I.,  i.j-  inif  ;  n  cuncIusUtn.   /«- 

■  ,  as  whin  Ihc  luiiiil  ikt- 

[wiiii  icIiMis,  as  that,  il 

,  .i  y.rrniUfJ  ore  inii',  thu  ciill- 

aidVtd  frum  Ihcm  inusl  also 


t^  Inl 


lit'.N'TIAL,  «.    Deduced  or  deduciblo  hy  iuff r- 


r.N'TIAL-LY,<.Jr.    Hy  way  of  inrcrcncc. 
iw<    «;..*•.  ".pi.     [1*1    Sacriria-s  olltrcd  by  the 

-.n,  ,;„l,  lo  the  iul«  of  'deccnjed  hemes  or  Iriends 
IN-K£'Ul-OR,<i.    [L.,  coinp.  from  t«/crus,  low,  .p. 

ut. ;  Fr.  in/cruur.] 

1.  I^wer  in  place.  , 

2.  Umer  in  .lalion,  age,  or  rank  In  life.  Pay  due 
r,»|«.-cl  to  those  who  are  sufierior  in  station,  and  due 
civdily  to  thiwo  who  are  iii/criur. 

3  Lower  in  cscellencc  ur  value  ;  as,  a  poem  01 1«- 
/rrior  merit ;  cloUl  of  iH/-m</r  ilimllly  or  pnco. 

^.  Subordinate ;   of  less  iin|iorUince.     Attend  to 

h.alth  and  safety  ;  ease  and  convenience  aro  vifcrwr 

considerations.  ^  „ 

l.N-FP.'KIOIl,  11.    A  person  who  is  younger,  or  of  a 

lower  station  or  rank  in  society. 

A  pnoa  ,«•  »■"«  >>}  ■^I'"f  1^  "■'■'^"'  """  "'  ''sS'°° 
hun. 

IN-FE-RI-OR'I-TY,  n.    [Fr.  in/enori^.] 

A  lower  state  of  digrily,  ago,  value,  or  quality. 
We  speak  of  the  in/crioriri/  of  tank,  of  ollice,  ol  tal- 
ents, of  aye,  of  worth. 
IN-FE'RI-OK-LY,  adr.    In  an  inferior  manner,  or  on 
'the  inferior  parL     [.«  uord  that  dtserves  ao  countc- 

I.N-KEK'.NAL,  0.    [Fr.,  from  L.  in/crnus.] 

1  Prvfcrla,  pertaining  to  tlie  lower  regions,  or  re- 
gions of  the  dead,  the  Tartarus  of  the  ancients. 

a  Pertaining  to  liell ;  inhabiting  hcU  ;  as,  tnfcmal 

3.  Hellish ;  rcscmhlini;  the  temper  of  infernal  spir- 
iui  malicious;  diabolical ;  very  wicked  and  delcsta- 

IN-FER'NAL,  a.     An  inhabitant  of  hell,  or  of  the 
lower  regions. 

In/mtal  tine,  [lapis  infentatit ;]  a  name  formerly 
liven  to  lunar  ciustic,  a  substance  prepared  from  an 
e\*aporated  solution  of  sdvcr  in  nitric  acid. 

Lunar  caustic  is  nitrate  of  silver  fused  and  cast  in 
siiiill  rvliiiders.  Brandc 

IXFI'.lt  N  ALLY,  aik.    In  an  infernal  maimer. 
I\  1  T.lt  Uf;l),  pp.    Deduced  as  a  consequence. 
IN  KliR'lU.NG,  ppr.     Deducing,  as  a  fact  or  conse- 
quence. 
l.N-KER'TILE,  (-til,)  0.    [Fr.,  from   L.  m/erd/u;  m 
and  /frtiiw.] 
Not  fertile  ;  nol  fruitful  or  productive ;  barren ;  as, 

an  infertile  soil. 

IN-FER'TILE-LY,  adr.    In  an  unproductive  manner. 

l.N-FER-TIL'l-TY,  ii.    Unfruitfulness  ;  unproductive- 
ness ;  barrenness;  as,  the  infertility  of  land.    IMe. 

IN-FEST',  r.  I.     [Fr.  inftsler  ,■  L.  i/i/Mto.) 

To  trouble  greatly  ;  to  disturb ;  to  annoy  ;  to  har- 
a«.  In  warm  weather,  men  are  infesud  with  mus- 
quitocs  and  gnats ;  Hies  infest  horses  and  cattle.  The 
sea  Is  often  tnftstrd  with  pirates.  Small  parties  of  tho 
enemy  infest  the  coasL 

TV*-,  nkl  (hr  fnliM,  VK  cnTj,  n»tmM,  «iip«*ratiUon,  love,  with 
Uk  Ukc  cam  tuid  [lanlons  ijul  in/fit  bumixti  life.    Atliliton. 


In  the  vaars  sfrmm;;  out  of  the  crusades,  this  word 

was  applied  particularly  to  the  Mohauimcdalis,  vvho, 

in  return,  called  Christians  ffiaours  or  iiijidels.     I  hi- 

name  was  also  given  by  the  old.:r  writers  to  pagans. 

IN  FI-1)EL'I-TY,  n.     [Fr.  infidtliti  :  1..  injidehtas.] 

1.  In  geueral,  want  of  faith  or  beliel ;  a  withhold- 

'"?>  "uisbe'lief  of  the  inspiration  of  the  Scriptures,  or 
tho  divine  original  of  Christianity  ;  unbelief. 

There  It  no  doubt  Ihat  vanil;  i>  one  principal  c«iuo  of  iiijJWil!). 

3  Unfaithfulness,  particularly  in  married  persons  ; 
a  violation  of  tho  marriage  covenant  by  adultery  or 
lewdness.  ,  .i     ■  ., 

4.  Breach  of  trust ;  treachery  ;  deceit ;  as,  tlie  tnfi- 
delily  of  a  friend  or  a  servant.  In  this  sense  Unfaith- 
fulness is  most  used.  r  >,. .  •  j 

IN-FIELD',  V.  U    To  inclose,  as  a  field.     [JVo(  m  good 
iwe.]  „  , 

IN'FlieLD,  a.    Land  kept  continually  under  crop. 

IN-F1L'TER-£D,  a.     Infiltrated.  [ScoUish. 

IN-FIL'TKATE,  v.  i.     [Fr.  fiUrcr,  to  filter.] 

To  enter  by  penetrating  the  pores  or  interstices  ot 
a  substance.  . 

IN-FIL'TKA-TED,  pp.  or  a.    Filtered  in. 

IN-FIL'TRa-TING,  ppr.    Penetrating  by  the  pores  or 
interstices.  _  ^ 

IN-FIL-TRA'TION,  n.    The  act  or  process  of  enter- 
ing the  pores  or  cavities  of  a  body. 

2.  The  substance  which  has  entered  the  pores  or 
cavities  of  a  body. 


IN-FEST',  a.    MUchievous.    [Ohs.]    Spenser.     Smart. 
IN-FEST-A'TION,  n.    The  act  of  infesting;  molesta- 
tion. Bacon, 
INM'EST'ED,  pp.     Troubled;  annoyed;  harassed; 
;'  i^tied. 

KS'TER-ED,  a.    [in  and  fester.]    Rankling ;  in- 
■■■■rate. 
l.N  FhMT'ING,  ppr.     Annoying;  harassing;  disturb- 
ing. 
IN  FE-S'TIVE,  o.    [in  and /MliM.l    Having  no  mirth. 
IN-FES-TIV'I-TY,  n.     [ia  and  festivUy.]    Want  of 
festivity,  or  of  cbccrfulnesji  and  mirth,  at  entertain- 
ments. 
IN-FEST'IJ-OUS,  a.    (L.  in/Mliu.] 

Misfhlcvoiis.     [Xot  used.]  Baeem. 

1N-FECI>-A'TI0N,  n.    [L.  j«  and  fevdum,  feud] 
1.  The  act  of  putting  one  In  possession  of  an  es- 
tate in  fee.  Hate, 
Q.  The  granting  of  tithes  to  laymen.  Btaekslxme, 
I.N-FIB-q-LA'TION,  n.     [U  u\fiMc,  from  fibula,  a 
clasp.  1 

A  cl.-upiog,  or  confining  with  a  small  buckle  or 
padlock.  Miner. 

I.V'FI-DEL,  a.  [Fr.  infideU ;  h.  infidelis ;  in  and  fide' 
fit,  Ihithful.J 

Unbelieving ;  disbelieving  the  inspiration  of  the 
Scriptures,  or  the  divine  institution  of  Christianity. 

TV;  iti^titfi  irnti;r  b  a  grr^  cocmy  lo  iociety.  Knox. 

IN'FI-DEL,  H.  One  who  disbelieves  the  inspiration 
of  the  Scriptures,  and  the  divine  origin  of  Chris- 
tianity 


IN'FI-NITE,  C-nit,)  a.    [L.  iiyJm'tiM;  in  and  jSnrtas, 
"terminated;  Fr.  iiifiiit;  fcp.  I'l/taiw.] 

1.  Without  limits  ;  unbounded  ;  boundless  ;  not 
circumscribed ;  applied  to  time,  space,  and  qmdtties. 
God  is  infinite  in  duration,  liaving  neither  beginning 
nor  end  of  existence.  lie  is  also  infinite  in  presence, 
or  omnipresent,  and  his  perfections  are  infinite.  We 
also  speak  of  iiiJinUe  space. 

2.  That  will  have  no  end.  Thus  angels  and  men, 
though  they  have  had  a  beginning,  will  exist  in  tn/i- 
nil-c  duration.  ■,•■., 

3.  That  has  a  beginning  in  space,  but  is  inlinitely 
extended;  as  -  ""?  l>eginning  at  a  point,  but  ex- 
tended indefinnciy.  Is  an  i/yiaire  line. 

4.  Infiniu  is  used  loosely  and  hyperbolically  for  in- 
definitely large,  immense,  of  great  size  or  extent. 

In  mathematics,  a  term  applied  to  quantities  which 
are  greater  than  any  assignable  quantity. 
Inf.r.itr.  canon;  in  music,  a  perpetual  fugue. 
IN'FI-NITE,  n.    In  mathematics,  an  infinite  quantity. 
IN'FI-NITE-LY,  ado.    Without  bounds  or  limits. 
2.  Imiaensuly;  greatly  ;  to  a  great  extent  or  de- 
gree ;  as,  I  am  infuiiuhj  obliged  by  your  condescen- 
sion. .    , 
IN'FI-NITE-NESS,  n.     Boundless   extent  of  time, 
space,  or  qualities  ;  infinity.                          Taylor. 
2,  Immensity ;  greatness. 
IN-FIN-I-TES'I-MAL,  a.    Infinitely  small ;  less  than 

any  assignable  quantity.  Johnson.    Barloic. 

IN-FIN-I-TES'l-MAL,  n.    An  infinitely  small  quan- 
tity ;  that  which  is  less  than  any  assignable  quantity. 

Barlow. 
IN-FIN-I-TES'I-MAL-LY,  ntio.    By  infinitesimals  ;  in 

iKiniitely  small  quantities. 
IN-KIN'I-TIVE,  0.     [L.  infinitimts  ;  Fr.  infinitif.'] 

In  gravimcr,  the  mfinilioc  mode  expresses  the  ac- 
tion of  the  verb,  without  limitation  of  person  or 
number ;  as,  to  love.  The  word  is  often  used  as  a 
noun  to  denote  this  mode. 
IN-F!N'i-TlVE-LY,  adv.  In  the  manner  of  an  infin- 
itive mode. 
IJ^r-Fi-JVP  TO,  [It.]    In  ja-jiic,  perpetual,  as  a  canon 

whose  end  leads  back  to  the  ijeginning. 
IN-FIN'I-TUDE,  II.    Infinity  ;  infiniteness  ;  the  qual- 
ity or  state  of  being  without  limits  ;  infinite  extent ; 
as,  tho  infinitude  of  space,  of  time,  or  of  perfections. 
9.  Immensity  ;  greatness. 

3.  Boundless  number.  Addison. 

IN-PIN'I-TY,  71.     [Fr.  infiniti  :  L.  inf.nitas.'] 

1.  Unlimited  extent  of  time,  space,  or  quantity  ; 
boundlessness.  We  apply  infinity  to  God  and  his 
perfections  ;  we  speak  of  the  ivjinitij  of  his  exist- 
ence, his  knowledge,  his  power,  his  goodness,  and 
holiness. 

2.  Immensity  ;  indefinite  extent. 

3.  Endless  or  indefinite  number ;  a  hyperbolical  use 


IN-FIRM'A-TIVE,  0.     [Fr.  ijt/irmali/;] 

Weakening  ;  annulling,  or  lending  to  make  void. 
IN-FtllM'l-TY,  (in-ferm'i-ty,)  71.      [Fr.  m^irmitli  ;    L. 
infirniitas.]  „     ^      t    , 

)    An  unsound  or  unhealthy  state  of  the  body  ; 
weakness  ;  feebleness.    Old  age  is  subject  to  in/inn- 

2.'  Weakness  of  mind  ;  failing  ;  fault ;  foible. 

A  frii.-11'l  BiiouUl  bc-ir  i\  frit-iitrs  injIrmifiM.  Shak. 

3.  Weakness  of  resolution. 

4.  Any  particular  disease  ;  malady  ;  ayphei  ratlier 
to  chronic  than  to  violent  diseases.  Hooker. 

5.  Defect ;  imperfection  ;  weakness  ;  as,  the  m- 
f.rmitics  of  a  constitutiou  of  government.    HamUton. 

IN-FIRM'LY,  oiiii.    In  an  infirm  manner. 
IN-FIRM'NESB,  (in-ferm'noss,)  «.    Weakness  ;  fee- 
bleness ;  lu.scundness.  Boyle. 
IN-FIX',  V  t.     [L.  iiifiius,  infigo  ;  la  and  figo,  to  fix. J 

1.  To  fix  by  piercing  or  thrusting  in  ;  as,  to  in/le  a 
sting,  spear,  or  dart. 

2.  To  set  in  ;  to  fasten  in  soliietliing. 

3.  Ti)  implant  or  fix,  as  principles,  thoughts,  in- 
elruf.tirns ;  as,  to  infix  good  principles  in  tlie  inlud, 
or  iil'J'iO  in  the  memory. 

IN-Fi.S'-L'D,  (in-fikst',)  pp.    Thrust  in  ;   set  in  ;  m- 

ser'fd  ;  deeply  implanted. 
IN-ITX'ING,  ppr.    Thrusting  in  ;  setting  in ;  iinprant- 

ia'?.  ,    y, 

IN-'/ LAME',  V.   t.      [L.    inflammo;  m   and  flamma, 
flame.] 

1.  To  set  on  fire ;  to  kindle ;  to  cause  to  burn  ;  la 
a  literal  sense.     But  more  generally, 

9.  To  excite  or  increase,  as  passion  or  appetite  ;  to 
enkindle  into  violent  action  ;  as,  to  inflame  love,  lust, 
nr  thirst ;  to  inflame  desire  or  anger. 

3.  To  exaggerate ;  to  aggravate  in  description. 
A  friend  esa^^eralej  a  man's  viitucs,  an  enemy  inte™«  his 

crimes.     lUnusuilI.)  Addison. 

4.  To  heat ;  to  excite  excessive  action  in  the  blood- 
vessels ;  as,  lo  inflame  with  wine. 

5.  To  provoke  ;  to  irritate  ;  to  anger 

6.  To  increase ;  to  exasperate ;  as,  to  inflame  the 
enmity  of  parties,  or  the  spirit  of  sedition. 

7.  To  increase  ;  to  augment;  as,  to  iii/!<i7i!C  a  pre- 
sumption. ,     ■*^''"'; 

IN-FLAME',  V.  L    To  grow  hot,  angry,  and  painful. 

tViscman, 
IN-FLAM'-ED,  pp.  or  a.      Set  on  fire;    enkindled; 

heated  ;  provoked  ;  exasperated. 
IN-FLaM'ER,  71.    The  person  or  thing  that  inllames. 

Jlddlion. 
heating ;  provoking ; 


IN-FLAM'ING,7ij;r.    Kindling 

exasperating.  ,., 

IN-FLAM-MA-BIL'I-TY,  71.    Susceptibility  of  readily 

taking  fire.  ,        .       c        .„ 

IK-FLAM' JIA-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  set  on  fire  ;  ea- 

sf.y  enkindled;  susceptible  of  combustion;  as,  iii- 

(ianrawHc  oils  or  spirits.  ,  v  ■„„ 

IN-FLAiM'MA-BLE-NESS,  n.    The  quality  of  being 

susceptible  of  flame,  or  capable  of  taking  fire  ;  in- 

flammabUity.  .   ^  .f"!''''- 

IN-FLAM'MA-BLY,  adv.     In  an  inflammable  man- 

IN-FLAM-MA'TION,  7!.     [L.  infUimmatio.] 
1.  The  act  of  setting  on  fire  or  inflaming, 
o.  The  state  of  being  in  flame.     Temple.     IVUnns. 

3  In  medicine  and  surgery,  a  redness  and  swelling 
of  any  part  of  an  animal  body,  attended  with  heat, 
pain,  and  febrile  symptoms.  ^",Ti',„ 

4  Violent  excitement ;  heat ;  animosity  ;  turbu- 
lence ;  as,  an  inflammation  of  the  body  politic,  or  ol 

IN-FLAM'MA-TO-RY,  a.  Inflaming;  tending  to  ex- 
cite heat  or  inflammation ;  as,  medicines  of  an  in- 
flammatory nature.  ,  ,  .  j  „• 
o.  Accompanied  with  preternatural  heat  and  ex- 
citement of  arterial  action  ;  as,  an  inflammatory  lever 
or  disease. 


of  the  word  ,-  as,  an  infinity  of  beauties. 
N-FIR.M',  (in  '       ■  ■  " 

and  ^r7nas.] 


IN-FIR.M',  (in-ferm',)  a. 


ay  01 
[Fr. 


infirme ,-  L.  infirmus ; 


1.  Not  firm  or  sound  ;  weak  ;  feeble ;  as,  an  infirm 
body  ;  an  infirm  constitution. 

2.  Weak  of  mind ;   inesolute ;  as,  infirm  of  pur- 
pose. Sliak. 

3.  Not  solid  or  stable. 

He  who  fixes  on  lalse  principles  treads  on  infirm  ground. 

Soulli. 

IN-FIRM',  (in-fcrm'j)  v.  t.    To  weaken.    [JVot  used.] 

Ralegh. 
IN-FIRJI'A-RY,  (in-ferm'a-ry,)  n.  A  hospital  or  place 
where  the  sick  are  lodged  and  nursed. 


'  3'  Tending  to  excite  anger,  animosity,  tumult,  or 
edition  ;  as,  infammatory  libels,  writings,  speeches, 

[L.  infiMtus,  from  inp ;  in  and  fio, 


sed 

or  publications. 
IN-FL.ATE',  V.  t 

°\.  To  swell  or  distend  by  injecting  au';  as,  to  in- 
flate a  bladder  ;  to  inflate  the  lungs.  _     .  . 

0.  To  fill  with  the  breath  ;  to  blow  in.     Dryden. 

3   To  swell ;  to  pufl"  up  ;  lo  elate ;  as,  to  inflate  one 

INlFLA^TErT-ln  botany,  pufl-ed  ;  hollow  and  dis- 
IN-FLAT'ED,  i      tended,  as  a  perianth,  corol,  necia- 

IN:fLAT'Ed' w.  or  a.  Swelled  or  distended  with 
air;  puffed  up.  .  «:„-,in 

IN-FLAT'ING,  ppr.    Distending  with  air  ;  puflii^g  up- 

IN-FLAT'ING-LY,  adv.  In  a  manner  tending  to  in- 
flate. .   , 

IN-FLA'TION,  7!.    [L.  inflatw.] 

1.  The  act  of  inflating.  i„i„e(„d 

2.  The  state  of  being  distended  with  air  injected 

"'3."  The  state  of  being  pufled  up,  as  with  vanity. 

4.  Conceit.  ,  a    ,     in'hi.nd  1 

IN-FLECT',  v.  U     [L.  iiijiccto  i  m  and  fiecUi,  to  Penu^ 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH*T — METE,  PREY.— PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BOOK.— 
—  — 


INF 

1    To  bend  ;  to  turn  from  a  direct  line  or  course. 

Are  not  the  rxya  of  the  sun  reflected,  reflected,  ami  injleeied  by 
oue  aod  tiie  same  principle?  Neielon, 

9.  In  graminar,  to  vary  a  noun  cr  a  verb  in  its  ter- 
minations ;  to  decline,  as  a  noun  or  adjectivej  or  to 
conjugate,  as  a  verb. 
3-  To  modulate,  as  the  voice. 

IN-FLECT'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Bent  or  tumcd  from  a  direct 
line  or  course  ;  as,  an  infitcifd  my  of  light ;  varied  in 
tennination. 

rN-FLE€T'iNG,  ppr.  Bending  cr  lurnins  from  its 
course  J  varying  in  termination  j  modulating,  as  the 
voice. 

iN-FLEC'TION,  n.     [L.  iiijlectio.] 

1.  The  act  of  bending  or  turning  from  a  direct  line 
or  course. 

2.  In  optics^  a  term  used  to  denote  certain  phenom- 
ena which  light  exhibits  when  it  p:i5ses  near  the 
edges  of  an  opaque  body,  such  as  the  formation  of 
colored  fringes;  also  called  DiFFRACirox.  Olmsted. 

3.  In  g-rammar,  the  variation  of  nouns,  &c.,  by  de- 
clension, and  verbs  by  conjugation.  Encyc. 

4.  A  slide  of  the  voice  in  speaking,  either  up  or 
down.  Hooker. 

More  commaQlf  tVyCcctwrn  gives  significance  lo  tones, 

E.  Porter, 
Point  of  infiection  ;  in  geometry^  the  point  on  oppo- 
site sides  of  which  a  curve  bends  in  contrary  ways. 
A.  D.  Stanley. 
IN-FLE€T'IVE,  a.    Having  the  power  of  bending  j 

as,  the  infective  quality  of  the  air.  Dcrham. 

IN-FLEX'£D,  (in-fiekst',)  a.     [L.  infiezu^.l 

Turned  ;  bent ;  bent  inward.  FeWutm.    Brande. 
IN-FLEX-I-BIL'I-TY,     )  n.    [Ft.  infiexibiliU,  from  m- 
IN-FLEX'[-BLE-NESS,  \     jiczlbU  :  L.  in  and  Jlcxibi- 
lis,  from  Jiccto,  to  bend.] 

i.  The  quality  of  being  inflexible,  or  not  capable 
of  being  bent ;  unyielding  stiffness. 

2.  Obstinacy  of  will  or  temper ;  firmness  of  pur 
pose  that  will  not  yield  to  impurtunityor  persuasion  : 
unbending  ptTtinacity. 

IN-FLEX'I-BLE,  a.     [Fr. ;  L.  injlczihilis.] 

1.  That  can  not  be  bent ;  as,  an  indexible  oak. 
9,  That  will  not  yield  to  prayers  or  arguments; 
firm  in  purpose  ;  not  to  be  prevailed  on  ;  that  can  not 
be  turned  ;  as,  a  man  of  upright  and  injlczible  tem- 
per. Addison. 

3.  Not  to  be  changed  or  altered. 

The  nature  of  things  is  inflexible.  WaiU. 

IX-FLEX'I-BLY,  adv.  With  a  firmness  that  resists 
all  importunity  or  persuasion;  with  unyielding  perti- 
naciousness;  inexorably.  A  judge  should  be  inflezi- 
bhi  just  and  impartial. 

IN-FLEXaON.    See  Isflectio:?. 

IN-FLICT',  V.  t  [L.  injlictusy  infil^o ;  in  and  fli^o,  to 
strike  ;  Eng.  to  flog.] 

To  lay  on  ;  to  throw  or  send  on  ;  to  apply ;  a=,  to 
infiict  pain  or  disgrace ;  to  injlict  punishment  on  an 
offender. 

To  infiict  an  office,  condition,  knowledge,  tender- 
ness, <kc.,  on  one,  as  used  by  Chcsterticld,  is  not  an 
authorized  use  of  the  word. 

IN-FLieT'ED,  pp.  Laid  on ;  applied  ;  as  punishments 
or  judgments. 

I\-FLI€T'ER,  n.    He  who  lays  on  or  applies. 

IX-FLieT'lXG  nor.    Laying  on  :  annlyin". 

L\-FLI€'TIOX,  71.     lh.infitUio.]      " 

1.  The  act  of  laying  on  or  applying  ;  as,  the  injlic^ 
tion  of  torment  or  of  punishment^ 

2.  The  punishment  applied. 

Hia   severest  injiictions  aie  in  ihemsclvca  acts  of  justice  and 
ng-hteousnesa.  Rosers. 

IN-FLI€T'IVE,  a.    Tending  or  able  to  inflict. 
IN-FLO-RES'CENCE,  n.     [L.  infiorescen^,  infiarcsco, 
infioreoi  m  and  ^&reo,  to  blossom.] 

1.  In  botany^  a  mode  of  flowering,  or  the  manner 
in  which  flowers  are  supported  on  their  foot-stalks 
or  peduncles. 

Inflorescence  affords  an  excellent  chamclerislic  mark  in  distin- 
guishing the  species  of  plants.  MUne. 

2.  A  flowering;  the  unfolding  of  blossoms. 

Jourrt.  of  Science. 
IN'PLU-ENCE,  n.     [Fr.,  from  L.  influcis,  infiuo,  to 
flow  in  ;  in  and  Jtuo^  to  flow;  Sp.  infiuencia;  It.  in- 
JIuCTia.] 

1.  Literally,  a  flowing  in,  into,  or  on,  and  referring 
to  substances  spiritual,  or  too  subtile  to  be  visible,  like 
inspiration.  Hence  the  word  was  formerly  followed 
by  into. 

God  bath  his  inJJuence  inio  the  very  essence  of  all  thlogi. 

JlookeT. 
It  IS  now  followed  by  on  or  with. 

2.  In  a  general  sense,  influence  denotes  power 
whose  operation  is  invisible,  and  known  only  by  its 
effects,  or  a  power  whose  cause  and  operation  are 
unseen. 

3.  The  power  which  celestial  bodies  are  supposed 
to  exert  on  terrestrial ;  as,  the  influence  of  the  planets 
on  the  birth  and  fortunes  of  men ;  an  exploded  doctrine 
c(f  astrologt/. 

4.  .Moral  power;  power  of  truth  operating  on  the 
mind,  rational  faculties,  or  will,  in  persuading  or  dis- 


INF 

suading  ;  as,  the  infiuence  of  motives,  of  arguments, 
or  of  prayer.  We  say,  arguments  had  no  influence  on 
the  jury.  The  magistrate  is  not  popular  ;  he  has  no 
influence  imth  the  people,  or  he  has  great  influence  with 
the  prince. 

5.  Physical  power ;  power  that  affects  natural  bod- 
ies by  unseen  operation  ;  as,  the  rays  of  the  sun  have 
an  influence  in  whitening  cloth,  and  in  giving  a  green 
color  to  vegetables. 

6.  Power  acting  on  sensibility  ;  as,  the  influence  of 
love  or  pity  in  sympathy. 

7.  Spiritual  power,  or  the  immediate  power  of  God 
on  the  mind ;  as,  divine  influence ;  the  influences  of 
the  Holy  Spirit. 

IN'FLU-ENCE,  v.  t  To  move  by  physical  power  op- 
erating by  unseen  laws  or  force  ;  to  affect. 

These  experiments  succeed  aJlcr  the  same  manner  in  vacuo  aa 
in  the  open  air,  «nd  therefore  are  not  influenced  by  tbe 
weight  or  preeaurc  of  the  atmosphere.  Newton. 

2.  To  move  by  moral  power  ;  to  act  on  and  affect, 
as  the  mind  or  will,  in  persuading  or  dissuading;  to 
induce.  Men  are  influenced  by  motives  of  interest  or 
pleasure.  An  orator  may  influence  the  people  to  take 
arms,  or  to  abandon  an  enterprise. 

3.  To  move,  as  the  passions ;  as,  to  influence  one 
by  pity. 

4.  To  lead  or  direct.  This  revelation  is  sufficient 
to  influence  our  faith  and  practice. 

IN'FLU-ENC-£D,  (in'flu-enst,)pi?.  Moved;  excited; 
affected  ;  persuaded  ;  induced. 

IN'FLU-EXC-I\G,  ppr.   Moving  ;  affecting  ;  inducing. 

Ii\'FLU-ENC-ING,  n.  Act  of  inciting,  moving,  or  in- 
ducing. 

IN'FLU-ENT,  c.  Flowingin.  [Litdcused.]  Arbuthnot. 

IN-FLU-E?f'TIAL,  a.  Exerting  influence  or  power  by 
invisible  operation,  as  physical  causes  on  bodies,  or 
as  moral  causes  on  the  mind.  It  is  particularly  used 
to  express  the  operation  of  moral  causes.       M'dner. 

Influential  characters  ;  persons  who  possess  the 
power  of  inclining  or  controlling  the  minds  of  oth- 
ers. Hamilton. 

IN-FLU-EN'TIAL-LY,  adv.  By  means  of  influence, 
so  as  lo  incline,  move,  or  direct. 

IN-FLU-E.\'ZA,  n.     [It.  influenza,  influence.] 

An  epidemic  catarrh.  The  influenza  of  October 
and  November,  17S9,  and  that  of  April  and  May, 
1790,  were  verj'  genera!  or  universal  in  the  United 
States,  and  unusually  severe.  A  like  influenza  pre- 
vailed in  the  winters  of  lS-25  and  1S2G. 

IN'FLUX,  71,    [h.infiuxiis,  influo  ;  in  andjliro,  to  flow.] 

1.  The  act  of  flowing  in  :  as,  an  influx  of  light  or 

2.  Infusion  ;  intromission.  [other  fluid. 
The  influx  of  the  knowledge  of  God,  in  relation  to  everlasting 

life,  is  infinitely  of  moment.  Hale. 

3.  Influence  ;  power.     [Xot  vised.'\  Hale, 

4.  A  coming  in  ;  introduction  ;  importation  in  abun- 
dance ;  as,  a  great  influx  of  goods  into  a  country,  or 
an  influx  of  gold  and  silver. 

IN-FLUX'IOX,  n.    Infusion;  intromission.    Bacoru 
IN-FLUX'IOU:j,  a.     Influential.     [JSTot  used.] 
IN-FLUX'IVE,  a.     Having  influence,  or  havmga  ten- 
dency to  llow  in.     [JVbi  used.'\  Halesioortfu 
IN-FLUX'IVE-LY,  adv.    By  influxion. 
IN-FoLD',  V.  i.     [in  and  fold.]    To  involve  ;  to  wrap 
up  or  inwrap ;  to  inclose. 

In/aid  hii  limbs  in  bands.  Btademore. 

2.  To  clasp  with  the  arms ;  to  embrace. 

Noble  B:uiquo,  let  me  in/old  thee. 

And  hold  thee  to  my  heart.  Shdk. 

IN-F6LD'ED,  pp»     Involved  j  inwrapped ;  inclosed  ; 

embraced. 
IN-FoLD'IXG,piM'.  Involving;  wrapping  up;  clasping. 
IN-FoLD'MEi\T,  ti.    Act  of  infolding ;  state  of  beiug 

infnlded. 
IN-Fo'LI-aTE,  v.  t,     [L.  in  and  folium,  a  leaf.] 

To  cover  or  overspread  with  leaves.    [A'ot  much 

■used.]  Howell. 

LN-FORM',  V.  t,     [Fr.  informer  ;  Sp.  infbrtnar;  It.  in- 

formare;  L.  informo,  to  shape;  in  and  farmoj  forma, 

form.] 
Properly,  to  give  form  or  shape  to  ;  but  in  Viis  sense 

not  used. 

1.  To  animate ;  to  give  life  to ;  to  actuate  by  vital 
powers. 

L^t  others  belter  mold  the  running  mass 

Of  raelals,  and  inform  the  breathing  bra£i.  Dryden. 

Breath  informs  this  fleeting  frame.  Prior. 

Breathes  in  our  soul,  informs  our  vital  part.  Pope. 

[This  use  is  chiefly  or  wholly  poetical.] 

2.  To  instruct ;  to  tell  to ;  to  acquaint ;  to  commu- 
nicate knowledge  to  ;  to  make  known  to  by  word  or 
writing;  usually  followed  by  of  Before  we  judge, 
we  should  be  well  informed  of  the  facts  relating  to 
the  case.  A  messenger  arrived,  and  informed  the 
commander  of  the  state  of  the  troops.  Letters  from 
Europe  inform  us  of  the  commencement  of  hostilities 
between  the  Persians  and  Turks. 

3.  To  communicate  a  knowledge  of  facts  to  one 
by  way  of  accusation. 

TertuUus  informed  the  governor  agivinst  Paul.  —  Act»  xxiv. 

In  this  application,  the  verb  is  usually'  intransitive  ; 
as,  A  informed  against  B. 


INF 

LN-FORM',  V.  i.    To  give  intelligence.  Shak 

Ho  mi^ht  either  teach  in  tbe  lame  taxnaer,  cr  btform  bow  V9 
hid  been  taught.  AftnuUy  Reo. 

To  inform  against;  to  communicate  facts  by  way 
of  accusation  ;  to  give  intelligence  of  a  breach  of 
law.    Two  persons  came  to  the  magistrate,  and  bt- 
formed  against  A. 
IN-FORM^  a.      [L.  informis.] 

Without  regular  form  ;  shapeless;  ugly.    [06*.] 
IN-FORM'.\L,  a.    [in  and  formal.]     Not  in  the  regu- 
lar or  usual  form ;  as,  an  informal  writing;  informal 
proceedings. 

2.  Not  in  the  usual  manner ;  not  according  to  cus- 
tom ;  as,  an  informal  visit. 

3.  Not  with  the  official  forms ;  as,  the  secrclaiy 
made  to  the  envoy  an  informal  communication. 

Shakspeare  uses  informal  in  the  sense  of  irregidar 
or  deranged  in  mind. 

IN-FOR-.MAL'I-TV,  n.  [from  informal]  Want  of 
regular  or  customary  form.  The  informality  of  legal 
proceedings  may  render  them  void. 

IN-FOR;M'AL-LY,  adv.  In  an  irregular  or  informal 
manner  ;  without  the  usual  forms. 

IN-FORM'ANT,  ;t.  One  who  informs  or  gives  intel- 
ligence. 

2.  One  who  offers  an  accusation.  [See  Ivformek, 
which  is  generally  used.]  Skak, 

IN-FORM-A'TION,  n.     [Fr.,  from  L.  informntio.] 

1.  Intelligence  ;  notice ;  news  or  advice  communi- 
cated by  word  or  writing.  We  received  information. 
of  the  capture  of  the  ship  by  an  arrival  at  Boston. 
The  information  by  the  messenger  is  conflrmed  by 
letters. 

2.  Knowledge  derived  from  reading  or  instruction. 

He  should  get  some  information  in  the  subjca  he  intends  to 
handle.  Svift. 

3.  Knowledge  derived  from  the  senses,  or  from  tlie 

operation  of  the  intellectual  faculties. 

Ttio  active  inforrrvi^ns  of  the  intellect.  South. 

4.  Communication  of  facts  for  the  purpose  of  ac- 
cusation ;  a  charge  or  accusation  exhibited  to  amagis- 
trate  or  court.  An  information  is  tlie  accusation  of  a 
common  informer,  or  of  a  private  person  ;  the  accu- 
sation of  a  grand  jurj'  is  called  an  indictment  or  a  prc- 
sentmenL  Blackstone. 

IN-FORM'A-TIVE,  a.    Having  power  to  animate. 

More, 

IN-F0RM'1:D,  pp.  Told ;  instructed ;  made  acquaint- 
ed. 

IN-FORM'ZD,  a.    Ill-formed;  misshapen.     [Obs.] 

Spenser, 

IN-FORM'£D  STARS.     See  Unformed. 

IN-FORM'ER,ji.  One  who  animates,  informs,  or  gives 
intelligence. 

2.  One  who  communicates  to  a  magistrate  a  knowl- 
edge of  the  violations  of  law.  In  a  bad  sertse^  one  who 
gains  his  livelihood  by  informing  against  others,  or 
who  does  It  from  base  or  unworthy  motives. 

IN-FOR'MI-DA-BLE,  a.  [in  and  formidable.]  Not 
formidable ;  not  to  be  ^ared  or  dreaded. 

Foe  not  inforjnidt^iie.  l£Ilon. 

IN-FORM'ING,  ppr.  or  a.     Giving  notice  or  intelli- 
gence ;  telling. 
2.  Communicating  facts  by  way  of  accusation. 
Informing  o_ficer,  is  an  officer  whose  duly  it  is  to 
inform  agamst  persons  for  breaches  of  law,  as  an  at- 
torney-general, a  sheriff,  constable,  or  grand-juror. 

A  common  informer,  is  any  person  who  informs 
against  r.nolher. 
IN-FORM'I-TY,  V.     [L.  v^fbrmis.] 

Want  of  regtilar  fi'rm  ;  shai>elessness.      Broum, 
IN-FORM'OUS,  a,     [Fr.  informe;  L.  informis.} 

Of  no  regular  form  or  figure  ;  shapeless.    [O65.] 
Brown.     Wilford. 
IJV  F<yRO  COA^-SCAE-V  7'/-.^,C-kon-she-€n'she-e,) 

[L.]    Before  tlie  tribunal  of  conscience. 
IX-FOR'TU-NATE,  a-     [L.  ivfortunatus.] 

Unlucky;  unfortunate.      [The  latter  is  commonly 
usc4.] 
IN-FOR'TIT-NATE-LY,  ode.     Unfortunately.     [A'ot 

used.] 
IN-FOR'TUNE,  n.    Misfortune.     [.Yot  used.]    Elyot. 
IN-FRACT',  V.  t,     [L.  ir^actus,  from  infrijtgo;  in  and 
frango,  to  break.] 

To  break;    to  violate.     [This  is  synonymous  teith 
Infringe  ;  it  is  an  unnecessary  word,  and  little  used.] 
L\-FRAeT'ED,|7p.    Broken. 

INFRACTION,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  infractio.  See  In- 
fract.] 

The  act  of  breaking;  breach;  violation;  non- 
observance  ;  as,  an  infraction  of  a  treaty,  compact, 
agreement,  or  law.  TJ'atts. 

m-FRACT'OR,  n.    One  that  violates  an  agreement, 

&:c. 
IN-FRa'GRANT,  a.    Not  fragrant. 
IN-FRA-LAPS-A'RI-AN,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  Infra- 

lapsarians,  or  to  their  doctrine. 
IN-FRA-LAPS-A'RI-AN,  n.    [L.  ij\fra,  below,  or  af- 
ter, and  lap^ts,  fall.] 

A  name  given  to  that  cl  iss  of  Calvinist;  who  con- 
sider the  decree  of  election  as  contemplating  the  apos- 
tasy as  past,  and  the  elect  as  being  in  a  fallen  and 


TONE,  BJiLL,  UNITE — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.— €  as  K;  G  as  J;  S  as  Z  :  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

6W 


IX  Fli  ■. 

1.  .N. 


•J.  .Sol  In  be  violalctl. 
IN  FR.\-TKR-BI-TO'KI-AL,  a. 


INI'  

iri-nw  foiiMitler  tlii«  tle- 

■  l  ;i-t  pc'ts*tn«  lo  be  crca- 

■  ■  r-  -I  of  the  rnco,  nnil 

ire.      The  loriiicr 

-  a  remedy  for  an 

LM    ,  iu.  .  i.  ^.....-  .  .1  xj  a  i»art  of  Gixl'a 

-e  III  rf^^ril  lo  men.  Munlock, 

i.WK,  u.    [I^  »;f/ni,  below,  and  mun- 

•'-  norhl.) 

i-aili  ihe  world. 
[m  nud  fran^tbie,] 
i.  II  or  jk^jtaraltd  into  jiarU* ;  as,  in- 


Cheyne, 


Within  tlio  (crritory. 
Sb/ry,  Sup.  Court. 

IX-FRP.'UrKN'CB,  J        r,    .-.ft.^^^f.,,  1 
IN-Fltr.'UrKX-cV,  (  "•    tl-  ii^frfquentxa.] 

L'licotiiinoiinciM;  rarcne^ ;  Ihc  stale  of  rarely  oc- 
curring. Broome. 
IN-FKP/al'ENT,  d.    [L.  infreqvnu;  in  and  frequcns, 
fri-4|tient.] 

Karc;  uncommon;  seldom  hnp[>CDing  or  occurring 
to  notice  :  nnfrequenL 
IN  KUriirFNT-LY,  aJr.     Not  frequently. 
IN-nUi:  III  .\TE,  r.  L     [L.  in  and  j'ri<rutus,  cold.] 

To  rhill ;  to  make  cold.     [LiuU  lued.]        Boyle. 
I.\-KRI0-IU-A'TIO.\,  K.    The  act  of  making  cold. 

7'atler. 
I.S  FRINGE',  (in-frinj',)  r.  U    [L.  infringo;  in  and 
/niJt^t*,  tn  break.     See  Rreak.] 

I.  To  break,  as  contracts;  to  violate,  either  posi- 
tively by  contravention,  or  ncpatively  by  non-fuIfiU- 
nient  or  necleci  of  perl  on  nance.  .\  prince  or  a  pri- 
vate p»'r*.>n  infrin-rtj  an  at^temonl  or  covenant,  by 
ne(*lecting  to  perform  it^  conditions,  ns  well  as  by 
doini;  wbnt  is  stipulated  not  to  be  done. 

'2.  To  break  ;  to  violate  ;  to  transgress  j  to  neglect 
to  fult'ill  or  obey  ;  a.t,  to  infringe  a  law. 

3.  To  destroy  or  hinder ;  as,  to  infringe  pflicacy. 
[Little  used.]  Hooker. 

This  woril  is  very  frequently  followed  by  on  or  up- 
on i  TL-t,  to  infringe  ui*on  one'.^  riphta. 
IN-FRlNG'f;D,jnj.     Ilroken  ;  violated  ;  tmns^gressed. 
IN-FRINOjC'MENT,  (inlrinj'nient,)  n.    Act  of  viola- 
ting ;  breach  ;  violation  ;  non-fulfilhnent ;  as,  the  in- 
frmgnneKt  of  a  treaty,  compact,  or  other  agreement ; 
the  i)'.fr\m-jement  of  a' law  or  constitution. 
IN-KIUNG'KR,  n.     One  who  violates  ;  a  violator 
INFRINil'INGjppr.    Itrcakinc;  violating;  Iransgress- 

inc  ;  failinij  to  observe  or  fullill 
IN  FRf-  CAh.  a.    Not  frugal ;  prodigal, 
INFRIf  O.IK'ER-OU:?,  a.    Not  bearing  fmit. 
l.\  Fl'-CA'i'E,  c.  r.    [I*  infiico  :  in.  ami  /uct>,  lo  paint.] 

To  stiin  ;  to  paint ;  lo  daub. 
IN  FOM'/:i>,  a.     [U  infujnatua.] 

Dried  in  ttmoke. 
IN-FLI.N-DIB'Ii-LAR,  a.    Having  the  form  of  a  lun- 

ntl.  Kirby. 

I.N-FCN-Din'TJ-LI-FOn.M,  a.  [L.  infundibidum,  a  fun- 
nel, and  form,] 

In  botany,  having  ihe  shape  of  a  funnel,  as  the  cor- 
ol  of  a  (lower;  monopetalous,  Iiaving  an  inversely 
rotiicol  border  rising  fmm  a  tube.  Martyn, 

IX-F0'RI-.\TE,  o.    [L.  m  and  /urioiiu,  from  furia^ 
fur>-.] 

Hnrased  ;  mad  ;  raging.  Milton.     Thomson. 

IN-FC'KI-ATK,  V.  (.     To  render  furious  or  mad  ;  to 

cnrajre.  Decay  of  Piety. 

INFO'RI-a-TKD^  pp.  or  a.  Rendered  furious  or  mad. 
IN-FC'RIA-TING,  ppr.     Rendering  furious. 
1N-FI,'3'C.\TE,  r.  (.     fL.  ir^fustatiLs^  infajcv^  to  make 
black  ;  tn  and  fiuco^juseus,  dark.] 
To  darken  ;  to  make  black. 
IX-KUS-CA'TION,  n.    The  act  of  darkening  or  black- 

eninc 
I\-FCaE',  r.  L    [Fr.  tn/iuer,  from  L.  xnfisus,  infundo, 
lo  pMur  in  ;  in  and  fitndo^  to  pour.] 

1.  To  pour  in,  aa  a  liquid. 

TV?  ,1,™-  r-rsnn  nqtior  ee«e  to  in/uie.  Denhcm. 

-  I'rinciplcs  or  qualities. 

^^  'f^  to  h»n  qnjliticj  infxatd  iolo  his  •on, 

...  ,,:.«  ponoKtlf  Smjl. 

X  To  pofir  In  or  Inrtill,  aa  into  the  mind,  /r/rue 
into  yotine  mind^  a  nrvblo  ardor. 

•«.  To  introduce;  as,  to  infuse  Gallicisms  into  a 
cotnpoaition. 

S.  Tn  inspire  with ;  as,  to  in/iwc  the  breast  with 
tv.     [,V.>t  Mjci.]  skak. 

p  in  liqunr  without  Imiling,  for  the  pnr- 
'  r.tctinic  medicinal  qualities. 

Coc  fcu-^fli  d  dried  Wtc  U  infxuti  b  ten  oun«»  of  wTim 

***^-  Owe. 

7.  To  make  an  infusion  with  an  ingredient,  {^ot 
*sed.]  Bacon. 

LV-FCflE',  ■.    Infusion.    [Ohs.]  Spenser. 

IN-FCS'fTD,  pp.    Poured  in:  instilled:  steeped. 
IN-FCS'ER,  n.     One  who  infuses. 
IN-FC?MUL'I.TV.  n.     [from  mfasible,]    The  capa- 
bility of  beins  infij-Td  or  poured  in. 

2.  The  incap.-ibililv  of  being  fused  or  dissolved. 
IN-FO'«r-nLE,  a.    {(torn  the  verb.j    That  may  be  in- 


ING 

fused.    Good  principles  are  infusible  into  the  minds  of 
youth. 
LN-FO'SI-RLE,  a.     [in,  not,  and  fusible,  from  fuse. 
Not  fiu;iblc  ;  incapable  of  fusion  ;  that  can  not  be 
dbisolved  or  melted. 

The  bnt  civcMn  are  nuule  of  LSniogw  earth,  which  uxtob  ab- 
•olkilely  ii\fmii>tt.  Laooitier. 

IN-FOS'ING,ppr.    Touring  in  ;  instilling;  sleeping. 

IX-F0'S5ION,  (in-fu'zlmn,)  n.  The  act  of  pouring  in 
or  instilling ;  instillation  ;  as,  the  infusion  of  good 
principles  into  the  mind;  the  infusion  of  ardor  or 
zeal. 

2.  Suggestion ;  whisper. 

Jlis  folir  and  his  wUdom  arc  ot  hts  own  growili,  not  ihi*  echo  or 
infusion  of  wilier  mcii.  Sic\fl. 

3.  Inp^rmacj/,  the  process  of  steeping  in  liquor, 
an  operation  by  which  the  medicinal  qualities  of 
plants  may  be  extracted  by  a  liquor  without  boiling. 

Kncyc. 

4.  The  liquor  in  which  plants  are  steeped,  and 
which  is  impregnated  with  their  virtues  or  qualities. 

Coxe. 

5.  The  act  of  introducing  into  the  veins  medicinal 
substances  by  a  kind  of  syringe. 

IN-FO'SIVE,  a.    Having  the  power  of  infusion. 

Thomson. 
IN-FU-P6'RI-A,   n.   pL      [L.]    Microscopic   animals 
inhabiting  water  and  liquids  of  various  kinds,  and 
having  no  organs  uf  motion  except  extremely  minute 
hairs,  cnllcd  vibratdc  ciVun.  Dana. 

IN-FU-^O'RI-AL,  »  fi.     Pertaining  to  the  infusoria; 
IN-Fu'SO-RV,        \     composed  of  or  containing  infu- 
soria. 
IN-FO'SO-RY,  71. ;  ;)i.  Ikfusories.    A  name  given  to 
certain  microscopic  animals  living  in  water  or  other 
liquids,  called,  also,  iNFUsoaiA,  which  see. 
IXG,  in  Sttr^ji,  signifies  a  pasture  or  meadow,  Goth. 

icinffO.     [See  English.] 
IN-GAN-Na'TION,  )i.     [It.  inn-annare,  to  cheat.] 

Cheat ;  fraud.     [JVot  used.] 
FN'GaTE,  71.    [in  and  gate]    Entrance;  passage  in. 

[065.1  Spenser. 

IX-GATH^ER-ING,  n.    [in  and  gathering.]    The  act 
or  business  of  collecting  and  securing  the  fruits  of 
the  earth  j   han'est ;   as,  the  feast  of  ingathering. 
Er.  xxiii. 
IN-GEL'A-BLE,  a.    [in  and  gelable.]     That  can  not 

he  congealed. 
IN-G1:M*IN-ATE,  a.     [L.  ingcminatus.] 

Redoubled.  Taylor. 

IN-GEM'IN-aTE,  c.  (.    [L.  iiigcmino;  in  and  gcmino.] 

To  double  or  repeat.  Sandys. 

IN-GEM'IN-A-TED,;^p.    Doubled. 
IN-GEM'IN-A-TING,  ppr.     Doubling. 
IN-GEM-1I\'-A'TI0X,  71.    Repetition  ;  reduplication. 

IValsall. 
IN-GEX'DER.    See  Enge.xdeb. 
l.\-CE.\-ER-A-BIL'I-TY,  ti.     [Infra.]     Incapacity  of 

bring  engendered. 
IN-GEN'ER-A-BLE,  c     [in  and  generate]     Tliat  can 
not  be  engendered  or  produced.  Boyle.    ^ 

IN-GEN'ER-ATE,  r.  f.     [L.  ingcnero;  in  and  gcncro^ 
to  cenerate.] 
To  generate  or  produce  within.  Fellows. 

IN-GEN'ER-ATE,  a.    Generated  within  ;  inborn  ;  in- 
nate ;  inbred  ;  as,  ingcncratc  powers  of  body. 

iVoUon. 
IN-6EX'ER-A-TED,  pp.    Produced  within. 

NoMe  habila  in^eneraled  in  Uie  soul.  Jiale. 

IX-6EX'ER-A-TIXG,  ppr.    Generating  or  producing 

within. 
IX-CkN'IOUS,  a,    [E.  ingcniostuty  from  ingcnium;  in 

and  geniusy  gcno,  gigno,  lo  beget,  Gr.  yttvopat.] 

1.  Possessed  of  genius,  or  the  faculty  of  invention  ; 
hence,  skillful  or  prompt  to  invent;  having  an  apti- 
tude to  contrive,  or  to  form  new  combinations  of 
ideas ;  as,  an  ingenious  author ;  an  ingenious  me- 
chanic 

The  more  ingemou*  men  are,  the  more  apt  are  they  to  trouble 
Ihemselvcfi.  Tanple. 

2.  Proceeding  from  genius  or  ingenuity  ;  of  curious 
design,  structure,  or  mechanism ;  as,  an  ingenious 
performance  of  any  kind ;  an  ingenious  scheme  or 
plan  ;  an  ingenious  model  or  machine  ;  ingenious  fab- 
ric ;  in^cniouji  contrivance. 

3.  Witty;  well  formed;  well  adapted;  as,  on  m- 
ffcnious  reply. 

4.  Mental;  intellectual.     [JSTotitsed.]  Shak. 
This  word  has  sometimes  been  confounded  with 

Inoj.kuuus. 
IN-GEN'IOUS-LY,aJ)j.    With  ingenuity  ;  with  readi- 
ness in  contrivance  ;  with  skill. 
IX-GkN'IOUS-XEPS,  n.    The  quality  of  being  ingen- 
ious or  prompt  in  invention  ;  ingenuity  ;  vsed  of  per- 
sons. 

2.  Curiousness  of  design  or  mechanism :  used  of 
things. 
IN-CEN'ITE,  a.    [L.  ingenilns;  in  and  gcnitus,  bom.] 

Innate  ;  mborn  ;  inbred  ;  native  ;  ingenerate. 
...  j.«     -  South. 

IN-6E-Nu'I-TY,  71.     [Fr.  inge7tuite.] 

1.  The   quality  or   power   of  ready   invention  ; 


ING 

quickness  or  acuteness  in  combining  ideas,  or  in 
forming  new  combinations;  ingeniousness  ;  skill; 
uacd  of  pcrsoTis.  How  many  machines  lor  saving 
labor  has  tho  vtgcnuity  of  men  devised  and  con- 
structed 1 

2.  Curiousness  in  design,  the  effect  of  ingenuity; 
as,  the  ingcauiiy  of  a  plan  or  of  mechanism. 

3.  Openness  of  heart ;  fairness;  candor. 
[This  sense  of  the  word  was  formerly  common, 

and  is  found  in  good  autlicrs  down  to  the  age  of 
Locke,  and  even  l.'iter ;  but  it  is  now  wholly  obsolete. 
In  lieu  of  it,  Ikcenl-ousnes«  is  used.] 
IX-GEN'U-OUS,  a.     [L.  ingenuus.] 

1.  Open;  frank;  fair;  candid;  free  from  reserve, 
disguise,  equivocation,  or  dissimulation  ;  used  of  per- 
sons or  things.  We  sjieak  of  an  ingenuous  mind  ;  an 
ingenuous  man ;  an  ingenuous  declaration  or  con- 
fession. 

2.  Noble ;  generous ;  as,  an  ingenuous  ardor  or 
zeal ;  ingenuous  detestation  of  falsehood.       Lvcke. 

3.  Of  honorable  extraction ;  freeburn  ;  as,  ingenu- 
ous blood  or  birth. 

IX-GEN'U-OUS-LY,  a(/c.  Openly;  fairly:  candidly; 
without  reserve  or  dissimulation.  Dnidcn, 

IX-GEX'  U-OUS-NESS,  Ti.  Ojwnness  of  heart ;"  frank- 
ness ;  fairness;  freedom  from  reserve  or  dissimula- 
tion ;  as,  to  confess  our  faults  with  ingenuousness. 

2.  Fairness;  candidness;  as,  the  ingenuousness  of 
a  confession. 

IX'6E-NY,  n.    Wit;  ingenuity.    [Ohs.]  Bacon. 

IN-<5EST',  V.  t.  [L.  ingestus,  from  ingcro ;  in  and 
gero,  to  bear.] 

To  throw  into  the  stomach.    [Little  used.]   Broan. 
IX-6ES'TION,  (in-jest'yun,)  n.    The  act  of  throwing 
into  the  stomach  ;  as,  the  ingestion  of  milk  or  other 
food.  Ilan-cy, 

IN"GLE,  (ing'gl,)  ti.     [Q,u.  L.  igniciUuSj  ignis.] 

I.  Flame ;  blaze.     [Jv'ot  in  use.]  Ray. 

9.  In  ScoUiih,  a  fire,  or  fireplace.  Burns, 

3.  A  term  of  endearment ;  a  darling ;  a  paramour. 
[  Obs.]  Toonc. 

IN-GLo'RI-OUS,  (I.    [L.  inglorius ;  in  and  gloria.] 

1.  Xot  glorious ;  not  bringing  honor  or  glor>' ;  not 
accompanied  with  fame  or  celebrity  ;  as,  an  inglon- 
ovs  life  of  e;ise. 

2,  Shameful;  disgraceful.  He  charged  liis  troops 
with  i,ifrlvrioiL<:  tiiglit. 

IN-GLo'R!-OUS-LY,  adv.  With  want  of  glory  ;  dis- 
honorably ;  with  .shame. 

IN-GLO'RI-OUS-XESS,  7i.  State  of  being  inglorious, 
or  without  celebrity. 

IN'GOT,  71.     [Fr.  Ungot.    Qu.  L.  lingua.] 

A  mass  or  wedge  of  gold,  silver,  or  otlier  metal, 
cast  in  a  mold  ;  a  mass  of  unwrought  metal.  Hcbcrt. 

IX-GRAFT',  c.  t.  [in  and  graff.  The  original  word 
is  ingraffoT  grojfi  but  it  is  corrupted  beyond  recov- 
er}'.] 

1.  To  insert  a  cion  of  one  tree  or  plant  into  another 
for  propag.ition ;  as,  to  ingraft  the  cion  of  an  apple- 
tree  on  a  pear-tree,  as  its  stock ;  to  ingraft  a  peach 
on  a  jiliim. 

2.  To  propagate  by  incision.  Jifay. 

3.  To  plant  or  introduce  something  foreign  into 
that  wliich  is  native,  for  the  purpose  of  propagation. 

This  l(.Un\r  would  inp^/t  a  foreign  name 

L'pon  our  stock.  Dryden. 

4.  To  set  or  fix  deep  and  firm. 

Ingrafted  love  he  benra  lo  Cosar.  Shai:. 

IX-GRAFT'ED,  pp,  or  a.  Inserted  into  a  stock  for 
growth  and  propagation ;  introduced  into  a  native 
stock  ;  set  or  fixed  deep. 

IX-GRaPT'ER,  71.    A  person  who  ingraa?. 

IN-GRAFT'ING,  pjfr.  Inserting,  as  cions  in  slocks  ; 
introducing  and  inserting  on  u  native  stock  what  is 
foreign  ;  fixinc  deep. 

IX-GRaFT'.AIEXT,  u.    The  act  of  ingr-iRing. 
2.  The  thing  in-zrafted. 

IN'GRaIN  or  IN-GRaIN',  v.  t  [Jn  and  grain.]  To 
dye  in  the  grain,  or  before  manulacture. 

2.  To  work  into  the  natural  texture ;  to  impreg- 
nate the  wiiole  matter  or  substance.        Rich.  Diet. 

IN'GRaIN-£D  or  IX-GRaIN'£D,  pp.  or  a.  Dyed  in 
the  grain  or  in  the  raw  material ;  as,  ingrained  car- 
pets. 

2.  Wrought  into  the  natural  texture;  thoroughly 
impregnated. 

IX'GR.^IX-IXG  or  IX-GR.\IX'IXG,  ppr.  Dyeing  m 
the  raw  material. 

2.  Working  into  the  texture;  thoroughly  impreg- 
nating. 

IN-GRAPTLED,  n.    Grappled;  seized  on  ;  entwined. 

Dray  tun. 

IX'GRaTE,  ia.     [L.  ingratus  ;   in  and  gratus  ; 

IN-GRATE'FfJL,  j      Fr.  ingraL] 

1.  Ungrateful;  unthankful;  not  having  feelings  ot 
kindness  for  a  favor  received.  MiUon.    Pope- 

2.  Unpleasing  to  the  sense. 

He  gives  no  ingraleful  (ooi,  Hfilljn, 

IN'GRaTE,  n.    [Fr.  ingraL] 

An  unsratefu!  person. 
IX-GKa'J'K'FUL-LY,  a//y.     Uncratefully, 
IN-GRATE'FiJL-NESS,  ti.    Ungratefulness. 


FATB,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T.-AJETE,  PRgY.-PINE,  >L\RtNE,  BIRD. -NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.- 


60-1 


i 


INH 

IN-GRa'TIaTE,  (in-gra'sljate,)  v.  L  [It.  iitfrrazia- 
narsi;  L.  in  an  J  gratia,  favor.] 

1.  To  comraeni]  one's  self  to  another's  good  will, 
confidence,  or  kindness.    It  is  always  used  as  a  re- 
ciprocal verb,  and  followed  by  itith,  before  the  person 
whose  favor  is  sought.    Ministers  and  courtiers  in- 
gratiiUe  themselves  icilA   their  sovereign.      Dema- 
gogues ingratiate  themselves  with  the  populace. 
2   To  recommend  ;  to  render  easy ;  iised  of  things. 
Hammond, 
IN-GRa'TIa-TED,  pp.    Commended  one's  self  to  an- 
other's favor 
IN-GRA'TIa-TING,  ppr.    Commending  one's  self  to 

the  favor  of  another. 
IN-GRa'TIa-TING,  n.    The  act  of  commending  one's 

self  to  another's  favor. 
IN-GRATa-TL'DE,  n.     [Fr. ;  in  and  gratitude.] 

1.  Want  of  gratitude  or  sentiments  of  kindness 
for  favors  received  ;  insensibility  to  favors,  and  want 
of  a  disposition  to  repay  them  ;  nnt  hank  fulness.  No 
man  will  own  himself  guilty  of  ingratitude. 

Ingradiude  U  abliorred  by  God  and  man.  L'Estrange. 

9.  Retribution  of  evil  for  good. 

Nor  was  it  wiili  ingratitude  istumed.  Dryden, 

IN-GRaVE',  r.  (.    To  bur}*.    [JVotaseA]     [See  also 

EXGHAVE.] 

m-GR  A  V'l-D aTE,  r.  (.     [L.  gracidus.'] 

To  impregnate.  Fuller. 

IN-ORAV'I-Da-TED,  pp.    Impregnated. 

IN-GRAV'I-Da-TING,  ppr.    Impregnating. 

IN-GRAV-I-Da'TION,  n.  The  slate  of  being  preg- 
nant. 

IN-GREaT^  r.  (.    To  make  great.     [J\''ot  in  use.] 

FotJierbi/. 

IN'-GRe'DI-EXT,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  ingrediens,  enter- 
ing into  ;  ingredior ;  in  and  gradior.     See  Grade.] 

That  which  enters  into  a  compound,  or  is  a  com- 
ponent part  of  any  compound  or  mixture.  It  is  par- 
ticularly applied  to  the  simples  in  medicinal  compo- 
sitions, but  admits  of  a  very  general  application. 
We  say,  an  ointment  or  a  decoction  is  composed  of 
certain  ingredients  ,•  and  Addison  wondered  that 
learning  was  not  thought  a  proper  ingredient  in  the 
education  of  a  woman  of  quality  or  fortune. 

IN'GRESS,  n.     [L.  ingressus,  ingredior,  supra.] 

1.  Entrance ;  as,  the  ingrcss~o(  air  into  the  lungs. 
It  is  particularly  appUed  to  the  entrance  of  the  moon 
into  the  shadow  of  the  earth  in  eclipses,  the  sun's 
entrance  into  a  sign,  &c. 

2.  Power  of  entrance  j  means  of  entering.  All 
intrrcss  was  prohibited. 

IN-GRES'SION,  (-gresh'un,)  n.    [Fr.,  from  L.  ingre.^- 

siOy  ingredior.] 
The  act  of  entering  ;  entrance.  Digby. 

IN"GinN-AL,  (ing'gwin-al,)  a.    [from  L.  inguen,  the 

groin.] 
Pertaining  to  the  groin  ;  as,  an  inguinal  tumor. 
IN-GXJLF',  V.  U    {in  and  gidf.]    To  swallow  up  in  a 

vast  deep,  gulf,  or  whirlpool.  Milton, 

2.  To  cast  into  a  gulf.  Hayicard. 

IN-GULF'£D,  (in-guifi',)  pp.     Swallowed  up  in  a 

gulf  or  vast  deep  ;  cast  into  a  gulf. 
IX-GtJLF'IXG,  ppT.    Swallowing  up  in  a  gulf,  whirl- 
pool, or  vast  deep. 
IN-GULF'MENT,  tu    A  swallowing  up  in  a  gulf  or 

abyss. 
IN-GL'R'GI-TaTE,  r.  (.     [L.  ingurgiio  ;  in  and  gur- 

ges,  a  gulf.  J 

To  swallow  greedilv  or  in  great  quantitv.     DicL 
IN-GUR'GI-TaTE,  v.  i.    To  drink  largely  ',  to  swill. 
I.\-GUR'GI-Ta-TED,  pp.    Swallowed  greedilv. 
IN-GUR-GI-T.\'TI0X,  n.      The  act  of  swallowing 

greedilv,  or  in  great  quantitv.  Darwin. 

iK-GUSt'A-BLE,  a.     [h.  in  and  gvsto,  to  taste.] 

That  can  not  be  tasted.     [Little  used.]       Brown. 
IN-H.-VB'ILE,  a.     [Fr.,  from  L.  inkabiiis ;  in  and  fmbi- 

?w,  apt,  fit.] 

1.  Not  apt  or  fit  j  unfit;  not  convenient;  as,  in- 
habile  matter.  Encyc. 

2.  Unskilled;  unready;  unquaUfied ;  used  x>f  per- 
sons.    [Little  used,]     [See  U.vable.] 

IN-li.\-BIL'I-TY,  n.  [from  inhabile.]  Unaptness ; 
unfitness;  want  of  skill.  [Little  used.]  [See  Ina- 
bility.] 

IN-H.\B'lT,  r.  (.  [L.  inJtabito ;  in  and  luihito,  to 
dwell.] 

To  live  or  dwell  in  ;  to  occupy  as  a  place  of  settled 
residence.  Wild  beasts  inliabit  the  forest ;  fishes  in- 
habit the  ocean,  lakes,  and  rivers ;  men  infuibU  cities 
and  houses. 

Thos  satth  Uie  hi^  and  loft?  One,  that  irJutiiielh,  tteivAly.— 
Is.  Ivii. 

IN-HAB'IT,  u.  i.    To  dwell ;  to  live ;  to  abide. 

They  say  wild  beasts  inhabit  here.  Wailer. 

IN-HAB'IT-A-BLE,  a.  [from  inhabit.]  Habitable ; 
that  may  be  inhabited  ;  capable  of  aflording  habita- 
tion to  animals.  The  stars  may  be  inhabitable 
worlds.  Some  regions  of  the  enrth  are  not  inhabita- 
ble, by  reason  of  cold  or  sterility.  A  building  may 
be  too  old  and  decayed  to  be  inhahiuibU. 

2.  Not  habitable.  [Fr.  inhabitable  ;  L.  inhahitabilis.] 
[Ao(  in  use,]  Shak. 


INH 

IN-IIABIT-ANCE,  n.  Residence  of  dwellers.  [Lit- 
tle used.]  Carew. 

IN-HAB'IT-AN-Cy,  n.  Residence  ;  habitancy  ;  per- 
manent or  legal  residence  in  a  town,  city,  or  parish  ; 
or  the  domiciliation  winch  the  law  requires  to  entitle 
a  pauper  to  demand  support  from  the  town,  city,  or 
parish  in  which  he  lives,  otherwise  called  a  legal 
settlement,  which  subjects  a  town  to  support  a  per- 
son, if  a  pauper.  Laws  of  Mass.     BlacksUmc. 

IN-HAB'IT-ANT,  71.  A  dweller;  one  who  dwells  or 
resides  permanently  in  a  place,  or  who  has  a  fixed 
residence,  as  distinguished  from  an  occasional  lodger 
or  visitor ;  as,  the  inhabitant  of  a  house  or  cottage ; 
the  inhabitants  of  a  town,  city,  county,  or  stale.  So 
brute  animals  are  inhabitants  of  the  regions  to  which 
their  natures  are  adapted  ;  and  we  speak  of  spiritual 
beings  as  inliabitants  of  hfaven. 

2.  One  who  has  a  legal  settlement  in  a  town,  city, 
or  parish.  The  conditions  or  qualifications  which 
constitute  a  person  an  inhabitant  of  a  town  or  par- 
ish, so  as  to  subject  the  town  or  parish  to  support 
him,  if  a  pauper,  are  defined  by  the  statutes  of  diillr- 
cnt  governments  or  states. 

IN-HAB-IT-.\aTON,  n.  The  act  of  inhabiting,  or 
state  of  being  inhabited.  Ralegh, 

2.  Abode;  place  of  dwelling.  MUton. 

3.  Population  ;  whole  mass  of  inhabitants. 

[  This  word  is  little  used.]  [Brovm. 

IN-HAB'IT-.\-TIVE-NESS,  n.  In  phrenology,  an  or- 
gan which  produces  the  desire  of  permanence  in 
place  or  abode.  Brandc. 

IN-HAB'IT-ED,  pp.  or  a.    Occupied  by  inhabitants, 

human  or  irrational. 
IN-HAB'IT-ER,  n.    One  v^ho  inhabits ;  a  dweller;  an 

inhabitant.  Derham. 

IN-HAB'IT-ING,  ppr.    Dwelling  in;  occupying  as  a 

settled  or  permanent  inhabitant ;  residing  in. 
IN-HAB'IT-RESS,  n.    A  female  inhabitant. 

Bp.  Richardson, 
IX-IIA-La'TION,  71.    The  act  of  inhaling. 
IN-HaLE',  v.  t.     [L.  inkalo  ;  in  and  halo,  to  breathe.] 
To  draw  into  the  lungs;  to  inspire;  as^io  inhale 
air;  opposed  to  Exhale  and  Espias. 

Martin  was  walking  forth  to  inhale  the  fresh  brecro  of  the 
evenio*.  Arbuthnol  and  Pope. 

IN-HaL'£D,  pp.    Drawn  into  tlie  lungs. 

IN-IIaL'ER,  )i.    One  who  inhales, 

2.  In  medicine^  an  apparatus  for  breathing  or  draw- 
ing warm  steam  or  some  aeriform  substance  into  the 
lungs,  as  a  remedy  for  coughs  and  catarrhal  com- 
plaints, Dunglison. 

IN-HaL'ING,  ppr.  Drav/ing  into  the  lungs;  breath- 
ing. 

IX-HAR-MONae,         )  a.     Unbarmoniuus ;  discord- 

1N-HAR-3I0N'I€-AL,  \     ant. 

IN-HAR-Mo'NI-OUS,  a.  [in  and  Itannonious.]  Not 
harmonious  ;  unmusical ;  discordant.  BrooTne. 

IN-HAR-:\IO'NI-0US-LY,  adv.  Without  harmony; 
discordantlv. 

IN-H.\R'MO-Ny,  71.    Want  of  Jiarmony  ;  discord. 

IN-HELD',  pp.     Contained  in  itself. 

IN-HkRE',  r.  i.     [L.  inluErco;  in  and  furreoy  to  hang.] 
To  exist  or  be  fixed  in  something  else  ;  as,  colors 
inhrre  in  cloth  ;  a  dart  inheres  in  the  flesh. 

IX-HeR'ENCE,   )  71.      Existence    in    something  ;    a 

IN-HkR'EN-CY,  \  fixed  state  of  being  in  another 
body  or  substance. 

IN-HeR'ENT,  a.  Existing  in  something  else,  so  as 
to  be  inseparai^e  from  iu 

Irikertnt  boscucss.  Shak. 

2.  Innate  ;  naturTilIy  pertaining  to  ;  as,  the  inherent 

qualities  of  the  magnet ;  the  inherent  right  of  men  to 

l!fe,_libcrty,  and  protection. 
IN-IIeR'EXT-LV,  adv.    By  inherence.  Bentleij. 

IN-HeR'ING,  ppr.    Existing  or  fi-xed  in  something 

else. 
IN-HER'IT,  r.  t.     [Sp.  heredar ;  Port,  licrdar  ;  It.  ere- 

dare  ,-  Fr.  heriter ;  from  L.  lurres,  an  heir.  See  Heik-] 

1.  To  take  by  descent  from  an  ancestor ;  to  lake 
by  succession,  as  the  representative  of  the  former 
possessor;  to  receive,  as  a  right  or  title  descendible 
by  law  from  an  ancestor  at  his  decease.  TJie  heir 
inherits  the  lands  or  real  estate  of  his  father;  the 
eldest  son  of  the  nobleman  inherits  his  father's  title, 
and  the  eldest  son  of  a  king  irihertts  the  crown. 

2.  To  receive  by  nature  from  a  progenitor.  The 
son  inherits  the  virtues  of  his  fatht-r ;  the  daughter 
inheriLt  the  temper  of  her  mother,  and  children  often 
in/ierit  the  constitutional  inlirmities  of  their  parents. 

3.  To  possess  ;  as,  tlie  world  and  all  it  doth  inherit ; 
to  inherit  a  thought  of  iU  concerning  some  one. 
[Obs.]  Shak. 

4.  To  enjoy ;  to  take  as  a  possession,  by  gift  or 
divine  appropriation  ;  as,  to  inherit  ei'erlasting  life  ; 
to  iitherit  tije  promises. 

That  thou  niaycst  Uve,  and  itiherii  the  land  wliidi  Jcborah  thy 

God  gi'L'tli  Uiec.  —  Deul.  x»i. 
The  meek  shall  inherit  the  earth —  Mutt.  ▼. 

IN-HER'IT,  c.  i.  To  take  or  have  possession  or  prop- 
erty. 

Thou  shall  not  inheiit  in  our  father's  hoosc.  —  Judges  xi. 

IN-HER-IT-A-BIL'I-TV,  n.  The  qualitj-  of  being  in- 
heritable or  descendible  to  heirs,  Jefftrson, 


INH 

IN-HEUaT-A-BLE,  a.  That  riLiy  be  inherited; 
transinissiLIc  or  descendible  from  the  anccnior  to 
the  heir  by  course  of  law  ;  as,  an  mhrritabU  estate 
or  title. 

2.  That  may  be  tranEmitted  from  the  parent  to  the 
child  ;  a^,  inheritable  qualities  or  infirmities. 

3.  Capable  of  taking  by  inheritance,  or  of  receiv- 
ing by  descent. 

By  ntuJndcr—  (V  Wood  of  the  jxrraon  ■itaintftl  k  ao  earrofttA 
lu  to  t«  rciidrivd  no  lon^r  uAeriiaUt.  DlaeksStm*. 

IN-HER'IT-A-BLY,  adv.    By  inheritance.    Sherwcod. 

IN-HER'[T-ANCE,n.  An  estate  derived  from  an  an- 
cestor to  an  heir  by  succession  or  in  course  of 
law  ;  or  an  estate  which  the  law  casts  on  a  child  or 
other  person,  as  the  representative  of  the  deceased 
ancestor. 

2.  The  reception  of  an  estate  by  hereditary  right, 
or  the  descent  by  which  an  estate  or  title  is  cast  on 
the  heir ;  as,  the  heir  received  the  estate  by  inherit- 
ance. 

3.  The  estate  or  possession  which  may  descend  to 
an  heir,  though  it  has  not  descended. 

And  Rachel  and  Leali  .-inswered  anii  KiJd,  T«  there  yet  any  pof^ 
tiou  or  inheriiance  t^r  us  io  our  ^tUtcr'k  twuse  ?  —  Gen.  xxzL 

4.  An  estate  given  or  possessed  by  donation  or  di- 
vine appropriation.    JVum.  xxvi. 

5.  That  which  is  possessed  or  enjoyed ;  possession. 

Shak. 

Aik  of  me,  and  I  will  'ire  thee  lae  healhcn  lor  thine  inhenuna. 
-  Pi.  ii. 

IN-IIER'IT-ED,  pp.  or  a.    Received  by  descent  from 

an  ancestor;  possessed. 
IN-HER'IT-ING,  ppr.    Taking  by  succession  or  right 

of  representation ;  receiving  from  ancestors ;  pos- 

sirssing. 
IN-HER'IT-OR,  71.      .\n  heir;    one  who  inherits  or 

mav  inherit. 
IN-IIER'IT-RESS,  )  71.     An  heiress;   a  female  who 
IN-HER'IT-REX,     j      inherits,  or  is  entitled  to  in- 
herit, after  the  death  of  her  ancestor. 
IX-HERSE',  r.  t.     [in  andAcr^f.]     To  inclose  in  afu- 

neral  monument.  Shak. 

IN-He'SIOX,  (in-he'zhun,)  n.     [L.  inhtrsio,  inhtrreo.] 
Inherence  ;  the  state  of  existing  or  being  fixed  in 

something. 
IN-HI-A'TION,  71.    [L.  inhiatio.\ 

.\  gaping  after  ;  eager  desire.    [JVbt  used.] 
IN-HIB'IT,  V.  t.     [Fr.  iuhiber ;  L.  inhibeo;    in  and  ha- 

bco,  to  hold,  properly  to  rush  or  drive.] 

1.  To  restrain  ;  to  hinder  ;  to  check  or  repress. 

Their   motions  also   ore  excited  or   inhiinted — by  Ute  objACta 
wllh^'it  thom.  Bentie^. 

2.  Toforijid;  to  prohibit  j  to  interdict. 

All  men  were  iTiAibUed  by  prodamatioo  at  Itc  dissolutiiin   u 
mach  as  to  mention  a  parliament.  Ciisrendon, 

IN-HIB'IT-ED, pp.    Restrained;  forbid. 

IN-HIB'IT-ING,  ppr.  Restraining;  repressing;  pro- 
hibiting. 

IN-HI-Bi"TION,  C-bish'un,)  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  inhi- 
bitio.]^ 

1.  Prohibition  ;  restraint ;  embargo. 

2.  In  laic,  a  writ  to  forbid  or  inhibit  a  judge  from 
farther  proceedings  in  a  cause  depending  before  him  ; 
commonlyy  a  writ  issuing  from  a  higher  ecclesiastical 
court  to  an  inferior  one,  on  appeal.  Cowei. 

IN-HIB'IT-O-RY,  a.     Prohibitor>-.  Southey. 

IN-HoLD',  r.  L  ;  prct.  and  pp.  Inhelp.     [in  and  hold.] 
To  have  inherent ;    to  contain  in  iuelf.    [Little 

used.]  Ralegh. 

IN-HOLD'ER,  71.     An  inhabitant.     [Obs.]     Spenser, 
IN-HOQP',  r.  (.    [in  and  hoop.]    To  confine  or  inclose 

in  any  place.  Sliak. 

IN-H06P'£D,  (in-honpt',)  pp.    Confined  or  inclosed. 
IN-HO^'Pr-T.VBLE,  a.     [in  and  htispttable.] 

1.  Not  hospitable  ;  not  disposed  to  entertain  strin- 
gers gratuitously ;  declining  to  entertain  guests,  or 
entertaining  them  with  reluctance  ;  as,  an  inhosjyita- 
blc  person  or  people. 

2.  .VlTording  no  conveniences,  subsistence,  or  shel- 
ter to  strangers  ;  as,  inhospitable  deserts  or  rocks. 

Mdton,     Lh-yden, 
IN-HOS'Pr-TA-BLE-NESS, )  t:.    Want  of  hospiLility 
IN-HOS-PI-TAL'I-TY,  S     or  kindness  to  stran- 

gers ;  refusal  or  unwillingness  to  entertain  guests  or 
strangers  without  reward.  Chesterfield. 

IN-HOS'PI-T.VBLY,  ode.    Unkindly  to  straJigers. 

Milton. 
IN-HO'M.\N,   a.      [Fr.   vihiimain;    h.  itihumanus ;  in 
and  humanus,  humane.] 

1.  Destitute  of  the  kmdness  and  tenderness  tJiat 
belong  to  a  human  being;  auel;  barbarous;  savage; 
unfeeling  :  as,  an  inhuman  person  or  people. 

2.  Marked  with  crueltv  ;  as,  an  inhuman  act. 
IN-HU-MAN'I-TY,  ti.     [Fr.  inhumanite.] 

1.  Cruelty  in  disposition;  savageness  of  heart; 
used  of  persons. 

2.  Cruelty  in  act ;  barbarity  ;  used  of  actions. 
IN-HC'MAN-LY,  adv.    AVith  cruelty  ;  barbarously. 

Sityh 
IN-HtJ'M.ATE,  r.  t.    To  inhume,  which  see. 
L\-HU-.M.\'TION,  n.     The  act  of  burying;    inter- 
ment. 


TuNE,  BTILL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"C10US.  — C  as  K ;  6  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  ClI  as  SII;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


INI 


INJ 


[Kr.  iakumn;  h.  iiiAn^iw,  Ab««,  to 
Hi  inlet ;  to  di'posil  In  His  earth,  as  a 


IN-HOME',  r.  t. 

To  bury 

IX-IICM'^Mt,  p/i.    Burled  ;  imcrrtd. 
i'\.iirM'IN(;,p»r.    Huoinfi;  IntPrrinp. 
V  iM.\(5'IN-A-mJ-:,«i.     Uiiiiuaginable;  Inconcoiva- 
'• .  ' "     ■  Pearson. 

LN-lil'ie-AL,   a.      [L.  inimieuai    in  and  amicus,   a 

l"  t'liiVu-ndly ;  having  iho  dli^poaiiion  or  lenipor  of 
an  encnty  i  aintlied  to;»rica/e  enmity,  a*  hosUU  ifl  to 

2.  Advcrso;  hurtful;  repugnant. 

S«n^  Tloifuea  iiuntitai  lo  commcre*.  \rrt«f. 

IN-IM'ie-AL-IA',  ode.     In  an  unfriendly  manner. 
IN-IM-I-TA-BIL'I-TV,    «.      (from   iniinifaA/*".]      i  ne 
'mialilv  of  iM-iiia  incnuablf  ot  jmilation.        AVrrw. 
LN-IM'l-TA-liLK,  «.  [Fr.,  from  L.  im/nctaii/u;  m  and 
imitabiluy  frum  iini/or,  lo  imitnlc] 

Tbalcan  nut  bt-  imitiU.Ml  orcopiod  ;  siirpnssinR  im- 

ilalion  ;  at.  inimitable  btanty  or  t'xccHoncu  ;  an  vum- 

itable  de*cni>tuui ;  iRtmiiabU  eloquence.  _ 

IN-IM'l-T.\-liL,V,a^r.      In  n  manner  not  lo  be  imi- 

taled  ;  to  a  dcgrcf  beyond  imilaiion. 

Chann*  inch  m  ihiur,  itamilabli/  [jTcaL  Broom*. 

IN-ia'UI-TOUS.  (in-ik'wc-tus,)  a-    [Son  Iniquity.] 

Unjusi ;  wicked  ;  as,  an  iniquUous  bargain  ;   an  in- 

iauitouji  nrocffding. 
[U  U  niiplird  to  (liings  rather  than  to  persons,  but 

may  he  awilied  to  persons.] 
IN-UVUI-TOUS-LV,  rt^r.    Unjustly  ;  wickedly. 
LN-IU'LTI-TV,  fin-ik'we4y,)  n.    [Fr.  ituquiti ;  L.  in- 

imtibu;  i«  and  aquitas,  equity.] 

1.  Injustice;  unrightcousnosa ;  a  deviation  from 
rectitude  ;  aa,  Uio  iniqtiily  of  war  ;  the  iniquity  of  the 
fiavc  trade.  . 

2.  W'anl  of  rectitude  in  principle ;  a5,  a  malicious 
prosecution  orisinalin?  in  the  imqititij  of  the  author. 

3.  A  partictilar  deviation  from  rectitude  j  a  sin  or 
crime  ;  wickedness ;  any  act  of  injustice. 

yoor  ittipiiitM  Imo  «)piiatcd  between  you  and  your  GoJ.  — 
U.UX. 

4.  Original  want  of  holiness,  or  depravity. 

I  vu  ihiprD  In'iruqaiU/.  —  Pa.  li. 

IN-T'aUOUS,  a.    Unjust.    [A'VX  used.] 

IN-IR-RI-TA-UlL'l-TV,  n.  [mand  irritability.]  The 
qu:ility  of  bfinc  inirrilable,  or  not  susceptible  i)(  con- 
traction bv  cxciii'iueut.  Danein. 

IX-IR'RI-1^\-BLE,  (I.  [in  and  irritable.]  Not  irrita- 
ble ;  not  susceptible  of  irritation,  or  contraction  by 
excitement.  Danein. 

IN-IR'KI  TA-TIVE,  a.  Not  accompanied  with  ex- 
citement ;  as,  an  inirritative  fever.  iMrwin. 

IN-TSLE',  (in-ilc'.)  v.  t.  [in  and  isle.]  To  surround  ; 
lo  encircle.     ^JVot  in  usfl]  Drayton. 

IN-I"TIAL,  Cin-i.-ili'al,)  a.  [Fr.,from  L.  initialis,  ini- 
tium^  beginning.] 

1.  Ucclnnint:;  placed  at  the  beginning;  as,  the 
initial  letters  of  a  name. 

2.  Beginning;  incipient  j  as,  the  initial  eyinptoms 
of  a  disease. 

IN-I"TIAL,  It.    The  first  letter  of  a  name. 

IN-I"TI.\L-LY,  ado.    In  an  Incipient  degree. 

Barrow. 

IN-I"TIaTE,  (in-iah'ute,)  t?.  (.  [Low  L.  initio,  to  en- 
ter or  begin,  from  inituiri,  ineOy  lo  enter;  in  and  eo, 
to  goj 

1.  To  instnirt  in  nidimcnts  or  principles  ;  or  lo  in- 
troduce into  any  society  or  sect  by  instructing  the 
candidate  in  its  principles  or  ceremonies  ;  as,  to  in- 
itiate a  person  intu  the  mysteries  of  Ceres. 

3.  To  introduce  Into  a  new  state  or  society  ;  ai^,  to 
imitiau  one  intti  a  club,  Addison. 

3.  To  instrurt ;  to  acquaint  with ;  as,  to  initiate 
one  In  the  higher  branches  of  mathematics. 

4.  To  hcain  upon.  Clarendon. 
IN-F'TIATE,  c.  i.    To  do  Uie  first  act ;  to  perform  the 

first  rile.  Pope. 

IN-I"TIATE.  (in-ish'ate,)  a.    Unpracticed.      Shak. 

2.  Begun  ;  commenced.    A  tenant  by  the  courtesy 
■if..iff.  becomes  so  by  the  birth  of  a  child,  but  his 

■   iiio  is  not  consnmmate  till  the  death  of  the  wife. 
Blackslone. 

IX-r'TIATE,  rt.     One  who  is  initiated.    J.  Barlow. 

I.\.|"TIA-TED,  pp.  ova.  InBinictcd  in  the  first  prin- 
ciples; entered  ;  received  mlo  a  society  or  sect  by 
Uw  proper  ceremonies. 

IN  I'TlA-TING,  ;>;7r.  Introducing  by  instniction,  or 
hy  appropriate  cerrmnnies.  J.  M.  Mason 

IN.|"TI  A'TION,  (in-ishe-i'shun,)  n.     [L.  iniiiatio.] 

1.  The  act  of  pntceju  of  tntmduciug  one  into  a  new 
society,  hy  in.itnicting  him  in  its  principles,  rules,  or 
ccrcmnnies  ;  as,  to  initiate  a  pcrsun  into  a  Christian 
community. 

2.  The  act  or  process  of  making  one  acquainted 
with  principles  before  unknown. 

3.  Admission  by  application  of  ceremonies  or  use 
of  symbols  j  as,  lo  initiate  one  into  the  vL^iblo  church 
by  baptism.  Hammond. 

IN-I"TIA-TIVK,  a.    Serving  to  initiate. 

IN  1"TI.\-TIVE,  n.    An  introductory  step  or  move- 


ment. The  term  is  applied  especially  to  the  action 
of  leei^lntive  bodies  ;  as  when  ont;  of  two  houses  has 
the  richt  to  originate  any  measuro,  it  is  said  to  have 
the  initiatit^e.  Such  is  the  right  of  the  house  of 
commons  in  respect  to  money  bills.  Brmidc. 

IN-r'TIA-TO-RY,  (in-idh'a-lo-ry,)  a.     Introductory  ; 
as,  an  initiatory  stt\i.  _ 

2.  Iniliatins  or  serving  to  initiate  ;  introducing  by 
Instruction,  or  by  the  use  and  application  of  symbols 
or  ceremonies. 

Two  iniliatory  riW*  of  Uic  fume  geneml  Import  oiii  not  exist 
io?«[hcr.  •'■  ^-  Mason. 


together. 

IN-I"TIA-TO-RY,  71. 


Introductory  rite. 
L.  Adtlison. 
A  beginning.     [  Obsolete] 
Taunton, 
t,    [L.  injectasy  injicio ;  in  and  jacio,  to 


[supra, 
IN-I"TION,  (in-ish'un,)  n. 


INJECT' 

throw.] 

1.  To  throw  in  ;  to  dart  in  ;  as,  to  niject  any  thing 
into  Uie  mouth  or  stomach. 

2.  To  cast  or  throw  on. 

And  mound  inject  on  mound.  Pojie. 

IN-JECT'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Thrown  in  or  on. 
IN-JE€T'INt;,  ppr.  Throwing  in  or  on. 
IN-JEC'TION,  (jn-jekMiun,)n    [Fr.,  from  L.  injectio.] 

1.  The  act  of  throwing  in  ;  applied  particularly  to 
the  forcible  throwing  in  of  a  liquid  or  aeriform  body, 
by  means  of  a  syringe,  pump,  Ace. 

9.  A  liquid  medicine  thmwn  into  the  body  by  a 
syringe  or  pipe  ;  a  clyster. 

3.  In  anatomy,  the  act  of  filhng  the  vessels  of  an 
animal  body  with  some  colored  substance,  in  order 
to  render  visible  their  figures  and  ramifications. 

Encyc. 
IN-JOIN'.     See  Enjoin. 
IN-JUeUND'I-TV,  ?i.     [L.  injucmiditas.] 

Unpleasantness  ;  disagreeableness.     [LiOle  used.] 
IN-JO'DI-€A-HLE,  a.    Not  cognizable  by  a  judge. 

[Little  usetK] 
IN'-JU-Dl"CiAL,  (-ju-dish'al,)  a.      Not  according  to 

the  forms  nfluw.  I^i^t- 

IN-JU-DI"C10US,(-ju-tllsh  us,)  a.     [in  nnd  judicious.] 

Not  judicious;  void  of  judgment;   acting  without 

judgment;  unwise;  as,  an  injudicious  person. 

2.  Not  according  to  sound  judgment  or  discretion ; 
unwise  ;  as,  ;in  injadinious  measure. 

IN-JU-DI"CIOUS-LY,  ado.  Without  judgment;  un- 
wisely. 

IN-JU-DI"CIOUS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
injudicious  or  unwise.  TVhitloch, 

IN-J  UNCTION.  iu  [L.  injwnctio,  from  injungo^  to 
enjoin  ;  in  and  jun^o,  to  join.] 

1.  A  command  ;  order;  precept;  the  direction  of 
a  superior  vested  with  authority. 

For  still  Ui^y  knew,  und  (.iiglit  to  have  clill  pcmcnibcred 

The  liigli  i.ij unction,  not  to  tiBl«  thiil  fruit.  A/i/ton. 

2.  Urgent  advice  or  exhortation  of  persons  not 
vested  with  absolute  aulhority  to  command. 

3.  In  law,  VI  writ  or  order  of  the  Court  of  Chancery, 
directed  to  an  inferior  court,  or  to  parties  and  their 
counsel,  directing  them  to  stay  proceedings,  or  to  do 
some  act,  as  to  put  the  plainlill'  in  possession  for 
want  of  the  defendant's  appearance,  to  stay  waste 
or  other  injury,  &.c.  When  the  reason  for  granting 
an  injunction  ceases,  the  injunction  is  dissolved. 

Blaclcstonc. 
IN'JUUE,  r.  /.     [Fr.  injure,  injurirr ;  L.  injuria,  injury  ; 
Sp.  injnriar  ;  It.  imriuriarc.     See  Injury.] 

1.  To  hurt  or  wound,  as  the  person;  to  impair 
soundness,  as  of  health. 

2.  To  damage  or  lessen  the  value  of,  as  goods  or 
estate. 

3.  To  slander,  tarnish,  or  impair,  as  reputation  or 
character. 

4.  To  impair  or  diminish  ;  to  annoy  ;  as  happiness. 

5.  To  give  pain  to ;  to  grieve  ;  as  sensibility  or 
feelings. 

G.  To  impair,  as  the  intellect  or  mind. 

7.  To  hurt  or  weaken  ;  as,  to  injure  a  good  cause. 

S.  To  impair  ;  to  violate  ;  as,  to  injure  rights. 

9.  To  make  worse  ;  as,  great  rains  injure  the  roads. 

10.  In  general,  to  wrong  the  person,  to  damage  the 
prop<!rty,  or  to  lessen  the  happiness  of  ourselves  or 
others,  A  man  injures  his  person  by  wounds,  his 
estate  by  negligence  or  extravagance,  and  his  hap- 
piness by  vices.  He  injures  his  neighbor  by  violence 
to  his  person,  by  fraud,  by  calumny,  and  by  non-ful- 
fillment of  his  contracts. 

IN'JUR-KD,  pp.  or  a.     Hurt;    wounded;    damaged; 

impaired  ;  weakened  ;  made  worse. 
IN'JIJR-F.lt,  7!.    One  who  injures  or  wrongs. 
IN'JUK-ING,  p/ir.     Hurting;  damaging;  impairing; 

weakening  ;  rendering  worse. 
IN-JO'UI-OUS,  a.     [L.  injurius  ;  Fr.  injaricux.] 

1.  Wrongful  ;  unjust ;  hurtful  to  the  rights  of 
another.  That  wliicli  impairs  rights  or  prevents 
the  enjoyment  of  them,  is  injurious. 

2.  Hurtful  to  the  person  or  health.  Violence  is 
injurioits  to  the  person,  as  intemperance  is  to  the 
health. 

3.  Afiecting  with  damage  or  loss.  Indolence  Is 
injurious  to  property. 


INL 

4.  Mischievous ;  hurtful ;  as,  tho  injurious  conse- 
quonres  (if  siu  or  fully. 

5.  Lesseniug  or  tarnishing  reputation.  Tho  very 
suspicion  of  cowardice  is  iujariou^  to  a  soldier's 
character. 

fi.  Detractory  ;  contumelious ;  hurting  reputation  ; 
as,  obscure  hints,  as  well  as  open  detraction,  are 
sometimes  injurious  to  reputation. 

7.  In  gencraU  whatever  gives  pain  to  tho  body  or 
mind,  whatever  imjiairs  or  destroys  property  or  riehts, 
whatever  tarnishes  reputation,  whatever  disturbs 
liappiiiess,  whatever  retards  prosperity  or  defeats  the 
success  of  a  cood  cause,  is  deemed  injurious. 

INJU'IU-OUW-I-Y,  acli:    Wrongfully  ;  hurtfuUy ;  with 
injustice  ;  mischievously. 

IN-.lCi'lU-OUS-NESS,  n.    The  quality  of  being  inju- 
rious or  hurtful ;  injury. 

IN'JIJ-RY,n.    [L.  injuria;  iu  and  jiM,jum,  right;  Fr. 
injure  ;  It.  itlffiuria  i  Sp.  injuria,] 

1.  In  general^  any  wrong  or  damage  done  to  a 
man's  person,  rights,  reputation,  or  goods.  'I'hat 
wJtich  impairs  the  soundness  of  the  body  or  heallli, 
or  pives  pain,  is  an  injury.  That  which  impairs  tlin 
mental  faculties  is  an  injury.  These  injuril■.^<  may  be 
received  by  a  fall  or  by  other  violence.  Trespass, 
fraud,  and  non-fulfillment  of  covenants  and  contracts 
are  injuria  to  rights.  Slander  is  an  injm-y  to  reputa- 
tion, and  so  are  cowardice  and  vice.  Whatever  im- 
pairs the  quality  or  diminishes  the  value  of  goods  or 
property,  is  an  injury.    We  may  receive  injury  by 

"misfortune  as  well  as  by  injustice. 

2.  Mischief;  detriment. 

Many  limes  wc  ilo  iriJuTij  10  a  cause  by  dwelling  on  tiininu 
argument.  Watte. 

3.  Any  diminution  of  that  which  is  good,  valuable, 
or  advantageous, 

INJUS'TICE,  n.    [Fr.,  from  L.  injustitia;  in  and  jus- 
titia,  justice.] 

1.  Iniquity  ;  wrong  ;  any  violation  of  another  s 
rights,  as  fraud  in  contracts,  or  the  withholding  of 
what  is  due.  It  has  a  particular  refertMice  to  an 
unequal  distribution  of  rights,  property,  or  privilegus 
among  persons  who  have  ei/urf claims. 

2.  The  withholding  from  another  merited  ]iraise, 
or  ascribing  to  liim  unmerited  blame. 

INK,  n.     [D.  inid:  Fr.  euere.    Qu.  It.  incAioslro,  from 
inchitulcre,  L.  includo.] 

1.  A  black  liquor  or  substance  used  for  writing, 
generally  made  of  an  infusion  of  galls,  copperas, 
and  gum-arabic. 

2.  Any  liquor  used  for  writing  or  forming  letters, 
as  red  inh^  &c. 

3.  A  pigment. 

Prinliinf  ink  is  made  by  boiling  linseed  oil,  and 
burning  it  for  a  short  time,  and  mixing  it  with  lamp- 
black,  with  an  addition  of  soap  and  rosin. 

Ink  for  the  rollinfr  press,  is  made  with  linseed  oil 
burnt  as  above,  and  mixed  with  Frankfort  black. 

Indian  ink,  from  China,  is  composed  of  lanqiblack, 
and  size  or  animal  glue.  mcholson. 

Sympatkelie  inic,  a  liquor  used  in  writing,  winch 
exhibits  no  color  or  appearance  till  some  other  means 
are  used,  such  as  holding  it  to  the  fire,  or  rubbing 
something  over  it.  Sncijc. 

INK,  V.  t.    To  black  or  daub  with  ink. 
INK'-1!.VG,  n.    A  bag  or  sac  containing  a  deep  black 
liquid  ;  found  in  certain  animals,  as  the  ciittli  lisli. 

BudJ.mtl. 
INK'BLUR-KED,  a.    Blurred  or  darkened  with  ink. 
I.NK'isn,  (inkt,)  pp.    Covered  or  daubed  with  ink. 
INK'HOUN,  n.     [inland  hum;  horns  being  formerly 
used  for  holding  ink.]     A  small  vessel  used  lo  hold 
ink   on  a  writing-table  or  desk,  or  for  carrying  it 
about  the  person.    Inlchorns  are  made  of  horn,  glass, 
or  stone.  .  . 

2.  A  portable  case  for  the  instruments  of  writing. 

Johnson, 
INK'HORN,  a.   A  reproachful  epithet,  meaning  affect- 
ed, pedantic,  or  pompous.     [  Ois.l  Bale, 
INK'I-NESS,  n,     [from  inky?\    The  state  or  quality 

of  being  inkv. 
INK'ING,  fpr.    Covering  or  daubing  with  ink. 
INK'LE,  (ink'l,)  n.     A  kind  of  broad  linen  tape. 

ShaJ:. 
an  intimation. 
Bacon, 

9.  Inclination  ;  desire.  Orosc. 

[This  is  the  proper  sense  of  the  word  ;  it  being  from 
incline,  inclination.']  . 

INK'-.MaK-ER,  n.    One  whose  occupation  is  to  make 

ink.  „    ^, 

IN-KNIT',  (in-nit',)  v.  t.    To  knit  in.  Houthnj, 

IN-KNOT',  (in-not',)  JJ.  (.     {in  vlwA  knot.]    Tomml,a3 
with  a  knot.  ,       ,■„, 

INK'STAND,  n.   A  vessel  for  holding  ink  and  writing 

materials.  - 

INK'-SToNE,  71.    A  kind  of  small,  round  stone,  ol  a 

white,  red,  gray,  yellow,  or  black  color,  containing  a 

quantity  of  native  vitriol  or  sulphate  of  iron,  used  in 

making  ink.  .   ,  ^",T;i, 

INK'y,  a.    Consisting  of  ink  ;  resembUng  ink  ;  uiacii. 

2.  Tarnished  or  blackened  with  ink. 

(.    linandiuce.]    To  embellish  with  va- 
^  Flacker. 


INK'LING,  n.    A  hint  or  whisper  ; 


IN-LaCE',  II. 
negations. 


Fate,  fxr,  fall,  what.— mete,  prey — pine,  marine,  bird.— note,  dove,  move,  wolf,  book. 
606 


L      [L.  in  and   lapidoj  Japis,  a 


INN 

IN-LaC'-ED,  (-lisi',}  pp.  Embellished  with  variega- 
tions. 

IN-LaC'I\G,  ppr.    Emliellishinn;  with  variegations. 

IN-LA-GA'TION,  it.  The  restitution  of  an  outlawed 
person  to  the  protection  of  the  law.  Bouvier. 

IN-LAID',  pp.  of  IxLAv,  which  see. 

IN'LAND,  a.  [in  anit  iand.'\  Interior;  remote  from 
the  sea.  \V'orcesl.;r  in  Massachusetts,  and  Lancas- 
ter in  Pennsylvania,  are  larse  inland  towns. 

2.  Within  land  ;  remote  from  the  ocean  ;  as,  an  in- 
land lake  or  sea.  Spenser. 

3.  Carried  on  within  a  country;  domestic;  not 
foreign;  as,  inland  trade  or  transportation;  inland 
navigation. 

4.  Confined  to  a  country ;  drawn  and  payable  in 
the  same  countrj* ;  as,  an  inland  bill  of  exchange, 
distinguished  from  a  foreign  bill,  which  is  drawn  in 
one  country  on  a  person  living  in  another. 

IN'LAND,  iu    The  interior  part  of  a  country. 

Shak.    Milton. 
I^^'L.'VND-ER,  71.    One  who  lives  in  the  interior  of  a 

country-,  or  at  a  distance  from  the  sea.  Brown. 

IN'L.\>.'D-ISH,  a.    Denoting  something  inland;  na- 
tive.    [Obi.] 
IN-LAP'I-DaTE,  V 
stone.] 

To  convert  into  a  stony  substance ;  to  petrify.  [Lit- 
tle used.]  Bacon. 
IN-LAW,  17.  L    To  clear  of  outlawry  or  attainder. 

Bacifn. 
IX-L-^W'£D,  pp.  Cleared  of  attainder. 
IN-LaV,  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  IrfLAio.  [in  and  lay.] 
To  diversify  cabinet  or  other  work  by  laying  in  and 
fastening  with  glue  or  cement,  thin  slices  or  leaves 
of  fine  wood,  ivory,  peart,  mosaic,  &c.,  on  a  ground 
of  common  wood,  or  coarser  material.  This  is  used 
in  makmg  compartments.  Owilt. 

IX'LaY,  n.    Matter  or  pieces  of  wood,  ivory,  &c.,  in- 
laid, or  prepared  for  inlaying.  Milton. 
IN-La  V'ER,  n.    The  person  who  inlays,  or  whose  oc- 
cupation it  is  to  inlay. 
IN-LaY'ING,  ppr.     Laying  in  thin  slices  of  wood, 

ivory,  &c.,  on  another  surface. 
IN-LaY'IXG,  71.  The  operation  of  diversifying  or  or- 
namenting work  with  thin  pieces  of  wood,  ivory, 
pearl,  .Sec,  set  in  a  ground  of  other  wood,  or  coarser 
material. 
IN'LET,  71.  [in  and  let.]  A  passage  or  opening  by 
which  an  inclosed  place  may  be  entered;  place  of  in- 
gress ;  entrance.  Thus,  a  window  is  an  inlet  for 
light  into  a  house  ;  the  senses  are  the  inlets  of  ideas 
or  perceptions  into  the  mind. 

2.  A  bay  or  recess  in  the  shore  of  the  sea,  or  of  a 
lake  or  large  river,  or  between  isles. 
LV  LIMI-JfE,    [L.]     At  the  threshold  ;  at  the  begin- 
ning or  outset. 
IN-LIST'.    See  Eslist. 
IN-LOCK',  V.  t.    To  lock  or  inclose  one  thing  within 

another. 
IN-LOCK'-ED,  (in-Iokt',)  jTp.  Locked  or  inclosed  with- 
in another  thing. 
LV  LO' CO,  [h.]    In  the  place. 
LX'LY,  a.     [inandVkc]    Internal;  interior;  secrrrt. 

ShaJi. 
IN'LY,   adv.    Internally  ;   within ;  in  the  heart ;  se- 
cretly ;  as,  to  be  inhj  pleased  or  grieved. 

Jiftlton.     Spmser. 
TN'MaTE,  n.     [in,  or  inn,  and  mate]     A  person  who 
lodges  or  dwells  in  the  same  house  with  another,  oc- 
cupying different  rooms,  but  using  the  same  door  for 
passing  in  and  out  of  the  house.  Cozed. 

2.  A  lodger;  one  who  lives  with  a  family,  but  is 
not  otlierwise  connected  with  it  than  as  a  lodger. 
IN'MaTE,  a.     Admitted  as  a  dweller.  Milton. 

LY  ME'DI-AS  RE.-<,   [L.]     In  the  midst  of  things. 
IN'MoST,  o,     [ill  and  most.]    Deepest  within  ;  remot- 
est from  the  surface  or  external  part. 

The  sl'^nt,  alow,  coosumin^  fires, 

Wliich  on  my  inmoal  vitals  pn-y.  Addison, 

I  g^ot  into  Uie  inmost  court.  Ciuliioer. 

INX,  n.  [Sax.  itjti,  probably  from  the  Heb.  and  Ch. 
n:n,  to  dwell,  or  to  pitch  a  tent,  whence  Ch.  nun, 
an  inn.    Class  Gn,  No.  19.] 

1.  A  house  for  the  lodging  and  entertainment  of 
travelers  ;  often  a  tavern  where  liquors  are  funiished 
for  travelers  and  others. 

There  was  no  room  for  them  in  ttie  inn.  —  Luk5  ii. 


2.  In  Englaiul,  a  college  of  municipal  or  common 
law  professors  and  students  ;  the  word  inn  liaving 
formerly  been  used  as  synonymous  with  lodging- 
house  or  residence,  and  also  for  the  town-house  of  a 
nobleman,  bishop,  or  other  distinguished  personage, 
in  which  he  resided  when  he  attended  the  court. 
Hence  the  terms  Lincoln's  Inn,  Gray's  Inn,  &c., 
whicli  were  once  the  residences  of  the  noble  fam- 
ilies whose  names  they  bear.  Toone. 

Injis  of  court ;  colleges  in  whicli  students  of  law 
reside  and  are  instructed.  The  principal  are  the  in- 
iif-r  Temple,  the  Middle  Temple,  Lincoln's  Inn,  and 
Gray's  Inn. 

Inns  of  chancery  ;  colleges  in  which  young  students 
fumierly  began  their  law  studies.  These  are  now 
occupied  chiefly  by  attorneys,  solicitors,  Sec,  Encye. 


INN 

INN,  V.  i.    To  take  up  lodging  ;  to  lodge.         Donne. 
INN,  V.  (.     To  house  ;  to  put  undur  cover.        Bacon, 
INN'HoLD-ER,   n.     [ijin   and  hold.]     A  person  who 
keeps  an  inn  or  house  for  the  entertainment  of  trav- 
elers; also,  a  tnverner. 
2.  An  inhabitant.     [Obs.]  Spenser. 

INN'KEEP-ER,  n.  [inn  and  kpep.]  An  innholder. 
In  America,  the  innkeeper  is  often  a  tavern-keeper 
or  tavemer,  as  well  ns  an  innkeeper,  the  inn  for  fur- 
nishing lodgings  and  provisions  being  usually  united 
with  the  tavern  for  the  sale  of  liquors. 
IN'NaTE  or  IN-NATE',  a.  [L.  innatus,  from  innas- 
cor;  in  and  nascor,  to  be  born.] 

Inborn  ;  native  ;  natural.  Innate  ideas  are  such  as 
are  supposed  to  be  stamped  on  the  mind  at  the  mo- 
ment when  existence  begins.  Mr.  Locke  lias  taken 
great  pains  to  prove  that  no  such  ideas  exist. 

Encyc. 
IN'Na-TED,  for  Innate,  is  not  used. 
I\'NaTE-LY  or  IN-NATE'LY,  adv.    Naturally. 
IN'NaTE-NESS  or  IN-NATE'NESS,  ti.    The  quality 

of  being  innate. 
IN-NAV'1-GA-IBLE,  a.     [L.  innavigabilis ;  in  and  nav- 
igabUis.     See  NAviciXE.] 

That  can  not  be  navigated ;  impassable  by  ships  or 
vessels.  Dryden. 

IN-NAVa-GA-lJLY,  adv.    So  as  not  to  be  navigable. 
IN'NER,  a.    [from  in.]    Interior ;  farther  inward  than 
something  else;   as,  an  mner  chamber;  the  inner 
court  of  a  temple  or  palace. 

2.  Interior ;  internal ;  not  outward ;  as,  the  inner 
man.    Eph.  iii. 
IN'NER-LY,  ado.     More  within.     [Obs.]         Barret. 
IN'NER-JIoST,  a.    Furthest  inward ;    most  remote 

from  the  outward  part.    Prov.  xviii. 
IN-NERV-A'TION,  n.    [in,  neg.,  and  nei-vc.]     A  state 
of  weakness.  Hall. 

2.  Act  of  strengthening. 
IN-NERVE',  V.  t.     [in  mid  nerve.]    To  give  nerve  to  ; 

to  invi^nrate;  to  strengthen.  DiDight. 

IN-NERV'£;D,  pp.    Invigorated. 
IN-NERV'ING,  ppr.    Strengthening. 
INN'ING,  T!,    The  ingathering  of  grain. 

2.  A  term  in  cricket,  the  turn  for  using  the  bat. 
INN'INGS,  n.  pi.    Lands  recovered  from  the  sea. 

Ainsworth. 
IN'NO-CENCE,   \  n.     [Fr.,  from  L.  innocaitiai  in  and 
IN'NO-CEN-CY,  i      nocco,  to  hurt.] 

1.  Properly,  freedom  from  any  quality  that  can  in- 
jure; innoxiousness  ;  liaimlessness  ;  as,  the  innocence 
of  a  medicine  which  can  do  no  harm.  In  this  sense, 
tlie  noun  is  not  obsolete,  though  less  used  than  the 
adjective. 

2.  In  a  moral  sense,  freedom  from  crime,  sin,  or 
guUt ;  untainted  purity  of  heart  and  life  ;  unimpaired 
integrity. 


INO 


IN-NOiM'I-NATE,  a.    Having  no  name ;  anonymoue. 

Hay. 
IN'NO-VaTE,  r.  (.     [Fr.  innover;  L.  innoco ;  in  and 
novo,  to  make  new,  novuSf  new.] 

1.  To  change  or  alter  by  iDtroducing  something 
new. 

From  hJa  atornpia  upon  the  drij  pawn,  be  proenda  to  ttwevUe 
God  s  worihip.  &uii. 

~'  Tobring  in  something  new.  Bacmt. 

IN'XO-VaTE,  v.  i.    To  introduce  novelties  ;  to  maike 

changes  in  any  thing  established ;  with  on.    It  is 

often   dangerous  to  innovate  on  the  customs  of  a 

nation. 
IN'NO-Va-TED,  pp.    Changed  by  the  introduction  of 

something  new. 


IN'NO-Va-TING,  ppr.    Introdi 
IN-N0-VA'TION,n.     [from  im 


ucing  novelties. 


EnjoymcDt  left  notliinj  to  ask  - 


■innocence  left  nothing  to  fear. 
Johnton. 


3.  Freedom  from  guilt  or  evil  intentions ;  simplici- 
ty of  heart ;  as,  the  imiacencc  of  a  child. 

4.  Freedom  from  the  guilt  of  a  particular  sin  or 
crime.  This  is  the  sense  in  which  the  word  is  most 
generally  used,  for  perfect  innocence  can  not  be  predi- 
cated of  man.  A  man  charged  with  theft  or  murder 
may  prove  his  innocence. 

5.  The  state  of  being  lawfully  conveyed  to  a  bel- 
ligerent, or  of  not  being  contraband  ;  as,  the  innocence 
of  a  cargo,  or  of  any  merchandise.  Kent. 

IN'NO-CENT,  a.     [Fr.,  from  L.  innocens.] 

1.  Properly,  not  noxious  ;  not  producing  injury ; 
free  from  qualities  that  can  injure ;  harmless  ;  in- 
noxious ;  as,  an  innocent  medicine  or  remedy. 

2.  Free  from  guiU  ;  not  having  done  wrong  or  vi- 
olated any  law  ;  not  tainted  with  sin ;  pure  ;  upright. 
In  this  general  sense,  no  human  bemg  that  is  a  mor- 
al agent  can  be  innocent.    It  is  followed  by  of. 

3.  Free  from  the  guilt  of  a  particular  crime  or  evil 
action  ;  as,  a  man  is  innocent  o/the  crime  charged  in 
the  indictment. 

4.  Lawful ;  permitted  ;  as,  an  innocent  trade. 

5.  Not  contraband  ;  not  subject  to  forfeiture  ;  as, 
innocent  goods  carried  to  a  belligerent  nation.  Kent. 

G.  Ignorant;  imbecile;  idiotic.     [Obs.] 
IN'NO-CENT,  n.    One  free  from  guilt  or  harm.  ShaJ;. 
2.  An  ignorant  person ;  hence,  a  natural ;  an  idiot. 
[  Unusual.]  Hooker. 

IN'NO-CENT-LY,  adv.    Without  harm ;  without  in- 
curring guilt. 

2.  Witli  simplicity  ;  without  evil  design. 

3.  VV'ithout  incurring  a  forfeiture  or  penalty;  as, 
goods  innocently  imported. 

IN-NOCIJ-OUS,  a.     [L.  innocuus ;  in  and  noceo.  to 
hurt.] 

Hannlcss;  safe;  producing  no  ill  effect ;  innocent. 
Certain  poisons,  used  as  medicines,  in  small  quan- 
tities, prove  not  only  innocnons,  but  beueficial.  It  is 
applied  only  to  tilings,  not  to  persons. 

IN-NOe'U-O'US-LY,  adv.    'VViUiout  harm;  without 
injurious  effect-^. 

IN-NO€'U-OUS-NESS,«.    Harmlessness  ;  the  quality 
of  being  destitute  of  mischievous  qualities  or  effects. 

Diffby. 

IN-NOM'I-NA-ELE,  a.    Not  to  be  named.   Chauc^.     \ 


by  the  introduction  of  something  new;  change  in 
established  laws,  customs-,  rites,  or  practices.  Inno- 
vation is  expedient  when  it  remedies  an  evil,  and 
safe  when  men  are  prepared  to  receive  it.  Innora- 
tion  is  often  used,  in  an  ill  sense,  for  a  change  that 
disturbs  settled  opinions  and  practices,  without  an 
equivalent  advantage. 
IN'NO-VA-TOR,  n.    An  introducer  of  changes. 

Time  is  the  grsatest  innovator.  Boom. 

2.  One  who  introduces  novelties,  or  who  makes 
changes  by  introducing  something  new.         SouVi. 
IN-NOX'IOUS,  a-     [L.  innorius ;  in  and  noxius,  noceo, 
to  hurt.] 

1.  Free  from   mischievous   qualities ;    innocent ; 
harmless ;  as,  an  in7toxioiis  drug. 

2.  Not  producing  evil;  harmless  in  effects. 

Innoxious  flames  are  often  seen  oo  the  hair  of  raen*s  beaii<,  aad 
OQ  horses'  maDcs.  iTivfiy. 

3.  Free  from  crime ;  pure ;  innocent.  Pope. 
IN-NOX'IOUS-LY,  oJy.    Harmlessly;  wiUiout  mis- 
chief. 

2.  Without  harm  suffered.  Brown. 

IN-NOX'iOUS-NESS,  ti.    Harmlessness, 

The  innoxiotisn«s  of  the  small-pox.  Tboite. 

IN-NU-EN'DO,  n.  [L.,  from  innuo,  to  nod;  m  and 
nuo.] 

1.  An  oblique  hint ;  a  remote  intimation  or  refer- 
ence to  a  person  or  thing  not  named. 

Rlercary  —  ov,'tis  it  n  niRiriagt  by  innuendo.  Drydai. 

2.  In  lata,  a  word  used  to  point  out  the  application 
of  some  injurious  remark  to  the  person  aimed  at. 

IN'NU-ENT,  a.     [L.  i;i;ii«:n5.] 

Significant.  Surion. 

IN-NU-iMER-A-BIL'I-TY,    }  n.    State  of  being  ionu- 
IN-NtJ'iAIER-A-BLE-NESS,  j     merable. 

Fotherhtf.     Shertcood. 
IN-Nt'MER-A-BLE,  a.    [L.  innttmerabUis.    See  Num- 
ber.]^ 

1.  "Not  to  be  counted ;  that  can  not  be  enumerated 
or  numbered  for  multitude. 

2,  In  a  loose  sense,  verv  numerous. 
IN-Nu'MER-A-BLY,  adr.'  Without  number. 
IN-Nu'iVIER-OUS,a.     [L.  innumcriis:  in  and  7tumerus, 

number.]    Too  many  to  be  counted  or  numbered ; 
innumerable.  Milton.     Pope. 

IN-NU-TRF^TION,  (-nu-trish'un,)  n.  [in  and  nutri^ 
tion.]    Want  of  nutrition ;  failure  of  nourishment. 

jyanein. 

IN-NU-TRI"TIOUS,  (-nu-trish'us,)  o.  [in  and  nutri- 
tions.] Not  nutritioiis ;  not  supplying  nourishment ; 
not  nourishins:.  Darwin. 

IN-Nu'TRI-TlVE,  a.     Not  nourishing.  Good. 

IN-O-Ce'DI-ENCE,  n.  Disobedience  ;  neglect  of  obe- 
dience. Bp.  Bedell. 

IN-O-Be'DI-EXT,  a.  Not  yielding  obedience;  neg- 
lecting  to  obev. 

IN-OB  SERV'A-BLE,  a.  [in  and  observabU.]  Thai 
can  not  be  seen,  perceivea,  or  observed. 

IN-OB-SERV'AXCE,  71.  Want  of  obse^^'ance  j  neg- 
lect of  observing ;  disobedience. 

Bacon.     Barrote. 

IN-OB-SERV'ANT,  a.  [in  and  observant.]  Not  tak- 
ing notice.  Beddocs. 

IN-OB-SERV-A'TIGN,  n.  Neglect  or  want  of  obser- 
vation. S/iiicJ^'ord. 

IN-OB-TRO'SIVE,  a.    Not  obtrusive.        Colerid<Te. 

IN-OB-TRU'SIVE-LY,  adv.    Unobtrusivelv. 

IN-OB-TRu'SIVE-NESS,  71.  A  qualit}-  of  being  not 
obtrusive. 

IN-Oe-eU-PA'TiON,  n.    Want  of  occupation. 

CB,  Br.--.. 

IN-Oe'U-LA-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  inoculat.  : 
2.  That  mav  communicate  disease  bv  inori;l  ,: 

iiu::. 

IN-Oe'X^-LATE,  r.  t.  [L.  inoculo ;  m  and  vciUus,  the 
eye.] 

1.  To  bud  ;  to  insert  the  bud  of  a  tree  or  plant  in 
another  tree  or  plant,  for  liie  purpose  of  growth  on 
the  new  stock.  All  sorts  of  stone  fruit,  apples,  pears, 
&c.,  may  be  inoculated.  We  inoculate  the  stock  with 
a  foreign  bud. 

2.  To  communicate  a  disease  to  a  person  by  insert- 
ing infcctiotis  matter  in  his  skin  or  flesh ;  as,  to 
inoeulale  a  person    with   the    matter  of   small-pox. 


TONE,  ByLL.  UNITE. -AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS— €  as  K;  0  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


INO 


INQ 


Whrn  llw  cow^KJI  li  coniiniinicaleil,  it  l«  callcU 

I  '  i:.  r.  i.    To  imiinpilc  by  biiJdiiis ;  U) 

ilaluui.     Till!  inno  t-i  inoctilati  is  wlKll 

tunned  al  Itie  cltrruiiticj  of  tlie  same 

Mi.lkalnig  llial  lliu  upriiig  growUl  for 

.  culU|ilfU:. 

1.,  ...        ...  lEU,  yp.  or  a.    lluJded ;  09,  an  iiioni- 

mUueii  »tL»  k. 
a.  Iiisfrtid  In  anuliicrsloclt,  a«n  IjuJ. 
a  Inficicd  by  inoculalion  willi  n  iiarllculnr  dis- 

I.VOe'U-L.\-TI.\C,  fpr.     Budding;  propagating  by 
lOJeniME  a  bud  on  anullicr  stoclc. 
9:  liit'orlini!  bv  inoculation. 
IN-OC-l-L.^'TIOS,  ».     [L.  inwu/a/io.] 

I.  Tbc  net  or  pr.ictici'  of  instrting  liuds  of  one 
plant  under  the  bark  of  anotlier  for  proiajalion. 

i  Tile  ncl  or  praetice  of  coniniuiiicatini;  a  disea.<o 
lo  a  pemon  in  heallli,  bv  inserting  contagious  nutler 
In  lilJ  nkin  or  llcsli.  This  ttnn  is  limited  chielly  to 
the  cominunlcaliou  of  Hie  smallpox.    [See  ViceiN- 

ATIOW.l 

I.N-OC'l  -L.^-TOR,  n.     A  pcDon  who  inoculates  ;  ono 

who  pnipacatt-s  planu  or  diseases  by  inoculation. 
I.\.<VU1  ATK,  r.  (.     [1..  in  and  odium.] 

To  make  hateful.     [-Not  i«  l"'-]  SoutA. 

IN-O'DOR  ATE,  II.     [L.  in  and  aihratus.] 

Having  no  scent  or  odor.  Bactm. 

I.N.O'DOB-OUS,  a.     (L.  incdmis :  in  and  odor.] 

Wanting  scent ;  having  no  smell. 

TV  wliiw  of  U)  pffg  is  an  inodorout  liquor.  ArbulJinot. 

IN-OF-FE.NS'IVE,  a.     [in  and  offmsice.] 

1.  Giving  no  olTense  or  provocation  ;  as,  an  inoffen- 
give  man  ;  an  inoffensive  answer. 

2.  Giving  no  uneasiness  or  disturbance ;  as,  an 
iiui^eityirr  appearance  or  sight. 

a.  Harmless  ;  doing  no  injury  or  mischief. 

Tli.r  v^^tnsir*  uljai  ncTcr  tjtr.  DryUn. 

A.  Not  obstructing ;  presenting  no  liintlorance. 

From  hf  OM  a  puttg«  bnnd, 
SiumUi,  nur,  iiw^fiuiK,  down  to  lieU.  Milton. 

{ Unujual.] 
I.SMIF-FE.NS'IVE-LY,  air.    'IVitliout  giving  offense  ; 

without  harm  ;  in  a  manner  not  to  offend. 
l.N'.HF-FE.NS'l  VE-NESS,  n.  Harnilessness  ;  the  qual- 
ity of  being  nol  offensive  either  to  tiie  senses  or  to 
the  mind. 
IN-fJF-Kr'CI.\L,  (-of-fish'al,)  0.  fin  and  oJurW.]  Not 
olTicial ;  not  proceeding  from  tlie  proper  officer;  not 
clothed  with  the  usual  forms  of  authority,  or  not 
done  in  an  olTicial  character ;  as,  an  ino^ial  coiumu- 
nicalion ;  ino^dal  intelligence. 

P.Dclnrf  wi  M^nlu!)  ««uM  Dot  malce  iiio^rioi  visiu  to  dU. 
co^  oImCuI  tdjiiarw.  Pickenng. 

I.\-OF-FI"riAI^I.Y,  adv.    Williout  the  usual  forms, 

or  ntit  in  tin*  official  character. 
IN-OF-FI"C10L'S,  (-t>f-fish'us,)  a.    [in  and  o^ciaus.'] 

Unkind  ;  rej^nllcis  of  natural  obligation  j  contrary 

to  nniiiril  ilnty. 

^  ■  ■  ^^rrnt  had  lott  tbo  u»c  of  b'ti  rpuoa,  wbcn 

Viijtu  tuitAincnL  IHaektlont. 

\,  .  .•    u>  cxciu«  on  ino^iaouM  ilbpositioa  of  his 

:  r.'i:.-.    t  /   .-lur^uf  tlui  CTcr;  iiLiii  nutj  ilo  wlist  he  will 
wim  tu«  OTkTi.  Paley, 

S.  Unfit  fur  an  oflicc. 

Tltiwi  (lixnmV  Uij-icif  in  iiuif^doiu  sleep.  B.  Jonton. 

3.  Nol  civil  or  aUrntivc.  B.  Jonson. 

IX-OF-FI"C[OUSi-LY,  adr.    Xot  officiously. 

IN-OP-F.R-A'TIO.\,  n.  Agency  ;  influence  ;  produc- 
tion of  Ptrcrl>t.     lAV  uaedJ]  Bp.  Jlall. 

IN-<JP'ER-A-TIVE,  a.  [in  and  operatise.]  Not  oper- 
ative ;  not  active  i  tiavin;;  no  operation;  producing 
no  cflcct ;  a*,  laws  rt- ndercd  inoperaiivc  by  neglect  j 
imoperaltvt  remedies. 

IN-OP'IN-ATE,  a.  [L.  iMpiaalus.]  Not  expected. 
[Oft...] 

I.N-OP-rOR-TCNK',  a.     [L.  iiwpportunus.     See  Op- 
pom?  St.] 
Nol  opportune  ;   Inconvetiicut ;  unseasonable  in 

tiOK. 

IN-OI'-roR-TCXE'I.Y,  ade.     Unseasonably;  at  an 

inrnnvrnu-nt  linje. 
IN-OPPREHri'IVE,  a.    [in  and  oppressive.]    Not  op- 

prr*<ivr  :  not  burdcnonnic.  0.  Wolcott. 

IN-OP'II-LENT,  o.    [in  and  optdenL]    Not  opulent; 

m<  Wf-alihy  ;  nol  adluent  or  rich. 
IN-ORTlIX-A-CV,  n.     [fr.m  inordinate.]     Deviation 

from  order  or  rule  prescribed  ;  im-gularity  ;  disorder; 

excess,  or  want  of  moderation  ;  as,  the  inardinanj  of 

desire  or  other  pnsttion.  Bp.  l^aylor. 

IN-OR'nfN-ATE,   a.     [L.  inordinatus;   in  and   ordo. 

order.] 
Irroeular  ;   disorderly  ;   exfessive  ;    immndcrate  ; 

nol  limited  to  rules  prescribed,  or  to  usual  bounds  ; 

as,  an  inerdinau  love  of  ttie  world  ;  inordinate  dcairc 

of  fame. 

ittiyrdinatti  proportion  ;  in  mathematics^  a  proportion 

in  which  ihe  order  of  the  tenns  in  nol  regular. 

BarJow. 
IN-OR'DIN-ATE-LV,  «/c.    Irregularly  ;  excessively  ; 

immo«leralely.  Skeiton, 


IN-OR'DIN-.'\TE-NESS,  n.  Deviation  from  order; 
excess;  want  of  moderation  ;  inordinacy  ;  inleini>er- 
aiice  in  desire  or  other  pa-ision.  Bp.  JlalL 

IN-0R-DIVa'T10N,  n.    Irreguhtrily  ;  dcviauon  from 

*rul.-urrit:hL  ^.         ,  .   ^      South 

I\  OR-UAN'ie,  \a.     [i«  and  ar^'anic]    Devoid  ol 

IN-OR-GAN'ie-AL,  \  organs;  nut  formed  with  the 
organs  or  instnimenLi  of  life  ;  as,  the  inorganic  mat- 
ter that  forms  the  earth's  surface.  Kirwan. 

Inorganic  bodies  are  such  as  have  no  organs,  as 
minerals. 

|\-0R  GAN'ie-AT--LY,  adv.    Without  oreans. 

IN-Olt'GAN-r/--£D,  a.   Nol  having  organic  structure  ; 

"void  of  org:iii*J,  as  earths,  meUils,  or  other  niinerulrf. 

IN-OS'eU-LATK,  r.  i.  [L.  in  and  oscutatjts,  from  os- 
eulor,  to  kiss.]  ... 

In  anatomy^  to  unite  by  apposition  or  contact ;  to 
unite,  as  two  vessels  at  their  extremities;  as,  one  vein 
or  artery  inoaciUate^  with  another  ;  a  vein  inoaculaies 
with  an  artery.  . 

IN-OS'eU-LATE,  tJ.  L  To  unite,  as  two  vessels  in  an 
animal  bodv. 

IX-OS'CU-LX-TING,  ppr.  Uniting,  as  the  extremi- 
ties of  two  vessels. 

IN-OS-eU-I.A'TION,  71.  The  union  of  two  vessels  of 
an  animal  body  at  their  oxlremities,  or  by  conUct  and  | 
perforation  of  tlieir  sides,  by  means  of  which  a  com-  ■ 
munication  is  maintained,  and  the  circulation  of  fluids 
is  carried  on  ;  anastomosis.  Ray- 

/.V  O'f'O,  [L.l     In  the  egg  ;  in  infancy. 

I.y  PER-PET  U-^M  R£'I  SirK-MO'RI-^M,  [L.]  For 
a  perpetual  memorial  of  tlie  aliair. 

LY  PER-PE'l" U-UM,  [L.]     'I'o  iK-ipetuity  ;  forever. 

/.V  PKVTO^  [It.,  in  tlie  breast,  L.  in ycctorc] 
In  secret ;  m  reserve. 

LY  POS'SE,  [L.]     In  possibility  of  being. 

LX  PRO'PRl-A  PER-SO'J^A,  [L.]  In  one's  own 
person. 

IN'ftUEST,  71.  [Fr.  enquHc;  L.  inquisitio^  iiiquiro  ;  in 
and  qiuBro,  to  seek.] 

1.  Inquisition  ;  judicial  inquiry;  official  examina- 
tion. An  inquest  of  otfire  is  an  inquiry  made  by  the 
king's  officer,  his  sherilf,  coroner,  or  escheator,  con- 
cerning any  matter  that  entitles  the  king  to  the  pos- 
session of  lauds  or  tenements,  goods  or  chattels. 
It  is  made  by  a  jury  of  no  determinate  number. 

Blackjtonc. 
In  Oie  United  States,  a  similar  inquirj-,  made  by  the 
proper  officer,  under  the  authority  of  a  State. 

2.  A  jury  ;  particularly,  a  coroner's  jury,  assembled 
to  inquire  into  the  cause  of  a  sudden  death. 

3.  Inquiry  ;  search.  SouVu 
IN-UUT'ET,  V.  t.    To  disturb  ;  to  trouble.   [JVoi  used.] 
IN-aUI-ET-A'TION,  71.     Disturbance.     [JVwt  used.] 
IN-QUI'ET-IJDE,  n.     [Fr.,  from  L.  inquietudo ;  in  and 

quits,  r_:t.] 

Dii.turbed  state  ;  want  of  quiet;  restlessness  ;  un- 
easiness, either  of  body  or  mind  ;  disquietude.  Pope. 
ir;'Q,UI-NATE,  r.  t.    [L.  inquino^  to  defile  ;  in  and  Gr. 
KoivoMy  from  jcwii-oj,  common.] 
To  defile  ;  to  polhite ;  to  contaminate.  [Little  zised.] 

Broicn. 
IN-QUI-Na'T10X,  71.    The  act  of  defiling,  or  stale  nf 
being  deliled  ;  pollution  ;  corruption.    \_Litdc  used.] 

Bacon. 
IX-aUIR'A-BLE,  a.    [from  iii^irc.]     That  may  be 
inquired  into;  subject  to  inquisition  or  inquest. 

Bacon. 
IN-Q.UIRE',   V.   i.     [Fr.  cnquerir;  f>p.  inquirir ;  L..  in- 
guiro;   in  and  qintro,  to  seek;  Malayan,  cliaree,  to 
seek.    See  AcquiRE.} 

I.  To  ask  a  question  ;  to  seek  for  truth  or  informa- 
tion by  asking  questions. 

We  will  Cill  UiC  d:iniscl  .-xutl  inquire  :vt  her  mouUi.  — Geu.  xxiv. 

It  has  o/bcfore  the  person  asked.  Inquire  ft/lliem, 
or  of  him.  It  has  ofj  conccruingj  or  afterj  before  the 
si'.bject  of  inquiry. 

He  sent  H.-wlorvm,  liis  son,  to  King  DavKl  lo  inquire   of  lua 

wclf.in;,  —  t  Clirun.  xviii. 
Kur  thou  iloat  not  inquire  wisely  concerning  ^I"*-  —  Eccl.  vii. 

When  search  is  to  be  made  for  particular  knowl- 
edge or  information,  it  is  followed  by  into.  Q'he  cor- 
oner by  jury  inquires  into  the  cause  of  a  sudden  death. 
When  a  place  or  person  is  sought,  or  something  Jiid 
or  missing,  for  is  commonly  used.  Inquire  for  one 
Saul  of  Tarsus.  He  was  inquiring  for  the  house  to 
which  he  was  directed.  Inquire  for  the  cloak  that 
is  lost.  Inquire  for  the  right  road.  Sometimes  it 
is  followed  by  after.    Inquire  after  the  right  way, 

When  some  gener.il  information  is  sought,  this 
verb  is  followed  by  about :  sometimes  by  concerning 
Ilis  friends  inquired  about  him  ;  they  inquired  concern 
ing  hi-i  welfare. 

i  To  seek  for  truth  by  argument  or  the  discussion 
of  questions,  or  by  investigation. 

To  inquire  intc  ;  to  make  examination  ;  to  seek  for 
particular  information.  Inquire  iiUo  the  time,  man- 
ner, and  place.  Inquire  into  all  the  circumstances  of 
the  case. 
IN-aUlRE',  V.  t.  To  ask  about ;  to  seek  by  asking ; 
as,  he  inquired  the  way  ;  but  the  phrase  is  elliptical, 
for  inmiire  for  the  way. 

2.  To  call  or  name.     [06*.]  Spenser. 


INS 

IN-CiUIR'-ED,  rP-    Asked  about ;  sought  by  a.:king. 

IN-CiUIR'KNT,  a.     Making  inquir>'.  Shcnstone. 

IN-UUIR'ER,  n.  One  who  asks  a  question  ;  one  who 
interrogates;  one  who  searches  or  examines;  one 
who  seeks  fur  knowledge  or  inforniatron. 

IN-UUIR'ING,  ppr.  Seeking  for  information  by  asit- 
ing  questions;  asking;  questioning;  interrogating; 
examining. 

IN-CiUIR'IXG,  a.  Given  to  inquiry;  disposed  toir.. 
vesligate  causes  ;  as,  an  inquiring  mind. 

IX-aUIK'ING-LY,  ade.    By  way  of  inquiry. 

IN-UUI'RY,  71.  [Norm.  ejitpurrCj  from  qacrer,  lo  in- 
quire.] 

1.  The  act  of  inquiring ;  a  seeking  for  information 
by  asking  questions ;  interrogation. 

TUa  meo  who  were  sent  Trom  Corncliiiii  had  made  inquiry  for 
Simon 'fi  house,  luid  stood  before  the  gntc.  —  Act*  x. 

2.  Search  for  truth,  information,  or  knowledge; 
research  ;  examination  into  facts  or  principles  by 
proposing  and  discussing  questions,  by  solving 
problems,  by  experiments  or  otlier  modes  ;  as,  phys- 
ical inquiries;  inquiries  about  philosophical  knowl- 
edge. I^ockc. 


The  firal  inquiry  of  a  rntionsl  being  should  be,  Who  ni:id.«  nifr  f 
the  second,  Why  wu«  1  made  ?  who  a  iiiy  Creiilur,  luid 
what  13  his  will  i  Anon. 

IN-Q.UI-SI"TI0N,  (in-kwe-zish'un,)  ti.  [Fr.,  from 
"L.  inquisitio,  inquiro.    See  IxquiBE.] 

1.  Inquiry  ;  examination  ;  a  searching  or  search. 
fs.  ix. 

2.  Judicial  inquiry;  official  examination  ;  inquest. 

The  Justices  in  c>t'l'  had  it  formerly  in  clinrgi?  lo  nuVe  inquuilion 
conceniiiig  incm  by  a.  Jury  of  llic  county.  Ulackalone. 

3.  Examination  ;  discussion.  Bacon. 

4.  In  some  Roman  Catlwlic  countries,  a  court  or  tri- 
bunal established  fur  the  examination  and  punisii- 
mcnt  of  heretics.  This  court  was  established  in  the 
twelfth  century  by  Father  Dominic,  wlio  was  charged 
by  Pope  Innocent  III.  with  orders  to  excite  Roman 
Catholic  princes  and  people  to  extirpate  heretics. 

Encyc. 

IN-aUI-SI"TIOX-AL,  a.  Making  inquiry;  busy  in 
inquiry.  Sterne. 

IX-aUI-Sl"TIOX-A-RY,  a.    Inquisitional. 

IN-(iUIS'I-TIVE,  a.  Apt  to  ask  questions  ;  addUlru 
to  inquir>' ;  inclined  to  seek  information  by  ques- 
tions ;  followed  by  about  or  ajlcr.  He  was  very  xp^ 
quisitive  aboutj  or  after^  news.  Children  are  usually 
inquisitive. 

2.  Inclined  to  seek  knowledge  by  discussion,  in- 
vestigation, or  observation  ;  given  to  research.  He 
possesses  an  inquisitive  mind  or  disposition.  Wo  live 
in  an  inqiiisitire  age. 

IX-aUIS'I-TIVE,  7(.  A  person  who  is  inquisitive; 
one  curious  in  research.  Temple. 

IX-aUIS'I-TIVE-LY,  adv.  With  curiosity  to  tjbtain 
information  ;  with  scrutiny. 

IN-aUIS'I-TIVE-NESS,  n.  The  disposition  to  obtnin 
information  by  questioning  others,  or  by  researclu^a 
into  facts,  causes,  or  principles;  curiosity  to  kaiii 
what  is  not  known.  The  works  of  nature  furnish 
ample  matter  for  the  inquisitiveness  of  the  human 
mind. 

IN-aUIS'I-TOR,  71.  [L.  See  Inhuihe.]  One  who 
inquires  ;  particularly,  one  whose  official  duty  it  is  to 
inquire  and  examine.  Dryd<  n. 

2.  A  member  of  the  court  of  inquisition  in  Ruiu.m 
Catholic  countries.  Encyc. 

IN-QUIS-I-T5'RI-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  inquisition; 
as,  inquisitA)rial  power. 

2.  Pertaining  to  the  court  of  inquisition,  or  resem- 
bling its  practices  ;  as,  inquisitori(il  tragedy.  Eneijc 

Inijuisiloriat  robes.  Bucha/ian. 

IN-UUrS-I-TO'UI-AL-LY,  adv.  In  an  inquisitori:il 
manner. 

IN-aUIS-I-To'RI-OUS,  a.  Making  strict  inquiry. 
[Obs.]  Mdtou. 

IN-RaIL.',  v.  t.  {in  and  rail]  To  rail  in  ;  to  inclnsc 
with  rails.  Hooker.     Qtnj. 

IX-RaIL'J;D,  pp.    Inclosed  with  rails. 

IN-RaIL'IXG,  ppr.     Inclosing  with  rails. 

IX-REG'IS-TEU,   r.  t.     [Fr.  enregistrer.     Sec  Regis- 
ter.] 
To  register :  to  record  ;  to  enter  in  a  register. 
^         '  Walsh. 

IN'RoAD,  n.  [in  and  road.]  The  entranre  of  an  i-n- 
euiy  into  a  country  with  purposes  of  hostility  ;  a  sud- 
den or  desultorv  incursion  or  invasion.  Thecunl s 

of  England  arid  Scotland  were  formerly  haras.:iL'd 
with  frequent  inroadj;.      The  Engli.-^h  made  inroads 
into  Scotland,  and  the  Scots  into  England,  ami  the 
country  was  sometimes  desolated. 
2.  Attack  ;  encroachment. 

IN-SAFE'TY,  ?i.     Want  of  safety.    [Ill]    J>iaumon. 

IN-SA-LO'BRl-OU.^,  a.  [in  and  salubrioiu:.]  Not  sa- 
lubrious ;  not  healthful;  unfavorable  to  health  ;  un- 
whulesome  ;  as,  an  insalubrious  air  or  climate. 

IN-SA-LtJ'BRI-TY,  II.  [in  and  salubrity.]  Want  of 
salubrity  ;  unhealthfulness  ;  unwhoU^somcness  ;  as, 
the  insalubritii  of  air,  water,  or  climate. 

IN-SAL'l|-TA-RY,  a.     [in  and  salutary.]     Not  salu- 
tary ;  not  favorable  to  health  or  soundness. 
2.  Not  tending  to  safety  ;  productive  of  e'r'. 


FiTE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MfiTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.— 

608  "'^         ^^  ■       "■'" 


INS 

IN-s:AN-A-BIL'I-TY.     )  n      Slate  of   being  incura- 

IN-SAN'A-I:LE-NESS,  \      ble. 

IN-SAX'A-BLE,  a.     [L.  iitsaitabilh ;  in  and  sano,  to 
heal.] 
Incurable  :  that  can  not  be  Jiealed.         Johnson. 

rN-SAN'A-BLY,  adv.    So  as  to  be  incurable. 

IN-SaNE',  a.     [L.  msanus ;  in  and  sanus^  sound.] 
1.  Unsound  in  mind  or  inltllect;  mad  ;  deranged 
in  mind  ;  delirious  ;  distracted.  Shak. 

9.  Used  by  or  appropriated  to  insane  persons  ;  as, 
an  insane  hospital. 

3.  Making  mad  ;  causing  madness  i  as,  the  insane 
root.     [Obs.]  ShaJc. 

IN-SaNE',  71.  An  Insane  person ;  as,  a  hospital  for 
tbe  insane. 

IN-SaXE'JLY",  adv.  Madly ;  foolishly ;  without  rea- 
son. Monts^omcnj. 

IK-SaNE'NESS,  >  71.    The  state  of  being  unsound  in 

IN-SAN'I-TY,  \  mind  ;  derangement  of  intellect ; 
madness.  Insanity  is  chiefly  used,  and  the  word  is 
applicable  to  any  degree  of  mental  derangement, 
from  slight  delirium  or  wandering,  to  distraction.  It 
is,  however,  rarely  used  to  express  slight,  temporarv' 
delirium,  occasioned  bv  ]e%'eror  accident. 

IN-SAP'0-RY,  a.     [L.  in  and  sapor,  taste.] 

Tasteless  ;  wanting  flavor.     [J\'b£  iu:ed.\      Herbert. 

IN-S.\'TIA-BLE,  (in-sa'sha-bl,)  a.  [Fr.,  from  L.  in- 
satiabilii  ;  in  and  satio^  to  satisfj.] 

Incapable  of  being  satisfied  or  appeased  ;  very 
greedv  j  as,  an  insatiable  appetite  or  desire  ;  insatiable 
thirst' 

I.\-Sa'TIA-BLE-XES3,  \  n.      Greediness  of  appetite 

IN-Sa-TIA-BIL'I-TY,  S  that  can  not  be  satisfied  or 
appeased.  Saiiet  Charles. 

IN-Sa'TIA-BLY,  (iu-sa'sha-bly,)  adv.  "VVilh  greedi- 
ness rot  to  be  satisfied.  i      SoiUJu 

IN-Sa'TIATE,  (in-sa'shate,)  a.     [L.  insa^ius.] 

Not  to  be  satisfied  ;  insatiable  ;  as,  in    yiate  thirst. 
^   Philips. 

IX-Sa'T1ATE-LY,  orfr.  So  greedily  as  i^.t  to  be  sat- 
isfied. 

IN-SA-TI'E-TY',  n.     Insatiableness.  Granger. 

IN-SAT-IS-FAC'TIOX,  n.    Want  of  satisfaction. 

Bacon. 

IN-SAT'tl-RA-BLE,    a.       [L.    insalurcbUis ;    in    and 
satur,  full.] 
Not  to  be  saturated,  filled,  or  glutted.      Johnson. 

IN'SCI-ENCE,  n.  [in  and  science.]  Ignorance  ;  want 
of  knowledge.  Ch.  Rdia.  Appeal. 

IN  SeUIB'A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  inscribed. 

IN-SCRlB'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  inscriba- 
bls. 

IX-S€RTBE',  r.  t,  [L.  inscribo  ;  in  and  seriho^  to 
write,  Eng.  to  scrape.    See  Scribe.] 

1.  To  write  on  ;  to  engrave  on  for  perpetuity  or 
duration  ;  as,  to  inscribe  a  line  or  verse  on  a  monu- 
ment, on  a  column  or  piUar. 

2.  To  imprint  on  ;  as,  to  in.  cribe  any  thing  on  the 
mind  or  memor}'.  ^ , 

3.  To  assign  or  address  tf)ii  to  commend  to  by  a 
short  address,  less  formal  th;igi  a  dedication  ;  as,  to 
inscribe  an  ode  or  a  book  to  ajibnce, 

4.  To  mark  with  letters,  cfiSw;ters,  or  words  ;  as, 
to  inscribe  a  stone  with  a  name. 

5.  To  draw  a  figure  within  another,  so  that  all  the 
angles  of  the  figure  inscribed  touch  the  sides  or 
bounding  planes  of  Uie  other  figure. 

Johnson.     Encyc. 

IN-SCRIB'ED,  pp.  Written  on  J  engraved;  marked; 
addressed  ;  drawn  within. 

IX-.*^eRIB'ER,  7(.     One  who  inscribes.  PowtuUt. 

IN-SCRIB'ING, p/w.  Writing  on  ;  engraving;  mark- 
ing ;  addressing;  drawing  within. 

IN-.«eRIP'TION,  71.  [Fr.,  from  L.  inscriptio.  See 
Injcribe.] 

1.  Soraelhing  written  or  engraved  to  communicate 
knowledge  to  after  ages  ;  any  character,  word,  line, 
or  sentence  written  or  engraved  on  a  solid  substance 
for  duration  ;  as,  inscriptions  on  monuments,  called 
epitaphs,  on  pillars,  &c.  The  inscription  on  a  medal 
is  usually  in  a  straight  line  across  it,  while  the  legend 
is  placed  in  a  circle  round  the  rim.  We  do  not  call 
writings  on  paper  or  parchment  inscriptions. 

2.  A  title. 

3.  An  address  or  consignment  of  a  book  to  a  per- 
son, as  a  mark  of  respect,  or  an  invitation  of  patro- 
nage.   It  is  less  formal  than  a  dedication. 

I  IN-S€RrP'TIVE,  a.     Bearing  inscription. 

IN-SCRoLL',  c.  (.    To  write  on  a  scroll.  SkaJi. 

IN-S€RoLL'£:D,  pp.    Written  on  a  scroll. 

DJ-SCRoLL'ING,  ppr.    Writing  on  a  scroll. 

iN-SeRU-TA-BIL'I-TY,     >  ti.    The  quality  of  being 

IN-S€Ru'TA-BLE-NESri.  \      inscrutable. 
1  IN-S€RU'TA-BLE,  a.     [Fr.,  from  L.  inscrutabilis  ;  in 
and  scrutor,  to  search.] 

1.  Unsearchable  ;  that  can  not  be  searched  into 
and  understood  by  inquiry  or  study.  Tbe  designs  of 
the  emperor  appear  to  be  inscrutable. 

2.  That  can  not  be  penetrated,  discovered,  or  un- 
derstood by  human  reason.  The  ways  of  Provi- 
dence are  often  inscrutable.  Mysteries  are  inscruta- 
bU. 

IDT-SCRCTA-BLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  or  degree  not 
to  be  found  out  or  understood.    The  moral  govern- 


INS 

ment  of  an  Infinite  Being  must  often  be  iiiscrutabhj 
dark  and  mysterious. 

IN-S€ULI'',  D.  t.    [Ij.  insculpo;  in  and  seulpo,  to  en- 
grave.] 
To  engrave  ;  to  carve.     [Little  usetL]  SJiak. 

IN-SeULP'TION,  n.    Inscription.    [LUUe  used.] 

Toumeur. 

IN-SeULP'TlTRE,  71.    An  engrai-ing;  sculpture. 

[See  Sculpture,  which  is  gener;illy  used.]    [Sladi. 

IN-SeULP'TUR-£D,  a.     Engraved. 

IN-SeAM'',  v.  t.  [in  and  scam.]  To  impress  or  mark 
with  a  seam  or  cicatrix.     [Poetical.]  Pope. 

IN-SeA.M'£D,  pp.     Inipres>-ed  with  a  seam. 

IN-SeAM'ING,  ppr.     Marking  with  a  seam. 

IN-SEARCH',  (in-sercii',)  v.  u  To  make  search. 
[J%'ot  used.]  Elyot. 

IN-SEG'A-BLE,  a.  [L.  insecabilis ;  in  and  seco,  to 
cut.] 

That  can  not  be  divided  by  a  cutting  instniment ; 
indivisible.  Encyc. 

IN'SEGT,  n.  [L.  insecta,  pi.,  from  insecoj  to  cut  in ; 
in  and  seco,  to  cut.  This  name  seems  to  have  been 
originally  given  to  certain  small  animals,  whose  bod- 
ies appear  cut  iw,  or  almost  divided.  So  in  Greek 
cvrofja.] 

1.  In  lo'dlogij,  an  articulate  animal,  having  the 
body  composed  of  three  distinct  parts, — the  head, 
corslet  or  thorax,  and  abdomen  ;  tlie  legs,  six  in  num- 
ber, v.ith  usually  two  or  four  wiiig<;,  attached  to  the 
thorax  ;  and  along  the  sides  of  the  abdomen,  minute 
punctures,  called  spirachs,  by  means  of  which  the 
respiration  lakes  place.  This  term  was  formerly  ex- 
tended to  spiders  and  Crustacea^  and  is  so  used  by  Lin- 
naeus ;  and  in  a  still  looser  sense  has  been  applied  to 
worms  and  other  small  animals.  Dana. 

9.  Any  thing  small  or  contemptible.       Thomson. 
IN'SEGT,  a.    Small ;  mean  ;  contemptible. 
IN-SEG-Ta'TOR,  71.      [L.]      A   persecutor.      [Little 

used.) 
IN'SEGT-ED,  a.    Having  the  nature  of  an  insect. 

Howell. 
IN-SEGT'lLE,  a.     Having  the  nature  of  insects. 

Bacon. 

IN-SE€T'ILE,  71.     .■\n  insect.    [J^'ot  tised.]     Wotton. 

IN-SE€'TION,  71.    A  cutting  in  ;  incisure;  incision. 

IN-SE€-TIV'0-RA,  ti.  pi.     [from  L.]     A  famUy  of 

vertebrate  quadrupeds,  the  species  of  which  live  on 

insects.    It  includes  the  shrew  and  mole.       Dana. 

2.  In  Temminck^s  system,  an  order  of  birds  that 
feed  on  insects.  Brande. 

IN-SE€-TIV'0-R0US,  a.     [insect  and  L.  voro,  to  eat.] 
Feedmg  or  subsisting  on  insects.    Many-winged 
animals  are  insecticorous.  Diet.  J*^at.  Hist. 

IN-SEG-TOL'O-GER,  n,    [insect  and  Gr.  \oyog.] 

One  who  studies  insects.     [JVot  in  use.]     [See  En- 
tomologist.] 
IN-SE-GuRE',  r..     [in  and  secure.]    Not  secure ;  not 
safe;  not  confident  of  safely  ;  used  of  persons.     No 
man  can  be  quiet  when  he  feels  insemre. 

2.  Not  safe ;  not  effectually  guarded  or  protecteS  ; 
unsafe;  exposed  to  danger  or  loss.  Goods  on  the 
ocean  are  insecure.  Hay  and  grain  unhoused  are  jk- 
secitre.     Debts  are  often  insecure. 

IN-SE-GuRE'LY,  adc.    Without  security  or  safety ; 

without  certainlv.  Chesterfield. 

IN-SE-GU'RI-TYJ  71.      [in  and  securit/j.]     Want  of 

safety,  or  want  of  confidence  in  safety.    Seamen  in 

a  tempest  must  be  conscious  of  their  msccuritij. 
9.  Uncertainty.    With  what  insecuritij  of  truth  we 

ascribe  effects  to  unseen  causes. 

3.  Want  of  safety ;  danger;  hazard  ;  exposure  to 
destruction  or  loss  ;  applied  to  things  ,■  as,  the  inse- 
curity of  a  building  exposed  to  fire  ;  the  insecurity  of 
a  debt. 

IN-SE-eO'TION,  71.     [L.  insecutio.]    Pursuit. 

Chapmaji. 

IN-SEM'IN-aTE,  r.  (.  [L.  insemino.]  To  sow;  to 
imt)re!rn:if'--.     [Little  used.] 

IN-SIlM-IX-a'TIUN,  71.  The  act  of  sowing  or  im- 
pregnating.    [Little  used,] 

IN-SENS'ATE,  a.  [Fr.  visrnsi:  L.  in  and  sensus, 
sense.] 

Destitute  of  sense  ;  stupid  ;  foolish  ;  wanting  sen- 
sibility. JiFdton.    Hammond. 

IN-SENS-I-BIE'I-TV,  n.  [from  insensible.]  Want 
of  sensibility,  or  the  power  of  feeling  or  perceiving. 
A  frozen  limb  is  in  a  state  of  insensibUity,  as  is  an 
animal  body  after  death, 

2.  Want  of  the  power  to  be  moved  or  affected  ; 
want  of  tenderness  or  susccptibilitj'  of  emotion  and 
passion.  Not  to  be  moved  at  the  distresses  of  others 
denotes  an  insensibility  extremely  unnatural. 

3.  Dullness;  stupidity;  torpor. 
IN-SENS'I-BLE,  a.    [Fr.  and  Sp.,  fromL.  in  and  sen- 

sus,  sense,  sentio^  to  feel.] 

1.  Imperceptible;  that  can  not  be  fidt  or  perceived. 
The  motion  of  the  earth  is  insensible  to  the  eye.  A 
plant  grows,  and  the  body  decays,  by  insensible  de- 
grees. Tht^mmcrs  of  the  body  are  evacuated  by  m- 
scnsible  perspiration. 

The  dome  ami  bright  light  of  the  circle  wilt  obscure  Die  rare 
and  wenk  ii;ht  of  thcw.-  dark  colors  rouud  about  it,  and  ren- 
der th''m  ahiioal  insentible.  Neielon, 

2.  Destitute  of  the  power  of  feeling  or  perceiving ; 


INS 

wanting  corporeal  sen^iibilily.  An  injur>'  lo  tito 
spine  often  renders  the  infenor  iKirls  of  the  body  w- 
sensible. 

3.  Not  susceptible  of  emotion  or  passion  ;  void  of 
feeling;  wanting  tenderness.  To  be  iiuenjible  lo 
the  sufferings  of  our  felluw-men,  is  inhuman.  To 
be  insen-tible  of  danger,  ia  not  always  evidence  of 

4.  Dull ;  stupid  ;  torpid.  [courage. 

5.  Void  of  sense  or  meaning  ;  aa,  inaenjibU  words. 

Hale.     Du  Ponceau 
IN-SEXS'I-BLE-NESS,  n.  Inability  lo  perceive  ;  want 
of  sensibility.    [See  iNSEnsiBiLiTT,  which  is  gener- 
ally used.] 
IN-SENS^I-BLY".  adv.    Imperceptibly;    in  a  manner 
not  to  be  felt  or  perceived  by  the  senses. 

The  hills  me  inttnsibly,  AddUon. 

9.  By  slow  degrees  ;  gradually.  Slen  often  slide 
insensibly  into  vicious  habits. 

IN-SEN'TIENT,  (-sen'shent,)  a.  [in  and  seatUnt.] 
Not  Iiaving  perception,  or  the  power  of  perception. 

Reid. 

IX-SEP'A-RA-BLE,  a.  [Fr. ,  from  I^  inseparabitis :  in 
and  separahilv!,  scparo,  to  separate] 

That  can  not  be  separated  or  disjoined  ;  not  to  be 
parted.  There  is  an  inseparable  connccl'ion  between 
vice  and  suffering  or  punishment. 

IX-SEP'A-RA-BLE-NE?S,  /  7i.    The  quality  of  being 

IN-SEP-A-RA-BIL'I-TV,  \  inseparable,  or  incap:i- 
ble  of  disjunction.     [  The  latter  word  is  rarely  tued.] 

Locke. 

IN-SEP'A-RA-BLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  that  prevents 
separation  ;  with  indissoluble  union. 

Bacon.     Temple. 

IN-SEP'A-RATE,  a.    Not  separate.    [J^Tot  used.] 

IN-SEP'A  RATE-LY,  adv.  So  as  not  to  be  separated. 
[A''ot  vsed.]  Craamer. 

I^-SERT',  «.  (.  [Fr.  inserer;  h. insero,  insertum ;  in 
and  scro,  to  thrust.] 

Literally,  to  thrust  in  ;  hence,  to  set  in  or  among  ; 
as,  lo  insert  a  cion  in  a  stock  ;  to  inscH  a  letter,  word, 
or  passage  in  a  composition;  to  insert  an  advertise- 
ment or  other  writing  in  a  paper. 

IN-SERT'ED,  pp.  or  a.    Set  in  or  among. 

IN-SERT'ING,  ppr.    Setting  in  or  among. 

IN-SERT'ING,  7(.    A  setting  in. 

9.  Something  set  in,  as  lace,  &.C.,  into  garments. 

IN-SER'TION,  71.    [Fr.,  from  L.  inscrtio.] 

I.  The  act  of  setting  or  placing  in  or  among  other 
things  ;  as,  the  insertion  uf  cions  in  sttx:ks ;  the  in- 
sertion of  words  or  passages  in  writings  ;  the  insertion 
of  notices  or  essays  in  a  public  paper. 

9.  The  manner  in  which  one  part  is  inserted  into, 
or  adheres  to,  another  ;  as,  the  insertion  of  stamens 
into  a  caU'.x  ;  the  insertion  of  muscles,  tendons,  A;c., 
in  parts  of  the  body.  Lindley. 

3.  The  thing  inserted.  Broome. 

IN-SERVE',  r.  i.  [L.  inservia.]  To  be  of  use  lo 
an  end. 

IX-SERVT-ENT,  a.    Conducive. 

IN-SES-So'KES,  71.  pl.y  [L.]  An  order  of  birds  that 
perch  ;  perchers. 

IN-SES-S6'RI-.AL,  a.  Perching  ;  an  epithet  applied 
lo  all  birds  which  live  habitually  among  trees.  Their 
feet  are  formed  for  grasping  or  perching.  Surainson. 

IN-SET',  r.  (.    To  infix  or  implant.  Chaucer. 

IN'SET,  n.     In  language,  a  note  within  a  note. 

Dabney. 

IN-SEV'ER-A-BLE,  a.    That  can  not  be  severed. 

IN-SHaD'ED,  a.    Marked  with  different  shades. 

Brotcne. 

IN-SIIELL',  r.  t.    To  hide  in  a  shell.  Shak. 

IN-SHELL'i:D,pp.    Hid  in  a  shell. 

TN-SHEL'TER,  r.  i.     To  shelter.  Skak. 

IX-SHEL'TER-KD,  pp.     Shtlt/:red. 

rX-SHIP',  r.  (.     To  ship  ;  to  embark.  Shak. 

IN-SHoRE',  adv.     Near  the  shore. 

IX-SllKINE'.     Sec  Enshrine. 

IX-Sie-GA'TION,  71.    The  act  of  drying  in. 

IN'STDE,  n.  [in  and  side.]  The  interior  p.arl  of  a 
thing ;  internal  part ;  opposed  lo  Outside  ;  as,  the  in- 
side of  a  church  ;  the  inside  of  a  letter.  It  is  also 
used  as  an  adjective. 

IN-SID'I-aTE,  c.  t.     [L.  insidior.] 
To  lie  in  ambush  lor. 

IN-SID'I-A-TED,  pp.    Laid  in  ambush. 

IN-SID'I-a-TIXG,  ppr.    Lvins  in  ambush. 

IN-SID'I-A-TOR,Ti.  Onew'hoiiesin  arabush.  Bcrrctc. 

IN-SID'I-OUS,  a.  [L.  insidiosus,  from  irtsideo,  lo  lie  in 
wait ;  in  and  sedco,  to  sit] 

1.  Properly,  lying  in  wait :  hence,  watching  an  op- 
portunity to  insnare  or  entrap  ;  deceitful ;  sly ;  treach- 
erous ;  used  of  persons. 
9.  Intended  to  entrap  ;  as,  insidious  arts. 

IN-SID'I-OUS-LY,  adv.  With  intention  to  insnare  ; 
deceitfully;  treacherously;  with  malicious  artilice 
or  stratagem.  Bacon, 

IN-SID'I-OUS-NESS,  ti.  A  watching  for  an  opportu- 
nilv  to  insnare  ;  deceilfulness  ;  treachery.     Barroic. 

IN'S'rCHT,  (m'sne,)  7(.  [in  and  sight.]  Sight  or 
view  of  the  interior  of  any  tiling ;  deep  inspection 
or  view ;  introspection ;  thorough  knowledge  or 
skill. 

A   goidea  gives  us  a  gitfat  iJwtffAl  into  Ibc  contmaDce  and 
wudoin  of  Providence.  SpeekUor. 


TONE,  BJJLL,  IGNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K ;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  TiflS. 


77 


"^605" 


INS 


IN-SIG'iNI-A,  71.  ;)/.  [L.]  Badges  or  distinRiiishing 
iimrkii  of  olficc  or  honor.  Burke. 

•?.  Marka,  siyns,  or  visible  impressions,  by  whicb 

any  tliinji  is  known  or  distingui^ihed.  Bcuttie. 

IN-SIG-MF'I-GANCE,    \n.      [in    and     sirrji^ficanee.l 

IN-:?IG-NIP'I-€AjN-CV,  i      Want  of  significance  or 

meaning! ;  as,  the  dlsiV/i i^conce  of  words  or  phrases. 

2.  Unimportance;  want  of  force  or  eftect ;  as,  the 
imi'mijicancc  of  human  art  or  of  ceremonies. 

"  Addison, 

3.  Want  of  Wfipht ;  meanness. 
IN-SIG-^'lF^I-eA^>'T,  a.     [m  and  si^ificantJ^     Void 

of  signification  ;  destilule  of  moaning  ;  as,  \nsis^lif' 
canl  words. 

2.  Unimportant;  answering  no  purpose;  Laving 
no  weight  or  effect ;  as,  imi^nificant  rites. 

3.  Wilhoutweight  of  character;  mean;  contempt- 
ible; as,  an  iivsiern\ficant  being  or  feUovv. 

IN-SlG-NIF'ie.VNT,  n.  An  insignificant,  trifling,  or 
worthless  thing.  TaUer. 

IN-SIG-NIF'I-GANT-LV,  ado.    Without  meaning,  as 
words. 
9.  Wilhont  importance  or  effect;  to  no  purpose, 

IN-SIG-NIF'I-CA-TIVE,  a.  Not  expressing  by  exter- 
nal signs. 

IN-SIN-U£RE',  a.  [L.  insinccrus  i  t;i  and  sinccrus^ 
sincere.] 

1.  Not  sincere  ;  not  being  in  truth  what  one  ap- 
pears to  be  ;  dissembling;  hypocritical i  false;  tiscd 
vf  persons  i  as,  an  insincere  heart. 

2.  Deceitful  ;  hypocritical;  false;  used  of  things ; 
as,  insincere  declarations  or  professions. 

3.  Not  sound  ;  not  secure,  as  jnys.  Drydcn. 
IN-SIN-CicRE'LY,  ado.    Without  sincerity  ;    hypo- 
critically. 

IN-SLN'-CER'I-TY,  n.  Dissimulation;  want  of  sin- 
cerity or  of  being  in  reality  what  one  appears  to  be  ; 
hypocrisy  ;  used  of  persoJis. 

a.  Dcceitfulness  ;  hollowness  ;  used  of  things;  as, 
the  insineeritif  of  professions. 

IN-SIN'EW,  (in-sin'nu,)  v.  t,  [in  and  sinew.]  To 
strenslhen  ;  to  give  vigor  to.  ShaJc 

IN-SI.VKW-KD, ///».    Strengthened. 

IN-SIN'EW-ING,  ppr.    Giving  vigor  to. 

IN-S[N'U-ANT,  a.     [Fr.,  from  L.  insinuaiuf.'} 

Insinuating  ;  having  the  power  to  gam  favor. 
[LiUlc  used.]  JVotton. 

IN-SIN'II-ATE,  v.  t.  [Fr.  insinucr ;  L.  insirmo  ;  in 
and  sinus,  the  bosom,  a  bay,  inlet,  or  recess.] 

1.  To  introduce  gently,  or  into  a  narrow  passage  ; 
to  wind  in.  Water  iitsinuiUcs  itself  into  the  crev- 
ices of  rocks. 

2.  To  push  or  work  one's  self  into  faior ;  to  intro- 
duce by  slow,  gentle,  or  artful  means 

He  inainitatrd  hiiiis-jlf  inio  ihe  very  ^od  grace  of  the  dnfcc  at 
Buckingham.  Garendon. 

3.  To  hint ;  to  suggest  by  rem(»te  allusion. 

Ami  all  the  fictions  bards  pursue. 

Do  but  iruinuate  what's  Irur?.  Sai/t. 

4.  To  instill ;  to  infuse  gently ;  to  introduce  art- 
fully. 

AH  llie  art  ofrhetoric,hcsiilcsor(lrr  and  clearness,  are  for  noUiinw 
el»o  but  to  ineinuale  wrong  iJetis,  move  the  pasiions,  aud 
thereby  mislend  tlic  judgment,  Locke. 

IN-SIN'TI-ATE,  V.  i.  To  creep  in;  to  wind  in;  to 
flow  in ;  to  enter  gently,  slowly,  or  imperceptibly,  as 
into  crevices. 

2.  To  gain  on  the  affections  by  gentle  or  artful 
means,  or  by  imperceptible  degrees;  3JSy  insinuating 
flattery. 

3.  To  wind  along.  Milton. 
IN-SIN'l^-A-TED,     pp.       Introduced    or    conveyed 

gently,    imperceptibly,    or    by  winding    into  crev- 
ices ;  hinted. 

lN-SlSr'lI-.\-TING,  ppr.  Creeping  or  winding  in; 
flowing  in  ;  gaining  on  gently  ;  hinting. 

2.  a.  Tending  to  enter  gently;  insensibly  win- 
ning favor  and  confidence. 

IN-SIN'U-.A-TIXG-LY,  adv.    By  insinuation. 

IN-SIN-U-A'TION,  n.    [Fr.,  from  U  insinuatio.] 

1.  The  act  of  insinuating;  a  creeping  or  wmding 
in  ;  a  flowing  into  crevices. 

2.  The  act  of  gaining  on  favor  or  affections,  by 
gentle  or  artful  means. 

3.  The  art  or  power  of  pleasing  and  stealing  on 
the  affections. 

He  h.id  a  natural  intinuaion  i\iid  ail-Inss,  which  mnde  him 
.ic«ptablc  in  Oif  U-sL  company.  Qarcrulon, 

4.  A  hint ;  a  sugg*;stion  or  intimation  by  distant 
allusion.    Slander  may  be  conveyed  by  insivuatioTis. 

IN-tfIN'I|-A-TIVE,a.    Steahngon  the  affections. 

Baco}i. 
IN-SIN'U-A-TOR,  n.    One  who  insinuates;  one  that 

hInLi. 
IN-SIP'ID,  a.     [Fr.  insipide ;  L.  insipidus ;  in  and  sajii- 
dus,  Fopioy  to  taste.] 

1.  Tasteless;  destitute  of  taste  ;  wantingthe  qnali- 
ties  which  affect  the  organs  of  taste  ;  vapid  ;  as,  in- 
sipid liquor. 

2..  Wanting  spirit,  life,  or  animation  ;  wanting  pa- 
thos, or  the  power  of  exciting  emotions;  flat;  dull; 
lieavy  ;  as,  an  insipid  adilress  ;  an  insipid  conipo:!:- 
tion. 


INS 

3.  Wanting  power  to  gratify  desire;  as,  insipid 
pleasures. 

1.  Want  of  taste,  or  the  power  of  oxciting  sensa- 
tion in  the  tongue. 

2.  Want  of  life  or  spirit. 

Drydcn's  lines  shine  Btrongly  through  the  intipidUy  of  Tate's. 

Pope. 

IN-SIP'ID-LV,  flrfu.    Without  tasto  ;  without  spirit  or 

life  ;  without  enjoyment.  Locke. 

IN-SIP'I-ENCE,  n.     [L,  inslpientia ;  in  and  sapio^  to 

be  wise.] 
Want'     wisdom;  folly;  foolishness;  want  of  un- 

derstani  .ng. 
IN-SIS'I'',  V.  i.     [Fr.  insistcr;  L.  insisio;  in  and  sisto, 

to  stand.] 

1.  Literally^  to  stand  or  rest  on.  [Rarchj  used.]  Ray. 

2.  In  geometry,  an  angle  is  said  to  insist  uptm  the 
arc  of  the  circle  intercepted  between  the  two  lines 
which  contain  tiie  angle. 

3.  To  dwell  on  m  discourse ;  as,  to  insist  on  a  par- 
ticular topic. 

Toiiisi.^ton;  to  press  or  urge  for  anything  with 
immovable  firmness  :  to  persist  in  demands  ;  as,  to 
insist  on  oppressive  terms  in  a  treaty  ;  to  insist  07i  im- 
mediate payment  of  a  debt. 

IN-SIST'ED,  pp.     Dwelt  on  ;  urged. 

IN-SIST'ENT,  a.  Standing  or  resting  on  ;  as^  an  in- 
.sistent  wall.     [Little  iL^ed.]  If'utton. 

IN-SIST'ING,7>pr.     Urging;  pressing.    [Sec  Insist.] 

IN-SIST'liRE,  ».  A  dwelling  or  standing  on  ;  fixed- 
ness.    [Ohs.]  Sliali. 

IN-SI'^TIEN-CY,  71.     [L.  in  and  sitio,  to  thirstj 
Freedom  from  thirst.  Orew. 

IN-SI"TION,  (in-sish'un,)  n.      [L.  insitio,  from  iiisi- 
tiis.  iiiserOy  to  plant.] 
The  insertion  of  a  cion  in  a  stock ;  ingraftment. 

Ray. 

IJ\r  SPTU,  [L.]    In  its  original  situation  or  bed. 

IN-SNAltE',?j.  (.  [m  and  5/mri;.]  To  catch  in  a  snare  ; 
to  entrap  ;  to  take  by  artificial  means. 

9.  To  inveigle  ;  to  seduce  by  artifice  ;  to  take  by 
wiles,  stratagem,  or  deceit.  The  Jlattering  tongue  is 
apt  to  insnnre  the  artless  youth. 

3.  To  entangle;  to  involve  in  difficulties  or  per- 
plexities. 

[This  word  is  often  written  Ensnare,  but  Inssare 
is  the  true  orthography.] 

IN-SNaU'ED,  pp.  Caught  in  a  snare ;  entrapped ;  in- 
veigled ;  involved  in  perplexities. 

IN-SNaR'ER,  n.    One  that  insnares. 

IN-SNaR'ING,  ppr.  ot  a.  Catching  in  a  snare;  en- 
trapping; seducing;  involving  in  difficulties. 

IN-S(J-BKI'E-TY,  n.  [in  and  .sobriety.]  Want  of  so- 
briety ;  intemperance;  drunkenness.  Decay  of  Piety. 

IN-SO'CIA-BLE,  a.  [Fr.,  from  L.  insociabUis ;  in  and 
sociabilis,  socio,  to  unite.] 

1,  Not  inclined  to  unite  in  social  converse;  not 
given  to  conversation  ;  unsociable  ;  taciturn. 

2.  That  can  not  bo  joined  or  connected. 

Lime  and  wood  are  iiuodable,    [Not  in  use.]  WoOon. 

IN-SO'CIA-CLy,  adv.    Unsociably. 
IN'SO-LaTE,  v.  t.     [L.  insolo  ;  in  and  sol,  the  sun.] 
To  dry  in  (he  sun's  rays;  to  expose  to  the  heat  of 
the  sun  ;  to  ripen  or  prepare  by  exposure  to  the  sun. 
IN'SO-La-TED,  pp.    Exposed  to  the  sun;  dried  or 

matured'in  the  sun's  rays. 
IN'SO-La-TING,  ppr.    Exposing  to  the  action  of  sun- 
beams. 
IN-SO-La'TION,  71.    The  act  or  process  of  exposing 
to  the  rays  of  the  sun  for  drj'ing  or  maturing,  as 
fruits,  drugs,  &.c.,  or  for  rendering  acid,  as  vinegar. 
2.  A  stroke  of  the  sun ;  the  action  of  extreme  heat 
on  the  living  system. 
IN'SO-LENCE,  71.     [Fr.jfrom  L.  insolentia;  in  and  so- 
lco,Xo  be  accustomed.] 

I'ride  or  hauglitiness  manifested  in  contemptuous 
and  overbearing  treatment  of  others ;  petulant  con- 
tempt ;  impudence.  Johnson. 
Blown  with  insolence  and  nnne.  liJilton. 

IN'SO-LENCE,  V.  t.  To  treat  with  haughty  contempt. 
fJVbt  used.]  K.  Charles. 

IN'SO-LENT,  a.  Proud  and  haughty,  with  contempt 
of  others;  overbea.ring ;  domineering  in  power;  as, 
an  iw^olciit  master.  Attcrbury. 

2.  Proceeding  from  insolence;  haughty  and  con- 
temptuous ;  as,  insolent  words  or  behavior. 

3.  Unaccustomed  ;  the  primary  sense,     [.^^ot  used.] 
IN'tiO-LENT-LY,  adv.      With  contemjjtuous  pride; 

haughtily:  rudely;  saucily.  Drydcn. 

IN-tr^O-LlD'I-TY,  71.  [in  and  soliditJj.]  Want  of  so- 
lidity ;  weakness.  More. 

IN-SOL-U-BIL'I-TY,  n.  [from  insofuhlr.]  The  quali- 
ty of  not  being  soluble  or  dissolvable,  particularly  in 
a  fluid. 

IN-SOL'tJ-BLE,  a.  [Fr.,  from  L.  wsolubilis ;  in  and 
soh;o,  to  dissolve.] 

1.  Tliat  can  not  be  dissolved,  particularly  by  a 
li(iuid.  Wc  say  a  substance  is  insoluble  in  water, 
when  its  iiarts  will  not  separate  and  unite  with  that 
rtuid. 


INS 

2.  Not  to  be  solved  or  explained  ;  not  to  bp  re- 
solved ;  as,  a  doubt  or  dilTicuIty.     [jVwt  much  used.  | 
IN-SOI.V'A-ULE,  a.     [Fr.,  from  L.  in  and  solvo   to 
loosen  or  dissolve.] 

1.  Not  to  be  cleared  of  difiir.ulty  or  uncertainty ; 
not  to  be  solved  or  explained  ;  not  admitting  solution 
or  explication;  as, an  insolvable  problem  or  dilliculty. 

H'atts. 
9.  That  can  not  be  pai<l  or  discharged.        Pope. 
IN-SOLV'EN-CY,  n.     [Infra.]     Inability  of  a  person 
to  pay  all  his  debts ;  or  the  slate  of  wanting  property 
Eulncicnt  for  such  payment ;  as,  a  merchant's  insolv- 
ency. 

2.  Insuffn:icncy  to  discharge  all  debts  of  the  own- 
er ;  as,  the  insolvency  of  an  estate. 

Act  of  ijtsolvcncy.    See  infra,  Insolvent  Law. 
IN-SOLV'ENT,  a.     [h.  in  and  solvens^  soloo,  to  solve, 
to  free,  to  pay.] 

1.  Not  having  money,  goods,  or  estate  sufficient  to 
pay  all  deUs  ;  as,  an  insoleent  debtor. 

2.  Not  BUtlicient  to  pay  all  the  debts  of  the  owner ; 
as,  an  insolvent  estate. 

3.  Respecting  insolvent  debtors ;  relieving  an  in- 
solvent debtor  from  imprisonment  for  debt,  or  from 
liability  to  arrest  and  iuiprisc.ninent  for  debts  previ- 
ously contracted ;  as,  an  insolvent  law. 

Daggett.  Sergeant. 
Insolvent  law,  or  act  of  insolvency ;  a  law  which 
liberates  a  debtor  from  imprisonment,  or  exempts  him 
from  liability  to  arrest  and  imprisonment  on  account  of 
any  debt  previously  contracted.  Tiiese  terms  may 
be  considered  as  generic,  comprcJiending  also  bank- 
rupt laws,  which  i)rotect  a  man's  future  acquisitions 
from  his  creditors.  But  in  a  limited  sense,  as  the 
words  are  now  generally  used,  an  insolvent  law  ex- 
lends  oUj^y  to  protect  the  person  of  the  debtor  from 
imprisori)e>ent  on  account  of  debts  previously  con- 
trijcted.  fjit  Stat,  of  Conn.     Whcaton^s  Rep. 

IN-SOLV'i*N'T,  n.    A  debtor  unable  to  pay  his  debts. 

Sergeant. 
IN-SOI\I'NI-OUS,  a,     [L.  insomniosus ;  or  in  and  som- 
uus,  sleep.] 
Troubled  with  dreams ;  restless  in  sleep. 
IN-SO-MUCir,  adv.    [in,  so,  and  much.]    So  that;  to 
that  degree, 

Siinonidcs  was  an  excellent  poet,  intomucK  that  he  made  hia 
I'urtunc  by  it.  L" Eatranst. 

[This  word,orcombinationof  words,  is  not  deemed 
elegant,  and  is  obsolescent,  at  least  in  classical  com- 
position.] 
IN-SPEGT',  I',  t.  [L.  inspicioj  inspectum ;  in  and  .<tpccio, 
to  view.] 

1.  To  look  on  ;  to  view  or  oversee  for  the  purpose 
of  examination.  It  is  the  duty  of  parents  to  inspect 
the  conduct  or  manners  of  their  children. 

2.  To  look  into ;  to  view  and  examine  for  the  pur- 
pose of  ascertaining  the  quality  or  condition  of  a 
thing  ;  as,  to  i/t^pcc^j, potash  ;  to  inspect  flour  ;  to  in- 
spcct  arms.  p^ 

3.  To  view  and  d  imine  for  the  purpose  of  discov- 
ering and  correcli*^  errors  ;  as,  to  inspect  the  press, 
or  the  proof-sheets  of  a  book. 

4.  To  superintend. 

IN-SPECT',  71,    Close  examination,    [JVot  used.] 

Thomson. 

IN-SPECT'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Viewed  with  care  ;  exam- 
ined by  the  eye  or  officially. 

IN-SPECT'ING,  ppr.  Looking  on  or  into ;  viewing 
with  care ;  examining  for  ascertaining  tiie  quality  or 
condition, 

IN-SPE€'TrON,  71.     [Fr.,  from  L.  ijispectio.] 

1.  A  looking  on  or  into ;  prying  examination ; 
close  or  careful  stirvey  ;  as,  the  divine  Uu'i}}rclion  into 
the  aftairs  of  the  world.  Bcntley. 

9.  W^atch ;  guardianship ;  as,  a  youth  placed  at 
school  under  the  inspection  of  a  friend. 

3.  Superintendence;  oversight.  The  fortifications 
are  to  be  executed  under  the  in.-^cction  of  an  olliccr 
of  the  army, 

4.  Otficial  view  ;  a  careful  viewing  and  examining 
of  commodities  or  manufactures,  to  ascertain  their 
quality  ;  as,  the  inspecttoji  of  flour. 

5.  Oflicial  examination,  as  of  arms,  to  see  that 
they  are  in  good  order  for  service. 

IN-SPECT'IVE,  a.     Inspecting. 

IN-SPEGT'OR,  7i.  One  who  inspects,  views,  or  over- 
sees ;  as,  an  inspector  of  morals ;  an  inspector  of  tlie 
press. 

2.  A  superintendent ;  one  to  whose  care  the  exe- 
cution of  any  work  is  committed,  for  the  jiurposo  of 
seeing  it  faithfully  performed. 

3.  An  officer  whose  duty  is  to  examine  the  quality 
of  goods  or  commodities  offered  for  sale. 

4.  An  officer  of  the  customs. 

5.  A  military  officer  whose  duty  it  is  to  inspect  the 
troops  and  examine  their  arms. 

IN-SPE€T'OR-ATE,  I  n.    The  office  of  an  inspector. 

IN-SPECT'OR-SJIIP,  \  IVashingtvn. 

IN-SPERS'£D,  (in-spcrst',)  a.  Sprinkled  on.  [JVof 
used.] 

IN-SPER'SION,  71.  [L.  inspersio,  inspcrgo ;  in  and  spar- 
go.  to  scatter.] 
The  act  of  sprinkling  on.  AinsjrorVi, 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— MeTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MAR:rNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOQK. 


INS 

IJ^-SPEX'l-MUS,  n.  [L.,  wo  have  inspected.]  la 
England,  the  first  word  of  ancient  cliaitera,  con- 
liiiuing  a  grant  made  by  a  former  king  j  licncc,  the 
nami^  <)f  a  roval  grant.  Smart. 

IN-SPHeRE',"c.  t.  [in  aud  sphere.]  To  place  in  an 
orb  or  sphere.  Mdton. 

IN-SPHkR'KD,  pp.    Placed  in  a  sphere. 

IX-SPHkR'ING,  ppT.    Placiug  in  a  sphere. 

lN-SPiR'A-l>LE,  a.  [from  inspire]  That  may  be  in- 
spired. 

2.  That  may  be  drawn  into  the  lungs  ;  inhalabie  ; 
as  air  or  vapors. 

[N-SPI-RA'TION,  71.    fFr.,  from  L.  insairo.] 

1.  The  act  of  drawing  air  into  tbi^  lungs  ;  the  in- 
haling of  air ;  a  part  of  respiration,  and  opposed  to 
Expiration.] 

2.  The  act  of  breathing  into  any  thing. 

3.  The  supernatural  intiutnce  of  the  Spirit  of  Ood 
on  the  human  mind,  bv  wliich  prophets,  apostles, 
and  sacred  writer.^,  were  quahhed  to  set  forth  divine 
truth  without  any  mixture  of  error;  or  the  commu- 
nication of  the  divine  will  to  the  understanding  by 
suggestions  or  impressions  on  tlie  mind,  wliich  leave 
no  room  to  doubt  the  reality  of  liieir  supernatural  or- 
igin. 

All  Scripture  is  ^ven  by  inspiration  of  God.  —2  Tim.  iii. 

4.  The  infusion  of  ideas  or  directions  by  the  sup- 
posed deities  of  pagans. 

5.  The  infusion  or  communication  of  ideas  or  po- 
etic spirit,  by  a  superior  being  or  supposed  presiding 
power  ;  as,  the  inspiratwn.  of  Homer  or  other  poet. 

6.  A  highly  exciting  influence ;  as,  the  insptration 
of  the  scene. 

IN-SPi'RA-TO-RY  or  IN'SPI-RA-TO-RY,  a.  Per- 
taining to  or  aiding  inspiration,  or  inhaling  air  into 
the  lungs.  Med.  Rcpos. 

IN-SPIRE',  V.  i.  [L.  inspiro ;  in  and  sptrOj  to  breatlio  ; 
Fr.  inspirer.] 

To  draw  m  breath  j  to  inhale  air  into  the  lungs  ; 
opposed  to  Expire. 

IN-SPIRE',  V.  t.    To  breathe  into. 

Ye  niti^*,  descend  and  sin», 

Tlje  brMthing  insminieiil^  inspire.  Pope. 

9.  To  infuse  by  breathing. 

He  tnew  not  Itii  Maker,  and  him  that  insured  inta   him  a,o 
acdve  soul.  Wisdom. 

3.  To  infuse  into  the  mind ;  as,  to  inspire  with  new 
life. 

4.  To  infuse  or  suggest  ideas  or  monitions  super- 
naturally  ;  to  communicate  divine  instructions  to  the 
mind.  In  this  manner  we  suppose  the  prophets  to 
have  been  inspired,  and  the  Scriptures  to  have  been 
composed  under  divine  influence  or  direction. 

5.  To  infuse  ideas  or  poetic  spirit. 

G.  To  draw  into  the  lungs  ;  as,  to  inspire  and  cxj)irc 
the  air  with  difficulty.  Harvenj. 

IX-SPIll'£D,  pp.  or  a.  Breathed  in  ;  inhaled  ;  infused. 

'•2.  Informed  or  directed  bv  the  Holy  Spirit. 
L\-SPrit'ER,  71.    He  that  inspires. 
l\-SPiR'I\G,  ppr.     Breathing  in  ;  inhaling  into  the 
lungs  ;  infusing  into  the  mind  supematurally. 
9.  a.    Infusing  spirit  or  courage  :  animating. 
I\-SPlR'n',  V.  t.     [in  and  spirit.]     To  infuse  or  excite 
spirit  in  ;  to  enliven ;  to  animate ;  to  give  new  life 
to  ;  to  encourage  ;  to  invigorate. 

The  courage  of  Ag^memtiou  is  inspirited  Ly  the  love  of  empire 
and  ambitiou.  Pope. 


INS 


IN6 


Enlivened  i  animated;  invigo- 
Infusing  spirit;  giving  new 


L\'-SPIR'IT-ED,  pp. 
rated. 

IX-SPIR'IT-rXG,  ppr. 
hf^  to. 

IN-SPIS'SaTE,  v.  t.     [L.  in  and  spissus^  thick.] 

To  thicken,  as  fluids  ;  to  bring  to  greater  consist- 
ence by  evaporating  the  thinner  parts,  &,c. 

IiV-SPIS'SATE,  a.    Thick.  OremhiU. 

I.V-SPrS'S.\-TED,  pp.  or  «.    Thickened,  as  a  liquor. 

IX-SPIS'Sa-TING,  ppr.    Thickening,  as  a  liquor. 

IX-SPIS-Sa'TION,  n.  The  act  or  operation  of  ren- 
dering a  fluid  substance  thicker  by  evaporation,  &lc. 

I.\-STA-BIL'I-Tr,  71.  [Fr.  instahUite ;  L.  instabiUtas, 
irti:tuL:lui ;  in  and  stabilis,  from  sto,  to  staiid.] 

1.  Want  of  stability  ;  want  of  firmness  in  purpose  ; 
inconstancy ;  fickleness ;  mutability  of  opinion  or 
ci.nduct.  Instabilitij  is  the  characteristic  of  weak 
minds. 

3.  Changeableness ;  mutability;  as,  the  iiistabilitij 
of  laws,  plans,  or  measures. 

IN-STA'llLE,  a.     [L.  instaitilis.] 

1.  Inconstant;  prone  to  change  or  recede  from  a 
purpose;  mutable;  of  persons. 

2.  Not  steady  or  fixed ;  changeable  ;  of  things. 
[liisTABLE  and  Unstable  are  sijnonijmous,  and  Vie 

latf.er  is  more  commonly  used.] 

I.V-STa'JILE-XESS,  «.  Unstableness  ;  mutability  ; 
iiii^tabUity. 

IN-STALL',  V.  t  [Fr.  installer;  Sp.  itulalar;  It.  m- 
stalUre  ;  from  G.  stall,  from  stcllen^  D.  slellcuy  to  set. 
Or.  areWo),  to  send.] 

To  set,  place,  or  instate  in  an  office,  rank,  or  or- 
dt:r  ;  to  invest  with  any  cliarge,  oflice,  or  rank,  with 
the  customary  ceremonies.  To  install  a  clergyman 
or  minister  of  the  gospel,  is  to  place  one  who  has 
been  previously  ordained  over  a  particular  church 


and  congregatron,  or  to  invest  an  ordained  minuilor 
with  a  particular  pastoral  charge  ;  in  England,  to  in- 
diict  a  dean,  prebendary,  or  other  ecclesiasticnl  dig- 
nitary, into  possession  of  the  church  to  which  he 
belongy. 
IN-STALL-a'TION,  n.  The  act  of  giving  posseiwion 
of  an  oflice,  rank,  or  order,  with  the  cuKlomaiy  cer- 
emonies. 

Oil  the  election,  tLc  biahop  gfivci  a  maocUtc  (at  U>  intiaUa^on. 

Aylife. 

JN-STALL'ED,  pp.    Placed  in  a  seal,  office,  or  order. 

lN-STALL'lNG,;jpr.  Placing  in  a  seal,  office,  or  or- 
der. 

IN-STALL'5IENT,  n.  The  act  of  installing,  or  giv- 
ing possession  of  an  oflice  with  the  usual  ceremonies 
or  solemnities.  Shak. 

2.  The  seat  in  which  one  is  placed.    [Unusual.] 

o     r  ^'"^• 

3.  In  commerce,  a  part  of  a  large  sum  of  money 
paid,  or  to  be  paid,  at  a  particular  period.  In  consti- 
tuting a  capital  stock  bv  subscriptions  of  individuals, 
it  is  customary  to  afl'ord  faciliti;,i  to  subscribers,  by 
dividing  the  sum  subscribed  into  instaUmcnu,  or  por- 
tions payable  at  distinct  periods.  In  largo  contracts, 
also,  it  is  not  unusual  to  agree  that  the  money  shall 
be  paid  by  installments. 

IN'STANCE,  n.    [Ft.,  from  L.  instOy  to  press  ;  in  and 
sto,  to  stand.] 
Literally,  a  standing  on.    Hence, 

1.  Urgency  ;  a  pressing  ;  solicitation  ;  importunity ; 
application.  The  request  was  granted  at  the  instance 
of  the  defendant's  advocate. 

2.  Example;  a  case  occurring;  a  case  offered. 
Howard  furnished  a  remarkable  instance  of  disinter- 
ested benevolence.  The  world  may  never  witness  a 
second  instance  of  the  success  of  daring  enterprise 
and  usurpation  equal  to  that  of  Bonaparte. 

Suppose  the  earth  sliould  be  removed  nearer  to  llio  sun,  and 
revolve,  for  instaj^ce,  in  the  orbit  of  Mercury;  the  whole 
ocean  would  boil  with  heat,  BenL'cy. 

TLfi  use  of  instances  is  to  illualralc  and  explain  a  dilficniiy. 

liaker. 

3.  Time ;  occasion  ;  occurrence. 

TLcoC  seem  as  if,  in  the  time  of  Edwnrd  I.,  thry  were  drawn  up 
in  Uie  form  of  a  law,  in  the  first  instance.  Hale. 

4.  Motive;  influence.    [Obs.]  Sliak. 

5.  Process  of  a  suit.    [Obs.)  Jiyhffr. 
Instance  Court ;  a  branch  of  the  Court  of  Admiralty, 

in  England,  distinct  from  the  Prize  Court. 

On  the  continent  of  Europe,  :x  court  ofthe/rji  iji- 
stance  is  one  which  has  original  jurisdiction  of  a 
case  ;  couits  of  the  second  and  third  instance  are 
courts  of  successive  appeal.  Encyc.  Mm. 

IN'STANCE,  V.  i.  To  give  or  offer  an  example  or 
case. 

Aa  to  f;ilse  citations — ■!  shall  inaWncc  two  or  three.      TUloiton. 

IN'STANCE,  V.  t.  To  mention  as  an  example  or  case. 
He  instanced  the  event  of  Cesar's  death. 

IN'STANC-£D,  (in'stanst,)  pp.  or  a.  Given  in  proof 
or  as  an  exampie.  Bp.  HalL 

IN'STANC-ING,  ppr.  Giving  as  proof  or  as  an  ex- 
ample. 

IN'STANT,  a.     [Fr.,  from  L.  inatans^  insto.] 
\.  Pressing;  urgent;  importunate;  earnest. 

Rejoicing:  iu  hope;  patient  in  tribulstioa  ;  coDliDuing  inalanl 
id  prayer.  —  Rom.  xii, 

9.  Immediate;  without  intervening  time  ;  present. 

Impending  death  i^  thine,  and  inslajit  doom.  Prior. 

3.  Quick ;  making  no  delay. 

lnaUi.nl  he  flev/  with  ht«piUibIe  h^flL'.  Pope. 

4.  Present;  current.    On  the  tenth  of  July  iMi-tanf. 
IN'STANT,  n.    A  point  in  duration;  a  moment;  a 

part  of  duration  in  which  we  perceive  no  succijssion, 
or  a  part  that  occupies  the, time  of  a  single  thaupht. 

2.  A  particular  time.  Himk. 
IN-STANT-A-NiC'I-TY,  «.    Unpremeditated  produc- 
tion.                                                                SkenstoM. 

IN-STANT-A'NE-OUS,  a.  ^Fr.  instantani  ;  £p.  and 
It.  instantanco.) 

Done  in  an  instant;  occurring  or  actinjt  witlwiit 
any  perceptible  succession  ;  very  sfwcdily.  'I'iio 
passage  of  electricity  through  any  given  space  ai>- 
pears  to  be  inatuntaneous. 

IN-STANT-A'NE-OUS-LY,  adv.  In  an  instant ;  in  a 
moment ;  in  an  indivisible  point  of  duration.  The 
operations  of  the  human  mind  are  wonderful ;  our 
thougltts  fly  from  world  to  world  in^tanlanrotu-dy.  In 
the  western  parts  of  the  Atlantic  StaU-s  of  .\merica, 
showers  of  rain  sometimes  begin  tn^stantaneouslv. 

IN-STANT-a'NE-OUS-NESS,  «.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing dnin^  in  an  instant. 

IN-ST.VNT'ER,  adv.  [L.]  In  laie,  hnmediatrly  ;  at 
the  prt;>ent  luiie ;  withuut  delay.  The  party  was 
compelled  to  plead  instantcr. 

IN'STAx\T-Ly,  adv.    Immediately;  without  any  in- 
tervening time;   at  the  moment.     Lightning  often 
kills  instantly. 
9.  VV* ith  urgent  importunity. 

And  when  they  come  to  Jesiu,  they  bcwuyht  him  iHttanVy, 
sayino*,  that  be  was  worthy  Tor  whom  bo  abould  do  ttus. — 
I.uke  vii. 

3.  With  diligence  and  earnestness.    Jiets  xxvi. 


IN^TAE',  r,  (.    [in  and  star.]    To  Mil  v  4 

KUin,  t.r  with  bnlltanu. 
Ur-STAIt  OM'JVI-UM,  [U]     Uk»  aU :  u  oau.- 

for  all. 
IN-STAR'R£D,  (-cCtrd,)  ^.    A4<ned  vkb  fUrm. 

'—"-ttI  w'rTi  ^iBM.  /  Hif.   .  ■ 

IN-STATE',  r.  l    [in  and  ttau.1    To  art  or  ptoer     ■ 
cstabliflb,  a.4  in  a  rank  or  coadkkm ;  u,  tu  iV^u 
pCFBon  ill  greatDCBi  or  in  TaTor.    iiauik,    .1'- 
9.  Toinverrt.    [Oft*.] 
IN-STAT'El*.  pp.    8rt  cr  pli^.  J. 
IN-STAT'I.N'G.mrr.    H<rmm- 
IJV  STA'TC/  (iVO,  [L.1     I 

dition. 
IN-STAU'RaTE,  c.  L     [L..:..-..r 

To  reform  ;  to  repair.     [  Oi»«i<f/,1 
IN-ST^U-RA'TIO\,  n.    [i'l.,  fr%m  I^  ..: 
staura,  to  renew.] 

Renewal;  repair ;  ret<L-.: 
of  a  thing  to  iu  former  n 
dilapidation. 
I\-.S'J'.\i;.RA'TOR,  Ti.    One  wlu  rrnew* 

to  a  lormcr  cr>nditii;n. 
IN-.STEAD',  (m-Hicd'.      '  ' 
place  ;  but  stead  rci' 
IS  folIuw».-f)  by  f>/r  ■ 
in  the    ■ 
In  tir 

Lett  ,it 

&xm.  xvii. 

Tbia  considerali'^  I. 
ments.    In  thi 
eipial  to. 

UhL-n  iny 
is  an  ellipsis,  or  ~uvi  \m  : , 
IN-STEEP',  r.  (.     [in  and  ^ 
to  drench  ;  to  mactrate  in  r 
2.  To  keep  under  or  in  w  ai-  r. 
IX-STEEI"£U,  (in-8leepi',)  pp.      .- 

drenched  ;  Iving  under  waif  r 
IX-STEEP'lN(;,;jpr.     Slee;    . 
IX'STEP,  71.     [in  and  step.\ 
fool  is  the  fore  part  of  the  1; 
its  junction  with  ihe  le;;. 
2.  Tlie  itistfp  of  a  hor^ 
leg  which  reaches  from  tL 

IN'STI-GaTE,  r.  t      [ 

Gr.  (rriC''S  to  prick,  j 

To  incite;  to  stt  en;  [_.  prt,v*.-Kf  ;  ii-  '.r;:'  ,  ^j  ■  j 

ehicjty  or  wholly  in  an  iii  sense ;  as,  to  imttifaU  one  !•■    i 

evil :  tn  instiirate  to  a  crime.  ! 

IN'STI-G.A-TKl),  p;).    Incited  or  per»uad»-d. 
IX'STI-G.\-T1\G,  ir7»r.     Inciime  :  t*  miitiT  ; 
IN'STr-<;A-TI.\G-LV,  ii^r.    Incjtintlv  :  i 
LN'-STI-Ga'TION,  w.    Inciiemcnt,  .»•  '. 

tdness ;  the  act  of  encouraging  t. 

or  some  evU  acL 
2.  Temptation;  impulse  to cri] ; 

of  the  devil, 
IN'STI-Ga-'IOR,  h.    One  who  inc. 

cvd  act ;  n  letiipii  r. 
2.  That  which  incites;  that  whicb  mores  prrvnoi   L 

to  commit  wickedness.  ' 

IN-STILL',  r.  f.     [L.  m,<illi}:  ui  an  !        "  ' 

1.  To  infuse  by  drops. 

2.  To  infufie  slowly,  or  by  small 
instill  goiHl  principles  into  the  mind. 

IN-STIl^LA'TION.  n.     [L.  imttilUitt,''.! 

1.  The  act  of  iufuaing  by  drops  or  by  f . 
tilies. 

2.  The  act  of  infusing  »fIowly  into  tl»c  mind.  I ! 

3.  That  which  is  inslilled  orinfufed.  i 
IN-STILL'i;i),  pp.    Infused  by  dmps  or  ly  ='  -    ■ 

«'rer>-. 
LVsriLL'ER,  V.    Ho  that  insUlla. 
L\  tiTILL'ING,  ppr.    Infusing  by  drop?  ■  : 

FN  Sl'nlL'.MnXT,  n.     The  aft  of  ln«:".'.    : 

thing  instilled. 
L\  sri.M'lJ-LATE,  r.  t.     To  stimulal* ;   to  cxcae,     j 

[.Vot  usrA.] 
I\  .<TlM'r.7..-^.TEI>.  pp.     Ejtcited. 
IN  sriJl'U-LA-TL\G,j-'ijr.    XoistimuUtS 

citing  vit;il  p(»wers. 
I.\-STIM-U-La'TION,  ».    [i.tand    •> 

act  of  stinmbuing,  inciting,  or  urj 

INSTINCT',  a.     [t.  insUMttus.    S< . 

Moved  ;  animated  ;  excited  ;  as,  ■■ 

Dctulu  —  m»tir.a  villi  t^c. 
IN'STINCT,  It.     [Fr.  ;   It.  tmOiMi.-. 
Port.  iiL-tinto  ;  from  L.  inftinetais. 
inandrfJiiffTtii,  Gr.  cr^ti),  «t:}  £.»- 
EcTiNooisii.)    The  sense  of  tlw   • 
hence  the  compound.  ixj^ti/feTus.  >  -  ' 

thrust  in,  inlixt^d.    S.v  Iv*ti«:atf 
A  cortiili  power  vT  ilisp-^-iti'^n  rl 
indopendeni  of  nl!  iiisini.-ti'in  .  r  (^ 
dclibruion,  and  wi:hoia  bavin? 
animals  aa-  unerririsly  din-TTti-^J  to 


TONE,  BULL,  i;NITE.  —  AN"GER,  VI^CIOUS,  — e  as  K ;  C  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  C!I  as  SII ;  T!I  n-  in  THIS^ 

-  cTT 


INS 


INS 


INS 


wiiatcver  is  necessary  for  tlic  |.rcstrvation  of  tlw  in- 
■liviiliml  or  till!  coiiliiiimliuii  ol  llio  kind.  Such,  In 
th<^  liuuKin  species,  is  llie  i/i-s/inft  "I  suokiui;,  exerted 
immedialely  after  birtl.,  and  th.it  of  '"*"ts  in  .  epos- 
llioir  e""S  in  situations  most  lavorable  for  Iiatcli- 

Kncjjc. 
%istiiia  inav  be  defined,  tlie  operation  of  llie  prin- 
ciple of  orgaiiiz-ed  life  by  tlio  exercise  of  certain  nat- 
ural powers  directed  to  tlic  present  or  future  good  o 
Ihc  individual.  Instinct  is  tile  general  property  ol 
the  living  principle,  or  the  law  of  organized  Ide  in  a 
slate  of  action. 


iliu; 
ing. 


Oooil. 


Anil  rtaton  r.ili.!  oV-r  in*Iiiic(  ns  you  cin, 
ill  tliU  'tis  tjoil  iliR'OU,  ill  I/WI  'tia  iiu»ii. 


Paj'C. 


LN'-STINCT'EI),  o.  Impressed  as  an  animating  power, 

rLillhnsnl.]  ,  '^""Jr'', 

IN-STINC'TION,  n.     Instinct,     f. Vet  m «.«.-.]    Elyit. 
IN-STl.N'CT'lVE,  u.     rriini|ited  by  '"*''■"■' 1  sponta 
neons  ;  acting  without  n-asoning,  deliberation,  iii- 
stnictiim,  or  experience  ;  determined  by  natural  im- 
pulse or  propensity.    The  propensity  ol  bees  to  form 
liexagoiinl  cells  for  holding   their  honey  and  their 
voung,  must  be  instinctive.  ...... 

IN-STINCT'IVE-LV,  adc.      By    force    of   instinct; 

without  reasoning,  instruction,  or  experience;   by 

iialnrul  imiiiilse.  _  ,        ,       , 

I.N'STI-TUTE,  t'.  1.     [L.  instituo;  m  and  slatun,  to 

set  1 

1.  To  establish  ;  to  appoint ;  to  enact ;  to  form  and 
prescribe  ;  as,  to  institute  laws  ;  to  institute  rules  and 

regulations.  . 

•'.  To  found  ;  to  orisinate  and  estiiUish  ;  as,  to  m- 
stitule  a  new  order  of  nol.ilily  ;  to  mslitutc  a  court. 

3  To  ground  or  eslabU>h  in  principles  ;  to  edu- 
cate ;  to  instruct ;  as,  to  institute  children  in  the  prin- 
ciples of  a  science. 

4.  To  begin  ;  to  commence ;  to  set  in  operation ; 
as,  to  institute  all  inipiiiy  ;  to  institute  a  suit. 

fi.  To  invest  with  the  spiritual  part  ol  a  benefice, 
or  tlK^  care  of  siiuls.  BliirJislonc. 

IN'fiTl-TUTE,  ir.     \  L.  in-stitutnm  i  I'r.  institul.] 
1.  Established  law  ;  settled  order. 
U.  Trecept ;  inaxinl ;  principle. 

Tu  nliikc  l!io  Sloic  iii4lituUi  lliy  owu.  Dnfliiii. 

3.  A  book  of  elements  or  principles  ;  particularly 
a  work  containing  the  principles  of  the  Uoman  law. 

Encijc. 

4.  Ill  Scots  !uw,  when  a  number  of  persons  in  suc- 
cession hold  an  estate  in  tail,  the  first  is  called  the 
iiwlitulr,  llie  others  sulistitutis.  Enajc. 

5.  .\  literary  and  philosophical  soeiely  ;  applied 
Iiarlicularly  to  the  principal  society  of  this  kind  in 
France.  Bmndc. 

IN'STI-TU-TEl),  ji;i.  Estahlished  ;  appcnnted  ;  round- 
ed ;  enacted  ;  invested  with  the  care  of  souls. 

IN'STl-TU-TIiNG,  p/ir.  Estrdilislling  ;  founding  ; 
enacting  ;  investing  with  the  cjire  of  souls. 

IN-STl-TO'TION,  ;i.     [Fr.,  from  L.  instHutiii.] 

1.  I'hc  act  of  establishing. 

2.  Kstablishment ;  that  which  is  appointed,  pre- 
scribed, or  founded  by  aiuhorily,  and  innnded  to  be 
iicrnianent.  Thus  we  speak  of  the  institutions  of 
Moses  or  I.ycurgus.  \Vu  apply  the  word  instuiUwn 
to  laws,  rites,  and  ceremonies,  which  are  enjoined 
by  authority  as  permanent  rules  of  conduct  or  of  guv- 
ernment. 

3.  All  organized  society,  established  either  by  law 
or  by  the  authority  of  Individuals,  for  promoting 
any  object,  public  or  social.  We  call  a  college  or  an 
ai  aih'iny  a  literary  iiistUutiun ;  a  Bible  society  a  be- 
Hevoleiil  or  charitable  institution;  a  banking  compa- 
ny and  an  insurance  company  are  eoniinercial  insti- 
tiilmns, 

4.  A  system  of  the  Clements  or  rules  of  any  art  or 
science.  Encyc. 

.5.  Education  ;  instruction. 

Uik  Wriiinir  was  not  die  ctfrcl  of  prvci?pt  of  Inclilution. 

lienllei/. 

G.  The  act  or  ceremony  of  investing  a  clergyman 
with  the  spiritual  part  of  a  benefice,  by  which  the 
core  of  souls  is  conmiitteil  to  his  charge,    lilachstunc. 

IN-STI-T0'TIO.\-AL,  a.    Enjoined  ;  institiitid  by  au- 
thority. Etifm.  Vucubularij. 
2.  Elementary*. 

l.\  STI  TC'TloS'-A  UY,  a.     Elemental ;  containing 
the  first  principles  or  doctrines.  Brown. 

IN'STI-TU-'l'lST,  It.     A  writer  of  institutes  or  cle- 
mentarv  rules  and  instructions.  llurvcy. 

l.N'HTI-TL'-TIVE,  <i.    That  establishes;  having  the 
power  to  esUiblish.  Barrow. 

2.  Established  ;  depending  on  institution.    Milton, 
IN'.<r[-'i'l3-'J'ult,  H.    [E.]     'i'lie  person  who  estab- 
lishes ;  one  who  enacts  laws,  rites,  and  ceremonies, 
and  enjoins  the  observance  of  Iheni. 

i  The  person  who  founds  an  order,  sect,  society, 
or  scheme,  ("or  the  promotion  of  a  public  or  social 
object. 

3.  An  instructor;  one  who  ed'icates;  as,  an  insti- 
tulor  of  youth.  Walker. 

4.  In  tke  Episcopal  church,  a  presbyter  appointed  by 
tnebi-lloplo  inslitule  a  roclor  or  assistant  minister 
ifi  a  parish  church.  Staunton. 


IN-STOP',  V.  t.     [in  and  stop.]     To  stop  ;  to  close  ;  to 

make  fast.     [LitUe  used.]  .?"'!''''":, 

IN-a'I'llAT't-FI-EU,  (-sirat'e-f  ide,)  «.  Stratified  with- 
in something  else.  Joiiru.  of  Science. 
l.N-.'STKUCT',  V.  I.  [L.  iilsfruo,  iustructuui ;  in  and 
itruo,  to  sot  or  to  put  on,  to  furnish  ;  Fr.  and  It.  iii- 
jlriiirc ;  Sp.  inslrmV.  The  E.  slriio  is  contracted  from 
struco  or  struifo.     See  Destroy.] 

1.  To  teach  ;  to  inform  the  mind ;  to  educate  ;  to 

impart  knowledge  to  one  who  was  destitute  of  it. 

Tho  first  dutv  of  parents  is  to  instruct  their  children 

in  the  principles  of  religion  and  morality. 

o.  To  direct ;  to  enjoin  ;  to  persuade  or  admonish. 

Slic,  bciii"  Ijcroro  iiwlrucKti  by  Ikt  iiiollicr,  t-Tid.Givf  mn  licre 

tliL-  li.Mil  of  John  lliu  U.iplisl  ill  II  cliiir^irr.  —  MiiH.  xi". 

3.  To  diri'ct  or  command  ;  to  furnish  with  orders. 
'I'he  president  vistrnctcd  his  envoy  to  insist  on  the 
restitution  of  the  property. 

4.  To  inform  ;  to  advise  or  give  notice  to.  On  tins 
question  the  court  is  not  instructed. 

5.  To  model ;  to  form  ;  to  prepare.     [JVot  used.] 

.lijliJIe. 

IN-STRUeT'ED,;);j.    Taught;  informed  ;  trained  up  ; 

educated. 
IN-STUUCT'I-FiLE,  a.    Able  to  instruct.     [III.] 

Bacon. 
IN-STRUCT'ING,  ppr.      Teaching  ;    informing  the 

mind ;  directing.  . 

IN-STIlue'TlON,  n.    [Fr.,  from  L.  in.4ruclio.] 

1.  The  act  of  teaching  or  hiforming  the  under- 
standing ill  that  of  which  it  was  before  ignorant ;  in- 

3.  I'recepts  conveying  knowledge.         [formation. 

Bociivc  my  ioetrucliont  iintl  nut  Eilvcr.  —  Prov.  viii. 
3.  Direction;  order;   command;  mandate.    The 
minister  received  instructions  from  his  sovereign  to 
d(  inand  a  categorical  answer. 
IN-STKUCT'IVE,  a.     [Sp.  instructioo  {  It.  instruttivo  ; 
Fr.  iirstritct'/.] 

Conveying  knowledge  ;  serving  to  instruct  or  in- 
form.   Affliction  furnishes  very  instriietivc  lessons. 
IN-STKUCT'IVE-LY,  adv.    So  as  to  afford  instruc- 
tion. ,  ''"P'- 
l.\-STRUGT'IVE-NESS,  n.    Power  of  instructing. 
IN-STRUeT'OR,  ji.    A  teacher;  a  person  who  im- 
parts knowledge  to  another  by  precept  or  informa- 
tion.                                                             1  Cor.  iv. 

2.  The  preceptor  of  a  school  or  seminary  of  learn- 
in" ;  any  president,  professor,  or  tutor,  whose  busi- 
ness is  to  teach  languages,  literature,  or  the  sciences  ; 
any  professional  man  who  leaches  the  principles  of 
Ills  iirofession. 

IN-STllUeT'RESS,  n.     A  female  who  instructs  ;  a 
iireceptress  ;  a  tutoress. 

I.\"STRU-.MENT,  n.   [Fr.,  from  L.  instrummtum,  from 
instruo,  to  prepare  ;  that  which  is  prepared.] 

1.  A  tool  ;  tiiat  by  which  work  is  performed,  or 
any  thing  is  effected  ;  as  a  knife,  a  hammer,  a  saw, 
a  plow,  &.C.  Swords,  muskets,  and  cannon,  are  m- 
struwenls  of  destruction.  A  telescope  is  an  astro- 
nomical ituitrumrnt. 

a.  That  which  is  subservient  to  the  execution  of  a 
jilan  or  purpose,  or  to  the  production  of  any  effect ; 
means  used  or  contributing  to  an  effect ;  ajiplicuMc  to 
persons  or  things,  liad  men  are  often  instruments  of 
ruin  to  others.  'J'he  distribution  of  the  Scriptures 
may  be  the  inslrnmait  of  a  vastly  extensive  reforma- 
tion in  morals  and  religion. 

3.  .\n  artificial  machine  or  body  constructed  for 
yielding  harmonious  sounds;  as  an  organ,  a  harpsi- 
chord, a  violin,  or  flute,  fcc,  which  are  called  musi- 
cal instruments,  or  instruments  Oi'  music. 

4.  In  law,  a  writing  containing  the  terms  of  a  con- 
tract, as  a  deed  of  conveyance,  a  grant,  a  patent,  an 
indenture,  &;c. ;  in  general,  a  writing  by  which  some 
fact  is  recorded  for  evidence,  or  some  right  con- 
veyed. 

5.  A  person  who  acts  for  another,  or  is  employed 
by  another  for  a  special  purpose  ;  and  if  the  purpose 
is  dishonorable,  the  term  implies  degradation  or 
meanness. 

IN-STRU-MENT'AL,  a.  Conducive,  as  an  instrument 
or  means,  to  some  end  ;  contributing  aid  ;  serving  to 
liromote  or  effect  an  object ;  heliifiil.  The  press  lias 
been  instrumental  in  enlarging  the  bounds  of  knowl- 
edge. ,     ,      •     . 

2.  Pertaining  to  instruments  ;  made  hy  instru- 
ments ;  as,  !iistnirac7i(ui  music,  distinguished  from 
vocal  music,  which  is  made  by  the  liiiman  voice. 
IN-STRU-MENT-.\L'I-TY,  ii.  Subordinate  or  auxil- 
iary agency  ;  agency  of  any  thing,  as  means  to  an 
end  ;  as,  the  iiL-itrumrntutity  of  second  causes. 
IN-S'I'RU-MENT'AL-EY,  ado.  liy  way  or  means  of 
an  instrument ;  in  the  nature  of  an  instrument,  as 
means  to  an  end.  South. 

2.  With  instruments  of  music. 
IN-STR(J-MENT'AL-Ni;SS,  n.       Usefulness,  us   ol 

means  to  an  end  ;  instrumentality.  Hammond. 

I,\-STYLE',r.  t.     loi  and  slj/c]     To  call ;  to  denom- 
inate.    \J^ot  luied.)  CrasUair. 
IN-SUAVM-TY,  (in-swav'e  ty,)  n.     [U  iusuai-itiis.] 

Unpleasantness. 
IN-SIIH-JEC''1'U)N 
crnment. 


Defect  of  submission  ;  diso- 
Not  submitting  to  autlior- 


INSUB-MIS'SION,  n. 

bedience. 
IN-SUli-OR'UI-NATE,  a. 

IN-s'uC-Oll-Dl-N.^'TlON,  II.   Want  of  subordination  ; 
disorder  ;  disobedience  to  lawful  authority. 

Marslmll.     J.  M.  Mason 
IN-SUB-STAN'TI.\I.,  a.    Unsubstantial;  not  real. 

Sluik. 
IN-SUC-CA'TION,  11.     [li.  insnceo,  to  moisten  ;  in  and 
siicciLi,  juice.] 

The  act  of  soaking  or  inoistening  ;  maceration  ;  so- 
lution in  the  juice  of  lierli-'.  Cocf. 
IN-SUF'FER-A-lll.l''.,  a.     [oi  and  suffrrahle.]     Ilileh  r- 
able  ;  that  can  not  be  borne  or  endured  ;  as,  ins..ffir- 
aUe  heat,  cold,  or  pain. 

2.  That  can  not  be  pi-rmiUed  or  tolerated,  iuir 
wrongs  are  i/wii^crui/e. 

3.  Detestable  ;  contemptible  ;  disgusting  beyond 
endurance. 

A  nuiUiuiilP  of  scriliblcra  who  lUily  iwstcr  tho  worlil  wi'h  Oieir 
iomifferaUe  .lull'.  Dr^ilta. 

IN-SUF'FER-A-IILY,  adi'.  To  a  degree  beyond  endu- 
rance ;  as,  a  blaze  insufferably  bright ;  a  person  insiif- 
feiahly  proud. 
IN-SUF-FI"C1EN-CY,  (-suf-fish'cn-sB,)  n.  [m  and 
sul/iciciic//.]  Inadequateness ;  want  of  sufficiency  ; 
deficiency  ;  as,  an  insufficiency  of  provisions  to  lUiiply 
the  garrison. 

a.  Inadequacy  of  power  or  skill ;  inability  ;  iiica- 
liacity  ;  incompetency  ;  as,  the  insufficiency  of  a  man 
for  an  office. 

3.  Want  of  the  requisite  strength,  value,  or  force  ; 
defect. 

Tho  i,i»uffid(ni:v  of  lUe  light  of  nilun:  in  tnpplicd  by  die  lif  hi 
of  Saipl.iK:.  "<"!"<■■ 

IN-SUF-FI"CIEi\'T,  (-snf-fish'cnt,)  a.  [in  and  suffi- 
cient.] Not  sufficient ;  inadequate  lo  any  need,  use, 
or  purpose.  The  provisions  are  insuffciciU  in  quanti- 
ty, and  defective  in  quality. 

2.  Wanting  in  strength,  power,  ability,  or  skii.  ; 
incapable ;  unfit ;  as,  a  |ierson  insuJficieHt  lo  discharge 
the  duties  of  an  office. 
IN-SUF-FI"CIENT-LY,  luli:     With  want  of  suffi- 
ciency ;  with  want  of  proper  abilily  or  skill ;  inadc- 

quatelv.  ,      «,     .    u,       , 

IN-SUF-FL.x'TION,  n.     [L.  in  and  suMo,  to  blow. J 
1.  'J'he  act  of  breathing  on. 

"  The  act  of  blowing  a  substance  into  a  cavity  ol 
the  bi.ilv.  , , .  ,         J  C""- 

IN-SOIT'.\-BLE,  a.    Unsuitable.     [Little  used. 


[L.    insularis,    from 


Burnet, 
insula,    a 


Barton. 
State  of  ili.^iihpdieliee  to  gov 


IN'SU-L.'Ut, 

IN'SU-LA-RY,  i      isli   ,  ,    ,  , 

Belonging  to  an  isle  ;  surrounded  by  water  ;  as,  an 
tHsi(/ar  situation. 
IN'SU-LAR,  71.    One  who  dwells  in  an  isle. 

Berkeley. 
IN-SU-LAR'I-TY,  n.    The  state  of  being  insular. 
IN'SU-LAR-LY,  ado.     In  an  insular  manner. 
IN'SU-LATE,  V.  U     [L.  insula,  an  isle.] 

1.  To  place  in  a  detached  situation,  or  in  a  state  to 
liave  no  communication  with  snrroumling  objects. 

3.  In  arc/nitcdirc,  to  set  a  coluiiin  alone, or  not  con- 
tiguous to  a  wall.  ,     .    »    I  1    I 

3.  In  electrical  expcrimcntt,  to  place  electrified  bull- 
ies, by  means  of  non-conductors,  in  such  a  situation 
tlia't  the  electricity  is  prevented  fioni  escaping. 

4.  To  make  an  isle.     [Lillle  used.] 
IN'SU-L.^-TED,  pp.  or  <i.    Standing  by  itself;  not  be- 
ing contiguous  to  other  bodies  ;  as,  an  insulated  house 

or  column.  .  .  „ 

o  In  ekctricaleTiieriincnUi, v\i\ecii,hy  mcansof  non- 
conductors, so  that  the  electricity  is  prevented  from 
escaping.  ,        ,     , 

IN'SU-LS-TING,  ppr.      Setting  in  a  detached  posi- 
tion. ...  c 

2.  In  electrical  CTperiments,  placing,  by  ineam.  o 
non-conductors,  so  that  the  electricity  is  prevented 
from  escaping.  ,       .  , 

IN-SU-L.\'TI(JN,  11.    The  act  of  insulating  ;  the  state 
of  being  detached  from  other  objects.  ,       -^    i 

2.  In  electrical  eiperiments,  act  of  placing  electiilied 
bodies,  by  means  of  non-conductors,  in  such  a  situ- 
ation that  the  electricity  is  prevented  from  escaiiing  ; 
tho  state  of  being  thus  placed. 
IN'SU-H-TOR,".  \neleclrical  erperi,nrnl^,Uu'  sub- 
stance or  body  that  insulates,  or  interrupts  ihe  eiim- 
niiiiiiiatioii  oi' electriiily  to  surroiimlnig  objects  ;  a 
niiuriiiiiluifor,  or  eleclrle.  tut.  Kncyc. 

IN'.''^li-l.i 'I'S,  a.     .\boiindiiig  ill  isles. 
IN-SIJI.SK',  Ciii-suls',)ii.    [L.  iiisufcus.] 

Dull  ;  insipid.     [Aol  used.]  Milton. 

IN'SULT,  71.     [I'r.  insuUe;  L.  insultas,  from  iiisil, 
leap  on  ;  in  and  salio,  to  leap.)  . ,     r>     , 

1.  'riie  ;ict  of  leaping  on.     [Little  used.]     T>ryden. 
"    Anv  "ross  abuse  offered  to  another,  eillier  by 
words  or  auctions  ;  act  or  speech  of  insolence  or  con- 
tempt. 

Til-  nilhlciiii  unccr  thiU  iniuW  aiMa  to  giitf.  Snxije. 

IN-SUI.T',  c.  (.     [Fr.  insultcr;  It.  iiisultare ;  Sp.  iiisiii- 
tar  ;  1,.  i'nsulto.     See  the  noun.] 
To  treat  with  gross  abuse,  insolence,  or  contempt. 


to 


F.\TE,  FXR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PRBy.  — MNE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQOK. 


612 


INS 

by  words  or  aclinns  ;  as,  to  call  a  man  a  coward  or  a 

liar,  or  lo  sneer  al  liitn,  is  to  insitlt  Iiini. 
X-SULT',  c.  i.    To  ItoUavc  with  insolent  irinmph. 

B.  Jutison. 
To  insult  over;  to  triunipli  over  with  insolence  and 

coni'ni|)t. 
'   lN-.su LT-A'TION,  «.    The  act  of  insulting  ;  abusive 

treatment.  FeltJtam, 

IX-SULT'ED,  pp.    Abused,  or  treated  with  insolence 

and  contempt. 
IN-;?CLT'ER,  H.    One  who  insulL*;.  Roire. 

LV-:?UL'r'ING,  ppr.    Treating  with  insolence  or  con- 
tempt. 
T.\-SULT'IXG,  a.      Containing  or  conveying  gross 

abuse  ;  as,  insulting  language. 
IN-SULT'LN'G-LY,  adv.      With   insolent  contempt ; 

with  contemptuous  triumph.  Dniden. 

IX-SULT'.MENT,  n.     The  act  of  insulting. "   [JVo( 

used.]  Shak. 

IX-SCME',  r.  t.     [L.  insumn.] 

To  lake  in.    [J^'ot  u-sai.]  Enelvi* 

L\-StJ-PER-A-BIL'I-TY,  n.    [Uom  insuperable.']   "The 

quality  of  being  insuperable. 
IN-SO'PER-A-BLE,  a.     [L.  insupcrabilis ;  in  and  su- 

pcrabilisy  from  supcro^  to  overcome  or  surpas?.] 

1.  That  can  not  be  overcome  or  surmounted  ;  in- 
surmountable ;  3ls^  insuperable  ditficultics,  oIijeclioDS, 
or  obstacles. 

2.  Tliat  can  not  be  p:iS3ed  over. 

And  miiidl«  uaiui^j,  hon-  ih-y  Ion*  to  join  I 

Yet  never  pass  Uic  ir^u/fertMe  line.  P\-j)C. 

The  latter  application  is  unusual.  This  word  is 
rarely  or  never  used,  in  reference  to  an  enemy,  in 
the  sense  of  invincible  or  uncovquerable.  We  do  not 
say  that  troops  or  enemies  arc  insupcrabh;  but  the 
word  is  applied  chierty  to  dilficuliies,  objections,  ob- 
stacles, or  inipcdirnents. 

IN-Su'PEU-A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  iiuality  of  being 
insupenible  or  insurmountable. 

IX-Su'PER-A-BLY,  arfr-  In  a  manner  or  degree  not 
t*)  be  overcome  ;  insunnounlablv.  Grew. 

L\-SUP-PoRT'A-BLE,  a.     [Fr.  in  and  supportuble.] 

1.  That  can  not  be  supported  or  borne;  as,  the 
weight  or  burden  is  insxtpportable. 

2.  That  can  not  be  borne  or  endured  ;  insufferable  ; 
intolerable.  "We  say  of  heat  or  cold,  insult,  indig- 
nity, or  disgrace,  it  is  imfupportable. 

LV-SUP-PoRT'A-BLE-NESS,n.  The  quality  of  being 

insupportable;  insufferabloness j  the  slate  of  being 

beyond  endurance.  Sidiieij. 

LX-SUP-PoRT'A-BLY,  ade.    In  a  manner  or  desree 

that  can  not  be  supported  or  endured.  Drydau 

IX-SUP-PRESS'I-BLE,  a.     Not  to  be  suppressed  or 

concealed.  Yomt  a-. 

IX-SUP-PRE3S'I-BLY,  adv.    In  a  manner  or  degree 

that  can  not  be  suppressed  or  concealed. 
IN-SUP-PRESS'IVE,  a.    Not  tending  to  suppress. 

Skal:. 
IN-SuR'A-BLE,  (in-shur'a-bl,)  a.  [from  insure.]  That 

may  be  insured  against  loss  or  damage ;  proper  to  be 

insured. 

The  French  law  amnils  the  Xaxur  policies  so  far  u  they  exceed 
the  inruToble  inteiest  which  remained  in  the  insured  at  the 
time  of  the  aubecriptioa  thereof,  Walth. 

IN-StJR'AXCE,  (in-shur^ans,)  n.    [from  insure.]    The 

act  of  insuring  or  assuring  against  loss  or  damage  ; 

or  a  contract  by  wiiich  one  engages  for  a  stipulated 

consideration  or  prenuum  per  cent,  to  make  ii,  .■.  '  >ss 

which  another  may  sustain.      Insurance  is  usi.ully 

made  on  goods  or  property  exposed  to  uncommon 

hazard,  or  on  lives. 

2.  The  premium  paid  for  insuring  property  or  life. 

Insurance  company ;  a  company  or  corporation  whose 

business  is  to  insure  acainst  loss  or  dajnaije. 

IN-SCR'AN-CER,  71.    An  underwriter.     [JVot  in  use.] 

R.  Blair. 
IN-SURE',  (in-shure',)  v.  t.    [in  and  sure.  The  French 
use  assurer.] 

1.  To  make  sure  or  secure  ;  as,  to  insure  safety  to 
any  one. 

2.  To  contract  or  covenant,  for  a  consideration,  to 
secure  a  person  against  loss  ;  or  to  engage  to  indem- 
nify another  for  the  loss  of  any  specified  property,  at 
a  certain  stipulated  rate  per  cenl.,  called  a  premium.. 
The  proijerty  usunlly  insured  is  such  as  is  eipo=ed  to 
exlraordinar>'  hazard.  Thus  the  merchant  in^-urcs 
bis  ship  or  its  cargo,  or  both,  against  the  dangers  of 
the  sea ;  houses  are  insured  airainst  fire  ;  sometimes 
hazardous  debts  arc  insured^  and  sometimes  lives. 

IN-SuRE',  V.  i.  Tti  underAvrite  ;  to  practice  making 
insurance.  This  company  insures  at  three  per  cent., 
or  al  a  low  premium. 

rN-SuR'£D,  (in-shurd',)  pp.  or  a,  3Iadc  sure;  as- 
sured :  secured  acainst  loss. 

IN-SuR'ER,  (in-shur'er,)  n.  One  who  insures;  the 
person  who  contracts  lo  pay  the  lossea  of  another  for 
R  premium  ;  an  underwriter. 

IN-SUR'GENT,  a.  [L.  imur^ens;  in  and  surgOj  to 
rise.] 

Rising  in  opposition  lo  lawful  civil  or  political  au- 
thority; a.-?.,  insurgent  cU'wfs.  Stephens. 
li    IN-SUR'GENT,  n.    A  person  who  rises  in  opposition 
to  civil  or  political  authority  ;  one  who  openly  and 


INT 


INT 


actively  resists  llic  oxrciilioii  of  laws.    [Sec  Imun- 
nECTio>-.] 

An  l.-isincESTilirTirafroma  KcREL.  Tlie  iamr^ail 
opposes  llie  execution  of  a  (.aniciilar  law  or  taws  ; 
llie  rebel  aticmpis  to  overlliruiv  or  rlianec  tlic  covcm- 
mcnt,  or  ll.;  revolts,  and  alt.mpls  to  place  liis  coun- 
try under  another  jurisdirtion.  All  rcbeli  arc  injiir»- 
«!(.<,  but  all  msurgeiilt  are  not  relirU  ° 

IN-SUU'ING,  (in-sliQr'iim.)  vpr-  JIakinc  secure  ;  aj»- 
Tv?"/,'!",?  ??•■'.',".';',.'.'.',''?  '  '■"2:'si»2  'n  indemnify  for  \oii.v^. 
I.\-SUil-M(Ji  NT'A-liLE,  a.     [Fr.  insunnontalU.  Sec 

bUnMOUNT.] 

1.  lusupKrable  ;  that  can  not  be  surmounted  or 
overcome  ;  as,  an  insurmonntablc  dirTicnUy,  ob'-lacle, 
or  impediment. 

a.  Notlo  be  s:irm(Kinled  ;  not  lo  be  pa;-sed  by  a^J- 
cending ;  as,  an  insurmountable  wall  or  rampart. 
IN-SUR-AIOUNT'A-BLY,  ado.   In  a  manner  or  degree 

not  to  be  overcome. 
IN-SUR-REG'TION,  n.     [L.  iusnr-ro ;  in  and  suriro.  to 
rise.J  **  ' 

1.  .\  rising  against  civd  or  political  authority  ;  the 
open  and  active  op[tosilion  of  a  number  of  jMrrsons 
lo  the  excculioTi  of  law  in  a  city  or  state.  It  is  equiv- 
alent to  Sedition,  except  that  ^i-dtfiOK  expresses  a  less 
extensive risingof citizens.  Itdiffersfrom  RLiiELLiorf, 
for  the  latter  expresses  a  revolt,  or  an  attempt  to  over- 
throw tlie  government,  to  establish  a  liiirerent  one,or 
to  plare  the  country  under  another  jurisdiction.  It 
differs  from  Muti.w,  as  it  respects  the  civil  or  political 
government;  whereas  a  viutiny  is  an  open  opposition 
to  law  in  the  army  or  navy.  Insurrcciiim  is,  how- 
ever, used  with  such  latitude  as  to  comprehend  either 
sedition  or  rebellion. 

It  is  found  th.it  this  city  of  old  time  hath  made  ijxxurrection 
aguinisl  kings,  iind  iliat  rebellion  and  sclitioii  h.-\vc  been 
m^ide  therein.  — Erm.  iv. 

2.  A  rising  in  mass  to  oppose  an  enemy.  [Little 
usrj.] 

IN-SUIl-REC'TION-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  insurrec- 
tion ;  consisting  in  insurrection.  -f/n.  Rev. 

IN-SUR-REC'TIOX-A-RY,  a.  Pertaining  or  suitable 
to  insurrection.  Burke. 

IX-SUR-REC'TIOX-IST,  n.  One  wlio  favors  insur- 
rection. 

IN-SUS-CEPT-I-BIL'I-TY,  n.  [from  insw^eeT^tiblr.] 
Want  of  susceptibility,  or  capacity  to  feel  or  perceive. 

.Med.  Repos. 

IN-SUS-CEPT'I-BLE,    a.      [in  and  susceptible.]     Not 
susceptible  ;  not  capable  of  bcine  moved,  affected,  or 
impressed  ;  as,  a  limb  insusceptible  of  pain;  a  heart 
insusceptible  of  pity. 
2.  Not  capable  of  receiving  or  admitting. 

IX-SUS-UR-R.\'TION,  n.     [L.  insitsurro.] 
The  act  of  wiiispering  into  something. 

!X-TA€T^  a.     Untouched. 

IN-T.VCT'A-BLE,   a.      [L.  intactum  :   in  and  tactunij 
tan^o,  to  touch.] 
Not  perceptible  to  the  touch.  DieL 

IX-TAGL'lA-TED,  (in-tal'ya-ted,)  a.  [See  Intaolio.] 
Engraved  or  stamped  on.  JVartxm. 

IN-TAGL'IO,  (in-tal'yo,)  n.  [ft.,  from  intagliare,  to 
carve  ;  in  and  ta^liare^  to  cut,  Fr.  tailler.] 

Literally^  a  cutting  or  engraving  ;  hence,  any  thing 
engraved,  or  a  precious  slone  with  a  head  or  an  in- 
scription cut  in  or  hollowed  out.  It  is  tlie  opposite  of 
a  Casieo.  Jiddison. 

IN-TAX'GI-BI,E,  a.  [in  and  tanftblc.]  Thnt  can  not 
or  may  not  be  loiiched.  IVUkins. 

2.  Not  perceptible  to  the  touch. 

A  corporation  is  mi  iirtifici.Al,  irivIail.V,  intangihtt  Irmij. 

Marihclt. 

IN-TAN'6T-BI,E^NESS, )  n.    The  quality  of  being  in- 

IN-TA  X-Ol-Cl  r/I-TY,    i     tansible. 

TX-TAN'<5M1LY,  adc.     So  as  to  be  intangible. 

IN-TAST'A-BLE,  (/.  [in  and  tnsOihle^  tasu.]  That 
can  not  be  tasted  ;  that  can  not  affect  tlio  orcans  of 
taste.  Oreio. 

IX'TE-GER,  n.  [L.  Sec  Entire.]  The  whole  of 
any  tiling  ;  p«r/(c«/<iWi/,  in  arithmetic^  ^whuXc  num- 
ber, in  contradistinction  to  a  fraction.  Thus,  in  Ihe 
number  54.7,  in  decimal  arithmetic,  51  is  an  intr^cr, 
and  7  a  fraction^  or  scvitn  tenths  of  a  unit. 

IN'TE-GR.*Vh,  a.  [Fr.,  from  integer.]  Wliole ;  en- 
tire. 

A  local  motlou  kc"pr(li  bodies  inltsral.  Btuon, 

9.  Making  part  of  a  whole,  or  necessary  to  make 
a  whole. 

3.  X'ot  fractional. 

4.  Uninjured  ;  complete  ;  not  drfoctive.    Holder. 
Iiitetrral  calfutus.     See  CAi.cui.tJs. 

Inte'irral  molecules :  the  smallest  i»ariiclcs  into  wliicli 
a  body  can  be  supposed  to  be  dividL-d  by  mechanical 
mean's.  OlmsteiL 

IN'TE-GRAL,  n.    A  whole;  an  entin-  thing. 

9.  In  maUiematics.    See  Diffeiu:ntial  and  Cal- 

CCLCS. 

IN-TE-GRAL'I-TY,  n.    Entireness.    [.Vut  used.] 

niutaker. 

IN'TE-GRAL-LY,  adc.    AVhollv  ;  compleirlv. 

n'Mtnker. 

IN'TE-GRAXT,  a.  Making  part  of  a  whole  ;  neces- 
sary to  cnnsiiiute  an  entire  thing.  Burke. 


[L.  tmiff6,  to  cot  a.] 


Jntr grant  parU  or  /- .  - 

which  bodit:s  ar*-  r*:'*- 

distinct  from  c/flnf7Ut._r-^  _; ,_,_ 

IN'TR-GRATK,  r.  t    [L.  imUgn,.] 
To  renew ;  to  restore  j  to  perfect    : 
eniire. 

31ade  entire. 

Maki&frrnii' 
The  act  of  r 
^...  imU^riU;  L 
tnUger.] 

I.  Wlioloncsa ;  en' 
constitution  of  the  I 

Jitatc  the  iHf<r^rri/y  t)f  i 

particj*  guarantied  ihc  (.*i<^'/  ■ 

9.  The  entire,  unimpairc'l 
ticularly  of  ihc  rnii.d  ;  mor 
incorruptncfw ;  uprisblnt'**  -. 
prebends  the  whole  moral  cl: 
reference  lonprightne--  in 
of  properly,  and  agcn 

The  inonl  prandttir  '' 
Lhinj  la  ruturr,  1»-    - 
crne«  mad  ite  ipir 
prri»biUe. 

3.  Purity  ;    genain-  . 

state ;  as,  ihe  intefrritu 
IX-TEG-U-.MA'TIOX,  n. 

That  part  of  physiolog>'  whi^  Ii  u,  at*  «.f 

nniinu  of  animals  and  plant 
IX-TEG'U-ME.\T,   n.      [ L.   . 

cover;  in  and  Ugo.    See  I>l 
That  which  naturally  mv.  -i*  . 

thing  ;    but    appropriately  and  cA».  ' 

covering  which  invests  the  bodv. 

membrane  that  inv(,-sts  a  inrticuln: 

of  seeds  and  the  sbclh  of  crustaL. 

denominated  iniermmrnts, 
IN-TEG-t:-MEXT'A-RY,a.  Belongmg  I  •■  ■ 

of  integuments. 
IX'TELr-LE€T,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  t«/*fl/i-*. 

Ugo^  to  understand.     See  I?iTELLi'.i 
That  faculty  of  the  human  wrtil  < 

ceives  or  comprehends  the  idra*  c._ 

by  the  senses,  or  by  percepjtion,  or  \ 

the  facult>- of  thinking;  otherwise  ra:\  1  ■ 

5TASDINC.     A  clear  ini£//f<2  rcceivi s    ■> 

the  same  idcis  w  Inch  another  commun.: 

perspicuitv. 
IX-TEL-LEC'TION,  n.    [Fr.,  from  U  L-Ut. 

intelligo.] 
The  act  of  understanding;  simple  apprt ! 

ideas^  ; 

IN-TEL-LEeT'IVE,  a,    [Fr.  inieBecti/.] 

1.  Having  power  to  understand.  G'.z^rulf. 

2.  Produced  by  the  undfr^tinding.  iUrru. 

3.  To  be  perceived  by  ihe  undcritandmg.  wK  by 
the  senses.  Jt^lirm, 

IN-TEb-LEeTIT-.VL,  a.     fFr.  Htfci/rrtof.'.'' 

1.  Relating  to  the  intellect  or  ut.  :  '^ 

longing  lo  lh;i  mind  :  x»cn'orn»ed  l  <\- 

iug;  mental;  as,  inteUcetual  power 
9.  Ideal ;   perceived  by  the  int- . 
the  understanding;  as,  an  inteUtf- 

3.  Havinir  the  power  of  uadcr^-i 
tellcctual  being. 

4.  Relating  to  the  undcrstandine ;  tm' 
mind  ;  as,  rAtelUetual  phih^sophy,  now  - 
called  mental  philosophv. 

IN-TEE-LE€T'l^-AL,  n.'  The  intclU-ct  or  andcnUad* 
ing.     [Utile  used.]  .V^ffl-. 

IN-TEL-LEeT'i;-.4 
understandinc 

IX-TEL-LEC T-IC-AL'I-TY,  n.     Tlh 
tual  power.     [JVot  usetL] 

IX-TEL-LEeT'l^-ALr-LY,  ode     By  mea-is  of  the  nn-  I 
der^^tandine.  '| 

IX-TEL'LI-OEXCE,  ».    [Fr.,  from   -  -  ' 

from  intelligo,  to  understand.     T^ 
biy  composed  of  nt,  inter,  or  iKtms, 
lo  collect.    The  primary  sense  of  MM.if-T^  1 .  i,i  j,  .i-    i 
eralty  to  take  or  hold,  3d  xvc  say,  lo  take  oac't  ide«s  [I 
or  meauin?.]  'l 

1.  Und.'Vslanding:  skill.  >' 

2.  Notire  ;  information  communicatiMl :  : 
ofUiinr^  distant  or  before  unknown,  /jifri'-' 

be  tra,n^;uitted  by  messengers,  by  letters,  by -iirriru-.  i 

or  by  ttlL'graphs.  ll 

3.  Commerce  of  acquaintance  ;  Icnres  nf  inirr-  l| 
course.     Good  intelligence  between  men  i«  *" ~" 

So  we  say,  there  is  a  good  undrrstiimdix , 
persons  when  they  have  the  same  vit  ■ 
free  fmm  discord. 

4.  -A  -(pirilual  being  :  as,  a  created  i«.v- 
is  believed  Uiat  the  universe  is  peojWed  v. 
merable  superior  iatellisencrs, 

IN-TEL'Ll-GEX(^,  c.  /.     To  inform;   t 

[I,iUle  vsed.] 
IX-TEL'LI-GKXC-i:D,(in-tenejcns 

instrucU<l.      [Little  w  rj.l 
I.X-TEL'l.UlEXCK^OK'FrCE,  w. 
where  infonnation  may  he  obiaiui . 
specting  servants  lo  be  hin'd. 


-.\L-IST,  K.    One  " ' 


•.he 


TONE,  BJJLL,  U.XITE.  — AN"GEIl,  VI"CIOUS €  as  K ;  6  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  ClI  as  SU ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


INT 

IN-TEL^LI-GEN-CER,  n.    One  who  sends  or  conveys 
inlelli»cnce  ;  one  who  gives  notice  of  private  or  dis- 
tant transacliona ;  a  messenger.    Bacon,    ^ddi^on. 
•2.  A  public  paper ;  a  newspaper. 

IN-TEL'LI-CEN-CING,  ppr.  or  a.  Giving  or  convey- 
ing nulicc  to  or  from  a  distance. 

1N-TEL'LI-GE\T,  a.     [Ft.,  from  L.  inUlU^ens.] 

1.  Endowed  with  the  fiiciilty  of  understandnig  or 
reason.    .^lan  is  an  intelii^ent  being. 

2.  Knowing  j  understanding  ;  well  informed  ; 
skilled ;  as,  an  intdlisent  officer ;  an  intclUfrait 
young  mnn  ;  an  intelligent  nrcliitect  ;  sometimes 
followed    by  of;   as,  intelliirent  of  seasons.  Milton. 

3.  Giving  information.     [J^at  u$edy  nor  proper.'] 

Sliak. 
IN-TEL-LI-GEN'TIAL,  a.     Consisting  of  unbodied 
mind. 

Food  allVe  Uwse  pure 
InUUigentinX  BubsunM*  require.  JV/i/ton. 

2.  Intellectual ;  exercising  understanding. 

Milton. 

IN-TEL'LI-GENT-LY,  adv.  In  an  intelligent  man- 
ner. 

IN-TET^Li-GI-BIL'I-TY,     \  n,      [from    intcUigibU,] 

IN-TEL'LI-Gl-BLE-iXESS,  i  The  quality  or  state 
of  being  intelligible;  the  possibility  of  being  under- 
stood.   "  LocUr.     Tookc. 

IN-TEL'LI-6I-BLE,  a.     [Fr.,  from  L.  intdli^bUis.] 
That  may  be  unden^tood  or  comprehended  ;  as,  an 
inteUiiribie  account.    The  rules  of  human  duty  are 
intcUiirible  to  minds  of  the  smallest  capacity. 

IN-TEL'Ll-Gl-ULV,  adv.  In  a  manner  to  be  under- 
stood ;  clearly  ;  plainly  ;  as,  to  write  or  speak  ijitelli- 
ffihlif. 

IN-TEM'ER-ATE,  a.     [L.  intemeratiis.] 
VuTit;  undeliled.     [JVotintLse.] 

IN-TEJrER-ATE-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  unpollu- 
ted.    [JVot  iLied.]  Donne. 

IN-TEM'PER-A-MENT,  iu  [in  and  tcmperamem.]  A 
bad  state  or  constitution  3  as,  the  intcmpcrament  of  an 
ulcerated  part.  Harvei/. 

IN-TE.M'PER-ANCE,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  intem'pcr^ 
antia.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  want  of  moderation  or  due 
restraint ;  excess  in  any  kind  of  action  or  indul- 
gence; any  exertion  of  body  or  mind,  or  any  indul- 
gence of  appetites  or  passions  which  is  injurious  to 
the  person  or  contniry  to  morality  ;  as,  intemperance 
in  study  or  in  labor,  in  eating  or  drinking,  or  in  any 
other  gratification.  Hence,  appropriatebj  and  em- 
phalicallij, 

2.  Habitual  indulgence  in  drinking  spirituous  li- 
quors, with  or  without  intoxication. 

Should  :i  forvi^  arroy  land  on  our  shores,  to  levy  such  a  tax 
upon  ti3  us  intemperance  levies — qo  mortni  pon'cr  could 
Psiat  the  swelling  tide  of  iudi^atioii  lliat  would  over- 
whcIrQ   it.  X.  Beedier. 

IN-TEM'PER-ATE,  c  [L.  intemperaius ;  in  and  tcm- 
pcratus,  from  tcmpero,  to  moilerate  or  restrain.] 

1.  Not  moderate  or  restrained  within  due  limits; 
indulging  to  excess  any  appetite  or  passion,  either  ha- 
bitually or  in  a  particular  instance;  immoderate  in 
enjoyment  or  exertion.  A  man  may  be  intemperate 
in  passion,  intemperate  in  labor,  intemperate  in  study 
or  zeal.  Hence,  by  customarj-  application,  intemper- 
ate denotes  indulging  to  excess  in  the  use  nf  food  or 
drink,  but  particularly  in  the  use  of  spirituous  li- 
quors.   Hence, 

2.  Addicted  to  an  excessive  or  habitual  use  of  spir- 
ituous liquors, 

3.  Passionate  ;  ungovernable.  Shak. 

4.  Excessive;  exceeding  the  convenient  mean  or 
degree;  a.*:,  an  intemperate  climate.  The  weather 
may  be  rendered  intemperate  by  violent  winds,  rain, 
or  snow,  or  by  excessive  cold  or  heat. 

IN-TK.M'PER  aTE,  r.  (.    To  disorder.     [JVot  in  li^c] 

WhUaker. 

IN-TEM'PER-ATE-LY,  adv.  With  excessive  indul- 
gence of  appetite  or  passion;  with  undue  exer- 
tion ;  immoderatelv ;  excessively. 

m-TEM'PEU-ATE-XEir^S,  n.  Want  of  moderation  ; 
cxce:ssive  degree  of  indulgence  ;  as,  the  intempcrats- 
ness  of  appetite  or  passion. 

2.  Immoderate  degree  of  any  quality  in  the  weath- 
er, as  in  cold,  henl.  or  storms. 

IN-TEM'FEU-A-Tt;RE,  n.     Excess  of  some  quality. 

IN-TEM-PEST'IVE,  a.     (h.  intempe^vus.] 

Untimely.     [.Vot  iwa/.J  Burton. 

EV-TE.M-PEST'lVE.LY,  adv.  Unseasonably.  [J^fot 
vsed.] 

IN-TEM-PES-TIV'I-TY,  «.  Untimdiness.  [J^ot 
used.] 

IN-TEN'A-BLE,  a.    [in  nnd  Uitahlc]    That  can  not 

be  held  or  maintained  ;  that  isnotdcfens"-'-     .is,  an 

intenable  opinion  ;  an  intcnable  fortress.      Warburtx^n. 

[UrcTEMABLE,  though  not  more  proper,  is  more 

generally  u-std.] 

IN-TEND',  f.  U     [L.  intendo;  in  and  tendo,  to  stretch 
or  strain,  from  tenor,  Gr.  rrii'w,  to  stretch.] 
J.  To  stretch  ;  to  strain  ;  to  extend  ;  to  distend. 

By  thia  the  lungs  arc  inUndtd  or  rereiUcd.  JIa!e. 

[Tltis  literal  sense  is  now  -uncommon,] 

2.  To  mean ;  to  design ;  to  purpose ;  tliat  is,  to 


INT 

Stretch  or  set  forward  in  mind.     [This  is  noa  the 

usual  sense.] 

For  Ihey  intended  evil  a^nil  thse.  —  F*.  iii. 

3.  To  regard  ;  to  fix  the  mi'.id  on;  to  attend;  to 
take  care  of. 

HftTing'  no  children,  she  dkl  with  efnjuUr  care  and  trndcrncaa 
intend  the  educatlou  of  Philip.  Baeon. 

[This  use  of  the  word  ia  now  obsolete.  Wo  now 
use  Tend  and  Superintend,  or  Regard.] 

4.  To  enforce;  to  make  intense.  Brown, 
IN-TEND'AN-CY,  n.    The  office  or  employment  of 

an    intendant,  or    the    district    committed    to    his 
IN-TENO'ANT,  n.     [Fr.,  from  L.  intendo.]      [chargo 

1.  One  who  has  the  charge,  oversight,  direction, 
or  management  of  some  public  business  ;  as,  an  in- 
tendant of  marine;  an  intendant  of  finance;  a  word 
much  used  in  France,  and  sometimes  in  England  and 
America  ;  but  we  generally  use  in  liuu  of  it  Super- 
intendent. 

2.  In  Charleston,  South  Carolina,  the  mayor  or 
chief  municipal  ollicer  of  the  city. 

IN-TEND'ED,  pp.  or  a.    Designed;  purposed;  a3,tlie 
insult  was  intendal. 
2.  Stretched;  made  intense.        [Little  ttsed.] 

IN-TEND'ED-LY,  adi?.  With  purpose  or  intention; 
by  design.  Milton. 

INTEND'ER,  n.    One  who  intends. 

IN-TENI)'i-MENT,  n.  Attention  ;  understanding  ; 
consideration,     [06^.] 

IN-TEND'ING,  ppr.      Meaning  ;  designing  ;    purpos- 
ing. 
2.  Stretching;  distending.     [Little  used.] 

IX-TEND'iMENT,  n.  [Ft.  cntendement,  with  a  sense 
somewhat  diiferent.] 

Intention  ;  design  ;  in  late,  the  true  meaning  of  a 
person  or  of  a  law,  or  of  any  legal  instrument.  In 
the  construction  of  statutes  or  of  contracts,  the  in- 
tendment of  the  same  is,  if  possible,  to  be  ascertained, 
that  is,  the  true  meaning  or  intention  of  the  legisla- 
tor or  contracting  party. 

IX-TEN'ER-aTE,  v.  t.     [L.  in  and  tener,  tender.] 
To  make  tender;  to  soften. 

Autumn  vigor  ^fcs 
Equal,  inteneradng,  millty  ^rain.  Philips. 

IN-TEN'ER-a-TED,  pp.    Made  tender  or  soft. 

IN-TEN'ER-A-TINO,  ppr.    Making  lender. 

IN-TEN-ER-A'TION,  v.      The  act  of  malting  soft  or 
tender  ;  the  state  of  being  made  tender.        Bacon. 
[Intenehate  and  its  derivatives  are  little  used.] 

IN-TEN'1-BLE,  a.    That  can  not  hold.     [Obs.]  Shak. 

IN-TENS'aTE,  v.  t.  To  make  intense,  or  more  in- 
tense. 

IN-TENS'A-TING,  ppr.  Making  intense,  or  more  in- 
tense. 

IN-TENSE',  a.     [L.  intensus,  from  intendo,  to  stretch,] 

1.  iifcraf/j/,  strained,  stretched  ;  hence,  very  close, 
strict,  as  when  the  mind  is  fixed  or  bent  on  a  partic- 
ular subject ;  as,  intense  study  or  application  j  intense 
thought. 

2.  Raised  to  a  high  degree  ;  violent ;  vehement ; 
as,  intense  heat. 

3.  Very  severe  or  keen  ^  as  intense  cold. 

4.  Vehement ;  ardent ;  as,  intense  phrases  in  lan- 

5.  Extreme  in  degree.  [guage. 

The  doctrine  of  the  atonement  supposes  that  Ihe  eios  of  men  were 
eo  laid  on  Christ,  thai  his  Bufferings  were  inconc<?!vab>  in- 
tense  and  overwhelming.  2.  B.  Dwight. 

6.  Kept  on  the  slrctch ;  anxiously  attentive ;  op- 
nosed  to  Remiss.  Milton. 

IN-TENSE'LY,  adv.  To  an  extreme  degree  ;  vehe- 
mently ;  as,  a  furnace  intensely  heated ;  weather  in- 
tensely cold. 

0.  Attentively  ;  earnestly.  Spenser. 
L\-TENSE'NESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  strained  or 

stretched  ;  intensity  :  as,  the  intcnscncss  of  a  cord. 

2.  The  state  of  being  raised  or  concentrated  to  a 
great  degree  ;  extreme  violence  ;  as,  the  iritcnscness 
of  heat  or  cold. 

3.  Extreme  closeness  ;  as,  the  intenseness  of  study 
or  thought. 

IN-TEiVS'I-FI-ED,  pp.     Made  more  intense. 
IN-TENS'I-F^,  r.  /.    To  render  more  intense.  Bacon. 
IN-TENJ='I-F?-ING,  ppr.    Rendering  more  intense. 
IN-TEN'SION,  71.     [L.  iJttensio.] 

1.  A  straining,  stretching,  or  bending  ;  the  state  of 
being  strained  ;  as,  the  intension  of  a  musical  string. 

2.  Increase  of  power  or  energy  of  any  quality  ;  op- 
posed to  Remission. 

IN-TEN3'1-TY,  n.     [Fr.  intensite.] 

1.  The  slate  of  being  strained  or  stretched ;  in- 
tenseness, as  of  a  musical  cord. 

2.  The  state  of  being  raJsed  to  a  great  degree ;  ex- 
treme violence :  as,  the  intensity  of  heat. 

3.  Extreme  closeness;  as,  jnicn^try  of  application. 

4.  Excess  J  extreme  degree  j  as,  the  intensity  of 
guilt.  Burlie. 

IN-TENS'I  VE,  a.  Stretched,  or  admitting  of  extension. 

2.  Intent ;  unremitted;  assiduous;  as,  inteiisive 
circumspection.  Wotion. 

3.  Sfrrving  to  give  force  or  emphasis  ;  as,  an  inten- 
sive particle  or  preposition. 

IN-TENS'IVE-LY,  adv.  By  increase  of  degree  ;  in  a 
manner  to  give  f-jrce.  Bramhalt. 


INT 

IN-TENT',  a.  [L.  intCTiluSy  from  inUndo.  See  In- 
tend.] 

Literally,  having  the  mind  strained  or  hent  on  an 
object ;  hence,  fiixed  closely  ;  sedulously  applied  ; 
eager  in  pursuit  of  an  object;  anxiously  diligent; 
formerly  with  fo,  but  now  with  on;  as,  intent  on  busi- 
ness or  pleasure;  intent  on  the  acquisition  of  sci- 
ence. 

Be  intent  and  eolicltoua  to  tak«  up  tbo  meatun^  of  (he  ippaltcr. 

Walla, 

IN-TENT',  n.  Literally,  the  stretching  of  tho  mind 
toward  an  object ;  hence,  a  design  ;  a  purpose  ;  in- 
tention ;  meaning;  drift;  aim;  applied  to  persons  or 
tilings. 

The  principal  intent  of  Scripture  it  to  deliver  the  laws  of  dutici 

Bupeniatund.  Hooker. 

I  ask,  thcn^fore,  for  what  intent  ye  liave  aent  for  me.  —  Acts  x. 

To  all  intents;  in  ail  senses ;  whatever  may  be  do- 
signed. 

He  wai  miserable  to  nit  intents  and  purposes.       L'  Ettrangt. 
IN-TEN'TIOX,  n.    [Fr.,  from  L.  intcntio.     See  In- 
tend.] 

J.  Pnman7i/,  a  stretching  or  bending  of  the  mind 
toward  an  object ;  hence,  uncommon  exertion  of  the 
intellectual  faculties;  closeness  of  application  ;  fix- 
edness of  attention ;  earnestness. 

Intention  is  when  the  mind,  with  pr^M  eanicitnrsi,  andof  choic, 
fixi's  its  view  on  any  iilea,  coiuriden  it  on  every  side,  and 
will  not  be  called  ou  by  tlie  ordinajy  solicicallon  of  rtticr 
ideas.  Locke. 

2.  Design;  purpose;  the  fixed  direction  of  tho 
mind  to  a  particular  object,  or  a  determination  to  act 
in  a  particular  manner.  It  is  my  intention  to  proceed 
to  Paris. 

3.  End  or  aim  ;  the  object  to  be  accomplished. 

In  chroiiicjd  fliHtcmpers,  the  principal  intention  is  (0  reslore  the 
lono  of  Uie  solid  p:in8.  ATbuthnot. 

4.  The  state  of  being  strained.     [See  iNXEsaioN.] 

5.  In  surgery,  a  wound  is  said  to  heal  by  the  first 
intention,  when  it  cicatrizes  without  suppuration. 

Dnnglison. 

IN-TEN'TION-AL,  a.  Intended;  designed;  done 
with  design  or  purpose.  The  act  was  inlentionalj 
not  accidental. 

IN-TEi\'TION-A1j-LY,  adc.  By  design  ;  of  purposej 
not  casuallv. 

IN-TEN'TION-HD,  in  composition  ;  as,  well-inten- 
tioned, having  good  designs,  honest  in  purpose  ;  ill- 
intentJMned,  having  ill  designs.       Mdner.     Ck,  Obs. 

IN-TENT'IVE,  a.  Attentive;  having  the  mind  closely 
applied.  Bacon. 

[This  word  is  nearly  superseded  by  Attentive.] 

IN-TENT'IVE-LY,  adv.  Closely;  with  close  applica- 
tion. Bp.  Hall. 

IN-TENT'IVE-NESS,  n.  Closeness  of  attention  or 
application  of  mind.  If.  Mountagit. 

IN-TENT'LY,  adv.  With  close  attention  or  applica- 
tion ;  with  eagerness  or  earnestness;  as,  the  mind 
intently  directed  to  an  object ;  the  eyes  intently  fixed  ; 
the  man  is  intently  employed  in  the  study  of  geologv. 

IN-TENT'NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  intent ;  close 
application  ;  constant  employment  of  the  mind. 

Swijt. 

IN'TER  ;  a  Latin  preposition,  signifying  among  or  be- 
ticeen  ;  used  as  a  prefix. 

IN-TER',  v.t.  [Fr.  entcrrer;  en  and  terrc,  L.  terra, 
the  earth  ;  Sp.  enterrar;  It.  interrare.] 

1.  To  bury  ;  to  deposit  and  cover  in  the  earth  3  as, 
to  inter  a  dead  animal  body. 

2.  To  cover  with  earth. 

But  it  is  used  almost  exclusively  to  denote  the  de- 
positing and  covering  of  dead  animal  bodies. 
IN-TER-A€T',7i.    [ wif cr  and  act.]     Intermediate  em- 
ployment or  time ;  a  short  piece  between  others. 

Ckcsterjiehl. 
JX-TER-A€'TrOX,  71.     Intermediate  action.  /.  Taylor. 
IN-TER-A'GENT,  v.     An  intermediate  agent.    Kirby. 
IX-TER-AM'NI-AN,  c.     [L.  inter  and  arnnis,  river.] 
Situated  between  rivers.  Bruant. 

IN-TER-AN'I-MaTE,  v.  t.      To  animate  inu'tually. 

[Little  used.]  Donne. 

IN-TER-aR-TIC'U-LAR,    a.      Being    between    the 

joints  or  articulation. 
IN-TER-BAS-Ta'TION,  «.     [Sp.  bat>tear,  to  baste.] 
Patchwork.     [JVot  in  useA  SmitJi. 

IN-TER'CA-LAR,      i  a.     [Fr.  intercalairr. ;  L.  vUerea- 
IN-TER'€A-LA-RY,  J      larius;  inter  and  calo,  to  call 
or  proclaim.] 

Inserted  or  introduced  in  the  midst  of  others  ;  as, 
an  irticrcotert/ verse  ;  applied  particularly  to  the  odd 
day  inserted  in  leap-year.  The  twenty-ninth  of 
February  in  leap-year  is  called  the  intercalary  day. 
We  read  in  Livv  of  an  intercaiarv  month. 
IN'TER-CAL-aTE  or  IN-TER'€AL-aTE.  v.  t.  [L. 
intcrcalo  ;  inter  and  calo,  to  call.] 

To  insert  an  extraordinary  day  or  other  portion  of 
time. 
IN'TER-CAL-a-TED  or  IN-TER^CAL-a-TED,  pp.  or 

a.    Inserted. 
IN'TER-€AL-A-TINGorIN-TER'eAL-A-TING,;);7r. 

Inserting. 
IN-TER-€AL-A'TI0N,  n.     [L.  intcrealotio.] 

The  insertion  of  an  odd  or  extraordinary  day,  or 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— MeTE,  PRFA.-rTNE,  MAUltNE,  BIRD N6TE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK 


INT 

Other  portion  of  tune,  in  tbe  calendar;  as,  the  S9Ch 
of  Ftbruan'  in  leap-year. 
IN-TER-CeDE',  v.  i.     [L.  inttrccdoi  itUcr  and  cedo; 

literally,  to  move  or  pass  between.] 

1.  To  pass  between. 

He  supposes  that  a  vast  period  irtttnxdtd  betwteu  that  ori^a- 
tiou  and  the  age  in  whkh  he  liyed.  Haie. 

2.  To  mediate ;  to  interpose  ;  to  maUe  interces- 
sion ;  to  act  between  parties  with  a  view  to  recon- 
cile those  who  differ  or  contend  j  usually  followed 
by  mth,  'Calamy. 

3.  To  plead  in  favor  of  one. 
IX-TER-CeD'ED,  pp.     Mediated;  interposed. 
IIV-TER-CeD'ENT,  a.    Passing  between ;  mediating ; 

pleadiiiG  for. 
I^'-TER-CeD'ER,  n.    One  who  intercedes  or  inter- 
poses between  parties,  to  effect  a  reconciliation  ;  a 

mediator ;  an  intercessor. 
IN-TER-CED'ING,ppr.    Mediating;  pleading. 
IX-TER-CEL'LU-L.'VR,  fl.    LWng  between  the  cells 

or  elemenLir^-  bladders,  as  of  plants.  P.  Cm. 

IN-TER-CEPT',  r.  U     [Fr.  inttrcepter  ;  L.  interceptjis 

iTttercrpio,  to  Stop  ;  inter  and  cttpw^  to  take.] 
1.  To  take  or  seize  on  by  the  way  ;  to  stop  on  its 

passage ;  as,  to  intercept  a  letter.    The  prince  was 

intercepted  at  Rome.    The  convoy  waa  intercepted  by 

a  detachment  of  the  enemy. 
5.  To  obstruct ;  to  slop  in  progress  ;  as,  to  intercept 

rays  of  light ;  to  intercept  the  current  of  a  river,  or  a 

course  of  proceedings. 

3.  To  stop,  as  a  course  or  passing  j  as,  to  intercept 
a  course.  Drydcn. 

4.  To  interrupt  communication  with,  or  progress 
toward. 

While  stomts  Tiadiciive  intercept  the  sboie.  Pope. 

5.  To  take,  include,  or  comprehend  between. 

Right  :isceDsioD  is  an  arc  of  the  equalor,  reckoning  toward  the 
east,  ini£rceplEd  betwecu  the  begianiog  of  Aries  mid  the 
point  of  the  equator  whkh  rise*  at  the  same  lims  with  the 
am  ot  star  in  a  rigiit  sj^ere.  Bailey, 

IN-TER-CEPT'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Taken  on  the  way ; 
seized  in  progress ;  stopped ;  included  or  compre- 
hended between. 

IN-TER-CEPT'ER,  n.    One  who  intercepts, 

lN-TER-CEPT'irC(J,  ppr.  Seizing  on  its  passage ; 
hindering  from  proceeding  j  comprehending  be- 
tween. 

EV-TER-CEP'TION,  (-sep'shun,)  ti.  The  act  of  seiz- 
ing something  on  its  passage ;  a  stopping ;  obstruc- 
tion of  a  course  or  proceeding ;  hinderance. 

Wotton. 

IN-TER-CES'SION,  (-sesh'un,)  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  in- 
tercession from  intercedo.    See  Intercede.] 

1.  The  act  of  interceding ;  mediation  j  interposi- 
tion between  parties  at  variance,  v/ith  a  view  to 
reconciliation. 

9.  Prayer  or  solicitation  to  one  party  in  favor  of 
another,  sometimes  against  another. 

Toot  in:ereetsion  now  is  needles  eroivn ; 
Retire,  and  let  me  sp^aJc  with  her  alone.  Dryder.. 

He  bore  the  sin  of  many,  an.1  made  inlerceisian  for  the  trans- 
gressors.—  Is.  liii. 

EV-TER-CES'SION-AL,  a.     Contaming  intercession 

or  entreaty.  Encyc 

IN-TER-CES;SOR,  n.    [L.    See  I.vtebcede.] 

1.  A  mediator ;  one  who  interposes  between  par- 
ties at  variance,  with  a  view  to  reconcile  tliem  ;  one 
who  pleads  in  behalf  of  another.  .Milton. 

2.  A  bishop,  who,  during  a  vacancy  of  the  see,  ad- 
ministers the  bishopric  till  a  successor  is  elected. 

Encye. 

IN-TER-CE3-So'RI-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  an  inter- 
cessor. 

Df-TER-CES'SO-RY,  a.  Containing  intercessions 
interceding. 

LX-TER-CHaIX',  r.  L  [inter  and  chain.']  To  chain  ; 
to  hnk  together.  SAaJfc. 

IN-TER-CHaIN'£D,  pp.    Chained  together. 

IN-TER-CHALN'IXG,  ppr.  Chaining  or  fastening  to- 
gether. 

tN-TER-CH.5N6E',  r.  t.     [inUr  and  chanse.] 

1.  To  put  each  in  the  place  of  the  other  ;  to  give 
and  take  mutually  ;  to  exchange  ;  to  reciprocate ;  as, 
to  vaerchaage  places  ;  to  interchange  cares  or  duties. 

I  ehaU  inlxTchange 
My  waned  state  for  Henry's  regal  crown.  Shak. 

9.  To  succeed  alternately,  or  to  cause  alternation. 

Sidnei/. 
L\'TER-CHaN6E,  71.    Mutual  change,  each  giving 
and  receiving;  exchange  ;  permutation  of  commodi- 
ties ;  barter ;  as,  the  interchange  of  commodities  be- 
tween New  York  and  Liverpool. 

±  Alternate  succession  ;  as,  the  interdianae  of 
light  and  darkness. 

Sweet  itOerdutn^e 

Of  hill  and  vall^-,  riv-.-ra,  woods,  and  plains.  iHUioii. 

3.  A  mutual  giving  and  receiving  ;  reciprocation  ; 
as,  an  interchange  of  civilities  or  kind  oSces. 

1N-TER-CHai\GE'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  inter- 
changed ;  that  may  be  given  and  taken  mutually. 

Bacon, 

2.  Following  each  other  in  alternate  succession ; 
as,  the  four  inter diangeablc  seasons.  Holder. 


INT 

IN-TER-CHANGE-.-\-BIL'I-TY,     )7i.     TheBtateof 

IN-TER-CIIaNGE'A-BLE-NE.^S.  being    inter- 

changeable. ** 

1N-TER-CHaNGE'A-RLY,  adv.  Alternately;  by  re- 
ciprocation; in  a  manner  by  which  each  giv'cs  and 
receives.  Hooker 

IN-TER-CHaXlJ'/JD,  pp.  .Mutually  exchanged  ;  're- 
ciprocated. 

IN-TER-CHaNCE'.MENT,  n.  E.xchange  :  mutual 
transfer,    [/.iulc  vscd.]  skak 

IN-TER-CHSi\G'I.\G.  ppr,  or  a.  Mutually  giving 
and  receiving ;  taking  each  other's  place  successive- 
ly;  reciprocalins. 

IN-TER-CHAP'TER,  n.    An  interpolated  chanter. 

IN-TER-CI'DENT,  a.     [L.  intercido.]  ^ 

Falling  or  coming  between.  Botite 

IN-TER-CIP'I-ENT,  a.    [L.  inlcrcipicns.    Sec  Inter- 
cept.] 
Intercepting;  seizing  by  the  way ;  stopping. 

IX-TER-CIP'I-ENT,  71.  lie  or  that  which  intercepts 
or  stops  on  the  passage.  ffiseman. 

IN-TER-CI3'ION,  (in-ter-sizli'un,)  n.  [L.  intercido  : 
inter  and  opdo,  to  cut.] 

Interruption.     [Little  used.]  Brown. 

IN-TER-eLOUE',  v.  t.  [L.  intercludo ;  inter  and  cludo, 
to  shut.] 

1.  To  shut  from  a  place  or  course  by  something  in- 
tervening ;  to  intercept.  Holder. 
3.  Totutuff;  to  interrupt.                       Mtford. 

IN-TER-CLuD'EDjPp.    Intercepted :  interrupted. 

IX-TER-€LCD^rNG,ppr.    Intermpting. 

IN-TER-CLu'SION,  7i.    Interception  ;  a  stoppine. 

IN-TER-eO-LUM-M-A'TIO.\,  n.  [L.  iiUer  vnid  co- 
lunnia,  a  column.] 

In  architecture y  the  clear  space  between  two  col- 
umns. By  the  rules  of  the  art,  this  should  be  in  pro- 
portion to  the  bight  and  bulk  of  the  columns. 

Encuc, 

Ii\-TER-€O.AI'MON,  v.  i.    [inter  and  common.] 

1.  To  feed  at  the  same  table.  Bacon. 

2.  To  graze  cattle  in  a  common  pasture  ;  to  use  a 
common  with  others,  or  to  possess  or  enjoy  the  right 
of  feeding  in  common. 

Common  because  of  vicina^,  is  where  the  inhabitants  of  two 
townships,  contiguous  to  each  other,  have  usually  intercom- 
moned  with  one  another.  backslant. 

IN-TER-€OM'MON-AGE,  n.    Mutual  commonage. 

Roberts. 

IN-TER-eOM'MON-IIVG,  ppr.  Feeding  at  the  same 
table,  or  iisint*  a  common  pasture;  enjoying  a  com- 
mon field  with  others. 

IN-TER-eOM-iMu'NI-€A-BLE,  o.  That  may  be  mu- 
tually communicated. 

IN-TER-€OM-!\Iu'NI-e.\TE,  v.  i.  [inter  and  commu- 
nicate,] To  communicate  mutually;  to  hold  mutual 
communication. 

IiV-TER-€OM-.MU-NI-eA'TION,  n.  Reciprocal  com- 
munication. 

IN-TER-eOM-Mu-\'ION,  7i,     [inter  and  comrnnnion.] 
Mutual  communion  ;  as,  an  intercommunion  of  de- 
ities. Faber. 

IjV-TER-eOM--'\IU'Nr-TY,  M.    [inter  and  commuyiitii,] 
A  mutual  communication  or  community;  mutual 
freedom  or  exercise  of  religion  ;  as,  the  intcrcommu.- 
intif  of  pagan  theology.  Paley. 

IN-TER-eOST'.^L,  a.  [Fr.,  from  L.  inter,  between, 
and  costa^  a  rib.] 

Placed  or  lying  between  the  ribs  ;  as,  an  intercostal 
mu^'cie,  arterv,  or  vein.  Encijc. 

m-TER-€OST'AL,  n.    A  part  lying  between  the  ribs. 

Derham. 

IN'TER-CoURSE,  n.  [L.  intercursus^  intercurro;  in- 
ter and  curroy  to  run.] 

1.  Zj(era/^i/,  a  running  or  passing  between.    Hence, 

2.  Communication  ;  commerce  ;  connection  by  re- 
ciprocal dealings  between  persons  or  nations,  either 
in  common  affairs  and  civilities,  in  trade,  or  corre- 
spondence by  letters.  We  have  an  intercourse  with 
neinhbors  and  friends  in  mutual  visits  and  in  social 
concerns;  nations  and  individuals  have  intercourse 
with  foreign  nations  or  individuals  by  an  interchange 
of  commodities,  by  purchase  and  sale,  by  treaties, 
contracts,  &c. 

3.  Silent  communication  or  exchange. 

TTiLs  sweet  intercourse 
Of  looks  and  smiles.  Milion, 

IN-TER-eUR',  V.  i.     [L.  intercnrro.] 

To  intervene;  to  come  in  the  mean  time.     [Ohs.] 

Shellon. 
IN-TER-CUR'RENCE,  n.    [L.  intercurrat^^  intereurro.] 

A  passing  or  running  between.  Boyle. 

IX-TER-eUK'RENT,  a.     [L.  inUrcurrcns.] 

1.  Running  between  or  among.  Boijle. 

2.  Occurring  :  inttirvening.  Barrow. 
IN-TEH-CU-Ta'NE-OUS,  a.     [L.  inter  and  cu(i*,  the 

skin.] 

Being  within  or  under  the  skin. 

IN'TER-DeAL,  71.  [infer  and  deal]  Mutual  dealing; 
traffic.     [ObsA  Speiiser. 

IN-TER-DEN'TIL,  n.  The  space  between  two  den- 
tils. G*cHt. 

IN-TER-DE  PEND'ENCE,  n.    Mutual  dependence. 

IX-TER-DE-PE.\D'ENT,  a.    Mutually  dependent. 


INT 


IN-TER-UICT',  r.  I.     [L.  imterd4at,  tMUrAtmmi  tMUr 
and  (/(«»,  to  (jpc-ak.] 

1.  To  furtiid  :  to  pnj!i:U*_     .',:i  s^t  „r  f.  ^^,,  „  ,,. 
terdicted  the  i-  : 

intercour-e  wi' 

2.  To  f'irM.J   . 
jojmeni  >  f 

An  in 

•  li..r 

IN'TER-DICT,  n.    [1^ 

1.  Prohibition;  a  pr  it  Aetrr^, 

2.  A  prohibition  of  t  i     i    .^     ..  . — 
are  rertraintd  frum  p 

cies  of  cccle^fiaJ^lic.^  < 
limed  laid  a  wholo  kii> 

3.  A  prohibition  of  i 
restrained  from  alien-: 

ed  from  enjovlnE  soiu-j  , 

r.\-TER-DICT'EI),  pp.  or  a.     i 

IN-TER-inCT  I\G,  ppr.      y.  ■  '-\ 

cutting;  off  from  the  enjovnu^^ 
L\-TER-Die'TIO.\,  n.     [Fr., 

The  act  of  interdicting;  ]  .• 

decree ;  curse. 
IN-TER-DieT'nne,  o.    Having  puw 

IN-TER-DI€T'0-RV,  a.    Senin-  lo 
IN-TER-E-QUI-NOe'TIAL.  a.     [mi- 

Coming  between  the  vtm:J  and  ,i. 

no.i:e3.    [J\ci  m  u-",'! 

SpliD%   and    KUM' 

Summer  an  . 

IN'TER-ESS,  for  Istere^t,  is  otooielc 
INn'ER-l-:ST,  r.  U     [Fr.   intertster ;   IL   i;-.: 
Sp.  intercsar  ;  L.  inler  and  a"  ' 

1.  To  concern ;  to  affect ;  • 
sion,  usually  in  favor,  but  z  :. 

son  or  thing.  A  narration  of  ..._> 
favor  of  the  sufferer ;  wc  are  xnUr: 
or  in  the  fate  of  the  sufferer ;  wt 
know  the  result,  issue,  or  event,  of  l 
is  followed  by  v\  or  fur.  Wc  aft 
narration,  but  for  the  sufferer. 

2.  To  give  a  share  in.    Christ,  I  . 

has  interested  Xt^Wtvera  in  Uie  ble&.  ^- 

nant  of  grace. 

3.  To  have  a  share. 

We  arc  uot  all  intcrcjUd  in  lb*  patuc  :  --Z 

intareilei  io  lb-  bap^oK  cf »  frw  j-. . 

4.  To  engage  ;  as,  to  tKterest  one  m  Mir  lavi-r. 

To  intere^  one^s  sc(f,  is  to  take  a  share  or  ooa- 
cem  in. 
IN'TER-EST,  n.     Concern;  advant...  "     ii, 

private  intercn;  public  intereiL 

DiTtsioiLi  biodcr  the  canunon  inltrat  wl  . 

2.  Influence  over  others.    Tfaeyfaad  nowloit  tJ»r 
intere^  at  court. 

Ut  knew  tu*  inicrett  eaSehai  to  procan  tbe  aSoe.    Itaiikr. 

3.  Share ;  portion ;  part ;   paiticipitjon  tn  rslae. 

He  has  parted  with  his  inifrtji  in  tlr     '     '  '-U 

an  iniercsl  in  a  inanulactor>'  of  coti'. 

4.  Regard  to  private  profit. 

'Tb  irtUreil  alls  c  J  a;J  her  (u-aL-T  J  in  .!. 

5.  Premium  paid  for  the  use  of  money  :  ■ 
per  cent,  derived  from  money  lent,  rr  "^ 
by  another  person,  or  I'rom  dfbts  r. ; 
Commercial  sLiles  lia^-e  a  Ic^al  nte  ■ 

on  book  bear  an  interest  aAcr  the  t 
credit ;  courts  allow  interest  in  man\ 
is  not  stipulated  ;  a  hisher  rate  of  :■ 
which  the  law  allows  is  cal'od  ujjrr,. 

Simple  intrre^st,  is  that  which  arises  from  i 
pal  sum  only. 

Compound  intercut,  is  that  which  ariics  :. -.       . 

principal  witli  the  intere^it  added;  interesl  no  Uk"  \\ 
teres  I. 

6.  Any  surplus  advantage. 

Tou  aball  hare  yoor  doiro  m  .ib  inltrcsf.  Oat. 

[In  this  last  sense,  the  word  is  nl  '      "    to 

injurx" ;  as,  to  repav  a  blow  with  ir 
I\'TER-EST-ED,  pp.     Made  a  shan  .  .^ 

csted  in  the  funds. 

2.  .Mfecicd  ;  moved  :  having  the  pRie^ioos  txcHe4  x 
as,  one  intert^ed  by  a  story. 

3.  a.  Having  an  "interest ;  concerned  in  .-^    - 

in  consequences  ;  liable  to  be  .iffecicd  :  x-- 

egted  witness. 
IN'TER-EST-IXG,  ppr.    Gi\ing  a  share  or  f.'.«  ■  .u  . 
as,  by  intfresfiji^  one  in  a  vo>-afe,  or  iti  a  baofcias 
companv.  ^. 

2.  Engaging  the  affections;  as,  by  txiar^mf  a 
person  in  one's  favor.  .  , 

3.  a.  Enjjasing  tlie  aUenti<An  ot  cnrwritr  ;  excttiay 
or  adapted  to  excite  emotions  or  passiooi :  a5,  am 

intrrfstirt:j  Ston". 

IN-TER-F.\'CIAL.  (-?hi!.i  «.    Included  brtrrrra  two 
" faces.    An  inter\  :'     =  f.^Tmcd  by  tiK  MC^*xaK 

of  two  planes. 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"C10US.  — C  asK;  6asJ;  SasZ;  CH  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THI-. 

•     —  —  t>15 


,  inicr  anil  fero,  to  bear,  or 


INTER-FERE, 

■^T'Tomt'enie-,  to  intermeddle  ;  to  enter  into  or 
take  a  part  in  the  concen.s  of  otliers     It  is  prudence 

I  To  clash  ;  to  come  in  collision  ;  to  be  in  opposi- 
tio'li.    The  claims  of  two  nations  may  inUrferc. 

3  A  horse  is  saul  to  i«(,TA«,  when  one  hoof  or 
,hoc  strikes  against  the  fetlock  «1  the  oi'r°»'W  '==' 
and  breaks  the  skin  or  injures  the  llesh.  i^ur  D,cl. 
IN-TER-FlcR'i;D,  n-    Interiwscd ;  meddled. 

3!  Strac'k  one  foot  against  the  fetlock  of  the  oppo- 

IN-Tl'f£VEn'ENCE,  71.    Interposition  ;  an  intermed- 
dling;  mediation.  •"""''• 
a  A  clashins  or  collision. 
3.  A  sinking!  of  one  foot  against  the  other. 
•J   In  optics,  a  term  employed  to  denote  certam 
phenomena  which  result  from  the  mutual  acuon  ot 
the  ravs  of  light  on  each  other. 
IN-TEIt-Fl";R'ER,  11.     One  who  interferes. 
IN-TEK-FKll'ING,  ppr.    Interposing;  meddling. 
"   Clashing  ;  coming  in  cohision. 
3.  Striking  one  foot  against  tlie  fetlock  of  the  op- 

IN  TEIta^.K'INR,  n-    Interference.        Bp.BuUer. 
INTElt-FfR'INfi-LY,  a*.    l!y  interference. 
IN  TEK'FLU-i;.NT,  »  a.     [L.  intcrfiuo ;  inter  and  jluo, 
IN-TER'FLU-OUS,  i      to  flow.] 

Flowing  between.  .  />"!/«• 

IN-TER-FO-LI  A'CEOUS,  a.    [L.  inter  and  faimm,  a 

"^Bem"  between  opposite  leaves,  but  placed  alter- 
nately with  them  ;  as,  intcrfiliaccous  flowers  or  pe- 
duncles, ■^l"''/"' 

IN  TER-Fo'LI-aTE,  I!. !.    To  interweave.  Evelyn. 

IN-TEU-FUL'GENT,  a.    [L.  inter  and /u!jcns,  shin- 

'"Ihinini:  between.  Johnson. 

IN-Tmi-FCS'KO,  o.     [L-  inlcrfttsiLS  ;  inter  and  ftmdo, 
to  pour.] 
Poured  or  spread  between. 

TiiP  niiiliicHl  air,  wiilc  interfutcd, 

Embnciiig  rutmd  this  llorill  canli.  MUUn. 

IN'TER-IM,  n.     [L.]     The  mean  time ;  time  inter- 

^'^"' a"  decree  of  the  emperor  Charles  V.,  by  ^yhich 
lie  intended  to  reduce  to  harmony  the  conflictmg 
opinions  of  the  I'rotcstants  and  Uoinan  Catholics^ 

IN-TE'RI-OR,  n.  [L.,  comp.  formed  from  inter  or 
intra,  in  or  within.]  .       . 

1  Internal  ;  being  within  any  limits,  inclosure, 
or  s'nbslanre  :  inner  ;  opposed  to  Extebiob,  or  superfi- 
cial ;  as,  the  mtcrwr  apartments  of  a  house  ;  the  in- 
terior ornaments  1  the  intrrior  surface  of  a  hollow 
ball ;  the  interior  parts  of  the  earth. 

o  Inland ;  remote  from  the  limits,  frontier,  or 
shore ;  as,  the  interior  parts  of  a  country,  state,  or 

IN-Te'RI-OR,  n.    The  internal  part  of  a  thing ;  the 

0  The  inland  part  of  a  countrv,  state,  or  kingdom. 
lX-'r'F'RI-OR-LY,orfe.  Internally;  inwardly.  Connf- 
IX-TER-Ja'CEN-CY,  n.    [L.  interjacens ;  mter  and 

jaceng,  lying.] 

1  A  lying  between;  a  being  between;  inten-en- 

tion;   as,  tho  in'.erjaceneij   of  the   Tweed   betnxen 
England  and  Scotland.  Haie. 

■1   That  which  hes  between.    [irOie  Tiscd.] 

Sroirn. 
IX-TER-J.\'CENT,  a.    [L.  interjacens,  supra.] 

Lving  or  being  between  ;  intervening ;  as,  intcrja- 
ccnt'isles.  ^'S'^ , 

IX-TERJECT',  r.  t.     [L.  intcrjicio  j  inter  andjacio,  to 
throw.]  , 

To  throw  between ;  to  throw  m  bciwecu  other 
things ;  to  insert. 

A  cirtuii»tano«  —  may  t*;  intcrjfeted  cTcu  l)ct\vcea  arclative 
word  and  lh;\l  to  which  it  reUwa.  Ertq/C. 

IN-TER-JEGT'ED,  pp.    Thrown  in  or  inserted  be- 
tween. 

IN-TER-JECT'ING,  ppr.  Throwing  m  or  inserting 
between. 

IN-TER-JEC'TION,  11.  The  act  of  throwing  be- 
tween. .  .     , 

2.  A  word,  in  speaking  or  writing,  thrown  m  be- 
tween words  connected  In  conalructiun,  to  express 
some  emotion  of  passion.  "  These  were  delightful 
days,  but,  aliu:  they  are  no  more."    [See  Eiclama- 

IN-TER-JEe'TION-AL,  a.  Thrown  in  between 
otlier  words  or  phrases  ;  as,  an  intcrjcetional  remark. 

Ob.-ierecr, 

INTER-JOIN',  r.  (.  [iii/t  and  juin.]  To  join  mutu- 
ally ;  to  intermarry.     {Little  nsed.'i  Sliak. 

IN-tER-JOIX'-f;l),w     Mutually  joined. 

lN-TER-JOIN'ING,ror.    Joining  mutually. 

IN'TER-JOIST,  n.  The  space  or  interval  between 
two  joists.  ...        C'«'^- 

IX-TERJUNC'TION,  n.    A  mutual  joining.      Smart. 

INTER-KNIT',  (nit,)  u.  (.  To  knit  together.  Soullicij. 


IN-TER-KNO\VL'EUt;E,   (-nol'lej,)  ...       [inter    and 
knoicMge.]    Mutual  knowledge,     i^'"'"^''^'}^^^^ 

IN-TER-LaCE',  v.  L    [Fr.  cntrelaccr;  It.  intrafciarc  ; 
Sp.  entrelazar.     Sec  Lace.]  . 

To  iutermi.\ ;  to  put  or  insert  one  thing  w  ith  an- 
other. . 

Th/eplc  «»y  is  "-"y  »li"«  i«ttrlliced  wilh  dWoguc.    iM/itoi. 

IN-TER-LaC'ED,  {in-ter-list',)  pp.    Intermixed  ;  in- 
serted between  other  things. 
IN-TER-I.aCE'MENT,  n.    Intermixture  or  insertion 

IN^TER-LaC'ING,  pp'-    lntermi.\ing  ;  inserting  be- 

IN-TER-LAM'IN-J-TED,  a.    [L.  inter  and  lamina,  a 

^  rtaced  between  lamina;  or  plates  ;  inclosed  hylam- 
.  ilumble. 

IN-TER-LAPSE',  (in-ter-laps',)  n.    [inter  and  (ajisf.] 
The  lapse  or  flow  of  time  between  two  events. 

HarDeij. 
IN-TER-L.\RD',  r.  I.    [Pr.  ctUrclardcr ;  cntre,  among, 
and  '^'■_.'j^y^JJ,^j'|'o',nij  f.,t  ,vith  lean  ;  hence,  to  inter- 
pose ;  to  iiiseit  between.  Z",",' 
o   To  mix  ;  to  diversify  by  mixture.            Hale. 
IN-TER-LXRU'ED,  pp.     Interposed ;    inserted    be- 

tween ;  mixed. 
IN-TER-LARD'ING,  ppr.    Inserting  between;  iiitcr- 

In"teR^L.vY',  v.  u     To  lay  or  place  among  or  be- 

IN'TER-LEAF,  n.  (See  I,E*r.]  A  leaf  inserted 
between  other  leaves ;  a  blank  leai  inserted. 

Chesterfield. 

IN-TER-LEAVE',  f.  (.  [inter  and  !ra/-]  To  insert  a 
leaf;  to  insert  a  blank  leaf  ot  blank  leaves  m  a  book, 
between  other  le.avcs.  i.„„..„.,, 

IN-TER-LeAV'£D,  pp.  or  a.  Inserted  between 
leaves,  or  having  blink  leaves   inserted    between 

IN-TER-LgAV'ING,  ppr.    Inserting  blank  leaves  be- 

IN-TEU-LINE','  I.  t.  [inter  and  line.']  "To  write  in 
alternate  lines ;  as,  to  mtcriinc  Latin  and  Engljsl^ 

a   To  write   between    lines   already  written    or 

printed,  for  the  purpose  of  adding  to  or  coirecting 

what  is  written.  i     Vvri, 

IN  TER-LIN'E-AR,      \a.     [inter  and  ImMr.J      \\x\l- 

IN-TER-LIN'E-.\-UY,  1       ten  between  lines  bclore 

IN-TeTlIN'E^A-RY,  n.  A  book  having  insertions 
between  the  lines.  ,       ,"'„  l 

IN-TER-LIN-E-.^'TION,  II.  [inter  and  lineatwn.\ 
The  act  of  inserting  words  or  lines  between  lines 
before  written  or  printed.  ,,,..„ 

2.  The  words,  passage,  or  lino  inserted  between 
lin'es  before  written  or  printed.  - 

IN-TER-LiN'£D,  pp.  or  a.  \\  ritton  between  Imes , 
as.  an  interlined  word.  ,  ^  .        „ 

2.  Containing    a   line  or  lines  written    between 
lilies  ;  as,  an  interlined  manuscript. 
IN-TEll-LIN'ING,  rV-     Writing  between  lines  al- 
ready written  or  printed.  ,..■„,„ 
IN-TER-LlN'ING,    71.      Correction  or  alteration    by 

writing  between  the  lines.  Burnet. 

IN  TER-LINK',  v.  t.  [inter  and  ImU.]  To  connect 
'  by  uniting  links  ;  to  join  one  chain  to  another. 

•'  ~  Dnjden. 

IN-TER-LINK'£D,  (-linkt,)  pp.     Connected  by  union 

of  links ;  joined. 

IN-TER-LINTC'ING,    ppr.      Connecting    by    uniting 

links ;  joining.  .  ,  .         ,,  ,, 

IN-TER-EOB'U-LAR,  a.    Eeing  between  lobes.   liaU. 

IN-TER-LO-eX'TION,  n.    A  placing  between  ;  mter- 

IN-TER-LOCK',  f.  t.      To    embrace,    communicate 

with,  or  flow  into  one  another. 
IN-TER-LO-CO'TION,  »i.     [L.  intcrlocutio ;  inter  ana 
loentio,  laqiwr,  to  speak.]  /•     „  .„i, 

1    Dialo"uc  ;  conference  ;  interchange  of  speech. 
°      '  /looker. 

2.  In  law,  an  intermediate  act  or  decree  before 
final  decision.  ,  ■A'jlfe- 

N-TER-LOe'lI-TOR,  11.     [L.  interloqnor,  supra.J 
:.  One  who  sneaks  in  dialogue  ;  a  dialogist. 

'  Boyle. 

0.  In  Scots  !a!c,  an  interlocutory  judgment  or  sen- 
tence. .  ^•"'y''- 1 

IN-TER-LOC'U-TO-RY,  a.    [Fr.  inierJocntoirc,  supra.J 

1.  Consisting  of  dialogue. 
Tlicrc  ur-.-  several  inUrlocuUiry  discourscj  in  the  Bol.v  SfnV<ut= 


To  run  l»:twceii  parties  and  intercept  without 
right  the  advantage  that  one  should  gain  from  the 
other  ;  to  traffic  without  a  proper  license  ;  to  fore- 
stall;  to  prevent  right.  /°''lf.!^",„ 

IN  TER-LoF'ER,  n.  One  who  runs  into  business  to 
which  he  has  no  right ;  one  who  interferes  wrong- 
fully ;  cue  who  enters  a  country  or  place  to  trade 
without  license. 

IN-TER-LOP'ING,  ppr.    Interfering  wrongfully. 

Encyc. 

IN-TER-LCe.^TE,  v.  t.  To  let  in  light  by  cutting 
awav  branches  of  trees.    [  Obs.] 

IN-TEU-LU'€.\-TED,  pp.    Divested  of  branches  so 

as  to  let  in  light.  ■    ,    k.  t...  ^..t 

IN-TER-LO'Ca-TING,  ppr.    Letlmg  m  light  by  cut- 
tins  away  branches.  .... 
IN-TER-LU-CA'TION,  n.      The  act  of  thinning  a 
'wood  to  let  in  light.     [Obs.]  Evelyn. 
IN-TER-LO'CENT,  a.  [L.  iiUerliicens ;  inter  and  lucco, 
to  shine.]  „. 
Shining  between.                                             "'"• 


Being   between   the 


'J.  Ill  law,  intermediate ;  not  final  or  definitive. 
An  order,  sentence,  decree,  or  judgment,  given  in  an 
intermediate  stage  of  a  cause,  or  on  some  intermedi- 
ate question  before  the  final  decision,  is  called  uilcr- 
loeuuyrii ;  as  a  decree  in  chancery  referring  a  ques- 
tion of  fact  to  a  court  of  law,  or  a  judgment  on  de- 
fault in  a  court  of  law.  Blaekstone. 
IN-TER-LoPE',  n.  i.  [inter  and  D.  loopen,  G.  lavfcn, 
to  run,  Eng.  to  leap.    Sec  Le.'.p.] 


IN'TEU-I.UUE,  n.    [L.  inlci-  and  iii'/u.<,  play. 

An  entertainment  exhibited  on  the  stage  between 
the  acts  of  a  plav,  or  between  the  play  and  the  after- 
piece, to  amuse 'the  spectators,  while  the  actors  taki. 
breath  and  shift  their  dre.ss,  or  the  scenes  and  deco- 
rations are  changed.  Ill  ancient  tra;;ed,j,  the  chorus 
sung  the  interludes.  In  modem  times,  ""crluucs 
consist  of  songs,  feats  of  activity,  dances,  «r.certs 

IN'TER-LOD-ED,  a.    Inserted  or  made  as  an  uiter- 

IN'TER-LOD-ER,  71.    One  Uiat  performs  in  an  inter- 

IN-TER-LC'EN-CY,  71.      [L.  intcrUcns,  interliw,  to 

""Tfl'owTngbelween ;  water  interposed.  [iM^-f-l 

IN-TER-I.O'NAR,      j  a.       [L.  inter  and    iuna,    the 
IN-TER-I.O'N.\-RY,  (      moon.] 

Belonging  to  the  time  when  the  moon,  at  or  near 
its  conjunction  with  the  sun,  is  inv^isi.de.    _^^,^^^___ 

TNTFR-M\R'RI.-\GE,n.   [inter  and  7narrin;»'c.]    Mar- 
""ril^ebetween  two  fa„ii/.es,  where  each  Uikes  one 

^nd  >nves  another  Johnson.    Addii,im. 

IN-TER-M.Ml'RI-£D>  pp.  Mutually  connected  by  mar- 

In'tER-MAR'RY,  K.i.     [into- and  Toarn;.]    To  mar- 
'^^rj  one  ^nd  give  another  in  marriage,  as  two  faini- 

"";  To  marry  some  of  each  order,  family,  tribe,  or 
nation  with  tlie  other.  ,■,,■„,„( 

IN-TER-MAR'RY-ING,  ppr.    Mutually  gmngand  re- 
ceiving in  marriage  ;  mutually  connecting  by  mar- 

IN-TER-MAX'IL-L.\-RY 

IN'TER-MEAN,  ti.     [inter   and    ■"""•1.    I'«"f' ! 
something  done  in  the  mean  time,    l^^'^  "'^fj^^ 

IN  TER-ME-A'TIGN,  7t.     [L.  inter  and  inco,  to  flow.] 

A  flowing  between.    [.Vol  in  use.] 
rw  TVR  MED'ULE,  v.  i.      [inter  and  vicddlc.]      1  o 
^"^TddViirthe  affairs  of  others,  in  which  one  jias  ,10 
Mneeni  '  to  meddle  orticiously  ;  to  interpose  or  inter- 
fere improjierly  ;  to  intermix. 

The  pratto  or  Spain  has  tetn,  I7  w«   and  by  «>">1',^»"!  »' 

IN-TER-MED'DLED,pj).    Interposed  olBciously  ;  in- 

IN  TER-JlED'DLER,n.  One  that  interposes  officious- 
^"^l^;  one  wlio  meddles,  or  intrudes  into  ^'^'^ 

IN"TER-MED'Du'ii!-;..r.    Interposing  officiously; 
In"tEr'-MED'ULING,  n.    Officious  """P^^/^^'f,;;;, 

rv  TER-.MEDE'   (-miie,)       In.     .\n  inlcrlude  ;    a 
jy/.TER-Mlz'Zo]  (-raed'zo,)  \      short  musical  dra- 

m  .tie  piece,  usuallv  of  a  burlesque  character. 
'N  TER-M£'UI-A-CY,    n.     Interposition;    interven- 

IN"TER-^U^'D"i    [L.  inter  and  ncd.u.,  mid- 

■^'Lying  between;  intervening;  intervenient.^^^^^^ 

IN-TER-M£'DI-A-RY,a.  Lying  between  ;  a^.  "?  >«- 
urmediary  project ;  intermediate.  "  »"<^- 

Sometimes,  though  rarely,  used  ^y'lin. 

TN  TER-ME'DI-.\-RY,  a.  In  mmrralogy,  a  term  .ip- 
Dlied  to  U.e  secondary  planes  on  crystals,  interme- 
Siate  in  position  betweeA  the  planes  on  an  edge  and 

INe-?LV-ME'm"lTE.  a.    [Fr.  intermediate    L.  inter 

""L;;n''rr'being1n^be  middle  place  or  degree  be- 
tween two  extremes;  imervening  ;  interposed;  as, 
TninlermediaU  space  between  hUls  or  rivers;  into- 
rrilatTTolors.  Man  has  an  inlermediate  nature  and 
rank  between  angels  and  brutes^ 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT-METE,  PREY.-PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD-NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE^WgLF^JBQQK^ 


616 


INT 

iiN-TER-312'Dl-ATE-LY,  adv.    By  way  of  interven- 

cion. 
liN-TER-ME-DI-A'TlON,  h.    Intervention  j  common 

means.  Chcmc. 

Cv-TEK-ME'DI-UM,  71.   [L.]     Intermediate  space. 

Jlslu 
2.  An  intervening  accnt.  Cmrper. 

I.\-TER-MELL',  r.  t.  oii.    [Ft.  entrrmClv.] 
To  inlermLt  or  intermctldle.     [JVot  in  iwe.] 

MarsUni.     Fishrr. 
IN-TER'MEXT,  n.    [from  inter.]    T]ie  act  of  depos- 

itinsa  dead  body  in  the  earth  ;  uurial  j  sepuilure. 
IX-TER-MEN'TIOX,  v.  L    To  mention  among  other 

t[nn<rs  ;  to  include.    [JVoe  wjf rf.] 
IN-TER-MI-Ca'TIOX^  n,     [L.  intermico ;  infer  and 
viUo,  to  shine.] 

A  shiiiina  between  or  amon<;. 
IX-TER-JII-GRa'TION,  n.     [L.  inter  and  mi^roj  to 
raicnite.] 

Reciprocal  migration ;  removal  from  one  countr>' 
to  another  by  men  or  tribes  which  take  the  place 
each  of  the  other.  Hale. 

IN-TERM'IX-A-BLE,  a.  [L.  in.  and  termimtSj  end; 
termino,  to  end.] 

Boundless;  endless;   admilliiig  no  limit;   as,  in- 

fr/T/unoi/c  s^Kice  or  duration  ;  intermir.ablc  sufferings. 

Milton  applies  this  word  to  God,  as  one  whom  no 

bound  can  confine. 

IX-TERM'IX-A-BLE-NESS,  n.    The  state  of  being 

eniHess. 
IX-TERM'IX-A-BLV,  ode.    Wilhnut  end  or  limit. 
IX*-TER3I'IX-ATE,  a.     [\,.  intcnntnatus.,  intennino.] 
Unbounded  ;  unlimited  ;   endless  ;  as,  interminatc 
sleep.  Ciiapnian. 

IN-TERM'IX-aTE,  v.  U    [L.  intcrmhwr.'] 

To  menace.     [JVoi  useil.\  Bp.  IMl. 

IN-TER:M-IX-a'TIOX,  n.     [L.  intcrminor.  to  menace 
or  forbid.] 
A  menace  or  threat.     [JVot  used.]  Hall. 

IX-TER-->UX"GLE,  (-ming'gl,)  v.t.  [inter  and  mm- 
fflc]  To  mingle  or  mix  together;  to  put  some  things 
with  ethers.  '  Hooiier. 

IX-TER-MIX"GLE,  v.  I.    To  be  mixed  or  incorpo- 
rated. 
IX-TER-ML\"GL£D,  pp.  or  a.    Interraised. 

There  lrt?3  and  inUrrrun^led  temples  rise.  Pcye. 

IX'-TER-MIN"GLING,  ppr.  Mingling  or  mixing  to- 
gether. 

IN-TER-MIS'SIOX,  (-mish'un,)  k.  [Fr.,  from  L.  in- 
tcrmissio.     See  IiNtzrmit.] 

1  Cessation  foratinie ;  pause;  intermediate  stop ; 
as,  to  labor  without  intermission  ;  service  or  business 
will  begin  after  an  intcrmissioit  of  one  hour. 

2.  Intervenient  time.  Shak. 

3.  The  temporary'  cessation  or  subsidence  of  a  fe- 
ver ;  the  space  of  time  between  the  paroxysms  of  a 
disease.  Ititcrmu?sion  is  an  entire  cessation,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  rejnissioMy  or  abatement  of  fever. 

4.  The  state  of  being  neglected  ;  disuse ;  as  of 
words.     [Little  vsed,]  B.  Jonson. 

IX-TER->US'SIVE,  a.  Coming  by  fits,  or  after  tem- 
por3r>'  cessations ;  not  continual,  HoweU. 

IX-TER-JHT',  V.  U  [L.  iiUermiao ;  inter  and  milto,  to 
send.] 

To  cause  to  cease  for  a  time  ;  to  interrupt ;  to  sus- 
pend. 

Pny  to  the  gods  (o  iTtlerniit  ihe  ph^e 

That  nccda  must  light  ou  tliis  iugrautud^.  Skak. 

IX-TER-MIT',  r.  i.  To  cease  for  a  time  ;  to  go  off  at 
intervals  ;  as  a  fever.  A  tertian  fever  intermits  every 
other  day.  The  pulse  sometimes  intermits  for  a  sec- 
ond of  time. 

IX-TER-MIT'TED,  pp.  or  a.  Caused  to  cease  for  a 
time ;  suspended. 

IX-TER-MIT'TEXT,  a.  Ceasing  at  intervals ;  as,  an 
intermiltent  fever. 

IX-TER-MIT'TEXT,  v.  A  AUo^e  which  entirely 
subsides  or  ceases  at  certain  intervals.  The  term  is 
particularly  applied  to  the  ague  and  fever. 

IX-TER-MIT'TIXG,  ppr.  or  a.  Ceasing  for  a  time; 
■3.  Causing  to  cease.  [pausing. 

LVTER-MIT'TIXG-LY,  mlc.  \Vith  intermissions; 
at  intervals. 

IX-TER-MIX',  V.  t.  [inter  and  miz.]  To  mLx  to- 
gether; to  put  some  things  witli  others;  to  inter- 
mingle. 

In  yonder  spring  of  roses,  inlermired 

With  myrtle,  find  wiiat  ta  redrej-s  [ill  nooo.  Rfillon. 

IX-TER-JaX',  V.  i.    To  be  mixed  together;  to  be  in- 

termingleil. 
IN-TER-:*UX'ED,  C-mixt,)  pp.     Mingled  together. 
IX-TER-MIX'IXG,  ppr.     Intermingling. 
IX-TER-^^X'T^RE,  n.     A  mass  formed  by  mixture  ; 

a  mass  of  ingredients  mixed. 
2.  Admixture;  something  additional  mingled  in  a 

mass. 


INT 


INT 


A'.tntcd   not  an  interrniTture  ( 
Bacon. 


In  this  Iji^ht  of  impieiy  tUcre 
IcvKy  and  folly. 

IN-TER-MO-DIL'LION,  (-mo-dil'v-in,)  v.     In  archi- 
tecture, the  spncf  b*:twecn  two  modillions.    £hjtcA 

IX-TER-.%)OXT'AXE,    a.     [h.   inter    and    montanus, 
ri07r.<,  a  mountain.] 
Between  mountains;  as  intermontane  soil.    Jifease. 


[L.  inur  and   mundanua. 


IX-TER-MUX'DAXE 

mundus,  the  world.] 

Being  between  worlds,  or  between  orb  and  orb ;  as, 
intennuridanc  spaces.  Locke. 

IX-TEIi-:\IO'RAL,  a.     [L.  witer  and  muralis.  muriu.  a 

wall.]  ' 

Eying  l)ctween  walls.  Ainsworth. 

IN-TER-MUS'e[J-LAR,a.  [inter  timX  vtu^ele.]  Be- 
tween Ihe  muscles.  Beverly 

IN-TER-MU-Ta'TION,  n.  [iH^T  and  m«idfw«.]  in- 
terchange ;  mutual  or  reciprocal  change.      Thomson. 

IX-TER-Mu'TU-AL,for  Mutual,  is  an  illegitimate 
word. 

TN-TERX',  a.    Internal.    [JVbi  mwk  used.]    BowtU. 

IX-TERN'AL,  a.     [U  intcrtius.]  ^ 

1.  Inward;  interior;  being  within  anv  limit  or 
surface;  not  external.  We  s|K;ak  of  the  internal 
parts  of  a  body,  of  a  bone,  of  the  earth,  ice.  Inter- 
nal excellence  is  opposed  to  external.  The  internal 
peace  of  man  is  peace  of  mind  or  conscience.  The 
internal  evidence  of  the  divine  origin  of  the  Scrip- 
tures is  the  evidence  which  arijics  from  the  excel- 
lence of  its  precepts,  and  their  adaiitntion  to  the  con- 
dition of  man,  or  from  otlier  peculiarities. 

2.  Pertaining  to  the  heart. 

With  ovir  S.iTior,  intrrnai  purity  is  every  tiling.  Patty. 

3.  Intrinsic;  real ;  as,  the  internal  rectitude  of  ac- 
tions. 

4.  Within  a  country;  domestic;  opposed  to  For- 
eign ;  as,  the  internal  trade  of  a  statu  or  kingdom  ; 
internal  troubles  or  dissensions  ;  internal  war.  Inter- 
nal  taxes  are  taxes  on  the  lands  and  oilier  property 
within  a  state  or  kingdom  ;  opposed  to  eiternal  taxes. 

Ilainilton. 
IX-TERN'.\E-LY,  adc.    Inwardly  ;  within  tlie  body  ; 
beneath  the  surface. 

2.  Mentally  ;  intellectually. 

3.  Spiritiiallv. 

IX-TER-Xa'TION-AL,  a.  [inter  and  national.]  Ex- 
isting and  regulating  the  muliial  intercourse  between 
different  nations;  as,  intcrnntional  law. 

J.  Q.  Adams.    Baring. 
LV-TER-Xk'CIXE,  a.     [L.  inUrnecimis^  intcmccoy  to 
kill ;  iitter  and  ncco,] 
Dendlvj  destructive.     [Little  used.]        Undilrras. 
IN-TER-Xic'CIOX,  (-nC'shun,)  n.     [L.  intcrnceio.) 
Blutuul  slaughter  or  destruction.    [Little  n^ed.] 

Hale 
IX-TER-N£'CIVE,  a.    Killing;  tending  to  kill. 

Carlisle. 
IX-TER-NEC'TIOX,  n.    Connection.    [Usele^^s.] 

TV.  jMnnntagn. 
IN'TER-XODE,  n.     [L.  intcmodium  ;  inter  and  nodus, 
knot.] 

1.  In  botantj,  the  space  between  two  joints  of  a 
plant.  Marttjn, 

2.  Also,  the  space  bttween  two  nodes  or  points  of 
the  stem  from  which  the  leaves  arise.  Lindley. 

IX-TER-Xo'DI-AL,  a.    Intervening  between  nodes, 

joints,  fcc. 
IX'TER  ^O^,  [L.]    Between  ourselves. 
IX-TER-XUX'CIUS,  (   lu     [Ij.  internuncius ;  tnl-rand 
IX-TER-XUX'CIO,    \      nunciits,  a  messenger.] 
1.  A  messenger  between  two  parties.     Johnson. 
9.  Tiie  title  of  the  pope's  representative  at  repub- 
lics and  small  courts,  and  also  of  the  Austrian  em- 
bassador at  Constantinople.  Encijc.  Jim. 

m:?EE:8lli:ofe,|  -    [L--^-- and  o.,a  bono.] 
Situated  between  bones ;  as,  an  ijttcrosscous  liga- 
ment. 
IN-TER-PEAL',  V.  I.     [L.  inlcrpeUo.} 

Tn  interrupt.     [jVnt  used.]  More. 

IN-TER-FEL',  c.  (.     To  set  forth.     [JVoi  nseiL] 

B.  Jmison.     Mason, 
IN-TER-PEL-L.^'TrON,  n.      [L.  intrrpdtatio,  iMcr- 
pdlo :  inter  and  petlo^  to  drive,  or  thrust.] 

1.  A  summons  J  a  citation.  .^iilijje, 

2.  Interruiitinn.  More, 

3.  An  earnest  address  ;  intcrression.  Jip.  Taijlor, 
IX-TE1M'EX'F..TRaTE,  v.  I,    To  penetrate  lielwccn 

otlier  suhslnnees.  Shrlly.     Billarr. 

I.\-TER-PE.\''E-'-l'K.\-TED,  pp.  Penetrated  within 
or  between. 

I.\-TER-PET'I-0-LAR,  a.     Beinj  between  petioles. 

IN-TER-PI-LAS'TER,  n.  The  interval  between  two 
pila-sters.  Elmcs. 

IN-TER-PLE.\n',  V.  i.  [inter  and  plead.']  In  taw,  to 
iliscuss  a  point  incidentally  liappcnins,  before  the 
principal  cause  can  be  tried.  .TamrsoK. 

IN-TER-PLe.VD'ER,  II.  A  bill  of  interpleader,  in 
chancery,  is  where  a  person  owes  a  debt  or  rent  to 
one  of  tiie  parties  in  suit,  hut,  till  the  determination 
of  it,  lie  knows  not  to  which,  and  he  <lesires  that 
they  mav  interplead  or  settle  llii'ir  claims  between 
themselves,  that  he  may  be  safe  in  tlic  payment. 

Bladi.<tone. 

IX-TER-PLEDGE',  (iiMcr-plej',)  r.  t.  To  give  and 
take  as  a  mutual  pleiiffe.  DacenanU 

I.\-TEIlPLELl(j'KI),  pp.  Given  anil  taken  as  a  mu- 
tual pledite. 

lN-TER-PL.EDi5'IXG,;>|>r.  Givingand  tsceiviiigas  a 
mutual  pledge. 


IN-TElt-POI.\T',  r.  t    To  point:  la  dutiazaM  br 

utops  or  niarkK. 
L\-TER-rol.\T'ED,jjj>.    Diainpiub«l  h*  itou>  and 

mark)!. 
IN-TEE-POINT'ING,  ppr.     Uutiopiiibint  • 

or  marks. 
IN'TEll-PO-r,ATE  or  I  \ 

iiOcrpoltr ;  L.  interp'jl 
J.  'I'o  renew  ;   to  b'  _■ 

Inlcnnlssion:  aa,afuccci^ii-;i 

[Obs.] 
2.  To  foJAt  in;  to  lowrt,  n 

parage  in  a  m3ntucrii>i  or  U- 

word  or  pa.s4$agc  to  tlit  origin ., 


3.  In  «  ■    '. 

diale  terioa  of  a  .--trica  i£tudi;.g  u>  ihe  Uu  U  iim 

serie?. 
IX'TER-PO-LA-TED  or  IX-TER'PO  LA-TED.  :       - 

a.    Inserted  or  added  to  Ih'r  nnciml. 
IN'TER-I'O-LA-TlXOorlN-TEU  I'O-ia-'l  i 

Foisting  in  a  Ppuriotis  word  or  pa«»i.'r ;  fii:  • 

inserting, 
IN-TER-l'O-LA'TIOX,  n.    The  art  of  fofatins  a  irort  | 

or  passage  into  a  manu.frri;>c  nr  tr-.^k. 

2.  A  fipurious  word  <  r 
uine  writings  of  an  aui.. 

I  h.ivi-!  clinngcd  tbe  lilo-  • 
irml!:  ■omc  inUrpalaitOT^t. 

3.  In  algebra  and  agronomy,  an.' 
for  filling  up  the  intermediate  lemi- 
nunihers  or  observalioiu,  by  numb-  • 
the  same  law. 

IX'TER-I*0-L.\-TOR  or  IX-TER'P 
[L.]  One  who  foists  into  a,  book 
spurious  words  or  passages ;  one  ^\ 
thing  to  genuine  writing*. 

IX-TER-POL'ISH,  V.  t.    To  polish  bclwtr^n. 

IX-TER-POVISH-£D,  (-jwl'isht,)  pp.     Pulifbcd  be- 
tween. 

IX-TERPOL'ISH-IXG,  ppr,    V  ■   en. 

IX-TER-PoXE',  r.  f.     [L.  irtr.- 
To  set  or  insert  between.    ,.-  . 

IX-TER-PoS'AL,  n.     J^frcm  inirrpcte,]     Tf 
interposing;  interposiuon ;  inlcrfercnce  ;  a: 
twecn  two  persons. 
2.  Intcr\'cntion  ;  a  coioing  or  being  bctw> 

n:^  ■ 

IX-TER-P6SE',  r.  f,     [Fr.  intayasfr:  L  i%t>rr^A»,  t». 
terpositam  :  inter  and  /xmo,  to  place.] 

1.  To  place  between ;  as,  to  intcrpcte  a  body  be- 
tween the  sun  and  the  earth. 

2.  To  place  between  or  amoni* ;  to  ihruft  in  ;  to 
intnide,  as  an  obstmctioa  interruption,  or  inojo- 
venieuce. 

Wlut  natchTul  cii»  do  tnlenoM  ibeamtrtt 

Betwixt  yoiir  cyp»  riml  nirtt  *  .'■*  a*. 

Human  fruity  wU  iwa  oftsa  tnttr^ott  btett  anoc*  j-  - 

holiest  (uBClioa. 

3.  To  offer,  as  aid  or  services,  for  rrl.  • 
adjustment  of  differences.  The  coiprof  ■ 
his   aid   or  services  to  reconcile    Ibe    c 

parlies. 


TIjc  common  t'sth-T  of  msniiod  m 
ami  iwcte?»l  inl<craW«  nan. 

IX-TER-P5SE',  r.  i.    To  step  in  bf:-.    ..  , 

variance ;  to  mediate.     The  pnncc  trntufomd  aod 
made  peace.  ■ 

2,  To  put  in  by  way  of  intcmiption. 

Bui,  imerptuf  Elotubcnus,  ibis  ot^cCJoa  mj  hs  ir- 
aJRKKt  any  hypothr*i»- 

IX'rER-POPE,n.   Interposal.    [AW  .*.    "    ^ 

l.V-TER-l'OS'^:D,p;i.ora.    Placed  be: 
thnisl  in. 

IX-TER-PtlS'ER,  n-  One  thai  intrn^w,  *  .i  r  -.i.  ^ 
between  otliers ;  a  mediator  or  agent  U  twcx.*n  par- 
ties. 

IX-TER-PoS'IXG,  p,*.r.     Placing  bclwci-n  ;    - 

between  ;  ortVrinc  aid  or  scrvii-es. 

IX-TER-POS  IT,  «.    A  place  of  dcptwit  b«l" 
commercial  citv  or  countr\*  and  ant»ilKr.    .Wu  .  - .. 

IX-TER-PO^I""T10X,(-po-/Jsh'un,)  s.  [Fr..  from  U 
interpe-sitio.] 

1.  A  being,  placing,  or  coming bttv  ■•- 
lion ;  as,  the  interposition  of  the  B-^.  ■ 

Germany  and  Sweden.     The    i'-'  ■ 

moon  between  ilie  earth  and  Ihe  Mm  ixt-v-it..-  « 

solar  eclipse.  _^  i„ 

2.  Inten'onicnt  agencj* ;  as,  the  wff»y«w»»ii  of  IV- 
magistrilc  in  <piicting  sedition.     How  many  c^t- 
dences  we  have  of  divine  iMterpi^stticn  in  farce  of  i 
gootl  men  1  •  n      w- 

3.  Mediation;  agency  between  psirtic*.     '  «■  '"^^ 
intcrj>osition  of  a  common  fnend,  Uic  poi; 

been  reconciled. 

4.  Anv  tiling  interposed.  ,         .    •'  \  - 
IX-TER-POS'l^lE,  H.    IntcrpoKiL    [Arf  «  wf.j 

M*mUjm*.       I 
IX-TER'PRF.T,  r.  L     [Ft. iMterprrter :    '     ....-^^- 
from  interpres     The  won!  is  ct-nr 


TONE,  BIJLL,  UNITE,— AX"GER,  VI"CICl'a  —  C  ns  K;  0  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CII  aa  SH ;  YU  as  in 


Till? 


78 


617 


INT 


INT 


and  vrM,  prrtis;  hut  the  latter  is  not  li.und  in  its 
B.niple  foriii,  and  its  origin  is  imcerlaui.  It  coniiidea 
in  elements  with  iiD  or  K'lB,  to  part,  to  spread.] 

I.  To  explain  the  incanins  of  words  to  a  pertmn 
who  does  not  undersUind  tlicin ;  to  expound  ;  to 
llanslate  nnintellisible  words  into  inloUigiblo  ones  ; 
as,  to  iittfrfret  tlie  Hebrew  language  to  an  Eng- 
lishman. 

Immiuiutl,  which,  tjcioj  inlojirrtrf,  lipiiBw,  God  »ilh  us.  — 
—  MaiL  I. 

S.  To  explain  or  unfold  the  raraning  of  predir- 
tions,  visions,  dreams,  or  enigmas  ;  to  expound  and 
lay  open  what  is  concealed  from  the  understanding  ; 
as,  Joseph  inlrrpreted  the  dreams  of  Pharaoh. 

3.  To  decipher. 

4.  To  explain  somelhing  not  understood;  as,  to 
inttrpret  looks  or  signs.  . 

5.  To  define  ;  to  explain  words  by  other  words  in 
the  same  lanjuace. 

IN-TER'PUET-.\-liiLE,  a.    That  may  be  interpreted 

or  explained.  CoUicr. 

0-TEK-I'KET-5'TION,ii.  [Fr.,froir.I..  iii(frprct<iIio.] 

1.  The  act  of  interpreting  ;  e.\plan.ition  of  unin- 
telligible words  in  language  that  is  intelligible.  Itt- 
tcrprrttition  is  the  design  of  translation. 

2.  The  act  of  expounding  or  unfolding  what  is 
not  understood  or  not  obvious  ;  as,  the  ijil«yrcl<!lKWi 
of  dreams  and  prophecy. 

I.ook  how  we  can,  or  sad  or  merrily, 

InUrpTttathn  will  misquole  our  tools.  SiiOJi. 

3.  The  sense  given  by  an  interpreter ;  exposition. 
We  sometimes  find  various  inUrpritatio-.ts  of  the 
same  passage  of  Scripture  and  other  ancient  writings. 

4.  The  power  of  explaining.  Bacon. 
IN-TER'PRET-A-TIVE,  a.    Collected  or  known  by 

interpretation. 

Ad  irtlcrpretatice  siding  with  heretics.  Bammond. 

2.  Containing  explanation.  Barrow. 

IN-TERTRET-A-TIVE-LY,  adv.     As  may  be  col- 
lected bv  interpretation.  R^V- 
IX-TEK'I'RET-ED,  j>;i.    Explained;  expounded. 
I.\-TER'P1;ET-ER,  ti.      one  that   explains    or   ex- 
pounds i  an  expositor ;  as,  an  vitcrpreler  of  the  Scrip- 
tures. 

2.  .\  translator;  one  who  renders  the  words  of 
one  language  in  words  of  corresponding  signification 
in  aiuitlier. 
IN-TER'PRET-ING,  yjir.     Explaining;  espoundmg; 

translating. 
IN-TER-PU.N€'TI0N,  77.     [L.  interpimtio,  xhUrpun- 
go ;  infer  and  pun<ro^  to  point.] 

The  making  of  points  between  sentences  or  parts 

of  a  sentence.    But  Punctuation  is  gener.illy  used. 

IN-TER-RE-CElVE',  7j.  (.    To  receive  between  or 

within.  Carlisle 

I.\-TER'B£D,  (in-terd'j)  pp.    Buried. 
IN-TER-REG'NUM,  77.    [L.  iitto-  and  regnum,  rule  or 
reign.) 

The  time  in  which  a  throne  is  vacant,  between 
the  death  or  abdication  of  a  king  and  the  accession 
of  his  successor.  An  interregnum,  in  strictness,  can 
happen  only  in  governments  where  the  king  is 
elective ;  for,  in  hereditary  kingdoms,  the  reign  of 
the  successor  commences  at  the  moment  of  his  pred- 
ecessor's death  or  demise.  The  word,  however,  is 
used  with  more  latitude. 
IN'-TER-UEIGX',  (in-ter-rane',)  >i.  A  translation  of 
interre^-num,  Vr.  intcrrcgne. 
.\n  interregnum  or  vacancy  of  the  throne.  [Supra.] 

Bacon. 
IN-TER'RER,  71.    [from  i7iter.]     One  that  inters  or 

buries. 
IN'TER-BEX,  n.    [L.  inter  and  rer,  king.] 

A  regent ;  a  magistrate  that  governs  during  an 
interregnum. 
IN-TER'UI.\G,  jipr.    Burjing. 

m-TER'RO-G.^TE,  f.  t.     [Fr.  inlcrroger ;  L.  inUm- 
go  ;  inter  and  rogo,  to  ask.] 

To  que-stion  ;  to  examine  by  asking  questions ;  as, 
to  interroirate  a  witness. 
IN-TER'Ri)-(iATE,  c.  x.    To  ask  questions.  Bacon. 
IN-TER'RO-Ga-TED,  p;>.    Examined  by  questions. 
IN-TER'RO-C.A-TI.NG,  ppr.  Asking  questions  of  one  ; 

examining  bv  questions. 
IN-TER-RO-(;.\'TION,  n.    The  act  of  questioning  ; 
examination  by  questions. 

2.  A  question  put ;  inquiry.  Pope. 

3.  A  note  that  marks  a  question ;  as,  does  Job 
serve  God  for  nought  .* 

IN-TER-ROG'A-TIVE,  a.     [Fr.  interrogatif.] 

Denoting  a  question  ;  expressed  in  the  form  of  a 
question  ;  as,  an  interrogative  phrase  or  sentence. 

IN-TER-R0G'.\-TIVE,  n.     A  word  used  in  asking 
questions  ;  as,  lelto  7  what  f  which  ?  why  7 

IN-TER-ROG'A-TIVE-LY,  ode.     In  the  form  of  a 
question. 

IN-TER'RO-Ga-TOR,  77.   One  who  asks  questions. 

IX-TER-BOG'A-TO-Ry,  n.     [Fr.  inttrrogoloire.] 

A  tiuestion  or  inquiry.  In  law,  a  particidar  ques- 
tion to  a  witness,  who  is  to  answer  it  under  the  so- 
lemnities of  an  oath.  This  may  be  in  open  court  or 
before  commissioners 

IN-TER-BOG'A-TO-RY,  a.    Containing  a  question  ; 


question  ;   its, 


an    interrogatory  sell- 
~  Johnson. 


cxpnjssmg 

tence. 
/A'  TRR-RCi'REM,  [L.]    For  a  terror  or  w.Trning. 
IN-TER-RUPT',  V.   t,      [L.   interrumpo,   intcmiptus  ; 

inter  unit  rumpo,  to  break.] 

1.  To  stop  or  hinder  by  breaking  in  upon  the 
course  or  progress  of  any  thing ;  to  break  the  cur- 
rent or  motion  of;  as,  a  fall  of  rain  intrmipted  our 
journey.  There  was  not  a  tree  nor  a  bush  to  inter- 
rapt  the  charge  of  the  enemy.  The  speaker  w.13  in- 
terrupted by  shouts  of  acclamation.  We  apply  the 
word  both  to  the  agent  and  to  his  progress.  We 
say,  an  alarm  interrupted  the  speaker,  or  his  argu- 
ment or  discourse. 

2.  To  divide  ;  to  separate ;  to  break  continuity  or 
a  continued  series.  The  road  was  on  a  plain,  not 
interrupted  by  a  single  hill,  or  interrupted  here  and 
there  bv  a  hill. 

IN-TER-RUPT',  a.    Broken ;  containiiig  a  chasm. 

Mitton. 

IN-TER-EUPT'ED,pp.    Stopped  ;  hindered  from  pro- 
ceeding. 

IN-TER-RUPT'ED,  a.    Broken  :  intermitted. 

2.  In  botany,  a  term  used  when  any  symmetrical 
arrangement  is  destroyed  by  local  causes,  as  when 
smaller  leaves  are  interposed  among  the  larger  ones 
in  a  pinnate  leaf.  Lindlcy. 

IN-TER-RUPT'ED-LT,  adv.    With  breaks  or  inter- 
ruptions. Soylc. 

IN-TER-RUPT'ER,  n.    One  tliat  interrupts. 

IN-TER-RUPT'ING,  ppr.    Hindering  by  breaking  in 
upon. 

IN-TER-RUP'TION,  n.     [Fr.,  from  L.  intcrruptto.] 

1.  The  act  of  interrupting  or  breaking  in  upon 
progression. 

2.  Breach  of  any  thing  extended  ;  interposition ; 
as,  an  isle  separated  from  the  Continent  by  the  inter- 
ruption of  the  sea.  Hale. 

3.  Intervention;  interposition. 

Leat  the  i;i(errupIion  of  time  cause  you  to  lose  the  idea  of  one 
peiL  LHydtn. 

4.  Stop  ;  hinderance  ;  obstruction  caused  by  break- 
ing in  upon  any  course,  current,  progress,  or  motion. 
An  interruption  may  be  temporary  or  durable.  The 
work  of  the  Erie  Canal  has  suffered  few  interruptions 
from  storms  and  floods.  The  lava  met  with  no  m(ei-- 
ruption  till  it  descended  to  the  foot  of  the  mountain. 
The  author  has  met  with  manv  interruptions  in  the 
execution  of  his  work.  The  speaker  or  the  argu- 
ment proceeds  without  interruption. 

5.  Stop  ;  cessation  ;  intermission.  Locke. 
IX-TER-RUPT'IVE,  a.    Tending  to  interrupt. 
IN-TER-RUPT'IVE-LY,  adv.    By  interruption. 
IN-TEU-SCAP'U-LAR,  a.    [L.  inter  and  scapula,  the 

shoulder-blade.] 
Situated  between  the  shoulder-blades. 
IN-TER-SCIND',  V.  t.     [inter  and  scindo.] 

To  cut  off.  -Die!. 

IN-TER-SCIND'ED,  pp.    Cut  off. 
IN-TER-SCIND'ING,rpr.    Cutting  off. 
IX-TER-SCRIBE',  v.  L    [h.  inter  and  seriba.] 

To  write  between. 
IX-TER-S€RIB'£D,  j>;i.    Written  between. 
IN-TER-Ser.IB'lNG,  WW-    Writing  between. 
IN-TER-SE'CANT,    a.      [L.    intcrsecaiis i    interscco  i 

inter  and  seco,  to  cut.] 
Dividing  into  parts;  crossing.  DicL 

IX-TER-SECT',  V.  t.    [L.  interscco ;  inter,  between, 

and  scco,  to  cut.] 
To  cut  or  cross  mutually  ;  to  divide  iuto  parts. 

Thus  two  lines  or  two  planes  may  intersect  each 

other.    The  ecliptic  intersects  the  equator. 
IN-TER-SEGT',  7).  i.    To  meet  and  cross  each  other ; 

as,  the  point  where  two  lines  intersect.     [This  is 

elliptical.] 
IN-TER-SECT'ED,  pp.     Cut  or  divided  mto  parts; 

crossed. 
IN-TER-SECT'ING,  ppr.      Cutting  ;    crossmg ;    as 

lines. 
IN-TER-SEC'TION,  77.    [L.  intcrsectw.j 

1.  The  act  or  state  of  intersecting. 

2.  The  point  or  line  in  which  two  hues  or  two 
planes  cut  each  other. 

IN-TER-SE.M'I-NATE,  v.  t.    [L.  intej-seminatus ;  mtcr, 
between,  and  semino,  to  sow.] 
To  sow  between  or  among.     [Litlle  used.] 

IN-TER-SERT',  v.  t.     [L.  intcrscro ;  inter,  between, 
pud  sero,  to  throw.] 
To  set  or  put  in  between  other  things.    Brercwood. 

IN-TEU-SERT'ED,  pp.    Put  in  between  other  things. 

IN-TER-SERT'ING,  ppr.    Putting  in  between  other 
things. 

LN-TER-SER'TION,  71.    An  insertion  or  thing  insert- 
ed between  otlier  things.  Hammond. 

IN'TER-SPaCE,  71.    [!7il£r  and  space.]    A  space  be- 
tween other  things.  HackeU 

IN-TER-SPEKSE',  (in-tcr-spers',)  v.  t.     [L.  intersper- 
sus  .-  inter,  between,  and  spargo,  to  scatter.] 

To  scatter  or  set  here  and  there  amoug  other 
things  ;  a-s,  an  able  argument  interspersed  with  flow- 
ers of  rhetoric.    Intersperse  shrubs  among  trees. 

IN-TEB-SPERS'£D,  (-sperst',)  pp.    Scattered  or  situ- 
ated here  and  there  among  other  things. 


INT 

IN-TER-SPERS'ING,p;>r.    Scattering  hero  and  there 

among  other  things. 
IN-'l'ER-SPER'SlON,  11.     The  act  of  scattering    or 

setting  here  and  there  among  other  things. 
IN-TER  STEL'L.\R,       fa.      [L.   inter   and   Stella,  a 
I.M-TEIl-STEL'l.A-RY,  j      star.] 

Situated  beyond  the  solar  system,  or  among  the 

stars.  Bacon. 

IN'TER-STICE  or  IN-TER'STICE,  71.    [Fr.,  from  L. 

intcrstitinni ;  inter  and  sto,  to  slciid.] 

1.  A  space  between  things  ;  but  chiefly,  a  narrow 
or  small  space  between  things  closely  set,  or  the 
parts  which  compose  a  body.  We  speak  of  the  iii- 
terstiecs  between  the  parts  of  wood  or  stone. 

2.  Time  between  one  act  and  another.      Ayliffe. 
IN-TER-STINCT'IVE,     a.      Distinguishing.      [JVol 

used.]  Wollis. 

IN-TER-STI"TIAL,  (in-ter-stish'nl,)  a.      Pertaining 

to  or  containing  interstices.  Eneye. 

IN-TEU-STKAT'I-FIKD,      (in-tcr-strat'e-fide,)      a. 

Stratilied  among  or  between  other  bodies.     Eneye. 


Did. 


IN-TER-TALK',"(in-ter-tawk',)  v.  i.      To  exchange 

conversation.     [A'bt  used.]  Carcw. 

IN-TER-TA.\"GLE,  (-tang'gl,)  f.  (.    To  intertwist ; 

to  entunirle.  Beaum.  If  Fl. 

IN-TER-TEX'TIJRE,  (-teit'yur,)  n.    [L.  intertcztus  ; 
inter  and  texo,  to  weave.] 

The  act  of  interweaving,  or  the  state  of  things  in- 
terwoven. More. 

IN'TEU-TIE,      )  71.    In  earpcnirti,  a  short,  horizontal 

IN'TER-DltJE,  i      timber  framed  between  two  posts, 
in  order  to  tie  them  together,  Brundc. 

IN-TER-TLS'SU-ZiD,  (iii-ter-tish'shude,)  a.    Wrought 
Willi  joint  tissue.  Everest. 

IN-TER-TRAN-SPie'U-OUS,  a.    Transpicuous  with- 
in or  between. 

IX-TER-TROP'I€-AL,  a.   [inter  and  lro;)im(.]    Silua- 
ttd  between  the  tropics.  •>.  Morse. 

IN-TER-TWINE',  v.  t.     [inter  and  twine.]    To  unite 
bv  twining  or  twisting  one  with  another.     Mdton. 

IN-TER-TW  iN'JED,  pii.    Twined  or  twisted  one  with 
another. 

IN-TER-TWIN'IXG,  ppr.   Twining  one  with  another. 

IN-TEK-T>\'IN'IiVG-LY,  adv.    By  intertwining  or  be- 
ing intertwined. 

IN-TEIt-TWlST',  B.  (.      [inter  and  txist.]    To  twist 
one  witli  another. 

IN-TEE-TWIST'ED,  pp.    Twisted  one  with  another. 

IN-TER-TWIST'Ii\G,  jipr.  Twisting  one  with  an- 
other. 

IX-TER-TWIST'ING-LY,  adv.  By  intertwisting,  or 
being  intertwisted. 

IN'TEll-VAL,  71.  [Fr.  intervaltc  ;  I.,  intcrvallum ;  inter 
and  vallum,  a  wall,  otvallus,  a  stake.] 

1.  A  space  between  things;  a  void  space  interven- 
ing between  any  two  objects ;  as,  an  interval  between 
two  pickets  or  palisades,  between  two  houses  or 
walls,  or  between  two  mountains  or  hills. 

2.  Space  of  time  between  any  two  points  or  events ; 
as,  the  interval  between  the  death  of  Charles  I.  of 
England  and  the  accession  of  Charles  II. ;  the  inters 
vol  between  two  wars.  Hence  wc  say,  an  interval  of 
peace. 

3.  The  space  of  time  between  two  paroxysms  ot 
disease,  pain,  or  delirium  ;  remission  ;  as,  an  interval 
of  ease,  of  peace,  of  reason. 

4.  The  distance  between  two  given  sounds  ill  mu- 
sic, or  the  diflbrence  in  point  of  gravity  or  acutcncss. 

lirande. 

5.  A  tract  of  low  or  plain  ground  between  hills,  or 
along  the  banks  of  rivers,  usually  alluvial  land  en- 
riched by  the  overflowings  of  rivers,  or  by  fertilizing 
deposits  of  earth  from  the  adjacent  hills.  Hutchinson. 

[Dr.  Belknap  writes  t'lis  IsTlKViLE;   /  think  im- 

Ilf-TER-VEIN'ED,  (-ter-vand',)  a.  [mier  and  rein.] 
Intersected  as  with  veins. 

Fair  ch-unpajpi  wilh  less  rireni  tHIeiTCined.  MUton. 

IN-TER-VeNE',  v.  i.  [L.  intcrvcnio  ;  inter  and  vcnio, 
to  come.] 

1.  To  come  or  be  between  persons  or  things ;  to 
be  situated  between.  Thus  the  Atlantic  intervenes 
between  Europe  and  America;  the  Mediterranean 
intervenes  between  Europe  and  Africa. 

2.  To  come  between  points  of  time  or  events ;  as, 
the  period  tliat  ijitervened  between  the  treaty  of  Rys- 
wick  and  the  treaty  of  Utrecht. 

3.  To  happen  in  a  way  to  di.=turb,  cross,  or  inter- 
rupt. Events  may  intervene  to  frustrate  our  purposes 
or  wishes. 

4.  To  interpose  or  undertake  voluntarily  for  anoth- 
er. -■%.  third  party  may  inlcrccnc,  and  accept  a  bill  of 
exchanee  for  another. 

IN-TER-VENE',  71.  A  coming  between ;  interven- 
tion.    [JVot  used.]  PTotton. 

IN-TER-V£N'IENT,  o.  Coming  or  being  between; 
intercedent ;  interposed.     [Liule  used.]         Bacon. 

IN-TER-VeN'ING,  ppr.  or  u.  Coming  or  being  be- 
tween persons  or  tilings,  or  between  points  of  time  ; 
as,  intervening  space  or  time  ;  intervening  events  or 
misfortunes:  intcrcCTiinn' peace 

IN-TER-VEN'TION,  71.     [Fr.,  from  L.  intcremiio.] 
1.  A  state  of  coming  or  being  between  ;  intcrposl- 


FITE,  far,  fall,  WHAT MeTE  PRfcY PINE,  MAEINE,  BIRD — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK 


618 


INT 

tion     Light  is  nol  interrupted  by  the  intervention  of 
a  transparent  body. 

2.  Agency  of  persons  between  persons  ;  iuterposi- 
tion ;  mediation  ;  any  interference  that  may  ajSect 
tlie  interests  of  others. 

Let  us  decide  our  quarrels  at  home  i?IUiout  tli;  tntervenUon  of  a 
foreign  j)OT*-er.  Temple. 

3.  Agency  of  means  or  insCnimcnts;  as,  effects  are 
produced  by  the  intervention  of  natural  causes. 

4.  Interposition  in  favor  of  another;  a  vohintaiy 
undertaking  of  one  party  for  aiK-tlur.  A  bill  of  ex- 
change may  be  accepted  by  the  iu^crociuion  of  a  third 
person  in  behalf  of  the  drawer,  or  of  one  of  the  in- 
dorsers.  French  Commercial  Code.     Walsh. 

IX-TER-VEN'TOU,  n.  [L.]  A  mediator;  a  person 
anciently  designated  by  a  church  to  reconcile  par- 
ties, and  unite  them  in  the  choice  of  officers. 

IX-TER-VEN'tlE,  n.     [Fr.  intcrvenu.'[         {Coleman. 
Interposition.     [jVot  iwaf.]  Blount. 

IX-TER-VERT',  r.  (.  [L.  interverto;  inter  and  vcrto, 
to  turn.] 

To  turn  to  another  course  or  to  another  use.  [Lit- 
tle used.]~  fFottoii. 

IX-TER-VER'TE-BRAL,  a.  Being  between  the  ver- 
tebne. 

IN'TER-VIEW,  71.  [ijUct  and  view  :  Fr.  mtreeite.] 
A  mutual  sight  or  view ;  a  meeting ;  Tistially,  a 
formal  meeting  for  some  conference  on  an  important 
subject;  hence  the  word  implies  a  conference,  or 
mutual  communication  of  thoughts.  The  envoy  had 
an  interview  with  the  king,  or  with  the  secretary  of 
foreign  affairs.  The  parties  had  an  interview^  and 
adjusted  their  differences. 

IN-TER-VIS'I-BLE,  a.  In  siirnqfing,  an  epithet  ap- 
plied to  stations  which  are  mutually  visible,  or  can 
be  seen  the  one  from  the  other. 

IN-TER-VOLVE',  (in-ter-volv',)  v.  U     [L.  intervolvo  ,■ 
inter  and  rolco,  to  roll.] 
Tn  involve  one  withm  another.  Miltotu 

l.\-TER-VOLV'£D,  pp.  Involved  one  within  anoth- 
er ;  wrapped  together. 

I\-TER-VOLV'lNG,ppr.  Involving  one  within  an- 
other. 

IX-TER-WkAVE',  v.  t;  pret.  Interwove;  pp.  Is- 
TEF.woTEN.     [inter  and  weave] 

1.  To  weave  together ;  to  intermix  or  unite  in  text- 
ure or  construction ;  as,  threads  of  silk  and  cotton 
interwoven. 

2.  To  intermix ;  to  set  among  or  together ;  as,  a 
covert  of  iTttcncoven  trees. 

3.  To  intermingle  ;  to  insert  together;  as,  to  i/iter- 
tccavc  truth  with  falsehood. 

IVTER-WeAV'ING,  ppr.    Weaving  together. 

I.VTER-VVeAV'ING,  ;u    Intertexture.  Milioiu 

L\-TER-\V1SH',  V.  t.  [inter  and  icisJu]  To  wish  nm- 
tually  to  each  other.     [Little  U3cd.\  Donne. 

IN-TER-\VISH'£D,  (-wisht,) pp.    Wished  mutually. 

IX-TER-WORK'IXG,  n.  The  act  of  working  to- 
geilier. 

I\-TER-W6VE',  pret.  of  Isterweave.  Milton  uses 
it  as  a  participle  for  intei^oven. 

IN-TER-WoV'£.V,  pp.  or 0,  Woven  together;  inter- 
mLted  ;  intermingling. 

IX-TER-\ATIeATH:'£:d,  o.    Woven  into  a  wreath. 

IN-TEST'A-BLE,  a.  [L.  intestabilis;  m  and  testabilis; 
te^ti^,  a  witness  ;  (co-for,  to  testify.] 

Xot  capable  of  making  a  will ;  legally  unqualified 
or  disqualified  to  make  a  testament ;  as,  a  person  un- 
qualified for  want  of  discretion,  or  disqualified  by  loss 
of  reason,  is  intestable.  AyUffe. 

r.VTEST'A-CY,  n.  [from  i-ntestate.l  The  state  of  dy- 
ing without  making  a  will  or  disposing  of  one's  ef- 
fects. Blaclcstone. 

IN-TEST'ATE,  a.  [Fr.  ijUestat ;  h.  intestatm;  in.  and 
testatus^  teslor^  to  make  a  will.] 

1.  Dy-ing  without  having  made  a  will.  When  a 
man  dies  intestate^  his  estate  is  committed  for  settle- 
ment to  administrators. 

H.  Xot  devised  ;  not  disposed  of  by  will ;  as,  an 
intestate  estate.  Laws  of  Ma^s.  and  Conn. 

IX-TEST'ATE,  n.  A  person  who  dies  without  mak- 
in2  a  will.  Blackstoju: 

IX-TES'TIX-AL,  a.  [from  intestine.]  Pertainiiig  to 
the  intestines  of  an  animal  body ;  as,  the  intestinal 
tube  or  canal.  Arbiitlinot. 

IX-TES-TIX-a'LI-A,  n.  pL  A  class  of  animals  which 
infest  the  interior  of  the  bodies,  and  especially  the 
inte.stinat  canal,  of  other  animals.  Brande. 

IX-TES'TINE,  (-tes'tin,)  a.  [Fv.  inte^iin  ;  h.  intesti- 
7tus,  from  inUts,  within.] 

1.  Internal ;  inward  ;  opposed  to  External  ;  ap- 
plied to  Vie  human  or  other  animal  body ;  as,  an  intcjiUnt 


2.  Internal  with  regard  to  a  state  or  country;  do- 
mestic, not  foreign  ;  as,  intestine  feuds  ;  intestine  wai; 
intestine  enemies.  It  is  to  be  remarked  that  this  word 
is  usually  or  always  applied  to  evils.  We  never  say, 
intestine  happiness  or  prosperity  ;  jn((^.rfinc  trade,  man- 
ufactures, or  bills  i  but  intestine  broils,  trouble,  disor- 
ders, calamities,  war,  &c.  We  soj',  internal  peace, 
welfare,  prosperity,  or  ijiternal  broils,  war,  trade,  &c. 
This  restricted  use  of  intestine  seems  to  be  entirely 
arbitrary. 


INT 

IN-TES'T1NE,  n. ;  usually  in  the  plural,  I.-<TE8Tir*n% 
The  canal  or  lubi;  that  <r\tendrt,  with  convolutions, 
from  the  right  orifice  of  the  slornacli  to  the  anus. 

IN-TEX'TUR-£D,  a.    Inwrought;  woven  in. 

IN-THIRST',  (in-thursl',)  v.  (.  [in  and  ViirsU]  To 
make  thirsty.    [Aut  used.]  Bp.  RaU. 

IN-THRALL',  v.  t.  [in.  and  thrall ;  Sax.  (Arett/,  a  ser- 
vant ;  Ir.  trailL] 

To  enslave  ;  to  reduce  to  bondage  or  servittido ;  to 
shackle.  The  Greeks  have  been  inthraUed  by  the 
Turks. 

Slw  soothes,  but  ncTcr  can  inthraU  my  mini].  Prior. 

IN-THRALL'£D,  pp.  or  a.  Enslaved ;  reduced  to  ser- 
vitude. 

IX-THRALL'I.VG,  ppr.    En.'5laving. 

IN-THRALL'MKNT,  n.  Servitude;  slavery  ;  bond- 
age.     _  Milton. 

IN-TIIRoXE',  V.  t.  [in  and  Utrone.]  To  seal  on  a 
tlirone  ;  to  raise  to  royalty  or  supreme  dominion. 
[See  Enthrone,  which  is  the  more  common  orthog- 
raphy.] 

2.  To  induct  or  i;istall  a  bishop  into  the  powers 
and  privileges  of  a  vacant  sec. 

IN-THRoX-I-Za'TION,  ti.  TJie  act  of  enthroning, 
or  state_of  being  enthroned.  Warburton. 

IN-THRoX'IZE,  r.  f.  To  enthrone.  [See  Ikthrose.] 

IN'TI-MA-CY",  II.  [from  intimtUe.]  Close  familiarity 
or  fellowship ;  nearness  in  friendship.         Rogers. 

IX'TI-JIATE,  a.  [L.  intimus,  super!,  of  intus,  or  vitc- 
rits,  within.] 

1.  Inmost  ;  inward  ;  internal ;  as,  intimate  im- 
pulse. MUon. 

2.  Near ;  close 

He  ■Kaa  honored  with  an  intimats  and  immedialo  adijiUaioo. 

Soul},. 

3.  Close  in  friendship  or  acquaintance;  familiar; 
as,  an  intimate  friend  ;  intimate  acquaintance. 

IX'TI-MATE,  «.  A  familiar  friend  or  associate  ;  one 
to  whom  the  thoughts  of  another  arc  intrusted  with- 
out reserve. 

IN'TI-MaTE,  v.  i.    To  share  together.    [J\rot  in  use.} 

Spenser. 

IX'TI-MaTE,  v.  t.  [Fr.  intimer;  Sp.  intimar ;  It.  inti- 
mare  -■  Low  L.  intimo,  to  intimate,  to  register,  to  love 
entirely,  to  make  one  intimate,  to  enter,  from  inti- 
mus.] 

To  hint ;  to  suggest  obscurely,  indirectly,  or  not 
very  plainly ;  to  give  slight  notice  of.  He  intimated 
his  intention  of  resigning  his  office. 

'TU  Heaven  ilself  Uiat  points  out  an  hereafter, 

And  iiitimaUs  eternity  to  man.  Additon. 

IN'TI-Ma-TED,  pp.  Hmted;  slightly  mentioned  or 
signified. 

IN'TI-MATE-LY,  ado.  aosely ;  with  close  inter- 
mbcture  and  union  of  parts ;  as,  two  fluids  intimately 
mixed. 

9.  Closely;  with  nearness  of  friendship  or  alliance; 
as,  two  friends  intimately  united ;  two  famihes  inti- 
mately connected. 

3.  Familiarly  ;  iiarticularly  ;  as,  to  be  intimately  ac- 
quainted witli  fac:;  or  with  a  subject. 

IX'TI-Ma-TIXG,  ppr.    Hinting ;  suggesting. 

IX-TI-Ma'TIOX,  n.  [Fr.,  from  intimaU.]  Hint ;  an 
obscure  or  indirect  suggestion  or  notice  ;  a  declara- 
tion or  remark  communicating  imperfect  information. 
Our  friend  left  us  without  giving  any  previous  t;ia- 
mation  of  his  design. 

IX'TIME,  (in'tim,)  a.    [L.  intimus.] 

Inward  ;  internal.     [J^ot  n^ed.]  Vigby. 

IN-TIM'I-DaTE,  t.  t.  [Fr.  intimider;  in  and  L.  timi- 
diis^  fearful  ;  timcoj  to  fear.J 

To  make  fearful ;  to  inspire  with  fear ;  to  disheart- 
en ;  to  abash. 

Now  FiiUt,  once  harbored  in  the  conscious  breast, 
Inlimtdalea  lire  Irave,  degrades  the  great.  Irene. 

IX-TIM'I-Da-TED,  pp.    Made  fearfid  ;  abashed. 

IX-TIM'I-Da-TIXG,  ppr.    Making  fearful ;  abashing. 

IX-T1M-I-Da'TIOX,  lu  The  act  of  making  fearlul ; 
the  state  of  being  abashed. 

IX-TIX€J-TIV'1-TY,  7t.  [L.  in  and  (tnctiw,  dipped, 
stained.] 

The  want  of  the  quality  of  coloring  or  tinging  other 
bodies.  Fuller's  earth  is  distinguished  from  colorific 
earths  by  its  intlncttritt/,  Kirwan. 

IX-TiRE',  rX-TIRE'LY.    See  Entire  and  its  deriva- 

IN-TI'TLE.     See  Entitle.  [tives. 

IX'TO,  prep,  [in  and  to.]  Xoting  enlrance,ora  pass- 
ing from  the  outside  ot  a  thing  to  its  interior  parts. 
It°fo!lows  verbs  expressing  motion.  Come  wito  the 
house  ;  go  into  the  church  ;  one  stream  falls  or  runs 
into  another.  Water  enters  into  the  fine  vessels  of 
plants.  . 

2.  Noting  penetration  beyond  the  outside  or  sur- 
face, or  access  to  it.  Look  into  a  letter  or  book  ;  look 
into  an  apartment. 

3.  Noting  insertion.  Infuse  more  spirit  or  anima- 
tion into  tlie  couipDsitron. 

4.  Noting  mixture.  Put  other  ingredients  into  the 
compound.  , 

5.  Noting  inclusion.  Put  these  ideas  xnt»  other 
words. 

6.  Noting  the  passing  of  a  thing  from  one  form  or 
slate  to  another.    Compound  substances  way  bo  re- 


INT 


=1 


rcM.iii>--;  jii-..-.y 
are  led  by  V-. 
often  enticed 
drcn  are  son. 
all  liable  Ui  L 

in-toi/er-a  ;, 

and  tourahUu,  i-  i/.-  , 

1.  Not  to  be  bornt 
intolerable  pain ;  tut. 
bU  burden. 

2.  Insufferable;  ii<\ 
lazlncj!). 

IX-TOL'ER-A-BLE-Xi>.-,  r 

not  tolerable  or  sufferable. 
LV-TOL'ER-A-BLY,flJr.   T. 

ance ;  a.",  intolerably  cold  :  i   ■   ' 
IX-TOL'ER-AXCE,  n.     [fr.    . 

capacity  tu  endure. 
2.  Want  of  toleration  ;  il 

not  suffering  to  exist  wiiho  .' 

tolerance  of  u  princ*  or  a  ci. 

secL 
IX-TOLT,R-ANT,  a.    [Fr.,  from 

endure.] 

1.  x^*  ■    '  -   ■■  ' 


if. 


>  a  ^'; 


2.  Xo:  . 


a,;r:. 


refusing  to  tolerate  others  in  the  i 

opinions,  rights,  and  wonhip. 
IX-TOL'ER-^VXT,  n.    One  who  di 

tion. 
IX-TOL'ER-AXT-LY,  adv.    Nol  t 

diligently. 
IN-TOL'ER-A-TED,  a.    Net  ca-'or 

IN-TOL-ER-A'TIOX,  n.    In: 

crate  others  in  their  o;)inioi. 
IN-TOMB',  (in-toom',)  v.L 

in  a  tomb  ;  to  bury. 
IX-TO.MB'ED,  (in-toomd',)  ff .  or  «. 

tomb ;  buried. 
IN-TuMD  I-\G,  (in-toom'ing,)  pfr. 

lomi) :  interring. 
IX'TO-XaTE,  r.  i.     [L.  iniano,  iMtomctuM : 

to  sound  or  thunder.] 

1.  To  sound  ;  to  soimd  the  notes  of  i 

2.  To  thunder. 
IN-TO-Xa'TIOX,  n.    In  music,  the  act:;  : 

ing  the  notes  of  the  scale  with  the  voic*. 
given  order  of  musical  tones. 

2.  The  manner  of  sounding  or  tuning  : 
a  musical  scale. 

3.  In  spccktRg,  the  modulation  of  the  •• 
pression. 

IN-ToNT;',  r.  £.    [L.  intonoj  supra.] 

To  utter  a  sound,  or  a  deep,  protrr.-Icf! 

Aaa  i7i:on*j  to  au. 
IN-TOR'SIOX,  n.     [L,  intonpteo,  i. 
A  winding,  bending,  or  twisting, 
direction.    In  ?n/ta^y,  llic  bending  vt  iw  .. 
part  of  a  plant  toward  one  sid«  or  the  > 
any  direction  from  the  vertical. 
IX-TORT',  r.  /.   [L.  inUtrtusy  from  . 
To  twist ;  to  wrcatli ;  to  wind  . 
IX-TORT'ED, rP-    Twisted;  mad. 


I/r-^tie^ 

DepucHod  Is  > 
Dep^ 


IN-TORT'L\G,  P/^r.  i\  mui 
M'  TO' TO,  [iJ  Wholly: 
IX-TOX'I-CaTE,  v.  t.     L" 


Winding ;  lv\ 
cntirfl) 
_tii  and  i- 
Plinv  informs  us,  is  from  icia,  n 
Greek  (TpiAa*.    Lib.  xvi.  10.     3'. - 
Greek  r.^wr,  a  bow  or  an  arrow  ;  the  Uab^ujtJ  u--^'i 
to  poison  tlieir  arrows,  and  hence  tc-ziouK,  in  Laim. 
came  to  signify  poi^n.] 

1.  To  inebriato ;  to  make  dnink  :  as  with  spir.i  > 
ous  liquor. 

As  with  Dcw  win-  inHsieaiid  l»i, 
TIkt  swim  in  trirtb. 

2.  To  excite  the  spirits  to  a  kind  of  d. 
elate  to  enthusiasm,  fren.-y,  -^^  iniL.Itu  - 
may  ^-omclimes  intfxicate  a 

Uiusiast  inav  be  intoziccttu  • 

IN-TOX'I-eATE,<i.     Inebru.: . 

IX-TOX'l-C.A-TED,  yp.CTc.  huhti^cil ,  luaUe  utuuk ; 

excited  to  frenzv. 
IN-T0X'I-C.A-TE1>-XESS,  ii.    Slate  of  inloiicaUOD. 
IX-TOX'I-€.\-TIXG,  ppr.    Inebriating ;  elating  to  ex- 
cess or  frenzy.  .    . 
2.  a.    Having  qualities  that  produce  ineonation 

ns,  intozicatin^  liquors.  .       ^     ' 

IN-TOX-1-Ca'TION.  «.    Incbnaiion ;  obr:cty ;  drunk-  | 

enness;  tlie  act  of  ni;iVM.  •  .in  ;•  v_  ^»:':. 

Technically,  ititox- 

nary  exhilaration  ii' 

with  iini»erfect  artic. .  _ 

voluntary-  motion  gemT.iii\ ,  x\  aici  iaiallj  jiikStva  mlo  . 

unconsciousne^  and  coma.  1 

2.  ii*iir«rafiw:jV.  ahii!h  c\citementofmmd;an«  Ja- 

lion  which  rises"  to  enthusiasm,  frenzy,  or  rnadr!-  - 


TeXE,  BULL,  IJNITE.  - 


-AN"GER,  vr'CIOUS.^e  as  K;  0  as  J ;  3  as  Z ;  Cll  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


_Ji 


619 


INT 


.  iiulocile. 

I.    Tlie  quality  of  licinfi 
ungovernable ;  obstina- 
Portrus. 


perverse, 


slubliorn 


IN-TRACr'A-BIiE,  a.  [L.  intractabilis ;  in  Jind  tracr 
tnbilisy  tractoy  to  liamtle,  manayc,  govern  ;  Fr.  intrai- 
Oible :  IL  itUrattabih.] 

I.  Not  to  lie  guverned  or  managed  ;  violent ;  stub- 
lioni  •,  obstinate ;  relractory  ;  as,  an  intractable  tem- 
per. 
5.  Not  to  be  tau"lit ,  ... 
IX-TRAeT'A-BLE-NESS, 

ix-TRAer-A-iuL'i-Ty, 

cy ;  juTversencss. 
':.'.  Iniliirilily. 

IN-TRAeT'A-BLY,    adi% 
manner. 

IN-TKa'DOS,  n.  In  architecture^  tlie  interior  and  low- 
•'r  lin^'  or  curve  of  an  arch.  Bmnde. 

IN-TRA-FO-LI-A'CEOUS,  a.  [L.  intra  and  folium,  a 
lr:if.] 

In  botany^  growing  on  the  inside  of  a  leaf;  as,  in- 
fr«/c/i(icfo«s  stipules.  Lcc.    .Martyn. 

l.\-TKX.\(^r/.     See  Entbakck. 

IN-TRAN-aUIL'LI-TV,  71.  [in  nnt\  tranqnUlitii.]  Un- 
(piictness  ;  inqnietiido  ;  want  of  rc?t.  Temple. 

I.\-TIlAX'S!n\T,  (-shent,)  ti.  Not  transient;  not 
l«ris-;iu^'  Mi.liirnlv  awav-  KiUimrheck. 

I  iN-TR AX.-i'I  Tl VE,  a.  [L.  inlransitiKUs ;  in  and  transcoy 
u>  pass  over.] 

In  ^ammar^  an  intransitive  verb  ia  one  which  ex- 
presses an  action  or  state  that  is  limited  to  the  agent, 
or,  in  other  words,  an  action  that  docs  not  yass  over 
to,  or  operate  upon,  an  object ;  as,  I  walk  j  I  ran ;  I 
sleep. 

IN-TRANS'I-TIVE-LV,  adv.  "Without  an  object  fol- 
lowing i  in  the  manner  of  an  intransitive  verb. 

LowtJi. 

IjY  TR^^J^SI  TU,  [L.]     In  passing,  or  on  tlie  way 

nut. 

IX-TRANS-MIS'SI-BLE,  fl.  Tliat  can  not  he  trans?- 
milted.  J-  P-  Smith. 

IN-TRANS-MU-TA-BIL'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  not 
beini;  tniusniutable.  Hay- 

IN-'ru."AN."=-Mu'TA-BLE,  a.     [in  and  transvjutable.] 
That » an  not  be  transniuteu  or  changed  into  anoth- 
er substance.  H-^y- 

IN'TRANT,  a,     [L.  intrans.] 

Enteriiifi;  penetrating;  making  entrance. 

IN-TREAS'L'RE,  (in-trezh'ur.)  v.  t.  [in  and  treasure.] 
To  lay  up  as  in  a  treayurv.     [Lirtlc  used.]        Sliak. 

I\-TRicAT'F5;L,  a.     Full'  of  iiitreaiy.  Spenser, 

IN-TUE\CH'j  V.  t.  [in  and  Fr.  tmnchory  to  cut.  See 
Trekch.I 

1.  To  (lig  or  cut  a  trench  around  a  place,  as  in  for- 
tification ;  to  fortify  with  a  ditch  and  parai)et.  The 
army  intrenched  their  camp,  or  they  were  intrcndtcd. 

2.  To  furrow  ;  to  make  hollows  in. 

Ilia  fnce 
Deep  Kara  of  Uiunilcr  had  intrenchtd.  Millon. 

To  intrench  on  ;  literally,  to  cut  into ;  hence,  to  in- 
vade ;  to  encroach  ;  to  enter  on  and  take  possession 
of  that  which  belongs  to  another.  In  the  contest  for 
IHjwcr,  the  king  was  charged  with  intrenching  on  the 
rights  of  the  nobles,  and  the  nobles  were  accused  of 
i:\trenc.hiifg  on  the  prerogatives  uf  the  crown. 

IX-TREXCH'AXT,  a.  Not  to  bo  divided  or  wounded  ; 
indivisible.     [J^ot  ^tsed.]  Shah. 

IN-TREXCII'£D,  (in-trenclit',)  pp.  Fortified  with  a 
ditch  and  parapet. 

IX-TREXCH'ING,  ppr.  Fortifying  with  a  trench  and 
parapet. 

IN-TRP.XCH'MENT,  71.  Properhj,  a  trench  or  ditch 
only  ;  but,  as  the  earth  thrown  out  of  a  trench  forms 
a  part,  and  often  the  most  necessary  and  useful  part, 
of  a  fortification,  hence  intrenckment  is  generally  un- 
der>tood  to  signify  a  ditch  and  parapet,  and  some- 
times it  signifies  fascines  covered  with  earth,  gabions, 
bags  tilled  with  earth  or  other  materials  coll'.'cted  to 
cover  men  from  an  enemy's  fire. 

On  otir  Bide  vfc  have  Uiiowii  up  intrtnduncnla  on  Winier  and 
I'ro«pcci  IlilU.  Wasliinslon, 

5.  Hence,/^tra?irci!/,  any  defense  or  protection. 
IN-'1'REI"ID,  a.     [L.  intrepidus ;  in  and  trcpidin,  trcpi- 
doy  to  tremble.] 

lAtcralhjy  not   trembling   tir  shaking  with    fear ; 
hence,  fearless;   bold;  brave;  undaunted;   as,  an 
intrepid  soldier. 
IN-TRE-PID'I-TV,  Ti.    [Fr.  intrepidity.-] 

Fearlessness  ;  fearless  bravery  in  danger;  undaunt- 
ed courage  or  boldness.    The  troops  engaged  with 
intrepidity. 
IX-TUEI"ID-LY,  aJr.    Without  trembling  or  shrink- 
ing from  danger  ;  fearlessly  ;  daringly  ;  resolutely. 

Pope. 
IN'TRI-GA-BLE,  a.    Entangling.    [JVot  in  use.] 

SheUon. 
IN'TRI-GA-CY,  n.  [from  intriea'e.]  The  state  of  be- 
ing entangled  ;  perplexity  ;  involution  ;  complication  ; 
as,  the  iniricaaj  of  a  knot,  ivnAy  Jh_;nraticelyy  the  intri- 
cacy of  accounts,  the  intricacy  of  a  cause  in  cnntro- 
vers\',  the  intricacy  of  a  plot.  Addison. 

IN'TUI-€ATE,  a.  [L.  intricatusy  from  intricoy  to  fold  ; 
in  and  triror;  it.  iiitrercinrr.     Kee  TnicK.] 

Entangled  ;  involved  ;  perplexed  ;  complicated  ; 
obscure.  We  passed  through  intricate  windings; 
we  found  the  accounts  ijitrieate  ;  the  case  on  trial  is 


INT 

intrieeUci  the  plot  of  a  tragedy  may  be  too  intricate 
to  please. 

IN'TRI-GaTE,  v.  t.  To  perplex;  to  make  obscure. 
\r.itile  used.]  Camden. 

IN'TUI-€ATE-LY,  a'h\  With  involution  or  infold- 
ings  ;  with  per|ilcxitv  or  intricacy.  JVutton. 

IN'TRI-CATE-NKSS;  n.  The  state  of  being  involved  ; 
involution  ;  complication  ;  perplexity.  Sidney. 

IN-TRI-Ca'TION,  ti.    Entanglement.     [.¥..(  vsed.] 

IN-TRK;UE',  (in-trceg',)  n.  [Fr.  id.  ;  It,  intri^o  ; 
verbs.  Fr.  intriguer,  to  perplex,  embroU,  intrigue;  It. 
intricarc,  intri-rarey  to  i>crplex,  to  make  intricatft ; 
Low  L.  intricoj  intricory  to  inwrap ;  tricor,  to  tride, 
to  show  tricks;  allied  to  Gr. -^Tp/J,  Toi\of,  hair  or 
a  lock  of  hair,  as  wo  should  say,  a  plexus.  In  I). 
hcdricftcn^ii.  bitriegcny  signify  to  cheat;  D.  driegeny 
to  tacit,  to  baste  ;  G.  triegeny  to  deceive;  (rijw-,  de- 
ceit, fraud.  The  primary  sense  seems  to  be,  to  fold, 
lay  over,  or  to  draw  together.] 

1.  A  plot  or  scheme  of  a  complicated  nature,  in- 
tended to  cflect  some  purpose  by  secret  artifices.  An 
intrigue  may  be  formed  and  prosecuted  by  an  indi- 
\  iduTil,  and  we  often  hear  of  the  intrigues  of  a  min- 
ic^ter  or  a  courtier,  but  often  several  projectors  are 
ct>ncerned  in  an  intrigue. 

2.  The  plot  of  a  play  or  romance;  a  complicated 
scheme  of  designs,  actions,  and  events,  intended  to 
awaken  interest  in  an  audience  or  reader,  and  make 
them  wait  with  eager  curiosity  for  the  solution  or 
development. 

3.  A  secret  understanding  or  commerce  of  forbid- 
den love  between  two  persons  of  different  sexes. 

Smart. 

4.  Intricacy  ;  complication.     [J^Tot  in -use.]   Hale. 
IN-TRtGUE',    (in-trcog',)  v.    i.     To   form   a   plot  or 

scheme,  usually  complicated,  and  intended  to  cffi  ct 
some  purpose  by  secret  artitices.  The  courtier  in- 
ti-igue.f  with  the  minister. 

5.  To  carry  on  a  commerce  of  forbidden  love. 

Smart. 

IN-TRlfGUE',  (in-trceg',)  v.  t.  To  perplex  or  render 
intricate.     [JWft  7isrd.]  L.  Addison. 

IN-TllfGQ'ER,  (in-trceg'cr,)  w.  One  who  intrigues; 
one  who  forms  plots,  or  pursues  an  object  by  secret 
artifices. 

IX-TRKGU'IXG,  (in-treeg'ing,)  ppr.  Forming  secret 
plots  or  sclieuios. 

2.  a.  Addicted  to  intrigue  ;  given  to  secret  niach 
inalions. 

IN-TRIGU'IXG-LY,  (in-Ireeg'ing-ly,)  ndo.  With  in- 
trigue ;  wirh  artifice  or  secret  machinations. 

IN-TRIN'SE-CATE,  a.  Entangled  ;  perplexed.  [J^ot 
in  use.] 

IX-TRIN'Sie,         i  a,      [Fr.  intrinscque  ;   Sp.  intrin- 

IN-TRIN'SI€-AL,  i  .'>ce.o ;  It.  iiitrinsico;  1,.  intrinse- 
cns;  intra  and  ^ecits.   It  was  formerly  written  Inthen- 

SECAL.] 

1.  Inward  ;  internal ;  hence,  true  ;  genuine  ;  real ; 
essential;  inherent;  not  apparent  or  accidental ;  as, 
the  intrinsic  value  of  gold  or  silver  ;  the.  intrinsic 
merit  of  an  action;  tlie  iHi;r(«5/c  wortli  or  goodness 
of  a  person.  Prior. 

2.  Intimate;  closely  familiar.     [06^-.]       Ti'uttvn. 
IX-TRIN'SrC-AL4iY,  a(/L'.    Internally;  in  its  nature; 

really;  truly. 

A  lie  ia  a  thing-  absolutely  niul  inUinsiaiUy  evil.  Soul\. 

XN-TRO-CES'SION,  (-sesh'un,)  n,  A  depression,  or 
sinking  of  parts  inward.  Smart. 

IN-TRO-DUCE',  V.  t,  [L.  introdaco ;  intra,  within, 
and  duco,  to  lead  ;  Fr.  introduire;  It.  introdurrc.] 

1.  To  lead  or  bring  in  ;  to  conduct  or  u?her  into 
a  place  ;  as,  to  introduce  a  person  into  a  drawing- 
room. 

■2.  To  conduct  and  make  known;  to  bring  to  be 
acquainted  ;  as,  to  introduce  a  stranger  to  a  person  ; 
to  introduce  a  foreign  minister  to  a  prince. 

3.  To  bring  sometliing  new  into  notice  or  practice; 
as,  to  introduce  a  new  fashion,  or  a  Yiew  remedy  for 
a  disease  ;  to  introduce  an  improved  mode  of  tillage. 

4.  To  bring  in ;  to  import ;  as,  to  introduce  foreign 
goods. 

5.  To  produce;  to  cause  to  exist;  as,  to  introduce 
habits  into  children.  Loche. 

6.  To  liegiu  ;  to  open  to  notice.  He  introduced  the 
subject  with  a  long  preface. 

7.  To  bring  before  the  public  by  writing  or  dis- 
course ;  as,  to  introduce  one's  self  to  notice  or  to  the 
public. 

IN-TRO-DuC-KD,  (in-tro-diist',)  pp.  Led  or  conduct- 
ed in  ;  lirougbt  in  ;  made  acquainted  ;  imported. 

IN-TRO-DOC'ER,  71,  One  who  introduces  ;  one  who 
conducts  another  to  a  place  or  person  ;  one  wlio 
makes  strangers  known  to  each  other  ;  one  who 
brings  anv  thing  into  notice  or  practice. 

IN-TRO-DOC'ING,  ppr.  Conducting  or  bringing  in  ; 
making  known,  as  one  stranger  to  another;  bringing 
anv  thing  into  notice  or  practice. 

IX-TR(-)  DUG'TIO.X,  n.     [Fr.,  from  L,  introiluctio.] 

1.  'I'lie  aitii.in  of  cimducting  or  ushering  into  a 
place;  used  of  persons ;  as,  tlie  introduction  of  a 
stranger  into  a  sidoori. 

2.  The  act  of  making  persons  known  to  each 
other  ;  as,  the  introduction  of  one  stranger  to  another  ; 


INT 

the  iiitroiluctiiin  of  a  foreign  minist'^r  tri  n  priiirn  or 
court,  anil  tile  intmiliulion  of  rnni|t:my  to  a  lovce. 

3.  The  art  of  hriiinins  into  a  country  ;  as,  tlie  iii- 
troiluction  of  ;^oUl  or  liu)li(ui,  or  of  iiit'rt'luindijiL*. 

'1.  TJie  act  of  lirinciiif;  sotiiething  into  notice,  prac- 
tice, or  use ;  as,  tlie  iiUtvttuctwn  of  new  modes  of 
dress  or  of  tillage. 

5.  The  part  of  a  book  wliich  precedes  the  main 
worlc  :  a  preface  or  preliminary  discour.'ie. 

6.  That  part  of  an  oration  or  discourse  in  wliitli 
the  speaker  gives  some  general  account  of  his  ilcsign 
and  suhject,  and  prepares  the  mintis  of  his  audience 
for  a  favorable  reception  of  his  remarks  or  argu- 
luents. 

IN-TKO-l)Ue'TIVR,  It.    Serving  to  introduce  ;  serv- 
ing as  tile  means  to  bring  forward  something. 

/.WJC(/l. 

IN-TRO-IIUG'TIVE-LY,   adv.    In  a  manner  serving 

to  introduce. 
IN-TRO-l)Ue'TOR,  n.    An  introducer.    [JVIp/.  iiscrf.] 
IN-TRO-DUe'TO-UI-LY,  adii.    By  w.ay  of  introduc- 
tion. 
IN-TIlO-nUe'TO-RY,  (I.    Serving  to  introduce  some- 
thing  else  ;    previous  ;    prefatory  ;    Jireliminary  ;   as, 
hUrnducUtrii  remarks  ;  an  introdtictorij  discourse. 
I.V-TRO-FLiSX'JiD,  (-fliikst',)  a.    Flexed  or  beiil  in- 
ward. 
I.\-TR0-(;RES'SI0N,  (-gresh'un,)  ji.  [L.  inlrogrcsswA 

Entrance.     [JVot  vaed.} 
IN-TROIT',  II.     [Fr.,  from  L.  intniui.s.'] 

In  the  Rmnan  Ciitltfilic  scrnicc,  the  entrance  or  begin- 
ning of  the  mass ;  a  passajie  of  Scripture  sung  or 
chanted  when  the  priest  enters  within  the  rails  of  the 
altar.  jyiicatlcy. 

IN-TRO-MIS'SION,  (-mish'un,)  n.     [L.  inlmmhsas, 
intromitto ;  inlro  and  mitto^  to  send.] 

1.  The  action  of  seiuling  in.  I'cacltam. 

a  In  Scots  lam,  an  intermeddling  witli  the  effects 
of  another.  Mmsoh. 

IN-TltO-MIT',  ti.  (.     [L.  intromitto,  supra.] 

1.  To  send  in  ;  to  let  in  ;  to  admit.        Orccnhill. 
9.  'l"o  allow  to  enter  ;  to  he  the  medium  by  which  a 
thing  enters.    Glass  in  the  window  intromit  light 
without  cold  into  a  room. 
IN-TltO-MIT',  V.  i.    In  Scottish  law,  to  intermeddle 

with  the  effects  of  another. 
IN-TIIO-JIIT'TED,  ;v.    Allowed  to  enter. 
LV-TRO-MIT'TI.N'G,  pjir.     Admitting;. 

a.  Intcrincddliug  with  th.;  ellects  of  another. 
IN-TR0-RE-CE1"T10N,  «.    The  act  of  admitting  in- 
to or  within.  Hammond. 
IN-TRO-SPEGT',   v.  t.     [L.  iiitro.'picio  :  inlro  a.'ld  ,-;)C- 
cio,  to  look.] 
To  look  into  or  within  ;  to  view  the  inside. 
IN-TRO-SPEG'TION,  n.    A  view  of  the  inside  or  in 
terior. 

1  wiu  forced  lo  mnke  an  inlrotpeclion  into  my  own  miiitl. 

Vnjden. 
IN-TRO-SPECT'IVE,  a.    Inspecting  within. 
IiX-TRO-SO.^lE',  1'.  (.     [L.  Ultra  and  numo.] 

To  sink  in.     [JVo(  in  use] 
IN-TRO-SUS-CEP'TIO.V,  )  n.      The  falling  of  one 
L\-TUS-.SUS-CEI"TIO.V,  j      p.irt  of  an  intestine  in- 
to another,  or  the  passing  of  one  part  within  another. 
Coze.     Hooper. 
IN-TRO-Ve.N''IEXT,  a.     [L.  intra  and  vcniens,  venio, 
to  come.] 

Coming  in  or  between  ;  entering.    [Little  nsed.] 

lirown. 
IN-TKO-VER'SION,  71.    The  act  of  turning  inward. 

Berliclcy. 
IN-TRO-VERT',  r.  (.     [Ij.  intra  and  rcrt.o.'] 

To  turn  inward.  Cowper. 

IN-TRO-VEHT'KI),  pp.    Turned  inward. 
IiN'-TRO-VERT'I.N'G,  ppr.    Turning  inward. 
IN-TRllDE',  r.  /.     [L.  intrudo  ;  in  and  trnilo,  to  thrust. 
See  Thrust.] 

1.  To  thrust  one'.s  self  in  ;  to  come  or  go  in  with- 
out  invitation  or  welcome  ;  to  enter,  as  into  compa- 
ny, against  the  will  of  the  company  or  the  host;  as, 
lo  iniriule  on  families  at  unseasonable  hours.  Never 
intrude  where  your  company  is  not  desired. 

a.  To  encroach  ;  to  enter  or  force  one's  self  in 
without  permission ;  as,  to  intriule  on  the  lands  of 
another. 

3.  To  enti^r  uncalled  or  uninvited,  or  wilhout  just 

right.     Col.  li. 
IN-TRODE',  V.I.    To  thrust  one's  self  in,  or  to  enter 

into  some  place  without  right  or  welcome. 
S.  To  force  or  cast  in.  Orccnhill. 

IX-TROD'ED,  pp.    Thrust  in. 

2.  a.    In  seolopi,  intrusive,  which  see. 
I.V-TUOD'ER,  71.    One  w  ho  intrudes  ;  one  who  thrusts 

himself  in,  or  enters  where  he  lias  no  right,  or  is  not 
welcome. 

Tbcy  wrre  liul  ititruders  on  llie  poajcssion,  during  Uio  minority 
of  liic  licir.  Davii,. 

all  slrnngrre  niid  iiitrudcrt.  Locke, 

without     illVltalitin, 


I'.nlering 


They  v 
IN-TROD'ING,    ppr. 
right,  or  welcome. 
IN-TRO'SION,  (-tru'zhun,)  «.     [Fr.,  from  E.  i;i(r«.5in, 
from  intruilo.] 

I.  The  action  of  thrusting  in,  or  of  entering  into  a 
place  or  state  without  invitation,  right,  or  welcome. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— METE,  PREY.  — PIKE,  MjVRINE,  liIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQQK. — 


mo 


INU 

The  company  may  be  lUsturbed  by  the  intritsioit  of  an 
unwelcome  gtiesl. 

Miijiy  excellettt  stmina  whicli  kwc  t«en  jostled  olT  by  Uio  infru- 
iions  of  poelical  fictioiiB.  titown. 

Why  lUis  in(ruaiy)i  ? 
Were  not  iTiy  onlcrs  tliiit  I  t^liould  be  priViUc .'  A'Uiison. 

2.  Encroachment;  entrance  without  right  on  the 
property  or  possessions  of  anotliur. 

3.  Voluntary  entrance  on  an  nndortaking  unsuita- 
ble for  the  person.  H'oUon. 

4.  In  ^fo/yu-f/,  the  penetrating  of  oui'  rock,  wJiile 
in  a  meUcd  state,  into  the  cavities  of  other  rutks. 

Dana. 

IX-TRu'3IVE,  a.  Thrusllns  in  or  entering  without 
ri^ht  or  welcome  ;  apt  to  iriUtulL'.  Thomson, 

9.  In  o-coh^tj,  intrusive  rucks,  are  rocks  which  liave 
been  forced,  while  in  a  molted  state,  into  the  cavities 
or  between  the  layers  of  other  rocks.  Dana. 

IX-THO'SIVE-LY,  adc.  Without  welcome  or  invita- 
tion. 

I.\  TRCi'SIVE-NESS,  n.  The  act  of  entiling  without 
permission  or  invitation. 

IN-TRUST',  V.  t.  [in  anil  triisL]  To  deliver  in  trust ; 
to  confide  to  the  care  of;  to  commit  to  another  with 
confidence  in  his  fidelity  ;  as,  to  intrust  a  servant  icitk 
one's  money  or  goods,  or  to  intrust  money  or  goods  to 
a  servant.  We  intnist  an  agent  or  factor  with  com- 
mercial business,  or  we  intrust  commercial  concerns 
to  an  agent.  We  i7i(ru.^i  our  friends  with  secrets,  or 
intrust  SKcrets  tv  them. 

IN-TIIUST'ED,  pp.  Delivered  in  trust ;  committed 
to  the  hands  or  care  of  another,  in  confidence  that 
he  will  be  faithful  in  discharging  liis  duty. 

IX-TRUST'ING,  p;;;-.  Delivcruig  intrust;  Cdiifiding 
to  the  care  of. 

IN-TU-I"TION,  (in-tu-ish'un,)  h.  [Sp.  inln-cion  :  L. 
intuilaSf  intucor;  in  and  tucor,'] 

A  looking  on  ;  a  sight  or  view;  hat  restricted  to 
mental  viesc  or  perception.  Particahirhj  and  appropri- 
utclij,  the  act  by  which  the  mind  perceives  the  agree- 
ment or  disagreement  of  two  ide;i3,  or  the  truth  of 
things,  immediately,  or  the  moment  they  are  present- 
ed, without  tlie  intervention  of  other  ideas,  or  with- 
out reasoning  and  deduction. 

We  ktiow  by  itUuiUon,  that  a  part  is  le^  ihan  iLc  whulo. 

Eiicijc. 
IN-TvT-TIVE.  n.     [Sp.  and  It.  intuitiv<-> ;  Fr.  intuhif.] 

1.  Perceived  bytlie  mind  iiumediately,  withuiil  thi- 
inter\'ention  of  argument  or  testimony;  exhiluting 
truth  to  the  mind  on  bare  inspection;  as,  intuitive 
evidence. 

3.  Received  or  obtained  by  mtuition  or  simple  in- 
spection ;  as,  iHf«((ij;e  judgment  or  knowledge. 

J.  Seeing  clearly ;  as,  an  intuitive  view  ;  intuitive 
vision.  Hooker. 

■1.  Having  the  pow"er  of  di^■co*-ering  truth  without 
reasoning  ;  as,  the  intuitive  powers  of  celestial  be- 
ings. 
IN-TuT-TIVE-LY,   ado.     By  immediate  perception; 

without  reasoning;  as,  to  perceive  truth  intuitioclij. 
IN-TU-.ME^UE',  (in-tu-mes'j)  v.  i.     [L.  intumesco  ;  in 
and  tainco,  to  swell.] 
To  swell ;  to  enlarge  or  expand  with  heat. 

in  a  hlgbec  Le:it  it  iiilumeices,  and  melts  into  a  yellow isli-libick 
niaaj.  liiTisr.u. 

IN-TU-MES'CENCE,7t.  [Supra.]  The  action  of  swell- 
ing. 

2.  A  swell ;  a  swelling  with  bubbles  ;  a  rising  and 
enlarging  ;  a  tumid  state.  IVoodicard. 

IN-TO'MU-La-TED,  a.     UnlHiried. 
IX-TV;R-0E3'CENCE,   7i.      [L.   in   and   turncsco,   to 

swell.] 

A  swelling;  the  action  of  swelling  or  state  of  be- 
ing swelled.  Brown. 
IN'TUSE,  n.     [L.  intusus.] 

A  bruise.      [JVoi  in  usc.l  Speivser. 

IN-TUS-.SU3-CEP'TI0X,  n.    [L.  intus  and  susceptu^.] 
The  reception  of  one  part  within  another;  applied 

to  the  reception  of  a  contracted  part  into  a  part  not 

Contracted, 
IN-TWINE',  V.  t.     [in  and  twine,']    To  twine  or  twist 

logilher;    to  wreath;  as,  a  wreath  of  llowers  in- 

tintnetl. 
IN-TWIN'£D,  pp.    Twisted  together. 
I\-T\VI.\'ING,  ppr.     Wreathing  together. 
IN-TWIST',  v.t.     [in  and  ((Wjf.j    To  twist  together  ; 

tu  intt;rweave.  Parkhurst. 

IN-TWiST'ED,  pp.    Twisted  together. 
liN-TWIST'ING,  ppr.     Twisting  together. 
IN'i7-LIN,  n.    A  peculiar  vegetable  principle  extracted 

from  the  Inula  helenium,  or  elecampane.  Ure. 

I\-UA:'BUaTE,  v.  t.     [L.  inumbro.] 

'Vi\  shade. 
IN-UM'BRa-TED,  pp.    Sh-idcd. 
IN-lfJVC'TION,  n.    (L.  inunctusy  inungo  ;  in  and  tnr-o, 

to  anfunt.] 
The  action  of  anointing;  unction.  Tiay. 

IN-UNe-TU-OS'I-l'V',  71.    [L.  in  and  ujicta.^,  or  Eng. 

unctuous.'] 
The  want  of  unctuosity  ;  destitution  of  greasiness 

or  oiliness  which  is  perceptible  to  tin:  touch  ;  as,  the 

innnetuositif  of  porcelain  Clay.  K'trimn. 

IN-UX'DANT,  a.     [L.  inund'ans,  infra.] 

Overflowing.  Shenstove. 


INV 


INV 


IN-UN'DATE,  V.  t.  [L.  inundoj  inuntlalan  ;  in  and  un-  1 
da,  a  vvave,  or  its  root.] 

1.  To  overllow  ;  to  deluge  ;  to  Kprcad  over  with  a 
fluid.  The  hiw  lauds  .Tlong  the  Mississippi  are  i/iun- 
datrd  almost  every  spring. 

2.  To  fill  with  an  overtlowing  abundance  or  super- 
fluity ;  as,  the  country  vv;ui  once  inundated  with  billti 
of  credit.  The  presses  inundate  the  country  with  pa- 
pers. 

I.\-UN'D.\-TED,  pp.  or  a.     Overflowed;  spread  over 

with  a  fluid  ;  copiously  supplied. 
IN-UN'Da-TING,    ppr.      Overflowing  ;    deluging  ; 

spreading  over. 
IN-UN-Da'TION,  n.     [h.  innndatio.] 

1.  An  overflow  of  water  or  other  fluid  ;  a  flood  ;  a 
rising  and  spreading  of  water  over  low  grounds.  Ho|. 
land  has  frequently  suft'ered  immensely  by  immdiUions 
of  the  sea.  The  Delta  in  Egypt  is  annually  enriched 
by  the  innndation  of  the  Nile. 

'-3.  An  overspread  in  i:  of  any  kind;  an  overflowing 
or  superfluous  nliundance. 

IN-UN-DER-STAND'INO,  a.  Void  of  understanding. 
[^  bad  word,  and  not  used.)  Pearson. 

IN-IJR-IIaNE',    a.      UncivU  ;    uncourteous ,    iinpol- 

IN-UR-BaNE'LY,  (ulo.     Wiiliout  urbanity.        [ished. 

IN-UR-BaNE'NESS,  7(.    Incivility. 

IN-UR-BAN'I-TY,  n.  [in  and  iirbanitn.]  lucivilitv  ; 
rude,  unpolished  manners  or  deportment ;  waiit'of 
courteousness.  Ep.  IlalL 

IN-t^RE',  (in-yure'j)  v.  t.  [in  and  nrc.  Ure  sipnilii-s 
use,  practice,  in  old  English  and  Norman  French.  In 
Chitucer,  it  seems  to  bear  rather  the  signification  of 
luck  or  fortune.  In  Scottish,  it  is  used  in  both  senses. 
See  tiiiE.J 

To  habituate  ;  to  accustom;  to  ripply  or  expose  in 
use  or  practice  till  use  gives  little  or  no  pain  or  incon- 
venience, or  makes  little  impression.  Tlius  a  man 
inures  his  body  to  labor  and  toil,  till  he  sustains  that 
which  would  destroy  a  body  unaccvislomed  to  it.  .So 
we  inure  ourselves  to  cold  or  heat.  \Varriors  are  i»- 
■ured  to  blood,  and  sfamen  are  inured  to  harilships 
and  deprivations. 

IN-liUE',  V.  i.  To  pass  in  use  ;  to  take  or  have  effect ; 
to  be  applied  ;  to  serve  to  the  use  or  benefit  of;  as,  a 
gift  of  lands  inures  to  llie  heirs  of  the  grantee,  or  it 
inures  to  tlicir  benefit. 

IN-l^It.'£D,  (in-yurd', );»;).  Accustomed;  hardened  by 
use. 

IN-TIRE'MENT,  (in-yure'ment,)  n.  Use  ;  practice  ; 
habit ;  custtun  ;  frequency.  Johnson.      Wotton. 

IN-UR'XNG,  (in-yur'ing,)  ppr.  Habituating  ;  accus- 
toming. 

2.  Passing  in  uueto  the  benefit  of. 

IN-URN',  I!.  (.  [(ft  and  urn.]  To  bury  ;  to  inter;  to 
intoiub. 

The  si'pulchcr 
Wlicp;iii  we  saw  lliec  n'litlly  inur;ieJ,  ^hak. 

2.  To  put  in  an  urn. 
IN-URN'^D,  pp.    Deposited  in  a  tomb. 
IN-URN'ING,  ppr.     Intrrriu-:  ;  bnrving. 
IN-U-SI-TA'TION,  J(.     Neglect  of  iise  ;  disuse.    [Lit- 
tle used.]  Palaj. 
IN-US'TION,  (iu-ust'yun,)  h.      [L.  innstiOj  iniiro  ;   in 
and  iiro,  to  burn.] 

1.  The  action  of  burning. 

n.  A  branding  ;  the  action  of  marking  by  liurning. 
IN-l|'TILE,  a.     [Fr.,  from  L.  mutilis.] 

Unprofitable  ;  useless,     [^ot  in  itsc.]         Bacon. 
IN-U-TILa-TY,  ».    [Fr.  invtdite  ;  L.  inntHitas ;  in  and 
utiidas.     See  Utflitv.] 

l^selessness ;    the   quality  of  being  unprofitable; 
unprolitableness ;    as,  the   inutdity  of  vain  specula- 
liuns  and  visionary  projects. 
IN-UT'TER-A-BLE,  a.    Tliat  can  not  be  uttered. 

JiliRon. 
lJ\r  VAC'll-Oy  [L.]     In  a  vacuum  or  empty  space. 
IN-VADE',  V.  t.     [L.  invado;  in  and  vado,  to  go.] 

1.  To  enter  a  country,  as  an  army  with  hostde  in- 
tentions ;  to  enter  as  an  enemy,  with  a  view  to  coii- 
queet  or  plunder  ;  to  attack.  The  French  armies  in- 
vaded Hoiland  in  1795.  They  invaded  Russia  ami 
jterishcd. 

2.  To  attack  ;  to  assail ;  to  assault. 

'i'liere  ahall  lie  eodilions  among-  men,  aod  invading  one  aiioilvr. 
—  2  Esdnia. 

3.  To  attack  ;  to  infringe  ;  to  encroach  on  ;  to  vi- 
olate. The  king  invadtd  the  rights  and  privileges  of 
the  people,  and  the  people  invaded  the  prerogatives  of 
the  king. 

4.  To  go  into  ;  a  Lalinisin.     [JVot  used.]     Spenser. 

5.  To  fall  on  ;  to  attack  ;  to  seize  ;  as,  a  disease 
invades  the  svstem. 

IN-VaD'ED,  pp.  or  a.     Entered  by  an  army  with  a 
hostile  design  ;  attacked  ;  assaulted  ;  infringed  ;  vi- 
olated. 
IN-VaD'ER,  n.    One  who  enters  the  territory  of  an- 
other with  u  view  to  war,  comiuest,  or  plunder. 

Bacon.     Swift. 
2.  An  assailant. 

;).  An  encroacher  ;  an  intruder ;  one  who  infringes 
the  rights  of  another.  Ifammond. 

IN-VaD'ING,  jw/)r.  or  (J.  Entering  on  the  possessions 
of  aimther  witii  a  view  lo  war,  conquest,  or  plunder  ; 
assaulting;  infringing;  attacking. 


Dia. 
Waniihf  h'^hli. 


IN-VA-I.Er«'CKNCK,  n.     f  L.  imt^aec.] 

Slreiitth  ;  hr-altli. 

IN-VAI.  h"rC'DI.\-A-RV 

IN-VAE'ID,  u.     [1^  mr   ' 

from  r/i/ff«,  Ui  be  irtroii;' 

1.  Weak  ;  of  no  fur 

2.  In  fciw,  having  nu  fcprt*,  eff'<;ct,  or  eAcvf ;     j 

void  ;   null  i  aM,  an  incal.J  contract  <^  xen^tiH^rL      H 
IN'Vv\-LIU,  It.     [Fr.  invalidei  L.  nr«/t^w,  sr.'  - 

1.  A  pcMon  who  u  weak  and  ibfinn  ,   . 
sickly  or  indirii»o»e<l. 

2.  A  itcr^n  who  U  inflrm,  woon !-  '   - 
otherwise  diiiablcd  for  actiVe  •rrvt 
seaman  worn  out  m  i^rviDe.    Tht 
rutids  at  Chelsi;a  and  Greeow"'  ■■ 
titilulionA  huuurable  to  the  >'.- 

IN'V.\-LID,  F.  u    Toci.roU  ., 
the  mihtary  or  naval  «*Tvio  . 
I.\-YAI/1D-ATE,  r.  ^     [from 

1.  'J'o  Weaken  or  le«»en  ii> 

aUj/,  In  destroy  Ihc  blren^h  o;  ........  -,. 

of  no  force  or  cffecl;  u,  lo  t»eaitdau  on  :> 
or  a  contraru 

2.  To  overthrow  ;  (o  prove  lo  beof  oo  fut-  ■  ,  —  w- 
invnlidate  an  argument.  >i 

l^-V. \L' ID- A-TED,  yp.    Kcndcml  lovftlid  or  uT  no  11 
force. 

IN'-VAL'ID-.^/nNG,TOr.     iK-stmvifi-   lUt    r 

I.\-VA-LID'I-TV,  n.     [Fr.  i^ralulut.] 

Weakness;  want  uf  c<»Kf  nry  ;  w  t*'  ■' 
or  efficacy  ;  as,  llic  intaliUUm  of  an  .- 
will. 

I.\.VAL'ID-NES3,  n.     Invalidhy  ;  a.,  ....    .,._..     .. 
of  reasoning.  m 

IN-VAL'U-A^HLE,   a.     [in  and    ralmOU.]     rrrrkn*   |j 
above  estimation  ;  so  valuable  thut  iti  wort'i  '■•f^  •■"* 
be  estimated;  inestimable.    The  privileg.-- 
tians  are  incalaabU. 

I\-VAL'U-A-BLY,  adr.    Inestimably.        £, 

IN-V.\'R1-A-BL.E,  a.      (Fr.;    in    aud   r«naA^<-,   Irura   ii 
vary.]  \  \ 

Constant  ii)  the  same  .•itnte  ;  immutable;  nt.tii,-r-i- 
!>lc  ;  unchangeable  :  that  docs  mrt  var>' ;  al  ■ 
f()rm.    The  character  and  the  laws  of  Hit.    -^ 
lieing  must  necessarilv  be  iacanabU. 

IN-V.\'RI-A-!1EE-NESS,  |n.      Constancy    of    M»u-,   ■ 

IN-VA-lU-.\-RlL'I-TY,    J      condition,   or    quality;  | 
inntiulability  ;  uncbangeableness. 

IX-VA'R[-A-nLY,c/fr.  Con^ianily  ;  uniformly  ;  with- 
out alteration  or  change.    We  arc  bound  tu  |iuriur  | 
inrnriiihhj  the  jjalli  of  duty.  ' 

IN-VA'Kl-/:r>.  (i«-va'rid,)<i.  Unvaried  ;  n  ■; 
or  altering.  U 

IX-Va'SIO\,  (-vi'zhun,)  n.    [L.  inrajio,  fiL  i 

Sec    I?fVADE.] 

1.  A  hostile  entrance  into  the  fKW!!tc«<ion9  of  aoucli- 
er  ;  partieularli/,  the  entrance  of  a  liosidt?  .imiv  ii.:.- 
a  countr)'  for  the  purpose  of  conquesl  o:  ; ' 

the  attack  of  a  militar>"  furrc.    Tin-  n^r. 

land    and    south  of   .Scotland    were  (ot 

subject  to  invasion,  each  fn>ni  the  t^lier.    1  Uc  ut«- 

ytuft  of  England  by  \Vill)am  llie  Nomun  \ru  in 

lOCG. 

2.  An  attack  on  tlic  riglils  of  anolbcr ;  infrinp*"- 
ment  or  violation.  « 

3.  Attack  of  a  disease;  as,  ibc  imra^i.  x  .  f  lb 
plague,  in  Eg\"pt.  -■'' 

IN-V.^'SIVE,  a,     [I'rom  intade.]     Entering 
er's  possessions  with  hostile  dcsign-i ;  at;r. 
9.  Infringing  another's  rights. 

IX-VEC'TIOX,  n.   Invective,  which  aee.  [l!«TBCTtO!i 
is  little  usedj 

IX-VEC'TIVE,  w.      [Fr.  iiir«;rr*.*    Fjumrrdirj:    IL 
invrttica:  trom  L.  inceio.    Se«  l^rnniH.] 

.\  niiling  siteech  or  expn-ssion  :  somcthins  ut:.  r    ) 
or  written,  intended  to  cast  opprobrium,  <- 
reproach  on  another  ;  a  harsh  or  npninrb; 
tion.    Il  ililfers  from  rrpr»v>/,  ns  the  latter  :n 
from  a  friend,  and  be  mlended  f.r  th*--  e.od  t  f  u.^ 
person  reproved  ;  but  inrtctivf  pn.>c<.-<'ds  from  an  i-n- 
eniy,  and  is  intended  to  give  iiain  or  lo  injurv. 

Il  is  followed  by  a;rainst.     He  mterwl  severe  inrrf- 
tives  airainst  the  linforlunate  general. 
IN-VEC'TIVE,  a.    Satirical;  abusive:  raii  ■  • 

IX-VEC'TIVE-LY,  adr.    Satirically;  abi!<:\ 

IN-VEIGH',  (in-\-u',)  r.  i.      [I...  UeeMa,  lo  Inar.  ihTww 

or  bring  on  or  ag;iinst ;  in  and  rrA.»,  to  rarr> .' 
To  exclaim  or  rail  against ;  to  utter  cm-  - 

bitter  language  against  any  one  ;  to  rrpr« 

ajraiiist.    "The  auUior  iitrri^Afti  sharply  .; 

vices  of  the  clergy  in  his  ape.    Men  iwr 

the  follies  of  fashion. 
IN-VEIGII'EK,  (in-\-i'cr,)    n.      One  who 

rtti\<-T.  „    .  . 

IX-VglGH'IXC,  (in-v:i'ing,) ;»^r.  Exclaunmgarain^. 

railing  at ;  uHermc  bitter  wim^Js. 
IX-VeI'GEE,  (in-vc'pl,)  r.  f.     [Xortn.  wr.. 

vtiale,  to  blind  ;  Fr.  artv^ltr.    tin,  «..  4* 

Slir  up  or  rouse  ;  Sw.  npitigia^^  kiok". 

ities  of  this  word  are  oU^cure,] 


TONE,  BJILL,  IINITE.  — AN"GER,  Vi"CIOUS.  — €  as  K ;  6  as  J  ;  S  ad  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


INV 

To  enlice  ;  tascduce  ;  to  wlietiUe  ;  to  pcnsuitdc  to 
something  evil  hy  decepiivo  :iru  or  tliitlery. 

Yet  havf  thfj  manjr  boJu  and  piilcfu)  spelli 

To  instigU  and  iuviie  Ui'  uawu?  a^aje.  AlUton. 

IN-VeI'GL£D,  rin-vE'gId,)  pp.    Eiiliccd  ;  wheedlod  ; 

scd'ict^il  from  dutj\ 
LN-VErOLE-MENT,  (in-Vc'gl-ment,)  n.    Soduction 

to  evil ;  enticement.  South. 

IS-VKVCLElly  71.    One  who  entices  or  draws  into 

any  di'siyn  hy  art^t  and  flattery. 
IN-VEI'GLIiNd,  ppr.  ur  a.     Enticing;    wheedling; 

pt-r»uaditiE;  to  any  thing  bad. 
IN-VBIL'i-D,  (in-vulil',)  u.    Covered  aa  with  a  veil. 

Browne. 
IN-VEND'I-BLE,  a.    Not  vendible  or  salable. 

Jefferson. 
IN-VENT\  V.  (.      [Ft.  iiiventer ;   f^p.  invcntar  i    It.  in- 

vcntare  ;  L.  iuccmo,  inventum ;  in  and  vcnio^  to  come  ; 

lUcrallij^  to  comelu,  to  fall  on,  to  meet,  En;;,  to  find.] 

1.  To  find  out  something  new ;  to  devise  some- 
thing not  before  known  ;  to  contrive  and  proiluce 
something  that  did  not  before  exi^t ;  as,  to  invent  a 
new  instrument  of  music  ;  to  invent  a  machine  for 
spinning;  to  invent  gunpowder.     [See  Invkntion.] 

2.  To  forge  ;  to  fabricate  ;  to  contrive  falsely  ;  as, 
to  invent  iaiiahoods. 

3.  To  feign  ;  to  frame  by  the  imagination  ;  as,  to 
invent  the  machinery  of  a  poem. 

4.  To  light  on  ;  to  meet  willi.  [This  is  the  literal 
saisey  but  not  now  used.]  Spenser. 

IN-VENT'EH,  pp.    Found  out ;  devised  ;  contrived ; 

forged  ;  fabricated. 
IN-VENT'F[JL,  c.    Full  of  invention.  Gijford. 

IN-VEXT'I-HLE,  n.    That  can  be  invented. 
IN-VENT'I-BLE-NEStj,;j.    The  state  of  being  in  venli- 
lN-VEN'T10\j  71.    [Fr.,  from  L.  invcntio.]  [ble. 

1.  TJie  action  or  operation  of  finding  out  some- 
thing new ;  the  contrivance  of  that  wJiich  did  not 
before  exist ;  as,  tlie  inveiition  of  logarithms  ;  the  in- 
vention of  the  art  of  printing;  tlie  inventio7i  of  the 
orrery.  Invextion  ditfiTsfroni  Discoveuv.  Invention 
is  applied  to  the  contrivance  and  production  of  some- 
thing that  did  not  before  exist.  Discovery  brings  to 
light  tluil  which  existed  before,  but  which  was  not 
known.  AVc  are  indebted  to  invention  for  the  ther- 
mometer and  barometer.  We  are  indebted  to  dis- 
covery for  llie  knowledge  of  the  isles  in  the  Pacific 
Ocean,  and  for  the  knowledge  of  galvanism,  and 
many  species  of  earth  not  formerly  known.  This 
distinction  is  important,  though  not  always  ob- 
served, 

2.  That  which  is  invented.  The  cotton  gin  is  the 
inventioji  of  Whitney ;  the  sleaniboat  is  the  invention 
of  Fulton.  Tfce  Doric,  Ionic,  and  Corinthian  orders 
are  said  to  bfi  invtntions  of  \\\c  Greeks  ;  the  Tuscan 
and  Comiwsite  are  inventions  of  the  Latins. 

3.  Forgery ;  fiction.  Fables  are  the  inventions  of 
ingenious  men. 

4.  In  painting,  the  finding  or  choice  of  the  objects 
which  are  to  enter  into  the  composition  of  the  piece. 

JE71C7/C. 

5.  In  poetry,  it  is  applied  to  whatever  the  poet  adds 
to  the  historj'  of  the  subject. 

6.  In  rlietoric,  the  finding  and  selecting  of  argu- 
ments to  prove  and  illustrate  the  point  in  view. 

7.  The  power  of  invcntiufi;  that  skill  or  inge- 
nuity which  is  or  may  be  employed  in  contriving  any 
thing  new.  Thus  we  say,  a  man  of  invention.  Encyc. 

8.  Discovery  ;  the  finding  of  tilings  hidden  or  be- 
fore unknown.     [Less  proper.]  Ray. 

Invention  of  the  cross;  a.  festival  in  the  Roman 
Catholic  church,  celebrated  May  3d,  in  honor  of  the 
finding  of  our  Savior's  cross.  Bratide. 

IN-VENT'IVE,  fl.     [Fr.  invcntif.] 

Able  to  invent;  quick  at  contrivance;  ready  at 
expedients  ;  as,  an  incentive  head  or  genius.  Dryden. 

IN*-VnN'I''IVE-LY,  ado.    I'y  liie  power  of  invention. 

I.V-VEXT'IVE-NESS,  v.    The  faculty  of  inventing. 

IN-VENT'OK,  71,  One  who  finds  out  something  new  ; 
one  who  contrives  and  produces  any  thing  not  be- 
fore existing;  a  contriver.  Tho  inventors  of  many 
of  the  mo^t  useful  arts  arc  not  known. 

I\-VE\-T6'ia-AL-LY,  adv.  In  the  manner  of  an 
iiivffUory.  siuik. 

IN'VKi\-TO-RI-ED,  (in'ven4(>-rid,)  pp.  Inserted  or 
registered  in  an  inventory. 

IN'VEN-TO-RY,  7i.  [Sp.  and  It.  inventario;  Fr.  m- 
ventaire;  from  »irc7i(.] 

1.  An  account,  catalogue,  or  schedule,  of  all  the 
goods  and  chattels  of  a  deceased  person.  In  some  of 
the  United  States,  the  inventory  nmst  include  an 
account  of  the  real  as  well  as  the  personal  estate  of 
the  deceased. 

2.  A  catalogue  of  movables. 

3.  A  catalogue  or  account  of  particular  tilings.  [An 
indefinite  nse  of  the  word.] 

IN'VEN-TO-RY,  v.  t.     [Fr.  inventorier.] 

1.  To  make  an  inventory  of ;  to  make  a  list,  cata- 
logue, or  schedule  of;  as,  to  inventory  the  goods  and 
estates  of  the  deceased.  Blaekstone, 

2.  'I'o  insert  or  register  in  an  account  of  goods. 
IN-VENT'RESS,  n.     [from  incenL]    A  female  that 

invents.  Dryden, 


INV 

IN-VEllSE',  (in-vers'j)  a.   [L.  inversus.  See  Invert.] 
Inverted;  reciprocal;  opposed  to  Direct. 
Inverse  or  reciprocal  ratio,  is  the  ratio  of  the  recip- 
rocals of  two  quantities. 

Inverse  or  reciprocal  proportion,  is  an  equality  be- 
tween a  du-ect  ratio  and  a  reciprocal  ratio.  'I'hus, 
4 :  2  : :  -j-  :  -^,  or  4 :  2  : :  3  :  G,  inversely.       J.  Day. 

L\-VERSE'LY,  (in-vers'ly,)  adv.  In  an  inverted  or- 
der or  manner ;  a  term  used  when  one  quantity  is 
greater  or  less  according  as  another  is  less  or  greater. 

IX-VER'.SION,77.  [Fr.,  fromL.inyeriiw.  SccInvekt.] 
1.  Cijange  of  order,  so  that  the  last  becomes  first 
and  the  first  hist ;  a  turning  or  change  of  the  natural 
order  of  things. 

It  is  lust  tbe  fnvfrnon  of  an  act  of  partlamcnt;  your  lonlsliip 
uriL  signed  it,  uiiil  tbcii  U  was  pads<:d  aiiioit^  Uic  lonis  aud 

Dryden, 


2.  Change  of  places,  so  that  each  takes  the  place 
of  the  other. 

3.  A  turning  backward  ;  a  contrary  method  of 
operation.  I'roblems  in  geometry  and  arithmetic 
are  often  proved  by  inversion,  as  division  by  multi- 
plication, and  multiplication  by  division. 

4.  In  geunutry^  a  change  in  the  order  of  the  terms 
of  a  proportion,  so  that  the  second  takes  the  place  of 
the  first,  and  the  fourth  of  tlie  third. 

5.  In  grammar,  a  change  of  the  natural  order  of 
words ;  as,  "  of  all  vices,  impurity  is  one  of  the  most 
detestable,"  instead  of  "  unpurity  is  one  of  the  most 
detestable  of  all  vices." 

tj.  In  music,  the  change  of  position  either  of  a  sub- 
ject or  of  a  chord.  Bnsby. 
IN- VERT',  V.  i.     [L.  invcrto  ;  in  and  verto,  to  turn.] 

1.  To  turn  into  a  contraiy  direction ;  to  turn  up- 
side down  ;  as,  to  invert  a  cone ;  to  invert  a  hollow 
vessel. 

2.  To  place  in  a  contrary  order  or  method  ;  as,  to  m- 
vcrt  the  rules  of  justice ;  to  invert  the  order  of  words. 

And  winter  stomia  ijwert  llie  ycur.  Dryden. 

3.  In  rniw'c,  to  change  the  order  of  the  notes  which 
form  a  chord,  or  the  parts  which  compose  harmony. 

Encyc. 

4.  To  divert;  to  turn  into  another  channel;  to 
eni!)ezzle.     [JVot  in  use.]  Knolles. 

IN-VER'TE-BRAL,  a.  Destitute  of  a  vertebral  col- 
umn, as  animals.  Ed.  Encyc. 

IN-VER'TE-BRATE,  7i.  An  animal  having  no  verte- 
bral column,  or  spinal  bone. 

IN-VEIl'TE-BRATE,      (  a.    Destitute  of  a  back-bone 

IN-VER'TE-BRa-TED,  i  or  vertebral  chain.  [See 
Vertccrated.] 

IN-VERT'ED,  p;).  or  a.  Turned  to  a  contrary  direc- 
tion :  turned  upside  dowTt ;  changed  in  order. 

IN-VERT'ED-LV,  adv.  In  a  contrary  or  reversed 
order.  Derham. 

IN-VERT'ENT-  71.  A  medicine  intended  to  invert 
the  natural  order  of  the  successive  irritative  motions 
in  the  system.  Darwin. 

IN-VERT'ING,;77)r.  Turning  in  a  contrary  direction  ; 
changing  tlie  order. 

IN-VEST',  V.  t.  [Fr.  investir ;  L.  investio;  in  and 
vestio,  to  clothe.     See  Vest.] 

1.  To  clothe ;  to  dress ;  to  put  garments  on  ;  to 
array;  usually  and  most  correctly  followed  hy  witk, 
before  the  tiling  put  on ;  as,  to  invest  one  with  a 
mantle  or  robe.  In  this  sense,  it  is  used  chiefly  in 
poetry  and  elevated  prose,  not  in  colloquial  dis- 
course. 

2.  To  clothe  with  office  or  authority  ;  to  place 
in  possession  of  an  office,  rank,  or  dignity  ;  as,  to 
invest  a  person  with  a  civil  office,  or  witli  an  eccle- 
siastical dignity. 

3.  To  adorn ;  to  grace  ;  as,  to  invest  with  honor. 

Skak. 

4.  To  clothe ;  to  surround  ;  as,  to  be  invested  with 
light,  splendor,  or  glorj'. 

5.  To  confer ;  to  give.     [Little  iised.]  Bacon. 

6.  To  inclose ;  to  surround ;  to  bloclc  np,  so  as  to 
intercept  succors  of  men  and  provisions  and  prevent 
escape  ;  to  lay  siege  to  ;  as,  to  ijivest  a  town. 

7.  To  lay  out  money  in  the  purchase  of  some 
species  of  property,  usually  of  a  permanent  nature; 
literally,  to  clothe  money  in  something;  as, to  invest 
money  iji  funded  or  bank  stock  ;  to  invest  it  i;i  lands 
or  goods.  In  this  application,  it  is  always  followed 
by  in. 

IN-VEST'ED,  pp.  Clothed;  dressed;  adorned;  in- 
closed. 

IN-VEST'IENT,  (-yent,)  a.    Covering  j  clothing. 

fFoodward. 

IN-VES'TI-GA-BLE,  a.  [from  investigate]  That 
may  be  investigated  or  searched  out;  discoverable 
by  rational  search  or  disquisition.  The  causes  or 
reasons  of  things  are  sometimes  investigablc. 

IN-VES'T1-GaTE,  v.  t.  [L.  invesiigo ;  in  and  vesligo, 
tn  follow  a  track,  to  search;  vestigium,  ii  track  or 
fbotstcp.] 

To  search  into  ;  to  inquire  and  examine  into  with 
care  and  accuracy  ;  to  find  out  by  careful  disquisi- 
tion ;  as,  to  investigate  the  powers  and  forces  of 
nature  ;  to  investigate  the  causes  of  natural  phenom- 
ena;   to   inccstigatc   the   principles   of  moral   duty; 


INV 

to  investigate  the  conduct  of  an  agent  or  the  motives 
of  a  prince. 
IN-VES'TI-Ga-TED,  pp.    Searched  into  ;  examined 

with  care. 
IN-VES'TI-GA-TI?JG,ppr.  Searching  into  ;  inquiring 

into  Willi  rare. 
IN-VES-TI-GA'TION,  k.    [Fr.,from  U  ijivestigatio.] 
The  action  or  [irocess  of  searching  minutely  lor 
truth,  facts,  or  principles;  a  careful  inquiry  to  find 
out  what  is  unknown,  either  in  (he  pliysical  or  moral 
world,  and  cillu'r  by  observation  and  experinienl,  or 
by  argument  and  discussion.    'I'hus  we  sptak  of  the 
invrstigiitiuns  of  the  philosopher  and  the  mathema- 
tician ;  the  invcstigatioiis  of  tlie  judge,  the  moralist, 
and  the  divine. 
IN-VES'TI-Ca-TIVE,  a.    Curious  and  deliberate  in 

researches.  Pcgge. 

IN-VES'TI-Ga-TOR,  71.    One  who  searches  diligent- 
ly into  a  subject. 
IN-VEST'ING, ppr.    Clothing;   dressing;   adorning; 

inclosing. 
IN-VEST'I-TITRE,  :(.     [Fr.    See  Invest.]    The  ac- 
tion of  giving  posi;essi(m,  or  livery  of  seizui. 

The  gniiU  of  Iniid  or  a  fciid  wns  perfected  by  tho  ccrcinoiiy  uf 
corpuml  inoettilure,  or  open  ilelivcry  of  posscfcsioii. 

Blackalonc, 
It  was  customary  for  prince  to  niuko  invetliture  ol  ccfilCMuiicid 
benefices.  Encyc. 

2.  The  right  of  giving  possession  of  any  manor, 
office,  or  benefice. 

He  had  refiified  to  yield  to  the  pope  the  iTinesuiure  ofliihona, 

litUfgh. 
IN-VEST'IVE,  a.     Clothing  ;  encircling. 
IN-VEST'MENT,  n.    The  action  of  investing. 

2.  Clothes  ;  dress  ;  garment ;  habit.  Sluik. 
[We  now  use  Vestment.] 

3.  The  act  of  surrounding,  blocking  up,  or  besieg- 
ing by  an  armed  force. 

1'lie  capitulation  was  si^npil  by  Uie  commander  of  Uie  fort,  williia 
six  days  after  its  inoeHinenl.  Marehad. 

4.  Tlio  laying  out  of  money  in  tlie  purchase  of 
some  species  of  property,  usually  of  a  permanent  na- 
ture ;  literally,  tlie  clothing  of  money  with  some- 
thing. 

Before  the  investment  could  be  mude,  a  change  of  the  mnrkct 
might  render  it  iiiciigiMc.  liamillun. 

IN-VET'ER-A-CY,  n.  [L.  inveteratio.  See  Inveter- 
ate.] 

Long  continuance,  or  the  firmness  or  deep-rooted 
obstinacy  of  any  quality  or  state  acquired  by  time  ; 
as,  the  inveteracy  of  custom  and  habit ;  usually  or  al- 
ways applied  in  a  bad  sense;  as,,  the  inveteracy  of 
prejudice,  of  error,  or  of  any  evil  habit. 

IN-VET'ER-.'VTE,  a.  [h.  invcteratns,  incctero  i  iuand 
vctcro,  from  vetus,  old.] 

1.  Old  ;  long  eytablished. 

ll  13  im  inveUralc  and  received  opinion.     [Uba.]  Bacon. 

2.  Deep-rooted  ;  firmly  established  by  long  contin- 
uance ;  obstinate;  used  of  evils;  as,  an  inveterate 
disease  ;  an  ijivcterate  abuse  ;  an  inveterate  course  of 
sin. 

3.  Having  fixed  habits  by  long  continuance;  used 
of  persons  ;  as,  an  iytvcterale  sinner. 

4.  Violent ;  deep-rooted  ;  obstinate  ;  as,  inveterate 
enmilv  or  malice. 

IN-VET'ER-aTE,  w.  t.    [L.  invctcro,  to  grow  ohi.] 
To  fix  and  settle  by  long  continuance.     [ObstUcte, 
or  little  used.]  Bacon. 

IN-VET'ER-ATE-LY,  adv.  With  obstinacy;  vio- 
lently. 

IN-VET'ER-ATE-NESS,  71.  Obstinacy  confirmed  by 
time;  inveteracy;  as,  the  invelcrateness  of  a  mis- 
chief.  Locke. 

IN-VET-ER-a'TION,  71.  The  act  of  hardening  or 
confirming  by  long  continuance. 

IN-VID'l-OUS,  a.  [L.  invidiosus,  from  invideo,  to  en- 
vy ;  in  aud  video,  to  sec.  Invideo  signifies,  proper- 
ly, to  look  against.] 

1.  Envious  ;  malignant.  Evelyn. 

2.  Likely  to  incur  ill-will  or  hatred,  or  to  provoke 
envy  ;  hateful.     [This  is  the  usual  sense.] 

A^memnon  found  it  an  invidious  ofTair  to  give  the  prcfcrnitec  to 
uuy  one  of  the  Grecian  heroes.  Bruome. 

IN-VID'I-OUS-LY,  adv.    Enviously;  maliguanlly. 

2.  In  a  manner  likely  to  provoke  hatred. 
IN-VID'I-OU.S-NESS,  7^.     The  quality  of  provokinij 

envy  or  hatred. 
IN-VlG'I-LANCE,(-vij'e-lans,)7t.  Want  of  vigilance; 

neglect  of  watching. 
IN-VIG'OR-aTE,  v.  L     [It.  invigorire;  in  and  vigor.] 
To  give  vigor  to ;  to  strengthen ;  to  animate  ;  tu 

give  life  and  energy  to.    Exercise  invigm-ates  the 

body  ;  cheerfulness  invigorates  tlie  mind. 

Chriiili.m  gmces  nnd  virtues  tbcy  oin  not  l>e,  unless  fed,  invigor- 
ated, and  aoiinatcd  by  iinivi.'n:d  charily.  Auerbunj, 

IN-VIG'OR-A-TED,  jtp.  or  a.  Strengthened  ;  ani- 
mated. 

IN-VIG'OR-a-TING,  ppr.  or  a.  Giving  fresh  vigor  to ; 
slrensthening. 

IN-VIG-OR-a'TION,  It.  The  action  of  invigorating, 
or  state  of  being  invigorated. 

IN-VIL'LA6--ED,  a.    Turned  into  a  village.    Browne. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT — MkTE,  PREY.— PLNE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK. 


INV 

IN-VUi'CI-BLE,  a.  [Fr.  invincible ;  L.  in  and  utnco, 
to  conquer.] 

1.  Not  to  be  conquered  or  subdued  ;  timt  can  not 
be  overcnme  j  unconquerable ;  m,  an  iiwincible  ar- 
my. 

2.  Not  to  be  overcome  5  insuperable;  as,  an  iiwin- 
cible  obstacle,  error,  habit,  or  o^ection. 

Ii\-VIN'CI-BLE-NESS,  {  n.    The  quality  of  being  un- 
IN-VIN-CI-BIL'I-TV,    1      conquerable ;  insuperable- 

ness. 
IN-VIX'CI-BLY,  adv.    Unconquerably;  insuperably. 
LN'-VI'O-LA-ELE,  a.     [Fr.,  from  L.  inviolabUis ;  in  and 

violabiliSj  violo^  to  violate] 

1.  Not  to  be  profaned ;  that  ought  not  to  be  in- 
jured, polluted,  or  treated  with  irreverence  ;  as,  a  sa- 
cred place  and  sacred  things  should  bo  considered 
inviolable.  Jtlilton. 

2.  Not  to  be  broken  ;  as,  an  inviolabfc  league,  cov- 
enant, agreement,  contract,  vow,  or  promise. 

3.  Not  to  be  injured  or  tarnished;  as,  inviolahle 
chastity  or  honor 

4.  Not  susceptible  of  hurt  or  wound  ;  as,  inviolable 
saints.  JSIilton. 

IN-VI'O-LA-BLE-NESS,  )  n.     [from  inviolable.}    The 

IN-VI-0-LA-BIL'I-TV,    \     quality  or  slate  of^being 

inviolable  ;  as,  the  mriolabilitij  of  crowned  beads. 

Hard. 
2.  The  quality  of  not  being  subject  to  be  broken. 
IN-VI'0-LA-BL.t,  adv.    Without  profanation  ;  with- 
out breach  or  failure  ;  as,  a  sanctuary  inviolably  sa- 
cred ;  to  keep  a  promise  inviolabli/, 
IN-VI'0-LATE,  a.     [L.  iiimolatus.) 

Unhurt ;  uninjured  ;  unprofancd;  unpolluted  ; 
unbroken. 

But  let  inviolate  initli  Im  always  dear 

To  Uiee.  Deitham. 

IN-VI'0-La-TED,  a.    Unprofaned;    unbroken;   un- 

violated.  Drayton. 

IN'VI-OUS,  a.    [L.  invius  ;  in  and  via,  way.] 

Impassable ;  untrodden.  liudlbras. 

IN'VI-OUS-NESS,  71.    State  of  being  impassable. 
IN-VI-RIL'I-TV,  7J,    Absence  of  manhood. 

JVard.     Prynnc. 
IN-VIS'CATE,  V.  t.     [L.  in  and  visciis^  glue,  bird- 
lime.] 

1.  To  lime  ;  to  daub  with  glue. 

2.  To  catch  with  glue  or  birdlime  ;  to  entangle 
with  glutinous  matter.     [Little  iiscd.]  Brown. 

IN-VIS'Ca-TED,  pi>.    Limed  ;  daubed  with  gUie. 
IN-VIS'CER-aTE,  u. «.    To  breed;   to  nourish.     [A 

bad  K?or-/.]  MoiLuta^u. 

IN-VIS-I-BrL'I-TY,      (  n.     [Fr.  invisibilite,  from  invi- 
IN-VIS'I-ELE-NESS,  (      siblc] 

The  state  of  being  invisible  j  im  perceptible  n  ess  to 
the  sight.  Ray. 

IN-VIS'£-BLE,  a.  [Fr.,  from  L.  invisibUis ;  in  and 
visibilis,  viso,  to  see.] 

That  can  not  he  seen  ;  imperceptible  by  the  sight. 
Millions  of  stars,  invisible  to  the  naked  eye,  may  be 
seen  by  the  telescope. 

He  emIureJ,  as  seeing  him  who  U  invisible.  ^Ueb.  xi. 

IN-VIS'I-BLY",  adv.    In  a  manner  to  escape  the  sight ; 

imperceptibly  to  the  eye,  Denham. 

IN-VI3'I0N.  (-vizh'un,)  7t.     [in  anti  vision.]    Want  of 
vision,  or  the  power  of  seeing.     [Little  used.]  Broicn. 
IJ^-VI'TA  M[-jYER'VA,  v.  a.     [L.  Minerva,  the  god- 
dos?;  of  wisdom,  being  unwilling.] 
Without  tin;  help  of  geniuH. 
IN-VI-TA''i'10N,  71.     [Fr.,  from  L.  invilatio.     See  In- 
vite.] 

The  act  of  inviting  ;  solicitation  ;  the  calling  or  re- 
questing of  a  person's  company  to  visit,  to  dine,  or 
to  accompany  him  to  any  place. 
IN-VX'TA-TO-RY,  a.  Using  or  containing  invita- 
tions. tV/ieatlefj. 
IN-VI'TA-TO-RV,  71.  A  part  of  the  service  in  the 
Roman  Catholie  church  ;  a  psaltn  or  anthem  sung  in 
the  morning. 

Antiphonary,  a  serviw-ljoolr,  which  contained  all  the  inoUatories, 
rcsixiiisoiics,  omt  collixts.  Encyc. 

IN-VTTE',  V.  t.  [L.  invito  ;  It.  invitare ;  Fr  inviter. 
This  word  is  formed  by  in.  and  the  Teutonic  hid,  cr 
its  root ;  inbid.     See  Bid.] 

1.  To  ask  to  do  some  act  or  to  go  to  some  place  ;  to 
request  the  company  of  a  person ;  as,  to  invite  one  to 
dine  or  sup  ;  to  invite  friends  to  a  wedding  ;  to  invite 
company  to  an  entertainment ;  to  invite  one  to  an  ex- 
cursion into  llie  country. 

9.  To  allure;  to  dniwto;  to  tempt  to  come;  to 
induce  by  pleasure  or  hope. 

Sliady  gropes,  tJi.it  e^y  sloop  invite.  Drydai. 

3.  To  present  temptations  or  allurements  to. 

The  people  ehould  be  in  a  Eitu^.tlon  not  to  invite  bostUities. 

Federalist,  Jaij. 

IN-VITE',  v.  i.    To  ask  or  call  to  any  thing  pleasing. 

Milton. 
IN-VIT'ED,  pp.  or  a.    Solicited  ;  requested  to  come  or 

go  in  person  ;  allured. 
IN-VIT'ER,  n.     One  who  invites.  Pope. 

IN-VIT'ING,  ppr.    Soliciting  the  company  of;  asking 

to  attend. 


Mitton. 

NvoRE  is  generally  used.] 


INV 

2.  a.  Alluring  ;  tempting ;  drawing  to ;  an,  on  in- 
vitm<r  amusement  or  prospect. 

Nolliin^  U  80  ea»y  aud  inviting  u  the  retort  of  aboce  and  lar^ 
"•'"■  Ininf. 

FN-VIT'ING,  n.     Invitation.  SAdi. 

IN-VIT'ING-LY,  adv.    In  sucli  a  manner  as  lo  Invite 

or  allure. 
IN-VIT'ING-NESS,  n.    Tlic  q.mlity  of  being  inviting. 

Tuidor. 
IN-VIT'RI-FT-A-BLE,  a.     [in  and  vitr^abh,  from  riu 
rif]}.]    That  can  not  he  vitrified  or  converted  into 
glass.  Kirwan. 

IN'VO-€aTE,  v.  t.    [L.  invoco  ;  in  and  voeo,  to  call.] 
To  invoke  ;  to  call  on  in  supplication ;  lo  imploro ; 
to  address  in  prayer. 

Ifl^i^jonbo  Uiy  god, 
Go  to  hia  tcmpli',  invocatc  hU  uid. 

[Instead  of  this  word   _  „  ^        _ 

IN'VO-eA-TED,  pp.    Invoked  ;  called  on  in  prayer. 
IN'VO-eA-TIN«,  ppr.    Invoking. 
IN-VO-CA'TION,  n.     [Fr.,  from  L.  invocatio.] 

1.  The  act  of  addressing  in  prayer.  Jfookcr. 

9.  The  form  or  act  of  calling  for  the  assistance  or 
presence  of  any  being,  particularly  of  some  divinity  ; 
as,  the  invocation  of  the  muses. 

The  whole  po'-in  is  a  prayer  lo  FortOQe,  and  the  invocation  b 
diviiled  oetween  [he  two  dciiii?*.  Addison. 

3.  A  judicial  call,  demand,  or  order;  as,  the  invo- 
cation of  papers  or  evidence  into  a  court. 

Whcnton'.'i  Rep, 
IN'VOICE,  7).      [Fr.  envoi,  a  sending,  or  thing  sent, 
from  enu&i/cr,  to  send.  It  inoiarej  envois,  pi.,  things 
sewt.l 

1.  In  commerce,  a  written  account  of  the  particu- 
lars of  merchandise  shipped  or  sent  to  a  purchaser, 
consignee,  factor,  &c.,  with  the  value  or  prices  and 
charges  annexed. 

2.  A  written  account  of  ratable  estate. 

Laws  of  J^Tejo  ITampshire. 
IN'VOICE,  V.  t.    To  make  a  written  account  of  goods 
or  property  with  their  price?.     It  is  usual  to  invoice 
goods  in  the  currency  of  the  country  in  which  the 
seller  resides. 

GoolIs,  wares,  and  merchandise  imported  fiora  Norway,  and 
invoiced  in  the  curreal  dollar  oiNonvay. 

Al(uiison's  Proclamation. 

IN'VOIC-£D,  (-voist,)  pp.    Inserted  in  a  list  with  the 

price  or  value  annexed.       Robinson,  Adm.  Reports. 
IN'VOIC-ING,  ppi:    Rlalcing  an  account  in  writing  of 

goods  with  their  prices  or  values  annexed ;  inserting 

in  an  invoice. 
IN- VOICE',  V.  t.     [L.  invoeo  ;  in  and  voco,  to  call ;  voz, 

a  word.] 

1.  LitcraHy,  to  call  for  or  ask.    Hence, 

2.  To  address  in  prayer  ;  to  call  on  for  assistance 
and  protection ;  as,  to  invoke,  the  Supreme  Being.  Po- 
ets invoke  the  muses  for  assistance. 

3.  In  a  icider  scjisc,toca\\  forwith  earnestness;  as, 
to  invoke,  the  aid  of  government.     [Recent.] 

IN-VoIC'TiJD,  pp.    Addressed  in  prayer  for  aid  ;  called. 

IN-V6K'iNG,  ppr.    Addressing  in  prayer  for  aid  ;  call- 
ing. 

IN-VOL'tJ-CEL,  71.     [dim.  of  involucre.]    The  involu- 
cre (if  an  umbcllule  or  umbellet ;  an  involucrct. 

IN-VO-Lti'CEL-LATE,  a.  [Supra.]  Surrounded  with 
involucels.  Barton. 

IN-VO-Lu'CRAL,  a.    Pertaining  to  an  involucrum. 

Smith. 

IN-VO-LO'€RUM    I  "'  f^'  ^'^^'^^'^'^^^"'^^  f'""^  irwolvo.] 
In  Ijotanv,^.  sort  of  calyx  inclosing  those  aggregates 
of  dowers'  constituting  umbels,  but  occasionally  in- 
closing (lowers  not  umbellate.    It  is  usually  more  or 
less  distant  from  the  dowers  which  it  envelops-. 
IN-VO-I.U'eU£D,  a.  Having  an  involucre,  as  umbels, 

&c.  MtrtJjn. 

LN-VO-LO'eRET,  n.    An  involucel,  which  see. 
IN-VOL'UN-TA-RI-LY,    adv.       [from    involunUtry.] 
Not  by  choice  ;   not  spontaneously ;  against  one's 
will.  Baxter. 

9.  In  a  manner  independent  of  the  will. 
IN-VOL'UN-TA-RI-NESS,  it.  Want  of  choice  or  will. 

Bp,  Nail. 
9.  Independence  on  the  will. 
IN-VOti'UN-TA-RV,  a.    [Fr.  invohntairci  L.  in  and 
voluntarius.    See  VoLt/WTABY.] 

1.  Not  having  win  or  choice;  unwiUing. 

2.  Independent  of  will  or  choice.  The  motion  of 
the  hcait  and  arteries  is  involuntary,  but  not  ngiiinsl 
the  wdt. 

3.  Not  proceeding  from  choice;  not  done  willing- 
ly ;  opposed  lo  the  will.  A  slave  and  a  conquered 
nation  yield  an  involuntani  submission  to  a  master. 

IN'VO-LUTE,  V.     [L.  inrolutus.] 

A  curve  traced  by  the  end  of  a  siring  wound  upon 
another  curve,  or  unwound  from  iu     [Sec  Evo- 

LUTi:.] 

IN'VO-LUTE,      \  a.    [h.  involutus,  tnvolco.    Sec  Is- 
IN'VO-LU-TED,  \      voLVE.]  . 

In  botany,  rolled  spirally  inward.  Involuted  folia- 
tion, or  vernation,  is  when  the  leaves  within  the  bud 
have  their  edges  rolled  spirally  inward  on  both  sides 
toward  the  upper  surface.  Marttpt. 


INW 


2.  In  emukeUifry,^  term  inwrd  whm  ih^  *  i 
iA  turned  inward,  at  the  mar^: 

IN-VO-LC'TION.  lu     [Fr.;    ' 

rOLVB.] 

1.  The  action  of  In-. 

2.  ThcBL-itcofbein- 
plication. 

AUthiagvatenJutluv)  c 

3.  In  ^ainwar, tlje  ir 
or  members  of  a  ty;nt' 
ject  and  the  verb,  in  :■. 
struclion,  and  i: 
mcmbur  within 
hood,  if  lec  may  ,. 
depravity. 

■1.  In  arithmetic  and  algdrrz.  ■ 
lily  lo  any  power  aKeienf-d  :  ■ 
quantity  into  iUtlf  a  i:i 
2X2>'.2  =  8.     Here-, 
by  involution,  or  mulli;  .. 
and  tliB  product  by  iIil-  ;=arn'  i 
IN-VOLVE',  (iii-volv',)  r.  r. 
vo,  to  roll,  Eng.  to  uaiLtic.] 

1.  To  envelop ;  In  cover  wj 
OS,  to  involve  one  in  timoke  tr 

9.  To  envelop  in  any  tlai. 
t^ides  ;  a-^,  to  involve  in  darkii' 

3.  To  imply;  lo  comprise, 
the  same  time,  involves  a  com: .  . 

4.  To  entv.-iHl ;  to  join  ;  to  cmw:'-. ,  i.-  u: 
way  of  connection  ;  lo  implicalc ;  as,  U>  i 
friend  in  one's  ruin. 

Ug  kiiowa  Ikiji  cod  with  mJao  incolvirf. 

5.  To  lake  in  ;  to  catch  ;  lo  conjoin, 

Th^  ^adiering  number,  a«  it  r._>   i  •. 

C.  To  entangle.    Let  not  ■ 
nation   in  war,  nor  our  imj. 

didiculty. 


Ihculty.  1 1 

7.  To  plunge  ;  to  ovcrn-helm.  ExtravagaJice  oAm  [I 
involves  men  In  debt  and  distress.  I 

8.  To  inwrap ;  to  infold ;  to  com; 
intricate. 

Some  involved  iheiT  tnnlcj  KUs. 
Florid,  uiuy,  iiiix>/Md  di>c^unr«. 

9.  To  blend;  to  minelc  confusedl;. 

10.  In  arithmetic  and  algebra,  to  ri 

any  assigned  power  ;  lo  multiply  a  quai.;.: 

SL'lf  a  given  number  of  limes  ;  as,  a  quanti'. . 

to  the  third  or  fourth  power. 
IN-VOLV'£D,  pp.  or  a.     EnveIop<*d ;  im; 

wrapped  ;  entan:iled  ;  raised  lo  a  power. 
IN-VOLVE'MENT,  «.    Act  of  involviiit: ;    ■ 

ing  involved. 
IN-VOLV'ING,  jipr.    Enveloping;    ; 

prising  ;   entangling  ;   complicating 

power. 
IN-VUL-NER-A-BIL'I-TY,     ;  «-  [fr. 
IN-VUL'NER-A-BLE-NESS,  (     tlio  . 

of  being  invulnerable,  or  secure  from  w..^ 

jury 
IN-VUl/NER-A-BLE,  a.    [Fr.,  from  L.  urrt. 

Sec  VCLSERABLE.]  il 

That  can  not  be  wounded ;  incapablr  of  xvctir'm^  \\ 
injur}'.  '  1 


IN-WALL',  t».  f.     ,  '■■'.•■- 

Willi  a  wall. 
IN-WAI.L'£D,  pp.    Inclosed  or  fortJtied  wiiii    . 
IN-WALL'ING,  ppr.    Inclcsing  willi  a  wall. 
IN'WAKD,   a.     [Sax.   inieeant;  Q.   MM»tert<  ;   im   and 

trnrrf.     fee  Ward.] 

1.  Internal ;  interior  ;  placed  orbcine  wiUim  :  =^'. 
the  invard  structure  of  the  ImxIv. 

2.  Intimate  ;  donusiic  ;  familiar.  > 
[In  this  sense,  also,  Shakspeare  uses  it  a.- 

3.  Seated  in  the  mind  or  soul. 
IN'WARI),  aJc.    Toward  the  inside.    Tnm  : 

lion  intcard. 

2.  Toward  the  center  or  interior;  as,!, 
thing  inieard. 

3.  Into  Uie  mind  or  tlioughls. 

Cclrsl'uJ  lighl  «hi:«  ittaant, 

IN'WARD-LY,  adv.    In  the  inner  parts  ;  int 

L-l  BciicdicV,  like  co-rrml  Civ, 
Coi\&usK  au-ay  in  Kjht,  vxtie  uiiMrdy. 

2.  In  the  heart ;  privately  ;  secretly.    \U 
repines.    It  is  not  easy  lo  ircal  wiUi  rcsiwcl  a  ,  ^  .      . 
whom  we  iiucardly  despise. 

3.  Toward  the  center.  .         . 
1N'W.\RI>-XESS,  lu     Intimacy;    famUiant>-.      ,^-- 

iised.] 
2.  inlornal  state.    [UhusuoL] 
IN' WARDS,  n.  pi.    The  inner  parts  of  ^"  -  • 

bowels  ;  the  viscera-    Er.  xxix.  i 

IN-WkAVE',  r.  L,prtt  Inwotk;  ;  '     I 

WOVE,     [in  and  vesce,]     To  we.ivr 

termix  or  intertwine  by  weaWng. 

Dc«-n  lh.-T  «« 
Their  cwwns  int^tte  wHh  amsmnih  utA  c 


TONE,  BULL,  IJNITE AN'^GEK,  VI"CIOUS.-€  as  K ;  6  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  PH;  TH  as  i:i  THIS. 


6v;3 


lOT 


IN-WKAVrXG,  j^r.    Wenvin;;  together 
I.V-WUKIi^L',  V.  t.     [in  nnd  lohrct.]    To  encircle. 
IN-WHEEL'fiD.i*;;.    EncircleiL  [Beaum. 

IN-WIIi^EI/ING,;»/>r.     Encircliiiff. 
iN'WIT,  n.     [iti  and  wiu]      Mind;    undersUinding. 

[  Ofisj 

irv-WOOO',  I'.  (.    To  hide  in  woods.  Sidneij. 

lK-\y6C)iyi^.D,pp.     Hidden  in  wood.-f. 

IN-\v6itK'/JD,  (-wmkt,)  2^P-  Worked  in;  operated 
within. 

IN-WOKK'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  [in  nnd  leorl;.]  AVorkinj: 
ur  oporatiiifi  within. 

!N-WOUK'ING,  n.  Intcnial  operation  ;  cnor{ry  within. 

Macliiii^ht. 

IN-W6VK',     )j*p.  of  Inweave.    Woven  in;   inter- 

IN-WoV'A'N,  i      twined  hv  weaving. 

[X-WKAT',  (in-rap',)  v.  t.  [in  and  iDrap.]  To  involve  ; 
lo  inl'oUt ;  to  cover  by  wrapping  ;  as,  to  be  inwrappcd 
in  sinokL-  or  in  a  chmd  ;  to  inwrap  in  ;i  cloak. 

3.  To  involve  in  diUkulty  or  pt-iiilrxity  ;  to  per- 
plex. Bacon. 
3.  To  ravisli  or  tranaporl.     [IIL]     [See  Rai-.] 

IN-WRAP'PA'D,  (-rapt',)  pp.  Involved  ;  covered  by 
wrapping. 

IN-WltAT'l'ING,  ppr.    Covering  by  wrapiiing. 

I i\'- WREATHE',  (in-rCthe',)  v.  t.     [in  and  wreathe] 
To  snrround  or  cnconi|)ass  as  with  a  wreath,  or 
with  something  in  thu  form  of  a  wreath 

Ucsplentlent  locka  inicreatfud  willi  bcanu.  TiUlUm. 

IN-WKCtUG  IIT',  (in-rawt',)  pp.  or  a.  [m  and  m-ou^ht^ 
from  irorA-.] 

Wrought  or  worked  in  or  among  other  things ; 
adorned  with  figures.  Milton. 

I'U-DAIi,  71.  [from  iodine  and  alcolwl.]  An  oleaginous 
liquid  obtained  from  the  action  of  alcohol  and  nitric 
acid  on  iodine.  Orahiim. 

I'0-ItATE,7i.  [See  Iodine.]  Any  compound  of  iodic 
acid  with  a  base. 

T-OD'IC,  a.  Jodie  acid  is  an  acid  comi^und  consisting 
of  iodine  oxygenized  to  the  highest  point. 

I'O-DIU,  lu  A  non-acid  compound  of  iodine  with  a 
metal  or  other  substance. 

T'O-DINE,  n.     [Gr.  iw^j/y,  resembling  a  violet.] 

In  chcmlstrij^  a  peculiar  substance  discovered  by 
Courtois,  a  manufacturer  of  saltpeter  in  Paris.  It  is 
obtained  from  certain  sea-weeds  or  marine  plants. 
At  the  ordinary  temperature  of  the  atmosphere,  it  is 
a  solid,  apparently  a  simple  substance,  at  kast  hith- 
erto undecomposed.  It  is  incombustible,  but,  in  com- 
bining with  several  bodies,  it  exhibits  the  phenomena 
of  combustion  ;  hence  it  has  been  considered  a  sup- 
porter of  combustion.  Like  chlorine,  it  destroys 
vegctaljle  colors,  but  with  less  energy.  Its  color  is 
hluisli-black  or  grayish-black,  of  a  metallic  luster.  Il 
is  often  in  scales,  resembling  those  of  micaceous  iron 
ore  ;  sometimes  in  brilliant  rliomboidal  plates,  or  in 
elongated  octahedrons.  Its  taste  is  acrid,  and  it  is 
somewhat  poisonous.  It  is  fusible  at  205'  of  Fah- 
renheit. The  color  of  its  vapor  is  a  boautil'ul  violet, 
wlience  its  name.  Henry.     Ure. 

I'O-DOUS,  a.  Jodoits  acid  is  a  compound  of  iodine 
and  oxygen,  containing  less  of  the  latter  than  iodic 
acid. 

I-OD'lJ-RET,  n.  A  non-acid  compound  of  iodine  and 
a  meialhc  or  other  base.    Svnonymous  witli  Iodio. 

I'O-LITE,  n.  [Gr.  lou,  a  violet,  and  XiOos,  stone.] 
A  mineral  having  a  glassy  appearance,  remarkable 
for  presenting  a  blue  or  violet-blue  color  in  one  direc- 
tion, and,  at  right  angles  with  this  direction,  a  yel- 
lowish-gray or  brownisli  color.  It  consists  of  silica, 
alumina,  and  inagnesiu,  with  some  oxyd  of  iron. 
The  name  dichroitc^  often  applied  to  this  mineral, 
alludes  to  its  colors,  and  is  from  the  Greek  (J15,  two, 
and  xpoa^  color.  Dana. 

JVote.  —  By  the  regular  principles  of  iwonouncing 
the  Greek  luta  and  the  Shemilicjof/,  this  word  ought 
to  be  pronounced  yu'litc. 

I'ON,  Ti.  A  name  given  to  the  elements  which  appear 
at  the  respective  poles  when  a  body  is  subjected  lo 
electro-chemical  decomposition.  Hdliman. 

I-ON'IiJ,  n.  [from  Ionia.]  The  lunic  order,  in  archi- 
Uctiire,  is  that  species  of  column  named  from  Ionia, 
in  Greece,  whose  distinguishing  feature  is  the  volute 
of  its  capital.  It  is  mon;  slender  than  the  Doric  and 
Tuscan^  but  less  slender  and  less  ornamented  than 
the  Cormthian  and  Composite.  It  is  simple,  but  ma- 
jestic. Its  hight  is  about  18  modules,  and  that  of 
the  entablature  four  and  a  half.      F.ncijc.     Brande. 

2.  The  Itmic  dialect  of  the  Greek  language  was  the 
dialect  used  in  Ionia. 

3.  The  Ionic  sect  of  philosophers  was  that  founded 
by  Tliale.s  of  Miletus,  in  Ionia.  1'heir  distinguishing 
tenet  was,  that  water  is  the  principle  of  all  natural 
things.  Kncyc. 

4.  Denoting  an  airy  kind  of  nnisic.  The  hmic  or 
Ionian  mode  was,  reckoning  from  grave  to  acute,  tlie 
second  of  the  live  middle  modes.  Biufbij. 

5.  The  Ionic  foot,  in  versification,  consists  of  four 
syllables,  cither  two  short  and  two  long,  or  two  long 
and  two  short. 

X  o'T.\,  71.  [Gr.  name  of  the  letter  i.)  A  tittle,  a  very 
email  quantity  or  degree.  We  use  joty  a  change  of 
llic  same  name. 


IRO 

I,  O.  V.  In  England,  a  j)aper  having  on  it  these  let- 
tors,  (signifying  loiceyuu,)  followed  by  a  given  sum, 
and  mily  signed,  is  called  an  /.  O.  £/.,  and  is  consid- 
ered equally  binding  in  honor  with  a  promissory  note. 
Such  papers  are  ordinarily  given  in  gtmibling  trans- 
actions. 

IP-E-eAe-U-AN'IIA,  n.  A  medicine  of  the  shops 
])roduced  by  a  considerable  immber  of  plants.  That 
which  is  considered  the  best,  is  the  root  of  Cepliaelis 
IlH'cacuanha  of  South  America. 

Ipt-racuunha  is  a  little  wrinkled  root,  about  the 
thickness  of  a  moderate  quill,  much  used  as  an 
emetic,  and  against  diarrheas  and  dysenteries.     Ctjc. 

IP'SK  DIX'IT.  [L.  lie  asserted.]  A  mere  saying  or 
assertion,  witliout  proof. 

IP-SIS'SI-JII.^  VER'BA,  [L.]     The  identical  words. 

IP' SO  FACTO,  [U]  In  fact,  in  reality,  or  by  the 
fact. 

r-RAS-Cr-BIL'I-TY,      I  Ti.      [from    ira.^eiblc.']      The 

r-UA.S'CI-lJLE-NESS,  \  quality  of  being  irascible, 
or  easily  iutlamed  by  anger;  irritability  of  temper. 

I-KAS'CI-BLE,  a.  [Fr.,  from  1..  irascor,  from  ira. 
See  Ire.  J  Very  susceptible  of  anger  ;  easily  provoked 
or  iiiUamed  with  resentment;  irritable;  as,  an  irasci- 
ble man  ;  an  irascible  temper. 

T  RAS'Cl-liLY,  adv.    In  an  irascible  manner. 

IKE,  71.  [Fr.,  from  L.  ira,  wrath  ;  W.  irad,  pungency, 
piu^sion,  rage.    See  Eng.  Wkath.] 

Anger ;  wralii ;  keen  resentment ;  a  word  chiejlij 
inted  in  poctnj. 

Tliua  will  persist,  relentless  in  liIs  ire.  Dryden. 

IRE'FyE,  a.  [ire  and  fall.']  Angry  ;  wroth  ;  furious 
with'anger. 

Tbo  ire/ul  bastard  OrleLUis.  JOiak. 

IRE'FUL-LY,  adv.    In  an  angn,- "manner. 

I'RE-NXReH,  (I're-nilrk,)  v.     [Gr.  ei!iTivapxn<:'] 

An  olficer  formerly  employed  in  the  Greek  empire, 
to  preserve  the  public  tranquillity. 

I-REN'IC-AL,  a.    Pacific  ;  desirous  of  peace. 

IR-I-DES'CENCE,  n.  Exhibition  of  colors  like  those 
of  the  rainbow. 

IR-I-OES'CENT,  a.  [from  iris.]  Having  colors  like 
the  rainbow.  Fonrcroy.     Barrow. 

I-RID'l-UM,  71.  [from  iris.]  A  metal  of  a  whitish 
color,  not  malleable,  found  in  the  ore  of  platinum, 
and  in  a  native  alloy  with  osmium.  Its  sptcilic 
gravity  is  above  IB.  It  takes  its  name  from  the  vari- 
ety of  colors  which  it  exhibits  while  dissolving  in 
muriatic  acid.  The  native  alloy  with  osmium,  or 
native  iridium,  is  of  a  steel  gray  color  and  shining 
metallic  luster.  Il  usually  occurs  in  small,  irregular, 
flat  grains,  in  alluvial  soil,  in  South  Aniericu. 

Clcaeclaiut.     fVcbstcr^s  Jllanual. 

I'RIS,  V. :  pi.  IaisE>^.     [L.  iris,  iridis^  the  rainbow,  Gr. 

1.  The  rainbow.  Brawn. 

2.  An  appearance  resembling  the  rainbow. 

J^ewton. 

3.  The  colored  circle  which  surrounds  the  pupil  of 
the  eye,  by  means  of  which  tliat  opening  is  enlarged 
and  diminished. 

4.  The  flower-de-lis,  or  iiag-flowcr,  a  genus  of 
many  species. 

I'RIS-A-TED,  a.  Exhibiting  the  prismatic  colors  ;  re- 
sembling the  rainbow.  Phillips. 

I'RIS-£D,  (i'rist,)  a.  Having  colors  like  those  of  the 
rainbow.  Chaptal. 

I'RISH,  a.     Pertaining  lo  or  produced  in  Ireland. 

I'RISH,  71.    A  native  of  Ireland. 

9.  The  language  of  the  Irish  ;  the  Iliberno-Celtic. 

I'RISH-ltfM,  n.  A  mode  of  speaking  peculiar  lo  the 
Irish. 

I'RISH-RY,  V.    The  people  of  Ireland.         Bnjsltctt. 

IRK,  (urk,)  f.  (.  [Scot,  irh^  to  weary;  17-^,  indolent. 
Lye  suggests  that  this  may  be  from  Sax.  weorce, 
work,  which  signifies,  also,  pain,  or  anxiety;  but  it 
SLcms  more  probably  lo  be  connected  with  Sax.  earg, 
slothful,  lazy,  Gr.  aoyoq.] 

To  weary;  to  give  pain  to;  used  only  imperson- 
ally ;  as,  il  irketh  ine,  it  gives  me  uneasiness.  It  is 
nearly  obsolete.  Shak. 

TRK'SOME,  (urk'sum,)a.  Wearisome;  tedious;  tire- 
some ;  giving  uneasiness  ;  used  of  something  trou- 
blesome by  long  continuance  or  repetition  ;  as,  I'W;- 
sojHC  hours;  JWiiOme  toil  or  task.    Addison.     Jildton. 

lUK'SOME-LY,  adv.  In  a  wearisome  or  tedious  man- 
ner. 

IUK'S6ME-NESS,  71.    Tediousness  ;  wearisoineness. 

I'RON,  (I'urn,)  /(.  [Sax.  irca  ,•  Scot,  iriie,  yrn,  or  aim; 
Isl.  iarn  :  Sw.  jdrn  or  idrn  ;  Dan.  iern  ;  VV.  kaiara  ; 
Ir.  iara?in;  Arm.  hoarn  ;  G.  ciscn;  D.  yzer.  Clu.  L. 
fvrrum,  for  heri-wn.  The  radical  elements  of  tliis 
word  are  not  easily  ascertained.] 

1.  A  metal,  the  hardest,  most  common,  and  most 
useful,  of  all  tlie  metals ;  of  a  livid  whitish  color 
inclined  lo  gray,  internally  composed,  to  appearance, 
of  small  facets,  and  susceptible  of  a  fine  polish.  In 
the  condition  of  steel,  it  is  so  hard  and  elastic  as  to 
be  capable  of  destroying  the  aggregation  of  any  other 
metal.  Next  to  tin,  it  is  the  lightest  of  all  nu^tallic 
subaiances,  and  next  to  gold,  ilie  most  tenacioiis.  It 
may  be  hammered  into  plates,  but  not  into  leaves. 
Its  ductility  is  more  considerable.     It  has  the  prop- 


Jron  yi.-iirs  of  wnn  fliul  daii^cn. 

Juve  criuilied  \l\c  nutiouR  wilb  an  iron  rod. 


IRO 

erty  of  magnetism  ;  il  is  attracted  by  the  lodeslone, 
and  will  acijuire  its  pru|>erlies.  It  is  fourul  rarely  in 
native  masses;  but  in  ores,  mineralized  by  difl'fr<_-iH 
substances,  it  c'wunds  in  every  pari  of  the  caith 
Its  medicinal  qualities  are  valualile. 

Foureroif.     F.neyc. 

2.  An  instrument  or  utensil  made  of  iron ;  as,  a 
flat-(>oji;  a  smoothing-iron. 

Canst  lliou  lill  liu9  uliin  with  barbed  iron*  ?  —  Jub  xli. 

3.  Fi^niratively,  strength  ;  power;  as,  a  rod  of  00:1, 
Dan.  ii. 

4.  Irons  pi.;   fetters;    chains;  manacles;   hand- 
culfs.    Ps.  cv. 

I'RON, (i'urn,)  a.  Made  of  iron  ;   consisting  of  iron  ; 

as,  an  iV^ot  gate  ;  an  iron  bar  ;  iron  dust. 

2.  Resembling  Iron  in  color;    as,  an  iVo?i-gray 
color. 

>    Harsh  ;  rude;  severe;   miserable     as,  the  iroTi 
age  of  the  world. 

Itotee. 
I'opc. 

4.  Binding  fast;  not  to  be  broken;  as,  the  iroy 
sleep  of  death.  Philips. 

5.  Hard  of  understanding;  dull;   as,  an  iron  wit- 
ted  fool.  Shak. 

G.  Firm  ;  robust ;  as,  an  iron  constitution. 
I'RON,  t).  (.    To  smooth  with  an  instrument  of  iron. 
9.  To  shackle  with  irons  ;  to  fetter  or  handcuir. 

3.  To  furnish  or  arm  with  iron. 
I'RON-BOUND,  a.    Bound  with  iron. 

2.  Faced  or  surrounded  with  rocks ;  rugged  ;  as, 
an  iron-bound  coast, 

I'RON  CLAD,  fl.    Clad  in  iron.  ScoU. 

I'RON  CLAY,  V.  A  substance  immediale  between 
basalt  and  wacke,  of  a  reddish-brown  color,  and  oc- 
curring massive  or  vesicular.  Ci/c. 

I'RON  €ROWN,  n.  A  golden  crown  set  with  jin\'- 
gIs,  belonging  originally  to  tlie  Lombard  kings,  and 
indicating  the  dominion  of  Italy.  It  was  so  called 
from  containing  a  circle  said  to  have  been  forged 
from  one  of  the  nails  in  the  cross  of  Christ. 

Kneyc.  Ai)K 

I'RON  £D,  (i'urnd,)  pp.  Smoothed  with  an  in.n  ; 
shackled;    armed  with  iron. 

I'RON-ER,  7t.     One  who  irons. 

I'RON-FIL-INGS,  n.  pi.  Fine  particles  of  iron  made 
by  filing  or  rasping. 

i'RON-FLINT,  n.  An  opacpie  ferruginous  variety  of 
quartz,  having,  in  some  dirgree,  the  a[>pearance  of 
Hint,  but  of  red  or  yellow  colors,  and  usually  some- 
what granular  in  its  texture.  Dana. 

I'RON-FOUXD  Ell,  n.  One  who  makes  iron  cast- 
ings. 

I'RON-FOUNn-ER-Y,  ( 71.      The    place  where    iron 

I'RON-FOUND-RY,      \      castings  are  made. 

I'R0N-FRaM-K1),  a.     Having  an  iron  or  firm  frame. 

I'RON  OL.\NCE,  7i.  A  peroxyd  of  iron  of  a  dark 
steel-grav  color. 

IRON-HAND-ED,  n.    Having  Iiands  liard  as  iron. 

Dmitrht. 

i'RON-HEXRT-ED,  a.  H.ard-hearted  ;  unfeeling  ; 
cruel. 

I'RON-ING,  ppr.  Smoothing  with  an  iron  ;  shack- 
ling;  furnishing  or  arming  with  iron. 

I'RON  LUVUOR,  (I'urn  hk'ur,)  n.  Acetate  of  iron 
used  as  a  mordant  by  dyers,  &c.  Buchanan. 

I'RON-ING,  7).    A  smootbing  with  an  iron. 

2.  A  shackling  with  irons. 

3.  A  furnishing  or  armiuii  with  iron. 
I'RON-MoLD,  71.     A  spi.t  on  cloth  made  by  applying 

rusty  iron  to  the  clotli  when  wet. 

I'RON-M0N"GER,  ».  A  dealer  in  iron  wan.-s  or 
hardware. 

I'RON-MON"GER-Y,  (I'nrn-mung'ger-re,)  71.  A  gen- 
eral name  for  all  articles  made  of  iron  ;  iiardware. 

OwiU. 

I'RON  PY-RI'TkS,  71.  Common  pyrites;  yellow  sul- 
|)huret  of  iron. 

I'R  ON  SAND,  )(.  An  iron  ore  in  grains,  used  to  sand 
paper  afi.i-r  writing. 

I'R0N-SHkAT1I-£D,  a.    Sheathed  with  iron.  Scott. 

I'R  ON-SHOD, «.    Shod  with  iron. 

I'RON-SICK,  a.  Inseamcn's  lan<ranffc^  a  sliip  is  said 
to  be  iron-sich,  when  Iter  holts  and  nails  are  so  much 
corroded  or  eaten  with  rust  that  she  has  become 
leaky.  Eneyc. 

I'RON-SlD-ED,  a.  Having  iron  sides,  or  very  firm 
sides.  Forby. 

I'R0N-SaHTII,7i.  A  worker  in  iron  ;  an  artisan  wlio 
makes  and  repairs  utensils  of  iron  ;  a  mucii  more 
proper  term  than  Blacksmith. 

I'RON-SToNE,  7(.  An  impure  ore  of  iron,  containing 
nnich  clav.  Dana. 

I'RON-WOOD,  7(.  The  popular  name  of  some  species 
of  a  geniis'  of  trees  called  Sidcroxylon ;  so  calb-d 
from  their  hardness.  Also,  the  popular  name  of  Os- 
trya  Virginica,  sometimes  called  Hop- Hornbeam,  a 
tree  of  tiie  United  States. 

I'RON-WORK,  (I'urn-work,)  7(.  A  general  name  of 
the  parts  or  pieces  of  a  building,  vessel,  carriage, 
&,c.,  which  consist  of  iron  ;  any  thing  made  of  iron. 

I'RON-WORKS,  n.  pi.  'i'he  works  or  establishment 
where  pig  inm  is  wrought  into  bars,  &.c. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT — MeTE,  PREY.— PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQOK.— 

_ 


IRR 

i'UON-\V0K.T,  M.  Tlie  pojmlai-  name  of  some  spe- 
fies  of  a  geuus  ul"  plauts  called  SidcritU: 

I-lvOX'IC,  a.    Ironical.  B.  Jonson. 

I-RON'ie-AL,  a.    [Fr.1roni7.vf.    Seo  Ironv.] 

Expressing  one  thing  and  nieaning  llie  opposite. 
An  ircnual  expression  is  often  accompanied  with  a 
manner  of  utterance  which  indicates  tfiat  the  speak- 
er intends  to  be  understood  in  a  sense  directly  con- 
trarv  to  that  which  the  words  convey. 

I-ROS'ie-Al.-LY,  ode.  By  way  of  irony  ;  liy  llie  usa 
of  irony.  A  commendation  may  be  ironicaltij  se- 
vere. 

I'RON-IST,  K.    One  who  deals  in  irony.  Pope. 

I'RON-Y,  (I'uru-e,)  a.  [from  iron.']  Made  or  con- 
sisting of  iron  ;  partaking  of  iron  ;  as,  irony  cliains  ; 
iromj  particles.  Hammond. 

2.  Resembliag  iron  ;  Iiard. 

I'ROX-Y,  n,  [Fr.  ironie ;  L.  iroma  ;  Gr.  tipoivia,  from 
eipioi',  a  dissembler  in  speech.] 

A  kind  of  ridicule  which  exposes  tlio  errors  or 
faults  of  otliers  by  seeming  to  adopt,  approve,  or  de- 
fend tiiem  ;  as,  Nero  was  a  very  virtuous  prince  ;  Pope 
liildebrand  was  remarkable  for  his  meekness  and 
hmnility.  When  iromj  is  uttere(i,  the  dissimulation 
is  generally  apparent  from  the  manner  of  speaking, 
as  by  a  smile  or  an  arcji  look,  or  perhaps  by  an  af- 
fected gravity  of  countenance.  Irony  in  writing  may 
also  be  detected  by  the  manner  of  expression. 

I'ROUS,  a.    [from  ire]    Apt  to  be  angry.      [Obs.] 

Chaucer. 

IR-Ra'DI-ANCE,   I  n.      [L.    irradians^   from  irradio. 

IR-Ra'U[-AN-CY,  \      See  Irradiate.] 

I.  Emission  of  rays  of  light  on  an  object. 
a.  Ueams  of  light  emitted  ;  luster ;  splendor. 

Mdton. 

IR-Ra'DI-aTE,  r.  t.  [L.  irratlio ;  in  and  radio,  to 
shine.    See  Rat.] 

1.  To  illuminate  ;  to  brighten;  to  make  splendid; 
to  adorn  with  luster.  Suiith. 

2.  To  enlighten  intellectually ;  to  ilUuninate ;  as, 
to  irradiate  the  mind.  JUilton. 

3.  To  animate  by  heat  or  light.  Hale, 

4.  To  decorate  with  shining  ornament^'.      Pope. 
IR-Ra'DI-aTE,  v.  i.    To  emit  rav.s  ;  to  shine. 
IR-Ra'DI-ATE,  a.    Adorned  with  brightness,  or  with 

any  thing  shining.  J\Iaso}i. 

1R-Ra'DI-a-TED,   pp.       Illuminated  ;    enlightened  ; 

made  luminous  or  bright ;    decorated  with  rays  of 

light  or  with  something  shining. 
IR-itA'DI-A-TIXG,  ppr.       IIKnninathig  ;    decorati 

with  beams  of  liglu. 
IR-Ra-DI-a'TIOX,  71.    Tiic  act  of  emitting  beams  of 

2.  Illumination  ;  brightness.  [light. 

3.  Intellectual  light.  IMe. 
•i.  The  act  of  emitting  minute  particles  or  effluvia 

from  some  substance.  Kucijc. 

5.  In  physical  science,  an  apparent  enlargement  of 
objects  beyond  their  proper  bounds,  in  consequence 
of  the  vivid  impression  of  light  on  the  eye. 

Olmsted. 
IR-RAD'I-CaTE,  t.  t.    To  root  deeply. 
IR-Ra'TIOX-AL,  (-r2'shun-al  or  -rash'un-al,)  a.     [L. 
irratiomdis :  in  and  ratioiialisj  from  ratio.] 

1.  Not  rational;  void  of  reason  or  undersUmding. 
Brutes  are  irrational  animals. 

2.  Not  according  to  the  dictates  of  reason  ;  contra- 
ry to  rea'^on  ;  absurd.  To  pursue  a  course  of  life 
wliich  destroys  happiness,  is  irrational. 

Irrational  quantity.     See  Surd. 

IR-Ra-TION-AL'I-TY,  n.  Want  of  reason  or  the 
powers  of  understanding. 

IR-Ra'TION-AL-LY,  (-ri'shun-al-ly  or  -rash'un-al- 
!y,)  adr.  Without  reason  ;  in  a  manner  contrary  to 
re:*.son  ;  absurdlv. 

IR-RE-CLaI-M^A-ULE,  a.  [in  and  reclninmblc]  Not 
to  be  reclaimed  ;  iliat  can  not  be  recalled  from  error 
or  vice  ;  that  can  not  be  brought  to  reform.  Jldd'tson. 
'3.  That  can  nut  be  lamed. 

IR-UE-€LaIM'A-BLY,  adc.  So  as  not  to  admit  of 
reformation. 

IR-REe-ON-CiL'A-BLE,  a.  [in  and  reconcilable. j 
Not  to  be  recalled  to  amity,  or  a  state  of  friendship 
and  kindness  ;  retaining  enmity  that  can  not  be  ap- 
peased or  subdued ;  as,  an  irreconcilable  enemy  or 
faction. 

2.  That  can  not  be  appeased  or  subdued;  as,  ir- 
reconcilable enmity  or  hatred. 

3.  'i'hat  can  not  be  made  to  agree  or  be  consistent ; 
incongruous;  incompatible  ;  as, irrecoHci/aiZe absurdi- 
ties. It  is  followed  by  with  or  to.  A  man's  conduct 
may  be  irreconcilable  to  or  with  his  avowed  princi- 
ples, 

IR-REe-ON-CIL'A-BLE-NESS,  v.  The  quality  of 
being  irreconcilable  ;  incongruity;  incom[iatibility. 

IR-REe-ON-ClL'A-l!LY,  adv.  In  a  manner  that  pre- 
cludes reconcihation.  iMen  may  be  irreconcilably  op- 
pnstrd  to  each  other. 

IR-REe'ON-ClLE,  v.  t.  To  prevent  from  being  rec- 
onciled,    nil.]  Bp.  Taylifr 

IR-RECON-CIL-ED,  a.  [in  and  rccuncUrd.]  Not 
reconciled.  Tliomsmi 

2.  Not  atoned  for.  Shak.     Prideanj-. 

lR-REe-ON-Cli,E'MENT,  n.  Want  of  recuncili,: 
lion ;  disagreement. 


».     Want  of  rtjc  -,. 

PriUtuuz. 
Preventing  from  Iwing 


covcrabtc. 


lUR 

IR-REe-ON-CII^I-A'TION,   ». 

tion. 
IR-REe'OX-CIL-ING,  ppr 

reconciled. 
IR-RE-eORD'A-BLE,  c.    Not  to  be  recorded. 

IR-RE-CQV'ER-A-BLE,  (-kuv'er-,)  a.  [in  anTrM^v 
erablc.]  Not  to  be  recovered  or  repaired  :  as,  an  ir- 
rccov(raldc  loss. 

That  can  not  be  regained.    Time  past  is  irrc- 
o    ™  Ro/fera. 

3.  1  hat  can  not  be  obtained  by  demand  ortiuit,  as 
^  'i<^l't;  Franldin. 

4.  Not  to  be  remedied  ;  as,  irrecoverable  misery. 

IR-RE-€OV'ER-A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  stat^  of^bei'ng 
irrecoverable.  Donne 

IR-RE  eOV'EK-A-BLY.  adv.  ReyT>nd  recovery;  be- 
yond the  possibility  of  being  regained,  repaired,  or 
remedied.     Happiness  may  be  irrcconcrabbj  lost. 

2.  Beyond  the  possibility  of  being  reclaimed.  A 
profligate  may  be  irrecoverably  abr.:;doned  to  vice. 

IR-RE-eOTER-A-BLE,  a.  [L.  in  and  rccupcro,  to  re- 
cover.] 

Irrecoverable.     [JSTot  used.] 

IR-RE-eu'PER-.VBLY,  adr.  Irrecoverably.  {JVot  u.^ed.] 

IR-RE-€0'SA-BLE,  a.     [in  and  Er.  rccnsable.] 
Not  liable  to  exception. 

IR-RE-DEEM'A-BLE,  a.  [in  and  redeemable.]  That 
can  not  be  redeemed. 

2.  Not  subject  to  be  paid  at  the  pleasure  of  gov- 
ernment ;  as,  irredeemable  debts  ;  irrcdeemabh  certifi- 
cates or  stock.  Hamilton.     SuiolUtt. 

IR-RE-DEEAFA-BLE-NESS, )  n.     The  quality  of  l.e- 

IR-RE-DEEM-A-BIL'I-TY,     i     ing  not  redeemable. 

IR-RE-DEEM'A-BLY,  adv.  So  as  not  to  be  redecma- 
Ide.        _  Smart. 

IR-RE-Du'Cr-BLE,  a.  [in  and  reducible]  Not  to  be 
reduced  ;  that  can  not  be  brought  back  to  a  former 
state. 

2.  Tliat  can  not  be  reduced  or  changed  to  a  tlitTur- 
cm  state ;  as,  corpuscles  of  air  irreducible  intu  water. 

Botjlc. 
Irreducihle  case;  in  algebra,  a  particular  case  in  the 
solution  of  a  cubic  equation,  in  which  the   funnula 
commonly  employed  contains  an  imaginary  quantity, 
and  therefore  fails  in  its  application.  Brandc. 

IR  RE-Du'CI-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
irredticible. 

IR-RE-DO'CF-BLY,  ndv.    In  a  manner  not  reducible. 

IR-RE-FLECT'IVE,  a.     Not  reflective.        WhciccU. 

IR-RE-FRa'GA-BLE  or  IR-REF'RA-GA-BLE,  a.  [in 
and  refrcffablc,  L.  rcfra<for ;  re  and  the  root  oifran<ro, 
to  break.] 

That  can  not  be  refuted  or  overthrown  ;  incon- 
testable;  undeniable;  vis,  VLti  irrefragable  argument; 
irrefragable  il  1  1  -n  or  evidence.   jStterbunj.     Steift. 

IR-RE-FRa'GA-BLE-NESS,  (  71.    The  quality  of  be- 

IR-REF-RA-GA-BIL'I-TY,  (  ing  irrefragable  or  in- 
capable of  refutation. 

IR-RE-FRa'GA-(JLY  or  JR-REF'RA-GA-BLY,  ailc. 
With  force  or  strenglh  th;it  can  not  bt  overthrown  ; 
with  certainty  beyond  refutation.  We  say,  the 
point  in  debate  was  irrefra-mbhi  proved. 

IR-REF'U-TA-BLE  or  IR-RE-FuTM-BLE,  a.    [Low 
L.  irrefutabiUs.     See  Refute.] 
That  can  not  be  refuted  or  disproved.    Bp.  Hall. 

IR-REF't-I-TA-BLY  or  IR-RE-FuT^VBLY,  aJi\  Be- 
yond the  posh;ibiIitv  of  refutation.  Uov.ajn. 

IR-RE-GEN'ER-A-<:Y,  n.  Uuregeneracv.  J.  M. Muion. 

IR-RE-GEN-ER-a'TION,  7;.  An  unregencrate  stale. 
[Bud.] 

IR-REG'U-LAR,  a.  [Fr.  h-rcgidicr ',  L.  irregularis; 
in  and  regularis,  rcgnla.     See  Regular.] 

1.  Not  regular ;  not  according  to  common  form  or 
rules  ;  as,  an  irregular  building  or  fortification. 

2.  Not  according  to  established  principles  or  cus- 
toms ;  deviating  from  usage  ;  as,  the  irregular  pro- 
ceedings of  a  legislative  body. 

3.  Not  conformable  to  nature  or  the  usual  opera- 
lion  of  natural  laws  ;  as,  an  irregular  action  of  the 
Jieart  and  arteries. 

4.  Not  according  to  the  rules  of  art ;  immethodi- 
cal ;  as,  irregular  verse;  an  irregular  discourse. 

5.  Not  in  conformity  to  laws,  human  or  divine ; 
deviating  from  the  rules  of  moral  rectitude  ;  vicious  ; 
as,  irregular  conduct  or  propensities. 

6.  Not  straight ;  as,  an  irrcgxdar  line  or  course. 

7.  Not  uniform  ;  as,  irregular  motion. 

8.  In  grammar,  an  irregular  noun  or  verb  is  oiie 
which  deviates  from  the  common  rules  in  ils  inflec- 
tions. 

IR-REG'IJ-IjAR,  n.  A  soldier  not  in  regular  service. 
IR-REG'Ii-LAR-IST,  n.  One  who  is  irregular.  [  A>ji(. 
IR-REG-IJ-LAR'I-TY,  «.     [Fr.  irregularity.] 

1.  Deviation  from  a  straight  line  o"-  from  any  com- 
mon or  established  rule ;  deviation  from  method  or 
order  ;  as,  the  irregularity  of  proceedings. 

2.  Deviation  from  law,  human  or  divine,  or  from 
moral  rectitude;  inordinate  practice;  vice.  It  is  a 
favorable  symptom  when  a  profligate  man  becomes 
ashamed  of  his  irregularities, 

JR-REG'U-LAIl-LY,  adr.  Witliout  rule,  method,  or 
order. 


IKU 


u.  UEG'U-LATE,  r.  L    Tn  nalte  irrepuiv 

diT.     LYot  in  uje.]  ~  j 

rR-REi;A-TIVE,o.    [ .11  and  w/.'/r^.i    \c- 

unconnected. 

Irrtittiie',  chord/,  in  munc,  h 
IR-REL'A-'iIVE-LY,arfc.  I- 
IR-REL'E-VA.\-CY,  n.       ' 

cabilily  ;  the  quality  1 

not  SJ-TVing  to  aid  an: 

of  an  arcument  or  of  [• 
IR-REL'E-VANT,  a. 

from  elecrr,  Iccer,  L.  r 
Not  relevant  jnotap; 

ing  to  BUpiMift.    Wt 

argumenL'i  irreUrani  v. 

plicable  to  it,  or  do  not  ^. , .. 
IRltEL'E  VANT-LY,  adv.      i 


purpojfe. 
IR-RE-LIkV'A-BLE.o. 


Not, 


IR-RE-UO'IOX,  (ir-re-Iid'jun.)  ».      . 
tigion.]    Want  of  rcligibn,  or  com 

piety. 
IR-RE-EI6'I0N-IST,  n.    One  wjio  i- 

lieious  principles;  a  d'-cpi-fr  r.f  rfh  ■ 
IR-RE-L1G'KU;.=;,  (ir-rc-Iid'j-x-.)  c. 

1.  Destitute  of  n-liini'-i"  pnifij:''  ■ 
religion  ;  impious  ;  ungodly. 

Shame  awl  r-proa£b  are  jmcTiilj  ifae  portion  ol 
and  irreli pom. 

2.  Contrary  to  religion ;  prr>fr.      ,  .,.  .  - 
cd  ;  as,  an  irrrligious  srwech 

IR-RE-LIO'IOU.'?-LY.  aJr.    W 
IR-KE-UG'IOUS-NESS,  v.     W....  ...    .^ 

ciples  or  practices  ;  ungodlinc»5. 
IR-Rk'ME-A-BLE,  a.     [L.  irre.aeahSU:  in  at, 

to  return  ;  ro  and  m/o,  to  pasn.] 
Admitting  no  return  ;  a?,  an  irrsn 

IR-RE-.M£'DI-A-BLE,ii.  [Fr.;i«and..      .,.,. 
rcmed\i,] 

1.  Not  to  he  remedied ;  that  can  noC  be  cared ;  as, 
an  irremediable  disease  or  eri!, 

2.  Not  to  be  corrected  or  redressed  ;  as, 
ble  error  or  mischief. 

lR-RI^MFyD^A-BLE-NESS,  n.    State  of  b^.  .^  .... 
mediable. 

IR-RE-Mf,'DI-A-BLY,  adv.    In  a  manner  or  dfpee 
that  precludes  remedy,  cure,  or  correction. 

Bp.  TaulcT. 

[R-RE-MIS'SI-BLE,  a.    [Fr. ;  in  and  ra^ssihU;  L. « 
vtitto.    See  Remit.] 

Not  to  be  p:udoned ;  thai  can  not  be  forciven  cr 
remitted.  IfKiA^^. 

IR-RE-MIS'SI-BLE-NESS,  n.    The  quality  r.r  h^n- 
impardonable.  lie- 

IR-RE-MIS'SI-BLY,  ode.    So  as  not  to  be  ji  ir 

&.. 

IR-RE-MI?i'SIVE,  a.    Not  remillins. 

IR-RE-MOV-A-BIL'I-TV,  n.  [Sec  Ir^Riiv 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  irremovable,  . 
movable  from  otfice. 

IR-RE-MOV'A-BLE,  (-moov'a-W,)  a.    [in  zt.  . 
able.]     That  can  not  be  moved  or  ch.ine«I. 

2.  That  can  not  be  legally  or  coustJtuuoa*i:y  re- 
moved from  otfice. 

IR-RE-.MOV'A-BLY,  adr.    So  as  not  to  admit  of  re- 
moval. 

III-RK-.MOV'.AL,  n.     .Absence  of  removal. 

IR-RE-MO'NER-A-BLE,a.  [o*andrai»m:i^/  Th-t 
can  not  lie  rewarded. 

IR-RE-NOWN  £D,  c.  Not  rtnowncd  :  not  c  ' 

IR-REP-A-RA-BIL'I-TY,  it.  [Soe  InnKriiiAK: 
quality  or  slate  of  being  irreparable,  or  bcvi-: 
or  recover\'.  .- 

IR-REr'A-KA-BLE,  a.  [Fr.,  from  L.  inYporciJw.  S.^^ 
Retair.] 

1.  'J'hat  can  not  be  reiaired  or  mended  ;  a.<,  an  tr- 
reparnbte  breach. 

2.  That  can  not  oe  recovered  or  regained  ;  as,  an 
irrcpcrobUi  Xo^"^.  .Vi//*'t-     .'JJ.i'^-  v, 

IR-Ki:i''A-RA-BLE-NE&?,  n.    State  of  bciu: 

ntble. 
IR-KEP'A-RA-BLY,  adr.    In  a  manner  or  dc^^ 

precludes  T'-eovorv  or  repair. 
lU-RE-rKALA-UrL'1-TY,  M.  [fr«m  imy  poIsWc]  Tbr 

qualitv  of  beins  irrejiealable^ 
IR-RE-rr:Aiy.V-BLE,  c     [in  and  rrpMiJahle.    Sec  Rr- 

TEAL.] 

That  cai»  not  be  legally  repe.iled  or  annull.  .1. 

S,. .'  - . 
IR-RF^PkAL'A-RLE-NESS,  ».    Irrepealaliil  ; 
IR-RE-PkAL'A-BEY,  adr.     Beyond  the  pow    - 

peal. 
IR-RE-PENT'ANCE,  H.    Want  of  repentance: 

itence.  -'^  ■ 

IR-RE-PLEV'I-A-BEE,  a.     [in  and  rtp--. 

can  n<ii  be  replevied. 
IRRE-PLEV'I-S.V-BI.E.tf.  f  i«  and  rr,- 

can  not  be  replevied. 
IR-REP-RE-MUNS'l-BLE,  fl.'    [wan 

Net  reprehensible ;  not  to  Ik"  hl.imt^  nr  - 

from  fault.  '  ^^' ' 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CI0US.  — €  as  K ;  0  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CII  as  SH  ;  '£11  as  in  THIS. 


70 


(i'J-o 


JRR 

Ilt-REI>-RE-lIE.\S'I-nLE-NE33,  n.     The  quality  of 

beinK  irrep'i'heiisible. 
IR-UEI*-KE-HE.\?"I-ni.V,  aJp.    In  a  manner  not  to 

incur  lilitmL* ;  witlnurt  bl:une.  Shencood. 

IR-REr-llE-SE.Vr'A-lJLE,  a.    [in  ami  reprrsenU]    Not 

to  be  n  presciiti'd  ;  that  can  not  he  figured  or  repre- 

st'ntril  bv  anv  ituaso.  Stilimsrf.ret. 

IR-KE-PUIC^ri'I-ULE,  a.     [in  and  rcprcssiOle.]    That 

can  not  titr  repressed. 
1R-KE-PRE?=S'I-IILY,  adv.    In  a  manner  or  degree 

that  can  not  lie  repressed. 
IR-RE-1'KOACH'A-Bl.E,    a.      [ttt    and   reproach ahlc] 

That  can  nut  bs  justly  rei)roacned  ;  Tree  from  hlanio  ; 

upright ;  innocent.    An  irrrproachahlc  life  is  the  Jiigh- 

cA  honor  of  a  ntional  beintr. 
lR-RE-rK6ACH'A-nLE-NES9,  ».      The  quality  or 

state  of  bein;:  not  rcproacliable. 
IR-UE-i'ROACH'A-BL\%  adv.     In  a  manner  not  to 

deserve  reproach  ;  blamelessly  j  as,  deportment  irre- 

pro.iehabhi  upri^'ht. 
IR-RE-PKOV'A-iJLE,  (-proov'a-bl,)  a.      [in  and  rc- 

provabU.]    That  can  not  be  justly  reproved;  blame- 
less ;  upright. 
IK-RE- PRO  VA-BLY,  adv.    So  aa  not  to  be  liable  to 

reproof  or  blame.  tVecver. 

IR-KEP-TI'^TIOUS,  (-tish'ue,)  <u  Secretly  introduced. 

Jfidiols. 
IR-RE-SIST'ANCE,  n.    [in  and  rcsb^mcc]     F()rbear- 

ance  to  resist;  non-resistance;  passive  submission. 

Palcv. 
IR-RE-SLSTJ-nil^I-TY,     (  w.  [fromimwtctiiic]  The 
IR-RE-SISTT-BLE-NESS,  (    quality  of  being  irresist- 
ible ;  iH)wcr  or  force  beyond  resistance  or  opposition. 

Ilanimoiul. 
IR-RE-SIST'I-DLE,  a.     [Fr. ;  in  and  resistible.    See 

REatsT.] 
That  can  not  be  successfully  resisted  or  opposed ; 

superior  to  opposition. 


An  irresit&bie  law  of  our  nature  imiwls  ' 


s  to  seek  hnppincss. 
J,  M.  Mason. 


IR-RE-SIST'I-HLY,  ada.    With  a  power  that,  can  not 

be  siirccs-fiith'  rc-sisted  or  opposed.  Drtjdcn. 

IR-RE-SIST'LESS,  a.    That  can  not  be  resisted. 

GlajwillG, 
IR-RES'O-I^U-BLE,  a.     [L.  in  and  rr-solvo.] 

Not  to  be  dissolved  ;  incapable  of  dissolution. 

Boyle. 
IR-RES'O-LTJ-BLE-NESS,  n.     The  quality  of  being 
indissoluble;  resistance  to  separation  of  pails  by 
lient.  Boyle, 

IR-RES'0-I.UTE,  a.    [in  and  resolute]    Not  firm  or 
constant  in  purpose  ;  not  decided  ;  not  determined  ; 
wavering  ;  given  to  doubt.    Irresolute  men  either  re- 
solve not  at  all,  or  resolve  and  re-resolve. 
IR-RES'0-LUTE-LY,affv.  Without  Iinuness  of  mind  ; 

without  decision. 
IR-KES'0-LUTE-NE?S,  n.    \Vant  of  firm  determina- 
tion or  purpose  :  vacillation  of  mind. 
IR-RES-O-LC'i'ION,  n.     [Fr. ;  in  and  rcsolutian.] 
Want  of  res(»lut!on  ;.  want  of  decision  in  jiurpose  ; 
a  fluctuation  of  mind,  as  in  doubt,  or  between  hope 
and  fear.  .dddisoTt. 

rc-RE-SOLV-A-RIL'I-TY,     )  n.   The  state  or  tpiality 
IR-RE-SOLV'A-BLE-NESS,  i     of  not  being  resolva- 
ble. 
IR-RE-?OLV'A-BLE,  a.    That  can  not  be  resolved, 
IR-RE-SOLV'ED-LY,  adv.     [in  and  resolved.]     With- 
out sottlcd  determination.     [Little  nscd.]         Boyle. 
IR-RE-Sri'.eT'IVE,  a.    [in  and  rcapecticc]     Not  hav- 
ing regard  to ;   with  of;  as,  irrespective  of  conse- 
quenct:s. 
2.  Not  regarding  circumstances.    [Obs.] 
Acoordin?  to  tlia  doctrine,  it  must  be  rfsolved  wholly  into  the 
tilwiftite,  irrtspeclive  wiU  oC  God.  Bacon. 

IR-RE-SPEGT'IVF^LY,  adv.  Without  regard  to ;  not 
taking  circumstances  into  consideration.  HammomL 

IR-RKSTI-RA-ULK,  a.  [in  and  re.^-pirahlc]  Unfit  fur 
respiration  ;  not  having  the  qualities  which  support 
animal  life  :  as,  irrrj^pinthh  air. 

IR-RE-SPONS-I-BIIVI-TY,  n.  Want  of  responsibil- 
ity. 

IR-RE-SPONS'I-BLE,  a.  [in  and  re.oponsible^]  Not 
responsible:  not  lialile  or  able  to  answer  for  conse- 
quence!;  not  answerable. 

IR-RE-5POXS'I-Bl.Y,  adv.  So  as  not  to  be  responsi- 
ble. * 

IR-RE-SUS'CI-TA-BLE,  a.  Not  capable  of  being  re- 
vived. 

IR-RE-SUS'CI-TA-BLY,  ado.  So  as  not  to  be  resns- 
ci  table. 

IR-RE-TENT'I\'E,  a.    Not  retentive  or  apt  to  retain. 

Shplton. 

IR-RE-TRaCE'.'V-BI.E,  a.    That  fan  not  he  retraced. 

IR-RE-TRIkV A-BLE,  a.  [in  and  raricvahU,  from  re- 
trieve.] Not  to  be  recovered  or  re;>air*'d  ;  irrecovera- 
ble ;  irreparnhl."  :  as,  an  irrrtrievahlc  loss. 

IR-RETUIkV'A-BLE-NESS,  ».  The  state  of  being 
irretrievable, 

iJ{-RE-TRlEV'A-BLY,  adv.  Irreparably;  irrecovera- 
bly ;  in  a  manner  not  to  be  regained.      Woodward. 

IR-Ri:-TrRN'A.in,E,  a.    Not  to  be  returned. 

IR-KIvVkAT/A-BLE,  a.     That  mav  not  be  revealed. 

IR-RE-VeAL'A-BLY,  adv.  So  as  not  to  be  revealable. 


IRR 

IR-REV'ER-ENCE,  n.  [L.  irreverentiai  in  and  revt- 
rcntia.     Sec  Revep.knce.] 

1.  W'ant  of  reverence,  or  want  of  veneration ;  want 
of  a  due  regard  to  the  authority  and  character  of  rlie 
^u|)r(nio  Being.  /rrrrCT*«icc  toward  God  is  analogous 
to  disrespect  toward  man. 

2.  The  state  of  being  disregarded  ;  applied  to  men. 
But  this  word  is  appropriately  applical)le  to  the  Su- 
preme Being,  and  to  his  laws  and  institutions. 

IR-REV'ER-JiNT,  «.  [Fr. ;  in  and  rcvercnr.]  Want- 
ing in  reverence  and  veneration  ;  not  entertaining  or 
manifesting  due  regard  to  the  Supreme  Being. 

2.  Proceeding  from  irreverence ;  cxprcssi\'c  of  a 
want  of  veneration  ;  as,  an  irreverent  thouglit,  word, 
or  phrase. 

3.  Wanting  in  respect  to  superiors,  Milton. 
IR-UEV'ER-ENT-LY,  adv.    Without  due  regard  to 

the  authority  and  character  of  the  Supremo  Being ; 
in  an  irreverent  manner. 
2.  W^ithout  due  respect  to  superiors. 

IR-RE-VEILS'I-BLE,  a.  [in  and  rcnersildc]  That  can 
not  be  reversed  ;  that  can  not  be  recalled,  repealed, 
or  annuliefl  ;  as,  an  irreversible  decree  or  sentence. 

IR-RE-VEUS'1-BLE-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  irre- 
versible. 

IR-RE-VERS'I-BLY,  ado.  In  a  manner  which  pre- 
cludes a  rover?:aI  or  repeal. 

lR-REV-0-€;A-IJIl/I-'rY,     )  «.    State  of  being  irrev- 

Hl-REVfO-CA-BLE-NESS,  j     ocable. 

IR-REVO-CA-BLE,  a.  [Fr.,  from  L.  irrcvocabilis ;  in 
and  revocabilis,  revoco  ;  re  and  zwco,  to  call.] 

Not  to  be  recalled  or  revoked  ;  that  can  not  bo  re- 
versed, repealed,  or  annulled ;  as,  an  irrevocable  de- 
cree, sentence,  edict,  or  doom;  irrevocable  fate  ;  an 
irrevocable  promifle.  '  Milton.    Dnidcn. 

IR-REVO-CA-BLY,  adv.  Beyond  recall;  in  a  man- 
ner precluding  repeal. 

IR-RE-VoK'A-HI.E,  a.  [in  and  rovokalle.]  Not  to 
be  recalled  ;  irrevocable.  J9siat.Res. 

IR-REV'0-LU-BLE,  a.  That  has  no  revolution.  [jYot 
used.]  Milton. 

IR'RI-GaTE,  v.  t.      [L.  irriffo;  in  and  rigoj  to  wa- 
ter.] 
1.  To  water ;  to  wet ;  to  moisten  ;  to  bedew. 

Rmf. 
9.  To  water,  as  land,  by  causing  a  stream  to  flow 
upon  it  and  spread  over  it. 

IR'RI-Ga-TED,  7j;j.    Watered;  moistened. 

IR'RI-Ga-'1"1NG,  ppr.  Watering;  wetting;  moisten- 
ing. 

IR-RI-Ga'TION,  n.  The  act  of  watering  or  moisten- 
ing. 

9.  In  afrricnlture,  the  operation  of  cansing  water  to 
flow  over  lands,  for  nourishing  plants. 

IR-RIG'U-OUS,  a.     [L.  irri^ns.    See  Irhioate.] 

1,  Watered ;  watery ;  moist. 

The  flowery  lap 
Of  some  irriguous  valley  epreixiis  her  stoic.  MilUm. 

2.  Dewy  ;  moist.  Pkilips. 
IR-RIS'ION,  (ir-rizh'un,)  n.  [L,  irrisioj  irrideo;  in  and 

rideo^  to  laugh.] 

The  act  of  laughing  at  another.  Woodieard. 

IR-Rt-TA-BIL'1-TY,  n,  [from  in-ituble,]  Suscepti- 
bility of  excitement ;  the  tiuality  of  being  easily  irri- 
tated or  exasperated  ;  as,  irritahiliti!  of  temper. 

2.  In  physiology,  (1.)  A  healthful  vital  susceptibility 
to  the  influence  of  natural,  medicinal,  and  mechani- 
cal agents,  and  the  power  of  responding  in  a  normal 
manner,  bdth  by  sensations  and  actions.  (2.)  A  mor- 
bid and  plainly  excessive  vital  susceptibility  to  the  in- 
tUiencc  of  natural,  medicinal,  and  mechanical  agents, 
and  a  capability  of  responding  only  by  vitiated  anJ 
abnormal  scnHaiions  and  actions. 

Tills  term  is  al^o  used  in  both  of  the  preceding 
ncceptalicms,  with  the  limitation  of  confinement  to 
susceptibility  of  actions,  in  contradistinction  from 
sensations.  Tally. 

IR'RI-TA-BLE,  a.  _  [from  in-itate.]  Susceptible  of  ex- 
citement, or  of  heat  and  action,  as  animal  bodies. 

2.  Very  susceptible  of  anger  or  passion ;  easily  iu- 
Hamed  or  exasperated  ;  as,  an  irritable  itmpcr. 

3,  In  physiology^  susceptible  of  irritation,  which 
see. 

In  ^neml,  tliere  is  DoUiin^  irritable  in  Uie  animal  body,  but 
the  muscular  Hbcni.  Holler.    Erieyc. 

IR'RI-TA-BLY,  adv.    In  an  irritable  manner. 

IR'RI-TAN-CY,  n.    The  state  of  being  irritant. 

IR'RI-TANT,  a.    Irritating. 

IR'RI-TANT,  Ti.  Ab  agent,  whether  natural,  medici- 
nal, or  mechanical,  which  produces  vitiated  and  ab- 
n.'iiinal  sensations  and  actions,  in  a  part  or  the  whole 
of  an  animal  system.  Tnlbj. 

IR'RI-'J'aTE,  v.  t.  [L.  in'ito  ;  in  and  ira,  wrath  ;  'W. 
!>«</,  pungency,  passion,  rage  ;  or  perhaps  more  prop- 
erly from  Svv.  reft:,  to  provoke  ;  G.  reitzen;  to  tickle, 
vcllicate,  irritate.] 

1.  To  excite  heat  and  redness  in  the  skin  or  flesh 
of  living  animal  bodies,  as  by  friction  ;  to  inflame  ; 
to  fret ;  as,  to  in-itate  a  wounded  part  by  a  coarse 
bandage. 

2.  To  excite  anger ;  to  provoke  ;  to  tease ;  to  ex- 
asiwrale.  Never  irritate  a  child  for  trifling  faults. 
The  insolence  of  a  tyrant  irritates  his  subjects. 


ISI 

3.  To  increase  action  or  violence;  to  highton  ex- 
citement in. 

Air,  if  very  coKI,  irritateth  the  flame.  iJicon. 

4.  In  physiology^  to  produce  irritation,  v.-hich  see. 
IR'HI-TaTE,  part.  a.    Excited  :  hl"htened. 
IR'RI-'1"a-TKD,  pp.  or  a.     Excited  ;  provoked  ;  sub 

jected  to  irritaticm. 

IR'RI-Ta-'J'L\G,  ppr.  or  a.  Exciting;  angering;  pio- 
vokingj  e;uising  irritation. 

IR-RI-'1'a'TK)N,  t[.  'J'he  op^^ralion  of  exciting  heal, 
action,  and  redness,  in  the  skin  or  flesh  of  living  an- 
imals, by  friction  or  other  means. 

2.  The  excitement  of  action,  in  the  animal  sys- 
tern,  by  the  application  of  food,  medicines,  and  tJift 
like. 

3.  Excitement  of  anger  or  passion  ;  provocation  , 
exasperation  ;  anger. 

4.  hi  physiology,:!  vitiated  and  abnormal  sensatioM 
or  action,  "or  both  in  conjunction,  produced  by  natii 
rnl,  medicinal,  or  mechanical  agents,  either  upiui  an 
unhealthy  state  of  the  vital  susceptibilities,  or  by  an 
excessive  or  otherwise  improper  use  or  application 
of  the  natural,  medicinal,  or  mechanical  agents. 

Tidhj. 

IR'RI-TA-TIVE,  a.    Serving  to  excite  or  irritate. 
2.  Accompanied   with  or  produced  by  increased 
action  or  irritation  ;  as,  an  irritative  fever.      Darwiiu 

IK'RI-TA-TO-RY,  a.  Exciting  ;  producing  irritation, 
which  see.  Hales. 

ni-RO-RA'TION,  71.     [L-  irroratio ;  in  and  ros.] 

The  act  of  bedewing ;  the  state  of  being  moistened 
with  dew.  SpaUanxanij  7'ratts. 

IR-RUP'TED,  a.  [L.  irj-uptits.]  Broken  with  vio- 
lence. 

IR-RUP'TION,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  irruj/tio  ;  in  and  ritm- 
po,  to  break  or  btirst.] 

-  1.  A  bursting  in;  a  breaking,  or  sudden,  violent 
rushing  into  a  place.  Holland  has  been  often  inun- 
dated by  irruptions  of  the  sea. 

9.  A  sudden  invasion  or  incursion  ;  a  sudden,  vio- 
lent inroad,  or  entrance  of  invaders  into  a  place  or 
country  ;  as,  the  irruption  of  the  northern  nations 
into  France  and  Italy. 

IR-RUP'TiVE,  a.    Rushing  in  or  upon. 

1$,  V.  i.  [Sax.  is;  G.  ist ;  1).  is ;  L.  est;  Gr.  etrri ; 
Sans,  asti ;  Pers.  est  or  hist.] 

The  third  person  singular  of  the  substantive  verb, 
which  is  composed  of  three  or  four  distinct  roots, 
which  appear  in  the  words  am,  be,  are,  and  is.  Is 
and  icas  coincide  with  the  Latin  esse,  and  Goth.  7vc- 
san.  In  the  indicative,  present  tense,  it  is  thus 
varied  ;  1  am,  lliou  art,  he,  she,  or  it,  is ;  we,  ye  or 
you,  they,  are.  In  writing  and  speaking,  the  vowel 
IS  often  dropped  ;  as,  he's  gone  ;  there's  none  left. 

IS'A-BEL,  71.    [Fr.  isabellc.] 

Isabel  yellow  is  a  brownish  yellow,  with  a  shade 
of  brownish  red.  Kirican. 

•  C;  A    r*  O  (^  '  r^  ) 

I-SA-GOC'I€iAL,  i  "'     fGr.  ticayoiyiKOi.] 

Introductory.  Qregmnj. 

I'SA-GON,  7F.     [Gr.  1505,  equal,  and  ywvia,  an  angle.] 

A  figure  whose  angles  are  etpiul. 
IS'A-TIS,  n.    In  zoUlogy,  the  arctic  fox,  or  Canis  lago- 

pus.  Kucyc. 

IS-€HI-AD'I€,  C's-ke-ad'ik,)  a.     [L.  ischiadieits,  from 

ischias,  the  sciatica,  from  ischium,  the  hip  ;  Gr.  nrxtof, 

icyiaSiKo^.] 
Pertaining  to  the  hip.    The  ischiadic  passion  or 

disease  is  ranked  by  Cnllen  with  rheumatism.    It  is 

a  rlicnmatic  or  neuralgic  affection    of  some    part 

about  (lie  hip  joint.     It  is  called  also  Sciatica. 
IS-eHU-RET'ie,   (Is-ku-ret'lk,)  a.      [See  Ischitry.] 

Having  the  quality  of  relieving  ischury. 
IS-eiIU-RET'l€,  71.    A  medicine  adapted  to  relieve 

ischury.  Coxc. 

IS'eilU-RY,  (is'ku-re,)  71.     [Gr.  to-xii-flid,  from  lo-xw, 

to  stop,  and  ovpoi',  urine.] 
A  stoppage  or  suppression  of  urine ;  different  from 

DvsuRY.  Coxc.    Kncyc. 

li'MINE,  I  "•     tG.  cism,  iron.] 

A  variety  of  titanic  ore,  a  compound  of  oxyd  of 
iron  and  titanic  acid.  Dana. 

ISH,  a  terriiination  of  English  words,  is,  in  Sax.  ise, 
Dan.  ish,  G.  isch  ;  and  not  improbably  it  is  the  termi- 
nation lif  csqur,  in  French,  as  in  grotcstfue.  It.  esco,  in 
grntesco,  and  the  Latin  termination  ot  the  inceptive 
verb,  as  in  fervcjico.  Annexed  to  English  adjeclivc^s, 
ish  denotes  diminution,  or  a  small  degree  of  the 
quality;  as,  whitish,  from  white;  yellotoish,  fwm  yel- 
low. 

/.^7(  annexed  to  names  forms  a  possessive  adjective, 
as  in  Swediffh,  Danish,  English. 

/y/i  annexed  to  common  nouns  forms  an  adjective 
denoting  a  participation  of  tiie  qualities  expressed  by 
the  noun,  as  foolish,  from  fool;  rogaishf  fiom  rogue; 
brittuih,  from  brute.  This  is  the  more  common  use 
of  this  termination. 

I'SI-GLE,  71.  A  pendant  shoot  of  ice,  is  more  gen- 
erally written  Icicle.     [See  Ice  and  Icicle.] 

I'SIN"GLXSS,  (iV.ing-gMss,)  n.  [That  is,  ise-  or  irr- 
gliss.]  A  substance  consisting  cliieiiy  of  gelatin,  of 
a  iirm  texture  and  whitish  color,  prepared  from  the 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MeTE.  PRKV.  — PINE,  MARKNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.- 
^6  ""^^ 


ISO 

sounds  or  air-bladders  of  certain  fresh-waler  fishes, 
particularly  of  the  huso,  a  fish  of  the  sturgeon  kind, 
found  in  the  rivers  of  Russia,  It  is  used  as  an  ag- 
glutinant,  and  in  fining  wines.  Enqic. 

T'gIN"GLXSS-ST6NE.     See  Mica, 

IS'LAM,  n.  The  relig:ion  of  Mohammed,  and  also  the 
whole  body  of  those  who  profess  it  throughout  the 
world.  Brande. 

IS'LAM-ISM,  n.  [from  U>e  Ar.  a.\aw  salania,  to 
be  free,  safe,  or  devoted  to  God.] 

Tile  true  faith,  according  to  the  Mohammedans ; 
Moiiamnifdism.  Enevc. 

IS-LAM-tT'ie,    a.     Pertaining   to    Islam ;    Moham- 
medan. JS.  E.  Sclisburtj. 
ISh'ANV,  a'land,)  n.      [Sax.  eal(md,  D.  G.   eilaitd. 
See  Ielano.] 
1.  A  tract  of  land  surrounded  by  water. 
9.  A  large  mass  of  floating  ice  is  called  an  island 
of  ice. 
ISL'AND-ER,  (I'land-er,)  n.     An  inhabitant  of  an 

island. 
ISLE,  (il3,)  71.    [Fr.  isle  or  tie,  from  It.  isola,  L.  in- 
sttlu.] 

I.  A  tract  of  land  surrounded  by  water,  or  a  de- 
tached portion  of  land  imbosomed  in  the  ocean,  in  a 
lake  or  river. 

The  itles  shull  wait  fur  Iiis  Uv.  —  U.  xlii. 

9.  A  passage  in  a  church.     [See  Aisle.] 
TS'LET,  (i'let,)  r.     A  little  isle. 

I-SO-CHEI'MAL,       I  a.    [Gr.  tcog,  equal,  and  x^'A^i, 
I-SO-CHI'xMEN-AL,  j     x^tfio}-.',  wmter.] 

Having  the  same  mean  winter  temperature. 

Projtt. 
Isochimenal  lines ;  lines  drav,-n  tlirough  places  liav- 
ing  the  same  mean  winter  temperature.   Humboldt. 
I-SO-CHRO-MAT'ie,  a.    [Gr.  ic.j,  equal,  and  xP^-H^'h 
color.] 

Having  the  same  color ;  a  term  applied  to  two 
rings,  curves,  or  lines,  having  the  same  color  or 
tint.  Brande. 

I-SOeH'RON-AL,    )  0.    [Gr.  ttrof,  equal,  and  xooi-oc, 
r-SOCH'RON-OUS,  i     time.] 

Uniform  in  time;  of  equal  time;  performed  in 
equal  times. 

An  isochro:iid  line,  is  that  in  which  a  heavy  body 
is  supposed  to  descend  with  a  uniform  velocity. 

Brande. 
Isochronal  vibrations  of  a  pendulum  are  such  as 
are  performed  in  the  same  space  of  time.     Brande. 
f-SOD'0-MON,  71.     [Gr.]     In   Grecian   architecture,   a 
construction  of  equal  thicknesses  and  equal  lengths. 

Elmes. 
IS'0-LaTE,  (Knowlts   gives    I'so-Iate  ;    Walker^  iz'o- 
late,)  V.  t.    [It.  isoUiy  an  isle  or  island.] 

1.  To  place  in  a  detached  situation  ;  to  place  by  it- 
self ;  to  insulate.  Med.  Repos. 

2.  In  electricity,  to  insulate,  which  see. 
IS'O-La-TED,  pp.  or  a.     [Fr.  isoli ;  It.  isolato,  from 

isola,  an  isle.] 

Standing  detached  from  others  of  a  like  kind; 
placed  by  itself  or  alone  ;  insulated. 

IS'o-La-TING,  ppr.  Placing  by  itself,  or  detached, 
like  an  isle  ;  insulating. 

IS-0-La'TION,  71.  State  of  being  isolated;  insula- 
tion. 

I-SO-MER'ie,  a.  Compounds  consisting  of  the  same 
elements  in  the  same  proportions,  but  with  different 
properties,  are  said  to  be  i.-;o)neric. 

T-SOM'ER-ISM,  7?.    [Gr.  niii,  equal,  and  fupn^,  part.] 
Id.-ntity  of  elements  and  proportions  with  diver- 
?itv  nf  properties. 

Ir^O'-MORPfl'ISM,  t7.  [Gr,  irros,  like,  and  ^oo^tj, 
form.] 

1.  The  quality  of  assuming  the  same  crj'stalline 
form,  though  composed  of  different  elements,  or 
proximate  principles,  yet  with  the  same  number  of 
equivalents. 

•X  The  quality  of  a  substance  by  which  it  is  capa- 
bl  ■  of  replacing  anotlier  in  a  compound,  without  an 
alteration  of  the  previous  crystalline  form  of  the 
comrvound.  Dana. 

I-.SO-MORPH'OUS,  a.  Having  a  different  composi- 
tion as  respects  elements,  or  proximate  principles, 
though  not  as  respects  number  of  equivalents,  but 
with  the  same  crystalline  form.  Ed.  Rev. 

I-SOX'O-MY,  n.     [Gr.  ifT-i^,  equal,  and  vi/105,  law.] 
Equal  law  ;  equal  distribution  of  rights  and  pnvi- 
l'=ir-'>.  Jilitford. 

I  Sd-PER-[-MET'RI€-AL,  a.  [See  IsoPF.RniBTRv.] 
Having  equal  perimeters  or  circumferences  ;  as,  iso- 
perunetrica}  figures  or  bodies, 

I-SO-PE-RIM'E-TRY,  71.  [Gr.  tro;,  equal,  Tttpi, 
around,  and  (iirijoi-y  measure.] 

In  geometry,  the  science  ot  figures  having  equal 
periiii'iters  or  boundaries. 

rsO-POD,  n.     [Gr.  it,,^  and  rjv?.] 

One  of  an  order  of  crustaceous  insects,  having  the 
legs  of  nearly  equal  sizL*,  and  fourteen  in  number. 

Partinirton. 

I-30P'0-DOTJS,  c  Having  the  characteristics  of  an 
isopod. 


ISS 


ITC 


rSO-P?RE,  71.     [Gr.  tff.jy  and  rrp.l 

A  silicate  of  alumina,  liinc,  and  peroxyd  of  iron. 
i-S03'CE-LeS,  (I.    [Gr.  taodKt'Kqi ;  icoi,  equal,  and 
(7t.-rAof,  leg.] 

A  term  applied  to  a  triangle  having  two  legs  or 
sides  only  that  are  equal. 
I-SO-STEM'0-N'OUS,  a.    In  botany,  having  an  equal 

number  of  stamens  and  pistils.  Lindley. 

T-SOTH'ER-AL,  a.  [Gr.  iaoj,  equal,  and  Oeaoi.  sum- 
mer.] 

Having  the  same  mean  summer  temperature. 
fsot/ieral  lines :  lines  passing  through  places  having 
the  same  mean  summer  temperature.       HumhoUlu 
r-SO-THERM'AL,  a.     [Gr.  io-oj,  equal,  proper,  and 
^conVi  heat.] 

Having  equal  degrees  of  heat. 
Jsot/iermal  linen;  lines  p;isslng  through  places  of 
equal  mean  temperature.  Humboldt. 

Isothermal  zonc.^ ;  spaces  on  opposite  siilci*  of  the 
equator  having  the  same  mean  temperature,  and 
bounded  by  corresponding  isothermal  lines. 

Brande. 
I-SO-TON'ie,  a.     [Gr.  iao<:,  equal,  and  mvog,  tone.] 
Having  equal  tones.    The  isoUmic  system,  in  mu- 
sic, consists  of  inter^'als,  in  which  each  concord  is 
alike  tempered,  and  in  whicli  there  are  twelve  equal 
semitones. 
IS'RA-EL-ITE,  7i.    A  descendant  of  Israel  or  Jacob ; 

a  Jew. 
iS-RA-EL-IT'ie,     )  a.    Pertaining  to  Israel. 
IS-RA-EL-iT'ISH,j  J.  P.  SmitJi. 

IS'SU-A-BLE,  {ish^shu-a-bl,)  a.  [from  issue.]  That 
may  be  issued.  In  law,  an  issuable  term  is  one  in 
which  issues  are  made  up.  Bladistone. 

IS'SUE,  (ish'shu,)  7i.  [Fr.  issue;  It.  uscio,  a  door,  and 
useire,  to  go  out.    It  may  coincide  in  origin  with 

Heb.  Ch.  NS%  Eth.  ®0A  watsa.] 

1.  The  act  of  passing  or  flowing  out ;  a  moving 
out  of  any  inclosed  place  ;  egress  ;  applied  to  water 
or  other  fluid,  to  smoke,  to  a  body  of  men,  &c.  We 
say,  an  issue  of  water  from  a  pipe,  from  a  spring,  or 
from  a  river ;  an  issue  of  blood  from  a  wound,  of  air 
from  a  bellows ;  an  issue  of  people  from  a  door  or 
house. 

2.  A  sending  out ;  as,  the  issue  of  an  order  from 
a  commanding  oilicer  or  from  a  court ;  the  issue  of 
money  from  a  treasury. 

3.  Event ;  consequence ;  end  or  ultimate  result. 
Our  present  condition  will  be  best  for  us  in  the  issue. 

4.  Passage  out ;  outlet. 

Tu  God  III?  Lord  belong  llie  issues  from  death.  —  Ps.  Ixviii. 

5.  Progeny  ;  a  child  or  children  ;  offspring  ;  as,  he 
had  issue  a  son  ;  and  we  speak  of  issue  of  the  whole 
blood  or  half  blood.    A  man  dies  without  issue. 

6.  Produce  of  the  earth,  or  profits  of  land,  ten- 
ements, or  other  property.  A  conveyed  to  IJ  all  his 
right  to  a  term  fur  years,  with  all  the  issues^  rents, 
and  profits. 

7.  In  surgery,  a  fontanel;  a  little  nicer  made  in 
some  pait  of  an  animal  body,  to  promote  discharges, 

Kncyc. 

8.  Evacuation  ;  discharge  ;  a  flux  or  running.  Lev. 
xii.    Matt.  i.\. 

9.  In  tor,  the  close  or  result  of  pleadings;  the  point 
of  matter  depending  in  suit,  on  which  the  parties 
join,  and  put  the  case  to  trial  by  a  jury,  and  are  hence 
said  to  join  issue.  Cowcl. 

10.  A  givinc  out  from  a  repository  ;  deUver}' ;  ;is. 
an  issue  of  rations  or  provisions  from  a  store,  or  of 
powder  from  a  magazine. 

IS'SUE,  (ish'shu,)u.  i,    [It  iiscire.    See  the  noun.] 

1.  To  pass  or  flow  out ;  lo  run  out  of  any  inclosed 
place  ;  to  proceed,  as  from  a  source ;  as,  water  issues 
from  springs  ;  blood  issues  from  wounds ;  sap  or  gum 
issues  from  trees  ;  light  issiics  from  the  sun. 

2.  To  go  out ;  to  rush  out.  Troops  issued  from  the 
town,  and  atlackeil  the  besiegers. 

;j.  'i"o  proceed,  as  progeny  ;  to  spring. 

Of  tliy  8ons  tint  shall  issue  from  thw. — 2  Kiu^  xx. 

1.  To  proceed;  to  be  produced;  to  ;irise  ;  to  grow 
or  accrue ;  as,  rents  and  profits  issuing  from  land, 
tenements,  or  a  capital  stock,  | 

5.  In  legal  pleadings,  lo  come  to  a  point  in  fact  or  | 
law,  on  which  the  parties  join  and  rest  th^'  decision 
of  the  cause.  Our  lawyers  say,  a  cause  issues  to  the 
court  or  to  tlie  jury  ;  it  issues  in  denmrrcr. 

(J.  To  close ;  to  end.  We  know  not  how  the  ca«se 
will  issue.  ,  . 

IS'SUE,  V.  t.  To  send  otit ;  lo  put  mto  circulation  ;  as, 
to  issue  money  from  a  treasury,  or  notes  from  a  bank. 

9.  To  scud  out;  to  deliver  from  authority;  as,  to 
issue  an  order  from  the  department  of  war ;  lo  visuc 
a  writ  or  precept.  , 

3.  To  deliver  for  use :  as,  to  issue  provisions  from 
a  store.  , 

IS'SU£D,  (ish'shudc,)  7>j>.  or  a.    Descended  ;  sent  ouU 

Shak. 
IS'SUE-LESS,  (ish'shu-Iess,)  a.     Having  no  issue  or 

proctnv  ;  wanting  children.  Shak. 

IS'SU-ER,  (ish'shu-cr,)  71.    One  who  issues  or  emits. 
IS'SU-LN'G,  (ish'shuing,)  ppr.     Flowing  or  passing 

out;  proceeding  from;  sending  out. 


IS'SU-ING,  (i«h'ibu-Ing,)  a.     A  flowtaj  (_• 
out. 

2.  Emi«jMon  ;  a  ^tk'/i:.^  >.k\   :-•  .  f  I.  .:.  .  - 
ISTH'.MI-A\.   t:  ' 

were  one  of  u 

called  bccauw-  < 

ISTII'ML'y,  (i-t  ; 

A  neck  or  n  . 

nentsareconii"  ■ 

to  the  main  land.    .^■. 

connects  titf^on  with 

But  the  word  Uappli' 

tent  between  iictu  :  a- 

connecLs  .Vorth  and  r 

between  the  Euxincri: 
IT,  pron.     {t^nx.  hit :  IJ.  A*:  ,  1^.  /*  .   ;. 

1.  A  Bubrililut';  or  proQcuri  of  lit- 
Bometimt^  c:dled  dem.,u-tr(i\.-. .  -:.■; 
thing  except  mak-it  ai 

with  all  diligence,  for  ■ 
Pron.  iv.     Here  ii  \a  Hi 

2.  It  is  mnch  u^;d  .1 
to  verbs  called  impm 
this  case,  there  U  nu   . 
can  be  referred. 

In  other  ca.sefl,  it  may  be  refcrrrd  ' 
or  some  other  word,    ir-  '.!  r  :..    1  .  • 

3.  Vcr>-  oft»-'n,  it  w  ' 
preceding  a  verb  as  a 
clause  or  distinct  m'  m 

well  ascertainf'd  thai  xh-^  '.  _ 
oblate  spheroid."    What  i«  ■■ 
answer  will  ^how:  Tin-  figi: 
late  spheroid  ;  it  [that]  is  W' 
represents  the  clause  of  the  ■ 
the  earth,"  &c.    If  the  ord^  r 
verted,  the  use  of  1/  U  super 
earth  is  an  oblate  splieroid  ;  ' 
It,  like  thai,  is  often  a  sub- 
clause of  a  sentence. 

4.  /;  often  begins  a  sentence,  wb«n  a 
pronoun,  or  the  name  of  a  person,  f  r  a  ■ 
noim  follov.'s.    It  is  X:  he  not  afra^il- 
who  hetnycd  Christ.    When  a  qu-   • 
follows  the  verb  ;  as,  who  was    ■ 
Christ  ? 

5.  It  is  used  also  for  the  state  of  a 

Eow  u  U.  with  Mr  scwnl '. 

5.  It  is  used  after  intransitive  verb*  v( : 
uitely,  and  sometimes  ludicrously,  but  ra: 
elevated  style. 

If  Abraham  brtwrht  sll  with  hirr. , 
w-ajk  il  tttck  Ijf  bii  plnuar?. 


The  L:ice(JennniUn4,  at  \hr  &\t-. 
uiiu  iaScd  tbem,  fou^l  U  but 


ai^--;. 


Whether  \iK  ckrnncr  linnr  it  or  taiax  it 

I-T.\L'I.\K.  (it-tal'ran,)  e.    Pertainin:  ■ 
I-T.\L'l-\Xi  (it-uU'yan,)  b.    .\  nativ- 

2.  The  lan^ii'ise  u^ed  in  Iialv,  or  '■ 
I-TAL'IAN-.ATK,Vit-i.il'yan-.'ii«:,)  c.  r.  To  r. 

ian,  or  cout'ormable  lo  ItalLin  cu^onM.   J^t 
I-TAI^IAX-IZK,  (it-ialyan-izc,)  r.  1.      i 

Italian  ;  to  speak  Italian. 
I-TAL'ie,  a.     Rclaimg  to  Italy  ;  apt 

to  a  kind  of  lyp-'  first  used  by  Ilai;       . 

hence  culled  Italics. 
T-TAL'I-CIZE,  p.  L    To  write  or  print  in  Iialir  eJnr- 

acters. 
I-T,VL'I-CIZ-£D,  pp.  or  a.  WriUcn  or 

letters. 
T-TAI/l-CIZ-IXG,  ppr.     Prinliri:  m 
I-TAL'I€S,  n.  pL     luUic  ItlKr^ 

ters  first  used  in  Italy,  and  ^ 

the  Una's  in  vkicA  tJiis  cLim 

used  to  disiing^tish  wonls  f.  r 

nntithL'sis,  fee. 
ITCH,  H.     l^ax.  gictMa;  D.  ^ 

iSi:^  *aw  ;  EUi.  rhTlVl  lutb,.    See  the  vr,;  .- 

1.  A  cutaneous  disease  of  tl.e  liuman  nr 

ins  in  small,  xralerr  pHstnl«  on  tlf  -^i- 
mi-(i  witli  an  uin-asiiK-ss  or  imtnf 
llic  p:iuent  lo  use  iricUim.  'lliis  d: 
hy  sonic  anlhors  lo  be  occasioneti  I 
a'spccies  of  Acanis,  as  Uic  microsr. 
insects  in  llic  vc^icic^  Others  sii]  , 
only  form  a  niiins  for  the  insects.  . 
taken  onlv  by  contact  or  contacion. 

2.  The  "sensati.in  in  Uie  skin  occasioned  hy  ibe  d«. 
case.  .      . 

3.  .\  constant  teasing  desire ;  as,  an  i.V-»  t  ■ 
an  iff  A  <vT  scribbling.  ' 

ITCH,  e.  t.     [C.  jurktn  ;  P.  jrtiirm,  to  itrb  f  i 

Ar.  i^  MUi.    Eth.  rhTlTl  »«i«l-  «>  ">'"»■ 
Hence  Ar.,  to  bo  affected  with  the  itch.    Class  Cf, 

'  T.  To  feel  a  rnrt'""'^r  nnc.isiocss  in  t^e  skin, 
which  inclines  the  |--rs..n  lo  scratch  tlio  put. 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE. -AN"GEK,  VI"CIOUS.-e  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  TIM.'.^ 


JAO 

a.  To  have  n  constant  desire  or  teasing  inclination  ; 
as,  itchinjr  cars.     2  Tim.  iv. 
[TCH'lNCf,  ppr.  or  a.     Having  a  scnsiition  that  calls 
for  scratching. 
3.  Haviiif"  a  constant  desire. 
ITCli'ING,  n.    The  stale  of  the  skin  when  ive  desire 
to  scratch  it.  Smart. 

?,  A  con-itaiil  teasinj;  ilesire. 
ITUII'Y,  a.    Iiifectoa  with  the  itch. 
I'TKM,  u./(!.     [L.  Unit,  also.] 

.Also;  a  word  used  when  soniflhing  is  to  bo  adilnl. 
I'TE.M,  H.    An  article  ;  a  separate  particular  in  an  ac- 
count.   Tlie  account  consists  of  many  items. 
2.  A  hint ;  an  innuendo. 
I'TEM,  P.  t.    To  make  a  note  or  uK-inoranduni  of. 

rTKMlNG,  ppr.     Making  a  nienioraiuluni  of. 
IT'EK-A-BLK,   a.      That    may   be  repeated.      [JVot 

used.]  Urowii. 

IT'EK-AXT,  a.    [See  Iterate.]     Uepealing;  as,  an 

iterant  echo.  Bacon. 

IT'ER-ATE,  v.  L     [L.  iteroj  to  repeat,  froui  iter,  a 

going.]  ,    . 

To  repeat;  lo  utter  or  do  a  second  time;  as,  to 

iterate  advice  or  admonition  ;  to  iterate  a  trespass. 
jT'ER-A-TEDjiv'.     Repeated. 
IT'ER-A-TiNG,  j'pr.    Repeating;   uttering  or  doing 

over  again. 
IT-ER-A'TION,  H.     [I,,  iteratio.] 

Repetition  ;  recital  or  performance  a  second  time. 
IT'ER-A-TIVE,  fl.    Repeating.  [Bacon. 

T-TTV'KirA  rv.  <f.     Prirtirfof  itinerating. 


JTIiis  h'ller  lia<!  lieen  added  to  tlie  English  alpha- 
•  bet  in  modern  days ;  the  letter  i  being  written 
formerly  in  words  wliere  j  is  now  used,  ft  seems 
to  have  had  the  sound  of  ij  in  many  words,  as  it  still 
ha:>  in  the  German.  'J'lic  English  sound  of  this  letter 
may  bn  expressed  by  <hh  or  tdzh,  a  compound  sound 
coinciding  exactly  with  that  of  a  in  ^cniiut;  the 
French  j,  with  the  articulation  d  precedmg  it.  It  is 
the  tenth  letter  of  the  English  alpliabct. 

JAU'BER,  u.  7.   [li. /rabbrrcn,  ov  l''r.  jahotcr.  Class  Gb.] 
To  talk  rapidly  or  indistinctly  ;  to  chatter  j  to  prate. 

Swifi. 

JAB'BER,  71.  Rapid  talk  with  indistinct  utterance  of 
words.  Swifl, 

JAB'lJER-ER,  n.  One  that  talks  rapidly,  indistinctly, 
or  uninteHi<;ibly. 

JAU'BER-I\G,  ppr.  or  o.  Prating  ;  talking  rapidly 
and  confusedly. 

JAB'BER-ING,  n.    Confused  talk  or  prating. 

JABOJER-ING-LY,  adv.  In  a  confused  or  jabbering 
manner. 

J  Mi'HER-MENT,  n.    Idle  prate.     [Ohg.]       Mlton. 

J  AII'I-RIJ,  71.  A  genus  of  grallatory  or  wading  birds, 
the  Mycieria  of  LinuTus.  Its  habits  arc  entirely  the 
same  with  those  of  the  sturl:.  P.  Ct/c. 

J.\e'A-MXR,  n.  One  of  a  -zenus  of  brilliant  Iiirds,(Gal- 
bula,)  allied  tothekingfisliers,  but  differing  from  iliem 
in  tiie  form  of  their  heak  and  feet.  Their  plumaiie 
has  a  metallic  luster  which  it  is  impossible  to  iniilate 
J)y  art.    They  are  found  in  tropical  climates.  Ctuicr. 

Ja'CENT,  a.     [L.  jaccns,jaeeOf  to  lie.] 

l.yinc  at  length.  Wotton, 

Ja'CINTH,  71,  [A.  different  orthography  of  Htaci  nth.] 
A  species  ol  pellucid  gems.  [See  IJtacinth.1 
Rer.  xxi. 

JACK,  n,  [:eA-u,  in  Ethiopic,  is  the  pronoun  he  or 
she] 

1.  A  nickname  or  diminutive  of  John,  used  as  a 
general  term  of  contempt  for  any  saiicy  or  paltry 
fellow.  Johnson. 

2.  The  name  of  an  instnmicnt  tliat  supplies  tht! 
place  of  a  boy  ;  an  instrument  to  pull  ofl"  boots. 

„    .  H^atts. 

3.  A  portable  machine  for  niising  great  weights 
through  a  small  space.  Hebcrt. 

■1.  An  engine  to  turn  a  spit;  as,  a  kitchen  jac/c;  a 
smoke  jack. 

5.  A  young  pike.  Mortimer. 

(..  A  coat  01  mail.  [Sp.  xaco^  xaqncta.]    Hmjward. 

7.  A  pitcher  of  waxed  leather.  Dnjdcn. 

H.  A  small  bowl  thrown  out  for  a  mark  to  tlie 
bowlers. 

£).  Part  of  a  musical  instrument  called  a  virginal. 

.rt    _,,  Bacon. 

10.  The  male  of  certain  animals,  as  of  the  ass. 
[Arm.  ozach,  a  husband.]  JlrbnUinot. 

U.  A  horse  or  wooden  frame  on  which  wood  or 
timber  is  sawed.  Ain^-worUi. 

12.  In  sea  lana-ua^e^  a  flag,  ensign,  or  colors,  dis- 1 
played  from  a  staff  on  the  end  of  a  bowsprit. 

Jitar.  Did.      I 


JAO 

I-TIN'ER-AN-CY,  n,    A  passing  from  place  to  place. 

//.  More. 

I-TIN'ER-ANT,  a.     [L.  iter,  a  way  or  journey.] 

I'assinj;  or  tiaveling  about  a  country  ;  wandering  ; 
not  s(-ttled  ;  as,  an  itinerant  preacher. 

I-TIN'ER-.'\NT,  11.  One  who  travels  from  place  to 
place,  particularly  a  jirearher  ;  one  who  is  unsettled. 

T-TIN'ER-AN'J'-LV,  udi\  In  an  uiisirttled  or  wander- 
im;  manner. 

I-TI.\'ER-A-RY,  «.  [Fr.  itincraire  ;  I,ow  I.,  itinrrari^ 
w'«,  from  iiCTy  a  going.] 

An  account  of  travels,  or  of  places  and  their  dis- 
tances ;  as,  the  Itinerary  of  Antoninus. 

I.TL\'ER-A-RV,  a.  Tmveling  ;  passing  from  place 
to  place,  or  done  on  a  journey.  Bacon. 

T-TIN'ER-ATE,  7'.  £.  [1,.  iter,  a  going;  Z.ow  L.  itin- 
era.] 

'i'o  travel  from  place  to  jilace,  particularly  for  the 
purfKise  of  preaching,  lecturing,  &-c. ;  lo  wander 
without  a  settled  habitation. 

IT-SELF',  yron.  [it  and  self.]  The  neutral,  recipro- 
cal iironoun,  or  substitute  applied  to  things.  The 
thing  is  good  in  itself;  it  stands  by  itself. 

Uorrowiri^  of  fomigiiora,  in  itself,  m^kes  not  tlii:  kingOoui  licli 
or  i)oor.  Locke. 

IT'TRI  A,   I  71.     A  non-acid  compound  of  the  metal 
V'r''I'RI-A,  \      lltrium  or  Yttrium  with  oxygen. 
IT'TRl-UiM,  V.     Better  \\'iittcu  Vithium,  unless  yitriu 
should  be  written  ittria.    A  brittle  metal  of  u  Hcaly 
texture,  a  grayish-black  color,  and  a  perfectly  metal- 
lic luster.    Its  oxyd,  called  ittria  or  yttria,  was  ti\9- 


J. 


in.  In  YorJcshirc,  halt  a  pint.     Orose.    A  quarter 
of  a  pint.  PfSS^- 

M.  In  mechanics^  a  machine  used  for  raisini:  heavy 
weights.  Bravde. 

15.  In  botany^  the  Tsjaca  or  Actocarpus  integrifolia, 
a  s|»ecJes  of  rlie  bread-fruit-tree.  Brande. 

J().  A  term  often  applied  to  seafaring  men. 

Jack  at  all  trades;  a  person  who  can  turn  his  hand 
to  any  kind  of  business. 

Jack  btj  the  hrdifc  :  a  plant  of  the  genus  Erysimum, 
that  firows  under  hedges.  Fam.  of  Plants: 

Jack  in  a  box  ;  a  plant  of  the  genus  Hemandia. 

2.  A  large  wooden  male  screw  turning  in  a  female 
one.  Mar.  Diet. 

Jack  iDith  a  lantern  ;  an  ignis  fatuus,  a  meteor  that 
appears  in  low,  moist  lands. 

Jack  vfthc  clock-house  ;  a  little  man  that  strikes  the 
quarters  in  a  clock. 
JACK-A-DAN'DY,  iu      A  little  foppish,  impertinent 

fellow. 
JACK'AL,  7(.     [Sp.  cltacal ;  Turk,  ckical.] 

An  animal  of  the  genus  Canis,  resembling  a  dog 
and  a  fox  ;  a  native  of  Asia  and  Africa.  It  preys  on 
poultry  and  other  small  animals,  and  upon  the  bodies 
of  the  dead  on  the  lield  of  battle,  it  is  the  Canis  au- 
reus of  Linuicus.  Encye.  Oyc. 
JACK'A-LEXT,  ti.  Ori^iiialbj,  a  sort  of  puppet  thrown 
at  in  Lent,  like  Shrovetide  cocks.  Hence,  a  boy,  in 
ridicule.  Sliak.  Todd. 
JACK'A-NaPES,  7i.     [jack  and  ape.]     A  monkey  ;  an 

9.  A  coxcomb;  an  impertinent  fellow.  [ape. 

A  young  uiJStartjoctoncpes.  ArbulJinot. 

J.-ICK'-aRCII,  n.    An  arch  of  the  thickness  of  one 

brick.  Buchanan. 

JACK'XSS,  71.    The  male  of  the  ass. 

2.  A  dolt ;  a  blockhead. 
JACK'-BLOCK,  71,    A  block  used  in  sending  top-gal- 

laut-masts  up  and  down.  Dana. 

JACK'-BOOTS,  n.p^  [Sec  Jack,  No.  C]    Large  boots 

reaching  above  the  knee,  and  serving  to  protect  llie 

leg.  Spectator, 

JACK'DAW,  71.    [jack  and  daw.]    A  bird  of  the  genus 

Corvus,'  thievish  and  mischievous  to  tlie  fanner. 

Kncyc. 
JACK'ET,  71.     [Sp  zaqucta,  a  short,  loose  coat ;  xaco, 

a  short  jaci\i,. ,   raouetilUij  a  jacket;  Fr.  jatjucttc; 

Basque,  jacaya.] 
A  short,  close  garment,  worn  by  males,  extending 

downward  to  the  hips  ;  a  short  coat. 
JACK'ET-ED,  a.     Wearing  a  jacket. 
JACK'-FLAG,   ;(,    A  flag  hoisted  at  tlie  spritsail  top- 
mast-head. Encye. 
JACIv'-KETCII,  7(.     In  England^  a  pviblic  executioner 

or  hangman. 
JACK'KNIFE,  (-nif.-,)  n.    A  large,  strong  clasp-knife 

for  the  pDckft. 
J.\CK'-PLaNE,  71.     A  plane  about  eighteen   inches 

lone,  used  by  joiners  for  coarse  work.         Oicilt. 
JACK'-PUD-Dli\G,  Tt.  {jack  and  puddinrr.]     A  lucrry- 

andrew  ;  a  bujfoon  ;  a  zany.  ^  Out/. 


3  AC 

covered  by  Professor  Gadolin,  in  1794,  iu  a  mineral 
found  at  Vtterby,  in  Sweden. 

I'VO-RY,  71.     [Fr.  ii'oire;  It.  avorin  ;  L.  cbur.] 

The  tusk  of  an  elephant,  a  hard,  solid,  liiie-graiui^d 
substance,  of  a  lino  white  color.  This  tooth  is  some- 
times six  or  seven  feel  iit  leng'h,  hollow  from  the 
lia.^e  to  a  certain  highl,  and  tilled  uilli  a  conijtarl, 
medullary  substance,  seeming  lo  contain  a  gri-at 
nnmbiT  of  glands.  The  ivory  of  Ceylon  is  not  yo 
liable  to  become  j-ellow  in  wearing,  and  hence  is 
preferred  to  that  of  Guinea,  Kncyc. 

The  name  ivonj  is  also  given  to  ihe  tusks  or  teeth  of 
cerlainotheranimals,  a.^ the  walrus,  narwhal,  \-c.  Urr. 

I'VO-RY,  a.    Consisting  of  ivory;  made  of  ivory  ;  as, 
an  ivory  cond). 
2.  White,  hard,  or  smooth,  like  ivory. 

rVO-RY-Bl.ACK,  71.  A  kind  of  charcoal  in  powder, 
made  by  charring  ivory  or  bones.  Danii. 

rVO  RV-NUT,  7(.  The  nut  of  a  species  of  palm, 
(till:  Phytclephas  maerocarpa,)  often  as  !art;e  as  a 
hen's  egg,  consisting  of  a  close  grained  and  vny 
hard  substance,  resembling  the  finest  ivory  in  texture 
and  color,  and  often  wrought  into  ornamental  work. 

rVY,  71.     [Sax.  i/i^';  G.  cphcu.]  [SiUiman. 

An  epiphytic  plant  of  the  genus  Ilcdera,  which 
cfiseps  along  the  ground,  or,  if  it  finds  supjKirt,  rises 
on  trees  or  buildings,  climbing  to  a  great  hight. 

Dlri'ct  till!  cla!:piiijf  iwy  whor>^  lo  cliinl),  MUton. 

I'VY  7''D    i 

rvi-i'i)  '  i  0'^''*'')  "•    Overgrown  with  ivy.     IFarlon. 
T'VV-MAN'TLf:r>,  a.     rnv.r.-d  with  iiy 


JACK'-SAUCE,  71.     A  saucy  fellow. 

JACK'SMiTIl,  71.  A  smith  who  makes  jacks  for  the 
chiinney. 

JAC'O-BIN,  77.  [So  named  from  the  place  of  meeting, 
which  was  the  monastery  of  the  monks  called  Jnci}- 
bincs.] 

The  Jacobins,  in  France,  during  the  revolution  of 
1789,  were  a  society  of  violent  levohitiouists,  \\  ho 
held  secret  meetings  in  which  measures  were  concert- 
ed to  direct  the  proceedings  of  the  National  Assembly, 
ilcnce,  a  Jacobin  is  the  member  of  a  ehili,  or  oth- 
er jierson,  who  ojjposes  government  in  a  secret  and 
unlawful  manner,  or  by  violent  means  ;  a  turbulent 
demagogue. 

JACO-BIN,  a.     Tlie  same  as  Jacobinical, 

JACO-BIN,  71.     A    monk  of  the   order  of  Domini- 
cans. 
2.  A  pigeon  with  a  high  tuft.  .^insworth. 

JAG-O-BIN'ie,         )  fl.    Resembling  the  Jacobins  of 

JAC-O-BIN'ie-AL,  (  France  ;  turbulent  ;  discon- 
tented with  government ;  holding  democratic  priu- 
ci|)les. 

JAC-O-BIN'IG-AL-LY,  adc.  In  a  manner  resembling 
the  Jacobins. 

JA€'0-IiIN-lSM,  71.  Jacobinic  principles;  unreasona- 
ble or  vitdent  opposition  to  legitimate  government ; 
an  attempt  to  overthrow  or  change  government  by 
secret  cabals  or  irregular  means  ;  popular  turbu- 
lence. 

JAC'O-BIN-IZE,  V.  t.    To  taint  with  Jacobinism. 

Burke. 

JAG'0-BIiV-IZ-^;D,  pp.     Tainted  with  Jacobinism. 

JAC'O-BIN-TZ-ING,  ppr.  Infecting  with  Jacobinic 
principles. 

JAC'O-BIN-LY,  adr.    In  the  manner  of  Jacobins. 

JA€'0-BITE,  71.  [from  Jucubn.-i,  James,]  A  partisan 
or  adherent  of  James  II.,  king  of  England,  after  he 
abdicated  the  throne,  and  of  his  descendants  ;  of 
course,  an  opposer  of  the  revolution  in  1GS8,  in  fa- 
vor of  William  and  Mary.  BoUngbrnhe. 

2.  One  of  a  sect  of  Christians  in  Syria  and  Meso- 
potamia, who  hold  that  Jesus  Christ  had  but  one  na- 
ture ;  so  named  Irom  Jacob  Baradzi,  their  distin- 
guished leader,  in  the  sixth  century.      Murdock. 

J.A.C'O-BITE,  fl.  Pertaining  to  the  partisans  of 
James  II. 

JAC-O-BITaC-AL,  fl.     BL-hmging  to  the  Jacobites. 

JACO-BIT-ISiM,  n.  Tht-  principles  of  the  i>aMisans 
of  James  II.  .Mason. 

Ja'COB'S-LAD'DER,  71.  A  plant  of  Ihe  genus  Smi- 
lax,  Dciccy''s  Mass.  Rep. 

2.  In  naval  affairs,  a  rope-ladder  with  wooden  steps 
for  going  aloft.  Brande. 

Ja'COB'S-STAFF,  71.    A  pilgrim's  staff. 

2.  .\  stafi'  concealing  a  dagger. 

3.  A  cross-staff;  a  kind  of  astrolabe.       Johnson. 
JA-Co'BUS,  71.     [L.  Jacobus,  James.]     A  gold  coin, 

value  twenty-five  shillings  sterling,  struck  in  the  nign 
of  James  I.  L^Estra/nrr. 

J.\e'0-NET,  71.  A  light,  soft  muslin,  of  an  open  tex- 
ture, used  for  dresses,  neckcloths,  Slc. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL.  WHAT.  — MkTE,  PREY.— PL\E,  .MARKNE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.— 
6^8  "  ' 


JAI 

JAC-QUXUD',  gakkiiTcS',)  w-  Ari  appendage  to  a 
Inoiu,  lor  weaviiif;  fimsred  C(nnls,  bolh  silk  aiiU  cot- 
ton.    It  has  also  hci-.n  applied  to  carpels. 

J.Ve'TA.X-CV,  R.     [L.  Jactaiitia.] 
A  boaiitins.     U</'ot  uscil.] 

JAC-TI-Ta'TION,  71.  [L.  jactitvy  jnclo.  It  ought 
nitlier  to  1)0  Jactation,  \j.  jacUiiio.^ 

1.  A  tossing  lit  the  body;  restlessness.     Ilarccy. 

2.  Vain  bo;istinc;. 

;j.  A  term  in  tlie  canon  law  for  a  false  pretension 
to  inarriase.  Johnson. 

JAe'U-LATE,  t:.  t,     [L.  jacuhr.] 
'J'o  dart. 

JA€-r-L.\'TION,  n.  The  action  of  darting,  tbrowing, 
or  laiiiichinsr,  as  inis:*ive  weapons.  Mtlion. 

JA€'li-L.\-TOU,  H.  Tlie  shooting-fish,  a  spccirs  of 
CliKtodon,  found  in  hot  climates.  !t  feeds  on  in- 
sects, which  it  procures  by  shooiinf;  or  ejecting  a 
drop  of  water  through  its  tubular  siiout  with  such 
precision  as  to  disable  its  prey  and  cause  it  tti  fall 
into  the  water.  P.  Cue. 

JAC'TI-LA-TO-RY,  a.  Darting  or  throwing  out  sud- 
denly, or  suddenly  thrown  out ;  uttered  in  short  sen- 
tences.    [See  Ejaculatokv.] 

JADE,  71.  [Of  unknown  origin.  Clu..  Sp.  jadcar,  to 
pant.] 

1.  A  mean  or  poor  horse  ;  a  tired  horse  ;  a  worth- 
less nag. 

Tired  as  a  jade  in  overlondon  cart.  Sirlitey. 

2.  A  mean  woman;  a  word  of  contempt,  noting 
sometimes  age,  but  generally  vice.  JoAh^oh. 

She  shines  Uic  first  &f  battered jadfs.  SAfl. 

3.  A  young  woman,  in  irony  or  slight  contompt. 

Mddison. 

JADE,  n.  A  mineral,  called  also  Nephrite,  or  Ne- 
phritic Stone,  remarkable  for  its  hardness  and  te- 
nacity, of  a  color  more  or  less  green,  and  of  a  resinous 
or  oily  aspect  wlien  polished.  It  is  fusible  into  a 
glass  or  enamel.  It  is  usually  found  in  connection 
with  talcose  rocks.  Werner.    Jameson.     Dana. 

JADE,  r.  t  To  tire  ;  to  fatigue  ;  to  weary  with  hard 
sen'ice ;  as,  to  jade  a  horse. 

2.  To  wearj*  with  attention  or  study ;  to  tire. 

The  minil,  once  jaded  by  an  riltpinpt  alwve  its  power,  is  wry 
kirdly  broujlil  to  exert  its  force  a^in.  Locke, 

3.  To  harass  ;  to  crush.  Shnfc. 

4.  To  tire  or  wear  out  in  mean  ofiices ;  as,  a  jaded 
groom.  Sliak. 

5.  To  ride  ;  to  rule  with  tyranny. 

I  do  not  DOW  fool  myself,  to  let  imagination /ofie  me.       i>hak. 

JaDE,  V.  u  To  become  weary ;  to  lose  spii'lt ;  to 
sink. 

They  are  promising' in  the  beginning,  but  they  fail,  and_/fl//f,  and 
liru  in  the  prosecution.  South. 

JaD'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Tired  ;  wearied  ;  fatigued  ;  har- 
assed. 

JAD'ER-V,  tu    The  tricks  of  a  jade.  Bcaum, 

jAD'i^G,  ppr.    Tiring;  wear\-ing  ;  harassing. 

JAD'ISH,  a.    Vicious  ;  bad  ;  like  a  jade ;  applied  to  a 
iiorse. 
2.  Unchaste  ;  applied  to  a  woman.    L^Estran:Tp, 

JAG,  n.     [Sp.  za^a,  a  load  packed  on  the  back  part  of 
a  carriage.    Qu.] 
A  small  load.  Forbij. 

[Local  in  England,  sometimes  used  in  America. 
See  also  Jagg.] 

JAGG,  V.  t.  [perhaps  G,  zacken,  a  toolh  ;  a  pr.;:;"  ;  to 
indent ;  Sw.  tag^^  a  sharp  point.] 

To  notch;  to  cut  into  notches  or  teeth  like  ihoso 
of  a  saw. 

JAGG, }  n.    A  notch ;  a  ragged  protuberance ;  a  dcn- 

JAG,    (     ticulation.    In  botany^  a  cleft  or  division. 

Martfjn. 

J.\G'GED,pp.    Notched;  uneven. 

2.  a.  Having  notches  or  teeth;    cleft;    divided; 
laciniate  ;  as,  ja^tred  leaves. 

JAG'GED-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  denticiiiatrd  ; 
unevenness.  Pcachom. 

JAG'GER,  71.  A  brass  v.heel  for  cutting  cakes.  [See 
JAGcirfG-tRON.]  Encijc.  Dom.  Ee. 

JAG'GER-Y,  n.  In  Iitdia,  dark,  coarse  sugar  made  of 
the  juice  of  palms.  Malcom. 

JAG'GING,  ppr.  Notching;  cutting  into  teeth;  di- 
viding. 

JAG'GING-I-RON,  (-i'urn,)  n.  A  brass  wheel  witli  a 
notched  or  jagged  edge  for  cutting  cakes  or  jiastry 
into  ornamental  figures. 

JAG^GY,  a.    Set  wjih  teeth  ;  denticulated  ;  uneven. 

Addison. 

JAG'»IKE,(jag'ger,)Ti.  Adistricl  of  land,  or  tlic  pnid- 
uct  thereof,  assigned  by  the  East  Indian  govern- 
ment to  an  individual,  commonly  for  the  su|)prirt  of 
some  public  establishment,  particularly  of  a  itiilit;iry 
nature.  Mulcom. 

JAG'HIRE-DAK,  n.     A  person  holding  a  jaghire. 

JAG-IJ-aR',7(.  The  American  tiger,  or  otmcc  of  Braxil, 
(the  Felis  unca^)  a  large  and  ferocious  animal  of  South 
.\merica.  "  P.  Cue. 

JXH,  71.  [Ileb.  n\]     Jehovah. 

JaIL,  71,  [Fr.  geolc;  Arm.  ^eol  or  jol ;  Hp.  jf /»///,  a 
cage,  a  C(dl.  Sometimes  written  very  improperly 
Gaol,  and  as  improperly  pronounced  Gole.J 


JAN 


JAS 


A  prrsoii;  a  liuiltimg  or  place  for  the  confinement 

ol  persons  arrested  for  debt  or  for  crime,  and  held  in 

the  custody  of  ilie  sheriff. 
J.\II/-KIR1),  (-hurd,)  71.  A  prisoner ;  one  who  has  been 

confined  in  prison. 
JAIL'ER^  "■    '*'**-'  lf<^cpcr  of  a  prison. 
JaUj'-Kk-VER,  11.  A  dangerous  and  often  fatal  fever, 

generated  in  jails  nud  other  places  crowded  wi(h 

people. 
JAKES,  n.     [du.  T^  jaeio,  lo  throw.] 

A  house  of  office  or  back-house  ;  a  privy.      Swiji, 
JAL'AP,  V.     rPorL  jalapa  :    Fr.  jainp  ;  ^p.  zaUxpa  ;   so 

called  from  Xalapa,  a  province  in  Mexico,  whence  it 

is  imported. 
The  root  of  a  plant,  a  species  of  Convolvuluo.    It 

is  brought  in  thin  transverse  slices,  and  also  whole,  of 

an  oval  shape,  hard,  solid,  and  heavy.     It  has  little 

or  no  Uaste  or  smell,  but  is  much  used  in  powder  as  a 

cathartic.  q^^. 

J.^L' A-PIN,  n.  A  vegetable  proximate  principle  ulT  the 

oflicinal  Jalap. 
J.\iM,  j(.    A  conserve  of  fruits  boiled  with  sugar  and 

water. 
2.  A  kind  of  frock  for  ciiildren. 
JAM,  V.  t.  [Russ.  jc7n,  a  press;  j'thk,  to  press.] 

1.  To  press;  to  crowd;  to  stiueeze  light;  to 
wedge  in. 

2.  In  England,  to  tread  hard  or  make  firm  by  trcad- 
ing,  as  land  by  cattle.  Grose. 

JAM,    j  71.  Among  the  lead  miners  of  Mcndip,  a  thick 

J.\iMB,  S  bed  of  stone,  which  binders  them  when  pur- 
suing the  veins  of  ore.  Cijr. 

JA-M.yci-NA,  {  11,      [from  Jamaica.]      An    alkaloid 

JA-MAI'CIN,  )  obtained  from  the  .Andua  inemiis, 
or  cabbage-bark-treo  of  the  West  Indies. 

JA-MaI'€A  I'El'l'KR.     See  Allspice. 

JAMR,  (jam,)  ».  [Ft.jambCj  a  leg ;  jaw6f.*  rfe /yra-,  a 
corbel  or  pier ;  It.  <-'amba,  a  leg  :  sambn.  a  stem  or 
stalk.] 

i.  In  arckiteclure,  a  supporter;  the  side-piece  or 
post  of  a  door ;  the  side-piece  of  a  fin;place. 

2.  A  pillar  to  support  tlie  superior  part  of  a  build- 
ing. P2lmfs. 

JAM-BEE',  71.  A  name  formerly  given  to  a  fashiona- 
ble cane.  Taller. 

JAM'BEUX,  C?.ham'boo,)  7i.  [Supra.]  Annor  for  the 
less.     [Obs.]  Dnjden. 

JAM'M/Jl),  (jamd,)7jp.    Pressed  ;  crowded. 

JA'ME-SON-iTE,  7(.  [from  Prof.  Jameson.]  A  steel- 
gray  ore  of  antimony  and  lead. 

JAM'MING,  p/»r.    Pressing;  crowding;  wedging  in. 

JANE,  11.     A  coin  of  Genoa.      [See    Jean.] 

SpCltSCT. 

2.  A  twilled  cotton  cloth.    See  Jeak. 
JAN"GLE,  (jang'gl,)  v.  i.     [G.  zunkcn.] 

To  quarrel  in  words ;  to  altercate ;  to  bicker ;  lo 
wrangle.  Slmk. 

JAN"GLE,r.  (.  To  cause  to  sound  untunably  or  dis- 
cordantly. 

E'er  monkish  rhymes 
Had  jangled  th-.-ir  f.inUisiic  chimes.  Prior. 

JAN"GLE,  (jang'gl,)  v.  jOld  Yr.  jangle.]  Prate; 
babble  ;  discordant  sound  ;  contention.        Milton. 

JAN"(ILER,  ;/.    A  wrangling,  noisy  fellow. 

JAN"GLING, /»/>r.  Wrangling;  quarreling;  sounding 
discordantly. 

JAN"GLING,  n.    A  noisy  dispute;  a  wrangling. 

JAN'I-TOR,  71.     [U]     A  door-keeper;  a  porter, 

tVitr:on. 

JAN-I-Za'RI-AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Janizaries,  or 
their  government.  Burke* 

JAN'I-ZA-RY,7(.  [Turkish,  7jcni;>kcri;  y cni  and  asJiari^ 
new  troops.    Eton.] 

A  soldier  of  the  Turkish  fool-guards.  The  Jani- 
zaries were  a  body  of  infantry,  and  n'pnted  the 
grand  seigiior's  guards.  'I'hey  l)t;came  turbulent, 
and,  rising  in  arms  against  the  sulian,  were  attacked, 
dei'cated,  and  destroyed  in  Constantinople,  in  June, 

JAN'NOCK,  71.     Oat-bread.     [Locnl.] 

JAN'SEN-ISM,  11.  The  doclrnie  of  Janscn  in  regard 
to  free  will  and  grace. 

JAN'SEN-IST,  M.  A  follower  of  Cornelius  Janscn.  a 
Roman  Catholic  bishop  of  Ypres,  in  Flaiulers,  who 
denied  free  will,  and  held  to  irresistible  grace  and 
limited  atonement.  EncycSm, 

JANT.     See  Jaunt. 

JANT'I-LY,  a</u.  [Xxom  janUj.]  Rriskly ;  airily; 
gayly. 

JXNT'I-NESS,  n.    Airiness  ;  flutter  ;  briskness. 

J.\NT'Y,  a.  [Fr.  itcntil.]  Airy;  showy;  IhUtering; 
finical.  Hobbej. 

JAi\'U-A-RY,  7t.  [Ir.  frionbhar,  or  ^lonrrtr;  Russ. 
/Tcnvar;  Fr.  janryicr ;  It.  ^rnnnio  ;  Sp.  cnero;  Port. 
Janeiro;  h.  janitarius.  It  Is  evident,  i'cvm  Iho  Irish 
and  Russian  words,  that  Uie  first  syllable  vf  January 
is  from  the  root  of  L.  ^enoj  to  beget,  Eng.  to  firj-in, 
Sax.  (in-iHHrtH.  Fflr  is  said  to  signify  a  revolution. 
Janiuin/ thou  signifies  the  frc^fmnm:;-,  or  first  month. 
Jatui.^  is  i)robabiy  from  the  same  root.] 

The  first  numth  of  the  year,accor<hng  lo  the  pres- 
ent conipntalioiK  At  the  foundation  of  Rome,  March 
wru-*  cun^ithred  the  first  mtuith.  January  anil  Feb- 
ruary were  introduced  by  Numa  Pompilius.      Eneye, 


JA'NUH,  II.    'T         '    * 

two  fao-  I-- 

plc,  at  Rom 

umvepial  pea*-/-. 
JA-PAN',  n.    ffromi: 
Thit  name' in  giv.  i. 

Jn  the  nuinner  pnuitirc;  u-. 

JA-P.\N'-EARTir.  (urth,)  -. 
extract  obtained  bv  dcoxt- 
thc  Acacia  Cattchu.    U  r 
combined  with  a  pccoliar  », 

JAPAN',  r.  U    To  cover  whh  a  r 

brilliant  varnbih,  an  art  d*rtvM  <r 
2.  To  black  and    . 

boot  4. 
JAP-A-NkSE',  a.    r, 

anU. 
JAPA-NKSE'^n.  A  native  of  Japui ;  otUkIui^x* 

of  the  inhabitants. 
JA-PAN'NAU,  pp.  or  a.    VamWjfd  In  a 

manner. 
JA-PAX'NER,  n.    One  who  varaifbe*  in' 

of  the  Japane??c,  or  one  ikillrd  in  Ibe  art. 
2.  A  Khf>e -blacker. 
JA-PAX'NING,  ppr.     Vaml^htn-  \^   ttv 

the  Jap:inr-e  ;  giving  a  el'  •       '    "      ■ 
JA-PAN'MNG,  Ti.    The  art  ■ 

ing  figures  on  wotkI  or  otti'  - 

practice*!  by  (ho  Japantrsi-. 
JAPE,  c.  t.    [ice.  peipa.] 

Tojc-U     [Obs.] 
JAPE,  r.  C     [Sax.  yrop,  decuitfuL] 

To  cheat.     [  Obs.  ] 
JAPE,  71.    A  jest ;  a  trick.    [04#.) 
JAP'ER,  71,     A  jeftLf.     [Ob*.] 
JA-PIIIiT'ie,  a.    Pertaining  ir.  Jap; 

of  Noah  ;  a.-*,  the  Japhetic  naUm-. 

north  of  Asia  and  all  Eurr — 
JAP'U,  7(.  .V  bird  of  Brazil  ■ 
JAR,  F.  I.    To  strike  togcih 

tremulous  sound  ;  to  strik- 

strike  discordantly  ;  as,  a 

A  »trin;r  may  jar  in  ihr  bcrt  t.- 

2.  To  clash  ;  to  interfere ;  to  act  in  t ; 
be  inconsistent. 

Tor  orJen  atxl  drytm 
Jar  Dot  wiu  ^  -ny,  Uu  »tll  c 


3.  To  quarr.'^l ;  lo  dispute ;  to  clash  in  wonln. 

4.  To  vibrate  regularly ;  to  repeal  the   i 

JAE,  r.  (.    To  shake  ;  lo  cause  lo  irrmbl- 

short,  tremulous  motion  in  a  thing. 
JAR,  n.    A  rattling  vibration  of  sound  :  a  - 

trembling  jar. 

2.  A  harsh  sound  ;  discord. 

3.  Ckish  of  interest  or  opinions:  collbkia;   4tf-  j 
cord  ;  debate.  ' 

And  yet  his  povcc  ia  t^t  caatinmJ  _/«w. 

4.  The  state  of  a  door  half  open,  or  r. 
and  strike  tJic  [Kjsi. 

5.  Repetition  of  the  noise  maJo  by  l'-- 
of  a  clock. 

JAR,  71.     [Sp,  jarra  ;  jarrv :  Port.  u/. ;  IL  , 

1,  A  vessel  Willi  a  large  bfUy  .-uid  br 
made  of  earth  or  glass  ;  as,  a  j<rr  of  b«  : 

^Ve  say,  an  electrical  hif 

2.  .\  ceriain  mcasuri? :    - 
JAR  A-R.\€'A.«.     A  spotr 

seliUun  oxceednig  IS  inch'  - 

neiit  veins  on  it-;  head,  and  < 

variegated  with  red  and  11.. 

sonoiis.  '^  - 

j'\V  fV*''  !  *'•  *•    '^^  twni'rc.    [SvC  im  «r,]  S^.- 
JARI>Ks',  (jardz,)  n.    [Fr,]    CaRoiis  mm 

legs  of  a  horse,  below  the  bend  of  Uic 

outside.  ' 

J.XR'GI.E,  fjilr'el.)  r.  L    To   emit  a  h..: 

sound,     [^'ot  in  us(,] 
JXR'GON.  n.     [Fr.  jarfrati :   XU  -tr-v.    - 

icr:ra^  jar?i>n,  and  coarso  fricr.r,  sergr.] 

1,  Confused,  unintelligible  talk  orlangiia^;  g^th- 
ble;  gi'.lH'rish;  rant. 

2.  A  n\inrral.  a  \Tiriely  of  r.irron.  which  scr. 
JAR-GO-\ELLE',  (j^r-2o*nrl',)  ».     A  \-ariely  of  ; 
JXR-«ON'ie,  a.     PerUiiniug  to  ihe  minora"  jarp  '. 
JXR'UKO,  (jlnl,)ff,  from  J  vk.    t^hak^n. 
JAR'RING,   ppr.  or  a.     Shaking;   makmc   i   ' 

sound  ;  disconlanU 
JAR'RINGjit.    A  shaking ;  discoM :  di5psti 

JAR'RING-I.Y,  flrfr.     ghafcinc  H-     - 
JA'SEY,  n,     A  conlempiuous  n.i:; 

even  lor  a  head  of  bushy  hair , 

Jersey  yv^Ttty  of  which  ^ary  is  a  crrwi^ 

lion. 
J.VS'HAWK,  n.     A  young  hawk     a  a^i 

Etas-haw  K.  ■^-'- 


TuNE,  BULL,  lJNirE.-AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.— G  as  K ;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CU  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS 


(>2d 


JAY 

JAS'MIN,  H.     [Fr.  jasmin ;  Sp.  jaimm ;  It.  gdsomino. 
5 
The  Ax.  \s  aamI  j  yasimon.    It  is  sometimes  written 

in  English  Jessamiite.] 

The  popular  name  of  certain  species  of  the  genus 
Jasniiiiiint,  bearing  beautiful  flowers.  The  common 
white  jasmin  is  a  clinthinp  shrub,  risin*;  on  supports 
15  or  i?*)  feet  hifrli.  Tlie  name  is  also  given  to  sev- 
eral plants  of  dilTerent  genera;  as,  tlie  Arabian  Jtis- 
f/im,  of  the  gfiius  Nyctanthes  ;  the  Bastnrd  Jasmin^ 
of  Uie  genus  Cestrum,  and  also  of  the  genus  Lyciuin  ; 
the  Persian  Ja57n*H,  of  the  genus  gyringa;  the  Red 
Jasmin^  of  the  gt.nus  Phnneria;  tlie  Scarlet  anil  Yrl- 
lotc  Jasmin^  of  the  genus  Bignonia^and  Gt:tseniinum. 

Encyc. 

JAS'PA-eHATE,  n,  A  name  anciently  given  to  some 
varieties  of  agate  jasper.  Cyc. 

JAS'PEK,  It.    [Fr.  jaspcj  L.  iaspis ;  Gr.  tacn-i  j  ;  It.  di- 

aspro ;  Ar.  cJl*vo  ya^on ;  Heb.  DEC'S] 

An  opaque,  impure  variety  of  quartz,  of  red,  yellow, 
and  also  of  some  (hill  colors,  breaking  uitli  a  smooth 
surface.  It  admits  of  a  high  polish,  and  is  used  for 
vases,  seals,  snufi-boxes,  &lc.  WJien  Uie  colors  are 
in  stripes  or  bands,  it  is  cjilled  striped  jasper.  The 
Eg)-plian  pebble  is  a  brownish-yellow  jasper. 

Da7ia. 
JAS'PER-A-TED,  a.     ISlixed  with  jasper ;  containing 

particles  of  jasper ;  iis,jaspcrated  agate.    Fourcroij. 
JASTKR-Y,  a.     Having  the  qualities  of  jasper. 
JAS-PIU'E-AN,    )  a.    Like  jasper;  consisting  of  jas- 
JAS-PID'E-OUS,  \      per,  or  partaking  of  jasper. 

Kirwaiu 
JAS'POID,  a.    [Fr.  jaspc,  and  Gr.  stSus.] 

Resi-nibliug  jasper.  Pcrcical^s  Oeol. 

JAS'PO-NYX,  n.  The  purest  born-colored  onyx,  with 
beautiful  green  zones,  composed  of  genuine  matter 
of  the  finest  jaspers.     [06*-.]  Encyc. 

JXUXCE,  u.  i.     [Fr.  janccr.]  > 

To  jolt  or  shake  ;  the  siune  aa  Jounce,  which  see. 
[Obs.]  SiioJc 

JAUN'DICE,  «.  [Fr.  jaunUse,  firom  jaitnc,  yellow. 
See  Yellow.] 

A  di.'rca.se,  in  its  most  common  form,  characterized 
by  yellowness  of  the  eyes,  skin,  and  urine;  white- 
ness of  the  discharges  from  the  intestines ;  uneasi- 
ness, referred  to  the  region  of  the  stomach;  loss  of 
appetite,  and  general  languor  and  lassitude. 
JAUN'1)IC-£D,  (j-^n'dist,)  a.    Aflected  with  the  jaun- 
dice. 
9.  Prejudiced  ;  seeing  with  discolored  organs. 
JSUNTj  V.  i.     [In  Fr.jantc  is  the  felly  of  a  wheel,  and 
tile  original  root  signified,  probably,  to  extend  or  to 
run,  to  ramble.] 
To  ramble  here  and  there ;  to  malie  an  excursion. 

ShaJc. 
JXUNTjii.    An  excursion;  aramble;  a  short  journey. 

Milton. 
JAV'EL,  r.  (.    To  wet  or  bemire;  and,  as  a  noun,  a 

wandering  or  dirty  fellow.    [  Obs."]  Spcn.-ier. 

JAVE'LIN,  (javMin,)  7i.  [Fr.  jacdinc;  It.  inavellotto ', 
^p. jabalina,  the  female  of  the  wild  boar,  and  ajave- 
lin,  from  jabaVi,  a  wild  boar.J 

A  sort  of  spear  about  five  feet  and  a  half  long,  the 
shaft  of  which  was  of  wood,  but  pointed  with  steel ; 
used  by  horse  or  foot.  Every  Roman  soldier  carried 
scv{:n  javditis. 
JA\y,  n.  [Fr.joucy  the  cheek.  It  coincides  in  origin 
with  ckato,  ckewy  Artn.  joaga,  to  chew  ;  javed  or  ^aved, 
a  jaw.  In  old  authors,  jaw  is  written  ch-aw.  "it  be- 
longs to  Class  Cg.     See  Chaw  and  Chew. J 

1.  The  bones  of  the  mouth  in  which  the  teeth  are 
fixed.  Thry  resemble  a  horse-shoe.  In  most  ani- 
mals, the  under  jaw  only  is  movable. 

2.  The  mouth. 

3.  In  vulgar  language^  scolding,  wrangling,  abu- 
sive clamor. 

JAW,  c.  i.    To  scold  ;  to  clamor.    {Vtdgar.'] 

JAW,  r. £.     To  abuse  by  scolding.     [Vvlgar.'l 

JAW-BoNE,  n.  The  bone  of  the  jaw,  containinu 
the  teeth. 

JA\V'£D,  a.    Denoting  the  appearance  of  the  jaws. 
2.  Ilavingjaws.  [Skdton. 

JAU'-FALL,  H.  fjiir  and /fl//.]  Depression  of  the 
jaw  ;  figuratively^  dcjiression  of  spirits.     M.  Oriffitfu 

JA\V'-FALL-£.\,  rt.    Depressed  inspirits;  dejected. 

JAW'IXG,  p;»r.     Abtising  ;  scolding. 

JAWN,  r.  i.     To  yawn.     [.Vwt  in  iise.]     [See  Yawn.] 

J  AW'Y,  a.    Relating  to  the  jaws.  Oayton. 

JaY,  7t.     [Fr.  gcai:  Sp.  gityo.^ 

A  birii  of  the  g^nus  Corviis.  The  Euroiiean  jay, 
(the  CorBus  srlanilaritis,)  is  of  a  wine  bulf  color,  i.  n. 
a  mixture  of  yellow,  red,  and  brown,  melted  into 
each  oth«r,  and  has,  to  some  extent,  the  faculty  of 
nnitating  the  voices  of  other  birds.  The  American 
Jay,  or  Blue  Jay,  (the  Corcus  criitatits,)  is  a  nuich 
more  beautiful  bird,  of  very  brilliant  plumage,  and 
ornamented  with  a  cre.st  of  light  blue  or  purple  feath- 
ers, which  he  can  elevate  or  depress  at  pleasure. 

Partington. 


JEG 

JaY'ET.    See  jet. 

JA'ZEL,  n.     A  gem  of  an  azure-blue  color.     [Qu.  Sp. 

azxil,  corrupted.]     [J^Tut  used.] 
J.\Z'ER-ANT,  n.    A  frock  of  twisted  or  linked  mail, 

without  sleeves,  somewhat  lighter  than  the  hauberk. 
JEAL'OCS,  (jel'us,)a,     [Fr.  jalauz;  It,  gelo:>o.     The 

Spanish  use  zeloso^  from  irio,  zeal ;  but  the  Italian 

word  seems  to  be  of  distinct  origin  from  zeal,  and  to 

belong  to  Class  Gl.J 

1.  Suspicious;  apprehensive  of  rivalship ;  uneasy 
through  fear  that  another  has  withdrawn  or  may 
withdraw  from  one  the  aflections  of  a  person  he 
loves,  or  enjoy  some  good  wliicli  he  desires  to  obtain  ; 
tbliowed  by  of,  and  applied  both  to  the  object  of  lovtj 
and  to  the  rival.  We  say,  a  young  man  is  jcaloiui  of 
the  woman  he  loves,  or  jealous  of  his  rival ;  a  man  is 
jealous  of  his  wife,  and  the  wife  of  her  husband. 

2.  Suspicious  that  we  do  not  enjoy  the  affection  or 
respect  of  others,  or  that  another  is  more  loved  and 
respected  than  ourselves 

3.  Enuilous ;  full  of  competition.  Drydat. 

4.  Solicitous  to  defend  the  honor  of;  concerned 
for  the  charnC'Cr  of. 

I  h:ivc  been  very  Jealout  for  the  Lord  Gotl  of  liosU.  —  1  liings 
xix. 

5.  Suspiciously  vigilant ;  anxiously  careful  and 
concerned  for. 

1  am  Jealous  over  you  witli  a  godly  Jealousy.  —  2  Cor.  xi. 

6.  Suspiciously  fearful. 

'Tia  iloiu^  wrong  creates  such  doubta  ta  tlicse, 

lif-ndcni  mjeatouSf  and  (k-slroys  our  peace.  Waller. 

JEAL'OUS-LY,  (jel'us-Iy,)  adv.  With  jealousy  or 
suspicion  ;  emulously ;  with  suspicious  fear,  vigi- 
lance, or  caution. 

JEAL'OUS-NESS,  (jerus-ness,)  n.  Thcstate  of  being 
jealous;  suspicion;  suspicious  vigilance. 

King  Charles, 

JE AL'OUS-Y,  (jel'us-y,)  n.     [ft-,  jalotmc ;  It.  gchsia.] 

1.  That  passion  or  peculiar  uneasiness  which 
arises  from  the  fear  that  a  rival  may  rob  us  of  the 
affection  of  one  whom  we  love,  or  llie  suspicion  tJiat 
he  has  already  done  it ;  or  it  is  the  uneasiness  which 
arises  from  the  fear  that  another  does  or  will  enjoy 
some  advantage  which  we  desire  for  ourselves.  A 
man's  jealousy  is  excited  by  the  attentions  of  a  rival 
to  his  favorite  hidy ;  a  woman's  jealousy  is  roused  by 
her  husband's  attentions  to  another  woman  ;  the  can- 
didate for  office  manifests  a  jealousy  of  others  who 
seek  the  same  office ;  the  jealousy  of  a  student  is 
awakened  by  the  apprehension  that  his  fellow  will 
bear  away  the  palm  of  praise.  In  short,  jealousy  is 
awakened  by  whatever  may  exalt  others,  or  give 
tliem  pleasures  and  advantages  which  we  desire  for 
ourselves.  Jealousy  is  nearly  allied  to  envy  ;  for  jeal- 
ousy^ before  a  good  is  lost  by  ourselves,  is  converted 
into  envy,  after  it  is  obtained  by  otiiers. 

Je^casy  is  the  npprchension  of  superiority.  Shenstone. 

Wlio'-'ver  had  ciualiiies  to  alami  our  jealousy,  had  excellonci  to 
deserve  our  fonduess.  Rambler. 

2.  Suspicious  fear  or  apprehension.       Clarendon. 

3.  Suspicious  caution  or  vigilance  ;  an  earnest  con- 
cern or  solicitude  for  the  welfare  or  honor  of  ethers. 
Such  was  Paul's  godly  jealousy  for  the  Corinlhian?. 

4.  Indignation.  God's  jealousy  signifies  liis  con- 
cern for  his  ov/n  character  and  government,  with  a 
holy  indignation  against  those  who  violate  his  laws, 
and  oiTend  against  his  majesty.    Ps.  Ixxix. 

JEaN,  (jane,)  n.  A  twilled  cotton  cloth.  Satin  jean 
is  woven  smooth  and  glossy,  after  the  manner  of 
_satin. 

JkARS,  71.  pi.  In  sea-language,  an  assemblage  of 
tackles,  by  which  the  lower  yards  of  a  ship  are 
hoisted  or  lowered.  Hoisting  is  called  swaying,  and 
lowering  is  called  striking.  This  word  is  sometimes 
_written  Jeebs  or  Gears.    [See  Geab.]     Mar.  Diet. 

Je  AT,  7(.  A  fossil  of  a  fine  black  color.  [  Obs.]  [See 
Jet.]  .^sk. 

JEER,  V.  i.  [G.  scheren,  to  rail  at,  to  jeer,  to  shear,  to 
shave,  D.  schceren,  Dan.  skierer,  Sw.  skara,  Gr.  K£tp(o, 
without  a  prefix.  These  all  seem  to  be  of  one  family, 
Class  Gr.  The  primary  sense  is  probably  to  thS,  or 
to  cut  by  rubbing  ;  anil  we  use  rub  in  a  like  sense  ; 
a  dry  rub,  is  a  keen,  cutting,  sarcastic  remark.] 

To  utter  severe,  sarcastic  reflections  ;  to  scoff;  to 
deride;  to  flout;  to  make  a  mock  of;  as,  to  jeo- at 
one  in  sport.  Herbert. 

JEER,u.  (.    To  treat  with  scoffs  or  derision.  Howell. 

JEER,  w.  Railing  language;  scoff;  taunt;  biting 
jest;  flout;  jibe;  mockery;  derision;  ridicule  with 
scorn. 

Mid.\9,  exposed  to  all  xhcxTJeere, 

Had  lust  ill!)  art,  iind  kept  ^  fan.  Siei/t. 

JEER'SD,  pp.    Railed  at ;  derided. 

JEER'ER,7i.   Ascoffer;  arailer;  ascorner;  a  mocker. 

JKER'ING,  ppr.     Scoffing;  mocking:  deriding. 

JEER'ING,  V.     Derision. 

JEER'ING-LY,  at/r.  With  railler>' ;  scornfully;  con- 
temptuously ;  in  moclcery.  Derliam. 

JEER*.     See  Jears, 

JEF'FER-SON-!TE,  n.  A  variety  of  augitc  of  a  datk 
otive-creen  wdor  passing  into  brown.  Dana. 

JEG'GET,  n.    A  kind  of  sausiige.     [J^oi  in  iwc] 

AinswortJi. 


JER 

JE-IIo'V.'VH,  71.  The  Scripture  name  of  the  Supreme 
Being,  Heb.  twtv^.  If,  as  is  supposed,  this  name  is 
from  llic  Hebrew  substantive  verb,  the  word  denotes 
the  Pehmanem-  Being,  as  the  primary  sense  of  the 
sub.-:taiitive  verb,  in  all  languages,  is,  to  be  fixetl,  to 
stand,  to  remam  or  abide,  'i'his  is  a  name  peculiarly 
appropriate  to  the  eternal  Spirit,  the  unchangeable 
God.  who  describes  himself  thus :  I  am  that  I  am. 
Ex.  iij. 

JE-H5'VIST,  71.  Among  critics,  one  who  maintains 
that  the  vowel-points  annexed  to  the  word  Jdicoah, 
in  Hebrew,  arc  the  proper  vowels  of  the  word,  and 
express  the  true  pronunciation.  The  JeJiooi.its  are 
opposed  to  the  Adonl-'t^,  who  hold  that  the  points 
annexed  to  the  word  JchovaJi  arc  the  vowels  of  the 
word  Jidonai.  Encyc 

JEJCNE',  a,     [h.jrjanus,  empty,  dry.] 

1.  Wanting;  empty  ;  vacant.  Bceon. 

2.  Hungry  ;  not  saturated, 

3.  Dry;  barren;  wanting  Interesting  matter;  as, 
Vi  jejune  narrative 

JE-JUNE'LY,  adv.    In  a  jejune,  barren  manner. 

Baxter. 

JE-JuNE'NESS,  71.  Poverty  ;  barrenness  ;  particu- 
larly, want  of  interesting  matter ;  a  deficiency  of 
matter  that  can  engage  the  attention  and  gratify  the 
mind  ;  as,  the  jcjuneness  of  style  or  narrative.  [Je- 
JUNITV  is  not  used.] 

JEL'LI-£:0,    (jel'lid,)    a.     [See  Jellt  and  Gellv.] 
Brought  to  the  consistence  of  jelly. 

JEL'LY,  7(.  [Sp.  ja?ea,  from  L.  gdo,  lo  congeal.  See 
Gelly.] 

1.  The  inspissated  juice  of  fniit,  boiled  with  sugar. 

2.  Something  viscous  or  glutinous;  something  of 
the  consistency  of  jelly  ;  a  transparent,  sizy  subsUince, 
obtained  from  animal  substances  by  decoction. 

JEL'LY-BAG,  71,    A  bag  thrtftigh  which  jelly  is  dis- 

tiHed. 
JEM'I-DAR,  n.    A  native  officer  in  the  Anglo-Indian 

army  having  tlie  rank  of  lieutenant.  Budiajtan. 
JEM'iMI-NESS,  71.  Spruceness.  [Vulgar.]  Smart. 
JEM'MY,  a.     Spruce.     [Vulgar.]  Smart. 

Jk'NTTE,  7i.      A  different    orthography  of  Yenite, 

which  sec. 
JEN'NET,    71.       A    small    Spanish    horse,    properly 

Genet. 
JEN'NET-ING,  7i.  [Said  to  be  corrupted  from  juncadng, 

an  apple  ripe  in  June,  or  at  St.  Jean.}     A  species  of 

early  apple.  .Mifrtimer. 

JEN'NY,  )i.     A  machine  for  spinning,  moved  by  water 

or  steam,  and  used  in  inanul'actories. 
JENT'LING,  n.    A  fish,  the  blue  cbub,  found  in  the 

Danube. 
JEOF'AIL,  (jef 'fail,)  ti.     [Ft.j'aifailli,  I  have  failed.] 
An  oversight  in  pleading  or  other  proceeding  at 

law ;  or  the  acknowledgment  of  a  mistake, 

Blackstone. 
JEOP'ARD,    (jep'ard,)  v.  t.      [See  Jeopardy.]     To 

hazard  ;  to  put  in  danger ;  to  expose  to  loss  or  injury. 

Zcbulon  !ind  Naplitali  vire  a  people  that  leo/nrcicrf  their  lives  to 
the  dcatli  in  the  bigh  places  of  the  field.  — Judges  x. 

JEOP'ARD-ED,  (jep'ard-ed,)  pp.     Put  in  danger. 

JEOP'ARD-ER,  (jep'ard-er,)  7t.  One  who  puts  to 
hazard. 

JEOP'ARD-ING,  Cjep'ard-ing,) ppr.  Hazarding;  put- 
ting in  danger. 

JEOP'ARD-IZE,  (jep'ard-l7.e,)r.  t.  To  expose  to  loss 
or  injury ;  to  jeopard. 

[This  is  a  modern  word,  rarely  used  in  England, 
but  oflener  in  America.  It  is  synonymous  with  Jeop- 
ard, and  therefore  useless.] 

JEOP'ARD-OUS,  (jep'ard-us,)  a.  Exposed  to  dan 
ger;  perilous;  hazardous. 

JEOP'ARD-OUS-LY,  (jep'ard-us-ly,)  adc.  With  risk 
or  dancer. 

JEOP'ARD-Y,  Oep'ard-y,)  7i.  [The  origin  of  this  word 
is  not  settled.  Some  authors  suppose  it  to  be  Fr. 
j^ai  vcrdu,  I  have  lost,  or  jeu  perdu,  a  lost  game. 
Tyrwhitt  supposes  it  to  he  jeu  parti,  an  even  game,  or 
game  in  wliich  the  chances  are  even.  "  Si  nous  les 
voyonsijeu  parti."  If  we  see  them  at  an  even  game. 
Froissarl,  vol.  i.  c.  234.  But  jeopardy  may  be  cor- 
rupted from  the  G.  grfalir,  danger,  hazard  ;  gcfalirdcn, 
to  hazard,  to  jeopard.    See  Fare.] 

Exposure  to  death,  loss,  or  injury;  hazard;  dan- 
ger ;  peril. 

Tlioy  were  filled  with  water,  and  were  in  jeopardy,  —  Lulte  viii. 

JER'BO-A,  n.  A  small  quadruped,  having  very  short 
fore  legs,  and  very  long  hind  ones,  called  also  the 
Jumping  .Mouse.  All  of  the  t-pecies  of  tliat  cenus  of 
mammals  wliich  is  named  Dtpus,  are  called  Jerboa 
in  English. 

JE-REED'  or  JE-RID'.    See  Djzrkid. 

JER-E-Ml'ADE,  n.  [from  .Jeremiah,  the  prophet.] 
Lamentation  ;  a  tale  of  grief,  sorrow,  or  complaint. 

JERK,  V.  t.  [This  is  probably  the  Ch.  Heb.  p-*\  to 
rmcA,  to  spit,  that  is,  to  throw  out  with  a  sudden 
effort.  Sax.  kra:can,  kerca.  If  not,  I  know  not  its 
origin  or  affinities.  It  seems  to  be  a  d  liferent  orthog- 
raphy of  Yerk.] 

1.  To  thrust  out;  to  thrust  with  a  sudden  effort ; 
to  give  a  sudden  pull,  twitch,  thrust,  or  push  ;  as,  to 
jerk  one  under  the  ribs ;  to  jerk  one  with  the  elbow. 


Fate,  far,  fall,  WHAT.  —  MeTE,  PKBV.— pine,  MARINE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.— 

630  ~ 


JES 

2.  To  throw  with  a  quick,  suinrt  motion ;  as,  to 
ifnt  a  stone.  We  apply  this  word  to  express  the 
'mtMie  of  ihrowing  to  a  little  distance  by  Urawinj;  ilm 
ann  back  of  tiie  body,  and  tfarustin«  it  forward 
aauinst  the  side  or  hip,  which  stops  the  arm  sud- 
denly. 

JEKK,"  1'. ;.    To  accost  eagerly.     [JV'tn,  m  use.'\ 

r>njtfrn. 

JERK,  31.  A  short,  sudden  thrust,  pu:>h,  or  twitch  ;  a 
$lrikiu^  against  something  with  a  short,  quick  motion  j 
as,  a  jerk  of  llie  elbow. 

His  jade  gsvtf  hlra  a.  jerk.  B.  Jonson. 


•2.  A  sudden  spring. 

LoUstcrs  swim  hv  jerks. 


Ceef  cut 


into   thin 


JERK'ED-BEEF,  (jerkt-,)  n, 
slices,  and  dried  in  t!ie  sun.  Cooley. 

JERK'£D,  (jerkt))  PP-  Twitched  -j  pulled  witb  a  sud- 
den effurt. 

JERK'ER,  n.  One  who  strikes  with  a  smart,  quick  blow. 

JERK'IN,  n.    A  jacket  J  a  short  coat;  a  close  waist- 
coat. Shak.     Sautk, 
2.  A  kind  of  hawk.  .A'msworth. 

JERKT.X^G,  p-pr.    Thnisting  with  a  jerk. 

JER'SEy,  n.    [from  the  island  so  called.] 

1.  Fine  yarn  of  wool.  Johnson. 

2.  The  finest  of  wool  separated  from  the  rest; 
combed  wool.  Bailey,    Encijc. 

JE-RC'SA-LEM  AR'TI-CHOKE,  n.  [In  tiiis  name 
the  word  Jenisahm  is  a  mere  corruption  of  the  Ital- 
ian Girajidlc,  i.  e.sr.nflov/er  or  turnsole.]  The  name 
of  a  plant.  Originally  applied  to  certain  species  of 
Ileliotropium,  but  now  to  the  Helianthus  tuberosum 
of  Brazil,  cultivated  in  Europe  and  the  United  States. 

JER'VI-NA,  )  V.    [Sp.  jrrra,  the  poison  of  the  Vera- 

JER'VIN,      i       irum  album.] 

Au  alkaloid  obtain?d  from  the  root  of  Veratrum 
album,  or  white  Hellebore. 

JESS,  II.  A  short  strap  of  leather  tied  round  the  legs 
of  a  hawk,  by  which  she  is  held  on  the  fist. 

Hanmer. 
9.  A  ribbon  that  hangs  down  from  a  garland  or 
crown  in  falconry.  Encyc. 

JES'SA-rtlIXE,  J!.  The  popular  name  of  certain  species 
of  Jasuiinura,  a  genus  of  plants.    ^See  JiSMi:*.] 

JES'SE,  n.  A  large  brass  candlestick  branched  into ' 
many  sconces,  hanging  down  in  the  middle  of  a 
church  cr  choir.  CowelL 

[So  called  as  resembling  the  genealogical  tree  of 
Jesse,  of  which  a  picture  was  formerly  hung  up  in 
churches.  Smart.} 

JESS'£D,  (jestj)  n.  Ilaving  jesses  on  ;  a  tenn  in 
ktraldrij. 

JEST,  n.  [Sp.  and  Port.  cJiiste,  a  witty  saying,  a  jest 
or  joke  j  cUistoso,  gay,  facetious ;  allied  perhaps  to 
L.  gestiii.} 

1.  A  joke;  something  ludicrous  uttered  and  meant 
only  to  excite  laughter.  Religion  should  never  be 
the  subject  of  jcsL 

2.  The  object  of  laughter  or  sport;  a  laughing- 
stock. 

Then  let  JUS  be  yoarjest ;  I  deserve  'A,  S7ia&. 

In  jest :  for  mere  sport  or  diversion;  not  in  truth 
and  reality  ;  not  in  earnest. 

Ami  givpn  in  erkTuest  what  I  begged  in  jest.  Shak. 

2.  .\  mask. 

4.  A  deed  ;  an  action.     [O&j.] 
JEST,  V.  J.    To  divert  or  make  merry  by  words  or  ac- 
tions ;  to  joke. 

Jest  not  with  a  rode  man,  lest  thy  ancestora  be  disgracc-I. 

EccUe. 

9,  To  utter  in  sport ;  to  say  what  is  not  true  mere- 
ly for  diversion. 

3.  Tn  play  a  part  in  a  mask.  Shale. 
JEST'Et),  pp.    Joked ;  talked  for  merriment. 
JEST'EU,  n.      A  pei-son  given  to  jesting,  sportive 

talk,  and  merry  pranks. 

He  rambled  up  and  down 
With  sliallow  j£3(er«.  Shak. 

9.  One  given  to  sarcasm. 

Now,  as  a  jester,  1  accost  yon.  Swifi. 

3.  A  buffoon ;  a  merry-andrew,  a  person  formerly 
retained  by  princes  to  make  sport  for  them. 
JEST'FUL,  a.    Given  to  jesting  ;  full  of  jokes. 
JEST'ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Joking;  talking  for  diversion  or 

merriment. 
JEST  ING,  71.  A  joking;  concise  wit;  wit  that  con- 
sists in  a  trope  or  verbal  figure,  in  a  metaplicncal 
sense  of  words,  or  in  a  double  sense  of  the  same 
word,  or  in  similitude  of  sound  in  different  words. 
JE3T'IXG-LY,  cdt.  In  a  jocose  manner;  not  in 
earnest.  Herbert, 

I  JEST'ING-STOCK,  n.    A  laughing-stock  ;  a  butt  of 
I       ridicule.  6oo:re. 

I  JES'U-IT,  n.  One  of  the  Society  of  Jesus,  so  called, 
founded  by  Ignatius  Loyola,  in  1534,  a  society  re- 
markable for  their  cunning  in  propagating  their  prin- 
ciples. Hence, 
2.  A  crafty  person  ;  an  intriguer. 
JES'U-IT-ED,  a.  Conforming  to  the  principles  of  the 
Jesuits.  WJtitc. 


JEW 

JES'lT-IT-ESS,  n.     An  order  in    iiiai.-,  ..-i;!.  ~ 

the  principles  of  the  Jesuits,  but  iiUiinresf.  >. 
Urban  in  li^iO. 

JES-l^MT'ie,         }a.     rcrtaininff  to  the  Jv.^ahl^  „r 

JES-T^-IT'IC-AL,  i     their  principles  and  arts, 

2.  Designing;  cunning;  deceitful:   prevaricating. 

JES-TMT'ie-AL-LY,  oJn.    Cr;:nilv. 

JEg'l|-IT-Ii?.^I,  n.  The  arts,  principles,  and  praclices 
of  the  Josuits. 

9.  Cunning;  deceit;  hypocrisy;  prevarication; 
deceptive  practices  to  efiect  a  purimsc. 

JES'U.itS'-IJaRK,  Ti.  Peruvian  bark;  the  bark  of 
certain  Ppccies  of  Cinchona,  trees  of  Peru. 

JE*i\  7t.     [D.  ^it ;  Vt.  jatjct :  L.  srai^atc.t.] 

A  mineral ;  a  variety  of  lignite,  of  a  very  compart 
texture,  and  velvet-bhick  color,  sutreplible  of  a  good 
polish,  and  glossy  in  it^  fnicturo,  which  ia  concboidal 
or  undulating.  It  is  fimnd,  not  in  strata  or  continued 
masses,  but  in  iinconnccled  hea|>s.  It  is  wrought 
into  toys,  buttons,  mourning  jewel:^,  &lc.        Dana. 

JET,  71.  (Fr.  je(,  It.  ;;'cM(»,  a  ca^t ;  probably  from  L. 
jactus.,  wlience  Yv.jcUcr,  It.  gcUare,  lo  throw.] 

1.  A  spout,  spouting,  or  shooting  of  water ;  a  jet 
d'eau. 

2.  A  yard,  Ttisscr, 

3.  Drift ;  scope.     [JSTot  in  vsc,  or  locai.] 

JET,  V.  i.  [See  t!ie  noun.]  To  shoot  tonvard ;  to 
shoot  out ;  to  project ;  to  jut ;  to  intrude.         Shak. 

2.  To  strut ;  to  throw  or  toss  the  body  in  haughti- 
ness. Sitak. 

3.  To  jerk  ;  to  jolt ;  to  be  shaken.        Wiseman. 
[This  orthography  is  rarely  used.     See  Jut.] 

JET^-BLACK,  a.  Of  the  deepest  black,  the  color  of 
jet. 

J£7'-C'E.3f7',  (zha-do',)  [Fr.,  a  throw  of  water.]  A 
spout  for  delivering  water. 

JET'SAM,       ) 

JET'SOX,       }  n.    [Fr.  jerter,  to  throw.] 

JET'TI-SOX,  ) 

In  law  and  commerce,  properly,  the  throwing  of 
goods  overboard  in  order  to  li-rhten  a  ship  in  a  tem- 
pest for  her  preservation.  The  words  may,  however, 
be  used  for  the  goods  tims  thrown  away,  or  adverb- 
ially. 

Jcleam  is  where  goods  are  c^t  into  the  sea,  and  there  aiDk  :vnd 
remdn  iiniler  water;  Jlolsam  is  wlicre  they  continue  awim- 
miiig ;  ligan  is  when:  they  are  suuk  in  the  sea,  but  lied  to  a 
cock  or  buoy.  Pari.    BlackMlone. 

JET'TEAtr,  Cjet'to,)  n.     [Fr.  jet  d'cau.] 

A  throw  or  spout  of  water.  Addison. 

JET'TEE,  n.    A  projection  in  a  building. 

JET'TER,  11.    A  spruce  fellow  ;  one  wlio  stmts. 

JET'TY,  V.  i.    To  jut. 

JET'TY,  71.  A  small  pier;  also,  a  projection  into  a  riv- 
er for  narrowing  it  and  raising  the  water  above. 

JET'TY,  a.    Made  of  jet,  or  black  as  jet.  Prior.  Pope, 

JET'TY-HEAD,  (-hcd,)  r;.  The  projecting  part  of  a 
wharf;  the  front  of  a  wharf  whose  side  forms  one 
of  the  chet-ks  of  a  dock.  .Mar.  Diet, 

JEiy-DE-JllOTS'^^zhyi' de-mo',)  [Ft.]  A  play  upon 
words ;  a  pun. 

JEU'-D'ES-PRlT'y  (zhii'de-spree',)  [Fr.]  A  witti- 
cism ;  a  play  of  wit. 

JEW,  (ju,)  n.  [A  contraction  of  Judas  or  Judah.l  A 
Hebrew  or  Israelite. 

JEWEL,  (ju'el,)7t.  [It.  o^oin,  joy,  mirth,  a  jewel;  flioiW- 
lo,  ajewel ;  Fi.joijau;  Sp.  joya,  joijel  i  G.  jatsct;  D. 
juweel.  It  is  from  the  root  oi  joy.  Jjow  h.  jocalc. 
Class  Cg.] 

1.  An  ornament  of  dress  in  which  the  precious  stones 
form  a  principal  part 

2.  A  precious  stone.  Shak. 

3.  A  name  expressive  of  fondness.  A  mother 
calls  her  child  her  jewel, 

JEWEL,  V.  t.    To  dress  or  adorn  with  jewels. 

B.  Jonson. 

JEWEL-HOUSE,    )  n.    The  place  where  the  royal 

JEWEL-OF-FICE,  l     ornaments  are  repositcd.  Shak. 

JEWEL-LIKE,  a.    Brilliant  as  a  jewel.  Shak. 

JEWEL--KD,  pp.  or  a.    Set  or  adorned  with  jewels. 

JEWEL-ER,  n.  One  who  makes  or  deals  in  jew- 
els and  other  ornaments. 

JEWEL-ING,ppr.    Adorning  with  jewels. 

JEWEL-RY,  ?i.    Jewels  in  general. 

JEWESS,  71.    A  Hebrew  woman,    .^cts  xxiv. 

JEWISH,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Jews  or  Hebrews. 
Tit.  I. 

JEWISH-LY,  adv.    In  the  manner  of  the  Jews. 

Dotmf. 

JEWISH-XESS,  71.    The  rites  of  the  Jews.     Martin. 

JEAV'RY,  n.  Judea;  also  a  district  inhabited  by 
Jews,  whence  the  name  of  a  street  in  Londcn. 

Chaucer. 

JEWS'-eAR,  n.  The  popular  name  of  a  species  of 
Fungus,  liie  Peziza  auricula,  bearing  some  rcseni' 
blance  to  the  human  ear.  Johnson,    Lee. 

JE\VS-FRANK-IN'CE\SE,  71.  A  plant,  a  species  of 
Sly  rax. 

JEWS'-HXRP,  H.  [Jcio  and  harp.]  An  instnimcnt 
of  nnisic  shaped  like  a  harp,  which,  placed  between 
the  teeth,  and  by  means  of  a  spring  stnick  by  the 
finger,  gives  a  sound  which  is  modulated  by  the 
breath  into  soft   melody.     It  is  called  also  Jsws- 

TRUMP. 


JOB 


JIB,  n.    The  foremoot  - 

angulariOay-Kiil  e^^  i. 

jib'boum  luvvard  the  inr-  u>:- 

ia  on  the  bowsprit,  and  cii 

maHi'bead. 
JIB'-HOO.\l,iu     * 

tremiiyof  thf: 

nation  of  it     ; 

flyinfT-jib-t/oom. 
JIIl'-UCOR,(  dOrr^jJn.  Adoc 

Ihi;  wall,  without  drcMias  o: 
JIBE,  r.  L    To  shift  a  bo<;in-t:i.i   i 

vosel  to  the  oilier. 
JIi;^/JD,  (jXbd,)  pp.  Shifted  ftwn  one 

as  a  huum-^ail. 
JIB'LVG,  ppr.    Shifting  from  one  aide  to  Ike  uUtet,  »m 

a  boom-sail. 
JI-BOV'A,  jt.    An  American  KT^:r.'     '  -■     ■ 

kind. 
JICK'AJOG,  n.    [A  cant  word,  fr^,:., 

a  piisli.  /. 

JIF'FY,  n.    A  moment.  >; 

JIG,  71.     [IL  ^ffa ;  Fr.  ffi^ue.    See  Gtn.} 

1.  A  kind  of  liglit  dxtnce,  or  a  tiir. 

2.  A  kind  of  farce  in  rhyme,  wiu. 
play  was  finished. 

JIG,  D.  i.    To  dance  a  jig. 
JIG'GER,  n.    In  sra-lanipuxffeyZ  mar: 

a  rope  about  five  feet  long,  with  a 

and  a  sheave  at  the  other,  lued  lo 

whi:n  it  is  heaved  into  the  ship,  b; 

the  windlasj. 
2.  A  troublesome  insect.    [See  Ciii:<.ti.. 
JIG'GISH,  a.    Suitable  to  a  jig. 
JIG'GLING,  a.      Dancing.     [A'ot  axli^riud  i*   m«{ 

use.]  Mr',  r 

JIG'-.M.aK-ER,  n.  One  who  makc3  or  pfcij  ■ 

2.  A  ballad-maker. 
JIG'-PI.N,  n.    A  pin  used  by  :    -   ■    •     ■    ■ 

beams,  and  prevent  them  fr 
JII^L,  II.  A  voung  woman,  r 
JILL'-FLIKT,  a.     A  fight,  w  ..=...  m  >....=  , 

( 
JILT,  rt.    [Of  uncertain  ctj-mologj*.]    A  v. 

gives  her  lover  hopes  and  capric'- ■•  '■ 

him  ;  a  woman  wlio  trii?s  with  !. 

2.  A  name  of  contempt  f'r  a  w. 

JILT,  V.  L     To  encourage  a  lovtfr  <•- 

his  hopes ;  to  trick  in  love ;  to  giv 

and  then  reject  him. 
JILT,  r.  I.    To  play  the  jilt ;  to  pra^u.^  ^ 

love  and  discard  lovers.  l 

JILT'ED,^;?.    Ciit-ated  ur  tricked  in  lore. 
JILT'ING,  ppr.    Plavine  the  jilt ;  Irickmc 
JIM'.MERS,  n.    Joiuted  hinges.    [Obs.] 
JIMP,  o.    Neat;  handsome;  cicsani  uf  ^' 

Gimp.] 
JIX-GALL', ».    In  India,  a  light  gunroounua  on  a 

carriage  easiiv  borne  by  two  men. 
Jli\"GLE,  (jink's'.)  p-  '•     [^^"-  ^^*  «>^  ^J^-  *>  »*^*«  =* 


little  bell ;  or  Persian 


t*Xjj   m: 


ir,aUttlc  I 


or  bell.    It  mav  be  allied  to  jait^e.] 

To  sound  ^^ith  a  fine,  sharp  ratUcj  to  dink  ;  as, 
ji»W(«rt-  chains  or  bells. 
JL\"GLE,  r.  u    To  cause  to  give  a  sharp  Kmni,  m  a 
little  bell,  or  as  pieces  of  metal. 

Tlie  U-Ils  iltrjinfledj  and  Omi  vhisllf  !*:«■. 

JTN"GLE,  n.    A  mttlin"  or  clinkiag  sooE J 
bells  or  pieces  of  mLt.T.1. 

2.  A  little  btll  or  rattle.  i 

3.  Corrc:>pondcncc  of  soand  in  Tbriacs.      Dryif*. 
JiX"GTi/';n,  fp.    CanscJ  to  give  a  sharp  scund,  as  a  | 

hell,  or  a>  pieces  of  metal.  - 

JIN"GLING. /'('/r.  or  a.    Giving  a  sharp,  fiDC,  ralilinj  | 

sound,  as  a  little  bell,  or  as  pieces  ct"  :a.Lii. 
JIX"GLIXGj)j,    .\  sharp,  fine,  rat;: 
JIPTO,  n.     [Fr.jjuMu] 

A  waistcoat  crkind  .-i  >'- ivs  i^r 
JOB,  n.    [Of  unknov 

chcp,  primarily  to  stri 

1.  A  piece  of  wor^; 
of  more  or  less  imp*  - 
undertakes  to  build 
tion  of  UVstminsU\-  i 
was  a  great  jc&  to  erect  '^ 
The  mechanic  has  many  s: 

2.  A  lucrative  btisintv->  , 
view  to  profit. 

No  ch(vi  u  know  ;-. 
Sarc  whoa  th-y  \^: 

3.  A  sudden  stnb  wiUi  a  p..:iii<L  J  iRiirumcol- 
[This  seems  to  be  nearly  the  oripnal  senscj 

To  do  th^  jab  for  cue:  to  iMl  !■  :"- 
JOB,  c. /.    To  strike  or  stab ' 

2.  To  drive  in  a  sharp-; 


Pcj*. 


TONE,  B?JLL,  TJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  asK;  6asJ;  SasZ;  CH  as  SH 


TH  as  in  TiUS. 
1^ 


ill 


JOG 

JOB,  p.  I.    To  deal  in  ibe  public  stocks  j  to  buy  and 
sell,  as  a  broker. 


The  JihI^p  t\u^i\Job,  the  buhop  Utc  the  town, 
Au(l  im^tiljr  duke*  |xtck  cards  (or  lulf  a  crown. 


Po}te. 


JO-BA'TION,  n.    A  scolding  j  a  long,  tedious  reproof. 

[  yulsrar.]  Qrosc, 

JOB'UER,  Ti.    One  wlio  does  small  jobs. 

2.  A  dealer  itt  Uic  public  stock:!  or  funds  ;  u»u;illy 
called  a  t-TocK-jomiKn.  Swijt. 

3.  One  who  enga;;es  in  a  low,  lucrative  afl'iitr. 

4.  A  merchant    who  purchases  goods  from  im- 
porlcrs  and  sells  to  retailers. 

J0U'Ii£R-X5\VL,  ».    [Paid  tobn  from  Flemish  jobbCj 
dull,  and  Sax.  knol,  head  or  top^] 
A  loggerhead  j  a  blockhead.    \Ji  low  icord.] 

HuAibras. 
JOB'BIXG,  ?(.    The  practice  of  taking  jobs  for  profit. 
2.  U'he  practice  of  purchasing  from  importers  and 
selling  to  retailers. 
JOU'BI.N'G,  p;»r.    Stabbing  with  a  pointed  instrument. 
JoB'S'-TkAR?,  v.    A  grass-liki-'platit  of  the  penus 
Coix,  with  shining,  pearly  fruit,  lesi'inbling  falling 
tear?. 
Jo'eA.NT-RV,  n.    [L.  jomyis.} 

The  art  or  practice  of  justing.     [jVi^t  in  good  Jtsc] 

JOCK'CY,  n.  [Said  to  be  from  Jackaj,  a  diminutive 
of  Jack^  John  ;  primaribj^  a  hoy  tliat  rides  horses.] 

1.  A  man  that  rides  horses  in  a  race.       ^diUson. 

2.  A  dealer  in  horses  ;  one  who  makes  it  his  busi- 
ness to  buy  and  sell  horses  for  gain.    Hence, 

3.  A  cheat ;  one  who  deceives  or  takes  undue  ad- 
vantage in  trade. 

JOCK'EY,  V.  t.    To  play  the  jockey;   to  cheat;  to 

trick  ;  to  deceive  in  trade. 
9.  To  jostle  by  riding  against  one.  Johnson. 

JOGK'EY-£D,  (jok'id,)   jip.      Cheated;    tricked    in 

trade. 
JOCK'EY-ING,  ppr.     Playing  the  jockey;  cheating; 

deceiving  in  trade. 
JOCK'FA'-l».M,  H,    Pniclicc  of  jockeys. 
JOCKTA'-SIIir,   H.      The  art  or  practice  of  riding 

horses.  Cotcpcr. 

JO-COSE',  a.     [L.  jocosits^  from  jocusj  a  joke.] 

1.  Given  to  jokes  and  jesting ;  merry ;  waggish  ; 
used  of  persons. 

2.  Containing  a  joke  ;  sportive;  merrj' ;  as,  jocose 
or  comical  airs.  PVtiU^. 

JO-€oSE'LY,  adv.  In  jest ;  for  sport  or  game  ;  "wag- 
gislily.  Broome. 

JO-eoi5E'?CESS,  w.  The  quality  of  being  jocose ; 
waggcrv  ;  merriment.     [Jocosrrv  is  not  used.] 

JO-eO-SE'RI-OUS,  rt.  Partaking  of  mirth  and  seri- 
ousness. Orccn, 

JOG'lJ-LAR,  a.     [L.  jocularity  from  jocusy  a  jolie.] 

1.  Jocose  ;    waggish  ;    merry  ;    given  to  jesting ; 
used  of  persons. 

2.  Containing  jokes;  sportive;  not  serious;  as,  a 
jocular  expression  or  style. 

JOeiJ-LAR'I-TY,  n.    Merriment ;  jesting.    Brown. 
JOG'lj-LAR-LY,  adv.    In  je.st ;  for  sport  or  mirth. 

Bp.  Lavingion. 
JOCU-LAR-Y,  a.    Jocular.     [,Xot.  in  w.st.] 

j9iA.     Bacon. 
JOe'T%LA-TOR,  «.     [L.]     A  jester;  a  droll;  a  min- 
strel. Stnitt. 
JOe'TJ-LA-TO-RY,  a.    Droll ;  merrily  said. 
JOCUND,  a.     [Ij.  jocun/liLs,  from  jocits,  a  joke.] 
Merry  ;  g:iy  ;  airy ;  lively  ;  sportive. 

Uunl  eporU  and  jocund  strains.  Prior. 

JO-CUND'I-TY,    )  TI.     State  of  being  merry  :   gay- 

JOe'UND-XKSS,  (     ety. 

JOC'UXD-LY,  flt/r.    Merrily;  gayly. 

JOG,  V.  t.    [Ciu.  VV.  rroiri,  lo  siiakc,  or  D.  scltoJiliciij  to 

jolt  or  shake,  which  seems  to  be  the  Fr.  chot/uer^ 

Enc.  shackj  skake.] 
To  push  or  shake  with  llic  elbow  or  hand  ;  to  give 

notice  or  excite  attention  by  a  slight  push. 

Sudden  IJo^^ed  Clysjcs.  Pope. 

JOG,  V.  i.  To  move  by  jogs  or  small  sliocks,  like 
those  of  a  slow  trot. 


So  Imn^  Iia  ii^siinj,  ncror  to  rot, 

WliUc  fi!!  miglii  iiilljos  OH,  siiul  Keep  liia  trot. 


Rliiion. 


2.  To  walk  or  tnivel  idly,  heavily,  or  slowly. 

Th'iii  thzjjog  on,  itill  IrieVinj,  never  thrivliij.       Dnjdtn. 

JOG,  n.    A  push ;  a  slight  shake ;  a  sliake  or  pnsh  in- 
tended to  give  notice  or  awaken  attention.    When 
your  friend  falls  asleep  at  church,  give  him  a  j*i^. 
2.  A  rub  ;  a  small  stop  ;  ohstniction.     Qlanvillc 

JOG'-TROT,  ti.    A  slow,  regular  pace.   {Colloquial.^ 

Grose. 

JOG'GjED,  (jog*'0  VP-    Pushed  or  sliaken  slightly. 

JOG'GER,  n.    One  who  walks  or  moves  heavily  and 
slowly. 
2.  One  who  gives  a  sudden  push. 

JOG'GING,  p;fr.    Pushing  slightly  ;  moving  by  jogs. 

JOG'GING,  «.    A  slight  push  or  shake. 

JOG'GLE,  r.  t.    [from  jo^-.J    To  shake  slightly;  to 
give  a  sudden  but  slight  push. 

JOG'OLKD,  (jog'gid,)  pp.    Slightly  shaken. 

JOG'GI-iED,  a.    i^lalched  by  serralures'  so  as  to  pre- 
vent sliding.^ 


JOl 

JOGa^EING,  pjir.    Shaking  slightly. 

JO-HAN'NeS,  h.  [Jobn  Latini/.ed.]  A  Poitagucsc 
gold  coin  of  the  value  of  eight  dollars  ;  contracted 
often  into  jor. ;  as  a  joc^  or  half-juc.  It  is  named 
from  the  figure  of  King  John,  which  it  bears. 

JOHN'AP-PLi;,  (jon'ap-pl,)  n,  A  sort  of  apple,  good 
for  :fpring  usl',  when  other  fmit  is  spent. 

Jifortimcr. 

JOHN  lUJfJ/,  Tt.  The  well  known  collective  name  of 
the  English  nation,  fust  used  in  Arbutlinot's  satire, 
T/ic  Hisloru  of  John  Bullj  usually  published  in  Swift's 
works.  Brande. 

JOHN  Do'RY,  71.     [Corrupted  from  Fr.  jmine  dorecy 
golden  yellow.]     A  sea-fish  of  a  golden-yellow  color, 
and  grotes(|Uc  lorm,  the  Zeus  Faber  of  Linnaeus. 
Knctjc.  Dom.  Ec. 

JOHN'N^Y  €aKE,  w.  [an.  journcij  calce.]  A  cake 
made  of  the  tneal  of  mai'/e  or  Indian  corn,  mixed 
with  water,  aiul  baked  on  tlie  liearth.        Jimerirxt, 

JOHN'SON-IS.AI,  71.  A  peculiar  word  or  manner  of 
Juhnson.  A".  Ann.  Reg. 

JOllNS'-WORT.    See  St.  Johns-Wokt. 

JOIN,  V.  t,  I^Fr.  joindrc  ;  It.  givgncrc ;  from  L.  jungo, 
jun<fcrc ;  jungo  for  jugo ;  Sp.  and  Port,  jiintar. 
"to  join;  h.  jugum ;  Eng.  yoke;  Gr.  (wjof  and 
^^cuj-uff,  a  yoke,  and  a  pair;  ^tijow,  to  yokeiC^evy- 

ri'/iit,  to  join  ;  Ch.  :iv  ;  Syr.  •■sxjl  '^^^^ i  -■^r.  -^K 
zaugOf  to  join,  to  couple,  to  murrj',  t)  pair;  Eth. 

r\<\)  I  zogy  a  pair,  as  in  Arabic.  It  signifies  also, 
in  Syriac,  to  rage,  to  cry  ont;  sho^ving  that  the  pri- 
mary sense  is,  to  strain,  to  stretch,  to  extend,  pre- 
cisely as  in  span.] 

1.  To  set  or  brnig  one  thing  in  coiitiguiiy  with  an- 
other. 

Woe  lo  iliein  lliat  join  house  to  house,  that  liiy  field  to  field.  — 
Is.  V. 

2.  To  couple;  to  connect;  to  combine;  as,  toj'ow 
ideas.  Locke. 

3.  To  unite  in  league  or  marriage. 

Now  Jeh«s!i:iph:»t  li:id  riches  and   honor  hi  nhuudance,   antl 

joined  nihnily  with  Ali:»b. — 3  Ch.  xvi'ii. 
What  God  h.-vth  joined  together,  Ici  not  man  put  asuiidtT.  — 

Matl.  xix. 

4.  To  associate. 

Go  near  ntid^oirt  tliyself  to  Llits  chniiot.  —  Acts  viij. 
5   To  unite  in  any  act. 

Thy  tuneful  voice  with  numbers _/oin.  Dnjilen, 

6.  To  unite  in  concord. 

Cut  that  ye  Iw  perfectly  Joined  togcthw  in  t!ie  same  mind,  nud 
ill  the  same  judjmcn;.  —  1  Cor.  i. 

TI  J  s  phrase  to  join  batUe  is  probably  elliptical,  for 
join,  in  batde ;  or  it  is  borrowed  from  the  Latin  c»m- 
mittere  pra^liuviy  to  send  together  the  battle. 

In  general,  join  signifies  to  unite  two  entire  things 
without  a  breach  or  intermixture,  by  contact  or  con- 
tiguity, either  temporary  or  permanent.  It  diflcis 
from  CoNNKcT,  which  signifies  properly,  to  unite  by 
an  intermediate  substance.  But  join,  unite,  and  con- 
nect are  often  used  synonymously. 
JOIN,  V.  i.  To  grow  to  ;  to  adhere.  Tlie  place  where 
two  bones  of  the  hoUy  join,  is  called  a  joint  or  articu- 
lation. 

2.  To  be  contiguous,  close,  or  in  contact;  as, 
wlien  two  houses  join. 

3.  To  unite  with  in  marriage,  league,  confederacy, 
partnership,  or  society.  Russia  and  AiistiisL  jo ijied  in 
opposition  to  Bonaparte's  ambitious  views.  I\Ien 
join  in  great  undertakings,  and  in  companies  for 
trade  or  manufacture.  They  join  in  entertainments 
.lud  anmsements.  Tiiey  join  in  benevolent  associa- 
tions.   It  is  often  followed  by  wtUt. 

Any  other  may  join  kIOl  Wim  that  h  injiured,  ami  assUl  him  iti 
rci'.orcnii^  a;iti£r;iction,  Locke. 

Should  we  ap;.\'in  brv-ok  thy  command  mpiila,  mul  join  in  aihnity 
with  the  people  of  tfiese  nbomiuations  ?  — Esm  ix. 

JOIN'DER,  n.    A  joining;  as,  a.  joinder  in  demurrer. 

Blackstone. 

JOIN'T^D,  pp.  Added  ;  united  ;  set  or  fastened  to- 
gollier;  associated;  confederated. 

JOIiX'ER,  7(.  One  whose  occu])ation  is  to  construct 
things  liy  joining  pieces  of  wood  ;  but  appropriately 
and  :tsuallii,  a  nii-rhanic  who  does  the  v/ood  work  in 
the  covering  and  finishing  of  buildings.  This  is  the 
true  and  original  sense  of  the  word  in  Great  Britain 
and  in  New  England.  This  person  is  called  in  New 
York  a  carpenter.     [See  Caupenter.] 

JOIN'EIl-Y,  71.    The  art  of  fitting  and  joining  pieces 
of  timber  in  the  construction  of  utensils  or  parts  of  a 
building,  so  as  to  form  one  entire  piece. 
2.  The  work  of  a  joiner.  Burke. 

JOIN'-IIANO,  -n.  Writing  in  which  letters  are  joinr-d 
in  words ;  as  distinguished  from  writing  in  single 
letters.  Addison. 

JOIN'iXG,  ppr.  Adding;  making  contiguous;  unit- 
inir;  confederating. 

JOINT,  j(.  {^T.  joint ;  i^p.  junta,  juniura ;  It.  giuntura  ; 
i..JHneJunt.    See  Join.] 

1.  The  joining  of  two  or  more  things. 

2.  In  anatomjj,  the  joining  of  two  or  mora  bones; 


JOL 

an  articulation  ;  as  the  elbow,  the    knee,  or  the 
knuckle. 

3.  A  knot ;  the  union  of  two  parts  of  a  plant ;  or 
the  space  between  two  joints  ;  an  internode  ;  as,  the 
joint  of  a  cane,  or  of  a  stalk  of  maizo. 

4.  A  Iiinge ;  a  juncture  of  parts  which  admits  of 
motion. 

5.  The  place  where  two  pieces  of  limber  arc 
united. 

(i.  In  jiurtcry,  straight  lines  are  called  a  joint,  when 
two  pieces  of  wood  are  planed.  Moxon. 

7.  One  of  the  limbs  of  an  nninial  cut  up  by  tliu 
butcher. 

OtU  of  joint;  luxated;   dislocated;  as  when  the 
liead  of  a' bone  is  displaced  from  its  socket.    lience, 
fiirnrativclu,  in  disorder  or  confusion. 
JOINT,  a.    Shared  by  two  or  more ;  as,  joint  prop- 
erty 

2  Ifnilcd  in  the  same  profession;  ha\ing  an  in- 
terest in  the  same  thing;  as,  a  joi»/-heir  or  heiress. 

3.  United;  combined;   acting  in  concert;   as,  a 
joint  force  ;  joint  eflbrts  ;  joint  vigor. 
JOINT,  1'.  t.     To  form  ^vitll  joints  or  articulations ; 
vsed  vtostlij  in  the  participle ;  as,  the  fingers  are  jointed ; 
a  cane  has  a  jointed  stalk. 

2.  To  form  many  ports  into  one ;  as,  jointed  wood 

Dnjdcn. 

3.  To  cut  or  divide  into  joints  or  quarters. 

Dry  den. 
A.  To  straighten  and  smooth  the  edges  of  boarils 
which  are  to  be  joined,  so  liiat  they  may  unite 
closely. 

JOINT'ED,  pp.  or  a.    Formed  with  articulations,  as 
the  stem  of  a  plant. 
2.  Separated  into  joints  or  quarters. 

JOINT'ED-LY,  adi\     By  joints.  SmitJi. 

JOINT'ER,  n.  The  longest  plane  used  by  a  joiner  in 
smoothing  the  surface  of  Iioards  or  straightening  the 
edge  of  those  which  are  to  be  joined,  Gxoilt. 

JOINT'-IIEIR,  C-Sre,)  n.  {joint  and  heir.']  An  heir 
having  a  joint  interest  with  another,    Rom.  viii. 

JOINT'IiVG,  n.    The  making  of  a  joint. 

JOINT'LY,  aih\  Together;  unitedly;  in  conceit; 
with  coiiprration. 

2.  With  union  of  interest ;  as,  to  be  jointly  ccn- 
cerntid  in  a  voyage. 

JOINT'RESS,  II.    A  woman  wlio  ha-s  a  jointure. 

Blackstone. 

JOINTS-STOCK,  71.    Stock  held  in  company, 

JOINT-STOCK-eOM'PA-NY,  ti.  A  company  n.r 
carrying  on  any  business,  having  the  stock  or  cajti- 
tal  divided  into"  shares  which  arc  transferabh;  by  each 
owner  without  tlie  consent  of  the  other  partners. 
The  holders  of  the  slock  are  not,  in  most  ca.scs,  lia- 
ble in  their  individual  capacity  for  the  debts  of  the 
companj'.  Brmidc.     Encyc.  Am. 

JOIN'J''STOOL,  V.  A  stool  consisting  of  parts  in- 
serted in  each  other.  South. 

JOI  NT-TEN' AN-CY,  n.  {joint  and  tenant.]  A  ten- 
ure of  estate  by  unity  of  interest,  title,  time,  and 
possession.  Blaelcstonc. 

JOINT-TEN'ANT,  n.  {joint  and  tenant.]  One  who 
holds  an  estate  bv  joint-tenancv. 

JOINT'UUE,  ?(.  [Fr.]  An  estate  in  lands  or  tene- 
ments, settled  on  a  woman  in  consideration  of  mar- 
riage, and  which  she  is  to  enjoy  after  her  husband's 
decease.  Blaelistonc. 

JOINT'tiRE,  r.  /.    To  settle  a  jointure  upon. 

Coiclcy. 

JOINT'TTR-M),  pp.    Endowed  with  a  jointure. 

JOINT'UR-ING,  ppr.    Endowing  with  a  jointure. 

JOIST,  71.  [Scot,  geist  or  gcst.  Ciu.  Fr.  gcsir,  to 
lie.] 

A  small  piece  of  timber,  such  as  is  framed  into  the 
girders  and  suuuners  of  a  building  to  suppoii  a  tloor. 

Kncyc. 

JOIST,  V.  t.    To  fit  in  joists  ;  to  lay  joists. 

JOIST'EI),  pp.     Fitted  in  joists. 

JOIST'ING,  ppr.    Laying  joists. 

JoICE,  V.  [h.  jofus j  Dan.  giek,  a  joke;  gielikcr,  to 
joke  ;  Hw.  gdcka,  lo  ridicule  ;  G.  schdii-crn.] 

1.  A  jest;  something  said  for  the  sake  of  exciting 
a  laugh;  something  witty  or  sjwrtive;  raillery.  A 
jealous  person  will  rarely  bear  a  joke. 

2.  An  illusion  ;  something  not  real,  or  to  no  pur- 
pose. 

Inclose  whole  ilowiu  in  walla,  *tli  all  a  Juke  I  Pope. 

A  practical  joke  y  is  a  trick  played  on  a  person,  some- 
times to  the  injury  or  annoyance  of  his  body. 

In  joke  :  in  jest ;  for  the  sake  of  raising  a  laugh  ; 
jiot  in  earnest. 
JoKE,  V.  i.     [L.  jocor.] 

To  jest ;  to  be  merry  in  words  or  actions. 
JdKE,  V.  t.    To  rally;   to  cast  jokes  at;  to  make 

jnerry  with. 
JoK'ED,  tj**'^^)  I'P-     Jested ;    rallied ;   made  merry 

_with. 
JoK'ER,  71.    A  jester;  a  merry  fellow.  Dennis. 

JGK'ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Jesting  ;  making  merry  with. 
JoK'ING-LY,  adv.    In  a  joking  way. 
JoLE,  71.     [Sometimes  written  Joim^  Sax.  eeolCy  the 
jaw  or  cheek  ;   Ir.  gial.     tin.   Arm.  chagcll,  con- 
tracted.] 


FATE,  FAR,  F^VLL,  VraAT.  — MeTE,  PREY.  — PLXE,  aiAIWNE,  BIRD  —NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.- 


632 


JOU 

1.  Tile  cheek;  uaed  in  tlie  phrase  check  by  jol* 
that  is,  Willi  the  cheeks  together  close.        Drydea. 

2.  The  head  ol'  a  tish.  Popt 
Jt)LE  or  JOLL,  v.  t.    To  strike  the  liead  against  ..iiy 

tiling  ;  to  clash  with  violence.     [jYut  kat^.J     S'lak. 

JOL-LI-FI-SaTIOX,  II.  Noisy  festivity  and  merri- 
ment. [A  lew  word  used  sometimes  in  England  and 
.America.] 

JOL'LI-LY,  ade.  [See  Jolly.]  Wilh  noisy  mirth  ; 
with  a  disposition  to  noi^v  niirtii.  Dnjdcn. 

JOL'LI-MEXT,  71.    Mirth  ;  merriment.     [Oi.>\] 

Spettscr. 

JOL'LI-NESS,  )  /I.     [from  jolhj.]     Nois^v  mirth  ;  gav- 

JOL'LI-TY,      \      ety;  merriment;  festivity. 

All  was  now  turned  to  JiUity  and  gaini:.  IJiltcn, 

2.  Elevation  of  spirit ;  gayety. 

He,  with  a  proud  jollity;  commanili-d  him  to  leave  thai  ;"^itc1  for 
Uira  wlio  W35  ouly  wortliy  to  eotcr  into  it.  iSidncy. 

[This  word,  in  America,  is  not  now  applied  to  re- 
spectable company.] 
JOL'LY,  a,    [Ft.  jolt,  pretty  ;  It.  ^iultco,  joyful,  merr>'. 
Qu.  Sax.  gevla,  gekolj  a  feast,  the  yuIc,  or  fca-st  of  the 
nativitj-.] 

1.  Merry  ;  gay ;  lively  ;  full  of  life  and  mirtli ;  jo- 
vial. It  expresses  more  life  and  noise  than  Cheer- 
ful ;  as,  FLJoUy  troop  of  huntsmen.  S.'tak. 

[It  is  seldom  applied,  in  colloquial  usage,  to  re- 
spectable company.  We  rarely  say  of  respectable 
persons,  they  are  jolhj.  It  is  applied  to  the  young 
and  the  vulgar.] 

2.  Expressing  mirth  or  inspiring  it. 

And  with  hisjotlij  pipe  drlijlits  the  jttotcs.  Prior. 

The  coachman  is  swelled  into  joUy  Jiinetisions  by  frcquoiii  pota- 
tiODS  of  malt  liquors.  Irciug. 

3.  Exciting  mirth  and  gayety ;  as,  jo%  3Iay. 

Dnjdcn. 

4.  Phirap,  like  one  in  hipJi  health  ;  pretty.   South. 
JOL'LY-BOAT,  n.     A  small  boat  belonging  to  a  ship. 

[A  sailor's  corruption  fi-r  yawl-boat.    Pee  Sw.  jullc,  a 
vawl.] 

J6LT,  v.  i.  To  shake  with  short,  abnipt  risings  and 
fallings,  as  a  carriage  moving  on  rough  ground.  The 
^carriage  jolts. 

JoLT,  r.  t.  To  shake  with  sudden  jerks,  as  in  a  car- 
riage on  rough  ground,  or  on  a  high  trotting  horse  ; 
as,  the  horse  or  carriage  /o/Cj-  the  rider. 

JoLT,  IT.  A  shock  or  shake  by  a  sudden  jerkj  as  in  a 
carriage.  Hwift. 

JoLT'ED,  j)p.    Shaken  with  sudden  jerks. 

JciLT'ER,  7!.     He  or  that  which  jolts. 

JoLT'HEAD,  (-hed,)  n.  A  creat-head ;  a  dunce;  a 
Jiliirkhead.  "  SftaJc. 

.ToLT'I.\*i,  ppr.  or  a.    Giving  sudden  jerks  or  shakes. 

JoLT'ING-LY,  ndc.    In  a  jolting  manner. 

JON'CIUIL,  n.  [Fr.  jonqnule  ;  It.  giuvcltiglia,  giunco  ; 
Jj.juncits,  a  rush,  and  It.  gigHo,  a  lily.  It  is  some- 
times called  the  Rusk-leafed  Daffodil.] 

A  plant  of  the  gemis  Narcissus,  bearing  beautiful 
flowers  of  various  colors,  yellow  and  white. 

Enajc. 

JOR'DEX,  71.    A  vessel  fnr  chamber  uses.         Sioifi. 

JO'RAM,  /  n.     A  colloquial  nnme,  in  many  parts  of 

Jo'RUM,  ^i  England,  for  a  large  drinking  vessel,  and 
also  for  its  contents,  viz.,  nut-brown  ale,  toast,  witti 
sugar  and  spice.  Forby. 

Jo'SEPHjTJ.  A  woman's  riding  dress,  formerly  much 
Jn  use.  Grose. 

Jo'SO,  n.    A  small  fish  of  the  gudgeon  kind. 

JOSS'-STICK,  n.  A  name  given  to  small  reeds,  cov- 
ered with  the  dust  of  odoriferous  woods,  v/hich  the 
Chinese  burn  before  their  idols.  Malcom. 

JOS'TLE,  (jos'l,}  V.  t.     [Fr.jouter,  for  jouster;  It.  gios- 
trarc;  Sp.jicstar.    Written,  also,  Justle.] 
To  run  against  and  shake  ;  to  push. 

JOS'TLED,  (jos'ld,)  pp.  Run  against;  pushed.  We 
say,  a  thing  is  jostled  out  of  its  place. 

JOS'TLIXG,  ppr.    Running  against ;  pushing. 

JOP'TLl?fG,  n.    A  nmiimg  against ;  a  crowding. 

JOT,  n.  [Gr.  twra,  Ch.  Ileb.  jforf,  Syr.  yudfi,  the  name 
of  the  letter  "^  or  t.] 

An  iota ;  a  point ;  a  tittle ;  the  least  quantity  assign- 
able. 

Till  heaven  and  cattli  pass,  one  jol  or  o'le  tillle  shall  in  no  wise 
pass  from  the  law  tjit  all  shall  be  fullillcd.  —  M.m.  v. 

A  man  may  read  mitch,  and  acquire  not  a  Jot  of  knowledo^,  or 
be  a  jol  the  wiser.  Anon. 

JOT,  V.  t.    To  set  down ;  to  make  a  memorandum  of. 

Walter  Scott. 

JOT'TING,  71.    A  memorandum.  Todd. 

JOT'TING,  -ppr.    Making  a  memorandum  of. 

JOU'IS-SANCE,  (ju'i3-sans,)  71.  [Fr.]  Jollity;  mer- 
riment.    [JVo(  in  Tt?e.]  Spenser. 

JOUNCE,  r.  (.  To  jolt ;  to  shake,  as  rough  riders  are 
apt  to  do.  It  is  the  same  as  Jaunce,  by  a  common 
change  of  diphthongs.  ["  Spur- gal  led  and  tired  by 
jouncing."  BoUngbrokc.  Shak.  Forby.']  Used  as  a 
noon  for  jolt  or  ska!:e. 

roup,  r.  t.     To  shake ;  to  dash.  Grose. 

JOUR'NAL,  (jur'nal,)  ».  [Vr.  journal ;  It.  gioruale^ 
from  giorno,  a  day  ;  Corn,  jnritn  ;  W.  diurnod  ;  L. 
diurnum.  This  was  originally  an  adjective,  signify- 
ing daily,  as  in  Spenser  and  Siiakspeare  ;  but  the  ad- 
jective is  obsolete.} 


JOY 


JUL) 


1.  A  diary;  an  account  of  daily  tranHactlon^  and 
events  ;  or  the  book  containing  auch  account. 

a.  Among  merchauL!,  a  book  in  which  every  par- 
ticular article  or  charge  is  fairly  entered  from  the 
waste-book  or  blotter. 

3.  In  navigation,  a  daily  register  of  the  ship's 
course  and  distance,  the  winds,  weather,  ami  other 
occurrences. 

A.  A  paper  publislicd  daily,  or  other  newspaper ; 
also,  the  title  of  a  book  or  pamphlet  published  at 
stated  times,  containing  an  account  of  inventionii, 
discoveries,  and  improvements,  in  arts  and  sciences; 
as,  the  Jiiurnal  de  Savans  ;  the  Journal  of  Science. 
JOUR'NAL-ISM,  (j'»r'na!-izrn,)  71.  The  keeping  of  a 
JtJ'Tnal.  Carlisle. 

'J.  The  management  of  public  journals. 
JOUR'NAL-IST,  (jur'nal-ist,)  v.     The  writer  of  a 
journal  or  diary. 

2.  The  conductor  of  a  public  journal. 
JOUR'NAL-iZE,   (jur'nal-lze,)  71.  t.     To  enter  in  a 

journal  an  account  of  daily  transactions. 
J0U11'.\AL-IZ-£:D,  (jur'nal-lzd,)  pp.     Entered  in  a 

j.'iurnal. 
JOUR'NALr-IZ-I^TG,  ppr.    Entering  in  a  journal. 
JOUR'iVEV,  (jur'ny,)  71.    [Pr.  journec,  a  day  or  day's 

work ;  It.  giornata,  a  day ;  Sp.  Jornada,  a  journey, 

or  travel  of  a  day ;  It.  giorno,  a  day,  from  L.  diurnusj 

dies.l 

1.  OriVi/ic//!/,  the  travel  of  a  day.     [Obs.]    Jitilton. 

2.  Travel  by  land  to  any  distance  and  for  any  time, 
indefinitely;  as,  s.  journey  from  London  to  Paris,  or 
to  Rome  ;  a  journey  to  visit  a  brother ;  a  week's  jour- 
ney ;  we  made  twii  jounmjs  to  Philadelphia. 

3.  Passage  from  one  place  to  another ;  as,  a  long 
journey  from  the  upper  regions.  Burnet. 

4.  It  may  sometimes  include  a  passing  by  tvater. 
JOUR'NEY,  (jur'ny,)  v.  i.    To  tmvel  from  place  to 

place  ;  to  pass  from  home  to  a  distance. 

.\br\h^m  journeyed,  ^Inj  on  slil!  toward  the  south.— Gen,  xii, 

JOUR'XEY-ER,  (jur'ny-er,)  n.    One  who  journeys. 

Sc'oU. 

JOUR'XEY-IXG,  (jur'ny-ing,)  ppr.  Traveling ;  pass- 
iug  from  place  to  place. 

JOUR'NEY-ING,  7t.  A  traveling  or  passing  from  one 
place  to  auotht;r ;  as,  tlic  journeyipgs  of  the  children 
of  Israel. 

JOUR':\EV->IAN,  n.  [joiirncv  and  man.]  Strictly,  a 
man  hired  to  work  by  the  day,  but  in  lact,  any  me- 
chanic who  is  Iiircd  to  work  for  another  in  his  em- 
ployment, whether  by  the  month,  year,  or  other  term. 
It  is  applied  only  to  mechanics  in  their  own  occu- 
pations. 

JCUR'NEY-WORK,  (jur'ny-wurk,)  71.    Work  done 
for  hire  by  a  mechanic  in  his  proper  occupation. 
[This  word  is  never  applied  to  farming.] 

JOUST.     See  Just. 

JoVE,  Ti.    [L,  Jovis,  gen.  of  Jupiter,  Gr.  Zm^.] 

1.  The  name  of  the  Supreme  Ueity  among  the 
Romans. 

2.  The  planet  Jupiter. 

Or  ask  of  yonder  argout  fields  above 

Why  Jove's  s,ucllites  :tre  leis  than  Jurtf.  Pope. 

3.  The  air  or  atmosphere,  or  the  god  of  the  air. 

And  Joce  ileaceuds  in  showers  of  kindly  niiii.  DryUn. 

4.  In  alchemy,  tin.  B.  Silliman^  Jr. 
Jo'VI-AL,  a.  [from  Jove,  supra.]  Under  the  intluence 

of  Jupiter,  the  planet 

The  fixed  sliire  astroio^icall^  differenced  by  the  pIaiii;U,  and 
esteemed  Martial  or  Jooiai  aceordlnj  to  tlic  colors  wheretiy 
they  answer  tliesc  pkiicts.  Broien. 

9.  In  alchemy,  a  term  applied  to  preparations  of  tin. 

Jo'VI-.\Ij,  fl.     [Fr.  and  Sp.  id.;  It.  giociale;  probably 

from  the  root  of  giovanr.,  young,  or  from  that  of  joy. 

If  it  is  from  Jucc,  it  must  Lc  from  the  sense  of  airy, 

or  fresh.] 

1.  Gay ;  merry  ;  airj- ;  joyous ;  jolly ;  as,  a  jovial 
youth  ;  a  jovial  throng. 

2.  Expressive  of  mirth  and  hilarity. 

111^  oih'a  are  some  of  ihem  panegj-rical,  others  ir.onl,  tlw  rwt 
jre^'ocit,'  or  hicclianalian.  Oryden. 

JO' VI-AL-IST,  71.    One  who  lives  a  jovial  life.  Hall. 

J  6' V  I- AL~^.Y,  ad  a.  Merrily;  gayiy  ;  wilh  noisy  mirth. 

JO'VI-AL-NESS,  7?.     Noisy  mirth  ;  gayety. 

Jo'VI-.\I^TY,  7(.     jMeriiment. 

JOWL,  71.     The  cheek.     [Sec  Jolc] 

JOWL'ER,  71.  The  name  of  a  hunting-dog,  beagle,  or 
other  dog.  Drydcn. 

JOW'TER,  7(.  One  who  rnrries  fi^h  around  the  coun- 
try, on  horseback,  for  sale.  It  probably  means  Jolt- 
En.     [Obs.]  -3^-A- 

JOY,  11.  [V:.  joici  It.  gioia;  .\T\r\.  joa,  contracted; 
G.  jauchzrn,  to  shout ;  0.  jnichen,  to  rejoice  :  Sp,  gt>- 
zoi  Port.  id.  This  word  belongs  to  the  Class  Cg,  and 
its  radical  sense  is,  probably,  to  shoni,  or  to  leap,  or 
to  play  or  sport,  and  allied  p-rhaps  lo  joke  zud  juggle 
Q,U.  It.  gaudittm.] 

I.  The  pxssion  or  emotion  excited  by  Ihc  acquisi- 
tion or  expectation  of  gootl ;  that  excitement  of 
pleasurable  feelings  which  is  caused  by  success, 
good  fortune,  the  gratification  of  desire  or  somegood 
possessed,  or  by  a  rational  prosi>ect  of  i>ossessing 


what  we  h 
hilarati'   , 


V-  or  di.-iire  ;    g|;^p .  ■ 


Bring  iKav^tilr  tcUm  u>  - 
Jo]f  (u  1117  wal,  Kfld  tni. 

2.  Gaytly  ;  mirth  ;  fe-liv,ty. 

Th-  r-jofa  «iLfi  Jtjy  rr»i.-i!>  L  ^^'y^  *- 

3.  HappincM ;  felicity. 

Iter  bearcnly  fc-nn  UrSriit,  Li  v  . 

4.  A  gloriouj  and  triumpti;ir.' 

Who,  t/T  'hr  Joy  fhU  *«  mi  betn  1^ 
llcl..  xii. 

5.  The  catisc  of  joy  or  liappinc*t. 

t'oi  ye  IT!  o  ir  gfcwj  KciJ^.  —  \  1 

G.  A  term  of  fondnesH  ;  ihr  rnnw  .r 
JOY,  r.  t.    To  rejoice  ;  to  be  r'*       ' 

I  vlU^oy  In  tbe  Cod  cf  in/  » 

JOY,  r.  (.    To  give  joy  to ;  Vj  •:■--  ,.  . 
tain  kindly. 

2.  To  gladden ;  to  cxbilaraie. 

Mj  ton]  waa  ^9yrf  io  niiL. 

3.  [  Fr-  jouir."]      To  enjoy  ;   U> 
witJi  pleorjre,  or  to  have  pteuurc  j- 
of.    [LiUle  tued.]    [See  £»or.l 

JOY'AiS'CE,  n.    [Old  Fr.  >wk£.]    r; 

[Obs.]  ^ 

JOY'KD,  pp.    Gladdened:  en' 
JOY'FJJL,  a.    Full  of  joy ;  v  ■ 

My  icul  ihall  bo  J<ri/vJ  iii 

Rarely,  it  has  of  before  lliu  caiu«  of  jw> . 

S:id  Vjt  their  Iob,  baxjofful  o/'oer  Gfe. 

JOY'FpL-LY,  adv.    With  joy ;  gladly. 

Nerer  did  men  morcjo^uUy  obrj. 

JOY'FyL-XESS,   n.     Great    gladness;    j«'>.     4^.^ 

.xxvii). 
JOY'ING,  ppr.    Gladdening  ;  giving  joy  to. 

JOV'-IN-SPnt'ING,  a.    In-piring  jo>-.        P 

JOY'I^ESS,  a.    Destitute  of  joy  ;  wuitiii-  ; 

W  ith  do'nmcut  cyc»  the  ;  <5y>-r#  tKUrr  «u. 
Rarely  followed  by  cf;  as,  joyless  of  th 

2.  Gi%"ing  no  joy  or  pleasure 

A  joylett,  disna],  l-Uck,  and  iono*fal  \3e<.-je. 

JOY'LESS-LY,  adv.     Without  joy. 
JOY'T,ESS-NESS,  n.    Stale  of  being  jor  Ir 
JOY'OUS,  a.     [Fx.joyeur.] 

1.  Glad  ;  gay ;  mcrrj' ;  joyful. 

Joyo'Jt  th"  t'jxis  ;  (rah  ga^ei  And  gzo'Jf  a<n 
■\\iii3pered  it. 

2.  Giving  joy. 

They,  aQ  a*  ^ad  a;  birdi  ctjofoiu  pcusr.  ^i^cstLu, 

It  has  of  before  the  cause  of  Joy. 

Aadj'syvtu  o/hk  cor-qant  ar!y  too.  Dryitm. 

JOY'OUS-LY,  adc.    With  joy  or  gtadnes*. 
JOY'OUS-XESS,  71.    The  stale  of  bcine  j^w:*. 
JUC,  n.    A  bottle  or  \t^c1.    [Ois.] 
JO'III-LANT,  a.     [L.  juiOcv.    See  Jcdilt 
Uttering  songs  of  triusipb;  r^oicia? 
wilh  joy. 

While  the  Uciji:  pomp  ueenlcd  JwKterl 

JU-ni-IA'TE.n.    [L.]    The  t 

er ;    so  called  beVause  the  ■ 

times,  began,  on  that  day,  u  i 

Psalm,  "Jubilate  Deo."  &c.  i>-  ir  >. 

JU-m-LA'TlON,  Ji.      [Fr.,  from  I-  juhiUtio.     Ste 

JURILSE.] 

The  act  of  declaring  Iriumph. 
JO'BM.EE,  n.     [Fr.jiibiU;    L.  >' 
to  shout  for  joy  :  Sp.  jubdco ;  IL  1  - 
orS^"'^,  liie  blast  of  a  truropcl,  comet. l:n-  wMi  i.r.z- 
baicl,  pcaly  L.  pcllo.] 

1.  Among  tAc  Jc*s,  everj- fiftieth  ynr.  hrint  th- 
year  followinc  Uie  revolution  of  - 
vcars,  at  which  time  all  the  sla^ 
and  all  lands,  which  had  Itcen  al. 
whole  period,  reverted  lo  their  form  r  i  u  r.  r-.     1  ::i' 
was  a  time  of  creat  rejoicing.     Honcr, 

5.  A  season  of  great  public  joy  and  fcftir-^. 

3.  A  church  solemnity  or  ceremony  c 
Rome,  in  which  the  pope  cmnt*  plcnari 
to  sinners,  or  to  as  many  as  lisil  lii:i  chn: 
Peter  and  St.  Paul  al  Rome. 

JUeU.ND't-TY,    n.      [h.  jucnndittif,  fmni 
sweet,  pleasant-J 
Pleas^intness;  agreeablencss.    [Limtit. 

JU-DS'le-AL-LV,  (Hfr.    AftCT  Ui«  Jcwirfl  r 
JO'DA-ISJt.  ».      (Ft.  jitditisxc,  fivim  J«.;'. 

1.  Till-  nlicKms  iloclnnfs  and  ntcs  of  tin  . .     -. .  - 


TONE,  BIJLL,  UNITE.— AN"GEK,  VVCtOUS.  — 6  as  K;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH :  TH  ns  m  TilT?^ 


80 


933 


JUD 


JUD 


ttij»>n*^d  >"  t'^"  ''*^^*  ***^  Moses.    Judaism  \va:(  a  teui- 
purary  dis()fii*;atiun. 
2.  Coiiluriiiily  lo  Uio  Jewish  rites  and  ceremonies. 

Eitctjc. 
JU-DA-I-Z.VTION,  n.    A  confonning  to  tluf  Jewish 

relJeioii  or  ritual.  SouVuij 

J  CD  A-IZE,  V.  i.     [Fr.  judaiser,  from  Jiida.'i.] 

To  cuiiforin  to  the  religious  doctrines  uiul  riles  of 
tlie  Jews. 

Thf  ¥  —  pn-vailcd  on  llifl  GalaUan*  to  judaizt  to  far  ns  to  ob- 
Vrvo  111'.'  rite*  of  M-wea  iii  various  iuMniieet.  Milncr. 

JC'I>A-IZ-EK,"-    One  who  conforms  to  the  religion 

of  the  JfW'.s.  Mackninht. 

JC'D A-lZ-ING,  Pin-,  or  a.  Confonning  to  the  doclrines 

antl  rites  of  llii;  Jews. 
JO'I>.\S-TllKfO,  «.  AloffuminousflowerinRtrce,  of  the 

penus  t.Vrcis,  common  in  the  Eaat.    On  one  of  these 

Jmlas  is  said  to  have  hung  himself. 
JUD'DOCK,  n.      A  small    snipe,  called  also  Jack- 

SMPE. 

JUUi5E,  H.  [Fr.  JH-rc-  Sp.  JH«;  Port.  i«i:;  It.  g"*- 
udicc;  L.  ></«,  supposed  to  be  compounded  ofj*w, 
law  or  risht,  and  dico^  to  pronounce.  ^  "  Hiiic  jiwci, 
quod  jus  (licat  accepla  potestate."     I'arro.] 

1.  A  civil  ollicer  who  is  invested  with  authority  to 
hear  and  de'termine  causes,  civil  or  criminal,  l);;tvveen 
parties,  accordinji  to  his  commission  ;  as,  the  judjrcs 
of  the  Kinj-'s  IJench,  or  of  the  Common  Pleas  ;  jud^cj 
of  the  Supreme  Court,  of  District  Courts,  or  of  a  Coun- 
ty Court.    The  judge  of  a  Court  of  Equity  is  called  a 

2  The  Supreme  Being. 

Sliall  nolUio/wi^c  ofallttic  eoi^  tlo  right  ?  —  Gon.  xviil. 

3.  One  who  presides  in  a  court  of  judicature. 

4.  One  who  has  skill  to  decide  on  the  merits  of  a 
question,  or  on  the  value  of  any  thing ;  one  who  can 
discern  truth  and  propriety. 

A  man  wlio  U  no  judge  of  law  may  Iw  a  good  judgs  of  po^iry 
orelotnn'iicj,  or  oftho  mcrita  of  a  iiaiiitinj.  Drifdcn. 

5.  In  tite  history  of  Israel ^  a  chief  maj^isirate,  with 
civil  and  military  powers.  The  Israelil<;s  were  gov- 
erned by  jiidire<!  more  than  three  hundred  years,  and 
the  history  of  their  transactions  is  called  the  Book  of 
Judires. 

JUD6E,  V.  u  [Vr.ju^cr;  L.  jiulico;  It.  giudicare; 
Sp.  juzgar.']  . 

1.  To  compare  facts  or  ideas,  and  pnrceivc  their 
agreement  or  disaereement,  and  thus  to  distinguish 
truth  from  falsehood. 

Judgt  not  according  (o  the  appearance.  —  John  vii. 

2.  To  form  an  opinion  ;  to  bring  to  issue  the  rea- 
soning cr  deliberations  of  the  mind. 

If  I  did  not  know  ihu  orijiual.i,  I  should  not  \n  able  to  judge, 
by  thf^  copkB,  wliicli  was  Virgil  and  which  Ovid.      Dnjdcn. 

3.  To  hear  and  determine,  as  in  causes  on  trial ; 
to  pass  senlirncc.  lie  was  present  on  the  bench,  but 
could  nut  judge  in  the  case. 

The  LoT^Judge  between  thee  and  mc.  —  Gen.  xvi. 

4.  To  discern  ;  to  distinguish  j  to  consider  accu- 
rately for  the  purpose  of  forming  an  opinion  or  con- 
clusion. 

Judge  in  jouravlves ;  ia  it  comely  that  a  woman  pray  to  God 
uncovered  ?—  1  Cor.  xi. 

JUDGE,  V.  f.  To  hear  and  determine  a  case  ;  to  ex- 
amine and  decide. 

Chaos  ohiiU  judge  the  Blrife.  Milton. 

9.  To  try  ;  to  examine  and  pass  sentence  on. 

Take  ye  him  :^nd  judge  himncconling' to  your  law. —John  xvilt. 
Gwl  »h:dljurfg'c  ihc  rijflitcoua  and  the  wicked.  —  Eccles.  iii. 

2.  Rightly  to  understand  and  discern. 

He  that  is  spiritual _fii(/£:clA.  all  things.  —  1  Cor.  fi. 

4.  To  censure  raslily ;  to  pass  severe  sentence. 

Judge  not,  (hat  ye  be  notjudged.  —  MuU.  vil. 

5.  To  esteem  ;  to  think  ;  to  reckon. 

If  ye  hAve  judged  mc  to  be  faithful  to  the  Lord.  —  Acta  xvj. 

6.  To  rule  or  govern. 

Tlie  Lord  BhHll^iid^e  his  people.  — Hcb.  x. 

7.  To  doom  to  punishment ;  to  punish. 

I  will  Judge  thcc  ncconliog  to  thy  ways.  —  Ek\c.  vlL 

JUDGE-AD'VO-CaTE,  n.  A  person  appointed  to  act 
as  public  prosecutor  in  courts-martial. 

JUDG'fiU,  pp.  Heard  and  determined  ;  tried  judicial- 
ly ;  s^.-ntenced  ;  censured  ;  doomed. 

JUDtJ'EH.  V.    One  who  judges  or  passes  sentence. 

.irnCF.'.-^HIP,  (jnj'ship,)».  "The  otUcc  of  a  judge. 

JVDd'lSGyppr.  Hearing  and  determining  j  forming 
an  opinion :  dooming. 

JUDG'MEXT,n.    |Fr.  jugemcnt] 

1.  The  act  of  judging ;  the  act  or  process  of  the 
mind  in  comparing  its  ideas,  to  find  their  agreement 
or  disaprt^emcnt,  and  to  ascertain  truth ;  or  the 
process  of  examining  facts  and  arguments,  to  ascer- 
tain propriety  and  justice  ;  or  the  process  of  exam- 
ining the  relations  between  one  projwsition  and  an- 
ctlier.  Locke,     Kncvc.    Johnson. 

9.  The  faculty  of  the  mind  by  which  man  is  en- 
abled to  compare  ideas,  and  ascertain  tbc  relations 
of  terms  and  propositions  ;  as,  n  man  of  clear  ju.dg- 


menty  or  sound  judgment.  Tlie  judgtneiU  may  be  bi- 
ased by  prejudico.  Judgment  supplies  the  want  of 
certain  knowledge. 

3.  The  determination  of  the  mind,  formed  from 
comparing  the  relations  of  ideas,  or  the  comparison 
of  facts  and  arguments.  In  the  formation  of  our 
judgments,  we  should  be  careful  to  weigh  and  com- 
pare all  the  facts  connected  with  the  subject. 

4.  In  taw,  the  sentence  or  doom  pronounced  in  any 
cause,  civil  or  criminal,  by  the  judge  or  court  by 
which  it  is  tried.  Judgment  may  be  reriered  on  de- 
murrer, on  a  verdict,  on  a  confession  or  default,  or 
on  a  nonsuit.  Judgment,  though  proiuninced  by  the 
judge  or  court,  is  properly  the  dutermi nation  or  sen- 
tence of  the  law.  A  pardon  may  be  pleaded  in  ar- 
rest of  juilgmcnt. 

5.  Tiie  right  or  power  of  passing  sentence.    S/wA. 
fi.  Determination  j  decision. 
Let  reason  govcni  ua  in  the  fonnaiion  of  o^u  judgment  of  thingi 

proposed  to  our  inquiry.  /non. 

7.  Opinion;  notion. 
She,  in  my  judgment,  was  na  fair  ai  you.  SJiaJe. 

8.  In  Scripture^  the  spirit  of  wisdom  and  prudence. 
enabling  a  person  to  discern  right  and  wrong,  good  and 
evil. 

Give  the  king  iUy  judgmtr.is,  O  God.  —  Pii.  Isxii. 

9.  A  remarkable  punij^hment ;  an  extraordinary 
calamity  inflicted  by  God  on  sinners. 

Judgments  an;  prepared  for  ecorncra.  —  Prov.  xix.    Is.  xxv). 

10.  The  spiritual  government  of  the  world. 

The  I-'ath'jr  hatli  committed  all  judgmenl  to  the  Sou.  —  Jolin  v. 

11.  The  righteous  statutes  and  commandments  of 
God  arc  called  his  judgments.    Ps.  cxijc. 

12.  The  doctrines  of  the  gospel,  or  God's  word. 
Matt.  xii. 

13.  Justice  and  equity.    Luke  xi.    Is.  i. 

14.  The  decrees  and  purposes  of  God  concerning 
nations.    Rom.  xi. 

15.  A  court  or  tribunal.    Matt.  v. 

16.  Controversies,  or  decisions  of  controversies. 
1  Cur.  vi. 

17.  The  gospel,  or  kingdom  of  grace.    Matt.  xii. 
16*.  The  final  trial  of  the  human  race,  when  God 

will  decide  the  fate  of  every  individual,  and  award 
sentence  according  to  justice. 

For  God  shad  briii?  every  work  into  judgment,  widi  every 
fc-crwl  thing,  whudicr  it  bo  good,  or  whether  it  be  evil.  — 
Ecclcs.  xii. 
Judgment  of  Qod.   Formerly,  this  term  was  applied 
to  extraordinary  trials  of  secret  crimes,  as  by  arms 
and  single  combat,  bv  ordeal,  or  hot  plowshares,  <Scc. ; 
it  being  imagined  that  God  would  work  niiracles  to 
vindicate  innocence. 
JUDfi'MENT-DAY,  n.    The  last  day,  or  day  when 
final  judgment  will  be  pronounced  on  tlie  subjects 
of  God's  moral  government. 
JUDG'MENT-HALL,  n.    The  hall  where  courts  are 

held. 
JUDG'MENT-SeAT,  n.    The  seat  or  bench  on  which 
judges  sit  in  court. 
2.  A  court ;  a  tribunal. 
Wo  shall  all  stand  before  tlie  jitdgmtni-seat  of  ChriBt.  —Rom. 

xiv. 
JO'DI-€A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  tried  and  judged. 
JU'DI-€A-TIVE,  a.   Having  power  to  judge. 

Hammond. 
Ju'DI-CA-TO-UY,  a.    Dispensing  justice. 
JC'DI-CA-TO-KY,  n.     [L.  judicalorium.] 

1.  A  court  of  justice  ;  a  tribunal.  Atterbunj. 

2.  Distribution  of  justice.  Clarendon. 
JC'DI-CA-TIIRE,  7i.     [Fr.]     The  power  of  distribu- 
ting  justice  by  legal  trial  and  determination.     A 
court  oi  judicature  is  a  court  invested  with  powers  to 
administer  justice  between  man  and  man. 

9.  A  court  of  justice  ;  a  judicatory.  SonVi. 

JU-DI"CIAL,  (ju-dish'al,)  a.    Pertaining  to  courts  of 
justice  ;  as,  judicial  power. 

2.  Practiced  in  the  distribution  of  justice;  as,  ju- 
dicial proctxdings. 

3.  Proceeding  from  a  court  of  justice;  as,  aju- 
dicicd  determination. 

4.  Issued  by  a  court  under  its  seal ;  as,  a  judicial 
writ. 

5.  Inflicted,  as  a  penalty  or  in  judgment;  as,  ju- 
dicial  hardness  of  heart;  a  judicinl  punishment. 

JU-D1"CIAL-LY,  adv.    In  W\r.  forms  (»f  legal  justice  ; 

as,  a  sentence  judicially  declared. 
9.  By  way  oi"  penalty  or  judgment ;   ais,  to  be  ja- 

dicialhf  jHinished. 
JU-DI"CIA-Uy,  (ji-dish'a-rc,)  a.     [Ft.  judi£iaire ;  L- 

judiciiirius.] 

1.  Passing  judgment  or  sentence.  Boyle. 

2.  Pertaining  to  the  courts  of  judicature,  or  legal 
tribunals. 

JU-DI"CIA-Ry,  71.  That  branch  of  government  which 
is  concerned  in  the  trial  and  determination  of  contro- 
versies between  parties,  and  of  criminal  prosecutions ; 
the  system  of  courts  of  justice  in  a  government.  An 
independent  jiwficicri/  is  the  firmest  bulwark  of  free- 
(lum.  United  States. 

JU-DI"CIOUS,  Cj"-dish'us,)a.  [Fr.  judUicuz ;  It,  giur 
dicioso.'l 


JUL 

I.  Acconlinc  to  sound  judsment ;  wise  ;  iinidiiit 
rational ;  ad:i|ited  to  obtain  a  good  end  by  the  best 
leans;  used  of  tluiijrs.  Notliing  is  mure  important 
.  succeiiiJ  in  tlie  world  than  a  judiciotts  application^ 
-  o;  time,  unless  it  may  be  a  judicium  expenditure  oi 
money. 

a.  Acting  according  to  sound  judgment ;  possess- 
ins  sound  judgment)  wise;  dirccled  by  reason  and 
wisdom  ;  v.^rd  of  persons ;  as,  a  judicious  magistrate  ; 
a  jutHcioui  historian. 
JU-l)I"C10U.S-LYj  adl'.  ^Vith  cood  judgment ;  with 
discretion  or  wisilom  ;  skilll'uUy. 

I.oii''ltiii«  hmi  jwliciouthj  pr?dfrrfd  the  Bwblime  g-iiU«  lli;>l 
.'jinclimcs  cm,  lo  the  initltiling  or  imliirercnl  one,  which 
Iii.il(t;»  fiw  faulu,  bnl  scljom  rl«;ii  lo  excellence.     Dryden. 

JU-m"CIOUS-NESS,  n.  The,  quality  of  acting  or  be- 
ing according  to  sound  judgment. 

JUG,  ti.  [Junius  mentions  the  Danisli  jugge,  an  urn, 
or  water-pot.] 

A  vessel,  usually  earthen,  with  a  swelling  belly 
and  narrow  mouth,  used  for  liolding  and  conveying 
liquors.  Siolft. 

JUG,  11.  t.  To  utter  a  sound  rcsemWing  tins  word,  as 
certain  birds  do,  especially  the  nightingale. 

Jfl'G.\-'I'EI),  a.    Coupled  together. 

JUG'GLH,  ?.'.  i.  [D.  guichclcn  or  gaochdcti :  G.  gaalcdn  : 
It.  gloaitarc ;  Dan.  giiglcr,  to  juggle  ;  giclJicr,  to  joke  ; 
Sw.  gilck,  11  jester  ;  giiclM,  to  muck,  to  make  sport ; 
h.  joculor,  to  jest,  from  jociw,  a  joke  ;  jocor,  to  joke, 
winch  coincides  with  the  Sp.  and  I'oit.  jugar,  to  play, 
to  sport  1  Fr.jauer,  contracted.  It  is  certain  that  jo/.c 
and  jocular,  and  probable  that  joi/,  lire  from  the  saino 
root  as  juggle  :  perhaps  Ch.  Tih  AiiAft,  or  chuk,  to 
laugh,  to  p'liiy,  to  sport.    Class  Gk,  No.  18.] 

1.  To  play  tricks  by  sleight  of  hand  ;  lo  amuse  and 
make  sport  by  tricks,  which  malie  a  false  show  of 
extraordinary  powers. 

2.  To  practice  artifice  or  imposture. 

Ec  tlic«/Kff(r«n5  fuMids  no  more  Ijolicved.  SiiaJi. 

JUO'GLE,  V.  t.    To  deceive  by  trick  or  artifice. 


la't  poaaiUc  the  BpelU  of  Fmnce  ehould ju^f (c 
Men  iiilo  Buch  8tr.»nge  mockeries  ? 


Shak. 


JUG'GLE,  11.    A  trick  by  legerdemain. 

2.  An  imposture  ;  a  deception.  Tillotson. 

JUG'GLl'.R,  11.     [Bf.juglar;  Ft.  jongleur;  II.  giocola- 
tore ;  D,  guichcltrr.] 

1.  One  who  practices  or  exhibits  trie  ks  by  sleight  of 
hand  ;  one  who  makes  sjiort  by  tricks  of  cxlrai.rdi- 
iiary  dexterity,  by  whicli  the  spectator  is  deceived 
JuT'ders  are  punishable  by  law. 

2.°  A  cheat ;  a  deceiver  ;  a  trickish  fellow.  Shak. 
JUG'GLER-Y,  71.    Legerdemain. 
JUG'GLIXG,  jipr.  or  a.    Playing  tricks  by  sleight  of 

hand  ;  deceiving.  

JUG'GLING,  n.     The  art  or  practice  of  cxhihilmg 

tricks  of  legerdemain.     Hence, 

2.  Trickery ;  deceit. 
JUG'GLING-I.Y,  adv.    In  a  deceptive  manner. 
JU'GU-L.'VR,  a.     [L.  jugulum,  the  neck,  either  from 

juguiiij  a  yoke,  or  from  its  radical  sense,  to  extend, 
to  join.    See  Joi.v.] 

Pertaining  to  the  neck  or  throat  j  as,  the  jugulur 
vein. 
JO'GU-LAR,  II.    A  large  vein  of  the  neck. 
JO'GU-LaTE,  t:.  t.     [L.  jugulo.] 

To  kill.  •?'«"• 

JO'GU-LA-TED,  pp.    Killed  ■,  destroyed. 
Ju'GU-L.\-TING,OTjr.     Killing;  destroying. 
JOICE.  (jusc,)  n.     [D.juys;  Fr.  jui.    The  regular  or- 
thography is  Juse.] 

The  sap  of  vegetables ;  the  fluid  part  of  animal 
substances.  il"'?'' 

JOICE,  c.  (.    To  moisten.    [OJs.]  FiUlcr. 

JCIC'jED,  (just,)  pp.    Moistened. 
JuICE'LESS,  (juse'lcss,)  11.    Destitute  of  juice  ;  dry ; 

without  moisture.  More. 

JuI'CI-NESS,  (ju'se-ness,)  n.   The  state  of  abounding 

with  juice  ;  succulence  in  plants. 
JOICING,  jipr.     Moistening. 
Jul'CV,  (ja'sy,)  a.     Abounding  with  juice;  moist; 

succulent.  •B""'"- 

JOISE,  71.     [L.  jus.] 

Judgment;  justice.    [Ohs.]       o    J--      Oowcr. 

JC'JUBK,  7>.     [L.  zizyphum  i  Vets.  'jSyjj  zizafm.] 

The  name  of  a  plant  and  of  its  fruit,  which  is 
pulpy,  and  resembles  a  small  plum.  The  plant  is 
Zizyiihus  jujuba,  a  native  of  the  East  Indies.  1  he 
fruit  was  formerly  used  in  pectoral  decoctions,  but  it 
is  now  111  little  reputation.  F.ncyc.    Miller. 

The  term  Jujude,  or  JojunE  Paste,  is  now  ap- 
plied to  an  expectorant  made  of  gum  arable,  sweet- 
ened. 
JOKE,  V.  i.     [Fr.  jaehcr.]  .   .     ^     ,       ,  . 

To  perch  on  something;  to  bend  the  head  and  toss 
it  back,  as  in  acts  of  civility.     [Mt  used.] 


Si:mrt. 


JtJ'LEP,  71.    [Ar.  (_<^^»Ju^a^lra    Pers.  iiZ. ;  Fr.  >- 

lep  :  It.  giulebbo.] 
In  pharmacy,  a  medicine  composed  of  some  proper 


F.=tTE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T.— METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  M^UltNE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.— 


634 


JUN 

liquor  and  a  w-up  of  sugar,  of  extemponmeoua  prep- 
aratio'*,  serving  as  a  vehicle  to  other  forms  of  medi- 
cine. Enajc.     Quincy. 

JOL'IAN,  a.  Noting  the  old  accouut  of  the  year,  as 
rei^ulateil  by  Julius  Cesar,  wbich  continued  to  be 
used  in  England  till  175'2,  when  the  Gregorian  year, 
or  new  sl>'le,  was  adopted. 

Jidiar.  Alps-,  called  alsO  Carman^  between  Venetia 
and  Noricura.  DK^nvUlc. 

Julian  Period,    See  Pekiod. 

JC'LIS.  71.  A  small  fish  belongin;;  to  the  Wrasse  fam- 
ily, ot  a  beautiful  violet  color.  Partington. 

JC'LUS,  H.    [Gr.  (oirA'.;;,  a  handful  or  bundle.] 

1.  in  botanUj  a  cattiiu  or  anient,  a  species  of  intlo- 
reacencs  consisting  of  scales,  under  wliich  stand 
flowers  arranged  along  a  stalk,  as  i:i  liay.le,  birch, 
willow,  &.C.  Jilartijn. 

2.  A  genus  of  multiped  insects,  of  tht^  order  of  Ap- 
ters,  of  a  semi-cylindrical  form,  with  muniliforin  an- 
tenna, and  two  articulated  palpi.  Encyc. 

JV-L^'j  n.  The  seventh  month  of  the  year,  during 
which  the  sun  enters  the  sign  Leo.  It  is  so  called 
from  Julius,  the  surname  of  Caius  <>esar,  who  was 
born  in  this  month.  Before  that  time,  this  month 
was  called  Quintilisj  or  the  fifth  month,  according  to 
the  old  Roman  calendar,  in  which  March  was  the 
first  month  of  the  year. 

JU-L'5'-FL0^V-ER,  v.  The  name  of  certain  species 
of  plants.  The  clove  Juhj-Jiower  is  of  the  genus 
Dianthus  ;  the  queen's  Jidy-jlowcr,  of  the  genus  Hes- 
peris  ;  and  the  stock  July-fio'xcr,  of  the  genus  Chei 
ranthus.     [See  Gillt-Fi-ower.]  Lcr. 

JU'MXRT,  K.  [Fr.]  The  offspring  of  a  bull  and  a 
mare.  Locke. 

JUM'BLE,  V.  t.  [Chaucer,>m6rp.]  To  mix  in  a  con- 
fused moss  ;  to  put  or  throw  together  without  order. 
It  is  often  followed  by  together. 

One  may  observe  how  apt  that  is  ioJu:7ible  together  passsg^s  of 
ScripWre.  Locke. 

JUM'BLE,  V.  I.    To  meet,  mis,  or  unite  in  a  confused 

manner.  Swifl. 

JUM'HLE,  ji.    Confused  mixture,  mass,  or  collection, 

without  order.  Swift. 

2.  A  small  cake,  in  shape  like  a  ring. 
JUM'BL£D,  pp.  or  a.  Wised  or  collected  in  a  confused 

mass. 
JUM'BLE-IVIENT,  «.  Confused  mixture.    [J^Tot  in  use] 
JUM'BLER,  71.    One  who  mixes  tilings  in  confusion. 
JUM'BLING,  ppi:    Putting  or  mixing  in  a  confused 

mass. 
JUM'BLIXG-LY,  adv.    In  a  confused  manner. 
Ju'MENT,  71.    [Fr.,  from  L.  jumattum^  a  beast.] 

A  beast  of  burden.     [JVot  tiscd.]  Brown. 

JUMP,  V.  I.     [au.  the  root  of  It.  zampillare,  to  sprmg.] 

1.  To  leap  ;  to  skip  ;  to  spring.  Applied  to  men,  it 
signifies  to  spring  upward  or  forward  witli  botli  feet, 
in  distinction  from  Hop,  which  signifies  to  spring 
with  one  foot.  A  man  jumps  over  a  ditch  ;  a  beast 
jumps  over  a  fence.  A  man  jumps  upon  a  horse  ;  a 
goat  jumps  from  rock  to  rock. 

2.  To  spring  over  any  thing ;  to  pass  to  at  a  leap. 

Jump  lo  the  cou- 
Spectator. 

["  To  jump  the  hfe  to  come,"  in  Shak?peare,  is  to 
risk  or  venture,  as  one  does  in  leaping  suddenly. 

Rich.  Vict.] 

3.  To  bound  j  to  pass  from  object  to  object ;  to  jolt. 

The  noise  of  the  rattling  of  the  wheals,  am!   of  l!i>^  priDcin* 

horses,  and  of  the  jumping  chariots.  —  Nahum  ij. 

4.  To  agree ;  to  tally  j  to  coincide. 

In  some  tan  H  jumps 'with  my  humor.  Sliak. 

[This  use  of  the  word  is  now  vulgar,  and  in  Amer- 
ica, I  think,  is  confined  to  the  single  phrase,  to  jump 
in  judg-inent.] 
JUAIP,  V.  U  To  pass  by  a  leap;  to  pass  over  eagerly 
or  hastily ;  as,  to  jump  a  stream :  but  over  is  under- 
stood. 
JUMP,  71.  The  act  of  jumping;  a  leap;  a  spring;  a 
bound. 

2.  A  lucky  chance.  Sliak. 
JUMP,  71.     [Fr.jupe  ;  It.  g^ubha.] 

A  kind  of  loose  or  limber  stays  or  waistcoat  v/orn 
by  females. 
JUMP,  a>h\    [from  the  verb  jump,  to  agree  or  tally.] 
Exactly  ;  as,  jump  at  the  dead  of  night.     [Olts.] 
Jt'.MP'i^D,  (jumpt,)  pp.    Passed  by  a  leap.  [S/iak. 

JII.MP'ER,  n.    One  who  jumps. 
JUMT'ING,  p/?r.     Leaping;  springing;  bounding. 
JU.MP'Ii\<J,  n.    The  act  of  leapingor  springing. 
JUNC'ATE,  n.      [It.  giuncata,  cream,  cheese  ;    Fr. 
jonchee  de  crime,  a  kind  of  cream  cheese  served  ia  a 
frail  of  green  rushes,  and  for  that  reason  so  called, 
or  because  made  in  a  frail  or  basket  of  rushes ;  h. 
juiicus,  a  rush.] 

].  A  cheese-cake;  a  kind  of  sweetmeat  of  curds 
and  sugar.  Johnson. 

9.  Any  kind  of  delicate  food.  Milton. 

3.  A  furtive  or  private  entertainment.  [It  is  now 
written  Junket.] 

JUNCOUS,  a.     [L.  juncciis  or  juncosus,  from  juncusy 
a  rush.] 
Full  of  bulrushes.     [Little  used.] 


We  see  a  little,  presume  a  gri^at  deal,  and  s 
elusion. 


JUP 

JUNCTION,  71.  [Fr.,  from  L.  J'lnclio,  from  jungo,  to 
join.] 

1.  The  act  or  operation  of  joining ;  as,  the  junction 
of  two  armies  or  detachments. 

2.  Union  ;  coalition  ;  combination. 

3.  The  place  or  point  of  union. 
JUNC'TtlUE,  n.     [h.  juncUira ;  Sp.  juntura;  IL  ^un- 

tura;  from  L.  jtingo,  to  join.] 

1.  A  joining;  union;  amity;  as,  the  juvettirc  of 
hearts.     [Little  used.]  ^^ff  Charl&g. 

2.  A  union  of  two  bodies ;  a  scam  ;  particularly,  a 
joint  or  articulation.  Kncuc. 

3.  The  lino  or  point  at  which  two  bodies  are  jomed. 

Soytc. 

4.  A  point  of  time  ;  particularly,  a  point  rendered 
critical  or'  important  by  a  concurrence  of  circum- 
stances. Addiion. 

JtJNE,   n.     [h.  Junius -J   Vw  juin  ;   It.  giugiio;  Sp.  ju- 

Tlie  sixth  month  of  the  year,  when  the  sun  enters 
the  sign  Cancer. 

JONE'A-TING,  n.  A  kind  of  early  appio  which  ri- 
pens in  June.  P.  Cyc. 

JUN''GLE,  (jung'gl,)  n.  [Hindoo.]  In  ffindost/in, 
land  mostly  covered  with  forest-trees,  brush-wood, 
&.C.,  or  coarse,  reedy  vegetation,  but  not  wholly  im- 
inliabited  ;  som'-times  equivalent  to  Country,  as 
distinguished  from  Villages.  Jifalcotit. 

JUN"GLY,  a.  Consisting  of  jungles  ;  abounding  with 
jungles.  Aaiat.  Ren. 

JuN'IOR,  (jun'yor,)  a,  [L.,  from  juvcnts,  young;  qua- 
si juvcnior.] 

1.  Younger;  not  as  old  as  another;  as,  a  junior 
partner  in  a  company.  It  is  applied  lo  distinguish 
the  younger  of  two  persons  bearing  the  same  name 
in  one  family  or  town,  and  opposed  to  Eldeu  ;  as, 
John  Doe,  junior. 

2.  Noting  the  third  year  of  the  collegiate  course  in 
American  colleges,  or  the  tii-st  year  in  the  theological 
seminaries. 

JCN'IOR,  n.    A  person  younger  than  another. 

The  fools,  my  junior*  by  a  year.  S:^i/t. 

2.  One  in  the  third  year  of  his  collegiate  course  in 
an  American  college,  forn:crly  called  Junior  Soi-his- 

TER.       [See  .SOPHISTER.] 

Also,  one  in  the  fir^t  year  of  his  course  at  a  theo- 
logical seminary. 
JUN-IOR'I-TY,  n.    The  state  of  being  junior. 

BuUokar. 
Ju'NI-PER,  n.     [L.  junipcrus  ;   It.  ginepro  ;    Fr.  gc- 
nevre ;  Sp.  enebro.] 

A  tree  or  shrub,  Junipems  communis,  bearing  fruit 
of  a  bluish  color,  of  a  warm,  pungent,  sweet  taste, 
yielding,  when  fresh,  by  expression,  a  rich,  sweet, 
aromatic  juice.  They  are  useful  carminatives  and 
stomachics.  The  wood  of  tiie  tree  is  of  a  reddish 
color,  hard  and  durable,  and  is  used  in  cabinet  work 
and  veneering.  The  oil  of  juniper  mixed  with  that 
of  nuts,  makes  an  excellent  varnish  ;  and  Uie  resin 
powdered  is  used  under  the  name  of  pounce.  This 
oil  is  also  used  to  give  to  gin  its  peculiar  flavor. 

Kncjic. 
JUNK,   71.     [L.  juncus.  It.  giunco,  Sp.  junco,  Fr.  jone, 
a  bulrush,  of  which  ropes  were  made  in  early  age--.] 

1.  Pieces  of  old  cable  or  old  cordage,  used  for  mak- 
ing points,  gaskets,  mats,  Sec,  and  when  untwist-:jd 
and  picked  lo  pieces,  it  forms  oakum  for  filling  the 
seams  of  ships.  Mar.  Diet. 

2.  A  ship  used  in  China ;  a  Chinese  vessel.  [An 
Eastcrjt  icord.] 

3.  A  thick  piece.    [See  Chuss.] 
JUNK'ET,  71.     [See  Juscate.]    A  sweetmeat.  ShcL 

2.  A  stolen  entertainment. 
JUNK'ET,  V.  i.    To  feast  in  secret ;  to  make  an  enter- 
tainment by  stealth.  Swi/t 
2.  To  feast. 

Job's  chililreu  Juntctet/  and  feasted  los^ther  often.  SoiiL'i. 

JO'NO,  71.  In  viythology,  the  name  of  the  Latin  divin- 
ity who  presided  over  marriages,  and  who  was  sup- 
posed to  protect  married  women. 

2.  In  astronomv,  one  of  the  small  planets  or  aste- 
roids which  revolve  round  the  sun  between  the  orbits 
of  Mars  and  Jupiter.  Brande, 

JUN'TA,  n.    A  grand  Spanish  council  of  state. 

JUN'TO,  11.  [S\t.  junta,  a  meeting  or  council,  from  L. 
ju;ic£its,  joined;  It.  ^iitwio.] 

1.  Primarily,  a  select  council  or  assembly,  which 
deliberates  in  secret  on  any  affair  of  government. 
In  a  good  sense,  it  is  not  used  in  English  ;  but 
hence,  „  ^ 

2.  A  cabal ;  a  raeetnig  or  collection  of  men  com- 
bined for  secret  deliberation  and  intrigue  for  parly 
Durposes  ;  a  faction  ;  a.^,  a  junto  of  ministers. 
*     *^  GuiUo^. 

Ju'PI-TER,  71.     [L.,  the  air  or  heavens  ;  Jovis  pftier.] 
1.  The  supreme  deity  among  the  Greeks  and  Ro- 

«  One  of  the  *'Upcrior  planets,  remarkable  for  its 
brightness.  Us  diameter  is  about  eighty-nine  thou- 
sand miles  ;  its  distance  from  the  sun,  four  hundred 
and  nineiv  millions  of  miles,  and  its  revolution  round 
the  sun,  a"  little  less  than  twelve  years. 


JUS 

J UP-PON',  n.    [Fr.jvpn;  IL  r.xi^fl^.^ 

A  HlKNt,  cIoM  coal. 
JO'RAT,  n.    [Fr..  from  L.  ;t 
to  fcwcar.] 

Ill  Kni'lun.'!.  ■ 
alderman,  or  : 

JC'RA-To-ay, 

Bwcar.] 
Comprising  on  oath  j  ac,  jitrmtarf  cauii- 

jrrpR  Di-vrxo,  tl.]   ev  . 

JU-RII)'ie-AL,  a.    Jl.  jicrM 
dico,  to  pn  nmncc.T 

1.  Acting  in  ihe'd:  '- 
to  a  judge. 

2.  Uied  in  couiu  <i:  . 

JU-RFDTe-AL-LY,  adv.    A 
or  proceedings  in  tribunai-i 

thorily. 
JU-RId-eON'Srn>T,  n.    [J„ 

conmdtoji,  eon/^do,  lo  conRi:!t_ 
A  man  learned  in  the  law';  a  '- 

maiitcr  of  liomau  jurUprndtncc,'- 

terpreUiti'-n  of  the  I-iw^. 
JU-RIS-I-UC'TIO.V.  y. 

juris,  law,  and  did 

riuridiiione ;  Sp.  J:- 

1.  The  Ic-.: 
in  cases  of  i: 
laws  and  di 
certain  suits  ■  r  ::'ti 
crimes,  t>cing  within 
is,  within  ihe  Itinit 
Inferior  conn 
or  of  smaller 
risdiction.  of  tr 
Jurisdiction  :• 

2.  Power  •■: 
lalurc  of  one  .-^ 
other. 

3.  The  power  or  ricbt 
Nations  claim  exclusive  ;  - 
the  extent  of  a  marine  k^. 
or  shore. 

4.  The  lidit  within  w.i. 
cifvu. 

Jurisdiction,  in  its  met  gtnerjl 
lo  make,  declare,  or  apfdy  ll^■  I"- 
to  tlie  judiciary  department,  : 
tlie  judicial  powcTj  the  rigl  ' 
through  the  laws,  by  tlie  in- 
provided  for  thai  purpose.    -V---- 
place  or  territor>*,  to  persons,  or  u  , 

JU-RIS-Die'TION-AL,a.    Pertaii 

as,  j-.tri^dictior.al  rishts. 
JU-KlS-IHe'TIVE,  a.    Uavingjuf. 
JU-RIS-PRC'DENCE,  ».    rFr.,frorn  i..    - 

jus,  law,  and  prudcntia,  science*.] 

The  science  uf  Jaw ;  the  knpw1f»d?f 

customs,  and  rights  of  mf  u 

necessary  for  Uie  due  ndro  : 

study  v( jurisprudence,  UK-i.i  : 

most  important  and  useful  to  :n  :i. 
JU-RIS-PKC'DENT,  fi.    Understanding  ! 
JU-KIS-FRU-DEN'TLVL,   c    IVrtainin;  . 

deuce.  " 

JC'MtlST,   n.     [Fr.  ymristc;   It.  guKnOm;  Sp.  jm- 

froui  L.  jus,  juris,  law.^ 

1.  A  man  who  i  n  " 
versed  in  ihe  law. 
law ;  a  civilian. 

2.  One  versed  in  lU'.  i.r.v  c:  i.,-.' 
on  Ihe  i^ubject. 

JO'ROR,  M.    [L.  jurctcr:  or  rather 

One  thai  serves  on  a  jur>- ;  on.-  sw.  - 

tlie  truth  on  ilie  evidence  eivtii  bim  cor. 

matter  in  tjuestion  er  o'l  trr^l. 
JO'RY,  II.     [Fr.Jurc.  * 

A  number  of  fre^ 

prescribed  by  law, 

into  and  tr>'  any  m-n  r 

truth  on  the  evidence  givi 

juries  consist  u5u;UIy  of  : 

least,  and  are  summoned  t.*  ;:;. 

indictments.      PeUy  juries^    co: 

twelve    men,  attend   courts  to  : 

in  civil    causes,  and    to  dccido    l.m 

the  fact  in  criminal  prosecu::.'a>.    Ti. 

a  pettv  jury-  is  called  a  vcrUr., 
In  addition  lo  these,  there  ar 

which  are  summoned  orcasion;. 

den  or  violent  deatli,  lo  examine  . 
JO'RY-M.\X,   n.    O:;ewhoio  imi\n;.^'i  

or  who  serves  as  a  jan*r. 
JC'RY'-M.^ST,  n.    A  mast  en>r:-d  ia  a  shin,  in  ^T 

the  place  of  one  carried  a'    

gngement,  tc.     The  ni; 

word  jury,  in  this  t'^^v; 

Thomson^  viz.,  fr.-: 

lempomrv,  or  froii; 
JUS  OEJV^'TI'UM. 
JUST,  a.     [Fr.  ju^^e-   -,■ .    -■■  •  ■■•  . --    - 


TuNE    BULL,  UNITE. -AN"GER,  VI"ClOU 


€  as  K;  C  as  J;  S  as  7  :  CH  n.  SII ;  TH  as  in  TFnS. 


K 

TliL*  primary  Pt;nse  is  probably,  siniifiht  or  close,  from 
lliti  sense  ol'  setting,  erecting,  or  extending,] 
:.  Uegular ;  orderly  j  due  ;  iiuituble. 

Wlicn  nil 
Tlie  vfur  aboil  aland  nuigcd  in  ilAjust  nmj.  Addiion. 

3.  Exactly  proportioned  ;  proper. 


PlcnMtli  your  Icnlalup 
To  ruett  lil>  gr.ic«*,/urf  distaucd  'iwccn  wur  nrmifi  ? 


Shtk. 


3.  Full ;  complete  to  the  common  standard. 

He  WAS  a  comcljr  pcmoiiA-r,  a  little  nbovejiut  Etiiluro.    Uacon. 

■1.  Full;  true;  a  sense  allied  to  the  preceding,  or 
iJic  same. 

So  Uut  onco  the  aliinnish  was  Itlte  to  have  corae  to  ajutt  l^atllc. 

KtioUet. 

5.  In  a  moral  sensCj  upright ;  honest ;  having  prin- 
ciples of  rectitude  ;  or  conforming  exactly  to  the 
laws,  and  to  principles  of  rectitude  in  social  con- 
duct; equitable  in  the  distribution  of  jui;ticc;  as,  a 
just  judgi'. 

G.  In  an  ecanrrdical sense,  r'li^htcnufi ;  religious;  in- 
fluenced by  a  regard  to  thir  laws  of  God  ;  or  living 
iu  exact  conformity  to  tlic  divirn;  will. 

There  b  not  a  jtut  man  on  carih,  that  tlocUi  jjooil,  und  anncth 
uoU  — EfCclca.  vii. 

7.  Conformed  to  rules  of  justice  ;  doing  equal  jus- 
tice. 

Just  bnI.Micca,/uff  weights,  a /uir  cphab,  and  a^tut  tun  shall 
yo  have.  —  Lev.  x\x. 

8.  Conformed  to  truth ;  exact ;  proper ;  accurate  ; 
as,  just  thoughts;  ju.st  expressions;  just  images  or 
representations;  ajiwf  description  ;  a  jiw(  inference. 

y.  True,  founded  in  truth  and  fact;  as,  a  just 
charge  or  accusation. 

10.  Innocent;  blameless;  without  guilt. 

How  should  miin  tx!  just  with  God  ?  — Job  ix. 

11.  Equitable ;  due ;  merited ;  as,  a  jtw(  recompense 
or  reward. 

Whoso  daiuaation  ujust.  — Rom.  iii. 
10.  True  to  promises ;  faithful ;  as,  just  to  one's 
word  or  engagements. 

13.  impartial ;  allowing  what  is  due  ;  giving  fair 
representation  of  character,  merit  or  demerit. 
JUST,  adv.  Close  or  closely ;  near  or  nearly  in 
place.  He  stood  just  by  the  speaker,  and  heard 
what  he  said.  He  stood  jitst  at  the  entrance  of  the 
city. 

2.  Near  or  nearly  in  time ;  almost.  Jiist  at  that 
moment  he  arose  and  fled. 

3.  Exactly;  nicely ;  accurately.  They  remain  j^tsi 
of  the  same  opinion. 


'Via  with  OMr  Judgmcnta  as  our v.iHchc8 ;  none 
Gojui:  alike,  yet  each  believes  liis  own. 


Pope. 


4.  Merely ;  barely ;  exactly. 

And  having^uit  enough,  not  covet  more.  Dryden. 

5.  Narrowly.    He  just  escaped  without  injury-. 
JUJ5T,  7(.     [Fr.  jojLitc,  now joute;  Sp.  justa;  Port,  id.; 

It.  gioslra;  probably  from  the  root  oi  jostle  ot  justle. 
Tlie  primary  sense  is,  to  thrust,  to  drive,  to  push.] 

\  mock  encounter  on  horseback  ;  a  combat  for 
sjiort  or  for  exercise,  in  which  the  coinbatanls  pushed 
with  lances  and  swords,  man  to  man,  in  mock  fight ; 
a  tilt ;  one  of  the  exercises  at  tournaments.  EucTfc. 
JUST,  17.  t.  [Fr.jouter;  Sp.  and  Port,  jiistar;  It.  rrios- 
trarc] 

1.  To  engage  in  mock  fight  on  horseback. 
9.  To  push;  to  drive  ;  to  justle. 

JCSTK  .mL-fEW,  (zhust-mil-yu'.)  In  Frenc/t  poU- 
ticsy  a  parly  which  claim  to  hold  the  exact  middle 
point  between  the  old  monarchical  and  the  recent  re- 
publican principles. 

JUS'TICE,  7t.  [Fr. ;  Sp.  jtusticia ;  It.  giustizia;  from 
L.  jitsfiria,  from  Justus^  just.] 

1.  The  virtue  which  consists  in  giving  to  every 
one  what  is  hi.s  due  ;  practical  conformity  to  the  laws 
and  to  prinoiiJes  of  rectitude,  in  the  dealings  of  men 
with  rach  other;  honesty  ;  integrity  in  conimerco  or 
mutual  mtercourse.  Jitsiicc  is  ilistributivc  or  coimnu- 
tativc.  Duitributivc  jitMce  belongs  to  magistrates  or 
rulers,  and  consists  in  distributing  to  every  man  that 
right  or  equity  which  the  laws  and  the  principles  of 
equity  require ;  or  iu  deciding  controversies  accord- 


Kthe  eleventh  letter  of  the  Englij^h  alphabet,  is 
y  borrowed  from  the  firecks,  being  the  same  char- 
.icter  as  the  Greek  kappa,  answering  to  the  Oriental 
kaph.  It  represents  a  close  articulation,  formed  bv 
pressing  the  root  of  the  tongue  against  the  upper  part 
of  the  moulh,  with  a  depression  of  the  lower  jaw 
and  opiMiing  of  the  teeth.  It  is  usually  denominated 
a  guttural,  but  is  more  properly  a  palauil.  Before  alt 
the  vowels,  it  has  one  invariable  sound,  corrcsimnd- 


K 

ing  to  the  laws  and  to  principles  of  c<iuily.  Cummti- 
tativc  justice  consists  in  fair  dealing  in  trade  and  mu- 
tual intercourse  between  man  and  man. 

'-*.  Impartiality;  equal  distribution  of  right  in  e.v- 
pressing  opinions ;  fair  representation  of  facts  respect- 
ing merit  or  demerit.  In  criticisms,  narrations,  histo- 
ry, or  discourse,  it  is  a  duty  to  Hojtisliec  to  every  man, 
whether  friend  or  foe. 

3.  Equity;  a^'reeablenesu  to  right;  as,  be  proved 
the  justice  of  his  claim.  This  should,  in  strictness, 
be  Justness. 

4.  Vindictive  retribution  ;  merited  punishment. 
Sooner  or  later,  jiwtice  overtakes  tlie  criminal. 

5.  Right;  application  of  equity.  His  arm  will  do 
him  justice. 

G.  [Low  L.  justiciuT-ius.']  A  person  conmiissioncd 
to  hold  courts,  or  to  trj-  and  decide  controversies  and 
administer  justice  to  individuals;  as,  the  chief  jtt.^- 
ticc  of  the  King's  Bench,  or  of  the  Common  Pleas,  in 
England  ;  tlie  ch'icC  justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  in 
the  United  States,  &c 

JUS'TICE,  V.  U    To  administer  justice.     [Litih  used.] 

Bacon. 

JUS'TICE-A-BLE,  a.  Liable  to  account  in  a  court  of 
justice.     [JVot  used.]  Hayward. 

JUS'Tl-CEIl,  n.    An  administrator  of  justice. 

Bp.  Hall. 

JUS'TICE-SniP,  H.  The  office  or  dignity  of  a  jus- 
tice. Swift. 

JUS-TI"CIA-BLE,  a.  Proper  to  be  examined  in  courts 
of  iusticc. 

JIIS--J'1"C1A-RY,  (jus-tish'a-ry,)J        „•,-■■     i 

JUS-TI"C1AR,  gus-tish'ar,)         j  ""   [^-Ji^tictanus.] 
].  An  administrator  of  justice.  Burke. 

9.  A  chief  justice,  .  Blackstone. 

3.  One  that  boasts  of  the  justice  of  his  own  act. 
\J^ot  usrd.']  Dcring. 

JUST'I-FI-A-BLE,  a.  [from  jiu-(//».'.l  That  may  be 
proved  to  be  just ;  that  may  be  \-indicated  on  jmnci- 
ples  of  law,  re;ison,  rectitude,  or  propriety  ;  defensi- 
ble ;  vindicable.  No  breach  of  law  or  moral  obliga- 
tion is  justifiable.  The  execution  of  a  malefactor,  in 
pursuance  of  a  sentence  of  court,  is  justifiable  homi- 
cide. 

JUST'I-FI-A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
justifiable;  rcclitiidc;  possibility  of  being  defended 
or  vindicated.  King  Charles. 

JUST'I-FI-A-BLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  that  admits  of 
vindication  or  justification  ;  rightly. 

JUST-I-FI-Ca'TION,  n.  [Fr.,  from  ju^HJicr,  to  justify.} 

1.  The  act  of  justifying  ;  a  showing  to  be  just  or 
conformable  tn  law,  rectitude,  or  propriety  ;  vindica- 
tion ;  defense.  The  court  listened  to  the  evidence 
and  arguments  in  justification  of  the  prisoner's  con- 
duct. Our  disobedience  to  God's  commands  admits 
no  justification. 

%  Absolution. 

I  hope,  for  my  brollicr's  justlfcatian,  he  wrote  this  but  m  an 
esiiy  of  my  virtue.  SJiok. 

3.  In  /air,  the  showing  of  a  sufficient  reason  in 
court  wliy  a  defendant  did  what  he  is  called  to  an- 
swer. Pleas  in  justification  must  set  fortii  some  spe- 
cial matter. 

4.  In  theology^  remission  of  sin,  and  absolution 
from  guilt  and  punishment;  or  an  act  of  free  grace 
by  which  God  pardons  the  sinner,  and  accepts  him 
as  righteous,  on  account  of  the  atoncuient  of  Christ. 

JUST-IF'I-CA-TIVE,  a.  Justifying;  that  has  power 
to  justifv. 

JUST-I-Fi-CA'TOR,  n.  One  wlio  justifies.  [LiUlc 
used  1 

JUST-IF'I-€A-TO-RY,  a.     Vindicatory  ;  defensory. 

Johnson. 

JUST'I-FI-ER,  71.  One  who  justifies;  one  who  vin- 
dicates, supports,  or  defends. 

2.  He  wIjo  pardons  and  absolves  from  guilt  and 
punishment. 

Tbat  he  might  be  just,  and  Iho  jueUJlcr  of  him  who  L'cliovctli  in 
Jcsvis.  —  ItoiQ.  iii. 

JUST'I-FY,  V.  £.  [Fr.  justifier;  Sp.justOiear;  11.  gius- 
tificare  ;  L.  Justus,  just,  and  faciOy  to  make.] 

1.  To  prove  or  show  to  be  just,  or  conformable  to 
law,  right,  justice,  propriety,  or  duty ;  to  defend  or 


K. 


ing  with  that  of  c  before  a,  o,  and  u,  as  in  licd,  ken. 
In  monosyllables,  it  is  used  after  c,  as  in  cracA,  check, 
deck,  being  necessary  to  exhibit  a  correct  pronuncia- 
tion in  the  d!!rivatives,crncArcf/,  c'lcckcd,  decked,  crack- 
ing ;  for  without  it,  c,  before  tiie  vowels  r.  and  i, 
wottld  he  sounded  like  .s-. 

Formerly,  /;  was  added  to  c  in  certain  words  of 
Latin  origin,  as  in  mustch,  publick,  rcpublick.  But  in 
modern  practice,  k  is  very  properly  omitteil,  being 


K 

maintain  ;  to  vindicate  as  right.  We  can  not  justify 
disobedience  or  ingratitude  to  our  iMaker.  \Vc  can 
not  justify  insult  or  incivility  to  our  fellow-nicn.  In- 
temperance, lewdness,  profaneness,  and  dueling,  are 
in  no  case  to  be  justified. 

2.  In  tkculogy^  to  pardon  and  clear  from  guilt ;  to  ab- 
solve or  acquit  from  guilt  and  merited  punishment, 
and  to  accept  as  righteous  on  account  of  the  merits 
of  the  Savior,  or  by  the  application  of  Christ's  atone- 
ment to  llie  oltendcr.  St.  Paul. 

3.  To  cause  another  to  appear  comparatively 
righteous,  or  less  guilty  than  one's  self.    £,ick.  xvi. 

4.  To  jtidge  rightly  of. 

Wisdom  \iju8tifMhy  her  children.— Mutt.  xi. 
.5.  To  accept  as  justand  treat  with  favor.    James  ii. 
JUST'I-F"?,  r.   i.     In  printing, to  agree;  to  suit;  to 
conform  exactly ;   to  form  an  even  surface  or  tme 
line  with  something  else.    Types  of  dillerent  sizes 
will  not  justify  with  each  other 
JUST'I-Fy-ING,  ppr,   Making  or  p;ovinw  to  be  just. 

2.  a.  In  t/icology,  that  bay  the  quality  of  absolv- 
ing from  guilt ;  as,  justifying  fa.ith. 

JUS'TLE,  (jus'l,)  V.  i.  [See  Jostlk  and  Just.]  To 
run  against ;  to  encounter ;  to  strike  against ;  to  clash. 

'J'he  chariots  sliall  nigo  in  Vne  «trecU ;    tb^-y  sh-'dl  justie  one 
against  anoUicr  in  the  broad  ways.  —  Nab.  ii. 

JUS'TLE,  (jus'l,)  V  t.  To  push  ;  to  drive  ;  to  force 
by  rushing  against;  commonly  followed  by  ojT  or 
out;  as,  to  justle  a  thing  off  the  table,  or  out  of  its 
place. 

JUS'TLKD,  pp.    Pushed;  forced  by  driving  against. 

JUS'TLING,  ji.  Shock  ;  the  act  of  rusliing  against 
each  other. 

JUST'LY,  adv.  [from  just.]  In  conformity  to  law, 
justice,  or  projiriely  ;  by  right.  The  ofiender  is  justly 
condemned.  The  hero  'unjustly  rewarded,  applauded, 
or  honored. 

"2.  .According  to  truth  and  facts.  His  character  is 
justly  described. 

3.  Honestly  ;  fairly ;  with  integrity  ;  as,  to  do 
justly.    Mic.  vi. 

4. 'Properly;  accurately;  e.\actly. 

Their  ll-ct  assist  tiieir  lianda,  ami  jusUy  beat  the  groiuul. 

Diyden. 

JUST'NESS,  n.  Accuracy;  exactness;  as,  the  just- 
jiess  of  proportions. 

9.  Conformity  to  truth;  as,  the  justness  of  a.  de- 
scription or  representation. 

3.  Justice;  reasonableness;  equity;  as,  the  just- 
ness of  a  cause  or  of  a  demand.  [Justness  is  properly 
applied  to  things,  Tinfi  justice  to  persons  ;  but  the  dis- 
tinction is  not  always  observed.] 

JUT,  V.  i.  [A  different  spelling  of  Jet.]  To  shoot 
forward  ;  to  project  beyond  the  main  body  ;  as,  the 
jutting  part  of  a  building.  A  point  of  h'tnd  juts  into 
the  sea. 

JUT,  n.    A  shooting  forward  ;  a  projection. 

JUT'TING,  ppr.  or  a.    Shooting  out ;  projecting. 

JUT'TING-LY,  a//r.     Projeclinglv. 

JUT'TY,  v.  i.     To  jut.     [JVot  uscil.]  Shah. 

JUT'TY,  71.  .\  i»rojcction  in  a  building;  also,  a  pier 
or  mole. 

JUT'-VVIN-DoVV,  n.  A  window  that  projects  from 
the  line  of  a  building. 

JD'VE-NAL,  n.    A  sportive  name  for  a  youlli.  Shck. 

JU-VE-NES'CENCE,  n.    A  growing  young. 

JU-VE-NES'CENT,  a.    Becoming  young.       Lamb. 

JU'VE-NILE,  a.  [h.  juvenilis,  from  juccnis,  young, 
Sans,  yuvan.] 

1.  Young;  youthful;  as,  yitrcniVc  years  or  age. 

2.  Pcrtaininn  or  suited  to  ^'onth  ;  ns,jia'oti7(;  sports. 
Ju'VE-NILE-NESt?,  )  7;.  Youthfulness  ;  youthful 
JU-VE-NIL'1-TY,      j      age.  Glanviltc. 

2.  Light  and  careless  manner  ;  the  manners  or 
customs  of  youth.  Olanvilte. 

JUX-TA-POS'IT-ED,  a.     [L.juztu,  near,  and  poWto^] 

Placed  near  ;  adjacent  or  contiguous.    Macinicr. 
JUX-T.\-P0-S1"TI0N,  (-po-zjyh'uu,)  71.    [L.  juzta, 
near,  and  position.] 

A  placing  or  being  placed  in  nearness  or  contiguity, 
as  the  parts  of  a  substance  or  of  a  composition.  The 
connection  of  words  is  soniethnos  to  be  ascertained 
by  juxtaposition. 


entirely  supcrlluous,  and  tlio  more  properly  as  it  is 
never  written  in  the  derivatives,  musical,  publication, 
republican. 

A' is  silent  before  n,  as  in  know,  knife,  frncf. 

As  a  numenil,  K  stands  for  250 ;  and  with  a  f;lroke 
over  it,  thus,  K,  for  2.'i0,()00. 

This  character  was  not  used  by  the  ancient  Ro- 
mans, and  rarely  in  the  later  ages  of  t!ieir  empire. 
In  the  place  of  k,  they  wscd  c,  as  in  cliuo,  for  tlic 


FJ\TE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T.  — MkTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  M,\R1NE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQOK.- 
636 


KEC 

Grstk  ^^AtiTo.    In  the  Teutonic  diJilccts,  this  Greek 
letlor  is  sometimes  represeiited  by  h.     [See  H.] 

KAF'FKK.    See  Caffeb. 

KA-KOX'ENE.    See  Cacoxene. 

KaIX,  rt.     [L.  caidis;  VV.  caicL] 

A  kind  of  cablmj;e,  having  tlie  leaves  generally 
curled  or  wrinkled,  Cut  not  formed  into  a  close,  round 
ht'iid.  Encyc.  Dom.  Econ, 

KALy'-YAllD,  M.    In  &w(/«7w/,  a  kitciien  garden. 

Jamie^on. 

KA-LEID'0-S€OPE,  H.    [Gr.  «aXoj,  beautiful,  CiJ-jf, 
fiirtii,  ajid  c-«on-£(j,  to  see.] 

An  instrtiment  v.'hicli,  by  an  arrangement  of  re- 
netlin*  surfaces,  exiiibtts  an  infinite  variety  of  beau- 
tiful colors  and  syniuietric;il  forms  of  its  contents, 
an  invention  of  Dr.  Itrewster. 

KAL'KX-DAR.    See  Calekdar. 

KAL'KiN-DER,  n.  A  sort  of  dervisc.  [See  Calender.] 

Ka'M,  (ka'le,)  ».    [Ar.     Ai'  halt,  llie  ashes  of  the 


KEE 


KEE 


Salicomia,  from   ,-JL5  halai,  to  fry.] 


A  plant,  a  species  of  Salsola,  or  glasswort,  the 
ashes  of  wliich  are  used  in  making  glass.  Hence 
Alkali,  which  see. 

Ka'LIF.     See  Calif. 

KAL'SII-A,  11.  The  name  of  a  genus  of  evergreen 
?hrubs,  natives  of  North  America,  sometinies  in- 
correctly called  laurel,  ivy-biughj  and  also  calico- 
busk,  &c. 

KA-LOY'ER.    See  Caloyebs. 

KAM.  a.     Crooked;  awry.     [Obs.]  Slialc. 

KAL'SO-iMlNE,  n.  A  kind  of  pamt  witliout  oil,  used 
on  the  walls  of  rooms,  ceilings,  &c. 

KAM'SIN.  n.  A  hot  southerly  wind  in  Egj'pt ;  the 
simoom. 

KAN,     -i  n.    In  Persia,  an  officer  answering  to  a  gov- 

KAUX,  >      emor  in  Europe  or  America.    Among  tlie 

KHAN.  J      Tartars,  a  chief  or  prince.    [See  Iv>ian.] 

K.\.\"GA-It,00',  n.  A  singular  animal  found  in  New 
Holland,  resembling  in  some  respects  the  opossum. 
It  belongs  to  the  genus  Kangurus.  It  has  a  small 
head,  neck,  and  shoulders,  tJie  body  increasing  in 
thickness  to  the  rump.  The  fore  legs  are  very  short, 
useless  in  walking,  but  used  for  digging  or  bringing 
food  to  the  mouth.  The  hind  legs,  which  are  long, 
are  used  in  moving,  particularly  in  leaping.  Encijc. 

K.-VNT'I-AX,   a.     Relating  to  the  doctrines  or  philoso- 
phy of  Emanuel  Kant,  a  German  philosopher. 
As  a  iioujij  a  follower  of  Kant. 

KANT'ISM,  71.  The  doctrines  or  theorj'  of  Kant,  the 
German  metaphysician. 

KANT'IST,  j(.    A  disciple  or  follo-.ver  of  Kant. 

KA'O-LIN,  H.  A  variety  of  clay  used  for  making  por- 
celain, proceeding  from  the  decomposition  of  the 
mineral  feldspar.  It  is  also  culled  Petunse.    Dana. 

KAR'.\-GANE,  n.  A  species  of  gray  fox  found  in  the 
Russian  empire.  Tooke. 

KARPH'O  LITE,  ti.  [Gr.  Kaoipos,  straw,  and  Atdos,  a 
stone.] 

A  fibrous  mineral  occurring  in  tufts  of  a  struw- 
yellow  color,  and  consisting  of  silica,  alumina,  and 
o.vyd  of  manganese,  witli  11  per  cent,  of  water. 

Dana. 

Ka'TY-DID,  71.  A  large  insect,  of  a  greenish  color,  be- 
longing to  t!ie  order  orthoptcra.  They  are  abundant 
in  the  United  States  during  the  autumn,  and  al  night, 
by  means  of  membranes  in  their  wing-covers,  make  a 
{icculiar  harsh  sound,  nearly  articulate,  resembling 
the  combination  ka-ly-did ;  whence  the  name. 

E.  C.  IkrricJc. 

KA-VASS\  TI.    In  Turkey,  an  armed  constable. 

KAW,  v.  i.  [from  the  sound.]  To  cry  as  a  raven, 
crow,  or  rook.  Locke. 

KAW,  M.     The  cry  of  the  raven,  crow,  or  rook. 

Drydcn. 

KAWN,  n.  In  Tarkeij,  a  public  inn  ;  commonly 
Kha:^. 

KaVLE,  «.     [Fr.  quillc,  a  nine-pin,  a  keel.'] 

J.  A  nine-pin,  a  kettle-pin  ;  sometimes  written 
Keel.  Sidney.     Carcw. 

•2.  A  kind  of  play  in  Scotland,  in  which  nine  holes, 
ranged  in  threes,  are  made  in  the  ground,  and  an 
iron  ball  rolled  in  among  them.  Juhnsoii. 

K.VZ'ARD-LY,  a.    Unlucky  ;  liable  to  accident. 

W.  ofEntr. 

KEB'L/VII,  n  The  point  toward  which  Mohamme- 
dans turn  their  faces  in  prayer,  being  the  direction 
of  liie  teinpie  at  Mecca.  Encyc.  Am. 

KE<:K,  «.  /.     [G.  kUken.] 

To  heave  the  stomach  ;  to  reach,  as  in  an  effort  to 
vomit.     [^Little  vse-d.^  Bacon.     Swift. 

KECK,  n.    A  reaching  or  heaving  of  the  stomach. 

Cltcyne. 

KECK'LE,  (kek'l,)  v.  t.    [Q\u  G.  ku^eln,  to  roll.] 
To  wind  old  rope  round  a  cable  to  preser\'e  its 
surlacc  from  being  fretted,  or  to  wind  iron  chains 
round  a  cable  to  defend  it  from  the  friction  of  a 
rocky  bottom,  or  from  the  ice.  Mar.  Diet. 

ICECK'SY,  V.  [Ciu.  Fr.  ci^te,  L.  cicuta.  It  is  said  to 
be  commonly  pronounced  kex.^ 


Hemlock  ;  a  hollow,  jointed  planL  [JVot  used  in 
America.]  ShaJt. 

KECK'Y,  a.     Resembling  a  kex. 

3.  TI.    An  Indian  scepter.  Grew. 

KEDGE,  71.  [Allied  probably  to  aifr  and  /:r/r,]  A 
small  anchor  witli  an  iron  stock,  used  to  keep  a  Hliip 
steady  when  riding  in  a  JiarlK»r  or  rivrr,  and  particu- 
larly at  the  turn  of  the  lido,  lo  keep  her  clear  of  her 
bower  anchor,  also  to  remove  her  from  one  pari  of  a 
harbor  to  another,  being  carried  out  in  a  boat  and  let 
go,  as  in  wariung  or  k'edging.  [Sometinicj*  written 
Kedgeh.]  Mar.  Diet. 

KEDgE,  v.  t.  To  warp,  as  a  ship ;  to  move  by  means 
of  a  kedge,  as  in  a  river. 

ICEDCE  or  KEDG'Y,  a.    Brisk  ;  lively.     [Local.] 

Fofby 

KEDG'i^D,  pp.     Moved  by  means  of  a  kodge. 

KEDC'EIt,  ;(.     [from  kcd-rF.] 

1.  A  small  anchor  used  m  a  river. 

2.  A  lish-man.  Orose. 
KEDG'ING,  ppr.    Moving  by  means  of  a  kedge. 
KED'LACK,  71.    A  weed  that  grows  among  wheat 

and  rye  ;  charlock.    [I  believe  not  used  in  America.] 
Tusser.    Juhnson. 

KEE,  pi.  of  Cow.  {Local  in  England,  and  nut  used  in 
America.]  Oay. 

KEECH,  7(.    A  mass  or  lump.    [JVotinuse.]    Percy. 

KEEK,  V.  i.     To  peep;  to  look  prj-ingly.     [Scottish.] 

KEEL,  71.  [Sax.  oeIc  ;  G.  and  D.  kid  ;  Dan.  kiil,  ktvl ; 
Russ.  kil;  Sw.  kUl;  Fr.  fjuille;  Sp.  quiUa;  Port. 
qiiilha.  The  word,  in  different  languages,  signifies 
a.  keel,  a  pin,  kaylc,  and  a  quill;  probably  from  ex- 
tending.] 

1.  The  principal  timber  in  a  ship,  extending  from 
stem  to  stern  at  tlie  bottom,  and  supporting  the  whole 
frame.  J\Iar.  Diet. 

2.  A  low,  flat-bottomed  vessel,  used  in  the  River 
Tyne,  to  convey  coals  from  Newcastle  for  loading 
the  colliers. 

3.  In  bvtuny,  the  lower  petal  of  a  papilionaceous 
corol,  inclosing  the  stamens  and  pistil.        Jllartyn. 

Falsii  keel ;  a  strong,  thick  piece  of  timber,  bolted 
to  the  bottom  of  tlie  keel,  to  preserve  it  from  injur)'. 
On  an  even  keel ;  in  a  level  or  horizontal  position. 

KEEL,  V.  t.    To  plow  with  a  keel ;  to  navigate. 

J.  Barhw. 
9.  To  turn  up  the  keel ;  to  sliow  the  bottom.  Sluil:. 

KEEL,  V.  t.  [Sax.  ctdan,  to  cool.]  To  cool ;  as,  to 
AceUhc  pot.     [Obs.]  SkaJ:.     SmarL 

KEEL'AGE,  71.  Uiity  paid  for  a  ship  entering  Hartle- 
pool, England. 

KEEL'-BoAT,  n.    A  large  covered  boat,  with  a  keel, 
but  no  sai!>:.  used  on  AmL-rican  rivers  for  the  trans- 
portation of  freight. 
2.  See  Keel,  No.  2. 

KEEL'£D,  fl.  In  botany,  carinated  ;  having  a  longi- 
tudinal prominence  en  the  back ;  as,  a  keeled  leaf, 
calyx,  or  nectary.  Martyn. 

KEEL'ER,      \  II.    One  who  manages  barges  and  ves- 

KEEL'MAN,  \      sels. 

KEEL^ER,  n.     A  shallow  tub.  Rav. 

KEEL'-FAT,  n.     [Sax.  ccelan,  to  cool,  and  fut,  vat.] 
A  cooler  ;  a  vessel  in  which  liquor  is  set  for  cool- 
ing.   [Xot  iLsed.] 

KEEL'HAUL,  r.  t.  [D.  kiclhaalen  :  keel  and  haul.] 
To  haul  under  the  keel  of  a  ship.  Keelhauling  is 
a  punishment  inflicted  in  the  Dutch  navy  for  certain 
offences.  The  oli>ndcr  is  suspended  by  a  rope  from 
one  yard-arm,  with  weights  on  his  legs,  and  a  rope 
fastened  to  him,  leading  under  the  ship's  bottom  to 
the  opposite  yard-arm,  and  being  let  fall  into  the 
water,  he  is  drawn  under  the  ship's  bottom  and 
raised  on  the  other  side.  Mar.  Diet. 

KEEL'HAUL-ING,  71.  The  act  or  practice  of  punish- 
ing a  culprit  bv  drawing  him  under  t'Ae  ship. 

KEEL'HAUL-ING,  ppr.  Inflicting  punishment  by 
drawing  under  a  ship. 

KEEL'ING,  n.  A  kind  of  small  cod,  of  which  slock 
fish  is  made. 

KEEL'ING,  ppr.    Plowing  with  a  keel ;  navigating. 

KEEL'SON,  (kel'sun,)  «.  A  piece  of  timber  in  a 
ship,  laid  on  the  middle  of  the  tioor  timbers  over  Uie 
keel,  fastened  with  long  bolts  and  clinched,  and 
thus  binding  the  floor  limbers  to  the  keel. 

Mar.  Diet, 

IvEEN,  a.  [Sax.  ccne;  G.  kulni ;  I),  kocn;  properly, 
bold,  stout,  eager,  daring,  from  shooting  tbrward. 
Class  Gn.] 

1.  Eager;  vehement;  as,  hungry  curs  too  keen  at 
the  sport.  "•-*'-- 

The  aliCL'ii  were  sd  h 

2.  Eager ;  sharp ;  as,  a  keen  appetite. 

3.  Sharp;  having  a  very  fine  cdgo ;  as,  a  keen 
razor,  or  a  razor  wfth  a  keen  edge.  \Vc  sjxy,  .x  keen 
edge,  but  a  :ihaT^^  point. 

4.  Piercing;  p*Mietrating ;  severe;  applied  to  com 
or  to  wind  ;  as,  a  keen  wind  ;  the  cold  is  very  keen, 

5.  Bitter  ;  piercing  ;  acrhnoaious  ;  as,  keen  satire 
or  sarcasm. 

Good  father  canliiiAl,  cry  thou  nineu 

To  my  kten  curs<-s.  SSak. 

(').  Acute  of  mind  ;  sharp ;   pcnetrraing. 

Rich.  Diet. 


Tatlcr. 

I  oil  th-'  iicoini.  L'Bstrangc. 


KEEN,».  f.      To^t,r,r-,-r,        'f 

KEE.N'-Et-El;. 
KEE.V'LY,  <uh.     , 

2.  Sbarfily  ; 
KEEN'M>H,   n,      )U-rtn.:^^ 
kfcnnr  'x  of  Jtunger. 

2.  .'^harpnew;  fintnefis  cf  cdj«  ;  aj,  tb"-  ' 

of  a  razor. 
^■J^f^  qnaliiy  of  pk-rcine;  ricor;  fth>.', 

the  fmaUt*  of   Ul'r   h\T  i,T  t,{    •JJ.L 
•l.^JFpCTlly  : 

T?Mj*of  satire, 
5.  .Aciitent-  - 
KE^^'WIT-TEJJ,  a.     iUv.iig  italic  WA  •  r 

menl. 
KEEP,  r.  L  ;  preL  and  pp.  Kzrr.    [fi«.  tv— .  .  , . 

UXD  kaba,    Elh.  04^(1  akahc,  U>  k«e^     CUms  \\ 

Gb,  No.  G8,  85.    The  word  cwn<--*        -        

with  hate,  h.  kahro,  and  capio;  L'j*. 
cal  senHc  U>  be  differenL] 

1.  'I'o  hold  ;  to  relain  in  ont:'» 
sinn  ;  not  to  lo^^c  or  part  wiih  ;  a*,  ' 
a  farm  ;  to  Jt«^  any  thin;;  in  thr  ; 
heart. 

2.  To  have  in  custody  for  scctm: 
The  crown  of  Stfrphui^i.  Cnt  kiij  <.i  .. 

kept  ia  Ub  coft^Je  U  \iu^T3^k. 

3.  To  preserve ;  to  retain. 

TV;  Lunl  GoL  larrciful  tal  grmc^aru,  ii- 
mida.  — £z.  xxxir. 

4.  To  prcsen'e  from  falling  or  from  dancr  ;  to  jo-     ' 
tcct ;  to  guard  or  sustain. 

And  behol<I,  I  am  with  Uxc,  inl  vlI  ttrp  Lm*.  ~- 
Luke  ir. 

5.  To  hold  or  rcstniin  from  dcpartare  ;  : 
That  I  rmjr  know  vh^  kttpi  mc  bm  v;ib  jva. 
G.  To  tend ;  to  liave  tJie  care  oC 

And  (b«  l^^inl  Hod  took  the  aaa  mai  p 
E^<;n,  to  ilreu  il  aiul  tu  ktrp  k.  ^  cr 

7.  To  tend;  to  feed;  to  pa«te- 
flock  of  sheep  or  a  herd  of  ciUle  in  a  ;■ 
field.    lie  keeps  his  horses  on  oals  or  on  1. 

8.  To  preserve  in  any  tenor  or  stale-.  A 
rein. 

Keep  \hfi  coTulituiioQ  ioti»l. 

9.  To  regard  ;  to  attend  to. 

Whil';  ti*;  itart  and  course  cf 

10.  To  hold  in  any  slate  . 

11.  To  continue  any  st;iU  ,.-.;■. -. 
to /;«/' sde:    .■ ;  to  keep  the  5amo  road  «  : 
pace  ;  to  ki'p  reading  or  talking ;  to  Uqi  :. 
lance. 

12.  To  practice  ;  to  do  or  perform ;  : 
observe  in  practice ;  not  to  neglect  or  vj. 
keep  the  laws,  slatutes,  or  command  • 

13.  To  fulfill ;  to  perform ;  as,  i- 
promise,  or  covenant. 

M.  To  practice ;  to  use  habitually  ;  as, 
hours. 

15.  To  copy  carefully. 

Her  KiT^ini's  cja  •artre  fixrd  upon  her  t^i^. 
Anil  :u  she  nwTcd  or  turofd,  ber  miXi-TBi  •»-»:. 
Ilur  inws'jns  kfpt,  aud  etp  br  nrp  pumtrl. 

16.  To  observe  or  solemnize. 

Vc  >h:Ul  tttp  il  A  ftrut  U)  tbe  LorL  ->  Ei    - 

17.  To  board  ;  to  maintain  ;  to  .-ojpply  > 
saries  of  life.  The  men  are  kept  al  a  mi-1 
per  week. 

18.  To  have  in  the  house;   (o  cntcrtam  ;  .-  . 
keep  lodgers. 

19.  To  maintain ;    not  to  intermit ;    aJ.   i'-- 
watch  or  guard. 

20.  To  hold  in  one's  own  bosom ;  t.> 
one's  own  knowledge;  not  to  disclose  or 

calc  to  others  ;  not  to  betray  ;  os,  to  ketp  a  srer* :  ,  ,' 

to  keep  one's  own  counsel.  1 

21.  To  have  in  par ;  .is,  to  keep  a  scrvmnt.  1 
To  keep  back:  to  reserve  ;  to  withhold  ;  not  lo  du-  I 

close  or  communicaie.  u 

I  will  ttep  notbijig  ba^  &ocK  yoo.—  J<T.  xS. 

2.  To  restrain ;  lo  prevent  from  ad^-aucinp. 

Kerp  loct  thy  snxaut  also  from  p;r»aJT;f<ix«i  iis».  —  V^  ' 

3.  To   reserve  j    to   withhold  ;    not   to    dLla 
Acisy. 

TV  keep  company  viA ;  to  frequent  th-  ?^*'^o 
to  a.«tsociate  with.    Let  youth  if4',r 
wise  and  good. 

2.  To  accompany  ;  to  go  with  ;  -- 
tfiM  one  on  a  journey  or  voyaee.  .    ,  ^ 

To  keep  dotrn  ;  to  prevent  from  rising;  no*  10  lui 
or  sutfer  to  bo  raised.  i 

T-.*  keep  in;   to  prevent  from  esape  ;  to  hcM   -n 
confinement.  ,.    ,  ' 

2.  To  conccvil ;  not  to  icil  or  discjo*-.  ^  \- 

3.  To  restrain  :  to  curb 

To  keep  c^:  to  hinder  famj  appnvich  cr 
to  keep  Pf  an  enemy  or  an  enl. 
To  keep  under ;  to  n^lrain  ;  lo  h^ 


TONE,  BSJIX,  QNITE.  —  AN"GER,  WCIOV&.—G  aa  K;  6  as  J;  S  as  Z  : 


n^  SlI  ;  Tir  as  in  Tlir? 


K£L 

as,  to  keep  under  an  antagonist  or  a  conquered  coun- 
try ;  lo  keep  under  Ilie  appetilcs  and  imseions. 

To  ktfT>  up ;  to  maintain  ;  to  prevent  from  fiUling 
or  (iiiiiiniilion  ;  as,  to  lieep  up  liie  price  of  goods  ;  to 
keep  up  one's  credit. 

i>.  To  maintain  \  to  continue ;  to  hinder  from 
ceasing. 

Ill  \oj,  thut  whkb  keepi  upthc  aclion  ii  tbo  dctiro  to  contimio  it. 

Locke. 

To  keep  out;  to  binder  from  entering  or  taking  pos- 
session. 

To  keep  bed ;  to  remain  in  bed  witliout  rising  j  to 
be  contiiieil  to  oue'a  bed. 

To  keep  house :  to  maintain  a  family  state.  His  in- 
come en:tb]c^s  him  tu  keep  house. 

2.  To  remain  in  the  house;  to  be  confined.  Ilia 
feeble  health  obliges  him  to  keep  house. 

To  keep  from ;  la  restrain ;  to  prevent  ai>proach. 

To  keep  a  sckool ;  tu  maintain  or  support  it ;  lis,  the 
town  or  ibj  inhabitants  Aeep  ten  .sc/itii'/.v,-  more  proper- 
hj,  to  govern  and  instruct  or  teach  a  school,  as  a  pre- 
ceptor. 

To  keep  a  term,  in  universities^  is  to  reside  during  a 
term. 
KEEP,  V.  i.  To  remain  in  any  state ;  as,  to  keep  at  a 
di^itance ;  to  i^eep  aloft ;  to  keep  near ;  lo  keep  in  the 
house  ;  lo  keep  before  or  behind  j  to  keep  in  favor  j  to 
keep  out  of  company,  or  out  of  reach. 

2.  To  last  J  to  endure ;  not  to  perish  or  be  impaired. 
Seek,  for  winter's  use,  apples  that  will  keep. 

If  the  malt  is  not  UiorougWy  dried,  Iho  alo  it  maktis  will   not 
keep.  Mortimer. 

3.  To  lodge  ;  to  dwell  j  to  reside  for  a  time. 

Knock  KL  the  study,  where,  they  sny,  he  keeps.  S?iak. 

To  keep  from  ;  to  abstain  ;  to  refrain. 

To  keep  to  i  to  adiieru  strictly  ;  not  to  neglect  or  de- 
viate from ;  as,  to  keep  to  old  customs ;  to  keep  to  a 
rule  :  to  keep  to  one's  word  or  promise. 

To  keep  on ;  to  go  forward ;  to  proceed  j  to  continue 
to  advance.  Dnjden. 

To  keep  up ;  to  remain  unsubdued  ;  or  not  to  be 
confined  to  one's  bed. 

In  popular  language,  this  word  signifies,  to  con- 
tiime  ;  to  repeat  continually ;  not  to  cease. 
KEEP,  n.     Custody;  guard;  care  or  keeping  ;  as,  the 
keep  of  a  horse.     [lAttU  used.']  Driideru 

2.  CoUoquially,  case  j  condition  ;  as,  in  good  keep. 

Wade. 

3.  Guardianship  \  restraint.     \_Little  used.] 

Mscham. 

4.  A  stronghold  in  ths  middle  of  a  castle,  the  last 
resort  in  a  siege.  Campbell's  Mi!.  Diet. 

5.  A  place  of  security ;  in  old  castles^  the  dungeon. 
KEEP'ER,  n.    One  who  keeps ;  one  tlsal  hcMs  or  has 

possession  of  any  tiling. 

2.  One  who  retains  in  custody ;  one  who  has  the 
care  of  a  prison  and  the  custody  of  prisoners. 

3.  One  who  has  the  care  of  a  park  or  other  inclos- 
ure,  or  the  custody  of  beasts ;  as,  the  keeper  of  a  park, 
a  pound,  or  of  sheep. 

4.  One  who  has  the  care,  custody,  or  superintend- 
ence of  any  thing. 

In  Orcat  Britain,  the  keeper  of  the  great  seal  is  a 
lord  by  his  office,  and  one  of  the  privy  council.  All 
royal  grants,  commissions,  and  charter.?  p-^s  through 
his  hands.  He  is  constituted  lord  keeper  by  the  de- 
livery of  the  great  seal.  The  keeper  of  the  privy  seal 
is  also  a  lord  by  his  office,  and  a  member  of  the  privy 
council. 

KEEP'EK-SHIP,  n.  The  office  of  a  keeper.  [LUtie 
used,]  Carew. 

KEEP'lNG,  ppr.  Holding  ;  restraining  j  preserving  ; 
guarding  J  protecting;  performing. 

KEEP'i^'G,  n.  A  holding;  restraint  J  custody ;  guard; 
preservation. 

2.  Feed  ;  fudd^T.    The  cattle  have  good  keeping. 

3.  In  painting,  the  observance  of  a  due  proportion 
in  the  general  light  and  coloring  of  a  picture,  so  that 
a  proper  harmony  and  gradation  prevail  throughout 
the  whole.  Browiu 

iience, 

4.  In  popular  use,  just  proportion  ;  conformity ; 
congniiiy ;  consistency;  as,  these  subjects  are  in 
keeph\<:  with  each  other.  Reed. 

KEEI"i.\G-UOOM,  Ti,    A  common  parlor  or  sitting- 
room  in  which  a  family  generally  live.  Forby. 
[Samttimes  used  i»  JSTcw  Kngland.] 
KEEP'SaKE,  n.    An>^  thing  kept,  or  given  to  be  kept, 

for  the  sake  of  the  giver  ;  a  token  of  friendship. 
lUi:EVE,  n.     [Fr.  cwcej 

A  large  vessel  for  fermenting  litpiors ;  a  beer-tub  ; 
a  mashing-tub.     [Local.] 
KEEVE,  V.  (.    To  set  in  a  keeve  for  fermentation. 

2.  To  tip  up  a  cart.  Ray. 

KEF'FE-KIL,  H.    Sec  KissEttiL. 
ICEG,  ?».     [Fr.  eaque.] 

A  small  cask  or  barrel;  unilten  more  correctly 
Cag. 
ICELK,  T.  L    To  beat  soundly.    [Local.] 
KELK,  n.    A  blow  ;  largo  stones.     [Local.]     [Ciu.  L. 

calculus.] 
KELL,  71.    A  sort  of  pottage.    [J^ot  used  in  .America.] 

AlnsiDorth. 


KER 

KELE,  «.  The  caul  or  omentum.  [See  Cacl,  the 
usual  ortho^Taphy  of  the  word.]  Wiseman. 

2.  The  chrj'salis  of  the  caterpillar.       B.  Jonson. 

KELP,  7/.  [Ar.andPers.j  The  calcined  ashes  of  sea- 
weed, used  in  the  manufacture  of  glass.  This  is  a 
dark-colored, alkaline  substance,  which,  in  a  furnace, 
viirifii^s  with  silicious  substances,  and  becomes  trans- 
parent glass.  Encyc. 

2.  A  plant.  The  popular  name  of  certain  species 
of  the  genus  Salicomia. 

KELP'IE,  iu  An  imaginary  spirit  of  the  waters,  in  tliL- 
form  of  ahorse,  who  is  vulgarly  believed tt>  warn,  by 
preternatural  noises  and  lights,  those  who  are  to  be 
drowned  in  that  neighborhood.     [Scottinh.j 

Jamicson^s  Scottis/i  Dictionary. 

KEL'SON.     See  Keelson. 

KEI/TER,  n.  [Dan.  JcilttTj  to  gird,  to  truss  up;  kiltCj  a 
folding.] 
Kegular  order  or  condition  ;  as,  to  be  out  of  kelicr. 

KEMBJ^  V.  t.    [Sax,  cemban,  to  comb.]  [Barroio. 

To  comb,  which  see.  Kemb  is  an  obsolete  orthog- 
raphy. B.  Jnnson.     Drijden. 

KEM'E-LIN,  71,    [(iu.  Gr.  a,-£i/i7jXiic,  fvirnilure.] 

A  tub ;  a  brewer's  vessel.    [JVol  in  iise.]     Chaucer. 

KEN,  V.  t.  [W.  eeniaw,  to  see  ;  ceiniaw,  to  take  a  view, 
to  perceive ;  which  Owen  deduces  from  cdn,  cain, 
clear,  briglii,  fair,  white,  and  sight,  brightne.ss,  and 
ttiis  coincides  with  E.  camis,  white,  caneo,  to  be 
white,  and  this  with  L.  cano,  to  sing,  eauto,  Eng,  to 
eant,  to  chant.  These  coincide  in  elements  with  G. 
kennen,  to  know,  c7-kemic:i,  to  see,  know,  discern  ;  D. 
kenncn,  Sw.  kunna,  Dan.frjc?uier,  to  know,  to  be  able  ; 
Sax.  coiinan,  cunnan,  Gntli.  knnitari,  to  know.  In  Sax. 
cennan  is  to  hear,  L.  gi^no^  Gr.  ysv.iiui.  The  radical 
sense  is,  to  strain,  extend,  reach.  -  In  Sans,  kanna  is 
an  eye.    See  Can.] 

1.  To  see  at  a  distance ;  to  descr}\ 

Wc  ken  them  from  afar.  Aildison. 

2.  To  know  ;  to  understand.     [Obs.]     SkaJc.    Oay. 
[This  verb  is  used  chir-flij  in  poetry.] 

KEN,  V.  i.     To  look  round.  Burton. 

KEN,  n.     View ;  reach  of  sight. 

Coasliii^  tiicy  kept  the  land  within  llieittcn.  Dryden. 

KEN'D.'VL-GREEN,  n.  A  species  of  green  cloth  made 
at  Kendal.  Shak. 

KEN'i\EL,  n.  [Fr.  dimd ;  It.  canile  ;  from  L.  canis^  a 
dog.] 

1.  A  house  or  cot  for  dogs,  or  for  a  pack  of  hounds. 

2.  A  pack  of  hounds,  or  their  cry.  Encyc. 

3.  The  hole  of  a  fox  or  other  beast ;  a  haunt. 
Hence,  the  fox,  when  driven  out,  is  said  to  be  un- 
kenneled. BraTide. 

KEN'NEL,  71.     [It.  canalc;  Fr.  canal;  Eng.  channel] 

1.  The  watercourse  of  a  street;  a  little  canal  or 
channel. 

2.  A  puddle. 

KEN'NEL,  V.  i.  To  lodge  ;  to  lie  ;  to  dwell ;  as  a  dog 
or  a  fox 

The  dog  kenneled  in  a  hollow  tree.  L'Esbansc 

KEN'NEL,  V.  t.    To  keep  or  confine  in  a  kennel. 

KEN'NEL  €oAL.    See  Cannel  Coal.         [Tatler. 

KEN'NET^iJD,  pp.     Kept  in  a  kennel. 

KEN'NEL-ING,  ppr.     Keeping  in  a  kennel. 

KEN'NING,  7*.     View  ;  sight.  Bacon. 

KEN'TLE,  (ken'tl,)  n.  [W.  cant,  a  hundred  ;  L.  cen- 
tum.] 

In  commerce,  a  hundred  pounds  in  weight ;  as,  a 
kentle  of  fish.      [Jt  is  written   and  pronounced  also 

Q,UrNTAL.] 

KENT'LEDGE,  n.  In  sramen^s  language,  pigs  of  iron 
for  ballast  lairl  on  the  floor  of  a  ship.       JUaj:  Diet. 

KEPT,  prct.  and  pp.  of  Keep. 

KEPT'-MIS'TRESS,  tu  A  concubine,  or  woman  kept 
by  a  particular  individual  as  his  paramour. 

Booth. 

KERD'-SToNK,  KIRR'-STONE.    See  Curs -Stone. 

KER'CHIEF,  (ker'chif,)  n.  [Contracted  froiw  cover- 
chief;  Fr.  couvrir,  to  cover,  and  chef  the  head.  Chau- 
cer.] 

1.  A  head-dress  ;  a  cloth  to  cover  the  bead.  Shak. 

2.  A  cloth  used  in  dress.  Hayioard, 
The  word  is  now  seldom  used,  except  in  its  com- 
pound.   Handkerchief,   and   sometimes    Necker- 
chief. 

ICER'CHIEF-ED, )  a.    Dressed  ;  hooded  ;  coveretL 
KER'CHIEFT,      \  Milton. 

KERF,  71.     [Sax.  cyrf;  ccorfan^  ccarfan,  to  cut,  Eng.  to 

carve ;  D.  kof,  a  notcli ;  kcrvcn,  to  cut ;  G.  kcrby  k&r- 

ben,  Ir.  ccarb.] 
Tile  cut  of  an  ax,  a  saw,  or  other  instrument ;  the 

notch  or  slit  made  in  wood  by  cutting. 


KER'MeS,  n.     [Ar.  j..^  ^  kirmiran.  Coccus  baphica. 
Ca.^te.11.]  -     - 

In  zoology,  an  obsolete  name  of  the  Coccus  Ilicis, 
an  insect  produced  upon  the  Ciuercus  Ilex,  a  small 
species  of  oak  growing  in  the  south  of  Europe.  This 
insect  is  full  of  reddiph  juice,  which  is  used  in  dyeing 
red.     Ilcncc  the  word  CmMgow 

KER'Mi?.S-  MIN'ER-AL,  n.    A  salt  composed  of  two 
equivalents  of  sesquisulphid  of  antiraor.y  with  one 


KEY 

equivalent  of  sesquorj'd  of  antimony.    It  has  an  or 

ange-red  color. 
KERN,  71.    An  Irish  footman  or  foot-soldier.  Spenser. 

2.  In  Englhh  law,  an  idle  person  or  vagabond. 

Kneyc. 

3.  Among  priHffr^,  that  part  of  a  type  which  hangs 
over  the  body  or  shank.  Jidams. 

KERN,  71.  A  hand-nitll  consisting  of  two  stones,  one 
of  which  is  turned  by  the  h:ind.  [flsually  written 
QuERK,"  which  st'i 


2.  A  churn.     [Oft.;.] 

d  D,  /iW/i, 

curdle.] 


KERN,  V.  I.     [G.  and  1 


a  kernel;  G.  kemen^Xo 


1.  To  harden,  a.s  com  in  ripening.  Carew. 

2.  To  take  the  form  of  corns ;  to  gianulate. 

Grew. 
KERN'-Ba-BY,  71.      [com    and    baby.]      An  image 

dressed  with   corn,  and  carried  before   reapers  to 

their  harvest-home.     [  Obs.] 
KERN'EL,  71.    [Sax.  cyrnel,  a  little  corn,  grain,  or  n.i'  , 

G.  and  D.  kern;  Fr.  cerneau;  \W.  cwaren,  a  gland,  a 

kernel.] 

1.  The  edible  substance  contained  in  the  shell  of  a 
nut.  Jiltire. 

2.  Any  thing  included  in  a  shell,  husk,  or  integu- 
ment ;  a  grain  or  corn  ;  as,  a  kernel  of  wheat  or  oats. 

3.  The  seed  of  pulpy  fruit ;  as,  the  kernel  of  an 
apple.  Bacon. 

4.  The  central  part  of  any  thing;  a  small  mass 
around  which  oilier  matter  is  concreted ;  a  nucleus. 

,irbutltnot. 

5.  A  hard  concretion  in  the  flesh. 

KERN'EL,  r.  7.  To  harden  or  ripen  into  kernels,  as 
tlie  seeds  of  plants. 

KERN'EL-£D,  u.     Having  a  kernel. 

KERN'EL-LY,  a.  Full  of  kernels ;  resembling  kern- 
els. 

KEH'SEY,  71.     [p.  kerzuai;  Fr.  cariset;  Sp.  earisea.] 
A  species  ot  coarse,  woolen  cloth ;  a  coarse  stuff 
made  chiefly  in  Kent  and  Devonshire,  England. 

Kncyc. 

KER'SEY-MkRE,  71.  A  twilled  woolen  cloth  ;  cassi- 
inere.     [The  more  common  spelling  is  Cassimere.] 

KERVE,  V.  (.    To  carve.     U^otuscd.] 

KERV'ER,  71.    A  carver.    [JVof  used.] 

KE'SAR,  n.     [from  Cesar.]    An  emperor.     [Obs.] 

Spenser. 

KES'LOP,  71.  The  stomach  of  a  calf  prepared  fur 
rennet.  Grose. 

KES'TREL,  7(.  A  bird  of  the  genus  Falco,  or  hawk 
kind;  called,  also,  stannel  and  tpindhovcr.  It  builds 
in  hollow  oaks,  and  feeds  on  quails  and  other  small 
birds.  Encyc. 

KETCH,  71.     [Fr.  quaiche;  G.  and  D.  kits.] 

A  vessel  with  two  masts,  a  main  and  mizzen-raast, 
usually  from  100  to  250  tons  burden.  Ketches  are 
generally  used  as  yachts  or  as  bomb-vessels.  The 
latter  are  called  bomb-ketches.  Mar.  Diet. 

KETCH'UP,  /(.     A  sauce.     [See  Catchup.] 

KET'TLE,  71.  [Sax.  cctl,  cetelj  or  cytrl;  G.  kcsscl;  D. 
ketcl;  Dan.  kcdel;  Sw.  kittcl ;  Russ.  hotel.] 

A  vessel  of  iron  or  other  metal,  with  a  wide  mouth, 
usually  without  a  cover,  used  for  heating  and  boiling 
water  or  other  liquor. 

Among  the  Tartars,  a  kettle  represents  a  family,  or 
as  many  as  feed  from  ohe  kettle. 

Among  Uie  Dutch,  a  battery  of  mortal's  sunk  in  the 
eaith  is  called  a  kettle.  Encyc. 

KET'TLE-DRUM,  ti.  A  drum  made  of  a  copper  ves- 
sel like  a  kettle,  covered  with  parcliment.  It  is  now 
seldom  used.  Booth. 

KET'Ti<E-DRUM-r\iEK,  7t.  The  man  who  beats  the 
kettle-drum. 

KET'TLE-PINS,  7;.    Nine-pin.s  ;  skittles. 

KEV'EL,  n.    In  ships,  a  piece  of  timber  serving  to  be- 
lay the  sheets  or  great  ropes  by  which  the  bottoms  of 
the  tVire-sai!  and  main-sail  are  extended.    Mar.  DicL 
2.  A  apncics  of  antelope  found  in  Africa.    It  is 
similar  to  the  gazelle  in  its  manners  and  habits, 

P.  Cijc. 

KEX,  71.  Hemlock ;  the  stem  of  the  teast-l ;  a  dry 
stalk.     [See  Keck3Y.] 

KeY,  (ke,)  71.     [Sax.  cxg.] 

\.  In  a  general  sense,  u  fastener  ;  that  wliioh  fast- 
ens ;  as  a  piece  of  wood  in  the  frame  of  a  building, 
or  in  a  chain,  &.c. 

2.  Aninslrumentforshutting  or  opening  a  lock,  by 
pushing  the  bolt  one  way  or  the  other.  Keys  are  of 
various  forms,  and  fitted  to  the  wards  of  the  locks  to 
which  they  belong. 

3.  An  instrument  by  wliich  something  is  screwed 
or  turned  ;  as,  the  key  of  a  watch  or  other  chronom- 
ci'jr. 

4.  The  stone  which  binds  an  arch.  [See  Kev- 
Stone.] 

5.  In  an  organ  or  harjisichord,  the  key,  or  finger- 
key,  is  a  little  lever  or  piece  in  the  fore  part  by  which 
the  instrument  is  plaved  on  by  the  fingers. 

6.  In  music,  the  Icey,  nr  knj-notc,  is  the  fundamen- 
tal note  or  tone  to  wliicli  the  whole  piece  is  accommo- 
dated, and  with  which  it  usually  begins  and  always 
ends.  There  are  two  keys,  one  of  the  major  and 
one  of  the  minor  mode.  Key  someWmGS  signifies  a 
scale  or  system  of  intervals.  Rousseau. 


FATE,  FXR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PREY,  — PINE,  MAR:rNE,  BIRD.  —  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK. 
—  ___       _ 


KID 

7.  An  index,  or  that  which  serves  to  explain  a  ci- 
pher.    Hence, 

8.  That  which  serves  to  explain  any  tiling  dillicult 
to  be  understood. 

9.  la  the  Raman  Catholic  chiLrch^  ecclesiastical  juris- 
diction, or  the  power  of  the  pope  ;  or  the  power  of 
excommunicating  or  absolving.  Etieyc. 

10.  A  ledge  or  lay  of  rocks  near  the  surface  of  the 
water. 

11.  The  h'.isk  containing  the  seed  of  an  ash. 

Ecchjn. 

Key,  (ke,)  71.  [Ir.  ceigh;  D.  J:iiai;  G.  I:ai;  Ft.  quai; 
Ann.  ijae.  Th^  word  is  probably  contracted  from  the 
root  of  the  preceding  word,  signifying  to  hold,  make 
fast,  restrain.    Class  C?.] 

A  bank  or  w-harf  bailt  on  the  side  of  a  river  or 
harbor,  for  the  convenience  of  loading  and  unloading 
ships,  and  s-jciir:ng  them  in  their  stations.  Hence, 
keys  are  furnished  with  posts,  rings,  cranes,  cap- 
stans, <S:c.    It  is  sometimes  written  (iuAY.  Enajc. 

KeY'AGE,  71.  Money  paid  for  the  use  of  a  key  or 
quav. 

KkV'-Bo-\RD,  ji.  In  mjisic,  the  whole  range  of  the 
kevs  of  an  organ  or  forte-piano. 

KeV'-CoLD,  <i.    Cold  as  an  iron  key ;  lifeless.    [  Ohs.] 

S!iak. 

KEY'£D,a.    Furnished  with  keys;  as^akctjed  insiru- 
2.  Set  to  a  key,  as  a  tunc.  [ment. 

KeY'-HoLE,  7^  "  A  hole  or  aperture  in  a  door  or  lock, 
for  receiving  a  key. 

KeY'-SToNE,  v.  The  stone  on  the  top  or  middle  of 
an  arclj  or  vault,  which,  being  wider  at  the  top  than 
at  the  bottom,  enters  like  a"  wedge  and  binds  the 
■work  ;  propcrbjy  X\\t  fastctihi^-stonc. 

KUAN,  (kawn,)  n.  In  Persia,  a  governor  of  a  prov- 
ince J  among  tiie  Tartars,  it  is  equivalent  to  ki/ig-  or 
priiice.  Eton. 

9.  An  Eastern  inn  or  caravansary. 

KHAX'ATE,  (kawn'ate,)  ?!.  The  dominion  or  jui-is- 
di'ction  of  a  khan.  Tooke, 

KiBE,  n.  [This  word  has  tlie  elements  of  chap,  gap, 
gape.    Class  Gb,  No.  7.    Terhaps  it  is  of  Persian  ori- 

o  -         ^ 
gin,    '  ^SaA^d  kajidan,  to  crack,  to  split.   Qu.  Dan. 

kicbcj  the  chops.] 

A  chap  or  crack  in  the  flesh  occasioned  by  cold  j 
an  ulcerated  chilblain  ;  as  in  the  heels. 

KIB'ED,  a.  Cliapped;  cracked  with  cold;  affected 
with  cliilblains  ;  as,  kibed  heels.  Darwin. 

KI-BIT'KJI,  It.  A  Tartar  vehicle,  consisting  of  a 
frame  of  wood  rounded  at  top,  covered  with  felt,  and 
pi;iced  on  wheels,  serving  as  a  kind  of  movable  hab- 
itation. Life  ofHcber. 

KIB'Y,  a.    Affected  with  kibes. 

KICK,  V.  t.     [W.  ciciaWj  from  cic,  the  foot.     Owen. 


Vers. 


'■^~ 


a  kicking.] 


To  strike  with  the  fool ;  as,  a  horse  hicks  a  servant ; 
a  man  kid:s  a  dog. 
KICK,  V.  i.    To  practice  striking  wilii  llie  foot  or  fed  ; 
as,  a  horse  accustomed  to  kick. 

2.  To  thrust  out  the  foot  or  feet  with  violence, 
either  in  wantonness,  resista«ce,  anger,  or  contempt ; 
to  manifest  opposition. 

Wherefore  kick  ye  at  my  sacriiice  ?  —  1  Ssm.  ii. 
Ji>sl»iruii  ■.vaXL'd  Citand  fricJrwf.  —  DcoL  xxxi'i. 
It  is  hurl  for  liite  to  kick  a^iisi  ihe  goads.  —  Acts  ix. 

KICK,  77,    A  blow  with  the  foot  or  feet ;  a  striking  or 

thrust  of  tiie  foot. 
K  ICK'£D,  (kikt,)  pp.    Struck  with  the  foot  or  feet 
KiCK'p:R,  ?(.    One  tiiat  kicks. 
KICK'ING,  ppr.    Striking  with  the  foot ;  thrusting  out 

the  font  with  violence. 
KICK'[.\G,  7i.    The  act  of  striking  with  the  font,  or 

of  yerking  the  foot  with  violence.    ^Vhat  can  not 

be  "effected  by  kicking,  may  sometimes  be  done  by 

coaxins. 
KICK'SilAW,  n.     [Corrupted  from  Fr.  qaelque  chose, 

something.] 

1.  Somelhiug  fantastical  or  unconmion,  or  soinc- 

Ihing  that  has  no  particular  name. 
H.  A  dish  so  changed  by  cooking,  that  it   can 

scarcely  bs  known.  Johnson. 

KICK'SHCE,  (kifc'shoo,)  n.    A  dancer,  in  contempt ; 

a  caperer ;  a  buffoon.     [A  word  used  only  by  Mil- 
ton.] 
KICK'SY-WICK'SY,  71.    A  man's  wife,  in  contempt, 

b^^tween  whom  and  her  husband  kick:!  or  winks 

pass,  as  the  humor  happens.  Sliak.     Smart. 

ICID,  ».      [Dan.  /ud;    Sw.  kid,  kidtin^ :   W.  ctdirs,  a 

goat,  cidv:>cn,  a  young  goat;  L.  htcdiis ;  vulgar  Gr. 

yioi;  Sans,  ada;  Turk    gctsi;  Heb.  Ch.  ^li ;  Syr. 

L.     .    a  kid  ;  Russ.  kidavu,  to  throw,  to  bring  forth 

young.] 

1.  A  young  goat. 

2.  A  fa'_;ot ;  a  bundle  of  heath  and  furze.      Eng. 

3.  A  small  wooden  tub  or  vessel ;  applied,  among 
seamen,  to  one  in  which  they  receive  their  food. 

Molluwav. 


KIL 

KID,  V.  t.  or  i.    To  bring  furtli  a  young  goaL 

'■i.  To  make  into  a  bundle,  as  fagots.  Eng. 

KID,  V.  t.     [Sax.  cytluin.] 

To  show,  discover,  or  make  known.    [O&j.] 

Qvwcr. 
KID'DED,  -pp.    Broujlit  forth,  as  a  young  kid. 
KID'DEE,  n.     [Sw.  kyta,  to  truck.] 

An  engrosser  of  corn,  or  ono  who  cirrics  com, 
provisions,  and  merchandise,  about  the  country  for 
sale.  En:;. 

KID'DLE,  n.    A  kind  of  wear  in  a  river  for  calclnng 

fish  ;  corruptly  pronounced  laule,      Ma^^na  Charm. 
KID'DoVV,  n.    A  wcli-fuotcd  fowl,  called,  also.  Guil- 
lemot, Se.\-hen,  or  .Skout.  Cluimbcra. 
KID'LING,  n.     [Sw.]     A  young  kid.  Bnwnt. 
laD'NAP,  V.  i.      [G.  k'mdmdieli;   V.  kindcriUif,  child 
thief.    Kid  is  usually  .supposed  to  be  contracted  from 
kind,  a  child,  in  which  case  itap  may  be  the  oriental 
33i,  to  steal.    See  Knab.] 

To  steal  a  Iiuman  being,  man,  woman,  or  child  ; 
or  to  seize  and  forcibly  carry  away  any  person  what- 
ever from  his  own  country  or  state  into  another 

EacijC. 

KiD'NAP-PED,  (kid'napt,)  jip.  or  a.  Stolen  or  forci- 
bly caiTied  away,  as  a  huniau  being. 

KID'NAP-PER,  71.  One  who  steals  or  forcibly  carries 
aw.ay  a  human  being  ;  a  mau-.stealer. 

KID'NAP-PISG,  ppr.  Stealing  or  forcibly  cirtying 
away  human  beings. 

KID'NAP-PING,  71.  The  act  of  stealing  or  forcible  ab- 
duction of  a  human  being  from  his  own  country  or 
state.  This  crime  was  capital  by  the  Jewish  law,  and 
in  modern  times  is  highly  penal. 

KID'NEV,  n.  [I  have  not  found  this  word  in  any  oth- 
er language.] 

1.  The  kidneys  are  two  oblong,  flattened  bodies, 
extending  from  the  eleventh  and  twelfth  ribs,  to 
tiie  fourth  lumbar  vertebra,  behind  the  intestines. 
Their  use  is  to  separate  the  urine  from  the  blood. 

Parr.     Quiitcij. 

2.  Sort ;  kind.  Shak. 
U^  ludicrous  use  of  tlit  woni-] 

J.  A  cantjona  for  a  w.aiting-servant.        Toiler. 

KID'NEY-BeAN,  71.  A  sort  of  bean,  so  named  from 
its  resemblance  to  the  kidney.  It  is  of  the  genus 
Pbaseolus. 

KTD'NEY-FORJI,       )  a.    Having  the  form  or  shape 

KID'NEY-SH.iP-KD,  (      of  a  kidney.  Eirma:u 

KID'iNEiT-VETCH,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Anthyl- 
lis. 

KID'XBY-WORT,  71.    A  plant  of  the  genus  Saxifraga. 

KiE,  71.  pi    Kine.    [Scoltis/i.] 

KIIiF'E-KIL,  71.  A  species  of  clay  called  also  Meer- 
schaum, used  chiefly  in  forming  the  bowls  of  tubacco 
pipes.     [See  Meerschaum.] 

KIL,  71.  A  Dutch  word,  signifying  a  cliaunel  or  bed 
of  a  river,  and  hence  a  stream. 

KIL'DER-KIN,  71.     [Qil.  D.  A:i,ifa.';ijl.] 

A  small  barrel ;  a  litjuid  measure  containing  two 
firkins,  or  K  or  IS  gallons.  Eiwijc. 

KILL,  V.  t.  [The  Dutcii  has  kcd,  the  throat,  and  keel- 
en,  to  cut  tile  throat,  to  kill.  In  Rusji.  kttlyu,  is  to 
stab.  Put  tills  word  seems  lo  be  allied  to  Sax.  cicd- 
ten,  to  ki!l,  to  quell,  tiiat  is,  to  beat  down,  to  lay; 
and  if  so,  it  may  be  connected  with  D.  kwellm,  G. 
qualm,  Sw.  qiidlia,  Dan.  gunier,  to  torment,  but  in 
Danish,  to  stifle,  choke,  or  quell.  This  affinity  is 
render.ii  proliulilo  by  the  seamen's  phrase,  to  kill  the 
wind,  that  is,  to  allav  or  destr(*y  it.] 

1.  To  deprive  of  life,  animal  or  vegetable,  in  any 
manneror  byany  uv:':ins.  To/Hilnn  animal  or  a  plant, 
is  to  pi:!  i-.n'end  t  >  the  vital  functions,  either  by  de- 
stroying or  essentiallv  injuring  the  organs  necessary 
to  life,  or  bv  cau.sing'them  to  cea«e  from  action.  .\n 
anininl  may  he  killed  by  the  sword  or  by  poison,  by 
disease  or  iiy  siiflbcation.  A  strong  solution  of  salt 
will  kill  plants. 

2.  To  butcher ;  to  slaughter  for  food ;  a.?,  to  kill 
an  ox. 

3.  To  quell ;  to  appease ;  to  calm ;  to  still ;  as,  in 
seamen's  language,  a  siiower  of  rain  kills  the  wind. 

Kli.'LAS,  n.  The  name  of  clay-slaio  among  the  Corn- 
ish miners.  ,  C/Vr. 

KiLL'DEER, )  71.    A  sm.ill  bird  in  America,  so  called 

KILL'DEE,  S  from  its  voice  or  note;  Charadrius 
voclferus,  a  species  of  plover. 

KILL'KD,  pp.    Deprived  of  life  ;  quelled  ;  calmed. 

KILL'ER,  n.  One  who  deprives  of  life  ;  he  or  that 
which  kills.  .  . 

KII.L'IMG,  J7,i7-.  or  c.    Depriving  of  life ;  quelling. 

KILI.'ING,  II.    A  deprivation  of  life. 

KlL'LI-Nl'I'E,  II.  A  minenil,  a  variety  of  spodmnene, 
found  .at  Killiney,  in  Ir^-land.  7Vii|/oi-. 

KIL'LO'-V,  71.  An  earth  of  a  blackish  or  deep-blue 
c.ilor,  Woodtcard, 

KILS,  (kil,)  n.  [Sax.  ciihi,  from  c^mt,  a  furnace  or 
bitcEcn  ;  L.  eiJiiia;  VI'.  cirf,  and  eyliju.] 

1.  A  large  stove  or  oven  ;  a  fabric  of  brick  or  stone 
which  inaV  be  heated  for  the  purpose  of  hardening, 
burning,  or  drying  any  thing  ;  as,  a  kiln  for  baking 
or  hardening  earthen  vessels ;  a  Ailti  for  drying  grain 
or  meal.  . ,    ,  ,.     , 

9.  A  pile  of  brick  construeted  for  burning  or  hard- 
ening; called  also  a  liiucK-KiL.t. 


KIN 

KILN'-DKI-i:D,  (kil'dndt,)   ; 

kiJn. 
KILN'-DR7,  (kilMn,)  v.U    To  diy  la  m  Utoj  m,  to 

kiln-^lry  mtal  or  grain. 
KJL\'-DR?-i.\G.    fkil 

kiln. 
KIL'O-GRAM.         )  n. 
KIUO-QRJLMME,)     :. 

Gbam.] 

In  die  Ti/T  — -f-r-  rf  i 

thou.-ati'l 

gramni'- 

watcr,  u.- 
KI-LOL'I-i  .'.K.  ,  r„      tr.i,.^ 
KIL'O-U'TRE,  \     Kind,  and  . 

See  Lit::r.] 
In  Vu  ncia  Er- 

SG-1  pallun^j  an  i 

Lunier,  it  ls  n.  . 

deaux. 
KI-LO.M'ETEU,  )tl    [Fr.  kiltrjietT^ 
KIL' OME-TRE,\     tbou«ind,   and 

ter.] 

IVt  UiC  French  jtyitcm  of  «' 

tern;  the  meter  bciof  the    -■ 

The  kilonieler  is  nearly  C'l'iai  i  • 

French  league. 
KILT,  n.    A  kind  of  nhort  pcUirn?».  . 

belty  to  the  knee*,  worn  by  ri. 

Scotland,  and  b}*  children  in  : 

KILT,  r.  (.     T    •     '  -    ■ 

[Seoaiih.] 
KILT,  ;^.    Kill    : 
KIM'UO.       I  a.  it'iy^i:: 
KIM'BoW,  i     The  iLal 

fr.;m  the  same  source. 
Crooked ;  arched ;  bent :  x*,  a  . 

To  set  Vie  arm^  a-k-imbo,  U  to  •*»  ' 
hips,  with  the  elbows  projeclir. 
KIN,  K.     [J-ax.  cj/:i,  etjnn,  or  n 
race,  relation;  Ir.  einc;  G. 
W.  ceual,  cenaw;   L.  genus:   or. 
with  L.  gigno,  gtnoy  Gr.  yttanai.    • 
See  Begin-] 

1.  Eelalion,  properly,  by  conmn. 
but  perhaps  sometimes  lucd  for  n> 
or  maiiiage. 

Tlui  mao  ii  (/  hln  to  me. 

2.  Kelatives;  kindred;  p^: 

The  &lh*r,  mother,  anJ  tbe  kiu 

3.  A  relation  ;  a  relative.  Dane* 

4.  The  same  gcucrical  class ;  a  Ihins  reUtnl. 

And  the  nxKic^itrnio^  Take  of  il«  ends. 
Kin  to  Ju*e'*  AunJcr. 

5.  As  a  termination,  kin  i^  uf^rd  n«  a  ^ 
denoting  small,  from  t' 

kin,  a  little  man;  Tc 
Ia^',  0.    Ofthcriamen.. 

KI'N.ITE,  «.     [D.  kina,  i.  e.  Cir.ehana.] 

A  salt  fonned  by  the  union  of  kinic  a<   . 
base.  t  rr. 

KIND,  n.    [Sax.  cr/B,  or  qrRH.    SeeKiw.j 

1.  Race  ;  genus  ;  eeneric  clas* ;  a-.  »n  itf^iVf  t^ 
human  kind.    In  tecnnical  I;i:  - 

to  Genl-s. 

2.  Sortjin  a  sensemorrK 
are  several  kiitds  of  i ' 
kinds  of  music,  mair 
lands  of  architecturu, . . 
soil,  &c. 

3.  Particular  nature  j  as,  la^vs  mast  prrfi 
kl-id. 

■1.  Natural  state  :  pr^  ' 
gui-:hi-'d  from  money  ; 

5.  Nalua- ;  natur^J 

SonjCCif  Tjii,  I  1 
Arelcvll.y  ti.. 

6.  IManncr ;  ^^ 

7.  SorU    He  spoke  with  a  i.t--.i  d"  sr^^m  o:  c<.',- 
t^^nipt. 

KIND,  a.    nv.  and  Arm.  ctwu  kind,  fnr^n^!-.  sm— 
tive.    In  Ir.  cfonii  is  alTection.    'In 
seem  to  be  connected  with  the  :  r 
sense  it  coincides  best  with  the   • 
favorable,  kind,  from  G.  jrSjiKfii.  to  Iv  5: 
10  love  10  see,  to  favor,  D.  .*icum»,  to  gran: 
safe.) 

1.  "Dtspcsed   to  do  :: 
them   happy  by  prai. 
their  wants  or  assi;;t:;- 
tendemeiss  or  ^''odncs^  of  n.-.iiirr  : 
niguant 

God  is  iifwf  to  ihs  MnlhanWiI  s(v!  :•  ±' 
Be  70  tbri  one  to  aootlicr,  Xsn^'--  ■ 

2.  Proceeding  from    ten! 
heart ;  benevolent ;  as,  a  fc-—  -    - 

KliWED,a.    B--grIten.    [OSs.J    [Srtf  Kix.  J  ^^ 


TONE,  B?JLL,  TJNITE.- AN^^GER,  \T'CIOUS.-e  as  K ;  O  as  J;  S  as  2  ;  C*H  a^  SB:  TH  n«  in  THIS, 


KIN 

KIND'-HEXUT'El),  a.  Iliiviiig  much  kindness  uf 
naliirf.  Irving. 

KIX'DLK,  (kin'dl,)  v.  U  [\V.  cyuneu;  L.  cccentlo ; 
from  the  root  ot  candeot  cancoj  to  be  light  or  white, 
to  sliine.] 

1.  Tu  set  on  fire ;  to  cause  to  burn  with  llarae  ;  to 
li^ht ;  as,  to  kindle  a  fire. 

2.  To  intlamts  as  the  passions ;  to  exasperate  ;  to 
rouse ;  to  provoke; ;  to  excite  to  action  j  to  heat ;  to 
fire;  to  animate;  as,  to  kiridle  anger  or  wrath  ;  to 
liiniile  resentment  j  to  kiniUe  the  flame  of  love,  or  love 
into  a  tinme. 

So  b  a  cuiitontioiii  woinan  to  kiiuUe  itrirc.  —  Prov.  xxvl. 

3.  To  bring  forth.    [Sax.  cfjinaii.]     [JVotused.] 

Shak. 
KIN'DLE,  r.  i.    To  lake  firej  to  befiin  to  burn  with 
(lame.   Fuel  ami  tire,  well  laid,  will  kindle  without  a 
beliowiJ. 

9.  To  begin  to  ra^e,  or  be  violently  excited  ;  to  be 
roused  or  exasperated. 

It  shall  kindl*  in  tlic  thiokut  of  the  Torcit.  —  Isa.  is. 

KLVDLED, j»p.    Set  on  fire;  inflamed;  excited  into 

action. 
KIX'DLEK,  n.    lie  or  that  which  kindles  or  sets  on 

fire, 
KIND'LESS,  a.    Destitute  of  kindness;  unnatural. 

S/ia?:. 
KTND'LI-ER,  a.  comp.    More  kindly. 
KTNTVLI-KST,  a.  $upei-l    Most  kindly,     ^msioorth. 
KTND'LI-NESS,  n,    Aflection  ;  artcclionatc  disposi- 
tion ;  benignity. 
2.  Natural  disposition.  Milton. 

KTN'DLING,  j>pr.    Setting  cm  fire;  causing  to  burn 

with  tiame  ;  exciting  into  action. 
KIND'LV,  a.    [See  Kind,  the  noun.]     Homogeneal ; 
congenial ;  kindred  ;  of  the  same  nature. 

This  Johnson  supposes  to  be  the  original  sense ; 
but  it  is  also  used  as  a  derivative  of  the  adjective,  in 
the  sense  of, 
2.  Mild;  bland;  softening;  as, /rmd/y  showers. 

Prior. 
KTND'LY,  adv.    With  good  will ;  with  a  disposition 
to  make  others  happy  or  to  oblige;   benevolently; 
favorably.    Lot  the  poor  be  treated  kindly. 

Be   kindly  affectioneJ  one  lo  another,   with  brotherly  love. — 

Rom.  xii. 
Aud  he  comforted  them,  and  spake  kindly  to  tiicin.  —  Gen.  i. 

KIND'LY-NA'TqR-£D,  (-nal'yurd,)  a.      Having   a 

kind  disposition.  Scott. 

KI.N'D'NESS,  71.     [from  kind,  the  adjective.] 

1.  Good  will ;  benevolence  ;  that  temper  or  dispo- 
siiion  which  deliglits  in  contributing  to  the  liai)pi- 
nes.^  of  others,  which  is  exercised  cheerfully  in  grat- 
ifying their  wishes,  supplying  their  wants,  or  allevi- 
ating their  distresses  ;  benignity  of  nature.  Kindness 
ever  accompanies  love. 

There  ia  no  man  whose  kinditeaa  vrertvxy  noisome  time  want, 
or  by  wliosc  nuilic;  we  ni;iy  imt  &omc  timt>  suffcT.    Itamhler. 

2.  Act  of  good  will ;  beneficence ;  any  act  of  be- 
nevolence which  promotes  the  happiness  or  welfare 
of  others.  Charity,  hospitality,  attentions  to  the 
wants  of  others,  &:c.,  are  deemed  acts  of  kindness,  or 
kindncs,-ies.     ^cts  xxviii. 

KIN'DRED,  71.  [from  kiit,  kind;  Sax.  cynrcn;  W. 
cenal,  cnicdyl.'] 

1.  Relation  by  birth ;  consanguinity. 

Like  hctr,  of  equal  kindred  to  t!i>;  throne.  Drvdcn. 

2.  Relation  by  marriage  ;  affinity. 

3.  Relatives  'by  blood  or  marriage,  more  properly 
the  former. 

Tliou  nhalt  go  to  my  country  and  to  my  kindred.  —  Gen.  xxW. 

4.  Relation  ;  suit ;  connection  in  kind.        Shale. 
Ki:S'DnED,a     Related;  congenial;   of  the  like  na- 
ture or  properties;  as,  kindred  souls;  kindred  skies. 

Lhvjdcn. 
KI.\E,  Tt. ,:  pi  of  Cov.' ;  D.  koeyen.    But  Cows,  the 

regular  plural,  is  now  in  general  use. 
KIN(/,  n.  [Sax.  cyng^  cyttijr,  or  cyning ;  G.  honig  ;  D. 
koning ;  Sw.  konung,  kung  ;  Dan.  konge ;  W.  cUn,  a 
chief,  a  leader,  one  that  attracts  or  draws.  If  the 
Welsh  word  is  the  same,  or  of  the  same  fam- 
ily, it  proves  that  the  primary  sense  is  a  leader,  a 
guide,  or  one  who  goes  before,  for  the  radical  sense 
of  the  verb  must  be  to  draw.  It  coincides  in  ele- 
ments with  the  Ir.  cmn,  head,  and  with  the  oriental 
khajt,  or  kaun.  The  primary  sense  is  probably  a  head, 
a  leader.] 

1.  The  chief  magistrate  or  sovereign  of  a  nation  ; 
a  man  invested  with  supreme  authority  over  a  nation, 
tribe,  or  con  nlrj'.  Kings  are  absolute  monarchs,  when 
they  possess  the  powers  of  govcrninent  wiihoutcon- 
trol,  or  the  entire  so\'ereig!ily  over  a  nation  ;  they 
are  called  limitcA  monarchs,  when  their  power  is  re- 
strained by  fixed  laws.  Kings  aro  hereditary  sove- 
reigns, when  they  hold  the  powers  gf  government  by 
right  of  birth  or  inheritance,  and  ci«trec,  when  raised 
to  the  throne  by  choice. 

Kingt  will  be  tymnl^  I'rom  policy,  viica  subjects  ttrc  Trbebi  ffoui 
priociirie.  Burke. 

9.  A  sovereign  ;  a  prince  :  a  ruler.  Christ  is  called 
the  King  of  his  church.    P^.  ii. 


KIN 

3.  A  card  having  tlic  pictur.'  of  a  king ;  as,  the 

king  of  diamonds. 
•1.  The  chief  piece  in  the  game  of  chess. 
King  at  arms  ;  an  officer  in  England  of  great  an- 
titpiity,  and  formerly  of  great  authority,  whose  busi- 
ness is  to  direct  the  heralds,  preside  at  their  chaji- 
ters,  and  have  the  jurisdiction  of  armory.  There  are 
three  kings  at  arms,  viz.,  garter,  clarencicux,  and 
norroy.  The  latter  [nortkroij]  otUciales  north  of  the 
'i'rcnt.  F.ncyc. 

KING,  V.  t.  In  ludicrous  language,  to  supply  with  a 
king,  or  to  make  royal ;  to  raise  to  royalty.     SkaJc. 

KING'-Al'-PLE,  (-ap'pl,)  71.  A  kind  of  apple,  so 
called. 

KL\G'BIRI>,7J.  An  American  bird,  a  species  of  the 
genus  Muscicapa.  so  called  from  its  countge  in  at- 
tacking larger  birds. 

KING'eUAFT,  71.  The  craft  of  kings ;  the  art  of  gov- 
erning ;  usually  in  a  bad  sense. 

KING'GUl*,  n.  The  buttercup,  (^aHuncu/iw  ftH/ifl^u^,) 
a  species  of  crowfoot.  Oay. 

KINti'DO.M,  71.     [king  and  dovi,  jurisdiction.] 

1.  The  territory  or  country  subject  to  a  king  ;  an 
undivided  territory  under  the  dominion  of  a  king  or 
monarch.  The  foreign  possessions  of  a  king  are  not 
usually  included  in  the  term  kingdom.  Thus  we 
spoak  of  the  Icingdom  of  England,  of  FraiK^c,  or  of 
Spain,  without  including  the  East  or  West  Indies. 

2.  The  inhabitants  or  population  subject  to  a  king. 
The  whole  kingdom  was  alarmed. 

3.  In  natural  history,  :i  division;  as,  the  animal, 
vegetable,  and  mineral  kingdojiis. 

4.  A  region  ;  a  tract;  the  place  whore  anything 
prevails  and  holds  sway  j  as,  the  watcrj'  kingdom. 

Shak. 

5.  In  Scripture,  the  government  or  universal  do- 
minion of  God.     1  Chron.  xxlx.    Ps.  cxlv. 

6.  The  power  of  supreme  administration.  1  Sam. 
xviii. 

7.  A  princely  nation  or  state. 

Ye  shall  be  to  me  a  hinsdoin  of  jricsts.  —  Ex.  jtk. 

8.  Heaven.    .Matt.  xxvi. 

9.  State  of  glory  in  heaven.    Matt.  v. 

10.  The  reign  of  the  IMessiah.    Matt.  iii. 

11.  Government;  rule;  supreme  administration. 
KING'DOM-JED,  a.  Proud  of  royalty.  Shak. 
KING'FlSII-ER,7i.  A  bird  of  the  genus  Alcedo,  which 

preys  on  fisli. 
laxXG'IIQOD,  a.    State  of  being  a  king.     [Obs.] 

Qowcr. 
KING'LESS,  a.     Having  no  king.  Byron. 

KlNG'LiKE,  a.    Like  a  king. 
KING'LI-NESS,  7;.    State  of  being  kingly. 
KING'LFNG,  v..    A  little  king. 
KING'r,Y,  a,  Ileionging  to  a  king  ;  suitable  to  a  king; 

as,  a  Uuigly  couch.  Shak. 

2.  Royal;  sovereign;  monarchical;  as,  a  kingly 
government. 

3.  Noble ;  august;  splendid;  becoming  a  king ; 
as,  kint^ly  magnificence. 

KING'LY,  ado.  With  an  air  of  royalty ;  with  a  supe- 
rior dignity. 

Low  bowed  the  rest ;  ho,  kinghj,  did  but  nod.  Pope, 

KING'-POST,  71.  In  carpentry,  a  beam  in  the  frame  of 
a  roof  rising  from  the  tie-beam  to  the  ridge.     Gwilt. 

KINGS,  n.  pi.  The  name  of  two  books  of  the  Old 
Testament. 

KING'S'-BENCH'jTi.  A  high  court  ortribunal  in  Eng- 
land, so  called  because  the  king  used  to  sit  there  in 
jjcrson.  It  is  the  supreme  court  of  common  law, 
consisting  of  a  cliicf  justice  and  three  other  justices, 

Bladcstone. 

laNG'S  EN"GLISH,  (ing'glish,)  n.  An  English 
phnise  for  correct  or  current  language  of  good 
speakers. 

KING'S-E'V/L,  n.    A  disease  of  the  scrofulous  kind. 

KI.\G'SliIP,  Ii.  Royalty;  the  slate,  office,  or  dignity 
of  a  king.   _  King  OiarUs. 

KING'S'-SPkAR,  71.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Asphode- 
lus, 

KING'SToNE,  71.     A  fish.  JiinsiDorai. 

Pertaining  to  Cinchona  ;  as,  the  kuxic  acid.    Urc. 

KI'Nie,  a.     [D.  kina,  i.  e.  Cincliona.] 

KINK,  71.     [Sw.  kink,  D.  ktnk,  a  bend  or  turn.     Qu.  L. 

Tile  twist  of  a  rope  or  thread,  occasioned  by  a 
filiontaneous  winding  of  tlie  rope  or  thread  when 
doubled,  that  is,  by  an  effort  of  hard-twisted  ropes 
or  threads  to  untwist,  they  wind  about  each  other. 

Th?  packthread  will  curl  up,  riiiming  into  loops  or  idnks. 

Encyc.  An.  Rope. 

KINK,  V.  i.  To  wind  into  a  kink  ;  lo  twist  spontane- 
ously. 

KINK,  71.  A  fit  of  coughing ;  a  convulsive  fit  of 
laughter.     {ScoUish.] 

KINK'A-JOu,  71.  A  plantigrade,  carnivorous  mammal 
living  in  South  America.  It  is  about  as  large  as  a 
full-grown  cat,  and  has  a  prehensile  tail.  It  is  the 
Cercoieptcs  caudivolvulus  of  lUiger. 

KINK'HAUST,  n.    The  chincough.     [JVot  vsed.] 

KT'NO,  71.  An  astringent  extract  of  a  deep  brownish- 
red  color,  obtained  from  various  trees.  Kino  consists 
of  tannin  and  extractive.  Urc. 


KIT 

KINS'FOIiK,  H.    [/.m  and  .r«/.'.-.]   Relations;  kimtred 
persons  uf  the  siime  family.     [O&5.] 

KIN£'MAN,  71.     fAiri  and  viatt.]    A  man  of  the  sant 
race  or  familv  ;  one  related  by  blood.  Dn/dcu. 

KINS'WOM-AN,  n.     A  frmale  relalitm.         Dctini.<.        . 

Kf-OSK',  71.    A  'i'urkish  open  summer-house.  sti[)pi'[i     [ 
cil  by  pillars.  Murdock. 

KIP'PEK,  71.  A  term  applied  to  a  salmon,  when  unfit 
to  be  taken,  and  to  the  time  when  they  arc  so  consid- 
ered, -^'tg- 

KIPa*ER-ED-SAL-MON,  (-sam'mun,) )  71.  A  salmon 

KIP'PEU,  S      split  open, 

salted,  and  dried    or  smoked ;    a  favorite  dish  in 
Scotland.  Jamicson. 

'J'lie  word  kipper  originally  denoted  a  salmon  di- 
rectly after  the  spawning  season  ;  and  as  fish,  in  this 
state,  arc  not  good  for  use  while  fresh,  they  weie 
usually  cured  and  hung  up.  Hence  the  worti,  wiiieh 
properly  lienoled  a  s|):Lwning  salmon,  came  to  be 
generally  used  for  one  that  is  salted  and  dried. 

Ja7nicsan. 

KIP'-SKIN,  71.  Leather  i)repared  from  the  skin  of 
young  cattle,  intermediate  between  calf-skin  and 
cow-iiidc. 

KiRK,  (kurk,)  71.  [Sax.  cj/rc,  or  ciric;  Gr.  KvptOKt], 
from  Kvpioi,  lord.] 

In  Scotland,  a  church.  This  i^  the  same  word  as 
Cml-rch,  difierently  written  and  pronounced.  [See 
Chukch.] 

KTRK'.'MAN,  71.    One  of  the  church  of  Scotland. 

KiRSCirWAS-SER,  71.  [G.]  A  distilb:d  liquor, 
obtained  by  fermenting  tltc  small  black  cherrv. 

KIR'TLE,  (ker'tl,)  n.     [Sax.  cijrUl ;  Sw.  kiurtcl.] 

1.  An  upper  garment ;  a  gown  ;  a  i>etticoat ;  a 
short  jacket ;  a  mantle.  Johnson.    Encyc. 

2.  .\  quantity  of  flax,  about  a  hundred  pounds. 

Encyc. 

[I know  not  Utiii  tJiis  word  is  used  in  w3/;imcn.] 
Klft'TLEO,  (ker'tld,)  a.    Wearing  a  kirtle. 
KISS,  V.  t.     [Sax.  cyssan;  G.  laisscn;  D.  kusehcn:  Sw. 
kyssa ;  Dan.  kysscr.] 

1.  To  salute  with  the  lips. 

2.  To  treat  with  fondness  ;  to  caress. 

The  liearlii  of  priiiiics  kiss  obedionce.  S!udc. 

3.  To  touch  gently. 
When  th-i  swest  wind  did  ;joiU!/  kiss  the  trees,  Shak. 

KISS,  71.    A  salute  given  with  the  lips ;  a  common 
token  of  affection. 
2.  A  small  piece  of  confectionery. 

KISS'£D,  (kist,)  pp.    Saluted  with  a  kiss. 

KISS'ER,  71.     One  that  kisses. 

KISS'ING,  71     Act  of  saluting  with  the  lips. 

KISS'ING,  ppr     Saluting  with  the  lips. 

KISS'ING-eOM'FlT,  (-kum'fit,)  71.  Perfumed  sugar- 
plums to  sweeten  the  breath.  SJiak. 

KISS'ING-CRUST,  ti.  In  cookery,  the  crust  of  a  loaf 
that  touches  anotlier. 

KIST,  71.     A  chest.     [jVoI  used.] 

KIT,  71.     [D.  kit.] 

1.  A  large  bottle.  Skmncr. 

2.  A  small  fiddle.  Orcic. 

3.  A  kind  of  fish-tub,  and  a  milk-pail.       Eiitick. 
[f  know  not  tfiat  Viis  ward  is  used  in  j^merica.] 

4.  The  whole;  particularly  applied  to  a  soldier's 
complement  of  necessaries,  a  mechanic's  bundle  of 
tools,  Sec.  Grose. 

In  Sca£t(s/t,  the  whole;  applied  to  one's  property, 
family,  or  lineage,  fee.  Jamieson. 

KIT'-CAT,  7f.  A  term  applied  to  a  club  in  London, 
to  which  Addison  and  Steele  btdonged  ;  so  called 
from  Christopher  Cat,  a  paslrj;  cook,  who  served  the 
club  with  mutton  pies;  applied  also  to  portraits  a 
little  less  than  a  half  length,  because  such  wero 
placed  in  the  club-room.  Chalmers. 

KITCH'EN,  n.  [Sax.  r.ycenc;  G.  kiichc;  D.  keuken; 
Sw.  kok;  Dan.  kokkc;  VV.  cegin;  It.  cucina;  L.  cu- 
quina;  Sp.  cocina;  from  the  root  of  L.  coquo,  to 
cook.] 

1.  A  cook-room  j  the  room  of  a  house  appropriated 
to  cookery. 

A  fat  kitchen  make*  a  lean  will.  Fmnl^Hn. 

2.  In  ships,  the  galley  or  caboose. 

3.  A  utensil  for  roasting  meat;  as,  a  t'm-kiuhen. 
KITCH'EN-GXR-D£N,    71.      A    garden   or  piece  of 

ground  appropriated  to  the  raising  of  vegetables  for 
the  table, 

KITCH'EN-:\1aID,  7?.  a  female  servant  whose  busi- 
ness is  to  clean  tile  kitchen  and  utensils  of  cookery, 
or,  in  general,  to  do  the  work  of  a  kitchen. 

KITCII'EN-STUFF,  71.  Fat  collected  from  pots  and 
dripping-pans.  Donne. 

KiTCH'EN-WENCII,  71.  The  woman  who  cleans 
the  kitchen  and  utensils  of  cookery. 

KITOH'EN-WORK,  (kich'en-wurk,)7i.  Work  d.me 
in  the  kitchen  ;  as  cookery,  washing,  &c. 

KITE,  71.     [Sax.  eyta.] 

1.  A  rapacious  bird  of  the  genus  Falco  or  hawk 
kind,  remarkable  for  ^Wif/ui-r  through  the  air  without 
frequently  moving  its  wings  ;  hence  called  Gliui:. 

2.  A  name  of  reproach,  denoting  rapacity.  Shak. 

3.  A  light  frame  of  wood  and  paper  rt.nslrucled 
for  flying  in  the  air  for  the  amusement  of  boys. 


Fate,  FXR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MkTE,  TREY. —  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.— 


KNA 

KITE,  n.     In  tke  north  of  Kngtaml,  the  belly. 
KITE'FOOT,  n.     A  sort  of  tobacco,  so  calKd. 
KITE'S'i'bOT,  a.     A  plant.  AinsiDorth. 

KITH,  II.   "[Sx\.  cijtidhe.] 

Acquaintance.     [Oi.-t.]     /Tit/i  ami  A-i/i ;  intimate  ac- 
quaintance and  reluliouship.  Qmoer. 
KIT'LING,  n.     [L.  catidu^.] 

A  whelp  ;  the  young  of  a  beast,  B.  Jonson. 

KIT'T£.\,  (kil'tn,)  n.     [D.  katjc] 

A  young  cat,  or  the  young  of  the  cat. 
K1T'TJ;.\,  (kit'tn,)  c.  i.  To  bring  forth  young,  as  a  cat. 
KIT'TI-W.llvE,  n.    A  bird  of  the  genus  Larus,  or 

To  tickle.     [J^ot  itsrd.^  Sherwood. 

KIT'TLISH,  a.    Ticklish  ;  difficult  to  manage. 
KTV'E,  H.     [Fr.  citrc]  [Sir  ft  alfcr  Scott     Grose. 

A  mashing  vat. 
KiV'ER,  V.  t.    To  cover,     [ruf^ar.]  Huloet. 

KLICK,  c.  I.  [A  diflerent  ortliography  or  diminutive 
of  clack. '\ 

1.  To  make  a  small,  sharp  sound  by  striking  two 
things  together. 

2.  In  Scotland^  to  pilfer,  i»y  taking  with  a  snatch. 

KLICK'ING      "•     '^  regular,  sharp  noise. 
KNAB,  t.nab')  c.  t.     [D.  knappan;  O.  id.] 

To  seize  wiUi  the  teeth  ;  tu  lay  hold  of  or  appre- 
Iiend.     [Fulmar.]  Smart. 

[This  word  may  belong  to  the  root  of  nibb!cy  and 
it  properly  signifies  to  catch  or  seize  suddenly  with 
the  teeth.]  VEstrange. 

KNAB'BED,  (knabd,);;;*.    Bitten  ;  gnawed  ;  seized. 
KJVAB'CLE,  V.  i.    To  bile  or  nibble.     [jYo£  used.] 

Brown. 
KNACK,  (nak,)  n.     A  Utile  machine ;  a  petty  con- 
trivance ;  a  toy. 

A  ibwiot,  a  toy ,  a  trick",  a  baliy  's  cap.  Shak. 

3.  A  readiness  or  dexterity  in  some  slight  opera- 
tion i  habitual  facility  of  performance  ;  dexterity ; 
adroitness. 

My  author  has  a  great  tn<ict  al  rfmnrlra.  AtUrbury. 

The  d&.in  was  lamoiis  in  his  time, 

And  haJ  a  kiaci  oikriack  al  rhyme.  Sirift. 

3.  A  nice  trick. 

For  liow  should  equal  colore  ilo  the  knack  7 

Chameleons  who  can  paint  in  white  and  black  ?  fope. 

KNACK,  (nak,)  v.  i.     [G.  hitad:en  ;  Dan.  hnagcrA 

To  crack  ;  to  make  a  sharp,  abrupt  noise.  [Liule 
tised.]  Jakiiiiiiii. 

KNACk'ER,  Cnak'er,)  n.  A  maker  of  knacks,  toys, 
or  small  work.  Mortimer. 

2.  A  rope-maker,  or  collar-maker.    [JVut  in  vscl 
Aiiiswortlt.     Entick. 
X  One  who  buys  wornnaut  horses  for  slaughter, 
and  cuts  them  up  for  dog'.s  meat.     \_Eng.'\      Smart. 
KNACK'ISH,  (nak'ish,)  a.    Trickish.  More. 

KNACK'ISH-XESS,  n.    Artifice;  trickishness. 
KNACK' V,  (nak'y,)  a.    Having  a  knack  j  cunning; 

crafty.     [LocaL'j 
KNAG,  (nag,)  h.     [Dan.  kimgj  S\v.  knagg,  a  knot  in 
wood,  Ir.  cnag,  W.  aiwc.^ 

1.  A  knot  in  wood,  or  a  protuberant  knot ;  a  wart. 

2.  A  peg  for  hanging  things  on. 

3.  The  shoot  of  a  deer's  horns. 

KNAG'GY,    (nag'g>',)    a.      Knotty ;    full    of    knots  ; 

rough  with  knots  ;  hence,  rough  in  temper. 
KNAP,  (nap,)  n.    [Sax.  cntrj)^  W.  ciuip,  a  button;  a 
knob,  D.  knop.] 

A  protuberance;  a  swelling.  [Litlle  used.]  [See 
Knob.]  Bacon. 

ICNAP,  (nap,)  v.  t     [D.  Icnappen.     See  Knab.] 

1.  To  bite;  to  bite  off;  to  break  short.  [Little 
used.']  More. 

9.  To  strike  with  a  loud  noise.  Same  as  Sn.^p. 
[Little  used.]  Bacon. 

KNAP,  (nap,)  v.  i.    To  make  a  short,  sliarp  «ound. 

fViseman. 
KNAP'BOT-TLE,  (nap'bot-tl,)  n.    A  plant. 
KNAP'PISH,  (nap'pish,)  a.    Snappish.     [See  Snap.] 
KNAPTLE,  (nap'pl,)  v.  i.    To  break  off  with  an  ab- 
rupt, sharp  noise. 
KN.AP'SACK,  (nap'sak,)H.     [G.  knappsack  ;  T).  hiap- 
zak,  ffom  kiwppen^  to  eat.] 

A  frame  of  leather,  or  a  sack  for  containing  neces- 
saries of  food  and  clothing,  borne  on  the  back  by 
soldiers,  travelers,  &c. 
KNAP'WEED,  (nap'weed,)  n.     A  plant  of  the  genus 
Oenlanrea,  so  called  probably  from  knup,  a  bulloii. 
Fam.  of  Plants. 
KNXR,  (WAT,)  n.     [G.  knor,  or  kiiorrm  ;  D.  kimr.] 

A  knot  in  wood.  Dnjdcn. 

KNARL'ED,  (narld,)  a.     Knotted.     [See  Gnarled.] 
KNAU'RY,  (nir're,)  a.     Knotty.  Chaucer. 

KNAVE,  (nave,)  n.  [Sax.  cnflpa  or  cjio/I;,  a  boy ;  G. 
knaf>e ;  T).  knaap  ;  Dan.  knab;  orifrinallij,  a  boy  or 
young  man,  then  a  servant,  and  lastly  a  rogue.] 

1.  A  boy  ;  a  man-child.     [Obs.] 

2.  .\  servant.     [Obs.]  Dryden. 

3.  A  false,  deceitful  fellow ;  a  dishonest  man  orboy. 

In  defiance  of  demonstration,  knaves  will  continue  to  proselyte- 
fools.  Ames. 

4.  A  card  with  a  soldier  painted  on  it.  Hudibras. 


KNI 


KNI 


KNaV'ER-Y,  (nav'er-y,)  n.     Dishonesty;    deception 
in  traffic  ;  trick;  petty  villainy;  fraud. 

Sltak.     Dryden. 
2.  Misriiievous  tricks  or  practices. 
KNAV'I3il,(niv'ish,)a.    Dishonest;  fraudulent;  aa, 
a  knavish  fellow,  or  a  Icnavish  trick  or  tran><aclion. 
2.  Waggish ;  mischievous. 


Cupid  is  a  knavith  lad, 

T hiia  to  make  poor  femok'B  mad. 


Shale. 

Didlionestly  ; 


ICNaV'ISIM.Y,     (nav'ish-ly,)     ado. 
fraudulently. 
2.  Waggishly  ;  mischievously. 
KNaV'ISH-NESS,  (nfiv'ish-ness,)  n.    The  quality  or 

habit  of  knavery  ;  dishonesty. 
KNAW'EL,  (naw'el,)  n.      A    plant,    (Scleranthus,) 

growing  in  sandy  soil. 
KNEAD,  (need,)  v.  t.     [.Sax.  cvtedam  G.  knetni ;  D. 
kneedcn  ;  Dan.  kncdcr;  Sw.  knada.] 

To  work  and  pioss  ingredients  into  a  mass,  nsxi 
ally  wilh  the  hands  ;  particularly,  to  work  into  a  well- 
mixed  mass  the  materials  of  bread,  cake,  or  paste  ; 
as,  to  kiuad  dough. 

Tlie  c-iko  Ehe  kneaAfl  was  the  savory  ine.it.  jPrior. 

KNeAD'ED,  (neud'ed,)  pp.  Worked  and  pressed  to- 
gether. 

KNeAD'ING,  (need'ing,)  ppr.  Working  and  mixing 
into  a  well-mixed  mass. 

KNkAD'ING,  h.  The  act  of  woiking  and  mixing 
into  a  mass. 

KN kAD'ING-TROUGH,  (need'ins-trawf,)  n.  A  trough 
or  vessel  in  which  dough  is  worked  and  mixed. 

KNEE,  (nee,)  n.  [Sax.  cncow;  G.  knic;  D.  kitie;  Sw. 
knd  ;  Dan.  IciiiE  ;  Ft.  genou  ;  It.  ginocchio  ;  L.  genu  ; 
Gr.  }ovv  ;  Sans.  janu.  As  the  same  word  in  Saxon 
signifies  generation,  it  appears  to  belong  to  Ihr  fami- 
ly of  >ii'o^m,  genoy  and  to  signify  a  shoot  or  protu- 
berance.] 

1.  In  anatomy,  the  articulation  of  the  thigh  and  leg 
bones. 

2.  A  piece  of  timber  or  metal  cut  or  cast  with  an 
•ingle  somewhat  in  the  shape  of  the  luinian  knee 
wlien  bent.  Thus,  in  ship-building,  tlie  Awcm  are 
timbers  having  two  branches  or  arms,  and  used  to 
connect  the  beams  of  a  ship  wilh  her  sides  or  tim- 
bers. Franei-t. 

KNEE,  (nco,)  v.  t.  To  supplicate  by  kneeling.  [J^ot 
used.]  Shah. 

KNEE'^-CROOK-ING,  (nee'-kro^k-ing,)  a.  Obsequi- 
ous. Shak. 

KNEED,  (need,) /I.  Having  knees;  :is,  in-knccd,  out- 
kiiced. 

2.  In  botany,  genlculated  ;  forming  an  obtuse  an- 
gle at  the  joints,  like  the  knee  when  a  little  bent ;  as, 
tncf(i- grass.  MaHyn. 

KNEE'-DEEP,  (nee'dcep,)  a.  Rising  to  the  knees; 
as,  water  or  ^.ll[lw  knee-dccp. 

2.  Sunk  to  the  knees;  as,  wading  in  water  or 
mire  knec-dcep. 

ICNEE'-HTGH,  (nee'hl,)  u.  Rising  to  the  knees;  as, 
water  kncc-kigh. 

KNEE'IIuL-LY,  (nee'bol-ly,)  n.  Butcher's  broom,  a 
phtiit  oftlie  genus  Ruscus. 

KNEE'HoLjI,  (nee'home,)  u.    KncehoHy. 

KNEEL,  ineel,)  v.  i.     [D.  kniclen;    Dan.  kncelcr ',    Ft. 
agcnouillci-y  from  genoiul,  the  knee.] 
'To  bend  the  knee  ;  to  fall  on  the  knees  ;  sometimes 
with  down. 

As  soon  as  you  are  dressed,  krieel  down  aud  say  llie  Lord's 
Prayer.  Thytor, 

KNEEL' ED,  (neeld,)  prct.  and  pp.  of  Kneel. 

And  lie  kneeled  tlown  and  cried  witli  a  loud  voice,  "  Lord,  lay 
nut  lliis  sin  lu  tlieir  charge."— Acts  vii.  6l>. 

KNEEI/ER,  (neel'er,)  n.  One  who  kneels  or  wor- 
ships bv  kneeling. 

ICNEEL'ING,  (neel'ing,)  ppr.  or  a.  Falling  on  the 
knees. 

KNEEL'ING-LY,  adv.    In  a  kneeling  position. 

KNEE'PAN,  (nee'pan,)  71.  The  round  bone  on  the 
fore-part  of  the  knee. 

KNEE'-TRIB'UTE,  (nee'-trib'yule,)w.  Tribute  paid 
by  kneeling  ;  worsliip  or  obeisance  by  genudection. 

Milton. 

KNELL,  (nel,)  n.  [Sax.  cmjU;  cnyltan,  to  beat  or 
knock  ;  W.  cnul,  a  passing  bell ;  G.  kmdlen,  to  clap, 
or  crack  ;  Sw.  knalla ;  Dan.  gnetlcr,  to  bawl.j 

Properly,  the  stroke  of  a  bell ;  hence,  the  sound 
caused  by  striking  a  bell ;  appropriately,  and  perhaps 
ciclusircly,  the  sound  of  a  bell  rung  at  a  funeral ;  a 
tolling. 

KNELT,  /irct.  and  pp.  of  Kneel  ;  but  Kneelkd  is  to 
be  preferred. 

KNEW,  (iiu,)7)rf;.  of  Know. 

KNICK'KNACK,  )(.     A  trifle  or  toy.     [FdmiUar.] 

KNTl'T,,  (nifc,)  n.;  pi.  Knives,  (hivez,)  [Sax.  r«i/; 
Dan.  kniv  :  Sw.  ktii}';  Er.  ga}iif,or  cavif.  This  word 
seems  to  have  a  comiection  with  the  D.  kmppen,  fiw. 
knipa,  to  clip  or  pinch,  to  nip  ;  Dan.  kuiber,  O.  knrifen, 
W.  cneiciaw,  to  clip,  to  shear.  Its  priinarj-  sense,  then, 
is  an  instrument  that  nips  off,  or  cuts  off  with  a 
stroke.] 

1.  A  cutting  instrtimont  with  a  sharp  edge.  Knives 
are  of  various  shapes  and  sizes,  adapted  to  their  re- 


BpecUve  ufM-M;    ao,  UiUlt-intieea  t    cwuic-«nra, 

carvers;  ittin-knirti,  &cc. 
2.  A  hwutil  or  dat.':'<T, 
KNIFE'-GRINUEK,  tijlfc-,)fc    One  wbcme 

it  in  to  ^rind  knive«. 
KNIFE'-SHARP'£N-Ett.  (nlT*-)  il      A 

.ilmrpeninir  knives. 
KMFE'-TK.W,  (nlfe'iri.)  m.  ,kM 

other  receptacle  for  knivr*. 
KNIGHT,  (niu-,)  n.     frfai.  aU^  .   - 

vant,  Ir.  cmochi.Q.  knccJU,  l).  > 

kntgL] 

1.  Originally,  a  knight  wa- 

men  being  employed  a«  icrv;-.:  -  ,  i 

signify  a  servanL     Butamr*n.-  | 

the  Word  waa  particul-iriy  af: 

after  he  wan  admill»;d  to  ti. 

arms.    The  admi«tjon  to  lb 

niony  of  great  importanc-,  ar,  ; 

institution  of  knitfhthood.    ]!• 

knight  wan  a  man  admitlvd  i 

certain  ceremony.    Thi-i  pn\ 

youths  of  family  and  fortune, 

lionorable  title  of  knight,  m  in 

has  the  title  of  sir. 

2.  A  pupil  or  follower. 
'■S.  A  champion. 

Knigftt  of  Oie  post;  a  knlglj' 
ping  post  or  pillory  ;  n  hir'-hn: 

Knight,  of  the  fhire ;  in  Ent'' 
sentaiivea  of  a  county  m   prr 
knictit ;  hut  now  any  gentleman  La-, 
land  of  six  hundred  pounds  a  year  i- 

KNTGIIT,  (nlte,)  f.  t.    To  dub  or  r- 
which  is  done  by  the  kuie,  who  c 
kneeling  a  blow  with  a  sword,  and  f> 

K\IGHT-B.\CH'EL-OR,  n.    The    L- 

knights.      They  were  expected  to  r 

ried   until  they  had  gained  »omc  r 

achievemeuL';.  B 

KNIGHT'ED,  (nlt'ed,)  pp.    Created  a  > 
KXIGUT-ER'RANT,  n.     [knighted  L.  (r. 

to  wander.] 
A  wandering  knight ;  a  knight  who  imv 

search  of  adventures,  for  the  pur7»nsc  of  cilubUicj; 

miliiarv  skill,  prowess,  and  generosity. 
KNIGHt-ER'RANT-RY,  «.     The  practice  of  wan- 
dering in  (piest  of  adventures;  the  manners  of  ir&n- 

doring  knights. 
KNIGHT'-UEADS,  (nitc'hedz,)  n.pl  In  thipi,  b  .:Li.-J 

timbers,  two  pieces  nf  timber  rising  just  n  t: 

stem,  one  on  each  side  of  the  bowsprit  to  - 

inner  end  ;  also,  two  strong  frames  of  liicU-?. 

inclose  and  support  the  enils  of  liie  windia.*-. 

.V,r.  7>   ■ 
ICNIGIIT'HOOD,  n.    The  character  or  digjiil.   -i  x 

knight. 

2.  A  military  order,  honor,  or  decree  of  ancient 
nobility,  conferred  as  a  reward  of  valor  or  mrni.     It 
i?t  of  four  kinds,  military',  regular,  honorary .  i-i 
cial.  } 

KNTGHT'ING,  p;)r.    Creating  knights, 
KNTGHT'M'SS.  a.     I'nbecoming  a  kmchL     > 
KNIGIIT'LIKE,  a.     Rtsemldinga  knifiht. 
KNlGHT'LI-NKtfS,  n.     Duties  of  a  kmgliL      > 
K.\IGHT'LY,  0.    Pertaining  to  a  knight;  bcr 
knight;  as,  a  i'ni^A./.'y  combaL  > 

KNIGHT'LY,  adv.    In  u  mannt  r  bccomtni;  a 

KNTGHT'-MAR-SH-VL,  n.    An  officer  in  t; 

hold  of  the  British  king,  who  ha5  r-z^ 

transgressions  within  the  king's  hou--! 

and  of  contracts  made  Uiere. 
KNIGIIT'-SEUV-ICE,   n.     In  EngU.\  \ 

tenure  of  lands  held  by  knights  on  r  r- 

forming  inilitarj-  service,  ever>-  posst- 

/fff,  or  estate,  originally  oif  twenty  pom. 

ue,  being  obliged  to  attend  the  kmg  m  in-  \v 
KNIT,  (nil,)  r.  t.  ;  preU  and  pp.  K.fiT  ur  K- 

[Sax.  c:iyiian  ;  Sw.  k»ySa  ;  Dan.  knyttcr;  pr. 

iiodo,  whcnci:  nodus,  Eng.  knoU] 

1.  To  unit.-!,  as  threads  by  needles  ;  Cn  connect  ta 
a  kind  ol  net-work  ;  ai-,  loAiiit  a  stockini:. 

2   To  unite  closely ;  as,  let  our  hearts  bo  Hit  !<>- 
gether  in  love. 

3.  To  join  or  cause  to  grow  lo?:ether. 

Nitture  can  not  knit  the  bon<»,  «!.    ■ 
chargv. 

4.  To  tie ;  to  fasten. 

And  ho  ssw  heanvn  opcn«l,  mzh\  »  CMtxia  -. 
hiin,  AS  it  were  a  givat  tbtxt  tint  »: 
Acux. 

5.  To  draw  together ;  to  conlnct :  as.  to  Imtt  l^e 
brows,  ' 

KNIT,    (nit,)   r.    i.      To   unite   or   inlcrw.  ■^- 
needles. 

2.  To  unite  closelv :  to  ctow  to^eitoer. 
bones  will  in  time  knit  and  become  siwnd. 

KNIT,  (nit,)  n.     Union  by  knitting;  textun 

used.] 
KNITCH,  n.    .V  fagot,  or  burden  of  wrod^ 


TONE,  BJJLL,  liNiTE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS  —  C  as  K ;  6  as  J  ;  S  .as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  Til  .as  in  TUl-?. 


@1 


KNO 


KNO 


KNIT'TA  BLf:.  (nit'ta-bl,)  a.    That  may  be  knit. 
KMT''1'EK,  (iiit't'T,)  /I.    One  timl  knils. 
KMT'TI.N'C,  (iiit'iint;,)  ppr.      Uiuliiig  by  neodlcs ; 

running  li-xuitc  ;  miiting  in  growtli. 
KXIT'TLNG,  n.     Thf  liirmatioii  of  net-work  by  knil- 

ting-nt'cdles  or  inacliiiiery. 

2.  TliL-  nut-work  thus  lornieil. 

3.  In  ft  more  frcneral  senjCy  union  or  junction. 

fVotton. 
KNIT'TING-NEE'DLE,  (nit'tinR-nce'dlO  »t.  A  long 
needle,  usually  inadeofwirujU^tid  for  knitthig  threads 
into  tilofkiii-is,  STtriors,  &,c. 
KNIT'TLXr.-SllKATU,  (nit'linn-,)  ».  An  instrument 
with  a  small  |)LTforalion  to  receive  Iho  end  of  the  net;- 
dU-  in  knittin«.  .  '^*''; 

KNIT'TLK,  init'l,)  «.  [from  knit.]  A  slrmg  that 
nathera  or  draws  tofjelhor  a  purse. 

2,  A^mall  lino  used  in  shiiw  to  sling  hammocks, 
g-c.  Mar.  Diet. 

KNOB,  (nob,1  n.  [Sax.  cnap;  G.  hnopf;  I),  kmop ; 
Sw.  knopp  ;  Dan.  knop,  Anu&,  knap  ;  \V.  mirb,  cnmpa. 
The  wurd  signifies  a  button,  a  tup,  a  bunch.] 

1.  A  hard  protubt-vance  ;  a  bard  sweliiuf;;  or  risin«  ; 

a  bunch  -,  as,  a  knob  in  the  fleah,  or  on  a  bone.    Raij. 

9.  A  round  ball  at  the  end  of  any  thing ;  as,  the 

knob  of  a  lock.  ,        ,  ,,     , 

KNOB'HKD,  (nobd,)  a.     Containing  knobs;  full  of 

^^»'^^-  ,  r,  ,     ,.    -, 

KNOB'liI-NES3,  (nob'be-ness,)  n.  [from  knohhij.] 
The  Mualily  of  having  knobs,  or  of  being  full  of  pro- 
lubi-rances. 
KNOIJ'BY,  (nob'by,)  a.  Full  of  knobs  or  hard  pro- 
tuberances; hard. 
KNOCK,  (nok,)  v.  i.  [Sax.  cnucian ;  W.  cnoctaw ;  &w. 
kuacka.] 

1.  To  strike  or  beat  with  somctbnig  thick  or  llca^'y  ; 
as,  to  knock  with  a  club  or  with  the  list ;  to  knock  at 
the  door.  We  never  use  this  word  to  express  beating 
with  a  small  stick  or  whip. 

2.  To  drive,  or  be  driven  against ;  to  strike  against  j 
to  clash  J  :w,  wlien  one  heavy  body  knocks  against  an- 
other. 

To  knock  under ;  to  yield  ;  to  submit ;  to  acknowl- 
edge to  ho  conquered  ;  an  expression  borrowed  from 
the  practice  of  hnockina-  under  the  tablCj  when  con- 
quertai.  Johnson. 

KiNOCK,  (nok,)  v.  t.    To  strike  ;  to  drive  agamst ;  as, 
to  knock  the  head  against  a  piist. 
2.  To  strike  a  d.ior  for  aihnittince  ;  to  rap. 
To  knock  down;  to  striko  down;  to  fell;  to  pros- 
trate by  a  blow  or  by  blows  ;  as,  to  knock  down  an  ox. 
TV  knock  out ;  to  force  out  by  a  blow  or  by  blows  ; 
as,  to  knock  out  the  brains. 

To  knoclc  tip;  to  arouse  by  knocking.  In  popular 
tLsff,  to  beat  out ;  to  fatigue  till  unable  to  do  more  ;  as, 
the  men  were  entirely  knocked  vp. 

To  knock  off;  to  force  off  l>y  beating.  At  auctions^ 
to  assign  to  a  bidder  by  a  blow  on  the  counter.  In 
seamcn^s  hingnagc^  to  cea.se  ;  to  desist. 

To  knock  on  the   head;   to  kill  by  a  blow  or  by 
blows. 
KNOCK,  (nok,)  n.    A  blow ;  a  stroke  with  something 
thick  or  liL-avy. 

2.  A  stroke  on  a  door,  intended  as  a  request  for 
admittance ;  a  rap. 
KNOCK'KI),  (nokt,)p;».    Beat;  stnick. 
KNOCK'ER,  (nok'er,)  n.    One  tbal  knocks. 

2.  An  instrument  or  kind  of  hammer,  fastened  to 
a  door  to  be  used  in  seeking  for  admittance. 
KNOCK'I.NG,  mok'inc,)  ppr.    Beating;  striking. 
K.NOCK'ING,  (nok'ing,)  n.    A  beating  ;  a  rap. 
ICN'oLL,  (iiole,)r.  U     [Sax.  cntjUan,  to  beat  or  strike. 
See  Knkll.] 
To  ring  a  bull,  usually  for  a  funeral.  SkaJc. 

KNoLL,  (uole,)  V.  i.    To  sound,  as  a  bell.         Stuik. 

[This  word,  I  believe,  is  not  used  in  America.] 
KNuM-.,  (nole,)  n.    [Sax.  c.-wUi  Sw.  knyl,  knSl;  W. 
aioL] 

1.  The  top  or  crown  of  a  hill ;  hutmure  ffcncraihj,  a 
little  rouiul  hill  or  mount ;  a  small  elevation  of  earth. 

2.  The  ringing  of  a  bell ;  as,  the  curfew  knoll, 

fVordsiDortli. 

KXOLL'KO,  pp.    Rumr,  or  tolled,  as  a  bell. 

KNoLL'Klt.  71.     Onr  who  tolls  a  bell.  SheriDood. 

KN'dM/INC,  ppr.    ilingiuE:,  as  a  bell. 

K.VOP,  (nop,)  fi.  [A  diff'-rcnt  spelling  of  Knap  or  Nob.] 
A  knob  ;  a  tul^i.-d  top  ;  a  bud  ;  a  bunch  :  a  button. 

KNOP'P/;!),  (nnpt,)  a.  Having  knops  or  knobs; 
fastened  as  with  buttons. 

KN'OPTKlt.V,  (nop'pcni,)  n.  Excrescences  produced 
by  the  puncture  of  insects  on  the  rtowcr-cups  of  the 
oak.  Ure. 

KNOT,  (not,)  n.  [Sax.  enolta;  G.  knoten;  D.  knot: 
Sw.  knotn ;  Han.  knudc  ;  L.  vodns  ;  probably  connected 
with  /frtif,  but  perhaps  from  siorUing  or  gaUierinfr.'^ 

1.  Tlie  complication  of  threads  made  by  knitting; 
a  tie;  union  of  cords  by  interweaving ;*as,  a  knot 
dinficult  to  be  untied. 

2.  Any  figure,  the  lines  of  wbicli  frettuently  inter- 
sect each  oUier ;  ns,  a  knot  in  gardening. 

lu  Ijcds  aiul  curioiu  knoU.  ^ruton. 

3.  A  bond  of  association  or  union  :  as,  ilie  nuptial 
knot. 


4.  The  part  of  a  tree  where  a  branch  shoots. 
.'>.  The  protuberant  joint  of  a  plant.  Martijn. 

(i.  A  cluster;  a  collection;  a  rroup ;  as,  a  Aviy(  of 
ladies  ;  a  knot  of  figures  in  paintiuf*. 

7.  Diliicully  ;  intricacy  ;  something  not  easily 
solved.  Soutli. 

8.  Any  intrigue  or  difficult  perplexity  of  affairs. 

9.  A  bin!  of  the  genus  'i'ringa.  [Dnjdcn. 

10.  An  epaulet. 

11.  In  scam€n''s  lanffuagCf  a  division  of  the  log-line, 
serving  to  measure  the  rate  of  ibo  vessel's  motion. 
The  number  of  knots  which  run  oil*  from  the  reel  in 
half  a  minute,  shows  llie  nuinbi-r  of  miles  tlie  vessel 
sails  in  an  hour.  Hence,  when  a  ship  goes  eight 
niilfs  an  hour,  she  is  said  to  go  ei'Tht  knots. 

KNOT,  (not,)  V.  t.  To  complicate  or  tiu  in  a  knot  or 
knots  ;  to  form  a  knot. 

2.  To  entangle;  tope»pJe.x. 

3.  To  unite  closely.  Bacon. 
KNOT,  (not,)  V.  i.    To  form  knots  or  joints,  as  in 

plants. 
2.  To  knit  knots  for  fringe. 

KNOT'EEK-KY,  (not'ber-ry,)  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Rubus. 

KNOT'GRXSS,  (not'grUss,)  n.  Tho  name  of  several 
S[)ecies  of  plants,  so  denominateil  from  the  joints  of 
the  stem.  The  common  knottrrass  is  the  Polygcmum 
aviculare.  An  infusion  of  it  was  once  supposed  to 
have  the  clfect  of  stopping  the  growth  of  an  animal, 
and  hence  called  "  hindering /.jio^^o.m."        Shah. 

ICNOT'LKSS,  (not'less,)  lu  Free  from  knots;  with- 
out knots.  Martijn. 

KNOT'TKI),  (not'ted,)  a.  Full  of  knots;  having 
knots  ;  as,  the  knotted  oak.  Dnjden. 

2.  Having  intersecting  figure.*?.  ShaJt. 

3.  In  <redog-fj,  a  term  applied  to  rocks  characterized 
by  .?mal^  detached  points,  chiofiy  composed  of  mica, 
less  decomi)OsabIe  than  llie  mass  of  the  rock,  and 
forming  knots  hi  relief  on  the  weathered  surface. 

Perc'nmVs  Oeol. 

KNOT'TI-NKSS,    (not'ti-ness,)    it.      [from    knotty.] 
Fullness  of  knots  ;  the  quality  of  having  many  knots 
or  swellings. 
2.  Difficulty  of  solution  :  intricacy. 

KNOT'TINd,  ppr.     Kntangling  ;  uniting  closely. 

KNOT'TY,  (not'ty,)  a.    Full  of  knots  ;  having  many 
knots  ;  as,  knotty  timber. 
2.  Hard  ;  rugged  ;  as,  ahtolty  head.  lioioe. 

;i.  Dilficult  ;  intricate  ;  perplexed;  as,  a  knotty 
fpiestion  (»r  point. 

KNOUT,  (nowt,)  ;(.  An  instrument  of  punishment  in 
Russia,  consisting  of  a  srra[i  of  leather  about  half 
an  inch  wide,  with  which  stripiis  are  inflicted  on 
the  bare  back. 

KNOUT,  (nowt,)  v.  t.  To  inflict  punishment  with  the 
knout. 

KN6VV,  (no,)  v.t.;  prct.  Knew;//;),  Known.  [Sax. 
cnawan  ;  Russ.  inayu,  with  a  prefix.  This  is  proba- 
bly from  the  same  "original  as  the  L.  iiosco,  coirnoseo; 
Gr.  yiPojTKco,  although  much  varied  in  orthography. 
JSTosco  makes  novi^  which,  with  if  or  c  prefixed,  giiovi, 
or  cnovij  would  coincide  with  UnotD,  knew.  So  Ij.  crcsco^ 
crcvif  coincides  with  ffrow,  g-rcw.  Tlie  radical  sense 
of  knowing  is  generally  to  take,  receive,  or  hold.] 

1.  To  perceive  with  certainty ;  to  understand 
clearly ;  to  have  a  clear  and  certain  perception  of 
truth,  fact,  or  any  thing  that  actually  exists.  To 
know  a  tiling  preclud.;s  all  doubt  or  uncerlalnty  of 
its  existence.  We  know  what  we  see  with  our  eyes, 
or  perceive  by  4)tlier  senses.  VVo  know  that  fire  and 
water  are  different  substances.  We  knoxo  liiat  truth 
anil  falsehood  express  ideas  incompatible  with  each 
other.  We  know  that  a  circle  is  not  a  square.  We 
do  not  know  the  truth  of  reports,  nor  can  we  always 
know  what  to  believe. 

2.  To  be  informed  of;  to  be  taught.  It  is  not  unu- 
sual for  us  to  say  we  Icnoio  things  from  information, 
when  we  rely  on  the  veracity  of  tlie  infiirmer. 

3.  To  distinguish  ;  as,  to  know  one  man  from  an- 
other. We  knoto  a  fixed  star  from  a  planet  hy  its 
twinkling. 

4.  To  recognize  by  recollection,  remembrance, 
representatwn,  or  description.  We  do  not  always 
kvoiD  a  person  after  a  long  absence.  We  sometimes 
know  a  man  by  liaving  seen  his  portrait,  or  having 
heard  him  described. 

.5.  To  be  no  stranger  to;  to  be  fainiliac  This 
man  is  well  known  to  us. 

6.  In  Scripture,  to  have  sexual  commerce  with 

7.  To  approve.  [Qen.  iv. 
The  Ijord  knotuelh  the  way  of  llic  righleoua.  —  Ps,  i. 

8.  To  learn.    Prov.  i. 
1).  To  acknowledge  with  duo  respect.    1  Tkcss.  v. 

10.  To  choose  ;  to  favor  or  take  an  interest  in. 

11.  To  commit ;  to  have.  [Amos  iii. 

Hi;  hiith  made  him  lo  be  sbi  for  ua,  who  4new  DO  sin. — 2  Cor. 

19.  To  have  full  assurance  of;  to  have  satisfactory 
evidence  of  any  thing,  though  short  of  certainty. 
KNoW,  (no,)  V.  'i.    To  have  clear  and  certain  percep- 
tion ;  not  to  be  doubtful ;  sometimes  with  of. 

ir  any  man  will   ilo  his  will, 
'lioll'.er   ii   be  of  God,  i 


John  vii. 


lie  sliail  know  of  the  doctrine, 
whether   1   epcak  of  mysclt  — 


KRA 

2.  To  be  informed. 

Sir  John  muBt  not  frnow  o/it.  S)ak. 

3.  To  lake  cognizance  of;  to  examine. 

Know  of  your  youtb  —  vXAiniiie  well  your  liloud.         Shn^, 

KNf)W'A-DL.E,  (n6'a-l)I,)  a.    That  may  bo  Imown; 

th;it  may  be  discovered,  und*'rslond,  or  ascfrlained. 
KN'OW'ER,  (no'cr,)7i.  One  wlio  knows.  [ioc/ic. 
KNOWING,  (no'ing,)  y/jr.     liaving  clear  and  certain 

perception  of. 

2.  a.  Skillful ;  well  informed  ;  well  instructed;  as, 
a  knomng  man. 

Tbf  knowing  and  intelligent  pari  of  the  worlil.  South. 

3.  Conscious;  intelligent;  significant. 

A  knoiring,  prudent  cause.  Blackvioi  e 

KNOWING,  (no'ing,)  n.    Knowledge.  Sliiil:. 

KNoWING-LY,  (no'ing-ly,)  adi:     With  knowledge. 

He  would  not  linowintrhj  ollend. 
KNOWL'EDGK,  (nol'lej,)  ?i.     [Chaucer,  kmultchin^, 

from  Icnowlcchc,  to  acknowledge.    Qu.  the  sense  of 

Icrh.] 

1.  A  clear  and  certain  percejition  of  that  which 
exists,  or  of  truth  and  fact ;  the  perception  of  the 
connection  and  agreement,  or  disagreenr.'nt  and  re- 
pugnancy, of  our  ideas.  Kin-ijc.     Locke. 

We  can  have  no  knowledge  of  that  which  does  not 
exist.  God  has  a  perfect  knomlclfrc  of  all  his  works. 
Ilimian  knowlcd/fe  is  veiy  limited,  and  iv  moslly 
gained  by  observation  and  experience. 

2.  Learning ;  illumination  of  mind. 

I^nonnce  is  llic  cnrae  of  God, 

Knowledge  the  win^  wlierewith  wc  fiy  to  heaven.  57iafr. 

3.  Skill ;  as,  a  knowledge  of  seamanship. 

■1.  Acquaintance  witii  any  fact  or  person.    1  have 
no  htowtcdire  of  the  man  or  thing. 
.5.  Cognizance  ;  notice.     JiiiOi  ii. 

6.  Information;  power  of  knowing.  Sidney. 

7.  Sexual  intercourse.  But  it  is  usual  to  preJlx 
carnal ;  as,  cardial  knowtcdfrc. 

KNOVVL'UlJiiK,  for  AcKNow£.EDCK,or  Avow,  is  not 

used.  Bar.on. 

ICNoWN,  (niine,)  jip.  or  a.     [from  know.]    Perceived  ; 

understood  ;  recognized. 
KNUU,  (luib,)  (  V.  t.    To  beat ;  to  strike  witll 

KNUB'BI.E,  (nuh'bl,)  i      the  knuckle.     [JVotiwcrf.) 
KNUCK'LE,  (nuk'l,)  n.     [.Sax.  cmicl;  G.  knocM ;  I). 

kneukcl;  W,  cnuc^  a  joint  or  junction;  cnucimo,  to 

join,  to  couple.] 

1.  The  joint  of  a  finger,  particularly  when  protu- 
berant by  the  closing  of  the  fingers. 

2.  The  knee  joint  of  a  calf;  as,  a  knuckle  of  veal. 

3.  The  joint  of  a  plant.     Wot  used.]         Bacon. 
KNUCK'LE,  (nuk'l,)  v.  i.    To  yield;  to  submit  in 

contest  to  an  antagonist. 

[This  use  of  the  word  is  said  by  Smart  to  be  de- 
rived from  the  old  custom  of  striking  the  under  side 
of  a  table  when  defeated  in  argumeut.] 

KNUUK'L£D,  (nuk'ld,)  a.    Jointed.  Bacon. 

KNUFF,  (nuir,)  n.    A  lout ;  a  clown.     [J^al.  v.icd.] 

KNUR,  (nur,)     \n.     [G.  knoiren,  a  knot,  a  knag,  a 

KNURL,  (nnrl,)  j      guar.] 

A  knot;  a  hard  substance.  Woodward. 

KNURL' JSD,  (nurld,)  a.    Fttll  of  knots. 

KNUR'LY,  (nur'ly,)  a.  [from  knur.]  Full  of  knots  ; 
hard.    This  seems  to  be  the  same  as  G^fAIlLY. 

KNUR'RY,  (nur'ry,)  a.    Full  of  knots. 

Ko'BA,  n.  A  mammal  of  the  tribe  Capridx,  the  Da- 
maliskoba,  an  animal  resoiubling  an  antelope,  of  a 
size  ctiual  to  a  stag,  and  fiiiimi  in  Central  Africa. 

KOH,  71.  Cow  ;  the  word  used  in  calling  cows.  [Pers. 
kok,  G.  knk,  D.  koe,  Dan.  koe,  Sw.  ko,  a  cow.] 

[It  is  remarkable  that  our  farmers  have  retained 
the  exact  pronunciation  of  this  word  from  the  earli- 
est ages.] 

Ko'KOn,  n.    A  venomous  serpent  of  America. 

KOL'LY-RITE,  a.     [Gr.  (.-oXAooo,...] 

A  variety  of  clay  whose  color  is  pure  white,  or 
with  a  shade  of  gray,  red,  or  yellow.  [See  Coli-v- 
KiTE-i  Cleavcland. 

KOiM'MA-NIC,  n.    The  crested  lark  of  Germany. 

KON'IL-ITE,  71.     [Gr.  «ni";s,  dust,  tmd  Ai3»t,  a  stone.] 
A  mineral  in  the  form  of  a  loose  powder,  consist- 
ing chiellv  of  silex,  and  remarkably  fusible.  Phillips. 

Ko'NiTE. '  .SeeCoNiTE. 

KO'PECK,  71.  A  Russi.an  coin,  about  the  value  of  a 
cent. 

Ko'RAN,  (pronounced  by  oriental  scholars  ioraioT!,)  71. 

[Ar.    '\Js  koranan,  from  ]yS  karn,  lo  read,  to  call, 

to  teach.] 
The  Mohammedan  book  of  faith  ;  the  Alkoran. 
Ko'RET  71.     A  delicious  fish  of  the  East  Inilies. 
KOU'MISS,  1  71.    A  liquor  made  among  the  Calmucka 
Ku'MISS,     j      by  fermenting  mare's  miik,  and  from 

which  they  obtain,  by  distillation,  an  intoxicating 

spirit,  called  Rack  or  RvcRY.  Ure. 

KOU'PllO-LITE,  71.    [Gr.  Kovipoi,  light,  and  X1S05, 

stone.] 

A  variety  of  Prehnite.  Dana. 

KRA'AL,  71.    In  the  sautlicm  part  0/  Jlfi-ica,  among  Oil 

Jloticntots,  a  village  ;  a  collection  of  iluts 


FATE,  F.HK,  FALI^,  WHAT.  — METE,  PRgY PINE,  MAKKNE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK. 

______  - 


LAB 

KRa'KEN,  11.    A  supposed  enoi-iiious  sea  animal. 

ICKk'A-SOTE.     See  Ckeosote.  [Guthrie. 

ILREM'LTN,  7t.    [fruiii  Russ.  krcm,  a  fortress.] 

In  Russia^  the  citadel  of  a  town  or  city.  Tlie 
term  is  particularly  applied  to  tlie  ancient  citadel  of 
Moscow,  which  now  contains  an  imperial  palace, 
several  churches  and  convents,  an  arsenal,  &,c., 
which,  situated  on  a  hill,  with  their  -gilded  domes  and 
spires,  have  a  magnificent  appearance.  It  is  of  a 
triangular  form,  about  two  miles  in  ciicumlerence, 
and  surrounded  by  a  high  wall. 

KKO'KA,  n.    A  bird  of  Russia  and  Sweden,  resem- 
bling a  hedge-sparrow.  Pennant. 

KRUL'LEU,  n.     [O.  krullm^io  curl.    This  is  ciirl^ 
with  the  letters  transposed.] 
A  cake  curled  or  crisped,  boiled  in  fat. 


LAB 


LAB 


Lthe  twelfth  letter  of  the  English  alphabet,  is  usu- 
5  ally  denominated  a  scmi-vowcl,  or  a  liquid.  It 
represents  an  im[ierfoct  articulation,  formed  by  pla- 
cing the  tip  of  the  tongue  against  the  gum  that  in- 
closes the  roots  of  the  upper  teeth  ;  but  the  sides  of 
the  tongue  not  bt.ing  in  close  contact  with  the  roof 
of  the  mouth,  till'  breath  of  course  not  being  entirely 
intercepted,  this  articulation  is  attended  witli  :m  iin- 
ptrfcct  sound.  The  shape  of  the  letter  is  evidently 
boiTowed    from    that    of  the    Oriental    lamed,    or 

/ojaorf,  nearly  coinciding  with  tlie  Samaritan  Z^. 

L  has  only  one  sound  in  English,  as  in  like,  caual.  At 
the  end  of  monosyllables,  it  is  often  doubled,  as  in 
fall,  fall,  tell,  bell;  but  not  after  diphthongs  and  di- 
graphs ;  foul,  fool,  prowl,  ^n-owl,  foal,  &.C.,  being 
written  with  a  single  /. 

With  some  nations,  /  and  r  arP  cummutable ;  as  in 
Greek  Ai/ttoi',  L.  lilimii ;  It.  .tcart/i,  an  escort,  Sp.  and 
Port,  escolta.  Indeed,  I  and  r  are  letters  of  the  same 
organ. 

By  some  nations  of  Celtic  origin,  I  at  the  beginning 
of  words  is  aspirated  and  doubled  in  writing,  as  in 
the  W.  Ued,  L.  latas  ;  llan,  a  lawn:  llamr,  afioor; 
Sp.  llamar,  L.  clamo. 

In  some  words,  I  is  mute,  as  in  half,  calf,  wall:,  talk, 
cJial!:. 

In  our  mother  tongue,  the  Anglo-Saxon,  2  is  sometimes 
preceded  by  h,  and  aspirated,  as  in  Idcf,  loaf;  hladau, 
to  lade  or  load  ;  htot,  lot;  hliniau,  hlcoiiian,  to  lean, 
Gr.  atAu'co,  L.  cUno.  In  the  latter  word,  the  Saxon  h 
represents  the  Greek  k  and  Latin  c,  as  it  does  in 
many  other  words. 

In  English  words,  the  terminating  syllable  Ze  is  unac- 
cented, the  e  is  silent,  and  t  has  a  feeble  sound ;  as 
in  able,  ea^le,  pronounced  ahl,  mgl.  _ 

As  a  numei;il,  L.  denotes  50,  arid  with  a  dash,  L, 
50,000.  As  an  abbreviation,  in  accounts,  L.  stands  for 
jmund,  [L.  libra,  pound.]  It  is  also  used  for  book,  or 
division  of  a  work,  [L.  liber.]  In  Latin,  it  stands 
for  Lueius  ;  and  L.  L.  S.  for  u  sestercCj  or  two  tibi-(B 
and  a  half.  Encyc. 

LA,  exclam,  [Perhaps  corrupted  from  look  ;  but  this  is 
doubtful.]     Look  ;  see  ;  behold.  ShaJc. 

LA  ;  tlie  sixth  of  the  musical  sjllables  in  Guido's  scale, 
do  or  ut  being  the  first.  Brande. 

LAB,  J'.    A  great  talker ;  a  blabber.     [Ofis.]     Chaucer. 

LAB'A-DIST,  n.  The  Lai/ad ists  were  lollowers  of  Jean 
do  Labadie,  a  zealous,  but  mystical,  and  rather  indis- 
creet reformer  of  the  seventeenth  centurj-.  Though 
not  faultless,  they  were  doubtless  charged  with  errors 
in  doctrine  of  which  tbey  were  not  guilty.  Murdoch. 

LA8'A-RUM,  n.  [L.  The  original  sourceof  this  word 
is  unknown.]  Ihe  standard  borne  before  the  empe- 
ror Constantine,  after  his  conversion  to  Christianity. 
It  was  a  long  piUe,  having  a  transverse  beam,  to 
which  was  attached  a  silken  vail,  wrought  with  iin- 
ag.'s  of  the  monarch  and  his  children,  and  on  the  lop 
was  a  crown  of  gold  inclosing  ths  mysterious  mono- 
gram representing  the  cross,  with  the  initial  letters 
of  the  name  of  Cfirisl.  The  word  is  sometimes  used 
for  any  other  standard  or  fliig. 

Sue  Aiii.'onuTtWs  Diet,  and  Gihbuti's  Hist.  ch.  xx. 

LAB'DA-NQM.    See  Ladanuu. 

LAB-E-FAe'TION,  n.  [L.  tabef actio,  from  lahcfacio; 
labij,  to  totter,  and  facio,  to  make,] 

A  weakening  or  loosening:  a  failing  j  decay; 
downfall ;  ruin. 

LAB'E-F^'j  V.  U    To  weaken  or  impair.     [JVot  used.] 

Diet. 

La'BEL,  n.     [VV.  Uab,  a  strip  ;  lalml,  a  label.] 

1.  A  narrow  slip  of  silk,  paper,  or  parchment,  con- 
taining a  name  or  title,  and  affixed  to  any  thing,  de- 
noting its  contents.  Such  are  the  labcU  affixed  to  the 
vessels  of  an  apothecary.  Ijibeh  also  are  affixed  to 
deeds  or  writings  to  hold  the  appended  seal. 

Harris. 


KRV'O-LITE.    See  Cryolite- 

KO'Fie,  (I.  The  Kufic  letters  were  the  ancient  lellers 
ot  the  Arabic,  so  called  from  Kufa,  on  the  Eunhraleu. 

KfJ'MISS.     Sec  Koumiss. 

Ku'lUL,  u.    A  bird,  the  black  petrel.  Penimnt. 

KU-RIL'I-Ai\,  a.  The  Kurilian  Isles  are  a  chain  in 
the  Pacific,  extending  from  \\u:  southern  extremitv 
of  Kamsclialka  to  Jesso. 

KY,  7/.     Kinc.     [jV««  in  ■n-se.] 

Kt'A-NITE,  71.  [G.  kyanit,  Werner;  from  the  Gr. 
Kvauog,  sky-colored.] 

A  mineral  occurring  usually  in  long,  thin,  blade- 
like  crystals,  of  a  cli^ar  blue  or  bluish-white  color.  It 
IS  very  hard  and  infusible,  and  consists  of  silica 
and  nliirnina.  Dana. 

KY'AN-IZE,  V.  t.    [from  Kyan,  the  inventor  of  the 


L. 


2.  Any  paper  annexed  to  a  will  by  way  of  addition; 
as  a  codicd.  Kncye. 

.1.  In  heraldry,  [a  fillet  with  pendants  or  points. 
Tlie  number  of  pendants  is  indifierent,  but  is  usually 
three.  The  label  with  three  pendants  is  added  to  the 
family  arms  by  an  eldest  or  only  son,  while  his  fa- 
ther is  still  living.  —  E.  H.  B.] 

4.  A  long,  thin,  brass  rule,  with  a  small  sight  at 
one  end,  and  a  center-hole  at  the  other,  commonly 
used  with  a  tangent  line  on  the  edge  of  a  circumfe- 
rentor,  to  take  altitudes,  &c.  Encyc. 

5.  In  Gothic  architecture,  a  projecting  tablet  or  mo!rI- 
ing  over  doorways,  windows,  &;c. ;  also  called  the 
Dripstone.  Oloss.  of  Orckit. 

La'BEL,  v.  t.    To  affix  a  label  to. 

LA'BEL-i=:D,  pp.    Furnished  with  a  label. 

La'BEL-ING,  ppr.    Distinguishing  by  a  label. 

La'BENT,  a.     [L.  labens.] 

Sliding;  gliding.  Diet. 

La'BI-AL,  a.     [Fr.,  from  L.  labuim,  a  lip.    See  Lip.] 
Porlainiiig  to  the  lips ;  formed  by  the  lips ;  as,  a 
labial  articulation.    Thus  b,  p,  and  m,  are  labial  ar- 
ticulations ;  and  00,  Fi'.  ou.  It.  u,  is  a  labial  vov.'ol. 

La'BI-AL,  it.     A  letter  or  character  representing  an 
articulation  of  the  lips  ;  as,  b,f,  vi,  p,  v. 

La'BI-AL-LY,  adv.    In  a  labial  manner;  by  the  lip-. 

la^bLIted,  i  "•   [f™""  ^-  '•>"'""■  "P-] 

In  botany,  a  labiate  corol  is  irregular,  monopctal  ms, 
with  two  lips,  i.  e.  monopetalous,  consisting  of  a  nar- 
row tube  with  a  wide  mouth,  divided  into  two  nr 
more  segments  arranged  in  two  ojiposite  divisions  or 
lips.  Jilartyiu    Encyc. 

LA'B!LE,a.     [Low  L.  labilis.] 

Liable  to  err,  fall,  or  apostatize.    [J^ot  usedj] 

C/ieync. 
La-BI-0-DENT'AL,  a.    [L.  labium,  a  lip,  and  dais,  a 
tooth.] 

Formed  or  pronounced  by  the  cooperation  of  the 
lips  and  teeth  ;  as  /  and  v.  Holtler. 

La'BOR,  n.     [L.  labor,  from  labo,  to  fail.] 

1.  Exertion  of  muscular  strength,  or  bodily  oxt-r- 
tion  which  occasions  weariness  ;  particularly,  "the  ex- 
ertion of  the  limbs  in  occupations  by  whicli  subsist- 
ence is  obtained,  as  in  agriculture  and  manufactures, 
in  distinction  from  exertions  of  strength  in  play  or 
amusements,  w]ii«:Ii  are  denominated  exercise,  rather 
than  labo7\  Toilsome  work  ;  pains  ;  travail ;  any 
bodily  exertion  which  is  attended  with  fatigue.  Af- 
ter the  labors  of  the  day,  tlie  farmer  retires,  and  rest 
is  sweet.    Moderate  labor  contributes  to  health. 

Vt'hwl  is  tiLuiticd  hy  iibor,  will  of  right  be  the  property  ofliim  by 
whose  labor  k  is  gained.  lioinbler. 

9,  Intellectual  exertion  ;  application  of  the  mind 
which  occasions  weariness  ;  os,  the  labor  of  compil- 
ing and  writing  a  history. 

3.  Exertion  of  mental  powers,  unitt^d  with  bodily 
eniploynunl ;  as,  the  labors  of  the  apostles  in  propa- 
gatiiiu  ('hn;-fiaiiitv. 

4.  Work  doiK',  or  to  be  done  ;  that  which  requires 
wearisome  exertion. 

Being  a  labor  of  so  great  ilinicntly,  tlie  exnct  pcrfonnrinco  tbere- 
of  wo  may  rather  wish  tlian  look  for.  Hooitr. 

5.  Heroic  achievement ;  as,  the  labors  of  Hercules. 

6.  Travail ;  the  pangs  and  eflbrts  of  childbirth. 

7.  The  evils  of  life  ;  trials  ;  persecution,  i-C. 

Tiipy  rhtftoiii  Hvir  taiors.  — Rev.  xiv. 

La'BOR,  w.  i.     [L.  laboro.] 

1.  'i'oexert  muscular  strength;  to  act  ormove  Willi 
painful  effort,  particularly  in  servile  occupations;  to 
work  ;  to  toil. 

Six  davs  ih.iU  Ilioii  labor,  am!  tU'  :ill  Uiy  work.  — ExoJ.  xx, 

2.  To  exert  one's  imwers  of  body  or  mind,  or  both, 
in  the  prosecution  of  any  design  j  to  strive;  to  lake 
pains. 

ZMor  not  for  Uic  meat  whidi  pcrisliclli.  — Joha  vi. 


procefls.]    To  prevent   Ibe  r 
rnerHiii?  it  in  a  aolulujn  of 

othirr  Biibrtanct-rt. 
KYK'!-E;  a  wof^   ■       ■   -■• 
e*.    It  lA  sorii- 
itself.    It  is  tJi. 
L^jrd. 

KYR-(-o-r,oG'ie,       to.  rf;r 
KYIH-O-LOO'ie-AL.i     yi 
KVptoXoyta,  a  dwrotir' — 
icvMi'jf  and  >''j  of,] 

Serving  p*,TfecUy  t*. 

signs  or  alphabetical  • 

'J'he  original  Gr«(  k 

called  ktjrioluirie,  b'rC'; 

cmentary-  Houndti 


/ 


3.  To  toil ;  to  be  burdened. 

Come  tmlo  IOC,  kll  ye  dm  lahor  a.. 
gitfc  you  Tcit,  —  Mut.  xi. 

4.  To  move  with  difficulty. 

TIjc  tii,nr,  thai  laUurt  up  Uv!  \£.\. 

5.  To  move  irrcgulariy  wi!  h  '  ■  ■ ' 
and  roll  heavily,  as  a  atup  in 

C.  To  be  in  distress ;  to  tt  ^.   - 

Aj  Eoumliog  ^mfaolft  ^J  ll«  l^rmj  r 

7.  To  be  in  travail;  lo  s'liT  r  tb 

8.  To  journey  or  march. 

M^kp  not  all  (be  ^tc^At  to  l: 

9.  To  perform  the  duiic*  i>i  lii-  j.i  s^  i  .- 

10.  To  perform  Christian  ot&ct-a. 

Ta  labor  under;   to  bo  artliclcd  with;    t 
dened  or  distressed  with  ;  a.^,  l*j  lat^  -    - 
or  an  atlliction. 
La'BOR,  r.  t.    To  work  at;  to  till :  t 

The  most  txccBcta  Undt  ar-a  1., 
children. 

9.  To  prosecute  witli  effbn  , 
point  or  argument. 

3.  To  form  or  fabricate  with  cxcition ;  r^  . 
arms  for  Troy.  I 

4.  To  beat ;  to  belabor.  [  Tke  lai:. 
nlhi  used.] 

5.  To  form  with  toil  anfl  care ;  a 
position. 

LAB'O-RANT,  ?t.    A  chemist.    f-Vcr 
LAIt'0-RA-TO-Rr,  v.    [Fr.  Ichcnrati-ir 

1.  .-\  house  or  placo  wliere  opera: 
ments  in  chemistry',  pharmacy,  pjr-  * 
performed. 

2.  A  place  where  amis  are  mnn 
j>aircd,  or  fireworks  prepared;  as,  i: 
:?pringtield,  in  Mx^^icbn setts. 

3.  A  place  where  work  is  t-    " 
is  prepared  Ibr  use.     Hence  i 
grand  laboratory  of  tlie  hun:  -.■•- 
hihoratorti  of  tile  bile. 

La'BOR-£I),  pp.  or  a.     Tillwl  j  cullivalr^: 

with  labor. 
2.  a.    Bearing  marks  of  r  : 

op)>osed  to  East  ur  Frkk  ;  :^  ■ 
L.^'BOR-ER,  n.     One  who  I:i 

|tation  ;  :i  man   who  (K^s  v. 

skill,  ns  disliuguishi'd  fmii  :i 
LA'BOR  IXG,  piir.  or  a.     Lv. . 

or  intelleclu:U  power;  teiling  ;  lut.^ 

with  difficulty  ;  ciilliv-aiing. 

S.  A   lub.riajr  WOJI,  cr  i.ihrrrr,  i-^ 

man  who  performs  w; 
ship  or  proft-ssional  s 
mh;  but  this  resirirtt.: 
A  Aarti-Iabarin^  man  is  oin-  not  ii>i.'M 
LaborintT  oar;   the  twr  wliicli   i. 
strength  or  exertion,  or  on  which  m     ■ 
La'BOR-IXG,  m.    The  act  of  bt'slowinc  i.i:-  r. 

2.  The  pitching  and  rolling  of  a  \-cssci  in  a  hcavj"   jj 
-wa. 

L.VBo'RI-OUS,  a.     ]\^  la^criiK^s :  Fr    '  ' 
1.  Using  exertion;  employing  It 
work  or  service ;  assiduwis :  %sec  . 
taborions!  hi:Ebandman  cr  mcclumic:  n  '- 
isler  or  pastor. 

a.  Requiring  lat>or;  toilsome  ;  tiresome; 
as,  laborious  duties  or  ser\'iccs. 

3.  Requiring  labcr,  exertion,  pcrwvcrawe,  or  sac-   . 
rilices.  ' 

Dost  thoii  lore  o-Rtch:r5^. 
La&ono*iJ  virtues  all : 

LA-BCTJ-OL'S-LY,  a  " 


TCKE,  BULL,  UNITE.  —  AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K ;  6  ;\s  J ;  g  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THl^ 


LAC 

I.A-BO'III-OUS-NESS,  n.    The  quality  of  being  labo- 
rit'us,  or  attended  witli  toil  j  loilsoiiifm;ss ;  dilliculty. 
2.  PiliKt'Dcc  ;  jussicluity. 

La'BOR-LKSS,  a.     Not  laborious.  Brn-ncood. 

LA'iJOR-SAV-ING,  a.  Saving  labor  ;  adapted  to  su- 
persede or  diminish  the  labor  of  men. 

La'IJOK-SO.MK,  a.  .Aladc  with  great  labor  and  dili- 
gence.    [■N'ot  in  jtse.'\  Samlys. 

LA'IJllA,  n.     [Sp.l     A  lip.  ShaJc. 

LAli'UA-DOR-ITE,  n.  Labrador  spar,  a  beautiful  va- 
riety of  opalescent  felspar,  from  Labrador. 

LA'IJKCSi-;,  0.     [L.  lal/rum,  a  lip.J 
Having  thick  lips. 

LA-UUIt'NUM,  It.  A  tree  of  the  genus  Cytisus,  a  na- 
tive of  the  Alps,  and  much  cultivated  by  way  of  or- 
nament. 

LAIJ'Y-RINTir,  11.     [L.  lahip-inthtu,' :  Or.  MSvpivOos.] 

1.  Among  the  ancients,  an  edifice  or  place  full  of 
intricaci(^s,  or  formed  with  winding  passages,  which 
remiered  it  difticult  to  find  the  way  from  the  interior 
to  the  entrance.  The  most  remaikablc  of  these  edi- 
fices mentioned  are  the  Ef^yptian  and  the  Cretan  Uib- 
yrintlia.  Encije.     Lcmjirkre. 

2.  A  maze;  an  inexplicable  difliculty. 

3.  Firrmc7iy,  an  ornamental  maze  or  wilderness  in 
gardens.  Spenser. 

4.  In  anatomy,  that  part  of  the  internal  ear  behind 
tlie  cavity  of  tlic  tympanum  or  drum.         ForsyUu 

.5.  Li  vi£tallur<ry,  a  series  of  troughs  in  a  stamping- 
mill,  through  which  water  passes  for  washing  pul- 
verized Off.  Brandc. 

LAB-Y-llLNTII'I-AN,  a.  Winding;  intricate;  per- 
plexed. Bp.  Halt. 

LAB-Y-RINTH'ie,  a.    Like  a  labyrinth. 

LAH-Y-RINTII'I-FOKM,  «.  Having  the  form  of  a  lab- 
yrinth; intricate.  Kirbn. 

LAB-Y-KINTil'INl::,  a.  IVrlaining  to  or  like  a  laby- 
rinth. 

LAC,  71.  [Sp.  laca;  G.  lack;  Dan.  D.  laic;  said  to  be 
from  the  Arabic] 

A  resinous  substance  produced  mainly  upon  the 
Ficus  Indica,  or  Banyan-tree,  by  the  Coccus  Ficns 
or  Coccus  Lacca.  It  is  composed  of  five  diflerent 
varieties  of  resin,  with  a  small  quantity  of  several 
other  substances,  particularly  a  red  coloring  matter. 
Stick  lac  is  tlie  substance  in  its  natural  state,  incru?t- 
ing  small  twigs.  When  broken  off,  and  boiled  in 
water,  it  loses  its  red  color,  and  is  called  seed  lac. 
When  melted,  and  reduced  to  a  thin  crust,  it  is  called 
shell  lac.  United  with  ivory  black  or  vemiUion,  it 
forms  black  and  red  scaling  wax.  Lac,  dissolved  in 
alcohol  or  other  menstrua,  by  diflerent  methods  of 
preparation,  constitutes  various  kinds  of  vamishcji 
and  lackers.  Thomson. 

LAC,     I  ".    In  Vie  East  Indies,  one  luindred  tliousand  ; 

L.VCK,  \      as,  a  lac  of  rupees. 

LACCie,  (lak'sik,)  a.  Pertaining  to  lac,  or  produced 
from  it ;  as,  laccic  acid. 

LAC'CINE,  71.  A  substance  from  shell  lac,  brittle, 
yellow,  translucent ;  soluble  in  caustic  potash,  and 
in  sulphuric  acid. 

LACE,  n.  [Sp. /a:o,  a  tie  or  knot;  Fr.  lacct;  It.  lac- 
cio ;  L.  laqueus.] 

1.  A  work  composed  of  threads  interwoven  into  a 
net,  and  worked  on  a  pillow  with  spindles  or  pins. 
Fine  laces  arc  manufactured  in  France,  Italy,  and 
England. 

a.  A  string;  a  cord.  Spenser, 

'.i.  A  snare  ;  a  gin.  Fairfax. 

■1.  A  plaited  string  with  which  females  fasten  ilieir 
tlnthts. 

Doll  ne'er  was  culled  (o  cut  her  lace.  Stoift, 

.*).  In  old  amt  Inn^iagCj  spirits  added  to  coffee  or 
other  beverage.  Addison. 

LACE,  V.  t.  To  fasten  with  a  string  through  eyelet 
holes, 

Wbi.'ii  Jenny's  stays  are  newly  laead.  Prior. 

2.  To  adorn  with  lace  ;  as,  cloth  laced  with  silver. 

Shak. 

3.  To  embellish  with  variegations  or  stripes. 

Look,  lav(»,  whnt  envious  ttreaks 

Do  lace  tbo  scvcriof  clouds  in  yonder  east.  Shak. 

4.  To  beat ;  to  lash  ;  [probably  to  make  stripes  on.] 

I'll  lai-e  your  co.il  for  ye.  L'Estrange. 

.'j.  In  old  cant  language,  to  add  spirits  to  coffee  or 
other  beverage.  Smart. 

LACE'-B.^RK,  71.    The  bark  of  a  shrub  in  the  West 
Indies,  the  Daphne  lagetto,  so  called  from  the  texture 
<tf  its  inner  bark. 
LaC'KD,  (last,)  jjp.  or  n.    Fastened  with  lace  or  a 
string  ;  also  tricked  off  with  lace. 

iMced  cftffce;  cotfee  with  spirits  in  it.        Addison. 
Laced  vtutton^  (set  off  with  laces  ;)  a  iirostitute. 
[  Obs.]  S/iaJi. 

LaCE'MAN,  71,    A  man  who  deal:*  in  lace.    Addlton. 
LAC'ER-A-BLE,  a.     [See  Lacerate.]     That  may  be 

torn.  Harvey. 

LAC'ER-aTE,  v.  t.     [L.  laecro,  to  tear.] 

To  tear ;  to  rend  ;  to  separate  a  substance  by  vio- 
lence or  tearing;  as,  to  lacerate  the  tiesh.  It  is  ap- 
plied chiefly  to  the  flesh,  or  figuratively  to  the  heart. 
But  sometimes  it  is  applied  to  the  political  or  civil 
divisions  in  a  state. 


LAC 

LAC-KrItED,  \  TV-  ot  "■•    Kent ;  torn. 

2.  In  botany,  having  the  edge  variously  cut  into  ir- 
regular segments  ;  lia,  a  lacerated  leaf.  J\!arLyn. 

LAC'-KR-A'TION,  t(.  The  act  of  tearing  or  rending  ; 
the  breach  made  by  rending.  Jirhuthnot. 

L.A.C'ER-A-TIVE,  a.  Tearing;  having  the  power  to 
tear  ;  as,  laccrative  humors.  Harvey. 

L.'\-CER'T.\,  H.  [L.]  'J'he  name  of  a  genus  of  lizards. 
2.  A  northern  constellation  ;  the  Lizard. 

LA-CER'TL'\N,  n.  A  saurian  of  the  family  Lacertin- 
uUr.  Tlie  common  lizard  is  an  example  of  this  fam- 
ily. P.  Cyc. 

LA-CEU'TIAN,  a.  Pertaining  to  saurians,  resembling 
the  common  lizard. 

L.VCER'TINE,  a.     [L.  lacertus.]     Like  a  lizard. 

Juurn.  ofSciaicc. 

LA-CER  TU.S,;i.[L.]  The  girrock,  a  fish  of  the  gar-fish 
kind  ;  also,  tlie  lizard-fish.     IJict.  JSTat.  Hi^t.     Cyc. 

LACE'-WING-/JI),  a.    Having  wings  like  laco. 

LaCE'\VOM-AN,  71.  A  woman  who  makes  or  sells 
lace. 

LACHE,      \n.     [Norm.  Fr.  lachcsse,  from  lacht;   L. 

LACH'ES,  \      lartis,  lax,  slow.] 
In  law,  neglect ;  negligence. 

LACU'RY-MA-liLE,  «.     Lamentable.  Morlni. 

LACU'RY-MAL,  a.     [Fr.,  frtim  L.  UirhrymA,  a  lear.J 

1.  Generating  or  secreting  teai.-i;  as,  the  lachrymai 
gland. 

2.  Pertaining  to  tears;  conveying  tcar.s. 
LAGU'RY-MA-RY,  a.    Cuntainihg  lear.s.    Addison. 
LACILRY-Ma'TION,  ?i.     The  act  of  shedding  tears. 
LACH'RY-MA-'J'O-RY,  n.     [Fr.  lachnijnatoirc.] 

A  vessel  fouTul  in  sepulchres  of  the  ancients,  in 
which  it  has  been  supposed  tlie  tears  of  a  deceased 
person's  friends  were  collected  and  preserved  with 
Ihe  ashes  and  urn.  It  was  a  small  glass  or  bottle 
like  a  phial.  ICncyc. 

LA€H'RY-MoSE,  a.    Generating  or  shedding  tears. 

LACH'RY-MoSE-LY,  adv.    In  a  laclirymose  manner. 

hAClNG,ppr.  Fastening  with  a  string;  adorning  or 
trimming  with  lace. 

LACING,  n.      A  fastening  with    a   siring  or  cord 
through  eyelet  holes. 
2.  A  cord  used  in  drawing  tight  or  fastening. 

LtcLvit^ED.  i  "■     [L.  I^'clnia,  a  he.n.] 

1.  Adorned  witli  fringes. 

2.  In  botany,  jagged. '  Marttjn. 
LACK,  V.  t.     [D.  leeg,  empty  ;  Iccgcn,  to  empty  ;  Dan. 

lali,  a  fault ;  lakker,  to  decline  or  wear  away  ;  Goth. 
vjligan,  to  lack  or  fail ;  L.  ddiqtiium,  which  seems  to 
be  connected  with  Unqiin,  to  leave,  to  faint,  and  with 
liquo,  to  melt,  liquid,  &.C.] 

1.  To  want;  to  be  destitute  of;  not  to  have  or 
possess. 

If  any  oFyou  lack  wisdom,  let  liini  ask  it  ofGod.  — Janics  i. 

2.  To  blame.     [J^'ot  in  use.'\  C/uinccr. 
LACK,  V.  i.    To  be  In  want. 

The  young  Uous  tlo  lack  antl  suITor  Imn^er.  —  Pa.  xxxip. 
2.  To  be  wanting. 

Perhaps  there  ehall  lack  five  of  llic  fifty  righteous.  —  Gen.  xviii. 

LACK,  71.    Want ;  destitution ;  need  ;  failure. 

lie  tliiit  giillicred  liule  hiid  no  lack.  —  Ex.  xvi. 

A  lack  of  rupees,  in  the  East  Indies,  is  one  hundred 
thousand  rupees,  which,  at  55  cents  eacli,  amount  to 
fiftv-five  thousand  dollars,  or,  at  2s.  6d.  sterling,  to 
£12,500. 

LACK-A-DaY',  exclam.  of  sorrow  or  regret ;  alas. 

LACK-A-DaI'SY,  and  hence  LACK-A-DaI'SI-CAL, 
adj.,  affectedly  pensive,  are  used  in  ludicrous  lan- 
guage. Stuart. 

LACK'BRaTN,  J).  One  tliat  wants  brains,  or  is  defi- 
cient in  understanding.  Shak. 

LACK'ER.    See  Lacquer. 

LACK'EY,  (lak'e,)  n.     [Fr.  laquais  ;  Sp.  laaiyo  ;  Port. 

lacaio  ;  It.  lacchd  ;  Eth.  ii  AA  Ink,  to  send,  wlience 

'  In  il  luJce,  a  servant ;  L.  lego,  to  send.    From  this 
root  is  the  Shemitic  IN^D,  a  messenger.] 
An  attending  servant;  a  footboy  or  footman. 

LACK'EY,  V.  L    To  attend  servilely.  Milton. 

LACK'EY,  V.  i.  To  act  as  footboy  ;  to  pay  servile  at- 
tendance. 

Oft  Ii;>vc'  I  B^Tvauta  seen  on  horees  ride, 

Tiie  free  and  nuUlc  lackey  hy  Uieir  side.  Sandys. 

LACK'EY-£D,  (lak'id,)  pp.    Attended  servilely. 

LACK'ING,  p/ir.     Wanting;  not  possessing. 

LACK'-LIN-EN,  a.    Wanting  shirts.     [Little  used.] 

Sluik. 

LACK'-LUS-TER,  )  n.      A  want  of  luster,  or  that 

LACK'-LUS-TRE,  (      which  wants  brightness. 

LACK'-LUS-TER,  >  a.    Wanting  luster  or  brightness. 

LACK'-LUS-TRE,  \  SluUi. 

LA-CON'IG,  ^(1.       [Fr.   laconigue;    L.    laconicns ; 

LA-CON'ie-AL,  \  from  Laconia,  or  Lacone^,  the 
Spartans.] 

1.  Short;  brief;  pithy;  sententious;  expressing 
much  in  few  words,  after  the  manner  of  the  Spar- 
tans ;  as,  a  laconic  phrase.  Pope. 


LAC 


-I! 


2.  Pertaining  to  Sparta  or  Lacedenionia.  | 

Trans,  of  Paiisantas.     D^AnviUc. 
LA-GON'IC-AL-LY,  adv.     Briefly;  concisely;  as,  a 

srntimcnt  laconically  expressed. 
LA-CON'ICS,  H.    A  book  of  Pausanias,  winch  treats 

of  Lacciteiiiunia. 
LA'eON-I*.\I,        )         rr    I        •         T 
LA-eON'l-CISM,  i  "■     tl-  Jaeomsvuis.] 

1.  A  concise  style. 

2.  A  brief,  sententious  phrase  or  expression. 
LAG'UUER,  (lak'ker,)  n.  [Fr.  laqae.]  A  kind  of  var- 
nish. The  basis  of  lacquers  is  a  solution  of  the  sub- 
stance called  lac  in  spirit  (tf  wine  or  alcohol.  \'ar- 
niiihes  applied  to  metals  improve  their  color  and 
preserve  them  from  tarnishing.  Encyc.     Cyc. 

Lacquers  consist  of  different  resins  in  a  mate  of 
scdiition,  of  which  the  lucst  common  are  mastic, 
sandnrach,  lac,  benzoin,  copul,  amber,  aiul  asphalt. 
Tlic  menstrua  are  eitho/ expressed  or  essential  oils, 
or  spirit  of  wine.  J^icbolson. 

LAC'tiUER, ''. /.    To  varnish;  to  smear  over  with 
lacker,  fur  the  purpose  of  improving  color  or  pre- 
serving from  tarnishing  and  decay. 
LAC'Q.UER-£D,  jyj.or  a.    Covered  with  lacquer;  var- 
nished. 
LACtiUliR-ING,  ppr.    Covering  with  lacquer;  var- 
nishing. 
LACaCER-ING,  7t.    The  act  of  putting  on  lacquer. 

2.  Tile  covering  of  lacquer  or  varnish  thus  put  tin. 
LAC  H/'MO'SO,  [It.]     Noting  a  plaintive  movement, 

as  if  in  weeping. 
LAC'TAGE,  71.      The  produce  of  animals   yielding 

niilli.  Shuckford. 

LAC'TANT,  a.  [L.  laclans,  from  lacto,  to  give  suck; 
lac,  milk.] 

Suckling  ;  giving  suck.     [Little  nsid.] 
L.\e'TA-RY,  a.     [L.  lactarius,  from  lacto;  lac,  niilk.]^ 
Milky;  full  of  white  juice  like  milk.     [Little  used!] 

Brown. 
LACTA-RY,  71.     [L.  lactarius.]     A  dairy-house. 
LACTATE,  a.     In  ckcmistry^  a  salt  furmcd  by  the 

lactic  acid,  or  acid  of  milk,  with  a  base.    Fourcroy. 
LAC-TA'TION,  71.     [L.  lacto,  to  give  suck.] 

The  act  of  giving  suck  ;  or  the  time  of  suckling. 
Johnson.     Encyc. 
LAG'TE-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  milk. 

2.  Conveying  chyle  ;  as,  a  lacteal  vessel. 
LAC'TE-AL,  n.    A  vessel  or  slender  tube  of  animal 
bodies,  for  conveying  cliyle  Irom  the  intestines  to  tlie 
common  reservatory.  Encyc. 

LACTE-AL-LY,  adv.     Milkily;   in   the  manner  of 

milk. 
LAC'TE-AN,  a.      [L.  lactctis.]     Milky;    resembling 
milk. 
2.  Lacteal ;  conveying  chyle. 
LAC'TE-OUS,  a.     [L.  lacteus,  from  lac,  milk.] 

1.  Milky  ;  resembling  milk.  Brown. 

2.  Lacteal;  conveying  chyle  ;  as,  a  iac(co  its  vessel. 

Bcntlcy. 
LAG'TE-OUS-LY,  ado.    Milkily  ;  lacteally. 
LAC-TES'CENCE,  n.     [L.  lactcscens,  lactcsco,  from 
lacto ;  lac,  milk.] 

1.  Tendency  to  milk ;  milkiness  or  milky  color. 

Boyle. 

2.  In  botany,  milkiness ;  the  liquor  which  Hows 
abundantly  from  a  plant,  when  wounded,  commoidy 
white,  but  sometimes  yellow  or  red.  J\fartyn. 

LAG-TES'CENT,  a.    Producing  milk  or  while  juice. 

Arbuth/iot. 
2.  Abounding  with  a  thick-colored  juice.  Encyc. 
LACTIC,  a.    Pertaining  to  milk,  or  procured  from 

sour  milk  or  whey  ;  as,  the  lactic  acid.      Fourcroy. 
LAG-TIF'ER-OUS,  a.     [L.  lac,  milk,  and  ftro,  to 
bear.] 

1.  Hearing  or  conveying  milk  or  white  juice ;  as, 
a  Inctiferous  duct.  Boyle. 

2.  Producing  a  thick,  coloied  juice,  as  a  plant. 

Encye. 

LACTINE,  n.  A  cryslallizable  acid,  formed  from  evap- 
orating the  whey  of  milk,  also  called  sugar  uf  milk. 

Qraliani. 

LAC-TOM'E-TER,  n.     [L.  lac  and  tnetrum.] 

An  instrument  for  ascertaining  the  proportion  of 
cream  in  milk.  It  is  a  glass  tube  graduated  and  filled 
with  milk. 

LAG-TU-CA'RI-UJt,  7i.  The  inspissated  juice  of  the 
common  lettuce,  sometimes  used  as  a  substitute  for 
opium.  Coolcy. 

LAC-Tu'Cie  ACID,  71.  An  acid  obtained  from  tlio 
strong-scented  lettuce,  Lactuca  virosa,  and  bearing 
some  resemblance  to  oxalic  acid.     Brandc.    Cooley. 

LA-Cu'NA,  n. ;  pi.  Lacun-e.  [L.]  A  small  opening  i 
a  sniall  pit  or  depression  ;  a  small  blank  space. 

LA-Cu'NAL,  a.    Pertaining  to  or  having  lacuna;. 

LA-GO'NAR,  n.  [L.]  In  a7-cAiffr(Mrf,  the  ceiling  or 
under  surface  of  any  part,  when  it  consists  of  <  um 
partments  sunk  or  liollowed  without  spaces  or  baiidi 
between  tin;  panels.  Brandc. 

LAG-IJ-NOSE',  a.  [L.  lacunosuSj  from  lacuna,  a  ditch 
or  hollow.] 

Furrowed  or  pitted.  A /ccu7I(T5C  leaf  Jias  the  disk 
depressed  between  the  veins.  Jilartyn. 

LA-eUS'TRINE,  ;  a.    Pertaining  to  lakes  or  swamps. 

LA-eUS'TRAL,  Buckland. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MeTE,  PRgY  —PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.— NCTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOhF,  BOOK.— 


LAD 

LAD,  H.  fVV.  //awrf,  a  lad;  and  Sax.  lfod,G.  Uule^ 
Russ.  Ucui^  people,  arc  pmbably  iVnm  the  same  root ; 
Ir.  laUi^  a  ymilli,  D.  Icoty  a  shoot ;  lUb.  Ch.  Pyr.  fc-arii. 

iV'*  to  procreate  or  bear  young;  Elh.  vU(  iX  ;  Ar. 

jj-  w«?a//a,  id.     Class  lid,  No.  29.] 

A  youmr  man,  or  bov  ;  a  striplinc.  Locke. 

LAD'A-NUiM,  11.  [Saici  to  be  Arabic.]  The  resinous 
juice  which  exudes  from  the  Cistus  ladaniferus,  a 
shrub  which  iirows  in  Spain  and  Portugal,  or  from 
Cistus  Creticus,  winch  tirows  in  Crete,  Syria,  &c. 
It  is  coilecteil  with  a  kind  of  rake,  with  leather 
thongs  attached  to  it,  witii  which  the  shnibs  are 
brushed.  The  best  sort  is  in  dark-colored  black 
masses,  of  the  consistence  of  a  soft  plaster.  The 
other  sort  is  in  long  rolls  coiled  up,  harder  than 
the  foraier,  and  of  a  paler  color.  It  is  chiefly  used 
in  extL-rnal  applications.  Eaciic.     Parr. 

LAD'DER,  M.  [Sax.  hliEiUer  :  D.  ladda-j  or  Icder  ;  G. 
Icitcr^  a  ladder,  a  leader,  a  guide  ;  Iciteiij  to  lead.] 

1.  A  frame  of  wood,  consisting  of  two  side-pieces, 
connected  by  rounds  inserted  in  them  at  suitable  dis- 
tances, and  thus  forming  steps  by  which  persons  may 
ascend  a  building,  &c. 

2.  That  by  which  a  person  ascends  or  rises  ;  means 
of  ascending  j  as,  a  ladder  made  of  cords.       Sliak. 

Lowliness  is  youiij  Ambition's  ladder.  Shak. 

3.  Gradual  rise;  elevation. 

Moimdnj  Ihat  toward  the  top  of  the  ladder  ewIesi;vstJcal.   SwJfl. 

LAD'DIE,  (lad'de,)  n.  A  lad  or  young  man.  [ScoUlsk.] 
LaDE,  r.  L ;  prct.  Laded  ;  pp.  Laded,  Laden.  [Sax. 
ladan  and  hladaii;  G.  ladcii ;  J),  laadcn  :  Sw.  ladda; 
Dan.  ladder ;  Russ.  klad,  a  load  or  cargo ;  klndu,  to 
put,  to  lay,  to  make,  build,  or  found,  to  lay  eggs,  to 
give,  to  suppose,  &:c.  Here  we  observe  that  to  had, 
or  ladcy  is  to  throw  ;  that  is,  to  put  on  or  in,  for  to 
send,  thrust,  throw,  is  the  sense  of  laying  eggs. 
Now,  this  is  precisely  the  radical  signification  of 
the  words  loud,  lad,  \V.  llaicd,  dody  L.  plauda,  &c.] 

1.  To  load  ;  to  put  on  or  in,  as  a  burden  or  freight. 
We  lade  a  ship  with  cotton.  We  latlc  a  horse  or  oth- 
er beast  with  corn. 

And  thev  laded  their  asses  with  Uic  com,  and  deputed  tlience. 
_Gen.  Jtlii. 

9.  To  dip;  to  throw  in  or  out,  as  a  fluid,  with  a 
ladle  or  dipper;  as,  to  lade  water  out  of  a  tub  or  in- 
to a  cistern. 
3.  To  draw  water.     [.Yoi  in  use.'] 
LaDE,  n.    The  mouth  ot  a  river.    [0^5.]      Qih-un. 
LaD'ED,  )  pp.    Loaded ;  charged  with  a  burden  or 
LXD'iUN,  i      freight. 

2.  a.    Oppressed  ;  burdened. 
LaD'ING,  ppr.    Loading;  charging  with  a  burden  or 

freight ;  throwing  or  dipping  out. 
LaD'ING,  n.    That  whicli  constitutes  a  load  or  cargo  ; 

freight ;   burden  ;    as,  the  lading  of  a  ship.     Mcts 

xxvii. 
LAD'KIN,  71.    A  little  lad  ;  a  youth.    [Little  used.] 
LA'DLE,  71.     [Sax.  hla:dlfi,  from  Idadan,  supra.] 

1.  A  utensil  somewhat  like  a  dish,  with  a  long 

handle,  used  for  throwing  or  dipping  out  liquor  from 

a  vessel. 
•2.  The  receptacle  of  a  mill-wheel,  which  receives 

the  water  which  moves  it. 

3.  In  rpinncrijj  an  instrument  for  drawing  the 
charge  of  a  cannon.  Mnr.  f-    '. 

La'DLE-FUL,  n.    The  quantity  contained  in  a  i.-dle. 

Sw.ft. 

LA'DY,  n.  [Sax.  Idafdi^,  klrfdiga,  hlafdia.  The  first 
syllable  of  this  word  occurs  in  hlafyrd,  lord,  and  this 
is  supposed  to  be  Idaf,  a  loaf,  and  the  words  to  signi- 
fy brea/l- fivers.  But  this  is  doubtful ;  the  meaning 
of  the  last  syllable  not  being  ascertained  in  either 
word.] 

1.  A  woman  of  distinction,  correlative  to  Lord  ; 
in  Enirhi^dy  a  title  prefixed  to  the  name  of  any  woni- 
an  wifose  husband  is  not  of  lower  rank  than  a 
knight,  or  whose  father  was  a  nobleman  not  lower 
than  an  earl.  Smnrf. 

2.  A  term  of  complaisance ;  applied  to  almost  any 
well-dressed  wornnn,  but  appropriately,  to  om^  nf  re- 
fined manners  and  education.  Guardian. 

3.  Mistress;  the  female  who  pre>ides  or  lias  au- 
thoritv  over  a  manor  or  a  family. 

LA'DY-IilRD,! 

La'DY-HUG,    i  V-,     .\  small,  red,  vaginopennous,  nr 

La'DY-COW,  (     sheath-winged  insect.  Gay. 

La'DY-FL-^',  J 

2.  A  small  coleopterous  insect  of  various  brilliant 
colors,  feeding  on  plant-lice,  and  belonging  to  the  ge- 
nus CdCi^inclIi,  /Anmrits. 

La'DY'S  EED'.-^TRAW,  v.  An  East  Indian  ever- 
green undershruh,  of  the  genus  i'harnaceum. 

La'DY'S  bower,  w.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Clem- 
atis, 

La'DV'S  €oMn,  Ti.    A  plant  of  the  genus  Scandix. 

LXT)Y'£  eiJSII'IOX,  /(.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Saxif- 
raga 


LAK 


Kidney  vetch ;  a  plant  of  the 
A  plant  of  the  genua  Alchc- 


La'DY'S  FIN"GER,  71. 

genus  AntlivUis'. 
La'DY'S  MAN'TI-E,  h 

niilla. 

I.A'DY^S  Sr-:AL,  v.    A  plant  of  the  genus  Tamus. 
L.\'I>V'S  SLITTER,  n.    A  plant  of  the  genus  Cypri- 

pedium. 
La'DY'.S  SMOCK,  71,    A  plant  of  the  genus  Carda- 

mine. 
La'DY'S  TR.\'CES,  n.    A  plant  of  the  genus  Ncol- 

.'\  chapel  dedicated  to  the  Vir- 


tia. 
L.\'I)Y-CHAP'EL 

gin  Mary. 
La'DY-DaY,  71.    The  dav  of  the  annunciation  of  the 

Virgin  Mary,  March 'JOth. 
La'DY-LTKE,  a.    Like  a  lady  in  manners;  genteel; 

well-bred. 
2.  Soft;  tender;  delicate.  Dnjden. 

La'DY-LOVIO,  k.    a  sweetheart  or  mistress. 
La'DY-SHIP,  n.    The  title  of  a  lady. 

Shak,     Dnjdcn. 
L.A,G,  a.     [This  word  belongs  to  the  ro.  '  of  slack,. "tow, 

slu^gish^  lan^Hislt,  long;  Goth,  laggs  ;  W.  lla^^  Itae; 

Gr.  Anj>£iit.*,  X.zj-j.^'.'.    Chufs  Lg.''  See  the  verb.] 

1.  Coming  after  or  behind  ;  slow  ;  sluggish  ;  tardy. 

Shak. 
9.  Last;  long  delayed;  as*,  the /<!«■  end.      S/wJfc. 
[This  adjective  is  not  now  in  usc.J 
LAG,  77.    The  Iowe:-t  class  ;  the  rump  ;  the  fag  end. 

2.  He  that  comes  behind.     [JVot  in  lue.)       Shak. 
LAG,   V.  i.     [W.  Ua<r,  llac,  slack,  loose  ;  Goth,  lagg.'*, 

long  ;  Eng.  to  JUl^,  and  Jlaccco^  langiLco,  to  langiiijih, 
&c.  The  sense  is  to  extend  or  draw  out,  or  to  be- 
come lax  or  loose.    Class  Lg.] 

To  walk  or  move  slowly;  to  loiter;  to  stay  be- 
hind. 

1  3l:aU  not  lag  beliiad.  Milton. 

LAG'GARD,  fl.     Slow;  sluggish  ;  backward.    Collins. 
LAG'GARD,  71.    One  who  lags;  a  loiterer. 

IVaUcr  ScotL 
LAG'GER,  77.    A  loiterer  ;  an  idler  ;  one  who  moves 

slowly  and  falls  behind. 
LAG'GING,  7»;>r.  or  a.    Loitering ;  moving  slowly  and 
falU^ig  behind. 

The  iiarse  went  lapsing  after  wth  tlic  cliiliL  Drydcn. 

LAG'GING-LY,  adv.    Loiteringly. 
LAG'0-MVS,  n.    [Gr.  Anj/oj  or  Anjojj,  a  hare,  and 
/i'lc,  mouse  or  rair| 

The  animal  called  RAT-HABE,a  genus  between  the 
hare  and  rat,  found  in  Siberia.  Mantcll. 

I,A-GOON^  i  n,     [It.  and  Sp.  lagima,  from  the  root  of 
LA-GONE',  \      lake.] 

A  marsh,  shallow  pond,  or  lake,  into  which  the 
sea  flows  ;  as,  the  lagunes  of  Venice. 

Raij.     SmolicU. 
La'IC,         (  a.     [It.  laicOy  laicalc.  Ft.  Imque,  Sp.  layeal, 
La'I€-.AL,  S      D.  leek,  L.  laicus,  from  Gr.  Aani'ij,  from 
A'los,  peo[)le.   The  Greek  Aaos  is  probably  a  contract- 
ed word.] 

Belonging  to  the  laity  or  people,  in  distinction  from 
the  clergy. 
LaTC,  71.    A  ]a>-inan.  Bp.  Morton, 

L.^U),  pni.  and  pp.  of  Lay  ;  so  written  for  Lated. 
Laid  up  ;  stored  away ;  confined  to  one's  bed  ;  dis- 
mantled and  out  of  use,  as  a  ship. 
LaLV,  pp.  of  Lie.    LtErr  would  be  a  more  regular  or- 

thdgraphy,  but  La:n  is  generally  used. 
LAIR,  7).    [G.  la(r&r,  from  the  root  of  lay,  L.  7cei;.s.] 

1.  A  place  of  rest ;  the  fcsl  cr  couch  of  a  boar  or 
wild  beast.  Milton.    Drtjdcn. 

2.  Pasture  ;  the  ground.  0^:ns-^. 
LaIRD,  71.     [Contracted  from  Sa-:.  Maford,  lord.] 

1.  A  person  of  superior  rank,  a  lord.    {Scottish.) 

2.  A  landholder  under  the  degree  of  a  hnight  or 
squire.     [Scottish.] 

3.  A  leader  or  captain. 

L.^'I-TV,  71,     [Gr.  Artoy,  people.     See  Laic] 

1.  The  people,  sis  distinguished  from  tne  clergy ; 
the  body  of  the  jieople  not  in  orders.  Smjl. 

2.  The  state  of  a  layman,  or  of  not  being  in  orders. 
[Xot  used.]  .^yliffe. 

LAKE,  V.  i.    [Sw.  Mia  ;  Dan.  legrr:  Goth,  laikon.] 
To  play  ;  to  sport.    [Jv'orUt  of  Kngland.]     [Tins  is 
phiVy  Sax.  plegan,  without  a  prefix.] 

LAKE,  77.  [G,  lache,  a  puddle  ;  Fr.  laa  h.  taeus;  S|i. 
.and  It.  lago;  Sax.  Ink:  Scot,  lock:  Ir.  lougk;  Ice. 
lau'^h.  Alake  is  a  stand  of  water,  from  the  root  of 
lay^  Hrnce  l^.lagcna,V:.x\^.  Jlagon,:im\  S\}.  lagnna, 
lagoon,] 

A  large  and  e.\ten*^ive  collection  of  water  con- 
tamiid  ill  a  cavity  or  hollow  of  the  earth.  Ft  diflt-rs 
froniapHND  in  size,  the  latter  being  a  collection  of 
small  extent ;  but  sometimes  a  colkclion  of  water  is 
called  a  jnmd  or  a  lake  indifierently.  North  America 
contains  some  of  the  lar^tst  lnkc.<un  the  globe,  par- 
ticularly the  /fl/;f.>- Ontario,  Erie,  Huron,  .Michigan, 
and  Superior. 

LAKE,  n.  .\  deep-red  cctloring  matter,  consisting  of 
aluminous  earth  and  cochineal  orolherred  subst.nnce. 
SoiiHtimes  the  term  InU  is  iniliscriminately  applied 
to  all  compounds  of  aluniina  and  coUtring  matter. 


LAM 

LAKE'-LTKE,..      " 

LAK'Y,<i.     I'M- 
LAL-LA'TIO.N. 

ciatif.n  of  ih<- 1-  x\j.:  - 
LA'M.A,  n.    The  sov*  r 

the  A-si.-aic  Tartart, 
2.  A  niminant  m..' 

chenia  Glama,  inbri' 

Andes.  It  iit  ntsirly  j 

domesticated  and  ut*t\  :i.^  ^ 
LA-MA.\'TL\,   ,«.    The  ^  . 
LA-ME.N'TIN,    s     Mi-^jt*. 
LAMB,  ^lam,)  n.    [G  t'     ' 

lam  ;  O.  lamm  :  Sw,  - 

uselesj!.    I  mitfittcl  i< 

other  avicn  of  the  >uiiij- 

which  lA  retained  ii'i  the  V\  • 

Hkip.1 

1.  The  young  of  the  i^hi- 

2.  'Vhit  Lamb  of  Gwt,  in   - 
sus  Christ,  who  was  ijpifi   : 


EchnM  the  Loot  ef  Cod,  vbi  uitU.***!  f«c  ^ 
—  Ji*nl. 

LAMB,  p.  f.    To  bring  forth  yoanp.  -..    ': 
LAMB'ALE,  (lam'ilc,)  «.     A  fc-  : 

shearing  lamb.-*. 
LAM'BA-TIVE,    a.     [L.    tambo,   bj    .k* 

Ueihiaw,  to  lap.] 
'i'aken  bv  liciting.       [/Utile  mrd.] 
LAM'BA-TiVE,  n.   A  medicmc  UJcco  by  I  -V 

the  lonpiie.  I) 

LAMB-DOID'AL,  a.     [Gr.  %a^0^a,  the  i. 

letter  A,  and  ir^oc,  form.] 
In  the  form  of  the  Greek  A,  (t. 

L ;  as,  the  lambdoidal  suture. 
LAM'BENT,  a.     [l^  lambens,  lam'..j.  ;  ,  .. 
Playing  about;   touching  lightJy ;    f\ 

as,  a  lambent  Hame. 
U\MB'KI\,  (Inm'kin,;  n.    A  nnal\  '  •  ' 
LAMB'LTKE,  (lam'llke,)  a.      Like 

humble  ;  meek  ;  mild ;  iDnoc«nt ; 

per. 
LAMB-S'-WQQL,  n.    The 
2.  Ale  mixed  with  sugnr 

roasted  apples,  said  to  be  c .-:... j. 

the  day  of  the  apple  frait. 
LAME,  a.     [Sax.  lame^  or  lama  :  G. 

Sw.  lahm.    It  i=  probably  allied  {■> 

1.  Crippleil  or  iiisabte'd  in  a  lin 
jurcd  so  as  to  be-  unsound  and  in  ; 

as,  a  lame  anil  or  leg,  or  a  person  ^- 

2.  Imperfect ;  not  satisfactory';  as,  a  i- 

3.  Hobbling ;  not  smooth  ;  as,  numU  r 


Lameditek:  a  cant  phrase  for  a  de(:, 

stock  exchange. 
L.aME,  r.  L    To  make  lame  ;  to  cr. 

render  imperfect  and  unsound  ;  .->-, 

a  leg.  -    . 

LaM'>;D,7>;7.    Made  Umc  ;  crippled. 
LAM'EL,         in.;pL   LiMELsor  Lamtli-k.  [L. 
LA-.MEL'LA,  l      la ;  W.  Uavyn.    Set:  L.mi  '<  •  " 

A  thin  plate  or  scale  of  any  thiof. 
LAM'EL-LAR,  a.     [from   hsoLfh]     Comj* 

plates,  layers,  or  scales ;   disposed  in  ti. 

scales. 
LAM'EI^LAR-LY,cir.    In  thin  plalc*  or 
LAM'EI^LATE,      )a.    Coropos«l  of  liziu    ,..\ 
LAM'EL-LA-TED,  j     scales,  or  covered  wiUi  itoeiii. 
LA-^IEL'LLCORN,    ».       [L.  lamtUA  and    cvrmii,  a 

horn.] 
A  coleopterous  insect,  having  anlcnmc  Icnnin-'  ■  : 

in  lamellar  joints, 
LAM-EL-LIF'ER-OCS,  d.    [L. /««/««  and /rr.. 

bear.] 
Having  a  struciurf  composed  of  thin  layers  l 


:ii 


[L.    lameUe,  a 


ing  a  foliated  structure. 
L.Vi'MEL'LI-FORM,    a. 
form.] 

Having  Uie  form  of  a  plate  or  «• 


[I.- 


Hmnr  . 

plate,  ani! 


LaKE'LET,  71.    A  little  lake. 


Braude. 
Mr$.  Butter. 


LAM-ELLI-ROS'TRAL, 

frMTTI.] 

A  term  applied  to  a  tribe  of  swiutii, 
which  the  margin  of  the  N'ak   is  f'l 
lamelP,  i»r  thin,  dental  plates,  as  the  . 
and  sw  an. 
LaME'LV,  adr.    [See  Lame.]    Like  a  ^: 
impaired  strength  ;  in  a  hailing  manner 
lamelij. 

2.  Imperfectly :  witliout  a  conipMe  .  ■ 
|>ans ;  asj  a  figure  lamdy  drawn  :  a  sc<  r 
scribed. 

X  Weakly;  jHwrlv :  unsteadily:  fetwr. 
LaME'XESS,  ».     An   impair*^  stai     .!  :t'     i-'-- 
limbs;  loss  of  natural  soundnc-- 
wound  or  bv  a  disease;   panic 
limbs,  and  iiuplying  a  total  or  jv. 
the  lamcnrs.^  of  the  h'Z  or  arm.  

2.  Imperfection ;  weakness ;  as,  the  Jcmfmest 
an  argximent,  or  of  a  description. 
L.VME.NT',  r.  i.     (U  laainilx<r.] 


"W 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.— C  asK;  OasJ;  SasZ;  CU  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


643 


LAM 


LAN 


1.  To  mourn ;  to  grieve ;  to  weep  or  wail ;  to  ex- 
press sorrow. 

Jcrrmiah  Utmenled  far  Joilah.  —  2  ChrOD.  xxxt. 

2.  To  regret  deeply  ;  to  feel  Porrow. 
LA-MENT',  c.  (.    To  bewail j  to  moura  for;  to  be- 
moan ;  lo  deplore. 

One  Uuylicd  lA  follies,  one  Uunenttd  criroct.  Drylen. 

LA-MENT',  n.    (L.  iamattum.] 

Grief  or  sorrow  expressed  in  complaints  or  cries ; 
lamentation ;  a  weepio;;. 

Tonn«iii,  and  loud  lanienl,  and  fnrioiis  mgc.  MUlon. 

[  Hits  noun  is  used  ckirfly  or  golcly  in  poetry.] 
2.  An  cleg\'  or  inournml  ballad. 
LAM'KNT-A-BLE,  a.    [Fr.,  from  L.  lammtabili-!.] 

1.  To  be  lamented;  deserving  sorrow;  as,  a  tem- 
entablr  declension  of  morals. 

2.  Mournful ;  adapted  to  awaken  grief;  as,  a  lam- 
entable tune. 

3.  Expressing  sorrow  ;  as,  lamentable  cries. 

4.  Miserable;  pitiful;  low;  poor -y  in  a  sense  raVitr 
Ituikrous.     [Little  used.]  Stillingjlcct. 

LAM'ENT-A  6LY,  adv.  Mournfully;  with  expres- 
sions or  tokens  of  sorrow.  Sidnctj. 

2.  So  as  to  cause  sorrow.  ShaJi. 

3.  Piltfullv  ;  despicnblv. 
LAM-EXT-A'TIOX,  n.     [L.  lamcrUatio.] 

1.  Expression  of  sorrow  ;  cries  of  grief;  the  act  of 
bewailing. 

Iq  Rama  was  there  a  voice  heard,  lamentation  and  w«epiD*.  — 
MalL  ii. 

2.  In  Vic  plural,  a  book  of  Scripture,  containing 
the  lamentations  of  Jeremiah. 

LA-ME\T'ED,pp.  or  a.    Kewailed  ;  mourned  for. 
LA-MENT'ER,  n.    One  who  mourns,  or   cries  out 

with  sorrow. 
EA-MEX'TIX.    See  Lamantin. 
I.A-MEXT'IXG,  p;7r.     Hewailing  ;  mourniuff  ;  weei>- 
I.A-MEXT'IXG,  71.    A  mourning;  la  mentation,  [ing. 
LA-MEXT'ING-LY,  adv.    With  lamentation. 
La'MI-A,  Tt.    [L.]     A  hag  ;  a  witch  ;  a  demon. 
L.AM'IX-.\,  n. ;  pf.  hxMiyx.     [L.  lamina;   W.  llamju, 

from  extending,  W.  Uiiv.] 

1.  A  thin  plate  or  scale  ;  a  layer  or  coat  lying  over 
another;  applied  to  the  plates  of  minerals,  bones,  &c. 

2.  A  bone,  or  part  of  a  bone,  resembling  a  thin 
plate,  such  as  the  cribriform  plate  of  the  etlunoid 
bone.  Parr. 

3.  The  lap  of  the  e.ar.  Parr. 
■1.  The  border,  or  the  upper,  l)road,  or  spreading  part 

of  the  petal,  in  a  polypetalous  corol.  Marhjn. 

5.  The  part  of  a  leaf  which  is  an  expansion  of  the 
l>arcuchyma  or  pith  of  the  petiole ;  the  blade  of  a 
leaf.    It  is  traversed  by  veins.  Lindlty. 

LAM'IN-A-15L£,  a.  Capable  of  being  formed  into  thin 
plates.  .  Kiiican. 

LAM'IN-.\R,  a.  In  plates  5  consisting  of  thin  plates 
or  I  avers. 

LAM'I'X-ATE,      \a.      Plated;    consisting  of  plates, 

LAM'IX-A-TED,  j  scales,  or  layers,  one  over  au- 
otlu'r. 

LAM-IX-a'TION,  n.    Slate  of  being  laminated. 

L.aM'ING,  jtpr.    Crippling. 

LA-M-IN-IF'ER-OUS,  a.       [L.   lamiiui  and  fcroj  to 
bear.] 
Having  a  structure  coaisisting  of  lamina),  or  layers. 

Humble. 

LaM'ISH,  a.    Somewhat  lame.  fVood. 

LAMM,  p.  t.    To  beat.     [JVot  in  vse.]  Beaum.  ^  Fl. 

LAM'.M.VS,  u.     [Snx.  fdamma^se,  from  Idufma^sse,  loof- 
mas.-i,  bread-feast,  or  feast  of  firet  fruits.    Lye] 
The  first  day  of  August.  Baeon^ 

LA."\l'.MEll-c;Klft,  n.  The  Gypaetos  barbatus,  the 
largest  bird  of  prey  in  Europe,  Asia,  or  Africa,  in- 
habiting chains  of  high  mountains;  also  called  the 
Bearded  Vulture. 

LAMP,Ti.  [Yr.lampc;  "L.  hiinpas ;  Gr.  Xn/zTas,  from 
\ati-io,  to  shine  ;  Hcb.  C^h.  lis'?.    Clu.] 

1.  A  vessel  used  for  toe  combustion  of  liquid  in- 
flammable bodies,  for  the  purpose  of  producing  arti- 
ficial light. 

2.  FiiTitratively,  a  light  of  any  kind.  The  moon  is 
called  the  lamp  of  heaven. 


Thv  eende  eyc»  send  fwnli  a  rniickpnin»  apiiil, 
To  fred  Uie  djin^  ia:np  of  lif^;  wiibin  ir  - 


Rotre. 


Lam^  qf  safety,  OT  Safety  lamp ;  a  lamp  for  lighting 
coal  mme^,  without  exposing  workmen  to  the  explo- 
sion of  indarimiable  air.  Davy. 

LA.MP'A-DIST,  n.  due  who  gained  the  prize  in  the 
lampadrumo. 

LAMi".\-UROME,  v.  [Gr.  XattTra;  and  foofcs.]  In 
.i(Af;w,  a  race  by  young  men,  with  lamps  in  their 
hands.  He  who  reached  the  goal  lir-^,  with  his 
lamp  nnexlinguished,  gnined  the  prize.  KJmes. 

LAM'PAHS,  n.  [I'^r.]  An  accidental  swelling  of  the 
Ilcsliy  lining  of  tJie  rimf  of  the  mouth  immediately 
bthind  lliu  fore  iHcth  in  the  horse,  which  soon  sub- 
sides if  left  to  itself.    Sometimes  called  Ijamtebs. 

LAM'PATE,  71.  A  compound  ealt,  composed  of  lampic 
acid  and  a  base.  Ure. 

LAMP'-BLACK,  n.  [lamp  and  black ;  being  originally 
made  by  means  of  a  lamp  or  torch.] 

A  line  soot  formed  by  the  condensation  of  the 


smoke  of  burning  oil,  pitch,  or  resinous  substances, 
in  a  chimney  terminating  in  a  coue  of  cloth. 

Foureroy. 
LAM'PER-EEL,  n.    The  same  as  the  Lami-rkv. 

Fm-by. 
L.^MP'ie.  a.     The  lampic  acid  is  obtained  by  the 
combustion  of  ether  by  means  of  a  lamp  furnished 
with  a  coil  of  platinum  wire.  Urc.     Cooley. 

LAMP'ING,  a.     [It.  lampanU:] 

Shining  ;  sparkling.     [J\''ot  used.]  Spenser. 

I.AMP'LIGHT,  n.    Light  from  a  lamp. 
LAM-POOX',  71.     [au.  Old  Fr.  lampcr.'j 

A  personal    satire  in  writing  ;    abuse  ;    censure 
written  to  reproach  and  vex  rather  than  to  reform. 
Johnson.     Drydciu     Pope. 
LAM-POON',  V.  t    To  abuse  wiUi  persona!  censure; 

to  reproach  in  written  satire. 
LAM-POON'/-:!), pp.     Abused  with  personal  satire. 
LAM-POON'ER,  71.    Ono  who  abuses  with  personal 
satire  ;  the  writer  of  a  lampoon. 

The  equ'Am  are  those  who  arc  called  libelere,  lampoomrs,  and 
pamphlelccrs.  TaUer. 

LAM-POOX'ING,  ppr.    Abufiing  with  personal  satire. 

LAM-POON'RY,  n.    Abuse. 

LAM'PREV,  71.  [Fr.  lamproie;  Sax.  lamprada;  G. 
lamprete;  D.  lamprei ;  Dan.  lamprct;  Sp.  and  Port 
lamprea  f  It.  lampreda ;  W.  llciprog  ;  Arm.  lamprezenn. 
In  Arm.  lamitra  signifies  to  slip  or  glide.  In  Welsh, 
lleipiaiD  is  to  lick  or  /op,  and  Ueijrraw,  to  make  flabby. 
If  771  is  casual,  which  is  probable,  the  Amioric /a»npra, 
for  lepra,  coincides  with  L.  labor,  to  slip,  and  most 
probably  the  animal  is  named  from  slipping.  If, 
however,  the  sense  is  talien  from  lickUi!^  the  rocks, 
as  Camden  supposes,  it  accords  with  the  sense  of 
the  technical  name  of  the  genus  Pctromyzon,  the 
rock-sucker.] 

The  popular  name  of  several  species  of  Petromyzon, 
a  genus  of  anguilliform  tishes,  resembling  the  eel, 
and  moving  in  water  by  windiue,  like  the  serpent  on 
land.  This  fish  has  seven  spiracles  on  each  side  of 
the  neck,  and  a  fistula  or  aperture  on  the  top  of  the 
head,  but  no  pectoral  or  ventral  fins.  Tlie  marine 
or  sea  lamprey  is  sometimes  found  so  large  as  to 
weigh  four  or  "five  pounds.  Eucyc. 

LAM'PREL  and  LAM'PRON.    Sec  LAMrRBY. 
La'NA-RY,  71.    A  store-place  fur  wool.  Smart, 

l"-'nATED  (  ^-     [^- ^n"^"-'.  froi" '«"'^>  ^'^^'-3 

Wooly.    in  botany,  covered  with  a  substance  like 

curled  hairs ;  as,  a  lanated  leaf  or  stem. 
LXNCE,  71.      [L.   lancea;    Fr.   lance;    Sp.  lama;   It. 

lanciai  G.  lanze;  D.  Sw.  lans ;  Dan.  lantse;   Slav. 

hinzlia;  Gr.  A>jX'i.     This  word  probably  belongs  lo 

Class  Lg,  and  is  named  from  shooting,  sending.] 
A  spear,  an  offensive  weapon  in  form  of  a  half 

pike,  used  by  the  ancients  and  thrown  by  tlie  hand. 

It  consisted  of  the  shaft  or  handle,  the  wings  and  the 

dart.  ^"/i"^- 

LANCE,  V.  t.     [Arm.  lan^za,  to  shoot,  to  vomit.] 

1.  To  pierce  with  a  lance,  or  with  a  sharp,  pointed 
instrument. 

Seia^d  die  due  victim,  and  wiih  luiy  lanced 

Her  back.  Dryden. 

2.  To  pierce  or  cut ;  to  open  with  a  lancet ;  as,  to 
lance  a  vein  or  an  abscess. 

3.  To  throw  in  tlie  manner  ol  a  lance.  [See 
Lasch.]  Smart. 

L;vXC'J:D,  (lilnst,)  pp.    Pierced  with  a  lancet. 

LXXCE'LY,  a.     Suitable  to  a  lance,  Sidney. 

LAN'CE-O-LAR,  a.  In  botany,  tapering  toward  each 
end.  •^^'  ^'^^' 

LAN'CE-0-LaTE,     \  a.    Oblong  and  gradually  ta- 

LAN'CE-0-LA-TED,  \  pering  toward  the  outer  ex- 
Iremitv  ;  as,  a  lanceolate  leaf. 

LANCE-PE-SaDE',  7/.  [It.  Uinciaspezzatay  a  demi- 
lance man,  a  light  horseman,] 

An  officer  under  the  corporal.  J.  Hall. 

LANCER,  71.  One  who  lances;  one  who  carries  a 
lance,    .knciently,  a  lancet. 

L^VN'CET,  (lan'set,)  n.     [Fr.  lancette,  from  lanec.] 

1.  A  surgical  instrument,  sharp-pointed,  and  two- 
edged,  used  in  venesection,  and  in  opening  tumors, 
abscesses,  &c.  Encyc. 

2.  A  high  and  narrow  window  pointed  like  a 
lancet,  often  called  a  lancet-window. 

LANCH,  V.  t.     [frotn  lance,  Fr.  lancer.] 

To  throw,  as  a  lance  ;  to  dart ;  to  let  tly. 

See  wlioae  .inn  ciii  lanch  Uie  surer  bolL  Dn/den.    Ixe. 

Caused  to  dart  or  fly  olT. 
Jilar.  Diet. 
LXNCH'  ING,  ppr.    Darting ;  letting  fly,  as  an  arrow. 
LAN'Cl-FORM,  a.    Having  the  form  of  a  lance. 

JifantcU. 
LAX'CI-XaTE,  v.  t.     [L.  lancino.] 

To  ti^ar  ;  to  lacorat.;.  Johnson. 

LAX-CI-Xa'TION,  71.  A  tearing;  laceration. 
LXXCIXG,  ppr.  (Jptning  or  piercing  with  a  lancet. 
L.VND,  H.  [Sax.  hind;  Goth.  G.  D.  Dan.  and  Sw. 
land.  I  suppose  this  to  be  the  W,  llan,  a  clear  place 
or  area,  ami  the  same  as  Lawn  ;  Cantabrian,  landa,  a 
plain,  or  field,  It.  and  Sp.  landa.  The  linal  d  is  prob- 
ably adventitious.  The  primary  sense  is  a  lay  or 
spread.    Class  Ln.] 


LXXCH'£D,  (lancht,)  pp. 


LAN 

1.  Earth,  or  the  solid  matter  which  conslitiitcs  the 
fixed  part  of  the  surface  of  the  globe,  in  distinction 
from  the  sea  or  other  waters,  which  constiluti^  the 
fluid  or  movable  part.  Hence  we  say,  the  globe  is 
terraqueous,  consisting  of  land  and  waU-r.  The 
seaman  in  a  long  voyage  longs  to  see  la7id. 

2.  Any  porliiui  of  the  solid,  superficial  part  of  the 
globe,  whether  a  kingdom  or  country,  or  a  iHirticular 
region.  The  United  States  are  denominat<:d  the 
land  of  freedom. 

Go,  view  the  land,  even  Jericho.  —  Joah.  ii. 

3.  Any  small  portion  of  the  superficial  part  of  the 
earth  or  ground.  We  speak  of  the  quantity  of /«;«/ 
in  a  manor.  Five  hundred  acres  of  land  is  a  large 
farm. 

4.  Ground  ;  soil,  or  the  superficial  part  of  the  earth 
in  respect  to  its  nature  or  quality;  as,  good  laiid; 
poor  land  ;  moist  or  dr>*  land. 

5.  Real  estate.  A  tniitor  forfeits  all  his  lands  and 
tencnu^nts. 

6.  The  inhabitantsof  a  country  or  region;  a  nation 
or  people. 

Th"^?  nng\vrni,  in  the  Bilfni  nl^ht  received, 

TlH!  iting  liimsolt  divulged ;  Uw  land  believed.  Dnjilcn. 

7.  The  ground  left  unplowed  between  furrows  is 

by  farmers  called  a  land. 

To  make  the  land,  I  in  seameii^s  lani^ua^r,  is  to  dis- 

To  maJcc  land,  \  cover  land  from  the  sea  as 
the  ship  approaches  it. 

To  shut  in  the  land ;  to  lose  sight  of  the  land  left, 
by  the  intervention  of  a  point  or  promontory. 

To  net  the  land  i  lo  sec  by  the  compass  how  it  bears 
from  the  ship. 

Land  0'  the  leal ;  place  of  the  faiUtful  or  blessed  ; 
heaven.     [Scottish.] 
LAND,  I',  t.    To  set  on  shore  ;  to  disembark;  lo  de- 
bark ;  as,  to  land  troops  from  a  ship  or  boat ;  to  land 
goods. 
LAND,  V.  i.    To  go  on  shore  from  a  ship  or  boat ;  to 

disembark. 
LAND'AM-MAX,  n.    A  chief  magistrate  in  some  of 
the  Swiss  cantons. 

2.  The  president  of  the  diet  of  the  Helvetic 
republic. 

LAN'DAU,  77.    .\  kind  of  coach  or  carriage  whose 

top  may  be  opened  and  thrown  back  ;  so  called  from 

a  town  in  Gornianv. 
LAN-DAU-LET',  7u    A  chariot  opening  at  top  like  a 

landau.  Smart. 

LAND'-BREEZJ],  n.     [land  and  breeze.]     A  current 

of  air  sitting  from  the  land  toward  tlie  sea. 
LAND'DAMX,  (land'dam,)  u.  (.    To  banish  from  the 

land.  SAoA. 

LAND'ED,  }tp.    Disembarked ;  set  on  shore  from  a 

ship  or  boat. 
2   a.  Having  an  estate  in  land ;  as,  a  landed  geu- 

tlemaii. 

The  Uouse  of  commons  must  consist,  for  Ihc  most  part,  of  landed 
iiieu.  Addison, 

3.  Consisting  in  real  estate  or  land  ;  as,  landed 
security;  Zafi-ir/^  property.  The  landed  interest  of  a 
nation  is  the  interest  consisting  in  land ;  but  the 
word  is  used  also  for  the  owners  of  that  interest,  the 
proprietors  of  land. 

LAND'FALL,  n.  [land  ani\  fidl.]  A  sudden  transla- 
tion of  properly  in  land  by  the  death  of  a  rich  man. 

Johit^on. 
2.  In  seamen^s  language^  the  first  laud  discovered 
after  a  voyage.  ^lar.  Did. 

A  good  landfall,  is  the  discovery  of  the  land  at  the 
time  and  place  expected. 

LAND'FLOOD,  (-flud,)  71.  [land  and  flood.]  An 
overflowing  of  land  by  water ;  an  inundation. 
Properly,  a  flood  from  the  land  from  tlie  swelling 
of  rivers;  but  I  am  not  sure  that  it  is  always  used 
in  this  sense. 

LAND'-FoRCE,  71.  [land  and  force.]  A  military 
force,  army,  or  body  of  troops  serving  on  land,  as 
distinguished  from  a  naval  force. 

LAND'GRaV'E,  71.  [G.  landgraf;  D.  hindgraaf;  f^raf, 
or  graaf,  is  an  carl  or  count.  Sax.  gcrefa,n  companion 
or  "count.  It  is  contracted  into  rccuc,  as  in  sheriff,  or 
skirc-reeve.] 

A  title  taken  by  some  German  counts  m  the  twelfth 
century,  to  distinguish  themselves  from  the  inferior 
couuts'under  their  jurisdiction.  Three  of  them  were 
princes  of  the  empire.  Brandc. 

LAND-GRa'VI-ATE,  71.  The  territory  held  by  a 
landgrave,  or  his  office,  jurisdiction, or  authority. 

F.ncyc. 

LAXD'HoLD-ER,  71.  A  holder,  owner,  or  proprietor 
of  land.  , 

LAXD'ING,  ppr.    Setting  on  shore  ;  commg  on  shore. 

LAND'ING,  n.  The  act  of  going  or  setting  on  shore 
from  a  vessel. 

2.  A  place  for  going  or  setting  on  shore. 

3.  In  archiUcture,  the  part  of  a  sUiircase  which  is 
level,  without  steps,  connecting  one  flight  with 
another.  JUmcs. 

LAXD'IXG-XET,  71.  A  small  hoo|>-net  used  by  an- 
glers to  land  the  fish  they  have  taken. 

LAND'ING-PLaCE,  n.  A  place  for  the  landing  of 
persons  or  goods  from  a  vessel. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT MiiTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD — NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQOK.— 

■        646 


LAN 


la:'. 


LAN 


LAND'JOIj-itER,  «.  A  man  wbo  makes  a  business 
of  buying  laud  on  speculation,  or  of  buyiug  and 
scllin;;  fur  llie  prufiC  of  bargain^!,  or  \vb!>  buys  ami 
sells  forolhers. 

LAND'L.\-OV,  n.    [See  Landlord.]     A  woman  who 

has  triianls  holdin<:  from  her.  Johnson. 

3.  The  inislre^is  of  an  inn.  Swift. 

I   LAXD'LESS,  a.    Destitute  of  lanJ  j  having  no  prop- 

ertv  in  land.  S/ioJt. 

Ix.-iXD^LOCK,  V.  t.  [land  and  lock-l  To  inclose  or 
encompass  by  land. 

LAND'JLOCK-£D,  (lokt,)  pp.  Encompassed  by  land, 
so  that  DO  point  of  the  compass  is  open  to  tlie  sco. 

Encyc. 

L.\:VD'Lo-PER,     \  ?i,     [D.  landloopcr^  lUcralhj  Land- 

LAND'LOUP-ER,  \  runner,  from  land  and  loopen^ 
to  run  or  ramble.]  A  vagabond  or  vacrant ;  one 
who  bas  no  setUed  habitation.  [See  also  Landlub- 
ber.] 

I*A_\D'LORD,  n.  [Sax.  land-hlaford,  lord  of  the  land. 
But  in  German  Uhen-kerr,  D.  leen-herr,  is  lord  of  the 
loan  or  fief.  Perhaps  the  Saxon  is  so  written  by  mis- 
take, or  the  word  may  have  been  corrupted.] 

1.  The  lord  of  a  manor  or  of  land ;  tlie  owner  of 
land  or  houses  who  has  tenants  under  him. 

Johnson. 

2.  The  master  of  an  inn  or  tavern.  ..iddison. 
LAXD'LORD-RY,  n.    The  state  of  a  landlord.  [Obs.] 
L.VXD'LUB-BER,  n.     [Perhaps  from  landhpcr.]     A 

term  of  reproach  among  seamen  for  one  who  passes 
his  life  on  land. 

LAXD'MAX,  n.  A  man  who  lives  or  serves  on  land  ; 
opposed  to  Seauan. 

LAJS'D'.>L\RK,  n.  [land  and  mari.]  A  mark  to  desig- 
nate the  boundary  of  land ;  any  mark  or  fixed  ob- 
ject; as,  a  marked  tree,  a  stone,  a  ditch,  or  a  heap 
of  stones,  by  which  the  limits  of  a  farm,  a  town,  or 
other  portion  of  territory  may  be  known  and  pre- 
served. 

Tbou  shall  not  lemore  tbj  nei^ibor's  landmark.  —  Dctit.  xis. 

9.  In  navigationy  any  elevated  object  on  land  that 
serves  as  a  guide  to  seamen. 

L.\ND'-OF-FICE,  n.  In  the  United  States,  an  office  in 
which  the  sales  of  new  land  are  registered,  and 
warrants  issued  for  the  location  of  land,  and  other 
business  respecting  unsettled  land  is  transacted. 

LAND'oWX-ER,  n.     The  proprietor  of  land. 

L.^XD'REEVE,  n.  A  subordinate  officer  on  an  exten- 
sive estate,  who  acts  as  an  assistant  to  the  steward. 

L-VN'D'SeAPE,  71.  [D.  landschap ;  G.  landsdwft  ,*  Dan. 
landskah  ;  Sw.  landskap  :  land  and  skapc-l 

1.  A  portion  of  land  or  territory  which  the  eye  can 
comprehend  in  a  single  \iew,  including  mountams, 
rivers,  lakes,  and  whatever  the  land  contains. 


Whilst  Uie  landscape  round  h  measures, 
Ru^el  lawiis  and  tuUonrs  CTay, 
"Where  the  nibbling  flocks  do  stray. 


MlUon. 


9.  A  picture,  exhibiting  the  form  of  a  district  of 
country,  as  far  as  the  eye  can  reach,  or  a  particular 
extent  of  land  and  the  objects  it  contains,  or  its  vari- 
ous sccnerj-.  .Addison.     Pope. 
3.  The  view  or  prospect  of  a  district  of  countrv. 

LAi\D'seAPE-GXR'D£N-ING,  n.  The  art  of  laying 
out  grounds  and  arranging  trees,  shrubbery,  &c.,  in 
such  a  manner  as  to  produce  the  most  pleasing  eflect. 

LAND'5=LrDE, )  n.    A  portion  of  a  hill  or  mountain, 

LAND'SLIP,  )  which  slips  or  slides  down;  or  the 
sliding  down  of  a  considerable  tract  of  land  from  a 
mountain.  Landslips  are  not  unfrequent  in  Switzer- 
land. Goldsmith. 

LAXDS'MAN,  n.  One  who  lives  on  the  land ;  op- 
posed to  Seaha.t. 

2.  In  seamen's  language,  a  sailor  on  board  a  ship, 
who  bas  not  before  been  at  sea. 

LAXD'-SPRIXG,  n.  A  spring  of  water  which  comes 
into  action  onlv  after  heavy  rains.  Brande. 

L AN D'STK EIGHT,  (-strate,)  «.  A  narrow  slip  of 
land.     [J^'oi  used.]  Mountagn. 

LAND'-IAX,  n.  A  tax  assessed  on  land  and  build- 
inss. 

LAXD'-TURN,  n.    A  land  breeze.  Encyc. 

LAXD'-WaIT-ER,  iu  An  officer  of  Uie  customs, 
whose  duty  is  to  toait  or  attend  on  the  landing  of 
goods,  and  to  examine,  weigh,  or  measure,  and  take 
an  account  of  them.  Brands. 

LAXD'WARD,  adv.    Toward  the  land  Sandys. 

LAND'WEUR,  (-ware,)  n.  [Ger.  languard.]  In  Aus- 
tria, and  Prussia,  the  militia.  Brande. 

LAXD'-WIXD,  n.    A  wind  blowing  from  the  land. 

LAXD'-\V0RK-ER,  (-wurk-er,)  /i.  One  who  tills  the 
ground.  PownaU. 

LaXE,  n.     [D.  loan,  a  lane,  a  walk.    Class  Ln.] 

1.  A  narrow  way  or  passage,  or  a  private  passage, 
as  distinguished  from  a  public  road  or  highway.  A 
lane  may  be  open  to  all  passengers,  or  it  may  be  in- 
closed and  appropriated  to  a  man's  private  use.  In 
the  United  States^  the  word  is  used  chiefly  in  the 
country,  and  answers  in  a  degree  to  an  alley  in  a 
city.  It  has  sometimes  been  used  for  alley.  In  Lon- 
dan,  the  word  lane  is  added  to  the  name  of  some 
streets ;  as,  Oiancery-lane. 

9.  A  passage  between  lines  ot  men,  or  people 
standing  on  each  side.  Bacon. 


LAN"GRAGE,  (lang'graj,)  i  n.  Langrd  ehot,  or  lan- 
L(VX"GREL,  (lang'grcl,)  \  jp-age,  is  a  particular 
Kind  ot  shot  used  at  sea  for  tearijig  sails  and  rigging, 
and  thus  disabling  an  enemy's  bliip.  It  conaiats  of 
bolts,  nails,  and  other  pieces  of  iron  fastened  to- 
Sethcr.  jn^r.  Diet. 

L.VXG'SET-TLE,  n.    A  long  bench  to  sit  on.    [J^'orth 

of  England.] 
LXXG-SVNE',  adv.    Long  ago.     [ScoUislu'l 
LAN'G-TER-A-LOO',  n.    An  old  g;ime  at  cards  ;  often 

abridged  to  lanterloo  and  langtra.  TaUer.  Smart 
LAX"GUAOE,  (lang'gwaje,)  n.  [Fr.  langage ;  Sp. 
Icitgiia,  lenguagc ;  Port,  ti/iguagem. ;  It.  linguaggio  ; 
Arm.  langaieh ;  from  L.  lingaay  the  tongue'  and 
speech.  It  seems  to  be  connected  with  lin>:oy  to  lick ; 
the  n  is  evidently  casual,  for  li^a,  in  Latin,  is  a  lit- 
tle tongue,  and  this  signifies  also  a  strap  or  lacc,  as 
if  the  primary  sense  were  to  extend.] 

1.  Human  speech  ;  the  expression  of  ideas  by 
words  or  significant  articulate  sounds,  for  the  com- 
munication of  tlioughts.  language  consists  in  the 
oral  utterance  of  sounds,  which  usiige  has  made  the 
represent;itives  of  nleas.  When  two  or  more  per- 
sons customarily  annex  the  same  sounds  to  the  same 
ideas,  the  expression  of  these  eonnds  by  one  pcrs<m 
communicates  his  ideas  to  another.  I'his  is  the  pri- 
mary sense  of  language,  the  use  of  which  is  to  com- 
municate the  thoughts  of  one  person  to  another 
through  the  organs  of  hearing.  Articulate  sounds 
are  represented  by  letters,  mark?,  or  characters, 
which  form  words.  Hence  language  consists  also  in, 
9.  Words  duly  arranged  in  si-nlences,  written, 
printed,  or  engraved,  and  exhibited  to  the  eye. 

3.  Tiie  speech  or  expresnion  of  idea3  peculiar  to  a 
particular  nation.  Men  had  originally  one  and  the 
same  language ;  hut  tbe  tribes  or  families  of  men, 
since  their  dispersion,  have  distinct  languages. 

4.  Style  ;  manner  of  expression. 

OJiers  for  lan^age  all  iheir  care  expiva.  Pope. 

5.  The  inarticulate  Pounds  by  which  irrational  an- 
imals express  their  feelings  and  wants.  Each  spe- 
cies of  animals  has  peculiar  sounds,  which  are  ut- 
tered instinctively,  and  are  understood  by  its  own 
species,  and  its  own  species  only. 

6.  Any  manner  of  expressing  thoughts.  Thus  we 
speak  of  the  language  of  tbe  eye,  a  language  very 
expressive  and  intelligible. 

7.  A  nation,  as  distinguished  by  their  speech. 
Dan.  iii. 

LAN"GUAC--ED,  (lang'gwajd,)  a.  Having  a  Ian 
guage;  skilled  in  language  j  as,  many-iangaaged  na- 
tions. Pope. 

LAN"GUAGE-MaS'TER,  lu  One  whose  profession 
is  to  teach  languages.  Spectator. 

L.aJ^-OUE.Y'TEy  [lu]  In  musicy  in  a  languishing 
manner. 

L.\N"GUET,  n.     [Fr.  languette.'] 

Any  thing  in  the  shape  of  the  tongue.  [-Vol 
Entrli^h.'l  Johnson. 

LAX"GUID,  (lang'gwid,)  a.  [L,  languidasj  from  lan- 
gaco,  to  droop  or  jiag.    See  Languish.] 

1.  Flagging;  drooping;  hence,  feeble;  weak; 
Jieavy ;  dull ;  indisposed  to  exertion.  The  body  is 
languid  after  excessive  action,  which  exhausts  its 
powers. 

2.  Slow ;  as,  languid  motion. 

3.  Dull ;  heartless  j  without  animation. 

And  fire  iheir  languid  soul  with  Cato'a  virtue.  AdiUson. 

L.\N"GUID-LY,  adc.   Weakly  ;  feebly ;  slowly.  Boy'.c. 
L^OfGUID-NESS,  n.    Weakness  from  exhaustion  of 
strength;  feebleness;  dullness;  languor. 

2.  Slowness. 

LAJX"GUISH,  V.  i.  [Fr.  languiry  lang^iissant ;  Arm. 
lantruicza;  It.  languire;  L.  languco,  lachinisso  ;  Gr. 
Xayyevtoy  to  flag,  to  lag.  This  word  is  of  the  family 
of  W.  llacy  slack,  loose  ;  ffacmw,  to  slacJurn^  to  relax. 
L.  laiOy  laxus,  fiacceoy  and  Goth,  laggs^  long,  may  be 
of  the  same  family.] 

1.  To  lose  strength  or  animation ;  (o  be  or  be- 
come dull,  feeble,  or  spiritless  ;  to  pine  ;  to  be  or  to 
grow  heavy  We  languish  under  di;»easo  or  after 
excessive  exertion. 

She  that  balh  borne  seven  tanguisheA.  —  Jcr.  xv. 

9.  To  wither ;    to  fade ,   to  lose  the  vegetating 

power. 

For  the  fields  of  Hcahbon  languish.  —  Is.  rtvi. 

3.  To  grow  dull ;  to  be  no  longer  active  and  vicor- 
ous.  The  war  languished  lor  want  of  supplit-S. 
Commerce,  agriculture,  manufactures  languish,  not 
for  want  of  money,  but  for  want  of  good  markets. 

4.  To  pine  or  s'ink  under  sorrow  or  any  continued 
passion  ;  as,  a  woman  languishes  for  tlie  loss  of  her 
lover. 

■fbereibrr  shail  the  Uud  mourn,  aiid  every  ook  that  dwcH<.-lh 
tlierein  shall  languish. —  RaecA  iv. 

5.  To  look  with  softness  or  tenderness,  ss  with 
the  head  reclined  and  a  peculiar  cast  of  the  eye. 

L.\N"GUISH,  V.  t.  To  cause  to  droop  or  pine.  [Lit- 
tle iised.l  Shak.     Dryden. 

LAN"GUlSH,  n  Act  of  pining;  also,  a  soft  and  ten- 
der look  or  appearance. 

And  the  Wuc  langmsh  of  soft  Allu's  cyc.  Popt. 


LA^' 

L'. 


^:^/ f,^.  r>r<'j*t(J  ;  pilKd 


guishing  Lye. 
LA\"GUISIMXG,  n.     . 
LAxV"GUI.«II-IXG-LV,  .     .      i 
ijr ;  Blowly. 
9.  With  ttnder  is«*ftjic-w. 
LAX"GUISH-ME.\T,  n.    Th- 
9.  Boftnuis  of  look  or  ui 
clined. 
LAN"GUOR,  (lang'gwor,)  n. 


guatrA 
1.  Ft 


llnr**  ;   h^^Tt; 


ecbleneu  ;  dulln 
body  ;  that  state  of  tli     '     ' 
exhau<>tion  of  rircn.- 
nary  exertion,  by  Uj.    . 
weakness  from  any  rau--. 

9.  DuUnejfs  of  the  intcUcctuil  iamXiy  ,  ] 

3.  Softness ;  laiity. 

To  b!<«  (/  frt{Tar>&- , 
Did'tuing  tanguor  u. 

LAN"GUOR-OUS,  a. 

LAN"GUIIE,  r.  £.    T-, 

LAX'IARD,  Clan'vard.)    .-c^  ; 
La'\I-A-RY,  n.   "ShamWe*  : 

9.  A  term  applied  to  the  ci' 
LS'M-A-RY,  a.     [L.  lamiM.fy  a  buL<J«.i.j 
Lacerating  or  tearing;  u,  lite  Intmry  i 
the  canine  tooth. 
L.A'NI-.Vl'E,  r.  t.     [L.  ' 

To  tear  in  picars. 
LA-NI-A'TIOX,  n.    A  : 
LA-MF'ER-OL'S,  a. 
to  produce.] 

Bearing  or  producm. 
LA-XIF'ie-AL,  a.     Wurkm.- 
LAX'I-FICE,  71.     [L.  lainfieiu 
to  make.] 

Manufacture  of  wooL     [/- 
L.\-XIG'ER-OUS,  a.    [L.  toj-. 
roy  to  bear.] 

Bearing  or  producing  woob 
LANK,  a.     [Sax.  ktanca  ;  Gr.  Xay  0,0   , 
to  fiank,  and  W.  Woe,  slack,  lax ;  /i 
G.  schlanJu] 

1.  Loose  or  laj,  and  easily  yicl 
not  distended  ;  not  stiff  or  firm  t> 
plump;  as,  a  lank  bladder  or  purse. 
The  drnjy  '•  b»^ 
Arc  lani  ouJ  I-mu  wUii  U17 


9.  Thin  ;  slender;  meager;  not  Oill  and  lino  ;  ar, 
a  lank  brnly. 
3.  Languid  ;  drooping.     [See  Li:<cci»Tt-"     ''  ■  • 
LAXK.  r.  I.    To  become  lank.    [Oi*.] 
LAXK'LV,  adc.    Thinly  ;  loosely  ;  laxlv. 
LAXK'XESS,  n.    Laxity;  flabbiae^    '^ 

demess. 
LAiNK'Y,  a.    Lank  and  tUL    [Fmlg^ 
L.AN'XEU,         I  n.     [Ft.  lanier ;  L. . 
LAX'XER-ET,  |      butcher.] 

.\  European  species  of  oawk.     / 
male  ;  Uwnrrei^  the  male 
LANS'aUE-XET,  (lans'ke-nd,)  «.    [Um£€  :. 
a  boy,  a  knigtiuj 

1.  ,4  name  formerly  civcn  to  thr  O-  "" 
who  were  armed  mostly  with  pikiv 
muskets. 
9.  A  game  at  canl^,  vulgiriy  call    . 

LAN'TERX,  V.     [Fr.  lan:rT%c  ;  U  /-: 
D.  lantaarr. :  Si».  litUcrsA-] 

1.  A  case  or  vcsssd  mad 
many  holes,  or  of  sohk-  tr. 

glass,  bom,  or  oiled  paitcr ;  i 

dio  or  otlier  lisht  into  the  open  a  : . 
iic. 

A  tlark  loMtcm  is  one  with  a  singl,  ,  .. 
may  be  cloc>cd  so  as  lo  cunccai  thr  ItgUu 

9^  A  lighthouse  or  light  to  dicvct  the 
ships. 

3.  In  arc-Vtectmrty  a  little  dome  r. 
of  a  building  to  give  light,  and  to  >■ 
iug  to  the  fabric. 

4.  A  S)iiiiare  cace  of  ear|»cntrT,-placcU  ■•*• 
of  a  corridor  or  gallery,  between  two  n>n  - 
to  illuminate  them. 

Magic  laittcrn .-  an  optical  machine  by  w 
ed  imal^^s  are  repn'Sk"nithi  so  inuchnu^i' 
appear  like  the  eflect  of  magic- 

LAN'TERX,  c.  t    To  put  to  death  at  or  on  : 
post. 

LAN'TERX-i:D,7i|».  or  a.  Put  to  dcitJi  v. 

LAXTERN-FLY,  n.    Tbe  English 

lanternaria,  a  hemipl»'n«is  in^rt-t  . ;   - 

which  ctniL-;  a  stronc  light  in  Uk-  J.^^i». 
L.VN  TERX-IXG,  ppr.    Putting  to  dcalli  .-.; 

lamp- post. 


TONE,  BULL,  Ui\ITE.--AK"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K;  C  as  J;  S  as  Z ;  CU  as  SH :  TH  as  in  THIS. 


LAP 


LAR 


I  WTERN-JAW-EI),  n.     Having  a  Iliill  visilgi:. 
iIaN'J'EUN-JAWS,  n.  ;)/.    Long,  thin  jaws  ;  licncc, 
athin  visiiijo:'  Spectator. 

lan'tIIa-nuji!''  i  "•   [«'•  ^'"'^'""■^'  •"  '^"■'"•''•l 

A  inetiil,  recently  discovered,  occurring  willi  cu- 
rium in  certain  mincruls-. 
LAN'THORN  ;  a  v.Tong  spelling  of  Lahtern. 
LA-NC''CJl-N6SE,  )a.     [L.  lann<rinoms,  from  Jo>w^o, 
LA-NO'Of-NOU:*,  (      down,  from  lana^  wool.') 

Downy  ;  covered  willi  down,  or  fine,  soft  hair. 
LAN'YAKO,  n.    [Fr.  lanierc,  a  strap.] 

A  sliort  piece  of  rope  or  line  used  for  fastening 
sometliins  in  ships  ;  as  tlie  lanyards  of  the  {lun-jiorta. 
of  tiic  buoy,  of  the  catliook,  Sec. ;  hut  especially  u^rd 
to  extend  the  shrouds  and  stays  of  the  masts  hy  tlieir 
communication  with  tlie  dead  eyes,  Sec.  Mir.  DicL 
LA-Oe'O-OX,  ".  In  fabuhits  hiitory^  the  priest  of 
Neptune  or  Apollo,  during  the  Trojan  war.  In 
sculpture,  the  ^roup  of  the  Laoco'&ii  is  this  prir.<t 
with  his  children,  infolded  in  the  coils  of  two  ser- 
pents, as  dcscribiid  by  Viruil. 
LA-0U-1-('K'AN,  a.    Like  the  Christiana  of  Laodi- 

cca  ;  lukewarm  in  religion. 
LA-OD-I-Ck'AN-ISM,  71.    Lnkcwarmness  in  reliRion. 

E.  Stiles. 
LAP,  7(.     [?ax.  Itrppc;  G.  lappcm  I).  Dan.  lap;  Sw. 
lapp.    This  word  seems  to  be  a  diifereut  orthof^rapliy 
of  Flap.] 

1.  'I'he  loose  part  of  a  coat ;  the  lower  part  of  a 
gaiineut  that  plavs  loosely.  Sicif't. 

±  The  part  of  clothes  that  lies  on  the  knees  when 
a  [lerson  sits  down  j  hence,  the  knees  iu  this  posi- 
tion. 

MoH  cxixrct  tliat  IwppincsS  nhould  drop  hilo  their  laps. 

Tiltotson. 

3.  That  part  of  one  biuly  which  lies  on  and  covers 
another.  '  Gwilt. 

I*AI',  v.  t.  To  fold  ;  to  bend  and  lay  over  or  on  ;  as, 
to  lap  a  piece  of  cloth. 

To  lap  boardsy  is  to  lay  one  partly  over  another. 
'J.  To  wrap  or  twist  round. 

1  Inpped  a  bIcihKt  tlirea'l  abotll  (he  \in\y:r.  Ncwbm. 

3.  To  infold  ;  to  involve. 

Hi^r  jiuTTicnt  6|in.:.n(ls,  ami  laps  him  m  Ili«  foUls.  Drydcn. 

LAP,  V.  t.    To  be  spread  or  laid  ;  to  be  turned  over. 

Till?  upprr  wings  nr-  opacious ;  at  their  liimler  ends,  where  rhey 
lap  over,  iransiwirent  like  the  wing  of  «  fly.  Grew. 

LAP,  r.  i.  [Sax.  lappian  ;  X).  Jabbm  ;  Arm.  lappa  ;  Fr. 
taper;  Dan.  labcr ;  W.  llrpiaw,  lleibiaw;  Gr.  Xairrf-y. 
If  m  is  casual  in  L.  lambo,  as  it  probably  is,  this  is  the 
same  word.    CIilss  Lb,  No.  22.] 

To  take  up  liquor  or  food  with  the  tongue ;  to  feed 
or  drink  by  licking. 

The  dogs  by  tlic  River  Nihis's  eiJc,  being  thirety,  lap  hnslily  ae 
thfy  run  .\lonEr  the  Bhorc.  Digoy. 

AnO  ihc  nutnlwr  of  them  lh.ii  lapped  were  llircc  buntlrctl  men.  — 
Judges  vii. 

LAP,  V.  t.    To  take  into  the  niouih  with  the  tong:ue  ; 

to  lick  up  ;  as,  a  cat  Zu/n-  milk.  Shak. 

LAP'DOG,  71.    A  small  dog  fondled  in  the  lap. 

Drydcn. 
LA-PEL',  71.    [from  lap.]    That  part  of  a  coat  which 

laps  over  the  facins;. 
LA-PEL'LED,  a.    Furnished  with  lapels. 
LAP'FUL,  n.    As  much  as  the  lap  can  contam.    2 

Kinirs  iv. 
LAP'I-CIDE,  Ti.    A  stone-cutter.    [A'or  a^cd.]     Diet. 
LAP-I-Da'UI-OU?,  a.      [L.  lapidariua,  from  lapis,  a 

stone.] 
Stony ;  consisting  of  stones. 
LAPl-DA-ItV,  71.    [Fr.  lapidairc:  L.  lapidai-iiis,  lapis, 

a  stone.] 

1.  An  artificer  who  cuts,  polishes,  and  engraves 
precious  stones. 

2.  A  dealer  in  precious  stones. 

3.  A  virtuoso  skilled  in  the  nature  and  kinds  of 
getns  or  precious  stones.  Encyc. 

LAP'I-DA-RY,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  art  of  cutting 
stones.  The  lapidary  style  denotes  that  which  is 
proper  for  monumental  aiul  other  inscriptions. 

Brande. 
LAP'I-DaTE,  v.  t.     [L.  lapido.] 

To  stone.     LXol.  utnuL] 
LAP  I-Da'TION,  )[.    The  act  of  stoning  a  person  to 

death.  Hall. 

LA-PID^E-OUS,  a.     [L.  lapidcus.] 

Stony  ;  of  the  nature  of  stone  ;  as,  lapideous  mat- 
ter.    [Litik  lu^cd.]  Rail. 
LAP-I-f>ES'CE.\CE,  H.    [L.  lapidcsco,  from  lapis,  a 
etonej 

1.  The  process  o!  becoming  stone ;  a  hardening 
Into  a  stony  substance. 

2.  .\  stony  concretion.  Brown. 
LAP-I-DES'CENT,  a.    Growing  or  turning  to  stone  ; 

that  has  the  (jiialiiy  of  petrifying  bodies.        Encyc. 
LAP-I-DES'CE\T,'ji.    Any  substance  which  has  the 
I        quality  of  i>etrifyin2  a  body,  or  converting  it  to  stone. 
LAP-I-Dn'''I€,  a.      [L.  lapis,  a   stone,  and  fado,  to 
make.] 
Forming  or  converting  into  stone. 
LA-PID-I-Fr-e.A'TION,  71.    The  operation  of  forming 
or  converting  into  a  stony  substance,  by  means  of  a 


liquid  charged  with  earthy  particles  in  soUitiim, 
which  cryslalliae  in  the  interstices,  and  end  in  form- 
ing freestone,  puddiiiE-stone,  &,c.  Diet.  JVat.  Ilift. 

LA-PID'I-FI-KD,  (la-pirt'e-fide,)  ;»p.  or  a.      Turned 
into  stone  ;  formed  into  stone. 

LA-PID'1-FY,  V.  t.    [L.  lapis,  a  stone,  and  fucio,  to 
form.] 
'i'o  form  into  stone. 

LA-PID'I-F?,  V.  i.     To  turn  into  stone;  to  become 
stone. 

LA  PIDT-FV-TNG,  ppr.    Turning  into  stont;. 

Ji.AP'I-DL-^T,  7t.    A  dealer  in  precious  stones.     [See 


Lm-iuauv.I 
I<AI'-IL-L.a'TION,7i.    The  state  of  being,  or  act  of 


making  stony.  Smarts 

LA-IML'LT,  71.  pi.  [L.]    Volcanic  ashes  in  which  glob 

ulnr  concretions  prevail.  Mtntcll. 

hA'l'lS  ;  in  Latin,  a  stone.     Hence, 

Lapis  Bononicn'sis;  the  Bolognian  stone. 
Laj)is  hcpat' icu-t ;  liver  stone. 

fMpis  infcrna'lis ;  fused  nitrate  of  silver ;  luimr  caus- 
tic. Brande. 

Lapis  lazuli ;  azure  stone,  an  ahiminous  minora!,  of 
a  rich  blue  color,  resembling  the  blue  carbonate  of 
copper.     [Sec  L\7.ur.i.] 

/,a;jw /.f/rffH.^-,  touchstone;    basanite;   a  variety  of 
silicimis  slate. 
LAP'LING,  7(.      [from  lap.]     One  who  indulges  in 
ease  and  sensual  delights;  a  term  of  contempt. 

Hcinjt. 
T.AP'PKD,  (lapt,"!  ;»;».    Turned  or  folded  over. 
LAP'PEU,  /(.    One  that  laps  ;  one  that  wraps  or  folds. 

2.  One  that  takes  up  with  his  tongue. 
LAP'PE'i',  71.    [dim.  of  lap.]     A  part  of  a  garment  or 

dress  that  hangs  loose.  Sicift. 

LAP'PING,  ;>p7-.    Wrapping;  folding;  laying  on. 

2.   Licking;    taking    into   the    mouth    with    the 
tongue. 
L.\PS'A-BLE,  a.    That  may  Hill  or  relapse.  Cudmrth. 
LAPSE,    n.     [L.  lapsus,  from  labor,  to  slide,  to  fall. 
Class  Lb.] 

1.  A  sliding,  gliding,  or  flowing;  a  smooth  course; 
as,  the  lapse  of  a  stream  ;   the  lapse  of  time. 

2.  A  falling  or  passing. 

The  lapse  to  indoI(>iice  i*  soft  and  imperceptible,  hut  the  rlnni 
to  diligence  is  <lilncull.  Uarnblcr. 

3.  A  slip ;  an  error  ;  a  fault ;  a  failing  in  duty  ;  a 
slight  deviation  from  truth  or  rectitude. 

This  Scripliirp  may  be  uBefuIly  applied  as  a  c-tution  lo  pnard 
a,gai[iKt  those  lapses  and  (ailiug»  to  which  our  inrirmliies 
daily  expose  us.  Bugers. 

So  we  say,  a  lapse  in  style  or  propriety. 

4.  In  eccicsiastical  lata,  the  slip  or  omission  of  a 
patron  to  present  a  clerk  to  a  benefice,  within  six 
months  after  it  becomes  void.  In  this  case,  the  ben- 
efice is  said  to  be  lapsed,  or  in  lapse.  Enryc. 

5.  In  theology,  the  fall  or  apostasy  of  Adam. 
L.'VPSE,  V.  i.    To  glide  ;  to  pass  slowly,  silently  or  by 

degrees. 

This  disposition  to  shorten  onr  words  by  retrenching  thp  vowels, 
is  nothing  cU';  but  u  lend-'icy  (o  lapse  into  Uio  barliarity  of 
tliose  northern  nations  from  which  we  descended.     Swijt. 

2.  To  slide  or  slip  in  moral  conduct ;  to  fad  in  du- 
ty ;  to  deviate  from  reciiiiide  ;  to  commit  a  fault. 

To  lapse  iu  fullness 
Is  sorer  than  to  lie  for  need.  Shak. 

3.  To  slip  or  commit  a  fault  by  inadvertency  or 
mistake. 

Hon>er,  in  his  characters  of  Vulcan  and  ThcrsiU-s,  has  lapsed 
into  Uie  burlesque  character.  Addisoit. 

4-  To  fall  or  pass  from  one  proprietor  to  another, 
by  tin;  omission  or  negligence  of  the  patron. 

If  the  archbishop  ^hall  not  tilt  it  up  williln  eix  months  ensuin?,  il 
lapses  to  llie  king.  Ayhjfc. 

5.  To  fall  from  a  state  of  innocence,  or  from  truth, 
faith,  or  perfection. 

Once  more  I  will  renew 
Ilis  lapsed  powers..  Milton. 

LAPR'JsD,  (lapst,)  pp.  or  a.  Fallen  ;  passed  from  one 
proprietor  to  another  by  the  negligence  of  the  patron  ; 
:u-,  a  lapsed  benefice.  A  lapsed  legacy  is  one  which 
falls  to  the  heirs  through  the  failure  of  the  legatee,  as 
when  tlif!  legatee  dies  before  the  testator. 

LAP'STD-ED,  (lop'sld-cd,)  a.  [lap  and  side.]  Hav- 
ing one  side  heavier  than  the  other,  as  a  ship. 

Mar.  Did. 

LAPS'ING,  ppr.  Gliding;  flowing;  failing;  falling  to 
one  persdii  through  the  omission  of  another. 

LAP'SToNE,  71.  r/^7>  and  stone.]  A  stone  on  which 
shoemakers  heat  lenlher  on  the  knees. 

L.aP'SUS  LIJ^'QUJE,  [L.l  A  slip  of  the  tongue;  a 
mistake  in  uttering  a  w^ord. 

LAP'VVING,  71.  A  bird  of  the  Eastern  continent  of 
the  plover  family  ;  also  called  Pciaet.  It  is  of  the 
cenus  Vanellus,  of  Brisson.  P.  Cye. 

LAP'WORK,  (-wurk,)  n.  Work  in  which  one  part 
laps  over  another.  Orexo. 

LAR,  71. ,-  pi.  Lares.     [L.]    A  household  deity. 

Lovelace. 

LXR'BOARD,  71.  [board,  bord,  is  a  side;  but  I  know 
not  the  meaning  of  lar.  The  Dutch  use  baJcboord, 
and  the  Germans  backbord.] 


Drydcn. 


Dnj'Ien. 


.SThiA". 


LAR 

The   left-hand   side   of   a   ship,   when    a   per^tm 
stands  with  his  face  to  the  head  ;  opposetl  to  Stah- 
BOAnn. 
L.\K'liOARD,  a.     Pcrlainiug  to  tho  left-hand  side  nfa 

ship  ;  as,  the  larboard  quarter. 
LAlt'CE-NV,   71.     [Fr.   larcin ;    Norm,   larciin ;    Arm. 
laeroncii,  or  lazronciu  contracted  from   L.  latroriiiium, 
from   the  Celtic;   VV. //-ir/i/r,  theft  ;   /MroM,  thieves  ; 
Sp.  ladron  ;    It.  ladro,  ladrone.] 

'I'hcft  ;  the  act  of  taking  and  rarryinu  away  the 
gooik  or  [lersonal  property  of  nnolber  teloniously. 
Larceny  is  of  two  kinds;  simple  larceny,  or  theft,  not 
accompanied  with  any  atrocious  circumstance;  and 
mixed  or  compound  larceny,  which  includes  in  it  tlio 
aggravation  of  taking  from  one's  house  tir  person,  as 
in  burglary  or  robbery.  In  Ea<rlaad,  when  the  value 
of  the  thing  stolen  is  less  than  twelve  pence,  and  iu 
JVV70  York,  when  it  is  less  than  §25,  the  crime  is  pelly 
larceny.  Blackatone. 

LXR(;iI,7(.     [i^.larir.;    Sp.  a/ci-cc;    \t.  laricc;   G.  ler- 
clienbannt ;  1).  lorkenboom.] 

The  comnmn  name  of  a  division  of  the  I^inntean 
genus  Pimis,  species  of  which  are  natives  of  Amer- 
ica, as  well  as  of  Europe. 
LXRl),  H.  [Vr.  lardi  L.  lardum,  laridum;  It.  and  Sp. 
lardo  ;  Arm.  lardt,  Qu.  W.  Ud.r,  that  spreads  or  drops, 
soft.] 

1.  The  fat  of  swine,  after  being  melted  and  sepa- 
rated from  the  Ilesh, 

2.  Bacon  ;  the  (lesli  of  swine. 
L.\UD,  V.  t     [Fr.  larder;  .^rm.  larda.] 

1.  To  stuft"  with  bacon  or  pork. 

The  larded  Ihighs  on  loaded  allare  l!ii<l. 

2.  To  fatten ;  to  enrich. 
Now  FidsUff  sweats  to  death, 

And  lards  the  lean  earth. 

3.  To  mix  with  something  by  way  of  improvo- 
-ment. 

Let  no  alien  interpose, 
To  lard  with  wit  Uiy  hungry  Epaom  prose.  Drydcn. 

LXRD,  71.  v".     To  grow  fat.  Drayton. 

LXR-Da'CEOUS,  (lir-da'shus,)  a.  Of  the  nature  of 
lard  ;  consisting  of  lard.  Core. 

L.X  KD'ED,  pp.    Stuffed  with  bacon  ;  fattened  ;  mixed. 

LARD'ER,  11.  A  room  where  meat  and  other  articles 
of  food  are  kept,  before  tlujy  are  cooked.        Bacon. 

LARD'KR-ER,  n.    One  who"  has  charge  of  tlio  larder. 

LARD'ING,  ppr.    Stuffinir;  fattening;  mixing. 

LARD'-OIL,  n.    Oil  which  is  obtained  from  lard. 

LARD'ON,  7/.     A  bit  of  bacon. 

LARD'RV,  n.     A  larder.     [J\rot  jiscd.] 

La'RkS,  71.  pi.  [L.]  The  household  gods  of  the  Ro- 
mans, regarded  as  the  souls  of  deceased  ancestors. 

LARGE,  (larj,)  a.  [Fr.  lar^e ;  Sp.  Port,  and  It.  largo ; 
Arm.  lar^;  L.  largzts.  The  primary  sense  is  to 
spread,  stretch,  or  distend,  to  diffuse  ;  hence,  to  loosen, 
to  relax  ;  Sp.  largar^  to  loosen,  to  slacken,  as  a  rope. 
Class  Lr.  Itseems  to  be  connected  with  Gr.  Xavfiog, 
wide,  copious,  and  perhaps  with  Jloor,  W.  Hater,  and 
with  llawrr,  mncli,  many.  In  Basque,  larria  is  gross, 
and  larritn,  to  grow.] 

1.  Big  ;  of  great  size  ;  bulky  ;  as,  a  large  body  ;  a 
lar^^e  horse  or  ox  ;  a  large  mountain  ;  a  large  tree ;  a 
larire  ship. 

2.  Wide ;  extensive  ;  as,  a  large  field  or  plani ;  a 
lari^c  extent  of  territory. 

3"  Extensive  or  populous ;  containing  many  inhab- 
itants ;  as,  a  large  city  or  town. 

4.  Abundant;  plentiful;  ample;  as,  a  large  sup- 
ply of  provisions. 

5.  Copious;  diffusive. 

1  roi-'ht  be  TCry  large  on   the  ifoiwrLincc  and  advnntnges  of 
e'iiucation.  Feltou. 

6.  In  scamcn^s  language,  the  wind  is  large  when  it 
crosses  the  line  of  a  ship's  course  in  a  favorable  di- 
rection, particularly  on  the  beam  or  quarter.     Evcijc. 

7.  Wide;  consisting  of  much  water;  as,  a  large 
river. 

8.  Liberal ;  of  a  great  amount ;  as,  a  large  dona- 

At  large  ;  without  restraint  or  confinement ;  a.^,  to 

go  at  large  ;  to  be  left  at  large. 
2.  Diffusely  ;  fully  ;  in  the  full  extent 

course  on  a  subject  at  Uirge. 
LARGE,  71.    Formerly,  a  riivisical  note  equal  to  four 

breves,  or  eight  seniibreves.  Busby. 

LARGE-HEAKT'ED-NESS,  (-hiirt'ed-,)  7i.  Largeness 

of  heart :  liberalitv-  [J^otiised,]  Bp.  Reynolds. 
LXRGE'-LIMB-£D,  n.  Having  large  limbs,  Milton. 
LARGE'LY,  adv.    Widely  ;  extensively. 

2.  Copiously;  diffusely;  amply.  The  subject  was 
largely  discussed. 

3.  Liberally ;  bountifully. 
How  he  Uvcs  .ind  Mts ; 

How  largely  gives. 

4.  Abundantly. 

They  [heir  fill  of  love  and  love's  disport 
Took  largely. 

bulk 


I 


,  as,  to  dis- 


Dryilen, 


Milan. 


LARGE'NESS,  tj.    Bigness; 
the  largeness  of  an  animal. 

9.  Greatness  ;  comprehension  ; 
mind,  or  of  capacity. 


magnitude;   as, 
s,  the  largeness  of 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT BIeTE,  PREV.— PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MO\'E,  WOLF,  BQQK.— 

64S 


LAS 


LAS 


L  .\  '!■ 


3.  Extpnl ;  exteii^iveiicss  ;  as,  largeness  of  views. 
•\.  Exteiisiou  ;  amplitude;  liberalily  j  as,  the /ar^c- 
HfAS  of  an  ofler ;  hr^encss  of  heart. 

Hooker.     Waller. 
5.  Wideness  ;  extent ;  as,  the  lar^cneas  of  a  river. 
LAR'GESS,  It.    [Ft.  largesse  ;  I*,  largitio  i  fiom  largus^ 
lar^e.] 
A  present ;  a  gift  or  donation  ;  a  bounty  bestowed. 
Bacon.     Dryden. 
LAR'ORET'TO^  (Uir-petMo,)  [It.]     Somcnbat  slow- 

Iv,  but  not  so  slowly  as  largo. 
LAR-GIF'LU-OUS,  a.     [L.  largii-s  aii(l/«o.] 

Flowing  copiously. 
LARG'ISH,  a.    Somewiiat  large.    {Unusual.] 

CaoaJU. 
LAR-GI"T10N,  (lar-jisli'un,)  n.     [I-.,  largitio.]    The 

bestowraent  of  a  largess  or  sift.     [Oi^.] 
LAR'OOy  [It.]     A  musical  term,  dirrcting  to  slow 
movement.     Largo  is  one  dojjreo  quicker  than  grave^ 
and  two  degrees  quicker  than  mlw^io.  Diet. 

A  quaver  in  largo  is  equal  to  a  minim  in  presto. 
L.\R'I-AT,  n.     Tiic  lasso,  a  long  cnrd  or  thong  of 
leather  witJi  a  noose,  used  in  catching  wild  horses, 
&c  f*  Irving. 

LARK,  n.  [Sax.  taferey  lanerce :  Scot.  Invcroky  laucrok  ; 
G.  lercJie;  D.  leeuicrik;  Dan.  Icrkc ;  Sw.  Idrka;  Irl. 
lavoy  loova.  As  the  Latin  altnula  coincides  with 
laudo,  Eng.  Imd^  so  the  lirst  syllable  of  lark,  Inf,  lait, 
lare,  may  coincide  with  the  Dan.  lover,  to  praise,  to 
sing  or  cry  out.  But  I  know  not  the  sense  of  the 
word.] 

A  bird  of  tlie  genus  .\lauda,  distinguished  for  its 
singing. 
2.  A  sport  or  piece  of  merriment.     [Vulgar.] 

Smart. 
L.\RK,  V.  i.  To  catch  larks ;  hence,  in  vulgar  lan- 
guage, to  make  sport ;  to  sport.  Smart. 
L;'CRK'ER,  h.  a  catcher  of  larks.  Diet. 
LARK'LlKE,  a.  Resembling  a  lark  in  manners. 
LARK'S'-UEEL,  n.  A  liovver  culled  I:<dia?.-  Cress. 
LARK'SPUR,  /(.     A  plant  with  showy  flowers,  of  the 

genus  Delphinium. 
LAR'MJ-ER,  V.     [Ft.,  from  larme,  a  tear  or  drop.] 

The  flat,  jutting  part  of  a  cornice;  literally,  the 
dropper;  the  eave  or  drip  of  a  house  ;  the  corona. 
L^VR'RUP,  1. 1.  [Forby  derives  it  from  Sax.  larrian, 
to  lick.  Jenninr:  considers  it  a  corruption  of  Ice- 
rope,  used  by  sailors  in  beating  the  buys.]  To  beat 
or  flog.     [Aloia  iDord.]  Forby. 

LAR'UM,  7t.     [G.  Idrm^  bustle,  noise  5  Dan.  id.] 

Alarm ;  a  noise  givine  notice  cf  danger.      [See 
Alabm,  which  is  cencmlly  used.] 
LAR'VA,  )  n.    [L.  /flri'a,a  mask  ;  Sw.  larfi  Dan.  and 
LARVE,    i      G.  larvc.] 

An  insect  in  the  caterpillar  or  grub  slate  ;  the  first 
stage  after  the  egg  in  the  metamorphoses  of  insects, 
preceding  the  pupa  or  chrj'salJs  and  perfect  insect. 

Linn. 
LXR'VAL,  n.    Belonging  to  a  larva. 
LAR'Va-TED,  a.    .^lasked  ;  clothed  as  with  a  mask. 
L.\-RYN'OE-AL,  \  a.     [See  Larynx.]     Pertaining  to 
LA-RYN'GE-AN,  (      the  larvnx. 
LAR-YN-(5I'TIS,  n.    An  inflammation  of  the  larynx 

of  any  sort. 
LAR-YX-GOT'OOry,  Ji.    [laryni:  and  Gr.  tsuvcj,  to 
cut.] 

The  operation  of  cutting  into  the  larynx  ;  the  mak- 
ing of  an  incision  into  the  larynx  for  assisting  re- 
spiration when  obstructed,  or  for  removing  foreign 
bodies.  Coze.     Qitmcy. 

LAR'YNX,  71.     [Gr.  Xao()>M 

In  anatomy,  the  upper  part  of  the  windpipe  or  tra- 
chea, a  cartilagmous  cavity,  which  modulates  the 
voice  in  speaking  and  singing.  Qniney. 

LAS'CAR,  n.     In  the  Ea^t  Indies,  a  term  applied  to 
native  sailors,  many  of  whom  are  employed  in  Eu- 
ropean vessels.  Brandt 
LAS-CIV'I-EN-CY,   L.\S-CIV'I-EA'T.      [.\'ot    us, 

See  the  next  words. 
LAS-CIV'I-OUS,  a.     [Fr.  lascif;  It.  and  Sp. /axciyc  ,■ 
from  L.  lascicus,  from  laxiis,  laxo,  to  relax,  to  loosen. 
Class  Lg.] 

1.  Loose ;  wanton  ;  lewd  ;  lustful ;  as,  lascivious 
men  ;  lascivious  desires  ;  lascivious  eyes.       .Milton. 

2.  Soft  ;  wanton  ;  luxurious. 

He  capere  nimbly  in  a  ]a<Ij'e  chamber, 

To  the  l/ucivioua  pleading  of  a  lule.  SJinJc. 

LAS-CIV'I-OUS-LY,  adv.  Looselv ;  wantonly ;  lewdly. 

LAS-CIV'I-OUS-NESS,  71.  Looseness;  irregular  in- 
dulgence of  animal  desires ^  wantonness;  lustful- 
ness. 

"Who,  Ijeing  paat  feeling,  have  gi7Cn  ihentselvfa  over  to  lascivi- 
Qusnete.  —  Eph,  iv. 

2.  Tendency  to  excite  lust,  and  promote  inegular 
indulgences. 

Th*?  reason   pretpndec!  by  Aii^iatws  was,  the  lasdtloasneas  of 
hia  Elegies  and  bis  Art  n(  Love.  Dryden. 

LASH,  n.  [This  may  be  the  same  word  as  leGs\  Fr. 
laisse,  or  it  may  be  allied  to  the  G.  lasehc,  a  slap, 
lascJim,  to  lash  or  slap,  and  both  may  be  from  one 
root.  J 

L  The  thong  or  braided  cord  of  a  whip. 

I  obserrcd  that  your  whip  wanted  a  lash  to  it,  Adilison. 


Tbc  monil  is  .-i  lash  nl  the  vanity  of  wio^\ag 
wliicli  ftiiuvcda  well. 


9.  A  leash  or  string.    [Obs.] 

3.  A  stroke  with  a  whip,  or  any  thing  pliant  and 
totigli.    The  culprit  received  tliirty-nine  laskr^. 

4.  A  stroke  of  satire  ;  a  sarcasm  ;  an  expression  or 
retort  that  cut^  or  gives  pain. 

that  to  our»^lv« 
L'EtmngK. 

LASH,  V.  t.    To  strike  with  a  lash  or  any  thing  pliant ; 
to  whip  ur  scourge. 

W'o  lash  ilip  puiiil  and  di;fraiid  ilic  want.  Drylen. 

2.  To  throw  up  with  a  sudden  jerk. 

lie  fdi*  i  luid  liuhing  xip  \m  IitcIs,  hia  rider  Uirowi,    Dryden. 

'i.  To  beat,  as  with  something  loose ;  to  danh 
against. 

And  lii^  w.-vvrs  la*h  llic  frighted  stiorri.  Prior. 

'\.  To  tie  or  bind  with  a  rope  or  cord  ;  to  secure  or 
fasten  by  a  string  ;  as,  to  lash  any  thing  to  a  mast  or 
to  a  yard  ;  to  Insli  a  tnmk  on  a  coach. 

5.  To  satirize ;  to  censure  with  severity ;  as,  to 
lash  vice. 

LASH,  V.  i.    To  ply  the  whip  ;  to  strike  at. 

To  laugh  at  follies,  or  to  lath  at  vi«.  Drylen, 

To  lash  out,  is  to  be  extravagant  or  unruly. 

Felthain. 
LASH'£;D,  (lashl,)  pp.    Struck  witli  a  lash ;  whipped ; 

lied  ;  made  fast  by  a  rope. 
LASHER,  7(.    One  that  whips  or  lashes. 
LASH'ER,    }_  n.    A  piece  of  rope  for  binding  or  mak- 
LASH'IiXG, )     ing  fast  one  thing  to  another. 

J\[ar.  Diet 
LASII'-FREE,  a.    Free  from  the  lash  of  satire. 

B.  Jonson. 
LASH'ING,  j(.    Castigation  or  chastisement.  Smart. 

2.  Extravagance  ;  unrulines?.  SouUi. 

3.  A  rope  for  making  fast.     [See  Lasher.] 
L.^SS,  71.    [Q,u.  from  laddess,  as  Hickes  suggests.] 

A  young  woman ;  a  girl ;  applied  particularly  to 
a  country  girl.  Lassie  is  sometimes  used,  particu- 
larlv  in  Sc-.tland.  Philips. 

LAS'SI-TUOE,  71.     [Fr.,  from  L.  lassitude,  from  lassus, 
and  tliis  from  laxns,  laxo,  to  relax.] 

1.  Weakness  ;  dullness  ;  heaviness  ;  weariness  ; 
languor  of  body  or  mind,  proceeding  from  cxhaui^inm 
of  strength  by  excessive  labor  or  action,  or  other 
means. 

2.  Among  physicians,  lassitude  is  a  morbid  sensa- 
tion of  languor  which  often  precedes  disease. 

LaSS'LORN,  a.    Forsaken  by  his  lass  or  mistress. 

Shak. 
LAS'SO,  71.     [Fr.  laisse ;  L.  Za^sits.] 

A  rope  or  cord  with  a  noose,  used  for  catching  wild 
horses,  &c. 
LAST,  a.  [Contracted  from  latest ;  Sax.  last,  from 
latest ;  G.  Ictzt ;  D.  laatst,  from  laat,  late.  Q.\i.  is  the 
Gr.  Xotcdos  from  the  same  root?  See  Late  and 
Let.] 

1.  That  comes  after  all  the  others  ;  the  latest ;  ap- 
plied to  time :  as,  the  last  hour  of  the  day ;  the  last 
day  of  the  year. 

2.  That  follows  all  the  others;  that  is  behind  .-.h 
the  others  in  place  ;  hindmost  j  as,  this  was  iiie  inst 
man  that  entered  the  church. 

3.  Beyond  winch  there  is  no  more. 

Hon-,  lest  of  Britons,  let  your  names  be  read.  Pope. 

4.  Next  before  the  present ;  as,  the  last  week  ;  the 
last  year. 

5.  Utmost ;  that  beyond  which  there  is  nothing 
greater. 

Tbcir  lust  endeavors  bend, 

Td  outshine  each  utJier.  .  Pnjnen. 

They  are  contending  for  principles  of  llic  last  \mvon.\ua:. 
■'  0^1  Hobert  Hall. 

6.  Lowest ;  meanest. 

Aniilochiis 
'I'.ikes  the  laat  prize.  Pope. 

Ai  last,  at  Uic  last  i  at  tiie  end  ;  in  the  conclusion. 

trijop  shall  overcome  bini ;  but  he  sh.'dl  ovcrc*;ine  at  lA« 
xlix. 


Gad,  a 


last. 

To  the  last ;  to  the  end  ;  till  the  conclusion. 

Anil  lihiiidcr  nu  in  busincsa  10  the  lr.tL  Pop*. 

In  the  phrases,  "you  are  the  last  man  t  should 
consul:,"  "this  is  the  last  place  in  which  I  should 
expect  to  find  yon,"  the  word  last  implies  improba- 
bility ;  this  is  the  most  improbable  place,  and  there- 
fore I  should  resort  to  it  l.-:st. 
LAST,  adv.  The  last  time  ;  the  time  before  the  pres- 
ent.    I  saw  him  last  at  New  York. 

2.  In  conclusion  ;  finally. 

Plei«':d  with  bia  idol,  he  commenils.  admirvs, 

Adores  J  and  last  the  Uiins  ailoivd  tlc^sires.  Drtf^tn. 

LAST,  r.  (.  [Sax.  lastan,  l^stm.  This  verb  seems  to 
be  from  the  adjective  last,  the  primary  sense  of  which 
is  continuevl,  drawn  out.    See  Let.] 

1.  To  continiu!  in  time  :  to  endure  ;  to  remain  m 
existence.  Our  government  can  not  last  long  unless 
administered  bv  honest  men. 

2.  To  continue  uniraptiired  ;  not  to  decay  or  per- 
ish. Select  for  winter  the  best  apples  to  lust.  This 
color  will  last. 

3.  To  hold  out;  to  continue  unconsumcd.     1  ne 


captain  knew  be  bad  i-  -  '^rd  to  tzH  it 

week. 
LAST,  n.      [Sax-  kU^U:   G.  . 

Ruiw,  IojU;   Fr.  Icjt;   .\nn. 

Load.] 
A  lead  ;  hence,  z  '' 

in  generally  crtiniattd 

inely  an  to  ditTercnl  a." 

codfiith,  white  herrjn. 

iKirrcld  ;  a  /art  of  corn  1 

cla  ;    of    (^npowdef,    tw.  ii-. 

herringpf,  twenty  cadr»  ;  of  d 

leather,  twenty  diftfr-  :  'f 

barrels  ;  of  w-  :   '  .   : 

1700  lbs. 
2.  The  tcnn  , 

a  ship.  -v 

LAST,  71.    [Sax.  UmU,  tuU ;  G.  Ituum ;  i*.  U 

last ;  Sw.  lilst) 
A  mold  or  form  of  the  liunuu  fool,  tu%t. 

on  which  ahociiarc  form':d. 

Ill-  cUticr  i*  not  to  go  (^ge.3  I  i  '-;-- 

LXST'AOE,  n.     [Ft.  UxUi^'- 

1.  A  duty  taid  for  frf-ight 
vjrd  in  the  OiiiUd  HtattjA 

2.  nalla-ft.    [JVrt  uj«/.J 

3.  'I'hc  lading  of  a  ithip.    [AVf  ■.•- 
LAST'EU-Y,  71.    A  red  color.    [.Kai  u.  _ 
LAST'IN'G,  ppr.    Continumg  io  Umc  ,  eD<' 

maining. 
2.  a.  Durable:  of  long    coolinuanr^  ; 

continue  or  cnaurc ;   as,  a  laaimf 

lasting  color. 
LAST'ING,  n.     Endurance. 

2.  A  species  of  xmootti    wodrn 

making  shoe".  £«ryr, 

LAST'L\G-LV,  a/ic.    Durably;  wiUi 
LAST'ING-NESS,  tu    Durability  j  the  qii^; 

of  long  continuance. 
LAST'LY,  adv.     In  the  Ia.«l  pl.irr. 

2.  In  the  concluition  ;  at  !  ' 
LAST'-.ME.X'TIOX-fD,  a.  v 
LATCH,  n.     [Fr.  loquet  ;  A: 

eiding   with    I^  !iji:/l,  fror;; 

English  lock.  Sax.  laccnn,  t 

D.  klitdiy  coincide  with  Fr. 

casual,  are  the  .\nn.  clicqcdy  Lii^.  u-  . 

same  word  in  W.  is  eliclzJy  a  latch,  and  it- 

a  snare,  L.  laqueiu,  from  which  wl-  t.r.: 

belong  to  the  same  rooL    The  pni 

root  is,  to  catch,  :o  close,  slop,  or  i 
A  small  piece-  of  iron  or  wool  '■ 

door. 
L.VrCK,  r.  t    To  fasten  with  a  latch  j  to  f 

2.  TFr.  te^Jter.)    To  smear.    [,\'  • 
L.\TCfr-KEY,  n.    A  key  used  to  r 

door. 
LATCH'ES,  7t.  pi.    Small  lines,  hkc  :.-. . 

connecting  the  head  and  foot  of  a  sail. 
LATCH'ET,  n.     [from  laU.h,  Ft.  :^.  '.' 

that  fastens  a  shoe.    Mark  1. 
LATE,  a.     [Sax.  itiy  lot ;  G^..\ 

Dan.  lad,  idle,  lazy  ;  Goth. 

lay  or  retard.    This  word  U  I'r-  ii. 

sense  of  which  is  to  draw  out,  tv 

hence  to  be  slow  or  late.    (St-c  Li ; 

has  regular  terminations  of  the  c..>;. 

perlativc  degrees,  /j//r,  latcfty  but 

and  latest  is  often  coniiacled  mto  . 

1.  Comin"  after  the  usual  lime;  >.  v  ,  ^^'2^ 
long  delayed  ;  as,  a  liUt  spring  ;  a  Uu  summer.  Tl* 
crops  or  har\'est  will  be  late. 

2.  Far  ad\-anced  toward  the  end  or  cl 
late  hour  of  the  day.  He  began  at  a  Z^* 
his  life. 

3.  Last,  or  recently  in  any  placo, 
ter ;  as,  the  lnu  minislrj' ;  the  l&i' 

4.  Exisiina  not  hmg  ago,  but  n.'s. 
parted  ;  as,  the  /j/f  bishop  of  Loni.T.. 

5.  Not  long  ;>asl ;  happening  nt4  lone  - 
aji,  the /-iXi  rains.  U'e  have  received '-" 

LATE,  adt.     -Vfter  the   usual   tim. 
pointed  ;  after  delay  :  as,  he  arTi%  ^ 

2.  After  the  proper  or  usinl  ^ 
Uie  fruits  ripen  l^e, 

3.  Not  long  ago ;  lately. 

And  ro^L 
With  leaps  and  bcundj  U*?  leu  ir  f  r^-.  r       •        .'  '  ■■.  ' 

4.  Far  iu  the  niiiht,  day,  week,  or  oih.  r  p-i::  <• 
period  ;  as,  to  lie  a-bed  late  .  to  sit  up  /.i-v  a:  n:c;.;.^ 

Of  late,  kUeia  :  in  time  not  long  post,  or  nra:  ::: 
present.    The  practice  is  cf  l:U  uhcommv-n. 

Toolate;  after  the  propt-r  Umc  ;  not  in    r:^  ;  ■• 
We  arrived  to,y  l\t(  to  sec  the  pcwesfjon. 
L.\T''ED,  a.    Belated  ;  being  to«*  Ute-    [A 
LA-TEEN',  a,     [Fr.  lati^f-] 

A  lateen  sail  is  a  triangular  >  ■ 
long  yard,  which  is  slunc  about  ■ 
tance*  from  ihe  lower  end.  which   ■ 
the  lacJv,  while  the  otht  r  end  is  . 
of  about  4o  deinrees ;  used   in  x- 
settees,  in  the  Mediiermnian. 


TONE,  BJJLL,  UNITE.— AN"GER, 
12 


VI"CIOUS.-€  as  K ;  0  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  asSH;  TH  as  in  TIHS. 


GJ:> 


LAT 

l.A'VWl.Y ytulv.    Not  lon^  a^'o  ;  receiiUy.    We  ciHed 

on  ;i  ccnili'inan  '.vJio  ha^  Ictely  arrivt-d  from  Ualy. 
La''I'KN-CV,  11.     [See  Latent.]    The  state  (»f  being 

ccneealed  ;  abstnisenesg.  Pafcy. 

LaTII'N'ESS,  7(.  Tlie  slate  of  being  tardy,  or  ofcuni- 
iiiii  alter  the  usual  time  ;  as,  the  lateness  Ksi  spring  ur 
cf  harvest. 

2.  Time  far  advanced  in  any  particular  periiui ;  as, 
Idleness  of  the  day  or  nigtit ;  lateness  in  tlie  seai^on  ; 
latene.is  in  life. 

;i.  The  state  of  being  out  of  time,  or  after  the  aj}- 
piijrited  lime  ;  as,  the  lateness  of  one's  arrival. 
h.'^'TENT,  a.     [L.  latais,  lateo;  Gr.  A/)*/<d,  XnvO'Wu; 
lleb.  SnS,  to  cover,  or  rather  Ch.  Na"?,  to  hide  or  be 
hid.    Chss  Ld,  No.  1,  II.] 

flid  ;  concealed  ;  secret ;  not  seen  ;  not  visible  or 
ap|>areril.  We  speak  of  latent  motives  j  latent  rea- 
sons ;  latent  springs  of  action. 

Latent  heat;  the  portion  of  heat  which  enters  into 
a  IxHiy  while  changing  its  form  from  the  solid  to  the 
liquid,  or  from  the  liquid  to  the  aeriform  state,  with- 
out aiterin^  ita  temiwralure.  Olmstrii. 
LA'TENT-LY,  adv.    Secretly  j   conccaledly ;   invisi- 
bly. 
LAT'ER,  a.    [comp.  deg.oflate.]    Posterior;  subse- 
quent. 
LAT'ER-AL,  a.     [Fr.,  from  L.  lateralijt,  fVom  InlHS,  a 
side,  and  broad,  Gr.  rrXurv^  ;   coinciding  with  W. 
«W,  Uyd,  breadth,  and  prol)ably  with  Ehg.  flat,  W, 
plad  or  llez,  or  both.    The  primary  sense  of  these 
words  is,  to  extend,  as  in  late,  let.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  side  j  as,  the  lateral  view  of 
an  object. 

■2.  Proceeding   from     the    side  ;    as,    the    latci-al 
branches  of  a  tree  ;  lateral  shoots. 
LAT-ER-AIVI-TY,  «.    The  quality  of  liaving  distinct 

sides.     [JVof  used.]  Sty)wn. 

LAT'ER-AL-LY,  adv.    By  the  side  ;  sideways. 

'2.  In  the  direction  of  the  side.  [Holder. 

LAT'ER-A.\,  H.  One  of  the  churches  at  Rome,  with 
a  palace  and  other  buildings  annexed  to  it.  The 
name  is  said  to  have  been  derived  from  that  of  a 
man  who  owned  the  giound  in  the  time  of  Nero. 
In  this  palace  several  ecclesiastical  councils,  hence 
callrd  Lateran  councils^  have  been  held.  /*.  Cyc. 
A  LAT'B-RE,  [L.]  A  legate  a  latere^  ie  a  pttpe's 
Ie{;ate  or  envoy,  so  called  because  sent  from  his  side^ 
from  among  his  favorites  and  counselors.  Parr. 
LaT'ER-KD,  a.     Delayed.     [06.?.]  Chaucer. 

LAT-ER-I-Fo'LI-OUS,  a.  [L.  laUis^  side,  and/o/i«m, 
leaf.j 

In  botanij,  growing  on  the  side  of  a  leaf  at  the 
base  ;  as,  a  laterifolious  flower.  Lee.    Martyn. 

LAT.ER-I"TIOUS,  (lat-cr-ish'us,)  a.     [L.  lateritius, 
from  later,  a  brick.] 
Like  bricks  ;  of  the  color  of  bricks.  J^Ied.  Repos. 
Lalcritioii^  sediment :  a  sediment  in  urine  resem- 
bling brick  dust,  observed  after  the  crises  of  fevers, 
and  at  the  termination  of  gouty  paroxysms.    Pm-r. 
LaT'EST,  a.     [superl.  deg.  of  late.]     Longest  after 

the  usvial  time  ;  tardiest. 
liA'JT/WARD,  adv.    Somewhat  late. 
LATH,  71.    [W.  clawd,  a  thin  board,  or  Wfic/t,  a  rod ; 
Fr.  latte  ;  .Sp.  Udas,  pi. ;  G.  latte  ,•  D.  lat.] 

1.  A  thin,  narrow  board,  or  slip  of  wood,  nailed 
to  the  rafters  of  a  building,  to  support  the  tiles  or 
covering. 

2.  A  thin,  narrow  slip  of  wood,  nailed  to  the  studs, 
to  support  the  plastering. 

LXTH,  V.  L    To  cover  or  line  with  laths.   Mortimer. 

LATH,  71.  [Pax.  Icth.  The  signification  of  this  word 
is  not  clearly  ascertained.  It  may  be  from  Sax.  la- 
thian,  to  call  together,  and  signify,  primarily,  a  meet- 
ing or  assLMubly.    Pee  Wapentake.] 

in  some  parts  of  Enfrland,  a  part  or  division  of  a 
county.  Spenser,  Pptlinan,  and  Blackstone  do  not 
agree  in  their  accuunls  of  the  lath ;  but,  according  to 
tlie  laws  of  Edward  the  Confessor,  the  lath,  in  some 
counties,  answered  to  the  trtthing^  or  third  part  of  a 
county  in  others.  Wilkins. 

LaTHE,  «.  [au.  laUiy  supra,  or  W,  ia£Am,  to  make 
smooth.] 

A  machine  by  which  instruments  of  wood,  ivory, 
melals,  and  other  materials,  are  turned  and  cut  into 
a  smooth,  rouml  form. 

LATH'i^I),  (latht,)  pp.    Covered  or  lined  with  laths. 

LATITER,  r.  i.  [Sax.  latkrian,  to  lather,  to  anoint. 
Uii.  W.  Uathruj  to  make  smooth,  or  UiViraw,  to 
glide  ;  lliUirig,  slippery,  or  Uyth^  soft  ;  llyzu.  to 
spread.] 

To  form  a  foam  with  water  and  soap ;  to  become 
froth,  or  trothy  matter. 

LA'f  H'ER,  r.  t.  To  spread  over  with  the  foam  of 
soap. 

LATH'ER,  n.  Foam  or  froth  made  by  soap  moistened 
with  water. 

2.  Foam  or  froth  from  profuse  eweat,  as  of  a 
horse. 

LA'f  II'ER -ED,  pp.  Spread  over  with  the  foam  of 
Ro;ip. 

LATH'ER-ING,  ppr.  Spreading  over  with  the  foam 
of  soap. 

LATH'Y,  a.    Thin  as  a  lath  ;  long  and  slender, 

Chalmers. 


LAT 

LA-TIB'U-LIZE,  v.  i.     [L.  latibulam,  a  hiding-place.j 
To  retire  into  n  den,  burrow,  or  cavity,  and  he 
dormant  in  winter  j  to  retreat  and  lie  hid 

The  lutioUe  ImtbiiUxea  m  Oclobcr.  Shau>'»  Zool. 

LAT'I-CLaVE,  n.     [L.  lattclavium:  latns^  broad,  and 
elavtL\;  a  stud.] 

A  distinctive  badge  worn  by  Roman  senators.  It 
is  sup[H)scd  to  have  been  a  broad  stripe  of  purple  on 
the  fore  part  of  the  tunic,  set  with  knobs  or  studs. 

Eneiic. 

LAT-T-eOS'TATE,  a.      [latus   and    casta.]      Uroad- 
ribbod. 

L\T-1-DEN'TATE,  a.      [latiis   and    dens.]      Broad- 
toothed 

L.AT-I-F6'LI-0US,  a.    llatus  and  folium.]      Broad- 
Icnved. 

LAT'LV,  a.     Pertaining  to  the  Latins,  a  people  of 
Laliuni,  in  Italy  ;  Roman  ;  as,  tlie  Latin  language. 

Latin  church;  the  Western  clnirch;  the  Christian 
church  in  Italy,  France,  Spam,  and  other  countries, 
where  the  Latiti  language  was  introduced,  as  dis- 
tinct from  the  Greek  or  Eastern  church.         Enctjc. 

LAT'IN,  n.    The  language  of  the  ancient  Romans. 
An  exercise  in  schools,  consisting  in  turning  Eng- 
lish into  Latin.  Ascham. 

LAT'IN-lSM,  n.    A  Latin  idiom  ;  a  mode  of  speech 
peculiar  to  the  Latins.  Addison, 

LAT'IN-IST,  7J.    One  skilled  in  Latin. 

LA-Tf N'l-TY,  7!,    Purity  of  the  Latin  style  or  idiom ; 
the  Latin  tongue. 

LAT'IN-IZE,  V.  t.    To  give  to  foreign  words  Latin 
terminations  and  make  them  Latin. 

R.  O.  Cambridge. 

LAT'IN-IZE,  V,  i.    To  use  words  or  phrases  bor- 
rowed from  the  Latin.  '  Dnjdcn. 

LAT'IN-IZ-ED,  7»/i.  or  a.    Made  into  Latin ;  borrowed 
from  the  Latin. 

LAT'IN-IZ-ING,  ppr.    Giving  to  foreign  words  Latin 
terminations. 

LAT'IN-LY,  ado     So  as  to  understand  and  write 
Latin.     [  Obs.]  Heyliiu 

LAT-I-ROS'TROUS,a.     [L.  lotus,  broad,  and  rostrum, 
beak.] 

Having  a  broad  beak,  as  a  bird.  Brown. 

LAT'ISH,  a.     [from  late.]    Somewhat  late. 

LAT'I-TAN-CV,  n.     [L.  latitans,  latito,  to  lie  hid,  from 
laleo.     See  Latent.] 
The  state  of  lying  concealed ;  the  state  of  lurking. 

Br07D7l. 

LAT'I-TANT,  a.    Lurkiiig;  lying  hid  ;  concealed. 

Boyle. 
[These  words  are  rarely  used.    See  Latent.] 
LAT'I-TAT,  n.     [L.,  he  lurks.]     A  writ  by  which  a 
person  is  summoned  into  the  King's  Bench  to  answer, 
as  supposing  he  hes  concealed.  Blaek^tone. 

LAT-I-Ta'TION,  n.    A  lying  in  concealment. 
LAT'LTUDE,  n.      [Fr.,  from   L.  Uititudoy  breadth; 
latnSf  broad  ;  W.  llyd,  breadth.] 

1.  Breadth;  width;  extent  from  side  to  side. 

Wottan. 

2.  Room  ;  space.  '  Locke. 
[In  the  fore goinrr  senses,  little  used.] 

3.  In  astronomy,  the  distance  of  a  heavenly  body 
from  the  ecliptic. 

4.  Ill  gcograpfaj^  tlic  distance  of  any  place  on  the 
globe,  north  or  south  of  the  equator.  Boston  is  situ- 
ated in  the  forty-third  degree  of  north  latitude. 

5.  Extent  of  meaning  or  constniction ;  indefinite 
acceptation.  The  words  will  not  bear  this  latiiiuie 
cT  construction. 

6.  Extent  of  deviation  from  a  settled  point ;  free- 
dom from  rules  or  limits  ;  laxity. 

In  human  aciions,  lliere  are  no  de^es  and  precise  imtural  limits 
deacribed,  but  a  ta&iuds  is  iDclul^d.  Taylor. 


1  preteml  not  to  treat  of  tbcm  in  their  lull  latitude. 


Locke. 


LAT-I-Tu'DIN-AL,  a.    Pertainmg  to  latitude  ;  in  the 

direction  of  latitude.  Gregory. 

LAT-I-TU-DIN-a'RI-AN,  a.     [Fr.  haitudinaire.] 

Not  restrained;  not  confined  by  precise  hmits; 
thinking  or  acting  at  large;  lax  in  religious  princi- 
ples or  views ;  as,  latitudinarian  opinions  or  doc- 
trines. 
LAT-I-TU-DIN-a'RI-AN,  n.  One  who  is  moderate 
in  his  notions,  or  not  restrained  by  precise  settled 
limits  in  opinion ;  one  who  indulges  freedom  in 
thinking. 

9.  In  the  Church  of  England,  fonnerhjy  one  who  de- 
nied or  doubted  the  divine  right  or  origin  of  episco- 
pacy, though  he  admitted  its  expediency. 

3.  In  theology,  one  who  departs  in  opinion  from  the 
strict  principles  of  orthodoxy  ;  or  one  who  indulges 
an  undue  latitude  of  thinking  and  interpretation. 
LAT-I-TU-D1N-a'RI-AN-ISM,  71.      Dndue  freedom 
or  laxness  of  opinion,  particularly  in  theology. 

Ch.  Ohs. 
9.  Indifference  to  religion.  W.  Jones. 

LAT-I-Tu'DIN-OUS,  a.      Having  latitude,  or  large 
La'TRANT,  a.    [L.  latro,  to  bark.]  [extent. 

Barking.  Ttckdl. 

La'TRaTE,  v.  i.    To  bark  as  a  dog.     [^rot  used.] 
LA-TRa'TION,  71.    A  barking.     {J^ot  used.] 


LAU 

LA-TRI'A,  h.     [L.,  from  Gr.  A'lrocui.] 

The  liiiiln'st  kiiut  of  worship,  or  that  paid  to  God  ; 
dif^linmiiHlifd  by  the  Roman  Catholics  from  dalia^  or 
the  inferior  v»'orship  paid  to  saints.  Encijc. 

LAT'UO-IirrE,  «.  [from/,nfrt)6c.]  A  mineral  fnmi  the 
coast  of  Labnidor,  of  a  pink  or  rose-red  color,  allied 
to  the  feldspars,  and  consisting  of  silica,  almnina, 
lime,  potash,  and  some  manganese.  Dana. 

LAT'UO-CIN-Y,  H.     I  L.  latroctniam.] 
Tlieft ;  larceny,     yj^'ot  in  use.] 

LAT''J'EN,  H.  [Fr.  Icton  or  laitvn;  D.  latoen  ;  .\rni. 
laton.] 

1.  In  the  middle  ai^es,  a  fine  kind  of  bras*  used  for 
crosses,  candlesticks,  &c.  Francis. 

2.  Sheet  tin  ;  iron  plate  covered  \\\ih  tin. 
LAT'TEN-IIRASS,  n.     Plates  of  milled  brass  reduced 

to  dillerenl  thicknesses,  according  to  the  uses  they 
an^  inteniled  for  ;  sometimes  called  Latte?!.    Enryc. 
LAT'TER,  a.     [An  irregular  comparative  of  late.] 

1.  Coming  or  happening  at^er  something  else  ;  op- 
posed to  Fobmeb;  as  the  former  and  latter  rain; 
former  or  latter  harvest. 

2.  iMentioned  the  last  of  two. 

The  diU'ertiico  between   rcrison  nad  iwelatinn  —  and  in  what 
tL'usc  tlio  latter  U  siiperior.  Watla, 

3.  Modern  ;  lately  done  or  past ;  as,  in  these  latter 
ages. 

LAT'TER-LY,  ot/y.  Of  late;  in  time  not  long  past ; 
lately.  Richardson. 

LAT'TEU-MATH,  ti.  Tiie  Klter  ptovving  ;  that 
which  is  mowed  after  a  former  mowing  ;  the  after 
math. 

LAT'TTCE.  (lat'tis,)  >  n.     [Fr.  lattis,  a  covering  of 

LA'l''TrCE-WoRK,  \  latJis,  from  Inttf,  a  luth:  W 
clcdncy,  from   clcdyr,  a  board,  shingle,  or  rail.] 

Any  work  of  wood  or  iron,  made  by  crossing  laths 
rods,  or  bars,  and  forming  open  squares  like  net- 
work ;  as,  the  lattice  of  a  window. 

LAT'TICE,  71.    A  window  of  lattice-work. 

The  mother  nf  Siscra  looked  out  at  a  windoft',  and  cried  llirough 
the  lattice.  — Judges  v. 

LAT'TICE,  c  Consistmg  of  cross  pieces ;  as,  lattice' 
work. 

2.  Fuinished  with  lattice-work  ;  as,  a  lattice  win- 
dow. 

LAT'TICE,  I',  t.    To  form  with  cross  bars,  and  open 
work. 
9.  To  furnish  with  a  lattice. 

LAT'TIC-ED,  -pp.  or  a.    Furnished  with  a  lattice. 

LA' TVS  F^EC'TUM,  n.  [L.]  In  conic  sections,  the 
same  as  Paeameter.  Brande. 

LAUD,  7t.  [L.  lans^  lawlis  ;  W.clod;  Tr.chth;  allied 
to  Gr.  A-Afi(.>,  kXco^.  This  is  from  the  same  root  as 
Eng.  loud,  G.  laiU^and  the  primary  sense  is,  to  strain, 
to  utter  sound,  to  cry  out.    See  Lol'd.I 

1.  Praise  ;  conmicndation  ;  an  cxloliing  in  words  ; 
honorable  mention.     [Little  nscd.]  Pope. 

2.  That  part  of  divine  worship  which  consists  in 
praise.  Bacon. 

3.  Music  or  singing  in  honor  of  any  one 

4.  Lauds,  in  the  Rimmn  Cntludic  church,  the  pra3'ers 
formerly  used  at  daybreak,  between  those  of  matins 
and  prime.  Brande. 

LAUD,  V.  t.     [L.  laudo.] 

To  praise  m  words  alone,  or  with  words  and  sing- 
ing; to  celebrate.  Bcnllcy. 
LAUD'A-BLE,  a.     [L.  lauduhHu^.] 

i.  Praiseworthy;  commendable;  as,  laudable  mo- 
tives ;  laudable  actions. 

2.  Healthy;  salubrious  ;  as,  laudable  juices  of  the 
body.  Arbuthnot. 

3.  Healthv  ;  well  digested  ;  as.  laudable  jhi-^. 
LAUD'A-BLE-NESS,  n.     The  quality  of  deserving 

praise  ;  praiseworthiness ;  as,  the  landablcncss  of  de- 
signs, purposes,  motives,  or  actions. 

[Lal'dabii.itv,  in  a  like  sense,  hu3  bjen  used,  but 

rarely.] 
LAUD'A-BLY,  adv.    In  a  manner  deserving  praise. 
LAUD'A-NUM,  71,    [A  contraction  of  laudandumy  from 

L,  laudo,  to  praise.] 
Opium  prepared  in   spirit  or  wine  ;  tincture  of 

opium.  Coxe. 

LAUD-a'TION,  71.    Praise  ;  commendation. 
LAUD'A-TIVE,  n.     [L.  laudations.] 

A  panegyric  ;  a  eulogy.     [Little  used.]        Bacon. 
LAUD'A-TU-RY,  a.     Containing  praise  ;  tending  to 

praise. 
LAUD'A-TO-RY,  n.    That  which  contains  praise. 

Milton. 
LAUD'ER,  n.    Ono  who  praises. 
LAUD'ING,  ppr.    Praising;  celebrating. 
LAUGH,  (lift',)  V.  i.     [Sax.  hlihan;  Goth.  Jdakyan  ;  G 

laehcn,-  D.  la.chgen;  Sw.  Ic;  Dan.  leer;  llcb.and  Cii. 

iyS,  laag.    Class  Lg,  No.  17.] 

1.  To  make  the  noise  and  exhibit  the  features 
which  are  characteristic  of  mirth  in  the  human 
species.  Violent  laughter  is  accompanied  wirli  the 
shaking  of  the  sides,  and  all  lauglucr  expels  breath 
from  the  lungs.  Bacon. 

2.  In  poetry,  to  be  gay ;  to  appear  gay,  cheerful, 
pleasant,  lively,  or  brilliant. 

Then  laughs  the  childish  year  with  flowercu  crowned.    Dryden. 
And  o'er  the  foaming  bowl,  the  lnughins  wine.  Pope. 


FITE,  FAK,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MeTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK. 
650 


LAU 

To  laugh  at :  to  ridicule ;  to  treat  with  some  degree 
of  contempt. 

No  fool  10  Ictt^h  at,  wIiLch  he  valued  inore.  Pope. 

LAUGH,  V.  L  To  ridicule  or  deride ;  with  oat ;  as,  to 
lauirk  one  out  of  a  plan. 

To  lauis/i  to  scorn  :  to  deride  ;  to  treat  with  mock- 
ery, contempt,  and  scorn.    JVeh,  ii. 

LAUGH,  (raff,)  H.  An  expression  of  mirth  peculiar  to 
the  bumaa  species. 

But  fei^i3  a  laugh,  to  see  m»  sf^ucb  around, 

Aiid  by  Uiat  laugh  tbe  wUUiij  fair  is  fuuiid.  Pope. 

LAUGH' A-BLE,  (laff'a-bl,)a.  That  may  justly  excite 
lai.'shter  ;  as,  a  lutLghable  story ;  a  laughable  scene. 

LAUGH'A-BLE-XESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
laughable. 

L\UGH'A-BLY,  adt.    In  amanner  to  excite  laughter. 

LAUGH'-AXD-LAy-DOW^T',  n.    .A  game  at  cards. 

Skdton. 

LAUGH'zn),  (iift,)prrt.  and  pp.  of  Laugh. 

LKUGH'ER,  (liiff'er,)  »,  One  who  laughs  or  is  fond 
of  racniment. 

llie  laughers  are  a  majonly.  Pope. 

LaUGH'ING,  (laff'ing,)  ppr.  or  a.  Expressing  rairth 
in  a  particular  manner. 

LAUGH'TXG,  (Uiff'in?,)  n.    Laughter. 

LAL'GH'IiVG-LY,  (lUff'ing-ly,)  adv.  In  a  merry  way; 
with  laughter. 

LAUGH'ING-GAS,  n.  Nitrous  ox>-d,  or  protosyd  of 
nitrogen  ;  so  called  from  the  exhilaration  and  laugh- 
ter wliich  it  ordinarily  produces  whiin  inhaled. 

Braiulc. 

LAUGH'IXG-STOCK,  k.  An  object  of  ridicule;  a 
butt  of  sport.  Spender.     Shak. 

LAUGH'TER,  (mtf'ter,)  n.  Convulsive  merriment ; 
an  expression  of  mirth  peculiar  to  man,  consistini;  in 
a  peculiar  noise  and  configuration  of  features,  with  a 
shaking  of  the  sides,  and  expulsion  of  breath. 

I  BiiJ  ofUmshtcr,  It  is  mad.  —  Eccl.-s.  ii. 

LAUGH^TER-LESS,  a.    Without  laughing. 

LAUGH'-VVOR-THV,  a.    Deserving  to  be  laughed  at. 

B.  Jonson, 

LAU'MON-ITE,  n.  EfBorescent  zeolite  ;  so  called 
from  Laumont,  its  discoverer.  It  is  found  in  lami- 
nated masses,  in  groups  of  prismatic  crj-stals  or  pris- 
matic distinct  concretions.  Exposed  "to  the  air,  it 
disintegrates,  *  Cleavelcnd. 

LAU>"CE,  n.    Balance.    [Obs.] 

Thai  Fortime  all  in  equal  launce  doth  sway.  Spctieer. 

LAUNCH,  r.  t.    To  move  or  cause  to  slide  from  the 

land  into  the  water  j  as,  to  launch  a  ship. 
LAUNCH,  r.  i.    To  go  forth,  as  a  saip  into  the  water ; 
as,  to  launch  into  the  wide  world.    Hence, 

i».  To  e\-patiate  in  language ;  as,  to  hmnck  into  a 
wide  field  uf  discussion. 
LAUNCH,  n.  The  sliding  or  movement  of  a  ship  from 
the  land  into  the  water,  on  ways  prepared  for  the 
purpose. 

9.  A  kind  of  boat,  longer,  lower,  and  more  flat- 
bottomed  than  a  long-boat.  Mar.  Diet. 
L:\U.\CFr£D,  (lincht,)  pp.    Moved  into  the  water  ; 

e\!>;itiated  on. 
LAUNCIi'ING,  ppr.    Moving  into  the  water;  expa- 
tiating. 
LAU.Vt),  n.    A  lawn.     [A"oe  usedA  C/taucer. 

LAUN'DER,  (lan'der,)  71.    [from  L.  /«ro,  to  wash.] 
A  washerwoman  ;  also,  a  long  and  liollow  trough, 
usi:d  by  miners  to  receive  the  powdered  ore  from  the 
box  where  it  is  beaten.  Ennic. 

LAUX'OER,  (lan'der,)  v.  t.    To  wash  ;  to  wet.  Shak. 
LAUN'DER-ER,  (Un'der-er,)  ti.    A  man  who  follows 

the  business  of  washing  clothes.  Butler. 

LAUN'DRESS,  (lan'dress,)  n.  TFr.  lavandiere;  Sp. 
larandera ;  It.  haxandaia ,-  from  L.  lavoj  Sp.  lavar^  to 
wash.] 

A  washerwoman  j    a  female  whose  employment 
is  to  wash  clothes. 
LAUN'DRESS,  (liu'dress,)  v.i,     [Supra.]     To  prac- 

tic*^-  washing.  Blount. 

LAUN'ORY,  (lan'drj',)  n.     [Sp.  lavadero.'] 

1.  A  washing.  Bacoiu 

3.  The  place  or  room  where  clotlies  are  washed. 
LAU'RE-ATE,   a.     [L.  laureatus.  from  laurea.  a  lau- 
Vcl.] 

Decked  or  invested  with  laurel;  as,  ?ifMr«i(e hearse. 

J^aton. 
Soft  on  ber  lap  her  laureate  son  reclioes.  Pope. 

Poet  laureate ;  in  Great  Britain,  an  officer  of  the 
king's  household,  whose  business  is  to  compose  an 
ode  annually  for  the  king's  birthday,  and  for  the  new 
year.  It  is  said  this  title  was  first'giveu  him  in  the 
time  of  Edward  IV,  Enojc. 

LAU'RE-ATE,  v.  L  To  honor  w*itli  a  degree  in  the 
university,  and  a  present  of  a  wreath  of  laurel. 

fybrUfJi. 

LAU'RE-A-TED,  pp.  Honored  with  a  degree  and  a 
laurel  wreath. 

LAU'RE-ATE-SHIP,  n.    Office  of  a  laureate. 

LAU'RE-A-TING,  ppr.  Honoring  with  a  degree  and 
a  laurol  wreath. 

LAU-RE-A'TJON,  n.  The  act  of  conferring  a  degree 
in  the  university,  together  v,ith  a  wreath  of  Jaiirul ; 


LAV 


I. 


an  honor  bestowed  on  those  who  excelled  in  writini; 
verse.  This  was  an  ancient  practice  at  Oxford,  from 
which  probably  originated  the  denomination  of  pod 
laureate.  fVurton. 

LAU'REL,  n.  [L.  laurus  ;  It.  lauro ;  Fr.  laurier;  Sp. 
laurel ,-  Port,  laureiro ;  VV.  Uoncyz.  Uoneyzcn,  laurel- 
wood,  from  the  root  of  llaun-^  a  floor,  llor,  that 
spreads;  Dan.  laur-bccr-trec  ;  G.  lorbecr,  the  laurel 
or  bayberry.  Laur  coincides  in  elements  with  flouy 
er,  Jloreo.l 

The  English  of  Laurus,  a  genus  of  planL^^  of  sev- 
eral species.  The  laurel  was  dedicated  to  .\poHo, 
and  used  in  making  garlands  or  wreaths  for  vic- 
tors, &.C,  Knetjc 

LAU'REL-ED,  a.  Crowned  or  decorated  with  laurel, 
or  with  a  laurel  wreath  ;  laureate. 

LAU'RES-TINE,  n.     [L.  laurii:.tinus.] 

A  plant,  the  Vibunuim  'I'inuB,  an  evergreen  shrub 
or  tree,  of  tho  south  of  Europe. 

LAU-RIF'ER-OUS,  a.    [L.  Uurus  and  /ct-o,  to  bear.] 
Producing  or  bringhig  laurel, 

LAU'RIN,  71.  A  fatty,  acrid  matter  contained  in  the 
berries  of  the  laurel.  Brandt, 

Lj^US  DK'O,  [L.]     Praise  to  God. 

LAUS'KRAUT,  n.     [G-  Idusehraut,  louse-plant.] 
A  plant  of  the  genus  Delphinium. 

LAU'TU,  71.  A  band  of  cotton,  twisted  and  worn  on 
the  head  of  the  Inca  of  Peni,  as  a  badge  of  royalty, 

J.  Barlow. 

La' VA,  n,  [Probably  from  flowing,  and  from  the  root 
of  L.  fliWj  or  lavo  ;  It.  latta,  a  stream,  now  lava.] 

1.  A  mass  or  stream  of  melted  minerals  or  stony 
matter  which  bursts  or  is  thrown  from  the  mouth  or 
sides  of  a  volcano,  and  is  sometimes  ejected  in  such 
quantities  as  to  overwhelm  cities.  Catania,  at  the 
foot  of  Etna,  has  often  ban  destroyed  by  it,  and,  in 
1783,  a  vast  tract  uf  land  in  Iceland  was  overspread 
by  an  irru|)tion  of  lava  from  Mount  Hecla. 

2.  The  same  matter  when  cool  and  hardened. 
LA'VA-LIKE,  a.    Resembling  lava. 
LA-VA'TION,  71.     [L.  lavatioj  from  lavo.] 

A  washing  or  cluansing.  HakcviiU. 

LAV'A-TO-RY,  n.  [See  Lave.]  A  place  for  wa^^h- 
ing. 

2.  A  wash  or  lotion  for  a  diseased  part. 

3.  A  place  where  gold  is  obtained  by  washing. 

Encye. 
LAVE,  V.  t.     [Ft.  lavcr;  Sp.  lavar;  It.  Icrare:  L.  lavo; 
Gr.  Xov'o  ;  Sans,  atlava;  probably  contracted  from  la- 
go  or  laugo,] 

To  wash  ;  to  bathe ;  a  word  tcsal  dtiefiy  in  poetry  or 
rhetoric.  Miltoiu     Dnjdcn. 

LAVE,  n.    [Sax.  hrfan,  to  leave.] 

The  remainder;  others.    [ScoWi^A.] 
LAVE,  V.  i.    To  bathe  ;  to  wash  one's  seU".       Pope 
LAVE,  V.  t,    [Fr.  lecer.] 

To  throw  up  or  out ;  to  lade  out.    [JV.i«  in  use] 
B.  Jonsoit. 
IaaY'KD^  pp.    Bathed ;  washed. 
LaVE'-eAR-£D,    a.      Having  large,  pendent  ears. 

[JV.)(  in  itse.]  Bp.  Hall. 

LA-VEER',  V.  U  [Fr.  fouroyer,  or  louvier;  D.  lavcc- 
ren.] 

In  seamen's  language,  to  tack ;  to  sad  back  and 
forth.  Dnjdcn. 

[I  believe  this  word  is  not  in  common  use.] 
LaVE'.MENT,  n.     [Fr.]    A  washing  or  bathing. 

2.  A  clyster. 
LAV'EN-DER,  tu     [L,  lavandula.] 
An  aromatic  plant,  Lavandula. 
LAV'EN-DER-WA'TER,  ».    A  liquor  composed  of 
spirits  of  wine,  essential  oil  of  lavender,  and  am- 
bernris. 
La'VER,  n.     [Fr.  lavoir,  from  later,  to  lave.] 

A  vessel  lor  washing;  a  large  basin ;  in  Scripture 
historii,  a  basin  placed  in  the  court  of  the  Jewish  tab- 
ernacle, where  the  officiating  priests  washed  their 
hands  and  feet,  and  the  entrails  of  victims.  Enajc. 
LA'VEll,  71.    The  fronds  or  leaves  of  certain  marine 

plants,  potted  in  order  to  be  eaten.  Smart. 

LAV'ER-OCK,  71.    The  lark.    [ScottisA.]  [See  Lark.] 
LAVING,  ppr.    Washing  ;  bathing. 
LAVISH,  a.    [I  know  not  from  what  source  we  have 
received  this  word.    It  coincides  in  elements  with 
L.  liber,  free,  liberal,  and  L.  laro,  to  wash.] 

1.  Prodigal ;  ex|)ending  or  beptowiug  with  pnifu- 
sion  ;  profuse.  He  was  lavish  of  expense  ;  lavish  of 
praise  ;  lavish  of  encomiums ;  lavish  of  censure  ;  lav- 
ish of  blood  and  treasure. 

2.  Wasteful ;  expending  withtiut  necessity- ;  liberal 
to  a  fault.  Dnjdcn. 

3.  WUd ;  unrestrained. 

Curbing  his  lavish  apInL  Slat. 

LAVISH,  V.  t.  To  expend  or  bestow  with  profusion  ; 
as,  to  lavish  praise  or  encomiums. 

2.  To  waste  ;  to  expend  without  necessity  or  use  ; 
to  squander  ;  as,  to  lavish  money  on  vices  and  amuse- 
ments. 

LAVISH-ED,  (lav'isht,)  pp.  Expended  profusely ; 
wasted. 

LA  VISH-ER,  n.    A  prodigal ;  a  profuse  person. 

L.\VISH-L\G,  pitr.  Expending  or  laying  out  with 
profusion :  wasting. 


ri! 


™.i 


LAVISHLY,  adv. 

ly ;  wisufully. 
LAV'LSH  SIENT,  ju    Pro^^iXy  : 

turf. 
LAV'I.'SH-XE.^.S,  n-     i" 
LA-VOLT',     i 
LA-VOL'TA,  S ' 
An  old  dar.' 

pering. 
It  is  thti^  <* 


LAW,  n.    [Sax,  laga,  laz*,  Ur,  or  Uk ;  mr, 

lov  :   IL  le^Fg^  •   ^■'-  ''  <      !■>'.<      I-    ''-     f'' 
of  lav.  Sax.  I- 
in  tiiat  whicli 
tation,  from  /,. 

1.  A  rub.-,  pariuu^ 
rule,  prescribed  by  i. 
its  subjwrDf,  (<■:  r-'i'. 
tlieir  t^octal  a  ■ 
(OTy,  commai.  . 
refitraining  t: 

give,  declaring  uiiat 
a  penally.  The  lav. 
ety  and  mor,dit>  :ii 
the  Scripiurt  . 

2.  Mtmicipal  har,  l.   .;  ; 
scribed  by  the  supn;mc  p-- 
ing  what  its  }«ubjcci.-(  :vr  ■  : 
th'jy  are  to  forbear : 

MuuicipaJ  or  civil 
crecs,  edicts,  or  oiii 
emiKTors  and  kinz=,  or  '--> 
Islatur^.s  of  free  slates.    L* 
equivalent  to  DcccEt.  Ei 

3.  luiw  of  nature,  i 
of  the  natural  relati' 
by  the  ('reator,  and  i  ■ 
cop:.    Thus  it  is  a  Ici^  l/.. 
not  injure  another,  and  n; 
crimes,  iudepcndent  of  aii;. 
prenie  power. 

4.  Laic.'t  of  animal  nature  ;  the   1 '  ' 
hy  which  the  economy  and  functv 

ics  are  pcrtprmed,  such  as  respiration,  ■ 
tion  of  the  blood,  digestion,  nuIritioD,  \  - 
tious,  £cc. 

5.  Latcs  of  Ttgctation  ;    Uie    pr.:. 
plants  are  produced,  and  iheir  gn^ 
they  arrive  to  perfection. 

6.  Phtjsicat  lavj,  or  taie^'     ■' 
tendency  or  determination 

to  a  particular  fdrm  witli  1! 
determination  of  a  1- 
and  relations,  whi 
same  circum:jtance-. 
tendencies  or  deleruiii;;:! 
or  affections  of  matter,  ha-.  ■ 
Creator,  and  aro.  with  1.  ; 
siun,denoniinattd,  m 

7.  Laics  of  nctuvf- 
tual  intercourse  of 
depend  on  natural 
which  spring  I'ft'm  1 
ed  on  custom^,  ■ 
agreements,  b- ■. 

By  ibc  'sK-  .■ ' 

ti-s  of  D1IA.UJ,  .:>  ' 

&  Morollav;  ol- 
rvlicious  and  s»ici.iJ  ■ 
ties  lo  C.oi\  and  !.• 
summarily  cont.iino! 

niandmcnts,  writt«.:i - 

tables  of  stone,  and  rtclircivd  i<- 
Sinai.    Er.  xx. 

9.  Ecclfsiastie^  Jaic ;  a  rale  of  n 
the  government  of  a  church. 

10.  Canon  Luc ;  Itic  body  of  cc 
law. 

U.    irrittcn  ot  statute  ler 
prescribed  or  enacted  by  i 
promulgattHl  and  recorded  .., 
ule.  ordinance.  e<licl.  or  dt-crtv. 

12.  L'nterittm   or   cum-n-^y.  l-.tc  - 
which  derives  its  authont)  I      ■' 
lished  custom,  which  has  l- 

and  recognized  hy  judicir.l 
can  be  traced  to  no  iw-^iiiv. 
ciples  are  to  be  found  onlv 
and  in  the  n'ports  of  jiidici 

13.  Bvhl^'ic:  a  law  of  a  c.:.  . 
ponilion.    [See  Rr.] 

14.  Mosaic  lav:  the  institution^ 
code  oflaws  pr^cribcd  to  thr  J<  v 
from  the  gospel. 

15.  CcrcTnonial  tair :  the  >: 
prescribe  the  cxteru.-U  rites 


» w-  .  iJt-Aif&l- 


TONE,  BliLL,  UNITE.- AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.-e  as  K ;  C  as  J;  S  as  Z  ;  ClI  as  SlI ;  gU  as  in  THIS. 


651 


LAW 


LAY 


LAY 


vrvci  by  the  Jews,  bh  distinct  from  the  moral  prc- 
'rrr,Ls  which  arc  i)f  iiLT|ji:lu:il  i.bli;allon. 
1c.'  A  nilc  of  .lirrtiioi. ;  a  directory ;  as  reason  and 
natural  conscience. 

Tlic»-,  h.vii,j  ml  ihc  te»,  "tt  «  '""  1°  llicTOclvc-Rom.  "• 

17  That  whicli  governs  or  lias  a  tendency  to  rule ; 
that  which  has  the  power  of  controUnig. 

But  I  m  anolhcr  Ja»  In  mj  mcinters  vvarriti-  npims!  Ihc  te» 

ef^y^nJ,  and  bringfns  ™  inlo  a.pb..iy  to  to  la»  of  .m 

wliidi  ia  In  "ly  incinl>?ra.  —  Itoni.  vu. 

•.8.  The  word  of  God  ;  the  doctrines  and  precepts 
ol  God,  or  his  revealed  will. 

L'ul  liis  Jcli;M  u  in  U.c  /mo  of  Uie  Lord,  luiJ  in  liis  teio  doUi  be 
metlitatc  day  and  niglit.  —  Ps.  i. 

;9.  The  Old  Testament. 

,s  it  not  written  in  your  Imo,  I  aaid,  Ye  arc  fCoiU  ?  —  John  x. 

"0  The  institutions  of  Hoses,  ;ls  distinct  from  tlio 
other  parts  of  the  Old  Testament ;  as,  the  lam  and 
the  prophets.  , 

of  A  rule  or  axiom  of  science  or  art ;  settled  prin- 
cioie';  as,  the  laws  of  versification  or  poetry.       . 

22.  id  10  martial,  or  martitd  Imn  :  the  rules  ordained 
for  the  "overnment  of  an  army  or  inilitar>'  force. 

23.  Marine  taws ;  rules  for  the  rej-illation  tjf  navi- 
"ation  and  the  commercial  intercourse  of  nations. 
"  oj    Cammmial  law,  law^mcrdumt :  the  system  of 
rules  by  which  trade  and  commercial  intercourse  are 
repilated  between  merchants.  ,...■„  .,..,. 

25.  Judicial  process;  prosecution  of  right  m  courts 
of  law. 

Ton,  Touchy  i«  «  fellow  famou.  for  taking  the  '"^  °J^J"' 

Hence  the  phrase  to  sro  to  law,  to  prosecute ;  to 
seek  redress  in  a  legal  tribunal. 

oe   Jurisprudence  i  as  in  the  title  rfoctoro/iaio,';. 

07  In  "eneral,  law  is  a  rule  of  action  prescribed 
for  the  sovcrnmcnt  of  rational  beings  or  moral 
a-ents,  to  which  rule  they  arc  bound  to  yield  obe- 
dTence  in  default  of  which  they  are  exposed  to  pun- 
ishment ;  or  law  is  a  certain  inherent,  instinctive 
nropension  of  irrational  animals  to  particular  actions ; 
or  an  invariable  determination  or  tendency  of  inani- 
mate bodies  to  certain  motions,  combinations,  and 

°™S  is  not  a  series  of  actions,  but  the  cause  or 
principle  from  which  they  proceed,  and  of  which 
they  are  tlie  evidence. 

Civil  law.  Criminal  law.      Sec   Civil  and  OniM- 

INAL. 

Laws  of  honor.    SceHoMon. 

Law  lan-ruasc  ;  the  language  used  in  legal  writings 
and  forms,  particularly  tlie  Norman  dialect  or  Old 
French,  which  was  used  in  judicial  proceedings  from 
the  days  of  William  the  Conqueror  to  the  3Cth  year 
of  Edward  III.  ,  ,  ,  ,  . 

Wa'Tcr  of  law:  a  species  of  trial  formerly  used  in 
En"land,  in  which  the  defendant  gave  security  that 
he  would,  on  a  certain  day,  make  his  law ;  that  is, 
he  would  make  oath  that  lie  owed  nothing  to  the 
plaintiff,  and  would  produce  eleven  of  his  neighbors 
as  compurgators,  who  should  swear  that  they  be- 
lieved in  their  consciences  that  he  had  sworn  the 
,j^,h  Bhickstone. 

LAW'-BUEaK-ER,  71.    One  who  violates  the  law. 

Milton. 
LAW'-DJY,  71.    A  day  of  open  court.  Slutk. 

"  2.  A  leet  or  sheriffs  court. 
LWV'FIIL,  a.     Agreeable  to  law;  conformable  to 
Taw  ;  allowed  by  law  ;  legitimate.    That  is  deemed 
lawful  wliich  no  law  forbids,  but  many  things  are 
laicfid  which  are  not  expedient.  ._     ,     .  , 

2.  Constituted  by  law ;  rightful  ;   as,  the  lawful 
owner  of  lands. 
LA\V'FUL-LY,  at/c.     Legally;  in  accordance  with 
law  ;  without  violating  law.    We  may  lawfalhj  do 
what  the  laws  do  not  forbid. 
L.\W'FIiL-NESS,  11.    The  quality  of  being  conform- 
able ttj'  law  ;  legality.    The  lawfulness  of  an  action 
docs  not  always  prove  its  propriety  or  expedience. 
L,\W'GIV-EIl,'7i.    [law  and  oiec]    One  who  makes 

tir  enacts  a  law  ;  a  legislator.  Swift. 

LAW'GIV-ING,  11.  Making  or  enacting  laws  ;  legis- 
lative. IValler. 
L.\W'I.VG,  11.  Expcditition  ;  the  act  of  cutting  off 
the  claws  and  balls  of  the  fore  feel  of  mastiffs,  to  pre- 
vent them  from  running  after  deer.  Blackstonc. 
LAWLESS,  a.  ySvl  subject  to  law  ;  nnrestraincd  by 
law  ;  as,  a  lawUss  tyrant ;  lawless  men. 

2.  Contrary  to  law  ;  illegal ;  unauthorized ;  as,  a 
lawless  claim. 

lie  neicU  no  indirect  nor  laultis  courar.  Shak. 

3.  Not  subject  to  the  ordinary  laws  of  nature  ;  un- 
controlled. 

He,  mctoor-like,  (Umea  lavUte  through  K\v--  void.  Pope. 

LAWLESSLY,  adv.    In  a  manner  contrary  to  law. 

Shall. 
LAWLESS-NES.=;,  ?i.    The  quality  or  state  of  being 

unrestrained  by  law  ;  disorder.  Sjicii^cr. 

T,.\W-LORE,  n.     Ancient  law  learning.    Jefferson. 
LAW-MaK'ER,  71.      One   who   enacLs    or  ordains 
Yaws  ;  a  legislator  ;  a  lawgiver.    Law-maJicrs  should 
not  be  law-breakers.  Jidage. 


I.AW-MAK'lNG.ii.    Enacting  laws. 

LAW-!llOX"GER,  71.    A  low  dealer  in  law ;  a  pciii 
V  ,ti.fr  Jllillon. 

La'w'n'  71.  fW.  Uan,  an  open,  clear  place.  It  i.s  the 
same  word  as  land,  with  an  appropriate  significa- 
lioii,  and  coincides  with  plain,  planus,  Ir.  c!ita»i,  ^li. 

°An  open  space  between  woods ;  a  space  of  ground 
covered  with  grass,  generally  in  front  of  or  around 
a  house  or  mansion. 

R-twixt  them  latent,  or  lovcl  downs,  and  flocki 
liiaang  llie  louder  liert»,  were  inlcreperscd.  .■UUIon. 

LAWN   71.     [Fr.  ;inoii,  from  hn,  flax,  L.  linnm.] 
"  A  sort  of  fine  linen  or  camhrie.    Its  iise  m  the 
sleeves  of  bishops  explains  the  following  line  :  — 

,\  Bjint  in  crape  is  twice  a  saint  in  taion.  I'ope. 

LAWN,  a.    Made  of  lawn. 

LAWN'Y.  a.    Level,  as  a  plain ;  like  a  lawn. 

•  2.  Made  of  lawn.  .    .     ,"P- '/'"':,,„ 

LAWSUIT,  71.  [See  Suit.]  A  snit  m  law  for  the 
Vecoverv  of  a  supposed  right ;  a  process  m  la\y  insti- 
tuted bv  a  party  to  compel  another  to  do  liim  justice. 

LAWYER,  71.  '[That  is,  lawer,  contracted  trom  taui- 
wrr,  law-man.]  e  ,  „.,  . 

One  versed  in  the  laws,  or  a  practitioner  of  law  , 
one  whose  profession  is  to  institute  suits  m  courts  ot 
law  and  to  prosecute  or  defend  the  cause  of  clients. 
This  is  a  general  term,  comprehending  attorneys, 
counselors,  solicitors,  barristers,  sergeants,  and  ad- 
vocates. , , 

LAWYER-LIKE,  a.    Like  a  real  lawyer. 

LAWYER-LY,  a.    Judicial.  J/''™"- 

LAX,  a.    [L.  laxus ;  Sp.  laso  ;  It.  lasso  ;  Fr.  tactie,  for 

""'loosb  ;  flabby  ;  soft ;  not  tense,  firm,  or  rigid  ; 
xs,'(<iz  flesh;  a  tai  fiber. 

"    Slack  ;  not  tight  or  tense ;  as,  a  lax  cord. 

3  Not  firmly  united  ;  of  loose  texture  ;  as,  gravel 
and  the  like  ;<iicr  matter.  Woodward. 

4.  Not  rigidly  exact ;  as,  a  tai  moral  discourse. 

5!  Not  strict ';  as,  lax  morals.  [Baker. 

e.  Loose  in  the  intestines,  and  having  too  frequent 
discharges. 
LAX,  71.    A  looseness  ;  diarrhea.  ,     r  »f  , 

2.  A  species  of  fish  or  salmon.     [Sax.  la:T.]     [JVot 


in  uscl  , 

LAX-A'TION,  n.    [L.  lazatw.] 


The  act  of  loosening  or  slackening ;  or  the  state  ol 
hning  loose  or  slackened. 

LAX'A-TIVE,  a.     [Fr.  lajalif,  from  L.  laxo.] 

Having  the  power  ur  quality  of  loosening  or  open- 
in"  the  intestines,  and  r.-lio\ing  from  constipation. 

HX'A-TIVE,  71.  A  medicine  that  relaxes  the  intes- 
tines, and  relieves  from  costiveness  ;  a  gentle  purga- 
tive ^"''■ 

LAX'A-TIVE-NESS,  71.    The  quality  of  relaxing. 

LAX'I-TY,  71.     [L.laritas.] 

1.  Looseness ;  slackness ;  the  opposite  of  Tense- 
NF.*3  or  Tension. 

2.  Looseness  of  texture.  Benuey. 

3.  Want  of  exactness  or  precision  ;  as,  laxiltj  ol  ex- 

'''4!''Looseness ;  defect  of  exactness ;   as,  laxity  of 
morals.  ,  ..    „« 

5.  Looseness,  as  of  the  intestines  ;  the  opposite  ol 
Costiveness. 
C.  Openness ;  not  closeness. 
L  \X'LY   ado.     Loosely  ;  without  exactness.     Rtcs. 
LAX'NESS,  71.    Looseness  ;  softness ;  flabbiness  ;  as, 
the  laxness  of  flesh  or  of  muscles. 

2.  Laxity  ;  the  opposite  of  Tension. 

3.  Looseness,  as  of  morals  or  discipline. 

4.  Looseness,  as  of  the  intestines. 

5.  Slackness,  as  of  a  cord. 
LAY,  vrct.  of  Lie.    The  estate  lay  m  the  county  ol 

Hartford. 

When  Ahab  heard  these  words,  lie  rent  hiJ  clothes,  and  put 

tickclotb  upon  bis  head,  and  Tasted  and  lay  m  sackcloth.  — 

1  Kings  xxi. 
LaY,  11.  t. ;  preL  and  pp.  Laid.  [Sax.  lagan,  legan  ; 
D.  lei'ircn;  G.  lerrcn:  Sw.  Idgga:  Dan.  Icggcr;  Russ. 
)n7ii;°f,.  loco,  whence  locus,  \V.  lie,  place,  Eng.  taj  or 
lea:  W.  lleau,  to  lay.  Hence  Fr.  lieu,  Arm.  Iccli,  a 
place  :  Ir.  Icmllt,  Arm.  laeqaat,  to  lay.  The  |irimary 
sense  is,  to  send  or  tlirow  ;  hence  this  word  is  the  I.. 
lego,  Icgare,  diin;rently  applied  ;  Gr.  Xcyopat,  to  lie 

down  •  Eth.  AATl  luka,  to  send,  whence  lackey. 
Class  Lg,  No.  1,  21.  It  coincides  with  lodge  and 
with  lie.] 

1.  LUcralhj,  to  throw  down ;  hence,  to  put  or  place ; 
applied  to  things  47-oi7((  or  (1171^,  and  in  this  respect 
differing  from  Set.  We  fail  a  book  on  the  table,  when 
we  place  it  on  its  side  ;  but  we  .Mt  it  on  the  end.  U  e 
lay  the  foundation  of  a  house  ;  but  we  set  a  building 
on  its  foundation. 

lie  /Old  hUroLc  from  him.  — Jonah  iii. 

Soft  on  Uie  fiowery  herb  1  found  me  tat(2.  A/ilIon. 

A  stone  was  brought  and  Inid  on  the  mouth  of  die  den.  — 
Han.  vi. 

2.  To  heat  down :  to  prostrate.  Violent  winds, 
with  rain,  lay  corn  and  grass. 

3.  To  settle  ;  to  fix  and  keep  from  rising.  A  show- 
er lays  the  dust. 


4   To  place  in  order ;  to  dispose  with  regularity  in 
building  ;  as,  to  hy  bricks  or  stones,  111  constructing 

^  5.  To  spread  on  a  surface ;  as,  to  lay  plaster  or 
paint. 

n.  To  spread  or  set ;  as,  to  lay  snares. 

7.  'I'o  calm  ;  to  appease ;  to  still ;  to  allay. 

After  a  tempest,  when  the  winds  are  laid.  Walltr. 

8   To  quiet ;  to  still;  to  restrain  from  walking;  as, 
to  ta.,  the  devil.  ^  Uh^lrange. 

9.  "To  spread  and  set  in  order  ;  to  prepare  ;  .is,  10 
lay  a  table  for  dinner. 

10.  To  place  in  the  earth  for  growth 

The  chief  Cue  oUmjins  gilly-nowei.  is  in  July.        Morliiaer, 

11.  To  play  at  hazard  ;  to  wage  ;  to  stake  ;  as,  to 
lay  a  crown  or  an  eagle  ;  to  (au  a  wager. 

12.  To  bring  forth  ;  to  exclude  ;  as,  to  lay  eggs. 
13'.  To  add  ;  to  join. 

Woe  to  them  that  Join  bouse  10  bouse,  that  Iny  lield  to  field.  — 
Is.  V. 

11.  To  put ;  to  apply. 

She  layclh  her  band  to  the  spindle.  —  Proy.  xxxi. 

15.  To  assess  ;  to  charge  ;  to  impose ;  as,  to  lay  a 
tax  on  land  ;  to  lay  a  duty  on  salt.  „    „„  . 

l(i.  To  charge;  to  impute  ;  as,  to  lay  blame  on  one  , 
to  lay  want  of  prudence  to  one's  charge. 

17.  To  impose,  as  evil,  burden,  or  punishment. 

The  Lord  hath  letid  on  him  the  iniquity  of  us  all.  —  Is.  lui. 

18.  To  enjoin  as  a  duty  ;  as,  to  lay  commands  on 

"  19.  To  exhibit;  to  present  or  offer;  as,  to  lay  an 
indictment  in  a  particular  county. 
20.  To  iiroslrate  ;  to  slay. 

Tlie  Icadeis  fint 
He  laid  along.  -DT/*" 

-nj    To  depress  and  lose  sight  of,  by  sailing  or  de- 
parting from  ;  as,  to  lay  tlie  land  ;  a  seaman  s  phrase. 
22.  To  station;  to  set;  as,  to  (iii;  an  ambusn. 
55'  To  contrive  ;  to  scheme  ;  to  plan. 
To  lay  a  cable  :  to  twist  or  unite  the  strands. 
To  lay  apart :  to  put  away  ;  to  reject. 

Lay  apart  all  filthincss.  —  James  i. 

To  lay  aside;  to  put  off  or  away ;  not  to  retain. 

I,cl  us  lay  ande  every  weight,  and  the  sin  that  doUi  so  easily 
beset  us. — Heb.  xii. 

2.  To  discontinue ;  as,  to  lay  aside  the  use  of  any 

""rf';!!!/  away;  to  reposit  in  store;  to  put  aside  for 

^^''■rTlaTl^efore  ;  to  exhibit ;  to  show  ;  to  present  to 
view,    the  papers  are  Uid  hrfare  congress. 
To  lay  by :  to  reserve  for  future  use. 

Let  every  one  of  you  lay  by  hue  in  store,  as  God  balli  prospored 
bim.  —  1  Cor.  xvi. 

2.  To  put  away  ;  to  dismiss. 

Let  bravo  spirits  not  be  laid  by,  as  persons  unnecessagfo^lbe 
lime. 


3.  To  put  ofl". 

All  J  she  arose  and  went  away,  and  lad  by  her  veil. -Gen. 

J.XXViii. 

To  lav  down ;  to  deposit,  as  a  pledge,  equivalent, 
or  satisfaction  ;  to  resign. 

i  lay  down  my  life  for  the  sheep.  —  John  x. 

2.  To  give  up ;  to  resign  ;  to  quit  or  relinquish ;  as, 
to  lay  down  an  olRce  or  commission. 

3.  To  quit ;  to  surrender  the  use  of;  as,  to  lay  damn 

"  4   To  offer  or  advance  ;  as,  to  lay  down  a  proposi- 
tion or  principle.  .   ,         .^rfrft^-o". 
To  lay  one's  self  down  ;  to  commit  to  repose. 

I  will  bolli  lay  me  doirn  in  peace  and  sleep.  —  Ps.  iv. 

To  lay  hold  of;  to  seize ;  to  catch.     To  lay  hold  on, 

is  used  in  a  like  sense.  ..ti"  „„ 

To  lay  in ;  to  store ;  to  treasure  ;  to  provide  pre- 

'°To  lay  on ;  to  apply  with  force  ;  to  inflict ;  as,  to 

'''■TohyTpm  ;  to  open  ;  to  make  bare  ;  to  uncover ; 
also,  to  show  ;  to  expose ;  to  reveal ;  as,  to  lay  open 
the  designs  of  an  enemy. 

To  lay  over;  to  spread  over;  In  mcrust ;  to  cover 
the  surface ;  as,  to  tai;  veer  with  gold  or  silver. 

'nlmjont;  to  expend;  as,  to  lay  out  money,  or 
sums  of  money. 

2.  To  display;  to  discover. 

He  takes  oecision  lo  lay  o«t  bigotry  and  r.dse  '""li*Sj"  ;'" 
ila  colurs.     lOIfS.)  ' 

3   To  plan  ;  to  dispose  in  order  the  several  parts  ; 

"i' TTdrl's  ^"gi'av'clotlics,  and  place  in  a  decent 
posture  ;  as,  to  lay  out  a  corpse.     Shakspeare  uses  I,. 

'°S."'to  exert ;  as,  to  lay  out  all  one's  strength.    So 
with  the  reciprocal  pronoun,  to  lay  one  s  self  mi,  is 
to  exert  strength.  c  7...... 

To  lay  to  :  to  charge  upon  ;  to  impute.       Siifiifi/. 

2.  To  apply  with  vigor.  i""i"/? 

3.  To  atthtik  or  harass.     [  Obs.  ]  ^""'to- 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT. -METE,  PREY. -PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.-N6TE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOQK- 


652 


LAY 

4.  To  check  llie  motiou  of  a  ship,  and  causo  her 
to  be  stationary. 

To  li:y  to'Ttthcr ;  to  coUcct ;  to  bring  to  ono  place; 
also,  to  bring  into  one  view. 

7'u  lay  to  heart ;  to  permit  to  aflect  greatly. 

To  lay  uitder ;  to  subject  to ;  as,  to  lay  one  under  re- 
straint or  obligation. 

To  lay  up ;  to  store  ;  lo  treasure  ;  to  reposit  for  fu- 
ture use. 

La^  up  fur  y ouraelves  lieosures  in  heaven.  —  Alalt.  vi. 

2.  To  confine  to  the  bed  or  chamber.  He  is  laid 
up  with  the  gout. 

3.  To  dismantle,  and  place  in  a  dock  or  some  safe 
place,  as  a  ship. 

To  lay  siege;  to  besiege;  to  encompass  with  an 
army. 

To  ley  trait ;  to  Station  for  private  attack  ;  to  lay  in 
ambush  for. 

To  lay  the  course,  in  sailingj  is  to  sail  toward  the 
port  intended  without  jibing. 

To  lay  waste;  to  destroy;  to  desolate  ;  to  deprive 
of  inhabitants,  improvements,  and  productions. 

To  Uii  the  land,  in  seamen^s  lai^uaffe,  is  to  cause 
the  hin(i  apparently  to  sink  or  appear  lower,  by  sail- 
ing from  it,  the  distance  diminishing  the  elevation. 
LaY,  r.  i.    To  bring  or  produce  eggs. 

Hens  will  greedily  cat  lh3  herb  that  will  make  them  lay  the 
better.  Mortimer, 

9.  To  contrive  ;  to  form  a  scheme.     [Unusual.] 
To  lay  about;  to  strike  or  throw  the  arms  on  all 
sides  ;  to  act  with  vigor.  Spenser.     South. 

To  lay  at ;  to  strike  or  to  endeavor  to  strike. 

The  swoni  orhlin  that  layeOi  at  liiin  tan  not  hold.  —  Jol)  sli. 

To  lay  in  for:  to  make  overtures  for  ;  to  engage  or 
secure  the  possession  of. 

I  hiive  laid  in  for  Ciac.  Drydtn. 

To  lay  on  ;  to  strike  ;  to  boat ;  to  deal  blows  inces- 
santly aud  with  vehemence. 

5.  To  act  with  vehemence  ;  used  of  expenses.  ShaK: 
To  lay  out ;  to  purpose  ;  to  intend.    He  lays  out  to 

make  a  journey. 
•2.  To  take  measures. 

I  ijuide  strict  inquiry  wherever  I  canic,  and  laid  out  for  intetli- 
gcQce  of  all  places.  Wooduiard, 

To  lay  upon  :  to  wager  upon.  Smart. 

2.  To  importune.    [Obs.] 
L-^Y,  n.    That  which  lies  or  is  laid  ;  a  row  ;  a  stra- 
tum ;  a  layer ;  one  rank  in  a  series  reckoned  up- 
ward ;  as,  a  lay  of  wood. 

A  viol  should  have  a  lay  of  wire-strings  below.  B(Kon. 

2.  A  bet ;  a  wager.     [Little  used.]  Oraunt. 

3.  Station  ;  rank.     [J^ot  used.] 

LAY,  n.  fSax.  leag,  leah,  lege  ;  W.  lie  ;  Uuss.  lug  ,*  L. 
locus;  Ft.  lieu.  (See  Lat,  the  verb.)  The  words 
which  signify  place,  are  from  verbs  which  express 
setting  or  laying.  It  is  written  also  Lev,  and  Lea, 
but  less  properly.] 
A  meadow ;  a  plain  or  plat  of  grass  land. 

A  tuft  of  dAi3i«  on  a  flowery  lay.  Dryden. 

The  lowing  herd  wind  alowly  o'er  tbs  lea.  Gray, 

L.\Y,  n.    [Sax.  legh  or  ley  ;  Gr.  A//«C(j,  to  sound.    It 

might  also  be  deduced  from  G.  lied,  a  song ;  D.  (//.  ; 

Sa^.leoth:  Scot,  leid,  Icdc,  or  luld;  Ir.  hjulh  ;  Gael. 

laoidh  ;  from  the  root  of  loud,  L.  laudo,  plaudo^  Sax. 

hlydan.] 
\.  A  song  ;  as,  a  soft  lay  ;  imuiorlal  lays.  Mdton. 
9.  A  species  of  narrative  poetry  among  the  ancient 

minstrels  ;  as,  the  Lay  of  the  Last  IMinstrel.  fV.  Scott. 
LaY,  a.     [Fr.  lai,  L.  laicus,  It.  laico,  Sp.  lego,  a  lay- 
man ;  Gr.  'SaiKo;,  from  Xooi,  people  ;  Sax.  Icod.] 
Pertaining  to  the  laity  or  people,  as  distinct  from 

the  clergy ;   not  clerical ;  as,  a  lay  person ;  a  lay 

preacher  ;  a  lay  brother. 
LaY'-BROTH'ER,  C-bruth'er,J  7i.    One  received  into 

a  convent  of  monks  under  the  three  vows,  but  not 

in  holy  orders.  Brande. 

LaY^-€LEEK',  n.  A  layman  who  leads  the  responses 

of  the  congregation,  tc,  in  the  church  service.  Hook. 
LaY'-ELD'ER,  n.      In   the   Presbyterian   church,   the 

same  as  Elder,  which  sec. 
LaY'ER,  (ia'er.)  n.    [from  lay,  the  verb.]    A  stratum  ; 

a  b«,-d  ;  a  body  spread  over  another ;  as,  a  laxicr  of 

clay  or  of  sand. 

2.  A  course,  as  of  bricks,  stones,  &-c. 

3.  A  shoot  or  twig  of  a  plant,  not  deiarhed  from 
the  stock,  laid  under  ground  for  growth  or  propaga- 
tion. Encyc. 

4.  One  that  lays,  as  a  hen.  Mortimer. 
LaY'ER-ING,  n.    A  propagating  by  layers.  Gardner. 
LaY'ER  out,  n.  One  who  expends  money;  a  steward. 
LAY'ER  UP,  u.     One  who  reposits  for  future  use  ;  a 

treasurer. 

LAY'-FIG'liRE, )  n.    A  figure  made  of  wtuid  or  cork, 

LaY'MAN,  \      in  imitation  of  the  humnu  body. 

It  can  be  placed  in  any  position  or  attitude,  and 
serves,  when  clothed,  as  a  model  for  the  drapery,  &.c. 

Brown. 

LSY'ING,  ppr.  Putting;  placing;  applying;  im- 
puting ;  wagering. 

LaY'ING,  n.  The  first  coat  on  laths  of  plasterer's 
two-coat  work. 


LEA 


LEA 


T  -^/t'^'m^^'^'  "''  P*^"'!'*  °*"  '^y'"?  «KR«  ;  the  egRS  laid. 
L.\Y'LAND,  u.    Land  lying  uniillcd  ;  fallow  ground. 

iLocal.]  " 

L.iY'MAN,  (m'man,)  n.     [lay  and  vian.     Old  Eng. 

lewdeman.     Selden.] 

1.  A  man  who  is  not  a  clergyman  ;  one  of  the  lahy 
or  people,  distinct  from  the  ck-rjv.    Dryden.  S-oift. 

a.  A  figure  used  by  painters,   '[See  LAT-Fifionc.l 
3.  A  lay-clerk.  [Dryden 

LAY'STALL,  h.  [lay  and  stall.]  A  heap  of  dung, 
or  a  place  where  dung  is  laid.  jjjf,. 

La'ZAII,  n.     [from  Lazarus  ;  Sp.  lazaro.] 

A  person  infected  with  nauseous  and  pestilential 

,  disease.  simJc.     Dryden. 

LAZ-A-RET',         )  n.      [S|>.   lazarcto  ;    It.   luzzcrelto  ; 

LAZ-A-UET'TO,  S      Fr.  lazaret,  from  Lazarus.] 

A  public  building,  hospital,  or  pest-house  for  the 
reception  of  diseased  persons,  particularly  for  those 
affected  with  contagious  distempers. 

La'ZAR-UOUSE,  iu  a  lazaretto;  also,  a  hospital 
for  (piarantine. 

LAZ'AR-ITES,  /  71,  pi.    An  order  of  missionaries  in 

LAZ'AR-ISTS,  (  the  Roman  Catholic  church,  es- 
tablished in  1G33,  and  deriving  their  name  from  the 
priory  of  St.  Lazarus,  in  Paris,  which  was  their  head- 
quarters. Brande. 

La'ZAR-LTKE,  )  a.    Full  nf  sores  ;  leprous. 

LA'ZAR-LY,       i  Up.  Hall. 

LAZ-A-RO'NI,  i:.  p!.  In  J^uples,  the  poor,  who  live 
by  begging,  or  have  no  permanent  hnbitation ;  so 
called  from  the  hospital  of  St.  Lazarus,  which  serves 
as  tlieir  refuge.  Biandc. 

LA'ZAR-VVORT,  )  n.    Tiie  popular  English  name  of 

La'SSER-WORT,  )  some  species  of  Laserpitiuni,  a 
genus  of  plants  of  several  species,  natives  of  Ger- 
many, Italy,  France,  &c. 

LAZE,  V.  i.    To  live  in  idleness.    [Vulgar.] 

LaZE,  v.  t.    To  waste  in  sloth.     [  Vulglir.] 

La'ZI-LY,  ndv.  [from  lazy.]  In  a  heavy,  sluggish 
manner;  sluggishly. 

Whether  ho  la::ily  ami  listle^ly  drcanis  awjiy  !ii:i  litiifl.     Locke. 

LA'ZI-NESS,  n.  [from  lazy.]  The  state  or  (piality  of 
being  lazy  ;  indisposition  "to  action  or  exertion  ;  indo- 
lence; sluggishness;  heaviness  in  mntion  ;  lial)itual 
sloth.  Laziness  dilTers  from  idleness  ;  tlie  latter  being 
a  mere  defect  or  cessation  of  action  ;  but  laziness  is 
sloth,  with  natural  or  habitual  disinclination  to  ac- 
tion. 

Laziness  trAvels  so  slowly,  thai  Poverty  eoon  overtat<':s  him. 

l^aiiklin. 

2.  Slowness ;  tardiness. 

LAZ'ING,  a.    Spending  time  in  sluggish  inaction. 

L"  Estrange. 
[This  is  an  ill-formed^  inelegant  word.] 

L  AZ'U-LI.  Lapis  lazuli  is  a  mineral  of  a  fine,  azure-blue 
color,  usually  amorphous,  or  in  rounded  masses  of  a 
moderate  sizy.  It  is  often  marked  by  yellow  spots 
or  veins  of  sulphuret  of  iron,  and  is  much  vahicd  for 
ornamental  work.  It  is  distinguished  from  lazulitc 
hy  the  intcnseness  of  its  color,    [flu.  Ar.  azul.] 

Cleavelaiul. 

LAZ'U-LITE,  n.  A  mineral  of  a  light,  indigo-bhio 
color,  occurring  in  small  m;i3ses,  or  crystallized  in 
oblique,  four-sided  prisms,  and  consisting  <if  phos- 
phniic  acid,  aluuiina,  and  maijnesia,  Dana. 

La'ZY,  a.  [G.  lass,  Idssig ;  W.llc.^g.  'I'he  Vt.  liicJic 
is  from  L.  laxus,  and  it  is  doubtful  whether  this  is  of 
the  same  family.] 

1.  Disinclined  to  action  or  exertion ;  naturally  or 
habitually  slothful;  sluggish;  indolent;  averse  lo 
labor ;  heavy  in  motion. 

Wicked  men  will  e^vr  livp  like  rogues,  (ind  not  fall  to  work,  but 
b?  lazy  aiiil  6pend  victuals.  Uacon, 

2.  Slow  ;  moving  slowly  or  apparently  with  labor  ; 
as,  a  lazy  stream. 

Ttiu  night-owl's  /ary  flight.  Shai. 

LB.  stands  {or  pound  in  weight;  Lbs.,  for  pounds. 

LD.  stands  for  Lord. 

hK\,  I  n.     [See  Lav.]     A  meadow  or  sward  land. 

LkY,  \  The  Welsh  v.Tilc  /.'/■ :  but  as  this  word  is 
from  the  root  of  lay,  the  latter  is  the  more  correct  or- 
tliography. 

Lii.ACH,  V.  i.  [Sw.  lalia,  to  fall  in  drops,  to  distill ; 
Idka,  lo  leak ;  Dan.  Ickkcr,  to  drop,  to  leak.  (See 
Leak.)  Perhaps  L.  lix  may  be  from  the  same  rooL] 
To  wasii,  as  ashes,  by  percolation,  or  causing 
water  to  pass  through  tbern,  and  thus  to  sep-araie 
from  them  the  alkali."  Tlie  water  thus  charged  with 
alkali  is  called  Ujc. 

LK.'VCH,  n.  .\  (piantity  of  wood  ashes,  through 
which  water  passes,  and  thus  imbibes  the  alkali. 

Le.\CH'-TU1J,  71.  A  wooden  vessel  or  tub  in  which 
aslies  are  leached.  It  is  sometimes  written  Letch- 
Tun. 

LEAD,  (led,)  n.  [Sax.  ltd;  G.  lath;  D.  load;  Dan. 
and  Sw.  lod  ;  Russ.  lot,  probably  a  mass,  like  clQd.\ 

I.  \  metal  of  a  dull  white  color,  with  a  cast  of 
Iihie.  It  is  the  least  elastic  and  sonorous  of  all  the 
metals,  and  at  the  same  time  it  is  soft  and  easily  fusi- 
ble. It  is  found  native  in  small  masses,  but  generally 
mineralized  by  suljjhur,  and  sometimes  by  other  sub- 
stances. I^ead,  fused  in  a  strong  Ileal,  throws  ofi" 
va[>ors  which  are  unwholesome. 


S.  A  plummet,  ur  mau  oT  lead,  mcd  in 
at  «ca. 

3.  A  thin  plate  of  lype-meul,  lucd  to 

liiie«  in  prinltn:;. 

4.  A  hmall  ■ 
used  in  evcr-p 

5.  Jjcada  ;  a  !' .' 

[See  also  VVhitc  Lkao  and  U.ku  ' 
LEAD,  (led,)  c.  L    To  utvci  \.  r.u  'i 

lead. 

2.  In  printing,  lo  wid^n  ' 
by  inKerting  a  lead  or  ihin  pi  ' 

LftAD,  (leed,)  r.  t ;  prtL  and  /■>..  Lil.,    {r  . 
G.  Utten  ;  li,  Uidm  :  .Sw,  lata  ;  JOaa,  ttdtr 
to  draw,  (r»  trtrain,  or  extend.] 

L  To  guide  by  the  hand;  ai,  lf>  ■- 
often  includes  the  si-iue  ofdrawiii;, 
reeling. 

y.  To  guide  or  cor,.,     ■ 
direct;  aj),  the  Ijirail.' 
by  day,  and  by  a  pillar 

3.  To  conduct  to  ony  j-iiLt. 

lie  ttadeOt  rue  bnlJc  the  amwUEXi.  — IH.  i> 

4.  To  conduct,  a«  a  chief  or  comm';--'-- 
authority  ;  to  direct  and  povtru ;  l 

his  troops  to  balUc  and  U>  victor)-. 

Chrul  took  nut  on  him  !Wb  u^  Uxtl,  ■ 
aud  rul«  tMiQtk»,  Uoti  a/ifw-a,  &c. 

5.  To  precede  ;  to  introduce  by  p 

A*  Iloprruj,  Uai  UarU  lh<r  *  i.-t  b^  «  »,' . 
G,  To  guide  ;  to  jihow  tin-  mc-lhod  of  :.■■ 
object.    .Self-<:xaminalion  may  tcz4  m  v 
edge  of  ourselves. 

7.  To  draw;  to  entice;  to  allu; 
pleasure  leads  men  into  vice*  which 
poverish  them. 

8.  To  induce  ;  to  prevail  on  ;  lo  ir.    . 

He  israj  driven  Ijy  Uw  nc«eMtt>«  of  the  L_  .  ,  . 
tu«  own  diap'jwlioa  u>  Kiiy  rij'^r  </  >£;«^:.«.       .'. 

9.  To  pass ;  to  sjicnd,  that  is.  to  draw  • 
had  a  life  of  gayety,  or  a  soli'  i-"-  i.f. 

Thai  V7e  nuy  lead  i  quirt  aud  f 
honoty.  —  1  TUu.  U. 

To  lead  astray;  to  guide  in  auf.n-  >\a\.  l:  :tt.. 
error  ;  lo  seduce  from  truth  nr  rt-<-i:lud'. 
To  lead  captive;  to  carrj-  into  captivity. 
LeAD,  v.  L    To  go  before  and  show  Uk-  way. 

I  ti'UI  lead  oa  toUlj.  —  Gsn.  xxili. 

9.  Til  conduct,  as  a  chief  or  comraandrr.     I  - 1  '-  ■  ■ 
troops  follow  where  Ihcir  general  Uadj. 

3.  To  dnw  ;  to  have  a  tendency  tou    G  . 
to  other  vices. 

4.  To  exercise  dominion. 

To  lead  off,  or  out ;  to  go  first ;  t^ 

LkAD,  n.    Precedence  :  a  going  bcforv  ;  |utu^jicr.  l^t 

the  general  take  the  leaJ.  [-i  wltV^Kidi  cW,  u  rrjm- 

tabic  use.] 
hB.\D'EU,  (led'ed.)  pp.  or  a.    Fitted  with  lead ;  set  in 

lead  ;  as,  leaded  windows. 
'J.  Sep:u7iied  bv  lead.«,  as  lines  la  prinlinr. 
LE.^D'KX,  fled'n,')a.    [(r\sm  lauL]    Made.:: 

u  leaden  b.iJl. 

2.  Heavy  :  indisposed  to  action 

3.  lleavv;  dull.  &U;. 
LKAU'£.V-HEXRT-ED,  (led'n-biit-ed,)  «.    StnpU ; 

destitute  of  feeling.  /  >..^tr..  -t. 

LEA1)'K\-HEEL-*:D,  a.  Moving  > 
LE.-Vl)'f;X-SrEP-PI.\G,  d.  Movin- 
LiiAD'ER,  (leed'cr,)  «.    One  that  I.  . 

a  guide  :  a  conductor. 

2.  A  chief;  a  commander;  a  captain. 

3.  One  who  goes  firsL 

•I.  The  chief  of  a  party  or  faction 
the  Whigs  or  of  tlie  lories  ;  a  le^df 

5.  A  performer  who  leads  a  band 
sic. 

G.  The  leading  editorial  article  in  a  new.-ipaprr. 
7.  The  leaders  ani  the  principal  wbecL<  m  .inv  kc,  1 
of  machinen'.  ' " 

LeAO'EK-SHIPj  m.  The  state  or  condition  . : 
LE.VD'ING,  (led'ing,)  ppr.    FiUinjt  or  srlUn.- 

il.  SeiKirating  by  lead;*,  as  in  printing. 
LkAD'ING,  ppr.     Guiding;  conducting;  prrr^Hlinc  ; 
druviug;  alluring;  passing  life. 

in.    Chief ;  principal ;  capital;  niwt 
or  inttuenlial ;  as,  a  leading  motive  ;  a  h~ 
in  a  party. 
3.  Showing  the  way  by  going  first. 

lie  Ifft  hi»  mother  a  co«uti!«  by  pat(=t(,  whki  »■»  a  tfv  ;.-*■'- 
ing  rxampie.  '       '■ ' 

LEAD'I.VG,  It.    Guidance;  the  act . 

reclion.  " 

LE.AD'LN'G-LY.  adr.     By  leading. 

lkad'in'g  au^::i^'Tlo.^^  soc  Qt-KiTiot. 

LE.AD'IXG-STRIXGS.  II,  pi.     Stniip-- bv  which  chd 
dreu  are  supiwrted  when  beginning  t  ■'■  -i    '*—■■  ■• 

To  be  in  leading strin'^s  :  lo  Iv  in 
or  deiHmdenco,  or  in  [Mipilage  u"d. 
others. 


TONE,  BULL,  IJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CI0US.  — e  as  K  ;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  YU  as  in  THIS. 


ti&3 


LEA 


LkAD'-MAN,  u.    One  wbo  begiiiii  or  leada  a  dance. 

[Ofna.]  ^-  Jonson. 

LEAD'-PEX-CfL,  (led'pen-sil,)  n.    An  iustniment  for 

driwint!  or  making  lines,  made  of  plumbago  or  black 

tend. 
I,KAD'-SIIO'r,  (leil'sliot,)  n.    Sliot  niiide  of  lead. 
LICAD'WOIIT,  (Icd'wurt,)  n.     The  poptihir  Knglii^li 

name  of  .some  speci::s  of  riiinil);i;;o,  a  yonus  of  plants. 
LEAD'V,  (kd'dv,)  a.    Of  the  color  of  lead. 

Sir  T.  Ehjot. 
LF:AF,  71. ;  p!.  Leaves.    [Sax.  lenfc;  D.  lovf;  G.  laub; 

Sw.  lof;  Dan.  iJo  :  Colli,  lauf.] 

1.  In  Ootatitj^  lawrs  iire  orpans  which  usually  shoot 
from  the  sides  uf  tlie  sium^  and  branches,  but  some- 
times from  tin;  rout ;  aonitlimes  they  are  sessile  ;  more 
gi-rierally  supported  by  peliole.>i.  They  are  of  various 
forms  — liat,  extended,  linear,  cylindric,  4tc.  The 
term  leaf  is  also  popularly  applied  to  the  thin,  extend- 
ed part  of  a  Ilower ;  the  flower-leaf  or  petal. 

9.  A  part  of  a  book  containing;  two  page^'. 

3.  A  term  formerly  applied  to  the  sides  of  window- 
shutters,  folding-doors,  &c.  Gloss,  of  Orckit. 

4.  Something  rescniblin"  a  leaf  in  thinness  and 
extension  ;  a  very  thin  plate  ;  a-s,  gold  Icuf. 

5.  The  movable  side  of  a  table. 

LEAF,  V.  i.  To  shoot  out  leaves ;  to  produce  leaves. 
The  trees  leaf  in  Mav. 

LkAF'ACE,  71.  Leaves  collectively ;  abundance  of 
leaves. 

LF.AF'-niUDtJE,  77.  A  drawbridge  having  a  leaf  or 
plarform  on  each  sidw  which  ri.scs  and  falU.   Fra/tcis. 

Le.\F'-UUI),  71.  The  rudiment  of  a  young  branch, 
or  a  growing  point  covered  with  rudimentary  leaves 
called  scaler.  LiiuUey. 

LkAF'-CROVVN-KD,  a.  Crowned  with  leaves  or  fo- 
liage. Moore. 

LeAF'ED,  (Ic.-ift,)  a.    Having  leaves. 

LkAF'-FAT,  n.  The  fat  which  lies  in  leaves  or  lay- 
ers within  the  body  of  an  animal. 

LkAF'I-NKSS,  It.    A  stale  of  being  full  of  leaves. 

LeAF'ING,  71.    The  process  of  unfolding  leaves. 

LkAF'-LXUO,  71.     Lard  made  of  leaf-fat. 

LkAF'LESS,  a.  Destitute  of  leaves;  as,  a  leajkss 
tree.  Pope. 

LkAP'LF?S-NESS,  71.    Destitution  of  leaves. 

LKAF'LET,  h.     a  little  leaf. 

2.  In  botanijt  one  of  the  divisions  of  a  compound 
leaf;  a  foliole. 

Lr:AF'-STALK,  f-slawk,)  ».  The  petiole  or  stalk 
which  supports  a  leaf.  Martyru 

LkAF'Y,  a.    Full  of  leaves  ;  as,  the  leafy  forest. 

Dnjdcn. 

LkAGUE,  (leeg,)  n.  [Fr.  Uguc ;  It.  lega;  Sp.  liga; 
from  L.  /iifo,  to  bind.] 

1.  An  alliance  or  confederacy  between  princes  or 
states,  for  their  rnnlual  aid  or  defense  ;  a  national 
contract  or  compact.  A  league  may  bo  offnu'rvc  or 
(lrfen,-iirr^  or  bnih.  It  is  qfcnsivCy  when  the  contract- 
ing parties  agree  to  unite  in  attacking  a  common  en- 
emy ;  drfr/uire,  when  the  parties  agree  to  act  in  eon- 
cert  in  defending  each  other  against  an  enemy. 

2.  A  combination  or  union  of  two  or  more  parties 
for  the  purpose  of  maintaining  friendship,  and  pro- 
moting their  mutual  interest,  or  for  executing  any 
design  in  concert. 

And  let  llicre  l>8 
'TwLxl  UB  and  them  no  league,  nor  amily.  Denham. 

LkAGUE,  (lecg,)  V.  i.  To  unite,  as  princes  or  slates, 
in  a  contract  of  amity  for  mutual  aid  or  defense  ;  to 
confedemte.  Russia  and  Austria  leagued  to  oppose 
the  ambition  of  Bonaparte. 

9.  To  unite  or  confederate,  as  private  persons  for 
mutual  aid. 

LE.\G1IE,  (leeg,)  7i.  [Of  Celtic  origin.  W.Ucc,  a  flat 
stone,  whence  Low  L.  Icuf.a,  Sp.  Ic^ia,  It.  lega,  Fr. 
lieuc,  Ir.  kac.  U  appears  from  the  Welsh,  that  this 
word  is  from  the  root  of  lay.] 

1.  Originnlli(y  a  stone  erected  on  the  public  roads, 
at  certain  distances,  in  the  manner  of  the  modern 
miI.?-slones.     Hence, 

9.  The  distance  between  two  stones.  With  the 
Enirlish  and  .Americans,  a  league  is  the  length  of  three 
miles  ;  but  this  measure  in  u>^ed  chiefly  at  sea.  The 
league,  on  the  continent  of  Europe,  is  very  different 
amon^  different  nations.  The  Dutch  and  German 
league  contains  four  geographical  miles.        Encyc. 

lEAGU'/JD,  (lecgd,)pp.  or  a.  United  in  mutual  com- 
pact ;  ronfederaletl. 

LeAGU'ER,  (leeg'er,)  n.  One  who  unites  in  a  league 
a  confederate.  Encyc. 

LeAGU'ER,  n.    [D.  bde^germ.    See  Beleaguer.] 
Siege;  investment  of  a  town  or  fctrt  by  an  army. 
l^Littlc  used.]  SItaJc. 

LeAGU'ING,  ppr.    Uniting  in  a  compact. 

LEAK,  (leek,)  n.  [D.  Uk,  a  leak,  and  leaky;  Ickhcn, 
to  leak,  to  drop,  to  sleek  or  make  smooth  ;  lekkcr^  dain- 
ty, delicate,  nice,  delicious  ;  G.  Icck,  a  leak,  and  leaky  ; 
iec'cen,  to  leak,  to  drop  out,  to  jump,  to  lick;  Iccker, 
dainty,  delicious,  liclcerisk ;  Sw.  lakti,  to  distill  or  drop, 
and  laka^  to  leak  ;  Dan.  lek^  leaky  ;  lc!:kOy  a  leak  ;  Idc- 
kefad^  a  dripping-pan  ;  Ickkcr^  to  leak,  to  drop  ;  Ickkery 
dainty,  delicate,  nir.e,  lickerish  ;  Sax.  lUeee,  leaky.  If 
the  noun  is  tile  primary  word,  it  may  be  the  gV.  Aa- 
fc'ts,  a  fissure  or  crevice,  from  XtiK£o>^  Dor.  A;ur&),  to 


LEA 

crack,  to  sound,  or  to  burst  with  sound,  coinciditig 
with  L.  laccro  and  laqnory  and  perhaps  Eng.  clack.  It 
seems  that  Udicrish  is  from  the  root  of  Imk^  and  sig- 
iiifiej  properiy,  watery.] 

1.  A  crack,  crevice,  fissure,  or  hole  in  a  vessel, 
that  admits  water,  or  permits  a  fluid  to  escape. 

'J.  'J'lie  oozing  or  passing  of  water,  or  other  fluid 
or  liipior,  through  a  crack,  fissure,  or  aperture  in  ;i 
vessel,  either  into  it,  as  into  a  ship,  or  out  o/it,a3  out 
of  a  cask. 

Tv  spring  a  leak,  is  to  open  or  crack  so  as  to  let  in 
water ;  to  begin  to  lot  in  water. 

Leak,  a.     Leaky.     [JVot  in  luic.]  Spenser. 

L£.\K,  V.  i.  To  let  water  or  other  liquor  into  or  out 
of  a  vessel,  through  a  hole  or  crevice  in  tho  vessel. 
A  ship  leti/is^  when  uhe  admits  water  through  hur 
scams,  or  an  aperture  in  her  bottom  or  sides,  into 
the  hull.  A  pail  or  a  Citsk  lealcsy  when  it  admits 
li(pior  to  pass  out  through  a  hole  or  crevice. 

To  leak  out ;  to  find  vent ;  to  escape  privately  from 
confinement  or  secrecy  ;  as  a  fact  or  report. 

LE.\K'A0E,  7t.  A  leaking ;  or  the  quantity  of  a  liquor 
that  enters  or  issues  by  leaking. 

'J.  An  allowance,  in  commerce,  of  a  certain  rate  per 
cent,  for  the  leaking  of  casks,  or  the  waste  of  liquors 
by  leaking. 

LeAK'ING,  ?;.  The  oozing  or  passing  of  a  liquid 
throui!h  an  aperture. 

I^eAK' V,  a.  That  admits  water  or  other  liquor  to  pass 
in  or  out ;  as,  a  leaky  vessel ;  a  leaky  ship  or  barrel. 

2.  Apt  to  disclose  secrets  ;  tattling;  not  close. 

I,^  Estrange. 
Leal,  a.     In  ScoUish,  faithful ;   true.     Hence,  "  the 

land  of  the  leal,"  is  the  place  of  the  faithful,  heaven. 

Jamir~-ion. 
LkAM,  n.    A  string  to  lead  a  do2. '  Rich.  Diet. 

LeAM'ER,  n.     A  dog  ;  a  kind  of  hound. 
liEAX,  (leen,)  V.  L     [ii-A\.  blinian,  Ideonian,  to  lean; 

linian,  to  recline;  O.  Iclincn;  D.  leuncn;  Dan.  lanicr ; 

Sw.  Uina  i;i<t ;  Ir.  claoiiaim  :  Russ.  klonyu ;  Gr.  cXivo) ; 

L.  clino.     Class  Ln,  No.  3.] 

1.  To  deviate  or  move  from  a  straight  or  perpen- 
dicular line ;  or  to  he  in  a  position  thus  deviating. 
We  say,  a  column  leans  to  the  north  or  to  the  east ; 
it  leatift  to  the  right  or  left. 

2.  To  incline  or  propend  ;  to  tend  tov/ariJ. 

Tlisy  delight  mthcr  to  Uan  to  Ib^ir  old  custonis.  Sjtcitscr. 

Trust  in  the  I^onl  u'itli  nil   ili;^  heart,  iiiui  lean  not  to  thy  own 
underslaDiliiig.  —  Prov.  Jii, 

3.  To  bend  or  incline  so  as  to  rest  on  something  ; 
as,  to  lean  against  a  wall  or  a  pillar  ;  to  lean  on  llie 
arm  of  another. 

4.  To  bend  ;  to  be  in  a  bending  posture. 
Lean,  v.  t.    To  incline  ;  to  cause  to  lean.        Shak. 

2.  To  conceal.    [Ice.  Imm.]    [JV«(  in  use.]     Ray. 
Lean,  a.     [Sax.  lane,  or  hl/enc  ;  D.  Dan.  and  G.  Idein, 
small,  lean  ;  Sw.  Idea ;  allied  perhaps  to  L.  lenis,  and 
Eng.  slender.] 

1.  Wanting  flesh;  meagerj  not  fat  ;  as,  a  lean 
body  ;  a  lean  man  or  animal. 

2.  Not  rich;  destitute  of  good  qualities;  bare; 
barren  ;  as,  lean  earth. 

3.  Low  ;  poor ;  in  opposition  to  Rich  or  Great  ;  as, 
a  lean  action.     [  UmisiiaL] 

4.  Barren  of  thought  ;  destitute  of  that  which  im- 
proves or  entertains  ;  jejune  ;  as,  a  lean  discourse  or 
dissertation. 

Lean,  n.    That  part  of  flesh  which  consists  of  muscle 

without  the  fat.  Farquhar. 

LeAN'-FaC-£D,  (-faste,)  a.      Havuig  a  thin  face. 

Among  priitters,  apjilied  lo  letters  which  iiave  not 

their  full  breadth. 
LeAN'-WIT-TED,  a.      Having  but  little   sense  or 

shrewdness.  Shale. 

LeAN'-ED,  pp.    Inclined  ;  caused  to  lean. 
LeAN'ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Inclining;  causing  to  lean. 
Le  AN'LY,  adu.     Meagerly  ;  without  fat  or  plumpness. 
LeAN'NESS,  71.    Destitution  of  fat;  want  of  flesh  ; 

thinness  of  body  ;  meagemess  ;  applied  to  animals. 

2.  Want  of  matter ;  poverty ;  emptiness ;  as,  the 
leanness  of  a  purse.  Shak. 

3.  In  Scripiurc,  want  of  grace  and  spiritual  com- 
fort. 

He  sent  leannfsa  into  their  soul.  —  Ps.  cvi. 

LeAN'-TO,  71.  A  part  of  a  building  which  appears  to 
lean  on  the  main  building.  Francis. 

LeAN'Y,  a.    Alort ;  brisk  ;  active.     [JVb(  in  use.] 

Spenser. 

Leap,  (leep,)  V.  i.  [Sax.  hleapan,  Goth.  Idaupan,  to 
leap;  G.laufeu;  D.  loopcn,  Sw.  Wpa,  Dan.  liiber,  lo 
run,  to  pass  rapidly,  to  flow,  slip,  or  glide  ;  W.  llirf, 
a  leap.  From  these  significations,  it  may  be  inferred 
that  this  word  belongs  to  the  family  of  L.  labor,  per- 
haps Heb.  Ch.  Syr.  Sam.  Eth.  ciSn.  Class  Lb,  No. 
30.     du.  L.  lupus,  a  wolf,  the  Icapcr.] 

1.  To  spring  or  rise  from  the  ground  with  both 
feet,  as  a  man,  or  with  all  the  feet,  as  other  ani- 
mals ;  to  jump;  to  vault;  as,  a  man  leaps  over  a 
fence,  or  Imps  upon  a  horse. 

A  man  Uapeih  letter  with  weights  in  hU  hands  than  without. 

Bacon. 

9.  To  spring  or  move  suddenly  ;  as,  to  leap  from  a 
horse. 


LEA 

3.  To  rush  with  violence. 

And  tJu'  man  in  whom  tho  fvil  spirit  w;is  leaped  on  ihi^m  anil 
ovorc.iniL'  then),  —  Acts  xix. 

4.  To  spring;  to  bound;  to  skip;  as,  to  leap  for 

5.  To  fly  ;  to  start.    Job  xU.  [joy. 

n<^  partrd  frowning  from  me,  as  ifniia 

Ltaiied  t'roiii  hU  eyes,  Sl^aJ:. 

[Our  commtm  people  retain  tho  Saxon  aspirate  of 
tins  word  in  (he  phrase  to  clip  it,  to  run  fast.] 
LEAP,  V.  t.  To  pass  over  by  leaping  ;  lo  spring  or 
bound  from  one  side  to  the  other;  as,  to  leap  a  wall, 
a  gale,  or  a  gulf;  lo  leap  a  stream.  [But  the  phrase 
ia  elliptical,  and  ovf^r  is  understood.] 
2.  To  copulate  with,  as  the  male  of  certain  beasts. 

Dry  den. 
Le.\P,7i.    A  jump;  aspring;  abound;  actof  leaping. 

2.  Space  passed  by  leaping. 

3.  A  wudtlen  transition  or  passing.  Swift. 

4.  I'he  space  that  may  be  passed  at  a  bound. 

'Tis  tin:  convenient  I^d/i  I  xa-?Au  to  try.  Dryden, 

5.  Embrace  of  animals.  Dryden. 
C.  Hazard,  or  effect  of  leaping.  Shak. 
7.  A  basket ;  a  weel  for  fish.     [JV*o(  m  vsc.] 

Ificlif.     Sherwood. 

LeAP'ED,  (leepl  or  lept,)  pp.  Jumped;  passed  over 
by  a  htiund. 

LeAP'EIv,  71.  One  that  leap:; ;  as,  a  horse  is  called  a 
good  Icnpcr. 

LeAP'-FROG,  71.  A  play  among  boys,  in  which  one 
stoops  down  and  another  leaps  over  liim  by  placing 
his  hands  on  the  shoulders  of  the  former.         Shak. 

LeAP'ING,  ppr.  Jumping;  springing;  bounding; 
skipping, 

Le.\P'ING,  n.    The  act  of  jumping  or  passing  by  a 

LeAP'IiXG-LY,  adv.     By  leaps.  [leap. 

LicAP'-YeAR,  -.1.  Bissextile,  a  year  containing  3t;U 
days ;  every  fourth  year,  which  leaps  over  a  day 
more  than  a  common  year.  Thus,  in  commtm  years. 
if  the  first  day  of  March  is  on  .Monday,  the  p'.escnt 
year,  it  will,  the  next  year,  fall  on  Tuesday,  bit  in 
leap-year  it  will  leap  lo  Wednesday ;  for  leajHycar 
contahis  a  day  more  than  a  common  year,  a  day  be- 
ing added  to  the  month  of  February.  Brown. 

LEAUN,  (lern,)  v.  t.  [Sax.  learniun;  G.  Umen;  D. 
Ircren  ;  Dan.  la:rt'r  ;  Sw.  Idra,  The  latter  coincides 
with  the  Sax.  l<Erau,  to  teach,  the  same  word  having 
both  signific:iiions,  to  teach  and  to  learn.  In  popu- 
hu"  use,  learn  still  has  both  senses.] 

1.  To  gain  knowledge  of;  to  acquire  knowledge 
or  ideas  of  something  before  unknown.  We  learn 
the  use  of  letters,  the  m^^aning  of  words,  and  the 
principles  of  scitmce.  ^Ve  lea/-n  things  by  instruc- 
tion, by  study,  and  by  experience  and  observation. 
It  is  uHich  t-asier  to  leant  what  is  right,  than  to  un- 
learn what  is  wrong. 

Now  learn  n  paralb  of  the  fig-trt'c.  —  Mnlt.  ixiv. 

2.  To  acquire  skill  in  any  thing ;  to  gain  by  prac- 
tice a  faculty  of  performing ;  as,  to  learn  lo  play  on 
a  flute  or  an  organ. 

The  cliicf  art  o( learning  a  to  ullempi  but  little  at  n  lime.  Locke. 

3.  To  teach  ;  to  communicate  the  knowledge  of 
something  before  unknown. 

Hu£t  tJ]uii  not  learned  mc  how 
To  iiuike  perfumes  ?  Shak. 

[This  use  of  learn  is  found  in  respectable  writers, 
but  is  now  deeuH^d  inelegant  as  well  as  improper,] 
LEARN,  (Icrn,)  v.  i.    To  gain  or  receive  knowledge  ; 
to  receive  instruction  ;  to  take  pattern  ;  with  of. 

Take  my  yoke  upon  ycni,  and  learn  of  inc  ;  for  I  am  niiek  and 
lowly. —  M.iU.  xi. 

2,  To  receive  information  or  intelligence. 
LEAIvN'ED,  (lernd,)  i  pp.     Obtamed   as    knowledge 
LEARNT,  (U;rnt,)       S      or  information, 
LEARN'ED,  (Icrn'ed,)  a.    Versed  in  literature  and 
science  ;  as,  a  learned  man. 

2.  Skillful;  well  acquainted  with  arts;  knowing  ; 
with  in ;  as,  learned  in  martial  arts, 

3.  Containing  learning;  as,  a  learned  treatise  or 
publication.  Coze. 

4.  Versed  in  scholastic,  as  distinct  from  other 
knowledge. 

Men   of  much  reaaUiff  are  gP_atly  learned,  but  nay  be  little 
knowing.  Locke. 

The  learned ;    learned  men  ;    men  of  erudition  ; 
literati 
LEARN'ED-LY,  (lern'ed-lv,)  adv.    With  Icarnmg  or 
erudition  :    with  skill  ;    as,  to  discuss  a  question 
learnedly. 

Every  coxcomb  swears  as  learnedly  ns  they.  Swift. 

LE.-IRN'ED-NESS,  (lern'ed-ness,)  7t.  A  sUite  of  being 
learned.  -^bp.  Laud. 

LEARX'ER,  (lern'cr,)  n.  A  person  who  is  gaming 
knowledge  from  instruction,  from  reading,  or  study, 
or  by  other  means  ;  one  who  is  in  the  rudiments  of 
any  science  or  art. 

LEARN'ING,  (lernMnc,)  ppr.  Gaining  knowledge  by 
instruction,  or  reading,  by  sttidy,  by  experience,  or 
observation  ;  acquiring  skill  by  practice. 

LEARN'ING,  (lern'ing,)  n.  The  knowledge  of  prm- 
ciples  or  facts  received  by  instruction  or  study  ;  ac- 


FaTE,  far,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MeTE,  PREY.  — PLVE,  MARINE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.— 
554  ~" 


LEA 


LEA 


LED 


quired  knowledge  or  ideas  in  any  branch  of  science 
or  literature  ;  erudition  ;  literature  ;  science.  The 
Scaliscrs  were  men  of  great  learning.  ^This  is  the 
proper  sense  of  the  reord.] 

2.  Knowledge  acquired  by  expenence, experiment, 
or  observation.  ^      ^    ,  „   , 

3   Skill  in  any  thing  good  or  bad.  Hooker. 

LE.\S'  V-BLE,  a.    That  niav  be  leased.      Sherwood. 
LEASE,!..     [Fr.Uiisser.    See  the  verb.] 

1  A  demise  or  letting  of  lands,  tenements,  or 
hereditaments,  to  another  for  life,  for  a  term  of 
years,  or  at  will,  for  a  rent  or  compensation  reserved  ; 
also,  the  contract  for  such  letting.  £iicjc. 

2.  Any  tenure  by  grant  or  permission. 
Our  hieh-pb-c-Kl  M:\dwlh 
Sh:i!l  live  Ihe  lease  ol  nature.  Slia.I;. 

LEASE,  V.  t.  [Fr.  laL'scr :  a  different  orthogtnphy  of 
Eng.  lei.    See  Let.] 

To  let :  to  demise  ;  to  grant  the  temporary  posses- 
sion of  Innds,  tenements,  or  hereditaments,  to  another 
for  a  rent  reserved.  A  leased  to  B  his  land  in  Dale 
for  the  annual  rent  of  a  pepper-corn. 

LEASE,  (leez,)  r.  i.  [Sax.  lesan,  to  collect,  also  to 
fre^  to  libeiate,  to  redeem;  D.  teczen;  G.  lesen,  to 
gather,  to  cull,  to  sift,  also  to  read,  like  L.  lego ; 
Dan.  leser,  S\\:  Idsa,  to  read.] 

To  "lean  :  to  gather  what  harvest-men  have  left. 
[Obsf  Dn/den. 

LeAS'SD,  Cleest,)  pp.  or  a.  Demised  or  let,  as  lands 
or  tenements. 

Le\*E'H6LD,  a.      Held  bv  lease;    as,  a  leasehold 

tenement.  ,,,,.,  *""^' 

LeASE'HOLD,  n.    A  tenure  held  by  lease. 
Le  \SE'HoLD.ER,  11.    A  tenant  under  a  lease. 

"  Smart. 

LEAS'ER,  11.    A  gleaner ;  a  gatherer  after  reapers. 
LEASH,  11.    [Ff.  Uiisse,  lesse ;  D.  Ictsc.    Qu.  It.  lacao, 
h.  laoueiis.}  ,.        ,         ,  ,  ,       .  , 

l.\  thong  of  leather,  or  long  line,  by  which  a  fal- 
coner holds  his  hawk,  or  a  courser  his  dog.     Sfiak. 

9.  Among  sportsmen,  a  brace  and  a  half;  tierce; 
three  ;  three  creatures  of  any  kind,  especially  gray- 
hounds,  foles,  bucks,  and  hares.       Skak.     Deunts. 
3    \  bund  wherewith  to  tie  any  thing.        Boyle. 
LicAHH,  V.  L    To  bind  ;  to  hold  by  a  string.      Sliak. 
LEASH'£D,  (lecshl,)  pp.    Bound  ;  held  by  a  string. 
Le.\SU'IN'G,  iwr.    Holding  by  a  string. 
LEAS'ING,  (ieez'ing,)  ii.     [Sax.  leasunge,  from  lease, 
leasa.  false.] 
Falsehood  ;  lies.    [Ob.!olete,  or  nearly  so.] 
LEAS'OW,  (le'so,)  n.     [Sax.  i-JSlcc] 

A  pasture.    [04s.]  ^•"•f-   , 

Le  \ST,  (leest,)  a.  [supcrl.  of  Sax.  la-s,  less,  contracted 
from  lassesu  It  can  not  be  regularly  funned  from  little.] 
Smallest;  little  beyond  others,  either  in  size  orde- 
oree  ;  as,  the  least  insect ;  the  least  mercy. 
"  Least  is  often  used  without  the  noun  to  which  it 
refers.  "  I  am  the  least  of  the  apostles,"  that  is,  the 
kast  apostle  of  all  the  apostles.  1  Cor.  xv. 
Le  ^ST,  adv.  In  the  smallest  or  lowest  degree  ;  m  a 
degree  below  all  others ;  as,  to  reward  those  who 
least  deserve  it.  ^  j        ^ 

At  least,       t  to  say  no  more  ;  not  to  demand  or  al- 
M  the  least ;  (     firm  more  than  is  barely  sufficient ; 
at  the  lowest  degree.    If  he  has  not  incurred  a  pen- 
alty, he  at  kast  deserves  censure. 

He  who  tcmpu,  Ihoa^  vaiD,  al  faa*r  asperssa 

The  wni;jt«l*-;ihdii&ouor.  Mulon. 

2.  To  say  no  more.    Let  useful  observations  be  ct 
lea^-t  a  part  of  your  conversation. 

Tlie  least :  in  the  smallest  degi«c.    Hia  faculties 
are  not  in  th^  least  impaired. 
At  Icastitise,  in  the  i,ense  of  at  least,  is  obsolete. 
LEVS'Y,  (l;'zv,)<!.    Thin;  flimsy.    It  is  usually  pro- 
nounced s/co'iy.     [Obs.]  Ascltum. 
LE.\T,  II.     [Sax.  let,  daxiL] 

.\n  artificial  trench  to  conduct  water  to  or  from  a 
mill.  Frattcis. 

LE.\TH'EK,  (letPi'er,)  n.  [Sax.  lethcr;  G.  and  D. 
ledcr :  Sw.  Idder ;  Dan.  lEther ;  Arm.  lezr  ;  Ir.  leather. 
The  most  correct  orthography  is  Letiiek.] 

1.  The  skin  of  an  animal  dressed  and  prepared  for 

2.  Dressed  hides  in  general.  [use. 

3.  Skin  ;  in  an  ironical  sense. 
LE.\TirER,    (leth'er,)    a.     Leathern ;   consisting  of 

leather  ;  as,  a  leather  glove. 
LE.\TH'I:R,  (lelli'er,)  v.  U    To  beat,  aii  with  a  thong 
of  leether.  Todd.     Smart. 

[This,  which  is  now  alow  word,  was  once  in  good 
use,  and  corresponded  to  the  medieval  Latin  dectiri- 
are.    See  Ducange.] 
LEATH'ER-CoAT,  (leth'er-,)  ii.    .A.n  apple  with  a 

tou"h  coat  or  rind.  ShaJ:. 

LE.VTH'ER-DRESS-ER,    (leth'er-,)   n.      One    who 

dresses  leather;  one  who  prepares  hides  for  use. 

Pope. 
LEATH'ER-JACK-ET,  (leth'er-,)  n.   A  fish  of  the  Pa- 
cific Ocean.  Cocti. 
LEATH'ER-MOUTH-ED,  (leth'er-,)  a. 

Ey  liather-mculhed  fish,  I  mean  ucb  aa  have  Uicir  te€l]i  in  Iheit 
IhioM,  aj  the  chub.  H'oJIon. 

LEATH'ERN,  (letfi-)  a.  Made  of  leather ;  consistuig 
of  leather ;  as,  a  leathern  purse  ;  a  leaihcrn  girdle. 


LEATH'ER-SELL-EK,    n.      A   seller  or  dealer  in 

leather. 

LEATH'ER-WING-KD,  a  Having  wings  like  leath- 
er;  an  epithet  of  a  bat.  Spenjer. 

LEATH'ER-WOOD,  n.  A  small  shrub  of  tlie  United 
Slates,  with  very  flexible  branches,  and  a  tough, 
leatherv  bark  ;  the  Dirca  palustris.  Gardner. 

LE.\TH'ER-Y,(leth-)(i.    Resembling  leather  ;  Itmgh. 

Grew. 

LE.WE,  (leev,)  n.  [Sax.  leaf,  lefe,  from  Uafan,  lefan, 
hjfan,  to  permit,  to  grant,  to  tnist,  to  believe  ;  G.  er- 
laub,  D.  oorlof,  verlof,  leave,  farlmo ;  Sax.  Itofan,  to 
line,  and  to  leave.] 

1.  Permission;  allowance;  license;  liberty  grant- 
ed by  which  restraint  or  illegality  is  removed. 

No  frieud  has  leave  to  bear  away  Uie  dcail.  I^r-len. 

D.ivid  earnestly  asked  leave  ufiue. —  1  Saiu.  xx. 

2.  Farewell ;  adieu  ;  ceremony  of  departure  ;  a  for- 
mal parting  of  friends ;  used  chiefly  in  the  phrase  to 
take  leave,    j^ctsxviii. 

Leave,  v.  t.  ;  pret.  and  pp.  Left.  [Sax.  lafan,  to 
leave  ;  lefan,  to  permit,  to  believe  ;  lefe,  leave  ;  Irfian, 
to  live  ;  leofan,  to  leave,  to  live  ;  leofa,  leave,  [lermis- 
sion,  license  ;  hjfan,  to  permit,  also  to  live.  But  live 
is  also  written  liban,  lihban,  with  h,  which  Icace  is 
not.  Belifan,  to  remain  or  be  left ;  alyfan,  to  permit ; 
•re-ltefan,  to  leave,  to  permit,  to  believe  ;  ge-leaf,  leave, 
license,  assent,  consent,  faith,  or  belief;  ge-lefm,  to 
believe,  to  think  or  suppose,  to  permit,  to  iiuc ;  ge- 
leofan,  id. ;  ge-bj/an,  to  believe,  to  trust ;  ge-lyfed,  per- 
mitted or  allowed,  believed,  Itiwfiil,  also  alive,  hav- 
ing life ;  leof,  loved  ;  liifn,  love,  also  belief;  leofiie, 
faithful;  htjlic,vi\W\n^y,lnbenter  ;  hijlic,  lovely.  The 
German  has  /mue  in  urlaab,  a  furlow,  and  belief  in 
glaube;  live  in  leben:  and  love  in  Hebe,  ticbcn,  the 
Latin  h'4«,  ;u6rt.  Or.  Xti.Tw.  Dan.  ^ocr,  Sw.  (f/iia, 
to  live.  These  arc  a  small  part  of  the  affinities  of 
this  word.  The  Germans  and  Dutch  express  the  sense 
of  leave  by  lasscn,  lautcn,  which  is  our  let,  Fr.  laisser; 
and  let  in  English  has  the  sense  both  of  permit  and 
of  hinder.  Tlie  most  prominent  significations  of 
leave  are,  to  stop  or  forbear,  and  to  withdraw.] 

1.  To  withdraw  or  depart  from ;  to  ipiit  for  a  long- 
er or  shorter  time  indefinitely,  or  for  perpetuity.  We 
left  Cowes,  en  our  return  to  the  United  States,  May 
lil,  1823.  We  leave  home  for  a  day  or  a  year.  The 
fever  leaves  the  patient  daily  at  a  certain  hour.  The 
secretary  has  left  the  business  of  his  office  with  his 
first  clerk 

A  man  Eh.iil  leflce  his  l;\lher  and  his  molhcr,  and  dcare  to  Lis 
wife.  —  Gen.  ii. 

2.  To  forsake ;  to  desert ;  to  abandon ;  to  relin- 
quish. 

We  iiave  left  .ill  and  followed  U;ce.  —  MarK  x. 

3.  To  suffer  to  remain ;  not  to  take  or  remove. 

Let  no  maa  leave  of  il  till  llie  moniinj.  —  Ex.  xvi. 

4.  To  have  remaining  at  death  ;  as,  to  (caocagood 
name.  „ 

5.  T  0  commit  or  trust  to,  as  a  deposit ;  or  to  sufler 
to  remain.  I  left  the  papers  in  the  care  of  the  con- 
sul. 

C.  To  bequeath ;  to  give  by  will.  The  deceased 
has  lift  his  lands  to  his  sons,  but  he  has  left  a  legacy 
to  his  only  daiightjc.  „,  ,  ■     , 

T.  To  permit  without  interposition.  Of  this,  he 
Icuii-.-!  the  reader  to  judge. 

i.  To  cease  to  do  ;  to  desist  Irom  ;  to  forbear. 

1.01  us  n.'lnrn,  i'st  my  f itiier  leave  cann*  for  the  ft*ses  and  laVe 
euugul  fur  us.—  I  S;un.  ix. 

9   To  refer ;  to  commit  for  decision. 

To  be.  left  to  o:ie's  self:  to  be  deserted  or  forsaken  ; 

tn  te  penni'tcd  to  follow  one's  own  opinions  or  de- 

To  leave  off:  to  desist  from ;  to  forbear ;  as,  to 
icaren^w^ork  at  six  o'clock. 

To  lcar.e  off!  to  cease  wearing ;  as,  to  leave  off  a 
eariuent. 

o  To  forsake:  as,  lo  leave  off  an  old  acquaint- 
ance Arbuthnot. 

To  leave  out :  to  orait ;  as,  to  leave  out  a  word  or 
name  in  writing. 
LEAVE,  V.  i.    To  cease ;  to  desist. 

He  began  al  ihe  eldest  luul  le/:  a:  U:e  youngesL  — Gen.  ilir. 
To  leave  off':  !o  cease ;  to  desist ;  to  slop. 

But  wlf^n  you  find  lh:i:  vifrot^'us  heat  ahatp, 
Leave  of,  and  for  .-uiotlicr  sununons  wait. 


dayi  of  the  p^«-'.v^r,  no  /«n"n  mm  pffiiskud  lo  t* 
intbe  lion,-      ■"  "     ' 

2.  Any  •■ 
ma»».^.  il  : 
or  depravtrji  in  u  v.  mi  . 

Eew«rr  of  t>w  iMeen  tX  U.    ^ 

M..1L   JTi. 

LEAVEN",  '•     ■ 

lo  raise  ar 
AKi! 
2.  To  t.. 
LEAV'X.V-.  .    Haiti  «!.■.  : 

light  by  f 
LEAV'iL.N-!.Nt:,  (luv  i.  .ui,.  ,-yr. 

mentatittn. 
LEAV'>;:\-I.VG,  (Icv'n-lDB,)  «. 

or  niakcM  light. 
LEAV'£X-<JUS,  (lev'niu,)  s.    CaaUiBlat   i 

tainted.  '^' 

LEAVER,™,    [f/  !.e  who  Itar- 

linquidies ;  one  - 
LkAVKS,  (Iccvz,, 
I.EAVI-.NES.';,  .i. 
LE AV'I.VG,  pi^.     ' 

linqui:ihing;  null'  : 

from. 
LE.W'IXGS,  11. pt    Thlnn left;  remnant;  re: 

The  Uattnet  tl  PHiraifct  ' 

2.  Refuse ;  offhi. 
LEAVY,  a.    [from  leaf.]    Full  of  1' 
with  leaves.  > 

(An  improper  word  ;  il  tiOehl  to  be  I^ai  i.j 
LECH,  for  Lie::.     [Obs.]     Scl.ici. 
LECH'ER,  n.     (IL  fecw,  Blumn..   I  'li-ri      le^r  ■■ . 
lo  lick  ;  lee^rdo,  greedy  ;  G. 
Lick,  Leak,  and  Licksbum. 
5crpc  is  Icw<lne-."s,  from   Itj- 
down  ;  l(ei;r.n,  lo  lay  ;  I 
A  man  given  lo  lewl 
orbilanl  degree,  lo  the  ;.. 
jietile.  and  an  illicit  comuiei- 
LECH'ER,  V.  i.     To  practici; 

lust. 
LECU'ER-OUS,  a.    Addicted  to  kn  dut« 
indulge  last;  luslfid  ;  lewd.  / 

9.  Provoking  lust.  ' 

LECII'ER-OUS-l.V.  a<ir.    Latlfulhr 
LEOII'ER-OUS  \E.<S,  n.     Lu.«t,  or 

to  indulge  llie  sexual  appclili?. 

LECH'ER- V,  ».     l.ev.dness;  !' 

pratlice  of  indulging  the  am. 

LEC'TIOX,  n.     (I»  Itaio,  l"rt,ii 

him,  leai^kam,  Gr.  >£/&!,  Fr.  liru^ 

1.  .\  reading. 

2.  A  difference  orvariety  in  copies  c.  a  m-.— -e.,, 

or  book. 

3.  A  lesson  or  portion  of  Scripiu: 
ser^•ice. 

LEC'TION-.'l-RY,  n.    The  Roman  i   .; 

hook,  conlaming  portions  of  Scriptun'. 
LECTOR,  11.    [L.,  from  lego,  Uctu.] 
Ill  the  ttzicient  ehureh,  a  reader  ;  a  i- 

to  read  parts  of  the  Bible,  ii-c,  wh 

pie  coultl  read. 
LECTURE,  n.    [Fr.  lecture,  from  L. ' 

lo  reaii.] 

1.  A  tiii-cour'e  read  or  pronnunc-- : 

usually  a  formal  or  melhodical  di 

for  instruction;  ta,3leatire  on  m  r 

rhetoric,  or  llieolo25'. 


Boseo:nmon. 


LEAVE,  V.  t.    [Fr.  lever.  ]  ..  i  c„„  v.. 

To  rai'o  ;  lo  lew,  as  an  army.  [JViit  wsrit]  Spenser. 

LEAVE'-T.iK-ING',  n.  Taking  of  le.avo;  parting  com- 

Le.\  VBD,  (leevd,)  a.  [from  leetf;  but  leafed  would  be 
preferable.] 

1.  Furnished  with  foli.age  or  leaves. 

2.  Having  a  leaf,  or  made  with  leaves  or  folds ;  as, 
a  Wii-leaved  gate. 

LP AVE'LESS,  a.    Destitute  of  leaves. 

LEAV'i;N,  (Icv'n,)  n.    [Fr.  ;cc<t!Ji,fronUcr<ir,  to  raise, 

'  il.  Icro,  Eng.  to  lift.]  .  ,  .      .       ■., 

]    A  nw.-.s  of  sour  dough,  which,  mixed  wiUi  a 

laroer  quantity  of  dough  or  paste,  luoduces  tennen- 

tatfon  in  it  arid  rentiers  il  light.    During  Iho  seven 


2.  A  reading ;  the  act  or  pcKtir 
in  the  (oJiiK  of  Holy  Sciipiure.    [ ; 

3.  A  magisterial  reprimand  ;  a  (■■■ 

A.  .\  rehearsal  of  a  lesson. 
LECTIJRE,  r.  i.    To  read  or  deliver  r. 
course.  ,    1    . 

2.  To  pmclicc  reading  lectures  for  Inslrur 
s,ay,  Ihe  professor  lecfres  on  geometry-,  on  u  i  ■  i .  • 

LEC^rURE,  r.  u    To  instnict  by  discouisej. 

a.  To  instruct  dogmatically  or  aulhontauvcly  ;  lo 

renrovo  ;  as,  to  leeturt  one  for  bis  faults. 
LE€'TUR-£D,  pp.     luslmcled  by  discourse  :  r<-pn- 

manilcd. 
LIC'TI'  H-EK,  ».    One  who  mads  or  pttm 

liir.s  ;'a  prtifessor  or  an  inslruclor  wh"  '• 

mal  ilLscoutses  lor  the  instruction  of  <*"',  ■ 
2.  .X  preacher  in  a  church,  hired  In- 1  . 

assist  the  rector,  vicar,  or  ctirau-. 
IF.r'rritESIIIP,  n.    The  omre  of  a  l.flin    - 
'•"!>-■--      '         Reading  or  dclivcnns  »  o»- 


lecti;r-ixu,  n»r. 

course  ;  reproving. 
LEGTUU."*,  11.     A  1 

[A'tii  in  ".-■'.] 
LED,  vrel.  and  ji)>.  of  Ltxn. 
LEIX-CAP'TAIN,  n.    U'd  and  i 

oils  follower  or  aitendanu 
LEn'EN.ii.    [S.1X.  !,»*«.] 

I,:ingnage;  irae  mcinine.    [0»M  -^       ^ 

LEDGEr".    [Sax.  teger,  a  layer:  a  Itf*'  "  "3" 


A  reading-de^  in  some 


.]     A: 


r.EDGE,  11.    [S: 
Sa-V.  lecgan.] 


TONE,  BULL,  IJNITE.- AX"GER,  VI"CIOUS 


-easK;  easJ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  T!l  as  in  THIS- 


(VK) 


LEE 

1   A  stratum,  layer,  or  row. 

Tlw  low iTJt  tetlge  or  row  bHouU  be  mctvly  of  slono.       WoUon. 

9.  A  ridge  ;  a  prominent  row  ;  aa,  a  ted^c  of  rocks. 

3.  A  prninincnt  purl ;  a  regular  part  rising  or  pro- 
jecting beyond  the  rest.  Sw^ft. 

4.  A  riinall  molding. 

5.  A  f>maV  piece  of  timber  placed  athwart  sbips, 
under  tlic  dock,  between  the  beams. 

U.  A  ridge  of  rocks  near  tlic  surface  of  the  sea. 
Mar.  Diet. 

LEDG'EU,  n.  Tlie  principal  hook  of  accounts  among 
mcrcliants  ;  th^  hook  into  which  the  accounts  of  the 
journal  are  curried  in  a  summary  form. 

2,  Ledrrers ;  hi  archiuunre^  pieces  of  timber  used 
to  support  the  platform  of  scaffolding. 

LEDCKU-UXE.    Sfte  Legeu-Line. 

LED6'Y,  «.    Abounding  in  ledges. 

I.ED'-HORSE,  71.    A  sumpter-horse. 

LEE.  H. ;  T>1.  Lei:».     [Fr.  lie.\ 

Dregs ;  sediment.     [See  Lees.J 

LEE,  Ji.  [Sw.  Id:  Dan.  /tf.  In  Sax.  kho^  hlcoio,  is  a 
bower  or  shelter;  Scot,  te,  calm,  sheltered  ;  Ice.  Wc, 
I),  bjy  lee,  and  law,  sheltered  from  the  wind  ;  luwen, 
to  cease  blowing;  W.  clpd,  sheltering,  warm  ;  Sp. 
lua,  lee.  If  the  Welsh  is  the  same  word,  it  con- 
nects these  words  with  Lat.  cUiudo,  dudo,  to  shut  or 
slop.] 

Litn-aihi,  a  calm  or  shoUered  place,  a  place  defend- 
ed from  the  wind  ;  hence,  that  part  of  the  hemisphere 
toward  which  the  wind  blows,  as  opposetl  to  that 
from  which  it  proceeds. 

Under  the  Ir.c,  denotes,  projjcr/y,  in  the  part  defend- 
ed from  the  wind. 

Under  Vie.  Ice  of  the  land,  is,7>rop«-Zj/,  near  the  shore, 
which  breaks  the  force  of  the  wind. 

Under  Uie  lee  of  a  ship  ,■  on  the  side  opposite  to  that 
on  which  the  wind  blows. 

LEE,  V.  i.     To  lie.     [Obs.]     [See  Lie.]         Chaucer. 

LEE'-KoARD.  )i.  A  frame  of  plank  affixed  to  the 
side  of  a  tiat-buttomed  vessel,  to  prevent  it  from  fall- 
ing to  le.'ward  when  close-liauled. 

LEE'-GaGE,  71.  A  greater  distance  from  the  point 
whence  the  wind  blows  than  another  vessel  has. 

LEE'-LURCII,  71.  A  sudden  and  violent  roll  of  :i  ship 
to  leeward  in  a  high  sea. 

LEE'-SHoRE,  71.  The  sliore  under  the  lee  of  a  ship, 
or  that  toward  which  the  wind  blows. 

LEE'-STDE,  7(.  The  side  of  a  ship  or  boat  furthest 
from  the  point  whence  the  wind  blows;  opposed  to 
the  \V i:\THER-siDE. 

LEE'-TIDE,  Ti.  A  tide  running  in  the  same  direction 
that  the  wind  blows.  A  tide  under  the  Ice,  is  a  stream 
in  an  n[)posite  direction  to  the  wind. 

LEE'WARD,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  part  toward  which 
the  wind  blows  ;  as,  a  Ice^mird  ship. 

LEE'WARD,  adv.  Toward  the  lee,  or  that  part  toward 
wbirli  the  wind  blows  ;  opposed  to  Windward  ;  as, 
fall  lo  leeward. 

LEE'VV.\Y',  71.  The  lateral  movement  of  a  ship  to  the 
leeward  of  her  course,  or  the  angle  which  the  line  of 
her  way  makes  with  her  keel,  when  she  is  clo^e- 
liaub;d.  Mar.  Diet. 

TjEECH,  n.  [Goth,  leikeis.  Sax.  lac,  a  host  or  innkeeper, 
a  physician  ;  Dan.  Ide^e  ;  Ite^rr,  to  heal ;  Sw.  laJiia, 
to  heal ;  iafriarc,  a  physician  ;  Ir.liaffh;  Russ.  liakar.] 

1.  A  physician  ;  a  profe:*sor  of  the  art  of  healing. 

Spenser.     Dryden.     Qay. 
[This  word,  in  the   United  Slates,  is  nearly  or 
wholly  obsolete.    Even  Cdw-leech  is  not  used.] 

2.  [Sax.  laecan,  to  seize.]  A  blood-sucker  ;  an  an- 
imal of  the  genus  Hirudo,  a  species  of  aquatic  worm, 
which  is  used  in  tiie  medical  art  for  topical  bleeding. 
One  large  species  of  this  animal  is  called  horsc-lcech. 

3.  In  seamcn''s  lantruaije,  the  border  or  edge  of  a 
sail,  which  is  sloping  or  perpendicular  ;  as,  the  fore- 
leech.,  the  after-leech,  &.c. 

LEECH,  r.t.    To  treat  with  medicine ;  to  heal.    [Ohs.] 

Chaucer. 
LEECII'-CRXFT,  71.     The  art  of  healing.     [Obs.] 

Davies. 
LEECH'-LTNE,  71,    Leech-lines  are  ropes  fastened  to 
the  leech-ropes  of  the  main-sail  and  fore-sail,  serving 
lo  truss  them  up  to  the  yards. 
LEEUH'-RoI'E,  71.     That  part  of  the  bolt-rope  to 
which  the  skirt  or  border  of  a  sail  is  sewt;d. 

Mar.  Diet. 
LEEP,  fl.     Kind;  fond;   pleasing;   willing.     [Obs.] 

fSee  LlEV.j  tipenser. 

LEEK,  71.  [Sax.  leac;  G.  laiich;  D.  look;  Sw.  t;fc  ; 
Dan.  liig.] 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Allium,  v/ith  a  bulbous  root. 
JV*itw.  xi. 
LEE'LITE,  7J.     A  variety  of  feldspar,  so  named  from 

Dr.  Lee.  Dana. 

LEER,  r.  i.     [D.  irluuren,  be^luuren.] 

J.  To  look  obliquely ;  to  turn  the  eye  and  cast  a 
look  from  a  comer,  eitlier  in  contempt,  defiance,  or 
frowning,  or  for  a  sly  look.  Swift. 

2.  To  look  with  a  forced  countenance.     Dnjden. 
LEER,  r.  (.    To  al.ure  witii  smiles.  Dn/dcn. 

liEER,  71.     [Sax.  lUearfi,  hleor,  the  cheek.] 

1.  The  cheek.     [Obs.] 

2.  Complexion;  hue;  face.     [Obs.]  Shak. 


LEG 

3.  An  oblique  view. 

With  JiralouB  leer  in-iliju 
Eyed  them  askance. 

4.  An  affected  cast  of  countenance. 

Diiiiin  wilh  fiilnt  praiao,  coucc-ilc  with  civil  Iter. 


Pope. 


LEER,  a.     [Sax.  geltr.] 

Empty  ;  also,  tritling  ;  frivolous.     [  Obs  ] 

Ji.  Jonson. 

LEER'ED,  pp.    Looked  obliquely  ;  allured  by  smiles. 

LEER'ING, /»;«•.  Looking  obliquely  ;  casting  a  look  as- 
kance. 

LEER'ING-LY,  arfp.  With  an  arch,  oblique  look  or 
smile. 

LEES,  7i.  pi.  [Fr.  lie ;  Arm.  ly ;  probably  a  contracted 
word.    It  is  used  in  the  plural  only.] 

The  grosser  parts  of  any  liquor  which  have  settled 
on  the  bottom  of  a  vessel  ;  dregs  ;  sediment ;  as,  tlie 
lees  of  wine. 

LEESE,  D.  (.    To  lose.    [Obs.]     [Sec  Lose.] 

B.  Jonson 

LEESE,  V.  t.    [L.  lasus.] 

To  hurt.     [Obs.]  WicVif. 

liEET,  71.  In  Qreiit  Britain,  a  court.  The  court-lect, 
or  view  of  frankpledge,  is  a  cDurt  of  record  heUI 
once  a  year  and  not  oftener,  within  a  particular  hun- 
dred, lordship,  or  manor,  before  the  steward  of  the 
leot.  Its  original  intent  was  to  view  the  frankpledges 
or  freemen  williiu  the  liberty,  to  preserve  the  peace, 
and  pulli^h  rertain  minute  offenses.  All  freeholders 
within  the  precinct  are  obliged  to  attend  this  court. 

BlacksUme. 
Tlie  court-leet  is  for  the  most  part  superseded  by 
the  county  court. 

LEET'-aLE,  n.  A  feast  or  merry-making  in  the  time 
of  leet.  England. 

LEET'-MAN,  n.  One  subject  to  the  jurisdiction  of  a 
leet-court.  Bancroft. 

LEFT,  prct.  and  pp.  of  Leave. 

LEFT,  a.  [L.  laivtL-i ;  Gr.  Aaiyj,  Hesych.  Xaipo^ ;  prob- 
ably from  the  root  of  leave,  Gr.  ^fl^(^t,  and  properly 
weak,  deficient.  Applied  to  the  hand  or  arm,  it  de- 
notes the  weak  arm,  as  opposed  to  the  right,  the 
strong,  or  dextrous.  Hence  the  ancient  idea  of  sin- 
ister, unfortunate,  attached  to  the  left  arm  or  side.] 

1.  Denoting  the  part  opposed  to  the  W<fA(  of  the 
body;  as,  the  left  hand,  arm,  or  side.  Hence,  the 
noun  being  omitted,  we  say,  on  the  left,  that  is,  on 
1(10  left  side  or  wing,  as  of  an  anny. 

2.  The  lift  bank  of  a  river  is  that  which  is  on  the 
left  hand  of  a  person  wliose  face  is  toward  the  mouth 
fif  tile  river. 

LEFT'-HAND,  n     The  hand  on  the  left  side. 

LEFT'-HA.ND'ED,  a.    Having  the  left  hand  or  arm 

more  strong  and  dextrous  than  the  right ;  using  tlie 

left  ii  ::ul  and  arm  with  more  dexterity  than  the 

right. 

2.  Unlucky;  inauspicious;  unseasonable.     [06,^.] 

B.  Jonson. 
Left-handed  viaT^iasre,  or  Mor^ranatic  marriage ; 
among  Oerman  princes,  a  marriage  with  a  woman 
of  inferior  rank,  in  which  it  is  stipulated,  that  she 
and  her  children  shall  not  enjoy  the  rank,  or  inherit 
the  possessions,  of  her  husband.  Brande, 

LEFT'-HAND'ED-NESS,    n.     Habitual  use   of  the 
left  hand,  or  rather  the  ability  to  use  the  left  hand 
with  more  ease  and  strength  than  the  right. 
LEFT'-HAND'I-NESS,  n.    Awkwardness. 

Chestcificld. 
LEG,  n.     [Dan.  la-g;  It.  lacca.] 

1.  The  limb  of  an  animal,  used  in  supporting  the 
body,  and  in  walking  and  running ;  properly,  that 
part  of  tlie  limb  from  the  knee  to  the  fool,  but  in  a 
■mure  general  sense,  the  whole  limb,  including  the 
thigh,  the  leg,  and  the  fool. 

2.  The  long  or  slender  support  of  any  thing  ;  as, 
the  leg  of  a  table. 

Legs  of  a  triangle  ;  the  sides  of  a  triangle  ;  a  name 
seldom  used  unless  one  of  the  sides  is  first  distin- 
guished by  some  appropriate  term ;  as,  tiie  hypot- 
enuse and  two  legs  of  a  right-angled  triangle. 

Barlow. 

To  make  a  leg;  to  bow  ;  a  phrase  introduced  prob- 
ably by  the  practice  of  drawing  the  right  leg  back- 
ward.    [Little  used.]  Locke.     Swift. 

To  stand  on  one's  own  legs;  to  faipport  one's  self; 
to  trust  to  one's  own  otrength  or  efforts,  without 
aid. 
LEG'A-CY,  71.     [Sp.  Icgado;  Fr.  legs;    L.  Icgalam, 

from  legOyto  send,  to  bi-queath ;  Eth.  (lAR,  laka, 

-   ^£ 
.'Vr.  JaJI  alaka,  to  send.    Class  Lg,  No.  1.] 

A  be<iueat ;  a  particular  thing  or  certain  sum  of 
money  given  by  last  will  or  testament. 

Giioi\  counsel  it>  Die  bcEl  legacy  a  fatlior  can  leave  to  liia  chilJ. 

L'Eatrange. 

LEG'A-CY-HUNT'ER,  71.  One  wlio  flatters  and  courts 

for  legacies. 
Lk'GAL,  a.     [Fr. ;  from   L.  legalis,   from  lez,  legis, 

law.] 

1.  According  to  law  ;  in  conformity  with  law  ;  as, 

a  legal  standard  or  test ;  a  legal  procedure. 


LEG 

2.  Lawful;  permitted  bylaw;  as,  a  legal  Irade. 
Any  thing  is  Itgal  which  the  laws  do  not  forbid. 

3.  According  to  the  law  of  works,  a.s  distinguished 
from  free  grace  ;  or  resting  on  works  for  salvation 

•1.  Pertaining  to  law  ;  created  by  law.      [MiUuu 

The  cxMiilion  must  be  confined  to  legal  criiiii_*3.  Pa'e^j 

So  we  use  the  phrase  criminal  law. 
Llc'G.^L-IS'i',  V.    One  who  relies  for  salvation  upou 
Lk'GAL  FIC'TIOIV.     See  Fiction,     [works  of  l;iw. 
LE-GAL'I-TY,  71.    Lawfulness;  conformity  to  law. 
2.  In  theology,  a  reliance  on  works  for  salvation. 

ScoU. 
LK'GAL-IZE,  «.  t.    To  make  lawful;  lo  render  con- 
formable to  law  ;  to  authorize     What  can  Icgaliie  re- 
venge ? 

2.  To  sanction ;  to  give  the  authority  of  law  to 
that  which  is  done  without  law  or  authority.   Irregri- 
lar  proceedings  may  be  legalized  by  a  subsequent  act 
of  the  legislature. 
Ll';'f;AL-TZ-ED, ;)/).  or  a.     Made  lawful. 
Lk'GAI^TZ-ING,  ppr.     Making  lawful. 
Li^'GAL-LY,  a(/r.     Lawfully;  according  to  law  ;  in  a 

manner  permitted  by  law. 
LEG'A-TA-RY,  71.     [Fr.  legalairc;  L.  legatarius,  from 
lego,  to  bequeath.] 
A  legatee  ;  one  to  whom  a  legacy  is  bequeathed. 
[But  Leuaiee  is  generally  us<;d.] 
LEG'ATE,  71.     [Fr.  legal;  L.  legatus,  from  lego,  to 
send.    Sec  Lackev.] 

1.  An  embassador  or  envoy  ;  but  ps})ecialhj, 

2.  The  pope's  embassador  to  a  foreign  prince  or 
state;  a  cardinal  or  bishop  sent  as  the  pope'.-*  repre- 
sentative or  commissioner  to  a  sovereign  prince.  Leg- 
ates are  of  three  kinds  ;  legates  a  latere,  or  counsel- 
ors and  assistants  of  his  holiness  ;  legates  de  laterr, 
who  are  not  cardintUs,  and  legates  by  oj^ce.    Encuc. 

LEG-A-TEE',  n.     [L.  lego,  to  send.] 

-One  to  whom  a  legacy  is  bequeathed.         Swift. 

LEG'ATE-SHIF,  71.     The  office  of  a  legatf;. 

LEG'A-TINE,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  legate  ;  as,  Ugatinc 
power.  Shak. 

2.  Made  by  or  proceeding  from  alegate;  as,  a  legn- 
tinc  constitution.  AyliO'i-. 

LE-Ga'TION,  71.     [L.  legatio,  from  lego,  to  send.] 
An  embassy  ;  a  deputation  ;  properly,  a  sending, 
but  ^cfiC)-u/^y,  the  person  or  pcr>;ons  sent  asenvojs 
or  embassadors  to  a  foreign  court.  Bacon. 

LE-GA'TO,  [It.]  in  7/111511;,  directs  the  injtes  to  be  per- 
formed in  a  close,  smooth,  gliding  manner ;  ojipo^ed 
to  Staccato. 

LEG-A-TOR',  71.  [L.]  A  testator  ;  one  who  bequeaths 
a  legacy.     [Little  used.]  Dryden. 

LEG'-BAIL,  ji.  To  give  leg-bail^  is  to  escape  from 
custody  and  run  away.  Walter  Scott. 

LECE,  (lej,)  V.  t.  To  allege  ;  to  lighten.  [JVot  in  use.] 
_  Chaucer. 

Le'GEND  ov  LEG'END,  77.  \  t.  leggenda;  L.  legen- 
da,  from  lego,  to  read  ;  originally,  in  the  Roman  Cath- 
olic church,  a  book  of  service,  or  lessons  to  be  read 
in  worship.] 

1.  A  chronicle  or  register  of  the  lives  of  saints,  for- 
merly read  at  matins,  and  at  the  refectories  of  reli- 
gious iiouses.     Hence, 

2.  An  idle  or  ridiculous  story  told  respecting  saints. 

Encyc. 

3.  Any  memorial  or  relation.  .Johnson. 

4.  An  incredibls,unautheiitic  narrative.  Blackmorc. 

5.  The  motto  or  words  placed  round  the  field  of  a 
medal  or  coin.  Brande. 

Le'GEND,  v.  t.    To  tell  or  narrate,  as  a  legend.   Ilall. 

LEG'Ei\D-A-RY,  a.  Consisting  of  legends;  strange; 
fabulous. 

LEO'END-A-RY,  71.  A  book  of  legends  ;  a  relater  of 
legends.  Sheldon. 

LEO'ER,  71.     [D.  leggen,  to  lie,  Sax.  lecgan.] 

Any  thing  that  lies  in  a  place  ;  that  which  rests  or 
remains;  sometunes  used  as  a  noun,  but  more  fre- 
quently as  an  adjective,  as,  a  tegtr  embassador,  that 
is,  resident ;  but  the  word  is  now  obsolete,  except  in 
particular  phrases. 

A  leger-botd:,  or  leger  ;  a  book  that  lies  in  tlic  count- 
ing-house, the  boolc  into  which  merchants  carry  a 
summary  of  the  accounts  of  the  journal  ;  usually 
and  properly  written  Ledgeh. 

LEG'ER-LINE,  (led'jer-,)  n.  In  7Hii.^(V,a  line  added  to 
the  staff  of  five  lines,  when  more  lines  tlian  five  are 
wanted,  for  designating  notes  ascending  or  descend- 
ing. 

LEG-ER-DE-Ma1N',  7(.  [Fr.  leger.  It.  Irggiero,  light, 
slight,  and  Fr.  de  matn,  of  hand.     See  Lioht.] 

Sleight  of  hand  ;  a  deceptive  performance  which 
depends  on  dexterity  of  hand ;  a  trick  performi'd 
with  such  art  and  adroitness,  tJuit  the  manner  or  art 
eludes  observation.  The  word  is  sometimes  used  ad- 
jectively  ;  as,  a  legerdemain  trick. 

LE-GER'I-TY,  71.  [Fr.  legcrcti:.]  Lightness  ;  nimble- 
ness.     [JVot  in  use.]  Shak. 

LEGGE,7).  t.     [Sax.  tccgan.]     To  lay.    [Obs.]     Wiclif. 

LEG'GED,  flegd  or  leg'ged,)  a.  [from  leg.]  Having 
legs  ;   used  in  composition  ;  as,  a  two-legged  animal. 

LEG'GIN,      )  n.    [from  leg.]     A  cover  for  the  leg, 

LEG'GTNG,  \  like  a  long  gaiter ;  a  garment  that  in- 
closes the  leg.  Mackenzie.     Soutkey. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— MeTE,  PRgY.— PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  EQOK.- 


LEG 

i.K(j-I-BIL-'I-TV,  n.    Li'gihlenosd ;  tlie  qualityorstale 

vi'  beiii^  legible. 
l.KO'I-IU-V;,  I!.    [L.  le^ribilisy  from  Ic^o,  to  read-] 

1.  Tii^A  may  be  reaii;  consisting  ol'  Ictturs  or  fig- 
ures thj  may  bedislinguislicd  by  the  eyej  as,  a  fair, 
legible  luauuscnpt. 

■i.  That  may  be  discovered  or  understood  by  ap- 
parent marlcs  or  Indications.    The  tIion[;]ils  of  men 
ari-  often  Iciri^lc  in  their  countenance^;. 
LE(5'I-1;LE-NESS,  n.    Tlie  quality  or  state  of  being 

le'^ible. 
LEO'I-BLY,  adv.    In  such  a  manner  as  may  be  read  ; 

as,  a  manuscript  Icgibbj  written. 
LE'(jION,  n.     [L.  Ic(ri0y  from  Ici^o^  to  collect.] 

1.  In  Roman  anttqitity,  a  body  of  infantry,  consist- 
ing of  different  numbers  of  niun  at  different  periods, 
I'rom  three  to  five  thousand.  lOach  leyiun  was  divided 
into  ten  cohorts,  each  cohort  into  ten  companies,  and 
each  company  into  two  centuries-.  Evcijc. 

-J.  A  military  force  ;  militarj*  bands.  Skak. 

'3.  A  great  number. 

\V'hore  one 


I.EM 


LEN 


the 


in  has  entun;.!,  legions  will  force  their  way  tliroiigl 
amc  breach.  Jiogeis. 

I  is  legion,  tor  we  arc  many.  —  Mark  v. 


My  n; 

Legion  of  honor ;  an  order  instituted  in  France  by 
Napoleon,  as  a  reward  for  merit,  both  civil  and  mili- 
tary. Bramh. 
Le'OIOX-A-RY,  a.    Rehiting  to  a  legion  or  to  legions. 

2.  Consisting  of  a  legion  or  of  legions ;  as,  a  le- 
gionary force. 

3.  Containing  a  great  number;  as, a  legionary  ho6.y 
of  errors.  Brown. 

LE'CION-A-RY,  71.    One  of  a  legion.  MUtan. 

LE'C;rON-RY,  n.    Body  of  Iciiions.  Pollulc. 

LECi'IS-LaTE,  v.  i.  [L.  li'x,  Icgii,  law,  and  fero,  la- 
tuvif  to  give,  pass,  or  enact.] 

To  make  or  enact  a  law  or  laws.  It  is  a  question 
whether  it  is  expedient  to  tcgi.-ila{e  at  present  on  the 
subject.  Let  us  not  legislate,  when  we  have  no  pow- 
er to  enforce  our  laws. 

LE<i'IS-L.\-TED,  p-cf.  and  pp.  of  liECJisL.vTE. 

LEfi'IS-L-vTING,  pin-.     Enacting  laws. 

LEO-IS-La'TIOX,  71.  [Fr.]  The  act  of  passing  a 
law  or  laws  ;  the  enacting  of  laws. 

Pylha^ras  joined  legislation  tu  his  pliilosopliy.  LilUclon. 

LEG'IS-La-TIVE,  a.     [Fr.  hgislatif.] 

1.  Giving  or  enacting  laws  ;  as,  a  legislative,  body. 
9.,  Capable  of  t-nacting  laws  ;  as, /c<r(»7fiiii'c  power. 
iJ.  Pertaining  to  the  enacting  of  laws  ;  suitable  to 

laws  ;  as,  the  legLlatirc  style. 

4.  Done  by  enacting  ;  as,  a  legislative  act. 

JVote,  —  In  this  word,  and  in  Legislator,  Lnnie- 
LiTRix,  Legislatike,  lilt!  acccut  13  nearly  i  qual  on 
the  lirst  and  third  syllables  ;  and  a,  in  the  third,  has 
its  first  or  long  sound. 

LE6'rS-LA  TOR,  v.  [L.]  A  lawgiver;  one  who 
makes  laws  for  a  state  or  community.  This  word  is 
limited  in  its  use  to  a  supreme  lawgiver,  the  lawgiver 
of  a  sovereign  state  or  kingdom,  and  is  not  applied 
to  men  that  make  the  by-laws  of  a  subordinate  cor- 
poration. 

LE6-rS-LA'TOR-SUIP,  ti.  The  office  of  a  legislator. 
[JVot  in  iisr.]  Halifax. 

I.HG-IS-La'TRESS,  1 71.     A  female  who  makes  laws. 

m:G-IS-La'TRIX,     S  Tooke. 

LCG'IS-La-TURE,  (b;(J'jis-lit-yur,)  77.  [Sp.  Ic^ri^laUi- 
ra.] 

Tiie  body  of  men  in  a  stale  or  kingdom  invested 
with  power  to  make  and  repeal  laws  ;  the  supreme 
power  of  a  state.  The  legislature  of  Great  Britain 
consists  of  the  house  of  lords  and  tiie  house  of  com- 
mons, with  the  king,  w'lose  sanction  is  necessary  to 
every  bill  before  it  becomes  a  law,  Tlie  legislatures 
of  most  of  the  State.-i  in  .America  consist  of  two  houses 
or  branches;  but  the  sanction  of  the  governor  is  re- 
quired to  give  their  acts  tlie  force  of  law,  or  a  con- 
currence of  two  thirds  of  the  two  houses  after  he 
has  declined  and  assigned  his  objections. 

Li'.'CIST,  n.     One  skilled  in  the  laws.         Jfamtou. 

LE-CIT'I-JIA-CY,  n.  [from  legitimate]  Literalhj,ac- 
cortlance  with  law.  ilcnce,  lawfulness  of  birth  j 
opposed  to  Bastardy.  j9ijlijf'e. 

2.  Genuineness,  or  reality;  opposed  to  Spumous- 

KESS. 

3.  Regular  sequence  or  deduction ;  as,  the  legiti- 
maeij  of  a  conclusion. 

4.  The  accordance  of  an  action  or  institution  with 
•■stabiished  law ;  as,  the  legitimacy  of  a  measure  or 
government. 

I,E-CIT'I-JL\TE,  a.     [Fr.  legitime;  L.  Icgittmus;  from 

/ei,  law.] 
f.iteralhj,  accordant  with  law.     Hence, 
1.  Lawfully  begotten  "^r  bom  ;  born  in  wedlock ; 

as,  hsitunate  heirs  or  children. 
"■2.  Genuine  ;  real ;  not  false  or  spurious. 

3.  Following  by  regular  or  natural  sequence  ;  as,  a 
legitimate  result. 

4.  In  accordance  with  established  law  ;  a.';,  a  legit- 
imate government. 

LE-GIT'LMaTE,  v.  t.  [Fr.  Ugitimcr ;  J?p.  Irgitiiuar; 
It.  legiltimare.] 

1.  To  make  lawful. 

2.  To  render  legitimate ;  to  communicate  the  rights 


of  a  legitimate  child  to  one  that  is  illegitimate;  to  in- 
vest with  th.-  ri::lits  of  a  lawful  heir.  ^^yliffc. 

LE-GIT'I-.M -v-TEIJ,  pp.     Made  lawful. 

LE-ori''I-MATl>LV,  ado.  Lawfully;  accordinc  to 
law. 

2.  Genuinely;  not  falsely.  Druden, 

LE-GIT'I-MATE-.'^ESS,  71.  legality;  lawl'iilnesa  ; 
genuineness. 

LE-GIT'I-Ma-TING,  ppr.    Rendering  lawful. 

LE-GlT-r-MA'TION,  n.    [Fr.]    The  act  of  rendering 
legitimate,  or  ot  investing  an  illegitimate  child  with 
the  rights  of  one  born  in  wedlock. 
^  2.  Lawful  birth.     [Unusual.]  Shah. 

LE-GIT'L.'MiyT,  H.  One  who  supports  legitimate  au- 
thority. In  France^  an  adherent  of  the  elder  branch 
of  the   liourbun   fiunily,  which  was  driven  from  the 

LEG'LE.SS,  a.     Having  no  legs.  [throne  In  18:i0. 

LEG'IJME,       )n.     [L.lcgiimcn;  Fr.lcnimc ;  probably 

LE-Gu'iMEN,  i  from  L.  Zf.r«,  to  coHJct,  and  signify- 
ing that  which  collects  or  holds  or  a  collection.] 

1.  In  ltotauii,a.  pericarp  or  see(i-vessi-I  of  two  valves, 
in  which  tlie  seeds  are  fi.ved  to  one  suture  only.  In 
the  latter  circumstance,  it  differs  from  a  siliqua,  in 
which  the  seeds  are  attaclied  to  both  sutures.  In 
j>o])ular  7WC,  a  legume  is  called  a  Too,  or  a  Coo  ;  as, 
lien-pod,  or  peas-cofA  Martyn. 

'H.ln  the  plural,  pulse,  peas,  beans,  &c. 

LE-Gu'.MIN,  ti.  A  pL'culiar  principle  in  the  fleshy 
cotyledons  of  the  seeds  of  papilionaceous  plants  ; 
vegetable  casein.  Graham. 

LE-Gu'MlN-OUri,  a.  Pertaining  to  pulse;  consisting 
of  pulse.  Leguminous  plants  are  such  as  have  a  leg- 
ume ftu-  a  pericarp,  as  jieas  and  beans. 

LEI-PATH' Y-MtC,  a.    [Gr.  AriTrt^  and  Oi'/i»f.] 

Fainting;  tending  to  swooning.  J.  Taylor. 

LkIS'UU-A"-1JLE,  n.  [See  Lei-urb.]  Vacant  of  em- 
ployment;  not  occupied;  n^,  Icisarablc  hours.  [Lit- 
tle nscd.]  Brown. 

LeIS'UR-A-BLY,  adv.  At  lei;H3re;  without  hurry. 
[LittJe  vsed.]  Booker. 

LkIS'LTRE,  (iee'zhur  o-i-  lezh-yur,)  v.  [Fr.  loisir.  This 
is  from  the  sam-?  roc-t  as  £w.  and  Dan.  Icdig,  void, 
empty,  vacant,  free,  eased  ;  fc'w.  licUghst,  Dan.  icdig- 
hed,  leisure ;  or  it  may  be  more  nearly  connected 
with  Goth,  laus,  loose,  iVee,  vacant,  Eiig.  lease.] 

1.  Freedom  from  occupaiion  or  business;  vacant 
lime ;  time  free  from  employment. 

The  (Wire  of  Idsure  is  mucli  more  iia.airAl  ihiii.  of  Lnuincu  mid 

caR'.  Temple. 

I  shall  leave  with  hun  tlat  rehuko  tu  In?  consi^lcrcJ  al  his  ieiaure. 

Locke. 

2.  Convenience  of  time. 

lie  sifflicJ  and  had  no  leisure  more  to  say.     [Not  uaeil.) 

Dnjdtn. 

This  word  ia  sometimes  used  adjectively  ;  as,  leis- 
ure  time.  Drydcn. 

LkIS'1|RE-LY,  a.    Done  at  leisure  ;  not  hasty  ;  delib- 
erate ;  slow  ;  as,  a  Icisurehj  walk  or  march  ;  a  icisure- 
hf  survey  of  life. 
LKlS'lIRE-LY,  adv.     Not  in  Iiaste  or  Iiurry  ;  slowly  ; 
at  leisure  ;  deliberately. 

We  d'^scoiulod  very  Idsureli/,  my  fiiend  btiiing  careful  to  count 
the  ste^u.  Adiliaon, 

Le'MAN,  7i.     [Probably  contracted  from  lifmnn,  Icve- 
man  ;  Sax.  liwf,  loved,  and  man.   See  Love  and  Lief.] 
A  sweetheart ;  a  gallant,  or  a  mistress.    [OAs.] 
C'tuurer.     Spenser.     .S'lak. 

LeME,  71.     [Pax.  Icoiiia.] 

A  ray  of  light.     [jYut  in  vsc]  Chaucer. 

LeME,  v.  i.     To  shiue.     [Obs.] 

LEM'jMA,  n.     [Gr.  Xniipa,  from  Aa/(/^ai(.i,  to  receive.] 
In  wathnniiiics,  a  proposition  demonstrated  for  the 
purpose  of  being  used  iu  tiie  demonstration  of  some 
other  proposition.  Daij. 

LEM'MING, )  71.   An  English  name  appIi.Ml  to  a  group 

LEM'ING,  i  -of  rodent  mammals,  very  nearly  allied 
to  the  mouse  and  rai.  They  mostly  inhabit  the  north 
of  Europe  and  Asia.  By  some  naturahsts,  this  group 
is  made  a  genus  under  the  name  of  Lcmmu.<y  bnl  by 
others  it  is  jilaced  uudei  the  genus  Mus. 

Lcinnian  earth,  or  sphragidi\  from  llie  Isle  of  Letn- 
nos,  in  the  Egean  Sea;  a  kind  of  astringent,  medici- 
nal earth,  of  a  fatty  consisience  and  reddish  color, 
used  in  liic  same  cases  as  hide.  It  ba-^  the  external 
appearance  of  clay,  with  asmooth  surfaci;  resembling 
ag;Ue,  especially  in  recent  fractures.  It  removes  im- 
piuities  like  soap.  Eneyc.    JVichalson. 

I-EM-NIS'e.\TE,  n.  [L.  femnisciLSj  ;i  ribbon  ;  Iannis- 
catiut,  adorned  with  ribbons.] 

In  geometry,  the  name  of  u  curve  in  the  form  of 
tlie  figure  8.  Barloir. 

LE.M'ON,  n.  [Fr.  and  S]i.  Union;  It.  limone.  This 
word  is  found  in  the  .Arabic  of  Avicenna;  and  in  the 
Amharic  dialect  of  Ethiopia  we  find  lime  or  lamey  the 
same  won!.] 

1.  The  fruit  of  a  tree  bebmging  to  the  genus  Citrus, 
which  grows  in  warm  climates.  This  fruit  furnish- 
es a  cooling  acid  juice,  which  forms  an  ingredient  in 
some  of  inir  most  dehcions  liquors. 

2.  Lemon,  or  lemon-tree  ;  the  tree  that  produces 
lemons. 

VVliat  is  called  .s-(i/^  (/  lemons,  is  really  vinoxalato 
of  potardi,  or  potash  ciunbined  with  oxalic  acid. 

Brande. 


LEM-ON'-J*-r>K'.  «.    [Fr,  /.««*// ,-  gp. 

Union.  ] 
A  liqucircori«il«tineof  IdDon^JUK^  _    i 

ti;r  and  uweelened. 
L£'.MUIl,  H.    [U]    One  of  a  if^ 

manimaU,  nearly  allied  to  v 

munkcyfl*  but  with  a  fdr-    - 

rupeds,  moHtly  inhabit:!. 

Indian  iHland'L. 
LK.M'U-RRS,  n.  pi     [L.      j,..,  .,„nn-     .1 

[JVot  English.] 
LEND,  c.  L  ;  preL  and  jrp.  Lrsr.     [Kax,  U* 

Idna;  Dan.  taaner ;  G.  U4keu ;  It.  Uaum^     /,- 

corrupt  orthograpiiy  of  tern,  or  /ooa,  or  deni. 

it.     Hec  LoAx] 

1.  To  grant  u»  another  for  U'mi^jr\- 
oxpresa  or  implied  condition  tlial  ib- 
relumed  ;  ax,  to  Imd  a  book  ;  or. 

2.  To  grant  a  thing  to  U:  f     • 
that  its  equivalent  in  kind  nb 
lend  a  sum  of  money,  or  a  l»>:  i 

3.  To  afford  ;  to  grant ;  to  f-u t^.-.^ 
to  lend  assistance ;  to  tmd  an  car  to  a 

Cito,  Und  mr  t^r  a  wtiijr  l>iy  ii'X-^irr 

4.  To  grant  for  tprnijorar}'  >i 
ceiving  a  compensation  al  cti' 
of  the  thine,  and  an  ultimate  ■ 
its  full  value.  TUuh  muiit->  . 
receiving  interest  for  the  u-e, 
cipal  sum  returncU  at  the  .t,; 
correlative  to  borrow. 

5.  To  permit  to  Ui*c  for  another'*  \tcnt6t.  A  Umt 
his  name  to  obtain  money  from  the  luh'<.. 

G.  To  let  for  hire  or  conipenKatK  .. 

horse  or  gig.  [This  sense  i^  u-ied  by  I 

ably  may  be  common  in  England.   I'.  . 

Slates,  I  believe,  the  word  in  never  u 

in  reference  lo  money.    We  Ifnd  m 

est,  but  never  lend  a  coach  or  honk-  ! 

tinn.     We  use  Ut.]^ 
LE.\D'A-RLE,  a.    That  may  be  k-nl. 
LEi\D'ER,  71.    One  who  lends. 

The  horrowcr  u  Krr»ot  to  tie  tenltr.  —  i'.-_t.  :  . 

2.  One  who  makes  a  trade  of  puitine  ro<>! 

teresl.  Bacon.     Lr, 

LEND'ING,  ppr.    Granting  for  temporary  u«^-    i**^ 

LCNI>.1 

LEND'ING,  71.    The  act  of  loaning. 

2.  That  which  is  lent  or  furnished. 
LENDS,  71.  pi.    [.Sax.]    Loins.    f.Wr 

LENGTH,   71.      [Sax.  Ungthe,  from  -    „ ,    . 

lengtc^ 

1.  The  extent  of  any  thim*  material  frr.m  vuA  \o 
end  ;  t)ic  longest  line  which  can  be  drawn  Ihroucba 
body,  parallel  to  its  sides;  as,  the  length  of  a  churcli 
or  of  a  ship;  the  length  of  a  rope  or  line. 

2.  E.\lcnt ;  e^ctcnsion. 

Stretched  at  bii  Un*A,  \k  ipuna  tb?  fvanltj  frc-.i&i.   Orytf*. 

3.  A  certain  extent;  a  portion  of  space;  w\\h  a 
plural. 

I^r^  Ungtha  of  Kas  utd  . 


4.  Space   of  time;  duration,  inde6nlt<;1y  ;  a«,  a     t 
great  lew^tk  of  time.    What  lemgt^  of  lime  will  Ua« 
enterprise  require  for  its  accoiupli>Iimcnl  ?  ' 

5.  Lt'ng  duration. 

Miiy  H.-avcn.  jrcat  nw'MYh.Miil  aufriDrr: 
Widi  Itrtg'Ji  U  liajTB,  aji  1  efcrj  lUj-  Itic  U  — 

C.  Reach  or  extent :  as.  Us  pursue  a  Mii.j(  ci  to  a 

great /f«i'-fA.  I) 

7.  Extent ;  as,  tlm  UngtX  of  a  diMroursc>  escay,  or  t 

argument.  Il 

B.  Distance.  || 

lie  had  maitlicJ  lo  ibc  lenftS  of  Hwtft.     {Utmtmnl  "  '  *-•>■ 

.<lt  length  :  at  or  in  tlio  full  extent.    Lcl  ' 
be  inserted  at  Irngth. 

2.  .\t  last ;  at  tlie  end  or  conclusion.         / 
LENGTH,  r.  f.     To  cxicnd  :  to  lengthen.    [.'■' 
LENGTIPKN,  (lenglh'n,)  r.f.    Torx'— < 
to  make  longer ;  to  elongate  ;  as,  u< 

2.  To  dniw  out  or  extend  in  tun 

continue  in  duration  ;  as,  loUugtMta  '. -  -. 

lengthen  from  December  to  June. 

'X  To  extend  ;  as,  to  lengsAen  a  discotirae  «  a  Ais-    , 
serlation. 

■1.  To  draw  out  in  pTx>nunci.ilinn :  a*,  1 
a  sound  or  a  syllable.    This  verb  is  oitcn  fi ' 
out,  which  may  be  sometimes  emphaiical.l-:  — 
eral  is  useless.  1 

\Vh.\t  if  I  (Tk-ase  to  lengthen  out  lua  «lali^  f  />rWr*.        i . 

LENGTII'iCX,   r.  i.    To  cnnv  longer:  to  t  i- 

length.    .\  hempen  rope  contracts  when  v. 

lenuthens  when  dr\-. 
LENtVrH'f;X-KD.  flength'ml.l ,";..  ord.    M 

er  ;  drawn  out  m  Icn-jth  ;  cniinued  in  du- 
LENGTII'iJN-LXG.  f/r.     Mating  longer;  .  ^ 

in  length  or  in  duration.  ,, 

LENGTH'£N-ING,    m.     Coniinualion ;    pwlracttaB.  || 

Dan.  iv. 
LEXGTH'FITL,  a.     Of  great  length  in  : 


TONE,  CyLL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  Vl"CIOUS.  — C  as  K  ;  6  as  J ;  S5  as  Z;  CH  a:i  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS, 


II 


P3 


657 


LEN 

ItESO'VlVl-LY^adv.    in  a  lengthy  manner;  at  great 

lenglli  urexl<*m,  Jefferson. 

LEMI'i'Ii'I-.NESS,  Ti.      Length;    the  state  of   being 

Icimlliy.  Knickerbocker^  Mare\  1838. 

LKNU'iirWiSK,  oiio.     In  tiio  direcliDn  of  the  length  ; 

in  :i  litn^itudiiial  direction. 
LEA'OTH'Y,  a.  Being  Ion;;  or  moderately  long ;  not 
short;  nut  liriof;  UftpUed  vwsUij  tt>  moral  *itt;ccts,  as 
todi;5Coiirscs,  writings,  arguments,  proceedin-js,  itc. ; 
as,a  lea ^'tiitj sermon  ;  a/c/i.-r/Aj/dissertatiou  ;  :ile'iffthy 
detail.  Londun  Q^uarterltj  ticrieto. 

IfHgthif  iierioiU.  Wtuflington'a  Ltner  to  Plater. 

No  iiiiitiiU'riLl  act  in  France,  in  in^Ucrs  ofjudieiAl  cujiiiuiicct  U 
doiii!  wiUwiit  II  procct  vfrbcU,  in  wliich  tin-  (;xcii  we  M(iie«l 
ttiiihUt  11  ^rc.u  ile.ll  uf  Unx^y  focitiA\i\-:,  wiih  a  dcirrttf  of 
miaiilcnete  hi!;hly  rn>rluLi!c  to  ilic  vfttii!if.iiij  otBa-W  mtii 
U  lilt:  n?v.;niK'.  ^1.  Reouie^  Ap.  Oct.  IHW. 

P.  S.  Murmy  Itas  seiit,or  will  tend,  a.  ituuU'-  copy  of  the  Bride 
and  UUoiir;  in  ihc  liul  our  «onic  lengUty  mliiitiunf ;  iiray 
acc<;pt  thiNO  iiccoixliii^  u>  old  cuatuiui. 

Lonl  lit/ron'M  LeUer  to  Dr.  Ctarkt,  Dec.  13,  1313. 
Cliilinen'i  PdiiiciJ  AmmlE,  in  tnr.t[iit;  of  ^ouUi  Curoliiia —  u 
by  no  meant  at  lengthy  tut  Mr.  Hvwiu'a  Hittor>'- 

Drayton's  Vuit  of  Soitih  CaroUtUl. 
Tbrsc  would  be  deUuIo  loo  Itngttrj.  J-'^'eraon. 

[This  word,  which  wad  originally  an  Aniericaii- 
idin,  is  now  used  to  a  considenibleoxieiit  by  English 
writers,  and  lias  been  admitted  into  tlic  recent  Die- 
lionarie>'  of  Knowles,  Smart,  and  Ueid.} 

Lft'M-KX-CY,  n.     I^iiitj'. 

LH'NJ-ENT,  a,     [L.  Icniens^  from  lenioj  hnisj   soft, 

mild  ;  Ar    '  '^  lahta,  to  be  soft,  or  smooth.    Class 

lin,  Xn.  4.  The  primary  sense  probably  is  smooth,  or 

to  make  smuoih,  and  blandus  may  be  of  the  same 

f;uriily.] 

].  Softening;  mitigating;  assuasive. 


Tiinc,  tlia:  on  n.11  tilings  litys  hi$  lenitnt  linnd, 
Yd  Umca  nul  l)iU. 


Poj>e. 


Sometimes  with  of;  as,  knient  o/ grief.     JilUton. 
2.  RelaxiHg ;  emollient, 

OiU  iwlax  ilic  fibers,  are  Itnienl,  brils-imic.  ATbuthnot. 

Li5'NI-ENT,  H.  That  which  softens  or  assuages  ;  an 
einollienl.  JVUnnan, 

Lf/.\I-K.\T-LY,  ado.    Miligatingly  ;  assuagiiigly. 

Lr.X'l  F?,  V.  t.  To  assnage  ;  to  soften  ;  to  mitigate. 
[Utile  lUicd.]  Biicon.     Vrijden-, 

LEX'I-.MENT,  n.    An  assuasive.     [J^ut  used,] 

LEX'I-TIVE,  a.  [It.  Iciiiticoi  Fr.  Icnitifi  from  L. 
Icnio^  to  soften.] 

Having  the  quality  of  softening  or  mitigating,  as 
pain  or  acrimony }  assuasive;  emollient. 

Bacon.     ArhitVinot. 

LEN'I-TIVE,  n.    A  medicine  or  application  titat  has 
tlie  quality  of  ea.^ing  pain ;   that  wliich  softens  or 
mitigates. 
S.  A  palliative;  that  which  abates  passion.  SouUt, 

LEN'[-TV,7?,     [L.  Iciiitasy  from  Icnis,  miUl^  soft.] 

Mihiness  of  temper  ;  softness:  tendernes.sj  mcrcj'. 
Young  offenders  may  he  treated  with  lenity.  It  is 
oppost^d  to  Sbvehitv  and  Riook. 

LE\'NO(n{,  a.     Slender  ;  pliable.     [Local.1 

LE-i\00'I-XA.\T,  c.     [L.  Icnociiians.) 

Given  to  lewdness.  Jilore. 

LENS,  n. ;  pi.  Lenses.     [L.  tcnsy  a  lentil.] 

in  optics^  a  piece  of  glass  or  other  transparent  sub- 
stance, bounded  on  both  sides  by  polished  spherical 
surfaces,  or  on  the  one  side  by  a  spherical,  and  on 
the  other  by  a  plane,  surface.  Kays  of  light  passing 
through  it  are  made  to  change  their  direction,  and  to 
magnify  or  diminish  objects  at  a  certain  distance. 
Lenses  are  double-convex,  or  convex  on  both  sides ; 
double -concave,  or  concave  on  both  sides ;  plano- 
convex, or  plano-concave,  that  is,  with  one  side 
plane,  and  the  other  convex  or  concave ;  or  convex 
on  one  side,  and  concave  on  the  other  ;  the  latter  is 
called  a  mcnUcus^  when  the  concavity  is  less  than  the 
convexity  ;  but  a  coneat!o<onvc£  lens,  when  the  con- 
cavity 14  greater  than  the  convexity.  The  term  lens 
is  sometimes  used  by  itself  for  double  convex  lens. 

Brande. 

LEXT,  prcL  and  pp.  of  Lend. 

LENT,  71.  [Sax.  lenctcn.,  spring,  Zrnf,  from  leng,  long; 
tcncsan.  to  lengthen  ;  eo  called  from  the  Icnjrtheninc 
of  the  days.]  **  '' 

The  quadragesimal  fast,  or  fast  of  forty  days,  ob- 
served by  the  Romm  Caiiiolic  and  other  cliurchcs 
before  Ex-;ter,  the  festival  of  our  Savior's  resurrec- 
tion. It  begins  at  Ash-AVednesday,  and  continues 
till  Easter. 

LENT,  a.    Slow  j  mild  ;  as,  Icnter  heals.     [Ois.] 

B.  Jonson. 

LEJVTy  I  [It]  in  music,  directs  to  a  Gradual 

LFJ^-TAJ^DO,  \     retarding  of  time. 

LEXT'fiN,  a.  Pertaininii  to  lent ;  used  in  lent ;  spar- 
ing ;  as,  a  lentm  entertainment ;  a  IcnUn  salad. 

Shaii. 

LEX-TIC'U-LAR,  a.    [L.  Untktdaris,  from  lens^  su- 
pra.] 
1.  Resembling  a  lentil. 

'J.  Having  the  form  of  a  double-convex  lens ;  len- 
tiform. 

LE.V-Tie'U.LAR-LY,ado.  In  the  manner  of  a  lens  ; 
with  a  curve. 


LEP 

LEX'TI-FORM,  a.     [L.  lens  and  forniay  fonn.] 
Of  the  form  of  a  double-convex  lens. 

LEN-'I'lC'I-XOiJS,  a.    [L.  lentiao,  a  freckle,  from  L. 
lens.] 
Freckly  ;  scurfy  ;  fuifuraceous. 

LEX-'IT'G'O,  n  [l^.]     A  frecklv  eruption  on  the  skin. 

LEN'TIL,  71.    [Fr.  lentaie,  fioiii  L.  lens.] 

A  plant  ol  the  genus  Ervum.  It  is  an  annual 
plant,  rising  with  weak  stalks  about  18  inches.  The 
seeds,  which  are  contained  in  a  pod,  are  round.  Hat, 
and  a  Utile  convex  in  the  middle.  It  is  cultivated  for 
foildcr,  and  for  its  seeds.  Encyc 

LEX'TL^K,         ( It.      [Fr.  Icntisquc  ;  II.  lentiscluo;  Sp. 

LEN-TIS'eUS,  \      Icntisco;  L.  lcnti-:cus.] 

A  tree  of  the  genus  I'istacia,  the  mastich-trec,  a 
native  of  Arabia,  Persia,  Syria,  and  the  suuth  of  Eu- 
rope. The  wood  is  of  a  pale-brown,  resinous  and 
fragrant.     [See  iMASTicH.] 

LEiXT'I-TUUE,  M.     [L.  Icnttts,  slow.] 

Slowne>.s.    [J^ut  ustdA  Diet. 

LENT'iN  SR,  n.    A  kind  of  hawk.  fValton. 

LE^rTO^LFJ\~-TE^MFJ^Th:,[\l.,]  in  mjwtc,  signi- 
fies slow,  smooth,  and  gliding. 

LEX'TOR,  n.  [L.,  from  tewfiw,  slow,  tough,  clammy  ; 
Fr.  Icntctir.] 

1.  Tenacity;  viscousness.  Bacon. 

2.  Slowness;  delay;  sluggishness.      ^rbuthnoU 

3.  SIziness  ;  thickness  of  fluids  ;  viscidity  ;  a  term 
itscd  in  tJte  humoral  pat/iologv.  Coze,     ^nincti. 

LEN'TOUS,  a.    [h.  tcntus,  slow,  thick.] 

Viscid  ;  viscous  ;  tenacious.  Brojon, 

VEjY-yOY',  (\^n.vwi',)  n,  [Fr.]  A  term  borrowed 
from  old  French  poetry,  and  signifying  a  few  de- 
tached verses  at  the  end  of  cacli  piece,  serving  to 
convey  the  moral,  or  to  address*  ll)o  poem  to  a  par- 
ticular person.  Toouc 

LEN'ZIN-ITE,  n.  [from  LcniiiiSj  a  German  mineral- 
ogist.] 

A  mineral  of  two  kinds,  the  opaline  and  argilla- 
ceous ;  a  variety  of  clay,  occurring  usually  in  small 
masses  of  the  size  of  a  nut.    Cleaodattd.    Phillips. 

Lfi'0,ji.    [L.]    TJie  Lion,  the  fifth  sign  of  the  zodiac. 

Lk'OD,  11.     [Saxon.]    People  ;  a  nation. 

Le'OF,  «.  Aeii^ denotes  love ;  so  Icofmin,  a  winner  of 
love;  /ro/f^H,  best  beloved.  Qibson. 

Le'O-NINE,  a.     [L.  letminus.,  from  Ico,  lion.] 

lielongingtoa  lion  ;  resembling  a  lion,  or  partaking 
of  his  qualities  ;  as,  Ico^iine  fierceness  or  rapacity. 

Leonine  verses,  so  named  from  Leo,  the  inventor, 
nre  those  the  end  of  which  rliymes  with  the  mid- 
dle; as, 

G\iina.  faetoruir.  tcmcrc  coiiceftilur  horum.  Jokiuon. 

LE'O-NlXE-IiY,  adn.    In  the  manner  of  a  lion, 

Harris. 
LEOP'ARD,  (Icp'ard,)  n.     [L.  leo,  lion,  and  pardus, 
pard,  Gr.  ir.iodyj,  from  HeU.  "iiD,  to  separate,  that  is, 
spotted,  broken  into  spoi^-.1 

A  carnivorous  dii-iligrade  mammal,  belonging  to 
the  genus  Fclis,  i.  e.  the  Cat  croup,  it  inhabits  Cen- 
tral Africa.  Its  fur  is  yellow,  with  at  least  ten 
ranges  of  small,  black  clusters  of  spots  on  each 
flank. 
LEOP'ARD'S-HaNE,  n.  The  English  popular  name 
of  several  different  plants,  principally  species  of  the 
genera  Arnica  and  Dorouiciim. 
Le'PASjH.  [Gr.  Asrrnj.]  The  Linnican  name  for  the 
Cirripeda,  comprising  the  Ralani  or  barnacles,  and 
the  Analifio,  of  which  there  are  now  several  genera. 

Jiana, 
LEP'ER,  71,     [L.  lepra,  leprosy,  Fr,  Icprc,  Ir.  loblmr,  Gr. 
AiTp.i,  from  A.':iri5,  a  scale.] 
A  person  affected  with  leprosv. 
LEP'ID,  a.     [L.  Irnidus.] 

Pleasant;  jocose.    [LitOe  iuicd.] 
LEP-I-OO-DEX'DROX,  n.      [Gr.   Acrriy,   AtTri^cj,    a 
scale,  and  Hiviom',  tree.] 

A  fossil  tree,  so  named  from  the  scaly  appearance 
of  the  stem,  produced  by  the  sei)aration  of  the  leaf 
stalks.  Muntell. 

LEP'ID-OII),  7(.    [Gr.  Asn-K  and  n6o?.] 

One  of  a  family  of  extinct  fossil  fishes,  of  the  oolit- 
ic formation.  Bitckland. 
LEP'I-DO-LTTE,  ti.     [Gr.  >fTi^,  a  scale,  and  XiO'j^.] 
A  species  of  the  unca  family,  presenting  a  lilac  or 
rose-violet  color ;  it  usually  occurs  in  masses  consist- 
ing of  small  scales.     It  differs  from  other  micas,  in 
containing  the  earth  lithia.  Dana. 
LEP-I-DOP'TER,  71.            )   [Gr.  Xen-ij,  a  scale,  and 
LEP-LUOP'TE-RA, ;:.  pt.  \      tttco^v,  a  wing.] 

Tlie  Lcpidoptera  are  an  order  of  insects  having  four 
membranaceous  wings,  covered  with  fine  imbricate 
scales,  like  powder,  as  the  butterfly. 
LEP-I-DOP'TER-AL,    \  a.     Belonging  to  tlie  order  of 
LF,P-l-DOP'TEK-Ot:s,  i      Lepidoptera. 
LEP'O-RTXE  or  LEP'0-RIXE,  a.     [L.  Icporinus,  from 
Icpxts,  a  liare.    Ciu.  the  Teutonic  hap,  to  nin.] 

Peruiiningtoahare;  having  the  nature  or  qualities 
of  thy  hare.  Johnson. 

LE-PROST-TY,  n.    Squamousness.     iLitiie  used.] 

Bacon. 
LEP'RO-SY,  n.     [See  Leper.]     A  foul  cutaneous  dis- 
ease, appearing  m  dry,  white,  thin,  scurfy  scabs,  at- 
tended with  violent  itching.     It  sometimes  covers 


LES 

the  whole  body,  rarely  the  face.  One  species  of 
it  is  called  elephantiasis.  Eneve. 

The  term  leprosy  is  loosely  and  incorrectly  applied 
to  two  very  distinct  disease*:,  the  scaly  and  tUe  lulirr 
culaled,  of  the  proper  leprosy  and  the  elephantiasis. 
Tlie  former  is  characterized  by  patches  of  smuotli, 
laminated  scaler,  sometimes  livid,  but  usu:illy  whit- 
ish i  in  the  latter,  the  skin  is  thickened,  livid,  and 
tiiberculated.  It  is  called  the  bladi  leprosy;  but  this 
term  is  also  applied  to  the  iivid  variety  of  the  scaly 
leprosv.  Ouod.  ' 

LEP'ROIJS,  a.     [Fr.  lepreuz.]     [See  Lkper.] 

Infected  with  leprosy  ;  covered  with  whito  scales. 

His  li;md  waa  ItpTOUt  ad  snow.  —  Kx.  ir. 

LEP'ROUS-LY,  adv.    In  leprous  manner. 

LEP'ROUS-XESS,  it.    Tlie  state  of  being  leprous. 

LEP-TO-DAC'TYL,  ti.      [Gr.   Xenros,  slender,    and 
SaKTi'Xoi,  a  toe.] 
A  bird  or  other  animal  haWng  slender  toes. 

IJitchcocJi. 

LEP-TOL'O-GY,  ti.    [Gr.  Afn-roj,  small,  and  Aojof, 
discourse.] 
A  minute  and  tedious  discourse  on  trifling  things. 

I^kKE,  71.     Learning;  lesson;  lore.     [Obs.]    Spenser. 

Lid!.!*:,  V.  t.    To  learn  ;  to  teach.     [Oaa-.]      Chaucer. 

LkRE,  (I.    Empty.    [See  Lker.] 

LER'XE-.VNS,  n.  pi.  A  family  of  parasitic  animals, 
related  to  the  inferior  grades  of  cruslacea.  They  are 
found  attached  to  fishes,  and  some  species  pfnetrate 
the  skin  with  their  elongated  head,  and  feed  on  the 
viscera  of  the  fishes.  Dana. 

Lk'SIOX,  (le'zhun,)  n,    [L.  lirsio,  from  Udo,  to  hurt.] 
A  hurting,  hurt;  wound;  injury.  Rush. 

LESS,  for  Unllss.     [J\i'ot  in  use.] 

LESS,  a  terminating  syllable  of  many  nouns  and  some 
adjectives,  is  the  Sax.  leas,  Goth,  Uitts,  belonging  to 
the  verb  hisan^  laiisyan,  to  loose,  free,  separate. 
Hence  it  is  a  privative  word,  denoting  destitution; 
as,  a  witless  man,  a  man  destitute  of  wit;  ckitdtess, 
without  children  ;  fatherless  ;  fuiifdess  i  pennyless  ; 
Intcless,  &c. 

LESS,  a.  [Sax.  las;  perhaps  allied  to  Dan.  iisfr,  to 
abate,  to  les.^en,  to  relieve,  to  case.  Less  has  the 
sense  of  the  comparative  degree  of  little.] 

Smaller  ;  not  so  large  or  great ;  as,  a  less  quantity 
or  number;  a  horse  of  less  size  or  viilue.  We  arc 
all  destined  to  suffer  aftliction  in  a  greater  or  less 
degree. 

LESS,  adf}.  Not  so  much  ;  in  a  smaller  or  lower  de- 
gree ;  as,  less  bright  or  loud  ;  l::ss  beautiful ;  less 
obliging;  /ft*s  careful.  The  less  a  tnan  praises  hiui- 
selj^  the  more  disposed  are  others  to  praise  him. 

LESS,  V.    Not  so  much. 

'l"hcy  gathered  some  more,  some  less.  —  Kxod.  xvi. 
9.  An  inferior. 

Tlv;  less  is  blessed  by  llie  belter.  —  Hcb.  vii. 
LESS,  V.  t.    To  make  less.     [JVot  in  use.]       Qowcr. 
LES-SEE',  7t.    [from  lease.]    The  person  to  whom  a 
lease  is  given,  or  who  takes  an  estate  by  lease 

Blaelc^tone, 
LESS'£X,  (les'u,)  v.  L   [from  less.]    To  make  less  ;  to 
diminish  ;  to  reduce  in  hulk,  size,  quantity,  number, 
or  amount;  to  make  smaller;  us, to /c^-^cnakingdom 
or  its  population. 

2.  To  diminish  in  degree,  slate,  or  quality;  as, 
awkward  manners  tend  to  lessen  our  respect  for  men 
of  merit. 

3.  To  degrade ;  to  reduce  in  dignity. 

St.  Paul  cliDse  (0  ntngoLTy  hifi  oflic*,  when  ill  mco  conspired  to 
leseen'iL  AlUrhury. 

LESS'£N,  (les'n,)  »,  i.  To  become  less ;  to  shrink ; 
to  contract  in  bulk,  quantity,  number,  or  amount ; 
to  be  diminished.  The  apparent  magnitude  of  ob- 
jects lr.isen.<  as  wc  recede  from  them. 

2.  To  become  less  in  degree,  qiiality,  or  intensity  ; 
to  decrease.  The  strength  of  the  body,  and  the  vi- 
vacitj"  of  the  temper,  usually  lessen  as  we  advance 
in  aac 

LESS'/:X-EI>,  pp.    Made  smaller  ;  diminished. 

LESS'iCN-IXG,  ppr.  Kedueing  in  bulk,  amount,  or 
degree ;  degratiing. 

LESS'ER,  a.  [Sax.  /(r,fsa,  Itessr,  from  las.  This  word 
is  a  corruption,  but  too  well  established  to  be  dis- 
carded.] 

Less;  smaller.  Authors  always  write,  the  Lesser 
Asia. 

By  the  Ktimu  reason  may  a  mnn  In  a  stile  of  nature  pimish  t)ic 

lesser  brcacli  -5  of  lh.it  kw.  Locke. 

(Jod  made  Uic  lesxer  tight  to  rule  the  nigliL  —  Gen.  i. 

LES'SES,  V.  pi.     [Fr.  laissdcs.]    The  leavings  or  dung 

of  beasts. 
LES'SOX,  (^les'n,)  7*.    [Thi«  word  wc  probably  have 

received  troni  the  Fr.  teeon,  L.  lectio,  from  Ic^o,  to 

read,   Fr.  lire,  iisant ;    Sp.  trccton  ;    It.  lezioite;   Sw. 

lexa  ;  and  not  from  the  D.  leezetiy  G-.  lesen,  to  rcad.j 

1.  Any  thing  read  or  recited  to  a  teacher  by  a  pu- 
pil or  learner  for  improvement:  or  such  a  poitittn  of 
a  book  as  a  pupil  learns  and  repeals  at  one  time. 
The  instructor  is  pleased  when  his  pujiils  recite  Uieir 
lessons  with  accuracy  and  proniplMe:*s. 

2.  A  portion  of  Scripture  read  in  iii\Tne  service 
Thus  endeth  the  first  lesson. 


FaTE,  far,  fall,  WII/^T.-MkTE,  PREY.-PIXE,  M.VRIXE,  BIRD NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.- 

65^  


LET 

3.  A  portion  of  a  book  ormauuscript  assigned  by  a 
preceptor  to  a  piipU  to  be  learnt,  or  for  an  exerciiie  ; 
something  to  be  IcarnL     Give  Iiiiu  his  lessen. 

4.  Precept ;  doctrine  or  notion  inculcated. 

Be  Dcrt  )ealous  over  tbe  wife  of  thy  txuom,  tuiU  Urach  her  no:  an 

eni  Utson  xg^iil  thysslf.  Ecclus. 

5.  Severe  lecture  J  reproof;  rebuke. 

She  weald  give  ber  a  Itstoti  for  walkiu*  so  Lite,  Sidney, 

6.  Tune  written  for  an  instruinent.  Dories. 

7.  Instruction  or  truth,  taught  by  c-iTMricnce.  The 
lessons  which  sickness  imparls,  she  leaves  to  be  prac- 
ticed when  health  is  esl^iblished. 

LES'SOX,  (les'n,)  v.  t.    To  teach ;  to  instruct. 

ChUdjea  should  be  lessoned  iotu  a  cantejDpl  and  deiesLiuon  of 
thh  vice.  L'Rstnin^e. 

LES'SON-£D,  pp.    Taught;  instructed. 


LET 


LEV 


LES'S0X-1.\G, 


ppr. 


Teachin". 


LES'SOR,  71.     [trom  lease.'\    One  who  leases;  the  per- 
son who  lets  to  farm,  or  gives  a  lease.    Blackstone. 

LEST,  part,  [from  the  &lx.  leas,  Goth,  laits^  loose, 
separate.  In  Saxon,  it  was  preceded  by  the^  the  leas, 
that  less,  that  not,  ne  forte.  Hence  it  denotes  a 
loosing  or  sepamtion,  and  hence  it  comes  to  express 
prevention.] 
That  not;  for  fear  that. 

Te  shall  cot  eal  of  it,  neilber  shall  yc  touch  it,  Itst  ye  tUe.  — 
Geo.  iii. 

The  phrase  may  be  thus  explained  :  Ye  shall  not 
touch  it :  that  separated  or  dismissed,  ye  die.  That 
here  refers  to  the  preceding  command  or  sentence  ; 
that  being  removed,  or  not  observed,  the  fact  being 
not  so,  ye  will  die. 

Sin  no  more,  lest  a  worse  thing  come  to  th3c.  — John  v. 

Sin  no  more ;  that  fact  not  taking  place,  a  worse 
tiling  will  happen  to  thee. 
LET,  V.  U  :  pTet,  and  pp.  Let.  Letted  is  obsolete. 
Sax.  trtan,  Ictan,  Goth.  hVxn,  lo  permit,  to  hinder,  to 
dismiss  or  send  away,  to  let  go,  to  leave,  to  admit,  to 
think  or  suppose,  lo  dissemble,  to  retard,  to  be  late  or 
slow,  to  dally  or  trille,  lo  lease  or  let  oat ;  letan  aiccg, 
to  let  ateaij,  to  throw  ;  W.  Uuz,  hind'?nince  ;  lluzicw^ 
to  hinder ;  D.  laaten,  to  permit,  to  sulier,  to  give,  to 
leave,  to  loose,  lo  put,  to  stow ;  G.  lassen^  to  let,  lo 
permit,  grant,  allow,  suffer  ;  vcrlassen,  to  forsake  ; 
n:Uerlassen,  lo  cease,  to  forbear :  Sw.  ItUa,  to  permit ; 
Dan.  laderj  to  let,  permit,  allow,  grant,  suffer,  give 
leave.  But  in  the  four  latter  dialects,  tliere  is  anoth- 
er verb,  which  corresponds  wiih  let  in  some  of  its 
significations;  D.  lyden,  G.  leideit,  Sw.  lida,  Dan. 
lider^  to  suffer,  endure,  undergo,  to  permit.  With 
this  verb  corresponds  the  English  late,  D.  laat,  Sw. 
lut,  Dan.  lady  slothful,  lazy;  and  the  G.  lass,  feeble, 
lazy,  coincides  with  lassenj  supra,  and  this  may  be 
the  Eng.  laiy.  To  kt  out,  like  L.  clocare^  is  to  lease^  Fr. 
laissfT.  Let  is  the  Fr.  laisser,  in  a  different  dialect. 
By  the  German  and  Welsh,  it  appears  that  the  last 
radical  may  have  originaliv  been  tA,  ts,  or  (:,  or  other 
compound.  See  Class  Ld,  No.  2,  15,  19,  23,  33,  and 
Class  Ls,  No.  30.] 

1.  To  permit ;  to  allow  ;  to  suffer  ;  to  give  leave  or 
power  by  a  positive  act,  or  negatively,  tt<  withhold 
restraint ;  not  to  prevent.  A  leaky  ship  lets  water 
enter  into  the  hold.  Let  is  followed  by  the  infinitive 
without  the  sign  to. 

Pharioh  soicl^  I  will  let  you  go,  —  Ex.  viij. 

When  lh«  ship  waa  caught,  and  could  not  Lear  up  into  the  wind, 
we  let  her  drive.  — Acts  xxvti, 

2.  To  lease ;  to  grant  possession  and  use  for  a 
compensation  ;  as,  to  /«!  to  farm  ;  to  let  an  estate  for 
a  year  ;  to  let  a.  room  lo  lodgers ;  often  followed  by 
611/,  as,  to  let  out  a  fann  ;  but  the  use  of  out  is  un- 
necessary. 

3.  To  suffer ;  to  permit ;  with  the  usual  sign  of  the 
infinitive. 

There's  a  letter  for  you,  ar,  if  ytjiir  name  be  Horatio,  as  I  :mh 
hi  to  know  it  B.     {i<Ql  userf.]  Shak. 

•\,  In  the  imperative  mode,  let  has  the  following  uses. 
Followed  by  the  first  and  third  persons,  it  expresses 
desire  or  wish ;  hence  it  is  used  in  prayer  and  en- 
treaty to  superiors,  and  to  those  who  have  us  in  their 
I)ower ;  as,  let  nie  not  wander  from  thy  command- 
ments.   P$.  cxix. 

Followed  by  the  first  peny^in  plural,  let  expresses 
exliortation  or  entreaty  ;  .t?*,  ri?c,  let  us  go. 

Followed  by  the  third  person,  it  implies  permission 
or  command  addressed  to  an  inft^rior.  Letkim  go, 
lei  tliera  remain,  are  commands  addressed  to  the  sec- 
ond person.  Lft  thou,  or  let  ye,  that  is,  do  thou  or 
yon  permit  him  to  go. 

Sometimes  let  is  used  to  express  a  command  or  in- 
junction to  a  third  prTrson.  When  the  signal  is  given 
lo  engage,  let  every  man  do  his  duly. 

When  applied  to  things  not  rational,  it  implies  al- 
lowance or  concession. 

O'er  ^Edeu  sands  let  rich  Poctolus  flow.  Pope. 

5.  To  retard  :  to  hinder  j  to  impede ;  to  interpose 
obstructions.    9  Thcss.  ii.  Dryden. 

[This  sense  is  now  obsolete,  or  nearly  so.] 
To  let  alone ;  to  leave  ;  to  suffer  to  remain  witliout 
intermeddling  ;  a^,  let  alune  this  idle  project ;  let  me 
alone. 


To  let  dou/n  ;  to  permit  to  sink  or  fall ;  to  lower. 

Siic  le:  Oxiti  doier.  by  a.  cord  through  the  window.  —  Jtwb.  ii. 

To  let  loose ;  to  free  from  restraint ;  to  permit  to 
wander  at  large. 

To  let  in  or  into ;  to  permit  or  suffer  to  enter :  to 
admit.  Oiien  the  door,  let  in  niy  friend.  We  are  not 
let  vito  the  secrets  of  the  cabinet. 

2.  To  insert,  as  a  piece  of  wood,  into  a  space  formed 
for  the  purpose. 

To  let  blood ;  to  open  a  vein  and  suffer  tho  blood  lo 
flow  out. 

To  let  out ;  to  suffer  to  escape,  as  an  animal ;  lo  ex- 
tend or  loosen,  as  a  rope  or  the  folds  of  a  garment : 
also,  to  lease  or  lul  to  hire. 

To  let  off;  to  discharge  ;  to  let  fly,  as  an  arrow  ;  or 
cause  to  explode,  as  a  gun. 

To  let  fiy;   to  Kcnd  forth  or  dischar^'e  willi  vio- 
lence, as  an  aRow  or  stone. 
LET,  r.i.     To  forbear.     {Obs.^  Bacon. 

LET,  n.  A  rel^irding;  hmderancc ;  obstacle;  imped- 
iment; delay.  [ObsoUtc,  unless  ia  some  technical 
phrases.^ 
LET;  a  lennination  of  diiuiniitives  ;  as, /aira/fi, a  little 
house  ;  ricuht,  a  small  stream.  [Sax.  /yf,  small,  less, 
few.  See  Little.] 
LETCH,  H.    A  leach-lub.    l^c&  Leach.] 

2.  A  long,  narrov/  su  amp  in  which  water  moves 
slowly.  BroeketL 

Le'TH.^L,  a.    [L.  lethalis,  mortal,  from  Gr.  Xj^m  ob- 
livion.] 
Deadly  ;  mortal ;  fatal.  Richardson. 

LE-THAL'I-TY,  H.     Mortalitv.  Jlkius. 

LE-TH.\R'Gie,  )a.      [L.  letfiargicus ;    Ft.  lethar- 

LE-THAR'C:ie-AL,  j     gigue.] 

Preternulurally  inclined  lo  sleep;  drowsv  ;  dull; 
heavy.  ArbnUinot. 

LE-THXR'Oie-.VL-LY,  ado.      In  a  morbid    sleepi- 

uess. 
LE-THXR'<5ie-AI^NESS, )  n.    Prelernalural  or  mor- 
LE-THaR'GIC-NESS,         i      bid  sleepiness  or  drow- 
siness. More.     Herbert, 
LETH'AR-<jI-£D, pp.  or  a.    Laid  asleep;  entranced. 

Shak. 
LETH'AR-GY,  n,    [L.  JeOiargia  ;  Gr.  \nOa.iyia;  X>}3t], 
oblivion,  and  apyo^,  idle.] 

1.  Preternatur-il  sleepiness ;  morbid  drowsiness  ; 
continued  or  profound  sleep,  from  which  a  person 
can  scarcely  be  awaked. 

2.  Dullness  ;  inaction  ;  inattention. 

Europe  lay  then  under  a  deep  Ulhar^,  AUerbiin/. 

LETH'AR-CY,  v.  L    To  make  lethargic  or  dull. 

Churchill. 
Le'THE,  (le'the,)  n.    [Gr.  XfiOt},  forgetfuhiess ;  A/;'J(j, 
L.  lateo,  to  be  hid.] 

1.  In  Greek  mythology,  one  of  the  rivers  of  the  in- 
fernal regions,  whose  waters  were  said  lo  cause  for- 
getfulness  of  tlie  past.  Milton. 

Hence, 

2.  Oblivion  ;  a  draught  of  oblivion.  Shali. 
LE-THe^\N,  a.    Inducing  forgetfuhiess  or  oblivion. 

Lempriere.    .'is.  Res, 
Shakspeare  has  Letheed  in  this  sense. 
LE-THIF'ER-OUS,  a.    [L.  leUtuvi^  dealh,  and/rt-o,  to 
bring.] 
Deadly;  mortal;  bringing  death  or  destniction. 

Robinson. 
LETTER,  n.    [from  let.'^    One  who  permits. 

2.  One  who  retards  or  hinders. 

3.  One  who  gives  vent ;  as,  a  hXcioA-leltcr. 
LET'TER,  Ji.     [Fr.  lettrc;    It.  ieitera;    L.  liUra;  W. 

Uythyr.] 

1.  Amark  or  character,  written,  jirinttul, engraved, 
or  painted  ;  used  as  the  representative  of  a  sound,  or 
of  an  articulation  of  the  huni.ni  organs  of  speech. 
By  sounds,  and  arlirulations  or  closures  of  the  or- 
gans, are  formed  svMables  and  words.  Hence  a  leit.T 
is  the  first  ekniLtit  of  written  language,  as  a  simple 
sound  is  tho  first  elcnteul  of  tr^tnkrn  l;ingiTa'_'i'  nr 
speech.  Assoumbnre  audible,  and  c<miniuii!catu 
ideas  lo  others  by  the  ear,  so  letters  arc  visible  repre- 
sentatives of  sounds,  and  communicale  tlie  tlioughu 
of  others  by  means  of  the  eye. 

2.  A  written  or  printed  message;  an  epistle;  a 
communication  niade  by  visible  characters  from  one 
person  to  another  at  a  distance. 

The  stjle  oUtUers  ought  to  L«  free,  eiisy,  and  oftturul.     Walsh. 

3.  The  verl>al  expressiim ;  the  literal  meaning. 

W'e  must  observe  tlie  letter  of  the  Isw,  without  doing  viol.nce  to 
th*-  r;iison  ofttie  \.\vi  aiiJ  tho  itileiiliuiis  of  the  lawgwirr. 

4.  Typ;^ ;  a  character  formed  of  metal  or  wood, 
usually  of  metal,  and  used  in  priming  btwks, 

5.  Ldtn:-< :  in  the  plural,  learning  ;  erudition  ;  as,  a 
man  of  letters. 

Dead  leUer :  a  writing  or  precept  which  is  without 
authority  or  force.  The  best  law  may  become  a  daul 
letter. 

Letter  of  attorney :  a  writing  by  which  one  person 
authorizes  another  loan  in  his  stead. 

ifKrr  of  credit;  a  leller  authorizing  credit  toa  cer- 
tain amount  of  money  to  be  given  lo  the  bearer. 

Brande. 


Letler  ofUeeiLte  ;  a  p;j;>  .'  t.. 
an  unlbrtunaL';  debu-r  " 


scaled,  [ 

a  persor, 

Vers  pate  III  \iu  ' 
LET'TER,  F.  r. 

leUer  a  iKrfjk  :  n 
LET'TKK-UOARIx  ,.     .;  \. 

type  are  plar^d,  when  nut 

for  dimributif-ii. 
LKT'TER-CASE,  n,    A 
LET'TER-^'H,  pp.    F: 
LET'TER  .Pr»,    a.      ».  • 

lilemlur' 

2.    Ii'  n-- 

LET'TEl:- 

lype-foiiiiji  r. 
LET'TER-I.XG,  ppr.     ,.„^.._ 

on  ;  as.  Uttering-  a  booJt  '  n  ih 

LET'TER-I.NG,  «.    TJ 

2.  The  lfc:iers  impr 

LET'TER-LEriS,  e.  ill 


n;; ;  •uilin;;  : 
n.     One  wi; 

Impre«iin;  ut 


LET'TER-PRESS, «.    [letter  and  fr 

icrs  and  words  imprc*jtd  on  paper. 

a!,  bv  tvpea. 
LET'TE'R-WRIT'ER,  n.     One  wh<. 
2.  An  inFlrumeni  forc«tp}iac  lei: 

the  manifold  leiler'ioriter. 
LET'TING,  ppr.     PenniUine  ;  »uffcrin(E, 
LET'TIiVG,  Tt.      TUe  putlmg    out  oo    t«%ie,    aa  ■ 

farm. 
2.  Tho.  putting  out  t;f  portion^  of  work  to  be  yrr- 

formed  by  contract,  as  on  a  railrnd  vt  tzRzi. 

LET'TUCE,  (let'lis,)  n.    [Fr. 

lechu^a:   Arm.  laetuzen:   G. 

L.  larMica,  nccording  lo  Varr 
The  English  |K>pular  uain 

Lactuca,  avmu  of  whicli  art 
LEC'CIX,    i        r^     .  ,  .    . 

LEO'CliNk,  S  "■    ^^'-  ^'^"'^^  ''  '"^J 

A  ixrculiar  white  pulverulent  flibftaocf  c-Main*-1 

from  beef-fibers,  treated  with  sulphuric  u 

afterward  wiih  alcohol.  Br 

LEC'CITE,  ?i.    [t;r.  Xcvko^,  whiif.l 
A  mineral  having  a  dull.   _" 

currm2  in  translucent,   iw.  r 

hedral)  crystals.     It  h^  fmnl 

Italy,  especially  at  Vesuviii.-. 

liie  lava~. 
LEF-CIT'ie,  a.     A  term  a; , . 

coniaiuing  leucile. 
LECeo-F^^Tm-OP'IC,  a.    [Gr.  Axvnt.  w 

a:ilhu'dy.  black.] 
White  and  black:  designating  a  white 

a  black  s;>ecies,  or  the  albino  of  the  ncjro  : 

LEu'CO-PHAN'E,  n.    [Gr.  Xr  Mf,  while,  ar, 
to  appear.] 
A  mineral,  occurring  impe  f-n^y  rry<tai: 

greenish  or  wineyeIlo\*'  ctA  '       ~     

fluoric  acid,  s'lictna,  lime,  th. 

Lr.v€0-v\u.KG'yt\  ry.  r 

XcvK^i,  whitf.  I'     ' 
\  dMi>sicaI 

of  anasarca ;  ;^ 

sweats.  I.   -  -     / 

LEV  CO  rHLEC-MAT'ie,    «.       Hr^ 

hnbit  of  botiv  with  a  while,  bloatrd  - 
LEL'-CO.S'TlS'E,  w.     A  variety  of  ir*.  «>  -  . 
LKI'  t^o'TIU or,  H.      [^ee  Lttco-ETHioMC.]     An 

alliirio  of  a  black  race. 
Lk'VAN T,  a.    [Fr.  leramt^  lising,  from  lever,  K  '—  ' 
Easurn;    denoting  U»e  pari  of  U»c    h^ 

where  the  tun  risu-s. 

Fi'rth  n:0»  ti>e  .VmhI  .ipO  iI»p  p-^acnt  vin4t. 

LE-Y.\NT',  n.    [II.  Unt\:e^  the  East,  supra. 

Prcprrh,  3  countr>-  lo  the  t^?tward  ;  bin 

ateLi,  ihe"  couniriiu-i  of  Turkey.  :>yria,  A- 

tJrctce,  F.?jpt,  vVc.  which  are  washed  !•> 

em  part  of  the  Mediterranean   and  its   «. 

watersi. 

LE-V.A.NT'EU,  n.    A  smmg  eastcrty  wind  in  U»  wrd- 
ilcrranean. 

2.  A  cant  name  for  ont;  wbn  1»pI> 
and   runs  away    without    paym*   t 
hence,  in  a  tcider  sense,  one  who  :-;  - 
gracefullv.  X^' 

LI%VANT'IXEorLEV'AXT-I.\E,  «.     Per. 

the  UnanL  p . 

2.  Designating  a  particular  fcmd  of  SJIK  < 

LE-V.VNT'l.NE  er  LEVA.NT-I.NE,  «.    A 
kind  of  silk  cloth. 

LE-Va'TOR,  ».    [L..  {Km  l- 
my.  a  muscle  that  serves  to 
lip  or  the  eyelid.  


TONE,  BJJLL, 


lTXITE.--.5Js"GER,  vr^CIOUS.— €  a3K;GasJ;SasZ;CHa3  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


651* 


LEV 

*2.  A  surpical  instrument  used  to  raise  a  ticpresseil 
part  of  tli(!  skull.  Wiseman. 

UP.VR,  for  Uelievi!.     [Obs.]  Qower. 

LL  V'EK,  i>.     [Fr.,  from  lesvcrj  to  niiso,  h.  Icvu."] 
J.  Tlio  lime  of  risin?. 

2.  The  concourse  of  persons  wlio  visit  a  prince  or 
great  pcrsona^'u  in  the  morning.  Johnson. 

'  3.  A  iHink  or  causeway,  particularly  alonj;  .1  rivirr, 
to  prevent  inunilation  ;  a^,  the  Itoees  along  the  Mi:«- 
sis:iippi. 

Lccee  en  masse.  ("See  Lety.] 
KRV'EL,  a.  [Sax.  Ur/el,  id. ;  W.  Ihjvn,  smooth,  evrn, 
/frc7,  sleek,  slipi>cry;  Hyuefu,  to  level,  to  render  uni- 
form, to  devise,  invent,  guess ;  llyvnu,  to  make 
sniootli.  This  seems  to  be  connected  witli  Uijvu,  to 
lirk.  So  like,  1).  ifdijky  G.  ff/cicA,  is  smooth,  evun, 
lovcl,  equal,  coinciding  with  Eng.  sleek.  The  L.  li- 
bdlii,  tibruy  lielong  to  tliis  root ;  It.  Uvella.] 

1.  iiorii^ontal  ;  coinciding  with  the  plane  of  the 
horizon.  To  be  perfectly  level,  is  to  bo  exactly  Iiori- 
■/ontal. 

•2.  Even  ;  flat;  not  having  one  part  higher  than 
unnthwr;  not  ascending  or  descending  j  as,  a  level 
plain  or  field  ;  level  ground  j  a  lecd  rlom-  or  pave- 
ment. In  common  usoise,  level  is  oftt-ii  applied  to  sur- 
faces that  are  not  perfectly  hori/.ontal,  but  which 
have  no  Inequalities  of  magnitude. 

3.  Even  with  any  thing  else  j  of  the  same  hight ; 
on  the  same  line  or  plane. 

•1.  Eipial  in  rank  or  degree ;  having  no  degree  of 
superiority. 

Uo  hvet  ill  pniformciiU,  and  you  will  soon  be  as  Icctl  \n  your 
iLmrniiig.  BenlUy. 

LEVEL,  V.  t.    To  make  liorizontal. 

2.  To  make  even  ;  to  reduce  or  remove  inequali- 
ties of  surface  in  any  thing ;  as,  to  leael  a  road  or 
walk. 

y.  To  reduce  or  bring  to  tlie  same  hight  with 
something  else. 

Aiul  (h?ir  proud  utrocCtiivs  Uotl  willi  the  ground.        Stuidya. 

4.  To  lay  flat  j  to  reduce  to  an  even  surface  or 
plane. 

lie  hoeU  mouiituiiia,  and  he  raises  pliiins.  Dnjden. 

5.  To  reduce  to  equality  of  condition,  slate,  or  de- 
gree ;  as,  to  let^rl  all  ranks  and  degrees  of  men. 

6.  To  point,  in  taking  aim  ;  to  elovalt;  or  depress 
so  as  to  direct  a  missile  weapon  to  an  object;  to 
aim  ;  us,  to  level  a  cannon  or  musket. 

7.  To  aim  ;  to  direct ;  as,  severe  remarks  levded  at 
the  vices  and  follies  of  the  age. 

i*.  To  suit ;  to  proportion  ;  as,  to  level  observations 
to  the  capacity  of  children. 
LEVEL,  t'.i.  "To  accord;  to  agree;  to  suit.     [LitUc 
iised.\  H'lidh. 

2.  To  aim  at ;  to  point  a  gun  or  an  arrow  to  the 
mark. 

3.  To  aim  at ;  to  direct  the  view  or  purpose 

The  glory  of  Go»i  and  tlic  5001!  of  liis  church  ought  (0  \<ti  llic 
mark  at  which  we  ievnU  Hooker. 

4.  To  be  aimed  ;  to  be  in  the  same  direction  with 
the  mark. 

He  raiwrd  it  till  he  Itveled  right,  liuV.er. 

5.  To  aim ;  to  make  attempts. 

Ambitious  York  did  level  M  tliy  crown.  Sliok. 

G.  To  conjecture ;  to  attempt  to  guess.    [JVui  used.^ 

Shah. 
LEVEL,  n.    A  liorizontal  Hue,  or  a  plane;  a  surface 
without  inequalities.  Ilulr. 

•2.  Rate  ;  standard  ;  usual  elevation  ;  customary 
hight ;  as,  the  ordinaiy  level  of  the  world- 

3.  Equal  elevation  with  something  else  ;  a  state  of 
equality. 

ProTidcnce,  for  tho  uioi>t  p-irt,  sets  uh  011  a  level.       SpecUUor. 

4.  The  line  of  direction  in  which  a  missive  weapon 
is  aimed. 

5.  An  instrument  in  mechanics  by  which  to  find 
or  draw  a  horizontal  line,  as  in  setlin-^  buildings,  or 
in  making  canals  and  drains.  The  iustnimenl  com- 
monly used  for  this  ptirpose  is  called  the  xpirit  Iced. 

G.  Rule ;  i)lan  ;  scheme  ;  borrowed  from  tho  me- 
chanic's level. 

Ee  the  fair  keel  of  thy  notions  Inid.  Prior. 

LEV'EL-£D,  pp.  or  a.     Reduced  to  a  plane ;  made 
even. 
2.  Reduced  to  an  equal  stato,  condition,  or  rank. 
:i.  Reduced  to  an  equality  with  S(iiin;ihing  else. 
4.  Elevated  or  depressed  to  a  ri-^ht  line  toward 
something  ;  painted  to  an  object ;  directed  to  a  mark. 
a.  Suited  ;  proportioned. 
LEV'EL-ER,  n.    One  that  levels  or  makes  uven. 

9.  One  that  destroys,  or  attempts  to  destroy,  dis- 
tinctions, and  reduce  to  equality. 
LE  VEL-ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Making  level  or  even. 

2.  Reducing  to  an  equality  of  conditicm. 
LEVEL-lNG,n.    The  reduction  of  uneven  iJurlaces 
to  a  Itrvel  or  plane. 

2.  In  .furoeyiittr^  the  art  or  practice  of  finding  a 
iiorizontal  line,  or  of  ascertaining  the  ditTerent  ele- 
vatitms  of  objects  on  the  surface  of  the  earth. 

Jiarloto. 


LEV 

LEV'EL-NESS,  n.    Evenne.^s  ;  equalily  of  surface. 
2.  Equalily  with'something  else. 

LEVA'N.     Sec  Lkwks. 

LEVKM,  n.     [Sax.  hlifian.] 

Li;'htuing.     [Oijs.]  Citaucer. 

LEVER,  n.  [Fr.  Icvicv;  It.  leva;  from  lever,  levarc, 
L.  Icvoy  to  raise.] 

In  mec/ianicsj  a  bar  of  metal,  wood,  or  other  sub- 
stance, turning  on  a  support  called  the  fulcrum  or 
proji.  Its  arms  are  equal,  as  In  tUc  balance  ;  or  une- 
(pial,  as  in  steelyards.  It  Is  one  of  iho.  mechanical 
powers,  and  is  of  three  kinds,  viz.  1,  When  the  ful- 
crum is  between  the  weight  and  the  power,  as  in  the 
hundsjiike,  crotebar,  fee.  2.  When  the  weight  is  be- 
tween tho  power  and  the  fulcrum,  as  in  i-oirin-ra  boat. 
y.  Wlien  the  power  is  between  the  weight  and  the 
fulcrum,  as  In  raisin-r  a  ladder  from  tliR  ground,  by 
ni)i)!ying  tho  hands  to  one  of  the  lower  rounds, 
'i'he  bones  of  animals  are  levers  of  tlie  third  kind. 

Olmsted. 

LE'VER,  (I.  The  comparative  degree  of /f'nr, /c//,  or 
lief.     Alore  agreeable  ;  more  pleasing.     [Oft.s-.] 

LK'VER,  adv.  Rather,  as  wo  now  say,  I  had  rather. 
[Oft.fl.l  Chaucer. 

LEVER-A6E,  ti.  Mechanical  advantage  gained  on 
the  principle  of  the  lever.  OUnsted. 

LEVER-ET,  n.    [Er.  lievrct,  from  lievre,  a  hare.] 
A  haro  in  the  lirst  year  of  her  age. 

LEVER-OCK,  It.     A  bird  ;  a  lark.     [See  Lark.] 

LEVET,  n.     [Uu.  Fr.  lever,  to  raise]         [JohnA-on, 
A  blast  of  a  trumpot;  probably  that  by  which  sol- 
diers are  called  in  llie  morning.     [JVwt  u^ed.] 

Jluaibras. 

LEVI-A-RLE,  a.  [from  levy.]  TJmt  may  be  levied  j 
that  may  be  nssessed  and  collected  ;  as,  sums  leviable 
by  course  of  law.  Bacon. 

LE-VI'A-TIIA.V,  H.    [Heb.  inn':.] 

1.  An  aquatic  animal,  descriiicd  in  the  book  of 
Job,  eh.  xli.,  and  mentioned  in  other  jiassages  of 
Scripture.  In  Isaiah,  it  Is  riillcd  the  crmikcd  spiyent. 
It  is  not  agrecfl  what  animal  is  intended  by  the 
writers,  wliotlier  the  crocodile,  tlrj  whaK;,  or  a  spe- 
cies (}f  serpent. 

2.  The  whale,  or  a  great  wliale.  .Milton. 
LEV'l-ED,  (lev'id,)  pp.     Raised  ;  collected. 

LE VI-G.\TE,  V.  t.  [L.  Icviiro,  from  lavis,  smooth,  Gr. 
Actrjj.] 

1.  In  pharmacy  and  chemuitinj,  to  mh  av  grind  to  a 
t'liie,  impalpable  powder  ;  to  make  line,  soft,  and 
smooth. 

2.  To  plane  ;  to  polish.  Barroio. 
LEVr-GATE,  a.     .Made  siunoth. 
LEVLGa-TEI),  pp.    Reduced  to  a  fine,  impalpable 

powder. 

LEVI-GA-TIXG,  ppr.  Rendrrin*-;  very  fine,  soft,  and 
smnoth,  liv  grinding  or  rubbing. 

LEV-I-GA'TION,  71.  The  act  or  operation  of  grinding 
or  rubbing  a  solid  substance  to  a  fine,  impalpable 
powder.  Eiiciic. 

LEVIN,  a.     Lightning.     [Obs.]     [See  Leven.]  " 

,  Spenser, 

LK-VI'RATE,  a.    [L.  Icrtr,  a  husband's  brother.] 

The  Icviratc  law,  among  the  Jewa^  was  one  accord- 
ing to  which  a  woman,  whose  husband  died  without 
issue,  was  to  be  married  to  the  husband's  brother. 
Dcut.  .\.\v.  .">. 

LEV-I-TA'TIO.V,  71.     [L.  Icvis,  hviUts.] 

Ijightness;  buoyancy;  act  of  making  light. 

LE'ViTE,  71.  [from  Levi,  one  of  the  sons  of  Jacob.] 
One  of  the  tribe  or  family  of  Levi ;  a  descendant 
of  I..evi ;  more  particularly,  an  ollicer  in  the  Jewish 
church,  wlio  was  employed  in  m;inual  service,  as  in 
bringing  wood  and  other  necessaries  for  the  sacri- 
fices. The  Lcvites  also  sung  and  played  on  instru- 
ments of  music.  They  were  subordinate  to  the 
priests,  the  descendants  of  Aaron,  who  was  also 
of  the  family  of  Levi.  Encyc. 

LE-VIT'IG-AL,  a.  Belonging  to  the  Levites,  or  de- 
scendants of  Levi ;  as,  the  Lcvittcal  law,  the  law 
given  by  Moses,  which  prescribed  the  duties  and 
rites  of  the  priests  and  Levites,  and  regulated  the 
civil  and  religious  concerns  of  the  Jews. 
2.  Priestly.  Milton. 

LE-VIT'ie-.\L-Ly,  adv.  After  the  manner  of  the  Le- 
vites. 

LE-VIT'IG-US,  71.  [from  Levi,  Lcvite.']  A  canonical 
book  of  the  Old  Testament,  containing  the  laws  and 
regulations  which  relate  to  the  priests  and  Levites 
among  the  Jews,  or  the  body  of  the  ceremonial  law. 

LEVI-TV,  ji.  [L.  Icvitas,  from  Icvi^,  light ;  connected 
perhaps  with  Eng.  lift.] 

\.  Lightness  ;  the  want  of  weight  in  a  body,  com- 
pared with  another  that  is  heavier.  The  ascent  of  a 
balloon  in  the  air  Is  owing  to  its  levity,  as  the  gas  that 
fti'is  it  is  lighter  than  common  air. 

2.  Lightness  of  temper  or  conduct ;  inconstancy  ; 
changeableness  ;  unsteadiness  ;  as,  the  /cuj/i/ of  youth. 

Hooker. 

3.  V.'.tnt  of  due  consideration  ;  vanity  ;  freals.  He 
never  employed  his  timnipoUmce  out  of  icyffy  or  os- 
tentation. 

4.  Gayety  of  mind ;  want  of  seriousness ;  dispo- 
sition to  trifle.  The  spirit  of  religion  and  seriousness 
was  succeeded  by  levity. 


LEZ 

LEVY,  V.  t.     [Fr.  lever;  It.  levare;  Sp.  levar;  L.  Icvo  ; 
Eng.  to  lijy.] 

1.  To  raise  ;  to  collect,  'i'o /rcy  troops  is  to  enlist 
or  to  order  men  into  public  service.  To  levy  an  army 
is  to  collect  troops  and  form  an  army  by  enrollment, 
conscription,  or  other  means. 

2.  'J'o  raise  ;  to  collect  by  assessment ;  as,  to  levy 
taxes,  toll,  tribute,  <ir  cimtributions. 

To  levy  war,  is  10  raise  or  begui  war;  to  take  arms 
for  attack  ;  to  attack.  Jilnckstone. 

'J\i  l-ccy  n  fine;  to  commence  and  carry  on  a  suit 
for  assuring  the  title  to  lands  or  tenements. 

Bludistone. 
LEVY,  7(.    The  act  of  collecting  men  fi»r  military,  or 
other  public  service,  as  by  enlistment,  enrollment,  or 
other  means,     1  Kinss  ix. 

2.  Troops  collected  ;  an  army  raised.    I  Kinrrs  v. 

3.  The  act  of  collecting  money  for  public  use  by 
tax  or  other  imposition. 

4.  War  raised.     [Ao(  in  use.]  Shak. 
Levy  in  mass,  [Fr.  lavee  cji  vtassc;]  a  requisition  of 

all  liable  to  bear  arms  for  service.    In  Germany,  it  is 

styled  landsturm. 
LEV'Y-ING,  jrpr.      Raising  ;    collecting,  as  men  or 

money. 
LEVYXE,  w.     [from  Icvij.]     A  mineral,  supposed  to 

be  identical  with  clnibazite.  Dana. 

LEW,  (IQ,)«.     [D.  laauw.] 

'JVpid  ;  lukewarm;  pale;  wan.     [Obs.] 
LEWI),  (ludc,)  a.   [W.  llodis^  having  a  craving  ;  llndi, 

to  reach  out,  to  crave  ;  llodineb,  lewdness  ;  llainl,  that 

shoots  out  or  is  growing,  a  lad  ;  G.  ludtr,  lewdness  ; 

lleb.  Ch.  Syr.  Sam.  l'?'',  to  beget,  to  bring  forth  ;  Ar. 

4X5^  walada,  Elh.  ©A.?  i'l-] 

I.  Given  to  the  unlawful  indulgence  of  lust ;  ad- 
dicted to  fornication  or  adultery  ;  dissolute;  lustful; 
libidinous.    Kzdi.  xxlii. 

2,  Proceeding  from  unlawful  lust ;  ;is,  lewd  ac- 
tions. 

3.  Wicked ;  vile ;  profligate  ;  licentious.  Jiets 
xvii. 

LEWD,  a.  [Sax.  Imccd,  lewd.  This  seems  to  be  a 
contracted  word,  and  either  from  the  root  of  lairul, 
lay,  or  from  the  Sax.  tcod,  G.  Intte,  people,  which 
seems  to  be  from  tho  same  root  as  the  foregoing 
word,  like  L,  ^ciut,  from  ffcno.]  • 

L;iy  ;  laical;  not  clerical.     [Obs.]  Vavic^. 

LEWD'LY,  (lude'ly,)  adv.    With  the  unlawful  indul- 
gence of  lust ;  lustfully. 
2.  Wickedly;  wantonlv. 

LEWD'NESS,  n.  'J'he  unlawful  indulgence  of  lust ; 
fornication,  or  adultery. 

2.  in  Scripture,  it  generally  denotes  idolatry. 

3.  Licentiousness  ;  shamelessncss.  Spenser. 
LEWD'STER.  71.    One   given  to  the  criminal  indul- 
gence of  hi^t;  a  lecher.     [JVot  used.]  Shak. 

LEX,  7(.    [L.]     Law  ;  as,  lez  talionis,  tlie  law  of  retal- 
iation ;  Irr  tcrrir.tUe  law  of  the  land. 
LEX'I-CAL,  a.     Pertaining  to  a  lexicon,  or  lexicogra- 
phy ;  settled  by  lexicography  ;  as,  the  lezical  meaning 
of  a  word.  Lcw'ts. 

LEX-I-eOG'R.\-PHER,7i.  [See  Lexccogkai'Hy.]  The 

author  of  a  lexicon  or  dictionary. 
LEX-I-€0-GRAPH'ie,         (    a.      Pertaining   to    the 
LEX-I-eO-GRAPH'l€-AL,  (        writing    or    compila- 
tion of  a  dictionary.  Boswcll. 
LEX-I-€0G'RA-PIIY,  71.     [Gr. -VJuoi/,  a  dictionary, 
and  1  'in,"?,  a  writing.] 

I.  'The  act  of  writing  a  lexicon  or  dictionary,  or 
the  art  of  composing  dictionaries. 
9.  The  composition  or  compilation  of  a  dictionary. 
LEX-I-COL'O-GY,  n.     [Gr.  Xc^ikov,  a  dictionary,  and 
Aojrjf,  discourse.] 

The  science  ol  words;  that  branch  of  learning 
which  treats  of  the  propt-r  signification  and  just 
application  )if  words.  J\led.  Brpos. 

LEX'LCOX,  n.  [Gr.  Xi^ikw,  a  dictionary,  from  Ac^if, 
\c)  f.i,  to  speak.] 

A  ilictionary  ;  a  vocabulary, or  bctok  containing  an 
alphabetical  arrangementof  the  words  in  a  language, 
with  tho  definition  of  each,  or  an  explanation  of  its 
meaning. 

A  writer  of  a  lexicon,     f Little 
Orient.   }[:ol. 
Expressing  words  by  distinct 


[Gr.  Xc^is,  a  word,  and  j  pat}jt.>, 
Med.  Rppos. 


LEX'I-eON-IST,  7- 

vscd.] 

LEX-I-(JRAPH'IC, 
characters. 

LEX-1(;'RA-P1IY,  71. 
to  write.] 
Ttie  art  or  practice  of  d^-fining  words, 

LE?.     See  LvE. 

LicY  ;  a  dilferenl  orthography  of  Lav  and  Lea,  a 
meadow  or  fit-td. 

LE^'DKN-JAK  i  n.  A  glass  jar  or  boltle  used  to 

LE1?'nE\'-PHT'AL,  \  accumulate  electricity.  It  is 
coated  with  tin  foil,  within  and  without,  nearly  to 
its  top,  and  is  surmounted  by  a  brass  knoij  fur 
the  purpose  of  charging  it  with  electricity,  it  is  so 
named  from  having  been  invented  in  Lcyden,  Hol- 
land. 

LeZE  MAJ'ES-TY;  any  crime  committed  against  sov- 
ereign power,  from  the  Latin  "  crimen  to^<c  rnfijcoitd- 


FaTE,  FXR,  fall,  what.  — MliTE,  PREY.  — PTNE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK. 


LIB 

LUER'ZO-LTl'R,  n.     [from  Lherz,  hi  the  Pyrence''.] 
A  mineral,  a  variety  of  pyroxene.    Wlfcn  cry=tnl- 
lizenl,  lis  crystals  are  briUiriui.  imn^Iiicid,  very  5ina!l, 
and  of  an  cmcniUi-Ercen.  Diet. 

LI' A-BLE,  a.  [Fr.  Uer^  to  bind,  ly.  U^o  ;  Konii.  /(«^r, 
a  bonJ.    See  Liece.] 

1.  Bound  ;  obliged  in  law  or  equity  ;  responsfilile  ; 
answerable.  The  surety  is  Unblc  for  the  debt  of  his 
principal.  The  parent  is  not  liabtc  for  debts  con- 
tracted by  a  son  who  is  a  minor,  except  for  neccssa- 

This  use  of  liable  is  now  common  among  lawyers. 
The  phrase  is  abridged.  The  S'.irely  is  liable;  that  is, 
bound  to  pay  the  debt  of  his  principal. 

9.  Subject;  obnoxious;  exposed. 

Proii:lly  s«ciire,  yet  Uibie  to  ''aII.  .Wfoit. 

Liable^  ia  this  sense,  is  always  applied  to  evils. 
AVe  never  say,  a  man  is  liable  to  happiness  or  pros- 
perity, but  lie  is  liabU  to  disease,  calamities, censure; 
he  is  liable  To  err,  to  sin,  to  fall. 
LI'A-BLE-\E5S,  \  H.  The  s*tatc  of  being  bound  or 
LI -A-BIL'I-TY,  )  obliged  in  law  or  justice  ;  re- 
sponsibility. The  officeV  wishes  to  discharge  iiim- 
self  from  his  liabilitij. 

2.  Exposed ness  ;  tendency  j  a  state  cf  being  sub- 
ject ;  as,  the  liableness  of  a  man  to  contract  disea-e 
in  an  infected  room:  a  liabilitij  to  accidents. 

LI' AH,  Tt.  [from  lie.]  A  person  who  knowingly  utters 
falsehood ;  one  who  declares  to  another  as  a  fact 
what  he  tnows  to  be  not  true,  and  with  an  inten- 
tion to  deceive  him-  The  uttering  of  falsehood  by 
mistake,  and  without  an  intention  to  deceive,  does 
not  constitute  one  a  liar. 
2.  One  who  denies  Christ.    1  Johit  ii. 

LI'ARD,  a.     Gray.     [Obs.]  Chancer. 

This  eld  English  word  is  still  used  in  Scotland, 
with  tlie  spelling  Liart,  or  Lvart  ;  as,  hjarl  haJJitSj 
sniy  hairs  on  the  temples.  Bum,'. 

LI' AS,  n.  A  species  of  limestone,  occurring  in  flat, 
Iiorizontal  strtita,  and  supposed  to  be  of  recent  forma- 
tion. Kiic.yc, 

Ll'jilSOJV^  (le'a-zong,)  ;i.   [Fr.]    A  union,  or  bond  of 

LIB,  V.  £.    [D.  lubbcn.]  [union. 

To  castrate     [JVct  in  ttse.]  CItapmait. 

LI-Ba'TIOX,  ».  [L.  libatio,  from  ?:io,  to  pour  out,  to 
taste;  Gr.  .Xti-yw.'] 

1.  The  act  of  pouring  a  liquor,  usually  wine,  either 
on  the  ground,  or  on  a  \ictim  in  sacrince,  in  honor  of 
some  deity.  The  Hebrews,  Greeks,  and  Itouuins, 
practiced  hbatio-j.  This  was  a  solemn  act  and  ac- 
companied with  prayer.  Enajc. 

2.  Th3  wine  or  other  liquor  poured  out  in  honor  of 
a  deity.  St'dlinr:ficct.     Dnjdeit. 

LIIj'BARD  ;  an  obsolete  spelling  of  Leopard. 

Spenser.    Milton. 

LIB'BAED'S-BA^'E,  H.  A  poisonous  plant.  B.  J^n.^on. 

Li'BEL,  ?i.  [L.  Ubellits,  a  little  book,  from  Ubrr,  a 
book,  from  the  sense  of  bark,  and  this  from  strip- 
ping, separating.  Hence  liber,  a  book,  and  liber, 
free,  are  the  same  v.'ord.  Class  Lb,  No.  24,  27, 
30,  3L] 

1.  A  defamatory  writing.  [L.  libtlhts,  famosns.] 
Hence,  the  epithet  being  omitted,  ii&fi  expresses  the 
same  thing.  Any  book,  pamphlet,  writing,  or  pic- 
ture, containing  representations,  maliciously  made 
or  published,  tending  to  bring  a  person  into  con- 
tempt, or  ex])ose  him  to  public  hatred  and  derision. 
The  communication  of  such  defamatory'  r.rltiug  to  a 
single  person,  is  considered  in  law  a  publication. 
It  is  innnaterial,  with  respect  to  tlie  essence  nf  a 
libel,  wheilier  the  matter  of  it  is  tnie  or  fal^^e,  since 
the  provocation,  and  not  the  falsity,  is  the  thing  tn  be 
punished  criminaihj.  But  in  a  civil  action,  a  libel 
must  appear  to  be  false,  as  well  as  scandalous. 

Blcckstoiie. 
In  a  more  eztcnsive  sense,  any  blasp!ieraous,  trea- 
sonable, or  immoral  writing,  or  picture,  made  public, 
is  a  libo'l,  and  punishable  by  law. 

2.  In  tJie  civil  laie,  and  in  eourti  of  admiraliij,  a 
declaration  or  charge  in  writing  eihibiled  in  court, 
particularly  against  a  ship  or  goods,  for  violating'  the 
laws  of  trade  or  of  revenue. 

Li'BEL,  r.  i.  To  dcfante  or  expose  to  public  hatred 
and  contempt  by  a  writing  or  picture ;  to  lampoon. 

Sonn:  trscfced  wiis  have  HhelUd  all  the  fiir.  Pvpe. 

2.  To  exhibit  a  chirge  against  any  thing  in  court, 

particularly  against  a  ship  of  goods,  for  a  violation  of 

the  laws  of  trade  or  revenue. 
LI'BEL,  r.  T.     To    spread    defamation,  written    or 

printed,  with    against.     He  libels  against  the  peers 

of  the  realm.     [..Vot  ito:s  in  iLte.] 
Li'BEL-A-V'T,  n.     One  who  libels;  one  who  brings 

a  libel  or  institutes  a  suit  in  an  admiralty  court. 

Th;  counsel  for  ih^  Uixl<int  contsadcd  they  had  a  njlit  to  read 
the  iajtiiictioiu.  Crono^,  Rep. 

Li'BEE^SD,  pp.     Defamed  by  a  writing  or  picture 

made  public. 
2.  Charged  or  declared  against  in  an  admiralty 

court. 
I.T'BEL-ER,  n.    One  who  libels  or  defames  by  writing 

or  pictures  ;  a  lampooner. 

U  u  ijnora.ncc  of  ouraelves  which  makntu  th*  SheJfrr  nfolhere.    ^ 
BudcmintUr. 


LIB 


Lli 


LI'BEL-I.VG,  ppr.    D.-famin-  bv  a  publlfhcJ  writing 

or  picture. 
2.  Exhibiiiu?  charges  again-t:  in  court. 
LI'BET^Oi;:;,  a.    Difamalnry  ;  nmLainini!  that  whirii 

expf>S4-3  a  person  to  public  Iiatred.  contumpi,  and 

ndicule;  as,  a  tibrluitf  pnmphirt  nr  pirture. 
LT'BKR,  ;i.    [L.]    In  botany^  the  inn^r,  nev.  ly-fonncd 

bark  of  a  plant. 
LTB'ER-AL,  a.    [  Fr.,from  L.  libcralxs,  from  Wcr,  free. 

SecLicEi-T 

1.  Of  a  iVce  heart ;  free  to  give  or  bestow ;  not 
close  or  contracted  ;  munificent;  bountiful;  pcner- 
ous  ;  giving  larsely  ;  as,  a  liberal  donor ;  the  liberal 
founders  of  ;i  rolletrc  or  hospital.  It  cipressca  lej« 
than  I'rioj  '.SE  or  ExTr..'.VAr,\:;T. 

2.  (leii-rous;  ample;  large;  as, a /iAft-a/ donation; 
a  liberal  ailowanc*;. 

3.  Not  selti-li,  narrow,  or  contracted;  catholic; 
enlarged  ;  cuiijracingolher  interests  than  one's  own  ; 
as,  liberal  scntiinenU  or  views  ;  a  liberal  mind  ;  Ub- 
crol  jwlicy. 

4.  Giineral ;  extensive  ;  embracing  literature  and 
the  sciences  generally  ;  as,  a  li!>eral  education.  This 
phi-ase  is  oaen ,  but  not  necessarily,  synonymous  with 
Collegiate  ;  n>*,  a  coUetriale  education. 

5.  Free;  op.?n;  candid;  as,  a  liberal  communica- 
tion of  thouglits. 

(j.  Larse;  profuse;  as,  a /'^fra/ discharge  of  matter 
by  secretions  or  excretions. 

7.  Free;  not  literal  or  strict ;  x<5,  a /iiera/ constnic- 
tion  of  law, 

8.  Not  mean ;  not  low  in  birth  or  mind. 

9.  Licentious;  free  to  excess.  Shah. 
LibcTal  art.-',  as  distinguished  from  meefianical  arts, 

arc  such  :is  depend  more  on  t!ie  exertion  of  the 
mind  than  on  the  labor  of  the  hands,  and  regard 
amusement,  curiosity,  or  intellectual  improve mrnt, 
nither  than  the  necessity  of  subsistence,  <ir  manual 
skill.  Such  HTC.  grammar,  rhetoric,  painting,  scul;*- 
ture,  architecture,  music,  &c. 

Liberal  has  of  before  the  thing  bestowed,  and  to 
before  the  person  or  object  on  which  any  thing  is 
bestowed  ;  as,  to  be  liberal  o/ praise  or  censure  ;  lib- 
eral to  the  poor. 

LTB'ER-AL,  n.    One  who  advocates  greater  freedom 
from  restraint,  especially  in  political  institutions. 

Brojtdr. 

LIB'ER-AL-HEXRT'ED,     a.      Having   a    generous 
heart. 

LIB'ER-AL-ISM,  n.    The  principles  of  liberals. 

M' Gavin. 

LIB'ER-AL-IST.  n.    One  who  is  a  liber:::,  or  who 
t'avors  the  principles  of  liberals. 

LIE-ER-AL'I-TY,  n.      [L.  libtralitas;    Fr.  liberaliU. 
See  Liberal.] 

1.  Munificence ;  bounty. 

That  liberality  is  hut  cast  avray, 

Which  iii.iJ;es  ud  borrow  whal  we  can  r.ot  pay.  Derham. 

2.  A  particular  act  of  generosity  ;  a  donation ;  a 
gratuity.  In  this  sense,  it  has  the  plural  number. 
A  prudent  man  is  not  impoverished  by  iiis  Ubrralitits. 

3.  Largeness  of  mind  ;  Catholicism  ;  that  compre- 
hensiveness of  mind  which  includes  other  inlere-vts 
besides  its  own,  and  duly  estimates  in  its  dccii^ions 
the  value  or  importance  of  each.  It  is  evidence  of  a 
nobie  mind  to  judge  of  men  and  things  with  lib- 
erclii.-j. 

3Iit:j'  treat  Ihc  gospel  T.ith  iiKlilFerencc  under  t!»^  name  of  liber- 
atity.  J.  yt.  Mason. 

4.  Candor;  imparlialitv. 
Lrn'ER-AL-iZE,  c.  t.    To  render  liberal  or  catholic; 

to  enlarge  ;  to  free  from  narrow  views  or  prejudices  ; 

as,  to  liberalize  the  mind.  Burke.     H'oL^Ii. 

LIB'Elt-.\L-IZ-£D,  pp.     Freed  from  narrow  views 

and  prejudices;  made  libcnil. 
LIB'ER-AL-IZ-I.VG,  ppr.    Rendering  liberal;  divcst- 

in<:  of  narrow  views  and  prejudices. 
LT3'ER-.VL-LY,  adv.    Bouul!f;i!Iy ;  freely;  largely; 

with  niuniliccnce. 

If  any  of  yo'i  lacV  n-tsdom,  Iffl  hJm  .ask  of  Oixl,  who  givcth  to  all 
men  lUxrailij,  and  upbrttdctlt  not.  —  James  i. 

2.  Witli  generous  and  impartial  regard  to  other 
interests  than  oarown  ;  with  enlarged  Views  ;  with- 
out selfishness  or  meanncs.s ;  as,  to  think  or  judge 
libfralhj  of  men  and  their  actions. 

3.  Fr.'elv  ;  not  slricllv  ;  not  litemllv. 
LIB'ER-AL^MTND'ED,  a.    Having  a  liberal  mind. 
LIB'ER-AL-SoUL-£D,  a.     Havini:  a  generous  soul. 
LIB'ER-aTE,  r.  t.    [L.  libero^  from  hAcr,  free ;  Fr. 

libercr ;  It.  liberarc.] 

1.  To  free  ;  to  release  from  restraint  or  bondage  : 
to  set  at  liberty;  as,  to /i&frfifc  one  from  duressor 
imprisonment ;  to  liberate  the  mind  t"rom  llic  shackles 
of  prejudice. 
9.  To  manumit ;  as,  to  liberate  a  slave. 
LIB'EU-a-TED,  pp.  or  a.    Freed  ;  relea.sed  from  con- 
finement, restraint,  or  slavery  ;  manumitted. 
LIB'EK-A-TIXG,  jipr.     Delivering  from  restraint  or 

slaverj'. 
LIB-ER-.\'TIOX,  Ti.     [L.  liheT(itio.'\ 

The  act  of  delivering  from  restraint,  confinement, 
or  slaverv. 
LIB'ER-A-TOR,  n.    One  who  liberates  or  delivers. 


-jbrrtv. 
)i     Libertiniam  ,   «  i 


[L.    l.VerfiM 


LIB-ER-TA'Rf-A.V,  a.      i. 

crty.] 
Pcrtainfnc  to  lii> 

will,  a-  .  r  I  •  , 

P. 

LIB-EU  . 
LIB-ER-T.-.  I  , 
trint-tof  lit.' 
LIB'Elt-ri  CI 

Dtitr  ,  ■        L.jl 

"  iihrr- 
2.  A 
LIB'ER-'JI.\-A<^K, 

LIB'ER-TI.VE,  (-tin,)  i 
free.} 

1.  Among  the  Romanj,  m  ! 
umilted  or  set  free  fmm  V  : 

2.  One  uncontin''  : 

3.  A  man  who  l.v 
mal   pa.*4iion  ;    one 
restraint ;  one  who  1'.;-  . 
a  rake  ;  a  debauclicc. 

LIB'ER-Ti.NE,  a.     Licrnti. 

the  rc.rtraint  of  law  or  rcliji-.n  , 

pies  ;  a  lii/rrdae  life. 
LTB'ER-TIXI.SM,  a.     Slate  cf  a 

lued.] 
2.  Liccntioijsncu  of  op:. 

restrained  indulgence  of  1 

ncss. 
LIB'ER-TV,  n.     [L.  Ubertas,  fror- 

libcrtc  :  IL  librrta  ;  Sp.  UicrtaH.     < 

27,30^31.1 

1.  I'  reedom  from  rc^ralnt,  in  a  r 
applicable  to  the  body,  "r  t'»  t';-  ■ 
body  1:1   at   liberty   V.  '     ' 

mind  is  at  Uberttj  \ 
.\  man  enjoys  Ubtr 
ates  tt>  restrain  hl«  : 

2.  J\'aturai  librri\ 
as  one  thinks  fit,  v. 
except  from  tlie  la\'. 
emption  from  the  C'> 
laws,  and  the  inat:t'.- 
is  abridL'ed  by  the  •  - 

3.  Cieil  libtrtu  i- 

socicty,  or  natural  1. 
restrained,  as  is  ntr.  —  . 
safety  and  intcrr=t  of  ih- 
A  restraint  of  natural  IiI' 
pedienl  for  the  public,  i*  i.^  ■■' 
Civil  libertTj  is  an  exemption  froin 
of  others,  which  exemption  is  #••■  . 
Ia\vs,  which  resiraiu  every  man  4.    . 
controlling  another.    Hence  ihc  rrslrairi 
essential  to  eicU  liberty. 

The  /iitfrty  cf  ooe  d^icodi  net  w  toot:: 

mtiTunt  froai  hini,  &■  oo  die  due  r 

oTotbcis. 
In  this  sentence,  the  latter  Wi  : 
■natural  libertv. 

4.  Political  libertiti^^JTi'tim'^ '■ 
with  eiril  liberty,    tl'i; 

liberty  of  a  nation,  i  i 

from  all  unjust  air 

pendence  by  anoihir  n  "■  -i      it 

of  Ihc  pclii'ical  liberties  of  Euro?' . 

Europe. 

5.  Keli^rlru.  ■  ■  ■■      " 
enjoying  opn 

shiping  the  ."^  , 

of  conscience,  ■wiw, 

6.  Liberty,  in  wrt: 
tlu'  power  of  an  agi : 
action,  acconiing  to  v.r  .; 
the  mind,  by  whidi  cither  ! 

Freedom  of  the  wi" 
or  restraint  in  wiUni- 

T.  Privilege  ;   ext- 
prescription  or  by  gmni 
speak  of  the  libtTtics  of  iIk' 
rope. 

t*.  Lrave :  pcrmi>5    ^    - 
tained  liberty  t»«  !ca\ 

i\  A  since  in  win 
out  restraint,  and  biviKv.  ■ 
pass  ;  with  a  plural :  as.  li. 

10.  Fnredoni  of  action  »  r 
nar^■  bounds  of  civility  or  a..-.oiiiiu.     l  i 
ropt-1  all  improper  liberticf. 

To  take  tie  liberty  to  do  or  say  any  V. 
frtH'dom  not  specially  pranicd. 

To  fff  ax  liberty  :  to  deliver  from  confincnim*  ; 
release  from  ri'straint. 

7*0  be  at  liberty  :  to  be  X'rr    '' -•-'■' 

IJberiy  t>f  lAc  prrsjr,  is  fr 
on  the  "power  to  publish 

publishing  wI    '■ 

mcut  for  aim 
mischievous  : 


TtJNE,  BULL,  TiNITE.  — ^VN"GER, 


VI"CIOr.^.  — e  a^  K;  O  as  J;  S  a?  7:  TH  as  SH ;  TH  a?  in  THI?- 


Lie 

LI-BK'I'H'EX-ITE,  n.  A  mineral,  first  found  al  Libe- 
thctiy  it)  Hungary,  Jiaving  an  olivc-yrccn  color,  niid 
cons):^ti^g  of  phosphoric  acid,  oxyd  of  copper,  and 
water. 

Ll-BIU'IN-IST,  n.    One  Riven  to  lewdness.    Junius. 

LI-UIU'LN-OUS,  a.  [L.  libuli»o.tiis,  from  liliido^  lubido, 
!usi,  from  tibeo^  libet^  lubetj  to  please,  it  pleascth  ;  <;. 
liebt\  love  ;  Uebntt  to  love  j  Eng.  hcCj  which  see.  The 
root  is  lib  iirlitb.] 

Lustful  J  lewa ;  tiaving  an  eager  appetite  for  vene- 
real pleasure.  Bcntlni. 

LI-l!IlVli\-OUS-LY,  adv.  Lustfully ;  with  lewd  desire. 

LI-BID'LN-OUS-XErfS,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  he- 
ing  hiftful ;  inordinate  apfictile  for  venereal  pleasure. 

LI'BRA,  H.  [L.1  The  Ualuncc  ;  the  seventh  sign  in 
the  y.odiac,  wnich  the  sun  enters  at  tlie  autumnal 
equinox,  in  Septemher. 

LI'BRAL,  a.     [L. /ifrro^u?.] 

Of  a  pound  weight.  Diet. 

LI-BR.^'RI-AN,  n.  [L.  Ubrarius^  with  a  difitTcnt  sig- 
nification, from  libcr^  bark,  a  book.] 

L  The  keeper,  or  one  who  liaji  the  care  of,  a  lihra- 
r>'  or  collection  of  books*. 

2-  One  wlio  transcribes  or  copies  books.  {Jfot  nvw 
»j*f'/.J  Hroomr. 

LT-EJRA'Rr-AN-SHIP,  it.    The  office  of  a  librarian. 

LI'BI{A-RY,  H.  [L.  librarimuy  librarian  from  liber,  a 
hook.l 

1.  .\  collection  of  books  belonging  to  a  private  per- 
son, or  to  a  public  institution  or  a  company. 

2.  An  edifice  or  an  apartment  for  holding  a  collec- 
tion of  books. 

LT'BKaTKj  v.  t.     [h.  libroj  from  libra,  a  b;Uancc,  a 
level  J  allied  perliaps  to  Eng.  level.] 
To  poi?e  ;  to  balance  ;  to  hold  in  equipoise. 
LI'BRaTE,  t'.  i.  To  move,  as  a  balance  ;  to  be  poised. 

'I'lK-ir  jTarts  ull  iibrale  oii  loo  nice  a  beam.  Clifton. 

Li'BRa-TED,  pp.    Poised;  balanced. 
Li'BRS-TINGjppr.     Moving,  as  a  biilance  ;  poising. 
LI-BRa'TION,  7(.    Tho  act  of  balancing,  or  state  of 

bfiing  balanced ;  a  state  of  equipoise,  with  equal 

weit;ht3  on  both  sides  of  a  center. 

3.  In  (Ls/roHomj/,  a  term  applied  to  changes  in  the 
disk  of  the  moon,  by  which  certain  parts  of  it  alter- 
nately appear  and  disappear.  Tjie  moon  always  turns 
nearly  the  same  face  to  the  earth  ;  but  by  the  libratiun 
ill  hniritudc,  tlie  parts  near  the  eastern  and  western 
borders  alternately  appear  and  disappear ;  by  the  li~ 
bratioii  in  latitude^  the  parts  about  the  poles  alternate- 
ly ap|>ear  and  disappear;  by  the  diurnal  iibration, 
more  of  the  upper  limb  is  brought  into  view  at  rising 
and  setting.  Olmsted.     Brande. 

3.  A  balancing  or  equipoise  between  extremes. 

Dm-win. 

LI'BRA-TO-RY,  a.  Balancing ;  moving  like  a  bal- 
ance, as  it  tends  to  an  equipoise  or  level. 

LTCE,  i\. ;  pi.  of  Louse. 

LTUK'-BaNE,  n.    A  plant. 

LFCENS-A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  licensed  or  pennit- 
ted  by  legal  grant. 

LT'CENSE,  71.  [Fr.,  fnmi  L.  licentia,  from  licco,  to  be 
permitted,  Ir.  Ici^him^  lisrim^  to  allow  or  permit.] 

1.  Leave;  permission;  authority  or  liberty  given 
to  do  or  forbear  any  act.  A  license  may  be  verbal  or 
written  J  when  written,  the  paper  containing  the  au- 
tliority  is  called  a  liccn-gc.  A  man  is  not  p^-rniitted  to 
retail  spirituous  liquors  till  he  has  obtained  a  Ucciisi'. 

2.  Excess  of  liberty  ;  exorbitant  freedom  ;  freedom 
abused,  or  used  in  contempt  of  law  or  decorum. 

License  they  menu,  wln.-n  tht-y  cry  lilx-rly.  Mtlloit. 

LI'CEXSE,  V.  u  To  permit  by  grant  of  authority  ;  to 
remove  legal  restraint  by  a  grant  of  peimis-;ion  ;  as, 
to  license  a  man  to  keep  an  inn. 

3.  To  authorize  to  act  in  a  particular  character;  as, 
to  lientse  a  physician  or  a  lawyer. 

4.  To  dismiss.     [JVbt  in  juic.]  Wotixm, 
LT'CE.NS-KD,  (li'senst,)  jtp.  or  a.    Permitted  by  au- 
thority. 

H'CE.\S-ER,  n.  One  who  grants  permission  ;  a  per- 
son authorized  to  grant  permission  to  others  j  as,  a 
lieejufcr  of  the  press. 

LT'CENS-ING,  ppr.    Permitting  by  authority. 

LT'Ci;\?*-IN(;,  n.    The  act  of  sivine  a  license. 

Lri;F.\S-tItE,  u.     A  licensing! 

LT-CEN''J*IATE,  v.     [from  L.  licentia.] 

One  who  has  a  license  to  exercise  a  profession  ;  as, 
a  liccrUiate  in  nietlicine  or  theology, 

2.  In  Spain,  one  who  has  a  degree  ;  as,  a  lieentiate 
in  law  or  divinity.  'Ihe  omcers  of  justice  are  mostly 
distiiiiiiiished  by  this  title.  Enojc. 

LI-CE.\'TIaTE,  r,  (.    To  givcHcenso  or  pcmiission. 

/.'  Estran  T. 

LI-CEN-TI-A'TION,  v.    The  act  of  pcrmitliii!!. 

LI-CEN''1-|0US,  (li-sen'slms,)  a.    [L.  IkeiMosis. 

1.  I;sing  licciiss;  jiidulgin!;  frtedom  lo  excess, 
linrcsliaiiiud  by  l.iw  nr  munility ;  Joosc  ;  dissolute ; 
a?,  'A  ticeniiouif  man. 

2.  Exceeding  tlie  limits  of  law  or  propriety  ;  wan- 
ton ;  unrestrained  ;  as,  licmiious  desires.  Licctttitms 
thouifhts  precede  licctuious  conduct. 

LT-CE.\'TIOUS-LY,  atlc.    With  e.xcess  of  liberty  ;  in 

contempt  of  law  and  morality. 
LI-CEN'TIOUS-NESS,  «.     Excessive  indulgence  of 


'•] 


Lie 

liberty  ;  contempt  of  the  just  restraints  of  law,  mo- 
rality, and  decorum.  The  licentiousness  o(  anthoTs  is 
justly  condemned }  the  Ucattiotts:icss  of  the  press  is 
punishable  by  law. 

tinw  i>  tlic  god  of  wUo  tnoit ;  Ucen'MiiSKCis  is  the  god  offuola. 

Plalv. 
LICH,  a.     [Sax.  lie.    See  Like.] 

Like  i  even  ;  equal.    [  Obs  ]  Oowcr. 

LICH,  n.  [Sax.  lie,  or  lice,  a  body,  the  flesh,  a  dead 
body,  or  corpse  ;  Uchama,  a  living  body  ;  hence  Ucli- 
wakc,  watching  witii  the  dead  ;  Liclijield,  the  field  of 
dead  bodies  ;  Goth.  Icik,  the  flesh,  a  ho;iy  ;  Icikan,  to 
please.  Sax.  liccani  Goth,  leilis,  like;  G.  ^Icick;  M. 
hjk  and  gelyk^  like  j  G.  leiche,  a  dead  boi^,  D.  lyk; 

Hcb.   pSn  cJialalc,  smooth ;   Ar.  i^JUk^ri*  chalaka,  to 

shave,  to  make  smooth ;  i_JlJLriA:/ta?aAo,  to  measure, 
to  form,  to  create,  to  make  smootli  and  equable,  to 
be  beautiful;  derivatives,  creature,  man,  people.  VVc 
see  the  radical  sense  is,  smooth,  or  rather,  to  make 
even,  equal,  smooth  ;  hence,  like,  likeness,  and  a 
body.  We  have  here  an  instance  of  the  radical 
sense  of  vian  and  fcwt/y,  oimost  exactly  analogous  to 
that  of  .^(/a/n,  from  ^D^,  to  make  equal,  to  be  like.] 
LI'eilEN,  (li'ken  wlitch'en,)  w..    [L.,  from  Gr.  Att- 

1,  In  botany,  the  name  for  an  extensive  division  of 
rryptogamoiis  plants,  constituting  a  genus  in  the  or- 
<ler  of  Alga;,  in  the  Linnean  system,  but  now  form- 
ing a  distinct  natural  order.  Tliey  appear  in  the  form 
of  thin,  flat  crusts,  covering  rocks  and  the  bark  of 
trees,  or  in  foliaceous  cxpJiiisions,.or  branched  like  a 
shrub  in  miniature,  or  sonietiincs  only  as  a  gelatinous 
mass  or  a  powdery  sui)stance.  'J'hcy  arc  called  rock- 
moss  and  tree-moss,  and  some  oi  the  liverworts  are 
of  this  order.  They  also  include  the  Iceland  moss 
and  the  reindeer  moss  ;  but  they  are  entirely  distinct 
from  tlie  true  mosses,  (Musci.)  Rd.  Encyc. 

2.  \n  medicine,  ^  papular  cutaneou;'  eruption,  con- 
sisting of  dlfl'iise  red  pimnles.  which  are  attended 
with  a  troublesome  sense  of  tingling  and  pricking. 
A  common  variety  of  this  aflfcction  resembles  the 
eflect  of  stinging  with  nettles,  and  is  called  nettle- 
lichen. 

LJ-CHEN'ie  ACID,  n.    The  acid  peculiar  to  some 

species  of  lichens.    It  ai)pears  to  be  the  malic  acid, 

JDrande. 
L[€n'EN-IIV,  V.    A  substance  closely  allied  to  starch, 

extracted  from  Iceland  moss.  Brande. 

LieH-EN-O-GRAPH'ie,         )  a.     Pertaining  to  lich- 
LieH-EN-O-GRAPH'ie-AL,  i      cnography. 
LICH-EN-OG'RA-PIIIST,  n.    One  who  describes  the 

lichens. 
Lieil-EN-OG'RA-PHY,  n.    [Gr.  Xsix'}f  and  jpav>w, 

to  write.] 
A  description  of  the  vegetables  called  ZicAcH.?;  the 

science  which  iflustrates  the  natural  history  of  the 

lichens.  Mchariu^. 

LICII'-OWL,  n.  An  owl  vulgarly  supposed  to  foretell 

death. 
LICIT,  (lis'it,)  a.     [L.  licitus.l    Lawful. 
LICIT-LY,  adi).    Lawfully. 
LICIT-NESS,  n.    Lawfulness. 
LICK,  V.  t.     [Sax.  liccian  ;  Goth,  laiirican  ;   C.  Icckcn, 

sclUcckcn ;  D.  likkcji ;  Dan.  Ukkcr,  slikkcr  ;  Sw.  slckia, 

slikia ;    Fr.   lecker ;    It.  leccarc  :    Ir.  Ica^aim,  Ughini ; 

Rnss.  lokaiiu,  liju ;    h.  Un^o  ;  Gr.  )^£ixio  ;    Sans.  lik. 

Class  Lg,  No.  12,  18.    See  Like  and  Sleek.] 

1.  To  pass  or  draw  the  tongue  over  the  surface  ; 
as,  a  dog  licks  a  wound.  Temple. 

2.  To  lap ;  to  tako  in  by  the  tongue ;  as,  a  dog  or 
cat  licks  milit.     1  Kings  xxi. 

To  lick  up ;  to  devour ;  to  consume  entirely. 

Now  Mliall  thia  conipnny  lick  up  nil  Ibat  nre  round  about  U3,  .is 
iiu  ox  UckcUi  up  (he  grass  of  llie  fielU.  — Num.  xxii. 

To  lick  the  dust ;  to  be  slain  ;  to  perish  in  battle. 

His  enemies  sliall  licJi  fhe  dust.  —  Ps,  Ixxii. 

IjICK,  n.  In  J7meri£n,n  place  where  beasts  of  the  for- 
est lick  for  salt,  at  salt  springs. 

LICK,  n.  [W.  lla^,  a  lick,  a  slap,  a  ray,  a  blade; 
lloj^iaw,  to  lick,  lo  shoot  out,  to  throw  or  Jay  about,  to 
cudgel.     Clu.  the  root  o{  jlog  and  slay,  to  strike.   See 

Ar.  S^  lakka,  to  strike.    Class  Lg,  No.  M.] 

1.  A  blow;  a  stroke.    [Vulgar.'] 

Dryden.     Rick.  Diet. 
9.  -\  wash  ;  something  rubbed  on.     [JiTot  initse.] 
LICK,  Tj.  (.    'J'o  strike  repeatedly  for  punishment;  to 
flog  ;  to  chastise  with  blows.    "  To  lick,  a  lick,  a  lick- 
ing, are  common  words  in  sjiccch,  though  not  in 
writing,"  Rich.  Did. 

[Not  an  elegant  word  ;  but  probably  Jlog,  L.  Jligo, 
is  from  the  root  of  this  word.] 
LICK'£D,    (likt,)   pp.      Taken    in   bv  tho    tongue; 

lapped 
LICK'ER,  V.    One  that  licks. 

LICK'ER-ISH,  a.  [D.  Dan.  Irkkcr,  G.  lecker,  Sw, 
lacker,  nicf^,  dainty,  delicnate.  This  seems  to  be  con- 
nected with  D.  IcUicn,  G.  Iccken,  Dan.  tckkcr,  Sw. 


LIE 

/(icfta,  lolcak,  for  in  D.  the  verb  signifies  also  to  make 
sleek  or  smooth,  and  in  G.  to  lick,  which  unites  tho 
word  with  lick,  and  jicrhaps  with  I'dte.  In  Sax.  lic- 
cera  is  a  glutton,  and  this  is  tho  Italian  lircu,  a  glut- 
ton, a  lecher;  teccardo,  f^rcrAy;  leccarc,  UiWck.  The 
Arm.  has  lickci,  lickerish.  The  phrase,  the  vumtk 
waters  for  a  thing,  may  throw  light  on  this  word,  and 
if  the  first  syllable  of  delight,  delicious,  and  delicate, 
is  a  prefix,  these  are  of  the  same  family,  us  may  be 
the  Gr  jAy^-ns,  sweet.  The  senses  of  w«f(Tf/,,vwiW('f7(, 
s)Dcct,  are  allied  ;  likeness  is  often  connected  with 
stnooihitess,  in  radical  sense,  and  sleek  is  probably 
frou)  the  r(;ot  of  lick,  like.'^ 

1.  Nice  in  the  choice  ot  food  ;  dainty  ;  as,  a  lick- 
erish palate.  IJ*  Estrange. 

2.  Eager;  greedy  to  swallow;  eager  lo  taste  or 
enjoy  ;  having  a  keen  relish. 

Sidney.     Dryden.    Locke. 

3.  Dainty  J    tempting  the  appetite;    as,   li^kcrisli    \ 
baits.  MUton. 

LICK'ER-ISH-LV,  ado.    Daintily. 

LICK'ER-ISIi-NESS,  v.  Nicencss  of  palate  ;  dainti- 
ness. 

LICK'ING,  ppr.    Lapping  ;  taking  in  by  the  tongue. 

LICK'ING,  n.     A  lapping  with  tho  tongue. 

2.  A  tlngginp,  or  casti'ration.    [Low.]      Rich.  Diet. 

LICK'SPIT-TLE,  Ti.  A 'flatterer  or  parasite  of  the 
most  abject  character.  [This  coarse  but  expressive 
term  is  derived  from  the  practice  of  certain  nncie»it 
parasites,  who  arc  said  to  have  licked  up  the  spittle  of 
their  master,  as  if  delicious  to  the  laste.]     Jlulloicatf. 

LICO-RICE,  (lik'o-ris,)  n.  [It.  litinirizia;  h.  _gl';i' 
cyrrhixn  ;  Gr.  yXvxvo^t^a  ;  ;  XnKUf)  sweet,  and  ptyi, 
a  root.] 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Glycyrrhiza,  The  root  of 
this  plant  abounds  with  a  sweet  juice,  nuich  used  in 
(Irnmlceiit  compositions.  Kncyc* 

LICO-KOUS,  LICO-ilOUS-NESS,  for  Lkkeccisii, 
&c',     [JVot  used.] 

Lie'TOR,  n.     [L.  Qu.  lick,  to  strike.] 

An  officer  among  the  Remans,  wUo  bore  an  ax  and 
fasces  or  rods,  as  ensigns  of  his  office.  The  duty  of 
a  lictor  was  to  attend  the  chief  magistrates  when 
they  appeared  in  public,  to  clear  the  way,  and  cause 
due  respect  to  be  paid  to  them.  A  dictator  was  at- 
tended by  twenty-four  lictors,  a  consul  by  twelve, 
and  a  master  of  the  horse  by  six.  It  was  also  the 
duty  of  lictors  to  apprehend  and  punish  criminals. 
Encye.     .Johnson. 

IjID,  7t.  [^ax.  klid,  a  cover;  hlidan,  to  cover;  ge-hlid, 
•A  roof;  D.  Dan.  lid;  L.  elauUa,  clu  do  ;  Gr.  ^-^£l<.^,  con- 
tracted from  KXtiiiuio;   Hcb.  aN^  or  t3iV,  to  cover, 

Ar.  LJ  latt/i.    Class  Ld,  No.  1,  8,  9.] 

A  cover  ;  that  which  shuts  the  opening  of  a  vessel 
or  box ;  as,  the  lid  of  a  chest  or  trunk  ;  also,  the  cov- 
er of  the  eye,  the  membrane  which  is  drawn  over  the 
eyeball  of  an  animal  at  pleasure,  and  which  is  in- 
tended for  its  protection  ;  the  eyelid, 

LTD'LESS,  a.     Having  no  lid. 

LIE,  water  impregnated  witli  alkaline  salt,  is  written 
JLvE,  to  distinguish  it  from  Lie,  a  falsehood. 

Lie,  n.  [Sax.  lig,  or  lyge ;  Sw.  lU^n ;  Dan.  I'dgn  ;  D. 
Icugen  ;  G.  lug,Vdgc  \  Russ.  loj.  Tlie  verb  is  proba- 
bly the  primary  word.] 

1.  A  criminal  falsehood;  a  falsehood  uttered  for 
tlie  purpose  of  deception  ;  an  intentional  violation  of 
truth.  Fiction,  or  a  false  statement  or  misrepresenta- 
tion, not  intended  to  deceive,  mislead,  or  injure,  as 
in  fables,  parables,  and  the  like,  is  not  a  lie. 

It  is  willful  deceit  (hat  itmkca  ;i  lie.  A  utiAn  may  act  a  lie,  as 
by  poiiitinff  his  fuigcr  in  a  wrong  direction,  when  a  iravtiLT 
inqiiirea  of  liim  liis  road.  Paley. 

2.  A  fiction  ;  in  a  ludicrous  sense.  Dryden, 

3.  False  doctrine.    1  John  ii. 

4.  An  idolatrous  picture  of  God,  or  a  false  god. 
Rom.  i. 

5.  That  which  deceives  and  disappoints  confidence. 
Mieah  i. 

To  give  the  he ;  to  charge  with  falsehood.  A  man's 
actions  may  give  the  lie  to  his  words. 
LIE,  V.  i.     [Sax.  Ugan,  lco^7i ;  Dan.  lyvcr ;  Sw.  Uuga ; 
G.  lugcn;  D.  Uugcnen;   Kuss.  Igu.] 

\.  To  utter  falsehood  with  an  intention  to  deceive, 
or  with  an  immoral  design. 

Thou  hait  not  lied  to  nicii,  but  to  GoJ.  —  Acts  v. 

2.  To  exhibit  a  falso  representation  ;  lo  say  or 
do  that  which  deceives  another,  when  he  h;is  a  right 
to  know  the  truth,  or  when  morality  requires  a  just 
representation. 
LIE,  V.  i. ;  preL  h/<v;pp.  Lain,  (Lien,  obs.)  [Sax.  ligaii, 
or  licgaii;  Goth,  ligan;  Sw.liggia;  Dan.  Hgger ;  D. 
liggen;  G.  liegen;  Russ.  le^ja ;  Gr,  Xcyoynti.  The 
Gr.  word  usually  signilies  to  sppak,  which  is  to  utter 
or  throw  out  sounds.  Hence  to  lie  down  is  to  throw 
one's  self  down,  and  probably  Lie  and  Lav  arc  of 
one  family,  as  are  jacio  and  jacco,  in  Latin.] 

1.  To  be  in  a  horizontal  position,  or  nearly  so,  and 
to  rest  on  any  thing  lengthwise,  and  not  on  the  end. 
Thus  a  person  lies  on  a  bed,  and  a  fallen  tree  on  tho 
ground.  A  cask  stands  on  its  end,  but  lies  on  its 
side. 


Fate,  far,  FALL,  WHAT.— !\ir:TE,  PREY — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.— NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.- 
662  ' 


LIE 


LIF 


LIF 


2.  To  rest  ill  aii  inclining  posture  ;  to  lean ;  as,  to  i 
tie  on  or  agniii^  a  column. 

3.  To  rest ;  to  press  on. 

4.  To  bs  repositcil  in  the  srav:-. 

All  t]»e  kill's  of  Ihc  eartl),  even  uU  of  ihem,  He  in  ^ior;-.  —  Id-i. 
sir. 

5.  To  rest  on  a  bed  or  couch ;  to  be  prostrate  ;  .13, 
to  lie  sick. 

My  Iitt!c  daughter  l':eth  al  tl»c  point  of  tlctith.  —  Mark  v. 

0.  To  be  situated.  New  Haven  ties  in  the  forty- 
second  degree  of  north  latitude.  Ireland  lies  west  of 
England. 

Euvjr  Ha  hiiwopii  bviiigs  ccjiwl  in  iialure,  tbotigh  uiieqiml  in 
drciiimuiia'A.  CHlter. 

T.  To  bs  ;  to  rest ;  to  abide ;  to  remain  ;  often  fol- 
lowed by  sonip  word  dsiuiting  a  particular  condition  ; 
as,  to  lie  wasie ;  Co  tic  failow  ;  lo  lie  open  ;  to  lie  hid  ; 
to  lie  pilling  or  grieving  ;  to  lie  under  one's  displeas- 
ure ;  to  He  at  the  mercy  of  a  creditor,  or  at  the  mercy 
of  the  waves. 

S.  To  consist. 

He  tlut  thiiilcs  ili:»t  iIi«ors»n  may  not  lie  in  b-it»l  labor,  ToTgirU 
ill-'  ir.irly  nilii  j  o'  tic:  I:iiiitsni;iQ.  LodiO. 

9-  To  be  s;islainal)le  in  law  j  to  be  capable  of  be- 
ing maintained.  An  action  lies  against  the  tenant 
for  waj!le. 

An  ajip-^al  lies  \n  UiUc-^s*.  Ch,  J.  Parsons. 

To  lie  (U  ,■  to  tease  or  importune.     [Little  itsrd.) 
To  lie  at  the  licart ;  to  be  fixed  as  an  object  of  alTec- 
tiun  or  anxious  desire. 

Tlis  SpaiilinU  Iiavc  but  one  innptalioii  U>  qtiartcl  with  us,  llv; 
rccovtiiing  of  jAmaicv,  fur  that  hoe  ever  ioin  el  Vieir  hearts. 

Temple. 

To  lie  bij ;  to  be  reposited,  or  remainins  with.  lie 
has  the  manuscrip:  l^fi'i;!  b>i  him. 

2.  To  re.=t ;  to  intermit  "labor.  We  laij  hy  during 
the  hL%-it  of  the  day. 

To  lie  in  thr.irinj :  to  be  an  obstacle  or  impediment. 
Remove  the  objections  that  lie  i;t  the  way  of  an  ami- 
cable adjustment. 

To  lie  Itaril  or  heavy ;  to  press ;  to  oppress  ;  to  bui 
den. 

To  lie  on  hand ;  to  be  or  reir.ain  in  possession  ;  to 
remain  unsold  or  undisposed  of.  Great  quaatitics  of 
wine  lie  o»  hund^  or  have  lath  long  on  JunuL 

To  lie  on  tlie  ftatuLs ;  to  remain  unoccupied  or  un- 
employed ;  to  be  tedious.  iMen  are  sometimes  at  a 
loss  to' know  bow  lo  employ  the  time  that /it%- oh  their 
hands. 

I'o  lie  on  the  head;  to  be  imputed. 

What  Its  gets  more  of  her  Ihan  slurp  words,  let  it  lie  on  my 
htad.  Shak. 

To  lie  in  teait;  to  wait  for  in  concealment;  to  lie 
in  ambush  3  to  watch  for  an  opportunity  to  attack  or 
seize. 

To  lie  hi  one  ;  to  be  in  the  power  of;  to  belong  to. 

As  much  OS  lielh  in  you,  live  peaceably  wiUi  all  men.  —  Rom.  xii. 

To  lie  ilmen ;  to  lay  the  body  on  the  ground  or  other 
level  place  ;  also,  to  go  lo  rest. 

To  lie  in  :  to  l>e  in  childbed  ;  to  bring  foith  young. 

Ta  lie  uiuler ;  lo  be  subject  to ;  to  sutfer ;  to  be  op- 
pressed by. 

To  lie  on  or  upon;  lo  be  a  matter  of  obligation  or 

ihiiy.    h  7;rA  on  the  plaintiff  to  maintain  his  action. 

•  J :  to  lodge  or  sleep  with  ;  also,  to  have 

■  U'dgc  of. 

■  iig  10.    It  lies  with  you  to  make  amends. 
■•"rrr:  to  remain  Unpaid  after  the  time  when 

:  nt  is  due ;  as  a  note  in  bank  ;  ;i]so,  to  be  de- 
:  i  to  :-ome  future  occasion ;  as  a  resolution  in 
c.i:-.gr*'sp. 

To  lin  to.  A  tiliip  is  said  to  He  tOj  when  her  progress 
is  checked  eilhorby  countcrbracing  the  yards  or  tak- 
ing ii:  Kail. 

I-If/F,  a.      [Sax.  leaf,  loved ;  D.  Uefi  G.  Ueb.      See 
Love.] 
_Dear ;  beloved.     [Obs.]  Spenser.     Shak. 

LIeF,  adv.  [Supra.  This  word  coincides  with  love, 
L.  /«irf,  libcty  and  the  primary  sense  is,  to  be  free, 
prompt,  ready.J 

Gladly  ;  willmgly ;  freely  ;  used  in  familiar  speech 
in  the  phrase,  I  had  as  lief  go  as  not.  It  has  been 
supposed  that  had,  in  tliis  phrase,  is  a  corruption  of 
would.    At  any  rate,  it  is  anomalous. 

LTF.'-FRAUGtfT,  a.    Fraught  with  lies.  Lamb. 

LiliGE,  (Teej,)  a.  [It.  liifio  ;  Fr.  li^e ;  from  L.  li^n,  to 
bind  ;  Gr.  Xw;o'.-j,  to  bind,  to  bend  ;  M",os,  a  wiilie.] 

1.  Bound  by  a  feudal  tenure  ;  obligt-d  to  bt-  fuilhiul 
and  loyal  to  a  superior,  as  a  vassal  to  his  lord  ;  sub- 
jeci ;  faithful ;  as,  a  Ue^e  man.  By  lie-irc  homage,  a 
vassal  was  bound  to  serve  his  lord  against  all,  witli- 
cul  excepting  his  sovereign  ;  or  against  all  excepting 
a  former  lord,  to  whom  he  owed  like  service. 

Encyc. 
_2,  SovereJcn  ;  as,  a  Hegc  lord.     [See  the  noun.} 
LIkGE,  (leej,)  n.     [.-^upra.]     A  vassal   holdinij  a  fee 
by  which  he  is  bound  to  perform  certain  services  and 
duties  to  his  lord. 

2.  A  lord  or  superior ;  a  sovereign. 

JVote.  —  This  is  a  false  arpLcation  of  the  word, 
arising  probably  from.  tran3ferrir.g  the  word  from  the 


vassal  to  the  lord ;  the  lord  of  tie^e  men  being  called 
lie^e  lord.  JohKson, 

LTkOE'-MA?J,  n,  A  vassal ;  a  t-ubject.  [Ob/i.]  Spenser. 

IjII'-.G'ER,  n.    A  resident  embassador.    [Obg.] 

LI'EN;  the  obsolete  participle  of  Lie.    See  Lai:?. 

LI'EN,  (IC-'en  or  ll'en ;  Jameson  gives  IC'en,  Knowles 
ami  Smart,  Il'en :)  n.  [Supra.]  A  local  claim  ;  the 
right  by  which  the  possessor  of  property  holds  it 
against  the  owner,  in  satisfaction  of  a  dctuand. 

Ll-EX-TER'ie,  a.  [from  licnlcry.]  Pertaining  to  a 
lienterv.  QreiD. 

Lt'EN-TER-Y,  n.  [Fr.  lienteric :  L.  and  It.  lienteria ; 
Gr.  \ctov,  smooth,  and  tt- riooi ,  an  intestine.] 

A  lax  or  dianliea,  in  which  the  aliment'^  are  dis- 
charged undigested,  and  with  little  aItt;ration  either 
in  color  or  substance.  Encye. 

Ll'ER,  j(.  [from  lie.]  One  who  lies  down  ;  one  who 
rests  or  remains ;  as,  a  Uer  in  wait  or  in  ambush. 
Josh,  viii. 

LIED,  (lu,)  w.  [Fr.,  from  the  root  of  L.  Iccu^,  Eng  Icy, 
or  lea.    See  Lev.] 

Place  ;  room  ;  stead.  It  is  used  only  with  in.  Let 
me  have  gold  in  lieu  of  silver.  In  lieu  of  fashionable 
honor,  li-i  justice  be  substituted. 

HEO-TE.\'AN'-CY,  (IQ-ten'an-sy  or  lef-ten'an-sy,)  n. 
See  Lieutenant. 

1.  The  otlice  or  commission  of  a  hcutcnant.   Shaft. 
9.  The  body  of  lieutenants.  Feltoji. 

LIEtJ-TEN'ANT,  (lii-ten'ant  or  lef-ten'anl,)  n.  [Fr. ; 
composed  of  lieu,  place,  and  tenant^  L.  tenens,  hold- 
ing.] 

J.  An  ofliccr  who  supplies  the  place  of  a  superior 
in  his  absence.  Olhcers  of  this  kind  are  civil,  as  the 
lord-/ie(((en«n£  of  a  kingdom  or  county  ;  or  military, 
as  a  fic«tefia?ii-generul,  a  iicHr.e»a7if-coionel. 

2.  In  military  affairs,  the  second  commissioned  of- 
ficer in  a  company  of  infantry,  cavalry,  or  artillcrj*. 

3.  In  ships  of  war,  the  ofliccr  next  in  rank  to  the 
captain. 

LlEu-TEN' ANT-SHIP.    Sec  Lieutenancy. 
LIeVE,  for  Lief,  is  vulgar.     [See  Lief.] 
LIeV'RITE,  71.   A  mineral,  called  also  Yznite,  which 

LIFE,  n. ;  pi  Lives.  [Sax.  lif,  lyf;  Sw.  lif;  Dan.  liv; 
G.  Icben;  D.  IccveJt.     See  Livk.] 

I.  In  a  general  sense,  that  statu  of  animals  and 
plants,  or  of  an  organized  being,  in  which  its  natural 
functions  and  motions  are  performed,  or  in  winch  its 
organs  are  capable  of  performing  their  functions.  A 
tree  is  not  destitute  of  life  in  winter,  when  the  func- 
tions of  Its  organs  are  suspended  ;  nor  man  during  a 
swoon  or  syncope;  nor  strictly  bi.^ds,  quadrupeds,  or 
Kerpenls,  dining  their  torpitude  in  winter.  They  are 
not  strictly  dead  till  the  functions  of  their  organs  are 
incapable  of  bemg  renewed. 

9.  In  animals,  animation ;  vitality ;  and  in  man, 
that  state  of  being  in  which  the  soul  and  body  are 
united. 

He  etiU«;Ued  me  not  lo  Like  his  life.  Broome. 

3.  In  plants,  the  state  in  which  they  grow,  or  are 
capable  of  giowth,  by  means  of  the  circulation  of  tiic 
sap.  The  life  of  an  oak  may  be  two,  three,  or  four 
hundred  years. 

4.  The  present  state  of  existence ;  the  time  from 
birth  to  death.  The  life  of  man  seldom  exceeds  sev- 
enty years. 

If  in  this  Ufe  only  we  liavc  hope  in  Christ,  we  ore  cf  all  rmn 
most  miserable.  —  1  Cor.  xv. 

5.  Manner  of  living ;  conduct ;  deportment,  in  re- 
gard to  morals. 

I  will  teacU  my  family  lo  lead  gootl  lives.  Mrs.  Barker. 

6.  Condition;  course  of  living,  in  regard  to  happi- 
ness and  misery.  We  say,  a  man's  life  has  been  a 
series  of  prosperity  or  misfortune. 

7.  Blood,  the  supposed  vehicle  of  animation. 

And  the  warm  life  came  iaauintj  Uirough  tin:  wound.       Pope. 

8.  Animals  in  general ;  animal  being. 

Full  natnre  swarms  with  life.  Thomson. 

9.  System  of  animal  nature. 

Lives  through  all  life.  Pope- 

10.  Spirit;  animation;  briskness;  vivacity;  reso- 
lution. 

Tliey  have  00  notion  oUi/e  and  fire  in  fancy  and  wonls. 

Felton, 

II.  The  living  form;  real  person  or  state;  in  op- 
position to  a  copy;  as,  a  picture  is  taken  from  tlie 
life;  a  description  from  the  life. 

12.  Exact  r.  sembl.iiice  ;  with  to  before  life, 
portrait  is  drawn  to  the  life. 

13.  General  state  of  man,  or  of  social  manners;  as, 
the  studies  and  arts  that  polish  life. 

14.  Condition;  rank  in  society;  as,  high  life  and 
low  life. 

15.  Common  occurrences ;  course  of  thmgs ;  hu- 
man affairs. 

But  to  know 

TliAt  which  before  us  Ii;«  u»  daily  life. 

Is  thi;  prime  wisdom.  MUkru 

16.  A  person  :  a  living  being,  usually  or  always  a 
human  being.  How  many  lives  were  sacrificed  dur- 
ing the  revolution  I 


T  ft  ni«t  Hfr  ;  hl-tofY  "f  lb-  «''-nU 


II  is 


17.  Namtivi* 

of  life:  »:    

Ufe  of  M: 

18.  In  - 

For  t/.'  ■--•  ■  ;    .^'f  —  I  ^    •_  1 1. 

19.  The  Atom 

IIi..,r   _  ..      ^l^  —  JtAtXMM. 

20.  The  enjoymenu  or  Wewinp  of  Uw  prcKst 
life. 

UxflngtitK  prm' 

VjCwiv:.—  \    . 

21.  Supreme  1' 

To  br 

iH.  El 

23.  R'    • 

21.  The  :uiLtn.r  ;iiia  ^^.-..r.,, 
1  am  Uk  vayi  Ok  tratb,  u»l  - 

25.  A  quickrt;  -  -    

principle,  in  a  r 

20.   IJfr  nfmi  . 

tion  is  irr  f  - 
LIFE'-AN 

(luring  ;:  , 
LIFE'-AS-^^.v  A.,.,i,,^-,,wi 

St'BA^CE. 

LTFE'-BLOOD,  (-Wud,)  n.    T. 
life  ;  vit;il  blood. 
2.  That  which  conslltatcs  or  ^tc9  Mr: 

energy. 

Monry,  L'w  tft^ooi.  tt^  miwn. 

LTFE'-BLOOD,  a.    Necessary  oi  blood  lo  h/ 

lial. 
LTFE'-B5AT,  n. 

livps  In  caw'-s  r:" 
LTFE'-BI-uV.     - 
LTFE'-CO.\-i?CM  I.M..  n.     V. 
LTFE'-DE-VOT'E!>-x\ESS,  ». 

life. 
LTFE'-EXD-IXG,  a.    Puttinp 
LIFE'-ES-T.\TE',ri,    An  est. 

the  life  of  the  posse ?or. 
LirE'-EV-ER-LAST'i::'; 

Gnapbalium,  or  cudw 
LIFE'-GIV-li\G,i;.  Gr 

er  to  give  life  ;  inspinimv' ;  m-  i-'t 

LiFE'-Gi;.\RD,  ir.    A  guard  of  the  : 

guard  that  attends  the  person  of  a  i-uu^ 

IK-rsou. 
LIFE'-IN-SC'R'A.NCE,  (in-shur'an^)  n.     \ 

for  the  payment  of  a  certain  sum  of  raoo'^; 

son's  doalb. 
LTFE'-I.\'TER-EST,  n.    An  estate  or  inl*.: 

lasts  during  one's  life. 
LTFE'LESS,  a.    Dead ;  deprived  of  life ;  af,  »  kfttesj 

budv. 
2.'  Destitute  of  Ufc ;  unanimaled ;  as,  Itftltst  mt^ 

ter. 

3.  Destitute  of  power,  force,  vigor,  or  «pint  j  doll ; 
heavv ;  inactive. 

4.  Void  of  spirit ;  vapid ;  as  liquor. 

5.  Torpid. 

G.  Wanting  ph\-5ical  energy. 
LTFE'LESS-LV,  adc.    WithcMit  vigor;  dully;  bcarS- 

Iv;  fri::idlv. 
LIFE'LESS-NESJ?,  ji.    Deslimtioa  of  life,  ^ *"■' 

spirit ;  inactivitv. 
LTFE'LIKE,  a.    Like  a  living  prrsoo. 
LTFE'-LOXG.  n.    Dnnition  of  hfe. 
LTFE'-MAI.\-T.\I.\'1\G,  /  ^      c---«,i— iia. 
LIFE'-SCS-T.MN'ING,  ']''•    5oPI«rt'»tWfc- 
LIFE'-PRE-SEUV'ER,  If.     An ^  --.•.•- 

an  air-tight  It-lt,  for  pri'ser. 

cases  of  shipwreck,  or  other 

slc:\mcT. 
LTFE'-PKE-SERV'ING,  a.    PrePcrvtnR  hfc 
LiFE'-RENT,  ».    The  nnt  of  an  estate  thai  conUa- 

ues  lor  life. 
LIFE'-SPRING,  1:.    The  spring  or  source  of  hfe. 

LIFE'-STRtNG, ».  A  ncr\-c  or  siring  Ihal  is  inugined 
to  be  essi-nlial  to  life. 

LTFE'TTME,  h.  The  time  Uial  life  conlinuM  :  dura- 
tion of  lifir.  -* 

LIFE'-WftA-RY,  fl.    Tired  of  life ;  wcax> 

LIFT,  r.  t.    [Sw.  lyfia;  Dan.  FSft'^.   •-  ' 
hlifan,  to  steal :  Snx.  klif,a'i,  lo  be  ! 
ous ;  Goth.  Mijlus,  a  Utitf.     We  r. 
shopli/ier.     L.  lero,  eleco.  If.  I f cart,  ;■       -  ■     ,-       ~  - 
to  carry  or  transport ;  Fr.  Uter,  pcrtiajis  U  wc«, 

1.  To  raise  :  to  elevate ;  as,  lo  lift  the  ftv*  oc  U» 
hand  ;  lo  l^  the  liead. 

2.  To  raise  ;  lo  clc\-aic  menuuly. 

To  tbcc.  0  I-ort,  do  1  .'ifl  »p  irj  kmL  —  Pt  xxt. 

3.  To  raise  in  fortune.  _      r-*—. 

The  eye  of  tb:  I*onl  ^i^r  ^    r  ■ ''  '  "  '  ^^"^  -r-^r^       ~**^ 

4.  To  raise  in  est 
fortune  nnstifird  Inn 

T.V  llonwi  «ir.i:c3   ^ . 


TUNE,  BULL,  IINITE. 


-AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.-e  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  a?  SH :  TH  as  in  THtS. 


Jl 


U(^ 


LIG 

5.  To  date  ;  to  cause  (o  swell,  as  wilh  pride. 

Up  is  oftt  II  usc'41  iU'lcr  Uft^  as  :i  iiualifying  won! , 
sotncttmL'S  wilh  ellcct  or  cinpliasis ;  verj'  often,  how- 
ever, it  is  ii:«ele:js. 

(y.  To  bear ;  to  support.  Spenser. 

7.  To  steal,  that  is,  to  take  and  carry  away. 
Hence,  we  retain  llie  nsc  of  ^Aop/i/trr,  olllioiigh  iht- 
verb  in  litis  sense  is  obsolete. 

S.   In  !k-ripture,  to  cmcily. 

^V'l  11  yc  Iiave  li/ud  up  ilio  Son  of  nun.  —John  riii. 

/       'up  the  eyes ;  to  look  j  to  fix  the  eyes  on. 

1  .ot  a/lfl  up  his  eyes  utU  b.?h'-'lil  Jordnn.  —  dVn.  xiii. 

G.  To  direct  the  desires  to  God  in  prayer.     R<.  c.\.\i. 

To  lift  up  the  heati :  to  raise  from  a  low  conililion  ; 

-2.  To  rejoice.  Luke  x.\i.  [to  e.xalt     Oen.  xl. 

To  li/t  up  the  hand ;  to  swear,  or  toconfirmby  oatJt. 
Gm,  xiv. 

a.  To  raise  the  hands  in  prayer.    /V.  xxviii. 

3.  To  rise  in  opposition  to  j  to  rebel  j  to  lussaiilt. 
2  S*im.  xviii. 

•].  To  injure  or  oppress.    Job  xxxi. 

5.  To  shake  oil'  sloth  and  engage  in  duty.  Jlcif.  xVi. 

To  lift  up  the  face ;  to  look  to  with  confidence, 
ch.'crfulness,  and  coniforl.    Job  xxVu 

To  lift  up  the  keel  agatnjit ;  to  treat  with  insolence 
and  contempt. 

To  lift  up  the  horn ;  to  bcliavc  arrogantly  or  scorn- 
fully.    Ps.  Ixxv. 

To  lift  up  the  feet;  to  conic  speedily  to  one's  relief. 
r-.  Ixxiv. 

To  lifi  up  the  voice;  to  cry  aloud  ;  to  call  nut,  cilht-r 
in  ;;rief  or  joy.     Ocn.  xxi.    /?.  xxiv. 
LIFT,  V.  i.    Tn  trj*  to  niisc;  to  exert  the  strength  for 
the  purpose  of  raising  or  bearing. 

Tlic  UKiy  »inune(l  by  OJ^ng  ai  a  weight  loo  hcxvy.        Locke. 

2.  To  practice  theft.     [Obs.]  Spenser. 

I A  FT,  n.  Tlie  act  of  raising ;  a  lifting  j  as,  the  li^ft  of 
tile  feel  in  walking  or  running.  Bacon. 

Thf  pKit  givc^  tJic  fox  a  lift.  V Estrange. 

•?.  Assistance  in  lifting,  and  hence  assistance  in 
gf^ncral ;  as,  give  tis  a  lift.     [Popular  use.] 

'X  That  whii'li  is  to  be  raised. 

1.  Ji  ikail  lift:  a  hft  at  the  utmost  disadvantage, 
as  of  a  dead  body.    Hence, 

.'>.  An  extreme  emergency;  something  to  he  done 
which  tasks  all  one's  powers,  or  which  exceeds  the 
stroDgtli ;  as,  to  help  one  at  a  dead  lift. 

Uittlcr.     Sicift. 

C>.  A  rise  ;  a  degree  of  elevation  ;  a>,  the  Vft  of  a 
Ini-k  in  canals.  GaUatin. 

T.  In  ScottisJij  the  sky;  the  atmosphere}  the  fir- 
mament.   [Sax.  bjfl^  air,"  .Sw.  hift.] 

8.  In  scamai's  lan^umre^  a  rope  descending  from 
the  cap  and  mast-head  to  the  extremity  of  a  yard. 
Its  use  is  to  .support  the  yard,  keep  it  in  ctiuilibrio, 
and  raise  the  end,  when  occasion  requires. 

JSlar.  Diet. 
LIFT'-LOCK,  n.  A  name  sometimes  given  to  a  cana 

lock,  because  it  lifts  or  raises  a  boat  from  one  level 

to  another. 
T.IKT'Kl),  pp.  or  a.    Kaised  ;  elevated  ;  swelled  willi 
1,1 1' T'ER,  ».    One  that  lifts  or  raises.  [pride 

■-.'.  A  thief. 
Mi'T'ING,  ppr.    Raising  ;  swelling  with  pride. 
MFT'ING,  V.    The  act  of  lifting  ;  assistance. 
Lie,  r.  i.    To  lie.    [Sec  Lik.]     [Obs.]         Chaucer. 
I.IG'A-MENT,  n.    [L.  UgamciUum^  from  ligOy  to  bind, 

that  is,  to  strain.] 

1.  Any  thing  tint  tics  or  unites  one  thing  or  part 
to  another. 

IntenvoTcn  U  tlie  lore  of  liljcrly  wiUi  every  a-«iw»t  of  your 
'i-irtj.  Washington. 

2.  In  anatomy,  a  strong,  compact  substance,  sorv- 
inc  to  hind  (.nn  bone  to  another.  It  is  a  white,  solid, 
inelastic,  tendinous  substiuce,  sorter  than  cartilage, 
but  harder  than  membrane.   Enei/c.     Q,uincy.     Coze. 

3.  Bond  i  chain  ;  that  which  binds  or  restrains. 

JJdtiison. 
IJO-A-MKNT'AL,     jo.     Composing  a  ligament ;   of 
LIG-.\-ME.NT'OCS,  i      the    nature  of  a    ligament  j 
binding  j  as,  a  strong  tiifamentous  ntembnme. 

r  »ii-t «  V  ff'iscman. 

LT'G.aN,  n.  In  laWj  ligaii  is  where  goods  are  sunk  in 
the  sea,  but  tied  to  a  cork  or  bnov.  [See  FtoxsvM 
and  Jkt^om.]  '  Jilaclc^-tone. ' 

LT-(7.\'TK)N,  n.     [L.  ligatio.] 

The  act  of  binding  or  stite  of  being  honud. 
MCA-TTRKj  n.     [Fr.,froin  l..li:yatura.]    [.h'.dison. 

I.  .Any  thing  that  binds  ;  a  band  or  bandage.  Ray. 

'J.  The  act  of  binding  j  as,  by  a  strict  titatare  of 
tli'i  parts.  jirbuOnwt. 

:t.  Impolcncc  induced  by  magic.     Coze.     Eneyc. 

■I,  In  miwi'c,  a  band  or  line  connecting  notes. 

^y.  .\mong  printers^  a  double  cliaracter,  or  a  tvpe 
r. insisting  of  two  letters  or  characters  unilrd  j  as]  jl, 
' .  in  English.  The  old  editions  of  Greek  authors 
:i!pfiu;Hl  with  ligatures. 

i\  The  state  of  being  bound.  Jilortimcr. 

7.  In  incdiciney  stilTncss  of  a  joint.  Coze. 

3.  In  sur^enjy  a  cord  or  string  for  tying  the  blood- 
vessels, particularly  the  arteries,  to  prevent  hemor- 
rh.".ge. 


LIG 

LTGIIT,  (lite,)  T(.  [Sax.  Icohtjifit:  I),  and  (i.licht; 
L.  liUj  light,  and  lucco,  to  shine  ;  Port,  and  Sp.  /«:, 
light;  \V.  lUt'4,  tending  to  break  out  or  open,  or  to 
shoot,  to  gleam,  and  as  a  noun,  a  breaking  out  in 
blotches,  a  gleam,  indistinct  light ;  tlw^y  Unit  is  apt 
to  bn-ak  out,  that  is  bright,  a  tumor,  an  eruption; 
Uy^ni,  to  make  bright,  to  clear,  to  break  out,  to  ap- 
pear in  spots ;  //Mf,  a  darting,  sudden  throw,  glance, 
iLish  ;  Uur.iair,  to  throw,  to  tling,  to  pelt;  lliiccd,  a 
gleam,  lightning.  This  word  furnishes  a  full  and 
distinct  explanation  of  the  original  sense  of  light,  to 
throw,  dart,  shoot,  or  break  forth  ;  and  it  accords 
wilh  Eng.  luck,  linth  in  elements  and  radical  sense. 
CIa>s  Lg,  No.  0,  7,  23,  21.] 

1.  The  ajient  which  produces  vision.  The  phe- 
nomena of  light  may  be  explained,  either  on  the  sup- 
position that  li'.'ht  is  a  niateri:il  lluid  of  extreme  sub- 
lility,  emanating  in  particles  from  a  luminous  body, 
or  that  it  is  produced  by  the  undulations  of  an  inde- 
pendent medium,  set  "in  motion  by  the  luminous 
body.  The  former  supposition  is  called  the  theory 
of  cmauatiuns ;  the  latter,  the  theory  of  undula- 
tions. White  light  is  a  compound  nf  seven  riillerent 
colors,  viz.,  red,  orange,  yellow,  green,  blue,  indigo, 
and  violet.  The  sun  is  the  principal  source  of  light 
in  the  solar  system;  but  light  is  also  emitted  from 
bodies  ignited,  or  in  comijusllon,  and  is  rcllecteil 
from  enlightened  bodies,  as  the  moon.  Light  is  also 
emitted  from  various  substances,  wliich  are  hence 
said  to  bo  phosphorescent.  It  is  usually  united  with 
heat,  but  it  exists  also  indupendent  of  it. 

Olmsted.     JVicliolson, 

2.  That  flood  of  luminous  rays  which  flows  from 
the  sun  and  constitutes  day. 

t;o(l  calird  ilic  tishl  lUy,  and  the  d.irI(iicM  he  callcil  nUht.— 
Ucii.  i.  -  a 

3.  Day ;  the  dawn  of  day. 

Tl:c  mnrlTer,  risius-  willi  Uie  lisht,  kilieth  tlic  poor  ami  needy. 
—  Joh  xxiv. 

4.  Life. 

(J,  sprinj  to  light,  anipiciouH  kibe,  be  oorn  I  Pope. 

5.  Any  thing  that  gives  light,  as  a  lamp,  candle, 
taper,  lighted  tower,  star,  &c. 

'Vlv-n  he  Mlled  f.tr  a  Us;ltt,  nnd  sprang  in.  —  Ads  xv't. 
I  have  set  tliL'c*  10  In.'  a  iisht  to  Oio  (.iVniHcs,  — Acte  xiii. 
And  lioij  made  two  grcal  iishm.  — Gen.  i. 

0.  In  painting,  the  mannirr  in  which  the  light 
strikes  upon  apicture;  as,  to  place  a  painting  in 
a  good  liffJit,  Also,  the  illuminated  pari  of  a  picture  ; 
the  part  which  lies  open  to  the  luminari- by  which 
(he  piece  is  supposed  to  be  enlightened,  and  painted 
in  vivid  colors  ;  opposed  to  SirAOE. 

7.  Illumination  of  miud;  instruction;  knowledge. 

I  opened  ArioRlo  in  Ifdian,  and  the  very  llnl  two  lines  gave  niff 
light  to  all  I  coutcl  dcKire.  Drylcn. 

Ligiil.  unilorsuindiiij,  and  wiKlora  —  wna  found  in  liLn.  — 
Uan.  V. 

8.  Jleans  of  knowing.  By  using  such  U^bt-t  as 
we  have,  we  may  arrive  at  probability,  if  not  at  cer- 
tainty. 

9.  Open  view;  a  visible  state;  a  slate  of  being 
seen  by  the  eye,  or  perceived,  understood,  or  known. 
Further  researches  will  doubtless  bring  to  liirht 
many  isles  yet  undiscovered  ;  further  experimelits 
will  bring  to  /in-fte  properties  of  matter  yet  unknown. 

10.  Public  view  or  notice. 

Why  am  I  .tsLed,  Wh.it  next  eJiall  see  tlie  light  7  Pope. 

11.  Explanation;  illustration;  means  of  under- 
standing. One  part  of  Scripture  throws  li^kt  on  an- 
other. 

12.  Point  of  view  ;  situation  to  be  seen  or  viewed  ; 
a  71SC  of  the  word  taken  from  paintinrr.  It  is  useful  to 
exhibit  a  subject  in  a  variety  of  lights.  Let  everv 
thougiit  be  presented  in  a  s'trong  light.  In  what- 
ever lisrht  we  view  this  event,  it  must  be  considered 
an  evil. 

13.  A  window ;  a  place  that  admits  light  to  enter. 
1  Kings  vii. 

14.  A  pane  of  glass;  as,  a  window  with  twelve 
lights. 

15.  In  Scripture,  God,  the  source  of  knowledge. 

God  a  light.  —  1  John  i. 

16.  Christ. 

That  w;i»  tlio  true  U^ht,  thai  lightcth  every  man  llial  coniclh  into 
i!l'_'  world.  — John  i. 

17.  Joy  ;  comfort  j  felicity. 

Li^ht  is  aown  for  the  righteous.  —  Fs.  xcvii. 

18.  Saving  knowledge. 

U  ia  bccatiso  Uicre  is  uo  UgJa  in  them.  — Isa,  viii. 

19.  Prosperity ;  happiness. 

Tlicn  shall  thy  lisht  hrcal:  forth  as  the  moniinj.  —  Isa.  Iviii. 

20.  Pupi)()rt ;  comfort ;  deliverance.    Mic.  vii. 

21.  The  gospel.    Matt.  iv. 

20.  The  understanding  or  judgment.    Matt,  vi. 
23.  The  gifts  and  graces  of  Christians.    Mntt.  v. 

21.  A  moral  instructor,  as  John  the  Baptist. 
John  V, 

25.  A  true  Christian,  a  person  enlightened.  Epfi.v. 

26.  A  good  king,  the  guide  of  his  people.  Sam.  xxi. 
The  light  of  the  cimntcnancc ,-  favor  ;  smiles.    Ps.  iv. 


LIG 

To  stuiid  in  onc^s  ojcn  light ;  to  be  the  means  of  pre- 
venting good,  or  frustrating  one's  own  purposes. 

To  eoiiic  to  light ;  to  be  detected  ;  to  be  discovered 
or  found 

LIGHT,  (lite,)  a.  Bright ;  clear ;  not  dark  or  obsci:re  ; 
as,  the  morning  is  light ;  the  apartment  is  light. 

2.  In  colors,  white  or  whitish  ;  as,  a  ligJa  color ;  a 
litrht  brown  ;  a  light  complexion. 

LIGHT,  (lite,)  u.  [Sax.  liht,  leoht ;  D.  ligt ;  G.  lei:ht : 
Fr.  Icgcr ;  It,  Icggicro  ;  Port,  ligciro ;  Sp.  ligcro  ; 
Uuss.  legkci;  Sans.  Icka.  Tho  Sw.  Idtt,  Dan.  let, 
may  be  contractions  of  the  same  word.  The  Sla- 
vonic also  has  IcJiek  and  Icgok.  Ciu.  L.  alaccr.  This 
word  accords  with  light,  the  fluid,  in  orthography, 
and  may  be  from  the  same  radix.] 

1.  Having  little  weight;  not  tending  to  the  center 
of  gravity  with  force  ;  not  heavy.  A  feather  is  lifffit, 
compared  witli  lead  or  silver;  but  a  thing  is  lighf. 
only  comparatively.  That  which  is  li^'rht  to  a  man 
may  be  heavy  to  a  child.  Alight  htirdeti  for  a  camel 
may  be  insupportable  to  a  horse. 

2.  Not  burdensome  ;  easy  to  be  lifted,  borne,  or 
carried  by  physical  strength;  as,  a  light  burden, 
weight,  or  load. 

3.  Not  oppressive  ;  easy  to  be  suflered  or  endured  ; 
as,  a  light  aflliction.    2  Cor.  iv. 

4.  Easy  to  be  performed  ;  not  dilhcult ;  not  requiring 
great  strength  of  exertion.  The  task  is  liglu  ;  the 
work  is  light. 

5.  Easy  to  be  digested  ;  not  oppressive  to  the 
stomach  ;  as,  light  food.  It  may  signify,  also,  con- 
taining little  nutriment. 

6.  Not  heavily  armed,  or  armed  wilh  light  weap- 
ons ;  as,  light  troops  ;  a  troop  of  light  horse. 

7.  Active;  swift;  nimble. 

Asahcl  was  as  lisht  of  foot  as  a  wild  roe.  —  2  Sum.  ii. 

8.  Not  encumbered;  unembarrassed;  clear  of  iiu- 
pediments. 

Oninarrii[Hl  men  are  best  m.-uters,  bnt  not  hart  MibJ''Cl3  ;  for  ili'-v 
nn.>  tight  to  run  away.  Bacon. ' 

0.  Not  laden ;  not  deeply  laden  ;  not  suflicienily 
ballasted.    The  ship  returned /iVAf. 

10.  Slight ;  trilling  ;  not  important ;  as,  a  light 
error.  Boijte. 

11.  Not  dense;  not  gross;  as,  light  vapors:  tight 
fumes.  •  Drijdcn. 

12.  Small;  inconsiderable;  not  copious  or  vehe- 
ment ;  :u*,  a  light  rain  ;  a  light  snow. 

13.  Not  strong;  not  violent ;  moderate;  as,  a  Z/^At 
wind. 

l-I.  Easy  to  admit  influence;  inconsiderate  ;  easily 
influenced  by  Irifling  considerations  ;  unsteady  ;  un- 
settled ;  volatile;  as  a  light,  vain  person;  a  light 
mind. 

There  ia  no  jjrealcr  argument  of  a  lieht  and  iiiconBideraie  per- 
sL'u,  llian  profanely  lo  scoff  at  religion.  Tiltotson. 

15.  Gay;  air>- i  indulging  levity  ;  wanting  dignify 
or  solidity ;  trilling. 

Sf-ncca  can  not  Ic  too  heavy,  nor  Planlus  toolight.  Shak. 

We  may  neither  be  UgH  in  prayer  nor  wnlhfiU  in  debni-*. 

J.  M.  Maaon. 

16.  Wanton ;  unchaste ;  as,  a  woman  of  light  car- 
riage. 

A  Usht  wife  doth  make  a  heavy  husband.  Shak. 

17.  Not  of  legal  weight ;  clipped  ;  diminished  ;  as, 
light  coin. 

18.  Loose ;  sandy ;  easily  pulverized ;  as,  a  light 
soil. 

T>'  •-•ft  light  by;  to  undervalue  ;  to  slight ;  to  treat 
as  1  I  no  importance  ;  to  despise. 

To  make  light  of;  to  treat  as  of  little  consequence  ; 
to  slight ;  to  disregard. 
LIGHT,  (lite,)  v.  t.  To  kindle ;  to  inflame  ;  lo  set 
fire  lo  ;  as,  to  light  a  candle  or  lamp;  sometimes 
with  up ;  as,  to  tight  up  an  inextinguishable  flame. 
We  often  hear  Lit  used  for  Lighted;  as,  he  lit  a 
candle  ;  but  this  is  inelegant. 

2.  To  give  light  to. 


Ah,  liop'!l'-«s,  Irisiiii^  flamca  !  like  those  thai  burn 
To  light  the  <i..-ad. 


Pope. 


3.  To  illuminate ;  to  fill  or  spread  over  with  light ; 
as,  to  light  a  room  ;  to  light  the  streets  of  a  city. 

4.  To  lighten  ;  to  ease  of  a  burden.     [JVet  in  use.] 
[See  Lighten.]  Spouscr. 

LTGIIT,  (ilte,)  V.  i.  [Sax.  hhtan,  alihtan,  gdUitan,  lo 
light  or  kindle,  to  lighten  or  alleviate,  and  to  alisht; 
hlihtan,  to  alight ;  D.  lichtcn,  lo  shine  ;  ligten^  to  iit;ave 
or  lift ;  G.  lichtcn,  to  weigh,  to  lighten.] 

1.  To  fall  on  ;  to  come  to  by  chance  ;  to  happen  to 
And ;  with  on. 

A  weaker  man  may  sometimes  light  on  notiona  which  had  es- 
cap.:d  a  wis<;r.  Watt*. 

2.  To  fall  on  ;  to  strike. 

They  t\\M  hnn^r  no  more,  nciUier  thirst  iiny  more  ;  ncillier  shall 
the  sun  light  on  thcin,  nor  any  heat.  —  Rev.  vii. 

3.  To  descend,  as  from  a  horse  or  carriage;  with 
down,  off,  or  from. 

lie  lighted  down  from  his  chariot.  —  2  Kiiiys  v. 
She  lighted  oJfWix  camel.  — Gen.  xxiv. 

4.  To  settle  ;  to  rest ;  to  stnnp  from  flight.    The 
bee  Ught.'i  on  this  flower  and  that. 

LIGHT,  adv.     Lightly  ;  clieaply.  Hooker. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.-.MkTE,  PRKY— PINE,  M.VRLVE,  BIRD.-NoTE,  DOVE,  MOV-E,  WOLF,  BOOK.- 


()G4 


LIG 


LIG 


LIK 


li^JHT'-AKM-^n,  a.  Aniu'd  with  li-^Mit  weapons. 
LIGIIT'-HEaR-ER,  n.  A  torch-bciircr.  B,  Jonson. 
LxUUT'-BRaIN,  7i.    An  empty -headed  person. 

Jfartin. 
LTGHT'ED,  (lll'ed,)  pp.  or  a.    Kindled  ;  set  on  fire  ; 
c:iu:?ed  to  burn.   [Lit,  for  Lighted,  is  inelegant,  ex- 
rept  in  poc'trv.] 
LlGIIT'EN,  (lll'n,)  v.  i.     [from  ^>A/,  the  fluid  ;  Sax. 
Uhtiut.] 

1.  To  fl.-ish  ;  to  burst  forth  or  dart,  as  lightning  ;  to 
shine  with  an  instantaneous  ilhiniinalion. 
This  dreadful  nijclit) 
Tha*  thuHdere,  lishttns,  opens  ^-avca,  nnd  roara 
As  ilciih  Ihc  lion.  Shrtk. 

?.  To  shine  like  li??htnin?.  Shnk. 

X  To  fall;  to  light.     [Oft.-.-.] 
LIGHT' EN,  (llt'n,)  r.  (.    To  dissipate  darknrss;  to 
fd!  with  li'ihi;  to  spread  over  with  light;  to  illumi- 
nate ;  to  enlighten  ;  as,  to  lighten  an  apartment  with 
lamps  or  gas  ;  to  lighten  the  streets. 

A  kev  of  fire  nil  nil  ;xloii-j  tlip  shop', 
Aad'Hghteiied  all  the  river  wiih  :i  bhiar. 


Q.  To  illuminate  with  knowledge  j 


DryUn. 
a    moral 


'  thus  xm- 


A  Man  who  nian- 


,  thievish 


Dcxtious 
;  addicted 


A  lii^hl  to  Hghlcn  'JiC  Gentiles.  —  T^ukc  ii. 

3.  To  free  from  trouble  and  fill  with  joy. 

Th-y  loo!ic<l  to  him  and  ^vc^?  UgJilcned.  —  Ps.  xxxiv. 

LIGIIT'EN,  (llt'nO  v.  t.     [from  light,  not  Iieavy  ;  Sax. 

1.  To  make  lighter ;  to  reduce  in  weiglit ;  to  make 
less  heavy;  as,  lo  /(V/i.'c/i  a  ship  by  unloading;  to 
lirrktcn  a  load  or  burden. 

°2.  To  alleviate  ;  to  make  less  burdensome  or  afflict- 
ive ;  as,  to  lighten  the  cares  of  life  ;  to  lighten  the 
burden  of  grief. 
3.  To  cheer ;  to  exhilarate. 

lie  Ushlens  niy  h'lmor  -wiih  liis  nv-rry  jc-^t.  Shnk. 

LiGIIT'jCN'-£T),   (llt'nd,)  pp.      Made  lighter  ;   tilled 

with  li^ht ;  flashed,  as  liqhtning. 
LlGHT'iCN-ING,  ppy.    Reducing  in  weight  j  illumin- 

aLins  ;  flashing,  as  li^jhlning. 
LTGHT'ER,  (llt'er,)  h.    One  that  lights;  as,iiliglrlrr 

of  lamps. 

2,  A  large,  open,  flat-bottomod  boat,  used  in  load- 
ing and  unloading  ships. 

LIGHT'EK-AGE,  n.    The  price  pi'ti  f»i"  "nloading 
ships  by  Ughters  or  boats  ;  also,  the  act  <: 
loadinff  into  lighters  or  boats. 

LIGIiT'CR-iMAN,  (ilt'er-man,) 
ages  a  lighter  ;  a  boatman. 

L[GIIT'-FL\"GER-£D,  (llt'finp'gerd,) 
in  taking  and  conveying  away 
to  petty  tiicfls. 

LIGIIT'-FOOT,        )  a.    Nimble  in  nmning  or  dan- 

LIGHT'-FOOT-ED,  i      cing;  active.     [LiUlc  u^eU.] 

Speiiscr. 

LTGHT'-HE.-VD-ED,  (llt'hed-ed,)  a.  [See  Head.] 
Thoughtless ;  heedless  ;  weak  ;  volatile  ;  unsteady. 

Clarendon. 
9.  Disordered  in  the  head  ;  dizxy  ;  delirious. 

LlGHT'-IIEAD-ED-NESS,  n.  Disorder  of  the  head  ; 
dizziness  ;  deliriousness. 

LIGHT'-HEART-ED,  (llt'iVirt-ed,)  a.  Free  from  grief 
or  anxiety  ;  gav;  cheerful;  merry. 

LKiHT'-HEART-ED-LY,  ndv.    With  a  light  heart. 

LiGHT'-HEaRT-ED-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
free  from  rare  or  grief;  cheerfulness. 

IJGHT'-HEEL-£D,  a.  Lively  in  walking  or  run- 
ning ;  brisk. 

LTGHT'-HORSE,  n.    Light-armed  cavalry. 

LIGHT'-HOUSE,  n.  A  pharos  ;  a  tower  or  building 
erected  on  a  rock  or  point  of  land,  or  on  an  isle  in 
the  sea,  with  a  light  or  numlier  of  lamps  on  the  top, 
intended  to  direct  seamen  in  navigating  ships  at 
ni2lit. 

I>:(;HT'-IN'FANT-RY,  71.  A  term  applied  to  bodies 
of  active  and  strong  men,  carefully  selected  for  rapid 
evolutions.  Their  object  is  to  cover  and  assist  other 
troops.  CampbcH'a  Mil.  Diet. 

LTGHT'ING,  ppr.    Kindling  ;  setting  fire  to. 

LIGUT'-LEG-GSD,  a.    Nimble  ;  swift  of  font. 

Sltlncij. 

LIGHT'LESS,  (lU'less,)  a.    Destitute  of  light :  dark. 

LTGHT'LY,  (llt'ly,)  adv.  With  little  weight ;  rL«,  to 
tread  lightly  :  to  press  lightly. 

2.  Without  deep  impression. 

The  soft  idens  of  :he  cheerful  not<^, 

LiglLliy  received,  were  easily  forgot.  Prior. 

3.  Easily;  readily;  without  difficulty ;  of  course, 
■i.  Without  reason,  or  for  reasons  of  little  weight, 

Fitter  not  the  rich,  reiilipr  do  thou  willingly  or  ii^ftVi/  appear 
tielorc  ^at  pcrBonages, 

5.  Without  dejection  ;  cheerfully. 

Bid  that  welcome, 
Whidi  comes  to  punbh  ii»,  and  wc  punieh  it, 


'Ai)j!or. 


^ijvrming  lo  bear  it  lighCy. 

G.  Not  chastely  ;  wantonly. 


Swi/L 


LtGHT'-MIND-RD,  a.  Unsettled;  unsteady;  vola- 
tile ;  not  considerate. 

He  ihat  is  liasty  lo  give  credit  U  light-tniiultd.  EccIum. 

LTGIIT'NESS,  (lit'ness,)  n.  Want  of  weight ;  levity  ; 
the  contrary  to  Heaviness;  as,  the  /i^rAinM*  of  air 
compared  with  water ;  ligluness  of  the  animal  spir- 
its. 

'■2.  Inconstancy  ;  unsteadiness  ;  the  quality  of  mind 
which  disposes  it  to  be  intluenccd  by  trifling  consid- 
erations. 

Such  is  ih?  Uglitnfan  of  you  common  men.  StiaJc. 

3.  Levity;  wantonness;  lewdness;  unchastity. 

ShaJ:.     Sidney. 

4.  Agilitj';  nimbleu'^sfl. 

5.  In  the  fine  artSy  a  (piality  indicating  freedom 
from  weicht  or  clumsiness.  Rrande. 

LIGHT'NING,  (llt'ning,)  7t.  [That  is,  lightening,  the 
partiriplo  present  of  lighten.'\ 

1.  A  discliarge  of  atmospheric  electricity,  accom- 
panied by  a  vivid  flash  of  light.  It  if  rommonly  the 
discharge  of  electricity  from  one  cloud  to  another, 
senie'tinitrs  from  a  cloud  to  the  earth,  in  which  latter 
case  it  is  peculiarly  dangerous.  Thuiulcr  is  the  sound 
pinduced  by  the  electricity  in  passing  rapidly  through 
the  atmosphere.  Olm^td.      i 

2.  [from /ii^AtcH,  to  diminish  weight.]  Abatement; 
alleviation  ;  mitigation.  Sprctator. 

LIGHT'NIXG-BUG,  n.  A  species  of  firefly,  common 
in  the  Northern  Slates  of  Ameiica. 

LIGHT'NINt^-GLXNCE,  71.    A  glance  or  darting  of 

lightning.  jillciK 

^^2.  A  glance  or  flash  of  Iho  eve,  like  lishtning. 

LTGHT'NING-KOD,  71.  A  mcta'llic  rod  erected  to  pro- 
tect buildings  or  Vf-S3cls  from  li-ihtning. 

LiGHT'-ROOM,  "■  In  a  ship  of  war,  ti  small  apart- 
ment, having  double  glass  windows  toward  tiie  mag- 
azine, and  conlainiug  lights  by  which  the  gunner  fills 
cartridges.  Jilnr.  Diet, 

LIGHTS,  (llts,)  n.  pi.  [^f)  c:ilk(l  from  their  liglU- 
m-ss.] 

The  lungs;  the  organs  of  brcatliing  in  brute  ani- 
mals. These  organs,  in  man,  we  call  Ll-ngs;  in 
other  animals.  Lights. 

LTGHT'SOME,  (llt'sum,)  a.  Limiinous ;  not  dark; 
not  obscure. 

Whit'-  walls  make  rooms  more  lishtfomc  lli.iii   Mud;.     [Lillle 

userl.]  Bacon. 

The  lishlsome  realms  of  love.  Drydcu. 

[In  Vte  latter  passa/re,  tlic  word  is  clega:it.] 
2.  Gay;  airy;  cheering;  exhilarating. 

TliV.  Ughtsom':  afleciion  of  Joy.  Hooker. 

LIGIIT'S5ME-NESS,  n.    Luminousness  ;  the  quality 

of  bein"  light ;  opposed  to  Darknes'i,  or  Dauksome- 

NEss.  Chnjne. 

2.  Cheerfulness;  merriment;  levity. 

[T/iis  word  iV  little  used.] 

LIGHT'-SmiaT-RI),  (I.     Having  a  light  or  cheerful 

spirit.  ^''^'"ff- 

LIG-NAL'oES,  (lig-nal'ozc  or  lln  al'oze,)  n.     [L.  fi,^- 
num,  wood,  and  aloc.^.] 
Aloes  wood.    J^um.  xxiv. 
LIG'NE-OUS,o.     [L-ligneus,] 

Wooden;   made  of  wood;  consistmg  of  wood; 
resembling  wood.      The  harder   part  of  a  plant  is 
li'Tjicotts. 
LIG-NIF'ER-OUS,  a.     [L.  lignumj  wood,  and  fcro,  to 
produce.] 
Yielding  or  protlucing  wood.  HuniMe. 

LIG-NI-FI-Ca'TION,  n.  The  process  of  becouiing  or 
of  converting  into  wood,  or  the  hard  substance  of  a 
vegetable.  <^'"'('* 

LIG'NI-Fl-SD,    (lig'ne-flde,)    pp.      Converted    into 

wood.  ,        ,  f       ^ 

LIG'NI-FORM,  rt.     [L.  lignum^  wood,  and  form.] 

Like  w(tnd  ;  resembling  wnod.  K'tnrnn.    ^ 

LIG'NI-FS',   V.  ^     [L.   ligiiniii,   wood,   ami  ficio,  to 
make.] 
To  convert  into  wood. 
lilG'NI-FV,  r.  i.    To  become  wood. 
LlG'NI-F^'-INii,  ppr.     Converting  into  wood. 
LtG'NIN,  11.     [L.  lignum,  wood.] 

In  chemistry^  the  woody  part  or  fiber  of  plants. 
LIG-NLPER'DOUS,  a.    [L.  ligiivm,^\OiH\,  and  pcrdo, 

to  destroy.]  .....  • 

An  cnithet  applied  to  insects  which  destroy  uowi. 
'  Brandc. 

LIG'NITE,  71.     [L.  lignum.'] 

Mineral  coal  retaining  the  texture  of  the  wood 
from  wliicli  it  was  formed,  and  burning  with  an 
eiTipyrcumatic  odor.  It  is  of  mon-  rec.^nt  ongm 
than  the  anthmcite  and  bituminous  coal  of  the  proper 

Dana. 
Containing  lignite ;  resembling  lig- 
nite UHmbU. 
LKJ'NOHS,  a.     Ligneous.     [Little  nsed.]        Evchjn. 
LIG'NUiM-VrTiE,  «.    [L.1     The  popular  name  of 
Guaiacum  officinale,  or  poxwood.     I  he  common  Ug- 


[L.  ligitla^  a  strapul 


'l't\ib  . 


I 


ble  use  in  mcd' 

^VTought  into  uv 

tides  of  inrner)'. 
LIG'U-LATK,  ) 
LlG'U-hA-TEU.  ( 

Like  a  bandage  r/r  >'- 

KpccicN  of  comprjund 

have  their  corolltU  )!• 

end,  with  the  bain-  only  iTt,  ilir. 

flosculoui!  flower  of  ToumeOjit. 

LIG'ULE,  >         ft    ,      ,        ^ 1 

LIG'U-LA,  i  "*    t^.  Ugula^  a  strip.] 

L  In  brAnny,  the  flat  part  of  ll»e  I*^ 

contratliKtinction  from  tliat  partwh. 

stem. 
2.  A  Mrap-ffliaped  petal  of  flowcn  tit  Sfu, 
LIG'UIIE,   n.     A    kind    of  iitm-fit    *?"r*. 

ixviii.  19. 
LIG'U-RITK,  71.    rfrom  IJffwria.]     \ 

ring  in  oblique  rhombic   pruntf,  oi 

color,  occa.iionaIIv  t^K1:kIfd. 
LIKE,  a.     [Sax.  lie,  grlir,  GtAh.  InL^. 

glcidt,  Sw.  liky  Dan.  Ug,  Ugr,  likr,  |  ■ 

Kmooih,    The  Bcnse  of  like,  »imilar. 

equal ;  but  this  schm  may  be  from  ' 

and  hence  this  word  in 
laJico,  to  KL-iliip,  seal,  l: 
an  iina'f^e  ;  or  the  w  :. 
shaving.     We  obrvrvc  tin:  I'i.^   0  ■.■ 
please  ;  to  like  l<,  to  be  pI«L*ed.    N' 
ceo  is  a  prefix,  Ihc  latter  may  t""  f"f 
of  Wic.    And  if  de  is  a  prtli 
liciowsy  delicate,  these  may   ' 
Like  is  evidently  from  iht 

and  Ilcb.  pS",  Ar-  cJiJ^^  c.hJ^J.a,  iw  t 
smooth.    Cln.  Gr.   I'Antoj,  ».Ai«ia.     S«*  i-i 

LiCKEniSH.] 

1.  Equal  m  quantity,  quality,  or  dcfnx ;  a 
ritory  of  lUce  extent  with  another ;  men  rf  / ' 
leuce. 

MorR  cWeTmcn  vrr  tmpoTcr»Jird  by  Ihr  t-ir  •»■?  • 
itie  liic  ijnc-;  Irfonr. 

2.  Similar;  resembling;  having  : 

Elijah  wni  « tMn  ri^)-^  lo  liit  ptj(«tu  ■  ■ 
Why  mi-hl  nm  o'Jicr  pl.\i>rt*  harr  br«i  f.-^J' 
with  ibc  caiUi,  each  for  ili  ovn  irih»i«una  .* 

Like  is  usually  followed  by  to,  but  it  i»  •  : 

ted. 

What  city  ii  Kfc«  to  Iht*  ffrret  cky  ?— Brr.  ir^ 

1  saw  three  imckan  irihu  litt  frw,r».  —  H*^.  a^L 
AmonglhemallwajluuiMl  noa<  iiJu  D»nkl,Il»flJ^ 
ami  Azj.raJi.  — Dan.  i, 

3.  Probable;  likely;  that  ia,  bavinp  t. 
blance  or  appearance  of  an  event ;  givinc 
expect  or  believe. 

He  is  lii-e  10  di-  ef  hungrr  In  ihi^  j-iu*  wbcrr  be 

no  more  bread.  — Jer.  xxxriii. 
:\Iaiir  were  not  cajT  to  be  gwrcrood,  ooT  i«  to  ^ 

selves  to  utrLct  rule*. 

Like  Jigures^  in  geometry.    S«c  under  S" 
LIKE,  n.    [Elliplically,  for  like  tkiag,  tiif 
person.] 

1.  Some  person  or  thmc  rcsembime  ^■■ 
equal.    The  like  may  never  happen  ncain. 

lie  WTW  a  m.\n,  t-fce  him  f-r  lal  in  a-', 

2.  ITad  like,  in  the  phrx^c  "he  kc-i  lil- 
feated,"  seems  to  be  a  corruption  :  1  ;:  : 
here  is  used  for  rcscmWancc  or  p'- 
the  character  of  a  noun.    .At  any  r 
is  aulIiori7.ed  by  gooti  usage. 

LIKE,  adv.    In  the  same  manner. 

Solomon  in  nUhU  c^'ry  *m  ocft  vnjtA  fib  •- 

Matt.  rl.    LuK-  xii.  »„  t— < 

Lite  as  a  t«her  fitrth  hit  chutlm),  to  IL?  l^^ 

Lial  (car  hhn.  —  P*.  ci^ 

2.  In  a  manner  becoming. 

Be  •tronff,  and  (piil  vo«ncl«Ti  St»  sm.  — 1  -■■ 

3   Likely  ;  probably ;  as,  like  enoush  it 
LIKE,  r.  r.     [Sax.  hV«i»,  Ueiam  :  G«Mh.  ^i— 
blv  L,  vlaceo,  and  delecto^  with  pn'fiTcs.J 


7.  Nimbly ;  with  agility  ;  not  heavily  or  tardily. 
lie  led  me  lightly  over  the  stream. 

rt  Gayly;  airily;  with  levity;  without  heed  or 
care. 


coal  series. 
LlG-NlT'ie, 


num-vit.T  is  a  native  of  the  warm  latitudes  of  Amer- 
ica It  become.-*  a  large  tree,  having  a  hard,  brown- 
ish brittle  bark,  and  its  wood  firm,  solid,  iwnderous, 
very  resinous,  of  a  blackish  yellow  color  m  the  mid- 
dle  and  of  a  hot,  aromatic  t;u^le.    It  is  ot  considera- 


1    To  be  pleased  with  in  a  moderate  deem- :  l*> 
approve.      It  expresses  lo-  Uian  U-re  a"  '      ■■■■■■- 
We  like  a  plan  or  desicn  \%  hen  we  appr 
correct  or  iH-neficial.    We  like  the  chsr. 
duct  of  a  man  when  i:  comports  with  .  -^ 
TxcUtude.    We  h*^  food  that  the  taste  reir?iK^    Wt 
like  whatever  gives  ns  pleasure. 

He  rrocccvlcd  from  looVln;  o  air.y,  aoJ  frm  .^>  -     " 

2.  To  please ;  lo  be  asrw'at'^c  to. 

Thlst!c^re  bring  rrwR-.m^ntlfd  *'.'*X-^'^.- 
iiicUnIe  tlK  vxaK  within  00c  enter  l«»f-    V 

3.  To  liken.    [Ohf.] 

LIKE,  r.  I.    To  Iw  pleased  :  U>  chocsr- 

ilc  ir^v  r'  *"*  *^'?^'  **  ^  ^^'' 
o.  7^/iJkrr»r:  lobcpleascd.     *'^''-' 
LTKE'LI-HpOO,  n.     [tikelv 
verisimilitude ;  appe:iranc. 


Lt)ct». 


TONE,  BULL.  X1MTE.-AN^^GER,  VI"CIOUS.-C  as  K;  6  as  J  ;  S  as  7,  •  :_*__ 


£11  as  in  THIS. 


0<>5 


LIL 

cpmc  uniperalo.     I  licr^  is  ""'^  i         jjj^i,  us  not 
"IrXeaSe;  show  ;  rc»c,ub..„cc.    [O^,^^^^ 

/^rof  t "!  .lii^"i"io"^  o'  Lco,npU.l.a.euU,,  that  ren- 
■ler  him  pleasing  or  tcs|iectable.] 
LIKE'LV,  ailn.    rrobably. 

WhJ.  In^n  «a.  ocon..  he  ««  a<ly  '^"o-'ot  "*."' 

imr-tmul  for  him  v.  tr^ov. 

LIKE'-MINH-ED,  c.     Having  a  like  disposition  or 

T  I'rTN'-'nTk'n")  T;.    [Sw.  Itkna ;  Dan.  !;„™«r.] 
"\t  coli-parc  ■  "o  represent  as  resembling  or  ».m.lai. 

—  M:iU.  VI. 

^i^i^^m  'l;!"t^S„^m!;rm  ;  .imiii-ae. 
Tlie  nictiire  is  a  cood  likeness  of  tlie  original. 
^'i?K<-     nblancc;    form  ;    external     "PP™»,"/<^- 
ru-T  I  i-aiii^t  an  enemy  in  the  Ukciicss  of  a  triend. 
^3   One  that  resembles  another ;  a  copy  ;  a  counter- 

''"'■      n»kyourorjo..rlUvn«<.,Cl,te.  i'^or. 

4    \n  image,  pirture,  or  statue,  resembling  a  per- 

LTK'V?i-l'N"(f:n.'1t'il'rming  of  resemblance 
LlK'EN-I.NGJppr.    Comparing  ;  representing  a^  smu- 

UKE'VasE.comp.    [ii;.c  ami  irise.]    In  like  manner ; 
also ;  moreover  ;  too. 

LTK'ISG,  ppr.  of  Like.    Approving;  heing  pleased 

'""a'a.  Plump  ;  full ;  of  a  good  appearance.    Da-,,  i. 

L^'UvIj,  .1.    A  good  state  of  body ;  healthful  appear- 
ance ;  plumpncs.«. 

TUeir  young  ones  «t.;  in  good  liiinj.  —  Joti  ii»i«. 
o   Stale  of  trial.     [JVut  used-]  Drijdcit. 

3.  Snation  ;  pleasure  ;  as,\hi.  is  an  n™"-;"^^"' 
to  your  hking.  '^ 

4.  Delight  in  ;  pleasure  in  ;  with  to. 

!le«l»  h»  „o  IMnsU,  U«  »hole  o„gW  no.  .o  «^»7^„<'"= 

TT'T.Afi  H      IFuUias;  Sn.  lilac]  ^.         . 

A  pia  t  cVslirub  o'f  the  genu's  Syringa  a  native  of 

rer^ial    The  common  lilac  is  cultivated  lor  its  flow- 

cis,  which  are  purple  or  white. 
LI'LA-LITE,  71.    See  Lepiuolite,  with  wmai  Ji^is 

LIL^i'-S'CEOUS.a.    [L.  WioMus,  from  iii/am,  "  li'y-1 
Pertaining  to'lilies-,  lily-like.    A  i.;.ae«»s  corol  is 
one  that  has  six  regular  petals,  or  segments  of  the 
corol  JllaHtjn. 

L1L'1-£D,  (lU'lid,)  a.    Embellished  wiUi  lilies. 

By  KinJy  lyaclon'ii  liUcd  tonta.  Miilon. 

LIUI-PC'TIAN,  71.    One  belonging  to  a  diminutive 
race  described  in  Swift's  kingdom  of  Liliput. 

2.  A  person  of  very  small  size.    It  is  sometimes 
used  as  an  adjective.  ,  .    „       t^ 

I  ILL  r.  t.    See  Lou.    But  UU  is  used  m  New  Eng- 
I        I  lui  Speturr. 

LILT ' o.  i.    To  do  any  thing  with  dexterity  or  quick 

"T  To  sing  or  play  cheerfully  and  merrily.  '(Scot 

I  I't^'Y  rlil'lc  )  11.     FL.  liUum ;  Gr.  Xci.oioi. :  Pp.  Urin.} 
The  Eng  iVh  popular  "■""«  "^  ^  ^enus  of  plants  of 
many  spedes,  which  are  all  bulbous-rooted,  herba- 
ceous nercnn mis,  producing   bell-shaped,  hexapeta- 
f^u"  flo'wers  of  gJelit  beauty  and  variety  o)  cdors. 

LU«  of  (Ac  vaUn, ;  a  plant  of  the  genus  Convallaria, 
with  a  monopel.alous;  bell-shaped  corol,  -I'V.deyt 

Ll'L''Y"&irFO-Dll":'r"A  plant  and  llowcr.  ' 

UL'yIhAND-ED,  ..'   Hitving  white,  d«'i'="^^7J'- 


iRs't-EollS,  (-shus,)  e.     [I..  lim«  l.nelong.ng 
'  to  he  ;u,g  or  naWd  sn.ail,  the  Umax  of  ^-'n"^™^; 
LI-MS'TU)N, ,..    [L.iim»,tofile.]  [i'-  C."^ 

The  act  of  filing  or  polishing. 
I.T'MA-TIJRE,  ".    [L.  (iino,  to  nie.J 

'•  KiS;  particles  nibbed  off  by  filing.  Mm^o^- 

ml'"  p.    The  sense  of  limh  is  from  shooting  or  .x- 
'"h  E3i  or  border.    This  is  the  proper  signification 


"■f  ;n»L,om!,,and  in  «"'"""» '«'^!  »"«"„^™V/ 
the  human  body  ;  a  member ;  a  projecting  part ,  as, 

"'r'^e^S'^^i^-'^>i^'>.»"'^'-^-"^" 
"^rinS;;"hetr^«i:pirs^cadin^artof 

^  'rS',;^'?!";^  fa  member  of  the  legal  profession. 

-^f^fei^nb^°^'S;:friis;bs.;^:;,^ 

S-cSr^l'.  M  .0  the  middle  of  the-day  or  lagr^^^_ 
I  TM'BATE    a      Bordered ;   when  one  color  is  sur- 

,^:i^l:T.r%.  strain  or  pass  t-rough^a^stUl. 

€i"^:.«^^:an^'»^^^S'-- 

"''E-i'sill  bent  i  flexible  ;  pliant ;  yielding.    In  ^;""-- 
,vJ:  it  is^ applied  to  material  things  ;  as,  a  Im^bor  led  , 

^^^^4^T^'  Toattach  to  the  limbers ;  as,  to  Km^er 

LWUER-NESS,  71.   The  quality  of  being  easily  bent; 

,  tM-BERs'"  '  ""T".  Vl.  I"  "  ^«P.  holes  cut  through 
^15i;SilOLES,  \      'the  lloor  Umbers,  a^a  ,nssage 

t/m^bTr" «''it7Tvv"'' wheels  and  M  with 
Sl-BiSs?'.";?.  !       which  cannon  are  drawn  by 

''T  Thills  •  shafts  of  a  carriage.  ,     ^""M- 

Lnr-B™TE,"r  supposed    u,   be    a    decomposed 

l.,t.if'T,Els,«.     Destitute  of  limbs.  Ma.sin^^. 

LIMB'MeAL,  a.    Piecemeal. 

LIM'BO,    )„     [L.  (i7«4iM,  edge  or  border.] 

The  Umh,minarm,i  was  considered  as  ■'?'»«'"'"' 

o.  A  place  of  restraint  or  confinement.  I>n<i^. 
T  w.p  ,.      rsax    Um    lime,  whence  gelviian,  to  glue  , 
UME,  77.    Ibax.    iin,  i"»e>         ;  ■„,  Jmi  w,ot,  loam  ; 

slime] 

I.  Avi  _ 

nr^^^r  earth,  oxyd  of   caleiun^  pr^ured 

^Z,^m'i"'^aS''fro,n"H,^^ie^r  carbonate 
°of  hme,  of  Which  marble  is  a  h..-pe-3^,^,„^„, 

LIME  V!''^t^''^'^o.A     A  speeiesof  acid 

fruit,  Ule  Citrus  medica,  smaller  than  Oie  lemon. 
LIME,  7).  1.     [Sax.  ^eiiKMii.] 

l'To  smear  with  a  viscous  ^'"'^^'ksj^^,,. 

2.  To  entangle  ;  to  insnarc.  S/infc 

3.  To  manure  with  lime. 
I.-,nd  m»y  be  toproTcJ  by  Jnm.lng,  marling,  rvnd  "™"?;^j„ 


T  TMI-'-BUTlN-ER,  77.  One  who  bums  stone  to  lime. 
I  ifwEl),  Cllm'lV)  ?P-  Smeared  with  lime  ;  entangled  ; 
LlKl^UNlvr^X  dog  used  in  hunting^ie^wild 

rT'\n.-MaLN  rllme'kil,)7i.  A  kiln  or  furnace  in  which 
"■'smnes  or  sllelUare  ^.xposed  to  a  strong  heat  and  re- 

LIME '-PLANT,  >..    A  name  sometimes  given  to  the 

LIME'-SINK,  71.    A  rounded  hole  or  depression  in  the 

rriiiind  in  liimstone  countries.     America. 
LTMPST5.NE,  71.    Stone  of  which  lime  is  made  by 

''S^^^^^-^'-Sthrtrse^r^ 

LIMe'-TWIG,  7,.    A  twig  smeared  with  limj-.^^_^^_^ 

ITMF'-TWIG-GiSD,.!.  Smeared  with  lime   Mlison. 

II\  P'WVTER  7.      Water  impregnated  with  lime. 

LIM'iNG,'-,,^     Daubing  with  'viscous   matter ;  cn- 
tau"ling  ;  manuring  with  lime. 

I  TM'ING  71.    The  ait  of  manuring  with  lime. 

IlM'T7i.     rU  ;i77,«;  Fr.  KmitM.    See  Limb.] 

V  lound;  border;  utmost  extent ;  Ihe  part    ha 
terininates  i  thing  ;  as,  the  (,mi(  of  a  town,  city,  or 
eiopiie  •  the  iiiiiito  of  human  knowledge. 
"   The  thing  which  bounds  ;  restraint. 

3  In  m"tt  malic,  a  tern,  used  for  some  ;letorii.."a'e 
ou an  itv  to  which  a  variable  one  con tiiiua  ly  ap- 
SSies',  and  may  come  nearer  t"  it  .to"  -V  ="'/ 
given  difference,  but  can  never  go  '"'yond^d-^^^^^ 

4  Lhnil^,v'-  ■•  ">»  extentof  the  liberties  of  a  prison. 
itMilT  71  f     To  bound  ;  to  set  bounds  to. 
^'\'  -ro  confine  within' certain  bounds  ;  to  cncum- 

scribe  ;  to  restrain.    The  government  of  England  is 
called  a  ii7nitci;  monarchy. 

Thoy  lompled  God  »n<l  MriiUd  Uie  lioly  One  of  IsraJ.-I«- 
Ixxviii.  ,  . 

3  To  restrain  from  a  lax  or  general  signification. 
,wi  sometimes  signifies  the  universe  and  some- 
limes  its  signification  is  Im^ti  to  this  earth. 

L  m'iT-A-HLR,  a.  That  may  be  limited,  e  cum- 
scribed,  bonnJcd,  or  restrained.  "'""'■■ 

Iui-lT-VNB-OUS,a.    Pertaining  to  bounds.   Dta 

I  r      T  S'Rl-^N,  «.    That  limits  or  circumscribes. 

u'jl'IT-A-KY,  a.    Placed  at  the  limit,  as  a  guard. 

Prond  Jimilon/  chcrulj.  jWiilon. 


I  IM-IT-A'TION,  71.    [L.  iimi'iatio.]  . 

1.  The  act  of  bounding  or  circumscribing. 

o  Kestrieiion;  restraint;  '^"■'^".'^"iP'"'"-  ,i^"'-'= 
Itins  consented  to  a  (miMtien  of  Ins  prerogatives. 
GolermnJi "  by  the  (i7»«etie,7  of  natural  rights  se- 

"TtosUiSonf' confinement  from  a  lax  indcter- 
mtoafehnporl.  '  Words  of  general  import  are  often 
*r,  y,r-  nnderstood  witli  limitations^ 
".rAcertah"  precinct  within  which  friars  were 
aUmx^d  to  beg  or  exercise  their  l-""':"™^^^,,^,.  ,„, 

5   In  raw,  the  period  limited  by  statute  jfler  which 
thecliiman't  sha'll  not  enforce  his  claims  by  su,L__ 
fTM'lTFD  7")    Bounded  ;  circnmscribed  ;  restrained. 
2^  a     N-^l-rovv"  circun'iscribcd.    Our  views  of  na- 

tore  are  very  Umitcil. 
TTMViTED-LY  ado.    Wiih  limitation, 
UM'St-IS-NESS,  71.    State  of  being  lim.ted._^^^^^_ 

T  TM'IT  FR  71      He  or  tliat  which  limits  or  confines. 
^'    2   A  friar  licensed  to  beg  within  certain  hounds, 

„r  who'e  duty  was  limited  to  a  certain  distri  I. 
L1M'It-LESS,V     Having  no  limits;  ""houinled.^^_ 

r  IM'MER  71.    A  limehonnd ;  a  mongrel.     Jo'""'"- 
""2.  A  log  engendered  between    a   l'"™*  J«  " 

"TA'thill  or  shaft     {Local-]     [See  Limber.] 
4.  A  thill-horse.    {Loca}.] 
T  TAIN  n\m  )  K.  t.    [Fr.  «i(a77i7«er  ;  L.  lummo.^ 
^"  tJ  &  o"  paiit ;  or  .0  paint  in  water  coU.^^^ 

'^ll'^bstlnce,  sometimes  l^i^  ™  "vigs  I  LIM;NKD,  iy^^^r^^^^^]  l.  nUrninator,  in  the 
ching  birds.      .  ,..„,„.„„.    „^„,;„d  I     ■»f!5„^Sc!;C^i. aims  on  paperer  parchment; 

one  who  decorates  books  with  initial  Pictures.^^ 
Luf^N^rS'-'^SSwing;    painting;   paUini-in 
LUrN^NG^^    The  act  or  art  of  drawing  or  painting 

H'MOUS,  a.     [L.  Umosvs,  from  limn,,  shme.]^^^^^^^ 

limp"'"'''  '  t^l  ''"^-'"«>  >™»  ■  ^f  """-{'• '"  '""" 

"jL'n,'  thai  is  .0  fall ;  Allied  perhaps  to  Umc] 

To  hall  ;  to  walk  lamely.  """"^ 


4.  To  cement. 


Slwk. 


v-.TV..  FXn.  FALL.  WHAT. -MEtVfRBY— FINE,  1>L\R<NE,  BIRD. 


-NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLP,  BQOK.- 


666 


LIN 

111  JiP, ».    A  biUt  i  act  ol"  limping. 

LtMP,  n.    Vapid  ;  weak.    [A'ut  iwcj.]  WaUoa. 

LIMl'T.R,  «.    One  tiiat  limps. 

LIM'PET,  11.     fli.  Upas;  Cr.  Xitt.-ij,  from  Aeru,  to 

peel  or  strip  off  bark.] 
A.  uuivalvo  shell  of  the  genus  Patella,  adhering  to 

rocks. 
LLMTID,  a.     [L.  limpidiis  i  Gr.  Xa;iT(.),  to  shine.] 
Pure;  clear;  traiispal'cnt ;  as,  a /{m/K(Z  stream. 
LIM-PID'i-TY,    I  n.    Clearness ;    purity  ;    transp.ar- 
i.iM'PID-NESS,  )       ency. 
^[.Mr'IXG,  p;ir.  or  0.     Halting;  walking  lamely. 
:.VMl'^ING-LV,  arfe.    Lamely;  in  a  halting  manner. 

nImp^sy,  \  <•■   t^^-  "!""*''•] 

Weak  ;  flexible.  Forlu.    J^'cw  England. 

LTM'Y.  a.      [:5ee  Lime.]     Viscous;    glutinous;    as, 
limij  snares. 
i}.  Containing  lime  ;  as,  a  limy  soil. 
3,  Resembling  lime ;  having  the  qualities  of  lime. 
I. IN,  V.  i.     [Ice.  liitiia.] 

To  yield.     [Obs.]  Spmsci: 

LIN,  7/.    [Celtic]     A  pool  or  coUecliun  of  water,  par- 
ticularly the  one  abo\'e  or  below  a  fall  of  water. 

Rick.  Diet. 
'    5?.  A  waterfall,  or  cataract  j  as,  Cor.^a  Lin,  oitcn 
spelt  lyn.     [Scottish.] 
LINCH,  n.     A  ledge;  aright-angled  projection. 

Jennings. 
LINCH'PIN,  n.      [Sax.  tyais,  an  axis,  D.  lens,  G. 
lunse.] 

A  pm  nscd  to  prevent  the  wheel  of  a  carriage  from 
slidini;  off  the  axle-tree. 
LIX'€OLN-GREEN,  (link'uu-,)  n.     A  color  of  cloth 
formerly  made  in  Lincoln.  Spcmcr. 

LINe'rUS^'i   "•     [i^-i'"go,linctus.] 

Medicine  taking  by  licking  with  the  tongue. 

Burton. 
LIN'DEN,  I  n,  [Sax.  lind ;  Sw.  and  Dan.  lind ;  D.  linde 
LIND,  \      or  Undc-hoom  ;  G.  linde,  lindenbaum.] 

The  lime-tree,  or  teil-tree,  of  the  genus  Tilia. 

Drydcn. 
LINE,  n.    [Ij.  linca;  Fr.  lignc,  from  L.  linuvi;  Gr. 
Xfvov,  flax  ;  G.  letne;  D.  lyn  ;  Sw.  Una ;  Dan.  tinr.] 
1.  In  geometry,  that  which  has  length,  without 
breadth  or  thickness.  Euclid. 

9.  A  slender  string ;  a  small  cord  or  rope.  The 
angler  uses  a  line  and  hook.  The  seaman  uses  a  hand 
line^  a  hauling  line,  spilling  lines,  &lc. 

3.  A  thread,  string,  or  cord,  extended  to  direct  any 
operation. 

We  as  by  Utte  upon  the  ocean  go.  Drylcn. 

Lineament :  a  raark  in  the  hand  or  face. 


■1. 


He  Urples  palmistry,  and  diiiea 
Oh  uil  her  tbrlune-tellinj  lines. 


Cleavdaud. 

5.  Delineation  ;  sketch;  as,  the  ^ixf^of  a  building. 

Temple. 

6.  Contour ;  outline  ;  exterior  limit  of  a  figure. 

Free  as  thy  stroke,  yet  faulUesa  as  Uiy  line.  Pope. 

7.  In  writing,  priiitin'r,  and  mgratnng,  the  words 
and  letters  which  stanu  on  a  level  iu  one  row,  be- 
tween one  margin  and  another ;  a-:,  a  page  of  thirty 
lines, 

8.  In  ■poetry,  a  verse,  or  the  words  Vv'hich  form  a 
certain  number  of  feet,  according  to  the  measure. 

9.  A  short  letter ;  a  note.  I  received  a  line  from 
my  friend  by  the  last  mail. 

10.  A  rank  or  row  of  soldiers,  or  the  dipposition  of 
an  army  drawn  up  with  an  extended  front;  or  the 
like  disposition  of  a  fleet  prepared  for  engagement. 

11.  A  trench  or  rampart;  an  extended  work  in 
fortification. 

Unite  thy  Forces  and  attack  their  lines.  Dt-yikn. 

li?.  Method;  disposition;  as,  imc  of  order.    Skak. 
Vd.  Extension  ;  limit ;  border. 

Eden  si  retched  her  Vwe 
From  Auran  castwiird  to  l!ie  royal  towers 
or  groat  Seteucia.  Millon. 

14.  Equator ;  equinoctial  circle. 

When  the  sun  below  the  line  descends.  Creech, 

15.  A  series  or  succession  of  progeny  or  relations, 
descending  from  a  common  progenitor.  We  speak 
of  the  ascending  or  descending /inc,-  the  line  of  de- 
scent ;  the  male  line  ;  a  line  of  kings. 

16.  The  twelfth  part  of  an  inch. 

17.  A  straight,  extended  mark. 

18.  A  stnight  or  parallel  direction.  The  houses 
must  all  sUmd  in  a  line.  Every  new  burbling  must 
be  set  in  a  line,  with  others  on  the  same  street. 

19.  Occupation  ;  employment  ;  department  or 
course  of  business.  Wc  speak  of  mc  n  in  the  same 
line  of  business.  Washington. 

20.  Couree ;  direction. 

What  »eneral  line  of  conduct  oii^jhl  lo  b;  imriin^d.  IVaehington. 

21.  Lint  or  flax.     [Seldom  iLied.]  Spenser. 

22.  In  heraldry,  lines  are  the  figures  used  in  armo- 
ries to  divide  the  shield  into  different  parts,  and  to 
compose  difftirent  figures.  Encyc. 

23.  In  Scripture,  /ine signifiesa  c<>rd  formeasuring  ; 
also,  instruction,  doctrine.    Ps.  xix.    Is.  xxviii. 


LIN 

24.  In  viilitary  a^'airs,  the  line  denoten  the  rcpiilnr 
infantrj' of  an  army,  as  diptinguisln-d  from  milllla, 
guards,  volunteer  :orp3,  cavalry,  artillery,  &,c. 

Aright  line;  a  straight  line  ;  the  nhor^xt  line  that 
can  be  drawn  between  two  point". 

Himiontal  line ;  a  line  drawn  parallel  to  the  liorl- 
zon. 

Equinoctial  line ;  the  equator  of  the  earth  or  Iica\'- 
ens.     [Heo  E(h;[Xoctial.] 

J^Icndian  line  ;  a  meridian,  which  cee. 

As/lip  of  Uielinc;  a  ship  tif  war  large  enough  to 
liave  a  place  in  the  line  of  battle;  also  called  line-of- 
battle  afiip.  All  ships  having  batteries  on  two  or 
more  decks  besides  the  spar-deck,  are  ships  of  the 
line.  Smaller  ships  may  Kometiines  be  so  called. 
Line,  v.  t.  [Supposed  to  be  from  L.  tinum,  flax, 
whence  linen,  which  is  oflen  used  for  linings.] 

To  cover  (in  tlie  inside;  as,  a  gannent/ifn-'i  with 
linen,  fur,  or  silk  ;  a  bux  lined  with  pajier  or  tin. 

2.  To  put  in  the  inside  ;  applied  particularly  to 
money  ;  as,  to  line  one's  purse.  SiDiju 

Wliut  in  do  line  one  of  their  banda  ?  Stuik. 

3.  To  place  along  by  the  side  of  any  tiling  for 
guarding  ;  as,  to  line  a  hedge  v/ith  riflemen  ;  to  line 
works  witli  soldiers. 

4.  To  strengthen  by  additional  works  or  men. 

Line  and  new  repair  your  luwna  of  war 

With  men  of  courage.  Shak. 

5.  To  cover ;   to  add  a  covering ;   as,  to  line  a 

crutch.  Skak. 

6.  To  strengthen  with  any  thing  added. 

Who  Unctl  himself  with  hoin'.  Shak. 

7.  To  impregnate  ;  applied  to  irrational  animals. 

CrcecJi. 
LIN'E-AlJE,  n.     [Vr.  Ugnage,  from  ligne,  line.] 

Race  ;  progeny ;  descendants  in  a  line  from  a  com- 
mon progenitor. 
LIN'E-AL,  a.    \\,.  linealis^  from  Unea,  line.] 

1-  Composed  of  lines ;  delineated;  as,  lineal  de- 
signs. IVotton. 

2.  In  a  direct  Hue  from  au  ancestor;  as,  lineal  de- 
scent ;  lineal  succession.  LocUc. 

3.  }Iercditar>' ;  derived  from  ancestors.        Skak. 

4.  Allied  by  direct  descent. 

for  only  you  on:  Jineai  to  the  throne.  Drydcn. 

.').  In  tlic  direction  of  a  line  ;  as,  lineal  measure. 
Lineal  vieasure  ;  the  measure  of  length. 
LIN-E-AL'I-TY,  n.    The  state  of  being  in  the  form  of 

a  line.  -Im.  Review. 

LIN'E-AL-LY,  adv.    In  a  direct  line  ;  as,  the  prince  is 

lineally  descended  from  the  conqueror. 
LIN'E-A-MENT,  n.     [Fr.,  from  L.  lineamentwn.] 

Feature  ;  form  ;  make  ;  the  outline  or  exterior  of  a 
body  or  figure,  particularly  of  the  ffice. 


Milton. 
Locke, 
Sioi/t, 


Man  he  seems 
In  all  his  lineaments. 
Tifj  lineaments  of  ilir;  hedy. 
Lineaments  of  a  cliaracier. 


LIN'E-AR,  a.    [L.  linearis.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  a  Unc;  consisting  of  lines;  in  a 
straight  direction. 

9.  In  hotany,  like  a  line;  slender;  of  the  same 
breadth  tliroughout,  except  at  the  extremities;  as,  u 
linear  leaf. 

Linear  numbers  ;  in  jmitheinatieji,  such  as  have  rela- 
tion to  length  only;  such  is  a  number  which  repre- 
sents one  side  of  a  plane  figure.  If  the  plane  figure 
is  a  square,  the  linear  figure  is  called  a  root,  Barloje. 
Linear  problem  ;  that  which  may  be  solved  geomet- 
rically by  the  intersection  of  two  right  lines. 

Brandc. 
Linear prrspec.tivc.     See  Pehspective. 
LIN'E-AR-SHaP-£D,  (-shapte,)^.  Of  a  linear  shape. 
LIN'E-ATE,  a.     In  botany,  marked  longitudinally  with 

depressed  parallel  lines  ;  as,  a  lincatr  leaf. 
LIN-E-A'TION,  n.    Draught ;  delineation,  which  see. 

IVoodieard. 
LIN'ED,  pp.     [See  Like.]    Covered  on  the  inside. 
LIN'EN,  H.     [L.  linmn,  flax,  Gr.  A(;">r,  W.  Um,  Ir.  hn, 
Riiss.  Icn,  G.  Iciji.    The  sense  is  probably  long,  cx- 
teniled,  or  smooth.    In  the  latter  sense,  it  would  ac- 
cord witll  L.  Unto,  Icnio.] 

1.  Cloth  made  of  fiax  or  hemp. 

2.  The  under  part  of  dress,  as  being  chiefly  of 
linen. 

LlN'EiV,  fl.    [Ulinciu^.] 

1.  Made  of  fiax  or  hemp ;  as, /ojc/i  cloth;  a  itncn 
stocking. 

2.  Resembling  linen  cloth  ;  white;  pale.      Skak. 
LIN'EN-DRA'rKR,   n.      A    person    who    deals    in 

finens. 
[LisENEB  and  Lisew-uan,  in  n  like  sense,  are 

ohstilete.] 
LiN'HR,7i,    A  vessel  belonging  to  a  regular  line  ol 

packets.     [Recent  usage.] 
LING,  71.      [D.  Icng;   Ir.   long}   probably  Sax.  lerig, 

A  fish  of  the  genus  Gadus,  or  cod  kind,  which 
"rows  to  the  lengtli  of  four  feet  or  more,  is  very  sicn- 
3er,  with  a  flat  head.  This  dr;h  nbounds  on  Uie 
coasts  of  Scotland  ami  Ireland,  and  forms  a  consid- 
erable article  of  commerce.  Partington, 


LIN i 

LINO,  n.     ncr.  ling,  frrm  f- ,/,  1  u-r 

Li:.'l 

ii'  ■■ 

Wdf']-,  ll  .I'-Ii-.ti  '^  III.-  y_  j;;^  ,,|    ■,;,   ■   ■ 

one. 
LIN"GER,  r.  t.    [from  the  roof .  f  r 

1.  To  delay;  to  IoHct  ;  to  r- 
be  slow. 

Nr/r  cut  r.nr:  knjfinf,  Unfrr.     • 
WbOK  ]'i'!ifin»'ut  Dwr  u( 

2.  To  hesilalc;  to  h- 
sUBpensc. 

Pcthafa  thou  Lngerat,  -■■ 

3.  To  remain  Umt>  i;. 
i'-^r.i  on  a  bed  of  Rickm-i-. 

LIN"GER,  (lin^'per,)  r.  L    To  protrtrt. 
LIN"GER-*;i>,  pp.    OcUyed  ;  loitrred. 
HN"GL'R-EIt,  n.    One  who  llnrm. 
LIN"GER-LVG,  ppr.    Dcbiying  ;  lwt/-nnc- 
2.  a.  Driwing  out  in  Itrn': ;  moaintft*;  ' 
iTJCted ;  a«,  a  lingering  dij>ca»c. 
To  die  h  thr  fnio  nf  mo :  box  lo  (Se  vk:. 
e^otrHiy  hb  HI*. 

LTN"GER-INfi, 
mainiug  long ; 

The  fir,     . 

LIN"GER-L\G-LV,  luic.     With  del;, 

nusly. 

LIN"GET,  (ling'gcl,)  n.    [Fr.  Umg^t,  i.. 

tongue.] 
A  small  masd  of  mclat.  ( 

LFN^GLE,  (ling'gl,)  n.    [Fr.  ligneul,  from  h 
Shoomakcr's  thread.    [J\'ot  im  vr,  trrUc:s 

J    ■ 
LIN"GO,  (ling'go,)  «.    [I*.  \ingKa.\ 
Lancuago;  siwei'h,     \yu.l'ar.\ 
L1N"GUa'CI0L:s,  (l'iiC-Stti^hu«,)a.      (L.  hji-i»«r.] 

Talkative  ;  Idquarlous, 
LL\"GUA-I)E.NT'AL,  a.     [L.   ia^ 
dens,  a  tooth.] 

Formed  or  uttered  by  the  joint  u  .  . . 
and  teeth ;  a>  the  lettcm  d  and  (. 
LIN"GUA-ni:NT'AL,  n.    An  aiticuIaUon  : 

the  tongue  and  teeth. 
LL\"GUAL,  (Img'Kwal,)  a.       ' 
Pertaining  to  the  tongui 
the  ninth  pair,  which  go  lo  :..        .._  .    . 
muscle,  or  muscle  of  the  tongi4c. 
LIN"GL'l-FOIl.M,  (linc'gwc  furai,)  a.     f  U 
form.]    Having  the  form  or  shape  of  r  i    '- 

LIN"GUIST,  (ling'cwlst,)  n.    [L-  U. 
A  person  skilKd  in  langiiat^'*:  - 

a  pcrsc>n  well  verged  in  the  lange"' 

leges,  Grei'k,  Latin,  and  Hebrew. 
LIN"GUIST'ie,  \c,    Reln!:i." 

Lh\"GUIST'I€-AL,  s     the  > 

LIN"GUIST'I€S,Tt.    These;  : 

the  origin,  signification,  and  nppii 
HN"GU-LATE,   a.       [L.    lingul^>. 

toncne.] 
Shaped  like  (he  tongue  or  a  sUap.    (,B*j; 

is  more  generally  used.] 
LING'WORT,  n.    An  herb. 
LIN'GY,  (lin'je,)  a.    Tall ;  lir:  ' 

2.  Active  ;  stron;; ;  able  !■■ 
LTN'I-MENT,  it.    [Fr.,  from  L 

lino,  to  anoint.] 
A  species  ot  soft  ointment ;  & 

consistence  somewhat  thinner  than 

thicker  than  oil. 
LTN'ING,  ppr.    [See  Liss.]    Covcrlaf  oo  t 

as  a  garmcnL 
LTN'ING,  a.    Tlie  covering  of  the  inoer  • 

anv  tbi!ig,  as  of  a  garment  or  a  box.    Th- 

called  the  lining  of  the  thorax. 
2.  That  which  is  within. 
LINK.  ri.    [G.  jTf/fJiJt,  a  joint,  a  rinR,  a  swi . 

and,  as  an  adjective,  flexible,  limber,  fn^m 

bend  ;  Dan.  lenkc,  a  chain.] 

1.  A  single  ring  or  division  of  a  chain. 

2.  Any  Uiinp  doubled  and  closod  like  a  link ;  a>,  a 
link  of  horse-hair.  Mertimrr, 

3.  .\  chain ;  any  thing  connecting. 

And  lore,  the  eommon  itnlt,  the  dow  crradon  aw^rd- 

4.  Any  single  conslilucnl  part  rf  a  connfrtrJ 
series.  This  argument  is  a  U^k  in  the  cti^"  .  r  f,  a. 
soning. 

[Johnson  s.ivs  that  .\ddison  has  impr^ ' 
link  for  n  scries  or  chain,  htit  this  do^  ■ 
from  the  passage  cited.    KJ-] 

Links;  sausages,  so  called  frwn  heme  r 
continuous  chain.    [&)wrtiJ»iM  A«:.'^'  ""  ^ 

LINK,  n.     [Gr.  >r\TO«.  L.  IfAns^  ^ 
coincidins;  in  elements  with  /tr^.j 
A  torch  made  of  tow  or  hards,  &r..  anu 

LINTC,  r,  f.    To  complicate.  ■'  ' 


TCXE,  BULL,  yNlTE.-AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.-€  as  K ;  C  as  J ;  S  as  Z;  CH  a^  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


667 


LIP 


LIQ 


Un~ 


S.  To  unite  or  cunncct  by  sounMliiRg  intervening 
orln  other  manner 

Link  towns  to  l'jwn»  by  avcnuo3  of  wk.  Pope. 

Autl  ercuture  IhiUit  lo  creature,  man  10  man.  /'ope. 

I,tN'K.  r.  i.    To  bo  conncctctl.  Burke. 

1  INK'DOY,  (  n.    A  tioy  or  man  tlial  carried  a  link 
LINK'.^IAN,  i     or  torcli  to  liglit  passengers. 

More.     Oraij. 
LINK'i^n,  (linkt,)  jip.    United  ;  connected. 
LINK'I.N'li.wr.    Uiiilinc;  connecting. 
I.I.N'-.N'.'i;' \N,  I  o.    Pertaining  to  Linnwils,  the  liola- 
I.li\'-NE'.\N,  )     nistof  Sweden,  or  to  liis  .■system  of 

I  [N'NET  "  [Fr.  linoii  W.  lUnos,  from  IKn,  flax. 
a'nd  called  also  in  W.  adcrn  y  lUn,  tiax-biril ;  Sax, 
linrlmic.      So   in    L.    carduelis,    Ironi    cimlitiis,    a 

llli.'itlc^l  .    ,     ,    ,  r.  ■ 

.\  small  European  sini:inc  bird  of  tlio  genus  Fniv 

"illn  of  Linna;us,  or  the  lineli  family. 
I.l.S'SEEl),     j  n.      [lint,  llax,  and   sml;   Sax. 
l.l.NT'.'^EKD,  1       sml] 

Haxseed.  ,         ,  .  , 

LLN'SKED-CaKE,  ji.    Tlie  solid  mas^i  or  cake  which 

remains  when  oil  is  expressed  from  llaxsecd. 
L1.\"SEED-0IL,  II.     Oil  obtaineil  by  pressure  from 

liaiseed.  .        ,     , .         ^"-  , 

LIN'SEY,  n.    [Corruptecl  from  Ijticii.j    Ltnscy-wooi- 

5„y  Jinitlr.y. 

LIN'SEY-WOOL'SEY,  a.    Made  of  linen  anil  wool ; 

hence,  vile'; '  mean  ;    of   different  and   unsuitable 

p.jj^s  .hknson. 

l,liS"SEY-\VOQI''SEV,  71.    Stuft"  made  of  linen  and 

wool,  mixed".  ,       ,    .  -. 

l.IN'STOCK,  n.     [Imt  and  stod:.]      A  jiointeil  stall 

with  a  crotch  or  fork  at  one  end,  to  hold  a  lijhted 

niatcll ;  used  in  firing  cannon.     It  may  bo  stuck  in 

the  ground  or  in  the  deck  of  a  ship.  Encyc. 

LI.NT,  11.    [Sa.x.  iiiirt,  L.  Imtmm,  lintcus,  from  Ziimm, 

kLu;  but  more  ^ciin'ol'i/,  linen  sct.aped  into  a  soft 
substance,  and  used  for  dressing  wounds  and  sores. 
LIN'TEL,  n.     [Fr.  Uatrau  ;  Sp.  Uiitd  or  lUnUU] 

The  licad-piccc    of    a    door-frame    or    window- 
frame  ;  the  part  of  the  frame  that  lies  on  the  side- 
pieces.    Exiid.  xii. 
LINT'SEEI).    See  I.inseed. 

LI'0.\,  11.    [Fr.,  from  L.  (ri>,  Umbs .  Or.  Atioi",  Ann. 
/foil,  VV.  Uric,  a  lion  ;  Ucwa,  to  swallow,  to  devour.] 

1.  A  quadruped  of  the  gcmis  Felis,  very  strong, 
fierce,  and  rapacious.  The  largest  lions  are  eight  or 
nine  feet  in  length.  Tlie  iiiaie  has  a  thick  head, 
be.set  with  Ions,  busliv  hair,  of  a  yellowish  color. 
The  lion  is  a  native  of  Africa  and  the  warm  climates 
of  Asia.  His  aspect  is  noble,  his  gait  stately,  and 
■  his  roar  tremendous. 

:3.  A  sign  in  the  zodiac,  Leo 
3.  An  object  of  interest  and  curiosity ;  as,  the  lion 
of  the  day  ;  to  visit  the  (ions  of  a  place.    This^  use 
of  the  term  is  derived  from  the  lions  kept  as  objects 
of  curiosity  in  the  Tower  of  London. 
T.I'ON-ESS,'«.    The  female  of  the  lion  kind. 
LI'(i.\'-IIE.\llT-ED,  (liurt-ed,)  a.      Having  a  lion's 


Lir-l)E-Vo'TION,  II.     Prayers  uttered  by  the  lips 

without  the  desires  of  the  heart. 
LIP'-GOdl),  <i.    Good  ill  profession  only. 

*  '  B.  .finison, 

I,IP'-IiA-BOR,  II.    Labor  or  action  of  the  lips  without 


Biirnn. 
Kirhy. 
lo  leave,  and  ypaiqia, 


blear- 


heart  or  courage. 


Scott. 


LI'O.V  I/E,  V.  i.    To  visit  the  objects  of  curiosity  in  a 

place.     [Fainiiior.l     [See  EloN.] 
I.I'ON-LTKE,  j  a.    Like  a  lion  ;  fierce. 
LI'()X-LY,      \  Cnmlcjt.    Mdton. 

I,i'Oi\-MET-TLED,    n.      Having   the    courage    and 

spirit  of  a  lion.  Ilillhouse. 

Ll'ON'S  FOOT,  n.    .\  plant  of  the  genera  Catanan- 

che.  Prenantlies,  &c. 
LTO.S'S  LEAF,  n.     A  tuberous-rnoled  plant  of  the 

genus  Lcontice,  growing  near  the  Mediterranean. 

LnHdiin. 
LT'OX'S  TAIL,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Leonurus. 
LIP,  II.    [Sax. /i>;iii, 'i/i;i«  ■•  D.  ii>;.G.  and  Han.  (ipjic; 

Sw.  lUpp  ;  L.  labium,  labrutn  ;  It.  tabliro  ;   Pp.  labic  : 

Fr.  Uvrc  ;  Ir.  clal  or  tiolihcr ;  Vers.  t>J  lub.     It  may 


be  connected  with  W.  Uavnrv,  Ir.  Ifihliraim,  lo  speak, 
that  is,  lo  thrust  out.  The  sense  is  prob.ably  a 
liordcr.] 

1.  Tile  edge  or  border  of  the  nioutll.  The  lips  are 
two  lleshy  or  muscular  parts,  composing  the  exterior 
of  the  mouth  in  man  and  many  other  animals.  In 
Hiiiii,  the  lips,  which  may  be  opened  or  closed  at 
pleasure,  form  the  covering  of  the  tc-eth,  and  are  or- 
gans of  speech  essential  to  certain  articulations. 
llcncc  the  lips,  by  a  figure,  denote  the  mouth,  or  all 
the  orcans  of  speech,  and  sometimes  speech  itself. 
fob.  ii. 

2.  The  edge  of  any  thing ;  as,  the  lip  of  a  vessel. 

BttrneL 

3.  In  baUm,  one  of  the  two  opposite  divisions  of  a 
labiate  corol.'  The  npjier  is  called  the  hdmct,  and 
the  lower  the  bmrd.  .\lso,  an  appendage  to  tl-.e 
llowcrs  of  the  Orchises,  considered  liy  Linnicus  as  a 
nectary.  Mitrtyn.    SmiUi, 

4.  In  roncholoipl,  the  outer  edge  of  the  aperture  of 
a  univalve  shell. '  .     /^«i"Wc- 

Tomcdic  a  lip;  to  drop  the  under  lip  in  sullenncss 
or  contempt. 
i,IP,  B.  t.    To  kiss. 


.S/w/:. 
Shak. 


concurrence  of  the    mind  ;    words  without  senti- 
ments. 

LIP'LESS,  (I.    Having  no  lips 

LIP'I.ET,  II.     A  little  lip. 

I.IP'O-GII.^M,  II.     [Gr.  AciTM, 
a  letter.l  ...  .       ,    „ 

.\  writing  in  which  a  particular  letter  is  wholly 
omitted.  ,  ,  - 

LIl'-O-GUASI-MAT'ie,  a.     [Or.  Xriru  and  jpn/i/m.j 
Omitting   a  letter.      Lipofrrammatic  writings    are 
those  In  which  a  particular  letter  is  wholly  oniit- 

LlP-6-GRAM'l\IA-TIST,  ii.     One    who  writes  any 

thin",  dropping  a  particular  letter.  Addison. 

LT-POT!I'Y-JI0US,  a.    [See  I,ipotiivjiv.]     Swoon- 
ing ;  fainting.  .  .  ., 
LI-POTII'Y-MY,  II.     [Or.  XliTrofleiua;  Xtiiiio,  to  fall, 
and  iviwi,  soul.] 
A  fainting  ;  a  swoon.                      dnr.     rmjlor. 
LIP'Pf.'D,  (lipt,)  a.    Having  lips;  having  a  raised  or 
rounded  edge  resembling  the  lip. 
9.  In  botamt,  labiate. 
HP'PyiD,  (lipt,');)p.    Kissed. 
LIP'PING,  ;i;)r.    Kissing. 
LIP'PI-TLJDE,  71.     [L.  lippitmla,  from  Iijijiiis, 
eyed.]                                                                 _ 
Soreness  of  eves  ;  blearedncss.                   Bacon. 
Lipi_WIS-DOM,"  JI.     Wisdom  in  tidk  without  piac 
lice  ;  wisdom  in  words  not  supported  by  experience. 

Sidnrij. 
LIQ'UA-BLE,  (lik'wa-bl,)  a.    That  may  be  melted. 
LI'QU.iTE,  1'.  ;.     [l.lujno.]      ^      ^.      ,      ,        ^r-,,! 
To    melt ;    to  liquelv  ;    to  bo  dissolved.      [Little 
,,.:(.,/ 1  '  Woodward. 

I,I-aUA'TION,  n.     [L.  (iiyiialio.    See  Lkiuate.] 

1.  The  act  or  operation  of  melting.  Brown. 

2.  The  capacity  of  being  melted  ;  a.s,  a  substance 
congealed  bevonil  lii/nation.  Brown. 

3.  In  metailnr;-y,  the  process  of  separating,  by  a 
regulated  himt,  an  easily  fusible  metal  from  one  less 
fusible,  with  which  it  is  combined ;  cliquation. 

'  (/«. 

LICl-UE-F ACTION,  (lik-we-fak'shun,)  n.     [L.  Hqne- 
factio,  from  liqarfacio.]  ,.      ,  • 

1.  The  act  or  operation  of  melting  or  dissolving  ; 
the  conversion  of  a  solid  into  a  liquid  by  the  sole 
agency  of  lleat  or  caloric.  I.iiiiirfactiim,  in  common 
usarre,  signifies  the  melting  of  any  siihstanec  ;  but 
by  .some  authors  it  is  appU.-d  to  tlie  mehmg  of  .sub- 
stances which  pass  Ihroiish  intermediate  slates  of 
softness  before  they  become  llilid,  as  talbnv,  wax, 
resin  &c.  Coze's  Dispcimitory. 

2.  The  state  of  being  melted. 
LICl'UE-FI-A-BLE,    (1.      That   may  be    melted,    or 

chanocd  from  a  solid  lo  a  liquid  state.  Bacon. 

Lia'UE-FI-i2D,  (lik'we-nde,)  pp.     Melted;  become 

liquid.                                                .  ,.j      , 
Lia'UE-FI-ER,  71.    Tiiat  which  melts  any  solid  sub- 
stance.                                                  ^        e 

Lia'UE-F?,    (lik'we-f>-,)  v.  t.      [Fr.    hqnefrr,    from 
L.  liniirfndo.     See  Lniein.] 

To  molt;  to  dis.solve  ;  to  convert  from  a  hxed  or 
.solid  form  to  that  of  a  liquid  ;  and  tcdmiadly,  to  melt 
bv  the  sole  agency  of  lieat  or  calorie. 
Lia'UE-F?,  0.  i.    To  be  melted  ;  to  become  liipud. 

Arldi^oil. 
LIQ'UE-FV-ING,  71/ir.    Melting;  becoming  liquid. 
LI-QUES'CEN-CY,  ii.     [L.  ii^iiMCCiitia.] 

Aptness  to  melt.  .lolmaon. 

LT-iil'Rf^'i'E.XT,  a.  Melting;  hecomins  fluid. 
LMlHKfiK',  (le-lturc',)ii.  [Fr.]  A  delicate  prepara- 
tion of  .lisliUi'd  spirits,  usually  flavored  with  Iruits, 
spices,  alcohol,  and  various  aromatic  substances.  Ure. 
LICVUII),  (lik'wid,)  a.  (L.  liqmiln.i,  from  iiViao,  to 
melt,  Ir.  Icttrluim  ;  probably  from  flowing,  and  coin- 
ciding H'ith'  Sax.  loijc,  water,  L.  (i-i  and  lug,  in  Lujt- 
diinurn,  Lrifclen,  Lyoiis.^ 

1.  Fluid';  flovving  or  capable  of  flowing;  not 
fixed  or  solid.  But  lUiuid  is  not  precisely  synony- 
mous with  Jlnirf.    Air  is /.i(ia,  but  not  liV;«iiJ. 

9.  Soft  ;  clear  ;  llowirig  ;  smooth  ;  as,  hijnid  mel- 
Q(ly^  Crtishaw. 

3.  Pronounced  without  any  jar ;  smooth ;  as,  a 
liquid  l(!tter.  , , 

•1.  Dissolv.d  ;  not  obtainable  by  law  ;  as,  a  iii7iii<; 
debt.     [Obs.]  Aylifff. 

LICi'UlD,  (lik'wid,)  11.  A  fluid  or  flowing  substance  ; 
a  suhstauce  whose  parts  change  their  relative  posi- 
tion on  the  slightest  pressure,  and  which  flows  on  an 
inclined  plane,  as  water,  wine,  milk,  fee. 

2.  In  jrrnnininr,  a  li-rter  which  has  a  smooth,  flow- 
ing sound,  or  which  Hows  smoothly  after  a  mule ; 
as,  I  and  r,  in  Wa,  ira.    M  and  71  are  also  called  h- 

qut'ls. 
Lla'IJin-ATE,  (likiwid-Ste,)  e.  «.     [Fr.  Uqnuler  ;    L. 
tiquido.] 

1.  To  clear  from  all  obseniity. 
of 


Tlmn  only  Crtn  %uWa(o  the  mrai 


,11  parto  of  a  compoiinil 
UttmUton. 


LIS 

2.  To  settle  ;  to  adjust ;  to  ascertain  or  reduce  to 
precision  in  amount. 

Wliicli  iii'-'tlio'l  of  iioatt'niiiiff  llie  nincK-Jim'til  to  a  pixjc'w:  sum 

was  usually  jx-ilonnpil  in  tlic  snilni-ior  .-oiirU.     tifndsatone. 
The  cl-rk  of  the  coininoiio'  hoiisi;  of  iiisi-inbly,  in  1774,  Rave  ccr- 

tilicalcs  to  Iha   public  crcdUora  llial   llioir  dcmaniU  wcr-i 

twnidatcd,  uiul  sliouia  be  proviacd  for  in  Uio  ni>xi  tax-bill. 
Utiintny. 
Tlic  ilomcslic  debt  in.ay  lie  subdiviJcd  into  liquidalfd  mi.l  uji- 

li'jiiiflated.  Jlamitlon. 

2.  To  pay;  to  settle,  adjust,  and  satisfy,  asadcbt. 

IVIu-at.on. 
riybnr"h  wan  cotlfil  lo  Znricli  by  Si;i5inun(I,  to  lujtti/lntc  a  ilobt 

of  a  tlitjiiaaiid  florins.  C'o.rf'ff  StciU. 

•1.  To  diminish  or  lessen.  IValpole. 

Lia'UlD-A-TED,  pp.    Settled  ;  adjusted  ;  reduced  to 

certainty  ;  paid.  .   . 

I.ia'UlD-A-TI.N'O,   ji/ir.      Adjusting;    ascertaining; 

LlVulU-A'TION,  (lik-wid-I'shun,)  71.  The  act  of 
settling  and  ailjiistiiig  debts,  or  ascertaining  their 
amount  or  balance  due. 

Lia'UID  A-TOR,  (lik'wid-,)  71.  He  or  that  which 
liquidates  or  settles.  -E.  Eocretl. 

LUi-UIU'I-TY,  (lik-wid'e-te,)  n.     [Fr.  liquiditi!.] 

1.  The  quality  of  being  fluid  or  liquid. 

2.  Thinness.  alunadlr. 
l.ia'UID-LY,  ail).    In  a  flowing  manner.       Smart. 
LIQ'LTID-NESS,  (lik'wid-nes,)  71.    The  quality  of  be- 
ing liquid;  fluency.  Boyle. 

LKl'UOll,  (lik'nr,)  71.  [Sax.  logc:  Fr.  liqueur;  L.  11- 
quor.] 

.A  licpiid  or  fluid  substance.  [See  Lmuio.]  ii^iioi- 
is  a  word  of  general  signification,  e.xlending  to  wa- 
ter, milk,  blood,  sap,  juice,  Jtc. ;  hut  its  most  com- 
mon application  is  to  spirituous  fluids,  wliellier  tlis- 
lilled  or  fermented,  to  decoctions,  solutions,  linc- 
tures.  Milton, 

lienor  of  flints;  a  solution  of  silicatcd  potash. 

Brande. 
Liquor  ofLibavius;  hichlorid  of  tin.  Urc. 

Lia'UOR,  u.(.    To  moisten;  to  drench.   [Litlh:  uscd.\ 

Bacon. 
Lia'UOR-ICE.    See  Lieomcn. 
LrciUOU  SIL'I-eUiM,  71.  [L.]  Litiuorofflmts.    [bee 

LiqeoK.] 
LIR-I-eON-F.\N'CY,  71.    A  flower. 
LIR'I-POOP,  71.     [Fr.  Ziripipioii.]    The  liooil  of  a  grad- 
uate. 
LIR'0-eONE,  0.     [Gr.  Aa/iot,  pale,  and  Kovia,  pow- 

lii  miiieralomj,  iiaving  the  form  of  a  whitish  pow- 
der. Sliepitrd. 
L1R'0-€ON-ITE,  11.    .\  mineral,  of  a  bright-blue  or 
green  color,  consisting  of  oxyd  of  copper,  arsenic 
acid,  and  water.  ^ 
LIS'BON,  71.    A  sweet,  light-colored  species  of  wine, 

exported  from  Lisbon,  in  Portugal. 
LISII,  a.     Stout ;  active.     [Local.] 
LISNE,  (line,)  71.    A  cavity  or  hollow.     [JVot  <;i  11--T.J 

JIale. 
LISP,  71.  i.     [G.  Uspein,  D.  (i.>7icii,  to  lisp ;  Sax.  li/isj>,  or 
vlips,  a  lisping  ;  Sw.  (d^jia,  Itiiss.  Ir/icttu,  to  lisp.] 

To  speak  with  a  particular  articulation  of  the 
tongue  and  teeth,  nearly  as  in  pioiiounring  tli. 
Lisjiin:'  is  particularlv  noticed  in  iiltering  th  for  s, 
as  T/cttfor  yes.    It  is  inost  common  in  children. 

I  Vupc'l  iji  miinbers,  for  tiie  nnniUini  came.  Pope. 

LISP,  II.  (.    To  pronounce  with  a  lisp ;  .as,  she  lUpcd  a 

few  words. 
LI.-^l',  11.    The  act  of  lisping,  as  m  uttering  an  aspi- 
rated tJi  for  s. 
LIsr'ED,  (lispt,)  ji;i.    Uttered  Willi  a  lisp. 
LI.'SP'ER,  71.     One  that  lisps. 
LISP'INO,  ppr.  or  a.     Uttering  Willi  a  lisp. 
LISP'ING,  n.    The  act  of  speaking  with  a  lisp. 
LISP'Ii\0-LY,  oAi.    With  a  lisp.  Uolder. 

LIS'SOM,  a.     [Probably  from  the  Sax.  ;waii,to  loose.] 

Limber;  supple;  relaxed  ;  loose.  [Local.] 
LIST  n.  rsax.  list,  Sw.  Ii.<t :  It.  and  Sp.  ;i.<fa ;  I'  r.  ami 
Uan.  liste  :  D.  ?i,.l ;  G.  Iilic.  If  H'',  a  roll  or  cata- 
logue, and  IM,  li  border  or  strip  of  cloth,  are  from  1  be 
same  root,  we  find  the  original  orthography  111  the 
Arm.  (<;:,  and  Sp.  li-.a,  and  perhaps  the  L.  Iicium.  I'r. 
lice.  But  in  some  languages  the  words  arc  ilistin- 
gnisheil ;  Fr.  listc,  a  roll,  and  lisicrc,  a  list  or  selvedge 

cif  cloth.]  ,     ,     ,  .  ■         r 

1.  The  outer  edge  or  selvedge  of  cloth  ;  a  strip  01 
cloth  forming  the  border,  particularly  of  broadcloth, 
and  serving  to  strengthen  it. 

2.  A  line  inclosing  or  forming  the  extremity  ot  .1 
piece  of  ground,  or  field  of  i:ombat ;  hence,  in  tlic 
plural,  (lists,)  the  ground  or  field  inclosed  for  a  race 
or  combat.  Hence,  to  ciKcr  titc  lists,  is  lo  accept  a 
challenge,  or  engage  in  contest.     Hence, 

3.  A  limit  or  boundary  ;  a  border. 
•1.  In  architecture,  a  little  square  molding;  a  Iillct  ; 

ralleil  also  a  Listkl. 
.1    A  roll  or  catalogue,  that  is,  a  row  or  line ;  as,  a 

luit  of  names  ;  a  list  of  books  ;  a  list  of  articles  ;  a  list 

of  ratable  estate.  , 

(!.  A  strip  of  cloth  ;  a  fiUi^t.  Swi./'- 

Ciiiii  list :  in  Great  Britain  and  the   Umted   States, 

the  civil  olficers  of  government,  as  judges,  emba-ssa- 


FaTE,  FAR,  PALL,  WHAT. -METE,  PREY. -PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.-N6TE,  DOVE,  JMOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.- 


668 


LIT 

dors,  secretaries,  &,c.  Hence  it  is  used  for  tlie  rev- 
enues or  ajipropriations  of  public  iin>uey  lor  the  sup- 
port of  the  civil  oUicers. 

By  :i  late  law,  the  civil  list,  iu  Bnj;IainI,  rtnhraccs 
only  the  t-xpenses  of  the  reigning  inonarcirs  Jmusc- 
htild.  lirandc. 

LIS']',  v.  t.     [from  list,  a  roll.]     To  enroll ;  to  register 
in  a  list  or  catalogue ;  to  enlist.    'JMio  latter  is  the 
more  elegant  word.     Hence, 
i!.  To  engage  in  the  public  service,  a^  soldiers. 

They  ill  iny  name  iin;  liileil.  Dryden. 

3.  To  inclose  for  combat ;  as,  to  ll<t  a  fieltl. 

Dnjden. 
•1.  To  sew  together,  as  strips  of  cloth,  so  as  to 
make  u  particolored  show,  or  to  form  a  border. 

Wotton, 
5.  To  cover  with  a  list,  or  witli  strips  of  clotli ;  as, 
to  list  a  door. 

0.  To  hearken ;  to  attend  ;  a  contraction  of  llstmy 
which  see. 

LTST,  V.  i.  To  engage  in  pulilic  service  by  enrolling 
one's  name  ;  to  enlist.  [Tho  latter  is  the  more  el- 
egant word.]     [See  Enlist.1 

LIST,  r.  i.  [^?ax'.  iystan;  G.  Insten:  D,  lusteii;  Sw. 
///.vf,i ;  Dan.  hjster.  (See  Lust.)  The  primary  sense 
seems  to  be,  to  lean,  incline,  advance,  or  stretch 
toward.    See  the  noun.] 

Fropcrbj,  to  lean  or  incline  ;  to  be  propense  ;  hence, 
to  desire  or  choose. 

Ut  other  men  thiok  uf  your  devia^s  ua  they  list.         WhHffi/t. 
TIjc  wind  Llowelh  where  i(  lisU'Ji.  — John  iii. 

2,  To  hearken  ;  to  attend  ;  to  listen. 
LIST,  It.     In  the  lamjuags  of  seamen,  an  inclination  to 

one  side.     The  sliip  has  a  liM  to  port.      Mar.  Diet. 
LIST'ED,  pp.    Striped  ;  paiticoloted  in  stripes. 

2.  Covered  with  list. 

3.  Inclosed  for  combat. 

4.  Engaged  in  public  service  ;  enrolled. 
LIST'EL,~7i.    A  li^t  in  architecture  ;  a  Iillet.    Encyc. 
LIST'EN,    (lis'n,)   v.    i.     [Sax.  Iystan,  or  Idystan;  D. 

lui^teren.     Q.n.  G.  laiischen;  Scot.  lUlu] 

1.  To  hearken  ;  to  give  ear  ;  to  attend  closely  with 
a  view  to  hear. 

On  die  green  bank  1  sat,  and  listened  lunsr.  Dryden, 

2.  To  obey  ;  to  yield  to  advice  ;  to  follow  admoni- 
tion. 

LIST'EN,  (lis'n,)  v.  t.    To  hear  ;  to  attend.      Shale. 

hlST'EN'EDjjtp.     Hearkened;  heard. 

LIST'iCN-ER,  11.    One  who  listens  ;  u  hearkener. 

LIST'£X-IXG,  pj;r.  or fl.  Hearkening;  giving  atten- 
tion. 

LIST'EM-ING,  7(.    The  act  of  giving  attention. 

LIST'ER,  n.    One  who  makes  a  list  or  roll. 

LTST'FUL,  a.     Attentive.     [  Ob.'i.]  S/ienscr. 

LIST'ING,  Ji.  The  cutting  away  tlie  sap-wond  from 
the  edses  of  a  board.  Brandc, 

LIST'ING,  ppr.  Inclosing  for  combat ;  covering  with 
list;  enlisting. 

LIST'LESS,  a.  Not  listening;  not  attending;  indif- 
ferent to  what  is  passing;  heedless;  inattentive; 
thoughtless  ;  careless  ;  us,  a  UsUcss  hearer  or  specta- 
tor. 

LIST'LESS-LY,  adv.  Without  attention ;  heed- 
lessly. 

LIST'LESS-NESS,  v.  Inattention  ;  heedlessness  ; 
inditference  to  wliat  is  passing,  and  may  be  inter- 
esting. 

LISTS,  «./»/.  The  ground  inclcsfd  for  a  race,  com- 
bat, &c. 

LIT,  pret.  of  Light.    The  bird  Ut  on  a  tree  before  me. 

I  lit  my  pipe  vviili  th-;  pnper.  Addison. 

[This  word,  though  used  by  some  good  writers,  is 
very  inelegant.] 
LIT'A-NY,  71.    [Fr.  titanic  ;  Gr.  AiraiTia,  supplication, 
from  XiTui't.vo),  XtTufiut,  XttTGi/fini,  to  pray.] 

A  solemn  form  of  supplication,  use<l  in  public  wor- 
st) i  p. 

ynppliaitinns  fur  the  appe^in^of  God'.;wralh\Yere  by  the  Greek 
church  termed  iUanies,  by  liie  Laun  rotations.     Hooker. 

LTTE,  a.     Little.     [J^ot  in  use.] 

iJ™r  i  "•  t^^'-  ^'^'''^^  ^^"^  ^'''  ^'^.'^''•] 

A  French  measnro  of  rapacity,  being  a  cubic  de- 
cimeter, containing,  according  to  Lnnier,  abuut  a  [)int 
and  a  Iialf  old  French  measure.  Tlie  liter  is  equal 
to  (Jl.OOS  cubic  inches,  or  about  2  I-U  wine  pints. 

McCnlloch. 
LIT'EIl-AL,  a.     [Fr.,  from  L.  litem,  .i  letter.] 

1.  According  to  the  letter;  prinhtivc;  real;  not 
figurative  or  metaphorical ;  as,  the  literal  meaning  of 
a  phrase. 

:>.  Following  the  letter  or  e.xact  words ;  not  free; 
as,  a  literal  translation. 

3.  Consisting  of  letters. 

'J'lii-  rUeral  iioLiiioa  of  minil)ci-ii  Wtui  known  to  Ki;rop(Miis  bi'fiiie 
the  i-ipli'Ta.  Johnson. 

L(T'EIl-AL,  71.    Literal  meaning.     [M>tused.] 

Br  oxen. 
LTT'KR-AL-I.^M,  n.    Tiiat  which  accords  with  the 

U'ltcr.  .Milton. 

LIT'ER-AL-I.ST,  n.     One  wlio  adheres  to  the  letter  or 

c\act  word,  Jllilton. 


LIT 


HT-ER-AL'I-TY,  n.    Original  or  literal  nioaniiii-. 

I.rr'i;U-AL-LY,  aJv.  AccorcliiiK  to  llio  primary  and 
Jialural  iniporl  of  words  ;  nol  ncurallvcly.  A  man 
anil  his  wife  can  not  be  (ilrruHj  one  flesh. 

2.  With  close  adherence  to  words  ;  word  liy  word. 

So  wild  ivml  ungovcninll.;  a  poet  citi  iiol  I*:  tniwlar?.!  tiUraUy, 

LIT'ER-AL-NESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  literal :  lit- 
eral import.  Quart.  Rev. 
LIT'ER-A-RY,  u.    [h.  Ulcran,Ls.] 

1.  I'ertainins  to  letters  or  literature;  respecting 
learning  or  learned   men  ;    as,  a  tiuranj  liinlory  : 
litfranj  conversation. 
a.  Derived  from  erudition  ;  aa,  Uterary  fame. 

3.  Eurnished  with  erudition  ;  versed  in  letters  :  as, 
a  litcrarij  man. 

4.  Consisting  in  letters,  or  v.  rittcn  or  printed  com- 
positions ;  as,  literary  property 

LIT'ER-ATE,  a.     [L.  lilcratu^.] 

Learned  ;  lettered  j  instructed  in  learning  and  sci- 
ence. Johison. 
LIT-ER..A'TI,  71.  }il.     [L.  Ulcratiu.] 

The  learned  men  ;  men  of  crnilition.    Spectator. 
IJT-ER^-l'TIM,  [L.]     Letter  for  letter. 
LlT'lilt-.i-TOU,  u.    [L.l    A  potty  schoolmiiBter. 
LIT'ER-A-TUKE,  n.     [t.  litcrat,ir«.]  [Burke. 

1.  Learning  ;  acquaintance  with  letters  or  hooks. 

2.  The  collective  body  of  literary  productions,  em- 
bracing the  entile  results  of  knowledge  and  fancy 
preserved  in  writing. 

3.  In  the  more  tlUtinctiee  and  jtsual  sense  of  the  term, 
literature  excludes  the  positive  sciences,  and  embraces 
history,  graliiinar,  rhetoric,  logic,  criticism,  languages, 
&c.  In  a  still  vtirrojcer  sen^e,  it  is  sometimes  used  as 
synonymous  with  the  belles-lettres,  or  pitlite  liter.i- 
ture. 

LITII,  11.     FSa.\.]     Ajointorlimb.  r04s.l    Chaucer. 
LI-THAN'THR.4x,  ,1.    [Gr.  XiO«,  a  stone,  and  ai/- 
0()(tf,  a  coal.] 

Stone-coal,  a  black,  comiiact,  brittle,  innaininable 
substance,  of  laminated  texture,  more  or  less  shining. 

^ieluilaon. 
HTH'ARGE,  n.     [Fr.,  from  L.  liUiarffyros,  Gr.  AiUn/i- 
]  tioos,  the  spume  or  scum  of  silver.] 

A  semi-vitreous  oxyd  of  lead,  produced  in  refining 
silver  by  cupcllation  with  lead.  It  appears  in  the 
form  of  soft  flakes,  or  semi-transpareiit,  shining 
plates.  Diet.  Mat.  Hist.     Encyc.    Micliolson. 

LITH'ATE,  ?i.     [Gr.  Ji«u,-,  a  stone.] 

A  salt  or  compound  formed  by  the  lithic  acid  with 
a  base.  Hooper. 

LITHE,  a.     [Sax.  Uth,  litlte  :  W.  ll,ii:i.-\ 

That  may  be  easily  bent ;  pliant;  hv'.iljie  :  limber; 
as,  the  elephant's  lithe  proboscis.  ,)iilton. 

LlTHE,  V.  t.  To  smooth  ;  to  soften  ;  to  palliate,  f  01s.] 

Cfc.'.i.cr. 
2.  To  listen.     [Ol'S.]     [See  Liste:,-.] 
LITHE'NESS,  ii.     Flexibility  ;  limherncss. 
LITII'ER,  a.     Soft;  pliant.     [Ois.]  Sliak. 

Q.   [fax.  hjtlir.]     Bad  ;  corrupt.  [  04s.]     IVoolton. 
LITH'ER-LY,  aiv.      Slowly;    lazily.     [Oiis.l 

Barret. 
LITII'ER-NESS,  71.    Idleness  ;  laziness.    [Obs.] 

Barret. 
LIT HE'.?Cp>iE,  a.     Pliant ;  limber  ;  nimble.      Scott. 
LITIl'I-A,  n.    A  new  alkali,  found  in  the  minerals 
petalite,  spodumene,  <S.:c.,  of  which  the  basis  is  a 
metal  called  lithium.  Darij.     Silliman. 

LITH'ie,  a.  [Supra.]  Pertaining  to  tlie  stone  in  the 
bliulder.  The  liUiic  acid,  generally  called  uric  acid, 
forms  the  most  common  variety  of  urinary  calculus. 

Brauile. 
LITH'I-UM,  71.    Tho  metallic  base  of  lithia. 
LITH-0-BiH'LI-ON.     .See  Lithophvl. 
LITirO-OARP,  71.    [Gr.  >.ti)ai,  a  stone,  and  ta.oTJs, 
fruit.] 

Fossil  fruit ;  fruit  petrified.  Diet.  jVnt.  Wst. 

LITII-O-eOL'LA,  71.    [Gr.  AiOit,  a  stone,  and  ko.X.V.i, 
glue.] 
A  cement  that  unites  stones.  .^<A. 

LITH-0-DEN'1)KON,  ?i.  [Gr.  AiOoj,  stone,  and  6cy- 
6f,ni,,  tree.] 

(Joral ;  so  called  from  its  resembling  a  petrmed 
branch.  farr. 

LITH'O-DERJI,  71.    [Gr.  XiO;t{  and  .koiia.) 

One  of  a  genus  ot  apodal  echinoilerms,  having  an 
ova!  body,  covered  with  a  layer  of  calcareous  gran- 
nies forming  a  liard  crust. 
LITH'O-DOME,  II.       (  [Gr.  ,\ift.;,-,  stone,  mid  dujios, 
LI-TIIOD'O-MI,  17.  111.  t     himse.] 

The  name  given  to  molluscous  animals  which  form 

holes  in  .solid  rocks,  in  which  they  lodge  themselves. 

The  holes  are  not  perforated  niechanir^Uly,  but  the 

rock  aiipears  to  be  dissolved.  I.yfll. 

LI-TI10D'0-I\10US,   a.     Relating  to  a  genus  of  mol- 

hiscan  animals  which  perforate  stones. 
LITII-O-GEN'USY,  II.  [Gr.  AiWjj,  stone,  and  jiwiris, 
generation.] 

The  doctrine  or  science  of  the  origin  of  niinernis 
composing  the  globe,  and  of  the  causes  which  have 
produced  their  form  and  disjiosition. 

Diet.  Mil.  IfisL 


LIT 


An  tLi.:^..; 


LI-TIIOC'E-NOUS, 

which  funn  coniL  / 

LITH'O-GLYI'I!,  «.  The  art  of  eoeravJDc  •  f- 

fUjiieH. 

LITH-fj  GLVPH'n-E,  n.    [Of.  AiOof,  iftua-: 

^w,  lo  cngravr.] 
A  foMil  liiat  preunu  the  apfwantnce  of  ■ 

craved  or  i^ha[>^d  by  art.  / 

LrTH'O-GKAPH,   r.  (.    To  !ra«r  Intm  ot  • 

Blone,  and  inn^fer  Ihem  Mt  pacjtr,  Uc. 
LITH'OGKAI'H  n.  A  jirinl  froai  a  drawiii; 

LITH'0-ORAPH-«).  Mill.-,  -n^      -r.  or  «,    i  „•.„  . 

by  tracinc  Ir-tum  in  (\ 
LI-THOG'KA-I'HEK,  i%AnnA    0«t     I 

who  prarijC4-^  lilli(,"ri 
LITH-0-OKAI'!('ie,     '    m 
LiTH-<J.<;UAI'H'I€-AL,  \ 
LiTH-0-GRAPH'Je;.AI^LV,  -. 

art. 
HTH'0-GKAPH-I.N'G,;yr.    Panainc  by  Vt'.\ 

nres  on  hlone. 
LI-THOG'RA-PI!V,  n.    [Cf.' 

to  engrave  or  write,] 
The  art  ofiracinK  letter*,  i', 

on  stone,  and  of  tran^fi-mtii:  t— i-- 

pression  ;  an  art  rer*  iiily  invented 

der,  of  Munich,  in  Itavaria.  J.  > 

LrTM-OID'AL,  a.  Like  a  rtonc;  »m. 

ture, 
LITILO-LOO'IC.         in.    \nminrr. 
LITH-O-LOG'ie-AL,  j      lo  the  cin- 

as  derived  from  the  nature  and    i. 

tiim  of  it-4  mineral  conUrniH. 
LITH-O-LOG'ie-AL-LY,  ode.    In  a 

ner. 
LI-THOL'OCIST,  n.     A  pt-rwn  tkilU  i 

of  stqnes. 
LI-THOL'0-GY,n.    [Gr.  >.0of,  ^nc,  aod  • 

course.] 

1.  The  science  or  natural  fahtXor>-  < 

2.  A  treatise  on  stones  found  in  iti 
LlTH'0-MA.\-CY,n.    (Gr.  Ait>«{,«tonc.;^. . 

divination.] 
Divinaiiun  or  prediction  of  events  by  i 

stones.  '     } 

LITirO-MAROE,  IU  [Gr.  XiOof,  sUmc,  aod  I 

marl.] 
A  compact  clay  of  a  line,  smooth  ' 

sectile. 
LITH'OX-TRIP-TOK,  \  n.    An  instr 
LITH'O-TR'f-'l'OR,       j     tin-  Uie  ^f 

der. 
Lrj'H  OX-TRVP'Tie,     )a.     [Gr.   V 
LITH-OX-THRYP'Tie,J     0oPrrr..,toi\< :.. 
Having  the  (|ualily  of  dcjttroyiii^  llic  st 

bladder  or  kidnevs. 
Ll'J'H-O.Vi  UVP'TIC,     >  «.     A  mr-l 
LITH-ON-TMRVP'Tie,  i      lltr  p.)u 

the  stone  in  the  bladilcr  or  kidni  > 

stonr  in  ih«'  human  urinarv  iL-i--*n:;i  •- 
LI-THOPH'A-t::!.    See  I.iticodomi. 
Li-THOPH'A-GOUS,  a.    [ilt.  Ait'.i,  *tur..-.  -. 

to  eat.] 
Eating  or  swallowing  stones  or  pravrl^ai  Oirort- 

irich. 
LITM'O-PHOS-PHOR,  n.    [Gr.  AiO  . . 

A  stnne  thai  becomes  pbwpltonc  i 
/ 
LlTH-0-PIIOS-PHOR'I€,  tf.    Pcrtai 
plior;  bcruming  phcksphoric  by  licai. 
LITH'O-PHYL,   n.     [Gr.  .Vn?/;,  rtone,  an^; 
leaf.] 

Bibliolitc,  or  lithobiblion,  fossil  K-aTw.  ■ 
ures  of  leaves  on  fossils. 
LITn'O-PII^TE,  n.    [Gr.  .\i(>oj,  stono.  an,: 
plant ;  liierally,  stone-planL] 

.\  coral  i-.oiiphylo;  a  nam-  . 
of  polypiers  whosp  snhstart 
natunihsts  il;issed  them  wiili  • 

LITH-O-PMVT'ie,  fl.    Penainine  !■■ 
LI-THOPIl'V-TOUS,  a.    IVrtaimn.; 

of  lithophvles. 
LITH'O-TU.ME,  ii.     [Gr.  AiO.,f,  stone,  and 

cm.] 
.\  stono  so  formed  nalurally  as  t. 

artifici;Ulv. 
LITH-O-TbM'ie,  a,    Perlainin;:  v- 

litliotoniv. 
LI-THOT'O-MIST,  n.    [See  Lithot 

performs  the  operation  of  ciiliinp  f-  : 

bladder ;  or  one  who  is  skilM  in  I' 
LI-THOT'O-.MY,  h.    [Gr.  ><('-»-,  i-t. 

CULJ 

Tne  opemtiitn.  .art,  or  practice,  i 

stone  in  ttie  Madder. 
LmrO-TRIP-SV.it.    TheopcrrUion 

stone  in  Uie  bladder  by  means  of  an  h.-^h'  .  i  .-..-.^ 

Uthotrivtor.  ....  .    l! 

LITH'O-TRIP  TIST,  «.    One  skiTIrtl  in  brrakinf  aad   II 

extracting  stone  In  the  bL-iddrr. 


TCNE,  BIJLL,  TINITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  7;  TH  as  SH ;  Til  as  in  Tin.-= 


LIT 


LITH'O-TRIP-TOR,  n.     [Gr.  XtOji,  a  s(oue,  and  vi- 

0iOy  to  grind.] 

An  instrument  for  tritwrating  the  stone  in  tho  Wil- 
der, so  that  it  in:iy  ht;  c.\lraclL*d  without  cutting,  re- 
cently invciiteil  by  Dr.  Uiviale. 
LI-THOT'UI-TV,  n.    [Gr.  A(0.-$,  stono,  ar.d  rsipoj,  to 
break  down.] 

TJie  operation  of  breaking  a  stone  in  ll)o  bladder 
into  small  pieces  capable  of  being  voided.  Braiule. 
LI-TUOX'YLE,  lu      [Gr.   XiUos,  stono,  and   fuXar, 
wood.] 

Petrified   wood.    It  diiTers   from  Liaxite,  being 
really  changed  into  stone  ;  sucU  as  siljcified  woods, 
which  are  changed  iutu  varieties  of  silex,  &.c.  [Obs.] 
Diet.  JViiL  uist 
LTTH'Y,  a.    [See  Lithe.]     Easily  bent;  pliable. 

[This  is  probably  tlie  word  which,  in  our  popular 
use,  is  pronounced  lathy.] 
LIT'I-GANT,    a.    [Sec  Litigate.]     Contending  in 
lawj  engaged  in  a  lawsuit;  us,  the  parties  litigant. 

LIT'I-GANT,  n.    A  person  engaged  in  a  lawsiiit. 

L*  Kstrantfc. 
LIT'I-GaTE,  v.  t.     [L.  littgOj  fl-om  /w,  litisj  a  contest 

or  debate  j  Ar.  jj  laddaf  to  dispute.  Class  Ld,  No. 
9,  Lis,  litis^  coincides  with  the  Sax.  Jlit,  contention  ; 
fiifait^  to  content!.] 

To  contest  in  law  ;  to  prosecuto  or  defend  by  plead- 
ings, exhibition  of  evidcncf,  and  judicial  debate  j  as, 
to  iitinate  a  cause  or  a  question. 

LIT'I-GaTK,  v.  i.  To  dispute  in  law  ;  to  carry  on  a 
suit  by  judicial  proci'ss. 

LIT'I-Ga-TKD,  7»/>.  or  a.    Contested  judicially. 

LIT'I-Ga-TING,  ppr.    Contestinc  in  law. 

LIT-I-Ga'TIOX,  71.  The  act  or  process  of  carrying 
on  a  suit  in  a  court  of  law  or  equity  for  the  recovery 
of  a  right  or  claim  ;  a  judicial  contest. 

LI-TIG'10U:<,  (le-lid'jus,)  a.  [Fc.  liti^riaix ;  I*,  liti-ri- 
osusA 

1.  inclined  to  judicial  contest ;  given  to  the  prac- 
tice of  contending  in  law;  quarrelsome;  conten- 
tious ;  applied  to  pcr:iO}u.  A  litigious  man  is  a  bad 
neighbor  and  a  bad  citizen. 

a.  Disputable ;  controvertible ;  subject  to  conten- 
tion ;  as,  litigious  right.  Blacksto/ie. 

No  fonces,  parled  ficWs,  nor  mniks,  nor  bouiuls, 
DUtin/^iiiilied  acres  ofliligiouf  gruuoils.  Dryden, 

LLTIG'IOUS-LY,  ash\    In  a  contentious  manner. 

LLTIO'IOUS-NESS,  it.  A  disposition  to  engage  in 
or  carry  on  lawsuits ;  inclination  to  judicial  con- 
tests. 

LIT'MUS,  71,  A  blue  pigment,  formed  from  argol, 
orchai, or  archil,  alichen,  the  Hoccellatinctoria.  [See 
ARCfiiL.j  It  is  prepared  by  bruising  the  archil,  and 
adding  (piicklime  and  putreiied  urine,  or  spirit  of  urin-j 
distilled  from  lime.  The  mixture,  after  coolin;-',  and 
the  evaporation  of  the  fluid,  becomes  a  mass  of  the 
consistence  of  paste,  which  is  laid  on  a  board  to  dry 
in  square  himits.  Eiicxjc. 

LIT'ORX,  ji.  A  bird,  a  species  of  thrush,  in  size  and 
shape  resembling  the  hen  blackbird.  Diet.  J\i'at.  Hist. 

Li'TO-TeS,  7i.  [Gr.  A(7rti,  slender.]  In  rheU>ric,  a 
diminuliou  or  softening  of  statenn.-nt  for  the  sake  of 
avoiding  censure,  or  of  expressing  more  stronsly 
what  is  inieiided  ;  as,  "a  citizen  of  no  mean  city," 
i.  e.,  an  illustrious  one. 

LI-TKAM'E-TEU,  tu  An  instrument  invented  by  Dr. 
Hare,  for  the  purpose  of  ascertaining  the  specific 
gravity  of  liquids. 

LIT'TEK,  ».  [Fr.  liticre,  from  lit;  contracted  from  L. 
tcctu.<i,  from  the  root  of  Icgo^  Er.g.  lay ;  It.  leU.i£aj  or 
letti^a;  )i\\.lit€ra;  Port,  litc'ira;  Arm.  lctcr.'\ 

1.  A  vehicle  formed  with  shafts  supimrting  a  bed 
between  them,  in  which  a  person  may  be  borne  by 
men  or  by  a  Iiorse.  If  by  the  latter,  it  i.s  called  a 
HoRSH-UTTER.  A  similar'  vehicle  in  India  is  called 
a  Palanquin. 

-2.  Straw,  hay,  or  other  soft  substance,  used  as  a 
bed  for  horses  and  for  other  imrposes. 

3.  [Ice.  lider,  generation,  lYoni  the  xonloilad^lc.oil.'] 
A  brui'd  of  young  pigs,  kittens,  pu()pies,  or  other 
quadrupeds.  The  word  is  applied  only  to  certain 
quadrupeds,  of  the  smidler  kinds.  [Uu.  the  root  of 
IcuL] 

■1.  A  birth  of  pigs  or  other  small  animals. 

5.  Waste  matters,  shreds,  fragments  and  the  like, 
scattered  on  a  floor  or  other  clean  place. 
LIT'TEK,  r.  t.    To  bring  forth  young,  as  swine  and 
other  small  quadnijMjds.     It  is  sometimes  applied  to 
human  beings  in  contempt.  S}uih. 

a.  To  scatter  over  carelessly  with  shreds,  frag- 
ments, ynd  tlie  like  ;  as,  to  litter  a  room  or  a  carpet. 

Svitft. 

3.  To  cover  with  straw  or  hay  ;  as,  to  litter  a  sta- 
ble. Dryden. 

4.  To  supply  with  litter  ;  as,  to  ItUer  cattle. 
LIT'TER  KD,  pp.    Furnislied  with  straw. 

2.  a.  Covered  or  overspread  with  litter,  pieces, 
tihreds,  &c, 

LIT'TEU-ING,  ppr.    Furnishing  with  straw. 
2.  Covering  with  shreds,  pieces,  &c. 


LIV 

LIT'TLE,  a. ;  comp.  Less,  Lsassa  ;  irttp.  Least.  [Sax. 
b/td,  h'th- ;  Scot,  lite,  lytc^  adv.  hjt ;  Gotli.  Icitcl ;  Sw. 
I'iton ;  "Dan.  lidcn  ;  D.  luttel  j  probably  from  tho  sense 
of  diminishing.    Class  I-d,  No.  15,  23,  31.] 

1.  Small  iu  size  or  extent ;  not  great  or  large ;  as, 
a  little,  body  ;  a  little  animal ;  a  littie  piece  of  groun<l ; 
a  little  tible;  a  little  book;  n  little  hill;  a  ii«/c  dis- 
tance ;  a  little  child. 

2.  Short  in  duration ;  as,  a  little  time  or  season  ;  a 
little  sleep. 

3.  Small  in  (luantity  or  amount;  as,  a  little  hay  or 
grass  ;  a  little  food  ;  a  little  auui ;  a  little  light ;  a  little 
air  or  water. 

4.  Of  small  dignity,  power,  or  importance 

Wli'-n  llioii  waot  Utile  in  tliy  own  tight,  w.isl  thou  not  made  Hit; 
head  of  llic  Uilx'J  i  —  I  Sam.  xv. 

5.  Of  small  force  or  effect ;  slight;  inconsiderable; 
as,  little  attention  or  exertions ;  little  effort ;  little  care 
or  diligence;  little  weight, 

LIT'TLE,  n.  A  small  quantity  or  amount.  He  de- 
manded mnci)  and  obtained  little.  He  had  little  of  his 

2.  A  small  space.  [father's  liberality. 

Much  WHS  ill  liide  writ.  Dryden. 

3.  Any  thing  small,  slight,  or  of  inconsiderable 
importance. 

1  view  with  ^njor  .■\nil  dtsdain 

How  liCUe  gives  theu  joy  aiill  pain.  Prior. 

4.  Not  much. 

'i'hoee  Uicy  arc  fiUcJ  for,  and  Utile  iilfs.  Cheyne. 

LIT'TLE,  adv.  In  a  small  degree  ;  slightly  ;  as,  he  is 
little,  changed.     It  is  a  itUlc  discolored. 

9.  Not  much;  iu  a  small  quantity  or  space  of  time. 
He  sleeps  little. 

3.  In  some  degree;  slightly;  ;?ometiines  preceded 
by  a.    Tlie  liquor  is  a  little  sour  or  astringent. 

LIT'TLE-Go,  ».  In  the  English  universities^  a  cant 
name  for  a  public  examination  about  the  middle  of  the 
course,  wliirh,  being  less  strict  and  less  important  in 
its  consequences  than  the  final  one,  has  received  this 
anpellation.  LycU. 

LIT'TLE-NE^S,  n.  Smallness  of  size  or  hulk;  as, 
the  litdencss  of  tlic  body,  or  of  an  animal. 

2.  Meanness  ;  want  of  grandeur;  as,  littleness  of 
conception. 

3.  Want  of  dignity.  Contemplations  on  the  majes- 
ty of  God,  displayed  in  his  works,  may  awaken  in 
lis  a  sense  of  our  own  littlciu'^s. 

4.  Meanness;  penuriousness. 
LIT'TO-RAL,  a.     [L.  HltoraJl-i,  from  littiis^  sliore.l 

Delnnging  lo  a  shore,  ;ts  of  the  sea,  or  a  great  lake. 

LIT'lJ-ITE,  n.  A  fossil,  chambered  shell,  straight, ex- 
cept at  its  smaller  extremity,  which  is  siiiral.  It  is 
allied  to  tlie  ammonite.  Buckland. 

LI-TLIR'GIC,         )  a.      [See   LiTuncv.]      Pertaining 

LI-TUR'Gie.^L,]     to  a  liturgy." 

LIT'UR-GV,  n.  [Fr.  litnT<rie.;  Sp.  and  It.  lihir^naf 
Gr.  XciT'ivnyiii;  Xlito^.  nublic,  and  ipyn;  work.] 

In  a  ffiiteral  sf».^'«,  tne  established  formulas  for 
jiublic  worship,  or  the  entire  ritual  for  public  wor- 
ship in  those  churches  which  use  written  forms. 
Gut  in  a  restricted  smisej  among  Roman  Catholics,  tho 
mass;  and  in  the  English  church,  the  cnmmunion 
service.  Murdoch. 

LIVE,  (liv,)  V.  i.  [Sax.  Uban,  Icofan,  lifmn  ;  Goth.  Ji- 
ban  ;  Sw.  lefwa ;  Dan.  Iciier ;  (i.  lebcn ;  D.  lievcn.  It 
coincides  with  leave.  The  primary  sense  probably 
is,  to  rest,  remain,  abide.    If  so,  the  root  may  he  Ar. 

(_*1  tahba,  to  be,  to  abide.    Class  Lb,  No.  1.] 

1.  To  abide ;  to  dwell;  to  have  settled  residence 
in  any  place.  Where  do  you  live7  I  li7u:  in  Ltmdon. 
He /iff A- in  Phdadelphia.  lie  lives  iu  a  large  house 
in  Second  Street.  The  Swiss  live  oil  mountains. 
'J'lic  Bedouin  Arabs  live  in  the  desert. 

2.  To  continue  ;  to  be  permanent ;  not  to  perish. 

ai';n'«  cvd  m:\nni!r5  lioe  in  brass;  llicir  vitUics 

Wc  write  in  wat^-r.  Sftak. 

3.  To  be  animated  ;  to  have  the  vital  principle  ; 
to  have  the  bodily  functions  in  operation,  or  in  a  ca- 
l)acity  to  ojierate,  as  respiration,  circulation  of  blood, 
secretions,  &c.  ;  applied  to  animals. 

lam  JoBcpU;  doUi  my  father  yHlioe?  —  Gen.  x\v. 

4.  To  have  the  principles  of  vegetable  life  ;  to  be 
in  a  state  in  which  the  organs  do  or  may  perform 
their  functions  in  the  circulation  of  sap  and  in 
growth  ;  applied  to  plants.  This  tree  will  not  live, 
unless  watered  ;  it  will  not  live  through  the  winter. 

5.  To  pass  life  or  time  in  a  particular  manner,  with 
regard  to  habits  or  condition.  In  what  manner  dcjes 
your  son  live?  Does  he  live  in  ease  and  aflluence.'' 
Does  he  live  according  to  the  dictates  of  reason  and 
the  precepts  of  religion.*' 

If  we  act  hy  suvend  brok'ju  views,  wc  shall  Hoe  and  dieiu  misery. 

Spectator. 

G.  To  continue  in  life.  The  way  to  live  long  is  to 
be  temperate. 

7.  To  live,  emphatically ;  to  enjoy  life  ;  to  be  in  a 
state  of  happiness. 


What  grtatf-r  curse  could  envious  fortuue  give 
Th:ui  jiut  to  die  wlicn  I  b<-^t\ti  to  live? 


Dry  lien. 


LIV 

8.  To  feed  ;  to  subsist ;  to  be  nourished  and  sup- 
ported in  life  ;  aSj  horses  live  on  grass  or  grain  ,  fowls 
live  on  seeds  or  insects  ;  some  kinds  of  fish  live  on 
others  ;  carnivorous  animals  live  on  tlcsh. 

y.  To  subsist ;  to  be  maintained  in  life  ;  to  be  sup- 
ported. Many  of  the  clergy  are  obliged  to  live  on 
small  salaries.  All  men  in  health  may  live  by  indus- 
try with  econcmiy,  yet  some  men  live  by  robbery. 

10.  To  remain  undestroyed  ;  to  rtoat;  not  to  sink 
or  founder,  it  must  be  a  good  ship  that  Hoes  at  sea 
in  a  hurricane. 

Nor  con  our  shaken  vcucls  lioe  at  8Ca.  Dryilcn. 

11.  To  exist ;  to  liavo  being. 

Ah  I  Uve,  suilh  the  Lord.  — Ezclc.  xviii. 

12.  In  ScripturCyto  be  exempt  from  death,  temporal 

or  spiritual. 

Ye  shdl  thPn-fori!  V^op  my  itatulca  atid  Judfjmcnti,  which  L*"  a 
man  do,  hu  tltall  live  iu  Uicm.  — Lev.  xviii. 

13.  To  recover  from  sickness;  to  have  life  pro- 
longed. 

Thy  son  Uvelh.  —  John  iv, 

11.  To  be  inwardly  quickened,  nourished,  and  ac- 
tuated, by  divine  inltucnce  or  faith.     Oal.  ii. 

1.5.  To  be  greatly  refreshed,  comforted,  and  ani- 
mated. 

Kor  now  wc  lioe,  ifye  stand  f;isl  in  tho  Lord.  —  I  Thca*.  lii. 

IG.  To  appear  as  in  lite  or  reality;  to  be  manifest 
in  real  character. 

And  all  the  writer  livet  in  every  line.  Pojit. 

To  live  witli ;  to  dwell  or  to  be  a  lodger  with. 
2.  To  cohabit;  to  have  intercourse,  as  male  and 
female.  Shal;. 

LIVE,  (liv,)  V.  t.    To  continue  in  constantly  or  habit- 
ually ;  as,  to  live,  a  life  of  ease. 
2.  To  act  habitually  in  conformity  to. 

it  ia  not  enough  to  aay  pnycre,  uidesa  they  live  lltmii  Ino. 

Parker. 

To  live  down  ;  to  live  so  as  to  subdue,  or  to  live  till 
subdued.  Biirhe, 

LIVE,  a.  Having  life  ;  having  respiration  and  other 
organic  functions  in  operation,  or  in  a  capacity  to 
operate  ;  not  dead  ;  as,  a  live  ox. 

2.  Having  vegetable  life ;  as,  a  live  plant. 

3.  Containing  fii-e ;  ignited  ;  not  extinct ;  as,  a  live 
coal. 

4.  Vivid,  as  color.  Thomson. 
hVv'ED,  (Uvd,)  prrt.  and  2»p.  of  Live. 

LI  V'KD,  a.     Having  a  life  ;  as,  long-lived. 

LIVE'-FEATH'ERS,  (-feth'erz,)  n.pL  Feathers  which 
have  been  plucked  from  the  living  fowl,  and  are 
therefore  more  strong  and  elastic. 

LIVE'LES^.     [JV.;(  used.]     See  Lifeless 

LIVE'LI-ER,  a.  comp.     IMore  lively. 

LTVE'LI-EST,  a.  superl.     Most  lively. 

LTVE'LI-HOOD,  n.  [lively  and  hood,  or  Ufelode,  from 
lead.  I  fiiul'in  Saxon  lif-lade,  lead  or  course  of  life, 
vittn  iter.] 

P.Icans  of  living;  support  of  life;  maintenance. 
Trade  funiisiies  many  people  «ith  an  honest  liveli- 
hood.. Men  of  enterprise  seek  a  livelihood  where  they 
can  find  it. 

LIVE'LI-NESS,  V.  [from  nvehj.]  Tho  qualitj'  or 
statu  of  being  lively  or  animated  ;  sprightliness  ;  vi- 
vacity; animation;  spirit;  as,  the/toc?me55  of  youth, 
contrasted  with  the  gravity  of  age. 

2.  An  appearance  of  life,  animation,  or  spirit ;  as, 
the  liveUne.is  of  the  eye  or  countenance  in  a  portrait. 

3.  Ihiskness ;  activity  ;  effervescence,  as  of  liquors. 
LTVE'LODE,  for  Liveuhood,  is  not  used. 

Hubberd\^  Tale. 
LIVlii'LONG,  (liv'long,)  a.    [live  and  Imig.] 

1.  Long  in  passing. 

How  could  slie  sit  the  livelong  day, 

Yet  never  ask  n;j  oncu  to  play  ?  Swifl. 

2.  Lasting;  diiralile  ;  as,  a  livelong  monument. 
[JVot  used.]  Milton. 

X  V.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Sedum. 
LTVE'LY,  a.     Brisk;  vigorous;   vivacious;  active; 
as,  a  lively  youth. 

2.  Cay ;  airy. 

From  gr;ivc  lo  guy,  from  lix>ely  to  severe.  Pope. 

3.  Representing  life  ;  as,  a  lively  imitation  of  na- 
ture. 

4.  Animated  ;  spirited  ;  as,  a  lively  strain  of  elo- 
quence ;  a  lively  description. 

5.  Strong;  energetic;  as,  a /('yc/y  faith  or  hope  ;  a 
lively  persuaJJion. 

Lwely  stoves,  in  Scripture.  Saints  are  called  Uvehi 
stones,  as  being  quickened  by  the  Spirit  and  active 
in  holiness.  Brown. 

LTVE'LY,  adv.     Briskly;  vigorously.      {Little  v.^e.d.] 

Hayteard. 
2.  With  strong  resemblance  of  life. 

That  part  of  poctrv  must  needs  be  best,  which  d^-scriljes  most 
/iof;i/ our  dclious  anil  imsiiaiiB.     [Little  used.\     Dnjdtn. 

LlVE'-oAK,  71.  A  species  of  oak,  qucrcxts  rircns, 
growing  in  tlie  Southern  Suites,  of  great  durability, 
and  highly  esteemed  for  ship-timber.     Encye.  Jim. 

LIVER,  w.    One  who  lives. 

And  ti?  if  life  be  wonh  the  Uver"»  care.  Prior. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— MkTE,  PRgY.  —  TINE,  MARLNE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK. 


LIV 

ft  is  oSien  used  with  a  word  of  qualilicatiou  ;  as, 
a  kiirh  liver ;  a  loose  licer.  Sec. 

LIV'Sr,  7(.  [Sax.  lifer,  Ufrc;  V.Icev.cr;  G,  lehcr ;  Sw. 
Icfver:  Dan.  lever;  Russ.  Ubcr.  The  Saxon  word  is 
rendered  also  librantentam^  and  this  viscus  may  bo 
named  from  its  wei<shL] 

An  abdominal  and  tilandular  viscns  of  considera- 
ble size,  and  of  a  reddish  color,  convex  on  thi;  ante- 
rior and  superior  side,  and  of  an  unequal  surface  on 
the  inferior  and  posterior  side.  It  is  situated  under 
the  false  ribs,  in  the  ri^ht  hypochondrium.  It  con- 
sists of  two  lobes,  and  is  destined  for  the  secretion 
of  the  bile.  E^icijc. 

LIV'ER-€0L-OR,  a.  Dark  red;  of  the  color  of  the 
liver.  Woodward. 

LIV'EIv--ED,  a.    Kaving  a  liver ;  as,  while-riucrod 

ShcriBood. 

LIVER-GRoWX,  a.    Having  a  larije  liver.  Qraiint. 

LIV'ER-I-KD.  (liv'er-id,)  a.     Weaj-ing  a  lively,  rt> 

LIV'ER-SToXE,  »•     [G.  Irbcr-stdiu']  [servants. 

A  stone  or  species  of  earth  of  the  bar>'tic  getius,  of 

a  gray  or  brown  color,  whichj  when  rubbed  iir  heated 

to  redness,  emits  the  smell  of  liver  of  sulphur,  or 

alkaline  sulph-.rct.  Kinmn. 

LIVER-WORT,  H.  The  name  of  many  species  of 
plants.  Several  of  the  lichens  are  so  called.  The 
liverworts  (Hepatlc'c)  are  a  natural  order  of  crypto- 
gamic  plants,  whose  herbage  is  generally  frondose, 
and  resembling  the  leafy  lichens,  but  whose  seeds 
are  contained  in  a  distinct  capsule.  Thi^  noble  liver- 
wort is  the  Hepatica  triloba.  Smith.    Lee, 

LI  V'ER-Y,  71.     [Norm.,  from  Fr.  livrer^  to  deliver.] 

1.  The  act  of  dcliverins  possession  of  lands  or  ten- 
ements ;  a  term  of  English  law.  It  is  usual  to  say, 
livery  of  seizin,  which  is  a  feudal  investiture,  made 
by  the  delivery  of  a  turf,  of  a  rod,  or  twig,  from  the 
fdoffor  to  the  feoffee.  In  America,  no  such  ceremony 
is  necessary  to  a  conveyance  of  real  estate,  the  deliv- 
ery of  a  deed  being  suificient. 

2.  Release  from  wardship;  deliverance. 

ICinrr  Charles. 

3.  The  writ  by  which  possession  is  obtained. 

Johnson. 

4.  The  state  of  being  kept  at  a  certain  rate ;  as,  to 
keep  liorses  at  livery.  Spenser. 

5.  A  form  of  dress  by  which  noblemen  and  gen- 
tlemen distinguish  their  servants. 

6.  A  particular  dress  or  garb,  appropriate  or  pecu- 
liar to  particular  persons  or  things.  Thus,  the  trad- 
ers in  London  have  their  distinct /tueriej;  the  Roman 
Catholic  church  has  ttlso  liveries  for  confessors,  vir- 
gins, apostles,  martyrs,  penitents,  &c.  Hence,  the 
term  is  figuratively  applied  to  the  seasons,  &;c. ;  as, 
the  licery  of  May  ;  the  livery  of  autumn. 

Now  c;urtc  sUU  evening  on,  and  twilight  S^.iy 

Had  in  lier  sob<;r  liveri/  all  Ihings  claa.  MHon. 

7.  The  whole  body  of  Iiverj'men  in  London. 
LIV'ER-Y,  V.  t.    To  clothe  in  livery.  .*?hak. 
LIV'ER-Y-MAN,  71.     One  who  wears  a  livery,  as  a 

servant. 

3.  In  London^  a  freeman  of  the  city,  who,  having 
paid  certain  fees,  is  entitled  to  wear  the  distinguish- 
ing dress  or  liecry  of  the  company  to  which  he  be- 
longs, and  also  to  enjoy  certain  other  privileges,  viz., 
the  right  of  voting  in  an  election  for  the  lord-mayor, 
jiberilts,  cliaaiberbiin,  £cc.  P.  Cyc. 

LIVER-Y-STa'dLS,  Ti.  A  stable  where  horses  are 
kept  for  hire. 

LIVES,  (llvz,)  n.     pi.  of  Life. 

LIVE'STOCK,  71.  [lii^e  and  .sfoc7;.]  Horses,  cattle, 
and  smalli  !■  domestic  animals ;  a  term  applied  in 
America  to  such  animals  as  maybe  exported  alive 
for  foreign  market. 

LIVID,  a.  [Fr.  limde;  It.  livido ;  L.  Ucidits:  from 
livco,  to  be  black  and  blue.] 

Black  and  blue;  of  a  lead  color;  discolored,  as 
flesh  by  contusion. 

upon  my  livid  lir^  bestow  a  kifs.  Dnjhn. 

LI-VID'l-TY,     \  71.    A  dark  color,  like  that  of  bruised 
LIV'ID-XESS,    i     flesh.     [Livid.vess  is  the  prefera- 
ble word.] 
LIVING,  ppr.     [(rom  live..']     Dwelling;  residing;  ex- 

i«tinc;  subsisting;  having  life  or  tlie  vital  functions 

in  operation  ;  not  dead. 
a.  a.  Issuing  continually  from  tlic  earth  ;  running; 

flowing ;  as,  a  Vwing  spring  or  fountain  ;  opposed  to 

Stagxaxt. 
:t.  a.  Producing    action,    animation,   and    vigor ; 

quickening  ;  Jis,  a  limnfr  principle  -,  a  living  faith. 
Living  rock  ;  rock  in  "its  native  cr  original  state  or 

location ;  as,  seats  cut  in  the  living  rock,  i.  e.  solid 

rock. 
LIVING,  71.    He  or  those  who  are  alive ;  usually  with 

a  plural  signification  ;  as,  in  the  land  of  the  living. 

The  limng  will  lay  it  to  hU  heart.  —  Ecclcs.  vii. 

LIVING,  V.    Means  of  subsistence  ;  estate. 

He  diviilctl  to  them  his  /icinff.  —  Luke  xv. 

She,  o(  liT  waiit,  did  cast  in  all  that  she  had,  evcu  all  Iilt  Uwxg. 
—  M.irk  xii. 

2.  Power  of  continuing  life.  There'  is  no  living 
with  a  scold. 

There  i«  oo  Umng  without  trusting  somebody  or  other  in  some 
cues.  L'Ealrange. 


LOA 

3.  Livelihood.  He  made  a  living  by  hiu  occui^a- 
tion.    The  woman  spins  fur  a  living. 

A.  The  benefice  of  a  clergyman.    He  lost  liis  liviag 
by  non-conformity. 
LI  VING-LY,  adv.     In  a  livini;  state.  Broten. 

LI-VOW I-CJi   TER'RA;  a  Hi)ecic.H  of  fine  bole  found 

in  Livonia,  brought  to  market  in  httic  cakes. 
i/K-i2i/-SOJV',fliv-ra-zong',)7i.    [Fr.;  Eng. rfWiceny, 
from  livrer,  to  deliver.] 

A  part  of  a  book  or  literary  composition  printed 
and  delivered  from  time  to  time,  as  the  work  ad- 
vances. 
LI'VRE,  (ll'ver  or  iC'vnr,)  n.     [Fr. ;  L.  libra.] 

A  French  money  of  account,  equal  to  20  sous,  13^ 
cents,  or  nearly  ten  pence  sterling. 

LIX-IVI-AL,      )  rr     r    ■   ■        f  t-      .        i 

LIX-IVI-OUS    1  "■     ^      li-iii:tusj  from  liXj  lyc.J 

1.  Obtained  by  lixivialion  ;  impregnated  with  alka- 
line salt,  extracted  from  wood-ashes.  Lixicial  salts 
are  those  which  are  obtained  by  passing  water 
through  ashes,  or  by  pouring  it  nil  them. 

2.  Containing  salt  extracted  from  the  ushcs  of 
wood. 

3.  Of  the  color  of  lye  ;  resembling  lye. 

4.  Having  the  qualities  of  alkaline  s^ts  from  wood- 
ashes. 

LIX-I VI-ATE,      )  a.    Pertaining  to  Ive  or  lixivium  : 

LIX-I Vl-A-TED,  i     of  the  quality  of'alkalinc  salts.' 
9.  Impregnated  witii  salts  from'  wood-a<)hc3. 

LIX-I  VI-A'i'E,  V.  t.     [L.  lixivia,  lixivium,  lye.] 

To  form  lyt' ;  to  impregnate  with  salts  from  wocd- 
ashes.    Water  is  lixiviated  by  p.'u:sing  through  asheK. 

LIX-I  VI-A-TING,;v*r.  Extracting  alkaline  salt-s  by 
leach  in  £  ashf-s  ;  forming  lye. 

LIX-IV-I-a'TION,  )(.  The  operation  or  process  of 
extracting  alkaline  salts  from  a-shes,  by  pouring  wa- 
ter on  them,  the  water  passing  liirough  tliem  inibib 
ing  the  salts. 

LXX-IVI-UM,  n.  [L.,  from  lix,  !ye,  Sp.  Iczia,  Fr.  h:<- 
sive.] 

Lye;  water  impregnated  with  alkaline  saRs  im- 
bibed from  wood-ashes.  It  is  sometimes  applied  to 
other  extracts.  Boyle. 

LIZ'ARD,  71.  [Fr.  lezarde  :  L.  lacertvs:  Sp.  lagarto ; 
It.  lucerta,  htccrtola  ;  Arm.  glascird.  If  limrd  Is  the 
L.  lacerta,  there  has  been  a  change  of  c  into  :  or  a-, 
wiiicli  may  he  the  fact.  In  Ethiopic,  latsckat  is  liz- 
ard. Gebelin  deduces  the  word  from  an  Oriental 
word,  Icia,  to  hide.    But  lliis  is  doubtful.] 

The  popular  Entilish  name  of  .all  saurian  reptiles 
generally,  as  the  crocodile,  the  alligator,  the  chame- 
leon, fcc;  or  of  the  species  nf  the  genus  Laccrt.-i 
only.  Lizards,  in  tlu:  widrvt  ifcn:ic,  arc  covered  \vith 
scales,  and  tlieir  bodies  are  supported  either  by  four 
or  two  legs.    Their  hearts  have  two  auricles. 

LIZ'ARD-TaIL,  71.  A  plant  of  the  kcihis  Saururus, 
and  another  of  the  genus  Piper.        f'\m.  of  Plants. 

LL.  D.  ;  letters  standing  for  doctvj  of  laws,  the  title  of 
an  iionorary  degree. 

LLO^'D'S,  In.     A  part  of  the  Royal  Ex- 

LLOVD'S'-ROOJIS,  J  cliangc,  in  London,  appropri- 
ated to  the  use  of  underwriters  and  insurance  bro- 
kers. The  name  is  derived  from  LIctyd's  Ooffee- 
Hon?e,  wliere  there  were  formerly  rooms  for  llic 
same  puipose. 

LO,  er.rJain.  [Sax.  la.  AVhether  this  is  a  contracted 
word  or  not,  docs  not  appear.] 

Look  ;  see  ;  behold  ;  observe.  This  word  13  used 
to  excite  particular  attention  in  a  hearer  to  some  ob- 
ject of  sight  or  subject  of  discourse. 

Lo,  hen-  is  Christ.— Malt.  nxiv. 

Lo,  wc  turn  to  ths  Gentiles.  — Acts  xiii. 

Loach,  ;      rp  ,  ,  ■, 

A  small  fisli  of  the  genus  Cobitis,  inmibitms  small, 
rk'.ir  streams,  ami  csieemcd  dainty  food.     Wallun. 
I.dAU,  (loili-,)  II.     [Sny.  hiad  or  lade ;  W.  Ilmjtii.    See 
IiADj:.] 

1.  A  burden  ;  iliat  wliich  is  laid  on  or  put  in  any 
tliinj  for  conveyance.  Thus  we  lay  !»  '»"''  ""  •'' 
i.;\ist  or  ou  a  nianV  slinnlders,  or  on  a  cnrl  or  wag- 
on ;  and  we  say,  a  lisllt  hail.,  a  heavy  load.  A  loatl, 
then,  is  indelinile  in  quantity  or  weight.  Hut  by 
nsa"e,  in  some  cases,  the  word  lias  a  more  de.nite 
.si.'nification,  and  expresses  a  certain  «iuaiility  or 
weisllt,  or  as  mncll  as  Is  usually  carried,  ornscan 
be  well  sieitaiiicil.  /.oad  is  seldom  used,  except  by 
poets,  for  t!ie  cargo  of  a  sliip;  tliis  is  called  luadixgy 
lAdms.fnisht,  or  cargo.  . 

a.  Any  heavy  burden  ;  a  largo  quantity  borne  or 
sustained.  A  tree  may  be  said  to  have  a  load  of  fruit 
upon  it.  ,.  V     ,. 

3.  'ihat  which  is  borne  with  jMin  or  dilbcilUy;  n 
grievous  weight;  encumbrance,  \n  aliteral sense. 
Jove  ligliwiwst  of  it*  (oad 
Til-:  ciiorinoiis  iii-iss.  Pof.. 

In  afigiiratiM  sense,  we  say,  a  load  of  tare  or  grief ; 
a  hal  ofguilt  or  crimes. 

•I.  Weiglit  or  violence  of  blows.  Milton. 

.I.  A  quantity  of  food  or  drink  that  oppresses,  or  as 
inurll  as  call  be  borne.  Drurfm. 

.\mong  miner.?,  the  quantity  of  nine  dishes  ol  ore, 
each  dish  being  about  half  a  hundred  weight. 

Eticyc.     Cite. 


LOA 

LOAD,  r.  (.  ;  i>r-:  \u  \     -...  L.  ..,i  .  . 
IIBCd,  , 

froui  t 

1.  '1 

to    l>C     r 

load  r: 
load  a  ^ 
of  [«/-■ 

a.  'J 

IwniL-  ■ 

liHidWi 
OH,  lo  ^ 

a.  'I 

peiidctL 

Thy  dm^ul  v«r,  kA(m  « .'.: 

So,  in  a /if' 

4.  Tobe--i 
lo  I'lid  ono  V, 
LOAD'ED,  pp.  f.r  i.    ' 
havinc  a  burden  ;   : 
charge  of  powd  ■'•.  - 

2.  fturden-  ' 
with  carcfl,  v 

LOAiyER.n. 
LOAD'LNG,  ppr,     I  ! 

encumherin;;  chin 
LoAD'liN'G,  n.     A  c. 

that  make.ri  |)art  of  a  i*  ii. 
LCAD'MAN'-AtiE,  n.    TiluLase ;  ilriB  of  a  ; 

U3CJ.'\ 

LOADS'MAN,  n.    [l^    '       '  •      '      ■ 

LfiAD^STXR, /n. 
LODE'STXR,  i      U:i . 

£04..] 
LOAD'STaXE,  B.    [from  Ibc  tii 

'i'Jio  old  orthography,  LoDttT'>^r, 

ble,  ail  this  word  haj  no  cc: 

toad.] 
The  native  miffncl,  an  ■ 

suite  of  o^ydaliijii,  which  ■ 

ing  metallic  iruti,  a^i  irun  '..'■ 

ing  to  ma->ses  of  iron  Ih-  '■ 

forming  artificial  rn  ■ 
LOAF,  (lufe,)H. :  ;./.  ! 

hlaibs;G.  leib:  Pol,   ,.. 

cA/r4  or  cAfeA:  Croatian,   i 

LapjMiuic,  lai&e.    The  Gcrf. 

and  body,  waL«t,  belly ; 

would  be  loaf-like,  signifi' 

then,  signifies  a  lump  or  i. 

signifies  to  set,  or  i»>  cnllt-. ; 
!,  A  mxss  of  bread  whi  n  t«iK« u.     i^ 

a  wiJtf.    The  size  and  prim  of  a  loaf,  m 

arc  rcijulaled  by  lav,-. 

0.  A  ma^s  or  lump,  as  of  ni^r. 
:i.  Any  thick  inasj*. 

LoAF'EK,  n.    [G.  lavfer,  a TunneT^fromL 
An  idle  man  ;  a  vagrant  who  sects  I 

sponstnc  or  expedients. 
LO.VF'IXG,  c.    IVnaiulns  to,  or  InviA;;  i' 

nr  doinc  the  part,  of  a  leaf"  r. 
LoAF'-^l.iG-AK,  (lOfe'i'hus-ar,) «.    Sn^: 

forui'^d  into  a  conical  mass. 
LO.VM,  ».     [Sai.  lam:  V.tecm:G.  ?  '^-    ' 

lim  :  Dan.  lim.  Him :  ^o  named  { 

ness  or  softnos^^ ;  W.  llim.) 
A  natural  mixture  of  ctt:  '  -- 

iron  ;  a  species  of  e."utJi  • 

whilisi),  brown,  or  yellov  . 

tcr.  ^  • 

LO.ASf,  r,  L    To  cover  wiUi  loam. 
L0.-\M'/:D,  pp.    Covered  wiUi  luanu 
LCkVM'ING,  ppr.    Covcrine  wiih  !  -.  • 
L6.\.M'V.  a.    Con5i<linf  of  Kam  ;  i 

lure  of  loam,  or  n^-'iiMin?  iL 
LOAN,  H.     [Sax.  U..  '  -■ 

lun;  G.  If  Sen:  Pa< 

1.  The  act  of  Ici. 

a  That  which  i--*  !■  i.; , 
poraiy  use  lo  a  pcisou  nt  : 
or  implied  condition  ibai 

rctumrd,  or  !* -«  -  . 

ponsation  fi : 

a  Somott, 
condition  i) 
but  with  a ' 
hart  is  ceni; 

4.  A  furni^ii  r.-  .  [..  im    --.....   .-■  ..  ■ 

use  ;  as,  a  loan  o(  crediL 
LO.\N,  V.  t.     [Sax.  taxan  ;  G.  /«hv/« ;  V. 
hma:  D.an.  laanrr.} 

To  lend  ;  lo  deliver  lo  amnhc: 
on  condition  Ihal  ihc  thinr  >h  ■ 
lM»ok :  ot  lo  deliver  f<.*r  '-: 
equivalent  in  kmd  sl:.iM 
lo  deliver  for  r;mp*^rin 
e<iuivalent  iu  kind  -^^ 
sation  for  the  ust*, 
est.    Bills  of  i-ntl  ' 
teres!. 

[Rare  in  ' 

LOAN'-OF-t  I  -^'-'■^-  ••  '•"••' 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.  — AN'"GER,  VI"CIOUS — €  : 


.><   ■/ :    tNl    a^   SH;    Ti 


671 


LOR 

wliicli  loans  of  money  are  ncgoiiatctl  for  iJiu  public, 

or  in  which  the  accnnnts  of  loans  arc  kept,  and  Uiu 

interest  paid  to  the  lenders 
LOAN'-OF-FI-CKR,  n.    A  pulilic  oltker  empowered 

to  suiiorintend  and  transact  lliu  business  of  a  loan- 

oflice. 
LOATH,  a.    Unwilling;  backward;  reluctant.     [See 

LOATHE,  v.  t.  [Sax.  lathitm^  to  hate,  to  detest,  to  call. 
to  invite  ;  •rrtathian,  to  call ;  Goth,  lathoity  lo  call ;  Sw. 
ledas,  to  loathe  ;  G.  einlaileuy  to  invite,  to  lade  or  toad, 
from  ludeiiy  In  lade,  tu  invito,  to  cite  or  jainimon.  See 
Lade.]     [In  respect  lo  orthnuraphy,  site  Loth.] 

1.  'lo  feel  dis}»ust  III  any  lliinfi ;  propvrlij,  lo  have 
an  extreme  aversion  of  the  appetite  to  food  or  drink. 

Our  !t«iil  loaUielh  Lhia  lig^lK  bread.  — Num.  xx'u 

Loattihtg  (lie  lioiicyetl  cikcc,  I  loiigvd  for  mvml.         Co-Met/. 

9.  To  hate  ;  to  dislike  greatly;  to  abhor. 

Yc  sluiil  loaOic  yourficlvc«  in  your  own  night  fur  nil  your  cviU.  — 

Ezek.  XX. 
Not  lo  revoiil  [Ik-  cccrct  which  I  ItjnOie.  WaUa: 

Blic  toathea  the  viul  iiir.  Dnjileii's  Virs. 

LOATHE,  V.  i.    To  create  disgust.     [Obs.]     Spenser. 
LtJATH'A'D,  pp.     Hated  ;  abhorred  ;  turned  from  with 

di.sciist. 
LOATII'ER,  71.    One  that  loathes  or  abhors. 
Lo.VFH'FUL,  a.    Hating  ;  abhorring. 

Which  lie  did  with  loatit/al  eyca  boliohl.  IlubUird. 

2.  Disgusting;  hated  ;  exciting  abhorrence. 

Above  Uio  reach  otioat/i/ul,  siiil'iil  liisl.  Spenter. 

LoATII'ING,  ppr.  Feeling  disgust  at ;  Iiaving  extreme 

aversion  to  ;  as,  hnthin^  food. 
;*.  Hatiui;;  abhorring;  as, /oafAmn- sin. 
LO.VTH'ING,  71.    Extreme  disgust ;  abhorrence,  Ezch. 

xvi. 
LOATH'ING-LY,  adv.    Willi  extreme  disgust  or  ah- 

horrt'Qce;  in  a  fastidious  manner. 
LOATH'LY,  adc.     Unwillingly;  roluctantly. 

This  sliDWG  lh.ll  you  from  ii.iliiix-  loaOiUj  slniy.  Dowit. 

LOATH'NESS,  n.    Unwillingness  ;  reluctance. 

There  grew  anions  ihcm  a  general  ailonce  and  loaOutess   lo 
s[>:ak.  Hacon. 

r.OATH'SOME,  (-sum,)  a.     [Sw.  tcdc^am.] 

1.  Causing  an  extreme  aversion  of  appetite;  excit- 
ing f;islidiousness.    JVuni.  xi. 

2.  Fixciting  extreme  disgust ;  oft'ensive ;  as,  a  luiUh- 
somr  disease.    ^5.  xxxviii. 

^.  fJdious;  exciting  hatred  or  abhorrence ;  detest- 
;il(lf  ;  as,  loathsome  slolh.  Spenser. 

LoAFH-SOME-LY,  adv.     OfTen^i"  -Iv  ;  odiously. 

LoATH'SOME-NESS,  w.  The  (|iia!:ty  vf  cxciling  ex- 
treme disgust  or  abhorrence.  Jiddhun. 

Lo.-VVES,  (I6vz,)  n. ;  pi.  of  Loak. 

LOB,  7j,  [W.  Hob,  allied  to  lubber,  louhy.  club,  &r.  Qu. 
G.  U>S] 

1.  A  dull,  heavy,  sluggish  person. 

2.  Something  tljick  and  heavy;  as  in  ?ti6-worm. 
LOB,  r.  (.    To  let  fall  heavily  or  "lazily.        [  H^alton. 


And  Ihoir  poor  Jailcs 
Lob  down  their  lie.TCJ3. 


Shai. 


Lo'BATE,  j  a.    [from  lobe.]     Consisting  of  lobes.    In 
LoB'/'T),     )      botinnfj  divided  to  the  middle  into  parts 
distant  from  each  oti)i;r,wilh  convex  margins.  JUarttjn. 
LOB'ItV,  ;i.     [On.  G.  Iniibe,  an  arbor  or  bower.] 

1.  An  opening  before:  a  room,  or  an  entrance  into 
a  principal  apartment,  where  there  is  a  considerable 
space  betwctn  tliat  and  the  portico  or  vestibule. 

En  cue. 

2.  A  small  hall  or  waiting-room.  Encyc. 
H.  A  small  apartment  taken  from  a  hail  or  entry. 
*1.  In  a  ship,  an  apariinent  close  before  the  captain-s 

cabin.  Cyc. 

5.  In«^-jcHf(Hrc,  acontined  place  for  cattle,  formed 
by  hedges,  trees,  or  other  fencing,  near  the  farm- 
vnu].  Cfc 

LOB'BY-MEM-EER,  n.    A  person  who  frequents  the 

lobby  of  a  house  of  legislation. 
LOB'-eOCK,  n.    A  sluggish,  stupid,  inactive  pa-son  ; 

a  lob. 
LOBE,  71.    [Fr.  lobe;  Sp.  and  Port,  lobo  ;  L.  lohxis;  Gr. 
Ulhi.] 
1.  A  part  or  division  of  the  lungs,  liver,  &:c. 
9.  The  lower,  soft  part  of  the  ear. 

3.  A  division  of  a  simple  leaf. 

4.  The  cotyledon  or  plactnta  of  a  seed. 
LoB'^D,  a,     Lobate,  whirli  sec 

LO-BeL'IA,  n.  [from  T.ohd,  botanist  to  King  James  I.l 
An  extensive  genus  of  plants.  The  Lohdia  infiala, 
or  Indian  tobacco,  is  an  annual  plant  of  North  Amer- 
ica, whose  leaves  c(intain  a  )K>isunuus,  white,  viscid 
juice,  of  an  acrid  taste.  It  has  oCti-n  been  used  in 
medicine  as  an  emetic,  and  expecturant,  &c. 

P.  Cyc,     DctBryls  Mass.  Rrp. 

LOB'LOL-LY,  w.  A  seamen's  name  for  water-gniel 
or  spoon-meat.  Smart. 

Lt>B'LOL-LY-BAY,  n.  The  popular  name  of  Gor- 
donia  Lasyanthus,  an  elegant,  ornamental,  evergreen 
tree,  of  the  maritime  parts  of  the  Southern  United 
States.  It  grows  to  the  hight  of  50  or  GO  feet.  Its 
bark  is  useful  for  tanning,  but  its  wood  is  of  little 
value.  Sijlva  ^merUana. 


LOG 

LOB'LOLLY-IIOY,  v.    A  surgeon's    attendant  on 

shipboard. 
LOB'LOL-LY-TREE,  71.    TJie  Varronia  alba,  a  West 

Indian  tree,  about  30  feet  in  hight,  whose  fruit  is 

sometimes  eaten. 
LOB'SCOUSE,  n.      Among  seamen,  a  hash  of  meat 

with  v.'gitiililes  of  various  kimla  ;  an  olio.    Qtymi. 
LOItS'FOUiNI),  71.     A  prison.  JIudibrtu: 

LOB'rf'i'IOH,  71.     [Sax.  loppcstrc,  or  hpystrc.     Tiic  lii-sl 

syllable  coincides  with  Sax.  lobbe,  a  s|)id(!r,  and  with 

lirppc,  a  ilea;  probably  all  named  from  their  siiape  ur 

legs.    The  last  syllable  coincides  with  y(cr,  in  .v/;m- 

stcr,  viinstcr.] 

One  of  the  macrourous  or  long-tailed  Crustacea, 

belonging  to  the  genus  Astacus.  Dana. 

LOB'ULI-;,  /I.     [S{).hbulo.] 

A  small  lobe. 
LO'C-VL,  a.     [Fr.  and  Sp.  local;  It.  locale:  L.localis; 

from  locus,  place,  Sans,  lo^;  from  the  root  of  lay,  L. 

loco.    See  Lay.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  a  place,  or  to  a  fixed  or  limited 
portion  of  space.  \V(;  say,  the  local  situation  of  tiie 
liouse  is  pleasant.  We  an;  utWn  influenced  in  our 
opinions  by  local  circumstances. 

2.  Limited  or  confined  to  a  spot,  place,  or  definite 
district;  ;is,  a  local  custimj.  'J'he  yellow  fever  is 
lucut  in  its  origin,  and  often  continues  for  a  time 
to  be  a  local  disease. 

;j.  In  law,  local  actions  arc  such  as  jimst  be  brought 
in  a  particular  county,  where  the  cause  a'rises ;  dis- 
tinguished from  transitory  actions.  Blaclcstonc. 

Lo'CAL-ISM,  7(.  The  state  of  being  local ;  atfecliim 
for  a  place. 

LO-CAE'I-TY,  71.  Existence  in  a  place,  or  in  a  cer- 
tain portion  of  space. 

U  in  thou^bt  tliat  tlie  soul  nnd  .in^cls  nre  devoid  of  ijii;inlity  and 
ilimeusion,  and  lliiit  they  have  nothing  to  do  with  f^rosser 
locality.  Glanville. 

2.  Limitation  to  a  county,  district,  or  place  ;  as, 
locatitii  of  trial.  Blackstone. 

\i.  Positicju  ;  situation  ;  place  ;  pnrticularbj,  geo- 
graphical place  or  situation,  as  of  a  mineral  or  plant. 

LO-eAL-LZ.\'TIOX,  71.    The  act  of  localizing. 

Lo'CAL-lZE,  V.  t.    'J'o  make  local. 

LO'GAL-LY,  adv.  W'ith  respect  lo  place  ;  in  place  ; 
as,  t^  be  locally  separated  or  distant. 

Lo'€aTE,  v.  t.     [L.  /(jco,  tocatus  ;  It.  locare.] 

1.  To  place  ;  to  set  in  a  particular  spot  or  position. 

Cumberland. 
9,  To  select,  survey,  and  settle  the  bounds  of  a 
particular  tract  of  land  ;  or  lo  designate  u  portion  of 
land  by  limits ;  as,  to  locate  a  tract  of  a  hundred 
acres  ill  a  particular  township.  United  Stntrs. 

3.  To  designate  and  determine  the  place  of;  as,  a 
coinmittee  was  appointed  to  lucatc  a  church  or  a 
cuurt-house,  AVw  England. 

Lo'€a-TEI),  pv.    Placed  ;  situated  ;  fixed  in  place. 
Lo'eA-TING,7J/;r.     Placing;  designating  the  place  of. 
LO-Ca'TIOiN,  ji     The  act  of  placing,  or  of  designating 
the  place  of. 

2.  Situation  with  respect  to  place.  Tiie  location  of 
tlie  city  on  a  large  river  is  favorable  for  commerce. 

3.  That  which  is  located  ;  a  tract  of  land  drsig- 
natcd  in  place.  United  States. 

A.  In  the  ciril  latp,  a  leasing  on  rent. 

LOCH,  n.  [Gaelic]  A  lake;  a  bay  or  arm  of  the 
sea  ;  luscd  in  Scotlaiul. 

LOCH,  7(.  Loch,  or  lohoch,  is  an  Arabian  mime  for 
the  forms  of  medicine  called  ccle^mas,  lambativcs, 
liuftiires,  and  the  like.  Q^wincy. 

LO-CHA'BER-AX,  71.  A  furmidable  weapon  of  war 
furmerly  used  by  the  Scotch  Highlanders. 

LOeiI'.\<:;K,  n.  [Gr.  ^o\a}i,i,  .\ij\o?,  a  body  of  sol- 
diers, and  til  w,  to  lead.] 

Ill  Orccce,  an  oUicer  \\lio  commanded  a  lochus  or 
cohort,  the  number  of  men  in  wliich  is  not  certainly 
known.  Mitford, 

LoCHE.     See  Loach. 

LO-eilFA,  Clo-kl'a,)  n.     [Gr.  Uxna.] 

A  name  given  to  the  evacuations  which  follow 
childbirth. 

Lo'eill-AL,  a.  Pert.iiniug  to  evacuations  from  the 
womb  after  childbirth. 

LOCK,  71.  [Sax.  loc  or  loce,  an  inclosed  place,  the 
'aslening  of  a  dour,  a  tuft,  or  curl  of  hair.  In  the 
latter  sense,  it  is  the  G.  lochc,  D.  lok,  L.  jloccus,  Eiiii. 
lock;  Ir.  loc,  a  stop,  Iiinderance ;  W.  Z/or,  a  mound, 
an  inclosed  place;  Russ. /o/vu/i,  a  lock  of  hair ;  Sax. 
liican,  Goth,  lukan,  lo  lock  ;  Dan.  lukkc,  a  hedge, 
fence,  or  bar;  Inkkcr,  to  shut,  to  inclose,  to  fasten, 
to  lock  ;  Fr.  loqmt,  a  latch  ;  Arm.  licqued,  or  clicqcd, 
W.  elided.  Lock  and  jlock  may  be  of  one  family, 
'i'he  primaiy  sense  is  to  shut,  to  close,  to  press,  strain, 
or  drive,  whicli  nmy  be  the  radical  sense  of  Jlock, 
Gr.  ttAekoj,  ttXokos,  L.  plico,  as  well  as  of  lock.  But 
see  Class  Lg,  No.  48,  and  I'A,  14,  Hi.] 

1.  Lock,  in  its  primary  sense,  is  any  thing  that 
fastens;  but  we  now  appropiiate  the  word  lo  an 
instninicnt  composed  of  a  spring,  wards,  and  a  bolt 
of  iron,  or  steel,  used  to  t'asten  doors,  chests,  and  tlic 
like.  ^  The  bolt  is  moved  by  a  key. 

2.  The  part  of  a  musket,  or  fowling-piece,  or  other 
fire-arm,  by  which  fire  is  produced  for  the  discharge 
of  the  piece. 


LOG 

3.  The  barrier  or  works  which  cuiiiinc  the  water 
of  a  stream  or  canal,  called  also  WEiuor  Guahi-- 

LOCK. 

4.  An  inclosure  in  a  canal  with  gates  at  each  end, 
useii  in  raising  or  lowering  boats  as  they  pass  Irom 
one  level  to  another,  called  also  a  LiFT-Lorii. 

5.  A  grap[)le  in  wrestling.  JiliUon. 

6.  Any  inclosure.  Drydm. 

7.  A  tuft  of  hair  ;  a  jdexus  of  wool,  hay,  or  other 
like  substance- ;  a  fiock  ;  a  ringlet  of  hair. 


A  lock  of  liuir  wilt  druv  more  th.in  a  caMc  lofie. 


Creio. 


hock  of  water,  is  the  measure  equal  lo  the  cont<'nts 
of  the  chamber  of  the  locks  by  which  the  cunsiinip- 
tion  of  water  on  a  canal  is  estimated. 

LOCK'-JAW,  71.     See  Lockko-Jaw,  heJow, 

LOCK'-lvfaEP-ER,  77.    One  who  attends  the  locks  nf 
a  canal. 

LOCK'-PAD-DLE,7i.     A  small  sluice  that  serves  to  fill 
and  empty  a  lock. 

LOCK'-SILL,  ;t.    An  angular  piece  of  timber  at  the 
bottum  of  a  lock,  against  which  the  gates  slml. 

LOCK'UP,  -n.     A  place  where  bailifls  tem[M)rarily  ciin- 
fiiie  persons  nnder  arrest. 

LoCK'-VVkIR,  n.     A  paddle-weir,  in  canals,  a?i  over- 
fall  behind    the   upper  gates,  by  which    tlie  waste 
water  of  the  up|>er  pound  is  let  down  through  the 
paddlcs-boles  into  the  chamber  of  the  lock.       Cyc 
2.  A  weir  having  a  lock.  Bucltaium. 

LOCK,  7J.  t.    To  fasten  with  a  jiarticnlar  instrumriit; 
as,  to  lock  a  door ;  to  lock  a  trunk. 

2.  To  fiLsten  so  as  to  impede  motion  ;  as,  to  luck  a 
wheel. 

3.  To  shut  up  or  confine,  as  with  a  lock  ;  as,  to  be 
locked  in  a  prison.    Lock  the  secret  in  your  breast. 

4.  To  close  fast,    'i'he  frost  luckg  up  our  rivers. 

5.  To  encircle  or  inclose  ;  as,  to  lock  arms  ;  to 
embrace  closely:  as,  to  lock  one  in  the  arms. 

(j.  To  furnish  with  locks,  as  a  canal. 

7.  To  confine ;  to  restrain.  Our  shipping  was 
locked  up  by  the  embargo. 

8.  In  fencinff,  to  seize  the  sword  arm  of  an  antago- 
nist, by  turning  the  left  arm  around  it,  after  closing 
the  parade,  shell  to  shell,  in  order  to  disarm  him. 

Cyc. 
LOCK,  V.  i.    To  become  fast.    The  dnor  lodes  close. 
2.  To  unite  closely  by  mutual  insertion;  as,  they 
lock  into  each  other.  Boyle. 

LOCK'AGE,  71.    iWaterials  for  locks  in  a  canal. 

Oallutin. 

2.  Works  which  form  a  lock  on  a  canal. 

Journ.  of  Science. 

3.  Toll  paid  for  passing  tlio  locks  of  a  canal. 

4.  Elevation  or  amount  of  elevation  and  descent 
made  by  the  locks  of  a  canal.  "  Tiie  entire  lockatrr. 
will  be  about  fifty  feel  on  each  side  of  the  summit 
level."  Clinton. 

L0CK'£D,  (lokt,)  pp.  or  a.     Made  fast  by  a  lock  ; 
furnished  with  a  lock  or  locks  ;  closely  embraced. 

LOCK'£D-JAW,  )  71.    A  violent  contraction  of  the 

LOCK'-JAW^        i       musclcsof  the  jaw  by  whicli  its 
motion  is  suspended,  a  variety  of  tetanus.  Forsyth. 

LOCK'ER,  71.    A  close  place,  as  a  drawer  or  an  apart- 
ment in  a  ship,  that  may  be  closed  with  a  lock. 

A  ^hot-locker  is  a  strong  frame  of  plank  near  the 
pump-well  in  the  hold,  where  shot  are  depositetl. 

Mar.  Diet. 

LOCK'ET,  71.     [Fr.  loijuct.] 

1.  A  small  lock;  a  catch  or  spring  to  fasten  a  neck- 
lace or  other  ornament.  Johnson. 

2.  A  little  gold  case  worn  as  an  ornament,  often 
containing  a  lock  of  hair.  Smart, 

LOCK'ING,  ppr.    Making  fast  by  a  lock  ;  embracing 
closely. 

LOCK'iST,   n.    An  adherent  of  Loeke,  the  philoso- 
pher. 

LOCK'LESS,  a.     Destitute  of  a  lode.  Byron, 

IjOCIC'RA.M,  71.     A  sort  of  coarse  linen.        Uanmer 

LOiJK^KoX,  71.    A  sort  of  Ranunculus.  jlsh. 

LOCK'SMITH,  71.     An  artificer  whose  occupation  is 
to  make  or  mend  locks. 

LOCK'Y,  a.     Having  locks  or  tufts.  Sherwood. 

LO-CO-DE-SCRIP'TIVE,  a.    Describing  a  particular 
place  or  places. 

Lo'CO-Fo'CO,  7t.  [Probably  from  L.  loco  foci,  instead 
of  a  fire.] 
I'he  American  name  of  a  friction  match. 
This  term  was  sportively  applied,  in  1S34,  to  the 
extreme  portion  of  the  democratic  party,  because,  .-it 
a  meeting  in  Tammany  Hall,  New  York,  in  ^vhich 
there  was  great  diversity  of  sentiment,  the  chairman 
left  his  seat,  and  the  lights  were  extinguished,  with 
a  view  to  dissolve  the  meeting ;  wjien  those  in  favor 
of  extreme  measures  i)ruduced  Inco-focri  matches,  re- 
kindled the  lights,  continued  the  meeting,  and  ac- 
complished their  object. 

LO  C(_)-Mo'TION,  71.     [L.  locus,  place,  and  motto,  mo- 
tion.] 

1.  I'he  act  of  moving  from  jdace  to  place.     Brown. 

2.  The  power  of  moving  from  place  to  place.  Most 
animals  pcfesess  locomctiun ;  plants  have  life,  hut  not 
locomotion. 

LO-eO-Mo'TIVE,  a.     Moving  from  place  to  place ; 
changing  place,  or  able  to  change  place  ;  as,  a  loco- 


FATE,  FAR.  FALL,  WHAT.-MkTE,  PRBY.-PL\E,  MARKNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.- 
672  ~"  ~  ■  


LOD 

motive  aiiimal.    Mo-'^t  animals  arc  cUeilinguislicd  from 
plants  hv  their  loa/motivc  fnculty. 

LO-eO-M'o'TIVE  EX'GINE,  71.  A  stt-nni  cn-iine em- 
ployed in  land  carriage,  chiully  on  railways. 

LU-eO-Mo'TIVE,  71.  A  steam  engine  placed  on 
wheels,  and  nsed  in  drawing  cars  on  railways. 

LO-€0-Mo'TIVE-NESS,  >  «.    The  power  of  clianging 

LO  eO-MO-TlVI-TV,      ]      place.  BnjauL 

LOe'U-LA-3VrENT,  n.  [L.  loculamentum^  from  locus, 
loculus.] 

In  botany,Xhe  cell  of  a  pericarp  in  which  the  seed  is 
lodged.  A  pericarp  is  unilocular,  biiocular,  &c.  Martyn. 

LOe'U-LI-CI'D.\L,  a.  In  botany,  the  dehiscence  of  a 
pericarp  is  locuUcidal  when  it  is  vertical,  tlie  dissepi- 
ments remain  united,  and  the  cells  are  opened  at  the 
base.  lAiullcy. 

LOe'U-LoSE,  a.  In  botany,  divided  by  internal  par- 
titions into  shells.  Lindlcy. 

LO'CUM  TK'JVEJ\rS,  [L.]  A  deputy  or  substitute, 
C(»ntracted  in  French  to  lieutenant. 

Lo'GUS,  n.  [L.,  place.]  h\  geainetrical  analysis,  the 
line  traced  by  a  point  which  varies  its  position  ac- 
cording to  some  determinate  law.  Brande. 

LO'€UST,  n.     [L.  locusta.] 

A  name  common  to  various  insects  of  several  gene- 
ra. Some  of  these  insects  arc  at  times  so  nuinerous  in 
.Vfrica  and  the  south  of  Asia  as  to  devour  every 
green  thing;  and  when  they  migrate,  they  tly  in  an 
immense  cloud.  In  -America,  there  are  several  spe- 
cies of  tJie  genus  Cicada,  which  are  properly  called 
Locusts. 

Lo'GUST,  71.  A  popular  name  of  several  plants  and 
trees;  as,  a  species  of  Melianthus,  of  Ceralonia,  of 
Robinia,  &.c. 

Lo'eUST-TREE,  n.  A  tree,  the  Robinia-pscud-aca- 
cia;  also,  Ilymenrea  Courl)ariI.  The  Huncij-Locust' 
tree  is  the  Oleditschia  Iriacantluis. 

LoDE,  n.     [1mm  Sax.  to'.laii,  to  lead.] 

1.  Among  inincrs,  a  metallic  vein,  or  any  rei^ular 
vein  or  course,  whether  metallic  or  not,  hut  common- 
ly a  metallic  vein.  Encyc.     Cyc 
a.  A  cut  or  reach  of  water.  Ci/c. 

LoDE'SToNE,  iu  [This  was  the  original  spelling, 
from  the  verb  to  lead  and  stone,  ll  is  preferable  to 
Loadstone,  since  the  word  has  no  connection  with 
the  verb  to  load.] 

I.  A  magnet;  an  ore  of  iron ;  a  stone  found  in 
iron  mincii,  of  a  dark  or  black  lead  color,  and  of  con- 
siderable hardness  and  weight.  It  attracts  iron 
tilings,  and  communicates  to  iron  the  same  property 
of  attraction.  But  its  peculiar  value  cunsisis  in  its 
communicating  to  a  needle  the  property  of  taking  a 
direction  to  the  north  and  south,  a  property  of  ines- 
timable utility  in  navigation  and  surveying. 

a.  A  name  given  by  Cornish  miners  to  a  species  of 
stones,  called  also  Tin-sto.ves,  a  compound  of 
stones  and  sand,  of  dilferent  kinds  and  colors. 

J\rickoL>on. 

LODG'A-BLE,  a.  Capable  of  affording  a  temporary 
abode.     [J^ut  xised.] 

LODGE,  V.  t.  [Fr.  lo^er,  to  lodge  ;  It.  lo^iria,  a 
lodge;  allog^iare,  to  lodge;  Up.  alojar ;  Amutog-ea; 
Dan.  logerer.  The  sense  is,  to  set  or  throw  down. 
In  SaxT  Ionian  is  to  compose,  to  deposit  or  lay  iip, 
also  to  repair  ;  Russ.  /«;'»,  to  lay,  to  put.  It  is  proba- 
bly allied  to  lay.\ 

1.  To  set,  lay,  or  deposit  for  keeping  or  preserva- 
tion, for  a  longer  or  shorter  time.  The  men  lodged 
their  arms  in  the  arsenal. 

2.  To  place;  to  plant ;  to  infix. 

lie  lodged  an  arrow  in  :i  tfnJer  bre:ist.  AdiUson. 

3.  Tofix;  to  settle  in  the  heart,  mind,  or  memory. 

1  wn  give  no  reason 
More  than  a  lodged  hate.  Shak. 

-I.  To  funiish  with  a  temporary  habitation,  or  with 
an  accommodation  for  a  night.  He  lodged  the 
prince  a  montli,  a  week,  or  a  night.  [The  word 
usually  denotes  a  short  residence,  but  for  no  definite 
time,] 

5-  To  harbor ;  to  cover. 

Tlie  deer  is  loii^ed.  Addison. 

G.  To  afford  place  to  ;  to  contain  for  keeping. 

The  memory  can  lod^e  a  greaLer  store  of  images  than  llio  sensca 
can  prft3ent  at  one  lime.  Clteynt. 

7.  To  throw  in  or  on  ;  aa,  to  lodge  a  ball  or  a  bomb 

8.  To  beat  down  so  as  to  entangle.  [in  a  fort. 

Our  si^hs,  and  they  shall  lodge  llie  eunimer  com.  Shak, 

LODOE,  a.  i.     To  reside  ;  to  dwell ;  to  rest  in  a  place. 

And  lod^e  such  daring  soul:*  in  little  men.  Pope. 

2.  To  rest  or  dwell  for  a  time,  as  for  a  nigbt,  a 
week,  a  month.  We  lodged  a  night  at  the  Goldeti 
Ball.  We  lodged  a  week  at  the  City  Hotel.  Soldiers 
lodge  in  tents  in  summer,  and  in  huts  in  winter. 
Fowls  lodge  on  trees  or  rocks. 

3.  To  fall  down  and  become  entangled,  as  grain. 
Wheat  and  oats,  on  strong  land,  are  apt  to  lodge. 

LODGE,  77.  A  small  house,  or  habitation,  in  a  park  or 
forest.  Sidiicy.     Shnh: 

2.  A  temporary  habitation  ;  a  hut ;  as,  a  lodge  in  a 
garden  of  cucumbers. 

3.  A  small  house  or  tenement  appended  to  a  larger  ; 
as,  a  porter's  lodge. 


room,  or  who  has  a  bed  in  atuithcr's  houitc  for  a  night. 

T  f^  \  *^"''  ^''^^  resides  in  any  place  for  a  time.    Pvpe. 

LOUG'ING,  Pin:     Placing  at  rest;  depositine;  mr- 
nisbing  lodgings, 
2.  Ite-^ling  for  a  night ;  residing  for  a  time. 

LODg'ING,  7t.  A  place  of  rest  for  a  night,  or  of  resi- 
dence for  a  time  ;  temporary  habitation  ;  apartment 

Wits  Uke  lodgings  in  the  tound  of  Bow.  Pvpe. 

2.  Place  of  residence. 

Pair  bosom  —  the  lodging  of  di-light.  Spetuer. 

3.  Harbor;  cover;  place  of  rest  Sidnaj. 

4.  Convenience  for  repose  at  night.  Sidneii. 
LODG'MENT,  71.     [Fr.  logcmcnt.] 

1.  The  act  of  lodging,  or  the  state  of  being  lodged  ; 
a  being  placed  nr  deposited  at  rest  for  keeping  for  a 
time,  or  for  permanence, 

2.  Accuninlalion  or  collcclitm  of  something  depos- 
ited or  remaining  at  rest. 

3.  In  indtttiry  (I ffltirs,  an  encampment  made  by  an 
army. 

4.  A  work  cast  up  by  besiegers,  during  their  ap- 
proaches, in  some  dangerous  prnt  which  they  have 
gained,  ami  where  it  is  necessary  to  secure  them- 
selves against  the  enemy's  fire.  C'le. 

Lo'ESS,  n.  A  tertiary  deposit  on  the  banks  of  the 
Rhine.  MantelL 

LOFFE,  V.  i.    To  laugh.     [JVof.  used.]  aha!:. 

LOFT,  n.  [Dan.  loft:  Sax.  litftc,  the  air,  an  arch, 
vault,  or  ceiling  ;  probably  allied  to  lift,  Dan.  liiftrr. 
Qu.  Or.  Xi.^'i?.] 

1.  Properly,  an  elevation  ;  hence,  in  a  buiUUntr,  a 
ronui  or  space  next  under  the  roof.     Oloss.  ofJirchit. 

2.  The  elevation  of  one  story  or  lloor  above  anoth- 
er ;  hence,  a  lloor  above  another;  as,  the  secoml 
loft;  third  hj}.:  ftmrth  loft. 

3.  A  gallery  or  small  ciiainber  raised  within  a  larger 
apartment,  or  in  a  churcii.  Gloss,  of  JirchiL 

LOFT'1-LY,  Qf/r.     [from /e/iy.]     On  high  ;    in  an  eie- 

2.  Proudly  ;  hauglitily.  [vated  place. 

Tliey  :ix<y  corrnpl,  and  sppak  wicld'dly  concerning  oppn-ision ; 
lliey  speak  lu/liiy.  —  Ps.  Ixxiii. 

3.  With  elevation  of  languagi^,  dictiun,  or  senti- 
ment ;  sublimely. 

My  lowly  verse  may  lo/lily  arisir.  Spenser. 

4.  In  an  elevated  attitude.  A  horse  carries  his 
head  loftilif. 

LOFT'I-NESS,  71.  Ilight ;  elevation  in  place  or  po- 
sition ;  altitude  ;  as,  ihe , loftiness  of  a  mountain. 

2.  Pride ;  haughtiness. 

Augustus  and  Tiberius  had  loftiness  enotigJi  in  (U-ir  li.inp^nt. 

CoUier. 

3.  Elevation  of  attitude  or  mien  ;  as,  loftiness  of 
carriage. 

4.  Sublimity  ;  elevation  of  diction  or  senlituent. 

Three  pocta  in  thrcf  distant  a^-'s  burn : 

The  first  in  lo/Unese  ■>(*  thoii^hl  Eurpiui:>'-U  ; 

The  next  in  majesty ;  in  both  ilie  laat.  l)njf!en, 

LOFT' Y,  a.  Elevated  in  place ;  liigh  ;  as,  a  lofty  lower  ; 
a  lofty  mountain.  [But  it  ciin-csses  more  than  limH,  or 
at  least  is  7»ore  emphaHcal,  poetical,  and  elegant.] 

See  lofiij  tebanon  his  heail  advance.  I'opt. 

2.  Elevated  in  condition  or  character. 

Thus  saith  the  higl' 
whoai;  name  is  Holy, 

3.  Proud  ;  haughty  ;  as,  lofty  looks.    Is.  ii. 

4.  Elevated  in  sentiment  or  diction  ;  sublime  ;  as, 
lofty  strains  ;  lofty  rhyme.  JUilton. 

5.  Stately;  dignified;  as, /o/Cf/ steps. 

LOG,  H.  [This  woid  is  probably  allied  to  D  log,  logge, 
heavy,  dull,  sluggish  ;  a  st-nsc  retained  in  icater- 
logged;  ami  to  lug,  luggage,  perhaps  to  clog.] 

1.  A  bulky  piece  or  stick  of  wood  or  limoer  un- 
hewed.  Pine  logs  are  fioateil  down  rivers  in  .Amer- 
ica, and  stopped  at  saw  inilh.  A  piece  of  timber, 
when  hewed  and  .squared,  is  not  ctilled  a  logy  un- 
b'ss  perhaps  in  consiructing  log-huts. 

2.  In  uaoigatio)/,  a  macliiui;  fnr  measuring  the  rate 
of  a  ship's  "velocity  thmugli  the  water.  Tho  com- 
mon log  is  a  piece  of  board,  forming  the  (]t)adntnt 
of  a  circle  of  about  si.\  inches  nidius,  babmeed  by 
a  small  plate  of  lead  nailed  on  the  circular  part,  so  as 
tn  swim  perpendicular.  Mar.  Diet. 

3.  [Heb.  3*7.]  A  Hebrew  measure  of  liquids,  con- 
taining, accuiding  to  some  authors,  three  quarters  of 
a  pint ;  according  toothers,  five  si\thsof  a  pint  .-Vc- 
cordinp  to  Arbiilhnot,  it  was  the  seventy-second  (wrt 
of  the  bath  or  ephnh,  and  the  twelfth  part  of  a  hin. 

Johnson.     Encyc. 

LOG,  V.  i.     To  move  to  ami  fro.     [.V.'(  used.)    Poltrhele. 

2.  Tu  niuveor  rock  ;  hence, /i>(rf:n,  a  rocking  stone. 

LOG'-BoARD,  7i.     In  nnvigatiojt,  two  boaid>.  shutting 

like  a  book,  and  divided  into  columns,  containing  the 

hours  of  the  day  and  night,  direction  of  the  wind, 

course  of  the  ship,  &;c.,  from  which  is  formed  the 

log-book.  Mar.  Diet. 


and  lo/tij  One,  tli-it    iuhabitrlh  eternity, 
-  Ii.  Ivii. 


pile  t 
hnd. 

LOG'-LTXE,  n.     A  lir, •  -'       •   -    ■ 

fifly  fathomi  in  leni.'' 
oftwolegH.    This  i, 
red. 
LOG'-REEL,  n.    A  re*l  m  ■ 
which  thr  loe-iine  U  wouii . 
LOG'A-UITMM,  n.    [Ft.  Ugu^.,..  ,, 

and  aotOf/of,  number.] 

Logarithnu  are  the  cxpoDtnU  of  »  mtk-* 
and  rootiL 

The  logarithm  of  a  numbrr  U   ■ 
some  other  nurnb«-r,  which   ttu'. 
the  latter,  denoted   by  Uie  f:x^i.- 
former. 

When  the  logarithm*  fonn  a  trr 
prosrctsion,  the  corrcspondirif  t  ■  • 
a  urics  in  (^comcuical  pro^' 


l»l|r^iithma, 


0  I 

1  lU       1  ■ 


.    r 

rUh' 
lot.' 


'J'he  addition  and  <nit>tnu: 

to  the  inultiplicatidn  and   .: 

number.<).    la  like  in  *  ■    - 

by  muliipIyinE  the  ' 

number  dent-ting  lli<   r 

oy  dividing  the  log-.r.:;!..,    ...  ;,. 

the  required  root 
Ixtgarithnm  are  the  invt-niion  of  I: 

of  .Marchiston,  In  .'Gotland  ;  !  ■  '  " 

were  invented  by  Henry  Rr.. 

try  in   Grcsham  Colbce,  a; 

tremely  useful  tn  abridgui^  :..    «. 

rical  calculations. 
LOG-A-ItlTM-MET'IC, 
LOG-A-RITn-MET'ie-.\L, 
LOOA  RITII'.Mie, 
LOG-A-illTII'.Mie-AL, 
LOCGAT."?,  n.  Tin:  nuincofa  play  i 

pins.    It  v.:is  prohibited  by  i^UL  JLt  Ii- 

[A'o£  in  use.] 
LOG'GEUnCAD,  (bed,)  n.  Ho^  and  ktad. 

bead  ;  a  ilunce  ;  a  doU  :  a  tnicksktill. 

2.  A  s[ih  rical  mass  of  iron,  with  a  K  • 
used  to  heal  tar.  -*< 

3.  A  species  of  marine  turtle. 

To  fait  to  loggerheads :  f  to  comi    ' 
'To  go  to  loggerheads ;    j    to  ligfati:.^ 
ons.  i,">- 

LOG'GER-IIE.'VD-ED,  a.    Dull ;  stupid  ;  d< 

L06'ie,  (lotPjik,)   n.     [Fr.hgique;  IL/^^im.  U  m.  . 
from  the  Gr.  Xoytxn,  from  Xoyoi^  rcacon,  ^>v,  lo 

spfrak.] 
Tlse  art  of  thinking  and  r 

tjOgle  a  Uie  art  of  minf  rrajt^jn  ^ 

and  My  corimuuiCAtJoo  ol  ii  i^    ^.  .  >. 

Logic  may  be  considered  as  the  Kirn-' 
as  the  art,  of  reasoning.    U  invrstijnt' '  ' 
pies  tm  which  argumeulation  i*  r. 
nisties  niles  lo  serure  the  mmJ  fn  ' 
ductiuns.    In  the  farmer  case,  it  i 
latter,  an  art.  " 

Correct  reasonin::   .inplic*  c«.vrwl    ihir . 
legitimate  inferences  from  prpinis<r*.  wbi" 
cipks  as-umed  or  admitted  lo  (k*  Jiut-    / 
includes  the  art  of  Uunkm{,  u  vecU  a.4 
reasoning. 

Tt«-  purpi*-  o^  togie  b  t^  ditwn  -    ■ 
inrcKijVioo  oi  tnuh,  Klvl 

LOG'ie  AL.  a.    Pertaining  loi.^ic.  uv  J  i:. 
hyjieal  sub'.iltie^. 

2.  .According  to  the  mlw  of  logic  :  as,  :\ 
gument  or  inferenci*.  Tha  mMnliifr  i*  <■■ 
raL 

3.  Skilled  in  lo-lc  ;  wrs*d  in  Uk  art 
and  reasoning  :  ditxriminaling:  a*. 

LOG'r€-AL  LY,  <idr.    According  to  t 

as.  lo  argue  logitall*'. 
LO  »::I"t MAX,  (Icv-jisli'an,)  w,      .\  pcrsftQ  **iH«l  in 

logic,  or  the  art  of  reasoning. 

LOfi'irS,  n.    Bqn!\-alenl  lo  I-ocic.  B«*.       ' 

LO-i*;iS'Tie,  ia.     Relaling  to   =- '  — " 

LO-OIS'TIt-AL.  i      Uons. 

I^i^gisttc  logaritJums  :  lopnrilhms  .i 
imal  fractions,  empKijvd  in  RsirvuKunh.-n  ' 

LOG 'SI  A  \,  n.    A  man  who  camc5  l.>f«. 
0.  One  whiwe  occupation  islo  cti:  --  ' 

Ui  a  mill.     [£rfv.W.] 
LO(;-0-GKAbH'I€.  K    pertain  r 

LOG-0-GRAPM'ie-.\L,r-   *'^"'" 
LO-GOtrRA-PHV,  «.  [Gr.  A7»i,awwl,Mi»:.-^«tf.i*,  i 

a  writing.]  _    | 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"Clnt 


G  89  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


LOM 

A  iiutlioil  of  printiiig  in  which  a  type  represents  a 
wonl,  insl<  rul  of  forming  a  letter.  Encyc 

LOU'O-GIUril,  (log'o-grif,)  b.  [Gr.  Aoj-oj,  a  word, 
and  ;  oiAr-;,  a  net.] 

A  sort  of  riddle.     [Obs.]  B.  Jonson. 

LO-GO.M'A-CniST,  (lognin'a-kist,)  n.  One  who  con- 
tends nhout  words.  E.  T,  FUch. 

LOGO.M'A-eriY,  (lo-gom'a-ke,)  n.  [Gr.  Ao)  05,  word, 
and  !"i\ii  contest,  altercation. 

Contention  in  words  merely,  or  rallier  a  contention 
alumt  words  ;  a  war  of  words.  JIowcU. 

LOG-O-MKT'Kie,  a.  [Gr.  Xoyosy  ratio,  and  /i:r,cfa), 
to  measure.] 

A  la^ometric  scale  is  intended  to  measure  or  ascer- 
tain cliernical  equivalents.  Jfoilaston. 

LOG'0-TTPE,  n.  A  name  given  to  two  or  more  let- 
ter* ca>-t  in  one  piece  ;  as,  ff,  <r,  Ate.  Franch 

LOG'-ROLL,  r.  t.  To  assist  in  rolling  and  colleclinc 
lof3  for  burning.  Hence  loff-Tollin^,  in  political  mat- 
tcrsj  is,  7)j  you  help  me^  and  I  will  fielp  ytm^  to  gain 
your  point.     [America.] 

LOG'WOOn,  ;i.  The  popular  English  name  of  Ila-m- 
atoxyldnCampeachianum.  A  tree  and  wood,  called 
also  Citmpeacky-woinl ^  from  the  liay  of  Camiieachy, 
in  .Sp:uiish  America.  This  tree  has  a  crooked,  de- 
formed stem,  growing  to  the  hight  of  20  or2lf(;et, 
with  crooked,  irregular  branches,  armed  with  strong 
thorns.  The  wood  is  of  a  firm  texture  and  a  red 
color.    It  is  used  much  in  dyeing.  Encyc. 

Lo'IIOCK,  71.  [Ar.]  A  medicine  of  a  middle  consist- 
ence lielween  a  soft  electuary  and  a  sirup.  [See 
Tjoch.]  Encijc 

LOI'.MIC,  a,     [Gr.  Xif/ir.f,  plague.] 

Pertaining  to  the  plague  or  contagions  disorders. 

LOIN,  n.  [Sax.  lend:  G.  D.  lemlc;  Sw.  Idnd ;  Dan. 
Itend;  W.  dun;  Arm.  linncnn,  or  loinclt;  It.  luan^  or 
bleun  i  L.  clunii ;  G.  lehne^  support,  prop,  hack.  This 
word  seems  to  be  allied  to  lean,  incline] 

The  /oijw  are  the  space  on  earh  side  of  the  veite- 
bne,  between  the  lowest  of  the  false  ribs  and  the  up- 
per p.ortion  of  the  ossa  ilium,  or  liaunch  bon.-is.orthe 
lateral  portions  of  the  lumbar  region  ;  called  also  the 
reins. 

LOI'TER,  V.  i.  [D.  leutcren  ,■  Rnss.  Uitayu^  or  Ictmju. 
Qu.  its  alliance  to  Intc  and  IctJ] 

To  linger ;  to  be  slow  in  moving ;  to  delay ;  to  be 
dilator)' ;  to  spend  time  idly. 

If  wc  Iiiivi-  loitered,  let  iia  quickoti  oiir  pnw.  Uogtrs. 

LOl'TER-KD,  pp.    Lingered  ;  delayed  ;  moved  slowly, 
LOI'TKR-KR,  7(.    A  lingerer;  one  that  delays,  or  is 
slow  in  motion  ;  an  idler;  one  that  is  sluggish  or  dil- 
atory. 


Pope. 


Et<t  lUtlcss  loiterert,  tliat  attend 

No  till*",  no  trtrat,  no  duty,  ami  110  frieiitl. 


L0I'TER-1\G,  ppr.  or  a.    Lingering;  delaying  ;  mov- 

inc  slowly. 
LOI'TER-ING,  n.    A  lingering  or  delay. 
LOI'TER-rXG-LY,  adt\     In  a  loitering  manner. 
LCKE,  7(.     [Q,u.  Ir.  loeh,  dark  ;  Gr.  Xvyijj  darkness,] 

1.  In  the  Scandinavian 7nytholo§ijy  the  evil  deity,  the 
author  of  all  calamities;  answering  to  the  Arimanes 
of  the  Persians.  Mallet.     FAda. 

2.  A  close,  narrow  lane.     [Local.] 

LOLL,  V.  t.  [Eth.  An0A(D  alolo,  to  thrust  out 
tlie  tongne.  The  sense  of  tliis  word  is  to  throw,  to 
send.  Hence  it  coincides  with  the  Gr.  AaAt-.',  VV. 
lloliaw,  to  speak,  to  prate,  Dan.  taller,  G.  lalleiu  It 
coincides,  also,  with  hdl^  to  appease,  that  is,  to 
throw  down.] 

1.  To  recline;  to  lean;  properly^  to  throw  one's 
self  down  ;  hence,  to  lie  at  ease. 

Voiil  of  c-\r*^,  he  lolls  supine  in  static.  Dryden. 

9.  To  suffer  the  tongue  to  hang  extended  from  the 
mouth,  as  an  ox  or  a  dog  when  heated  with  labor  or 
exertion. 

The  lri|il''  porter  of  (he  Stygian  srai, 

With  lotiing  tongue,  \\y  fawning  at  his  fecL  Dryden, 

LOLL,  V.  t.    To  thrust  out,  as  the  tongue. 

Fierce  ii^r«  Kiuclirxl  around,  and  lolled  llieir  tongues.    Dryden. 

LOL'LARD,  71.  [Qu.  G*  laUen,  lollmy  to  prate  or  to 
sing.] 

A  term  applied  to  a  sect  of  early  reformers  in  Ger- 
many, and  also  to  the  followers  of  Wiclif  in  Eng- 
land. 

LOL'LARD-V,  n.    The  doctrines  of  the  Lollards. 

LOL'LEK,  n.  A  less  usu.il  name  for  Lollaud,  which 
see. 

LOLL'ING,  ppr.  Throwing  down  or  out ;  reclining  at 
ease  ;  thrusting  out  tin;  tongue. 

LOL'LI-POP,  M.  The  vulgar  name  for  a  kind  of  sugar 
confoclionery  which  dissolves  easily  in  the  mnuth. 
Dickens.     Smart. 

LOL'LOP,  V.  i.    To  move  heavily  ;  to  lounge.    [Low.] 

Sniart- 

LOM'BARD,  H.  A  native  of  Lombardy ;  a  money- 
lender or  banker,  which  profession  was  first  exer- 
cised In   London  hv  the  Lombards.  SmarL, 

LOM'RARD-HOaSE,  >7i.      A   public  institution   for 

LO^CBARO,  \     lendins  money  to  the  poor 

at  a  moderate  interest,  upon  nrticles  deposited  antl 
pledged  ;  called  also  Mont  de  Pieie.         Encyc.  ./Jm. 


LON 

LOM-BXRD'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Lombards;  an 
epithet  applic^d  to  one  of  the  ancient  alphabets  de- 
rived from  the  Roman,  and  relating  to  the  manu- 
scripts of  Italy.  .-ifif/e. 

Lo'MRNT,  n.     [L.  Imnentum.] 

An  clongatt^d  pericarp,  which  never  bursts.  It 
consists,  like  the  legume,  of  two  valves,  with  the 
seeds  attached  to  the  under  suture,  but  is  divided 
transversely  into  small  cells,  each  containing  a  single 
seed.  Ed.  Encyc. 

LOMEX-Ta'CEOUS,  (-ta'shus,)  fl.  [L.  lomentumy 
bean  meal,  a  color.] 

Furnished  with  a  loment.  The  Lomentaee/e  are  a 
natural  order  of  plants,  many  of  which  ftirnish  beau- 
tiful tinctures  or  dyes,  and  whose  seeds  are  con- 
tained in  a  loment  or  a  legume.  Linnmis. 

A  lamcittaccoiis  dehiscence  of  a  pericarp  is  when 
articulations  take  place  across  the  legume,  and  it 
falls  into  several  pieces.  Lindley. 

LOM'O-NITE,  71.    Laumonitc ;  or  di  prismatic  zeolite. 

l/re, 

Lo!\IP,  flump,)  n.    A  kind  of  roundish  fish.    Johnson. 

liOX'DOX-EK,  (hm'dun-cr,)  ».  A  native  or  citizen  of 
London. 

LON'DON-ISM,  71.  A  mode  of  speaking  peculiar  to 
London.  Peir^e. 

LON'DON-IZE,  I'.  (.  To  give  a  manner  or  character 
which  distinguishes  the  people  of  London.    Smnrt. 

LoNE,  a.  [Dan.  ISn,  a  corner,  nook,  a  lurking-place  ; 
sijcrecy  ;  liinlifr,  Sw.  I'dnnli^,  private,  close,  chindes- 
tinc.  'J'he  radical  sense  is,  probably,  to  sejurate,  nr 
rather  to  withdraw  or  retire,  anil  the  wonl  may  be 
allied  to  Fr.  loin.  If  alone  is  composed  of  ali  and 
one,  which  the  Teutonic  dialects  indicate,  it  has  no 
connection  with  lone.] 

1.  Solitary;  retired  ;  unfrequented;  having  no  com- 
pany, i 

And  loawe  you  in  lone  woods  and  empty  walls.  Pope. 

2  Single  ;  standing  by  itself;  not  having  others  in 
the  ncighbt)rhood  ;  as,  a  lone  house.  Pope. 

3.  Single  ;  unmarried,  or  in  widowhood.     Skak. 
LoNE,  71.    A  lane.     [Local.] 

LoNE'LI-NESS,  71.  Solitude;  retirement;  seclusion 
from  company.  He  was  weary  of  the  loneliness  of 
his  habitation. 

2.  Love  of  retirement ;  disposition  to  solitude. 

I  see 
The  mystery  of  your  lojielinese.  Sliak. 

LoNE'LY,  a.  Solitary  ;  retired  ;  sequestered  from 
company  or  neighbors ;  as,  a  hnehj  situation  ;  a  lone- 
ly cell.  Dryden. 

2.  Solitary  ;  as,  the  lonely  traveler. 

3.  Addicted  to  solitude  or  seclusion  from  company. 

Rowe. 
LoNE'PTESS,  n.    Solitude  ;  seclusion.  Donne. 

LoNE'SO.ME,  a.    Solitary  ;  secluded  from  society. 

How  horrid  \A\\  thesL-  hneso'iie  seals  appear  !        Blacltnore. 

LoXE'S0MI5-LY,  adv.    In  a  lonesome  manner. 

LoNE'SOME-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  solitary; 
solitude. 

LOXG,  a.  [Sax.  lon^,  lang,  and  len^ ;  G.  langc ;  D.  and 
Dan.  lan^;  Sw.  /«?!«■;  Goth,  lacirs;  L.  long-us ;  It 
lungo  ;  Fr.  long.  The  G<ithic  word  seems  to  connect 
this  word  with  lag,  in  the  sense  of  drawing  out, 
whence  delaying.] 

1.  Extended ;  drawn  out  in  a  line,  or  in  the  direc- 
tion of  I  ngth  ;  opposed  to  Short,  and  contradis- 
tinguished from  Bkoad  or  Wide.  Long  is  a  relative 
term  ;  for  a  thing  may  be  long  in  respect  to  one  thing, 
and  short  with  respect  to  another.  We  apply  long  to 
things  greatly  extended,  and  to  things  whicii  exceed 
the  common  measure.  We  say,  a  Umg  way,  a  long 
distance,  a  long  line,  and  long  hair,  long  arms.  By 
the  latter  terms,  we  mean  liair  and  arms  exceeding 
tlie  usual  length. 

2.  Drawn  out  or  extended  in  time;  as,  a  /oho- time  : 
a  long  period  of  lime  ;  a  long  while  ;  a  long  scries  of 
events  ;  a  long  sickness  or  confinement ;  a  long  ses- 
sion ;  a  long  debate. 

3.  Extended  to  any  certain  measure  expressed  ;  as, 
a  span  long:  a  yard  long:  a  mile  long,  that  is,  ex- 
tended to  tlie  measure  of  a  mile,  &c. 

4.  Dilatory;  continuing  for  an  extended  time. 

Di-ftihwill  not  lie  lon^  in  coming.  Eeclua. 

5.  Tedious ;  continued  to  a  great  length. 

A  tide  should  never  be  too  long.    '  Prior. 

G.  Continued  in  a  scries  to  a  great  extent ;  as,  a 
long  succession  of  princes  ;  a  long  line  of  ancestors. 

"f.  Continued  in  sound  ;  protracted  ;  as,  a  long 
note  ;  a  long  syllable. 

8.  Continued  ;  lingering  or  longing. 

Pmyin*  for  hiin,  and  c-isltiig  :i  long  loolc  that  way,  Iio  Siiw  the 
galley  leave  tlw  pursuit.  Sidney. 

Jl.  Extensive ;  extending  far  in  prospect  or  into  fu- 
turity. 

The  peivnnial  cxislenw  of  Iwdica  corporate,  and  Uieir  fbrtunra, 
an  lliingB  particularly  suited  to  a  man  who  has  long  views. 

Burke. 

Long  home :  the  grave  or  death.    Eccles.  xii. 
LOX'G,   7f.     Forntrrhj,   a   musical    note   equal   to  two 
breves  or  four  semibreves.     [Obs.]  Brandc. 


LON 

LONG,  adv.      To  a  great  extent  in  space ;  as,  a  long- 
extended  line. 

2.  To  a  great  extent  in  time ;  as,  they  that  tarry 
long  at  the  wine.     Prov,  ,\xiii. 

Wlicn  the  iniinpct  aoundeili  long.  —  Exot],  xix. 

So,  in  composition,  we  say,  ^win'-expected,  long-ror- 

goL 

3.  At  a  point  of  duration  far  distant,  citlier  prior  nr 
posterior ;  as,  not  long  before  ;  not  long  aller ;  long 
beft>re  tiie  foundation  of  Rome;  long  after  the  con- 
quest of  Gaul  by  Julius  Cesar. 

4.  Through  the  whole  extent  or  duration  of. 

The  God  who  fed  mc  alt  my  lif»?  long  to  this  day,  —  G^n.  xlviii. 
The  bird  of  dawning  siiigeUi  all  niijlii  long.  ^enser. 

LONG,  ado.   [Sax.  gelang,  cause,  or  fault.  Qu.  belong- 
ing to,  as  the  cause.] 
By  means  of;  by  the  fault  of;  owing  to.   [O65.] 

Midtrt-ss,  all  tliis  coil  is  long  of  you.  Shak. 

LONG,  r.  I.  To  belong.  [JVot  used.]    Chaucer.  Spenser. 
LONG,  V.  i.    [Sax.  hxngian,  with  mfter.    We  now  say, 

to  long  after,  or  to  long  for.    The  sense  is,  to  reach 

or  stretch  ti)ward.] 

1.  To  desire  earnestly  or  eagerly. 

I  long  to  see  you.  — Uom.  i. 

I  have  longed  afW  thy  prr-c-ptB.  — Ps,  cxix. 

i  have  longed  for  thy  s^ifvulion.  —  Ps.  cxix. 

2.  To  have  a  preternatural  craving  appetite ;  as,  a 
longing  woman. 

3.  To  have  an  eager  appetite  ;  as,  to  long  for  fruit. 
LON"GA-NIM'I-TY,    n.      [L.   longanimltas ;  Unguis, 

long,  and  animus,  mind.] 

Forbearance  ;  patience  ;  disposition  to  endure  long 
under  offenses.  Brown.    Hoiocll 

LONG'-ARM-£D,  a.    Furnished  with  long  arms. 

ScoU. 

LONG'-Bo.\T,  n.    The  largest  and  strongest  boat  be- 
longing to  a  ship.  J*/(ir.  Diet. 

LONG'-BREATH-£D,  (-brelht,)  a.    Having  the  pow- 
er of  retaining  the  breath  for  a  long  time. 

LONG'-BUR-I-£D,  (ber-rid,)  a.    Having  been  long 
buried. 

LONG'-eON-CEAL'£D,  a.    Having  been  long  con- 
cealed. 

LONG'-eON-TIN'U-£D,  a.    Enduring  or  continuing 
a  long  time.  Allen. 

LONG'-DE-LaY'£D,  a.    Delayed  a  long  lime. 

E.  Everett. 

LONGE,  7t.    [Fr.]    A  thrust.     [See  Lunge.] 

LONG'ER,  7J.    One  who  longs  for  any  thing. 

LON"GER,  (long'ger,)  a. ;  comp.  of  Long.   More  long; 
of  greater  length  ;  as,  a  longer  course. 

LON"GER,  adv.    For  a  greater  duration.    This  evil 
can  be  endured  no  longer. 

L0N"GEST,  a.  Of  the  greatest  extent;  as,  the  l&ngcst 
line. 

L0N"GEST,  (long'gest,)  adv.    For  the  greatest  con- 
tinuance of  time. 

They  who  live  longest  are  most  convinced  of  the 
vanity  of  life. 

LOXG-lES-TAB'LISH-ED,  (-lisht,)  a.     Having  been 
established  for  a  long  time. 

LON-Ge'VAL,  a.     [L.  longus  and  tcvum.] 

Long-lived.  Pope. 

LON-GEV'I-TY,  it.     [L.  longmv'das;  longus,  long,  and 
afcvm,  age.] 

Length  or  duration  of  life  ;  more  generally^  great 
length  of  liie. 

The  instaHc«3  o^  longevity  are  chiefly  among  tlie  aljstcmious, 

Arbuthnot. 

LON-Gii'VOUS,  a.     [L.  Uynga>inis,  supra.] 

Living  a  long  time  ;  of  great  age. 
L0NG'-F.\NG-J-JD,  (-fang'gd,)  a.    Having  long  fangs. 

Scott. 
LONG'-FOR-GOT'TEN,  a.    Forgotten  a  long  time. 
LONG'-HEAD-ED,  (-hed-ed,)  a.    Having  a  great  ex- 
tent of  thought. 
LOX'Gl-€OKN,    71.      [L.  longtu<',  long,    and    cottim, 
horn.] 

A  name  given  to  a  tribe  of  insects,  on  account  of 
the  length  of  their  antenmi;.  Brandc. 

LON-GIM'A-NOUS,  a.      [longus,  long,  and  vianits, 
band.] 

Having  lone  hands.  Brown. 

LON-GIM'E-TRY,  7t.     [L.  longns,  long,  and  Gr.  /ic- 
rnoi',  measure.] 

The  art  or  practice  of  measuring  distances  or 
lengths.  BarloiP. 

LONG'IXG,  ppr.  or  a.     Earnestly  desiring;  having  a 

craving  or  preternatural  ai)petite. 
LONG'ING,  n.    An  eager  desire  ;  a  craving  or  preter- 
natural aiipetite. 
LONG'ING-LY,  adv.    With  eager  wishes  or  appetite. 
LON-0lN'(ii;i-TY,  H.     [L.  longinguitas.] 

Great  distance.  Barrote. 

LON'GI-PALP,  n.     [L.  longus,  long,  and  palpns,  a 
feeler.] 

A  name  given  to  a  tribe  of  insects  or  beetles  hav- 
ing lone  maxillary  feelers.  Brandc. 
LOX-GI-PEX'NATE,  a.     [L.  longus,  long,  and  pcnna^ 
a  quill  or  wing.] 

A  name  given  to  a  family  of  swimming  birds  with 
long  wings,  as  the  albatro&^s,  &c.  Brnnde. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— METE,  PREY.— PIXE.  MARKNE,  BIRD NoTE,  DOVE.  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.— 


C74 


LON 

L0N-6I-R0S'TER?,  it.  pK  [L.  longus,  long,  and  tos- 
trum,  beakj 

A  tribe  of  wadin?  birds,  having  ver>- Ion»  beaks, 
which  they  thrust  in  the  mud  in  search  of  food,  in- 
cluding snipes,  &c.  Brande. 
L()\-0I-ROS'TRAL,  a.     Having  a  long  bill;  applied 

to  certain  birds,  as  the  snipe.  Partinotvit. 

LONG'I^H.  a.    Somewhat  Ions  ;  modcnitely  lonr:. 
L0-\'G1-TUDE,  n.     [L.  long^Uui-o,  from  longus,  long.] 

1.  Properly, \en^h  :  ^,  the  hnifitutlcot  a  room  ;  but 
in  this  sense  not  now  used.  Appropriately,  in  geog- 
raphy, 

9.  The  distance  of  any  place  on  the  globe  from  an- 
other place,  eastward  or  westward,  measured  on  the 
equator;  or  the  distance  of  any  place  from  a  given 
meridian,  measured  on  the  equator.  Boston,  in  Mas- 
sachusetts, is  situated  in  the  7Ist  degree  of  lom^itude 
west  from  Greenwich.  To  be  able  to  ascertain 
precisely  the  longitude  of  a  ship  at  sea,  is  a  great  de- 
sideratum in  navigation. 

3.  The  longitude  of  a  heavenly  body,  is  its  dis- 
tance from  the  vernal  equinox,  or  the  beginning  of 
Aries,  reckoned  on  the  ecliptic.  Olmsted. 

LON-OI-TC'DIN-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  longitude  or 
length  ;  as,  longitudinal  distance. 

9.  Extending  in  length  ;  running  lengthwise,  as 
distinguished  from  transverse  or  across  ;  as,  the  lon- 
gitudinal diameter  of  a  body.  The  longitudinal  sutiirti 
of  the  head  runs  between  the  coronal  and  lamb- 
doidal  sutures.  Bailey. 

LON-Cl-Tu'DIN-AL-LY,  adv.  In  the  direction  of 
length. 

Some  of  the  fibers  of  the  humaa  t>ody  axe  pI.-iMd  tongiludinally, 
others  imnsTersely.  Encyc. 

LON"G'LE(J-G£D,  a.    Having  long  legs. 

LO\G'LiV'-£D,  a.  Having  a  long  life  or  existence  ; 
living  long;  Ij^tinglong. 

LONG'-LOST,  a.    Lost  fur  a  long  time. 

LONG'-L0V-£D,  (-luvd,)  a.  Being  loved  a  long 
time. 

LOXG'LY,  ode.    With  longing  desire.    [JVot  used.] 

Skak. 

LOXG'-JIEAS-IJRE,  (-mezh'ur,) «.  Lineal  measure  ; 
the  measure  of  length. 

LONG'-XECK-£D,  (-nekt,)  a.    Having  a  long  neck. 

Bucklaiid. 

LOXG'XESS,  n.     Length.     [Little  used.] 

L0N'G'-NIJR3-£D,  (-nurst,)  a.    Nursed  a  long  time. 

Jiloore. 

LOXG-PXRT-ED,  a.    Having  been  long  separated. 

LOXG-PRIM'ER,  n.  A  printing  type  of  a  particular 
size,  between  small  pica  and  bourgeois. 

LOXG-PKIM'ER,  a.  Noting  a  kind  of  type  between 
small  pica  and  bourgeois, 

LOXG'-PUOM'IS~£D,  (-prom'ist,)  a.  Having  been 
long  promised. 

LOXG'-RUN,  n.  The  whole  course  of  things  taken 
t02ether  ;  and  hence  the  ultimate  result. 

LOXC-SET-TI^fD,  a.    Having  been  long  settled. 

Peel. 

LONC-SHiFT-ED,  a.    Having  a  long  shaft. 

Dccandolle, 

LONG'-SHANK-ED,  (-shankt.)  a.    Having  long  legs. 

Burton, 

LO.VG'-SIGHT,  n.    Long-sightedness.  Good. 

LOXG'^rGHT'ED,  a.  Able  to  see  at  a  great  dis- 
tance ;  used  literally  of  the  eyes,  and  figuratively  of 
the  mind  or  intellect. 

LONG'-SIGHT'ED-XESS,  n.  The  faculty  of  seeing 
objects  at  a  great  distance. 

9.  In  medicine^  presbyopy  ;  that  defect  of  sight  by 
which  objects  near  at  hand  are  seen  confusedly,  but 
at  rcmcter  distances  distinctly.  Hooper. 

LOXG'SOilE,  (long'sura,)  a.  Extended  in  length ; 
tiresome  j  tedious  ;  as,  a  longsome  plain.     [  Obs.] 

Prior. 

LONG'SPUN,  a.    Spun  or  extended  to  a  great  kngth. 

Addison. 

LOXG'-STRETCH-IXG,  fl.    Stretching  far.    Jilore. 

LOXG-SUF'FER-ANCE,  it.  Forbearance  to  punish  j 
clemency  ;  patience.  Com.  Prayer. 

JiOXG-vSUF'FER-lNG,  a.  Bearing  injuries  or  provo- 
cation for  a  long  time  ;  patient;  not  easily  provoked. 

Tlv;   Tjonl    CoJ,  mCTcifuI   and    ^icitms,   {ons-sufering    aad 
.-tbuiici.-uit  in  »ooflntts.  —  Ex.  xxxiv. 

LOXG-SUF'FER-ING,n.  Long  endurance  ;  patience 
of  offense. 

Despii^sl  thou  tlie  riches  of  bis  ^oodacjs,  and  forijoarance,  and 
ton^-mfferin^  7  — Rom.  ij. 

LONG'-TaIL,  71.  An  animal,  particularly  a  dog,  hav- 
ing an  uncut  tail. 

A  long-tail  was  a  gentleman's  dog,  or  one  qualified 
to  hunt;  other  dogs  being  required  to  have  their  tails 
cut.  Hence,  cut  and  long-tail  signified  gentlefolks, 
and  others  as  thev  mitrht  come.  Smart. 

LONC-TONGU-SD,  (-tungd,3  a.    Rating ;  babbling. 

ShaJi. 

T.OXG'WaYS  ;  a  mistake  for  LoscwrsE. 

LOXG-WIXD'ED,  a.  Long-breathed  ;  hence,  tedious 
in  speaking,  argument,  or  narration;  as,  a  long- 
winded  advocate. 

LOXG'VViSE,  adv.  In  the  direction  of  length ; 
lengthwise.     [Little  used.]  HakeicUl. 


LOO 


LOO 


Somewhat  solitary,    [/fot  used,  and  in- 


LoN'ISH, 
elegant.] 

LOO,  n.    A  game  at  cards.  popf, 

LOO,  V.  t.    To  beat  the  opponents  by  winning  every 
trick  at  the  game.  Shak. 

LOO'BI-LY,  adr.    [See  Loonr.]    Like  a  looby;  in 
an  awkward,  clumsy  manner.  L'Rrtranrre. 

LOU'BV,  n.     [W.  llabi,  a  tall,  lank  person,  a  looby,  a 
lubber,  a  clumsy  fellow ;  Uob,  a  blockhead,  an  un- 
wieldy lump.] 
An  awkward,  clumsy  fellow ;  a  lubber. 

Who  could  give  tlie  loofy  inch  aim  1 

LOOF, 


Smjl. 


The  after  part  of  a  ship's  bow,  or  the  part 

where  the  planks  begin  to  be  incurvated,  aa  they  ap- 
proach the  stem.  j^tar.  Dtct. 

LOOF.    See  Lcff,  which  is  the  word  used. 

LOOF'ED,  (looft,)  a.  [See  Alook.]  Gone  to  a  dis- 
tance.    [J\'oi  used.]  Shak. 

LOOK,  V.  t.  [Sax.  locian  ;  G.  Ugen  ;  Sans.  loeh,  lokhan. 
It  is  perhaps  allied  to  W.  lygu,  to  appear,  t«»  shine. 
(.See  Light.)  The  primar>- sense  is  to  stretch,  to 
extend,  to  shoot ;  hence,  to  direct  the  eye.  We  ob- 
serve its  primary  sense  is  nearly  the  same  as  that  of 
seek.     Hence,  to  look  for  is  to  seek.] 

1.  To  direct  the  eye  toward  an  object,  with  the  in- 
tention of  seeing  it. 

When  the  object  is  within  sight,  look  is  usually  fol- 
lowed by  on  or  at.  We  look  on  or  at  a  picture  ;  we 
look  on  or  at  the  moon  ;  we  can  not  look  on  or  at  the 
unclouded  sun  without  pain. 

At^  after  look,  is  not  used  in  our  version  of  the 
Scriptures.  In  common  usage,  at  or  on  is  now  used 
indifferently  in  many  cases,  and  yet  in  other  cases 
usage  has  established  a  preference.  In  general,  on 
is  used  in  the  more  solemn  forms  of  expression.  Mo- 
ses was  afraid  to  look  on  God.  The  Lord  look  on  you 
and  judge.  In  these  and  similar  phrases,  the  use  of 
at  would  be  condemned,  as  expressing  too  little  so- 
lemnity. 

In  some  cases,  at  seems  to  be  more  properly  used 
before  very  distant  objects  ;  but  the  cases  can  hardly 
be  defined. 

The  particular  direction  of  the  eye  is  expressed  by 
various  modifying  words  ;  as,  to  look  dozen,  to  look 
up,  to  look  back,  to  look  forward,  to  look  from,  to  look 
round,  to  look  out,  to  look  under.  When  the  object  is 
not  in  sight,  look  is  followed  by  after,  or  for.  Hence, 
to  look  after,  or  look  for j  is  equivalent  loseek  aj  search^ 
or  to  expect. 

2.  To  see ;  to  have  the  si^ht  or  view  of. 

Fate  sees  thy  life  lodg^  in  a  briltle  glass, 

And  toots  it  [hrotiijh,  but  to  it  can  no:  pass.  Dryden. 

3.  To  direct  the  intellectual  eye  ;  to  apply  the  mind 
or  understanding;  to  consider;  to  examine.  Lookvtl 
the  conduct  of  this  man  ;  view  it  in  all  its  aspects. 
Let  ever}-  man  look  into  tlie  state  of  his  own  heart. 
Let  us  look  beyond  the  received  notions  of  men  on 
this  subject. 

4.  To  expect. 

He  must  look  to  &^bt  another  battle  before  be  coald  reach  Oxfenj. 
[Liaie  us<d.\  Qarendon. 

5.  To  take  care ;  to  watch. 

Look  that  ye  bind  tbem  fuL  Skak. 

G.  To  be  directed- 

Let  thine  eyes  lo<A  right  on.  —  Ptot.  iv. 

7.  To  seem ;  to  appear ;  to  have  a  particular  ap- 
pearance. The  patient  looks  better  than  he  did.  The 
clouds  look  rainy. 

I  am  afraid  it  would  loolfc  more  Ufcc  mnitj  than  gratlmdc. 

Adduon. 
Observe  bow  such  a  pmcllce  looks  in  another  pcnon.     Watu. 

So  we  say,  to  look  stout  or  big  ;  to  look  peevish  ;  to 
look  pleasant  or  graceful. 

8.  To  have  a  particular  direction  or  situation  ;  to 
face ;  to  front. 

The  rile  Ihst  lookeOi  foiran)  the  north.  —Eiflc.  vSJ. 
The  east  gate  of  Uie  Loni'a  house,  that  lookttK  castWAnl. — 
Eick.  li. 

To  look  about;  to  look  on  all  sides,  or  in  different 
directions. 

To  look  about  one ;  to  be  on  the  watch  ;  to  be  vigi- 
lant ;  to  be  circumspect  or  guarded.         Arbutknot. 

To  look  after ;  to  attend  ;  to  lake  care  of;  as,  to 
look  after  children. 

9.  To  expect;  to  be  in  a  stale  of  expectation. 

Men's  heins  failing  ibem  for  few,  and  far  looking  ^fler  ifco*^ 
things  tt-liich  are  coming  on  the  earth.  —  Lulre  XJO. 

3.  To  seek  ;  to  search. 

My  suMect  doa  not  oblige  me  to  look  after  tlie  water,  or  point 
fjrtli  the  place  whi-reto  it  has  now  retreated.     H  ooduortf. 

To  look  for :  to  expect ;  as,  to  look  for  news  by  tlie 
arrival  of  a  ship. 

Look  now /or  no  enchonlin*  roice.  AKlton. 

2.  To  seek  ;  to  search ;  as,  to  look  for  lost  money, 
or  lost  cattle. 

To  look  into;  to  inspect  closely;  to  observe  nar- 
rowly ;  to  examine  ;  as,  to  look  into  the  works  of  na- 
ture ;  to  look  into  the  conduct  of  another ;  to  look  inta 
one's  affairs. 

Which  things  the  angels  desire  tp  toot  into.  —  1  PeL  r.  I 


U.r   wi!'.ii.      T:*= 

V.  tiV'  cztr    X. 


To\ 


2.  . 
thin  I. 

M- 

3.  ']\. ... 

llltffaca*. 
T»  look  oeer;  V>  ■ 
over  a  cataJoeu^  ut 
To  oterlook  ha* 
without  nt^Ktti^ 

To  look  oMt ;  to  t»- 
Icoks  out  for  br«*ktrtt. 

To  look  to  Of  umtn  :  ti  wiii  b 
LmIc  v. 

2.  To  rewirt  v>  v. 
receiving  »ofnrt)iiri.- 
creditor  may  took  t    • 

Look  unto  tue,  ukI  t^ 
To  look  tkrongk;   V- 
with  the  undentanding  ; 
fecUy. 
LpOK,  r.  L     T 
Z«H«f  n.T 

9.  To  inil  : 
down  oppr>'.! 


T 

ass<)r 
T 
To 

'/V  I     .  .,    ..  .    : 

as,  I  di>  not  knuw  hJilt 

i'^  up. 
LOOK,  in  the  imperatir',  ig 

nt'Iice.     Lock  ye,  look  yo'. 

scr\-e,  lake  notice. 
LOOK,  Ji.    Cist  of  counitn^.  -     ,   . 

i>ect ;  a^,  a  high  look  i»  an  indri 

cast  look  indicates  muJcsty,  tia- 

sion  of  mind. 

P&in,  lia  '^nCT,  Uxl  ; 

2.  The  act  of  lo-  . 
him  with  anguish. 

3.  Viev/ ;  watch. 
L0OK'f:n,  (Io9kt,)pp.    SrarrhM  f 
LOO^'KR,  "•    One  who  lr^^ 

A  looker  on:  a  mere  > 

but  has  no  agencv  or  inter 
LOOK'L\"G,ppr.  Seckmg. 
I/)0K'1.\'G,  :i.     Search  or  «farciiing.    / 

rApt'Cialion.    ffeb.  x. 
LOOK'IXG-GLaSS,  «.    A    r'-       

form  of  the  person  who  lo 

Tberr  it  none  *o  bcmr-ly  Ujt  *.^ 

LOOK'-OUT,  ji.    A  carpful  I-A 

any  object  or  evei  L 
2.  .\  small  low  t,  r.iTh  win.-!-:- 

house,  fi>r  vi 
LOOL,  II.     In 

washings  o!" 
LOOM,  n.     [.- 

1.  In  com' 
chattel  tb.ic  '     - 
with  the  inlirr.tar 
be  sepanled  fron)  : 
such  :ls  jewels  of  t. 
the  like. 

2.  A  frame  or  macltine  • 
in  which  a  weaver  work^  : 

H«uir,  when  he  ■" 
■nidater  kircoo* 

3.  [Dan.  lom^  or 
size  of  a  eonsc 

4.  That  part  of  a: 

LOO.M,  r.i.  [Ou.  Sax. //rcMii,  to  • 
beam  of  lighL  This  dtie^  m*  p'^ 
of  the  wonl  as  now  ufti-d.] 

1.  To  appear  alHivo  the  ■surfi' 
land,  or  to  npp-rar  Imttt  than  t' 
and  indistincily,  as  a  distant  objit,  - 
or  a  mountain^    The  ship  Imma  tar^. 
looms  high.  ••' 

a.  To  rise  and  to  ho  eminent,  in  a  mor:. 

On  iK>  «it<;--i  .!^-«   V    (Pi-:.')  Uem  to  fcif* 
plon.MJsJv,  as  in  LV  c.iilcii. 

LOOSI'-GXI.E.  n.    A  :.-nUi-  ok  at  wind. 
LOOM'I.M;.  Tfr.      Appc.inng  ihoTe  tbr    • 

indi^linctlv,  al  a  ih>tani-=v 
LOOMIXOin.    TlKin-liS!: 

ance  of  object-J  sren  in  par 

pheK-.     [Sco  MiRici.j 
LOOX,  ».    [Pfi^.  '.•!:«  Of  'i^'"-    "• 

or  Ir.  liun,  >lii!rd'=ti.] 
1.  A  som-  follow  ;  a  rv^?n»* :  a  r 


r*   vt;    tm 


TONE,  BULL,  tJMTE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOOS.— C  as  K  ;  <5  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  .as  SH  .  Til  : 


1  THIS. 


673 


LOO 


LOP 


:•.  A  migratory  waler-fowl  of  the  genus  Colym- 
bus  ;  also  culled  the  Ghevt  Noiitheks  Diteh.    [Ice, 
lunde.] 
LOOP,  H.     [Ir.  lubam,  to  bend  or  fold;  lub,  lubUy  a 
I       Ihong,  a  loop.] 

1.  A  folding  or  doubling  of  a  string  or  a  noose, 
through  whicii  a  lace  or  cord  may  be  run  for  fasten- 
ing. 

Tlmt  the  probation  U-ar  no  liiiige,  nor  loop 

To  hanj  u  doubl  on.  Sfiak. 

9.  A  small,  narrow  opening;  a  loop-bole.  Otoilt, 
3.  In  iron  workSj  the  part  of  a  row  or  block  of  cast 
iron,  melted  off  for  the  forge  or  hammer. 
LOOP'/.'l),  (loopt,)  a.     I-'ull  of  holes.  Shak. 

LOOP'EIli*,  71.  pi.  Tlie  larves  of  certain  species  of 
moths,  (Geomctra;,)  which  form  a  loop  when  crawl- 
inT.  Partin-rton. 

LOOP'-IIOLE,  n.    A  small  opening  in  the  walls  of  a 
fortification,  or  in  the  Imlk-head  of  a  ship,  through 
which  small  arms  or  other  weapons  arc  discharged 
at  an  enemy. 
0.  \  hole  or  aperture  that  gives  a  passage. 
a  A  passage  for  escape ;  means  of  escape. 

Dryden. 
LOOP'-HoI.-ED,  (-hold,)  a.    Full  of  holes  or  open- 
ings for  escape.  Hudibras. 
IjOOP'ING,  71.    In  mctalluripj,  the  running  together  of 
the  matter  of  an  ore  into  a  mass,  when  the  ore  is 
only  healed  for  calcination.     [D.  toojun,  to  run.] 

Kitcijc. 
LOORD,  n,     [D.  tor,  a  clown  ;  Fr.  lourd,  Sp.  lerdo, 
heavy,  dull,  gross.] 
A  dull,  stupid  fellow  ;  a  drone.     [JVat  in  ttsc] 

Sprn^er. 
LOOSE,  (loos,)  V.  t.  [Sax.  hjsan,  ahjsan^  hosan  ;  Sw. 
lUsa;  D.  losscn^  loozen;  G.  liisen;  Dan.  Idscr;  Goth. 
lausjjan;  Gr.  Autu,  contracted  from  the  same  root. 
The  VV.  Uaesu  signifies  to  relax,  bul  may  be  from 
the  root  of  las.  Those  words  coincide  with  the  Ch. 
Svr.  Ar.  and  Heb.  ySn.    Class  Ls,  No.  30.] 

1.  To  untie  or  unbind  ;  to  free  from  any  fastening. 

Canat  Ihoii  'oosc  ilie  bands  of  Orion?— Job  xxxviii. 
i'e  shall  find  an  ass  lied,  and  a  coll  witli  her ;  louse  tlii^ni,  ;iik1 
bring  ihera  lo  me.  —  Mall.  xxi. 

2.  To  relax. 

Thf;  joinU  of  his  loins  were  looted.  —  Dun.  v. 

3.  To  release  from  imprisonment ;  lo  Ulcerate  ;  to 
set  at  liberty. 

The  captiVi.-  exile  liastcncth  ihal  he  may  be  loosed.  —  Is.  H. 

4.  To  free  from  obligation. 

Art  thou  luoicd  from  u  wife  ?  8ei;l(  not  a  wlfi:.  —  1  Cur.  vii, 

5.  To  free  from  any  thing  that  binds  or  shackles  ; 
as,  a  man  loosed  from  lust  and  pelf.  Dnjdni. 

t).  To  relieve  ;  lo  free  from  any  tiling  burdensome 
or  afflictive. 

Woman,  thou  -atI  loosed  from  thine  iiifii'iiilly. — Lnlte  xiii. 

7.  To  disengage  ;  to  detach  ;  as,  to  loose  one*s  liold. 

8.  To  put  off. 

Looie  thy  shoe  from  off  thy  foot.  —Josh.  v. 

9.  To  open. 

Who  is  worthy  to  open  the  book,  and  to  loose  liie  seals  thereof? 
— Rev.  V. 

10.  To  remit ;  to  absolve. 

WhaiBoever  tliou  shall  loose  on  earth,  shall  bo  loosed  in  heaven. 
—  MalL  xvi. 

LOOSE,  i:.  i.    To  set  sail ;  to  leave  a  port  or  harbor. 

Now  when  Paul  and  his  company  toosedfiom  PajihoB,  they  came 
lu  Perga,  in  Pumphytia.  —  Acts  xiii. 
LOOSE,*:.     [Goth,  laus;  D.  los,  losse ;  G.  los;    Dan. 
lOs ;  Sw.  UJa.     Uu.  W.  Ua:s,  loose,  lax.] 

1.  Unbound  ;  unliud  ;  unsewed  ;  not  fastened  or 
confined  ;  as,  the  loose  sheets  of  a  hook. 

2.  Not  light  or  close  ;  as,  a  loose  garment. 

3.  Not  crowded  ;  not  close  or  compact. 

With  UoTic  tuid  chariots  ranked  in  loose  array.  Milton, 

4.  Not  dense,  close,  or  compact ;  as,  a  cloth  or  fos- 
sil of  loose  texture. 

5.  Not  close  ;  not  concise  ;  lax ;  as,  a  loose  and  dif- 
fuse style. 

6.  Not  precise  or  exact;  vague;  indeterininate  ; 
as,  a  loose  way  of  reasoning. 

7.  Not  strict  or  rigid ;  as,  a  loose  observance  of 
rites. 

8.  Unconnected;  rambling;  as,  a /i?05e,  indigested 
play. 

Vnrio  spends  whole  moruing^B  in  running  over  loose  and  tmcoii- 
iicctcd  page..  VVuila. 

9.  Of  lax  bowels.  Locke. 

10.  Unengaged;  not  attached  or  enslaved. 

Their  prevailing  principle  is,  to  sit  n^loote  from  p1'':i*ur'-s,  and 
be  lu  moderate  in  the  use  of  them,  u  ihcy  cm.     AlUrbuiy. 


To  brcaJi  loose;  to  escape  from  confinement;  to 
gain  liberty  by  violence.  Dnjden. 

To  in  loose :  to  free  from  restraint  or  confinement ; 
to  set  at  liberty.  Locke. 

LOOSE,  71.    Freedom  from  restraint ;  liberty. 

Come,  eivo  thy  soul  a  loose.  Dryden. 

Vcitt  aH  ltd  ^uts,  and  give  a  loose  to  soiTow.  Additon. 

We  use  this  word  only  in  the  phrase  jrive  a  loose. 
The  following  use  of  it  —  "he  luus  wiUi  an  un- 
bovmded  loose''  —  is  obsolete.  Prior. 

LOOS' f;i),  (loost,)  pp.    Untied  ;  unbound  ;  freed  from 

restraint  or  costiveness. 
L0O:?E'LY,  (loos'ly,)  adv.     Not  fast ;  not  firmly  ;  that 
maybe  easily  disengaged;  as,  things  loosely  tied  or 
connected. 
2.  Without  confinement. 

for  haste  were  loosely  ihed 


Her  golden  loi 
AtMut  her  tars 


Spcu^ 


3.  Without  union  or  connection. 

Part  looscUj  winj  the  region.  MiHun. 

4.  Irregularly  ;  not  with  the  usual  restraints. 

A  biithup,  living  loosely,  was  charged  that  his  convcrsalion  w.ia 
not  rtCconliuLj  lo  the  apostles*  fifes.  Ca'tdeit. 

.^.  Negligently:  carelessly;  heedlessly  ;  as,  a  mind 
loosely  employed.  Locke. 

G.  Meanly ;  slightly. 

A   prince  should  not  be  bo  loosely  stndi'-d,  us   lo  ivmcinber  so 
weak  a  composition.  Hhak. 

7.  Wantonly  ;  dissolutely  ;  nncliastely.       Pope. 
LOOS'/:\',  (loos'n.)  1'.  t.     [froni  loose,  or  it  is  tlie  Sax- 
on infinitive  retained.] 

1.  To  free  from  tightncsj=,  tension,  firmness,  or  fix- 
edness; as,  to  looseti  a  string  when  tied,  or  a  knot ; 
lo  loo.ifn  a  joint ;  to  loosen  a  rock  in  the  earth. 

'2.  To  render  less  dense  or  compact;  as,  to  loosen 
the  earth  about  the  roots  of  a  tree. 

3.  To  free  from  restraint. 

U/oucer's  his  hands  ivnd  asi^ists  hh  understanding.       Dryden. 

A.  To  remove  costiveness  from  ;  to  facilitate  or  in- 
crease alvine  discharges. 

Fear  looseneth  Ihe  bolly.  Bacon. 

LOOS'^N,  V.  i.  To  become  loose ;  to  become  less 
tight,  firm,  or  compact. 

LOOS'£N-£D,  pp.  or  a.  Freed  fromt  ightness  or  fixed- 
ness ;  rendiircd  loose. 

LOOSE'NEPS,  (loos'ness,)  7i.  The  stale  of  being 
loose  or  relaxed  ;  a  state  opposite  lo  that  of  being 
light,  fast,  fixed,  or  compact ;  as,  the  looseness  of  a 
cord  ;  the  looseness  of  a  robe ;  the  looseness  of  the 
skin;  the  looseness  of  earth,  or  of  the  texture  of 
clolh. 

9.  The  slate  opposite  to  rigor  or  rigidness  ;  laxity  ; 
levity  ;  as,  looseness  of  morals  nr  vt'  principles. 

3.  Irregularity ;  habitual  deviation  from  strict 
rules  ;  as,  looseness  of  life,  Hai/toard. 

4.  Habitual  lewdiies-: ;  nnch.istity.  Spcruicr. 

5.  Flux  from  tin- bowels  ;  diarrhea.  Bacon. 
LOOS' EN-IXG,  ppr.    Freeing  from  tightness,  tension, 

or  fixedness  ;  rendering  loss  compact. 

LOOSE'STRIFE,  n.  In  botamj,  the  English  popular 
name  of  several  species  of  plants,  of  the  genera 
Lysiinachia,  Epilobium,  Lytbrum,  and  Gaura.  Lee. 

LOOS'ING,  ppr.     Setting  free  from  confinement. 

LOP,  V.  t.  [I  know  nut  the  affinities  of  ihis  word, 
unless  it  is  lob,  or  the  W.  llab,  a  stroke ;  lliihiaio,  to 
slap  or  strike,  or  the  Eng.  Jlap,  or  Ir.  lubam,  to  bend. 
The  primary  sense  is  evidently  to  fall  or  fell,  or  to 
strike  down,  and  I  think  it  connected  with^op.] 

1.  To  cut  olf,  as  the  lop  or  extienie  part  of  any 
thing  ;  to  shorten  by  cutting  off  the  extremities  ;  as, 
lo  lop  a  tree  ur  its  branches. 

With  branches  lopped  In  wwd,  or  nioiiutain  fcUcd.        Milton. 

2.  To  cut  off,  as  exuberances ;  to  separate,  as  su- 
perlluous  pait?^. 

Erpiiiigc  Uic  whole,  or  lop  the  excrescent  parts.  Pope. 

3.  To  cut  partly  off  and  bend  down  ;  as,  to  lop  the 
trees  or  saplings  of  a  hedge. 

4.  To  let  fall ;  to  Jlap ;  as,  a  horse  lops  his  ears. 
LOP,  n.    That  which  is  cut  from  trees. 

Else  both  body  and  lop  will  be  of  Utile  value.  A/orfii/wr. 

LOP,  V.     [Sax.  loppc.] 

A  flea.    [Local.] 
LOPE,  prct.  of  Leap. 


LOR 

LOr'PER-i;D,  pp.  or  a.  Turned  sour  and  coagulated  j 
as,  Injjperal  injlk.  Forby. 

LOP'PING,  ppr.  Cutting  off;  sboi-lening  by  cutting 
off  the  extremity  ;  letting  fall. 

LOP'PING,  n.  A  cutting  ofi\  as  of  branches;  that 
whif.li  is  cut  off 

LOP'SID-EU,  a.  Heavier  on  one  side  than  the  other, 
as  a  ship.  [Commonly  spelt  Lvpsioko,  but  pro- 
nounced lopsided.]  Grosf. 

L0-(IUa'C10US,  (lo-kwrt'sbiis,)  a.  [L.  loqiuix,  from 
loqnor.  to  speak  ;  Eri^.  lo  chuli.] 

1.  TalUativc  ;  givLii  to  euniinual  talking. 
Lo>iuac'ioua,  bnwling,  ever  in  the  wrong.  D>yden. 

2.  Speaking ;  noisy. 

Blind  Ilrititth  i^ards,  willi  volant  touch, 

Traverse  loquacious  slrint's.  Philips. 

3.  Apt  to  blab  and  disclose  secrets. 
LO-Ut^A'CIOUS-LY,  adv.     In  a  loquacmus  manner. 
LO-UUa'CIOUS-NESS,  (!o-kwu'shus-,)  i  n.      [L.    /..- 
LO-CIUAC'I-TV,  (lo-Uvvas'e-te,)  i      ijuacitas.] 

Talkativeness  ;  the  habit  or  practice  of  talking 
continually  or  excessively. 

Too  ^T'jat  loguacilj/  and  too  great  taciluniity  by  fiLa.  ArbuOmul. 
LOKl),  V.  [Sax.  hlaford.  This  lias  been  supposed  lo 
bo  compounded  of  /daf,  loaf,  and  ford,  afford,  to  give  ; 
and  hence  a  lord  is  interpreted  a  bread-^ver.  IJut 
lady,  in  Saxon,  is  in  like  manner  written  hUpfdmir  ; 
and  dipir  can  hardly  signify  a  giver.  Tlie  word  or. 
curs  in  none  of  the  Teutonic  dialects  except  the 
Saxon  ;  and  it  is  not  easy  to  ascertain  the  original 
signification  of  llio  word.  I  question  the  correctness 
of  the  common  interpretation.] 

1.  A  master;  a  person  possessing  supreme  power 
anil  autlmrity  ;  a  ruler  ;  a  governor. 

Man  over  miin 
lie  nude  nol  lord.  MUton. 

But  now  !  was  the  lord 
Of  this  fair  iiuiiston.  Shak. 

2.  A  tyrant;  an  oppressive  ruler.  Ih-yden. 

3.  A  husband. 


[Sw.  I'jpa 
[Sw.  lijpa,  D.  loopcn,  I 


;  U.  loopcn.]     [Obs.] 

Spenser. 

o  run.    See  Leap.] 


11.  Disengaged 
or  of. 


free  from  obligation  ;  with  from 


Loose  <^fmy  vow  ;  but  who  knows  Cito's  ttiought  ? 
lUuie  used.] 


12.  Wanton  ;  unrestrained  in  behavior: 
unchaste  ;  as.  a  loose  man  or  woman. 

13.  Containing  unchaste  language  ;    a 
epistle. 


A'lditon. 

dissolute ; 

!,    a    loose 
Dryden. 


LOPE,. 

A  leap  ;  a  long  step. 
[A  word  in  popular  use  in  ^//imca.] 
LOPE,  V.  i.    To  leap ;  lo  move  or  run  with  a  l«ng  step, 

as  a  (log.  Forby. 

LO-PlIi'0-DON,)i.    [Gr.^r>,,^^I,  a. summit,  and  o(5ov5,  a 

loolh.J     A  foPsil  animal,  allied  to  the  rhinoceros  and 

tapir  :  so  named  from  the  emineuce  of  its  teeth. 
I^OP'ISG,  ppr.    Leaping;  moving  or  running  with  a 

long  step. 
LOP'P£D,  (lopt,)  pp.    Cut  ofi';  shortened  by  cutting 

off  the  top  or  end  ;  bent  down. 
LOP'PER,  n.     One  that  lops. 
LOP'PER,  r.  i.    To  turn  sour  and  coagulate  from  too 

long  standing,  as  milk.  Forby. 


Aloft  in  bitternesa  of  soid  deplored 

lly  absent  daiiajliter  and  my  dearer  lord.  Pupe. 

My  lord  also  being  old.  —Gen.  xviii. 

4.  A  baron  ;  the  proprietor  of  a  manor ;  as,  the  lord 
of  the  manor. 

5.  A  nobleman  ;  a  title  of  honor,  in  Great  IJritain, 
«;iven  to  those  who  are  noble  by  birth  or  creation  ;  a 
peer  of  the  realm,  including  dukes,  marquises,  earls, 
viscounts,  and  barons.  Archbishops  and  bishops, 
also,  as  members  of  the  house  of  lords,  are  lords  of 
parliauK'-nt.  Thus  we  say,  lords  temporal  and  spir- 
itual. Uy  courtesy,  also,  the  title  is  given  to  the  sons 
of  dukes'  and  marquises,  and  to  the  eldest  sons  of 
earls.  Enq/c. 

G.  An  honorary  title  bestowed  on  certain  oflicial 
characters  ;  as,  lord  advocate,  lord  chamberlain,  lord 
chancellor,  lord  chief  justice,  &c. 

7.  In  Scripture,  the  Supreme  Being  ;  Jehovah. 
When  Lord,  in  the  Old  Testament,  is  printed  in  cap- 
itals, it  is  ihe  translation  of  Jehovah,  and  so  might, 
with  more  propriety,  be  rendered.  The  word  is  ap- 
plied to  Christ,  Ps.  ex..  Col.  iii.,  and  to  the  Holy 
Spirit,  2  Thcss.  iii.  As  a  title  of  respect,  it  is  apjilietl 
to  kings,  Ocit.  xl.,  2  Sain.  xix. ;  lo  princes  and  nobles, 
Oen.  xlii.,  Dan.  iv. ;  to  a  husband,  Oen.  xviii. ;  to  a 
prophet,  1  Kinfrs  xviii.,  2  Kings  ii. ;  and  to  a  respect- 
able perstni,  Qcn.  xxiv,  Christ  is  called  the  Lvrd  of 
glory,  1  Cor.  ii.,  and  Lord  of  lords,  Rcu.  xix. 

8.  [Gr.  ,\wof!js.]  In  ludicrous  langnage,  a  hump- 
barked  person.  Smart. 

Lord  ofmU-mle;  one  formerly  chosen  to  direct  the 
sports  and  revels  of  a  family  during  Christmas  holi- 
days. Strntt. 

Lord  linitenant  of  Ireland  is  the  representative  of 
royalty  in  that  country.  Lord  lieutenant  of  a  county 
is  one  deputed  by  the  sovereign  to  manage  its  mili- 
tary concerns.  Booth. 

LORD,  V.  t.  To  invest  with  the  dignity  and  privileges 
of  a  lord.  ■SAoi. 

LORD,  V.  i.  To  domineer ;  to  rule  with  arbitrary  or 
desp.itic  sway ;  sometimes  followed  by  over,  and 
bomutimes  by  it,  in  the  manner  of  a  transitive  verb. 

The  whiles  she  lordeth  in  licentious  bliss.  Spenser. 

I  sw  llieni  lording  il  in  London  slreels.  Shak. 

Thi^y  lorded  over  them  whom  they  now  serve.         Milton. 

LORD'ING,  n.    A  little  lord;  a  lord  in  contempt  or 

ridicule.     {Little  used.]  Swift. 

LORD'LiKE,  a.     Becoming  a  lord. 

9.  Ihuighty;  proud;  insolent.  Dryden. 
LORD'LI-NESS,  n.     [from  lordly.]     Dignity;   high 

stati'Ui.  ^'"^'• 

2.  Pride  ;  haughtiness.  ^lore 

LORD'LING,  n.     A  little  or  dimimUivo  lord.    Swifi. 
LORD'LY,  a.     [lord  and  lUic]     Becoming  a  lord  ;  per- 
taining to  a  lord. 

Lordly  sins  require  lordly  esUites  to  support  Ihcm.         South. 
2.  Proud  ;  haughty  ;  imperious  ;  insolent. 

Every  rich  anil  lordly  s\v;iin 

With  pride  would  dr.ig  about  her  chain.  Av)\n. 

LORD'LY,  adv.    Proudly;  imperiously;  despotically 

A  tiuiiisb'-d  lion,  issuing  Irom  the  wood, 

Roan  lordly  fierce.  Dryden. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— MeTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MAJltNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  iMOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK  — 


LOS 

LORD'SHIP,  II.  The  state  or  quality  of  being  a  lord  ; 
hence,  a  lille  of  honor  given  lonoblemnn,  except  to 
dukes,  who  have  the  title  of  trracc. 

2.  A  titular>'  conipellatiou  of  judscs  and  certain 
other  persons  in  authority  and  office  iii  Knglan<l. 

3.  Dominion;  power;  authority.  [Johnson. 

They  who  nrc  accoiiu(e\i  to  rule  ovi-r  ;lic  Gemili^s  '-x^'Kise  lord- 
ship over  Uiem.  —  Mark  x. 

4.  Seignory ;  domain  ;  the  territory  of  a  lord  over 
which  he  holds  jurisdiction  ;  a  manor. 

What  lands  and  lordekips  for  llieir  owner  know 

My  qooadam  bart>[;r.  Dryden. 

LORD'S  SUP'PER,  n.     In  the  Christian  churchy  the 

sacrament  of  the  eurharist. 
Lore,  It.     [i?ax.  lar,  from  the  root  of  Irran^  to  learn  ; 

D.  her ;  G.  lehre  ;  Dan.  lore ;  Sw.  Idra.] 
Learning;  doctrine;  lesson;  instruction. 

'I'h^  law  of  nations,  or  the  lore  of  war.  Fairfax. 

Lo  ;   Rome  herself,  proud  misirv-ss  now  no  mote 

01  ;iris,  but  iliunderuig  agaiuat  lieaUiea  lore.  Pvpc. 

Lore,  t(.     [L.  loi-um,  strap.] 

In  oniitholo^j,  the  space  between  the  Mli  an<l  ihe 
eve. 
LOit'EL,  n.     [Sax.  Icoran,  to  wander.] 

An  abandoned  scoundrel ;  a  vagrant, 


Obs.] 

Cliaitr.er. 

An   instructor. 
Qowr. 
[L.  lorico^  loricatus,  from  loricu,  a 


[lore  and   man.] 


LOT 

13.  To  Kuffer  to  vanish  I'roin  view  or  p^frccptlon. 
We  lost  sight  of  the  land  at  noon.  I  lost  my  com- 
panion in  the  crovvi]. 

I,'i;L-  (oUowing  lif-:  in  cr«atuin  wc  ilLrwcf, 

\Vc  lose  il  in  the  inoin'riil  wc  d'.-tri:!.  Pope. 

li.  To  vuin ;  to  destroy  by  sliipwrcck^  ice. 
The  Albion  was  lost  on  tlie  coast  of  Ireland,  April 
2iJ,  1S22.    The  admiral  lust  thri;c  sliips  in  a  tciiijKiMl. 

15.  To  cause  to  perish  ;  as,  to  be  lo.it  at  sea. 

IG.  To  iriMploy  inftlfuriually  ;  to  throw  away ;  lo 
waste.  Inytruclion  is  often  hsl  on  the  dull ;  admo- 
nition is  lost  on  the  prollii^ate.  It  is  often  the  fate  of 
projectors  to  lose  their  labor. 

J  7.  To  be  freed  from. 


Ilii  scaly  back  [lie  bunch  lia 
WliicU  Edwin  loil  Icfun.'. 


S<A 


ParntU. 

13.  To  fail  to  obtain. 

Ho  shall  In  no  wi«  tote  hit  r<i*'ard.  —  Matt.  x. 
To  lo.^c  one^s  selfi  to  be  bewildered  ;  also,  to  slum- 
ber ;  to  have  the  memory  and  reason  suspended. 

LOSE,  (looz,)  r.  :. 

not  to  win. 


To  forfeit  any  thing  in  contest ; 


Wiio  loi'es  iiiM 
2.  To  decline 


We'll  talk  with  them  roo, 
wliowtnit;  who's  in,  wtio*a  out, 

,  to  fail. 


LoRES'MAN, 

[Ob,.] 
L0R'I-€aTE, 

coat  of  mail.  J 

1.  To  plate  over;  to  spread  over,  as  a  plate  for  de- 
fense. 

Nature  hath  loriatlcd  the  sides  of  the  ivmpanum  in  animals  wi-h 
ear-wax.  ^U- 

2.  To  cover  with  a  coating  or  crust,  as  a  chemical 
vessel,  for  resisting  fire. 

LOR'ieA-TED,  pp.  Covered  or  plated  over  ;  en- 
crusted. 

LOII'I-CA-TIXG,  ];/»■.  Covering  over  with  a  coating 
or  crust. 

LOR-I-€a'TION,  «.  The  act  or  operation  of  cover- 
ing any  thing  with  a  coating  or  crust  for  defence  ; 
as,  the  loricaiion  of  a  chemical  vessel,  to  enable  it  to 
resist  the  action  of  tire,  and  sustain  a  liigh  degree  of 
heat. 

LOR'l-MER,  n.     [L.  lorum,  a  thong  ;  Fr.  lormkr.] 
\  maker  of  bits,  spurs,  and  metal  moimtings  for 
bridles  and  saddles  ;  hence,  a  saddler.     [j\"o£  lucd.] 

Smart, 

LoR'IMG, ».    Instructive  discourse.     [Obs.]    Spenser. 

Lo'RI-OT,  H.  [Fr.]  A  bird  called  VVitwall;  the 
golden  oriole,  (Oriolus  galbula.)  P.  Cijc. 

LOR'I-PED,  n.  A  molluscan  animal  furnished  with 
a  short,  double  tube,  and  having  its  foot  prolonged 
into  a  kind  of  cylindrical  cord.  Cuvier. 

Lo'RiJ?,  «■  The  popular  name  of  several  species  of 
Lemur,  wliith  inhabit  Ceylon  and  Java.  They  are 
quadrumanous  mammals,  having  a  near  affinity  to 
the  monkeys. 

LOR-V,  a.      [Sax.  forloreitj  Dan.  forlorcn,  lost.      See 
Forlorn.] 
Lost ;  iorsaken  ;  lonely.  Spcnjcr. 

Lo'RY,  n.  A  name  common  to  a  subordinate  genus 
of  birds  of  the  parrot  family,  usually  of  a  red  color. 
The  lories  inhabit  South-eastern  Asia  and  the  islands 
of  the  East.  Partinirton. 

LciS'A-BLE,  a.     That  may  be  lost.     [Little  iiseii.] 

LOS'AN't^E.     See  Lozenge.  [Boyle. 

LOSE,  (looz,)  V.  t. ;  prct.  and  pp.  Lost.  [Sax.  losian, 
forlosian^  forhjsan  i  D.  vcrUezett ;  Goth.  Ihtsan.  The 
sense  is  probably  lo  part,  to  separate,  and  from  the 
root  of  loose.] 

1.  To  mislay  ;  to  part  or  be  separated  from  a  thing, 
so  as  to  have  no  knowledge  of  the  place  where  it  is  ; 
as,  to  lose  a  book  or  a  paper  ;  to  lose  a  record  ;  to  lose 
a  dollar  or  a  ducat. 

2.  To  forfeit  by  unsuccessful  contest ;  as,  to  lose 
money  in  gaming. 

3.  Xot  to  gain  or  win  ;  as,  to  lose  a  battle,  that  is, 
to  be  defeated. 

4.  To  be  deprived  of;  as,  to  lose  men  in  battle  ;  to 
lose  an  arm  or  a  leg  by  a  shot  or  hy  amputation  ;  to 
lose  one's  life  or  honor. 

5.  To  forfeit,  as  a  penalty.  Our  first  parents  lost 
the  favor  of  God  by  their  apostasy. 

6.  To  suffer  diminution  or  waste  of. 

h' the  salt  iath  loil  iU  savor,  where nith  shall  it  tc  lalud?  — 
Mali.  V. 

7.  To  ruin  ;  to  destroy. 

The  woman  that  deliberates  is  !osL  AdeUion. 

8.  To  wander  from  ;  to  miss,  so  as  uot  to  be  able 
to  find  ;  as,  to  lose  the  way. 

9.  To  bewilder, 

Lesl  in  the  maiw  of  worda.  Pop/-- 

10.  To  possess  no  longer  ;  to  be  deprived  of;  con- 
trary to  Kkep  ;  as,  to  lose  a  valuable  trade. 

11.  Not  lo  employ  or  enjoy;  to  waste.  Titus 
sighed  to  lose  a  day. 

The  unhappy  have  but  hour*,  and  those  they  lose.       Dn/ien. 

12.  To  waste ;  to  squander ;  to  throw  away  ;  as, 
to  lose  a  fortune  by  gaming,  or  by  dissipation. 


Wirtdom  in  discourse  with  her 
Lasts  di«ouiUi:naiiced,  anJ  like  fo'ly  ^liows.  Aft/Ion. 

LOS'EL,  ?(.  [from  the  root  of  loose.]  A  wasteful 
fellow  ;  one  who  loses  by  sloth  or  neglect ;  a  worth- 
less person.     [OZi.'f.]  Spenser, 

LOS'EL,  fl.     Wastemi;  slothful.  Irvinir. 

L0S'E\-i5ER,  7(.  [Sax.  Icis,  false  ;  Icc^unge,  fairly.] 
\  deceiver.     [Obs.]  Chaucer. 

LOS'ER,  (looz'er,)  n.  One  that  loses,  or  that  is  de- 
prived of  any  thing  by  defeat,  forteiture,  or  the  like  ; 
the  contrary  to  Winner  or  Gainer.  A  loser  by  trade 
may  be  honest  and  moral ;  this  can  not  be  said  of  a 
loser  hy  gaming. 

LOS'ING,  (iouz'ing,)  ppr.  Parting  from  ;  missing  ; 
forfeiting;  wasting;  employing  to  no  good  purpose. 

LOS'ING,  a.  That  incurs  or  brings  loss  ;  as,  a  Icsin'r 
game  or  business. 

L6s'ING-LY,  ailc.    In  a  manner  to  incur  loss. 

LOSS,  7[.  Privation  ;  as,  tlie  loss  of  property  ;  loss  of 
money  bv  earning  ;  loss  of  health  or  reputation. 
Every  loss  is  not  a  detriment.  We  can  not  regret 
the  loss  of  bad  company  or  of  evil  habits. 

2.  Destruction  ;  ruin';  as,  the  loss  of  a  ship  at  sea  j 
the  loss  of  an  array. 

3.  Failure  to  succeed ;  defeat ;  as,  the  loss  of  a 
battle. 

4.  Waste  ;  useless  application  ;  as,  a  loss  of  lime 
or  labor. 

5.  Waste,  by  leakage  or  escape ;  as,  a  loss  ot  li- 
quors in  transportation. 

To  bear  a  loss ;  to  ma];e  good  ;  aJso,  lo  sustain  a 
loss  without  sinking  under  it. 

To  be  at  a  loss  ;  to  be  pu/.zled  ;  to  be  unable  to  de- 
termine ;  to  be  in  a  slate  oi  uncertainty. 
LOSS'FUL,  a.    Detrimental.    [A'<j.'.  used.]      Bp.  UalL 
LOSS'LESS,  a.     Free  from  loss.     [jXot  itsed.]    Mlton. 
LOST,  pp.  or  a.     [from  lose]     Mislaid  or  left  in  a 
place  unknown  or  forgotten  ;  that  can  not  be  found  ; 
as,  a  lost  book. 

2.  Ruined  ;  destroyed  ;  wasted  or  squandered  ; 
employed  to  no  good  piu-pose  ;  as,  lost  money  j  tost 
time. 

3.  Forfeited  ;  as,  a  lost  estate. 

4.  Not  able  to  find  the  right  way,  or  the  place  m- 
tended.    A  stranger  is  lost  in  London  or  Pans. 

5.  BewUdered  ;  perplexed  ;  being  in  a  inar.e  ;  as, 
a  speaker  may  be  lost  in  his  argument. 

6.  Alienated  ;  insensible  ;  hardened  beyond  sensi- 
bility or  recovery  ;  as,  a  proHigate  lost  to  shame  ; 
lost  to  all  sense  of  lienor.  . 

7.  Not  perceptible  to  the  senses  ;  not  visible  ;  as, 
an  isle  lost  in  a  fog  ;  a  person  tost  in  a  crowd. 

8.  Shipwrecked  or  foundered  ;  sunk  or  destroyed  ; 
as,  a  ship  lost  at  sea,  or  on  the  ruck- 

LOT  "        ■■■    ""    •^'"'  '■'■ 


^OT  H.  [Sax.  hlot,  hlodd,  hlct,  hlyt ;  Goth,  hlmits ; 
D  and  Fr.  lot ,-  Sw.  latt :  Dan.  and  Arm.  lod  ;  G.  los ; 
It.  lotio ;  Sp.  lotcria,  a  lottery.  The  primary  sense  is, 
that  which  comes,  falls,  or  happens,  or  a  part,  a  di- 
vision or  share.  The  French,  from  lot,  have  loUr, 
to  divide  ;  Arm.  loda,  id.,  whence  W«7,  a  co-hcir.J 

1  Tiiat  wiiich,  in  human  siieech,  is  called  chance, 
hazard,  fortune,  but,  in  strictness  of  language,  is  lie 
determination  of  Providence  ;  as,  the  land  shall  be 
divided  by  lot.     J^'nm.  xxvi. 

"  That  by  which  the  fate  or  portion  of  one  is  iie- 
termined  ;  that  by  which  an  event  is  committed  lo 
chance,  lint  is,  to  the  determination  of  Providence  ; 
as,  to  cast  lots  ;  u*  draw  lots. 

Tiie  lot  in  cast  into  Uio  lap,  but  Uic  whole  disposing  thereof  is  of 
UwLonl.  — Prov.  xvi. 

3.  The  pan,  division,  or  fate,  which  Odls  to  one  by 
chance,  that  is,  by  divine  determination. 

The  second  lot  came  forth  to  Simeon.  —  Ji«h.  xix. 

He  was  but  Iwm  to  try 
The  lot  of  man.  t>)  surtor  and  to  die.  ''i*;^- 

I.  A  distinct  portion  or  parcel ;  as,  a  lot  of  goods  ; 

a  lit  of  boards.  


5.  ProportktD  ur  ^.'. 
hL 
C.  In  the  I 

perliap^  «'ri'ji, 
any  p«    ■ 
Uuj*  a  I  ■ 
liaM  a  (  '    : 
home-^t,  a  ItottMi-^' , 

TIk*  UcfcnUott  kmM>: 

To  etut  totj,  U  to  ■ 
instrument,  hy  (k*- 
which,  an  event  u,  -,.   . 
mined. 

To  dram  lot*  ;  to  dcterm'^ 
one  thing  from  a  ntiift'- ' 
from  Ihe  drawi:r,  ai.  '■ 
LOT,  r.  L    To  allot ;  - 
to  catalogue  ;  to  j*  t- 
LOTE,  n.     [Gr.  >'jr 

!.  The  modern  , 
more  ei-pecially  uf  i  -     . 
which  is  three  or  fo'ir  tw  . 
fruit  about  the-  h'uc  of  a 
which  grows  on  evi  r.  •,-■.'• 

2.  A  little  muddy 
LOTH.  a.    [.-•ax.  U: 
hated.   The  r.,ri<mi 
wilh  y  lone,  ' 
alion  crigiu". 
etcUJi.      1    bn- 
Spenser,  and  ^h.ii\ 
word.    The  v.  rb, 
originally  spelt  wit!. 
would  be  prt'fjrablc.    'iii*. 
to  turn  r.r  drive  away.    S- 
No.  9, 1.").] 

1.  lAterally^  haliti 

2.  I'nwilling  ;  di 

Tu  paido:i  williuj,  -i-i  -  , 
LG'TiON,  n.     [L.  toiio^  fn-N: 
L  .\  washing  :  partiotl 
for  Ihe  purptwe  of  rendcri. 

2.  A  liquid  prcpamlnn  ■ 
tliebody,lo  cleanse  it  t'ff- 

3.  In  pharmacy,  a  prcpamtiun 
w:ishing  them  in  some  liquid,  l.  i 
stances,  impurilics,  Atc. 

LOT'TED,  pp.     .\llotled  ;   a^al: 

tioned. 
LOT'TER-Y,  n.    [Fr.  hurit :  Sp. 

1.  A  scheme    for  ihc  dwlnt- . 
chance,  or  the  distribution  iiscli. 
authori/xd  by  taw,  but  many  g.-  j 
immoral  ia  priiiciplr,  and  almt«*  all  uka  Cfc'i.tai  «    ,, 
the  opinion  that  their  eficclJ  are  pcmic»c«fc  '' 

2.  .Vllolmcnl.     [-W  used.] 
LOT'TlSti, ppr.    Assicning  ;  d:*;. 
LO'TL'S.  n.     [Gr.  Xtjroj.] 

The  name  of  a  genus  of  Icgum 
ancients  applied  Ihc  name  Wbj  : 
tus  of  Afnca,  [see  Loit,]  the  > 
Eg>*ptian  water  plant,  ami  U"  lii- 
the  genus  Lotus.  .    „  , 

LOUD,  a,     [Sax.  kltui,  or  tudi  G.  test;  i 
hid;  L-fflurf**,  lo  praise,  aii.l   ":!h  a   .■ 
\V.  elod^  pmise,  formr  1   ' 
what  is  forcibly  uttcrod 
that  shoots  out,  that  is  i>* 

is  the  Ch.  Syr.  Hob.  and  Sam.  ^S^  EUi-  U)MX 

iMlaJ,  Ar.  jj*  KidaJay  to  bnn-  fifth.    Tbe  pctswy 

sense  is  obvious.    Qu.  iw  conr*-'?  -"»  "'»:>  'f^    ' 
blciodh  and  'rta.xlk,  a  callmc,  an'l  "^ 
See  Class  Ld,  No,  ^.  '29.] 

1.  Having  a  greal  sound;  hicli  - -. 
striking  the  car  with  pval  force  ;  »,  a 
loud  cry  ;  htid  thunder. 

«   liioringormakingaKTcainoi»ci.v.  -  — 
ments.    i  C*r,tii.  xix. 

3.  Clamorous ;  nois>-. 

She  i»l»«J»nJ*ui*«m,— PiTT.i*. 

1.  Emphalical;  impressive;  as, a Iwii call  lo  »Tr*d 
danger.  .... 

LOCD,  adr.    Wilh  loudness  ;  lotidlr. 


LOUD^-uVuGiMNG^  (-l-VfTing.}  i.'  Lr 
LOUD'LV,  adr.    With  great  s*Hind  -t  - 

Who  Ion?  and  Jauiy  in  tJif  Kb-v;s     - 

i  Clamonmslv ;  wiUi  \-chcm 
ponuniiv.     He  hndly  complain' 
LOUI>'Ni:SS,  «.    Great  sound  ot  c  ..^  .  i---  -J     ■  * 

Hf,«  of  a  voice  or  of  thunder.  

o   Clamor ;  clamorwisncss ;  tur^uI«  ncr .  iiiw^w. 
LOUD'-VOIC-ED,  (-%-ois<,)  «.    UaTing  a  kni^r^m*. 


LOUGH,  (lok,)  n-    [Ir.] 

A  lake,  or  arm  ol  the  sea  :  a 
of  the  Scottish  lof.k. 
L0(PIS'iy'OR\  (Kxi'c-dOff  ,)••..■ 


Binm. 


TONE,  BULL,  TINITE.- AN"GER,  VI"ClOns.-C  as  K 


fi  as  J;  S  as  Z:  CH  as  SH :  TH  as  in  THI& 


677 


LOV 

A  puld  coin  of  Prance,  lirst  struck  in  1G40,  in  the 
rc'ifiii  of  Louis  XIII.,  value  twenty  shillings  storliug, 
etjual  to  about  $4.44. 
LOLJ.N'OE,  V.  i.    [Fr.  /ob^w,  a  lingerer,  from  long.] 
1.  To  si>end  time  lazBy. 
H.  To  move  idly  about ;  to  stroll. 
3.  To  recline  at  ease  ;  to  loll. 
LOUNCE,  7L    An  idle  gait  or  stroll. 
"2.  The  act  of  reclining  at  ease. 
3.  A  place  for  lounging. 
LOUN'O'ER,  n.    An  idler;  one  who  loiters  away  his 

time  in  indolence. 
LOUN'G'ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Passing  the  time  in  idleness; 
LOtfR.    Sec  Lower.  [recluiingat  ease. 

LOUSE,  «.,-  pL  Lice.  [Sax.  /iw,  pi.  hjsi  D.  luui ;  G, 
laus;  Svv.  and  Dan.  liu.] 

The  popular  name  of  a  genus  of  parasitic  insects, 
termed  Pcdicidus^  with  a  thittened  body  divided  into 
eleven  or  twelve  segments,  to  three  of  which  is  at- 
tached a  pair  of  legs,  which  arc  short,  atul  terminated 
by  a  slout  nail  or  two  opposing  hooks,  which  enable 
these  animals  to  cling  with  great  facility.  The 
mouth  consists  of  a  small,  tubular  protuberance,  situ- 
ated at  the  anterior  extremity  of  the  head,  in  the 
Ibrm  of  a  snout,  and  containing  a  sucker  when  at 
rest.  Their  eggs  are  termed  nils  in  English.  Two 
species  infest  the  bodies  of  men.  Different  animals 
are  infested  with  diflerent  species. 
LOUSE,  (Inwz,)  V.  U  To  clean  from  lice.  Swift, 
LOUSE'U'ORT,  (lows'wurt,)  n,  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Pedicularis,  so  nauujd  because  sheep  were  supposed 
to  become  lousy  by  feeding  much  on  it.  The  yellow 
lotLsetcort  is  the  genus  Rhinanthus. 

Loudon.     Fam.  of  P^a^^ts. 
LOUS'I-LY,  adv.    [from  lousij.]     In  a  mean,  paltrj- 

manner;  scurvily.     [Vulgar] 
LOUS'I-NESS,  71.    The  slate  of  aboimding  with  lice. 
LOUS'Y,  (low'ze,)  a.     [from  louse.]     Swanuing  with 
lice  ;  infested  with  lice.  Drydeiu 

2.  Mean;  low;  contemptible;  as,  a  lousy  knave. 
[Vid^ar.]  Shale. 

LOUT,  n.    [Qu.  Sax.  leod,  G.  leute,  people.] 

A  mean,  awkward  fellow ;  a  bumpkin ;  a  clown. 
Shak.     Oay. 
LOUT,  V.  i.     [Sax.  hlutan.] 

To  bend  ;  to  bow  ;  to  stoop.    [Obsolete^  or  local.] 
Spenser.     B.  Jonson. 
LOUT'ISH,  0.    Clownish;  rude;  awkward.     Sidney. 
LOUT'ISH-LY,  adv.     Like  a  clown  ;  in  arude,  clum- 
sy, awkward  manner. 
LOUT'ISH-NESS,  n.    Clownishneas.  Todd. 

LOU'VER,  (loo'ver,)  n.     [Fr.  VouvcrU] 

An  openmg  in  the  roofs  of  ancient  buildings  for 
the  escape  of  smoke  or  for  ventilation,  often  in  the 
fonn  of  a  turret  or  small  lantern.      Olos^  ofArckiu 

A  louver  window y  in  church  steeples,  is  an  opening 

crossed  by  bars  of  wood,  &c,,  to  exclude  rain,  but 

allow  the  iKLssage  of  sound  from  the  bells.     Francis. 

T-.GV' A-liLE,  a.     Worthy  of  love  ;  amiable.  ShcnooocL 

LOV'AdE,   H.      An  herb  of  the  genus  Ligusticum, 

sometimes  cultivated  as  a  potherb.  Lomhn. 

LOVE,  (luv,)  c.  t.  [Sax.  lufian,  luvian ;  D.  lictcti ;  G. 
liebcn ;  Russ.  liobhju :  L.  libco^  lubeo  ;  Sans,  loab^  love, 
desire.  (See  Lief.)  The  sense  is  probably  to  be 
prompt,  free,  willing,  from  leaning,  advancing,  or 
drawing  forward.] 

1.  In  a  general  scnsCyXo  be  pleased  with  ;  to  regard 
with  atTection  on  account  of  some  qaalities  which 
excite  pleasing  sensations,  or  desire  of  gratification. 
We  love  a.  friend  on  account  of  some  qualities  which 
give  us  pleasure  in  his  society.  We  love  a  man  who 
has  done  us  a  favor  ;  in  which  case  gratitude  enters 
into  the  composition  of  our  affection.  We  love  our 
parents  and  our  children,  on  account  of  their  con- 
nection with  us,  and  on  account  of  many  qualities 
which  please  us.  We  love  to  retire  to  a  cool 
shade  in  summer.  We  love  a  warm  room  in  win- 
ter. We/occto  hear  an  eloquent  advocate.  The 
Christian  loves  his  Bible.  In  short,  we  loca  what- 
ever gives  ug  pleasure  and  delight,  wiiether  ani- 
mal or  intellectual ;  and  if  our  hearts  arc  right, 
we  lovt  God  above  all  things,  .is  the  sum  of  all  ex- 
cellence, and  all  the  attributes  which  can  communi- 
cate happmess  lo  intelligent  beings.  In  other  words, 
the  Christian  /ol-m  God  with  the  fore  of  complacency 
in  his  attributes,  the  love  of  benevolence  toward  the 
interests  of  his  kingdom,  and  the  love  of  gratitude 
for  favors  received. 

Thou  »lwll  lOTx  the  Ix)rO  thv  God  with  all  Ihv  heart,  aiid  with 

a\\  thy  wul,  and  with  all  thy  mind.  —  Mnit,  xxii 
Thou  ahjh  love  liiy  r.cij-hlwr  as  thy»c!f.  —  Malt.  xxii. 

2.  To  have  benevoloncc  or  good  will  for.  John  iii 
T^VE,  c.  i.  To  delight ;  lo  take  pleasure.  Smart. 
LOVE,  (Inv,)  n.  An  affection  of  the  mind  excited  by 
beauty  and  worth  of  any  kind,  or  by  the  qualities  of 
an  object  which  comuuinirate  pleasure,  sensual  or 
intellectual.  It  is  oppnsed  to  IIatked.  /.ore  between 
the  sexes  is  a  comiwund  affection,  consisting  of  es- 
teem, benevolence,  and  nniinal  desire.  Love  is  ex- 
cited by  pleasing  qualities  of  any  kind,  as  by  kind- 
ness, benevolence,  charily,  and  by  the  qualities 
which  render  social  intercourse  agreeable.  In  the 
latter  case,  lore,  is  ardent  friendship,  or  a  strong  at- 
tachment springing  from  pood  will  and  eateem,"and 


LOV 

the  pleasure  derived  from  the  company,  civilities, 
and  kindnesses  of  others. 

Between  certain  natural  relatives,  love  seems  lo  be 
in  some  cases  instinctive.  Such  is  the  love  of  a 
mother  for  her  child,  which  manifests  itself  toward 
an  infant,  before  any  particular  qualities  in  the  cliild 
are  unfnUietl.  This  affection  is  apparently  as  strong 
in  irrational  animals  as  in  human  beings. 

We  speak  of  ihe  love  of  amusement,  the  love  of 
books,  the  love  of  money,  and  the  love  of  whatever 
contributes  to  our  pleasure  or  supposed  profit. 

The  love  of  God  is  the  first  duly  of  man,  and  this 
springs  from  just  views  of  his  attributes  or  excel- 
lences of  character,  which  afford  the  highest  delight 
to  the  sanctified  heart.  Esteem  and  reverence  con- 
slitute  ingredients  in  this  afftction,  and  a  fear  of  of- 
fending him  is  its  insepaniblc  effect. 

2.  Courtship;  chiefly  in  the  phrase  to  nudze  love, 
that  is,  to  court;  to  woo;  to  solicit  union  iu  mar- 
riage. 

3.  Patriotism ;  the  attachment  one  has  to  his  na- 
tive land  ;  as,  tlie  love  of  country. 

4.  Benevolence  ;  good  will. 

God  ia  love.  —  1  Joliit  W. 

5.  The  object  beloved. 

Th-;  lover  and  the  love  of  human  kiud.  Pope. 

6.  A  word  of  endearment. 

Truat  mc,  love.  Dryden. 

7.  Cupid,  the  god  of  love. 


Such  was  his  form  os  painiera,  when  thoy  show 
Their  uCinust  art,  on  naked  Loves  bestow. 

8.  Lewdness. 

He  U  not  lolling  on  a  lewd  JoK-bi.'d. 

9.  A  thin,  silk  stuff.    [Obs.] 


Dryticn. 


Shak. 
Boyle. 
Love  in  idleness:  a  kintl  of  violet.  SItak. 

Free  of  love ;  a  plant  of  the  genus  Cercis. 

Fain,  of  Plants. 
LCVE'-AP-PLE,  (luv'ap-pl,)  h.    A  plant  of  the  genus 

Solanum,  or  Lycopersicum,  or  its  fruit ;  the  tomato. 
LOVE'-BRo-KER,  n.    A  third  person  who  acts  as 

agent  between  lovers.  Shak. 

LOVE'-€RACK-£D,  (-krakt,)  a.     Crazed  with  love. 
LOV'SD,  (luvd,)  pp.  or  a.   Having  the  affection  of  any 

one. 
LOVE'-DART-ING,  a.    Darting  love,  aa  the  eves. 

jlilton. 
LOVE'-DaY,  (luv'da,)  ti,    A  day  formeriy  appointed 

for  an  nmicabie  adjustment  of  differences.     Chaucer. 
LOVE'-Fa-VOR,  w.    Something  given  to  be  worn  in 

token  of  love.  Bp.  flail. 

LOVE'-FeAST,  7t.  A  religious  festival,  held  quarter- 
ly by  the  Methodists,  in  imitation  oCthc  agapm  of  the 

earlv  Cliristians. 
LOVE'-FeAT,  v.    The  gallant  act  of  a  lover.      Skak. 
LOVE'-KILL-LVG,  a.     Killing  affection.        Baxter. 
LOVE'-KNOT,  (luv'nol,)  n.    A  knot  so  called,  used 

as  a  token  of  love,  or  representing  mutual  affection. 
L0VE'-La-BOR-£D,  a.     Labored  by  love.    Milton, 
LOVE'-LASS,  n.     A  sweetheart. 
LOVE'LESS,  a.     Void  of  love  ;  void  of  tenderness  or 

kindness.  Milton.     Shdton. 

LOVE'-LET-TER,    n.     A  letter  professing  love ;  a 

letter  of  courtship. 
L0VE'~LIES-BLEED'ING,7i.  A  species  of  amaranth, 

Amarantus  caudatus.  Partin<Hon. 

LOVE'LI-LY,  (luv'le-ly,)  adv.     [from  lovdy.]     Amia- 
bly ;  in  a  manner  to  excite  love.  Otioaij. 
L0VE'LI-NESS,(luv'li-ne33,)n.  { from  lovelij.]  Araia- 

blcness ;  qualities  of  body  or  mind  that  may  excite 

love. 

If  UiPre  is  siich  a  native  looelirwse  in  the  sex,  as  lo  moke  llicm 
victorious  when  in  ih-?  wronj,  how  resistleas  th^ir  power 
when  they  are  on  the  side  of  truth  1  Speetaiur. 

LOVE'-LTNK-ED,  (luvainkt,)  a.  Linked  or  con- 
nected by  love. 

LOVE'-LOCK,  n.  A  curl  or  lock  of  bau-  so  called, 
worn  by  men  of  fashion  iu  the  reigns  of  Elizabeth 
and  James  I,  Ldy. 

LOVE'-LORN,  a.  [lovr.  nnd  torn.]  Foi-saken  by  one's 
love  ;  as,  the  love-lorn  nightingale.  Milton. 

LOVE'LY,  (luv'ly.)  «.  Amiable;  that  may  excite 
love ;  possessing  qualities  which  may  invite  affec- 
tion. 

Saw]  and  Jonathan  were  tavtly  and  pleasant  in  their  lives.  —2 
Sa.Ti.  i. 

LOVE'LY-PaC-ED,  (luvMe-faste,)  a.     Having  a  love- 
ly face. 
LOVE'MOi\"GER,  (luv'raunc-ger,)  n.     [love  and  rnon- 
gcr.]    One  who  deals  in  affairs  of  love.     [Jfot  used.] 

Skak. 
LOVE'-PLV-ED,  (luv'pind,)  a.    Wasting  by  love. 

Spenser. 
LoV'ER,  71.    One  who  loves  ;  one  who  has  a  tender 
affection,  particularly  for  a  female. 

Ta)vc  ii  blind,  and  lovtrs  cin  not  i::c.  Shak. 

2.  A  friend  ;  one  who  regards  with  Ivinduess. 

Your  hroUicr  ni:d  his  lover  h.ive  enibricc-cJ.  SJiaJc. 

3.  One  who  likes  or  is  pleased  with  any  thing ;  as, 
a  lover  of  books  or  of  science  ;  a  lover  of  wine  ;  a 

lover  of  religion. 


LOW 

LO'VEU  and  LOO'VER.    See  Louver. 
LOVE'-Se-CRET,  n.    A  secret  between  lovers. 

IJntden, 
LOVE'-SHXFT,  n.    Cupid's  arrow.  ^,Wr. 

LOVE'-SICK,  a.    Sick  or  languishing  with  luvt;  or 
amorous  desire  ;  as,  a  lovesick  maid. 

To  the  dear  misUva  of  my  lovc-»idc  mind.  Dryden. 

2.  Dictated  by  a  languishing  lover,  or  expresi^ivo 
of  languishing  love. 

Wlioic  nightingale*  tlicir  love-riek  ditty  atiig.  Drydttu 

LOVE'-SICK-NESS,  n      Languisbiug  and  amorous 

desire. 
LOVE'SO.ME,  a.    Lovely,     [J^ot  used.]        Dnjdcjt. 
LOVE'-SONG,  71.    A  song  expressing  love.      Shak, 
LOVE'-SOIT,  71.    Courtship;  solicitation  of  union  in 

marriage.  S/uUc, 

LOVE'-TaLE,  71.    A  narrative  of  love. 


Cato  '&  a  proper  pcnon  lo  iatnist 
A  locc-lait  wiUi. 


AJiluon. 


LOVE'-TAUGHT,  a.     Tiislrucled  by  love.     Moore. 
LQVE'-TilOUGHT,  (luv'thawt,)  ti.    Amorous  fancy. 

Shak. 
LOVE'-To-K£X,  7t.    A  present  in  token  of  love. 

SJtoJi. 
LO  VE'-TO  Y,  IU    A  small  present  from  a  lover. 

Arbxithnot. 
LOVE'-TUICK,  7(.    Art  or  artifice  expressive  of  love. 

OtliLT  love-tneks  than  glnncing  Willi  tlie  eye*.  Donjte. 

LOVING,  ppr.    Entertaining  a  strong  affection  for ; 
having  tender  regard  for. 

2,  a.     Fond  ;  affectionate  ;  as,  a  lovin^r  friend. 

3.  Expressing  love  or  kindness  ;  as,  loving  words. 
LOV'ING-KiND-A'EriS,  ii.    Tender  regaod;  mercy; 

favor ;  a  scriptural  word. 

My  loxAng-kindnets  will  1  iioi  uuerly  take  friiin  hiin.  —  Pb. 
Ixxxix. 

LOV'IXG-LY,  adv.    With  love ;  with  affection ;  affec- 
tionately. 

It  b  no  jreat  matter  to  live  lovingly  with  meek  jKnons.  Taylor. 

LOVING-NESS, ;(,    Affection  ;  kind  regard. 

The  only  two  hands  of  good  will,  loveliness  and  lovingness. 

Sidnaj. 
Low,  a.     [D.  laarr,  G.  leg,  Sw.  ?d^,  low  ;  Sax.  loh,  a 
pit  or  gulf;  Russ.  ion-,  a  low  place,  a  hollow  ;  Dan. 
lag,  a  bod  or  layer,  a  row  ;  from  the  root  of  lay.] 

'l.  Not  high  or  elevated  ;  depressed  below  any 
given  surface  or  place.  Low  ground  or  laud,  is  land 
below  the  common  level.  Low  is  tipposird  to  hi^ky 
and  both  are  relative  terms.  That  \vhich  is  Tow 
with  respect  to  one  thing,  may  be  high  with  respect 
to  another.  .\  low  house  would  be  uliigh  tence.  A 
/o7fl  fiiglit  for  an  eagle,  would  be  a  /it^r/t  Hight  for  a 
partridge. 

2.  Not  rising  to  the  usual  bight ;  as,  a  man  of  low 
stature. 

3.  Declining  near  the  horizon.  The  sun  is  low  at 
four  o'clock  in  winter,  and  at  six  in  summer. 

4.  Deep  ;  descending  far  below  the  adjacent 
ground  ;  as,  a  loio  valley. 

The  lowest  bottom  shook  of  Erebus,  M'dlon. 

.5.  Sunk  to  the  natural  level  of  the  ocean  by  tlie 
retiring  of  the  tide  ;  as,  low  water. 

6.  Below  the  usual  rate  or  amount,  or  below  the 
ordinary  value  ;  as,  a  low  price  of  com  ;  low  wages. 

7.  Not  high  or  loud  ;  as,  a  low  voice. 

8.  Grave  ;  depressed  in  the  scale  of  sounds ;  as,  a 
low  note. 

9.  Near  or  not  ver>'  distant  from  the  equator;  as, 
a  ?(»70  latitude.  We  say,  the  ?ou)  southern  latitudes; 
the  hiffh  northern  latitudes. 

10.  Late  in  time ;  modem  ;  as,  tlie  lower  empire. 

11.  Dejected;  depressed  in  vigor;  wanting  strength 
or  animation;  as,  low  spirits;  low  in  spirits.  His 
courage  is  low. 

12.  Depressed  in  condition  ;  in  a  humble  state. 
Why  but  to  keep  you  tow  and  ignorant  i  Aliltort, 

13.  Humble  in  rank  ;  in  a  mean  condition  ;  as, 
men  of  high  and  law  condition  ;  the  lower  walks  of 
life ;  a  loio  class  of  people. 

14.  Mean;  abject;  groveling;  base;  as,  a  pcr^-ou 
of  low  mind. 

15.  Dishonorable ;  mean  ;  as,  a  low  trick  or  strata- 
gem. 

16.  Not  elevated  or  sublime  ;  not  exalted  in  thought 
or  diction  ;  as,  a  low  comparison;  a  low  metaphor; 
low  language. 

In  compariiioti  of  the*;  divine  writers,  iho   nobIc»l  wiu  of  the 
hi'aihen  world  are  low  and  dull.  Pelton. 

17.  Vulgar;  common;  as,  a /ow  education. 

18.  Submissive  ;  humble  ;  reverent. 

And  pay  thi'ir  fcalty 
With  low  BUDjection.  il/i/tofi. 

But  firel  low  reverence  done.  Miitnn, 

19.  Weak ;  exhausted  of  vital  energy.  His  dis- 
ease has  brought  him  very  loic. 

20.  Feeble  ;  weak  ;  without  force  ;  as,  a  low  pulse. 

21.  iModerate;  not  inflammatory  ;  as,  a /ok?  fever. 

22.  Moderate  ;  not  intense ;  as,  a.  low  heat;  a  low 
temperature. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T.-METE,  PREY. -PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD. -NOTE,  DOVE,  M0\^,  WOLF,  BOOK.- 
67:^  ^^""^^ 


LOW 


LOZ 


LUC 


23.  Im(K>verishcil ;  iji  reduced  circuiuslances.  The 
rich  are  often  reduced  lo  n,  low  coiulitiou. 

24.  Moderate  ;  as,  u  loto  culculatiua  or  estimate. 

25.  Flaiii ;  simple ;  not  rich,  high  seasoned,  or 
nourishiug  ;  as,  a  lous  diet. 

LoU'.  ado.  Not  aloft ;  not  on  high ;  often  uiicd  in  com- 
position :  a:*,  /(?a?-browed  rocks.  Milton.     Pope. 

2.  CuJer  the  usual  price  j  at  a  moderate  price. 
Ue  :>old  his  wheat  low. 

'X  Near  the  ground ;  as,  the  bird  fiiea  very  low. 

A.  In  a  mean  condition  ;  m  composition  ;  as,  a  low- 
born  fellow  j  a  lou>-hot\i  lass.  ^lak. 

5.  lu  time  approaching  our  own. 

Ill  ibc  pan  of  ihe  wotl'I  which  \n&  fim  iiihAUUxl,  cvph  as  lota 
down  u  Abr.ikun's  time,  ibey  uMiidcrvd  wim  th':!r  llock^ 
and  hctJs.  Locke. 

G.  With  a  depressed  voice ;  not  loudly ;  as,  speak 
lotc. 

7.  In  a  state  of  subjeclibn,  poverty,  or  disgrace  ; 
as,  to  be  brought  low  b^'  oppression,  by  want,  or  by 
vice. 

8.  In  popular  astronomy^  having  a  great  southern 
declination  in  the  diurnal  revolution  ;  as,  the  moon 
runs  low,  I.  e.,  appears  far  in  the  south.      Olaisted. 

Low,  c.  (.  To  sink  ;  to  depress.  [A'of  used.]     WtcUf. 
LoW,  e.  i.     [Sax.  hleoican  c  D.  lasijen.     It  is  probably  a 

contracted  word,  coinciding  with  L.  lugeoj  to  weep, 

the  sense  of  which  is,  to  cry  out.] 
To  bellow,  as  an  ox  or  cow. 

The  loxing  herd  uiad  slowly  o'er  the  lea.  Gray, 

Low,  K.    Flame  ;  fire.     [  Obsolete  or  local,]       Sniart. 
LoW,    )  .\  terniinalioa  of  names,   as    in    Bed-low. 
LOWE,  i      [Sax.  hlaWj  a  hill,  heap,  or  barrow,  Goth. 

Idaiw.] 
LoW'-ARCH-£:D,  (16  archt,)  a.    Having  a  low  arch. 

o  =  [^COtt. 

LoW^BELL,  n.  [Sw.  lage,  flame  ;  lairay  to  Hame ; 
Sax.  iFg^  Ugy  /io",  id. ;  Scot,  lowe ;  G.  lake.] 

A  kind  of  fowling  in  the  nieht,  in  which  tlie  birds 
are  wakened  by  a  bell,  and  blinded  by  light,  so  as 
to  be  easily  taken.  Cowel. 

LoW'BELL,  f.  U    To  scare,  as  with  a  loxvbell. 

Hanivwnd. 

LoW'-BORN,  a.    Bom  in  low  life. 

LoW'-BRED,  a.  Bred  in  a  low  condition  or  manner ; 
vul^irar. 

LoW'-CHURCH,  a.  Xot  asserting  exclusive  episco- 
pacy ;  opposed  to  Uigh-Church. 

Lower,  p.  l  [from  low.]  To  cause  to  descend  ;  to 
let  down ;  to  take  or  bring  down ;  as,  to  lower  Uie 
main-sail  of  a  sloop. 

2.  To  suffer  to  sink  downward.  Woodward. 

3.  To  bring  down;  to  reduce  or  humble;  as,  to 
lower  the  pride  of  man. 

4.  To  lessen  ;  to  diminish  ;  to  reduce,  as  value  or 
amount ;  as,  to  lower  the  price  or  value  of  goods,  or 
the  rate  of  interest. 

LoW'ER,  c.  i.    To  fall ;  to  sink  ;  to  grow  less.    Shak. 
LOWER,  V.  i.    To  appear  dark  or  gloomy;  to  be 
clouded  ;  to  threaten  a  storm. 


And  oU  the  clouds  that  lo-xered  upoa  our  house. 
Tb?  lo-^trin§  spriog. 


Shak. 
Dn/den. 


2.  To  frown  ;  to  look  sullen. 

Bui  sullca  dIscoutenL  sax  lowering  on  faer  face.  Dryden. 

LOWER,  It.    Cloudiness  ;  gloominess. 

2.  A  frowning;  sullenness.  Sidney. 

LoWEIl,  a.     [comp.  of  Low.]     Less  high  or  elevated. 

LoWGR-GaSE,  n.  Among  printers,  the  case  which 
contains  the  small  letters.  Hence,  as  an  atljectice,  it 
denotes  the  small  letters,  in  distinction  from  capitals. 

LoW'ER  £D,  pp.  Caused  to  descend  ;  let  down  ; 
sunk. 

L6WEII-IXG,  ppr.  or  a.    Letting  down  ;  sinking. 

LOWER-LNG,  ppr.  or  a.  Appearing  dark  or  llireat- 
enins. 

LOWER-rXG-LY,  adv.  With  cloudiness  or  threat- 
ening cloom. 

LoWER-.MoST,  a.     [from  low.]    Lowest. 

LOW'ER- Y,  a.    Cloudy  ;  gloomy. 

Lowest,  a.  [superL  of  Low.]  Most  low;  deep- 
est ;  most  depressed  or  degraded,  &c. 

LoW'IXG,  ppr.  or  a.    Bellowing,  as  an  ox. 

LoW'IXG,  TL.    The  bellowing  or  cry  of  cattle. 

LoWLAXD,  71.  Land  which  is  low  with  respect  to 
the  neighboring  country  ;  a  low  or  level  country. 
Thus  the  Belgic  states  are  called  Lotclands.  The 
word  is  sometimes  opposed  to  a  mountainous  coun- 
try- :  as,  the  Lowlands  of  Scotland.  Sometimes  it 
denotes  a  marsh.  Z>njden. 

LoWLI-HOOD,  n.     A  humble  state.  [Obs.]   Chaucer. 

Low  LI-LY,Wc.  Humbly  ;  without  pride  ;  meanly  ; 
without  disnity. 

LoW'LI-XESS,  n.  [from  lowly.]  Freedom  from 
pride  ;  humility  ;  humbleness  of  mind.        J\rdton. 

Walk  —  with  all  IcncUness  and  meekneas.  —  Epb.  iv.    PhQ.  ii. 

2.  Meanness  ;  want  of  dignity  ;  abject  state.    [In 
this  sense  little  used.]  Spenser     J)nrdcH. 

LOWLY,  a.  [tow  and  like]  Having  a  low  esteem  of 
one's  own  worth  ;  humble  ;  meek  j  free  from  pride. 

Take  my  yoke  upon  you,  and  Icam  cf  me,  for  I  am  mtt;!;  and 

lovly  in  heart.  —  Matt.  xi. 
He  Kometh  the  scomeis ;  but  he  gi?eth  *noe  onto  the  Uwty.  — 

Pro».  lii. 


2.  Mean;  low;  wauling  dignity  or  rank. 

Oi:c*  common  liglit  tlw  grcat  and  ijif/y  claim.  Pcpc. 

3.  Not  lofty  or  sublime ;  humble. 

Thfse  rural  poena,  rtnd  ihtir  Unsly  itrain.  Dnjckn. 

•1.  Xot  high  ;  not  elevated  in  place.  Drydeiu 

LOWLY,  ado.    Humbly;  meekly;  modeiitly. 

Be  lofcbj  wb.?.  ^BUon. 

2.  Meanly ;  in  a  low  condition  ;  without  grandeur 
or  dignity. 

I  will  show  laysrM  liigidy  fed,  and  lowly  UufjhU  Shak. 

LoW-MIND-ED,  a.      Having  or  indicating  a   low 

mind  or  del.;ised  feelings  ;  mean  ;  base. 
LoW-MUT-TER-ED,  a.  Muttered  with  a  low  voice. 

Ellon. 
LOU  X,  n.    [Sec  Loow.j    A  low  fellow ;  a  scoundrel. 

Sliak. 
LoWNESS,  Ti.    The  state  of  being  low  or  depressed  ; 

the  state  of  being  less  elevated  than  something  else  ; 

as,  the  lowness  of  the  ground,  or  of  the  water  after 

the  ebb-tide. 

2.  Meanness  of  condition.  iMen  are  not  to  be 
despised  or  oppressed  on  account  of  the  lowness  of 
their  birth  or  condition. 

3.  Meanness  of  mind  or  character;  want  of  dig- 
nity. Haughtiness  usually  springs  from  lowness  of 
mind  ;  real  dignity  is  distinguished  by  modesty. 

4.  Want  of  sublimity  in  style  or  sentiment ;  the 
contrary  to  Loftiness.  Drudcn. 

5.  Submissiveness ;  as,  the  lowness  of  obedience. 

Bacon. 
C.  Depression  of  mind  ;  want  of  courage  or  forti- 
tude :  dejection  ;  as,  lowness  of  spirits. 

7.  Depression  in  fortune  ;  a  state  of  poverty  ;  as, 
the  lowness  of  circumstances, 

8.  Depression  in  strength  or  intensity  ;  as,  llic  low- 
m'^s  of  heat  or  temperature  ;  lowness  of  zeal. 

9.  Depression  in  price  or  worth  ;  as,  the  lowness  of 
price  or  value  ;  the  lowness  of  the  funds,  or  of  the 
markets. 

10.  Graveness  of  sound  ;  as,  the  lowness  of  notes. 

11.  Softness  of  sound ;  as,  the  lovmess  of  the 
voice. 

L6W'-PRIC-ED,  (lo'prlst,)  a.    Bearing  a  low  pricir. 

LoW'-PRESS'lIRE,  a.    See  Steam-E.-^gine. 

LOW-ROOF-ED,  (-rooft,)  a.    Having  a  low  roof. 

MtJton. 

LoW-SPIR'IT-ED,  a.  Not  having  animation  and 
courage;  dejected;  depressed;  not  lively  or  spright- 
ly. Losses  of  property  often  render  men  low-spirxtcd. 
Excessive  severity  breaks  the  mind,  and  renders 
the  child  or  pupil  loio-spirited. 

LoW-SPIR'IT-ED-XESS,  n.  Dejection  of  mind  or 
courage  ;  a  state  of  low  spirits.  Clteyne. 

Lo^V'-SUX-DAY,  lu  A  popular  name  for  the  Sunday 
next  after  Easter.  Brandc, 

LoW-THOUGHT'ED,  (-thawt'ed,)  a.  Having  the 
thoughts  employed  on  low  subjects;  not  having 
sublime  and  elevated  thoughts  or  contemplations ; 
mean  of  sentiment;  as,  lowAlwngMcd  care. 

JllUton.     Pope, 

LoW-WA'TER,  71.  The  lowest  point  of  the  ebb  or 
receding  tide. 

LoW-W7XES,  n.  ph  [loiD  and  icine.]  A  weak  liquor 
produced  by  the  first  distillation  of  molasses,  or  fer- 
mented hquors  ;  the  first  run  of  the  still. 

Edwards,  /f.  Tad. 

LOX-O-DROM'ie,  a.  [Gr.  Aot'os',  oblique,  and  ioopos, 
a  course.] 

Pertaining  to  oblique  saiUug  by  the  rhimib ;  as, 
lozodromic  tables. 

Loxodromic  curve  ;  a  line  which  always  makes  an 
equal  angle  with  every  meridian  ;  the  rhumb  line. 

LOX-0-DRO.M'ies,  n.  The  art  of  oblique  sailing  by 
the  rhumb,  a  line  which  always  makes  an  equal  an- 
gle with  every  meridian  ;  that  is,  when  a  ship  sails 
neither  directly  under  the  equator  nor  under  the 
same  meridian,  but  obliquely,         Ifarris,    Bailey. 

LOY'AL,  a.  [Fr.  loijal,-  It.  kale;  Sp.  leal;  from  L, 
lex,  law.] 

Faithful  to  a  prince  or  superior ;  true  to  plighted 
faith,  duty,  or  love;  not  treacherous;  used  of  sub- 
jects to  their  prince,  and  of  husband,  wife,  and  lov- 
ers ;  as,  a  loyal  subject ;  a  loyal  wife. 
There  Laoti^inia  with  Evadiie  laoTra, 
Unh-ippy  both  I  but  loyal  in  their  loves.  Dryden. 

LOY'AL-IST,  71,  A  person  who  adheres  to  his  sov- 
ereign ;  particularly,  one  who  maintains  his  allegi- 
ance to  his  prince, "and  defends  his  cause  in  times  of 
revolt  or  revolution. 

LOY'AL-LY,  adr.  With  fidelity  to  a  prince  or  sov- 
ereign, or  to  a  husband  or  lover. 

LOY'AL-TY,  71,  Fidehty  to  a  prince  or  sovereign,  or 
tt>  a  husband  or  lover. 

He  had  such  loyalty  to  the  long  as  Uie  law  require*.    Gartndon. 

LOZ'EXGE,  n.  [Fr.  losangc ;  Gr.  Aj^oj,  oblique,  and 
J  wi  ifl,  a  corner.] 

1.  A  figure  with  four  equal  sides,  having  two 
acute  and  two  obtuse  angles ;   a  rhomb. 

2.  In  heraldry,  [it  is  used  ciactly  as  in  the  fifst 
sense.  — E.  H.G.] 

3.  Among  jaoeicrs,  lozenges  arc  common  to  brd- 


lian'--  nnrl   r>,.,,  Jij;j„,uj,.     i„   i. 


4.  In   vmfti-.' 

often  medir^*ii><j 

or  rhomb,  but  n,,.-.  ., 
LOZ'K.NG  f:u, 
LOZ'EXOE-SHAP  i:ii. 

LozEWCE.  Xo.  L] 
LOZ'EXC-V,  a.     W  heraldry,  [mor. 

lozen^ee,  divided  li/zz-npf-wiwr.  —  i,_ 
LP;  a  contraction  of  LuKOtuir. 
LU.    .Sec  Loi^. 

LL'B'BARD.     [^>\t  ^.■f.*r     ^\,    f       -> 
LUB'BEK,  n.    [V. 

man,  a  ftiripliii. 

strip,  a  MiriiN:  • 

wieldy  lump,  i 

of  Uabi,  it  apj' 

lank,  like  a  «tr 

docs  biii  full 

£oo^  seems  rat 
A   heavy,    r 

clown. 

And  UnCT!^ 

LUB'BER-LY,  c     .  . .,        . 

livity  ;  hence,  buU>  sad  heavy  ;  e\-. 
a  lubbrrly  ff  llow  or  EN.t*. 

LUB'BER-LY,  aJc.     ClmnwJ)  ;  ank 

LC'BRie,  a.     [L,  lubriau,  •l'Pper>-l 

1.  Having  a  smooth  iur£ice ;  clipper;  ;  r. 
thmat.  ( 

2.  Wavering ;   unstfady  ;   u,  tbe  Imhru 
£late.  , ' 

3.  Lascivious  ;  wanton  ;  lewd. 

Tlu  luinic  uhI  kdalCmie  afc 
[This  word  u  now  little  iumLI 
LtJ'BRI-€AXT,  n.    [See  Lt'.ucAia.]    Tl. 

lubricates. 
LO'BRI-CaTE,  r,  L     'J     ' 
pcry  ;  allied  to  labor,  ■ 
To  make  smooth  • 
saponaceau.s  medirin<  7  .::■,- 
thev  are  applied.    Llbricit 
LCURI-Ca-TED,  pp.  or  a.      , 

LCBRI-Ca-TIXG,  ppr.  or  a.    Rend 

-   slippery. 

LU-BRI-eA'TIOX,  «,    The  act  of  r. 

and  slippen*. 
Lt''BRI-€.\-TOR,  n.     Thn!  whi<-h  ! 
LU-BRIC'I-TY,  n.    jTr    ' 

1.  Smooilmess  of  >  . 

2.  Smoothness ;  ai:.. 

to  facilitate  the  motion  t-i  [•"■i../  r.i  ■ 
ishing  friction. 

3.  Stippcrinc?^  ;   instability ;   35.   . 
fortune.  /,  ; 

4.  Lasciviottsness ;  propensity  to  U-wdH' 
new  ;  lechery- ;  incontinency. 

LtJ'BRI-eoUS,  11.    [L.  I^ncMs.} 

1.  Smooth ;  slipper)'. 

2.  ^Vavuriog;  unstable  ;  a^,  ImAr.. 

LU-BRI-FA€'TIOX,  «.    [Inftx]    TU  act 

rating  or  makine  smooth. 
LU-BRLFI-eA'TiOX,  m.      [I .   '  ' 

make.] 
The  act  or  operation  of  ti. 

perv.  «'-T. 

LU-€\'MA,  11.    .\  ChUian  fhiit,  ia  skm  and  ftanr  iv- 

senibling  a  poicb.  "" 

LCCE,  II.    A  pike  Oill  Kmim.  .' "^      - 

LU'CEXT,  a.     [L.  Ucems,  from  /«. 

Light.] 
Shining;  bright;  rcsplcndcat ;  a?, t:;r 

orb. 
LC'CERX,  H.     [Qu.  W.  Ovsmti.  H""*^: 

plant ;  Com.  lyzuoM :  or  {rv::\    ' 

land,] 
A  feguminiuis  plant  of  tli    . 

vaied  for  fodder. 
LU-CEU'NAL-MreRO-S€OPB,  m.      [L. 

lamp,  and  mifrii>*f*>pf,] 
A  couiiKmnd  micnwcope.  in  whi-*-  •' 

illuminated  by  means  of  a  Limp. 
LO'CID,  a.      [L.  luddiLfy  frum  ime^.  . 

LlGHT.| 

1.  Sinning  ;   bright ;   rasptcndeat ;   ac 
orbs  of  heaven. 
'X  Clear ;  transparcDt;  pellucid :  as,  a  I*. 

3.  Bright  with  the  rndi,Tn<v  of  inldlrct; 

ened  or  confn<   '  *-     '  '  - -<"-. 

by  the  regular 
lervals  of  a  d* :  - 

4.  Clear;  disiiiui  . 
understood  :  as,  a  in 

LU-CiD'I-TY.  a.     Bri- 
Lt"CID-LY,  afr.    CUm..  . 


TONE,  BJJLL,  UNITE AN"GEB,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  asK;  fiasJ;  SasZ;  CHas  SH  :  TH  as  in  THIS. 


t)7d 


LUC 


LO'CID-NESS,  u.    Briclilness  ;  clearness. 
LO'C!-FKR,  H.      [L.  /«x,  liicis,  J'gl't,  and  fero,    to 
bring.] 

1.  Tlie  planet  Venus,  so  called  from  its  brightness. 

2.  ^atan. 

Ami  when  he  fiUU,  lie  falls  like  Lud/cr, 
Never  to  liopc  »g.iin.  Shak. 

LCCI-FER,  \  n.    A  match  made  of  a  very 

LU'CI-FER-MATCH,  j  combih^tible  substance,  and 
ignited  by  friction.  They  \vireuii;:inally  tipped  with 
a  mixture  of  chlurate  of  potash  and  sulphuitl  of  an- 
timony, but  now  usually  with  phosphorus  and  niter. 

SiUiman. 
LU-CI-Fe'RI-AN,  (/.    Pertaining  to  Lucifer,  or  to  the 

Luciferians. 
LU-C1-Fe'RI-AXS,  ti.  pi.  Thfi  followers  of  Lucifer, 
bisliop  of  Cagliari,  in  the  fourth  century,  who  sepa- 
rated from  the  orthodox  churches  because  they 
would  not  go  all  lengtlis  with  hiin  in  i-iiposing  the 
Arians.  Mtirdock. 

LU-CIF'ER-OUS,  a.     [L.  Zuci/rr,  supra.] 

Giving  light;  alTording  liuht  or  means  of  discov- 
ery. Boyle, 
LU-CIF'ER-OUS-LY,  adc.    So  as  to  discover.  Browti. 
LU-CIF'ie,  a.     [L.  Inz,  light,  and  facioj  to  make.] 

PfoduciuK  light.  Greto. 

LO'CI-FOR.M,  a.    [L.  lux,  light,  and  format  form.] 
Having  the  form  of  light ;  resembling  light. 

Tlie  Wilier  prepares  «is,  .itid  purifies  our  luc^J'onn  spirit  lo  re- 
c<rivc  Ov  iliviiiity.  Paus.  ZVans, 

LU-CIM'E-TER,  n.  A  photomcler,  or  instrument  for 
raeasurins  the  intensity  of  liyht. 

LUCK,  H.  [D.  luk^  gehk  ;  G.  iHwck  ;  Sw.  lijcka  ;  Dan. 
hjkkc;  Sans,  lakki.  The  sense  is,  that  which  comes, 
falls,  happens.    W.  Uug,  a  dart  or  throw  ;  Uugmw,  to 

throw.      Q,u.  Gr.  Auj  x*^*"^  '   Ar.  Uu  laka.      Class 

L2,  No.  21.] 

That  which  happens  to  a  person;  an  event,  good 
or  ill,  affecting  a  man's  interest  or  happiness,  and 
which  is  deemed  casual ;  fortune.  Luck  respects 
persons  and  their  proceedings.  We  never  say,  in  a 
literal  stnse,  that  a  plant  has  the  luck  to  grow  in  a 
particular  place  ;  or  a  fossil  has  the  luck  to  be  of  a 
particular  form.  Wc  say,  a  person  has  thf3  good 
luek  to  ei-capo  from  danger  ;  or  the  ill  lack  to  be  in- 
snared  or  to  suffer  los^:.  He  has  good  Ittck,  or  bad  luck 
in  gaming,  lishinti,  or  hunting.  /.,.t/:,  or  what  wo 
call  chance,  accident,  fortune,  i:^  an  event  which 
takes  place  without  being  intended  or  foreseen  ;  or 
from  some  cause  not  under  human  control ;  that 
which  can  not  be  previously  known  or  determined 
with  certainty  by  human  skill  or  power. 


LUCK'-PEN-NV,  II.  In  Scotland,  a  small  sum  given 
back  to  the  payer,  b^  nne  who  receives  money  under 
a  coiitracl  or  bargain.  Jmnic^on. 

LUCK'I-LY,  ade.  [from  lucky.]  Fortunately ;  by 
good  fortune ;  with  a  favorable  issue ;  in  a  good 
sense.    Luckiltjy  we  escaped  injury. 

LUCK'I-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  fortunate  ;  as, 
the  luckiness  of  a  man  or  of  an  event. 

2.  Good  fortune  ;  a  favorable  issue  or  event.  [In 
this  sense,  Luck  is  generally  used.] 

LUCK'LESS,  ii.    Unfortunate;  meeting  with  ill  suc- 
cess :  as,  a  luckless  gamester ;  a  luckless  maid. 
2.  Unfortunate;  producing  ill  or  no  good. 

Prnjcr*  m.i(ie  and  ^^titcd  in  n  /ucWcsa  Lour.  Di-yden. 

LUCK'LESS-LV,  ath:  Unfortunately  ;  unsuccess- 
fully. 

LUCK'Y,  a.  Fortunate  ;  meeting  with  good  success  ; 
as,  a  lucky  adventurer. 

2.  Fortunate  ;  producing  good  by  chance  ;  favora- 
ble ;  as,  a  lucky  adventure ;  a  lucky  time ;  a  Uicky 
ca.*it. 

LU'GRA-TIVE,  a.  [Fr.  incro/i/,-  L.  lucratimis,  from 
hicror,  to  gain  profit.] 

Gainful ;  profitable  ;  making  increase  of  money  or 
goods ;  as,  a  lucrative  tmde ;  liLcrativc  business  or 
oflicc. 

LU'CRA-TIVE-LY,  adv.    Profitablv. 

LO'CRE,  (lu'ker,)  n.     [L.  lucrum  ;  Fr.  lucre.] 

Gain  in  money  or  goods  ;  profit;  usually  in  nn  ill 
sense,  or  with  the  sense  of  something  base  or  un- 
worthy. 

The  lust  of  lucre,  and  the  dread  ofdcaUi.  Pope. 

A  biflliop  imiit  be  bUmclc&s —  uol  givtii  t9  fillliy  lucre.  —  Tit.  i. 

LCeUE,  (lu'ker,)  v.  i.    To  desire  pecuniary  advan- 
tage.    r.Vbt  used.]  Jlndcrson. 
LU-€RIF'ER-OUt;,  a.    [L.  lucrum^  gain,  and  fero,  to 
produce.] 
I           Gainful ;  profiLible.     {Little  xised.]  Boyle, 
I   LU-€RIF'IC,   a.       [L.    lucrum,    gain,  and    facto,   to 
make.] 
Producing  profit ;  gainful.    [JVo£  used.] 
LU€-TA'TION,Tt.    {\j.luctatio,  from  /wcior,  to  wrestle 
or  strive.] 

Struggle  ;  contest ;  effort  to  overcome  in  contest. 
\Liale  used.] 
LCie'TU-AL,  a.     [L.  luctus,  grief.] 

Producing  grief.     fjVot  used.]  Buck, 


LUK 

LO'CU-BRaTE,  v.  i.  [Jj.  lueubrn,  to  study  by  candle- 
light, from  lucubriim^  Irom  lux,  light.] 

To  titudy  by  candle-light  or  a  lamp ;  to  study  by 
night. 

LU-0U-BR.\'TIOX,  71.  Study  by  a  lamp  or  by  candle- 
light; nocturnal  stutly. 

2.  That  which  is  composed  by  night ;  that  which 
is  produced  bv  meditation  in  retirement.        'i'ntler. 

LtJ'CU-liR.A-Tb-RY,  a.  Composed  by  candle-light  or 
by  night.  Pope. 

LU'CU-LENT,  a.  [L.  luculcutus,  from  luctA),  to  .shine.] 

1.  Lucid  ;  clear ;  transparent ;  as,  Imulcnt  rivers. 

2.  Clear;  evident;  luminous.  \lVcomson. 

TUe  moat  lucuicnt  tealimonicB  tli.U  the  Chrii*'*    a  religion  li^lli. 

Hooker. 

LU-CUL'LTTE,  n.     [from  Z,Mc«C.i»*,  a  Roman  consul.] 
A  variety  of  black  limestone,  otlen  polished  for 
ornamental  purposes.  Brandc. 

H'-DIB'UI-OUS,  u.  [L.  ludibriosus,  from  ludo,  to 
sport.] 

S|inrtive  ;  wanton.  J.  Barlow. 

LCDl-CROUS,  a.     [L.  ludicrr,  from  ludo,  to  spoit.] 
Sportive  ;  burlesque  ;  adapted  to  raise  laughter, 
without  scoin  or  contempt.    Ludicrous  differs  from 
ridiculous ;  the  latter  imi)lying  contemjU  or  derision. 

Plutarch  quotes  tliis  irisiaiic.-  of  Homer's  judgment,  ii»  cIoBtnj  ii 
ludicrous  scene  willi  di."ceiicy  and  iiisltuctioii.       liraomo. 

LtJ'DI-CROUS-LY,  adv.  Sportively;  in  burlesque; 
in  a  manner  to  lai^e  laughter  without  contempt. 

Lu'UI-CROUS-.N'ESS,  v.  Sportivcm-ss  ;  the  q«nlity 
of  exciting  laughter  without  contempt;  merry  cast. 

LU-DI-FI-€a'1TON,  11.     [L.  ludijicor.] 
The  act  of  deriding. 

LU-DIF'I-€A-T0-RY,  a.  Making  sport ;  tending  to 
excite  derision.  Barrow. 

Lu'kS,  71.     [L.]    Poison  ;  pestilence  ;  plague. 

LUFF,  n.     [Goth,  lofa;  Scot,  loof;  Ir.  lav,  lamh;  W. 
la7P.] 
The  palm  of  the  hand.     [Local.]  Smart. 

LUFF,  ;t.     [Fr.  lof;  G.  loof;  V.  loefi  Arm.  loff.] 

Weathergage,  or  part  toward  the  wind  ;  or  the 
sailing  of  a  ship  close  to  the  wind. 

LUFF,  V.  ?.     [D.  locvcn  ;  Arm.  lop.} 

To  turn  the  head  of  a  siiip  toward  the  wind  ;  to 
sail  nearer  the  wim!.  Hence,  in  tkcimperaiivc,  luff 
is  an  order  to  put  the  tiller  on  the  lee  side,  in  order 
to  make  the  ship  sail  nearer  the  wind.  Luff  round,  or 
luff  a-lec,  is  the  extreme  of  this  movement,  intended 
to  throw  the  ship's  head  into  the  wind.  A  ship  is 
said  to  spriu<r  krr  luff,  when  she  yields  to  the  helm 
by  sailing  nearer  the  wind.  Enaic. 

LUFF'-TACK-LE,  (-tak-1,)  n.  A  large  tackle  not  des- 
tined for  any  particular  place  in  the  ship,  but  mova- 
ble at  pleasure.  Mar.  DiU. 

LUG,  V.  t.  [Sax.  bjcean,  alaccan,  geluggian,  to  pull,  to 
pluck,  Ir.  hiighim.     See  Pluck.] 

1.  To  haul ;  to  drag  ;  to  pull  with  force,  as  some- 
thing heavy  and  moved  with  difficulty. 

Jowler  lugs  him  Glill 
Thougii  hedges.  Dryilen. 

2.  To  carry  or  convey  with  labor. 

They  must  divide  the  image  among  them,  and  eo  lug  ofl"  efcry 
one  Ilia  8liare.  Collier. 

To  lug  out ;  to  draw  a  sword  in  burlesque. 

Dry  den. 
LUG,  V.  i.    To  drag  ;  to  move  heavily.     [Qu.] 

Di-ydcn. 

LUG,  71.    A  small  fish.  Carcw. 

9.  In  Scotland,  an  car.    [Obs.]  Joknsou. 

3.  A  pole  or  perch,  a  land  measure.     [Obs.] 

Spenser. 

4.  Something  heavy  to  he  drawn  or  carried. 
[rtdgar.] 

LUG'GAGE,  71.  [from  lug.]  Any  thing  cumbersome 
and  heavy  to  be  carried ;  a  traveler's  trunks,  bag- 
gage, &c. 

I  am  gathering  up  mv  luggage  and  prcpjiring  for  my  journey. 

Sui/L 

2.  Something  of  more  u  eight  than  value. 

Wlnt  do  you  me^u 
To  dote  on  budi  luggage  ?  Sliok. 

LUG'GER,  71.     [D.  loger.] 

A  small  vessel  carrying  three  masts,  with  a  run- 
ning bowsprit  and  long  or  lug  sails, 

Totttn.    Mar.  Diet. 
LUGGS,  71.    An  insect  like  an  earth-worm,  but  having 

legs. 
LUG'-SaIL,7i.    A  square  sail  bent  upon  a  yard  that 

hangs  obliquely  to  the    mast  at    one   tiiird    of  its 

length.  Mar.  Dirt. 

LU-Gu'IJRI-OUS,  a.      [L.  lugubrU,  from  lagco,  to 

Weep.] 
Mournful  ;    indicating  son'ow ;    .is,  a  lugubrious 

look.  Decay  of  Piety. 

LtJ-Gu'ERI-OUS-LY,  adv.     Mournfully. 
LtiKE  or  LEuKE,  a.     Not  fullv  hot.     [Obs.] 
LuKE'NESS  or  LEOKE'NESS,  h.  Moderate  warmtli. 

[Obs.] 
LuKK'WARM,  a.      [Sax.  vlaco,    tepid,    moderately 

warm ;    vlacian,   to  warm  :    D.   laaujo,   Icainocn :   G. 

lau:  Dan.  lankcn,  lukt-warm  ;  lunker,  to  make  tepid  ; 

allied  to  Jlag,  lag,  or  to  lay,  aUay,  or  to  sluck.] 


LUM 

1.  Moderately  warm ;  tepid;  xys,ltikewarm  water; 
lukewarm  heat.  IViseman.    J^Tcicto-ii 

2.  Not  ardent ;  not  zealous  ;  cool ;  indifferent  ;  ;is, 
lukewarm  ohedicnce  ;  lukewann  patriots.    liev.  iii. 

Dniden.     Addison. 
I^OKE'VVARM-LY,  adv.    With  moderate  warmth. 

2.  AViih  indifference  ;  coollv. 
LCKE'WARM-NESS,  ;i.    A  mild  or  mndenile  heat. 

2.  Indifference  ;  want  of  zeal  or  ardor;  coldness. 

The  defect  ofzcil  is  lukeioarmncaa,  or  coldneu  in  religion. 

Sjtrai. 

LULL,  V.  t.  [Dun.  lullcr ;  G.  and  D.  luUen!  L.  lallo. 
(iu.  ItuMS.  Idtiju,  to  dandle  or  fondle.  The  sense  is, 
to  throw  down,  to  still,  to  appease.  Seamen  say,  the 
wind  lulh,  when  it  subsides.] 

To  quiet;  ti)  compose  ;  to  cause  to  rest.  Tiic  na- 
tion may  be  lulled  into  security. 

To  lull  him  soft  nsleep.  Spenser. 

Snch  sweet  com]>iilitian  dolli  in  music  lie 

To  tail  the  daughters  of  necessity.  Milton. 

LULL,  V.  {.  To  subside  ;  to  cease  ;  to  become  calm  ; 
as,  the  wind  lulls. 

LULL,  H.     Power  or  quality  of  soothing.         Young. 
2.  A   sea-son  of  temporary  quiet    after    storm  or 
confusion. 

LULL'A-BV,  7t.    [lull  and  by,  Ituss.  bmju.    See  By.] 
A  song  to  quiet  babes  ;  that  which  quiets. 

S/iak.     Locke. 

LULL'£D,  pp.  Quieted;  appeased;  composed  to 
rest. 

LULL'ER,  H.    One  that  hdls  ;  one  that  fondles. 

LULL'ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Stilling  ;  composing  to  rest. 

LUM,  71.     [Ciu.  Sax.  leo7na.] 

The  chimney  of  a  cottage.  'J'odd. 

Lu'MA-CHEL,         )  n.    A  gravish  brown  limestone, 

LU-MA-CHEL'LA,  \  rontaining  fossil  shells,  which 
reflect  from  within  the  stune  a  beautiful  play  of  col- 
ors. It  is  also  called  firc-mnrblc,  from  the  fiery  re- 
flections. Dana. 

LUM-BAG'I-NOUS,  a.    Pertaining  to  lumbago. 

LUM-Ba'GO,  11.     [L.  lumbus,  loins.]  [Chcync. 

1.  A  pain  in  the  loins  and  small  of  the  back. 

Q^uincy. 

2.  A  rheumatic  affection  of  the  muscles  about  the 
loins.  Hooper. 

LUM'BAL,  a.    The  same  as  Lumbar,  which  see. 
LUM'BAR,  a.     [L.  lumbus,  loins.J 

Pertaining  to  or  near  the  loins.  The  lumbar  re- 
gion is  the  posterior  portion  of  the  body,  between 
the  false  ribs  and  the  upper  edge  of  the  haunch  bone. 

Parr. 
LUM'BER,  71.  [.\llied  to  Sax.  leoma,  utensils,  or  to 
lump,  clump,  a  mass,  or  Dan.  lumpe,  a  rag;  lumperie, 
trifles;  Sw.  luvipor,  rags,  old  cloths;  1>.  lomp ;  G. 
lumpen  i  Fr.  lambeau.  In  French,  lambourdc  is  a 
joist.] 

1.  Any  thing  useless  and  cumbersome,  or  things 
bulky  and  thrown  aside  las  of  no  use. 


The  very  U-d  was  violnted  — 

And  Uirown  among  Uic  common  lumber. 


Ottoay. 


2.  In  America,  timber  sawed  or  split  for  use  ;  as 
beams,  joists,  boards,  plank.s,  staves,  hoops,  and  the 
like. 

3.  Harm  ;  mischief     [Local.]  Peggc. 
LUM'BER,  V.  t.    To  heap  together  in  disorder.  Rymer. 

2.  To  fill  with  lumber  ;  as,  to  lumber  a  room. 
LUM'BER,  V.  t.    To  move  heavily,  as  if  burdened 

with  his  own  bulk.  Dryden. 

2.  To  cut  lumber  in  tlie  forest,  and  prepare  it  for 

m  :: '. Li\  America. 

LUiVl'iJER-£D,  ;);j.     Heaped  together  in  disorder. 
LUM'BER-ER,  n.    One  employed  in  getting  lumber 

from  the  forest.  America. 

LUM'BER-ING,  ppr.    FUling  with  lumber ;  putting  in 

disorder. 
LUM'BER-ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Moving  heavily. 
LUM'BER-ING,  n.    The  act  or  employment  of  getting 

lumber  in  the  forest,  and  preparing  it  for  market. 

America. 
LUM'BER-ROOM,  7i.     A  place  for  the  reception  of 

lumber  or  useless  things. 
LU.M'BRie,  71.     [L.  lumbricus,  a  worm.] 

A  worm.  Med.  Rqws. 

LUM'BRI€-AL,  a.     [lumbricus,  a  worm.] 

Reseml)ling  a  worm  ;  as,  the  lumbrieal  muscles. 
LUM'BRIC-AL,  n.     A  muscle  of  the  fingers  and  toes, 

so  named  from  its  resembling  a  worm.      Of  these 

muscles,  there  are  four  of  the  fingers  and  as  many  of 

the  toes. 
LUM-BRIC'I-FOR.M,  a.     [L.  lumbricus,  a  worm,  and 

form.] 

Resembling  a  worm  in  shape. 
LU'MIN-A-RY,  71.     [L.  luminarc,   from  lumen,  light. 

Lumen  is  Tlie  Saxon  leoma,  a  ray,  or  from  luceo,  by 

contraction,  for  lucmcu,  lugmen.] 

1.  Any  body  that  gives  light,  but  chiefly  one  of 
the  celestial  orbs.  The  sun  is  the  principal  luminary 
in  our  system.     The  stars  are  inferior  luminaries. 

2.  One  that  illustrates  any  subject,  or  enlightens 
mankind  ;  as,  Bacon  and  Newton  were  distinguished 
luminaries. 

LU'MIN-ATE,  7'.  t     [L.  hmino.] 
To  illuminate.     [Obs.] 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WIL\T.  — MeTE,  PREY.— PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOpIL  - 


LUN 

Lu-MIN-A'TrON.     See  Illumination. 

1.1''.MIXE,  (-min,)  r.  (.    To  enlighten.    [JVot  iLscd.] 

I  Set-  Illumine.] 
LL'-MIX-IF'KR-OUS,  a.    [L.  lumen,  light,  and/rro,  to 

produce.] 
Pradncins  light ;  yielding  light.  Urc. 

Ll 'MIX-OUS,  n.     [L.  lumit)OA-us :  Fr.  lumineux,] 

1.  Shining;  emitting  light.  Tlie  sun  is  u  most /u- 
mutou^  body. 

2.  Liaht ;  illuminated.  The  moon  is  rendered  In- 
miiwus  by  the  rays  of  tlie  sun. 

3.  Bright ;  shinins; ;  as,  a  luminous  color. 

4.  Clear  ;  as,  .a  luminoiLs  essay  or  argiiment. 
LCMIX-OUS-LY,  tulc.    With  brightness  or  clearness. 
LU'-MIN-OLTS-XESS,  )  n.     The  qsiality  of  being  bright 
LU-MIX-OS'I-TY,      i     or  shining;   brightness;  as, 

the  tuminot:^7icss  of  the  sea.  Encyc. 

2.  Clearness ;  perspicuity  ;  as,  the  luminougness  of 
ideas,  arguments,  or  method.  Cheijnc. 

IX'M'MOX,  7(.    A  fat,  unwieldy,  stupid  person;  as  if 
made  of  loam.     [Provincial.]     Forbij,  East  .'Jnglia. 
[Sometimr^  heard  in  America.'] 
LUMP,  n.     [G.  Dan.  and  Sw.  klump;  D.  klomp:  VV. 
clamp  and  dap.    If  m  is  not  radical,  this  belongs  to 
Class  Lb.     Lu.mp  is  clumpy  without  the  preiix.] 

1.  A  suiall  mass  of  matt-'r,  of  no  definite  shape  ; 
as,  a  lump  of  earth;  a  lump  of  butter;  a  lump  of 
sucar. 

2.  A  mass  of  things  blended  or  thrown  together 
without  order  or  distinction  ;  as,  copper,  iron,  gold, 
silver,  lead,  tin,  promiscuously  in  one  lump. 

3.  A  cluster ;  as,  a  lump  of  figs.    2  Kin^s  5X. 
In  titc  lump  ;  the  whole  together ;  in  gross. 

Thej-  may  buy  my  papers  in  the  Iwnp.  Addison. 

LUMP,  V.  t.  To  throw  into  a  mass ;  to  unite  in  a  body 
or  sum  without  distinction  of  particulars. 

The  e^tpcoses  ought  to  be  tumped.  AyliS'c. 

2.  To  take  in  the  gross. 
LUi!P'£D,  (luinpt,)  -pp.    Thrown  into  a  mass  or  sum. 
LUMP'EX,  n.     A  long  fish,  of  a  greenish  color,  and 

marked  with  lines. 
LUMP'-FISH,  n.  A  sea  fish,  of  the  genus  Cyclopte- 
nis,  (Lumpns  of  Cuvier,)  also  called  Lump-suckf.!;. 
Its  head  and  body  are  deep,  thick,  and  short;  the 
pectoral  fins  unite  under  the  throat,  and  with  the 
ventral  fins  form  a  single  disk.  It  is  soft,  without 
scales,  but  covered  with  firm,  homy  spines. 

Storrr,  Jifa.sts.  Rep.     Partington. 
LUMP'LXG,  ppr.     Throwing  into  a  mass  or  suui. 
2.  a.     Bulky  ;  lieavy.     [^i  loio  iconl.]     Arbuthnot. 
?>.  a.     In  a  DLiss  or  lump  ;  as,  a  lumpincr  bargain. 
LUMP'ISH,  a.    Like  a  lump  ;  heavy  ;  gross  ;  bulky. 
Raleglu     Drtjden. 
1  Dull ;  inactive.  Sliak. 

.-  MP'ISH-LY.  adv.    Heavily;  with  dullness  or  stu- 
pidity. 
l.VMP"'ISH-Nl!,SS,  n.    Heaviness  ;  dullness  ;  stupidity. 
L\.'!MP'Y,  a.    Full  of  lumps,  or  small,  compact  masses. 
LU'NA,  n.     [L.]     The  moon.  [Mortimer. 

LV'JVA  COR'.VE-A.  [L.]  Chlorid  of  silver,  so  called 
from  its  hom-hkc  appearance.  Amoug  tJic  old  chemu'ts, 
!_uiia  was  the  name  of  silver.  Ure. 

Lu'NA-CY,  71.  [from  L.  ItLna,  tiie  moon ;  W.  llan, 
form,  figure,  image,  the  moon.] 

1.  A  species  of  insanity  or  madness,  formerly  sup- 
posed to  be  influenced  by  the  moon,  or  periodical  in 
the  month. 

2.  As  a  general  tcrm^  it  includes  all  varieties  of 
mental  alienation  which  are  not  fatuous.    Bouvia-. 

Lu'NAR, 


Ll'R 


LUS 


Lu'X.Ui-Y, 


a.     [L.  lunaris.] 


1.  Pertaining  to  the  moon  :  as,  lunar  observations. 

2.  Measured  by  the  revolutions  of  the  moon  ;  as, 
lunar  days. 

3.  Resembling  the  moon  ;  orbed.  Dnjdcn. 

4.  Under  the  influence  of  the  moon.    [Ofi^.] 

Bacon. 
Lu'NAR  €AUS'Tie,  n.    Fused  nitrate  of  silver. 

J^lckolson-. 
LU-Xa'RI-.AN,  n.    An  inhabitant  of  the  moon. 
Lu'XAR  C^'CLE,  n.   The  period  of  time  after  which 

tUt  new  moon  returns  on  the  same  davs  of  the  year. 
LtJ'XAR  MOXTH,  n.    The  time  in  which  the  moon 

completes  a  revolution  about  the  earth. 
Lu'XA-RY,  n.    Moonwort,  vr  honesty,  an  herb  of  tlie 

genus  Lunaria. 
Lu'XAR   Year,  n.      The  period  of  twelve  lunar 

months,  or  35-1  days,  8  hours,  48  oiinutes,  and  34 

seconds. 
Lu'Xa-TED,  a.    Formed  like  a  half  moon. 
I^U'XA-Tie,  a.      Affected  by  a  species  of  madness, 

formerly  supposed  to  be  influenced  by  the  moon. 
Lu'XA-TI€,  V.     A  person  affected  by  insanity,  for- 
merly supposed  to  be  influenced  or  produced  by  tbe 

moon,  or  bv  its  position  in  its  orbit ;  a  madman.  Swift. 
IU-Xa'TION,  n.     [L.  Innutto.] 

The  period  of  a  revolution  of  the  moon  round  the 

earth,  or  the  time  from  one  new  moon  to  the  next. 

Brande. 
LUXCH,  n.     [\V.  llwnc,  a  gulp,  a  swallow,  the  gullet ; 

Arm,  loune/ja,  hngein,  to  swallow  greedily.] 

1.  A  slight  repast  between  breakfast  and  dinner  ; 

formerly  the  same  as  Lcncheo.-s. 


The  passengenj  in  the  lincships  regularly  have 

their  lunch. 

2.  A  place  for  taking  a  luncheon ;  an  eating-house. 

LUNCH.  V.  i.    To  Lake  a  lunch.  Smart, 

LUNCH'EOX,  (lunch'un,)ji.    A  portion  of  food  taken 

at  any  time  except  at  a  regular  meal.  , 

I  sliMd  tlic  luncheon  from  the  larlry  loaf.  Cot 

LtJNE,  71.     [h.  Una,  the  moon.] 

1.  Any  thing  in  the  shape  of  a  half  mii>n.  [IJaie 
used.]  fyattf. 

2.  In  ffcomclrjj,  a  figure  in  the  form  of  a  crescent, 
bounded  by  two  arcs  of  circles  intersecting  at  ita  ex- 
tremities. Brande. 

3.  A  fit  of  lunacy  or  madnes-s,  or  a  freak.  [jV<j( 
used.]  Shah. 

4.  A  leash  ;  as,  the  tunc  of  a  hawk. 
LU-XETTE',  H.    [Fr.  lunate^  from  lunc,  the  moon.] 

1.  In  fortification,  an  enveloixjd  countergiiard,  or 
elevation  of  earth  made  beyond  the  second  ditch,  ojf 
posite  to  the  place;;  of  arms  ;  or  a  covered  place  be- 
fore tbe  courtine,  nmsisling  of  two  faces  that  form 
an  angle  inward.  It  is  commonly  raised  in  ditches 
full  of  water,  to  serve  instead  of  faussc  brays,  to  dis- 
pute the  enemy's  passage  of  the  ditch. 

Knaje.     Trevour, 

2.  In  the  manege,  a  half  horseshoe,  which  wants 
the  sponge,  or  that  part  of  the  branch  which  runs 
toward  the  quarters  of  the  foot.  Encije. 

3.  A  kind  of  watch-ciysial,  which  is  more  than 
ordinarily  flattened  in  the  ceiitiT.  Olm.ftf.iL 

4.  A  piece  of  felt  to  cover  the  eye  of  a  vicious 
horse.  Ejtcye. 

5.  In  architecture,  an  aperture  for  the  admission  of 
light  into  a  conceive  ceiling.  Brande. 

Lu'NET,  n.    A  little  moon  or  satellite.         Bp.  IlaU. 
LUNG,  n.     [Sax.  lungcn ;  D.  long  ,■  G  and  Dan.  hngc ; 
Sw.  litnga.] 

1.  The  lungs  are  the  organs  of  respiration  in  man 
and  many  other  animal!^.  There  are  two  of  these 
organs,  each  of  which  occupies  its  cavity  in  the  llio- 
rav.  They  alternately  inhale  and  expel  the  air,  by 
means  of  which  the  necessary  function  of  respiration 
is  carried  on. 

E^ch  tuns  lilla  completely  the  c-irity  in  witicli  it  a  pl.ttf<l. 

Witlar. 

2.  Lungs ;  an  old  cant  term  for  a  person  having  a 
strong  voice ;  also,  for  an  alchemist's  attendant  who 
pufled  his  coals.  B.  .rtin^:im.     Smart. 

LUNGE,  k.   [See  ALLortcE.]   A  sudden  push  or  thnisL 
LUNG'in>,  a.     Having  lungs,  or  the  nature  or  resem- 
blance of  lungs  ;  drawing  in  and  expelling  air. 

Dryden. 
LUNG'-GRoWN,  a.    Having  lungs  that  adhere  to  the 

pleura.  Harvey. 

LUN'GIS,  n.     [Fr.  longis^  from  long.] 
A  lingerer  ;  a  dull,  drowsv  fellow. 
LUXG'LES.S,  a.    Without  lungs. 
LUXG'WORT,  n.     An  herb  of  the  genus  Pulmonaria. 
Lu'XI-FORM,  a.     [L.  huta,  the  moon,  and  form.] 

Kesemiiling  the  moon. 
LU-NI-So'LAR,  a.     [L.  hma,  moon,  and  Solaris,  sol, 
sun.] 

Compounded  of  the  revolutions  of  the  sun  and 
moon.  Johnson. 

The  lunisolaryear,  at  the  end  of  which  the  eclipses 
return  again  in  the  same  order,  consists  of  532  com- 
mon years,  found  by  multiplying  the  cycle  of  the  sun 
bv  that  of  the  moon.  "  Brande, 

Lu'XIS-TICE,  71.     [L.  luna,  the  moon,  and  ,',v,  stcti, 
or  sisto,  to  stand.] 

The  furthest  point  of  the  moon's  northing  and 
southing,  in  its  monthly  revolution.     [Oftj.j     Encyc 
LUNT,  K.     [D.  hnt,  Dan.  lunte,  a  match.] 

The  match-cord  used  for  firing  cannon.     Johnson. 
LtJ'XU-LAR,  ".     [from  L.  lima,  the  moon.] 

In  botany,  like  the  new  moon  ;  shaped  like  a  small 
crescent. 
LtJ'NU-LATE,  a.     [from  L.  Inna,  the  moon.] 

In  botany,  resembling  a  small  crescent. 
LU'NU-LITE,  Ji.    A  small  fossil  coral.  LytU, 

LU'PER-€AL,  (7.  Pertaining  to  the  Lup€rcalia,ox  feasts 
of  the  Romans  in  honor  of  Pan  ;  as  a  noun,  Uic  feast 
itself. 
LU'PINE,  (-pin,)  V.     [Vn.  lupin  ;  L.  lupiniis.] 

A  kind  of  pulse.  The  genus  Lnpinus  contains 
several  species,  mostly  anuual  plants,  be.iring  digitate 
leaves  and  papUionaceous  tlowers.  The  seeds  of  the 
white  lupine  have  a  leguminous  taste,  accompanied 
with  a  disagreeable  bitterness,  and  are  said  to  be  au- 
Ihelmintic.  Encyc 

Lu'PIN-IX,    I  n.    A  bitter  substance  extracted  from 
Lu'PIN-ITE, !      tlie  leaves  of  the  white  lupin. 

Brande.     CooUy. 
Lt'PU-LIN,  JI.     [L.  hipidn.^,  hops.l 

The  biner  principle  of  hoi>s.  The  term  has  also 
been  applied  to  the  fine  yellow  iwwdcr  of  hops,  which 
contains  that  princijile.  Cooley. 

LUR-Ga'TIOX,  n.     [See  Lurch.]     Gluttony;    gor 

mandiziiig.     [Ofta-.] 
LURCH,  71.    [W.  Here,  a  (Visk,  or  frisking  about,  a 
loitering  or  lurking  ;  Itercian,  lo  loiter  about,  to  lurk 
This  is  the  same  word,  radically,  as  Utrk,    The  pri 
m;iry  sense  is  lo  nin,  start,  leap,  or  frisk  .about,  as  a 


rim^.  aa4  •»■  ■ 


man  or  beut  that  flies  from  one  tree  or  '-* 

to  anutlier,  to  conceal  liinuelf  Heaee  «c  t^^'iu. 
peculiar  applicabtm*  of  tbu  word  la  Masm'*  liii 
guagc. 

Il  teamen  .•  ' 
Hide.    A  lu  ■ 
whenahea\.. 
Bide. 

To  Uare  n  tiu  Imrek  ;  tn  Irave  in  . 
or  in  embamti-mr-nt :  lo  U-ivr  .'.. 
without  hell.. 
LURCH,  r.i. 
as  a  Mhip  in  -i  ■     . 

2.  To  witlMJrf.v  i..  ■■if  ^.  Ic,  r- 
to  lie  in  ambunh  or  m  xrcrrt ;  to  1 
LiRK  in  now  Ti-''-1,i 

3.  To  i«liift 

LURCH,  r.  f.  

evade  ;  a<,  lo  lurcJt  Ujc  »(' 

2.  To  steal ;  lo  fUch  ;  v>  . 

LURCH,  r.(.    [h.lmrcc,»z: 
To  swallow  or  cat  gr-    - 

IMfrf,] 

LURCH'JCD,  (lurcht.)  pp.     Eollr-J 

side  ;  defeated  ;  evaded. 
LURCH'ER,  »i.    One  that  1: 

that   watchea   lu  pilfer,  <: 

{Kiachcr. 

Svtfi f i«ni tbe  pbj  —  b«.  Oi, 

S.  A  dog  that  Ir. 
them,  as  hares,  rabbit .  t.. 
than  »porisTfH"'n. 

3.  [L.  luiia,  a  glutton. 
izcr. 

LURCH'IXG,  ppr.     Rollin?  niddf- 

ship  at  sea  ;  defeating;  di«ip*wir,:     . 
LUR'DAX,  a.     Blockish.     '.V  ■ 
LUR'UAN,  n.     A  clown;  a 
LORE,  n.     [Fr.  Uitrre.] 

1.  Somcthinc  held  oat  t  ' 

2.  Any   eniifcinunl;   tl.   ■ 

prospect  of  advantage  or  ;  ■     ' 

beauty  or  of  gain. 
Lt?RE,  c.  i.    Tocilltr  '    - 

Stutdiag  by  o:^e  t:i-.    .< 

LC'RE,  F.  t.    To  entice  ;  to  aitnct .  u>  in\tic  b>  _   ,. 
thing  that  promises  pleasure  or  adTanlafr. 

Lured  Pn  (>.«■  tttr  [J'-iinre  n/  tl^  ta;L  ToK-i 

AdiI  Tuktuj  *<jaXK  luTtt  Mtt  W/ml  rjr,  w^- 

Lt)R'£D,  pp.  or  a.    Enticed  ;  attiacsM  ;  inritn]  by  Ike 

hope  of  pleasure  or  advantage. 
LC'RID,  a,    [L.  lundu^ ,  \V.  Umr,  livid,  a  ffcan.    Oil 

the  root  tif  lateer.] 

1.  Ghastly  pate  ;  gloomy;  diuntt].  ?--™..- 

2.  tn  botany,  a  term  applied  lo  a  duty 
a  lilUc  clouded. 

LOR'ING,  p;»r.  or  c    Enticing:  caM"- 
LURK,  r.  I.     [\y.  llertiaM,  lo  fri-l 

lurk  ;  G.  laucni ;    D.  lecrrm :  Sw 

See  Lurch.] 
L  To  lie  bid  ;  to  lie  in  wait. 

I>;i  IIS  I-^y  »TUt  fjf  hiccd  ;  H  «■  lurk  jrrr2y  fci  - 

Fro*,  i. 
2.  To  lie  concealed  or  unpcrcct\-rU.    S<«  ttat  ao 
selfish  motive  larls  in  ihr  h«iTt. 


The  lurkiMf  f. 

3.  To  retire  from  :  -K^n  .  to  v  *7.  rvi 
of  sight. 

Tbe  ddaxUol  Ivrtt  !ind  vu>  - 

LURKXR.  n.    One  tb.-H  lurks  .  r  < 
LURK'I.NG,f?r.  oro.    Lying  con v 

of  sicht. 
LURK'I.VG-PLaCE,  n,     A  place  in  wiv.rn   one  tic* 

concealed :  a  secret  plac« ;  a  hUling-fiUrc ;  a  dem. 

1  Saru  xxiii.  '  ] 

LUR'RV,  n.    A  confuscil,  in.nrticiiLilc  sncnd  or  otlM-  i 

ance  ;  of,  a  Iktvh  of  word*.  lMl*wa^       11 

LUS'CIOUS,  (lush'us.)ft.    [I  known«th^onfnia»d   11 

alBnitirs  cf  this  word.     The  D  '  "    ^T 

loetlttstig,  swccl-lusly,     Uu.  Iht  ' 

1.  Sweet,  or  rich  so  as  to  cIo\  ^'''■• 
to  excess  ;  as,  liLsdoits  food. 

2,  Ver>-  sweet ;  delicimis  ;  grateful  to  thr  ta-<r. 

AiiJ  nunini  kwp  thrir  fiudoiw  tiAlitf  ta*-'-.  l>~itdr*~ 

a  Pleasing;  deligblfuL 

Ilewai  bah  Sim  in  «iCi  lie  ttti^  --^  I^T''**^   -^  ».-■>-'    ■ 

4.  Fullsomc  ;  as,  lasciim,'  liatterv .  ^    , 

5.  Smuttv  ;  obscene.     fr««.-^-:J-;  .%«»/. 
LUS'CIOUS^LV,  (lush  us-V%>  edr.     Willi  ?irrrt»rti 

or  richness  that  cJors  or  nauscatrs.  , 

2.  OlvscenHv.  S*ndA.       r| 

LUS'CIOUS-NESS,  (lush'us-ness.     ^  .  Tink^lfra:* 
richness  or  sweetness  itwit  cloy*  >  ■ 

LO'SERX,  n.    .\  Km.  *- 


TONE,  BJJLL,  qXITE.— AN"GER, 

"d6 


VI"CIOUS.-€  as  K;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  Cl!  as  Sll ;  TH  as  in  TIUS. 


LUS 


LUX 


LYD 


LUSH,  a.    Full  of  juice  or  succulence.      Rich.  Diet, 


How  lush  ami  lusty  tbe  ^raaa  Euoks ;  how  gnaa  1 


I06#.I 
Shai. 


LO'SI-AD,  II.    The  ct-lebrnled  epic  poom  of  Porliigal, 
written  by  (.'aiiiuciis,  on  the  cslabli^inieiit  of  the  Por- 
tuguese guverument  in  India.  Brande. 
LUSK,  a.    [Fr.  lasche.] 

Lazy  ;  ^olhful.     \JVot  in  use.] 
LUSK,  11.    A  lazy  fellow;  a  lubber.    [JVot  in  use.] 
LUSK,  V.  I.    To  be  idle  or  unemployed.     [Obs.] 

Warner, 
LTTSKTSH,  u.    Inclined  to  be  lazy.  .Marston. 

LUSK'ISH-LY,  adv.     Lazily. 

LUSK'ISH-NESS,  n.    Disposition  to  indolence;  lazi- 
ness-.    [06i.]  Spenser. 
Ll'-SO'RI  0U&,  a.    [L.  lusoriuSf  ftom  ludoj  Ittsi,  to 
sjKirt.] 

Used  in  play,  sportive.     [LiUlc  used,]  Sanderson. 
LO'SO-UV,  a.    [L.  IttsoritLSj  as  above.] 

Used  in  play ;  playful ;  as,  lusorij  methods  of  in- 
structing children.  IVatls. 
LUST,  K.  [Sax.  lust;  G.  V.  and  Sw.  la^t:  Dan.  lyst; 
Ir.  lasatUi,  lust,  and  a  bvirnin;;.  'I'iie  primary  sense 
is,  to  extend,  reach,  expand,  to  stretch  forward.  It  ii 
the  same  as  List,] 

1.  Longing  desire;  eagerness  to  possess  or  enjoy; 
as,  the  Itist  of  gain. 

My  lust  ih.'dl  l>c  snIJeficd  upou  iIil'iti.  —  Ex.  xv. 

9.  Concupiscence ;  carnal  appetite ;  unlawful  de- 
sire of  carnal  pleasure.    Rom.  i.    2  Pet.  ii. 

3.  Evil  pra[>ensity ;   depraved  affections  and  de- 
sires.   James  i,     Ps.  Ixxxi. 

4.  Vigor ;  active  power.    [JVot  u^cd,]         Bacon. 
LUST,  u.  i.     [Sax.  Ittstan;  G.  lusteiii  D.  lustai;  Sw. 

lysta;  \i^i\.  lyster.] 

1.  To  desire  eagerly  ;  to  long  ;  with  afUr. 

Ttiou  mayo:<t  kill  itnd  oat  fleali  iu  till  thy  gi\lt'S,  wlialsocvcr  tliy 
W>ul  luxtclh  a/ltr.  —  Deut.  xii. 

2.  To  have  carnal  desire  ;   to  desire  eagerly  the 
gratification  of  carnal  appetite. 

Lfist  not  after  her  beauty  in  tliy  hnart.  —  Pror.  vi. 
WhMocvcr  lookelh  on  a  woiii;ui  to  Itusl  after  her,  hath  cominit- 
uhI  adultery  with  her  alrcudy  in  his  heart.  —  Alatt.  v. 

3.  To  have  irregular  or  inordinate  desires. 

The  spirit  that  dwellelh  in  us  lutleth  to  envy.  — Jamra  iv. 
Lust  not  after  evil  things,  as  they  also  lusted.  —  I  Cor.  x. 

4.  To  list;  to  like.     [Obs.] 

LUST'ER,  It.    One  actuated  by  lust  or  strong  desire. 
LUS'TliIK, )  H.      [Fr.  lustre  ;   L.  lustrum  ;    It.  lustrOj 
LUS'TRK,  i     from  L.  lustro,  to   purify;    Dan.  lys, 

light;  ^yjfcr, to  shine  ;  Sw.  lijsa:  D.  luisUr^  splendor; 

Ir.  lasadh.  laisaim,  Itosam.  to  give  light,  to  biu'a  :  Icos, 

light.] 

1.  brightness ;  splendor ;  gloss ;  as,  the  lustir  uf 
the  sun  or  stars  ;  the  luster  of  silk. 

The  sun's  mild  laeter  wixrma  the  vital  air.  Pope. 

9.  The  splendor  of  birth,  of  deeds,  or  of  fame  ;  re- 
nown ;  distinction. 

Ilis  nnc^-stora  cootmu-d  about  four  hundred  years,  ralhT  williuut 
ohscurity  than  with  aj>y  great  share  of  luster.         Wotton. 

3.  A  candlestick  ornamented  with  drops  or  pen- 
dants of  cut  glass.  Pope.    Encyc. 

4.  The  space  of  five  years.     [L.  lustrum.] 

BoUnshrokc. 
LUS'TER-LESS,  )  T^     . >    .       n     » 

LUS'TRE-LESS  I  ^    Destitute  of  luster. 
LUSTT'fJL,  a.    Having  lust,  or  eager  desu-e  of  canial 

gralifif-ation  ;   libidinous ;   as,  an   intemperate  and 

lasfful  man. 

2.  Provoking  to  sensuality;  inciting  to  lust  or  ex- 
citing carnal  desire.  TUlot^on. 

Thence  his  lustful  orgies  he  enlarged.  Milton. 

3.  Vigorous;  robust;  stout.     [JVot  used.] 

SackviUe. 

LUST'FJJL-LY,  adv.  With  concupiscence  or  carnal 
desire. 

LUST'FyL-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  having  carnal  de- 
sires; tihidinousness. 

LUST'I-IIKAI),  i  n.    [lusty  and  hood.]    Vigorofbody. 

LUST'I-!1Q()D,  j      [dbs.]  Spenser. 

LUST'I-LV,  arfc.  With  vigor  of  body;  stoutly:  with 
vigorous  exertion. 

1  determine  to  fight  luttUy  for  him.  5fta*. 

LUST'I-NESS,  n.  Vigor  of  body  ;  stoutness ;  strength  : 
robustness ;  sturdiness. 

Capjtidocian  slave*  were  famous  for  their  luMtincst.     Dryden. 

LUSTTNG,  7»pr.    Having  eager  desire  ;  having  carnal 

appetite. 
LUST'ING,  n.    Eager  desire;  inordinate  desire;  de- 
sire of  carnal  gratification. 
LUST'LESS,  a.    Listless  ;  not  willing.     [Obs.] 

Spenser. 
9.  Not  vigorous.     [Obs.]  Qower. 

LUS'TRAL,  a.     [L.  lustraUs^  from  lustra^  to  purify.] 
1-  Used  in  purification;  as^liLstral  water;  lustral 
waves. 
2.  Pertaining  to  purification ;  as,  lustral  days. 
LUS'TRaTE,  v.  t,     [L.  lustrof  to  cleanse.    See  Lus- 
ter.] 


1.  To  make  clear  or  pure ;  to  purify.     [See  Illus- 

TRATK.] 

9.  To  view ;  to  survey. 
LUS'TRA-TED,  pp.     Matle  dear;  purified. 
LUS'TRa-TING,  ppr.    Purifying;  rendering  clear. 
I,US-TRa'T10\,  n.    TJiu  act  or  operation  of  making 
clear  ur  pure ;  a  cleansing  or  purifying  by  water. 

And  huly  water  for  lustration  bring.  Dryden. 

2.  In  antiquity^  the  sacrifices  or  ceremonies  by 
which  citie.-?,  fields,  armies,  or  people,  defiled  by 
crimes,  were  purified.  Encyc. 

LUS'TRIC-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  purification. 

Jiliddleton. 
LUS'TRING,  71.    A  species  of  glossy  silk  cloth.  [Cor- 
ruptly written  and  pronounced  Lutestkino.] 
LUS'TUOUS,  a.    Bright;  shining;  luminous. 

Good  sparks  and  luetroug.  Shak. 

LUS'TROUS-LY,  adv.  In  a  brilliant  or  shining  man- 
ner. 

LUS'TRUM,  71.  [L.]  In  ancient  Rome,  the  space 
of  five  vears. 

LUST'-S"TaIN-ED,  a.    Defiled  bv  lust.  Shak. 

LUST'WORT,  71.  [lust  and  wort.]  A  plant  of  the  ge- 
nus Drosera. 

LUST'Y,  a.     [from  lust ;  D.  lustig.] 

1.  Stout  ;  vigorous ;  robust  ;  healthful  ;  able  of 
body.  'J'his  is  the  correct  sense  of  the  word,  com- 
pieheuding  full  health  and  strength  ;  iia,  a  lusty 
youth.    Hut  it  is  now  ii^ed  in  the  sense  of, 

2.  liuiky  ;  large;  of  great  size.  This  sense  does 
not  always  include  that  of  vi^or. 

3.  Handsome;  pleasant;  saucy,     [O65.] 

Qower.     Spenser*     Sliaji. 

4.  Copious  ;  plentiful ;  as,  a  lusty  tiraught.    Tatler. 

5.  Pregnant ;  a  colloquial  use. 

LtT'SUS  JVA-TD^  R.m,  [L.]   Sport  or  freak  of  nature; 

a  defurined  or  unnatund  production. 
LU'TAN-IST,  n.     [from  lute.]     A  person  that  plays 

on  the  lute. 

A  cclehriitcd  lutauist  was  playiug  to  a  large  company. 

LU-Ta'RI-OUS,  a.     [L.  lutarius,  from  lutunij  mud.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  mud  ;  living  in  mud. 

2.  Of  the  color  of  mud.  6reio. 
LU-Ta'TION,  n.    [See  Lute.]    The  act  or  method  of 

hiting  vessels. 
LuTE,  71.     [Fr.  lutli;   It.  liuto ;  Sp.  laud;  D.  liiit;  G. 
liiutc :    Sw.   lata  :    Dan.  tut ;    Russ.  liotnia ;   G.  laut, 
sound  ;  lauten,  to  souud,  allied  probably  to  loud  and 
L.  laudu.] 

An  instrument  of  music  with  strings.  It  consists 
of  four  parts,  viz.,  the  table,  the  body  or  btHy,  which 
has  nine  or  ten  sides,  the  neck,  which  has  nine  or 
ten  stops  or  divisions  marked  with  strings,  and  tlie 
head,  or  cross.  In  tlie  middle  of  the  table  there  is 
a  passage  for  the  sound.  There  is  also  a  bridge  to 
which  the  strings  are  fastened.  The  strings  are 
struck  with  the  right  hand,  and  with  the  left  the 
stops  are  pressed.  Encyc. 

LOT'ING  (  "•     [^'  ^"'"'"»  "^"^»  clay.] 

Among  ckemistsy  a  composition  of  clay,  or  other 
tenecious  substance,  used  for  stopping  the  juncture 
of  vessels  so  closely  as  to  prevent  the  escape  or  en- 
trance of  air,  or  for  covering  them  when  exposed  to 
heat. 

LuTE,  V.  t.    To  close  or  coat  with  lute,  Baeon. 

LuTE'-CaSE,  ?!.    A  case  fur  a  lute.  Shak. 

LuT'ED,  pp.     Closed  or  coated  with  lute. 

LU'TEN-IST,  n.     A  performer  on  the  lute.      Busby. 

LtJ'TE-OUS,  a.     [L.  luUus.] 

Of  a  brownish-yellow  or  clay  color. 

LCT'IST   (  "•    *^"^  ^^°  P'^y^  ^^  ^  *"*®' 

l€'TE-0-LIN,  7i,  A  yellow  coloring  matter  discov- 
ered in  weld.  Ure. 

LOTE'STRING,  71.    The  string  of  a  lute.  Sluik. 

9.  [Corrupted  from  lustring.]  A  plain,  stout  silk, 
mucli  used  for  ladies'  dresses.    Encyc.  of  Dom,  Ecan. 

LC'THER-AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  following  Luther, 
the  reformer  ;  as,  the  Lutheran  churcli. 

LtJ'THER-AN,  n.  A  disciple  or  follower  of  Luther  ; 
one  who  adheres  to  the  doctrines  of  Luther. 

Lu'THER-AN-ISM,  71.  The  doctrines  of  religion  as 
taught  by  Luther. 

Ld'THERN,  7u  In  architecture,  a  kind  of  window 
over  the  cornice,  in  tlie  roof  of  a  building,  to  admit 
light  into  the  upper  story  ;  Hie  same  as  Dormab. 

LtJT'IXG,  ppr.     Closing  with  lute.  [Brande. 

Lu'TU-LENT,  a.     [L.  lutideiuus,  from  lutum,  mud.] 
Muddy  ;  turbid  ;  thick. 

LUX'aTE,  V.  t.  [L.  luxo ;  Fr.  hczer,  to  loosen  ;  prob- 
ably from  the  same  root  as  lax,  L.  taxo,  lants.] 

To  displace  or  remove  from  its  proper  place,  as  a 
joint;  to  put  out  of  joint;  to  dislocate.  Lux,  in  a 
like  sense,  is,  I  believe,  not  now  usud.  Encyc. 

LUX'A-TED,  pp.  or  a.    Put  out  of  joint ;  dislocated. 

LUX'a-TING,  ppr.  Removing  or  forcing  out  of  its 
place,  as  a  joint ;  dislocating. 

LUX-a'TION,  71.  Tlie  act  of  moving  or  forcing  a  joint 
from  its  proper  place  or  articulation  ;  or  the  state  of 
being  thus  put  out  of  joint. 
9.  A  dislocation  ;  that  which  is  dislocated. 


LUXE,  (Inks,)  71.    Luxury.     [JSTot  usnd.]     Shcitstotte. 
LUX-l1'ivl-.\.\CE,    (  tu  [L.  lujuriaus,liL£uhu,io  grow 
LUX-U'RI-AX-CV, )      rank,  or  to  waiittm.] 

1.  Rank  growth;  strong,  vigorous  growth;  exu- 
berance. 

Flowers  grow  up  in  Ihc  ^rdeu  with  the  greatostiuxuriancy  ami 
prolusion.  ^ijiccUUor. 

2.  Excessive  or  superfluous  growth. 

A  fuiigiia  pn-veuU  ht-iUing  ouly  by  its  luxuiianq/,     Mlsenian. 

LUX-TJ'RI-ANT,  a.  Exuberant  iu  growth  ;  abundant ; 
as,  a  luxuriuitt  growth  of  grass, 

2.  Exuberant  in  plenty  ;  superfiuotis  in  abundance. 

Prune  the  luxut-iant,  the  uncouth  ivfiia-.  Po/ie. 

3.  A  lurnriant  flower  nniltiplies  tlio  covers  of  the 
fructification  st>  as  to  destroy  the  essential  parts, 

Jilurti/n. 
LUX-IJ'RI-.ANT-LY,  adt:     With  exuberant  growth. 
LUX-t|'RI-ATE,  V.  i.     To  grow  exuberantly,  or  to 
grow  to  superfiuous  abundance. 

2.  To  fui-d  or  live  luxuriously  ;  as,  the  herds  luxu- 
riate in  the  pastures. 

3.  Fifrura/icdy,  to  expatiate  with  delight;  as,  to 
hixiiriatc  in  description. 

LUX-U-KI-A'TION,  71.  The  process  of  growing  cxu- 
bt^rantly,  or  beyond  the  natural  growth,  Lee. 

LUX-U'Ul-OUS,  a.  [Fr.  luxurieuz ;  L.  luxuriosus^  from 
luxo,  to  loosen  ;  luxor,  to  iiot.1 

1.  Voluptuous;  indulging  freely  or  excessively  in 
the  pleasures  of  the  table,  the  gratification  of  appe- 
tite, or  in  rich  and  expensive  dress  ynd  equipage  ;  as, 
a  luxurious  life  ;  luxurious  cities. 

2.  Administering  to  luxury  ;  contributing  to  free 
or  extravagant  indulgence  in  diet,  dress,  and  equi- 
page ;  as,  tuTurious  wealth.  Milton. 

3.  Furnished  with  luxuries  ;  as,  a  luxurious  table. 

4.  Softening  by  pleasure,  or  free  indulgence  in  lux- 
ury :  as,  iiiTurious  ease. 

5.  Lustful;  libidinous;  given  to  the  gratification 
of  lust ;  as,  a  luxurious  bed.  Sfutk. 

C.  Luxuriant;  exuberant. 

The  wort  under  our  labor  groMi 
Luxurious  by  restraint.     [Not  uteiL]  i^iI/J0H. 

LUX-U'RI-OUS-LY,  ado.  In  abundance  of  rich  diet, 
dress,  or  equipage  ;  deliciously  ;  voluptuously. 

Dryden. 

LUX-IZ^RI-OUS-NESS,  71.  State  of  abounding  with 
luxuries,  or  of  living  in  the  enjoyment  of  rich  abuu- 
dance. 

LUX^IJ-RIST,  71.     One  given  to  luxury.         Temple. 

LUX'lJ-RY,  71.     [L.  luxuria,  from  Ituo,  to  loosen,] 

1.  A  free  or  extravagant  indulgence  in  the  pleas- 
ures of  the  tabic,  as  in  rich  and  expensive  diet,  or 
delicious  food  and  liquors;  voluptuousness  in  the 
gratification  of  appetilu ;  or  tilt  free  indulgence  in 
costly  dress  and  equipage. 

Riches  expose  a  man  to  pride  and  luxury.  Spectator. 

2.  That  which  gratifies  a  nice  and  fastidious  appe- 
tite ;  a  dainty ;  any  delicious  food  ur  drink.  The 
canvas-back  duck  is  a  luxury  for  an  epicure. 

3.  Any  thing  delightful  to'the  senses. 

He  cut  the  side  of  a  rock  for  a  gartlon,  and,  by  laying  on  it  earth, 
furnished  a  hind  of  luxury  tor  a  hermit.  Adt^OH. 

4.  Lust ;  lewd  desire.     [JVot  novo  used.]       ShaJi. 

5.  Luxuriance;  exuberance  of  growth.  [JVoi-4/,w 
■used.]  7?<icoit. 

LY,  a  termination  of  adjectives,  is  a  contraction  of 
Sax.  lie,  G.  lichy  D.  lyk,  Dan.  lirre,  Sw.  lik,  Eng.  VJa; 
as  in  lovely,  manly,  that  is,  hve-Wce,  man-like.  As  tb-e 
tcrmUiation  of  names,  ly  signifies  field,  0/  plain,  Sa.\. 
lc.a(f,  Eng.  lay,  lea,  or  ley,  L.  lucusJ] 

L^'AM,  n.     A  leash  for  holding  a  liound.     Drayton. 

LY-CAX'THRO-PY,  7i.  [Gr.  KvKavQpoiT^.ay  XiK^i,  a 
wolf,  and  ai-^pu-o^,  man.] 

A  kind  of  erratic  melancholy,  in  which  the  patient 
imagined  himself  a  wolf,  and  imitated  bla  actions. 

Brande. 

L-?-Cfi'UM,  71.     [Gr.  XvKSiov.] 

1.  In  Qreece,  a  place  near  the  River  Dissus,  where 
Aristotle  taught  philosophy. 

2.  A  house  or  apartment  appropriated  to  instruction 
by  lectures  or  disquisition^!. 

3.  An  association  of  men  for  literary  ijnprove- 
ment. 

LY-eO-PO-DI-A'CE-iE,  C-she-G,)  w.  pi.  A  family  of 
mosi^-like  ]>lants,  but  which  differ  materially  from 
the  true  mosses.  They  are  sometimes  termed  Club- 
Mosses. 

Lf-eO-PO-DI-A'CEOUS,  (-a'shus,)  a.  Belonging  to 
the  Lycopodiacece.  Lycll. 

LY-€0-Po'DI-UM,  71.  A  fine,  yellow  powder,  the 
seed  of  the  club-moss,  Lycopodium  clavatum. 
When  thrown  into  a  flame,  it  burns  with  a  flash. 

Brande. 

LYD^-AX,  a.  [from  Lydia.]  Pertaining  to  Lydia,  a 
country  of  Asia  Minor,  or  to  its  inhabitants  ;  hence, 
soil ;  elfeininate  ;  noting  a  kind  of  soft,  slow  music, 
anciently  in  vogue.  J\Iilton. 

LYD'I-^VN  STONE,  n.  A  flint  slate  used  by  the  an- 
cients to  try  gold  and  silver  ;  a  touchstone. 

Buchanan. 


FATE,  F.3S.B,  FALL,  WH^T.— IVIeTE,  PREY — PINE,  ftlARXNE,  BIRD N6TE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BOOK.— 


MAC 

LYE,  n.  [Sa.T.  Icah:  G.  lauge;  D.  lou^;  Ann.  ligcouy 
or  /(cAou  ,■  Sp.  iexia :  Fr.  ie^^icc ;  li.  lir,  whence 
lixivium.  It  coincides  with  Sax.  loge,  water  ;  Ant. 
L.  ftra,  whence  Lugdunum,  Leydcn^  LtjonSj  that  is, 
fVater-tmcn.] 

\Y'ater    impregnated  with    alkaline  salt  imbibed 
from  the  ashes  of  wood. 
LYE,  Ti.    A  falsehood.    [See  Lie.] 
LY'IXG,  ppr.  of  Lie.     Heine   prostrate.     [See  Lie.] 
Lying  in  ;  being  in  childbirth. 
9.'  nf  The  act  of  bearing  a  child. 
Lying  to;  in  navigation,  the  stats  of  a  ship  when 
tiie    sauls  are  so  disposed   as   to    counteract   each 
other. 
LY'IXG,  ppr.  or  a.  from  Lie.    Telling  falsehood  ;  ad- 
dicted to  falsehood. 
LY'ING,  n.    The  practice  of  telling  lies. 
LY'ING-LY,  adv.    Falsely  ;  by  tellin*;  lies.    Sherwood. 
LYM,  n.    A  dog  held  in  a  leara ;  a  bloodhound. 

Sliak.     Smart. 
LYM'NiTE,  n,     A  kind  of  fresh-water  snail  found 
LYMPH,  (liraf,)  n.     [L.  bjmpha.]  [fossil. 

Water,  or  a  colorless  fluid  in  animal  bodies,  con- 
tained in  certain  vessels  called  lymphatics.        Encyc. 
LYMPH' ATE,      )    a.      Frightened    into    madness ; 
LYMPH'A-TED,  \       raving. 
LY.M-PHAT'ie,  (lim-fat'ik,)  a.    Pertaining  to  lymph, 

2.  Entimsiastic.     [S\'ot  yjsed.]  Sliaflejibury. 

LY-M-PHAT'ie,  (lim-fat'ik,)  n.  A  vessel  of  animal 
bodies  which  contains  or  conveys  lymph. 

The  lympltadcs  seem  lo  peribrm  the  whole  bmuie^  of  absorpUon. 

Enci/c. 

2.  A  mad  enthusiast ;  a  lunatic.     [J^ot  used.] 

SJicJle^ibury. 


MAC 

LYMPII'E-DU€T,  n.  [L.  lympJia.  lymph,  and  dtutaj, 
a  duct.] 

A  vciisel  of  animal  budiea  which  conveys  the 
lymph 

LYM-PUOG'R A-PHY,  n.  [L.  hjmplia,  lymph,  and  Gr. 
yfxtfiMo,  lo  describe.] 

A  description  of  the  lymphatic  vessels,  their  origin 
and  uses.  Eneyc. 

LY.MPH'Y,  a.    ConlaininR  or  like  lymph. 

LYN'CE-AX,  a.     Pert'tinmK  to  the  lynx. 

LYNCH,  r.  (,  To  inflict  p;iin,  or  punish,  without  the 
forms  of  law,  as  by  a  mob,  or  by  unauthorized  per- 
sons.    [U.  S.] 

LYNCH'£D,  (lincht,)  pp.  Punished  or  abused  with- 
out the  forms  of  law. 

LYNCH'IXG,  ppr.   Punishing  or  abusing  wlthonl  law. 

LYNCH'-LAW,  n.  The  practice  of  punishing  rncn 
for  crimes  or  offenses  by  private,  unauthorized  [x-r- 
sons,  without  a  legal  trial.  The  term  is  said  to  be 
derived  from  a  Virginia  farmer,  named  Lynch,  who 
thus  took  the  law  into  his  own  hands.     [U.  S.] 

LYN'DEN-TREE.    Sec  Linden. 

LYXX,  71.  [L.  lynzi  Gr.  Xvyi;  D.  lochs;  G.  luclu ; 
It.  Unce.] 

1.  A  quadruped,  the  popular  name  of  several  species 
of  the  genus  Felis,  resembling  tiie  common  cat,  but 
with  ears  longer  and  tail  shorter.  It  has  been  cele- 
brated, though  hyperbulically,  for  the  (juicknesd  of  its 
sight. 

2.  One  of  the  northern  constellation?.- 
LYXX'-EY-ED,  (links'ido,)  a.    Having  acute  sighL 
LY'RA-,  n.     [L.,  from  Gr.  ,\u(>u,  a  lyre  ur  harp.] 

A  northern  constellation,  containing  a  white  star 
of  the  first  magnitude,  called  Mpha  Lyra.    Olriustcd. 


MAC 

1.7'RATE.      , 
Lt'BA-TKI), 

Ihc  lower  tji 

oilier  ikm  I 

L?RK,  ».    [i- 
lira ;  U,  tirr 

1.  A  «triii.' 
much  tued  b> 
poetry. 

2.  Onf  of  • 

L^RE'-SUil'-iX),  ^.h^i^,,  _    aiii4»j  LA»  i  .,; 
LYR'ie,         i  ,     „    ,  I.    .  , 

Ptrt        ' 

vaU"! 

puUb 
Uial    , 

indlVHliiril  ' 

LYR'ie,  K.    > 

2.  A  conii' 
LYR'l-ClaM,  7>.      V  I  r;'^  ' 
L7'RiST,  n.     A  muiiciac  . 

tyru. 
LYS,  n.    A  CliiiuK   : 

yard-*. 
I.YS'SA, «.    ror.  >-.- 
L5-TE'UI-AS,   a.       ,0r. 

loosen.] 
Id  tjuJUal  ttixwu^  term . : 

tine  the  ^ution  of  a  liisca*- . 
LYTU'RODE,  n,    A  variety  ctfL:.- 


M. 


Mis  the  thirteenth  letter  of  the  English  alphabet, 
and  a  labial  articulation,  formed  by  a  compres- 
sion of  the  lips.  It  is  called  a  semi-vowel,  as  the 
articulation  or  compression  of  the  lips  is  accompanied 
with  a  humming  sound  through  tlie  nose,  which 
constitutes  a  diriereuce  between  this  letter  aud  b. 
lis  sound  is  uniform,  as  in  man,  timc^  rim, 

M  is  a  numeral  letter,  and  among  the  ancients 
stood  for  a  thousand  ;  a  use  which  is  retained  by  the 
modems.  With  a  dash  or  stroke  over  it,  M,  it 
stands  for  a  thousand  times  a  thousand,  or  a  million. 
As  an  abbreviation,  M.  stands  for  Marcus,  Jilartius, 
JtlaniiaSy  or  Mutius. 

A.  M.  or  51.  A.  stands  for  arlium  magister,  master 
of  arts ;  M.  D.  for  medidnce  doctor,  doctor  of  medi- 
cine ;  A.  M.  for  anno  mundi.  the  year  of  the  world  ; 
M3.  for  manuscript :  MSS.  for  mayiuscripts. 

In  astronomical  tables,  M  stands  for  meridian,  me- 
ridional, or  midday;  A.  M.  for  ante  meridiem,  fore- 
noon ;  P.  il.  for  post  meridiem,  afternoon. 

In  medical  prescriptions,  M  stands  fur  maniple,  or 
handful,  or  mwce,  raLx,  or  mixlura,  a  mixture.  Encyc. 
In  the  late  British  Pkarmacopceias  it  signifies  m.eii- 
sur^,  by  measure.  Parr. 

In  law,  M  is  a  brand  or  stigma  impressed  on  one 
convicted  of  manslaughter,  and  admitted  lo  the  ben- 
MA,  [It.]     In  music,  not.  [efit  of  clergj*. 

MAB,  a.     [W.  mob,  a  child.] 

1.  In  norOiern  mythology,  the  queen  of  the  imagi- 
narv  beings  called  ^iTtCi-. 
2.*  A  slattern.  Ray. 

MAB,  r.  (.    To  dress  negligently.  Ray. 

MAC,  in  names  of  Scotch  and  Irish  origin,  signifies  soil. 

[See  Maid.] 
MAC-AD'A-M-IZE,  v.  t.     [from  the  projector's  name.] 
To  cover,  .is  a  road,  way,  or  path  with  small  broken 
stones,  so  as  to  form  a  smooth,  hard  surface. 
5!Ae-.VD'AM-IZ-ED,  pp.  or  a.     Covered  or  formed 
with  small  broken  stones,  so  as  to  form  a  smooth, 
hard  surface. 
MA€^,\D'AM-IZ-IXG,   ppr.      Covering   with    small 
broken  stones,  so  as  to  form  a  smooth,  hard  surface, 
MAC-AD'AM-RoAD,  n.    A  road  or  path  covered  with 
smali  broken  stones,  so  as  to  form  a  smooth,  hard 
surface. 
MAC-A-Ro'Nl,  n.     [It.  maccheront,  a  sort  of  paste ; 
Fr.  macaroni  ;  Gr.  p-tKao,  happy.] 

1.  Dough  of  wheat  flour  made  into  a  tubular  or 
pipe  form,  of  tlie  thickness  of  a  goose  quill  j  Italian 
or  Genoese  paste.  Ure. 

2.  A  medley;  something  eitravagant,  to  please  an 
idle  fancy. 

3.  A  sort  of  droll  or  fool ;  and  hence,  a  fop ;  a 
fribble  ;  a  finical  fellow. 

MAC-A-RO.\'IC,  a.    Pertaining  to  or  like  a  macaroni ; 
empty;  trifling;  vain;  affected. 

2.  Consisting  of  a  mi.\lure  or  jumble  of  words  of 
different  languages.  Macaeonian  has  been  used. 
[See  5Iacabo.sic,  n.] 


SL\€^A-ROX'I€,  n.  A  kind  of  burlesque  poelrj-,  in 
which  words  of  different  languages  are  intermuccd, 
and  native  words  are  made  to  end  in  Latin  termina- 
tions, or  Latin  words  are  modernized.  Jones.    Encye. 

3IAe-.\-RO0N',   n.      [Fr.    macaroit.]     A  small   cake 
composed  chiefly  of  almonds  and  sugar. 
2.  A  finical  fellow,  or  macaroni. 

MA-CAU'€0,  u.  A  name  of  several  species  of  four- 
handed  animals,  of  the  genus  Lemur.    [See  Lemub.] 

P.  Cyc. 

MA-CAW,  I  n.    The    name    of  a  race  of  beautiful 

MA-eX'O,    j       American  birds,  of  the  parrot  family. 

P.  Cyc. 

MA-CAW'-TREE,  «.  A  species  of  palm-tree,  the 
Cocos  acujeata.  Miller. 

M.'VC-CA-Be'A^',  a.  Pertaining  lo  the  Jewish  princes 
called  Maccabees. 

MAC'CA-BEES,  ?i,  pi.  The  uame  of  a  heroic  Jewish 
family,  which  rescued  Judea  from  the  tyranny  «'f 
Anliochus  Epiphanes  and  rendered  it  indcijendent 
for  about  a  centun.-.  Murdock. 

2.  Thj  name  of  certain  apocryphal  books  of  the 
Old  Testament,  which  give  an  account  of  Jewish 
affairs  in  thtj  lime  of  the  Maccabcan  princes. 

Murdock. 

MAC'CO-BOY,  n.    A  kind  of  snuff. 

MACE,  71.  [II.  vtazza,  Sp.  7naza,  Port,  maga,  Fr.  massCj 
a  club.] 

1.  An  ensign  of  authority  borne  before  magislratcs. 
Originally,  the  mace  was  a  club  or  instrument  of 
war,  made  of  iron  and  much  used  by  cavalr>'.  Be- 
ing no  longer  a  weapon  of  war,  iUs  form  is  changed  ; 
it  is  made  of  silver  or  copper  gilt,  and  ornamented 
with  a  crown,  globe,  and  cross.  The  old  English 
writers  often  use  mace  for  scepter.  Brande. 


A  leaden  maee. 
A  heavy  iron  maoe. 


SSak. 

KnoU*t. 

Smart, 


2.  The  heavier  rod  used  in  billiards. 
MaCE,  n.     [L.  macis.] 

A  spice  ;  the  second  coat  which  covers  the  nutmeg, 
a  lliin  and  membranaceous  substance,  of  an  oleagi- 
nous nature  and  yellowish  color,  being  in  flakes 
divided  into  many  ramifications  ;  it  is  evtreniely 
fragrant  and  aromatic.  Encyc. 

MaCE'-aLE.  71.    Ale  spiced  with  mace.    iViscinait. 
MACE'-BEaR-ER,  n.    A  person  who  carries  a  mace 

before  men  in  authority.  Spectator. 

MaCE'-PROOF,  a.    Free  from  arrest 

Oi^nPs  SAerley. 
MAC'ER-aTE,   v.  ^     [L.   maccro,  from   laaccr,   thin, 
lean-  macco,  to  be  thin  or  lean;   Fr.maigre:    Lng. 
mca-rcr:    It.  macro;    Sp.  ma:,rro;    probably  allied  to 
Eng".  meek,  Ch.  1K3  mah.     Class  .Mg,  No.  2,  9.] 
K  To  make  lean ;  lo  wear  away.  Barcctf. 

2.  To  mortify;  to  liamss  with  corporeal  hardships ; 
lo  cause  lo  pine  or  waste  away. 

Out  of  exwsare  isal  Uity  macerate  \hax  bodir*  auti  imp*ir  U>:ir 
h«Jtli.  ■™*'- 


3.  To  ^lecp  almost  la  ^  . 

rate  the  parts  of  a  «it»lan 

or  by  the  digestive  \>nxcrs.     .-'.j  ■■ 

eratrd  in  tin-  -itninach. 
MAC'ER-.A-TED,pp.of  c.  Made  i, 

almo.-:t  to  solution. 
MAC'ER  A  TL\G,  ppr.    Makiog 

rafvsi  to  solution  ;  softcnin*;. 
MAC-ER-A'TIO.\,    «.     The  or: 

making  thin  or  lean  by  wearin^ 

tification. 
2.  The  act,  proc-    •■ 

almost  dissolving  i . 

The  rOlva  «i»rF.-*  fu:  j.,      -.       —  - 
inu  chyle. 

MaCE'-REED,  I  ».     A  pJanl  cf 
REED^-MaCE.  ^     * 
MACH-^A-VEL'I\^ 

Machiacel,  nn  It^t   . 

rapher  lu  the  n-'pn' 
Pertaining  to  .M 

pies ;  politically  ('■-■■ 

cal  management. 
MACIM-A-VfX'IAN" 

pies  of  MachiavcL 
MA€H'I-A-VEL-ISM,  ■-     T 

vcl,  or  practice  in  confi.r 

uing  and  artifice,  iuicnd.^ 

M.\-CHie'0-L.\-TED,  a.    A  Icru; 

having  machicnlition.^. 
MAC«-(-€a-L.\'TION.  m. 
.\  term  a;';^!u'd  i,>  ojxti 

ties  and  fi-rtilication?-.  t 

melted  had  and  sloncs  w 

assailanlA. 
MACHINAL,  fmak'in-a], 

laining  to  marhincsL 
MACULN-ATE,  c.  L     [L. 

or  tcjXviiT.] 
To  plan  :  to  cor.t 
MACHIN-A-TEI). 

MAnriN-A-TiNt;. 

.MACIMN-A'TION.   -..     J  r.     ~ 

act  of  planning  or  contriving  ,i 

some  purpose,  paninTlnrly  :\n  r\ 

design  fortnod  with 
.MACiriN  A  TOK. 

who  plots  wiih  e\ 
MA-CHtNE. 
1.  In  a  i- 

regulale  It'. 

those  usually  a 

ers,  vir.,,  the  lev. :. 

the  wedge,  the  :;' 
More  prcprrly. 

consisting  of  aco: 

of  the  mecb-irv*-. 


One  who  xdjf<.i  ihe  ; 


TONE,  BIJLL,  UNITE.— AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K;  6  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  Cll  as  SH;  Tl 


0S3 


MAC 


MAD 


Drytlen, 


2.  An  engine  ;  an  inatrunicnt  of  forct 

WiUl  inwanl  anns  (hn  tlirc  machine  Uii*y  ioiul. 

;i.  Puiwrnntural  agency  in  a  poem,  or  a  su|ierhu- 
man  bi'ing  inlrnilnccd  into  a.  pocni  to  ptrform  some 
exploit.  ^        „„  ''»?«•  , 

M'^-CUIN'EII-V,  (ina-slieen'ei'-c,)7i.  J  he  component 
parts  of  a  complex  macliine,  talien  collectively  ;  as, 
the  machincnj  of  a  watcli,  or  other  chronometer. 

2.  Jlacllincs  in  general  Great  llritain  abounds  in 
machmery.  . 

3  In  epic  and  dramatic  poetry,  superhuman  beuigs 
introduced  bv  the  poet  to  solve  ditficulty,  or  perform 
some  exploit" which  exceeds  human  power;  or  the 
word  mav  signify  the  agency  of  such  beings,  as  sup- 
posed deities,  angels,  demons,  and  the  like. 
Ncc  (Icus  intermit,  nisi  tli'iius  vimlice  noiliis 
Incidil.  ""'""■ 

A  deity  is  not  to  be  introduced,  unless  a  dilTiculty 
occurs  tliat  requires  the  intervention  of  a  god.    Tile 
machinery  of  .Milton's  Paradise   Lost  consists  of  nu- 
merous superhuman  personages.     Tope's  Rape  of  the 
Lock  is  rendered  very  interesting  by  the  vmchmenjot 
sylphs. 
MA-CinN'IN'c;,  (nia-sheen'-,)  a.    Denotmg  the  ma- 
chinery of  a  poem.     [JVoI  iucrf.1  Dnjdrn. 
MA-OlllN'lST,  (ma-sheen'-,)  ii.    [Fr.  machimslc] 
A  constructor  of  machines  and   engines,  or  one 
well  versed  in  the  principles  of  machines. 
MA-CIG'NO,  (mU-chen'yo,)  n.   [It.]   A  sdicious  sand- 
stone found  in  Italy.    There  are  two  varieties  ;  one 
of  a  gravish-yellow  color,  the  other  of  a  bluish-gray 
color.     "                                               ,    ,       •D"""- 
MAC'I-LEN-CY,  n.     [See  Micilent.]    Leanness. 
MAC'I-LENT,  a.     [L.  maalmtus,  from  wiiccr,  lean, 
thin.     See  Macerate.] 
Lean  ;  thin  ;  having  little  flesh. 
MACK'Ell-EL,  n.     [D.  markrcd;    O.  macl.rclc:    I'r. 
maqucrcaii;  It.  viaclircil :  W.mnrrMi   from  the  root 
of  L.  macula,  a  spot;  the  spotted  lisli.    So  in  liritish, 
it  is  called  brithUh,  Arm.  brcicll,  for  ihc  lilie  reason.] 
A  species  of  salt-water  fish  of  the  genus  .Scomher, 
an  excellent  table  fish. 
MACK'EU-EL,  n.     [Old  Fr.  maiiacrd.] 
A  pander  or  pimp. 

Mackcrcl-gah :  in  Drydcn,  may  mean  a  gale  that 
ripples  the  surface  of  the  sea,  or  one  which  is  suita- 
ble for  catching  mackerel,  as  this  tish  is  caught  with 
tlie  bait  in  motion. 
MACK'ER-EL-SK?,  n.  A  sky  in  which  the  clouds 
have  the  form  called  cirro-ciimulu.i ;  that  is,  are 
broken  into  fleecy  masses;  called,  also,  a  mM/.erc/- 
back-.'hi.  ,  P""!"^- 

M.'VCK'I.^-TOSH,  Ji.  A  term  apiilied,  from  the  name 
of  the  inventor,  to  water-proof  garments,  |iarticular- 
ly  overcoats,  made  so  bv  the  use  of  India  rubber. 
MACK'LE,  (inak'l,)  n.  [l,.  macula.]  Among  printer.?, 
a  blur  in  printing,  so  that  part  of  tlic  impression  of  a 
page  appears  double. 
MAC'LE,  (mak'l,)7i.  A  name  given  to  a  variety  of  chi- 
astolite,  tlie  crystals  of  whicii  present  a  tcsselatcd 
appearance  when  cut  transversely.  Dana. 

2.  .A  similar  te.sselated  ;ippcarancc  in  other  crys- 
tals. -Dnnn- 
MAe-Lu'RITE,  II.    The  mineral  Chondodnic,  which 

see.  Dana. 

M.W-RO-BI-OT'ie,  n.    [Ur.  /micpos  and  /iios.]  Long- 
lived.] 
MAC'RO-eOS.M,  71.     [Or.   hiikous,  great,  and  Koufios, 
world. 

The  great  world  ;  the  nniver.sc,  or  the  visible  sys- 
tem of  worlds  ;  opposed  to  MicnocosM,  or  the  world 
of  man.  Evrm. 

MAe-RO-DAC'TYL,  ii.     [Or.  ;oia/jo!,  long,  and  rW*- 
ri'Xos,  finger.] 
One  of  a  tribe  of  wading  birds,  having  very  long  toes. 
JIA€>RO-I)Ae-TYL'ie,    a.       In   ornithology,   having 
long  toes ;   applied  to  a  tribe  of  wading  birds,  in- 
cluding the  rails,  water-hens,  &c.         Partington. 
MA€-R6-DI-AG'0K-AL,  II.     [Gr.  ;i:iicpo(,  long,  and 
flian-oiifl/.] 
The  longer  of  the  diagonals  of  a  rhombic  prism. 
MA-eK0L'O-(jY,  71.     [Gr.  iianiiai,  great,  and  Aojos, 
discourse.] 

Long  and  tedious  talk  ;  prolonged  discourse  with- 
out matter  ;  siipiTlluity  of  words.  Bullokar. 
MA-tJROM'E-'I'ER,    71.      [Gr.  (iuepo5   and  iicrp.ir.] 
An  instrument  for   measuring   inaccessible  objects 
by  means  of  two  reflectors  on  a  common  sextant. 

Buchanan. 
M.\-eROT'Y-POUS,it.     [Gr.  n-iK/ioi,  long,  and  tij-o(, 
form.] 
In  mincratogi!,  having  a  long  form.  Shepard. 

M.^-GROU'RAN,  j  n.  [Gr.  (mvpo?,  long,  and  1117)11, 
5IA-€R0'RAN,  (  tail.)  A  name  given  to  Crus- 
tacea, resembling  the  lobster  and  shrimp.  J}ana. 
MA-eilOU'ROUS,  (  a.  An  epithet  ap|)lied  to  criis- 
M.VCRO'ROUS,  i  tacea  resembling  the  lobster 
M.\€-Ta'TION,  71.     [L.  miicto,  to  kill.]     [and  shrimp. 

The  act  of  killing  a  victim  for  sacrifice.    Evcyc. 

MAe'il-LA,7i. ;  J)/.  Macol.i;.     [I..]     A  spot,  as  on  the 

skin,  or  on  the  surface  of  the  sun,  or  other  luminous 

MAC'IJ-LaTE,  7>.  L     [L.  77iaca(<i.]  [orb. 

To  spot ;  to  slain.  Elyat. 


Spotted. 

The  act  of  spotting 


a  spot ; a 
Shak. 


mad. 


MAG'lJ-LATE,  )  „ 
MAe'IT-LA-TED,  i  "■ 
MAG-U-L.^'TION,  71. 

stain. 
MAC't'LE,  17.    A  spot.     [Supra.]     [Litac  u.icd.] 
.MAI),  17.     [Sa-X.   gcmaadi    Ir.  ii7iia<i;    It.  vMllv, 

foolish  ;  7iinH»iic,  a  brick,  and  an  arrant  fool ;  7iinttc- 

ria  and  mattczza,  foolishness ;  ammaUirc,  to  become 

distracted.] 

1.  Disoidered  in  intellect ;  distracted;  furious. 
We  mujil  bind  our  pasaionB  in  chains,  leat,  lilic  tn<ul  foll«,  lln-y 

break  dicir  lucka  and  bolts.  Vbylor. 

2.  I'roceeding  from  disordered  intellect,  or  express- 
ing it ;  as,  a  mad  di'ineanor.  jMilton. 

3.  Enraged ;  furious  ;  as,  a  wad  bull. 

Ami  ix'ingoxoeeiiiii^ly  nuifl  iii,MinBt  ihem,  I  pciwcutctl  llicni,  ''vcn 
untu  ilmn^  ciuca.  —  Acla  ixvi. 

4.  Inflamed  to  excess  with  desire ;  excited  with 
violent  and  unreasonable  passion  or  ajipetite  ;  infat- 
uated ;  followed  properly  by  after. 

Tlie  world  13  running  mad  after  force,  tiie  rxtrcinity  of  b;ul 
poetry.  Dr\plcu. 

"  Mad  upon  their  idols,"  would  be  better  rendered, 
"  Mad  after  their  idols."     Mr.  i. 

.').  Distracted  with  anxiety  or  trouble  ;  extremely 
perplexed. 

Tlion  .linlt  be  mad  for  llie  rislit  ofUiine  eyes.  —  Uenl.  xxvlii. 

6.  Infatuated  with  folly. 

The  ajiirieinl  man  is  mad,  —  IIos.  ix. 

7.  Infl.imed  with  anger;  very  angry.  {This  is  a 
common,  andprrhups  the  most  general,  sense  oftJicicord 
in  America.  It  in  thus  used  by  .irbntlmot,  and  is  per- 
fectlil  ;»ro;ier.] 

8.'  rroceeifing  from  folly  or  infiiluation. 
Miui  wars  licslroy  ill  one  year  the  works  or 


lany  ycat«  oliieiice. 
i^'m/ilcli". 
Sidney. 


IM  AT),  7'.  t.    To  make  mad,  furious,  or  angry, 
MAI),  V.  i.    'i'o  be  mad,  furious,  or  wild. 

mdif.     Spenser. 

MAr'i,  i  "■   l^^"- '"""'";  coth.  77ia(;M.] 

An  earth-worm,    [lint  this  is  the  Eng.  7ii(i(/i.]   Ray. 
JI  A1)'.\M,  71.     [Fr.  7'i(i,  my,  and  dnnie.] 

An  appellation  or  complimentary  title  given  to  mar- 
ried and  elderly  ladies,  or  chiefly  to  them. 
MAI)'.'\P-PLE,  71.     A  tropical  plant  or  fruit,  .allied  to 
the  Egg  plant ;  Ilie  Solanavi  iiisanum  of  Person. 

Loudon. 
M.\D'BRaIN',         j  11.      Disordered    in    mind  ;    hot- 
ISIAD'BR.^IiN-jED,  (      headed ;  rash.  Shak. 

MAD'e;\P,  11.     [mad-caput  or  cap.]     A  person  of  wild 

behavior  ;  a  violent,  rash,  hot-headed  person. 
SIAD'DEN,  (niad'n,)  v.  t.    To  make  mad.  Thomson. 
MAD'DEN,  71.  i.    To  become  mad  ;  to  act  as  if  mad. 

They  rave,  recite,  niul  ma<l<len  reiiml  tlie  land.  Fojie. 

M  AD'DBN-iSn,  pp.  or  17.    Rendered  mad. 
MAD'PEN-ING,  piir.  or  a.     iMaking  mad  or  angry. 
MAD'DER,  71.     [Sax.  maddcrr.] 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Riibia,  one  speciesof  which 
is  much  used  in  dyeing  red.    Tlie  root  is  usid  in 
medicine,  and  is  in  great  reputation  as  an  enimena- 
co'^ue.     It  is  cultivated  in  France  and  Holland. 
''  "  Eneyc.     Hill. 

MAD'DING,  ppr.  or  a.  from  JIad.     Raging  ;  furious. 
Milton.     Drydai. 
MADE,  ;i7T(.  and  pp.  or  a.  from  Make. 
MAD-E-FAC'TION,  11.     [I.,  madefacio.] 

The  act  of  making  wet. 
MAD'E-FI-iSD,  pp.     Made  wet.  Bacon. 

iMAD'E-FT,  77.  (.     [I.,  viadefio.] 

To  make  wet  or  moist ;  to  moisten 


MAG 

3.  One  inflamed  with  extravagant  passion,  and 
acting  contrary  to  reason. 
M.-\U'.\ESS,  71.    [from  Tiiud.]    Distraction  ;  a  slate  of 
disordered  reason  or  intellect,  in  wiiich  the  iiatient 
raves  or  is  lurious. 

There  arc  degree*  oli/KwiiieM,  01  of  lolly.  iMcke. 

2.  Extreme  folly  ;  headstrong  passion  and  rashness 
that  act  in  opposition  to  reason  ;  as,  the  madness  of  a 
mob.  , 

3.  Wildness  of  passion  ;  fury ;  rage ;  as,  the  maU- 
nr.^s  of  despair. 

M\-I)0'N7\,     (71.      [Sp.  madona  ;    It.  77i(wun7m,  my 
MA-1)0N'NA, !      lady.J 

A  term  of  compellation,  equivalent  to  Madam.    It 
is  given  to  the  Virgin  JIary. 
MAli'RE-PORE,  71.     [Fr.  7iM<;rc,  spotted,  and  pore.] 
One  of  the  genera  of  coral  /.oiiiihytes.    'J'lie  spe- 
cies usually  branch  like  trees  and  shrubs.    The  sur- 
face is  covered  with  small  prominences,  each  con- 
taining a  cell.    [See  Coral.]  Dana. 
MAD'RE-PO-RITE,  71.    Fossil  coral,  or  limestone  com- 
posed of  fossil  coral.  ;wini. 
MAU-RlKll',  71.     [Fr.]    A  thick  plank  armed   with 
iron  plates,  with  a  cavity  to  receive  the  mouth  of  a 
petard,  with  wliich  it  is  applied  to  any  thing  intend- 
ed to  be  broken  down  ;  also,  a  plank  used  for  sup- 
porting the  earth  in  mines.           Chambers.     Badnj. 
MAD'U(-GAL,  77.     [Sp.  Port,  and  Fr.  id:  It.  madrigalc. 
Its  origin  is  not  ascertained.] 

1.  A  little  amorous  poem,  sometimes  called  a  ;«i.-- 
toral  poem,  containing  a  certain  number  of  frei;,  un- 
equal verses,  not  confined  to  the  scrupulous  regular- 
ity of  a  sonnet,  or  the  subtilty  of  the  epigrain,  but 
containing  some  tender  and  delicate,  though  simple 
thought,  suitably  expressed.  Cyc. 

'>.  7\n  elaborate  vocal  composition,  in  five  or  si.v 
parts.  . ,      •««'■■''!/• 

MAD'VVORT,  77.    A  plant  of  the  genus  .'\lyssum. 
M*Kr,'STROM,  (mal'stroin,)7i.    A  celebrated  whirl- 
pool 1.11  the  coast  of  Norway. 
M.1''.UE,  fi.    It  is  derived  from   .Saxon  iiicr,  l.iiiious, 
great,  noted  ;  so  ailmerc  is  all-famous. 
"  Gibson.      'Todd. 

MA-ES-TO'SO;atv  Italian  word  signifying  maiKtie  ;  a 
direction  in  music  to  play  the  part  with  grandeur  and 
strength. 
MAF'FLE,  71.  i.    To  stammer.     [JVoJriitMC]   Barrel. 
MAF'FLER,  11.    A  stammerer.     [jVot  in  tisc.] 
MAG-A-Z'iNE',  (mag-a-zocn',)  71.    [Fr.  wagazm ;   It. 
nwiKiino  ;  Sji.  imgaceii  and  almaccn  ;  Port,  almazem 


or  armazcm 


from  Ar.  /.Vii  khazaiia,  to  ileposit  or 
This  word  is  formed  witll 


7isn/.] 
dAD'E-1 


[JVot  mack 
Making  moist  or  wet. 


A  rich  wine  made  on  the 


HAD'E-F?-ING,;ipr. 
MA-DEI'R.V,  (ma-da'rit,)77 

Isle  of  Madeira. 
MA-DRI'RA-NUT,  71.     A  species  of  walnut  with  a 

thin  shell,  from  the  Island  of  Madeira. 
M.iD-KM-OI'i'EI.I.E' ,  (inad-mwi-zel',)  11.     [Fr.  711a, 
my,  and  dnooiselle,  damsel.    See  Damsel.] 

A  young  woman,  or  the  title  given  lo  one  ;  miss  ; 
also,'the  puppet  sent  from  the  French  metropolis  to 
exhibit  the  prevailing  fashions.  SpccUitxir. 

MAD'-HEAD-ED,(-hed-,)  a.  Hot-brained  ;  rash. 

Sluik. 
MAD'-HOUSE,  71.    A  house  where  insane  persons  are 

confined  for  cure  or  for  restraint. 
M.A'DI-A,  77.    A  South  American  annual  plant.  Madia 
saliva,  cultivated  for  the  oil  yielded  from  its  seeds  by 
pressure.    This  oil  is  by  some  preferred  to  olive  oil 
for  the  table.  P-  Cyc. 

.MAD'ID,  a.     [L.   viadidus.]      Wet  ;    moist.     [JVtil   I7t 

7i.se.] 
MADGE-IIO^V'LET,  71.     [Fr.  machcttc.]     An  owl. 

B.  .Jonson. 
MAD'LY,  adv.     [from  7in7i;.l    Without  reason  or  un- 
derstanding; rashly;  wildly. 

2.  With  extreme  folly  or  infatuated  zeal  or  |ias- 
sion. 
MAD'MAN.71.    A  man  ravint'  or  furious  witli  disor- 
dered intellect ;  a  distractitl  man. 
2.  \  man  without  nndeistamling. 


lay  up  for  preservation. 

the  Shemitic  prefix  717.]  .  . 

1.  A  store  of  arms,  ammunition,  or  provisions  ;  or 
the  liiiilding  in  whicli  such  store  is  deposited.  It  is 
usually  a  public  store  or  storehouse. 

■>.  Ill  sliips  oficar,  a  close  room  in  the  hold,  where 
the  gunpowder  is  kept.  Large  ships  have  usually 
two  magazines.  Mar.  Diet. 

3.  A  pamphlet  periodically  puhlishcdj  coiUaining 
luiscclUiiieous  papers  or  compositions.  The  first  pnb- 
liralion  of  this  kind  in  England  was  the  Geallruian':,- 
.Ula.razine,  which  first  appeared  in  1731,  under  the 
naiiie  of  Sylvanus  Urban,  by  Edward  Cave,  and  which 
is  still  continued. 

MAG-A-ZIN'ER,  (mag-a-zeen^cr,)  11.  One  who  writes 
for  a  magazine.     [Little  ii-scrf.]  Ooldsmilh. 

M.'VG'D.'V-LEN,  71.     A  reforinecl  prostitute. 

MAGE,  71.     A  magician.     [JVot  used.]  Spenser. 

.MAG-EL-LAN'ie  CLOUDS,  71.  pi.  Three  consiiicii- 
ons  nebulai  situated  near  the  south  pole,  resembling 
thin,  white  clouds,  and  so  called  from  Magellan,  the 
navigator.  Odiisli'ii. 

JlMO-fJWKE,  (maj-jS'rii,)ii.   [It.]    In  77171,™,  greater. 

MAG'GOT,  71.  [W.  macai,  pi.  maceiod,viagiod,  a  mag- 
got or  grub,  from  rnagu,  to  breed.] 

1.  A  worm  or  grub;  particularly,  the  fiy-worm, 
from  the  egg  of  the  large  blue  or  green  fly.  This 
maggot  changes  into  a  fly. 

2.  .\  whim  ;  an  odd  fancy.     [Low.] 
lI.\(i'GOT-I-NESS,  71.    The  state  of  abounding  with 

maggots. 
MAG'GOT-Y,  o.    Full  of  maggots. 

2.  Full  of  whims  ;  capricious ;  whimsical ;  hence, 
maggoty-hcailed. 
Ma'SI,  71. 71/.     [L.l     Wise  men  or  philosophers  of  the 

East.  ,        Foacrby. 

Ma'GI-AN,  11.     [U  magus  ;  Gr.  pnyo;.] 

Pertaining  to  the  Magi,  a  sect  of  phdosophers  in 

Ma'gVaN,  77.  One  of  the  sect  of  the  Persian  Magi, 
who  hold  that  there  are  two  principles,  one  the 
cause  of  good,  the  other  of  evil.  The  knowledge  ol 
these  philosophers  was  deemed  by  the  vulgar  to  be 
supernatural.  ^     E/icijc. 

MA'bl-AN-ISM,  71.  The  philosophy  or  doctrines  of 
the  JIagi.  /.         «! 

MAG'ie,  71.  [L.  777ao-ia;  Gr.  paycia,  from  Mii)o!,  a 
philo.-ionher  among  the  Persians.] 

I  'I'he  art  or  science  of  putting  into  action  the 
power  id'  spirits  ;  or  the  science  of  producing  won- 


FaTE,  far,  fall,  WHAT.-MkTE,  PREY.-PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  -  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.- 


684 


MAG 

tit  1  fill  effects  by  Ihc  aid  of  superlmman  beings,  or  of 
departed  spirits  j  sorcery;  enchantment.  [This  art 
or  science  is  noto  di^cardeiL] 
2.  Tbe  secret  operations  of  natural  causes.  Bacon. 
A''aturat  mairic  ;  tbe  art  of  employing  tbe  powers  of 
nature  to  produce  effects  apparentiV  supernatural. 

Olinsteti. 
CdeMial  ma^-ic  attributes  to  spirits  a  kind  of  domin- 
ion over  the  planets,  and  to  the  planets  an  intluence 
over  men. 

Superstitious  or  ^eotic  viatic  consists  in  tbe  invoca- 
tion of  devils  or  demons,  and  supposes  some  tacit  or 
express  agreement  between  tbem  and  human  beings. 

Encijc. 
MAG'ie,         )a.    Pertaining  to  magic  ;  used  in  mag- 
MACIC-AL,  \      ic  ;  as,  a  magic  wand  ;  7nagic  art. 
2.  Performed  by  maLMc,  tbe  agency  of  spirits,  or  by 
the  invisible  powers  of  nature  ;  as,  magical  etfects. 

Magic  square;  a  square  figure,  formed  by  a  series 
of  nura'iKTs  in  arithsuetical  progression,  so  disposed 
in  parallel  ranks,  that  the  sums  of  each  row  or  line, 
taken  perpendicularly,  horizontally,  or  diagonally, 
are  equal.  Brandc. 

MA6'ie-Al.-LY,  adv.    By  tbe  arts  of  magic;  accord- 
ing to  the  rules  or  rites  of  magic  ;  by  enchantment. 

Camden, 
MA-t5l"CIAN,  (ma-jish'an,)  «.    One  skilled  in  magic  ; 
one  that  practices  the  black  art ;  an  enchanter ;  a 
necromancer ;  a  sorcerer  or  sorceress. 

Locke.  Waller. 
MAG'ie-L.\N'TERN,  n.  An  optical  instrument, 
which,  by  means  of  a  lamp  and  of  small  figures 
painted  on  transparent  varnisli  or  slides  of  glass,  ex- 
hibits, in  a  dark  room,  images  of  objects  considerably 
magnified.  Brande. 

MA-6IS'TER»  n.     [L.  master.]     A  title  of  the  middle 
ages,  equivalent  to  t!ie  modern  title  of  doctor. 

Brande. 
MA-GILP',  n.     A  gelatinous    compound  of  linseed  oil 
and  mastic  varnish,  used  by  artists  as  a  vehicle  for 
color?.  Brande. 

M  AG-IS-Tk'RT-AL,  a.     [See  Magistrate.]     Pertain- 
ing to  a  master  ;  such  as  suits  a  master;  authorita- 
tive. Dryden. 
2.  Proud  ;  lofty ;  arrogant ;  imperious  ;  domineer- 


MAG 


MAG 


tranquillity  andfirnmess  ;  which  ratxca  tbe  poiwesBrjr  i  .MAG-NE''fO-E-LEC''J'BIC, 

above  revenge,  and  makcri  bim  dt.-ligbl  in  act-s  of  be- 1      neto-^l' 
nevolence ;  which  makes  liiuk  di»<d:iin  injustioj  and 
meanness,  and  prompts  him  to  Nacriltcc  i>erHon.ilcaite, 
interest,  and  safety,  for  the  accomplishment  of  Uiit-rul 
and  noble  objects. 
MAG-NAN'I-MOUS,  a.     [L.  magnanimvji.] 

1.  Great  of  mind  ;  elevated  in  soul  or  in  ttenti- 
ment ;  brave ;  disinterested ;  as,  a  magnanimous 
prince  or  general. 

2.  Dictali'd  by  magnanimity  ;  exhibiting  nublcnetui 
of  soul ;  liberal  and  honorable  ;  not  uelfiHh. 


PcttalBiD; 


mg 


Pretenses  jo  a  great  way  witii  men  that  lake  fair  words  and 
magisterial  looks  for  cvirreiit  payment.  L' Estrange. 

which 


3.  In  chemistry,  pertaining  to  magistery, 

MAG-IS-Tk'KI-AL-LY,  adv.  AVith  the  air  of  a  mas- 
ter ;  arrogantly ;  authoritatively.       Bacon.     South. 

MAG-IS  Tk'KI-AL-NESS,  n.  The  air  and  manner 
of  a  master  ;  haughtiness  ;  imperiousness  ;  peremp- 
toriness.  J^elson. 

MAO'IS-TER-Y,  n.     [L.  magislcriam.'] 

Among  ckemists,  a  precipitate  ;  a  fine  substance  de- 
posited by  precipitation  ;  usually  applied  to  particu- 
lar kinds  of  precipitate,  as  tiiat  of  bismuth,  coal, 
crab^-  eves,  sulphur,  &c.      [Old.]     Encijc.     Brande. 

MAO'IS-TRA-CY,  71.  [See  Maui5TRate.1  Tbe  of- 
fice or  dignity  of  a  magistrate. 

Dueling  is  not  only  a  usurpation  of  tlie  divine  pr;ro»alive,  but 
it  is  an  insult  upon  ijuigislracij.  Ciarissa. 

2.  The  body  of  magistrates. 

MAG'IS-TR.A.L,  a.  Suiting  a  magistrate  ;  authorita- 
tive.    [Obs.] 

MAG'IS-TRAL,  71.  A  sovereign  medicine  or  remedy. 
[Obs.] 

MAG-IS-TRAI/I-TY,  71.  Despotic  authority  in  opin- 
ion.    [Obs.]  Bacon, 

MAG'IS-TRAL-LY,  adv.  Authoritatively  ;  with  im- 
periousness.    [Obs.]  Bramkall. 

MAG'IS-TRaTE,  71.  [L.  magistratus,  from  magister, 
master  j  majis,  major,  and  stcr,  Teutonic  steora,  a  di- 
rector ;  stearan,  to  steer  ;  the  principal  director.] 

A  public  civil  officer,  invested  with  the  executive 
government,  or  some  branch  of  it.  In  this  sense,  a 
king  is  tlie  highest  or  first  magistrate,  as  is  the  presi- 
dent of  the  United  States.  But  the  word  is  more 
particularly  applied  to  subordinate  officers,  as  gov- 
ernors, intendants,  prefects,  mayors,  justices  of  the 
peace,  and  the  like.   - 

TliJ  magiatraie  muat  have  his  reverence;  the  laws  their  autlior- 
ity.  Burke. 

M  A6-IS-TR.\T'I€,  a.  Having  the  authority  of  a  mag- 
istrate. Taylor. 

MAO'IS-TRa-TIJRE,  ju  [Ft.]  .Magistracy.  [Little 
Jised.] 

MAG'MA,  n.  Any  crude  mixture  of  mineral  or  organ 
ic  matters,  in  the  state  of  a  thin  paste.  Ure. 

MAG'NA  CHaR'TA,  (kir'ta,)  n.   PL.,  great  charter.] 

1.  The  great  charter,  so  called,  obtained  by  the 
Enghsh  barons  from  liing  John,  A.  D.  1215.  This 
name  is  also  given  to  the  charter  granted  to  tlie  peo- 
ple of  England  in  the  ninth  year  of  Henry  III.,  and 
confirmed  by  Edward  I. 

2.  A  fundamental  constitution  which  guaranties 
rights  and  privUeges. 

MAG-XA-XIM'I-TY,  n.  [L.  magnaniinitas ;  magnus, 
great,  and  animus,  mind.] 

Greatness  of  mind  ;  that  elevation  or  dignity  of 
soul,  which  encounters  danger  and    trouble  with 


There  is  iiii  inilissolubh  union  britwcn  a  masnanimoua  policy 
luid  Uic  suLd  rewards  of  ptihlic  prirtjKrrlty  and  fdkcity. 

Washington. 

MAG-NAN'I-MOUS-LY,    adv.      Wilh    greatness    of 

mind ;  bravely  ;  with  dignity  and  elevation  of  scn- 
timcnt.  Mdton. 

MAG'NaTE,  71.  f  pL  Magnates.    A  person  of  rank  ;  a 

noble  or  grandee. 
MAG-Nii'SIA,  ».     [Fr.  magncsir.       Cltl.  from  Jifagne- 
sia,  the  place  where  first  found.     Lunier  sayri,  from 
Gr.  ^(i>  I'fjs,  tbe  loadstone;   but  the  reason  he  doen 
not  assign.] 

A  primitive  earth,  having  for  Its  ba.se  a  metallic 
substance,  called  Tnagnc^-ium.  Magnesia  is  a  ftoft, 
while  powder,  without  taste  or  smell.  It  ts  general- 
ly found  in  combination  with  otlK-r  substances.  It 
is  antacid,  and  moderately  cathartic.  Ure. 

MAG-Ni5'SlAK,  a.  Pertaining  to  magnesia,  or  par- 
taking of  its  qualities  ;  containing  magnesia;  re- 
sembling magnesia. 
MAG'NE-SITP:,  n.  A  silicate  of  magnesia  contain- 
ing a  large  quantity  of  water.  It  occurs  in  amor- 
phous masses,  or  in  masses  tuberous  and  spongiform  ; 
its  color  is  yellowisJi  gray,  or  white  wilh  spots,  and 
denilritic  delineations  of  blackish  brown.  The  name 
is  also  given  to  a  carbonate  of  magnesia. 

Dana.     Ila&ij. 
flIAG-NK'SIUM,  n.     Tbe  undecoinposable  metallic 

base  of  magnesia. 
MAG'NET,  It.     [L.,  from  Gr.  /lu;  vijs,  from  Magnesia, 
in  Asia  Minor.] 

Tbe  loadstone  ;  a  term  applied  to  certain  specimens 
of  iron  ore,  (theprotoxyd  or  oclahedral,)  wliich  have 
tbe  propL-rly  of  attracting  iron  and  sonu' of  it-;  on-s, 
and,  when  freely  suspended,  of  pointing  to  the 
poles. 

A  bar  of  steel  to  which  the  peculiar  properties  of 
the  loadstone  have  been  imparted,  either  by  contact 
or  by  other  means.  A  bar  of  nnn  will  receive 
temporarily  the  same  properties  under  the  action  of 
a  galvanic  or  electrical  battery,  and  is  then  generally 
called  an  electro-magnet.  Dana. 

MAG-NET'ie,  7(.  A  term  applied  to  ;iuy  mt-uil,  as 
iron,  nickel,  cobalt,  &c.,wliich  may  receive,  by  any 
means,  the  properties  of  the  loadstone,and  li.  wbcn 
suspended  in  the  direction  of  a  magnetic  meridKin. 

Dana. 
MAG-NET'ie,  I  a.      Pertaining   to  Die    magnet; 

MAG-NET'ie-.\L,  \      possessing  the  properties  of  the 
magnet,  or  corresponding  properties  ;  as,  u  magnetic 
bar  of  iron,  or  a  magnetic  needle. 
2.  Attractive. 

Ponnt, 


MAG-.Vr 

tVulVt-il 

2.  Ti..,   .......... 

evolved. 

.MAG'.\£'I-IZ-Ea, 

parti  mafpietiffm. 

ilAG-XET-OM'E-TEB 

and  Gf.  fifToor.] 

An  inKtrumcntt/jb-' 

MAG-NET-O-MrjTOi: 

A  voltaic  ii*.TM_'»  of 

ducing  a  great  qtuini.' 

MAG'.\(-FI-A-RLK,^ 

be  magnified ;  wortJ.. 


mC'I-TY,     a. 
bcb  treats  of  *lr<i.' 
A  pmoa  tM  tJiiac  '• 


She  that  hud  all  magnellc  force  alone. 

aiAG-NET'ie-AL-LY,  adv.  By  means  of  magnet- 
ism ;  by  the  power  of  attraction.  Burton. 

MAG-NET'ie-AL-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
magnetic. 

MAG-NET'I€>-NEE'DLE,  n.  A  magnetized  needle, 
or  small  iron  rod,  turning  on  a  pivot,  principally  used 
to  determine  tbe  points  of  compass. 

MAG-NET'I€-TEL'E-GRAPH,  n.  The  electro-mag- 
netic telegraph  ;  an  instrument,  or  apparatus,  which, 
by  means  of  iron  wires,  conducting  tlit^  electric  fluid, 
conveys  intelligence  to  any  given  distanct;  with  the 
velocity  of  lightning.  See  Electro-Maosetic  Tel- 
egraph. S.F.B  M,»-se. 

MAG-NET'I€S,  ti.  The  science  or  principles  of  mag- 
netism. .     .  ,      . 

M  \G-NET-IF'ER-OUS,  a.  Producing  or  conducting 
magnetism.  Journ.  of  Science, 

MAG^NET-ISai,  71.  That  branch  of  science  which 
treats  of  the  properties  of  the  magnet. 

o.  Power  of  attraction  ;  as,  the  magnetism  of  inter- 
est. OlanvUU, 

Animal  mwrnetism  ;  a  supposed  agent  of  a  peculiar 
and  mysterious  nature,  said  to  have  a  powerful  influ- 
ence on  the  patient  when  acted  upon  by  contact  or 
voluntary  emotion  on  the  part  of  the  openilor.  [t>ee 
Mesmerism.]  .  .   . 

MAG-NKT-I-Z.^'TION,  n.    The  act  ot  magnetizing 

MAG'NET-IZE,  i\  t.  To  communicate  magneiic 
properties  to  any  thing ;  as,  to  inagnetize  a  needle. 

Seven  of  D-'slon's  patients  were  mapietiif^  at  Dr.  tVanklin'i 
house.  -E"^- 

MAG'NKT-IZE,  v.  i.   To  acquire  magnetic  properties 
to  become  magneiic.    A  bar  of  iron  standing  some 
time  in  an  inclined  position  will  magnetize. 
M\G'KET-IZ-ED,7J/).  or  a.    .Made  magnetic 
MAG'NET-IZ-IXG,  ppr.  or   a.     Imparting   magnet- 
ism to. 


MAG-MF'ie,         i  ,  , 

.MAG  .MF'IOAL,  i 

Grand  ;  «plendid  ;  . 
MAG-MF'IC-AI^I,V.  - 
^j2 O.YIF' I  CJi T,[U        - 

the  Virgin  Mar>',  Luke  u  -i 

will)  tbu  word  in  ibe  I^liti   . 
MAG-MF'ICATE,  c.  t.    To 

used.] 
.MAG-NIF'I-CEXCE,  ji.    [!>. 
Grandeur  of  oppt-anitr.. 

of  show  or  Blalc  j  n 

or  of  a  proccAston ;  t : 

umpli. 
MAG-NIF'I-CEXT,  a.    Gnuid  m  ftivcuj:u*c^  ,  4^«     ,. 

did  ;  ponipoiu.  ^ 

SUo  hr  ro«>,  »»J  Irf  le^  '^ 

2.  Exblbiline  grandeur. 
MAG-.VIF'I-CE.Vr  LY,   adr.      \V.- 
pearance,  or  pomp  uf  nbow.    Tlw 
nijicentlij  enlertaintd  ai  ctyjrX. 

2.  Wilh  exalted  fleniim<-n'-      \^' 
ceive  too  marrnijietntly  of  f 
MAG-NIF'I-€0,  n.  [L.]     A 
MAG'.M-FI-ER,  n.     [fnim 
nifies  ;  one  who  extoU  or  ■ 
•i.  An  optical  instrument. 

concave  mirror,  wliich  mct...^  .  :...  ..,,-_— 

nitude  of  bodied. 
MAG'NIF?,r.  t.     [U  aufm^/E^a;  HAfau.  CRat,ud   ,, 
facto,  to  make.] 

1.  To  make  greater  greater;  lo  incf  ^ 
jiarent  dimensions  of  a  body.  A  convr  : 
nifies  the  bulk  of  a  body  lo  the  cy 

2.  To  make  great  in  rpprc«<M.i  ■ 
exalt  in  description  or  prat»e.    Tr. 
nijied  the  king  anJ  queen. 

3.  To  extol  J  lo  exalt;  lo  cle%-alc;  lo  nx^  .-. 
Itmation. 

Thv  thun.l  r-  - 
The  Lord  r.  ■- 

To  magnif 
and  pretensions. 

He  kh.\]l  nofnify  Ai-  -- 
M.\G'NI-FV-IXG,;>;.r...f  u.     ..... 

or  dimensions  ;  extolling;  exalu 
M.\G-NIL'OarENCE,  il     [L. 

loquens,  speaking.] 

A   lolly    manner  of   ^peikinf ;    tun. 

woras  or  slvle. 
MAG-NIL'O  UUENT,  a.     Speaking  loT...,   .- 

polish*. 
M.\G-NIL'0-aUENT-LY,  •rfr.  Wilh  loftiliew  or  pom- 

positv  of  lansuage. 
MAG'Sl-TCDE,  lu    [I^n. 

1.  Exlenl  of  dimension-  fc;  ;«*«•;  ^- 
pUed  to  ihiAgs  tJia:  hare  L^                         -  •*'-'•'■■ 

2.  In  gcvaetiy,  thai  w. 
has  one  or  more  of  Uio 
breadth,  and  thickQcs». 

3.  Gre.iUiess  ;  grandeur. 
A\*ilh  r^'>>  heroic  «flf --..-- 

A.  Greatness,  in  reference  in  intlutnrc  •:  .  "^    : 
importance.    In  affairs  of  pw»wit«i^.  di*dain  r.  : 
lake  counsel. 
MAG-NO'LI-A.  n.     Tbe  n.imc  of  a  per 
comprehending  ihe  lk-aver4rre.  ihe  r 
and  tbe  Umhivlla-tTee,  of  Ihe  I  nileri    - 
Ihe  Yulan,  the  Kobus,  Uie  Coco,  and  ihr  t  : 
Eastern  .\sia. 
M.\G'PIE.  «.     [W.p.flf.  I*P»«t  W't*""f-1      ^ 
A  ch-ituring  bird,  of  the  crow  mhe ;  tbe  CV*t** 
pica  of  Liunams, 

Magot-fib  isused  by  Shakspcnrr. 

M.VG'UEY,  N.     A  species  of  .\c^\ 
furnished  the  natives  with  a  ni 
ings.    Its  leaves  were  used  for  • 
tlieir  houses,  and  for  pnper,  cli; 


The  moffveif  is  a  species  nf 
is  now  cultivated  in  Mi  \ 
paring  from  its  leaves  a  s, 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE. -AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.-e  as  K  ;  6  a.  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SHj^H^  in  THIS^ 


6S. 


MAI 

MA-HX'LEB,  Ti.  [Arabic]  A  species  of  cheiT>',  Ce- 
nisus  Mnlialel),  wliose  fruit  affords  a  violet  dye,  and 
a  formpnled  liquor  lilcc  kirscliwiisser.  XJrc, 

MA-IIOG'A-NY,  H.  A  tree  of  the  pcnua  Swlctenia, 
prowinK  in  the  tropical  climates  of  America;  also,  its 
wood,  wliich  is  of  a  reddish  or  brown  color,  vi;ry 
hard,  and  susceptible  of  a  line  polisli.  Of  this  are 
made  tuir  most  b(-autiful  and  durable  pieces  of  cabi- 
net furniture. 

MA  H0.M'I:T-AN,     ;  This  word,  and  the  name  of  the 

Mo  HAM'M  ED-AM,  \  Arabian  prophet  so  called,  are 
writtL-n  in  many  difterent  waj's.  The  best  authorized 
and  most  correct  orthocraphy  seems  to  be  Moham- 
med, Mohammedan.     [See  Mohammedan.] 

MA-IIO.H'ET-AN-ISM,  n.     See  Mohammedism. 

MX'IIOUND,  n.  Fanncrft/,  a  contemptuous  name  for 
Mohammed  and  the  devil,  &.c.  Skdton. 

MAID,  «.    A  species  of  skate-fish. 

MAID,         )  n.   [Sax.  masfrUi^  from  ma:^,  a  pcneral  name 

MaID'EN,  \  of  relation,  man,  boy,  or  woman  ;  Goth. 
vm^aVi;  D.maatrd;  G.m(i<rd;  Ir.  mo.'fh,  a  man;  !^|i. 
vwzo,  a  man-servanl,  a  bachelor  ;  rnoza^  a  maid  ;  Port. 
7nacho,  a  male;  Rusa.  muj.  It  coincides  in  elements 
with  fax.  inatran^  to  be  able  ;  Eng.  mayJ] 

1.  An  unmarried  woman,  or  a  young  unmarried 
woman  ;  a  virgin. 
9.  A  female  servant.  Dnjden. 

3.  It  is  used  in  composition  to  express  the  feminine 
pender;  as  in  wwifZ-servant. 

MAID'i^N,  Cmad'n,)  n.    A  maid. 

9.  An  instrument  resembling  the  guillotine,  for- 
merly used  for  belieadinp  criminals. 
3.  A  machine  for  washing  linen. 

MaID'£X,  (mad'n,)  a.    Pertaining  to  a  young  woman 
or  virgin  ;  as,  maiden  charms. 
9.  Consisting  of  young  women  or  virgins. 

Amid  ih^  maiden  Uirong.  Addison. 

3.  Fresh  ;  new  ;  unused. 

He  fleshei!  Iits  Tiuwlen  evord.  Slia'c. 

A.  tnaiden  speech 'y  X\\e  first  speech  of  a  now  member 
in  a  public  body. 

MAID'fiN,  V.  i.  To  speak  and  act  demurely  or  mod- 
estly. Bfi.  IlalL 

MAID'EN-AS-ST7,E',  n.  In  England,  an  assize  at 
which  no  one  is  condemned  to  die;  lifcraUy,  an  as- 
size which  is  unpolluted  with  blood.  It  was  usual, 
at  such  an  assize,  for  the  sheriff  to  present  the  judge 
with  a  pair  of  white  gloves.  Umarf. 

MAID'£N-HaIR,  11.  A  species  of  fern  of  the  genus 
Adiantiun. 

MAId'^N-HMiJ;  \  "•     t^""^-  ^""•-^^^"'^'^^y  Tiusdenfuul.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  a  maid  or  virgin  ;  virginity. 

The  modest  lore  oi mnidenJxood.  MUloi. 

2.  Newness;  freshness;  uncontaminated  slate. 

Shak. 

MAID'EN-LTICE,  a.    Like  a  maid;  modest,     Shak. 

MAID'iCN-Lt-NESS,  n.  The  behavior  that  becomes  a 
maid;  mndn?ty  ;  gentlent'ss.  Sherwood. 

MAID'EN-IJP,  ?(._  A  plant.  Miisworth. 

MAID'KN-LV,  (mad'n-!y,)  a.  Like  a  maid  ;  gentle; 
modest  ;  reserved.  Shiik. 

MAID'EN-LY,  adv.    In  a  maidenlike  manner.  Skehon. 

MAIO'HOOD,  n.  Virginity;  sometimes  spelt  Maid- 
enhead. Shak. 

MaID-Ma'R[-AN,  71.  OrirrinaUy^  thelady  of  the  May- 
games  in  a  morris-dance  ;  aftcnoa/'d,  a  character  per- 
souit'^d  by  a  man  in  woman's  clothes  ;  also,  the  name 
of  a  dajice.  Tuone.     Smart. 

.MAID'-PALE,  a.    Palo,  like  a  sick  girl.  Shak. 

MAID'-SEIIV-ANT,  n.    A  female  servant.       Sieift. 

MAIL,  71.  [Pr.  viaiUcj  a  stitch  in  knitting,  a  mail ;  Sp. 
TTioWrt,  a  mesh,  net-work,  a  coat  of  mail ;  Port.  id.  and 
a  spot ;  It.  mairlia  and  camaglio  ;  Ann.  mailh  ;  D,  maal ; 
W.  rnafrtfl,  a  knot,  a  mesh  ;  mairluy  to  knit,  to  entan- 
gle, to  entrap,  to  form  meshes.  The  sense  of  spot, 
which  occurs  in  the  French  and  Portuguese,  indi- 
cates this  word  to  be  from  the  root  of  L.  mar.ala^  and 
the  Welsh  words  prove  it  to  be  contracted  from  via- 

1.  A  coat  of  steel  net-work,  formerly  worn  for  de- 
fending the  body  against  swords,  poniards,  &c.  The 
mail  was  of  two  sorts,  chain  and  plate  mail ;  the  for- 
mer consistinp  of  iron  riiii^s,  nmh  h;i\ing  four  others 
inserted  into  it ;  the  latter  consisting  of  a  number  of 
small  lamins  of  metil,  laid  over  one  another  like  the 
scales  of  a  fish,  and  sewed  down  to  a  strong  linen  or 
leathern  jacket.  Cyc 

2.  Armor;  that  which  defends  the  body. 

Wff  strip  the  lobster  of  his  ecurkl  mail.  Gay. 

Wl-  read  also  of  shirts  of  mail  and  gloves  of  mail. 

3.  In  ^hips,  a  square  machine  composed  of  rings 
interwoven,  like  net-work,  used  for  rubbing  off  the 
lotjse  hemp  on  lines  and  wjiite  cordage. 

4.  A  rent.     [9ax.  ma^.]     Also,  a  spot.     [Oft,?.] 
MAIL,  71.      [Fr.  malette ;   It.  mnla;   Fr.  malic;  Arm. 

77I«/.] 

1.  A  bag  for  the  conveyance  of  letters  and  papers, 
particularly  letters  conveyed  from  one  post-ortice  to 
another,  under  piiblic  authority. 

2.  The  coach  or  carriage  in  which  the  mail  is  con- 
veyed. 


MAI 

MAIL,  V.  t.    To  put  on  a  coat  of  mail  or  armor ;  to  arm 

defensively.  SluO:. 

2.  To  prepare  for  transmission  by  the  mail  from 

one  poit-ofljce  to  another.      We  say,  letters  were 

mailed  for  Philadelphia. 
I\lAlL'A-liLE,  a.     Usually  admitted,  or  proper  to  be 

admitted,  into  the  mail. 
MAIL'-eijAD,  a.    Clad  with  a  coat  of  mail.     ScotU 
MSIL'-eoACII,  71.     A  coach  that  conveys  the  public 

MAIL'ED,  pp.  Covered  with  a  coat  of  mail  or  with 
armor;  prepared  for  transmission  by  tho  mail. 

2.  a.  In  iiiolofry^  protected  by  an  external  coat  or 
covering  of  scales  or  hard  substances.         Humble. 

3.  Spotted  ;  speckled.  Sherwood. 
MAIL'ING,  ppr.    Investing  with  a  coat  of  mail ;  pre- 
paring foi^ transmission  by  the  mail. 

MaIL'-STaGE,  iu  The  stage  or  coach  for  conveying 
the  mails  ;  a  mail-coach.  .America. 

I\lAlL'-SHi£A'fH-£D,  a.  Sheathed  with  a  coat  of 
mail.  Scott. 

MAIM,  -p.  (.  [Old  Fr.  Mo/tCTnor,  or  maliaia-ner ;  Arm. 
mahiiiirna,  maka^tein.] 

1.  To  deprive  of  the  use  of  a  Itmb^  so  as  to  render 
a  person  less  able  to  defend  himself  in  fiphting,  or  to 
annoy  his  adversary.  Blaclcstone. 

2.  To  deprive  of  a  necessary  part ;  to  cripple  ;  to 
disable. 

You  maimed  the  Jurisdiction  of  all  bishops,  Shak. 

MAIM,  w.     [Written  in  law  language  Mavhem.] 

1.  The  privation  of  the  use  of  a  limb  or  member  of 
the  body,  so  as  to  render  the  sufferer  less  ablo  to  de- 
fend himself  or  to  annoy  his  adversarj-, 

9.  The  privation  of  any  necessary  part ;  a  crip- 
pling. 

Surely  there  is  more  cause  to  fear  lest  Iho  waol  thereof  be  a 
maim,  than  the  use  of  it  a  bleiTiUh.  Hooker. 

3.  Injury  ;  mischief.  Ska}:. 

4.  Essential  defect. 

A  noble  author  esteems  it  to  be  a  maim  in  history.     [Not  usefl.) 

Haijisard. 

MaIM'£D,  pp.  or  a.     Crippled;  disabled  in  limbs  ; 

lame, 
MAIM'ED-NESS,  n.    A  state  of  being  maimed. 

Bolton. 
MaIM'ING,  p/w.    Disabling  by  depriving  of  the  use  of 

a  limb  ;  crippling  :  rendering  lame  or  defective. 
MAIN,  a.     [Sax.  miBo-ti,  strength,  force,  power,  from 

man-aiiy  to  be  able  or  strong,  that  is,  to  strain  or 

stretch,  Eng.  T/iny,  might.    If  ^  is  radical  in  the  L. 

magnusy  this  may  be  of  the  same  family ;  Goth,  viick- 

els  i  Eng,  muck.] 

1.  Principal ;  chief;  first  in  size,  rank,  importance, 
&LC. ;  as,  the  main  branch  or  tributary  stream  of  a 
river  ;  the  -main  timbers  of  an  edifice. 

2.  That  which  lias  most  power  in  producing  an  ef- 
fect, or  which  is  mostly  regarded  in  prospect ;  as,  a 
maiit  design  ;  a  main  object. 

Our  main  interest  is  to  l)e  rs  liappy  as  wc  cnn,  and  as  long  as 
possible.  Tillolson, 

3.  Mighty  ;  vast ;  aa,  the  Tnain  abyss.        Milton. 

4.  Important ;  powerful. 

'I'liis  younj  prince,  with  a  train  of  youngs  noblemen  and  gcntW 
icn,  not  with  any  itwuh  army,  came  over  to  take  possession 
of  liis  pairimoiiy.  Davics. 

MAIN, 71.  Strength;  force;  violent  effort;  as  in  the 
phrase,  "  with  migllt  and  main."  Dnjden. 

2.  Tlie  gross  ;  the  bulk ;  the  greater  part. 

The  main  of  them  may  be  reduced  to  language  and  an  improve- 
ment in  wisdom.  Lodcc. 

3.  The  ocean ;  the  great  sea,  as  distinguished  from 
rivers,  bays,  sounds,  and  the  like. 

He  fell,  and  struggling  in  the  main.  Dnjden. 

4.  The  continent,  as  distinguished  from  an  isle. 
We  arrived  at  Nantucket  on  Saturday,  but  did  not 
reach  the  viain  till  Monday,  In  this  use  of  the  word, 
land  is  omitted  ;  main  fur  main  land. 

5.  A  hamper.  Jiinsworth. 
C.  A  course ;  a  duct,  Jict  of  Parliament. 
For  the  main ;  in  t!ic  main ;  for  the  most  part  ;  in  the 

greatest  part. 
MAIN,  n.     [L.  manits,  hand  ;  Fr.  main.] 

A  hand  at  dice.    We  throw  a  merry  main. 

And  hicky  mains  make  people  wise.     [Not  used.]  Prior. 

2.  A  matrh  at  cock-fighting. 

MAIN'-DECK,  n.  The  deck  next  below  the  spar- 
deck  in  frigates  and  seventy-fours.  Totten. 

MAIN'-KEEL,7(,  The  principal  keel,  as  distinguished 
from  the  false  keel. 

MAIN'-LAND,  -n.  The  continent ;  the  principal  land, 
as  opposed  to  an  isle,  J}rydeiu 

MAIN'LY,  adv.    Chiefly;  principally.    He  is  mainly 
occupied  with  domestic  concerns, 
2.  Greatly  ;  to  a  great  degree  ;  mightily.    Bacoiu 

MaIN'M.\ST,  71.  The  principal  mast  in  a  ship  or 
other  vessel. 

MAIN'OU,  71.  [Old  Fr.  mavoevre,  meinour,  L.  a  manu^ 
from  the  hand  or  in  the  work,] 

The  old  law  phrase,  to  be  taken  as  a  thief  irith  the 
maijior,  signifies  to  be  taken  in  tlie  very  act  of  killing 
venison  or  stealing  wood,  or  in  preparing  so  to  do  ;  | 


MAI 

or  it  denotes  the  being  taken  with  the  thing  stolen 
upon  him.  Blaclcstone. 

MAIN'PEUN-A-BLE,  a.  That  may  bo  admitted  to 
give  surety  by  mainpernors;  that  may  be  main- 
prized. 

MAIN'PERN-OR,  n.  [Old  Fr.  main,  the  hand,  and 
prendre^  to  take  ;  prrnon,  ptrnei,  for  prenon,  pre/ic:.] 

In  law,  a  surety  for  a  prisoner's  appearance  in  court 
at  a  day.  Mainpernors  differ  from  hail,  in  that  a 
man's  bail  may  imprison  or  surrender  him  before  the 
stipulated  day  of  appearance;  mainpernors  can  do 
neither ;  they  are  bound  to  produce  him  to  answer 
all  charges  whatsoever.  Blackstone. 

MAIN'PRIZE,  n.  [Fr.  main,  hand,  and  prendre,  prts, 
to  take.] 

I.  In  law,  a  writ  directed  to  the  sheriff,  command- 
ing him  to  takti  sureties  for  the  prisoner's  apnear- 
ance,  and  to  let  him  go  at  large.  These  sureties  are 
called  mainpernors.  Blackstone. 

9.  Deliverance  of  a  prisoner  on  security  for  his  ap- 
pearance at  a  day, 

MAIN'PRIZE,  V.  t.  To  suffer  a  prisoner  to  go  at 
large,  un  his  finding  sureties,  mainpernors,  for  his 
appraranre  at  a  day. 

MAIN'PRTZ-ED,  pp.  Bailed  ;  suffered  to  go  at  large, 
upon  giving  security  for  appearance. 

MAIN'KAIL,  71.  The  principal  sail  in  a  sliip.  The 
mainsail  of  a  ship  or  brig  is  extended  by  a  yard  at- 
tached to  the  mainmast,  and  that  of  a  sloop,  by  the 
boom. 

MAIN'SHEET,  ti.  The  sheet  that  extends  and  fastens 
the  mainsail. 

MAIN'SWEAR,  v.  i.     [Sax.  manswerian;  man,  evil, 
and  .vwerian,  to  swear. 
To  swear  falsely  ;  to  perjure  one's  self.     Blount. 

MAIN-TAIN',  V.  t.  {Ft.  maintcnir ;  main,  hand,  and 
tcnir,  to  hold  ;  L.  innnus  and  teni.o.'] 

1.  To  liold,  preserve,  or  keep  m  any  particular 
state  or  condi/ion ;  to  support ;  to  sustain  ;  not  to 
suffer  to  fail  or  decline  ;  as,  to  maintain  a  certain  de- 
gree of  heat  in  a  furnace  ;  to  maintain  the  digestive 
process  or  powers  of  the  stomach ;  to  maintain  the 
fertility  of  soil ;  to  maintain  present  character  or  rep- 
utation. 

2.  To  hold ;  to  keep ;  not  to  lose  or  surrender;  as, 
to  maintain  a  jilace  or  post. 

3.  To  continue  ;  not  to  suffer  to  cease  ;  as,  to  main- 
tain a  conversation. 

4.  To  keep  up ;  to  uphold ;  to  support  the  expense 
of;  as,  to  maintain  slate  or  equipage. 

Wlial  maintains  one  vice  would  bring  up  two  childr?n. 

Pranklin, 

5.  To  support  with  food,  clothing,  and  other  con- 
veniences ;  as,  to  maintain  a  family  by  trade  or  labor. 

6.  To  support  by  intellectual  powers,  or  by  force 
of  reason  ;  as,  to  maintain  an  argument. 

7.  To  support ;  to  defend  ;  to  vindicate,  to  justify  ; 
to  prove  to  be  just;  as,  to  maintain  one's  right  or 
cause. 

8.  To  support  by  assertion  or  argument ;  to  affirm. 

In  tragedy  ^v\  siljvc,  I  maintain  that  this  ago  and  tlie  huit  have 
excelled  th';  ancients.  Dnjden. 

MAIN-TAIN',  V.  i.    To  affirm  a  position;  to  assert. 
MAIN-TAIN'A-BLE,  a.    That  may   be  maintained, 
supported,  preserved,  or  sustained. 

2.  That  may  be  defended  or  kept  by  force  or  re- 
sistance ;  as,  a  niilitary  post  is  not  maintmnablc. 

3.  That  may  be  defended  by  argument  or  just 
claim;  vindicablo;  defensible. 

MAIN-TaIN^£D,  ;);».  Kept  in  anV  state  ;  preserved; 
upheld  ;  supported  ;  defended;  vindicated. 

MAIN-TaIN']^K,  7(.  One  who  supports,  preserves, 
sustains,  nr  \indiLates. 

MAIN-TaIN'ING,  yj/jr.  Supporting;  preserving;  up- 
holding; defendnig;  vindicating. 

aiAIN-TAIN'OR,  n.  One  who  aids  others  with 
money,  or  maintains  a  suit  in  which  he  has  no  in- 
terest. 

MAIN'TE-NANCE,  n.  Sustenance  ;  sustentation  ; 
support  by  means  of  supplies  of  food,  clothing,  and 
other  conveniences  ;  as,  his  labor  contj-ibuted  little  to 
the  vtaintenanec  of  his  family. 

2.  Means  of  support;  that  which  supplies  conve- 
niences. 

Those  of  boiler  fortune  not  making  learning  iheir  mainUnance . 

Sieift. 

3.  Support ;  protection  ;  defense  ;  vindication ;  as, 
the  maintenance  of  right  or  just  claims. 

4.  Continuance;  security  from  failure  or  decline. 

VVhatfver  is  granted  to  llie  church  for  God's  honor  and  the  fnain- 
tenance  of  liis  service,  is  granted  to  God.  SouOi. 

5.  In  laic,  an  officious  intermeddling  in  a  suit  in 
which  the  person  has  no  interest,  by  assisting  either 
party  with  money  or  means  to  prosecute  or  defend 
it.  This  is  a  punishable  offense.  But  to  assist  a 
poor  kinsman,  from  compassion,  is  not  7naintr.nancv. 

Brand  c. 
MaIN'TOP,  71.    The  top  of  the  mainmast  of  a  ship  or 

brig. 
MAIN'YARD,  v.    The  yard  on  which  the  mainsail  is 

extended,  sup|)urted  by  tlie  mainmast. 
MAIS'TER,  for  Master,  is  obsolete.  Spenser. 

MAIS'TRESS,  for  Mtstuess,  is  obsolete.       Chaucer, 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.- NGTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.- 


686 


MUlon. 


Shot. 


MAJ 

MAIZE,  n.  A  plant,  Zea  mays,  the  native  corn  of 
Americaj  called  Isdian  Corn,  much  cultivated  for 
food. 

[In  the  Ltaish  and  Liconic  languages,  in  the  north 
of  Europe,  mayse  is  bread.  Tooke.  In  Ir.  maisc  is 
food  ;  perhaps  a  different  orthography  of  meat.'] 

MAJ-E?-TAT'ie,         I  o.       Great    iu    appearance  ; 

MAJ-ES-TAT'I€-AL,  \      having  dignitj-.     [06*-.] 

Pococke. 

MAJES'TIG,  a.  [from  maje.^tij.]  Au^st ;  having 
disnity  of  person  or  appearance  ;  grand  ;  princely. 
The  prince  was  majestic  in  person  and  appearance. 

In  bis  face 
Sat  mKknfss,  hi^htened  with  majesHc  grace, 

2.  Splendid ;  grand. 

Get  the  start  of  this  majestic  world. 

3.  Elevated;  lofty. 

Tlio  least  portions  must  be  of  the  epic  kind  ;  all  must  be  grave, 
mcjeattc,  aud  sublime.  Drtjacn. 

A.  Stately ;  becoming  majesty ;  as,  a  majestic  air 
or  walk. 

M  \^TES'Tie-AL,  a.     Majestic.     [Little  used.] 

MAJES'TIG-AL-LY,  adc.  With  dignity  ;  with  gran- 
deur ;  with  a  loftv  air  or  appearance, 

M  -WES'Tie-AL-NESS,  n.  State  or  manner  of  being 
majestic.  Oldenburg. 

MAJ'ES-TY,  Tu  [L.  majcstas,  from  the  root  of  majis, 
major,  more,  greater.] 

1.  Greatness  of  appearance;  dignity;  gi-andeur; 
dignity  of  aspect  or  manner ;  the  quality  or  state  of 
a  per^n  or  thing  which  inspires  awe  or  reverence  in 
the  beholder  ;  applied  v.-ith  p<;culiar  propriety  to  God 
and  his  works, 

Jehovah  r^i^nelli ;  hf;  is  clothed  with  majesty.  —  Ps.  xcUi. 
The  voice  of  Jehov.^  is  ftiU  of  majesty.  —  Ps.  xxix. 

It  is  applied  to  the  dignity,  pomp,  and  splendor  of 
earthly  princes. 

When  he  showed  the  riches  of  his  glorious  kin^om  —  the  honor 
of  his  e3Ci>?llent  majesty  mauy  days.  —  Esth.  i. 

9,  Dignity ;  elevation  of  manner. 

Th''  first  in  lofliness  of  Ihoujlu  surpassed, 

The  next  in  majesty.  Dn/den. 

3.  A  title  of  emperoK,  kings,  and  queens  ;  as, 
most  roval  imjesty ;  may  it  please  your  majesty.  In 
this  sense,  it  admits  of  the  plural ;  as,  their  majesties 
attended  the  concert. 
Ma'JOR,  c.  [L.]  Greater  in  number,  quantity,  or 
extent ;  as,  the  viajor  part  of  the  assembly  ;  the  ma- 
jor part  of  the  revenue  ;  the  major  part  of  the  terri- 
tory. 

2.  Greater  in  dignity. 

My  major  vow  lies  here.  Shak. 

3.  In  music,  an  epithet  applied  to  the  modes  in 
which  the  third  is  four  semitones  above  the  tonic  or 
key-note,  and  to  intervals  consisting  of  four  s;;mi- 
tones.  Busbtj. 

Major  and  vnnory  in  music^  are  applied  to  concords 
which  differ  from  each  other  by  a  semitone. 

Major  tone:  the  difference  between  the  fifth  and 
fourth  ;  and  major  semitone  is  the  difference  be- 
tween the  major  fourth  and  the  third.  Th--  major 
lone  surpasses  the  minor  by  a  comma.  Encyc. 

The  major  term  of  a  syllogism  is  that  wliich  forms 
the  prrdieate  of  the  conclusion. 
MA'JOR,  TT.    In  military  affairs,  an  officer  next  in  rank 
above  a  captain  and  below  a  lieulenant-colonel ;  the 
lowest  field  oliicer. 
;?.  The  lijivor  of  a  town.     [See  Mator.] 
Jiid-mnji'r ;'  an  officer  appointed  to  act  as  major  on 
certain  occasions. 

/iriTalp-Tnajor.     See  Brigade. 
Dntm-major;  the  first  drummer  in- a  reciment, 
i       who  has  anthorit)'  over  the  other  drummers. 
Fife-major:  the  fiwt  or  chief  lifer. 
^r^eant-majoT :  a  non-commissioned  officer,  sub- 
ordinate to  the  adjutant. 
Ma'JOR,  71.    In  la\c,  a  person  of  full  age  to  manage 

his  own  concern^. 
Ma'JOR,  n.     In  logic^  that  premise  wliich  contains 
the  major  term  ;  it  is  the  first  propc-sitiou  of  a  regu- 
lar s>-Ilogism;  as,  no  unholy  peri?ou  is  qiialififd  tor 
I       happiness  in  heaven,  [l!ie  major.]    Every  man  in 
his  natural  state  is  unholy,  [minor.]    Therefore,  no 
1       man  in  his  natural  state  Is  qualified  for  happiness  in 
I       h'^aven,  [conclusion  or  inference.] 

In  hypothetical  syllogisms,  the  hypothetical  premise 
'       is  called  the  major. 
I  MA'JOR-AT,  (mi'zho-ra',)  n.     [Fr.,  from  major.] 

Amonir  Uit  caraincntal  nations  of  Europe^  the  right 
of  succfjssion  to  property  according  to  age. 
MAI-OR-A'TION,  n.    Increase ;  enlargement.    [A'wt 

M^ed.]  Bacon. 

Ma'JO'R-Do'MO,  n.     [major  and  domius,  house.] 

A  man  who  holds  the  place  of  master  of  the 
house  ;  a  5^ward  ;  also,  a  chief  minister.     Encyc. 
M.\'J01l-6EX'ER-AL,  w.      A  military  officer    who 
commands  a  division  or  number  of  regiments ;  tlie 
next  in  rank  below  a  licntenant-seneral. 
M.'V-JOR'I-TV,  n.     [Fr.  majorite:  from  inajor.]^ 

1.  The  greater  number;  more  than   halt;    as,  a 
vAJortty  of  mankind  ;    a  majority  of  votes  in  con- 


MAK 

gress.    A  measure  may  be  carried  by  a  large  or  small 
majority. 

2.  Full  age  ;  the  age  at  which  the  laws  of  a  coun- 
try permit  a  young  person  to  manage  lii.H  own  affairs. 
Henry  IH.  had  no  sooner  come  to  hU  majority,  than 
the  barons  raised  war  again?t  him. 

3.  The  office,  rank,  or  commission  of  a  major. 

4.  The  state  of  being  greater. 

It  13  not  a  pluiulily  of  puta,  without  minority  o(  porta.    \LiiiU 
used.]  Grev. 

5.  [L.  viajores.]    Ancestors ;  anccstr>'.    [JVot  used.] 

Brown. 

G.  Chief  rank.    [J'i'ot  used.]  Shak. 

MA-JUS'eU-Liii:,  n.  pi.  In  diplomatics,  capital  letters, 
as  they  are  found  in  Latin  manu^criptd  of  the  sixth 
century  and  earlier. 

MAKE,  V.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  Made.  [Sax.  jnacian;  G. 
machen ;  D.  vtaakcn  ;  Dan.  mager,  to  contrive  ;  mager 
paa,  to  make,  to  form,  to  moid,  to  contrive,  (o  prac- 
tice. The  primary  sense  is,  to  cause  to  act  or  do,  to 
press,  drive,  strain,  or  compel,  aa,  in  the  phrases 
malce  your  servant  work,  make  him  go.] 

1.  To  compel ;  to  constrain. 

They  should  Ix;  jnade  to  ri*;  nt  :in  c;irly  hour.  Lodce. 

2.  To  form  of  materials ;  to  fashion  ;  to  mold  into 
shape  ;  to  cause  to  exist  in  a  different  form,  or  as  a 

distinct  thing. 

He  fashioned  It  with  »  ^ravin^  tool,  aAer  be  Ivul  madt  \i  a  mo^ 

teu  calf.  —  Kx.  xxxii. 
God  not  only  made,  but  created ;  not  only  maAe  the  work,  but 

the  iiiat-.-ri;ils.  Dwight,  Ttieo!. 

3.  To  create;  to  cause  to  exist;  to  form  from 
nothing.  God  7nade  the  materials  of  the  earth  and 
of  all  worlds. 

4.  To  compose ;  to  constitute  as  parts,  materials, 
or  ingredients  united  in  a  whole.  These  several 
sums  make  the  whole  amount. 

Thf  heaven,  the  air,  the  earth,  and  boundless  eca, 

Make  but  one  temple  for  tlie  D.-ity.  Waller. 

5.  To  form  by  art. 

And  art,  wilh  her  contending,  doth  aspire 

To  excel  the  natural  widi  made  dclighu.  Spenser. 

6.  To  produce  or  effect,  as  the  agent. 

Call  for  Sainson,  that  he  may  ma}:e  us  sport.  —  Judg^  xvi. 

7.  To  produce,  as  the  cause ;  to  procure ;  to  ob- 
tain.   Good  tillage  is  necessary  to  Toakc  good  crops. 

Wealth  maJ:elh  majiv  friijnds.  — Prov.  lix. 

8.  To  do ;  to  perform  ;  to  execute ;  as,  to  inake  a 
journey  ;  to  make  a  long  voyage. 

9.  To  cause  to  have  any  quality,  as  by  change  or 
alteration.  Wealth  may  make  a  man  proud  ;  beauty 
may  v>ake  a  woman  vain ;  a  due  sense  of  human 
weakness  sliould  malie  us  humble. 

10.  To  bring  into  any  state  or  condition :  to  con- 
stitute. 

St^,  1  have  made  tliee  a  god  to  Pharaoh.  —  Ex.  vii. 
Whoviode  th*^  a  print?  .-uid  a  judge  over  u&?  —  Kx.  ii. 

11.  To  contract;  to  establish;  as,  to  make  friend- 
ship. Rf>we. 

1^.  To  keep ;  as,  to  make  abode.  Drydau 

13!  To  raise  to  good  fortune ;  to  secure  in  riches 

or  happiness;  as  when  it  is  said,  he  is  made  for  this 

world. 

Who  mal:es  or  ruins  willi  a  smile  or  frown.  Drylen. 

14.  To  suffer. 
He  accuses  Kepluue  unjuslly,  who  maket  ship'^r 

lime. 

15.  To  incur ;  as,  to  maize  a  loss,    [ImpTvpcr.\ 
1C-.  To  commit ;  to  do.  [Dryden, 

I  will  ru'iil.T  pI'Md  my  a^  r.or  sickness  in  excas-  of  the  fcults 
wliicli  I  yitatle.     [LiUle  used.]  Uryien. 

17.  To  intend  or  to  do ;  to  purpose  to  do. 
Coini-z,  what  viokest  tlmti  here,  widi  11  whole  brotherhood  of  city 
Uulifts?     [Noltwci.]  Uryieti. 

We  row  say,  what  doesl  thou  here .' 

13  To  raise,  as  profit ;  to  gain  ;  to  collect ;  as,  to 
m<ikc  money  in  trade  or  by  husbandry ;  to  make  an 
e-late  bv  sieadv  indiistr>-. 

19  To  discover  ;  to  arrive  in  si«hl  of;  a  seaman  s 
phrase.  'I'iiey  made  the  land  at  nine  o'clock  on  the 
larboard  bow,  distant  five  leagues. 

2:X  To  reach  ;  to  arrive  at ;  as,  to  make  a  port  or 
hnrhoT ;  a  seaman'' s  phrase. 

01  To  "ain  by  advance;  as,  to  make  littlo  way 
with"  a  head  wind ;  we  maiU  our  way  to  the  next 
village.     [Tliis  phrase  if  ten  imphes  di§e.ulty,] 

2*3?  To  provide  ;  as,  to  make  a  dinner  or  entertnin- 

23.  To  put  or  place ;  as,  to  make  a  difference  be- 
tween strict  right  and  expedience. 
21.  To  turn ;  to  convert,  as  to  use. 

Whate'er  thcv  eitch, 
TliHr  lury  mcies  an  in.tniinciU  of  w.ir.  DiyUn. 

25  To  rv-»present.  He  is  not  the  fool  you  make 
him  '•  that  is,  as  vour  represcntnlion  exhibits  him. 

"0*  To  con-^littite ;  to  form.  It  is  meKincholy  to 
thhik  that  s.msual  pleasure  makes  the  happiness  of  a 
great  part  of  mankind. 
"^  27,  To  induce;  to  cause. 


MAK 

man  r«^ly  !«■•  murh  on  ht*  own  Avvfir, 


him«c-ir. 

3*).  Toe/jm; 
as,  lu  make  'A  .\r  ■ 

31.  To  cure  ;  Xii  d( 
as,  to  makt  lia>'. 

To  make  asaciuh  :  I 
compcnfaiion ;  to  n.; 
los^. 

To  make  aeceunt  of,  ;  •  •  • . 

To  make  aienry ;  lo  kiU  ;  V- 

2.  Toali.nate;  loTr--  '^ 
We  now  Mtmally  »:- 
To  make  free  icuA  . 
without  ceremony. 

To  make  good;  to  r-  frad. 

riiwh^T  <!!-."' I'-  ■ 

2.  To  fulfill 
one'fl  word,  [>: 

3.  To  mak- 
alent ;  a-i,  to  ■ 

To  make  I' 
qucnco ;  to  ir'' 

They  nadi  lighi  -/ .; 
To  make  lore,  i  \t> 

Tomni-^  .-u.t  :  t      I 

To  t;...     ,._..:     . 
teem  ;  tu  cunntdL-i  a*  ui  (IvaI  >  ■ 
gnat  pleasure. 

To  make  tf;  to  und^r-fin '..     !• 
to  make  o/thc  ncwi» 
stand  it :  ho  know-  i. 

2.  To  produci?  frtiui , 

I  am aslonnhni  tlut  lb(»ewba  Mirr  nf^ 
ba»r  made  »  vrry  lii:^;  0/  ii- 

3.  To  consider;  I"  -■■--■■'"'     '■ 

Makes  *h^  r,o  more  0/ 

To  make  ovrr ;  tn  i 
to  alienate.    He  made  tr 
fee. 

To  make  out :  to  learn :  ' 
clear  understanding  of.      i 
meaning  or  sense  of  Ihi- 
quaries  are  not  ablo  lo  r 
this  medal. 

2.  To  prove ;  to  evince 
or  argument.    The  plaintf 
OBt  his  case,  withilr- 

In  the  pn»B?r»  fnxn 
out  t«ih  laT  prttp^ 

3.  To  furnish  ;  to  find  or  »ufsiiy.  IK 
pay,  but  was  not  able  lo  make  otU  lb-  r 
whole  sum. 

To  make  sure  of:  Co  con**  ' 

2.  To  secure  to  one's  p--- 
of  the  game. 

To  make  up  ;  to  cdlecl  1: 
make  vp  the  amount  of  rcri: 
package, 

2.  To  reconcile ;  \ 
ference  or  quarrel. 

3.  To  repair :  .1-    ■ 

4.  Tosui  •■ 
to  Kjike  up  l!: 

5.  T.i  rri:i 

O.  I1 
Th: 


Self-con  fid  once  makes  a 


6.  To  fhai>e,  prt  part,  i : 
a  mass  into  pills. 

7.  To  assmaea  partifu^' 
nlJli^e  up  a  face  ;  whence, » 

8-  To  compensate  :  to  n^ 

ItiSS. 

9.  To  settle  ;  lo  adjust,  or  !^  -ir 
as,  to  make  up  accounts. 

10.  TodctLrmiir    .  t  ■'  :;n:!.   :-. 
as,  to  nuike  ■ 

In  srame:i' 
quantity  of  - 

To  make  si^rmz^j  i    lo  move   wil 
mosL 

To  make  vatrr  ;  to  leak. 

To  make  irt^rds  :  In  niul! 
M.^KE,  r.  i.  To  lend  ;  to  1 
lownrd  home.  The  iieor 
Formerly  authors  usctl  '•' 
make  fcrt.\,  to  make  ah'.'*! 
solcle.     We  now  say,  to 

9.  To  contribute  ;  loh-' 
makes  nothinc  in  his  f:iv.  r. 
right,  and  rifiht  lo  be  wn 
ad%-anlaffe.  ^ 

3.  To  rise ;  to  flow  lowart  uiw , 
fast. 


BS,lket»ie«Mlw 


TONE,  BIJU.,  UNITE.  — AX"GER 


687 


MAL 

To  make  as  if;  to  show;  to  appear;  to  carry  ap- 
pearance. 

Joiiluia  and  all  Israel  vuuU  04  \f  Uicy  wcio  Uratcu  befoit  llii.-m 
mid  ll«l.  —  Joali.  viii. 

To  make  away  wit/i ;  to  kill ;  to  destroy. 

To  make  fur ;  to  move  toward  ;  to  direct  a  coiinie 
toward  ;  as,  we  apprchendi-d  a  tempest  approaching, 
and  made  far  a  harbor. 

2.  To  tend  to  advantiige ;  to  favor.  A  war  be- 
tween commercial  nations  makes  for  Wvt  interest  of 
neutrals. 

To  make  asaimt ;  lolend  to  injurj*.  Tliia  argument 
makes  against  his  cause. 

To  make  out ;  to  succeed  ;  to  have  success  at  last. 
He  made  out  to  reconcile  the  contending  parties. 

To  vuike  up  ;  to  approach.  He  made  up  to  us  with 
boldness. 

To  vtake  up  for ;  to  compensate  ;  to  supply  by  an 
equivalent. 

Have  you  a  suppl/  of  friends  lo  noJt*  up  for  those  who  nre 
gone  t  ib'ui^/l. 

To  make  up  with ;  to  settle  differences;  lo  become 
friends. 

To  make  with  ;  to  concur.  Hooker. 

MAKE,  7u  Structure  j  texture  ;  constitution  of  parts 
in  a  body.  It  may  sometimes  be  synonymous  with 
i^HAi-E  or  Form,  but  more  properly  the  word  sig- 
nifies the  manner  in  which  the  parts  of  the  body 
are  united ;  as,  a  man  of  slender  mahcj  or  feohle 
make. 

U  our  perfection  of  so  iVjiI  &  mate, 

As  every  plot  can  uudcnninE  sind  shftki?  ?  Dryden. 

MaKE,  n.     [Sax.  tnaea^  gemaca;    Dan.  ma^e;  Eng. 
match.      It  seems  allied  lo  make,  as  pecr^  L.  par,  to 
Heb.  N*i3.] 
A  companion ;  a  mate.     [Obs.] 

Spenser.     B.  Jonson. 
MaKE'BaTE,  n.    [maJiC  and  Sax.  bate,  contention.] 

One  who  excites  contentions  and  quarrels.  Sidiieu. 
MAKE'LESS,  a.     Matchless;  without  a  mate.    [Ohs.] 
MaKE'PeACE,  71.    A  peace-maker ;  one  that  recon- 
ciles persons  when  at  variance.  Shak. 
MaK^ER,  71.    The  Creator. 

Tlie  onivcrsal  Maker  we  may  pnisp.  Milton, 

2.  One  that  makes,  forms,  shapes,  or  molds ;  a 
manufacturer  ;  as,  a  maker  of  watches,  or  of  jewel- 
ry ;  a  maker  of  cloth. 

3.  A  poet. 

MaKE'VVEIGHT,  (wate,)  71.    That  which  is  thrown 

inlo  a  scale  lo  make  weight.  Philips. 

Ma'KI,  71.    An  animal  of  the  genus   l-eniur.    The 

ring-tailed  maki  is  of  the  size  of  ;i  uiL  [See  Lemub.] 

Encyc. 
The  common  name  of  a  subdivision  of  the  l*in- 
nxan  genus  I^emur,  including  the  macauco,  themon- 
gooz,  and  the  vari.  Cuvier. 

MaK'INU,  ppr.    Forming  ;  causing  ;  compellmg  ;  cre- 
ating ;  constituting. 
MaK'ING,  71.    The  act  of  forming,  causmg,  or  consti- 
tuting. 

9.  Workmanship.  This  is  clolh  of  your  own 
making. 

3.  Composition ;  structure. 

4.  In  old  writers,  a  poem. 

MAL,      j  as  a  prefix,  in  composition,  denotes  ill  or  evil, 

MALE,   \      Ft.  mal^  L.  malus.     [See  Malady.] 

MAL'A-CHITE,  11.  [Gr.  /mAa^v,  mallows,  L.  vialva, 
from  ^aAa<of ,  soft,  so  named  from  its  resembling  the 
coltir  of  the  leaf  of  mallows.] 

Native  carbonate  of  copper.  Qreeii  malachite  oc- 
curs in  green  mammiUary  masses,  consisting  of  con- 
centric layers  having  a  fibrous  structure.  It  admits 
of  a  high  polish,  and  is  sometimes  used  for  orna- 
mental inlaid  work  or  for  making  toys.  Blue  mal- 
achite is  another  species  of  a  deep-blue  color,  found 
both  in  cr>stals,  and  as  an  incrustation.  These  ores 
accompany  other  ores  of  copper.  Dana. 

M,\L'A-eO-LITE,  71.     [Gr.  naXaxn-,  mallows,  from  its 
color.] 
Another  name  for  diopside,  a  variety  of  pyroxene. 
Clcaveland.    Lunier. 

MAL-A-eOL'0-6l3T,  n.  One  who  treats  of  the  mol- 
lusca. 

MAL-A-€OL'O^Y,  ti,  [Gr.  /iuXaifus,  soft,  and 
Aovos.] 

In  natural  histonj,  the  science  of  the  structure  and 
habits  of  soft  animals  or  moUusca. 

MAI^A-€OP-'i'E-RYC;'I-AX,  ti.  One  of  the  order  of 
malacoptervgious  fishes. 

MAL-A-€OP-TE-RY<:;'I-OUS,  a.  [Gr.  paXaxoi,  soft, 
and  zT£nv)  loi',  a  point  or  feather.] 

Having  soft  fins,  or  fins  whose  rays,  except  the 
anterior  ray  of  the  pectoral  and  dorsal  fins,  are  sort  ; 
applied  to  such  fishes  as  the  carp,  pike,  salmon, 
shad,  &.C. 

MAL-.\-€OS'TO-MOUS,  a.     [Gr.  /jaXa< ;?,  soft,  and 
cTi'fia,  mouth.] 
Having  soft  jaws  without  teeth,  as  a  fish.      Evcvc. 

MAL-A-€6S'TRA-eAN,  ».  [Gr.  /laAxifo;,  soft,  and 
ouTonxo^,  shell.]  A  crustacean  belonging  lo  the  di- 
vi-iion  Malacostraea  in  t'nvier's  system,  as  shrimps, 
lobsters,  crabs,  &c.  The  term  is  somclimes  appliei! 
to  Crustacea  in  general.  Dana. 


MAL 

MAL-A-COS-TItA-eOL'O-CV,  «.     [Gr.;lu^u^*/s,soft, 
onroaKov,  shell,  and  Xnyos,  discourse.] 
The  science  of  Crustacea ;  called  also  CnusT-iCE- 

OLOGY. 

MAL-A-eOS'TRA-€OUS,  a.  Ilelonping  to  a  section 
of  crustaceous  animals  called  malacvstraca.  They 
have  solid  teguments,  and  10  or  14  feet. 

MAL-Al)-JUST'MENT,  n.  An  evil  or  wrong  adjusl- 
uu:nt.  Clialmer.i. 

MAL-AU-MIN-IS-TR.\'TI0X,7t.    [See  Mal  and  Ad- 

MlNISTCa.] 

Bad  management  of  public  affairs ;  vicious  or 
defective  conduct  in  administration,  or  the  perform- 
ance of  official  duties,  particularly  of  executive  and 
ministerial  duties  prescribed  by  law  ;  as,  the  TJia/at/- 
miniffrntion  of  a  king,  or  of  any  chief  magistrate, 

MAL-A-I>UOIT'NESS,  n.     Bad  deMerity. 

.M.VL'.A-DV,  n.  [Vr.  maladic  :  It.  wmMfr(«,from  the  ^V. 
vially  softness,  debility,  an  evil,  a  malady  ;  L.  malum  ; 
W,  malla,  lo  make  sott  or  flaccid,  to  deprive  of  en- 
ergy, to  make  insipid,  lo  make  evil,  to  become  evil. 
This  coincides  in  origin  with  Eng.  indlow,  L.  mollis, 
Gr.  ftaX'tKui,  aftaX'->i,  Heb.  Son.  In  opi)osition  to 
this,  virtue,  value,  and  health,  are  from  llie  sense  t»f 
strength,  vigor.] 

1.  Any  sickness  or  disease  of  the  human  body ; 
any  distemper,  disorder,  or  indisposition,  proceeding 
from  impaired,  defective,  or  morbid  organic  func- 
tions; more  particularhj,  a  Ungi-riiig  or  deep-seated 
disorder  or  indisposition.  It  may  bi;  applied  to  any 
animal  body,  but  is,  I  believe,  rarely  or  never  applied 
to  plants. 

The  maiadiea  of  the  Ixxly  may  prove  medicines  to  the  mind. 
Buckminaler. 

2.  Defect  or  corruption  of  the  heart;  depravity; 
moral  disorder  or  corruption  of -moral  principles.  De- 
pravity of  heart  is  a  moral  vialady. 

3.  Disorder  of  the  understanding  or  mind. 
Ma'LA  FI'DE,  [L.]     With   bad   faith  ;    dectitfully  ; 

treacherously. 

MAL'A-GA,  71.  A  species  of  wine  imported  from  Mal- 
aga, in  Spain. 

MAL'AN-DERS,  n.     [from  mal,  ill,  and  It.  andare,  to 

go.] 

A  disease  in  horses,  consisting  of  ulcerous  chaps 
on  the  inside  of  the  legs.  Buchanan. 

MAL'A-PERT,  a.  [mal  and  pert,]  Saucy;  quick, 
with  impudence;  sprightly;  without  respect  or  de- 
cency ;  bold ;  forward. 

Are  you  growinj  malapert?  Dnjd£n. 

MAL'A-PERT-LY,  adv.    Saucily  ;  with  impudence. 

Skelton, 

MAL'A-PERT-NESS,  n.  Saucincss  ;  impudenl  porl- 
ness  or  forwardness  ;  sprightliness  of  reply  without 
decency. 

MAI^AP-R0-P5S',  (mal-ap-ro-pG',)  adv.  [Fr.  mal, 
evil,  and  apropos,  to  the  purpose.] 

Unseasonably ;  unsuitably.  Dryden. 

MA'IiARj  a.     [L.  mala,  the  cheek.] 
Pertaming  to  the  cheek. 

MA-La'RI-A,  71.     [mal  and  aria,  bad  air,  //a/.] 

Bai'  air;  that  species  of  air  \vhich  produces,  or 
tends  to  produce,  disease. 

MA-La'RI-OUS,  )  a.    Pertaining  to,  or  infected  by, 

MA-La'RI-AL,      !      malaria. 

Ma'LATE,  n.  [L.  malum,  an  appJo.]  A  salt  formed 
by  the  malic  acid,  the  acid  of  apples,  combined  with 
a  base.  Chemistry, 

MA-LAX'ATE,r.  L     [Gr.  i^-iAacrffoK] 

To  soften  ;  to  knead  to  softness.     [JVot  used.] 

MAL-.\>'-a'TION,  71.  The  act  of  moistening  and 
solleninf. ;  or  the  forming  of  incredients  into  a  mass 
for  pills  or  plasters.     [Little  used,]  Bailey. 

MAL-eON-FORM-A'TION,  h.  Ill  form ;  dispropor- 
tion of  parts.  Tully. 

M.'\L'eON-TENT,  j(.  [mal  and  content]  A  discun- 
teuted  subject  of  government ;  one  who  murmurs  at 
the  laws  and  administration,  or  who  manifests  his 
uneasiness  by  overt  acts,  as  in  sedition  or  insurrec- 
tion. 

MAL'CON-TENT,         )  a.      Discontented    with    the 

MAL-eON-TEXT'ED,  (  laws  or  the  administration 
of  goveniment ;  uneasy  ;  dissatisfied  with  the  gov- 
ernment. 

The  Tamous  malconUnt  carl  of  Leicester.  Miiner. 

MAL-eOiX-TENT'ED-LY,  adv.    With  discontent. 

MAL-eON-TENT'ED-NESS,  n.  Disconleiuedness 
with  the  government ;  dissatisfaction  ;  want  of  at- 
tachment to  the  government,  manifested  by  overt 
acts.  Spectator. 

MaLE,  a.  [Fr.  male,  for  masle,  from  L.  masculiis,  from 
mas,  maris.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  sex  that  procreates  young,  juid 
applied  to  animals  of  all  kinds  ;  as,  a  male  child  ;  a 
male  beast,  fish,  or  fowl. 

2.  A  term  denoting  the  sex  of  a  plant  which  pro- 
duces the  fecundating  dusl,  or  a  flower  or  jilant  tliat 
bears  the  stamens  only,  without  pistils. 

3.  A  term  denoting  the  screw  whose  threads  enter 
the  grooves  or  channels  of  the  corresponding  or  fe- 
male screw. 

MaI^E,  w.  .-Vmong  animals,  one  of  the  sex  whose 
oflice  is  to  beget  young  ;  a  he-animal. 


rous.     [LiUle  used.]  Sandys. 

L-E-Die'TIOX,  71.     [L.  maledictio ;  male,  evil,  and 


L'TIOX,   C-fish-c-a'shun,)    n.    A    be- 


MAL 

2.  In  botjiiij,  a  plant  or  flower  which  produces 
stamens  only,  without  iii^itils. 

3.  In  mechanics,  the  screw  whose  threads  enter  the 
grooves  or  channels  of  the  corresponding  part  or  fe- 
male scr<w. 

MAL-E-1)I'CEX-CY,  n.  [L.  maledicentia ;  male  and 
dieo.] 

Evil  speaking;  reproachful  language;  proneness 
to  reproach.     [Little  used.]  JItterbury. 

MAL'E-DI-CENT,  a.  Speaking  reproachfully;  slan- 
derous. 

MAL- 
dicp,  to  speak. _ 

Evil  speaking;  denunciation  uf  e\il ;  a  cursing; 
curse  or  execration.  Hooker. 

MAL-E-FA€^TION,  71.  [L.  7Ha/c,  evil,  and /(icio,  to  do.] 
A  criminal  deed  ;  a  crime ;  an  oltense  against  the 
laws.     [Little  used.]  ShaJi. 

MAL-E-F.\e'TOR,  n.  [Supra.]  One  wlio  commits  a 
crime  ;  one  guilty  of  violating  the  laws  in  such  a 
manner  as  to  subject  him  tt)  public  prosecution  and 
punishment,  particularly  to  capit:U  punishment ;  a 
criminal.  Dryden. 

MA-LEF'IC,  a,     [L.  malrf.cus.]     Doing  mischief. 

MAL'E-FICE,  (mai'e-fis,)  n.  [Fr.  See  Malefac- 
Tro.N.J  An  evil  deed;  artifice;  enchantment.  [JVot 
in  iLse.]  C/iauccr. 

MA-LEF'LCEXCE,  71.  The  doin?  or  producing  of 
evil. 

MA-LEFT-CEXT,  a.    Doing  evil.  Hunter. 

M,\L-E-FI"CIaTE,  (mal-e-fish'ule,)  v.  t.  To  bewitch. 
[JVo(  in  use]  Burton. 

MAL-E-FI"CI-a'' 
witchins. 

MAL-E-FF'CIEXCE,  f-fish'ens,)  n.     [L.  maltjicientia.] 
The  doing  of  evil,  harm,  or  mischief. 

M.-\L-E-FI"CIEXT,  a.    Doing  evil,  harm,  or  mischief. 

Burke. 

MA-Li;'IC  ACID,  71.  An  acid  obtained  from  the 
itistillation  of  inalic  arid.  Oraliam. 

MA-LEX'OIXE,  n.     [Fr.  mahn^in.] 

Guile;  deceit.     [N'utiniuteA  Spenser. 

MAL'ET,  77.     [Fr.  malctu     See  Mam..] 

A  little  bag  or  budget ;  a  portmanteau.     [J^ot  iiscd.] 

Shcllon. 

MaLI:-SPIR'IT-ED,  «.  Having  tlic  spirit  of  a  man  ; 
high-minded.  B.  Junson. 

MA-LEV'O-LEXCE,  w.  f  L.  malcvolentia ;  malum, 
evil,  and  volens,  volo,  lo  will.] 

Ill  will ;  personal  hatred  ;  evil  dispo.-^ition  toward 
another;  enmity  of  heart ;  inclination  to  injure  ntb- 
ers.     It  expresses  less  than  Malk.-nity.  Sbali. 

MA-I-EV'O-LENT,   a.      Having   an   evil    disposition 

toward  another  or  othtrs  ;  wishing  evil  to  others;  ill 

disposed,  or  disposed  to  injure  others.     A  malevolent 

heart  rejoices  in  the  misfortunes  of  others. 

2.  Unfavorable  ;  unpropilious  ;  bringing  calamity. 

MA-LE  V^O-LENT-LY,  adc.  With  ill  will  or  enmity  ; 
with  the  wish  or  design  to  injure. 

MA-LE^'■'0-LOUS,  a.     .Alalevolent.     [JVut  in  jise.] 

Warburton. 

MAL-EX-E-€u'TION,  71.  Evil  or  wrong  execution  ; 
bad  administration.  D.  Webster. 

MAL-FeA'SAXCE,  71.  [Fr.]  Evil  doing;  wrong; 
illegal  deed.  In  luw,  the  performance  of  some  inju- 
rious act  wliich  the  party  had  contracted  not  to  ilo, 
or  had  no  right  to  do.  Bcucier. 

MAL-FORM-a'TION,  n.  [nud  and  formation.]  Ill 
or  wrong  formation  ;  irregular  or  anomalous  forma- 
tion or  structure  of  parts.  Darwin. 

MA'LI€,  a.     [L.  m(dum,  an  apple.J 

Pertaining  to  apples  ;  drawn  Irom  the  juice  of  ai>- 
ples  ;  as,  wmfic  acid.  Chemistry. 

MAL'ICE,  71.  [Fr. ;  It.  77ia/i:ia,'  Sp.  malicia  ;  L.  ma- 
litia^  from  malus,  evil ;  W.  mall.     Sec  BIaladv.] 

Extreme  enmity  of  heart,  or  malevolence  ;  a  dis- 
position lo  injure  others  without  cause,  from  ni^'re 
personal  gratification  or  from  a  spirit  of  revenge ; 
unprovoked  malignity  or  spite. 


Nor  set  down  au^ht  in  7; 


Shah. 


MAL'ICE,  V.  t.  To  regard  with  extreme  ill  will. 
[JVot  used.]  Spi'iisrr. 

MAL'I-CHO,  n.  The  corruption  of  a  Spanish  word 
signifying  mLchicf.  Shal<\ 

MA-LI"CIOUS,  (ma-lish'us,)  a.  Harboring  ill  will  or 
enmity  without  provocation  ;  malevolent  in  the  ex- 
treme ;  malignant  in  hciat. 

I  CTaat  him  Mood)  , 
Sudden,  malicicue,  smacking  of  every  siu 
That  has  a  name.  Shak. 

2.  Proceeding  from  extreme  liatred  or  ill  will ;  dic- 
tated by  malice  ;  as,  a  malicious  report. 

J^Ialicions  prosecution  and  arrest;  in  law,  a  wantbn 
prosecution,  by  regular  process,  witliout  probable 
cause.  Bonrier. 

MA-LI"CIOUS-LY,  adv.  With  malice  ;  with  extreme 
enmity  or  ill  will ;  with  deliberate  intention  to  in- 
jure. Swtfl. 

MA-LI"CIOUS-NESS,  71.  The  quality  of  being  ma- 
licious ;  extreme  enmily  or  disposition  to  injure ; 
malignity.  Herbert. 

MA-LIGX',  (ma-line',)ff.  [Fr  maligne;  L.  malignus, 
from  malusy  evil.     See  Malady.] 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MiiTE,  PREY— PiXE,  MARIXE,  BIRD.  — X6TE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.- 


GSS 


MAL 

1.  Hjivin^  a  verj'  evil  disposition  toward  otherii ; 
harboring  violeni  hatred  or  enmity ;  malicious ;  as, 
j»^/i-"K  spirits.  Jililion, 

i"  Unfavorable;  pernicious;  tending  to  injure;  as, 
a  mali-Tn  aspect  of  planets.  JiliUan. 

3.  Malignant ;  pernicious  ;  as,  a  malign  ulcer. 

Bacon. 
MALIGN',  (ma-Ilne',)  v.  t.    To  regard  with  envy  or 
malice  ;  to  treat  with  extreme  enmity  j  to  injure  ma- 
liciously. 

The  people  practice  mischief  ag^iinst  private  men,  whom  Ihey 
Tjiaiign  by  stealing  their  jockls  anti  munlerioj  ilieni. 

Spensier. 

2,  To  traduce  ;  to  defame. 

MA'LiGN',  (ma-llne',)  v.  u    To  entertain  malice. 

MA-LIG'XAN-CY,  n.  [See  HIalignant.]  PIxtreruc 
malevolence ;  bitter  enmity  ;  malice  ;  as,  vmli^nanqf 
of  heart. 

2.  Unfavorableness  ;  unpropitiousness  ;  as,  the  inor- 
lionaiicy  of  the  aspect  of  planets. 

The  malignancy  of  ray  lale  nught  tlbtempcr  yours.  Shak. 

3.  Virulence :  tendency  to  mortification  or  to  a 
fatal  issue;  as,  the  7naUgiianc\)  of  an  ulcer  or  of  a 
fever. 

MA-LIG'NANT,  a.  [L.  Tnatignus,  Txali^nOf  from  ma- 
las,  evil.] 

1.  aialicious  ;  havin?  extreme  malevolence  or  en- 
mity ;  as,  a  maliirnant  heart. 

9."  UnpropitioMs  ;  exerting  pernicious  influence  ; 
as,  malignant  stars.  Shah. 

3.  Virulent ;  as,  a  maliz^iant  ulcer. 

■4.  Dangerous  to  life  :  as,  a  irialigTiant  fever. 

5.  Extremely  heinous  ;  as,  llie  malignsnt  nature  of 
sin. 
MA-LIG'NANT,  n.    A  man  of  extreme  enmity  or  evil 
intentions.     [JVoi  kscA]  Hjoktfr. 

9.  A  name  of  reproach  for  a  Puritan.     [Obs.] 
MA-LIG'NANT-LY,  adf.    Maliciously;  with  extreme 
malevolence. 

2.  With  pernicious  influence. 
^L\-LIGN'i:D,  (ma-llnd',j  pp.   Regarded  with  euvj-  or 

malice ;  treated  with  extreme  enmity ;  traduced ; 
defamed. 

MA-LIGN'ER,  (ma-Iin'er,)  n.  One  who  regards  or 
treats  another  with  enmity ;  a  traducer :  a  defamer. 

Swift. 

MA-LTGN'IXG,  (ma-lln'ing,)  ppr.  Traducing;  de- 
faming. 

MA-LIG'NI-TY,  n.     [L.  mali^itas.] 

1.  Extreme  enmity,  or  evil  dispositions  of  heart 
toward  another  ;  malice  without  provocation,  or  ma- 
levolence with  baseness  of  heart ;  deep-rooted  spite. 

2.  Virulence;  destructive  tendency  ;  as,  the  77)£:/in-- 
nity  of  an  ulcer  or  disease. 

3.  Extreme  evilness  of  nature  ;  as,  the  viali^itij  of 
fraud. 

4.  Extreme  sinfulness;  enormity  or  heinousncss  ; 
as,  the  maliiptity  of  sin. 

MA-LIGN'LY,  (ma-linc'ly,)  adv.     With  extreme  ill 
wiU. 
2.  L'npropitiously ;  perniciously. 
JL\-LIN''GER,  r.  i.     Among  soldiers,  to  feign  illness 
or  to  protract  disease,  in  order  to  avoid  duty. 

r.  B.  jMacaulaij. 
3L-V-LIN"GER-ER,  n.     [Fr.  maUngre.} 

In  mUUanj  language,  a  soldier  who  feigns  himself 
sick. 
5L\-LIN"GER-Y,  n.    A  feigning  illness  or  protracting 

of  disease,  in  order  to  escape  duty. 
MAL'I-SON,  (mal'e-2Uj)  n.     Malediction.    Chaucer. 
MAL'ICIN,  (maw'kin.)  n.     A  mop;  hence,  a  dirty 

("I'l-ab.  Ska!:. 

5IALL,  (maw!,)  n.  [Fr.  inail;  Sp.  mallo ;  Port,  mallio  ; 
from  L.  7naUeiis.] 

\.  A  large,  hea\y,  wooden  beetle;  an  instrument 
for  driving  any  thing  witli  force. 
2.  A  blow.     [Obs.]  Spenser. 

MALL,  (mal,)  n.  [Arm.  vtaiUi.  Qu.  from  a  play  with 
mall  and  ball,  or  a  beaten  walk.] 

A  public  walk  ;  a  level,  shaded  walk.  .^Uee  d'ar- 
bres  battue  et  hordic.  Gretroirc's  J3rm.  Diet. 

MALL,  (mawl,)  v.  t.    To  beat  with  a  mall ;  to  beat 

witli  something  heavy  ;  to  bruise. 
MAL'LARD,  n.    A  drake.  Shak. 

9.  The  cummon  duck  in  its  wild  state,  Ana.";  boschas 
of  Linn,-EU3.  P.  Ci/r. 

MAI^LE-A-BIL'I-TY,  n.  [from  malleable]  That 
quality  of  bodies  which  renders  them  susceptible  of 
extension  by  beating.  It  is  opposed  to  Friahilitt  or 
Brittlexe3s.  Locke. 

MAL'LE-.\-BLE,  a.  [Fr.,from  L.  wmWcji^.  See  Mall.] 
That  may  be  drawn  out  and  extended  by  beating  ; 
capable  of  extension  by  the  hammer ;  a  (juality  of 
metals,  particularly  of  gold.  jYeitton. 

Maileable  iron  is  cast  iron,  which,  by  a  pt-culiar 
process,  has  been  deprived  of  its  carbon,  and  thus 
freed  from  its  brittleness. 
MAL'LE-A-BLE-NESS,  n.     Malleability,  which  see. 
MAL'LE-aTE,  r.   u     To  hammer;  to  draw  into  a 

plate  or  leaf  bv  beatin?. 
MAL'LE-A-TEi),  pp.    Hammered;  drawn  into  a  plate 
by  heating. 


MAM 


MAL-LE-a'TION,  II.    'J'heuclof  beating  into  a  plalc  ]  ilAM  MAL'O  Ci\'  r. 

or  leaf,  as  a  metal ;  exlcmiion  by  bcutini;. 
MALL'i-:!),   pp.       Beaten    with   sometliing   heavy: 

Imiiseil. 
MAL'LET,7(.     {rx.maiUet;  Ituss.  molot;  Slav,  mlat; 
L.  malleiu.'] 


"rtWlHiiffffTi'  • 


A  wooden  hammer  or  instrument  for  bcaiini;,  or 
for  driving  pins  ;  particularly  uwd  in  carpentry,  for 
driving  the  chisel. 

MALL'ING,  fmawring,)7j;»r.  Bruising;  beat mg  with 
sometliing  heavy. 

MAL'LoW,     ^  ;i.      [Sax     malu^  mealvse,    maliee ;  Fr. 

MAL'LoWS,  i  mauve;  L.  Sp.  and  It.  malva;  Or. 
/itiAuv»;,  from  /iwAuvof,  soft,  En%.meUov>i  W.mall. 
See  Malady.] 

A  plant  of  tlie  genus  Malva;  so  called  from  it-i 
emollient  tjualities.  Iih  fruit  is  a  depresHcd  ilUk, 
called  by  the  country  people  a  cheese.  Brande. 

Jilars/i^maltows ;  a  plant  of  ilie  genus  Altho:;!. 

MALM'SEY,  (mim'ze,)  v.  [Fr.  vaivuinie ;  U.  mal- 
vosio  ;  Sp.  ir.arvisiaj  fioci  Jilulvasia,  in  Greece  ;  L. 
vinum  arvisiavi.] 

The  name  of  a  sort  of  gva?c,  and  also  of  a  strong 
and  sweet  wine. 

j\IAL-0'DOR,  n.    An  ofTenr.ive  odor. 

MAL-P0-SI"TI0N,r-7.ish'un,)  n.    A  wrong  jmsition. 

MAL-PRAe'TIGE,n.  [vial  and  practice]  Evil  prac- 
tice ;  illegal  or  immoral  conduct ;  practice  contrary 
to  established  rules. 

MALT,  n.  [Sax.  mm// .-  D.  mont;  G.malz;  S\v.  and 
ban.  vialt.     Uu.  W.  mall,  soft.] 

Barley,  or  other  grain,  steeped  in  water  till  it  ger- 
minates, and  then  dried  in  a  kiln,  thus  evolving  the 
saccharine  principle.     It  is  used  in  brewing. 

MALT,  V.  t.    To  make  into  mall ;  as,  to  viall  barley. 

MALT,  V.  i.    To  become  malt. 

To  house  it  jreen  v.-ill  make  il  inal:  vvorac.  Alcrdmtr, 

MALT'-DRINK,      ;  n.    A  liquor  prepared  for  drink 
MALT'-Lia-UOR,  (      by  an  infusion    of  malt,  as 

beer,  ale,  porter,  &lc. 
MALT^-DL'ST,  71.    The  grains  or  remains  of  malt. 

MaU-dusl  is  an  eiirichcr  of  barren  lajid.  Morlimrr. 

5IALT'-FLoOR,  jt.    A  floor  for  drjing  malt. 

Mortimer, 

MALT'-HORSE,  n.  A  liorsc  employed  in  grinding 
malt ;  Jience,  a  di:ll  fellow.  Shah: 

MALT'IKG,  V.    Tlie  act  of  making  mall. 

MALT'JLAN,    i  v.    A  man   whose  occupation  is  to 

MALT'STER,  \      make  malt.  Sici/t. 

MALT'WORM,  ».     [malt  and  icorm.]     A  tippler. 

Sliak. 

IMAL'TA-LENT,  n.  [Old  Fr.]  Ill  humor.  [Ao£  in 
use]  Chaucer. 

MAL'THA,  n.  A  variety  of  bitumen,  viscid  and  tena- 
cious, like  pitch;  uncluous  to  tl:e  touch,  and  exhal- 
ing a  bituminous  odor.  Clearchmd. 

MAL-TReAT',  v.  L  [mal  and  treat.]  To  treat  ill ; 
to  abuse  ;  to  treat  roughly,  rudely,  or  with  nnkind- 
ness. 

MAL-TRkAT'ED,  p'j.    Ill-treated  ;  abused. 

MAL-TRe.-VT'ING, 'jipr.  Abusing;  treating  nn- 
kindlv. 

MAL-TRkAT'MENT,  )(.  Ill  treatment;  ill  usage; 
abuse. 

MA'LUM  IjY  SE,  [U]    An  evil  in  itself. 

MA'LUjM  PRO-HIB'I-TUM,  [L.]  'J'lial  which  is 
wrong  because  forbidden  by  law.  BlaeJ:stone, 

5IAL-Va'CE0US,  C-shus,)  a.  [L.  vuUoaceiUj  from 
malva,  mallows.] 

Pertaining  to  mallows  ;  a  term  designating  a  group 
of  plants  of  which  mallows  is  the  tvp*. 

MAL-VER-Sa'TION,  n.  [L.  viidc,  iil,  and  vcrsor,  to 
behave.] 

Evil  conduct;  improper  or  wicked  behavior;  mean 
artifices  or  fraudulent  tricks;  corruptit>n  or  extor- 
tion in  office.  Burke. 

MAM,  (  ».      [I-.   viamma,  the  breast  or  p:u),  and 

MAM-fllX',  i  mother  ;  VV.  /Hd-vt  ,■  Arm.  mawiw,-  If. 
muime,  a  nurse  ;  Antiii-  Gr.  nanni.] 

A  familiar  word  for  vwtJicry  used  by  young  chil- 
dren. 

M  AM'A-LUKE, )  n.    The  militaiy  force  of  Lg>-p:  con- 

MAM'E-LUKE,  \  si:^led  of  .soldiers  called  Mama- 
hikes,  who  were  originally  mercenaries,  but  after- 
ward masters  of  the  country.  Their  jwwer  was  an- 
nihilated by  the  pashaw  of  "Egypt  in  ISIl. 

MAM'MAL,  n.;  pi.  Mammals.  [L.  mammdy  tlto 
breast.] 

In  zcolo'nt,  an  animal  that  suckles  its  young.  [s«e 
MAUMALit.']  Oood, 

MAM-MA'Iil-A,  n.pl.     [L.  mcmmc,  the  breasL] 

.\  class  of  animals,  comprehending  those  which 
suckle  their  young.  They  are  vcrtebraled  animals, 
with  warm,  red  blood,  and  a  double  system  of  circu- 
lation. Tlie  fetus,  in  most  species,  is  nourished  in 
the  womb  by  means  of  a  placenta.  The  young,  in 
all  spfcit  s,  are  brought  forth  :ilive.  P.  Cyc 

MAM-.Ma'LI-AN,  a.     Pertaining  to  the  manmialia. 

MAM-MA-LIF'ER-OU.S,  a.  [mammalia  and  L.  fero, 
to  produce.]  A  term  applied  to  strata  containing 
mainmiferons  renjains.  Humble, 

M.A.M-.MAL'O-cjIST,  71.  One  who  treats  of  mnmmif- 
crous  animals  or  mammalia. 


MAMMA  I. V, 

brcTii-iit  ( 


hopelcM  piece.    [X<. : 


3IAM-.MEE\r:. 

longing  t/(  tli> 

lalt*rr  ii  larg' , 

Contain'*   a  (-■ 

and  fra?niiil  »■  ■  (  i. 
MAM'MEK.r.  ..    ^,, 
MAM'MKU-ING,  «.     i 
MAM'Mfri', «.     Apt. 
MAM'MI-FEB.ii.    [I. 

to  bear.] 

An  animal  wbicti 

young;  a  mamntal, 
aiA.M-MIF'KROi;.-4, 

and  nourishing  the  . 

them. 
MAM'.MI-FOaM,  a. 

Having  tli*;  iihni^-  < 
MAM'MILLA-nV,a. 

1.  Prrlaintn-  t-.  • 
epilJi'i 

pl.'s,  f. 
lo  a  ]•'■ 

2.  In  .M-- 
poe/'d  <if  cori^ 

MAM'.MIL-LA    . 

lie  globe*  like  uir  rri-- 
MAM'MOCK,  n.    A 

MAM'MOCK,  r.  (.    T. 


MAM'MO-DIS,  n.    C 
MA.H'MON,  n.    [Syr. 
of  riches. 

Yc  unnot  •*rrt  r, 
MAM'MON-IST,  ■.      \ 

tion  of  wealth  ;  on* 

premelv  fm  riches  :  .. 
>L\.M'MOTU,  n.     [Ru^.  sa«^^,  n..    ». 

huze  animal,  now  extinct,  or  from  thr 

hemotk.] 
The  Russian  name  of  r^ii 

phani,  nearly  aUied  to  tb 

was  thicklv  covertd  with  ! 

these,  stitrj  black  bristlcj;  ■- 

coarse,  flexible  hair,  and  tl. 

the  year  17i;y,  one  of  these 

(hawed  out  of  an  iccbank,  - 

in  the  nortli  of  Siberia,     i:- 

upon  both  continents.    It  ; 

both  the  North  AniLirican  i- 

todon. 
This  word  is  often  used  : 

as,  a  mammoth  ox. 
MAN,  n. ;  p/.  Men.     [Sax.  • 

kind,  man,  a  womnii.  w 

like  the  Fr.  yu:  Goi 

man,  n  hu&band ; 

woman,  person  ;    li. 

man,  mniiskla :    Sa\. 

man,  a  husbauii ;  '' 

mzru,  that  which  r. 

mary  seiist^'  i*  rirm. 

ing  probably  with  t. 

or  mm,  look,  aspect.  ■ 

species,  kind  ;    lleb.  tvz~ 

1 1  jVp  progeny.    It  i?  ft- 

Ir.ndic,  this  word,  :' 
iHi,  27.    "OgGud  r 
epter  K:iWog  Iikin ; 
make  man  alVr  our 
f  kajKide  nianncnn  » 
skaiKide  lianii  li.n::. 
kvinnn."     1 
image,  after 
sha|vd  them 
CvRL  and  C 
Woman.    /." 
agrees  ahno  '. 
languagt's.! 

1.  Mankmd;  the  huroa> 
oi'  Juiman  b.inffs  ;  beings  ., 
er  animals  bv  ti»e  powers  ci  rv„>j_>n   r^i 
well  as  by  their  shapL'  and  di^ilied  ; 
hommi  sublime  detJit." 

AudGoilsaiJ,  Let  uc 

Man  tliAl  %  l^r-..  cf  v 

^ 
M>  - 
I  \k. 

Th   r 

hi. 

Th   r 

Bu:  ^ 

Th 

lu  L 


TONE,  BJjLL,  UNITE.— AN"GER,  VI 

"87 


'CIOUS.  — e  as  K;  C  as  J;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  YH  a.<!  in  THIS, 


MAN 


Wbcn  opposed  to  loomanf  man  sometimes  denotes 
the  male  sex  in  general. 

Woman  has,  in  geiK^.U,  much  «tronjer  propenrity  thun  man  to 
itii:  di»clinrs^'  of  jiarvtital  duiit-B.  Coiner. 

2.  A  male  imiividuai  of  the  human  race»  of  adull 
growth  or  years. 

The  kin*  i»  but  a  /nan,  its  I  am.  Sfiai. 

Anil  ilw  man  dniaim  l>ol  what  ihc  boy  believwl.  Dryden. 

3,  A  male  of  the  human  race ;  used  often  in  com- 
pound wordSj  or  in  the  nature  of  an  adjective;  as,  a 
mnii-cliild  ;  wen-cooks;  mni-servanLs. 

■>!.  A  sen'ant,  or  an  attendant  of  the  male  sex. 

I  ami  my  man  will  prfl-icntly  go  riile.  Cowley. 

5.  A  word  of  familiar  address. 

We  ip:nk  ni>  Ircaion,  rnan.  5?iai. 

6.  It  sometimes  bears  the  sense  of  a  mahi-adull 
of  some  uncommon  qualifications ;  particularly  the 
sense  of  strength,  vigor,  liravery,  virile  power--!,  or 
niasnanimity,  as  distinpuished  from  the  weakness, 
timidity,  or  impotence  of  a  boy,  or  from  liie  narrow- 
mindedness  of  low-bred  men. 

I  ilnrc  ilo  all  tlial  may  become  n  mnii.  Stiak. 

\Vill  n-ckoiis  he  shoo],!  nol  have  Iscu  ihe  vutn  he  is,  had  he  not 
bnikc  window*.  ArUuon. 

So,  in  popular  language,  it  is  said,  he  is  no  won. 
Play  your  part  like  a  man.  He  has  not  the  spirit  of  a 
man. 

Thou  art  but  a  youth,  and  he  a  man  of  war  from  his  youlh.  —  1 
Sum.  xvii. 

7.  An  individual  of  the  human  species. 

In  matters  of  equity  l>nwccn  tnan  and  rnan.  M'atU. 

Under  this  phraseolo^ry,  females  may  be  comprc- 
heniled.  f^o  a  law  restraining  man,  or  erery  mnn^ 
from  a  particular  art,  coin[irehends  women  and  chil- 
dren, if  of  compet'jnt  ajje  to  be  the  subjects  of  law. 

S.  Man  is  sonictimes  opposed  to  boij  ov  chUd^  and 
sometiriic^s  to  bca^i. 

9.  One  who  is  master  of  his  mental  powers,  or 
who  conducts  himself  with  his  usual  judgment. 
When  a  person  has  lost  his  senses,  or  acts  without 
his  usual  judgment,  we  say,  he  is  not  his  own  man. 

Ainawarth. 

10.  It  is  sometimes  used  indefinitely,  without  ref- 
erence to  a  particular  individual ;  any  person  ;  one. 
This  is  as  much  its  a  man  can  desire. 

A  man,  in  an  instant,  may  diwovn^r  the  astenion  to  be  iinpOMiblc. 

More. 

This  word,  however,  is  always  used  in  the  singu- 
lar numh-r,  ri--fcrring  to  an  individual.  In  this  re- 
spect it  does  not  answer  to  the  French  on,  nor  to  the 
use  of  indn  by  our  Saxon  ancestors.  In  Saxon,  man 
ofsluk  signifle's,  tJiey  stejo  ;  rnun  scttc  «p,  tketj  set  or  ft- 
ted  out.  So  in  German,  jna7i  sa^t  may  be  rendered, 
one  sayg,  if.  is  said,  they  saij^  or  people  say.  So  in 
Danisli,  man  si-rer,  one  satj.t,  it  is  said,  Viey  say, 

11.  In  popular  u.^ngey  a  husband. 

Every  wife  ought  lo  answtT  for  her  man,  Additon. 

19.  A  movable  piece  at  chess  or  draughts. 
13.  In  feudal  law,  a  vassal ;  a  liege  subject  or  ten- 
ant. 

Tlie  Vajsal  or  tenant,  kneclin":,  unjirt,  uncovered  and  holding 
up  his  h:^iids  Ltetwecn  tho^  of  \\\i  lord,  profcik^  that  he  did 
bccitme  his  man  from  Uut  day  forth,  of  iif^^  limb,  and 
earth!/  honor.  Blackulone. 

MAN'-MID'VVIFE,  n.    A  man  who  practices  obstet- 
rics. 

MAN,  V.  t.  To  furnish  with  men  ;  as,  to  man  the  lines 
of  a  f<»rt  or  fortress  ;  to  man  a  ship  or  a  boat ;  to  man 
the  yards  ;  lo  man  the  capstan  ;  to  man  a  prize.  It 
is,  however,  generally  understuod  to  signify,  to  sup- 
ply with  the  full  complement  or  with  a  sufiicicnt 
nuinbiT  of  mi-'ii. 
9.  To  guard  with  men.  SJiaJc. 

3.  To  strenglheu  ;  to  fortify. 

Thco<loiiuB  having  manned  his  soul  with  proper  reflections. 

Addison. 

4.  To  tame  a  hawk.    [Little  used.]  Skak. 

5.  To  furnish  with  attendants  or  servants.  [Little 
iLied.]  Skak.     B.  Jonaou. 

G.  To  point ;  to  aim. 

Man  but  a  rush  o^insl  Othello's  breast. 

And  he  ivtir-.'*.     {'Not  use<l.\  Slink. 

M  AX'A-€LE,  n.     [Fr.  manides  ,■  It.  manr.tte  ;  Sp.  mani- 
ota;  L.  ma'tiea  ;  from  mn?ii/.*,  the  hand  ;  AV.  via^i.] 

An  insi  uinent  of  iron  for  fastening  the  hands; 
handcuffs  shackles.  It  is  generally  used  in  the 
plural,  ma  aeles,  SliaJi. 

MAN'A-GI  ei,  ".  (.    To  put  on  handcuffs  or  other  fast- 
ening for  :onfining  the  hands. 

2.  To  s  lackle  ;  to  confine  ;  lo  restrain  the  use  of 
tlie  linibs  or  natural  powers. 

U  it  thuf  rou  use  this  monarch,  lo  manacle  him  hand  and  foot? 

Arbulhnol. 

MAN'A-€1*KD,  pp.     Handciiffcd  ;  shackled. 
MAN'A-eLING,  ppr.    Confining  the  liantls;  shack- 

linir. 
MAN'AOE,  r.  f.    [FT.menager;  menace,  house,  house- 

hold,  housekeeping;  It  manerr^inrc ;  Sp.  and  Port. 

■titaiiejar.     The  primary  senile  seems  to  he,  to  trad.] 
1.  To  conduct  ;  lo  carry  on  ;  to  direct  the  ooii- 


MAN 

cerns  of ;  as,  to  manage  a  farm  j  to  manage  the  affairs 
of  a.  family. 

What  wars  1  manage,  niid  what  xxteaths  I  gain.  Prior. 

2.  To  train  or  govern,  as  a  horse. 

They  vault  from  hunters  to  the  managed  steed.  Voun*. 

3.  To  p(wern  ;  to  control ;  to  make  tame  or  tracta- 
ble ;  as,  the  buffalo  is  too  refractory  to  be  managed. 

4.  To  wield  ;  to  move  or  use  in  the  manner  de- 
sired ;  to  have  under  cuunnaml. 

Long  tulwa  aro  cumbcreomc,  and  surcc  to  be  easily  manofftd. 

Newton. 

5.  To  make  subservient. 

Antony  managed  him  to  his  own  vii^wo,  MutdieUm. 

G.  To  husband ;  to  treat  with  caution  or  sparingly. 

The  less  h"?  had  to  losp,  the  Ipss  ho  cnrod 

To  manage  loathsome  life,  wlien  lovo  was  the  rownnl. 

rhyd^n. 
7.  To  treat  with  caution  or  judgment;  to  govern 
with  address. 

It  was  much  his  iulercst  to  manage  his  Protestant  subjects. 

AflzUton. 

MAN'AGE,  V.  i.  To  direct  or  conduct  affairs  ;  to  car- 
ry on  ctuicerns  or  business. 

Leave  them  to  Titanage  for  ihtre.  Dnjilen. 

MAN' ACE,  71.  Conduct ;  administration  ;  as,  the  man- 
atre  of  the  state  or  kingdom.     [Obs.'\  Skalc. 

2.  (Pronounced  m\i-TiA7.\i'.)    Government;  control, 
as  of  n  horse,  or  the  exercise  of  riding  him. 

3.  Discipline;  governance;  direction.  L'Estrangc. 

4.  Use  ;  application  or  treatment. 

Quicksilver  will  not  endure  the  tnanage  of  the  fire.        Bacon. 
[  Thlg  word  is  nearly  obsolete  in  all  its  applications, 
unless  in  reference  to  horses.     JVcnow  nse  RIarage- 

ME  NT.] 

I\IAN'AgE-A-KLE,  a.  Easy  to  be  used  or  directed  to 
its  proper  purpose  ;  not  difficult  to  be  moved  or  wield- 
eil.     Heavy  cannon  are  not  very  mnnaiseablc. 

2.  Governable  ;  tractable  ;  that  may  be  controlled  ; 
as,  a  mnnairenble  Imrso. 

3.  That  may  be  made  subservient  to  one's  views 
or  desi^'ns. 

:\IAN'AGE-A-BLE-NEPS,  ?i.  The  quality  of  being 
easily  used,  or  directed  to  its  proper  purpose  ;  as,  the 
vuinaseableness  oi  an  instrument.  Boyle. 

9.  Tractableness ;  the  quality  of  being  susceptible 
of  goveniment  and  control ;  easiness  to  be  governed. 

Rf  AN'AGE-A-ULY,  adt>.    In  a  manageable  manner. 

Chalmcrc. 

MAN'A-GED,  pp.  Conducted  ;  carried  on  ;  trained  by 
discipline  ;  gctverned  ;  controlled  ;  wielded. 

MAN'AGE-LESS,  a.    That  can  not  be  managed. 

M.\N'AGE-MENT,  7t.  Conduct ;  administration  ;  man- 
ner of  treating,  directing,  or  carrying  on  ;  as,  the 
mauaffenicnt  of  a  family  or  of  a  farm;  the  management 
of  state  affairs. 

2.  Cunning  practice;  conduct  directed  by  art,  de- 
sign, or  prudence  ;  contrivance. 

Mark  with  what  management  ilicir  tribes  divid.;.  Dryden. 

3.  Practice  ;  transaction  ;  dealing. 

He  h^ul  im'at  manageiiwnl  with  ecclesiustibt,  in  the  viow  to  be 
adwiuic'd  lo  the  pontificate.  Addieon. 

4.  Modulation ;  variation. 

All  dircclions,  on  to  the  viana^omeni  of  the  voice,  must  be  re- 
garded an  subsidiary  to  tlie  expression  of  feelinj^. 

PorUr'a  Anahjxis. 

MAN'A-x5EU,  Ji.  One  who  has  the  conduct  or  direc- 
tion of  any  thing  ;  as,  the  inajwger  of  a  theater ;  the 
manager  of  a  lottery,  of  a  ball,  &c. 

A  hkilirul  TTitanager  of  the  nbble.  South. 

An  arifiil  manager,  Uiat  crept  bt-lween.  Pope. 

2.  A  person  who  conducts  business  with  economy 
and  frugality  ;  a  good  economist. 

A  prince  of  (^icat  aspititit^  thoii^lits ;  in  the  main,  a  nutnaser  of 
luK  treasure.  Temple. 

MAN'AGE-RY",  n.  [from  manafrc.']  Conduct  ;  direc- 
tion ;  administration.  Clarendon. 

2.  Husbandry  ;  economy  ;  frugality. 

Decay  of  Piety. 

3.  Manner  of  using.  Decay  of  Piety. 
[Little  vsed  or  obsolete  in  all  it?  applications.] 

MAN'A-GING,  ppr.    Conducting;  regulating;  direct- 
ing; governing;  wielding. 
9.  a.     Intriguing 

MAN'A-KIN,  n.  The  name  of  a  beautiful  race  of 
birds,  of  diminutive  size,  found  principally  in  South 
Amf^rica.  They  constitute  the  genus  I'ipra  of  Lin- 
na?us.  P.  Cijc. 

MAN-A-TEE',  j   n.     {l,.mamis,\\TinA.]     The  sea-cow, 

MAN-A-Tj',  j  a  cetaceous,  herbivorous  mammal, 
of  thn  cenuB  iManatus.     [See  SIanatus.] 

MA-Na'TION,  n.     [li.  manatio,  from  mnvo,  to  flow.] 
The  act  of  issuiiig  or  flowing  out.     [Little  used.] 

MA-Na'TUS,  h.  [Ij.  T/JonHfl,  hand.]  Tin-  nanu'  given 
by  Cnvier  to  a  genns  of  herbivorous  ceiacea,  includ- 
ing tlici  sppcies  usually  called  sea-cows.  They  were 
so  named  on  account  tjf  tlie  slight  hand-like  form  of 
their  swimming  paws.  There  arc  two  species  of 
IManatus  in  South  America  and  one  in  Africa;  they 
inliahil  the  mouths  <if  the  great  rivers,  and  browse 
on  the  herbage  that  clothes  the  banks.         Brandc. 


MAN 


IANCHE,  (mllnsh,)  n,     [Fr.]     A  sleeve. 
IAN'CHET,Ti. 


M 

MAN'CllEt,  n.  A  small  loaf  of  fine  bread.  {J\rot 
used.]  Bacon. 

MANCH-I-NEEL',  n.     [L.  7nancanilUi.] 

A  lofty  tree  of  tiic  \Vest  Imiies,  the  Hippomanc 
Mancinella,  so  called  from  its  effect  on  horses  who 
eat  of  it.  It  is  undoubtedly  a  dangerous  plant,  but 
its  poisonous  effects  have  been  exaggerated.  Its  in- 
spissated juice  is  used  in  medicine  as  a  substittiii' 
for  the  resinofGuaiacum  or  lignum- vita;.  The  wood 
is  valuable  for  cabinet  work,  being  bi-aulifully  veined 
with  brown  and  white,  and  capable  of  receiving  a 
high  polish.  Partington.     Kncyc. 

MAN'CI-PATE,  V.  t.     [L.  mancipo,  from  manecps,man- 
cipium;  manu  capio,  to  take  with  the  hand.] 
To  enslave  ;  lo  bind  ;  to  restrict.     [Little  n-ied.] 

Ilaic. 

MAN-CI-Pa'TION,  71.  Slaver>' ;  involuntary  scrvi- 
ttide.     [Little  -used.]  Julm.ion. 

MAN'Ci-PLE,  n.     [h.  majieeps ;  7nanu  caplo,  supra.] 
A  steward  ;  an  undertaltcr ;  a  puneyor,  particu- 
larly of  a  college.  Jvhnson. 

j\L^.Y-D.'i'J\IUS,  71.  [Xi.  mando,  to  command  ;  mand>i- 
mus^  we  command.  The  primary  sense,  is  to  send.] 
In  law,ii  command  or  writ,  issuing  from  the  King's 
Btuicii  in  England,  and  in  America  from  some  of 
the  higher  courts,  directed  to  any  person,  corpora- 
tion, or  inferior  court,  requiring  them  to  do  some 
act  therein  specified,  which  appertains  to  their  oilier; 
and  duty  ;  as  to  admit  or  restore  a  person  to  an  office 
or  franchise,  or  to  an  academical  degree,  or  to  de- 
liver papers,  annex  a  seal  to  a  paper,  &.c. 

Blacks  tone. 

aiAN-DA-RYN',  (man-da-recn',)  n.  [Port,  mandarim, 
from  mandar,  I,,  viando,  tu  command.  This  is  :i 
Portuguese  word.  The  Chinese  name  of  tliis  officer 
Is  quan.    Mnlcom.] 

In  China,  a  magistrate  or  governor  of  a  province ; 
ais((,  the  court  language  of  China. 

M/\N'DA-TA-RY,  /  n.     [Fr.  mandataire,  from  L.  Tnon- 

MAN'DA-TO-KV,  (       do,  lo  command.] 

1.  A  person  to  whom  the  pope  has  by  his  preroga- 
tive given  a  mandate  or  order  for  his  benefice. 

^yliff^', 

2.  One  to  whom  a  cotumand  or  charge  is  given. 

3.  In  law,  one  who  undertakes,  without  a  recom- 
pense, to  do  some  act  for  another  in  respect  to  the 
thing  bailed  to  him.  ICcnt. 

MAN'DaTE,  7).     [L.  mando,  to  command.] 

1.  A  command ;  an  order,  precept,  or  injunction  ; 
a  commission. 

This  droani  all-powerful  Juno  sends ;  I  bear 

Hor  ntighty  maivtaUa,  and  her  words  you  hear.  Dryden. 

2.  In  canon  laic,  a  rescript  of  the  pope,  command- 
ing an  ordinary  collatrir  to  put  the  person  therein 
named  in  possession  of  the  first  vacant  benefice  in 
his  collation.  Enevc. 

MAN-PA'TOR,  7>.     [L.]     A  director.  .Oyli'ffc. 

MAN'D.VTO-RY,  a.  Containing  a  command  ;  pre- 
ceptive ;  directorv. 

MAN'DI-BLE,  n.  '[L.  mando,  to  chew;  W.  mavt,  a 
jaw,  that  which  shuts.] 

The  jaw.  In  zooloiry,  applied  to  the  lower  jaw  of 
mammals,  to  both  jaws  of  birds,  and  to  the  uppi?r  or 
anterior  pair  of  jaws  in  insects.  Brande. 

MAN-DIB'U-LAR,  a.    Belonging  to  the  jaw. 

Qai,ion. 

MAN-DTB'TT-LATE,      \  a.     Provided    with    mandi- 

MAN-DIB'lf-LA-TED,  \       bles,  .as  many  insects. 

M A  N'DIL,  n.     [I-'r.  mandUle,  from,  the  root  of  mantle ; 
W.  want.] 
A  sort  of  mantle,    j"^"'  "'  iu;e.]  Herbert. 

MAN-DIL'ION,  (man-dil'yun,)n.  [Supra.]  .\  soldier's 
coat ;  a  loose  garment.  ^insicorfJi. 

MAN'DI-Oe.  V.    The  same  as  Manioc,  which  see. 

MAN'DLE-SToNE,Ji.  [G.7Hfl/((W-7P77(, almond-stone.] 
Kernel-stone;   almond-stone,  called  also  omyw-i/rt- 
loid:  a  name  given  lo  stones  or  rocks  which  have 
kernels  enveloped  in  paste.  Diet.  J^'at.  Hist. 

MANO'MENT,  for  Commandment,  is  not  in  use. 

MAN'DO-LIM,  ».     [It.  maudfdfi.] 
A  cithern  or  harp.     [Jv'tit  in  nsr.] 

MAN'DORE,  71.    A  kind  of  four-stringed  lute. 

P.  Cyc. 

MAN-DRAG'0-RA,  7t.  Tiio  mandrake  ;  a  powerful 
soporific.  Shale 

MAN'DRAIvE,  TT.  [L.  mandrairoras:  It.  mandragolai 
Fr.  mandra^orc.  Said  to  be  compounded  of  /ru'tV^'*, 
relating  to  cattle,  and  uj  '/-s"?,  huriful.] 

A  plant.  The  popular  name  of  the  several  species 
of  the  genus  Mandrajora,  one  of  which  grows  in 
Switzerland,  one  in  the  south  of  Europe,  and  one  in 
the  Levant.  In  medicine  they  are  narcotics.  The 
mandrake  of  Pcripture  (Dndaim)  was  quite  a  differ- 
ent article  ;  hut  what  it  was  is  uncertain. 

JIAN'DKEl.,  ».  An  instrument  for  confinins  in  the 
lathe  the  substance  to  be  turned.  Jforon. 

MAN'DRIM*.  n.  A  fierce  and  porverful  African 
baboon,  olt;n  called  the  ribbed-nose  baboon  ;  the 
Piipio  mormon  of  Gfioflroy.  Jardinc. 

MAN'DU-CA-IILE,  a.  That  can  be  chewed  ;  fit  to 
be  eaten.  Herbert. 

ftlAN'DU-CATE,  V.  t.  [L.  mando^  whence  Fr  man- 
ger.]   To  chew. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— MkTE,  PREY.  — I'TXE,  MAJllfNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.— 
W6  ~~ 


MAN 

WAN'nU-CA-TEO,  in>.    Chowcil. 

MA.\'l)l'-e.\-TING,  pj»r.  Oliewins ;  giiuding  with 
the  U'clil. 

MAX-DIJ  eA'TION.n.    Theactof  cliewing  or  eating. 

jlA.\''l)I'-eA-TO-RY,  0.  Pertaining  to  or  employed 
in  cli'-'wing. 

MANE,  «.  [U.  viaan^  mane  and  mcon  ;  G.  mdnhe ; 
S\v.  mmt  or  inahn  ;  Dan.  man  ;  probably  from  extend- 
in;;,  lilce  Ttiati.] 

'i'lie  iiair  growing  on  tlie  upper  side  of  the  neck 
of  a  horse  or  otiier  animal,  usually  hanging  down  on 
om  side. 

M.\.\'-r;AT-ER, «.  A  human  heint;  that  feeds  on  hu- 
man flesh  ;  a  cannibal ;  an  anthropophagite. 

MaS'ED,  a.     Having  a  mane. 

Bl.^^-NEtJE',  (ma-nizhe' ur  man'ej,)  II.  [Fr]  The  art 
of  hoi-semanship,  or  of  training  horses.       Bramk. 

2.  A  srhool  for  teaching  horseaianithip,  and  for 
training  horses. 

M.\  Nl-.'lvI-AL.    See  lUKoaiAi,. 

M.A'NES,  (nia'nez,)  II.  pi.    (I..]    The  ghost,  shade,  or 
soul,  of  a  deceased  person ;  and  ammig  the  ancient 
pacan.f,  the  infernal  deities. 
5.  The  ronLiins  of  tlie  dead. 

H;ul,  Oye  holyriflfifs.'  Dryden. 

MA-NEu'VER,    j  II.     [Fr.niaiKCKcre.'iniiiijL. iiwiiits-, 
M.\-NCEU'VKE,  \       tlie  hand,  and  xuvrc,  work,  L. 
Optra.]  . 

1.  .Management ;  de.\trons  movement,  particularly 
in  an  army  or  navy  ;  any  evolutian,  niovoni.;ut,  or 
change  of  position  amoiig  companies,  battalions, 
regiments,  ships,  &c.,  for  the  purpose  of  distribu- 
ting the  forces  in  the  best  mariner  to  meet  the 
enemy.  ,  ,    .    . 

2.  .Management  with  address  or  artful  design. 
M.\-iN'EC"VER,    \  V.  i.    To  move  or  change  positions 
M.\-NtEO'VRE,  i       among  troops  or  ships,  for  tlie 

purpose  of  advantageous  attack  or  defense  ;   or  hi 
military  exercise,  for  the  purpose  of  discipline. 

3.  Til  manage  with  address  or  art. 
M.\-iN'EC'VER,   j  V.  t.    To  change  the  positions  of 
JI.VNaiu'VRE,  t       troops  or  ships. 

Mltxfic'v^^^^^^         PP-    Moved  in  position. 


WA-.\EO V'Ell-ER,  11.    One  who  manouvers. 

MA-XEC'VER-LNG,  )  jipr.    Cliaiigiiig  the  position  ur 

MA-NCEO'VRIXG,  \  order  for  advantageous  at- 
tack or  defense. 

MAX'FliL.  a,     [man  and  full.]     Having  the  spirit  of  a 
man  j'bolct ;  brave  ;  courageous. 
9-  Noble;  honorable. 

M.\i\'FUL-LY,  adv.  Uoidlv  ;  courageously  ;  honorably. 

MAN'F'CL-NESS,  n.     Boldness  ;  courageousness. 

MAN"GA-BY,  n.  The  \vhiti--eyed  monkey  ;  a  name 
of  iwo  species  of  African  monkeys  of  the  genus 
Cercocebus,  having  the  tail  longer  than  the  body. 

JardinC. 

MAN"GA-XaTE,         )  H.  A  compound  of  manganesic 

MAN"GA-XE'??ATE,  j     acid,  with  a  base. 

MAX"GA-XeSE',  n.  A  metal  of  a  dusky  white,  or 
whitish-gray  color,  very  hard  and  difficult  tu  fuse. 
It  never  occurs  as  a  natural  production  in  a  metallic 
slate.  Tlie  substance  usually  so  called  is  an  oxyd  of 
manganese,  but  not  pure.  Cyc.     Ucnrit. 

MAX'GA-Nk'SIAX,  a.  Pertaining  to  manganese; 
consisting  of  it  or  partaking  of  its  qualities.  Seyhert. 

MAN"GA-Ne'SOUS,  a.  MantrancsoiLs  acid  is  an  acid 
with  less  oxygen  than  manganesic  acid.        Henry. 

I\IAN-GAN'I€,         \  a.    Obtained  from  manganese  ; 

MAN"GA-NE'Sre,  \       as,  tiie  manganesic  acid. 

Henry. 

MAN"GA-NITE,  71.  One  of  the  ores  of  manganese  ; 
called  also  ora?/  manganese  ore. 

MANG'eORN,  71.     [Sax.  vie.n^ran^  to  mix,  and  corn.] 
A  mixture  of  wheat  and  rye,  or  other  species  of 
[Xflt  used  in  j^merica.]  [grain. 

MaNGE,  n.     [Fr.  man^reaison.] 

The  srab  or  itch  in  cattle,  dogs,  and  other  beasts. 

MAN"G£I^WUIt'ZEL,  (mang'gl-wur'zl,)  n.  [G. 
man^elj  want,  and  icaridj  rout.] 

The  root  of  scarcity,  a  plant  of  the  beet  kind, 
Beta  Cycla. 

MAN'GER,  n.  [Fr.  man^coire^  from  manger,  to  eat,  L. 
in  undo. ^ 

1.  A  trough  or  box  in  which  fodder  is  laid  for 
cattle,  or  the  place  in  which  horses  and  cattle  are 
fed. 

2.  In  ships  of  war^  a  space  across  the  deck,  within 
the  hawse-holes,  separated  from  the  after  part  of  the 
deck,  to  prevent  the  water  which  enters  the  hawse- 
iinle?  from  running  over  the  deck. 

MJlN'GER-BoARD,  n.  The  bulk-head  on  a  ship's 
d^ck  that  separates  the  manger  from  the  other  part 
of  the  deck.  ^tar.  Diet. 

M.aX'6I-NE?S,  n.  [from  mangy.]  Scabbiness ;  in- 
fection of  the  mange. 

MAN"GLE,  (mang'gl,)  r.  (.  [D.  mangelen,  G.  Tnan- 
Sft",  to  want.     0,11.] 

J.  To  cut  with  a  dull  instrument  and  tear,  or  I o 
t-.-ar  in  cutting  ;  to  cut  in  a  bungling  manner  j  ap- 
plied cftiefiij  to  the  cutting  of  fiesh. 

And,  *fia.il  wiUi  ft-ar,  forg&t  bis  mangUd  meal-  Dryden. 

2.  To  curtail ;  to  take  by  piecemeal. 


MAN 

MAN"GLE,  (mang'gl,)  n.    [Dan.  maitgU ;  G.  mange  i 
D.  mun^cl ;  from  L.  mantro.] 

1.  A  rolling-press  or  small  calender  for  iniootliing 
linen. 

2.  A  name  of  the  mangrove,  which  see. 
M.\N"GLE,  V.  t.    To  smooth  linen  with  a  mangle. 
JI,\N''GLKD,  pp.  cr  fl.    Torn  in  cutting ;  smootlied 

with  a  mangle. 
MAi\"GI,ER,  (iiiang'gler,)  u.    One  who  tears  In  cut- 
ting ;  one  who  uses  a  mangle. 
MAN"GLING,  ;i;ir.    Lacerating  in  Iho  act  of  cutting; 
tearing. 
S.  Smoothing  with  a  mangle. 
JI.4N"GLIN0,  II.    The  act  of  cutting  and  lacerating, 
or  tearing. 

S.  I'iie  act  or  business  of  smoothing  linen  with  a 

nianL'le. 

M.\N"GO,  (mang'go,)  ii.    The  fruit  of  the  mango- 

tr^ie,  a  native  of  the  East  Indies,  of  the  genus  Man- 

gifera.      It  is  brought   to    ns  only  when  pickled. 

Ilcncc,  mantro  is  the  green  fruit  of  the  tree  pickled. 

i?.  .\  green  niusknielon  pickled.  [Eiicue. 

MAN"G0-F1SH,  n.     A  lish  of  the  G.anges,  (llie  I'oly- 

nemns  Risiia  of   Hamilton,)  about    lilleen    inches 

long,  and  highly  esteemed  for  food.  It  appears  about 

the  same  time  with  the  mango,   and    hence   the 

name.  P.  Cyc, 

WAN"GO-NEL,  (mang'go-nel,)  n.     [Fr.  viaiiirt/ncau.] 

.An  engine  Ibrmerly  used  for  throwing  stones  and 

battering  walls. 

MAN"GO-N!SM,  «.    The  art  of  setting  off  to  adv.an- 

tage.     [Obs.] 
1HAN"G0-NIZE,  V.  t.     To  polish  for  setting  otf  to  ad- 
vantage.    [Obs.]  Ii.  Jonson. 
MAN"GO-STAN,     ;  ii.    A  tree  of  the  East  Indies,  of 
MAN"GO-STEEN,  i     the  genus  Garcinia,  so  called 
from  Dr.  Garcin,  who  described  it.    The  tree  grows 
to  the  hight  of  18  feet,  and  bears  fruit  called  also 
i\laii::osteen,  of  the  size  of  a  small  apple,  the  pulp 
of  wliicli  is  very  delicious  foml.    P.  Cyc.    jMalcom. 
MAK"(;RoVE,  (inang'grove,)ii.    A  tree  of  the  East 
and  West  Indies,  of  the  genus  Rhi'/.ophora.    The 
common  or  black  mangrove,  or  mangle,  and  tdso 
others  of  the  genus,  are  found  all  along  the  shores  of 
the  tropics,  rooting  in  the  mud,  and  forming  dense 
forests  even  at  the  verge  of  the  ocean,  and  below 
high-water  mark.    Tlie  seeds  germinate  even  while 
attached  to  the  branches.  P.  Cyc. 
9.  The  name  of  a  lish.                             Pennant. 
MaN'GY,  a,     [from  mange.]    Scabby;  infected  with 

the  mango.  Sliak. 

iMAN-H-\'nE.\.    See  Menhadex. 
MAN'-HaT-ER,  II.     [iiinii  and  kale.]    One  who  liales 

mankind  ;  a  misanthrope. 
MAN'-HoLE,  II.    A  hole  through  which  a  man  may 
creep  into  a  drain,  cess-pool,  or  parts  of  machinery, 
to  clean  or  repair.  IlelerL 

M.aN'HOOD,  II.     [man  and  hood.]    The  state  of  one 
who  is' a  man,  of  an  adult  male,  or  one  who  is  ad- 
vanced  beyond  puberty,   boyhood,    or   childhood ; 
virilitv. 
2.  Virility,as  opposed  to  Womanhood.    Dryden. 
'A.  HunLin  nature  ;  as,  the  manhood  of  Christ. 
4.  The  qualities  of  a  man;    courage;   bravery; 
resolution.     [Little  usal.]  Sidney. 

M  AN'-H  II.VT-ER,  n.    A  hunter  of  men. 
MA.V'-HUNT-ING,  ii.    The  hunting  of  men. 
Ma'N1-.\,ii.    [L.  and  Gr.J    Madness. 
MA'J^I-Jl.9  PO'TU,n.   [L.]    Madne.ss  from  drinking  ; 

dcUriant  traiicns. 
MAN'I-A-BLE,  a.    Manageable ;   tractable.    [Mit  m 

use.]  Bacon. 

Ma'NI-AC,  a.     [L.  manianis.] 

Mad;  raving  with  madness;   raging  with  disor- 
dered intellect.  Orew. 
MA'NI-AC,  II-     A  madman ;  one  raving  with  mad- 
ness.                                                                Shcnstonc. 
MA-NI'Ae-.AL,  a.    Affected  with  madness. 
MAN-l-eill";'.'\N,  a.    Pertaining  to  tho  .^lanichccs. 
MAk-!-t'Hi5'.\N,  ( II.    A  follower  of  .Manes,  a  Pcr- 
MA.\'l-eHEE,      1     sian,  who  tried  to  combine  tlie 
Oriental  pliiiosophv  with  Christianity,  and    main- 
tained tliat  tlicre  are  two  supreme  principles,  tlie  one 
good,  the  other  evil,  which  produce  all  the  happiness 
and  calamities  of  the  world.    The  first  principle,  or 
hV/il,  they  held  to  be  the  anthiT  of  nil  good  ;  the  sec- 
ond, or  darkness,  the  author  of  all  evil.      Mnrdcck. 
MAN'I-€lIIvlSM,i!.    [Supra.]    Thedoctnnes  taught, 
or  system  of  principles  maintained  by  Uie   >lani- 
chnes.                                                    F.ncye.    .,Vilner. 
MAN'ieHE-IST,  II.    See  MiNicHtAX. 
i;i-:lS5:i:c"k'lV0'.N,|"-     [Fr..»i,.-*r.,V„.] 

\  niii^iral  inslninient  in  the  form  ot  a  spinet, 
whose  strings,  like  those  of  the  clarichord,  are  c<iv- 
ered  with  little  pieces  of  doth  to  deaden  and  soften 
their  sounds;  whence  it  is  called  the  dumb  sjiinrt. 
M.-\N"l-eoN.ii.  A  species  of  nightshade.  (Koctic. 
MAN'l-FES'l',  a.  [L.  mnnlfcni.--,  Ir.  mfonoii,  plain, 
clear;  tiiiiii"/ii'»,  to  make  smooth,  to  polish,  to  ei- 
Iihun.  Clearness  may  be  from  |Kilishing,  or  from 
opcnini!,  exp.andinf,  extending.]  . 

1.  riaiii ;  open  ;  clearly  visible  Ui  the  cyn  or  obvi- 
ous to  the  understanding  ;  appiuent ;  not  obscure  or 


dlfllcult  I)  1,'   «/(• 
uony.  : 

Tu.-  - 

2.  I. 
Ce... 
ilA.N'M  r.  ■  1  .  ».     ,v 
ported  or  lad.;n  for  < 
lou-huiue  by  the  i; 
or  •hipp'.-r. 
SIA.N'l-FEaT,      (  «. 
.MA.N-1-fr..il'o,  i 
A  public  d 
reign,  sliou :: 
opiliionit  at.  . 
purpose  of  a  piiiii 
icotivn. 
[MATvirEiTu  oril*. 
MAS'l-KEriT,  r.  I. 
1.  To  reveal ;  to  . 
to  make  public  ;  ti. 
derslan!  •  ' 
HvJ 

lie: 


The  v.. ,  ..    .  , 

harmony  of  creaie.n. 
MAN-l-l-i;.-:T-A'TIO.V, 
what  is  secret,  u:i'^  ■'■ 
eye  or  to  the  und 
thing  by  clear  ev. 
ft'oii  of  God's  •" 
lencc  in  red( 
The  *?OTti. 


r/.jji  tic  u*:; 


L.  M^/i'^ 


MAN'I-FEST-ED,  pp.  cr  a.    Made  tka: 

made  apparent,  obvious,  er  •      !■  • ' 
MAN-I-FEST'I-BLE,  a.    'I : 

MAX'I-FEST-I.N'G,  ,- -      - 

evident :  disclosing 
.MAN'I-FF.ST-LY,  . 

in  a  manner  to  be  t.- :  --.,. 

M.\.N'I-FEST-.NESS,  ».     CicainoM  lu  tljc  U(Jii  .< 

mind ;  obviousness. 
JIA.\-I-FE.«T'0.    See  JiAKircrr. 
J1A.\'I-F0LD,<1.     [inanf  htii /old.]     Of  dircn  klads ; 

many  in  nuinb:;r;  numerous;  multiplied. 

0  Lonl,  how  r  -        ■ '  '     ^-  ■  ■ 

1  kno*  yout  -■ 

2.  Exhibited  or  :i; .  . 

rious  ways  ;  applied  r.j  t.--r.;-  i     ■ 
as,  the  vtanifotd  wisdom  of  Gt 
grace.    Eph,  iii.    1  Ptt.  iv. 
M.\.S'l-F01.D-ED,  a.      Having    mani 
complications  ;  as,  a  wasy'olJrJ  sbkld. 

MAN'I-FOLD-LY,  adr.     In  a  w     ' 

many  ways.  

MA.N'I-FOl.D-NESS,  m.     JIulUpl. 
MA-XIG'LI-ON'S,  ».  pL    In  r»«»'^  ' " 

the  back  of  a  piece  of  ordnance,  altr  i  : 

w.ay  of  casting. 
MAN'I-Kl.N',  n.    .\  little  m".r 
2.  An  aniiicial.anntoui 

pasteboard,  plaster,  4iC, 

human  boily. 
MA-NIL'IO,  («.    [Sp.  ».: 
MA-NILLE',  (     num.*,  Si 
A  ring  or  bracelet  wor.-. 

.MA-NII,'LA  nrMP.  -.     A 

from  tlie.V; 

growing  in  '. 

cellent  n'-It 
MA'.M-Oe, 
JiAN'1-IIOR, 
MA.\'1-1I01 


rv, )    c.i 


MAiN'I-ri.E,  ».    [1. 
■    -le  I'ei 
.\  handful. 


fflajiu.4 
1. 


and  the  Teutonic /»U.j 


A  small  band  of  soldiers ;  t  KwJ  *lfli^  '■ 

Rot}ian  troops.  v     .  .. 

3,  .\  fani'ii,  or  kind  of  scarf  wwn  aboot  lb- 
arm  of  a  Roman  Catholic  piicst.  ' 
M  \-NlPt -I.AU,  a.    renaming  to  the  i 
iM.V.MP'Vj-L.VrE,  r.  I. 

with  the  hands 
M.V.NirV-LA-TEP.  pp. 

tile  hand's. 
M  A-NlPa'-I..»-TING,  p,-r. 
M.\-.MP-U-I.-*'T10N,  ". 

fnun  nanijx''<trc,  to  work  witn  tlic  l. 

nanipulus,  supra.] 
In  jriMml.  w.irk  by  1 

ill  minBii',  the  nianni  r  . 

the  operation  I'f  '- 

inelits ;  in  ;>^.:r.. 

mesKierism,  ihe  n 

lueric  slate. 


ueal,  «'    ■ 

Trraied  oc  c 

.  Opcrsiinfw 
[Kr.  uL  ;  iL 


TONE,  BULL,  XTNITE.-AN"GER, 


rcrtuining  to  or  perfomieil 


MA-NIl"'ll-I'\-'l''^'^'" 

"•^'^J;„vVr,.il  Willi  hucc,  Imrd,  triM.suhir scales  will. 

MAMaTRU^K  «.     [L.  raanu^-,  hand,  and  IruLcus.] 
*'     Tl  ;ri:."inem  of  the  body  of  an  insecl  wh.di  l.as 
wif.S  ^;"limte  answering  to  the  fore  legs  «1  .,uad- 

M AP?-WLL-ER, «.    [»«»  and  kiU.]  One  who  slays  a 

m'I'v'kiIL-IN'G  o.    Used  to  kill  men.       ^'i'''"'-.,, 
MaTkINU',,1^    [1..  and  kM.    Tins  word  ;«lnjs 
*'  he  acce,U  eilher^n  the  first  or  secom    syl  able  ,  the 
distinction  of  accent  being  inconsnleroblc.] 
1    The  race  or  species  of  human  beings. 

TI»i.i»por»uul)-c,f»«inJ.-:nJisnia».  '  "i"- 

.1    \  male,  or  the  males  of  the  human  race. 

Tl,„'u  ,1,.U  mi  lioviU.  ,«aMnd  »  will,  «oma„k,ncI.  -  L.». 

MAX-KIND',  a.    Kcseinbling  man  in  forni,^^-'^;^"- 
M  ANKS,  -..    The  old  langnage  of  the  Isle  of  Mag.  ^ 
MNA."rr^-^    n     r„M,i  and  (Ks.l    Destitute  of  men  ; 

MAN'U-n1^  "%,»  ..aa,J.^    The  .p.aS  a 
man    d\tai.v'-,  bralery  ;  boldness.  i«A  • 

man  ;  firm  ;  brave  ;  undaunted. 


Scti-i.e  and  raoi'iy,  lar,l.:nM  lo  suilaiii 
TU<;  lo;ulof  hlc. 


Drym 


y.  Dignified  ;  noble  ;  stately.  ^^^^ 

lie  moves  wilh  niarUi/  ^raM.  "^  ^"' 

3.  Pertaining  to  the  adult  age  of  man ;  as,  a  mmhj 

"".'rNot  boyish  or  womanish  ;  as  a  -nmnhj  stride.  Shak. 
niAvaVuiii-     With  courage  like  a  man. 
MAX'-MiLO-i-NEll,  «.    A  male  maker  of  m.Uincry. 

MAN'NA, ...    [Ar.  ^Lo  '«<"««>  "  P™"''"  "'"=«^'''- 
ries  for  one's  household,  to  sustain,  to  feed  them  ; 


^^  ,„„„„;,■,,,,  provisions  for  a  journey.  This  seems 
to  be  the  true  original  of  the  word     In  Irish,  ™™.  I 

Oiclsraemcs  in  their  journey  through  the  wilderne»s 

"^JosSms  f^^^iii.  1,  considers  the  Hebrew  wonl 
,dS  to'stg",ify..tel.  In  conformity  wia.  tins 
idenhe  Seventy  translate  the  passage  E^.  xvi.  15, 
Idea,  ine  ce%       ',    ,  j   ,hjs?  which  rendermg  seems 

hiSapostles  confirm  the  eommon  version :  "Not  as 
your  fathers  ate  ,„««=,  and  are  l'^^''-''  i"Yhi  '  tho 
mh  \%  4.    And  we  have  oth«  evidence,  that  the 
mes'ciu  version  is  correct ;  for  in  the  same  chapter, 
Mose"  direceS   Aaron  to  "  take  a  pot  and  put  a 
homer  fin  of  ,»......«  therein."  ,N°^^. ''^""'fjf 

«ran2e  lan'niage  to  sav,  put  a  homer  full  of  what, 
otTaL  I  £  So  also  «rse  35:  "  The  children  of 
IsracTate  ^ama  forty  years,"  &c.  In  holh  verses, 
the  Hebrew  word  is  the  same  as  in  verse  1.1. 

■->  In  the  materia  mrdkn,  tlie  juice  ol  a  certain  tree 
of  "the  ash  kind,  the  l-'raxinus  orniis,  or  flowcrinir 
isli  a  native  of  Sicilv,  l.'alabria,  and  other  parts  ol 
the  south  of  Europe.  It  is  either  naturally  concreted, 
or  exsiccated,  and  purified  by  art.  The  best  inanna 
is  in  oblong  pieces  or  Hakes  ol  a  whitish  or  pale-yel- 

nw  color,  light,  friable,  and  somewhat  transparent. 

It  is  a  mild  laxative.  I^^'jc-    f°°P"'-.,, 

MAN'NSD,  V?-    Furnished  with  men  ;  guarded  with 

men ;  fortified.  ,  ■         c  

MAN'NER  n.     [Fr.mOTiire;  It.man.i-ra,-  Sp.munrra, 

Arm'  mawrU;  U.  and  G.  nvanicr  ;  Dan.  matmr  ;  few. 

\:,anrr     This  word  seems  to  be  allied  to  1;  r.  mamrr 

Zm.'-ma,im,  to  handle,  from  I;'r.  v,au,,  bp.  and  It. 

•»,.iiw    Port,  mam,  L.  manus,  the  liand.J 
1.  torm;  method  ;  way  of  perforraingoreiecutrng. 

Kind  iho..  ihl  manner,  and  Uie  means  rreparc.  Dryjtn. 

"   Custom  ;  habitual  practice. 

Show  Item  U,e  monno-  of  Uic  kinff  that  shall  t-ign  over  Ihcin. 
This  will  te  th»  raanntr  of  the  king.  - 1  Sa.n.  via. 

Taul,  as  hi*  manner  was.  —  Acts  xviii. 

3.  Sort ;  kind. 

Ye  tithe  mint  nnil  nic,  and  all  monner  ofherte.  -  Lake  il. 

They  .hlU  say  all  manner  of  evil  a  gain.1  yon  falsely.-  Malt.  v. 


■  In  this  application,  mum,cr  has  the  sense  of  a 

done  already.  _ 

The  bread  is  1"  a  manner  common.  —  1  Mm.  xxl. 

Tliis  use  may  also  be  sometimes  defined  by  sort  or 
fj/i,  as  we  say,  a  thing  is  done  after  a  wt  or 
S;;o",  that  is,  nut  well,  fully,  or  perfectly. 

.4„Ii,slli.iis  does  in  a  manner  confess  the  charge.  B"*"- 

5  Mien ;  cast  of  look  ;  mode. 

K\,  and  manner  ai«  more  otpn-ssive  than  wonl..       CUneea. 

6  Peculiar  way  or  carriage  ;  distinct  mode. 

-i;nr55fS]:^^^:^snf"^^^^iF 

liiinN-tlt. 

7  AVay  ;  mode ;  of  IkinfTs. 

The  icinplalion.  or,„o.,..,ilyiiisin.mlc  tlicmsdve.  "^7  »?-""= 
hut  icry  iHiweiiiil  manner.  ■""■™    » 

8  Way  of  service  or  woisliip. 

9.  In";^;"".-,.,-,  the  particular  habit  of  a  pMntcr  in 
maua-ii  g  colors,  lights  and  shades.  i"cyc. 

\IAii':^i;R  >'.  f.  To  instruct  in  manners.  >>haU. 
M  v\"Miu'lSM,  ...  Adherence  to  the  sam^  manner 
n  t-,"st  d,  ss  .111  formitv,  redu.ung  every  t  ung  to  the 
same  manner,  withou't  the  freedom  «"|,/--«,);  "^ 
M^i^/SiR-lST,  ,1  Aujtrtist  who  per<V.r„»his  work 
^I■^VN«^LTNE™.^'-  The  quality  of  being  civil 
"a,;^  resiiectful  in  behavior;  civility;  ':'»»Pl=';^",^f<' 

MAN'NER-LY,  a.     Decent  in  external  deportnient; 
dvil;  respectful;   complaisant;  not  rude  or  vulgar. 
What  Ihoi,  UiinkEst  meet  and  is  most  mannerly.  »''«*■ 

MAN'NER-LY,   ado.     With   civility  ;   respectfully  ; 

ntXmCr^'  D^'i— 1>  -""'?■■  -*''''" ^ 

conduct ;  course  of  life  ;  .«  a  moral  sense. 

Evil  comni.iiiicalions  corrnrl  good  mannere.  - 1  Cor.  xy. 

o   Ceremonious  behavior;  civility;  decent  and  re- 

ttllow  to  be  i/KiiiJicrs? 

3    A  bow  or  courtesy  ;   as,  make  your  „«..me«; 

M\?^mG':;;i^."'"Sthing  wi.,   men;  strength- 

MAl^Si^rf  "f^m',ri  Having  the  appearan^ 
of  a  man;  bold;  masculine;  as,  a  mamush  coun- 
tenance. ,  „,  . 

A  woman  iiiip.idait  and  mannu-/i  grown.  ^l'"- 

ivrj»ir'NISHLY  adv.  In  the  manner  of  a  man  ;  boUlly. 
lllN'mTE,!.:'  A  kind  of  crystallized  sugar^obt^.m^d 

frurn  ma-.uui. 
niA  MrPTT'VRE     Sec  Maneuver.  , 

MtN-OF-wAR',  «      A  government  vessel  employed 

mI'n 'o7-wS-BIrS?  «.    A  large,  black,  tropical 
1  ^'sla'fowirthe  frigate  bird;  belonging  to  the  pelican 

MAN-OF-WAU'S'-MAN,  n.     A  seaman  belonging  to 

Ma!nM*E-TER,  ...     [Gr.  M""»5,  rare,  and  ,.rpo., 

:H3rx!?fi;"d:r^..-»ci^^ 

Ji'lJhich 'the  "d'ensity  is  Supposed  to  be  Pioportionah 
MAN-O-MET'Rie-AL,  a.     Pertaining  to  the  manom- 

L  maC  to  abide.    But  the  etymology  in  Welsh  is 

MAN'OR-liOUSE,  i ...     The  house  belonging  to  a 
MAN'OU-SEAT,     )      manor. 
M.\-No'RI-AL,  j  „_    Pertaining  to  a  manor. 

"*'     Thfv  hav'e'  no'  civil  lihorty  ;  their  cliildieu  Wong  n»'^»  *™' 
but  10  their  manoriai  lord 


MAN' PLeAS-ER,  II.    [man  and  !'(nu«-.]    One  wh» 
"plens^n^en  oroliewL  takes  unconimtm  ,.i..is^  t. 

,S%^^^^'  [.f...and^.«.l  A  .^i^Uill 
er    a  manslaver  ;  a  murderer.      Aol  u-vo.;.]  Cai .  ./•. 

MAN'SXRD-KOOF,...  [from  its  inventor.]  In  orcto 
2J^««,  the  same  as  Criu-Roui-,  which  see    bra,.k 

Jiiliv  n     [h  maiu^h,  from  i.ianfo,  to  aoidc.] 

■"la  house  or  habitation  ;  ,,arti™(a,-J!,,  a  parsonaj  ■ 

"T«,u-<ai .»«««  i^  the  manor-house  or  lord's  court 

MAN'-^li'uV-.'VNT,  .1.    A  male  servant. 

M AN'SION  7.      [L  ma.Kio,  from  •«■""■".  to  uwell  ) 

1.  Any  pl'^e  of  residence;  a  house  ;  a  habitatio 

Thy  man.i/in  want,  thee,  A.him  ;  r»e.        _  ,  .  ,^'',';"'- 
1,1  iny  h'ather'.  hoMO  are  many  „,an.ion..-John  xiv. 

2.  The  house  of  the  lord  of  a  manor. 

3.  Residence  ;  abode. 


Thrs^  poets  near  our  princes  sleep, 
And  in  one  grave  their  i/iansione  keeiv 


I.,Milin/7l. 

Mcdc. 


IHAN'SION,  ».  >'.    To  dwell ;  to  reside.  -  - 

MAN'sloN^A-RY,  a.     Resident;   residentiary_i       , 

MaS^ShoS^.  ,1.    The  house  in  ^^^;^>  one  - 

M^lSN:i^!^^^pl^ofresidence.^t^.l 

MAN'SLAUGH-TER,  (-slaw-ter,) ...  [man  and  slaa^h- 

'"i    t^t^/nlal  .«.».,  the  killing  of  a  ma.,  or  of 
„,„;, ;  destruction  of  the  human  species  ;  murden 

o    In  law,  the  unlawful  killing  of  a  ,■"'"' "i'':"';.' 


M  AN'O-SeOPE,  n.    The  same  asMAXOMETKii 


MAN'SUE-TUDE,  (.uan'swe-tude,)  ...     [L.  ...».«'«- 

'"''"•1  •,  1...  ..,■  ■  ".■iillcness  Herbert. 

Tameness  ;  mildness  ;  f>-'"™'^^- 

"''^  A  flat'fish  that  is  very  troublesome  to  V^'^f^^;"'' 
^51S'TE'i::ETn.'!"ldim.of..,aM;c.]  A  sij.all  cloak 
XSiSl^fe?;    '1      wiirnby  womem  ^*-.^^  I 

Ltlie  hig.^  of  alnio^-  ^S'^'dn^n  bel;:rj^pi- 
^°;;:\:;^:;^iec^"l;eS'S^i..  the  enemy's  small  shot. 

M\NT'I-GER, rather  MANi'i-eHoa,  or  MaNT'i-eoi.,... 
^'fl  ma„tie,.rl,  -'"";;'-«'„^,;-  ''•'""''"''^Lnnot. 
^.  AN  TlT'^Tn'^'V  em  a°;  -lied  to  the  decimal  part 
"^^iShu/las  distinguished  IVomthe  in,^n,,_^pa.t 

ri^LradoakTfrom^hrPersic.  .11  W.  „.,...f  is 
■"1!  A'SnfoTcloak  or  loose  garment  to  be  worn 
over  other  garments.  ,„.„fsa,in 

The  herald  and  children  arc  dollied  with  .».i"U"      "j,i^„. 

a.  A  cover.  „.  . 

Well  covered  with  the  nigl.f.l.Uckm.in..c.  ^       • 

3    A  cover;  that  which  conceals;  as,  the  mantle 
''t^alaeolo.a,  the  externa.  fi.ld  of  the  ski,.  <^  a 
MAN-rtt:,  ..  (.    To  cloak  ;  to  cover  ;  to  disguise. 

So  the  risin*  eeiis^ 
Br-o-i,.  10  cl.a.e  Ih.  i-nooat  fume,  th^  "«Anfk  ^^^^^ 

Tlii-ir  cleaver  reason. 

MAN'TLE, «. ;.    To  e.xpand  ;  to  spread 

The  swan,  with  arched  uei-.k 
Between  her  whito  wings  manUinj,  rows 
Her  suite  with  oary  lecU 

"   To  joy ;  to  revel. 

[Qii.  is  not  the  sense,  to  be  covered  or  wrapped, to 
rest  collected  and  secure  .']  extended. 

3.  To  be  expanded  l  to  he  spreau 
He  gave  the  mantling  line  to  grow 
A  trophy  to  his  love 


;iffiron. 
Johnson. 


J-\nlon. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.- METE,  PREY- 


;i^?^;^z^^^^;^r^ii^^:^^^^T^^ 


MAN 

4.  To  gather  over  and  form  a  rover ;  to  collect  on 
the  surface,  as  a  covering. 


There  is  a  sort  oi"  n 


Shak. 


Oo  cream  ami  mantle  lilft"  a  sciiirtmg  twhiI. 

Ami  ihe  br.uii  ilances  lo  llie  maniling  bowl.  Pope. 

5.  To  rush  to  the  face  and  cover  it  wiiii  a  cninson 
color. 

When  jnantiing  bl.-xxl 
Plowed  iu  bis  lovely  cheete.  Srnilh. 

[Fermentation  cannot  be  deduced  from  vtanUhifr^ 
ntlnTwi^e  tlian  as  a  secondan,-  sense.] 

MAX'TLE,  I  n.    The  piece  of  limher  or  stone 

MAX'TLE-TREE,  i  in  front  of  a  chimney,  over 
the  nreplace,  resting  on  the  jambs.  Kacyc. 

[This  word,  according  to  Johnson,  si^ifins  the 
work  over  the  fireplace,  which  we  call  a  mantle- 
;);>.-(-.  1 

:\IAX'TLED,  pp.  or  a.    Cove-ed  with  a  mantle. 

MAX'TLE-PIeCE,  (n.    The  work  over  a  fireplace, 

MAX'TLE-SHELF,  (     in  front  of  the  chimney. 

JIAX'THXG,  H.  In  heraldry,  the  ropresentalion  of  a 
mantle,  or  the  draperj-  of  a  coat  of  arms. 

MAX'TLING,/i'/:r.  or  (2.  Cloaking;  coverins;  extend- 
in  jj. 

^[AX'TO,  71.     [It.]     A  robe ;  a  cloak.  Ricant. 

MAN-TOL'0-GY,  n.  [Gr.  juivreia,  di* 'nation,  and 
Xov)5,  discourse.] 

The  act  or  art  of  divination  or  prophesying.  [Lit- 
tle jtsed.] 

MAN'TU-A,  (man'tu-a  or  man'tu,)  «.  [Fr.  mantcan. 
See  Maxtle.] 

A  lady's  jrown.  Popr. 

MAX'TUA-MaK'ER,  (man'tu-raak'or,)  h.  One  who 
makes  powns  for  ladies.  .Addison. 

MAX'Q-AL,  ti.  [L.  man i«:ii5,  from  manus.,lhe  inind 
\V.  man.l 

1.  Performed  by  the  hand  ;  as,  manual  labor  or 
operation. 

2.  Used  or  made  by  tJie  hand  ;  as,  a  decil  tinder 
tlie  kind's  sign  manvMl. 

JIAX'U-.'VL,  iC.  A  small  book,  such  as  may  be  carried 
in  the  hand,  or  conveniently  handled  ;  as,  a  imtnual 
of  laws.  TMc. 

•2.  The  scr\'ice  hook  of  the  Roman  Catholic  chr:rch. 

Stillinxficrf. 
JManual  ercreise  ;  in  the  military  art,  the  exercise  by 
which  soldiers  are  taught  the  use  of  their  muskets 
ami  other  arms. 
>iAX'U-AL-LY,  adr.    By  hand 
JIAN'l|-A-RY,  a.    Done  by  the  hand,     [Xot  used.] 

Ftithcrby, 
MA-NO'BI-AL,    a.      [L.    inanublalis,  from    vtaitubiic, 
spoils.] 
Relonsins  to  spoils;  taken  in  war.     [Littk  used.] 
:\lAX-lT-DUe'TION,  7U     [L.  manu^,  hand,  and  ditctio, 
a  leading.] 
Guidance  bv  the  hand.  Olaiwillc.     South. 

;\IAX-T;-Dr€'TOR,  n.  [L.manus^  hand,and  duclor, 
a  leaderj 

An  officer  in  the  ancient  church,  who  gave  the 
signal  for  the  choir  to  sing,  who  beat  time  and  regu- 
lated the  music.  Enc/c. 
MAX-U-FAC'TO-RY,   n.    [See  MA^rF^cTrRE.]     A 

house  or  place  where  coods  are  manufactured. 
MAX-l^-FACTO-RY,  a.    Employed  in  manufactur- 
ing. 
MAX-U-FAC'TUR-AL,  a.    Pertaining  or  relating  to 

manufaclnres. 
IHAiV-U-FA€'TCRE,     (raan-j-u-falu'yur,)    7i.      [Fr., 
from  L.  manus^  hand,  and  fach.,  to  make.] 

1.  The  operation  of  making  cloth,  wares,  utensils, 
paper,  books,  and  whatever  is  used  by  mai'  ;  the  op- 
eration of  reducing  raw  materials  of  any  kind  into 
a  form  suitable  for  use,  by  the  hands,  hy  art,  or  ma- 
chinery. 

9.  Any  thing  made  from  raw  materials  by  the 
hand,  by  machinery,  or  by  art  ;  as,  cloths,  iron  uten- 
sils, shoes,  cabinet  work,  saddlerv,  and  the  like. 
5IAX-U-FA€'TU.RE,  v.  t.  To  maiie  or  fabricate  from 
raw  materials,  by  the  hand,  by  art,  or  machinery, 
and  work  into  forms  convenient  for  use;  as,  to  mati- 
iijactnre  clotii,  nails,  or  glass. 

a.  To  work  raw  materials  into  suitable  forms  for 
use  ;  as,  to  manufacture  wool,  cotton,  silk,  or  iron. 
MAX-TT-FAC'TTIRE,  v.  i.     To  be  occupied  in  manu- 
factures. Bosicfll. 
MAX-L>FAG'TITR-KD^  pp.  or  a.     JIade  from  raw 

nr.terials  into  forms  for  use. 
.AiAX-U-FA€'TlTR-ER,  n.    One  who  works  raw  ma- 
l;;rials  into  wares  suitable  for  use. 

3.  One  who  employs  workmen  for  manufacturing; 
the  own^r  of  a  manufactory. 
MA\-U-F.\e'TlTR-IXG,p/>r.  Making  goods  and  wares 

from  raw  materials. 
MAN  i:-FA€'TUR-iNG,  a.      Employed  in    making 
goods  ;  as,  a  manufacturings  house,  company,  estab- 
lishment, or  state. 
MAX'T^^-MlSE,  for  Manumit,  is  not  used. 
.MAX-U-MIS'SION,   (-mish'uo,)  ti.      [L.  manumijsio. 
See  Manumit.] 

The  act  uf  liberating  a  slave  from  bondage,  and 
giving  him  freedom.  Jlrhuthnot. 

M.-VX-r-MIT',  V.  t.     [L.  manumitto  ;  manus^  hand,  and 
:rtiU0y  lo  send.] 


MAN 

To  release  from  slavery  ;  lo  liberate  from  pergonal ' 
bonda-^e  or  servitude  ;  to  fr;x',  an  a  slave.     Dnjden.     I 

MAN-1J-.MIT'']"E1),  pp.  or  a.    Ri  Ica-sed  from  iilavcr>-.    I 

M.A.N-U-.MIT'T1XG,  ;ipr.  Liberating  from  pertc^Jiial  i 
bondage. 

MANMj-MO-TIVE,  a,    {manus  and  moteo.] 
Movable  by  iiand. 

M.\X'U-MO-TOK,  n.  A  small  wheel-carriage,  m  con- 
structed that  a  person  sitting  in  it  may  move  it  in 
any  direction  :  a  carriage  for  exercise. 

M.-\-XUR'.\-IJLE,   a.     [from  manure]     That  may  be 

cultivated.   This,  though  the  original  sense,  in  rarelv 

or  never  n^^ed.    Tiie  present  sense  of  manure  would 

give  the  following  signification  : 

2.  M'hat  may  be  manured,  or  enriched  hy  manure. 

MA-Xuii'AtTK,  It.     CiiUivaliou.  [J^otuscdA     fVarncr. 

MA-XOR'ANCE,  u.    Cultivation.    [J^ot  i;,vw/.] 

Spenser. 

M-VNuRE',  r.  f.  [  Fr.  manffjtrrcr,  but  in  j  difTcrenl 
sense ;  X'onn.  viainovcrcr^  to  manure ;  main^  L.  via- 
niw,  hand,  and  ouvrcry  to  work,  L.  opcrtfr.] 

1.  To  cultivate  hy  manual  labor ;  to  till.    Milton. 
[Iu  lids  sense  vot  now  uj>ed.~\ 

2.  To  apply  to  land  any  fertilizing  matter,  .a.**  dung, 
coinpo^-t,  ashes,  litui;,  fish,  or  any  vegetable  or  ani- 
mal substance. 

y.  To  fertilize  j  to  enrich  with  nutritive  sub- 
stances. 

Till?  corps  of  liulf  litT  sciKttc 
!Hanui-e  the  fields  of 'l'lii.-ss.ili-.  AdiUson, 

MA-NuPuE',  n.  Any  matter  which  fertilizes  land  ;  as 
tlie  contents  of  stables  and  barnjards,  marl,  ashes, 
fisli,  snit,  and  every  kind  of  animal  and  vegetable 
substance,  applied  to  land,  or  capable  <if  furnishing 
nutriment  to  plants. 

JMA-XuR'-ED,  pp.  or  a.  Dressed  or  overspread  with  a 
fertilizing  substance. 

MA-XCRE'iMEXT,  u.  Cultivation  ;  improvement. 
[Little  used.]  IVarUfii. 

MA-XuR'ER,  n.    One  that  manures  land. 

M.\-XuR'IX*G,  ppr.  Dressing  or  overspreading  land 
with  manure  ;  fertilizing. 

M  A-NuR'ING,  «.  A  dressing  or  spread  of  manure  on 
!2nd.  Mitford. 

MAX'tT-PCRIPT,  w.     [L.  rafljiu  scriptum,  written  with 
tlie  liand  ;  It.  manuscrilto  ;  Fr.  jnanuscriL] 
A  book  or  paper  written  with  tlie  haiut  or  pen. 

MAN'Tj-SCRiPT,  a.  Written  with  lliu  hand ;  not 
printed. 

M.'VN-U-TEX'EN-CY,  lu    Maintenance.    [jYot  in  iwc] 

SuncroJ}. 

M.\XMVOR-SHIP,  (-wur-ship,)  ".  The  worshipof  a 
man  ;  undue  reverence  or  extreme  adulation  and  ob- 
sequiousness paid  to  a  man. 

IMA'XY,  (meu'ny,)  a.  [Sax.  ma:ncg^  manege  or  vicmg ; 
D.  mcnig  ;  G.  manchcr;  Dan.  nian^a  Sw.  manse; 
yax.  menigeo.,  a  multitude;  Got!i.  manas^i  numy  ; 
managei,  a  multitude;  Russ.  ijow^rct,  many;  vinoju^ 
to  multiply.  It  has  no  variation  to  express  degrees 
of  comparison  ;  more  and  most^  which  are  used  for 
the  comparative  and  superlative  degrees,  are  from  a 
different  root.] 

1.  Numerous  ;  comprising  a  great  number  of  indi- 
viduals. 

Tliou  slialt  he  .1  fat!:cr  ofTnanv  n.-\tioiis.  — Gcii.  xvii. 

Not  many  wise  men  after  the'llesii,  "ft  many  inlg:;'.^.  riut  many 

iioHi",  arc  called.  —  1  Cur.  i. 
ilJanyaje  llie  afflictions  of  the  il^htcoiis.  — Ps.  xxxjv. 

It  is  often  preceded  by  as  orsy,  and  followed  hy 
50,  ir.uicating  an  equal  number.  ^5  many  books  as 
you  take,  so  many  shall  be  charged  lo  your  account. 

So  many  laws  argiirr  so  many  sins.  Miilon. 

It  is  also  followed  by  as. 

As  'rr.arv  as  wore  williiig-Iieart«Ml  broujlit  bnwJels.  — Ksal. 

XXXlV. 

it  precedes  an  or  a  bef.ire  a  noun  in  the  singular 
nnmbtr. 

Full  many  a  gfm  of  purest  r.iy  scn'iic.  Cmy. 

2.  In  loio  lamruagej  preceded  by  too,  it  denotes 
powerful  or  much  ;  as,  they  arc  too  many  for  us. 

L'Kstranffe. 
MA'NY,  (mcn'ny,)  n.    A  mnltiiudc  ;  a  great  number 
of  individuals  ;  the  people. 


M  A  It 


■''  ."fl'oy-llrtrViJ 


.V.\ v.  v-i,i:i,  <;/■),  'mm'nv 

hpu 
MA'.W-LET'TKIt-^m.  e,     * 
.MA'XV-MA.S'Tint-A.D,  c     j 


Mult  ,  - 


MA'NV-PART'Pr> 

(■ml  |.  II 

M.\'>:\ 

niiiii' . 
MA'XV-n/l   AU/.IJ,  d.     II 

MA'NV-HTD-EU.fl.    Harin 
MA'XV-'nMES;   M  adcer. 

qtienlly. 
MA'XV-TOX-fro,  a.    Gin.,. 
MA'XVVi'iiiu.^:r)  a.    Coftn-'.  TIE 
MA'XY-TWIXK'LIXC,  a.     Var 

gleaming. 
MA'XY-VALV-^n,  a.    MuIUralvuIa-  ,  , 

valves. 
MA'.\Y-VBIX-£D,  (men'ny-viniJ,)  a.    M 

veins. 
MA'XY-VOIC-£D,  (men'ny-Tolii, 

voices. 
MANX,  n.    A  icrm  applied  t 

Iple  of  Man. 
*MAP,  n.      [Sp.  mapa:   Port. 

fin.  L.  viappa.  a  clolh  ort'<v.. !,  :   . 

hinic  hb:3     Mapa  may  have  bet  . 

01)  cloth.] 

In  >*^o;rraphtf,  a  r>  ;  ■ 

earth,  or  of  ariy  par: 

material,  exhibitln'.: 

lude,  and  lhcposilioTi><<i  ■ 

mouuliiu!:,  rivers,  Alc.     A 

large  i>ortion  of  ii,  compr- 

land  and  water  ;  bul  a  rej 

or  any  portion  of  land  oii' 

a  representation  of  the  o-i' 

il,  is  called  a  chart.     \Vc  >n . .  n 

France,  of  Europe ;  bul  a  chsH  of 

Pacific,  ic. 
'I'he  term   is  also  applied   to 

heavens,  and,  in  geclocy,  if  dcln. 

ta  on  Ihe  earih's  surface.  A:*-. 
MAP,  r.  t.    To  draw  or  deli 

porlion  of  laud. 

Ma'PLE-TREE,  i  "•    t--^^-     - 

A  Ircc  of  tlie  genus  .Acer,  of  several 
the  sap  of  the  rock-maple  sufar  is  mail' 
in  ^reat  qnaulilies,  by  evaporation. 

.M.\'PLE-^t;G'AR,  (nii'pl-.-Imp'ar,)  n,  F   - 
bv  evaiMiration  from  the  juice  of  th**  r-  ■ 

M.VP'PAU,  (mapl,)  pp.    Drawn  rr   '  ' 
figure  of  any  jwrtion  of  land. 

MAP'PER-Y,  n.     [from  map.]     Ti 
and  designing  maps. 

M.\P'PIXG,;'pr.    Drawing  or  dclineaticr 

.AI.\P'ri.XG,  n.    The  act  or  art  of  dn»rlr : 

MAR,  V.  L  [Sax.  mm-a-i,  mirran, 
err,  to  deviate,  lo  hindir,  to  K 
lo  draw  from  or  mi5leid,  lo  cor: 
marrary  to  deviate  frx>ni  truth  r 
want,  defect ;  Ir.  mrarai^ia .-  « 
Gr.  /moan  (J,  L.  carcro:)  IL  / 
lose  ;  .fmarrimrntn^  a  wanJcring-, 

1.  To  injure  by  cutting  otT  a  part,  or 
and  making  defective  ;  as,  lo  mcr  a  ir*- 
I  prvj  you  PKW  no  more  uto  iiy  ^T.- 


O  tlion  fond  many. 


Shak. 


MA 


The  viil-^r  .111(1  the  tnany  -.in  fit  only  w  be  I«l  or  driren. 

-*  ISouOi, 

'NY,  (men'nv,)  n.    [Norm.  Fr.  metgnce,'] 
A  retinue  of  servants;  household.    [Oos.] 

Chaucrr. 
MA'XY-CI.EFT,  (men'ny  kleft,)  a,    Multifiil :  having 

manv  fissures.  .    „      .  ^      '^^'■■•''''«; 

M.\'XY-eOI/OR-J:D,  (nvn  ny-kuPnnI,)  a.    Ilavmg 

manv  cr^hrs  or  hues.  '**'/>«• 

MA'XY'-COIl'NER-KD,  a.    Having  many  corners,  or 

more  than  twelve  ;  polygonal.  Dryden. 

MA'NV-FLO\V'ER-£D,  .i.    Having  many  Ilowers. 


MA'XV-HaIR-ED,  (men'ny-hurd,)  a. 
hairs 


Martyn. 
Having  many 


M  VXY-HEAD-RD,  fmcn'ny  hed-ed,)a.  Having  many 
iu'iids  J  as,  a  vumy-hcadcd  numstcr  ;  many-headed  lyr 
aniiy. 


Drtidtn. 


Neither  ihalt  iIkw  r"J5r  the  fxxoiT*  of  ■- 


Ihr 


^T-x- 


£iictntt«i!b-. 


3.  To  injure ;  to  hurt  j  h»  impair 
purity  of. 

Wh-"!!  iTtwm  cwr  their  n»Il  wilii  waMT.  .'^' 

3.  To  injure  i  lo  diminish ;  to  intcmipc 

Eui  mirth  b  mcrrtrf,  and  the  jwd  ch«r  »  i™*.         l^-^r-- 

•I.  To  injure ;  to  defonn  j  to  disfigure. 

Ire,  pnT7,  »r<l  dnjxur 
Marrr-l  all  his  h>^rn>wwj  raypT.  ■' 

Hi)  TMi^^  araa  «)  rtrtmed  raoir  thui  »By  inui.  —  Ifc.  >- 
Moral  ctU  aiooe  atart  ibc  iiitdl«t>»l  worti  c*  i^i.  ^ 

[  This  itord  i*  net  obsolete  in  .^merin,] 
M.\ll,  n.    -\n  iniur}-.    [Obs.] 
a,  A  lake.     [See  Mkbk.] 
JIAR'.\-e.\X,  n.    -V  species  of  parml  in  P^ 
MAR'.\-€OCK,  B.     .V  plant  of  the  grnu^ 
M.V-IvaI',  n.     A  sacred  incK>sure  or  leu 

islanders  of  the  Pacific  Orc.an. 
MAR-A-NX'THA,  n.     [:?vriac-;    The  I 
has  come ;  a  word  used  by  the  ai\>si' 
pressing  a  curse.    This  woni  wns  u- 
matizinc  persons  for  great  cnmes :  .t" 
say.  *'  May  the  I-ord  c>nme  quirkly  to  t. 
on  ihee  for  thv  crime." 
MAR'A-XOX.  11.    Thepcnpernan- 
.\merica.  Ihe  largest  in  the  \>- 
enilly  called  .imau^n. 


TUNE,  BPLL,  TINITE.— 


AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.-e  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CU  ns  PH;  TH  a^^  in  TIHS. 


im 


MAR 

AIAK-AS-ein'NO,  n.    A  delicate  t^pirit  tlif^titleil  Iruin 

cliL-rries ;  the  besl  is  from  Zum,  and  ohtaiiicd  frtuti 

111?  nuirasea  cherry. 
>IA-KAS  ML'S,  n.    [Gr.  ;tnpn<T/iof,  from  ftapatvbijto 

ciiiisL-  to  pine  or  waste  away.l 
Atrophy  ;  a  wivstins  of  flesh  without  fever  or  np- 

parerit  diicaso  j  a  kind  of  con:iumpt)uii.  Coze.  Enajc. 

?.IA-UAUD',  V.  i.  [Ft.  maraud,  a  rascal ;  Et!i.  ^A^i, 
marada^  to  hiirr>',  lo  run.  'I'hc  Ileb.  Tio,  to  rebel, 
may  be  the  same  word  diin-ri-ntly  ap[>Ued.  Cla^JS 
Mr,  Xo.  2il.  The  Danish  \vaa  llic  word  in  marodfTyH 
roblicr  in  war,  a  corsair.  So  corsair'xs  from  L.  cursus^ 
currQ.'\ 

To  rove  in  ipiest  of  plunder ;  to  make  an  excursion 
for  b<joty  ;  to  phinder. 

WA-RAUD'Elt,  H.  A  rover  in  qnest  of  booty  or  plun- 
der; a  plunderer  j  usually  applied  to  small  parties  of 
sol'lirr.^. 

^lA-RAUD'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Roving  in  search  of  plun- 
der." 

.MA-UAUDTNG,  n.  A  roving  for  plunder;  a  plunder- 
in;;  by  invaders. 

MAK-A-Vic'DI,  H.  A  small  coppfr  coin  of  Spain, 
<<iual  to  three  mills  American  money,  less  than  a 
farthins  sterling. 

MAU'BLEj  n.  [Fr.  marbre;  Sp.  marmol;  It.  marmo } 
L.  vtarmor;  Gr.  (laonitpoiy  white] 

1.  The  itopular  name  of  any  species  of  calcareous 
stone  or  niincr;il,  of  a  compact  texture,  and  of  a 
beautiful  appearance,  susceptible  of  a  good  polish. 
'I'lie  varieties  are  nuincroua',  and  greatly  diversified 
in  color.  .Marble  is  limestone,  or  a  stone  which  may 
be  calcined  to  lime,  a  carbonate:  of  lime;  hut  lime- 
iUtne  is  a  more  general  name,  comprehcndint!  the  cal- 
careous intones  of  an  intlrrior  texture,  as  well  as  those 
which  admit  a  fine  polish,  j^hirble  is  much  used  for 
statues,  busts,  pillars,  chimney-pieces,  monuments. 
Sec. 

ii.  A  little  ball  of  marble  or  other  hard  substance, 
used  by  children  in  play. 

3.  A  stone  remarkable  for  sonic  inscription  or 
sculpture. 

.^randcl  marbles^       i   marble  pieces  with  a  chron- 

Jlrundelian  marbles:  ]  icle  of  the  city  of  Athens 
inscribed  on  Ihcm,  presented  to  the  University  of 
OxTord  I>y  Thomas  earl  of  Arundel.  Encijc. 

MAU'BLE,  a.    Made  of  marble  ;  as,  a  viarhle  pillar. 

2.  Variegated  in  color ;  stained  or  veined  like  mar- 
ble ;  as,  ibo  marble  cover  of  a  book. 

3.  Ilanl ;  insensible  ;  as,  a  marble  heart. 
MXR'BLK,  V.  t.    'I'o  variefrate  in  color  ;  to  cloud  ;  to 

sUiin  or  vein  like  marble ;  as,  lo  marble  Iho  cover  of 
a  book. 

MMl'DLfrD,  pp.  or  a.  Diver>iried  in  color;  veined 
like  marble. 

MXR'BLI::-ED6-KD,  a.    Having  the  edges  marbled. 

MaR'BLE-HEaRT'ED,  a.  Having  a  heart  like  mar- 
ble ;  hard-hearted;  cruel;  insensible;  incapable  of 
bcitiL'  moved  by  pity,  love,  or  sympathy.  Sha.k. 

Ma  IIBLI.VG,  ppr.  Variegating  in  colors ;  clouding  or 
\t.'inJng  like  marble. 

^IaR'IJLING,  n.  The  art  or  practice  of  variegating  in 
color,  in  imitation  of  marble. 

'2.  An  intermixture  of  fat  and  lean  in  mw/,  giving 
it  a  marbled  appearance. 

MaR'ULV,  adv.    In  the  manner  of  marble. 

SIXRG,  ».  The  refuse  matter  which  remains  after  the 
pressure  of  fruit,  particularly  of  grapes. 

Farm.  Encyc. 
[For  other  senses,  see  Mark.] 

MXU'CA-SITE,  71.     [It.  marc/issita  ;  Fr.  jnjircas:^ite.'] 
A  name  sometimes  given  to  a  variety  of  iron 
pyrites.  i/rc. 

MXR-GA-SIT'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  marcasitc;  of  the 
nature  of  marcasiti-.  Encyc. 

MAR-e.\S'Sl.\,  n.  In  armorial  bearings,  a  young  wild 
boar. 

MXR-CES'CEVT,  a.    [h.  mareescens,  marceseo.l 
Withering;  fading;  decaying. 

MXR-CES'SI-BLE,a,  That  may  wither:  liable  to  de- 
ray. 

MARCH,  ju     [Ij,  Jfartitts,  from  Mars,  the  god  of  v/ar.] 
The  third  month  of  the  year. 

MARCH,  V.  L  To  border  on;  to  be  contiguous  to. 
1 0**^0  Gower. 

MARCH,  T.i.  [Fr.  marcher;  Sp.  and  Port,  marrhar; 
G.  vtarsdurai;  lU  marciarr,  to  march,  to  putrefy,  L. 
imirccOf  Gr.  jt<i>ut:v(j ;  Basque,  marialu,  to  rot.  The 
senses  of  the  Italian  word  unite  in  thul  of  passing, 
departing.    See  .Mah.]  °' 

1.  To  move  by  steps  and  in  order,  as  soldiers ;  to 
move  in  a  military  manner.  We  say,  the  army 
marched^  or  the  troops  marched. 

2.  To  walk  in  a  grave,  deliberate,  or  stately  man- 
ner. 

I^kc  th«,  gTTiit  *on  o^Jcrrf,  like  ihee, 

Wlini  claJ  in  mill*  luaicstjr, 

lliou  marcfux:  tli-iiH  o'er  Del<»'  bilU.  Prior. 

MA  RCH,  V.  t.    To  cause  to  move,  as  an  army.    Bona- 
parte marched  nil  immense  army  to  Moscow,  but  he 
did  nni  mardt  them  back  to  France. 
2.  To  cause  to  move  in  order  or  reguhir  procession. 

Prior. 


MAR 

MARCH,  n.  [Fr.  marchei  It.  mano ;  D.  mark',  G. 
inarsfA.] 

1.  The  walk  or  movement  of  soldiers  in  order, 
whether  infantry  or  cavalry.  The  troops  were  fa- 
tigued with  a  long  march. 

2.  A  gnivc,  deliberate,  or  solemn  walk. 

Tlic  Ion*,  in-ijc3tic  jncrc\.  Pope. 

3.  A  slow  or  laborious  walk.  Addison. 

4.  A  signal  lo  move;  a  particular  beat  of  the 
drum.  KnoUcs. 

5.  A  piece  of  music  designed  for  soldiers  to  march 
by. 

6.  Movement ;  progression  ;  advance ;  as,  the 
march  of  reason  ;  the  marcft  of  mind. 

MARCH'£D,    (marcht,)  pp.      Moved    in  a  military 
manner. 
S.  Caused  to  move,  as  an  army. 
MARCH'EK,  71.    The  lord  or  officer  who  defended  the 

7tiarchcs  or  borders  of  a  territory.  Dacics. 

MARCH'ES,  7L  pL  [Sax.  mearc;  Goth,  marha;  Fr. 
marches;  D.  viark;  Basque,  marra.  It  is  radically 
the  same  word  as  mttric  ami  vtarch.] 

Borders,  particularly  the  confines  of  England  on 
the  ?ide  of  Scotland  or  Wales  ;  as,  lord  of  the 
mnrchfs.  Eni^Iaiul. 

MaRCII'IXG,  ppr.  Moving  or  walking  in  order  or  in 
a  statt;ly  maimer. 

2.  Fitted  or  accustomed  to  marching ;  pertaining 
to  a  march  ;  as,  viarchin^  order. 
MaKCH'ING,  71.      Military  movement;    passage    of 

troops. 

MAR'CHION-ESS,  (m'lr'shun-ess,)  n.    The  wife   or 

widow  of  a  marquis;  or  a  female  having  the  rank 

and  diunity  of  a  marquis  Spdman. 

MARCH'PAJVE,  71.     [Fr.  viassepain  ;  L.  pants,  bread.] 

A  kind  of  sweet  bread  or  biscuit.     [JVu;  itsetl.] 

Sidney. 
MAR'CID,  a.     [L.  marcldits,  from  mnrceo,  to  pine.] 

Pining;  wasted  awav;  lean;  withered.  Dmden. 
3IAR'CI0N-ITE,  n.  A  follower  of  Slarcion,  a  Gnos- 
tic of  the  second  centuri,',  who  adopted  the  Oriental 
notion  of  the  two  contlictiflg  principles,  and  Imag- 
ined that  between  them  there  existed  a  third  power, 
neither  wholly  good  nor  evil,  the  Creator  of  the 
world,  and  the  God  of  the  Jewish  dispensation. 

Brnnde. 
I^LAIVeOR,  n.     [L.]    The  state  of  withering  or  wast- 
ing ;  leanness ;  waste  of  flesh.     {LiUlc  used.] 

Harvctj. 
1\I.\RE,  71.     [Sax.  myra  ;  G.  vmhrc] 

1.  The  female  of  the  horse,  or  equine  genus  of 
quadrupeds. 

2.  [Sax.  inara^  D.  merriCylhc  name  of  a  spirit  imag- 
ined by  the  nations  of  the  north  of  Europe  to  torment 
persons  in  sleep.]  In  medicine,  sighing,  sutfocative 
panting,  intercepted  utterance,  witii  a  sense  of  pres- 
sure across  the  chest,  occurring  during  sleep;  the 
incubus.  [It  is  now  used  only  in  the  compound, 
NiGHTMAne,  which  ought  to  be  written  Nightmaii.] 

M.^RE'S  NEST,  n.  A  person  is  said  to  find  a  .mare.s- 
7icst,  when  he  chuckles  over  the  discovery  of  some- 
thins  which  is  absurdly  ridiculous.  Orose. 
MARE'S  TAIL,  71.  A  name  given  by  seamen  to  long, 
streaky  clouds,  spreading  out  like  a  horse's  tail,  and 
indicating  rain. 
2.  An  aquatic  plant  of  the  genus  Hippuris. 

Loudon. 
MA-Re'NA,  71.    A  kind  of  fish  somewhat  like  a  pil- 
chard. 
MaRE'SCHAL,  (milr'shal,)  n.     [Fr.  marecJial;  D.  and 
G.  marsclialk  ;  Dan.  marskatk,  composed  of  W.  marc, 
a  horse,  and  the  Teutonic  scalk  or  skalk,  selialky  a 
servant.    This  word  is  now  written  Marshal,  which 
see.] 
The  chief  commander  of  an  army.  Prior. 

MAR'GA-RATE,  ti.  [L.  martrarita^  a  pearl,  from  the 
Greek.] 

In  clicmistryj  a  compound  of  mnrgaric  acid  with  a 

base. 

MAR-GAR'ie,  a.    [Supra.]    Pertaining  to  pearl.     The 

tnarrraric  acid  is  obtained  by  dicesting  soap  in  water 

witli  an  acid.    It  appears  in  the  form  of  penrly  scales. 

Silliman. 
MXR'GA-RIN,     J  n,     A  peculiar,  pearl-like  substance, 
MAR'GA-RINE,  \     extracted  from  hog's  lard. 

SUlimnn. 

SIAR'GA-RTTE,  n.     A  pearl.  Pcar.hnm. 

2.  A  mineral  of  a  grayiah-white  color,  allied  to 

mica,  found  in  Tvrol.  Dana. 

.'MAR-GA-RIT'ie  AC  ID,  71.    One  of  the  fatty  acids 

which  result  from  the  saponification  of  castor  oil. 

Brandr. 
MAR'GA-ROXE,  w.    A  peculiar  fatty  substance,  crys- 
tallizing in  pearly  scales,  produced  by  the  distillation 
of  a  mixture  of  marstiric  acid  and  quicklime.  Braiide. 
MAR-(;A-T[F'ER-(JUS,  a.     Producing  pea.Is. 
MaP^'GaV,  71.     A  Brazilian  animal  of  the  cat  kind, 

the  Felis  JIargay. 
3IAR'GL\,  71.  [formerly  TTiar^-c  01  inargaiU  Fr.  marge; 
Ann.  marz ;  It.  inar<Tinc ;  Sp.  vtargai ;  L.  -margo  ; 
Dan.  mar^r.  It  coincides  in  elements  with  marches.'] 
1.  A  border;  edge;  brink;  verge;  as,  the  margin 
of  a  river  or  lake. 


MAR 

2.  The  edge  of  the  leaf  or  page  of  a  book,  left 
blank  or  filled  with  notes. 

3.  Tlie  edge  of  a  wound. 

4.  In  botany,  the  edge  of  a  leaf.  Lrc 
Wahoe  is  used   by  Spenser,  and    Maroe.nt   by 

Shakspeare. 
M.\R'<!»liN,  V,  t.    To  furnish  with  a  margin ;  to  border 

2.  To  enter  in  the  margin. 
MAR'GIN-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  margin. 

2.  Written  ur  printed  in  the  margin  ;  as,  a  margin- 
al note  or  gloss. 
MAR'OIN-AL-LY,  adv.    In  the  margin  of  a  book. 
MAR'GIN-ATE,  v.  t.      To  make  brims  or  margins. 
I  Obi.]  Cockcravu 

MXR'SiN-ItED,  I '^^    t^  margtno,marginatas.i 
Having  a  prominent  margin. 

I\lAR'Gi.'V-l:;i),  pp.  Furnished  with  a  marg'-^  -'.  iercd 
in  the  margin. 

MAR'GIN-ING,  ppr.    Furnishinji  with  a  niu';  -. 

MAK'GODE,  iu  A  bluish-gray  stone,  rcscjnbling  clay 
in  external  appearance,  l)ut  so  hai'd  as  to  cut  sfiurs 
and  zeolites.  J^lcholton. 

MAR'GOT,  n.  A  fish  of  the  perch  kind,  found  in  the 
waters  of  Carolina.  Pennant. 

MXR'GRaVE,  71.  [U.markgrajf;  Q.viarkgraf;  Dan. 
margracoe;  compounded  of  murk,  mardt,  a  Imrder, 
and  graj;  graf^  or  grace,  an  earl  or  count.  See  Reeve 
and  Sheriff.] 

Originally,  a  lord  or  keeper  of  the  marclies  or  bor- 
ders ;  now,  a  title  of  nobility  in  Germany,  ^c.  It  is 
equivalent  to  the  En{;li>h  iVlARtiris. 

ISIAR-GRa'VI-ATE,  Tt.  The  territory  or  jurisdiction 
of  a  margrave. 

MAR'GRA-VINE,  n.    The  wife  of  a  margrave. 

MAR'l-ETS,  V.    A  kind  of  violet ;  Viola  marina. 

MA-RI6'E-N0US,  a.    [L.  marc,  the  sea,  and  gigno,  to 
produce.] 
Prt>duccd  in  or  by  the  sea.  KlriPon. 

SIAR'IGoLD,  71.  [It  is  called  in  Welsh  gold,  which 
is  said  to  be  from  gol,  going  round  or  covering.  In 
D.  it  is  calleil  goudsbloem,  gold-flower;  in  G.  rinircl- 
blum".,  ring-llower;  in  Dan.  guldblom.^1,  gold-flower.] 
A  plant  of  the  genus  Calendula,  bearing  a  yellow 
flower.  There  are  several  plants  of  dilVerent  genera 
bearing  this  name ;  as  the  At'rican  marigold,  of  the 
genus  Tagetes ;  corn-marigold,  of  the  genus  Chry- 
santhemum; fig-marigold,  of  tlie  genus  Mesombry- 
anthemum  ;  marsh-j?iari"-(^'W,  of  tliL-  genus  Caltha. 

MAR-I-Kl'NA,  71.  A  small  South  American  monkey, 
with  fine,  silky  hair,  of  a  golden,  yellow  color,  and  a 
mane  about  its  neck  ;  also  called  the  Silky  Tamaulv. 

Jurdine. 

M.\R'IN-ATE,  V.  t.     [Fr.  77iari7iCT-,  from  vtarinc] 

To  salt  or  pickle  fish,  and  then  preserve  them  in 
oil  or  vinegar.     [Little  used.]  Johnson, 

MA-R(NE',  (ma-reen',)  a.  [Fr.,  from  L.  marinus,  from 
marc,  llie  sea,  W.  mor,  G.  meer,  Celtic  muir,  Russ. 
more.  Sans,  mirah.  The  seven  lakes  within  the  Del- 
ta Venetum  were  formerly  called  scptem  maria,  and 
TTiGre  may  signify  a  stand  of  water.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  sea  ;  as,  marine  productions  or 
bodies  ;  marine  shells. 

2.  Transacted  at  sea;  done  on  the  ocean;  as,  a 
marine  engagement. 

3.  Doing  duty  on  the  sea  ;  as,  a  marine  officer;  ma- 
rine forces. 

Marine  acid;  muriatic  acid,  or,  more  properly,  Iiy- 
drocliloric  acid.  Silliman. 

MA-RINE',  71.  A  soldier  that  serves  on  board  of  a  ship, 
and  fights  in  naval  engagements.  In  the  plural,  ma- 
rines, a  body  of  troops  trained  to  do  military  service 
on  board  of  ships. 

2.  The  whole  navy  of  a  kingdom  or  state.  Hamilton. 

3.  The  whole  economy  of  naval  alfairs,  couipre- 
hending  the  building,  rigging,  equipping,  navigating, 
and  management  of  ships  of  war  in  engagements. 

MAR'IN-ER,  n.    [Fr.  marinier^  from  L.  mare,  the  sea.] 
A  seaman  or  sailor ;  one  whose  occupation  is  to 
assist  in  navigating  ships. 
MAR-IN-0-R\  :JA,  «.      [L.  marc,  the  sea,  and  Gr. 
o;;rto),  to  see.] 
A  term  applied  to  views  of  the  sea. 
MAR'I-PUT,  H.  The  zoril,  an  animal  of  the  skunk  tribe. 
MAR'ISH,  n.     [Fr.  marai^;  Sax.  mersc;  D.  mocrasi  G. 
morast;  from  L.  mare,  W.  mor,  the  sea.] 

Low  ground,  wet  or  covered  with  water  and  coarse 
grass ;  a  fen  ;  a  bog ;  a  moor.  It  is  now  written 
.Uarsh,  which  see.  Sa/idys.    .Milton. 

MAR'ISH,/!.     Moory ;  fenny;  boggy.  Bacon, 

MAR'I-TAL,  a.     [Fr.,  from  L.  maritus,  Fr.  man,  a 
husband.] 
Pertaining  to  a  husband,  'Qyliffc, 

M,\R'I-TIME,  (-tim,)  a.  [L.  markimxis,  from  7«a«,  the 
sc.a.] 

1.  Relating  or  pertaining  lo  the  sea  or  ocean  ;  as, 
maritime  affairs. 

2.  Performed  on  the  sea ;  naval ;  as,  maritime  scr- 
v^ice. 

3.  Bordering  on  the  sea  ;  as,  a  maritime  coast. 

4.  Situated  near  the  sea  ;  as,  maritime  towns. 

5.  Having  a  na\"y  and  commerce  by  sea  ;  as,  mari- 
time powers.     [Mabitimal  is  not  now  iwct/.] 

JVotc.  —  We  never  say,  a  maritime  body,  a  maritime 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WiL\T.  — SIkTE,  PRgY.  — PIXE,  MARLVE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQOK 


MAR 


MAR 


she!!  or  protluctioii,  a  tnarUime  officer  or  engagement,  j 
a  maritime  league,     f^**  Marine.] 

ftLtU'JO-UAM,  «.  [Ft.  viarjolainc ;  It.  marn-orc-ia :  G. 
marjifrait :  D.  mariolicn;  E?p.  intjorana;  Arm.  vtarjoli 
Port,  maitffcnma.] 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Origanum,  of  several  s]>ecies. 
The  sweet  marjoram  is  peculiarly  aromatic  and  fra- 
•aanl,  and  much  used  in  cookerj-.  The  Spanish  mar- 
joram is  of  the  genus  Urtica.  Fam,  of  Plants, 

MXIIK,  H.  j"Sax.  iiuirc,  incarc;  D.  vicrk;  G.  markej 
Dn,!i.  miFrke :  Sw.  mdrke ;  W.  vuirc  ;  Fr.  marqitc ;  Arm. 
mcrcq  i  Sp.  Port,  and  U.  marca  ;  Sans,  marcca.  T!ic 
word  coincides  In  elements  v.-ith  viarck,  and  with 
m-!rc!ics,  borders,  the  utmost  extent,  and  with  market, 
and  L.  mercor,  the  primary  sense  of  wliich  is  to  go, 
to  pass,  as  we  see  by  the  Greek  lu-ooius/iaf.  from 
■::ootvtifiat,  to  pass»  Eng,  fair,  and  /arf.  Thus  in 
Dvitch,  mark  signifies  a  mark,  a  boundary,  and  a 
iRca^'t.    Class  Mr,  No.  7,  Ar.] 

1.  A  visible  line  made  by  drawing  one  substance 
on  another ;  as,  a  mark  made  by  chalk  or  charcoal,  or 
a  wen. 

i?.  A  line,  groove,  or  depression,  made  liy  stamping 
or  cutting ;  an  incision  ;  a  channel  or  impression  ;  as, 
the  mark  of  a  chisel,  of  a  stamp,  of  a  rod  or  whip  ; 
the  mark  of  the  finger  or  foot. 

3.  Any  note  or  sign  of  distinction. 

Thf  Loniscta  mark  upon  Cain. — Gen.  iv. 

4.  Any  visible  effect  of  force  or  agency. 

There  are  scxtce  any  merits  k*ft  of  a  subterraneous  fire. 

Addison, 

5.  Any  apparent  or  inleliigible  effect ;  proof  j  evi- 
dence. 

The  coQfusioD  of  tongues  vixis  a  mark  of  separaUon.       Bacon. 

G.  Notice  taken. 

Thf  lanra 
Stand  like  the  forfeits  in  a  barber's  shop, 
As  much  for  mock  as  j/mri.  Shak. 

7.  Any  thing  to  which  a  missile  weapon  may  be 
directed. 

Prance  was  a  fairer  mark  to  shoot  at  than  Ireland.       Davics. 

8.  Any  object  used  as  a  guide,  or  lo  which  the 
mind  may  be  directed.  The  dome  of  iha  state  house, 
in  Boston,  is  a  good  mark  for  seamen. 

9.  Any  thing  visible  by  which  knowledge  of  some- 
lliing  may  be  obtained  :  indication  ;  as,  the  77iar!is  of 


age  in  a  horse.  Civility  is  a  mark  of  politeness  or  re- 
spect.   Levity  is  a  mark  of  weakness. 

10.  A  character  made  by  a  person  who  can  not 
write  his  name,  and  intended  as  a  substitute  for  it. 

IJ.  [Fr.  inarc,  Sp.  Timrco.]  A  weight  of  ceitain 
commodities,  but  particularly  of  gold  and  silver,  used 
in  several  states  of  Europe ;  in  Grta^  Britain,  a  money 
of  account  equal  to  thirteen  shillings  and  four  pence. 
In  some  countries  it  is  a  coin. 

13,  A  license  of  reprisals.    [See  lilAEQUE.] 
llAPiK,  r.  t.     [Sax.  jneardati:  v^merkcii;  G.  inarken; 
Can.  miET^er:  Sw.  mdrka;  Fr.  marqacr;  Arm.  merc- 
qa ;  Port,  and  Sp.  marcar ;  It.  marcare ;  W.  marciaw.'^ 

1.  7*0  draw  tir  make  a  visible  line  or  character 
with  any  substance  :  as,  to  iJiark  witli  chalk  or  with 
compasses. 

2.  To  stamp;  to  impress;  to  make  a  visible  im- 
pression, figure,  or  indenture  j  as,  to  mark  a  sheep 
with  a  brand. 

3.  To  make  an  incision  ;  to  lop  off  a  part;  to  make 
any  sign  of  distinction  ;  as,  to  mark  sheep  or  cattle 
by  cuts  in  their  ears. 

4.  To  form  a  name,  or  the  initials  of  a  name,  for 
distinction ;  as,  to  mark  cloth ;  to  mark  a  handker- 
chief. 

5.  To  notice ;  to  take  particular  observation  of. 

Mnrk  t!iern  who  cause  diviaiotis  and  oficnees, — Rom.  xvi. 
ilari  the  petlVa  man,  nod  behold  the  upright,  for  the  end  of 
thai  man  is  peace.  —  Ps.  sjcxvii. 

6.  To  heed  ;  to  regard.  SmitA. 
To  mark  out ;  to  notify  as  by  a  mark  ;  to  point  out ; 

to  designate.    The  ringleaders  were  marked  out  for 
seizure  and  punishment. 
MARK,  V.  L    To  ni'tc  ;  to  observe  critically  ;  to  take 
particular  notice  ;  to  remark. 

Mark,  !  pray  yon,  and  see  how  this  man  seeketh  mia:hief.  —  1 
Kin^  XX. 

MARK'A-BLE,  a.    Remarkable.  [JVo(  in  use]    Sandys. 
:.IARK'£D,  (rairkt,)  pp.  or  a.      Impressed  with  any 

note  or  figure  of  distinction;  noted;  distinguished 

by  some  character. 
^LARK^ER,  V.    One  who  puts  a  mark  on  any  thing. 

2.  One  that  notes,  or  takes  notice. 

3.  A  counter  used  in  card -playing. 
MARK'ET,  n.     [D.  and  G.  mnrU^  Dan.  marked:  Fr. 

marchi  ;  Arm.  marchad;  It.  mercato :  Sp.  and  Port. 
mereado ;  L.  mrrcattis,  from  mercor,  to  buy ;  W.  marc- 
nat  f  Ir.  viargadh.     See  Mabk.] 

1.  A  public  place  in  a  city  or  town  where  provis- 
ions or  cattle  are  exposed  to  sale  ;  an  appointed  place 
for  selling  and  buying  at  private  sale,  as  distinguished 
from  an  auction. 

2.  A  public  building  in  which  provisions  are  ex- 
posed to  sale  ;  a  market-house 

3.  Sale;  the  exchange  of  provisions  or  goods  for 
money  ;  purchase,  or  rate  of  purchase  and  sale.  The 


seller  says  he  cumes  to  a  bad  market,  wli^-n  th'^  Irivf-r 
says  he  cumes  to  a  good  market.     W- 
els  are  low  or  hicb  ;  by  which  wi- 
price  or  rate  of  purchase.    We  say  li.  s 

find  a  quick  or  ready  market ;  markeVi  ;tr  ii'iii.  vVc 
are  not  able  to  tind  a  market  for  our  goodif  or  pro- 
visions. 

4.  Place  of  sale ;  as,  llie  British  ijuirku  ,•  the  /Uncri- 
can  market. 

5.  The  privilege  of  kcepinc  a  public  market 
MARK'ET,  r.  i.    To  deal  in   market;  to  buy  or  sell; 

to  make  bargains  for  provisions  or  goods. 
MaRK'ET-UaSK-ET,  u.      A  basket  for  conveying 

thinus  from  a  market. 
MARK'ET-BELL,  n.    Tlie  bell  that  gives  notice  of 

tlie  time  or  day  of  market 
MARK'ET-eROSts,  n.    A  cross  set  up  where  a  market 

is  held. 
MARK'ET-eRI-ER,  ti.    A  crier  in  market. 
MARK'ET-DaY,  n.    The  day  of  a  pubhc  market. 
MARK'ET-FoLKS,  (-fiikes,)  k,  pi.    People  tbatcome 

to  the  market.  Sluik. 

iMARK'ET-IiOUSE,    il      A  building    fur  a  public 

market. 
MaRK'ET-MaID,  n.    A  woman  that  brings  things  lo 

market. 
MARK'ET-MAN,  n.      .\  man  that  brings  things  to 

market. 
MaRK'ET-PLaCE,  7j.     Tlie  place  where  provisions 

or  coods  are  exposed  to  sale. 
MARK'ET-PiUCE,  /  n.    The  current  price  of  com- 
MARK'ET-R.^TE.  \      modities  at  any  given  time. 
MARK'ET-TOVVN,  n.    A  town  that  haslhe  privilege 

of  a  stated  public  market. 
MARK'ET-WOiM-AN,   n.      A   woman    that   brines 

things  to  market,  or  that  attends  a  market  for  scll- 

ins  any  thins. 
MARK'ET-A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  sold  ;   salable  ; 

fit  for  the  market. 
2.  Current  in  market ;  as,  marketable  value. 

Loekc.     Edwards. 
aiARK'ET-A-BLE-NESS,  n.    The  sUitu  of  being  mar- 
ketable. 
MARK'ET-ING,  ppr.    Purchasing  in  market. 
MARK'ET-ING,  n.    Articles  in  market ;  supplies. 

2.  Attendance  upon  markcL 
MARK'ING-LN'K,  n.    Indelible  ink  used  for  marking 

clothes. 
MARK'ING-i'RON,  (-I'um,)n.     An  iron  for  mark- 
ing. 
MARK'ING-NUT,  ii.    The  cashew-nut,  whose  juice 

affords  an  indelible  ink  for  marking  linen. 
MARKS'MAN,   It,      [mark  and    man,]      One    that  is 

skillful  lo  liit  a  mark  ;  he  that  shoots  well. 

Shak.     Dnjden. 
2.  One  who,  not  able  to  write,  makes  his  mark 

in=tead  of  iiis  name. 
MARL,  71.     [VV.  marl ;  D.  Sw.  Dan.  and  G.  mcrsd ;   L. 

Sp.  and  It.  mar-ta ;  Ir.  vtarla  ;  Arm.  marir.    It  seems 

to  be  allied  lo  Sax.  merg,mearh,-  D.  merg,  marrow. 


[I* 


.  <^QX 


and  to  be  named  from  its  softness ;  Eth, 
clav,  g}-psuni,  or  mortar.     See  Makuow.] 

An  earth,  or  clav,  containing  more  or  ies5  of  car- 
bonate of  time,  and  effervescing  consequently  with 
an  acid.    It  is  much  used  for  manure. 

[The  terra  mor/  is  sometimes  applied,  though  im- 
properly, to  other  eartlis,  used  as  manures,  as  the 
gre.^nsand  of  New  Jersey.] 

MARL,  V.  t.    To  overspread  or  manure  with  marl. 
2.  To  wind  or  twist  a  small  line  or  rope  round  an- 
cljier  ^  ^'-  ^'^'"»'  '^''• 

MaRL^a'CEOUS,  (-a'shus,)  a.  Resembling  marl; 
partaking  of  the  qualities  of  marl. 

MARL'£D,  pp.  IManured  with  marl;  wound  wiUi 
marline.  _  ,.    . 

MAR'LINE,  (miir'lin,)  n.     [Sp.  mcrltn;   Port,  merhm.] 
A  small  line  composed  of  two  strands  IilUe  twist- 
ed, and  either  tarred  or  white;  used  for  wmdmg 
round  ropes  and  cables,  to  prevent  their  bema  fret- 
ted by  the  blocks,  fcc.  -'•''"■•  ^*cL 

MAR'LINE  T.  t.    To  wind  marline  rotmd  a  rojie. 

m\R'LINE-SPIKE,  n.  An  iron  tool,  Uipenng  to  a 
point,  used  to  separate  the  strand  of  a  rope,  m  sphc- 
I  '  "(ocrL 

MARL'ING,  71.    The  net  of  manuring  with  marl. 

2.  The  act  of  winding  a  small  line  about  a  rope,  to 
prevent  its  being  galled- 

MARL'ING,  ppr.    Overspreading  with  marl 
ins  with  marline. 

M  xRL'ITE,  It.    A  variotv  of  marl.  Atrtean. 

MARL-IT'I€,  a.    Partaking  of  the  qualities  of  mar- 

IMARL'PIT,  71.    A  pit  where  marl  is  dug.     ffoodtcard. 
MARL'V,  a.    Consisting  or  partaking  of  marl. 

2.  Resembling  marl.  •^'>'" 

3.  Abounding  with  marl. 
MKR'MA-LaDE,  n.     [Fr.  marmcladc;  Sp.  wmnflladrt; 

Port,  marmelada.  from  martnclo,  a  qumce,  I*  tnclo,  or 
gu.  mclado,  like  honey,  L.  mcL] 

The  pulp  of  quinces  boiled  into  a  consistence  w.ntti 
su*^r  or  a  confection  of  plums,  apricots,  qumces, 
&c.,  boiled  witn  sugar.  In  Scotland,  it  is  made  of 
SevUle  oranges  and  sugar  only.      Qumeih    En£y€. 


MXU'MA-'nTE,».    [f, 
A  blai:k  iniucnd,  < 

7.inc  and  iron. 
MAa'MO-l.TTP.F.     ''■.- 
Afol 

preen  i-!  I 
MAR-M'j  ; 

niarblp.  ;.-.■-  _.i  -.-U'.^t 
MAR'MO-ItATE,      f 
MAR'ilO-RA -TED,  i  *** 

1.  Varit-eattd  like  i 

2.  CovLTL-d  Willi  ni 
MAR-MO-KA'TION,  I.. 

marbl'.-.     [/Jut''  ti-trd.* 
MAR-MO-RA'TUM,  n.' rr*]   : 

formed  of  [xiundcd  mart/!-  ?  ■ 
MAR-MryRE-.VN.  a.      I 

1.  Pertaining  to  m  . 

2.  Made  of  marl-l- . 
MAR'MOSE,  ».      ' 

but  le?^;    Ih 

Surinam.    In 

longitiidiiml  {•■in  u    i 

clo-wj  the  vuung.         / 
MAR'MO-S'ET,  n.     A 
lUR'MOT,!..     [iLw. 
A  quadruped  of  tli 

murine  tribe.    It  if  a.- 

inhabiU  the  hizher  rrL-i  .n  ' 

Tlic  name  in  alM>  given  t»  v. 

The  woodchuck  af  North  .\ 

r^innd  marmot. 
MAR'ON-rrE.-?,  a.  pi.     A  be ! 

who  s;>eak  the  ,-\mbic  tinr: 

Lebanon.     'II;  ■  *■ '      "  — 

the  sixth  cent 

of  the  Monuu. 

ously.     They  J.-v.-  ,  i,.  »..- 

belonccd   lo  Uie  Roman    ' 

without  giving  up  their  an 

MA-R00N',ji.    A  name  Eiv. -, 

the  mountains  in  the  West  I 
MAROON',  r.f.   To  jnit  as...-. 

isle,  under  pretense  of  hv  h*vui-: 

great  crime. 
M.VROON',  a.    Erov-    '■  "    -  - 
MA-ROO.V£I),Pi),     1 
MAR'PLOT,   r.      On 

ference,  mars  or  d.  i 
MARaUE,n.    [Fr.] 

reprisal ;  alicenset  r 

ed  by  a  Sovereign  oi 

rcpris.al3  at  sea  on  t,' 

tense  of  indemnific;Li 

is  said  to  be  from  i: 

frontiers;   and,  IUt 

the  limit-  of  a  juri-  . 

obtainlngsati?factii  ■, 

eriy  of  the  siil'jtx-i> 

nobttler  acccuui  oi  ' 

3.  The  shipcomiiii 

MARQUEE',  Cm;u--kL',)  n.     tir.j     A  U*. 
MAR'UCE.-^S.  n.    See  Mahqum. 

[Till  of  laU',  manjuLs  was  the   mn*t  c 

is  now  to  a  greni  exient  *^piT*i"dcd  by  i 

cept  in  the  foreign  title,    itr;«rf.] 


wind- 


MortitiuT. 


MAR'aUET-RY,  (niir-kci-r^.^    '■■'       Tr. 

I'rom  marque,  marqMrtrr,  'o 
Inlaid  work;  work  in  - 

divers  colored  fine  wnot    - 
MAR'ULTIS,  n.      [Fr.  i^. :    - 

from  march,  marches.  lim  : 
A  title  of  honor  in  Gr<:.i 

many,  next  bcloiv  thai   - 

m.iniuis  was  an  oihcrr  «  ! 

marches  or  frontiers  of  ihi  ■ 

ceased,  and  mcr^uts  b  now  a  lu*.- 

patent. 
MAR'aUIS,  ■.    .\  raarrhionrss.    , 
MAR'UriS-.VTE.  ■.    The  seignkio,  *lWtiii>t 

ship  oi  a  marxiuis, 
M\R  R/:D,  (mird,)  pp.    Injured  ;  impaired. 
MAR'RER,  B.     [frv»m  osar.]    One  that  i 

(ir  imp,airiii. 
JIAR'RI-.\-BLE,  for  MAWUACtiPtj:.      .  • 
M.\R'RIAGE,  (mar'rij,)  n.    (Kr.  r.  .- 

to  m.irTv,  from  mari,  a  husband  ;  i 

1.  The  act  of  uii  • 
wedlock;  the  legal 
life.    Marriage  i?  a  - 

bv  which  ihe  parties  co^;u,v  :u  .. 
ai  affection  and  fidelity  till  d^ 
them.    .Uirria-rr  was  !nsii:i:t'  .1 
the  puriKise  of  prevenlin  : 
course  of  the  sexes,  for  !'■ 
and  for  securing  Uie  main: 
children. 

Afarrioj*  b  hooo«tfc  to  »D,  «Bd  U«  t' 

2.  A  feast  made  .     '" 

a  atarrir.ie  t^    - 


TCNE,  BHLL,  UNITE. -AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS— €  as  K 


0  ;«  J;  S  as  Z;  CH  as  SH:  TH  as  in  TUI^". 


6!«5 


MAR 

;*.  In  a  scriptural  sense,  the  union  between  Clirist 
and  hia  church  hy  the  covenant  of  grnco.    Rco.  xix. 

MAil'R[A(5E-A-BLE,  (niar'rij-ii-bl,)   a.      Of   an  :if;e 
siiilatile  for  marriii^c  ;  fil  to  ba  niarrifd.    Yonng  pcr- 
lions  are  marriageable  at  an  earlier  ago  in  waini  cli- 
mates than  in  cold. 
2.  Capable  of  union.  Jlfilton. 

MAR'RIAOl!:-Ml'TI-eLES,  ti.  pU  Contract  or  agree- 
ment on  which  a  inarriaye  is  lounded. 

MAR'RIAGE-Fa'VORS.  «.  j,l.  Knt.ts  of  white  rib- 
bons, or  bunches  of  white  tlowers,  worn  nt  wcd- 
diucs. 

MAR'RI-ED,  pp.  or  o.    [from  mamj.]    United  in  wed- 
lock ;  wedded. 
2.  Conjusal ;  connubial ;  as,  the  maMcd  state. 

MAR'Rl  ER,  n.     One  who  marries. 

MAR'ltING,  ppr.    Injuring  :  impairing. 

MAR-ROON'.     Sec  .Maboon. 

.MAR'RoW,  «.  [Sax.  mcrgy  mcarh;  D.  mern- ;  G. 
mark  ;  Dan.  marv  ;  Siv.  miir^  ;  Corn,  viaru  ;  Ir.  smir 
and  smair ;  VV.  m£r^  marrow  ;  Ch.  NiD  wcra,  to 
make  lat;  Ar.  to  be  manly.    Sec  Marl.) 

1.  A  soft,  oleaginous  substance  contained  in  the 
cavities  of  animal  bones. 

2.  Tlie  essence  ;  the  best  part. 

y.  In  Ihe  Scottish  dialect^  a  companion  ;  fellow  ;  as- 
sociate ;  match.  Tu.'-ficr. 
aiAK'RoVV,  V.  t.    To  fill  with  marrow  or  willi  fat ;  to 

filut. 

MAR'RoW-BoNE,  n.    A  bone  containing  marrow,  or 

boiled  fiT  its  marrow.  L'Esfran^e. 

2.  The  bone  of  the  knee  ;  hi  ludicrous  Unfrnan-p. 

MAR'RoW-FAT,  7t.    A  kind  of  rich  pea.       [Dnjdcn. 

MAR'RoU'-IrfH,  a.    Of  the  nature  of  marrow. 

Burton. 
MAR'RdW-LE.SS,  a.    Destitute  of  marrow.     Ska!i. 
MAR'RoW-Y,  a.    Kiill  of  marrow  ;  pitliy. 
MAR'RY,  V.  t.     [Fr.  marirr,  from  mari,  a  Imsband  ;  L. 
mas  J  maris,  a  male  j  Finnish,  7;r«rt  or  jnor/^,  id. ;  Ar. 
£  -.- 
ij.*o  marc,  to  be  manly,  masculine,  bnivc ;  whence 

its  derivatives,  a  man,  L.  Wr,  a  husband,  a  lord  or 
master.    St:.:  also  Ludolf,  Kth.  Lex.  Col.  G2.] 

1.  To  unite  in  wodioi-k  or  nialriniony  ;  to  join  a 
man  and  woman  for  life,  and  constitute  Iheih  man 
and  wife  according  to  the  laws  or  customs  of  a  na- 
tion. By  the  laws,  ordained  clergymen  have  a  right 
to  marnj  persons  within  certain  I'liiits  prescribed. 

Toll  him  he  sh;iU  marry  the  coii-ilc  illln^l'l^.  Cay. 

2.  To  dispose  of  in  wedlock. 

Maecenas  lold  AugiisUifl  hi?  must  either  viarnj  his  tlaughlsr  Julia 
to  Agrippa,  or  lake  awiiy  his  lifi;.  Bacon. 

Jin.  tills    seiisCf  it  is  properhj  applicable   to  females 


3.  To 


3.  To  take  for  Imsbaiul  or  wife.  We  eay,  a  man 
marries  a  woman  ;  ur  a  woman  marries  a  man.  'I'lie 
first  was  the  orJ!;in;il  sense,  but  botli  urs  now  well 
authorized. 

4.  In  Scripture,  to  unite  in  covenant,  or  in  the 
closest  connection. 

Tum,  0  backBlltling  children,  Kiitli  Jchoviili,  for  I  am  jnarricd 
uDCoyoii.  — Jcr.  iii. 

M.\R'KY,  II. !.  To  enter  into  tlie  conjugal  state;  to 
unite  as  Imsband  and  wife ;  to  take  a  husband  or  a 
wife. 

It'  tlic  CTsi;  of  the  man  be  ao  with  lii5  wife,  it  is  not  good  to 

marry.  —  MaU.  xix, 
I  will,  therefore,  that  the  younger  women  marry.  —  1  Tim.  v. 

MAR'RY,  a  term  of  asseveration,  is  said  to  have  been 
ilcrived  from  Ihe  practice  of  swearing  bv  the  Virgin 
M.arj'.     It  irt  obsolete. 

M.*\U'RY-ING,  ppr.  Uniting  in  wedlock  ;  disposing 
of  in  marriage. 

M.\RS,  H.    In  mi/t/io^tjn-i/,  the  god  of  war. 

2.  In  astronomy,  a  planet  of  a  deep  red  color.  lis 
diameter  is  about  half  that  of  the  earth ;  and  its 
mean  disUinco  from  the  sun  is  U1  inillion.s  of  miles. 

3.  In  tlie  old  cliemiiirij,  a  term  Tor  iron. 
MXRSII,  >i.     (.Sa.\.  iiicrse:  Vr.  marais ;  U.mocra.i!  G. 

mnra.-u  It  was  fortnerly  written  M,\risii,  din^etly  from 
the  French.  We  have  morass  from  the  Teutonic. 
See  MooB.j 

A  tract  of  low  land,  usually  or  occasionally  cov- 
ered with  water,  or  very  wet  and  mir,-,  and  over- 
grown with  coarse  gras-s,  or  with  detaclied  clumps  of 
sedge;  a  fen.  It  dilTcrs  from  swrimp,  whicli  is 
merely  moist  or  spongy  land,  but  often  producing 
valtiable  crops  of  grass.  Low  laud,  occtuiionally 
overflowed  by  the  tides,  is  called  salt  marsh. 

M.\RSII'-Dl!En,o.    Bred  in  a  marsh.        Cola-idae. 

MAH.Sll'-EI.'DKIt,  n.  The  gelder  rose,  a  specie  of 
Viburnum.  /^c^.^ 

.MARSII'-MAL'LoVV,  n.  .\  plant  of  the  genus  Al- 
tlia'a. 

MAU.SII'-JIAR'I-GoLD,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Callha. 

.MXRSH'-ROCK'ET,  n.    A  species  of  water  cresses. 

Johnson. 

MaR'.?II.\L,  II.  \yr.  mareclial :  D.  and  G.  marseluilk; 
Dan.  marsheiik ;  compottnded  of  \V.  nxarc,  a  ilorse, 
and  TeuL  sccalc,  or  sehalk,  or  sfcalli,  a  servant,    'i'he 


MAR 

latter  word  now  eignities  a  rogue.  In  Celtic,  .seal  or 
scale  signified  a  man,  boy,  or  servant  In  Fr.  mnre- 
clial,  Sp.  iiiariscal,  signify  a  marsluil  and  a  farrier.] 

Oriirinalljij  an  otficcr  who  had  the  care  of  horses; 
a  groom,     in  more  modern  its/in-c, 

1.  Tho  chief  otltcer  of  arms,  whose  duty  it  is  to 
regulate  combats  in  the  lists.  .Johnson. 

2.  One  who  regulates  rank  and  order  at  a  feast  or 
any  other  assembly,  directs  the  order  of  procession, 
and  the  like. 

'A.  A  harbinger;  a  pursuivant;  one  who  goes  be- 
fore a  prince  to  declare  liis  coming  and  provide  en- 
tertainment. Johnson. 

•I.  In  France,  the  liighest  military  olTicer.  in  other 
countries  of  Europe,  a  marshal  is  a  military  oliicer  of 
high  rank,  and  called  fcld-marshal. 

5.  In  America,  a  civil  oliicer,  appointed  by  llie 
president  and  senate  of  the  United  tilates,  in  eacli 
judicial  district,  answering  to  the  sheriH'  of  a 
county.  His  duty  is  to  executo  all  pnxepts  directed 
to  him,  issued  under  the  autliority  of  the  United 
States. 

6.  An  officer  of  any  private  society,  appointed  to 
regulate  their  ceremonies  and  execute  their  orders. 

Earl  marshal  of  Enifland;  thu  eightji  ollicer  of 
state ;  nn  honorary  title,  and  personal,  until  made 
hereditary  by  Charles  11.  in  the  family  of  Howard. 
During  a  vacancy  in  the  olhce  of  Jiigh  constable,  the 
carl  marshal  lias  jurisdiction  in  tiie  court  of  chiv- 
alry. Bravde. 

Earl  viurshal  of  Scotland.  Tliis  olTicer  formerly 
had  cotnmand  (.f  the  cavalry  under  the  constable. 
Tiiis  office  was  held  by  the  family  of  Keith,  but  for- 
f^ited  by  reliellion  in  1715.  Enajc. 

Kni-^kt  marshal,  or  marshal  of  tJieJii'-'^^^  house  ,■  fur- 
mcrlij  an  otficer  who  was  to  esccute  tlip  commands 
tif  the  lord  steward,  and  have  the  custody  of  pris- 
oners couunitied  by  the  couit  of  verge.  Encyc. 

Marshal  vf  the  King^s  Bench;  an  ofriCtfr  who  lins 

the  custody  of  the  prison  called  the  Kinff^s  Bench,  in 

Southwark.    lie  attends  on  the  court,  and  has  the 

charge  of  the  prisoners  committed  by  them.     Encyc. 

RIAR'HIIAL,  V.  I.    To  dispose  in  order;  to  arrange  in 

:i  suitable  manner  ;  as,  to  marshal  an  army  ;  to  viar- 

shal  troops.  Drydcn. 

a.  To  lead,  as  a  harbinger.     [JVot  nsed.]       iShak. 

'J.  To  dispose  in  due  order  the  sevend  parts  of  an 

escutcheon,  or  the  coats  of  arms  of  distinct  families. 

Encyc. 
MXR'SIIAL-£D,  pp.  or  a.     Arranged  in  due  order. 
M\R'SI!AL-ER.,  «.    One  who  disposes  in  due  order. 
MXR'SIIAL-ING,  n.    Tlie  act  of  arranging  in  due  or- 
der. 

2.  In  heraldry,  an  arrangement  in  a  shield  which 
exhibits  the  alliances  of  a  iamily. 
MXIl'SHAL-ING,  ppr.     Arranging  in  due  order. 
SIaR'SHAL-SeA,    ?;.      Ill    Englaml,    t!ie    prison    in 
Southwark,  belonging  to  the  marslial  of  the  king's 
houseilold.  Johnson. 

Court  of  marshalsea ;  a  court  formerly  held  before 
the  steward  and  marshal  of  the  king's  house- to  ad- 
minister justice   between  the  king's  domestic  ser- 
vants. BLickito/ie. 
MAR'SHAL-vSHIP,  n.    The  olfice  of  a  marshal. 
MAXlSII'Yja.     [from  marsh.]     Wet;  boggy;  fenny. 

Dnidcn. 
2.  Produced  in  marshes  ;  as,  a  marshy  weed. 

Drijden. 
MAR-Su'PI-AT.,     ^         ri  -in 

Pertaining  to  the  didclphyc  animals,  such  as  the 
opossum,  Ace.     [See  j\lAr;suPiAr.rA.} 

MAR-Su'PI-AL,  71.    One  of  the  Marsupialia. 

IVIaR-SU-PI-a'LI-A,  71.  pi.  Animals  having  a  pouch 
or  bag  for  carrying  the  young,  as  the  kangaroo  and 
opossum. _  Bell. 

MaR\SU-PITE,  71.  A  fossil  resembling  a  purse,  the 
remains  of  a  molluscous  animal.  Mantell. 

MART,  n.  [t'wm  market.]  A  place  of  sale  or  traffic. 
It  was  formerly  a|)plied  chiefly  to  markets  and  fairs 
in  cities  and  towns,  but  it  has  now  a  more  extensive 
a[iplicatioii.  We  say,  the  United  States  an;  a  princi- 
pal mart  for  English  goods  ;  Kngland  and  France  are 
the  marts  of  American  cotton. 
2.  Bargain  ;  purchase  and  sa^■^     [JVot  used.]    Shab. 

MSRT,  V.  i.    To  buy  and  sell ;  to  tratfic.     [JVoe  used.] 

Shak. 

MART,  r.  1.     To  trade  dishonoraWv.     [Ohs.]     Shak. 

MAR'^J'A-GON,  71.     A  kind  of  lily."  Herbert. 

MAR'TEL,  V.  t.     [Fr.  martclcr.] 
To  strike.     [Obs.] 

MAR-TEL'LO-T0\V-ER,  n.  The  name  given  to  the 
circular  Imildings  of  masonry  erected  along  dif- 
ferent parts  of  the  British  coasts  as  a  defense  against 
the  meditated  invasion  of  Bonaparte,  Braude. 

MAR'TKN,  71.     A  species  of  bird.     [See  Mauiin.] 

MAK'TE.N,  71.  [D.  marten  G.  vtarder;  Fr.  martc ; 
Arm.  mart,  vuirtr  ;  Sp.  marta  ;  It.  martora.] 

A  carnivorous  animal  of  the  genus  Mustela,  allied 
to  the  Weasel.  Its  fur  is  used  in  making  hats  and 
muffs. 

iMAR'l'lAL,  (mir'shal,)  o.  [Fr.,  from  L.  wartialis  ; 
Sp.  marcial:  It.  marzialc ;  from  L.  Mars,  tho  god  of 
war.] 


MAU 

1.  Pertaining  to  war;  suited  to  war;  as,  viartial 
equipage;  nmrtioi  music ;  a  mariiuZ  appearance. 

2.  Warlike;  brave;  given  to  war;  as,  a  murtiat 
nation  or  peopio, 

'3.  Suited  to  battle  ;  as,  a  martial  array, 

4.  Belonging  to  war,  or  to  an  army  and  navy;  op- 
posed to  ('i  vii, ;  as,  martiat  law  ;  a  court-mwr^iu/. 

5.  I'lrrtaining  to  ftiars,  or  boriowing  tlie  properties 
of  that  planet. 

The  iialiip?a  ul'  llio  fixed  tl\T%  arc  eslwniod  nwtrtial  or  Jnvial, 
acconiiiij  lo  ihc  colon  by  wliicli  llit-y  answer  lo  ihov.  plrvii- 
cu.     {Ob».\  Brown. 

G.  Pertaining  to  iron,  c;illcd  by  the  old  chemists 
Mars. 

MAR'TIAL-ISM,  (m-Jr'shnl-izm,)  ti.  Bnivery  :  mar- 
tial exercises.     [J^ot  in  use.]  Prince. 

MAR'TIAL-iy']',  n.  A  warrior :  a  fighter.    [J^Tot  used.] 

Ifmell. 

MAR'TIAL  LAW,  ».  A  code  of  regulations  fur  the 
government  oi'  an  army  or  navy.  When  martial  law 
is  proclaimed  in  a  place,  all  the  citizens  are  sul>jected 
to  the  s<;veritv  of  military  regulations.        Bouvicr. 

MAR'TIAL-LY,  adv.     In  a  martial  manner. 

MAR'TIN,  71.  [Fr.  martinet ;  Sp.  murtincle.  Th;:  Ger- 
mans call  it  maucr-sckioalbc,  wall-swallow,  ami  per- 
haps tlie  word  is  formed  from  tiie  root  of  L.  vturus, 
W.  mar,  a  wall.]    . 

A  bird  of  the  genus  Hirundo,  or  swallow  kind, 
which  forms  its  nest  in  buildings.  It  was  formerly 
written  by  some  authors  Martlet.  Drydcn. 

MAR'TIN-ET,  )  ti.     In  mdiUirij  lan^uaire,  a  strict  di,^- 

MART'IiE'J',  \  cijilinarian  ;  so  called  from  an  officer 
of  that  name. 

MAR'TI-NETS,  n.  pi.  In  s/ups,  martinets  are  small 
lines  fastened  to  the  leech  of  a  sail,  to  bring  it  close 
to  the  \ard  when  the  sail  is  furled.  Bailey. 

MAR'TIN-GAL,      j  ri.     [Fr.  marlin'ralr;    It.  nud   Sp. 

MAR'TlN-GALIi,  \  martingala.  The  Portuguese  call 
it  rraviarra.] 

\.  A  strap  or  thong  fastened  to  the  girth  under  a 
horse's  belly,  and  at  the  other  end  to  the  musrole, 
passing  between  the  fore  legs.  Eneye. 

3.  In  ships,  a  sboit,  perpchdicnlar  spar,  under  Ilie 
bowsprit  end,  nsed  for  reeving  the  stays.       V/ina. 

MAR'TIN-MA^•,  «.  [Martin  and  mits.]  The  feast  of 
St.  Martin,  the  eleventh  of  November.       Johnson. 

MART'I,ET,7i.  [See  Mautin.]  Martlet,  m  hcraldrn, 
[is  a  bird  without  legs  or  beak.  It  is  added  to  th<: 
family  arms  by  the  fourth  of  the  junior  branches  of 
a  family,  as  the  mark  of  their  cadency.  —  E.  H.  E.] 

MAR'TVR,  (mUr'tur,)  n,     [Gr.  paoTvn,  a  witness.] 

1.  One  wlio,  by  his  death,  hears  witness  to  the 
truth  of  the  gospel.  Stephen  was  the  first  Ciiristian 
martyr. 

'I'o  Ic  a  VMvhjr,  signifies  only  to  \viliics5  the  truth  of  Christ. 

SauOi. 

2.  One  who  suffer."?  death  in  defense  of  any  cause. 
We  say,  a  man  dies  a  innWyr  to  his  political  princi- 
ples, or  to  ibo  cause  of  liberty. 

MAR'TVR,  7\  t.    To  put  to  death  for  adhering  to  what 
one  beliuves  to  be  the  truth  ;  to  sacrifice  one  on  ac- 
count of  his  faith  or  profession.  Pearson. 
2.  To  murder;  to  destroy.  Chaucer. 

MAR'TVR-UOM,  (mar'tur-dura,)7(.  The  death  of  a 
martyr;  the  sulfering  of  death  on  account  of  one-s 
adherence  to  the  faith  of  the  gospel, 

lie  intends  lo  crowu  Ihcir  innocence  wiili  ilie  glory  of  martyrdom. 

Bacon. 

MAR'TYR-ED,  (milr'tnrd,)  pp.  or  a.  Put  to  dcatli  on 
account  of  one's  faith  or  [irofession. 

I\I  •.  1'TYR-IZE,  y.  (.  To  oiler  as  a  martyr.  [LUilc 
.i.-i;y  Spenser. 

MAR'TYR-O-LOGE,  n.     A  register  of  martyrs. 

MAR-TYR-O-LOG'ie-AL,  a.  Registering  or  rcgi.- 
tered  in  a  catalogue  of  martyrs. 

MAR-TYR-OL'0-c;IST,  7t.  A  writer  of  niartyrulogy, 
or  an  account  of  martyrs. 

MAR-TYR-OL'O^GY,  n.  [Or.  I'liprvp,  a  witnc:;s,and 
hi}  Of,  discourse.] 

A  history  or  account  of  martyrs,  with  their  suffi-r- 
ings  ;  or  a  register  of  martyrs.  Stilt  in /rjlret. 

ftlAR'VEL,  71.  [Fr.  mcrceille  ;  Ir.  miorhhaillc  ;  It.  7/ia- 
ravi^rlia;  S\).viararilla;  Vort.  maravUha  i  Arm.  man ; 
L.  mirabiVui,  wonderful,  from  viiror,  CA\.  and  Syr. 
"iQT  demar,  lo  wonder,  L.  dnniror.  We  have  the  pri- 
mary sense  in  the  Armoric  mint,  to  slop,  hold,  keep, 
guard,  hinder ;  for  to  wonder,  admire,  or  be  aston- 
islied,  is  to  stop,  to  hold,  to  be  fixed,  which  exactly 
expresses  the  fact.  The  Russian  zamirayu,  to  be  as- 
tonished, is  the  same  word  with  a  prefix,  and  from 
viiryu,  to  pacify  or  appease,  that  is,  to  stop,  to  allay. 
From  the  same  root  or  family,  probably,  we  have 
7;ioor,  to  moor  a  ship,  Sp.  and  Port,  amarrar,  Fr. 
umarrer,  to  vwor,  and  demcurcr,  to  dwell  or  abide. 
So  also  L.  mora,  delay,  :ind  perhaps  morior,  W.  maru, 
to  die,  murus,  a  wall.  Enc.  demur,  &lc.  Class  Jlr, 
iVo.  32.] 

1.  A  wonder;  that  which  arrests  the  attention  and 
causes  a  person  to  stand  or  gaze,  or  to  pause. 

[This  word  is  not  obsolete,  but  little  used  in  ele- 
gant writings.] 

2.  Wonder  ;   admiration. 

Marvel  of  Pent ;  a  fragrant  flowering  plant  of  the 
genus  Mirabilis, 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T.  — MeTE,  PRgY — PLNE,  MARXNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BOOK.- 

696  "~  — — 


MAS 


MAR'VEL,  V.  i.    To  wonder.    It  expresses  less  than 

Astonish  or  Amaze. 
M.XR' VEL-ING,  ppr.     Wondering. 
MAR'VEl^OUS,    u.        [Fr.    m&roeilkiix;     It.    marvi- 

;.■-''"--■"■] 

1.  Wonderful ;  strange  ;  e.\cUmg  wonder  or  some 

degree  of  surprise. 

T'.iis  is  the  Lord's  doing ;  it  is  K«irpc!ous  ill  our  eyes.  —  Ps. 
cxviii. 

9.  Surpassing  credit;  incredible.  Pope. 

X  The  marvelous,  in  writing,  is  that  vvliich  cvceeds 
natural  power,  or  is  preternatural ;  opposed  to  PnoD- 

iOLE.  JlllH^SOH. 

4.  Formerly  used  adverbially  for  Wondeki-uli-v, 

51AIl'VEL-0US-LY,  ado.    Wonderlully ;    strangely; 

in  a  manniT  to  excite  wonder  or  surprise.  Ctaratdon. 

M.\R'VEL-OUS-NES.S,  n.    Wonderfiilness  ;  strange- 

SU'RV-BUD,  «.    The  marigold.  Shak. 

MAS-CAG'NIN,  (nias-kan'yin,)  n.     Native  sulphate 

of  ammonia,  found  in  volcanic  districts,  so  named 

from  Mojscamii,  who  first  discovered  it. 
M  VS'CLE,  (mas'kl  or  mas'l,)  n.  In  kemldnj,  a  lozenge 

voided.  E.H.  Barker. 

MAS'eU-L.iTE,  V.  I.    To  make  strong. 
51  \S'eU-L.i-TED,  pp.    Made  strong. 
iM.\S'€U-L.\-T!i\G,  w.    Making  strong. 
JIAS'eU-LINE,  (-lin,)  a.      [Fr.  masculm  ;    L.  mascii- 

lmi:s,  (iM\\masculus,ma.'!,  or  tlie  Ir.  motlk,  Polish  ma:, 

Bohemian  nm-.,  t-lavonic  moscli.] 

1.  Having  the  qualities  of  a  man  ;  strong ;  robust ; 
as,  a  masculine  body. 

2.  Resembling  man  ;  coarse  ;  opposed  to  Delicate 
or  Soft  ;  as,  via^culinc  features. 

3.  Bold  ;  brave  ;  as,  a  mascidinc  spirit  or  courage. 

4.  In  grammar,  the  j7ia.<ciili;ie  gender  of  words  is 
that  which  expresses  a  male,  or  something  analogous 
to  it;  or  it  is  the  gender  appropriated  to  males, 
thoU"h  not  always  expressing  tlic  male  se.v;. 

°  Enctjc.    Johnson. 

MAS'eU-LI.VE-LY,  arfo.    Like  a  man.      B  Jmisoit. 
r.l\s'eU-LINE-NESS,  71.    The  quality  or  state  of  lie- 
in"  manly  ;    resemblance  of  man  in  qualnies ;    ■■- 
in 'coarseness  of  features,  strength  of  body,  li 
ness,  &c. 
MASH,  11.     [G.  mcischen,  to  mix,  to  mash  ;  tp.  vmsear, 
to  chew,  Fr.  mucker,  lor  tnaschcr,  L.  mastico.] 

1.  .\  mixture  or  mass  of  ingredients,  beaten  vr 
Idended  together  in  a  promiscuous  manner. 
■2.  A  mi.xliire  for  the  food  of  domestic  animals. 
3.  In  brewing,  a  mi.xture  of  ground  malt  and  warm 
water. 
M  ^SH  v.U    To  beat  into  a  confused  mass. 

S.  To  bruise  ;  to  crush  by  heating  or  pressure  ;  as, 
to  mash  apples  in  a  mill. 
3   To  mix  malt  and  water  tngflher  m  brewing. 
MASH'BD,  (masht,)  pp.  or   a.    Beat  into  a  mass; 

bruised  ;  crushed  ;  mixed  into  a  mash. 
M.^SH'ING,  ppr.      Beating  into  a  mass;   bruismg; 

crashing.  ,  .  1 

MASH'ING,  71.    .^  beating  into  a  mass  ;  a  crushmg. 

o   In  brewivtr,  the  process  of  infusing  the  ground 

malt  in  warm°water,  and  extracting  the  saccharine 

matter  called  siaect  wart.  Encijc.  of  Doni.  Earn. 

MASII'ING-TQB,  n.    A  tub  for  containing  the  mash 

in  breweries.  .  , 

MASH'Y,  a.    Produced  by  crushmg  or  bruising. 

Tkcnnson. 
Mask,  71.     [Fr.  manqne  ;   It.  masckcra  ;   Sp.  and  Port. 
mascara;  Aim.  imscl^  D.  masker;  G.ma.^ke.] 

1.  .\  cover  for  the  face  ;  that  which  conceals  the 
face,  especially  a  cover  with  apertures  for  the  eyes 
and  mouth  ;  a  visor.  A  7n<Kt  is  designed  to  conceal 
the  face  from  beholders,  or  to  preser\'e  the  complex- 
ion from  injury  by  exposure  to  the  weather  and  the 
ravs  of  the  sun.  Enciic. 

•5.  That  which  disguises;  any  pretense  or  suMer- 
,-„„(,.  Prior. 

3.  A  festive  entertainment  of  dancing  or  other  di- 
versions, in  which  the  company  all  wear  masks  ;  a 
masquerade.  *''"''■ 

4.  A  revel ;  a  bustle  ;  a  piece  of  mummery. 

Tliia  Itioogllt  might  lead  throusli  this  woiltl'a  v.iiil  """^^v 

5.  A  dramatic  performance  written  in  a  tragic 
style,  without  attention  to  rules  or  probajiility 


old 


MAS 

or  lower  and  posterior  or  upper  hiilc  of  a  labiate  corol 

pressed  to^^ulhcr  just  below  ihc  Uonierj  so  a«  to  cIom; 

ilio  opeiiiJif;  into  llie  tube. 
MA^^K'EIl,  II.    One  that  wears  a  mask  j  one  tint 

plays  the  fool  at  a  uiaaquerude. 
I\IASK'Kll-Y,7i.    The  dress  or  disguise  of  a  masker. 

[Ubs.]  Marstoju 

MASK'-IIOUSI'T,  n.    A  place  for  masquerades, 

Bp.  Hall. 
RIXSK'ING,  ppr.    Coverinp  with  Ji  mask  ;  concealing. 
MAS'LfN,  Ji.    A  mixture  of  diflercnt  sorts  of  grain, a;i 

of  wtu'iit  und  rye. 
JIAS'LIN,  a.     Composed  of  drlTrrent  siirts  ;  as,  maaltr. 

bread-,  wliich  is  composed  of  wheat  and  r>'c.     Spelt 

iilso  Mesl[n  or  Wjslin. 
IMa'SON,  (niil'sn,)  a.    [Fr.  waqon  ;  Arm.  vta^ioim  ;  t). 

mctsclaar.     Ill  Sp.  mazoncria  is  masonry,  as  if  from 

7/mio,  a  mallet,  viaza^  a  club,  a  7nace.    It  is  probably 

from  the  root  of  mix  or  viash,  or  more  probably  of 

mass.,  and  denotes  one  that  works  in  mortar.    See 

Mass.] 

1.  A  man  who?e  ocrupation  is  to  lay  bricks  and 
stones,  or  to  construct  tho  walls  of  buildings,  chim- 
neys, and  the  like,  which  consist  of  bricks  or  stones. 

2.  A  member  of  the  fraternity  of  freemasons. 
MA-SON'ie,  a.    Pertaining  to  tiie  craft  or  mysteries 

of  freemaj^ons. 
Ma'SON-RY,  n.     [Ft.  magonnci-ic;  Sp.  mazoncna.] 

1.  'J'he  art  or  occupation  of  a  mason. 

2.  The  work  or  performance  of  a  mason  ;  as 
when  we  say,  the  wall  i^  gond  masuury. 

3.  The  craft  or  mysteries  of  frcf-masons. 
MAS'0-IIA,  It.     [Heb.]     A  Jewish  critical  work  on 

the  text  of  tho  Hebrew  Scriptures,  composed  by  sev- 
eral learned  Rabbis  of  tlie  school  of  Tiberias,  m  the 
eii'iitli  and  ninth  centuries.  Murduclc 

MAS-0-RET'lf,  I    <^      [Heb.     -»D0,    to    deliver, 

MAS-0-Rii:T'I€-AL,  i  whence  ma.sora,  Inidition,  , 
whence  tlic  Masordc.^,  Ihc  adlierents  to  the  tradi- 
tionary readings  of  the  Scriptures.] 

Relating  to  the  Masora,  or  to  its  authors,  who 
were  the  inventors  of  the  Hcbraw  vowel  points  and 

MAS'O-RITE,  7(.    One  of  the  writers  of  the  Masora. 
IMASQUE,  n.     Pee  Mask. 

MAS-aUER-ADE',   (mas-ker^Sde',)  n.      [It.  m<i.s-<:/(c- 
rata.]  .  , 

1.  A  nocturnal  assembly  of  persons  wearnig  masks, 
and  amusing  themselves  with  dancing,  conversation, 
and  other  diversions. 

Ill  courtly  balls  and  iiiidiiishl  mas^ucraiUs.  Pope. 

2.  Disguise. 

I  Mine  U>  visit  thse  in  jnas(iuerade.  Dn/Ieu. 

3.  A  Spanish  diversion  on  horsebiick.      Clarendon. 
MAS-aUER-AlJE',  V.  i.    To  go  in  disguise. 

2.  To  assemble  in  masks.  Stc{fr. 


MAS 

Tlicn  folJf'Wfhl  th«*  frtmmunioii  •*TT»**r.  wtucli 
called  nti 

tnijisa,  or  ' 
of  publii. 

Tlie  word  iltminev,  , 
from  labor,  from  the  L. 
feruc ;  liencc-,  a  feast  - 
39.  "Be  mzMtK  dx-^' 
fejtu  Se*f  alJW  I*aw«  i  ; 
Hence,  Sax.  Haf.  - 
lin-Ttuvi^  Miduu' 

The  commur 
oblation  of  the  ij  ■  ..,  i.i ...-  .. 


i-^ij 


MAS-aUEU-ADE',  t'.  (.    To  put  in  disguise. 

Kilhngheck. 


6. 


Peacham. 
In  architecture,  a  piece  of  sculpture  representing 


some  "Totesquc  form,  to  fill  and  adorn  vacant  place 
as  in  friezes,  panels  of  doors,  keys  of  arches  &c. 

Kncyc. 
MASK  i".  (.     To  cover  the  face  for  concealment  or  de- 
fense a-ainst  injury  ;  to  conceal  with  a  mask  or  visor. 
°  Addison 

to  hide. 


MAS-aUER-.\D'ER,  (mas-ker-a.l'er,)  >i.  A  person 
wearing  a  mask  ;  one  disguised.  L  Estrange. 

MAS-QUER-aD'ING,  ji;.r.  Assembling  m  masks  lor 
diversion.  ,  ,  . 

AIASS,  71.  [Fr.  masse,  a  mass,  a  heap,  a  7Mcc,  or  clul  , 
Port.  7/iaM,  dough,  and  a  mace ;  Sp.  imisa,  dough, 
mortar,  a  mass ;  and  main,  a  chib,  a  mace;  7iiu--u,  a 
mallet ;  It.  massa,  a  heap,  and  ma::a,  a  ma:c ;  K.. 
masse ;  L.  massa,  a  mass.  These  words  seem  to  be- 
lou"  to  the  root  of  Ihe  Greek  ,.u..<7^,',  to  beat  or  pound, 

the  root  of  which  is  „,.,• ;  hence  the  '^""n'="'"n  ''J'; 
tween  777055  and  7,17ik,  a  club.  If  any  of  tliijc 
words  arc  of  a  different  origin,  they  may  belong  to 
the  root  of  TTiix.j  ,  „  ..  „,,,i 

1  A  lump  ;  a  liodv  of  nialter  concreted,  collected, 
orlbni.ed  into  a  limni;  applied  '';;!">.''<• '"w^J^;. 
as,a  wMss  of  iron  or  lead  ;  a  mass  ot  llcsh  ;  a  ma^.^  ol 
ice  ;  a  mass  of  dough. 

2.  A  collective  body  ot  Hiiid  matter, 
is  a  7ita.-.'.f  of  water. 

3.  A  heap  ;  as,  a  mass  of  earth. 
4!  A    great   quantity  collcclcd  ;    as, 

5.  Bulk  ;  magnitude. 
This  iuiiiy  of  E'lcti  »i<w3  ni"l  dinrg^'. 

6.  An  a.sscmblage  ;  a  collection  of  particulars 
blended,  confused,  or  indistinct;  as,  a  "■^^™,^_°'- 

Tliry  loss  Uirfr  fcm»,  nnd  m»kc  n  mass 

C-oiiVus'a  ami  black,  If  li>-«>'shl  loo  nor.  mor. 

7.  Gross  body  of  things  considered  collectively; 
tho  body  ;  the  bulk  ;  as,  the  mass  of  people  m  a  na- 
tion A  small  portion  of  morbid  matter  may  infecl 
the  whole  mass  of  Ihiids  in  the  body. 

r  the  mass  of  lliiiiffs.  Stieon. 


High  ituua,  U  that  whirb 
with  music;  an  dtftiii'."-  -*■ 
in  more  pri%'3te,  and  u  . 
MAS.-i,  r.  i.    To  celibr.' 
.MASS,  r.  U    To  fill;  t 

iwftf.J 
MASS'-llQQK.  n-     Tl.' 

service  iMjok. 
MASS'-UOIjSE,  Ti.     A  name 
man  Callnlic  filac;  of  wor* 
SIASS'-MEET-l.NlJ.iu     Alar. 
pie  10  be  addrcssca  on  »uu»c  ; 
political. 
MASS'-l'RIliST,  B.    A  naiDc  1 

man  Calliolic  priest. 
Mj\S'SA-€IIE,  (mMM-kcr,)  ».     [ft. 
ma^zaer  ;  lU  maiucare,  \n  b^.-M    !'■  n- 
mace.    So  <TRt:«  in  En^tsb 
as  to  beat.] 

1.  The  murder  of  an  in.t  . 
of  numbers  of  hiim'ti- 
cmelly  ;  the  indiscrm. 
without  authority  or  1 
civil  or  mililar>'.    Il  ' 
is  a  prieau  killing, 
is  ntlicr  the  cirecl  1-: 
.and  is  applied  to  th- 
in battle,  or  other  cr 
Icnce.     Masxacre  is  - 
its  resemblance  lo  the  t.iU.:  . 
kills  a  man  in  balllc  in  hi< 
ful  act ;  it  is  killing,  and  f. 
a  massacre.    Whcrea.s,  if  t 
after  ho  has  siirrenderetl. 
without  necessity,  often  v. 
to  the  usases  of  nations,  an 
The  practice  of  killing  pr- 
ized by  the  comniaiidcr,  i«  ;  ■  _ 
authority  civcn  proceeds  from  t; 
heard  of  the  ma-vaere  of  ilic  Pn'' 
in  the  reiiin  of  Charles  IX. ;  ami 
of  barbarous  tr.a.<iacrc  occur  in  t). 
Turks  and  Greeks. 
2.  ftlurder. 
MAS'SA-CRE,  r.  (.    To  murder  ): 
circumstances  of  cruelly  ;  10  Ki 
criminate  violence,  wilhoul  :ii: 
and  contrar>-  lo  the  usac- 
human  beings. 

NymptiiJkui  cmi-nTcml  ta  r- 
»u«l  anJ  nassacTt.!  oo  L* 


Arm-      I 


Barbarously   or   Indix: 


The  ocean 


I   mass   of 
[treasure. 
S,\rJ:. 


2.  To  dis3ui.sc  ;  to  cover 

MasXios  Ihc  buniiM-tB  from  thp  common  py 

MASK,  1;.  i    To  revel ;  to  play  the  fool  in  masquer- 
ade. ,   , 
2.  To  be  dis£niised  in  any  way.                     ^/ta/.-. 
MASK'M),  (miskt,)p77.  ora.  Havinglhe  face  covered; 
concealed ;  disguised.  i 
■i.  a.  In  6i>ta7ny,  personate,  or  having  the  anterior  I 


Comets  hAve  power 

8.  The  quantity  of  matter  in  any  body.    The  mass 
of  a  body  is  always  proportional  .0  .he  ^'■'"?^'^,^^ 

ASS  n.  [.''ax.  nmsa,  jiue^'sc ;  Fr.  messe;  It.  messa; 
Hp,,"i, A).  .,«>«,•  G.  and  m».<«csse;  Sw.  "«-« 
Low  i,.  niissa,  from  miuo,  to  dismiss.  I" '"=  "nf,'!  ' 
churches,  the  public  services  at  which  th<-„<-"  "  "^ 
me  s  we  -e  permitted  to  he  present,  were  called  missa 
Z^llmeJ-iim,  becalis-,.  at  the  close  of  . hem,  pr,n-la. 
malion  was  made  thus:  he,  missa  est,  sc. 


eectcsia. 


M.-VS'S.-V-eltEn,  (m.Ts's.i-kiir 

or  indiscriminately  murdcretl. r  «  __,  . 

MiVS'SA-ellER,  r..    One  who  massmcrcx.    l-*)^ 

irord.] 
MAS'S.\-eRIXG,    ppr. 

natelv  inunlering.  ,  ^    ._  «... 

MXSS'ER,  «.    A  priesi  who  er<.-T!iti  mt"^ 
M.VS'SE-TER,  n.    (Gr.,  fri 
.■V  muscle  which  rai>cs  : 

MAS'Tl-eOT,  S         '■  „  .      , 

Prolojvd  of  lead  ot  yellow  o\}d  .  1 
nosc-d  of 'one  e<iiiiraK-nl  ot  !-^',  '"■<  '■■'-■ 
of  oxTgcn.    Uad  csi»s.  I 
is  covered  Willi  a  prny,  1. 
carefiillv  taken  oil'.  Is  rcdii 
aclion  of  heal  ami  air,  to  -. 
clinini:  10  y.llow.     Thi- 
graiiisof  If.ad  by  siftinp,ai 
heat, sulSciint  10  make  it : 
low  color.  In  this  st.v..- 1; 
slowlv  heated  by  a  ii'.™l 

rt'd  color,  becomes  a  salt  roaii^-.-  •*■  ■  -  ^^  , 
^  is  of  the  pr.tovvd  of  lead,  and  one,  equiv,l~l  ,< 
Uic  "deutojyd,  and  obtains  the  n.ame  01  -.^■•«- 

Massicot  is  sometimes  uscJ  by  lain- 
used  as  a  drier  in  Uie  comp.is.u>Ki  ot  • 
plasters.  r  -  .  m 

MASS'lVE-NESS,t      t"""-',."' 

weight,  or  weight  witli  bulk  :  r^  •• 

JIASS'IVE,  I        rpf.  raciJvf",  fr>™  "s-fs-] 

.MaSS'Y,       \  •■     ^  ,  ,  ..  -..-.    ,     ,, 

Heavy  ;  weipl  i- 
as,  a  rntfs:si(  shield  - 

llso  jjonin;  r  _ 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE. -AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  -  C  as  K  ;  0  as  J  ; 


S  as  7.;  CII  as  SH ;  511  tu.  in  THIS. 


637 


88 


MAS 

MXSS'fVK,  a.  In  mitteralpgtjy  in  iimss  ;  Iiaviiii!  a 
cry-italliiie  stnicttirc,  bm  not  a  wgular  form.  Wo 
shV,  a  rnineraJ  occurs  waesice. 

HIASS'IVE-LY,  ado.     In  a  muss. 

.MAST,  n.  [Sax.  mmst ;  1).  G.  Sw.  and  Dan.  mnjtC ;  Pr. 
?fi4i,  Ibr  fttatft  t  Port,  viasto  or  via^tra ;  Sp.  mastilcjty 
iiKi^ts  ;  mustelrrogy  tu[)-iiia^U ;  ;/uufo,  a  trunk,  a  stock 
in  which  any  cion  is  inp'afled.} 

A  loiip,  round  piece  of  timber,  elevaU^d  or  designed 
to  he  mised  per[)tndicularly,  or  nearly  no,  on  the 
ke*I  of  a  ship  or  othL-r  vessel,  to  which  the  yards, 
sails,  and  rigging  are  attached,  and  by  which  ihey 
are  i»upponi-d.  A  mast  is  a  single  stick,  formed 
fmrii  the  trunk  of  a  tree,  or  it  consists  of  many 
pii-ces  of  timber  united  by  iron  bands.  Masts  are  of 
tieveral  kinds,  as  the  main-mast,  foro-mast,  luizzen- 
mast,  top-mast,  toiveal  I  ant-mast,  6cc. 

MAST,  n.  [Sax.  mastCy  acorns,  food  ;  Goth,  mats, 
fitod,  meat ;  (r.  fnni.s*,  meas^  an  acorn  ',  viaite.,  food  ^ 
W.  mejy  acorns,  a  portion,  a  meal ;  -mcscn^  an  acorn. 
This  may  be  the  American  wwi:c,  and  si^rnify  food  in 
general, fnjm  eating,  chewing,  masticating,  or  prima- 
rily a  nut  kernel,  or  acorn,  the  food  of  the  i)rimiiivo 
tribes  of  men.  It  seems  to  bo  radically  tho  £amc 
word  as  tnaUA 

The  Iruit  of  the  oak  and  bcccli,  or  other  forest 
trees;  nuts;  acorns.     [It  h4t$  no  plural.'] 

MAST'-HEAD,  (-hod,)  n.    The  top  or  bead  of  a  mast. 

MXST'EU,  a     Furnished  with  a  must  or  masts. 

MAS'TEU,  n.  [Fr.  7HuUj-e,  for  vtaisien  Kuss.  mantcr  ; 
v.  vieatcr ;  G.  mcistcr;  Svv.  miistarc;  Dan.  mecitcr; 
Arm.mciutr;  It.  and  Sp.  maestro;  L.  7na«-w(er,  com- 
pounded of  the  root  of  maais,  major^  greater,  and  the 
'IVutouic  stcTy  Sax.  atcoraiij  lo  .steer.  (See  Stejmi.) 
The  word,  then,  signifies  a  chief  director.  See 
Minister.] 

1.  -A  man  who  rules,  governs,  or  directs,  either 
men  or  business.  A  man  who  owns  slave.'}  is  their 
viwiter;  he  who  has  servants  is  their  7n<Ls£rr,  he  who 
has  apprentices  is  their  master,  as  he  has  tlio  govern- 
ment and  direction  of  them.  The  man  who  super- 
intends and  directs  any  business,  is  master  j  or  master 
workman. 

0  lliiMi  my  frirMid,  iriy  *cniii5,  Mine  .ilong, 

'I'hoii  mmler  of  iIr-  pod  and  tJif  song.  Pope. 

NftUoiiK  iliat  waiu  proU-'Ctora  will  htivo  maatera.  Ames. 

2.  A  director,  head,  or  chief  manager  j  as,  the 
vtnster  of  a  feast. 

'3.  The  owner;  proprietor;  with  the  idea  of  gov- 
erning. The  master  of  a  house  may  bo  the  owner, 
or  the  occupant,  who  has  a  temporary  right  of  gov- 
erning it. 

h  woiilil  b^  believed  Uiat  he  r.Ulicr  look  thu  horac  Ibr  his  subject, 
lh:iii  Ilia  master.  Dnjrten. 

A.  A  lord  J  a  ruler  j  one  who  luis  supreme  do- 
minion. 

Caesar,  Uie  world'a  ^rent  manter  and  his  own.  Pojie. 

5.  A  chief;  a  principal ;  as,  the  master  root  of  a 
plant.  Mortimer. 

One  nuuter  faaiion  iwallows  up  the  rest.  Pope. 

G.  One  who  has  possession,  and  the  power  of  con- 
trolling or  using  at  pleasure. 

When   I   have   made   myself   nuistcr   of  a   hmidrcd  llioiisaiid 
dmcUmoB.  Addison. 

7.  The  commander  of  a  merchant  sliip,  usually 
caJttd  captain, 

8.  In  sliip.i  nfwnr,  an  officer  who  takes  rank  imme- 
diately after  the  lieutenants,  and  navigates  the  ship 
under  the  direction  of  the  captain. 

*J.  The  director  of  a  school;  a  teacher;  an  in- 
stnictor.  In  this  sense  the  word  is  giving  place  to 
the  more  appropriate  words  teacher^  instructor,  and 
preceptor  ;  at  least  it  is  so  in  the  United  States. 

10.  One  uncontrolled. 

I^t  every  nun  be  master  of  his  Ume.  Sltak. 

11.  .\u  appellation  of  respect. 

Maaicr  doctor,  yoii  have  brought  those  dmga  Sliok. 

12.  An  appellation  given  to  boys  or  quite  young 
men. 

Wh^ro  there  arc  little  inasttrt  and  misses  In  a  house.    Siei/t. 

13.  A  man  eminently  or  perfectly  skilled  in  any 
occupation,  art,  or  science.  We  say,  u  man  is  mas- 
/iTof  his  business;  a  great  master  of  music,  of  the 
tlute  or  violin  ;  a  master  of  his  subject,  &,c. 

M.  A  title  of  dignity  in  colleges  and  universities ; 
a.'',  master  of  arts. 

15.  The  chief  of  a  society  ;  as,  the  grand  jnastcr 
of  Malta,  of  freemasons,  &c. 

16.  The  director  of  ceremonies  at  public  places,  or 
on  public  occasions. 

17.  The  president  of  a  college.  England. 

Masta-  in  chancery  ;  an  assistant  of  the  lord  chan- 
cellor, chosen  from  among  the  barri^iters  to  sit  in 
chancery,  or  at  the  rolls.  Enajc. 

Master  of  Uie  horse;  the  third  great  officer  in  the 
British  court,  having  the  management  of  the  royal 
stables, &c.  In  solemn  cavalcades  he  ridt-s  next  the 
sovereign.  Brande. 

Muster  of  the  rolls ;  an  officer  who  has  charge  of 
the  rolls  and  patents  that  pass  the  great  seal,  and  of 
tlie  records  of  the  chancery,  Encyc. 


MAS 

Tu  be  master  of  one's  self;  to  have  the  command  or 
control  of  one's  own  passions. 

The  word  master  lias  numerous  applications,  in  all 
of  which  it  has  the  sense  of  director,  chief,  or  super- 
intendent. 

As  a  title  of  respect  given  to  adult  persons,  it  is 
pronounced  mister:  a  iiroiiuncialion  wliich  seems  to 
have  buen  derived  from  some  of  the  northern  dia- 


MAT 


— H 


lects.     [Supra.] 
MXS'TER,  ('.  (. 


To  conquer ;  to  overpower ;  to  sub- 
due ;  lo  bring  under  control. 

OUliii^tcy  luid  willl'ul  ncgl-cl  must  be  mtuleretl,  even  though  it 

costs  blows,  Locke. 

FMl  ciuftoria  iiiiiHt  U)  wasttrcd  by  doj^rect.  Calamy. 

2.  To  make  one's  self  master  of ;  as,  to  master  a 

3.  To  execute  with  skill.  [science. 

I  ivill  not  ofTor  tlut  which  1  cannot  nvultr.  Bacon. 

A,  To  rule  ;  to  govern. 

And  ratlier  futhnr  ihee  than  master  llic*.     {Not  uted.\     Sliak. 

MXS'TEU,  V.  i.    To  bo  skillful ;  to  excel.     [06.».] 

Spenser. 
MXS'TER-ItUILD-ER,  (-bild-er,)/i.  Thechief  builder. 
MAS'TER-eiiORD,  (-kord,)  ju    The  chief  chord. 

Moore. 
MAS'TER-DOM,  n.    Dominion  ;  rule.     [J^ot  itsed.] 

Shak. 
MAS'TER-KD,  pp.     Overpowered  ;  subdued. 
MA.S'TER-FyL,  a.     Havmg  the  skill  of  a  master; 

also,  imperious;  arbitrary.     [Obs.]  Milton. 

MaS'TEK-HAND,  71.    A  person  eminently  skillful. 

Pope. 
MAS'TER-ING,  ppr.     Conquering;  overcoming. 
MAS'T!:R-JEST,  71.     Principal  jest.  Iliuhbras. 

MAS'TER-KkY,  f-kee,)7i.  The  key  that  opens  many 
locks,  tlie  suhoruinale  keys  of  which  open  only  one 
each  ;  hence,  fifrar at ivcbj,  a  general  clew  lo  lead  out 
of  many  difficulties.  Dryden. 

MaS'TEK-LESS,  a.    Destitute  of  a  master  or  owner. 

2.  Uugovemed  ;  unsubdued.  [Spenser. 

MAS'TER-LI^NESS,  71.     Masterly  skill. 
MAS'TER-LoDE,  71.     In  mmtfi^-,  the  principal  vein  of 

ore.  Encyc. 

MAS'TER-LY,  a.    Formed  or  executed  with  supl-rior 
skill ;  suitable  to  a  master;  most  excellent ;  skillful ; 
as,  a  masterly  design  ;  a  masterly  performance  ;    a 
masterly  stroke  of  policy. 
2.  Imperious. 
M.\S'TER-LY,  ado.    With  the  skill  of  a  master. 

Thou  dost  speak  masterly.  Shak. 

"  I  think  it  very  masterly  written,"  in  Swift,  is 
improper  or  unusual. 
IMAS'TER-MIND,  7i.    The  chief  mind.    Mrs.  Butler. 
MAS'TER-NOTE,  n.     Tlie  cliief  note.      E.  Everett. 
MAS'TER-FIeCE,  k.     a  capital  performance;   any 
thing  done  or  made  with  superior  or  extraordinary 
skill. 

I'his  wondrous  masterpiece  I  f;uu  would  wc.  Dryden. 

2.  Chief  excellence  or  talent. 

Dissimulation  was  his  TTMslerpicce.  Clarendon. 

ftiAS'TER-SHIP,7i.    Dominion  ;  rule  ;  supreme  power. 

2.  Superiority;  preeminence. 

Where  iiuble  youllis  for  inaxUrahip  stiould  strive.        Dryden. 

3.  Chief  work  J  masterpiece.     [JVoe  used.] 

Dryden. 
A.  Superior  skill.  Shak. 

5.  Title  of  respect  j  in  irony. 

How  now,  signior  L.i.uuce,  what  news  with  your  viattcrship  7 

Sliok. 

6.  The  office  of  president  of  a  college,  or  other  in- 
stitution. 

RUS'TER-SIN'EW,  (-sin'nu,)  7(.  A  large  sinew  that 
sunounds  the  hough  of  a  horse,  and  divides  it  from 
the  bone  by  a  hollow  place,  where  the  wind-galls 
are  usuallv  seated.  Far.  Diet. 

MAS'TER-STRING,  n.     Principal  string.         Rowe. 

JIAS'TER-STROKE,  n.     Capital  |>ei-form.ince. 

Blackmore. 

MAS'TER-TOOTH,  n.     A  principal  tooth.     Bacon. 

MAS'TER-TOUCH,  (-tuch,)  7t.  A  touch  that  speaks 
llie  master  ;  principal  performance.  Tatter. 

JIAS'TER-WORK,  n.    Principal  performance. 

Th</mson. 

MAS'TER-VVORT,  v.  An  umbelliferous  herb;  in 
Enirland,  Imperatoria  Ostruthium  ;  in  J^cto  England, 
Ileraclcum  lanatum. 

MAS'TER-Y,  n.  Dominion;  power  of  governing  or 
commanding. 

If  divided  by  mountains,  tliey  will  fight  for  liic  mojtery  of  the 
pasw.gc3  of  the  tops.  Ralegh. 

2.  Superiority  in  competition  ;  preeminence. 

Every   man  thnt  striveth  for  the   jnastcry,  ia  temperate  in  kII 
Uiing?.  —  1  Cor.  ix. 

3.  Victory  in  war. 

It  ia  not  the  voice  of  them  that  ehout  for  maalcry,  —  Kx.  xzxli. 

4.  Eminent  skill ;  superior  dexterity. 

He  could  nttain  to  si  maaicry  in  all  languages.  TlltoUon. 

5.  Attainment  of  eminent  skill  or  power. 

The  learning-  and  mastery  of  a  tongue,  being  unpleiisanl  in  itself, 
should  not  be  cumbered  with  oilier  (lifficujiics.  Locke. 


MXST'FUL,  a.  Tfrom  mast.']  .'Vbounding  with  mast, 
or  fruit  of  oak,  beech,  and  other  forest  trees  ;  as,  the 
mastfitl  <-heslimt.  Dryden. 

MAS'TIC,      I  ;i.     [Fr.  mastic;  It.  mastice;  D.  mastik; 

MAS'TICII,  (  Sp.  almaciga;  Port,  almcccga ;  Ir.  matc- 
teo^ :  L.  inastiche  :  Gr.  puOTK'i.] 

1.  A  lesm  exuding  from  the  maslic-lree,  a  species 
of  Pistacia.  and  olilained  by  incision.  It  is  in  yel- 
lowish-white, semi  transparent  tears,  of  a  faint  siricll, 
and  is  tised  as  iin  astringent  and  an  aromatic.  It  is 
used  also  as  an  ingredient  in  drying  varnishes. 

Fuu  rcroy.     Kncyc. 

2.  A  kind  of  cement  used  for  plastering  walls,  &,c. 

.Bddlson. 

MAS'TI-CA-BLE,  a.    That  can  be  masticated. 

M  AS-'l't-€A'I>OR,  71.  [Sp.  mascar,  L.  masiico,  to  chew.] 
In  a  bridle,  the  slavuring  bit. 

MAS'TI-CaTE,  v.  t.  [L.  mastico.  Qu.  W.  mesigaw, 
from  vies,  masl,  acorns,  food.] 

To  chew  ;  lo  grind  with  the  teeth  and  prepare  for 
swallowing  and  digestion  j  as,  lo  masticate  food. 

MAS''J'I-Ca-TED,  pp.  or  a.    Chewed. 

MAS'TI-Ca-TING,  ppr.  Chewing;  breaking  inlo 
small  pieces  with  the  teeUi. 

MAS-T1-€a'TJ().\,  v.  The  act  or  operation  of  chew- 
ing solid  food ;  breaking  it  into  smidl  pieces,  :ind 
mixing  it  with  saliva,  thus  preparing  it  for  deghitiiion 
and  more  easy  digestion  in  tjic  slomuch. 

Masticaiion  is  n  necessary  pp<naration  ol  solid  climr-nt,  w'lhoul 
which  Iherc  can  be  no  good  iti^'^atioi).  .\ibitt}i not. 

MAS'TI-CA-TO-RY,  17.  Chewing ;  adapted  to  per- 
form tlic  office  of  chewing  food.      Lawrmcr^s  J  ect. 

MAS''J'I-eA-TO-RY,  n.  A  substance  to  be  cheived  to 
increase  the  saliva.  i'.oxe. 

]\IAS'TI-€OT,7i.  Yellowoxydoflead.  [See  Masucot.] 

MaS'TIFF,  Ti.  ,•  pi.  Mastiki-s.  Mastivks  is  inegnlar. 
The  spelling  RiASTrp  would  be  preferable,  [.'ip.  7nas- 
fi7ii  It.  mastino  ;  Fr.  matin,  for  Jiinstin  ;  Arm.  viastin  ; 
Low  L.  mastivus.] 

A  large  variety  of  dog,  remarkable  for  strength  and 
courage.  Straho  informs  us  that  the  via:itijK-i  of  Urit- 
ain  were  trained  for  war,  and  used  by  llie  Gauls  in 
battle.  Encyc. 

MA-ST'LESS,  a.    Having  no  mast ;  as  a  vessel, 
y.  Bearing  no  mast ;  as,  a  mastless  oak  or  beech. 

MAST' MN.     See  Mesli n.  [ Dryden. 

MAS'TO-DON,  VI.  [Gr.  paarosj  matnilla,  and  (-(Jjuf,  a 
tooth.] 

A  genus  of  mammiferous  and  parhyderniatous 
animals  resembling  the  elephant,  now  extinct,  and 
known  only  by  their  fossil  remains. 

MAS'TOID,'a.  [Gr.  paarui,  the  nipple  or  breast,  and 
€t6oi,  form.] 

Resembling  the  nipple  or  breast  j  as,  the  mastoid 
process. 

:\IAS-TOL'0-GY,  71.  [Gr.  ^aaroj,  tho  breast,  and  Ao- 
j-oj,  discourse.] 

'J'hc  natural  history  of  animals  which  suckle  their 
young;  mazology. 

MAS'TRESS,  for  Mistbkss,  is  not  used.        Chaucer. 

MAS-TUR-IlA'TlON,  7i.     [L.  manus  and  staprum.] 
Onanism ;  self-pollution. 

MAST'Y,  a.  [See  Mast.]  Full  of  mast ;  abounding 
with  acorns,  &c. 

MAT,  n.  [W.  7Hat;  Sax.  mratta;  D.  matt  G.  matte; 
L.  matta  ;  Sp.  mata;  Ir.  matta  ;  Russ.  mat ;  W.  rnath, 
that  is  spread.  The  sense  is,  probably,  a  lay,  or 
spread,  from  falling,  throwing,  or  stretching.  Class 
Md,  No.  G,  8,  9.] 

1.  A  texture  of  sedge,  rushes,  flags,  Imsks,  straw, 
or  other  material,  lo  be  laid  on  a  floor  for  cleaning 
the  boots  and  shoes  of  those  who  enter  a  house,  and 
for  other  purposes.  Carcw. 

2.  A  web  of  rope-yarn  used  in  ships  to  secure  the 
standing  rigging  from  tho  fiiction  of  the  yards,  &c. 

MAT,  V.  t.    To  cover  or  lay  with  mats.  Evelyn. 

9.  To  twist  together  ;  tu  interweave  like  a  mat ;  to 
entangle. 

And  o'er  his  eye-brows  hung  his  malted  hair.  Dryden. 

3.  To  pie,ss  together ;  to  lay  flat ;  as,  mattal  grass. 
IMAT'A-OHtN,  (niat'a-shecn,)  ;(.     [Sp.,  a  buflbon,  a 

grotesque  dance.] 
An  old  dance  with  swords  and  bucklers,    S'ulvcy. 
MAT'A-DoRE,  n.     [f^\\  matador,  a  murderer,  and  a 
card,  from  viatar,  to  kill.] 

1.  One  of  the  ihre<:  principal  cards  in  the  game  of 
omber  and  quadrille,  which  are  always  two  Hack 
aces  and  the  deuce  in  spades  and  clubs,  and  the  sev- 
en in  hearts  and  diamonds.  Johnson.    Pope. 

2.  One  who  kills ;  the  killer ;  the  man  appointed 
to  kill  the  bull  in  l.ull-flghts. 

MATCH,  71.  [Fr.  mcche;  It.  viiccia;  Sp.  and  Port. 
mecha  ;  Arm.  jncc'icnn^  meek.] 

i.  Some  very  combustible  substance  used  for  light- 
ing a  fire,  as  hemp,  flax,  cotton,  tow  dipped  in  sul- 
phur, or  a  speci(;8  of  dry  wood,  called  vulgarly  touch- 

7D00d. 

2.  A  rope  or  cord  made  of  hempen  tow,  composed 
of  three  strands  sliylilly  twisted,  and  again  covered 
with  tow  and  boiled  In  the  lees  of  old  wine.  Tliis, 
when  lighted  at  one  end,  retains  fire  and  burns  slowly 
till  consumed.    It  is  used  in  firing  artillery,  &c. 

Encyc. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MeTE,  PREY — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK. 
698  "  ^^^ 


MAT 

MATCH,  n,  [Sax.  maca^  aiiJ  gemacti^  an  equal,  fellow, 
coinp;tiiion,  D.  makker^  Dan.  maira,  S\v.  muke.] 

1.  A  person  who  is  equal  lu  anolhcr  iti  .strength  or 
othtT  mKiIity  J  one  able  to  cope  with  another. 

GoYcmin-nt — mnltea  tin  ininweiit  man  of  die  lowest   r\nVs  a 
match  for  Uic  inigliliest  of  liia  fcilow-subjccta.        AiUIUon. 

0.  One  that  suits  or  tallies  with  another;  or  any 
tiling  that  equals  another, 
'X  Union  by  marriage. 

IiOVP  itolh  s>?KIom  siUTet  itself  lo  Iw  confitir^d  by  other  malchei 
lh.«i  tliose  of  iU  owa  making.  Boyle. 

In  popular  tan^ua^Cy  it  is  applie;!  to  the  engagement 
of  lovers  before  marriage. 
4.  One  to  be  married. 

Sbe  iiihi'tit'Mi  a  Siir  fortune  of  her  ow-j  — and  wis  looked  upon 
AS  the  richest  match  la  Ihe  wc-al.  Clarendon. 

MATCH,  n.     [Gr.  iiaxfiy  a  battle,  a  fiEjl'.t;  but  probably 
of  the  same  family  as  the  nreceding.] 

A  contest ;  competition  for  victorj' ;  or  a  union  of 
parlies  for  contest  j  as  in  games  or  sports. 

A  solemn  irialch  was  mads ;  he  lost  the  priie,  Dryien, 

MATCH,  V.  t.    To  equal. 

No  settled  senses  of  ihe  world  can  maich 

The  pleAsurc  of  that  nutlness.  Shak. 

2.  To  show  an  equal. 


3.  To  oppose  as  equal ;  to  set  against  as  equal  in 
contest. 

Etiimil  mi^hl 
To  match  with  their  inveiiiions  they  presumed 
So  easy,  and  of  his  thunder  made  a  ficom.  million. 

4.  To  suit ;  to  make  equal  j  to  proportion. 

Let  fofts  match  their  subject  (o  their  sTrength.      lioscommon. 
To  match  patterns  and  colors.  Sici/t. 

5.  To  marry ;  to  give  in  marriage. 

A  senator  of  Rome,  while  Rome  survived, 

Would  not  have  matched  his  daugliter  with  ;i  king.    AcMison. 

6.  To  purify  vessels  by  burning  a  match  in  them. 
MATCH,  V.  i.    To  be  united  in  marriage. 

I  hold  it  a  sin  to  jnalch  in  ray  kindred.  ShaJt. 

IjCt  tigers  match  with  liiads,  and  wolves  with  sheep.    Dryden. 

2.  To  suit ;  to  correspond  ;  to  be  of  equal  size,  fig- 
ure, or  quality  ;  to  tally.  We  say  of  a  piece  of  cloth, 
it  does  not  match  with  another. 

MATCH'A-BLE,  n.     Equal  j  suitable  ;  fit  to  be  joined. 

Spender. 
2.  Corrcspoadent.     [Little.  usedS\  WoodiDord, 

MATCH'-ED,  (matcht,)/*;).  Equaled;  suited;  placed 
in  opposition  ;  married. 

MATCH'ING,  ppr.  Equaling;  suiting;  setting  in  op- 
position ;  uniting  in  marriage. 

MATUH'LESS,  a.  Having  no  equal ;  as,  matcldess 
i:ttpmJence  ;  a  matdUess  queen  ;  inatcldess  love  or 
charms. 

JIATfJH'LESS-LY,  adv.  In  a  manner  or  degree  not 
to  he  equaled, 

MATCH'LEiSS-NESS,  il  The  state  or  quality  of  be- 
ing without  an  equal. 

MATCH'LOCK,  n.  Formerly,  the  lock  of  a  musket 
containing  a  match  for  firing  it;  tho  musket  itself. 

i\IATCH'-MAK-ER,  n.  One  who  makes  matches  for 
burning. 

2.  One  who  contrives  or  effects  a  union  by  mar- 
riage. 

aLVrCU'-MAK-ING,  n.    The  art  of  making  matches. 

ilATE,  n.  [D.  moat;  At.  Ua^  matau^  lo  associate. 
Class  Md,  No.  11.] 

1.  A  companion  ;  an  associate  ;  one  who  customa- 
rily associates  with  another.  Young  persons,  nearly 
of  an  age,  and  frequently  associating,  are  called  iiictcs 
CT  plajjjnates. 

0.  A  husband  or  wife. 

3.  The  male  or  temale  of  animals  which  associate 
for  propagation  and  the  care  of  their  young.    Milton. 

4.  One  that  eats  at  the  same  table. 

5.  One  that  attends  the  same  school ;  a  school- 
male. 

(t.  An  officer  in  a  merchant  ship  or  sJiip  of  war, 
whose  duty  is  to  assist  the  master  or  commander. 
In  a  merchant  ship,  the  mate,  in  the  absence  of  the 
master,  takes  command  of  the  sh.ip.  Large  ships 
have  a  first,  second,  and  third  mate. 

In  general,  mate,  in  compound  words,  denotes  an  as- 
aislairt,  and  ranks  next  in  subordination  to  the  prin- 
cipal ;  as,  master's  mat^  ;  surgeon's  mate^  £l.c. 

7.  {Pron.  ra'i'ta.)    Paraguay  tea.     [See  Matte.] 
!IIaTK,  ?i.    [Sp.  and  Port,  mate ;  Fr.  mat ,-  from  Sp.  ?/«:- 

tar,  lo  kill.] 

In  du.^s,  tlie  state  of  the  king  so  situated  that  he 
can  not  escape. 
3IaTE,  v.  L    To  match  ;  to  marry.     Spetucr.     SJak. 

2.  To  equal ;  to  be  equal  to. 

r'cr  thii3  the  mastful  chestnut  males  tlic  skies.  Dnjden. 

'3.  To  oppose  ;  to  equal 

1.  ''  th'  way  of  loyalty  an.l  truth, 

Oare  mote  a  ?jm-.der  man  than  Surrey  can  be.  S\ak. 

MATE,  B.  t.  [Fr.  mater,  to  mate  in  chess  ;  Sw.  nia«a, 
lo  weaken,  to  enervate ;  Sp.  matar,  to  kill.] 


MAT 

To  enervate  :  to  subdue  ;  to  cnah. 

Audacity  doth  ?.!mo«l  Wud  and  mate  llw  wcaier  §ott  of  mind*. 
[iXol  ut«</.J  Bacon. 

MaTE'LESS,  a.    Having  no  male  or  comiKinion. 

MAT'E-LOTE,ji.  [Fr.]  A  dish  of  food  compose  1  ^  ■ 
many  kinds  of  fish. 

Ma-TE-OL'O-GY,  7(.    [Gr.  /i-iratoj,  vain,  and  X', 
discourse.] 
A  vain  discourse  or  inquiry. 

M.A-TE-O-TEeU'NY,    n.     [Gr.    paratos,  vain,  and 
TiXi^rj,  art.j 
Any  unprofitable  science. 

Ma'TER,  n.  [L.  mot'ier.]  In  anatomy,  the  two  mem- 
branes that  cover  the  cerebrum,  cerebellum,  mcthilla- 
oblongaUi,  and  spinal  cord,  illsiiriguishcJ  from  each 
otlier  by  the  epithets  dura  and  pia. 

MA-TE'RI-A  MED'I-CA  H.  [L]  A  general  name 
for  every  substance  useti  in  medicine.  Encyc. 

2.  An  auxiliary  branch  of  tin;  science  of  medi- 
cine, which  treats  of  the  nature  and  properties  of  all 
the  substances  that  are  employed  for  the  cure  of  dis- 
eases. Ed.  Encyc 

MA-Te'RI-AL,  a,  [It.  materialci  Fr.  viaUrid;  Sp. 
material ;  from  L.  materia,  matter.] 

1.  Consisting  of  matter  ;  not  spiritual ;  as,  material 
substance;  material  bodies. 

2.  Important;  momentous;  more  or  lens  necessa- 
ry ;  having  influence  or  elFect. 

Hold  them  for  C;itholic3  or  heretics,  it  i«  not  a  thing  rory  maleriai 
in  this  question.  Hooker. 

In  the  account  of  simple  idtas,  I  shnll  aot  down  only  such  as  arc 
most  TTialerial  to  our  present  purywic.  Locke. 

So  we  say,  a  material  point ;  a  inatcrial  fault  or  er- 
ror ;  a  material  fact  or  consideration. 

3.  Not,fomial ;  substantial. 

4.  Furnishing  materials;  as,  material  men. 

Wltratony  Rep. 

MA-Te'RI-AL,  n.  The  stibstance  or  matter  of  which 
any  tiling  is  made  ;  as,  wool  is  the  material  uf  eloth  ; 
rags  arc  the  viaterial  of  jiaper. 

:\IA-Te'RI-AL-ISM,  n.  The  doctrine  of  materialists  ; 
the  opinion  of  those  who  maintain  that  the  soul  of 
man  is  not  a  spiritual  substance  distinct  from  matter, 
but  that  it  is  the  result  or  effect  of  the  organiiuition 
of  matter  in  the  body. 

The  irregular  fL^ars  of  a  future  slate  had  been  supolantcd  by  the 
malerialiBm.  of  Kpiciiriif .  Btickmintur. 

2.  Matter ;  material  substances  in  the  aggregate. 
[  Unusual.}  Chalmers. 

MA-TE'iiI-AL-IST,Ti.  One  who  denies  the  existence 
of  spiritual  substances,  and  maintains  tliat  the  soul 
of  man  is  the  result  of  a  particular  organization  of 
matter  in  the  body. 

MA-TE-RI-AL'I-TY,?i.    Material  existence;  corpore- 
ity; not  spirituality.  Digtnj. 
2.  Importance  ;  as,  the  materiality  nf  facts. 

Judge  Chase. 

MA-Te'RI-AL-IZE,  v.  t.  To  reduce  loa  state  of  mat- 
ter ;  also,  to  regard  as  matter.  Reid. 

MA-Te'RI-AL-iZ-£D,  7*^.  or  a.  Reduced  to  a  slate 
of  matter. 

MA-TE'Rt-AL  TZ-ING,  ppr.  Reducing  to  a  state  of 
matter. 

MA-Te'RI-AIj-LY,  adv.    In  the  stale  of  mailer. 

2.  Not  formally  ;  substantially.  [Hotjle, 

An  ill  iiileiition  mny  spoil  an  act  nKUerially  good.  SottOi. 

3.  In  an  important  manner  or  degree  ;  essentially. 
It  materially  concerns  us  to  know  the  real  motives  of 
our  actions. 

MA-TE'Rl-.lL-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  nialcn- 
al ;  importance. 

MA-Te'RI-ATK,      )  „ 

MA-Te'RI-a-TED,  i  ''• 
Consisting  of  matter, 

MA-TE-RI-a'TIOX,   n. 

[M)t  iigcd.]  ,     „„ 

JUjI-TE' RI-EL,  (ma-ri'rc-el,)  n.  [Fr.]  That  in  a 
complex  svstem  which  constitutes  the  materials  or 
instruments  employed,  as  the  ba.L'gagc,  mnnilions, 
provisions,  &c.,  of  an  army,  in  distinction  from  Uie 
pcrsonel,  or  men  ;  or  the  buildings,  libraries,  and  ap- 
paratus of  a  college,  in  distinction  from  its  officers. 

M^-TER'NAL,  a.    [L.  matcriius,  from  mater,  mcithor.J 
Motherly;   pertaining  to  a  mother;  becoming   a 
mother  ;   as,  maternal  love  ;    viatrrnal  tenderness. 

MA-TER'NAL-LY,  adv.    In  a  motherly  manner. 

M\-TER'NI-TY,  n.     [Fr.  tnateniUii.] 

The  character  or  relation  of  a  mother. 

MaT'FEI-tON,  71.  [Sp.  and  l*OTt,matary  Dr.matsen,tQ 
k'M,  and  felon.] 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Centaurea,  knap-weej. 

MATH,  It.     [Sav.  tmtJi.\ 

A  mowing  ;  juf,  in  qfiermaVi. 

MATH-E-MAT'ie,        j  ^^    [L.  maOicmaticiu^.i 

MATH-E-MAT'ie-AL,  i        ^    .  "' 

1.  I'ertaftiing  to  mathematics ;  as,  matAematicai 
kutiwlcdge  ;  mtithcmatical  instruments. 

2.  According  to  the  principles  of  mathematics ;  as, 
mafhcinatical  exactness'.  ,      „  « 

MATH-E-MAT'l€>AI^LV,    adv.      Accordmg  to  tlic 
laws  or  principles  of  mathematical  science. 
«   W'tli  mathematical  certainly  ;  demonstrably. 

licniicn. 


MAT 

MATH-P^MA-Tf'rr.AV.   f^ytt'sst,)  n.     fKf. 


measured  or 

iiilopu«  i.r 

Blmctl'. 

treat - 

and  <• 

craiion-.     -I.  -lii  i. 

try,  and  conic  ^  ct 
M.VI'H  E-MKG,«.    .\ 

Hudiwm'ii  Hay. 
MATH'Ea.n.    An  hcfb. 
MA-TilE'til.S,  n.    [Gr.  paOircif-l 
Learning  ;  parUcttlttriy,  m*''-  - 

MAT'LV,  a.    [Fr.  matin,  m- 

Li.  matatiniu.] 
PcrUaininc  to  the  momine  ;  lu 

ax,  a  mati-i  tn]in[K't. 

M.Vr'LV,  n.    Slonilnc.    [JV- 

SIAT'KNS,  n-  pi.     Morning  ■■ 

ing  prayera  or  ixrnri. 


[L.  materiatas.l 

.     [LiUle  used.]  Bacon. 

The  act  of  forming  matter. 
Brown. 


■Hr 
Toe 

2.  Time  of  niurii' 
hour  in  the  IComnn  > 
ilAT'RA.-s   ..       !  r. 
word 
ilart. 

then,  !„■ 

.\  ciicuiotl ;  a  cli 
egg,  or  with  a  liih  : 
tlio  purposes  of  oi:: 
[icrsedcd,  in  the  ni 

MAT'REPS.    Sec  Ma.      . 
Ma 'TRICE, )  „     „    „^,  -, 
MA'TRIX,    r-    i^^'^' 
The  womb;  the  cavity  ; 

animal  is  formed  and  iio-j: 
MAT'RICE,   (mat'ru,)   n. 

which  any  ihing  is  funned, 

as,  the  matr'u  of  a  type. 

2-  The  place  or  sub.-tance  in 

formed  or  produced ;  as,  the  n^r 
3.  In  dyeifiiTj  Ihe  five  simple  * 

blue,  red,  and  yellow,  of  which  ;. 

posed. 
MAT'RI-Cr-DAL.c    Pcrtri 
MAT'RI-CIDE,  «.     [L.   w.. 

and  ej-do,  lo  slay.] 

1.  The  killing  or 

2.  The  killer  or  : 
M.\-TRie'U-L.\TK, 

ister,  fnjm  uuJriz,] 

To  enter  or  admit  to  mcmbcr^i 
ciely,  particularly  in.it  -IK-.    .• 
rolling  the  n-tm"  in 
M.VTRIC'U.LATK. 
and  thus  admitted  :  ■ 

MA-TRie'U-LA-TED,r.p.  ■ 
lo  memlwrship  in  a  suci'  '. 


Vi?rsity. 
MA-TRI€-tI-LA'TIO\\ 


Tbc  tut  of  RflflcttBS  a 


name  and  admitting  to  mcuiV  r-Tiir*.  -*Wlf*^ 

.M.\T-Rl-MO'>'l-AL,x    [11.  ■■    SrcM4T- 

BIMONT.]  ^  _^. 

1.  IVrlaining  lo  n:in:  ■:   iJ-a, -at ; 

hymen I'al ;  a.^,  uc'  ■ 
'a.  Derived  from  i 

If  h-  relW  f'O  ''wi  -- 

hafe  rather  •  rtaj-v  ■^■— ^.  :— "   ■ 

MAT-RI-Mo'M-AL-LV,flifr.    A> 

ner  or  laws  of  marria^r-.-. 
M.VT-RI-.MO'NI-OUS, «.    Matrin. 

M.VT'RI-MO-NTT,  a.     [L.  matrix.... 

mi>Uier.]  ,  . 

Marriage ;  wedlock  ;  the  union  of  man  and  wipiain 
for  life ;  the  nuptial  slate. 

If  anr  ta-ia  kniiw  must  why  Um  eoti,- 


See  Matricc. 

[Fr.  n(«fJVH<  :  L.  - 


MA  TRIX. 
MATT^ON, 
mother.] 
An  elderly  married  woman,  o: 

MAT'ROX-.VGE.  k.  The  <it.Ic  : 
MAT'RON-AL,  u.  [U  w-' 
IVrlaininc  to  a  mainm  . 
or  to  a  in:irricd  woman  ;  j 
M  VT'RON-HOOD,  a.  Si..- 
MAT'ROX-rzf.  r.  1.     To  r 


TONE,  IJULL,  L:NITE.— 


AN"GER.  VI"CIOUS.-€  as  K ;  0  as  J ;  S  a^  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  a5  in^HS 


MAT 

M\  r'it(  )N-IZ-/;i),  pp'    Uondercd  miUroiilike. 
MAT'IiOX-T/IXG,  I'pr.    KenderiiiK  inntronlikc. 
MAT'RO.VLTKK,  a.    Hiiviiig  the  manner)  of  an  el- 
derly wotnaii ;  firave  ;  sedate;  bf-ctmiing  a  matron. 
MAT'RON-LY,  a.    Elderly;  advanced  in  years. 

R[A-TROSS',  71.  [D.  mntroos;  S\v.  Dan.  and  Russ. 
matrosy  a  sailor ;  D.  maat^  a  mate ;  maats^  fellows, 
sailors  ;  Fr.  mateiot.  In  Arm.  niartelot  is  a  colleague. 
The  word  seems  to  be  from  mdfc] 

Jilatros^es  are  soldiers  in  a  tram  of  artillery,  who 
are  next  tu  the  gnnners,  and  a^^itist  them  in  loading, 
firinj;,  and  sponginf;  the  guns.  They  carry  firelocks, 
and  ntarch  with  the  store-wagons  as  gtiards  and  as- 
sistants. Bailey.     Knajc. 

MAT'TA-JIORE,  n.  In  the  East,  a  subterranean  re- 
pository for  wheat.  Pcrlikurst.     Shaw. 

MATTE,  (mat.)  n.  Crude,  black  copper  reduced, 
but  not  rclinen  from  sulphur,  6cc.  [frc. 

2.  A  small  plant  used  in  South  America  as  a  sub- 
stitute for  tea  ;  Paraguay  tea.  S.  E.  Morse. 

MAT'TED,;>p.  or  a.     Laid  with  mats  _;  entangled. 

MAT'TER,  7(.  [  L.  Sp.  and  It.  vtufcria;  Er.  matidre ; 
Arm.  matcry ;  W.  rnatcr,  what  is  produced,  occasion, 
alTair,  miUtcr;  madrez,  pus,  matter;  ntadni,  to  putrefy 
or  dissolve.  Owen  deduces  mater  from  mad^  what 
proceeds  or  advances,  a  good  ;  jnailu,,  to  cause  to  pro- 
ceed, to  render  productive  ;  mtuly  good,  beneficial, 
that  is,  advancing,  progressive.  Here  we  have  a 
clear  idea  of  theradiciil  sense  o^  sood.,  which  is,  pro- 
ceeding, advancing.  .\  /rood  is  that  which  advances 
or  promotes ;  and  hence  wc  see  the  connection  be- 
tween this  word  rnnd  and  matter,  pus,  both  from  jiro- 


gre^sivmcss.    The  original  verb  is  in  the  Ar.  4X-0 

moilda,  to  extend,  to  reach  or  stretch,  to  be  tall,  to 
thrust  out,  to  excrete,  to  produce  pus,  to  yawn  ;  de- 
rivatives, pus,  sanies,  matter.  This  verb,  in  Heb. 
and  Ch.,  signifies,  to  measure^  and  is  the  same  as 
the  L.  mctioTy  Gr.  iutqim.  In  Syriac,  it  signifies,  to 
escape.] 

1.  Substance  excreted  from  living  animal  bodies  ; 
that  which  is  thrown  out  or  discharged  in  a  tumor, 
boil,  or  abscess ;  pus ;  purulent  substance  collected 
in  an  abscess,  the  effect  of  suppuration  more  or  less 
Iierfect ;  as,  digested  matter;  sanious  matter. 

2.  Body  ;  substance  extended  ;  that  which  is  visi- 
ble or  tangible;  as,  earth,  wood,  stone,  air,  vajior, 
water. 

3.  In  a  jnore  t^cnrral  and  philosophic  scjise,  the  sub- 
stance of  which  all  bodies  arc  constituted. 

Matter  is  usually  divided  by  pliilosophical  writers 
into  three  kinds  or  classes;  .-iolid,  liquid,  and  aeriform. 
Solid  substances  are  those  whose  parts  firmly  cohere 
and  resist  impression,  as  wood  or  stone  ;  lifjuids  have 
free  motioti  among  their  parts,  and  easily  yield  to  im- 
pression, as  water  and  wine,  .^ifriform  substances 
are  clastic  lluids,  called  vapors  and  gases,  as  air  and 
oxygen  gas. 

4.  Subject ;  thing  treated ;  that  about  which  we 
write  or  speak ;  that  which  employs  thought  or  ex- 
cites emotion ;  as,  this  is  matter  of  praise,  of  grati- 
tude, or  of  astonishment. 

Son  of  Gm!,  Savior  of  men,  ihy  ii.iuie 

SIiaII  \k  tlic  copious  mailer  of  my  Bon*.  liTdton. 

5.  The  very  thing  supposed  or  intended. 

He  jmiiU  the  cl'Mn^;  lo  Iiavc  come  bo  very  near  the  viaUer,  that 
fiw  escaped.  TUlolBOTi. 

6.  Affair  ;  business  ;  event ;  thing;  course  of  things. 
Maltcrs  have  succeeded  Avell  thus  far ;  observe  how 
viatt^rs  stand  ;  thus  the  matler  rests  at  present ;  thus 
the  matter  ciuled. 

To  help  the  mailer,  the  ulchemists  c.iU  in  many  v-inilies  from 
ofllrology.  Bacon. 

Some  younjr  icmale  arcms  to  have  wrri'.-d  maUera  eo  far,  that 
she  is  npc  for  asking  advice.  Speclalor. 

7.  Cause  of  any  event,  as  of  any  disturbance,  or 
of  a  disease,  or  of  a  difiiculty.  When  a  moving  ma- 
rhinc  stops  suddenly,  we  ask,  what  is  the  matter  ? 
When  a  person  is  ill,  wc  ask,  v.-hat  is  the  7natUr  ? 
When  a  tunmit  or  quarrel  takes  place,  wc  ask,  what 
is  the  matter! 

8.  Subject  of  complaint;  suit;  demand. 

If  the  nuUttr  nhouM  be  tried  by  duel  between  two  champions. 


Every  crent  mrMer  ttvcy  aliall  brine 

mauer  they  shall  Judge.  — Exoti.  xviil. 


thcc,  but  every  small 

liL 

9.  Import ;  consequence  ;  importance ;  moment 

Dryden. 


A  prophet  «ome,  and  some  a  poi-l  cry ; 
No  malter  which,  so  neither  of  ihr^m  lie. 


10.  space  of  time;  a  portion  of  distance. 


I  have  IhotigtitA  to  tnrrr  n  small  inattcr. 
Away  lie  jjocs,  a  inntlcr  of  seven  inilca. 


Congrevr.. 
L'Eitrange. 


Upon  the  matter;  considering  the  whole  ;  taking  all 
things  into  view.  'J'his  phrase  is  now  obsolete  ;  hut 
in  lieu  of  it,  we  sometimes  use,  upon  the  wliolc  mat- 
ter. 

Waller,  with  Sir  Willbm  Balfonr,  excepded  in  hor«,  but  were, 
upon  tite  whole  uialUr,  equiU  in  fuuU  CUirtndon. 

[  Matter  of  rcr.ord ;  that  which  is  recorded,  or  which 

I        may  be  proved  by  record. 


MAT 

MAT'TER,  V.  1.  To  be  of  importance;  to  import; 
used  with  it,  tJiis,  that,  or  what.  This  matters  not ; 
that  matters  not ;  chiefly  used  in  negative  phrases ; 
as,  what  matters  it  ? 

Jl  maltert  not  how  ihey  are  called,  so  we  know  who  they  nrr. 

2.  To  maturate  ;  to  form  pus ;  to  collect,  as  matter 

in  an  abscess. 

K  ich  Blight  sore  maUereth.     [Litlle  used,]  Sidney. 

[JVe  vow  tisc  Matuhate.] 
MAT'TER,  V.  t.    To  reganl.     [JVot  itscd.] 
!\IAT'TER-£D,  pp.    Regarded  ;  imported. 

2.  Maturated;  collected,  ns  perfect  pii^'  iu  an  ab- 
scess. 
IVIAT'TER-LESS,  a.    Void  of  matter.       B.  Jonson. 
MAT'TER-OF-FACT'-MAN,  7..     A  term,  of  inodcm 
timca.  for  a  grave  and  preci:;e  narrator,  remarkcr,  or 
inquirer  ;  one  who  sticks  to  tlie  matter  of  any  fact. 
MAT'TER-Y,  a.      Purulent;   generating  pus;  as,  a 
vinttcrij  cough.  Harvey. 

2.  linportaiit.     [  Ohs."]  B.  Jonson. 

MAT'TING,  ppr.    Covering  with  mats  ;  entangling. 
MAT'TING,  n.     A  texture  cdmpnsed  ttf  nisiies,  tlags, 
gras^,  straw,  &c.,  used  in  packing  various  articles, 
and  also  for  covering  tlie  lioors  of  houses. 
2.  Materials  for  mats. 
M.\T'TOCK,  71.     [Sax.  mattuc;  W.  -matofr.] 

A  kind  of  jjickax,  having  the  iron  ends  broad,  in- 
stead of  pointed.  Smart. 
MAT'TRESS,  71.  [W.  matras ;  D.  id.;  It.  materasso  ; 
G.  matratze;  Fr.  mntclas ;  Arm.  viatctagz,  from  Titat. 
Matress,  accordhig  to  the  etymolog}',  would  be  a 
mor'-  correct  spelling.] 

A  quilted  bc[I  ;  a  bed  stuffed  with  hair,  moss,  ur 
other  soft  material,  and  quilted. 
MAT'U-RANT,  ii.     [L.  mtauro,  from  vintnnis,  mature, 
ripe.]" 

In  pharmacy,  a  medicine,  or  application  to  an  in- 
flamed part,  wliich  promotes  suppuration.     ICneyc. 
MAT'U-RaTE,  17.  t.     [L.  maturo,  to  liasien,  from  ma- 
turiis,  ripe.] 
To  prom'ite  perfect  suppuration. 
MATTj-RaTE,  v.  i.    To  suppurate  perferllv. 
MAT'U-Ra-TED,  pp.     I'erfcclly  suppurated". 
MAT'l^-R.^-TING,  ppr.    Suppurating  perfectly,  as  an 

ab'icess. 
I\IAT-U-Ra'TION,  n.     Tlie  process  of  ripening  or 
coming  to  maturity  ;  ripeness.  Bacon. 

2.  The  proc'-.-^s  of  suppuraliug  perfectly  ;  suppura- 
tion ;  the  forming  of  pus  in  iutlammations.     Quiucy. 

MAT'lJ-RA-TIVE,  a.  Ripening;  conducing  to  ripe- 
ness. 

9.  Conducing  to  perfect  suppuration,  or  the  forma- 
tion of  matter  in  an  abscess. 

MA-TOUE',  a.  [h.  mutunis  ;  Dan.  inocd,  moedcn.  In 
W.  m&d  is,  complete,  perfect,  mature  ;  and  medi  sig- 
nifies, to  reap,  L.  vtcto.  So  ripe,  iu  English,  seems 
to  be  connected  with  reap.  In  Ch.  K'JO  signifies,  to 
come  to,  to  reach,  to  be  mature.    See  Meet.] 

1.  Ripe;  perfected  by  time  or  natural  growth ;  as, 
a  man  of  viature  age.  Wo  apply  it  to  a  young  man 
who  has  arrived  to  the  age  when  he  is  supposed  to 
be  competent  lo  manage  his  own  concerns ;  to  a 
young  woman  who  is  fit  to  be  married  ;  and  to  el- 
derly men  who  have  much  experience. 

Tlicir  prince  is  n  man  of  learnitrg  and  virtue,  mature  in  years. 

Addison, 
Mature  the  virgin  wns,  of  Egypt's  race.  Prior. 

How  shall  1  meet  or  how  accost  die  sap?, 
Uiisliillcd  in  speech,  nor  yet  mature  ol  a^c  ?  Pope. 

9.  Rrougbt  to  perfection  ;  wjerfo/pZaH/-^-.  The  wheat 
is  jnature. 

3.  Completed  ;  prepared  ;  ready.  The  plan  or 
scheme  was  mature. 

This  lies  glowhi;,  and  is  mature  for  the  violent  breukin^out. 

Shak, 

4.  Come  to  suppuration. 
MA-TORE',  V,  t.     [L.  jnatitm.] 

1.  To  ripen ;  to  hasten  lo  a  perfect  state ;  to  pro- 
mote ripeness. 

Prick  an  apple  Willi  a  pin  fnlt  of  liolci,  not  ileep,  and  smear  it 
with  sack,  to  see  if  ttic  virtiini  heal  of  Uig  wine  will  not  ma- 
ture il.  Bacon. 

2.  To  advance  toward  perfection. 

I,ove  indulged  my  labors  past, 

Matures  my  present,  and  shall  lx>und  niy  Ia»t.  Pope. 

MA-TuRE',  V.  i.  To  advance  toward  ripeness  ;  to  be- 
come ripe  or  perfect.  Wine  matures  by  age,  or  by 
agitation  in  a  long  voyage.  The  judgment  7na(Hrw 
by  age  and  experience. 

MA-TuR'£D,  pp.  or  a.  Ripened  ;  advanced  to  perfec- 
tion ;  prepared. 

MA-TuRE'LY",  adr.    With  ripeness  ;  completely. 

2.  W^ith  full  deliberation,  A  prmc(;,  entering  on 
war,  oiii^ht  maturely  to  consider  the  state  of  his 
finances. 

3.  Early  ;  soon.    [A  Latinism,  little  used.]    BcntJn/. 
MAT-Tj-RES'CENT,  a.    Approaching  to  mattirity.    ' 
.MA-TCR'ING,  ppr.    Ripening  ;  being  in  or  coming  lo 

a  com{)letc  stale. 
MA-TO'RI-TY,      )  71,    Ripeness  ;  a  slate  of  perfection 
MA-TuRE'NESS,  {      or  rnmpleteness  ;  as,  the  vtalitri- 
ty  of  age  or  of  judgment ;  the  maturity  of  corn  or  of 
gniss  ;  the  maturity  of  a  plan  or  scheme. 


MAX 

2.  In  commerce,  ihc  viatvrity  of  a  note  or  hill  of  ex- 
change is  the  time  when  it  becomes  due. 
MA'i'T-TI-NAL,  >         rr         ,  ,-        ^ 
MAT'IJ-TINE,      r*     [L."'c(«f.««--.] 

Pertaining  to  the  morning.  Hcrhcrt. 

MAT'WEED,  71.     A  plant  of  the  genus  Lygeum. 
MAUD'LIN,  a,     [Corrupted  from  Magdalen,  who  is 
drawn  by  painters  v/ith  eyes  swelled  and  red  willi 
weeping.] 

Drunk  ;  fuddled  ;  approaching  to  intoxication  ;  stu- 
pid. 

And  the  kind  maudlin  cruwd  rnclu  in  her  prai«.      SoutJiern. 

MAUD'LIN.  71.    A  plant  of  the  genus  Achillea. 
MAU'GER,  )  adv.       [Fr.   malgr^,   ill   will  ;    mal  and 
MAU'GKE,  i     ^6.] 

In  spite  of;   in  opposition  to;  notwithstanding; 
ii^cd  only  in  burlesque. 

This,  Tiiauger  all  the  world,  will  1  keep  safe.  Skak, 

MAU'KIN.    See  Malkin. 

MAUL,  V.     [L.  malleus.    See  Mall,] 

A  heavy  wooden  hammer  ;  written  also  Mali.. 
MAUL,  7'.  t.    To  beat  and  bruise  v/ith  a  heavy  stick 
or  cutigcl ;  to  wound  in  a  coarse  manner. 


Meek  modern  failh  lo  murder,  hack,  and  tnavJ. 


Pope. 


MAVL'EX),  pp.    limised  with  a  heavy  stick  or  cudgel. 
I\IAUL'ING,  ppr.     Reating  with  a  cudgel. 
MAUL'-STICK,  71.     [G.  viaJilm-stock.] 

Tlje  stick  used  by  painters  of  pictures  to  keep  the 
hand  steady  in  working. 
MAUNCH,  (milnsh,)  71.     [Fr.  mancke.] 

A  loose  sleeve.     [JVot  jtscd.]  Herbert. 

[In  heraldry,  a  sleeve.  —  /•-.  IT.  Barker.'\ 
MAUND  or  MAUNU,  v.     [Sax.  mand;  IJ.  viand.] 

1.  A  hand-basket ;  award  used  in  Scotland. 

2.  A  Bengal  weight  of  100  pounds  troy, or  82  avoir- 
dupois. Mnlcom. 

MAUICD  or  MAUN'D,  )  v.  t.  and  t.    To  mnt- 

MAUND'ERor  MAUN'DER,  i  ter;  to  murmur;  lo 
grumble;  to  beg.     [Obs.] 

MAUND'ER  or  MAUND'ER,  it.    A  beggar.     [Obs.] 

MAUNO'ER-ER  orMAUND'ER-ER,  71.  A  grumbler. 
\0h.^.] 

MAUND'ER-ING  or  M AUND'ER-ING, «.  Complaint. 
[Obs.] 

MAUN'DRIL,  n.  In  goal  mines,  a  pick  with  two 
shanks. 

MAUN'DY-TIIURS'DAY,  n.  [Supposed  to  be  from 
Sax.  inand,  a  basket,  because  on  that  day  princes  used 
to  give  alms  to  the  poor  from  their  baskets  ;  or  from 
dies  mandali,  the  day  of  command,  on  which  day  our 
.Savior  gave  his  great  mandate,  tliat  we  should  Jove 
one  another.    Lije.    Johnson,] 

The  Thursday  in  Passion-weok,  or  next  before 
Good-Friday. 

MAU-SO-Li^'AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  mausoleum  ; 
monumenlal.  Burtoit. 

MAU-SO-Le'UM,  71,  [L. ;  Fr.  7jmjtso/ce ;  from  Man- 
solus,  king  of  Caria,  to  whom  Artemisia,  his  widow, 
erected  a  stately  monument.] 

A  magnificent  tomb,  or  stately  sepulchral  monu- 
ment. 

MAU'THER,  71.    A  foolish  young  girl.     [JVof  used.] 

B.  Jonson. 

MAU-VjIISE'  HOJ^TE',  (mo-vax' ont',)  n.  [Fr.] 
Bashfulness ;  false  modesty. 

Ma'VIS,  n.     [Fr,  mauvbi,] 

The  throstle  or  song-thrush  ;    Turdus  musieus  of 
LinnEus.  P.  Cye. 

MAW,  71.  [Sax.  inaga  ;  Sw.  vwgc ;  D.  maag ;  G.  via- 
gen.] 

1.  The  stomach  of  brutes  ;  applied  to  the  stomach 
of  human  beings  iu  cnntempt  only. 

2.  The  craw  of  fowls.  Arbiitlmot. 
MAAVIv,  71.     A  maggot ;  a  slattern.     [J^ot  in  use.] 
MAWK'ING-LY,  adc.    Slatternly  ;  siuttishly. 

Bp.  Taylor. 
MAWK'ISH,  Q.    Apt  to  cause  satiety  or  loathing. 

So  sweetly  mawkish,  and  so  smoothly  dull.  Pope. 

MAWK'ISH-LY,  adv.    In  a  mawkish  way. 
MAWK'ISH-NESS,  n.    Aptness  to  cause  loathing. 
MAWKS,  7(.  A  great,  awkward,  ill-dressed  girl.  [Ful- 

jTrtr.]  Smart. 

MAWK'Y,  (I.     Maggoty.     [Local.]  Grose. 

JVIAW'MET,  V.     [from  Mahomet.]     A  puppet ;  ancicnt- 

/j/,  an  idol.     [Ohs.]  melif. 

MAW'JMET-RY,  n.  The  religion  of  IMohammgd  ;  also, 

idolatry.     [O&s.j  Chaucer. 

MAW'MISH,  a.     [from  maw,  or  inatomct.] 

Foolish;  silly;  idle;  nauseous.  L'Estran^c. 

SrAW'WORM,  11.    A  worm  that  infests  the  stomach. 

Harvey. 
MAX'IL-LAR,      }  a.    [L.  maxillaris,  from  7nr/xt;/fl,"llie 
MAX'IL-LA-RY,  (    jaw-bone  ;  probably  from  the  root 

of  mash.] 
Pertaining  to  the  jaw;  as,  the  7Raa:r/^ri/ bones  or 

ulands. 
i\IAX-IL'LI-FORM,  a.    In  the  form  of  a  cheek-bone. 
MAX-IL'U-PKD,  71,     [L.  maTilla,jnw,  and  pe,t,  foot.] 
Jaw-foot ;  a  term  applied  to  the  short,  foot-like  ap- 

pciuiages  that  cover  the  mouth  in  a  crab,  lobster,  or 

allied  animal. 


i| 


PATE,  FAR,  PALL,  WHAT.  — METE.  PEEY.  — PINE,  JIAIKNE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOQK.  - 

700       ' 


MAY 

M.VX'IM,  H.  [Fr.  viazimej  IC  massima,  h.  maximum ^ 
liter;illy,  tLe  yrentesL] 

1.  An  est:tblisUed  principle  or  proposition  ;  a  prin- 
ciple geneniliy  received  or  iidtnilted  as  true.  It  is 
nearly  itie  same,  io  popular  TL>agCy  as  Axiom  in  phi- 
lo^ap/uj  and  maUteiiiatic^. 

Il  is  ft  mazim  of  stale,  li»:vt  countries  new;y  Rcquircil,  ami  not 
Hjtlled,  are  in-ittcre  of  bun.len,  nvlhur  Hum  of  sirco^h. 

Ilitcon. 
U  is  tlieir  marim.  Love  is  love's  reward.  DrrjUeti. 

2.  In  music,  the  longest  note  formerly  used,  equal 
to  two  longs,  (If  four  breves  ;  a  large.  fiiw&y. 

M.VX'IM-MO-N"GER,  (-mung'ger,)  it.  One  who  deals 
much  in  maxims.  Chc::UrJield, 

WAX'IM-UM,  ?(.  [L.]  In  viaUicynatics^  the  greatest 
number  or  quantity  attainable  in  any  given  case ;  oi>- 
poscd  to  Minimum. 

MaV,  v.     [L.  J\laiu3 ;  Fr.  Mai ;  It.  Ma^'Tio  ;  Sp.  Jiluyo.'] 

1.  Tile  fifth  month  of  the  year,  lK-;;iiining  with 
Januar}',  but  the  third,  beginning  with  .M;iich,  as 
was  the  ancient  practice  of  the  Romans. 

2.  [Goth,  viav^i.    See  Maid.]     A  young  womun. 

3.  The  early  part  of  life. 

His  May  of  youth  aud  bloom  of  lusliliood.  Shak, 

MaY,  r.  I.  To  gather  flowers  in  M.iy  morning.  Sidney. 

MAY,  verb  aiLc. ;  prct.  Might.  [Sax.  magan,  to  be 
strong  or  able,  to  avail ;  D.  vicijer.,  or  vioogen ;  G.  mU- 
n-eij ;  Russ.  mogit.  The  old  pret.  Mought  is  obsolete, 
but  not  wholly  extinct  from  our  common  people.  The 
sense  is,  to  stmin  or  press.] 

1.  To  be  possible.  We  say,  a  thing  may  be,  or  may 
not  be  ;  an  event  miiy  happen  ;  a  thing  may  be  done, 
if  means  are  not  wanting. 

2.  To  have  physical  force  ;  to  be  able. 

M.ike  th?  most  of  Ul'e  you  may.  Bounxe. 

3.  To  have  moral  power ;  to  have  liberty,  leave,  li- 
cense, or  permission  ;  to  be  permitted  ;  to  be  allowed. 
A  man  may  do  what  the  laws  permit.  lie  may  do 
what  is  not  against  decency,  propriety,  or  good  man- 
ners. VVe  may  not  \iolate  the  laws  or  the  rules  of 
good  breeding.  I  told  the  servant  he  might  be  ab- 
senL 

Thou  mayesl  \j&  nc  loD^r  stu'wanl.  — Luke  xvi, 

4.  It  is  used  in  prayer  and  petitions  to  express  de- 
sire. O,  may  we  never  experience  the  evils  we  dread. 
So  also  in  expressions  of  good  will.  Jttay  you  live 
happily,  and  be  a  blessing  to  your  countr>'.  It  was 
formerly  used  for  Can,  and  its  radical  sense  is  the 
same. 

J^Iay  be,  it  may  6c,  mayhap,  are  expressions  equiva- 
lent to  pa-haps,  by  chance^  pcradventare,  that  is,  it  is 
possible  to  be. 

MaY'-.'VP-PLE,  (ma'ap-pl,)  n.  The  fruit  of  an  Amer- 
ican plant.  Podophyllum  peltalum. 

MaY'.'JLOOM,  n.    The  hawthorn. 

&1aY'-BUG,  11.  A  chafer ;  a  buzzing  insect.  AiiisworHi. 

MaY'BUSII,  It.    A  plant  of  the  genus  Crattegus. 

M.\Y'-DaY,  ;i.    The  first  day  of  May. 

MaY'-DEW,  (nia'du,)  ii.  The  dew  of  May,  which  is 
said  to  whiten  Imen,  and  to  afford,  by  repeated  dis- 
tillations, a  red  and  odoriferous  spirit.  It  has  been 
supposed  that  from  the  preparation  of  tliis  dew  the 
Rosicrucians  took  their  name.  Encyc. 

MaY'DuKE,  71.    A  variety  of  the  common  cherry. 

MaY'FLOVV-ER,  n.  A  plant ;  a  flower  that  appears 
in  May.  Bacon. 

MaY'FL^,  n.    An  insect  or  fly  that  appears  in  i\Iay. 

Walton, 

MaY'-GaME,  ti.  Sport  or  diversion  j  play  such  as  is 
used  on  tlic  first  of  May.  Dryden. 

MaY'-La-DY,  n.  The  queen  or  lady  of  May,  in  old 
May  games.  Dryden. 

MaY'-LIL-Y,  n.  The  lily  of  the  valley,  Convallaria 
-Mnjalis. 

MaY'-.MOR.V,  ri.    Freshness;  vigor.  S}iaJ{. 

M.aY'-PoLE,  ;i.  a  pole  to  dance  round  in  May ;  a 
long  pole  erected. 

MAY'-urEEi^,  n.  A  young  female  crowned  with 
flowers  as  queen  at  the  celebration  of  i\iay-day. 

M.aY'VVEED,  a.    A  low  herb,  .-Viithemis  Cotula,  grow- 

MaY'HEM.    See  Maim.  [ing  by  roadsides,  k.z. 

MaY'ING,  n.    The  gathering  of  flowers  on  May-day. 

MaY'OR,  «.  [Fr.  waire  ;  !Xorm.  maeur.,  viair,  vicyre  ; 
Axm.viear;  W.  maer,  one  stationed,  one  that  looks 
after  or  tends,  one  lliat  keeps  or  guards,  a  provost,  a 
viayor,  a  bailiff;  maer  y  bL»wal,  a  land  steward,  tlie 
keeper  of  a  cow-lair ;  iimcrdrcv,  a  dair^'  hamlet ;  ma- 
erdy,  a  dairy  farm  ;  viaeron,  a  male  keeper  or  dairy 
farmer;  macres,  a  female  who  looks  after,  a  dairj- 
woman  ;  macroniy  the  office  of  a  keeper,  superintend- 
ency,  mayoralty  :  Arm.  miret,  to  keep,  stop,  liold, 
coinciding  with  Fr.  inlrer,  L.  mirur,  the  primary  sense 
of  which  is  precisely  the  same  as  in  the  Armoric, 
(See  Admirable  and  .Miraclk.)  A  mayor,  then,  was 
originally  an  overseer,  and,  among  countr>'  gentle- 
men, a  steward,  a  kind  of  domestic  bailiff;  rendered 
in  the  writing  of  tlie  middle  ages  TilliciLs.  (See 
Spelman,  ad  voc.)  The  derivation  of  the  word  from 
L.  major  is  undoubtedl}"  an  error.] 

The  chief  magistrate  of  a  city,  wlio,  in  London 
and  York,  is  called  lord  mayor.  The  mayor  of  a  city, 
in  .\nierica,  is  the  chief  judge  of  the  city  court,  and 


MEA 


ML  A 


is  assisted,  in  aome  cases  al  leant,  by  two  or  more  l 
aldermen.  To  the  lord  niavor  of  l^iidon  belong  ! 
several  courts  of  judicature,  :i;*  ihu  hiii^iing;:,  court  of 
requests,  and  cuurt  of  common  council. 

MaY'OR-AL-TY,  ».    The  office  of  a  mayor.  Baton. 

.MaY'OR-ESS,  k.    The  wife  of  :i  mayor. 

MA7.'A-G.\N,  n.  A  variety  of  ilij  common  bean, 
Faha  vulgaris. 

MAZ'ARD,  71.  [probably  from  the  root  of  maxh;  Fr. 
machoire.'\ 

1.  TiK'jaw.    [J^otiised.]  Shak.    Iladibrtu. 
9.  A  black  cherry. 

MAZ'ARD,  V.  t.    To  knock  on  the  head.    [J^ot  in  use.] 

H.  Junsan. 
MAZ-A-RINE',  (maz-a-reen',)  tj.    A  deep  blue  color, 

2.  A  particular  way  of  dn;ssing  fowls. 

_  3.  A  little  dish  set  in  a  large  one.  Aah. 

Maze,  71.  [Sax.  masc,  a  whirlpocd  ;  .\rm.  me:,  con- 
fusion or  shame.  The  origin  and  afliniiies  of  iliis 
word  ard  not  ascertained.] 

1.  A  winding  and  turning;  perplexed  stale  of 
things;  intricacy;  a  state  that  cmbarrassej. 

Thi;  ways  of  Hcavi;n  are  dark  and  intritit'-. 

Puzzled  wilh  »wize*,  and  perplexed  ivilh  error.  AddUon. 

2.  Confusion  of  thought :  perplexity;  uncertainty. 

3.  A  labyrinth. 

Maze,  v.  t.  To  bewilder;  to  confound  wilh  intri- 
cacy ;  to  amaze.  Spenser. 

Maze,  v.  i.     To  be  bewildered.     [Ohs.]        Chaucer. 

MaZ'ED-NESS,  71.    Confusion  ;  astonishment.    [Obs.] 

Cltaucer. 

MAZ'ER,7i.  A  maple  cup.  [Oi^\]  Spenser.     Dnjdeiu 

Ma'ZI-LY,  adc.     With  perplexity. 

MA'Zl-NESS,  71.     Perplexity. 

I\IAZ-0-LOG'ie-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  uKizology. 

MA-ZOL'O-GIST,  71.     One  versed  in  niazolog>'. 

MA-ZOL'0-GY,  7(.  [Gr.  /in^ys,  a  breast,  and  loyoi, 
discourse.] 

That  branch  of  zoology  which  treats  of  mammif- 
erous  animals.  Edin.  Encyc. 

Ma'ZY,  a.  Winding  ;  perplexed  with  turns  and 
windings;  intricate;  as, r/iaiy  error.  JilUtm. 

To  nm  die  ring  and  Iraoe  die  wary  round.  Dryden. 

M.  D. ;  JiliuliciiUE  Doctor,  doctor  of  medicine. 

ME,  prou.  pcrs. ;  the  objective  case  of  /,  answering  to 
the  oblique  cases  of  rgo,  in  Latin.  [Sax.  vie  ;  Goth. 
mili ;  G.  mirJi ;  Fr.  71101;  L.  mihi ;  Sp.  vii;  It.  mi  or 
7/ic;  Arm.  me  ,•  Port.  7711771 :  D.  my;  Gaelic,  7710;  Hin- 
doo, mejko ;  Sans.  me.  The  Hindoos  use  mc  in  the 
nominative,  as  in  Celtic  and  French,  mi,  moi.] 

Follow  me ;  give  to  7/tc ;  go  with  mc.  The  phrase 
"  I  followed  77ie  close,"  is  not  in  use.  Before  think. 
as  in  mrthinks,  vie  is  properly  in  t!io  dative  case,  anti 
the  verb  is  impersonal ;  the  constnictinii  I^,  it  appears 
to  me. 

MkA'COCK,  n.  [Q.U.  viceh  and  cock.']  An  uxorious, 
efleminate  man.     [JVo/  used.]  Joh^^oiu 

MeA'COC'K,  a.  Tame  ;  timorous  ;  cowardly.  \J\rot 
v_scd.]  Shak. 

MkAD,  (meed,)  ti.  [Sax.  777C(^,  viedu,  mead  or  wine ; 
D.viccdc:  G.incth;  Dan.  miud;  W.vicz.;  Ir.miod/ivr 
mcadJi;  Arm.  77if:.  In  Gr.  psOv  is  wine,  as  is  inadja 
in  Sanscrit,  and  mcdo  in  Zend.  In  Russ.  mcd  or 
77ierf(i  is  honey.  If  the  word  signifies  primarily  liquor 
in  general,  it  may  be  allied  to  Gr.  pviaio,  L.  madco,  to 
be  wet.  Rut  it  may  have  had  its  name  from  honey.] 
A  fermented  liquor  consisting  of  honey  and  water, 
sometimes  enriched  with  spices.  Encyc. 

MEAD,(meed,)  /  77.      [Sax.   in(cde,   madctoe :   G. 

MEAD'oVV,  (med'o,)  j  matte,  a  mat,  and  a  meadow  ; 
Ir.  madh.  The  sense  is,  extended  or  flat,  depressed 
land.  It  is  supposed  that  this  wunl  enters  into  the 
name  McdiolaniLm,  now  JSIilan,  in  Italy ;  that  is, 
■mead-land.] 

A  tract  of  low  land.  In  jimcrica,  the  word  is  ap- 
plied particularly  to  tlie  low  ground  on  the  banks  of 
rivers,  consisting  of  a  rich  mold  or  an  alluviiU  soil, 
wliether  glass  land,  pasture,  tillage,  or  wood  land  ; 
as,  the  incadoics  on  the  banks  of  the  Conneclici;i. 
The  word,  with  us,  does  not  nccessarUy  inqily  wet 
hind.  This  species  of  land  is  called,  in  the  Westcni 
States,  bottoms,  or  bottom-land.  The  word  is  also 
used  for  other  low  or  ffat  lands,  [larticularly  lands 
appropriated  to  tlie  culture  of  grass. 

Tlie  word  is  said  to  be  applied,  in  Great  BriUiin, 
to  land  somewhat  watery,  hut  covered  with  griss. 

Johnson. 
Meadow  means  p:isture  or  grass  land,  annually 
mown  for  hay  ;  but  more  particularhi,  land  (00  moist 
for  cattle  to  graze  on  in  winter,  without  spoiling  Ihe 
sward.  -Ewci^c.     Cyc, 

[Mead  is  used  chiefiv  in  poctiy.] 

MEAD'oVY-LARK,  71.  A  well-known,  beaulilul  bird, 
Jilauda  magna  of  Wilson,  often  seen  in  meadows  and 
open  fields"  in  the  United  Stales.  Its  note  is  clenr, 
but  melancholv.  E-ncyc.  Anu 

MEAD'oVV-oRK,  (mcd'6-,)  7(.  In  mineralogy,  cow 
choidal  bo::  iron  ore.  ^re, 

MEAD'6W-RuK,  n.  .\  plant  of  the  genus  Thaliclmn>. 

MEAD'oW-SAF'FRON,  ».  A  hullnms,  medicinal 
plant  of  the  genus  Colchicum. 

MEAD'oW-SAX'I-FRAGE,  ».  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Seseli.  Fartington. 


T  I  avir.j  JJ'i- 


MEAD'OW-SWKKT,  n.    A  pbol  of  tbr  etna*  t^i 

r:i:a, 
MEAI>'r)W-WOUT,  ..    AuUnl.  /j- 

.MEAD'OW-Y,  (rncd'.i<-.)  a.    i'^^,t-i'r;Tn-  rr 
MkA'GKR,  /   ,    .,        ,   t«L 

Dan,  and  .Sw.  mc^er  :  dr.  > 
lied  to  IWig.  pjfek:  Cli,  iMt 
prcMcd,  to  aubduc  :  Htb.  '^' : 
9,  10,  13.] 

1.  Thin;  lean  ;  At  •  ' 
flciilj ;  applied  to  ojutti  . 

M-.   -  ' 

8}urp  uJtrtj  iiid  K 

2.  Poor;  barren  ;  - 
any  thing  valuable  ;  .1  , 
MUinc. 

3.  Darren  ;  poor;  waittin/ 
richne.xji  of  til'rai  or  imafrr, 
com|H»ition ;  meaner  annal*.' 

MkA'GER,  (r.  r.    To  make  lean.    [.Vat  «« -. 
MkA'GRE,  t 
.MCA'GEK -LY.  ti/r.     1- 

mra'cer  m:.-s,  r. 

2.  Poorneurt  ;  barf.: 
ness. 

3.  Scontiticaa ;  barrenocu  \  m,  tbe  mt: 
service. 

MkAK,  (meek,)  h.    A  hook  u  • 

MiiAL,  71.    [Sax.  vutl,  a  lar 
mahl;  prokibly  from  ) 

1.  A  portion  of  fo- 
il is  customary,  in  !' 
meals  in  a  day.    The  p.'i;;i... 
was  dinner,  at  noon. 

2.  A  part ;  a  fragiinut  ;   - 
Me.-^L,  ».     [Sax.  meci- 

Dan.  and  U.  med;  «.- 
mat,  bruised,  ground, 
be  allied  to  null,  L.  moUi,  a:.  . 
lois.    'I'he  radical  sense  L--, 
minute,  or  grind   to  fine    ; 
sense  of  softness;   or  the  )'eu;_-    . ; 
from  yielding  or  smooUine&a,  odlI  : 
from  the  noun.] 

1.  The  substance  of  edible  tr\ 
particles,  and  not  bolted  or  siftfi 
includes  the  bran  as  well  as  Ihc  il,   . 
has  been  generally  practiced,  the 
generally  applied  to  the  nruT  pir:, 
in  the  l.'niteil  .'^tates,  tliough  I  b^li- 
so  used.    In  Xew  England,  mtal  : 
plied  to  gn>und  maize,  whether  b- 
calted  Indian  meal  or  cunt-aeal. 
meal  and  rye  meal  are  rarely  ustd,  t 
extinct ;  and  mejl  occurs,  .ilso,  m 

2.  Flour;  the  finer  part  of  palvcr^ 
sense  is  nojc  uttcommon,] 

MeAL,  r.  u    To  sprinkle  with  mral,  or  to  mix  maX 

with.     [Little  used.] 
Mk.VL'I-N'ESH,  n.    The  quality  of  being  mroh  ;  >U\ 

ness  or  smootimcss  to  Uie  touch. 
Mk.\I/-MAX.  n.     .\  man  thai  draL«    t;  vr.     ' 
.ME.\L'-TI.ME,  ».    The  usual  time  .  : 
MkAL'Y,  (mc'lc,)  a.     Ilavm-  Uic  r 

soft;  srnoolh  to  the  iViT. 

2.  Like  UK-al ;  farit. 
as,  a  mraly  [mlato  :  n 

3.  Overspread     w  ii  . 
meal  ;  as,  tin?  mealy  w  mj- 

MkAL'Y-MOITU-£D.  a.     . 

mouth  ;  hence,  unwillin;*   i 

language;  inclined  lo  >\K-n'n.  >  t 

terms  than  ihe  imih  wiil  uiirran:. 
MkAL'Y-MOUTIPEP  NFS-'.   -. 

press  the  initli  in  soi. 

fact ;  n-Iuclance  to  v 
MEAN,   (nneU.)   a.       - 

word  sisniiies  rdiHTHi  m,  1- 

in  clcnienLs  wilh  Sax.  m*""- 

sense  may  be,  a  crowd,  lik. 

If  Ihe  primary  sense  bi  snir  1,  n 

mien,  \\\  went,  or  maiji,  Fr.  !»»■,  i 

and  ntiHuo.  to  dimlni^'h :  bul  1  ii< 

longs  10  the  root  of  cjmwMn,    See  i  i.i>-  ^.n.  >>,  , 

and  5.] 

1.  Wanting  dignity;  low  in  rank  or  htrlh ;  »«,  a 
man  of  mean  \vxTvata^,  meam  birth  or  on^ in. 

2,  Wanlinc  digniiy  of  mind  ;  low -minded  ;  b».v  . 
destitute  of  honor;  sp-r'.K-ss. 


C.Mi  wu  in-.ji^nc  \  - 

3.  Conlcmplible ;  d    . 

The  Rcxnaii  lfs>o<u  »nJ  frr 
Our  Citlirrs  no  mtnn  lvr». 

■J.  Of  litUc  \'alue  ;   low  in  " ittu  k.-. 
worthy  of  lilUc  or  no  rcganl. 

\V<-  lis!,  noi  10  pl«we  n«cB,  »«■  »  F«"^««'  •* 

."k  Of  lilUc  \-alue;    humble-:    I*t«: 
abode  ;  a  mean  dres^ 


DrpSr^ 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CI0US.  — C  as  K;  <5  as  J ;  S  as  Z;  CH  aa  S»  ;  TH  as  in  THIS^ 


701 


ME  A 


MEA 


MEA 


MEAN,  a.  [Fr.  niotjen:  Sp.  ami  IVrt.  mediano;  L. 
medium^  mediiis;  Ir.  msuilUan.     ^'ee  Midpi.e.] 

1.  Middle  j  at  an  c(|uul  disianco  from  the  ex- 
trvmes. 

Aeconlm;  lo  tlie  Eucat  iiylo  of  lolly,  tncan,  or  lowly.    JUi/:on. 

2.  Inlervening ;  inlcmicdiule ;  cuniing  between  ; 
as,  in  the  mean  time  or  \vh\\^. 

3.  In  }nathem(Uics,  a  term  denoting  a  quantity  hav- 
ing an  iiilcrmediato  vahio  between  several  others, 
wfiich  arc  formed  occording  to  any  assigned  law  of 
succession.  Brandc. 

MF:AX,  n.  The  middle  point  or  place;  the  middle 
rale  or  degree j  mediocrity;  medium.  Observo  the 
gulden  jitean. 

There  Is  a  tiuan  In  nil  lliirigs.  JJrtfdcn. 

Bill  no  authority  of  {;ods  or  men 

Allow  of  nny  tnean  ui  pooBjr.  Koscoinmon. 

9.  Intervening  time;  interval  of  timei  interim; 
meantime. 

And  III  llis  mean,  vouc)u:.ifc  h:r  Kononible  tom'j.        Spcuser. 
Here  is  an  omission  of  time  or  wfiUc. 

3.  In  matJiematicSy  a  quantity  havin;j  an  intermedi- 
ate value  between  several  others,  which  are  formed 
according  lo  any  as:iigncd  law  of  succession. 

Brandc. 

4.  Measure  ;  regulation.     [Jv'ot  in  use.]     Spen^itn: 

5.  Instrument ;  that  which  is  ti:?ed  to  effect  an  ob- 
ject; the  medium  throufih  which  something  is  done. 

The  virtuous  convcrKilioii  of  Christians  wa£  a  mean  to  woik  the 

cunvenioH  of  ihc  hc^xihcii  to  Cliri«t.  Hooker. 

In  this  sense,  means^  in  tho  plural,  ia  ccnerally 
used,  and  often  with  a  definitive  and  verb  in  the 
singular. 

By  Ihii  meant  he  Imd  them  more  at  Tniit.i'irc.  Bacon. 

A  gooil  cii:ir.(Ctcr,  wlieii  tsUi Wished,  aliuold  not  be  ntlvd  on  as 
ttu  ciiil,  bill  employed  a»^  meant  of  duiii^  good.  AUtrburtj. 

G.  Means,  in  Vlc  plural,  income,  revenue,  re- 
sources, substance,  or  estate,  considered  as  tho  in- 
strument of  effecting  any  purpose.  He  would  have 
built  a  house,  but  he  waiited  mcaiis. 

Your  means  are  ilcndcr.  Shale. 

7.  Instrument  of  action  or  performance ;  as,  the 
great  ?iu-ans  of  succes,-:. 

Bij  all  means  ;  certainly  ;  without  fail.  Go,  bij  all 
means. 

By  no  means;  not  at  all ;  certainly  not;  not  in  any 
degree. 

The  wine  on  this  ^c  of  the  lake  hbyno  means  to  ^ooil  as  that 
on  the  other.  Addison. 

By  no  vianner  of  means ;  by  no  means ;  not  the 
least.  Burke. 

By  any  means ;  in  any  way ;  possibly  ;  at  all. 
If  by  anil  meant  I  niigiil  .tttaju  lo  ilio  rciuiTcctioii  of  the  dead. 
—  Phil.  lii. 
MKAN'Tt.ME,      )  in  the  intervening  time.     [In  this 
Mk.VN'WHILE;  i      use  of  these  words,  there  is  an 

omission  of  in  or  in  the ;  in  the  mam  time.] 
MeAX,  v.  l  ;  pret.  and  pp.  Meant,  (mcnt.)  [iSax. 
vuBnaity  mcHQ/i,  to  mean,  lu  intend,  also  to  re- 
late, to  recite  or  tell,  aUo  to  moan,  lo  lament;  G. 
meincn  ;  D.  ineenai ;  Sw.  mena ;  Dan.  inecncr,  mener  ; 
Kuss.  mnyu,  to  think  or  believe  ;  Ir.  smuainim.  It 
coincides  in  origin  with  L.  mens,  Eng.  mind.  The 
priman,-  s;;nse  is,  to  set  or  to  thrust  forward,  to 
reach,  stretch,  or  extend.  So  in  L.  inteitdo,  to  stretch 
onward  or  toward,  and  ■propono,  to  propose,  to  set  or 
put  furward.] 

1.  To  have  in  the  mind,  view,  or  contemplation; 
to  intend. 

What  mean  yon  by  tliis  service  ?  —  Es.  xii. 

2.  To  intend;  to  purpose;  to  design,  with  refer- 
ence to  a  future  act. 

Te  thought  cwn  a»:unat  me,  but  God  meant  it  for  good.  — G(?n.  1. 

3.  To  signify ;  to  indicate. 

\%'liit  mean  Uiese  tcvrn  ewe  Umbe  ?  — Gen.  auei. 

■Wh-tl  Tneaneih  the  noise  of  thia  ^reat  shout  in  the  tiinp  of  the 

llcbn,-w«  ?  —  1  Sjiii.  iv. 
Go  yc,  and  l:im  whai  llut  menite'Ji. —  Malt.  ix. 

MkAN,  (meen,)  v.  i.  To  have  thought  or  ideas  ;  or 
lo  have  meaning.  Pope. 

ME-AN'I)ER,  II.  [The  name  of  a  winding  river  in 
Phr>'Bia,] 

1.  A  winding  course;  a  winding  or  turning  in  a 
pas:3agc ;  as,  the  meanders  of  the  veins  and  arteries. 

Hale. 
Whilo  lingerin-  riTcrs  In  meandera  glide.  Blackmore. 

9.  A  maze ;  a  labyrinth  ;  perplexity ;  as,  the  mean- 
ders of  ihe  law.  JlrbntJinot. 

ME-.AN'DER,  v.  t.  To  wind,  turn,  or  flow  round  ;  lo 
make  flcxuous.  Drayton. 

ME-AN'1)ER,  r.  i.  To  wind  or  turn  in  a  course  or 
passage  ;  to  be  intricate.  Sheristone. 

ME-.'VN'DliU-IXG,  ppr.  or  a.  Winding  in  a  course, 
passage,  or  current. 

^lE-AN'DER-IXG,  n.    A  winding  course. 

ME-AN'DRI-AN,  a.    Winding  ;  having  many  turns. 

?.IE-AN-DKI'.N'A,  n.  A  genus  of  corals  with  nican- 
(Inring  rells,  as  the  brain-stone  coral.  Jifantell. 

MI^\  VDROUS,  i  '^    ^^''"^'"g  J  flexuous.      King. 


Mk.AX'IXG, /<)»>•.  Having  in  mind;  intending;  signi- 
fying. 
9.  Significant;  as,  a  meaning  look. 
MK/V.ViS'G,  w.  That  which  exists  in  the  mind,  view, 
or  ccinleinplalion  as  a  settled  aim  or  purpose,  thougli 
not  directly  expressed.  We  say,  this  or  that  is  not 
llis  meaning. 

3.  Intention  ;  purpose  ;  aim ;  with  reference  to  a 
future  act. 

I  ain  no  honest  man,  tf  there  he  any  «iod  meaning  towunl  you. 

S/iak. 

3.  Signification.  What  is  the  m«7iirtn- of  all  this 
parade.^  The  meaning'  of  a  hieroglyphic  is  not  al- 
ways obvious. 

4.  The  sunse  of  words  or  expressions  ;  that  which 
is  to  be  understood  ;  sipnlficalion  ;  that  which  the 
writer  or  speaker  intends  to  express  or  coummnicate. 
Words  Itavu  a  literal  vieamng,  or  a  metaphorical 
meaning,  and  it  is  not  always  easy  to  ascertain  llic 
real  meani:i>/. 

_  5.  Sense;  power  of  thinking.    [Little  juied.] 
I\lF,.\N'ING-LKSS,  a.     Having  ho  meaning. 
Mi-:.\X'Ii\G-LV,  adv.    Signilicautly  ;  intendingly. 
MjcAN'LY,  ado.     [See  Meak.]     Moderately  ;  not  in  a 
great  degree. 

Ill  the  rci^n  of  Domiliau,  poetry  was  }nean!t/  culUi-ated.    (Nbi 
used.]  Dryden. 

2.  Without  dignity  or  rank;  in  a  low  condition  ; 
as,  meanly  born, 

3.  Poorly  ;  as,  meanly  dre.«sed. 

4.  Without  gieatncs-i  or  elevation  of  mind  ;  with- 
out honor  ;  witli  a  low  mind  or  narrow  views.  He 
vieanhj  declines  to  fulfill  his  promise. 

Would  you  meanlij  Uius  rely 

On  power  you  kiiov;  I  uiusi  obey  I  Prior. 

5.  Without  respect;  disrespectfully.  We  can  not 
bear  to  hear  others  speak  meanly  of  onr  kindred. 

MeAN'NESS,  7j.  Want  of  dignity  or  rank  ;  h)W 
state  ;  as,  meanness  of  birlli  or  condition.  Poverty  i^ 
not  always  vieanness ;  it  may  be  connected  with  it, 
but  men  of  dignified  minds  and  manners  arc  olten 
poor. 

2.  Want  of  excellence  of  any  kind ;  potuncss ; 
rudeness. 

This  fi^x;  is  of  a  later  date,  by  tlio  meannest  of  the  workmau 
ghip.  Addison. 

3.  Lowness  of  mind ;  want  of  dignity  and  eleva- 
tion ;  want  of  honor.  Meanness  in  men  incurs  con- 
tempt.   .All  dishonesty  is  meanness. 

4.  Sordidness ;  niggardliness;  opposed  to  Liber- 
ality or  Charitableness.  Meanness  is  very  diffi;r- 
ent  from  frugality. 

5.  Want  of  richness ;  poorness ;  as,  the  jaeanness 
of  dress  or  equipage. 

MeAN'-SPIR'IT-ED,  a.     Having  a  mean  spirit. 

Means,  h.  pi.    Resources  or  income. 

2.  Instrument  for  gaining  an  end  ;  as,  by  this 
means.     [See  Mean.] 

MEANT,  (ment,)  prrt.  and  pp.  of  Mean. 

MeAR,  '//.    A  boundary  or  limit.     [See  Mere.] 

Spenser. 

MeASE,  n.  [from  the  root  of  measure.]  The  quan- 
tity of  500  ;  as,  a  mease  of  herrings.  [JVot  used  in 
.America.  ] 

ME.-V'SLE,  (mee'z!,)  n.    A  leper.     TJ^ot  in.  use.] 

Widif. 

MeA'SLJED,  (mee'zld,)  a.  [See  Measles.]  Inteclcd 
or  spotted  with  measles. 

MeA'SL£S,  (mee'zlz,)  n.,  v/ith  a  plural  termination. 
[G.  Hiaser,a  spot ;  masig,  measled  ;  D.  viazclen  :  from 
sprinkling  or  from  mixing.    Class  Sis,  No.  14,  15.] 

1.  A  contagious  disease  of  the  human  body,  usu- 
ally characterized  by  a  crimson  rash  upon  the  skin, 
in  sti;:niatized  dots,  grouped  in  irregular  circles  or 
crescents  ;  appearing  about  the  third  day,  and  termi- 
nating about  the  seventh ;  preceded  by  symptoms 
like  catarrh,  and  accompanied  by  a  constitutional 
febrile  affection,  which  is  either  a  synochus  or  an  ex- 
quisite typhus. 

2.  A  disease  of  swine.  B.  Jonson. 
2.  A  disease  of  trees.  Mortimer. 

MeA'SLY,  (mee'zly,)  a.  Infected  with  measles  or 
eruptions.  Swi/l. 

MEAS'UU-A-BLE,  (mezh'ur-a-h!,)  a.  [See  Measure.] 
That  may  be  measured  ;  susceptible  of  mensuration 
or  compulation.  BeiUlnj. 

2.  Moderate  ;  in  small  quantity  or  extent. 

MEAS'l|R-A-BLE-NESS,  (mezh'ur-a-bl-ness,)  n.  The 
qnalitv  of  admitting  mensuration. 

RIEAS'UR-A-nLY,  (mezh'ur-,)  ado.  Moderately;  in 
a  limited  do;:ren. 

MEAS'URE,  (mezh'ur,)  n.  [Fr.  viesnre;  It.  misura : 
Sp.  inedida;  Arm.  musur  or  musul;  Ir.  mens;  W, 
mcidyr  and  vtesur;  G.  mass,  measure,  and  messen,  to 
measure;  D.  mant;  Sw.  mail;  Dan.  maade,  measure, 
and  mode  ;  L.  mcnsura-,  from  mensus,  with  a  casual  n, 
the  participle  oimetivr,  to  measure,  Eng.  to  mete  ;  Gr. 
ftcToui-yliCTjiefo.  With  these  corresj)ond  the  Eng.j/ifff, 
fit,  proper,  and  meet,  the  verb  ;  Sax.  jremet,  meet,  fit ; 
metan  and  trcmctian,  to  meet  or  meet  with,  to  find,  to 
mete  or  measure,  and  to  paint.  The  sense  is,  to  come 
to,  to  fall,  to  Impp-'^n,  and  this  sen-^e  is  connected 
with  that  of  slrclchiiig,  extending,  that  is,  reaching 


to;  the  latter  gives  tho  sense  of  mia.-iurf.    We  find   I 
in  Heb.  Ta,  measure ;  ITD,  to  mete,  lo  measure- 


This  word,  in  Ar.  tX^  madda,  signifies  to  Btr^^trh 
or  extend,  to  draw  out  in  length  or  lime ;  iis  do  nihcr 
verbs  with  the  samo  elements,  under  one  of  wliirli 
we  find  the  mda  of  the  Latins.  The  Ch.  NtOQ  sig- 
nifit's,  to  come  to,  to  arrive,  to  reach,  lo  be  matui-r, 
and  H'SD,  in  Heb.  Ch.  and  Kth.,  signifies,  to  find,  lo 
come  lo.  Now,  the  Saxon  vt-rb  unites  in  itself  llie 
significations  of  alt  three  of  the  Oriental  verbs.] 

1.  Tiie  whole  extent  or  dimensions  of  a  tiling,  in- 
cluding length,  brcadih,  and  thickness. 

The  meaaure  tliTi.'of  is  lonc-cr  ihnn  lh»  R:irlji  nml  bro.tiK'r  tluin 
ihcsL-n.— Jobxl. 

It  is  applied,  also,  to  length  or  to  breadih  soixi- 
rately. 

a.  That  by  which  extent  or  dimension  is  asccr- 
taiiu-d,  either  length,  breadth,  thickness,  capacity,  or 
amount;  as,  a  rod  or  pole  is  a  measure  of  five  yaiils 
and  a  Iialf;  an  inch,  a  foot,  a  j'ard,  are  mcasnrc.^  of 
length  ;  a  gallon  is  :i  measure  of  capacity.  Weights 
and  measures  should  be  uniform.  Silver  and  gold 
are  the  common  measure  of  value. 

3.  A  limited  or  definite  quantity;  as,  a  measure  of 
wine  or  beer. 

4.  Determined  extent  or  length  ;  limit. 

LonI,  iiiakff  mf  to  know  my  end,  and  tlio  vieaturc  of  my  diya. 
—  Pa.  xxxix. 

Ci.  A  rule  by  which  any  thing  is  adjusted  or  pro- 
portioned. 

Gud'ii  goodnexi  is  Uic  measure  of  hi^  pruvideiiw.  More. 

G.  Proportion  ;  quantity  settled. 

I  cnttT  not  into  the  pirticulars  of  the  law  of  naturP,  or  iU  nteas' 
ures  of  puiiistiniL-nl ;  yet  there  is  eucIi  a  Isw.  Locke. 

7.  Full  or  suliicient  iiuantity. 

I'll  never  pause  a^in, 
Till  cither  dcatli  hath  closed  Ovise  eyes  of  mine, 
Or  roriiiiie  given  me  measure  of  revcngw.  S^iaJ:. 

8.  Extent  of  power  or  oftice. 

\Vf  will  not  bo;is[  vf  tilings  without  our  measure.  —  2  Cor.  x. 

9.  Portion  allotted ;  extent  of  ability. 

If  cliE  thmi  s'?ekcst 
Aiig^ht  not  surpassing  humitn  nteasure,  s;vy.  MUCon. 

10.  Degree ;  quantity  indefinite. 

1  luTfi  laid  down,  in  Eome  measure,  the  dcscripUon  of  the  old 
world.  Abbot. 

A  ;rrc;it  iitea.iure  of  discvrlion  b  to  be  used  In  L'le  peiforni;iiic«  of 
confession.  Taylor. 

11.  In  music,  that  division  by  which  the  motion  of 
muFic  is  regulated  ;  or  the  interval  or  .ipacu  of  time 
between  the  risini:  and  falling  of  the  hand  or  foot  of 
him  who  bents  time.  Tiiis  measure  regulates  the 
lime  of  dwelling  on  each  note.  Enaje. 

12.  In  pof/r//,  the  nipasurc  or  meter  is  the  mannpr 
of  ordering  and  combining  the  quantities,  or  the  long 
and  short  syllables.  Thus  hexameter,  pentameter, 
Iambic,  Sapphic  verses,  &.C.,  consist  of  different 
measures.  Encyc. 

13.  In  dancing,  the  interval  between  steps,  cor- 
responding lo  the  interval  between  notes  in  the 
music. 

My  lc*B  cin  l:ecp  no  meaaure  in  delight.  ShaM. 

Hence,  a  dance.  Walter  SccU. 

14.  In  geometry,  any  quantity  assumed  as  one,  or 
nnity,  to  which  other  homogeneous  or  similar  quanti- 
ties arc  referred  asastandard  of  comparison.  Brandc. 

1.5.  Means  to  an  end ;  an  act,  step,  or  proceeding, 
toward  the  accomplishment  of  an  object;  an  eztni- 
siec  signijicatfjn  of  t'lc  word,  applieabh  to  almost  every 
art prcparatonf  to  ajinal  end,  and  by  whidt  it  is  to  be 
atuiined.  Thus  we  speak  of  legislative  measures, 
political  measures,  public  measures,  pruilunt  nico.yu7-cs, 
a  ra-sh  measure,  effectual  measures,  inefficient  meas- 
ures, 

16.  In  geology,  the  term  vieasures  is  sometimes 
used  for  ueds  or  strata ;  as,  coal  laeasures :  lead 
vieasurcs.  Brande. 

Imnrjxsurc;  with  moderation  ;  without  excess. 

JViUiout  measure;  without  limits;  very  largely  or 
copiously. 

To  ftave  hard  measure ;  to  be  harshly  or  oppressive- 
ly treated. 

Lineal  or  long  mcttsitre;  measure  of  length ;  Ih- 
measure  of  lines  or  distances. 

Liquid  measure ;  the  measure  of  liquors. 
MEAS'TRE,  (mezh'ur,)  v.  t.  To  compute  or  ascertain 
extent,'  quantity,  dimensions,  or  capacity,  by  a  cer- 
tain rule  or  standard  ;  as,  to  7nM5'Mrc  land  ;  lo  measure 
distance  ;  to  measure  the  altitude  of  a  mountain  ;  lo 
measure  the  capacity  of  a  ship  or  of  a  cask. 

2.  To  .iscertain   the  degree  of  any  thing;  as,  to 
-  measure  the  degrees  of  heat,  or  of  moisture. 

3.  To  pass  through  or  over. 

We  muil  me^ure  twenty  milf-a  lo-dny.  Sltal: 

Tho  vessel  plows  the  sea, 
And  measures  back  willi  sp-^d  her  fonner  wny.  DryJeti. 

•1.  To  judge  of  distance,  extent,  or  quantity;  as, 
to  measure  any  thing  by  the  eye. 

Great  arc  thv  worku,  Jr'hovali,  infinite 

Thy  power;  what  thought  can  meatart  lli-^e  !  Aiillon. 


F.iTE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT MkTE,  PREY.  — PI.XE,  MARINE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.— 

_ 


MEC 

5.  To  adjust ;  tn  proportion. 


To  s."cnf>;  a  conl^tilcti  Bpirii,  measure  vour  desires  by  your  for* 
tunes,  not  your  forlmies  by  your  il';sires.  Taylor. 

6.  To  allot  or  distribute  hy  measure. 

Wiih  wli:»t  raeasure  yc  mete,  it  sb:^!  be  mtasured  to  you  agota. 
—  M;\tt.  vii. 

MEAS'URE,  c  i.  To  be  of  a  certain  extent,  or  to 
have  a  certain  length,  brcadlb,  or  thickness ;  as, 
cloth  measures  thvcc  fourths  of  a  yard  j  a  tree  mcoji- 
vre^  three  feet  in  diameter. 

MEAS'UR-ED,  (mezli'urd,)  pp.  Computed  or  ascer- 
tained by  a  rule  or  standard  ;  adjusted  j  proportioned  ; 
passed  over. 

2.  a.  Equal ;  uniform ;  steatiy.  He  walked  with 
ineasuTcd  steps. 

3.  Limited  or  restricted  ;  as,  in  no  measured  terms. 
MEAS'HRE-LESS,  (mezh'ur-Iess,)  a.    Without  meas- 
ure ;  unlimited  ;  immeasurable.  Sha/:. 

MEAS'^UE-MEXT,  (mtzh'ur-ment,)  rt.  Tiie  act  of 
measuring ;  mensunition.  Burke. 

MEAS'UR-ER,  (mozh'ur-er,)  n.  One  who  measures  ; 
one  whose  occupation  or  duty  is  to  measure  commod- 
ities in  market. 

SIEAS'UR-ING,  (mezh'ur-ing,)  ppr.  Computing  or 
ascertaining  length,  dimensions,  capacity,  or  amount. 

2.  a.  Used  in  measuring;;  as,  a.  measuriiiir-rod. 

3.  a.  A  measurin<r  cast ;  a  tlirow  or  cast  that  re- 
quires to  be  measured,  or  not  to  be  distinjiuished 
ft-oiu  another  but  by  measuring.  Waller. 

MkAT,  (meet.)  n.  [Sax.  maite^  mete ;  Goth,  mats ;  Sw. 
mat:  Dan.  mad ;  Hindoo, /hoj'.  In  W.  maetku,  signi- 
fies, to  feed,  to  nourish.  Corn,  mcthia.  In  the  lan- 
guage of  the  Mohegans,  in  America,  jiieetseJi  signifies, 
cat  Uiou  ;  mcdsoo,  he  eats.    Ciu.  maize  and  mast.] 

1.  Food  in  general ;  any  thing  eaten  for  nourish- 
ment, either  by  man  or  beast. 

And  God  Slid,  Bchnid,  1  liavc  given  you  every  Lerb —  to  you  it 

shall  le  fur  mtat.  —  Gon.  i. 
Every  moving  thin  J  that  livt-th  shall  tc  jn?a/foryou, —  Gsn.  ix. 
Thy  carc',^  ihJI  be  mtat  to  jII  fowls  of  ihc  air.  —  Dent,  xxviii. 

2.  The  flesh  of  animals  used  as  food.  This  is  nmo 
Uie  more  usual  ^■e:ise  of  the  word.  TJle  meat  of  caniiv- 
orous  animals  is  tough,  coarse,  and  ill-flavored.  The 
meat  of  licrhivorous  animals  is  genendly  palatable. 

3.  In  Scripture^  spiritual  fiwd  ;  that  which  sustains 
and  nourishes  spiritual  life  or  holiness. 

My  flesh  is  mtat  tiuleed.  — John  vi. 

4.  Spiritual  comfort ;  thai  which  delights  the  soul. 

My  tntal  is  to  do  l!i6  will  of  IKin  thit  sent  me.  — John  iv. 

5.  Products  of  the  earth  proptrr  for  food.    Hab.  iii. 
(I.  Tile  more  abstruse  doctrines  of  the  g'jspel,  or 

mysteries  of  religion,    fffb.  v. 

7.  Ceremonial  onlinances.    Heb.  xiii. 

To  sit  at  meat :  to  sit  or  recline  at  the  table. 

Scripture. 
Mf.AT'Et),  a.  Fed  ;  fattened.  [JVo(  used.]  Tasiicr. 
MeATHE,7(.    [W.trtcz.    See-MsAD.]    Asweet  liquor 

or  drink  ;  mead.    [J^Jot  vsed.]  J\Ii!ian. 

MkAT'-OF'FER-ING.  7?.    An  offering  consisting  of 

meat  or  fix)d,  in  distinction  from  a  drtuk-offcrinn;. 
MkAT'Y,  a.     Fleshy,  but  not  fat.     ILocal.]     Grose. 
MEAVVL,  (mule.)    'See  .Mewl. 
MEAZ'LING,  ppr.    Falling  in  small  drops  ;  properly, 

Mizzling,  or  rather  JhsTLixc,  from  misL  Arbuthnot. 
ME-eHAN'ie,         \a.     [L.    mrchanicus;   Fr.    viecka- 

xavfj,  a  machine.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  machines,  or  to  the  art  of  con- 
structing machines;  pertaining  to  the  art  of  making 
wares,  goods,  in-;:niments,  furniture,  &;c.  We  say, 
a  man  is  employed  in  TnecAc/n'ca/ labor  j  he  lives  by 
medumiccl  occupation. 

2.  Constructed  or  performed  by  the  rules  or  laws 
of  mechanics.    The  work  is  not  vicdiavical. 

3.  Skilled  in  the  an  of  making  maciiines ;  bred  to 
manual  labor.  Johnson. 

4.  Pertaining  to  artisans  or  mechanics  J  vulgar. 

To  nviire  a  ^1,  .-<  hf^ro.  or  a  ting", 

Dc5c_iii.!  to  a  TnecJiaiiic  dL-dec;.  Ifosconitrum, 

5.  Pertaining  to  the  principles  of  mechanics,  in 
philosophy ;  :is,  mechanical  powers  or  forces ;  a  me- 
ckanical  principle. 

6.  Noting  action  or  performance  without  design  or 
reflection,  from  the  mere  furcy  of  habit. 

7.  Acting  by  physical  power. 

The  tenns  mechanical  and  chemical  are  thns  di>lin- 
guishcd  :  those  changes  which  bodies  undergo  with- 
out altering  their  constitution,  that  is,  losing  their 
identity,  such  as  changes  of  plate,  of  figure,  &c., 
are  mechanical;  those  which  alter  thf  consiituti<m  of 
bodies,  nuikins  them  diflTcrunt  subsi:inces,  as  when 
flour,  yeast,  and  water  unite  to  fuFia  bread,  are  chem- 
ical. In  the  one  case,  the  chanEes  relate  to  masses 
of  matter,  as  the  motions  of  the  htravt;nly  bodies,  or 
the  action  of  the  wind  on  a  ship  inidfT  ^ail ;  in  the 
other  case,  the  changes  occur  bi-twccn  ths  pnrii- 
cles  of  matter,  as  the  action  of  heal  in  melting  lead, 
or  the  union  of  sand  and  lime  forming  mortar.  Most 
of  what  are  usually  called  liie  ?tnT.hanic  arts  are 
partly  mechanical,  and  partly  chemical. 

Jileehanical  solution  of  a  proldem  ;  r.  solution  by  any 
art  or  contrivance  not    strictly  geometrical,  as  by 


MED 

means  of  the  ruler  and  compasses  and  other  inrtru- 1 

menu.  BarUm. 

ME-eHAN'le,  n.    A  person  whore  occupation  is  to  I 

construct  machines,  or  goods,  wares,  instruments,  i 

furniture,  and  tlie  lilcc. 
S.  One  skilLiil  in  a  mechanical  occupation  or  art. 
ME-eHA.V'!C-AL-I,Y,  adu.    According  to  the  laws 

of  mechanism,  or  pood  workmanship. 

2.  liy  pliysical  force  or  pov.-er. 

3.  By  the  laws  of  motion,  without  intelligence  or 
design,  or  by  the  force  of  Imhit.  We  say,  a  man 
arrives  to  such  perfection  in  playing  on  an  instru- 
ment, that  his  fins'Ts  move  rucUanicnlli). 

MedumicaUy  turned  or  inclinrd  ;  naturally  or  habit- 
ually disposed  to  use  mechanical  arts.  Sicift, 

Mechanically  aulval ;  solved  in  a  way  not  strictly 
geometrical.     [Sec  JlEeiiAMcAL.] 

ME-eHAN'!e-AL-.\ES.S,  n.  The  state  of  being  me- 
chanical, or  governed  by  mechanism. 

ME-eHAN'ie-AL  I'Hl-LO.S'O-lMIY,  n.  That  branch 
of  natural  philosophy  which  treats  of  the  laws  of 
the  equilibrium  .•md  motion  of  bodies.         OlmxUd. 

ME-eilAi\'ie-AL  I'OVV'EKS,  n.  yl.  CerUiin  instru- 
ments or  simple  machines  employed  to  facilitate  the 
moving  of  weights  or  the  overcoming  of  ri'sieuince. 
They  are  tlie  lever,  wliecl,  and  ailc,  pulley,  srrcw, 
inclined  plane,  and  wedge.  Jlatum. 

I\IEeH-.\-NI"CIAN,  (jnek-a-nish'an,)  ;i.  One  skilled 
in  mechanics. 

ME-eHAN'ieS,  n.  That  science  which  treats  of  the 
doctrines  of  motion.  It  investigates  Ihc  forces  by 
which  bodies  are  kept  either  in  equilibrium  or  in 
motion,  and  is  accordingly  divided  into  statics  and 
dynamics. 

U  i3  a  wfU-known  tnilli  ia  nwc/uimc*,  thai  liw  Actnil  aii-J 
Ilicorctical  powers  uf  a  macbtuc  v/iu  never  cvincUI^. 

J.  AppUton. 

MEen'AN-ISM,  (mek'an-izm,)  a.  The  construction 
of  a  machine,  engine,  or  instrument,  intended  to 
apply  power  to  a  usetui  purpose ;  the  structure  of 
parts,  or  manner  in  which  the  parts  of  a  machine 
are  united  to  answer  its  designs ;  also,  the  parts 
themselves. 

9.  Action  of  a  machine,  according  to  the  laws  of 
mechanics. 

MECH'AN-IST,  71.  The  maker  of  machines,  or  one 
skilled  in  meclianics. 

ME€H'AN-IZE,  v.  t.  To  subject  to  contrivance,  art, 
or  skill  ;  to  form  i)y  contrivance  or  design. 

MEeH'.\N-IZ-Bl),  pf.    Made  bv  art,  design,  or  skill. 

JIEeiF  A.V-lZ-INC;,  jtvr.    Forming  by  art  or  skill. 

MEeil-AN-OG'ii.V-PinsT,  n.  An  artist  who,  by  me- 
chanical means,  multiplies  copies  of  any  works  of 
art. 

MEeH-AN-OG'llA-PHV',?i.  (Gr.  mtco^'J. a  machine, 
and  >-<'«■;»''',  to  n-rite  or  engrave.] 

The  art  of  nmltiplying  copies  of  a  writing,  or  any 
work  of  art,  by  the  use  of  a  machine.  Eltnts. 

MECH'I.IN,  «.  "  A  species  of  lace,  made  at  Mechlin. 

ME-(;l!f>'.\-eAN  or  .ME-eHO'A-CAN,  n.  White  j.-ll- 
ap,  the  root  of  an  .American  species  of  (\involvnlus, 
from  Mechoacan,  in  iMexico;  a  purgative  of  slow 
operation,  hut  safe.  Eiictjc. 

MEe'(^.V-.'\TE,  lu    A  salt  consisting  of  meconic  acid 

.'UE-eo.N''IC,  <i.     [Gr.  imK'ji' ,  a  pojipy.]      [and  a  bass. 
.Meconic  acid  is  .a  peculiar  acid  contained  in  opium. 

A  [iro.vimate  principle,  and,  as  is  supposed,  one  of 
the  active  principles  of  opium.  It  is  composed  of 
carlmu,  hvdrogen,  and  ox>'gen,  without  any  nitro- 
gen. It  is  not  an  alkaloid,  but  may  yet  prove  to  by 
an  jicid,  lo  the  suspicion  of  wiiich  its  cum|Ktsition 
would  lead. 
BIECO-NITE,  It.    A  small  sandstone;  ammite. 

Coze.     Da  Ci^sta, 
ME-eo'XI-UM,Ti.   [Gr.  utiKtoyiov.Uom  hikciv,  IK»ppy.] 
I.  The  inspissated  juico  of  the  poppy,  which  has 
the  virtues  of  opium  in  a  feeble  degree. 

Coxe.    Eneyc 
9.  The  first  feces  of  infants.  Coit, 

ftlEO' AL,  ji.  f  Fr.  malaiUe ;  It.  medaslia  ;  Sp.  vtedalla : 
Arm.  metallinn ;  from  L.  metallum^  mcl:U.    Uu.  Ar. 

Vla-o  viatala^  to  beat  or  extend  by  beating.    Class 

Md,Xo. -in.] 

A  jtii-ce  of  metal  in  the  form  of  a  coin,  stamped 
with  some  figur:;  nr  d..-vice  either  to  prescrw  the 
monioiy  of  some  dlslingui.'ihed  person  or  event,  or  to 
serve  'AS  a  reward  of  merit.  The  conis  of  the  an- 
cients are  also  called  medals. 

MED' A  LET,  n.  A  small  medal  not  intended  for 
geiir-ral  circulation.  Pink. 

MED'Af^-KST,  71.  A  person  that  is  skilleil  or  curious 
in  UK  this,  Johnson. 

'2.  One  who  has  gained  a  medal  as  tlie  reward  of 
m^^rit.  ^^-  ^^r. 

flIE-DAL'Lie,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  medal  or  to  nicd.-ds. 

MdisQiu 

ME-DAI/LIOX,  Jii":-dal'yun,)  ».    [Fr.,  from  vicdaL] 

1.  A  large  aiiiique  medal. 

2.  The  lepreseiitatiou  of  a  medallion. 


mi: 


COiIJ.-. 

MED'OLE,  (m' 1 

G.  iniulfr,  \u''. 
midler,  a  i 
to  com'i. 
dcilrr^  t-. 

medlg^,  a  nn.'.i . 
to  mix,  and  t 
inittel,  mid  lib, 
laitj  with.    In 
liap.4  all  tUiiJic 

1.  To  h;iv.   ■ 
act  in  li. 
onc'H  ii.- 
Bcn-^e  uf 

I  bar?  ti.u«  Ur 

\VhU  luat  thou  . 

%V|iy  aliouliW  thoa  MiaHU  %a  tby 

2.  To  have  to  do;  to  to- ■• 
not  with  cdge-tooU,  - 
Wli'jn  ihf  object  is 
lowed  by  iBiiA  or  in  ;  ■ 

Tlrt  ci*il  lnwjm  — L3»r  nf  ;,     , 
lo  th>rrn. 

To  medrlU  and  make ;  to  lotr 
other  petjjon'ii  concemi. 
MEU'DLE,  r.  (.    To  mix  ;  to  minRle. 

H^  mriii«l  ha  t»:k  vuh  r;.:.,  .  ■  ■-  ■.-,     :■•., 
.MED'r)LKD,i7>.     Min.' 
MED'DLKH,  n.  One  il. 

or  busies  him"   ''  "■•■  " 

conceni ;   an  ■ 
MED'DLE-SOM  '■ 

dling;    apt  t..»  ;..:  .,. 

firiou.^ly  ininifiivr. 
MEU'DLE  SOMI>XESS,  %.    Offick. 

the  affairs  of  others. 
MED'DLING,  ppr.    Having  lo  do  : 

dling;  utTiciously  interposing  in   '. 

ccnis. 
2.  a.    Ofiictoua ;  btiay  in  > '.'' 

meddiin<r  neighbor. 
MED'DLIXG,  n.    Officious  ii.: 
MED'DLING-LY,  adr.    OlTi<-: 
JIE-DI-^'VAL,  a.    Of  Uio  s 

OIBV.1U] 

M£'DI-AL,  a.  [L.  r.vA'«j,  m. 
Mean;  noting  a  mean  or  i 
jVedial  cUi^ration,  ia  a  m- 1. 

of  a  mixture  conflating  of  : 

of  different  quaniitir-*  and  \ 

qtiantitv  and  ^-alueof  rach  ;; 
3Ij"yDI-^VNT,  n.     In  music,  ziu 

third  above  the  kcy-nole,  l> 

ttrval  between   the  Ionic  :; 

thirds. 
JIE-DI-AS'TIXE,  n.    [Fr.  L. 

branous  septum  of  the  cht^t,  i 

tureof  the  ploura  under  the  «i<.ri. 

the  cavitv  into  two  parts. 
Mk'DI-ATE,  a,    [Fr.  aedi^;   lU   :. 

vtediU'S,  middle.] 

1.  Middle ;  being  bctirren  Um  two  rxtr 

Aoxio'u  ve  borer  b  »  madiut  lUU. 

2.  Interposed  i  InteireninK;  beinj  bet 
objcct-J. 

Soon  tlKjrr-' 

3.  .Acting  b: 
instnumut.     I 

ale  causes.    TIu  \\i.. 

rnediaV-  cause  of  itj^  ; 

man  rows  n  b»at  Li  tb 

bill  (he  rower  is  th- 

of  the  oar. 
MP.'DI-aTE,  v.  L    T' 

the  equal  frirnd  of  C- 

conlending  parties,  u 

intercede.    The  prin- 

lions  and  prevents  a  war,  a  v^c  ■ 

liartics. 
2.  To  lie  b^tweon  two.    [ListU  r 
.MF:'1)I-ATE.  r.  t.    To  cSt**  by  rocd 

sition  between  parties;  as,  lo  medi.i 

G.  To  limit  by  something  in  then 

ME'DI-A-TED,  pp.    Inierpo^ed  b«i  a 

2.  Effecle»n>vmeil;atit>n. 
Me'UI-ATE-IA';  aJr.     Ity  mcins  at  hr  n 
cause,  acting  l.-nvoen  tlio  tirstcau*:  r.rJ  • 

God  worlc.i.b  svli  ihiap  ao-tsf*   «•  ^- 

Th?  lias  fT"it«  »  m.\3orti»A.  *»3  1  r 
B.    Ill  lu*  C3*?,  E  K.*^  ta  »»^ 

5lE'DI-J5-TiXG,  ppr,    Interpostap; 

diation. 


TOXE,  BULL,  0XITE.-AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.-e  a^  K;  C  as  J  ;  ?  as  Z  ;  ClI  u^  SU  i  YH  a-»  in  TinS. 


TJ! 


703 


MED 

ME-DI-A'TIOi\,  V.    [Fr.,  from  L.  medius,  initldlo.] 

1.  Iiiterpusilioii ;  intervention  ;  agency  between 
parties  at  variance,  with  a  view  to  reconcile  tliein. 
Tlio  contentions  of  indiviilnnis  and  lumilies  arc 
ollen  terminati-<[  by  the  vitdiat'wn  of  frien(lf>.  TJie 
controver^iios  ot"  nations  are  sttmetinies  adjusted  liy 
vteJiatioit.  Tiie  reconciliation  of  sinners  to  God  liy 
the  mediation  of  Christ,  is  a  glorious  display  of  di- 
vine benevolence. 

2.  Agency  interposed  ;  intervenicnt  power. 

The  soul,  ilurin?  !u  rt'^denw  In  Ihe  bod/,  doci  nil  tiling*  by  the 
tiiedUuion  bf  the  lu^iuu.  SouOt, 

3.  Intercession  ;  entreaty  for  another. 
ME-DI-AT-I-Za'TION,  ?i.     The  annexation  of  the 

smaller  German  sovereignties  to  the  larger  contigu- 
ous states  ;  tints  making  them  mediately^  though  not 
immediately,  dependent  on  the  empire.  The  verb  to 
mediatize  has  sometimes  been  used  in  a  .'^itnilar  sense. 

Brandt: 
Me'DI-X-TOU,  7j.    [Fr.  mediatcur.] 

1.  One  that  interposes  bi^tvveen  parties  at  variance 
for  the  purpose  of  reconciling  tbcni. 

2.  By  way  of  eminence,  Christ  is  The  Mediatou, 
the  divine  Intercessor  through  wlioni  sinners  may  be 
reconciled  to  an  offended  God.     Tim.  li. 

Chri*l  13  a  Mediator  by  n«turr,  iis  parUkiii^  of  botii  iintur(-«, 
divine  and  huninii ;  and  Mediator  by  olhce,  iia  tr.insnclin^ 
mattera  between  God  and  muii.  W'aicrtaiid. 

ME-DI-A-To'RI-AL,  a.  liclongingto  a  mediator ;  as, 
mediatorial  otTice  or  character.  [Meuiaturv  is  not 
used.] 

MK-DI-A-To'RI-.^jL-LY,  ado.  In  the  manner  of  a  me- 
diator. 

MK-DI-A'TOK-SniP,  n.    The  oflico  of  a  mediator. 

Mf,'DI-A-TO-11Y,  a.    Pertaining  to  mediation. 

MK-I>I-A^TRES3,  \  n.    A  femalt^  mediator. 

ME-DI-A'TIUX,     \  Jiuunoorth. 

MED'IG,  71.  A  plant  of  the  genus  I^Iedicago,  to  wliicli 
lucern  belongs.  The  sea-medic  is  of  the  same  genus  ; 
the  medic  vetch  is  of  the  genus  Hedysaram.  Loudon. 
2.  PI.    The  science  of  medicine.     [Obs,] 

MED'ie-A-BLE,  a.  [See  Medical.]  That  may  be 
cured  or  healed. 

MED'IC-AL,  a.  [L.  rnediciis,  from  medeor^  to  heal ; 
Cr.  nu^tKo^,  ^r]<^ofiai  ;  firj^D^^  cure.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  art  of  liealing  diseases  ;  as,  the 
medical  profession  ;  medical  services. 

2.  Medicinal ;  containing  tliat  wliich  heals  ;  tend- 
ing to  cure  ;  as,  the  medical  properties  of  a  plant. 

3.  Adapted,  intended,  or  instituted  to  teach  med- 
ical science.  In  this  country,  mcdiad  schools  arc 
comparativelv  of  recent  date.  Hosack. 

MED'IC-AL  JU-RlS-rnO'DENCE,  w.  The  science 
which  applies  tlie  principles  and  practice  of  the  dif- 
ferent branches  of  medicine  to  doubtful  questions  in 
courts  of  jtistice.  Bonmci: 

MED'IG-AL-LV,  adv.  In  the  manner  of  medicine  ; 
according  to  the  rules  of  tlie  healing  art,  or  for  the 
purpose  of  healing  ;  as,  a  simple  or  mineral  medical- 
ly used  or  applied. 

2.  In  relation  to  the  healing  art;  as,  a  plant  7«c(i- 
icnllij  considered. 

MED'ie-A-MENT,  n.    [Fr.,  from  L.  mcdicammtum.] 
Any  thing  used  for  healing  diseases  or  wounds  ;  a 
medicine  ;  a  healing  application.  Coxc. 

MED-ie-A-MENT'AL,  «.  Relating  to  healing  appli- 
cations ;  having  tlie  qualities  of  medicaments, 

MED-ie-A-MENT'AL-LY,  ade.  After  the  manner  of 
healing  applications. 

MED'ie-AS-TER,  n.     A  quack.  Whitlodc. 

.MED'ie-ATE,  r.  t.     [L.  medico.] 

1.  To  tincture  or  impregnate  with  healing  sub- 
stances, or  with  any  thing  medicinal.      ArbuVinot. 

2.  To  treat  with  me<Ucine  ;  to  heal ;  to  cure. 
MED'IG-A-TED,  pp.  or  a.    rrei)ared  or  furnished  with 

any  thing  medicinal. 
2.  Treated  with  medicine. 
MED'IC-A-TING,  ppr.    Impregnating  with  medical 
substances  ;  preparing  with  any  thing  medicinal. 
2.  Treating  with  medicine. 
MEi)-IG-A'TIO\,  Ti.    The  act  or  process  of  impreg- 
nating with  medicinal  substances  ;  the  infusion  of 
medicinal  virtues.  Bacon. 

2.  The  use  of  medicine.  Brown. 

MED'ie-A-TIVE,  a.    Curing  ;  tending  to  cure. 
ME~DIC'IN-A-BLE,  a.    Having  the  projicrties  of  med- 
icine J  medicinal.     [The  laUcr  is  the  word  now  u.^ed.] 
Bacon.      Wotton. 
ME-DIC'IN-AL,  (me-dis'in-al,)  a.     [L.  vieAicinalis.] 

1.  Having  the  property  of  healing  or  of  mitigating 
disease  ;  adapted  to  the  cure  or  alleviation  of  bodily 
disorders  ;  as,  medicinal  plants  ;  medicinal  virtues  of 
minerals  ;  medicinal  springs-.  The  waters  of  Sara- 
toga and  Ballston  are  remarkably  medicnvd. 

2.  Pertaining  to  medicine;  as,  medicinal  days  or 
hours.  Qiitrtcv- 

ME-DIC'IN-AI^LY,  adv.  In  the  manner  of  medicine  ; 

with  medicinal  (lualities. 
2.  With  a  view  to  healing  ;   as,  to  use  a  mineral 

medicinaUy. 
RIED'I-CINE,  (med'e-sin,)  n.     [L.  medicina^  from  wie- 

dcor,  to  cure ;  vulgarly  and  improperly  pronounced 

med'sn.] 


MED 

I.  .\ny  viibstauce,  litpiid  or  solid,  that  has  the 
property  of  curing  or  niitignling  discasf  in  animals, 
or  that  is  used  for  that  purpose.  Simples,  plants,  and 
minerals,  furnish  most  of  our  mcittcines.  Even  poi- 
sons, usetl  with  judgment  and  in  moderation,  are  safe 
and  elficacious  7ncdicine^.  Medicines  are  internal  or 
external,  ;,i]nple  or  compound. 

9.  The  art  of  preventing,  curing,  or  alleviating  the 
diseases  of  Hit:  Imman  body.      Hence  we  say,  the 
study  of  medicine,  or  a  student  of  medicine. 
3.  In  tha  Frcncfi  sense,  a  physician.     [JVot  in  vac] 

Slutk, 

MED'I-CI.NE,  V.  t.  To  affect  or  operate  on  as  medi- 
cine.    [JVot  used.]  Sha/i. 

.AIE-DI'E-TY,  71.  [Fr.  inedietd  ,■  1..  medietas  i  from  L. 
medius,  middle.] 

The  middle  state  or  part;  half;  moiety.  [Little 
lucd.]  Brown. 

ME-DI-K'VAL,  (I.     [L.  medius  and  trvu^:] 
__  In  histoi-y,  pertaining  to  the  middle  ages. 

Miil'DIN,      ^71.    In  Errypt,  the  fortieth  ])art  of  a  pi- 

ME-Dlf'NO,  i      aster;  a  para.     McCnlhch.    P.  Cyc. 

ME'I)I-o-€ItAL,  a.  [L.  mediocris.]  Being  of  a  mid- 
dle quality  ;  indifferent;  ordinary  ;  as,  mcdiocral  in- 
U-IIect.     [Rare.]  .Addison, 

MK'DI-o-eRi:,  Cni«'Jc-5-ker,)  a.  [Fr.,  from  L.  mcdi- 
ojris.]     Middling.     [  Obs.] 

MK'DI-o-eiUST,  7/.  A  person  of  middling  abilities. 
{J^otused.A  Swift. 

ME-DI-OC'ur-TY,  71.  [L.  mediocritas,  from  mediocris, 
middling:  medius^  mitldle.] 

1.  A  middle  state  or  degree  ;  a  moderate  degree  or 
rale.  A  mediocrity  oi  condition  is  most  favorable  to 
morals  and  happiness.  Amcdiocrity  tif  talents,  well 
emjdoyed,  will  generally  insure  respectability. 

Men  of  a^u  seldom  drive  business  home  to  the  fnll  period,  Ijul 
coiik'iU  thcimclvcs  with  a.  mediocrity  of  eiicccis.      Bacon. 

2.  Moderation  ;  temperance. 

We  owe  obcdi'-'ncc  to  the  law  of  reiuon,  which  tcacliclli  medioc- 
rity ill  meals  and  drinks.  Jlooker. 

MED'I-TaTE,  v.  i.  [L.  mcditor;  Sp.  meditari  Fr. 
mcditei:] 

1.  To  dwell  on  any  thing  in  thought ;  to  contem- 
plate; to  study;  to  turn  or  revolve  any  subject  in 
the  mind  ;  appropriate y,  but  not  exclusively,  used  of 
pious  contemplation,  or  a  consideration  of  the  great 
truths  of  religion. 

ills  deli^jhl  is  in  the  law  of  A\n  Lord,  und  in  hid  law  doth  he 
VicdiuiU  day  and  nijhl.  —  P3.  i. 

2.  To  intend  ;  to  have  in  contemplation. 

I  meditate  to  pasu  the  reuuiinder  of  life  in  a  slate  of  undisluvbcd 
ivpose.  Washing  ton . 

MED'I-TaTE,  V.  t.  To  plan  by  revolving  in  the  mind ; 
to  contrive  ;  to  intend. 

Some  alBrmcd  that  I  mediUiUd  a  war.  Kin^  Charles. 

2.  To  think  on  ;  to  revolve  in  the  mind. 

Bloiscd  is  tiic  man  that  doth  viediUitc  good  tiuuga.        Ecclus. 

MED'I-Ta-TED,  pp.  or  a.    Planned  ;  contrived. 
MED'I-Ta-TING,  jipr.     Revolving  in  the  mind ;  con- 
templating; contriving. 
MED-I-TA'TION,  n.     [I..  mcditatio.'\ 

Close  or  continued  thought ;  tiie  turning  or  re- 
volving of  a  subject  in  the  inmd  ;  serious  contempla- 
tion. 

Let  the  wonls  o(  my  mouth  and  the  meditallon*  <jf  my  hffarl  be 
accL'ptabli-  hi  tliy  sight,  U  I.oid,  my  sla-ngtli  and  jny  Ke- 
di;emer.  —  Ps.  xix. 

MEDT-Ta-TIVE,  a.    Addicted  to  meditation. 

Minsiourth. 
9.  Exiiressing  meditation  or  design.        Johnson. 
MEDT-Ta-TIVE-NESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  med- 
itative. 
MED-I-TER.RaNE' 


middle, 


MED-I-TER.RaNE',  )  f,  V 

MED-[-TER-RA'i\E-AN,        i "'      f  ^^  t    '  i  ■ 

MED-I-TER-Ra'NE-OUS,     S     and  tcn-j,  land.. 

1.  Inclosed  or  nearly  inclosed  with  land;  as,  the 
Jtlcdita-ranean  Sea,  between  Eurojje  and  Africa. 
[Mediterrane  is  not  used.] 

2.  Inland  ;  remote  from  the  ocean  or  sea;  as,  7ncd- 
iterrancous  mountains.  Burnet. 

Mk'DI-UM,  n. ;  pi.  Media  or  Mediums.  [L.l  In 
philosophy,  tile  space  or  substance  through  wliich  a 
body  moves  or  passes  to  any  point.  Tims  ether  is 
supposed  to  be  the  medium  through  which  the  planets 
move ;  air  is  the  medium  through  which  bodies  move 
near  the  earth;  water,  the  medium  in  which  fishes 
live  and  move  ;  glass,  a  7HC(/(«ni  through  which  light 
passes ;  and  we  speak  of  a  resisting  medium,  a  re- 
fmcling  medium,  &lc. 

2.  In  logic,  the  mean  or  middle  term  of  a  syllo- 
gism, or  the  middle  term  in  an  argument,  being'  the 
reason  why  a  thing  is  affirmed  or  denied. 

Nothingcan  be  honorabh;  that  viulutt-;  moral  prin- 
ciple. 

Dueling  violates  mnral  principle. 

Therefore  dueling  is  not  honorable. 

Here  the  second  tennis  the  medium,  mean,  or  miil- 
dle  term. 

3.  In  mathematics.    See  Mean. 

4.  The  means  or  instrument  by  which  any  thing 
is  accomplished,  conveyed,  or  carried  on.  Thus 
money  is  the  medium  of  commerce  ;   coin  is  the  com- 


in  ^.irueuM  lor  Ji.:>  i 
MED'LE,  ;  „, 

MKD'I.Y,  p-"-     ^' 
MED'LEY,   ji.    Ai 


MEE 

moil  medium  (>f  trade  among  all  civili^-.i-J  nation^,  liit 
wampum  is  the  TjiC(/i«m  of  trade  among  the  Indian 
tribes,  and  bills  of  credit,  or  bank  notes,  are  often 
used  as  mediums  of  traile  in  the  i)lace  of  gold  and  sil- 
ver. Intelligence  is  roimnunicated  through  the  me- 
dium of  the  press. 
5.  The  middle  place  or  degree  ;  the  mean. 

The  Jusl  medium  of  this  cise  hcB  between  jmde  und  (ibjcctStni. 

Li'Efitrange. 

fi.  A  kind  of  printing  paper  of  middle  size. 
MED'LAR,  71.     [Hax.  nu."d  :  L.  mespilus.] 

A  tree  of  the  genus  .Mcspilus  ;  also,  the  fruit  of  the 
tree.  The  German  or  common  medlar  is  cuUivaled 
in  gardens  for  its  fruit  Encyc 

To  ini.x  ;  not  ivicd,  but  hence, 

mixture;  a  mingled  and  confused 
mass  of  ingredients ;  used  often  or  commonly  w:tli 
some  degree  of  contempt. 

This  medley  of  philosophy  and  war  Addison. 

Love  ib  a  vtemey  ol   nulcarmciiu,  )ar<,  sU5]>icions    i'«"ni'ili> 
menta,  wars — then  pcocv  u^jin.  Walth. 

MED'LEY,  a.     Mingled;  confused.     [LiitU  used.] 

Dry  dm. 
ME-DUL'LAR,       )  a.     [L.   vieduUarU,  from  medulla, 
MED'UL-LA-RY,  j      marrow;  W.viadruz;  allied  to 
nmtter,  that  is,  soft.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  marrow;  consisting  of  marrow ; 
resembling  viarrow  ;  as,  medullary  substance. 

2.  In  botany,  pithy  ;  filled  with  spongy  pith. 

Lindley. 
ME-DUL'LIN,  n.     [L.  medulla.] 

The  pith  of  the  sunflower  and  lilac,  which  has  nei- 
ther taste  nor  smell.  It  is  insoluble  in  water,  ether, 
alcohol,  and  oils,  but  soluble  in  nitric  acid,  and  in- 
stead of  yielding  suberic  acid,  it  yields  the  o.valir. 

Cyc. 
ME-ptJ'SA,  «.     [Gr.  Utiovca.] 

1.  In  mytJwlogy,  a  personage  who  possessed  the 
power  of  turning  all  wlio  looked  upon  her  into  .stone. 

2.  A  genus  of  gelatinous,  radiate  animals,  call.d 
Sea-nettles. 

ME-DtT'SI-DANS,  71.  pi.    Gelatinous,  radiate  animals, 

wJiich  float  or  swim  in  the  sea. 
MEED,  V.     [Sax.  med,  Gr.  piado?,  G.  miethc,  hire: 

Sans,  mcdha,  a  gift.] 

1.  Reward;  recompense;  that  which  is  he.'?lowcd 
or  rendered  in  consideration  of  merit. 

Tlianbs  to  men 
Of  noble  minds  is  honorable  meed,  iffit^. 

2.  Merit  or  desert.    [JVot  used.]  ShaJ:. 
MEEK,  fl.     [Hw.  miuk,  soft,  tender;  Dan.myff;   Sp. 

mc^o  ;  Port,  inciiro ;  G.  gcmaclu  The  primary  sense 
is,  flowing,  liquid,  or  thin,  attenuated,  and  allied  to 
muck,  ^j.vmcus,  Eng.  mucilage,  Heh.  and  Ch.  iiO,  to 
melt.  Class  Mg,  No.  8.  See  also  No.  JO,  and  No. 
2,  y,  13.] 

1.  Mild  of  temper;  soft;  gentle;  not  easily  pro- 
voked or  irritated;  yielding;  given  to  forbearance 
under  injuries. 

Noiv  the  mrvn  RIoscs  was  very  meek,  above  all  men.  — Num.  xii. 

2.  .Appropriately,  humble,  in  an  evangelical  sense; 
submissive  to  the  divine  will ;  not  proud,  self- 
sufficient,  or  refractory ;  not  peevish  and  apt 
to  complain  of  divine  dispensations.  Christ  says, 
"  Learn  of  nis,  for  I  am  meek  and  lowly  in  heart,  and 
ye  shall  find  rest  to  your  souls."    Matt,  xi. 

Blessed  .-irc  the  mccl;  for  they  sh:ill  inherit  llic  earth.  —  MalL  v. 

MEEK'£N,  fmcek'n,)  v.  t.  To  make  meek  ;  to  soft- 
en ;  to  renuer  mild.  Thomsun, 

MEEK'fJN-ED,  pp.     Made  meek ;  softened. 

MEEK'E^'-i-JD,  (-Ide,)  a.  Having  eyes  indicating 
meekness.  Milton. 

MEEK'LY,  adv.  Mildly;  gently;  aubmissively ; 
humbly;   not  proudly  or  roughly. 

And  tliis  uiis-seeming  discord  meekly  Iny  iiBide.  Spenser. 

MEEK'NESS,  n.  Softness  of  temper;  mildness; 
gentleness;  forbearance  under  injuries  and  provo- 
cations. 

2.  In  an  evangelical  sense,  humilitj' ;  resignation  ; 
submission  to  the  divine  will,  without  uuiriniiring 
or  peevishness  ;  opposed  to  PniDE,  Arrogance,  and 
Refractoriness.     Oal.  v. 

I  b^se(Xli  von  by  the  meekness  of  Christ.  —  I  Cor.  x. 
Meekness  is  a.  m:i<x  which  Jchua  ulunc  inculcrited,  and  which  no 
ancient  piiiKisojiher  i;ccir.s  to  h;ivc  nndcwlood  or  recommend- 
cd.  liuckminster, 

MEER,  a.    Simple  ;  unmixed  :  usually  written  Mere. 

MEER,  jj.    A  lake  ;  a  boundar}".     [See  Mere.] 

MEER'£D,  a.    Relating  to  a  boundary.     [Sec  AIeue.] 

Shak. 

MEER'SCHAUM,  (mecr'shoum,)  n.  [G.,  sea-foam.] 
A  kind  of  clay  consisting  of  a  hydrate  of  magnesia 
comhinetl  with  silex.  It  occurs  in  beds,  in  various 
parts  of  Europe,  but  particularly  in  Natolia,  and, 
when  first  taken  out,  is  soft,  and  makes  lather,  like 
soap.  It  is  manufactured,  in  Germany,  into  tobacco- 
pipes,  which  arc  boiled  in  oil  or  wax,  and  baked. 

Cyc. 
2.  A  tobacco-pipe  made  of  tins  mineral. 

MEET,  a.  [Sax.  gcmet,  with  a  prefix,  from  the  root 
of  vir.tan,  gemctan,  to  meet,  to  find,  that  is,  to  come 


FaTE,  far,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MkTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.- 


704 


MEG 

CO,  to  conic  togellier.    So  tlie  equivalent  word  con- 
venient is  from  L.  convenio.} 

Fit;  siiitabU' ;  proper;  qualified;  convenient; 
adapted,  as  to  u  use  or  purpose. 

Ve  sh-ill  pivss  over  anncO  before  your  bmlircii,  llin  eliiUireu  of 

Israel,  ail  that  are  itteet  for  the  war.  —  D-.-nt,  iii. 
It  was  meet  ihnl  we  should  make  mem,-.  —  Lakw  %,v. 
Brill*  forth  fruits  meet  for  reptutauce.  —  Mall.  iii. 

MEET,    n.     A  meeting  of  huntsmen  for   coursing. 

Mi^ET,  i\  t. :  pret.  and  pp.  Met.  [Pax.  inctan,  iiia-tan, 
gemetan,  to  meet,  to  tind,  to  mensiiro,  to  viete  :  Goth. 
vtotyan;  D.  ontmoeteti,  annoetaa^lo  meet,  and  gemocT, 
a  meeting;  S\v.  ■miita,  to  meet,  to  fall,  comi*,  or  hap- 
pen ;  mote,  a  meotins;  mot,  toward,  a^ahist;  Dan. 
iwder,  to  meet;  morfe,  a  meetinfr ;  /ho*/,  contrary, 
acainst.  toward.  The  sense  is,  to  come  to,  to  fall  io 
or  happen,  to  reach  to  ;  Gr.  ;j.':r.»,  with  ;  C  mit,  D. 
met,  mede,  Sw.  and  Dan.  med,  with  or  l»y  ;  VV.  mcff, 
to  ;  Ch.  Syr-  s'aa,  n:^^,  to  come  to,  to  arrive,  to  hap- 
pen ;  Heb.  Ch.  Eth.  NSD.  Q.u.  W.  ammod,  v^  cove- 
nant; comwcrf,  agreement.] 

1.  To  come  together,  approaching  in  opposite  or 
diilerent  directions ;  to  come  face  to  face  ;  as,  to  vicct 
a  man  in  the  road. 

His  daughter  time  out  to  meet  bun  wilii  linibixls  and  wiUi 
dances.  —  Jtid^'s  xi. 

0.  To  come  toj-elher  in  any  place  ;  as,  wc  met  many 
stransers  at  the  levee. 

3.  To  come  together  in  hostility  ;  to  encounter. 
The  armies  met  each  other  on  the  plains  of  Phar- 
satia. 

4.  To  encounter  unexpectedly.  Jilihoii. 

5.  To  come  together  in  extension  ;  to  cuuie  in  con- 
tact ;  to  join.  The  line  A  vieetj;  the  line  H  and  forms 
an  angle. 

6.  To  come  to  ;  to  find  ;  to  licht  on  ;  to  receive. 
The  good  man  mcer.-t  his  reward  ;  the  criminal,  in 

due  time,  meet^  the  punishmont  he  deserves. 

Of  »ice  or  virtue,  wh-Mher  blest  or  curst, 

\Vhich  meets  contempt,  or  \vhit:h  comp;iialou  firel.  Pope. 

MEET,  V.  i.  To  come  together  or  to  approach  near,  or 
into  company  with.  How  pleasant  it  is  for  friends 
to  meet  on  the  road  I  still  more  pleasant  to  meet  in  a 
foreign  country'. 

2.  To  come  together  in  hostility ;  to  encounter. 
The  armies  met  at  Waterloo,  and  decided  the  fate  of 
lion  a  parte. 

3.  To  assemble;  to  congregate.  The  council  met 
at  10  o'clock.  The  legislature  will  meet  on  tlie  first 
Wednesday  in  the  month. 

4.  To  come  together  by  being  extended  ;  to  come 
in  contact ;  to  join.  Two  converging  lines  will  tnect 
in  a  point. 

To  meet  with ;  to  light  on ;  to  find ;  to  come  to  ; 
often  with  the  sense  of  an  unexpected  event. 

We  met  wlUi.  luaiiy  tilings  wortliy  of  observatiuii.  Bacon. 

2.  To  join ;  to  unite  in  company. 

FiditiJT  at  tlial  oak  shall  iJieel  u>it/(  ua.  bliaX: 

3.  To  sutTer  unexpectedly  ;  aa  to  meet  with  a  fall ; 
to  meet  with  a  loss. 

4.  To  encounter;  to  be  subjected  to. 

Royal  mistres:^, 
Prepare?  to  meet  with  more  than  IniUi  fury, 
From  the  tierce  prince.  Rtiiee, 

5.  To  obviate  ;  a  Latinism.    [JVot  used.]    Bacon. 

To  meet  haJf  jcarj  ;  to  approach  from  an  equnl  dis- 
tance and  meet ;  ynetapkoricalhj,  to  make  mutual  and 
equal  concessions,  each  party  renouncing  some  pre- 
tensions. 

aiEET'SiV,  r.  (.     To  render  meet  or  fit  for.  ^sh. 

MEET'ER,  w.  One  that  meets  another  ;  one  that  ac- 
costs another.  Sltal:. 

MEET'ING,  ppr.  Coming  together;  encountering; 
joinine;  assembling. 

MEET'IXG,  n.  -A  coming  together;  an  inter\'iew ; 
as,  a  happy  mcetniir  of  friends. 

2.  An  assembly ;  a  congregation ;  a  collection  of 
people  ;  a  convention.  The  vieeting  was  numerous  ; 
the  mectirtfr  was  clamorous;  the  meeting  was  dis- 
solved at  stmset. 

3.  A  conflux,  as  of  rivers ;  a  joining,  as  of  lines. 

4.  In  England,  a  place  of  worehip  for  dissenters. 

Smart. 
MEET'ING-HOUSE,   n.     A   place    of  worship;    a 

church. 
flIEET'LY,  adv.    [from  meet-l    Fitly ;  suitably  ;  prop- 
erly. 
MEET']NT;SS,ti.    [from  meet.]    Fitness;  suitableness; 

propriety.  Up.  Hall. 

MEG'A-€OSM,  n.      [Gr.  pcyas,  great,  and  Kocpos, 

world.] 
The  great  world.  Bp.  Croft. 

MEG-A-Le'SIAN  games,  71.    pL      [Gr.  iUya^.]     A 

magnificent   Roman    exhibition    in    the    circus    in 

honor  of  Cybele. 
MEG-A-LON'YX,  n.     [Gr.  pC)  aXij,  great,  and  owi,  a 

nail.] 
A  large  quadruped,  now  extinct,  whose  bones  have 

been  found  in  Virginia,  allied  to  the  slolh.    Cinner. 
MEG-A-L0P'0-LIS,7i.     [Gr. //rj  aA/;,  great,  and  jtoAj?, 

city.] 
A  chief  city  ;  a  metropolis.    [J^Tot  in  iise.]  Herbert. 


MEG-A-LO-SAUaiUS,  n.  [Gr.  ptyaXtj  and  aavooi, 
a  li/,ard.] 

A  gigantic  saurian  or  lizard,  whose  foH.siI  remains 
have  been  found  in  England,  dec.  It  u  extinct. 
[Meoalosaitu  is  also  tist-d.] 

MEG'A-SeOPE,ju  [Gr.  /irj<i<  and  aifow^.]  A  mod- 
ification of  the  solar  micro?Tope  fur  viewing  bodies 
of  considerable  dimensiona. 

MEG-A-THe'RI-UM,  7t.  [Gr.  (Uyau  great,  and  ^noa, 
a  wild  beast,] 

A  gigantic  mammiferous  quadrujicd,  now  extinct, 
but  whose  remains  have  been  found  in  ironth  Amer- 
ica. It  was  nearly  allied  to  the  ani-<:aters  and  sloths, 
and  was  larger  than  the  megalonyx.  P.  C»jc. 

Me'GRIM,  71.  [Fr.  jnigraine,  corrupted  from  L.  and 
G.  hnnicrania,  half  the  head.] 

Properly,  a  neuralgic  pain  wi  the  side  of  the  Iiead  ; 
heailache,  characterized  by  a  vehement  pain  con- 
fined to  one  side  of  the  head,  sometimes  to  one 
side  of  tlie  forehead,  and  usually  periodical,  i.  e., 
either  exacerbating  and  rtnniliing,  or  absoltituly  In- 
termittent. 

MeINE,  (meen,)  v.  t.    [Sax.  mcngan.] 

To  mingle.    [Ohs.]  C/iaucer. 

MeINE,  )   71.     [See  Menial.]     A  retinue  or  familv  of 

IMe'NV,  i       servants  :  dimiesiics.     [Obn.]        H/uik. 

aiEINT,  (ment,)  pp.     Mingled.  Spen«fT. 

-AlEFO-NtTE,  H.    [Gr.  lUtui,  smaller;  from  its  low 
pyramids.] 
A  varletv  of  scapolite.  Dana. 

MEI-6'SIS,'7i.     [Gr.  untoot^.] 

Diminution  ;  a  rhetorical  figure,  a  sjiecies  of  hyper- 
bole, representing  a  tiling  less  than  it  is.      Beattic. 

Me'LAM,  71,  A  white,  insoluble  jiowiler,  discovered 
by  Liebig.  It  is  prepared  by  fusing  sulphocyanid  of 
ammonia,  or  a  mixture  of  two  partsof  sal  ammoniac, 
and  one  part  of  sulphocyanid  nf  potassium.   Cooleii. 

MEI/AM-PODE,  n.     [Gr.  /u,\a/i-«^tof,  blackfoot.] 
The  black  hellebore.  Spenser. 

ME-LAN^\-GOGUE,  (me-Ian'a-gog,)  n.  [Gr.  ^tAas, 
;tfA'(i'0?,  black,  and  ayi'i,  to  drive.] 

A  luedichie  supposed  to  expel  black  bile  or  choler. 
lOidA 

MEL'AN-CFIOL-ie,  a.  [See  Melancholt.]  De- 
pressed in  spirits  ;  affected  with  gloom  ;  dejected  ; 
hypochondriac.  Grief  indulged  to  excess  has  a 
tendency  to  render  a  person  melancholic. 

2.  Produced  by  melancholy  ;  expressive  of  melan- 
choly ;  mournful ;  as,  melancholic  strains. 

Just  as  ilie  mc:aTtcholic  eye 

Sees  deets  auJ  armies  in  the  sky.  Prior. 

3.  Unhappy ;  unfortunate  ;  causing  sorrow ;  as, 
accidents  and  mehnicholic  perplexities.    Clarendmi. 

MEL'AN-CHOL-ie,  ;i.     One  atfected  with  a  iiloomy 

state  of  miud.     [Melahcholian,  in  a  like  sense,  is 

not  used.]  SpensCT. 

2.  A  gtoomv  state  of  mind.  Clarendon. 

MEL'AN-£IiOL-I-LY,  adv.    With  melancholy. 

Keepe, 
MEL'AN-CHOL-I-NESS,  tj.    State  of  being  melan- 
choly ;  disposition  to  indulge  gloominess  of  mind. 

Aubraj. 
MEL-AN-€H6'LI-OUS,  a.    Gloomy.    [JVot  m  use.] 

Oowcr. 
MEL'AN-€HOL-IST,  w.     One  atfected  with  melan- 
choly. GlancUtc. 
MEL'AN-CHO-LIZE,  v.  i.     To  become  gloomy  in 

mind.  Burton. 

MEL'AN-eilO-LTZE,  v.  t.    To  make  melancholy. 

[Thi^  verb  is  rarely  or  never  used.]  [Jloorf. 

MEL'AN-eiiOL-Y,  w.  [Gr.  //cAuj/,  hlack,  and  xuA'j, 
bile  ;  L.  melancholia.] 

1.  A  gloomy  state  of  mind,  often  a  gloomy  stale 
that  is  of  some  continuance,  or  habiliial ;  depression 
of  spirits  induced  by  grief;  dejection  of  spirits. 
This  was  formerly  supposed  to  proceed  from  a 
redundance  of  black  bile.  Mclnndwlii,  when  ex- 
treme and  of  lung  continuance,  is  a  disease  some- 
times accompanied  with  partial  insanity.  Cullen 
defines  it,  partial  insanity  without  dys[«;psy. 

2.  In  nosology,  mental  alienation  restrained  to  a 
single  object  or  train  of  ide:is,  in  distinction  from 
wania,  in  which  the  alienation  is  general.       Oood. 

Mooii-struclt  madness,  moping  metanchoty.  MlSton. 

MEL'AN-CHOL-Y,  a.  Gloomy  ;  depressed  in  spirits  ; 
dejected  ;  applied  to  persons.  Overwhelming  grief 
has  made  me  melancholy. 

2.  Dismal;  gloomy;  habitually  dejected;  as,  a 
melancholy  temper. 

3.  Calamitous  ;  afflictive ;  that  may  or  does  pro- 
duce great  evil  and  piief;  as,  a  meUmdioly  event. 
The  melancholy  fate  of  the  Albion  !  The  melancholy 
destruction  of  Scio  and  of  MissoU.nijhi ! 

ME-LXNGE',    (mii-linzh',)    ».      [Fr.]      \    mixture. 

pVo(  Enfrlisk.]  Drummond. 

MEL'AN-ITE,  n.    [Gr.  luXav,  black.] 

A  black  variety  of  garnet.  Dana. 

MEl^AX-IT'IC,  a.    Pertaining  to  mclanile. 
MEL'A-NHRE,     (  n.    .\  small  fish  of  the  Mediter- 
MEL-A-Nu'RtJS,  i       ranean,  a  species  of  Si>arus  or 

gilt-head.  -**A.     P.  C-yc 

MEL'A-PH'IllE,  n.    A  varietv  of  black  or  pyroxonic 

porphvrv.  Hiunble, 


MEL 


MB-LAS'RF^,  D.    Setr  Muluic*. 
ME-LAS'HIt;  ACID,  «.    TIk  ; 

neoii^i  action  of  htrac  and  a'.- 

v.Tii\iK  MUlrar. 
MR-LEF.',  {mi  i: 

combaUinu  ar> 
ME-LIC'EU-Or. 

Notine  a  tuiu'.r  ui 

malt*.r  tik<-  honry. 
.MEL'I-I.m:,  n.     [dr. 

A  name  applied  to  lun.i 

the  lav.ti  of  Veiitjviui. 
MEL'I-Lryi'.  „.    [Fr.1    A  lAan* 

nearlv  iillird  !'■  •'     ' 

MeL/IuKAI'K. 

Sp.  melon r  ;  It. 

\V.  yriallj  t'lun,  !>/■  Jn 
To  iiiaki;  bf-ttcr  ;  I 

by  grafting,  or  Moil  I.; 

dune  nmch,  but  Chii>ii  •,•>..    u 

condition  of  men  in  t^y.niy. 

SaHin  by  Ut  nr  tf>>r  .-^1^:-— 

MeL'IOR-ATK.  r.  i,      J 
MkL'IOR  A-TED,  pp.  ■ 
.MKL'10K-A-TI.\G,;.;.r. 
in  good  ipialttie.^. 


Tz* 


porT!  ami  bCTii.-ti  V-idtd 


VouM-. 


MlIIv-IOC  A'TJOX.n. 
bfttcr ;  improvemcni. 
MeL-IOR'I-TY,  n.    The  -t^lL- of  L-iu;  U* 

in  u-ie.] 
MELL,  P.  i.     [Pr.  infUr,] 

To  mix  ;  lo  meddle.    [Mu  im  um.] 
MELL.n.     [Umel] 

Honey,     [Xot  EngU^h.] 
M  EL'L.'VTE.  n.    [  L.  rml,  haocy,  Cr.  . 
A  combination  of  mellic  ur  mri  ' 

MEL'I-ie,  a.    Sec  BUtxiTic. 

MEL-LIF'ER-OUS,  a.    [L.  mel,  honey,  nd  /e**,  lo 

produce.] 
Produciiic  honey, 
MEL-LIF-I  C.K'TIOX,  n.     [  U  mrU.f.ce.] 
The  making  or  pn^luctiiiii  rf  }.   :i    .' 
MEL-LIF'LU-EXCE,  n.    [1^ 
flow.] 
A  flow  of  sweetncM,  or  a  - 

MEL-LIF'LU-EXT,  I  a.  Flowing  uii 
MEL-LIF'LU-OUS,  \     sweetly  flou  k 

luous  voice. 
MEL-LIF'LU-EXT-LY,)     .       e„«„»,r 
MEI^LIF'LU-OUS-IA',     '^''-    Smoo*Wv  , 


.MEL-LIG'E-NOUS,  a.    [Gr.  pi.>,  boney,  and  ; ./  .. 

kind.] 
Having  the  qualities  of  honey. 
MEL-LI'GO,  n.     [L.  meL] 
floiiL-y-dew,  which  see. 
MEL'IdT,  n.    !n  fcrrierv,  a  drj'  scnl 

horse's  fore  fool,  cured  by  a  mill;- 

vinegar. 
MEL'LI-T.\TE,  ti.    a  compound  of  i.; 

a  base.  '  ■ 

MEL'LITE,  n.     [lumet.] 

lloney-stone;  a  mineral  of  n  hin-y  f--?rr 

small  oclahedral  cr)-?UU3.    It  ■ 

and  alumina.    It  is  found  ^^ 

parllv  the  result  of  vrccinM 
MEL'Lie,        >G.    Ter 
MEI^LlT'ie,  i      cover 
MEL'LOX,  n.     A  com: 

in  the  form  of  a 
MEL'LuW,  a. 

meal ;  G.  meJi':!^. 

laglig,  mellow  ;    I,,  r;  ,  \- , 

paXaKOi  ;  W.  mall^  soft,  nu  1' 

as  a   noun,  a  wa/arfy.    Tl:'-  ^■ 

with  L.  mains.    TIk?" 

t;ii7J  and  melt^  and  v-r 

with  viUL    I  nm  not 

word.    See  Clxts  Ml.  .N.\  -.  i.  '•.  ;- 

1.  Soft  wiih  rijiencs3  ;  easily  vkldms  lo  prr?*urc  . 
as,  a  mtilow  pcacli  or  apple :  wW.«r  fruit. 

2.  Soft  10  the  ear ;  as,  a  mellpv  ^ound  :  a  nr.'l'i- 
pipe. 

3.  Soft ;  well  pulverized  :  not  indiirate^J  of  «-..««- 
pact ;  as,  mtlloir  gn.-»und  or  earth. 

4.  Sot't  and  smix^th  lo  the  tiste  :  as,  «#." 

5.  Soft  with  liquor;  mioTicalM  ;  mem 
G.  Soft  or  easy  to  ih* 

The  leader  fia*h.  vl  . 

IlmTca  vfilii  &I1  ir>.-;u." 

MEL'Lf>\V.  r.  (.     To  ripen  ;  T 

soften  by  ripeness  or  age. 

llnforrifa  msuucxins  i.~iT  e.- 

2.  To  soften  ;  to  pulverize.    Ea^t^ 
frost.  ^     . 

3.  To  mature  :  to  bring  »  pf  rfecu^n. 

Tlw  epwxie-«<iio«*i  into  CM  irp^ii.*  >^bA  Aw  ' 


TONE,  BIJLL,  IIi\ITE.-AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.-e  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  Sll ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


89 


7(>n 


MEL 


MKL'LOW,  r.  i.  To  become  soft  ;  to  be  ripened,  ma- 
lured  or  brought  lo  norftclion.  Fruit,  when  taken 
from  tlio  tn-e,  soon  viellows.    Wine  mellojrs  with  age. 

MEI.'L^\V-/:D,  pp.     Ripened  ;  brought  to  maturity. 
•:?.  Itrcmne  soft,  as  fruit  when  ripe. 

MKL'l.rtVV-LY,  adv.    In  a  mellow  manner. 

MEL'LOW-NESS,  «.  Softness;  the  quality  of  yield- 
in"  easily  to  pressure  ;  rip<;nes3,  as  of  fniit. 

i  Maturity ;  softness  or  smoothness  from  age,  as 
of  wine.  . 

MEL'I.0V\'-T6N  .KD,  a.    Havmg  soft  tones. 

MEIi'LCVV-Y,  a.    Soft;  unctuous.  Drayton. 

MEL-0-eO-TON',  71.  [Sp.  mdocoton^  a  peach-tree 
grafted  into  a  quinco-tree,  or  the  fruit  of  the  tree ;  It, 
metoeotv^nio,  quince-tree  ;  L.  malum  cotoncumy  quince- 
applf.  Cotajteum  is  probably  our  coM*n,and  the  fruit 
so  named  from  its  pubescence.] 

A  quince.  But  the  name  is  sometimes  given  to  a 
large  kind  of  peach. 

ME-Lfl'li!  '^J^S,  a-  [See  Melody.]  Containing  mel- 
ody ;  nu[;,ii:.;l  ;  aip'eeable  lo  the  ear  by  a  sweet  suc- 
cession of  souiiils ;  as,  a  Tnelodious  voice  j  melodious 
strains. 

Anil  uniMC  more  melodious  Uiaii  Ihe  tpherea.  Drytlen. 

ME-Lo'DI-OUS-LY,  adv.  In  a  melodious  manner; 
musicallj'.  „.    . 

ME-LG'I)!-0US-NES3,  n.  The  quality  of  being  agreea- 
ble to  the  ear  by  a  sweet  succession  of  sounds  ;  mu- 
sicalness. 

MEL'O-DIST,  71.  A  composer  and  singer  of  elegant 
melodies,  in  contradistinctiim  to  Harmonist. 

UV,WO'Ul7.K,  V.  t.    To  make  melodious. 

MEL'O  !)T/,-KD,  pp.     Rendered  harmonious. 

iMHI/o  1>I/,  ISiiyPpr.    Rendering  harinonioua. 

MEL-O-DRA-MATMe,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  melodrame. 

MEL-U-DRAM'A-TIST,  n.  One  skilled  in  mclo- 
drames,  or  who  prepares  thein. 

MEL'O-DRAME,  ji.    [Gr.  /ifXys,  a  song,  and  drama.} 
A  dramatic  performance  in  which  songs  are  inter- 
mixed. Chalmers. 

MEL'O-DY,  71.  [Gr.  nt'XwSta;  }u\oSj  a  limb,  or  a 
song,  and  (xlrj,  an  ode  ;  L.  melos.] 

An  agreeable  succession  of  sounds  ;  a  succession 
of  sounds  so  regulated  and  modulated  as  to  please 
the  ear.  To  constitute  melody,  the  sounds  must  be 
arranged  according  to  the  laws  of  rhylhmus,  meas- 
ure, or  the  due  proportion  of  the  movements  to  each 
other.  Mdody  ditlcrs  fioin  Jutrmonyj  as  it  consists  in 
the  agreeable  succession  and  modulation  of  sounds 
by  a  single  voice  ;  where:is  harmony  consists  in  the 
accordance  of  dilforent  voices  or  sounds.  Melody  is 
vocal  or  iitslrumctital.  Hooker. 

2.  The  particular  air  or  tune  of  a  musical  piece. 
Encyc.  Am. 
To  Ttiakc  melody  in  the  heart ;  to  praise  God  with  a 
joyful  and  thankful  disposition,  ascribing  to  him  the 
honor  due  to  bis  name.    Eph.  v. 

MEL'ON,  71.  [Fr.,  from  L.  7ne!o;  Sp.  melon;  It.  me.l~ 
lone,  a  melon;  Gr.  iieXovj  an  apple;  D.  melom ;  G. 
mdonc;  Dan.  and  Sw,  melon;  Sla%*.  mlun.  This  word 
has  the  elements  ofmeltoio,  L.  mollis^  \V.  malLI 

The  name  of  certain  plants  and  their  fruit ;  as  the 
wntdT-meloTt,  the  musk-melon. 

MEL'ON-THIS'TLE,  (-this'l,)  7i.  A  plant  of  the 
genus  Cactus. 

MEL-POM'E-NE,  n.     [Gr.,  from  /icXs-ouai.J 
Thejnuse  who  presides  over  tragedy. 

MEL'PvOSE,  n.     [L.  mel  and  rosa.] 

Honey  of  roses.  Fordyce. 

ISIELT,  T.  t.  [Sax.  meltan ;  Gr.  //c^Jcj ;  D.  smdtm  ;  G. 
schmelzen ;  Sw.  smdlta ;  Dan.  smelter ;  whence  Eng. 
sjndtj  smalt,  VVe  have  in  these  words  decisive  evi- 
dence that  s,  in  smdten^  &:c.,  is  a  prefix.  J\IcU^  in 
English,  is  regular,  forming  melted  for  its  past  tense 
and  passive  participle.  The  old  participle,  molten^  is 
used  only  as  an  adjective.  This  verb  belongs  to  a 
numerous  class  of  words  in  Ml,  denoting  soft,  or 
softness.    See  Class  Ml,  No.  10,  18,  19.] 

1.  To  dissolve  ;  to  make  liquid  ;  to  liquefy  ;  to  re- 
duce from  a  solid  to  a  liquid  or  flowing  state  by 
heat ;  as,  to  melt  wax,  tallow,  or  lead  ;  to  mdt  ice  or 
snow. 

2.  To  dissolve ;  to  reduce  to  first  principles. 

3.  To  soften  to  love  or  tenderness.  \^Bumet. 

For  pily  rnelU  ihe  mind  to  lore.  DrytUn. 

4.  To  waste  away ;  to  dissipate. 

In  gencrJ  rioi  meUed  down  Ihy  youUi.  Shak. 

5.  To  dishearten.    Josh.  xiv. 

MELT,  r.  u  To  become  liquid ;  to  dissolve ;  to  be 
changed  from  a  fixed  or  solid  lo  a  flowing  state. 

And  wliiier  snui«'  iu  nuntitci  ttkUs  nw.iy.  Dryden. 

9.  To  be  softened  to  love,  pitj',  tenderness,  or  sym- 
pathy ;  to  become  tender,  raild,  or  gentle. 

Melting  with  icnilcmeia  and  mild  compusion.  Shak. 

3.  To  be  dissolved ;  to  lose  substance. 


And  wh.il  socmcd  corpoml, 
Melted  u  br-3tti  into  tlu;  wind. 


Shak. 


4.  To  be  subdued  by  affliction  \  to  sink  into  weak- 
ness. 

My  soul  meluih  for  beaTincss — ttren^b;n    ikou  n:e.  —  Pi. 
cxix. 


MEM 

5.  To  faint;  to  be  discouraged  or  disheartened. 

As  soon  as  we  heard  iJiese  iJiioja,  our  heart  nielud.  — Josli.  il. 

MELT'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Dissolved  ;  made  liquid  ;  soft- 
ened ;  discouraged. 

MELT'ER,  71.    One  that  melts  any  thing.    Dcrham. 

MELT'ING,  ppr.  Dissolving;  liquefying;  softening; 
discouraging. 

2.  a.  Tending  to  soften  ;  softening  into  tender- 
ness ;  as,  melting  eloquence. 

MELT'ING,  71.  The  act  of  softening ;  the  act  of  ren- 
dering tender.  SouVi. 

iMELT'IN(J-LY,  adv.    In  a  manner  to  melt  or  soften. 
2.  Likt!  sotnethiug  nielling.  Sidney, 

MELT'IN(;-NESS,  ;i.  'J'he  power  of  melting  or  soft- 
ening. 

MEL'VVEL,  71.    A  kind  of  codfish.  Jish. 

MEM'BEIl,  71.     [Fr.  mcmhre;  L.  ■tnmibmm.'] 

1.  A  limb  of  animal  bodies  ;  as  a  log,  an  arm,  an 
ear,  a  finger,  that  is,  a  subordinate  part  of  the  main 
body. 

2.  A  part  of  a  discourse,  or  of  a  period  or  sentence  ; 
.1  clause ;  a  part  of  a  verse.  Hannony  in  poetry  is 
produced  by  a  proportion  between  the  viemlters  of 
tbe  same  verse,  or  between  the  members  of  diftL-rcnt 
verses. 

3.  In  architecture^  a  subordinate  part  of  a  building, 
as  a  frieze  or  cornice  ;  sometimes  a  molding. 

4.  An  individual  of  a  community  or  society.  Ev- 
ery citizen  is  a  member  of  the  stale  or  body  politic. 
So  the  indlviduiUs  of  a  club,  a  corporation,  or  con- 
federacy, are  called  its  members.  Students  of  an 
academy  or  college  are  its  members.  Professed  Chris- 
tians are  called  members  of  the  church. 

5.  The  appetites  and  passions,  considered  as  tempt- 
ing to  sin.    Rom~  vii.     Col.  in. 

MEM'BER-£D,  a.     Having  limbs. 
MEM'BER-SIIIP,  71.    The  sUile  of  being  a  member. 
2.  Community;  society.  licaum.  ^'  Fl. 

ftrEM'BRANE,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  mcmbrana  ;  Ir.  mcam- 
brum.    The  last  component  i>art  of  this  word  is  found 

in  the  Ethiopia  and  Amharic  ;  Elh.    1 1^  ii  bcreana, 

parchment,  vellum,  from  1 14U  barah^  to  sliine  or  be 
clear.  (Ludolf,  Col.  231,  2.)  The  substance,  then,  is 
named  from  its  clearness  or  transparency.] 

In  anatomy,  a  thin,  white,  flexible  skin,  formed  by 
fibers  interwoven  like  net-work,  and  serving  to 
cover  some  part  of  tiie  body.  E-acijc. 

The  term  is  applied  to  the  thin,  expanded  parts,  of 

various  texture,  both  in  animals  and  vegetables. 

MEM-BRa'i\E-OUS,       \a.      Belontiing  to  a  mem^ 

MEM'BRA-NOUS,  \       brane ;     consisting     of 

ME.M-BRA-Na'CEOUS,  )       membranes  j  as,  a  mcm- 

braneous  covering. 

Birds  o(  prey  have  membranaceous  slomacha,  not  m^isciilar. 

Ai'buthnot. 

9.  In  botany,  a  membranaceous  leaf  has  no  distin- 
guishable pulp  between  the  two  surfaces.  In  gen- 
eral, it  denotes  Ilatled,  or  resembling  parchment. 

Jvlartyiu 
MEM-BRa'NI-FORM,  a.    Having  the  form  of  a  mem- 
brane or  of  parchment. 
!*IE-MEN'TO,  71.     [L.,  from  manim.     See  Memohv.] 
A  hint,  suggestion,  notice,  or  memorial  lo  awaken 
memory  ;  that  which  reminds. 

He  is  but  ti  mjn,  and  seasonable  memenioa  may  be  useful. 

Bacon, 

ME-ME^T'TO  JifO'RT,  [L.]    Be  mindful  of  death. 

MEM'NON,  71.    I'Gr.  Mf/icwi'.] 

The  name  of  a  celebrated  Egj'plian  statue,  sup- 
posed to  h.ave  the  property  of  emitting  a  harj)-like 
sound  at  sunrise. 

MEM'OIR,  (mem'wor,)  ti.    [Fr.  memoirc,  memory.] 

1.  A  species  of  history  written  by  a  person  who 
had  some  share  in  the  tniusactions  related.  Persons 
often  write  their  own  memoirs. 

2.  A  history  of  transactions  in  which  some  person 
had  a  principal  share,  is  called  his  mernoirs,  though 
compiled  or  written  by  a  dilferent  band. 

3.  The  history  of  a  society,  or  the  journals  and 
proceedings  of  a  society;  as,  memoirs  of  the  Royal 
Society. 

4.  A  written  account;  register  of  facts,  .^rbuthnot. 
MEM'OIR-IST,  n.    A  writer  of  memoirs.     Carlisle. 
MEM-O-RA-BIL'I-A,  71.  pi.     [L.]     Things  remarkable 

and  worthy  of  remembrance. 

MEM-0-RA-BIL'I-TY,  7i.  The  state  of  being  memo- 
rable. 

MEM'O-RA-BLE,  a.  [Fr.,  from  L.  memorabilis.  See 
Memor?.] 

Worthy  to  be  remembered  ;  illustrious  j  celebrated ; 
distinguished. 

Sy  tombs,  by  books,  by  meuiorable  deeds.  Daviet. 

MEM'0-RA-BLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  worthy  to  be  re- 
membered. 

MEM-0-R.^X'DUM,7i.,'  pi  Mfmobasdums  or  Memo- 
randa.   [L.]    A  note  to  help  tiie  memory. 

I  entered  a.  mgmorandum  in  my  pocket-book,  Guardion, 

MEM'O-RATE 

[Obs.] 


my  pocket-book, 

t.    To  mention  for  remembrance. 


MKN 

MEM'O-RA-TIVE,  a.    Adapted  or  tending  to  preserve 

the  numorv  of  any  thing.  Jlammond 

JilF^MO'RI'A  TE<:H'J^I-CJl,n.    [L.]    /.("tcrfl//«,teih- 

iiical     memory;  any    contrivance    for    aiding   the 

memory. 
ME-M5'RI-AL,  a.     [Fr.,   from  L.  memoriaIi.t.     See 

Memoiiy.] 

1.  Preservative  of  memorj'. 

There  hi^h  in  air  irtfTnorial  of  my  name, 

Fix  ths  smootli  oar,  uiid  bid  mo  live  to  fame.  Pope. 

2.  Contained  in  memory  ;  as  memorial  possession. 

Watts. 
ME-MO'RI-AL,  71.  That  which  preser^'es  the  mem- 
ory of  something;  any  thing  that  serves  to  keep  in 
inemorj'.  A  monuinenl  is  a  vicmorUd  of  a  deceased 
person,  or  of  an  event.  The  Lord's  supper  is  a  ;nc- 
morial  of  the  death  and  sufferings  of  Christ. 

Cliurchea   h;ive  namea ;  some  as  memorials  of  pence,  some  of 
wisdom,  some  of  ihu  Trinity.  iloakcr 

9.  Any  note  or  hint  to  assist  the  memory. 

Memorials  written  witli  Kinj  Edwani'e  hand  shall  b**  iJie  ground 
of  this  history.  Hayoard, 

X  A  written  representation  of  facts,  made  to  a 
legislative  or  other  body  xs  the  ground  of  a  petition, 
or  a  representation  of  facts  accompanied  witli  a  peti- 
tion. 

4.  In  diplomacy,  a  species  of  informal  state  paper, 
much  used  in  negotiation.  Brande. 

ME-.Mo'RI-AL-IST,  n.    One  who  writes  a  memorial. 

Spectator. 
2.  One  who  presents  a  memorial  to  a  legislative  or 
anv  other  body,  or  to  a  person.  United  Sl/itcs. 

ME-Md'RI-AL-IZE,  tJ.  L    To  present  a  memorial  to  ; 

to  |»i"tition  by  inemoriiU.  United  States. 

MK-Mo'RI-AL-IZ-£l),  ;//;.    Petitioned  by  memorial. 
MEM'0-RIST,  71.    One  who  causes  to  be  remembered. 

f  A«f  used.]  Brown. 

i\lK-r»101v'I-TER,  adv.     fL.]     By  memory. 
MEM'O-RIZEjT).  (.  Torecord;  to  hand  down  to mem- 
orj-  by  writing. 

They  neglect  to  memorize  their  conquest  of  the  Indians. 

Spenser. 
2.  To  cause  to  be  remembered. 

Tliey  nicajit  to  memorize  anoth'ir  Golgotha.  Sliak. 

iMEM'0-RIZ-£D,  pp.  Recorded ;  handed  down  to 
memory. 

MEM'O-RY,  71.  [L.  mcmoria;  Fr.  mcmoire;  Sw. 
minne;  Ir.  mcamhair;  or  mcahliair,  vicanma.  This 
word  is  from  memini,  which  is  probably  corrui)ted 
from  liie  Greek  pvaopat,  to  remember,  from  /icrjj, 
mind,  or  the  same  root.    See  Mind.] 

1.  The  faculty  of  the  mind  by  which  it  retains  the 
knowledge  of  past  evenl^;,  or  ideas  which  are  pn-^t. 
A  distinction  is  made  between  memory  and  recidhr- 
tinn,  Memory  retains  past  ideas  without  any,  or 
with  little  effort;  recollection  implies  an  effort  to  re- 
call ideas  that  are  past.    Beatiie.      Rcid.     Steicart. 

Manory  U  the  piiireyor  of  reason.  lianthlcr. 

2.  A  retaining  of  past  ideas  in  the  mind  ;  remem- 
brance. Events  that  excite  little  attention  are  ai>t 
to  escape  from  memory. 

3.  Exemption  from  oblivion. 

That  t?ver  living  man  of  memory, 

Ht;iiry  the  Fifdi.  ShaJc. 

4.  Tlie  time  within  which  past  events  can  be  re- 
membered or  recollected,  or  the  time  within  wJiich  a 
psrson  may  have  knowledge  of  what  is  pasU  'i'he  rev- 
olution in  England  was  before  my  memory;  the  revo- 
lution in  America  was  within  the  author's  memoru. 

5.  Memorial ;  monumental  record ;  that  which 
calls  to  remembrance.  A  monument  in  London 
was  erected  in  memory  of  the  conflagration  in  IGllti. 

C.  Reflection  ;  attention.  SJuik. 

MEM'O-RY,  V.  t.  To  lay  up  in  the  mind  or  memory. 
[J^ot  used.\  Chaucer. 

MEM'PHI-AN,  a.  [from  Memphis,  the  ancient  m.-- 
tropolis  of  Egypt,  said  to  be  altered  from  Mcnuf, 
Memf.     Ludolf.] 

Pertaining  to  JMemphis  ;  very  dark  ;  a  sense  bor- 
rowed from  the  darkness  of  Eg>*pt  in  the  time  of 
Moses. 

MEiV,  71.  pi.  of  Ma>'.  Two  or  more  males,  individu- 
als of  the  human  race. 

2.  IMales  of  a  brave  spirit.  We  will  live  in  honor, 
or  die  like  men. 

3.  Persons;  people;  mankind;  in  an  indefinite 
sense.  Men  are  apt  lo  forget  the  benefactor,  wliile 
they  riot  on  the  benefit. 

MEN'ACE,  v.  t.  [Fr.  menaccr;  It.  minaceiare;  Sp. 
amcnazar ;  L.  minor.  The  primary  sense  is,  lo 
rush,  throw,  or  push  forward.  The  sense  is  nion^ 
clearly  expressed  by  emineo  and  prominco,  to  jut  fur- 
ward,  from  the  same  root.  See  Mixn,  whicii  is  of 
the  same  family.] 

1.  To  threaten  ;  lo  express  or  show  a  disposition 
or  determination  to  inflict  punishment  or  orher  evil. 
The  combined  powers  menaced  France  with  war  on 
every  side. 

2.  To  show  or  manifest  the  probability  of  futuro 
evil  or  danger  to.  The  spirit  of  insubordination 
menaced  Spain  with  the  horrors  of  civil  war. 

3.  To  exhibit  the  appearance  of  any  cnia-strophe  to 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MeTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOIi. 

706 


MEN 

come  ;  as,  a  hanging  rock  menaces  a  fall,  or  menaces 
the  plam  or  the  inhabitants  below, 

MEN'ACE,  H.  A  threat  or  threatening;;  the  declara- 
tion or  show  of  a  dispositiun  or  delfriniiiation  to  in- 
flict an  evil  ;  used  of  persim^-. 

2.  The  show  of  a  probable  evil  or  catastrophe  to 
come. 

MEX^V-C£D,  (men'aste,)  pp.    Threatened. 

MEN'A-(-'EK,  n.     One  that  threatens. 

ME-NA€II'AN-TTE,  n.  A  black  metallic  mineral, 
consisting  of  titanic  acid  and  oxyd  of  iron,  found 
near  Menachan,  in  Cornwall,  England.  It  is  a  va- 
riety of  Umenite.  Dana. 

MEN-A-CHAN-IT'ie,  a.     Pertiining  to  menachanite. 

MEN'A-CIXG,  ppr.  Threatening  ;  declaring  a  dispo- 
sition or  determination  to  inllict  evil. 

9.  o.  Exhibiting  the  danger  or  probability  of  an 
evil  or  catastrophe  to  coine  ;  as,  a  mcnacin<T  attitude. 

MEN'A-CING-LY,  adv.    In  a  threatening  manner. 

JUEjY-AOE'j  (men-iizh',)  n.     [Er.,  a   family.      See 
Manage.] 
A  collection  of  brute  animals.  Addison^ 

MEN-Afi'E-RIE,  (men-azh'e-re,  \  n.         [Fr.      mena- 

MEN'A-GER-Y,  men'a-jer-re,)  J  ^mc;  It.  mcna- 
crcria .  ] 

A  yard  or  place  in  which  wild  animals  are  kept ; 
also,  a  oullection  of  wild  animals. 

MEX'A-GOGUE,  (men'a-gog,)  7*.     [Gr.  //jji/£S,  men- 
strua, and  rt}  oj,  to  drive.] 
A  medicine  that  promotes  the  menstrual  flux. 

^uincy. 

MEND,  V,  U  [L.  cmendo,  Fr.amcnder;  It.  mcndare  i 
from  L.  vienda,  a  fault,  spot,  or  blemish.  Mend  is 
contracted  from  emcndo,  amcnd^  for  the  L.  negative  f, 
for  ez^  is  necessary  to  express  the  removal  of  a 
fault.] 

1.  To  repair,  as  a  breach  ;  to  supply  a  part  broken 
or  defective  ;  as,  to  vtend  a  garment,  a  road,  a  mill- 
dam,  a  fence,  &c. 

2.  To  correct ;  to  set  right ;  to  alter  for  the  belter ; 
as,  to  mend  the  life  or  manners. 

3.  To  repair;  to  restore  to  a  sound  state ;  as,  to 
mend  a  feeble  or  broken  constitution.  Locke. 

4.  To  help;  to  advance;  to  make  better.  This 
plausible  apology  does  not  incnd  the  matter. 

Though  in  some  Unda  ihe  gras  is  bul  sliort,  yet  it  iitends  garden 
h'.rbs  aod  Iniil.  MorttTner. 

5.  To  improve ;  to  hasten. 

lie  saw  the  monster  inend  his  paw.  Dry'len. 

MEND,  u.  i.  To  grow  better;  to  advance  to  a  better 
state ;  to  improve.  We  say,  a  feeble  constitution 
inrnds  dailv  ;  a  sick  man  mcnd-s^  or  is  convalescent. 

MEND'A-BLE,  a.    Capable  of  being  mended. 

ME.N'-Da^CIOU:^,  C-da'sbus,)  a,     [L.  viemlax.] 
Lying  ;  false. 

MEN-DAC'I-TV,  (-das'e-te,)  n.  [L.  inenduz,  false, 
lying.     See  Class  Mn,  Xo.  4.] 

Falsehood.  Broicn. 

[The  proper  signification  of  this  word  would  be  a 
disposition  to  lie,  or  habitual  lying.] 

MEND'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Kepaired ;  made  belter;  im- 
proved. 

MEND'ER,  n.    One  who  mends  or  repairs. 

MEND'I-€AN-CY,  n.     [L.  vieiidkans.] 
Beggary  ;  a  state  of  begging. 

MEND'I-€ANT,  a.  [h.  mendicans,  from  mendico,  to 
beg,  Fr.  jnendier;  allied  to  L.  mando^  to  command, 
demand.] 

1.  Begging;  poor  to  a  slate  of  beggary;  as,  re- 
duced to  a  mendicant  state. 
9.  Practicing  beggary  ;  as,  a  mendicant  friar. 

MEND'I-€ANT,  u.  A  beggar;  one  that  makes  it  his 
Itusinsiss  to  beg  alms ;  one  of  the  begging  fraternity 
i)f  the  Roman  Catliolic  church. 

MENU'I-CaTE,  v.  I.  To  beg,  or  practice  l>egging. 
[JVot  used.] 

5iEX-I)IC'I-TY,  (-dis'e-te,)  iu    [L.  vicndicitas.] 
The  state  of  begging  ;  the  life  of  a  beggar. 

MEX!J'IN(;,  ppr.  or  a.     Repairing. 

•2.  Convalescing;  recovering  from  sickness;  be- 
coming better  in  health. 

MEXD'  ING,  n.  The  act  of  repairing ;  applied  especially 
to  /riirmcnt^. 

MEXD'xMEXT,  for  Amendment.     [JVy(  in  tise.'] 

MENDS,  for  Amends.     {JSTot  used.\  Skak. 

MEN-Ha'DEX,  n.  A  salt-water  fish,  .^losa  mcnJiadcn 
of  Mitchell,  allied  to  the  alewife  .ami  shad,  and  much 
used  for  manure,  &c.  Stirrer''.^  Jila^s.  Rep. 

Me'NI-AL,  a.  [Xorm.  vin^al,  infimal,  from  mciiptcc 
or  m£iuij,  a  family.  The  Norm,  has  also  mcsnie  and 
mcsnee^  a  family,  household,  or  company,  and  incincz, 
many.  Qm.  the  root  of  rnaison,  messuage,  or  of 
inainj.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  servants,  or  domestic  servants; 
low ;  mean. 

Tha  women  KUendants  perfonn  only  the  moat  TnenioZ  oiTiws, 

Swift. 

[Johnson  observes  on  thi.'i  passage,  that  Swift 
seems  not  to  have  known  the  meaning  of  this  word. 
itut  thi:i  is  the  only  sense  in  which  it  is  now  used.] 

2.  Belonging  to  the  retinue  or  train  of  servants. 

Johnson. 
Two  menial  doja  before  their  mnjgrt  pwascd.  DnjiUn. 


MEN 


MER 


[If  this  definition  of  Johnson  is  corrccl,  it  indicates  I  MEN'TAL-LV,  dr. 

that  vicnitd  is  from  meinezy  many,  rather  than  frnrn       Itioufflit  or  mi-'i.' 

inemie,  family.     But  llie  sense  m:iy  hu  house-do ffj,.]      j  MEX'llO.N,  n. 
Me'NI-AL,   71.      A   domestic   servant  of   the  lov/eat  |      from  ui^.',.  • 

order.     Hence, 
2.  Fiiruratiachj,  a  person  of  a  servile  character  or 

disposition. 
MEN'I-LiTE,  n.    A  brown,  impure  opal,  occurring  in 

flattened,  nodular  concretions,  at  Menil  Montanl, 

near  Paris.  Dana. 

ME-NIN'GeS,  7t.  pi.      [Gr.]      In  anatomy,  the  two 

membranes  that  envelop  the  brain ;  the  pia  uiat^r 

and  dura  mater. 
ME-NIS'CAL,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  mcnUcus. 
ME-NIS'eUS,  n.;  pi.  Memscusks.    [Gr.  ///it-twof,  a 

little  moon.] 
A  lens  convex  on  one  side   and  concave  on  the 

other,  having  the  concavity  lesw  than  the  convexity. 

Olmsted. 
MEN-I-SPERM'ATE,  n.    A  comj-ound  of  mcnlspcrm- 

ic  acid  and  a  salifiable  base. 
MEN-I-SPERM'i€,  a.    Tha  menispermic  acid  is  ob- 
tained from  the  seeds  of  the  Cocculus  Indicus,  the 

JMenispermum    cocculus    of   Linnaius,  the    AnamrUi 

paniculata  of  later  botanists. 
MEN-I-SPER'MI-XA,  >7i.       [L.    meni'tpcrmum,    from 
lAIEN-I-SPER'MINE,    \     Gr.    pj}vnj  the   moon,  and 

CTiiptia,  a  seed.] 
An  alkaloid  obtained  from  Anamirta  paniculata, 

once  called  Mcnispcnnmn.    This  alkaloid  is  a  white, 

opaque,  crystalline  solid,  v/liich  is  tasteless,  and  me- 
dicinally inert. 
MEN'I-VER,  71.    A  small,  white  animal  in  Russia,  or 

its  fur,  which  is  very  line.  [See  Mi«kbva.]  Chaucer. 
MEN'NON-TTES, )  71.  pi.  A  small  denomination  of 
MEN'XON-ISTS,  \       Cliristians    who    reject    infant 

baptism,  but  do  not  insist  strenuously  on  iinmersiun  ; 

so  called  from  Simuu  Menno,  their  founder  in  Ger- 
many. Baird. 
ME-NOL'O-GY,        )  71.     [Gr.  /xiji',  imvo^,  month,  and 
MEN-O-Lo'GI-UM,  \      Ao>-oSi  discourse.] 

1.  A  register  of  monllis.  Stillin^ecL 

2.  In  tJie  Greek  church,  martyrology,  or  a  brief  cal- 
endar of  the  lives  of  the  saints,  for  each  day  in  the 
year,  or  a  simple  remembrance  of  those  whose  lives 
are  nm  written.  Lunier. 

MEN'O VV,  71.     [Fr.  menu,  small.    Qu.] 

A  small,  fresh-water  fish,  tlio  minnow.     Bailey. 
MEN'-PLeAS-ER,  7f.    One  who  is  solicitous  to  please 

null,  rallier  tlian  tu  please  God,  by  obedience  to  his 

commands. 
ME^P^'SA  ET  TO'RO,   [L.]     A  phrase  applied  to  a 

kind  of  divorce  which  sej. -rales  husband  and  wife 

witliout  dissolving  the  marnage  relation.  Bouvicr. 
ftlEN'SAL,  a.     [L.  mensalis,  from  mensit,  a  tahlc.J 

Belonging  to  the  table;  transacted  :it  table.    [Lit- 
tle used.]  ClarL^^a. 
MEX'SeS,  7(.  pi     [L.,  months.]    The  catamcnial  or 

menstrual  discharges. 
MEN'STRU-AL,  a.    [Fr.,  from  h.  menslrualis,  from 

mcnsis,  month.] 

1.  Montlily;  happening  once  a  month;  as,  the 
menstrual  fiurc. 

2.  Lasting  a  month  ;  as,  the  mciwfni/ji  orbit  of  the 
moon.  BenOetj. 

3.  Pertaining  to  a  menstruum.  Baevu. 
MEN'STRU-ANT,  a.    Subject  to  monthly  flowings. 

Broicn. 
i\IEN'STRU-OUS,  a.     [L.  jnejistriius,  from  mensis,  a 
month.] 

1.  Having  the  monthly  (low  ipr  discharge,  as  a 
female.  Satulys. 

2.  Pertaining  to  the  monthly  fiow  of  females. 

Broion, 
MEN'STRU-UM,  7(.;  ;»/.  Menstrxtums  or  Mk.nstrua. 
[from  L.  men.^-is,  month.  The  use  of  this  word  is 
supposed  to  have  orginated  in  some  notion  of  the  old 
chemists  about  the  inthience  (tf  the  moon  in  the 
preparation  of  dissolvents,    .hhitson.] 

A  solvent ;  any  lluid  or  aubtdized  substance  which 
dissolves  a  solid  body. 

All  liquors  are  CJillwl  menslruums  whidi  lUc  usc<I  fti  <li»olvriiU, 
or  10  extract  Uv:  virtues  uf  iii^'ilicnts  hy  mfiision  or  (L-coc- 
lion.  QuMicy. 


&IEN-SU-RA-BIL'I-TY,  n,    [from  mensurable]    Ca- 

nabiiilv  of  being  measured. 
MEN'SU-RA-BLE,  (men'slm-ra-hl,)  a.    [I*.  mmsurOj 
measure.    The  n  is  probably  casual,  and  the  word  is 
the  same  as  MEAauBAi!i.E.l 
Measurable;  capable  of  being  measured,  /{older. 
MEN'SU-RAL,  a.     Pertaining  to  measure. 
MEN'SU-RaTI^,  v.  t.    [L.  jneusiira,  measure.] 

To  measure.    [Lin!c-  used.] 
MEN-SU-Ra'TIOX,  (men-shu-rl'shun,)  n.    Tlio  act, 
process,  or  art,  of  measuring,  or  taking  the  dimen- 
sions of  any  thing.  «  .    ^    , 
2.  Measure  ;  the  result  of  mcasunng.  .arbiitAiioL 
MEN'TAL, «.    [It-  mentalc ;  Fr.  mental ;  from  L.  mens, 

mind.] ,  ,  , 

Pertaining  to  the  mind;  mtellcctual ;  ns,  mental 
faculties;  menial  operations;  menud  sight:  mental 
x»<.tc  Milton.    Addison, 


llj'.  ;il'.l(i»jl\    ,    ill    Ij' 


cwn ;  i  (  ' 
mind.  .'.' 
A  hit.' 
txprent-'  . 
Make. 

I  Will  n^it  r-,- ■.:,;■. 
WdbMJt  a-uit.i  I  cwu^ 

—  tiiJV^i. 

MEN'TION,  r.  r.    [Fr. 
'J'o  ifpcak ;  lu  iiojii' 
stale  a  particultir  f^i*-' 
ij  applied  u*  %•  y. 
tally  in  a  i\i*c> 
the     iien>«     *.: 
mxntitnted  io  hnii  -i  i  ^- i  u^i    . 
nervation  ;  In  the  cour'wj  u 
cutn»tance  wan  mcnlwnM, 

I  will  mtntinn  tlie  Wrm-- . 

MEN'TION-A-DLK,  a. 

Itoncd. 
MEN'TIO.N'-ir;/>,;>p.     .'. 
MEN'TION-ING,  yjn'. 
MEN'T0R,7t.     [from.-. 

achus.]    A  wiM:  and  f:tit:ii . 

MEN-T6'fil-AL,a.    [from  M 
vice  or  admonition. 

ME-PH!T'I€^AL,('*-     ['-"'^Wu.  ; 
Olfeusive  to  the  uracil ;  tsAi'. 

pestdential ;    dcjftructivo   lu 

usuallv  cartionic  acid. 
ME-PHf'TIS, 

mi:ph'it-is.m,  . 

solving  substances,  : 

containint;  carbonic  :i 
ME-Ra'CIOUS,  a.  ri. 
MER'CA-BLE,  u.     [L 

or  sold. 
aiER-€AX-TAX'TE,  n.     [IL  mereataMU,] 

A  foreign  trader.    f-Vot  in  h.-'.^ 
MER'e.\N-TILE,  (-tilO  a.     [I-  " 

cang,  mcrcnr,  to  buy  ;  Port.  .. : 

1.  Trading;  commercial. 
as,  mercantde  nations  ;  the  < 

2.  Pertaining  or  relating  I. 
■mercantde  business. 

MER-CAP'TAN,  n.     [mercury  nn.i   i 
A  liquid  of  a  stron-  garlic  odor, 
phur,  carbon,  and  hydn«gcn  ;  so  n 
ergetic  action  on  mercury.  B'  - 

MER'CAT,  n.     [U  merejdus.] 
.Market ;  trade.     US'ol  in  iL'f.i 

MER-eA'TOR-ft-CIIXRT,  n.     '  * 
ventor.]      .V  chart  con-tru- ' 
ISIercator's  projection.    [St-i  a 

MEIt'CE-N.VRI-LY,  adc.     In  a  ni.  r 


I' 


[frr>m 


MER'CE-NA  Rf-NES.'' 

nalitv  ;  regrird  to  hirr 
MER'CE-NA-RY,d.     i 

from  mcrcesy  reward,  ■•■- 

1.  Venal;    that  may   i^^-  mr.  i 
hope  of  rew.ani ;  moviil  by  ihr  !■  > 
a  mercenary  prince  or  judfi*. 

2.  Hin'd';  piircha.-sed  by  money; 
vices  ;  mereennry  S<»ldi4'r». 

:i.  Sold  for  money  ;  a.«,  mrrrr»arji 
A.  Greedy  of  gain  ;  mean  ;  »rJ6>Ji  .  ;i-,  ' 
dispoiition. 

5.  Conlmcted  from  motiv«  nf  r»in  :  •• 
w*in/  marriage. 
MER'i'E  NA-KV,  »t.      Onr  v 
lint  is  hired  into  fi^rcipi  iarr\ 
.MEK'CER,   n.     [Fr.    nrreirr :    iL 
merr,  wares,  commodities.] 

One  who  de.-Us  in  silk*  and  wool 
MER'CER-SIIIP,  »i.    The  business  .  i   ... 
MER'CER-V,  n.     [Fr.  mereerit  :  lU  mrrctr^a.] 
The   rommmliiies    or    |^XKI3   in   ubirh   a 
deals  ;  trade  lU"  merft  rt.  '"" 

MER'CIIAXD,  r.  i.     [Yr.  ma^- 

To  trade.     [.N'-f  vstdA 
MER'CILVXD  T*E,  n.     [Fr,   ; 
chant,  or  marciuimirr,  to  f  h<' 
L  The  objects  of  coram t 
modilies,  wlmtever  is  usnnll*  i-  > . ,   .      - 
But  provisions  daily  pold  in  m-trfcci.  th  r- 
and  fuel,  arc  not  usually  included  m  ih-    : 
real  estate  never. 
2.  Trade  ;  traific  ;  commcrw. 
MER'CHAMMSE,  r.  i.    To  Inido;  to  carr. 

merce.  _ 

MER'CHAND-IS-ING,  ppr.  <m-  o.     i 
MER'CnANl>-KV.  ".      Trade:    f .  r 

use,] 
MERCHANT. 
merrhantt :    A::. 

buy.]  


TONE,  BJJLL,  UNITE. -AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.-e  na  K;  (5  as  J;  S  as  Z ;  CH  ai=  SH ;  TH  35  in  THIS. 


Ill 


707 


MER 

1.  A  man  who  trallic3  or  carries  on  trade  wit)» 
foreign  countries,  or  who  exports  and  imports  goods 
and  sells  Iheui  by  wholesale. 

2.  In  popular  usa-fff  any  trader,  or  one  wlio  dc aii 
in  the  purchase  and  sale  of  goods. 

3.  A  ship  in  trade.     [JVot  usal.l 
MER'CIIANT,  r.  i.    To  trade.     [J\rot  in  itsf.] 
MEK'CHANT-A-BLE,  a.    Fit  for  market ;  such  as  is 

usually  sold  in  market,  or  such  as  will  bring  the  or- 
dinary price  ;  as,  vicrduintable  wheat  or  limber. 

MEK'CHANT-LIKIi,  a.     Like  a  merchant. 

MER'CH.'\.NT-MAN,7i.  A  ship  or  vessel  employed  in 
the  transportation  of  ^oods,  as  distinguished  froui  a 
ship  of  war. 

MEU'CIIANT  TAI'LOR,  n.  A  tailor  who  keeps  a 
shop  containinfi  articles  used  in  his  trade. 

MEU'CI-A-HLE,  a.     .Merciful.     [jVot  in  nse.}     Oower. 

MEU'CI-FITL,  a.  [from  vtcrcy.}  Havinp  or  exer- 
cising nievcy  ;  compassionate;  tender;  disposed  to 
pity  olleiiders  aTid  to  forffive  their  olfeiices  ;  \uuvill- 
ing  to  punish  for  injuries  ;  applied  appropriate! ij  to  Vie 
Hupreme  Being. 

The  I."nl  ruuiswl  before  him,  and  proclninioJ,  The  liOrd,  the 
L<>nl  God,  merciful  nml  gracious,  loii^tutreriiig  ami 
itbimdniit  iii  goodness  luiii  truth.  —  Kx.  xxxiv. 

2.  Compassionate  :  tender ;  unwilling  to  give  pain  ; 
not  cruel.  A  merciftU  man  will  be  vicrc^'id  to  his 
beast. 

MER'CI-FIJL-LY,  adv.  Willi  compassion  or  pity  ; 
temlerlv;  mildlv- 

MEU'CI-FtJIi-NESS,  ti.  Tenderness  toward  offend- 
ers ;  willingness  to  forbear  punishment ;  readiness 
to  forgive.  Hammond. 

MER'Ci-F?,  V.  t.     To  pity.     [J^ot  in  use.]      Spenser. 

MER,'CI-EESS,  a.  DestituU;  of  mercy  ;  unfeeling  ; 
pitiless  ;  hard-hearted  ;  cruel ;  as,  a  7nercile.^s  tynint. 

l>njden. 
2.  Not  sparing  i  as,  the  merciless  waves  or  tem- 
pest. 

MEU'tU-LESS-LY,  ado.  In  a  manner  void  of  mercy 
or  pity  ;  cruellv. 

WER'Cl-J.ESS-NESS,  n.    Want  of  mercy  or  pity. 

MER-CO'Rl-AL,  a.     [from  Jfercurij  ;  L.  niercuriiilis.'] 

1.  Formed  under  the  influence  of  Mercury  ;  active  ; 
sprightly  ;  lull  of  lire  or  vigor ;  as,  a  mercuHnl  youth  ; 
a  ma-r.uriiil  nation.  Bac.on.     Swift. 

2.  Fertaining  to  Mercury  as  god  of  tradej  lieuce, 
money-making;  craft)'. 

The  Vitvcnrial  wautl  of  commerce.  J.  Q.  Ailum. 

3.  Pertaining  to  quicksilver;  containing  quicksil- 
ver, or  consisting  of  mercury;  as,  viercnrial  prepara- 
tions or  medicines. 

MKR-CC''RI-AL-tST,  n.  One  under  the  influence  of 
llercury,  or  one  resembling  Mercury  in  variety  of 
character. 

MT:R-eu'RI-AL-T?.E,  v.i.    To  be  humorous  or  fantas- 
tic.    [J^ot  in  iise.] 
y.  In  medicine,  to  alfecl  the  system  with  mercury. 

MER-€0'RI-AL-IA',  a/lo.     In  a  mercurial  manner. 

WER'eU-RI-£D,  (rid,)  ;.;/.  Washed  with  a  prepara- 
tion of  merc\iry. 

MER-eU-RI-FI-GA'TlON,  71.  In  inctallitr^nc  chemis- 
trtj,  the  process  or  operation  of  obtaining  the  mer- 
cury from  metallic  minerals  in  its  fluid  form. 

Kvcyc 
*.\  The  act  of  mixing  with  quicksilver.       Boyle. 

MER-GU'lU-F?',  V.  t.  To  obtain  mercury  from  me- 
tallic minerals,  which  may  be  done  by  any  appli- 
cation of  intense  heat  lliat  expels  the  mercnry  in 
fumes,  which  are  afterward  condensed.         Encyc. 

MER'GU-RV,  71.  [li.  MvrcuruLi,  said  to  be  formed 
friiMi  mcrccs  or  mncur,] 

i.  In  inytholo^y,  the  messenger  and  interpreter  of 
the  gods,  and  llie  god  of  eloquence  and  of  com* 
nierct,  called  by  the  Greeks  Hermes.  Rut  in  cn- 
tiqitityy  there  we're  several  persons  or  deities  of  this 
name. 

2.  Unicksilver;  a  metal  remarkable  for  its  fusi- 
bility, which  is  so  great  that  to  fix  or  congeal  it,  re- 
quires a  degree  of  cold  which  is  marked  on  Fahren- 
lieit's  scale  at  thirty-nine  degrees  below  zero.  Its 
specific  gravity  is  nearly  fourteen  limes  that  of  water. 
Under  a  heat  of  C8i)  degrees,  it  rises  in  fumes,  and 
is  gradually  converted  into  a  red  oxyd.  Mercury 
is  used  in  barometers  to  ascertain  the  weight  of  the 
atmr»sphere,  and  in  thcnnomet?rs  to  determine  the 
temperature  of  the  air,  for  whicb  latter  purpose  it  is 
well  adapted  by  its  power  of  enuat)le  contraction  and 
expansion,  and  the  extensive  ;ange  between  its 
freezing  and  boiling  points.  Preparations  of  this 
metal  are  among  the  most  powerful  poisons,  and  are 
extensively  nsiid  as  medicines.  The  prepanition 
called  ralvmet  is  a  most  efficacious  deobstrnent. 

3.  Heat  of  constitutional  temp;;rainent ;  spirit; 
sprightly  qualities.  Pope. 

'J.  One  of  a  genus  of  plants,  the  Mercurialis,  of 
several  sficcies. 

5.  Cne  of  the  planets  nearest  the  sun.  It  is  31-10 
miles  in  diameter,  and  revolves  round  the  sun  in 
abor  L  eighty-eight  dnys.  Its  mean  distance  from  the 
sun  is  thirty-seven  millions  of  miles.  Oltnstrd. 

t .  The  name  of  a  newspaper  or  periodical  publica- 
ti  a. 


MER 

7.  A  messenger;  a  news-carrier.  [Fnmi  the  oflice 
of  the  god  .Mercitry.]  Rich.  Diet. 

MER'CU-RY,  V.  t.  To  wash  with  a  jueparation  of 
mt-rcury.  B.  JoJtson. 

MER'€U-RY'S  FIN"GEK,  71.     Wild  saffron. 

MER'CV,  H.  [Fr.  mercl;  bioTm.merce,jm',n;ovviers; 
supposed  to  be  a  contraction  of  L.  mi^cricurdia.     lint 

Q,u-  Etii.  ^ff^^  inehcra,  to  pity.] 

1.  That  benevolence,  mildness,  or  tenderness  of 
heart  which  disposes  a  person  to  overlook  injuries, 
or  to  treat  an  offender  better  than  he  deserves  ,  the 
disposition  that  tenqiers  justice,  and  induces  an  in- 
jured person  tt)  forgive  trespasses  and  injuries,  and 
to  forbear  punishment,  or  inflict  less  than  law  or 
justice  will  warranl.  In  this  sense,  there  is  perhaps 
no  word  in  our  language  precisely  aynimymous  witli 
mercy.  Tliat  which  comes  nearest  to  it  is  fprace.  It 
implies  benevolence,  tenderness,  mildness,  pity  or 
compassion,  and  clemency,  but  exercised  only  to- 
ward oflendeis.  Mercy  is  a  distinguisliing  attribute 
of  the  Supreme  Being. 

The  liOrd  in  lon^-BUlVoring  and  of  great  mera/,  forgiving'  iniqui(3r 
and  tniiisgression,  u.iul  Liy  iiu  means  clciuinv  the  ^uJll}'.  — 
Niiiti.  xiv. 

2.  An  act  or  exercise  of  mercy  or  t'avor.  It  is  a 
mercy  that  they  escaped. 

1  am  not  worthy  of  the  least  of  all  thy  mercies.  — Gen.  xxxii. 

3.  Pity;  compassion  manifested  toward  a  person 
in  distress. 

And  he  suid,  lie  ihut  showed  tuercy  on  him.  —  I.iike  x. 

4.  Clemency  and  bounty. 

Mercy  and  truth  preserve  Uie  lihij ;  illhI  his  throne  is  uphL'ld  by 
nurcy.  —  Frov.  xxviii. 

5.  Charity,  or  the  duties  tif  charity  and  benevo 
lence. 

I  will  have  mercy,  and  not  sncriRi^i.  —  Mult.  ix. 
G.  Grace  ;  favor.     1  Cor.  vii.     Jude  2. 

7.  Eternal  life,  the  fruit  of  mercy.    2  Tim.  i. 

8.  Pardon. 

1  cry  thee  viercy  witli  iill  my  heart.  Dryden. 

9.  Tlie  act  of  sparing,  or  the  forbearance  of  a  vio- 
lent act  expected.    The  prisoner  cried  for  mercy. 

To  br,  or  to  lie  at  the  mrrcy  of,  to  have  no  means  of 
self-defense,  but  to  he  dependent  for  safety  on  the 
mercy  or  compassittn  of  another,  or  in  the  power  of 
tliat  which  is  irresistible  ;  as,  to  be  at  the  mercy  of  a 
foe,  or  of  the  waves. 

MER'CY-Sf.AT,  71.  'i'he  propitiatory  ;  the  covering 
of  the  ark  of  the  covenant  among  the  Jews.  This 
was  of  gold,  and  its  ends  were  fixed  to  two  cherubs, 
whose  wings  extended  forward,  antl  formed  a  kind 
of  throne  for  the  majesty  of  God,  win>  is  represented 
in  Scripture  as  sitting  between  the  cherubs.  It  was 
from  this  seal  that  God  gave  his  oracles  to  Moses,  or 
to  the  high  priest  who  consulted  him.  Calmct. 

MERIJ,  7i.     \Vt. -nierdc  ;  ]^.  inerda,\     Ordure;  dung. 

Mere,  (1.     [L.  merus;  It.  7nero.]  [Burton. 

This  or  that  only  ;  distinct  from  any  thing  else. 

k\otn  mere  success  nolhhig  cin  be  couctiided  in  iVivor  of  a  na- 
tion. AUerbttry, 
What  if  the  liaid,  the  eye,  or  ear  repined 
To  serve  vtere  engines  lo  tlie  ruling  mind  ?  Pope. 

2.  Absolute  ;  entire^.  Spenser. 

MicRE,7i.     [Sax.  viiBrc  or  j«erc,a  pool,  lake,  orthesea; 
D.  jHfi'r;  h.  viare.     See  Rlooit.] 
_  A  pool  or  lake. 
MEftE,  71.     [Sax.  jHtrra,  gemivra;  Gi.  /iCipw,  to  divide, 
or  Riiss.  vnriftt,  to  measure.] 

A  boundary  ;  used  chiefly  in  the  compound  Mere- 
stone.  Bacon. 
Mere,  v.  t     To  divide,  limit,  or  bound.     [  Obs.} 

Spenser. 
MeRE'LY,  adv.    Purely  ;  only ;  solely  ;  thus  and  no 
other  way  ;  for  this  and  no  other  purpose. 

Prize  not  your  life  for  other  eiuia 

Than  merely  to  ublige  j'onr  friends.  Swift. 

MEH-E-TRI"CI0UR,  (-trish'us,)  tt.  [L.  meretricius^ 
from  mcrftrii,  a  prostitute.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  prostitutes ;  such  as  is  practiced 
by  harlots  ;  as,  merrtriciona  arts. 

2.  Alluring  by  false  show  ;  worn  for  disguise  ;  hav- 
ing a  gaurly  but  deceitful  appearance  ;  false  ;  as,  mer- 
etricioiis  dress  or  ornaments. 

MER  E-TRI"CI0US-LY,  ndv.  In  the  manner  of 
prostitutes;  w.tn  deceitful  enticements, 

MER-E-TRI"CT0US-NESS,  »u  The  arts  of  a  prosti- 
tute ;  deceitful  enticements. 

MER-OAN'SER,  7i.  [Sp.  tncrg^ansfir,  from  L.  vtergo,  to 
dive.] 

A  water  fiwl  of  the  genus  Mergus ;  called  also 
goosander. 

MERGE,  V.  t.     [E.  vicr<ro.] 

To  immerse  ;  to  cause  to  be  swallowed  up. 

The  plaintiff  became  the  purchaser,  ami  merged  his  term  in  tlie 
fcc.  Keul. 

MER6E,  V.  i.    To  be  sunk,  swallowed,  or  lost. 

Law  Term. 
MERG'ED,  ;jp.     Immersed  ;  swallowed  up. 
MERG'ER,  71.    [L.  mergo,  to  merge.] 

In  liue,  a  m^■rging  or  drowning  ot  a  less  estate  in  a 


MER 

greater  ;  as  wlien  a  reversion  in  fee-simple  descends 
to,  or  is  piirciiased  by,  a  tenant  of  the  same  estate 
ft.r  years,  the  term  for  years  is  tnerged,  lost,  annihi- 
lated in  the  inheritance  or  fee-simple  estate. 

Blacksio7ie. 

MERG'ING,  ;v"*.  Causing  to  be  swallowed  up;  im 
mersing;  sinking. 

ME-RI1»'1-AN,  n.  [Fr.  vicridicn;  It.  vteridiatw;  1^. 
mcridu's.  Uu.  Ir.  mir,  a  part ;  Gr.  pcifito^  to  divide. 
Varro  testifies  that  this  word  was  originally  mcdidies, 
[midday,]  and  that  he  had  seen  it  so  written  on  a 
sundial'.] 

1.  In  astronomy  and  fftogruphy,  a  great  circle  sup- 
posed to  be  drawn  or  to  pass  through  the  poles  of  the 
earth,  and  the  zenith  and  nadir  of  any  given  place, 
iulersecting  tlie  equator  at  right  angles,  and  dividing 
the  heinis[)heri»  into  eastern  and  western.  Every 
place  on  the  g.obe  has  its  vwridian,  and  when  the 
sun  arrives  at  this  circle,  it  is  midday  or  noon, 
whence  the  name.  This  circle  may  be  considered 
to  be  drawn  on  the  surface  of  the  earth,  or  it  may 
be  considered  as  a  circle  in  the  heavens  coinciding 
with  that  on  the  earth. 

2.  Midday ;  noon 

3.  The  highest  point ;  as,  the  7HC7-mVaH  of  life;  tlie 
meridian  of  power  or  of  glory. 

4.  The  particular  place  or  state,  with  regard  to  lo- 
cal circumstances  or  things  that  distinguish  it  from 
others.  We  say,  a  book  is  adapted  to  the  meridian  of 
France  or  Italy  ;  a  measure  is  adapted  to  the  meridian 
of  London  or  VVashington. 

First  meridian ;  the  meridian  from  whicli  longitudes 
are  reckoned.  This,  in  Knglandy  is  Greenwich  ;  in 
France,  Paris,  &c.  Brandt. 

Meridian  of  a  g'-obe,  or  brass  meridian ;  a  graduated 
circular  ring  of  brass,  in  which  the  artificial  globo  is 
sus|)ended  and  revolves. 

Magnetic  meridian  ;  a  great  circle,  parallel  with  the 
'direction  of  the  magnetic  needle,  and  passing  through 
its  poles. 
ME-UID'l-AN,  a.    Being  on  the  meridian,  or  at  mid- 
day. 

Tlic  9im  Bill  high  in  hta  meridian  tower.  Millon. 

2.  Pertaining  to  the  meridian,  or  to  midday;  as, 
the  sun's  meridian  heat  or  splendor. 

3.  Pertaiuiiig  to  the  highest  point ;  as,  the  hero  en- 
joyed his  meridian  glory. 

4.  Pertaining  to  tin?  magnetic  meridian. 
ME-RID'I-ON-AE,a.     [Fr.]    Pertaining  to  the  merid- 
ian. 

2.  SotUhcrn.  Broion. 

3.  Southerly  ;  having  a  southern  a-^pect.  tVuiton. 
Meridional  distance,  is  the   distance  or   departure 

from  the  meridian,  or  casting  or  westing. 

ME-RID-I-ON-AL'I-TY,  7i.    The  state  of  being  in  the 
meridian. 
2.  Position  in  the  south  ;  aspect  toward  the  south. 

Johnson. 

ME-RID'I-ON-AL-LY,  adv.  In  the  direction  of  tlie 
meridian.  Brown. 

MER'ILS,  n.  [Fr.  mercUcs.]  A  boy's  play,  called  five 
penny  morris.     [See  Monnis.] 

ME-Rf'NO,  (mc-ic'no,)  a.  [Sp.  merino,  moving  from 
pasture  to  pasture  ;  so  called  because  this  kind  of 
sheep  was  driven  at  certain  seasons  from  one  part  of 
Spain  to  another,  in  lame  fim-ks.  for  pasturage.] 

A  term  denoting  a  vari.iy  of  slieep  from  Spam,  or 
their  wool,  which  is  disiint;uishcd  for  its  finencK;. 

ME'Rl'NO,  n.  A  thin,  woolen  fabric,  made  of  merino 
wool,  tor  ladies'  wear. 

MER'IT,  n.  [L.  meritum,  from  mereo,  to  earn  or  de- 
serve ;  It.  and  Sp.  inerito  ;  Fr.  vicritcJ] 

1.  liesert ;  goodness  or  excellence  which  entitles 
one  to  honor  or  reward  ;  worth  ;  any  performance  or 
worth  whicli  claims  regard  or  compensation  ;  applied 
to  moralsy  to  ezcellence  in  toriting,  or  to  valuable  srr~ 
iHces  of  any  kind.  Thus  we  speak  of  the  inability  of 
men  to  obtain  salvation  by  their  own  merits.  We 
speak  of  the  merits  of  an  author ;  the  merits  of  a 
soldier,  &.C. 

2.  Value  ;  excellence  ;  applied  to  things  :  as,  the 
merits  of  an  essay  or  poem;  the  merits  of  a  paint- 
ing; the  merits  of  a  heroic  achievement. 

3.  Reward  deserved  ;  that  which  is  earned  ormer- 
ited. 

Thoae  laurel  grove?,  the  meriU  of  thy  youth.  Prior. 

MER'IT,  If.  t.     [Fr.  mcriter,  L.  mcrito.] 

1.  To  deserve  ;  to  earn  by  active  service,  or  by 
any  valuable  performance  ;  to  have  a  right  to  claim 
revvard  in  money,  regard,  hon^r,  or  happiness. 
Watts,  by  his  writings,  merited  the  gratitude  of  the 
whole  Christian  world.  The  faithful  laborer  merits 
his  wages. 

A  man  ut  best  is  incapable  ol  meriling  any  thing  from  God, 

.S'outA, 

2.  To  deserve;  to  have  a  just  title  to.  Fidelity 
merits  and  usually  obtains  confidence. 

3.  To  deserve,  iyi  an  ill  sense ;  to  have  a  just  title 
to.  Every  viulation  of  law  merits  punishment.  Ev- 
en' >:in  jncrits  God's  displeasure. 

MER'IT-.\-P.EE,  a.     Deserving  of  reward.     [J^Tot  in 

vsr.]  B.  Jonson* 

MER'IT-ED,7)/».  or  «.    Earned  ;  deserved. 


FaTE,  far,  FAIX,  WHAT.  — MeTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  —  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQOK.- 


MES 

MER'IT-IXG,  n""-    Earnins;  deserving.  ' 

3IEK'IT-MC>X"GER,  n.  One  who  advncalcs  the 
doclriue  of  human  merit,  as  entitled  to  rcwanl,  or 
riepeiitU  on  merit  for  s;i.vation.  Milncr. 

JiER-I-TO'RI-OUS,  a.  [It.  mcriturio  ;  Fr.  mvritoire.] 
Ueserving  of  reward  or  of  notice,  reganl,  fame, 
nr  happiness,  or  of  that  which  shall  be  a  suitable  re- 
turn for  services  or  excellence  of  any  kind.  We  ai>- 
plaud  the  jiieritorious  services  of  the  laborer,  the  sol- 
dier, and  the  seaman.  We  admire  the  merUorinus 
labors  of  a  Watts,  a  Doddridge,  a  Carey,  and  a 
Marlyn.  We  rely  for  salvation  on  the  meritorious 
obedience  and  sutterings  of  Christ. 

MER-I-To'RI-OUS-LY,  adv.  In  such  a  manner  as  to 
deserve  reward.  IVottmi. 

3IER-I-To'RI-0US-NE?S,  v.  The  state  or  quality  of 
deserving  a  reward  or  suitable  return. 

aiER'I-TO"-RY,  a.     Deserving  of  reward.    [.Yot  vsrd.] 

Gntrcr. 

MER'I-TOT,  n.  A  kind  of  play  used  by  children,  in 
swinging  themselves  on  ropes,  or  the  like,  till  they 
are  giddy. 

MERLE,  n.     [L.  merula.] 

A  blackbird.  Drayton. 

MER'LIX,  n.  [Fr.]  A  species  of  hawk  of  the  gcniis 
Falco. 

MER'LON,  n.     [It.  vicrlo  ;  Fr.  merlon.] 
in  fcn-tiJicalioH,  that  part  of  a  parapet  which  lies  be- 
tween two  embrasures.  Bramk. 

MER'MaID,7i.     [Fr.  nicr,  L.  marc^  the  sea,  and  waid.'] 
\  supposed  marine  animal,  said   to  resemlile  a 
woman  ia  the  upper  parts  of  the  body,  and  a  fish  in 
the  lower  part.    The  male  is  called  tlie  MERMi^. 

aiE'ROPS,  iu     [L.]  A  genus  of  birds  called  lizE-Eix- 

ER9. 

MER'RI-LY,  adv.  [from  merrtj.]  With  mirth  ;  with 
gayety  and  laughter;  jovially.  [See  Mirth  and 
Merrt.] 

Merrily  sing,  and  sport,  aud  pUy.  GlancUle. 

^IER'RI-MaKE,  n.    [merry  and  make.]     A  meeting 

for  mirth;  a  festival;  mirth.  .Speiiscr. 

MER'RI-MaKE,  v.  i.    To  be  merry  or  jovial ;  to  feast. 

Oay. 
MER'RI-MENT,  71.    Slirtb  ;  gayetj'  with  laughter  or 

noise;  noisv  sports  ;  hilarity;  frolic.  Jililton. 

MER'RI-JVE^S,  n.     Mirth  ;  gayetv  with  laughter. 

Shnk. 


MEK'RY,  a.     [Sax.  mirigCy  mijrig  ;    Ar. 


^j^ 


Tteha,  to  be  joyful.     Class  Mr,  No.  10. 

1.  Gay  and  noisy  ;  jovial ;  exhilarated  to  laughter. 

Man  is  the  marieEl  spedes  of  Ihe  crtation.  Addison. 

They  drank,  and  wen;  merry  wilh  Itim.  — Gen.  xiiii. 

2.  Causing  laughter  or  mirth  ;  as,  a  merry  jest. 

3.  Brisk  ;  vigorous  ;  as,  a  merry  gale.  "  Fight  yn, 
my  merry  men."  [This  is  the  primary  saise  of  the 
ZDord.]  Drydcn. 

4.  Pleasant ;  agreeable  ;  delightful.         Chaucer. 
To  make  merry;  to  he  jovial;  to  indulge  in  hilar- 
ity ;  to  feast  with  mirth.    Judges  ix. 

MER-RY-AN'DREW,  n.  A  buffoon ;  a  zany  ;  one 
whose  business  is  to  make  sport  for  others  ;  particu- 
larly^  one  who  attends  a  mountebank  or  quack  doc- 
tor. 

[This  term  is  said  to  have  originated  from  one  An- 
drew Borde,  a  physician  in  the^ime  of  Henrj'  VIII., 
who  attracted  attention  and  gained  paXients  by  face- 
tious speeches  to  the  raultitiide.  Smart.] 

MER'RY-MaK-ING,  a.     Producing  mirth. 

Arinh,  music,  merry-making  melody 

Speeil  the  U^ht  hours  no  more  iii  HolyPJod.  ifilihouic. 

MER'RY-MaK-ING,    )  11.     A  festival  ;  a  meeting  for 

MER'RY-MEET-ING,  i      mirth.  Bp.  Tanhr. 

MER'RY-THOUGHT,  (-thawt,)  v.  The  forked  bone 
of  a  fowl's  breast,  which  boys  and  girls  break  by 
jjulling  each  one  side,  the  longest  part  broken  betok- 
ening priority  of  marriage.  Echard. 

MER'SION,  (mur'shun,)  ju  [L.  mersioy  from  vicrgo^ 
to  dive  or  sink.] 

The  act  of  sinking  or  plunging  under  water.  Jlut 
Immersion  is  generally  used. 

ME-RU'U-DANS,  n.  pi.     [L.  merula^  meruhis.] 

Birds  of  the  thrush  family.  Brande. 

MES-A-Ra'IC,  a.  [Gr.  pzcapawv ;  fiecos,  middle,  and 
a'iaia,  intestines.] 

The  same  as  Mesenteric  ;  pertaining  to  the  mes- 
entery. 

ME-SEEMS',  verb  impersonal,  [me  and  scan^.]  It 
seems  to  me.  It  is  used  also  in  the  past  tense,  me- 
seemcd.  Spntscr. 

MES-EX-TER'I€,  a.  [See  Mesestert.]  Pertaining 
to  the  mesentery  ;  as,  mesenteric  slands  or  arteries. 

MES'EN-TER-Y,  n.  [Gr.  ftCGivriptui' ;  pcGOs,  middle, 
and  ftrro  '(',  intestine.] 

A  membrane  in  the  cavity  of  the  abdomen,  at- 
tached to  the  lumbar  vertebrre  posteriorly,  and  to  tlie 
intestines  anteriorly.  It  is  formed  of  a  duplicature 
of  the  peritoneum,  and  contains  adipose  matter,  Inc- 
leais,  mesenteric  glands,  lymphatics,  and  mesenteric 
arteries,  veins,  and  nerves.  Its  use  is  to  retain  the 
intestines  and  their  appendages  in  a  proper  position. 

Hooper. 


grain  ;  in  America^ 


MES 

MESH,  n.  [W.  rna-sff,  net-work,  a  mesh  ;  D.  maaa ;  G. 
viasche,  a  mesh  or  a  blitcl:.] 

1.  The  opening  or  space  between  the  threads  of  a 
net. 

2.  The  grains  or  wash  of  a  brcwerj'. 

MESH,  V.  t.     To  catch  in  a  net ;  to  insnarc.     DrayUm. 

MESH'£D,  (meshl,)  pp.    Caiighl  in  a  net ;  inanared. 

MESinXG,  ppr.     Insnaring. 

MESH'Y,  a.    Formed  like  net-wurk  ;  reticulated. 

Mk'SIAL,  C-7,hal,)  a.     [Gr.  pcjo^.]  [■ITwm^an. 

A  mesial  line,  in  anatomy^  Ik  a  longitudinal  line  di- 
viding the  body,  or  any  member  or  organ,  into  two 
equal  part's.  TuUy. 

MES'LIN,  n.     [from   Fr,  meMer,  mftlcr,  to  mix,  or  L. 
miscetlaitPiis^  from  ini-^c-u,  to  mix.] 
A  mixture  of  din'-niii  sorts  of 
a  mixture  of  wheat  and  rye. 

MES-.'MER'ie,         i  a.    Pertaining  to  mosmerigm,  or 

MES-MER'ie-AL,  \     being  under  its  inllnencc. 

MES'MER-ISM,7t.  [from  Jilcstner,  who  (irst  wrote  on 
the  subject.] 

Theart  of  communicating  a  species  of  sleep,  whi»:h 
is  su[)posed  to  atl'ect  tiie  body,  while  the  mind  or  in- 
teliectnal  power  is  active  and  intelligent. 

MES'MER-IST,  n.  One  who  practices  or  believes  in 
mesmerism. 

MES-MER-I-Za'TION,  n.    The  act  of  mesmerizing. 

MES'MER-iZE,  V.  t.  To  affcet  with  a  kind  of  sleep 
called  sleep- wakiii^r^  a  state  in  which  the  external 
senses  are  closed,  while  the  miiui  is  awake. 

Mesne,  (meen,)  a.  [Old  Fr.]  In  ^iw,  middle  ;  in- 
tervening ;  as,  ;i  mesne  lord,  that  is,  a  lord  who  holds 
land  of  a  superior,  but  grants  a  part  of  it  to  another 
person.  In  this  case,  he  is  a  tenant  to  the  superior, 
but  lord  or  superior  to  tJie  second  grantee,  and  called 
the  mesne  lord. 

Mesne  process ;  that  part  of  the  proco-dings  in  a 
suit  which  intervenes  between  the  ori^nal  process 
or  writ  and  the  final  issue,  aud  which  issues,  pend- 
ing the  suit,  on  some  collateral  matter  ;  and  some- 
times it  is  undei-stoud  to  bo  tlie  whole  process  preced- 
ing the  execution.  Blackstone. 

Mesne  profits ;  the  income  of  land  received  by  one 
who  is  wrongfully  in  possession,  and  which  may  be 
recovered  by  the  rightful  owner  in  an  action  of  Ires- 
pass.  Bouvier. 

MES'O-Co-LON,  71.    [Gr.  /i^ros,  middle,  and  colon.] 
In  anatifiny,  that   part  of  the  mesentery,  which, 
having  reached  the  extremity  of  the  ileum,  contract^, 
and  chauaes  its  name,  or  that  part  of  the  mescnterj* 
to  which  the  colon  is  attached.        Ennjc.    Hooper. 

MES'0-LABE,  71.  [Gr.  /^rcj;,  middle,  and  Xn/i/Jui'fj, 
to  take.] 

An  instrument  employed  by  the  ancients  for  find- 
ing two  mean  proportionals  between  two  given  lines, 
which  were  required  in  the  problem  of  tlic  duplica- 
tion of  the  cube.  Brande. 

MES'OLE,  n.    A  zeolitic  mineral  allied  to  mesotype. 

Dana. 

MES-0-LEC'CYS,  ti.  [Gr.  /(scros",  middle,  and  Xwkosj 
white.] 

A  precious  stone  with  a  streak  of  white  In  the 
middle.     [Obs.]  •^■■'It. 

MES'0-LITE,  V.    A  mineral  of  the  zeolite  familv. 

MES-0-LOG'.\-lUTHM,  ».     [Gr.  /-rdos,  middle,  and 
h^arithm.] 
A  logarithm  of  the  cosines  and  cotangents.    [Obs.] 
Kqyler.     Ifutton. 

ME-SO^I'E-LAS,  ft.  [Gr.  /iitr.-s,  middle,  and  ^cAaj, 
black.] 

A  precious  stone  with  a  black  vein  parting  every 
color  in  the  midst.     [Oi.t.J  •^^• 

MES'O-SPERM,  n.    (Gr.  pcro^  and  crrcppa.] 

In  botany,  a  membratic  of  a  seed  synonymous  with 
sccundinc,  the  secouil  membrane  from  the  surface. 

Lindlnt. 

MES-O-TIIO'RAX,  n.  [Gr.  /iST^s",  middle,  and  Ou}oal, 
breast.] 

In  ajtomdo-ry^  the  middle  segment  of  the  thorax 
in  insects.      ^  Brandt. 

MES'O-TtPE,  n.  [Gr.  /<ionf,  middle,  and  rnr-j;,  form, 
type.] 

A  zeolitic  mineral,  occurring  in  slender  crystals, 
and  delicately-radiated  concretions,  hitely  subdivided 
into  the  species  Jv''ntruUtej  Scolecitc^  and  Mrsolr.  They 
consist  of  silica,  alumina,  and  lime  or  soda,  with  10 
to  14  per  cent,  of  water.  JSTatrolitc  is  a  soda  Meso- 
type, and  Scofecite  a  lime  iMesotype  ;  Mcsolc  contains 
both  lime  and  soda.  Dana. 

MES-PRlSE',  w.    Contempt;  a  yrcnch  teord,    [J^otin 

MESS,  7(.  [In  Fr.  nict*  is  a  mess  of  meat,  perhaps  meat. 
fn  Goth,  mes  is  a  dish.  Ir.  meis.  In  Sax.  mrsr  is  a  ta- 
ble, Sp.  mesa,  L.  mensa.  But  mets^  mess,  is  probably 
a  different  word.] 

1.  .\  dish  or  a  quantity  of  food  prepared  or  set  on 
a  table  at  one  time  :  a-:,  a  mess  of  potfcice  ;  a  mess  of 
herbs  ;  a  mess  of  brotli.  MilUni.     Pope, 

2.  A  medley  ;  a  mixed  mass  ;  a  quantity. 

3.  As  much  provender  or  grain  as  is  given  to  a 
beast  at  once. 

4.  A  number  of  persons  who  eat  together  ;  amonff 
seamen  and  soldiers. 

MESS,  V.  i.    To  eat;  to  feed. 


MLT 


Ml 

5IL-    :_.  .      . 

f?p.  oufi«u^/r.  J 

1.  Any  notic«,  word,  or  ^ 
or  verbal,  ncnt  frr^m  *■<«-  i-  f 
a  servant  with  n  vert.  : 

The  WrlccKOF  nuMft  . 

2.  An  offici.il 
opinions  fwrnt  t< 
of  a  leglilatiir- 
receive*  a  nuj 
States  at  tlie  <■;, 
of  tfoiacof  tie 
by  mtSMage,  oi 

3.  An    offir  jiUMi  fum 
branch  of  a  T 

MllHUTAi,  (mi  -t,  ;j.. 
.MES'SE.VCER, /n. 
MES'SA-CEK.     1      H- 
Ihngrapby  in  >T» 

1.  One  wh  . 
bearer  of  a  vi ; 

or  invitation,  Inm:  '  H'-  ^    r 
lie  body  :  one  who  convey*  d 
or  court  to  anotljer. 

2.  A  harbinger;  a  futcninn-  r  ,   i.t  ■  •  ' 
rorcsho\vs. 

T<«i  m^  fe«*a. 

TtOtfrrt  (bt<lol»i».  r.r-  '-..        -.-. 

3.  Messentrm  inn. 
cable,  about  fiity  1  < 
capstem.  and  having  iLi  i.%. 

31ES-SI'AII,  V.    \ H.b.  rrrr 
Cbristf  the  ar    ■  •    \     *'      ^ 
I  know  tlut  n  I 

am  he.  — J   , 

:\IES-.SrAn-SniP,  n.    Xlie  rhaiactcr, 
of  the  Savior. 

Jrtwph'ii  —  vflioi*;  pfv]tiilicr«  vfre  mg\i  -' 

MES-SI-AN'I€,  a.    Relating  to  tbr  ' 
MES'SIF.URS,  fmesh'ycnc,)"-^'-  [>  ' 

my  lord.] 

Sirs;  gentlemen  ;  abbnvinicJ  t-    " 
.MESS'MaTE,  iu     .\n  associate  in 

eats  ordinarily  al  the  same  tribtc- 
MES'SU.\GE,  (mrs'swajc,)  n.     T. 

mwona^f,  a  house,  or  hou.-^   r 

hold.    The  French  now  u  r 
III  /flic,  a  dwelling-hou?*-   . 

propriated  ti»  the  use  of  the  huu  -. : 

adjacent  buildings. 
MKS-Tl'ZO,   ;i.     [Sp.,  mixed.]     In    • 

tlic  child  of  a  Spani:ml  orcreutrand  a  ir 


ME-SY-M'.NI-ei'M,  n.     In  amciat  pcttrj^ 

at  the  end  of  a  .^tanza. 
MET,  pret.  and  pp.  of  MrcT. 
.'^lE-'l'AB'A-SIS,  n.      [Gr.,  from  |ifr«, 

,3iiii(i,  to  po.]  i 

In  rhetoric,  transition  ;  n  pass inc  frpm  cor  thi»f  la  \ 

another. 
MIVFAB'O-LA, «.   [Gr.  /irraJoAr;,  i; 

and  /^uArj,  a  casting.] 
In  medictHej  a  change  of  air.  in, 

tie  used.] 
>1J:T-A-B0'LI-.\.\,  ti.    [Gr. 
An  insect  which  undiTi?'  - 

metabolinns  form  a  sul^ctw  rf  m«xt». 
MKT-.VCXR'PAL,  a.     [ftvm  «irt«c«ry«».] 

to  the  melacarpiis. 
MET-.\-eXR'PCS,  ■.      [Gr.  wtjx.- 

yond,  and  catitof,  the  wri*l.| 
In  anat^iny,  the  part  of  the  hind 

and  the  lingers, 
ME-TA€H'RO-MSM,  n.   [Gr.  ,u  -e,  beynod,  aod  xi>- 

IOC,  time.] 
.An  error  in  fhrono!o;j-,  by  placing  an  « 

its  rval  time. 
MET'.V-CIS.M,  n.    .\  defect  in  prcmounc 

ler  II. 
MC'TAOE,  r-     [from  wHe.]    Mmsarrmenl  cf  rvai  ; 

price  of  measuring. 
MET-A-GRAM'.MA-TISM.  ».  [Gr. /.era,  V 

)f]ti;ifi-i,  a  letter.] 

.inai^rammatismy  or  .Vrti:^fr*i«»rfi-rT,  f 

position  of  the  letters  of  a  name  i;/ 

tiou  as  to  express  some  perfect  sen 

person  n:mied. 
MET'jJL,  (mel'U,),)!.    [Fr.  from  I- 

raX.Voi';  Sw.  and  G.  mrt^l :  D.  •- 

Sp.  id.;  It,  netalh:  Ir.  ■urr.-:/:  ^^" 
1.  A  simple,  fixed,  shim: 

stance,  having  a  peculiar  I 

he  luster,  insoluble  iti  ":;• 

giX)d  conductor  of  li 

metals  an^  al-**i  ni:}- 

nier.  and  s*ime  oi  ; 

are  niostlv  f»*ssil,  som  !i;ii  -   '  ■'    " 


TONE,  BJJLL,  TJNITE.  — A1«"GER, 


VI"C10US.-€  as  K  ;  0  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  Ca  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  TUiS. 


-J 


MET 

but  nioro  {•enonilly  combined  with  other  matter. 
Sonic  metals  are  more  malleable  than  others  ;  and 
this  circumstanco  gave  rise  to  the  dUtinction  of  tnct- 
ah  ami  semt-meUxts  —  a  distinction  little  regarded  ut 
the  present  day.  Recent  discoveries  have  enlar(,'cd 
the  list  of  the  metals.  Twelve  are  malleable,  viz., 
platinum,  gold,  silver,  mercury,  lead,  copper,  tin, 
iron,  /.iiic,  palladium,  nickel,  and  cadmium.  Tlie 
tbllowint:  sixteen  are  not  suthcienlly  tenacious  to 
bear  extension  by  beating;  viz.,  arsenic,  antinumy, 
bismuth,  cobalt,  manganese,  tellurium,  titanium,  cn- 
lumbiuin,  molybden,  lun;isten,  chrome,  osmium,  irid- 
ium, rhodium,  uranium,  and  cerium. 

Encxjc.    J^ichoUon.     Thomson.     Phillips.     Ui-c. 

To  these  may  be  added  potassium,  sodiutn,  biirium, 
strimtiuni,  calcium,  lithium,  and  several  otlierg. 

Hmrtj. 

2.  Courage  ;  spirit ;  so  written,  by  mistake,  for 
Mettle. 

X  The  broken  stone  used  for  covering  macadam- 
ized roads.    \Eiig.'\ 
filET-A-I.l'-P'SlS,  71.     [Gr.  ^cruAfjii/fj,  participation  ; 
/ifrrt,  beyond,  and  XanfiavM^  to  take.] 

In  rhrUiric,  the  continuation  of  a  trope  in  one 
word  through  a  succession  of  significations,  or  the 
union  vf  two  or  more  tropes  of  a  dillerent  kind  in 
one  word,  so  tliat  several  gradations  or  intervening 
senses  come  between  the  word  rxprcssed  and  the  thing 
intended  hy  it ;  as.  "  in  one  Cesar  there  are  many 
ftlariuses."  Here  Marius,  by  a  synecdoche  orantono- 
masia,  is  put  for  any  ambitious,  turbulent  man,  and 
tiiis,  by  a  metiinymy  of  thi^  cause,  for  llic  ill  eflccts 
of  such  a  temper  to  the  public.  Bailey.  Encifc. 
MET-A-LEP'Tie, fl.  Pertaining  to  a  mctalcpsis  or 
participation  ;  translative. 

2.  Transverse  j  as,  the  incUUcplic  motion  of  a  nmscle. 

Jiailcij. 

3.  In  natural  sciencCy  denoting  the  substitution  of 
one  substance  for  another  which  is  displaced  or  re- 
moved. Dana. 

MET-A-I.KP'TIG-AL-LY,  adv.    By  transposition. 

ME.TAL'Me-AL,l   °-     [L.  W(cto«*cu5.] 

Pertaining  to  a  metal  or  metals ;  consisting  of 
metal ;  partakint;  of  the  nature  of  metals ;  like  a 
metal  ;  as,  a  metallic  substance  ;  iiutallic  ore ;  metallic 
brightness. 

MET-AI^LIF'ER-OUS,  a.  [L.  victallu.m,  metal,  and 
/crd,  to  produce.] 

I'roducing  nic-ials  ;  yieldin;:  meuils.  Klrwan, 

ME-TAL'LI-FORM,  a.  Having  the  form  of  metals; 
like  mrtal.  Kirwan. 

MET'AL-LTNE,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  metal;  consisting 
of  metal. 
2.  Impregnated  with  metal ;  as,  metalline  water. 

Bacon. 

BIET'AL-LIST,  7i.  A  worker  in  metals,  or  one  skilled 
in  metals.  Moxon. 

MET-AL-IJ-Za'TION,  n.  Tlie  act  or  process  of 
forming  into  a  metal  ;  the  operation  which  gives 
to  a  Bubstancc  its  proper  metallic  properties. 

Kncyc.    Diet. 

MET'AL-LiZE,  r.  t.  To  form  into  metal;  to  give  to 
a  substance  its  proper  metallic  properties.         Diet. 

ME'l"AL-UZ-£0,  pp.    Eurmed  iiil.i  metal. 

MET'AL-LIZ-IXG,  j>pr.    Forming  into  metal. 

MET-Ai.-LOG'RA-PHY%  n.  [Gr.  pCTaWou,  metal, 
and  >j'ja0i7,  description.] 

An  account  of  metals,  or  a  treatise  on  metallic 
substances.  Diet. 

MET'AL-LOID,  n.     [metal  and  Gr.  cirTa?.] 

A  name  sometimes  applied  to  the  metallic  bases  of 
the  alkalies  and  earths. 

MET-AL-LOID'AL,  a.  Having  a  form  or  appearance 
like  that  of  a  metal. 

MET-AL-LUR'Gie,a.  [See  IMetallurgt.]  Pertain- 
ing to  metallurgy,  or  tlie  art  of  working  metals. 

JMET'AIj-LUR-GlST,  n.  One  whose  occupation  is  to 
work  metals,  or  to  purify,  refine,  and  prepare  metals 
for  use. 

MET'AL-LUR-CY,  n.  [Gr.  ^LtraX\ol>,  metal,  and 
£0)  'If,  work.l 

The  art  or  working  metals,  comprehending  the 
whole  process  of  separating  them  from  other  matters 
m  the  ore,  smelting,  refining,  and  parting  them. 
Gilding  is  also  a  branch  of  ■mctallunry.  Kut  in  a 
more  limited  and  usual  sense,  mc/aiiuri'^/ is  the  opera- 
lion  of  separating  mcluls  from  their  ores.      Ilebcrt. 

The  French  include  in  metallurgy  the  art  of  draw- 
inc  metals  from  the  earth.  Diet. 

MET'AL-MAN,  n.  A  worker  in  metals;  a  copper- 
smith nr  tinman. 

aiET-A-MORPH'ie^  a.  In  geology^  pertaining  to 
changes  which  minerals  or  rocks  nmy  have  under- 
gone since  their  original  deposition;  usually  applied 
to  changes  which  sedimentary  rocks  have  under- 
gone through  the  influence  of  lieat.  Dana. 

MET-A-.MORPH'ISM,  n.  In  geohgy,  the  state  or 
quality  of  being  mt^tamorphic.  JV*.  Ji.  Rev. 

MET-A-MORPH'OSE,  v.  t.  [Gr.  (tcrafioptpoo) ;  /i£ra, 
over,  beyond,  and  /^'joi/in,  form.] 

To  change  into  a  dilTercnt  lorm  ;  to  transform  ; 
particularly,  to  change  the  form  of  insects,  as  from 
the  larva  to  a  winged  animal.    The  ancients  pre- 


]WET 

tended  that  Jupiter  was  metamorphosed  into  a  bull, 
and  Eycaon  into  a  wolf. 

And  earlli  w.13  meUmxw^hoaed  into  inan.  Dn/den. 

MET-A-iM0RPU'0-S£D,;//7.  Clianged  into  a  dillcrent 
form. 

MET-A-MORPH'0-SER,  n.  One  that  transforms  or 
changes  ilie  shape. 

MET-A-MORPH'0-Sie,a.  Changing  the  form;  trans- 
forming. 

MET-A-iMORPH'O-SIXG,  pur.    Changing  the  shape. 

fllET-A-MORPU'O-Srs,  n.  [Gr.]  Change  of  form 
or  shape ;  transformation  ;  particularly,  a  change  in 
the  form  of  being ;  as,  the  mctumorphosis  of  an  in- 
sect from  the  uurelia  or  chrysalis  state  into  a  winged 
animal. 
'J.  Any  change  of  form  or  shape. 

MET-A-MOR-PHOS'l'iC-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
eflected  by  metamorphosis.  Pope 

MKT'A-PHOR,  71.  [Gr.  ficrmpopa,  from  piraipepo},  to 
transter;  pcra,  over,  and  <pinui^  to  carry.] 

A  short  similitude  ;  a  simUitude  reduced  to  a  sin- 
gle word  ;  or  a  word  expressing  similitude  without 
tin:  signs  of  comparison.  Thus,  "  that  man  is  a  fox," 
is  a  metaphor ;  but  "that  man  is  like  a  fox,"  is  a 
similitude  or  comparison.  So  ^vhcn  I  say,  "  the 
soldiers  were  lions  in  combat,"  I  use  a  metaphor; 
but  when  I  say,  *'tho  yoldirrs  fought  like  lions," 
I  use  a  similitude.  In  metaphor,  the  similitude  is 
contained  in  the  name;  a  man  is  a  foz,  means,  a 
man  is  as  crafty  as  a  fox.  9o  wc  say,  a  man  bridles 
his  anger,  that  is,  restrains  it  as  a  bridle  restrains  a 
horse.  Beauty  awaJicns  lovo  of  tender  passions  ;  op- 
position ares  courage. 

MET-A-PIlOR'ie,         \  a.     PerUiining  to  metaphor; 

MET-A-PHOR'ie-AL,  j  comprising  a  metaphor  ; 
not  literal ;  as,  a  metaphorical  use  of  words  ;  a  meta- 
phorical expression  ;  a  mctaphoHcal  sense. 

MET-A-PIIOR'IC-AL-T^Y,  ado.  In  a  metaphorical 
manner;  not  literally. 

ftlET'A-PHOR-IST,  n.    One  that  makes  metaiihors. 

Pope, 

MET'A-PURaSE,  (niet'a-fruze,)  n.    [Gr.  ptTa<p(>iiai$  ; 

/Ura,over,  according  to,  or  with,  and  ^/jricif,  phrase.] 

A  verbal  translation  ;  a  version  or  translation  of 

one  language  into  another,  word  for  word  ;  opposed 

to  Parai'hrase.  Dnjderi. 

MET'A-PHRAST,  71.  A  person  who  translates  from 
one  language  into  another,  word  for  word.   Eneye. 

MET-A-PHRAST'IC,  a.     Close  or  literal  in  translation. 

iMET-A-PHYS'ie,         )   fl.  [See  METiPHYsics.]    Per- 

MET-A-PIIYS'ie-AL,  ]  taining  or  relating  to  meta- 
pliysics. 

2.  According  to  rules  or  principles  of  metaphysics ; 
as,  metaphysical  reasoning. 

3.  Preternatural  or  supernatural.     [JYoJ  used."] 

Shak. 

MET-A-PHYS'ie-AL-LY,  adv.  In  the  manner  of 
metaphysical  science. 

MET-A4'HY-SI"CIAN,  (met-a-fe-zish'an,)  n.  One 
wlio  is  versed  in  the  science  of  metaphysics. 

MET-A-PHYffi'I€S,  71.  [Gr.  /icrs,  after,  and  ij)vaiKr), 
physics.  It  is  said  that  this  name  was  given  to  the 
science  by  Aristotle  or  his  followers,  who  considered 
the  science  of  natural  bodies,  physics,  as  the  first  in 
the  order  of  studies,  and  the  science  of  mind,  or  in- 
telligence, to  be  the  second.] 

The  science  of  the  principles  and  causes  of  all 
things  existing ;  hence,  the  science  of  mind  or  intel- 
ligence. This  science  comprehends  ontMogy,  or  the 
science  which  treats  of  the  nature,  essence,  and 
qualities,  or  attributes  of  being;  cosmology,  the 
science  of  the  world,  which  treats  of  the  nature 
and  laws  of  matter  and  of  motion ;  anthroposophy, 
whicii  treats  of  the  powers  of  man,  and  the  motions 
by  which  life  is  produced  ;  psychology,  which  treats 
of  the  intellectual  soul ;  pneamatology,  or  the  science 
of  spirits  or  angels,  &c.  Metaphysical  theology^  called 
by  Leibnitz  and  others  theodicy,  treats  of  the  exist- 
ence of  God,  his  essence  and  attributes.  These 
divisions  of  the  science  of  metaphysics,  which  pre- 
vailed in  tlie  ancient  schools,  arc  now  not  much  re- 
garded The  natural  division  of  things  that  exist 
is  into  body  and  mind,  things  material  and  immate- 
rial. The  former  belong  to  physics,  and  the  latter  to 
the  science  of  metaphysics.  Encyc. 

MET^A  PI-ASM,  71.  [Gr.  iitTa-nXacpoq,  transforma- 
tion ;  iiira,  over,  and  TrAuao-f.),  to  form.] 

In  grammar,  a  change  made  in  a  word  by  the  aug- 
mentation, diminution,  or  immutation,  of  a  syllable 
or  letter. 

ME  TAS'TA-SIS,  n.  [Gr.  //crao-raffts,  mutation  ; 
ptra,  over,  and    lor/j/it,  to  place.] 

A  translation  or  removal  of  a  disease  from  one  part 
to  another,  or  such  an  alteration  as  is  succeeded  by  a 
solution.  Coze.     Encyc. 

MET-A-TAR'SAL,  a.  [from  metatarsus.]  Belonging 
to  the  metatarsus. 

MET-A-TAR'SUS,  7(.  [Gr. /uta,  beyond,  and  rapcrof, 
tarsus.] 

The  middle  of  the  foot,  or  part  between  the  ankle 
and  the  toes,  Coxe. 

ME-TATH'E-SIS,  n.  f  pi.  Metatheses.  [Gr.  pcraOri- 
di  ;  lara,  over,  and  Tidrijii,  to  set.] 


MET 

1.  'J'ransposition  ;  a  figure  by  wliich  Hie  letters  or 
syllables  of  a  word  are  transposed  ;  as  pistris  forprw- 
tis.  Encyc. 

2.  In  vicdicinc,  a  change  or  removal  of  a  morbid 
r^uise,  without  expulsion.  Coze.     Encyc. 

MET-A-Tllo'RAX,  n.  [Gr.  pcra,  after,  and  (Jw/ju?, 
breast.] 

In  entomology,  the  last  or  posterior  segment  of  the 
thorax  in  insects.  Brandc. 

MET'A-TOME,  w.     [L.  mctatus,  measured.] 

In  architecture,  the  space  between  one  dentil,  or 
denticle,  and  another.  Elmcs, 

ME-'J'a'YER,  7/.  [Fr.]  In  France  and  Italy,  a  farmer 
holding  land  on  condition  of  yielding  half  the  prod- 
uce to  the  proprietor,  from  whom  he  receives  s'l'ik 
and  tools.  Brandc, 

MfnTE,  V.  t.  [Sax.  metaii,  amctan,  gcmctaa;  V.mectcn; 
G.  mcsscn;  Sw.  miUai  Sp.  mcdir ;  L.  T/irtior;  Gr.  fic- 
Tpeoi  y  VV.  meidraw ;  Ch.  and  llcb.  ^^D,  to  measure ; 


Ar.  tX^  madda,  to  extend.  Sec  Measure,  and  Class 

M(L  No.  2.] 

To  measure ;  to  ascertain  quantity,  dimensions,  or 
capacity,  by  any  rule  or  standard.    [Obsolescent.] 

MkTE,  w.     [Sax.  7«(f(a.] 

Measure;  limit;  boundary;  used  chiefly  in  (lie 
plural,  in  the  phrase  mctcs  aiid  bounds. 

MeT'ED,  pp.     Measnred. 

ME-TKMF'SVeHOfSR,  v.  t.  To  translate  from  one 
body  to  anolhrr,  as  tlie  soul. 

ME-TEMP-SY-CHO'SIS,  n.  [Or.  pFripxljvx'OtTi^;  pe- 
T(i,  beyond,  and  xp^x'-^ati,  animation,  life;  i/zuxo^'j 
to  animate.] 

Transmigration  ;  the  passing  of  the  soul  of  a  man 
after  death  into  some  other  animal  body.  Pythagoras 
and  his  followers  held  that  after  death  the  souls  oi 
rnen  pass  into  other  bodies;  and  this  doctrine  still 
prevails  in  some  parts  of  Asia,  particularly  in  India 
and  China.  Knaje. 

MET-EMP-To'SIS,  n.  [Gr.  ptra,  after,  tv,  in,  and 
■nimoi,  to  fall.] 

In  chronology,  the  solar  equation  necessary  to  pre- 
vent the  new  moon  from  happening  a  day  too  late, 
or  the  suppression  of  the  bissextile  once  in  I'.M  years. 
The  opposite  to  this  is  the  Phoemttusis,  or  the  aildi- 
lion  of  a  day  every  330  years,  and  another  every-  210i) 
years.  Brandc. 

ME'TE-OR,  n.     [Gr.  furcMpog,  sublime,  lofty.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  a  body  that  fiies  or  floats  in 
the  air,  and  in  this  sense  it  includes  clouds,  rain, 
hail,  snow,  &c.  Barhc. 

But  in  a  restricted  sense,  in  which  it  is  commonly 
understood, 

2.  A  fiery  or  luminous  body  or  appearance  flying 
or  floating  in  the  atmosphere,  or  in  a  more  elevated 
region.  We  give  this  name  to  the  brilliant  globes  or 
masses  of  matter  whicli  are  occasionally  seen  mov- 
ing rapidly  through  our  atmosphere,  and  which  throw 
off,  with  loud  explosions,  fragments  that  reach  the 
earth,  and  are  called  falling  stones.  We  call  by  the 
same  name  those  fire-balls  which  are  usually  denom- 
inated falling  stars  or  shooting  stars  :  also,  the  lights 
which  appear  over  moist  grounds  and  grave-yards, 
called  ignes  fatui. 

And,  meleor-hkc,  (lame  lawless  through  the  slty.         Pope. 

3.  Figuratively,  any  thing  that  transiently  dazzles 
or  strikes  with  wonder.  Smart. 

ME-TE-OR'ie,  a.    Pertaining  to  rhetcors ;  consisting 
of  meteors. 
2.  Proceeding  from  a  meteor;  as,  Tnefcoric  stones. 
Meteoric  iron;  iron  in  the  metallic  state,  as  found 
in  meteors. 

Meteoric  showers;  periodical  exhibitions  of  shooting 
stars,  occurring  about  the  9th  of  August  and  13th  of 
November,  and  more  rarely  in  April  and  December. 

Olmsted. 

Me'TE-OR-iTE,  71.  A  solid  substance  or  body  falling 
from  the  hiah  regions  of  the  atmosphere.    Mantdl. 

Me'TE-OR-IZE,  v.  i.  To  ascend  in  vapors.  [J^ot 
used.]  Evelyn. 

ME-TE-OR'0-LITE,  n.  A  meteoric  stone  ;  a  stone  or 
solid  compound  of  earthy  and  metallic  matter,  v/hich 
fails  to  the  earth  after  the  displosion  of  a  luminous 
meteor  or  fire-ball ;  called  also  Aeromte. 

Clcaveland- 

ME-TE-OR-O-EOG'ie,         )  a.    Pertaining  to  the  at- 

ME-TE-OR-O-LOG'ie-AL,  \  mosphere  and  its  phe- 
nomena. A  meteorological  table  or  register  is  an  ac- 
count of  the  state  of  the  air  and  its  temperature, 
weight,  dryness,  or  moisture,  winds,  Scc,  ascer- 
tained by  the  barometer,  thermometer,  hygrometer, 
anemometer,  and  other  meteorolugiral  inslruiiienls. 

ME-TE-0R-0L'0-6IST,  7t.  A  p^^son  skilled  in  me- 
teorology'. 

ME-TE-0R-0L'0-<5Y,  n.  [Gr.  pcrcoipos,  lofty,  and 
Xoyig,  discourse.] 

The  science  which  treats  of  the  atmosphere  an  J  its 
phenomena,  particularly  in  its  relation  to  heat  and 
moisture.  Olmsted. 

ME-TE-OR'0-MAN-CY,  n.    [Gr.  pcrcojpovj  a  meteor, 
and  pavrtia,  divination.] 
A  species  of  divination  by  meteors,  chiefly  by  thun- 


FaTE,  FXR,  FALL,  WHAT.— MeTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARXNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.— 


710 


MET 

der  and  lightning,  held  in  high  estiiiialion  by  the  Ro- 
in:xns.  Enaic. 

\Ifc^TE-0R'O-S€OPE,n.  An  instrument  fortakiiifithc 
iiKisnitude  and  distances  of  heavenly  bu(l::;a.    [dt.^-.] 

■•lE-TE-OIi-0S'€O-Py,7E.  [Gr.  /*crtui;;js,  lolty,  and 
<7«9Ti<i>,  to  view.] 

That  part  of  astronomy  which  treats  of  subhmc 
heavenly  bodies,  distance  of  stars,  &c.  [JVot  in  use] 

Bailey. 

^IE-Te'0R-0U3,  a.    Having  the  nature  of  a  meteor. 

Milton. 

Me'TER,  n.  [from  meU.'\  One  who  measures  j  used 
in  compounds,  as  in  coal-meter,  Iand-T;te(cr. 

Me'TEK,  \  n.    [Sax.mrtCT-;  Ft.  metre  i  h.  mctrum;  Gr. 

Me'TRE,  \      fifTpovy  from  nsrpcu}.] 

I.  Measure;  verse  j  arrangement  of  poetical  feet, 
or  of  long  and  short  syllables  in  verse.  Mexamcter 
is  a  meter  of  six  feeu'  This  word  is  most  improp- 
erly written  jMetre.  How  ver>'  absurd  to  write  the 
simjdc  word  in  this  manner,  hut  in  all  its  numerous 
compounds  Meteb,  as  in  Diameteb,  Hexameter, 
Thermoueter,  &.C.  I 

•2.  A  French  measure  of  length,  equal  to  ^^^J^y 
English  inches,  the  standard  of  linear  measure,  be- 
ing the  ten  miHiomh  part  of  the  di.stancc  from  the 
eijuator  to  the  north  pole,  as  ascertained  by  actual 
ino;isurement  of  an  arc  of  the  meridian.     Olmsted. 

METE'WAND,  71.  [mttc  and  wand.]  A  staff  or  rod 
(if  a  certain  length,  used  as  a  measure.     [06^.] 

?I£TE'YARD,  n.     [Sax.  mctgeard.]  [.^sefiam. 

A  yard,  staff,  or  rod,  used  as  a  measure.  [Obs.] 
[We  now  use  Yard.] 

ME-TIIEG'LIN,  n.  (W.  mczygUn^  according  to  Owen, 
from  W.  vie-.yg,  a  physician,  and  Wyn,  water  ;  a  me- 
dicinal liquor.  Cutmei  is  mead,  and  mezu  is  to  be 
strong  or  able.] 

A  liquor  made  of  honey  and  water  boiled  and  fer- 
ni.jnt.;ti,  often  enriched  with  spices.  Encyc. 

ME-THINKS',  verb  impersonal;  pp.  Methought.  [mc 
and  thinJc]  It  seems  to  me ;  it  appears  to  me ;  I 
think.  Mc  is  here  in  the  dative.  The  word  is  not 
antiquated,  but  is  not  elegant. 

METIl'OD,  n.  [L.  metJwdus;  Gr.  {icOa^o^  ;  pira^  with, 
and  cSogy  way.j 

1.  A  suitable  and  convenient  arrangement  of 
things,  proceedinirs,  or  ideas  ;  the  natural  or  regular 
disfKXSition  of  separate  things  or  parts ;  convenient 
order  for  transacting  business,  or  for  comprehending 
any  complicated  subject.  Without  metJiod,  business 
of  any  kind  will  fall  into  confusion.  To  carry  on 
farming  to  advantage,  to  keep  accounts  correctly, 
msOind  is  indispensable. 

i*.  Way ;  manner.  Let  us  know  the  nature  of  the 
disease,  and  the  method  of  cure. 

?i.  Classification ;  arrangement  of  natural  bodies  ac- 
cordinj;  to  their  common  characteristics  ;  :is,  the  meth- 
vd  of  Theophrast ;  the  method  of  Ray  ;  the  Linn^an 
mttUod, 

In  natural  arrangements,  a  distinction  is  sometimes 
made  between  method  and  system.  System  is  an  ar- 
rangement founded,  throughout  all  its  parts,  on  some 
one  principle.  MefJiod  is  an  arrangement  less  fixed 
and  determinate,  and  founded  on  more  general  rela- 
tions. Thus  we  say,  the  natural  method^  and  the  ar- 
tificial  or  sexual  system  of  Linnaius,  though  the  latter 
is  not  a  perfect  system.  Ed.  Enajc, 

:ME-THOn'ie,         )a.     Arranged  in  convenient  or- 

.ME-TH01)'ie-AL,  i  der;  disposed  in  a  just  and  nat- 
ural niannt-r,  or  in  a  manner  to  illustrate  a  subject, 
or  to  facilitate  practical  observations  ;  as,  the  method- 
ical arrangement  of  the  parts  of  a  discourse  or  of  ar- 
guments ;  a  methodical  treatise  ;  methodical  accounts. 

.ME-THOD'ie-AL-LV,  adv.  In  a  methodical  manner ; 
according  to  natural  or  convenient  order. 

?.IETn'ol)'4SM,  71,  The  doctrii:  ■  -:\d  worship  of  the 
s^.ct  of  C'irislians  called  J\[etJiodt^:s. 

METirOD-IST,  71.     One  that  observes  method. 

2.  One  of  a  sect  of  Christians  founded  by  Morgan, 
or  rather  hy  John  Wesley,  and  so  called  from  tlie  ex- 
act regularity  of  their  lives,  and  the  strictness  of  their 
principles  and  rules.  T\\e  name  is  also  given,  in 
England,  to  the  followers  of  Whitefield,  or  Calvin- 
istlc  Methodists. 

■2.  A  physician  who  practices  by  method  or  theory. 

Boyle. 
4.  In  tJte  cant  of  irrdigious  men,  a  person  of  strict 
piety  ;  one  who  lives  in  the  exact  observance  of  re- 
ligious duties. 
METH-OD-IST'ie,  a.     Resembling  the  Methodists; 
partaking  of  the  strictness  of  iMothodists.     CA.  Obs. 
METH-OI>-IST'ie,  I  a.     Relating   to   method,   or 

METH-OD-IST'ie-AL,  j      the  Methodists. 
METH-OD-IST'IC-AL-LY,  adv.    After  the  miuincr  of 
j        Methodists. 

1   5lETH'0D-lZE.  v.  U    To  reduce  to  method  ;  to  dis- 
pose in  due  order  ;  to  arrange  in  a  convenient  manner. 

One  who  brings  with  him  any  obecrraUotis  he  b.ta  made  in  read- 
ing tho  poets,  will  find  hia  own  icdections  TnelJiO'lized  and 
explained  in  ihe  works  of"  a  good  critic.  Spectator. 

METII'OD-TZ  .ED,  pp.    Reduced  to  method. 
METH'OD-IZ-ING,ppr.    Arranging  in  due  order. 
ME-THOUGHT',  (me-thawt',)  pret.  of  Methinks.    It 
seemed  tome  ;  I  thought.  JUilton.    Dryden. 


MET 

ME'i'Il'V'-LENE,  n.    [Or.  jieOip  and  tiX,,,] 

A  highly  volatile  anil  iiitlniniiuiblc  ii'iuiil,  procured 
by  deslructivx-  distilUiUon  of  wood.  Uraadc. 

MET'IG,  n.    [Gr.  jizroiK'jg ;  isi-^a  aritt  niK-if,  liouKc] 
In  ancient  Greece,  a  sojourner ;  a  resident  slran'.'cr 
in  a  Grecian  city  or  place.  Milfvrd, 

JIU-Tie'U-LOl;S,  a.    [L.  meUcvUm.] 

Tiaiid.     [JVyf  v^ed.\  CoUs. 

l!F,T'0-6HEi  11.  [Or.  /icrt\t,).]  In  crchiUdiire,  the 
j^paco  between  two  dentils.  Brandt. 

ME-TO.\  le  C^'CLE,  (  ».    The  cycio  of  Ihe  mo..n, 

ME-T0-N'1€  YE.VR,  (  or  period  of  nineteen  ycara, 
in  which  the  lunations  of  tire  moon  return  to  the 
same  days  of  the  month ;  so  called  from  il.'i  dijicuv- 
crer  Meton,  the  .Vthenian.  Eueije.    Baitry, 

MET-OXY.M'IC,  (a.     [See  METoKVMr.l      Used 

MET-O-NY.-M'ie-AI.,  j  hy  way  of  metonymy,  by 
putting  CMC  word  for  another. 

JlET-0-N'Y,11'ie-AI^LY,  mh.  I!y  putting  one  word 
lor  another.  DuritrlU. 

iMET'0-MY?.I-Y  or  ME-TOX'Y-JIY,  n.  [Or.  %ct:-i- 
vvjna;  iiCTtfj  over,  beyond,  and  woita,  name.] 

In  rhetoric,  a  trope  in  which  one  word  is  put  for 
another  ;  a  change  of  names  which  have  some  rela- 
tion to  each  other ;  as  when  we  say,  *'  a  man  keeps  a 
good  tahlr,''^  in-;tead  of  good  provisions,  "  We  read 
Virgil,*'  that  is,  his  poems  or  jtriiin<j3.  "  They  have 
Jiloses  and  the  prophets,"  that  is,  their  books  or  iwit- 
ings,  A  man  ha^  a  clear  iLead,  that  is,  understanding, 
intrllrct ;  a  Warm  heart,  that  is,  ajfcctions. 

JIET'0-PE,  (met'o-py,)  a.  [Gr.  i,cr„-n !  ptra,  with, 
near,  or  by,  and  ott/;,  an  ajKirturc  or  hollow.] 

In  architecture,  the  space  between  the  Iriglyphs  of 
the  Doric  frieze,  which,  among  the  ancient.s,  were 
often  adorned  with  carved  work.     Qloss.  ofArchiu 

JIET-O-POS'eO-PIST,  71.  [Infra.]  Ono  versed  in 
pl'.vsiopnomy. 

5IEt-0-POS'eO-rY,  n.  [Gr.  /isruTOK,  the  forehead, 
and  ffKojTiw,  to  view.] 

The  study  of  physiognomy  ;  the  art  of  discovering 
the  character  or  the  dispositions  of  men  by  their  fea- 
tures, or  the  lines  of  the  face.         Kncye,    Lanier. 

Me'TRE.    See  Metee. 

MET'KIG-AL,  a.    [L.  mclricus;  Fr.  mctriipu.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  measure,  or  due  arrangement  or 
combination  of  long  and  short  syllables. 

2.  Consisting  of  verses  ;  as,  metrical  compositions. 
3IET'RI€-AL,  a.    Having  the  diameter  of  a  French 

meter  ;  as  metrical  blocks. 

MET'nie-AL-LY,  adv.    According  to  poetic  measure. 

Me'TRIST,         ( li.    A  composer  of  verses.     [JVut  in 

MB-TKI"CIAN,  i     itsj.] 

ME-TROL'0-GY,  n.  [Gr./iirpof,  measure,  and  /\o}of, 
discourse.] 

An  account  of  measures,  or  the  science  of  weights 
and  measures.  J.  Q.  Mams. 

MET'RO-NoME,  71.    [Gr.  lU-peoi  and  i'o;i'i,  division.] 
An  instrument,  which,  by  a  short  pendulum,  with 
a  sliding  weiglit,  and  set  in  motion  by  clock-work, 
ser\'es  to  measure  time  in  music. 

ME-TRON'0-MY,  71.  [Gr.  ptrotto,  to  measure,  and 
voftn,  division.]  The  measuring  time  by  an  in- 
strument. 

ME-TROP'0-LIS,7t.  [L.,  fromGr.fiTj-ooroAis/iiijTiip, 
mother,  and  jtoXij,  city.    It  has  no  plural.] 

Lita-allu,  the  mother  city,  that  is,  the  chief  city  or 
capital  of  a  kingdom,  state,  or  countr)-,  as  Paris  in 
France,  Hiadrid  in  Spain,  London  in  Great  nritain. 
In  the  United  States,  Washington,  in  the  IJistrict  of 
Columbia,  is  the  metropolis,  as  being  the  seat  of  gov- 
ernment ;  but  in  several  of  the  States,  the  largest  cit- 
ies are  not  the  seats  of  the  respective  governments. 
Yet  New  Y'ork  city,  in  the  State  of  that  name,  and 
Philadelphia,  in  Pennsylvania,  are  the  chief  cities, 
and  may  be  called  each  the  metropolis  of  the  St;ite 
in  which  it  is  situated,  though  neither  of  tlicm  is  the 
seat  of  government  in  the  State. 

MET-RO-POL'I-T.\N,  a.  Belonging  to  a  metropolis, 
or  to  the  mother  church  ;  residing  in  the  chief  city. 

MET-RO-POL'I-T.^N,  n.  The  bishop  who  presides 
over  the  other  bishops  of  a  province.  In  lAe  Latin 
ehureh,  the  same  as  archbishop  i  in  the  Orctk  church, 
one  whose  see  is  really  a  civil  metropolis.      Hook. 

MB-TROP'0-LITE,  ii.    .\  metropolitan.    [JVot  used.] 

JIET-RO-POL'I-Tie,         j  a.      Pertaining   to  a  mc- 

MET-RO-PO-LIT'ie-AL,  i  tropolis  ;  chief  or  pnn- 
cipal  of  cities;  pertaining  to  a  mclropolilan,  or  to 
],J3  see.  KnoUcs.    .Mduer.     iSeldcn. 

MET'TLE,  (met'l,)  7i.  [usually  supposed  to  bo  cor- 
rupted from  77ift<i/.  But  it  may  bo  from  W.  racrirl  or 
mctJnel,  mind,  connected  with  me:u,  to  be  able,  and 
coinciding  with  the  root  of  the  Eng.  mcoily .-  I),  mocd, 
courage,  heart,  spirit ;  G.  rntiM,  mind,  courage ;  met- 
tle •  Siw.mod!  Sw.  mW;  Dan.  vwdormaod;  Gotii. 
?;io<i  angry.  The  Sax.  modi^,  I-  oiiimiis,  euiiiitMii.-, 
furnish  an  analog\-  in  point.  The  radical  sense  ol 
miii<;  is,  to  adrance,  to  push  forward,  whence  Uie 
sense  of  briskness,  ar.ior.] 

Spirit;    constitutional    lu-dor:    that  temperament 
which  is  susceptible  of  high  eicitemcnt.    It  is  not 
synonymous  with  Copbv.^e,  though  it  may  be  ac- 
compa'oied  with  it,  and  is  sometimes  used  for  it. 
Th"  ^1rtll5^■d  wurecr,  like  ;\  p^m-rows  hoiw. 
Shows  must  Iriw  tnetiie  wlw-u  you  dyxk  bb  coune.  Pope. 


^-Il 


■t.t^f,.: 


MET'TI.FIl  ,7.  :' 
MK'l   •'  ■  ■ 

!;,  >  II 

MK 

h 
MJ-  - 

flUTlU.  i. 

Mt'UM  KT  TCU.V,  [L.]     • 
MEW,  (ma,)  n.    [ii%i.  bm  ;  I 

G.  mnce ;  Fr.  mru.eti^.] 
A  Hca-fuui  of  the  c>^nut  Lam*  ;  u 
ilEW,  n.     [Fr.  m*et  Ann.  wmi ,  \V. 

viutt ;  D.  muiu.    t^tc  the  vci^ 

era.] 
A  cogo  fur  bird«i  an  loci 

flnement, 
MEW,  V.  L    [from  the  noun.]    To 

close  ;  Ui  confine,  fit  in  i  i-i-p  nr  tf' 

Man  jMt  ihi*  ' 

MEW,r.  e.    [W. 
dare,  l/jmpw  :  i 
multen.,  to  mev. 
alt/rration,  a  m. 
feathers,  rw»<t  ■  ' 
mew  or  cnji  ! 
woman,  tht*  rn 
mu'Iy  a  mew,   , 
change  of  resi  1 
is  to  chang*^  i- 
and  Titat'}.  \\\-  1 
cage,  mcir,  lo  n. 
and  Ens.  iin-, 
sense  i  .  • 
and  to 
this  is  Ih 
change,]  '  . 

Tc^hed  or  cast ;  to  change  ;  to  molL    TbB  hsvk 
moDed  hid  feathers.  ' 

Nine  tlmci  ibe  moon  r 

MEW,  (mu,)  e.  i.  [W.  ; . 

probably  with  L.  mttgw.. 
To  cry  as  a  ciu 
MEW,  V.  I.    To  change ;  to  jwl  on  a  Ofw  a- 
MEWIXG,|tyTr.    Caninglhc  fcalhtr 
jlEW'LNG,  (mu'ing,)  «.    Tbc  act  of 

ers  or  skin. 
•2.  A  crj'ing,  as  of  a  caL 
MEWL,  (mule,)  r.  i.     [Fr.  nucWcr  ;  : 

mauUar  or  maaar;   coincidin<*  in  • 

muo'io,  lo  low  ;  G.  mucJifix:    '.'   ~ 

Gt.  fiijjcdo^ut,  to  bleat ;  Ir.  r . 
'.'  •  cr,'  from  unca.-*in'<«.  ■ 
Mi:V/I/ER,  n.     One  t.'i  • 
MEWS,  rmu/.,)rt.p/.    '. 

called  because  built  ■ 

once  mewed  or  conh;i-"j. 
ME-ZCTlE-O.V,   n.      A  small   Eur. 

Daphne  MoTiereum,  whuse  ci.trt:ni 

used  in  medicine. 
MEZ'ZA-MNE,  h.      [lU]      A  rtor. 

introduced  between  two  hijlior  ■  '■ 
2.  A  low  windoWjlesa  in  !:  — 

MEZ'ZO,  (med'zo,)  [IL]  la 

mean. 
MEZ'ZO-RE-Ll£V'0,  (med'io-rc-Kr'oO  ■•    U"-  ■«- 

lordicvo.] 
A  middle  |K>int  of  rdiH*  in  figures,  Uiir w  httli 

and  low  relief. 
MEZ-Z0-TL\T'O.  {m-r-?'^  «•  TTM»d.ww.^  w.     flc  —r:- 

M,  middle,  h:it;"        '  '    ■  -  -  ■    /  - 

A  particular 

of  figures  on  • 

ink.    To  jKn'oriu  \ 

in  everj-  direction, 54> 

from  til i>  surfiirc  :  th 

face,  then  the  .: 

parts  where  i 

parts  which  ar 

more  or  less  of 

dation  of  sba.i 
MEZ'ZO  I'O  L 

a  medium  fuinu.-- .  i  >    i;.  :. 
MK,  (me.)    The  Utird  note  is  U»o  mu 

re  and  fa. 
MI'ASM,  a.    The  same  as  Miasma. 
MI-AS'MA,  B. :  pL  Miiimata.    [Gr.,  fh«n 

pollute.] 

Infeciine  S'ibstanr'  "  "  "  ''  '  "  ' 

via  or  tine  particles 

mul  doatin?  in  Uie  a'.: 

noxious  to  hcallli. 
MI-.VS'.M.VL,  a.    Containtn;  nu35nia. 
MT-AS-M.\T'ie,  o.    I\*rtaining  to  mtasaia 

of  the  qualities  of  noxious  ctfluria. 
MI'€A,  n.     [L.  wim,  a  grain  or  [«nklr 

shine.]  ^ 

A  mineral  <        '"       '"  "^  '*" 

platen  of  cjir 
presents  j-oii: 
brown,  black,  nun  *i'.. 


TCNE,  ByLL,  ^NITE.-AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS— 6  as  K;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  ClI  .as  S!l :  Til  "  i"  THia 


J 


711 


MIC 

Cencrally  more  or  less  iransparoiit,  ami  is  used  like 
{•liLss  forlaiilcrns,  and  for  ihc  doors  of  stoves.  Tlierc 
ure  three  or  four  sp-jcies  of  mica,  dilTfring  in  compo- 
sition and  crystalline  form,  called  hrz^tgonal  nica, 
eblufue  or  common  viicoj  rhoii^ic  mica,  litftia  mica. 
This  last  is  of  a  litac  color,  and  is  also  called  lepido- 
lite. 

Mica  is  an  essential  constituent  of  granite,  gneiss, 
and  inira  slalr.  Dana. 

J\II'€A-.SClIIST,  j  n.    A  schistose  rock  consisting  of 

MI'CA-SLaTE,  i      mica  and  quartz.  Dana. 

MieA'CEOUS,  (-shus,)a.  Fcrtaininf;  to  or  contain- 
in?  mica  J  resembling  mica,  or  partaking  of  its  prop- 
erties. 

MIG'A-REI*,  n.  A  species  of  argillaceous  earth  ;  a 
mineral  of  a  brownish  or  blackish-red  color,  com- 
monly cr>stalliztd  in  rhomboidal  prisms,  or  in  prisms 
of  six  sides.  Diet. 

MTCE,  n. ;  pi.  of  iMouse. 

MI'eUA-EL-ITE,  n.  A  sub-variety  of  silicious  sin- 
ter, fotind  in  the  Isle  of  St.  Michael.  J.  tV.  Webster. 

MieH'AKL-MAS,  n.    The  fe;ust  of  St.  ftlichael,  a  fes- 
tival of  Ihc  lEoman  Catholic  church,  celebrated  Sep- 
tember S'.^lh  ;  hence, 
•2.  In  colloquial  tan^tiairc,  autumn, 

MICHE,  fmich,)  TJ.  j,  [allied,  perhaps,  to  S\v.  maka, 
to  wilhuraw  ;  Sax.  sntuifuii,  to  creep.  Meechino  or 
Meaching  is  still  used  by  .some  of  our  common  peo- 
ple in  the  sense  of  mean,  cowardly,  retiring.] 

1.  To  lie  Iiid ;  to  skulk  ;  to  retire  or  shrink  from 
view. 

9.  To  pilfer.     [Obs.]  ShaJc. 

MTCtI'EU,n.    One  who  skulks,  or  creeps  out  of  sight; 

a  thief.     [Obs.]  Chaucer.     Sidnaj.     ShaJc. 

MICH'KR-Y,  n.     Theft;  cheating.     [Obs.]     Oower. 
MICII'ING,  ypr.  or  a.    Retiring;  skulking;  creeping 

frotnsij:ht;  mean;  cowardly.     {Vulvar.'] 
!\IICK'I*E,  (1.     [Sax.  7Hicc/,  maccl:  Scot,  viyche^  mckyly 
miidde-i  Hw .  vtyckcn ;  Sp.  jnudw  ;  Gr.  iicya$,  ui)aX)i. 
See  Much.] 

Much  ;  great.  [  Obsolete^  biit  retained  in  the  Scottish 
lantriia^c] 
Ml'eo,  71.  A  small  Soutli  American  monkey,  with 
hair  shining  and  entirely  white,  the  tail  black,  and 
the  face  and  hands  of  a  deep  tlesh-color.  Jardine, 
MI'eivO-COS.M,  It.  [Gr.  iitKpoi,  small,  and  fcoc/iwy, 
world.] 

Literalhjy  the  little  world  ;  but  used  for  man,  sup- 
posed to  be  an  epitome  of  the  universe  or  great 
world.  Swift.     Knajc. 

Microcosmic  salt ;  a  triple  salt  of  soda,  ammonia, 
and  phosphoric  acid,  originally  obtained  from  urine. 

Ure. 
MI  eRO-€0S'3!ie-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  micro- 
cosm. 
MI-eRO-eOS-MOG'RA-PHY,  ti.     [Gr.  /idf.oo?,  Kocftoiy 
and  ypa'pti).] 
The  description  of  man  as  a  little  world. 
MT-€RO-eOlTS'Tl€,  71.  [Gr. /^txoos,  small,  and  ^.^covw, 
to  hear.] 

An  instrument  to  augment  small  sounds,  an<I  as- 
sist in  hearing. 
Mr-€KOG'RA-l'HV,  v.     [Gr. /tijcpos,  small,  and  yoa- 
001,  to  describe.] 

The  description  of  objects  too  small  to  be  dis- 
cerned without  the  aid  of  a  microscope. 

Encyc.     Orew. 
MT-eROM'E-TER,Ti.     [Gr. /iu-pof,  small,  and  iutoov, 
measure.] 

An  instrument  for  measuring  small  objects  or 
spaces,  by  the  help  of  which,  the  apparent  magni- 
tude of  objects  viewed  through  the  microscope  or  tel- 
escope is  mesusured  w^ith  great  exactness.  Brande. 
.AII-eRO-MET'Rie-AL,  a.  Belonging  to  the  microm- 
eter ;  mnde  by  the  micrometer.  Humboldt. 
MI'eRO-rilONE,  71.  [Or.  /ii/roQS,  small,  and  (^Kovr), 
sound.] 

An  instrument  to  augment  small  sounds ;  a  micro- 
couslic.  Bailnj. 

Mt'CRO-FTLE,  77.     [Gr.  luxpos,  small,  and    jrvX^, 
mouih.] 
In  botany^  the  mouth  of  the  foramen  of  an  nvulum. 

Liudlcy. 
MT'CRO-SeOPE,  n.    [Gr.  iukoos,  small,  and  oiroffcw, 
to  view.] 

An  optica!  instrument,  consisting  of  lenses  or  mir- 
rors, which  magnify  objects,  and  thus  render  visible 
minute  objects,  which  ran  not  be  seen  by  the  naked 
eje,  or  enlarge  the  apparent  magnitude  of  small  vis- 
ible bodies. 
MI-CKO  SeOP'ie,  (  a.  Made  by  the  aid  of  a  mi- 
MI-CRO-SeOFie-AL,  J  croscope  ;  as,  microscopic 
observation.  ArbutJinot. 

2.  Assisted  by  a  microscope. 

E».-nIui*  even  Ihe  micrvtcopic  eye.  Thornton. 

3.  Resembling  a  microscope ;  capable  of  seeing 
small  objects. 

Wliy  haj  not  inan  a  nicrotwpic  eye  ?  Pope. 

4.  Ver>'  small;  visible  only  by  Ihe  aid  of  a  micro- 
scope ;  as.  a  microscopic  insect. 

WI-€RO-S€OP'ie-AI^LY,  a/a-.    By  the  microscope; 
I       with  minute  inspection.  Oood, 

I   MI^€RO-S€o-PIST,  71.    One  skilled  in  microscopy. 


MID 

MI-eUOS'eO-PY,  7t.    The  use  of  the  microscope. 
MrCRO-TINE,  (-tin,)  a.    [Gr.  Mifow?,  small.] 

Having  or  consisting  of  small  crystals.     Shepnrd. 
MI€-TU-RI"TION,  (-rish'un,)  7t.     [E.  mictnrio.] 

The  desire  of  making  water,  or  passing  the  urine. 

Darwin. 
MID,  a.     [Sax.  midd^  middej  I*,  mcdins;  VV.  mid^  an 
inclosure.l 

1.  Middle ;  at  equal  distance  from  extremes  ;  as, 
Iho  jntti  hour  of  night.  Rowc. 

2.  Intervening. 

Xo  more  the  niounuin  Urks,  while  Daphne  »\a^, 

SUM,  lifUrig  in  mid  ulr,  Eiupcnd  Uicir  wiiiga.  Pope. 

MI'DA,  Ti.     [Gr.  trM^,] 

A  worm,  or  the  bean-fly.  Chambers. 

MID'-aGE,  11.     The  middle  of  life,  or  persons  of  that 

age.  Siuik. 

MID'-CoURSE,  71.    Tn*-  middle  of  the  course  or  way. 

Milton. 
MID'PAY,  a.      Being  at  noon;  meridional;  as,  tlie 

inidilay  sun.  jiddison. 

MID'DaY,  71.    The  middle  of  the  day ;  noon. 

Donne. 
MID'D£N,  (midMn,)  ».     A  dunghill. 
MID'DES'l',  «.    supcrl.  of  Mil) 

Among  ihr  middesl  crowd.     [.Vol  used.]  Spenser. 

MID'DLE,  (mid'l,)  a.  [Sax.  middcl;  D.  viiddel;  G. 
laittcl;  Dan.  viiddel;  perhaps  mid  and  dcel :  Sans. 
vtcdhi  and  mndhyam  ;  L.viedius:  Gr.  pcaoi  ;  It.  mez- 
zo ;  Pp.  jiiedio ;  Port.  7iiayo,  mediano  ;  Ir.  modham, 
muadh;  Fr.  7711VZ1,  moycn,  [mitan.  obs.;]  Ch.  yXD. 
This  word  has  the  elements  of  the  Sax.  mid,  D.  mcde, 
Sw.  and  Dan.  mede^  G.  mity  with  Gr.  fiera,  which  is 
from  the  root  of  the  English  viect,  which  see.  Qu. 
has  not  the  l^.  mediiiSy  in  the  phrase  medius.fiditLSj  the 
sense  of  with  or  by  ;  by  or  icitk  mij  faiUi.  In  W.  nnd 
signifies  an  inclosurc,  a  hem  or  list  round  a  place.  In 
Russ.  mejdii  signifies  among.  See  Class  Ms,  No.  21, 
27.] 

1.  Equally  distant  from  the  extremes  ;  as,  the  mid- 
dle point  of  a  line  or  circle ;  the  middle  station  of 
life  ;  the  middle-  path  or  course  is  most  safe. 

2.  Interinrdiate;  intervening. 

Will,  8<^c;I;iii»  gooil,  funis  many  middle  cmls.  Damee. 

Jtftddle  aares ;  the  ages  or  period  of  time  about 
equally  distant  from  tlie  decline  of  the  Roman  em- 
pire and  the  revival  of  letters  in  Europe,  or  from 
the  eighth  to  the  fifteenth  century  of  the  Christian 
era. 

The  middle  term  of  a  syllogism  is  one  with  which 
the  two  extremes  are  separately  compared,  and  hy 
means  of  which  they  are  brought  together  in  the 
conclusion.  Brande. 

MID'DLE,  71.  The  point  or  part  equally  distant  from 
the  extremities. 

See,   tlicte  come  people  dmvii   hy  die   middle   of  the  land. — 
Judges  ix. 

2.  The  time  that  passes,  or  events  that  happen, 
between  the  beginning  and  the  end.  Drydcn. 

Middle  and  center  are  not  always  used  synony- 
mously. Center  is  most  properly  applied  to  circular, 
globular,  or  regular  bodies  ;  middle  is  used  with  less 
definitencss.  We  say,  the  center  of  a  circle  or  of 
the  solar  sj'slem  ;  the  middle  of  a  page,  the  middle  of 
the  night  or  of  the  month. 

MID'DLE-aG-£D,  a.  Being  about  the  middle  of  the 
ordinary  age  of  man.  A  midfUe-aircd  triAn  is  so  called 
from  the  age  of  thirty-five  or  forty  to  forty-five  or 
fifty. 

MID'DLE-DECK,  71.  Tlie  deck  below  Ihe  middle 
deck,  ill  tJiree-deckers.  Totten. 

MID'DLE-EAUTII,  (-erth,)  n.     [Sax.  middan-eard.] 
The  world.     [Obs.]  Skali. 

MID'DLE-MAN,  71.  An  agent  between  two  parties; 
particularly y  in  Ireland^  one  who  takes  land  of  the 
proprietors  in  large  tracts,  and  then  rents  it  out  in 
small  portions  to  the  peasantry,  at  a  greatly  enhanced 
price. 

MID'DLE-MoST,  a.  Being  in  the  middle,  or  nearest 
the  middle,  of  a  number  of  things  that  are  near  the 
middle.  If  a  tiling  is  in  the  middle,  it  can  not  be 
more  so,  and  in  this  sense  the  word  is  improper. 
Bui,  when  two  or  nmre  things  arc  near  the  middle, 
one  may  be  nearer  than  anotlicr. 

MID'OEING,  a.     [Sax.  viidlen.] 

Of  middle  rank,  state,  size,  or  quality;  about 
equally  distant  from  the  extremes  ;  moderate.  Thus 
we  speak  of  people  of  the  middling  class  or  sort, 
neither  high  nor  low  ;  of  a  man  of  middling  capacity 
or  understanding ;  a  man  of  middling  size  ;  fruit  of  a 
m'ulditii"  quality. 

MID'DLIXG-LY,  atlv.     Passably;  indifferentlv. 

MID'DEINGS,  71.  pi.    The  coarser  part  of  flour. 

]\IIDGE,  n.     [Sax.  myge,  vujgsc] 
A  gnat  or  fly. 

MIP'-HEAV-£N,  (-hcv'n,)  71.  The  middle  of  the  sky 
or  heaven.  MUton. 

MID'LAND,  a.  Being  in  the  interior  country  ;  distant 
from  the  coast  or  sea-shore ;  as,  midland  towns  or 
inhabitants.  Howell.     Hale. 

2.  Surrounded  by  the  sea;  mediterranean. 

And  on  the  midland  sea  ihc  French  had  awed,  Dnjdcn. 


MIF 

MID'LKG,  H.    Middle  of  the  leg.  Bacon. 

MID'LENT,  71.    The  middle  of  Lent. 

MID'LIFE,  n.  The  middle  of  life,  or  of  Ihe  usual  a:;e 
of  man.  Southnj. 

.MID'.MoST,  a.    Middle  ;  aj<,  the  midmost  battles. 

Drydcn. 

MID'iNlGIIT,  r-nlte,)  71.  The  middle  of  the  night; 
twelve  o'clock  at  night. 

MID'NIGIIT,  (-nite,)  a.  Being  in  the  middle  of  the 
night ;  as,  viidnirfht  studies.  Baron, 

2.  Dark  as  midnight  ;  very  dark  ;  as,  midnight 
gloom. 

MID'RIH,7i.  [/n«/,  mtrfd/c, and  rib.]  In  botany ^z  con- 
tinuation of  the  petiole,  extending  from  the  base  to 
the  apex  of  the  lamina;  of  a  leaf.  Lindlcy. 

MID'RIEF,  ji.  [Sax.  mid/trife ;  mid  and  /in/c,  "the 
belly.] 

In  (irtfTfomj/,  the  diaphragm  ;  the  respiratory  muscle 
which  divides  the  trunk  into  two  cavities,  the  thorax 
and  iilidomen.  Q^niney. 

MID'Si'.A,  TI.    The  midst  of  the  sea.  Drydai. 

MID'SIIIP,  a.  Being  or  belonging  to  the  middle  of  a 
ship  ;  as,  a  viid^hip  beam. 

MID'SI1IP-31AN,  71.  In  ships  of  war.,  a  kind  of  naval 
cadet,  whose  business  is  to  second  the  orders  of  the 
superior  ofliccrs,  and  assist  in  the  necessary  business 
of  the  ship,  particularly  in  mauagiii;;  the  sails,  that 
lie  may  be  trained  to  a  knowledge  of  the  niacliinery, 
discipline,  and  operations  of  ships  of  war,  and  qual- 
ified for  naval  service.  Mar.  Diet. 

Passed  midshipjnan  i  one  who  has  passed  examina- 
tion, and  is  a  candidate  for  promotion  to  the  rank  of 
lieuteiKiul.  Totten. 

MID'SIIIPS,  adi\     In  the  middle  of  a  ship  ;  properly, 

AmiDSHlPS. 

MIDST,  71.  [Contracted  from  7ni<WM(,  the  superlative 
of  mid.]     The  middle. 

'■ThL-re  n  nothing  s.-ild  or  done  in  the  midst  u(  llie  play,  which 
mijht  not  have  bccu  placed  inUie  U'giaiiiii^.        Drydcn, 

The  phrase  in  the  midit  often  signifies,  involved 
in,  surrounded  or  overwhelmed  by,  or  in  the  thickest 
part,  or  in  the  depths  of;  as,  m  tJie  midst  of  afllictions, 
troubles,  or  cares ;  in  the  midst  of  our  coutemiilations  ; 
771  the  midat  of  the  battle  ;  in  the.  midst  of  pagan  dark- 
ness and  error;  in  the  inid-st  of  gos[)el  light ;  in  the 
midst  of  Ihe  ocean  ;  in  the  midst  of  civil  di.sscnsions. 

From  the  midst;  from  the  middle,  or  from  among. 
Dmt.  .wiii. 
MIDST,  adc.    In  tlie  middle. 

On  eiirlh,  join  nil  ye  creatures  to  extol 

Him  first,  liini  hist,  him  midst,  .-vnd  without  ciid.  MUlon. 

MID'STUKAiSr,  n.    The  middle  of  the  stream. 

Drydcn. 
MID'SUM-MER,  n.      The   middle  of  summer  ;    the 
summer  solstice,  about  the  21st  of  June.    Swift.  Qay. 
IMID'VVARD,  adi\     Midst.     [JVot  in  iise.] 
MID'WaY,  7(.    The  middle  of  the  way  or  distance. 

Paths  indirect,  or  in  thi  miduyiy  faitit,  Milton. 

MID'WaY,  a.  Being  in  the  middle  of  the  way  or  dis- 
tance ;  as,  the  midicay  air.  SliaJ:. 

MID'WaY,  adv.  In  the  middle  of  Ihe  way  or  dis- 
tance ;  half  way. 

Siie  met  his  glance  midway.  Dnjden. 

MFD'WlFE,  71.  [Supposed  by  Junius  and  Skinner  to 
be  virrdicife,  a  woman  that  has  a  reward,  'i'his  is 
probably  a  mistake.  The  word  is  a  compound  of 
midf  with,  and  7^//,  a  woman;  in  analogy  with  the 
L.  obstctriXy  from  obslo,  obstiti^  to  stand  before.  The 
Dutch  use  vTocdvronWy  a  wise  or  skillful  woman,  'i'lie 
Danish  equivalent  word  is  iordemodcry  earth-mother  ; 
the  Swedish,  iord-gnmina.  The  Spanish  and  Porln- 
guese  word  is  comadrc ;  co,  for  L.  c»m,  with,  and 
inadrCy  mother,  which  is  picci-sely  analogous  to  midr- 
wife.] 
A  woman  that  assists  oilier  women  in  childbirth. 

MID'WTFE,  7'.  I.    To  perform  the  nllire  of  midwife. 

MID'WTFE,  V.  t.    To  assist  in  ciiitdbirth. 

MID'WIFE-RY,  71.  The  art  or  practice  of  assisting 
women  in  childbirth  ;  obstetrics. 

2.  Assistance  at  childbirth. 

3.  Help  or  cooperation  in  production.  Stepney. 
MID'WIN-TER,  71.  The  middle  of  winter,  or  the  win- 
ter solstice,  December  21.  As  the  severity  of  winter 
in  North  America  falls  in  Jamiarj-  and  February,  the 
word  ordinarily  denotes  this  period,  or  some  weeks 
after  the  winter  solstice. 

I^IID'WOOD,  71,     The  middle  of  the  wood.     Thomson. 

MT'E-MlTE,  n.  Granular  miemite  is  a  variety  of  niag- 
nesian  limestone,  first  found  at  Micmo^  in  Tuscany. 
It  occurs  massive,  or  crystallized  in  fiat,  double, 
three-sided  pyramids.  Its  color  is  light  green  or 
creenish- white.  Jameson.     Cyc.     Dana. 

MIkN,  (meen,)  n.  [Fr.  miiici  Dan.  and  Sw.  id. ;  Arm. 
inan:  Corn,  mcin^  the  face;  Ice.  mindj  image.  See 
Man.] 

Look  ;  air ;  manner ;  external  appearance  ;  car- 
riage ;  as,  a  lofty  mien ;  a  majestic  mien. 

ffallcr.     Pope. 

MIFF,  Ji.     A  slight  degree  of  resentment.  [Col'.oquial.] 

Holloway. 

MIFF'£D,  (mift,)  a.  Slightly  oflended.  [In  Norman 
French,  mefet  is  offense  or  misdeed,  and  mej}ct,  mis- 


FaTE,  far,  FALL,  WH^T — MkTE,  PRgY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.— 


712 


MIG 


MIL 


MIL 


(lone ;  mes  and  faire ;  whence  meffere,  to  lio  miscbief. 
Bill  qii.  whetlier  this  is  the  EngUsh  mif.] 

3JIGUT,  (uilte,)  preL  of  Mat.  Had  power  or  liberty. 
He  might  go,  or  miirht  have  gone. 

2.  It  sometimes  denotes,  was  possible,  implying  ig- 
norance of  the  fact  in  the  speaker.  Orders  migfu  have 
been  given  for  the  purpose. 

MIGHT,  (mSle,)  n.  [Sax.  mi^JU,  meht ,  G.  macht ;  D. 
Sw.  and  Dan.  magti  from  the  root  of  may,  Sax.  via- 
<ran,  to  be  able  ;  Sans,  viahaty  stronj*.    See  May.J 

1.  Strength  ;  force  ;  power  ;  primarily  and  chiefiy, 
bodily  strength  or  physical  power ;  as,  to  work  or 
strive  with  all  one's  might. 

There  shall  be  no  Tinght  in  thy  hand.  —  Deul.  nviij. 

2.  Political  power  or  great  achievements. 

The  .iiA  ^  DdviJ  — .  iriih  all  his  reign  and  his  mi^ht.  —  1  Chroii. 
xjcis.     1  Kings  IT. 

3.  Xational  strength ;  ph5^ical  power  or  military 
force. 

AVe  hnve   no  mi^ht  a^aiost  this  great  company  that  comeih 
against  us.  — "Z  Chioo.  xx. 

4.  Valor,  with  bodily  strength  ;  military  prowess  j 
as,  men  of  viigltL    1  Chron.  xii. 

5.  Ability;  strength  or  application  of  means. 

I  have  prepared  with  al!  rny  mighl  for  the  houso  of  my  God.  — 
1  Chron.  xxix. 

6.  Strength  or  force  of  purpose. 

Lifcr  him  was  no  kin^  that  lumed  to  the  Lord  with  all  his  might. 

—  2  Kings  xxiii. 

7.  Strengtli  of  affection. 

Tboii  ihait  love  the  Lord  thy  God  with  all  thine  heart,  and  with 
all  thy  sool,  and  n-ith  all  thy  mighL  —  Deut.  vi. 

8.'  Strength  of  light;  splendor;  effulgence. 

Let  tlipra  that  love  him  be  as  the  sim  when  he  goeth  forth  in  his 
might.  — Judges  v. 

Shakspeare  applies  the  word  to  an  oath.  *'  An  oath 
of  mickle  mi^ht.^*  This  application  is  obsolete.  We 
now  u^e  streitcrth  or  force ;  as,  the  strengtJi  or  force  of 
an  oath  or  covenant. 

fl'itk  miiT^t  and  main  ;  with  the  utmost  strength  or 
bodily  exertion  ;  o  tautolos^cal  pkrase,  as  botli  words 
arc  from  t!tr  same  root,  and  mean  tJic  same  thino; 
.MTGHT'I-LY,  :mU'e-Ie,)  adv.  [from  inightT/.]  With 
great  power,  force,  or  strength;  vigorously;  eis.  to 
strive  mightily. 

2.  Vehemently  j  with  great  earnestness. 

Cry  migfitily  to  God.  —  Jonah  iii. 

3.  Powerfully ;  witli  great  energy. 

ViThereto  I  also  labor,  striving  acconling  to  ijs  Korkiag,  which 
work^th  in  ni';  !:tigkd!y.  — Col.  i. 

4.  With  great  strength  of  argument. 

He  VKghtHij  convinced  the  Jews.  —  Acts  xviii. 

5.  With  groat  or  irresistible  force  ;  greatly  ;  exten- 
sively. 

So  migJully  grew  the  word  of  God  and  prevailed-  —  Acts  its. 

6.  With  strong  means  of  defense. 

Fortify  Ihy  pow*r  mightily.  —  Xah.  ii. 

7.  Greatly  ;  to  a  great  degree  ;  very  much. 

t  waa  mightily  pleased  with  a  story  applicable  to  this  piece  of 
fhilCBOpby.  Spectator. 

[.Admissible  in  colloquial  and  familiar  language.] 
MTGHT'I-XESS,  71.    Power;  greatness;  hight  of  dig- 
nity. 

How  soon  this  mighlinets  meets  misery  !  ShaJc. 

9.  A  title  of  dignitv ;  as,  their  high  mightiTusses. 
aiTGHT^,  (mn'e,)  a.  '  [Sax.  mihtig.] 

1.  Having  great  bodily  strength  or  physical  power ; 
ver>-  strong  or  vigorous  ;  as,  a  mighty  arm. 

2.  A'ery  strong;  valiant;  bold;  as,  a  vdghty  man 
of  valor.    Judges  vi. 

3.  Very  powerful ;  having  great  command. 

Ciish  be^  Nimrod  ;  be  began  to  be  a  mighty  one  on  the  earth. 

—  G-rn.  I. 

4.  Ver>-  strong  in  numbers;  as,  a  mighty  nation. 
Gen.  xviii. 

5.  Very  strong  or  great  in  corporeal  power;  very 
able. 

Wo  to  them  that  are  mighty  to  drink  wine.  — Is.  r. 

6.  Violent;  very  loud;  as,  migMy  thundcrings. 
Ex.  ix.    Ps.  Ixviii. 

7.  Vehement ;  rushing  with  violence ;  as,  a  mighty 
wind  or  tempest.    Ex.  x.    Rcu.  vi. 

8.  Very  great ;  vast ;  as,  mighty  waters,    JVcft.  ix. 

9.  Very  great  or  strong  ;  as,  mrghty  power.  2 
Chron.  sxvi. 

10.  Very  forcible ;  efficacious ;  as,  great  is  truth 
and  mighty.  Esdras. 

11.  Very  great  or  eminent  in  intellect  or  acquire- 
ments ;  as,  the  mighty  Scaliger  and  Selden.    Eckard. 

12.  Great ;  wonderful ;  performed  with  great  pow- 
er ;  as.  mighty  works.     Mait.  li. 

13.  Very  severe  and  distressing ;  as,  a  mighty  fam- 
ine.    Luke  XV. 

M,  Very  great,  large,  or  populous ;  as,  a  mighty 
city.     Reo.  xviii. 

15.  Important ;  momentous. 

I'll  slQff  of  heroe«  and  of  kin^, 

In  mighty  numbers  mighty  things.  Ccviley. 


MIGHT'Y,  (init'e,)  adv.  In  a  great  degree  ;  very  ;  a  , 
mighty  wise  ;  viigldy  thoughlfiil.     [ColUjquial.] 

MIGNa.-VRD,  'min'yard,)  a.     [Fr.  mignard.]      "^' 
Soft  ;  dainty  ;  delicate  ;  pretty.  B.  Joivon. 

M1GN-0N-:;ETTE',  (min-yon-ef,)  n.  TFr.,  a  dimin- 
utive of  vugnon,  darling.]  An  annual  dowering 
plant,  having  the  scent  of  raspberries;  Reseda  odo- 
pta-  Mason. 

IMi'GRaTE,  77.  {.     [L.  migro.] 

1.  To  pa.s3  or  rt:inove  from  one  country  or  from 
one  Slate  to  another,  with  a  view  to  permanent  re?fi- 
dence,  or  residence  of  some  continuance.  The  fir>t 
settlers  of  New  England  migrated  first  to  Hnlland 
and  afterward  to  America. '  Some  species  of  birds 
migrate  in  autumn  to  a  warmer  chmate  for  a  tempo- 
rary resilience.  To  change  residence  in  the  same 
city  or  state  is  not  to  migrate, 

2.  To  pass  or  remove ?rom  one  region  or  district  to 
another  fur  a  lempurary  residence;  as,  the  Tartars 
migrate  for  the  sake  of  finding  pa-vturagc. 

MI'GR.vTING,  ppr.  ot  a.  Removing  from  one  state 
to  another  for  a  permanent  residence.  The  people 
of  the  Eastern  Slrites  arc  continually  migrating  to  the 
Western  States. 

.MI-GRA'TIOiV,  71.     [I.,  migratio.] 

1.  The  act  of  removing  from  one  kingdom  or  state 
to  another,  for  the  purpose  of  permanent  residence, 
or  a  residence  of  some  continuance. 

2.  Change  of  place  ;  removal ;  as,  the  migration  of 
the  center  of  gravity.  IVoodieard. 

Mi'GRA-TO-RV,  o.  Removing  or  accustomed  to  re- 
move from  one  state  or  country  to  another  for  per- 
manent residence. 

3.  Roving  ;  wandering  ;  occasiunally  removing 
fur  pastTirage ;  as,  the  migratory  Tarutr>'. 

3.  Passing  from  one  cliiuale  to  another,  as  birds. 
JULCH,  a.     [Sa.\.  melee.    See  .Milk.] 

1.  Giving  milk;  as,  a  milch  cow.  It  is  now  ap- 
plied only  to  beasts. 

2.  Soft;  tender;  merciful;  as,  "  mjWi-hcarted." 

Shak. 
MILD,  a.     [.Sax.  mild;  G.  D.  Sw.  and  Dan.  id.:  Russ. 
melayn,  to  pity.    The  primarj'  sense  is  soft  or  smooth, 
L.  moUis,  En'j.  mcUow,  W.  mall;  allied  perhaps  to 
melt.    Class  3il,  No.  0,  16,  18.1 

1.  Soft  ;  gently  and  pleasantly  atTecting  the  senses  ; 
not  violent ;  as,  a  mild  air  ;  a  mild  sun  ;  a  mild  tem- 
perature ;  a  mild  light. 


'■r  fy-r  h';'.  IT."')  vir]-.  '/-.'•J  (--I. 


'■^SJBL       Thr 


The  rosy  mom  resigns  her  light 

And  jnUder  ^loty  to  the  noon. 

And  with  a  milder  gleam  refreshed  the  sishl. 


Wnila: 
Addison. 


2.  Not  acrid,  pungent,  corrosive,  or  drastic;  oper- 
ating gently  ;  not  acrimonious  ;  demulcent ;  mollify- 
ing; lenitive;  assuasive  ;  as,  a  mild  liquor;  a  mild 
cataplasm  ;  a  mild  cathartic  or  emetic. 

3.  Tender  and  gentle  in  temper  or  disposition; 
kind  ;  compassionate  ;  merciful ;  clement ;  indul- 
gent ;  not  severe  or  cruel. 

It  teaches  us  to  adore  him  as  a  mild  and  merciful  Being.  Rogert. 

4.  Not  fierce,  rough,  or  angry  ;  as,  mild  words. 

5.  Placid;  not  fierce;  not  stern;  not  frowning; 
as,  a  mild  look  or  n^pect. 

G.  Not  sharp,  tart,  sour,  or  hitter  ;  moderately 
sweet  or  pleasant  to  the  taste  ;  as,  mild  fruit. 

7.  Calm  ;  tranquil.  Wlien  passion  subsides,  tlie 
temper  becomes  mild, 

8.  Moderate;  uot  violent  or  intense;  as,  a  mild 
heat. 

MII.D'ER.fl.     More  mild. 

MIJ-.n'EST,  a.    Most  mild. 

MIL'OEW.  (inirdu,)  n.  [Sax.  mildeaip;  L.  melligo, 
from  vicl,  honey  ;  G.  mehlthau,  as  if  from  mfcW, 
meal.] 

\  thin,  whitish  coating,  with  which  Uie  leaves  of 
vegetables  are  sometimes  covered,  iKcasioning  dis- 
ease, decay,  and  death.    It  is  al=o  found  on  paper, 
cloth,  &c.     it  consists  of  innumerable  minute  fungi. 
Gardner.     Brande. 

MIL'DEW,  F.  f.    To  taint  with  mildew.  Shak. 

MIL'DEW-J;D,  pp.    Tainted  or  injured  by  mildew. 

MIL'DEWJNG,  ;'7>r.    Tainting  with  mildew. 

MILO'LY.  adv.  Softly  ;  gently  ;  tenderly  :  not  roughly 
or  violently  ;  moderately  ;  as,  to  speak  miUlly ;  to 
burn  vtiUihii  to  openie  mildly. 

MIIiD'NESS,  ».  Softness;  gentleness;  as,  Ihe  mtld- 
nrss  of  words  or  speecR  ,  mildness  of  voice. 

2.  Tenderness  ;  mercy  ;  clemency ;  as,  mildness  of 
temper.  ,         -,.  r 

3.  Gentleness  of  opemtton  ;  as,  tlie  mudnrss  of  a 
meili'-ine. 

-1.  Softness;  the  quality  that  aliecUi  the  senses 
pleasantly  ;  as,  the  mililness  of  fniii  or  of  liquors. 

5.  Teii'iperaleness ;  modenite  state ;  as,  the  wiiW- 
Tic,\'5  of  weather. 
MTLD'-.'^riR'IT.ED,     )  a.    Having  a  mild  temper. 
MII.n'-TE.M'FER-KO,  i  ^Irbuthnot.     ScotU 

MTI.K,  n.  [T*.  "I'llc  pitssus,  a  Ihous^ind  paces;  passits 
Itping  liropjwd  in  romruon  usage,  the  word  became  a 
noim:  Sax.  mil:  Sw.  mil:  Dan.  miil:  (i-  meUe:  D. 
myl:  Vt.  miUe  :  Sp.  miUa  ;  Port,  milha  :  It  migho.] 

A  measure  of'Iensth  or  distance.  The  English  or 
statute  mile  contains  8  furlongs,  320  rods,  poles, 


[Vr.  all.' 
wtiiita,  U>  I.. 


Eni!ii-:, 

Ii«h  im: 

about  4   7  Ij    i 

alxMt  C  S-8  Er; 
MTLE'AGE,  n.     t 
MILE'STO.NE,  n.     A 

or  space  of  a  mile.    . . 

called  a  mdcpo't. 
.MII/FOIL.  n. 

An  li':rl>  of  ' 
MII/IA-RV,  (  \ 

let.] 

1.  Resembling  mil!  • 
miliary  gland*.  Tlir-  • 
ccouu  glands  of  tlie  Bkm. 

2.  AcC'>ni[ianr<'d    wiib   an   mplMa    li> 
peeds  ;  o^,  a  miliary  fc  ^  ^  r. 

.MILTCE',for  .Militi*. 
MIL'rO-I-ITE,   «.     I 

genus  of  microftcopi'-. 
MlL'r-TA.VCY,  n.     Warf >r  .     ^jL 

MIL'I-TA.XT,  a.     [I*  maHoMM,  wuUt. 
1.  Fighting;  combaline;  M-rrinr 

2:  ThecAurcA  -iV.'znr  i-  rr.r-  r?  ■ 

earth,  which  i- 

warfare   apair    ■ 

from  the  cAsr-  • 
MIL'I-TA-RI-LV, 
.MII/I-T.VRV.  a. 

miles,  a  soldier ; 

test.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  snldien  or  to  amt* ;  >«,■ 
parade  or  aitpcarance  ;  mililarf  dtof 'p'hi'-. 

2.  Engaged  in  the  scri'ioo  ci  woU. 
a  military  man. 

3.  Warlike;  becoming  a  anldkr  . 
tue ;  miiitcry  bravery*. 

4.  Derived  from  ihe  service*  or  eiplo.' 
dier  ;  as,  miiuarij  renown. 

5.  Confiirmabie  to  the  ciMom-  ■ 
or  militia.    The  conduct  of  the  •. 
tary. 

6.  Performed  or  made  bj'soM; 
election. 

Mditary  tcitarr ;  a  t*.-nnrr  of  Ui: 
performins  mililnr%' servico. 
.Mir/I-TA-ltV.  n.    The  whole  br- 
dier>' ;  militia;  an  arra\-.         tV: 
MIL'I-T.VFE,  r.  i.    [l^  milito.] 

'I'o  militate  against,  U  to  oppose ;  lo  br 
opposition. 

Paley  writes,  to  militeU  witJt:  bat  ir, 
afoinst  is  generallv  used. 
MI-LI"TIA,  (me-Iish^,)  n.    [T-.fn^rn  t«7- 
Ir.  mal  or  mil ;  W.  nilirr :  C 
to  fisht ;  nfuXXa,  combat,  < 
sense  of  fighting  is,  to  ?trr. 
strike,  to  beat.,  Eng.  •^'iV,  U  -; 
Sam.  and  Ar.  Sop,  to  libor  or  t 
from  eiircro,  to  exert,  to  slrivp.    i 

The  body  of  s*ildu  rs  in  .. 
pline,  but  nc't  enmcrd   in 
emergencies;  .is  dL'tinpu^-: 
whose  sole  occupation  if   \ 
The  militia  of  a  ct.uinir)-  a: 
ganized    int*)   cumpnni--*.   r 
with  olficers  of  all  .■ 
attend  miliLtri'  eicr 
other  times  Itll  to  \>':- 

In   England,   the    : 
who  do  scn'ice  aboi.: 

In  the  United  St-i:    . 
persons  between  1?  an.i  (.«  \    i--- 
MI-LI"TIA-M.\N,  n.    One  who  bcloogs  to  Ibe 
lia. 

.MILK,  n.     rSaJ.  atelcf;  G.  wuLA  :  D.  -  ^     -' 

Dan.   TB*tt;    Rnss.    mlet»,    or    f= 
m/a.' ;  Ir.  rpeilg.     Se^  Sh^  \-*rh'' 

1.  A  while  thiul     ■   ' 
elands  in  female  :> 
breasts  for  the  n(Hiri> 

2.  The  white  juiro  •>:  >    - 

3.  Emulsion  made  by  hn  - 
of  almonds,  prc^lucod  by 
suffar  and  water. 

MILK,  r.  f.  [S.ax.  mfUtn,  me^iacm  ;  il.  an  i 
Sw.  mOfikj:  Dan.  milker:  Rujw.  ntJ:n. 
Gr.  rt|ir,\*a-.] 

1.  To  draw  or  press  milk  from  the  br 
hand  ;  as,  to  milk  a  cow. 
a  To  suck.    [vNiK  uj^t] 
MILK'/:D,  (milki,)  jr-    I>rawn  from  th- 

ihe  band. 
MtLK'K.V,  a.    Consisting  of  mdk.    [.^W  » 

MILK'ER.  n.     One  that  milks. 
MILK'-Fk-VER,  n.     A  (evtt  whiCh  .--r 


TCNE,  BJJLL,  UNITE. -AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.-e  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  g  as  Z ; 


90 


CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 
713" 


MIL 


companies  ihe  first  secretion  of  milk  in  females 
after  chiliibirlli. 

MILK'-HEDOK,  h.  A  shrub  prowing  on  llio  Coro- 
mandct  coilsi,  comnining  a  milky  juice. 

MILK'I-LV,  adv.  Anerthe  manner  ul  milk  ;  lacleally. 

MILK'I-NESS,  n.  Uuaiilies  like  those  of  milk  ;  sotl- 
ness.  Dnjdcn. 

MILK'ING,  ppr.  Drawing  milk  from  the  breasts  of 
an  animal  by  the  hand. 

MILK'1NG>  K.  The  act  of  drawing  milk  from  the 
breasts  of  an  animal  by  the  hand. 

MILK'-LIV-ER-A'D,  a.     Cowardly  j  timorous 

SAa/:. 

MIT.K'MAID,  7u  A  woman  that  milks  or  is  employed 
in  the  dairy;  tiomctimcB,  a  milkwoman. 

MILlv'5L\N,  n.  A  man  that  sells  milk  or  carries  milk 
to  market. 

MILK'-PaIL,  ti.  a  pail  which  receives  the  milk 
drawn  from  cows. 

MILK'-PAN,  H.     A  pan  in  which  milk  is  set. 

MILK-I'OU'UIDOE,  I  71.    A  species  of  food  composed 

ailLK-POT'TACE,  j  of  milk  or  uiilk  and  water, 
boiled  with  meal  or  (lour.  Loclu. 

MILK'-SeoRE,  n.  An  account  of  milk  sold  or  pur- 
chased in  small  quantities,  scored  or  marked. 

Addison. 

BULK'-StCK-N'ESS,  n.  A  peculiar  and  most  malig- 
nant disease,  occurring  in  some  localities  of  the 
Western  United  Slates,  and  affecting  certain  kinds 
of  farm-stock,  and  persons  who  make  use  of  the 
ine:it  or  dair>'  products  of  infected  cattle.  Its  cause 
is  unknown.  Farm.  Kncyc. 

MILK'SOP,7j.  A  piece  of  bread  sopped  in  milk  j  more 
usually,  a  soft,  effeminate,  feeble-minded  man. 

Addison.     Prior. 

MILK'-THIS-TLE,  (-this'I.)  ii.  An  esculent  Europe- 
an plant  of  the  ihisilc  kind,  having  the  veins  of  its 
leaves  of  a  milkj'  whiteness  —  Carduus  Marianus. 

P.  Ciic. 

ftriLK'-TOOTH,  71.  The  fore  tooth  of  a  foal,  which 
comes  at  tlie  age  of  about  three  months,  and  is  cast 
within  two  or  tlirec  vears.  Far*  Diet. 

MILK'-TKEE,  n.  A 'name  common  to  several  trees 
yielding  a  milky  juice,  especially  to  those  in  which 
this  juice  is  fit  for  food,  as  the  cow-tree  of  South 
America.  Brandt. 

MILK'-TRe'FOIL,  n,    A  plant,  said  to  be  a  Cytisus. 

JohnsQtu 

MILK'VETCH,  n.     A  plant  of  the  genus  Astrng;Uus. 

MILK'WEED,  71.  An  herb  abounding  in  a  milky 
juice,  and  having  its  seeds  attached  to  a  long,*  silky 
down,  the  Asdcpias  Siiriaca. 

miAi'-WnVVi%  a.    \Vhite  as  milk.  Dnjdai. 

MILK'WOM-AX,  71.    A  woman  that  sells  milk. 

ArbiiVinoL 

MILK'WORT,  71.      A  plant  of  the  genera  Polygala, 

Euphorbia,  icz. 
MLK'Y,  a.     Made  of  milk. 

2.  ResembUngmilk;  as,  7niK:i/ sapor  juice.  Pope.. 

3.  Yielding  lailk;  as,  TTiiZtj/ mothers.  Roscommon. 

4.  Soft;  mild  J  gentle;  timorous  ;  as,  a  TniWn/ heart. 

Shak. 

MILK'Y-WaY,  n.    The  palaxy ;  a  broad,  luminous 

path  or  circle  in  tlie  heavens,  supposed  to  be  the 

blended  light  of  innumerable  fixed  stars,  which  are 

not  distinguishable  with  ordinary  telescopes.  Harris. 

RflLL,  II.     [L.  millc,  a  thousand.] 

A  money  of  account  of  the  United  States,  value 
the  tenth  of  a  cent,  or  the  thousandth  of  a  dollar. 
MILL,  71.  [Sax.  miln ;  W.  metin ;  Ir.  mcilc  or  muilean ; 
Corn,  melyn ;  Arm.  mcll  or  mclin ;  Fr.  moulin ;  L. 
mola;  Gr.  /ivAt?,  ^vXoj  ;  G.  mrihle;  D.  molen;  Sw. 
ittiili  D&n.tmlU:  Sp.  molino ;  It.  mulino;  Russ.  mci- 
nilsa ;  Goth,  maian^  To  grind,  Ir.  meili?;!,  Fr.  moudre^ 
for  mouldre,  W.  7nuiu,  Ann.  mala  or  malein^  Sp.  moler^ 
Ij.  mo/o, G.  mahUiij  I),  maalcn,  Sw.  mala,  Dan.  mater; 
Port,  moi-r,  by  contraction,  Russ.  meliju.  It  is  not 
certain  which  is  the  original  word,  the  noun  or  the 
verb,  or  whether  both  are  from  a  prior  radical  sense. 
We  observe  that  the  elements  of  this  word  coincide 
with  those  of  L.  meJ^  honey,  moWuy  Eng.  melloio^ 
mild,  moUi^  meal^  \V,  i.-wW,  ice,  all  expressive  of  soft- 
ness. Grinding  is  now  breaking  by  friction  or  pres- 
sure, but  not  improbably  grain  was  pulverized  by 
beating  or  poundin™  before  the  use  of  the  quern.    If 

[       so,  mUl  may  coincide  in  origin  with  matleL    We  oh- 

I       serve  that  this  word  is  in  the  languages  of  all  the 

;       great  European  families,  Celtic,  Teutonic,  and  Sla- 

I       vonic] 

j  1.  A  complicated  engine  or  machine  for  grinding 

and  reducing  to  fine  particles,  grain,  fruit,  or  other 
substance*,  or  for  perlorrning  other  operations  by 
means  of  wheels  and  a  circular  motion  ;  as,  a  grist- 
mill,  for  grain  ;  a  coffee-jniW ;  a  cidcr-»ntW ;  a  Iiark-/fn7.', 
The  original  purpvise  of  mills  was  to  comminute  grain 
for  food,  but  the"  word  mill  is  now  extended  to  en- 
gines or  machines  moved  by  water,  wind,  or  steam, 
for  carrj-ing  on  many  other  operations.  \Ve  have 
oil-mills]  sato-miUsj  stitting-miUsy  bark'TiiillSi  fuUing- 
tniUs.  &c. 
9.  The  house  or  building  that  contains  the  machin- 

j       ery  for  grinding,  &c. 

I   MILL,  V.  L    To  grind;  to  comminute;  to  reduce  to 
fine  particles  or  to  small  pieces. 


MIL 

3.  In  coiniitg,  to  make  a  raised  impression  round 
the  edges  of  a  piece  of  money,  to  prevent  the  clip- 
ping of  tlie  coin. 

3.  To  piiss  through  a  fulling-mill ;  to  full,  as  cloth. 

4.  In  atnt  lau^ua^rcy  to  beat  severely  with  the  fists, 
OS  if  in  a  fulling-mill.  Sihcrt. 

To  jniU  chocolaUiy  is  to  froth  it.     [See  Fhoth.] 
MlLL'-eOG,  n.    The  cog  of  a  mill-wheel.    Mortimer. 
iSliLL'-D.-\Al,  71.      A  dam  or  mound  to  obstmct  a 
watercour:^t.',  and  raise  the  water  to  an  altitude  suf- 
ficient to  turn  a  mill-wheel.  .Mortimer. 
MILL'-flORSE,  n.    A  horse  that  turns  a  mill. 
511  LL'-POND,  Tu    A  pond  or  reservoir  of  water  raised 

for  driving  a  mill-wheel. 
MILL'-KaCE,  71.    The  current  of  water  that  drives  a 
mill-wheel,  or  Che  canal  in  which  it  is  conveyed. 

Franklin. 
MILL'Rk.A,  }  n.     A  coin  of  Portugal,  commonly  cs- 
MILL'REE,  i      timaled  at  53.  steriing,  or  about   108 
cents;  though  a  small  gold  mlllrea  of   1755  was 
wonh  only  3.?.  Qd,  sterling.  P.  Cyc 

MILL'-SIXTENCE,  n.  An  old  English  coin,  first 
milled  in  15G1,  being  one  of  the  eariiest  that  was 
milled.  O.  S.  Faber.     Douce. 

MILL'SToNE,  n.    A  stone  used  for  grinding  grain. 
To  see  into  a  milU-tone ;  to  see  with  acutcness,  or 
to  p«netmte  into  abstruse  subjects.         Quart.  Ha: 
J\IILL'SToNE-GRIT,  n,    A  hard  and  coarse,  gritty 

sandstone.  Dana. 

MILL'-T00TU,7t. ;  pi  MiLiy-xEETH.    A  grinder,  dciLs 

molaris.  ArbuUinot. 

MILL'-WRIGHT,  (-rile,)  71,  A  mechanic  whose  oc- 
cupation is  to  build  mills. 
I\nLL'£D,  (mild,)  pp.  or  a.  Passed  through  a  mill ; 
subjected  to  the  operation  of  milling,  as  a  coin  ; 
fulled  ;  soundlv  beaten  with  the  fists. 
MIL-LE-Na'RI-AX,  a.  [Fr.  mdlcnairc.  See  Millen- 
nium.] 

Consisting  of  a  thousand  years  ;  pertaining  to  the 

millennium.  Encyc. 

MIL-LE-Na'RI-AN,  71.    A  chiliast;  one  who  believes 

that  Christ  will  personally  reign  on  earth,  with  his 

saints,  a  thousand  years  before  the  end  of  the  world. 

Encyc. 
MIL-LE-Na'RI-AN-ISM,  n.    The  doctrine  of  millena- 

rians. 
lUIL'LE-NA-RY,  a.     [Fr.  miUcnaire.] 

Consistmg  of  a  thousand.  JirhnViiwt. 

MIL'LE-NARY,  lu     The  space  of  a  thousand  years. 
MIL-LEIV'NI-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  millennium, 
or  to  a  thousand  years  ;  as,  millennial  iicriod  ;  viillen- 
itial  happiness.  Burnet. 

MIlu-LEi\'NI-AL-IST,  ti.  One  who  believes  that 
Christ  will  reign  personally  on  earth  a  thousand 
years  ;  a  chiliast.  Stowe. 

MIL'LEN-NIST,  n.   One  who  holds  to  the  millennium. 

[JVot  7ised.]  Johnson, 

MIL-LEN'NI-UM,  «.  [L.  millc,  a  thousand,  imd  an- 
nus, year.] 

A  thousand  years ;  a  word  used  to  denote  the 
thousand  years  mentioned  in  Revelations  xx;,  during 
which  period  Satan  will  be  bound,  and  holiness  be- 
come triumphant  throughout  the  world.  During  this 
period,  as  some  believe,  Christ  will  reign  on  earth  in 
person  with  his  saints. 
MIL'LE-PED,  lu  [L.  milie,  a  thousand,  and  yw, 
fool.] 

The  wood-louse,  an  insect  liaving  many  feet,  a 
species  of  Oniscus. 
MIL'LE-PORE,  71.     [L.  mille,  a  thousand,  and  porus, 
a  pore.] 

A  genus  of  corals,  Iiaving  the  surface  smooth,  and 
perforated  with  verj-  minute  punctures  or  cells.  It 
belongs  to  the  madrepore  family.  Dana. 

MIL'LE-PO-RITE,  ti.    Fossil  millepores. 
MILL'ER,  71.     [from  mill.]     One  whose  occupation  is 
to  attend  a  grist-mill. 

2.  An  insect  whose  wings  appear  as  if  covered 
with  wliite  dust  or  powder,  like  a  miller's  clothes. 
3IILL'EKS'-THUMB,  n.    A  small  fish  found  in  sm.'Ul 
streams  in  Europe,  the  river  bull-head,  CoHu^§'(j6«'. 

P.  Cyc. 
MIL-LES'IM-AL,  a.      [L.  millesimuSj  from  milley   a 
thousand.] 

Thousandth ;  consisting  of  a  tliousand  parts ;  as, 
■millaimal  fractions.  IFatts. 

MIL'LET,  n.  [Ft.  millet  or  viU ;  It.  miglio ;  Sp.  mijo  ; 
L.  inilium  ;  Sax.  mil] 

1.  A  plant,  or  the  grain  of  a  plant,  of  the  genus 
Holcns  or  Sorghum,  having  a  stalk  resembling  a 
jointed  reed,  and  classed  by  botanists  among  the 
grasses.  Various  species  are  used  as  food  for  men 
and  animals,  but  the  Indian  millet  is  the  most  com- 
mon. The  species  are  mostly  natives  of  warm  cli- 
mates. P.  Cyc. 

2.  Millet  grassj  or  miUct ;  a  hardy  grass  of  the 
genus  Milium,  of  several  species.        Farm.  Encyc. 

MIL-LI-XRD',  71-     [Fr.]     A  thousand  millions. 
BllL'LI-A-KY,  a,    [L.  mUliariutn,  a  milestone  ] 

Pertaining  to  a  mile  ;  denoting  a  mile  ;  as,  a  mil- 
lianj  column.  D^JinviUc. 

MIL'LI-A  RY,  n.     Among  tJie-  Romans,  a  mile-stone. 
IMILLI-GRAM,        in.     [L.  millc,  a  thousand,  and 
MlL'LI~GR.^JifME,  \      Gr. ;  oa-ipiay  a  gram.] 


MIM 

In  tlie  system  of  French  weight*  and  measures,  the 
thousandth  part  of  a  gramme,  equal  to  a  cubic  mil- 
limeter of  water.  Lunier. 

The  milligram  is  equal  to  .0154  English  grains, 
Troy  weight.  McCvUorh. 

MIL-IilL'I-TER, )  «.      [L.    jnilU^  a    thousand,    and 
MIL'LI-Ll-TRE,  \      liter.] 

A  French  meapure  of  capacity,  containing   the 

thousandth  part  of  liter  or  cubic  decimeter,  equal  to 

.0G103  decimals  of  a  cubic  inch  McCvHoc.'t. 

MIL-LIM'ETER,  )  7t.      [L.  mUle,  a  thuu- 

MIL' LI-JHE-TREj  (-liiVteTy))      sand,  and  7,ie/ruin,  a 

measure.] 

A  French  lineal  meiisure,  containing  the  thousandth 
part  of  a  meter ;  equal  to  "03937  decimalii  of  an  inch. 
It  is  the  least  measure  of  length. 

Lttnier.    McCuUoch. 
MrL'LIN-ER,Ti.     [Johnson  supposes  this  word  to  be 
MiL.vNER,  from  Milan,  in  Italy.] 

A  woman  who  makes  and  sells  head-dresses,  hot*?, 
or  bonnets.  &c.,  for  femah^s. 
MIL'LIN  Ell-Y,  ?i.    The  articles  made  or  sold  by  mil- 
liners, as  head-dresses,  hats  or  bonnets,  laces,  rib- 
bons, and  the  like. 
MILL'ING,  ppr.    Grinding  ;  reducing  to  small  pieces  ; 
fulling,  as  cloth;  stamping  on  the  edges,  as  coin; 
beating. 
MILL'ING,  71.    The  act  or  employment  of  grinding  or 
passing  through  a  mill. 

9.  In  cotnntn*,  the  act  of  making  raised  impressions 
on  the  edges  of  coin,  or  the  impressions  thus  made. 

Edin.  Encyc. 
3   In  cant  lanffuagCy  a  beating  with  the  fists. 
MILL'ION,  (mil'yun,)  7t.      [Fr.  jnUlian  ;   It.  viiUunc; 
Sp.  7niilo7i ;  Port,  milham ;  probably  from  L.  inilley  a 
thousand.] 

1.  The  number  of  ten  hundred  thousand,  or  a 
thansand  thousand.  It  is  used  as  a  noun  or  an  ad- 
jective; as,  a  million  of  men,  or  a  million  men.  As 
a  7wuny  it  has  a  regular  plural,  millions. 

2.  In  common  usage,  a  very  great  number,  indefi- 
nitely. 

Tlicre  Are  miHioTU  of  truUu  Uuil  men  arc  doI  coiic«nie<l  (o 
know.  Locke. 

MILL'IOX-aIRE,  71.     [Fr.]    A  man  worth  a  million. 

IMILL'IOX-A-RV,  a.  Pertaining  to  millions  ;  consist- 
ing of  millions  ;  as,  the  viiUionary  chronology  of  the 
Pundit*.  Pinkerton. 

MILL'ION-ED,  a.  Multiplied  by  millions.  [J^''ot 
u.^ed.]  Shot:. 

MILLIONTH,  a.    The  ten  hundred  thousandth. 

MILT,  71.  [Sax.  milt ;  Dan.  and  D.  vtill ;  G.  77n7:  ;  Sw. 
viidlie ;  It.  viilza ;  probably  so  named  from  its  soft- 
ness, and  allied  to  mild,  mellow,  mclL] 

1.  In  anatomy,  the  spleen  ;  a  viscus  situated  in  the 
left  hypochondrium,  under  the  diaphragm. 

2.  The  soft  roe  of  fishes,  or  the  spermatic  part  of 
the  males.  Eiicyc. 

MILT,  V.  f.  To  impregnate  the  roe  or  spawn  of  the 
female  fish.  '  Johnson. 

.'\I[LT'ER,  7f.     A  male  fish.  JValton. 

MILT'WORT,  n.  An  herb  of  the  genus  Aspicaium  ; 
spleenwort. 

MIME,  71.    [See  Mimic.]    Among  'Jie  andentt,  a  kind 
of  farce  or  dramatic  representation  in  which  real  char- 
acters were  depicted. 
2.  An  actor  in  such  representations. 

MIME,  r.  i.  To  mimic,  or  play  the  buffoon.  [Olfs.] 
[See  Mimic] 

MiM'ER,  71.    A  mimic.    [Ofis.]     [See  Mimic] 

MI-ME'SIS,  n.  [Gr.]  In  rfictortCy  imitation  of  the 
voice  or  gestures  of  another.  Encyc. 

MIM'E-TENE,  n.  The  mineral  arseniate  of  lead,  oc- 
curring in  pale-yellow  or  brownish  hexagonal  crys- 
tals. 

MI-MET'ie, 


MI-MET'ie-AL, 


■  a.     [Gr.  titpr)TiKc^.] 


Imitative  ;  as,  the  mimetic  arts ;  apt  to  imitate ;  giv- 
en to  aping  or  mimicry. 
MIM'IC,  I  a.     [L.  mimus,  mimicus;  Gr.  /i(/iflj,  jn- 

MIM'I€-AL,  j      iiiKf'i  j  fiiiiEojiatt   to  imitate;  allied 
probably  to  /iw/io?.] 

1.  Imitative  ;  inclined  to  imitate  or  to  ape ;  having 
the  practice  or  habit  of  imitating. 

Mau  is  of  nil  crettuna  the  most  mimiasl  in  gc«t«rea,  sppcch ,  &c. 

WtMon. 

2.  Consisting  of  imitation  ;  as,  mimic  gestures. 
Mimic  implies  often  something  droll  or  ludicrous, 

or  less  dignified  than  imitative. 
MIM'ie,     i  71.    One  who  imitates  or  mimics  ;  a  buf- 
MIM'ICK,  i      fuon  who  attempts  to  excite  laughter  nr 
derision  by  acting  or  speaking  in  the  manner  of  an- 
other, ^ior. 
2.  A  mean  or  ser\'ile  imitator. 

Of  prince  Ihe  mimic  and  of  Spain  Ui?  prey.  Anon. 

MIMTC,     }v.t.    To  imitate  or  ajre  fdr  sport;  to  ai- 
MIM'ICK,  i      tempt  to  excite  laughter  or  derision  by 
acting  or  speaking  like  another  j  to  ridicule  by  imi- 
tation. 

The  wajx,  ihe  wonls,  itie  gcstnre,  could  fupply, 
The  bnUt  mimic,  and  the  mien  IxJJc.  Drysen. 

MIM'I€-AL-LY,  adv.    In  an  imitative  or  aping  man- 


FaTE,  far,  FALL.  WHAT.  — MeTE,  PR^Y.— PINE,  MARKNE,  BIRD.  — N6TE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQOK.— 
___  — _ 


MIN 

:\iIM'tCK-KD,  (mim'iki,)  pp.    Iinitnted  fur  sport. 
INHM'ICK-ER,  71.    One  who  ininncs. 
MIM'ICK-1^'G,  ;7jjr.    Imilating  for  sport;   ridiculing 

tiy  imitation. 
MIM'iC-RV',  7u    Ludicrous  imitation  for  sport  or  ridi- 
cule. Spectalor* 
MI-MOG'RA-PHER,  n.    [Gr.  mpioi  and  ypuipoj.] 

A  writer  of  farces  or  mimes.  Herbert. 

MI'NA,  n.     [Gr.  pva ;  L.  mina ;  Ar.  Class  Mu,  No.  5, 
9,7.] 

A  weight  or  denomination  of  money.  Tlic  mina 
of  the  Old  Testament  was  vahiej  at  nfty  shekels. 
The  Greek  or  Attic  mina  was  vahied  at  "a  iiundrt-d 
druclimas^  more  than  £3  stefling,  or  $H.  JilcOtUQch. 
MI-Na'CIOUS,  (me-ui'shus,)  a,  [L.  ininaxj  from  mi- 
noTy  to  threaten.] 
Threatening;  menacing.  More. 

ail-NAC'I-TV,  (me-nas'e-te,)  v.    [L.  minax.] 
Disposition  to  tlireatea.    \_LiUXe  itscrf.] 
£?^-.^ 
MIN'A-RET,  n.    [Ar.  JSjljLc  manaratoit^  a  lantern ; 
"VV.  fflWH,  a  spire.] 

A  slender,  lofty  turret  on  the  mosques  of  Moham- 
medan countries,  rising  by  different  stages  or  stories, 
and  surrounded  by  one  or  more  projecting  balconies 
from  which  the  people  are  summoned  to  prayer. 

Brandc.     OwUt. 
MIN-A-To'Rt-AL-LY,  adv.    With  threats. 
.M!N'A-TO-RY,  a.    Threatening  :  menacing.  Bacon, 
MINCE,  (mins,)  r.  t.    [.Sax.  mi/w/nn,  from  the  root  of 
L.  minuo.  to  diminish  ;  W.  mairt^  Arm.  viuoji^  Fr.  thc- 
nuy  mincCj  Ir.  miut  mioii,  small,  fine  ;  L.  minor,  small- 
er ;  mmuo,  to  diminish  ;    Gr.  fitivo^t  small,  slender  ; 
fitwdujto  diminish;  It.  minutusj  minute;  S\v.  min- 


ska,  to  diminish;  Ar.    ^.^  marmaj  to  weaJcen,  to  di- 

minish.    Class  Mn,  No.  5.] 

1.  To  cut  or  chop  into  very  small  pieces ;  as,  to 
mince  meat.  Dryden. 

2.  To  diminish  in  speaking  ;  to  retrench,  cut  off, 
or  omit  a  part  for  the  purpose  of  suppressing  the 
truth ;  to  extenuate  in  representation. 

I  know  no  way  to  raiiice  U  in  love,  'jiit  to  s^iy  directly,  I  tovc 
you.  '  Shak. 

StreD,  uow  nutite  the  sin, 

And  oiolliry  damRalion  with  3  phrase.  DnjUen. 

If,  lo  mince  his  nii:^anin»,  1  had  either  omitted  some  pajt  of  what 
he  said,  or  taken  from  the  strenjtli  of  hla  expression,  1  cer- 
tainly iwid  \Tron»ed  him.  Dryden. 

These  —  were  forced  to  mince  the  nnller.  Woodicard. 

3.  To  S|)eak  with  affected  softness ;  to  clip  words  ; 
not  to  utter  the  full  sound.  SkaJc. 

4.  To  walk  with  short  or  diminished  steps. 
MINCE,  r.  i.    To  walk  with  short  steps  :  to  walk  with 

affected  nicety ;  to  affect  delicacy  in  manner. 

I'll  turn  two  TTiiJicin^  steps 
Into  a  m-inly  stride.  Sliak. 

Because  the  dau^hteis  of  Zion  are  fa.\ughty  —  walking  and 
mincing  as  they  go.  —  Is.  iii. 

2.  To  speak  softly,  or  with  affected  nicety. 

Dnjdcn. 
JIIN'CZTD,  (minstj)  pp.  or  a.    Cut  or  chopped  into  very 
small  nieces. 

MI\'0£:D-M£\T  i  "•    ^^^^  chopped  very  fine. 

SlIXCE'-PIE,        '  )n.  A  pie  made  with  minced 

MIX'CjED-PIE,(minst-,)  \  meat  and  other  ingredients 
baked  in  paste.  Spectator. 

MIN'CING,  ppr.  Cutting  into  small  pieces ;  speaking 
or  walkimi  affectedly. 

?.UX'CING-LY,  (fiv.    In  small  parts  ;  not  fully. 

Hooker. 

MIND,  n.  [Sax.  Remind,  gemynde ;  Ir.  mein,  mian ;  W. 
mifJt^  or  mcnw,  mind  or  will ;  govtjn,  a  demand  ;  Dan. 
mind£,  mind,  vote,  consent ;  minder^  to  remind  ;  Sw. 
Tnirnc,  memory  ;  mimiasy  to  remember,  to  call  to 
mind,  as  L.  rcminiscorj  L.  meivi^  Gr.  nvzta,  mcm- 
or>',  mention;  -^ivnofiai,  to  remember;  ntfo^,  mind^ 
ardor  of  mind,  vehemence  ;  tirivi^^  anger;  Sans,  man^ 
vmTm,  mind,  will,  heart,  thought ;  Zend.  Tncno.  Mind 
signifies  properly  nifcntion,  a  reaching  or  inclining 
forward  to  an  object,  from  the  primary  sense  of  e.t- 
tendins,  stretching,  or  inclining,  or  advancing  eager- 
ly, pushing  or  setting  forward,  whence  the  Greek 
sen^e  of  the  word,  in  analog>'  witli  the  Teutonic 
mod,  mocdj  miitJi,  mind,  courage,  spirit,  mettle.  So 
L.  animus^  animcffjts.  The  Russ.  has  pominaiju,  to 
mention,  to  remember  ;  pomin,  remembrance,  and 
umenie,  or  um«;M>,  understanding,  flu.  Jirtnos^  Meniij 
Jfenesy  Mentor.    Class  Mn,  No.  1,  9.] 

1.  Intention ;  purpose  ;  design. 

The  SAcrifice  of  ihe  wicked  is  aboTr.in:ition  ;  how  much  more, 
when  h«;  biingelh  it  with  a  nicked  mind  I  —  Prov.  xxi. 

2.  Inclination  ;  will ;  desire  ;  a  sense  mudi  uscdj  bxit 
expressing  less  than  settled  purpose ;  as  in  Ihe  common 
phrases,  "  I  wish  to  know  your  mind;^^  "Let  me 
know  your  mind  : "  "  He  had  a  mind  to  go  ; "  "  He 
has  a  partner  to  bis  mind.^* 

3.  Opinion ;  as,  to  express  one's  mind.  We  are  of 
one  mind. 

4.  Memory ;  remembrance ;  as,  to  put  one  in  vtind; 
to  call  to  mind ;  the  fact  is  out  of  my  mhid ;  time  out 


MIN 


MIN 


of  mind.    From  the  operations  of  the  intellect  in  man, 
this  word  came  to  signify, 

5.  The  intellectual  or  intelligent  power  in  man  ; 
the  understanding;  the  i>owcr  that  conceives,  judges, 
or  reasons 

I  fear  I  a-Ti  not  in  my  prrfca  mind.  Sh^. 

So  we  speak  of  a  sound  vUnd^  a  disordered  mind, 
a  weak  nuJid^  a  strong  mind,  with  reference  to  the  ac- 
tive powers  of  the  understanding;  and  in  a  pa^site 
sen.se,  it  denotes  capacity,  a.i  wln;n  we  say,  ihcmind 
c:m  not  comprehend  a  subject. 

G.  The  heart  or  seat  of  affection. 

Which v.crc  a  giic/  of  mind  \o  Isaac  cuid  llcbekab.  —  Gen.  xxtI, 

7.  The  will  and  affection ;  as,  readiness  of  mind. 

Acts  xvii. 

8.  The  implanted  principle  of  grace.    Rom.  viL 
MIND,  V.  t.    To  attend  to  ;  to  fix  the  thoughts  on  ;  to 

regard  with  attention. 

Cewe  to  requcet  mo  ;  let  us  mir^I  our  way.  Dryden. 

Mind  not  hijh  things.  —  Rom.  xii. 

0.  To  attend  to  or  regard  with  submission  ;  to  obey. 
His  father  told  Iiim  to  desist,  but  he  would  not  mind 
him. 

3.  To  put  in  mind  ;  to  remind.    [Obs.]      Locke. 

4.  To  intend  ;  to  mean.  Chapman. 
MiND,  V.  I.    I'o  be  inclined,  or  disposed  to  incline. 

When  one  of  lliem  mindcth  lo  go  into  ivlwllion.     [Obe.] 

Sptnsgr. 

MIND'ED,  a.    Disposed ;  inclined. 

If  men  wcro  miiuUd  lo  live  virtuoiuly.  TUloUon. 

Josi'jili  was  minded  to  put  her  ."xwiy  privily. —  M.itt.  i. 

jMindcd  is  much  used  in  composition  ;  as,  high- 
mindcd;  low-minded;  feeble-mmded  ;  sohcT-mindcd ; 
danhlc-iuinded. 

MiND'ED-NESS,  v.  Disposition  ;  inclination  toward 
nnv  thing:  as,  hc-dvenWvtindedness.  Milner. 

MIX'D'-FILL-ING,  a.    Filling  the  mind.      Mitford. 

MIND'FUL,  a.  Attentive  ;  ri_-garding  with  care  ;  bear- 
ing in  mind  ;  heedful ;  observant. 

I  ].iromi£e  to  be  mindful  of  your  ndmoniliona.  licmmotvL 

W  hat  is  man,  tiial  Uiou  art  7nind/ul  of  him  i  —  P«.  rii. 

MTND'FULf-LY,  adv.    Attentively;  heedfully. 

MIND'FUL-NESS,  n.    Attention  ;   regard ;   hcedful- 

ne?s. 
MTND'ING,;jpr.    Regarding;  heeding. 
MTND'ING,  n.    Regard. 
MiND'LESS,  a.      Inattentive;  heedless;  forgetful; 

neghgent ;  careless. 

Cursed  Athens,  mindless  of  ihy  worth.  ShaX'. 

2.  Not  endued  with  mind  or  intellcctiud  powers ; 
as,  jnindlcss  bodies.  Davies. 

3.  Stupid ;  unthinking ;  as,  a  nrindless  slave. 

Shak. 

MiND'-STKICK-EN,  a.  Moved ;  affected  in  mind. 
[JSTot  jwcrf.]  Stdnetj. 

MINE,  a.  called  sometimes  a  pronominal  adj.  [Sax. 
min;  Sw.  p.nd  Dan.  mini  Goth.  mci?w;  Fr.  won  ,•  D. 
juj/n ;  G.  mein,  contracted  from  ihjVch  :  for  ni«,  in 
Gothic,  is  miky  Dan.  mig,  G.  viiclu  The  L.  meus,  and 
Russ.  moj,  are  also  contracted.] 

My  ;  belonging  to  me.  It  was  formerly  used  be- 
fore nouns  beginning  witli  vo-.vels.  "  I  kept  myself 
from  mine  iniquity."  Ps.  xviii.  But  tJiis  use  is  no 
longer  retained.  "  We  now  use  mtj  before  a  vowel  as 
well  as  before  an  articulation  ;  as,  my  iniquity.  In 
present  usage,  viy  always  precedes  the  noun,  and 
mine  follows  the  noun,  and  usually  tlic  verb ;  as, 
this  is  my  book;  this  book  is  T»inc ;  it  is  called  mi/ 
book  ;  the  book  is  called  mine ;  it  is  acknowledged  to 
be  mine. 

Jiriite  sometinies  supplies  Uic  place  of  a  noun. 
Your  sword  and  mine  are  different  in  construction. 

MINE,  n.  [Fr.  mine,  amice  or  ore,  whence  mineral: 
It.  mina,  miniera;  Sp.  mina,  a  mine,  a  conduit,  a 
subterraneous  canal,  a  spring  or  source  of  water; 
Port.  id. ,'  Ir.  men,  mianac^i ;  Dan.  and  G.  mine;  Sw, 
inina;  D.  miin;  W.  nmn,  whence  i.TK^iiai,  money; 
Arm.  min.    The  radical  signification  is  not  obviou;!.] 

1.  A  pit  or  excavation  in  the  earth,  from  wliidi 
metallic  ores  or  other  mineral  substances  are  taken 
by  disgintr.  The  pits  from  which  stones  only  arc 
takcirare  called  qttarries. 

2.  In  tite  military  art,  a  subterraneous  cannl  or  pas- 
sage dug  under  the  wall  or  rampart  of  a  ibrtification, 
where  a  quantity  of  powder  may  be  lodged  for  blow- 
ing up  the  %vorks. 

3.  A  rich  source  of  wealth  or  other  good. 
]\ITNE,  V.  i.    To  dig  a  mine  or  pit  in  the  caril!. 

IVoodtcard, 

9.  To  form  a  subterraneous  canal  or  hole  by 
scratchina;  to  form  a  burrow  or  lodge  in  the  earth, 
as  animals  ;  as,  the  vtining  coney.  Wottoiu 

3.  To  practice  secret  means  of  injur)'. 
MINE,  If.  f.    To  sap;  to  undermine;  to  dig  away,  or 
otherwise    remove  Uie  substratum  or  foundation  ; 
hence,  to  ruin  or  destroy  by  slow  degrees  or  secret 
means.  

Thoy  TJKned  the  woIIb.  Baiptard. 

In  a  metaphorical  sense,  U.vdermins  is  generally 
used. 
MTNE'-DIG-GER,  ».    One  tliat  digs  mines. 


MIN'ER,  n.    One  tlial  dip  tui  okUIc  :l^  : 
cnihi. 

2.  One  who  digs  caoali  or  [>. 
walls  of  a  ftrtt,  «tc  Arwic%  : 
minrrf. 

MIN'£tt-AL,  n.    [Fr. 

nera,  a  tn'ilr  t  > :  -. 

ail  fr.  .:. 
An;. 

rheni:' 

Kolid,  ' 
Mil. 

injlari! 

gcntr.il 

ment  ,: 

and  r .. 

ci-se  view  '  ■ 
.MIN'EK-AL,  a. 

mineralu  ;  a  . 
2.  Impregrm*'  i]  V 

a  minnral  upririi;. 
»ilN'EK-AL-lri'l',  n. 

mineraljL 
.ML\-ER-AIr-I-ZA'TIO\.  ■. 

1.  Thp  yror.  -"  rf  r.rrr.  ■ 
Willi   .1 

unitii 

2.  '1 .. 

Lone  f>T  n  [l  i:i:. 

3.  The  act  of  iiiiprcgrialiD(  wuJi  a  : 
water. 

MIN'ER-AL-IZE,  r.  •. 
ogy,  to  combine  Wit.j 
mineral.    Sul;iT:'rr  ' 

2.  To  COIl^ 
In  HmK  CAT!  : 

3.  To  impr- 
mineralize  w.ilijr. 

3IIN'ER-AL  IZE,  r.  i.    To  |p  on 

serving  and  colb-ctin?  tiiin<-nil«. 
MIN'ER-AI^T'^f:D. 
pmporiies  by  beinp  • 
or  fonned  mto  an  ' 
mineralized. 

2.  Converted  into  n  mincraL 

3.  Imprecnatfd  witli  n  r.i'r;  rJ. 
.MIN'Ea-.\I^IZ-ER. 

izes  another  or  cct: 
deprives  it  of  its  u^i- 
phur  is  one  of  the  niu-iL  c  . 

MIN'ER-AI^IZ-ING,  ppr.    • 

and  forming  an  ore. 
5.  Guitic  on  an  excur^i- ■' 
MIN'ER-AL-IZ-I.VG,  o.    .\ 

metal  in  furrains  an  urc 
HnX-ER-AL-OG'IC-AL,  a. 

taining  to  tlie  >ciL'ncp  of 

ical  table. 
MIN-ER-AL-0<5'I€-AL-LY. 

SaN-ER-AL'O-CIST,  n.    * 

science  of  miruml>.  or  or. 

of  the  propcrti'S  of  min*  r 
MIX-ER-AL  O-GY,  ti.    [«. 

course.] 
The  sclenrt'  which  rr-  n* 

eral  substaii' 

tinguish,  nii  i 

ties.    It  com; 

organic  saibstancc=  m  C-: 

.MI-NER'VA,  B.   [L.1     In 

wisdom,  of  war,  nt 
MIN'E-VEK,  ».    At! 

enninc,  nr  hi*  -\\i. 
MIN"GI-E,  (m, 

G.  and  D,  »: 

tivc  faim  G.  ■ 

the  sami*  r\x^L     11-  ;kc,  ■: 

tlie  crowd.] 
1.  Tn  mix:  to  blend;  t 

mingle  liquors  of  different  ^> 
•2.  To  mix  or  blcod  w  - 

ously. 

TV: 

3.  To  com; 
stances ;  as,  i 
er}-. 

■*    To  join  in  mn:. 

The  bolT  «xd  hnw  r:. 

5.  To  contaminate ;  to  render 
by  mixture. 

The  bcA  of  m  »p[v«r  cvtiter^^  »-:;>■.  >  • 

6.  To  confuse. 

Tbcre  atKfU  brcJ»- 

MIN"GLE,  r.  i.    To  be  mixed  :  t.' 


MIN"t;i 


TCNE,  BJJLL,  ^NITE.— IN-'GER,  Vr'CIOUS— C  as  K  ;  6  as  J  ;  S  !13  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  M  in  TmS. 


715 


MIN 

MIiN"GLKD,  (ming'gld,)  pp.  or  a.      Mixed  ;  united 

iiromiscuourily. 
m1X"GLKD-LY,  rtrfy.    Confusedly.  Barret. 

MIX"GLE-aiAN"GLE,    n.      A    mcdky  ;    a    holch- 

pntch.  Hooker. 

MIN"GLE-MENT,  (ming'gl-,)  ?*.    Act  of  mingling; 

stiite  of  being  mixed. 
MIN"GLER,  71.    One  that  mingles. 
MIN"GLING,  ppr.     Mixing;  uniting  wjtliout  order 
M!N"GL!NG-LV,  adv.     Uniliugly. 
MIN'IAKD,  (min'yard,)  a.     [Fr.  mi^nard.] 

Sol\;  dainty.     [LitUc  used,] 
MIN'IARD-IZK,  V.  L    To  render  soH,  delicate,  or 

dainlv.  Ilowcll. 

MIN'IARD-IZ-ED,  pp.    Rendered  delicate. 
MIN'I-aTE,  r.  (.     [It.  viiniarej  from  minioj  L.  minium^ 

red  lead  or  vermilion.] 
To  paint  or  tinge  with  red  lead  or  vermilion. 

fVarUn. 
MIN'I-A-TED,  pp.    Painted  or  tinged  with  minium, 

red  lead,  or  vermilion. 
MIi\'IA-TlJRE,   (min'e-    or   min'e-a-)    h.      [U.  and 

?p.    luiniatura,  Iroiii    It.  7«(juarc,  supra  j    l-'r.  mmia- 

ture.] 

1.  A  painting  in  water  colors  on  vellum,  ivory,  or 
paper,  with  pctints  or  dots  ;  siMnetimcn  in  oil  colors. 
The  term  is  usually  applied  to  portraits  painted  on 
a  very  small  scale,  and  is  licncc  used  adjcctively,  to 
denote  very  small. 

2.  A  picture  or  representation  in  a  small  compass, 
or  less  than  the  reality.  Rncyc. 

3.  Red  letter;  rubric  distinction.  I/ickcs. 
MIN'IA-TI^RE,  (min'e-  or  min'c-a-)  a.    On  a  small 

scale ;  as,  miniature  representation. 
MIN'I-KIN,  a.     fClu.  W.  main^  small,  and  km.] 
Small ;  diminutive  ;  used  in  sliirht  contempt. 
MIN'I-KIN,  71.    A  small  sort  of  pins. 

2.  A  darlinc  ;  a  favorite.     [See  Minion.] 
MIN'IM,  n.      [\V.  maiiif  small,  whence  L.  miui/mLs. 
See  Mince.]   LitcraUijy  something  exceedingly  small. 
lluncc, 

1.  A  little  man  or  being ;  a  dwarf.  Milton. 

2.  One  of  a  certain  reformed  order  of  Franciscans 
or  Minimi.  fVccccr. 

3.  .\  note  in  music,  equal  to  half  a  semibrcve  or 
two  crotchets. 

4.  A  short  poetical  encomium.    [Ohs.]     Spenser. 

5.  A  small  fish  ;  a  minnow.     [Local.]     Johuson. 
G.  The  smallest  liquid  measure  ;  a  single  drop. 

Brandc. 
MIN'I-MENT,  «.    [from  miuiimcnt.]  Proof;  testimony. 

Spcitsci: 
MlN'I-iMUM.n.  [L.]   The  least  <iuantity  assignable  in 

a  sivcn  case.  Enci/c. 

MIN'1-MUS,  n.     [ li.J    A  bring  of  the  smallest  .size. 

Shale. 
MI.VING,  7vir.     Dijiiring  into  the  earth,  as  for  fossils 
and  minerals  ;  s;i{)|tiiig. 

•J.  a.  Pertaining  to,  ur  connected  with,  the  busi- 
ness of  digging  mines;  as,  the  mining  districts  of 
Siberia.  Sparlcs. 

MiX'ING,  n.     The  act  or  employment   of  digging 

mines. 
MIX'ION,  (min'yun,)  a.     Fine;  trim;   dainty.     [JVot 

used.] 
MliN'ION,  (min'yun,)  «.     [yr.  viiirnon;   It.  migiionc; 
a  darling  ;  from  W.  7naiiiy  Fr.  mc;itt,  small ;  VV.  minyn, 
tender,  gentle. 1 

A  favorite  ;  a  darling;  particaJarbj^  the  favorite  of 
a  prince,  on  whom  he  lavishes  his  favors  ;  one  who 
giins  favors  hy  lialtcry  or  mean  adulation. 

Edw^nl  wmU  nn  nnny  into  Ireland,   not  for  conquest,  but  to 
gtinni  ilic  pcnoii  of  hia  minion,  Piers  Gavcslon.    Davies. 
■j'lic  drowny  lyruil  by  his  miniotxs  led.  Stoi/l, 

MIN  ION,  (min'yun,)  7i.     [\V.  vtain,  Fr.  menu,  small ; 
L.  Mimor.     See  Mince.] 

A  small  kind  of  printing  types,  in  size  between 
brevier  and  nonpareil. 
MEN'UvNMNG,  (min'>nin-,)  n.    Kind  treatment. 

jMarston. 

:MIi\'IOI\  LY,      p^*^-     P'"cly;  daintily. 
MIX'lOX  yillP,  «.    State  of  beiny  a  minion. 
MIN'fOC.^  ,  (min'yns,)  a.     [from  I,,  minium.] 

Of  tht  color  of  red  lead  nr  vermilion.       Brown. 
MIX'ISH,  V.  t.     [li.  minuo,  to  lessen.] 

To  lessen;  to  diminish.    [Ohs.]  [Sec  Diminish.] 

MI\'IS-TER,   71.      [h.  ;    probably  from    Ar.     ^^^ 

mahana,  to  serve,  wait,  attend.  Class  Mn,  i>o.  'J, 
and  Sax.  steorc,  helm,  direction  ;  stcoran,  to  steer.] 

1.  Properly,  a,  chief  servant ;  hence,  an  agent  ap- 
pointed to  transact  or  manage  business  under  the  au- 
thority of  another  ;  m  wAicA  sertJse  it  ts  a  word  of  very 
extatsire  application. 

Moaes  roar  up,  tmd  ]itstmm«ferJosliita.  —  Exod.  xx\v. 

2.  One  to  whom  a  king  or  prince  intrusts  the  di- 
fction  of  aflair-s  of  state ;  as,  viinisicr  of  state  ;  the 
prime  imnister.  In  modern  ttovemments.  the  secreta- 
ries or  heads  of  the  several  dopartmcnls  or  branches 
of  government,  arc  the  minisUrs  of  tlie  chief  magis- 
trate. 


MIN 


3.  A  magistrate ;  an  executive  officer. 

For  lie  \»  llie  miiastcr  uf  God  lo  ihcc  for  good.  —  Ilom.  xlii. 

4  A  delegate  ;  an  embassador ;  the  representative 
of  a  sovereign  or  government  at  a  foreign  court ;  usu- 
ally -such  as  is  resident  at  a  foreign  court,  but  not  re- 
stricted lo  puch. 

5.  One  wlm  serves  at  the  altar ;  one  who  performs 
sacerdotal  duties;  the  pastor  of  a  church  duly  au- 
thorized or  licensed  to  preach  the  gospel  and  admin- 
ister the  sacraments.    Kplu  iii. 

G.  Christ  ia  called  a  minister  of  the  sanctuary. 
Hrb.  viii. 

7.  An  angel ;  a  messenger  of  God. 

Who  mnhclli  h\»  .\n^\ih  spirits,  his  minitUrt  a  llojiiiiig  fire.  — 
Pa.  civ. 

MINTS-TER,  V.  t.     [L.  ministro.] 
Tu  give  ;  to  atford  ;  to  supply. 

IIl-  th:i(  minislcrcth  swd  to  tho  sower.  — 2  Cor,  Ix. 
TIkU  il  may  ininisUr  qtacc  tu  ihe  lioarers. —  Kph.  vt. 

MIN'IS-TER,  V.  t.  To  attend  and  .'jerve  ;  to  perform 
j<ervice  in  any  olfice,  sacred  or  secular. 

I  will  sanctify  ulso  both  Anron  antl  his  aon»,  to  miiiutor  to  mo  In 
the  priesl'n  ullicj;.  —  Kx.  xxix. 

2.  To  atTord  supplies ;  to  give  thing;>  nee.iful  ;  to 
supply  ihe  means  of  relief;  to  relieve. 

Wlicn  saw  we  thee  hnnjry,  or  thirsty,  or  a  stmii»er,  or  ii^ln-d, 
or  sick,  or  in  prisou,  uiid  did  uol  minittgr  to  Uicc  i  —  ftUu. 

XXV. 

3.  To  give  medicines. 

CaitEl  ih'ju  iml  mjfiister  to  a  mind  disMJCiI  ?  Shak. 

[In  this  sense  we  commonly  use  Apministkr.] 
MliVIS-TER-KD, /jp.    Served;  .adnrded  ;  supplied. 
MrN-lS-'J'r,'Rl-AL,  a.     .-Mtending  t^x  service  ;   atten- 
dant ;  acting  at.  command. 

Enliglilciiiiig  spirits  »ud  vauislerial  Q.uncs.  Prior, 

2.  Acting  under  superior  authority  ;  pertaining  to 
a  minister. 

For  iJie  minislciial  otTicea  in  court,  IIrtc  must  he  .Tii  eye  to  them. 

Baxon, 

3.  Pertaining  lo  executive  offices,  as  distinct  from 
judicial.  Theoliiceand  acts  of  a  sheriff  are  viiniste- 
rial. 

A.  Sacerdotal  ;  pertaining  to  ministers  of  the  gos- 
i»cl ;  aSj  ininistcrial  garments;  minisicrial  diiiics. 

Genuine  minlnlcrial  prii<lcnw!  kcrjw  hack  no  imporlnnt  irnlh, 
listens  lo  no  compromise  willi  nn,  connivcii  it*,  no  fnhhio liable 
vice,  Clinics  U'fore  no  lordly  worldling.      H.  Humphrey. 

5.  Pertaining  to  ministers  of  state  ;  as,  ministerial 
circles  ;  TninisttritU  benches.  Burke. 

MIN-IS-Tk'RI-AL-LY,  ai/o.  In  a  ministerial  manner 
or  charai'tr-r.  IVatcrland. 

MtN'lS-TEK-ING,  ppr.  or  a.     Attending  and  serving 
as  a  subordinate  agent ;  serving  under  superior  au- 
thority.    Heb.  i. 
2.  Alfon'.ing  aid  or  supplies;  administering  things 

MIN'IS-TER-Y.     See  Ministry.  fneedful. 

WIN'IS-TRAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  minister;  ILitde 
used.]  Jolaison. 

MIN'IS-TRANT,  a.  Performing  service  as  a  minis- 
ter ;  attendance  on  service  ;  acting  under  command. 

Pnnc<^'doiii3  .ind  doiiiin;\Lions  minitlTtirtl.  Milton. 

MIN-IS-TRa'TION,  lu     [L.  ministratio,] 

1.  Tlic  act  of  performing  service  as  a  subordinate 
agent ;  agency  ;  intervention  for  aid  or  service. 

Uccaust;  llielr  widows  were  neglcclcd  in  the  daily  miniatrationa. 
—  Acts  vi. 

2.  Olfice  of  a  minister;  service;  ecclesiastical 
function. 

Att  soon  .IS  the  il.iyB  of  his  mimstration  wore  ended. .—  Lnke  i. 

MIN'IS-TRESS,  71.    A  female  that  ministers. 

.^kcnsidc. 
I\IIN'IS-TRV,  71.     [L.  ministn'inm.] 

1.  The  office^  duties,  or  functions  of  a  subordinate 
agent  of  any  kind. 

2.  Agency;  service;  aid;  interposition;  instru- 
mentality. 

He  directs  the  n/Tain  of  this  world  by  the  ordiniiry  mimttry  of 
second  causes.  Aucrbury. 

3.  Ecclesiastical  function  or  profession  ;  agency  or 
service  of  a  minister  uf  the  gospel  or  clergymen  in 
the  liiodern  church,  or  of  priests,  apostles,  and  evan- 
gelists in  the  ancient,  .^cts  i.  Rom.  .\ii.  2  Tim.  iv. 
J^um.  iv.    Also,  the  clergy,  taken  collectively. 

4.  Time  of  ministration  ;  duration  of  the  office  of 
a  minister,  civil  or  ecclosijistical.  The  war  with 
France  was  tiuring  the  mtnisti-y  of  Pitt. 

5.  Persons  who  compose  the  executive  government 
or  the  council  of  a  supremo  magi:itrate;  the  body  of 
ministers  of  state.  Swift. 

6.  Business ;  employment. 

He  abhorred  Iho  wiclted  minislry  oi  nnns.  Dnjilen. 

MlN'IS-TRY-SHIP,for  JIiNisTRv,  is  little  used,  and 

hardly  proper.  Swijt. 

MIN'I-(JM,7i.  [h.]  Lead,  exposed  to  air  while  melt- 
ing, is  covered  with  a  gray,  du.^ky  pellicle.  This, 
taken  oirand  agitated,  becomes  a  greenish-gray  pow- 
der, inclininfi  to  yellow.  This  oxyd,  separated  by 
sifling  from  the  grains  of  lead  which  it  contains,  anil 
exposed  to  a  more  intense  heat,  takes  a  deep  yellow 


MIN 

color,  and  in  this  state  it  is  called  iuassicot.  The  lat- 
ter, slowly  healed,  takrs  a  beautiful  red  color,  and  is 
called  minium.  It  is  a  salt  composed  of  two  equiv- 
alents of  protoxyd  of  lead,  with  one  equivalent  of 
the  dentoxyd.  Fourcroy. 

MINK,  71.  An  American  and  European  quadruped  of 
the  weasel  tribe,  that  burrows  in  the  earth  on  Ihe 
side  of  a  river  or  pond,  whose  fur  is  more  valual)Ie 
tlian  that  of  the  muskrat.  It  is  the  Mu^tela  Lulir- 
ola,  (Linn.)  and  the  Putorius  Lutreola,  (Cuv.)  It  is 
very  often  called   Minx.  Belknap. 

MIN\\OCK,  used  by  Shakspearc,  is  supposed  by  John- 
sou  to  be  the  same  ;is  Minx.    [Uu.  mimick.] 

MIN'NnW,  \       „,  ,,  , 

MIN'OVV,     ("■  [It- '""»"»  sniall.] 

A  name  applied  to  several  species  of  very  small 
fresh-water  fish,  and  even  to  the  young  of  larger 
kinds.  The  minnow  of  England,  from  which  the 
term  is  derived,  is  a  species  of  the  Cyprinus  of  Lin- 
meus,  Leuciscus  phoxinus  of  Cuvier. 

Knryc.  Jimrr.     P.  Cyc. 
MI'NOR,  fl.     [h.  ;  the  comparative  degree  of  a  word 
nut  found  in  that  language,  but  existing  in  the  Cel- 
tic dialects,  VV.  vialn.  Arm.  moan,  Ir.  min,  mion,  the 
root  of  Xi.  minuo,  to  diminish.     Sec  Mince.] 

1.  Less;  smaller;  sometimes  applie<l  to  the  bulk 
or  magnitude  of  a  single  object;  more  frcncrally,  lo 
amount,  degree,  or  importance.  We  say,  the  7H(Hor 
divisions  of  a  body,  the  ininor  part  of  a  body  ;  op- 
posed to  the  major  part.  We  say,  minor  sums,  7/ii- 
7ior  faults, /H/jjor  considerations,  //li/ior  details  or  ar- 
guments In  the  latter  jihrases,  minor  is  equivalent 
to  small,  petty,  incoiisiderable,  not  principal,  impor- 
tant, or  weighty. 

2.  In  music,  less  or  lower  by  a  lesser  semitone ;  as, 
a  third  jjiirior  Encyc. 

Minor  key,  in  vinsic.,  is  that  key,  or  arrangement  of 
tones  and  semitones,  which  is  chiclly  used  for  sol- 
emn and  mournful  subjects. 

The  minor  term  of  a  syllogism  is  that  one  which 
forms  the  subject  of  the  conclusion. 

.^sia  Minor ;  the  Lesser  Asia,  that  part  of  Asia 
which  lies  between  the  Euxino  or  Ulack  Sea  on  the 
north,  and  the  Mediterranean  on  the  south. 
MI'NOK,  rt.  A  person  of  either  sex  under  age;  one 
who  is  under  the  authority  of  his  parents  ur  guard- 
ians, or  who  is  nut  permitted  by  law  to  make  con- 
tracts and  manage  his  own  property.  Uythe  lavv.s  of 
Great  Britain  and  of  the  United  Suites,  persons  are 
minors  till  they  arc  twenty-one  years  of  age. 

2.  In  loiricy'tUnt  premise  which  contains  the  minor 
term  ;  it  is  tlie  second  proposition  of  a  regular  syl- 
logism, as  ill  the  following  :  — 

Every  act  of  injustice  partakes  of  meanness. 

To  take  money  from  another  by  gaming,  or  repu- 
tation by  seduction,  are  acts  of  injustice. 

Therefore  the  taking  of  money  from  another  by 
gaming,  or  reputation  by  seduction,  partakes  of 
meanness. 

In  hypothetical  syllogisms,  tlie  categorical  premise  is 
the  minor  term. 

3.  A  Minorite,  a  Franciscan  friar. 
MT'NOK-aTE.  r.  (.    To  diminish.    [J^ot  used.] 
MI-NOR-a'TION,  w.     A  lessLuiug  ;  diminution. 
Mi'NOR-ITE,  H.     A  Fnmciicau  friar. 
MI-NOR'I-TV,  n.     [Fr.  minoritc,  from  L.  minor.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  under  age.    [See  MiNon.] 

2.  Tlie  smaller  numher ;  as,  the  mitim-ity  of  the 
.•^eiiatu  or  house  of  representatives;  oiiposcd  to  i\lv- 
joarry.  We  say,  the  minority  was  large  or  smalt  ; 
A.  B.  was  in  the  minority  ;  the  minority  mnst  be  ruled 

MI'NOS,  n.     [Gr.  Mtraij.]  [by  the  majority. 

In  cltissical  mythology,  a  celebrated  lawgiver,  the 
son  of  Jupiter  and  Europn,  and  king  of  Crete.  He 
was  so  cxilebrated  for  liis  justice  on  earth,  that  after 
his  death  he  was  appointed  a  judge  of  the  infernal 
regions. 

MIN'*-»-'I'AUR,   n.       [Fr.    viinatmire  ;    II.   minutanrn  ; 
L.  minaiauras  ;  from  ;/wh,  which  must  have  been  in 
early  ages  a  Latin  word,  and  tanrus,  a  bull.] 
A  fabled  monster,  half  man  and  half  bull. 

Ovid.     Virgil.     Shak. 

MIN'STER,  71.  [Sax.  muistre,  or  mynstcr.  Sec  Mon- 
astery.] 

The  church  of  a  monastery,  or  one  to  which  a 
monastery  has  been  attached  ;  sometimes,  a  cathedral 
church.  Oloss.  ofjlrckit. 

MIN'STREL,  n,  [Fr.  mcnStricr,  for  inencstrier ;  Sp. 
ministril,  a  minstrel,  and  a  tipstaff,  or  petty  ofliccr  of 
justice;  I'ort.  mcncatral;  perhaps  a  derivative  from 
jnenear„  To  move,  stir,  was,  wield.  If  so,  the  word 
originally  signified  a  performer  on  a  musical  instru- 
ment, who  accompanied  his  performances  with  ges- 
tures, like  the  histria  andjoculator.] 

A  name  given  to  an  order  of  men,  in  the  middle 
ages,  who  subsisted  by  the  arts  of  poetry  and  music, 
and  sang  to  the  harp  verses  composed  by  themselves 
or  others.  Their  altendance  was  sought  and  their 
performances  lavishly  rewarded  by  princes.  It  was 
in  Ihe  character  of  a  minstrel  that  King  Alfred  en- 
tered the  camp  of  the  Danes,  his  enemies,  and  explored 
their  situation.  Brandc. 

MIN'STREL-SY,7i.  The  arts  and  occupation,  of  min- 
strels; instrumental  music. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MeTE,  PREY.— PINE,  MAR:(NE,  BIRD  —  NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BOOK.— 


MIN 

2   A  number  of  musicians. 

Tbe  7mnsCre!sy  of  lieaveii.  Milton. 

MIXT,  71.  [Sax.  nynet^  money,  or  stainpod  coin  ;  D. 
munt^  vitHtj  coin  ;  G.  vmnze  ;  Hw.  vujnt ;  Dan.  myndt, 
coin.  This  word  is  doubtless  a  derivative  from 
inine,  or  L.  moueta,  from  the  same  root.j 

1.  The  place  where  money  is  coined  by  public 
authority.  In  Oreot  Britain,  formerly,  there  was  a 
vtiiit  in  almost  every  county;  but  the  privilege  of 
coining  is  now  considered  as  a  royal  preru^live  in 
that  country,  and  as  the  proroyative  of  the  sovereign 
j>ower  in  other  countries.  The  only  vtint  now  in 
Great  Britain  is  in  the  Tower  of  London.  The  first 
mint  in  the  United  States  was  in  Philadelphia. 

2.  A  place  of  invention  or  fabrication  ;  as,  a  vtint 
of  phrases  ;  a  mint  of  calumny.       S/taJi.    Addison. 

3.  A  source  of  abundant  supplv. 
MINT,  V.  t.     [Sax-.  Tinjnetiun.] 

1.  To  coin  ;  to  make  and  stamp  money.    Bacon. 

9.  To  invent  j  to  tbrge  ;  to  fabricate.  Bacon. 

MINT,  7j.     [Sax.  mint  i   Sw.  tnynta;  Dan.  vujnte. ;   G. 

mxtmc;  L.  mentka  ;  It.  and  Sp.  menta  ;  Fr.  mcntc;  I). 

krnisnnintf  crossmint ;   Ir.  miontas ;   Arm.  mendt  or 

mintys.] 

.\}\  aromatic  |)lantofthe  cenus  Mentha,  of  various 
species,  producing  by  distillation  a  highly  odorifer- 
ous and  pungent  essential  oil. 
MINT'AOE,  n.    That  which  is  coined  or  stamped. 

Milton. 
9.  The  duty  paid  for  coining. 
MINT'-JO'LEP,  7(.     A   drink  consisting  of  brandy, 
sugar,  and  pounded  ice,  flavored   with    sprigs  of 
mint.  [America.] 

MINT'iCD,  pp.    Coined. 
MINT'ER.,  11.    A  coiner  ;  also,  an  inventor. 
MINT'ING,  ppr.    Coining  money. 
MINT'MAN,  tt.    A  coiner;  one  skilled  in  coining  or 

in  coins. 
ML\T'-M\S-TER,  n.    The  master  or  superintendent 
of  a  mint.  Baijle. 

9.  One  who  invents  or  fabricates.  Locke. 

MIN'U-END,  71.     [L.  mimirntlas,  viimto^  to  lessen.] 
In    arithmetic,  the    number   from   which   another 
number  is  to  be  subtracted. 
MIN'H-ET,  71.     [Sp.  minurto  ;  Fr.  menuet,  from  vicnii, 
small,  \V.  main.     See  IMi.vce.] 

1.  ,\  slow,  graceful  dance,  consisting  of  a  coupee, 
a  high  step,  and  a  balance,  Encyc. 

9.  A  tune  or  air  to  regulate  the  movements  in  the 
dance  so  called  ;  a  movement  of  three  crotchets  or 
three  quavers  in  a  bar. 
MIX'LTM,  71.    [from  U*.  main,  Fr.  menu,  small.    See 

MiNCE.j 

1.  A  small  kind  nf  printing  types;  now  written 
Misiopf 

9.  A  note  of  slow  time,  containing  two  crotchets  j 
now  written  Misim,  which  sec. 
MI'NCS,  [L.]  Less.  In  algebra,  the  sign  (  —  ),  de- 
noting thuhu-,  or  less,  is  prelixed  to  negative  quantities 
or  quantities  to  be  subtracted. 
MI-NuTE',  a.  [L.  viiniUtis;  Fr.  7ne7iu,  \V.7na(«,  small. 
See  Mince.] 

1.  Ver>*  small,  Httle,  or  slender;  of  very  small 
bulk  or  size  ;  small  in  consequence  ;  as,  a  minute 
grain  of  sand ;  a  minute  filament.  The  Wood  cir- 
culates through  ver>'  minute  vessels.  Minute  divis- 
ions of  a  subject  often  perplex  the  understanding. 
Minute  details  are  tedious. 

9.  Attending  to  small  things  ;  critical ;  as,  minute 
observation. 
MIN'UTE,  (niin'it,)  n.     [L.  mi7iu/u;ra,  that  is,  a  small 
portion. 

1.  A  small  portion  of  time  or  duration,  being  the 
sixtieth  part  of  an  hour. 

Since  you  are  not  3ure  of  a  nunuu,  throw  not  away  ah  bour. 

9.  In  geometry,  the  sixtieth  part  of  a  degree. 
'■i.  In  architecture,  the  sixtieth  part  of  the  lower 
diameter  of  a  column.  Qwilt. 

4.  A  space  of  time  indefinitely  small.  I  will  be 
with  you  in  a  minute,  or  in  a  few  minutes,  t.hat  is,  in 
a  short  time. 

5.  A  short  sketch  of  any  agreement  or  other  sub- 
ject, taken  in  writing ;  a  note  to  preserve  the  mem- 
ory of  any  thing  ;  as,  to  take  minutes  of  a  contract ; 
to  Lake  minutes  of  a  conversation  or  debate. 

MIN'UTE,  (miu'it,)  v.  t.  To  set  down  a  short  sketch 
or  note  of  any  agreement  or  other  subject  in  writing. 

Spectator. 

MIN'UTE-BOOK,  ti.     A  book  of  short  hints. 

MIN'UTE-GLaSS,  71.  A  glass,  the  sand  of  which 
nie.'isures  a  minute. 

MIN'UTE-GUNS,  «.  pi.  Guns  discharged  every 
minute,  as  sicnals  of  distress  or  mourning. 

MIN'UTE-IIAND,  n.  The  hand  that  points  to  the 
minutes  on  a  clock  or  watch. 

MIX'UTE-JACK,  71.  Another  name  for  jack  of  the 
clock-house,  or  a  figure  which  strikes  the  hour  of  a 
clock.  siuik. 

SII-NuTE'LY,  adv.  [from  minute.}  To  a  small  point 
of  time,  space,  or  matter;  exactly;  nicely;  as,  to 
measure  the  length  of  any  thing  viinntely;  to  ascer- 
tain lime  minutely  ;  to  relate  a  story  minuUhj. 


MIR 


,M  1 ; 


MIN'(;TE-LY,{niiti'it-ly,)a.  Ha|>))cning  every  minute. 
,,,,.,,„„„  ,  ,.        .    .  Hammond. 

JIIN'U  rE-I.Y,  (min'.t-ly,)  aJv.  (from  mir,Me.\  Every 
minulu  ;  Willi  very  little  time  iiitcrvcning. 

An  if  i[  WL-re  mmuutij  proclainitd  In  Uiuiuler  from  hnrrn, 

Hammond, 

MIN'UTE-MEW,  n.  pi  Men  ready  at  a  minutc»ii  no- 
5'ce  ;  a  tenn  used  in  the  American  revolution. 

MI-NO  J  E'NESS,  n.  Extreme  smallncss,  finencfa,  or 
sJeiulerness  ;  as,  the  minutenesn  of  the  particles  of 
airor  of  a  fluid;  i\\t:  minutene<i  of  the  filaments  of 
cotton  ;  the  minuteness  of  details  in  narration. 

9.  Attention  to  small  things;  critical  exactncsn; 
as,  the  minuteness  of  observation  or  di.slinciion. 

MIN'UTE-VVA'J"Cir,  (min'it-woch,)  ».  A  watrh  that 
distinguishes  minutes  of  time,  or  on  which  minulot 
are  marked.  ^(,„/,. 

aI!;^^?"^'^^^'"-?^-    [L-I    The  smaller  particular*!. 

MINX,  n.    [Uu.  minnoc]    .\ pert,  wanton  girl.  ShaJc. 

2.  A  she  puppy. 

'■l  A  name  a[)plied  in  America  to  the  Martes  Vi-!«n, 
and  to  Tutorius  Lutreola,  two  wea.^el-like  quad- 
rupeds, or  digitigrade  carnivorous  mammals. 

MIN'V,  a.     [from  7«mc]    Abounding  with  mines. 

1,7/i^'  ^^"''^^rryneous.  Thomaou. 

.MFO-CENE,  a.    [Gr.  n£u,n-,  less,  and  Kiuvoi,  recent.] 

Literidbj,  less  recent.    In  »colo<ry,  a  term  applied  to 

the  middle  division  of  the  tertiary  strata,  containing 

fewer  fossil  shells  of  recent  species  than  the  pliocene, 

hut  more  than  the  eocene.  Lydt 

MI-IL^L-'I-LE  Die  TCI,  [L.]  Wonderful  to  lell,  or 
be  told. 

MT'RA-RLE,  a.     Wonderful.     [.\'>t  in  luc,]     Shak. 

MIR'A-CLE,  (mir'a-kl,)  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.miraeulum, 
from  vdror,  to  wonder;  Ann.  mirct,  to  hold.  See 
Martki..] 

1.  Literally,  a  wonder  or  wonderful  thing;  but 
appropriatcbj^ 

9.  In  thcolotry,  an  event  or  cITect  contrary  to  the 
established  constitution  and  course  of  things,  or  a 
deviation  from  the  known  laws  of  nature  ;  a  super- 
natural event.  Jiriracles  can  he  wrought  only  by 
almighty  power,  as  when  Christ  healed  leper:',  say- 
ing, "  I  will,  be  thou  clean  ;"  or  calmed  Ihc  tempest, 
"  Peace,  be  still." 

They  considvred  nol  itie  miracU  of  the  loaves.  — Murk  vi. 
A  man  approved  by  God  by  miracles  and  aigiie,  —  AcLs  ii. 

3.  Anciently,  a  spectacle  or  dramatic  representation 
exhibiting  the  lives  of  tlie  saints.  Chaucer. 

MIR'A-CLE,  V.  t.    To  make  wonderful.     [JVo£  used. 

Shak. 

MIIt'A-eLE-MON"GEIl,  n.  An  impostor  who  pre- 
tends to  work  miracles.  HallviceU. 

MI-RACU-LOUS,  a.  Performed  supernalunilly,  or 
by  a  power  beyond  tlie  ordinary  agency  of  natural 
laws;  effected  by  the  direct  agency  of  almighty 
power,  and  not  by  natural  causes  ;  as,  the  miracu- 
lous healing  of  the  sick  or  raising  the  dead  by 
Christ. 

9.  Supernatural;  furnished  supernaturally,  or  com- 
petent to  jjerform  miracles  ;  as,  the  miracuhus  pow- 
ers of  the  apostles.  Miraculnus,  applied  to  the  extra- 
ordinary powers  of  the  aposllcs,  may  mean  conferred 
by  supernatural  agency,  or  competent  to  work  mir- 
acles. I  believe  it  is  generally  used  in  the  latter 
sense. 

3.  In  a  less  dejinite  sense,  wonderful ;  extraordi- 
nary. 

MI-RAC'l^-LOUS-LY,  adv.  By  miracle  ;  supernat- 
ural !y. 

.flilnpaB,  wouuded  as  he  waa,  coiiM  not  have  eneu5>>d  him  in  sin^la 
cuititi:it,  unless  liu  hurt  bad  been  miracuunuly  bcalixl. 

Dryden. 

9.  Wonderfully  ;  by  extraordinary  means. 

MI-nAC'U-LOUS-NESS,  it.  The  state  of  being  ef- 
fected by  miracle,  or  by  supernatural  agency. 

MIR-A-D5R',  71.     [Sp.,  from  L.  miror.] 

A  balcony  or  gallery  conuiiandiug  an  extensive 
view. 

MI-RAGE',  (me-ritzhe',)  n.    [L.  miror.] 

An  optical  illusion  arising  from  an  unequal  refrac- 
tion in  the  lower  strata  of  the  atmosphere,  and  caus- 
ing remote  objects  to  be  seen  double,  as  if  reflected 
in  a  mirror,  or  to  appear  as  if  suspended  in  the  air. 
It  is  frequently  seen  in  deserts,  presenting  the  ap- 
pearance of  watrr.  The  Fala  iMorgnuu  and  Loom- 
ing are  species  of  mirai^e,  Brande, 

MIRE,  v.  [See  Class  .Air,  No.  16.]  Deep  nuid  ;  earth 
so  wet  and  soft  as  to  yield  to  thu  feet  and  to  wheels. 

flIIRE,  V.  t.    To  ijluuge'  and  fix  in  mire  ;  to  set  orstall 
in  nmd.    We  say,  a  horse,  an  ox,  or  carriage,  is 
mired,  when  it  Ji;is  simk  deep  into  mud,  and  iu  prog- 
ress is  stopped. 
9.  To  soil  or  daub  with  nmd  or  foul  matter.     SJuik. 

MTRE,  V.  i.  To  sink  in  nnni,  or  to  sink  so  deep  as  to 
be  unable  to  move  forward. 

i\IIRl',7i.     An  ant.     [See  Pismire.] 

MIRE'-eRoW,n.  The  sea-crow  or  pewit  gull,  Lams 
ridibundus  of  Linn:eus.  P.  Cyc, 

MtR'/:U,  pp.    Fixed  or  stalled  in  mud. 

MI-RIF'I-CENT,  a.    Causing  wonder. 

MIR'I-NESS,  71.  [from  miry.|  The  state  of  consist- 
ing of  deep  mud. 


MlltK,rrnuric,)o.    f.-i*!.  w,>r^.l    f}vk.    fO»/.J     'Sat 


.Ml 

.^! . 

Ml.,  u-....  .,. 
look  ;  L.  mtr.  ' 

1.  K  \fnA\\i: 
Uhed  HUbi(t:iiit.c 
of  rays  uf  light- 
In  liir  tl-tr  ■ 

2.  A  i«tt-  r 
ought  I"  fit  t'. 
rcdcnLi* 


3.  In  ar^'.iUcliirf,   . 
deep  moldingM,  and 

MIR'ROR,  r.  /.    To  r. 
Mia'KOR-/:i»,  pp.ur 
.M(R'KOR-ING,;>;Tr.      i: 
MIR'ROtt-STONK.  a.     A  tr, 
.MIRTH,  (miirth,)K.  [flai.  ■• 


Ar. 


9*  •««  viaricka^  to  be  rery  briA  orX. 

Mr,  No.  10.] 

Social  mcrrimerlt ;    hilar 
pleasurable   fct-lin^^    in    r 
jollity.    Mirth  dilf.f    : 
always  implying  m  . 

Willi  ppn»I  Joj  L.  *!.■ 

Eri»bl  HjrV-ii  ixuik-J  > 

1  will  tAoae  lo  tr^ae  L. 

km.  —  J«r.  nt. 

-MIRTIl'FIJL,  (murUi 

The  feut  wai  »-rT->l,  ■. 
To  the  kitif'i  ii-u\tiv  ^ 

MIRTII'F]lf^LY,aJc.    in  a 
MIRTH'FljUNESS,  «.     S: 

mirthful.' 
MIRTH'LE^H,  a.    Without 
MIRTII'IX^S-NESS,  n.     A 
MTR'Y,a.     [fromi/urc]     Ab 

full  of  mire  ;  as,  a  mo-y  ro.i 
2.  Consisting  of  mire. 
MlR'Z.-\,  n.     [Persic  »iir---: 
The  common  style  of  hoi. 

cedes  the  surname  of  an  ii. 

ed  to  the  surname,  it  5igni:i 
MLS,  a  prefix,  denotes  crrttr.  -  ' 

the  verb  mits,  to  err,  to  cn  * 

mis,  from  musian,  to  err,  to  ... . , .,._      .    . 

mi3,missen;  G.  ml*/,  missen:   Uan.  ■!«,  » 

mis^  mista  ;  W.  tn^tA,  a  faiUng,  a  im»  ;    r 

me,  in  conip<^»siiion  :  It.  mi*. 
MIS-AC-CEP  T.\'TION,  n.    The  act  a  til. 

dersLau.ling  in  a  wning  st-nst-. 
MIS-AU-VEX'TrRE.  iL     Mi- 'v-^.      -     . 

luck  ;  an  unlucky  arciddi!- 
2.  in  Mi.-,  Iioiuicide  by  : 

man,  doing  a  lawful  act,  v, 

injur>',  unfortunately  kiU^ 

tzcusable  homicide. 
MIS-AD-VEN'Ttm-frD,  a.    I 
MIS-.\D-VEN'Tlll-Oi;S,  a.    Perta-. 

ture. 
MIS-.\D-VIS'£D,    a.      (S«J  Actih 

ill  directed. 
MIS-AF-FECT'.  r.  t    To  dUUke. 
MIS-AF-KECT'ED,  a.     nWio--  : 
.MIS-AF-FIRM',  r.  t.     To  at'; 
MIS-AF  FTRM'£l».p?.     .Mnr 
MIS-AlM'i;D,  a.    Not  righUi  _ _  - :  

MIS-AL-LECE',  (mis-aHfj',)  r.  L    To  »ti 

ouslv. 
MIS-Al^LFt-.rn.p^.  Stat. 
MIS-.\L-LE-Ga'TION,  ».  1 
MIS-AULT'ANCE,  ■.  Impr 
Mt.<-AI--LI'/:U,  a.  Ill  allic.i 
MIS-AL  l.nT'.MENT.  ».  A 
MIS'AN-TIIRCPE. 
.MIS-AN'TIIRO-PIS 

,V  hater  of  manknid 
.MIS-AN-THROP'ie.  )  c     llatr.^ 

MIS-AN-TMROP'l€-AL,  S     ^^^  <•>  miuk. 
MIS-AN'THUO-PY,  n.  Hatred  or  dislike  t. 

opjKweti  to  PiiiLvMiiRorr. 
MIS-AP.PM  Ca  TION,  «.     .\  wTv  -: 

application  to  a  wrong  person  tv  p  - 
MiS-.\P-PLI'i:D,  pp.     Applied   lo  .i   ■ 

purpose. 
M1S-.\P-PLT',  r.  f.    To  .-ipply  to  :\ 

purpose  ;  as,  to  misttpplf  a  namr  « *  ; 

our  lalenL-f  or  exertions";  lo  •ma^v' 
MIS-AP-PLT'ING.ppr.    Applying  : 

or  purpose. 
MIS-AP-PUK'CrA-TEt>. «.     ■ 
MIS-AP-rRtMlENl»'.  r.  t. 

lake  in  a  wrong  sense. 


iST,J   to  hate,  a 
lokniu. 


TONE,  BULL,  IGNITE.  — AN"GER,  VF'CIOUS.— €  as  K ;  G  aa  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH :  Til  as  in  THIS. 

~  717" 


MIS 


MIS 


MIP-  M'PI'iE-irEN'n'KD,  pp.    Not  rishlly  unilcrstood. 
MI-'-\l'-I'in;-Hr.NI)'l.\(;,  jijir.     MisunilerslnndinR. 
iMIS-Al'-l'RE-UEN'SlOiN',   n.      A  mislukillg   iir  mia- 

lako ;  wrong  aiipreliension  of  one's  meaning  or  of  a 

fact. 
MIS-AP-PEE-HEX'SIVE-LY,  adv.    By  miaapprohon- 

sion. 

3IIS-AI'-PR0-PKI-a'TI0N,    n.      Wrong    appropria- 
tion. 

M1S-.\R-RaNGE',  f.  (.    To  place  in  a  wrong  order, 
or  improper  manner. 

JllS-.Ml-K.AXo'ivf),  ;'?•    Placed  in  awronsorder. 

MI.^-AR-U.A.VCiE'.ME.NT,  ii.    Wrong  arrangement. 

JIIS-.\UU.*XG'li\'(i,  ;);ir.      Placing  in  n  wrong  order. 

MrS-.\S-eRiBE',  V.  L    To  a.5cribc  falsely  or  errone- 
ously. ,    ,„         .•""*''■■ 

MIS-AS-SIGX',  u.  t.    [See  Assign.]    To  assign  erro- 
neonslv.  >ln''- 

MIS-AT-TEND',  I'.  (.    To  disregard.  Mdion. 

MlS-r.E-eO.ME',  (niis-be-kum',)  v.  t.     [Sec  Bkcome.] 
Not  to  become  ;  to  suit  III ;  not  to  befit. 

Thy  father  will  no*,  act  wlwt  mubecomes  hiii).  AfldisoTi. 

MIS-BE-eOM'ING,  (-kiim'ing,)  ppr.  or  a.   Unseemly ; 

nnstiitable  :  improper ;  indecorous. 
JlIS-liE-eO.M'ING-LY,  adv.     In  an  nnsuitalilo  niiin- 

ner. 
MIS-HE-COM'ING-NESS,  ji.    Unbeconungness  ;  un- 

silitableness.  Boyle. 

MISBE-riT'TING,  a.    Not  befitting. 
MIS-1)K-G0T',  j  pp.  or  a.    Unlawfully  or  irregu- 

5IIS-)iE-G0T'T£N,  j      laily  begotten. 

Sliak.    Dnjden. 
MIS-r.E-U.\VE',  t'.  i.   To  behave  ill ;  to  conduct  one's 

self  improperly ;    often  used  with  a  reciprocal  pro- 
noun. ... 
MIS-HE-HaVBD,  n.   Guilty  of  ill  behavior ;  dl-bred  ; 

rude.  Shale. 

MIS-BE-H.lV'IOR,  (inis-be-hav'yur,)  u.     Ill  conduct ; 

improper,  rude,  or  uncivil  behavior.  Jiddison. 

MIS-DE-LIeP',  n.    Erroneous  belief;  false  religion. 

MassingEr. 
MIS-BE-LlKVE',r.  t.    To  believe  erroneously.    SW;. 
MIS-UE-LIeV'ER,  71.    One  who  believes  wrongly  ; 

one  who  holds  a  false  religion.  Dnjdcn. 

MIS-BE-LIeV'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Believing  erroneously  ; 

irreligious.  SImk. 

1\1IS-BE-SEEM',  v.  t.    To  suit  ill. 
:\11S-BE-SEEM'I.MG,  ppr.  or  o.     Ill-suiting. 
MIS-BE-SToW,  11.  (.    To  bestow  improperly.  MUtmi. 
MIS-BE-SToW'-ED,  ppr.     Bestowed  improperly. 
JIIS-BE-SToVV'I."IG,  pp.    Bestowing  improperly. 
MIS'BORN,  a.     Born  to  evil.  Spenser. 

MlS-CiVl/eU-LATE,  r.  t.    To  calculate  erroneously. 

Arbuihnot. 
MIS-CATi'eU-LS-TED,  pp.    Erroneously  calrulated. 
MIS-eAL'€U-LA-TING,  j)pr.    Committing  errors  in 

calculation. 
l«IS-eAL-€U-L.\'TION,  ii.    Erroneous  calculation. 
'SIIS-CALL',  (mis-kawl',)  ti.  U    To  call  by  a  wrong 

name";  to  name  improperly. 
iVlIS-CALL';!!),  pp.  or  a.     Misnamed. 
IMIS-CALI/ING,  }rpr.    Misnaming. 
JllS-CAR'RlAGE,  (mis-kar'rij,)  «.  Unfortunate  event 

of  an  undertaking  ;  failure. 

When  a  cflunnclor,  to  save  liimaclf, 

Would  Iny  mhcamages  upon  hia  priace.  Dnjdtn. 

9.  Ill  conduct ;  evil  or  improper  behavior  ;  as,  the 
failings  and  mi.^earriaires  of  the  righteous.     Rosers. 

3.  The  act  of  bringing  forth  before  the  time,  but 
so  late  that  the  young  are  capable  of  surviving. 

E.neyc. 
MIS-GAR'RI-£D,  {-kar'rid,)  pp.  Failed  of  the  intend- 
ed etfect ;  brought  forth  prematurely. 
MIS-CAR'RY,  JI.  i.  To  fail  of  tho  intended  effect ; 
not  to  succeed  ;  to  be  unsuccessful  ;  to  suffer  defeat ; 
applied  to  peraotis  or  undertakings,  and  to  things.  We 
say,  a  project,  scheme,  design,  enterprise,  attempt, 
has  miscarried. 

llityc  you  not  heiud  of  Prcdcrick,  (he  great  aoltltcr,  who  mis. 

mrried  al  tpx  ?  Shak. 

My  ihipa  haV'.-  all  tnitcarncd.  Slink. 

2.  To  bring  forth  young  before  the  proper  time, 
but  still  at  so  late  a  [leriod  as  to  bo  capable  of  surviv- 
ing. 

MIS-eAR'RY-ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Failing  of  the  intended 
effect;  bringing  forth  prematurely.    /^>,^■.  i.x. 

MIS-exST',  V.  t.    To  cast  or  reckon  erroneously. 

Brewn. 

MI.S-GXST',  pp.    Erroneously  cast  or  reckoned. 

MI3-C\.ST',  71.    An  tirroneotis  cast  or  reckoning. 

fiiis-eAST'lNG,  ppr.    Casting  or  reckoning  errone- 
ously. 

MIS-CEL-LA-Na'RI-AN,  a.   [See  Miscellinv.]   Be- 
longing to  miscellanies ;  of  miscellanies. 

MUcgUanarian  iulhoT*.  Sltnftebury. 

51  IS-CEL'L AN-IST,  j  n.    A  writer  of  niiscella- 

MIS-CEL-L.\-N.^'RI-AN,  (     Hies.  S/iqflsbary. 

MIS'CEL-LANE,  7!.     [L.  miscelloneus.] 

A  mixture  of  two  or  more  sorts  of  grain  ;  now 

called  Meslik.  Bacon. 

MIS-CEL-LA'NE-OUS,  a.    [L.  miscellaneus,  from  mis- 

cco.  to  mi.x.] 


Mixed  ;  mingled  ;  consisting  of  several  kinds  ,  as, 
a  miscetUincoits  publication  ;  a  miscellaneous  rabble. 

JlliUon. 
MIS-CEL-LS'NE-OUS-LY,    ado.      With    variety    or 

mixture. 
MIS-CEL-La'NE-OUS-NESS,  n.    The  state  of  being 

mixed  ;  com|>osition  of  various  kinds. 
MIS'CElr-LA-NY,  ?i.     [Fr.  ini.sccHuiiMs  ;    Sp.  misccla- 
■nca ;   h.  viisccUanea,  troin  miscco,  to  mix  ;   Ch.  and 
Ar.  I'D,  to  mix.    Class  Ms,  No.  7.] 

1.  A  mass  or  mixture  of  various  kinds ;  particu- 
Urhj, 

a.  A  book  or  pamphlet  containing  a  collection  of 

compositions  on  various  subjects,  or  a  collection  of 

various  kinds  of  compositions.  Pope.     Swift. 

MI.S'CEL-L;\-NY,  n.     Miscellaneous.     [Oi.i.]    Bacon. 

MIS-CEN'TER,  )  !i.  (.    To  place  amiss.     [JVofinusc] 

mis-cen"Ti;e,  (  namu. 

MIS-CflSN'CE',M.  Ill  luck;  ill  fortune;  misfortune; 
mishap ;  misadventure. 

It  i^  a  iniui'a  uiih^wiiieM,  his  77ii-e/ian«  or  uOanilty,  but  not  his 
fault.  SoulJt. 

MIS-eilAR'Ae-TEll-IZE,  v.  I.  [See  CHiRACTEn.] 
To  characterize  falsely  or  erroneously ;  to  give  a 
wrong  character  to. 

Tliry  totally  misclMjncterize  tho  action.  Eton. 

MIS-CII.KRGE',  ».  (.  To  mistake  in  charging,  as  an 
account. 

MIS-CHARGE',  71.  A  mistake  in  (diarging,  as  an  ac- 
count ;  an  erroneous  entry  in  an  account. 

MiS-CHXR(5'jED,;ip.     Charged  erroneously. 

MIS'CUIEF,  (mis'cliif,)  n.  [Old  Fr.  mcschcf;  mes, 
wron?,  and  eltef,  head  or  entl,  the  root  of  acldcvc,  Fr. 
ackevcr.] 

1.  Harm;  hurt;  injury  ;  damage ;  evd,  whether 
intended  or  not.  A  new  law  is  made  to  reiucdy  tlie 
mischief. 

2.  Intentional  injury  ;  harm  or  damage  done  by 
design. 

Thy  tongue  dcvisctll  mischief.  —  Ps.  Hi. 

3.  Ill  consequence;  evil;  vexatious  affair. 

The  77u«fhi>/was,  these  allien  would  never  oUow  that  tiie  com- 
mon enemy  was  BuUlued.  Swift. 

MIS'CHIEF,  V.  t.    To  hurt;  to  harm  ;  to  injure. 

Sprat. 

MIS'CHIEF-MaK-ER,  n.  One  who  makes  mis- 
chief; one  who  excites  or  instigates  quarrels  or  en- 
mity. 

JIIS'CIIIEF-MaK-ING,  a.  Causing  harm ;  exciting 
enmity  or  quarrels.  Rowe. 

MIS'CHIEV-OUS,  (mis'che-vous,)  a.  Harmful; 
hurtful;  injurious;  luaking  mischief;  of  persons: 
as,  a  miifchievous  man  or  disposition. 

2.  Hurtful;  noxious;  as,  aTHi.vc/acwouA- thing. 

.^rbuthnot. 

3.  Inclined  to  do  harm  ;  as,  a  mischievous  boy. 
MIS'OH!EV-OUS-LY,  adv.    With  injury,  hurt,  loss, 

or  damage.    We  say,  the  law  operates  77iu«A7ci'oh*/j/. 
a.  With  evil  intention  or  disposition.    The  injury 
was  done  ynischicpousbi. 
MIS'CHIEV-OUS-NES'S,  71.    Hurtfulness;    noxious- 
ness. 

2.  Disposition  to  do  harm,  or  to  vex  or  annoy  ;  as, 
the  misehieuousness  of  youth. 

Mischief  denotes  injmy,  harm,  or  damage  of  loss 
malignity  and  magnitude  than  wlitit  are  usually 
called  crimes.  We  never  give  the  name  of  mis- 
chief to  thcf>,  robbery,  or  miiidei-.  And  it  so  com- 
monly implies  intention  in  committing  petty  offenses, 
that  it  shocks  us  to  hear  the  word  applied  to  the  ca- 
lamities inflicted  by  Providence.  We  say,  a  tem- 
pest lias  done  great  damage,  but  not  mischief.  In  like 
manner,  the  adjective  inischievous  is  not  applied  to 
thieves,  pirates,  nud  other  felons,  hut  to  persons  com- 
mitting petty  trespasses  and  offenses. 

JIISCH'NA,  (mish'n'd,)  n.  The  text  of  the  Jewish 
Talmud.     [See  Mishna.] 

MIS-CHOOSE',  (mis-chooz',)  ti.  t.  To  choose  wrong; 
to  make  a  wrong  choice.  Milton. 

MIP-ClloS'-E.V,  pp.    Chosen  by  mistake. 

JIIS-CI-BIL'I-TY,  71.    Capability  of  being  mixed. 

MIS'CI-BLE,  a.     [Fr.,  from  L.  misceo,  to  mix.] 

That  may  be  mixed.  Oil  and  water  are  not  nii.t- 
cihle. 

MIS-CI-Ta'TION,  71.  A  wrong  citation;  erroneous 
quotation.  Collier. 

MlS-CITE',  II.  (.    To  cite  i.-roneously  or  ftUsely. 

MIS-CiT'ED,  pp.    auoted  wrong. 

MIS-CLaIM',  71.    A  mistaken  claim  or  demand. 

Baxon. 

MIS-eOM-PU-TA'TION,  ti.  Erroneous  computation  ; 
false  reckoning.  Clarendon. 

MIS-COM-POTE',  ti.  (.  To  compute  or  reckon  erro- 
neously. 

MIS-f'OM-POT'ED,  pp.    Reckoned  erroneously. 

MIS-eoM-PuT'ING,p;;7'.    Reckoning  erroneously. 

MIS-eON-CEIT'.     See  Misconception. 

MISeON-CKlVE',  71.  t.  or  i.  To  receive  a  false  no- 
tion or  opinion  of  any  thing ;  to  misjudge ;  to  have 
an  erroneous  understanding  of  any  thing. 

To  yield  to  otlicra  Jnrt  and  Toasonablo  causes  of  those  things, 
which,  for  want  of  due  consideration  heretofore,  they  have 
misconceived.  Hooker. 


MIS 

MIS-eON-C£IV'£D, pp.  Wrongly  understood;  mis 
taken. 

MlS-CON-CiilV'ING,  ]^.  Mistaking;  misunder- 
standing. 

MIS-€ON-CEP'TION',  71.  Erroneous  conception  ; 
false  opinion ;  wrong  notion  or  understanding  of  a 
thing. 

Great  errors  and  tlangcm  result  from  a  Jnisconespu'on  of  the 
names  of  things.  Ilarvry. 

MIS-eOK'DU€T,  71.  Wrcmg  conduct;  ill  behavior; 
ill  management.  AiUisoa. 

MIS-eON-DUCT',  11.  (.  To  coniluct  amiss;  to  mis- 
manage. 

.MIS-€ON-DUeT',  ti.  i.    To  behave  amiss. 

MrS-€ON-I)UeT'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Ill  managed;  badly 
conducted. 

MIS-eON-DUCT'ING,  i>pr.  Mismanaging;  misbe- 
having. 

MlS-CON-JEeT'yUE,  71.  A  wrong  conjecture  or 
guess. 

MlS-eoN-.IEeT'qRE,  V.  t.  or  i.    To  guess  wrong. 

Mlti-CON-JE€T'QR-Kl),  pp.    Guessed  wrong. 

MIS  eON-SE-€RA'TIOiN,  ii.    Wrong  consccratitm. 

MIS-CON-STRUC'TION,  71.  Wrong  interpretation 
of  words  or  tilings  ;  a  mistaking  of  the  true  mean- 
ing ;  as,  a  miseonstruction  of  words  or  actions. 

MIS-eON'STROE,  c.  1.  To  interpret  erroneously  ei- 
ther words  or  tilings.  It  is  important  not  to  miscon- 
strne  the  Scripture. 

Do  not,  jreat  sir,  misconslrue  hia  intent.  Dn/tUn. 

A  virtuous  cmiKTOr  waa  much  aliVcted  to  find  his  acrions  Jnis- 
comli-ued.  .iddleon. 

MIS-eON'STR0-ED,;)p.    Erroneously  interpreted. 

MIS-eON'STRU-ER,  «.  One  who  makes  a  wrong  in- 
terpretation. 

MIS-eON'STRU-ING,  ppr.    Interpreting  wrongly. 

MIS-eON-TIN'U-ANCB,  7J  Cessation;  intermission. 
[Obs.\ 

JlteeOB-RECT',  11.  t.  To  correct  erroneously  ;  to 
mistake  in  attempting  to  correct  another. 

He  passed  the  first  seven  years  of  hia  life  at  Mantua,  not  seven- 
teen, as  Sciiliger  /niscoiTecIs  his  author.  Dryden. 

MIS-eOR-RECT'ED,  pp.  Corrected  erroneously; 
mistaken  in  the  attempt  to  correct. 

MIS-€OUN'SEL,  71.  (.    To  advise  wrong.     Spenser. 

MIS-eOUN'SEL-£l),  pp.    Wrongly  advised. 

MIS-COUN'SEL-ING,  ppr.     Advising  wrongly. 

MIS-COUNT',  II.  (.  To  count  cnoneously;  to  mis- 
take in  counting. 

MIS-eoUNT',  V.  i.    To  make  wrong  reckoning. 

Bp.  Patrick. 

MIS-eOUNT',  71.  An  erroneous  counting  or  number- 
ing. 

MIS-COUNT'ED,  pp.    Counted  erroneously. 

MIS-eoUNT'ING,  piir.    Counting  incorrectly. 

MIS'CRE-ANCE,   j  71.     [See  MiaeltEANT.]     Unbelief; 

MIS'CRE-AN-CY,  i  false  faith  ;  adherence  to  a  false 
religion.     [Ohs.]  Spenser. 

MIS'CRE-.ANT,  11.  [Fr.  micriaiit ;  Norm.  TjiMcrMiint  ; 
t7i«,  wrong,  and  erM7ice,  belief,  from  L.  crcdcns,  cre- 
do.] 

1.  An  infidel,  or  one  who  embraces  a  false  failh. 
a.  A  vile  wretch  ;  an  unprincipled  fellow.  Jtddisim. 

MIS-CRE-aTE',     la.    Forined  unnaturally  or  illegit- 
MIS-eUE-AT'ED,  (      imately  ;  deformed.     [(».«.) 

Spens'T. 
MIS-€RE-A'TIVE,  a.  Tending  to  wrong  creation. 
PdlS  DATE',  71.    A  wrong  date.  [Shcllcij. 

iVllS-llATE',  11.  1.    To  date  erroneously. 
MIS-DAT'ED,  pp.    Dated  cvroneously. 
MIS-DEED',  71.    An  evil  deed  :  a  wicket!  action. 

Evils  which  our  own  misdeeds  have  done.  Milton. 

MIS-DEEM',  ti.  t.  To  judge  erroneously ;  to  misjudge ; 
to  mistake  in  judging.  Spenser. 

MIR-DEF.M'£D,  pp.     Erroneously  judged. 

MIS-DEEM'I.\G,  ppr.  Juilging  or  thinking  errone- 
ously. 

MIS-DE-MEAN',  II. «.    To  behave  ill.  Shalt. 

MIS-DE-MEAN'OR,  71.  Ill  boh.avior ;  evil  conduct; 
fault ;  mismanagement.  Soutlu 

2.  In  law,  an  offense  of  a  less  atrocious  nature  than 
a  crime.  It  applies  to  all  offenses  inferior  to  felony, 
and  also  to  all  offenses  for  which  the  law  has  not 
provided  a  particular  remedy.  Bouoitr. 

Crimes  and  misdemeanors  are  mere  synonymous 
terms;  but,  in  common  iLtage,  the  word  crime  is  made 
to  denote  offenses  of  a  deeper  and  more  atrocious 
dye,  while  small  faults  and  omissions  of  loss  conse- 
quence are  comprised  under  the  gentler  name  of  niis- 
demeanm-s.  Blaclistone. 

MIS-DE-RIVE',  v.  I.    To  err  in  deriving. 

MIS-Dl"..SeRIB'£D,  a.     Erroneously  described. 

MIS-1)E-SERT',  11.    Ill  desert.  Spciiser. 

MIS-DE-VO'TION,  71.  False  devotion  ;  mistaken  pie- 
ty.    JJMle  itserf.]  Donne. 

MIS-DI'ET,  VI.    Improper  diet  or  food.     [JVol  used.'] 

Spenser. 

JIIS-DI-RECT',  ti.  (.  To  give  a  wrong  direction  to ; 
as,  to  misdirect  a  passenger. 

9.  To  direct  to  a  wrong  person  or  place ;  as,  to  mis- 
direct  a  letter. 

MIS-DI-RECT'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Directed  wrong,  or  to  a 
wrong  person  or  place. 


FATE,  FXE,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.- 


718 


MIS 

MIS-DI-RECT'ING,  ppr.  Directing  wrong,  or  to  a 
wrong  person  or  place. 

MIS-DI-UEG'TION,  n.    The  act  of  directing  wrongly. 
2.  In  laic,  an  error  coniniitteil  hy  a  jinl^e  in  cli;ng- 
inc;  the  jur)',  in  matters  of  la^v  or  of  fact.     Boucio: 

MIS-DIS-PO-SI"TION,  (-po-zish'un,)  71.  Disposition 
to  evl!.     yVot  in  use.]  Bp.  Hall. 

Ml!S-DIri-TIA"'GUISH,  (-ling'gwish,)  v.  t.  'I'o  make 
wrong  distinctions.  Hooker. 

MIS-DO',  V.  t.  or  1.  r?ee  Do.]  To  do  wrong  ;  to  do 
amiss  ;  to  commit  a  crime  or  fault.  Miltou. 

MIS-DO'ER,  n.  One  wlio  does  wrong;  one  who  com- 
mits a  finlt  or  crime.  Spenser. 

M!.S-DO'IXG,  i>pr.  Doing  wrong;  committing  a  fault 
or  crime. 

MIS-DO'ING,  It,  A  wrong  done ;  a  fault  or  crime ;  an 
otfense.  VBsfrange. 

MIS-DOUBT',  tmis-dout',)  v.  U  [See  Doubt.]  To 
suspect  of  deceit  or  danger.  {An  illrfoT'midxoord,  and 
not  in  use.']  Sidney.     Sliak.     Dnjdnu 

MIS-DOUBT',  (-dout',)  H.    Suspicion  of  crime  or  dan- 
ger. Shak. 
2.  Irresolution  ;  liesitation.     [J^ot  used.]      Ska!:. 

MTS-DOUBT'FUL,  C-<lout',)  a.     Misgivin:?.     Spenser. 

MIS-DUE  AD',  c'-dred',)  n.     Dread  of  evil.     Bp.  HaU. 

Ml':?E,  (meez,)  n.  [Er.  ;;iw,  put,  laid,  pp.  of  inettre,  L. 
initio  ;  Norm,  inise.] 

1.  In  laWf  an  issue  to  be  tried  at  the  grand  assize. 

2.  Expense ;  cost. 

3.  A  tax  or  tallage ;  in  JVales,  an  honorary  gift  of 
the  people  to  a  new  king  or  jirince  of  Wales  ;  also,  a 
trrbute  paid,  in  the  countii  Palatine  of  Chester,  at  the 
chance  of  the  owner  of  the  earldoms.  Encye. 

MIS-ED'y-GA-TED,  a.  Educated  in  a  wrong  man- 
ner. Jilrs.  Montagu 

MIS-EM-PLOY',  V.  L  To  employ  to  no  purpose,  or  to 
a  bad  purpose  ;  as,  to  misemploy  time,  power,  advan- 
tages, talents,  &c.  Lodte.    Jiddison. 

MIS-EM-PLOY'£D,  pp.  or  a.  Used  to  no  purpose,  or 
to  a  bad  one. 

MIS-EM-PLOY'ING,  ppr.  Using  to  no  purpose,  or  to 
a  bad  one. 

MIS-EM-PLOY'MENT,  n.  Ill  employment;  applica- 
tion to  no  purpose,  or  to  a  had  purpose.  llalc. 

MIS-EX'TEK-£D,  /ip.    Entered  wrong,  as  an  account. 

flIlS-EN'TRY,  7(.  An  erroneous  entry  or  charge,  as  of 
an  account. 

MI'SER,  7!.     [L.,  viiscr,  miserable.] 

1.  A  miserable  person  ;  one  wretched  or  afHicted. 
[Obs.]  Spenser. 

9.  .\  wretch  ;  a  mean  fellow.     [Obs.]  Sliak. 

.1.  An  extremely  covetous  person  ;  a  sordid  wretch  ; 
a  niggard  ;  one  who  in  wealth  makes  himself  miser- 
able by  the  fear  of  priverly.  [  TViis  is  the  only  sense  in 
which  it  i;  noto  used.] 

No  silver  saints  by  dying  jnissrs  given.  Pope. 

JIIS'ER-A-BLE,  a.  [Fr.  viiserable,  from  L.  mwffr,  mis- 
crabilis.] 

1.  Very  unhappy  from  grief,  pain,  calamity,  pover- 
ty, apprehension  of  evil,  or  other  cause.  It,  however, 
expresses  somewhat  less  than  wrctchai. 

What  hopes  delude  Ihee,  mtserahle  man  ?  Dnjdcn. 

G.  Very  poor ;  worthless. 

Miserable  comforters  are  ye  all.  —  Job  xvi. 

3.  Causing  unhappiness  or  miseiy. 

f         What's  more  miserable  (ban  discontent  ?  iViai. 

4.  Veiy  poor  or  mean  ;  as,  a  miserable  hut ;  viiser- 
able clothing. 

5.  Very  poor  or  barren  ;  as,  a  miserable  soil. 

G.  Very  low  or  despicable  ;  as,  a  miserable  person. 
MIS'ER-A-BLE-NESS,  H.    State  of  misery;  poorness. 
MIS'ER-A-BL\',  adv.    Unhappily;  calamitously. 

Tiic  rifih  was  miserally  sUil,bed  to  deiilli.  South. 

9,  Very  poorly  or  meanly ;  wretchedly.  They  were 
ml-^crably  entertained.  Sidney. 

'3.  In  misery  or  unhappiness. 
ji[TS-E-RE'RR,  n.     [L.,  have  mercy.] 

In  the  Roman  Cathohc  church,  the  j)salm  usually  ap- 
pointed for  penitential  acts,  being  the  51st  psahn, 
wliich  commences  with  this  word. 
MI'SER-LV,  ii.     [See  Miser.]     Very  covetous;  sor- 
did ;  niggardly ;  parsimonious. 
MIS'KR-Y,  V.    "[L.  yniscria ;  Fr.  viiserc.] 

I.  Great  unhappiness ;  extreme  pain  of  body  or 
mind.  A  man  suffers  misery  from  the  gout,  or  from 
great  afflictions,  distress,  calamity,  and  otlier  evils. 
Misery  expresses  somewhat  less  than  wretchedness. 

Misery  is  cu  really  the  fruit  of  vice  roij^iiin^  in  the  lieart,  i>s  Unvs 
ore  tlie  produce  of  lares  sown  in  liie  field.        J.  LaUirop. 

9.  Calamity;  misfortune;  natural  evils  which  are 
the  cause  of  misery. 

And  mouni  the  minenes  of  human  llf:.  Dr-jdtn. 

3.  Covetoiisness.     [JVo£  u.^d.]  Shak. 

MIS-ES'TI-MATE,  v.  U    To  estimate  erroneously. 

Mtford. 
MIS-ES'TI-Ma-TED,  pp.    Estimated  erroneously. 
MIS-EX-PLI-€a'TIO.V,  n.    Wrong  explanation. 
MIS-EX-POUND',  V.  t.    To  expound  erroneously. 

Hooker. 
MIS-EX-PRES'SION,  (-presh'un,)  n.    Erroneous  ex- 
pression. Baxter. 


MIS 

MIS-FALI,',  (mis-fiiwl',)  v.  I.    To  befall,  an  111  luck  ; 

to  Impprn  to  linltickilv.  Rpautr. 

MIS-I'AI,I/£N,  (-fiiwl'n,)  vp-    Il.ipiicned  unluckily. 
MIS-FARI'/,  ji.    Ill  fare  ;  misfortune.  Spauer 

.M1S-I''aKK',  r.  J.    'I'o  be  in  an  ill  suite. 
MIS-FA.SII'ION,  !5.  (.    To  form  wrong.       HalieKill 
MIS-FeA'»ANCE,  (-fS'/.ans,)  «.    [Fr.  ma  ami  fai- 

sanci\  from  fairCj  to  do.] 
In  law^  a  tresp:i:^s ;  a  wrong  done.  Kncye. 

MIS-PEIGN',  (niis-mno',)  r.  i.    To  feign  with  an  ill 

liP5i2ii-  Siieiuer. 

JIIS-FOIIM',  V.  L    To  make  an  ill  form  ;  to  put  in  an 

ill  slj;ipe.  Sficiucr. 

MlS-FOUM-.i'TION,  n.   An  irregiilarilv  of  formation. 
iMIS-FORM'£l),  rp-    Made  of  an  ill  sliatw. 
MIS-FOR'TtJ-NATE,  a.    Producing  misfortune. 

//.  Tutilor. 
MIS-FOR'TUNE,  71.    Ill  fortune  ;  ill  luck  ;  calamity  ; 

art  evil  or  cross  accident,  as  loHS  of  property  at  sea  or 

by  lire. 

Conridor  why  the  ch.injje  was  wrotijht, 

You'll  find  it  ilia  mh/'irlune,  iiol  litK  frtult.  Addilon. 

MIS-F0R'TIIN-J5D,  n.    Unfortunate.  JlfUton. 

MlS-t;lVE',  (mis-giv',)  V.  t.  [See  Give.]  To  till  with 
doubt ;  to  deprive  of  confidence  ;  to  fall ;  usualin  ap- 
plied tj  the  heart. 


MIS 


So  doth  iny  hoart  mitgive  mc. 
His  heart  rnitgave  him. 


AdtHton. 


9.  To  fiive  or  grant  amiss.    [JVot  m  «,«.]    Lauil. 
MI.S-GIV'ING,  jipr.    Filling  with  doubt  or  distrust ; 

failing. 
Miy-GIV'ING,  n.    A  failing  of  confidence ;  doubt ;  dit*- 

trust. 

DooLLs,  suspicions,  (\nd  miaghingt.  So^itli. 

MIS-GOT'TEN,  a.     Unjustly  obtained. 
JUS-GOV'EUN,  (-juv'ern,)  v.  t.    To  govern  ill ,  to 
administer  unfaithfully. 

Solyman  charged  him  bitterly  that  lie  had  7nissotterned  dio  Bt-ite. 

Kriollet. 

MIS-GOV'ERN-ANCE,  (-guv'crn-ans,)  n.  Ill  govern- 
ment ;  disorder  ;  irregularity.  Speii^icr. 

MIS  GCJV'EKN-£D,  pp.  or  a.  Ill  governed  ;  badly  ad- 
ministered. 

2.  Rude ;  unrestrained  ;  as,  rude,  minjraverited 
hands.  ShaJ:. 

MIS-GOV'ERN-JIENT,  n.  Ill  ailministration  of  pub- 
lic alfairs.  liaU'^h. 

2.  Ill  management  in  private  affairs,         T.t'jtin: 

3.  Irresularilv  ;  disortle;.  Shak. 
MIS-GR.siFF'.  r.'t.    'I'o  graft  amiss. 
MI.«-GR.sLFT'ED,  ;)p.    Grafted  amiss. 
MIS-G!;OUND'  !i.  t.    To  found  erroneously.      JMl. 
MIS-GUID'ANCE,7t.  Wrong  direction;  guidance  into 

error.  SuiUh. 

MId-GUlDE',  V.  t.    Tolead  or  guide  into  error ;  to  di- 
rect ill ;  as,  to  misg-aUle  the  understanding  or  mind. 
Locke.     Pope. 

MIS-GUID'ED,  pp.  or  n.  Led  astray  by  evil  counsel 
or  v/rong  direction  ;  as,  a  rnisg-uidctl  prince.    Prior. 

MIS-GUiD'ING,p;)!-.  Giving  wrong  direction  to;  lead- 
ing into  error. 

MIS-GUID'ING,  71.    The  act  of  misleading. 

MIS-GUlD'ING-LT,  adv.    In  a  vv.ay  to  mislead. 

MIS-MAP',  71.  Ill  chance;  evil  accident;  ill  luck; 
misfortune. 

Secure  from  worljly  cli.-.nccs  and  7:iishaps.  Sliok. 

MIS-HAP'P£N,  V.  1.    To  happen  ill.  Spctiscr. 

MIS-HEAR',  V.  t.    To  mistake  in  hearing. 

J1IS-HE.\KD',  p;).    Ilenrd  mistakenly  or  imperfectly. 

JIISH'JIASH,  B.     [TiMlt.  ).ikc;miiu.5c/i.] 
A  mingle,  or  hotchpetch. 

WISH'NA,  11.  [Heb.  n;'i'D,  derated,  from  n;w,  to  rc- 
iieat.] 

A  collection  or  digest  of  .lewisli  traditions  and  ex- 
planations of  Scripture,  forming  tiie  text  of  the  Tal- 
mud. Murdock. 

JlISII'Nie,  a.    Pertaining  or  relating  to  the  Mislma. 
Knjield.     EnctfC 

JIIS-ni-PROVE',  (-proov',)  ti.  t.  To  improve  to  a  bad 
purpose;  to  abuse;  as,  to  misiniprove  lime,  talents, 
advantages. 

.■MiS-IJl-PKOVCn,  ).;'■  I  r  "■     '■'■■'"'"I  'o  =■  '>"''  POfposc. 

MIS-IJl-PROVB'MEN'P,  (-proov-,)  ;i.  Ill  use  or  em- 
ployment ;  improvement  to  a  bail  |iurpase. 

MIS-IN-FER',  V.  t.    To  draw  a  wrong  inference. 

Hooker. 

MIS-IN-FORM',  ^'.  t.  To  give  crrimeous  information 
to  -  to  communicate  an  incorrect  statement  of  facts. 

MIS-IN-FORJI-A'TION,  II.  Wrong  information  ;  lalse 
account  or  iiitelligeiico  received.       Bacon.     South. 

MIS-IN-FORM'Kl),  p;i.    Wrongly  informed. 

JIIS-IN-FORM'ER,  n.  One  that  gives  wrong  inform- 
ation. 

WlS-lN-FORJI'IN'G,y;)r.    Communicating  erroneous 

inforination  to.  .         „   , 

MIS-IN-STRUeT',  71.  (.     To  instruct  amiss.     Hooker. 

i\llS-I\-S1'RIICT'En,  pp.    Instructed  amiss. 

MIS-IN-STRUe'TION,  "■     Wrong  instniction.  More. 

MIS-lN-TEL'I,I-GENUE,Ji.  Wrong  inforination ;  dis- 
agreement. 

MIS-IN-TER'PRF.T,  11.  t.  To  interpret  erroneously; 
to  understand  or  to  explain  in  a  wrong  sense. 

^^rbittfinot. 


MIS-IN'-TRR-PRET-A'TION,   ■. 

\"'' ■ 

Ml 

it 


TiK  mtt  of  iB\rt- 
pp.ora.   Erroacoat'. 


.Ml.vi..-!  ,,i.  1 ,,,,,   i.ii,  lu     One  wt-      ■ 

roneoiihlv. 
MI.S-IN-Tfea'rUET-I.S'C, ffr.    Km, 

MIS-JOIN',  r.  (.    To  Joia  unfit 

MIi3-J0I.\''DER,  n.    Id  '    -  ■ 

tinct  demands  In  a  df 

be  tllilK  united. 
MIS-JOI.N'JTD,™.    In,; 
MI.';-JOIN'I.\<;,oor.    J 
.MIH-JUDCE',  (-juj',)  r.  • 

to  judge  erroiieoujly. 
.MIS-JUDGE',  (juj',)  r.  u    'f o  ctt  1 

form  false  opinions  or  noC&ont. 
.MIS-JUD<5'«I),;7..  or '.-.     '    '■    ' -- 
,MI8-JUI)G  I.\G,  ppr.     1 

ing  :i  v.Toni:  opiiii'^n  <  ; 
.MIS-J UM'JIE.S'l',  n.     A  ... 

tion. 
.MI.S'KIV,  71.     A  little  bairplpe. 
.MI15-KIN'DLE,  r.  (.    To  kindle  ^n,...  ,  ,., 

a  bad  purprjse. 
MIS-L.^ID',  yp.    Laid  In  »  wronj  plicf ,  or 

recollected ;  lort. 
MIS-LAY',  r.  (.    To  la;. 

The  fault  U  geoerJly  mii  . 

2.  To  lay  in  a  place  nut  rt. 

If  d)C  budrr  l«  Ibe  lc£>Ulr,  ni«:3, 
fuidiL 

MIS-L.^Y'ER,  n.  One  t' 

that  loses. 
MIS-LSY'LVG,  nrr.      I. 

place  not  remembered  ; 
MIS'LE,  (niiz'zl,)  r.  i. 

TLE.] 

To  rain  in  vcr>'  fine  droit-. 


MIS-LicAD',  r.  e. ;  prcu  and  pf. 
To  load  into  a  wrong  way  < 
to  guide  into  error ;  to  caus- 


like  a  1 
.Ml,: 


Tmtt  not  ■crr.ant*  *lw  r^i- 
Eut  of  the  two.  ko  lUn  - 
'i'o  lire  our  patieuce,  tb- 


.nlofirrr. 

Leaning  into  error  i 


:.i;?-LF.AD'En,  II.  oi 

MIS-I.EAD'ING,  ppr. 

to  err ;  deceiving. 
MIS-LiiAD'I.NG,  n.    .\  misplidinn- 
MIS-LEARN'EI),  (-lem'ed  w  -Icmd',)  €.    ' 

or  properly  learned. 
MIS-LED',  pp.  of  .MuLiiD.     Led  into  en. 

wrong  way. 

—  To  ipn  do.  Ufht 
To  the  rAijtnf  \ai  Uiody  IraT-..-.-, 


.^..         II 


MUTLI 

To  di 


MIS'LE-TOE,  71.    See 

JIIS-LIKE',  r.  t.  or  i. 

have  aversion  to ;  as 


{For  this  vord  Disl; 
MIS-I.IKE',  71.  Dislik. 
MIS-LIK'KD,  (Kkl',)  I 
MISLIK'ER,  n.     One: 

MIS-LIK'I.NG.ji/TT.     111,.,. -      ., 

MIS'UN.    Sce.Mout. 
MIS-I.IVE',  (inis-liv'.)  r.  (.    To  IIto  «mt««. 
.mis-luck',  71.    Ill  luck  ;  ml'fofluw. 
.MIS'I.Y,  0.    (See  MuLi  and  Mm.; 

small  drops. 
MI.«-.M.\.\'.\OE,  r.  t.     T.i  i.iani-. 

improp^'rlv;  as,  to  "i: 
.MIS-MAX'.VtJK.  r.L  I 
.MIS-MAX'.\-Gf;n,n>- 
MIS-M.\.\'AGE-ME.NT,  •..     I 

meat ;  ill  conduct ;  as,  the  . . 

or  pri\"ate  alfairs. 
MIS-M  AN'.V-CKR,  «.    One  tl: 
MIS-MAX'.VCING,  ?pr.    Mt 
.MIS-M.URK',  r.  t.    To  mark  n 

mark  em>n<  ouslv. 
MIS-M.XRK'i:l',  (  ui.irl,I'.-  .-  '•     '''•'• 
MIS-M.VRK'I.NG,  ppr.    .Marking  <rr  • 
MIS-M.\TCH',  r.  r.    To  m.nch  un»:. 
.AIIS-M.-VTCH'iH),  (-niarlit',)  pp.  I'n- 

ill  joined. 
MlS-M.\TCII'IXG,p?r.    Matching  in  ja 

manner. 
MIS-MEAS'tJRE,  r.  I.    To  mr.v.no  :ik  -■ 
.MIS-X.\ME',  r.  t.    To  call  by 
M1S-N.\M'KD,  pp.    Called  1  :■ 
MIS-N.^  M'LXG,  ppr.    Calling    . 
MIS-NO'-MER,  71.    (Old  Fr.  k'-sw. 

to  name.] 
In  late,  the  mislnkin"  ■■"  i^-'  ■"; 

son  ;    a  misnaining. 

RIarkstone,  lliusl  b*' 

dialect  has  hhisc,  L.  :i         . 

le.ss  bv  mistake.] 
MIS-O-'Bl^'DI-EXCF,  «. 

obedience,    (.^■ol  ««<*.] 


Kidaeoof  obcdttfi 


TBNE,  BIJLL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  a.s  K ;  G  as  J 


S  a.s  Z;  Cn  as  SII;  TH  as  in  Tms, 
719 


(\ 


MIS 

MIS-OB-SERVE',  (-zerv',)  v.  U  To  observe  innccu- 
rnlcly  ;  to  niisiako  in  observing.  Locke, 

MI-SOO'A-MlST,ji.     [Gr.  /itaeuj,  to  hale,  uml  j  u/ms, 
nuirriaiie.] 
A  Imter  of  marriage. 

MI-SOO'A-.MV,  n.     Hatred  of  maiTiage. 

MI-SOG'V-NIST,   (mc-soj'e-nist,)  n.     [Gr.  //(ocw,  to 
hate,  anil  >  >'i"j,  woman.] 
A  woman-hater.    [UntisuaL]  Fuller. 

;\II-SO0'V-NV,  n.  [Supra.J  Hatred  of  the  female 
sex. 

SHivO-PIN'ION,  f-yiin.)  iu    Erroneous  opinion. 

Bp.  IML 

RIIS-OU'DER,  V.  t.  To  onler  ill ;  to  manage  erroneous- 
ly.    [  Obs.]  Ascham. 
2.  To  manage  ill ;  to  condnct  badlv.  [Obs.]     iShak. 

MIS-OU'DEU,  71.  Irregularity  ;  disorderly  proceedings. 
( fl'c  noio  IMC  Di50RDEn.]  Camden. 

MIS-OK'DEK-LY,  (I.     Irrt'guliir ;  disorderly.     Jischam. 

MIS-OK-DI-Na'TION,  n.     Wron^;  ordination.    More. 

MIS-PELL',  iMIS-rEND',  &lc.  Hoe  Missi-ku.,  Mis- 
spend. 

MIS-PER-SUADE',  (-swade',)  r.  t.  To  persuade  amiss, 
or  lo  JL-ad  to  a  wrong  notion.  Hooker. 

MIS-I»ER-SUA'SION,  (-sw-i'/.hun,)  h.  A  false  per- 
sMCtsinn  ;  wrong  notion  or  opinion.     Decay  of  Piety. 

MIS-I'lCK'^L,  V.  Arsenical  pyritr-i ;  an  ore  of  arsen- 
ic, containing  this  mel;d  in  combination  with  iron, 
sometimes  found  in  cubic  crystals,  but  more  often 
without  any  regular  form.  Foarcroy. 

flIIS-PLACE',  1'.  t.  To  put  in  a  wrong  place  ;  as,  the 
book  is  inisplacctl. 

2.  To  place  on  an  improper  object ;  as,  he  misplaced 
his  confidence.  SffuVi. 

MIS-PLaC'/JD,  C-pli*st',)  pp.  or  a.  Put  in  a  wrong 
plare,  or  on  an  improper  object. 

MIS-I'LaCE'MENT,  71.  TJie  act  of  putting  in  the 
wron^  place. 

MIS-PLaC'INC;,  ppr.  Putting  in  a  wrong  place,  or 
on  a  wrong  object. 

MiS-PLKAO',  V.  i.    To  err  in  pleading.    Black.nonc. 

MIS-PLKAD'ING,  ppr.  Making  a  mistake  in  plead- 
ing. 

MIS-PL£AD'ING,  71.    A  mistake  in  pleadmg. 

MIS-POINT%  V.  U  To  point  improperly  j  to  err  in 
punctuation. 

MIS-POINT'EU,  pp.    Pointed  wrong. 

MIS-POI.'I-CV,  n.    Wrong  policy  ;  impolicy. 

MIS-PRAG' TICE,  n.    Wrens  practice.  More. 

MIS-PRINT',  I'.  (.  To  mistake  in  printing  ;  to  print 
wron?. 

MIS-PRINT',  71.  A  mistake  in  printing;  a  deviation 
from  the  copy.  Ch.  Obs. 

MIS-PRINT'ED,  pp.  or  a.    Erroneously  printed. 

MIS-PRINT'ING,  ppr.    Printing  wrong. 

MIS-PRINT'ING,  71.  The  act  of  printing  wrong  ;  a 
misprint.  Baxter. 

MIS-PRI$E',  V.  t.   [Fr.  mcprendre,  viei)ris ;  mes,  wrong, 
and  prendre,  to  take.] 
To  mist;ike.  Sltak. 

MIS-PRIS'ION,  (mis-prizh'un,)  n.  [Supra.]  Neglect ; 
contenipt.  < 

2.  In  law,  any  high  offense  under  the  degree  of 
capital,  but  nearly  bordering  thereon.  Misprision  is 
ctmtained  in  every  treason  and  felony.  Misprisions 
are  divided  into  nc-fative  and  positive ;  ncirative,  wliich 
consist  IH  the  concealmentof  sometliing  which  ought 
to  be  revealed  ;  and  positive,  which  consist  in  the 
1  commission  of  something  wliich  ought  not  to  be 
done.  Misprision  of  treason,  consists  in  a  bare  knowl- 
edge and  concealment  of  treason,  without  assenting 
to  it.  BlacksUme. 

ftlal  ad  ministration  in  offices  of  high  public  trust, 
is  a  positive  misprision.  Blackstonc, 

'3.  Mistake;  oversight  j  contempt.    [JVut  imuic.] 

Sluilc. 
MIS-PRTZE',  V.  t.    Imis  and  j>rize.]    To  slight  or  un- 
dervalue. 

O  for  Oiote  vanUhed  hours,  so  muzhniuprized.        ITtllhouee, 

MIS-PUO-CEED'ING,  7i.  Wrong  or  irregular  proceed- 
ing. Bacon. 

MIS-PRO-FESS',  V.  U  To  make  a  false  profession  j  to 
make  pretensions  to  skill  which  is  not  possessed. 

Danne. 

MIS-PRO-NOUNCE',  (rais-pro-nouns',)  v.  t.  To  pro- 
nounce erroneously ;  as,  to  mispronotincc  a  word,  a 
name,  &c. 

MIS-PRO-NOUNCr/,  (mis-pro-nouns',)  v.  i.  To  pro- 
nounce incorrecllv.  Milton. 

MIS-PRO-NOUNC'£D,(-pro-nounst',)pp.  Pronounced 
incorreclly. 

MiS-PRO-Nt'N-CI-A'TION,  n.  A  wrong  or  improper 
pronunciation.  Swift. 

MIS-PRO-POR'TION,  V.  L  To  err  in  proportioning 
one  thing  to  another;  to  join  without  due  propor- 
tiipn. 

M1S-PR0-P6R'TI0N-ED,  pp.  Joined  without  due 
proportion. 

MI.^-PROUDV,  a.     Viciously  proud.  [J^ot  ^u^ed.]    Slia};. 

MIS-Q.UO-Ta'TI0N,  71.  An  erroneous  quotation  ;  the 
act  of  quoting  wrong. 

MIS-UUCTE',  V.  t.  To  quote  erroneously  ;  to  cite  in- 
correcllv. 


MIS 

MIS-aUoT'ED,  pp.    Inc(trrcctly  quoted  or  cited. 
MIS-ClUoT'ING,  ppr.    Uuoling  or  ci'.ing  erroneously. 
MIS-RATE',  V.  t.    To  rate  eric/ACously  ;  to  estimate 

falsely.    _  Barrow. 

MIS-RE-CkIVE',  v.  t.    To  receive  erroneously. 
J\ns-RE-CIT'AL,  71.     An  inaccurate  recital. 
MIS-RE-CTTE',  I'.  (.  To  recite  enoneously.  Bramhall. 
M1S-UE-CIT'E1>,  pp.    Recited  incorrectly. 
MIS-RE-(.'TT'ING,  ppr.     Reciting  erroneously. 
MIS-RECK' ON,  I',  t.    To  reckon  or  compute  wrong. 

Swift. 
MIS-RECK' ON-EU,  (-rck'nd,)  pp.    Reckoned  or  com- 

put(;d  erroneously. 
MIS-RECK' ON-ING,  ppr.    Reckoning  wrong;    and 

as  a  noun,  an  erroneous  compulation. 
MIS-RE-L.\TE',  V.  t.  To  relate  falsely  or  inaccurately. 

Boij?r.. 
MIS-RE-LaT'ED,  pp.  Erroneously  related  or  told. 
MIS-RE-LAT'ING,  2W'    Relating  or  telling  errone- 

OMSlv. 

MIS-liE-LA'TION,  n.  Erroneous  relation  or  narra- 
liuii.  liyamhall. 

MIS-RE-MEM'IJER,  v.U  To  mistake  in  rememl)er- 
ing;  not  lo  remember  correctly.  Boyle. 

MIS-RE-MEM'BER-i-I),  ;j/j.    Iriaccurately  recollected. 

MI3-RE-MEM'BER-IN(;,  ppr.  Remembering  inaccu- 
rately. 

MIS-RE-PoRT',  I',  t.  'I'o  report  erroneously  ;  to  give 
an  incorrect  account  of.  Locke. 

MIS-RE-P6RT',  n.  An  erroneous  report;  a  false  or 
incorrect  account  given.  DeiUtam.     South. 

MIS-RE-PoRT'ED,  pp.     Incorrectly  rep..rted. 

MI.S-RE-PoRT'lNG,  ppr.     Reporting  incorrectly. 

MIS-REP-RE-SENT',  v.  t.  To  represent  falsely  or  in- 
correctly ;  to  give  a  false  or  erroneous  representa- 
tion, either  maliciously,  ignornntly,  or  carelessly. 

Swift. 

MIS-REP-RE-SENT-a'TION,  71.  The  act  of  giving  a 
false  or  erroneous  representation.  Swift. 

2.  A  false  or  incorrect  acrxmnt  given,  either  from 
mistake,  carelessness,  or  malice.  MtcrbtLry. 

JN'ote.  —  This  word  is  so  customarily  used  for  an 
euphemisni,  or  as  a  softer  expression  for  lie  or  false- 
hood, as  lo  convey  the  idea  generally  of  intentional 
falsehood.  'J'his  signification,  however,  is  not  neces- 
sarily implied. 

MIS-liEP-RE-SENT'ED,  pp  Falsely  or  erroneously 
represented. 

MIS-REP-RE-SENT'ER,  n.  One  who  gives  a  false  or 
erroneous  account. 

MIS-REP-UE-£ENT'ING,  ppr.  Giving  a  false  or  er- 
roneous representation. 

MIS-RE-POTE',  I',  t.    To  have  in  wrong  estimation. 

MIS-RE-PCT'EDj  jip.  or  a.    Erroneously  reputed. 

Milton. 

MIS-RtJLE',  71.  Disorder;  confusion;  tumult  from 
insubordination. 

Enoniioud  riot  mill  misrule.  Pupe, 

2.  Unjust  domination. 
Lord  of  misrule.     See  IjORd. 
MIS-Ru'LY, a.  Unruly;  ungovernable;  turbnknt.  IML 
MISS,   71.     [Supposed  by  IJailcy  to  be  contracted  from 
viistress.    But  probably  it  is  from  the  Armoric  vic.scU, 
a  young  lady,  or  contracted  from  Fr.  demoiselle^  Sp. 
damisola.     See  Damsel.] 

1.  The  title  of  a  young  woman  or  girl ;  as,  little 
masters  and  misses.  Swijl. 

2.  A  kept  mistress  ;  a  prostitute  retained  ;  a  con- 
cubine. Dnjden. 

[When  this  title  is  applied  lo  two  or  more  ladies  of 
the  same  name,  lliere  is  a  diversity  of  usage.  In  con- 
versation^ we  say,  the  Miss  Smitlis,  and  this  was  for- 
merly the  custom  in  writing,  as  shown  in  the  prac- 
tice of  Burke,  Moswell,  and  many  otliers.  Of  late, 
it  has  become  customary,  in  im-iiimr,  lo  use  misses; 
as,  the  Misses  SmiUi ;  and  althougJi  there  is  still  some 
diversity,  tliis  may  be  considered  ns  the  prevailing 
usage.  Such  are  the  statements  of  the  latest  English 
grammarians.  Eu.] 
MISS,  V.  t.  [Sax.  wissian;  D.  and  G.  viissen;  Sw. 
mista;  Dun.  mister;  allied  perhaps  to  h.  mitto,  vi is i ; 
ojnitio,  omisi.  But  Ibis  is  not  certain.  The  Welsh 
has  the  word  in  vuthu,  to  fail,  to  miss,  to  become 
abortive,  to  miscarry,  to  decay.  See  Class  Md,  No. 
8,  12,  13,  14,  IG.     Hence  the  prefix  7/n".s\] 

1.  To  fail  in  aim  ;  to  fail  of  reaching  the  object; 
not  to  hit ;  as,  to  miss  the  mark ;  to  miss  the  object 
intended. 

2.  To  fail  of  finding  the  right  way ;  to  err  in  at- 
tempting to  find  ;  as,  lo  miss  the  way  or  the  road. 

3.  To  fail  of  obtaining. 

0r^;ilU3  f  arc'I  nothing  but  la  inisa  Parthciiu.  .SItiney. 

4.  To  learn  or  discover  that  something  is  wanting, 
or  not  where  it  was  supposed  to  be  ;  as,  lo  miss  one's 
snuff-box  ;  I  missed  the  first  volume  of  Livy. 

Neither  miseed  w<?  any  thiiif.    Nothing  was  missed  of  all  that 
pertjiiiicd  to  him,  —  1  Sam.  xxv. 

5.  To  he  without ;  as,  we  can  not  miss  him.  [  Obs,] 

ShaJc. 
G.  To  omit ;  to  pass  by ;  to  go  without ;  to  fail  to 
liave ;  as,  to  viiss  a  meal  of  victuals. 

She  would  never  misa  one  day 

A  ttalk  so  fine,  a  aighl  so  gviy.  Prior. 


MIS 

7.  To  perceive  the  want  of. 

What  by  uip  thou  hiist  lost,  thou  h-iist  shalt  mixt,  JV/i/ton. 

Uu  wlio  hoa  B  rimi,  tincom  Iriend,  nitiy  wuiu  till  llie  K'-l  wiiliout 
miasing  ihcni.  .S'liiCi. 

8.  To  fail  of  seeing  or  finding. 

MISS,  V.  i.     'J'o  fail  lo  hit ;  lolly  wide  ;  lo  deviate  from 
the  true  direction. 


Plying  btillctK  now, 
To  cxeciitf  hiti  mpe,  ajip^'ar  too  riuw  ; 
Tliiy  Tiiiga,  (it  atvcep  but  cuinnioii  souls  away. 

2.  Not  to  succeed  ;  to  fail. 


Wa.i:*'. 


IM^ii  obfiorvc  when  Ihhiga  hit,  itiitl  not  whan  they  mitt.  BacQu. 

3.  To  fail ;  to  miscarry,  as  by  accident. 

The  invention  all  ndnili'ed,  and  each  how  hi; 

To  be  the  nivcntor  minted.  Milton. 

4.  To  fail  lo  obtain,  learn,  or  find;  with  of. 

On  the  Iciut  rencctiun ,  wo  can  not  miss  of  ihcm.      Atterbur^ 

5.  To  fail ;  to  mistake.  Spenser. 
MISS,  71.     Loss;  want. 

There  will  be  no  jrOftlniiiJ  of  Ihoso  which  .nn;  l"tl.        /.wcSr. 

2.  Mistake ;  error. 

He  did  without  uny  ^real  iiUie  hi  the  hardest  jiointa  of  pranunar. 
[Little  u»ed.]  Atcham. 

3.  Harm  from  mistake.     [Ois.]  Spenser. 
MIS-SAID',  C-sed,)  j;;j.    Said  wrong. 
MIS'S^VL,  71.     [It.  mcssale;  Fr.  missel.     Pee  MAS.t.] 

'I'he  Roman  Catholic  mass-book.        Stillin'^fficet. 
MIS-SAY',  V.  t.    To  say  wrong;  to  slander.    [Little 

used.]  Spcnsn: 

MIS-SaY',  v.  i.    To  speak  ill.  Spenser. 

MIS-SaY'ING,  n.    Wrong  expression.  Milton. 

MISS'ED,  (mist,)  pp.    Failed  in  aim  or  in  reaching 

the  object. 
MIS-SEEM',  V.  i.    To  make  a  false  appearance. 

Spenser. 
2.  To  misbecome.     [Ois.]  Spe/iscr. 

MIS'SEL,  ( n.    A  singing  bird,  the  largest  tif 

MIS'SEL-BTRD,  \      the  European  thrushes,  Turdus 

viscivorus.  Ediri.  Encyc. 

MIS'SSEL-DINE,  71.     The  mistletoe.     [Obs.]  Barret. 
MIS-SEAl'BLANCE,  n.    False  resemblance. 

Spdman. 
MIS-SEND',  V.  t.    To  send  amiss  or  incorrectly. 
MIS-SENT',  i)ret.  and  pp.  of  Missend. 
MIS-SERVE',  (mis-serv',)  v.  t.    To  serve  nnfaillifully 

Arbuthnot. 
MIS-SERV'KD,  pp.    Served  unfailhfully. 
MIS-SII.\PE',  r.  (.     [.See  Shai-e.]     To  shape  ill  ;  to 
give  an  ill  form  to  ;  lo  defcuin. 

And  horribly  viiatlutpes  with  ugly  sighu.  Sjirnger. 

A  viiHghaped  t'l'^ura.  Pove. 

Miashapen  lui^unuinn.  Benllctj. 

MIS-SHXP'£D,  (-shr.pt,)    )pp.  or  a.     Ill-formed;  dr- 

MIS-SHaP'EN,  (-^hap'n,)  \      formed ;  ugly. 

MIS-SHaP'£N-LY,  adv.     In  a  misslutpen  way. 

MIS-SIIaP'£N-NESS,  7t.  The  stale  of  being  badly 
shaped. 

MIS-SH aP'ING,  p;)r.    Giving  an  ill  shape  to. 

i\HS-SllEATII'i5U,  o.     Sliciiilied  by  mistake.       Shak. 

MIS'SILE,  (mis'sil,)  a.  [L.  missilis,  from  viissuSj  sent ; 
mitto,  to  send.] 

Thrown  or  sent,  or  that  may  he  thrown.  A  viis- 
si/c  weapon  is  one  that  is  thrown  by  the  hand,  or 
from  an  engine  in  war,  in  distinction  from  such  as 
are  iielil  or  retained  in  tlic  hand,  or  fixed.  An  ar- 
row, a  dart,  a  javelin,  a  stone,  a  bullet,  a  bomb,  an: 
viissile  weapons. 

MIS'SILE,  n.  A  weapon  thrown,  or  intended  to  be 
thrown,  for  doing  execution,  as  a  lance,  an  arrow, 
or  a  bullet. 

MISS'ING,  ppr.  [from  jniss.]  Failing  to  hit,  to  reach, 
or  to  find  ;  discovering  to  be  wanting. 

2.  a.  Lost ;  absent  from  the  place  where  il  was  ex- 
pected to  be  found;  wanting.  My  horse  ia  missing; 
my  pen  or  my  book  is  missinjr. 

For  u  lime  caught  up  lo  God,  iia  once 

MoSL-s  wns  in  Lhe  mount,  and  micttng  long.  Milton. 

MISS'ING-LY,  af.'«     At  intervals  ;  occasionally.  Sha):. 
MIS'SION,  (mish'un,)  n.    [L.  missio^  from  7Hi^(«,  to 
send.] 

1.  A  sending  or  being  sent,  tisually  the  latter;  a 
being  sent  or  delegated  by  authority,  with  certain 
powers  for  transacting  business;  commission;  :is, 
sent  on  a  foreign  mission. 

How  lo  bowin.  how  to  ac£Ouipli&h  bfiat 

liia  cud  of  bt-iiig  on  canh,  aud  mission  hi^h.  Milton, 

2.  Persons  sent  ;  any  number  of  persons  appointed 
by  authority  lo  [lerform  any  service  ;  particularly, 
the  persons  sent  to  propagate  religion  or  evangdi/.e 
the  licathen.  The  societies  for  propagating  the  gos- 
pel have  missions  in  almost  every  country.  1>;;^1 
week  a  T/iis.Wojt  sailed  for  the  Sandwich  Isles.  We 
have  domestic  viis.jions  and  foreign  missioiis. 

3.  A  station  of  missionaries. 

4.  Dismission;  disch;u-ge  from  service;  a  Roman 
■use  of  the  word;  in  Eniflish,  obsolete.  Bacun. 

5.  Faction  ;  party.     [Ji'ot  in  use.]  Sltan% 
MIS'SION-A-RY,  71.     [Fr.  missionairc] 

One  sent  to  propagate  religion.  Christian  mission- 
aries are  called  Tni.^^ottaries  of  the  cross. 


PATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— M2TE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.- 
7^  ~ 


MIS 

MIS'SION-A-RV,  a.  Pertainirti;  ti>  missions;  as,  a  I 
missiniiari/  llli^etilig  ;  a  mijisionayij  fund. 

MIS'SION-aTE,  v.~i.  To  act  as  a  Jiiiasionary.  [J^ot 
well  authortzi'd.) 

I\U.S'SI0N-E!1,  tor  Missionary,  is  not  used. 

MIS'SIVE,  a,  [Fr.]  ^ucli  as  is  sent ;  as,  a  letter  ttiu-- 
sive, 

i>.  Thrown  or  sent,  or  such  as  may  be  sent ;  as,  a 
missive  weapon.  Dryden, 

MIS'SIVE,  n.    A  letter  sent,  or  a  messenger. 

Bacon.     Shah. 

MIS-SPEAK',  t'.  i.  [Sea  Speak.]  To  eir  or  mistake 
in  speaking.  Shak. 

MIS-SPeAK',  v.  t.     To  utter  wrong.  Donne. 

MIS-SPELL',  r.  t.  To  spell  wrong  ;  to  write  or  utter 
with  wrong  letters. 

MIS-SFELL'^D,  I  pp.    Spelled  wrong,  or  with  wrong 

MISSPELT',        \      letters. 

3IIS-SPELL'IXG,  ppr.     Spelling  wrong. 

MIS-SPELL'ING,  n.  A  wrong  spelling;  false  orthog- 
raphy. 

MIS-SPEND',  V.  t.    To  spend  amiss  ;  to  waste  or  con- 
sume to  no  purpose,  or  to  a  bad  one  :  as,  to  misspend 
time  or  money  ;  to  misspend  life.       Dnjden,     Rogers. 
2.  To  waste. 

The  genial  moisture  lUie 
To  apple-s otherwise  Tnisspeiids  ilsell*.  Phiiips. 

MIS-SPEND'ER,  n.  One'that  consumes  prodigally  or 
improperly.  JVurrui. 

MIS-SPENb'ING,  ppr.  Spending  to  no  purpose,  or 
to  a  bad  one. 

MIS-SPENSE',  (mis-spens',)  n.  A  spending  improp- 
erly ;  a  wasting. 

MIS-SPENT',  pp.  or  a.  Ill  spent ;  expended  or  con- 
sumed to  no  purpose,  or  to  a  bad  one;  as^  misspent 
time  or  lift^. 

MI^SP5K^X    i  ^^"    ^"^^^'^  °^  spoken  amiss. 

MIS-STaTE',  v.  t.  To  state  wrong;  to  make  an  er- 
roneous representation  of  facts ;  as,  to  misstate  a 
question  in  debate.  Sanderson. 

]\IIS-STaT'ED,  pp.    Stated  erroneously. 

MIS-STaTE'MENT,  71.  A  wrong  statement;  an  er- 
roneous representation,  verbal  or  written  ;  as,  amis- 
statenient  of  facts  in  testimony,  or  of  accounts  in  a 
report.  Hamilton. 

MIS-STaT'ING,  ppr.    Stating  falsely  or  erroneously. 

MI3-STaY'£D,  a.    Having  missed  stays,  as  a  ship. 

MIS-SUM-Ma'TION,  -n.     Wrong  summation.       Scott. 

MIST,  n.  [Sax.  mist;  D.  mist;  L.  mixtus,  mlstiis^  from 
misceo,  to  miz.] 

1.  Water  failing  in  very  numerous,  but  fine  and 
almost  imperceptible  drops. 

A  misl  is  a  multilude  of  small  but  solid  gloliules,  wliicli  llierefore 
descend.  Grew. 

2.  That  which  dims  or  darkens,  and  obscures  or 
intercepts  vision. 

His  p-iisioo  cast  a  mist  before  his  sense.  Diylcn. 

JMIST,  V.  t.    To  cloud  ;  to  cover  with  vapor.      Skak. 

MIST,  V.  i.    To  rain  in  very  fine  dropj ;  as  it  mists. 

America. 

MIST-EN-eUM'BER-£D,  a.    Loaded  with  mist. 

J.  Barlow. 

MIS-TaK'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  misconceived  or 
mistaken.  Brown. 

BUS-TaKE',  r.  t.  To  take  wrong ;  to  conceive  or  un- 
derstand erroneously;  to  misunderstand  or  misap- 
prehend. 

'Tis  lo  riilslakc  llicm  costs  (lie  titiie  aud  paia.  Pope. 

9.  To  take  one  thing  or  person  for  another. 

We  mistake  the  eloquence  of  aelf-apolo^y  for  th"  ai)ini.TlJ'*ii  of 

conscious  iiit/?2ii(y.  Buckmi/uler. 

A  nun  uiiiy  wi^WAC  liie  love  of  virtue  for  the  pnictice  of  il. 

JohnsOJi. 

MIS-TaKE',  v.  J.    To  err  in  opinion  or  judgment. 

Servants   jnutake,  and   someiimes    occasion   miitmderstHHiing 
ajDouj  friends.  Hioi/t. 

MTS-TaKE',  w.  An  error  in  opinion  or  judgment; 
misconception. 

lufa'.libiliiy  is  an  nhsolutc  scciu-ity  of  the  understanding  from  all 
possibility  of  mistake.  Tillotsoti. 

2.  A  slip;  a  fault;  an  error.    There  is  a  mistake 
in  the  account  or  in  the  date. 

MIS-TaK'£N,  pp.  In  the  use  of  this  participle,  there 
is  a  peculiarity  which  ought  to  be  carefully  noticed. 
When  used  of  persons^  it  signifies  to  be  in  an  error,  to 
be  wrong ;  as,  I  am  mistaken,  you  are  mistaken,  he  is 
mistaken.  But  when  used  of  tilings,  it  sipnifies  mis- 
understood, misconceived ;  as,  the  sense  of  the  pas- 
sage is  mistaken,  that  is,  not  rightly  understood. 
2.  Erroneons  ;  incorrect;  as,  a  mistaken  notion. 

aiIS-TAK'ir;N-LV,  ado.    By  mistake. 

MIS-TaK'ER,  71.  One  that  mistakes  or  misunder- 
stands. 

MIS-TaK'ING,  ppr.  Making  a  mistake  ;  erring  from 
ilie  truth  ;  misconceiving. 

MIS-TaK^L\G,  n.     An  error  ;  a  mistake.  Hull 

MLS-TaK'ING-LY,  arftj.  Erroneously  ;  falsely.  Boijle. 

MIS-TAUGIIT',  (mis-tawt'j)  pp.  Wrongly  taught; 
as,  a  mistau'^ht  youth.  UEstranire- 

MIS-TkACH',  v.  t.  [See  Teach.]  To  teach  wrong; 
to  instruct  erroneously.  Sanderson. 


MIS 


MIS-TeACH'ING,  ]ipr.    Inrlnictiiig  erroncoUHly. 

MIS-TF.I.L',  II.  (.     [Se(!  Tixr..]     To  tcH  OToncollsIy. 

IMIS-'l'KM'l'Klt,  11.  t.    To  IcmiKT  ill ;  to  disorder. 

MISTT-M'PER-KD,  ;);,.     'J'tiiipercd  111.  [Hlml:. 

MI.S'TElt,  n.  [The  pronunci.-ilion  of  lliin  word  ja  prob- 
ably from  the  Welsh,  Oeiinaii, or  Dutch  dialect.  Sec 
Master.] 

The  common  title  of  addrcHs  to  gentlemen,  and  to 
men  of  all  classes,  in  writinjr,  it  is  expressed  by  the 
abbreviation  .Mn. 

MI.S'TEU,  !).  I.  [Sw.  mi»(a.]  To  be  needful  or  of 
use.     [Obs.] 

As  for  my  iitiino,  it  mieUreUi  iiol  to  le\U  Sptnter. 

MIS-TEUM',  V.  I.  'I'd  term  or  denominate  errone- 
ously. Shak. 

MIS-TERM'ED,  pp.    Wrongly  denominated. 

JVirS-TERM'ING,  ppr.    Denominating  erroneously. 

MIST't'lIL,  n.    Clouded  with  mist. 

MIS-TIII.NK',  f. /.  [See  Thi.vk.)  To  think  wrong. 
[Liirlr  7,srd.l  Shai. 

MIS-THOUGHT',  (-tliawt',)  pp.  of  .MrsTHiNK. 
Thought  wrong  of. 

Adam  misUioughl  of  Iwr  to  tlieo  eo  dour.  Mitlon, 

MIST'I-LY,  adu.    With  mist ;  darkly ;  obscurely. 

Smart. 
MIS-TIME',  V.  t.    To  time  wrong  ;  not  to  adapt  to 

the  tiine. 
MIS-TIME',  V.  L    To  neslect  the  proper  time. 
MIS-TIM'£D,  pp.  or  a.    Ill-timed;  done  at  a  wrong 

time. 
MIS-TIM'ING,  ppr.    Ill-timing  ;  doing  unseasonably. 
MIST'I-NESS,  71.     [See  Mist.]      A  state  of  being 

misty ;  a  state  of  tliick  rain  in  very  small  drops. 

Bacon. 
MIS'TION,  (mis'chun,)  n.    [L.  mistus,  mUlus.    See 

Mix.] 

1.  A  state  of  being  mixed 

2.  Mixture  ;  a  minglinj;.  Boylr. 
MIS-TI'TLE,  V.  t.    To  call  by  a  wrong  title  or  name. 
MIS-TI'TL£D,  p;).    Wrongly  named.    [Warburton. 
MIS'TLE,  (miz'l,)  V.  i.    [from  mist.]    To  fall  in  very 

fine  drops,  as  rain.    [See  Misle.I 

MIS'TLE-ToE, )  ,    ■  /,  ,„  1  )  n.    [Sax.  mistriio;  Dan. 

MIS'LE-ToE,  I  (,»"'■ '-i°>J  j  miiicl,  the  same  shrub, 
and  birdlime  ;  G.  id.] 

A  plant  or  shrub  that  grows  on  trees.  It  is  of  the 
genus  Viscum.  Tlie  berry  contains  a  glutinous  sub- 
stance, and  the  shrub  is  said  to  be  propagated  by 
birds.  This  plant  was  held  in  great  veneration  by 
tlie  Dniids.  Bacon.    Jilillcr.     Eucyc. 

MIST'-LIKE,  o.    Resembling  mist.  Shak. 

MIS-ToLD',  pp.    Erroneously  told.    [See  Tell.] 

MIS-TOOK',  jn-pf.  of  Mistakk. 

MIS-TRaIN',  v.  t.  To  train  or  educate  amiss.  Spenser. 

MIS-TEANS-LaTE',  1'.  t.    To  translate  erroneously. 

Jilackni^fU. 

MIS-TRANS-LaT'ED,  pp.  Erroneously  rendered  in- 
to another  language. 

MIS-TRANS-LaT'ING,  ;i;ir.    Translating  incorrectly. 

RIIS-TRANS-La'TION,  II.  .'\n  erroneous  translation 
or  version. 

MIS-TReAT',  II.  (.    To  treat  amiss  ;  to  abuse. 

MIS'TRESS,  71.  [Fr.  vxaitrcssc.  ,•  It.  miii-stra^  mncstrcssa ; 
Sp.  mac^lra;  L.  iim^istru;  Ir.  m(ii<rh  is  trcas.  See 
Master.] 

1.  A  woman  who  governs  j  correlative  to  Servant, 
Slave,  or  Subject. 

My  mistrcse  ht-re  lies  mtinlcrfd  in  her  Ijpd.  Sfiak. 

2.  The  female  head  of  a  family. 

3.  That  which  governs  ;  a  sovereign.  Rome  was 
vtistress  of  the  world. 

'I.  One  that  commands,  or  has  possession  and  sov- 
ereignty.   The  queen  is  viistress  of  the  Indies. 

5.  A  female  who  is  well  skilled  in  any  thing;  as, 
she  is  mistress  of  arithmetic. 

li.  A  woman  teacher  ;  an  instructress  of  a  school. 

Swi/L 

7.  A  woman  beloved  and  courted.        Clarendon. 

8.  A  woman  in  keeping  for  lewd  purposes. 

9.  A  term  of  coiiteuipluous  address.  S'lak. 
MIS'TRESS,  V.  t.    To  wait  upon  a  mistress ;  to  be 

courting.  Donne. 

.MIS'TRESS-PIeCE,  n.    A  chief  performance  of  a 

woman.  /xini  Herbert. 

MIS'TRESS-SHIP,  II.    Female  rule  or  dominion. 

Hall. 
MIS-TRI'AL,  n.    In  /air,  a  trial  which  is  erroneous 
through  some  defect  in  the  process  or  tlie  trial. 

Boutier. 
MIS-TRUST',  71.     [Dan.  mistrust.    See  Tbust.I 

Want  of  confidence  or  trust ;  suspicion.  Mitlon. 
MIS-TKUST',  v.t.     [Dan.  Mislrocr ;  Sw.  luisslro.  See 
Trust.]  ,      .  ,    .     , 

To  suspect;  to  doubt;  to  regard  with  jealous}' or 
suspicion. 

Pate  her  own  tx>ol{  mistriuUd  at  tlic  sight.  Coulty. 

MIS-TRUST'ED,  pp.     Suspected. 
MISTRUST'FIJL,  a.    Suspicious;  doubting  ;  want- 
ing confidence' in.  irallcr. 
MIS-TUUST'FUL-LY,  adv.    With  suspicion  or  doubt. 
iMI.=;-TRUST'F'[JL-NESS,ii.    Suspicion;  doubt. 

Sidnet/. 


MIS-TBfJ.ST'lNC,  ppr. 

fldence  In, 
MI.S-'I'KUHT'1.SG-LY,  aJe. 

clon. 
.MI.S-TRL'ST'LESH,  a.     f 

Tot.,; 


Rufpcctiac;  tavme  mo  o« 
WHb  dMnM  ar  mmi 


MI.9-T0.\E', 

put  out  of  lune. 
SIIK-Tr'\'CT),  77..    Pat  Mil  of  CUM. 
.MIS-TUlt.V,  r.  (.    Toperr.Tl.    fA--««*i 

Ml.STO'TOU,  r.  I.    To^t 

MlA-rO'TORKU,  pp.     ! 
iUST'V,  a.  [finm  mirt. 

with  Vi;ry  minute  dro'^  ..i  i 

a  miity  atlnoflplurre  ;  a  mitty  i. 

S.  Dim  ;  Dbiicure  ;  cloudtd  . 
MIS-U.\-UER-.STANU',   r.   L 
mistake  ;  to  take  in  a  wrotj .; 

MI.=^UN.DEE-STAND'IXG,f^.  ilk- 

Ing. 

MI.S-UN-DER-.«TA.VD'ING,  !•.    Mil- 
take  of  the  meaning  ;  •  rror. 

2.  Di-agreement ;  diir'-rcnr.- ;  d.- 
tiines  a  sofn-r  nani'-  for  UVAfcsLi- 

MIS-U.\-I)ER-.ST(;)OD',py.  MiKowxirnl ;  r:.. 
under>t<>od  erroiiruu-lv. 

.MIS-i;S'ACiE,  (niiiyu/.'aje,)ii.     lU  O"-- 

MIS-IJSE',  (mi»-yaz<;',)  r.  L    [Pr.  au- 

1.  To  treat  or  lue  imprcpcfljr ;  to  i. 
pose. 

2.  To  abuse  ;  to  treat  ill. 
MIS-USE',  (nii»-vu*e',)  n.    Ill  trealmcnt; 

use  ;  employment  to  a  bad  pur[><>«e  ;  &«,  Ui- 
mercies.  .; 

2.  Abuse  ;  ill  treatment 

3.  Wrong  application;  mt--"'  ■'■-■'    • 
use  ;  as,  the  minut  of  word^-. 

MIS-US'£D,  (mis-yuzd',)  pp. 

or  applied;  mlsaoplied  ;  minctu, 

MIS-US'ER,  71.    Infutr,  an  unlawful 

or  a  neglect  of  using  it  in  a  proper  i. 

MIS-l;S'ING,  (inL«-yu7.'ing,)  ypr.    Uilnjuii; 

abusing;  misapplying. 
MIS-VOUCH',  r.  t.    "ro  vouch  falidy. 
MIS-WE.\R',  r.  (.    To  wear  ill.     (04*.]  ; 

MIS-WED',  r.  (.    To  wed  Improperlv. 
MIS-WED'DED,  pp.     Ill-matched. 
MIS-WEEN',  c.  i.    To  misjudp: ;  t^ 

MIS-1 
MIS-\VI 

incorrec 
MIS-\VROI;gHT',  (mis-rawf,)  c    Badly  « : 

MIS-YoKE',  r.  L    To  yoko  or  join  inipn.pert> 
MIS-YOK'£D,  (-yOkl',)  pp.    Improperly  yok.  : 
MIS-YoK'IXG,  ppr.    Voking  imrro|»crly. 
MIS-ZE.VL'OUS,   (mis-lel'm,)  o.    .Acmite.; 

zeal.  -' 

MITE,  71.    (Sax.  mile:  D.  bi-.- 

Ilcb.  and  Cli.  a;3,  small,    i 

1.  A  very  small  ins«--ct  of  '. 

2.  In  Seripturry  a  small  piece  *,;  i:...i.t ., : 
of  a  denarius,  or  about  seven  Englbb  faxti. 

3.  ,\ny  thing  proverbially  vet}- small;  a  v 
particle  or  i]uaiitity.  ^ 

-I.  The  iwciiliclb  part  of  a  crain.         -5r 
.MI-TEL'L  \,   N.     .\ii  herb ;   the  name  of  a 

herbs  of  the  saxifrage  tribe. 
Ml'TER,  j  II.     [IL  .and  Sp.  i«if«:  Fr.  =• 
MI'TRE,  I       mi.itr.] 

1.  A  rn>wn  or  pontifical  oroani-  ■ 
head  by  archbishops  and  bishops  a: 
abbots,* on  sidemn  occv^mus, 

2.  In  arc^.it'tturfy  an  ancle  of  4.^  - 

3.  In  [risli  Aii-tJrjf,  a  sort  of  bosc  r- 

•I.  FiVuTMtirf/y,  lllc  dicnily  of  a: 
bishop,  sometimes  of  an  abboL 

aii'tF e'  i  ■■■  '■    ^^  "''"""  "'^  '  m'""'- 

2.  To  unite  at  an  ancle  of  4.1  depro-. 
MI'TER-BO.V,  (  ».    .\  frame  for  cnti . 
MI'TRE-BOX, )     at  an  angle  of  •45  . 


IS-WEND',  r.  i.    To  go  Wrong.    ['- 
IS-\VR1TE',  (rite',)  F.  (.    [S«  Waiii'.j 

incorrectly.  x**;-- 


miter->:d,  j 


pp.  or  a.    Wearing  a  initer. 


M1'TR£D,      t ' 

a.  Honored  witll  the  privilege  of  wearing  a  milrr. 
3.  Cut  or  joined  at  an  angle  of  45dcpees. 
MITH'ie.    See  Mtthk-. 
MlTH'Rl-n.^TE,  H.    In  pkan.iner,  .an  arti.Ir;,-  -.'T.tM 

poison,  or  a  composition  in  form  of :. 

posed  to  serve  cither  as  a  rcmctly  . 

against  iwison.    It  takes  iu  n.ame  ; 

kui"  of  ronrus.  the  suppose*l  invents  r. 
MITH-Rl-DATie,  o.    Pertaining  to  mitlin 

inventor,  Mithridate.«. 
JIIT'1-G.\-IU.E,  a.    That  may  be  niiticatoi. 
MIT'I-GANT,  o.      [U  iintif««j,  miJifw,  Ir 

mild  ;  ^V.  me:al,  solV]  


TONE,  B5JLL,  tINITE.  —  AN"GER, 
_  _ 


VT'CIOUS.  — e  as  K;  0  as  J;  S  asZ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  TinS. 
Til 


MIX 

1.  Softening;;  lenient;  lenitive. 

2.  Diminishing;  cusing,  as  pain. 
MIT'I-GATE,  V.  t.     [L.  mitigOj  from  mitw,  soft,  mild, 


\V.  tiuialj  It.  nmothj  mtiadA;  Ar.  ^Lo,  to  by  lender 
or  smooth.    Class  Md,  No.  1,  6, 25, 28.] 

1.  To  alleviate,  as  suffering ;  to  assuage ;  lo  lessen ; 
as,  to  mitigate  pain  or  grieC 

Ami  couoEcl  nuJigaUt  (iic  greatest  imait.  Spenser. 

2.  To  make  tess  eevere;  as,  to  miii^ofe  doom. 

JifUton. 

3.  To  abate ;  to  make  less  rigorous ;  to  moderate  ; 
as,  to  mitigaU  cold ;  to  mitigate  the  severity  of  the 
season. 

4.  To  temper;  to  moderate ;  to  soften  in  harshness 
or  severity. 

We  could  with  that  ibe  rigor  of  dieir  oplnioiu  were  allajretl  iwtl 
miir^''^.  JJooker. 

5.  To  calJii  :  tn  appease ;  to  moderate  ;  as,  to  miti- 
gate the  fierceui   >■  of  |)arty.  Spectator. 

6.  To  diminish;  to  render  more  tolerable;  as,  to 
miti^a'-.r.  i;;l-  evils  or  calamities  of  life;  to  mitigate 
punishment. 

7.  To  reduce  in  amount  or  severity,  as  a  penalty. 

8.  To  soften,  or  make  mild  and  accessible  ;  in  a 
literal  snise. 

It  wu  Ihb  opioioo  wbich  rmOfoJfd  lun^  iuto  compantou. 
{Uniitual^  Burke. 

MIT'l-GA-TfiD,   pp.  or   a.      Softened  ;   alleviated  ; 

moderated  ;  diminished. 
MIT'I-Ga-TING,  ppr.    Softening;   alleviating;  tcra- 

P'-ring;  mndemtiiig;  abating. 
MI'i'-l-G.\'TION,  n.     [L.  miUgatio.'] 

Alleviation  ;  abatement  or  diminution  of  any  tiling 

painful,  harsli,  severe,  afflictive,  or  calamitous;  as, 

the  Tiiiiifratiusi  of  pain.,  grief,  rigor,  severity,  punisli- 

m<ii^t,  or  penalty. 
MITM-GA-TIVE,  a.    Lenitive  ;  tending  to  alleviate. 
MIT'I-Ua-TUR,  n.     He  or  that  whicli  mitigates. 
.MI'TRAL,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  mitur ;   resembling  a 

nuter ;  as,  the  mitral  valves  of  the  left  ventricle  of 

the  heart.  Fors^, 

MI'TllE.    Sec  Miter. 
MIT'Rl-FORM,  a.     In   botany,  conical,  hollow,  and 

open  at  the  top.  P.  Cyc. 

MIT'TKX,  rt.     [Fr.  mitaine;  Ir.  mitog;  perhaps  from 

malAj  tlie  hand.] 

1.  A  cover  for  the  hand,  worn  to  defend  it  from 
cold  or  other  injury.  It  differs  from  a  glove  in  not 
having  a  separate  cover  for  each  linger. 

2,  A  cover  for  tho  arm  only. 

To  handle  wiVioiit  mittens  i  to  treat  roughly  ;  a  pop- 
ular coUoguial  phrase, 

MIT'Ti^NT,  a.    [L.  mittrns,  from  mitto^  to  send.] 
Sending  forth;  emitting.    [J^Totused.]    JViscman. 

MIT'I'I-.MLJS,  ».  [1..,  wo  send.]  In  lata,  a  precept  or 
command  in  writing,  under  the  hand,  or  hand  and 
seal,  of  a  justice  of  the  peace  or  other  proper  officer, 
directed  to  the  keeper  of  a  prison,  requiring  him  to 
imprison  an  offender ;  a  warrant  of  commituienl  to 
prison. 

2.  A  wilt  for  removing  records  from  one  court  to 
another.  Brande. 

M  riTS,  n.  pi.  Mittens ;  particularly,  a  covering  for  the 
liaiid  or  arm  only,  and  not  for  the  lingers.  .McCulloch. 

MI'TT,  n.  A  fowl  of  the  turkey  kind,  found  in 
Brazil. 

7AV'VY,a.  [frommif*.]  Having  or  abounding  with 
mites. 

MIXjD.  f.f  pre/.andpp.  MriEDor  MiiT.  [Sax.  jnwcaw  ; 
G.  misdien ;  Sp.  meter ;  Port,  mejcerj  to  stir,  shake, 
mix  ;  L.  misceo,  mixtum ;  lU  tmschiare ;  Ir.  measgailh  ; 
W.  mijsgii ;  Arm.  gcmts^a  ;  Rus».  meshayu.  The 
Gr.  ntyvuu  forms  pt^o}.    xhese  words  seem  to  coin- 


^v4w**C 


cide  with  the  Heb.  and  Ch.  IBO,  and  Ar. 


vtashaga,  to  mix.  The  Sanscrit  misraj  to  mix,  may 
be  the  same  word.  The  radical  sense  is,  probably,  to 
stir,  shake,  or  agitate.] 

1.  To  unite  or  blend  prnmif^cunusily  two  or  more 
ingredients  into  a  mass  or  compound  ;  a)>plied  both 
to  solids  and  liquids ;  as,  to  mix  tiour  and  salt ;  to 
fTtiz  wines. 

2.  To  join;  toassociate;  to  unite  with  in  company. 
Ephnutn,  he  balh  fnirerf  hlm_  ''  llM.Tii. 

3.  To  join  ;  to  mingle. 

Vou  mir  your  iailncsn  wiih  s  i>hak, 

4.  To  unite  witli  a  crowd  or  multitude. 

MIX,  r.  i.  To  become  united  or  blended  promiscuously 
in  a  mass  or  compound.    Oil  and  v/aler  will  not  mix 
without  the  intervention  of  a  third  substance. 
*}.  T^i  hr  joi;i  m1  nr  a'-:sociated  ;  as,  to  mix  with  the 
fiety. 

■  I  L'jin;  mixed. 
:'/'-■•}  in  f.  Mromjscuous  mass 
;  :■  (,:n;!  .  ::i.!  :  M^'.;Mt  ;  ji'  '   d  ;  associated. 

n.  a.    Promiscuous;  err  rious  kinds  or 

different  things  ;  as,  a  mi- 


MOB 

MIX'£D-LY,  adv.    In  a  mingled,  promiscuous  man- 
ner. 

MIX'A'N, ::.    A  compost  heap.  Farm.  Encyc. 

ailX'EK,  n.     One  who  mixes  or  mingles. 

MIX'I.VG,  ppr.  Unitingorblending  in  amassorcom- 
pdund  :  joining  in  company  ;  associating. 

MIX-Tl-IJi\'K-AL, )  a.     [L.  »it£tiu',  mixed,  and /tnra, 

MIX-TI-LIN'E  All,  \      line.] 

Containing  a  mixture  of  lines, right, curved,  &c.  ; 
as,  a  vtixtiliiuar  angle,  i.  e.,  on  angle  contained  by  a 
straight  line  and  a  curve.  Durxaiu 

MIXT'lOX,  (niixt'yun,)  n.    [Fr. ;  from  L.  minus.] 
Mixture  ;  promiscuous  assemblage.  Brown. 

MIXT'LY.  a^p.    Witii  mixture.  Boom. 

MIXT'UKE,  (mixl'yur,)  n.    [L.  miztura.] 

1.  The  act  of  mixing,  or  state  of  being  mixed. 
Compounds  are  made  by  the  mixture  uf  different 
subsLances, 

2.  A  mass  or  comp4>und,  consisting  of  different 
ingredients  blended  without  order,  in  this  life  there 
is  a  mixture  of  good  and  evil.  Most  wines  in  market 
are  base  mixtures. 

3.  I'lie  ingredient  added  and  mixed.  Cicero 
doubted  whether  it  is  possible  for  a  conununity  to 
exist  without  a  prevailing  mixture  of  piety  in  its 
constitution. 

4.  In  pharmacy,  a  liquid  medicine  wliich  receives 
into  its  composition  not  only  subst^inccs  soluble  in 
water,  but  substances  not  soluble.  Encyc. 

5.  In  chemistry,  mixture  differs  from  combination. 
In  mere  mixture,  the  .'several  ingredients  are  blended 
without  an  alteration  of  the  substances,  each  of 
which  still  retains  its  own  nature  and  properties, 
strict  combination,  the  sulistances  unite  by  chemical 
attraction,  and,  losing  their  distinct  prop^-rties,  they 
form  a  compound,  differing  in  its  properties  from 
eitherof  the  ingredients. 

MIZ'MaZE,  71.    A  cant  word  for  a  maze  or  labyrinth. 

I^clce. 
anZ'ZEX,  (miz'n,)  n.    [It.  mr.zzatia,  mizzen,  tiiat  is, 
middle,  from  mezzo,  middle,  half.] 

In  sea  language,  the  aftermost  of  the  fixed  sails  of 
a  ship,  extended  sometimes  by  a  gaff,  and  sometimes 
by  a  yard  which  crosses  the  mast  obliquely. 

JJar.  Vict. 
MIZ'ZfJX-MXST,  7^.    The  mast  whicli  supports  the 

aftersails,  and  stands  nearest  to  the  stern. 
MIZ'ZLE,  "0.  i.    To  rain  in  very  fine  drops.    [See 

MisTLr.J  Speriser. 

M^Z'ZLI^G,  ppr.  or  a.    Falling  in  very  fine  drops; 

as,  miz:Ung  rain.  Spenser. 

MIZ'Z  V,  H.    A  bog  or  quagmire.  Ainsmorth. 

MNE-MOX'ie,  (ne-mon'ik,)  a.     [Infra.]     Assisting 

the  memor>'. 
MXE-MON'ICS,    71.       [from  Gr.    pvijpovtKos,    fh)m 
pvaopia.1,  to  remember.] 

The  art  of  memorj'  ;  the  precepts  and  niles  in- 
tended lo  teach  the  method  of  assisting  the  memory. 

Bailey. 
MNE-M0S'Y-NF>,  v.    [Gr.]    In  mythology,  the  god- 
dess of  memory. 
MNf.'MO-TECH-NY,  it.  [G.  p.vT}iiwv  and  TC^vn-]  1'he 

same  as  Mnemonics. 
Mo,  a,  or  ade.     [Sax.  ma ;  Scot,  wts.] 

_  More.    [0i5.]  Spenser. 

3I0.A.\,  v.  t.  [Sax.  manian  ;  to  moan,  also  to  mean,  in- 
tend, signify.  The  primary  sense  is,  to  reach  or 
stretch  forward,  or  to  throw  out.] 

To  lament ;  to  deplore ;  to  bewail  with  an  audible 
voice. 

Yp  Roods,  ye  woods,  yc  c-c'iiv.-,  w.'yii 

My  dear  CoIumL-o  o«ai! :  •       -  Prior. 

MoAN,  tJ.  C    To  grieve ;  to  uiufce  laui— .i-..^.u.>. 

Unpilinl  and  unheard,  where  misciy  moaiu.  Thornton, 

MoAN,  n.  LamenUilion  ;  audible  expression  of  sor- 
row or  suffering ;  grief  expressed  in  words  or  cries. 

Sulkij  nuxinc, 

lioUow  jroaiia.  Pope. 

MoAN'ED,p/).    Lamented;  deplored. 

MoAX'FlJL,  a.    Sorrowful  ;  expressing  sorrow. 

MoAN'Fl^Lr-LY,  ode.    ^Vith  lamentation. 

Mo.-VN'ING,  ppr.    Lamenting;  bewailing. 

MoA'l',  H.  [Ir.  mota ;  Sp.  id. ;  Fr.  motic.  The  Word 
signifies  a  bank  or  mound,  that  is,  a  mass  or  collec- 
tion. This  sense  is  transferred  to  the  ditch  adjoin- 
in;:,  as  dike  is  transferred  to  the  bank.] 

In  fortiftcaiion,  a  ditch  or  deep  trench  round  the 
rampart  of  a  castle  or  other  fortified  place.  It  is 
sometimes  filled  with  water.  Encyc. 

M6AT,  V.  t.  To  surround  with  a  ditch  for  defense ; 
as,  a  71100^//  castle.  Dryden. 

MOB,  71,     [from  L.  mobilis,  movable,  variable.] 

J.  A  crowd  or  promiscuous  multitude  of  people, 
rude,  tumultuous,  and  disorderly. 

2.  A  disorderly  assembly. 

liiul  rvcrv  AUien!.ti)  ekora  txrcn  a  Socratea,  evtiy  Atheiiiaa 
asavmbly  woulil  eIUJ  h:ivc  becQ  a  mob. 

Federalitl,  Madison. 

3.  A  kind  of  female  undress  for  the  head. 

Johnson. 
MOB,  r.  t.    To  attack  in  a  disorderly  crowd  ;  to  harass 
tumultuously. 
2.  To  wrap  up  in  a  cowl  or  vail. 


MOC 

MOB'BED,  pp.    Attacked  by  a  di;;orderly  crowd. 
M<JlI'IiING,  ppr.    Attacking  in  a  di^iorderly  crowd. 
MOr.'lUSH,  a.    Like  a  inub  ;    tumultuous;   mean; 
MOU'CAP,  71.    [D.  mop-l  [vulgar. 

A  plain  cap  or  head-dress  for  females. 
MO'IULE,  (mO'bil,)  a.     [Fr.]    Movable.     [^Tot  used.] 
MO'niLE,  (mo'hil,)  n.    [Fr.,  from  L.  mobilis.] 

The  mob ;  the  populace.  '  SouUi. 

MO-BIL'I-TY,  7t.  [Fr.  mohilH6 ;  h.  mobUitas,  from 
moveo,  to  move.] 

1.  Susceptibility  of  motion  ;  capacity  of  being 
moved.  Wottcn. 

2.  Aptitude  to  motion ;  activity ;  readiness  to 
move.  Arbuthnot 

3.  In  cant  language,  the  populace.  Dryden. 

4.  Fickleness  ;  inconstancy.  Ai}isu>orth. 
MOB'LE,  V.  t.  To  wrap  the  liead  in  a  hood.  Shak. 
MOB'LED,  pp.  or  a.    Muffled  ;  covered  with  a  coarse 

or  careless  head-dress.  Slick.     Toonc. 

MOe'CA-SIN,  n.  [An  Indian  word.  Algonquin, 
viaJiisirx.] 

1.  .\  shoe  or  cover  for  the  feel,  made  of  deer-sltin 
or  other  soft  leather,  without  a  sole,  and  ornanienied 
on  the  upper  side  ;  the  customarj'  shoe  worn  by  the 
American  Indians. 

2.  A  poisunous  water  serpent  of  the  Southern 
United  State.s,  the  TVigoawccphaius  piscicorus. 

MO'CHA-STONE,  7i.    [from  .Mocha,  in  Arabia.] 

Dendritic  agate  ;  a  mineral  in  the  interior  of  which 
appoar  brown,  reddish-brown,  blackish  or  green  de- 
lineations of  shnibs  destitute  of  leaves.  These,  in 
some  cases,  may  have  been  produced  by  the  filtration 
of  the  oxyds  of  iron  and  manganese ;  but,  in  other 
cases,  they  appear  to  be  vegetable  fibers,  sometimes 
retaining  their  natural  form  and  color,  and  sometimes 
coated  by  oxyd  of  iron.  Cleaveland. 

MOCK,  tJ.  t.     [Fr.  moquer  ;  Gr.  pojuaai ;  W.  mociaio,  to 
meek,  and  moc,  a  mimic  ;  Ir.  viagadh  or  mo^adh,  a 
"mocking ;  Ch.  and  Syr.  piD.    Class  Mg,  No.  10.] 

1.  Properly,  lo  imitate;  to  mimic;  hence,  to  imi- 
tate in  contempt  or  derision  ;  to  mimic  for  the  sake 
of  derision  ;  to  deride  by  mimicry. 

2.  To  deride ;  to  laugh  at  j  lo  ridicule ;  to  treat 
with  sconi  or  contempt. 

As  be  iv-ns  g^oiiig-  up  by  Uie  wny,  there  came  forth  llule  cliildrtn 
out  of  Uie  ciiy,  and  moclfd  him,  spying.  Go  up,  lltou  luld 
head.  —  '2  K'mgs  ii.    Murk  x. 

3.  To  defeat;  toillude;  to  disappoint;  to  deceive; 
as,  to  mock  expectation. 

Thou  haat  mocked  me,  and  told  mc  ItM.— Judge*  xvi. 

4.  To  fool ;  to  tantalize  ;  to  play  on  in  contempt. 

He  vilt  not 
Mock  us  with  hb  blest  sight,  tliun  snatch  him  hence.     Millon. 

MOCK,  V.  i.  To  make  sport  in  contempt  or  in  jest,  or 
to  speak  jestingly. 

When  thou  mockest,  shall  no  man  mate  the*  ashamrd  ?  — 
Job  xi. 

MOCK,  11.  Ridicule;  derision;  sneer;  an  act  mani- 
festing contempt. 

Pools  niakfr  fi  mock  at  sin.  —  Prov.  xlv. 

Whiti  sliall  Ik  t)ic  poitJon  of  tliosc  who  make  \  mock  nt  every 
tiling  Bjcred  i  'I'iiloieon. 

2.  Imitation  ;  mimicr>',    [Little  used.]    Crasfune. 
MOCK,  a.    False  ;   counterfeit ;   assumed  ;  imitating 
realitj',  but  not  real. 

That  superior  greatncts  and  mock  maj'^sty.  Speelator, 

MOCK'A-BLE,  a.    Exposed  to  derision.     [Little  used.] 

Shak. 

M0CK'A6E,  n.     Mockery.     [AV  used.]  ElyoU 

MOCK'£D,  (mokt,)  pp.  Imitated  or  mimicked  in  de- 
rision ;  laughed  at ;  ridiculed  ;  defeated  ;  illuded. 

MOCK'EU,?!,  One  that  mocks;  ascorner;  a  scoffer; 
a  derider.  South. 

2.  A  deceiver;  an  impostor. 

MOCK'EU-Y,  7u  Tiie  act  of  deriding  and  exposing 
to  contempt,  by  mimicking  the  words  or  actions  of 
another. 

9.  Derision;  ridicule;  sportive  insult  or  contempt ; 
contemptuous  merriment  at  persons  or  things. 

Grace  at  meals  u  nonr  ecnendly  ao  pcifonncd  u  to  look  more 
like  mockery  urx>n  devotion,  tlun  any  solemn  application  of 
the  iniad  to  Cud.  Laa. 

3.  Sport ;  subject  of  laughter. 

Of  the  holy  plice  they  made  a  moektry.  Maccabees. 

4.  Vain  imitation  or  effort ;  that  which  deceives, 

disappoints,  or  frustrates. 

It  is  as  the  nir,  invulnerable, 

And  uur  vain  blows  malicious  mockertj.  Shak. 

5.  Imitation;  counterfeit  appearance;  false  show. 

And  bear  about  Uic  mockertf  of  woe 

To  miJnight  dances.  Pope. 

MOCK'ING,  ppr.  Imitating  in  contempt ;  mimicking ; 
ridiculing  by  mimicry ;  treating  with  sneers  and 
scorn;  defeating;  deluding. 

MOCK'ING,  71.    Derision;  insult. 

MOCK'IXG-B!RD,  n.  An  American  singing  bird  of 
the  thrush  kind,  remarkable  for  its  exact  imitaiicns 
of  the  notes  of  other  birds;  the  Turd^s  pohjglottiis 
of  Linmeus.  If'Uson. 

MOCK'ING-LY,  adv.  By  way  of  derision ;  in  con- 
tempt. 


FATE,  F.1R,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MeTE,  PKEY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — N5TE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOIC  — 


MOD 

MOCK'IXG-STOCK,  n.    A  butt  of  sport. 

MOCK'LE,  (mok'l.)    See  Mickle. 

5IOCK'-LEAD,  (-led,)  )  n.    A  sulplmret  of  zinc,  the 

MOCK'-oRE,  \      same  as  IJlexo,  which  sec. 

MOCK'-OK'AXGE,  n.  A  shrub  of  the  genus  Phila- 
delphus,  or  svrinsa  kind. 

MOCK'-PRIV'ET,  «.  A  shrub  of  the  genus  Phi!- 
lyrea. 

M6'€0,  n.  A  South  American  rodent  quadruped,  of 
tlie  genus  Kerodou,  allied  to  the  Guinea  pig. 

F.  Cnvier. 

Mo'DAL,  ii.  [See  Mode.]  Consisting  in  mode  only  j 
relntiag  to  form  j  having  the  form  without  the  es- 
sence or  reality  ;  as,  the  modcd  diversity  of  the  fac- 
ulties of  the  soul.  Glanville. 

MO-DAL'I-TY,  n.  Tlie  quality  of  being  modal,  or 
being  in  form  only. 

MoDE,  n.  [Fr.  mode;  L.  modus;  Sp.  and  It.  modo ; 
\\'.  moz ;  Ir.  modh ;  Sax.  mete,  ^emet  or  gemetty  from 
metait,  gcmetan,  to  meet,  to  find,  to  measure  or  mete, 
L.  metiar.  The  primary  sense  of  mode  is  measure, 
hence  form.  Measure  is  froiri  extending,  the  extent; 
hence  a  limit,  and  hencs  the  derivative  sense  of  re- 
straining.    See  Mket  and  Measure.] 

1.  Mannerof  existing  or  being;  manner;  method; 
form;  fashion;  custom;  way;  as,  the  jworfe  of  speak- 
ing :  the  jnode  of  dressing ;  riwd&s  of  receiving  or  en- 
tertaining company. 

The  duty  of  itself  bein»  resolred  on,  the  mode  of  doin^  it  may 
be  easily  fouuil.  Taylor. 

It  is  applicable  to  particular  acts,  or  to  a  series  of 
acts,  or  to  the  common  usage  of  a  city  or  nation. 
One  man  has  a  particular  vwde  of  walking  ;  anolhtr 
has  a  singular  mode  of  dressing  his  hair.  We  find  it 
necessary  to  conform  in  some  measure  to  the  usual 
modes  of  dress. 

2.  Gradation;  degree. 

What  Tnodes  of  si^hl  between  each  wiJe  estreme  !  Pope. 

3.  State;  quality.  Skak. 

4.  In  metaphysioi,  the  dependence  or  affection  of  a 
substance.  Such  complex  ideas  as  contain  not  in 
them  the  supposition  of  subsisting  by  themselves, 
but  are  considered  as  dependencies  or  aflections  of 
substances,  Locke  calls  modes.  Of  these  he  makes 
iwo  kinds  ;  simple  modes,  which  are  only  variations 
or  different  combinations  of  the  same  idea,  as  a  dozen, 
v.'iiirh  ronsists  of  so  many  units  added  together;  and 
tini'.  -'.odes,  which  are  compounded  of  simple  ideas 
of  several  kinds,  as  beauty,  which  is  compounded  of 
color  and  figure. 

A  jnode  is  that  which  c;m  not  subsist  in  aiid  of  it£?lf,  but  is  es- 
teemed as  belon^iij  lo  antl  stibsisdng  by  the  help  of  some 
substance,  which  fur  that  reason  is  called  its  subject.    WaUs. 

5.  In  ancient  music,  the  order  of  the  sounds,  form- 
ing what  may  be  called,  in  modern  language,  the  dif- 
ferent scales.  In  modem  music,  a  scale  of  intervals  ; 
the  same  as  Ket.  P.  Cue. 

6.  In  grammar,  a  particular  manner  of  conjugating 
verbs  to  express  manner  of  action  or  being,  as  affirm- 
ation, command,  condition,  and  the  like  ;  usually, 
though  unfortunat3ly,  written  Mood.  Mood  is  a 
word  of  different  signification.     [See  filooo.] 

7.  A  kind  of  silk. 

MOD'EL,  n.  [Ft.  viodelle;  L.  modulus,  from  modus,  a 
measure,  rule,  or  manner.] 

1.  A  pattern  of  something  to  be  made  ;  any  tliinf; 
of  a  particular  fonn,  shape,  or  construction,  intended 
for  imitation ;  primarihj,  a  small  pattern ;  a  form  in 
miniature  of  something  to  be  made  on  a  larger 
scale ;  as,  the  vwdel  of  a  building ;  the  model  of  a 
fort. 

2.  A  mold ;  something  intended  to  give  shape  to 
castings.  Sfiak. 

3.  Pattern ;  example ;  as,  to  form  a  government 
on  the  mode?  of  the  British  or  American  constitution. 

4.  Standard  ;  that  by  which  a  thing  is  to  be  meas- 
ured. 


MOD 


MOD 


He  that  d'spiirs  measiun^  Providence  by  liis 
model. 


I  contracted 
South. 


5.  In  painting  and  sculpture,  that  which  is  to  be 
copied  or  imitated,  as  the  naked  human  form. 

6.  A  pattern ;  any  thing  to  be  imitated.  Take 
Cicero,  Lord  Chatham,  or  Burke,  as  a  jnodel  of  elo- 
quence;  take  Washington  as  a  mndel  of  prudence, 
integrity,  and  patriotism  ;  above  all,  let  Christ  be  the 
model  of  our  benevolence,  humility,  obedience,  and 
patience. 

7.  A  copy;  representation;  something  made  in  im- 
itation of  real  life  ;  as,  anatomical  modds,  represent- 
ing the  parts  of  the  body.  Genera!  Pfiffer  constructed 
a  model  of  the  mountainous  parts  of  Switzerland. 

MOD'EL,  V.  t.     [Ft.  modeler.] 

To  plan  or  fonn  in  a  particular  manner;  to  sliape  ; 
to  imitate  in  planning  or  forming ;  as,  to  model  a 
house  or  a  government ;  to  model  an  edifice  accord- 
ing to  tlie  plan  delineated. 

MOD'EL,  V.  t.  or  (.  In  the  fine  arts,  to  make  a  pattern 
from  which  some  work  is  to  be  executed.  Also,  to 
form  a  work  of  some  plastic  material ;  as,  to  model  in 

WAX, 

MOD'EL-£D,  pp.  Formed  according  to  a  model ; 
jilanniid  ;  shaped  ;  formed. 


MOD'EL-ER,  n.    A  planner;  a  contriver.  Spectator. 

MOD'EL-ING,  jrpr.  Forming  according  to  a  model ; 
planning  ;  forming  ;  shaping. 

MOD'EL-ING,  7(.  In  the  fine  artj,  the  making  of  a 
model  from  which  a  work  of  art  is  to  be  executed 
Also,  the  formation  of  a  work  of  art  from  Bome  pla;* 
tic  material ;  as,  thu  modeiinr  of  a  countenance  in 
wax._  Brande. 

MG-Df.'NA,  n.    A  crimson-like  color.  OootL 

MOD'ER-ATE,  a.  [L.  modcratus,  from  vwderoTj  to 
limit,  from  modus,  a  limit.] 

1.  Literally,  Vmuud  ;  resiraincd  ;  hence, temperate  ; 
observing  reasonable-  bounds  in  indulgence;  as,mod' 
crate  in  eating  or  drinking,  or  in  other  gratification!!. 

2.  Limited  in  quantity ;  not  excessive  or  expensive. 
He  keeps  a  moderate  table. 

3.  Restrained  in  passion,  ardor,  or  temper ;  not  vi- 
olent ;  as,  moderate  men  of  both  irarties. 

4.  Not  extreme  in  opinion  ;  as,  a  moderate  Calvin- 
ist  or  Lutlicmn. 

5.  Placed  between  extremes  ;  holding  the  mean  or 
middle  place  ;  as,  reformation  of  a  moderate  kind. 

G.  Temperate ;  not  extreme,  violent,  or  rigorous  ; 
as,  moderate  weather;  a  moderate  winter j  moderate 
heat ;  a  moderate  breeze  of  wind. 

7.  Of  a  middle  rate  ;  as,  men  of  moderate  abilities. 

8.  Not  swift  ;  as,  a  moderate  walk. 
MOp'ER-ATE,  V.  t.    To  restrain  from  excess  of  any 

kind  ;  to  reduce  from  a  stale  of  violence ;  lo  lessen  ; 
to  allay  ;  to  repress  ;  as,  to  moderate  rage,  action,  de- 
sires, &c. ;  to  moderate  heat  or  wind. 
2.  To  temper ;  to  make  temperate ;  to  qualify. 

By  iu   astringent  quality,  it  ntod^ates  iho  lelaxinij  quality  of 
warm  water.  ArbulhnoL 

MOD'ER-aTE,  v.  i.  To  become  less  violent,  severe, 
rigorous,  or  intense.  The  cold  of  winter  usually 
moderates  in  March  ;  the  heat  of  summer  moderates  in 
September. 

9.  To  preside  in  a  meeting.  Smart. 
MOD'ER-A-TED,  pp.    Reduced  in  violence,  rigor,  or 

intensity  ;  allayed  ;  lessened  ;  tempered  ;  qualified. 
MOD'ER-ATE-LY,  adv.    Temperately  ;  mildly  ;  with- 
out violence. 

9.  In  a  middle  degree ;  not  excessively ;  as,  water 
moderately  warm. 

Each  nymph  but  Tnoderately  fair.  Waller. 

MOD'ER-ATE-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  moderate; 
temperateness ;  a  middle  state  between  extremes; 
as,  the  moderateness  of  the  weather;  uaed commonly 
of  things,  as  moderation  is  of  pfrsi^ns.  Juknson. 

MOD'ER-.^-TING,  p/;r.  Reducing  in  violence  or  ex- 
cess; allaying;  tempering;  becoming  more  mild. 

aiOD-ER-A'TION,  7j.     [L.  vwderatiu.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  moderate,  or  keeping  a  due 
mean  between  extremes  or  excess  of  violence.  The 
general's  morferaCtoH  alter  victory  was  more  honora- 
ble than  the  victory  itself. 

!n  moderation  placing"  all  my  rlory, 

While  tori'-s  call  ine  whi*,  and  wbigs  a  lory.  Pope. 

2.  Restmint  of  violent  passions  or  indulgence  of 
appetite.  Eat  and  drink  with  moderation ;  indulge 
with  moderation  in  pleasures  and  exercise. 

3.  Calmness  of  mind;  equanimity;  as,  to  bear 
prosperity  or  adversity  with  modcratioiu 

4.  Frugality  in  expenses.  AinstooTth. 
JIOD-E-HA'TO,   [It.]    Inmusic,  denoting  movement 

between  andante  and  idlegro. 
M0D'EK-.\-TOR,  n.     He  or  that  which  moderates  or 
restrains.    Contemplation  is  an  excellent  moderator 
of  the  passions. 

2.  The  person  wlio  presides  over  a  meeting  or  as- 
semblv  of  people  to  preserve  order,  propose  ques- 
tions,"regulate  the  proceedings,  and  declare  the  vote  ; 
as,  the  moderator  of  a  town  meeting,  or  of  a  stwietv. 

iratts. 

3.  In  the  English  universities,  one  who  sut»erin- 
tends  the  exercfses  and  disputations  in  philosophy, 
and  the  examination  for  tlie  degree  of  1!.  A. 

Coju.  Cat. 
MOD-ER-A'TOR-SHIP,  v.    The  office  of  a  modcnitor. 

Elyot. 
MOD'ERN,  a.      [Ft.   moderne :    It.  and  Pp.  modcrmy. 
Tliis  word  seems  to  be  formed  from  L.  «!t>.'f*>,and  em, 
which  we  find  in  other  Latin  words  that  have  refer- 
ence to  time,  as  in  hodiernus,  hestcmus.] 

1.  Pertaining  lo  the  present  lime,  or  time  not  long 
past;  late;  recent;  not  ancient  or  remote  in  p;ist 
time ;  as,  modern  days,  ages,  or  time  ;  modern  nu- 
lliors  ;  jnodern  fashions ;  modern  taste  ;  modern  prac- 
tice. Bacon,     Prior. 

2.  Common  ;  moan  ;  \^llgar.  [J^'ot  usa/.]     Shak. 
MOD'ERN,  n.    A  person  o(  modern  lime^;  opposed 

to  an  Ancient. 

The  moderns  are  those  of  modern  nations,  or  of 
nations  which  arose  out  of  the  ruins  of  the  empires 
of  Greece  and  Rome,  the  people  of  which  are  called 
Vie  ajtcients.  Smart. 

MOD'ERN-ISM,  n.  Jlodern  practice  :  somell»ing  re- 
cently formed,  parliculariy  in  writing.  S^ift 

MOD'ERN-IST,  ;i.    One  who  admires  the  moderns. 

MOD'ERN-IXE,  r.  £.  To  render  modem;  lo  adapt 
ancient  compositions  lo  modern  persons  or  tilings,  or 


ally ;  M,  to  U 


3Io; 
"■ 
MUD  j;UN.I/.-i,lt,  «' 
MOD'ER.N  r/--|\G,  },;,.■ 
MOD'ER.V-LY,  ot/r.    ]...., _     ... 

MOD'KR.\'-XESS,  n.    The  qoalily  of  btlAC 

rec«ntuejM ;  novcUy. 
MOD'EST,  a.     [Fr.  vvde^u  ,  I.  ■u:-.'^*^,  fr. 

a  limiuj 
L  Properly,  restrained  by  »  .-r  k-      ' 

hcnc4.-,  not  forward  or  buld  ;  :, 

rogaiti ;  not  boastful ,  ^,a  < 

num. 

2.  Not  bold  or  forward  ; 
tvord  may  be  thuj  uKd  wii 
tity. 

Tb?  Uiuhia;  tKAu6*  ^  »  aa^ril  — ■ 

3.  Not  loose  ;  not  lewd, 
Mn.  FonJ,  th  -  -  .         - 

4.  Moderate  . 
travaganl ;  a«,  ^ 
cjit  C(«ni|iutatlun. 

MOD'EST-LY,  adc.  .\ 
pre-'JumpiuouHly ;  wii:^ 
preM^ed  hi.-!  opmions 

2.  Not  loo5cly  or  v. 
nodcitiy  attired  ;  lo  b- 1 

3.  Not  excesaively  : 
MOD'EST-Y,  R.     [L.  r. 

1.  That  lowly  t»;m[>- 
crale  estimate  of  ont-' 
This  temper,  ivhen  ct 
from  tiinidiiy,  and  ir^ 
sons,  is  allied  V'^ 
sons  who  Iiavi-  - 
timidity,  iaodt..\ 
from  feeling,  and  i-  :. 
sive  maiiiier.-f,  as.-iunii-.- 
willing  to  yield,  and  * 
or  and  respect,  or  c\*cn  m-ftt.  ■■. 
quire. 

2.  3Iodcsty,  as  an  act  or  - 
Iminbic,  unobirusivf  -l 
treme   boldness,  for^^ 
lion,  audacity,  or  imi^u  . 
litioner  urg<'d  his  clami-  wiui  n  .-  ■ 
addressed  the  audience  with  Kodestf. 

3.  Moderation;  decency. 

4.  In  females,  modesty  has  the  UK- 
males  ;  but  the  word  is  u^'jd  al<o  a-  - 
chastity,  or  purity  of  mii-n-r-'.     [f>  ■ 
esiy  results  from  purir. 
disgrace  and  ignopin: 
principle.    UnatlVctiu 
of  female  excellence,  tuc  i:  . 
of  Iheir  honor. 

MOD'EST-Y-PIkCE,  «.    a  1. 

males  over  Ihc  bosom. 
MOD'I-eUM,  n.    [L.]    A  liUle ;  a  small  q- 

IHOD'I-FT-A-BLE,  a.    [from        '  '  '     "      ■ 

modified  or  diversified  by  vn- 

ences  ;  as,  modifiable  mitl'T 
MOD'I-FI-e.\TE,  r.  L    T 
M0D-I-FI-e.\'TlON,  «. 

modifying,  or  givins  i 

fercucos  of  external  q  i 

U  thcte  powm  of  coyiui. 
hT.-nt  in  m.\;*..-r  x»  . 

iiiJljon  <T  Bw*ii;tai-^-.  '*    - 

2.  Particular  fonn  or  manner ;  a».  ■ 
i/ications  of  lif:ht  or  si.un  J.    The  In..' 
its  modifieali>.>n.t,  was  held  to  W  objt'-: 
MOD'I-FI-£D,  pp.  or  a.     Changed  in 
qualities  ;  \*ahfd  ;  divcr»tfied. 

2.  Moderated;  tempcrcii;  qualifit 

ble  parts. 

MOIl'I-FI -ER.  r..     He  or  ihit  wh-rh  ■ 

MOD'I-F^. 

difiear:  !. 

to  make. 

L  To  c\r-iu-c   Uw  l.T:n  .-: 
thing  ;  lo  shape  ;  to  girr  a  n-  ■ 
lo  modO'tt  manor,  IishI,  or  som 

2.  To'vnr^*;  to  cive  a  new  i.  mi  ;.^ ..::;  ■■  .-  3'. 
to  modify  llie  terms  of  a  cunUacl.  .\  prefix  nt'di^j 
tlie  sense  of  a  verb. 

3.  To  moderate  ;  to  qualify  ;  lo  n  ! 
decree. 

llo  moti^Vj  tut  fiitt  Kvm  iJecnc. 

MOP'I-F?,  r.  i.    To  extenuate,  VF^-  >  ■ 

MOD'I-FT-ING,  ppr.   or  m.      Chsni-nf  i»k 

qualities  ;  givinc  a  n:'w  form  t 
MO-DIL'LION,  (moHld'vun,\ 

modilUm:  from  I*.  TS.vii.'r,'-,  !r 

In  are hiteetitrry  An  v:-' 
Ionic,  Corinthian,  and 
brai-ket  serving  ioski 
mier  or  drip. 


/- 


TONE.  BgLL,  TTNITE.-AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K;  (5  as  J ;  SasZ ;  Cl!  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


"r^ 


MOI 


MiYDI-O-LAR,  a.    Sliapeil  like  a  Uusliel  meiisure. 
MO'DISM,  a.    ffroiii  mode.]    Acconliiig  to  the  mode 

or  cusloni:ir>'  inJiiiner ;   fashionable ;    as,  a  moilish 

dress  ;  a  modish  feast.  Dryden. 

MO'DISII-LY,  adv.    Fasliionably ;  in  tlio  customary 

mode.  Locke. 

Mo'DISH-NESS,  n.    The  stale  of  being  fasbionable. 
2.  Affectation  of  the  fashion.  Johnson. 

MOD'U-LATK,  r.  (.     [h.  vwdulifTj  Uom  mod u^,  limit, 

measure.] 
1.  To  form  sound  to  a  certain  key,  or  to  a  certain 

proporl  ion .  Jofuu^on.    Knajc. 

'2.  To  vary  or  inflect  sound  in  a  natural,  customa- 

r>-,  or  musical  manner.    Thus  the  organs  of  speech 

modulate  the  voice  in  reading  or  speaking. 

Could  any  iwraoii  aa  nioduUile  her  voice  :is  lo  deceive  an  many  i 

Broume. 

MOD'lJ-LA-TED,  pp.  or  a.  Formed  to  a  certain  key ; 
varied  ;  inflected. 

MOD'IJ-La-TING,  ppr.  Forming  to  a  certain  propor- 
tion ;  van'ins;  inflectinR. 

MOD-l^-LA'TlON,  71.     [L.  modvlat'w  ;  Fr.  modulation.] 

1.  Tlieactof  forming  any  thing  to  a  certain  pro- 
portion ;  as,  the  different  proportion  and  modulation 
of  matter.  Woodward. 

2.  The  net  of  inflectinp  or  varying  the  voice  in 
reading  or  speaking  j  a  rising  or  falling  of  the  voice. 

Kncyc. 

3.  In  7«iwic,  the  manner  of  ascertaining  and  man- 
aging the  modes  ;  or,  '.nore  generally,  the  art  t.f  con- 
ducting the  harmonv  and  air  through  several  modes, 
in  a  nianner  agreeable  to  the  ear  and  conformed  to 
fQlcg,  Rousseau. 

The  transition  from  one  key  to  another.      Ra.sh. 

4.  Sound  modulated  ;  melody.  Thomson. 
MOD'l^-I.A-TOIl,  n.     He  or  that  which  modulates. 

The  tongue  is  a  principal  modulator  of  the  human 
MOD'QLE,  ».     [Fr.,  from  h.  modulus.]  [voice. 

1.  A  model  or  representation. 

2.  In  arckitrUure,  a  certain  measure  or  size  taken 
at  pleasure,  for  regulating  the  proportion  of  coluinns 
and  the  symmetry  or  disposition  of  the  whole  h^iild- 
ing.  The  usual  module  of  a  column  is  its  semi-diam- 
eter at  the  base  of  the  shaft,  though  sometimes  the 
diameter  is  ttiken.  This  is  divided  into  parts  or  min- 
utes. GiciU.     P.  Cijc. 

MOD'ULE,  B.  (.    To  model;  to  shape j  to  modulate. 

[Little  used.] 
MOD'U-IjUS,  n.  [Ij.]  In  analysis^  the  constant  coef- 
ficient or  Timltiptier  in  a  function  of  a  variable  quan- 
tity, by  means  of  which  the  function  is  accommoda- 
ted to  a  particular  system  or  base.  Thus,  in  the  the- 
ory of  logarithms,  it  is  the  number  by  which  all  the 
logarithms  in  one  scale  of  notation  m-ist  be  multiplied, 
to^'adapt  tlu-m  to  the  same  number  in  another  scale. 

Jirandc. 
Mo'DHS,  i(.  [L.J  A  compensation  for  tithes ;  an 
equivalent  in  money,  nr  other  certain  thing,  given  to 
a  parson  or  vicar  by  tlie  owners  of  land  in  lieu  of 
tithes.  Tile  whole  phrase  is  modus  dccimandi ;  but 
modus  alone  is  commonly  used.  Blach>tonc. 

MO'DUS  OP'E-R.IJV'DT,  [L.l    Manner  of  operating. 
MOD'VVALL,  H.     A  bird  tliat  destroys  hees.     Smart. 
MoE,  71. "  A  distorted  moulh.  Also,  as,  a  vcrb^  to  make 

mouths.      fSoe  Mow.]  ShaJi. 

rkloE,  a.  or  aiir.     More.     [J^ot  used.]  Booker. 

MCE-SO-(;OTH'I€,  a.  IJdonging  to  the  Mceso-Goths, 
a  hmnch  of  the  <ioths  who  settled  in  Moesia.  The 
liiUlc  was  translated  into  their  language  by  Ulphilas. 

P.  Cijc. 
MO-GUL',  n.  The  name  of  a  prince  or  emperor  of  the 

nation  in  Asia  called  Jilo^uU,  or  Mons""!^- 
Mo'HaIR,  n.      [G.  mohtj  mohair  and  a  Moor;   Fr. 
7iioire ;  Uuss.  mor.] 

The  hair  of  a  kind  of  goat  in  Turkey,  of  which 
arc  madtr  camlets,  wliich  aie  sometimes  called  by  the 
same  name.  Encyc. 

Mo'IIaIK-SHELL,  n.  In  concholosy,  a  peculiar  spe- 
cies of  Voluta,  of  a  closely  and  finely  reticulated 
texture,  resembling  on  the  surface  mohair,  or  a  close 
web  of  the  silk-worm.  Kncijc. 

MO-IIAiM'MEl)-A.\,  u.    Pertaining  to  Mohammed  or 

Mahomet. 
MO-IIAM':\lEn-AN,  n.     A  follower  of  Mohammed, 

the  fdiitider  of  ibc  religion  of  Arabia  and  Persia. 
M(MIAM'.MKIi  ISM,  in.     The    religion,  or  doc- 

MO-MAM'MKI>-AN-l!*M,i     trines  and"  precepts,  of 

Moljatntiicd,  contained  in  the  Koran. 
MO-IIAM'Mi:i>-l/.K,         Iv.i.    To  make  conforma- 
MU-HAM'MED-Ai\' I/.E,  i      ble  to  the  principles,  or 

modes  and  rites,  of  Mohammed. 
Mo'HAWK,  i  n.    The  appeUation  given  to  certain  ruf- 
jMo'IIUCK.    S      flans  who  infested  the  streets  of  Lon- 
don, so  called  from  the  nation  of  Indians  of  that 
name  in  America.  Prior. 

Mo'HUR,  71.     A  British  Indian  gold  coin,  value  fifteen 

rupees.  Jifalcom. 

MOl'DORE,  H.    A  gold  coin  of  Portugal,  valued  at  .§6, 

or  £1  7a-.  sterling. 
MOI'E-TY,  71.     [Fr.  moitie;  L.  inedtctas;  It.  mcta;  Sp. 
mit.ud.'] 

The'half ;  one  of  two  equal  parts;  as,  a  moiettj  of 
an  estate,  of  goods,  or  of  profits  ;  the  Tnotetyof  a  jury 
or  of  a  nation.  Clarendon.    Addison. 


MOL 

MOIL,  r.  t.     [Fr.  vwuHhr.] 

I.  To  dan  I) ;  to  make  uirly.  {Littl' used.]    KhoUes. 

y.  To  weary.     [See  the  next  word.]      Chapman. 
MOIL,  V.  i.    [Gr.  ttoXo^finaXiiSt  labor,  combat  j  /lOjAEti^, 


to  strive,  to  fight;  L.  moUor^  and  mUesf  At.  J-t^ 

amila,  to  work,  labor,  perform,  to  strive,  to  war ; 
Ileb.  Ch.  Syr.  and  Sam.  Sojf,  id.     Class  MI,  No.  15, 

i2.i 

To  labor  ;  to  toil ;  lo  work  with  painful  eflforts. 

Now  lie  mii6t  moU  and  drudge  tor  one  lie  lo^Uies.       Drydtn. 
MOIL,  71.     .\  spot.     [Sax.  vial.]     IXot  in  use.] 
MOI'NEAU,(moy'n6,)  7t.  A  small,  flat  bastion,  raised 
in  front  of  an  intended  fortification,  to  defend  it 
against  attixcks  from  small  arms.  Brandc. 

MOIST,  a.  [Fr.  vioitc,  for  moiste.;  Arm.  vwuest:  Russ. 
Tnotiu,  to  wet.  If  the  last  radical  letter  is  a  dental, 
this  word  may  belong  to  the  family  of  L.  madeo,  Gr. 
fiv(]aui.    See  Class  Ms,  No.  1,  and  Class  Md,  No.  1.] 

1.  Moderately  wet ;  damp  ;  as,  a  moist  atmosphere 
or  air. 

Exlalalioii  (Iiiak  and  moint.  Millan. 

2.  Containing  water  or  other  liquid  in  a  percepti- 
ble degree. 

MOIST,  as  a  verb,  is  ohsolcte. 

MOIST^A'N,  (mois'n,)  v.  t.  To  rnake  damp ;  to  wet  in 
a  small  degree. 

A  pipe  a  liltle  vwistened  on  tlw  insidf?.  Bacon. 

His  Lwnis  ^re  vwulcited  with  niarro'.v.  —  Job  xxi. 

MOIST'£N-£D,  (mois'ud,)  pp.  or  a.  Made  wet  in  a 
small  degree. 

MOIST'£N-ER,  (mois'n-cr,)  n.  He  or  that  which 
moistens. 

MOIST'JEX-ING,  (mois'n-ing,)  ppr.  Welting  moder- 
ately, 

MOIST'-E^-ED,  (-ide.)  a.    Having  moist  eyes. 

Coleridge. 

aiOTST'FUL,  a.     Full  of  moisture.  Drayton. 

MOIST'NESS,  a.  Dampness;  a  small  degree  of  wet- 
ness. Addison. 

MOIST'URE,  11.     [Fr.  moiteur.] 

1.  A  moderate  degree  of  wetness. 

SclBiiclinhnlsjis  require  mucli  wowiure  on  sandy,  dry  sroundii. 

2.  A  small  quantity  of  any  liquid  ;  as,  tlie  vioisturc 
of  the  bndv.  ^-W;. 

MOIST'URE-LEPS,  a.     Without  moisture. 
MOIST'V,  a.    Drizzlin::.     [J^Tot  in  use.] 
MOKES,  (of  a  net ;)  the  meshes.     [J^ot  in  use] 

Ainsworth. 
Mo'ICY,  o-     [W.  mvy^;  from  the  root  of  smoke.] 
Muggy;  (lark;  nimky.     [Obs.] 

Having  power  to  grind;  grinding;  as,  the  molar 
teeth.  Bacon. 

Mo'LAR,  71.    A  grinding  tooth,  or  grinder. 

MO-LXSSE%  7u      [L.  mollis,  soft.] 

A  soft  tertiary  sandstone  ;  applied  to  a  rock  occur- 
ring in  Switzerland.  Dana. 

MO-LAS'SES,  71.  siTi^'.  [It.  mclassa;  Sp.  mclaza;  Fr. 
jnctasse;  Port.  7Hc^afo  ;  from  Gr./ifAi,  honey, or  fi£>(j?, 
black.  The  orthography  Melasses,  used  by  Ed- 
wards, in  his  History  of  the  tVest  Indies^  is  more  ac- 
cordant with  etymology.] 

The  sirup  which  drams  from  Muscovado  sugar 
wlion  cooling ;  treacle. 

MoLD,     )  71.     [Sax.  moltl,  molda^myl ;  W.  jnol :  D.  and 

MOULD,  i  Dan.  mul;  Sw.  and  (J.  mull;  probably  al- 
lied to  mcllvw;  L.  mollis.  (See  Mei.i.ow,  Meal,  and 
Mill.)  The  prevalent  spelling  is  Mould  ;  but  as  the 
u  has  been  omitted  in  the  other  words  of  this  class,  as 
bold,  gold,  old,  cold,  &c.,  it  seems  desirable  to  com- 
plete the  analogy  by  dropping  il  in  this  word,  as  was 
done  by  Spenser,  South,  and  many  others.] 

1.  Fine,  soft  earth,  or  earth  easily  pulverized,  such 
as  constitutes  soil ;  as,  black  mold. 

Edteards,  W.  Indies. 
A  niorlal  siibsUnce  of  t'^rreslrial  mold.  lloole. 

2.  A  substance  like  down,  which  forms  on  bodies 
which  lie  long  in  warm  and  damp  air.  The  micro- 
scope exhibits  this  substance  as  consisting  ot  small 
plants.  Encijc. 

3.  Matter  of  which  any  thing  is  formed. 

Nature  formed  me  of  Iht  soflcsl  mold.  Addhon. 

MOLD,  1 71.  [Sp.  molde,  a  mold  or  matrix  ,  muUlar, 
MOULD,  \  amoldar,  to  cast ;  Port.  moUc,  vwUlar,  id. ; 
Fr.  moule ;  Arm.  moul :  Dan.  7^11/,  mnldi  W.  mold, 
whence  vinhliaio,  to  mold,  work,  or  knead.  This  may 
be  radically  tln^  same  word  as  mold,  fine  earth,  a  name 
taken  fronitlie  material  ot  maUls.  The  connection  of 
77m(rii;witli  7/ia/.erand  7»fl/cn(i  fortifies  this  conjecture. 
For  spelling,  see  Mold,  above.] 

1.  Tlie  matrix  in  which  any  thing  is  cast  and  re- 
ceives its  form.  Molds  are  of  various  kinds.  iMolds 
for  casting  cannon  and  \'ariou3  vessels  are  composed 
of  some  species  of  earth,  particularly  clay.  IMolds  fur 
other  purposes  consist  of  a  cavity  in  some  species  of 
meud,  cut  or  formed  to  the  shape  designed,  or  are 
otherwise  formed,  each  for  its  particular  use. 


MOL 

2.  Cast ;  form  ;  as,  a  writer  of  vulgar  mold.    Wallt.i 
Crowned  v.itli  iin  uretiUnivo  of  imii'iiii!  mold.  Pope. 

3.  The  suture  or  contexture  of  the  skult.  Aiimworth. 

4.  The  hody,  as  giving  silape  to  the  garments. 

ShaU. 

5.  In  stliiji'hiiiUUns,  a  thin,  flexible  piece  of  timber, 
used  as  u  pattern  by  which  to  form  the  curves  of  tlie 
timbers  and  compassing  pieces.  Encyc. 

tj.  Amoni;  fruCi-i/caters^  n  number  of  pieces  of  vel- 
lum, or  a  like  substance,  laid  over  one  another,  bi'- 
tween  which  Uie  leaves  of  gold  and  silver  are  laid 
for  beatiiic.  Encyc. 

iMOT'I),     iv.t.     [For  spelling,  see  Mold,  above.]     To 

iMolTlJ>,  i      cause  to  contract  mold.  Kiwttcs, 

2.  To  cover  with  mold  nr  soil.  EUiriiriL-f. 

MOLD,     iv.i.    To  contract  mold  ;  to  become  moldy. 

Mould,  Bacm. 

M5L1J,     I  V.  t.    To  form  into  a  particular  shape ;  to 

MOULD,  J     sliape  j  to  model. 

He  for^tli  and  moW*i'i  iiiclals.  //a.'.'. 

bill  1  n-quvBt  tliee,  Milker,  troiii  my  clay 

To  Tnotd  me  man  i  AW(un. 

2.  To  knead  ;  as,  to  mold  dough  or  bread. 

.Qinsieorth. 
.MoLD'.'V-BLE,     )  a.    That  may  be  molded  or  Ibnned. 
MoI;M>'A-HLE,  )  Bacon. 

MOI.D'ED,  I  pp.  Formed  into  a  particular  shape  ; 
MOULD'EU,  (      kneaded. 

'J.  Covered  «'ith  mold. 

MfillLD'Klt  (  "■  "°  "''"'  '""'''^  '"  '<""'■''  """  sliape. 
Mfil.D'ER,  li:i.  [Dan.  mii/ner;  Sw. Miu!<na, logrow 
MOIILD'ER,  (      moldy.l 

1.  To  turn  to  dust  by  natural  decay;  to  crumble  ; 
to  perish  ;  to  waste  away  by  a  gradual  separation 
of  the  component  particles,  without  the  presence  of 
water.     In  this  manner,  animal  and  vegetable  sub- 

.stances  molder,  and  so  also  do  stones  and  shells. 

WIkt.  BLUUea  wilder,  aiifl  when  arches  till.  Prior. 

2.  To  be  diminished  ;  to  waste  away  gradually. 


li  lie  had  sat  stiti 
iiolliin?. 


the  enemy's  army  wouM  have  motdtrctl  lo 
Ciaremlon. 


MoLD'ER,     )v.t.    To  turn  to  dust;  to  crumble;  to 

iMoULD'ER,  \      waste. 

Some  felt  the  silent  stroke  of  moMerins  age.  Pope. 

MoLD'EU-ED,     )  pp.  ore.    Turned  to  dust;  wasted 

MoliLD'ER-£D,  (     away. 

MoLD'ER-ING,     [ypr.  ala.     Turning  todust;  crum- 

MOULD'EE-ING,  i      Wing;  wasting  away. 

MoLD'I-NESS,     lit.  [from  muWi/.]  The  state  of  being 

MoULD'I-NESS,  j      moldv.  Bacon. 

MoLD'ING,     \ppr.  [from  raoW.]  Formingintosh;ipe  ; 

MoULD'ING,  \      kneading. 

M(5LD'IN'G,     in.    Any  thing  cast  in  a  mold,  or  which 

MoULD'ING,  \  appears  to  be  so  ;  hence,  in  archiuc- 
(Krr,  a  projecture beyond  the  wall,  column,  wainscoat, 
&c.,  an  assemblage" of  which  forms  a  cornice,  a  door 
case,  or  other  decoration.  Encyc 

MoLD'VVAKP,     \n.    [Sax.  moH  and  wMrpun,  to  turn 

MOUI.D'WARP,  i      See  Mole.] 

A  moleV  a  small  animal  of  the  genus  Talpa,  thai 
moves  under  ground,  and  turns  up  the  mold  or  sur 
face  of  the  earth.  Spciuscr.     Carrw. 

MOLD'y,     I  a.     [from  vuild.]    Overgrown  with  mold. 

MOULD' Y,i  Mdison. 

MOLE,  n.     [Sax.  vucl,  mal ;  D.  maal ;  G.  mahl.] 

L  A  spot,  mark,  or  small  permanent  protuberance 
on  the  human  body,  from  which  often  issue  one  or 
more  hairs. 

2.  [L.  mola.']  A  mass  of  fleshy  matter  of  a  spher- 
ical hgiire,  generated  in  the  uterus.  Encyc. 

MOLE,  n.     [L.  Tiwles;  Fr.  violc;  VV.  7nnc!,  a  heap,  or 
mwl,  a  mass  ;  Gr.  ;io)Xos.] 

1.  A  mound  or  massive  work  formed  of  large 
stones  laid  in  the  sea  by  means  of  coffer  dams,  ex- 
tended eitlier  in  a  right  line  or  an  arch  of  a  circle  be- 
fore a  [icrl,  which  it  serves  to  defend  from  the  vio- 
lent impure  of  the  waves ;  thus  protecting  ships  in 
a  harbor.  The  word  is  sometimes  used  for  the  har- 
bor itself.  Brandc. 

2.  Among  ilu:  Romans,  a  kind  of  mausoleum,  built 
like  a  round  tower  on  a  square  base,  insulated,  en- 
compassed with  columns,  and  covered  with  a  dome. 

Enctjc. 

MOLE,  71,      [D.  viol;   G.  mauhoiirf,  moldwarp;  Sw. 
mnllsork,  mullr.ad  or  mnlUwarpcl ,  Dan.  muUnarp.] 

A  small  animal  of  the  genus  Talpa,  which,  in 
search  of  worms  or  other  insects,  forms  a  road  just 
under  the  surface  of  the  ground,  raising  the  soil  into 
a  little  ridge  ;  from  which  circumstance  it  is  called  a 
mouldwarp,  ot  mould-turner.  The  mole  has  very  small 
eyes.  •""J- 

l.cani  of  the  mole  to  plow,  llic  worm  to  weave.  Pope. 

MOLE,  V.  t.    To  clear  of  mole-hills,    [iocii!.]    reggc. 

MoLE'-BAT,  K.    A  tish  resembling  a  shapeless  lump 
of  flesh.  ■''"i. 

MOLE'-exST,  II.     A  little  elevation  of  earth  made 
bv  a  mole.  Morlimcr. 

MeLE'-e.\TCH-ER,  n.    One  whose  employment  is 
to  catch  moles.  Tnsscr. 

MoLE'-CRICK-ET,  jt.    An  insect  of  the  genus  Gryl- 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WILAT.— METE,  PREY PINE,  HLVKINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK. 


724 


MOL 

lu5,  or  Gryllotalpa,  which  burrows  under  ground, 
and  is  said  to  devour  the  roots  of  plants.      P.  Cyc. 

MO-LEC'l^-LAR,  a.  Itelongiiiij  to  or  consisiin'^  of 
moieciile?.  Prout, 

JMOliE'eULE,  n.  [Fr.,  from  mole.]  A  name  given  to 
the  minute  particles  of  which  bodies  are  supposed  to 
be  composed.  Dana. 

MCLE'-ET-El),  (-Tde,)  a.    Having  very  small  eyes  ; 

MoLE'-HILL,  71.     [W.  malur.]  [blind. 

A  little  hillock  or  elevation  <if  earth  thrown  up  by 

moles  working  under  ground  ;  hvucc,  proverhiatly,  a 

very  small  hill,  or  other  small  thing,  compared  with 

a  larger. 

Uaviii^  leaped  over  sucli  moUDtaiiis,  lie  down  before  a  tnole-hill. 

South. 
MO-LEST',  V.  L     [Ft,  molester  ;  It.  vwlc^tarc ;  Sp.  mo- 
lestar ;  from  L.  midcstitSf  troublesome;  Sp.  molcr,  to 
grind,  to  molest,  to  vex,  L.  iiwlo.     See  Mill.] 
To  trouble  ;  to  disturb  ;  to  render  uneasy. 


MOL-EST-A'TION,  n.  Disturbance  ;  annoyance  ; 
uneasiness  given.  [It  usually  expresses  less  than 
Vexation.]  Broicti. 

M0-LE3T'ED,  pp.    Disturbed;  troubled;  annoyed. 

MO-LEtfT'ER,  n.    One  that  disturbs 

MO-LEST'FIJL,  a.     Troublesome. 

MO-LEST'ING,  ppr.    Disturbing  ;  troubling. 

MoLE'-TRACK,  n.  The  course  of  a  mole  under 
cround.  Mortimer. 

MOLE'-WARP,  n.  A  mole.  [See  Mole  and  Mould- 
Warp.] 

Mo'LI-EN,  n.    A  flowering  tree  of  China.    Grosicr. 

MO-LIM'I-NOUS,  a.     [from  L.  vwlimcn.'\ 

Ver\"  irnportiiut.     [jVot  iised.']  J^Jore. 

Mo'HS'-lSM,  n.  Tile  doctrines  of  the  violinists, 
somewhat  resembling  the  tenets  of  the  Arminians. 

3Io'LIN-IST,  71.  A  follower  of  the  opinions  of  Mo- 
lina, a  Spanish  Jesuit,  in  respect  to  grace;  an  op- 
poser  of  the  Janseuists. 

MOL'LAH,  n.  The  title  of  the  higher  order  of  Turk- 
ish judges. 

MOL'Ll-EXT,  a.     [L.  mollicus^mollio.    See  Mellow.] 
Sortening;   assuaging;  lessening.    [Sec  Emolli- 
ent, which  is  generally  used.] 

MOL'LI-ENT-LY,  adv.    Assuagingly. 

MOL'LI-FI-A-BLE,  a,  [from  mollifij,^  That  may  he 
sottened. 

MOL-LI-FI-e.\'TION,  n.    The  act  of  mollifying  or 
softening. 
2.  Mitieation  ;  an  appeasing.  Shah. 

aiOL'LI-FI-JSD,  pp.    Softened";  appeased. 

MOL'LI-FI-ER,  11.    That  which  softens,  appeases,  or 
mitigates. 
2.  He  that  softens,  mitigates,  or  pacifies. 

MOL'Lt-Fi',  v.t.  [L.  moUio^  Fr.  vwllir.  See  Mel- 
low.] 

1.  To  soften  ;  to  make  soft  or  tender.    Is.  i. 

2.  To  assuage,  as  pain  or  irritation. 

3.  To  appease  ;  to  pacify  ;  to  calm  or  quiet. 

Dryden. 

4.  To  qualify  ;  to  reduce  in  harshness  or  asperity. 

Clarendon. 

MOL'LI-F^-ING,  ppr.    Softening;  assuaging. 

MOL'LI-F^-ING,  a.  Adapted  to  mitigate,  soften,  or 
assuage. 

MOL-LtIS'€A,  n.  pi.  [A  soft-shelled  nut,  from  L. 
mollis^  soft.] 

One  of  the  four  sub-kingdoms  into  which  animals 
are  divided,  comprising  s[)ecies  whose  bodies  are 
soft  and  inarticulate.  Some  of  them  are  naked, 
while  others  are  enveloped  in  a  shell.  With  the  ex- 
ception of  a  single  family,  they  have  no  distinct  or- 
gan of  sense,  except  eyes,  and  these  are  wanting  in 
some  species. 

This  division  includes  the  snail  and  oyster,  and 
the  whole  class  of  shell  animals,  together  witli  the 
cuttle-fish  and  the  ascidis.  Dana. 

MOL-LUS'CAN,  n.    A  mollusk  ;  one  of  the  niolbisca. 

MOL-LUS'eAN,     (  a,    Pertaining  to  the  mollusca,  or 

MOL-LUS'eOUS,  \  partaking  of  their  propfrtics. 
[MoLLUi^cous   is   used,    but  is  less  analogical  than 

MOLLUSCAN'.] 

aiOL'LUSK,  n.  One  of  the  moUusca.  [See  Mol- 
lusc a.  J 

Mo'LOGH,  Cmo'lok,)  n.  In  Scripture,  the  deity  of  the 
Ammonites,  to  whom  human  sacrifices  were  oirered 
in  the  valley  of  Tophet. 

MO-LOS'SUS,  71.  [Gr.]  In  Greek  and  Latin  vcr^c,  a 
foot  of  three  lone  syllables. 

MoLT,      i  V.  I.     [W.  J7iof/,  bald,  bare,  also,  as  a  noun, 

MoULT,  \  a  heap,  pile,  or  conical  hill  with  a  smooth 
top  ;  moeli^  to  heap  or  pile,  to  make  bald.  So  baht, 
in  English,  seems  to  be  connected  with  bold,  that  is, 
prominent.  The  prevalent  spelling  is  Moult  ;  but  as 
theii  has  been  omitted  in  the  <ilher  words  of  this  class, 
as  bolt,  colt,  diilty&.c.yit  would  he  desirable  to  complete 
the  analogy  by  dropping  it  in  this  word,  as  many 
distinguished  writers  have  done.] 

To  shed  or  cast  the  hair,  feathers,  skin,  horns, 
&c.,  as  an  animal.  Birds  molt  by  losing  their  ftath- 
ers,  beasts  by  losing  their  hair,  serpents  by  casting 
their  skins,  and  deer  their  horns.  The  moiling  of 
the  hawk  is  called  viewing. 


MON 

MoLT,     in.  The  act  or  process  of  changing  the  fealh- 
MoULT,  S     crs,  skin,  fee. ;  molting.  P.  Cyc. 

MoLT'lNc;.     )ppr.  CasttngorKheddinganatunilcov- 

MoULT'lNG,  S    ering.ashair,  feathprrt,8kin,orhoniH. 

MoI/r'ING,     j  7(.     The  act  or  operation  by  which  cer- 

MoQLT'lNO,  S  tain  animals,  annually  or  .it  certain 
times,  cast  off  or  lose  their  hair,  feathers,  skins,  homn, 

MoLT'/';N',  ;>;).  of  Melt.     Melted.     [Obs.]  [tr. 

_  2.  a.  RIelled  ;  made  of  melti^d  metal  j  as,  n  molten 

Mo'LY,  n.     [L.,  from  Gr.  /if.jAi-.]  [Image. 

Wild  garlic,  a  plant  having  a  bulbous  root ;  Allium 
Moly. 

JIO-LYB'DATE,  n.  A  compcund  of  molybdic  acid 
with  a  base. 

MO-LYB-I)K'NA,  7(.  [Gr.  noXvfi.Un'a,  a  maj^s  of  lead.] 
An  ore  of  a  dark  load  color,  occurring  in  flexible 
lamina;,  like  plumbago.  It  is  distinguished  from  this 
mineral  by  its  sulphureous  odor  before  the  blow- 
pipe, a  lighter  shade  of  color,  and  a  more  grcany  feel. 
It  consists  of  sulphur  and  molybdenum.         Dana. 

M0-LYB'Dr;-NrrE,7i.  Sulphuretof  molybdena.  Dana. 

MO-LYB-De'XuUS,  a.  Pertaining  to  molybdena,  or 
obtained  from  it.  Ttic  molyhdcnoiui  acid  of  Buchol/. 
is  a  salt,  the  birnolybdate  of  the  deuloxyd  of  moIyl>- 
denum. 

MO-LYB-Dk'NUM,  7l  a  metal  which  has  not  been 
reduced  into  masses  of  any  magnitude,  but  has  been 
obtained  only  in  small,  separate  globules,  in  n  black- 
ish, brilliant  mass.  These  are  brittle  and  extremely 
uifusible.  JfichoUon.     Ure. 

The  most    common    natural    compound    of  this 
metal  is  a  sulphuret.  Brandc. 

MO-LYB'Die,  c  Pertaining  to  molybdena.  Jfohjbdic 
acid  is  an  acid  obtained  from  molybdate  of  lead,  or 
by  acidifying  molybdena.  :SUliinan. 

MoME,  n.     [Fr.  momon.     See  Mum.] 

a  dull,  s;Icnt  person  ;  a  stupid  udlow  ;  a  stock  ;  a 
post.  Johnson.     Spenser. 

Mo'MENT,  n.  [L.  vwrncjiinm.  This  word  is  con- 
tracted from  vwtamentumy  or  some  other  word,  the 
radical  verb  of  \vhich  signifies  to  move,  rush,  drive, 
ov  fall  suddenly,  wiiich  sense  gives  that  of  furcc. 
The  sense  of  an  instant  of  time  is  from  falling  or 
rushing,  which  accords  well  with  that  of  mcet.'\ 

1.  Tile  most  minute  and  indivisible  part  of  time  j 
an  instant. 

In  a  Tnoment,  iu  t!ic  IwinlUing  of  ati  eye.  —  1  Cor.  xv. 

2.  Force  ;  impulsive  power. 

Toticli,  wilh  liglilesl  Twrr^nl  of  imiiiiUe, 

Ilia  frw  will.  A/titon. 

Liule  used  ;  but  hence, 

3.  Importance  iu  Iniiuence  or  effect;  consequence  j 
weight  or  value. 

It  U  an  abslriise  speculation,  bul  also  of  Iw  K'sa  momeiU  to 
tliaii  the  othcR.  BenUey. 

MO-^IE\T'AL,  a.     Important.     [J^ot  in  use.] 
MO-MENT'AL-LY,  ado.     For  a  moment.       Brown. 
MO-ME.\T-A'NE-OUS,  .Mo'MENT-A-NY,  not  used. 

See  Momen'tarv. 
Mo'MENT-A-UI-LY,  ath\     Every  moment.  Shcnstottr, 
Mo'MENT-A-RY,  a.    Done  in  a  moment ;  continuing 
only  a  moment;  lasting  a  very  short  time;  as,  a  mo- 
mentary pang. 

Momentnry  tia  a  sonn<i, 
S^^^f:  u  r  siiarfor,  sborl  aa  any  dn-am.  Sha. 

Mo'MENT-LY,  ado.    For  a  moment. 

2.  In  a  moment ;  every  moment.    We  momently 
expect  the  arrival  of  the  mad. 
MO-MENT'OUS,  a.    Important;  weighty;  of  consc 
quence.     Let  no  false  step  be  made  in  the  momcntvus 
concerns  of  the  soul. 
MO-MENT'OUS-LY,  adv.    Weightily  ;  nnpoHanily. 
i\tO-MENT'OUS-NESS,  n.     Slate  of  being  of  great 

importance.  „  ,     » 

MO-MENT'UM,  n. ;  pi  Momenta.  [L.]  In  median- 
ics.  impetus  ;  tiie  quantitv  of  motion  in  a  moving  iiody. 
This  is  always  proportioned  to  the  quantity  of  matter 
multiplied  into  the  velocity.  Olmsud. 

MOJfl^F.R,  (iiiurn'm'^-tT,)  n.     [Fr.]     A  name  some- 
times tiiven  in  rrproMcb  to  the  evangelical  Protestants 
of  France  and  Swit/.i-rland. 
MOMOIEU-Y.     See  MuMMEnv.  .      -      ^,      , 

Mo'MOT,  71.     The   name  of  certain   binls   m   i^outh 
America,  so  named  from   their  monotonous  note. 
Their  Iiabils  antl  tongue  resemble  the  toucan's, 
MO'MUS,  71.     [Gr.  ncj^oi,  derision.]  [AVoin.^on. 

In  miftholo-ry,  the  deity  of  ridicule  and  r:nller>-. 
MON'A-€HAL,  Cnion';i-kal,)  a.     [Fr.,  from  L.  mono- 
c/»(5,  Gr.  fi'iavys',  ;i  ii>o''k.]  .    ,.^ 

Pertaining  to  monks  or  a  monastic  life  ;  monastic. 
MON'A-eHIi^M,  (num'a-kizm,)  n.     [Fr.  monachisme; 
It.  inonackismo.     See  Monk.] 
The  state  of  monks  ;  a  monastic  lite. 
MON'AD,  H.    [Gr.  fioms,  unity,  from  /io»">s,  sole.] 
1.  An  ultimate  atom,  or  simple,  une.\lended  point. 

Leibnitz, 
9.  An  indivisible  thing.  Good, 

X  A  name  given  to  the  simplest  kind  of  minute 


animalcules. 


Dana, 


MON-A-DEL'PIH-.' ,  n.    [Gr.  norn,  sole,  and  ah\- 
<ft<K,  brother.] 

In  botanuy  a  class  of  plants  whose  sUunens  arc 
united  in  one  body  by  the  lilamcnls.  Limwriu. 


MON I 

WON-A-DKL'PHI-A.V,  *«.    Hau:.- ih-  .u..  i.  c^  t-  ' 
MON-A-DELTHOUS,  j     «d  .i 

mf-nt". 
MO-N.AD'ie,         to.     Mavln 
MO-.\AI>'ie-AL,  t      u    . 
MO-.NA.\'DUI-A,ii.  [i;- 
III   botany,  a  rki««  i  . 

one  (Ftamen  only,  nuc  at  %!!  r 

MO-NAN'DR|.A\,  /  a.     Mot.. 
.MO-.\A\'DROUS,  j      one    ft 

nerU'd  with  the  ptrtil, 
.MO.N'ARCH,  jnion'ark,)  n.    [li 

monarquc  ;  Gr.  fioyapx'if  •'  f  ft'-'ii  »" 

chief  J 

1.  The  prince  or  ruirr  nf  ri  intr 
all   the   poweni  of  c- 

who  ia  vphtcd  with 
em|w_Tor,  king  f^r  pnri 
power,    'i'hjji  I    ' 

2.  ,'\  king  or 
nation,  whcxe  p 

the  coiulitutiun  "i  n. 
the  king  of  Greia  Itr 
can  make  no  law  win, 

3.  Me  or  that  whi<  ^ 
same  kind  ;  aj<,  an  o.-i> 
forest ;  a  lion,  the  mv.  . 

4.  One   that   pre.iidci  j    l.l^■■-.ti'■^.■ 
monardt  nf  the  vmc. 

MON'.-\UCII,a.    Supreme;  ruling;  -  . 

age.  t  ^' 

MO-NXReiI'AL,a.    Pcitainins  to  a  moiutib  ;  m&tmt 

a  monarch  ;  sovereign;  r»-?^I ;  imprn^l, 

&.-.L-vn,  wbcrii  ocrv  Xix- 
ALuTc  hi*  kLlu«  1,  « . 

M0N''AReil-F,S3,n.     .\  ; 
.MO-XAKCH'IC,  \a.      Vv.lcd::. 

M0-.\AKCM'ie-AL,  t     afl.BwaarcA.' 

2.  Prrtniiiinc  Iu  monarch\. 
.MON"AReiI-ISM,  n.     Th.-  \-< 

love  or  prirf(*r(.-nco  of  muiiar. 
MON'AReil-IST,  B.     Anadv- 
MOX'AReil-IZE,  c.  i.    To  jUay  U- 

nionarch. 
MON'AReH-IZE,  r.  L    To  rule  ;  to  : 

2.  To  convert  to  a  monarchy. 
MOX'.MieiMZr^fJD,  pp.    Convcru-d  to  a  m^ 
MON'AUeU  IZ-LNG,  jjpr.    GuTerom?  ,    * 

a  monarchy. 
MOiN'ARCH-Y,  n.     [Gr.  ^lavapxta.     - 

1.  A  stale  or  government  in  » : 
power  is  lodged   in  tlic  liai 
Such  a  state  is  usually  callt  <i 

and  we  usually  give  this  <!■ 
stjite  only.  But  the  same  nauiL  i- 
tu  a  kingdom  or  state  in  which  iht- ; 
or  supreme  niagijilrate  is  limited  ^y 
by  fundamental  laws.  Surh  is  ih' 
Hence  we  s[M-ak  of  absolute  or  d". 
and  of  limited  monaixkics. 

artSy. 

2.  A  kingdom  ;  on  cnipiFC. 
MO.\-AS-Tk'RI-AL,  a.     Pert-iininc  to  a  m 
MO.N'AS-TER-Y,   n.       [Fr.    ru-y.^uUrr:    lu 

Sp.  monasltria ;  Low   L-  non.!.''  'j.-.  .   '•■ 
oioi,  from  inu  L(,  sole,  .-^p-ir  ■ 

A  house  of  relicious   ret; 
frt>in  ordinar>'  temporal  ct>iu 
a  priory,  or  a  nunncr>'.    The  uwm 
to  tlie  houses  of  monk?,  mcndicani  : 

MO-NAS'Tie,         (a.    [Fr.  • 
MO-XAS'TIG-AL,  )      fti ;    L 

ftnacTiKoif  fn>m  fi^i    i,  s*'l'  • 
Pertaining  to  nionasicru -. 

cluse  ;  secluded  from  llio  I- 

and  devoted  to  religion  ;  as,  - 

orders 
M0-iNAS'TI€,  M.    A  monk. 
MO-NAS'Tie-AL-LV,  aJc.     RccJuscly;  ir, 

manner  :  in  the  manner  *if  monk*. 
MO-NAS' n  riSM,  M.     Monastic  Uf,\ 
MO-.NAS'TI-eON,  ».    A  boot,  giving  .in 

monasteries. 
MOX'D.\Y,  (miin'dy,)  n.    l=^-  n*^"»^*j 

da^:  G.  aontam  ""X"*  ^^^  ^9'  ^i^S  ■' ' 

cred  to  that  pifflct.] 
The  second  dav  of  the  week. 
MOXDE,  II.     [Fr.]    The  world  ;  al*o,  a  ^^  •  ^^-  '" 

sign  of  authority.  t^ 

MO-XP.'CIAX  and  MO-.\G'CIOUS.    Sec  >: 

and  .MoNCEciou). 
MOX'E-T.\-KY,(niun'e-ter-r>-,.i«.    Y 

ey  or  consisting  in  money. 
MOX'EY,  ^mun'e,)  «,.  pi.  .Mo:ckt». 

iNUNf,  mint;    G.  ■»*«:<.■   Sw.  ■- 

money  or    mint  :    Fr.    ««»»>*/;    ' 

nKnai:    Sp.    tAonrtia  :    VotU   wj-ec  ■ 

and  It.  mcHCa,    -Vl'scv  and  »w(  a^ 

varied.] 
1.  Coin  ;  st-inipCAl  mrt-ii ;   any   . 


Tune,  b^ll,  ijnite.— 


AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.-C  as  K ;  l5  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  OH  as  SH :  TH  a.^  in  THIS. 


7£> 


usually  gold,  silver,  or  ra,,per,  st.in.pc.1  by  pviblu. 
lUiSy,  ami  "scd  as  the  medmm  of  conniierce. 
Wo  "ome  imcs  fiive  Ibo  name  of  irnnry  to  other  co.nca 
metals  and  to  any  other  material  which  tudo  nations 

so  S  a  inedium  of  trade.  Bat,  anions  modern 
com^ereial  nations,  gold,  silver,  platinum,  and  cop- 
per are  the  only  metals  used  for  this  P"'l»f;;-  G"""^ 
pl,i iniuni,  and  silver,  contaiu.ns  !!"•■■''  ;'.■», ''." 
^ mall  compass,  and  being,  therelorc,  of  easy  coney- 
ace  and  being,  also,  durable,  and  litt  e  .able  to 
di  nhiution  by  Sse,  are  the  most  convenient  nietals 
for  coin  or  money,  which  is  the  representative  of 

omiirdities  of  a'!;  kinds  of  '-■"i^."";!  ,"•  X' 
tiling  that  is  capable  of  being  transferred  in  com- 

'"n^liank  notes  or  bills  of  credit  issued  by  authority, 
and  exchangeable  for  coin,  or  redeemable,  ^'re  "iso 
"ailed  n>«ncr.  as  such  notes,  in  u.odcrn  l.ines  repre- 
sent coin  and  are  used  as  a  substitute  for  it.  It  a 
m'ui  ims  m  hand  for  goods  in  bank  notes  which  are 
current,  he  13  said  to  pay  in  ready  vwmij. 
3.  Wealth ;  affluence. 

alo,,^  MO  nciaisr  open  now  .venue.  10  plcuim»,  °"  """/P 

the  paK;igfla  of  uusuish. 

MON'EY-AGE,  71.    .«nciCTi«y,  in   Enj'unii,  a  general 

land  tM  levied  by  the  two  first  Norman  kings,  a 

shilling  on  each  hearth.  ,_,.    "«"'"• 

M0N'EV-1).\G,  n.    A  bag  or  purse  for  "<'''''^"j"["™* ' 

mON'EY-l!OX,  n.    A  box  or  till  to  hold  moliey. 
JION'EY-BROK'ER,  n.  A  broker  who  deals  in  money. 

MON'EY-CHaNG'EK,  71.  A  broker  'vho  deals  in 
money  or  exchanges.  .  ■*""'!!"°'"  „ 

MON'EY-i;D,  (mun'ia,)  o.  Rich  in  money;  having 
money  ;  able  to  comn.a.id  money  ;  used  often  in  op- 
position to  such  as  have  their  wealth  in  real  estate. 

liitiK  mmcyti  men  to  lend  to  Uie  mcrclunls.  Bacon. 

2.  Consisting  in  money  ;  as,  TO07ic7;crf  capital. 

Hamdtm's  Rcfort. 
MO\'EY-ER,  71.    A  banker ;  one  who  deals  in  money. 
ILMlcusci^.l      ^  ^^^        j^,g  ^„^,  authorized  manu- 
facturer of  coin.  ,     ,      ,       *™"'*'- 
llCiN'E Y-LE.N'D'ER,  a.    One  who  lends  monev . 
MON'EY-LESS,  n.    Destitute  of  money  ;  pennyless. 

MOX'EY-MAT'TER,  n.    An  account  consisting  of 
charges  of  money  ;  an  account  between  debtor  and 

""J"""--  ,    .    ,         ^  flZ'nn 

MO-N'EY-SeRIVE'NER,  (-skriv'ner,)  ti.      A  person 

who  raises  money  for  others.  Mrhutlmol. 

Mc5.\'EY-SPIN".N'ER,  71.    A  small  spider. 
MO.\'EY'S-WCiRTIl,  (mun'ez-wurth,)  n    Sometning 

that  will  bring  money. 
•T   Full  value  ;  the  worth  of  a  thing  in  money. 
MON'EY-WORT,  ii.    An  evergreen  tr.ailing  plant  ot 

the  genus  Nummularia,  or  of  the  genus  Lysmiachia. 

MQNG'-eORN,  11.    [II1710715-  and  cor7i.]    Mi.i:ed  corn. 

MON"GER,  (mung'ger,)  7i.     [Sax.  7i7a7!^e«!,  fromTnan- 
trian,  to  trade,  D.  manger.] 

A  trader;  a  dealer;    now  used  only  or  chiefly  in 
composition ;    as,  fish-7(M7io-(!r,    iron-77i07i»cr,  news- 
intmgcr^  cheese-7»i)7io-er. 
M0N''GREL,  (mung'grel,)  a.    [from  sax.  77.c7<^a7!,  to 
mix.    See  Mingle.) 
Of  a  mixed  breed ;  of  different  kinds.         Smjl. 
MON"GREL,  71.    An  animal  of  a  mixed  breed. 
MO-NIL'I-FORM,  a.     [L.  TiioniJc,  a  necklace,   and 
form.]  _, 

Like  a  necklace.  Auci/c. 

MON'I-MEiNT,  n.    [L.  77i<77ti77iC7itu;?i,  from  ?7«i7ieo,  to 
admonish.] 

1.  .\u  inscription ;  something  to  preserve  memory. 

[Oix-l  .    . 

2.  A  mark  ;  an  image  ;  a  superscription,  bpmser. 
MON'ISH,  V.  t.    To  admonish  i  to  w-rn.    [JVot  used.] 

[See  ,\dmoni3H.] 
JION"ISH-EK, 71.    An  admonisher,  which  see. 
IION'ISH-MENT,  71.    Admonition.    [Oi».] 
MO-Nr'TION,  (-nish'un,)  ti.    [Fr.,  from  L.  77!<i7HiM7.] 

1.  Warning  ;  instruction  given  by  way  of  caution  ; 
as,  the  monitions  of  a  friend.  Sici^ 

2.  Information ;  indication. 
We  have  no  vbiUe  r/iorii7ron«  of  olIivT  ncriotis,  such  aa  we  Inve 

of  Uie  day  iiy  Euccc»ivc  light  utid  diidtucet.  Holder. 

MON'I-TIVE,  a.      Admonitory ;    conveying  admo- 
nition, i*?"'?"'- 
MON'I-TOR,  71.    [I..]    One  who  warns  of  faults  or 
informs  of  duty  ;  one  who  gives  advice  and  instruc- 
tion by  way  of  reproof  or  caution. 

You  nce^i  not  he  a  monilor  to  tlie  kinfj.  Bacon. 

o  In  schools  or  univcrsilies,  a  pupil  selected  to  look 
to  The  scholars  in  the  absence  of  the  instructor,  or  to 
notice  the  absence  or  faults  of  the  scholars,  or  to 
instruct  a  division  or  class.  ,     .  ,    ,  .        ., 

3  In  -oiilon,  a  genus  of  lizards  inhabiting  the 
warmer  parts  of  the  eastern  continent,  so  called 
from  being  supposed  to  give  warning  of  the  vicinity 
of  crocodiles.  ^-  ^H'^' 


MON-ITfi'RI-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  monitor. 

•1    Perfornied  by  a  monitor. 

3.  Conducted  or  taught  by  monitors  ;  as,  a  monUo- 
riiU  school ;  77ii77iiiorial  system. 

4.  Cumiuunicated  by  monitors ;  as,  OTOjiUcirioI  m- 

MON  L-TO'RI-ALrLY,  mlv.    In  a  monitorial  manner. 
MON'1-TO-IIY,  a.     Giving   admonition;    warning; 
instructing  by  way  of  caution. 

LoULj,  mi.e.>m.ses,  itn.l  tltoppoinln«.-ou,  are  momWry  and  B- 
stiucuvc.  ^  i,tlni»,e. 

MON'I-TO-RY,  71.    Admonition  ;  warning.    Bacon. 

JlON'l-TRESS,  71.    A  female  monitor. 

MONK,  (munk,)  n.    [Gr.  ,,o,ax'-i,  from  /"'"»;.  Y^" 

„iOii,  sole,  separate;    whence   L.   7,io7tac/«»  .    bax. 

mt77iM,  7i.unu<;:   Fr.  77wiite;  Arm.  ma7i7iM;i,    W-my- 

"l''mrwr'Lies  from  the  ordinary  toniporal 
concerns  of  the  world,  and  devotes  himself  to  re- 
ligion. Monks  usually  live  in  monasteries,  on  entei- 
ing  which  they  take  a  vow  to  "l'^<="'f!,'=«""'"  ,\",  f,"" 
Some,  however,  live  as  htirmits  m  solitude,  an  cith- 
ers have  lived  a  strolling  lile,  without  any  '>^^_'J  '«" 

MONICOJR-Y  77.    The  life  of  monks ;   the  monastic 

life  ;  a  term' usually  applied  by  way  of  roproacli. 
MONK'EY  (niunk'e,)  I)  pi.  Moskevs.  [Jt- 7"«="'°;} 
1.  The  popular  name  of  the  ape  and  baboon.     But 
in  V.omogy,  i.07.;a!,    is   more  properly  the  name  of 
ose  animals,  of  "the  S''""- ^iiiiia  wmd,  have  long 
tails.    Ray  distributes  animals  of  this  kind  into  three 
classesrapes,  which  have  no  tails  ;  monkeys,  with 
Ion"  tails;  and  baboons,  with  short  tails.     Eacyc. 
I:  A  name  of  contempt,  or  of  slight  kindness. 

JoUnsoiu 
3  The  weight  of  apile-drivet ;  i.  e.,  a  very  heavy 
mass  of  iron,  which,  being  on  high,  descends  with 
Pat  momentum  on  the  head  of  the  pile,  and  forces 

MONK'  hood'  71.'  The  character  of  a  monk.  Merhmj. 

mKnK'ISJi;  a.    Like  a  monk,  or  pertaining  to  monks  ; 

monastic  ;    as,  vwnkisli  manners  ;   7no7ii«'i  dress  ; 

MOxS-HEAD:  Cmunks'hed,)  ».      A  plant  of  the 

MONK'sSbT,;.   An  herb  of  the  genus  Aconitum. 
MONK'S-RHO'BXRB,  it.    An  herb  of  the  genus  Ail- 

mcx,  a  species  of  dock.  ,      , 

MON-b-€AR'DI-AN,  a.     [Gr.  uovc-;  -^i  -<:."f 'f-j 
Having  a  single  heart,  as  fishes  and  rep'iks.     » 

may  be  used  as  a  noun.  , 

MON-0-€XR'POUS, ;:.    [Gr.  ftovoc,  co.e,  and  na.o.o,, 

"^"Belrin"  fruit  but  once,  and  dying  after  fruclifica- 
tiim,  as  wheat,  &c.  'St',  T 

MO-NOC'E-ROS,  71.  [Gr.  ;ioi.os,  sole,  and  Kcpas,  horn. J 
The  unicorn.  ,„  „„i 

M0N-0-eHLAM-YT)'E-0US,    a.       [Gr.    ^ovos    and 

^^irtmrni,  having  a  single  covering,  that  is,  a 
calyx  without  a  corol,  or  a  coroi  without  '•^-^jy^- 

MON'O-eHORD,  (mon'o-kord,)  n.    [Gr.  jiuvus,  sole, 

only,  and  x"!'^'''  chord.] 

A  musical  instrument  of  one  string,  used  for  the 
purpose  of  ascertaining  and  demonstrating  the  rela- 
tive proportions  of  musical  sounds.  ^.  i-yo- 
MON'O-CHROME,  7i.     [Gr.  /.tii'-'i,  sole,  and  Xiiuji^, 

"^"A^painting  with  a  single  color.  -^'"I',, 

MON-O-CHRO-MAT'ie,  <i.    Consisting  of  one  color, 

or  presenting  rays  of  light  of  one  color  only. 

Q,uart.  Jourii.    Jaurn.  of  ttcidue. 
MO-N0€'LI-NATE,  a.  [Gr.  ^o^os,  one,  and  xXtvto,  to 

'"fiZicralagy,  a  term  applied  to  cp-state  in  which 

one  of  the  axes  is  obliquely  inclined,  as  the  oblique 

rhombic  prism,  and  right  rhomboidal  prism. 

MO-NOC'Ll-NOUS,  a.  [Gr.  ,.oi-os,  one,  and  TtXirtj,  bed.] 

In  6»<a4  hermaphrodite,  or  having  both  stamens 

.,?,"v8' eo  TYlT  '""'■         i  a.   Having  only  one 
M8x-ol8-?Yt£'DON-OUS,  !      seed-lobe  or  sem- 
inal leaf.  •«"'■'!'»•    f'''"-  A 
MON-O-eO-TYL-E'DON,  ii.    [Gr.  /icos,  sole,  and 

'*'CVi"n';;,apranTwlthonIyo,tecotyIedon,orseed- 

MO^NOe'R.\-SY,  71.    [Gr.  fiovos,  sole,  and  xparca,  to 
govern.] 
Government  by  a  single  person. 
IION'O-CRAT,  77.    One  who  governs  alone. 
MO-Noe'0-L.\R,    I  a.     [Gr.  ^o^s,  sole,  and  L.  oc- 
iMO-NOe'U-L0US,S     tt!ui,cye.] 

Havin"  one  eye  only.  .  ,  ""«'«'• 

MON'0-€ULE,77.  [Supra-]  *"'"'«"  ""%°"°„7 
MON-O-DAC'TYL-OUS,  a.  [Gr.  /lorosand  imrxiXoi.] 

Having  one  finger  or  toe  only. 
MO.N'O-DIST,  71.   One  who  writes  a  monody,    icolt- 
MON'0-DON,7i.    [Gr.  ,to«u3ov5,  having  one  tooth  or 

The  sea-unicorn,  a  cetaceous  mammal,  which  has 
a  remarkable  horn  like  tusk  projecting  Irom  Us  head. 


There  is  a  rudiment  of  another  tusk,  but  only  one  of 
them  is  usually  developed.  It  is  ""•^^  also  lie 
MoNocmtus,  or  HoBNzD  NAnwHiL.  Its  usual  SIM  is 
from  sixteen  to  twenty  feet.  CiiDirr.    I.ncyc. 

MO.^I-O-DRA-MAT'ie,  a.    Pertaining  toa  moliodram. 

MON'O-DR.^ME,  77.     [Gr.  jtoi-os  and  ipapa.\ 
\  dramatic  performance  by  a  single  person. 

MON'O-DY,  71.     [Gr.  fiow-tiin ;  (iokoj,  sole,  and  fyni, 

^T'lpecies  of  poem  of  a  mournful  character,  in 

which  a  single  mourner  is  supposed  to  bewail  hiui- 

,f,  tSruniiC' 

MO-NCE'CIA,  71.  7i!.    [Gr.  /lOMf  and  oi\o?.]    In  bot- 

°,i  a  clLs'of  planti  whose  stamens  and  pistils  are 

in  distinct  flowers  in  the  same  plant.         iiiiT'.ri.  •. 

MO-xNOJ'ClAN,  C-ne'sli.-in,)    )  it.    [Gr.  ("U'as,  sole,  ami 

MO-NaJ'ClOIJS,  (-ne'shus,)  (      ol«:o5,  liollsC.J 

In  iof^Tiv,  a  term  applied  to  a  class  ot  Pl""ts  w  rose 
stamens  and  pistils  are  in  distinct  flowers,  both  grow- 
iiic  upon  the  same  individual. 
MllN-0-GA'MI-A,7i.;il.[Gr.  (iows,   solo,  and   j  .ifi-'S, 

"' ^['Ltoli/,  an  order  of  plants  having  a  simple  flow- 
er, tliouch  the  anthers  are  united.     7,!7!7i<riis.    Lee. 
MON-0-GA'.MI-A\,  (  (7.     In  Imtimy,  pertaining  to  tl.o 
MO-NOG' A-MOUS,  i      order    Mouogainia,  having  a 

simple  flower  with  united  anthers.  i-f- 

MO-NOG'A-MIST,  n.     [Supra.]     One  "-''"j^jf,;^]""  =* 

MO-NOg''a-m'c?IJS,  a.  Having  one  wife  only,  and 
not  permitted  to  marry  a  seconiK  . 

MO-NOG'A-MY,  71.  [Supra.]  The  marriage  of  one 
wife  only,  or  the  state  of  such  as  are  restraiiiedjo  a 
single  wife.  ,  ,         ^i''  ,^^, '  i 

MON'0-GRAM,7i.  [Gr.  MOi-ft,  sole,  ^"-l  J/"'''""' ''f  ■, . 
A  character  or  cipher  composed  of  one  two,  ol 
more  letters  interxvoven,  being  an  abbreviation  of  a 
name ;  used  on  seals,  &c.  .  Brandc. 

M0N'O-GRAM-MAL,  a.  Sketching  in  «>"  ■•'^"''"  "' 
a  monogram.  '  *" -J* 

MON-O-GRAM'Mie,  a.    Pcitaining  to  a  monogram. 

MON'O-GRAPH,  n.      [Gr.  povos,  sole,  and  ypa,l,n, 

'''a  wSn  account  or  description  of  a  single  thing, 
or  class  of  things  ;  as,  a  monograph  of  violets  in  bot- 
any ;  a  monograph  of  an  Egyptian  mummy.    . 
■'  '  °  Journ.  of  Science. 

MO-NOG'RA-PHER,  71.    a  writer  of  a  ";™;>F^,Pj;; 

MON-O-GRAPH'ie,         la.    V'^'"''" 'b]1? '^iT"' 
MON-O-GRAPH'ie-AL,  (      colors.       Bailey,    .a./i. 

2.  Pertaining  to  a  monograph. 
MON-O-GRAPH'ie-AL-LY,  adv.    In  the  manner  of  a 

mono-raph  ;  in  the  form  of  a  monograph. 
MO-nSg^VpHIST,  71.    One  who  writes  a^mono- 

MO-NOG'RA-PHY,  n.    [Gr.  ,.oi.os,  sole,  and  ).oo.;i<u, 

'"I'l'A'descliption  drawn  in  lines  without  colol^. 

2.  A  monograph,  or  written  account  of  some  sin- 
slc  subject  or  class  of  things. 
MON-0-&YN'I-A,  n.    [Gr.  fioi-oj,  sole,  and  ^.t.^.?,  a  ft- 

'"ultamj,  an  order  of  plants  having  only  one_style 

MON-O-OYN'I-AN,  )  a.    Pertaining  to  the  order  Mon- 
MO  NOtV YN-OUS,  i      ogynia  ;  having  oiUy  one  style 

or  stigma.  ,  \  n       „  ct.,na  i 

MON'd-LlTH,  71.    [Gr.  (toi'05,  and  ySoi,  a  stone.] 

"  pilTar;  co'lumn  &c.,  consisting  of  a  single  stone 
MONO-LITH'ie,  (0.  Consistmg  of  a  single  stone  , 
MON^S-LITH-AL,  S     as,  77,o,ioHt/ti<:  temples  o^f  Nuhia. 

MO-NOL'O-GIST,  7i.     [Gr.  (i"''"!'  sole,  and  Ao^os, 

Atvw,  to  speak.] 

One  who  soliloquizes.  \      ,„  . 

MON'O-LOGUE,   (mon'o-log,)  7i.      [Gr.  i^ovoXoyia, 

uoroc,  sole,  and  \oyoi,  speech.] 

'^1.  A  soliloquy  ;  a  speech  uttered  by  a  P^'gn^jl™'^- 

2.  A  poem,  song,  or  scene  composed  forj^mgle 

MO-NOM' A-CHIST,  71.    One  who  fights  in  single  co'm- 

MO-NOM'A-eHY,  (mo-nom'a-ke,)7..  [Gr.  ^o.o,.ax«  J 
uoi/os,  sole,  and  jtoxt,,  combat.] 
A  duel ;  a  single  combat. 
MON-0-Ma'NI-.\,  77.    [Gr.  (tovos  and  iiai>ui.\  . 

Derangement  of  a  single  faculty  of  the  mmd,  or 
wi?h  reg°ardto  a  particular  subject,  the  other  faculties 

MS^iMA^I^eT^'i'A  person  affected  by  motio- 

MOn"o 'm  i'Nl-A€,  "■    Affected  with  monomania,  or 

pa'rtial  derangcnieiit  of  intellect. 
MON'OME  71.     [Gr.  ,<oi'os,  sole,  and  oko^.i,  name.] 
luafgeira,  aV.a.rtity  that  has  one  term  ™ty._^_ 

MO-NOM'E-TER,  n.    A  rhythmical  series,  consisting 

MON^O-MET^Rie;  a.    [Gr.  ,of.s.  one,  and  ,terpo., 

jFS'^f&ciK^MrSr? 


^^i:^^:;^i~^Zl.,  WHAT.-MKTE,  PREY-PI.^E,  MARtP^. ^B^^^;^j^TJWrMOVE^^^ 


726 


JION 


MON 


and  dodecahedron.    The  same  arc  also  called  te^scral 
sol  id  :^. 

3I0-No^MI-.VL,  «.    In  atgebrOy  a  quantity  expressed 
by  one  term  only.  Brande. 

MO-XOP'A-THY,  n.  [Gr.  ;tovos,  sole,  and  Tay^ta,  suf- 
fering.] 
Solitary  suffering  or  sensibility.  JVhW.ock, 

MON-0-PET' Algous,  a.     [Gr.  /loyoj,  only,  and  rira- 
X'-.v,  flower-leaf.] 

In  botiiiuiy  having  only  one  petal,  or  a  one-pctated 
corol  ;  us,  a  moncpetalotis  corol  or  flower.    Silartyn. 

aiON'OPH-THOXG,  «.  [Gr.  /tuj-oj,  sole,and  "pOoyyos, 
sound.] 

.\  letter  having  one  sound.  Beattie. 

iMO.\-OPH-THON"GAL,  a.    Consisting  of  or  Iiaviug 
a  single  sound.  Rush. 

BIO-NOPH' YL-LOUS,  a.  [Gr.  /iof a j,  sole,  and  tp  vAXov, 
leaf] 
Having  one  leaf  only. 

MO-NOPH'Y-SITE,  iu     [Gr.  fioyos^  only,  and  ^vuiy, 
nature.] 

One  of  a  sect,  in  the  ancient  church,  wlio  main- 
tiined  that  tlie  human  and  divine  natures  in  Jesus 
Christ  became  so  blended  and  confounded  as  to  con- 
stitute but  one  nature.  Murdoch. 

MO-NOP'0-LIST,      I  n.      [Sp.    and   It.  monopohsta. 

MO-XOP'O-LlZ-ER,  \      See  Mo.nopolize.] 

One  lliat  monopolizes  ;  a  person  who  engrosses  a 
commodity  by  purchasing  the  whole  of  that  article 
in  market,  for  the  purpose  of  selling  at  an  advanced 
price  ;  or  one  who  has  a  license,  or  privilege  granted 
by  authority,  for  the  sole  buying  or  selling  of  any 
commodity."  The  man  who  retains  in  his  hands  his 
own  produce  or  manufacture,  is  not  a  monopolist 
within  the  meaning  of  the  laws  for  preventing  mo- 
nopolies. 

MO-NO P'O-LlZE,  V.  U    [Gr.  novo^^  sole,  and  TrwAcu, 
to  sell ;  Fr.  monogoler.l 

1.  To  purchase  orobtain  possession  of  the  whole  of 
any  commodity  or  goods  in  market,  with  the  view  of 
selling  them  at  advanced  prices,  and  of  having  the 
power  of  commanding  the  prices ;  as,  to  moiwpolizc 
su^ar  or  tea. 

2.  To  engross  or  obtain  by  any  means  the  exclu- 
sive right  of  trading  to  any  place,  and  the  sole  power 
of  vending  any  commodity  or  goods  in  a  particular 
place  or  country ;  as,  to  mo/wpolize  the  India  or  Le- 
vant trade. 

3.  FigHrativehj,  in  a  wider  sense ^  to  engross  or  ob- 
tain the  whole ;  as,  to  monopolize  advantages. 

Federalist,  Jay, 
5I0-N0P'O-LTZ-£D,  pp.  Obtained  and  enjoyed  wholly 
or  cxclusiveiv  ;  engrossed. 

lO-NOP'O-LIZ-IXG,  ppr.  or  a.   Engrossing  sole  pow- 
er or  exclusive  right ;  obtaining  possession  of  the 
whole  of  anv  thing. 
"lO-NOP^O-LY,  n.      [Fr.  monopole;   h.  monopoVrnm ; 
Gr.  !iov9T70)\ia ;  /lucoj  and  -wXeo).] 

The  so!e  power  of  vending  any  species  of  goods, 
obtained  either  by  engrossing  the  articles  in  market 
by  purchase,  or  by  a  license  from  the  government 
confirming  this  privilege.  Thus  the  East  India  Com- 
pany, in  Great  Britain,  once  had  a  monopohj  of  the 
trade  to  the  East  Indies,  granted  to  them  by  charter. 
Monopolies  by  indi\iduals,  obtained  by  engrossing, 
are  an  offense  prohibited  by  law.  But  a  man  has  by 
natural  right  the  exclusive  power  of  vending  his  own 
produce  or  manufactures,  and  to  retain  that  exclusive 
right  is  not  a  monopoly  \\ithin  the  meaning  of  law. 
.^lON-O-POLT-LOGUE,  h.  [Gr.  ^oi-os,  ttuAv^,  and 
Aoy^s-] 

An  exhibition  in  which  an  actor  sustains  many 
characters. 
MO-NO P'TER-^VL,  a.  or  n.    [Gr.  novos  and  Tzrepov,  a 
wing.] 

In  ardutecturcy  a  term  applied  lu  ;■  lemple  or  circular 
inclosure  of  columns,  witliout  a  cell. 
MO^NOP'TOTEjTi.  [Gr.  M<^t"/?, only,  and ^rrowTij, case.] 

A  noun  having  only  one  case.  Clarke. 

MON'O-RHVME,  n.     [Gr.  iiovos  and  /)ii0;ios,  rhyme.] 
A  composition  in  verse,  in  which  all  the  lines  end 
with  the  same  rhyme. 
lON-O-SEP'AL-O'US,  a.     [Gr.  povo$  and  sepal] 

Having  one  sepal,  that  is,  when  the  sepals  are  uni- 
ted at  the  margin.  Lindley. 
.AION-0-SP£RM'OUS,  a.     [Gr.  pLOvo^,  only,  and  a-cp- 
/ifl,  seed.] 
Having  one  seed  only. 
MON-O-SPHER'ie-AL,  a.     [Gr.  {lovos  and  sphere] 
Consisting  of  one  sphere  only.  Smart. 
MON'O-STICH,  (mon'o-stik,)  n.      [Gr.  povocTixov; 
p-ivogy  only,  and  arix^s?  verse.] 

A  composition  consisting  of  one  verse  only. 
MON-0-STROPH'ie,a-  [Gr.  ^zoi'ocrfiu.^os,  having  one 
strophe.] 

Having  one  strophe  only ;  not  varied  in  measure; 
written  in  unvaried  measure.  Mason. 

MON-0-SYL-LAB'ie,  a.  [See  Monostllable.]   Con- 
sisting of  one  sj'llable  ;  as,  a  monosyllabic  word. 

2.  Consisting  of  words  of  one  syllable  j  as,  a  mon- 
osyllabic  verse. 
MON-O-SYL'LA-BLE,  n,    [Gr.  povoi,  only,  and  gvX- 
Xadn-t  a  syllable.] 
A  word  of  one  syllable. 


MON-0-SYL'LA-BL£D,  a.     Fonued  into  on 

ble.  CleacfU^.,.. 

MON-O-THAL'A-:\I0US,  a.  [Gr.  paioy,  only,  and 
da\ap'js,  chambL-r.] 

One-chambered  j  applied  to  cephalopoda  having  a 
unilocular  shell.  p.  Ctjc. 

MOX'O-TUE-ISM,  n.  [Gr.  pivj^y  only,  and  Oco;, 
God.] 

The  doctrine  or  Ijelic-f  of  the  existence  of  one  God 
only.  JisiaL  Res. 

MON'O-THE-IST,  a.    One  wlio  believes  in  one  God 

only. 
MON-0-TirE-IST'I€,  a.    Pertaining  to  monolheiffm. 
MO-NOTH'E-LITE,  n.    [Gr.  ;tv^>s,  one, and  JtA/j^ij, 
will.] 

One  of  an  ancient  sect,  who  held  that  the  union  of 
two  natures  in  Christ  produced  but  one  will. 

Murdoch. 
aiO-NOTII'E-UT-ISM,  n.    The  doc:rinc  of  the  mo- 

notlielites. 
MO-NOT-'OM-OUS,  a.    [Gr.  pm>oz  and  rtpvou] 

In  jnincrahigy,  having  its  cleavage  distinct  only  in 
a  single  direction.  Shrpard. 

MON'0-ToNE,  H.  [See  Monotony.]  The  utterance 
of  successive  syllables  on  one  unvaried  key  or  line 
of  pilch.  jK.  PurUr. 

MON-0-TON'ie,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  monotone. 
MO-NOT'0-NOUS,  a.    Continued  v.ilh  dull  uniform- 
ity. 
JIO-NOT'O-NOUS-LY,  a^Io.    With  one  unifonn  lone. 

Xarcs. 
MO-NOT'0-NY,  71.    [Gt.  povoTovta ;  fly^((J,  sole,  and 
T-jvyj,  sound.] 

1.  A  frequent  recurrence  of  the  same  modifications 
of  tone  or  sound,  producing  a  dull  uniformity.  [It 
is  not  the  same  with  the  monotone,  which  is  often 
used  with  propriety  in  emphasis,  solemn  siieakin.;, 
&c.] 

9.  Fig-urativehj,  an  irksome  sameness  or  want  of 
variety. 

At  sea,  every  tliiii  j  llwt  breaks  Uv:  monoWny  of  the  mrwundiiig 
expanse  attr.tcls  uib^iitioii.  Irving. 

MON-O-TREM'A-TOUS,  a.  [Gr.  povos  and  rpnpa, 
perforation.] 

Having  only  one  external  opening  for  urine  and 
other  excrements,  as  certiin  animals  of  the  order 
Edentata. 

iMON-O-TRIG'LYPH,  n.  A  kind  of  intercolumniation 
in  which  only  one  triglyph  and  twometoivi  are  intro- 
duced. Gw'Ut. 

MO-NOX'Y-LON,  v.     [Gr.  (tou^i  and  ^vXov.] 

A  canoe  or  boat  made  from  one  piece  of  timber. 

JJ/0./V-S/£t/i!',  (mos-seer'O  n.  [Fr.j  Sir  j  Mr.  i  some- 
times used  for  a  Frenchman.  Johnson, 

MON-SOON',  n.  A  periodical  wind,  blowing  six 
months  from  the  same  quarter  or  |)oint  of  the  com- 
pass, then  changing  and  blowing  the  same  time  from 
the  opposite  quarter.  The  i.-ionsoons  prevail  in  the 
East  indies,  and  are  called  also  trade  icinds.  But 
we  usually  give  the  dcnoniiuation  of  trade  loinds  to 
those  which  blow  the  whole  year  from  the  same 
point,  a^  the  winds  within  the  tropics  on  the  Atlan- 
tic. 

MON'STER,  71.     [L.  monstrum^  from  vionstro,  to  show. 
.      So  we  sav  in  English,  a  sight.    See  Musteii.] 

1.  An  animal  produced  with  a  shape  or  with  parts 
that  are  not  natural,  a.^  when  the  body  is  iJl  formed 
or  distorted,  or  the  limbs  too  few  or  too  many,  or 
when  any  part  is  extravagantly  out  of  proportion, 
either  through  defect  or  excess. 

9.  Any  unnatural  production ;  sometliing  greatly 
deformed.  Moitstcrs  are  common  in  the  vegetable 
kingdom.  .        i:»«n/c. 

3.  A  person  so  wicked  as  to  appear  homble  ;  one 
luinaturally  wicked  or  mischievous.  So  a  parncide 
is  called  a  monster.  . 

MON'STER,  V.  U    To  make  monstrous.    {Jvot  nsau] 

Saak. 

MON'STER-TaM-ING,  a.    Taming  monsters. 

Hamilton. 

MON'STRANCE,  n.  In  the  Roman  CaViolic  cJiureh,  a 
framework  of  gold  or  silver,  in  which  the  consecrated 
wafer  or  host  is  held  up  to  view  before  the  congre- 
gation.    [See  Rlmosstkance.]       Glo.<s.  of-irchit. 

MON-STROS'I-TY,  n.  The  state  of  being  monstrous, 
or  out  of  the  common  order  of  nature. 

We  oaeti  read  of  reoiislroiis  Unlis ;  but  wc  kc  n  gir.itf  r  mo* 
slrosUy  in  educaUon.  when  a  IHlhcr  bcgvti  a  (on  and  trains 
hiin  up  intu  a  beast.  iWttW. 

9.  An  unnatural  production ;  that  which  is  mon- 
strous. 

Fabri  arranges  dislonions,  giUwsilita,  tumon,  Sx.,  io  Uic  daaa 
of  morbific  monstro^iaxs.  ,         ^     .  '^''^  , 

A  TjiorulrosUv  never  cJungw  the  n.-une  or  afftrta  the  immuul-- 
ity  of  a  species.  Adwwoft. 

MON'STROUS,  a.     [L.  monstrostts.] 

1.  Unnatural  in  form  ;  devJaling  greatly  from  the 
natural  form  ;  out  of  liie  common  course  of  nature : 
as,  a  monstrous  birth  or  production. 

•>  Strange  ;  verv  wonderful ;  generally  expressive 
of  "dislike.  '  ^^'^ 

3.  Enormous :   huge ;  cxlmordinary ;   as,  a  tiwM- 
<froii^  hiWit ;  ti'monstrous  tree  or  mounUiin.   P^^z 
^  -l    Shockin"  to  the  sight  or  other  senses;  haiefld. 


m'' 

bi'i< 

2.    I  ■»  n 
WIa  . 
MOX'STKOi 
slrout. 
9.  Enormity ;  I 
MON-TAN'IC,a.  .' 

Pertalnme  to  luouiiU. 


MO.^•'T.^^ 

M0.\ 


-l.-'.I,  .1.    T- 


htl: 

an  : 
MO.\    ■ 

Munt-i'-L. 
MUN' TAN-IZE,  r.  i    To  follow  the  o, 

tanuit. 
MO.NT'A.Ni 

1.  At.:: 

2.  An  ■ 
MO.\''r  Dl 
.MO^''T^:.^^ 

f'chool,  v..) 

'i'u;'.^lay,  to  a  I 

name,)  and  cin 

support  at  the  lii 

school.  / 

MON-Tii'RO,  B.     [Sp.  BA/rr*.] 

.\  liorsemon^d  cap.  ^ 

MON-TRTH',  n.     A  ve«cl    in  wt. 

washed  ;  so  called  (nun  the  aamc  vf 

MONTH,(muntb,; 

D.  maand;  G.  : 

L.  mensLi ;  Gr. 
A  siKicc  or  p 

larger  divisiun- 

tfie  peritMl  of  ih 

in  the  heavens  t 

a  lunar  uwnth. 

cat  rnoiUA,  is  Ih;.-  '.: 

mooa  to  another,  n  \- 

minuter,  and  3  sccuul 

sidcrial  viontli,  is  the  tiiJ 

fr-'m  any  stir  and  it.-^ 

a  i..  riod  of  27  day:*,  7 

seconds.    The  term  ■■ 

the  space  of  time  in  w 

one  sisn,  or  a  twelit 

mean  length  of  ihi-s  \- 

minutes,  4  seconds. 
In  popular  iiitjuaje,  four  week*  ar 

being  ne.irly  Uk'  h-ngUi  of  the  Ini  . 

cnf!ar  mant'i  consi-^i^  of  tw«':' 

thirty,  or  iliiny-cuo  day*,  :- 

calendars  or  ahm.'iac.-. 
MONTH'LING.  (munlhO  ■-     i 
MON'TH'LY,  (nmnth  If.)  a.     i 

performed  in  a  month  ;  as,  tJi' 

tlie  mo<,>n. 
2.  Doneorhappcningoncearopnl2i- 

as,  the  moatUy  concert  of  prayer ;  s 
MONTHLY,  rt.    A  publication  whtcii  i,v 

larlv  <ince  a  niontli. 
MO-NTH'LY,  iiiir.    Once  a  moDtb  ;  in  trcr 

The  moon  chanffcs  montUw, 
*J.  .Vs  if  imdv-r  the  miluvnce  of  tl»e  mooi 

manner  of  a  lunatic    [-NX  n*fd,]  .V" 

MONTU'S'-MIND,/i.  Earnest  dcsirr 

lion. 

This  phrase  or:::r.:.;.,!   .:i  x'.-     r 

of  monkish  lir; 

mind  or  meuv 

kept  alive  bv  oil  .     . 

JIO.N'TI-t'LK,  II.     .V  i.;U.  iu.;mi:;  a  h-I- 

tiraes  written  .Mo:«ticci-c 
M0N-TIt5'E-X0US.  a.    [U  twof  asd  Gr.  ; 

Produced  on  a  movmlam. 
MONT-MXR'TUrrE,  ».     A  roinrral  of  ■•» 

color,  occurring  massive,  and  fbwnd  at  >1 

near  Paris.    It  is  sort,  but  rtsisis  Ihr  wcai 

a  compound  of  the  sulpha:e  and  cartoon-; 


Kr.j    In  *tfr?  - 
t  a  borw. 


MON'TOIR,  (m 

stone  used  for 
MOX-TROSS'.     ^ 
M0N'TI:RE,  n.    L^*- 

is  mounted  :  a  saddt 
MON'U-MEXT.  «.     ■ ' 

admonish  or  remind.] 

1.  Anv  ihini:  by  which  ih*"  nKroorr  «  ■- 


an  event  i.^  p:^  • 
stone,  or  otli  ' 
mi-n  of  ilie  p-  : 
c«r.sed,ortf  :i: 


.1  . 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.  -  .^'"GER,  VI"CIOU 


S.-€  as  K;  G  as  J;  S  as  Zj  CU  :..^  SH  .  TH  a 


MOO 

a  piUar,  n  pyramid,  a  triumphal  arch,  a  tombstone, 
iiTiil  the  Uke.  A  pillar  of  200  feci  in  liight,  composcti 
of  rorlland  stone,  was  erected  in  London  as  a  moTiu- 
inent  to  preserve  Iho  memory  of  the  great  conflatira- 
lion  in  166tj.  A  monument  is  erected  on  IJunkcr  Hill 
to  commemorate  the  battle  of  June  17,  J775. 

2.  A  stone,  or  a  heap  of  stones,  or  other  durable 
thing,  intended  to  mark  the  bounds  of  states,  towns, 
or  distinct  possessions,  and  pre^-ervc  the  memory  of 
divisional  lines.  JVVw  England. 

3.  A  iliin;:  that  reminds  or  gives  notice. 
MON-tJ-MBNT'AI<,  a.     Pertaining  to  a  monument; 

as,  a  monumental  inscription. 

2.  Serving  as  a  monument  J  memorial;  preserving 
memory. 

Of  pine  or  monumfnOii  onk.  Milton. 

A  work  oiitlMting  monitmtntal  brus.  Pope. 

a.  Belonging  to  a  tomb ;  as,  monumental  rest. 

Crashaw. 
MON-II-MENT'AL-LY,  adv.    By  way  of  memorial. 

Gaiitou. 
2.  By  means  of  monuments.  Oliddon. 

MOO,  V.  i.    To  make  the  noise  of  a  cow ;  a  child^s 

woT't.  SmarL 

MOOD,  71.     [Fr.  mode  ;  L.  modus.    See  RIodk.] 

1.  In  logic,  the  form  of  a  syllogistic  argument;  the 
regular  determination  of  propositions  according  to 
their  quantity,  as  universal  or  particular,  anil  their 
quality,  as  affirmative  or  negative,    ^atts.    Encyc. 

2.  Stylvi  of  music.  Milton.    Encyc. 

3.  The  variation  of  a  verb  to  express  manner  of 
action  or  being.     [See  Mode.] 

In  the  foregoing  senses,  and  in  all  cases,  this  word, 
wlien  derived  from  the  Latin  modus,  ought  to  he 
written  Mode,  it  being  a  distinct  word  from  the  fol- 
lowing. 
MOOD,  71.  [Goth,  mod,  anger;  Sax.  mo(7,  Sw.  mod, 
the  miiul,  a  lofty  mind,  pride,  violence  ;  modig, 
proud,  spirited  ;  G.  viuthy  mind,  mood,  courage, 
mettle,  spirit ;  D.  mocd  ;  Dan.  mood^  vwd,  heart, 
courage,  mettle.  We  observe  these  words  unite  the 
sense  of  mind  with  that  of  sph-it,  courage,  anger, 
for  the  primary  sense  is  derived  from  moving,  driv- 
ing, or  rushing  forward,  or  from  exciting.  VVe  ob- 
serve analogous  rases  in  the  L.  animiis  and  Gr.  Ovuos- 
Class  .'\Id,  No.  19,  24,  25.] 

1.  Temper  of  mind  ;  temporary  state  of  the  mind 
in  regard  to  passion  or  feeling;  humor  ;  as,  a  melan- 
choly jnoodi  an  angry  moodi  a  suppliant  mood. 

J}njdcn.    JlddUon. 

2.  Anger  ;  heat  of  temper.  Hooker. 
[In  this  sense  little  used,  unless  qualified  by  an 

ndjoclivc.l 
MOOD'I-LY,  fl(fi>.     [from  Tfloo//?/.]    Sadly.    [Obs.] 
MOOO'I-NESS,  n.    Anger;  peevishness. 
MOOD'Y,  a.     [Sa\.  moditr,  angi-y.] 

1.  Angry  :  peevish  ;  fretful ;  out  of  humor. 

Every  peevish,  Tnooihj  malconlcnt.  Poice. 

2.  Mental;  intellectual;  as,  TJioot/y  food.     [Obs.] 

3.  Sad  ;  pensive.  [SAoA-. 

4.  Violent  ;  furious. 

MOON,  n.  [Sax.  mona  ;  Goth,  mcna  ;  Dan.  maane  ; 
Sw^mana;  D.  Tnaan;  C.  mond ;  Gr.  ^i^vt],  Doric, 
iiavai  Lapponic,  Twa/ffi.] 

1.  The  heavenly  orb  which  revolves  round  the 
earth ;  a  secondary  planet  or  satellite  of  the  earth, 
whose  light,  borrowed  from  the  sun,  is  reflected  to  the 
earth  and  serves  to  dispel  the  darkness  of  night. 
Its  mean  distance  from  the  earth  is  about  60  semi- 
diameters  of  the  earth,  or  238,545  miles.  [See 
Month.] 

2,  A  month.  This  is  the  sense  in  which  rude  na- 
tions use  the  name  of  the  moon  ;  as,  seven  moons. 

Half-moon ;  in  fortificalion,  a  figure  resembling  a 
crcscft:U._ 
MOON'-BkAM,  n.    A  ray  of  light  from  the  moon. 

Drydcn. 
MOON'-BLXST-ED,  a.    Blasted  by  the  influence  of 

the  moon.  Colerid're. 

MOON'-e.JtLF,  (-kiif,)  71.  A  monster;  a  false  con- 
ception. Shak. 

2.  A  mole  or  mass  of  fleshy  matter  generated  in 
the  uterus. 

3.  A  doll ;  a  stupid  fellow.  Dnfden. 
MOON'-eUL'MIX-A-TING,  a.     A  term  applied  to  a 

star  which  culminates  m-  comes  to  the  meridian  at  or 

about  the  same  tmio  with  the  moon.  E.  C.Herridc. 
MOON'EI),  a.    Taken  fur  the  moon.  Jinilovi. 

MOOX'ET.  ti.    A  little  moon.  iiatl. 

MOON'-EYE,  H.    An  eye  aflected  by  the  moon. 
fllOOX'-E^-A'D,  C-Ide,)  n.    Having  eyes  aflected  by 

the  revolutions  of  Ihc  moon. 
2.  Dim-eyed  ;  purblind.  Ainsicorth. 

MOON'-FISH,  71.    A  fish  whoso  tail  fin  is  shaped  like 

a  half-moon.  Orcw. 

MOON'ISH,  a.     Like  the  moon  ;  variable.         Shak. 
MOON'LESS, /z.  Mot  favored  with  moonlight.  Drydcn. 
MOOX'LTGHT,  n.    Tlie  light  alForded  by  the  moon. 
MOON'LiGIIT,  C-lite,)  a.    Illuminated  by  the  moon  ; 

as,  vioonli^-ht  revuls.  Hhnh. 

MOON'LING,  71.    A  simpleton.  ]3.  Jonson. 

MOON'-L0V-£D,  (-luvd,)  a.    Loved  when  the  moon 

shines.  Milton. 


MOO 

MOON'-SEED,  71.  A  climbing  plant  of  the  genua 
Menispermuni,  so  called  from  the  crescent-like  form 
of  the  seeds.  p.  Cyc. 

flIOOX'SHEE,  71.  The  name  given,  in  India,  to  a 
Mohammedan  i)rofessor  or  teacher  of  language 

Malcom. 

MOON'SIIINE,?!.    The  lightof  the  moon.     Dnjden. 

2.  Figurat.iirely,  show  without  substance  or  reality. 

3.  In  bitrlesijuc,  a  montli.  Shah. 
A  mnUcr  of  moonshine ;  a  matter  of  no  consequence, 

or  of  indilference. 

MOOX'SHINE,  )  a.    Illuminated  by  the  moon  ;  as,  a 

MOON'SHIN-Y,  \      fair,  moo7is?tinc  night.     Clarendon. 
I  wcul  to  see  ihcm  in  a  moonaliiny  iiiglit.  Addison. 

MOON'-SToNE,  ti.  A  nearly  pellucid  variety  of  feld- 
spar, or  adularia,  sliowing  jiearly  or  ojmline  rellec- 
lions  from  within.  It  is  cut  with  a  spheroidal  surface, 
and  em[iloycd  as  a  gem.  Dana. 

MOON'STKUCK,  a.  Alfeclcd  by  the  influence  of  the 
moon  ;  hitiatic  ;  as,  vioonstrach  madness.      Milton. 

MOOX'-TllE'FOIL,  n.  An  evergreen  shrub  of  South- 
ern Europe,  Medicago  arborea ;  also  called  Toee- 
MEnic.  London. 

MOON'-VVOUT,  71.  An  herb  of  the  genus  Lunaria, 
often  called  Honestv  ;  also,  a  fern  of  the  genus  Bo- 
trychium.  Loudon. 

MOON'Y,  a.  Lunated  ;  having  a  crescent  for  a  stand- 
ard ;  in  resemblance  of  the  moon  ;  as,  the  moony 
troops,  or  moony  host,  of  tlie  sultans  of  Turkey. 

Fhilips.     Fenton. 

MOOR,  n.  [Sax.  mor,  a  mountain,  a  pool  or  lake,  a 
plain;  D.  7now;  G.  7noAr;  Vv.mara  Dan.  inyrr.] 

A  name  given  to  extensive  wastes  covered  with 
heath,  and  imving  a  poor,  light  soil,  but  sometimes 
marshy,  and  abounding  in  peat.  P.  Cyc. 

MOOR,  u.  [D.  vfoor;  G.  mohr ;  Fr.  7nanrc;  Gr.  aixan- 
pa,  fi'ivoo^,  dark,  obscure.] 

A  native  of  the  northern  coast  of  Africa,  called  by 
the  Romans,  from  the  color  of  the  people.  Maurita- 
nia, the  c<Hintry  of  dark-complexioned  poo[)le.  The 
same  country  is  now  called  Morocco,  Twnis,  Alters, 

&LC. 

MOOR,  V.  t.  [Sp.  and  Port,  amarra,  a  cable,  and  a 
command  to  belay  or  fasten  ;  amarrar,  to  moor,  as  a 
ship;  Fr.  amnrrer;  Aim.  amarra;  T).  maaren ;  allied 
probably  to  L.  moror;  Fr.  demcnrcr,  to  delay.  It  is 
composed  of  the  sauie  elements  as  the  iiiixonmc>-ran, 
amei-ran,  nmyrran,  to  hinder,  to  mar.] 

To  confine  or  secure  a  ship  in  a  particular  station, 
as  hy  cables  and  anchors,  or  by  cliains,  or  weights 
beneath  the  water.  A  ship  is  never  said  to  he  moored 
when  she  rides  iiy  a  single  anchor.  Mar.  Diet. 

MOOR,  V.  t.    To  be  confined  by  cables  or  chains. 

On  oozy  jrunnd  his  jnll'-ys  moor.  Drydcn. 

MOOR'A6E,  n.    A  place  for  mooring. 
.MOOR'-eOCK,   )  n.    Names  of  the  red  grouse  or  gor- 
MOOR'-FOWL,  i      cock;  Tclrao  Scoticns of  Linmens. 

P.  Ciic.     Ed.  Encyc. 
MOOR'-IIEN,  n.    The  common  English  name  for  the 

gallinule  or  water-hen  ;  FuUca  ehloropus  of  Linmeus. 
MOOR'-GaME,  11,     Grouse  ;  red-game.       '  [P  Cyc. 
MOOR'£D,  pp.     Made  fast  in  a  station  by  cables  or 

chains. 
MO0R'ING,2>pr.    Confining  to  a  station  by  cables  or 

chains. 
]\IOOR'ING,  77.    In  seamen''s  language,  moorings  are 

the  anchors,  chains,  and  bridles,  laid  athwart  the 

bottom  of  a  river  or  harbor  to  confine  a  ship. 
MOOR'Isri,  a.    Marshy  ;  fenny  ;  watery. 

Along  the  moorish  fens.  Thomson. 

2.  Pertaining  to  the  Moors  in  Africa. 
MOOR'LAND,  n.    A  marsh  or  tract  of  low,  watery 
ground.  Mortimer.     Swift. 

2.  Land  rising  into  moderate  hills,  foul,  cold,  and 
full  of  bog^,  as  in  Stafllirdshire,  England. 
MOOR'-SToXE,  7(.  A  species  of  English  granite,  used 

as  a  coarse  building  stone.  OwHt. 

MOOR' Y,  a.    Marshy;  fenny;  boggy;  watery. 

Aa  when  thick  mists  arise  from  moon/  vales.  Fairfax. 

MOOSE,  (moos,)  n.  [A  native  Indian  name  ;  Kniste- 
neaux,  mousioah:  Algonquin,  monse.     Mackenzie] 

An  animal  of  the  genus  Cervus,  and  the  largest  of 
the  deer  kind,  growing  sometimes  to  the  hight  of  17 
hands,  and  weighing  1200  pounds.  This  animal  has 
a  short,  thick  neck,  and  an  upright  mane,  and  the 
body  is  covered  with  long,  coarse  hair.  The  male 
lias  large,  palmatcd  horns.  The  eyes  arc  small,  the 
cars  a  foot  long,  very  broad  and  slouching  ;  the  upper 
lip  is  sqimre,  hangs  over  the  lower  one,  and  has  a 
deep  sulcus  in  the  middle,  so  as  to  appear  bifid.  This 
animal  inhabits  cold,  northern  climates,  being  found 
in  the  American  forests  of  Canada  and  New  Eng- 
land, and  in  the  corresponding  latitudes  of  Europe 
and  Asia.    It  is  the  Elk  of  Europe.    Encyc.  Amcr. 

MOOT,  V.  u  [Sax.  motian,  to  meet,  to  debate;  Sw. 
miita,  to  meet,  to  fall,  to  come  to  or  on  ;  GoWi.  motyan. 
(See  Meet,  of  which  this  word  is  a  diflerent  orthog- 
raphy.) The  sense  of  debate  is  from  meeting,  like 
encounter,  from  the  French  ;  for  meeting  gives  rise  to 
the  sense  of  opposing,  and  the  Dan.  mod,  and  Sw. 
emot,  against,  a  preposition  answering  to  L.  contra, 
Fr.  contre,  is  from  this  root.] 


MOR 

To  debate;  to  discuss;  to  argue  for  and  against. 
The  word  is  apjilied  chiefly  to  the  disputes  of  stu- 
dents in  law,  who  state  a'question  and  discuss  it, 
by  way  of  exercise  to  qualify  themselves  for  arguing 
causes  in  court. 

MOOT,  V.  i.    To  argue  or  plead  on  a  supposed  cause. 

MOOT,  \  n.    A  point,  case,  or  question,  to  be 

MOOT'-CaSE,    >      mooted  or  debated  ;  a  disputable 

MOOT'-POINT,  )     case  ;  an  unsettled  question. 

hi  this  moot-caee  your  Jutlgmcnl  to  rcfiw.  Dryden. 

MOOT'A-HLE,a.  Capable  of  being  mooted  or  debated. 

MOOT'-CoURT,  7t.  In  Itno  schooU,ZL  meeting  or  court 
held  for  the  purpose  of  discussing  pnints  of  law. 

MOOT'ED,  pp.  or  n.    Debated;  di.sputed;  controvert- 

MOOT'EU,  n,     A  disputer  of  a  mooted  case.  fed. 

MOOT'-IIALL,    ( 71.    A  town  hall ;  hall  of  judgment. 

MOOT'-HOUSE,  i      [Obs.]  Wiclif. 

MOOT'INfJ,  7>/>r.     Disputing  ;  debating  for  exercise. 

MOOT'IXG,  71.   'J'he  exercise  of  disputing  or  debating. 

MOP,  n.     [W.  mop,  or  mopa ;  L.  7nappa.] 

1.  A  piece  of  cloth,  or  a  collection  of  thrums  or 
coarse  yarn,  fastened  to  a  handle,  and  used  forclran- 
ing  floors.  SwifL 

2.  A  wry  mouth.     [JVot  used,]  ShaJi, 
MOP,  V.  t.    To  rub  or  wipe  with  a  mop. 

MOP,  V.  i.    To  make  a  wry  mouth.  [JVot  lused.]     Shak. 
MoPE,  V.  i.     [I  have  not  found  this  word,  unless  in 

the  D.  moppe-n,  to  pout.] 
To  be  very  stupid  ;  to  be  very  dull ;  to  drowse  ;  to 

be  spiritless  or  gloomy. 

Di-'moniac  phrensy,  moping  melanchgly.  Milton. 

Or  lul  a  sickly  part  of  one  tnic  sense 

Could  not  so  mope.  Sliak. 

MoPE,  V.  t.    To  make  stupid  or  spiritless. 

MoPE,  71.    A  stupid  or  low-spirited  person  ;  a  drone. 

MoP'^D,  (mapt,)  pp.     Made  stupid. 

A  youn'j,  Icuv-spirilcd,  moped  crealiirc,  Loclic. 

AtoPE'-Ef-J^D,  (mope'ide,)  a.     [Uu.  Gr.  pvt.tip.] 
_  Shortsighted  ;  purblinrl.  BramhaU. 

MoP'ING,  ppr.  or  M.  Affected  with  dullness;  spirit- 
less ;  gloomy. 

MoP'ISlI,  a.    Dull;  spiritless;  stupid;  dejected. 

MoP'ISH-LY,  adc.    In  a  mopish  manner. 

MoP'ISH-XE.SS,  71.     Dejection  ;  dullness  ;  stupidity. 

MOP'PT^D,  (niopt,)  pp.     Rubbed  or  wiped  willi  a  mop. 

MOP'PET   >  ^ 

MOP'SEY'  \  "*     [""**"•  ™*';i;  L.  mappa.] 

A  rag  baby;  a  puppet  made  of  cloth;  a  fondling 
name  of  a  little  girl.  Dryden. 

MOP'PING,  ppr     Rubbing  or  drying  with  a  mop. 

Mo'PUS,  V.    A  mope  ;  a  drone.  Sicift. 

MO-RaINE',  ;i.  [Fr.]  A  term  applied  to  lines  of 
blocks  and  gravel  extending  along  the  sides  of  sep- 
arate glaciers,  and  along  the  middle  part  of  glaciers 
formed  by  the  union  of  one  or  more  separate  ones. 

MORTAL,  a.  [Fr.  and  Sp.  moral;  It.  morale  ;  L.  mora- 
lis  :  from  mos,  mor-is,  manner.  The  elements  of  this 
word  are  probably  Mr;  but  1  know  not  the  primary 
sense.     Tlie  word  coincides  in  elements  with  Ar. 


j.^  marra,  to  pass,  to  walk.     If  the  original  sense 

of  tlie  L.  mos,  maris,  was  settled  custom,  the  word 
may  be  from  the  root  of  moror,  to  stop,  delay  ;  Eng. 
demur.] 

1.  Relating  to  the  practice,  manners,  or  conduct  of 
men,  as  social  beings,  in  relation  to  each  other,  and 
with  reference  to  right  and  wrong.  The  word  moral 
is  applicable  to  actions  that  are  good  or  evil,  virtuous 
or  vicious,  and  has  reference  to  the  law  of  God  as 
the  standard  by  which  their  character  is  to  be  deter- 
mined. The  word,  however,  may  be  applied  to  ac- 
tions which  affect  only,  or  primarily  and  principally, 
a  person's  own  happiness. 

Keep  at  the  least  wiUiin  the  compass  of  moral  actions,  which 

liave  in  thnm  vice  or  virtue.  Hooker. 

Mankind  is  broken  loosrC  from  moral  bau'b.  Dryden. 

2.  Subject  to  the  moral  law,  and  capable  of  moral 
actions  ;  bound  to  perform  social  duties  ;  as,  a  rnoral 
agent  or  being. 

3.  Supported  by  the  evidence  of  reason  or  proba- 
bility ;  founded  on  experience  of  the  ordinary  course 
of  things  ;  as,  moral  certainty,  distinguished  from 
physical  or  matliematical  certainty  or  demonstration. 

Physical  nnd  mathematic.il  certainty  iiiay  b-;  styled  infiUiljIc,  and 
moral  certainty  may  bo  properly  styled  induhitable. 

Wilkins. 
Things  of  a  moral  nature  may  be  proved  by  mOrat  nr^^umenta. 

Tillolson. 

4.  Conformed  to  rules  of  right,  or  to  the  divine  law 
respecting  social  duties  ;  virtuous  ;  Just;  as  when  we 
say,  a  particular  action  is  not  moral. 

5.  Conformed  to  law  and  right  in  exterior  deport- 
ment ;  as,  he  leads  a  good  jnoral  life. 

n.  Reasoning  or  instructing  with  regard  to  vice 
and  virtue. 

Whilst  thuTi,  ft  moral  fool,  ail'al  still  luid  cri'st.  .Vhak. 

7.  In  general,  moral  denotes  something  which  re- 
spects the  conduct  of  men,  and  their  n-Iations  as  so- 
cial beings  whose  actions  have  a  bearing  on  each 
other's  rights  and  happiness,  and  arc  therefore  richt 
or  wrong,  virtuous  or  vicious  ;  as,  moral  character  : 
moral  views;  moral  knowledge;  moral  sentiments; 


Fate,  far,  FALL,  WHAT.— MeTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK 
72y 


MOR 


MOii 


MOR 


moral  masims;  moral  approbation;  moral  dovhta ; 
maral  justice  ;  moral  virtues  ;  vim-al  ol)lisatlons,  &c. 
Or  moral  ilcnutcs  soiiiL-tliing  wliich  respecla  the  intel- 
lectual powers  of  man,  as  distinct  from  his  physical 
powers.  Thus  wc  speak  of  moral  evidence,  moral 
ar"unients,  moral  persuasion,  moral  certainty,  vioral 
force,  which  operate  on  tlie  mind.  ■,,     „  „ 

JIW  la^o  ;  the  law  of  God,  winch  prescribes  the 
moral  or  social  duties,  and  prohibits  the  transgression 

°\voVal  vhilosophi ;  the  science  of  duty;  the  sci- 
ence which  treats  of  tlie  nature  and  condition  of 
man  as  a  social  being,  of  the  duties  winch  result 
from  his  social  relations,  and  tlic  reasons  on  which 
thev  are  founded.  f.    ■  ,., 

iloral  sense;  an  innate  or  natural  sense  of  right 
and  wron»;  an  instinctive  perception  of  what  is 
ri»ht  or  wrong  in  moral  conduct,  which  approves 
some  actions  and  disapproves  others,  independent  ol 
education  or  the  knowledge  ol  any  positive  rule  or 
law  But  the  existence  of  any  sucll  moral  sense  is 
very  much  doubted.  .       P^'nl-  ,.'^"'f- 

MOR'  \L  n.    Morality  ;  the  doctrine  or  practice  ol  the 
duties  of  life.     [Mt  muck  iiseil.J  IT'-,^ 

2  The  doctrine  inculcated  by  a  hction ;  aie  ac- 
commodation of  a  fable  to  form  the  morals. 

The  moral  is  the  firat  ijuaiacss  of  the  poet.  Dryden. 

MOR'.\L,  V.  i.    To  moralize.    [MtiiKisc.] 
MOa'.»iL-ER,  71.    .\  luoralizer.    [JV'uS  m  Jise.J    ■>«»'■ 
klOR'\L-IST   H.     { li.  moralista;  l^v.  vioraliste.] 

1  "Onewho  teaches  the  duties  of  life,  or  a  writer 
of  essays  intended  to  correct  vice  and  inculcate 
1    1  duties.  Addison. 

'< '  One' who  practices  moral  duties ;  a  mere  moral 
pcTion.  ,  Hammond. 

MO-RAL'I-TY,  Ji.     [Fr.  mor<2(!(e.]  „,  ,i,„ 

]  The  doctrine  or  system  ol  moral  duties,  or  the 
duties  of  men  in  their  social  character  ;  ethics. 

The  sTsrera  of  moraliKj  to  tie  j,»Uierct!  from  tl,.^  wriUi-?!  of  »n- 
S  "nsc^  r»ll»  Tcry  short  of  (hat  delivered  ...  ihc  sgpd.^ 

n  The  practice  of  the  moral  duties  ;  virtue.  We 
often  admire  the  politeness  of  men  whose  moralitij 

"  3  ""Tl'e'nuality  of  an  action  which  renders  it  good  ; 
the  conformity  of  an  act  to  the  divme  law,  or  to  the 
n  hiciples  of  rectitude.  This  conformity  implies 
"ha"  the  act  must  he  performed  by  a  free  =igfnt.  and 
from  a  motive  of  obedience  to  the  divme  wH-  Th'» 
is  the  strict  theological  and  scriptural  sense  of  mo- 
raiitv.  But  we  often  apply  the  word  to  actions 
which  accord  with  justice  and  human  laws,  without 
reference  to  the  motives  from  which  'hey  proceed. 

4.  A  kind  of  allegorical  play,  so  termed  because  it 
consisted  of  moral  discourses  in  praise  of  virtue,  be- 
tween such  characters  as  Charity,  Fauh,  Death,  &c 
S^eh  plavs  were  occasionally  exhibited  as  late  as  the 
f  rTpnrv  Vni  Eiicyc.  Jimer. 

MOR-AL-I-Za'T!ON,'  v.    Moral  reflections,  w  the  act 
of  making  moral  reflections.  r?""; 

2.  Explanation  in  a  moral  sense.  "V"-,, 
MOR' ALr-IZE,  V.  t.     [Fr.  moraliscr ;  Sp.  morah'-ar ;  It. 

'"T.'^'To'apply  to  a  moral  purpose,  or  to  explain  in  a 
nioral  sense. 

This  fahle  is  mordlized  in  a  common  proverl) 

Did  he  not  moraUze  this  spectacle  i 

"   To  furnish  with  manners  or  examples.    Spmser. 

3.  To  render  moral  or  virtuous ;   to  correct  the 
morals  of. 

n  hid  a  tase'l"" '»'»<"•"''-''•'  ""'  F"  "'=''*  ^sf^y 

COUQlry. 

[This  sense,  though  the  most  strictly  etymological, 
is  rare,  but  not  to  be  condemned.] 
MOR'aLiZE,  !'.  i.    To  speak  or  write  on  moral  sub- 

i."Cts,  or  to  make  moral  reflections. 
MOR'AL-iZ-ED,  pp.    Applied  to  a  moral  purpose,  or 
explained  in  a  moral  sense.  „,    „  ,■      a    .„r 

^  Rendered  moral  or  less  corrupt.  Ch.  Reli^.  Appeal. 

Moii'AL-lZ-ER,  Ji.    One  who  moralizes. 
JSOU'AL-IZ-ING,  ppr.    Applying  to  a  moral  purpose, 

or  explaining  in  a  moral  sense, 
o    Alakin"  moral  reflections  in  words  or  writing. 
MOK'AL-lZ-IN'G,  >i.     The  application  ot   tacts  to  a 

moral  purpose,  or  the  making  of  moral  reflections. 

His  morali^ngs  are  atoays  plensant,  and  he  dot- 

where  he  thinks  it  useful  to  moralize. 

MOR'AL-LY,  adv.    In  a  moral  or  ethical  sense  ;  ac- 
cording to  the  rules  of  morality. 

By  good,  morally  so  called,  lonam  honeatam  ought  '^W^^r^JJ  "" 
nodei^tood. 

2  Virtuously  ;  honestly  ;  according  to  moral  rules 
in  external  deportment.    He  resolves  to  live  morathj. 

3.  According  to  the  rules  of  the  divine  law.  An 
action  is  not  in  strictness  moraUy  good,  winch  does 
not  proceed  from  good  motives,  or  a  P™f' P  9,°^ '"" 
and  obedience  to  the  divine  I»)Y,  ="">.."'  '''°'^"' 
giver.  Charity  bestowed  to  gratify  pride,  or  jtistii^c 
done  by  compulsion,  can  not  be  morally  good  in  the 

'""4  'Accor°ding  to  the  evidence  of  human  reason,  or 
of  probabilities,  founded  on  facts  or  experience  ;  ac- 


cording  to  the  usual  course  of  tilings  and  human 
judgment. 

It  b  morally  impossible  for  a  hjpocriw  l«  keep  himself  ioog  oa 

his  giianl.  L'Ettranit. 

Kroiii  the  nivliire  of  tilings,  t  ^m'morallij  certain  thai  a  inhi"i  trrt 
from  passioD  and  prejudice  1*  more  lit  to  i^tt  a  trse  Judg- 
ineiit  dian  one  hiiucni  Dy  allet^«i  and  Interest.      WUSctns. 

MOR'ALS,  11.  pi.    The  praclitifrrf  the  duties  of  life  ; 
as,  a  man  of  correct  vwraU.         \ 

2.  Conduct ;  behavior  ;  course  of  life,  in  regard  to 
good  and  evil. 

Some,  aa  corrupt  in  their  morals  as  vke  could  maks  theni,  hare 
been  solicitous  to  have  tlicir  childr-n  virtuously  and  piously 
educated.  )  ■^u*. 

What  cm  laws  do  without  morals  3       [I  FrankUn. 

MO-RASS',  71.    [D.  moeras,  from  ti'i't  a  marsh  ;  Sw. 
moras ;  G.  vwrast ;  Sax.  771cr.sc ;   Jt>  marav/ ;    from 
marc  or  77t<iiir,  a  tract  of  level  grount.j 
A  marsh  ;  a  fen  ;  a  tract  of  soft,  wet  ground. 

KalU.     Tliomsom. 
MO-RASS'Y,  (I.    Marshy  ;  fenny.    ,  Pcitmnt. 

i\10-R.\'VI-AN,  a.    Pertaining  to  l^oravia,  or  to  Ihc 

United  Brethren. 
MO-Ra'VI-AN,  71.    One  of  a  religipussect,  called  the 
United  Brethren, 


unitea  nretnren. 
MO-R.\'VI-AN-ISM,  71.    The  rclftious  system  of  the 

Moravians.  ~\ 

MOR'BID,  a.  [L.  morbidus,  froi,  morbus,  a  diflcase, 
from  the  root  of  morhr,  to  die,;  W.  77107t«,  to  die, 
from  mar,  laid  flat.  The  sense  jf  the  verb,  then,  is, 
to  fall,  fail,  or  sink ;  Ir.  inari(,t,  VV.  mnnn,  dead. 
In  Ch.  V1D  is  to  be  sick.    Class  Mr,  No.  12.] 

Diseascii ;  sickly ;  not  sounil  and  healthful ;  as, 

morbid  humors;    a  morlM  craistitution  ;    a  i7ior4i<i 

state  of  the  juices  of  a  plant ;  a  morbid  sensibility. 

MOR'BID-LY,  adv.    In  a  morbid  or  diseased  manner. 

MOR'BID-NESS,  71.    A  state  of  being  diseased,  sickly, 

or  unsound.  ...  -r  t 

i^IOR-BIF'ie,  /   o.      [Fr.  morhifiqne;    L.    7nor6liJ, 

MOR-BIF'ie-AL,  S       disease,  and  facio,  to  make.] 
Causing  disease ;  generating  a  sickly  st,ite ;  as, 
morbific  matter.  .  ,.    , 

MOR-BIL'LOUS,  a.     [L.  morbilli,  measles,  a  medical 
term,  from  7ji(trfc77.s.] 

Pertainin"  to  the  measles ;  measly  ;  partaking  ol 
the  nature  of  measles,  or  resembling  the  eruptions  of 
MOR-B08E',  a.     [L.  morbosus.]  [that  disease. 

Proceeding  from  disease  ;   unsound  ;   unhealtliy  ; 
as  a  morbose  tumor  or  excrescence  111  plants.   Ray. 
MOR-BOS'I-TY,  71.     A  diseased  state.  Brown. 

J\rOR-CF.AU',  fmor-so',)  71.     [Fr.]     A  bit ;  a  luorscl. 
MOR-D.^'CIOUS,  (-shus,)  a.     [L.  mordax,  intra.] 
1.  Biting  ;  given  to  biting.  Eoelyn. 

o    FiTiiratively,  sarcastic.  Aiimrt. 

MOR-Da^CIOUS-LY,  mto.    In  a  biting  manner  ;  sar- 


romparative  dcgrt*,  having  ilw  mate  tone  mmA  rf- 

feet  ajlUli:  l<-riiiinu.,ii  .^  11.  11.   .• '^^>"i'l-»     »•.»"<      . 
wise ;  m'/T 
rablc.     It 

admit  of  f.      .  , 

syllables.  11 

4.  A  •fcond  or  anoUier  time  ,  ««iio.    I  Mp«trd  || 
to  hear  of  bim  no  rt..  r/. 

Thfl  dtfre  rewnje^l 

JVo  rnirn  ;   not 
gone;  dectaswJ  ot  ■.■ 
Troy  in  no  more. 

Xo  more  in  w^-A  in  c-. 
of  addreHU.    A'o  more  ' 
hear  no  more.     \n  Ihi- 
Ihe  nenlenc«  ia  conip:' ' 
for  n  noun. 

MacJi  marc ;  in  s  groKrr  ilejre*-,  «  »  Bn  irsoie  lofcJ-  j 
ineM ;  niorc  abundantly. 

Merrt  and  more  ;  wiUl  eonlinuij  li>cf««<'. 
Air.oD  liTs(aj*T-l  aurt  attt  meft.  —  1  Cec-J*.  laiili. 
MORE,  o  lumn,  or  lubiiituU  fur  a  '■.at.  A  r>':!rrr'»o 
tlly,  araouul,  or  number. 

They  Rati^einJ  somn  mce*.  ft:/-  '• 
They  WTe   fr..jrr  -.  . .         1 


[I- 


tf^atcrliouse. 
mordaeita^,  from 


It'Eslrange. 

Shak. 


castically. 
MOR-DAC'I-TY,  (-das'e-te,)  71 

mordco,  to  bite.] 

Tlie  ipiality  of  biting. 
MOR'D.\NT,  a.     [Fr.)     Biting. 
MOR'DANT    n.     [Fr.,  biting.]    A  substance  which 
■  has  a  chemical   affinity  for    coloring   iimtter,  and 

serves  to  fix  colors  ;  sucli  as  alum.  .''"'"''"La 

2.  In  gildinf,  any  sticky  matter  by  which  the  gold 

leaf  is  made  to  adhere.  ..      .  ■       ,,  ij 

MOR'DANT,  <7.     Having  the  quality  of  seizing  hold 

or  of  fixing  colors.  , 

MOR'D  'VNT-EY,  adv.    In  the  manner  of  a  mordant. 
MOR'DI  €AN-CY,  n.     A  biting  quality;  c^rr,«v-e- 

MOR'DI-eANT,  a.     [Fr. ;  from  L.  mordro,  to  bite.] 
Biting  ;  acrid  ;  as^  the  mordieant  tptahty  of  u  body. 

MOR-DI-eS'TlON,  7!.    [from  L.  mordco,  to  bite.] 
The  act  of  biting  or  corroding  ;  corrosion. 

Another  cause  «  the  mordicaHon  ol  Uie  or.fic-s,  "F°»^'„"« 
liicseutery  veins. 

MORE,  a.  [Sa.x.  more,  mara,  or  mare,  more  or  (^o"'?n 
nmrcr-  a  mehr :  Can.  mcrre:  bw.  771<t.  1  he 
kZma  and  7,.»,  in  Chaucer,  have  the  ^J^^c  -■>- 
In  W.  mawr,  Ir.  mor,  signifies  great,  n  the  I'OS'l  vc 
debtee  The  word  iay  be  contracted  froiu  "•-,;?>  <h<: 
r^l!rhma.is,  mart,  foe  mager ,  hut  this  is  con- 

j''?"r  ;I,t„r  in  ouality,  degree,  or  amount ;  in  o  gen- 
eral «««.  as?S"  land-  m^c  water;  iitn.-.  cour- 
more  virtue;  more  power  or  wisdom;   more 


.lot  sn.are, 
Ch.  Ob. 


age  ; 


God  dii  I 
There  . 

Aeu  li.  .- 
2.  Greater  thing  ;  oChcr  tin 
Here  wc  rest ;  wc  can  do  ri 

his  encmiefl  ;  he  did  more,  he  v , 

JI5RE,  71.    [Sax.  intTT.] 

1.  A  hill. 

2.  [Sax.  moran.]  A  root 
MORE,  ti.  (.  To  make  more. 
MO-REEN',  Ti.     A  stout  woo: 

tains,  kc. 
MOR'EL,  71.    An  edible  mu'li; 

woods,  and  cinder  walki,  111 

botanists  .IforcAel/a  Meu/fTt'i.     - 

dried  stale  for  sauccj  than  when  Ije-is. 
2.  A  kinil  of  cherry. 
MoRE'LANl).     Sec  MooW-aHD. 
MORE'.NESS,  17.    Grcatneo.    fO.'...] 
MoRI^O'VEU,  ode.    [comp.  of  iti-rc  and    - 

yond  what  hn?  i n  ■'i  1  ;   iinli't;  bc^  ,     . 

likewise.  I 

A/oreor-r,'.,  '■~'^.        _  '! 

MO-REsat'£',  (r.;>;csk',;  0.     ^tr.,:r-    ''■ 
from  .Mora,  a  .Moor.]  _ . 

Uonc  after  the  manner  of  the  -■ 

MO-REsaUE',  n.    A  spcclM  of  p 

done  after  the  Moonsh  manner, 

te.squc  pieces  and  compartmcnu  pr^.l|I.■^^ 

speised ;  arabesriuc.      ,„,.^„       ,, . 

MOR-GAN-.\T'ie-MAR'RI.\flE.  ■..  ffr"ri 

mor'TJan.  to  shorten.]     tec  1 
MOR'ti.iY,  n.    A  species  01 

also  called  the  smdJi-ijwM- . 

widely  distributed,  and  U  rv;.i.  • 

cious.    Its  ordinarj-  length  u  b«v^ 

MOR'GLaY,  11.      [Is.  mtTr.!,  death,  ill - 

sword.] 

A  deadly  weapon.    ,„,,.,     ,,.  .  ..  .- 

MOROUE,  (moT^,)  ".   [Fr.l    A  P' ■ 

in  France,  where  the  bodiraof;- 

arcesiioscd,  that  ihcy  maybe  r- 
MOR'l-BUNK,  a.    In  a  sLitt?  of  djii.i. 
MOR'I-BINI'-  "•    A  dying  pcrfon. 
MOR'ICE.    S^-f  Mo"""^"-       .   ,     .  ,.^  , 
MO-RlOJ'F.R-.^TE,  r.  I.    To.o'x'y;    '.■""'_' 
M0-RIG-ER-.*'T10X.  n.     f^ce  >U.:>.t- 

tmiousne.ss  :  obedience,     [f  <- 
MO-RIG'ER-OL'S,  ».     [U-  - 

ncr,  and  gero.  to  canj-.  ] 
Obedient ;  obsoiiuou'- 
MOR'IL,  n.     [Fr.  i«.«"f-]        „,,„,„,. 
V  mushroom  of  the  si«-  of  »  w»ln  . 

with  little  holes,    l^'',?'*'?*'-,!     f„™ 
MO-RIE'LI-FORM,  a.    Having  the  form 

a  niushroom.  «.   .  nww.w,*  of  Ibr 

MO  RII.'LOS,  n.    The  golden  oyt,  »  !»«•«  ^J^ 

duck  family.  . „ ,^^„   Mc-rra,  1 


love  ;  more  praise  ;  vwrc  Uglit. 


love  \  vwTti  iinii^i-  ,    ""■■  -    -  ^  _     .  , 

everv  thing,  material  or  immaterial.         ^_^.^  .  ., 

o'Vreat?r  in  number  ;  exceeding  in  mimbers ,  as, 
more  men  ;  more  virtues  ;  more  years 

The  children  of  Israel  are  more  than  »c.  -  F.J.  1. 

3.  Greater. 

The  .aorc  part  knew  not  why  tliey  had  come  together.  -  AO. 


or  wisdom ;   more       ;l"cli  l™iily.  Hvpcrinllieni  Me 

It  is  applicable  •"    MtV     N   GA.  -.  J'l'Z'^-i^l^i:.^.    It  ^ 


;  additional. 

.idditon. 


4.  Added  to  some  former  number 

Dut  Monla;ue  demands  one  labor  «k>i(. 

MORE,  tuiii.    To  a  greater  degree. 

Isr 'el  loved  Joseph  more  than  all  his  childten.  -  Ge...  J"™ 

2.  It  is  used  with  the. 

They  hated  liim  yet  If.  more.  -Gen.  »iivii. 

3.  It  is  used  to  modify  an  adjective,  and  form  the 


;;;ivcof'£^  »,;.{•, hcE:Csilnd:».    It  t..-  ^^'■' 
suppttsod  to  pi«l««  the  ncphntic  wtxsl. 

MOR'I-ON,  «.     [Fr..  fW>ra  It.  r.,»r..n.c]^ 

**     A  kind  of  o}.en  helm,-t.  with.*.  v««  «.«>?;; 

somewhat  ivsembling  a  lial-         .,,,_,, 

AIO-RlS'eO,  I  «■    [fro'"  •"•""••l    -^  !"™ 
VO'RSK,  plit'd  by  old  writers  to  i- 

mnrLuAto'the  Moorish  •AnP.'JvjJ- 
or  a  Lnccrof  Uie  moms  or  .M«T.>ii 

MOR'Kix',n.  [^---'arr'"'^" 

or  mischance. 
MOR'I.ANP.    j  .     Mooriand. 
MORE'LAXD, 


TONE,  BMhL,  qOTTE.-AN^^GER^W^CIOI^ 


92 


MOK 


^OR 


MOR 


Woo)  plucked  from  a  dead  sheep.         ^insieorth. 
MOU'MO,  n.    [Gr. /i'./j^fj.] 

A  uugbear;  false  terror.  Johnson, 

yiOllMOS,  11.  The  name  of  a  sect  in  the  United 
States,  fuUowers  of  one  Joseph  Sinith,  wIm  claimed 
to  work  miracles,  and  to  have  found  an  adililiou  to 
the  Bible,  engraved  on  goldt-n  plates,  which  he  pub- 
lished under  the  name  of  the  Book  of  JiloTiiwn. 
±  A  generic  name  of  the  puffins,  TlUgcr. 

WOKN,  n.  [Sax.  viarne,  margenr,  mergenymor^cR^  Dan. 
I),  and  G.  vim-sen^  Sw.  morgan,  raom,  mornin;.',  or 
morrow.  In  W.  monj^  Ir.  inaracA,  ia  morrow  ;  Scot. 
r.wnx^  or  mome,  morrow.  In  Goth,  mcryan  sicnifies 
to  publish,  that  is,  to  open,  or  throw  forth  ;  (Jrient. 
"iQM.  In  Kuss.  ni(>r^ayu  signifies  to  wink  or  twinkle  i 
Ice.  tnorirmir,  to  grow  light.] 
The  first  part  of  the  day;  the  morning;  a  word 

used  chirjiy  in  poetry. 

AnJ  Wooraing  jicaco  nhall  ever  blcs  Uiy  mom.  Prior. 

iMORX'IXG,  n.     [Siix.  margcnc.,  mor^eiu     See  Mons.] 

1.  The  first  part  of  the  day,  beginning  at  twelve 
o'clock  at  night,  and  extending  to  twelve  at  noon. 
Thus  wc  say,  a  star  rists  at  one  o'clock  in  the  mom- 
mnf.  In  a  more  limited  sense,  morning  is  the  lime  be- 
ginning an  Iiour  or  two  before  sunrise,  or  at  break  of 
day,  and  extending  to  the  hour  of  breakfast  and  of 
beginnini;  the  labors  of  tlie  day.  Among  men  of  busi- 
ness in  large  cHics^  the  morning  extendi  to  the  hour 
of  dining. 

2.  The  first  or  early  part. 

In  llii;  morning'  of  life,  devote  yourself  to  the  scrvioj  of  the  Most 
iiijl".  J.  Clarke. 

MORN'ING,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  first  part  or  early 
part  of  the  day  j  being  in  the  early  part  of  the  day'j 
as,  morning  dew  j  morning  light ;  morning  service. 

She  looks  iia  clear 
•As  rnornins  roses  newly  washeU  with  dew.  Shak. 

MORN 'ING-G OWN,  n.  A  gown  worn  in  the  morn- 
ing before  one  is  formally  dressed.  .Addison. 

M0KN'1NG-ST.\K,  n.  The  planet  Venus,  when  it 
precedes  the  sun  in  rising,  and  shines  in  the  morning. 

MO-KOCeO,  71.  A  fine  kind  of  leather,  prepared 
comnumly  from  goat^^kin,  (though  an  inferior  kind  is 
made  of  sheepskin,)  and  tanned  with  sumach ;  said 
to  be^borrowed  from  the  Moors. 

MO-Ro\E',  n.  A  deep-crimson  color.  [See  Ma- 
roon.] 

MO-RO&E',  a.  [L.  morosjts  :  It.  and  Sp.  moroao,  slow, 
lardy.  In  Portuguese,  moroso  signifies  dwelling  on 
lewd  thoughts;  morosidade,  the  act  of  dwelling  on 
such  thoughts.  JMorose,  then,  is  from  the  rou't  of 
L.  morur,  to  delay,  slop,  hinder,  whence  eommoror, 
to  dwell,  Fr.  dnncurcr,  Eng.  danur.  The  custo'iiary 
sense,  then,  is  derived  from  the  gloomy,  sullen  tem- 
per formed  by  habitually  fi.xing  the  thoughts  on  some 
object.] 
Of  a  sour  temper  ;  severe  ;  sullen  and  austere. 

Soma  Lnve  descrrcd  censure  for  a  morose  and  affected  Uulumi- 
ly ;  others  hxvc  made  Bpeechcs,  though  they  h.-ul  ooihing  to 
_«ar.  Waas. 

MO-RoSE'LY,  adv.     Sourly ;  with  sullen  austerity. 
MO-RoSE'XE-SS,  7(.    Sourness  of  temper  ;  snllenness. 
Jlorosencss  is  not  precisely  peevishness  or  frctfiilness, 
though  often  accompanied  with  it.    It  denotes  more 
of  silence  and  severity,  or  ill  humor,  than  thn  irrita- 
tabihty  or  irritation  which  characterizes peepis/intss. 
L.etu-n  ^ood  humor,  never  to  oppose  without  just  reason  :  ohate 
some  degrees  of  pcidc  and  moroseness.  Waus. 

MO-ROS'I-TY,  n.    Moroseness.     [JVot  used.]     Shak. 
MO-ROX'ITE,  71.     [L.  nwrusy  a  mulberr>--tree.] 

A  variety  of  native  phosphate  of  lime,  of  a  mul- 

berr>'  color. 
MO-ROX-YL'ie,  a.    Morozijlic  acid  ;  a  vegetable  acid 

obtained  from  a  saline  exudation  from  the  Moras  al- 

b;i,  or  white  mulberr>-. 
iMOR'PllE-L'S,  n,     [Gr.]     In  mythology^  the  god  of 

dreani!--.    In  the  clas5ics,  pronounced  J^lor'vheus. 
MOR'PHEW,  Cmor'fii,)  ti.    [It.  morfea.-] 
A  scurf  on  the  face. 

JJSS!Sn?5V'' ^    To  cover  with  scnrf.    Bp.  HaU. 
MOR'PHI-?i.\,  \ 

MORTlllNE    )    '    t^^^- ''"P^^"?*  ^e  god  of  sleep.] 
\  vegetable  alkaloid    extracted    from  opium,  of 
which  It  constitutes  one  of  the  narctytic  principles. 

SlOR-PHO-LOti'ie-AL,  a.    Pertaining'u>'mo'rphoIo%. 

■•  JR-PHOI/O-GV,  7..     [Gr.  f^oa-pr,  and  A.jS 

In  botany,  a  treatise  or  description  of  the  metamor- 
phosis of  organs. 
iOR'RIS,     )         rx^.  ^         . 

idOR'RICE,  j  "*    ^^^'  "W""*^*?"*;  from  Moor.] 

I.  A  Moorish  dance ;  a  dance  in  imitation  of  the 
Moors,  as  sarabands,  chacons,  &c.,  usually  performed 
with  castanets,  tambors,  fcc,  by  young  men  iu  their 
shirts,  with  hells  at  their  feet,  and  ribbons  of  various 
colors  tied  round  their  arms  and  flung  across  their 
shoulders.  Encyc. 

iJ.  A  kind  of  game,  sometimes  played  in  the  field, 
with  nine  holes  in  the  ground,  and  called  nine,  men^s 
morris;  sometimes  played  on  a  board.    ShaJ:,    Forby. 


MOR'RIS-DANCE,  ti.    A  kind  of  dance.    [See  Mob- 

K.S.; 

MORailS-DAN'CER,  n.    One  who  dances  a  morris- 
dance.  '  Temple. 

MOU'RIS-PTKE, «.    AlMoorish  pike. 

MOR'RoVV,  tt     [Sax.  rtorgen.    But  it  seems  ratlier  to 
be  the  Welsh  77lorJ^  <'.orrow.] 
J.  The  day  nex;,"!*rter  the  present 

Till  Uiis  etorrfy  nijrhl  h  s^iie. 

Anil  th'  clcnjil  riorrou  dawn.  Crcihaa, 

This  word  is  d^tten  preceded  by  oti  or  to. 

The  Lord  did' that  ihinj  on  the  morrow.  —  Ex.  be. 
TO'Tnorro-j  sVall  tliis  si^i  be.  —  Ex.  tiU. 

So  we  say  (o-Aght,  t(>-day.     To-morrow  is  equiva- 
lent to  on  the  iirl-row. 
2.  The  uexCiay  subsequent  to  any  day  specified. 

Dul  if  the  fsxrifce  of  hb  ofietiag  sliall  be  a  vow  or  a  voluntAnr 
oflcrin<r^  it  'duiU  be  cnleii  Uic  sairre  day  tliat  he  oflcrt-lh  hia 
sacrifKC  ;  ,i?w!  on  iho  nwrroa  also  Uic  remainder  of  it  shall 
be  eaten. --l*cv.  vii. 

Oood  wiorroit;  a  tenn  of  salutation ;  good  morn- 

MORSE,  (mors.yi.     [Russ.  morj.]  [ing. 

In  zoology,  ihl  sea-horse  or  walrus,  an  anim^il  of 

the  gemisTrichif  bus,  which  sometimes  grows  i^)  the 


length  of  eightei 
small  mouth 


iteettfeci 
n  iCnni 


feet.  This  animal  has  a  round  head, 
M  ^"e:^,  thick  lipy,  a  short  neck,  and  a 
body  thick  in  ivjj  middle,  and  tapering  toward  the 
tail.  His  skin  i»Trotu  one  to  two  inches  thick,  and 
covered  with  clj/e  hair.  His  legs  are  short  and 
loosely  articulatei,  and  he  has  five  toes  on  each  foot, 
connected  by  webs.  The  tusks  usually  weigh  from 
five  to  ten  pounds  each,  and  are  from  fifteen  to  twen- 
ty inches  in  length,  though  they  arc  sometimes  near- 
ly twice  this  size.  These  animals  are  gregarious, 
but  shy,  and  very  fierce  when  attacked,  they  in- 
habit the  shores  of  Spitzbergcn,  Hudson's  Bay,  and 
other  places  in  high  northern  latitudes. 

Jardinc^s  A''at.  Lib.    P.  Cyc 
MOR'SEL,  n.     [from  h.  morsizs,  a  bile,  from  mordco.] 

1.  A  bite  ;  a  mouthful ;  a  small  piece  of  food. 

Every  titoracl  to  a  si\tt3(ic(i  huii  jcr  is  otily  a  new  Ubor  to  a  tired 
di^-'siion.  Soulli, 

2.  A  piece ;  a  meal ;  something  to  be  eaten. 

On  these  herbs,  and  frtiits,  and  Ikiwen, 

Feed  first,  oil  each  beast  next,  and  fisli  r.Qj  fowl, 

No  huuiely  jtiorseU.  Milton. 

3.  A  smalt  quantity  of  something  not  eatable.  [Im- 
proper.] Boyle. 

MOR'SURE,  (mor'shur,)  n.     The  act  of  biting. 
MpRT,  n.     [Fr.    See  Mortai-]    A  tunc  sounded  at 

the  death  of  game.  S/tak. 

2.  A  salmon  in  his  third  year.  Todd. 

MOR'T.-VL,  a.     [L.  mortalis,  from  mors,  death,  or  mo- 

rior,  to  dje,  that  is,  to  fall ;  W.  vtano  ;  Fr.  mourir  ; 

Arm.  viervd;  It.  morire;  Sp.  vKn-ir,    See  Class  Mr, 

No.  12,  14.] 

1.  Subject  to  death  ;  destined  to  die.  Man  is  mortal. 

2.  Deadly;  destructive  to  life;  causing  death,  or 
that  must  cause  death ;  as,  a  mortal  wound  ;  mortal 
poison. 

The  fruit 
Of  that  forbidden  tree  whos?  morUtt  U\Bla 
Brought  dcatti  into  Uie  world,  and  all  our  woe.  ATiUoit. 

3.  Bringing  death ;  terminating  life. 


Safe  in  the  hand  of  oiie  disiwain*  power. 
Or  ill  tlie  natal  or  tlie  mor:al  hour. 


Pope. 


4.  Deadly  iu  malice  or  purpose ;  as,  a  mortal  foe. 
In  eolUiquicd  language,  a  mortal  foe  is  an  inveterate  foe. 

5.  Exposingto  certain  death  ;  incurring  the  penalty 
of  death  ;  condenmed  to  I>e  punished  with  death ; 
not  venial ;  as,  a  mortal  sin. 

6.  Human ;  belonging  to  man  who  is  mortal ;  as, 
mortal  wit  or  knowledge ;  mortal  power. 


The  voice  of  God 
To  mortal  ear  is  dreadlul. 


JWi/ton. 
[JVbJ  Cl- 


7.  Extreme ;  violent ;  as,  a  mortal  fright. 
egant.] 

8.  Vexing;  tormenting;  as,  six  jnortal  hours  did  I 
endure  hex  loquacity  ;  usually  a  portion.  Walter  Scott. 

The  nymph  grew  pale,  and  in  a  mortal  fi^ght.  Dryden, 

JIOR'TAL,  71.    Man  ;  a  being  subject  to  death ;  a  hu- 
man being. 

Warn  poor  mortals  left  bcliind.  JVtel. 

It  is  often  used  in  ludicrous  and  colloquial  lan- 
guage. 

1  cir  beliolJ  no  mortal  now.  Prior. 

MOR-TAL'I-TY,  ti.     [L.  mortalitas.] 

1.  Subjection  to  death,  or  the  necessity  of  dying. 

Wh^n  I  riw  hrr  die, 
I  then  did  think  on  your  mortality.  Care-^. 

2.  Death. 

Gladly  would  I  meet 
Morlaiity,  my  scnU'ncc.  Milton. 

3.  Frequency  of  death;  actual  death  of  great 
numbers  of  men  or  beasts ;  as,  a  time  of  great  mor- 
tality. OraunU 

A.  Human  nature. 

Take  these  le-tis,  mortality't  reiitf.  Pope. 

5.  Power  of  destruction. 


MorialiOf  Rud  mercy,  in  Vienna, 
Live  in  thy  loo^ie  and  heart. 


Stak. 


MOU'TAL-IZE,  V.  t.    To  make  mortal.        Broome. 
3I0R'TALr/-£D,  pp.    Made  mortal. 
MOR'TAL-XZ-ING,  ppr.    ftlaking  mortal. 
MOR'T.\L-LY,  adv.    Irrecoverably ;  in  a  manner  that 
must  cau.se  death  ;  as,  mortaUy  wounded.    Dryden. 
2.  In  the  highest  possible  degree. 

Adrian  mortally  envied  jweta,  patntcn,  and  orti^n,  in  works 
wherein  he  had  a  vein  to  excel.  Bacon. 

MOR'TAR,  7t.  [l^mortarium;  Fr.morticr;  Sp.  vtor- 
tero  ;  It.  mortaio;  Dan.  fliorier;  D.  morlicr ;  G.  mur- 
seri  Russ.  mortcr;  Arm.  moriez;  It  inoiruid;  allied 
perhaps  to  Fr.  marteau :  Sp.  martilio,  a  hammer,  and 
named  from  beating.    Sec  Class  Mr,  No.  IU,  UI,  25.] 

1.  A  vessel  of  wood,  metal,  stone,  glas.j,  £i.c.,  in 
form  of  an  inverted  bull,  in  which  substances  are 
pounded  or  bruised  with  a  pestle. 

2.  A  short  piece  of  ordnance,  thick  and  wide,  used 
for  throwing  bombs,  carcasses,  shells,  Sec. ;  so  named 
from  its  resemblance  in  shape  to  the  utensil  above 
described. 

MOR'T/VR,  71.  [D.mortel;  Fr.  morlien  G.  miirtel ;  ^p. 
mortcro ;  It,  moirteal.  In  other  languages,  ;isin  Eii;:- 
lish,  the  orthography  of  this  word  and  of  the  last  is 
the  same,  and  perhaps  this  name  is  taken  from  beat- 
ing and  mixing.] 

A  mixture  of  lime  and  sand  with  water,  used  as  a 
cement  for  uniting  stones  and  bricks  in  walls.  If  the 
lime  is  recently  slaked,  and  the  materials  mixed  with 
lime-water,  the  cement  will  be  much  stronger. 

I'/iomson. 

MORT  D'A,\^CES-TOn,  [Fr.,  death  of  the  ances- 
tor.] In  law,  a  writ  of  assize,  by  which  n  demand- 
ant recovers  possession  of  an  estate  from  which  he 
has  been  ousted,  on  the  death  of  his  ancestor. 

Blackstone. 

MOR'TER,  71.     [Fr.  mortirr.] 

A  chamber-lamp  or  light.     iObs.]  Chancer. 

MORT'GAGE,  (mor'gaje,)  ru  [Fr.  mort,  dead,  and 
"^agCj  pledge.] 

I.  Literedly,  a  dead  pledge  ;  the  grant  of  an  estate 
in  fee  as  security  fur  the  payment  of  money,  and  on 
the  condition  that  if  the  money  shall  be  paid  ac- 
cording to  the  contract,  the  grant  shall  he  void,  and 
the  mortgagee  shall  rcconvey  the  estate  to  the 
mortgager.  Formerly  the  condition  was,  that  if  the 
mortgager  should  repay  the  money  at  the  day  speci- 
fied, he  might  then  re-enter  on  the  estate  granted  in 
pledge  ;  but  the  modern  practice  is  for  the  mortgagee, 
on  receiving  payment,  to  reconvey  the  land  to  the 
mortgager.  B::fore  the  time  specified  for  payment, 
that  is,  between  the  time  of  contract  and  the  time 
limited  for  payment,  the  estate  is  conditional,  and  the 
mortgagee  is  called  tenant  in  mortgage ;  but  on  fail- 
ure of  payment  at  the  time  limited,  the  estate  be- 
comes absolute  in  the  mortgagee.  But  in  this  case, 
courts  of  equity  interpose,  and  if  the  estate  is  of 
more  value  than  the  debt,  they  will,  on  application, 
grant  a  reasonable  time  for  the  mortgager  to  redeem 
the  estate.    This  is  called  the  equity  of  redemption. 

Blackstone. 
■2.  The  state  of  heing  pledged ;  as,  lands  given  in 
mortgage. 

3.  A  pledge  of  goods  or  chattels  by  a  debtor  to  a 
creditor,  as  security  for  the  debt.  Kent, 

[This  use  is  of  modern  origin.] 

SIORT'GAGE,  (mor'gaje,)  v.  t.  To  grant  an  estate  in 
fee  as  security  for  money  lent  or  contracted  to  be  paid 
at  a  certain  time,  on  condition  that  if  the  debt  shall  be 
discharged  according  to  the  contract,  the  grant  shall  be 
void,  otherwise  to  remain  in  full  force.  It  is  custom- 
ary to  give  a  mortgage  for  securing  the  repayment  of 
money  lent,  or  the  payment  of  the  purchase  money 
of  an  estate,  or  for  any  other  debt. 

2.  To  pledge ;  to  make  liable  to  the  payment  of 
any  debt  or  expenditure. 

Already  a  portion  of  the  entire  capita]  of  the  nation  is  mort- 
gaged lor  tlie  support  of  drunkiuds.  JL.  Beechcr. 

MORT'GAG-ED,  (mor'gajd,)  pp.  or  a.  Conveyed  in 
fee  as  security  for  the  pavment  of  money. 

MORT'GAGE-DEED,  (m'or'gaje-deedj  n.  A  deed 
given  by  wav  of  mortgage. 

MORT-GA-GEE',  (mor-ga-jee',)  n.  The  person  to 
whom  an  estate  is  mortgaged. 

MORT'GA-GER,  (mor'ga-jer,)  ti.  [from  mortgage. 
filoRTGAGOR  is  an  orthography  that  should  have  no 
countenance.  If  accented  on  the  last  syllable,  tlie 
spelling  should  be  ^Iortgaoeor.J 

The  person  who  grants  an  estate  as  security  fur 
debt,  as  above  specified. 

JMORT'GA-GIXG,  (mor'ga-jing,)  ppr.  Conveying  in 
fee  as  security  for  the  payment  of  money  ;  pledging. 

MOR-TIF'ER-OUS,  c.  [L.  mortifcr;  mors,  death,  and 
fero,  to  bring.] 

Bringing  or  producing  death  ;  deadly ;  fatal ;  de- 
structive. Hammond. 

MOR-TI-FI-Ca'TION,  71.    [Fr.    SesMoHTrPr.] 

I.  In  jncrficme  and  surgery,  the  death  of  one  part 
of  an  Animal  body,  while  the  rest  is  alive ;  or  the 
loss  of  vitality  in  some  part  of  a  living  animal ;  gan- 
grene ;  sphacelus.  Mortification  is  the  local  death  of 
a  part  of  a  living  animal  body,  which,  if  not  arrested, 
soon  extinguishes  life  in  the  whole  body.  VVe  usu- 
ally apply  mortification  to  the  local  extinction  of  life 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MeTE,  PR?:V.  — Pr^-E,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  M0\T:,  WOLF,  BQOK. — 

730 


MOR 

in  a  part  of  a  living  hotly.  The  tlis^oliilitm  of  the 
tohule  body,  alter  dcr.th,  is  callfil  putrrfaction. 

•2.  In  :Scripture,  the  act  of  subrliiing  the  (Kissluns 
and  appetites  by  penance,  ahslinenc?,  or  painful 
severities  inflicted  on  the  body.  The  mortijication  of 
the  body  by  fasting  has  been  the  practice  of  almost 
ail  nations,  and  the  mortijicatioii  of  the  appetites  and 
passions  by  self-denial  is  alwaj'S  a  Christian  duty. 

'3.  Humiliation  or  vexation  ;  the  state  of  being 
humbled  or  depressed  by  d:sap[K>inlnieut,  vexation, 
crosses,  or  any  Ihing  that  wounds  or  abases  pride- 

It  b  one  of  ibc  vexatious  mort^icaiions  of  a  studioua  nmn  to 
hxie  ha  thoughts  dJsoirferea  by  a  (cdioua  visit. 

L'Eslrange. 

We  bad  the  mcraj/iostion  to  loM  sij^hl  of  Alanich,  Au^bur^, 
and  RaUsL-on.  Adduon, 

4.  Destruction  of  active  qualities  ;  appiiecl  to  met- 
als.    [See  Mortify,  but  I  believe  not  used.]    Bacon. 

5.  In  ScDttish  iau?,  a  bequest  to  some  Ijterarj'  or  re- 
ligious institution;  nearly  synonymous  with  Monx- 
mai>'.]  Brande. 

rHOR'Tl-FT-ED,  pp.  or  a.    Affected  by  sphacehis  or 

i  Humbled  ;  subdued  ;  abased.  Ls^f^srene. 

MOi.      -  ■■'-jED-NES.?,  71.    Humiliation  ;  subjection  of 

the ,     -■     =.  Taylor. 

MOR'Tl-r  i-ijR,  n.    He  or  that  which  mortifies. 
MOK'TI-F?,  V.  t.     [Ft.  mortijicr;  It,  rnortificare;  Sp. 

mortificar;  L.  mors^  death,  and  facioj  to  make.] 

1.  To  destroy  the  organic  t-sture  and  vita!  func- 
tions of  some  part  of  a  living  animal ;  to  change  to 
sphacelus  or  sangrenc.  Eitreme  indammatlon  speed- 
ily mortifies  flesh. 

2.  To  subdue  or  bring  into  subjection,  as  the  bod- 
ily appetites  by  abstinence  or  rigorous  severities. 

We  mijrtify  oniscWcs  tvith  fch.  Broten. 

With  fastiug  jTuyrOJied,  worn  out  uiib  Istrs.  Harie. 

3.  To  subdue;  to  abase;  to  humble;  to  reduce; 
vo  restrain ;  as  inordinate  passions. 

Morti/y  ihy  learned  lust.  P'^or. 

Morofy,  therdore,  your  membeis  which  are  irpon  the  eartli.  — 
Col.  iii. 

4.  To  humble ;  to  depress ;  to  affect  with  slight 
vexation. 

How  often  Is  th>*  aiuluLious  man  Tnordfied  with  the  veiy  pru^s 
he  receiTea,  if  they  do  not  rise  so  high  ns  he  thinks  ihey 
ou^t !  Afiiiison. 

He  is  controlled  by  a  nocl,  mortified  by  a  frowo,  aod  tiunsported 
vriih  a  smile,  Axidison. 

5.  To  destroy  active  powers  or  essential  qualities. 

He  mortijkd  pearb  in  rinefar.  HakevUl. 

Q,uick£itTcr  —  rnorufitd'KUXi  turpentine.  Bacon, 

I T  believe  Viis  applicaiian  is  not  now  in  use."] 
M0R'TI-F5,  r.  i.    To  lose  vitality,  as  flesh ;  to  gan- 
grene. 

2.  To  be  subdued.  Johnson. 

3.  To  practice  severities  and  penance  from  religious 
motives. 

This  matss  biia  give  alnis  of  all  that  he  haUi,  watch,  t»st,  and 

MOR'TI-F^'-ING,  ppr.  Changing  from  soundness  to 
gangrene  or  sphacelus. 

2.  Subduing;  humbling;  restraining. 

3.  a.  Humiliating;  tending  to  hunible  or  abase. 
He  met  with  a  mortifying  repulse. 

:\IOR'TI-F-?-ING-LY,  adv.     Humiiiatingl3% 

MOR'TlSE,  (mor'tis.)  n.  [Fr.  mortaist;  Arm.  vtortez; 
Sp.  mort/ija  :  Ir.  ir.ortis.  The  Armoric  wortcz  signifies 
both  a  TTjjrtar  and  a  mortise^  and  the  Spanish  mortcja 
signifies  a  mortise  and  a  winding-sheet  or  shroud.  In 
the  latter  sense,  the  Portuguese  use  vwrtdha,  from 
mortci.  Tliese  alliances  iiidicate  that  these  words 
are  all  from  the  root  of  mors,  death,  which  may  be 
from  beating  or  throwing  down.] 

A  cut  or  hollow  place  made  in  timber  by  the  auger 
and  chisel,  to  receive  the  tenon  of  anotlier  piece  of 
timber. 

MOR'TlSE,  V.  t.    To  cut  or  make  a  mortise  In. 

0.  To  join  timbers  by  a  tenon  and  mortise  ;  as,  to 
viarti^e  a  beam  into  a  post,  or  a  joist  into  a  girder. 

3I0R'TIS-£D,  (mortist,)pp.  Having  a  mortise ;  joined 
by  a  mnrtise  and  tenon. 

ilOR'TlS-ING,  ppr.  Making  a  mortise  ;  uniting  by  a 
mortise  and  tenon. 

MORT'^IaIN,  n.  [Fr.  mart,  dead,  and  main,  hand.] 
In  law,  possession  of  lands  or  tenements  in  dead 
hands,  or  hands  that  can  not  alienate.  Alienation 
in  raorttnain  is  an  alienation  of  lands  or  tenements  to 
any  corporation,  sole  or  aggregate,  ecclesiasliL-al  or 
temporal,  particularly  to  religious  houses,  by  which 
tfie  estate  becomes  pc^rpelually  inherent  in  the  corpo- 
ration, and  unalienable.  Blackstone. 

MORT'P.^Y,  71.  [Fr.  nwrt^  dead,  and  pay.]  Dead 
pav  ;  pavment  not  made.    [JVot  used.]  Bacon. 

MOR'TRESS,  n.  [from  mortar.]  A  dish  of  meat  of 
various  kinds,  beaten  together.    [JVbr  used.]  Bacon. 

MOR'TU-A-RY,  n.     [Fr.  morfaajVe,  pertaining  to  the 
I       dead.] 

I.  A  sort  of  ecclesiastical  heriot,  a  customarj*  gift 
claimed  by  and  due  to  the  minister  of  a  parish  on  the 
death  of  a  parishioner.  It  seems  to  liave  been  orig- 
inally a  vcluntar)'  bequest  or  donation,  intended  to 
make  amends  for  any  failure  in  the  payment  of  tithes 
of  which  the  deceased  had  been  guilty.  Blackstone. 
9.  A  burial-place.  IThUloch. 


MOS 


MOT 


MOR'TU-A-RY,  a.     Belonging  to  the  burial  of  the  I     and  eit;  Goth.  maUU;  D.  .mil  Uixl 
dead.  | 

M6'RUS  MUL-TI-eAU'US,n.  [L.,m3ny-1  ^ ' 

bcrr>'.]  A  sort  of  mulberry,  called,  alfo,  ' 
NESE  ^lui-BKKnv,  wliosc  leaves  are  much  ' 
feeding  silk-worms. 

MO-SA'ie,  )  7L     [Fr.  moainquc ;    It.  mosaico ; 

MO-SA'ie-Vi^ORK,  (     Sp.  Ttwsayco;  L.  nitt*ip«ni.] 
An  assemblage  of  little  pieces  of  glasa,  marble, 
precious  stoniis,  <Si;c.,  of  variouH  colors,  cut  inquire, 
and  cemented  on  a  ground  of  stucco,  in  such  a  man- 
ner as  to  imitate  the  colors  and  gradations  of  paintmg. 

Encye. 

MO-SA'ie,         }  a.    [Uom  Moses.]    Pertaining  to  SIo- 

MO-SA'ie-AL,  \     scs,  the  leader  of  the  Xsraelites ; 
as,  the  Jilosaic  law,  rites,  or  institutions. 
9.  Perlainint;  to  or  composed  of  mosaic. 

MOS-A-PAU'RUS,n.    [L.  Jihsa,  the  Latin  name  of 
Mxstrichl,  and  Gr.  cawpoj,  a  lizard.] 

The  name  of  a  saurian  reptile,  related  to  the  croc- 
odile, who?e  remains  are  found  in  beds  of  clay,  near 
JMfestricht,  in  Germany. 

MOS'GHA-TEL,  n.     [from  Gr.  itoaxo^-,  L.  vnucua^ 
musk.] 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Adoxa,  hollow  root,  or  inglo- 
rious. Tliore  is  one  species  only,  whose  leaves  and 
flowers  smell  like  musk  ;  and  hence  it  is  sometimes 
called  ML'?K-cnowFooT.  Eacyc     Loudoiu 

MOS'LEM,  n.    A  mussulm^n  ;  an  orthodox  Moham- 
medan. 

jIOSUUE,  }  (mosk,)  n.  [Fr.  mosquie ;  It.  iRoschat ;  Sp. 

MOSK,        i         £?         o  ., 


con  veil. 

XX. 

2.  Coiuistjog  of  u.' 
a.%.  the  moat  fart  "f  tti 

Mr^--"    '     ' - 


and  tend  to  [ir< 
and  wiMtom. 
As  mc  f 

it  is  u 
wickc'J. 
MOST,  «. 
noun  L  ' 
ber  or  ]• 

Thai    r 

[Thi^ 
sion  of 
case,  su 

9.  r 

vaniag* 


mezqidta ;   Ar.  ^X^^^wwO  masjidonj  from  <,X.^Vyw 

sajada^  to  bend,  bow,  adore.] 

A  Mohammedan  temple  or  place  of  religious  wor- 
ship. Mosques  are  square  buildings,  generally  con- 
structed of  stone.  Before  the  chief  gate  is  a  square 
court  paved  witli  white  marble,  and  surrounded  with 
a  low  gallery,  whose  roof  is  supported  by  pillars  of 
marble.  In  this  gallery,  the  worshipers  wash  them- 
selves before  they  enter  the  mosque.  Eneyc. 

MOS-QUl'TO,  (mos-ke'to,)  n.    See  Mu3<iueto. 

MOSS,  n.  [Sax.  meos  ,*  G.  moos ;  D.  mos ;  Sw.  mos^a  ; 
W.  mwsw^j  from  mws^  that  shoots  up,  and  of  a  strong 
scent ;  h.  muscus  ;  Gr.  uoa-xr>s.  The  two  latter  sig- 
nify moss  and  mu^-h,  both  from  shooting  out ;  hence, 
It.  musco^  mtischio ;  Sp.  jujisco  :  Port,  musgo ;  Fr. 
mousse.  The  Greek  word  signifies,  also,  a  young 
animal,  and  a  shoot  or  twig.  From  the  French 
mousse  comes  mousseUne,  muslin,  from  its  softness  or 
resemblance  to  moss.  Lunier  says  it  is  from  Mossoul, 
a  city  of  Mesopotamia.] 

L  The  mosses  are  one  of  the  families  or  classes 
into  which  all  vegetables  are  divided  by  Linnsus,  in 
the  PhUosopkia  Botanica.  In  Ray's  method,  ihe 
mosses  form  the  third  class,  and  "in  Tournefort*s, 
they  constitute  a  single  genus.  In  the  ^:ciual  system^ 
they  are  the  second  order  of  the  class  Cryptogamia, 
which  contains  all  the  plants  in  which  the  parts  of 
the  flower  and  fruit  are  wanting  or  not  conspicuous. 

Milne. 
The  mosses,  musci.,  form  a  natural  order  of  small 
plants,  with  leafy  stems,  and  narrow,  simple  leaves. 
Their  flowers  are  generally  raontecious  or  dicecious, 
and  tJieir  seeds  are  contained  in  a  capsule  covered 
with  a  calj'ptra  or  houd.  Ed.  Encyc. 

The  term  moss  is  also  popularly  applied  to  many 
other  small,  crj-ptogamic  plants,  particularly  lichens, 
species  of  which  are  called  tree-moss,  rock-mosSy  coral- 
moss,  &,c.  The  jir-moss  and  club-7noss  aro  of  the 
genus  Lycopodium. 

2.  [Sw.  viase.]  A  bog ;  a  place  where  peat  is 
found. 

MOSS,  V.  t.    To  cover  with  moss  by  natural  growth. 
An  oak  whose  boughs  wet*  motsed  with  ag-o.  .S\at. 

MOSS'-eAP-P£;D,  (-kapt,)  a.  Capped  or  covered  with 
moss.  -1^«-  B*^^' 

JIOSS'-CLAD,  a.    Clad  or  covered  with  moss. 

LUtletoji. 

MOSS'£T>,  (most,)  pp.    Overgrown  with  moss. 

MOSS'-GRoWN,  a.  Overgrown  with  moss ;  as,  vioss- 
rrroion.  towers. 

MOSS'I-NESS,  71.  [from  mossy.]  Th^  state  of  bemg 
overgrown  with  moss,  Bacojt. 

MOSS'-LAXD,  n.  Land  produced  by  the  accumula- 
tion of  aquatic  plants,  forming  peat-boga  of  more  or 
less  consistency,  as  the  water  is  drained  off  or  re- 
tained in  its  purcs.  ^-  Cyc 

MOSS'-TROOP-ER,  tu  [moss  and  trooprr.]  A  term 
applied  to  certain  bandits  that  formerly  infested  the 
border  country  between  England  and  Scotland.  The 
name  is  derived  from  tlie  character  of  the  country 
over  which  they  "trooped,"  it  being  extensively  moss 
or  morass. 

aiOSS'Y,  a.  Overgrown  with  moss ;  abounding  wiUi 
moss.  _ 

Old  trees  oro  more  mossy  than  young.  aaton. 

2.  Shaded  or  covered  willi  moss,  or  bordered  with 
moss  :  as,  mossy  brooks  ;  mi^ssy  fountains. 

Pope.     Cotcley. 
MOST,  a. ;  supcrL  of  More.    [Sax.  vuesti  that  is,  ma 


M  the  mo-' 

utmost  citcnL 

tke  mosty  <\XU::\ 
MOS'TI€, «.      '. 
A  maiUslicn 

he  rests  hui  lu;;. 
MOST'LY,  ode.     fur  t 

of  Ihe  L'nitud  .SLii'  ■ 

tobacco,  flour,  and  lui.. 
M0ST'\VI1.^T,  ode.     fc  or  u: 

3I0T,  [Fr.]  LitrraUr,  a  word 

2.  A  note  ur  " 
MOTE,  in  Foi-. 

■not,  ftemoL] 
MOTE,  n.     [Sai.  nor      - 
ppot.] 

A  small  particle  : 
spot. 

WV.v 
Tac  :. 

MOTE,  for  MoucRT,  Might,  or  Must 
5I0-TET',  n.    [Fr.]    A  musicnl  f 
cred  character,  consisting  cf  f. 

MOTH,  n.    [Sax.  vo;^Jie,  ». "  ■ 
matlid  ;  D.  mot ;  G.  m.^tte.] 

1.  .An  animal  cf  th-  r^nu*  Ph* 
which  breeds  in  yam  and  pvrmcn'- 
injur>' by  eating  the  substance  ar 
texture.    Matt.  vi. 

Thf  nnn:-  is  -'" 

2.  F<_ 
eals,  f<  : 
are  a  • 

MOTH'i:-\i.  '•.  *. 

upon,  as  a  moth  eat- 
MOTH'KAT-EX.pp.  ^ 
MOTH'iCN,  o.     Full  oi  i\:  t 
MOTH'ER,  (muth'cr.;  n.      - 
mother,  and  mc-dder,  mnA 
moer,  mother,  dam,  v 
(moer  seems  to  he  a 
naakty  stark  naked  ; '  ■ 
slimy  concretion  in  ^ 
ma'.ri-t ;  mviter-^ic^^ . 
mutter-scMi^,  a  '"(vo 
and  muttrr-m.:' '. 
female  of  thi-  ' 
mutt^r-mickt,  >.  . 

Sw.  moder,  nu.iu  r  ;  ;  ■ 
m^derfall,  prolapsus  uteri  , 
matrix. 

Dan.  modety  mother;  » 
mcdercn  i  qnmda-y  Ihc  m:i; 
mud. 

Ir.  BwiAair.  a  mother,  an  i 

Or.  ^arfjj,  mother,  and 

1m  mater^  molhcr;  wj - 
matter,  stuff,  materials  cf  v- 

It.  m&drr,  mother,  can 
mold  or  form  for  casiinps : 
subject,  cause ;  ipjitric/,  ib^  ... 

Sp.  madre,  mother,  matnx, 
river,  a  sink  or  sewer  ; 
ler,  purulent,  running. 

Port.  Hflrfjv,  a  mother,  the  matnt.  V*-^ 
river  ;  materia^  matltT.  pus. 


-r-H  lo  the  ■ 
■iv  thtng- 


womb,  t.'~ 
:,  mains  i  -^ 


Pcrs. 


,  a  mother. 


TCNE,  BULL,  UNITE. -AN'^GER,  VI"CIOnS.-e  as  K;  GasJ;  SasZ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


731 


M  O  T 

Fails,  matla^  madra,  meddra,  or  inata,  mother. 

Kuss.  mat,  inatrr,  motlier ;  matka,  a  female,  a 
matrix. 

Pr.  mo-c,  mother,  contraclod  from  ihe  Latin. 

W.  madreZi  mutter,  iiurulcni  disriiarge. 

We  observe  that  in  yome  oihcr  languages,  as  well 
as  in  English,  the  same  won!  signifies  a  female 
parent,  and  the  thick  sjime  formed  in  vinegar  ;  and 
in  all  the  languages  of  Europe  here  cited,  the  orlhog- 
niphy  is  nearly  the  same  as  that  of  tnud  and  matter. 
The  question  then  occurs,  whctlier  t!ie  name  of  a  fe- 
male parent  originated  in  a  word  expret-siiig  matter, 
mold  ;  either  tlie  soil  of  the  earth,  as  the  producer, 
or  the  like  substance,  when  shaped  and  fitted  as  a 
mold  for  castings  ;  or  whether  the  name  is  con- 
nected witti  the  opinion  that  the  earth  is  the  mother 
of  all  productions ;  whence  the  word  inoVier-earth. 
We  are  informed  by  a  fragment  ol"  Sanction iathon, 
that  the  ancient  Phenicians  considered  vnul,  hu)t^  to 
he  the  substance  from  which  all  things  were  formed. 
(See  Mud.)    Tlie  word  matter  is  evidently  from  the 

Ar.  t\^  madda,  to  secrete,  eject,  or  discharge  a 
purulent  substance;  and  I  think  can  not  have  any 
direct  connection  with  mud.  But  in  the  Italian, 
Spanish,  and  Portuguese,  the  same  word  nuulre  sig- 
nifies mother,  and  a  mold  for  castings  ;  and  the 
northern  languages,  particularly  the  German  and 
Danish,  seem  to  establish  the  fact  that  the  proper 
sense  of  mother  is  matrix.  Hence  mother  of  pearl, 
the  matrix  of  pearl.  If  this  word  had  its  origin  in 
the  name  of  the  earth  used  for  the  forms  of  castings, 
it  would  not  be  a  singular  fact;  for  our  word  moTti, 
in  this  sense,  I  suppose  to  be  so  named  from  mold, 
fine  earth.    The  question  remains  sub  judice.] 

1.  A  fiinale  parent ;  especially,  one  of  the  human 
race  ;  a  woman  who  has  borne  a  child  ;  correlative 
to  Soy  or  Daughter. 

*J.  That  which  has  produced  any  thing. 

Alas  1  poor  country  1  it  can  not 

Be  called  our  moVier,  but  our  grave.  Shak, 

So  our  native  land  is  called  moUter  country,  and  a 
plant  from  which  a  slip  or  cion  is  taken  is  called  the 
mcther  plant.  In  this  use,  mot/icr  may  be  considered 
as  an  aiijective. 

3.  That  which  has  preceded  in  lime  ;  the  oldest  or 
chief  of  any  thing  ;  as,  a  77?oMfr-churcli. 

4.  Hysterical  passion.     [J\'ot  v^cd.]  Qraunt. 

5.  A  familiar  term  of  address  or  appellation  of  an 
old  woman  or  matron. 

6.  An  appellation  given  to  a  woman  who  exer- 
cises care  and  tenderness  toward  another,  or  gives 
parental  advice ;  as,  when  one  says,  a  "  woman  has 
been  a  mother  to  me." 

7.  A  thick,  slimy  substance  concreted  in  liquors, 
particularly  in  vinegar,  very  ditferent  from  scum  or 
common  lees. 

MOTH'EIl  OF  PEARL,  (-perl,)  71.  The  hard,  silvery, 
brilliant,  internal  layer  of  several  kinds  of  shells, 
particularly  oysters,  which  is  often  variegated  with 
clianging  purple  and  azure  colors.  Urc, 

MOTH'ER  OF  THYME,  n.  A  small  aromatic  plant, 
also  called  VVius  Thyme  ;  Thymus  serpyllum. 

P.  Cue. 

MOTH'ER,  (mutli'er,)  a.  Native;  natural;  icce'ived 
by  birth  ;  as,  motJier  wit. 

2.  Native ;  vernacular ;  received  from  parents  or 
ancestors  ;  as,  mother  tongue. 

MOTII'ER,  (niuth'er,)  v.  i.  To  concrete,  as  the  thick 
matter  of  liquors.  Drijdcn. 

MOTH'ER,  V.  t.    To  adopt  as  a  son  or  daughter. 

Howell. 

MOTH'ER  e.\'REY'S  CHICK'EN,  n.  A  name  given 
bv  sailors  to  the  storm-petrel. 

MOTH'ER-HOOD,  7i.    The  stale  of  being  a  mother. 

Donne. 

MOTH'ER-ING,  n.  To  o-o  a  mothering,  is  to  visit  pa- 
rents on  Midlent  Sunday.    This  is  also  called  Mid- 

LEKTIItO. 

MOTH'ER-IN-LAW,  «.  The  mother  of  a  husband 
or  wife. 

MOTH'ER-LAND,  n.  The  land  of  one's  mother  or 
parents. 

MOTH'ER-LESS,  a.    Destitute  of  a  mother;  having 

lost  a  mother  ;  a.s,  motherless  children. 
MuTH'ER-LY,    (muth'or-le,)    a.       Pertaining   to    a 

moilHT  ;  as,  moVierly  power  or  authority.      Hooker. 
•2.  Becoming    a    mother  ;    tender  ;   pju-ental ;    as, 

viotlicrhj  love  or  care.  jSrbuthnot. 

MOTII'ER-LY,  adv.    In  the  manner  of  a  mother. 

Donne. 
MOTH'ER-WA'TER,  n.      A    solution    from   which 

crystals  have  been  obtained,  and  which  slill  contains 

dtlifiii<'>!cent  salts  and  impurities.  Ure. 

MOTH'ER-WIT,  7t.     X.nivc  wit;  common  sense. 
MOTH'ER-WORT,  (uiuth'er-\vurt,)  n.     An  herb  of 

the  genus  Lconurus,  of  a  bitter  taste,  used  popularly 

in  medicine. 
MOTH'ER-V,  (muth'cr-c,)  a.    Concreted  ;  resembling 

or  partaking  of  the  nature  of  mother;  as,  the  moth- 

em  substance  in  liquors. 
MOTH'MUL-LEN,  n.    A  plant.  MUXcr. 


MOT 

MOTH'WORT,  ^moth'wurt,)  v.    A  plant. 
MO'l'H'Y,  a.     [trom  motJi.]     Full  of  moths ;   as,  an 

old  motl'if  saddle.  Shah. 

MO-TIF'  I'e,  a.     [  L.  vwtus  and  fado.'] 

Producing  innlion.  Goml. 

Mo'TIO-N,  v.     [L.  motio  ;  Fr.  motion.     See  Move.] 

1.  The  act  or  process  of  changing  place;  change 
of  local  position ;  the  passing  of  a  body  from  one 
place  to  another;  change  of  distance  between  bod- 
ies ;  opposed  to  Rest. 

.iiiivial  motion  is  that  which  is  performed  by  ani- 
mals in  consequence  of  voliliun,  or  an  act  of  the' will ; 
but  how  the  will  operates  on  the  body  in  producing 
motion,  we  can  not  explain.  Mechanical  motion  is 
elfected  by  the  force  or  power  of  one  body  acting  on 
another.  Perpetual  motion  is  that  which  is  effected 
or  supplied  by  itself,  without  the  impulse  or  intcrven 
lion  of  any  external  cause.  Hithert/-  it  has  been  found 
impossible  to  invent  a  machine  thai  has  this  principle. 

2.  Animal  life  and  action. 

Devoid  of  Bciiae  aiid  niotJou.  Milton. 

3.  IManner  of  moving  the  body ;  port ,  gait ;  air. 

Eiich  member  move  and  every  motion  giiidc.  Blackmore. 

A.  Change  of  jmsture  ;  action. 

\Yatchiii^  (he  inoUon  of  her  patron's  eye.  Dryden. 

Cy.  Military  march  or  movement.  JUilton. 

6.  Agitation  ;  as,  the  motions  of  the  sea. 

7.  Internal  action  ;  exciLeuKMit ;  as,  the  motions  of 
the  breast.  Qaij. 

8.  Direction ;  tendency. 

In  our  proper  v.otion  we  ascenJ.  RRUon. 

n.  The  effect  of  impulse  ;  action  proceeding  from 
any  cause,  external  or  internal.  In  the  growth  of 
plants  and  animals,  there  must  be  a  vwtion  of  the 
component  parts,  though  invisible.  Attraction  or 
chemical  affinity  produces  sensible  motion  of  the  parts 
of  bodies.  Motions  of  the  mind,  ascribed  to  the 
invisible  agency  of  the  Supreme  Being,  arc  called 
ffood  motions. 

Let  a  ^oud  mnn  obey  every  good  motion  rising  in  h\s  heart, 
knowing  [hut  every  such  motion  proceeds  from  God.    Soutlt. 

10,  Proposal  made ;  proposition  offered  ;  ]>articu- 
larly,  a  proposition  made  in  a  deliberative  assembly. 
A  motio7i  is  made  for  a  committee;  a  motion  for  in- 
troducing a  bill ;  a  motion  to  adjourn. 

11.  A  puppet-show  or  puppet.    [J^''ot  ■used.']    Shak. 
Mo'TION,  V.  L      To  propose.      [Little  used.]     [See 

Move.] 

Mo'TION,  V.  i.  To  make  a  significant  movement  or 
gesture,  as  with  the  hand;  as,  to  motion  to  one  to 
take  a  scat.  fValicr  Scott. 

2.  To  make  proposal ;  to  offer  plans.     [Little  used.] 

Milton. 

Mo'TION-ED,  pp.     I\Ioved  ;  proposed. 

MO'TION-ER,  71.    A  mover.     [A^ot  itscd.] 

M6'TI0N-ING,  ppr.    Proposing. 

Mo'TtON-IST,  71.    One  who  makes  a  motion. 

Mo'TION-LESS,  a.    Wanting  motion  ;  being  at  rest. 

I  grow  a  statue,  fixed  and  motionless.  '  Drydtn. 

MO'TIVE,  a.  [See  the  noun.]  Causing  motion  ;  hav- 
ing power  to  move  or  tending  to  move  ;  as,  a  motive 
argument;  motive  x>ovf ex.  Hooker.     Bcntlai. 

IVIo'TIVE,  n.  [It.  Sp.  and  Port,  motivo ;  Fr.  motif. 
See  Move.] 

1.  That  whicli  incites  to  action ;  that  which  deter- 
mines the  choice,  or  moves  the  will.  Thus  we 
speak  of  j:ood  motives  and  bad  motives;  strong  and 
weak  motii^'es.  The  motive  to  continue  at  rest  is  ease 
or  satisfaction  ;  the  motive  to  change  is  uneasiness, 
or  the  prospect  of  good. 

2.  That  which  may  or  ought  to  incite  to  action ; 
reason  ;  cause. 

;{.  A  movnr.     [JtTot  in  -use.]  Skak. 

MO-TIV'I-TY,  7(.    Tlie  power  of  producing  motion. 
2.  The  quality  of  being  influenced  by  motives. 
Dr.  Dwight. 
MOT'LEY,  a.     {W.ysmot,  a  spot;  ysmotiaw,  to  spot, 
to  dapple  ;  Sp.  motear,  id. ;  Eng.  mate.] 

1.  Variegated  in  color  ;  consisting  of  different  col- 
ors ;  dappled  ;  as,  a  motley  coat.  Shak. 

The  domestic  fool  of  the  great  formerly  wore  a 
party-colored  coat  of  calfskin.  Hence,  in  S/iakspeare, 
Lear  says, 

A  wortiiy  fool ;  motley  '«  yotir  only  wear. 

2.  Composed  of  different  or  various  parts,  charac- 
ters, or  kinds ;  diversified ;  as,  a  motley  style. 

And  doultU  of  motley  hue.  Dryden, 

[This  word  primarily  means  spotted:  but  it  may 
signify,  also,  striped.] 

MOT'LEY-MIND'ED,  a.  Having  diversified  views 
and  feelings.  Shak. 

Mo'TOR,  71.  [L.  from  moveo,  to  move.]  A  mover. 
The  metals  are  called  motors  of  electricity,     f-^olta. 

MO'TO-RY,  a.     Giving  motion  ;  as,  motory  muscles. 

Rail. 

MOT'TLED,  (mot'tld,)  a.  Marked  with  spots  of  dif- 
ferent colors  or  shades  of  color,  as  if  stained  ;  macu- 
lated. 

MOT'TO,  n.;  pi.  Mottoes.  [It.  vl;  Sp.  and  Port. 
mote  ,•  Fr.  m.ot ;  Sax.  mat/ielan,  to  spealc ;  Ir.  meadluiir. 


MOL 

talk,  discourse;  Goth,  maihlci,  id.;  Gr.  /ivOoj,  ;ju- 

OCVW,  ^K^Co;iai.] 

Primarily,  a  word  ;  but  more  commonly,  a  sentence 
or  phrase  prefixed  to  an  essay  or  discourse^  contain- 
ing the  subject  of  it,  or  added  to  a  device. 

In  heraldry^  tlie  motto  is  carried  in  a  scroll,  allud- 
ing to  the  bearing  or  to  the  name  of  the  bearer,  or 
expressing  some  important  idea. 
MOUGHT,  (mowt,)  the  obsolete  preterite  of  Mav. 

We  now  use  I\Iioht 
Mould,  t  n.  [Sax.  mold,  molda,  viyl;\V.  mol;  D.  and 
Mold,  \  Dan.  mnl;  Sw.  and  G.  miill;  probably  al- 
lied to  mellow;  L.  mollis.  (See  Mellow,  Meal,  and 
Mill.)  The  prevalent  spelling  is  Mould  ;  hut  as  the 
u  has  been  omitted  in  the  other  words  of  this  class, 
as  bolil,  gold,  old,  cold,  &.C.,  it  seems  desirable  to  com- 
plete the  analogy  by  dropping  it  in  this  word,  as  was 
done  by  Spenser,  South,  and  many  others.] 

1.  Fine,  soft  earth,  or  earth  easily  pulverized,  such 
as  constitutes  soil ;  as,  black  mold. 

ICdwurds,  HL^t.  IK  Indies. 
A  ninrtid  siilraiaiicc  of  tnrrc3tri«l  jnould.  JIoolc. 

2.  A  substance  like  down,  which  forms  on  bodies 
which  lie  long  in  warm  and  damp  air.  The  micro- 
scope exhibits  this  substance  as  consisting  of  small 
plants.  Rncijc. 

3.  Matter  of  which  any  thing  is  formed. 

Niiture  fonried  me  of  her  Eofl^st  mould,  Addison. 

MoUIiD, )  n.  [Sp.  moldc,  a  mold  or  matrix  ;  moldar, 
M6LD,  \  amnldnr,  to  cast ;  Port,  moldc,  mnldar,  id. ; 
Fr.  moule;  Arm.  vioul ;  Dan.  viul,  vutld;  W.  mold, 
whence  moldiaw,  lo  mold,  work,  or  knead.  Tliis  may 
beradically  the  same  word  as  mold,  Hue  earth,  a  name 
taken  from  the  material  of  molds.  The  connection  of 
7f?a(M'x  with  mater  and  materia  fortifies  this  conjecture. 
For  spelling,  see  Mould,  above.] 

1.  The  matrix  in  which  any  thing  is  cast  and  re- 
ceives its  form.  Molds  arc  of  various  kinds.  Molds 
for  casting  cannon  and  various  vessels  are  composed 
of  some  species  of  earth,  particularly  clay.  Molds  for 
other  purposes  consist  of  a  cavity  in  some  species  of 
metal,  cut  or  formed  to  the  shape  designed,  or  are 
otherwise  formed,  each  for  its  particular  use. 

2.  Cast ;  form  ;  as,  a  writer  of  vulgar  mold.  JVallcr. 

Crowned  with  an  architrave  of  antique  motild.  Pojie. 

3.  The  suture  or  contexture  of  the  skull. 

jliitswortJt. 

4.  The  body  as  giving  shape  lo  the  garments.  ShaJc. 

5.  In  ship -building,  a  thin,  flexible  piece  of  limber, 
used  as  a  pattern  by  which  lo  form  the  curves  of  the 
timbers  and  compassing  pieces.  Encye. 

G.  Among  gold-beaters,  a  number  of  pieces  of  vel- 
lum, or  a  like  substance,  laid  over  one  anollier,  be- 
tween which  the  leaves  of  gold  and  silver  are  laid 
for  beating.  Eneyc. 

Mould,  )  v.  t.     [For  spelling,  see  Mould,  above.]  To 
Mold,     \      cause  to  contract  mold.  Knollcs. 

2.  To  cover  with  moid  or  soil.  EdioariU. 

M5ULD,  J  V.  i.    To  contract  mold  ;  to  become  moldy. 
Mold,     S  Bacon. 

M6ULD,  {  V.  t.    To  form  into  a  particular  .shape;  to 
MoLD,     \     shape  ;  to  model. 
He  forgeih  and  mouldeih  mc[.'ils. 


Did  I  request  thee,  Maker,  from  my  clay 
To  mould  mc  man  f 


Hall. 
Milton. 


2.  To  knead  ;  as,  to  mold  dough  or  bread. 
_  .^insworth, 

MoULD'A-BLE,  \  a.    That  may  be  molded  or  formed. 
MOLD'A-BLE,     i  Bacon. 

MoULD'ED,  y  p^j.    Formed  into  a  particular  shape; 
MoLD'ED,     i      kneaded. 

9.  Covered  with  mold. 
MoULD'ER,  )        „        ^ 
MoLD'ER      \  "■         ^"^no  molds  or  forms  mto  shape. 

MoULD'ER,  /  u.  i.      [Dan.    muhier ;    Sw.  multna,  to 
MoLU'ER,     \      grow  moldy.] 

1.  To  turn  to  dust  by  natural  decay  ;  to  crumble ; 
to  perish  ;  to  waste  a\vay  by  a  gradual  separation  of 
the  component  particles,  without  the  presence  of  wa- 
ter. In  ihis  manner,  animal  and  vegetable  substances 
malder,  and  so  also  do  stones  and  shells. 

Wlicn  statues  viouldcr,  and  when  arches  full.  Prior. 

2.  To  be  diminished  ;  lo  waste  away  gradually. 

If  be  h.>d  sat  still,  the  enemy'd  army  would  have  mouldered  to 
""thin-.  Clarendon. 

MoULD'ER,  ;  V.  t.    To  turn  to  dust :   to  crumble  ;  to 
MoLD'ER,     i      waste. 

Some  felt  Dv-  silent  stroke  of  mouldering  age.  Pope. 

MoULD'ER-£D,  )  pp.  or  a.    Turned  to  dust ;  wasted 

MOLD'ER-ED,     \      away. 

MgULD'ER-ING,  )ppr.  or  a.    Turning  to  dust;  crum- 

MoLD'ER-ING,     j      bling  ;  wasting  away. 

MoULD'I-NESS,  I  V.     [from  moldy.]    The  stateof  he- 

MoLD'I-NESS,      \      ini;  moldy.  Ba£on. 

MoULD'ING,  (p;)r.      [from    mold.]      Forming    into 

]MoLD'ING,     )      shnpo ;    kneading. 

MoULD-ING,  )  n.    Any  thing  cast  ina  mold,  or  which 

MoLD'ING,  j  appears  to  be  so  ;  hence,  in  architec- 
ture, a  projecture  beyond  the  wall,  colunm,  wains- 
coat,  &c.,  an  assemblage  of  which  forms  a  cornice, 
a  door-case,  or  other  decoration.  Encyc. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— METE,  PREY — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.— 

732  " 


JVIOU 

MOULD'-WARP,  )  71.     [Sax.   mold  and   wcorpan.   to 
MoLD'-WAiir,     )      turn.     ^«*c  Mole.] 

A  mule  ;  a  small  animal  of  the  genus  Talpa,  that 
moves  under  ground,  and  luriia  up  the  mold  or  sur- 
I'iice  of  the  eartii.  Spenser.     Carcw. 

MoULD'Y,  }  a.     [from  mold.]    Overgrown  with  mold. 
MoLD'V,     i  Addison. 

MoULT,  (  I',  i.  [\V.  moeJ^  bald,  bare,  also  as  a  noun, 
M6LT,  )  a  heap,  pile,  or  conical  hill  with  a  smooth 
top  ;  moeli^  to  heap  or  pile,  to  make  bald.  So  baldy 
in  English,  seems  to  be  connected  with  bold,  that  is, 
prominent.  The  prevalent  spelling  is  Moult;  but 
as  the  u  has  been  omitted  in  the  other  words  of  this 
class,  as  bolt^  dolt,  coU,  fcc,  it  would  be  desirable  to 
complete  the  analogy  by  dropping  it  in  this  word,  as 
many  distinguished  writers  have  done.] 

To   shed  or  cast  tlie  hair,  fenthers,  skin,  horns, 
fcc. ;  as  an  animal.    Birds  7nolt  by  losing  their  feath- 
ers, beasts  by  losing  their  hair,  serpents  by  casting 
their  skins,  and  deer  their  horns.    The  molting  uf 
the  hawk  is  called  memng. 
SIoULT,  I  n.     The  act  or  process  of  changing  the 
MoLT,     i     feathers,  skin,  ifcc. ;  molting.     P.  Cyc. 
PtloULT'IXG,  )p>?r.     Casting  or  shedding  a  natural 
MoLT'ING,     \     covering,  as  hair,  feathers,  skin,  or 

horns. 
MOULT  IXG,  j  n.    The  act  or  operation   by  which 
MoLT^INt.:,     \     certain  animals  annually  oi  at  cer- 
tain times,  cost  oil'  or  lose  tlieir  hair,  feathers,  skins, 
horns,  &c. 
MOtJNCH,  I  V.  t.    To  chew.     [See  Mukch.]     [0&.,-.] 
MAUNCH,  \  Chaucer. 

ISIC)UND,n.  [Sax.  viund;  W.  micnt,  from  mwKj  L. 
mons.     See  3Iount.] 

Something  raised  as  a  defense  or  fortification,  usu- 
ally a  bank  of  earth  or  stone  ;  a  bulwark  ;  a  rampart 
or  fence. 

Cod  h.is  thrown 
That  raoimtain  as  his  g-ArJeo  mound  high  raised.  Millon. 

To  Uuid  Uie  thickets  or  lu  leap  the  moutids.  Dryden. 

2.  Something  raised  ;  an  artificial  elevation  of 
earth. 

MOUND,  r.  t.    To  fortify  with  a  mound.     Johnsmu 

MOUND'ED,  pp.  Surrounded  or  defended  by 
mounds, 

^lOUXD'lNG,  -ppr.    Defending  by  a  mound. 

iMOUNT,  n.  [Fr.  vicntt;  Sax.  vntnt;  It.  Port,  and  Sp. 
monte  :  Attd.  menez,meriei  \V.  h»c»?,  a  mount,  moun- 
tain, or  mound,  a  heap;  J^  mon.!,  literally  a  heap  or 
an  elevation  ;  Ir.  moin  or  wuine  ;  Basque,  viendia. 
Q-U.  Gr.  /j'ouyris.] 

1.  A  mass  of  earth,  or  earth  and  rock,  rising  con- 
siderably above  the  common  surface  of  the  surround- 
ing land.  Mount  is  used  for  an  eminence  or  eleva- 
tion of  earth,  indefinite  in  hight  or  size,  and  may  be 
a  hillock,  hill,  or  mountain.  We  apply  it  to  Mount 
Elanc,  in  Switzerland,  to  Mount  Tom  and  Mount 
Holyoke,  in  Massachusetts,  and  it  is  applied,  in 
Scripture,  to  the  small  hillocks  on  which  sacritice 
was  offered,  as  well  as  to  Mount  Sinai.  Jacob  offered 
sacrifice  on  the  mount  or  heap  of  stones  raised  fur  a 
witness  between  him  and  Laban.     Qen.  xxxi. 

2.  A  mound ;  a  bulwark  for  offense  or  defense. 

Hew  ye  down  trees  aad  cast  a  mount  against   JerusaJem.  — 
Jer.  Ti. 

3.  Formerly,  a  bank  or  fund  of  money.     [Oi*-.] 

Bacon. 
MOUNT,  V.  I.    [Fr.  monter;  It.  vitmtare ;  Sp.  Ttton- 
tar.] 

1.  To  rise  on  high ;  to  ascend  ;  with  or  with- 
out up. 

Doth  the  ea^le  motint  up  at  thy  conrnnand  ?  —  Job  xxxix. 
The  fire  of  trees  and  bouses  jjiouiils  on  high.  Cowley, 

9.  To  rise ;  to  ascend  j  to  tower;  to  be  buUt  to  a 
great  altitude. 

Tlion^h  Biliyloa  should  Tnount  "p  to  heaven.  —  Jcr,  li. 

3.  To  get  on  horseback.  Shak. 

4.  To  leap  upon  any  animal. 

5.  To  amount;  to  rise  in  value. 

Brill?  then  these  blessings  U>  a  strict  account, 

Jllake  fair  deductiooa,  see  to  what  they  wtunu  Pope. 

MOUXT,  V.  U    To  raise  aloft ;  to  lift  on  high. 

Wlial  power  is  it  which  vwtints  my  love  so  hisb  ?        ShaJt. 

9.  To  a'^cend ;  to  climb  ;  to  get  upon  an  elevated 
place  ;  as,  to  mount  a  throne. 

3.  To  place  one's  self  on  horseback  ;  as,  to  mount 
a  horse. 

4.  To  furnish  with  horses ;  as,  to  mount  a  troop. 
The  dragoons  were  well  mounted. 

5.  To  prepare  for  use;  to  set  off  to  advantage  or 
embellish.  Thus,  to  mouTd  a  sword  is  to  furnish  it 
with  a  hilt,  scabbard,  &c. ;  to  mount  a  map  is  to  pre- 
pare it  for  use  by  attaching  it  to  canvas,  &c. ;  to 
mount  a  diamond  is  to  set  it  in  fiamework. 

6.  To  carry ;  to  be  furnished  with ;  as,  a  ship  of 
the  line  mounts  seventy-four  guns ;  a  fort  mounts  a 
hundred  cannon. 

7.  To  raise  and  place  on  a  carriage  ;  as,  to  mount 
a  cannon. 

To  mount  guard ;  to  take  the  station  and  do  the 


dutv  of  a  sentinel. 


MOU 

MOUNT'A-BI.i:. 

mounted. 

MOUNT'AIN,  (njijunt'in,)  «.  [iV.  vioHtuanc  ;  rip. 
montuna  :  It.  montw^na  ;  L,.  (adjective)  mtmtanuj.] 

A  large  mass  of  earth  and  rock,  riaing  above  the 
common  levt-1  of  the  earth  or  adjacent  land,  but  of 
no  definite  altitude.  W'u  apjtly  mountain  Ut  the  larg- 
est eminences  on  the  globe ;  but  sometimes  the  word 
is  used  for  a  large  hill.  In  gi-neral,  mountain  denotes 
an  elevation  highcrr  and  larger  than  a  hill ;  an,  the 
Altair,  wountaim  m  Asia,  the  Alps  in  Switzerland, 
the  Andes  in  Soutli  America,  the  Alleghany  moun^ 
taimi  in  Virginia,  tlie  Kaatskill  in  New  York,  the 
VVliite  mountains  in  New  llamphhire,  and  the  Green 
mountains  in  Vermont.  'J'he  word  is  applied  to  a 
single  elevation  or  to  an  extended  range. 

MOUNT'AIN,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  mountain  ;  found 
oil  mountains  ;  growing  or  dwelling  on  a  moun- 
tain ;  us,  mountain  air ;  mountain  pmes ;  mountain 
goats. 

.MOUNT' AIN-ASH,  n.  An  ornamental  tree,  of  the 
genus  Pyrus  or  Sorbus,  with  beautiful  bunches  of 
red  berries.  Its  leaves  are  pinnate,  and  its  flowers 
vi'hite,  CTowing  in  fragrant  clusters.  P.  Ojc. 

MOUNT'AIN-BLuE,  n.  Ulue  malachite  or  carbonate 
of  coppt-r. 

MOUNT'A[N-€ORK,  7i.  A  variety  of  aabestus,  rc- 
semliling  curk  in  its  texture.  Dana. 

MOUXT'AIN-DEW,  (mount'in-du,)  n.  A  nnmc  giv- 
en to  genuine  Scotch  whisky,  as  being  ortcn  secretly 
distilled  in  the  mountains  of  Scolland.  Encyc.  Am. 

MOUNT-AIN-EER', )  n.    An  inhabifant  of  "a  mount- 

MOUNT'AIN-ER,      (     ain. 

9.  A  rustic  ;  a  freebooter  ;  a  savage.        Milton. 

MOUNT'AIN-ET,  n.  A  small  mountain;  a  hillock. 
[JVi?(  itsed.']  Sidney. 

MOUNT'AIN-GREEN,  n.  Green  malachite  or  car- 
bonate of  copper.  Dana. 

MOUNT' AIN-LEATH'ER,  (-letr.'er,)  ti.  A  variety 
of  asbestus,  resembling  leather  m  \U  texture. 

Dana. 

r*IOUNT'AIN-OUS,  a.  Full  of  mountains;  as,  the 
mmtntainvus  country  of  the  Swiss. 

2.  Large  as  a  mountain  ;  huge  ;  as,  a  mountainous 
heap.  Prior. 

3.  Inhabiting  mountains.     [.Vo(  used.]        Bacon. 
MOUNT' AIN-OUS-NESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  fiiU 

of  mountains.  Brertiruod. 

JIOUNT'AIN-PARS'LEY,  7i.  A  European  herb,  Ath- 
amanta  oreoselinum.  Forsyth. 

MOUNT'AIN-RoSE,  n.    A  plant. 

r^lOUNT'AIN-SoAP,  n.  A  soft,  earthy  mineral,  of  a 
pale,  brownish-black  color.  It  is  used  in  crayon- 
painting.  Ure. 

MOUNT'AIN-TAL'LoW,  n.  A  mineral,  found  in 
Sweden  and  Scotland,  which  melts  at  118"  Fahr.. 
and  is  soluble  in  alcohol.  Buchanan. 

MOUNT'ANT,  a.     [Fr.  montant.] 

Rising  on  liigh.  Shak. 

MOUNT'E-BANK,  n.  [It.  montarCy  to  moimt,  and 
banciu  bench.] 

1.  One  who  mounts  a  bench  or  stage  in  the  nir.rket 
or  other  public  place,  boasts  of  his  skill  in  curing  dis- 
eases, vends  medicines  which  he  pretends  are  infal- 
lible remedies,  and  thus  dt-huies  the  ignorant  multi- 
tude. Persons  of  this  charai  Ilt  m.ay  h;;  indicted  and 
punished. 

2.  Any  boastful  and  false  pretender. 

Nothinv  so  impossihle  in  nature   but  tTtounlelanka  will  nndo^ 
lake.  .irbuOinoi. 

MOUNT'E-BANK,  v.  t.  To  cheat  by  boasting  and 
false  pretenses  ;  to  gull.  Shak, 

MOUNT'E-BANK-ER-Y,  n.  Quackery ;  boastful  and 
vain  pretenses.  ITammond. 

MOUNT'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Raised  ;  seated  on  horseback  ; 
placed  on  a  carriage  ;  prepared  for  use  or  embellished ; 
funii.^hed  with  guns. 

MOUNT'EN-AUNCE,  n.  Amount  in  space.  [J^ot 
used.]  Spenser. 

MOUNT'ER,  «.    One  that  mounu  or  ascends. 

Stcift. 

MOUNT'ING,  ppn  Rising;  soaring;  placmgon  horse- 
back ;  ascending  an  eminence  ;  preparing  for  use  or 
embellishing. 

MOUNT'ING,  n.  In  general,  the  .act  of  mounlmg; 
as,  "  there  was  mounting  in  hot  haste."         Byron. 

9.  The  act  of  preparing  for  use,  or  embellishing. 
[See  Mount,  r.  ^,  No.  5.] 

3.  'i'hat  by  which  any  thing  is  prepared  for  use,  or 
set  off  to  n(lvanr:igc  ;  equipment ;  cmbellislmient ; 
as,  the  vwunUu-T  ut"  a  sword  or  diamond. 

MOUNT'IN<:-LY,  adv.    By  rising  or  ascending. 

MOUNT'Y,  n.    The  rise  of  a  hawk.  Sidney. 

l^IoURN,  V.  i.  [Sax.  mnrjion^  vnjrnan :  L.  mirrro;  al- 
lied perhaps  to  (.*.  and  I),  murren^  to  tnurmur :  Fr. 
morncy  sad,  sullen.  See  Murmur,  and  the  root  of 
amanis,  bitter.     Class  Mr,  No.  7.] 

1.  To  express  grief  or  sorrow  ;  to  grievo ;  to  be 
sorrowful.  Mourning  may  be  expressed  by  weeping 
or  audible  sounds,  or  by  sobs,  sighs,  or  inward,  silent 
grief. 

Abraham  came  to  mourn  for  Satnh,  luid  towe«p. — G«i.  xxfii. 
Biesse<l  are  they  Ihnt  ■noum,  for  they  ikail  be  comforted. — 
Matt.  V. 


JMOI 


-..'.  Tu  wtar  ttw  custutauy  . 


Mf, 

we  «ay,  we  m. 
and  complfrt^  ; 
mourn  fvr  Ike  ivit  u,   ^-.iju. 
val'it  ill  KUccMi/'  Utal  u,  b' 
ill  Huccctn. 
2.  To  utltr  In  a  rum-  •■  '  * 

TV 

MjtUy  ta  Ibtt  hFT  «.: 

MOUR.VE,  (m5m,)  ii. 
The  round  ^nd  r.( 
which  Hi;  rtcci  la  fix    . 

MOURN'/vU,  pp.    Bcvrailcd . 
MflUR.V'Ett,  n.    One  that  nk/^. - 
los^  ur  miWortune. 

2.  One  that  foltowf  a  fuoenl  la  tt 

ing 

3.  Something  u«:d  :.'.  ' 

TU;  mourner  jurw  xnl  ' 

MOUR.V'FPL,   a,     Inl   . ., 

hibitingihe  2ppeaiajic«of  grirf,  &>. 
mournful  mujiic. 

Ko  fuzfni  htei,  eer  r.- - ' 

2.  Cauiiing  sorroiv  , 
fid  death. 

3.  SorrowfuJ;  feclir  ■ 

■n> 

Shalt  Twcbn.   . 

MOURN'FIJULY,  aJc.     In  a  uiar.:    - 

sorrow;  with  porrow.    Mai.  iii. 
MOURNTi;i,NE.SS,  «.     Sorrow;    ; 

mourning. 
9.  .Api>earanct:  or  eiprcs»ion  of  RrirC. 
MCURN'LNG,  ppr.  or  a.     Gn-vr,  •     1 .  :     r/ 

rowing;  wearing  the  apnea.-.: 
MOURN'IXG,  n.     The  act  ci 

grief;  lamentation;  sorrow. 
2.  The  dress  or  cu-' 

crs. 

And  iVn  the  parcme&u 

M6URN'I.\G-D0^•E,  (-duv,j  «.     \ 

found  in  tlie  United  States,  thr  Cc; 

sis,  so  named  from  i\a  plaint:'. ■ 

CiRDLiM*  Turtle  Dote. 
MOURN'IXG-LY,  ode.    Wi". 

row. 
MOUSE,  n..p/.  Mice. 

G.  maus :  Dan.  ntu, 

mishe.    The  L.  nas  fo/,...-  ...-.  ^  ... 

the  root  is  not  obvious.] 

1.  A  small  rodent  quadrup^-d.  cf 
inhabiting  houses.  The  nam---  ' 
other  specie^  of  the  genus,  a- 
mouse,  rocli-mousr,  ^c 

9.  Among  ^foffioi, a  knob  iV....^. .. 
varn  or  parceling. 
MOUSE,  (mouz,)  r.  L    To  waldi  fcr 

2.  To  watch  foror  punue  in  ft  5ljr  or  m«:i 
ner.  J»^- 

MOUSE,  (mouz,)  r.  L    To  !---  -     -  -■' 

mouse. 

To  mouse  a  koot,  with  jf4,-- 
line  across  the  upper  part,  to  -yu  ... 

.^IOUSE'-kAR,  (mous'fr.)  «.    .\  y 

Ilicracinni ;  .tIso,  a  r'-"'   •  *'  "  ■ 

called  likewise  motu- 

so  named  from  tlie  i-h 

leaves.    The  mouse-t.,.  .  ,-.-.-  ..-  . 

rastiiim. 
MOrSE'-MAWTC,  «.    A  hawk  thai 
M0USE'-H6LE,  (mon»'h6Ic,>  m.    A  :.  , 

enter  or  pass ;  a  very  small  hole  or  mtran'' 

U?  can  crerp  io  Kl  a  Th^uM-^f'f 

MOUSE'-IIUNT.  n.    A  hunt. 
2.  A  raouser;  one  that  hu- 

MOUS'ER,  (inouz'cr.)  "-   On    : 
ail  is  a  piHwi  utouser, 

MOUSE'-TaIL,  n.    An  annual  plant,  of  : 
Slyosurus,  whose  siceds  arc  siiuaird  on  n 
der  receptacle  resembling  the  tail  vi  .. 

MOT'SE'-TRAP,  n.     A  trap  f^>r  calv^ 
MOUS'ING,  ppr.    Pursuing  or  catchmc  ::.  -^ 

as  a  cat  deviwirs  a  mouse. 
M6US-TACUF.'.    Sec  Mustache. 
MOUTH,   M.     [Saj.  wmJA.    As  ihut  " 

cur  in  the  othi-r  Teutonic  dialtvls. . 

times  casually  mtr*xluctd  into  w--- 

it  is  not  improbable  Uiat  tl. 

Dan.  ra««rf.  Svv.  owk,  and  V- 

word.    The  Sajor    ikiico.;. 

motto^  Gr.  att'  ».] 

1.  The  aperture  in  the  bead  of  an  ■ 

the  lips,  by  which  he  uuers  hi*  t-. 


TONE,  BIJLL,  IJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.— €  as  K;  6  as  J;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  Sll ;  TH  a3  in  THIS. 


733 


MOV 

food.  In  a  more  general  .*rrtjf,  tlie  mou(A  conwists  of 
the  lips,  the  j^unis,  the  insidcs  of  the  cheeks,  the  pal- 
ate, III;;  salival  glands,  the  uvula,  and  tonsils.  Encijc. 

2.  The  opening  of  a  vessel,  by  which  it  is  filled  or 
emptied  ;  as,  the  mouth  of  a  jar  or  pitcher. 

3.  The  part  or  channel  of  a  river  by  wliicii  its  wa- 
ters are  di-scharged  into  the  ocean  or  into  a  lake.  The 
jMif!sissippi  and  llie  Xile  discharge  their  waters  by 
several  moiUlt$. 

'I.  The  opening  of  a  piece  of  ordnance  at  the  end, 
by  which  the  charge  issues. 

5.  The  aperture  of  a  vessel  in  animal  bodies,  by 
which  lliiids  or  other  matter  is  received  or  discharged  ; 
as,  the  moutk  of  tlie  lacteals. 

0.  The  opening  or  entrauco  of  a  cave,  pit,  well,  or 
den.    Dan.  viii. 

7.  The  instrument  of  speaking ;  as,  the  story  is  in 
every  body's  mouth.  SoutJt.    LocJce. 

6.  A  principal  speaker ;  one  that  utters  the  com- 
mon opinion. 

Every  cotfee-houso  liua  «oine  utalcsniRii  belonging  lo  it,  who  is 
ilie  iiioulh  of  Uic  Btrcoi  where  he  lives.  AiMison. 

9.  Cry;  voice. 

The  fearful  doga  divide ; 
All  s;xMid  Uicir  moulh  uloft,  but  none  abide.  Drydtn. 

10.  In  Scripture^  words  uttered.  Job  xix.  Is.  xlix. 
Ps.  Ixxiii. 

11.  Desires;  necessities.    P5.  ciii. 

12.  Freedom  and  boldness  of  speech  ;  force  of  ar- 
gument.   Luke  xxi. 

13.  Iloa-itingj  vaunting,    .fudges  ix. 
U.  Testimony.    Deut.  xvii. 

15.  Keproaches ;  calumnies.    Job  v. 

7'o  mn}:e  a  mouUi ; )  to  distort  the  mouth  ;  to  make 

To  make  vwuths;  \  a  wry  face  ;  hence,  to  deride 
or  treat  with  scorn.  ShaJ:,    Addison. 

2.  To  pout ;  to  treat  disdiiiiifully. 

Down  ill  tJie  vioutJi :  dejected  ;  mortified. 

L^Estrange. 

7^0  hare  God^s  law  in  the  mouth :  to  converse  much 
on  it,  and  delifilil  in  it.    Exod.  xiii. 

To  draw  near  to  God  icith  Vic  vumth;  to  make  an 
external  appearance  of  devotion  and  worship,  while 
Uiere  is  no  regard  to  him  in  the  heart.    Is.  xxix. 

Ji  froward  mouth  ;  contradictions  and  disobedience. 
Prov.  iv. 

A  smootft  vtoutk  ;  soft  aud  flattering  language. 
Prov.  v. 

7'o  stoj>  the  mouth  ;  to  silence  or  to  be  silent ;  to  put 
to  shame  ;  to  confound.    Rom.  iii. 

To  lay  the.  hand  on  tlm  mouth  i  to  be  struck  silent 
with  shame.    Mic.  vii. 

To  set  the  mouth  a^^ainst  the  heavens ;  to  speak  arro- 
gantly and  blasphemously.    Ps.  Ixxiii. 
MOUTH,  V.  t.    To  utter  with  a  voice  affectedly  big  or 
swelling  ;  as,  to  inoutli  words  or  language. 

Tft-itchcd  by  the  sleeve,  he  mouOis  il  more  and  more.   Dryden. 

2.  To  take  into  the  mouth ;  to  seize  with  the  mouth. 

Drtjden. 

3.  To  chew  ;  to  grind,  as  food ;  to  eat ;  to  devour. 

Shak. 

4.  To  form  by  the  mouth,  as  a  bear  her  cub.  [JVot 
vsed.'i  Brown. 

5.  To  reproach  \  to  insult.  Blair. 
MOUTH,  V.  i.    To  speak  with  a  full,  round,  or  loud, 

affected  voice ;  to  vociferate ;  to  rant ;  as,  a  montJiing 
actor.  Dryden. 

I'll  bellow  out  for  Rome,  and  for  my  country, 
Aud  mouth  at  (Jciar,  tilt  1  ahake  the  seuale.  Addteon. 

MOUTH'£D,  pp.    Uttered  with  a  full,  swelling,  affect- 

2.  Taken  into  the  mouth  ;  chewed.         [ed  voice. 

3.  a.  Furnished  with  a  mouth  ;  used  chiefly  in 
composition  ;  as,  weW-mouthed;  foul-mouJAerf,  contu- 
melious, reproachful,  or  obscene  ;  mealy-mouthed^ 
bashful,  reserved  in  speaking  the  plain  truth  ;  hard- 
moutked,  as  a  horse  not  obedient  to  the  bit,  difiicult  lo 
be  restrained  or  governed  by  the  bridle. 

4.  Borne  down  or  overpowered  by  clamor. 
MOUTH' ER,  71.      One   who   mouths;    an    affected 

spenker  or  declaiincjr.  Smart. 

MOUTH'-FUIKM),  (-frend,)  n.  One  who  professes 
friendship  wiihuut  entertaining  it;  a  pretended  tiiend. 

Shak. 

MOUTH'FTJL,  v.    As  much  as  the  mouth  contains  at 
once. 
2.  A  quantity  proverbially  small ;  a  small  quantity. 
L^  Estraiiere.     Dnjden. 

MOUTH'-HON-OR,  (-on-ur,)  n.  Civility  expressed 
without  sincerity.  Shak. 

MOUTH'ING,  ;>pr.  or  c.  Uttering  with  an  affected, 
Rwrlling  voice. 

MOUTH'ING,  n.  The  utterance  of  words  with  an  af- 
fected fullness  of  sound. 

IMOUTH'LESS,  a.    Destitute  of  a  mouth. 

MOUTH'-MaDE,  a.  Expressed  without  sincerity; 
hypocritical. 

I^IOUTH'PIeCE,  71.    The  piece  of  a  musical  wind  in- 
strument to  which  the  mouth  is  applied. 
2.  One  who  delivers  the  opinions  of  other.-, 

3I0V'A-BLE,  (moov'a-bl,)  a.  [fn  m  move.]  'J 'hat  may 
be  moved  ;  that  can  or  may  be  lifted,  carried,  drawn, 
turned,  or  conveyed,  or  in  any  way  made  to  change 
place  or  posture ;  susceptible  of  motion. 


MOV 

2.  That  may  or  does  change  from  one  time  to  an- 
other ;  as,  mocabtc  feasts,  i.  e.,  cimrch  festivals  com- 
memorating difl*erciit  events  recorded  in  the  New 
Testament,  the  time  of  which  varies  from  year  to 
year. 

A  movable  leticr,  in  Hebrew  fp-ammary  is  one  that  is 

Sronounced,  as  opjwsed  to  one  that  is  quiescent. 
V'A-BLE-NESS,  w.    The  siatt:  or  quality  of  being 
movable;  mobility;  susceptibility  of  motion. 

MOV'A-UTiES,  (moov'a-blz,)  v.  pi.  Goods;  wares; 
commodities  ;  finniture  ;  any  species  of  property  not 
fixed,  and  thus  distinguished  from  houses  and  lands. 
The  singiilar,  vwvnblc^  is  sometimes  used. 

MOV'A-ULY,  adv.    So  that  it  may  be  moved.      Grew. 

MOVE,  (moov,)  r.  (.  [L.  tjwwco  ,•  It.  movere;  B}^.  mo- 
ver; Fr.  mouvoir  ;  W.  mudaw.  it  is  probably  a  con- 
tracted word.    Class  Md.] 

1.  To  impel ;  to  carry,  convey,  or  draw  from  one 
place  to  another;  to  cause  to  change  jilace  or  posture 
in  any  manlier  or  by  any  means.  The  wind  moves  a 
ship ;  llie  cartman  moves  goods ;  the  horse  moves  a 
cart  or  carriage.  Mere  matter  c;in  not  move  itself. 
Machines  are  moved  by  springs,  weights,  or  force  ap- 
plied. 

2.  To  excite  into  action  ;  to  aflect ;  to  agitate ;  to 
rouse  ;  as,  to  move  the  passions. 

3.  To  cause  to  act  or  determine ;  as,  to  move  the 
will. 

4.  To  persuade ;  to  prevail  on ;  to  excite  from  a 
slate  of  rest  or  indifference. 

Minds  desirous  of  revcng>^  were  not  moved  witli  gold.   KnoUct. 

Bm  whi'U  no  ft-malp  arts  his  mind  could  mwit, 

She  turu(.-d  to  turiuua  hate  hi:r  impious  love.  Dryden. 

5.  To  excite  tenderness,  pity,  or  grief  in  the  heart; 
to  aflect ;  to  touch  pathetically  ;  to  excite  feeling  in. 

The  use  of  images  ui  orations  and  poetry  is  to  move  pity  or 
terror.  i-Wton. 

When  he  saw  the  multitudes,  he  was  moved  with  compassion  on 
Ihum.  — Malt.  ix. 

6.  To  make  angry  ;  to  provoke  ;  to  irritate.     Sfiak. 

7.  To  excite  tunmlt  or  commotion. 

Whi'n  they  had  conn^  to  Belhieliem,  iill  the  city  waa  moved  about 
them.  —  Rulh  i.     Matt.  ixj. 

8.  To  influence  or  incite  by  secret  agency. 

Uod  fnooed  them  to  depart  from  hini.  — 2  ChrOD.  xviii.    2  Pet.  i. 

9.  To  shake ;  to  agitate. 

The  kingdoms  were  ir-^vtd.  —  Pe.  ilvi.     Jer.  xJix. 

10.  To  propose  ;  to  offer  for  consideration  and  de- 
termination ;  as,  to  move  a  resolution  in  a  delibera- 
tive assembly. 

11.  To  propose;  to  recommend. 

They  are  to  be  lilnncn  ..liKc  who  move  and  who  decline  war 
upon  particular  rcept'ita.  Hayioard. 

12.  ToproniT't;  lo  incite ;  to  instigate.    .5cis  xvii. 
MOVE,  (ntoov,;  c.  i.    To  change  place  or  posture  ;  to 

stir;  to  pass  or  go  in  any  manner  or  direction  from 
one  place  or  part  of  space  to  another.  The  planets 
move  in  their  orbits ;  the  earth  moves  on  its  axis ;  a 
ship  mores  at  a  certain  rate  an  hour.  We  vwve  by 
walking,  running,  or  turning;  auunalsTnove  by  creep- 
ing, swininiing,  or  flying. 

On  Uic  green  bank  1  eat  and  listened  long, 

Nor  till  b-:T  lay  was  ended  cculd  1  jnme.  Dryden. 

9.  To  have  action. 

In  him  we  live,  and  move,  and  have  our  being.  — ■  Acts  ivii. 

3.  To  liave  the  power  of  action. 

Every  moving  thing  that  livelh  ehall  be  meat  for  you.  —  Gen.  \x. 

4.  To  walk. 

He  moves  with  manly  grace.  Dryden, 

5.  To  march.  The  army  vioved^  and  took  a  posi- 
tion behind  a  wooil. 

6.  To  tremble  ;  to  shake. 

The  foiuidations  also  of  the  hills  moved  and  were  shaken,  be- 
cause he  was  wroth.  —  Ps.  xviji, 

7.  To  change  residence.  Men  ttiovc  with  their  fam- 
ilies from  one  house,  town,  or  state  to  another. 

8.  To  propose  something  to  an  organiaed  meeting 
for  consideration  and  determination. 

MOVEj  n.    The  act  of  moving  ;  a  movement ;  the  act 

of  transferring  from  place  to  place,  as  in  chess. 
MCV'jED,  pji.    Stirred;  excited.  [Cowley. 

MOVE'LESS,  a.    That  can  not  be  moved  j  fixed. 

Tlie  Giccir.n  phalanx,  moveless  as  a  lower.  Pope. 

MOVE'MENT,  ti.    [Fr.  vwuvement] 

1.  Motion  ;  a  passing,  progression,  shaking,  turn- 
ing, or  flowing ;  any  change  of  position  in  a  material 
body  ;  as,  the  7novcmeat  of  an  army  in  marching  or 
maneuvering  ;  the  viovcment  of  a  wheel  or  a  ma- 

2.  The  manner  of  moving.  [chine. 

3.  Excitement ;  agitation ;  as,  the  movement  of  the 
mind.  Pope, 

4.  In  viusicy  any  single  strain  or  part  having  the 
same  measure  or  time. 

Any  change  of  lune  is  a  change  of  movement.         Busby. 

5.  In  horology y  the  entire  wheel-work  of  a  clock  or 
watch  ;  all  except  the  case.  ^ 

6.  In  KuTopran  politics,  the  vwvement  denotes  a  par- 
ty who  are  aiming  at  continual  advances  toward 
the  establishment  of  popular  rights.  It  is  opposed  to 
the  conservative  party.  Braiide. 


MUC 

MO'VENT,  a.     [L.  movens.] 

Moving  ;  not  quiescent.     [Litllc  used.]         Oreiv. 
Mo' VENT,  H.    That  which  moves  any  thing.    yMlle 

used.]  GtauviUc. 

MOVER,  7t.    The  person  or  thing  that  gives  motion 

or  im|>cls  to  action.  ^halc.     TViUcins. 

2.  He  or  that  which  moves. 

3.  A  proposer ;  one  that  ofl'ers  a  proposition,  or  rec- 
ommends any  thing  for  consideration  or  adoption  ; 
as,  the  inovcr  of  a  re^oltition  in  a  legislative  body. 

MOV'ING,  jrpr.  or  a.  Changing  place  or  posture ;  catoi- 
ing  to  move  or  act ;  impelling  ;  instigating ;  persuad- 
ing ;  influencing. 

2.  a.  Exciting  the  passions  or  affections ;  touch- 
ing ;  pathetic;  affecting;  adapted  lo  excite  or  aflect 
the  passions  ;  as,  a  moving  address  or  discourse. 

MOV'ING,  71.    Motive;  impulse.  South. 

MOV'ING-LV,  adv.  In  a  manner  to  excite  the  pas- 
sions or  affect  sensibility ;  pathetically. 

His  air,  his  voice,  hU  boka,  und  honest  soul, 

tjpcak  all  Eo  movingly  in  hii  boholf.  AdiU^ron. 

MOV'ING-NESS,  n.  The  power  of  affecting,  as  the 
passions. 

MOW,  7t.  [Sax,  mowe,  or  muga ;  It.  muceltio,  a  heap 
or  mass ;  Sp.  wiuc/to,  much ;  Sw.  myckeny  many, 
much.] 

A  heap,  mass,  or  pile  of  hay ;  sheaves  of  grain  de- 
posited in  a  barn. 

[We  never  give  this  navic  to  hay  piled  in  the  field  or 
open  air.     The  latter  is  called  a  Stack  or  llicit.] 

MOW,  v.  t.  To  lay  hay  or  sheaves  of  grr»in  in  a  heap 
or  mass  in  a  barn,  or  to  lay  it  in  a  suitable  manner. 

Mow,  (mb,)v.  t. ;  prct.  Mowed  ;  pp.  Mowed  or  Mown. 

iSax.  viawan ;  D.  maaijcn  or  maayen  ;  Sw.  vieija  ; 
>an,  mtjer ;  G.  mdhcn.  In  Sp.  and  Port,  viochar  is  lo 
cut  off.  The  L.  has  victo,  and  the  Gr.  a/iaw,  to 
mow  or  reap.  The  last  radical  letter  is  not  as- 
certained.] 

■*    1.  To  cut  down  with  a  scythe,  as  grass  or  other 
plants.    We  say,  to  mow  grass. 

2.  To  cut  the  grass  from  ;  as,  to  mow  a  meadow. 

3.  To  cut  down  with  speed ;  to  cut  down  indis- 
criminately, or  in  great  numbers,  or  quantity.  Wo 
say,  a  discharge  of  grape  shot  mows  down  whole 
ranks  of  men.  Hence,  Saturn,  or  'J'ime,  is  repre- 
sented with  a  scythe,  an  emblem  of  Die  general  and 
indiscriminate  destruction  of  tlie  human  race  by 
death. 

ftloW,  V.  i.     To  cut  grass  ;  to  practice  mowing  ;   to 

use  the  scythe.    Does  the  man  rnow  well  ? 
2.  To  perform  the  business  of  mowing  ;  to  cut  and 

make  grass  into  hay  ;  to  gatlicr  the  crop  of  grass,  or 

otiier  crop. 
[In  America,  mow  is  not  applied  to  the  cutting  of 

wheat  or  rye.    When  these  are  cut  with  a  scythe, 

they  are  said  to  be  Cradled.    Oats  and  barley  arc 

sometimes  mowed.] 
MOW,  7i.    [from  7«oii(/i.]   A  wry  face.    [Ohs.]    ShtUc. 
MOW,  V.  i.    To  make  mouths.    [Obs.]  Jischam. 

MOAVBURN,  v.  i.    To  heat  and  ferment  in  the  mow, 

as  hay  when  housed  too  green.  Mortimer. 

MOW'BURN-£D,  (-burnt,)  pp.  or  «.    Overheated  and 

fermented  in  the  mow. 
MOWE,  V.  i.    To  be  able;  must;  may.     [Obs.] 
MO  W'£D,  2'P-    Put  into  a  mow.  [  Chaucer 

MoW'JED 


MOWN, 


pp.  or  a.    Cut  with  a  scythe. 


a.  Cleared  of  grass  with  a  scythe,  as  land. 

Mo  W'ER,  n.  One  who  mows  ;  a  man  dextrous  in  the 
use  of  the  scythe. 

MOWING, J;/^r.    Putting  into  a  mow. 

MoW'ING,  ppr.     Cutting  down  witli  a  scythe. 

MOWING,  n.    The  act  of  cutting  with  a  scythe. 
2.  Land  from  which  grass  is  cut. 

MOX'A,  n.  The  down  of  the  mugwoit  of  China  ;  a 
soft  lanuginous  substance  prepared  in  Japan  from 
the  young  leaves  of  a  species  of  Artemisia.  In  the 
Eastern  countries^  it  is  used  for  preventing  and  curing 
many  disorders,  by  burning  it  on  the  skin.  This 
produces  a  dark  colored  spot,  the  iilccr.ition  of  which 
is  promoted  by  applying  a  little  garlic.         Brando. 

The  term  lias  been  extended  to  any  substance 
whose  gradual  combustion  on  or  near  the  skin  is 
used  for  the  relief  or  cure  of  disease.  P.  Cijc. 

MOY'A,  71.  A  term  applied,  in  South  America,  to  mud 
poured  out  from  volcanoes  during  eruptions.  Lycll. 

MOYLE,  n.    An  old  spelling  of  mody  and  also  of  mule. 

MR.  An  abbreviation  of  T/iis/.cr,  the  common  title  pre- 
fixed to  the  names  of  men  of  all  classes.     [See 

MiSTEH.] 

MRS.    An  abbreviation  of  mistress,  the  common  title 
prefixed  to  tlie  name  of  every  married  lady,  and  cui- 
ioquially  pronounced  mis'sea.     In  England,  the  title 
is  also  prefixed  to  the  names  of  elderly  nnmarri^jd 
ladies. 
MUCH,  a.      [Sw.  mycken ;   Sp.  mucho  ;  ft.  mucehio. 
(See  Mow.)    The  sense  is,  probably,  a  heap  or  mass, 
and  it  may  be  allied  to  mickle,  great,  Gr.  fiE)  a  j 
1.  Great  in  quantity  or  amount. 
Thou  shall  carry  much  seed  into  thr)  field,  and  gather  but  liltle 

in.  —Deut.  xxviii. 
Manasseh  wrought  much  wickedness  in  the  ■ii'ht  of  thr  I-<^rd  to 

provoke  liim  to  anger.  —  2  Kings  xxi. 
Return  with  much  riches  to  your  tents.  — Josh.  ixii. 


FATE,  FXR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MkTE,  PREV PINE,  MARINE,  BtRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK — 


734 


MUC 

2.  Long  in  duration.  How  much  time  is  spent  in 
tritiin?  amusements  I 

3.  Many  in  number. 

Edom  came  out  ag-Ainst  him  with  much  people.  —  Num.  xx. 
[Tbis  application  of  -mnch  is  no  longer  used.] 
imCIl,  cdv.  In  a  great  degree ;  by  far ;  qiKdiJying 
adjectives  of  the  comparaiive  degree  ;  as,  viuch  more, 
mvch  stronger,  much  heavier,  ?nuch  more  splendid, 
mucft  higher.  So  we  say,  much  less,  much  smiiller, 
muck  less  distinguished,  innch  weaker,  7niuJi  finer. 

2.  Toa  greataegreeorextent;  qualtfijinff  verbs  and 
participles. 

Joualhan,  S,iul'6  6oa,  (Icli^itcil  much  in  Davi^.~~  1  Sam.  xix, 
TUe  soul  of  the  pcojjle  w:a  nwch  dJscounigwi  because  of  tUe 

Wity, — 'Sum.  rxi. 
A  r.TUcfc  afllictevl,  much  euuuiio^  man.  Pope, 

3.  Often  or  long. 

Th'i'V  much,  spexk  UtUe.  Drylen. 

4.  Nearly. 

All  left  the  world  much  as  tlicy  found  it.  Temple. 

5.  An  exclamation  of  contempt,  implying  a  sneer- 
ing disbelief  of  an  assertion. 

Wbat!  with  two  poinls  in  your  shoulder?    Mucht       Shdc. 
MUCH,  71.    A  great  quantity ;  a  great  deal. 

He  Ihai  gathered  muck  had  notliing  over.  —  Ex.  xvj, 
Ttf  whom  mudi  is  g^TOn,  of  liim  much  will  be  requirwl.  —  Luke 
xii. 

2.  More  than  enough  j  a  heavy  service  or  harden. 

He  ihousrht  not  much  lo  clothe  his  enemi'^s,  Miiton, 

Who  Ibouglit  it  much  a  man  should  die  of  love.  Dryden. 

3.  An  uncommon  thing;  something  strange. 

It  WAS  much  ilial  one  who  was  so  great  a  lover  of  peace  should 
'lie  happy  in  war.  Bacon. 

As  mueJi ;  an  equal  quantity  :  used  as  an  adjective  or 
7toun.  Return  as  maek  bread  as  you  borrowed.  If 
you  borrow  money,  return  as  much  as  you  receive. 
So  we  say,  twice  as  muchyfive  times  as  muck,  that  is, 
twice  or  five  times  the  quantity. 

2.  A  certain  or  suitable  quantity. 

Then  talx  as  muck  as  thy  soul  desireth. —  1  S^un.  ii. 

3.  To  an  equal  degree  ;  advcrhiaJly.  One  man 
loves  power  as  much  as  another  loves  gold. 

So  viiich ;  an  equal  quantity,  or  a  certain  quantity, 
as  a  noun  :  to  an  equal  degree,  or  to  a  certain  degree, 
as  an  adverb. 

Of  sweet  cinn.Ttnon  hilf  so  much.  —  Ex.  xxx. 
In  b11  I^mel,  ilwre  was  unne  to  be  so  much  praised  as  Ah&alom. 
—  2  Saiu.  xiv. 

Too  vmck ;  an  excessive  quantity,  as  a  noun  ;  to  an 
excessive  degree,  as  an  adverb. 

To  make  much  of;  to  value  highly  ;  to  prize  or  to 
treat  with  great  kindness  and  attention.       JMilner. 
2.  To  fondle. 

-Vuc/t  at  one ;  nearly  of  equal  value,  efiect,  or  in- 
fluence. Dnideit. 
MUCH'XESS,7i.    auantity.                          Whutely. 
It  is  still  used  in  the  vulgar  phrase  mnch  of  a  much- 
ness, i.  e.,  much  of  the  same  kind.  Sinart. 
MUCH-UE-GRET'TED,  a.    Deeply  regretted. 
:.iUCH'\VH.\T,flJD.    Nearly;  almost.    [JVoi  eUfrant,] 

Locke. 
?'IU'Cre,  a.    [from  mants.]    The  raucic  acid   is  the 
same  as  the  saccholactic.    It  is  obtained  from  gums, 
&c.  .  Urc. 

riU'CID,  a.     [L.  muciduSf  from  muceo.] 

Mn^-ty  :  moldy  ;  slimy. 
TiIU'CID-NESS,  7t.  Mu?lines3;  sliminess.  Ainsworth. 
Mu'CI-LACE,  ?i.  [Fr.,  from  L.  mucus,  the  slimy  dis- 
charges from  the  nose  ;  vinceo^  to  grow  moldj'  or 
musty  ;  It.  mnciUaggine  ;  Sp.  nmcilafro.  The  L. 
inucits,  in  Ir.,  is  smttrr;  smtigaim^io  blow  the  nose. 
It  is  probably  allied  to  Eng.  mzick :  Heb.  Ch.  iin  or 
pis,  to  dissolve,  to  putrefy.     Class  Mg,  No.  8,  10.] 

1.  In  ehemistnj,  one  of  the  proximate  elements  of 
vegetables.  The  same  substance  is  a  gum  when 
solid,  and  a  mucilage  when  in  solution.    Thomson. 

Both  the  ingredients  improve  one  anolherj  for  the  mucilage 
adds  to  the  lubncity  of  the  oil,  and  the  od  preserves  ihe  mu- 
cilage  from  inspi£s;ttion.  Ray. 

Mucilage  is  obtained  from  vegetable  or  animal  sulistances. 

A'kAo  Zxon. 

9.  The  liquor  which  moistens  and  lubricates  the 

ligaments  and  cartilages  of  the  articulations  or  joints 

in  animal  bodies.  Encyc. 

"!TT-CI-L.\G'IN-OUS,  a.    Pertaining  to  or  secreting 

mucilage  ;  as,  the  mucilairinons  glands.  Encyc. 

2.  Slimy  ;  ropy ;  moist,  soft,  and  lubricous ;  par- 
taking of  tlie  nature  of  mucilage  ;  as,  a  mucilffnnous 
gum.  Grew. 

M  U-CI-LAG'IN-OUS-NESS,  n.  Sliminess  ;  the  state 
of  being  mucilaginous. 

MU-CrP'A-KOUS',  a.    Secreting  or  producing  mucus. 

.'iJUCK,  71.  [Sas.  meox,  miox;  Dan.  mo^,  dung  ;  m?/^, 
moid,  soil ;  L.  mucus ;  qu.  from  moisture  or  putrefac- 
tion. In  VV.  mwg  is  smoke^  which  may  be  allied  to 
Ens.  mug^j,  from  dissolving,  wasting.  Po  in  French 
fuT^wr,  to  smoke,  to  dimg,  or  muci:^  See  the  Heb. 
and  Ch.  verbs  under  .Mccilage.  In  Russ.  mochu  is 
lo  moi<rcn,3nd  nud;am,  to  dip,  lo  soak.] 

1.  Dung  in  a  moist  state,  or  a  mass  of  decaying  or 
putrefied  vcgeLabie  matter. 
I  W  iih  fattening  mudc  besmear  Ilif;  roots  Philips, 


MUD 

9.  Somclliing  mean,  vilu,  or  flltliy. 
To  run  a  muck;  to  run  madly  and  attack  all  we 
ineet.  p™,.    fjnjdcn. 

Running  a  made,  is  a  phrase  dcnvcd  frnni  Ihf 
Malays,  (in  wbose  language  amml:  sijniirie!!  to  kill,) 
applied  to  desperate  iwrsona  who  inloxicati;  tlrm- 
sclves  with  iipium,  and  then  arm  themselves  with  a 
dasper  and  attempt  to  hill  all  thny  meet.  Ed.  Kncuc 
iMUCK,  c.  t.    To  manure  with  muck.  Twt»rr. 

MUCK'E\-DEK,  7t.    [Sp,  mocafUro,  from  moeo,  nmcus ; 
Fr.  moucfitiir.] 
A  pocket  handkerclnof.    [JVwi  used.]         Dorgrt. 
MUCK'ER,  v.  t.    (friim  viiuU.]    To  scrape  together 
money  by  mean  labor  or  sliifo. 
[.Vol  used  in  .America.] 
.MUCK'ER-EU,  ;i.    A  nuscr ;  a  niggard.    [AWiuk/.] 
MUCK'IIkAP,  )  ,  ,  ,        ,  Chaucrr. 

MUCK'HILL    (  "■    A  heap  of  muck.  Burton. 

MUCK'I-NESS,  n.    Filthiness  :  nastiness.  Jolmam. 
BlUCK'LE,  a.     [Sax.  myccL] 

Mucli.     [04s.] 
MUCK'RaKE,  11.    A  rake  for  turning  and  collecting 

muck.  Bunyan. 

BtUCK'SWEAT,  (-swot,)  n.    Profu.so  sweat.  Jahmm. 
MUCK'^VORM,  (wurm,)n,  A  worm  that  lives  in  muck. 
2.  A  mider ;  one  who  scmpes  logetller  money  by 
mean  labor  and  devices.  Bumjan. 

MUCK'Y,  a.    Filthy  ;  nasty.  Spnucr. 

.llC'eOn,  n.    [L.]     .Moldines.?.    A  genus  of  Fungi. 
All  mold  is  considered  to  consist  of  small  fungi  or 
mushrooms. 
MU-eo'.SO-SAe'eil.\-UINE,  (-tine  or  -rin,)  a.    Par- 
taking of  the  qualities  of  mucilage  and  sugar. 

Fuurcroy. 
llU'eOUS,  (nm'kus,)  a.    [Sec  Jlitcos.]    Pertaining 
to  mucus  or  reseuibling  it ;  slimy,  ropy,  and  lubri- 
ctms  ;  as,  a  r/eucuu.i-  substance. 

2.  Secreting  a  slimy  substance }  as,  the  mucous 
membrane. 

The  mucous  membrane  lines  all  the  cavities  of  the 
body  which  open  externally,  and  secretes  tile  fluid 
called  mucus.  Bichat. 

MO'eOUS-NESS,  ?i.     The  state  of  being  mucous ; 

sliminess. 
Mu'€RO-NATE,      )  a.    [L.  itiucronatus^  from  mucro^ 
Mu'eRO-NA-TED,  1     a  point.] 

Narrowed  to  a  point ;  lerniinnting  in  a  point. 
MO'eU-LENT,  II.     Ih.  KucuUiUus.]       [tVooitcwrd. 

Sliniy  ;  moi?t  and  mod  r:tU'ly  viscous. 
Hu'€US,  n.  [L.  See  Muoilage  and  Muck.]  A 
viscid  Huid  secreted  by  the  mucous  membrane,  which 
it  serves  to  moisten  and  defend.  It  covets  the  lining 
membranes  of  all  the  cavities  which  open  external- 
ly, such  as  those  of  the  mouth,  nose,  lungs,  intesti- 
nal canal,  urinary  passages,  i:c.  It  difters  from  gela- 
tine. Parr.  Urc. 
Iq  llie  arlion  of  chewia^,  the  mucus  mixcth  wiUi  (lie  aliment. 

AriiuliiTiol. 

9.  This  term  has  also  been  applied  to  other  anunul 
fluids  of  a  viscid  quality,  as  the  synovial  fluid,  which 
lubricates  the  cavities  of  the  joints. 

MUD, 71.  [D.wodder;  G.moder.  (See  Motheil)  Et 
Tov  avTov  uVftirKoKT]^  rov  rruevftaro^  cjcvCTo  fifiir. 
ToVTO  -ivci  (liuatv  i\vi<,  0 iSc  vi^aToiHovi  ^tjcwsc/jt//:*'. 
Mot,  id  est,  mod :  Phtenices  ita  scribebant.  Boclian, 
Phoin.  lib.  2,  cap.  2. 

This  is  said  to  be  a  fragment  of  Sanchonianthon's 
Phenician  history,  translated  by  Pliilo  and  preserved 
by  Eusebius.  This  Phenician  tvord  worf.  /iwr,  ren- 
dered in  Gr.  iXi>?,  is  precisely  the  English  7iiii<i,  the 
matter,  material,  or  substance  of  which,  according 
to  the  ancients,  all  things  were  formed.  See  Caslel. 
(Col.2010,)  and  the  woril  JIotheb.  Plutarch,  de  Isidc, 
says  the  Egj'ptiatis  called  Isis  moth,  that  is,  moOter. 
This  is  a  reniarkable  fact,  and  pn>ves  beyond  contro- 
versy the  common  origin  of  the  Phenician,  Celtic, 
and  Teutonic  notions.  '  Jllml  may  perhaps  be  named 
from  wetness,  and  be  connected  with  L.  madcot  Gr. 
nvlaw,  W.  miDildaw,  to  wet.] 

Jloist  and  soft  earth  of  any  kind,  such  as  is  found 
m  marslies  and  swamps,  at  the  bottom  of  rivers  and 
ponds,  or  in  highways  after  lain. 

51UD,  V.  t.    To  bury  in  mud  or  slime.  SJiak. 

9.  To  make  turbid  or  foul  with  dirt ;  lo  stir  the 
sediment  in  liquors.  Olmvillt. 

MUD'DI-£D,  (raud'did,)  pp.  or  a.  Soiled  with  mud  ; 
rendered  turbid  ;  confused  in  mind. 

MUD'DI-LY,  adv.  [from  muddij.]  Turbidly ;  with 
foul  mixture;  cloudily. 

LiiciJiiis  —  writ  loosely  anil  mutiji/y.  Dryden. 

MUD'DI-NESS,  n.    Turbidness;  foulness  caused  by 

mud,  dirt,  or  sediment ;    as,  the  miiddiurss  of  a 

stream.  .    ,     ^.  Mdu^tm. 

"   FiTiirativchi,  intcllcctani  cloudiness  or  dnilness. 

MUD'DLE,  T.  t.    [from  mud.]    To  make  foul,  nubid, 

or  muddy,  as  water. 

He  dill  ill  to  miiditle  tl>e  wiitcr.  VBt^ungt. 

9.  To  intoxicate  partially  •  to  cloud  or  stupefy,  par- 
ticularly with  liquor. 

He  WIS  often  (Ininl:,  alw.t\-8  muddied.  ArbuAncL 

Epicurus  seems  to  hura  li:.d  iiia  brtim  muddled.         BcMley. 

MITDTLJSD,  pp.  Made  turbid  ;  half  drunk  ;  stupeOcd. 


mud; u,  ft  r 
z.^ ... 

3.  Dirty;  uasbcd, ■r>ikd,or 
aj4,  muddy  iHX'tJi. 

4.  ConvLiting  (W  mud  or  «ar...  .  , 
this  rmddy  ve»ture  uf  decay. 

5.  Dark  ;  of  Ui«  color  of  iin4 ;  *> 

C.  Cloudy  in  mind  ;  dull ;  bnvy  ; 

MUD'DY.r.t.    To  so U  v. 

turbid. 
9.  To  cloud:  luuia. 
MUD'DY-I.VG,  ppr.      HoJm; 

turbid ;  clouding. 
MUD'DY-HEAU'ED,  (-Ucd'e<! 

derftanding. 
Ml'D'DY-.MET'TLED.o.    1>; 
MUD'-FI.SIl,  n.    A  fiih,  a  ■ 

kind. 
MUD'-SrLL,  n.    Inhr, 

bottom  of  a  river,  lak' 
MUD'-SUCK-ER,  n  .S 
JIUD'-\VAl,I.,  n.     A  t 

materials  laid  In  mud 
9.  A  bird  ;  the  apiajtrr. 
MI,I)'-WALL-ED.  a.     Having 
MUD'H-OftT,  (mud'wnrt,)  n.    ■. 

the  least  water  plantain.  ;-■  ■- 

MCE.    Sec  Mew. 
.MU-EZ'ZIX,  n.    A  MohamraeJan  titer  of  \hr  brm  <A 

praver. 
-MLFF,  n.    [Dan.  rnvf  or  mfc :  D.  mtft  C.  wmf .  Fr. 

TOci/Jlr,  mitU'US  ;  Pp.  mi*t'.  ttlleV  fl/iTM.l 
A  warm  cov  "'      ■    -  •     .  .  ...y- 

made  of  fur  or 
MUF'FIN,  n.    A 

a  griddle,  and  bun  r  a  '.r  tie-  ^  »* 

MUF'FLE,  T.  u     [D.  »i->jre(»i. :  r.. 
muffarc,  to  disguise  or  r-  -  '-  " 

1.  To  cover  from  !'■ 
earmenl ;  to  cover  t 
lace. 

Vou  must  bo  tnuMed  op  like  1  >diak 

llie  f.ue  lia  muJUd  op  wbliia  the  i:.rwtaL 

9.  To  blindfold. 

Alas !  Uul  bTe  wb«e  nev  li  n 

Ije  muJUd  ullh  a  cloud  hit  tsc  . . 

3.  To  cover;  to  conceal;  to  iiiv.lve. 

Tbey  wcTt  ia  forffiei  aces  Bwi^rf  is  dsria^  sar*  . 

4.  In  seamanship,  to  put  ni  ■ 
stance  round  an  oar,  to  pn;v> 

5.  To  wind  something:.    . 
strings  of  a  drum  to  ■ 
render  the  sound  gr\^ 

.MUF'FLE,  r.  I.    To  m  • 

without  clear  articulalun. 
MUF'FLE,  n.     [Sp.  nffia.] 

In  cA(-mj>frtf  and  i.r'.;,'.rir -,.  .%n  .-v  v-  ^' 

sel,  used  for  'the  pun' 

means  of  a  cupel  ma\ 
MUF'FLH),  pp.  or  c. 

about  the  face  ;  in\-ol'. 

MuJScd  o'nrm.    See  : 

MUF'FLER,  H.    A  cov. 

male  dre:^;. 
MUF'FLIXG,  ppr.    CoTcrlng  . 

the  face;  wrapping  cW.-  :    ■ 
MUF'FI.O.N,  B.    Thev 
MI'F'TI.(muft}-,)ii.  .\ 

mcdnn  law,  in  Turkrv 

town,  and  over  all  tti 

exercist'S  an  induenr- 
.MUG,  n.     [I  know  nr;  ■ 

e;irthen  or  metal  cup,  fi-ui  ^ 

In  .America,  the  word  is  »pi' 

an  earthen  cup. 
MUG'GARD,  a.    [Sec  Mcoot.]    Sullen  ;   • 


[.Vol  t"  «.<r.] 
MtJG'GENT,  n. 


A  species  of  irild  frrsh  f  - 

r 

.MUG'GY,      I  n.    [VT-  mvm.  ft  clei; 

MUG'GISH,  j     smoke  ;  or  from  the  ; 

I.  Moist ;  damp  ;  moldy  ;  as,  »*  : 

9.  Moist,  or  damp  and  doer  :  tt-nr- 
BS,  mu;^  air.     [  TIds  is  tJU  prinn-^ 
in  Jlnerii'iu] 
MUG'HOUSE,  «.    [fWmi  inf.]    Ait 

MC'GI-ENT,  0.     [L.  nugie.  to  Mkiw.] 
Lowing  ;  bellowinc.    [.Wr  ti.er-".  ■     _ 

MUG'WEKD,  n.    A  p 

MUG'WORT.  ».     !S.^^ 
.-in  herb  of  the  gem; 


TONE,  BJJLL,  TTNITE.- 


AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.-e  »s  K;  0  a.s  J ;  S  as  Z ;  Cll  as  SH ;  Til  as  in  THIS. 


735 


MUL 

mU-LAT'TO,  n. ;  pi.  Mulattoes.  [Sp.  mulatOy  that 
is,  muled,  of  a  mixed  breed,  from  vtulo,  L.  muiiw,  :i 
mule ;  Vr.  viulatre.] 

A  person  that  is  tlio  ofTsprinf;  of  a  nep-ess  by  a 
white  man,  or  of  a  white  woman  by  a  nnyro. 
WLTL'CEU-UV,  Ti.     [Sw.  mulbcir;  G.  maulbeere.] 

The  berry  or  fruit  of  a  tree  of  the  genus  Blorus  ; 
also,  the  tree. 
MUL'BER-KY-TREE,  n.    The  tree  which  produces 

the  mulbL-rrv. 
MULCH,  71.  '[Hek  nSo,  to  dissolve.] 

HalCrotteii  straw.  Bailey. 

fllULGT,  H.    [h.  vtulcta,  or  viutta.'] 

A  fine  imposed  on  a  person  guilty  of  some  offense 
or  misdemeanor,  usually  a  pecuniary  tine. 
MULC'J',  V.  t.     [L.  miilcto;  Fr.  mulcter.] 

To  tine;  to  punish  for  an  offense  or  misdemeanor 
by  imposing  a  pecuniary  tine.  Bacon. 

MULCT'KD,  pp.   Fined  ;  punished  by  a  pecuniary  fine. 
MULCT'lJ-A-KY,  a.    Imposing  a  pecuniary  penalty. 

Gccrburij. 
MOLE,  71.     [Sp.  and  It.  mulo ;  L.  mulus ;  Sax.  mui  ;  Ti. 
mihV,  or  viuikzel;   G.  maulesel:   Sw.  mulasne;  Dan. 
mule :  Fr.  iii. ;  Arm.  mules  ;  Ir.  muilc ;  W.  mid.    The 
latter  signifies  a  mule,  and  basliful,  simple.] 

i.  A  quadruped  of  a  nioncrel  breed,  usually  gener- 
ated between  an  ass  and  a  mare,  sometimes  between 
a  horse  and  a  she-nss.  But  the  name  is  applied  to 
any  animal  produced  by  a  mixture  of  different  spe- 
cies. Kncyc. 

'2.  A  plant  or  vegetable  produced  by  impregnating 
the  pistil  of  one  species  with  the  farin  or  fecundating 
dust  of  another.    This  is  called  also  a  Hvbbid. 

Encyc.     Martyii. 
3.  An  instrument  used  in  spinning  cotton;  called 

also  a  ^lULE-JENNY. 

iMOLE'-SPIN-NER,  n.    One  who  spins  on  a  mule. 

MU-LET-EER',  7i.     [It.  mulaUkre  ;  Fr.  muletier.] 
One  who  drives  mules. 

MuLE'VVGRT,  n.    A  plant  of  the  genus  Hemionilis. 

MU-LI-EB'RI-TY,  n.  [from  L.  miUiebris,  from  muliet; 
a  woman.] 

Womannood  ;  the  state  of  being  a  woman ;  a  state 
in  females  corresponding  to  virility  in  man  ;  also,  ef- 
feminacy ;  softness. 

Mu'LI-ER,  71.  [L.]  In  law,  lawful  issue  born  in  wed- 
lock, though  begotten  before.  Encyc. 

MuL'ISH,  a.    Like  a  mule  ;  sullen  ;  stubborn. 

MuL'ISH-LY,  adv.    Stubbornly,  like  a  mule. 

MuL'ISH-NESS,  n.  Obstinacy  or  stubbornness,  as  of 
a  mule. 

MULL,  V.  t.  [Q,u.  L.  moUio,  to  soften,  or  W.  mwll, 
warm,  or  Sp.  mullir,  to  beat.] 

1.  To  soften,  or  bring  down  in  spirit;  or  to  heal, 
sweeten,  and  enrich  with  spices ;  as,  to  mull  wine. 

Drink  ccw  cider,  mulled  wUli  gio^r  warm.  Cay. 

2.  To  dispirit  or  deaden.  Shak. 
MULL,  71.  In  ScottUkj  a  term  almost  synonymous  with 

Cape  or  He.\dland. 

9.  A  snuff-box  made  of  the  small  end  of  a  horn. 
[Obs.] 

3.  Dirt;  rubbish.     [Obs.] 

MULL,  71.     A  thin,  soft  kind  of  muslin,  called  also 

Ml-ll-mull. 
JSIUL'LA,  n.    The  name  of  a  priest  among  the  Tartars. 
MUL-LA-GA-TAW'NY.  ti.     Literally,  pepper-water; 

the  name  of  an  East  Indian  curry  soup.        Snuirt. 
MUL'LEN,   i  71.     [Old  Fr.  molene;  probably  so  named 
MUL'LEIX,  \      from  the  root  of  L.  tjioUxs,  soft.   So  in 

Ger.  woUkraut,  wool-plant.] 
A  well-known    plant   of  the  genus  Verbascum, 

priiwing  in  roads  and  neglected  fields. 
MUL'LER,  71.    [Fr.  vwliere,  molctte ;  L.  moUirii,  from 

mvla,  a  mill-stone.] 

1.  A  stone  held  in  the  hand  with  which  colors  and 
other  matters  are  ground  on  another  stone  ;  used  by 
painters  and  apothecaries.  Bailey.    HcberL 

2.  An  in-itrument  used  by  glass-grinders,  being  a 
piece  of  wood  with  the  piece  of  glass  to  be  ground 
cemented  to  one  end,  either  convex  in  a  basin,  or 
concave  in  a  sphere  or  bowl.  Hehcrt. 

MUL'LET,  TI.  [Fr.  mulct,  a  mullet,  and  a  great  mule ; 
Gr.  ^^vWos  i  L.  muUiLs.] 

1.  A  fish  of  the  genus  Mupil.  The  lips  are  membra- 
naceous, the  inferior  one  carinaled  inward ;  it  has 
no  teeth,  and  the  body  is  of  a  whitish  color.  This 
fish  frequents  the  shore,  and  roots  in  the  sand  like  a 
Iiog.    It  is  an  excellent  fish  for  the  table.      Encyc. 

2.  In  heraldry,  a  figure  in  shape  like  the  rowel  of  a 
spur,  used  as  the  filial  distinction  of  the  third  son. 

MUL'LI-GRUBS,  ».    A  twisting  of  the  intestines; 

sullenness.     [A  low  word.] 
MUL'LIOX,  (nnil'yun,)  7i.     [Fr.  moulure.] 

An  uprigiit  bar  or  division  in  a  window-frame. 
MUL'LION,  V.  U     To  shape  into  divisions  by  mul- 

lions.  Shak. 

BfUL'LION-ED,  pp.    Shaped  into  divisions  by  mul- 
MUL'LOCK,  Ti.    Rubbish.  [liuns. 

MULSE,  71.     [L.  TTiitlyw.] 

Wine  boiled  and  mingled  with  honey. 
MULT-AN"GU-LAR,  a.     [L.  muUas,  many,  and  ak- 

g-uhis,   angle ;  Basque,  viola,  a  multitude  ;  multsa, 

much  ] 


MUL 

ilavins  many  an-jles  ;  polygonal.  Martyiu 

MULT-AN"GU-LAK-LY,  (-ang'gu-lar-le,)  a(/t'.    With 

many  angles  or  corners.  Grew. 

MULT-AN"GU-LAR-NESS,  it.    The  state  of  being 

[wlygonal. 
MULT-AU-TI€'U-LATE,  a.    Having  many  joints. 

Brandc. 
MUL-Tk'I-TY,  n.    The  slate  of  being  many;  multi- 
plicity. Coleridge,. 
MUL-TI-GAP'SU-LAR,  a.      [L.  multus,  many,  and 
capsula,  a  chest.] 
In  botany,  liaving  many  capsules.  Jilarttjn. 
MUL-Tl-eA'VOU.S,a.   [L.multus,  and  cants, hollow.] 

Having  many  holes  or  cavities.  Diet. 

MUL-TI-DEN'TATE,  a.     [L.  viultus  and  dens.] 

Armed  with  many  teeth. 
MUL-TI-Fa'RI-OUS,  a.    [L.  vwlfifarius.    Qu.  vm-iiw.] 
Having  great  multiplicity  ;  having  great  diversity 
or  variety  ;  as,  multifarious  artifice.  Jilore. 

MUL-TI-Fa'RI-OUS-LY,  adv.    With  great  multiplici- 
ty and  diversity  ;  with  great  vaiiety  of  modes  and  re- 
lations. Bnttleji. 
MUL-TI-Fa'RI-OUS-NESS,  71.    Multiplied  diversity. 
MUL'TI-FID,  a.     [L.  multijiilus ;  multiis,  many,  and 
Jindo,  to  divide.] 

Having  many  divisions  ;  many-cleft ;  divided  into 
several  parts  by  linear  sinuses  and  straight  margins  ; 
as,  a  midti_^fid  Teaf  or  corol.  Martyn. 

MUL-TIF'ID-OUS,  a.    liaving  many  divisions  or  par- 
titions. 
MUL-TIF'LO-ROUS,  a.     [L.  multus,  many,  and  jlos, 
fiower.] 
Many-flowered  ;  having  many  flowers.    Martiin. 
MUL'TI-FoLD,  a.    Many  times  doubled ;  manifold  ; 

numerous. 
MUL'TI-FORM,  a.     [L.  multiformis;  multus,  many, 
and  forma,  form.] 

Having  many  forms,  shapes,  or  appearances;  as, 
the  multiform  operations  of  the  air-pump.       Watts. 
MUL-TI-FOK-^I't-TY,  n.     Diver.Mty  of  forms;  variety 
of  shapes  or  appearances  in  the  same  thing.  Johnson. 
MUL-TI-FORM'OUS,  a.     Having  many  forms. 

Taylor. 
MULnTI-6EN'ER-0US,  a.      [L.  viultigenus;  multus, 
many,  and  genus,  kind.] 
Havingmany  kinds.  Diet. 

MUL-TI-Ju'GO'US,  a.     [L.  multus,  many,  and  ju^rum, 
a  yoke,  a  pair,] 
Consisting  of  many  pairs. 
MUL-TI-LAT'ER-AL,  a.     [I*,  midtus,  many,  and  la~ 
tus,  side.] 

Having  many  sides.     A  multilateral  figure  must 
also  be  multangular. 
MUL-TI-LIN'E-AL,  a.     Having  many  lines. 
MUL-TI-LOG'lI-LAR,  a.    [L.  multus,  many,  and  loc- 
ulus,  a  cell.] 

Having  many  cells  or  compartments;  as,  a  7nii/fi- 
locular  shell. 
MUL-TIL'0-aUENCE,  ti.   Use  of  many  words  ;  talk- 
ativeness. Adams 
MUL-TIL'0-aUOUS,  a.     [L.  vmltus,  many,  and  lo- 
quor,  to  speak.] 
Speaking  much  ;  very  talkative  ;  loquacious.  Diet. 
MUL-TI-No'DATE,  a.    Having  many  knots. 
MUL-TI-Xo'MI-AL,  a.  or  ;(.     In  algebra.     See  Polv- 

NOUIAL. 

MUL-TI-NO.M'IN-AL,    )  a.     [L.  multus,  many,  and 

MUL-TI-XOM'IN-OUS,  \      7wmen,  name.] 

Having  many  names  or  terms.  Diet. 

MUL-TIP'A-ROUS,  a.  [L.  multus,  many,  and  pario, 
to  bear.] 

Producing  many  at  a  birth.  A  serpent  is  a  multip- 
arons  animal. 

MUL-TIP'AR-TITE,  a.     [L.  multus,  many,  and  parti- 
tus,  divided.] 
Divided  into  many  parts  ;  having  several  parts. 

MUL'TI-PED,  7(.     [L.  multus,  many,  and  pes,  foot. 
An  insect  that  has  manv  feet. 

MUL'TI-PED,  a.    Having  many  feet. 

MUL'TI-PLE,  (muFte-pl,)  a.      [L.  multiplez;  multus, 
many,  and  plico,  to  fold.] 
Containing  many  times. 

MUL'TI-PLE,  71.  In  mathematics,  a  quantity  which 
contains  another  a  certain  number  of  times  without 
a  remainder.  A  com?non  multiple  of  two  or  more 
numbers  contains  each  of  them  a  certain  number  of 
times  exactly  ;  thus  24  is  a  common  multiple  of  3  and 
4.  But  the  least  common  multiple  is  the  least  number 
that  will  do  this ;  thus  12  is  the  least  common  multiple 
of  3  and  4. 

MUL'TI-PLEX,  a.  [L.]  Many  fold  ;  having  pt-tals 
lying  over  each  other  in  folds.  Martyn. 

MUL'TI-PLI-A-BLE,  a.  [Fr.  See  Multiplt.]  That 
may  be  multiplied. 

MUL-TI-PLI'A-BLE-NESS,  7i.  Capacity  of  being 
multiplied. 

MUL'TI-PLI-€A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  multiplied. 

MUL-TI-PLI-e.\XD',  71.  [L.  mullipUcandu^.  See  Mul- 
tiply.] 

In  arithmetic,  the  number  to  be  multipUed  by  an- 
other, which  is  called  the  multiplier, 

MUL'TI-PLI-CATE,  a.     [L.  multipUcatus.] 

1.  Consisting  of  many,  or  more  than  one.  Derluim. 

2.  A  multiplicatc  flower  is  a  sort  of  luxuriant  flow- 


MUL 

er,  having  the  corol  multiplied  so  far  as  to  exclude 
onlv  some  of  the  stamens.  JMartyn, 

MUI^TI-PLI-€a'TION,  71.     [L.  vmltipUcatio.] 

1.  The  act  of  multiplying  or  of  increasing  number ; 
a.s,  the  multiplication  of  the  human  species  by  natural 
generation. 

2.  In  arithmetic,  a  rule  or  operation  by  which  any 
given  number  may  be  repeated  or  added  to  itself  any 
number  of  limes  proposed.  'J'lius  10  multiplied  by  5 
is  increased  tu  50. 

MUL'TI-PLl-e.A-TIVE,  a.  Tending  to  multiply  ; 
having  the  power  to  multiply  or  increase  numbers.' 

J\[ed.  Rrpos. 

MUL-TI-PLI-Ca'TOR,  71.  The  number  by  which  an- 
other number  i»  multiplied  ;  a  multiplier. 

MUI^TI-PLI"CIOUS,  (-plish'us,)  a.    Manifold.    [J^ot 

ILSCd.] 

MULr-Tl-PLIC'LTY,  (-plis'e-te,)  n.  [Fr.  multiplicite, 
from  L.  viultiplcT.] 

1.  A  state  of  being  many;  as,  a  multiplicity  of 
thoughts  or  objects. 

2.  Many  of  the  same  kind.  The  pagans  of  an- 
tiquity had  a  multiplicity  of  deities. 

MUL'1T-PLI-£D,  ;yi.  or  a.  Increased  in  numbers; 
repealed. 

2.  Numerous ;  often  repealed  j  as,  multiplied  ag- 
gressions. 

MUL'TI-PLI-ER,  71.  One  who  multiplies,  or  in- 
creases number. 

2.  The  number  in  arithmetic  by  which  another  is 
multiplied. 

MUL'TI-PLY,  V.  t.  [L.  viultiplieo ;  viultus,  many, 
and  plico,  to  fold  or  double,  Gr.  rXcKU),  W.  plygu, 
¥r.  plier,  rnidtiplier.'] 

1.  To  increase  in  number ;  to  make  more  by  natu- 
ral generation  or  production,  or  by  addition  ;  as,  to 
multiply  men,  horses,  or  other  animals;  to  multiply 
evils. 

I  will  multiply  my  signs  biuI  wondprs  in  Egypt.  —  Ex.  vii. 
Impuniiy  will  niultipiy  molives  to  disobedience.  Amee. 

9.  In  arithmetic,  to  repeat  or  add  to  itself  any 
given  number  as  many  times  as  there  are  units  in 
any  other  given  number.   Thus  7  X  8  =  56,  tliat  is,  7 
multiplied  by  8  produces  the  number  56. 
MUL'TI-PL"?,  V.  i.    To  gi-ow  or  increase  in  number. 

B'i  fhiilTuI  and  muldply.  —  Gen.  i. 

When  meu  began  to  muldply  on  the  face  of  tlic  earth. — Geu.  vi. 

2.  To  increase  in  extent ;  to  extend ;  to  spread. 
The  wont  of  God  grew  and  multiplUd.  —  Acts  xU. 

MUL'TI-PLY-IXG,  ppr.    Increasing  in  number ;  re- 
peating. 
9.  Growing  or  becoming  numerous. 

ftlUL'TI-PL-ff-IXG-GLASS,  ti.  A  glass  or  lens  which 
represents  a  single  object  to  the  eye  as  if  it  were 
many.  It  consists  of  several  plane  surfaces,  dis- 
posed into  a  convex  form,  through  every  one  of 
which  the  object  is  seen.  Huttoii. 

MUL-TIP'O-TENT,  a.  [^-..inultipotens;  multus,  immy, 
much,  and  potejis,  powerful.] 

Having  manifold  power,  or  power  to  do  many 
things  ;  as,  Jove  multipotcnt.  Shak, 

RIUL-TI-PRES'£NCE,  n.  [L.  multus,  many,  and 
priEsentia,  presence.] 

The  power  or  act  of  being  present  in  many  places 
at  once,  or  in  more  places  (han  one.  Hall. 

MUL-TI-Ra'DI-ATE,  a.    Having  manv  rays. 

iMUL-TIS'CIOUS  fmul-tish'us,)  a.  [L.  muUisciu^.'] 
Having  varictv  of  knowledge. 

MUL-TI-SIL'I-'aUOUS,  a.  \l,.  multus,  many,  and 
siliqua,  a  pod.] 

Having  many  pods  or  seed-vessels.  Bailey. 

aiUL-TIS'0-NOUS,  a,  \h.  multus,  many,  and  sonus, 
sound.] 

Having  many  sounds,  or  sounding  much.     Bailey. 

MUL-TI-SPl'RAL,  a      [L.  inidtus  and  spira.] 

In  conchology,  a  term  applied  to  the  opercula  of 
shells  which  exhibit  numerous  coils  round  a  sub- 
median  center.  Brande. 

MUL-TI-STRI'ATE,  a.     Having  many  streaks. 

MUL-TI-SYL'LA-HLE,  h.  a  word  of  many  sylla- 
bles ;  a  polysyllable, 


JIU 


[  The  latter  is  mostly  7tsed.] 
L'TI-TUDE,  ^"       ' 

multus,  many.] 


■TUDE,  ti.      [Fr.,  from  L.  muUitudo,  from 


1.  The  state  of  being  many ;  a  groat  number. 

2.  A  number  collectively  ;'the  sum  of  many.  Hale. 

3.  A  great  number,  indefinitely. 

It  is  a  fault  in  a  multitude  of  preachers,  that  they  utterly  neglect 
method  in  their  hamiigucs.  Walls. 

4.  A  crowd  or  throng ;  the  populace ;  applied  to 
the  populace  when  assembled  in  great  numbers,  and 
to  the  mass  of  men  without  reference  to  an  assem- 
blage. 

He  the  vast  hissing  multilude  adinirea.  Addison. 

The  muUilude  have  always  been  credulous,  and  the  few  anful. 

J.  Adams. 
MUL-TI-Tu'DIN-A-KY,    a.     Multitudinous ;   mani- 
fold. 
MUL-TI-TtJ'DIN-OUS,  a.    Consisting  of  a  multitude 
or  great  number. 

2.  Having  the  appearance  of  a  multitude,  as,  the 
multitudiuoiis  sea.  Shale 

3.  Manifold  ;  as,  the  Tniitoui/inoits  tongue.   Slialc 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  VV1I.\T.— MeTE,  PREY PINE,  MAJltXE,  BIRD.  — NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.— 


736 


In  a  niultitiidinous 


MUM 


MUL-TI-TO'DIN-OUS-LY,  aitii 
ni:»iiner. 

WaiMlerin^  niucli.     PVof  used  J  Did. 

MITI>'T1-V  \LVE,  n.     [L.  ntulius,  many,  and  valvic^ 
valves,  foliiiiig  doon-.J 
A  luoUusk  whicli  has  a  shell  of  many  valves. 

MUL-TIV'ER-SANT,  a.  [L.  muUus^  many,  and 
rcrto,  to  form.] 

Protean ;  turning  into  many  shapes ;  assuming 
many  forms.  Journ.  of  Science. 

MUL-TI V'l-OUS,  a.  [L.  muhus,  many,  and  rm,  way.] 
Having  many  ways  or  road.--".     [Littfc  iLsetL]     Diet. 
MUL-TO'C^i,  n.'  The  Turkish  code  of  law.    Biaiidc. 
MUL-TOe'U-L.\R,  a.     [L.  muttusj  many,  and  ocutasj 
eye.] 
Having  many  eyes,  or  more  eyes  than  two. 

Dcrham. 
MUL'TUM  IJSr  PAR'VO.     [L.]      Much  in  a  little 

compass. 
&IULT-UN"GtJ-LATE,  a.     Having  the  hoof  divided 

into  more  than  two  parts.  Bruvde. 

MUL'TITRE,  7J.     [L.  molitara,  a  grinding.     See  JltLL.] 
1.  In  Scots  Uwy  the  loll  or  omohiment  given  to  the 
proprietor  of  a  mill  for  grinding  grain.  Kticijc. 

9.  .-V,  grist  or  grinding. 
MT^M,  a.     [See  Mumble,  Mumm,  and  Mummery.] 

1.  Silent ;  not  speaking. 

The  ciuzens  arc  muni ;  say  not  a  word.  S^iak, 

2.  As  an  exclamation  or  command  ;  besilt-nl ;  hush. 

Mutn  tlien,  luid  no  more  proceed.  Sf\aJi. 

3.  As  a  rio«7i,  sUence.  Hadibras. 
MUM,  n.     [G.  and  Dan.  mnmme  ;  D.  vwm.'\ 

A  species  of  malt  liquor  much  used  m  Germany. 
It  is  made  of  the  malt  of  wheat,  seven  bushels,  with 
one  bushel  of  oatmeal  and  a  bushel  of  ground 
beans,  or  in  the  same  proportion.  This  is  brewed 
with  63  gallons  of  water,  and  boiled  till  one  third  is 
evaporated.  Encyc. 

MUM'-BUDG'ET,  interj.  [mum  and  budiret.']  An  ex- 
pression denoting  secrecy  as  well  as  silence  ;  used  jn 
a  contemptuous  or  ludicrous  manner. 

MUM'-CHaN'CE.  71.    A  game  of  hazard  with  cards. 
[Local] 
2.  A  fool.     [Local] 

MUM'BLE,  v.  i.  [G.  mumvieln  ;  D.  viomelen,  vwmpe- 
len;  Sw.  viumla;  Dan.  mamler.  This  word  seems  to 
be  connected  with  mum,  in  the  sense  of  closeness  of 
the  lips.] 

1.  To  mutter;  to  speaJc  with  the  lips  or  other  or- 
gans partly  closed,  so  as  to  render  the  sounds  inar- 
ticulate and  imperfect ;  to  utter  words  with  a  grum- 
Uing  tone. 

Pl.iw,  you  mumbling  fool.  ShaJt. 

A  wrinkW  tiag-,  witli  ngs  grown  double, 

Picking  dry  slicks  and  mumbling  to  hersrrlf.  Otwztr. 

2.  To  chew  or  bite  softly ;  to  eat  w  ilh  the  lips 
close.  Drijdeii. 

MUM'BLE,  V  t.  To  utter  with  a  low,  inarticulate 
voice. 

He  wltb  mumbltd  prayers  atones  the  deity.  Drydcn. 

9.  To  month  gently,  or  to  eat  with  a  mattering 
sound.  Pope. 

3.  To  suppress  or  utter  imperfectly.  Dnjdeit. 
MUM'BLED,  pp.  or  a.     Uttered  with  a  low,  inarticu- 
late voice;  chewed  softly,  or  with  a  low,  muttering 
sound. 

MUM'BLE-NEVVfR,  (-nuze,)  v.     A  kind  of  talebearer. 

MUM'BLER,  V.  One  that  speaks  with  a  low,  inar- 
ticulate voice. 

MUM'BLING,  ppr.  or  a.  Uttering  wilh  a  low,  inar- 
ticulate voice;  chewing  softly,  or  with  a  grumbling 
ntiund. 

MUM'BLING-LY,  adv.  With  a  low,  inarticulate  ut- 
terance. 

[Mumb!e  and  muUcr  are  not  always  synonymous  ; 
■mutter  often  expresses  peevishness,  which  mumble 
does  not.] 

3IUMM,  V.  t.  [Dan.  jnumme^  a  mask  ;  D.  mommcn,  to 
mask ;  G.  mummer  a  mask  or  muffle ;  munmehi^  to 
mask,  to  mumble  ;  Fr.  mummer  ;  Sw.  fdmiumma,  to 
personate  ;  probably  allied  to  the  Gr.  nt-wo^^  Mnmiis, 
the  deity  of  sport  and  ridicule,  a  buflbon  ;  for,  in 
Rabbinic,  this  word  is  used  for  a  mask.  Bu.\t.  1919. 
The  primary  sense  of  tliis  word  and  mum  is  evi- 
dently lo  close,  shut,  or  cover.] 

To  mask  ;  to  sport  or  make  diversion  in  a  mask  or 
dis<niise.  Hubberd's  Tale. 

MUM'MER,  n.  One  who  masks  himself,  and  makes 
diversion  in  disguise  ;  orig-inalltj^  one  who  made 
sport  by  gestures  without  speaking. 

Jugglers  and  dancera,  antics,  mummers.  ATtltort. 

HU.M'MER-Y,  n.      [Fr.  momerie;  Sp.  momeria.     See 

MuMM.] 

1.  Masking  ;  sport ;  diversion  ;  frolicking  in  masks  ; 
low,  contemptible  amusement ;  buffoonery. 

Yonr  fiithpra 
DiaUained  the  mummery  of  foreign  strollcre.  Fenlon. 


MUN 


-M  V  R 


9.  Farcical  show  ;  hypocritical  UiugiiiHc  and  |>aiaJiJ 
to  dv^luile  vuluar  minds. 

MUM-MI-FI-GA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  making  into  a 
niumuiv. 

MUM'Ml-FT-ED,  pp.    Made  (ntoamumniy. 

MUM'MI-FOUM,  a.     Resend.Iing  a  mummy. 

MIJM'MI-FY,  V.  t.  To  endjalm  and  dry  an  a  mummy  j 
to  make  iiiid  a  mummy.  Juum.  vf  Scirtue. 

MUM'MI-FV-ING,  ppr.     Making  into  a  mummy. 

MUM'MIXG,  ji.    The  sports  of  niummerw. 

MU.M'MING,  c  Pertaining  to  the  ."ports  ol  mum- 
mers. 

MUM'M  Y,  n.     [It.  viuvtmia ;  Sp.  and  Port,  momia.    In 


Arabic,  Vk^ 


t^ 


momia,  is  wax,  bees-wax,  and  a 


mummy ;  Pers 


^Jr^' 


,  wax.] 


1.  A  dead  human  body  embalmed  and  dried  after 
the  manner  of  the  ancient  Egyptians  ;  a  name  per- 
haps given  to  it  from  the  substance  us<-d  in  preserv- 
ing it.  Tlie  term  minnmii  has  been  cxtentled  so  as  to 
include  the  bodies  of  men,  nru!  sftmciimes  of  ani- 
mals, wliich  are,  by  any  meaui',  preserved  in  a  dry 
state  from  the  process  uf  putrefaction.  /*.  Ciic. 

9.  Among  irardencrs,  a  sort  of  wax  used  in  graft- 
ing and  planting  trees.  Chambers. 

To  beat  to  a  mummy ;  to  beat  soundly  or  to  a  sense- 
less mass. 
MUM'MY-CHOG,  n.    A  small  fish  of  the  car,)  kind. 

Pennant. 
MUMP,  V.  t.  or  i.    [D.  viovipen.    See  Mum  and  Mum- 
ble.] 

1.  To  move  the  lips  with  the  month  almost  closed 
hence,  to  nibble;  to  chew  with  contimiud  nmtion 
ds,  a  mumping  squirrel.  Otwmj. 

2.  To  tidk  low  and  quick. 

3.  To  implore  with  a  beggar's  accent  and  motion 
of  the  mouth.  Ainswortk.    Burke. 

4.  To  deceive  ;  to  cheat. 

MUMP'ER,  71.     A  beggar.  Johnson. 

MUMPING,  n.    Begging  tricks  ;  foolish  tricks  ;  mock- 
er)'. 

MUMP'ING,  ppr.    Chewing  with  continued  motion  ; 
nibbling. 
9.  Begging  with  false  pretense. 

MUMP'ISH,  a.     Dull;  heavy;  sullen;  sour 

MU.MP'ISH-LY,  adv.     Dully;  wearily. 

MUMPS,  7(.     [See  Mum,  Mumsle,  Mumm.] 

1.  Sullenness  ;  silent  displeasiire.    [Little  7ised.] 

Skinner. 

2.  A  disease  ;  a  peculiar  and  specific  unsuppu- 
rative  indammatinn  of  tlie  parotid  glands. 

MUNCH,  V.  t.    [Perhaps  Fr.  manger,  or  from  the  same 
root.] 
To  chew  by  great  mouthfiils.     [Fulrar.]      Shak. 
MUNCH,  r.  (.    To  chew  eagerly  by  great  mouthfuls. 

[Fuhmr.]  '  Dnidcn. 

MUNCH'ER,  n.     One  that  munches.  .Minson. 

MUNCH'ING,  ppr.  Chewing  by  great  monthftds. 
MUND  [Sax.  muiul,  protection,  patronage,  p^  ace]  is 
found  m  old  laws  ;  as,  vntndbrcce,  that  is,  a  breaking 
or  violation  of  the  peace.  It  is  retained  in  names, 
as  in  Edmund,  Sax.  cadmund,  happy  peace,  as  in  Gr. 
Ireni^us,  ITesychiiis.  Gibson. 

MUN'DaNE,  a.      [L.  mundanus,  from  mundus,  the 
world.] 

Belonging  to  the  world  ;  as,  mundane  sphere;  mun- 
dane space.  Bentley. 
MUN-DAN'I-TY,  «.    Worldliness.    [.Vot  usal] 

Jlonutairu. 
MUN-Da'TION,  7?.     [L.  mundu.^,  clean.] 

The  act  of  cleansing.     [JVot  used.] 
MUN'DA-TO-RY,  a.     [ L.  vtmulo,  to  cleanse.] 

Cleansing ;    having   power    to    cleanse.      [LitHc 

MUN'DIC,  n.  The  name  given  by  the  Cornish  miners 

to  iron  or  arsenical  pyrit'S.  ,^'''\ 

MUN-DIF'I-CANT,  a.     [L.  mumlusy  clean,  and  facio, 

to  make.]  ....  >    , 

A  term  applied  to  certain  healmg  and  cleansmg 

ointments.  ,  ,         .  . 

MUN-DI-FI-Ca'TION,  u.     [U.  vtundu.^,  clean,  and 

facio,  to  make.]  .  ,    ,    <. 

The  act  or  opemtion  oi  cleansing  any  body  from 

dross  or  extraneous  mailer.  Qmnfr/. 

MUN-DIF'I-GA-TIVE,    a.     Cleansing  ;    haymg  the 

power  to  cleanse.  .  IVisfimtn. 

MUN-DIF'ieA-TIVE,  ».    .\  medicine  that  has  the 

quality  of  cleansing.  ,  ,-    ■     , 

MUN'DI-F'5',  V.  t.     [L.  mundus,  clean,  and  Jaew^  to 

To  cleanse.     [Little  used.]  Harvey. 

MUN-DIV'A-GANT,  a.    [L.  mnndui  and  vagor,  va- 
gans.] 
Wanderinc  over  the  world. 
MUN-DUN"g1:S,  h.    Tobacco  ot  an  dl  smell. 
Mu'NER-A-RY,  <i.    [I..7Hu«»^%agift.] 

Ifavine  the  nature  ol  a  gift.  [LtUle  used.]  Johnson. 
Mu'NER-ATE,  MU-NER-.X'TION.     [XotusciL]    See 
Remu.n'erate. 


MU.N"(;aEU«.     [Hcc  Monoiti-T     An  sn    ... 

erit-d  Iw-tuetn  ttiir«-rr«t  vahti     ' 
ML'.\"GUEL,  a,    Gcucrated  brt 

ties  ;  depfm-rait. 
MU-.VIC'I-PAL,  a.      [Fr,   : 

inanicep*,  a  fw.-rkori  wb'^ 

citizen  ;  muouj,  'ifS-r, 

1.  Fertaminji  i.. 
pal  ristltn  ;  nauni 

2,  Pt-nainitig  t 

lir-tcn!^t  Of  ■ 
Jilunicipat,  UM   ':' 

igiiatrd  that  whirh  i-  j-  . 

city  or  town,    h  «till  r<  t 

we  liaveeitf-nded  It  tu  v. 

lion,  a^  a  distinct,  iu': 

law  or  rcirulatfon  r«ro,- 

state,  and  id  tlmx  diatlov 

pulUtcal  law,  and  the  lac  t-j  t-.::.    x.-, 
MU-MC-I-PAL'I-TY,  n.     In  >'««/,  a 

trict.     In  JV'ru)  Orteaiu,  n  dutrict  o(  '. 

f.\HiJuVmc  ti»  a  teard. 
MU-MF'ICATK,  r.  i.    To  enrith.    (.V«<m«^' 
.MU-MF'(-CENCK,   a.      (Fr,   f r  m    f-   »-^  • 

muniu,  a  gift  or  favor,  r.'. 
1.  A  giving;  or  lK->tj '. 

ndity.    To  coiutitiitr  r 

ring  mu.'--tbcfrL-v,and  pf-fc-  d  it>u,  ;• 

A  »L)lr  of  poreity  ot«cttna  %S1  i^  viT'^-t  ' 

niActnce. 


In  Spenjer,  fi^trtifK-ition  or  itrvDefh.    [  I 


funify.l    [-Vo(  ujed.] 
NIF'I-CEST,  a.    Lilieril  in  rlrinr  *•'  »- 
Oi,  a  muitijitemt  bcncfactut  < 


to 
MU- 
gencrous 

MU-NIF'I-CKNT-LY.  aJr.     Ubenll> 
MC'NI-MENT,  71.     [1*.   mxniaemtwm,  '. 
fortify.] 

1.  A  fortification  of  any  kind;  a    • 
place  of  defense. 

2.  Support;  defcnuc. 

3.  In  late,  a  record ;  ft  wrilinR  by  whk! 
and  right:}  are  dcfendetl  or  maintainrd. 

j.hm^n-,  r. 
MU-NTTE',  tJ.  (.    To  fortify.    T-V.^t  «  «  ■.■      / 
MU-NF'TION,  (mn-nish'un,)  it.     [Ft..- 

tio,  from  munio,  to  fitrtify.    The  p- 

that  which  is  set  or  fixed,  or  ti;  it 

drives  back,  or  hinders,    ind- 

be  from  the  same  root,  Hcb.  and  »  n.  jiz^  .\t.  ic^^ 

manaa,  or  Ileb.  JON,  amen.     Claia  Mn,  No.  10,  liT 
1.  Fortification.     [Obf.]  "  ' 

9.  Ammunition  ;  whalt-vcr  mattriil*  an 
war  for  defense,  or  for  annoyinc  an  oncn 
word  includes  gnus  of  all  kind.^,  mortar*,  ■- 
their  kvading. 

3.  Provisions  of  a  garrijion  or  fi-rtrw*.  or  ! 
of  war,  and  in  gr-ncml  for  an  anny  ;  «t*rf,  -  .-. 
kinds  for  a  fort,  an  army,  or  n.-i\->-. 

Munition  shifu:  shijw  which  convey  radilaiy  att4 
naval  stores  of  any  kind,  and  allcod  c«  foUow  »  Anl 
to  snppiv  ship.*  of  war. 
Mt'M-TV,  Ti.    Freedom  ;  security.   [.V«<  «W.]   [Ssr 

Immisitt.] 
MT^V-JEKT',  H.    -A  kind  of  madder  in  Indb. 
JIUNN'IOX,   (miin'yun,)  ■.     [St    Mv^itio^.I     Ab 
upricht  piece  of  timber  which  wnratr*  ihr  --v*.-*! 
lights  in  a  win'low -frame.     [Sec  Mirixios.'    -' 
MUXD«  i"-^''    The  mouth  and  cbojw.    [>-.._ 
.MO'RAGE,  }t.    [L.  wunit,  a  wall.] 

.Money  paid  for  keeping  walU  in  repair. 
df  la  In;.  ./-  '  •      ' 

MC'R.M',  a.     [I-  mmrelif,  frwn  waru,  a  v 
raur,  that  which  is  tUed  or  firm  :  mxrmx 
est.iblish.    U  seems  i.»  belong  i*'  t'l    t.-J  ■  • 
make  fast,  as  a  ship.] 
1.  Pertaining  lo  a  wall. 

S.v^ii  rrp.iirpd  hrr  aund  tc-»<ft.  .'«-*- 

'3.  Resembling  a  wall;  perpendicular  or  it«p ; 

a  •ii.irj/  precipice. 
Mural  ci-elc:  in  astronemv,  a  pradr 

ally  of  very  larce  site.  Iixcd  pri- 

plane  of  the  meridian,  and  attach*  '. 

pendicular  wall ;  used  for  racasunng  *.-■■:> 

ridian.  ' 

.Viini/ rroiPii :  among  tke  e»amt  R.—  -'      • 

crown   or  circle  of  c\^ld,  indentr^l 

bestowed  on  him   who  first  niount 

besieged  place,  and  then'  hMlci"d  a  *t.. 

Mural  quadra?tt :  in  fl*f»v«.)w».  a  ft'ur:ii  -  ■ 

sometimes  tised  instead  of  the  mur^  circk.  - 

justed  in  the  same  manner.  < 

MUR'CIII-SON-ITE,  n.    [from -V«rc4«M-. 

ety  of  feldspar. 
MUR'DER,   H.       rSa-T.   mfirtXtr,   (tvm  'T***- 

myrthiait,  to  iminJer ;  P.  «ww^.-  i*.  Han. 

mord;    Ir.  nuirA*  ;  Umors:   Sp.  vmrrtf^    i 

Pehlavi,   murdan,  to  die  .  S.in^  ns~rM>. 


.\  ran- 


TtJNE,  BULL,  ITNITE.— AN"GER, 
1*3 


VI"C!OUS.  — G  as  K;  G  as  J  ;  S  a.<!  Z;  CH  as  Si!;  TH  as  in  T! 


737 


MUR 

Irt  die,  which  seems  to  be  from  martA,  lying  flat  or 
plain;  marthn^  to  flatten,  to  deaden.  If  this  is  the 
sense,  the  primary  idea,  is  to  fail  or  fall,  or  to  beat 
down.  The  old  urthogniphy,  Murther,  is  obsolete. 
I.  The  net  of  unlawfully  killing  a  human  beinp 
Willi  preniediialod  malice,  by  a  person  of  sound 
mind.  To  constitute  murder  in  law,  the  person  kill- 
ing another  must  be  of  sound  mind  or  in  possession 
of^his  reason,  and  the  act  must  bo  done  with  malice 
prepense,  aforeiliought,  or  premeditated  ;  but  malice 
may  be  implied,  us  well  as  express. 

Coke.     Blackstone. 
9   An  exclamation  or  outcrj',  when  life  is  in  danger. 
MUR'DEK,  V.  t,      [Sax.  imjrthian;  D.  moorrfcn;  G. 
morilCH  :  .Sw.  mbrda.'] 

1.  To  kill  a  human  being  with  premeditated  mal- 
ice.    [See  the  noun.] 

2.  To  destroy  j  to  put  an  end  to. 

Cav.%\  iliou  murder  ihy  bnwlh  lit  t!ie  middl*:  of  a  wonl  ?     Skak. 

MUIi'DKil  '  '\  pp.  or  a.    Slain  with  malice  prepense. 

MOR'DEK-Kil,  '.    A  person  who,  in  possession  of  his 

reason,  unlawfully  kills  a  human  being  with  pre- 

meditatt"!  mrilicc. 

2,  A  small  piece  of  ordnance  ;  a  murdering-piece. 

MUR'DER-ESS,  n.    A  female  who  commits  murder. 

Dr^fden, 
MUR'nEU-IN«,  -pP^.      Killing  a  human  being  with 

ni;iliro  premeditated. 
Mi:R'nElMXG-PlECE,  «.      A  small  piece  of  ord- 
nance. Shali. 
MUR'DER-OIJS,  a.    Guilty  of  murder;  as,  the  mxtr- 
dtrous  king.                                                           MilUni. 

9.  Coi'sisiing    in    murder;    done    with    murder; 
bloody  :   cruel  ;  as,  vmrdcrtms  rapine. 

:i.  ifloody;  sanguinary;  conunitting  murder;  as, 
murticroiis  tyranny. 

4.  Premeditating  mnrder;  l^SJ  murderous  intent  or 
design. 
MUK'UER-OUS-LY,  adv     In  a  murderous  or  cruel 
MORE,  n.    [L.  mwHw.]  [manner. 

A  wall.     \J^i>t  iise4.'\  ShaJc. 

JIORE,  V.  t.     [Fr.  7imrer.] 

Tct  inclose  in  walls  ;  to  wall.  Knolle^. 

[liut  Imml-re  is  chiefly  used.] 
Mu'REX,  Ti.    [L.]     A  genus  of  marine,  carnivorous 

jnollusca.  P.  Ctjc. 

MC'RI-A,  n.  fij.,  sea-water,  brine;  oTnarvs^  bitter. 
Ch.  Ileb.  Svr.  Sam.  Eth.  Ar.  ~>10  Tiwrar,  to  be  bitter. 
Class  Mr,  No.  7.] 

Sea-water ;  salt  water  ;   brine.    In  ehemistnj,  the 

substance  from  which  are  extracted  various  agents. 

MO'IU-A-CITE,  H.     [See  Mitria.]    A  stone  composed 

of  salt,  sand,  and  gypsum. 
JIU'RI-ATE,  7i.      A  terai    formerly    applied    to    the 
chlorids   before  llieir  true  composition  was   under- 
stood, and  wjiile  they  were  erroneously  supposed  to 
he  compounds  of  an  acid  with  an  oxyd,  &c. 
MO'RI-A-TED,  «.    A  term  now  known  to  he  equiva- 
lent to  chloridized,  but  originally  applied  under  the 
supposition  that  the  chlorids  were  compounds  of  an 
acid  and  an  oxydized  base. 
2.  Put  in  brine.  Evebjn. 

MU-RI-AT'I€,  «.  Having  the  nature  of  brine  or  salt 
water;  pertaining  to  sea  salt.  The  7Tti(ruiiic  acid  is 
now  known  to  be  a  compound  of  one  equivalent  of 
l'i,-<lrogen,  whicli  performs  the  function^"  of  a  base, 
and  one  equivalent  of  chlorine,  which  performs  the 
functions  of  an  acidifier.  TJm;  name  which  correct- 
ly expresses  the  composition  of  this  acid  is  cMorohy- 
dric.  acid. 
MU-RI-A-TIF'ER-OUS,  a.  Producing  muriatic  sub- 
stances or  salt. 
Mi;-RI-eAT/CITE,  71.    Rhomb-spar.  Ure, 

Mfi'RI-eATE.      \a.     [h.  mitricatun,  from  murei,  the 
MC''K1-€a-TED,  ]      point  of  a  rock.] 

!.  Formed  witli  sharp  points;  full  of  sharp  points 
or  prickles. 

2.  In  botany,  having  the  surface  covered  with  sharp 
points,  or  armed  with  prickles.  Lee.    Martyn. 

MO'RI-CTTE,  Tt.  Fossil  remains  of  the  Murex,  a  ge 
nusof  shells  ;  the  mineral  Anhydrite,  which  see. 

Dana. 
MCRI-FORM,  a.     [L.  mur\is  and  forma.]     In  botamj, 
resembling  the  bricks  in  the  wall  of  a  house.  P.  Ctjc. 
MC'RINE.  (mu'rin,)  a.     [L.  murinusy  from  mus,  miirL- 
a  mouse.] 
Pertaining  to  a  mouse  or  to  mice. 
;   MC'RINES,  (-rin/.,)n.  pi     The  name  of  a  tribe  of 
rodent  quadrupeds,  including  rats,  mice,  &c.  Braude. 
MUItKjji.    [Sw.  murkrr;  Dan.  iniirMud;  Russ.  inrak.] 

Darkness.     [Liille  xu^cd.']  siuik 

MITRK'I-LY,  adr.     Darkly  ;  gloomily. 
MUKK'V,  a.      [Dan.  mork  ;   Sw.  viUrk,  dark,  obscure, 
7«tfrAa,  to  darken  ;    Russ.  incrAvru,  to  obscure  ;   allied 
perhaps  to  Jl/oor,  an  African  j  Gr.  afiavnot,] 
Dark ;  obscure  ;  gloomy. 

A  murky  glorm  deep  lowering  o*cr  our  1im<Is.  AtUtiaon. 

MI'R'^IUR,  n.  [L.  Sec  the  verb.]  A  low  sound 
riir.tinued  or  continuady  repeated,  as  that  of  a  stream 
Pinning  in  a  stony  channel,  or  that  of  Ilame. 

ninck  melitncholv  &ls, 
Dcrp.rn»  Ih*  murmur  of  th-  USWng  fi  o-Is 
And  bTCftthc!  a  browner  horror  on  ilii;  wfvo-ls.  Pope, 


MUS 

2.  A  complaint  half  suppressed,  or  uttered  in  a 
low,  muttering  voice. 

Some  di.^content&  thetfi  are,  Komc  idle  murrnurt.         Dryden. 

MUR'MUR,  V.  i.  [Ij.  murtnuro ;  Gr.  iiopuvpot;  Fr. 
7nurinurer  ;  Arm.  murmnli ;  Sp.  and  Port,  iiiurmurar ; 
It.  mormorare.  This  seems  to  be  a  duplication  of 
the  root,  which  is  retained  in  the  I),  morrcn^  G.  jitar- 
ren,  Sw.  murra^  Dan.  «i«rrcr,  to  mutter,  growl,  or 
murmur  ;  Sp.  morroj  purring,  as  a  cat ;   Sw.  rnorr,  a 

grumbling;  Ar.  wOy^  inarmara.    Class  Mr,  No.  7. 

It  seems,  also,  to  be  connected  with  ntcum^  Sax. 
TOHrnttn,  murciiif  n,  to  murmur.l 

1.  To  make  -i  low,  continued  noise,  like  the  hum 
of  bees,  a  stre.im  of  water,  rolling  waves,  or  like  the 
wind  in  a  forest ;  as,  the  niurmurin^  surge.     Skak. 

The  forests  murmur,  nnd  Ihc  surges  roar.  Pope. 

2.  To  grumble  ;  to  complain  ;  to  utter  complaints 
in  a  low,  half-articulated  voice  ;  to  utter  sullen  dis- 
content ;  with  Gt  before  the  thing  which  is  the  cause 
of  discontent ;  as,  mMrmur  not  a(  sickness  ;  or  with 
at  or  airainst  before  the  active  agent  which  produces 
the  evil. 

The  people  inwmmed  agaUiat  Moses,  —  F,x.  xiii. 

MUR'MUR-ER,  «.  One  who  murmurs;  one  who 
complains  sullenly  ;  a  grumbler. 

MUR'MUR-ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Uttering  romplaiiits  in  a 
low  voice  or  sullen  manner;  grumbling;  complain- 
ing. 

MUR'MOR-ING,  n.  The  utterance  of  a  low  sound  ; 
complaint. 

MlJll'MUR-ING-LY,  adv,  Willi  a  low  sound  ;  with 
complaints. 

MUR'MUR-OUS,  a.    Exciting  murmur  or  complaint. 

MURR,  TI.    A  calarrli.     [A'ot  in  tisc]        Oascoiffttc. 

MUR'RAIN,  (mur'rin,)  n.  [Sp.  viorrina^  a  disease 
among  cattle;  sadness;  Port,  morrinhn;  It.  moria, 
morirc;  Port.  moiTCr^  Sp.  Tiior/r,  L.  vtovioryXo  die.] 

An  infectious  and  fata!  disease  among  calilo. 
Eiod.  \\,  Bacon.     GarVi. 

MURRR,  J(.    A  kind  of  bird.  Carew. 

MUR'REY,  fi.  [from  the  root  of  .1/*jor,  an  African.] 
Of  a  dark-red  color.  Bacon.     Boyle. 

MLIR'RlIliNE,  (-rin,)  a.     [U  murrhiniL-i.] 

.Vmong  (Ae  fijicicnts,  an  epithet  given  to  a  delicate 
kind  of  ware,  made  of  fluor-spar  or  fluorid  of  cal- 
cium, brouglil  from  the  Ea-st ;  Pliny  says  from  Car- 
mania,  now  Kcrman,  in  Persia.     Encyc.     Pinkcrlon. 

MUR'Rl-ON,  71.  [Port.  7Hi)rriHm:  It  vioriane;  from 
the  root  of  L.  vuvrus,  a  wall.    See  Wub\l.] 

A  hemlet ;  a  casque ;  armor  for  the  head.  Written 
also  MoRioiT.  KinS' 

aiUR'ZAj  w.  The  hereditary  nobility  among  the  Tar- 
tars. Tlie  word  must  not  be  confounded  with  the 
Persian  Mirza.  Brande. 

MO'SARD,H.  [Fr.  See  Muse]  A  dreamer;  one 
who  is  apt  to  be  absent  in  mincl.     [O&s.]      Chtnccr. 

MUS'CA-DEL.    in.      [It.  mosMtello;    Port,   and  Sp. 

MUS'CA-DTNIC,  >      moscatel ;    Fr.    mvscat^    mtiscadiity 

MUS'CA-'J'EL,  J  muscadct;  from  It.7no5C(irfo,  n\usk, 
or  tmiscata^  [nose  vwscada,]  a  nutmeg,  Fr.  miisaide, 
from  vtiisc  Hence,  in  Italian,  vin  muscato,  muscat, 
or  muscadine  wine.] 

1.  An  appellation  given  to  a  kind  of  rich  wine,  and 
to  the  grapes  which  produce  it.    The  word  is  also 

2.  A  sweet  pear.  [used  as  a  noun. 
MUS'CAT,  71.     [Fr.]     A  sort  of  grape  and  of  wine. 

See  MuscADEL. 

MUSCH'EL-K-VLK,  n.  A  Gcmian  term  for  shell  lime- 
stone, whose  strata  belong  to  the  new  red  sandstone 
fitruKilion.  JIantcU. 

MIJS'CLE,  (mus'l,)  n.  [Fr.,  from  h.mitsculusj  a  mus- 
cle, and  a  little  vwusc ;  D.  Sw.  and  Dan.  inuskel ;  G. 
muschcl  f  Gr.  /n-c,  a  mouse,  and  a  nmscle.] 

1.  In  anatomy,  the  muscles  arc  the  organs  of  mo- 
tion, consisting  of  fibers,  or  bundles  of  fibers,  in- 
closed in  a  Iliiii  cellular  membrane.  The  muscles 
are  susceptible  of  contraction  and  relaxation,  and  in 
a  healthy  slate  a  part  of  the  muscles  are  subject  to 
the  will,  and  are  called  voluntary  muscles.  But  oth- 
ers, as  the  heart,  the  urinary  bladder,  the  stomach, 
&.C.,  which  arc  of  a  muscular  texture,  and  suscepti- 
ble of  contraction  and  dilatiition,  are  not  subject  to 
the  will,  and  are  therefore  called  involimtary  mus- 
cles. Tlie  red  color  of  the  miisrlcs  is  owing  to  the 
blood-vessels  which  they  contain.  The  ends  of  the 
nmsch.'s  are  fastened  to  the  bones  which  they  move, 
and  when  tliey  act  in  opposition  to  each  other,  they 
an:  called  antagonist.  Eneyc. 

Muscles  are  divided  into  the  head,  belly,  and  tail. 
The  head  is  the  part  fixed  on  the  immovable  joint 
called  its  origin,  and  is  usually  tendinous;  the  belly 
is  the  middle  tle^^hy  part,  wjiich  consists  of  the  true 
muscular  fillers  ;  the  tail  is  the  tendinous  portion  in- 
serted into  tin-  [jait  to  be  moved,  called  the  itisrriicn ; 
but  in  the  tendon,  the  fibers  are  niore  compact  than 
in  the  belly  of  the  muscle,  and  do  not  admit  the  red 
gUduiles.  Parr. 

2.  A  bivalvnlar  shell  fish  of  the  genus  Mytilus  of 
Linnanis  ;  sometimes  written  Mussel. 


MUS 

MUS'eoiD,  a.     [Gr.  nocxo^  and  utlt-i.] 
In  botany,  moss-like  ;  resemhling  moss. 

MUS'COlD,  II,    A  moss-like  plant,  ilowerless,  with  a 
distinct  stem  having  no  vascular  system,  but  often    ' 
lenves.  LindUii.       ' 

MCH-eOS'I-TY,  7J.     Mossiness. 

MUS-CO-Va'DO,  71.     [Sp.  nnd  Vovt.  inasrul>ado,  com 
pounded  of  Tftas,  more,  butj  nnd  acaboda,  ended,  fin-   i 
ished.    Mascabado  is  an  adjective,  signifying,  furllier 
advanced  in  the  process  tlian  when  in  sirup,  or  im-    : 
perfectly  finished;  from  acnbar,  to  finish;   ad  and    ' 
cabo,  head,  like  Fr.ackever.] 

Unr;fiiicd  sugar;   the  raw  material  from  which    I 
loaf  and  lump  sugar  are  procured  by  refining.    Mus- 
covado is  obtained  from  the  juice  of  the  sugar-cane 
by  evaporation,  and  draining  off  the  liquid  part  called   ; 
vwla.^ses.  Edaard^: 

[This  word  is  used  either  as  a  noun  or  an  adjcc-   ; 
tive  ;  primarily  an  adjective.] 

MUS'€0-VV-DUCK,  71.  A  specicsof  duck, .^nasmos- 
chata  of  Linme\is,  larger  than  the  common  duck, 
often  raised  in  poultry  yards ;  sometimes  called  the 
Musk-duck.  Edin.  Encyc.        ' 

MUS'CO-VY-GLXSS,  ».     Mica,  which  see. 

MUS'eU-L.^R,  a.  [from  muscle.']  Pertaining  to  a 
nmscle  ;  as,  muscular  fiber. 

2.  Performed  by  a  muscle  ;  as,  musatlar  motion. 

3.  Strong;  bmwny  ;  vigorous;  as,  a  mitscuter  boriv 
or  frame. 

rdUS-CU-LAR'i-TY,  71.    The  state  of  being  muscular. 

Orac.        I 
iMUS'eiJ-LAR-LY,    adc.      In  a  muscular  manner  ;    , 

strongly, 
MUS'CU-UTE,  71.     A  petrified  muscle  or  shell. 

Kincan. 
MI;S'€i;-I.OUS,  a.     [L.  musculosus.] 

1.  Full  of  muscles. 

2.  Strong ;  brawny. 

-    3.  Pertaining  to  a  muscle  or  to  muscles. 
MCSE,  TI.     [L.  musa;  Gr.  p-ivfra.     Sec  the  verb.] 

1.  Properly,  song  ;  but  in  nsa^re,  the  deity  or  power 
of  poetry.  Hence  poets,  in  modern  times,  as  in  an- 
cient, invoke  the  aid  of  the  Muse,  or,  in  other  words, 
the  genius  of  poetr>'.     [Sec  Musks.] 


Granville  connmnds;  yoiirnid,  O  Mu^eit,  biiiig  : 
Whai  tnute  for  Gnnvillc  can  refipsc  to  siii"? 


Pope. 


He  mused  npon  some  dangirong  plot. 

1  muse  on  (he  works  of  ihy  Imnds.  — Ps.  cxlui. 


Sielnty. 


9.  To  be  absent  in  mind  ;  to  be  so  occupied  in 
study  or  contemplation,  as  not  to  observe  pas3ing 
scenes  or  tilings  present.  Shak. 

3.  To  wonder. 

Do  aotmusc  of  nie.     [Obs.]  Slia!:. 

Muse,  v.  /,    To  think  on;  to  meditate  on.  Thomson. 
MuS'-ED,  pp.    Meditated  ;  thought  on. 
MCSE'FJJL.  a.    Thinking  deeply  or  closely  ;  thought- 
ful, silently. 

Pull  of  muse/ul  mopinga.  Dnjdcn. 

MUSE'FIJL-LY,  adv.    Thoughtfully. 

MuSE'LESS,  a.    Disregarding  the  power  of  poetry. 

Milton. 

MtJS'ER,  77.  One  who  thinks  closely  in  silence,  or 
one  apt  to  be  absent  in  mind.  Juhnson. 

Mti'SES,  71.  7i/.  [L.  Musa;  Gr.  M'lvffai.]  In  wythd- 
oinj,  the  nine  sister  goddesses,  supposed  to  protidt- 
over  the  liberal  arts. 

MO'SET,  71.  A  gap  in  a  hedge;  the  place  thiou::;) 
which  the  hare  goes  to  relief;  a  hnttin^  term. 

BiiUcy. 

MU-Se'UM,  71.  [Gr.  povcui'v,  a  place  for  the  muses, 
or  for  study.] 

A  repository  of  natural,  scientific,  and  literary  cu- 
riosities, or  of  works  of  art.  Oicift. 

MUSH,  71.     [G.  mus,  pap.] 

The  meal  of  mai7.<i  l)oiIed  in  water. 

MnSH'ROO.M,  71,  [Fr.  mousseroyt^  the  white  mush- 
room, from  mousse,  hios's,  or  the  same  root,  bearing 
the  s<mse  of  softness  or  nap.] 


2.  Deep  thought ;  close  attention  or  contemplation 
which  abstracts  the  mind  from  passing  scenes; 
hence,  sometimes,  absence  of  mind. 

As  in  great  muae,  no  word  lo  creature  8]\Tke.  Sperwer. 

He  w.Tfi  filled 
With  admiraiiftn  and  deep  muse  to  hear 
Of  things  so  high  and  sirange.  Milton. 

MOSE,  V.  i.  [Fr.  muscr,  to  U>itcr  or  trifle ;  It.  v)us.Trc, 
to  gaze,  to  stand  idle  ;  allied  to  this  word,  probably, 
are  L.  vtnsso  and  mussita,  to  mutter  or  murnmr,  to 
denmr,  to  be  silent.  The  Greek  pv^n  signifies  to 
press,  or  utter  sound  with  the  lips  compressed.  'I'he 
latter  viirb  belongs  to  Class  Mf* ;  for  prnfia,  a  sound 
uttered  through  the  nose,  or  with  close  lips,  is  of  the 
same  family,  L.  viussitatio.  The  word,  then,  prima- 
rily denotes  what  we  call  kummin^'r,  to  kuiii,  as  per 
sons  do  when  idle,  or  alone  and  steadily  occupied 
If  the  elements  of  the  word  are  Ms,  it  'may  oe  re 

ferred  to  tlie  Ar.  and  Syr.  ,  wwi-^jl)  luzmasa.    Class  Jh 

No.  35.] 

1.  To  ponder;  to  think  closely;  lo  study  in  ri 
lence. 


FSTE,  F.'iU,  FALL,  WHAT.  — Mi":TE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — N6TE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK. 


MCS 

1.  The  common  name  of  numerous  cn'ptogamic 
plants  of  the  natural  order  of  Fungi.  Sonie  of  them 
are  esculent,  others  poisonous.  Mushrttonis  grow  on 
dunghills,  and  in  moist,  rich  ground,  and  orten  spring 
up  in  a  short  time. 

The  orifii)  of  man,  in  ihe  ticw  of  llio  athciet,  U  Uie  pnme  with 
that  of  the  mushroom.  Dtri'ht. 

Tlie  term  mushroom  is  sometimes  applied  to  distin- 
guish the  edible  fungi  from  the  toadstools,  which  are 
poisonous. 

2.  An  upstart ;  one  that  rises  suddenly  from  a  low 
condition  in  life-  Bacon, 

MC''SI€,  Ji.  [L.  musica;  Or.  ftovtriKi};  Fr.  musi^uc 
See  Ml-5e.] 

1.  Melody  or  harmony  ;  any  succession  of  sounds 
so  modulated  as  to  please  Iht?  car,  or  any  comhina- 
tion  of  simultaneous  sounds  in  accordance  or  har- 
mony. Slusic  is  vocal  or  iiustruutcntal.  Vocal  music 
is  the  melody  of  a  single  voice,  or  the  harmony  of 
two  or  more  voices  in  concert.  Instruvientat  music 
is  that  produced  by  one  or  more  instruments. 

By  music  iriada  aii  equal  leiiioer  know.  Pope. 

9.  Any  entertainment  consisting  ia  melody  or  har- 
mony. 

WTni  musie,  and  dancing,  and  diTereioiis,  and  scnp  are  Ic  many 
in  itie  world,  that  pntyers,  and  d\:voiious,  anJpecilimi  aic  to 
you.  haio. 

3.  The  science  of  harmcnical  sounds,  which  treats 
of  the  principles  of  harmony,  or  the  properties,  de- 
pendencies, and  relations,  of  sounds  to  each  other. 
This  may  be  called  speculaticc  or  thevretical  vmsic. 

Encijc. 

4.  The  art  of  combining  sounds  in  a  manner  to 
please  the  ear.  This  is  practical  music  or  composi- 
tion. Ell  eye. 

5.  Order ;  harmony  in  revolutions ;  as,  the  music 
of  the  spheres. 

Music  of  the  spheres :  the  harmony  supposed  by  the 
ancients  to  be  produced  by  the  accordant  moveineuts 
of  the  celestial  orbs. 

Mu'SIC^AL,  o.  Belonging  to  music;  as,  7ntma[i  pro- 
portion ;  a  musical  instrument. 

9.  Producing  music  or  agreeable  sounds  ;  as,  a  mu- 
sical voice. 

3.  Melodious ;  harmonious  ;  pleasing  to  the  ear ; 
as,  musical  sounds  or  numbers. 

Musical  glasses ;  a  musical  instrument  consisting 
of  a  number  of  glass  goblets,  played  upon  witli  the 
end  of  the  finger  damped. 

Mu'SIC^AL-LY,  oJir.  Ia  a  melodious  or  harmonious 
manner;  with  s%veet  sounds. 

Mu'SlG-AL-NESS,  r,.  The  quality  of  being  uielodi- 
ous  or  harmoaious. 

Mu'SI€^BpOK,  7!.  A  book  containing  tunes  or  songs 
for  the  voice  or  for  instruments. 

MU-Sr'CIAN,  (mu-zish'an,)  n.  One  that  sings  or 
performs  on  instruments  cf  music  according  to  the 
rules  of  the  art. 

9.  A  person  skilled  in  the  science  of  music.  In 
this  sense,  it  has  commonly  some  qualifying  term; 
as,  a  scientific  musician.  Smart. 

&IO'Sie-MAS-TER,  n.    One  who  leaches  music. 

.Mu'Sre-STOOL,  n.  A  stool  or  seat  for  one  who  per- 
forms on  a  piano-foite  or  similar  instrument. 

MuS'ING,p/»r.  or  a.     Meditating  in  silence. 

MuS'ING,  71,    Meditation  ;  contemplation. 

MC5'ING-LY,  adv.     By  musing;  in  a  musing  way. 

SiUSK,  71.  [L.  mitseusi  Gr.  (/"cr\;oy,  musk,  and  moss  ; 
It.  mnsco  and  musckio ;  Sp.  musco  :  Fr.  and  Arm. 
muse :  W.  vtwsg.  The  latter  Owen  derives  from  7U7cs, 
which,  as  a  noun,  signifies  something  that  shoots 
out,  effluvia,  and  as  an  adjective,  of  a  Btrong  scent. 
The  Arabic  word  coinciding  with  Uie.se  is  found  un- 


MUS 


der 


tiX«JMU.< 


masaka.  to  hold  or  contain,  and  the 


name  is  interpreted  to  signify  both  the  follicle  con- 
taining the  matter,  and  the  substance  contained.] 

A  strong-scented  substanC'e,  obtained  from  a  cy.^t 
or  bag  near  the  navel  of  the  Thibet  musk,  Moschus 
7no5cAi/"«-us,  an  animal  that  inhabits  the  Asiatic  Alps, 
especially  the  Altaic  chain.  Thi'i  animal  is  a  little 
mure  than  three  feet  in  length  ;  the  head  resembles 
that  of  the  roe;  the  fur  is  coarse,  libe  that  of  the 
cervine  race,  but  thick,  erect,  smooth,  and  soft,  it 
has  no  horns,  but  the  male  has  two  long  tusks,  one 
on  each  side,  projecting  from  the  mouth.  The  female 
is  smaller  than  the  male,  and  has  neither  tusks  nor 
folhcle.  The  cyst  of  the  male  is  about  the  size  of  a 
hen's  egg,  oval,  fiat  on  one  side  and  rounded  on  the 
other,  having  a  small  orifice.  This  contains  a  clot- 
ted, oily,  friable  matter,  of  a  dark  brown  color,  whicii 
is  tiie  true  musk,  one  of  the  strongest  odors  or  per- 
fimies  in  nature.  We  give  the  name  to  the  sub- 
stance and  to  the  animal.  Encijc.     P.  Cyc. 

5IUSK,  n.    Grape-hyacinth  or  grape-flower: 

Johnson. 

MU?K,  V.  U    To  perfume  with  musk. 

MUSK'-AP-PLE,  71.     A  particular  kind  of  apple. 

Mi;SK'-€AT,  71.    The  animal  called  vtusk^  which  see. 

Xir.SK'-CHEK-KY,  77.     A  kind  of  cherry. 

MUSK'-DEER.,  71.    The  common  name  of  the  animal 
called  mu^k.     [See  Ml-sk.]  P.  Cyc. 


MUSK'-DUCK,  77.    A  specie.^  of  duck,  w  called  fr- . . 

ibt  m:>sky  odor ;  the  Musco\7^  duck. 
MUri'KET,  ir.     [It.  mo.ichettu :  ?p.  mntqtteu  :  Fr.  nouj- 

quct.    It  seems  to  be  formed  from  Fp.  noaca^  L.  ik«#- 

crt,  a  fly.] 

1.  A  sjwcies  of  fire-armn  u.icd  in  war,  and  wiei- 
nally  fired  by  means  of  a  lighted  match.  Tht^  man- 
ner of  firing  was  in  use  a?*  Itiie  ai  the  civil  war  in 
England.  The  name  is  now  applied  to  fuHec«  or 
fire-lucks  fired  by  a  spring-lock.  Encue. 

2.  A  male  hawk  of  a  small  kind,  the  fL-male  of 
which  1^5  the  sparruw-hawk.         Dnidcn.     Ilanmer. 

MUS-lvET-EEU',  n.    A  soldier  armeil  with  n  muxket. 

. ,  Clnrcndiin. 

MUS-KET-00-\',77.    [Fr.moTwyK^oTi.     Pee  .\I.;«Kr.T.] 

1.  A  short,  thick  musket,  carrying  five  ounces  of 

iron,  or  seven  and  a  half  of  lead  ;  the  Bhortcrt  kind 

of  blunderbuss.  Ennjr. 

9.  One  who  is  armed  with  a  mu»<ketoon.    HrrbcrL 

MUS'KET-PROOF,  a.  Capable  of  resisting  the  force 
of  a  miiskt-t-l.all. 

MUS'KET-RV,  71.    Muskets  in  general,  or  their  fire. 

MUSK'I-NEti.S,  H.    [from  mush.]    'J'he  Fccnt  of  musk. 

Jahnjon. 

MUSK'MEL-OX,  n.  [vnu<:k  and  melon.]  A  delicious 
species  of  melon  ;  named  probably  from  its  fragrance. 

MU.SK'-OX,  H.  The  Ovibos  nioschntii::,  a  ruminant 
mammal  of  the  bovine  tribe,  which  iiihabiis  the 
country  about  Hudson's  IJav.  It  has  large  horns 
united  at  the  skull,  but  turned  downward  on  each 
side  of  the  head.  The  huir  of  this  animal  is  very 
long  and  fine.  Encyc.     P.  Oje. 

MUSK'-PEaR,  71.  A  fragrant  kind  of  |>ear.  Jvkn^on. 

MtJSK'RAT,     )   77.     .An  American  animal,  the  Fihfr 

WUS'aUASfl,  j  zibcthleus.  It  has  a  compressed, 
lanceolated  tail,  witii  toes  separate  It  has  the  smrll 
of  musk  in  summer,  but  loses  it  in  winter.  'J'hc  fur 
is  used  by  halters.  Its  popular  name  in  America,  is 
Mrsui: ASH,  the  Indian  name.  Belknap. 

MUSK'-RoSE,  n.  A  species  of  rose  ;  so  called  from 
its  fragrance.  ij'.jc.»n.    Mihon. 

MUSK'-SEED,  n.  'The  seed  of  a  plant,  of  the  genua 
Hibiscus. 

MUSK'-V'OOD,  77.  The  wood  of  a  sjiecies  of  tree  of 
the  gen:;s  Trichilia. 

ftrQSK'V,  a.    Having  the  odor  of  musk  ;  fragrant. 

MUS'LIN,  71.  [Fr.  mousseline  ;  It.  Ji-ussoUaa,  mtissola  : 
Sp.  Tnoselijta  or  jiiiLiuUna.  Th's,  if  a  compound 
word,  is  formed  of  Fr.  viottsse,  moss,  or  its  nwt,  on 
account  of  its  soft  nap,  and  lin,  flax.  The  opinion 
of  Lunier,that  it  is  named  from  Jiloussoul,  in  Meso|H>- 
tamia,  is  pmbably  unfounl.-il.j 

A  sort  of  fine",  thin,  col-.u  cloth,  which  bears  a 
downy  nap,  on  its  surface  Braude. 

MUS'LIX,  a.    Made  of  muslin  ;  as,  a  muslin  gown. 

MUS'LIX  DE  LaIXE,  n.  [Fr.  mous.^dine  de  Inine.' 
Literally^  woolen  muslin  ;  a  woolen  fabric  of  ex 
tremely  light  texture,  used  for  ladies'  dresses,  fiic. 

MUS-LIN-ET',  77.     A  sort  of  cojirse  cotton  cloth. 

MUS'MON,     (   n.    An  animal  esteemed  a  species  of 

MUS'I-MOX,  (  sheep,  described  by  th"  ancients  as 
common  in  Corsica,  Sardinia,  and  itarbary.  BulTon, 
and  other  naturalists  consider  i^  'o  be  the  sheep  in  a 
wild  state.  Sicatnso/t, 

MUS'Ql'ASH.    Sec  MrsKKAT. 

MUS-aCi'TO,  ).„„,,.-,,„.  W'-      [Sp.    and    Port. 

MUS-Ke'TO,  1  tmus-fl.e  lo,;  j  jnosquito,  from  Sp. 
mosca,  L.  vtusca,  a  fly.] 

A  small  insect  of  tue  genus  Culex,  that  is  bred  in 
water;  a  species  of  gnat  that  abounds  in  marshes 
and  low  lands,  and  whose  sting  is  peculiarly  pairiful 
and  vexatious. 

This  word  has  been  spelled  in  various  ways,  but 
MuatiuiTo  and  Mosqitito  are  most  prevalent,  thi>ugh 
the  anglicized  fium  Musseto  would  be  preferable  lo 
either. 

MU3'R5LE,  71.    [Fr.  musn-oUe,  from  vmseau,  mu7.7Je.] 
The  nose-band  of  a  horse's  hridle.  Bailey. 

MUSS,  H.    A  scramhle  ;  a  confused  stnipgle.    Shak. 

MITS'SKL,  n.     A  bivalve  shell  fish.     [See  MfscLi:.] 

M  L'S'SlTE,  n.  [from  the  valley  of  Jaussa,  in  Pied- 
mont.] 

A  variety  of  pyroxene  of  a  greenish- while  color  ; 
otherwise  called  Diopside.  Diet.  .YaU  Ifu-t. 

MUS'SUlr-MAN,  71. ;  pi.  .Mussulmans.  A  Mohamme- 
dan, or  follower  of  Mohammed. 

This  word  is  said  lo  signify  resi<rnc^  to  God.  It  is 
tlic  dual  number  of  moslem,  of  which  the  plural  is 
moslimirt.  Brandc 

MUS-SUL-MAX'ie,  0.  Pertaining  lo  Mussulmans, 
or  like  then  or  their  customs.  Dumas. 

MUS'SL'I^M.\N-ISH,  a.     Mohammedan.      Herbert. 

MUS'SUL-M/VN-LY,  cdv.  In  the  manner  of  .Mus- 
sulmans. •) 

MUS'l',  r.  7.  [Sax.  most ;  D.  moeten,  moest :  Sw.  maste  : 
G.  miisscn.  It  is  used  as  an  auxiliary  verb,  and  has 
no  variation  to  express  person,  lime,  or  number.  Its 
primary  sense  is,  probably,  to  be  strong  or  able,  as  it  is 
rendered  iu  Saxon  ;  from  pressing,  straining.  Class 
Ms,  No.  95.    Ch.  and  Xo.  31.] 

1.  To  be  obliged  ;  to  be  necessitated.  It  ctprc-^ses 
both  physical  and  moral  necessity.  A  man  musi  eat 
for  nourishment,  and  he  must  sleep  for  refn\';hm:'nt. 
VVe  must  submit  to  the  laws  or  be  exposed  to  puu- 


2.  It . 

nary  or  ■ 
**  Deacon*  mm 
good  nimn  of  > 
MIST,  »i.       ( 

mcrfo  :  1' 
ajid  I'b. 
Win'  ■ 


ftlUST,  r,  (.     [Pr.  ■win,  tacAdy  ;    It 
imi«ly.    Uu.  W.  ■««,  of  •  iCnMf  Kx„. 

To  make  mt^dy  and  anur.  jW  -■ 

MV.^-'V,  r.  i.    To  grow  moldy  and  mm  to  f 

fr:tid  wmt-n. 
MCST.AC-  n.    A  froall  tuftH  mamkr- 
.MI-H-'IAr-HK'.  (lou- tifli',)  m,  M.  t     . 
Mi;.^-T.\rH'ES, ».  K  (       .  ,. 

whisker  :  It  me»tAiecki«  :  Cf.  p»«r«{,  Ugt  (. 

and  the  hatr  growioijun  iLj 
\jbuz  barr  on  the  upprr  hp. 
MUfi-TACH'K),  (mm-ti*h'o,.  ' 

MeiT»rriE. 
MC-i-rAOiriO-O), «.     Hiv,- 
MC.«'TARn,   n.     [Il  r- 

mujiUjrd:  Port,  maitnr 

mvx.  thai  hajf  a  rtn-n^ 

OULJ 

A  p!ant  of  the  Kcnu*  Plnapk,  «b< 

ha8  a  ptincent  taste,  and  ii  ar>  '^ 

used  externally  in  calapla<T: 

diiin^llc  and  irritant. 
MUS-TEE',  i   m.    The  child 
SIES-TEE'.  i      qtiadrr- 
Ml'S'TE-LT.VR,  a.     [!, 

wea-Hitj 
Pertaining  lo  the  ^^ 

family,  confttitutinj;  \'. 

a^,  a  miL<uUne  color. 
MUS'TER,  F.  L     [G.  Kiu^Urx,  l7.  1^ 

stra,  Dan.  mtm-'frrr,  to  iim«trr;  Ii,  • 

Port.    7rio,«frtir,   Fr.     momlrrr,    L.    us- 

Either  -n   ha-i  hrvii  l(»-t  in  •omc  i»f  Ih-    c    . 

or  it  is  not  radical  in  the  I.aiio.] 

1.  Properly,  lo  collect  tfo"(.-   f^r  r- v! 
and  exerci.-e  ;  but,  in  s^rmrr 

troops,  persons,  or  tiling*,     l 
Sdldierii  rcpilariy  ;  tJicy  mu^!  - 
philuMipher   viujttT*   i^l    thtj    wi- 
anirient.-*.  Sprxser.    7, 

2.  To  mmsUt  up :  to  father  or  o\ " 
some  difficulty  :  as,  lo  miLfier  mf  c< 

To  muster  troops  into  ifrnc^^vi  I'l 

them  on  the  mu«ter-n'II  ^-f  tli 

troop^i  cut  o/jfrrtcr,  i*  to  in 

a  niu5ler-roII,  r.ccordinc  t«i  v 

ff.r  the  list  time,  and  are  tU-. 
MCS'TER,  r.  i.     To  assemble  ;  t  .  r 
MUS'TER,!!.     fll.and  Pori-mflftra, 

Sp.    muAcfra,  .a   pall'Tn,  a    m~«1  V 

TRiutfr,  a  pattern,  a  - 

ster ;  1*.  monjtrtm,  a  - 

1.  .An  assLinblingoi 
of  troops  under  arm*. 

2.  A  register  or  n>ll  of  ti\- 

Yc  ptiNUh  ihs  rrmsirrt  of  re   - 

3.  .\  collection,  or  the  art  of  colkctinf. 

To  pasj  muster  :  to  y-.  "*• "■■■• 

muster  or  inspection. 
MCS'TER-CQOK,  b.     A 

registered. 
ML'S'TER-KD.pp.    .Vicsembl 
ML'STER-FILE,  «.    The  w 

MrS'TER-MAS-TER,*.    One  wlh.  • 

of  troops,  and  of  their  ami*  and  <  * 

paralus.    TIw  chief  officer  of  tJu-   .*.- 

mnstrr-ymaster-^entreJ. 
Mrs'TER-R6I.I*,K.    .K  TvA)  rr  TTtiflrT**f  ' 

in  each  companv,  tn^-—     •  '      

MI'S'TI-IA*,  flir.     [fr 
MI'S'TI-NESS,  17.      I 

stiur  ;  moldiness  ;  daiii,-  .^ ■ 

MUS'TY,   fl.     [(htm  wiwC.}     .Moldy;   wir 

fiti'l  ;  as,  a  musSv  cask  ;  m»sfy  com  o»  <:"■ 

2.  Stale  ;  spoiled  by  age. 

The  prtr-i-rti  Is  ^.-nacwH;;  •uT) .  .a»t 

3.  Ha\in"  an  ill  Uavnr ;  as.  mmstj  vrine.      ^T*- 

4.  Dull ;  heavy  ;  spiniles*. 

Tlul  (k:  may  Dot  ptrtr  nuttf  3»1  tr  f :  at  cwrrrm;-*-^^^^ 

MU-TA-BIL'I-TY.  «. 

L.  mutabtlit.:s,  from  • 

1.  Cbangt^ablem^s*  :  .    „  .-. 

quality  of  l>cing subJL^t  U--  iL^r.--.- « r  ..':.•  ■■■:■  n, f -:^ 
in  form,  stale,  or  e^scniial  qaal:i»r». 

PKtti?  ConS'wc*  lS.\t  iV  '■-   ■—  •  ""•  .      ■■  " 

eoqwrral,  ■"!  ih"' 

5.  The  slalL'  ol'  hr.' 

3.  Chane*'ablrt>e*s...  


TONE,  BJJLL,  UNITE. 


-AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.-e  as  K ;  c^  as  J  :  S  as  7  ;  CM  a^  PH :  TH  as  ia  THIS. 


rjo 


MUX 


inconstancy  ;  inslabilUy  j  as,  Ihe  mutabitUtj  of  opin- 
ion or  purpose. 
MO'TA-HLE.a.    [It.  mutabile  ;  L.  wufa&i/w,  from  muto, 
to  clinnji^s  \V.  mtidaie.     See  Mew.] 

1.  tiiibjcct  to  change  ;  changeable;  thnt  may  be  al- 
tered in  form,  qualities,  or  nature.  Almost  over>' 
thing  we  see  on  earth  is  mutable ;  substances  arc 
mutable  in  their  furn),nnd  we  all  know  by  sad  ex- 
iHjrience  liow  mutable  are  the  conditions  of  life. 

2.  Inconstant;  unsettled;  unstable;  susceptible 
of  change.  Our  opinions  and  our  purposes  are 
mutable. 

MO'TA-RLE-NESS,  n.    Changeableness  ;  mutability  ; 

instability. 
MO'TA-HLY,  adv.    Cliangeably. 
JI0'TA6E,  ".     A  process  for  checking  the  fermenta- 
tion of  the  must  of  grapes.  Ure. 
MU-T.a'TIOX,  v.     [L.  viutatio.] 

1.  'i'he  act  or  process  of  chanping. 

S>.  Change;  alteration,  either  in  form  or  qualities. 

The  vicissitude  or  mutaionM  in  the  superior  globe  are  no  fit  mat- 
ter Ibr  ihii  present  arj^Dcni.  Bacon. 

MU-Ta'TIS  MU-TA^DIS,    [L.]      The    necessary 

changes  being  made. 
MOTE,  a.     [L.  muUut;  W.  viM;  Fr.  muH;  It.  muto; 

Sp.  mudo;  Ir.  muite;  Arm.  mud  nr  smudct.'\ 

1.  Silent;  not  speaking;  not  uttering  words,  or 
not  having  llie  power  of  utterance;  dumb.  Mule 
may  express  temporarj'  silence,  or  permanent  ina- 
bility to  speak. 

To  the  mut«  my  speech  is  lost.  Drylen. 

In  this  phrase,  it  denotes  unable  to  utter  words. 
More  generally,  it  denotes  temporarily  silent ;  as,  all 
sat  ntufe. 

AU  Ihc  heaveuly  chuir  slooti  tnute.  Milton. 

2.  Uttering  no  sound  ;  as.miUe  sorrow. 

3.  Silent ;  not  pronounced  ;  as,  a  mute  letter. 
MtJTE,  »j.     A  person  who  can  not  speak,  or  who  re- 
mains silent ;  as,  a  mufe  in  a  play. 

2.  In  law,  a  person  that  stands  speechless  wlien  he 
ought  to  answer  or  plead. 

3.  In  Turkeii,  a  dumb  officer  wtio  acts  as  execu- 
tioner of  persons  of  high  rank.  Brande. 

4.  In  Eii^'land,  a  person  employed  by  undertakers 
to  stand  before  the  door  of  a  house  in  which  there  is 
a  corpse. 

5.  In  «T<im»iar,  a  letter  that  represents  no  pound  ; 
a  close  articulation  which  intercepts  the  voice.  Mutes 
nre  of  two  kinds,  pure  nnd  impure.  The  pure  mutes 
in&lantly  ami  entirely  intercept  the  voice,  rs,  k,  p, 
and  t,  in  tbe  syllables  ck,  ep,  ct.  The  imp'ire  mutes 
intcrce[it  the  voire  less  suddenly,  as  the  articulations 
ore  less  close.  Such  are  b,  d,  and  ff,  as  in  the  sylla- 
bles cb,  cdy  eg. 

6.  In  music,  a  little  utensil  of  wood  or  brass,  used 
on  a  violin  tr>  deailen  or  suften  th^  sounds.       Busby. 

MCTE.  V.  i.     [Fr.  viutir.] 

To  eject  the  contents  of  the  bowels,  ns  birds. 

B.  Jonson. 
MtTE.  n.    The  duns  of  birds.  Hudibras. 

BICTE'LY,  adv.    Silently  ;  without  uttering  words  or 

sounds.  Milton, 

MCTE'NESP.  n.    Silence;  forbearance  of  speaking. 
MU'TI-LATE,  V.  t.     ih.mntilo,  probably  from  the  root 
or  meto,  to  cut  oft':  Fr.  viutiler;  It.  mutilnrc] 

i.  To  cut  olf  u  liMib  or  essential  part  of  an  animal 
body.  To  cut  olf  the  bund  or  foot  is  to  mvtUatcihe 
body  or  the  person. 

2.  To  cut  or  break  off,  or  otherwise  separate  any 
important  part,  as  of  a  statue  or  building.        Kncijc. 

3.  To  retrench,  destroy,  or  remove  any  material 
part,  So  as  to  render  the  thing  imperfect;  as,  to  mu- 
tilate the  poems  of  Homer,  or  the  orations  of  Cicero. 

Amon»  the  mutilated  poels  of  atitiquilv,  there  is  none  whose 
fragmenis  are  so  beauiil'ul  as  those  of  Sappho.    Addison. 

MC'TI-La-TED,  pp.  or  a.  Deprived  of  a  limb,  or  of 
an  essential  port. 

MU'TI-LA-TEU,  I  a.  In  botany^  the  reverse  of  LuxuRi- 

Mfc'Ti-L.ATE,  \  AST;  not  producing  a  corol,  when 
not  regularly  apctalous  ;  apj)licd  tojiowtrs, 

I^ce.     Martyn. 

MC'TILA-TIXG,  ppr.  Retrenching  a  limb,  or  an  es- 
sential JlHft. 

MU-TI-LA'TIOi\.  n.    [L.  mutiUtio.\ 

1.  The  act  of  mutilating;  deprivation  of  a  limb  or 
of  an  essential  part. 

2.  Mutilation  is  a  term  of  very  pencral  import,  ap- 
plied to  bodies,  to  statues,  to  buildings,  and  to  wnt- 
iri;.'s;  but  appropriately,  it  denotes  the  retrenchment 
ol'a  human  limb  or  member,  mid  particularly  of  the 
male  organs  of  generation. 

WC'TI-LA-TOR,  ji.     One  wlio  niutilntes. 

MO'TI-LOUS,  a.    Mutilntcd  ;  defective;  imperfect.  Ray. 

MC'TINE,  a  mutineer,  and  MC'TINE,  to  mutiny,  are 
utd  in  use. 

aiU-TI-NEER',  n.  [See  Mutiny.]  One  guilty  of 
mutiny  ;  u  [)Crson  in  military  or  naval  service,  wlio 
rises  in  op;iosition  to  the  authnnty  of  the  otlicors, 
who  ojienly  resists  the  j;overumenl  of  the  army  or 
navy,  or  attempU  to  destroy  due  subordination. 

MCT'I.\(i,  71.    'J'he  dung  of  birds.  More. 

Mt'TI-NOUS.   a.     Turbulent;    disposed    to   resist  the 


MUX 

authority  of  laws  and  regulations  in  an  army  or  na- 
vy, or  openly  resisting  such  authority. 
2.  Seditious.     [See  Mutinv.] 

Mu'TI-NOUS-LY,  adi\  In  a  manner  or  with  Intent 
to  oppose  lawful  authority,  or  tlue  subordination  in 
military  or  naval  service. 

MO'TI-NOUS-NESS,  it.  The  state  of  being  muti- 
nous ;  opposition  to  lawful  authority  among  military 
men. 

MO'TI-NY,  Ti.  L^*"'"-  ™ut"t)  refractory,  stubborn,  mu- 
tiner,  to  mutiny  or  rise  in  arms  ;  vuittncric,  nmtiny  ; 
Sp.  vwtin,  a  mutiny  ;  aviotinnr,  to  excite  rebellion  ; 
It.  mutiuare,  to  mutiny  ;  Port,  motim  ;  I),  muitcit,  mu- 
tiny, and  as  n  verl>,to  mutiny,  and  to  mru:,  to  molt  or 
ca^t  the  feathers,  coinciding  with  the  Fr.  niucr,  Eng. 
to  mew;  i.i.  meuterey^  mutiny,  and  iKau.\cn,  to  mew 
or  molt;  D:in.  myteric  ;  Sw.  7Hy((m,  mutiny  ;  Arm. 
THUia,  to  mew  or  molt.  We  sec  that  these  words, 
mutiny  and  mew,  are  from  the  same  root  as  L.  muto, 
to  change,  VV.  mudaw,  whicli  is  radically  the  same 
word  as  L.  mutOj  to  ninve.  Mutiny  is  formed  from 
the  French  mutiUy  a  derivative  word,  and  mew  from 
the  root  or  verb.  So  vtutin,  in  Spanish,  is  a  deriva- 
tive, while  viuda,  change,  and  Port,  mudar,  to  change 

feathers,  are  directly  from  the  verb;  Eth.       ,i* (I  I 

luit,  to  turn ;   At.  Llx^  matau,  to  move  or  drive, 

or  laLc  inata,  to  drive.    Class  Md,  No.  1-1,  10.] 

An  insurrection  of  soldiers  or  seamen  against  the 
authority  of  their  commanders  ;  open  resistance  of 
officers, 'or  opposition  to  their  authority.  A  mutiny  is 
properly  the  act  of  numbers,  hut  by  statutes  and  or- 
tiers  for  governing  the  army  and  navy  in  diflcrenl 
countries,  the  acts  which  constitute  nmtiny  are  mul- 
tiplied and  defined  ;  and  actsof  individuals,  amount- 
ing to  a  resistance  of  tiie  authority  or  lawful  com- 
mands of  officers,  are  declared  to  be  mutiny.  Any 
attempt  to  excite  opposition  to  lawful  authority,  or 
any  act  of  contempt  toward  ofticers,  or  disobedience 
of  commands,  is  by  the  British  Mutiny  Act  declared 
to  be  imuiny.  Any  conceaiment  of  mutinous  acts, 
or  neglect  to  attempt  a  suppression  of  thorn,  is  de- 
clared also  to  be  mutiny. 

Jt.'ote,  —  In  good  authors  who  Iive5  a  century  ago, 
miitimj  and  7wiiriHoti5  were  applied  to  in.surrection  and 
sedition  in  civil  society.  But  i  believe  these  words 
are  now  apfHied  exclusively  to  soldiers  and  seamen. 

Mu'TI-XY,  r.  i.  To  rise  against  lawful  authority  in 
military  and  naval  service  ;  to  excite,  or  attempt  to 
excite,  opposition  lo  the  lawful  commands  of  military 
and  naval  officers  ;  to  commit  some  act  wliich  tends 
to  bring  the  authority  of  officers  into  contempt,  or  in 
any  way  to  promote  insubordination. 

MUT'TER,  r.i  [Tj.  mutio,  mutiio,iiml  viusso,viHs$ito  ; 
allied  perliaps  to  muse,  which  see.] 

1.  To  utter  words  with  a  low  voice  and  compressed 
lips,  with  suUenness  or  in  complaint ;  to  griimble;  to 
murmur. 

Meaiilimf;  your  filthy  foreigner  will  slore, 

Ami  rnuUer  to  himself.  Drydtn. 

2.  To  sound  with  a  low,  rumbling  noise. 

Thick  h^hliiin^  Hash,  Uie  mullerivg  thun.lcr  rolls.  Pajie. 

MUT'TER,  V.  t.  To  utter  with  imperfect  articulations, 
or  witli  a  low,  murmuring  voice. 

Your  lips  h-ivc  sjiokeu  lies,  your  tongue  h:nh  muttered  perverse- 

ncss.  —  Is.  hx. 
Tlicy  in  eleop  wM  mutter  their  aSiiirs.  STtak. 

MUT'TER,  Ti.    Murmur;  obscure  utterance.    Milton, 

MVT'TER-ET),  pp.  or  a.  Uttered  in  a  low,  murmur- 
ing voice. 

MUT'TER-ER,  n.    A  grumbler;  one  tliat  mutters. 

MUT'TER-ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Uttering  with  a  low,  mur- 
muring voice;  gnunhling  ;  murmuring. 

MUT'TER-ING-LY,  at/r.  With  a  low  voice  :  without 
tJistinct  articulation. 

MUT'TON,  (mut'n,)  n.  [Fr.  mouton,  for  moultvii ;  W. 
moUtj  a  wether;    Arm.  vtaud;    Ir.  molt.     Uu.  Gr. 

J.  The  flesh  of  sheep,  raw  or  dressed  for  food. 
2.  A  sheep.     [But  tJtia  sense  is  note  obsolete  or  ludi- 
crous.) Bacon. 
MUT'TOX-CIIOP,  ?i.    A  rib  of  mutton  for  broiling, 
having  the  bone  cut  or  chop})ed  off  at  the  small  end. 
MUT'TON-FIST,  ».    A  large,  red,  brawny  hand. 

Dnjdcn. 
MU'TU-AL,  (mut'yu-al,)  a.     [Fr.  mutud;  L.  inutuusy 
from  muto,  to  change.] 

Reciprocal ;  interchanged ;  each  acting  in  return 
or  correspondence  to  Ihe  other  ;  given  and  received. 
Mutual  love  is  that  which  is  entertained  by  two  per- 
sons each  fur  the  other ;  mutual  advantage  is  that 
which  is  conferred  by  one  person  on  another,  and  re- 
ceived by  him  in  return.  So  we  say,  muiual  assist- 
ance; mutual  aversion. 


And,  what  should  most  excite  a  muluai  fl-inric, 
Your  mnd  can:*  and  pleasures  are  the  same. 


Pope. 


MU-TU-AL'I-TY,  n.    Reciprocation  ;  interchange. 

Sbak. 


MYR 

MO'TU-AL-LY,  (mut'yu-al-le.)  adv.      Reciprocally  ; 

in  the  manner  of  giving  and  receiving. 

The  tong-nc  and  the  pt-n  vtutually  ftuist  ont;  unotlicr.     Holder. 

Aytc.  —  Mutual  aiul   niufuflHy  properly  refer  to  two 

pei^ons,  or  their  intercourse  ;  but  they  may  be,  and 

olten  arc,  applitxl  lo  numbers  acting  together  or  in 

MU-TlJ-.A''i"ION,  71.    [L.  mutuatio.]  [concert. 

The  act  of  borrowing.     [Little  used.]  Hall. 

MO'TULE,  (mul'yule,)  «.    [Fr.  viutulet] 

In  architecture,  a  projecting  block  under  the  corona 
of  tlie  Doric  cornice,  in  the  same  situation  as  the 
modillion  of  other  orders.  Qloss.ofArchit. 

MUX,  )i.     For  Muck.     Dirt.  Orose. 

MUX'V,  o.     Dirty;  gloomy.  Lemon. 

MUZ'ZLE,  71.  [_Fr.  7rtu.'!CHK,  nmzzle  or  snout  ;  Ann. 
muscll ;  probably  from  the  root  of  moutJi.] 

1.  'J'he  mouth  of  a  thing;  the  extreme  or  end  for 
entrance  or  discharge;  applied  chiefly  to  the  end  uf 
a  tube,  as  the  open  end  of  a  common  fusee  or  pistol, 
or  of  a  bellows. 

2.  The  projecting  mouth  and  nose  of  an  animal, 
as  of  a  horse. 

3.  A  fastening  for  the  mouth  which  liinders  from 
biting. 

With  g^ldcMi  muzsltt  all  their  mouUu  were  Iwuiid.    Dryden. 
MUZ'ZLE,  r.(.    To  bind  the  mouth;   to  fasten  the 
mouth  to  prevent  biting  or  eating. 

Thou  shiilt  not  7nuz:le  the  ox  when  lie  Ircivdelh  out  the  corn. — 

Dt'Ht.  XXV. 

2.  To  fondle  with  the  mouth  close.     [Low.] 

3.  To  restrain  from  hurt. 

My  dagger  muzzled.  Shak. 

MUZ'ZLE,  V.  i.    To  bring  the  mouth  near. 

The  bear  mu:;k'g  luid  smella  to  him.  L'Estrangt. 

MU'/.'YA.KD,  pp.  Fastened  by  the  mouth  to  prevent 
bjiing  {treating. 

MUZ'ZLE-LASH'ING,  n.  The  lashing  by  which  the 
rau7.7.1e  of  a  gun  is  secured  lo  the  upi)er  part  of  the 
port  in  a  ship. 

MUZ'ZLE-RING,  n.  The  metalline  ring  or  circle 
thai  surrounds  the  mouth  of  a  cannon  or  other  piece. 

MUZ'ZLING,  ppr.    Fastening  Ihe  mouth. 

MUZ'ZY,  a.  [from  inuse.]  Absent  in  mind;  be- 
wildered.    [JsTot  in  w>e.] 

MV,  pronom,  adj.  [Contracted  from  vii^en^  mine.  Me 
was  originally  tjuV,  and  the  adjective  inigen.  So  in 
L.  incus.     See  Mine.] 

Belonging  lo  me  ;  as,  this  is  my  book.  Fonnerly, 
mine  was  used  before  a  vowel,  and  7w//  before  a  con- 
sonant ;  7ny  is  now  used  before  both.  We  say,  my 
book  ;  my  own  book  ;  my  old  friend.  J^Iine  is  still 
used  after  a  verb ;  as,  this  book  is  mine. 

MYL'0-DON,  n.  An  extinct  edentate  animal,  allied 
lo  the  megatherium.  /.?/c//. 

MYN'CHEN,  n.     A  nun.     [Obs.] 

MYN('H'ER-Y,  n.  The  Saxon  name  for  a  nunnery  ; 
a  term  still  applied  to  the  niins  of  certain  nunneries 
in  England.  Gloss.  ofArehit. 

MYiN'-HEER',  7!.  [D.,  my  lord  or  master.]  A  Dutch- 
man. 

MY-0-GRAPiri€-AL,  a.  [See  Mvographv.]  Per- 
taining to  a  description  of  the  muscles. 

MS^-OG'RA-PHIST,  n.  One  who  describes  the  mus- 
cles of  animals. 

M^-OG'RA-PHY,  n.     [Gr.  pvi,  /luof,  a  muscle,  and 
ypa<}>i-i,  to  describe.] 
A  description  of  the  muscles  of  the  body. 

MT-O-LOG'IC-AL,  a.  [See  Myologv.]  Pertaining 
to  the  description  and  doctrine  of  the  muscles. 

M?-OL'0-OIST,  71.  One  who  is  versed  in  myology, 
or  who  treats  of  Ihe  subject. 

M"?-OL'0-GY,  71.  [Gr.  /xis,  pvos,  muscle,  and  Aoj  o;, 
discourse.] 

A  description  of  the  muscles,  or  the  doctrine  of 
the  muscles  of  the  human  body.     Chcyne.    Eneyc. 

MIJ'OPE,  n. :  pi.  My'oi-es.  [Gr.pvioil/;  pvui^to  shut, 
and  0)1^,  the  eye.] 

A  short-sighted  person.  Adams. 

M^'O-PY,  71.    Short-sightedness.  Eneyc. 

M?-0T'0-MY,  7(.     [Gr.  fivi  and  Topr,,  a  cutting.] 
A  dissection  of  the  muscles. 

MYR'I-.AD,  (mir'c-ad,)  n.     [Gr.  ftvpui^,  from  fivmn^, 

"^  extreme,  innumerable;  \V.  myr,  that  is,  intiniif, 
fluctuating,  ants,  emmets;  myr:,  infinity,  a  myriad, 
ten  thousand.  Here  we  see  the  origin  of  the  Gr. 
ltv,?u  *«,  n'>op.i)i^  an  ant,  so  named  from  numbers  or 
motion.  See  Fervent.] 
I.  The  ntimbcr  ol  ten  thousand, 
a.  An  immense  number,  indefinitely.        Milton. 

MYR'I-A-GRAM,         \  lu     [Gr.  ^h-h./,  ten  thousand, 

MYR' r^A^ORAMME,  \      and  >7)a/</i«.] 

A  I-'renclr  v.eighl  equal  to  ten  thousand  grams  nr 
ten  kilograms,  or  22.0485  lbs.  avoirdupois. 

Lunicr.    Mc  Cullocli. 

MVR-t  AL'I-TER,  )  n.      [Gr.    pvoia    and  Airo.i,  a 

MYR'IA-LT-TRE,  (       pound.] 

A  French  measure  of  capacity  containing  ten 
thousand  litei-s,  or  010,280  cubic  inches,  about  42 
hogsheads  of  English  wine  measure.    McCaUvch. 

MYR-I-AM'E-TER,  )  n.     [Gr.    fivota,  ten 

MYR' 1-A  METRE,  (-mater,)  (  thousand,  and  per 
puv,  measure.] 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MeTE,  PREY.  — PTNE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.  - 
740 


N 

!n  the  iteio  system  of  French  measures^  the  length 
ol'  ten  Ihousanil  meters,  e<nml  to  6  miles,  I  furlong, 
:ind  -28  rods  ot"  our  long  measure,  McCutloch. 

MYU'I-A-rOD,H.  [Gr./iiv)(i,ten  tliousand.andjToJfs, 
fcel.J 

One  of  an  order  or  class  of  insects  having  many 
feet  or  legs.  Bell. 

MYK'I-ARen,  (mir'e-ark,)  n.     [Gr,  /ti'-na,  leu  thou- 
sand, and  u;>\ys,  chief.] 
A  captain  or  commander  often  tlmusand  men. 

MYR' I-iREy  n.     [Or.  nvoia  and  arc^  L.  area.] 

A  French  liuear  measure  of  ten  thousand  acres,  or 
100,000  square  meters,  neaily  547  English  acres. 

JSIc  Cu  lioch.     L  u  ti  icr. 

MVR'l-CIN,  n.  The  substance  whicli  rtiriins  alter 
l>ees-wax,or  the  wax  of  the  JMyrica  cerifcn»  of  South 
Africa,  has  been  digested  in  alcohol.  It  i;?  in  fact 
one  of  the  proximate  principles  of  wax.  It  dilfcrs 
from  cerin,  tiie  other  proximate  principle,  in  b^ing 
incapable  of  being  converted  into  a  i-oap  by  caustic 
jNitassa.  Dr.  John. 

MVR-I-O-LOO'ie-AL,  a.    Kelatins  to  a  myriologue. 

MVR-I-OL'O-GIST,  «.  One  who  composes  or  sings  a 
mvriologiie,  usually  or  always  a  female. 

MYR'I-O-LOGUE,  n.  [Gr.  iiv;noiy  extreme,  and 
\o}  OS.] 

In  modem  Greece^  an  extemporary  funeral  song, 
composed  and  sung  on  the  death  of  a  friend. 

MYR-I-0-Ra'j\L^,  n.  [Gr.  fivoio;,  infinite,  and  ooau), 
to  see.] 

Views  of  objects  in  numbers  indefinite;  sections 
so  contrived  that  they  may  be  combined  into  pictures 
to  an  indefinite  extent. 

MYR'Ml-DOX,  (mur'me-don,)  ti.  [Gr.  /iwi^q^iLU',  a 
inuJtitude  uf  ants  ;  W.  vnjri  qu.  so  called  from  their 
numbers  or  from  their  industrj".] 

Primariltjy  the  Mj-rmidons  are  said  to  have  been  a 
people  on  the  borders  of  Thessaly,  who  accompanied 
Achilles  to  the  war  against  Troj-.  Hence  the  name 
came  to  signify  a  soldier  of  a  rough  character,  a  des- 
perate soldier  or  ruffian  under  some  daring  lender. 

MYR-^ll-Do^NI-.AiV,  a.  Like  or  pertaining  to  myrmi- 
dons. 

MY-ROB'A-LAN,  n.  [L.  myrobolanum  ;  Gr.  nvoa- 
(iaXavos  i  fivoovy  unguent,  and  /luA'ii'^s,  a  nut.] 

A  dried  fruit  which  is  a  drupe,  brought  from  the 
East  Indies,  of  which  there  are  several  sorts,  uU 
slightly  purgative  and  astringent,  but  not  now  u^ed 
in  medicine.  They  are  the  produce  of  several  species 
of  Terminalia,  and  of  one  species  at  least  of  Phyllan- 
thus.  The  term  miircbdtan,  then,  comprehends  sev- 
eral different  fruits."  Parr.     Encyr. 

MY-ROP'O-LIST,  n.  [Gr.  iivpot'j  unguent,  and  rrwArw, 
to  sell.] 
One  that  sells  unguents.    [Little  used.] 

MYRRH,  (mur,)  n.    [L.  nujrrha ;  Gr.  {ivn^a  or  anvnva  ; 


Sp.  and  It.  mirra:    Fr.  myrrhe;   Arabic,  from  wc 
marra,  to  be  bitter.    Class  Mr.]  -^ 

An  inspissated  sap  that  comes  in  the  term  of  drops 
cr  globules  of  various  colors  and  sizes,  of  a  pretty 
strong  but  agreeable  smell,  and  of  a  bitter  taste.  It 
is  imported  from  Egjpl,  but  chiefly  from  the  southern 
or  eastern  parts  of  Arabia.  As  a  medicine,  it  is  a 
good  stomachic,  antispasmodic,  and  cordial.  It  is 
the  produce  of  a  species  of  Balsamodendron. 

Parr.     Fnurcroy.     Enctjc. 
MTR'RHI.NE,  (-rin,)  a.     [L.  myrrkinus.] 

JIade  of  the  raurrhine  stone,  or  (luorid  of  calcium, 
i.  e..  tluor  spar.    [See  Murrhise.]  JilUton. 

JfYR'TI-FORM,  a.    [L.  myrUis,  myrtle,  and/orm.] 

Resembling  myrtle  or  mvrllc  berries. 
MYR'TLE,  (m'ur'tl,)  k.    [L!  7niirtus  ;  Gr.  ftvoro^.] 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Myr!us,  of  several  species. 
The  common  niyrile  rises  with  a  shrubby,  npright 
stem,  eight  or  ten  feet  high.  Its  branches  form  a 
close,  full  head,  closelv  garnished  with  ovate  or  Ian- 


NAB 


NAC 


ceolate  evergreen  leaves.     It  has  niimcroiM  Kmall, 

pale  flowers  from  the  axils,  sinielv  on  each  foot»*talk. 

The  ancients  con.sidcrcd  it  sacred'  to  Venun. 
.„,    ,„  P.  Cue.     Lioudtm. 

MYR'TLH-ltER-KY,  ti.    The  fniil  of  the  myrtle. 
MVR'TLE-U  A.\,   n.      A   concrete  oil   or   vegct;iblc 

wax,  produced  by  certain  plantj  called  Mvbici,  or 

CANDLKUEr.RV  MVHTLE.  £/ICi/C.  ^mrr. 

-MV'RUS,  n.    A  sjKcies  of  conger-eel,  found  in  the 

Mediterranean,  Anguilla  mynis.  Ji^h.  P.  Cye. 
MY-SELF',  proii.  A  compound  <if  my  and  self,  u^cd 
after  I,  to  express  iinphasis,  marking  emphatically 
the  dislinclion  between  the  t'peaker  and  another 
person  ;  as,  I  myself  will  do  il ;  I  have  done  it 
7iiyself. 

S.  In  the  objective  case,  the  reciprocal  of  /.  I  will 
defend  my.^clf. 

3.  It  is  sometimes  used  without  /,  particularly  in 
poetry. 

Myself  shall  mount  the  nwtniin  iii  bii  Civor.  Ad/!i4on. 

MYS-TA-GOG'ie-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  interpre- 
tation of  mysteries. 

MYS'T.A-GOGUE,  (mys'ta-cog,)  n.  [Gr.  ;iv-»j$,one 
initiated  in  inyj^trTte::;,  and  a\  tj>o;,  a  leader.] 

1.  One  ^\ho  interprets  mysteries.  Bailey. 

2.  One  that  keeps  church  relics,  and  shows  them 
to  strangers.  Ba'dfy. 

MYS-Te'KI-AL,  a.    Containing  a  mystery  or  enigma. 
_  B.  Jojison. 

MYS-Te'RI-XRCH,  n.    [Gr.  fivrnoun-,  mysterj-,  and 
ac;\oj,  chief.] 
One  presiding  over  mysteries.  Johnson. 

MYS-Te'RI-OUS,  «.  [See  .MviTr-RV.]  Obscure  ; 
hid  from  the  understanding  ;  not  clearly  understood. 
The  birth  and  connections  of  the  man  with  the  iron 
mask  in  France  are  my.-ileriuiu-:^  and  have  never  been 
explained. 

2.  In  Tcliffhn^  oh'jcurc;  secret;  not  revealed  or 
explains.', ;  JiiHdeii  from  htmian  understanding,  or 
uninte!!:if;'i'e  :  boyciid  "linnar:  comprehension.  A\>- 
plied  t"  the  divine  counsels  .nnd  governmL-nt,  the 
word  often  tmpti.-s  ?;^^::othing  awfully  obscure  -,  as, 
the  ways  of  God  are  oP^in  myslcriaus. 

MYS-Te'RI-OUS-LY,  udv.  Obscurely,  enigmatic- 
ally. 

2.  In  a  manner  wonderfully  obscure  and  unintel- 
ligible. 

MYS-Te'RI-OUS-.XESS,   n.     Obscurity;   the  quality 
of  being  iiid  from  the  understanding,  and  calculated 
to  excite  curiosity  or  wonder 
9.  Artful  perplexity. 

MYS'TER-IZE,  17.  L    To  express  in  enigmas. 

.MYS'TER-TZ-/:n,  pp.     Expressed  enigm;ttlcally- 

MYS'TER  TZ-IXG,  ppr-     Evprcssirii:  in  enigmas. 

MYS'TER-Y,  71.  fL.  my-itainti,  Cr.  /n-f/j^ifoi-,  a 
secret.  This  word  in  Greek  is  rendered  also  mu- 
rium latiJ}tihtm  ;  but  probably  both  senses  are  from 
that  of  hiding  or  shutting  ;  Gr.  fivco,  to  shut,  to  con- 
ceal.] 

1.  A  profound  secret;  somirthing  wholly  unknown, 
or  something  kept  cautiously  ccncealed,  and  there- 
fore exciting  curiosity  or  woudfr  ;  such  as  the  mys- 
tery  of  the  man  wiih'the  iron  m:isk  in  France. 

2.  Id  relviitm,  any  thing  in  the  character  or  attri- 
butes of  God,  or  in  the  crucomy  of  divine  provi- 
dence, which  is  not  revealed  to  man. 

President  Moore^ 

3.  That  whirh  is  beyond  human  comjvrchension 
until  explained.  In  this  sense,  vtystery  often  conveys 
the  idea  of  sonicihing  awfully  sublime  or  important ; 
something  thai  excites  wonder. 

Greai  U  llie  mijsten/  of  gixUim-ss.  —  I  Tim.  iil. 

HATJtig  tnule  Viiowii  lo  »is  tit"  wjrj.'f  i  y  d  h.i  n ill.  —  E(>h.  L 

We  speak  llie  wifi<Icm  of  (.luJ  lii  .a  mii.'Un/.  —  \  Cor.  ii. 

4.  An  enigma ;  any  thing  arlfnlly  made  difficult 

5.  A  kind  of  rude  drama,  of  a  religious  character, 
called  a  mystery,  or  miracle^  because"  it  represented 


1 


miraclei. 

f'.  A  trade  ;  a  callir 
which  KUfr[«rrg«'ii  ,i    '.I 
Willi  rarry  11  cr 

(The  word.  . 
to  have  a  difT'r 
metirr,  Nurm.  nu^Lct,  l-^tjitum*,  Li*. 

if  from  Surm.  mcOie,  mMMUn.    lUti 
incorrecL] 

7.  The  mtfsUr 
of  Mjcrct  fclig 
milled  exc4.-i)t  ti. 
prepamiory  cttctuAtn^x. 
.MVS'7'IC,  ft.    One  who  boUi  the  tfocUme* 

MYS'Tie^AL,  S  °'  [^«*T*'«'-  Cf./r?ri«=. 

1.  Obscure;  hid;  t-rrrrt,  I 

2.  Sacredly  objure  cr  *rcfct ;  i 
comprchensum. 

3.  Involving  wfoe  trcrrt   ineanirj;  ,   t 
emblematical ;  aj,  wa/nuc  danrc  ,  ■- 

.'■/ 
MVS'Tie-AI^LV.arfc.    iDannfio^r 

plying  a  iiccret  mcanrng. 
MYS'Tie-AL  \F--".'i,  IT.    The  qcu]a>  lYbeiar 

aJ,  or  of  mvolvini;  mjxt\>-  ^rux.  ui'-ift  fir. 
.MYS'TI-CISM,  n.     Ob 
2.  The  d(Ktnn':of  t 

ttublime,  and  p«rf-<l 

and  mamtatn  Dint  in 

they  have  dircd  intt : 

antf  acquire  a  knoui 

unntL-iinable  by  ihc  r-  . 
MYS'TieS,  n.  p/.    A  rl 

fcss  If.  hnvL-  direct  xw 

in  calm  and  holy  cori: 

impressions  ai  are  iri; 
MYS-TI-FI-eA'TIO.N, 

lliinc  mysterious. 
MYS'TI-FI-fTD,  jrp.    Involveil  in  mptrn 

mislead. 
MYS'TI-FY,  r.  f.     To  involve  In  t: 

mislead. 
MYS'TI-F?-I\G,rpr.     Involriog  lo 
MYTH,  n.     [Gr.  ,mOo».1 

.\  fictitious  or  fanciful  narratiTe,  haTior 

py  more  or  less  remote  to  aome  re^  event.   I 

MVTm&AL,i-    [fromGr.;.^.,, 

Fabulous. 
MYTH'ie-AL-LY,  ik/c.    By  mam  ci  i;.)  -..i-.-n  !»-.'■ 

or  allcsorie?. 
MY-THOG'RA-niER,  «.     [Gr.  |.t«o;  and  jixfrvw] 

A  comfioscr  of  fabk-s. 
>fVTH-0-LO(i're,         )  a.    [S«  .Mttholoot.]    B«- 
.M  VTH-O-LOCJ'IC-.AL,  j     latins  t"  nirUK*J«T  ;  Ma. 


Ion? 


In  a  n; 


.MYTII-0-L06'ie-AL-LY,  tit. 

\h*'  sv?!em  of  fables. 
JIY-THOL'OCIST,  «.    One  tctoI  In  ir 

one  who  writes  on  raytholosy,  or  eipUlE* 

of  tlie  anrienl  paeans. 
MY-TI10L'(>i5IZE,  r.  l      To  reUu  or  ci,—  — 

fabulous  hi>It'r\-  of  the  hcalh*n. 
.MY-TIIOL'aOY,  n.     [Gr.  /irti  {,  a  fahlr.aBd  X»,»i. 

discourse] 
A  system  tif  fables,  or  fabukau  ■ 

trines,  respecline  the  deities  whtf! 

have  supposed  lo  preside  oner  the  i\ .- - 

ence  the  alfairs  of  iL 
Mf'TlinrLAS.M,  «.    A  narration  of  mere  fc»lB. 
.MYT'I-I.ITE,  «.    [Gr.  ,,r-i.Vj.-.  a  Itini  •  '  ••""  ' 
In  <^olc:nf^  a  petrified  miuclc  « 

Mvtilus. 
JIY.X'ON,  ».    [Gr.  /irfos.] 

A  fish  of  the  mullet  kind  ■**»• 


N. 


N'  is  the  fourteenth  letter  of  the  English  alpliabct,:inJ 
an  articulation  formed  by  placing  the  ewA  of  the 
tongue  against  the  root  of  tlie  upper  teeth.  It  is  an 
imperfect  mute,  or  semi-vowel,  and  a  nasal  Icttor^ 
the  articulation  being  accompanied  with  a  so'iini 
through  the  nose.  It  has  one  sound  only,  and  arter 
m  is  silent,  or  nearly  so,  as  in  hijmn  and  conilcmit, 

\,  amon;^  Uie  afieietitsy  was  a  numeral  Islicr  si^'ni- 
fying  900,  and  with  a  stroke  over  it,  N',  9000.  Amoni; 
the  launjcrs.  A*.  L.  stood  for  7ian  liijuet^  the  case  is  not 
clear. 

N.  is  used  as  an  abbreviation  of  nortk.  N.  E. 
stands  for  north-east ;  N.  W.  for  inyrik'trcst ;  N.  N.  E. 
for  north-iwrtJi-e/ist ;  N.  N.  VV.  for  TiOT-fA-nortA-rrc.^t, 
&c. 


In  commerce,  JVo.  is  an  abbreviation  of  the  French 
nojitbrCf  and  stands  for  number. 

N.  n.  stands  ftir  L.  itcta  bene,  obsor\"e  well. 
i\.  S.  stands  for  new  .^tijle. 
NAB,  n.    The  summit  of  a  mountain  or  rock.  [  iecut] 
NAB,  r.  t.     ISw.  nafya;  Dan.  napper:  G.  and  P.  knap- 
pen.    SeoKsAP.] 

To  catch  sudilenly  ;  to  seize  by  a  sudden  prasp  or 
thrust  ;  a  wurd  Uttie'n^rj!,  and  (inly  in  laio  tanguage. 
NAB'IUJI),  ip.     Causht  suddenly. 
NAH'lllNG,;'pr.     Setzin-:  suddenly. 
NS'IiOH,  II.    .\  deputy  or  viceroy  in  India  ;  praperlii, 
a  subordinate  provincial  governor  under  a  subahdar; 
hence, 
2.  A  man  of  great  wcallh 


N.\€'A-RAT.  ».    [Sp.  MCJr.  mother  of  pfari.; 
I.  A  iwile  Tvi\  color,  Willi  a  CTl  •  f  onnf.-. 
9.  Fine  linen  or  crape  dvcl  .  f  Ihu  color. 
NACK'ER  or  N.\'KJER.    See  .V.cnt 
NA'eRE,  (ni'ker,)  ..     [Fr  ]     A  beaulifal 
sul>sl!uicc  which  lines  the  inlenor  of  » 
and  is  most  perfect  in  Ihc  n>olh«-ori<ci«l 

N.^'eRE-OUS,  n.    [Sff  .N»cKi.)    Hatint  - 
c«nt  luster  like  the  mother-of-peari. 

NA-eRHE,  «.    [Set  -N»e»i.;    A  aiixT^ 
of  fine  iie.ariv  scales,  and  hannt  a  rn««- 
reserablcs  si>"nie  n  hile  or  preni-h  «1>W' 
laic,  but  conlains  alumina  i.T  coraMnaatr 
ca,  instead  of  m.acnc^ii.  


TONE,  BIjLt..  TMTK 


.\N"GEU,  VI'-CMOI  S.-  G  as  K  ,  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z :  CH  as  SH :  TH  »9  in  TUIS^ 


741 


NAK 


Na'DIR,  n.    [Ar.  jjuiS,  from  >IaJ   »ia(ara,  to  be 

like^  proportioDnl,  corresponding  to,  opposite.! 

'J'hat  point  of  tlic  heavens  or  lower  hemisphere  di- 
rcclly  Lipposilc  to  the/.enitii ;  the  i>oint  directly  under 
(he  place  where  we  stand. 
^'A'tlLE-STEIN,  n.     [G.  nadcl  and  stein.] 

Xcedle-slone  j  ruliit;.  Urc. 

N.-EVE,  M.     [L.  Tuevus.] 

A  spot.  Drydcii. 

N/E'VOSE,  a.    Spotted  ;  freckled. 

N  AfF'  i  "•     ^  '^'"^  ^^  ^"^*-"*'  sea-fowl.        aioimcr^. 

NAG,  II.    A  small  horse ;  a  liorse  in  general,  or  rather 

a  sprightly  horse.  VKstTangc. 

2.  A  paramour,  in  contempU  Skak. 

NAG'GY,  a._   Contentious.  JV.  of  Eng. 

NA'IAD,  (na'yad,)  n.    [Gr.  lai.iJrj,  naiads,  from  vaw, 
to  flow. J 

In  mytltolog-ijj  a  water  nymph  ;  a  female  deily  that 
presides  over  rivers  and  springs. 

Na'I A-Df:S,  (na'ya-deez,)  n.  pL     Water  nymphs  ;  na- 
iads.    [i?ee  Naiad.] 

2.  In  conchohg-ijy  a  family  of  fresh-water  bivalves. 

P.  Cyc. 

3.  In  frotany,  an  order  of  indogenous  aquatic  plants. 

P.  Cyc, 
NaIL,  w.  [Sa.\.  lUBgel;  Sw.  G.  and  D.  iiagel ;  Dan. 
naitlei  Kuss.  natjot;  Sans,  lutsa^  or  nakha.  If  tlie 
wiird  was  originally  applied  to  a  claw  or  talon,  the 
primary  sense  ni:iy  be  to  catch,  or  it  may  ba  a 
slioot.] 

1.  The  claw  or  talou  of  a  bird  or  other  animal. 

2.  The  horny  substance  growing  at  the  end  of  the 
human  lingers  and  toes. 

3-  A  small  pointed  piece  of  metal,  usually  with  a 
head,  to  be  driven  into  a  board  or  other  piece  of  tim- 
ber, and  sc-rving  to  fasten  it  to  other  limber.  The 
larger  kinds  of  instruments  of  this  sort  are  called 
Spikes  ;  and  a  long,  thin  kind,  with  a  llattish  head, 
is  called  a  Brad. 

4.  A  stud  or  boss  ;  a  short  nail  with  a  large,  broad 
head.  Swift. 

5.  A  measure  of  length,  being  two  inches  and  a 
quarter,  or  the  sixteenth  of  a  yard. 

On  the  nail;  in  hand  ;  immediately;  without  de- 
lay or  time  of  credit ;  as,  to  pay  money  on  tko  itail. 

SioifL 
To  hit  Vic  naU  on  the  head ;  to  hit  or  touch  thu  exact 
point. 
NAIL,  V.  t.    To  fasten  with  nails  j  to  unite,  close,  or 
make  compact  with  nails. 

2.  To  stud  with  nails. 

Tliii  rivclfl  of  your  :inas  were  jiatlcd  with  gold.  Dryden. 

3.  'J"o  Slop  the  vent  of  a  cannon ;  to  spike. 
NAIIi'/'l),  pp.     Fastened  with  nails  ;  studded. 
NAIL'ER,  V,    One  whose  occupation  is  to  make  naiis. 
Na(L'RU-Y,  ti.   a  manufactory  where  nails  arc  made. 
NaIL'ING,  ;>/;r.    Fastening  with  naiis  ;  studding. 
Na';(VK,  (nU'eve,)  a.     [Pr.]     Having  native  or  unaf- 

fect'jd  simplicity  j  ingenuous. 
NA'IVI-i-Ly,  adv.    [Er.  naif,  from  L.  nativas.] 

With  native  or  unaffected  simplicity. 
jVA'TVE-TE,  (n'a'ev-i5,)  n.    Native  simplicity  j  unaf- 

fci^ted  plainness  or  ingenuousness.  Qray. 

NA'KED,  a.    [Sax.  nacod ;  G.  nackct^  nackt ;  D.  nmtU  : 

Sw.  nakcn ;  I)an.  rtiigcn ;  Russ.  na;jcii  nairost,  and 

nagota,  nakedness  ;    Ir.  nochta^  open,  discovered  ; 

nochlui-jhcy  naked  :  noc/ului-rhiin,  to  strip.     Class  Ng, 

No.  5,  lU,  47,  and  15,  16.J 

1.  Not  covered  ;  bare;  liaving  no  clothes  on  ;  as,  a 
naked  body,  or  a  uaJicd  limb. 

2.  Unarmed;  defenseless  ;  open  ;  exposed  ;  having 
no  means  of  defense  or  protection  against  an  cne- 
my*s  attack,  or  against  other  injury. 

B^-holil  my  bcEuiii  nnJied  lo  your  swonis,  Aililieon. 

3.  Open  lo  view  ;  not  concealed  ;  manifest.    Ilcb. 

4.  Destitute  of  worldly  goods.     Job  i.  [iv. 

5.  Exposed  to  shame  and  disgrace.    Kxod.  xxxii. 
G.  Giwlty  and  exposed  to  divine  wralii.    Rev.  iii. 

7.  Plain;  evident;  undisguii^ed  ;  without  exagger- 
ation ;  as,  the  naked  Iruih. 

8.  .Merc  ;  bare  ;  simple  ;  wanting  the  necessary  ad- 
ditions. God  re(|uires  of  man  something  besides  the 
naked  belief  of  his  bring  and  his  word. 

9.  In  6o(aHj/,  d<-slitule  of  the  cu?tomary  covering; 
as  a  flower  without  a  calyx,  a  stein  without 
leaves,  &.c. 

10.  Not  as;;istcd  by  glasses  ;  as,  the  nalced  eye. 
Jtfalicd  jioorinvy  ill   carpcntryy  is   the  limber-work 

which  siipjKjrts  a  flotir.  Gwilt. 

NA'KKf)-l,Y,  adc.    Without  covering. 

2.  Simpiv  ;  barely;  merely;  in  the  abstract. 

3.  Evidently.  [Holder. 
NA'KED-NESS,  n.  Want  of  covering  or  clothing;  nu- 
dity ;  bareness. 

XI:iin,  (he  father  of  Cnnann,  saw  thf  naktdntit  o(  hi)  tiithcr. — 
Geo.  be 

2.  Want  of  means  of  defense. 

Ve  are  spws ;  to  sec  Ihe  naktdnest  of  Ihc  laiitt  arc  yc  coinr.  — 
Gen.  zlii. 


NAM 

3.  Plainness;  openness  lo  view.  SItak. 

To  uncover  jtukediir^^Sy  in  ScrtpturCt  13  to  have  in- 
cestuous tir  unlawful  commerce  wiil»  a  female. 
Na'KEU,  n.     [Sp.  nacar  ;  It.  nacchera ;  Er.  nacre.] 

Mother  of  pearl  or  nacre,  which  see. 
NA'KIll,  n.     A  wandering  pain  passing  from  one  limb 

to  another.  ScJiaik. 

NALL,  71.     [Dan.  naal^  a  needle.] 

An  awl,  such  as  col  I  ur-mak  urn  or  sJioemakera  use. 
[JVi>t  used,  or  local]  Jvhnson. 

NAM'IiY-PAM'BV,  n.  era.    A  term  applied  to  that 
which  is  conlcinptible  for  aftected  preltincss. 

Smart, 
NA  jM  E,  n.  [Sax.  noma  f  D.  naam  ;  G.  name  ;  Sw.  namn  ; 
Dan.  n«tm;  Ice.  nafn;  Jt-nomem  Gr.  oi'itm  r  It*  and 
Port,  notae ;  Sp.  nombrc ;  Fr.  nom ;  I'ers.  nuuiy 
namah;  Sans,  and  Hindoo,  noma,  nom:  .Malay  and 
Bengalee,  imwu.Ki;  Ostiak,  vtcHitH.     Clu.  Heb.  DN3.] 

1.  'ihat  by  which  a  thing  is  called ;  the  sound  or 
cumhiaation  of  sounds  used  to  express  an  idea,  or 
aiiv  material  substance,  quality,  or  act;  an  appella- 
tion attached  to  a  tiling  by  cuL^tomary  use,  by  which 
it  may  be  vocally  disiinguishod  from  other  things.  A 
name  may  be  altached  to  an  individual  only,  and  is 
then  proper  or  appropriate,  as  .John,  'J'hunitis,  London, 
Paris;  or  it  may  be  attached  to  a  species,  genus,  or 
class  of  tilings,  as  skcrp,  goat,  horse,  tree,  animal, 
which  are  caih^d  common  names,  specific,  or  generic. 

2.  The  letters  or  characters,  written  or  engraved, 
expressing  the  sounds  by  which  a  person  or  thing  is 
known  and  distinguished. 

3.  A  person. 

They  list  witli  women  each  tli-gcncr.U';  nizme.  Orydcn. 

4.  Reputation ;  character  ;  that  which  is  commonly 
said  of  a  person  ;  as,  a  good  name  ,■  a  bad  7iame. 

Clarendon, 

5.  Renown  ;  fame  ;  honor ;  celebrity  ;  eminence ; 
praise ;  distinction. 

What  men  of  tvime  resort  lo  liini  t  SDiak. 

Rut  in  this  sense,  the  word  is  often  qualified  by  an 
epithet ;  as,  a  great  name  ;  a  mighty  name. 
G.  Remembrance;  memory. 

'i'ii:;  LorJ  sli/.il  blot  out  hb  name  from  imder  he.ivoii.  —  Dciil. 
xxix. 

7.  Appearance  only  ;  sound  only;  not  reality;  as, 
a  friend  in  name.    Rcc.  iii. 

8.  Authority;  helialf;  part;  as,  in  the  iiowe  of  the 
people.  'When  a  man  speaks  or  acts  in  the  name  of 
aimther,  he  does  it  by  their  authority  or  in  their  be- 
half, as  their  representative. 

9.  Assumed  character  uf  another. 

H;ul  forced  a  treason  in  my  pilron's  name,  Dryden. 

10.  In  Scry/iurfi,  the  7Hi»ic  of  God  signifies  his  titles, 
liis  attributes,  liis  will  or  pur[)nso,  his  honor  and  glo- 
r>',  his  word,  his  grace,  his  wisdnn,  power,  and  good- 
ness, his  worship  or  sfuvico,  or  God  himself. 

11.  Issue;  puslciity  that  preserves  the  name. 
Deut.  XXV. 

12.  In  grammar,  a  noun. 

To  call  names  ;  to  apply  opprobrious  nainc^s  ;  to  call 
by  reproachful  apptdlalions.  Swift. 

To  talic  tJie  name  of  Ood  in  vain  ;  to  s^vcar  falsely  or 
profanely,  or  to  use  the  name  of  God  with  levity  or 
contempt.    Exod.  xx. 

To  know  by  name;  to  honor  by  a  particular  friend- 
ship or  familiarity.    Eiod.  xxxiii. 

C'n-istian  imme;  the  name  a  person  receives  by  bap- 
tism, as  distinguished  from  s^imame. 
NAME,  V.  t.     [Sax,  naman,  ncmnan,  Goth,  namnyan,  to 
call,  to  name,  to  invoke  ;  D.  noemcn ;  G.  ncnnen ;  Sw. 
ndmna  ;  Dan.  7ia;aner.] 

1.  To  set  or  give  to  any  person  or  thing  a  sound  or 
combination  of  sounds  by  which  it  may  be  known 
and  distinguished  ;  to  call ;  to  give  an  appellation  to. 

She  named  the  child  Iclinboi!.  —  1  Snrn.  iv. 
Thus  waa  the  liuikiing  Icf: 
Hifticuloua,  ami  the  work  confiuion  named.  Milton. 

2.  To  mention  by  name ;  to  niter  or  pronounce  the 
sound  or  sounds  by  which  a  person  or  thing  is  known 
and  distinguished. 

Nniilicr  use  thyself  to  the  naming  of  tlic  Holy  One.      Ecclua. 

3.  To  nominate ;  to  designate  for  any  purpose  by 
name. 

Thou  Hhalt  rtnoint  »  mr  him  whom  1  iiawic  to  tlice.  —  1  Sam. 

4.  To  entitle.  Milton. 
To  name  the  name  of  Christ ;  to  make  profession  of 

faith  in  him.    3  Tim.  iv. 
NAM'£0,  pp.      Called;  denominated;  designated  by 

name. 
NAME'LICSS,  a.     Without  a  name  ;  not  distinguished 

by  an  appellation  ;  as,  a  nameless  star.  Waller. 

2.  Noting  a  person  or  thing  whose  name  is  not 

known  or  mentioned.  Attcrbnry. 

NAME'LESS-LY,  adv.    In  a  nameless  manner. 
NaME'LY,  ado.    To  mention  by  name;  particularly. 

For  tho  excellency  of  the  soul,  namely,  its  power  of  (hvlnlng 
dreams ;  lliat  scvcnil  audi  divhiaiions  have  been  mad;',  'lone 
can  question.  Ad<H*on, 

NAM'ERj^  71.    One  that  names  or  calls  by  name. 
NAME'SaKE,  71.     One  that  has  the  same  name  as  an- 
other. Addison. 


NAR 

NA.M'IiN'a,  ppr.     Culling;  nominating  j  nKntinaing. 

NAM'lNCi-l,V,  lulo.     By  n:iinu. 

K  AN  ;  a  Welsh  word  signilying  whnty  used  as  an  inter- 
rogative, n'liis  wunl  has  been  iwtenaively  used 
williin  my  memory  by  the  common  iJCOi)lc  of  New 
England.] 

NAN'DU,  ji.  The  American  ostrich,  Rhea  Americana. 

Braiide. 

NAN-KKb'N',  ii.    [Maiikin,  a  Chinese  word.] 

A  species  of  cloth,  of  a  firm  Ie.\turc,  from  China, 
made  of  a  sort  of  cotton,  viz.,  Gossypium  religiosum, 
that  \s  natmally  of  a  kmd  of  yellow  color,  which  is 
qnite  indeslrnctihln  and  permanent.  This  cloth  is 
now  imitated  by  the  manufacturers  in  Great  liritain, 
though  with  far  less  permanency  of  cidor.^  It  i.;  i!..'.v 
made  in  Georgia  of  cotton  raised  in  that  Plate, 

NAP,  Ji.     [Sa.\.  hnappun.     Qu.  its  councttion  with 
hnepan,  to  lean,  that  is,  to  nod.] 
A  short  9lce[>  or  .slumber.     [  Cullm/nuiL']     Siiliicy. 

NAP,  V.  t.    To  have  a  short  sleep  ;  to  be  drowsy. 
3.  'i'o  be  in  a  careless,  secure  state.  iViclif. 

NAP,  ».    [Sax.  hnoppUj  nap ;  It.  nappoj  a  tassel ;  Ar. 

1  tl  I-^^  kiimboit.    Class  Nb,  No.  20.] 

1.  The  woolly  or  villous  substance  on  tho  surface 
of  cloth. 
9.  The  downy,  or  soft,  hairy  substance  on  plants. 
S.  A  kno|).     [See  Knoi-.]  [Murtijn. 


NAPE,  Ji.     [Sax.  ciucp,  a  knob  ;  Ar.  i_*a£S>  kanabti, 

to  be  hard  or  ciUlous,  whence  a  callus.    Class  Nb, 
No.  20.] 
The  prominent  joint  of  the  neck  behind.  Bucon. 
N.\'PEll-Y,  II.     [Fr.  luijipc  ,■  It.  mippa,  nafptiric] 

Xineu  for  the  table ;  tableclollis  or  linen  cloth  in 
general.     [Obs.]  Shcltvn. 

Na'PHEW,  (na'fii,)n.  [L.  7iapi«,  a  turnip  ;  Snx.aia-p, 
a  knob.] 
A  plant.     [See  Navkw.] 
NAPH'THA,  (nap'tha,)  n.    [h.  Gr.  Ch.  Syr.  and  .Vr., 

from  lakj  ncrfiila,  to  push  out,  as  pustules,  to  throw 
out,  to  boil,  to  be  angry.  In  Amliaric,  mft,  or  luphc, 
from  this  sense,  signilies  a  gun  or  musket.] 

A  volatile,  limpid,  bituminous  lapiid,  uf  a  strong, 
peculiar  odor,  and  generally  of  a  light-yellow  color  ; 
but  it  may  be  rendered  colorless  by  careful  distilla- 
tion. It  is  very  inflammable,  and  burns  with  a  white 
(lame,  mixed  with  much  smoke.  It  is  insoluble  in 
water,  but  unites  in  every  proportion  with  absolute 
alcohol.  Turner.  Ily  long  keeping  it  hardens  into 
a. substance  resembling  vegetable  resin, and  becomes 
black. 

Naphtha  exudes  from  the  earth  in  Persia,  and,  as 
is  said,  in  the  neigliboiliood  of  Uabylon.  Naphtha 
may  bo  obtained  by  the  distillation  of  asphalt  from 
the  Dead  Sea,  and  of  pclroleum  from  Trinidad. 

Naphtha  consists  of  carbon  and  hydrogen  in  equal 
equivalents.  Tlwm.-iun. 

NAPU-TlIAL'ie  .\C'1D,  II.  A  crystalline  product,  in 
appearance  resembling  benzoic  acid,  obtained  from 
naphthaline.  Bnmdc. 

NAPU'TH  A-LINE,  (lin,)  n.  A  ik-culiar,  white,  crys- 
tallizable  substance,  deposited  from  naplitha  distilled 
from  coal  tar,  consisting  uf  hydrogen  and  carbon.  It 
is  heavier  than  water,  lias  a  pungent,  aromatic  taste, 
and  a  peculiar,  faintly  aromatic  odor,  not  unlike  that 
of  the  Narcissus.  Brnndc. 

Na'PI-FORM,  <!.  [L.  iiujias,  a  turnip,  and  forma, 
form.] 

Having  the  shape  uf  a  turnip,  swelled  in  the  upper 
part  and  becoming  more  slender  below.  Beck. 

NAP'KIN,  II.  [Fr.  iia;K!,  cloth;  of  which  7io;iAiii  is  a 
diminutive.] 

1.  A  cloth  used  for  wiping  the  hands  ;  a  towel, 
a.  A  handkerchief.     [04.<.]  Skak. 

N.\P'LESS,  a.     Without  nap  ;  threadbare.        Skak. 

Na'PLES-YEL'LoW,  II.  A  line  yellow  pigment, 
used  in  oil  painting,  also  for  porcelain  and  enamel. 
It  has  long  been  prepared  in  Italy  by  a  secret  process. 

Urc. 

NAP'PAL,  n.    Soap  rock.  r'mkerloii. 

NAP'PI-NESS,  71.  The  quality  of  being  sleepy,  or  in- 
clined to  take  naps. 

2.  The  quality  of  having  a  nap;  abundance  of 
nap,  as  on  cloth. 

NAP'PING,  ppr.    Having  a  short  sleep. 

NAP'PY,  a.  [from  nap.]  Frotliy  ;  spumy  ;  as,  vappij 
beer.  Oaij. 

NAP'-TaK-ING,  a.    Taking  naps. 

KAP'-TaIv-ING,  II.  A  taking  liy  surprise,  as  when 
one  is  not  on  Ids  guard  ;  unexpected  onset,  when 
one  is  unprepared.  Carao. 

NAR,  0.     Nearer.     [Ofis.]  Spcasci: 

NXR-Ck'I-NA,  )  ^      ff.,.  „„„,„  1 

NAU'CE-INE,  i  "•    ^^'-  ""'""'■' 

An  alkaloid  obtained  from  opium,  in  the  form  of  a 
white  crystalline  solid,  with  a  slightly  bitter  and  gal- 
vanic taste. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT — P.IETE,  PREV.  — PINE,  IVIARINE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.— 

742 


NAR 

NXR-CIS'SUS,  71.    [L. ;  Gr.  i'WKi'7'Jis.] 

1.  In  vufthvlog-i/,  u  beautiful  youlh  who  was  enam- 
ored of  Ins  owii  image  as  seen  in  a  fountain,  and 
was  i.-luii)Si'd  into  tliu  lluwer  called  by  liis  name. 

2.  In  botany^  a  genus  of  flowfriny  [ilants  of  sev- 
eral spfcies,  coniprisinj;  the  dalfudils,  joiuniils,  &.c. 
They  are  bulbous-rooted,  perennial  in  root,  but  with 
annual  baves  and  flower-stalks.  Euajc.    Fartintrtcn. 

NAR-€o'SIS,  71.  [dr.,  infra.]  The  effect  of  a' nar- 
cotic, whether  medicinal  or  poisonous. 

N.\R-€OT'IC,  <i.  [Ur.  vJOKuiriftrus,  from  rupicow,  to 
render  torpid.] 

In  nifdic:[ial  doses,  allaying  morbid  susceptibility, 
rclievii:;;  pain,  and  producing  sleep.  In  poisimous 
doses,  [)roducing  stupor,  coma,  and  convulsions ; 
and,  if  iiushed  to  a  suthcient  extent,  death.  Tally. 

i\.\R-eOT'I€,  H.  A  medicine  which,  in  niedieiual 
doses,  allays  morbid  susceptibilit>',  relieves  pr.in,  and 
produces  sleep;  but  which,  in  poisonous  doses,  pro- 
duces stupor,  conm,  convulsions,  and,  if  pushed  far 
enough,  death.  Tulbj. 

XXR-eOT'I€-AL-LY,  adc.  Operating  after  the  man- 
ner of  a  narcotic.  Wudock. 

NAR-COT'ie-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  opeiating  as 
a  narcotic.     [J\'ot  iisefl.] 

N.\R-e0T^ie-O-Ae'RID,  a.  In  medicine,  acrid-nar- 
cotic ;  a  term  denoting  a  combination  Of  acrid  and 
narcotic  properties. 

NXR'GOT-INE,  (-in,)  n.  An  alkaloid  obtained  from 
opium,  and  one  of  its  active  narcotic  principles.  It 
is  a  white  ciystalline  solid,  nearly  destitute  of  taste. 

NAR'eO-TIS.M,  n.  The  effect  of  a  narcotic,  whether 
medicinal  or  poisonous.     [Little  tiscd.] 

NXRD,  n.  [L.  itardus,  7iarduin ;  Gr.  vaijSos  i  from  the 
Arabic,  Fhenician,  Syriac,  or  Persian,  probably  the 
latter.] 

1.  A  plant  usually  called  spikctiardy  spica  vardi; 
highly  valued  by  the  ancieuls,  both  as  an  article  of 
luxury  and  of  medicine.    It  is  odorous  or  aruniutic. 

2.  An  unguent  prepared  from  the  plant. 
NARD'INE,  (-in,)  a.    Pertaining  to  nard  ;  having  the 

qualities  of  spikenard.  Jisiat.  Res. 

NaRE,  n.     [L.  7iaW5.] 

The  nostril.     [JV'wt  used.]  Hadibras. 

XAR'I-FOR.M,  c.    Formed  like  the  nose. 
2S'AR'RA-BLE,  a.     [L.  narrabilis.     SeeNAnRATE.] 

That  may  be  related,  told,  or  narrated.    \Jfot  lufcd.] 

XAR'RaTE  or  N.VR-RATE^  v.  t.     [L.  narro  :  It.  nar- 

rare;  Sp.  r.arrav.  Fr.  narrcr.     Class  Nr,  No.  9,  5,  6.] 

1.  To  tell,  rehearse,  or  recite,  as  a  story  ;  to  relate 
the  particulars  of  any  event  or  transaction,  or  any 
series  of  incidents. 

2.  To  write,  as  the  particulars  of  a  story  or  histo- 
ry. We  never  say,  to  narrate  a  sentence,  a  sermon, 
or  an  oration,  but  we  narrate  a  story,  or  the  particu- 
lar events  which  have  fallen  under  our  observation, 
or  which  we  have  heard  related. 

NAR'RA-TEn,  pj).    Related;  told. 
NAR'Ra-TIXG  j»/jr.    Rchiting  ;  telling;  reciting. 
XAR-Ua'TION,  It.     [L.  narratio.] 

1.  The  act  of  telling  or  relating  the  particulars  of 
an  event ;  rehearsal ;  recital. 

2.  Relation  ;  story  ;  history  ;  the  re.ation  in  words 
or  writing  of  the  particulars  of  any  transaction  or 
event,  or  of  any  series  of  transactions  or  events. 

3.  Ill  oratitrij,  that  part  of  a  discourse  which  re- 
cites the  time,  manner,  or  consequences  of  an  ac- 
tion, or  simply  states  the  facts  connected  with  the 

iNAR'RA-TIVE,  a.     [Fr.  r.arratif.]  [subject. 

1.  Relating  tiie  particulars  of  an  event  or  transac- 
tion ;  giving  a  particular  or  continued  account. 

2.  Apt  or  inclined  to  relate  stories,  or  to  tell  partic- 
ulars of  events ;  story-telling. 

But  wise  througli  limp  nnd  varr&liue  with  age.  Pope. 

NAR'RA-TIVE,  ».  The  recita!  "  i  storj',  or  a  con- 
tinuijd  account  of  the  particul;-.;:i  of  an  event  or 
transartiou ;  story. 

Cyutiiio  v.as  much  lakcn  wilh  my  narratice.  Tht/cr. 

NAU'RA-TIVE-LY,  Wo.  By  way  of  narration,  story, 
or  recital.  Ayliffc, 

NAR-Ra'TOR,  lu  One  that  narrates;  one  that  re- 
lates a  series  of  events  or  transactions.  Walls. 

NAR'RA-TO-RY,  a.    Giving  an  account  of  events. 

Howell. 

NiVR'RI-FS,  V.  t.    To  relate  ;  to  give  account  of. 

Shak. 

NAR'RoW,  a.  [Sax.  wrara,  nearo^  nearu,  ncarcxo.  I 
suspect  this  word  and  7(e/ir  to  he  contracted  by  the 
loss  of  «■,  W.  njo",  narrow,  strait ;  nigiaio^lfj  narrow  ; 
for  tlie  D.  has  naanio^  narrow,  close,  G.  gcna.ti,  with 
a  prefix.  In  this  case,  the  word  belongs  to  the  root 
of  nisr^i ;  D.  naakeii,  to  approach.] 

1.  Of  little  breadth  ;  not  wide  or  broad;  having 
little  distance  from  side  to  side  ;  as,  a  narrow  board  ; 
a  narraw  street ;  a  narrow  sea;  a  narrow  hem  or  bor- 
der It  is  only  or  chiefly  applied  to  the  surface  of 
flat  or  level  bodies. 

2.  Of  little  extent;  very  limited;  as,  a  ixarrow 
space  or  compass. 

3.  Pig-urativcly^  limited  as  to  means ;  straitened ; 
as,  a  narrow  fortune. 

4  Covetous  ;  not  liberal  or  bountiful ;  as,  a  nar- 
roa  heart. 


..  AS 

5.  Contracted;  of  couflned  views  or  semiments: 
very  limited. 

The  ^icaU.<3l  uudonlatiding  U  narrou.  Grtia. 

In  this  sense  and  Ihc  former,  it  in  ofU-n  prefixed 
to  mind  or  soul,  Ate;  us,  imrrfic-niiuded ;  jwnoio- 
souled  ;  xarrwio-hearlcd. 

C.  Near  ;  within  a  iinall  distance.  Dnjdcn. 

7.  Close;  near;  accurate;  scrutinizing;  as,  a 
narrow  search  ;  narrow  inspection. 

8.  Near;  barely  suHicient  to  avoid  evil;  ati,  a  luir- 
rmn  escape. 

NAR'UoW,  71.  JA  strait;  a  narrow  paHsagc 
NAR'KoAV?,  n.  pi.  \  through  a  mountain,  or  a  nar- 
row cluinnel  of  water  between  one  fea  or  lake  and 
another;  a  sound.  It  is  usually  in  the  phi  nd,  but 
sometijnes  in  the  singular.  fVa.-'kin:rtoii.  Mit/urd. 
NAR^toW,  u.  (.  To  lessen  the  breadth  of;  to  con- 
tract- 

A  govermneiit,  by  ulieii-iling  llic  iiflctlion*  of  ihc  jwoplff,  rnay  l» 
i~\\i\  to  nfirrow  it»  liuttom.  TcmjiU. 

2.  To  contract  in  extent ;  as,  to  narrow  ono'u  in- 
fluence ;  to  narrow  the  faculties  or  capacity. 

3.  To  draw  into  a  smaller  compass;  to  contract ; 
to  limit;  to  confine;  as,  to  narrow  our  viewj  or 
knowledge  ;  to  narrow  a  question  in  discussion. 

4.  In  kniuiii'j,  to  contract  the  size  of  a  stocking  by 
t;Lking  two  sliiches  into  one. 

NAR'RoW,  V.  i.  To  become  less  hroad  ;  to  contract 
in  breadth.  At  that  place,  the  sea  narrotc.t  into  a  strait. 

2.  In  horsemanship^  a  horse  is  said  to  narrow,  when 
he  does  not  t;iive  ground  enough,  or  bear  out  enough 
to  the  one  hand  or  the  other.  Far.  Diet. 

3.  To  contract  the  size  of  a  stocking  by  taking  two 
siitche:i  into  one. 

NAR'RoW-ED,;jp.  or((.  Contracted;  made  less  wide. 

NAR'RoW-ER,  n.  He  or  that  which  narrows  or  con- 
tracts. 

NAR'RC»W-ING,p/>r.  Contracting;  making  less  broad. 

NAR'RoW-ING,  n.     The  act  of  narrowing  or  con- 
tracting. 
2.  'I'hc  part  of  a  stocking  which  is  narrowed. 

NAR'RO\V-LY,  adv.    With  little  breadth. 

2.  Contractedly  ;  without  much  extent. 

3.  Closely;  accurately;  with  niinuto  scrutiny  ;  as, 
to  look  or  watch  nnrroicbj,  to  search  varroirh'. 

4.  Nearly  ;  wilhiu  a  little;  by  a  small  distance; 

5.  Sparinglv.  [?».',  ho  jmrrowhj  escaped. 
NAR'RoW-MTND'ED,  a.     llhbrral ;   mean-spirited; 

uf  ronlined  views  or  sentiments. 

NAR'ROVV-MIND'ED^NESS,  n.  Confined  views  or 
SLntiuicnts ;  illibcralily. 

NAR'RoW-NESS,  n.  Smallness  of  breadth  or  dis- 
tance from  side  to  side  ;  as,  Iho  7iarrowncs!f  of  cloth, 
of  a  street  or  highway,  of  a  stream  or  sea. 

2.  Smaliness  of  extent;  contractednesa ;  as,  the 
narrowness  of  capacity  or  comprehension  ;  narrowness 
of  knowledge  or  attainments. 

3.  Smaliness  of  estate  or  means  of  living  ;  pover- 
ty ;  as,  the  nai-rowness  of  fortune  or  of  circumstances. 

South. 

4.  Contractedness  ;  penuriousness ;  covetousnes.-^. 
as,  narrowness  of  heart. 

5.  Itliberality ;  want  of  generous,  enlarged,  or 
charitable  views  or  sentiments;  as,  narrowness  of 
mind  or  views. 

NAR'RoVV-.srCHT'ED,  a.     Having  a  narrow  sight. 

The  Monodon  vionoc^oSf  a  cetaceous  mammal 
found  in  the  northern  seas,  which  grons  to  twenty 
feet  in  length.  The  spiracle  t)f  tliis  aiuniftl  is  on  the 
anterior  part  of  the  skull.  When  young  it  hxs  two 
tusks,  but  when  old  it  h;is  but  one,  which  imjecls 
from  the  upper  jaw,  and  is  straight.  From  this  cir- 
cumstance of  its  having  one  tusk  only,  it  h;ts  ob- 
tained the  name  of  the  Sea  Umcokn  or  Usic.inN 
FisH.  Pennant.    Eneijc. 

NAS,  for  Ne  HIS.     Has  not.    [Olis.]  Spemcr. 

Na'SAL,  a.     [L.  nasusy  nose  ;  It.  niLfalc.] 

Pertaining  to  the  nose  ;  formed  or  aliectcd  by  the 
nose  ;  as,  a  na^al  sound  ;  a  nasal  letter. 

NA'SAL,  n.  A  letter  whose  sound  is  aflected  by  the 
nose. 

2.  A  medicine  that  operates  through  the  nose  ;  an 
crrhiiie.  Barton. 

NA-S.ALT-T  Y,  n.    The  state  or  iiuality  of  being  nasal. 

Na'SAI,-IZE,  v.  t.    To  render  iiiuial,  as  sound. 

NA'SAL-IZ-J!IJ,  (Ii.a'i!al-I7.d,)  jip.  or  a.  liendercd  na- 
sal, as  sound. 

Na'S AL-LY,  adv.    In  a  nasal  manner ;  by  the  nose. 

N.\S'e.'\L,  ?i.    .A  kind  of  pess.ary.  Fa-rand. 

A  pessary  made  of  wool  or  cotton,  to  raise  tho  nose 
when  compressed.  Parr. 

NAS't'E.\-Cy,  n.    The  beginning  of  production. 

NAS'CENT,  a.     [L.  jiascpn.-.',  nastor^  to  bo  born.] 

1.  Beginning  to  c.\ist  or  to  grow. 

2.  In  dknaistrij.,  in  the  act  of  being  produced  or 
evolved,  as  a  gas.  BlarU. 

N.^SK'BEK-llY,  71.  The  fruit  of  a  tropical  tree  of  the 
genus  Achras.  I^ndoa. 

NAS'1-eOR-NOUS,  a.  [I-.  imsii.--,  nose,  and  comxL, 
horn.] 

Having  a  horn  growing  on  the  nose.         Brav^n. 


AT 


/wa.) 


i«».J     la  1  . 


EixmB« 


.,;'.i^'.,,. 


'Ilu;  r^t 


NAe'l-F<ii 

Ih.'..,, 
NXS 

fil' 

NA.S'TI-.\toi4, 
lillh. 

2.  Obrtccnity;  rilmlilrv 
NAK-TUII'TIU.M,/ «.      I 
NA8-TI,'K'TIO.N,  S     l* 
All     \:i.-  n-  .11    :.i.i.. 
b 

l; 


XAd 'i  V,  u.     ^OiiKiu  uii*uw«n.     44u.  ■ 
).  DULnulingily  filUiy  ;  rnjr  dijl),  ' 
nau^t-oiiK. 
^.  Ott«c4;nc. 
NA'.Sin-E,  a.     [L.»a«<I.,.] 

Critically  nle«;  ca|iiMrii>.  j 

-NA'TAI,,  a.     (L.iuiii/i,    i 
I'ertainint;  t<i  butlL 
birth  or  nativity,   ^tu  ts  > 

C- 
NA-TAI,I"TIAL,(-iib'alJ     I  a.    (U 
NA-TAL-r'TIOL'S,  (-i»h'».,)  (     iUm 
IVrtaiuing  tij  ont'd  bulh  or  ImHW. 
ted  to  one's  nativity. 
XA'TALS,  7i.p;.    n.1.1.  and  i.l4f.     i' 
iN'A'TA.NT,  a.     i|., 
lu  huUiuyi  s\. 
water,  an  the  U  ^ : 

NA'TANT-I,Y,  oi/o.    iiwiBumncly  ;  i; 

N.VTA'TION,  n.    [U  Mtoho,  (lua  .-' 

A  swimming;  tbc  act  rf  tkiotuj,; 

[AiH'ir  lufj.] 
Na-'I'A-TO'UI-AL,  a.    In 

adapted  to  swininiins 

at  habitiiallv  live  upon  ' 
XA'TA-TO-liY,  o.     En 
NATCH,  11.  [for  Notch.' 

the  loins,  near  the  niup. 
NATH'LIWS.iK/ii.  [Saj.  «JV.Vi    ».; 

the  less.] 
Nevertlielesa ;   uol    . 

XATU'JIoRE,  adt.     [nu,  i.  ,  :ui  i 

more;  never  the  mort-.     ;04j.] 
NJ'TION,   n.     [L.  h/Kk.,  fr".  in    ,  .V 

be  bom  ;  perhaps  Hel..  ■. 

1.  \  bwly  of  pi'i.pi 
or  united  under  the  - 
a-^.  the  Engli-h  noiir.t 
!:.>,. ,>:-n8  that  many  n:'-i 
mint,  in  which  ca.*-, : 
a  body  of  people  sp' :.' 
body  that  has  formcrl;. 
menl,  but  has  been  c 
a  larger  nation.    TJ;'; 
hends  many  naliaiut,  :i 
Persian  empires.    .Vo.' 
originally  dt-n^  lid  a  \. 
from  a  common  prog'  : 
tion,  conquest,  ar  [  :;  ' 
families,  this  rl. 

a.  .\  great  w 
NA'TION-.VL,  vii 
ing  to  a  nation;  a-,      *    .-.■■.>!■.  ;i.  .<: 
guage. 

2.  Public  ;  gencial ;  coumon  lo  «  aau 
TintiV.-ml  calamity. 

3.  .\ltacheJ,  or  unduly  auacbed,  (o  ^r 
country.  The  writer  loaai^Mlcd  ■mch 
prejudice.    Ho  wait  too  FitfijiJ  to  br  Imtwi'.i*!- 

Xalionixi  fKsrJj  ;    in  Prama.,  tlM   ntbta  ct  llw 

kingdom. 
XA'TION-.VUISM,   (n.    ■ 

slate  of  being  nation;.'. 
NA-TION-AI.I-TV,  -■ 

tional  cllaracl.  (  . 

or  stronutv  att'i 
XS'TIO.N-AL-IV 

make  national;  i.  ^i  ir..  .-r  .^v».j 

habits  of  a  nation,  or  !  .c hoK'ntt  wback 

belong  to  ci!!;:ens  of  t  , 
NA'TION  AIM7..f:n,  f.  .     ..  ■         ' 

N.v'TlOX-AL-T'/IXt;,  ;.?r. 

ini;  one  the  character  and  I; 
NA'TION-.VL-LV,  (ni'shun-  .  -  ni-i.  1  i;  .     -x...     . 

regard  to  llic  nation  ;  as  a  whole  n.^tK>D. 

NA'TIOX-.VL-XESS,  ».    State  of  bcinu  iuicimI. 
NA'TIVE,  a.     [U  iio(ir».«,  ftoiu  vuf.  ■*•*.«>  •<• 
b<>m.1 

1.  Proilnccd  by  l>atur>' ;  onfin«l 
being  ;  natural ;  not  acqnin-d  :  a». 

(I'rr  allVctions  ;  a  r.atirt  tahfnl  ord^j^.^., 
chccrfniuoss:  noMc  simiJicity. 

2.  I'loihiced  liy  nalur>- ;  not  t>ctJtioo»c» 
as,  native  ore ;  njetir*  c»>li-r. 

3.  Confenrd  by  blrii ;  m,  ••«*' 
leges. 


TONE,  BfJLL,  UNITE.— AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS — C  as  K ;  0  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CU  -as  Sll ;  TH  : 


-1 


:-i,> 


NAT 

4.  I'crlaining  to  the  pbce  of  birth  ;  as,  native  soil ; 
ncUire  country  j  native  pracos.  Sliak. 

5.  Original ;  tliat  of  which  any  thing  is  made  ;  as, 
man'.-!  native  dust.  Milton. 

r>.  Born  with  ;  congenial.  ShaJ:. 

NA'TIVE,  n.    One  horn  in  any  place  is  said  to  be  a 

native  of  that  place,  whether  country,  city,  or  town. 

2.  OITspriuf,'.     [JVot  in  use]  ShaJi 

3.  In  natural  hu^tonjf  plants  and  nnim;i1s  arc  Kaid  to 
be  natives  of  that  country  or  place  from  which  they 
ori^'inally  came.  Thus,  the  (;uinea-pig  luid  the  pota- 
to are  natives  of  South  America.  Kncuc.  J3m, 

Na'TIVE-LY,  flf/y.     By  hirih  ;  naturally;  orifiinally. 
'J'aijloi:     I.iifkifoot. 

Na'TIVE-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  produced  by  na- 
tun-.  Johnson. 

NA-'lJV'l-TY,  ?».  Birth  ;  the  coming  into  Mfc  or  the 
worKI.  The  feast  of  Christmas  is  observed  in  mem- 
ory of  Christ's  nativity. 

2.  'J'ime,  phice,  and  manner  of  birth. 

3.  State  or  place  of  being  produced. 

Thi'sc,  in  Ihc^ir  dark  ntUivilu,  tin*  (kop 

Shall  yield  us  prepiaiit  willi  inlcnwl  flame.  Milton. 

4.  In  astrolofTfj^  a  representation  of  tho  positions  of 
tlio  heavenly  bodies  at  the  moniimt  of  one's  birth, 
supjiosed  to  indicate  his  future  ilcslinicsj  as,  to  cal- 
culate one's  nativitij.  Brandc. 

NAT'KA,  71.     A  bird,  a  species  of  slirike.     Pennant. 

NA'TRO-LITE,  ti.  A  zeolite,  occurring  generally  in 
implanted  groups  of  glassy,  acicular  crystals,  and  in 
librous  concretions.  It  consists  of  silica,  alumina, 
and  soda,  and  is  part  of  the  old  species  mcsotype, 

Dana. 

Na'TRON,  n.  Native  carbonate  of  soda ;  another  of 
soda,  with  half  more  of  caibonic  acid,  is  called  Tao- 
NA.  Dana. 

NAT'TI-LY,  adv.     In  a  natty  manner. 

NAT'TY,  a.    Neatly  fine  ;  S])rucf».     [Cvlhquial.'] 

NAT'tT-KAL,  (nat'yu-ral,)  a.  [Fr.  nalarcl;  h.natura- 
Usy  from  nataray  nature,  from  nascor^  to  be  born  or 
produced.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  nature ;  produced  or  effected  by 
nature,  or  by  the  laws  of  growth,  formation,  or  mo- 
tion, inipres.sed  on  bodies  or  beings  by  divine  power. 
'J'lius  we  ppeak  of  tho  natural  growth  of  animals  or 
jilaiits  ;  the  natural  motion  of  a  gravitating  body; 
vdtnrtil  strength  or  dispusititin  ;  the  natural  heat  of 
tho  body  ;  natural  color  ;  natural  beauty.  In  this 
stMise,  natural  is  opposed  to  artificial  or  acquired. 

2.  According  to  the  slated  course  of  things.  Pov- 
orly  and  shame  are  the  natural  consequences  of  cer- 
tain vices. 

3.  Not  forced  ;  not  far  fetched  ;  such  as  is  dictated 
by  nature.    The  gestures  of  the  orator  are  natural. 

4.  According  to  the  life  ;  as,  a  natural  representa- 
tion of  the  face.  • 

5.  Consonant  to  nature. 

Fire  ami  warmth  ^o  toffcilicr,  anil  an  seem  to  cany  with  them  !»s 
natural  an  cvulcnce  as  sclf-tvidi-nl  truths  thcinst-jves. 

Locke. 

6.  D.-^rived  from  nature,  as  opposed  to  Habitual. 
The  love  of  pleasure  is  natural ;  the  love  of  study  is 
usually  liabilual  or  acquired. 

7.  Discoverable  by  reason ;  not  revealed  ;  as,  twCu- 
ral  religion. 

8.  Produced  or  coming  in  Ibe  ordinary  course  of 
things,  or  the  jirogress  of  animals  and  vegetables; 
as,  a  Ttatural  death  ;  opposed  to  Violent  or  Prema- 

TUHE. 

9.  Tender;  afTfctionate  by  nature.  Sliak. 

10.  Unaffected ;  unassumed ;  according  to  truth 
and  reality. 

Wh:it  can  be  more  natural  than  the  circumstances  of  the  beha- 
vior of  those  women  who  had  lost  their  htisbaiids  on  this 
fiitjil  day  ?  Addison. 

11.  Illegitimate;  born  out  of  wedlock;  as,  anatu- 
ral  son. 

12.  Native ;  vernacular ;  as,  one's  natural  language. 

Sioift. 

13.  Derived  from  the  study  of  the  works  of  nature  ; 
as,  natural  knowledge.  Addison. 

M.  A  natural  noti>,  in  music,  is  tliat  wliich  is  ac- 
cording to  the  usual  order  of  the  scale  ;  opposed  to 
flat  and  sharp  notes,  which  tire  called  artificial. 

JVatural  hisUrnjy  in  its  most  extensive  sense,  is  the 
description  of  whatever  is  created,  or  of  the  wiiole 
universe,  including  the  heavens  and  the  earth,  and 
all  tho  productions  of  the  earth.  But  more  generally, 
natural  history  is  hmitcd  to  a  description  of  the  earth 
and  its  productions,  including  zoology,  botany,  geol- 
ogy, mineralogy,  &c. 

J^atural  ordrrs,  in  botany^  are  groups  of  genera  re- 
sembling each  other. 

.Valur«//j/ii7oi-opAy  originally  signified  the  study  of 
nature  in  general.  In  present  usage,  natural  or  me- 
chanical philosophy  relates  to  the  |»lienoniena  and  laws 
of  masses  of  matter,  and  consiiiors  those  effects  only 
whicli  are  not  attended  by  any  change  of  nature,  as 
motion,  &,c.  It  is  distinguished  from  chemistry, 
which  relates  to  the  phenomena  and  laws  of  parti- 
cles of  matter,  and  embraces  their  changes  of  nature. 
Olwistc!/.  It  is  distinguishr-d  from  vUcllfctual  and 
moral  philosophy,  which  respt-ct  the  mind  or  under- 
standing of  man,  and  the  qualities  of  actions. 


NAT 

NAT'U-RAL,  (nat'yu-ral)  n.     An  idiot;   one  born 
witlioul  the  usual  powers  of  reason  or  understand- 
ing.    Tliis  is  probably  elliptical  for  natural  fool.] 
ii,  A  native  ;  an  original  inhabitant.     [Ji'vt  in  u.-^r.] 

HaUffh. 
3.  Gift  of  nature  ;  natural  quality.     [,Yut  in  use.] 
B.  Jonson.      l^otton. 
A.  In  musicj  a  character  used  to  reston^  to  its  natu- 
ral or  usual  sound  a  note  which,  according  to  a  pre- 
viuiis  character,  woubl  be  llat  or  sharp. 

NAT'IJ-UAL-IS.M,  n.  Mere  state  of  nature.  Lavin^tun. 
2.  Tlio  doctrine  of  tliose  who  deny  a  supernatural 
agency  in  the  miracles  and  revelations  recorded  in 
the  Bible,  and  in  the  grace  which  renews  and  sanc- 
tifies men.  J.  Murdack. 

NAT'lT-UAL-IST,  n.  One  that  studies  natural  his- 
tory and  philosophy,  or  physics  ;  one  that  is  versed 
in  natural  history  or  philosophy.  It  is  more  gener- 
ally applied  to  one  that  is  versed  in  natural  history. 

NAf-^-RAL'I-TY,  n.  The  state  of  being  natural. 
[Obs.y 

NAT-Tr-RAL-I-ZA'TION,Ti.  [See  NATfitAuzE.]  The 
act  of  investing  an  alien  with  the  rights  and  privi- 
leges of  a  native  subject  or  citizen.  ,Yaturalizationy 
in  Great  Britain,  is  only  by  act  of  parliament.  In 
tho  United  States,  it  is  by  "net  of  congress,  vesting 
certain  tribunals  with  the  power. 

NAT'IJ-llAL-IZE,  (nat'yu-ral-Ize,)  v.  t.  [from  nata- 
raly  nature,]  To  confer  on  an  alien  the  rights  and 
privileges  of  a  native  subject  or  citizen  ;  to  adopt 
foreigm^rs  into  a  nation  or  state,  and  place  tliem  in 
the  condition  of  natural  born  subjects. 

2.  To  make  natural ;  to  render  easy  and  familiar 
by  custom  and  habit;  as,  custom  naturalizes  labor  or 
study.  South. 

3.  To  adapt ;  to  make  suitable;  to  acclimate  ;  as, 
to  naturalize  otic  to  a  climate. 

4.  To  receive  or  adopt  as  native,  natural,  or  ver- 
nacular ;  to  make  our  own  ;  as,  to  naturalize  foreign 
words. 

5.  To  accustom  ;  to  habituate ;  a^jto  naturalize  th-c 
vine  to  a  cold  climate.  Gibbon. 

NAT'tT-UAL-I/-jKD,  ;;/).  orn.  Invested  with  tlie  priv- 
ileges of  natives;  rendered  easy  and  familiar; 
adapted  to  a  climate;  acclimated;  received  as  na- 
tive. 

NAT'q-RAL-IZ-ING,  ppr.  Vesting  with  the  rights 
of  native  subjects;  making  easy;  acclimating; 
adopting. 

NAT'U-RAL-LY,  (nat'yu-ral-e,)  adv.  According  to 
nature ;  by  tho  force  or  imptdse  of  nature  ;  not  by 
art  or  habit.     We  arc  nnturally  prone  to  evil. 

2.  According  to  nature  ;  without  affectation  ;  with 
just  representation  ;  according  to  life. 

3.  According  to  the  usual  course  of  things  ;  as,  the 
effect  or  consequence  naturally  follows. 

4.  Spontaneously;  witliout  art  or  cultivation.  Ev- 
ery plant  must  liavc  grown  natxirally  in  some  [dace  or 
other. 

NAT^IJ-RAL-NESS,  n.  The  slate  of  being  given  or 
produced  by  nature  ;  as,  the  naturalness  of  desire. 

"  Soutlu 
2.  Confonniiy  to  nature,  or  to  truth  and  reality ; 
not  affectation ;  as,  the  naturalness  of  tho  eyebrows. 

Drydcn. 
NAT'lJ-RALS,  v.  pi.  Among  physicians,  whatever  be- 
longs naturally  to  an  animal  ;  ojijioscd  to  Nos-nat- 
URALs.  [It  may,  perhaps,  be  sometimes  used  in  the 
siiiiTidar.] 
Na'TURE,  (nat'yur.)  n.  [Fr.  id. ,-  L.  Sp.  and  It.  tki- 
tura  :  from  natiis,  born,  produced,  from  nascor.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  whatever  is  made  or  pro- 
duced ;  a  word  that  comprehends  all  tho  works  of 
God  ;  the  universe.  Of  a  pheni.v  we  soy,  there  is  no 
sucIj  thing  in  yiature. 


And  look  through  Jiature  up  to  nature's  God. 


Pope. 


2.  By  a  metonymy  of  the  effect  for  the  cause,  tia- 
ture  is  used  for  the  agent,  creator,  author,  producer, 
of  things,  or  for  the  powers  that  produce  them.  By 
the  expression,  "  trees  and  fossils  are  produced  by 
nature,"  we  mean,  they  are  formed  or  produced  by 
certain  inherent  powers  in  matter,  or  wc  mean  that 
tliey  are  produced  by  God,  the  Creator,  the  Author  of 
whatever  is  made  or  produced.  The  opinion  that 
tilings  are  produced  by  inherent  powers  of  matter, 
independent  of  a  su[)reme,  inlrlligeiit  Author,  is 
atlieisni.  But  generally,  men  mean  by  nature,  thus 
used,  the  Author  of  created  things,  or  the  operation 
of  bis  power. 

3.  The  essence,  essential  qualities,  or  attributes, 
of  a  thing,  which  constitute  it  what  it  is;  as,  the 
nature  of  the  soul  ;  the  nature  of  blood  ;  the  nature 
of  a  fluid  ;  tlie  nature  of  plants,  or  of  a  metal ;  the 
nature  of  a  circle  or  an  angle.  When  we  speak  of 
the  iiatnrc  of  man,  we  understand  the  peculiar  con- 
stitution of  his  body  or  mind,  or  the  qualities  of  the 
species  which  distinguish  him  from  other  animals. 
M'bcn  we  speak  of  the  nature  of  a  man,  or  an  indi- 
vidual of  the  race,  we  mean  bis  particular  qualities 
or  constitution  ;  cither  the  peculiar  temperament  of 
his  body,  or  the  affections  of  Ins  mind,  his  natural 
appetites,  passions,  disposition,  or  temper.  So  of 
irrational  animals. 


NAU 

4.  The  established  or  regular  course  of  things  ;  as 
when  we  say,  an  event  is  not  according  to  nature,  or 
it  is  out  of  tile  order  of  nature.  Boyle. 

5.  A  law  or  principle  of  action  or  motion  in  a  nat- 
ural body.    A  stone  by  nature  falls,  or  inclines  to  fall. 

Btnjlc. 
C.  Constitution  ;  aggiegale  powers  of  a  body,  es- 
pecially a  living  one.     We  say,  nature  is  strong  or 
weak  ;  nature  is  idmost  exhausted.  Boyle. 

7.  The  constitution  and  appearances  of  things. 
Tho  works,  whether  of  poet«,  pnintcrp,  moniiiat*,  or  hiilorians, 

wiiich  ivrc  huilt  U[wii  genera]  nature,  live  fon:ver.  lieynolds. 

8.  Natural  affection  or  reverence. 

Have  we  not  seen 


'I'll/!  miirdcrinj  won  aaccnd  his  mreiit'a  bed, 
Through  violated  nature  forw  his  way  t 


Pope. 


9.  System  of  created  things. 

He,  hiiidihg  nature  rust  In  f^ile, 

L'-llconKiiMicc  free  and  will.  Pope. 

10.  Sort ;  species ;  kind  ;  particular  character. 

A  di^piilc  of  iJiia  nature  caused  liiisthicf  to  a  king  nnd  an  nrch- 
lishop.  Drt/ien. 

11.  Sentiments  or  images  conformed  to  nature,  or 
to  truth  and  reality. 

Only  nifiire  Km  please  '.hose  tastes  which  arc  Hiipix'Jiidic^d  ami 
rvliticd.  AiMison. 

19.  Birth.    Nri  man  is  noble  by  nature. 
Na'TTIIIE,  tnafyur,)  v.  U    To  endow  with  natural 

qualities.     [Xoiin  use.]  Gowcr. 

Na'TIJR-IST,  n.     One  who  ascribes  every  thing  to 

nature.  Boyle. 

NA-TU'RI-TY,  n.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  pro- 
duced by  nature.     [Jl  very  bad  word,  and  not  used.] 

liruwu. 
NAU'FRAOlE,  n.     [L.  naufragium  ;  navis,  a  ship,  and 

franco,  to  break.     See  Wreck,  which  is  from  the 

same  root,  breaJc.  h.  Jractus.] 
-Shipwreck.     (jSTot  in  nse.]  Brown. 

NAU'FIIA-GOUS,  a.      Causing  shipwreck.      [Little 

used,]  Taylor. 

NAUGlIT,  (nawt,)  n.     [Sax.  naht,  Tmu/i(,  compounded 

of  ne  and  aught  or  wiht,  a  creature,  wigiit ;  Goth. 

niwaiht.     Wailit  coincides  with  wisl^t,  L.  quid,  quod. 

(See    \vc.ni.)      This    word    shonld  net    be   written 

Nought.] 
Nothing. 

D.iih  Job  serve  God  for  t:aught  ?  —  Jvh  1. 
Thmi  sellrsl  thy  people  Cor  naught.  —  Pa.  xliv. 

7'(j  set  at  naught;  to  slight,  disregard,  or  des]»sc. 

Yc  hivvf  set  al  naught  all  my  coiuis-jU  —  Prov.  i. 

NAUGHT,  (nawt,)  adv.    In  no  degree. 

To  weitllh  or  sovem^'n  power  he  naught  ;ipjili#<l.       Fairfax- 

NAUGIIT,  (nawt,)  a.  Bad;  worthless;  of  no  vaUir 
or  account. 

Things  naught  and  tiling  indiflcri'iil.  HooUr. 

It  id  naught,  it  is  naught,  aaya  the  hiiyer.  —  Prov.  xx. 

NAUGHT'I-LY,  (nawt'My,)  adv.  Wickedly;  cor- 
ruptly. 

NAUGHT'I-NES3,(nawt'i-nes3,)7i.  Badness;  wick- 
edness ;  evil  principle  or  purpo^c. 

I   l;now  ihy  pride  .ind  tho  naughtiness  of  tliy  heart. —  I  Si-.m. 
xvii. 

2.  Slight  wickedness  of  children ;  iKirverseness  ; 
mischievotisntrss.  Dryden.     Shale.     Sidney. 

NAUGHT'Y,  (nawt'y,)  a.     Wicked;  corruiit. 

A  ntiughlij  perfon,  a  m  icked  man,  walkcih  with  n.  firowiud  mouih. 
—  Prov.  vi. 

2.  Bad ;  worthless. 

The  other  b.iskct  had  very  naughty  lljs. —  Jcr.  xxW. 

3.  Mischievous;  perverse;  froward  ;  as,  a  TiaH^'/ffi/ 
child.  It  is  now  seldom  used  except  in  the  kilter 
sense,  as  applied  to  children,  or  in  ludicrous  cen- 

NAUL'AGE,  n.     [L.  naulum,]  [sure. 

Tlie  fieiglit  of  passengers  in  a  ship.     [Little  use<i.\ 
NAU'MA-€IiY,  n.      [h.   naumachia;    Gr.    vavpuxi^^i 
Vail?,  a  ship,  and  (xa\t}i  fight-] 

1.  Among  the  ancient  Romans,  a  show  or  spectacle 
representing  a  sea-fight. 

2.  The  place  where  these  shows  were  exhibited. 

£,neyc. 

NAUS'eO-PY,  n.  [Gr.  ynns,  a  ship,  and  (r*.onTtJ,  to 
view.] 

The  art  of  discovering  the  approach  of  ships,  or 
the  vicinity  of  land,  at  a  distance.  Maty. 

NAU'SEX,  '(naw'sliea,)  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  vavma, 
from  vavs,  a  ship.] 

Originally  and  properly,  seasickness ;  hence,  any 
similar  sickness  of  the  stomach,  accompanied  with  a 
propensity  to  vomit;  qualm;  loathing;  squeamish- 
ness  of  the  stomach. 

NAU'SE-ANT,  (-she-ant,)  n.  A  substance  which 
produces  nausea. 

NAU'SE-aTE,  (naw'shc-ate,)  v.  i.     [L.  nausco.] 
"  To  become  squeamish  ;  to  feel  disgust ;  to  be  in- 
clined to  reject  from  the  stomach. 

NAU'SE-aTE,  (naw'she-ate,)  v.  t.  To  loathe  ;  to  re- 
ject with  disgust. 

Tlie  patient  nauseates  and  loathes  wholesome  foods.  Dlackmore. 

Old  ugc,  with  silent  pace,  comes  creeping  oo, 

Nauseates  the  praise  which  in  her  youth  she  won.        Dryden. 

2.  To  affect  with  disgust.  Swift 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— MeTE,  PREY.— PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.— 

744  — 


NAV 

NAT'SE-A-TED,  pp.     Ilejected  with  disgust. 

NAU'SE-A-TING,  ppr.  Loalliing  ;  rejecling  with  dis- 
C'lst, 

NAU'SE-a'TIOX,  w.    The  act  of  nauseating. 

NAU'SEOUS,  (naw^'shus.y  a.  Loatlisome  ;  disgust- 
ful;  disgusting;  regarded  with  abhorrence;  as,  a 
nausco'us  drug  or  medicine. 

NAU'SEOUS-LY,  adv.     Loathsomulv  ;  disgustfuhy. 

NAU'SEOUS-NESS,  n.  Loathsomeness;  quality  of 
exciting  disgust;  as,  the  nau:,covsiicss  of  a  drug  or 
medicine. 

The  nauseousness  of  such  coinp,iiiv  disjusLs  a  rcasoiinblc  iii.iii. 

DryJcn. 

NAU'TIC,  )  a.     [L.  nauticus,  from  iianta^  a  sea- 

NAU'TX€>AL,  \  man,  from  jjcuts,  a  ship.  See 
Navt.] 

Pertaining  to  seanmn  or  navigation  ;  as,  nautical 
skill ;  a  -nautical  ahnaiiac. 

NAU'TI-LITE,  71.     [from  L.  vautilus^  a  slicll-fish.] 
A  fossil  nautihis.  Kincan.     Diet, 

NAU'TI-LOID,  «.  Resembling  the  nautilus  in  form 
or  shape. 

NAU'TI-LOID,  ?(.    [JCautilus  and  £(Jye.] 
'"  That  which  has  the  form  of  the  nautilus. 

NAU'TI-LUS,  n.  [L.  j  Gr.  laurtAof,  from  viu's,  a 
ship.] 

1.  The  name  of  a  small  genus  of  cephalopodous 
mollusca.  The  animal  lias  the  sack,  eyes,  parrot- 
beak,  and  funnel  of  the  ether  rephalopods  ;  but  its 
mouth,  instead  of  the  large  aims  and  feet,  is  sur- 
rounded by  several  circles  of  numerous  small  tenta- 
cles without  cups.  The  shell  is  a  spiral,  symmetri- 
cal, and  chambered  shell,  i.  e.  divided  into  several 
cavities  by  partitions.  Its  laminfc  cross  suddenly, 
even  in  the  last  turns  of  the  spine,  which  not  only 
touch  the  preceding  ones,  but  envelop  them.  The 
siphon  occupies  the  center  of  each  partition. 

Cuvier. 
9.  A  loose,  popular  name  applied  to  (he  shells  of 
several  different  genera  of  mollnsra.  The  animal 
w  Uich  is  said  to  s?i!  in  its  shell  upon  the  surface  of 
the  water,  is  the  Argonauia  ArL'o,  very  different 
from  the  nautilus.  Perhaps  nautiltis  may  be  said  to 
be  its  poetical  name. 

Leam  of  ihe  lilUe  iviutilus  to  sai!.  Pops. 

XA'VAL,  a.     [L.  navalis,  from  navis,  Gr.  vtv^,  a  ship.] 

1.  Consisting  of  ships ;  as,  a  7!«trt/  force  or  arma- 
ment. 

2.  Pertaining  to  ships  or  to  a  navy  ;  as,  naval 
stores. 

NA'VAL  OFTI-CER,  n.  In  a  United  States  cu^tom- 
liovar,  an  ollicer  who  assists  the  collector  in  col- 
lecting the  customs  on  merchandise  imported. 

Bouvicr. 
Na'VALS,  n.  !»?.    Naval  affairs.     [A'ot  usnL] 

Clarendon. 
Na^VARGH,  (na'vark,)  h.     [Gr.  viimp\o<;.] 
In  anciatl  Orcccc,  the  commander  of  a  fleet. 

Jilttford. 
NA'VAKen-Y,  n.     [from  L.  navarchits,  an  admiral.] 
Knowledge  of  managing  ships.  Petty. 

NAVE,  7(.  [Sax.  nofa^  tiafu',  Dan.  nav;  G.  ncbe;  Sw. 
naf.] 

1.  The  thick  piece  of  timber  in  the  center  of  a 
wheel,  in  which  the  spokes  are  inserted  ;  called  also 
the  Hi-B  or  Hob. 

2.  The  middle  or  body  of  a  church,  extending 
from  the  baluster  or  rail  of  the  choir  to  the  principal 
entrance.  Gicilt. 

Na'VEL,  (na'vl,)  n.  [Sax.  nafela,  from  nafa,  nave; 
D.  vavd;  G.  nabeli  few.  7wjle ;   Dan.  navie ;   Zend. 

nafo;  Pehlavi,  naf,  Sans,  nabka;  Pers.  t^U  «o/.] 

The  center  of  the  lower  part  of  the  abdom'^n,or 
the  point  where  the  umbilical  ccrd  passes  out  of  tin' 
fetus.  The  umbilical  cord  is  a  collection  of  vci^sc!^ 
by  which  the  fetus  of  an  animal  communicates 
with  the  parent  by  means  of  the  placenta,  to  which 
it  is  attached.  Enajc. 

i?A'V£L-GALL,  n.  A  bruise  on  the  top  of  :he  chine 
of  the  back  of  a  horse,  behind  the  saddle.     Jo.'irt^on. 

Na'VEL-STRING,  n.  The  umbilical  cord.  [See 
Navel.] 

Ka'V^L-WORT,  rt.  A  succulent  plant  of  the  genus 
Cotyledon.    It  has  the  appearance  of  house-lcck. 

JtiiUcT. 

Na'VEW,  (na'vu,)  n.     [L.  nnpus  ;  Sax.  nerpe.] 

A  pl^nt,  the  Brassier  Z^'apus  ;  also  called  the 
Freiirh  tumip.  It  has  a  spindle-shaped  root,  less 
ihan  tho  turnip.  Encyc.    Milter. 

KA-Vie'U-LAR,  0.    [L.  vnricula,  a  little  ship.] 
1.  Relating  tysrcail  ships  or  boats.  BnjnnU 

9.  Shaped  Hk-i  a  Soat ;  cymbiform.  The  narAcxdar 
bone  is  the  scaphoid  bone  of  the  wrist. 

Coze.     Quiucij. 
XAV'I-GA-BLE,  a.     [h.  navagabilvfi  from  navigo,  to 
sail,  ffom  7?a7?is,  a  ship.] 

That  may  be  navigated  or  passed  in  ships  or  ves- 
sels ;  as,  a  Ttari'rable  river. 
NAV'I  GA-BLE-NESS,  )  n.    The  qualitv  or  state  of 
N'AV-I  GA-BIL'I-TV,     \     being  navigable. 
NAV'I-GA-BLY,  adv.     In  a  navigable  manner. 


NEA 


N  r  \ 


1  sailing ; 


NAV'I  Gate,  r.  i.     [L.  naoisoy  from  itacit,  aship; 

Ir.  snamhaim.] 
To  pass  on  water  in  ships ;  to  sail. 

Tlic    Plicnician*  namsaUd  to  tlie  cxtwiLili-^  of  tl«  WoWn 

NAVIGATE,  V.  t.  To  pass  over  in  ships  ;  to  sail  an  : 
as,  to  7iai:iirate  the  Atlantic. 

9.  To  !-teer,  direct,  or  manage  in  sailing:  as.  lo 
vavi^dtcjn  ship. 

NAVT-GA-TED,  j>p.  or  a.  Steered  or  managed  in 
passing  on  the  water  :  passed  over  in  »ailing. 

NAV'I-GA-TING,  ppr.    Passint:  on  or  over  in 
steering  and  managing  m  sailing. 

NAV-I-GA'TION,  n.     [U.  navi;,'atio.] 

1.  The  act  of  navigating;  the  art  of  passing  on 
water  in  ships  or  olhrr  vessels ;  the  state  of  being 
navigable. 

9.  The  science  or  art  of  conducting  shipa  or  vfs- 
sc-Is  from  one  place  to  anoiliur.  This  comprehends 
not  only  the  manag.'inont  of  the  sails,  but  the  direct- 
ing and  measuring  of  the  course  of  ships  by  the 
laws  of  geometry,  or  by  astronomical  principleH  and 
observations.  Brandt. 

3.  Ships  in  general. 

.Serial  twviiraiion  :  the  sailing  or  Heating  in  the  air 
by  means  of  balloons. 

rnhnul  jiaviiration ;  the  pr.ssing  of  boats  or  small 
vessels  on  rivers,  lakes,  or  canals,  in  the  interior  of 
a  country  ;  conveyance  hy  boats  or  vessels  in  the  in- 
terior ot^a  covintry. 

NAV'I-GA-TOR,  n.  One  that  navigates  or  sails  ; 
c/«f/?j/,  one  who  directs  the  course  of  a  ship,  or  one 
who  is  skillful  in  th(;  art  of  navigation.  VVe  say,  a 
bold  nnviiralory  an  experienced  navigator^  an  able 
navigator. 

Na'VY,  If.  [h.varisi  Gr.  lavj,  from  i-f(,i,  In  swim, 
L.  710,  vato ;  Sans,  ticii:  ,\rmi'nian,  uaic;  Pers.  nao- 
dau.  The  elements  of  the  verb  are  probably  .Xd,  co- 
inciding wilii  Eiig.  Jiorf,  li.  Jiuto.  To  swim,  then,  is 
to  move  lip  and  down.    Class  Nd,  Xo.  3,  9.] 

1.  A  lleet  of  ships ;  an  assemblage  of  merchant- 
men, or  so  many  as  sail  in  company. 

The  nni-y  cf  Ilimiii  brought  go\vi  from  Opliir.  —  1  Kin^  x. 

9.  The  whole  of  the  ships  of  war  belonging  lo  a 
nation  c)r  king.    The  juu-y  of  Great  Britain  is  the  de- 
fense of  liie  kingdom  and   its  commerce.    This  is 
the  usual  aceeptatimi  of  the  word. 
3.  The  officers  and  men  belonging  to  a  na\*\'. 

Smart. 
NAWL,  V.     An  awl.     [.Yot  in  iisc] 
NaY,  adv-      [A  contracted   word  ;  Ij.  nc^o;  Sw.  wey 
or  nejf  from  ucka,  to  deny ;  W.  nac,  from  naca,  to 
deny.f 
1.  No;  a  word  that  ex[iresses  negation. 

I  tell  you  naij;  Imt  cxcopl  ye  repcn',  yc  sIiaII  all  liUewuc  perish. 
—  I.uke  xiii. 


2.  It  expresses  also  refusal. 


Proverb. 


[In  these  senses  it  is  now  rarely  used  ;  no  being 
sulistitutcd.] 

3.  Not  only  so;   not  ibis  alone;  intimating  that 
something  is  to  be  added  by   uay  of  amplification. 
He  rcqiiesled  an  answer;  umj,  he  urged  it. 
NAY,  7t.     Denial;  refusal. 
NAY,  V.  t.     To  refuse.     [,V<?(  m  i/.vf.] 
NAY'WARD,  7(.     Tendency  to  denial.     [Xct  vsol] 

Shak. 
NAY'WOUD,  (na'wurd,)  n.    A  by-word  ;  a  proverbial 

repronch;  a  ^vntrhword.     [Ohs.]  S'lak. 

NAZ-A-Rf,'AN,  I  II.      One  of  a  rcct  of  Judaizing 
rs'AZ-A-Ul~:NE',  \      Christians  in  the  second  centur>% 
who  observed  the  laws  of  I\lo>es,  and  rejected  the 
commonly  received  Gospels,  holding  a  peculiar  one  of 
tlirir  own.  Jihirdock. 

NAZ-.\-RkN"E',  ;j.     An  inhabitant  of  Na/nreth  ;  one 
of  the  early  converts  to  Ciiristianity ;  in  contempt. 
.'icL!  xxiv. 
NAZ'A-RITE,  n.      .\  Jew  who  bound  himself  by  a 
vow  to  extraordinary  purity  of  life  and  devotion. 

Jilurdock. 
NAZ'A-RIT-ISJI,  n.    The  vow  and  practice  of  a  Naz- 

arite.  Bnrder. 

NAZE,  77.  A  clifl'or  headhind,  same  asa  Nf.ss.  Smnrt. 
Nk,   [Sax.]   not,    is  obsokte.     We  find  it  in  early 
English  writers,  prefixed  to  other  words;  a?,  «i//, 
for  71C  will,  will  not  j  nas^  for  ne  has^  has  not ;  ww, 
for  ne  is,  is  not.  Spenser. 

NkAF,  (neef,)  n.     [Ice.  ntjii  ScoL  laVrc] 

The  fist.    [065.] 
NeAL,  (necl,)  v.  t.    [Sax.  aittrUtn^  lo  kntdlc.] 

To  temper  and  reduce  lo  a  due  consistence  by 

heat.     But  Neai.  w  now  rardu  usrd.     [See  .\nscai-J 

NkAL,  r.  i.    To  he  tempered  by  heal.    [Little  ustd.] 

[See  An  NEAI,.]  Bacvn. 

NeAP,  (neep,)  v.    (This  word  may  belong  lo  the  root 
of  veb,  nib;  Ice.  vi,t\  nose  ;  Eth.  miaf.] 
The  tongue  or  pole  of  a  cart,  sled,  or  wagon. 

A>in  Pln^lnnd. 
NkAP,  a.    [Sax.  hnipnn,  to  incline,  to  fall.] 

Low.    The  H-<i;»  ^rfM  are  tlu'se  which  h.ipi>cn  near 
the  first  a:id  last  quarters  of  the  moon,  when  tho  dif- ;  Nk.\T  lA,  orfr. 
fercnco  between  high  and  low  waler  is  less  than  at  ■ 


Sfiai:. 


any  Lthcr  ptrj 
lo  Mpring  Udci. 
NRAP.  ».    Aneapiidr,    •  i^ 

BE-NT:>P'>.D,  f-necp* 

agroufi  I,  [nrticula/l) 

■o  that  *\iK  will  Due  : 

"prinff  iid<% 
\E-A-P(»L'I-TAN,a.    H^Un 
NB-A-POLT-TA.V,  ■.    An  ir 

kingdom  of  Naptcfl. 
NRAF'-'ITDE,  M.  A  name  glrra  lo  ecfUla  t 

N^AF,  a.] 
NRAR,  (Offer.)  a.     [Fst    ---    -■- 

Bccms  Li  l>f  a  conlrar' 

pamtiv:  of  bM,  ni\ 

ji/ir,  Dan.  iwr,  W.  --.^,  ..i*...  ,^t  i,-,  , 

narroiv.] 
1.  Ni?h  ,  not  far  dlxuoi  tn  plM-*^.  (ij»^ 

Regularly,  nrarHhould  S^  f ' "   •  -'  •-  • 

ol^en  omitted.    We  tajr,  a  I. 

a  friend  rtiiii  near  me  ;  the  tn  - 

strudion. 

And  Ji££^  w'ol  nrar  to  l«ue  bjt  frtVr  ■    ""irm   tnC 

Now  b  onr  ulrfttk«  Morrr  tktii  «kE»w«  btftrmiL  — RoM.  su. 

a  Cloeely  related  1  v  "     ' 

Sbe  b  ibj  Uih-i'» 
3.  Not  dbitant  in  ri- 
present;  ready;  willin- t(.  .  ]. 

CjII  i>;»r.  the  ly^-rJ  «  eJr  hp  k  mv.  —  U  1«. 

•1.  Intimate;  unilM  mclcMc  Ilea  of  alErctio*  bcoce- 
fidcnce  ;  a*,  a  ntar  friend. 

5.  Dear;  nfTccting  one*s  lotcmt  or  fecU&fv;  ••,  a 
near  concern. 

M/  nearest  Lie. 

6.  Do*c  ;  parfilmoninuf. 

7.  Clo?e  ;  not  tcoio,  frtc,  or  ramMlrg  \**.  , 
ner.r  the  original. 

8.  Next  to  one  ;  c.ix  the  IrA ;  oppoard  to  Orr  ;  2.<, 
Uic  near  hor^  or  ox  in  n  le&m. 

NKARin^fc.  Almoet;  wiUiinalitUe.   Illi - 

o'clock.    The  ii^iae-il  of  nich  a  pin  W' 

to  ruin  him. 
XkAR,  c.  (.    To  spproncb;  lo  rnme  ntar  - 

ship  neared  the  land  j  a  stcsiam'i  fiir%tt. 

intran^ticthf. 
NkAR'EST,  (I.     [snpert  otnear.\     Ph'^rtc-: 

reel ;  as,  ihc  nrarrst  way  lo  L/indnn. 

Nearer  for  Siiorteb. 

[Tkis  use  of  thcjc  vords  u  not  cerrrtt,  ktt  wrj  j -.•«.- 

mon.l 
Ne.AR'LY,  adr.     Al  no  creni  d>-t.f.      ;  r,  r  r-m  ■  ' 
3.  Closely  ;  as,  two  persrr- 

3.  Intimately;  prestingh 
one's  interest  or  happiness, 
preserve  pe.acc  with  our  ncighU^^. 

4.  Almost;  within  a  liltle.    Thr  fact  :- 
monstmted. 

5.  In  a  [larsinionious  or  m, 
NeAR'XESS,  t..     CIo*rncs- 

wfffr7ifA»  of  a  place  lo  a  mar.-, 
of  lands. 

a.  Close  alliance  by  b'ood  ;  pn>p:mi»jitv :  a*,  the 
ncflmt.-fj  of  brothers  and  >*trten<,  p«urnt»  ard  rhi!'!r'-- 

3.  Close  union  by  ofleclion  :  tntimacj 
ship. 

4.  Parsimonv  ;  closeness  in  e!tprn<««. 
NkAR'-STGHT'ED,  .neer'^n'rd,)  m.    Sb-  :" 

serins  at  a  small  dr-iaur-  mlv. 
N'rAR'-SIGHT'KU  .\E:^:rJ.    ■-     Tbr  Mai 

short-sichted. 
Nk  AT.  (necl,^  n.     [Sai,  nrcf,  netrs,  mite*.  - 

niSt;  Dan.  no  J.     In  Pax.  **-    ■'  '*  ^  h- t  ' 

Spanish,  ffanado  is  ctitlc,  a:.  1 

same  word  with  a  pR-fix.     i 

.Veat  coincide*  with  ih--  :■•  : 

if  connected  with  it. 

lion,  fp'm  cniwdin;:. 
I.  Cattle  of  the  N\ 

cows.   In  .\merica,  lhi>  w.-rd  :>  o-<  d  m  . 

.^s  in  ii/nt\*-longiic,  «rai Vfoot  oil,  and  i.t:' 

in  Kfof-calUe. 
i  A  sinclc  cow. 
NEAT,  a.    [U.  tiettn  .-  Pp.  uet0 ;  Fr.  crt ;  .\ ' 

KCet:  J*,  nitidus,  nite*^  lo  fthine.  t«^  N-  r} 

fine;  W.  itirA,  pure  ;  niikia--. 
1.  Very  clean ;  free  fr\>ni  ■ 

ItT  ;  ns,  neat  clothes.     The  ^ 

wonmn  keeps  her  ho«.«r  vi^r^  ^ri-.f. 
a.  Pure  ;  fn^e  from  imp*irr  words  and  jAraw* ;  »s 

a  iJfct  style. 

3.  Clcanlv;  preserving  ncalnrss:  M.as' 

4.  Pure  ;'unndullcratcd  ;  »s.  ini  wine. 


cd: 


Free  from  lawdr>-  appendages,  and  " 
as.  a  nttit  drrss. 
6.  Clear  of  the  cask,  raw,  Ms.  bcx.A 
weichl.    It  is  usuallv  wTiltcn  XtTorNm. 
NkAT'HERD,  tt.     [^^.  iiMf*rr*0  . 

A  pi^rson  who  has  the  rwenfcalW:  »  Mnr-Af<  ? 
er. 

Wilh  ncalnes? ;  ir 
M)  a  cicanlv  manner :  as.  a  fanr^r' 


TONE,  BULL,  ^NITE.- .-UVGER,  VI"C10rS— €  as  K;  G  vs  J  ;  8  as  Z ;  CI!  as  SH ;  TH  m  in  T»> 


94 


746 


NEC 

2.  Willi  guud  tn^Ic ;  without  tawdry  ornaoieiils; 
as.  a  lady  nfuiuj  dressed. 

3.  Xici'ly  ;  liandsomely  ;  as,  a  vessel  ncaiiy  gilt. 
NEAT'iNlirfS,  /I.    Exact  clcanlinussj  onlire  freedom 

from  foul  iiiatlcr  j  as,  the  ncatnois  of  a  floor,  or  of  a 
garuiciit. 

3.  riirity ;  freedom  from  ill  choson  words ;  as,  the 
neatness  of  style. 

3.  Freedom  from  useless  or  tawdrj*  ornaiiiouts ; 
Willi  good  adjustment  of  tho  several  parts  j  as,  the 
uc*iliies.-i  of  a  dress. 

NkAT'KK.SS,  71.  [from  ncatj  cattle.]  A  female  who 
takes  care  of  cattle.    [JV*oJ  used  in  the  United  States.] 

IVanicr. 

NkAT'S'-FQQT  OIL,h.  The  oil  obtained  by  boiling' 
calves'  feet.  Gardner. 

NKH,  n.  [Sax.  jw6,  or  nehha  ;  Ice.  ndtbc,  or  nef:  Dan. 
71C&,  ntF.f>^  and,  with  a  prefix,  snabel;  Sw.  ni^f;  D.  7ic&, 
stub  i  G.  schhobel.  In  the  diflerent  diak-ct^  it  signi- 
fies a  bill,  btfak,  the  nose,  ur  llie  face,  from  extend- 
ing, or  sliooting.  Sec  Class  Nli,  No.  %  3,  (I,  8,  10,  13, 
15,  21,  24.    It  is  also  v.ritten  Nib.] 

The  nose ;  the  beak  of  a  bird  ;  the  bill  3  tho 
mouth. 

NEB'NEB,  n.    The  East  Indian  name  of  Uadlah. 

NEH'li-I..\,  71. ;  ;>/.  Neuul.*:.  [Ij.  nebula;  Gr.  ic^o?, 
J  rt^iAf) ;  G.  ncbel;  1).  novel ;  Ir.  ncall,  iicui,  by  cuiitrac- 
tion  ;  ll.7icbbia;  &p.  nicblu^  fog,  mist;  Kans.  naUta, 
a  cloud.  Probably  tbe  primary  sense  is,  thick,  or 
mixed.] 

1.  A  white  spot,  or  a  slight  opacity  of  the  cornea. 

Cyc. 

y.  In  astronotinj,  a  name  given  to  faint,  misty  a[)- 
pcaranccs,  which  are  dimly  seen  among  the  sUus, 
resembling  a  comet  or  a  speck  of  fog.  They  are 
usually,  but  not  always,  resolved  by  the  telescope 
into  myriads  of  small  stars.  Olmsted. 

3.  [In  hcraldrijy  it  is  used  to  describe  a  line  dniwn 
Willi  undulations  resembling  the  form  of  clouds;  or 
a  shield  or  charge  divided  by  several  such  lines 
dmwn  across  it.  —  R.  II.  Barker.] 
NEB'U-LAK,  a.    Pertaining  to  nebuUu. 

J\:'cbular  hypotlicsis  -J  a  celebrated  liypolhesis,  framed 
by  Laplace,  the  principles  of  wiiicli  are  as  follows  ; 
It  supposes  that  the  bodies  composing  the  solar  sys- 
tem once  existed  in  tlie  fortii  of  a  nebula ;  that  this 
had  a  revolution  on  its  own  axis  from  west  to  east ; 
that,  by  the  effect  of  gravity,  the  mailer  composing  the 
iicbula  gradually  became  condensed  toward  the  cen- 
ter; iliat  the  exterior  portions  thus  had  the  vclncily 
of  their  revolution  JucrL-a^ed,  until  by  the  cenlrifut;:il 
force  they  were  separated  from  llu-  mass,  and  left 
behind  in  the  form  of  a  rinf; ;  that  thus  llie  material 
of  each  of  the  plaiicls  was  separated,  while  llie  main 
body  was  condensed  toward  the  center,  forming  the 
sun ;  and  finally,  that  each  of  Uie  planetary  rings,  hy 
a  similar  process,  was  condensed  into  the  planet,  de- 
positing in  the  mean  time  rings  out  of  which  its  sec- 
ondaries were  formed.  OUnstcd. 
NEB-IT-LOS^-TY,  n.  [from  nehOou^.]  The  slate  of 
being  cloudy  or  hazy.                              Med.  Rcpos. 

2.  In  astronomy^  a  name  given  to  the  faint,  misty 
appeanuices  surrounding  certain  stars.        Olmsted. 

NEB'Q-LOUS,  a.     [L.  ncbulosiu^.] 

1.  Cloudy  ;  haxy.     [See  Nkbujla.] 

9.  In  astronomy,  pertaining  to,  or  having  the  ap- 
pearance of,  a  nebula. 

KKC-ES-S.Aatl-AN,  71.  [Sec  Necessary.]  An  advo- 
cate fur  the  doctrine  of  philosopliical  necessity  ;  more 
properly,  Nkcessitauian.  Priestley. 

NEC'ES-SA-RTES,  (-riz,)  n.  pL    See  Necessahv. 

NEC'ES-S.\-KI-LY,  adv.  liy  necessity;  in  such  a 
manner  that  it  can  not  he  otherwise.  Truth  is  ncccs- 
.s-fiWiy  opposite  to  falsehood.  A  square  is  necessarily 
diflercut  from  a  circle. 

2.  Indispensably.  Most  men  are  Jicccssarily  occu- 
pied in  procuring  tlieir  subi^istencc. 

3.  IJy  unavoidable  consequence.  Certain  infer- 
ences mct\^sarHy  result  from  particular  premises. 

NEC'ES-SA-RI-NESS5,  n.    The  state  of  being  neces- 
NEC'ES-SA-RY,  a.     [L.  ncccssariiis.]  [sary. 

1.  That  must  be  ;  that  can  nut  be  otherwise  ;  in- 
dispensably requisite.  It  is  necct:sary  that  every  effect 
should  have  a  cause. 

2.  Indispensable;  requisilc ;  essential;  that  can 
not  be  otherwise  without  preventing  the  purpose  in- 
tended. Air  is  neccs.<ary  lo  support  animal  life  ;  food 
is  necessary  to  nourish  the  body  ;  holiness  in  a  jicces- 
sary  qu:dification  for  happiness  ;  health  is  necessary 
lo  the  enjoyment  of  pleasure  ;  subjection  to  law  is 
necessary  to  the  safety  of  i)ersons  and  property. 

3.  Unavoidable  ;  as,  a  necessary  inference  or  con- 
sequence from  facld  or  arguments. 

4.  Acting  from  necessity  or  compulsion ;  opposed 
to  Free.  Whetlicr  man  is  a  necessary  or  a  free  agent 
is  a  question  much  discussed. 

NEC'ES-SA-RY,  n.  [from  the  adjective.]  Something 
necessary  or  indispensable  to  some  purpose;  as,  a 
vcccssartf  of  life  ;  7/iorc  commonly  used  in  the  plural, 

NEC'ES-SA-RY,  n.    A  privy. 

NE-CES-SI-Ta'RI-AN,  }  n.    One  who  maimains  the 

NEC-ES-Sa'RI-^VN,  i  doctrine  of  philosophical 
necessity  in  regard  lo  the  origin  and  existence  of 
things.  BeaUic, 


NEC 

NB-CES'SI-'l'ATE,  v,  t,     [from  L.  itcccssitas.] 

To  maltc  necessary  or  indispensable  j  to  reader  un- 
avoidable ;  to  compel. 

Tlw   Manmb  of  NowKutlc,  being  prcsKil  on  boltt  eidfs,  v;i\s 

necea^iUited  to  draw  oil  liia  nniiy  juto  York.      Clareiulon. 
Skkiieai  intjUt  necetsitate  his  removal  firoin  court.  South. 

NE-CES'SI-Ta-TED,  pp.  Made  necessary,  indispen- 
sable, or  unavoidable. 

NK-CES'SI-TA-TING,;»;)r.  Making  necessary  or  in- 
dispi'iisablc. 

NE-CES-SI-Ta'TION,  B.  The  act  of  making  neces- 
sary ;  compulsion.     [Littic  used.]  'Bramhall. 

NE-CES'SI-'IT-A'D,  (-lid,)  a.     In   a  state  of  want. 

OUS,  a.  Very  needy  or  iudiyent ;  pressed 


\M>t  in  use.] 

NE-CES'SI-T( 

with  poverty 


Tbcis  are  mulliludes  of  nectssitous  hciw  nnd  penurious  parents, 

ArbuUinoi. 

2.  Nanow ;  destitute ;  pinching ;  as,  nccessitons 
circumstances. 

NE-CES'SI-TOUS-LY,  adv.  In  a  necessitous  man- 
ner. 

N  E-CES'SI-TOUS-NESS,  v.  Extreme  poverty  or  des- 
titution of  the  means  of  living  ;  pressing  want. 

Burtiet. 

NE-CES'SI-TUDE,  71.  Nccessitousnessi  want.  [JVot 
2Lscd.]  Hcdc. 

NE-CES'SI-TY^  71.     [L.  necessitas.] 

1.  That  which  must  be  and  can  not  be  otherwise, 
or  the  cause  of  that  which  can  not  be  otherwise.  It 
is  of  necessity  that  a  thing  can  not  be  and  not  be  at 
the  same  time.  It  is  of  necessity  that  two  ccmlradic- 
tory  propo.sitions  can  not  both  be  true. 

a.  Irresistible  power;  comimlsive  force,  physical 
or  moral.  If  man's  actions  are  dcteriuined  by  causes 
beyond  his  control,  he  nets  from  necessity^  and  is  not 
a  free  agent.  J^cccssity  compelled  the  general  to  act 
on  the  defensive. 

3.  ludispensablcncss;  the  state  of  being  requisite. 
The  71  ccfoi-ify  of  funds  to  support  public  credit,  no 
man  questions.  The  necessity  o{  economy  in  domes- 
tic concerns  is  admitted.  No  man  can  plead  necessity 
in  excuse  for  crimes. 

4.  Extreme  indigence;  pinching  poverty }  pressing 
need. 

The  cause  of  all  tlia  tliatriicUona  in  lib  courC  or  army  proceeded 
from  the  cxtitme  poverty  and  necceaily  liia  in.iJcBty  wiu  bi. 
Qarerulon. 

5.  Unavoidablencss  ;  inevitabloness;  as,  the  ne- 
cessity of  a  consequence  from  certain  premises. 

G.  In  tkcpliiraly  things  requisite  for  a  purpose. 
Tlieac  sliouid  be  liour»  for  necessitus, 
Not  for  doligliU.  ShaJc. 

NECK,  71.  [Sax.  lutcco,  knecea^  nccca  ;  G.  nick^  g-aiick, 
the  nape  of  the  neck;  1).  neic ;  Sw.  uadiG;  Dun. 
•naUhc:  It.  Port,  and  Sp.  nuca.  This  word  isprojierly 
the  nape  or  vertebra  of  the  neck  behind,  and  is  so 
rendered  in  other  languages,  L.  nuxy  ihat  is,  a  nob  or 
niiiss :  \V.  cnmc.'^ 

1.  The  i)art  of  an  animal's  body  which  is  between 
the  head  and  the  trunk,  and  connects  them-.  In  man 
and  many  oilier  animals,  thia  part  is  more  slender 
than  the  trunk  ;  hence, 

2.  A  long,  narrow  tract  of  land  projecting  frpm 
the  main  body,  or  a  narrow  tract  connecting  two 
larger  tracts  ;  as,  the  7icc/£  of  land  betwecJi  Boston 
and  Roxbury. 

Any  part  corresponding  to  a  neck  ;  the  long,  slen- 
der part  of  a  vessel,  as  a  retort ;  or  of  a  plant,  as  a 
gourd  ;  or  of  any  instrument,  as  a  guitar. 

Jl  stiff  nccky  in  Scripture,  denotes  obstinacy  in  sin. 

On  the  neck;  immediately  after;  following  closely. 

First  by  coinmiuiii  j  <jiiC  siu  on  Ute  neck  o(  auoihor.    Perkins. 

[This  phrase  is  not  much  used.  We  more  fre- 
quently say,  on  the  heels.] 

To  break  tJu:  neck  of  an  affair ;  to  hinder,  or  to  do 
the  principal  thing  to  prevent. 

To  harden  the  neck ;  to  grow  obstinate ;  to  be  more 
and  mure  perverse  and  rebellious.    .VcA.  ix. 
NECK'A-TEE,  7i.     A  neckerchief.     [Obs.] 
NECK'BEEl^,  n.    'i'he  coarse  flesh  of  the  nock  of  cat- 
tle, sold  at  a  low  price. 

As  cheap  as  neckhcef.  Swift. 

NECK'CLOTII,  n.     A  piece  of  cloth  worn  on  the  neck. 
NECK'iCD,  (nekt,)  a.    Having  a  neck;  as  in  stiff- 

nrckcd. 
NECIv'ER-ClIIEF,  (-chif,)  ».     A  gorget;    a  kerchief 

for  the  neck  ;  it  was  formerly  applied  only  to  female 

attire.  Smart. 

NECK'LACE,  71.  A  string  of  beads,  or  precious  stones, 

worn  by  women  on  the  neck.  Arbutluwt. 

NECK'LaC-£D,  (ncckMast,)  a.     Marked  aa  with  a 

necklace.  Sir  fV.  Jones. 

NECK'LAND,  n.    A  neck  or  long  tract  of  land. 

HakaceU, 
NECK'-T?E,  71.  A  neckhandkcrchief.  Jil.  F.  Tnjtjicr. 
NECK' VERSE,  n.    The  verse  formerly  read  to  entitle 

a  party  to  the  benefit  of  clergy,  said  to  be  tho  first 

verse  of  the  tifYy-first  Psalm,  "Jl/i>crcrc  j/ici,"  &.c 

Tindall. 
NECK'VVEED,  71.     Hemp;  in  ridicule,  because  used 

in  banging  criminals. 


NEE 

NEC'RO-LITE,  71.    A  variety  of  trachyte. 
NE€-RO-EO0'ie-AL,  a.    Pertaining  lo,  or  giving  an 

account  of,  ihe  dead,  or  of  deaths. 

NEC  ROL'O-CIST, ;;.  One  who  gives  an  account  of 
deaths. 

NE€-KOL'0-GY,  u.  [Gr.  i-supos,  dead,  and  Xnyoi, 
discourse.] 

An  account  of  the  dead,  or  of  deaths ;  a  register  of 
deaths. 

NE€'RO-iMAN-CER,«.  [See  Necromancv.]  Frop- 
crbj,  one  who  pretends  lo  foretell  future  events  by 
holding  converse  with  departed  jjiirils.  hwift. 

2.  One  who  uses  enchantments  or  practices  sor- 
cery. The  hitter  is  now  the  more  usual  sense.  Smai-t, 

NEC'RO-MAN-CY,  n.  [Gr.  I'i.vjjaj, dead, and  patTCtHj 
divination.] 

1.  Properly^  the  art  of  revealing  future  events  by 
means  of  a  pretended  cinnmuniciilion  with  the  dead. 
This  imposiure  is  prohibited.     DaU  xviii. 

2.  Enchantment  i  conjuration  This  is  now  the 
more  usual  sense.  Smart. 

NEe-RO-MAN'TI€,  a.     Pertainir.g  to  neciomaucy ; 

jierformed  by  necromancy. 
NEC-RO-UAN'Tie,7t.    Trick;  conjuration.     Youmr. 
NI:i€-UO-MA\'TIC-AL-LY,  adv,    liy  necromancy  or 

tlie  black  art ;  by  conjuration.  Gregory. 

NEC'UO-NITE,  7*.    [Gr.  i/u/^c-s,  dead.] 

Fetid  feldspar,  a  mineral  which,  when  struck  or 
pounded,  exhales  a  fetid  odor  like  that  of  putrid  llosli, 

J  lay  den, 
NE€-ROP1I'A-GOUS,  a.     [Gr.  m^i/v  and  0u>  oj-] 

Eating  or  feeding  on  the  dead.  Kirby. 

NEC-UOP'O-LIS,  71.    [Gr.  i'£«.;.js  and  ttoXj?.] 

A  city  of  tho  dead. 
NEe-Kt>-S€01"IC,  a,     [Gr.  viKf>o^  and  ckutcoj.] 

Relating  to  pust-moriem  examiualious. 
NE-€RO'SiS,  71.     [Gr.  tecpwffts,] 

1.  Among  y/ii/.sicia7ij(,  mortification ;  the  dry  gun- 
gccne. 

2.  Among  surgeo7is^  an  infiammation  of  a  bone 
terminating  in  its  death. 

3.  In  botany,  a  disease  of  plants,  consialing  of 
small  black  spots,  beneath  which  the  substance  of 
the  plant  decays.  Brande. 

NEe''J'AR,  71.     [L.,  from  the  Greek.]      In  mythology 

and  poetry^  the  drink  of  the  gods;  hence, 
2.  Any  very  sweet  and  pleasant  drink. 
NE€-Ta'RE-AN,    >    a.      Resembling   uectur;    very 
NEC-Ta'RE-OUS,  \       sweet  and  pleasant. 

The  jiiico  uectrtreout  and  tho  balmy  dew.  Pope. 

NEe'TAU-£D,  o.   Imbued  with  uectar  ;  mingled  with 

nectar;  abounding  with  neclxir.  Milton. 

NEC-TA'RE-OUS-IiY,  adv.    In  a  nectareous  manner. 
NEC-Ta'UE-OUS-NESS,  71.      'i'he  quality  of  being 

nectareous. 
NE€-Ta'RI-AL,  a.      Pertaining  to  the  ncctaiy  of  a 

plant. 

SUuucua  Inserted  intu  Um  inargiii  of  a  ■rhndnluLLi  jicctar'uU  fm". 

As.  Ret. 

NE€-TAR4F'EU-0US,  a.  [ncciar  and  L.  /ero,  to 
bear.] 

Producing  nectar  or  honey  j  as,  a  ncctar'^erous 
glandule.  Loc. 

NEG'TAR-INE,  (-in,)  a.    Sweet  aa  nectar.    Milton. 

NEC'TAR-INE,  n.  A  fruit  resembliug  the  peach,  but 
will)  a  smooth  rind.  It  is  the  Persica  Ixvid  of  De 
Candollo. 

NEe-TA'UI-UM,  n.  That  part  of  a  flower  which  se- 
cretes a  honev-like  substance  ;  the  necUiry. 

NEC'TAR-IZE,  v.  U    To  sweeten.  Cochpranu 

NEC'TAR-XZ-JKU, /'P-    Sweetened. 

NEC'TAR-IZ-ING,  ppr.    Sweetening. 

NEC'TAU-OL'S,  a.    Sweet  as  nectar.  MiUon. 

NEe'TAR-Y,  ji.  [from  nectar.]  In  botany,  the  mellif- 
erous part  of  a  vegetable,  peculiar  to  the  Uower.  It 
usually  makes  a  part  uf  the  enrol,  but  is  sumetimes 
distinct  from  it.  Sumetimes  it  is  iu  the  fuim  of  a 
iKiruorspur;  sometimes  iu  that  of  a  cup;  whence 
it  is  called  the  Honev-cui'.  Martyn. 

NEU'DER,  V.     [W.  nadtjri  Sax,  ncdder,] 
An  adder.     [Obs.] 

NEED,  71.      [Sax.  neadj  njiod,  nyd ;    H.nood;   Q.notIt; 

Sw.  7wd;  Dan.  nbd;  Elh.  7»W  i  nadci^  to  be  in 
want.  The  primary  sense  is,  to  press.  Class  Nd,  No, 
7,  2-l.j 

1.  Want;  occasion  for  something;  necessity;  a 
state  that  requires  supply  or  relief.  It  sometimes  ex- 
presses urgent  want ;  pressing  exigency. 

What  further  need  have  we  of  witncBses  I  —  Mall.  xxvj. 
For  yc  have  need  of  patience.  —  Hcb.  x. 

9.  Want  of  the  means  of  subsistence  j  poverty  ; 
indigence. 

I  know  how  to  abound  and  to  suffer  need.  —  Phil,  iv, 
NEED,  V.  t.   [Sax.  geneadauj  gcnedan^  to  compel ;  Dan. 
7iddcr.] 

To  want ;  to  lack ;  to  require,  as  supply  or  relief. 
Tht-y  llial  t>e  whole  need  not  a  phywcian,  but  ihcy  that  are  sick. 
—  Matt.  ix. 

NEED,  I?.  I    To  be  wanted  ;  to  be  necessary 

■\Vhen  we  have  done  il,  wc  have  doi:e  a!I  that  15  in  our  power, 
and  all  that  ncetla.     [N<il  used.]  Locke. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.- MeTE,  PREY — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK. 

746 


NEG 

JVecd  is  often  used  as  an  auxiliary,  or  at  least  with- 
out tlio  persontil  termination. 

And  the  [■■■uder  need  nol  fear  he  shall  be  injured. 

AitiuJiariitt  Truns. 

NEEi5'ED,  j»p.  or  a.    Wanted. 
NEi:i)'EU.  11.    One  that  wants. 
XEED'FJJL,  a.    Nccessurj',  as  supply  or  relief;  tcqui- 
silc. 

All  thing*  needful  for  defense  abounil.  Dnjden. 

N  EED'FUL-LY,  ado.    Necessarily.  B.  ./oiuon. 

XEED'1-LY,  adv.      [from  ncedij.]      lu  want  or  pov- 

ert\". 
NEED'I-XESS,  K.     [from  iicai!,-.]     U  ant ;  poverty  ; 

inuiKcnce.  Bacon. 

XEEU'ING,  ppr.    Wanting ;  requiring,  as  supply  or 

relief. 
N'EE'DLE,  n.     [Sas.  ncdl,  ruciil ;  G.  nadd. :  Goth,  iie- 

thal:    .'Vrm.   nadoi;    Ir.   snaVtad;    W.    nrjdictj:^   from 

nicd,  something  sharp  or  pointed.    It  may  be  allied 

toiicltit.J 

1.  jV  small  instrument  of  steel  pomtcd  at  one  end, 
with  an  eye  at  the  other  to  receive  a  thread  ;  used  in 
sewing  and  embroidery.  Needles  afe  also  used  by 
surgeons  in  sewing  up  wounds. 

2.  A  sni.all  pointed  piece  of  iitecl  used  in  the  man- 
ner's compass,  which,  by  its  magnetic  quality,  is  at- 
tmcted  and  directed  to  the  pole,  and  thus  enables 
navigators  to  steer  their  ships  the  course  intended  ; 
often  called  the  Macxetic  Neldi-e. 

3.  Any  crystallized  substance  in  the  form  of  a  nee- 
dle. 

Dlpp'm"  malic.    See  Dippino  Needle. 

NEE'DLE,  V.  t.  To  form  crystals  in  the  shape  of  a 
needle.  

NEE'DLE,  r.  i.  To  shoot  in  crystallization  into  the 
form  of  needles  ;  as,  needled  prisms.         Fomxroy. 

N'EE'DLE-BpOK,  ii.  A  place  for  sticWng  needles  on 
cloth,  protected  by  covers  like  liiose  of  a  book. 

CoTPpcr. 

NEE'DLED,  fnee'dld,)  pp.  or  a.  CrystaUized  in  the 
form  of  needles. 

NEE'DUE-FISH,  7i.  A  name  oi  certain  flslies  ot  the 
family  tfyngnathida;,  or  old  gee.'.is  Syngnathus,  also 
called  PiPE-FisHES.  They  have  a  long  and  very  slen- 
der biidy.  Jardine's  J^at  Lib. 

NEE'DLE-PIJL,  n.  As  much  thread  as  is  put  iit 
once  in  a  needle. 

NEF,'nKE-M.\K-ER,  jrt.      One   who   manufactures 

XBE'DLEIl,  i      needles. 

NEE'ULE-oRE,  Ji.     Acicular  ore  of  bismuth.      Dana. 

NEE'DLE-POINT-EU,  a.    Pointed  as  needles. 

NEE'DLE-STONE,  n.  .\  miiit-nd  of  the  zeolite  tam- 
jly  Cleavclaml. 

XEE'DLE-WOUK,  (nce'dl-vvurk,)  ii.  Work  exe- 
cuted with  a  needle  :  or  the  business  of  a  seamstress. 
It  is  used  particularly  fur  embroidery. 

NEE'DLE-^VORK-iT),  a.    Worked  with  needles. 

NEE'DLE-ZE'O-I.rrE,  ii.  A  species  of  zeoliteof  a 
grayish-white  color. 

NEED'LESS,  a.    Not  wanted;  unnecessary; 
quisite  ;  as,  needless  labor  ;  needless  expenses, 
2.  Not  wanting.    [OJs.l 

NEED'LESS-LY,  adv.    Without  necessity. 

NEED'LESS-NESS,  n.    Unnecessariness.       Locke. 

NEE'ULIXG,  pnr.    Forming  crystals  like  needles. 

NEED'.MENT,  ii.  Something  needed  or  wanted. 
[JVr,(  rutJ.]  SAoA. 

NEEDS,  ode.     [from  neoi;  Sax.  hkJcs.J 

NecessarUy  ;  indispensably  ;  generally  used  with 
must 

A  ULil  at  law  must  needs  be  innocent  in  iej':lf.  Kelieaelt. 

NEED'Y,  a.  Necessitous;  indigent;  very  poor;  dis- 
tressed by  want  of  the  moans  of  living. 

To  relicv..  the  needii  and  comfort  the  alllicted  nie  duties  that  fall 

hi  our  way  every  day.  ^'ft''"!!; 

Sp.are  die  Uuslics  of  needij  menu  i'u'tS'"- 

NEEL'GHAU,  n.     See  NvLGHiU. 

NE'ER,  (nare  ;)  a  contraction  of  Never. 

NEESE,  (neez,)  r.  i.     [G.  ncescni  D.  nieicii;  Sw.  ni- 


Negation  i 
thinjr  w 


It  may  be  prored,  l.y  way  i 
Kuro^;,  as  havinj  no 
civilities  of  it. 


[A'at  tued.] 
NEG-LEeT'lVE,  1 


Urc. 
not  re- 


Sltak. 


vsa;  Dan.  nyser;  Ar.   ti^O  nashaa  j  hence,  saeezc. 

Class  Ns,  No.  30.] 
To  sneeze.    [Ois.] 

f.^ee  Sneeze,  which  is  formed  on  this  word.] 
NEgSE'WORT,  (neez'wurt,)n.     A  plant.     Slurwood. 
NEES'I.VG,  n.    A  sneezinir.     [Obs.] 
JVfi  KX'E-AT,  [L.]     In  taai,  a  writ  to  prevent  a  i>er- 
son  from  going  out  of  the  country  without  a  license. 

Banvicr. 
NEF,  71.    The  navs  of  a  church.    [J\''al  used.]    [See 

Nave.] 

NE-FA.\'DOUS,  a.     [L.  nefandus,  not  to  bo  spoken. J 
Not  to  be  n.amed  ;  abominable.  Sheldon, 

NE-F.\'RI-OUS,  a.     [L.  n(/<iriu.i,  from  nrfas,  unlaw- 
ful, or  ne  and  /or,  /art,  to  utter.] 

Wicked  in  the  extreme  ;  abominable  ;  alrociously 
sinful  or  villainous  ;  detestably  vile. 

NE-Fa'RI-OUS-LY,  adv.     With  extreme  w  ickcdness  ; 
abominably.  Jl/i(toii. 

NE-Fa'RI-OU3-NESS,  ji.    The  quality  of  being  nefa- 
rious. 

NE-GA'TION,  n.      [L.  ncgatio,  from  ne^o,  to  deny. 


NEG 

Sw.  nclio,  Dan.  nmutcry  W.  i.  r^,  Fr, 

mcr,  from  L.  liaro.  The  sense  i-,  ; » ii....-L  lo  rtop  or 

repel ;  for,  in  Ilnlian,  negarc  is  to  deny,  unil  annenare    \K(;  I 

is  tu  deny,  and  to  drown,  to  Btillc  in  walor  -,  £p.  nr.-    NKO  I,K' 

frar^  to  deny;  anne»aT^  to  drown  or  iimndalt",  Fr.    NiXilXC  i 

noijcrA 

1.  Denial ;  a  declaration  tbat  something  is  not ; 
op|K)Scd  to  A»-KiBMATioN ;  OS,  tlio  80ui  Js  Ticl  mAltcr. 

3.  In  logic^  description  by  denial,  exclusion,  or  ex- 
ception. 

Ihc  a)j«nC0  of  Oint  wlilcti  itocs  not  l'cloi>7  (o  tl>i 
are  apenUing  of.  Waiu, 

3.  Argument  drawn  from  denial. 

if  nenndon,  tiitt  tli*y  atno  wA  fr&iri 
n;..'.-ilivt':r  of  U*c  ana,  Icarnio*.  aivJ 
Ileylin. 

NEG'A-TIVE,  a.     [Fr,  ncgaUfi  L.  ncgatvetisA 

1.  Implying  denial  or  negation  ;  op[io.scd  to  Ar- 

FiBM.vTivB,  as  a  np.c;ative  proposition  13  ttiut  which 

denies.    Matter  is  not  spirit. 
3.  Implying  absence  ;  opposed  lo  Positive. 

There  IS  ;i  ncsritiin;  way  of  tli-iiyinjf  Clirut,  wlnin  we  <!o  not 
!\ckiiuwlctfg«  :in<l  coufcu  Itiin.  South. 

3.  Having  tlio  power  of  stopping  or  restraining. 
A  negative  voice,  in  legislation,  Ls  a  voice  or  vote  to 
jircvent  the  pa.'^sing  of  a  law  or  decree. 

J^cgativc  sign  ;  in  al^ebrat  the  sign  of  sulilraction. 
a  sign,  tlm?, — ,  wliicli  indicates  that  iho  quantity  lo 
which  it  is  prefixed  is  tu  \ni  subtracted.   It  la  uppawd 

to  ToSITIVE  or  AFFir.M\TI%'E. 

JVegatiuc  quatidtyi  in  a/«-c&ra,  a  quantity  which  is 
required  to  bo  subtracted.  J.  Daij. 

J\'egativc  electricity,  according  to  Dr.  Franklin,  is  a 
deficiency  of  the  electric  Ihiid  in  a  substance,  or  less 
than  the  substance  naturally  contains. 
NEG'A-TIVE,  n.    A  proposition  by  which  something 
is  denied  ;  as,  malter  has  not  the  power  of  moving 
itself. 
5.  A  word  that  denies  ;  as,  not,  no. 
3.  In  ;ciTi5?(i/(»;t,  the  riplit  or  power  of  preventing 
the  enaction  of  a  law  or  decree.    The  governor  has 
not  a  negative  on  the  proceedings  of  the  legislature, 
but  each  branch  has  a  ncgaticc  on  the  other. 

JVcgative  pregnant;  a  negation  of  one  thing,  im- 
plying the  allirinatiun  uf  another. 
NEG'A-TIVE,  V.  t.    To  disprove  ;  to  prove  the  con- 
trary. 

The  omission  or  infrwjU'Micy  of  sycli  reciUils  <locs  not  neg^^ 
the  existence  of  nuHcks.  PaUy. 

2.  To  reject  by  vote ;  to  refuse  to  enact  or  sanc- 
tion.    The  senate  negatived  the  bill. 

3.  To  resist  a  ciioice  <ir  what  is  proposed. 
NEG'A-TIV-A'D,  pp.    Disproved  ;  rejected  by  vote. 
NEG'A-TIVE-LY,  ntlv.    With  or  by  denial;  as,  he 

answered  neifuticcbj.  Boyle. 

2.  In  the  form  of  speech  implying  the  absence  of 
something  ;  oppnsed  to  Positivkly. 

I  shall  slnAV  wliat  ihb  iiik.ij-:  of  Uorl  in  m.An  li,  ncgativtlif,  W 
sliawin^  wherein  il  doca  nol  con^i^t,  anil  iw«mivcly,  ujf 
showing  vvhen-iii  il  iloea  consist.  S^utS. 

3.  J^egativdij  charged  or  electrified ;  in  Dr.  P)'ank- 
lia'.'i  tJim-ii  of  electricity,  having  a  deficiency  of  the 
electric  fluid.    fSre  Pusitiyelv.] 

NEG'A-TIVE-NESS,  n.  Tiic  cpialily  of  being  nega- 
tive. ,   . 

NEG'A-TO-RY,  a.  That  denies;  belonging  to  nega- 
tion.    [Little  uscd.\  ,.  T    r* 

NEG-LECT',  V,  t.  [L.  ncgkctus,  from  ncgltgo.  in  G. 
the  correspontiing  word  is  nachla.^.-'cn,  D.  nalaaten, 
compounds  of  nach,  na,  after,  and  lasscnyjcatcn,  to 
let,  to  leave,  to  suffer  lo  pass,  Eng.  let,  Fr.  latsser. 
The  sense  of  the  latter  words,  then,  is,  to  leave  be- 
hind, or  permit  to  remain  ;  Dan.  nacf-Msstg,  negli- 
gent. I  suspect  the  L.  7icgligo  to  he  comiwscd  of  the 
same  prefix,  «p"  i<ir  nach,  and  Hm^m,  lictum,  as  n  is 
not  radical  ui  tlic  latter,    itut  of  this  I  am  not  conh- 

1  To  omit  by  carelessness  or  design  ;  to  forbear  to 
do, "use,  employ,  promote,  or  attend  lo;  as,  to  neg- 
lect duty  or  business  ;  to  neglect  to  pay  honest  debts  ; 
to  7!e<rlect  our  interest  or  policy  ;  lo  neglect  the  means 


vn 


2.  Acrurtoroed  or  ape  to  o 

3.  Tr-,'"  '  •■  ■" ' 

4.  Ii.  : 

NEC  LEC.  .  .,  .. 

\KM<t  ilinllriilifii. 

NEG-LECT'IN'. 

iMrarinj;  to  dn  , 

NEG-LE€T'L\G-LV,  a^.    *. 

NEG;LE€T'ON,  «.    Tbo  .: 


Ooc 


in  our  power.  .     r  .., 

9.  To  omit  to  receive  or  embrace ;  to  siigfii. 
How  shall  we  cscjipf,  if  wc  neglect  bo  grvM  wIoUoo  ?  -llcb.  ii. 
3   To  slight;   not  to  notice;  to  forbear  lo  treat 
with  attention  or  respect.    Among  p-'opto  of  good 
breeding,  strangers  seldom  complain  ol  being  neg- 
lected. ,  .-      .  1  Cfc«I- 

4.  To  postpone.    [JVot  m  use.]  >AaA. 

Nrf^LECT',  n.  Omission;  forbearance  to  do  any 
tliin<'  that  can  ho  done  or  that  requires  to  bo  done. 
JVVWrci  may  be  from  carelessness  or  inattention. 
The  ncrlcct  of  business  is  iho  cause  ot  many  fail- 
ures ;  but  neglect  of  economy  is  moro  Ireqiient  aiid 

"'S^'iHitT^oniission  of  nitenlion  or  civilitief. 
jv7glect°v(  due  malice  and  attention  lo  glrangers  is 
characteristic  of  ill  breeding.         _ 

3.  Negligence ;  habitual  want  ot  regard. 

Age  li-ooils  negltcl  in  -iH. 

4.  State  of  being  disregiuded. 
Rescue  my  po-ir  renmns  from  tile  r;5.' !-■:. 


DsrOiar*. 


tie  u^eiL] 
NEG-LI-GBE',  rn'g!' 

A  kind  of  ^iiwii  T  : 
NEG'LI-GENGK.  ,..       ' 

1.  Neglect:  ' 

2.  llabilual 
done,  or  .1  1.  r 
careic     : 
chUd  •'! 
in  butioi 

NEG'LI-GLN'. 
tamed  lo  omit 
busiiicr's  or  II 
particular  in.-' 
iy  carded  or  >■ 

pjot. 

2.  Kegardlcss. 

B:  ihsu  nr/Iifnil  ot  ficjr. 
NEG'LI-GENT-LV,    adv.      « 
without  cxaclnfi*-^ ;  w,  a  p-  r 
a  piece  negligmily  wrilltn  ,  a  UiU' 
valed. 

3.  With  slight,  di5rc£anl,  or  iiu* 
NE-GO-TIABIL'I-TY,  «.    Tbc  qa 

gotiahle  or  tram<f^niblc  by  indor*i-< 

NE-GO'TIA-KLE,  a.    [from 

transferred  by  assignment 

be  pa.-\sfd  from  the  uwncr  '- 

vest  the  pro|rt;rty  in  Ujc  o**iiUi.»; 

note  or  bill  of  cxchance. 
NE-GO'TIA.NT,  (ne-gO'shanl,)  m. 

tiales;  a  nesotiator.     [.NV:  u*U.] 
NE-GO'TI.aTE,  (ne-go'stutr,)  r.  i.     [U 

Tiegoiiare  i  Sji-  negoacr :  Fr.  ■/  7c<trr  :  t 

(iuu,  business,  employment;  W   ^ 

business  ;  negaeiui,  to  go  on  rm- 

1.  To  tran-^nct  business  ;  l'»  tr-. 
spccting  purchast-  and  sale;  !■■  : 
bargaining  or  IrnL-,  e. III.  r  m  i"  ■ 
orsubsiitule  ;  a.-,  i<.>  3>"-i:j-.'r  ~^- 
chase  of  goods  ur  a  farm. 

2.  To  hold  intercourse.-  wiUi  aadbcr  i 
treaty,  league,  ur  convention  j  to  tn»l  w 
ing  peace  or  commerce. 

It  il  a  crime  for  an  -iialtt»»br  to  heOaj  Wi  |»->j 
•bouUl  nt ffof.iU.  **- 

XE-GCTI.\TE.  (ne<5'3haie.)  r.  I.    To 
mutual  intercourse  and  acrccmcol  wiUi  : 
lo  negotiate  a  loan  of  mimty. 

Ship  brwkfr*  anl  tni-TTT-.tTi  "■■- 

2.  To  procure,  make,  or 
course  and  agrcMiu  i.;  -^  ■ 
ttJ  a  ttvatv  with  t! 

3.  Tusell;  to  ^l 
sideration;  txs,  to  -■  „ 

Th!  i»(r«  were  ncl  MfOMJoa  »  Mm  ■  **■ 

tKuiacn  ot  trjtk. 

XE-GO'TU-TED,p?.    Procured  or  oUain .  . 
ment  with  another  ;  sold  or  tiansfcnrd  M  a\^ 

considemlion. 
NE-G6'TIA-TING,  ppr.    Trcallni  wiUi;  Ii»t»*-. 

business.  ^         ™^       .   ^ 

XE  GO-Tl-.\'TION',  (-shesi'O  «.    The  «l  of  Of  z 

ling;  ihclransacluv' ■  •"''"•^'" "'"•■" '*^'' ■  ^•■ 

ing  with  another  r 
2.  The  transact 

the    mutual    inteicv  ..-.      .    -        .      .  . 

agents,  in  making  irealics  and   loc  aki  ,   i*, 

ne-'ctiatii^ns  at  Ghent. 
XE-GO'TI.^-TDK.  R.    One  ibat  n<x;*aU"j  .  cr.e  i 

treats  with  others  either  as  prini:il«*l  r* 

sped  to  purchase  and  sale,  or  pubUc  o.^" 

N£'GRESS,  n.    [See  Nscr.^.]    A  female  cS  it 

race  of  .-Vfrica. 
NEGRO,  n.     [IL  .in  I  •^" 
A  native  or  des. 

in  .\friciu    The  \\ 

or  olive-colored  inl —  ._._„. 

Africa,  but  to  the  nuirc  souUit.-a  ri.-  .,  :d.  n 

quite  black. 


V.  :> 


TC.\%  BJJLL,  UNITE. -AN^'GER,  VF'CIOUS— €  us  K; 


TH  as  in  Till? 


747 


NEl 


NEP 


NER 


NE'GUO-LOID,  a.     {negro  and  Gr.  tiiiusl 

rertiiining  to  men  wl.o  liavc  a  resemblance  to  iie- 

nI'^GUS,  n.    A  liquor  inailc  of  wino,  water,  sugar, 
'  nutmeg,  and  lemon  juice ;  so  called,  it  is  said,  from 

its  first  maker.  Colonel  .W^w. 
NEIK,  (ueef,)  n.     [Ice.  Tirf.T 

J.  The  licaf  or  list.     [JViiJ  uscA]  Shah. 

2.  A  slave.     [AViJ  used.] 
NEIGH   Cna,)  c.  1.     [^•s.-s..  hiucgan;  S\v.  rtndirira;  am. 
knw^'mr  i  It.  anniccUiarc.    In  \V.  cncca  signifies  to 
iar  or' quarrel ;  cnec,  a  sliar|)  noise.] 

To  utter  the  voice  of  a  horse,  expressive  of  want 
or  desire ;  to  whinny.  ,..        ■   „ 

NKIGH,  (nu,)  n.  'I'he  voice  of  a  horse ;  a  whinnying. 
NEIGH'li'-'l'.  (Il5'hlir,)  11.  [Sax.  nel^ar,  nch^ebur,  a 
ni-h  boor,  a  boor  or  countryman  living  niWi,  (see 
NfoH;)  G.  imcMur;  U.imbimr!  Sw.  ?m4»  ;  Ban.  ?w- 
boc.  (Sen  Boor.)  The  true  orthograpliy,  as  this 
word  IS  now  pronounced,  is  Nehiioob  ;  Sax.  ncli, 
nigh,  and  boor.] 

1  One  who  lives  near  another.  In  large  tovyns,  a 
neighbor  is  one  who  lives  within  a  few  doors.  In  the 
country,  a  nciirlibor  may  live  at  a  greater  distance  ; 
and  in  new  settlcmonts,  where  the  people  .are  thinly 
scattered  over  the  country,  a  jiciMor  may  be  distant 
several  miles.  Such  is  the  use  of  the  word  in  the 
United  States.  .  ,  ., 

o  One  who  lives  in  familiarity  with  another;  a 
word  of  civility.  »'"''• 

3.  An  intim.ate  ;  a  confidant.     [A'^ot  used.]  aimk. 
•1.  ,\  fellow-being.    AcU  vii. 

fi    One  of  the  human  race ;  any  one  that  needs 

our  help,  or  to  whom  we  have  an  opportunity  of  do- 

6    A  country  that  is  near.  [iiig  good.    Lukex. 

NElOH'liOR,  (iii'lJur,)  a.     Near  to  another  jadjoin- 

ni"  ■  next.  *"."'■'• 

NEIGH'BOK,  (iia'bur,)  ii. !.    To  adjoin  ;  to  couhneon 
or  be  near  to. 

TUosc  grow  on  ihc  lulls  tliiu  ndshiOT  Uic  tliore.  Sandys. 


o.  To  acquaint  with ;  to  make  near  to,  or  make 
familiar.     {Kot  used.]  ShiA. 

Toncii'liborit:  in  cottoquial  ((mnriKiwc,  to  cultivate 
fricndiv  Tiitcrcoursc  by  mutual  visits. 
NEIGiriiOlMUlOl),  (na'bur-,)  ii.    A  place  near;  vi- 
cinity ;  tlK-  adjlii'iiiug  district  or  any  place  net  distant. 
He  lives  in  my  veigkborkood. 

a.  State  of  being  near  each  other  ;  as,  several  states 
in  a  neirrhborhood.  .    .    ^^eift. 

3.  The  inhabitants  who  live  in  the  vicinity  of  each 
other.    The  fire  alarmed  all  the  vrigiiborlwod. 
NEIGH'DOU-IXG,  a.    Living  or  being  near;  as,  the 
neiahborin"  inhabitants  ;  vcighboriiig  countries  or  na- 
tions.      ■  ,..    Pff'J: 
NEIGH'I!OR-LI-NESS,  u.    State  or  quality  of  being 

neighboilv.  .  ,,       ®?"."-, 

NEIGII'BOR  T,V,  a.    BiHomJiig  a  neighbor ;    kind  ; 

Jad»r!iflliiil>-nn5M»'-.'!/<l'«linS-  Arbudtnot. 

o.  Cultivating  familiar  intercourse  ;  interchanging 

freipient  visits  ;  social.  Friend,  you  are  not  neighborhj. 
NEKUl'IiOR-LV,  iii;o.    With  social  civility;  as,  to 

Tivc  iicigliborltj. 
NEIGU'BOR-SHir,  V.    State  of  being  neighbors.  [J\rot 

U  use.]  •'Wi^s  Bailhe. 

NBIGH'ING,  (ua'ing,)  vV-    Whinnying. 
NEIGU'ING,  (nii'ing,)  k.    The  voice  of  a  horse;  a 

whinnying.    Jcr.  viii. 
NEI'TIIER,  (ne'thcr  or  iiT'tTier.    Hie  former  is  given 

in  most  dictionaries,  and  still  prevails  in  America. 

The  latter  is  now  common  in  England,)  eompound 

pronoun,  proiwmi7ial  adjective,  or  ii  subsUtute.     [Sax. 

nathcr,  natjior,  nauther,  or  uoidlicr ;  ne,  not,  and  either 

or  otker,  not  either,  or  not  other.    So  in  L.  neuter, 

nc  and  utcr.] 
Not  either  ;  not  the  one  or  the  other. 

1.  It  refers  to  individual  things  or  persons;  as, 
which  road  shall  I  take  ?  ^Teilher,  take  ncitlier  road. 
The  upright  judge  inclines  to  neither  party. 

It  is  used  as  a  substitute  ;  ;ls,  the  upright  judge  in- 
clines to  neither  of  the  parties. 

He  ncidier  loves, 
Nor  ciUicr  circa  for  liim.  Shak. 

2.  It  refers  to  a  sentence  ;  as,  "  Ye  shall  not  eat  of 
it,  neither  shall  ye  touch  it ; "  that  is,  ye  shall  not 
eat,  not  cither  or  other  shall  ye  touch  it ;  ye  shall  not 
cat,  nor  shall  ye  ilo  the  other  thing  here  mentioned, 
that  is,  touch  it.     Ocn.  iii. 

"  Fi"ht  neither  with  small  nor  great,  save  only  with 
the  king;"  that  is,  fight  not,  eillier  with  small  or 
great.    1  Kings  xxii. 

JiTcither,  in  the  first  part  of  a  negative  sentence,  is 
followed  by  nor  in  the  subseqiienl  pari.  It  is  neither 
the  one  nor  the  other.  But  or  would  be  most  proper, 
for  the  negative  in  neither  applies  to  both  parts  of  the 

It  is  often  used  in  the  last  member  of  a  negative 
sentence  instead  of  nor,  as  in  the  passage  above 
cited.  "  Ye  shall  not  eat  it,  ueitlier  shall  ye  touch  it." 
Here  neiUitr  is  improperly  used  for  nor,  (or  not  m  the 
first  clause  refers  only  to  that  clause,  and  the  second 
negative  refers  only  to  the  second  clause.  "  \  c  sliall 
not'eat  it,  nor  shall  ye  touch  it"    - 


In  the  sentences  above,  neither  is  considered  to  be 
a  conjunction  or  connecting  word,  though  in  fact  it 
is  a  pronoun  or  representative  of  a  clause  of  a  seii- 

3.  jveithcr  primarily  refers  lo  two  i  not  either  of  two. 
But  by  usage  it  is  applicable  to  any  number,  referring 
to  individuals  separately  considered.  Five  or  ten  per- 
sons being  charged  with  a  misdemeanor  or  riot,  each 
may  say,  neither  of  us  was  present. 

4.  Kcither  sometimes  closes  a  sentence  in  a  pecul- 
iar manner,  thus  :  "  Jleii  come  not  to  the  knowledge 
of  ideas  thought  to  be  innate,  till  they  come  to  the 
use  of  reason  ;  nor  then  neither."  Locke. 

That  is,  not  cither  when  they  come  to  the  use  of 
reason,  or  before. 

Formerly,  in  English,  as  in  Greek  and  French,  two 
ne"atives  were  used  for  one  negation.    But  in  such 
phrases  as  that  above,  good  speakers  now  use  ather  ; 
"  nor  then  either." 
NEM'.V-UNE,  a.     TGr.  I'lj/oi,  a  thread.] 

In  rainerator'!/. having  the  form  of  threads;  fibrous. 
^    '  Shcpard. 

NEM'A-LITE,    n.      [Gr.    i"!/ia,    thread,  and  XiOis, 
stone.]  ,, 

A  fibrous  hydrate  of  magnesia.  ,,,"'\, 

NEM.  eON.,  for  Nemink  Contbadicente,  [l..]     No 
one  contradicting  or  opposing  ;  that  is,  unanimously  ; 
without  oiiposition. 
NEM.  DISS,  for  Nk.mine  Dissentiekte,     [L,.J    1>o 

one  dissenting. 
NE-ME'AN,  a.    Relating  to  Nemea,  in  Argolis,  where 

games  were  celebrateil  every  third  year. 
NEM'O-Ll'TB,  n.     [Gr.  vin-n,  a  wood,  and  AiU<s,  a 
stone.] 

An  arborized  stone.  .Wict.  J^ot.  Hist. 

NEM'0-R.\L,  a.     [L.  nemorulis,  from  nemns,  a  wood.] 

Pertaining  to  a  wood  or  grove.  Vict. 

NEiM'O-ROUS,  II.     ['[..nemorosiis.] 

Woody.  hoehjn. 

NEMI"NE,ii.  t.     [Sax.  ncninan,  to  name  or  call.] 

To  call.     \Ohs.]  Chaucer 

NE'NI-A,  II.    [Gr.]    A  funeral  song ;  an  elegy.    [JVuI 


NEN'lJ-I'IIAR,  n.     The  great  white  Water  Lily  of 

Europe,  or  Nymphiea  alba. 
NE-OU'A-MODE,  n.    [Gr.  vtoSanmris  i   "OSt  ""^w, 
and  (l;;/iio(i/?s,  popular  ;  (V/pos,  people.]     ^ 

In  imeient  Oreccc,  a  person  newly  admitted  to  eit- 
izcnship.  ,  •«";»"'• . 

NE-OG'A-MIST,  n.    [Gr.  nut,  new,  and  ya/jiw,  to 
marry.] 

A  person  recently  married. 
NE-0-LO(5'IC,         (a.     [from  r.colomj.]      Pertaining 
NE-0-L0(5'ie-AL,  (      to  neology;   employing    new 

,vords.  Chestcrjield. 

NE-O-LOG' le-AL-LY,  niio.    In  a  ncological  manner. 
NE-OL'0-(5IS.M,  )i.    'J'hc  introduction  of  new  words 
or  doctrines. 
2.  A  ni:w  word,  expression,  or  doctrine. 
NE-0L'0-(5IST,  Ji.    Olio  who  introduces  new  words 
into  a  language.     Lavoisier  has  been  a  sutcesslul 
ncologbt.     [Disused.]  J^'ed.  licpos. 

2.  An  innovator  in  theology  ;  one  who  introduces 
rationalistic  views  subversive  of  revealed  tfu'h. 
[  This  is  noiD  tlie.  prevailing  sense.]  Murdoch. 

Nl5-0L-0-C;I  Za-'TION,  11.    The  act  of  neologizing. 

JeJIirsou. 

NE-OL'0-(^iZE,  V.  i.    To  introduce  or  use  new  terms. 

NE-0L'0-<3Y,  11.    [Gr.  ifos,  new,  and  Xo)  oj,  a  word.] 

L  The  introduction  of  a    new  word,  or  ol  new 

words,  into  a  language.    The  present  nomonclalure 

of   chemistry  is  a  remarkable  instanco  of  neology. 

\  Disused.]  . 

a.  Rationalistic  views  in  theology  subversive  ol  re- 
vealed truth.  The  term  is  applied  especially  to  the 
new  philosophical  theology  of  the  Germans.  [This 
is  now  air.  prevailing  sense.]  Murioek. 

NE-O-No'iMI-AN,  w.  [Gr.  inoj,  new,  and  »oy<o!,  law.J 
One  who  advocates  new  laws,  or  desires  God  s 
law  to  be  altered.  Scolt. 

Nk'O-PHSTE,  II.  [Gr.  vcos,  new,  and  ./.Drue,  a 
plant.] 
1.  .V  new  convert  or  proselyte. 
"  A  name  given  by  the  early  Christians,  and  still 
anion"  the  Roman  Catholics,  to  such  as  have  recent- 
ly embraced  the  Christian  faith,  and  been  admitted 
to  baptism.  ,  Brandc. 

3.  A  novice ;  one  newly  admitted  to  the  order  ol 
priest,  or  into  a  monastery. 
-1.  A  tyro  ;  a  beginner  in  learning. 
NE-O-TER'ie,  la.     [Gr.  i-ccirrpiKOt,  young,  from 

NB-O-TEK'ie-AL,  )       i'£"S,  new  ;    Low  L.    iiml"- 


icii-f.]  _, 

New  ;  recent  in  origin  ;  modern.  nacon. 

NE-O-TER'ie,  n.    One  of  modern  times.      Barton. 

NEP,  II.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Nepeta ;  catmint,  or 
catnip.  ^  .       J       /] 

NE-PEN'TlIE,  II.  [Gr.  m/n-ti'Sr/s  ;  I'lj,  not,  and  ttlvDj^, 
grief.]  t       I  ■, 

A  (Iriig  or  medicine  that  relieves  pain  and  exhila- 
rates.    [LiUle  nseiL]  Milton. 

NE-PEN'THeS,  11.  A  genus  of  remarkable  Asiatic 
iilants,  having  a  kind  of  cylindrical  urn  connected 
with  the  leaf,  usually  filled  with  sweet  and  liiniiid 


water,  and  closed  with  a  sort  of  lid  ;  also  calli.d 
PnellEn-i-i.ANTS.  F.ncijc.Min.     P.  Cije. 

^El^lntuNfa,!-     t«-r,a„acloud.] 

A  mineral  occurring  in  glassy  crystals,  nearly  trans- 
parent, having  the  form  of  six-sided  prisms;  also,  ill 
translucent  and  nearly  opaque  masses  of  grayish, 
greenish,  and  reddish  siiades  of  color,  having  ri 
greasy  luster.  This  last  variety  has  been  called 
Elaolite,  from  tXacon  oil.  The  first  occurii  m  the 
lavas  of  Vesuvius.  Dana. 

NEPII'EW,  (ncf'u,)  n.  [Fr.  ucucu  ;  l,.nepos;  It.  iic- 
fote;  D.ncefiG.neffei  Sans.  iin;i«ri  (  W.  iwi,  con- 
tracted.] ^     , 

1.  Theson  of  abrothcr  orsislcr.  Drydcn. 

2.  A  grandson ;  also,  a  desceiiilaiit.  [jVul  miicA 
usciU  [English  authorities  iironouiice  this  word 
nev'i'.]  Hooker. 

NE-PIIRAL'GI-A,  (  n.    Disease  or  pain  in  the  kid- 

NE-PHRAI/GY,     S     neys. 

NEPH'RITE,  11.    [Gr.  ncippirrn,  from  i'C<ppos,  the  Kid- 

"Thc  same  iiiiner.al  with  Jaue.     It  was  formerly 

worn    as  a  remedy  for   diseases  of  the    kidneys, 

whence  its  name.  Dana. 

KE-PIlRIT'ie,  j  a.     [Gr.  ei:iJi,)inK05ifroul  vc-fpog, 

NE-PllRIT'ie-AL; !     the  kidneys.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  kidneys  or  organs  of  urine  ; 
as,  a  nephritic  disease. 

3.  Affected  with  a  disease  of  the  kidneys  ;  as,  a 
nephritic  patient.  ...  , 

3.  Relieving  disorders  of  the  kidneys  in  geneial ; 
as,  a  nephritic  medicine. 

Kcphritic  stone j  a  stone  of  the  silicioua  kind, 
called  Jade.  ,     „ 

J^ephritic  wood ;  a  species  of  compact  wood  ot  a 
fine  grain,  brought  from  New  Spain,  which  gives  a 
bhio  color  to  spirit  of  wine  and  to  water;  which  col- 
or is  changed  to  yellow  by  acids,  and  again  to  blue 
hv  alkalies.  Supposed  to  be  the  llyperanthera  Jlo- 
fi,,,,;,.  jVieholson.     Eneyc. 

NE-PIlRIT'ie,  ti.  A  medicine  adapted  10  relieve  or 
cure  the  diseatcs  of  the  kidneys,  particularly  the 
gravel  or  stone  in  the  bladder.  L;/r. 

NE-PHRI'TIS,  II.   In  medicine,  an  iiiflainiimtioll  ol  the 

NE-PimOT'O-MY,  II.  [Gr.  ucfpoi,  a  kidney,  and 
TOari,  a  cutting.] 

In  surgery,  the  operation  of  extracting  a  stone  Iroiii 
the  kidney,  by  cutting.  ,     .      ,    ,n    .t" , 

jYE  PLUS  UL'TRJi.  [L.,  no  further.]  To  the  ut- 
most extent.  It  is  customary  to  omit  the  last  word, 
and  say,  A'c  plus.  , 

NEP'O-TISM,  11.  [Fr.  Jfepollsine,  from  L.  nepos,  nepn- 
ew.]  -,,. 

1.  Fondness  for  nephews.  Addison. 

2.  Undue  attachment  to  relations ;  favoritism 
shown  to  nephews  and  other  relations. 

NEP'O-TIS'J',  11.    One  who  practices  nepotism. 

NEP'TIJNE,  II.  \L.  J^eptunus.]  \a  mythologiJ,UK  %m\ 
of  the  ocean.  , 

2.  A  largo  planet  beyond  Uranus,  dlscoverea  in 
consequence  of  the  computations  of  Le  verricr,  ol 
Paris,  by  Galle,  of  Berlin,  September  23.  l*'"-  '^ 
mean  distance  from  the  sun  is  about  285(1,000,000 
miles,  ami  its  period  of  revolution  is  about  U>8  years. 

NEP-TU'NI-.'VN,  a.    [from  J^Teptunc.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  ocean  or  sea. 

2.  Formed  by  water  or  aqueous  solution ;  a.s,  iifj> 
timian  rocks.  .  ,,, 

M-eidnnian  theory  ;  in  geology,  the  theory  of  V\  cr- 
ner,  which  refers  the  formation  of  all  rocks  and  str.ata 
to  the  agency  of  water;  opposed  to  the  Ilotomo 
theory  iirande. 

NEP-Tti'NI-AN,  )  71.    One  who  adopts  the  theory  that 

NEP'TU-NIST,  !  the  whole  eailli  was  once  covered 
with  water,  or  rather  that  the  siilistances  ol  the  globe 
were  formed  from  aqueous  solution.  I'mkerlon.    Ouou. 

M-E  Q^UID  m'.i\IIS,  [L.]  Not  too  much;  let  all  e.\- 
ccss  be  avoided.  ^  . 

NE'RE-ID,  II.  [Or.  viinquVi,  pi.  of  vlf'Ki,  fi™i 
NijMv?,  a  marine  deity;  Sans,  iim-a,  water;  Ar. 
and  lleb.  nna,  to  flow.    See  Naubate.] 

In  mijUwlo-ii,  a  sea  nymph.  In  ancient  mommcnts, 
the  nereids  are  represented  as  riding  on  sea  horses, 
sometimes  with  the  human  form  entire,  and  some- 
limes  with  the  tail  of  a  fish.  They  were  the  daugh- 
ters of  Nereus,  a  marine  deity,  and  conslantly  at- 
tended Neptune.  J-^i'cye.     Brand,. 

NER'lTE,  11.  A  mollusk  of  the  genus  Ncrita,  having 
a  nnivalviilar  shell.  ..    ., 

NER'IT-ITE,  II.  A  petrified  shell  of  the  genus  IVcrila. 
{J^ot  used.]  „  a 

NER'O-LI,  II.  The  essential  oil  of  orange  flowers, 
procured' by  distillation.  ^„^";,. 

NERVE,  fnerv,)»i.  [L.  iifrciw;  Fr.  nerfi  W.  ncrtli, 
strength ;  Gr.  i/Evpoe,  nerve ;  probably  allied  to  amip. 


a  man,  L.  vir ;  Pers.  J  imr,  the  male  of  any  an- 
imal; Sans,  imr,  a  man.  In  Welsh,  ii«r,  dc-liotcs 
one  that  possesses  self-energy,  and  hence  an  epith„t 
of  God.)  


FATE,  FXR,  FALL.  WH»T-METE,  PREY-PL^E,  .MARINE,  BIRD.-NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.- 


748 


NES 

1.  An  oi;::tn  of  sensntimi  ;uid  iiiotion  in  animals. 
The  nerves  ;ire  prolongations  of  ilio  nicdvilliiry  siili- 
stunce  of  Ihf  brain,  spinal  I'onl,  antl  st-inilvinur  gan- 
glion, which  ramify  ami  extend  to  every  part  of  the 
body.  Kitcijc.     Parr. 

3.  Strength;  firmness  of  bodyj  as,  a  man  of 
nerce. 

3.  Fortitude  ;  firmness  of  mind  ;  couraj^e. 

4.  Slrenglli  j  force ;  anlhoiity  j  as,  lUu  iioroes  of 
discipline.  Oibbon. 

5.  In  botany^  a  name  given  to  parallel  vessels,  or 
filiei-s  extending  from  the  base  to  llie  apex  of  a  leaf. 

I.imllctj, 
Pupe  has  used  nerve  for  sinew  or  tendon. 
XERVK,  V.  t.    To  give  strength  or  vigor  ;  lo  arm  with 

force  ;  as,  (qvit  vervcd  his  arm.  Ames. 

NEHV'ivD,  pp.    Armed  with  strength. 

2.  a.  In  botamjy  having  vessels  simple  and  un- 
branched,  extending  from  the  base  to  the  tiii ;  as,  a 
nerved  leaf. 

NERVE'LESS,  (nerv'Iess,)  a.    Destitute  of  slreuglli ; 

weak.  Pope. 

NERVE'-SHaK-EN,  a.    Aflected  by  a  shaking.  Scoit. 

2.  Allocked  ;  overcouic  or  oppressed  by  somu  vio- 
lent influence,  impression,  or  sensation. 

NERVINE,  (nerv'in,)  a.     [Low  L.  ^icrmnus.] 

'J'lint  has  the  quality  of  acting  upon  the  nerves. 
NERVINE,  7(.     A  medicine  Umt  operates  upon  the 
NERVOUS,  a.     [L.  nen^osxts.]  [nerves. 

I.  Strong;  vigorous  j  as,  a /lercoHs  arm. 
U,  Pertaining  to  the  nerves  J  seated  in  or  atfecting 
the  nerves  j  as,  a  ncrvoiLs  disease  or  fever. 

3.  Having  the  nerves  affected  ;  hence,  easily  agi- 
tated ;  a  colloquial  use  of  the  word. 

4.  Possessing  or  manifesting  vigor  of  mind  ;  char- 
acterized by  strength  in  sentiment  or  style;  as,  a 
nervous  historian.  Adams. 


NEU 


NEU 


EHVED,  No.  9.] 


NERVCSE;]*^-     i»^«"^"y-     [SeeN, 
NEUVOUt^LY,  adv.    Willi  strength  or  vigor. 

Warlon. 
2.  With  weakness  or  agitation  of  thr  nerves.  [Cul- 
loijiiiaL'] 
NEUVOUS-NESS,  7(.    Strength;  force;  vigor. 

iVarton. 

2.  The  state  of  being  composed  of  nerves. 

Goldsmith. 

3.  ^Veakness  or  agitalioji  of  the  nerves.  {CoUo- 
qu  it.lL  1 

NER'VITRE,  n.  A  name  given,  in  bolavij^  to  the  veins 
of  leaves,  and,  in  cntomolo^y^  to  tlie  corneous  divis- 
ions in  the  wings  of  inserts.  Buchanan. 

NER\'Y',  a.     Strong;  vigorous.  iihak. 

NES'ClEiVCE,  (nesh'ens,)  v.     [L.  nc^ckws^  iiescio ;  nc. 
and  scio.] 
Want  of  knowledge;  ignorance.  Bp.  Hall. 

NESH,  a.     [Sax.  iiesc] 

Sort;  liiidcr;  nice.     [JVot  tised.]  Chaucer, 

NESS,  a  termination  of  names,  signifies  a  promontory, 
from  the  root  of  nose^  whicli  see. 

NESS,  a  termination  of  appellatives,  [Sax.  ncsse, 
nysse,]  denotes  state  or  quality,  as  in  goodiicssy 
i^r  earnest. 

NEST,  H.  [Sax.  nest;  G.  and  D.  nest;  Sw.  ncbte ;  W. 
nyth  }  L.  nidus ;  Fr.  nid  :  It.  and  Sp.  jiido  ,■  Arm.  ncii ; 
ir.ncad;  Rnf;s.  srnizdofGr.vci'Ccog,  lenaaia,  icorrtj, 
unless  the  latter  are  from  I'log.  In  Persic,  ni.^im  is  a 
nest,  nashiman,  a  mansion,  and  nishashtan^  to  sit 
down,  to  dwell,  or  remain.] 

1.  'J'he  place  or  bed  formed  or  used  by  a  bird  fur 
incubation  or  the  mansion  of  her  young,  untii  thtry 
are  able  to  fly.  The  word  is  used  also  for  the  bed  in 
whicli  certain  insects  deposit  their  eggs. 

2.  Any  place  where  irrational  animals  are  pro- 
duced.  "  Bentlcy. 

3.  An  abode ;  a  place  of  resilience  ;  a  receptacle 
of  numbers,  or  the  collection  itself;  usually  in  an  ill 
sense  :  as,  a  nest  of  rogues. 

4.  A  warm,  close  place  of  abode ;  generally  in 
contempt.  Speitser. 

5.  A  number  of  boxes,  cases,  or  the  like,  inserted 
in  each  other. 

Vi.  In  geology^  an  aggregated  mass  of  any  ore  or 
mineral,  in  an  isolated  state,  within  a  rock.  'Dana. 
NEST,  r.  i.    To  build  and  occupy  a  nest. 

The  kiiiff  of  birds  nested  wiili  its  leavis.  Ho'xell. 

NEST'-EGG,  n.  An  egg  left  in  the  nest  to  prevent  the 
hen  from  forsaking  it.  Jfudibras. 

NEST'LE,  (nes'I,)  v.  i.  To  settle  ;  to  harbor;  to  lie 
close  ami  snug,  as  a  bird  in  her  nest. 

The  kiii*-fisher  nesllcg  in  hollow  banks.  L'Eslninge. 

Thsir  purpose  was  to  fortify  in  some  sirong  pUco  of  llio  wiUl 
country,  and  Iht'n*  ufstle  till  s-.iccora  cmic.  Bacon. 

2.  To  move  about  in  one's  seat,  like  a  bird  when 
funning  her  nest ;  as,  a  child  Jtcstla;. 
NEST'LE,  (nes'I,)  v.  t.  To  house,  as  in  a  nest.  TJoniu: 

9.  To  cherish,  as  a  bird  her  young.        Chapman. 
NEST'L£D,   pp.      Housed,  as  in  a  nest;    snugged 

closely. 
NEST'LtNfi,  ppr.     Lying  close  anil  snug. 
NEST'LING,  n.    A  young  bird  in  the  nest,  or  just  tak- 
en from  the  nest. 
9.  A  nest.     [J^ot  jised.]  Bacon. 


NEST'LING,  a.  Newly  hatched ;  Ijcing  yd  in  the 
"'-'^*"  Barrini'ton. 

NES-To'UI-AN,  n.  An  adlierent  nf  JWy/OT-tuj,  patri- 
arch of  Constaniinopie,  in  the  fillh  century,  who 
was  deposed  and  condcmneil  as  a  heretic  for  main- 
taining that  the  two  natures  in  Christ  were  not  ko 
blended  and  confounded  as  to  be  nndiKtingnishable. 

Murdoch, 

2.  The  term  is  also  applied  to  tlioce  modern  Chri*- 
tians  of  Persia  and  India  who  are  the  remains  of  the 
Nestoriail  sect.  Murdoch. 

NET,  71.  [Sax.  net,  mjt;  D.  and  Dan.  net:  (i.uctz; 
Sw.  lidt,  not ;  (iolli.  nati,  from  the  root  of  k/iit,  Sax. 
cnyltan^  whence  knot :  L.  iwdu^i.] 

I.  An  instrument  f.ir  catching  fish  and  birdrt,  or 
wild  beasts,  furnii'd  with  twiiie  or  thread  interwoven 
Willi  meshes. 
9.  A  cunning  tlevice  ;  a  snare.    Micah  vii. 

3.  Inextricable  dilliculty.    Job  xv'iii. 

4.  Severe  afifictions.     Job  x'lx. 

NET,  V.  t.    To  make  into  a  net  or  network.  Seward. 
NET,  a.     [Fr.  net ,-  it.  uetto.     See  Nka  r.] 

1.  Neat ;  pure  ;  unadulleraled,  as  wines. 

Brmtde. 

2.  Being  witlioiil  flaw  or  spot.     [litUe  used.] 

3.  Ueing  beyond  all  chaiges  or  outlay;  as,  net 
profits. 

4.  lieiiig  clear  of  all  tare  and  tret,  or  all  deductions  ; 
as,  net  weight.  It  is  sometimes  written  Nktt,  but 
inqiroperly.  JVet  is  properly  a  mercantile  appropria- 
tion of  neat. 

NET,  V.  t.    To  produce  dear  jjrofit. 

NETH'ER,  H.  [.^ax.  ncother ;  G.  nirdrr;  D.  and  Dan. 
ncdcr.  This  word  is  of  the  comparative  degree  ;  the 
positive  occurs  only  in  composition,  as  in  bcmath^ 
Sax.  neothan.  It  is  used  only  in  implied  comparison, 
as  in  \\\<2  nether  p;ut,  the  iif/ZiPr  millstone ;  but  we 
never  say,  one  part  is  nether  than  another.] 

1.  Lower;  lying  or  being  beneath  or  in  the  lower 
[)ait ;  opposed  to  Upi-cr  ;  as,  liio  nether  millstone. 

Distortcit  all  rny  ;trl/ifi-  sb.Hn.*  llius  grew 

Traiisforiinril.  Milton. 

9.  In  a  lower  place. 

'Twlxl  iipiwr,  nether,  ami  iutriHiiuliiig  fires.  Alillon. 

3.  Belonging  to  the  regions  below.  Dryden. 

NETII'ER-lMoST,  a.    Lowest ;  as,  the  nethermost  hell ; 

the  ncthcrmvA  abyss.  South.     Milton. 

NETH'IN-I.M,  J),  pi.     Among  the  Jews,  servants  of  the 

priests  and  Levites ;  erroneously  written  Nethin- 

NET'TED,  ;;;;.  or  «.     Made  into  a  net  or  net-work ; 

reticulated. 
NET'TIXG,  V.    [from  net.]    A  piece  of  net-work. 

2.  A  conqilicalion  of  ropes  fastened  across  each 
other,  to  be  slretcln:d  along  the  upper  pari  of  a  ship's 
quarter,  to  contain  hammocks.  JVetling  is  also  em- 
ployed to  hold  tile  fore  and  nmin-top-mast  sails  when 
stowed.  Netting  is  alsoextemled  alouga  ship's  gi;n- 
wale  in  engagements,  to  prevent  the  enemy  from 
bnnrding.  Mar.  Diet. 

NET'TLE,  (net'l,)  n.  [Sax.  netl,7icte(ei  V.netel;  G. 
ncsset;  Sw.  ndisla  :  Gr.  KfK^n,  from  the  root  of  Jii-^t.?, 
jfi/Qu',  to  scratch.] 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Urtica,  whose  prickles  fret 
the  skin  and  occasion  very  painful  sensations. 

And  near  l!ii:  noisome  nettle  Uoojiis  the  rose.    Jiajttbttr,  motto. 

NET'TLE,  V.  t.  To  fret  or  sting  ;  to  irritate  or  vex  ; 
to  excite  sensations  of  displeasure  or  uneasiness,  not 
amounting  to  wrath  or  violent  anger. 

Tlie  princes  were  mltled  al  the  scund.d  of  lliis  r-.iTronl. 

L' Estrange. 

NET'TLED,  ;.ip.    Fretted;  irritated. 

NET'TLER,  ?i.  One  that  provokes,  slings,  or  irritates. 

MiUon. 

NET'TLE-UASH,  v.  An  eruptive  disease  resembling 
the  sting  of  a  nettle. 

NET'TLE-TREE,  7t.  A  tree  of  the  genus  Celtis,  of 
which  there  are  several  species.  The  several  sorts 
of  nettle-tne  have  a  considerable  resemblance  to,  and 
a  mar  aflinity  witli,  the  elms. 

NET'TLING,  V;""-     Irritating;  vexing. 

NET'-WORK,  (-work,)  n.  A  complication  of  threads, 
twine,  or  cords,  united  at  certain  distances,  forming 
meshes,  interstices,  or  open  spaces,  between  the 
knots  or  intersections  ;  reticulated  or  decussated 
work.  jiddiso}u 

NEU  ilAL'Gl-A, )  n.  [Gr.  i'cv;,jfy  a  nerve, and  (iA;os, 

NEU  RAL'GY,     i     pain.] 

An  idiopatliic  pain  of  a  nerve  of  common  sensa- 
tion, i.  e.,  a  pain  not  preceded  or  occasioned  by  any 
other  disease.  TuUy. 

NEtJ  UAL'GIC,  a.    Pertaining  to  neunilgia. 

NEH  RO-LOG'ie-AL,  a.  [See  Neurologv.]  Por- 
taining  to  neurology,  or  to  a  description  of  the  nerves 
of  animals. 

NEU-KOL'O-GIST,  v.  Om-  who  describes  the  nerves 
of  animals. 

NEU-UOL'O-GY,  7L  [Gr.  i-cvouv^  a  nerve,  and  Ao>of, 
discourse.] 

A  description  of  the  nerves  of  animal  bodies,  or 
the  doctrine  of  the  nerves. 

N'El'-ROP'TEU,  ;i.  l[Gr.  ta'pni;  a  nerve,  and 

NEU-ROP'TEU-A,  71.  ;>Li      Trrfoor,  n  wing.] 


JIlMt. 


The  ueuroptcTB  are  an  urAvt  *4  if. 
niembranout,    Iraiu^nnil,    r     ' 
wiri'^rf,   rcliculatirtj    with   ti. 

drafNU-fly, 

m:i;-koi"ter-al,  /a.   it 

NEIMtOp'TEK-OUrt.  i      \hf  ! 
NE0'ltO^<P.\.S r,  n.     (Gt.  »( I 
litrinK'*'] 
A  pupfx-t ;  a  little  Acure  put  in 
NEL'-KOT'ie,  a.    [fit.  .,»p.,.  a  aefvc.] 

1.  iU-Iating  fa  llir  nervra  ;  Kalcd  ta  Uw  mttret . 
OH,  a  neurotic  di^-aAr, 

a,  Ufeful  m  duordem  of  tb«  Mtrr*. 
NELT-UOT'IC,  M.    A  du<aM  haviog  lU  mri-  -  -- 
nerves. 

2.  A  medicine  tucful  In  dhoiAen  of  ihc 

NEi;-KO-Tf>M'IC-AL,  c    *■ 
tainin?  to  the  anatotuy  i-r  d';- 

NEIJ-ROT'O  MIST,  n.     Ottc  - ^    .-  , 

NEU-ROT'0-My,M.    [Gr.ritp./,  •■€¥▼*, 
a  cutting.] 

I.  'I'he  di><<ec(ion  of  a  n*r*'«. 
9.  The  art  or  practice  of  diawctir, 
NEO'TEIt,  (im'ter,)  a.    [L. ;  coini- 
utrr^  not  either.] 

1.  Not  adhcnn;  to  tilhr: 
with  either  tilde,  c-ithrr  when 
or  questions  are  dLicu««^ 
with  Irtni>'»'KRE:<T,  or  it  ma;. 
remairii'd  neu'-rr  during  ih* 
very  few  of  the  p':op!'  u.  i 
cess  of  the  parties  "  ■ 

from  feeling,  and  h* 

be  neuter  in  fact,  wh'  :. 

pie.     A  jmlgc  !ili»ul'i  b.'  i-,.ri;.>  hi_;./ 

that  he  may  decide  with  itnianuliir. 

2.  In  grammar:,  of  neith-T  e<7ndrr  ;  ■ 
given  to  nouns  tliat  arc  neitlier  ma«^ 
feminine ;  primarity,  lo  noun*  which  cifT' 
sex. 

3.  In  hutanif,  havin;  ncitb   - 
NKO'TEK,  (nu'ier,)  h.    A  p, : 

in  a  contest  between  two  ■ 

nations;  a  person  who  i*  tiibii  ii..*.iii::  ui  u  ii^ 

cause,  or  forbear*  to  inlerfer?. 

9.  .An  animal  of  neither  *'i.  ir  inr  I,  .'l-.f,'  .n 
gation.    'I'hc  working  bee.-i  I- 
ters,  but  arc  really  unikvel.  ;- 

3.  In  botany^a  plant  havii.. 
pistils. 

.Ycuter  verb;  in  ^mmar^  a  vrtb  which  riptcvw; 
an  action  or  state  limited  lo  Ibc  njbjcct,  axi  J  ■'■■  t  -:?. 
is  not  followed  by  an  object ;  aj,  I  f » :  I 
I  run  ;  I  iralk.     It  is  bcll<f  denominated  - 
NEO'TK.VL,   (nu'iral,)  a.     [Kr.   ne^rr.  I„ 
from  neuter.] 

1.  Not  engaged  on  either  side  ;  nol  tjkiDc  an  *r 
live  iMirt  with  ciUier  of  conitndtnc  part;.,  I:  :■ 
policy  for  a  natiun  lo  be  memiral  when  uJ. 

are  al  war,    Ilclligercuts  often  obtain  »u, 
nrutriil  stales. 

2.  Inditferenl;  having  no  bias  in  faitr  •(  '.it^'f 
side  or  partj-. 

3.  Indilferent;  neither  vcr}- p-od  nor  loJ. 

Sonte  Ikin^  frn>l>  ^ix'  •I'^nM-  t)i>>p  til  da  vtra. 
And  ntutrai  totua  iii  bn  UiiU»u:  ryt. 

4.  In  botamj,  a  pmposrd  Cnclt^h  «\j^-.i  :-.:  f  i 
neuter:  having  neithtr  jiainens  n.  r 

.Ventral  .iii// ;    in  eJtc'r.istry,  x  Ml: 
equal  nuinl-er  of  itinivnb  iu<,  b  4h    : 
a  salt  in  which  none  of  llie  pn>pctl;c»,  tiilju  U  lu. 
acid  or  base,  are  perceptible. 
NEO'TKAl*,  (nu'tral,)  ■.    A  perwn  or  nz^Won  V,  M 
takes  no  part  in  a  conicst  between  ■  ' 

The  TUulniJ,  u  £ir  u  Ut  oeaarmt  txic: 
Uk  war. 

NEC'TUAL-IST,  a.     .\  neutral.     [£jttJ*  mJuJ.] 
NEU-TK.VL'I  TV,  n.     The  stale  of  bcin|;  mwncarr^ 
in  disputes  or  contests  between  oUxrrs;  the  stale  w 
taking  i\o  part  on  eiUur  side.    Slalo  often  arm  to 
ntainlain  their  neutrctit*;. 
±  A  sl.ite  of  indifllerenctf  in  fc«Iinr  or  pT: 

3.  Indiircrencoinqnahty;  aslaie  ncllhtr 
nor  evil.     [Little  used.] 

4.  .\  conibinaiion  of  neutral  powers  or  ^l.u^  .  »- 
the  armed  nrutrclitf. 

NEU-TRAI^1-2.\'T10X.  a.  [fivm  nmtr^i:*.]  Thr 
act  of  neutrnlizins  or  dCiStroying  the  peculiar  pc\^ 
enies  of  n  body  by  combination  with  another  lv«J.» 
or  sul>slancr. 

2.  The  act  of  nducing  to  a  slate  of  indiffrrrmcf  4 
neuimlitv.  , 

NE0'TR.\L-T7E,  r.  L  To  render  neutral :  lo  rrd-ce 
lo  a  slate  of  indiirercncc  beiwct  n  dilTcrvnl  partic*  <« 
opinions.  , 

9.  In  cAmistru,  lo  destroy  or  rrnder  inert  «  ^m 
perceptible  the  peculiar  pn'r"  ^    '  ■■ ''^■^     . 
bining  it  with  a  dill'ervnt  > 
tralize  acids  and  alkahcs,  i>  ■ 

proportions  that  the  comi>.  ^ 

qualities  of  either.  

a  To  destroy  the  iwculiar  rsvprrtiw  or  vs^vmiv 


TONE,  BULL,  ^NITE.-AN"GER,  VI"CIOlIS.-e  ns  K ;  (5  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CHasSlI;  TH  as  in  THIS. ^ 


T40 


NEW 

dispositions  of  parli-'s  or  oilier  tliinRs,  or  reduce  them 
to  a  stale  of  indidVrt-iice  or  inactivity;  as,  to  neu- 
traliie  jKirties  in  government ;  to  neutralize  oppo- 
sition. 

The  bencfiu  of  unlTcnilJci  —  neutralized  bv  moral  ovili. 

Ch.  Obi. 
A  cltHid  of  counter  dbiliijiu  tlial  neutratiza  each  ottt^r. 

E.  EvertU. 

KEO'TRAL-IZ-ED,  (nu'tral-Izd,)  pp.  or  a.  Reduced 
to  nKUlnility  or  indillVrcnce. 

NEO''J'iiAL-IZ-EIl,  w.  Tlial  winch  neutralizes ;  that 
which  destroys,  disguises,  or  renders  inert  the  pecu- 
liar properties  of  u  body. 

NEO'i'UAL-IZ-IXG,  ppr.  Destroying  or  rendering 
inert  the  peculiar  properties  of  a  substance  ;  redu- 
cin-;  to  indilferencc  or  inactivity. 

NEO'TRAL-TZ-ING,  a.  Having  the  qunlity  of  ren- 
dering neutral. 

NEC''TUAULV,arfy.  Without  taking  part  with  either 
side;  indillbrently. 

NEO"rRA!>-Tl-\T,  n.  The  tint  or  purple  hue  which 
distant  liilli;  usguinc. 

J^^'EU-f.'lLYF.S',  n.  pL  [Fr.  hch/,  nine.]  In  Vie  Ro- 
vtan  Catholic  churchy  prayers  offered  up  for  nine  suc- 
cessive days,  Bratide. 

NEVER,  adc.     [Sax,  lur/re ;  jre,  not,  and  tf/Vc,  ever.] 

1.  Not  ever;  iiot  at  any  time  ;  at  no  time.  It  re- 
fers to  the  past  or  the  future.  I'liis  man  was  never 
at  Calcutta  ;  he  will  iirrrr  be  there. 

2.  It  has  a  particular  use  in  tlie  following  sen- 
tences. 

Ask  m«  never  eo  much  tlower  and  ^if^.  —  Oen.  xxxiv. 

Vr'Iiioli  will  not  hecukcii  to  the  voice  of  charmere,  churmhig 

never  so  wuely. —  I'l.  Iviii. 
A  fc&T  o(  li;ittery,  —  though  never  bo  well  groundrij,  is  no  (hi- 

n."68.  Dlacktlonc. 

TIlis  is  a  genuine  English  use  of  never,  found  in 
our  Saxon  authors,  ami  it  ought  to  he  retained. 
"  Ask  me  so  much  duwcr  as  never  was  done  ;"  that 
is,  dower  to  any  extent.  The  practice  of  using  ever 
in  such  phr;is:;s  is  cnnupt.  It  not  only  destroys  the 
force  but  the  propriety  of  tlie  phrase. 

Jiurkc.   Camdrn.   M'a,shinfftun.  Oohhmith.  Ilooke, 

3.  In  no  degree  ;  not. 

Wliocvrr  his  nfripiidto  guide  him,  may  carry  hi«  eyes  in  Eiiolher 
Hi.iii'<  liead,  and  yci  a^e  never  tiu;  worse.  South. 

4.  It  is  used  for  not.  He  answered  him  never  a 
word  ;  that  is,  not  ever.    This  use  is  not  common. 

5.  It  is  much  nsed  in  composition ;  as,  in  necrr- 
ending,  reet;c7"-failing,  jzczfcr-dying,  7if«er-ceasinc, 
wracr-fading;  but  in  all  such  compounds,  Ttft'tr  re- 
tains its  true  meaning. 

NEV'ER-CEAS-ING,  a.  Having  no  cessation  or 
pause. 

NEV'KK-PA-TED,  a.    Never  satisfied.  Kirhy. 

NEV-ER-'f  HE-LESS',  [comp.  of  nct'/r,  Mc  and  less.] 
Not  the  It^ss  ;  notwithstanding;  that  is,  in  opposi- 
tion toany  thing,  or  without  regarding  it.  "It  rainei, 
ncvcrtkeicis-  we  procceiled  on  our  journey  ;  "  we  did 
not  the  less  proceed  on  our  journey  ;  we  proceeded  in 
opposition  to  the  rain,  without  regarding  it,  or  with- 
out beina  prcvenltij. 

NEVER-TTR-ING,  a.     Never  enduring  weariness. 

ycrplandi. 

NEW,  (nii,)  a.  [Sax.  neow;  D.  nicuw;  G.ncit;  Sw. 
and  IJan.  mji  L.  novjis ;  It.  nuovo  ;  f?p,  niicvo;  Gr. 
wos ;  Fr.  tick/,-  Arm.  ncvcz;  Ir.  nxia,  nuadh;  W. 
jteicyz;  Russ.  novie;  Hindoo,  t{(Ii;i7,7iou,'  Sans,  nawa; 


aJ  nau.} 


Pers 


1.  Lately  made,  invented,  produced,  or  come  into 
being;  that  has  existed  a  short  time  only;  recent  in 

"  origin  ;  novel ;  opposed  to  Oj,d,  and  used  of  things  ; 
•IS,  a  new  coal ;  a  new  house  ;  a  neie  hook  ;  a  new 
fashion  ;  a  new  theory  ;  the  jicw  chemistry  ;  a  ncte 
discovery. 

2.  Lately  introduced  to  our  knowledge  ;  not  before 
known ;  recently  discovered  ;  as,  a  new  metal ;  a 
new  species  of  animals  or  plants  found  in  foreign 
counlri<.*3? ;  the  Mm' continent. 

'3.  .Modern  ;  not  ancient. 

4.  Recently  produced  by  change  ;  as,  a  new  life. 

Put  on  the  new  muii.  —  Kph.  iv. 

ft.  Not  habituated;  not  familiar;  unaccustomed. 
ll«rclic>  nnd  such  us  instill  ihctr  poison  Soto  neu  minds. 

ilooker. 
Netg  to  the  plow,  UDpncticcd  in  thu  trace.  Pope. 

6.  Renovated ;  repaired  so  as  to  recover  the  first 
stale. 

Mi-n,;ifl.-r  long  emaciating  dicta,  w.ax  plump,  fut,  and  nlmoat 
neta.  Bacon. 

7.  Fresh  alter  any  event. 

Ntis  from  her  eickticfs  to  that  nortliem  air.  Dryden. 

8.  Not  of  ancient  extraction  or  a  family  of  ancient 
distinction. 

10  mnn  ofU-n 
Addieon, 


By  Bupcrior  capacity  and  extensive  knowledge,  a  t 
muuuts  to  fiivor. 

9.  Not  before  used  ;  strange ;  unknown. 

They  shall  Kpcrak  with  new  longiics.  —  Murk  xvi. 

10.  Recently  commenced  ;  as,  tlie  new  year. 


NEW 

11.  Having  passed  the  change  or  conjunction  with 
tlie  sun  ;  as,  the  new  moon. 

V2.  Ni>t  cleared  and  cultivated,  or  lately  cleared  ; 
as,  new  land.  America. 

13.  That  has  lately  appeared  for  the  first  time ;  as, 
a  new  star. 

./VVw  is  much  used  in  composition  to  qualify  other 
words,  and  always  bears  its  true  sense  (tf  late,  reci-nt, 
novel,  fresh  ;  as,  in  Hno-born,  wcw-made,  new-grown, 
7?«i?-formed,  «eaj-found.  In  this  use,  new  may  he 
considered  as  adverbial,  or  as  a  part  of  the  compound. 

NE\V,(nu,)7:.  f.  To  make  new.    [A'*.ff  li^crf.J    Gowcr. 

NEVV'-IIORN,  (nu'born.)  a.    Recently  born.  1  Pet.  ii. 

NI'AV'-COIN-AD,  a.  Fresh  from  the  mint;  newly 
formed. 

NEW'-€OIM'ER,  n.   One  who  has  lately  come.  Irving. 

NEWEL,  (im'f!,)  )f.     In  architect ure,  the  upright  post 

about  winch  arc  formed  winding  stairs,  or  a  cylinder 

formed  by  the  end  of  the  steps  of  the  winding  stairs. 

2.  NoVflly.     [J^'ot  used.]  Spenser. 

NEWER,  a.  comp.  More  new;,  more  recently  in- 
troduced. 

NEWEST,  a.  snperl.  Most  new  ;  most  recently  in- 
troduced. 

Ni:VV-FAn'RI-eA-TEI),  a.  Newly  made.       Burlic. 

NEW-FAN'CI-ED,  (nu-fan'sid,)  a.     Newly  fancied. 

NEW-FAN"GLE,  (nu-fang'gl,)  r.  t.  To  change  by 
introducing  novelties.  Jifilton. 

NEW-FAN"GL£I>,  (mi-fang'gld,)  a.  [new  and  fan- 
fflc.]  New  made  ;  formed  with  the  alfectation  of 
novelty;  in  contemjit. 

NetD-fangled  drviccs.  AUerhury. 

NEW-FAN"GLED-NESS, )  (nu-fang'gl-,)   n.      Vain 
NEW-FAN"GL£-NESS,     \      or  alfected  fashion  or 

form.  Sidney.     Cnrete. 

NEW-FASII'ION-KU,  (nu-fash'und,)  n.     Mad:-  in  a 

now  form,  or  lately  come  into  fasliion. 
NEW-FOUND',  a.  Newly  discovered. 
NEW'ING,  71.     Yeast  or  barm.  Aijtsworth. 

NEW-IN-VENT'EI),  a-    Newly  invented. 
NEWISH,  a.    Somewhat  new  ;  nearly  new.  Bacon. 
NEWLY,  (nQ'le,)  adv.    Lately  ;  freshly;  recently. 

lie  ruhljcd  it  o'er  with  jicwZy  gathered  mint.  Dryden. 

2.  Willi  a  new  form,  dilTerent  from  the  former. 

And  the  refined  miiiil  doth  newly  fashiou 

Into  II  fairer  fonn.  Spcnstr. 

3.  In  a  manner  not  existiiig  before. 
NEW'-MaDE,  a.    Newly  made  or  formed.    Moore. 
NEW-.MUD'EL,  v.  t.    To  give  a  new  form  to. 
NEW-]\lo[)'EL-iirn,p;>-  ore.   Formed  after  anew  mod- 
NL:\V-MoI)'EL-IN(;.  "■-.  Giving  a  new  form  to.     [el. 
NEWNESS,?;.     Latcn.  :s  of  origin  ;  recentness  ;  state 

of  being  lately  invented  or  produced  ;  as,  the  new- 
ness of  a  dres=  :  the  vnoness  of  a  system. 

2.  Novelty  ;  the  stale  of  being  first  known  or  in- 
troduced.   The  newness  of  the  scene  was  gratifying. 

3.  Innovation  ;  recent  change. 

A  happy  nev>ntss  thai  Intends  old  right.  Slink. 

A.  Want  of  practice  or  familiarity. 

His  newncts  nhaineJ  moit  of  the  others'  long  excrcisfi.     Sidney, 

5.  Oifferent  state  or  qualities  introduced  by  change 
or  regeneration. 

Even  so  we  nlso  ahouKl  walk  in  neicnesa  of  lif'?.  —  Rom.  vi. 

NEW-RED-SAND'SToNE,  n.  In  ffeolojry,  the  for- 
mation immediately  above  the  coal  measures  or 
strata.  Brando. 

NEW.«,  (nu/,,)  V.  [from  7icw ;  Fr.  nouvellcs.  This 
word  has  a  plural  fiivm,  but  is  almost  always  united 
with  a  verl)  in  the  singular.] 

1.  R)!cent  account ;  frcali  information  of  something 
that  has  lately  taken  place  at  a  distance,  or  of  some- 
thing befnre  unknown  ;  tidings.  We  have  jtews 
from  Gonsiantinople ;  news  has  just  arrived  ;  this 
jicics  is  favorable. 

Evil  newi  rides  fast,  while  500^  news  balt«.  Milton. 

It  is  no  news  for  the  wexk  ajid  poor  to  be  a  prey  to  the  strong 
nnd  ricli.  UBstrange. 

9.  A  newspaper. 

NEWS'I!OY,  (nuz'boy,)  n.  A  boy  who  carries  and 
delivers  newspapers. 

NEW$'M(3N"GEK,  (nuz'mung-ger,)  n.  One  that 
deals  in  news ;  one  who  employs  much  time  in 
hearing  and  telling  news.  Arhnthnnt. 

NE\VS'I'A-PER,  71.  A  sheet  of  paper  printed  and  dis- 
tributed, at  short  intervals,  for  conveying  intelligence 
of  passing  events  ;  a  public  i)rint  that  circulates 
news,  advertisements,  inoceedings  of  legislative  bod- 
ies, public  documents,  and  the  like. 

NEW-ST<?LE.     Sec  Style. 

NEWS'- VEND-ER,  ti.    A  seller  of  newspapers. 

NEWT,  (nule,)  n.    A  small  lizard  ;  an  eft.      Encyc. 

NEW  'I'EST'A-MENT,  71.  That  portion  of  the  Bi- 
ble which  comprises  tJie  writings  of  the  apostles  and 
tJieir  immediate  disciples. 

NEW-To'Nl-AN,  a.  I'ertaining  to  Sir  Isaac  Newton, 
or  formed  or  discovered  by  him  ;  as,  the  JVcwtonian 
philosophy  or  system. 

NEW-To'NI-AN,Ti.  A  follower  of  Newton  in  philos- 
ophy. 

NEW-Y EAR'S  DaY,  n.  The  day  on  which  the  new 
year  commences. 


NIC 

NEW-YeAU'S  gift,  71.  A  present  made  on  the 
first  day  of  lUc  year. 

NEW  YORK'EK",  »t.  A  native  or  inhabitant  of  New 
York. 

NEW  ZkA'LAND  flax,  n.  A  plant,  the  phormium 
tcnaxj  having  broad,  stiff  leaves  of  extraordinary 
strength,  whose  fibers  make  excellent  cordage. 

Loudtm. 

NEX'I-BLE,  a.  [L.  nexibilis.']  Tliut  may  be  knit  to- 
gether. 

NEXT,  a.  i  superl.  of  Nigh.  [Sax.  next  or  ncx^to,  from 
ncA,  Kca/i,  nigh;  G.n'dchsti  D.naast;  Sw.  na*(;  Dan. 
nam.] 

1.  Nearest  in  place  ;  that  has  no  object  intervening 
between  it  and  some  other;  immediately  preceding, 
or  preceding  in  order.  We  say,  the  next  person  be- 
fore or  after  another. 

Her  princely  g\ic»t 
Was  next  her  »lde  ;  in  order  sat  the  n-tl.  Dryden. 

2.  Nearest  in  time ;  as,  tho  next  day  or  hour ;  the 
next  day  before  or  after  Easter. 

a.  Nearest  in  degree,  quality,  rank,  right,  or  rela- 
tion ;  as,  one  man  is  riext  to  another  in  excellence; 
one  I.S  next  in  kindred ;  one  is  next  in  rank  or  dig- 
nity. Assign  the  property  to  him  who  has  the  next 
claim. 

NEXT,  adv.  At.  the  time  or  turn  nearest  or  imme- 
diately succeeding.  It  is  not  material  who  follov/n 
next. 

NT' AS,  for  An  evas,  a  young  hawk.  B.  Junson. 

NIB,  n.  ['Sax.  ncb^  ncbb.  Sec  Neb,  the  same  word 
diflcrently  written.] 

1.  The  bill  or  beak  of  a  bird. 

2.  The  point  of  any  thing,  particularly  of  a  pen. 
NIR'n^D,  (nil)d,)  a.    Havinii  a  nib  or  point. 
NIH'BLE,  V.  t.     [from  7U&.J     To  bite  by  little  at  a 

time  ;  to  eat  slowly  or  in  small  hits.    So  sheep  are 
said  to  nibble  the  grass.  Shaf:. 

'  2.  To  bite,  as  a  fish  docs  the  bait ;  to  carp  at ;  just 
to  catch  by  biting.  Otnj. 

NIB'BLE,  V.  i.    To  bite  at ;  as,  fishes  nibble  at  the  bait. 

Grew. 
2.  To  carp  at;    to   find   fault;   to  censure  little 
faults. 

Instead  nf  retumhig  a  full  answer  to  my  book,  he  mamfisliy 
nibbles  at  n  sin^e  pansnge.  T^UoUon. 

NIB'BLE,  71.    A  little  bite,  or  seizing  to  bite. 

NIB'BLER,  71.  One  that  bites  a  little  at  a  time;  a 
carper. 

NIIVBLING,  ppr.  or  a.     Biting  in  small  bits;  cari«ng. 

NIB'BLING-LY,  adr.     In  a  nibbling  manner. 

Nie-A-RA'GUA-WOOO,  v.  The  wood  of  the  Ca;sal- 
pinia  ecliinata,  a  tree*  growinp  in  Nicaragua,  in  Cen- 
tral America.    It  is  used  in  dyeing  red.  Urc. 

NICE,  a.  [Sax.  ncsc  or  hncsc;  D.  ncsch,  soft,  tender; 
G.  nasckcn,  to  eat  dainties  or  sweetmeats ;  Han.  hurf.-, 
dainties.] 

1.  Properly,  ^cfl  J  Whence,  delicate  ;  tender ;  dain- 
ty ;  sweet  or  very  pleasant  to  the  taste;  as,  a  nice 
bit ;  nice  food. 

2.  Delicate;  fine;  minutely  elegant;  applied  to  trx- 
ture,  composition,  or  color  ;  as,  cloth  of  a  nice  texture  ; 
vice  tints  of  col(>r. 

3.  Accurate ;  exact ;  precise ;  as,  nice  proportions  ; 
nice  symmetry  ;  nice  workmanship  ;  nice  rules. 

4.  Requiring  scrupulous  exactness  ;  as,  a  nice 
point. 

f).  Perceiving  the  smallest  difference  ;  distinguish- 
ing accurately  and  minutely  by  perception  ;  as,  a  per- 
son of  nice  taste  ;  hence, 

().  Perceiving  accurately  the  smallest  faults,  errors, 
or  irregularities;  distinguishing  and  judging  witli 
oxaclness ;  as,  a  nice  judge  of  a  subject ;  a  rtice  dis- 
cernment. 

Our  author  happy  in  a  Judge  bo  nice.  Pope. 

7.  Over  scrupulous  or  exact. 

Curious,  not  knowing  ;  not  exact,  but  nice.  Pope. 

8.  Delicate  ;  scrupulously  and  minutely  cautious. 
The  li'tior  wjw  not  nice,  hut  full  of  charge 

Of  U'-Jir  import.  Shnk. 

Utar  love,  continue  nice  nnd  chaste.  Donne. 

9.  F;istidiuus ;  squeamish. 

And  to  taste 
Think  not  I  shall  he  nice.  Mitlon. 

10.  Delicate  ;  easily  injured. 

IIuw  nice  ihe  reputation  of  the  maiJ  1  Itoscomtnon. 

11.  Refined;  as, nice  and  subtle  Jiappiness. 

Milton. 

12.  Having  lucky  hite).     [JVot  v^cd.]  Shak. 

13.  Weak;  foolish;  effeminate.     [Obs.]    Qowcr. 

14.  Trivial ;  unimportant.  Shuk. 
To  viake  nice;  to  be  scru|)Ulnus.  S/iak. 

NICI'VLY,  adv.  With  delicate  perception  ;  as,  to  he 
nicely  sensible. 

2.  Accurately;  exactly;  with  exact  order  or  pro- 
portion ;  as,  the  parts  of  a  machine  or  building  nicely 
adjusted  ;  a  shape  nicely  proportioned  ;  a  dress  itiedy 
fitted  to  the  body ;  the  ingredients  of  a  medicine 
nicely  ))ro[)ortioned  and  mixed. 

3.  In  colloquial  language,  well ;  cleverly  ;  dexlrous- 
ly;  handsomely;  in  the  best  manner;  as,  a  feat  is 
nicely  done. 


FATE,  FXR,  FALL,  WHAT — METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.— 
750 


NIC 

NI'CENE,  0.  Pertaining;  to  Nice,  a  town  of  Asia 
Minor.  The  J^Ticeiie  creed  was  !i  sinnninry  of  Chris- 
tian faith,  composed  by  the  council  of  Nice  asiiinst 
Arianisni.  A.  1*.  33o,  altert^d  and  confirmed  liy  llie 
council  of  Constantinople,  A.  D.  U81.  Thu  council 
of  Nice  was  the  first  and  most  important  {general 
council  ever  held  by  the  Christian  church.   /'.  Cijc. 

NICE'NESS,  71.  Delicacy  of  perception  ;  the  quality 
of  perceivinj;  small  differences;  us,  v.in-nr.^s-  of  taste. 

2.  Extreme  delicacy;  excess  of  scrupulousness  or 
exactness. 

Unlike  Uic  tdcenets  of  oiir  modem  dames.  Drytlen. 

3.  Accuracy;  minute  exactness;  as,  niccncjs  of 
work ;  niceness  of  texture  or  proportion. 

Where's  now  llie  Ubored  nicctwss  in  tUy  dress  f  Drythn. 

Nl'CE-TY,  n.    Niceness  ;  delicacy  of  perception. 

2.  Excess  of  delicacy  ;  fastidiousness  ;  squeamish- 
ness. 

Su  love  dolh  loitlhc  distUinruI  niccbj.  Spcnrcr. 

3.  Minute  difference  ;  as,  tlie  niceties  of  words. 

4.  Minuteness  of  observation  or  discrimination; 
precision.  Tiie  connoisseur  judges  of  the  beauties 
uf  a  painting  with  gi'eat  r.iccty. 

5.  btlicate  management ;  exaclness  in  treatment. 

IjOvc  Euch  nicety  i-cqiiires, 

Oue  bliist  will  put  oul  ail  his  fires.  Stci/r. 

G.  JVicetics ;  in  the  plural^  delicacies  for  fond ; 
dainties. 

Nl'CHAR,  n.    A  plant.  Miller. 

NXCIIE,  n.  [Fr.  niche ;  Sp.  and  Port.  nicJio  ;  It.  nicchia, 
properly  a  nonh-^  corner,  and  nicchio^  a  sheli.  It  seems 
to  he  a'difierent  orthography  of  Nook.} 

A  cavity,  hollow,  or  recess,  within  the  thickness 
of  a  wall,  for  a  statue,  bust,  or  other  erect  ornauient. 

Pope. 

NICH'£D,  (niclit,)  a.    Placed  in  a  niclie.     Seilffivick. 

NICK,  n.  In  Via  7torthern  jnythoh^u,  an  evil  spirit  of 
tlie  waters ;  hence  tlie  modern  vulgar  phrase,  Old 
jV(ct,  the  evil  one. 

NICK,  n.  [Sw.  nick;  Dan.  nik;  D.  knik^  a  nod;  G. 
nickcii,  to  nod  ;  ffcnick,  the  nape  :  ^enicke,  a  contin- 
ual nodding.  The  word  seems  to  signify  a  i)oint, 
from  shooting  forward.] 

1.  The  exact  point  of  time  required  by  necessity  or 
convenience,  tlie  critical  time.  VEstrange. 

2.  [G.  knick^a  flaw.]  A  notcli  cut  into  sometliing, 
and  hence  a  score  for  Keeping  an  account;  a  reckon- 
ing. Sliak. 

3.  A  winning  throw.  Prior. 
NICK,  r.  r.    To  hit ;  to  touch  luckily  ;  to  perfium  by  a 

slight  artifice  used  at  the  lucky  time. 


i\  Hi 


The  ;nst 


1  of  doing  things  tniisl  l>e  nicked,  aud  nil  accidents 
L'Eslrange. 


roved. 

2.  To  cut  in  nicks  or  notches.     [See  Notch.] 

Sfmk. 

3.  To  suit,  as  lattices  cut  in  nicks.     [Ohs.] 

Camden. 
A.  To  defeat  or  cozen,  as  at  dice  ;  to  disappoint  by 
some  trick  or  unexpected  turn.     [Oi.f.]  SkaJ:. 

NICK,  V.  t.     [G.  hnickcj^  to  flaw.] 

To  notch  or  make  an  incision  in  a  horse's  tail,  to 
make  him  carrv  it  higher. 

NICK'AR-TJIKK,  I  v.   A  tree  of  the  genus  Guilandina, 

NCCK'ER-TREE,  )  which  grows  in  the  East  and 
\Vest  Indies,  and  bears  a  small  Iiard  nut  of  ih:;  size 
of  a  small  nutmeg  ;  al^o  called  Bonduc. 

NirK'/:i>,  (nikt,);i/>.     Hit;  touched  luckily. 

a.  Notched  ;  made  an  incision  in,  as  in  a  horse's 
tail. 

NICK'EL,  n.  A  metal  of  a  white  or  reddis!i-while 
color,  of  great  hardness,  veiy  diflicull  to  be  purifn;<], 
always  magnetic,  and,  when  perfectly  pure,  mallea- 
ble and  ductile.  It  is  generally  obtained  from  its 
sulpiiuret. 

NICIC'EL-IG,  a.     Pertaining  lo  or  containing  nickel. 

NICK'ER,  n.  One  vtlio  watches  for  opportunities  to 
pilfer  or  practice  knavery.     [^  cant  loord.] 

.^rbuikiwt. 

NICK'IN'G, ppr.  Hitting;  touching  hickiiy  ;  notching; 
making  an  incision  in  a  liorse's  tail,  to  make  him 
carry  it  hi':iier. 

NICK'ING,  7(.  In  farriery^  an  operation  perforuicd  on 
the  tail  of  a  ht)rse,  to  make  him  cany  it  briter. 

Farm.  Enajc. 

NICK'NACKS,  n.  pi.  Small  wares;  bawbles ;  tri- 
fl.rs. 

NICK'NaME,  n.  [In  Fr.  nique  is  a  term  of  contempt. 
In  G.  nerfa-n  is  to  banter.  In  Ch.  'i;n  signifies  to  sur- 
name, lo  call  by  a  name  of  reproach.] 

A  name  given  in  contempt,  derision,  or  reproach  ; 
an  opprobrious  appellation.  Jiaam. 

NICK'NaME,  r.  (.  To  give  a  name  of  reproach  ;  to 
call  by  an  opprobrious  appellation. 

You  nickname  virtiii;  vite,  Shak. 

NICK'NaM-M1.7>;>.    Named  in  derision. 

NICK'NaM-ING,  ppr.  Calling  by  a  name  in  contempt 
or  derision. 

NIC-O-LaT-TAN,  7(,  .\term  applied  to  certain  cor- 
rupt persons  in  the  early  church  at  Ejihcsn^,  who  are 
cuiisured  in  Rev.  ii..but  of  whom  liille  can  be  known 
with  certainty.  Mnrdock. 


NI-eO'TIAN,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  dcnotlntr  tobacco: 
and  as  a  noun,  tobacco;  ho  caricd  from  NIcot,  who 
Iirst  introduced  it  into  France,  A.  V.  15IX>. 

Nie-0-TIAN'I-NA,  I  ».  A  concrete  or  BoIidTtrob- 
M-eO'TIA-NINE,  S  latned  from  tobacco,  and  one 
of  Its  active  iirinciples.  It  tirnells  like  tobareo  smoke, 
tastes  bitterish  and  slightly  aromatic,  and  \h  emi- 
nently poisonniis.  Tulbj. 
Nie'O-TIN,  II.  An  alkaloid  obtained  from  tobacco, 
and  one  of  its  active  principles.  In  its  [Mir.;Ht  rtaU;, 
it  is  in  small  crystalline  plate:!,  v/hich  npidly  atworti 
moisture  and  liquify,  it^  taste  is  very  acrid,  and 
continues  long  in  the  mouth.    U  is  eminently  poi- 

SOIIOUH. 

NIC'I'aTE,  v.  i.    [L.  victOf  to  wink.] 

To  wink.  fiau 

NrO'TA-TING,        }ppr.  or  a.    Winking.    The  n'ic- 

NIC'TI-TA-TING,  i  titating  mcmbnmc  is  a  thin, 
pellucid  membrane,  by  which  the  process  of  winking 
is  performed  in  certain  animals. 

Nie-TA'TION,        )        ,.,,        .    .     ... 

NIC-TI-Ta'TION,  \  "•     -^^'^  ^'^^  ^^  ivniking. 

NfDE,  n.     [L.  nidusj  a  nest.] 

A  brood  ;  as,  a  nidc  of  pheasants.    [M>t  in  ttst.'] 

NIDG'E'J',  H.    A  (iasinnl.    [JVot  in  use.]        Camden. 

NI1>'[-FI-CaTE,  v.  i     []..  vidijicoy  from  nWiw,  a  nest.] 
To  make  a  nest. 

NID-I-FI  Ca'TION,  :(.  The  act  or  operation  of  build- 
ing a  nest,  and  the  hatching  and  feeding  of  voung  in 
the  nest.  Dcrham. 

NI'DING,  n.     [i?ax.  vilkinfr ;  Dan.  and  Sw.  nidinff.] 
A  despicable  coward  ;  a  da?tard.    [Obs.] 

NI'DOR,  V.     [1..]     Scent ;  savor.  ftp.  Taylor. 

Ni-DOR-Ori'I-TY,  71.  Eructation  with  the  taste  of 
undigested  roast  meat.  Flot/er. 

NT'DOil-OUS,  a.  Resembling  the  smell  or  tas'te  of 
roasted  meat.  Bacon. 

NID'U-LANT,  a.     [L.  nidulnrj  from  nulvs,  nest.] 

In  hatanij^  nestling;  lying  loose  in  pulp  or  cotton, 
within  a  berry  or  i)ericar|).  JUariyu.    Lee. 

NID-IJ-La'TION,  71.  The  lime  of  remaining  in  the 
nest ;  as  of  a  bird.  Brown. 

NI'DUS,  7f.  [h.]  A  nest;  a  reiwsitory  for  the  eggs 
of  birds,  insects,  &c. 

NIkCE,  (nese,)  v.     [Fr.  niece;  Arm.  nizcs,  nyes;  \V. 
nith  ;  qu.     The  D.  has  nijt,  and  the  G.  niehte.] 
The  dauj^hter  of  a  brniiier  or  sister.         Jufnison. 

NI-EL'LO,  u.  [It.]  A  r:'nnes  of  ornamental  en- 
graving used  !ty  the  Romans  and  the  modem  Ital- 
ians, somewhat  resembling  damask-work,  made  by 
enchasing  a  black  coiiiposiijon,  said  to  have  been 
composed  of  silver  and  lead,  into  cavities  in  wood 
and  melals.  Ebne^.     P.  Cyc. 

NIF'LE,  n.     [Norm.]     A  trifle.     [Ohs.]         Chancer. 

NIG'GAIID,  n.  [VV.  ni-r,  straight,  narrow,  or  G. 
knicker,  a  niggard,  and  a  noil  nr  nodding;  knickcrn, 
to  haggle,  to  be  sordidly  parsimonious;  Dan.  ^/nVr, 
for  fftnkcr  or  ^-Hi'iTr,  a  nigi^ard.  This  word  seems  to 
belong  to  the  family  of  D.  knikkcn^  G.  nickcn,  Dan. 
vi!;kn%  to  nod,  and  this  to  Dan.  knikker^  to  crack  ; 
e\hihiting  analogies  similar  ti>  those  of  rcrctch,  wrcd:^ 
ami  /inir^rlf.     Art!  is  a  termination,  as  in  dutard.l 

A  miser;  a  person  meanly  close  anti  covetous;  a 
sordid  wretch  who  saves  every  cent,  or  spends 
grudgingly. 

Serve  liiin  as  a.  ^i.l.^iji^  in;istf.T, 

As  a  pi-niirioiis  nisghrd'vf  ha  wcnllh.  MUton. 

Be  niggards  uf  njvice  on  no  prtlpuso.  Pope. 

NIG'GAIID,  a.  Miserly;  meanly  covetous;  sordidly 
parsimonious.  Drydcn. 

2.  Sparing ;  wary. 

Mosl  free  of  question,  but  lo  onr  demauda 
Niggard  ill  liis  reply.  S\ai. 

NIG'GARD,  V.  U     To   stint ;    to   supply  sparingly. 

[LittU  tLscd.]  SioA-. 

NIG'GARD-rsE,  n.     Niggardliness.     [.\'vt  in  use.] 

Spnucr. 
NIG'GARD-ISn,  a.    Somewhat  covetous  or  niggardly. 

Johnson. 
NIG'G.VRD-LI-NESS,  H.    Mean  covetousucss  ;  sordid 
parsimony;  extreme  avarice  manifested  in  sparing 
expense. 

Nigs^idiiness  is  liol  good  liuslatidry.  A-Uiion. 

NIG'GARD-LY,  «.  Meanly  covetous  or  a^'aricions  ; 
sordidly  parsimonious  ;   extremely  sparing    of  cx- 

])ense. 

When-  lh(*  (.wner  of  the  hwiae  will  be  liooiiUfuI,  It  iJ  not  for  the 
atcw;uil  to  bo  nisganllif.  Hail. 

2.  Sparing;  wary;  cautiously  avoiding  profusion. 

Sidney. 
NIG'GARD-LY,  adv.    Sparingly;  with  cautious  pir- 

simonv.  ,  ^^• 

NIG'GARD-NESS,  «.    Niggardliness.    [Mil  used.] 

Sidney. 
NIG'GARD-Y,  ».    Niggardliness.     [A'ot  used.] 
MG'GLE,  V.  t.  and  i.    To  mock  ;  I«  irille  with.    fJVot 

in  jis-fl  ]  Bemim.  ^  Ff. 

NIG'GL/^D,  (nig'gldO/rp.    Trifled  with. 
NHi'tn^ER,  H.    One  who  niggles  at  any  handiwork. 

Smart. 
NIG'GT.ING,  ppr.    Mocking. 
NIGH,  (ni,)  a.     [Sax.  tnmA,  ihmA«-,  ncft,  lor  nor-    G. 


noAe,  nlifh.    Thi-  i    ■ 

Bigniryin;;    f.. 
pn:7«Mng  wi,  fii 
W.  HI",  *-ir-.  ' 
I.  S- 

WJrn 

rdgh.  —  i.:  u.  ,,jT.  ■' 

S.  Clowly  allied  by  Hood  i  M,  t  sj/ft  k>^ 

3.  Easy  to  he  oMoiood  or  Icantl , 

Tix  varl  it  rrtj  mi^k  i»  Sbw.  _ 

4.  Ready  to  nipjiort,  Ut  (orpte,  u  t 
defend. 

Ttn  iMPi  U  litk  to  Oku  vte  u*  *f  »  iMin 

ixxlr, 

5.  Close  in  fcllowtliip ;  latimaie  Is 

Ye  »rr  rc»lr  fdgtt  irj  ibt  V  r,:    f  i  -  -^ 

n,  Nc-ar  In  propre«  tr  cor  ' 
NTGH,  (nl,)  adv.    Near;  al 
Of  time,  or  in  the  cuurK.-  of  • 

II«  VW  Mck,  lU^i  '.. 

3.  Near  to  a  place. 

lie  drrv  wni\. 

3.  Almort  ;  near.    Ih-  wa«  ^gk  i 
A'^igh  h  never  a  pn[^'^  !    n.    fri  ; 
this  rcccM,  with  itri'  r  ■ 
sis  of  to.    Tli'-y,  wi;-' 
NIGH,  (nl.)  V.  I.     To  :; . 

near.     [jiTot  mtd.]  /. 

MGH'LY,  (nlly,)  orfc.    Ncartr ;  wiUila  a  I  * 

NIfill'NESS,  (nl'ncM,)  «.     Sranu 

plac*:,  lime,  or  degree. 
NIGHT,  (Mile-,)  n.     (Sal.  «a- 

G.  nadu  ;  .Siv.  nail ;   Don. 

Gr.  yii(  ;  Sp.  nocAe  ;  I'..rr. 

Ir.   nocht ;   Rusit.   «   ■ 

TJie  Bcnse  may  be  il:i 

dine  of  llie  day,  frum    _.  -  ,  .- 

Shomiiic  :i;.) 

1.  1'liul  pan  of  Ibc  nalara]  day  wbrn  : 
bcneatli  llic  horizon,  ur  llie  Uioe  iroui  Min 
rise. 

2.  The  time  after  I'l-  clo.cof  life;  d««i 

She  dopxl  bcr  eyw  1(1  ;  «il     -■  •  .if*!. 

3.  A  Elate  nf  i^noranco ;  intcllecmal  and 
darkness;  Ii'-'alhcni?(i  i^n.. ranee,    ftrv.  rt^L 

4.  Adversilv ;   a  slate  cf  atHiction  an'!    '* 
Is.  Hi. 

5.  Obscurity  ;  ft  Plate  of  conrcalmcnl  ff 
or  the  mind  ;  unintelligibleness. 

NaEun:  acbl  luturr'i  vorta  Iif  Ul  la  MfiL 

In  the  nislii  t  suddenly  ;  anexpectrdly. 
Ta-HijThi:  in  tbi3  night.     r«HUfti  llw 
be  eclip.-<cd. 
.\IGHT'-.\.\"GLIXG,  (nite'anj'tlinc.)  «- 

slins  for  or  catching  fisb  in  the  hr;bt. 
XIGHT'-IIIKD,  n.     A  bird  thai  Illc  only  Ir 

NIGHT'-IiLOOM-I.XG,  a.     V 
XIGHT'-UOK.N.a.     PriKluc.  I 

NIGHT'-iiRA\VI,KR,  B.    Ou 

or  inakf^  n  tumult  at  ni^hL 
NIGIIT'CAr,  n.    A  cap  nam  in  brd  or  la  n I 

MGIIT'-eROW,  ■.    A  bind  that  c-ie«  (n  l!i 

NIGUT'-nmV,  n.    Tlic  dew  finiird  is  Uk- 

NTGIIT'-DOG,  m.   A  dog  tlui  hunu  In  the  r. 

bv  deer-5tea!cr:t. 
XTliillT'-DRESS,  n.    .\  drr»  wnm    • 
MCliT'ED,  ;nn'ed,)  «.    D»lken«1 

TIic  cio*e  of  tbe  day  ,  . 

MGIIT'-F.^R-IXG,  «.     Tiareling  in  the  ! 

NIGIIT'-FIRE,  ».     Ipiis  fatUM ;  WiB-tr.; 
Jack-wiUm-lanlcni. 
3.  Ein*  burning  in  the  niglit. 
NIGIIT'-FLV,  «.    An  in.«cei  tint  tlic*  in  '.h 

.MGIIT'-KI.Y-EB,  ».      An  inaret  that  (!•<:*   ' 

"'C'"-  ...        . 

NtGHT'-FOV.N'r>-ER-ED,  (nil  f«ind-erd.'  «. 

distirssed  in  the  nighL 

NIGHT'GOWN,  ».    .\  loose  (omi  o»e<i  f^"" 

NTGIIT'-HAG,   n.     A  nilcJl  sop(w»eJ  ta 

the  nicht. 
NTGIIT'-IIAWK.  n.    A  ».-r  Vr  .^^  r.  ; 

led  Staled".  Caprimn! 

niflit-jar.     Il  hunts 

often,  diving  ilonn  |- 

low,  jarring  SiMind,  liki  ut.-.: 
KIGIIT'-IIEK  OX.  ».    A  K 

NycliciTix,  (.irJm,  I.inu..iji 


MGHT'ED.  tnn'« 
XtGllT'1-AtX,  ». 


TONE,  BUU-,  UNITE. 


\N"GF,R,  VI"rroI'P.-€  as  K  :  <S  R"  i  :  S  as  7. ;  Fll  as  Sll ;  YH  a.«  in  TIIIA 


Tr.i 


NIG 


NIN 


,  when  it 


liillerm.    It  seeka  its  food  in  the  cvenin; 
ullors  a  disagreeable,  croaliing  noise. 

P.  C!;c.    Edm.  Cyc. 

NIGHT'IN-GALE,  ii.  [Sax.  nilur.adle ;  S\v.  mclilir- 
..aJi  D.  jmt'tegaal;  G.  naditigall :  Dan.  italln-gal ; 
coninosod  o?  mghl  and  Sax.  galan,  to  sins.l 

1  A  small  bird  that  singa  at  night,  ol  the  genus 
Philomela  Jlotacilla  ;  Philomela,  or  Philomel.  It  is 
celebrated  for  its  vocal  [lowers.  Skak.     ff^mler. 

9.  .'\  word  of  endearment.  Shafi. 

NTGHT'ISII,  a.  Pertaining  to  night,  or  attached  to 
the  nifilit.  .    „      .      ,        T^ 

NIGIIT'-JAK,  n.  ADritish  bird,  Caprimulgus  Enro- 
na:u.',  also  called  GoiT-sucKEn,  distinguished  by  the 
wide  gape  of  its  beak.  It  hunts  its  prey  in  the  dusk, 
and  is  remarkable  for  the  loud  sound  it  emits,  like 
the  inrrtiii' of  a  spinning-wheel.  It  is  allied  to  the 
night-hawk.  l"-  Oy 

NIGIIT'LES.S,  a.    Having  no  night.  . 

NIGIIT'LY,  a.  Done  by  night;  happening  in  the 
night,  or  appearing  in  tiie  night ;  as,  niglMii  sports  j 
ni^fidtt  dews. 

2.  Done  every  night.  The  watch  goes  his  mgMly 
round. 

NIGIIT'LY,  (nite'lc,)  adv.    By  night. 

Tlicc,  Sioii,  nnd  the  flowery  broolta  bcnenOi, 

Nishl!<i  I  vi.il.  "''"""■ 

9.  Every  night.  Mdison. 

NIGFIT'-M.\N,  ?i.    One  who  empties  pnvies  in  cities 

by  night.  , 

Nlr.riT'MARE,  11.  [niirht  and  Sax.  mara,  incubus, 
ni-htinare.  Mara  may  be  from  llie  root  of  merran, 
to  stop,  to  hinder,  (sec  .Moon;)  or  it  may  be  the  Uab- 
binic  K>-iD,  an  evil  spirit  or  demon.  The  common 
spelling,  nightman,  is  erroneous,  and  tends  to  mis- 
lead the  readier.] 

Incubus;  a  sensation  in  sleep  resembling  the  pre^s- 
sure  of  a  weight  on  the  breast,  generally  seeming  to  be 
that  of  some  hideou.s  monster  or  phantom,  interrupt- 
ing the  sleep  with  violent  struggle  and  tremor. 
NIGHT'-PIeCE,  (nite'pees,)  «.     A  piece  ol  painting 

so  colored  as  to  be  supposed  seen  by  candlc-liglit. 
NIGHT'-R.^IL,  n.     [night  and  Sax.  regl,  or  rather 
hragle,  a  gannent  or  robe.] 

A  loose  robe  or  garment  worn  over  the  dress  at 
night.     r;v,.tiK«/.]  Mhxn. 

rnGHT'-K.\-V£N,  II.  A  bird  of  ill  omen  that  cries 
in  the  night;  the  night-heron. 

Spenser.  Shak.  ICdin.  Eiicyc. 
XIGHT'-REST,  ji.  Rest  or  repose  at  night.  Sliak. 
NIGIiT'-EOB-IiER,  n.    One  that  robs  or  steals  m  the 

night.  ,  Spenser. 

NIGHT'-RuI.E,  ?i.    A  tumult  or  frolic  in  the  night. 
NIGUT'SH.iDE,  v.     [Sax.  nihlscada.]  [Slial:. 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Solannm.  The  deadlij  night- 
shade is  of  the  genus  Atropa ;  the  Jlmerican.  night- 
shade of  the  genus  Phytolacca ;  the  bastard  nightshade 
of  the  genus  Rivina;  the  enchanter's  nightshade  ti{  Uu: 
genus  Circiea;  the  Malabar  nighl.ihade  of  the  genus 
liasella  ;  and  the  tliree-leaecd  nightshade  of  the  genus 
Trillium.  P""'-  "f  Plants. 

NIGHT'-SHIN-ING,  a.    Shining  in  the  night;  hiini- 

nous  in  darkness.  IVilkins. 

NIGHT'-SURIEK,  (nite'slireek,)  ?i.    A  shriek  or  out- 
cry in  the  night.  ?''"*• 
KIGHT'-SOIL,  n.    The  contents  of  necessaries  ;  sc 
called  because  collected  in  cities,  and  carried  away 
as  a  manure  by  night. 
NtGHT'-SPELL,  II.      .V  charm  against  accidents  at 

ni<dit.  ChauciT. 

NIGHT'-TRIP-PING,  a.  Tripping  alioul  in  the  night ; 

as,  a  mtht-trippinrr  fairy.  Shale. 

NlGHT'-\lS-ION,  (nlte'vizh-un,)  «.     A  vision  at 

night.  .  , 

NIGHT'-WaK-IXG,  o.    Watching  m  the  night. 
NIGHT'-WALK,  (nile'wawk,)  ii.      A  walk  in  the 

evening  orhiglit.  Walton. 

NIGHT'-WALK-ER,  ii.    One  that  walks  in  Ins  sleep  ; 
a  somnambulist. 

2.  One  that  roves  about  in  the  night  for  evil  pur- 
poses.   J^iirht-iealkcrs  arc  ]>iinishable  by  law. 
NIGHT'-WALK-ING,  a.     Roving  in  the  night. 
NIGIIT'-VVALK-ING,  II.     Walking  in  one's  sleep ; 
somnauibnlisin. 

a.  A  roving  in  the  streets  at  night  with  evil  de- 
signs. 
NIGIIT'-WAN-DER-ER,  ii.    One  roving  at  night. 

Shak. 
NIGUT'-WAX-DER-INn,ii.  Wandering  in  the  night. 

Shale. 
NTGI1T'-W.\R-1)LI.\G,  a.    Warbling  or  singing  in 

the  night.  "  JlWtoii. 

MGilT'WARD,  a.     Approaching  toward  night. 

Milton. 
NIGIIT'-WATCH,  (nitc'wotrli,)  ii.    A  [leriod  in  the 
night,  as  distinguished  by  the  change  of  the  watch. 
jYiaht-icatches,  however,  in  the  Psalms,  seems  to  mean 
tliiTnight,  or  time  of  sleep  in  general. 
2.  A  watch  or  guard  in  the  night. 
NIGIIT'-WATCH-ER,  7i.    One  that  watches  in  tlie 

niaht  with' evil  designs. 
MGIIT'- WITCH,  n.    A  night-hag;  a  witch  that  ap- 
pears in  the  night. 


NI-GRES'CENT,  a.     [I.,  nigrcseo,  to  grow  black.] 
Growing  black  ;   changing  to  a  black  color ;  ap- 
proaching'to  blackness.  .  ,  •     ,,     , 

NI'(;RINI-;    n.     .^n  ore  of  titanium,  found  in  black 

grains  or  rolled  pieces. tVe. 

m'lllL  JlL'BUM,n.  (L.,  white  nothing.]  U\  c}um- 
istni,  a  name  formerly  given  to  the  llowers  or  white 
oxv'd  of  zinc,  a  woolly-looking,  white  matter,  formed 
by  the  combustion  of  z.inc,  and  so  minutely  divided 
as  to  be  carried  up  mechanically  and  llo.at  in  the  air. 

Ure. 
J\rVlIlL  DE'BET,  [L.,  lie  owes  nothing.]  A  plea  de- 
nying a  debt.  ,     ,     , 
K'VHlIi  DI'CIT,  [I..,  he  says  nothing.]      In  late,  a 
judgment  by  nihil  dicit,  is  when  the  defendant  makes 
no  answer.  r,    .  ,, 
NI'HIL-IS.M,  II.     Nothingness  ;  nihility.       Vwight. 
NI-UIL'I-TV,  II.    [I.,  nihilum,  nihil,  nothing;  iic  and 
hilum.]                                         , 
Nothingness  ;  a  state  of  being  nothing.      Watts. 
Jl-IL  DES-PE-R.1.Y'UUM,  [h.]     Let  there  he  no  de- 
spair.   The  phrase  was  originally, 
JvA  DES-PE-R-aM-'nmr  DE  Itr^PUB'LI-C^.  Let 
there  be  no  despair  respecting  the  common  wealth  or 
state.                                                               ,     ... 
KILL,  V.  t.    [Sax.  nillan,  that  is,  ne,  not,  and  wtllan,  to 
will ;  L.  nolo  ;  ne  and  I'olo.]                ^  „,    ,     <- 
Not  to  will  ;  to  refuse  ;  to  reject.    [Obs.]     Spenser. 
NILL,  V.  i.     To  be  unwilling.  Slialc. 
NILL    n.    The  shining  sparks  of  brass  in  trying  and 

melting  the  ore.  ^„,         Johnson. 

NI-LOM'E-TER,  n.     [Gr.  NiiX-it,  Nile,  and  (iirpoe, 

measure.]  .        ,      .        -       .      . 

An  instrument  for  measuring  the  rise  of  water  in 
the  Nile  during  the  flood.  . 

NI-LOT'ie,  a.      Pertaining    to  (lie    River    Nile    in 

NI.M,  v'  t.    [Sax.  Jtcmmi,  iiimaii,  Goth,  iiiniaii,  D.  iicc- 
men,  G.  nchmcn,  to  take.] 
To  take  ;  to  steal ;  to  lilch.     [  04s.] 

lliidibras.     VEstrange. 
NIM'BLE,  a.    [Qu.  W.  nwyv,  liveliness.    In  Dan.  iiein 
is  sharp,  acute.]  ...  , 

Lioht  and  quick  in  motion  ;  moving  with  ease  and 
celerity ;  lively  ;  swift.  It  is  applied  chiefly  to  mo- 
tions of  the  feet  and  hands,  sometimes  to  other 
things  ;  as,  a  nimble  boy  ;  the  iiimWcfooted  deer. 

the  mill  seas  liie  niinhtc  jiiimiicc  s;iils.  Pope. 


Running  with  speed  ;  light 


Throu, 
NIM'BLE-FOOT-ED,  a. 

of  foot. 
NIM'BLE-NESS,  n.    Lightness  and  agility  in  motion  ; 
quickness ;  celerity  ;  speed  ;   swiftness.      It  implies 
lightness  and  springiness. 

The  seis  Ihoughl  il  l>et[cr  to  tf.isl  to  lite  nimblcocss  of  hia  feet. 


Ovid  raiigi-d  over  Pania 


SUiieij. 

3  wiUi  great  mmblcntss  nml  rt^'ility. 
AdtUson. 


NIM'BLESS,  71.    Nimbleness.     [Obs.]  Spenser. 

NIM'liLR-WIT-TKD,  a.    Quick;  ready  to  speak. 

Bacon, 


adv. 


With  agility;  with  li|;lil,  quick  iiio- 
Sltak. 


Olmsted. 


Iltidibras. 


NIM'BLY 
tion. 

Ho  cipers  ninihti/  iu  .1  lady's  diainber. 

NIM'BUS,  n.  [L.]  A  circle  or  disk  of  rays  of  light 
around  the  heads  of  divinities,  saints,  and  sovereigns, 
upon  medals,  pictures,  &c.  Brande. 

a.  In  meteorology,  a  name  given  to  the  rain-cloud 
one  of  the  four  fundamental  clouds, 
NI-MI'E-TY,  71.     [L.  iiiniicfas.] 

The  state  of  being  too  much.     [JVo!  in  «.«.] 
NIM'jMER,  II.     [Sax.  iitiiiiin,  to  take." 

A  thief     [JVot  ill  use.] 
NIN'CO.M-POOP,  71.    [Said  to  he  a  corruption  ot  L. 
7io«  compos,  not  of  sound  mind.] 

'V  fool ;   a  blockhead  ;  a  trilling  dotard.     [j1  low 
word.]  „         ..  ■^'W'-'""- . 

NI.NE,  a.  [Goth,  iiiuii ;  G.  iieuii ;  few.  nija  ;  Dan.  in  ; 
L.  Moiiii,!;  probably  contracted,  as  the  Sax.  is  vin'Oii, 
and  the  Dutch  nigen,  Hindoo  now,  Btirnian  no,  or 
jionaw.]  ,     .    .   ,  , 

Denoting  the  number  composed  of  eight  and  one  ; 
as,  7iiiic  men  ;  7ii/ic  days. 
NINE    71.    The  number  composed  of  eight  and  one  ; 
or  the  number  less  by  a  unit  than  ten  ;  three  times 
three. 

The  nine  ;  among  English  poets,  the  nine  Muses. 
NIiN'E'FoLD,  a.     Nine  times  repeated.  Milton. 

NINE'-HoLES,  71.  A  game  in  which  holes  are  made 
in  the  ground,  into  which  a  pellet  is  to  be  bowled. 

Drayton. 
NlNE'-MEN'S-MOE'RIS,  n.    See  Moanis. 
NFNE'PENCE,  ii.    .\  silver  coin  of  the  value  of  nine 

pence. 
Nl.NIE'-PINS,  71.  A  play,  originally,  with  nine  pins  or 
pieces  of  wood  set  on  end,  at  which  a  howl  is  rolled 
for  throwing  them  down.  We  say,  to  play  at  miic- 
pins,  or  a  game  at  nine-pins.  Ill  the  United  States, 
ten  pins  are  sometimes  used  for  this  game. 
NIN'E'-SeoRE,  17.    Noting  nine  times  twenty,  or  one 

hundred  and  eighty.     [See  Scone.] 
NINE'-SeORE,    71.      The    number    of    nine    times 

twenty. 
NINE'TEEN,  a.     [Sax  nigantyite  ] 


NIT 

Noting  the  number  of  nine  and  icii  united  ;  as, 
nineteen  years. 
NIN  H'TEiSNTH,  a.     [Sax.  nigailtotlic.] 

The  ordinal  of  nineteen  ;  designating  nineteen. 
NINI;'TI-ETII,  (1.    The  ordinal  of  ninety. 
NI-NB'TY,  a.    Nine  times  ten ;  as,  ninety  years. 

i  ~-s .. 

NIN'Nni',  It     [Sp.  nino  ;  L.  Tiaiia.',  a  dwarf ;  Ar.  L)  L) 

iifljia,  weak  in  mind.] 
A  fool ;  a  simpleton.  Swift. 

NIN'NY-H.AM-iMER,  7i.    A  simpleton.     [Little  n.ied.] 

Arbulhnot. 
NINTFI,  a.    [Sax.  nigcUia,  nigotha;  hut  ninth  in  Eng- 
lish is  formed  directly  from  nine;  Sw.  iiyiirfe.] 

The  ordinal  of  nine  ;  designating  the  number  nine, 
the  next  preceding  ten  ;  as,  the  iiiiilA  day  or  month. 
NI.N'TII,  71.    A  ninth  part. 

2.  In  7niis;c,  an  interval  containing  an  octave,  witli 
a  tone  or  semitone  additional. 
NINTH'LY,  ailv.    In  the  ninth  place. 
NI-o'UI-UM,  71.    [from  mobc.]     A  metal  recently  dis- 
covered in  Columbite. 
NIP,  V.  t.     [D.  Imippen,  to  nip,  to  clip,  to  pinch  ;  Sw. 
knipa  i  G.  kncif,  a  knife,  a  nipping  tool ;  kncifcn,  to  7H>, 
to  cut  ofl;  to  pinch  ;  kniff,  a  pinch,  a  nipiiingi  knipp, 
a  fillip,  a  snap;  W.  cneioiaw,  to  clip.    These  words 
coincide  with  Iniife,  Sax.  enif,  Fr.  gavif,  or  canif.] 

1.  To  cot,  bite,  or  pinch  olf  tile  end  or  nib,  or  to 
pinch  off  with  the  ends  of  the  fingers.  The  word  is 
used  in  both  senses  ;  the  former  is  probably  the  true 
sense.    Hence, 

2.  To  cut  oft' the  end  of  any  thing  ;  to  clip,  as  Willi 
a  knife  or  scissors  ;  as,  to  nip  off  a  slioot  or  twig. 

3.  To  bhast ;  to  kill  or  destroy  the  end  of  any 
thing ;  hence,  to  kill  ;  as,  tho  frost  has  nipped  the 
corn  ;  the  leaves  are  nipped;  the  plant  was  7ii>j><:(/  in 
the  bud.  Hence,  to  7ii;i  in  the  bud,  is  to  kill  or  de- 
stfoy  in  infancy  or  youth,  or  in  the  first  stage  of 
growth. 

4.  To  pinch,  bite,  or  aflect  the  extremities  of  any 
thing;  as,  a  nipping  frost ;  hence,  to  pincii  or  bite  in 
general ;  to  check  growth. 

5.  To  check  circulation. 

When  blood  is  nipt.    {Unusual.]  &hak. 

0.  To  bite ;  to  vex. 

And  sharp  remorse  Lis  heart  did  prick  and  v!p.  Spenser. 

7.  To  satirize  keenly  ;  to  taunt  sarcastically. 

Ilnbbera. 
NIP,  n.    A  seizing  or  closing  in  upon  ;  as,  in  tlie  norlli- 
ern  seas,  the  iiijj  of  the  ice. 

2.  A  pinch  with  the  nails  or  teeth.  Jlseham. 

3.  A  small  cut,  or  a  cutting  off  the  end. 

4.  A  blast ;  a  killing  of  the  ends  of  plants ;  de- 
struction by  frost. 

5.  A  biting  sarcasm  ;  a  l;;init.  Stepney. 
G.  A  sip  or  small  drauglu  ;  as,  a  nip  of  toddy.     [G. 

nippen,  Dan.  nipper,  to  sip.]  ,     , ,     . 

NIP'P£D,  (nipt,)  I  pp.    Pinched;  bit;  cropped;  hlast- 
NIPT,  \      ed. 

NIP'PER,  71.    A  satirist.     [JVoi  used.]  Ascham. 

2.  A  fore  tooth  of  a  horse.    The  nippers  ate  four. 
NIP'PER-KIN,  71.     A  small  cup. 
NIP'PERS,  71.  y/.    Small  pincers.  „.    , .  . 

NIP'PING,  ppr.  Ota.     Pinching;  pinching  ofl  ;  biting 

olT  the  end  ;  cropping;  clipping;  blasting;  killing. 
NIP'PING-LY,  ttde.  With  bitter  sarcasm.  Johnson. 
NIP'PLE,  71.     [Sax.  mlpelc  ;  dim.  of  nib,  neb.] 

1.  A  teat;    a  dug;  the  spongy  protuberance  by 
which  milk  is  drawn  from  the  breasts  of  females. 
Ray.     Eitcyc. 
".  The  orifice  at  which  any  animal  liipior  is  sepa- 
rated Derhiun. 
NIP'PLE-WORT,  71.     An  herb  of  the  genus  Lapsana, 
formerly  used  as  an  external  application  to  the  breasts 
of  women.  Loudon. 
NIS5,  [Sax.]     Is  not.     [Obs.]                              Spenser. 
NI'S.\N,ii.     [Heb.  and  Ch.  10^=.] 

A  month  of  the  Jewish  calendar,  tlie  first  month 
of  the  sacred  year,  and  seventh  of  the  civil  year,  an- 
swerin"  to  the  latter  part  of  March  and  begiiinmg  of 
April.  It  was  originally  called  Mib,  but  began  to  be 
called  Msan  afler  the  captivity. 

Qesenins.  P.  Cyc. 
NI'SI  PRI'US,  77,.  [L.]  In  law,  a  writ  which  lies  in 
cases  where  the  jury,  being  impanneled  and  returned 
before  the  justices  of  tho  bench,  one  of  the  parties 
requests  to  have  this  writ  for  the  ease  of  the  county, 
that  the  cause  may  be  tried  before  the  justices  of  the 
same  county.  The  purport  of  the  writ  is,  that  t he 
sheriff'  is  commanded  to  bring  to  Westmmstir  the 
men  impanneled  at  a  certain  day,  before  the  justices, 
7iisi  prius,  that  is,  unless  the  justices  shall  first  come 
into  the  county  to  take  assizes.  Hence  the  courts 
directed  to  try  matters  of  fact  in  the  several  cminties 
are  called  OmrU  of  JVi>i  Prius,  or  JVisi  Prrns  Courts. 
In  some  of  the  United  States,  similar  courts  are  es- 
tablished, with  powers  defined  by  statute. 
NIT,  7!.  [Sax.  A7ii(ii ;  G.  niss ;  D.  ncet ;  Sw.  gnct ;  Dan. 
irnid;  W.  nezen,  nil.]  . 

The  egg  of  a  louse  or  other  small  insect. 


Derhanu 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  Wn.\T.- MiSTE,  PRgY. -  rl,\E,''M AR1NT3,  BIRD.- NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOQK.. 


75a 


NO 


NOB 


N  o  n 


NI'TEN-CY,  n.     [frODi  L.  r.itca,  10  sllinc] 

1.  Briglitiicss  ;  luster.    [Lillle  meiL] 

■">   ri,.  intur,  to  strive.]     Enileavor ;  effort  ;. spring 
to'expanil  itself.     [LiUte  usal.]  Boyle. 

NI'TER    )  II.    [Fr.  7ii«r<:;  Sp.  and  It.  nilro;  L.  "ilnwn; 
XI'TRE,  \      Gr.  viTpov  ;  Heb.  and  Syr.  "vn; ;  Ar. 

,     J" 


:^}j^ 


oi 


nitro'ia.  In  Hebrew,  the  verb  under  which 


this  word  appears  signifies  to  spnng,  leap,  shake, 
and  to  strip  or  loose  ;  in  Cli.  to  strip,  or  to  tail  off; 
in  Syriac,  the  same ;  in  Sam.  to  keep,  to  watch  or 
guard  ;  in  Ar.  the  same  ;  in  Eth.  to  shine. 

\  salt,  called  also  Siltpeteb,  [stone-salt,]  and  in 
the  modern  nomenclature  of  chemistry,  iNniiiTE  ok 
ToTissA.  It  exists  in  large  quantities  on  or  near  the 
Eiirfaoe  of  the  earth  ;  and  is  continually  formed,  in 
inhabited  places,  on  walls  sheltered  from  rain,  and 
in  all  situations  where  animal  matters  are  decom- 
posed, under  stables  and  barns,  &c.  It  is  ol  great 
!ise  ill  the  arts;  is  the  principal  ingredient  lu  gun- 
powder, and  is  useful  in  me.iicines,  in  preserving 
meat,  butter,  &c.  It  is  a  white  crystalline  salt,  and 
lias  an  acrid,  bitterish  taste.  Hooper.  Fcrcroy. 
NITH'IXG,  n.  [Sax.]  A  coward  ;  a  dastard  ;  a  pol- 
troon. [See  NiDiNG.J 
NIT'ID,a.    [L.  >.i(««.'.]         . 

1.  Bright ;  lustrous  ;  shmiug.  iJoi/fe. 

n   Gav  :  spruce  ;  fine  ;  applied  to  persons.     [Little 
,is7d  1  ^"''"- . 

Ni'TEATE,ji.  .\salt  formed  by  the  union  of  the  nitric 
acid  with  a  base ;  as,  nilralc  of  soda. 

Lavoisier.    Foureroy. 
NI'TRa-TED,  a.    Combined  with  nitric  acid. 
Nl'TRE,  n.     See  Niter. 

NI'TRie  a.  Impregnated  with  nitric  acid.  J^itric 
aeid  is  composed  of  oxygen  and  nitrogen  or  azote,  in 
the  proportions  of  five  equivalents  of  the  former  to 
one  of  the  latter.  _  j    ■,      „„  ;„ 

.Vitric  oiiid  is  composed  oi  oxygen  and  nitrogen,  in 
the  proportion  of  two  equivalents  of  the  former  to  one 

NI-TRI-FI-e.i'TIOX,  71.    The  process  of  forming  or 

converting  into  niter. 
NI'TRI-FY,  v.  t.     [niter  and  L.  facio.] 

To  convert  into  niter. 
NI'TRITE,  11.    .i  salt  formed  by  tlie  combination  ot 

the  nitrous  acid  with  a  b:ise. 
NI'TR0-<5EN,  71.    [Gr.  jirp-ji',  niter,  and  j  ti'racj,  to 

^"'hal'^element  which  is  the  basis  of  nitric  acid  and 
the  principal  ingredient  of  atmospheric  air.  In  a  pure 
state  it  is  a  colorless  gas,  wholly  devoid  of  smell  and 
tastf!  It  v.as  first  noticed  by  Dr.  Rutherford,  in  the 
year  177-2.     [See  Azote.] 

Nl-TRO(5'E-\f)US,  a.    Pertaining  to  nitrogen. 

NI-TRO-LEu'Cie,  a.  Designating  a  supposed  acid, 
obtained  from  leucine  acted  on  by  nitric  acid,  it  is 
now  supposed  to  be  a  compound  of  nitncacii.  and 
leucine,  and  thsrelbru  is  not  properly  an  acid. 

Braeomiot. 

Xl-TROJI'E-TER,  v.      [Gr.  n-oov  and  iisrpcoi,  to 

""  AnYnstrumeiit  for  ascertaining  the  quality  or  value 

NI-TRO-MU-RI-AT'ie,  a.  The  nilro^iiiriatie  attd  is 
formed  by  mixing  nitric  and  muriatic  (or  hydroch- 
loric) acid,  and  is  a  compound  of  nitrogen,  oxygen, 
and  chlorine.  It  was  formerly  called  aqua  rcfia,  troin 
its  solvent  iiower  over  gold,  the  king  ot  the  metals. 

Braiidc. 
NI'TKOUS,  a.    Pertaining  to  niter  ;  partaking  of  the 
q-aalities  of  niter,  or  resembling  it.    J'^itrous  aeid  is 
one  of  the  compounds  formed  of  nitrogen  and  oxy- 
gen in  which  the  oxygen  is  in  a  lower  proportion 
than  that  in  whicli  tlie  same  elements  lonn  nitric  acid. 
Mtroas  ozvd :  sometimes,  from  its  efTects  on  the 
animal  system  when  inhaled,  called  exhilarating  or 
lati'rhing  gas;  a  gas  composed  of  ono  equivalent  of 
oxv"en'and  one  of  nitrogen. 
NI'TRV  a.    Nitrous;  pertaining  to  niter;  producing 

niter    '  """• 

NIT'TER,  n.     [from  Tiii.]    The  horse  bee,  that  depos- 
its nits  on  horses.  Med.Repos. 
NIT'TI-LY,  adv.    [from  7iiK!;.]    Lousily.    [^Tot  nsed.\ 

Haijioard. 
NIT'TY,  a.     [from  7iir.]      Full  of  nits;  abounding 

with  nits.  Johitson. 

NI'VAL,  a.    [L.  7iii;a!i.s,  from  7111, 7ireK,  snow.J 

Abounding  with  snow  ;  snowy.   [Kotused.\   Diet. 
NIV'E-OUS,  a.     [L.  niveus.'] 

Snowy  ;  resembling  snow  ;  partaking  ot  the  qual- 
ities of  snow.  Bromu 
SI-ZAM',  II     The  title  of  one  of  the  native  sovereigns 
of  India.                                  „          ,  ^^    o 
NO  ;  an  abbreviation  of  nanher,  Fr.  mmlire ;  as,  j\o  a, 

JVo.  10. 
\0,  ada.    [Sax.  7uz  or  lie  ;  W.  m ;  Euss.  7ic  ;  Sans,  iw , 
Pers.  Zend,  id.] 

1.  A  word  of  denial  or  refusal,  expressing  a  nega- 
tive, and  equivalent  to  nay  and  Tint.  When  it  ex- 
presses a  negative  answer,  it  is  opposed  to  Yes  or 
Yea.    Will  you  go?    Jfo.  


It  is  frequently  used  in  denying  proponitions,  and 
opposed  to  afiirmatioii  or  concession.  "  That  1  may 
prove  them,  whether  they  will  walk  in  my  law  or 
710."  Ezod.  xvi.  A'y,  in  this  use,  is  deemed  lesi*  cl- 
gant  than  notj  but  the  use  is  very  general. 

2.  After  another  negative,  it  reiieau  tlic  negation 
with  great  emphasis. 

Thi-re  is  non';  righlcoiifl,  no,  not  on?.  —  Itom.  W.    1  CoT.  *. 

Sometimes  it  follows  an  atlirmative  proposition  in 
like  manner,  but  still  it  denies  with  emphasis,  and 
gives  force  to  tho  following  negative. 

To  whom  we  g:ivi;  rhco  by  subjection,  no,  net  for  aii  hour.— 
Gal.  ii. 

Sometimes  it  begins  a  sentence  with  a  like  cmphat- 
ical  signification,  strengthening  the  following  nega- 
tive. 

No,  nol  tiic  bow  which  «o  ;,<lorni  Ih^  tVi't, 

So  glorious  is,  or  boxfcu  so  itany  «lyc».  Waiter. 

3.  Not  in  any  degree ;  as,  tio  longer ;  tio  shorter  ; 
no  more  ;  no  less. 

4.  When  no  is  repeated,  it  expresses  negation  or 
refusal  with  emphasis  ;  as,  no,  no. 

No,  n.    Not  any ;  none. 

Let  tiiere  be  no  elrife  between  Ibce  and  me.  —Gen.  xiii. 

2.  Not  any  ;  not  one. 

Thou  shivlt  worahip  no  oilier  God.  —  Ex.  XXKiv. 

3.  When  it  precedes  lehcre,  as  in  no  ahere,  it  may 
be  considered  as  adverbial,  though  originally  an  ad- 
jective. 

NO-A'€HI-AN,  a.    Pertaining  to  Noali,  the  patriarch, 

or  to  his  time.  PliiUips,  Gcol. 

NOB,  II.     Tlie  head.     [In  nVicuIc.    Jl  law  ward.] 
NO-BIL'IA-RY,  71.     [Bee  NoiicE.]     A  history  of  no- 
ble families.  Krieyc. 
NO-BIL'I-T.iTE,  D.  (.     (L.  naUliUi.    See  Noole.] 

To  make  noble  ;  to  ennoble. 
NO-BIL-I-T.\'TION,  ii.    The  act  of  making  noble. 

More. 
NO-BIL'I-TY,  n.     [L.  noMilas.] 

1.  Dignity  of  mind  ;  greatness  ;  grandeur  ;  that 
elevation  of  soul  which  comprehends  bravery,  gen- 
erosity, magnanimity,  intrepidity,  and  contempt  of 
ever^'  thing  that  dishonors  character 


2.  |. 
NO'lil.i 
NO-BLK.-.-  . 

NO-l!LE.--.'-i;' 

I.  'n..  ii. 
lyiii 


Though  she  bated  Amphialus,  yet  the  nobi.'ily  of  her  courag. 

rieraMed  over  it.  iVrt^y. 

They  thought  it  gie-it  theu-  eovereign  to  control, 
AndnamedOieirpride,  notiiilyof  sou].  urytun. 


./Vi 


o.  Antiquity  of  family  ;  descent  from  noble  ances- 
tors ;  distinction  by  blood,  usually  joined  with  riciies. 

When  I  took  up  Bc<cace  unawarea,  I  ffU  on  the  same  ar;umenl 
of  urefirnii-  virtue  to  noMiily  of  blood  and  Ulles,  in  the  story 
ot  bigBuinuJa.  "T^'"- 

3  The  qualities  which  constitute  distinction  of 
rank  in  civil  society,  according  to  the  customs  or  laws 
of  the  country  ;  that  eminence  or  dignity  which  a 
man  derives  from  birth  or  title  conferred,  and  which 
places  him  in  an  order  above  common  men.  In  Oreat 
Britain,  nobility  is  extended  to  five  ranks,  those  of 
duke,  marquis,  eari,  viscount,  and  baron. 

4  The  persons  collectively  who  enjoy  rank  above 
commoners  ;  the  peerage  ;  as,  the  English  nobUity  ; 
French,  German,  Russian  nobility. 

No'BLE,ii.    [Fr.  and  Sp.  noble;  Port,  noire,-  It.  iio- 
bile  :  L.  nobilis,  from  iiosco,  novi,  to  know.] 

1.  Great ;  elevated  ;  dignified ;  being  above  every 
thin"  that  can  dishonor  reputation  ;  as,a7niMeniind  ; 
a  TioWe  courage  ;  noble  deeds  of  valor.  Milton. 

2.  Exalted  ;  elevated ;  subUme. 

SLaturs,  wiU.  wnulinj  ivy  ciownnd,  Whug  ,,„,,,„ 

To  ncbUr  (wets  tor  a  nobler  song.  i/ry^ri. 

3.  Magnificont;  stately;  splendid;  as,  a  iioWe  irar- 
ade  ;  a  Tioi/e  edifice.  ,,  . 

4.  Of  an  ancient  and  splendid  family  ;  as,  iiohle  b> 

T'riistinBiiishcd  from  commoners  by  rank  and 
title;  as,  aiioWc  per.si.nage. 

6.  Free  ;  generous  ;  liberal ;  as,  a  iiMc  heart 

7.  Principal;   capital;  as,  the  noble  parts  o|  tlie 

8   Ingenuous;  candid;  of  an  cxcellenl  disposi- 
tion ■  ready  to  receive  truth.    Jlcis  xvii. 
a  Of  the  best  kind  ;  choice  ;  excellent ;  as,  a  mn 

"'jZ^J^!\  name  given  to  gold,  silver^^and 

No'bLe!",;.  a  person  of  rank  above  a  commoner;  a 
nobleman;  a  peer;  as,  a  duke,  u.an,u.s,  e.ari,  m.- 

'T'{:'sX<"rc,  a  person  of  honorable  tamily,  or 
distin-uished  by  station.    F.xod.  xxiv.    AeX  u. 

3    Formerly,  a  gold  coin,  but  noiv  a  money  of  ac- 
count  va"m(s.  id.  sterling,  or  S1.4S  els.     Cimar,,. 
N5'BLE-M.^N,  ,,.    A  noble ;  a  peer  ;  one  who  enjoys 
^?ank  above  a'coinmoner,  either  by  virtue  oMurth^by 

nS^BLE-NEsS?';.  Greatness;  dignity;  ingenuous- 
°ei  inagiiai'iin.ity ;  elevation  of  mind  or  of  coudi- 
tion,'particularly  of  Uie  mind. 

Hil  purpose,  are  lull  of  honesty,  noMen...,  and  l»tesrlj^ 


[/n  (A. 

XO'BLEil ,  a.     Ul 

NO'BLE-WOM-A.N,  «.    A  fctmle  ct 

NO'BLY,  aJt.    Of  nolle  r  i  r 
a  family  of  rank  ;  w,  ■« 

2,  With  (rri-ane*.*  of  MKjl ,  li 
naniniity  ;  a.*,  a  deed  aMf  doDe. 
death  to  di-crac^. 

3.  Splendidly  ;  magnificently, 
tcrlalncd. 

Whciv  wuLl  an  rmyn^t  Mfcra  ht'  ■ 
b  the  loitte  tt  tua  tatttayAA,  u.  - 
mebia^Mtt 

NO'BOD-y,  «.    [w  and  iorfj.]    .V 

KC'CENT,  a.    [L.  lucau,  rtom 

striking.    See  Ax.ior.] 

Hurtful;  mhchievom ;  Injure 
noeent  ipinlities. 
NO'CENT-LV,  cdr.     !Iiinfi:iv  , 
NO'CIVE.  o.     [L.  r  ■ 

Iliinful ;  lnjun>- 
NOCK,  n.    Anolcli      ,■ 
NOCK,  r.  L    To  place  in  llio  i  -' 

NOC-TAM-BU-LA'TION, «.    [1- 
liulo,  to  walk.] 
A  rising  from  bed  and  n-alkinc  ia  •!• 
NOe-TAM'BU-LIST,  n.      dim    «I  .   r 
and  walks  in  his  sleep, 
in  the  same  sense  ;  but  i'- 
NOe-TIl)'I-AL,  n.    ri-  n 

Comprising  a  niglil  and  a  tU>.    ,,i- 

NOe-TIF'ER-OUS,  a.    [L.  iwr,  nifbi 
bring.]     Bringing  nighL    [.Vot  mit4.] 

Noe-TfL'q-eA,  «.    [l.  mi,  msiu, « 

shine.] 

\  sjiccies  of  phosphor : 
without  the  [trevious  an! 
NOe-TIL'IieOUS,  a.  !^h 
I  NOe-TIV'A-GAXT,  (  a.     ^L. 
NOe-TI  V'.VGOl'S,   i      to  war 

Wandering  in  the  night,  as  :r 
NOe-TIV-A-G.\'TION,  It.     A  n.va.;  i:i 


NOe'TU-.\-R\',  1.    [from  L.  nor,  nitht.| 
An  account  of  what  pass<=i  in  the  ni;ht. 

XOC'TUI.E,  n.     [from  U  nci,  nicht.      _ 
.\  hirge  species  of  baU  Jar^iy.r  '  -i 

NOe'TUR.N,  n.     [L.  nodm-imJ.  by  nir! 
An  office  of  devotion,  or  religious - 

NOe-TURN'AL,  o.    [I- 

1.  Pertaining  to  nichi 

2.  Done  or  happenni:: 
pedllion  or  assault ;  a  n, 

3.  Nightly;  done  or  1 

Fivni  giMfd  i«^  '*'r'' 
jVocxumoJ  heactf,  that 

NOe-Tl'RN'.\L, ».    .»n 
liludc  of  the  stars,  tc,  1 - 

NOC-Tt'RN'AL-LY,  aii.    Br  nl|hl ; 

NOe'C!-.MENT,  ».    [U  - 

hurt.] 
Harm.    [jVol  used.] 
NOC'U-OUS,  a.    (L.  «.»f- 
NOe'Q-OUS-LV,cJr.     I 
NOD,  r.  1.     [y  "«'»•■  <■ 

rtttii,  a  nod;  OMJifji"- 

naid,  a  leap,  a  spring  ; 


I,  lu  kats  l"  '-^-^  ' 


Gp-ntness  of  ininJ  and  nMtnt"  their  seal 

Build  in  her  lowliest. 

The  noWenesj  of  life  is  to  do  this. 


iVt'iUn. 
£Ailt. 


beat,  as  the  pulse  ;  .\r.  iA^  "■ 
Heb.  Ch.  and  Syr.  ii  J,  to  mo\ 
It  coincides  in  eleuienu  wit-. 
Cl.ass  Xd,  No.  3.  3,  IA] 

1.  To  incline  the  llcad  with  a  quK  • 
forward  or  sidewise,  a.«  perwus  iiW  it- 

•i  To  bend  or  incline  with  >  quick  i.. 
nodiiing  plumes. 

Tlje  noiiw^  Tejvl-- 

3.  To  bo  drowsy. 

Your  p«doce«cts.cootr-!;  - 

reader*  mere  than  wbeo  lli-y  «  -"  -  "- 

4.  To  make  a  slight  bow  ;  also,  i.^ 

NOD  '  r.  t.    To  incline  or  bend  ;  to  sb 

2.  To  signifv  by  a  nod  ;  »-S  <"  J*^ 
NOD  ».    A'quick  declinauon  uf  the  t 

A  look  or  .«.*  enl.v  ~(!M  >»»»««  "^^  "*"*■  ■ 


TONE,  BULL,  t;NITE.-AN"GER,  VI 


,ClOVS.-Gt^Vi;6ti.i;S:..Z;Cn^^^2j^^^lJ!l2!^ -  -  ^ 


NOI 

a.  A  quick  declination  or  inclination. 

Like  a  Jmnkcii  aaJtor  on  ft  masl, 

Kcatly  willt  cv-crj  nod  W  tuniMt;  dowo.  Skak. 

3.  A  quick  inclinution  of  the  Jiead  in  drowsiness 
or  sleep.  Locke. 

4.  A  slight  obeisance.  Shak, 

5.  A  command ;  as  in  L.  numen,  for  nutamcn. 
N0'1)A-TED,  a.     [L.  nodatus.] 

Knolleil.  A  nodated  hyperbola,  in  geometry,  is  a 
curve  having  two  branches  which  intersect  each 
other.  ^-  D.  Stanley. 

N0-0.\'T10N,  n.    [L.  nodatio,  from  nodo,  to  tic.] 

The  act  of  making  a  knot,  or  slate  of  being  knot- 
led.     [Little  used.] 
NOU'DED,  pp.     Bent ;  inclined  ;  sijjnified  by  a  nod. 
NOD'UEN,  a.    Bent ;  inclined.     [JiTot  in  use] 

Thomson. 
NOD'DER,  n.    One  who  nods  j  a  drowsy  person. 

Pope. 
NOD'DI?rr,  Vpr.  or  a.    Inclining  the  head  with  a 
short,  quick  (ivtion ;  si^nitying  by  a  nod. 

2.  In  botanij^  a  substitute  for  the  term  vutant; 
havinsr  the  top  bent  downward. 
NOU'DJ-i;, /i.   [Uu.  L.  TiU(/ii/H.s,  alump;  or  from  7iOf/.] 
The  head,  in  contempt. 

Como,  master,  I  have  a  project  in  my  noddle.       L'Estranst. 
NOD'DY,  n.     [Clu.  Gr.  i/w3f;s,] 

1.  A  simpleton  ;  :i  foul. 

2.  .A  sea  fowl  of  the  ^-enus  Sterna,  very  simple 
and  easily  taken.  It  is  found  principally  along  the 
Aiuerican  coasts  in  warm  latitudes.  P.  Cijc. 

'3.  A  game  at  cards.  B.  Jonson. 

NODE,  ».  [L.  noUuxj  Eng.  knot;  allied  probably  to 
knit,  Sax.  enyttan.] 

1.  Properly,  a  knot;  a  knob  ;  hence, 

2.  In  surgery,  a  swelling  of  the  periosteum,  ten- 
dons, or  boneij. 

3.  In  astronomy,  Xhci  point  where  the  orbit  of  a 
planet  inlcrsecls  the  ecliptic.  These  points  are  two, 
and  that  where  a  planet  crosses  the  plane  of  the  eclii>- 
tic  from  south  to  north  is  called  the  ascending  node, 
or  dra^onl's  head ;  that  where  a  planet  crosses  It  from 
nortli  to  south,  is  called  the  descending  node,  or  drag- 
on^s  tnit.  Barlow. 

4.  In  poetry,  llic  knot,  intrigue,  or  plot  of  a  piece, 
or  the  principal  dilficulty. 

5.  In  dialiag,  a  point  or  liolc  in  the  gnomon  of  a 
dial,  by  the  shadow  or  light  of  which,  either  the 
hour  of  the  day  in  dials  witiiout  furniture,  or  the 
parallels  of  the  sun's  declination  and  his  place  in  the 
ecliptic,  &,c.,  in  dials  with  furniture,  are  shown. 

6.  In  botany,  tUe  point  of  a  stem  from  which  leaves 
arise.  Lindhij. 

JVodcji  or  JVodtil  points  ;  in  music,  the  fixed  jioinls 
of  a  sonorous  chord,  at  which  it  divides  itself,  when 
it  vibrates  by  aliquot  parts,  and  produces  the  har- 
monic sounds  ;  as  the  strings  of  the  Eolian  harp. 
NO-DOSE',  a.     [L.  nod^tsiL-^,  frum  nodns,  knot.] 

Knotted  ;  having  knots  or  swelling  joints.  JiltirtTfn. 
NO-DOS'I-TY,  71.    Knoltiness.  Brown. 

NOD'LT-LAR,  a.     Pertaining  to,  or  in  the  form  of,  a 
NOD'QlE,  ji,     [L.  nodulus.]  [nodule  or  knut. 

A  rounded  mineral  mass  of  irregular  shape. 
NOD'^L-£D,  a.  Having  little  knots  orluuipj.  Darwin. 
NO-ET'ie,  a.     [Gr.  voctik'^,  from  i'«vf,  the  mind.] 

Intellectual  ;  performed  by  the  undersiandingi 
NOG,  n.     [abbrcv.  of  noggin.l    A  little  pot ;  also,  ale. 

.  Skinner.     Sicifi. 
NOG'GEN,  a.    Hard  ;  rough  j  harsh.     [JVot  used.] 

King  Charles. 
NOG'GIN,  n.    A  small  mug  or  wooden  cup. 
NOG'GING,  n.    A  partition  of  scantlings  filled  with 

bricks.  JHuson. 

NOl'ANCE,  7(.    [See  Annoy.]    Annoyance;  trouble; 

mischief;  inconvenience.     [JVw£  used.]  S/iak. 

NOIE,  for  Ankoy,  \ 

NOI'ER,  for  AsNOTER,  >  are  not  in  use.         Tusser. 
NOI'OUS,  troublesome, ) 

NOISE,  (noiz,)  n.  [Ft.  noise, strife,  squabble,  dispute  ; 
Arm.  noes.  Class  Ns,  Ar.  J 1,  Syr.  24,  and  h.noxa, 
ncxia.    Class  Ng,  No.  23.1 

1.  Sound  of  any  kind,  or  proceeding  from  any 
cause,  as  the  sound  made  by  the  organs  of  speech, 
by  the  wings  of  an  insect,  the  rushing  of  the  wind, 
or  the  roaring  of  the  sea,  of  cannon,  or  thunder,  a 
low  sound,  a  high  sound,  &c. ;  a  leord  of  general  sig- 
■nijicatwn. 

9.  Outcry  ;  clamor ;  loud,  importunate,  or  contin- 
ued talk  expressive  of  boasting,  complaint,  or  quar- 
reling.   In  quarreling,  it  expresses  less  than  uproar. 

Whrtt  noi»e  lifivr  wc  nlMut  tniLipIantatJon  of  tliieiucs  and  traiLS- 
fiision  of  biorxl  I  Baker. 

3.  Frequent  talk  ;  much  public  conversation. 

Soemtefl  lived  in  Athens  during  Uic  jrreal  phgui;  which  h;ui  Kiodc 
to  much  noiie  m  aJl  ago,  nod  acver  caught  the  it-iut  \i\U-Xr 
lion.  Spectator. 

4.  Music,  in  general ;  a  concert.     [Obs.}      Skali. 
NOISE,  (noiz,)  v.  i.    To  sound  loud. 

I-Iarm  those  tcrrori  did  me  none,  though  nomng  loutl.     MUlon. 

NOISE,  (noiz,)  v.  u    To  spread  by  rumor  or  report. 

All  these  sayiu^  were  noised  abroad.  —  I.uke  i. 
9,  To  disturb  with  noise.  [JVot  authorized.]  Vryden. 


NOM 

NUIS'£D,  pp.    Spread  by  report ;  nuicli  talked  of. 
NOISE'FJJL,  (noiz'ful,)  a.    Loud;  clamorous;  mak- ' 

ing  miicii  noise  or  talk.  Dryden. 

NOISK'LESS,  (noi/.'less,)  a.     Making  no  noise  or 

bustle  ;  silent ;  as,  the  noiseless  foot  of  time.   Shali. 

So  noUcUat  would  1  live.  Dryden. 

rfl:)Isr/r*ESS-IA*,  adv.    Without  noise  ;  silenlly. 

NUISE'LESS-NESS,  n.    A  stale  of  silence. 

NOISE'-.MAK-ER,  (noiz'mak-er,)  n.  One  who  makes 
a  clamor.  L^Estrange. 

NOIS'I-LY,  (noiz'e-le,)  adv.  With  noise  ;  with  mak- 
ing a  noise. 

NOrS'1-NESS,  (noiz'e-ness,)  n.  The  state  of  being 
noisy  ;  loudness  of  sotind  ;  clamorousness. 

NOIS'ING,  (noiz'ing,)  ppr.    Spreading  by  report. 

NOI'SOME,  (noi'suin,)  a.  [Norm,  nvisi/e;  It.  nocivo, 
noioso.  'I'his  word  is  formed  with  the  Teutonic 
some,  united  with  the  It.  nuiarc,  Fr.  niiire^  nni.mnt, 
from  tlie  L.  nom,  jiocro,  to  hurt.    Class  Ng.J 

1.  Noxious  to  health  ;  hurtt'ul ;  mischievous;  un- 
wholesome; insalubrious;  destructive;  as,  noisojne 
winds;  noisome  elTluvia,  or  miasmata;  iioisomc  pesti- 
lence. JUilton.     Dryden. 

2.  Noxious ;  injurious. 

3.  OtTeiisivc  to  the  smell  or  other  senses  ;  disgust- 
ing; fetid. 

Foul  breath  is  noisome.  Shak. 

NOI'SOiVIE-LY,    (noi'sum-le,)    adv.      With    a   fetid 

stench ;  with  an  infectious  sleam. 
NOI'?0ME-NESS,  (noi'sum-ness,)  n.    OtTensivencss 

to  llie  smell  ;  quality  that  disgusts.  South. 

NOia'Y,  (noiz'y,)  a.     [from  noise.]     Making  a  loud 

sounil. 

2.  (Clamorous  ;  turbulent;  as,  the  noisy  crowd. 

3.  Full  of  noise. 

0  lc:i.ve  ilie  noisy  town.  Dryden. 

JVO'LFJVS  FO'LFJVS,     [L.]     Unwilling  or  willing  ; 

whether  he  will  or  not. 
JVO'LT-ME-T.a.\'^(';E-RE,  n.  [I*.,  touch  me  not.] 
1.  A  plant  of  the  genus  lnq)atiens,  called  also 
Balsamine,  so  named  because,  on  being  touched 
when  ripe,  it  discharges  its  serds  from  the  capsule 
with  considerable  force;  also,  a  i)lant  of  the  genus 
Moniordica,  or  Ecbalium,  one  species  of  which  is 
called  the  wild  or  spurting  cucumber. 

Loudon,     Encyc. 
9.  Anions  p/njsicians,  an  ulcer  or  cancer,  a  species 
of  herpes.  Coie. 

NO-LI"TION,  (no-lish'un,)  7i.  [h.  nolo,  that  is,  nc 
voh,  I  will  not.] 

Unwillingness ;  opposed  to  Volition.  [Little 
used.]  Hale. 

NOLL.,  n.     [Sax.  hnol,  cnoll,  knoll.] 

The  head  ;  the  noddle.  [JVot  nscd.] 
JVOL'LE  PROS'F^QCrr,  [L.]  In  law,  these  words 
denote  that  a  plainlift'or  attorney  for  the  public  willi- 
draws  a  .suit. 
No'MAD,ji.  [Gr.  ro/fus,  iniia5o<, hving  on  pasturage, 
from  vtft(o,  to  distribute  or  divide,  to  feed.  This 
verb  is  connected  with  v^noi,  L.  nemus,  a  wood,  a 
place  overgrown  with  trees,  and  also  a  pasture,  the 
primary  sense  of  which  is,  probably,  to  spring  or 
shoot,  for  the  verb  vepio  signifies,  among  other 
things,  to  leap,  to  dance,  and  may  be  allied  to  Eng. 
nimble.  Cattle  originally  subsisted  by  browsing,  as 
they  still  do  in  new  settlements.] 

One  who  leads  a  wandering  life,  and  subsists  by, 
tending  herds  of  cattle  which  graze  on  herbage  of 
spontan*'nus  growth.  Such  is  tlie  practice  at  this  day 
in  the  central  and  northern  pans  of  Asia,  and  the  Nn- 
midians  in  Africa  are  supposed  to  have  been  so  called 
from  this  practice.  Tookc.    Encyc. 

NO-iMAD'ie,  a.     [Gr.  r./^-a^a-os.] 

Pastoral ;  subsisting  by  the  tending  of  cattle,  and 
wandering  for  the  sake  of  pasturage  j  as,  the  nojnad- 
ic  tribes  of  Asia. 
No'M AD-ISM,  w.  The  state  of  being  a  nomad. 
No'M  AD-IZE,  V.  i.  To  wander  with  flocks  and  herds 
for  the  sake  of  finding  pasturage  ;  to  subsist  by  the 
grazing  of  herds  on  herbage  of  natural  growth. 

The  Vo'ules  nomadize  chiefly  about  the  Rivcw  Irlisli,  Oby,  Ka- 
ma," and  Volga.  Tooke. 
No'MAD-I2-ING,  ppr.    Leading  a  pastoral  life,  and 
wandering  or  removing  from  place  to  place  for  the 
sake  of  finding  pasture. 
N5'MAN-CY,  n.     [Gr.  oiopitj  L.  nomen,   name,  and 
navreia,  divination.] 

The  art  or  practice  of  divining  the  destiny  of  per- 
sons by  tiie  letters  which  form  their  names.    Diet. 
NOM'BLES,  (num'blz,)  n.  pi.     [Fr.]    The  entrails  of 

a  deer.  Johnson. 

NOM'BRIL,  71.   [Fr.,  the  navel.]    The  center  of  an  es- 
cutcheon. Cyc. 
JVOJJ'  DE  OUEBRK',  (nom'de  gar',)  [Fr.]     Literal- 
ly, a  name  during  the  war ;  a  fictitious  name,  or  one 
Nome,  «.     [Cr.  i(i;<o;.]                 [assumed  for  a  time. 

1.  A  province  or  tract  of  country ;  an  Egyptian 
government  or  division.  Jifaurice. 

2.  In  the  ancient  Greek  music,  any  melody  deter- 
mined by  inviolable  rules.  Cyc. 

8.  [L.  nomcH.]     In  algebra,  a  term,  which  see. 
4.  [Gr.  i'fMf",  to  eat.]' In  surgery,  a  phagedenic  ul- 
cer, or  species  of  herpes.  Cyc. 


NON 

NO'MEN-CLA-TOR,  n.     [L. ;    Fr.  nomendateur  ;    L 
nomcn,  name,  and  calo,  Gr.  icaXfuj,  to  call.]  \ 

1.  A  person  who  calls  things  or  persons  by  their   , 
names.     In  Rome,  candidates  for  office  were  attend- 
ed each  by  a  nomenclator,  who  informed  the  candi-   1 
date  of  thcnumosof  the  persons  they  met,  and  whose   I 
voles  they  wished  to  solicit,  Brande.       ' 

2.  In  viodcrn  usage,  a  person  who  gives  names  to    | 
things,  or  who  settles  ami  adjusts  the  names  ol 
things  in  anv  art  or  science. 

N5'MKN-€LX-THESS,  n.    A  female  nomenclator. 

j^ddison. 
NO-MEN-CLa'TUR-AL,  a.    Pertaining  or  accfmjiug 

to  a  iiumcnclature.  Barton. 

No'MEN-eLA-TlJRE,  n.     [L.  nomenclutura.    See  No- 

MENCLATon.] 

1,  A  list  or  catalogue  of  the  more  usual  and  impor- 
tant words  in  u  language,  with  their  significali<ms; 
a  vocabulary  or  dictionary. 

2.  The  names  of  things  in  any  art  or  science,  or 
the  whole  vocabulary  of  names  or  technical  lerms 
which  are  appropriated  to  any  particular  branch  of 
science  ;  as,  the  lunncnclatm-e  of  botany  or  of  chem- 
istry ;  the  new  nomenclature  of  Lavoisier  and  his  as- 

N5'MI  Ali,  n.     [from  L.  noincu,  a  name.]       [sucialcs. 

In  algebra,  a  term,  which  see. 
NOM'IN-AL,    a.      [L.   nominaiu,  from  nt»nen.     Bee 
Name. J 

1.  Titular;  existing  in  name  only;  ixs,  u.  nominal 
distinction  or  difference  is  a  dillcrence  in  name,  and 
not  in  reality. 

2.  Pertaining  to  a  name  or  names;  consisting  in 
names. 

NOjMUN-AL-IST,  Jn.    The  Nominalists  were  a  sect 
NOM^IN-.AL,  i      of  philosophers  in  the   middle 

ages,  who  adopted  the  opinion  of  Uuacclin,  t|iat  gen- 
erals, or  the  terms  used  to  denote  the  genera  and 
species  of  things,  are  not  properly  designations  <if 
things  thai  exist,  but  mere  names  for  the  resemblances 
and  evidences  of  things.  They  were  liie  founders  of 
the  university  of  Leipsic.  Jlttrdock. 

NOM'IN-.AL-ISM,  n.    The  principles  of  the  Nomin- 
alists, 
NOM'IN-.\[^IZE,  V.  t.    To  convert  into  a  noun.  [J^'nt 

in  use,  and  ill  formed.] 
NOM'IN-AL-LY,  adv.    By  nam<:i  or  in  name  only, 
NOM'IN-aTE,  i\  f.    [L.  nnmino,  from  nomen,  name. 
See  Name.] 

1.  To  name  ;  to  mention  by  name.  Ifotton. 
S.  To  call ;  to  entitle;  to  denominate.  Spenser. 
3-  To  name  or  designate  by  name  for  an  otltce  rir 

place;  to  appoint ;  as,  to  nominate  an  heir  or  an  e\- 
ecutor.  Locke. 

4.  Usually,  to  name  for  an  election,  choice,  or  np- 
pointmeut ;  to  propose  by  name,  or  offer  the  nanu;  of 
a  person  as  a  candidate  for  an  oflice  or  place.  This 
is  the  principal  use  of  the  woitd  in  the  United  Slate.-i ; 
as  in  a  public  assembly,  where  men  are  to  be  seltNt<-d 
and  chosen  to  office,  any  member  of  the  assembly  or 
meeting  nominates,  that  is,  proposes  to  the  chairman 
the  name  of  a  person  whom  he  desires  to  have 
elected. 

NOM'IN-A-TED,  Pit.  Named  ;  mentioned  by  name  ; 
desiguated  or  proposed  for  an  office,  or  for  election. 

NOM'IN-ATE-LY,  adv.    By  name ;  particularly. 

Spelman. 

NOM'IN-A-TING,  ppr.  or  n.  Naming;  proposing  for 
an  office,  or  for  choice  by  name. 

NOM-IN-A''l'ION,  n.  The  act  of  naming  or  nomin- 
ating ;  the  act  of  proposing  by  name  for  an  office. 

2.  The  power  of  nominating  or  appointing  to  of- 
fice. 

The  nomination  of  persons  to  places  bciug  a  prerogaUve  of  the 
kino-.  Clarendon. 

3.  The  state  of  being  nominated.  A  B  is  in  nom- 
ination for  governor. 

NOM'IN-A-'iTVE,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  name  which 
precedes  a  verb,  or  to  the  first  case  of  nouns  ;  as, 
the  nominative  case,  or  nominative  word. 

NOM'IN-A-TIVE,  n.  In  grammar,  the  first  case  of 
names  or  nouns,  and  of  adjectives  which  are  declina- 
ble. 

NOM'IN-A-TIVE-LY,  adv.  In  the  manner  of  the 
nominative. 

NOM'IN-A-TOR,n.    One  that  nominates. 

NOM-IN-EE',  n.  In  law,  the  person  who  is  named  to 
receive  a  copy-hold  estate  on  surrender  of  it  to  the 
lord;  sometimes  called  the  surrenderee.     Blnclistonc. 

2.  A  person  named  or  designated  by  another. 

Palcy. 

3.  A  person  on  whose  life  depends  an  annuity. 
NOM'IN-OR,  n.    He  who  points  out  or  nominates  to 

an  office,  &,c. 

NO-MOG'RA-PHY,  n.    [Gr.  v«/xoj,  law,  and  ypafp^h 
to  write.] 
A  treatise  on  laws. 

NOM'O-THETE,  n.    A  lawgiver.  Smart. 

NOM-O-THET'ie,  }^      r(;r  vouo^crni-] 

NOM-O-THETie-AL,  j  "*     l-^'-  '"l'°-^-  "^-J 

Legislative  ;  enacting  laws.  Bp.  Barlow. 

NON,  ad^.  [L.]  Not.  Thisword  is  used  in  the  Eng- 
lish language  as  a  prefix  only,  for  giving  a  negative 
sense  to  words,  as  in  nort-residence,HO(i-performance, 


FaTE,  FXPv,  FALL,  WHAT  —  MeTE,  PRKY.  — PINE,  MARtNE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK. 


754 


iWM-eMstence,    noTi-payment,   now-cone tirrei ice,  noii- 
admii^sion,    HoTt-appearance,    no?i-attendaiico,   non- 
coiit'oriiiity,    Hoit-compliance,  TW?i-coinrimnion,  and 
the  like. 
NO\-A-BIL'I-TY,  n.    A  want  of  ability  ;  in  Zaw,  an 
esceptiun  taken  against  a  plaintiff  in  a  cause,  when 
lie  i^  unable  legally  to  commence  a  suit. 
NO-\-Ae-CED'ING,  a.    Not  acceding;. 
NOX-AC'ID.  a.    Not  having  the  ipialities  of  an  acid. 
NOX-Ae-QUAlNT'ANCB,    n.      Want  of  acquaint- 
ance. Barrow. 
NON'AGE,  n.     [nony   not,   and   age.}     Minority  ;  the 
time  of  life  before  a  person,  accofdinc  to  the  laws  of 
liis  coiuttry,  becomes  of  age  to  manage  his  own  con- 
cerns.   Legal  maturity  of  age  is  ditfeVent  in  ditferent 
cotmtries.    In  tliis  countr>',  as  in  Grcut  Britain,  a 
man's  nonage  continues  till  he  lias  completed  twen- 
ty-fine years.    JVonage  is  sometimes  the  period  under 
foui'teeu  years  of  age,  as  in  case  of  marriage. 

Bailey.     Ejiciic, 
N0X-A-6EN-A'Rr-AN,  71.  One  ninety  years  old." 
NUN-A-(5Eri'I-MAL,  a.  and  n.  [L.  notiagesimiiSy  nine- 
tieth.] 

A  it-rm  applied  to  the  highest  point  of  the  ecliptic 
above  the  horizon. 
NON'A-GON,  tu     [L.  nanus,  nine,  and  Gr.  j  ojfia,  an 
angle.] 
A  plane  figure  having  nine  sides  and  nine  angles. 

Brande. 
NOX-AP-PeAR'ANCE,  n.    Default  of  appearance,  as 

in  court,  to  prosecute  or  defend. 
NON-AP-POINT'IMENT,  n.  Neglect  of  appointment. 

Franklin. 
J\rOJ^-^S-SUMP' SITy  [L.]      The  plea  of  the  defend- 
ant, in  an  action  of  assumpsit,  that  "  he  did  not  un- 
dertake and  promise,"  &c.  Bouvier. 
NON-AT-TEl\D'ANCE,    71.      A    failure  to    attend  i 

omission  of  attendance. 
\0.\-AT-TEN'TIOX,  71.    Inattention.  Siclfi. 

\ON-ItI-Tu'MIN-OUS,  a.    Containing  no  bitumen. 
JourH.  of  Science. 
XOXCE,  7(.     [Corniption  of  once.]     For  the  nunce,  for 
the  once  ;  for  the  present  call  or  occasion.     [Obsolete 
or  coUnguicl.] 
XON'CHA-LXNCE',  (non'sha-Ians',)  11.    [Fr.]    In- 
difference;  carelessness;  coolness. 
NOX'CHA-LXNT',  (non'sha-liing',)  a.      [Pr.]    Indif- 
ferent ;  careless ;  cool. 
NON'-CLaIM,  n.    A  failure  to  make  claim  within  the 

time  limited  by  law  ;  omission  of  claim.       Bailey. 
NOX-€0-He'SION,  n.     Want  of  cohesion.     Lindley. 
NO\-eO-IN'CI-DENT,  a.     Not  coincident. 
NON-€OM-MIS'SION-£D,  a.    Not  having  a  commis- 
sion.     JVoii-commissioiicd  cficers,   in   the   army,  are 
those  below  the  rank  of  ensign  or  cornet,  and  in 
the  navy,  those  below  the  rank  of  lieutenant. 
NOX-eOM-RIIT'TAL,  71.    A  state  of  not  being  com- 
mitted or  pledged  ;  forbearance  of  committing  one's 
self.  American  politics. 

NON-€OM-MdN'ION,  (-mun'yun,)  n.     Neglect    or 

failure  of  communion.  B.  Ti-umbuU. 

NON-eOM-PLl'ANCE,  «.    Neglect  or  failure  of  com- 
pliance. 
NON-eOM-PLV'ING,  a.    Neglecting  or  refusing  to 

complv.  -  Havtilton. 

JVOJV  COJil'POS  JilEJV'TIS,  I  [L.]      Not   of  sound 
JVOJV  COMPOS,  \      mind ;    not    having 

the  regular  use  of  reason  ;  as  a  noun,  an  idiot ;  a  lu- 
I  natic;  one  devoid  of  reason,  either  by  nature  or  by 
NON-eON.    See  Non-Content.  [accident. 

NON-eON-eLuB'ING,  a.    Not  ending  or  closing. 

Baiter. 
NON-€OX-€LTR',  V.  i.    To  dissent  or  refuse  to  concur. 
XON-eON-€UR'RENCE,  n.     A  refusal  to  concur. 
NON-€ON-DU€T'ING,    a.      Not    conducting ;    not 
transmitting   another    fluid.      Thus,    in  electricity, 
wax  is  a  non-conducting  substance. 
NOX-eON-DUe'TIOX,  n.    A  non-conductine.     Urc. 
NON-€ON-DUeT'OR,  7/.    A  substance  which  does 
not  conduct,  that  is,  transmit  another  substance  or 
fluid,  or  which  transmits  it  with  difficulty.    Thus 
wool  is  a  non-cAinduetoi'  of  heat ;  glass  and  dry  wood 
are  non-conductors  of  the  electrical  fluid. 
NON-eON-FOnM'I3T,  7t.    One  who  does  not  coni- 
form to  an  established  church  ;  particularly,  in  Eng- 
land, one  who  refused  to  conform  to  the  established 
church  at  the  restoration  of  Charles  II. 

Blackstmxe.     Swift. 
NOX-eON-FORM'I-TY,  7i.    Neglect  or  failure  of  con- 
fonnily. 

2.  The  neglect  or  refusal  to  unite  witli  an  estab- 
lished church  in  its  rites  and  mode  of  worship. 

Blackstnne. 
N0X-€0X^-TA'G!OUa,  (-jus,)  a.    Not  contagious. 
NOX-eON-TA'GlOUS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  or  state 
of  being  not   communicable  from  a  diseased  to  a 
hcalthv  bodv. 
NOX-eOX-TENT',  n.     In  the  British  house  of  lords, 
one  who  gives  a  negative  vote,  as  not  being  satisfied  | 
with  the  measure.     The  word  is  sometimes  abridged 
into    Non-Con,  and  applied  to  any  one  who  dis- 
e«nis  or  expresses  dissatisfaction.  Jokn  Foster. 

NON-eON-TRIB'U-TING,  a.     Not  contributing. 

Jefferson. 


NON-eO-TEM-PO-RA'NE-OUS,  a.      Not   b«in|;  co- 

teniporary,  or  not  of  cotumporary  ori(!in. 

NON-UE-LIV'En.Y,„.    A  r,.^yJZ7-(ln^o"i.. 

NON-1)'ep.O-SI"TION,  (-zish'un,)  ».    T'^mt lo 

deposit  or  throw  down. 
NON'-DE-SCRIPT,  a.    [L.  nun,  not,  and  descriptus, 

described.]  *       ' 

'I'hat  has  not  been  described. 
NON'-DE-t?eRIPT,«.    Any  thing  that  has  not  l,*6n 

described.    1  bus  a  plant  or  animal  newly  discovered 

IS  called  a  nondescript. 
NON-DE-VEL'OP-MEX'i',  n.    A  failure  of  dcvelop- 

'"e"^-  Lindicv. 

NON-DIS-eOV'ER-Y,  w.    Want  of  discover).       "^ 
ivr/-.vn  Buckland. 

WOXE,  (none  or  nun,)  u.    [Sax.  nnn;  nc,  not.and  anc, 

one.    Tlie  Latins  use  ncino,  ncminis,  that  w,  ne  and 

man.] 

1.  Not  one  ;  used  of  pnsona  or  Viingit. 
There  is  none  tliat  docUi  good  j  no,  not  one.  —  P».  x\v. 

2.  Not  any  ;  not  a  part ;  not  the  least  portion. 

Six  days  shall  ye  gather  it,  but  on  \hc  iCTcnUi  day,  which  U  Uie 
Sabbalh,  in  it  there  thall  be  noitf. —  Ex.  xti. 

3.  It  was  formerly  used  before  nouns  ;  as,  "  Thou 
shalt  have  none  assurance  of  thy  lite."  Thia  nse  is 
obsolete  ;  we  now  use  710  ;  thou  shalt  have  710  assur- 
ance. "  This  is  none  other  but  the  house  of  God  ;" 
we  now  say,  no  other. 

4.  It  is  used  as  a  substitute,  the  noun  being  omit- 
ted. "  He  walketh  through  dry  places,  seeking  rest 
and  finding  none;'"  that  is,  no  rest,    ^fatt.  xii. 

5.  In  the  following  phrase,  it  is  used  for  7iofAm^,or 
no  concern.  '*  Israel  would  no7ic  of  me,"  that  is,  Is- 
rael would  not  listen  to  me  at  all ;  they  would  have 
no  concern  with  me  ;  they  utterly  rejected  my  coun- 
sels. 

G.  As  a  substitute,  Ttonc  has  a  phira!  signification. 

TemiE  of  peac**  were  none  vouchsafed.  MUton. 

NON-E-LEGT',  n.    [L.  kor,  not,  and  eUcius.  elect- 
ed.] 
One  who  is  not  elected  or  chosen  to  salvation. 
Hnntington. 
NON-E  LECTION,  71.    Failure  of  election. 

Jefferson. 
NOX-E-LE€'TRie,  a.    Conducting  the  electric  fluid. 
KOX^-E-LE€"JTvI€,  n.    A  substance  that  is  not  an 

electric,  or  which  transmits  the  lluid,  as  melals. 
NON-EM-PUAT'IC,         )a.     Having  no  emphasis; 
i\OX-EM-PHAT'ie-AL,  i     nnemphatic.     Beattie. 
NUN-EX'TI-TY,  n.    Non-c-J^^lence ;  the  negation  of 
being.  Bentlcy. 

9.  A  thing  not  existing. 

There  was  no  such  thing  ns  rendering  e>-il  for  evil,  when  pvil  was 
a  nonenlily.  South. 

NON-E-PIS'€0-PAL,  a.  Not  Episcopal ;  not  of  the 
Episcopal  church  or  denomination.     J.  M.  Mason. 

NON-E-PIS-eO-PA'LI-AN,  n.      One  wlio  does  not 
belong  to  the  Episcopal  church  or  denomination. 
J.  M.  Jllasoit. 

NoNES,  71.  pi  [L.  noTur. ;  perhaps  Goth.  niu7t,  Eng, 
nine.] 

1.  In  the  Roman  calendar,  the  fifth  day  of  the 
months  January,  February,  April,  June,  August, 
September,  November,  and  December,  and  the 
seventh  day  of  March,  May,  July,  and  October. 
The  nones  were  nine  days  from  the  ides,  reckoning 
inclusively,  according  to  the  Roman  method. 

2.  Prayers,  formerly  so  called.  Tcdd. 
NON-ES-SEX'TIAIi,  n.      Non-essentials  are  things 

not  essential  to  a  particular  purpose.    J.  M.  Mason. 

JVO.V  EST  IJV-FEJV'TUS,  [L.j  He  is  not  found. 
Ill  law,  the  return  of  the  sheriil  on  a  writ,  when  the 
defendant  is  not  to  be  found.  Bouvier. 

NoNE'.SUCH,  71.  [7ionc  and  sttctu]  An  extraonlinary 
thing  ;  a  thing  that  has  not  its  equal. 

2.  A  name  given  to  various  plants,  as  black  medic, 
a  variety  of  apple,  a  phint  of  tlio  genus  Lych- 
nis, &c. 

NON-EX-€OM-iVIu'NI-eA-BLE,  a.  Not  liable  loei- 
communication. 

NON-EX-E-Cu'TION,  u.  Neglect  of  execution ; 
non-performance. 

NON-EX-iST'ENCE,  (z  like  gz,)  n.    Absence  of  ex- 
istence; trie  negation  of  beinp. 
9.  A  thing  that  has  no  existence  or  being.    Brtnciu 

NON-EX-IST'ENT,  («  like  gz,)  a.  Not  having  ex- 
istence, if-  Oiidwix. 

NON-EX-PoR-Ta'TION,  h.  a  failure  of  exporta- 
tion ;  a  not  exporting  goods  or  commodities. 

NON-EXTEN'SILE,  a.    That  can  not  be  slrelchcii. 

NOX-Fk  \'SAXCE,  71.    In  law,  a  failure  to  perform. 

NON-FUL-FILL'MENT,  ?!.  Neglect  or  failure  to  ful- 
fill. 

NO-NILL'ION,  C-yun,)  n.  [U  nonm,  nine,  and  mil- 
lion.] 

According  tofc^e  English  notation,  the  number  pro- 
duced by  involving  a  million  to  the  ninth  power;  a 
unit  with  54  ciphers  annexed.  Accordmg  to  the 
Frmch  notation,  a  unit  with  30  ciphsrs  annexed. 

NON-I>1-P6R-Ta'TION,  M.  Want  or  failure  of  im- 
portation ;  a  not  importing  goods. 


NOX-IM-PORT'IXG,  o.    \m 

cot]  nth  en. 
NON-JOIX'DRR,  m    -; 

wlio  ouphl  Vi  Uavc  bf 
ant  in  a  vuiL 
NON-J0K'INr;,a.      I. 

Not  KWi-lidfiC  .i;'\- 

parly  In  '. 
a  nee  t<i ' 

NO\-Jf"l 
t'.  ; 
ci 

W;i'   iiitru  Irjr-   .;.       ■]  j,  -    j^.^^j 

rent)  of  Jam<>, 
J^OJ^  LVClf'F.r,   •^T..'      \\  li  - 

whtn  a  \ 

IftcauT-  I. 
NON-MA  I 

NON-MAN-II-FAC'TI-R-ING.  < 
manufactumi  i  m  ii*«-«wr;i^Vri 

NON-MEM'BER,  n.    .\  ■ 
NON-MEM'BER-dUlF,  . 

ber. 
NON-ME-TAL'Lie,  0.    Not  t 


NON-NAT'r-RAI- 
In  mrdieinf^  th 

Ignnte  deficienc 

sleeping  and  wn' 

the  afft-ciionv  ai. 

excreliona;  5,  w. 

C,  in  exjxisur*?  t 

peralure:    the- 

ancients  ;  but,  r 

undoubtcjlly,  7, 

tions  of  droupti' 

the  effluvia  or  •-• 

dead  and  dcc*^!- 

fermenting  anil  ; 

stances,  as,  for  1  . 

casses  and  offai-  1  1  i. 

fuh  used  as  a  matiur'\ 

from  living  anitnals  u. 

cumulation,  conflncm'  1 

decomposition  ;  as,  for  - 

Iiin^s,  the  iKrrspired  fl  ; 

tinal  discharges  ;  al^j.  ir-  i:>   1 

actions,  which  extricate  copii 

ly,  if  not  quite  a  pure  titaiL. 

trous  acid  cas,  sulphohydruu> 

tec.     All  of  these  operate  in  '■ 

stand  in  the  same  relation,  ;k-  : 

of  disease. 
NON-0-B£'DI-ENCE,  r.    Neglect  of 


NOX-OB-SERV'.VNCE,  n. 

;er\*e  or  fulfill. 


N'etlect 


A^O.V  OBST.iX'TE,  fL.'  No(w  i 
opposition  to  what  Iiiu  been  stated,  <  r 
or  admitted. 

A  clau^  in  statutes  and  Icllf  n  pat 
license  from  tJie  king  to  do  a  thine  '^ 
strained  by  act  of  parliament,  cann.  ; 
out  such  license. 

NON-P.\-RE!L',  fnon-pa-rcl',) ».  [Fr. 
andpiim/,  eqiml.j 

1.  Excellence  uuequaled. 

2.  A  sort  of  apple. 

3.  A  sort  of  printing  type,  \Try   - 
smallest  now  used  excrpt'  Itarre,  ri-  . 
and  diamond. 

XOX-PA-REIL',  (non-pa-«r)  «.    H«* 

peerless. 
NOX-PaY'.MENT,  r.    Neglcfi  -f 

NOX-PER-FOR  M'.VNCE,  ■.     A 

NON'PLUS,  It.     [L.  1MJS,  nol,  -.. . 

thor.] 
Puzzle  ;  insuperable  diflSculty  ;  a 

one  is  unable  to  proceed  or  dccid.*.     U     ■- 
NO.N'PLUS,  r.  f.     To  pusxlo  ;  to  conf.imd  ;  i 

a  stand  ;  to  stop  by  cmbamssmrnt.  Z> 

Your  kltiUE 

NON'PLUS-ED,  (' 

stand. 
N0X-P0N-DER-O3'i-TV,  n.    DcsUiuiion  o*  ^- 

lc\*ity.  ^ 

NOX-PON'DER-Ol'S  a.    Having  no  wcijfci. 
N0.V-PRO-DUeTI0N\  «.      A  failure  to  pr^. 

exhibit. 
NOX-PRO-PES'SION-AL.  (-pM>-f<M«h'uD-*l.>  .- 

belongin'j  to  a  profession;  not  done  by  c»  pr\-r 

from  protest ioual  men.  •'-' 

NOX-PRO-Fl'dEN-CV,  «.    Failur**  c-  r  -.i 

re  S3. 
N0X-PROPI"CIFNT,  ^fil'h>nt.^  -1. 

fiiiled  to  imi»TOve  or  m:ik'-  rr,  ?i,  .» 

pupjiuil. 
.VO.V  PROS.      [Conlrac; 

In  /ajc,  a  judgment  eniir-       - 


TONE,  BI.ILL,  UNITE AN"GER,  VI"Ci0US.  — €  as  K;  6  aa  J  j  «  as  Z ;  CH  as  SIT :  TH  as  in  THIS. 


755 


NON 


SUIT  wlicrc  lie  docs  not  appear  to  prosecute.     It  is 
ii^c'd  also  as  n  verb. 

NON-rUOS'S£D,  (-prost,)  a.  Denoting  a  suit  which 
IK  droptwd,  not  prosecuted. 

\ON-KE-GaUI)'A.\CE,  II.    Want  of  due  regard. 

Vict. 

NOX-Rf:'t»EN"r,  7).  In  Ote  Fh^lish  ujiiverstties,  n 
l(  rin  applied  to  those  mastera  of  arts  whose  regency 
lias  censed,     [f^vti  Regent. ] 

NON-REN-DI'^TION,  (-dish'uii,)  ti.  Neglect  of  ren- 
dition ;  the  not  rendering  what  is  due. 

Tlio  iioii.payniciil  of  a  debt,  or  tlio  nou-re ndUion  of  a  scrvia* 
wliich  isiluo,  \t  an  injury  for  whklillic  aiibicquciit  popam- 
lion  of  Uie  loss  suatiiiaed —  ta  an  ato»ctn«)it. 

S.  E.  Dwight. 

NON-RE-SEM'm^ANCE,  w.      Unlikencssj    dissimi- 

laritv. 
NO\-UE?'I-DENCE,  n.     Failure  or  neglect  of  re- 
siding at  the  place  where  one  is  stationed,  or  where 
oiiicial  duties  require  one  to  reside,  or  on  one's  own 
lands.  Swi/i. 

NON-UES'f-DENT,  a.  Not  residing  in  a  particular 
place,  on  one's  own  estate,  or  in  one's  proper  place; 
ns,  u  non-rcs'uUmt  clergyman  or  proprietor  of  lands. 
NON-KES'I-DENT,  7(.  '  One  wlio  doL-s  not  reside  on 
one's  own  I'liids,  or  in  the  place  wlicre  ofiiciul 
duties  require.  In  England^  vim-rcsidcnt  is  particu- 
larly applied  to  clergymen  wiio  live  away  from  their 
cures.  In  the  United  States:,  lands  in  one  state  or 
township  belonging  to  a  person  residing  in  another 
state  or  township,  are  called  the  lands  of  noK-rwt- 
dents.  I 

NOX-UE-SIST^'VNCE,  n.     The  omission  of  resist- 
ance ;  passive  obedience ;   submission  to  authority, 
power,  or  usurpation  without  oppnsilion. 
KOX-UE-SIST'ANT,  a.      Makhtg  no  resistance  to 

power  or  oppression.  ^rbiithnot. 

NON-UIC-SIST'ANT,  7(.    One  who  maintains  that  no 
resistance'  -shouhl  be  made  to  the  injuries  inflicted  by 
others. 
NON-SANE',  a.    [Ij.  won,  not,  and  samis^  sound.] 
Unsound ;   not  perfect ;  as,  a  person  of  -noii'sane. 
memory.  Blackstone. 

NON'SENSE,  n.  No  sense ;  words  or  language  whicii 
have  no  meaning,  or  which  convey  no  just  ideas; 
absurdity.  Drydai. 

-    2.  Trifles;  things  of  no  importance.      Thomson. 

J^Tiuic'cnse  verges,  are  Hues  nuidc  solely  for  improve- 
ment in  versiiii'.ation,  by  taking  any  words  which 
occur,  without  reference  to  forming  any  connected 
sense. 
NON-SENS'ie-AL,  a.    Unmeaning;  absurd;  foolish. 

Rail. 
NON-SENS'ie-AL-LY,     odv.       Absurdly  ;    without 

meaning. 
NON-SENS'ie-AL-NESS,    n.      Jargon  ;    absurdity  ; 

that  which  conveys  no  pro[)cr  ideas. 
NON-SENS'I-TIVE,  c    Wanting  sense  or  perception. 

FtWuivi. 
JSrOjV'SE^'UI-TUR,  (-sek'we-tur,)  [L.]    It  does  not 
follow. 

In  loa^ic,  an  inf<;rencc  which  does  not  follow  from 
the  premises. 
NON-SLaVE'IIoLD-ING,  a.    Not  possessing  slaves. 
NON-SO-Lu'TION,  n.    E;iilure  of  solution  or  exi)la- 

nation.  Broome. 

NON-SOLV'EN-(^Y,  n.    Inability  to  pay  debts.  Swift. 
NON-SOLVENT,  a.    Not  able  to  pay  debts  ;  insolv- 
ent. .  Johnson. 
NON-SOLVENT,  n.    An  insolvent.  Smart. 
NON-SPaR'ING,  a.     Sparing  none;   all-destroying; 

merciless.  Skak. 

NON-SUB-MIS'SrON,  n.    Want  of  submission. 
N()N-SiJB..'\lIS'SIVR,  a.    Not  submissive. 
NON'StlCH.     See  Nonesuch. 

NON'SuIT,  «.  In  law^  the  default,  neglect,  or  non- 
appearance of  the  plaintifl'  in  a  suit,  \vhen  called  in 
court,  by  which  the  plaintiff  signifies  his  intention 
to  drop  the  suit.  Hence,  a  noiisait  amounts  to  a  slop- 
page  of  the  suit.  A  nonsuit  diflers  from  a  retraxit;  a 
jiotisiiit  is  the  default  or  neglect  of  the  plaintiif,  and 
after  this  he  may  bring  another  suit  for  the  same 
cause;  but  a  retraxit  is  an  open,  positive  renuncia- 
tion of  the  suit,  by  whicJi  lie  forever  loses  his  action. 
[See  the  verb.]  Blaclcstone. 

NON'SOIT,  V.  U  To  determine  or  record  that  the 
plaintiir  drops  his  suit,  on  default  of  appaarancc 
when  called  in  court.  When  a  plaintiif,  being 
called  in  court,  declines  to  answer,  or  when  he  neg- 
lects to  deliver  his  declaration,  he  is  supposed  to 
drop  his  suit;  he  is  therefore  jion^^Hiff^rf,  that  is,  his 
non-appearance  is  entered  on  the  record,  and  this 
entry  amounts  to  a  judgment  of  the  court  that  the 
plaintifi*  has  dropped  the  suit. 

When  two  are  joined  in  a  writ,  and  one  U  nonsmted. 

Z.  Sicijl. 

NON'SDIT,  a.    Nonsuited. 

I  The  .plaintifl'  must  become  iionsuU.  Tyng'a  Hep. 

NON'St'IT-ED,  pp.  AdjudgL-d  to  have  deserted  the 
suit  by  default  of  appearance  ;  as  a  plaintifi". 

NON'SuIT-ING,  ppr.  Adjudging  to  have  abandoned 
the  suit  by  non-appearance,  or  other  neglect,  as  a 
plaintifl'. 

NON-TEN'URE,  tl    In  law,  a  plea  of  a  defendant, 


NOR 

that  he  did  not  hold  the  land,  as  nffirnied  by  the 
plaintitf. 

NON'-'l'ERM,  w.  A  vacation  between  two  terms  of  a 
court. 

NON-U'NI-FORM-iST,  v.  Ouo  who  holievcfl  that 
past  changes  in  the  structure  of  the  earth  have 
procteiled  from  causes  more  violent  than  are  now 
ojierating.  ^m.  Kded. 

NON-l^S'ANCE,  (non-yu'zanse,)  n.  Neglect  of  using. 

Brown. 

NON-TJS'ER,  (non-yu'zer,)  n.    A  not  using ;  failure 
to  use  ;  neglect  of  ofiicial  duty  ;  default  of  perform- 
ing the  duties  and  services  required  of  uu  olhcer. 
An  ortico  may  be  forfeited  by  misuser  or  non^user.     Biackttone, 

9.  Neglect  or  omission  of  use. 

A  fnindiiso  mny  be  lost  by  misuser  or  tion-utcr. 

Supreme  Court,  V.  S. 

NOO'DLE,  71.    A  simpleton.     [.4  vulvar  word.] 
NOOK,  n.     [See  Niche.]    A  corner;  a  narrow  place 
foinuHi  by  an  angle  in  bodies  or  between  bodies ;  as, 
a  hollow  nook.  Milton. 

NOON,  7!.  [Sax.  non  :  D.  7ioe7i,-  W.  nan^n,  that  is,  at 
the  summit ;  said  to  be  from  n/iw,  that  is,  up  or  ulti- 
mate, that  limits,  also  7wic.  It  has  been  supposed 
that  the  ninth  hour,  among  the  Romans,  was  the 
time  of  eating  the  chief  meal ;  this  hour  was  three 
o'clock,  P.  M.  In  Danish,  none  is  an  after  nooning, 
a  collation.] 

1.  The  middle  of  the  day ;  the  time  when  the  sun 
i:'  in  the  meridian  ;  twelve  o'clock. 

2.  Dryden  and  others  liave  "noo7i  of  night,"  for 
midnight. 

NOON,  a.    Meridional. 

How  oft  Ihc  Tioon  t^il.  Young. 

NOON'DaY,  n.    Midday  ;  twelve  crtlock  in  the  day 

Boijlc. 
NOON'DAY,  a.    Pertaining  to  midday;  meridional 

as,  the  noonday  heat. 
NOON'ING,  7i.    Repose  at  noon  ;  sometimes,  repast  at 

noon.  -  Jiddisvn. 

NOON'STEAD,  (-sted,)  7i.    Tlie  station  of  the  sun  at 

noon.  Drayton. 

NOON'TIDE,  n.     [See  Tide,  which  signifies  thnr..] 
The  time  of  noon  ;  midday.  Shah. 

NOON'TIDE,  a.    Pertaining  to  noon  ;  meridional. 

Milton. 
NOOSE,  (nooz,)  w.     [Ir.  7(05,  a  hand  or  tie;  nasjaim, 
to  bind  or  tie.] 

A  running  knot,  which  binds  the  closer  the  more 
it  is  drawn. 

Wlicve  Ilie  hangman  closa  dispose 

To  spt'cial  friend  the  Idiot  of  ttoose.  Hu'llhras. 

NOOSE,  (nonz,)  v.  t.  To  tie  in  a  noose  ;  to  catch  in  a 
noose  ;  to  entraj) ;  to  insnare. 

NOOS'/CD,  (noozd,)  -pp.    Caught  in  a  noose. 

NOOTIl'S  AP-PA-Ra'TUS,  n.  A  seric'S  of  three 
glass  vessels,  placed  vertically,  for  the  purpose  of 
impregnating  water  with  carbonic  acid  gas.    Brande. 

No'PAL,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Cactus,  or  Opuntia, 
from  which  the  cochineal  is  collected  ia  Mexico ;  In- 
dian flg. 

NoPB,  n.    A  provincial  name  for  the  bullfinch. 

FaUu.  F.ncijc. 

NOR,  connective,  [ne  and  or.]  A  word  that  denies  or 
renders  negative  the  second  or  subsequent  part  of  a 
proposition,  or  a  proposition  fullnwing  another  nega- 
tive proposition  ;  correlative  to  Neitheh  or  Not. 

I  neither  love  nor  fear  tliee.  Sfwk. 

Fight  neitlier  with  small  nor  great. —  \  Kinws  xxii. 
Eye  halh  not  s<-'cn,  nor  car  heanl,  —  I  Cor.  li. 

2.  JVtfr  sometimes  begins  a  sentence,  but  in  this 
case  a  negative  jiroposition  has  preceded  it  in  the 
foregoing  sentencu. 

3.  In  some  cases,  usually  in  poetry,  ncitltcr  is 
omitted,  and  the  negation  which  it  \yould  express  is 
included  in  nor. 

Simois  nor  X:viithus  ali^l]  be  wauling  there.  Dryden. 

That  is,  neither  Simois  nor  Xanthus. 
■1.  Sometimes,  in  poetry,  wor  is  used  for  nci(/ifr,  in 
the  first  part  of  the  proposition. 

1  whom  nor  avarice  nor  plensiircs  move.  Walsh. 

NOR'FOLK  €UAG,  n.  In  ^eolo^j,  an  English  terti- 
ary formation,  consisting  of  irregular,  ferruginous, 
sandy  clay,  mixed  with  marine  shells.    Bucfianan. 

N6'RI-UiM,  71.    A  inet.'d  recently  discovered  in  Zircon. 

NOR'MAL,  a.  [L.  7tormalis,  from  Horom,  u  :i(iuare,  a 
rule.] 

1.  According  to  a  square  or  rule  ;  perpendicular  ; 
forming  a  right  angle. 

2.  Regular;  according  to  an  established  law,  rule, 
or  principle. 

3.  Relating  to  rudiments  or  elements ;  teaching 
rudiments  or  first  princi])les ;  as,  nor7iial  schools  in 
France. 

NOR'MAL  GROUP,  in  scotogy,  is  a  group  of  certain 
rocks  taken  as  a  rule  or  standard.  LijcU. 

NOR'MAL,  71.  A  perpendicular.  In  the  geometry  of 
curve  lines,  the  normal  to  a  curve  at  any  point  is  a 
straight  line  pL-rpendicular  to  the  tangent  at  that 
point,  and  included  between  the  curve  and  the  axis 
of  the  abscissa. 


NOS 

NOR'MAL  SCHOOL,  n.  An  institution  for  training 
up  persons  to  teach  common  schools. 

NOiyM.\N,  71.  In  seametCs  languagr,  a  short,  wooden 
bur,  to  be  thrust  into  a  hole  of  the  windlass,  on 
which  to  fasten  the  cable.  Mar.  Diet. 

NOR'M.AN,  7(.  [north-man  or  Ttoj^-mnn.]  A  Norwe- 
gian, or  a  native  of  Nornuindy. 

NOR'M.yN,  a.  Pertaining  to  Normandy  or  to  the 
Normans  ;  as,  the  JVnrntan  language. 

NOUNS,  n.  pi.  In  Scandinainan  mythology,  the  three 
Fates,  past,  present,  and  future,  whose  decreoa  were 
irrevocable. 

NOR'UOY,  7i.  [7wrt}t  and  roy,  north  king.]  The  title 
of  the  third  of  the  three  kings  at  arms  or  provincial 
heralds.  Burhc. 

NORSE,  71.    'J'he  language  of  ancient  Scandinavia. 

NORTH,  7t.  [Sax.  TioW/t ,-  O.  Sw.  and  IJan.  Tiord;  D. 
nourd  {  It.  7wrtc;  Fr.  nord;  Arm.  id.;  Sp.  nord,  tUo 
north  wind,  and  7m7*(c,  north,  tho  arctic  pole,  anil  a 
rule  or  guide.  I  know  not  the  origin  of  this  word, 
nor  its  prinuiry  sense.  It  may  have  been  ni>i»lied 
first  to  tiu:  pole  star,  ox  to  the  wind,  like  Boreuti.] 

One  of  llie  cardinal  points,  being  that  point  of  the 
horizon  which  is  directly  oi>posile  to  the  sun  in  the 
meridian,  on  the  left  hand,  when  we  stand  with  tho 
face  to  the  east ;  or  it  is  that  point  of  inters'-ction 
of  the  horizon  and  meridian  which  is  nearest  our 
pole.  Cyc. 

NORTH,  a.  Rcing  in  the  north  ;  as,  the  7wrth  polar 
star. 

NORTH-kAST',  n.  The  point  between  the  north  and 
east,  at  an  equal  distJince  from  each. 

NOHTH-kAST',  a.  Pertaining  to  tln!  north-east,  or 
pr'H-ecdin:*  from  that  point ;  as,  a  north-east  wind. 

NOilTII-KAST'HR-LY,  a.    Toward  the  north-east. 

NORTH-kAST'EUN,«.  Pertaining  to  or  being  in  the 
north-east,  or  in  a  direction  to  the  north-east 

NORTH'EU-LY,  a.     Being  toward  the  north. 
2.  From  the  north. 

[We  use  this  word  and  Noiithebn  with  consider- 
abie  latitude.] 

NORTH' ER-LY,  adv.  Toward  the  north  ;  as,  to  sail 
7iorthc}-ly. 

2.  In  a  nortliL'rn  direction  ;  as,  a  course  northerly. 

3.  Proceeding  from  a  northern  point, 
NORTH'ERN,  a.      Reing  in  the  north,  or  nearer  to 

that  jioint  than  to  the  east  or  west. 

9..  l\\  a  direction  toward  the  north,  or  a  point  near 
it ;  as,  to  steer  a  7iorthci-n  course. 
J^orthcm  liglits.    See  AuaonA  Bobealis. 

NORTH'ERN-ER,  ?i.  One  a  native  or  resident  in  the 
nortli ;  in  the  U7iited  States,  opposed  to  Soutukkner. 

NORTII'ERN-LY,  adv.  I'oward  the  north.  [JVof 
■u^cd.]  Hakewdl. 

NORTH'EUN-MOST,a.  Situated  at  the  point  furthest 
north. 

NORTH'ING,  71.  Distance  northward  from  any  point 
of  departure,  measured  on  a  meridian. 

NORTii'MAN,  n. ;  pi.  Nohthmen.  A  name  given  to 
the  inhabitants  of  the  north  of  Europe,  the  ancient 
Scantlinavians;  whence,  J^Torman. 

NORTH'-STaR,  7!.    The  north  polar  star. 

NORTH'WARD,  a.     [Sax.  north  and  wcard.] 

Being  toward  the  north,  or  nearer  to  the  north  than 
to  the  east  and  west  points. 

NORTH'WARD,  adv.  Toward  the  north,  or  toward 
a  point  nearer  to  the  north  than  the  east  and  west 
[loinls.  Baco7i.     Dnjdrn. 

NORTH'WARD-LY,  a.     Havhig  a  northern  direction. 

NOR'f  II'WARD-LY,  adv.    In  a  northern  direction. 

NORTH-WEST',  7i.  The  point  in  the  horizon  be- 
tween the  north  and  west,  and  equally  distant  from 
each. 

NORTH-WEST',  a.  Pertaining  to  the  point  between 
the  north  and  west ;  being  in  the  north-west ;  as,  the 
north-7Dcst  coast. 

9.  Proceeding  from  the  north-west ;  as,  a  nortfi  west 
wind. 

NORTH-WEST'ER-LY,  a.    Toward  the  north-west. 
2.  From  the  north-west,  as  a  wind. 

NORTH-WEST'ERN,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  being  in 
the  north-west,  or  in  a  direction  to  the  north-west ;  as, 
a  north-western  course. 

NORTH'-WIND,  7i.  The  wind  that  blows  from  the 
north.  iVatfj. 

NOR-Wk'GI-AN,  a.  Belonging  to  Norway.  Shak- 
speare  has  Nohweyan. 

NOR-We'CI-AN,  71.    A  native  of  Norway. 

NoSE,  77.  [Sax.  nose,  n(rse,  7tase  ;  G.  7iase  ;  D.  neiis  ; 
Sw.ndsa;  Dan.  nase;  L.  nasus ;  It.  naao ;  Fr.  ncz; 
Russ.  vos ;  Dalmatian,  7iooss ;  Sans.  nasa.  Ciu.  Gr. 
vr)ooi,  an  isle.  It  occurs  in  Pelojionnesus,  the  prom- 
onton,-  of  Pelops.  It  seems  to  be  the  same  word,  or 
from  the  same  root,  as  7ie-ss,  in  Shecrness.] 

1,  The  prominent  part  of  the  face,  which  is  the 
organ  of  smell,  consisting  of  two  similar  cavities 
called  7iostrils.  The  nose  serves,  also,  to  modulate 
the  voice  in  spcakinc,  and  to  discharge  the  tears 
which  flow  through  the  lachrymal  ducts.  'I'iirough 
this  organ,  also,  the  air  usually  passes  in  respiration, 
and  it  constitutes  no  small  part  of  the  beauty  of  the 
face.  In  man,  the  nose  is  situated  near  the  middle 
of  the  face  ;  but  in  qn^tdrupeds,  the  nose  is  at  or  near 
the  lower  extremity  of  the  head. 


i 


FATE,  FXR,  FALL,  WH^T.  — METE,  PSEY PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOV^,  WOL:  ,  BOOK.- 


J 


NOT 


NOT 


NOT 


2.  The  end  ol'auy  thing  j 


as,  the  nose  of  a  bellows. 
IhUcr. 


2.  Scent;  sagacity 

Wc  are  not  oSl-oded  wicli  a  dog  for  a.  belter  nose  tlirtii  liis  master. 

CoUtcr. 

y'u  lead  by  Vie  nose  ;  to  lead  blindly. 
To  be  led  by  the  nose ;  to  follow  another  obsequious- 
ly, or  to  be  led  without  resistance  or  inquiring  the 
reason. 

To  thntst  oiie^s  nose  into  tlie  affairs  of  others :  to 
meddle  ofliciously  in  other  people's  matters ;  to  be  a 
busybody. 

To  put  onc'5  710SC  oiit  of  joint ;  to  alienate  the  affec- 
tions from  another. 
XOSE,  r.  t.    To  smell ;  to  scent,  ShaU. 

■3.  To  face  ;  to  oppose  to  the  face.  Wood. 

XoSE,  V.  t.    To  look  big  J  to  bluster.     {jN'ot  usedJ] 

Shak. 
NoSE'-BAG,  71.    A  bag  to  be  tied  to  a  horse's  nose, 

containing  a  feed  of  oats,  maize,  &c. 
NoSE'-BAND,  H.     That  part  of  the  headstall  of  a 
bridle  which  comes  over  a  horse's  nose. 

Farm.  Encyc. 
NoSE'BLEED,  n.    A  hemorrhage  or  bleediny  at  the 
nose. 

_  2.  A  plant  of  the  ^enus  Achillea. 
jN'OS'-ED,  (nozd,)  a.     Having  a  nose  j  as  in  long-7wserf. 

2.  Having  sagacity.  Middletor.. 

NoSE'-FISH,  n.    A  fish  of  the  leather-mouthed  kind, 
with  a  flat,  blunt  snout;  called,  also,  Groad-snout. 
met.  J\'';^  Hist. 
NoSE'GaY,  71.     [nose  and  Celtic  geac^  a  bough.] 

A  bunch  of  flowers  used  to  regale  the  sense  of 
smelling. 

As  oil  the  notegay  in  her  breast  reclined.  Pope. 

NoSE'LESS,  a.    Destitute  of  a  nose.  Shal:. 

NoSE'PMaRT,  71.    A  plant,  Nasturtium;  cresses. 
NOSE'THRIL.     See  Nostril. 
No'SING,  Tj.    The  molding  or  part  of  the  tread-board 

of  a  stair,  which  projects  over  the  riser. 
NOS'LE,  (noz'zl,)  n.     [from  nose]     A  little  nose;  the 
extremity  of  a  thing;  as,  the  nosle  of  a  bellows. 
[See  Nozzle.] 
NO-SO-eOM'I€-AL,  a.    Relating  to  a  hospital. 
NO-SOG'RA-PHY,  n.    The  science  of  the  description 

of  diseases. 
NOS  0-LOG'ie-.\L,  a.     [See  Nosolocv.]    Pertaining 
to  nosologj',  or  a  systematic  classification  of  dis- 
eases. 
]V0-S0L'0-6IST,  n.      One  who  classifies  diseases, 
arranges  them  in  order,  and   gives   them  suitable 
names. 
NO-SOL'0-GY,  n.    [Gr.   vouoi,  disease,  and  Aoj-os, 
discourse.] 

1.  A  systematic  arrangement  or  classification  of 
diseases  with  names  and  definitions,  according  to 
the  distinctive  character  of  each  class,  order,  genus, 
and  species.  Encyc. 

2.  That  branch  of  medical  science  which  treats  of 
the  classification  of  diseases, 

NO-SO-PO-ET'I€,  a.     [Gr.  voco^j  disease,  and  rrcneo), 
to  produce.] 
Producing  diseases.     [Little  vsed.]        Jirbuthnot. 
NOS-TAL'GI-A,  n.     [Gr.  vou-zhs,  to  return,  and  u.\}  os, 
grief.] 

Homesickness  ;  a  species  of  melancholy,  resulting 
from  absence  from  one's  home  or  country. 

Encyc.  Am.     Brande. 
NO?-TAL'Gie,  a.    Pertaining  to  nostalgia. 
NOS'TRIL,  n.     [Sax.  noscViyrl,  mnestlujrl.     Tlujrl,  or 
tfiird,  is  an  opening  or  perforation  ;  thirlian,  thyrliau, 
to  bore,  to  perforate,  to  thrilly  to  drill.     See  DrillJ 

An   aperture  or  passage  through  the  nose.    The 
no:'tril3  are  the  passages  through  which  air  is  inhaled 
and  exhaled  in  respiration. 
NOS'TRU-M,  71.    [L.,  from  noster,  ours.] 

A  medicine,  the  ingredients  of  which  are  kept 
secret  for  the  purpose  of  restricting  the  profits  of  sale 
to  the  inventor  or  proprietor  ;  a  quack  medicine. 

Pope. 
NOT,  adv.     [Sxx.  naht  or  nokt,  naught,  that  is,  ne  and 
ciciAi,  not  any  thing;  D.  niet;  G.  nicht;  Russ.  7i(c(e; 
Scot,  nocht.     See  Naught.] 

1.  A  word  that  expresses  negation,  denial,  or  re- 
fusal ;  as.  he  will  not  go ;  will  you  remain  ?  I  will 
iwK  In  the  first  member  of  a  sentence,  it  may  be 
followed  by  nor  or  neither  ;  as,  not  f(;r  a  price  nor  re- 
ward :  I  was  not  in  safety,  neiOicr  had  I  rest. 

2.  Willi  the  substantive  \*erb  in  the  following 
phrase,  it  denies  being,  or  denotes  extinction  of  ex- 
istence. 

Thine  eyes  are  open  upon  me,  and  I  am  not.  — Joh  vii. 

JiO'TA  BE'JVEy  [L.]    Observe  well ;  take  partinular 

notice. 
N6'TA-BLE,  a,    [Fr.  notable ;  L.  notabilisj  from  notitSj 

known  ;  nosco^  to  know.] 

1.  Worthy  of  notice ;  remarkable;  memorable; 
noted  or  distinguished. 

2.  In  Scripture^  conspicuous  ;  sightly  ;  as,  a  notable 
horn.    Dan.  viii. 

3.  Notorious  ;  well  known.    Matt,  xxviii. 

4.  Tenihle.    Acts  i'l. 

5.  Known  or  apparent.    Acts  iv. 


NOT'A-BLE,  a.  Active;  induKlriouH;  rtistinguiuhcd 
for  good  raanagemont ;  as,  a  notable  woman  or  hotwc- 
kceper. 

No'TA-BLE,  7t.    A  person  of  note  or  distinction. 

2.  In  France,  the  asacmbly  of  the  notabUf,  Itcfois 
the  revolution,  consisted  of  a  nnml)<:r  of  iH:rtion^, 
chiefiy  of  the  higher  orders,  appointed  by  the  kin"  to 
constitute  a  representative  body  of  the  kingdom. 

No'TA-BLE,  n.      A  thing    worthy  of  olwervuiion. 

„L^^«-]  Addison. 

NO'TA-BLE-NESS,  n.     Remarkablencss. 

NOT'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  Bustling  activity ;  induntrious- 
ness.     [Little  vsed.] 

No'TA-IiLY,  adv.     Memorably;   remarkably;   emi- 
nently.^ iiacm. 
2.  With  show  of  consequence  or  importance. 

Addvioiu 

NOT'A-BLY,  ode.  With  bustling  activity;  industri- 
ously, 

NO-T.\'RI-AL,  a.     [from  notary.]     Pertaining  to  a 
notary ;  as,  a  not-anal  seal ;  notarial  evidence  or  at- 
testation. 
2.  Done  or  taken  by  a  notary. 

NO-Ta'R[-AL-LY,  ado.    In  a  notarial  manner. 

NO'TA-RY,  71.  [L.  notarius,  from  7totiw,  known,  from 
iwsco.] 

1.  Primarily^  a  person  employed  to  take  notes  of 
contracts,  trials,  ami  proceedings,  in  courts  among 
the  Romans. 

2.  In  modern  usa^c^  an  officer  authorized  to  attest 
and  protest  notes  and  contracts  or  writmgs  of  any 
kind,  to  give  them  the  evidence  of  auUieniicity. 

NO'TA-RY  PUB'Lie,  jj.  A  notary;  one  appointed 
to  attest  deeds  and  other  instruments,  to  protest  notes, 
and  certify  copies  of  ncrccinenl,  <fcc.  Bouvicr. 

N'0-T.\'TI6N,  n.  [L.  lioUitio,  from  voto,  to  mark.] 
1.  The  act  or  practice  of  recording  any  thing  by 
marks,  figures,  or  characters;  particularly,  in  ariUi- 
mctic  and  algebra,  the  expressing  of  numbers  and 
quantities  by  figures,  signs,  or  ciiaracters,  appropri- 
ate for  the  purpose. 
9.  Meaning;  signi^calion. 

Conscience,  according  to  tb<?  very  nolaffon  of  the  word,  iniporta 
a  double  knowledge,    li/nusuaC]  South. 

NOTCH,  n.  [qu.  G.  knickcji,  to  crack  or  flaw,  Dan. 
knikker.  It  seems  to  bo  the  same  word  in  origin  as 
niche,  nick.     Class  Ng,  No.  49.] 

I.  A  hollow  cut  in  any  thing ;  a  nick ;  an  indenta- 
tion. 

And  on  the  stick  ten  equal  naUhes  makes.  Stn/L 

9.  An  opening  or  narrow  passage  through  a  moun- 
tain or  hiil.    We  say  the  notch  of  a  mountain. 

United  Sliit£s. 

NOTCH,  V.  t.  To  cut  in  small  hollows ;  as,  to  notch  a 
stick.  Pope. 

NOTCH'-EoARD,  n.  The  board  wiiich  receives  the 
ends  of  the  steps  in  a  staircase. 

NOTCII'SD.  (notcht,)  pp.    Cut  into  small  hollows. 

NOTCH'IA'G,  ppr.    CiiUing  into  small  hollows. 

NOTCH'ING,  n.  Th;:  act  of  cutting  into  small  hol- 
lows :  also,  the  small  huHow,  or  linllnws  cut. 

NOTCH'-WEED,  n.     A  plant  culled  Okach.  Joi'wlsoii. 

NQTE,  for  Ne  Wote  ;  knew  not,  or  could  not. 

Chaucer.     Spenser. 

N6TE,  71.  [L.  nota;  Fr.  7iote;  W.  nod:  from  U  notus, 
nosco,  to  know.] 

I.  A  mark  or  token  ;  something  by  which  a  tiling 
may  be  known ;  a  visible  sign. 

They  who  appertain  (0  ihc  visible  church  have  all  the  no(««  of 
external  prtifeeaioii.  Hooker. 

9.  .\  mark  made  in  a  book,  indicating  something 

worthy  of  particular  notice. 

3.  A  short  remark  ;  a  passage  or  explanation  in  the 
margin  of  a  book. 

4.  A  minute,  memorandum,  or  short  writing  in- 
tended to  assist  the  memory. 

5.  Notice;  heed. 

Give  onler  to  my  serrnnts  UiaI  Uicy  take 
No  note  at  all  ol  our  Iciaj  «l«eni  hcncfi.  Shak. 

G.  Reputation;  consequence; distinction ;  ns,meu 
of  note.    Acts  xvi. 

7.  State  of  being  observed. 

Small  m-itter^,  contiimally  in  use  and  «o£c, 

8.  In  rnnsic,  a  character  which  marks  a  sound,  or 
the  sound  itself;  as,  a  semibrevo,  a  minim,  &c. 
Notes  are  marks  of  sounds  in  relation  to  elevation 
or  depression,  or  to  the  time  of  continuing  sounds. 

9.  A  sound  in  music;  tune;  voice;  hanuouious, 
or  melodious  sounds. 

Th':  wakeful  bin!  tiiKea  her  iioctunial  note.  MiUan. 

One  ccjiiimon  note  on  eithrr  lyre  lUd  strike  Dnnien. 

10.  Abbreviation;  symbol.  Baker. 

II.  A  short  letter  ;  a  billet.  Drydcn. 

12.  Annotation  ;  a  comment,  or  observation  on  an 
author ;  usuallv  placed  at  the  bottom  of  Uie  page ; 
as,  the  notes  "in  Scott's  Bible ;  to  write  notes  on 
Homer.  ,  . 

13.  A  written  or  printctl  paper  acknowledgmg  a 
debt  and  promising  jKiyment ;  as,  a  promissory  not* ; 
a  bank-7itifo  ,■  a  note  of  Iiand  ;  a  negotiable  note. 


nhii  :  II  |.ii»T    'Ul  •-:    :.. 

envoy  to  a  luinicirr. 

My  noU  tA  3\anrj  IUa  4 . 
NOTE,r,  (.     [L.m>ts.] 

1.  To  obwrire ;  to  nolke  wMs  far. 

heed  ;  to  ntt.  jj  1 1-.. 

Nam   r 

2.  Tot  : 

3.  To  char?",  rm  with  a  rrm'- ;  w^h  rfr^ 
Tiitry  w-  ,- 

To  no?' 
who,  wir  ii 
back  aa  iIr  ^t.*.: 
NOTE,  c.  L    [Hax. 

To  butt  ;  to  ir'y 

N'OTE,  for  Ne  Wuit,  JU  u-i 

noL 
NOT&-I190K,  B.    A  book  in 

are  written. 
2.  A  book  in  which  oobn  of 
NCT'ED,  pp.    Set  down  in  wr  ■ 

2,  Obstrved  ;  noticrd. 

3.  a.    Rvmorkabl'' ;  much  l- 
report;  eminent;  cet*:bra:    J 
notfd  commander  ;  a  n  ■ 

\r>T'EI>-LY,  .:dF.     Wit., 
N6T'Ef)-.\P::?.S,    n.       ( 

celebrity. 
NOTE'LE.Sd,  a.    Not  attracting  oUke ;  DOl  r 

ous.  / 

NoTE'LESS-NESa.it.    Artalcofbc-' 

XOT'EU,  n.    Ono  who  takes  nolkc  ;  - 

(. 
NCTE'WOR-THY,  (-wur'tfie,)  «.    Wcrtby 

vation  or  notice. 
NOTH'ING,  or  XOTH'ING,  «. 

any  thing  ;  not  any  beine  or 

denies  the  exisu-ncc  of  any  i. 

pos<'d  to  SauETHt:«c.    The  Wv:l  1 

jwtJiin^. 

2.  Non-existence;  apt-it-'  .f  nnr 

3.  Not  any  thing  ;  it<  : 
or  event.    Jn'utAini*  \y. 
acter.    He  thought  no'--. 
mained  to  be  done. 

A  determinalkpD  to  cSooM  aecUaf  k  &  . 
cbooae  Hm  truth. 

4.  No  other  thing. 

I^'othing  but  this  vin  enittltf  y^ra  la  God^ 

5.  No  |>art,  poition,  quantity,  or 
troops  manifested  notkixf  of  im* 
attack. 

Tct  had  bi»  aipccj  ix^^dfig  d  mrtrrr. 

G.  No  importance;  noraluc;  do  '.- 

BckoM,  yc  are  of  noi^utf ,  mi,1  \\^-t  wirt  c 

7.  No  possession  of  estate ;  a  low  < 

A  iron  tint  trota  very  moAMg  m  fnm  t»  <-- 

8.  A  thing  of  no  pnH>ortK>a  to  *• 
trilling  value  or  ndvanlafe. 

Tb!  ebAHT''  ^t  ntaidnt  the  frc«o'    ' 
nolXikf  to  tbe  ftotl. 

9.  A  trillc ;  a  thing  of  n- 
portancc. 

Tb  ncAbif.  mxn  th-  f-x^  ;  bci.  r-  • 
Thi4  noi*in;.  rr.  — '.'  »-^r.^  •.-.  ».- 

consider  - 


NOTH'ING  or  NOTH'ING.  <-. 
at  all. 

Adam,  vttb  » 

In  tlic  phrase  :: 

posed  ;  the  naWral  order  b-.  ii. 

NOTH'IXG-NESS  or  NOT  HI 

non-existcnco. 

9.  Ni'Uiing  ;  a  Ihina  of  n>*  ' 

NO'TICE,  H.    [Fr.,  fn»m  L.  n.  ■ 

1,  Obsorvntion  \'\  '•■    '  ■ 
We  take  notie*  ■ 

us ;  we  take  r- 
take  Tioticc  of  a  v 
of  an  orange,  an.l  i : 
lice,  then,  is  Uio  aft  :  ' 
of  somtthing  within 
the  cliVct  of  an  impr 

2,  Obstn-ation  b>  ii> 
as,  to  lake  m^sicc  of  a  li 
\tracitv. 


TUNE,  B(JLL,  UNITE.- AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.. 


-€  as  K ;  6  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THI?- 


7»7 


NOT 


NOU 


J.  Information;  intclliiitiicc  by  wlintever  lueuns 
CDinnmnicnted;  kiio\vleilt:=*  piveii  or  received  ;  as,  I 
rtccived  notice  by  n  me?^ens<r  or  by  lellcr.  lie  gave 
notice  of  his  arrival.  The  bell  gives  notice  of  the 
hour  of  ihe  day.  The  merchant  gives  notice  that  a 
l.dl  of  exchange  is  noi  accepted. 

4.  A  paper  thai  communicates  infornmtion. 

5.  Atieation  5  respectful  Ireatraenl ;  civility. 
(>.  Remark  j  observation. 

NO'TICE,  T.  t.  To  observe  j  to  see.  We  noticed  tlie 
conduct  of  the  speaker  j  we  noticed  no  improper 
conduct. 

a.  To  Iieed ;  to  regard.  His  conduct  was  rude, 
but  I  did  not  notice  it. 

3.  To  remark  i  to  mention  or  make  observations  on. 

Tliij  pUnt  dctcrvM  to  be  no&ced  in  lliU  place.  Thole. 

Another  circumstnoM  vraa  no^ced  in  eouncclion  wiili  Ihe  aug- 
gvslion  l;isl  ilUciiMed.  Hamtllon. 

4.  To  treat  with  attention  and  civilities  j  as,  to 
notice  strangers. 

5.  To  ubsen'C  inteUectuaHy. 
No'TICE-A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  observed  ;  worthy 

of  obse-vation. 

NryTlC-JeD,(no'ti:^t,)  pp.  Observed  i  seenj  remark- 
ed ;  treated  with  attention. 

XC'TIC-I.N'G,  ppr.  Observing  ;  seeing  ;  regarding  ; 
rcniarkiu;!  on  ;  treating  with  attention. 

N0-TI-Fl-eA'TIOi\,  ».  [See  NoTtFV.]  The  act  of  | 
notifying  or  giving  notice ;  the  act  of  making  known, 
particularly  the  act  of  giving  official  notice  or  infor- 
mation to  the  public,  or  to  individual?!,  corporations, 
companies,  or  societies,  by  words,  by  writing,  or  by 
other  mean?. 
3.  Notice  siven  in  words  or  writing,  or  by  signs. 
'3.  'I'iie  writing  which  communicates  information  j 
;in  advertisement,  citation,  &.c. 

NO'Tl-n-EI),(no'tc-fide,);i;j.  Made  known  ;  applied 
to  thin-ts.  Tliis  design  of  the  king  was  notiJie<l  to 
the  court  of  Berlin. 

9.  Informed  by  words,  writing,  or  oilier  means ; 
applied  to  persons.  The  inhabitants  of  the  city  have 
been  notified  that  a  meeting  is  to  be  lield  at  the  state 
house. 

NG'TI-F?,  tj.  U  [Fr.  Tiotificr ;  It.  notyicarc  i  h.  notasj 
known,  and  facto,  to  make.] 

I.  To  make  known  ;  to  decloro  ;  to  publish  ;  often 
with  to  ,•  as,  to  notify  a  fact  to  a  person.  The  laws  of 
God  notify  to  man  his  will  and  our  duty. 

■J.  To  make  known  by  private  communication  ;  to 
give  information  of.  The  allied  sovereigns  have  no- 
tified the  Spanish  court  of  their  purpose  of  maintain- 
ing legitimate  government. 

3.  To  give  notice  to  ;  to  inform  by  words  or  writ- 
ing, in  person  or  by  message,  or  by  any  signs  which 
are  understood.  The  constable  has  notifietl  the  citi- 
zens to  meet  at  the  city  hall.  The  bell  iwtifies  us  of 
the  time  of  meeting. 

Tiie  president  of  the  Uiiiled  StxlPi  lixt  no6fitd  the  House  of 
Bcprcsciitolivos,  that  h«  tvxa  .tpproved  ami  signed  Ih';  act. 
Jouniols  of  tiie  Senate. 

jVote.  — This  application  of  notify  has  been  con- 
demned ;  but  it  is  in  constant  good  use  in  the  United 
States,  and  in  perfect  accordance  with  the  use  of 
certify. 

No'TI-F?-ING,  iipr.  Making  known  ;  giving  notice 
to. 

NoT'IXG,  ppr.    Setting  down  in  writing. 

NO'TION,  17.  [Fr.,  from  L.  notio^  from  nodw,  known  ; 
nosco,  to  know.] 

1.  Conception;  mental  apprehension  of  whatever 
may  be  known  or  imagined.  We  may  have  a  just 
notion  of  power,  or  false  notions  respecting  spirit. 

ATjd'on  and  idea  are  primarily  dilTi-rent ;  idea  being 
the  conception  of  something  visible,  as  the  idea  of  a 
square  or  a  triangle  ;  and  notion  the  conception  of 
things  invisible  or  intellectual,  as  the  notwn.  we  have 
of  spirits.  Hut  from  negligence  in  the  use  of  idca^ 
the  two  words  are  constantly  confounded. 

What  h.ilh  been  genemUy  a^pc<l  on,  I  content  myself  to  assumrr 
under  ihc  notion  of  prindpks.  Nealon. 

Few  ajiec  in  Ihcir  notiona  iibout  these  words.  Cheijne. 

That  no&on  of  hunger,  cold,  sound,  color,  thought,  wisti,  or  Ir-ar, 
\vluch  is  in  the  iiund,  b  coiled  the  idai  of  hunger,  cold,  &x,. 

Wans. 

9  Sentiment ;  opinion ;  as,  the  extravagant  notions 
they  entertain  of  themselves.  Addison. 

3.  Sense  J  understanding;  intellectual  power.  [JVoi 
itsfrf.l  Shah. 

4.  Inclination ;  in  vulgar  iise ;  as,  I  have  a  notion 
to  do  this  or  that. 

NO'TION-AL,  a.  Imaginary  ;  ideal ;  existing  in  idea 
only  ;  visionary  ;  fantastical. 

Nodonai  ^ood,  by  fiincy  only  mad*.  Prior. 

A  nodonal  and  imagiuKiy  Uiing.  Bentley. 

2.  Dealing  in  imaginary  things;  whimsical ;  fanci- 
ful ;  as,  a  notional  man. 

N*0-TION'-AL'I-TY,  m.     Empty,  ungrounded  opinion. 

£.Vo(  used.]  Glanviile. 

NO'TIOX-AL-LY,  adv.    In  mental  apprehension;  in 

conception  ;  not  in  reality. 

Two  faculties  notioTially  or  rcnUy  distinct.  Karris. 

N5'TI0N-IST,  n.  One  who  holds  to  an  ungrounded 
opinion.  Sp.  Hopkins. 


NO-TO-UI'E-TY,  n.     [Fr.  wotonetd,  from  notoirc    See 
NoTonious.] 

1.  Kxpi^siire  lothe  public  knowledge ;  the  state  of 
being  publtcty  or  generally  known  ;  as,  the  notoriety 

2.  Public  knowledge  [of  a  crime. 
TItcy  werv  not  subjecta  in  their  own  nature  »o  elpo^Ptl  lo  public 

n^loriety.  Addison. 

NO-To'UI-OUS,  a.  [It.  nnd  Sp.  notorio;  Fr.  mtoire; 
from  Low  h.  notorius,  fromnofH*,  known.] 

1.  Publicly  known  ;  manifest  to  the  world ;  evi- 
dent ;  usually,  known  to  disadvantage  ;  hmer^  almost 
always  zised  in  an  ill  sense.;  as,  a  notorions  thief;  a 
notorious  crime  or  vice;  a  man  notorious  (in  Icwd- 

2.  In  a  good  sense.  [ness  or  gaming. 
Your  gfotlnce, 

Since  you  provoke  mc,  shall  be  mwt  notorious.  Skek, 

NO-TO'RI-OUS-LY,  adc.      Publicly  ;   openly  ;  in  a 
manner  to  be  known  or  manifest  bevond  denial, 
Swijt.    Dryden. 
NO-TO'RI-OUS-NESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  open  or 

known  beyond  denial ;  notoriety.  Oocrbury. 

NOTT,  a.     rSax.  knoL] 

Shorn.     [Obs.]  Chancer. 

NOTT,  i\  f.    To  shear.     [Obs.]  Stojpc. 

J^rO'TUS^n.    [L.]     The  south  wind.  .Milton. 

NOT'WHkAT,  n.     [.Sax.  knot,  smooth,  shorn.] 

Wlu'at  not  bearded.  Carew. 

NOT-Wrni-STAN'D'ING  ;  the  participle  of  With- 
stand, with  7ioi  prefixed,  and  signifying  not  opposing, 
nevertheless.  It  retains  in  all  cjt^es  its  participial  sig- 
nification, l^or  example:  "I  will  surely  rend  the 
kingdom  from  thee,  and  will  give  it  to  thy  servant ; 
notmt}LstwnitnT^  in  thv  days  I  will  not  do  it,  for  Da- 
vid thy  father's  sake."  1  Kings  \\.  In  this  passage 
there  is  an  ellipsis  of  (/mft  after  notwithstanding.  That 
refers  to  the  former  part  of  the  sentence,  /  teillrcnd 
tJic  kingdom  from  thee;  notwithstanding  ^/wf,  (decla- 
ration or  determination,)  in  thy  days  I  will  not  do  it. 
In  this  and  in  all  c;is(!S,  notwithstimding,  cither  with 
or  without  that  or  i/jis,  constitutes  the  case  absolute 
or  independent. 

"  It  is  a  rainy  day,  but  nottcitlistanding  tluU^  the 
troops  must  be  reviewed  ; "  that  is,  the  rainy  day 
not  opposing  or  preventing.  That,  in  this  case,  is  a 
substitute  for  the  whole  first  clause  of  the  sentence. 
It  is  to  that  clause  what  a  relative  is  to  an  antecedent 
noun,  and  which  may  be  used  in  the  place  of  it ;  not- 
witlLstanding  ichich,  that  is,  the  rainy  day. 

"  Christ  enjoined  on  his  followers  not  to  p|Uhlish 
the  cures  hn  wrought ;  but  noticitlistanding  his  injunc- 
tions, they  proclaimed  them."     Here,  notwithstanding 
Ms  injunctions  is  the  case  independent  or  absolute ; 
the  injunctions  of  Christ  not  opposing  or  preventing. 
'i'his  word  answers  jirecisely  to  the  Latin  non  ob- 
stante, and  both  are  used  with  nouns  or  with  substi- 
tutes for  nouns,  for  sentences  or  for  clauses  of  sen- 
tences.   So  in  the  Latin  phra.'^c,  hoc  non  obstante,  hoc 
may  refer  to  a  single  word,  to  a  sentence,  or  to  a  se- 
ries of  sentences. 
NOUGHT,  (nawt ;)  a  lerong  spelling.    See  Naught. 
NOUL,  n.     [Sax.  knot.] 

Tlie  top  of  the  head.     [-Vof  in  use.]  Spenser. 

NOljLD,  (nuld.)     [neicould.]     Would  not.   Spenser. 
NOUN,  n.     [altered  from  L.  nomcn,  name.] 

In  grammar,  a  name ;  that  sound  or  combination 
of  sounds  by  which  a  thing  is  called,  whether  mate- 
rial or  immaterial.     [See  Name.] 
NOUR'ICE,  (nur'ris,)  n.     [Fr.  nourrice.] 

A  nurse.  Spensej: 

NOURISH,  (nur'ish,)  v.  t.  [Fr.  nourrir  ;  It.  nutrirc; 
Sp.  and  Port,  nutrir ;  from  L.  mtlrio.  The  G.  n'dhren, 
Sw.  Tuira,  Dan.  w<£r(T,lo  nourish,  can  not  be  the  same 
word  unless  they  have  lost  a  dental,  which  may  per- 
haps be  the  fact.] 

1.  To  feed  and  cause  to  grow  ;  to  supply  a  living 
ororganizetl  body,  animal  or  vegetible,  with  matter 
which  increases  its  bulk,  or  supplies  the  waste  occa- 
sioned by  any  of  its  functions;  to  supply  with  nutri- 
ment. 

2.  To  support ;  to  maintain  by  feeding.    Gen.  zlvii. 

Whilst  I  in  Ireland  noitmft  a  mighty  band, 

I  will  stir  up  in  England  some  bluck  storm.  Shak. 

3.  To  supply  the  means  of  support  and  increase ; 
lo  encourage  ;  as,  to  nourish  rebellion  ;  to  nourish  the 
virtues. 

What  inadnpss  wm  it,  with  such  proofa,  lo  nourish  their  cnn- 
lirniiotis  1  Hooker. 

4.  To  cherisli  •,  to  comfort.    James  v. 

5.  To  educate  ;  to  instruct ;  to  promote  growth  in 
attainments.     1  Tim.  iv. 

NOUR'ISH,  (nur'ish,)  v.  i.    To  promote  growth. 

6nins  and  roots  nouri^A  more  Uwn  leaves.  [EllipdcaJ.]  Bacon. 
2.  To  gain  nourishment.     [T/nnsnal.]         Bacon. 
N0UR'I5H-A-BLE,  (nur'ish-a-bl,j  a.    Susceptible  of 
nourishiiicnt;  as,  the  nourishahle  parts  of  the  body. 

Grew. 
N01JU'I3H-£D,  (nur'isht,)  pp.     Fed ;  supplied  with 

nutriment ;  caused  to  grow. 
NOUK'ISH-ER,  (nur'ish-cr,)  n.    The  person  or  thing 

that  nourishes.  Bacon,     Mdton. 

NOUR'ISH-ING,  (nur'ish-ins,)  ppr.  Feeding  ;  supply- 
ing with  aliment ;  supporting  with  food. 


NOV 

2.  a.  Promoting  growtli ;  nutritious  ;  as,  a  vmr- 
fViinxf  diet. 
NOUIflSll-ING-LY,  aile.  Nutritively;  clierisliinsly 
KOUR'ISH-MENT,  (nur'isli-nienl,)  v.  That  wliutli 
serves  to  promote  the  groivlll  of  animals  or  plants,  or 
to  repair  the  waste  of  animal  bodies ;  fond  ;  susle- 
liauce ;  nutriment.  jVriclcra. 

2.  Nutrition  ;  support  of  animal  orvegctabin  bodies. 
Btactciiiore. 

3.  Instruction,  or  that  which  promotes  growth  in 
attainments ;  as,  mtirishment  and  growtli  in  grace. 


So  they  msy  Iporii  to  seek  tha  nourishment  of  Uteir  .oujs. 

^  Hooker. 

NOUR'I-TURE.    Sec  Nubtuhe. 

NfjURS'I.EJ  V.  t.    To  nurse  up.  Spritrr. 

NOUHS'U.NG.    See  Nun3LI.^G. 

JVOf/S,  (nowsc,)  n.  The  Greek  word  i-ni's,  humorous- 
ly used  in  England  for  intellect  or  talent.       Smaj-t.  ^ 

NOUS'l.E,  (  (niiz'zl,)  [corrupted  from  mtirslc.]    To 

NflUS'EL,  i      nurse  up.  Shak. 

NOUS'LE,  j  (nuz'zl,)  v.  t.    To  insnare ;  lo  tulrop,  os 

NOUS'£L,  \      in  a  noose  or  trap. 

NO-VACXI-LITE,  n.     (I.,  ■novacula,  a  razor.J 

Ilazor-stone  ;  Turkey-hone  ;  coticular  schist ;  wliet- 
slate,  a  variety  of  argillaceous  slate,  of  which  Iiibucs 
are  made  for  siiarpening  razors.    Broii trjiiart.     Ure. 

NO-VA'TIAN,  Ti.  In  cliurch  histonj,  olic  of  the  sect 
of  JVovaius,  or  JVuwitiomK,  who  held  that  the  lapsed 
might  not  be  received  again  into  comnuinion  willi 
thi:  church,  and  tiiat  second  marriages  are  unlawful. 

NO- VA'TIAN-ISM,  n.    The  opinions  of  the  Novatians. 


One  Hypolitiis,  n 
No'valiarusm. 


Konuui  prcitbjtcr,  h.vl  beer,  seduceil  into 
A/i/iier. 


NO-Va'TION.    Sec  iNNOv.vTiori. 
i\0-V.\'TOR.    Sec  INN0V.1TOK. 

NOVEL,  a.     [h.  novdlus,  from  noCTU,  new  j  It.  vtu- 
vcllo  ;  Sp.  Ttovd.] 

1.  New;  of  recent-origin  or  introduction;  not 
ancient;  hence,  unusual;  as,  a  novel  heresy;  ntivrl 
opinions.    The  proceedings  of  the  court  weie  naccl. 

2.  In  the  cMl  law,  the  novel  constitutions  arc  those 
which  are  supplemental  to  the  code,  and  posterior  in 
time  to  the  other  books.  These  contained  new  de- 
crees of  successive  emperors. 

3.  In  the  common  law,  the  assize  of  vovel  dis-scizitl 
is  an  action  in  which  the  demandant  recites  a  com- 
plaint of  the  disseizin  in  terms  of  direct  avennent, 
whereupon  the  sheriff  is  commanded  to  rescizc  the 
land  and  chattels  thereon,  and  keep  the  same  in 
custody  till  the  arrival  of  the  justices  of  assize. 

Blachitonc. 
NOVEL,  n.    A  new  or  supplemental  constitution,  or 
decree.     [See  the  adjective.] 

a.  A  fictitious  tale  or  narrative  in  prose,  intended 
to  exhibit  the  operation  of  the  passions,  and  particu- 
larly of  love. 

The  coxcomb's  nooci,  nod  Uie  lirunkiuil'a  l&ul.  Prior. 

NOVEL-ISM,  n.  Innovation.  [Ltltlc  used.]  Derinff. 
NOV'EL-IST,  n.    An  innovator;  an  asserter  of  nov- 
elty. Bacon.     Whitr.. 

2.  A  writer  of  a  novel  or  of  novels.         Warton. 

3.  A  writer  of  news.    [JV'ot  uscJ.l  Tatler. 
NOVEL-IZE,  V.  i.    To  innovate.    [jVo(  in  itsc] 
NOVEL-STLrD-I-ED,ii.  Studied  in  novels.  Tucker. 
NOVEL-TY,  71.    Newness ;  recentness  of  origin  or 

introduction.  Hooker. 

Novehy  is  the  gre.it  parent  of  pleastirc.  ^>ulli. 

2.  A  new  or  strange  thing.  . 
NO-VEM'BER,  n.    [L.  from  novm,  nine ;  the  ninth 

month,  according  >o  the  ancient  Roman  year,  begin- 
ning in  .March.] 
The  eleventh  month  of  the  yeat. 
No' VEN-A-RY,  II.     [L.  novcnarias,  from  nmcm,  nine.] 

The  number  nine  ;  nine  collectively. 
No'VEN-A-RY,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  number  nine. 
NO-VEN'NI-AL,  a.      [L.  novem,  nine,  and   annus, 
year.] 
Bone  ever)'  ninth  year.  Potter. 

NO-VER'e,\L,  a.     [L.  novcrca,  a  step-mother.] 

Pertaining  to  a  step-mother;  suitable  to  a  step- 
mother; in  the  manner  of  a  .step-mother.  Derham. 
NOVICE,  (nov'is,)  n.     [Fr.,  from  L.  novilius,  from 
novus,  new.] 

1.  One  who  is  new  in  any  business ;  one  unac- 
quainted or  unskilled ;  one  in  the  rudiments;  a  be- 
ginner. 

I  am  young,  o  noviee  in  the  titide.  Dryden. 

9.  One  that  has  entered  a  religious  house,  as  a 
convent  or  nannery,  but  has  not  taken  the  vot  ; 
a  prob.ationer.  S.'.  ,<. 

3.  One  newly  planted  in  the  church,  or  one  newly 
converteil  to  the  Christian  faith.     1  Tim.  iii. 

NO-VI-Lu'NAR,  a.     [L.  nomlunium,'] 

Pertaining  to  the  new  moon. 
N0-VI"TI.\TE,  (no-vish'ate,)  ii.    [Fr.  noniciat ;  It. 
nociiialo.    See  Notice. 1 
I.  The  state  or  time  of  learning  rudiments, 
a.  In  rcti^oKS  houses,  SL3  convents  and  nunneries, 
a  year  or  other  time  of  probation  for  the  trial  of  a 
novice,  to  determine  whether  he  has  the  necessary 
qualities  for  living  up  to  the  rule  to  which  his  vow  is 
I     to  bind  him. 


Fate,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT METE,  PREY.  —  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK. 


758 


NOY 

3.  One  who  is  going  through  a  novitiate  or  period 
of  probation  ;  a  novice.  Addison. 

KO-VI"TIOUS,  (no-visVus,)  a.     [L.  novitius.] 

Xewlv  invented.     [AoC  used.]  Pearson. 

XOV'1-TV,  «.     [L.  novitas.] 

Newness.    [jYl/t  used.]  Brown. 

.VO'rUS  HO' MO;  pL  J^O'Vt  HOMJ-J^^ES,  FL.] 
Among  the  Romans,  a  desisnation  of  one  who  had 
raised  himself  from  obscurity  to  distinction  without 
the  aid  of  Himily  connections. 
NOW,  adv.  [Sax.  7t«,  D.  Sw.  Dan.  and  Goth.  nu. 
'I'he  G.  has  nan,  Gr.  cm',  L.  tiu/ic] 
1.  At  the  present  time. 

I  have  B  tnlienl  noto  \mi\g  al  an  advanced  age,  who  dischiu-gwii 
blood  from  his  Ituigs  thirty  years  :i^.  ArbuOiTWl. 

a.  A  little  while  ago  ;  very  lately. 


Th-;y  lh.ll  but  now,  for  honor  and  for  plate, 
M^de  Ui«  sea  blush  with  blood,  reside  iheir  hate. 


alternately  ;    at 


WcUler. 
one    time  —  at 


3.  Mate  —  now 
another  time. 

Nou)  high,  «oiJ>  low,  now  master  up,  noa  misa.  Pope. 

4.  JVotfi  sometimes  expresses  or  implies  a  connec- 
tion between  the  snbsequent  and  preceding  proposi- 
tion ;  often  it  introduces  an  inference  or  an  explana- 
tion of  what  precedes. 

Not  this  inan,  but  Barabhas;   noto  Barabbas  was  a  robber. — 

Jolin  xvuj. 
Theu  said  Micab,  Noiq  I  know  that  the  Lord  will  do  nie  good, 

seeiag  I  have  a  Loviie  for  my  pricsl.  —  Jud^a  xvii. 
The  other  great  mischief  which  fefiills  men,  is  by  their  being 

misrepreseuted.    Now,  by  calling  evil  good,  a  man  is  misrep- 

lesenied  to  others  in  the  way  of  slander.  Soulh. 

5.  After  this  ;  things  being  so. 

Bow  sludJ  any  man  distinguish  two  betwiil  a  parasite  and  a  m.T 
of  honor  ?  L'Sslrangc, 

6.  In  supplicationj  it  appears  to  be  somewhat  em- 
phaticaJ. 

1  beseech  thee,  0  Lord,  remember  now  bow  I  have  walked  belure 
thee  in  truth  and  with  a  perfect  heart.  — 2  Kings  xx. 

7.  JVoKJ  sometimes  refers  to  a  particular  time  past 
.specified  or  understood,  and  may  be  defined,  at  that 
time.    He  was  now  sensible  of  his  mistake. 

JVoio  and  tlten ;  at  one  time  and  another,  indefi- 
nitely ;  occasionally  ;  not  often  ;  at  intervals. 

They  now  and  t!un  appear  in  offices  of  religion.  Rogers. 

If  there  wen?  any  sucii  thing  as  sponianeous  gener^lioii,  a  new 
species  would  now  and  then  appear.  Anon. 

9.  Applied  to  places  which  appear  at  intervals  or 
in  succession. 

A  mead  here,  there  a  heath,  and  now  and  then  a.  wood. 

Drayton. 

JV'oto,  now,  repeated,  is  used  to  excite  attention  to 
something  immediately  to  happen. 
NO\y,  n.    The  present  time  or  moment. 

Nothing  ia  there  to  come,  and  nothing  past, 


But  an  eternal  now  does  ever  last. 

N'OW'A-D.\YS,  adv.    In  this  age. 

What  men  of  spirit  nowadaya. 


Cowley. 


Garrick. 


Come  to  giife  stMMr  judgment  of  new  plays 
[77its  is  a  common  colloquial  phrase^  but  not  elegant 
i«  irrit'.ng-,  unless  of  Oie  more  familiar  kinds.} 
\0'\VaV,    )  adv.     [no  and  way.]     In  no  manner  or 
NO'^VaYS,  i       degree.     [Tliese  can  hardly  be  con- 
sidered as  compound  words.] 
XOWED,  (noo'ed,)  a.     [Ft.  none.] 

Knotted  ;  tied  in  a  knot ;  used  in  heraldry 


VoWEL,  n.     [Ft.  }wel.] 

A  shout  of  joy,  or  Christmas  song, 


[Encye. 
[Ms.] 
Chaucer. 


void. 
NUL'U.Ty.n.    nt.inmt4r  V 
luj.] 

1.  Xothinfi)'- 

2.  Want  of  1^ 
force. 

NUMB,  (nam,)  0.    [fiu. 
niman,  Goth,  miman,  V- 
man  or  ft 
fied,  thai 
mm ,'  (j.  : 

1.    TofJIHJ   i      U'M-I'I-'"     'I      '. 

and  motion ;  u,  tbe  OjifFn  ' 

aihl. 


XO^VES,  (nooz,)  71.    [Ft.  nou.] 

The  marriage  knot.    [O65.J  Crashaw. 

-Vo'WHERE,  [conip.  of  TfoandwArre;  ??ax.  Tta-iohare.] 
Not  in  any  place  or  state.    Hn-ipiness  is  nowkereto 
be  luuiid  but  in  the  practice  of  v  .1 '  n: 

But  it  is  belter  to  write  no  and  where  as  separate 
words. 
-Vo'WISE,  [comp.  of  no  and  wise ;  often  by  mistake 
written  Noways.] 
Xot  in  any  manner  or  degree.  Bentlcy. 

NOX'lOU^,  (nok'shus,)  a.      [L.  noriuj,  from  noceo, 
to  hurt.] 

1.  Hurtful ;    harmful ;   baneful ;    pernicious  ;    de- 
structive ;  unwholesome;  insalubrious;  a-s,  noxious 
air,  food,  climate  ;  pernicious  ;  corrupting  to  morals  ; 
as,  noxious  practices  or  examples  ;  noxious  haunts  of 
9.  Guilty  ;  criminal.  [vice. 

Tho«  who  are  noxious  in  the  eye  of  the  law.     [LUtie  used.} 

BrttTnhatl. 

3.  Unfavorable ;  injnrious. 

Too  frequffnl  appearance 
spiritual  promoUon. 

NOX'IOUS-LY,  (w/r.    Hurtfnlly;  perniciously. 
NOX'IOUS-NESS,  71.    Htinfulness ;  the  quality  that 

injures,  impairs,  or  destroys ;  insalubrity ;  as,  tbe 

noxiousness  of  foul  air. 
•2.  The  quality  that  comipta  or  perverts ;  as,  the 

noxiousness  of  doctrines. 
NOY,NOY'ANCE,  NOY'ER,NOT'FUL,  NOY'OUS, 

NOY'SANCE.    See  AifKov  and  Nuibaxce. 
No'YAU,  (no'yo,)  n.     [Fr.,  the  nut  of  a  fruit,  as  of  a 

peach  or  cherry.] 
A  cordial  flavored  with  the  kernel  of  the  nut  of 


-■■  ■■ NUM 

the  biticr  almond,  ur  wiili  iljc  kernel  of  tlic  |vnch  '  Nri/I,!-P<->HK,^.   '!.  ri.'?»», - 
stone.  Er  .   .       .    - 

NO/.'ZLE,  (noz'/.l,)  T!.    [frnmnow.]    The  n- 
extremity  of  any  thing;  the  snout.  Jrl/u- 

NUB'BIN,  n.    A  small  or  imperfect  e.ir  of   iii.i/.. . 

^mrrUa, 
NUB'BLE,  r.  (.    [for  Kticbele,  from  Icnob,  the  finu] 
To  beat  or  bmiw  Willi  the  fiat.    [JVol  used.] 

Ainmorth, 
NU-BIF'ER-OL'S,  a.     [L.  nabifir ;  nuiw,  a  cloud  or 
fojr,  and  fero,  to  produce.] 
Bringing  or  producing  cloud>*.  Diet, 

Nu'BILE,  (-bil,)a.     [Fr.,from  L.  nuZrtlu,  from  nu&o,  to 
marry.| 
Marriageable ;  of  an  age  suitable  for  marriage. 

Prior, 
NU-BIL'I-TY,  n.    The  st.nte  of  being  marriageable. 

JiUz.  tTalktr. 
NU'BIL-OUS,  a.     [L.  mtbilas,  from  najM.] 

Cloudy.  Bailry, 

NU-CIF'ER-OUS,  a.    [L.  nui,  nut,  and  fero,  lo  iR-ar.l 

Bearing  or  producing  nuts.  Dizt, 

NU-eLK'l-FORM,  a.    Formed  like  a  kernel. 
Nu'eLE-US,  n.    [L.,  from  itur,  a  nut.) 

1.  Prupcrli/y  the  kernel  of  a  nut :  hut  in  itsairey  the 
central  part  of  any  body,  or  th.it  aljout  which  mailer 
is  collected.  (VofiiUrard. 

2.  The  body  of  a  comet,  called  al.^o  it^  head. 
NU-D.^'TXON,  K.    [L.  nudalioj  from  Tiu<fo,  lo  make 

bare.] 
The  act  of  stripping,  or  making  bare,  or  naked. 
NCDE,  a,     [L.  midus,] 
1.  Bare. 

9.  Ill  law^  void  ;  of  no  force;  as,  a  nude  contract  or 
compact.    [See  Nudum  Pactum.]         Blacbjtone, 
NUDGE,  V.  t.    To  touch  gently  as  wilh  the  elbow,  in 
order  to  call  attention  or  convey  intimation. 

Mi^g  Piekerinr^. 
NU-DI-BR.\.V€H'I-ATE,  a.   Pertaining  to  an  order  of 

molluscous  animals  having  no  shell  whatever. 
Nu'DI-TY,7i.     [L.  nmlllas.] 

1.  Nakedness. 

2.  JAtdities;  in  Vie  plural^  naked  parts  which  de- 
cency requires  to  be  concealed.  Dnjden, 

3.  In  painliu'j  and  sculpture,  the  naked  parts  of  the 
human  figure,  or  parls  not  covered  with  drajitry ; 
also,  naked  figures. 

A'fPDUM  PjlC'TCr.U,  [L.]    In  law,  a  contract  made 
without  any  consideration,  and  therefore  void, or  not 
valid  according  to  the  laws  of  the  land.      Boavier, 
NU-GAC'I-TY,  71.     [L.  nitgax,  from  nugit,  trifles.] 
Futility  ;   trifling  talk  or  behavior. 

,VoTe.    Johnson, 
NU-Oa'TION,  ji.    [L.  nugor,  to  trifle.) 

The  act  or  practice  of  trifling.    [Liule  med,} 

Bacon. 
Nu'GA-TO-RY,  It,     [L.  vimratoriiLi,] 

1.  Trifling  :  vain  ;  futile  ;  insignificant.     Brntlrij, 

2.  Of  no^  force  ;  inoperative  ;  ineffectual.  The 
laws  are  sometimes  rendered  nugatoni  by  inexecu- 
tion.  Any  agreement  maybe  rendered  nnn-a'u'-j  by 
sometliing  whicli  contravenes  its  execution. 

NuI'S.-VNCE,  (nu'sans,)  n.  [Fr.  nuisance,  from  nuerc, 
L.  noceo,  to  annoy.  Rlackstone  writes  Nusance, 
and  it  is  desirable  that  his  example  may  be  follow- 
ed.] 

1.  That  which  annoys  or  gives  trouble  and  vexa- 
tion ;  that  which  is  oflfensive  or  noxious.  A  liar  is  a 
jiuisance  to  society 

2.  In  law,  that  which  incommodes  or  annoys; 
something  that  produces  inconvenience  or  damage. 
Nuisances  are  public  or  private ;  public,  when  they 
annoy  citizens  in  general,  .as  obstniclions  of  the  high- 


way ;  private,  when  they  atfecl  individuals  only,  .as 
when  one  man  erects  a  house  so  near  his  neighbor's 
as  to  throw  the  water  ofl'  the  roof  Ujion  Ins  neigh 


1  places  of  public  resort  is  noxious  lo 
S^-i/l. 


bor's  land  or  house,  or  to  intercept  Ihe  light  Ui.at  his 

neighbor  before  enjoyed.  Blaekstanr, 

NUL,  in  lam,  signifies  no,  not  any  ;  as,  nui  disseizin  ; 

mtl  tiel  record  ;  tiul  tort. 
NULL.ii.  t.    [L.  ni<«us,-  ncand  iiHus,  notany.j 

To  annul ;  to  deprive  of  validity  ;  to  destroy.  [Aot 

muehttsed.]     [See  Ansul.]  -«'"»n. 

NULL,  (1.     (L.  n»««.?.] 

Void  ;  of  no  legtil  or  binding  force  or  validity  ;  of 

no  efficacy;  invalid.    The  contract  of  a  minor  is  imU 

in  law,  except  for  necessaries. 
NULL,  n.    Something  that  has  no  force  or  meaning. 

A  cipher  is  called  a  nuH.    Ufot  used.]  Bacon. 

NUL-LI-FI-Ca'TION,  n.    The  act  of  nullifying :  a 

rendering  void  and  of  no  cflect,  or  of  no  legal  el- 

NUL-LI-Pm'I-AN,  a.      [L.  nuHiu,  none,  and/fc-, 

faith.l  .  .  -. .        .  T 

Of  no  faith ;  of  no  religion  or  honesty.  [.Vbt  xsm.] 

Feltham. 
NUL'LI-FI-ED,  f-fldc,)  pp.    Annulled  ;  made  void. 
Nl'L'LI-FI-ER,  II.    One  who  makes  void ;  one  who 
mainuainsthe  right  to  millily  a  contrtict  byoncof  the 
parties. 
NUL'Ll-F?, 
make"! 

To  annul ;  to  make  void  ;  to  render  in^'alid ;  to 
deprive  of  legal  force  or  elTicacy.        Jimes. 


[L.  nullus,   none,  and  facio,  to 


th<;  ["J-. 

numb;  i' 

XI* 
Nl 

r 

k 

If 

a--*  I'Mr  \. 

JV*amA(T  . 

nombre  !■ 

tlie  iKini 

I.  .\  '1 
or  in  n ■ 
tho  tint  I 

■2.  All 
number  <  ■■■ 
three  add-  ii  n,  , 
applied  to  any  ■ 
dtvidual.-i,  and  ' 

by  other  worrit.  ■■:'>}  :i.    r  -  ■  r  Mjr:*  tt 
nificatiuii.     Ilunrc, 

3.  .Mure  than  one ;  many. 

LaUira  an  oj^aji  of  ^r-ai  ^i««  l»  tk«  jmtf  i 
orter  £»U  to  «>ia  arrt  nu-xAtrV. 

4.  3(ullitudc. 
Somber  itjrtf  i.-nrcFTtnh  not  anx-i. 

of  wcik  courapp. 

5.  In  poetry,  measun- :    '■ 
syllables  con^tituiinr  ■ 
siw;.!  to  the  ear.    Tii- 
the  projK-r  di-^tnlni;  ■ 
bles,  Willi  «uitr- 

In  oralonj, ;; 

bles,  and  cad..:j.     ,        -  : -   --- 

resembling  [xjelic  nin*k*r*, 

6.  I*outr>- ;  verse. 

I  lap^in  num^crt,  f—  "— ' 

Here  the  fir>t  won! 
ry  or  zersr,,  and  Hit-  5*  ■ 

Yd  iSimld  the  5Iu»  ■ 

7.  In    i^mmar^   lh< 
form  of  a  worl.  ii  -  . 
termination  w  1 
the  .sinculnr  1 

two  or  niort'iii  1.- 

ral  number.  Ilcnrc  Wc  my,  ■ 
pninonn,or  a  verb,  is  in  Ui- 
number. 

i5.  Ill 
cd.     C- 
amouni 
dinai  M 
Second, ! 

Hom<.^ ■ 

units;  lho!«e   rrUrrcu   »o  Jtii%Kiii  uui 
heterojreHfAiL 

niioUnumh^'   r^r,   .-a:-. I  . r-j. 

A  rciii^nal  ";. 
ty.  .\  mmil' 
termed  irratt< 

A  prime  ur 
unity ;  as,  Iht' 

A  pt-'-f'-'  ' 
tost'tbi  r 
qiiut  iv\ 

\n  1.-.,    , 
added  lon'.iKt.  make  iuur< 
This  if  abundant  or  diiV 
who?e  aliqui't  (urt*.  ("•.  -t.  ;*, 
tive,  as  16,  wlKce  oUquol  i*!--.  ~ 
only 

A  stjuifre  mimi*rr.  i.-  t '  ■ 
tiplied  by  iisHf;  :is. 

A  ntbte  natK^'fr.  't<  * 
bv  its  rov^t ;  ;;s,  "JT  l-  - 
ber  9  bv  its  mot  li. 

OoUrn  nHV.brr:  a  nuntK" 
the  limar  cycle  any  si^tn  y 


TCNE,  BULL,  UNITE.  _AN"GEK,  Vl-ClOUS.-e  as  K  ;  6  «  J  ;  S  as  7 -,  PH  as  SH  =  TH  «  u.  TniS._ 


J 


750 


NUM 

KU.M'UER,  r.  f.     [L  numcro.] 

1.  To  count ;  to  reckon  ;  to  ascertain  the  units  of 
any  sum,  collection,  or  multitude. 

If  3  man  cin  nurnber  the  dust  of  the  earth,  then  ihall  thy  aecd 
aJaobe  numbtred.  —  Gen.  xiii. 

2.  To  reckon  as  one  of  a  collection  or  multitude. 

He  was  numbered  wilh  the  tnnsgnrssori.  —  Is.  liii. 

NUiM'nF.R-^D,pp.    Counted;  enumerated. 

NUM'BKII-EK,  71.     One  that  numbers. 

NUM'iiER-FlJL,  a.     iMany  in  number  ;  numeious. 

NUM'IJKK-IN(i,  jipr.  Counting;  ascertaining  the 
unil^  nf  a  multitude  or  collection. 

NU.M'llKR-LESS, a.  That  can  not  be  counted;  in- 
ntimerntile.  JirUt^n. 

NU.M'IJERS,  n.  The  title  of  the  fourth  book  of  the 
Pentateuch. 

NUMH'ING,  (num'min?,)  ppr.  or  a.     Making  torpid. 

NL'.M'BL£S,  II.  pi.     [Fr.  nwnbks.] 

Tlie  entrails  of  a  deer.  Bailcif. 

\  ^'UMIJ'NESS,  (num'ness,)  71.  Torpnr  ;  thatst;ite  of  a 
living  body  in  wi)ich  it  has  not  Uie  power  of  feel- 
ins  or  motion,  as  when  puralytic  or  chilled  by  cold. 

NO'.MER-A-BLE,  a.     [L.  numerabilis.] 
I'hat  may  be  numbered  or  counteil. 

NO'MER-AL,  a.     [Fr.;  L.  numn-alts.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  number ;  consisting  of  number. 

The  (Icfentlcncc  of  a  long  lituii  of  numtrai  pro^rcsiioiis.  Lodte. 

2.  Expressing  number  ;  representing  number ; 
standing  as  a  substitute  for  figures;  vis  y  numeral  \el- 
lers  ;  as  X  for  10  ;  L  for  50;  C  for  100  ;  D  for  500  ; 
M  for  1000. 

3.  Expressing  numbers ;  as,  ■numeral  cliaracters. 
The  figures  we  now  use  to  express  numbers  are  1, 
%  3,  4,  5,  6,  7,  8,  3,  0.  They  are  said  to  be  of  Ara- 
bian origin  ;  but  the  Anibians  might  have  received 
thorn  from  India.    Tliia  is  a  controverted  question. 

Ku'.MER-AL,  n.    A  figure  or  character  used  to  express 

a  number  ;  as,  the  Arabic  numerals^  1,  2,  3,  fee. 
NO'MER-AL-LY,    adv.      According  to  number;    in 

number. 
Nu'MER-A-HY,  a.    Belonging  to  a  certain  number. 
A  siipcmumemry  canon,  when  h=  obLiJus  a  prebeml,  becomrB  a 
nuinerary  c:\non,  Aylijfe. 

Nu'AIER-aTE,  r.  ^  In  Grithmetky  to  divide  off  and 
read  according  to  the  rules  of  numeration  ;  as,  to  im- 
tncrate  a  row  of  figures. 

NU'.MER-A-TED,  pp.  Divided  off"  and  read,  as  fig- 
ures. 

NC'MER -A-TIXG,  ppr.  Dividing  off  and  reading,  as 
nun  res. 

NU^MER-A'TION,  n.     [L.  numeratio.-] 

1.  The  act  or  art  of  numbering. 

Numtraiion  is  !mt  still  the  atJdiii*  of  oac  unit  more,  and  siving 
to  the  u'holc  a  new  n^me  or  i^i^.  Locke. 

9.  In  arWttnctic,  the  act  or  art  of  dividing  off  a  se- 
ri(!s  of  figures  according  to  their  values,  and  express- 
ing them  in  words ;  the  act  or  art  of  reading  num- 
bers.   Thus,  for  50,  we  read  fifty. 
Nu'AIER-A-TOR,  Tj.     [L.]     One  that  numbers. 

2.  In  ariOimetiCt  Uie  number  in  vulgar  fractions 
which  shows  how  many  parts  of  a  unit  are  taken. 
Thus,  when  a  unit  is  divided  into  y  parts,  and  we 
take  5,  we  express  it  tims,  ."i-Q,  that  is,  five  ninths  ; 
5  being  the  numerator,  and  9  the  denoininalor. 

NlJ-iMEil'IC,  )  a.      [It.  jturnerico ;    Fr.  vumcrujuc; 

KU-MER'IC-AL,  (      from  L.  numcrus,  number.] 

1.  Uclonging  to  number;  denoting  number  ;  con- 
sisting in  numbers  ;  as,  numerical  algebra;  nwnerical 
characters. 

2.  JV'umcrical  difference,  is  a  difference  in  respect  to 
number.  Thus,  there  may  be  a  numerical  difference 
between  things  which,  in  other  respects,  are  not  dis- 
tinguishable. 

NU-.MER'ie-AL-LY,  adv.  In  numbers;  as,  parts  of 
a  thini:  numerically  expressed. 

2.  With  rfspect  to  nuuib'er,  or  sameness  in  num- 
ber; as,  a  thing  is  numerically  the  same,  or  7iH;Hrr- 
?cn//jf  difft^ent. 

N'U'MER-IST,  ji.  One  that  deals  in  numbers.  [JVot 
used.]  Brown, 

rCU-MER-OS'I-TY,  II.  The  state  of  being  numerous  ; 
harmony  ;  flow.     [A'oi  med.'\  Brown. 

NO'MER-OUS,  a.     [L.  numcrosus.] 

1.  Being  many,  or  consisting  ol  a  great  number  of 
individuals  ;  as,  a  numerotus  army  ;  a  itumerous  body  ; 
a  numcrou-t  people. 

2.  Consisting  of  poetic  numbers;  melodious  ;  mu- 
sical. In  prose,  a  style  Iwcomes  numerotutj  by  the 
alternate  disposition  or  intermixture  of  long  and 
short  syllables,  or  of  long  and  short  words  ;  or  by  a 
judicinus  selection  and  disposition  of  smooth,  fliiw- 
ing  words,  and  by  closing  the  periods  with  important 
or  well-sounding  words.  Encyc. 

NC'MER-OU.S-LY,  adr.     In  or  with  great  numbers; 

as.  a  meeting  numerously  attended. 
NO'MER-OUS-.NESS,  n.     The  quality  of  being  nu- 

mt»-ous  or  many ;    the  quality  of  consisting  of  a 

preat  number  of  individuals  ;  as,  the  numrrousncss  oi 

an  army  or  of  an  assembly. 
2.  The  quality  of  consisting  of  poetic  numbers; 

melodiousness ;  musicalncss.  Eneyc. 

NC-MIS-MAT'l€,  (nu-miz-mat'ik,)  a.     [L.  numtsma^ 


NUR 

money,  coin  ;  Gr.  vupiana,  from  co^d^w,  to  suppose, 
to  sanction,  from  ro/jos,  law  or  custom.] 
Pertaining  to  money,  coin,  or  medals. 

NU-.MIS-.MAT'ies,  71.  The  science  of  coins  and 
medals. 

NU-MlS-MA-TOL'0-6lST,  n.  One  versed  in  the 
knowledge  of  coins  and  medals. 

NC-MIS-.MA-TOL'O-OY,  n.  [Gr.  i/o/nff/io,  coin,  and 
Aoi  "5,  discourse.] 

'!fhc  branch  of  historical  science  xvhicli  treats  of 
coins  and  medals. 

NUM'MU-LAR,  a.    [L.  nummusj  a  coin.] 

Pertaining  to  coin  or  money.  Diet. 

NUM'MU-LlTE,  n.  [L.  nmnmus,  money,  from  its  re- 
semblance to  coin.] 

A  fossil  of  a  flattened  form,  resembling  a  small 
coin.  Ed.  Encyc. 

NUM-MU-UT'IG,  a.  Composed  of  or  containing 
immnmlitcs. 

KUMPS,  n.    A  dolt;  a  blockhead.    [JVo(  used.] 

Parker. 

NUiM'SKULL,  JI.  [numb  and  skull.]  .\  dunce;  a 
dolt ;  a  stupid  fellow.  Prior. 

N(;M'SKULL-£D,  a.  Dull  in  intellect ;  stupid  ;  dolt- 
ish. ArbuUinot. 

NL"N,  n.  [Sax.  nunnc;  Dan.  nunnc  ;  D.r.on;  G.  nonnc; 
Sw.  nunna  ;  I'V.  nonne.] 

A  woman  devoted  to  a  religious  life,  and  who 
lives  in  a  cloister  or  nunnery,  secluded  from  the 
world,  under  a  vow  of  perpetual  chastity. 

NUN,ri.  IVhitcnun  is  a  provincial  name  of  the  smew, 
a  Web-fooled  water-fowl  of  the  size  of  a  duck,  with 
a  white  head  and  neck.  P.  Cyc. 

2.  TJie  blue  titmouse,  Parus  ca:ruleus.      P.  Cyc. 

NIJN'CIIIO.X,  n.  A  portion  of  food  taken  between 
meals.     [Uu.  from  nomi,  or  a  corruption  oiluncheon.] 

AiusiBorth. 

NUN'CIA-TURE,  n.  [See  Nuncio.]  The  office  of  a 
nuncio.  Clarendon. 

NUM'CIO,  (nun'sho,)  a,  [It.  nunzioy  from  L.  nuiidits, 
a  messenger.] 

1.  An  embassador  from  tlie  pope  to  an  emperor  or 
king.  His  envoy  to  smaller  courts  and  republics  is 
cylled  an  Ixternuncio.  Encye,  Am,. 

2.  A  messenger;  one  who  brings  intelligence. 
NUN'CU-PaTE,  v.  t.     [h.  nuncu}w.]  [ShaJc. 

To  declare  publicly  or  solemnly.     [JVoi  used,] 

Barrow. 
NUN-CU-Pa'TION,  n.     A  naming.  Chaucer. 

NUN-eO'PA-TIVE,     i  a.     [It.  nuncupativo  ;  Fr.  nun- 
NUN-eu'PA-TO-RY,  \      cupalif;  from  L.  maumpOy  to 
declare.] 

1.  Nominal ;  existing  only  in  name.  Enctjc. 

2.  Publicly  or  solemnly  declaratory.       Fothcrby. 

3.  Verbal,  not  written.  A  nuncupative  will  or  tes- 
tament is  one  which  is  made  by  the  verbal  declara- 
tion of  the  testator,  and  depends  merely  on  oral  testi- 
mony for  proof,  though  afterward  reduced  to  writuig. 

Blad:stonc. 
NUN'DI-NAL,       )a.      [I^.  nundinalts,  from  nundina:, 
NUX'DI-NA-RY,  \      a  fair  or  market,  quasi  iwvem-di- 
na;  every  nine  days.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  a  fair  or  to  a  market  day. 

2.  A  nundinal  letter,  among  the  Romans^  was  one 
of  the  first  eight  letters  of  the  alphabet,  wliich  were 
repeated  successively  from  tiie  fiist  to  the  last  day  of 
the  year.  One  of  these  always  expressed  the  market 
diiys,  which  returned  every  nine  days. 

N'JN'DI-NAL,  n.    A  nundinal  letter. 
KUN'DI-NaTE,  v.  i.    To  buy  and  sell  at  fairs.    [J^''ut 

used.] 
NUN-DI-Na'TION,  n.    Traffic  in  fairs.    [J^ot  used.] 
NUN-Na'TION,   71.       In   Arabic  grammar,   from   the 

name  of  7i,  the  pronunciation  of  ti  at  the  end  of 

words. 
NUN'NE-RY,  77.    A  house  in  which  nuns  reside;  a 

cloister  in  which  females,  under  a  vow  of  chastity 

and  devoted  to  religion,  reside  tiuring  life. 
NUN'NISlI-iS'ESS,  n.  The  habits  or  manners  of  nuns. 

Fox. 
NUP'TIAIj,  (nup'shal,)  a.     [L.  nuptialis^  from  nuptus, 

nuhoy  to  marry.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  marriage;  done  at  a  wedding;  as, 
nuptial  rites  and  ceremonies  ;  nuptial  torch. 

2.  Constituting  marriage  ;  as,  the  nuptial  knot  or 
band. 

riie  Eibli:  hiis  miligtitcd  Uie  horrors  of  war  j  it  h-iB^ivcn  cfl'cct- 
ual  obli^tioii  to  the  nujiual  vow.  G.  Spring. 

NUP'TIALS,  71.  pi.  Marriage,  which  see.  Drydcn. 

NURSE,  (nurs,)  n.  [Fr.  nouT^icc,  from  rioiirrir,  to 
nourisli.j 

1.  A  woman  that  has  the  care  of  infants,  or  a  wo- 
man employed  to  tend  the  children  of  others. 

2.  .\  woman  who  suckles  infants. 

3.  A  wouian  that  has  the  care  of  a  sick  person. 

4.  A  man  who  has  the  care  of  the  sick. 

5.  A  person  that  breeds,  educates,  or  protects ; 
hence,  that  which  breeds,  brings  up,  or  causes  to 
grow  ;  as,  (ireece,  the  nurse  of  the  liberal  arts. 

(j.  An  old  woman  ;  in  contempt.  Blackmore. 

7.  The  state  of  being  nUrsed  ;  as,  to  put  a  child  to 
nurse.  CUavdaml. 

8.  In  composition,  that  which  supplies  food  ;  as,  a 
Tiur^e-pond.  tVaWm. 


NUT 

9.  In  horticuUurc,  a  shrub  or  tree  which  protects  a 
young  plant.  Oardner, 

NURSE,  (nurs,)  v.  t.  To  tend,  as  infants;  as,  to 
jiursc  a  child. 

2.  To  suckle  ;  to  nourish  at  the  breast. 

3.  To  attend  and  t;ike  care  of  in  child-bed ;  as,  to 
nurse  a  woman  in  her  illness. 

4.  To  tend  the  sick  ;  applied  to  7nales  and  females. 

5.  To  feed  ;  to  maintain  ;  to  bring  up.     Is.  Jx. 

C.  'J'o  cherish;  to  foster;  to  encourage;  to  pro- 
mote growth  in.  We  say,  to  nurse  a  feeble  animal 
or  plant. 

By  whnt  hands  hxt  vice  been  nursed  into  co  uncontrolli^l  n  dt> 
iiiinioD.'  Locke. 

7.  To  manage  with  care  and  economy,  with  a 
view  to  increase  ;  as,  to  nurse  our  national  re- 
sources. 

NURS'£U,  (nurst,)  pp.  Tended  in  infancy  or  sick- 
ness ;  nourished  from  the  breast ;  maintained  ;  cher- 
ished. 

NURS'KR,  M.  One  that  cherishes  or  encourages 
growth. 

NURS'ER-Y,  n.  The  place  or  apartment  in  a  houst: 
appropriated  to  the  care  of  chiltlren.  Bacon. 

2.  A  place  where  young  trees  arc  propagated  for 
the  purpose  of  being  transplanted;  a  plairialion  of 
young  trees.  Bacon. 

3.  'J'he  place  where  any  thinj  is  fostered  and  the 
growth  promoted. 

To  ace  fnir  Pnditrv,  nursery  of  iirta.  Shak. 

So  we  say,  a  nursery  of  thieves  or  of  rogues.  Ale- 
houses and  dram-shops  are  the  Ttur^eries of  intemper- 
ance. 

Chris.li:iii  funilies  nrc  llic  tiureerica  of  (he  church  on  civUi,  as  she 
ia  i\v  nursery  of  iJn;  church  in  hpuvcn.        J.  M.  AJa^on. 

4.  That  which  forms  and  educates.  Commerce  is 
tire  nursern  of  seamen. 

5.  Tlie  act  of  nursing.     [Little  used.]  Sliali. 

6.  That  which  is  the  object  of  a  nurse's  care. 

JiliUon. 
NURS'ING,  2'p'''-    Tending ;  nourishing  at  the  breast ; 

educating  ;  maintaining. 
NURS'LING,  K.    An  infant ;  a  child.  Drydcn. 

2.  One  that  is  nursed.  Spenser. 

NUR^TURE,  7^  [Fr.  nourriture  from  nourrir,  to  nour- 
ish.] 

1.  Tiiat  which  nourishes  ;  food;  diet.      Milton. 

2.  That  which  promotes  growth;  education;  in- 
struction.   Eph.  vi. 

NUR'TURE,  V.  t.    To  feed  ;  to  nourish. 
2.  To  educate  ;  to  bring  or  train  up. 

lie  Kiis  nurtured  where  he  w;is  born.  WoMn. 

NUR'TUR-ED,  pp.   Nourished  ;  educated  ;  trained  up. 
NUS'TLE,  fnus'l,)  v.  t.    To  fondle  ;  to  cherish. 
NUT,  71.     [Sax.  Itnut ;  D.  noot ;  G.  Jtuss ;  Sw.  not ,-  Dan 

7iddd ;  Jr.  cmidJt ;  VV.  cna,  enau.    It  seems  to  be  allied 

to  knot,  a  bunch  or  hard  lump.] 

1.  The  fruit  of  certain  trees  and  shrubs,  consisting 
of  a  hard  shell  inclosing  a  kernel.  Various  kinds  of 
nuts  are  distinguished  ;  as,  walnut,  chestnut,  hatehiut. 

2.  A  small  block,  of  metal  or  wood,  containing  a 
concave  or  female  screw  ;  called  also  a  BunR. 

3.  The  projection  near  the  eye  of  an  anciior. 

.1/ar.  Diet. 

NUT,  V.  I.    To  gather  nuts.  Wood. 

NO'TANT,  a.     [L.  nutans.] 

Nodding ;  having  the  top  bent  downward. 

NU-Ta'TION,  7U  [L.  nut4iiio,  a  nodding,  from  nutOf 
to  nod.] 

In  astronomy,  a  vibratorj'  nmiion  of  the  earth's  ax- 
is, arising  froiii  periodica!  fluctuations  in  the  obliqui- 
ty of  the  ecliptic.  Olmsted. 

NUT'-BREaK-ER,  71.  The  European  nut-hatch.  [See 
Nut-hatch. I  Edin.  Encye. 

NUT'-BROWN,  a.  Brown  as  a  nut  long  kept  and 
dried.  Jililton 

NUT'-CRACK-ER,  n.  An  instrument  for  cracking 
nuts.  Addison. 

2.  A  European  bird,  of  the  genus  Niicifraga,  be- 
longing to  the  crow  family.  It  feeds  on  nuts,  in- 
sects, &c.  P.  Cyc. 

NUT'GALL,  71.  An  ej;crescence  of  the  oak.  [Sec 
Gall.V  Broimt. 

NUT'-HATCH,  n.  The  common  name  of  birds  of  the 
genus  Sitia,  having  much  of  the  habits  of  the  wood- 
peckers, and  living  on  nuts,  insects,  &c.  The  com- 
mon European  nut-hatch  is  called  also  NL'T-JouBEn, 
and  NuT-iKCKEB.  P.  Cyc.     Johnson. 

NUT'-ilOpK,  71.  A  pole  with  a  hook  at  the  end,  to 
pull  down  boughs  for  gathering  the  nuts  ;  also,  the 
name  given  to  a  tliief  that  stoli  goods  from  a  win- 
dow by  means  of  a  hook.  S/mh. 

NUT'MEG,  71.  [L.  nux  mosckaUii  It.  noce  moscada; 
Port,  noz  vioscaihii  Fr.  rnuscade,  or  neix  jniiscade.  But 
it  may  be  questioned  whether  the  last  syllable  in 
English  meg  is  not  from  L.  mncis,  mace,  the  hark 
that  cnveIoi)s  the  mit.] 

The  kernel  of  the  fruit  of  the  tree  called  Myristica 
moschala.  This  fruit  is  nearly  a  spherical  drupe,  of 
the  size  and  somewhat  of  the  shape  of  a  pear.  The 
fleshy  part  is  of  a  yellowish  colqr  without,  almost 
while  within,  and  four  or  five  lines  in  thickness,  and 


FaTE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— MeTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARXNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.- 


760 


OAF 

opens  into  two  nearly  equal,  longitudinal  valves,  pre- 
senting to  view  the  nut  surrounded  by  its  arillus, 
which  is  mace.  The  nut  drops  out,  and  the  arillus 
withers.  The  nut  is  oval,  the  shell  very  hard,  and 
dark-brown.  This  immediately  envelops'llie  licrnel, 
which  is  the  nvtmeg  as  coniinttnly  sold  in  the  shops. 
The  tree  producing  this  fruit  grows  principally  in 
the  Islands  of  Banda,  in  the  East  Indies.  It  reaches 
the  height  of  twenty  or  thirty  feet,  producing  nu- 
merous branches.  The  color  of  the  bark  of  tlic 
tnink  is  a  reddish-brown  ;  that  of  ibc  young 
branches  a  bright  green.  The  nutmeg  is  an  aro- 
matic, very  grateful  to  the  tasts  and  smell,  and 
much  used  in  cookerv. 

NU'TRI-A,  j(.     [Sp.  nutria^  otter.] 

In  commcrcCy  the  name  given  to  the  skins  of  the 
Myopotamus  Bonariensis,  a  native  of  South  Ameri- 
ca, resembling  the  beaver,  but  smaller.  J\'utria  fur 
is  lareely  used  in  the  hat  manufacture.  McCuUocIu 

NU-TRI-Ca'TIOX,  n.  Manner  of  feeding  or  being 
fed.     [vVot  in  use.\ 

Nu'TRI-EXT,  a.    \L.  nutrlo.'\ 

Nourishing;  promoting  growth. 

N0'TRI-E\T,  n.  Any  substance  which  nourishes  by 
promoting  the  growth  or  repairing  the  waste  of  ani- 
mal bodies.  Darwin. 

NtJ'TRI-MEXT,  71.  [L.  nutrimeniVLmy  from  nutrioy  to 
nourish.] 

1.  That  which  nourishes ;  that  which  promotes 
the  growth  or  repairs  the  natural  waste  of  animal 
bodies,  or  that  which  promotes  the  growth  of  vegeta- 
bles ;  food  ;  aliment.  Soutfu 

2.  That  which  promotes  enlargement  or  improve- 
ment ;  as,  the  Jiutriment  of  the  mind. 

NU-TRI-MENT'AL,  a.    Havmg  the  qualities  of  food; 

alimental.  Arbutlmot. 

NU-TRI"TIOX,   (nu-trish'un,)  n.    [L.  nutrit-o,  from 

nutrio,  to  nourish.] 

1.  The  act  or  process  of  promoting  the  grov/th  or 
repairing  the  waste  of  animal  bodies  ;  the  act  or  pro- 
cess of  promoting  growth  in  vegetables.     Darwin 

2.  That  which  nourishes  ;  nutriment. 

Fixed  like  a  plant  on  his  pecuii.ir  spot, 

To  draw  nuaiioii,  proj»:i ?at'?,  and  rot.  Pope. 

Then?  is  no  nutridoH  m  ^lieut  Jpiriis.  L.  Beccher. 

NU-TRI"TIOUS,  (nu-trish'us,)  a.    Nourishing  ;  p^c^- 


OAR 


moting  the  growth,  or  repairing  the  waste  of  animal 

bodies.     Jlilk  is  very  nutritious. 
NL^TUr'TIOUS-LY,  (uu-lriah'us-Iy,)  adc.    Nouruh- 

irigly. 
NO'TRI-TIVE,  a.    Having  the  (iti,-tlily  of  noiiriahinc  ; 

nutrimenUil ;  alimental :  as,  a  wlritivc  food. 
NC'TKI-TIVI-M.y,  adr.     Nourisliingly. 
NO'TRI-TXVK-NE:=S,n.  Quality  nf  nourishing.  FMit. 
NU'TIU-TURE,  H.    Tho  quality  of  nourishing.    [Jiut 

"-"^''■j  Jfartey. 

NUT'S'HELL,  ii.    The  hard  shell  of  a  nut:  the  cov- 
ering of  the  kernel. 
2.  Provcrbiallij,  a  thing  of  liltle  compa^p,  or  of  lit- 

t'e  value.  VE^trange. 

NIJT'TALT^TTE,  n.   [from  Prof.  ^"uf/cU.]    A  mineral 

Jound  in  Bolton,  Mass.,  occurring  in  prismatic  cr^-s- 

tals.    It  is  supposed  by  some  to  be  identical  with 

ScAPOLiTE.  Dana. 

NUT'TING,  pjtr.  or  a.    Gathering  nuts. 
NUT'TING,  n.    The  act  of  gathering  nuts. 
NUT'-TREE,  n.     A  tree  that  bears  nuts. 
MjX  VOM'I-CA,  n.     [L.]    The  fruit  of  a  tree  of  the 

genus  Slrychnos,  growing  in  the  East  Indies.    It  is 

a  very  virulent  poison.  P.  Cue. 

NUZ'ZLE,  I'.  (.     [Uu.  from  Tiourj/c]    To  suckle;  to 

foster,  or  nurse  up.     [f^ul^ar.] 
NUZ'ZLE,  V.  i.     [(in.  fronrno.»c  or  vourstc]    To  hide 

the  head,  as  a  child  in  the  mother's  bosom.  Bailey. 
NUZ'ZLE,  V.  t.    [Qm.  nourslc  ov  nestle]    To  ncsUe; 

to  house,  as  in  a  nest. 
NUZ'ZLE,  V.  i.    [Qu.  from  nosr.]    To  work  with  the 

nose,  like  a  swine  in  the  mud ;  as,  the  nuzzling  eel. 

He  Eometimos  char*^d  ihroo^  nn  army  of  lawycn  ni-oid  ia 
h.'ui'1,  and  sorrn:lijiK.'a  nuzzUd  like  nn  ccl  in  the  mini. 

Arbiilhnot't  John  Bull, 

2.  To  go  with  the  nose  thrust  out  and  down,  like 

a  swine. 

Sir  Rog>r  shook  lus  C:\ts  and  nuzzltd  alDng,  well  sali^S^t)  tint 

111?  v.\is  iloin»  a  cbariulile  work.  ArbuOtnot. 

'I  hi;  M"ssetl  Iwn.-nt,  not  there  confined, 
'■>i'>ps  10  iJ'.e  lliiix),  who  nuzzles  close  behind.  Pope. 

NYe-T.\-Lo'H-A,  )  n.    [Gr.  WKraXotirta;  vv^.  night, 
NY€'TA-LO-PY,     \     and  (,.0^,  the  eye.] 

A  disease  in  which  vision  is  painfully  acute  in  a 
strong  light,  but  clear  and  pleasant  in  a  dark  shade 
or  in  tho  dusk  of  the  evening.  Oood. 


NYf  TA-L'iC-. 


«iriA^ma4 


N^ 

NVL'.ilAL',    ,  ... 
NYI.'(:\U,       J 
NEEL-illAf^ 

bent  forv. 

the  iiL-rl: 

roar  £'.-d  r 

the  .'-rnak  i...-.  -. 

mo'Ii:m  naiuml; 


old' .-  on<-i*. 
NYMxil,  ' 


n 


en.-,  nu::: 

all  ihfi  V, 

oth'-irt  r- 

them  ari    ■ 

I*art.s  nf  111'.-  w-:\d  cv^r  wlii^  ] 

preside. 
3.  In  f'ortrtr,  a  !■*.'!■.■. 
NVMI'II,      ,n. 
.WMPll'A,  i      I 

ins<'Ci,  pay^int'  * 
NYMi'H-£'A\, 

by  nvmphfl ;  n'^, 
NYMPH'IC-AL,  ., 

NYMPH-IP'AROUS.  o.    [  I_  ^ 

Producing  nymph*. 
NYMPH'ISH,  a.    Relaung  to  i . 


NYMPH'-I.IKE,  I      „_^    ., 
NYMPII'LY,        i**  >«^a»Wir 
NYMPH-O-M.^'NI-A,  n.     Mnr- 

sexual  desire  in  f<rmaI--«.   '  - 

modest  deint-anor;  alv, 

both  of  budy  and  mii.  . 

proper  diwase,  which  i 

of  the  will  than  tclanu^. 
NYS,    [ne  and  u.j    None  it;  ki  noL    [Of* 

NYa-TAG'MUS,  ju    [Gr.  rrorojpn.) 

Nictation  or  winking  of  the  rye,  m  la  a  droir^ 

pertioa. 


o. 


Ois  the  fifteenth  letter,  and  the  fourth  vowel,  in  the 
English  alphabet.  The  shape  of  thi>  Ifiu^r  seems 
to  have  been  taken  from  the  circular  couligiirniion  of 
the  lips  in  uttering  the  sound.  It  corresponds  in 
figure  with  the  Coptic  O,  and  nearly  with  the  Syriac 
initial  and  final  rau,and  the  Ethiopic  ain.  In  words 
derived  from  the  Oriental  languages,  it  often  repre- 
sents the  vau  of  those  languages,  and  sometinifs  the 
ain;  the  original  sound  of  the  latter  being  formed 
deep  in  the  throat,  and  with  a  greater  aperture  of  the 
mouth. 

In  £ifjj?iVA,  O  has  a  long  sound,  as  in  /<»7(c,  Aone, 
gToan^  cloak,  roll-,  droll :  a  short  sound,  as  in  lot,  plod^ 
Tody  sontr,  loil^e,  and  tlie  sound  of  oo,  or  the  Italian 
«,  and  French  ou^  as  in  move,  prove.  This  sound  is 
shortened  in  words  ending  in  a  close  articulation,  as 
in  book,  foot. 

The  long  sound  of  O  is  usually  denoted  by  3,al 
the  end  of  a  word  or  syllable,  as  in  bone,  londij;  or 
by  a  servile  a,  as  in  vwan,  foal.  It  is  generally  long 
before  lU  as  in  roll;  but  it  is  short  in  duU,  loll,  and  in 
words  of  more  syllables  than  one,  as  in  folhj,  vollaj. 

As  a  numeral,  O  was  sometimes  used  by  the  an- 
cipnts  for  11,  and,  with  a  dash  over  il,  (O,)  for 
11,00  J. 

Among  the  Irish^  O,  prefixed  to  the  name  of  a  fam- 
ily, denotes  progeny,  or  is  a  character  of  dignity ;  as, 
O'Neil ;  O'Carrol. 

Among  the  ancients,  O  was  a  mark  of  triple  time, 
from  the  notion  that  the  temaiy,  or  number  3,  is  tiic 
most  perfect  of  numbers,  and  properly  expressed  by  a 
circle,  the  most  perfect  figure. 

0  is  ol^n  used  as  an  e.'cclamation,  expressing  a 
wish. 

O,  vere  be  prp'sont !  Dry!en. 

It  sometimes  expresses  surprise. 
Shakspeare  uses  O  for  a  circle  or  oval. 

Wlihin  tliis  woodca  O. 

O.  S.  stand  for  Old  Style. 

OAD,  (ode,)  for  Woad.     [JVo(  used.] 

OAF,  (ofe,)  j[.  [said  to  be  a  corruption  of  oupk  or  df, 
a  fair}-  or  demon,  and  to  denote  a  foolish  child  h^lt  by 
fairies  in  the  place  of  one  of  better  intellects,  which 
they  steal,     ./okjison.] 

1.  A  changeling;  a  foolish  child  Icfl  by  fairies  in 
the  place  of  another.  Druyton. 

2.  A  dolt ;  an  idiot ;  a  blockhead. 

TUNE,  ByLL,  IINITE.  — - 


OAF'ISH,  a.    Stupid  ;  dull ;  doltish.    [LittU  used.] 

oAFTSH-NESS,  n.  Stupidity  ;  dullness ;  folly.  [Lit- 
tie  u.^ed.'\ 

OAK,  (oke,)  71.  [Sax.  ac,  trc ;  D.  cik,  or  cikboom:  G. 
eichc  or  eickbauvi:  Sw.ek;  Dnn.  eesre-trtcey  oak-tree. 
It  is  probable  that  llie  fii-st  syllable,  oak,  was  origi- 
naliv  an  adjective  expressing  some  quality,  as  hard 
or  s-trong,  and,  by  tiie  disuse  of  trecj  oak  became  Uie 
name  of  the  tree.] 

A  tree  of  the  genus  Cluercus,  or  rather  the  popular 
name  of  the  genus  itself,  of  which  there  arc  many 
species.  The  whit-j  oak  grows  to  a  great  size,  and 
furnishes  a  most  vahiable  timbt^r ;  but  the  live  oak 
of  the  United  Slates  is  the  most  durable  limber  for 
ships.  In  Hartford  still  stands  tlie  venerable  oak,  in 
the  hollow  steal  of  which  was  conci-aled  and  pre- 
served the  colonial  charier  of  Connecticut,  when 
Sir  E.  Andros,  bv  authority  of  a  writ  of  quo  war- 
ranto from  Ihe  H'rilish  crown,  aUempted  to  obtain 
possession  of  it,  in  16S7.  As  it  was  ihen  a  largi- 
tree,  it  must  now  be  nearly  three  hundred  years  old. 

OAK'-AP-PLE,  (Oke'ap-pl,)  n,  A  kind  of  spongy  ex- 
crescence on  oak  leaves  or  tender  branches,  &c.,  pro- 
duced in  consequt:nce  of  the  puncture  of  insects. 
It  is  called,  also,  oak-lciif  i^alL  Baean.     Encye. 

OAK'-B.^RK,  71.  Tho  bark  of  the  oak4ree,  which  is 
preferred  to  all  others  for  the  purposes  of  tanning. 

5Alv  o'P£-^-ING,  n.  A  term  applied,  in  Uie  Western 
States,  to  openings  or  thinly-wooded  spaces  in  oak 
forests,  which  arc  free  from  underwood,  and  resem- 
ble an  English  park.  .    . 

oAK'£N,  (^'kn,)  a.  Made  of  oak  or  consisting  of 
oak  ;  as,  an  oaken  plank  or  bench  ;  an  oaken  bower. 

Milton. 
'>   Composed  of  bninches  of  oak  ;  as,  an  oaken  gar- 
land, .iddison. 

0\K'KN-PIN,  n.  An  apple,  so  called  from  \is  hard- 
ness. Mortimer. 

oAK'LING,  ».    A  young  oak.  J^'^f^^ 

OVK'UM,  7J.  [Sixx.  a:cemba,  acwnhe,  tow.  Ihe  laller 
part  of  the  word  may  be  Sax.  eemb,  a  comb.1 

The  substance  of  old  ropes  untwisted  and  pulled 
into  loose  hemp;  used  for  calking  the  seams  of 
shii^s,  stopping  leaks,  &c.  That  formed  trom  un- 
tarr-d  ropes  is  called  Kftite  oakum. 

n  \KY,  r.    [from  oak.]    Ilardj^firm  ;  strong.    Hall. 
>.     [Sax.  ar;  Sw.  ara:  Norm,  oiccr.] 


An  instrument  for  rowing  biOis,  betas  a  P*f*^  ^ 
timber  round  or  square  atooe  end.  and  f-  - 
other.    The  round  end  is  tbc  banole,  uii 
end  tlie  blade. 

To  boat  Vu  oarj:  in  sfOKOJuJiip,  ' 
and  lay  the  oars  in  the  boaL 

To  shqt  tiu  oam :  to  place  the".  '-^ 
To  uttsAip  Oti  cars  ;  to  lain   ' 
locks. 
6AR,  c.  t.    To  row. 
O.VR.  r.  t.     Toin;        ■ 
6.\R'ED,pp.     Ii 
2.  Furnished 
foMT-oarfd  boaL 

OAR'-FOQT-ED,  a.    HriTins  feet  flbr  oan,  a*  cotaia 

animals. 
0.\RSM.\X,  !i.    One  who  row-    •   ' 
6AR'Y.  0.     Having  the  form  v  r 

swan  s  cary  feci. 
O'.V-SIS,   n. ;  pi.   Ohkk       !l. 

sandy  or  KirTrn  de^-.rt.     T:. 

applied  to  such   .-spt^U,  %^ai   : 

deserts  of  E-j-pt,  Lybia,  an.l 
Russr:.. 
6AST,  ) 

OST.     }n.    [qu.  Gr.  J(ma,  oc  U  ■.-•:*-'. 
OUST, ) 

.\  kiln  lo  dry  hops  or  malt.  .V 

6AT,  II.    rSas.  or*,  cat  or  cockle,  dune}  i  T 

or  prrth.  J 
.\  plant  of  the  p-'nus  .\ vena,  and  mnre  r 

seed  of  the  pKint.    The  wor>1        

the  plural,  i^f.--.    Thbt  pl.-\nt 

latitudes,  and  degenerates  m 

of  this  gnun,  ixOMeaU  fi^mw  .t 

valuable  article  of  food  for 

evcrv  where  i^ts  are  excel! 

cattle. 
e.\T'-e.\KE,  *.    A  cake  made  of  il»e  Bieai 

OAT'EN,  (ol'n,)    d.      Made  of  oaaneal  ; 

cakt-s. 

2.  Consisting  of  an  cetf  sttnw  cc  rter.: 
oalrn  pipe. 
O-Vni.  (6th.)  n,    [Sax.  ati:  ^' 
cid :  Sw.  ci ;  Dan.  ^mi] 
.\  solemn  afiimiaiion  or  de.U. -- 


I  CIOUS.— €  asK;  OasJ;  SasZ:  CHas  SH ;  TH  a?  in  THIS. 


7^ 


OBE 

appeal  to  Goil  fur  the  truth  of  what  is  affirmed. 
The  :»ppcal  to  God  in  an  oath  implies  that  the  per- 
son imprecates  Ills  vengeance,  and  renounces  lils 
favor,  if  the  declaration  is  false  ;  or,  if  tlie  declara- 
tion is  a  promise,  the  person  invokes  the  venpeance 
of  God  if  he  should  fail  to  fulfill  i!.  A  false  oath  is 
called  perjury. 

OATIi'A-BLE,  a.  Capable  of  liaving  an  oath  admin- 
islercd  to.     [J\rot  itsed.]  Sliah. 

O/VTH'-BREaK-ING,  «.  The  violation  of  an  oath; 
perjury.  S/ia/c, 

OAT'-VlAI^T,  71.     Malt  made  of  oats.         Mortimer. 

OA'I''.MkAL,  n.    Meal  of  oats  produced  by  grinding  or 

pounding.  Oay. 

'2,  A  plant.     [JVot  uscrf.]  J^sh. 

5AT'-THIS  TLE,  (-this'l,)  n.     A  plant,    ^insieurth. 

Oil,  a  Latin  prt-pusitiun,  signifies,  primarily,  in  front, 
before,  and  licnce  against,  toward  j  as  in  ubjicio,  to 
object,  that  is,  to  tlirow  against.  It  has  also  the 
force  of  in  or  on ;  as  in  vblrtule^  to  thrust  on.  In 
coiiipositiony  the  letter  b  is  often  changed  into  the  fust 
letter  of  the  word  to  which  it  is  prefixed ;  as  in  occa- 
sion, f'^^cr,  oppose. 

OC-A.M'BU-LaTE,  v.  i.     [h.  obambulo.] 

To  walk  about.     [JV*oC  used,]  Cockeram. 

OB-AM-BU-La'TION,  n.  A  walking  about.  [J^ot 
■nseti.\  Diet. 

OB-BLI-GX'TO,  a.  [It.,  bound.]  Litm-aUy,  bound  or 
confined  ;  a  musical  term  applied  to  a  composition  or 
movement  written  expressly  for  the  instrument 
named ;  and  also  to  a  movement  restrained  by  cer- 
tain rules  to  a  particular  passage,  &.C.  Brando. 

OB-eON'ie,  I  a.     [ob  and  conic.]     In  botany^  cou- 

0B-€ON'ie-AL,  \  ical,  but  having  the  apex  down- 
ward. 

0B-€ORD'ATE,  a.     [L.,  from  ob  and  cor,  the  heart.] 
In  botany^  shaped  like  a    heart,   with  the  apex 
downward  ;  as,  an  obcordatc  petal  or  legume. 

Marty  n. 

OB-nOR-MI"TION,  C-mish'un,)  n.     [L.  obdormio.] 
Sleep  ;  sound  sleep.     [Little  used.]  Hull. 

OIJ-DOCE',  V.  U     [L.  obduco  i  oh  and  duco^  to  lead.] 
To  draw  over,  a^s  a  covering.     [Little  used.']  Hale. 

OB-nU€T',  V.  t.     [h.  obduco.] 

To  draw  over  ;  to  cover.     [JVot  in  use]     Brown. 

OB-I)Ue'TIO.\,  71.     [L.  obdtictio.] 

The  act  of  drawing  over,  as  a  covering ;  the  act 
of  laving  over.     [Little  used.]  Cockeram. 

OB'DU-RA-CY  or  OIJ-Du'RA-CY,  u.  [See  Obdu- 
it\TE.]  Invincible  hardness  of  heart ;  impenitence 
that  can  not  be  subdued ;  inflexible  persistency  in 
sin ;  obstinacy  in  wickedness. 

G(h1  may  by  nlmiglity  grace  liitidcr  the  absolute  coniplction  of  sia 
111  final  obduracy.  South. 

OB'DU-RATE  or  OB-Du'RATE,  a.  [L.  obduro,  to 
harden  ;  ob  and  dtiro.] 

1.  Hardened  in  heart ;  inflexibly  hard  ;  persisting 
obstinately  in  sin  or  imiienitence. 

a.  Hardened  against  good  or  favor ;  stubborn  j  un- 
yielding; inflexible. 

The  custom  of  evil  mttko*  the  hcirt  obdurate  a^inst  whatsoever 
instructions  to  the  coiitniry.  Hooker. 

3.  Harsh ;  rugged ;  as,  an  obdurate  consonant. 
[Little  used.]  Siciji. 

OB'DU-RATE,  v.  t.    To  harden.     [Mot  iiscd.]     More. 

OB'DU-RATE-LY  or  OB-Du'RATE^LY,  a/ir.  Stub- 
bornly ;  inflexibly  -  u'ith  obstinate  impenitence. 

OB'DU-RATE-NESS  or  OB-DC'RATE-NESS,  n. 
Plulibornness  ;  inflexible  persistence  in  sin. 

OB-DU-Ra'TION,  71.  The  hardening  of  the  heart; 
hardness  of  heart  j  stubbornness. 

Hooker.     Hammond. 

OB-DuRE',  V.  t.     [L.  obduro.] 

I.  To  harden  ;  to  render  obstinate  in  sin.  [Little 
usal.]  Herbert. 

9._ro  render  inflexible.     [Little  used.]  Hall 

OB-DuR'/CD,  pp.  or  a.  Hardened  :  inflexible ;  impen- 
itent. '  JBton. 

OB-DOR'EH-NESS,  n.  Hardness  of  heart ;  stubborn- 
ness.    [Little  used.]  Hall. 

6'BE-Air,  n.  A  species  of  witchcraft  practiced  among 
the  African  negroes.  Encyc.  Jim. 

0-Bk'DI-ENCE,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  obedientia.  See 
OBEy.] 

Com  pi  iance  with  a  command ,  proli  ibition ,  or 
known  law  and  rule  of  duty  prescribed  ;  the  per- 
formance of  what  is  required  or  enjoined  by  author 
ity,  or  the  abstaining  from  what  is  prohibited,  in 
compliance  with  the  command  or  prohibition.  To 
constitute  obedience,  the  act  or  forbearance  to  act 
nmst  be  in  submission  to  authority ;  the  command 
must  be  known  to  the  person,  and  his  compliance 
must  be  in  consequence  of  it,  or  it  is  not  obedience. 
Obedience  is  not  synonymous  with  ob.-ic/iuiatisncss ; 
the  latter  often  implying  meanness  or  servility,  and 
obedience  being  merely  a  proper  submission  lo  au- 
thority. That  which  duty  requires  implies  dignity 
of  conduct  rather  than  servility.  Obedience  may  be 
'colnntanj  or  involnntary.  Voluntary  obedience  alone 
can  be  acceptable  to  God. 

Gorernroenl  must  compel  the  obedience  of  indiridnols ;  other- 
wise who  will  se^k  lU  proteeiiou  or  fcmr  its  veiigesncc  I 

Amet. 


OBF 

O-BE'DI-ENT,  a.     [U  obediciis.] 

Submissive  to  authority  ;  yielding  compliance 
with  commands,  orders,  or  injunctions  ;  performing 
what  is  required,  or  abstaining  from  what  is  forbid. 


The  chief  his  onlcra  giva  ;  the  obedient  band, 
With  due  observance,  wait  the  chiePa  commaud. 


Pope. 


0-BE-DI-EN'TIAL,  a.     [Fr.  obcdicncid.] 

According  to  the  rule  of  obedience ;  in  compli- 
ance with  commands  j  as,  obediential  submission. 
_  Hammond. 

O-Be'DI-ENT-LY,  a<lv.  With  obedience;  with  duo 
submission  to  commands;  with  submission  or  com- 
pliance Willi  orders.  TUlotson. 

0-BKl'SANCE  or  0-BEI'SANCE,  ii.  [Fr.  obcissajice, 
from  obeir,  lo  obey,  h.  obedio.] 

A  bow  or  courtesy  ;  an  act  of  reverence  made  by 
an  inclination  of  tho  body  or  the  knee.  Qcn. 
xxxvii. 

0-Bi.:FSANT  or  O-BEl'SANT,  a.  Reverent;  sub- 
missive. 

OB-E-LIS'e.\L,  a.    In  the  form  of  an  obelisk. 

Stukelcy. 

OB'E-LISK,  71,  [L.  obdiscus;  Gr.  o0e\iaKoSy  dim.  of 
o0eXog,  a  spit.] 

].  A  tall,  four-sided  pillar,  gradually  tapering  as  it 
rises,  and  cut  off  at  the  top  in  the  form  of  a  flat  pyra- 
mid. The  shaft  is  properly  made  of  one  entire  stone, 
as  in  the  Egyptian  obelisks,  which  are  also  often 
charged  with  inscriptions  or  hieroglyphics.  Some 
ancient  obelisks  appear  to  have  beeji  erected  in  honor 
of  distinguished  persons  or  their  achievements.  Ptol- 
emy Phdadelphus  raised  one  of  83  cubits  high  in 
honor  of  Arsinoe.  Augustus  erected  one  in  the  Cam- 
pus Martins  at  Rome,  which  served  to  mark  ilie 
hours  on  a  horizontal  dial  drawn  on  the  pavement. 

Encyc. 
9.  In  icritinjr  and  printing,  a  reference  or  mark  re- 
ferring the  reader  to  a  note  in  the  margin,  tints,  f. 
It  is  used  also  for  a  mark  of  censure,  or  for  desig- 
nating obsolete  words,  or  for  other  purposes,  at  the 
pleasure  of  the  writer. 

OB'E-LIZE,  V.  t.  To  designate  with  an  obelus;  lo 
mark  as  doubtful  or  spurious. 

OB'E-LUS,  n.  [Gr.  o(icXoi^  a  needle.]  In  ancient  man- 
uscripts, a  mark,  thus,  — ,  or  -~,  so  called  from  its  re- 
semblance to  a  needle.  It  was  used  by  Origen  in  his 
Hexapla,  to  mark  passages  of  the  Septuagint  which 
are  not  found  in  the  Hebrew.  Brande. 

OB-EQ'UI-TaTE,  v.  i.     [L.  obcqiiito :  ob  and  cqitito, 
to  ride  ;  cquus,  a  horse.] 
To  ride  about.     [Aor  used.]  Cockeram. 

OB-Ea-UI-TA'TION,  71.  The  act  of  riding  about. 
[JVot  used.]  Cockeram. 

OB'E-RON,  n.  The  king  of  the  fairies.  See  Shak- 
spcare's  Midsummer  J\riifht''s  Dream. 

OB-ER-Ra'TION,  n.    [L.  oberro  ,■  ob  and  crro,  to  wan- 
der.] 
The  act  of  wandering  about.     [Little  used.] 

0-BeSE',  a.     [L.  obesus.]  [Johnson. 

Fat ;  fleshy.     [Little  used.]  Oayton. 

0-Br3E'NESS,  /  rv       I.    •,      1 

0-BES'I-TY,      \  "■     i^-  o6c5ii<w.] 

Excessive  fatness ;  fleshiness ;  incumbrance  of 
flesh.  Oreic. 

0-BEY',  (o-ba',)  v.  t  [Fr.  obeirj  contracted  from  L. 
obedio,  II.  ubbidirc ;  supposed  to  be  contracted  from 
ob  and  audio,  to  hear.    See  Gr.  c^aK'wio.] 

1.  To  comply  with  the  commands,  orders,  or  in- 
structions of  a  superior,  or  with  the  requirements  of 
law,  moral,  political,  or  nuinicipal ;  to  do  that  which 
is  commanded  or  required,  or  to  forbear  doing  that 
which  is  prohibited.  He  who  Jias  learned  to  obey 
will  know  how  to  command. 

ChilUri;ii,  obey  your  parents  in  the  Lord.  —  Eph.  vi. 
SprvaiiW,  obey  in  lUl  tilings  your  masters.  —  Col.  iii. 

9.  To  submit  to  the  government  of;  to  be  ruled  by. 

All  Israel  obeyed  Solomon. —  1  Chron.  xxix.     Dan.  vii, 

3.  To  subrai*  £o  the  direction  or  control  of.  Sea- 
men say,  the  snip  will  not  obey  the  helm. 

Let  not  sin  tlicn-wrc  ;-eipi  in  your  momil  bnily,  that  ye  shuuKl 
obey  it  in  'lis  lusta  thereof.  —  Rom.  vi.     Jaincs  iii. 

4.  To  yield  to  the  impulse,  power,  or  operation  of; 
as,  to  obey  stimulus.  Darwin. 

ndentlea  Time,  destroying  power, 
Whom  stone  and  brass  obey. 

0-BEY'M),  (o-bade',)  pp.  Complied  with ;  per- 
formed ;  as  a  command  ;  yielded  to. 

0-BEY'ER,  71.    One  who  yields  obedience. 

0-BF.Y'ING,  ppr.  Complying  with  commands;  sub- 
mitting to. 

0-B£Y'h\G-LY,  (o-bd'-,)  adv.  Complyingly  ;  submis- 
sively. 

OB-FTRM',  (ob-ferm',)  J  y.  t.    To  make  firm; 

OF-FjRM'aTE,  (ob-ferm'ate,)  S  to  harden  in  resolu- 
tion.    [jYot  used.]  Hall,     iyhcldon. 

OB-FUS'CaTE,  v.  t.     [L.  ob  and  fu^-co,  to  obsr-re.J 
To  darken  ;  to  obscure.  Ifatcf  jnise. 

OB-FUS'Ca-TED,  pp.    Darkened  in  color.  Skcnstone, 

OB-FUS'Ca-TING,  ppr.    Darkening:  obscuring. 

OB-FUS-eA'TiON,  n.  The  act  of  darkening  or  ren- 
dering obscure;  the  state  of  being  darkened;  a 
clouding. 

Obfuscadons  of  the  cornea.  Darmn. 


OBJ 

OB'IT,  71.     [L.  ohiit^  obiciti  ob  and  eo,  to  go.l 

Pro/jcWy,  tlealh  ;  decease;  hence,  funeral  Bolemni- 
tics;  also,  an  anniversary  service  for  the  soul  of  the 
deceased  on  the  day  of  his  death.    Encyc.  Mouniagu. 

OB'i-TER,  [L.]  In  passing;  incidentally;  as,  obiter 
dictum,  a  thing  incidentally  said. 

0-BIT'li-AL,  a.     [L.  obeo,  to  die  ;  obitus,  deatli.] 

Pertaining  to  obit.s,  or  the  days  when  funeral  so- 
lemnities are  celebrated  ;  as,  vbitual  days,     Encyc. 

O-BIT'U-A-RY,  7).    JFr.  obUuaire,] 

I.  .'\n  account  of  persons  deceased  ;  notice  of  the 
death  of  a  person,  accompanied  with  a  brief  bio- 
graphical sketch  of  hJH  character. 

9.  In  tlic  Roman  Catholic  church,  a  list  of  the  dead, 
or  a  register  of  obilual  anniversary  days,  when 
service  is  performed  fi)r  the  dead.  Eiiciic 

G-BlT'tl-A-Rl-LY,  ado.  In  the  manner  of  an  obit- 
uary. 

O-BIT'U-A-RY,  a.  Relating  to  the  decease  of  a  per- 
son or  persons  ;  as,  an  obituary  notice. 

OB'JECT,  71.  [Fr.  objct;  L.  objcctuvi,  ohjectus.  Sec 
the  verb.] 

1.  That  about  which  any  power  or  faculty  is  em- 
ployed, or  something  apprehended  or  preseiiied  to 
the  mind  by  sensation  or  imagination.  Thus  that 
qimlity  of  a  rose  which  is  perceived  by  the  sense  of 
smell,  is  an  object  of  perception.  When  the  object  is 
not  in  contact  with  the  organ  of  sense,  there  must 
be  some  medium  through  which  we  obtain  the  per- 
ception (If  it.  The  impression  which  objects  make 
on  tile  senses,  must  be  by  the  immediate  application 
of  them  to  the  organs  of  sense,  or  by  means  (>f  the 
medium  that  intervenes  between  the  organs  and  the 
objects. 

2.  That  to  which  the  mind  is  directed  for  accom- 
plishment or  attainment ;  end  ;  ultimate  purpose. 
Happiness  is  the  object  of  every  man's  desires;  we 
all  strive  to  attain  to  that  object.  Wealth  and  honor 
are  pursued  with  eagerness  as  desirable  objects. 

"3.  Stunething  presented  to  the  senses  or  the  mind, 
to  excite  emotion,  affection,  or  passion. 

This  [in^sengcr  H-lt  some  degree  of  conarn  at  the  iiigirt  of  so 
niovili"  an  object.  Allcrbury. 

In  this  sense,  the  word  uttered  with  a  particular 
emphasis,  signifies  something  that  may  strongly 
move  our  pity,  abhorrence,  or  disgust.  What  an  ab- 
ject ! 

4.  In  g-rammar,  that  which  is  produced,  influ- 
enced, or  acted  on  by  sonietiiiug  else;  tiiat  which 
follows  a  transitive  verb.  When  we  say,  "  God 
created  the  world,"  world  denotes  the  thing  pro- 
duced, and  is  the  olrjcct  after  the  verb  crcatid. 
When  we  say,  "  The  light  affects  the  eye,"  eye  de- 
notes that  which  is  aflected  or  acted  on.  When  we 
say,  "Instruction  directs  the  mind  or  opinions," 
mind  and  opinioiis  are  the  objects  influenced. 

OB'JECT-GLASS.  n.  In  a  telescope  or  microscope,  the 
glass  placed  at  the  end  of  a  tube  next  tlie  object. 
Its  oflice  is  to  form  an  image  of  the  object,  which  is 
then  viewed  by  the  eye-glass. 

OB-JECT',  V.  t.  [ii.  objicio  ,*  ob  and  jacio,  to  throw 
against.] 

1.  To  oppose ;  to  present  in  opposition. 

Pallas  to  their  eyeJ 
The  mist  objected,  and  cuiidciucd  the  skic*.  Pope. 

2.  To  present  or  offer  in  opposition,  as  a  charge 
criminal,  or  as  :i  reason  adverse  to  something  sup- 
posed to  be  erroneous  or  wrong  ;  with  to  or  against. 

The  book  —  givcth  liberty  to  o^ecl  any  crime  ngainat  such  ns  are 
to  be  onRT^d.  WhitsiJ'ie. 

The  adversaries  of  n'ligiori  oly'cct  agaittal  profi-wora  the  irrcgu- 
Inn'y  of  tlicir  lives,  and  too  often  wi:h  JUGticc.  Anon. 

Tb-rre  was  this  sin^lo  fault,  that  Erasmus,  thou<;h  mi  cu'-my, 
could  object  to  lum.  Atltrbui-y. 

3.  To  offer ;  to  exhibit.     [Little  used.]     Jfarburton. 
OB-JECT',  V.  i.    To  oppose  in  words  or  arguments ; 

to  offer  reasons  against.    The  counsel  objected  to  the 

admission  of  tho  plaintiff's  witnesses. 
OB-JECT^,  a.  Opposed  ;  presented  in  opposition.  [A'ot 

used.]  Sandys. 

OB-JECT'A-RLE,  a.    That  may  be  opposed.     Taylor. 
OB-JEGT'ED, pp.    Opposed  in  words;  offered  reasons 

against. 
OR-JECT'ING,    ppr.      Opposing  ;    offering    reasons 

OBJEC'TION,  w,     [L.  objectio.] 

1.  The  act  of  objecting. 

2.  That  which  is  presented  in  opposition  ;  adverse 
reason  or  argument.  The  defendant  urged  several 
objcr.tions  to  the  plaintiff's  claims.  The  plaintiff  has 
removed  or  overthrown  those  objections. 

3.  That  which  may  be  offered  in  opposition ;  rea- 
son existing,  though  not  offered,  against  a  measure 
or  an  opinion.  We  often  have  objections  in  our  minds 
which  we  never  offer  or  present  in  opposition. 

4.  Criminal  charce  ;  fault  found. 
OB-JEe'TIOX-A-BLE,  a.    Justly  liable  to  objections  ; 

such  as  may  be  objected  against. 
OB-JECTaVE,  a.     [Fr.  objcctif.] 

Literally,  pertaining  or  relating  to  an  object. 
Hence, 

1.  In  philosophy,  an  epithet  applied  to  whatever  is 
exterior  to  the  mind,  or  which  is  the  o&jcci  of  thought 


FaTE,  far,  fall,  WH^T.  — Mete,  PREY.  —  PINE,  marine,  bird NoTE,  dove,  move,  WOLF,  BOOK.- 


OBL 


OBL 


O  ii  r. 


or  feeling ;  outward ;  external.    It  is  opposed  to  Sub- 
jective, which  see  for  a  fuller  explanation. 

Otrjectir*  KrtaintT  is  when  the  proposition  is  terLtinly  Inie  in 
itself;  .tiMl  6iiiij«live,  when  wc  arc  certiiii  of  llie  truth  of  it. 
The  one  is  in  tilings,  Uie  tjtlier  in  ou  r  minds.  ii'atU. 

2.  In  ffrcHijnar,  the  objective  case  is  that  which  fol- 
lows a  transitive  verb  or  a  preposition  ;  that  case  in 
which  the  ubject  of  the  verb  is  placcti,  when  protltlceil 
or  affccti-il  by  the  act  expressed  by  the  verb.  This 
caxe  in  English  answers  to  the  obliiiue  rases  of  the 
Latin.  iMWtk. 

01!  JECT'IVE-LY,  cdv.    In  an  objective  manner ;  .as, 

a  determinate  idea  objectivcbi  in  the  mind.     I^ckc. 

2.  In  the  state  of  an  object.  Brawn. 

OB-JECT'IVE-NESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  objective. 

Is  th're  snch  a  motion  or  ofrjcctjcenefs  of  extern^  bodies,  wliich 
producelh  light  ?  "'^'^ 

OBJEG-TIV'I-TY,  n.    The  state  of  being  objective. 

OB'JECT-LESS,  a.     Having  no  object.      Cohridgc. 

OB-JEeT'OR,  n.  One  that  objects;  one  that  oflcrs 
arguments  or  reasons  in  opposition  to  a  proposition 
or  measure.  Bmdey. 

l)n-JUR'G.4TE,  V.  t.    [L.  otjnTga;  ob  and  jaro-o,  to 
chide.] 
To  ciiide  ;  to  reprove.    [JVot  uscrf.] 

OBJUK-G.\'TION,  n.    [L.  objurgalio.] 

The  act  of  chiding  by  way  of  censure  ;  reproof; 
reprehension.    [LittU  used.}  Bramhall. 

OB-JL'R'G.\-TO-RY,  a.  Containing  censure  or  re- 
proof; culpatorv".     [Litdc  used.1  Hoindl. 

OB-LSTE',  a.    [h.  obUtiis,  offiro  ;  ob  and  fero,  to  bear.] 

In  geometnj,  flattened  or  depressed  at  the  poles  ; 

a=,  an  oblate  spheroid,  which  is  the  figure  of  the 

earth.  .P'f"""-, 

OB-LaTE'XESS,  n.    The  quality  or  state  of  being  ob- 
late. FlcutiitiT, 
Oli-LS'TIOX,  Ji.    [L.  ablatio,  ftom  ojfero ;  ob  and  fcro, 
to  bear  or  bring.] 

1.  Any  thing  offered  or  presented  in  v.'orship  or  sa- 
cred service ;  an  oflfering  ;  a  sacrifice. 

Bring  no  more  v.-tiu  obta^one.  —  Is.  i. 

2.  In  the  early  Christian  chureh,  a  gifl  or  contribu- 
tion for  the  expenses  of  the  eucharist,  or  for  the  sup- 
port of  the  clersy  and  the  poor.  ^•'^'"''• 

OB-La'TION-ER,  n.    One  who  makes  an  offering  as 

an  act  of  worship  or  reverence. 
OB-LEC'TaTE,  v.  t.     [L.  oblecto.] 

To  delisht ;  to  please  highly.    [jVot  used.] 
OB-LEe-T-t'TION,  ?i.    The  act  of  pleasing  highly ; 

deliglit.  ,.      «'""""• 

OB'LI-GaTE,  v.  t.  [L.  obligo  ;  ob  and  hga,  to  bind.] 
To  bind,  as  one's  self,  in  a  moral  and  leeal  sense  ; 
to  impose  on,  as  a  duty  which  the  law  or  good  faith 
may  enforce.  A  man  may  obligate  himself  to  pay 
money,  or  erect  a  house,  either  by  bond,  by  cove- 
nant, or  by  a  verbal  promise.  A  man  obligates  .nm- 
self  only  by  a  positive  act  of  his  own.  We  never 
say,  a  man  oblifotes  his  heirs  or  executors.  Until  re- 
cently, the  sense  of  this  word  has  been  restricted  to 
positive  and  personal  acts  ;  and  when  moral  duty  or 
law  bindsa  person  to  do  something,  the  word  Oblige 
has  been  used.  "  *  ""~  ^■"*'  '"  " 
served. 

The  millions  of  mankind,  as  one  vtist  fratemitj",  should  feel  ob- 
Osaied  by  a  sense  at  duty  and  the  impn!«r  of  ntlectton,  to 
realize  the  equal  risbts  and  to  sulserve  the  b-^st  niieresls  of 


But  this  distinction  is  not  now  ob- 


realize  the  equal  lights  and 

each  other. 
That's  your  true  plan,  to  oiKgate 
The  present  minister  of  state. 


Proudfit. 
OiarcMU. 


OB'LI-G.^-TED,  pp.    Bound  by  contract  or  promise. 
OB'LI-G.vTING,  ppr   Binding  by  covenant,  contract, 

promise,  or  bond. 
OB-LI-Ga'TION,  n.    [L.  oUigalio.'] 

1.  The  binding  power  of  a  vow,  promise,  oath,  or 
contract,  or  of  law,  civil,  political,  or  moral,  inde- 
pendent of  a  promise  ;  that  which  constitutes  legal 
or  moral  dutj',  and  which  renders  a  person  liable  to 
coercion  and  punishment  for  neglecting  it.  The  laws 
and  commands  of  God  impose  on  us  an  ohUgatwn  to 
love  him  supremely,  and  our  neighbor  as  ourselves. 
Every  citizen  is  under  an  obligation  to  obey  the  laws 
of  th2  slate.  Moral  obligation  binds  men  without 
promise  or  contract. 

2.  The  binding  force  of  civility,  kindness,  or  grati- 
tude, when  the  performance  of  a  duty  can  not  be 
enforced  by  law.  Favors  conferred  impose  on  men 
an  obtiiraUirn  to  make  suitable  returns. 

3.  .^ny  act  by  which  a  person  becomes  bound  to 
do  something  to  or  for  another,  or  to  forbear  some- 
thing. Tanlor 

4.  In  law,  a  bond  with  a  condition  annexed,  and  a 
penalty  for  non-fulfillment. 

OB-U-GA'TO.     See  Obbligato. 

OB'I.I-GA-TO-RY,  a.    Binding  in  law  or  conscience  ; 
imiHising  duty  ;  requiring  performance  or  forbearance 
of  some  act ;  followed  by  on  r  to  is  obsolete. 
As  long  as  law  a  obligatory,  so  long  our  obedience  is  due. 

0-BLTGE',  (pronounced  as  vtrittat,  not  o-blecj',)  v.  t. 
fFr.  ob!i:rtr;  It.  obbtigarc;  Sp.  obligar ;  from  L.  obli- 
go ;  ob  and  ligo,  to  bind  ;  Rufs.  aUagayu,  or  oblcgayu, 
to  encompass  or  surround.] 

1.  To  constrain  by  necessity  ;  to  compel  by  phys- 


ical force.  An  admiral  may  be  obliged  to  surrender  hiJ 
ships,  or  he  may  be  obliged  by  adverse  windA  to  de- 
lay sailing. 

2.  To  constrain  by  legal  force ;  to  bind  in  law. 
Wc  are  obliged  to  pay  toll  for  supporting  roads  and 
bridges. 

3.  To  bind  or  constrain  by  moral  force.  We  are 
obliged  to  believe  [lositive  and  unsuspected  Icsll- 
mony. 

4.  To  bind  in  conscience  or  honor ;  to  constrain  by 
a  sense  of  propriety.  We  are  often  obliged  to  con- 
form to  established  customs,  rites,  or  ceremonien. 
To  be  obliged  to  yield  10  fashion  is  often  the  worst 
species  of  tyranny. 

5.  To  do  a  favor  to;  to  lay  under  obligation  of 
gratitude  ;  as,  to  oblige  one  with  a  loan  of  money. 

G.  To  do  a  favor  to ;  to  plea'ic  ;  to  gratify.     Oblige 
us  with  your  company  at  tlinner. 
7.  To  bring  under  obligation. 

To  those  hills  we  are  obUgfd  for  all  our  met.Ms.  Br ntiey. 

O-BLIG'/CD,  pp.  Bound  in  duty  or  in  law ;  compelled  ; 

constrained ;  favored  ;  indebted. 
OB-LI-GEE',  II.     The  person  to  whom  another  is 
bound,  or  the  person  to  vvliom  a  bond  is  given. 

Blaelietone. 
O-BLIGE'MENT,  vi.    Obligation.    [LttlU  used.] 

Milton.    Dryden. 
0-BLI'GER,  a.    One  that  obliges. 
O-BLI'GING,  jipr.     Binding  in  law  or  conscience ; 
2.  Doing  a  favor  to.       [compelling ;  constraining. 

No  man  c;in  long  iK  the  enemy  of  one  whom  lie  is  hi  llie  li-'J  it 
of  oWising.  U.  HampkteiJ. 

O-BLI'GING,  a.     [Fr.  obligcant.] 

Having  the  disposition  to  do  favors,  or  actually 
conferring  them  ;  as,  an  obliging  man  ;  a  man  of  an 
obliging  disposition  ;  hence,  civil ;  complaisant ;  kind. 

Mous.  Strozd  has   many  curiosities,  and  is  rcry  oklipng  to  a 
stranger  that  desires  the  sight  of  them.  Addtaon. 

O-BLI'GING-LY,  adi\    With  civility ;  kindly  ;  com- 
plaisantly.  jJAUsmi.     Sxi/l. 

0-BLI'GING-NESS,  n.    Obligation.    [LiuU  used.] 

Hammond. 
=>.  Civility  ;  complaisance  ;  disiiosilion  to  exercise 
kindness.  IVaUon. 

OB-LI-GOR',  II.    The  person  who  binds  himself,  or 
gives  his  bond  to  another.  Blaekstont. 

OB-LI-QUa'TION,  n.    [h.  obUijuo,  from  obliqmw,  ob- 
lique.] 

1.  Declination  from  ;i  straight  line  or  course ;  a 
turning  to  one  side  ;  as,  the  obliqnation  of  the  eyes. 

2.  Deviation  from  moral  rectitude.         [jVfKloii. 
OB-LIQUE',  (ob-!ike'  or  ob-leek',)  a.    [L.  oUvpius ; 

Fr.  obUme.]  j-      .         . 

1.  DeNiating  from  a  right  lino ;  not  direct ;  not 
perpendicular ;  not  parallel ;  aslant. 

It  has  a  tiip^ctioa  cWigiie  to  tlial  of  the  former  motion.     CheyM. 

An  oblique  angle  is  either  acute  or  obtuse ;  any  an- 
gle except  a  right  angle. 

An  obliijite  line  is  one  that,  falling  on  another,  makes 
oid'rme  angles  with  it.  ,..,.,    ,- 

Oblique  planes,  in  dialing,  are  those  which  decline 
from  the  zenith,  or  incline  toward  the  horizon. 

Oblimc  sailing,  is  when  a  ship  sails  upon  some 
rhumb  between  the  four  cardinal  iwints,  making  an 
oblique  angle  with  the  meridian.    Brande.    Encye- 

2.  Indirect ;  by  a  side  glance  ;  as,  an  oWtjue  hiiil. 

3.  In  m-ammar,  an  obtijue  case  is  any  case  except 
the  nommative.  _„„i„.. 

OB-LiaUE'-AN"GL£D,  (I.    Having  oblique  angIe^  , 

as,  an  oblique-angled  triangle. 
OB-LiaUE'LY,  adi:    In  a  line  ileviating  from  a  right 

line;  not  directly;  not  perpendiciiliuly. 

D>'clining  from  the  noon  "f  day, 

The  sun  obiirjuelij  shoots  his  burning  r.ty.  t^oJM. 

2  Indirectly  ;  by  a  side  glance ;  by  an  aUusion  ; 
not  in  the  direct  or  plain  meaning. 


OB-I.IT'P.R-X.TUn,  pp.  oc  «.    EAced  ;  «ued  :  »ar» 


In  ; 


i-d  1.1 


r^i 


s  discourse  tends  oWijariy  to  the  .Iclractins  from  •"^^.^^^_ 


OB-LTaUE'NESS,  n.    Obliquity.  .,.„„,.,„,  .  p, 

OB-LIQ'UI-TY,  (ob-lik'we-te,)  n.    [h.  obUqitttas ,  Jr. 

"'l  D«ltion  from  a  right  line ;  deviation  frompar- 
.illelism  <ir  perpendicularity  ;  as,  the  obluimty  of  the 
ecliptic  to  the  equator, 
o   Deviation  from  moral  rectitude. 

re  tlisobcy  fiod,  or  opi'ose  hi.  will  In  any  U,ln-,  Impoitt^m^oral 

obtijpiity. 
3.  Irregularity ;  deviation  from  ordinarj-  rulfs. 
OB-LIT'ER  ATE,  t.  (.    [L.  oWitfro  ;  06  and  litrrti,  let- 

""1'^  To  eiTace  ;  to  erase  or  blot  out  any  thins  writ- 
ten; or  to  effac'c  any  thing  engraved.  A  'vrmngmay 
^"obliterated  by  cristir-,  by  blotting,  or  by  the  slow 

■^^  To"  fface  ;  to  wear  out ;  to  destroy  by  time  or 
other  means  ;  as,  to  oblilcrale  ideas  or  impressions  ; 
t^MitZea.  monuments  of  antiqujtv^i  tonWi.cr- 

"'•J  To™edice  to  a  veij-  low  or  imperc^epUblo  state. 

The  torpor  of  Uie  rascular  system  and  •*'^'^'-'^j;,''^p,j,^. 


OB  I. 

d- 
OBL.  i   i.- 

ment ;  a 

0B-LlV'Iij;..n. 

1.  Forgetful  ii< 

2.  Af  ■ 
ment. 
pardon ' ' 
by  whif  1. 

OB-LIV'l  ' 
L  Cau 

Tlv;  oWjrsoitst 

Bebokl  the  «o:.  •  !s*r. 

2.  For«ctftil. 
On-LIV'I-Of.S-LV,<u. 
OB-LOC'IJ-TOB,  n.    A 

OB'LONG,  a.      r 

Longer  than 
OB'LO.NG,  n.      .-   .  .   : 

broad. 
2.  In  geomitrf,  a  rettmnjle  which 

is  brriad. 
OIS'LO.SG.IHH,  a.    W". 
Oli'I.O.VC-LV.o.     In 
0B'LO.\G-NEl-8,  K.     I 

broad. 
OB'LO.NG-O'VATF,, 

and  ovate,  but  Inclinf 
OB-LO'aUl-OUB,   •. 

obloquy  I  reproachful. 
OB'LfJ-dUY,    ».     [L. 

speak.] 

1.  Censorious  Bpeech  ; 
gunge  that  ca-«t.  r .'ii'.'iT.rl  ■ 

Shall  nsmes  t) 
tiooed  «.t . 

2.  Cause  of  It  ...J..  ..... 

OB-LUC-Ta'TION,  «.    [Ut' 

st  niggle] 
A  struggle  or  striving  against ;  < 

used.] 
OB-.MuTES'CEN'CE,  n.    [U  cimt^.- 

1.  Loss  of  speech  ;  silence. 

2.  .^  keeping  silence. 
OB-NOX'I0l'S,~  (ob-nok'shUJ,)  a. 

and  Tioriiu,  hurtful,  from  noat.] 

1.  Subject;  answerable. 

The  snitioFi  of  Uwrerm,  ahich  -—  ■     •        ■  -*      "- 

panic  Ldar  U»^ 

2.  Liable;  subject  to  cot;  1 

We  knoTs  oucx-lTcs  oisitaww  to  li  .  .  ■ 

3.  Liable;   eipcstd;  v,  ftim 
jealousies. 

4.  Kepri'hcnsiblc ;  censuralil* ;  ni!  ■:; 
obnczious  autllors. 

5.  Odious  ;    hateful ;   o(r<•n^;r-  ;  'v;t^   • 
minister  wn^  pf-rt.'ntuj  to  ■ 

t"i.  Hurtful  :  nnMi.u.-. 
0H-N0.\'I0Lti-I,V,  iir.    iTi 
liabilitr. 
2.  U'eprehrnsiMv ;  odio*i- 
OB-NOX'IOUS-NESS.  «.    .- 
punishment. 

2.  Odicu?ness ;  oITensiT  ■ 
of  tile  law  rendered  the  Ic 
Oll-XC'BIL.iTF..  r.  t.      [1.. 
iiii6r.<,  mist,  cltiud,] 
Tocl'ud  ;  loobscunc. 
OB-.NC'lll-L.\-TEn.  rf.    <■ 
Ol!-Nr-BI-L.\'TlON.  n. 

making  dark  or  obscure. 
O'BO-E,  1.    [It.]    Awind-K 
cd  through  a  reed  ;  nl.«ii  w  ■ 
OB'OLE,  ".     [L.  <yi<4tLi.] 

In  pharmacy,  the  wcltiht  of  tvvrlvc   j.-Jin 
sav.  ten  grains. 
OB'O-Ll-S,  n.     [L..  from  Gr.  •Jo>»f.]         _ 
.\  small  silver  coin  of  Athens,  the  »ii' 
draciiina.  about  two  cents  in  value.  «t 
thing  sterlinj!, 
2.  .\n  ancient  w-. 
OB-0'VATE,  o.    Ill 
the  narrow  end  d.  v 


(U  t*i 


OB-REP'TION, 
creei*.] 


[L. 
riic'act  of  creeping  on  >• 

oB-nEP-Tr'Tious.  (-ti«; 

obtained  by  surprise :  wr. 

ment  of  the  Inith.    • 
OB'BO-GATE.  r.  !.     ['--^ 
To  pR>poso  or  1 ' 

instead  of  .innulli' 
OB-J=CP.Nr.'.  .:.     AT- 


TUNE, BULL,  U1«TE.-AN"GEK,  VI"CIOUS. 


-€  as  K;  O  as  J  ;  S  as  Z;  CH  as  : 


703 


I  frt-O 
Pope. 


Dry'icn. 


OBS 

1.  Oftuiisivc  to  chastity  ami  delicacy  ;  impure  ;  ex- 
;.'ressmg  or  presenting  to  llio  mind  or  v'ww  some- 
thing which  delicacy,  purity,  and  decency  forbid  to 
be  exposed  j  as,  vtjsccne  language  ;  ob.-iceitc  pictures. 

2.  Foul;  tillJiy ;  olFensivc;  disgusting. 

A  g-inlle  foul  with  jn-iiBi:  biniU  lib  obsceite  ullirc.         Drydcn. 

3.  Inauspicious}  ilt-omened. 

At  Iho  cheerful  li'ht, 
The  gro;iiiing'  gliosis  and  birds  obtceiie  Uvke  flight.       Drydcn, 

OII-SCeNK'LY,  adv.     U\  a  manner  oflensive  to  clias- 

lity  or  piiritv  ;  impurely;  UTichastely.  Milton. 

(Mt-.SCitM-l'NESS,    i  n.      [Fr.  obsccntUi   L.   obscmni- 
On-SCi:.\'I-TY,         i      tas.] 

1.  Impurity  in  expression  or  representation  ;  that 
ipialtly  in  words  or  tilings  wliicii  presents  what  is 
otrensivc  to  chastity  or  purity  of  mind  ;  ribaldry. 

Cowley  rtSBcrts  pliiinly  (1ml  obscenUy  Iwa  no  pUicfi  in  wit. 

Dnjden. 
Those  fiblrs  were  Iciiipcred  villi  thn  Iuli.iii  severity, 

from  :iiiy  note  of  itilnmy  or  obsccnencsa, 
Ni>  i)anloii  vile  obacenibf  »bot)l(l  fiiiil. 

2.  Unchaste  actions ;  lewdness. 

To  wasli  til'  otntcenidee  oT  ni^'it  aw.iy. 
Oit-geU-K.\'TION,  n.     [h.  obsctirrMo.] 

1.  The  act  of  darkenmg. 

2.  The  state  of  being  darkened  or  obscured  ;  as,  the 
obscuratiiin  of  the  moon  in  an  eclipse. 

OB-SCuilK',  a.     [L.  obsciiriis;  It.  oscuro.] 

1.  Dark  ;  destitute  of  light. 

Whoso  curseth  his  father  or  inolbcr,  his  lamp  eUM  be  put  oni  iii 
obscure  durkncas.  —  Frov,  xx. 

2.  Living  in  darkness  ;  as,  the  obscure  bird.     Skak. 

3.  Not  easdy  understood ;  not  obviously  intelligi- 
ble; abstruse  ;  as,  an  obscure  passage  in  a  writing. 

Drifden. 

4.  Not  much  known  or  observed ;  retired  ;  remote 
from  observation  ;  as,  an  obscure  retreat. 

5.  Not  noted;  unknown;  unnoticed;  humble; 
mean ;  as,  an  obscure  person  ;  a  person  of  obscure 
birth.  Attcrburii. 

(J.  Not  easily  legible  ;  as,  an  obscure  inscription. 
7.  Not  clear,  full,  or  distinct;  imperfect;  as,  an 
obscure  view  of  remote  objects. 
OB-SeORE',  V.  t.     [L.  obsciiro.] 

1.  To  darken  ;  to  make  darK.  The  shadow  of  the 
earth  obscures  the  moon,  and  the  body  of  the  moon 
ohscurcji  the  sun,  in  an  eclipse. 

2.  To  cloud ;  to  make  partially  dark.  Thick  clouds 
obscure  the  day. 

3.  To  hide  from  tlie  view ;  as,  clouds  obscure  the 
■I.  To  make  less  visible.  [sun. 


Why.  'tis  fill  office  of  (iiacovery,  love, 
And  I  bhoukl  be  obscured. 


S5iak. 


5.  To  make  less  legible ;  as,  time  has  obscured  the 
writing. 

6.  To  make  less  intelligible. 

Tiicre  18  ec;irco  »uy  duiy  wliich  Ii'iB  been  so  ohfcured  by  l!.^ 
writings  of  the  iLMi'iicd  as  iliis.  Wake. 

7.  To  make  Ie^3  glorious,  beautiful,  or  illustrious. 

And  Bccst  not  sin  obscarea  thy  jjodiilie  frame  ?  Dryden, 

8.  To  conceal ;  to  make  unknown.  Milton. 

9.  To  tarnish  ;  as,  to  obscure  brightness. 

OB  seuU'£D,;jp.  Clouded,  or  made  partially  dark  ; 
rumcpaled. 

0!:-S€UIlE'LY,  ado.  Darkly  ;  not  clearly  ;  imperfect- 
ly ;  as,  an  object  obscurely  seen  ;  obscurely  visible. 

2.  Out  of  sight ;  in  a  state  not  to  be  noticed  ;  pri- 
vately ;  in  retirement ;  not  conspicuously. 

There  live  retired  ; 
Content  lliysolf  to  be  obscurely  gomi.  Addison. 

3.  Not  clearly  ;  not  plainly  to  the  mind  ;  darkly  j 
as,  fi:turc  events  obscurely  revealed. 

4.  N'dt  plaitilv  ;  indirectly;  l)y  hints  or  allusion. 

OIJ-Seu'ia-TV,       i"-     [i- ''^^curif.as.] 

1.  Darkness  ;  want  of  light. 

We  wftit  tor  li^l.t,  but  bi-tio!d  obscurittj.  —  la.  IJx. 

Q.  A  state  of  retirement  from  ttie  world  ;  a  state  of 
being  unnoticed  ;  privacy. 

You  an;  not  for  ohscurilij  ilcaigncd.  Drydcn. 

3.  D.arkncss  of  meaning;  unintelligibleness;  as, 
the  ob^icurity  of  writings,  or  of  a  particular  passage. 

'1.  lilegiblencss ;  as,  the  obscurity  of  letters,  or  of 
an  inscriirtion. 

5.  A  state  of  being  unknown  to  fame;  humble 
condition  ;  as,  the  obscurity  of  birtli  or  parentage. 

On-SeOIl'ER,  7t.  lie  or  that  which  obscures  or  dark- 
ens. Lord. 

OU-SeCU'ING,  ppr.  Darkening  ;  making  less  visible 
or  iiitelliiiihle  ;  tarnishing. 

OB'SE  CRaTE,  v.  t.     [L.  obsecm.] 

To  beseech ;  to  entreat ;  to  supplicate  ;  to  pray 
eamcstlv.  Cackcram. 

OB'SE-CRa-TED,  pp.    Entreated  ;  prayed  earnestly. 

OB'SE-CRa-TING,  ppr.    Supplicating  ;  beseeching. 

OB-SE-CRa'TION,  n.    Entreaty  ;  supiilication. 

Stilliii  ^rjlcu. 

2.  A  figure  of  rhetoric,  in  which  the  orator  implores 
the  as.-^istance  of  (^xl  or  man.  Enctjc. 

Oli'SE-aUKNT,  It.     [L.  obsequrns,] 

Obedient;  submissive  to,    \Liiilcvsed.'\    FotJicrhy. 


OBS 

OB'SE-aUIES,  (oh'.se-kwiz,)  v.  pi  [Vx.  obscqacs, 
from  L.  obsiquium^  complaisance,  from  obscquor,  tit 
tbllow.] 

Funeral  rites  and  solemnities;  tlie  last  duties  per- 
formed to  a  deceased  person.  Ih-yden. 

[Milton  iLscs  the  word  OusEtiUY,  in  the  sintrular^  but 
the  cjymmon  ^isase  w  di^'crent.^ 
01i-Sii;'Q,UI-0US,  a.      [from  L.  nb$cqu.mm^  complai- 
sance, from  obscquor,  to  follow  ;  ab  and  scquor."] 

1.  Promptly  obedient  or  submissive  to  the  will  of 
another;  compliant;  yielding  to  llic  desires  of  oth- 
ers, properly  to  the  will  or  comm;ind  of  a  superior  ; 
but  in  actual  vse,  it  often  signifies  yielding  to  the  will 
or  desires  of  sucli  as  iiavc  no  riirlit  to  control. 


Ilia  ar.rvanls  weeping', 
ObiCfjuiovs  to  hia  orders,  beiir  Uim  hiiJicr. 


Addison. 


2.  J?crvilely  or  meanly  condescending ;  compliant 
to  excess ;  as,  an  obsequioits  llatterer,  minion,  or  par- 
asite. 

3.  Funereal  ;  pertaining  to  funeral  rites.  [Jv'ot 
nrfd.]  '  Sluik. 

On-SfyciUr-OUS-LY,  adr.  with  ready  obedience; 
Willi  prompt  compliance. 

They  rine,  and  with  rr-iiwctrnl  awe, 

At  the  worvl  giifcn,  obsequiously  withdmw.  D)-ydcn. 

2.  With  reverence  for  the  dead.    [JVot  used.] 

Sfuik. 
OB-SE'aUI-OUS-NESS,  n.  Ready  obedience  j  prontpt 
compliance  with  the  orders  of  a  superior. 

2.  Servile  submission  ;  mean  or  excessive  com- 
plaisance. 

'riii'y  apply  themselves  botli  to  hia  interest  and  humor,  with  nil 
die  aria  of  flatt'.ry  and  obsetjuionsncss.  &)ulh. 

OB'SE-aUY,  71.    Funeral  rite.     [Sec  Ob3e<iuies.] 
2.  Obsetpiidusness.     [J^ot  in  jisc.}        B.  Jimson. 

OD'SE-RATE,  v.  t.     [L.  obscro.] 
Tu  lock  up.     [JVot  used.] 

OB'SE-Ra-TED,  y;;;.     Locked  un. 

0B'SE-RA-TING,p/)r.    Locking  up. 

OB-SERV'A-BLE,  a.  [See  0u:>EavE.]  Tliat  may  li.; 
observed  or  noticed. 

2.  Worthy  of  observation  or  of  particular  notice  ; 
remarkable. 

I  took  a  just  account  of  every  observable  cir:uinst.iucc  of  the 
earth,  Btone,  metal,  or  oilier  matter.  Woodward. 

OE-SERV'A-BLY,  adv.    In  a  manner  worthy  of  note. 

Broicn. 

OB-SERV'ANCE,  n.  [Fr.  Sec  Observe.]  The  act 
of  obfierving ;  the  act  of  keeping  or  adhering  to  in 
practice ;  performance  ;  as,  the  observance  of  rules, 
rites,  ceremonies,  or  laws. 

Love  rijid  honesty, 
And  slvicl  observance  of  imparlinl  l;iw».  Jioscairi:non. 

Q.  Respect ;  ceremonial  reverence  in  practice. 

To  do  observance  on  tlic  morn  of  May.  Shale. 

3.  Performance  of  rites,  religious  ceremonies,  or 
external  service. 

Sornc  rt'present  to  themselvea  the  \vh<Ae  of  religion  .w  consisting 
in  a  fijw  en-ty  observances.  'Rogers, 

A.  Rule  of  practice  ;  tilings  to  ho  observed.  Shok. 
5.  Obsi'rvarion  ;  attention  to.  [Little  used.]  Hale. 
C.  Obedient  regard  or  attention. 

Iliiviii^  had  experience  of  his   fidelity  and  obscrvince  aiinind. 
[Not  used.\  Wolton. 

OB-SER-VAN'DA,n.  pZ.   [L.]  Things  to  be  observed. 

Swift. 

OB-SERV'ANT,  a.  Taking  notice  ;  attentively  view- 
ing or  noticing;  as,  an  observant  spectator  or  trav- 
eler. 

2.  Obedient ;  adhering  to  in  practice  ;  with  of.  He 
is  very  observant  of  the  rules  of  his  order. 

Wc   arc   told    how   observant  Alexander  was   of  his  ninet^r, 
Arlitnlle.  Digby. 

3.  Carefullv  attentive  ;  submissive.  Ralegh. 
0B-$EKV'ANt,7i,  A  slavish  attendant.   [J^ot  in  use.] 

Shale. 

2.  A  diligent  observer.  Hooker. 

3.  Among  monks,  one  of  a  community  which  pro- 
fesses to  observe  perfectly  the  rule  of  the  order  as 
originally  established.  Murdoch. 

OB-SERV'ANT-LY,  adv.    In  an  obser^'ant  manner; 

attentivelv. 
OB-SERV-X'TION,  n.    [L.  ohscrvatio.    See  OasEBVE.] 

1.  The  act  of  observing  or  taking  notice  ;  the  act 
of  seeing  or  of  fixing  ll:e  jnind  on  any  thing.  We 
apply  the  word  to  simple  vision,  as  when  one  says, 
a  spot  en  the  sun's  disk  did  not  fall  under  his  obscr- 
cation;  or  to  the  notice  or  cognizance  of  the  mind, 
as  when  one  says,  the  distinction  made  by  the  orator 
escaped  liis  observation.  ^Vhen,  however,  it  express- 
es vision,  it  often  represents  a  more  fixed  or  particu- 
lar view  than  a  mere  transient  sight ;  as,  an  iistri>- 
nomical  observation. 

2.  Notion  gained  by  observing;  the  effect  or  result 
of  seeing  or  taking  cognizance  in  the  mind,  and 
either  retained  in  the  mind  or  expressed  in  words ; 
inference,  or  something  arising  out  of  the  art  of  see- 
ing or  noticing,  or  that  which  is  produced  by  think- 
ing and  reflecting  on  a  subject;  note;  remark;  ani- 
niadversion.  We  oftm  say,  I  made  the  obscnnitiou 
in  my  own  niind  :  but  jiropi-rly  nti  observation  is  that 


OBS 

which  is  expressed  as  the  result  of  viewing  or  of 
thinking. 

In  inaitera  of  luimnn  pnidenee,  wc  nliall  Hnd  iho  greatest  advnn- 
tajfo  by  ninldng  wins  oliierunrtoiw  on  unr  conduct.     Watts. 

3.  Observance  ;  adherence  to  in  practice  i  perform- 
ance of  what  is  prescribed 

lie  fn-cd  the  Uliri^liun  church  Tixnn  the  exicnml  observatinti  mid 
oU'dience  of  K:j;;.d  precepts  not  formally  moral.         White. 

4.  In  astronomy,  an  angular  measurement  of  any 
space  on  the  ct-Iestial  sphere  Olmsted. 

OB-SERV-A'TION-AL,  «.  Consistingof  or  containing 

ri^inarks  or  observations.  Sturtcvant. 

OB-SEUV-A'TOR,  71.     [Fr.  obscrvatcitr.'] 

}.  One  that  observes  or  takes  notice.  Jlale, 

2.  A  remarker.  Dnjdcn. 

OE-ffiERV'A-TO-RY,  n.     [Fr.  obscrviUoire,] 

A  place  or  building  for  making  observations  on  the 
heavenly  bodies  ;  as,  the  royal  observatory  at  Green- 
wich. 
OB-SERVE',  (tib-zerv',)  v.  t.  [L.  observe;  oh  and 
servOj  to  keep  or  hold.  The  sense  is,  to  Jiold  in 
'  view,  or  to  keep  the  eyes  on.  See  Class  Sr,  No.  31, 
38,  45,  and  Class  Dr,  No.  32.] 

L  To  see  or  behold  with  sonic  attention  ;  to  no- 
tice ;  as,  to  observe  a  halo  round  the  moon ;  I  observed 
a  singular  phenomenon  ;  we  observe  strangers  or  their 
dress.  I  saw  the  figure,  but  observed  nothing  pecu- 
liar in  it. 

2.  To  take  notice  or  cognizance  of  by  the  intellect. 
We  observe  nice  distinctions  in  arguments,  or  a  pecu- 
liar delicacy  of  thought. 

3.  To  utter  or  express,  as  a  remark,  opinion,  or 
sentiment;  to  remark.  He  observed  that  no  man  aj*- 
pears  great  to  his  domestics. 

4.  To  keep  re'igiously  ;  to  celebrate. 

A  niglit  to  be  much  obsei'vcd  to  the  Lord.  —  Ex,  xil. 

Yc  6lv\II  observe  the  feast  of  unleavened  bread.  —  ICx.  xii. 

Ve  observe  days,  and  montlis,  and  tinieE,  and  years.  — ti;^l.  iv. 

'»,  To  keep  or  adhere  to  in  practice ;  to  comply 
with  ;  to  obey  ;  as,  to  observe  the  laws  of  the  state  ; 
to  observe  the  rules  and  regulations  of  a  society. 

Teaching  them  to  ohscroe  all  things  whatsoever  I  have  com- 
inanded  you.  —  MaU.  xxviii. 

6.  To  practice. 

In  the  <Uiy3  of  Enoch,  tlic  people  obserocd  not  circumcision  or 
the  :j.iL)b:vth.  Wltile, 

OB-SERVE',  (ob-zerv',)  v.  i     To  remark.     I  have 
heard  the  gentleman's  arguments,  and  shall  here- 
al^er  observe  upon  them. 
2.  To  be  attentive. 

0B-SERV'J5D,  /)/).    Noticed  by  the  eye  or  the  mind. 

2.  Kept  religiously  ;  celebrated;  practiced. 
OB-SERV'ER,  7(.    One  who  observes  ;  one  that  lakes 

notice  ;  particularly,  one  who  looks  to  with  care,  at- 
tention, or  vigilance. 

Careful  observers  may  foretell  the  hour, 

By  Bnre  prognostic,  when  to  dread  a  sliowcr.  Sioifl. 

Creditors  are  •ji'eal  observers  uf  net  days  and  times.     Franklin. 

9.  A  beholder  ;  a  looker  on  ;  a  spectator.    South. 

3.  One  who  keeps  any  law,  custom,  regulation,  or 
rite  ;  one  who  adheres  to  any  thing  in  practice  ;  one 
who  perfonua  ;  as,  a  great  observer  of  forms  ;  an  ob- 
server of  old  customs.  Bacon. 

4.  One  who  fulfills  or  performs  ;  as,  he  is  a  strict 
observer  of  his  word  or  promise.  Prior. 

."j.  One  wJio  keeps  religiously ;  as,  an  observer  of 
the  Sabbath.  Mterbiinj. 

OB-SERVING,  ppr.    Taking  notice  by  the  eye  or  the 
intellect. 

2.  Remarking. 

3.  Keeping;  adhering  to  in  practice  ;  fulfilling. 

4.  a.  Giving  particular  attention;  habitually  tak- 
ing notice  ;  attentive  to  what  passes.  He  is  an  ob- 
siTvinir  man. 

OB-SERV'ING-LY,    adp.       Attentively  ;    carefully  ; 

with  close  observation.  Skak. 

OB-SESS',  V.  L     [L.  obsidcoj  obscssus  i  ob  and  scdco,  to 

sitj 
To  besiege.     [JVot  used.]  Elyot. 

OB-SES'SION,  (-sesh'un,)  n.     [L.  obscssio.] 

1.  The  act  of  besieging. 

2.  Tlie  state  of  a  person  vexed  or  besieged  by  an 
evil  spirit,  antecedent  to  possession.     [Little  used.] 

Burton. 
OB-SID'I-AN,  n.  A  kind  of  glass  produced  by  volca- 
noes. It  is  usually  of  a  black  color,  and  opatpie,  ex- 
cept in  thin  splinters.  A  variety  of  it  has  a  bluish  or 
grayish  color,  and  a  pearly  luster,  and  is  called 
Pearlstone.  Dana. 

OB-SI  IVI-ON-AL,  a.     [L.  obsidionalis ;  ob  and  sedco, 
to  sit.] 

Ptjrtaining  to  a  siege  ;  as,  an  obsidional  crown,  one 
bestowed  upon  a  general  who  raised  the  siege  of  a 
brdeaguered  place.    It  waa  formed  of  grass  growinj; 
on  the  rampart. 
OB-SIG-IL-La'TION,  n.     [L.  oft  and  siffUlo.] 

A  sealing  up.     [J^ot  in  itsc] 

OB-SIG'NaTE,  v.  t.     [L.  obsi^io    ob  and  eignOj  to 

seal.] 

To  seal  up  ;  to  ratify.     [Little  used.]        Barrow. 

OB-SIG-Na'TION,  n.    The  act  of  sealing  ;  rittification 

by  sealing  ;  confirmation.  Taylor. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT — .METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  I\!ARiNE,  BIRD.  — NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.- 


OBS 

OB-SIG'N.VTO-KY,    a.  Ralifyins  ;   confirming    by 

serilinc-  iVanl. 

OD-SO-LE3'CE.\CE,  n.  The  state  of  bcconiiiig  obso- 
lete. Cnnnbie. 

OB-SO-LES'CENT,  a.  [L.  obsolc^co,  to  go  out  of 
use.] 
Going  out  of  use  j  passing  into  desuctnclfi. 

All  th-  wonis  compounilcil  of  here  aii<I  a  preposition,  pxOTpl 
kerea/ier,  Jii«  otisoleCe  or  obsolcscciiL  Crjnpbell. 

OC  SO-LeTE,  a.    [L.  obsoletits.] 

1.  Gone  into  disuse ;  disused ;  neglected  ;  as,  an  oh- 
solcle  word;  an  obsolete  statute;  n;»i)li(;d  chietiy  tu 
word?  or  writings.  Dn/den.     Sirift. 

Q.  In  natural  kistorij,  obscure;  not 'very  di^^tinct; 
rudimental. 
0^.'SO-LETE-^'ESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  neglected 
in  use  ;  a  stale  of  desuetude.  ^Johnson. 

2.  In  natural  historti^  indistinctness;  want  of  de- 
velopment. 

OB'STA    PRIjX-CIP'I-IS,   [L.]      Resist   the    begin- 
nings. 
OD'STA-CLE,  n.    [Fr.,  from  L.  ofc^;.^,  to  withstand  ; 
ob  and  stv.] 

That  which  opposes;  any  thing  that  stands  in  the 
way  and  hinders  progress  ;  hinderuice  ;  obstruction, 
eilhor  in  a  physical  or  moral  sen^L-.  An  artny  may 
meet  with  obstacle  on  its  march  ;  bad  roads  are  ob- 
stacles to  traveling  :  preji-'dice  is  an  obstacle  to  im- 
provement; want  of  union  is  t.iten  an  insuperable 
obstacle  to  beneficial  measures. 
OB'STAN-CY,  n.     [L.  obstantia;  ob  and  sto.] 

Opposition;  impediment;  obstriiction.  [JVotused.] 
B.  Jonson. 
On-STET'Rt€,  a.     [L.  obstctrU,  a  midwife;  ob  and 
sTr,  to  Stand  before.] 

Pc-rtaining  to  midwifery-,  or  the  delivery  of  women 
in  childbed  ;  as,  the  obstetric  tnt. 
OB-STET'RI-eATE,  v.  i.      [?ce  OrsTETRic]      To 
perform  the  office  of  a  niidv/jfe.     [Litllc  usal.] 

Kveli/ii, 
OII-STET'Rt-€ATE,  v.  t.     To  assist  as  a  midwife. 

[Littif  used.]  Wiiterhoiue, 

Oli-STET-RI-eA'TIO.V,  u.    Tlie  act  of  assisting  as  a 

midwife. 

2.  The  office  of  a  midwife.  HaU. 

OU-STET-Rr'CIAN,  (-ri^h'an,)  ?(.      One  skilled  in 

the  art  of  assisting  women  in  parturition. 

Med.  Repos. 
OB-STET'RieS,  n.    The  science  of  midwifery ;  the 

art  of  assisting  v/omen  in  parturition.  Encyc. 

OB'STl-NA-CY',  n.  [h.  obsri/uitio,  from  obsto,  to  stand 
against,  to  oppose  ;  ob  and  st4).] 

1.  A  fixedness  in  opinion  or  resoUition  that  can 
not  be  shaken  at  ail,  or  not  without  great  ditBculLy  ; 
firm  and  usually  unreasenable  adherence  to  an  opin- 
ion, purpose,  or  system ;  a  fixedness  that  will  not 
yield  to  persuasion,  arguments,  or  otlier  means.  Ob- 
stinacy  may  not  always  convey  the  idea  of  unreason- 
able or  unjustifiable  firmness ;  as  when  we  say,  sol- 
diers fight  with  obstinacy.  But  often,  and  perhaps 
usually,  the  v.ord  denotes  a  fixedness  of  resolution 
which  is  not  to  be  vindicated  under  the  circum- 
stances ;  stubbornness  ;  pertinacity  ;  persistency. 

2.  Fixedne?s  that  will  not  yield  to  applicaliouj  or 
that  yields  with  difficulty;  as,  the  obstinacy  of  a  dis- 
ease or  evil, 

OB'STI-XATE,  a.     [L.  obstinatus.] 

1.  Stubborn  ;  pertinaciously  aahering  to  an  opin- 
ion or  purpose  ;  fixed  firmly  in  resolution  ;  not  yield- 
ing to  reason,  arguments,  or  other  means. 

1  have  known  grt-al  cure^  dontr  Ly  obstinate  resolutions  of  Jrink- 

ing  no  wine.  Temple. 

So  ass  so  raeek,  no  ass  bo  ohstinale.  P<^e. 

2.  Not  yielding,  or  not  easily  subdued  or  removed  ; 
as,  an  oft^d'na/e  fever;  obstinate  obstructions;  an  ob- 
i-tinate  cough. 

OC'STI-NATE-LY,  adv.  Stubbornly  ;  pertinaciously  ; 
with  fixedness  of  purpose  not  to  be  shaken,  or  not 
without  difliculty ;  as,  a  sinner  obstinately  bent  on 
his  own  destruction. 

liillcxiUe  to  ill  and  ohslinately  just.  Addison, 

OB'STI-NATE-NESS,  ti.  Stubbornness;  pertinacity 
in  (.pinion  or  purpose;  fixed  determination.    Hall. 

OB-STI-PA'TIO.V,  71.  [L.  obstipo;  ob  and  stipo^  to 
crowd.] 

1.  The  act  of  stopping  up ;  as,  a  passage. 

2.  In  medicine,  costiveness. 
OB-STREP'ER-OUS,  a.  [L.  obstrqyerus,  from  obstrcpo, 

to  roar  ;  ob  and  sirepo.] 

Loud ;  nois>' ;  clamorous ;  vociferous  ;  making  a 
tumultuous  noise. 

Tlic  pUycTs  do  not  only  connive  at  his  obstreperous  approb^- 
Uon,  but  repair  at  ihcir  own  cost  whatever  daina^  he 
makra.  Addison, 

OB-.?TREP'ER-O03-LY,  ado.    Loudly  ;  clamorously; 

with  lutmiltuous  noise. 
OB-PTREP'ER-OUS-NESS,  n.    Loudness  ;    clamor  ; 

noi!»\'  turbulence. 
OB-.STRI€'TION,  v.       [L.   obstrictuSy   obstringo ;    ob 

and  strin^o,  to  strain.] 
Ohhgalion ;  bond.  jmUon. 

OB-STRUeT',   V.  t.      [L.  obstrao ;    ob  and  struo,  to 

set.] 


OBT 


1.  To  block  up  ;  to  Ktop  up  or  clo.ic,  as  a  way  ■ 
pass.age  ;  to  fill  with  obstacles  or  impedimeiibt  l!,,. 
prevent  pas-wing;  astoi/Mrw.-e  a  rgad,  Iirghway.  ..r 
channel ;  to  obstruct  the  canals  or  fine  ves»kls  of  ilic 
body 

2.  To  .stop;  to  impede;  to  himl-r  in  paji;dng;  as, 
the  bar  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  obstruct.*  the  en- 
trance of  ships;  cluuds  obstruct  the  light  of  the  sun. 

3.  To  retard  ;  to  interrupt ;  to  render  slow.  Prog- 
ress  IS  often  obstructed  by  difficulties,  lliough  not  en- 
tirely stopped. 

OB-STRUCT'ED,  pp.  or  a.    Blocked  up  ;  stopped  ;  ■■: 

2.  Hindered  ;  impeded  ;  as  progress.      [a  paasav 

3.  Retarded  ;  interrupted. 
OB-STRU€T'ER,  «.    One  that  obstrucL*  or  hinders. 
OB-STRUeT'L\G,  p;jr.    Blocking  up;  stopping;  im- 

pedmg  ;  interrupting. 
OB-STRUe'TION,  n,     [h.  obstructio.] 

1.  The  act  of  obstructing. 

2.  Obstacle;  impediment;  anything  that  stops  or 
closes  a  way  or  channel.  Bars  of  sand  at  the  mouth-s 
of  rivers  are  often  obstnirtions  to  navigation. 

3.  That  which  impedes  progress ;  hindcnince. 
Disunion  and  parly  spirit  are  often  obstmctioju  u> 
legislative  measures  and  to  pulilic  prosperity. 

4.  A  heap.     {JVot  proper.]  '  S'tak. 
OB-STRUCT'IVE,  a.     [Fr.  obstructif;  It.  o.^stri,Uico.] 

Presenting  obstacles;  hindering;  causing  inipedi- 
i^ent.  Hammond. 

OB-STRUCT'lVE,  n.    Obstacle  ;  impediment.    [lU- 

tie  jisrd.]  llammmid. 

OB-STRITCT'IVE-LY,  adv.    By  way  of  obstruction. 
OB'STRU-ENT,  a.     Fl.  obstruents.] 

Blocking  up;  hindering. 
OB'STRU-ENT,  v..    Any  thing  that  obstructs  the  nat- 
ural passages  in  the  body.  Quincu. 
OB-STU-PE-FAC'TION,  n.     [L.  obstxiprfacio.] 

Tije  act  of  making  stupiil  or  insenaiblc.     [Sec 
Stupefaction,  which  is  generally  used.l 
0B-STU-PE-FA€'T1VE,  H.     [L.  obstupefaeio,] 

Stupefying;  rendering  inaensiblo,  torpid,  or  inert. 
[Little  used.]     [See  Stupefactive.]  Abbot. 

OB-STU'PE-FY,  y.  t.    To  stupefy.     [JYuf  usejl] 
OB-TaLXVp- '■     [L.  obtinvo;  ob  and  tcucoy  to  hold; 
Fr.  obtcnir ,-  It.  ottenere.] 

1.  To  get ;  to  gain  ;  to  procure  ;  in  a  general  sense^ 
to  gain  possession  of  a  thing,  whether  temporary  or 
permanent;  to  acquire.  '^I'liis  word  usually  implies 
exertion  to  get  possession,  and  in  this  it  diliers  from 
Receive  whicii  may  or  may  not  imply  exertion.  It 
differs  from  Acciuire,  as  genus  from  species;  acfuire 
being  properly  applied  only  to  things  permanently 
possessed;  but  obiain  is  applied  both  to  things  of 
temporary  and  of  permanent  possession.  We  obtain 
loans  of  niuney  on  appUcation  ;  we  obtain  answers  to 
letters;  we  obtain  spirit  from  liquors  by  distillation, 
and  salts  by  evaporation.  We  obtain  by  seeking ; 
we  often  receive  without  seeking.  We  acquire  or 
obtain  a  good  title  to  lands  by  deed,  or  by  a  judgment 
of  conn  ;  but  we  dw  not  acquire  spirit  by  distillation  ; 
nor  do  we  acquire  an  answer  to  a  letter  or  an  appli- 
cation. 

He  shall  obiain  the  kinsfdoin  by  flatteries.  —  Daii.  xt. 
In  whom  we  )i;ive  obtained  an  iidicritancc.  —  Eph.  J. 

2.  To  keep  ;  to  hold.  Mdtan. 
OB-TaIN',  v.  i.    To  be  receiveil  in  customary  or  com- 
mon use;  to  continue  in  use;  to  be  established  in 
practice. 

The  Theodusirtii  codr,  several  hundred  ycius  aft'r  J«»iuiian*» 
time,  obtained  in  tlie  western  paiu  of  tlio  empire.    Bai:tr. 

9.  To  be  established  ;  to  subsist  in  nature. 

The  general  laws  of  fluidity,  tlasticity,  tuid  gravity,  obtain  in 
animal  uiid  inaminate  tubes,  Chet/ne. 

3.  To  prevail ;  to  succeed.    [Little  used."^    Bacon. 
OB-TaIN'.'\-BLE,  a.     That   may  be  obtained  ;   that 

may  be  procured  or  gained.   Arbuthnot.   KcttlneeU. 
OB-TAlN'£D,;jp.    Gained;  procured;  acquired. 
OB-T.aIN'ER.  n.    One  who  obtains. 
0B-T.\1N'ING,  ppr.     Gaining;  procuring  ;  acquiring. 
OB-T.aIN'MEXT,  n.    The  act  of  obtaining.  JiiUtoii. 
OB-TE€T'ED,  a.     [L.  obtcctus.] 

Covered. 
OB-TEM'PER-aTE,  r.  (.    [L.]   To  obey.    [AVtiwfti.] 
OB-TEND',  V,  t.    [L.  obtcndo ;  ob  and  tendo;  literalUj^ 

to  stretch  against  or  before.] 

1.  To  oppose;  to  holdout  in  opposition.    Dryden. 

2.  To  pretenti ;  to  ofler  as  the  ro;isou  of  any  thing. 
[JV7.(  used.]  Dryde:u 

[This  iDord  is  rareht  used.] 
OB-TEN-E-BR.\'THiN,  K.    ffO"'  ^-  '^^  ""**  Unebra^ 
darkness.] 
A  darkening ;  act  of  darkening ;  darkness. 

In  every  megrim  or  vertigo  thcns  is  an  o6f<'wtrafion  joined  with 
n  semblaucc  of  tmiuns  ruimd.     {Little  tiitd.\         Bacon. 

OB-TEN'SION,  7J.  The  actof  obtending.   [JVot  *weJ.] 
OB-TEST',  V   u    [I.,  obtestor;  ob  and  tcitor,  to  wit- 
ness.] 
To  beseech  ;  to  supplicate. 

ObUsl  lits  clemency. 

OB-TEST',  V.  i.    To  protest.  iniic;.....-.. 

OB-TEST-A'TION,  n.    Supplication  ;  entreaty. 
2.  Solemn  injunction.  [Elyot, 


< 

I ;;  \ 

1 

ictioa 

alamaj. 

[IMU  > 

OIl-'l  Ki.  i)L\z.t. 
thrwit.] 

\.  Tutbri^  Ui 
into  an> 
wlthoiu 
tioii'  ti- 


2.  Toolfer  wuh  unrriiottablclmp' 
upon  again*!  ilic-  u-ilt. 
Wh    ■ 
lur 

To  vl- 

not  d(.-i:,:i.  .   ('.  '.,1,  . 

again*-!  the  will  of  lb- 
OB-TItCDE',  r.  i'.    To 

9.  To  tlinj-t  nrN- 1; 
OPr-TROICKn, /.;,.     1: 

on-'jKri>'i:K.  n.   oj. 

OB-TROlJ'INt;,  ppr.      ..jr^.<;nr   r, 

uninvited. 
OB-TROIJ'I.\G,  n.    A  ihrujtiDj  Id,  « . 

out  rieht  or  tnvitoUoD. 
OB-'iTaNe'ATK.  r.  f.     (L.  •Acmr*  ;  ««  v. 

to  cut  ofl",] 
To  depnvc  of  a  limb ;  lo  Uy      ' '  ■  ' 

OB-TRUX-€ATIOX, «.    Tb^ 

ting  off.    [LiaU  h«A] 
OB-TRC'SION,  {-rhnn.) «.    [I 
The  actof  obtrudinr:  a  ii- 

force  or  unsollciUrd  ;  r.-   •• 

ions  on  the  wurld. 
OB-TRC'SIVE,   a.     V    , 

upon  others;  incliDcd  i..  .... 

among  others,  or  to  enter  un  r.  - 

Not  otAi:xa,  not  oAcnum,  '.  . 

OB-TRC'SIVt:-LY,  ade.     By  w»y 
thrusting  utiou  others,  nr  entrrin- 
OB-TUND',  c.  r.    [I«c^-  - 
To  dull ;  to  bluni ;  ^ 

the  edge,  pungency, . 

ns,  to  obtund  the  acrii<< 
OB-TUND'ED.  pp.  Bl  . 
OB-TrND'ENT,  n.     1 

sheathes  or  blunts  ur....^.  .  . 

oily,  or  mucilaginous  matter;  muci, 

Demulcent. 
OB-TU-RA'TION,  n.     [L.  oUxiMt^; 

stop  up.] 

The  act  of  stopping  by  sprtaJlai    . 
OE-TU-RA'TOR,  n.     In  amai^  ■ 

muscles  which  he  from  ih- 

the  |>elvis  .around  ilic  forain'- 

rotators  of  the  thigh. 
OB-T0S-AN"GU-LAR,  a.    foMmw  c. 
Having  angles  that  are  obtuse,  oj  . 

angles. 
OB-TOSE',  c      [L.  t.i.'a.fw.  fnm 

againsLi 

1.  Blunt ;  not  poinlcd  or  acut.-.    A 
it  denotes  one  tliat  u  larscf  Uao 
more  than  ninety  dcpr««. 

2.  Dull;  not  bavin;;  acaie  tauil 
senses. 

3.  Not  sharp  or  shrill;  dull;  A- 
sound. 

0B-TCSE'-AX"GL/:D.  a.    V. 

as,  an  obtuse-n.tj^leJ  inanflr. 
OB-TCi?E'LY,  adr.    Wilbuul  -    ,-.  ,  , 

•J.  DuIIv  :  stupidlv. 
OB-TCSE'lNE^,  n.    Blunlncs* ;  a.^  the  tUmttmru  U 

an  edge  or  a  point. 

2.  DuHnrs."! ;  want  of  quick  seasibtU^ ;  u,  IV 
obtuseness  of  the  srcw*. 

3.  Duhness  I  f  s<vind. 
OB-TO'SIOX,  (-=hun,)  w.    Th*  act  c 

2.  Thi*  st.ite  of  U'ing  duUcd  or  l 
obtusion  of  the  sense*. 
OB-L'.M'BR.\TE,  r,  *.    [L.  P^'tmiw;  **  ..ii.:  i 

shade.] 

To  sliado ;  to 


darken ;  lo  cloud.    [JUrtl/  l 


OB-UM-ERA'TIOX,  m.    The  act  of  darker.. 

sen  ring' 
OB-VEN'TIOX,   n.      [L.  «»rniM>.-    i«*  aod 
come.] 

Stimelhing  occasional  ;  that  which  bir 
regularlv.  hut  incidentally.    [.Vj<  m*«c.] 
OB-VERS'.VXT,  d.     [L.  t^rrrm^  /<^rim>fir 
••'r.vvr,  to  turn.] 
Conversant ;  familiar.     TAW  xsf^]^  ^ 

VKKSE'.(ob-vcrs',)  tf.    In  **,•*«?.  rjTir; 
ii  urower  than  the  lop.  as  a  leaf. 
OB'VERSE,  «.    Ti»e  face  of  a  oain  ;  i3n»£»cd  i^  r.i. 

VHRSE. 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.-AN"GER,«VI"CIOUS.  — e  as  K;  6  as  J  ;  S  as  Z;  CH  as  Sll;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


765 


occ 


occ 


iW  VEHPE'LY,  adc.     In  an  obverse  form  or  manner. 

OB-VKRT',  r.  t.     [L-  (ibcerto !  ob  anil  vcrto,  to  turn.] 
To  (vini' toward.  JVaUs. 

OB-VBRT'ED,  ;v'-    Tiirneil  toward. 

OB-VERT'ING.jvr.     Turning  toward.  . 

OB'Vl-ATEjti.  (.    [Fr. o//ii>r,-  It.  uoomro;  Sp.  ofttiior; 
from  L.  iilivias ;  ob  and  via,  way.] 

PrmerUi,  to  meet  in  tlie  way  ;  to  oppose  ;  hence, 
to  prevent  by  interception,  or  to  remove  at  the  bcgm- 
nin"  or  in  the  outset  ■,  hi^ice,  in  present  usage,  to  re- 
move in  general,  as  difficulties  or  objections  ;  to  clear 
tlio  way  of  obstaelea  in  reasoning,  deliberating,  or 
planning. 

To  lat  .lown  ercr>  cliii.g  li.  iu  full  li'lil,  »  u  lo  otoioM  nil  ex- 

IVooaicora. 


Removed,  as  objections  or  diffi- 


Oe-e.-S'SlON-ER,  «.  one  that  causes  or  produces, 
eitlicr  incidentally  or  otherwise 

Hl-  wiut  llK-  occatioiieT  of  loss  lo  hU  neighbor.         Siivlerion. 

0C-€a'SI0.\-1NG,  ;>;>r.  Cansing  incidentally  or  oth- 
erwise. 

oe-eS'srVR,  a.  Failing  i  descending ;  western  ;  i>er- 
tainiiig  to  the  setting  sun. 

Airipliludc  is  ortive  ot  oc«Mice.  Eiieyc. 

Oe-CB-CJi'TION,  >l.  [L.  occmatio,  ob  and  caco,  to 
blind.] 


cpUODS. 

OB'VI-A-TED,  pp. 
culties.  . 

Oli' VI-A-TING,  i>pr.  Kemoving,  as  objections  in  rea- 
soning or  planning.  „       ,         .  , 

Oli'VI-OUS,  a.     [L.  oioitts.    Sec  the  vcrb.J 

1.  Meeting ;  opposed  in  front 

I  to  ll»c  evil  mm 
My  obuiou*  Iweust.     l^o:  now  U4td.]  Milton. 

o    Open ;  exposed.    [LitUe  iisetl.]  MUtou. 

3  Plain  ;  evident;  easily  discovered.  Been,  or  un- 
derstood ;  readily  perceived  by  the  eye  or  the  intel- 
lect. We  say,  a  idienonieiion  obvious  to  the  sight,  or 
a  triith  obvious  to  tlie  mind.  MiUoit.    Dnjden. 

OB'VI-OUS-LY,  tuh:  Evidently  ;  plainly  ;  apparent- 
ly ;  manifestly.  Men  do  not  always  pursue  what  is 
obviously  their  interest. 

2.  Naturally.  Holyday. 

3.  Easilv  to  be  found.  icidcii. 
OB'VI-Ons-.NESS,  71.    Slate  of  being  plain  or  evident 

to  the  eve  or  the  mind.  Boyle. 

OB'VO-LUTE,       I  a.      [I-"  obvoluUls,  obvolvo  ;  ob  and 
OB'VO-WJ-TEI),  i     voloo,  to  roll.] 

In  liotuny,  obmlute  foliation  is  when  the  margins  ol 

the  leaves  "alternately  embrace  the  straight  margin  of 

the  opposite  leaf.  .    -Martyn. 

Oe-es'SSION,  (ok-ki'zhun,)  n.     [L.  occasto,  from  occi- 

do,  to  fall  ;  oft  and  coda.] 

1.  Propcrbi.  a  falling,  happening,  or  coming  to  ;  an 
occurrence,  casualty,  incident  ;  something  distinct 
from  the  ordinary  course  or  regular  order  of  things. 

Hooker. 

2.  Opportunity ;  convenience ;  favorable  time,  sca- 


Waller. 


son,  or  circumstances. 

I'll  t:Uce  Ih*  occosion  wliich  he  gives  to  bring 
Him  lo  hia  denth.  ,     -    u        r.  ^ 

Use  not  libonv  for  ftii  oeo«ion  to  Uie  Jleah.  — U.-U.  .. 
Sin,  taking  occasion  by  die  comnundment,  deceived  me.— 
Rom.  vii. 

3.  Accidental  cause ;  incident,  event,  or  fact,  giv- 
ing rise  to  something  else.  What  was  the  occasion 
of  this  custom  ? 

Hlt  l>^uty  w-TS  the  occajjion  of  the  war.  Drydcn. 

4.  Incidental  need  ;  casual  exigency  ;  opportunity 
accompanied  with  need  or  demand.  So  we  say,  we 
have  oMusioii  for  all  our  resources.  We  have  frequent 
occasions  for  assisting  each  other. 

The  ancient  canons  were  well  Bttedfor  the  occasion  of  the  church 
in  its  pnrer  ag«s.  Ba.ker. 

My  occasions  have  found  time  to  use  them  toward  a  sumjly  ot 
money.  ^liaJi. 

Oe-eS'SION,  ».  t.    [Fr.  oecasiouner.] 

1.  To  cause  incidentally ;  to  cause ;  to  produce. 
The  expectation  of  war  occasions  a  depression  in  the 
price  of  stocks.  Consumptions  are  often  occasioned 
by  colds.  Indigestion  occasions  pain  in  the  head. 
Heat  occasions  lassitude. 

2.  To  influence  ;  to  cause. 

If  we  inquire  whnt  it  is  that  occasions  men  to  mane  eevenil  com- 
binaiiuna  of  simple  ideas  into  distinct  modes.  Locke. 

oe-eS'SION-A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  caused  or  oc- 
casioned.   [Little  ^tsed.]  Barrow. 
Oe-e.\'SION-AL,  a.     [Fr.  occosioimd.] 

1.  Incidental ;  casu.al ;  occurring  at  times,  but  not 
regular  or  systeni.atic  ;  made  or  happening  as  oppor- 
tunity requires  or  admits.  We  make  occosionai  re- 
marks on  the  events  of  the  age. 

2.  Produced  by  accident ;  as,  the  occasional  origin 
of  a  thing.  Brown. 

3.  Produced  or  made  on  some  special  event ;  as,  an 
occasional  discourse. 

An  occasional  cause,  in  metaphysics,  is  some  circum- 
stance preceding  an  effect,  which,  without  being  the 
real  cause,  becomes  the  occasion  of  the  effect's  being 
produced  by  a  truly  efficient  cause.  Thus,  the  act  of 
touching  gunpowder  with  fire  is  the  occasional,  but 
not  the  efficient  cause  of  the  explosion. 

0e-eA'SlO.V-AI<-ISM,  n.  The  system  of  occasional 
causes  ;  a  name  given  to  certain  theories  of  the  Car- 
tesian school  of  philosophers,  by  which  lliey  account 
for  the  api«rcnt  action  of  the  soul  on  the  body,  as  in 
voluntary  action.  Brandc. 

Oe-es'SION-AL-LY,  adv.  According  to  incidental 
exioence  ;  at  times,  as  convenience  requires  or  op- 
portunity iJflers  ;  not  regularly,  lie  was  occasionally 
present  at  our  meetings.    We  have  occasionally  lent 

Oe.€.^'sioN-/:D,  pp.  caused  incidentally  ;  caused  ; 
produced. 


The  act  of  making  blind.  [Liuleused.\  Sandm-son. 
Oe'OI-DENT,  11.    [lu  occidens,  oecido,  to  fall ;  ob  and 

""■rhe  west ;  the  western  quarter  of  the  hemisphere  ; 
so  called  from  the  decline  or  fall  of  the  sun.  Encyc. 
Oe-CI-DENT'.\I.,  a.     [I..  oi:c;i;i.-iilali.<.]  , 

Western  ;  opposed  to  Obiestal;  pertaining  to  the 
western  tpiarter  of  the  hemisphere,  or  to  some  part 
of  the  earth  westward  of  the  speaker  or  spectator  ; 
as,  occidental  climates;  occidental  pearl;  oecidenlul 
„„1,1_  Eneijc.     Howell. 

Oe-ClD'U-OUS,  a.     [L.  occiito,  occiduus.] 

WeslfSrn.     [LUtk  used.] 
0€-CIP'IT-.'VL,  ti.     [from  L.  occiput,  the  hack  part  ot 
the  head ;  ob  and  caput.)  „   .     ,      ,         ... 

Pertaining  to  tlio  back  part  of  the  head,  or  to  tlio 
occiput.  ,      ,  , 

oe'CI-PUT,  Ji.     [L.  oh  and  co/»i!,  head.] 

The  hinder  part  of  the  head,  or  that  part  of  the 
skull  which  forms  the  hind  part  of  the  head. 
Oe-CIS'ION,  (ok-sizh'uu,)  n.    [L.  occiitio,  from  ocndo, 

to  kUI  ;  oi  and  caito.]  

A  killing  ;  the  act  ol  killing.     [JVol  used.]    Hall. 
Oe-eLuDE',  V.  t.     [L.  occWo;  o6  and  cludo,  claudo, 

to  shut.]  ,        , ,  D 

To  shut  up ;  to  close.     [LiUVe  used.]  Brown. 

Oe-€LuSE',  a     [L.  occiiisus.] 

Shut ;  closed.     [Little  jised.]  Holder. 

0€-eLu'SION,  (ok-km'zhun,)  «.     [L.  ocdusio.] 
A  shutting  up  1  a  closing.  HotocU. 

[This  is  an  elegant  word,  though  little  used.] 
OeeULT',  a.     [L.   occultus,  occulo ;  ob  and  cela,  to 
conceal.]  ,  ,.         .     ■    , , 

Hidden  from  the  eye  or  understanding  ;  invisible  ; 
secret ;  unknown  ;  undiscovered  ;  undetected  ;  as, 
the  occult  qualities  of  matter.  JVewton. 

The  occult  sciences,  in  tlie  middle  ages,  wore  magic, 
alchemy,  nccroinaiicy,  &c. 

Occult  line ;  in  ircomctry,  a  dry  or  obscure  line  which 
is  drawn  as  a  necessary  part  of  the  construction  of  a 
figure  or  problem,  but  which  is  not  intended  to  appear 
after  the  plan  is  fi.iisi.-.!.  Barlow. 

Oe-eULT-A'TIO.V,  >l.     [L.  ocmltatio.] 

1.  A  hiding.  ,    ■_  J    r 

S.  In  astroi!..n!,  the  hidingof  a  heavenly  body  from 
our  sight  by  the'  intervention  of  some  other  of  the 
heavenlv  bodies.  , ,     „,   , 

Oe-eULT'ED,  a.     Hid ;  secret.     Wot  used.]     .VioA. 
a.  In  astrmomit,  a  term  applied  to  a  heavenly  body 
hid  or  concealed'  by  the  intervention  of  some  other 
heavenlv  body.  Brande. 

oe-eULT'NESS,  71.     The  state  of  being  concealed 

from  view  ;  secretness. 
Oe'eU-PAN-CY,  71.     [L.  occiipo,  to  take  or  seize  ;  ob 
and  capio  to  seize.] 

I.  The  act  of  taking  or  holding  possession, 
a.  In  law,  the  taking  possession  of  a  thing  not  be- 
longin"  to  any  person.    The  person  who  first  takes 
possession  of  land,  is  said  to  have  or  hold  it  by  right 
of  occupancy. 

Occupancy  g^m  the  orijinnl  riglit  to  the  properly  in  Hio  sub- 
stance o""  the  earth  ilielf.  Blackalonc. 
0€'€U-P.'\NT,  n.    lie  that  occupies  or  takes  posses- 
sion ;  he  that  has  po.ssession. 

o.  In  law,  one  that  fir.st  takes  possession  of  that 
which  has  no  legal  owner.  The  right  of  property, 
cither  in  wild  beasts  and  fowls,  or  in  land  belonging 
to  no  person,  vests  in  the  first  occupant.  The  proo- 
erty  in  these  cases  follows  the  possession. 
OCeU-P-^TE,  ti.  t.     [h.  occupo.] 

To  hold  ;  to  possess  ;  to  take  up.     [Mot  used.] 

Bacon, 
0e-eU-P.\'TI0N,  11.     [L.  occupatio.] 

1.  The  act  of  Uiking  possession.  Bacon. 

2.  Possession  ;  a  holding  or  keeping  ;  tenure ;  use  ; 
as,  lands  in  the  occupation  of  A  B. 

3.  That  which  engages  the  time  and  attention  ; 
employment ;  business.  He  devotes  to  study  all  tlie 
time  that  his  other  occupations  will  permit. 

4.  The  principal  husinoss  of  one's  life  ;  vocation  ; 
calling  ;  trade  ;  the  business  which  a  man  follows  to 
procure  a  living  or  obtain  wealth.  Agriculture,  man- 
ufactures, and  commerce,  furnish  the  most  general 
occupations  of  life.  Painting,  statitarj-,  music,  are 
a'-recable  occupations.  Men  not  engaged  in  some 
useful  occupation  commonly  fall  into  vicious  courses. 

oe'€U-PT--ED,  pp.    Possessed  ;  used  ;  employed. 
OCeU-PI-ER,  71.     One  that  occupies  or  takes  posses- 
sion. R'^'g''- 

2.  One  who  holds  possession. 

3.  One  who  follows  an  employment.    Ezck.  xsvii. 
Oe'€U-P?,  V.  t.    [L.  occupo ;  oh  and  capio,  to  seize  or 

take.] 


OCH 

1.  To  take  possession.  The  person  who  first  oc- 
cupies land  which  has  no  owner,  has  the  right  ot 
property. 

2.  To  keep  ill  possession;  to  possess;  to  hold  or 
keep  for  use.  The  tenant  occupies  a  farm  under  a 
lease  of  twenty-one  years.  A  lodger  occupies  an 
apartment;  u  man  occupies  the  chair  in  wliicli  he 

3.  To  take  up  ;  to  possess  ;  to  cover  or  fill.  The 
camii  occupies  five  acres  of  ground.  Air  may  be  so 
rarefied  as  to  oceupv  a  vast  space.  The  writing  occu- 
pies a  sheet  of  paper,  or  it  occupies  five  lines  only. 

4.  To  emiiloy ;  to  use. 


The  lutbbishop  may  have  occasion  to  occupy  imrv  chaplains  lliiiu 
8i,(_  Eng.  Statute. 

5.  To  employ  ;  to  busy  one's  self.     Every  man 

slioultl  he  occupied,  or  should  occupy  himself,  in  some 

l).  To  follow,  as  business.  [useful  labor. 

Ail  the  sliips  t)f  the  sea  with  their  marinera  weifl  in  thee  10  oc- 
captj  thy  merchandise.  —  Ezek.  xxvii. 

7.  To  use  ;  to  expend.    . 

All  the  irold  tliat  was  occupied  for  Uic  work.  —Ex.  xxxviii. 
[Not  now  in  use.] 

oe'eU-P5,  V.  i.    To  follow  business ;  to  negotiate. 

Occupy  till  I  come.  —  Lulto  xix. 

oe'€U.P?-ING,  ppr.    Taking  or  keeping  possession  ; 

employing.  .       ,  .  i 

oeeUR',  71.  i.    [L.  occurro ;  oh  and  c«7to,  to  run.] 

1.  Primarily,  to  meet ;  to  strike  against ;  to  clash  ; 
and  so  used  by  Bentley,  but  this  application  is  oli.--o/c(c. 

2.  To  meet  or  come  to  the  mind  ;  to  be  presenled 
to  the  mind,  imagination,  or  memory.  We  say,  no 
belter  plan  occurs  to  me,  or  to  my  mind  ;  it  does  not 
occi;r  to  my  recollection ;  the  tliought  did  not  occur 
to  me. 

Tlicn:  dotli  not  occur  lo  mc  any  use  of  this  experiment  for 
profit.  *«""■ 

-  3.  To  ajipcar ;  to  meet  the  eye ;  to  be  found  here 
and  there.  This  word  occurs  in  twenty  places  in 
the  Scriptures  ;  the  other  word  does  not  occur  in  a 
single  place  ;  it  does  not  occur  in  tlie  sense  sug- 
gested. 

4.  To  oppose  ;  to  obviate.  [JVot  used.]  Bentley. 
OeeUR'IlENCE,  71.  [Fr.]  Literally,  a  coming  or 
liappening ;  hence,  any  incident  or  accidental  event ; 
that  which  happens  without  being  designed  or  ex- 
pected ;  any  single  even;.  We  speak  of  an  unusual 
occurrence,  or  of  the  ordinary  occurrences  of  life. 

a.  Occasional  presentation. 

Voyage*  detain  the  uiind  by  the  perp-.-tnal  occurrence  anil  ex. 
pectaliou  of  something  new.  Watla. 

Oe-€UR'RENT,  71.     Incident ;  any  thing  that  hap- 
pens.    [Obs.]  Bacon. 
Oe-€UR'SION,  71.  [L.  oceursio,  from  occarro,  to  meel.J 

A  meeting  of  bodies  ;  a  clash.  Boylc.^ 

6'CEAN,  (o'sbun,)  7i.  [L.  oceanus;  Gr.  oiKiavos;  Vr. 
ocean :  If.  oedn,  aigein ;  W.  cigiimn,  aig,  or  eigion. 
In  Welsh,  the  word  is  rendered,  the  great  source,  the 
middle,  the  abyss,  or  great  deep,  and  is  allied  in  or- 
thography to  cigian,  force,  or  a  forcing  out,  a  produ- 
cing; ein-iuio,  to  bring  forth,  from  aig,  what  brings 
forth,  the  female,  the  wonili,  the  sea,  a  shoal  of  fish- 
es a  flock  or  herd.  Bochart  cites  many  authorities 
to 'prove  that  the  ancients,  understood  tlie  ocean  to 
encompass  the  earth ;  and  he  supposes  it  to  be  de- 
rived from  the  Heb.  Ch.  and  Syr.  Jin,  /too-,  to  encom- 
pass whence  a  circle.  This  is  probably  an  error. 
The  word  seems  to  have  for  its  origin  greatness  or 
extent.]  ,  ;  ,  ^, 

1  The  vast  body  of  water  which  covers  more  than 
three  fifths  of  the  surface  of  the  globe,  called  also  the 
Sea  or  GaEiT  SEi.  It  is  customary  to  speak  of  the 
ocean  as  if  divided  into  five  parts;  the  .-Mlanlic 
Ocean,  the  Pacific  Ocean,  the  Indian  Ocean,  the 
Arctic  Ocean,  and  the  Antarctic  Ocean  ;  but  the 
ocean  is  oiii;  mass  or  body,  partially  separated  by  the 
continents  of  Europe,  Asia,  and  Africa,  on  one  sale, 
and  bv  America  on  the  other. 

a.  An  immense  expanse  ;  as,  the  boundless  ocean 
of  eternity  ;  oceans  of  duration  and  space.     Locke. 
C'CEAN,  (6'shun,)  a.    Pertaining  to  the  main  or  great 

sea  •  as,  the  ocean  wave  ;  ocean  stream.  Milton. 
O-CE-AN'IC,  (o-she-an'ik,)  a.  Pertaining  to  the  ocean  ; 

found  or  ftirmed  in  the  ocean.  Coo/.-. 

O'CEL-La-TED,  a.    [L.  occUatns,  from  ocellus,  a  little 

eye-]  ri    I 

1.  Resembling  an  eye.  jJertiant. 

2.  Formed  with  the  figures  of  little  eyes. 
o'CE-LOT,  71.    The  French  popular  name  of  a  digiti- 

grade  carnivorous  mammal,  of  the  cat  kind.  It  is 
the  Felis  P'ardalis  of  Linnaeus,  and  it  inhabits  Mexi- 
co. It  is  likewise  the  Frcncli  popular  name  of  sev- 
eral other  nearly  aUied  American  species  of  lelis. 
O'CIIER,  j  (6'ker,)  71.  [Fr.  ocrc  ;  L.  ochrai  Gr.  o)x,"a, 
O'CHRE,  i     from  Mxpoi,  pale.]         ,  -  .  ,     ., 

A  variety  of  fine  clay,  deeply  colored  by  the  su.',- 
quoxyd  of 'iron.  It  is  of  various  colors ;  as  yellow, 
(which  is  most  common,)  red,  green,  blue,  and  black. 
It  is  used  as  a  pigment.  . 

o'eilER-OUt:,  1  „.    Consisting  of  oci.er  ;   containing 
O'CHRE-OUS,  i     ocher  ;  as,  oclierous  matter 
2.  Resembling  ocher  ;  as,  on  ocherous  color 


FATE,  FXK,  FALL,  WHAT. -METE,  PREY. -PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.-N6TE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF.  BOOK.- 


766 


OCT 

t'i'eHER-V, )  a.    Pertaining  to  ocher;  containing  or 

0'€HRV,      )      resembling  ocher.  Ure. 

Oeiri-MY,  (ok'e-me,)  h.    [corrupted  from  alchemy.] 
A  mixed  base  metal.  Johnson.     Todd. 

Oen-LOe'RA-CV,  «.     [Cr.  ox\oKf)aTia;  ovAo,-,  the 
people  or  a  multitude,  and  KpitrEo}^  to  govern.] 

A  /orm  of  governmunt  in  which  the  multitude  or 
common  people  rule.  Enmjc.    Jones. 

0-€HKa'CEOL*Sj  (-shus.)  a.    Of  an  ocher  color,  or 
vellow  lunning  into  brown.  Lindlmj. 

O'CHUE-A,  n.    Iw  botany,  a  term  applied  to  two  stip- 
ules united  round  the  stem  in  a  kind  of  sheath. 

OeH'KO-lTE,  n.    Cerite  ;  which  see.  [Dccand. 

O'CRA,  n.    See  Osba. 

OC'TA-eUORD,  n.    Aa  instrument  or  system  of  eight 
sounds.  Bu$bij. 

0€'T.\-GOiSr,  n.    [Gr.  oktm^  eight,  and  yc^via,  angle.] 

1.  in  s^ometrtj^  a  plane  figure  of  eight  sides  and 
eight  angles.  VVIien  the  sides  and  angles  are  equal, 
it  is  a  regular  octagon  which  may  be  inscribed  in  a 
circle.  Brands, 

2.  In  fortification^  a  place  with  eight  sides  or  bas- 
tions. Brajide. 

OG-TAG'ON-AL,  a.    Having  eight  sides  and  eight 
angles. 

Oe-TA-HiS'DRAL,  a.     [See  Octahedron.]     Having 
eight  eqiKil  faces  or  sides. 

OG-TA-He'DRiTE,  n.    Anatase,  an  ore  of  titanium, 
occtirrins  in  octahedral  crystals.  Dana 

Oe-TA-HE'DRON,  n.    [Gr.  oktu,  eight,  and  cSoa  a 
base.] 

In  •feonietnjy  a  solid  contained  by  eight  equal  and 
equilateral  triangles.  It  is  one  of  the  five  regular 
bodies.  J.  Vaij. 

Oe-TAN'^DRI-A,  71.      [Gr.  oktcj,  eight,  and  avnih  a 
male.] 

In  botany,  a  class  of  monoclinous  or  hermaphrodite 
plants,  having  eight  stamens,  which  are  distinct  from 
each  other,  and  distinct  fr(»m  the  pistil.      Linnmis, 

oe-TAN'DRI-AX, ;  a.    Pertaining  to  the  class  Octan- 

0€-TAN'DROUS,  j      driaj  having  eight  distinct  sta- 
mens. 

0€>TAN"G17-LAR,  a.     [L.  octo,  eigbt,  and  angular.] 
Having  eisht  aneles. 

Oe-TAN"GU-LAR-NESS,  n.    The  quality  of  having 
eight  angles. 

OCTANT,  n.    [L.  octansj  an  eighth  part,  from  ocfo, 
eight.] 

i.  In  geometry,  the  eighth  part  of  a  circle,  contain- 
ing 45  degrees. 

2.  In  astronomy,  the  point  in  the  orbit  of  a  heav- 
enly body  which  lies  half  way  between  the  conjunc- 
tions, or  oppositions,  and  the  quadratures. 

Oe'TA-ST?LE,  n.     See  Octostyle. 

Oe'TA-Ti:CeH,  (ok'ta-tOke,)  71.  The  first  eight  books 
of  the  Old  Testament.  Haiimer. 

\_This  is  en  improper  ward;  there  bein^  no  alliance  i7i 
the  first  ei^kt  books  more  than  in  the  first  ten  or  fjleen 
books.) 

OCTAVE,  c     [Infra.]    Denoting  eight.       Dnjdeit. 

Oe'TAVE,  ».    [Fr.,  from  L.  octavtts,  eighth.] 

1.  The  eighth  day  after  a  church  festival,  the  fesli-_ 
val  itself  being  included.  Bratuie. 

2.  Eisht  days  together  after  a  church  festival,  tlie 
f^'Stival  itself  being  included.  jSiiisworth. 

3.  In  music,  an  eighttr,  or  an  inter\'al  of  seven  de- 
grees or  twelve  semitones.  The  octave  is  the  mnst 
perfect  of  the  chords,  consisting  of  six  full  tones 
and  two  semitones  major.  It  contains  the  whole  di- 
atonic scali;.  P  Cijc. 

OG-Ta'VO,  h.     [L.  octavos,  eighth.] 

A  book  or  form  in  which  a  sheet  ii  folded  into 
eight  leaves.  The  word  is  used  as  a  noun  or  an  ad- 
jective. We  say,  an  octavo,  or  an  octavo  vuhnne. 
The  true  phrase  is,  a  book  in  octavo. 

OC-TEX'NI-AL,  a.    [L.  octo,  eight,  and  anmis,  year.] 

1.  Happening  evcr>-  eighth  year, 

2.  Lastin?  eight  years. 
Oe-TEN'NI-AI^LY,  adv.    Once  in  eight  years. 
Oe^TILE,  n.    The  same  as  Octant,  supra. 
Oe-'iTL'LION,  71.     According  to  tJie  English  notation, 

the  number  produced  by  involving  a  million  to  the 
eighth  power  J  a  unit  with  forty -eight  ciphers  an- 
nexed. , 

According  to  the  French  notation,  a  unit  with  tvvcu- 
ty-seven  ciphers  annexed. 
Oe-T6'BER,  n.      [L.,  from  octo,  eight;   the  eighth 
month  of  the  prmiitive  Roman  year,  which  began  in 
March.] 

The  tenth  month  of  the  year,  in  our  calendar, 
which  follows  that  of  Xuma  and  Julius  Caisar. 
2.  A  kind  of  ale,  jocosely  so  called. 
Oe-TO-DEC'I-MAL,  a.    [L.  octo,  eight,  and  decern, 
ten.] 

In  crystalla^ophy,  a  term  designating  a  co'^lal 
whose  prisms,  or  the  middle  part,  has  eight  faces, 
and  the  two  summit:^  together  ten  faces. 
OCTO-DEC'I-.MO,  a.     [L.  octadecim,  eighteen.] 

Having  or  consisting  of  eighteen  leaves  to  a  sheet. 
0€-TO-DEC'I-.MO,  n.    A  book  in  which  each  sheet  is 

folded  into  eighteen  leaves. 
Oe-TO-DEN'TATE,  a.    [L.  octo,  eight,  and  dentatus, 
toothed.] 
Having  eight  teeth. 


ODD 


ODO 


0€'TO-FID,  a.    FL.  octo,  eight,  and  findo,  to  clcav. . 
In  botany,  dell  or  separated  into  eight  htemcnt^ 
as  a  calyx.  Mariijn. 

OC-TO-GK-NA'RI-AN, )  n.    A  person eiahty  yiars  of 
OC'TO-GE-NA-RY,       j     age.  J.Jjaou. 

Oe'TO-GE-.NA-RY,  a.    [L.  octogenariiUj  from  octn" 
ni,  eighty.] 
Of  eighty  years  of  age. 
OCTO-GE-NA-RV,  k.  An  instrument  of  eight  etringif. 
Oe-TO-LOC'lI-LAR,  a.     [L.  veto,  eight,  and  locZ, 
place.] 
In  botany,  liaving  eight  cells  for  seeds. 
Oe'TO-NA-RY,  a.     [L.  octoiiarius.] 
Belonging  to  the  number  eight. 
Oe-TO-NOe'U-LAR,  a.    [L.  octc,  eight,  and  ocidus, 
eye.] 

if^''''""  e'!?*"^  *iy*''»-  Derham. 

Oe-TO-PET'AL-OU3,  a.  [Gr.  ovtcu,  eight,  and  «t- 
aXof,  a  petal.] 

Having  eight  petals  or  flower-leaves.  Diet. 

Oe'TO-POD,  n.     [Gr.  o«tw,  eight,  and  irouf,  fool.] 

A  mollusk  or  insect  having  eight  feet  or  legs. 

OG-TO-Ra'DI-a-TED,  o.     [L.  octo,  eight,  and  rSiIw 

ray.] 

Having  eight  rays 
Oe-TO-SPERM'OU.S,  a.     [Gr.  ojcrw,  eight,  and  azcp- 
[ta,  seed.] 
Containjng  eight  seeds. 
Oe'TO-STYLE,  iu      [Gr.  oktok  eight,  and  arvSn: 
style.] 

In  ancient  architecture,  a.  term  denoting  an  cdifr 
or  portico  adorned  with  eight  cohinms,  or  a  range  • 
eiglit  columns.  Enctjc 

0G-TO-SYL-LAB'I€,  a.     [h.  octo,  eight,  and  .-njUab  .■. 
syllable.] 
Consisting  of  eight  syllables. 
[■Octosyllable  has  been  7isid.\ 
OCTROI',  (ok-trwa',J,  n.    [Fr.]    A  tax  levied  at  the 
gates  of  French  cities  on  articles  brought  in. 

Diet,  tic  Vj^cad. 
OG'TU-PLE,  a.     [L.  octuplus ;  octo,  eight,  and  plico, 
to  fold.] 
Eightfold.  Diet. 

OG'U-LAR,  a.  [Fr.  oculaire;  L.  oculanits,  from  ocn- 
lus,  eye.] 

Deiiending  on  the  eye  ;  known  by  the  eye  ;  received 
by  actual  sight;  as,  ocu/ar  proof;  ocu/ar  denionstra- 
titin  or  evidence. 
OG'U-LAR-LY,  adv.      By  the  eye,  sight,  or  actual 

view.  Brown. 

Oe'U-LATE,  fl.     [I.,  oculatus.] 

Furnished  with  eyes  ;  knowing  by  the  eye. 

John.-ion. 
OG'T-'-LI-FORM,  a.   [L.  oculus,  eye,  and  forma,  form.] 
In  the  form  of  an  eye;  resembling  the  eye  in  form  ; 
as,  an  ocnliform  pebble.  Fourcroy. 

Oe'U-LIST,  n.     [from  L.  oculus,  the  eye.] 

One  skilled  in  diseases  of  the  eyes,  or  one  who 
professes  to  cure  them. 
OiD.1-LISQ.UE,  n.     [Turkish  odak,  a  chamber.] 

The  name  of  tlie  female  shives  or  concubines  in 
the  harem  of  the  Turkish  sultan.  The  word  is  prqi- 
erly  Odah-lic.  Encyc.  .im. 

ODD,  a.  [Sw.  udda,  odd,  and  udd,  vdde,  a  point ;  Dan. 
odd,  a  point  or  tip.  In  VV.  od  is  notable,  singular, 
and  odid  a  rarity.    In  Russ.  odin  or  oU:io  is  one.] 

1.  Not  even  ;  not  divisible  into  two  equal  whole 
numbers  ;  as  one,  three,  five,  seven,  &c. 

Good  luck  lies  iti  odd  numbere.  &uii. 

2.  Left  or  remaining  after  the  union,  estimate,  or 
use  of  even  nuud)ers  ;  ur  remaining  after  round  num- 
bers, or  any  number  spccilied  j  iis,  the  odd  number  ; 
the  o(bi  man. 

Sixteen  Iniiidrcd  and  aid  ycire  after  0»e  earth  was  iii.uli-,  it  wm 
(leslKiyctl  by  a  dclu^.  Burnet. 

'3.  Singular;  extraordinary  ;  differing  from  what  is 
usual  ;  strange  ;  as,  an  odd  phenomenon,    jycictou. 

It  sometimes  implies  dislike  or  contempt  j  as,  an 
odd  fellow. 

■1.  Not  not€d  ;  unheeded  ;  not  taken  into  the  com- 
nu)n  account. 

There  ;irL-  vet  niissiiiz  some  tew  odd  Iiuls  that  you  remfinber  not, 
'  °  SkaJk. 

0.  Uncommon  ;  particular. 

Th,;  odd  iii.iu  to  pcrfomi  all  three  periecUy  b  Jo.iaiK«  Stuimiu*. 

Aftftam, 

().  Uncommon  ;  in  appearance  improper,  or  not 
likely  to  answer  the  purpose.  This  is  an  odd  way  of 
doing  things, 

Locke's  Essay  would  bo  an  odd  book  for  a  m\n  to  make  luir^-lf 
master  of,  who  would  gtt  a  reputaliou  by  hi*  critical  wriiiojs. 
Sp€<iatar. 

7,  Separate  from  that  which  is  regularly  occupied  ; 
remaining  iincinployed.  I  will  take  some  odd  lime 
to  do  this  business.    He  may  do  it  at  odd  limes. 

ODD'EST,  a.  sitperl.     Most  odd. 

ODnM'EL'Lo\VS,  ».  j»i.  The  name  of  a  secrcl  soci- 
ety for  social  enjovment  and  mutual  assistance. 

ODU'I-TY,  M.  Singularily  ;  slringeness  ;  as,  the  odd- 
ity of  dress,  manners,  or  shape ;  oddity  of  appear- 
ance. 


,jCTum  ;  nt  < 


ODD'NE- 

larily  ;    tifi(.(.L 
f  hapt- ;  Ibe  tnL: 

ODUa,  n. 

1.  Ili< 

othf-r ;  >'.    . 
other. 

PnrcDiaral  by  n  t&odi  «d^ 
In  thU  ei:iliil'l'  .  mur-ii  t:i:ii)Lt  tiu^  1 

and  nu'i', 

Cr&nr- 

AUlh- 

U-    - 
Judjii, 

U. 
There  .!„     .    _ 

2.  Advanta'_' 

3.  anfliTt-l ; 


dufOitiDg;  a^ 


1  fan  art  as  tB  ol  oMt. 

Ur  iJifT  ir-rr  rJ-xi-r  *^-  —  ^ifj 

UJ-'H,  /(.      [L.ot/r  .   '. 

A  short  [JO*::!, 
er  to  be  s.l  in  1. 
is  of  the  L 
by  swf  ' 
ture,  aim 

Pindar  liLL^  I  . 
an  odejt  and  I?' 

The  one  C'-^ntau 

0-D£'O.V,  n.    tw- 
in ancient  ar- 

in  which  po<:L-i  nn>l  : 

to  the  approval  oi' 

prizes. 
O'DI  RLE,  a.     [L.  odi,  - 

Hateful ;  that  may 
O'PIN,  n,    AScandin;.^ 

Saxons. 
6'DI-OUS,  o.     [I*  odioiusj  from  «fi,  I  ha: 

Itate.] 

1.  Hateful ;  deserving  hatred.  I: 
thing  less  than  Detestailc  and  .\ 
an  (Miious  nauu- ;  c^'u -;  -  v-.r--. 

All  ;.  -*. 

9.  Offensive  t 
ous  sight ;  an  <  . 

3.  Causing   hato  ; 

4.  Exposed  lohatr^  i 

He  n'tuUn^  hlmKif  od.-   -  -.    -    ,    ..  _ 

o'DI-OUS-LY,  adv,    Hatenilly ;  in  r. 
seTVc  or  excite  hatred. 

2.  Invidiously;  "on--    -- ■      ' 
6'DI-OUS-NESS,  ».      ) 

deser\'cs  or  may  cxci: 
sin. 

2.  The  siale  of  being  hatt' ' 
C'DI-U.M,  «.     [Ul     llniP^d: 
brought  a  gent  rr.l  -    -  ' 

2.  ThequaJi^ 

site  ihirw  ; 
O'Df-UM  TJIE-0  /.   ■  .  I-Cl 
contending  thcolo'ti.vi-^ 

o-DO.M'i:  rrt:.  k    [o.   * 

An  ill  " 
to  mea- 
O-DO-MK. 

its  nica>nr<   u    itl. 
O-DOX-TAI.'CI-A,  I  «.    [Gr.  •«rs,  loolh,  uid  «>;  /<.    , 
O'DOX-TAL-OY,     i     pain.]  ' 

TvV)lhachc. 
O-D0X-TAL'C3I€,  «.    Peitaining  to  :i 
O-DOX-TAl.'Oie,  ■.    A  remedy  for  t, 
0-DOXTA-UTE,  «.    A  nclnfied  Ux 
0-DON'TOlD,  a.    [Gr.  oiovu  tooth. 
ness.] 
l\»lh-like. 
O-DOX-TOLO-OV,  ».    [Gr.  »i^r(Mid  >■.«,-.] 

That  bnuicU  of  analomical  scirncc  whr--N  Tr»*i«   ■< 
the  teeth. 
o'DOR,  H.    [U]    Smell;  scent:  fra. 
or  an  offen^iv-  ?nul' :  TV-rftinif*.         ' 
Tobt' 
O'DOR-A 
.-V  pc! : 
6'DOR-ATi:,  .1.     J  .  ..-•--. 

Scented  ;  having  a  sin-mj  *ccnt,  : 


TONE,  BJJLL,  UNITE. -AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS,-e  as  K ;  G  as  J ;  S  as  2;  CH  as  SH;  TH  as  in  TUiS. 


767 


OK 

6'i)0R-A-TING,  it.    Dill'uRing  odor  or  scont ;  fni(,Ta(il, 
O-nuK-IF'EU-OL'S,  a.     [L.  odoriferus ;  odor  ami/cm. 
to  bpiir.] 

1.  Giving  scent;  dill'iisin«  frapmucc ;  frn^niiil  ; 
pi'rfumed  ;  usuiiUy,  sweet  ol*  scent ;  as,  odurifiroiui 
epiccs  ;  odoriferous  (lowers. 

2.  Ucnriiifj  scent ;  ns^  odoriferous  ga.\es. 
0-I)OR-II'''ER-OUS-LY,  adn.    In  the  manner  of  pro- 

diicin;;  odnr. 

O-DOR-IF'Ell-OUS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  dimis- 
ing  scent;  frajrriince;  sweetness  of  scent. 

6't)OK-I.\,  n.     [h.odor.] 

A  protiiict  of  the  redislillation  of  tho  volatile  oil 
obtained  by  distilling;  boae.  It  has  a  very  concentra- 
ted and  ditnisible  enipyreuniatic  odor.         Brandc. 

O'DOU-LESS,  a.     Tree  from  odor. 

O'UOR-OUS,  a.    Sweet  of  scont ;  fragrant. 

Spenser.     Walter. 

O'DOR-OUS-LY,  ndv.    Sweetly  ;  ftngrnnlly, 

6'I)0U-0US-NESS,  n.  Fragrance  ;  tho  quality  of  dif- 
fusing scentj  or  of  exciting  the  sensation  of  smell. 

Oll'YS-SEY,  71.  An  epic  poem  attributed  to  Homer  ; 
till!  subject  is  the  return  of  Ulysses  from  Troy  to 
Ithaca. 

CE,  the  Greek  diphthong,  has  tho  sound  of  c,  and  in 
this  work  it  is  to  some  extent  omitted,  and  E  substi- 
tuted. 

CECO-NOMae-AL,  CE-GON'0-MY,  CE-GU-MEN'- 
le-AL,  (E-DEiM'A-TOi;s,  CE-SOPH'A-GUS.  See 
Economical,  Econojiv,  Ecumenical,  Edematous, 

EsOrHAGL'S. 

CE-IL'IAD,  (e-il'yad,)  n.  [Fr.  ailladc,  from  mil,  the  eye.] 
A  plance  ;  a  \vink.     [^"01  jEH'/Zi-vA,  nor  used.]  ShaU. 
CE-NAN'THie,  a.    [Or.  oii'oi,  wine,  and  ai/dos,  iUm- 


(Em 


EnantJtic  cthcr^  is  an  oily  liquid  which  gives  to  wine 
its  characteristic  odor. 

lEfianthic  acid,  is  an  acid  obtained  from  cenanthic 
ether.  Graham. 

O'ER  ;  contracted  from  Over,  which  see. 
OF,  {ov,)j)rr.p.     [Sa.\.  of;  G.  nb ;  Sw.  Ice.  Dan.  and  D. 
afi  L.  ab,  but  originally  af;  Gr.  airo.    The  primary 
sense  is  departing,  issuing,  or  proceeding  from;  but 
this  sense  has  been  modified  by  usage.] 

From  or  out  of;  proceeding  from,  as  tlie  cause, 
source,  means,  author,  or  agent  bestowing. 

I  have  received  of  liv:  Lord  thai  which  n-lso  I  delivered  lo  yon. — 

I  Cor.  li. 
For  it  wns  o/tlie  Lord  to  harden  thaW  hearts.  —  Josh.  xi. 
It  U  o/lJie  Lord's  im-rcics  thai  we  iire  not  coiisuincd.  —  Lam.  iii, 
Thu  whole  disposing  ther<'ol  is  o/the  Lord,  —  Prov.  xv'i. 
Go,  inquire  o/lhc  Lonl  lijr  mn.  — 2  Chron.  XKxiv. 
Thul  hilly  thing  that  shall  be  horn  of  thee,  —  Luke  i. 

Hence  of\s  the  sign  of  the  genitive  case,  the  case 
that  denotes  production  j  as,  the  Son  of  man,  the  son 
proceeding  from  man,  produced  from  man.  This  is 
the  primary  sense,  although  v.'e  now  say,  produced 
by  man.  "  Part  0/ these  were  slain  ;"  that  is,  a  num- 
ber separate,  for  parf  denotes  a  division  ;  the  sense 
then  is,  a  number /rom  or  out  of  the  whole  were  slain. 
So,  also,  "  some  of  these  were  slain  ;  "  that  is,  some 
from  or  out  of  the  others.  '•  I  have  known  him  of 
old,  or  of  a  child  ; "  that  is,  from  old  times,  from  a 
child.  "He  is  ('/the  race  of  kings  ;  "  that  is,  de- 
scended from  kings.  "  He  is  of  noble  blood  or  birth, 
or  0/ ignoble  origin."  "No  particle  of  matter,  or  no 
body,  can  move  o/itself ;  "  that  is,  by  force  orstrength 
proceeding  from  itself,  derived  from  itself. 

"  The  quarrel  is  not  now  of  fame  and  tribute,  or  of 
wrongs  done  ;"  that  is,  from  fame  or  wrong.s,  as  the 
cause,  and  we  may  render  it,  concerning,  about,  re- 
lating to. 

"0/this  little  he  had  some  to  spare;"  that  Is, some 
from  the  whole.    It  may  be  rendered  out  of. 

"0/ all  our  heroes  thou  canst  boast  alone;"  that 
is,  thou  alone  from  the  number  of  heroes.  This  may 
be  rendered  among. 

"  Tlie  best  of  men,  the  most  renowned  of  all ;  " 
that  is,  the  best  from  the  number  of  men,  the  most 
renowned  from  the  whole;  denoting  primarily  sepa- 
ration, like  part. 

"  I  was  well  entertained  of  the  English  consul ;" 
that  is,  entertained  from  the  consul ;  my  entertain- 
ment was  from  the  constil.  This  use  "is  obsolete, 
and  we  use  by  in  lieu  vt'  it. 

"  Tlii.';  does  of  right  belong  to  us  ; "  that  is,  from 
right,  dc  jure;  our  title  proceeds  from  right. 

"  The  chariot  was  all  of  cedar ;"  that  is,  made 
from  cedar.  So  we  say,  made  0/  gold,  made  of  clay  ; 
an  application  corresponding  with  our  modern  use  of 
from ;  manufactured  from  wool,  or  from  raw  materi- 
als. Hence  we  say,  cloth  consisting  p/woo1.  "  This 
is  a  scheme  of  his  own  devising;  "  that  is,  from  his 
own  devising  or  de\yce.  "  If  any  man  minister,  let 
Ijiin  do  it  as  of  tliL-  ability  which  God  givetli ;"  that 
is,  as  from  the  ability,  as  the  source  of  action. 

"0/liappy,  he  is  become  miserable  ;"  that  in,  from 
happy  ;  from  being  happy,  he  has  passed  to  being  mis- 
erable. "0/ net!;essity  this  must  prove  ruinous  ;  " 
that  in,  from  nece:;sity,  as  the  cause  or  source.  "O/' 
a  huntired  take  fifty  ;  that  is,  from  a  hundred,  or  out 
of  a  liundred,  from  among  a  hundred. 

Of  sometimes  implies  a  part  or  share. 

It  ie  a  duty  to  communicati;  of  thoso  blessings  wc  have  rcmvcr], 

/Vnnfciin. 


OFF 

From  is,  then,  the  primary  sense  of  this  prtiposition  ; 
a  sense  retained  in  off,  the  same  wonl  differently 
\^'ritl(-ll  for  distinction.  Ifut  this  sense  is  appropri- 
ately lost  in  many  of  its  applic-ations  ;  as,  a  man  of 
genius,  a  man  (^'courage,  a  man  (t/ rare  endow- 
ments, a  fo9sil  of  a  red  color,  or  of  a  hc.\agonal  (ig- 
nre.  He  lost  all  liope  of  relief.  This  is  an  affair  of 
the  cabinet.  He  is  a  man  vf  decayed  fortune.  What 
is  the  price  of  corn  ?  We  say  that  of,  in  these  and 
similar  phrases,  denotes  properly  or  possession,  mak- 
ing of  the  sign  of  the  ^^(-nitive  or  possessive  case. 
These  applications,  however,  all  proceeded  from  the 
same  primary  sense.  I'hat  whit'h  i)roceedsfroin,  oris 
produced  by,  a  person,  is  naturally  the  property  w  pos- 
session of  tliat  person  ;  as,  the  son  of  .lobn  ;  and  this 
idea  of  properly,  in  the  course  of  time,  would  pass 
to  things  not  ttius  produced,  but  still  hearing  a  rela- 
tion to  anotlicr  thing.  Thus  we  say,  the  father  of  a 
son,  as  well  as  the  son  of  a  father.  In  both  senses, 
other  languages  also  use  the  same  word,  as  in  the 
French  de,  dehi,  and  Italian,  di,  dclt.  Of,  then,  lias 
one  primary  sense, /rwm,  departing,  issuing,  proceed- 
ing fnna  or  out  of,  and  a  derivative  sense  denoting 
possession  or  property. 

OFF,  a.     Most  distant ;  as  the  off  horse  in  a  team. 

OFF,  ndv.  From,  noting  distance.  TJie  house  is  a 
mile  off. 

2.  From,  with  the  action  of  removing  or  sepa- 
rating ;  as,  to  take  offlUo  hat  or  cloak.  So  we  say, 
lo  cut  off,  to  pare  off,  to  clip  off,  to  peel  off,  to  tear  off, 
to  march  off,  to  fly  off 

3.  P'roin,  noting  separation  ;  as,  the  match  is  off. 

4.  From,  denoting  departure,  abatement,  remis- 
sion, or  a  leaving.  The  fever  goes  off";  the  pain  goes 
off. 

5.  In  paintingy  it  denotes  projection  or  relief. 

This  comes  o^  well  and  excellent.  Shale. 

6.  From  ;  away;  not  toward;  aa,  to  look  off;  op- 
posed lo  On  or  Toward. 

7.  On  the  opposite  side  of  a  question. 

The  qui'itions  no  way  touch  upon  Puiitanisni,  either  o^or  on. 

S(i7ideTeort. 

Off  hand ;  without  study  or  preparation.  She  plays 
a  tune  ojf  hand.    He  speaks  fluently  off  hand. 

Off  and  on;  at  one  time  applying  and  engaged, 
then  absent  or  remiss. 

To  be  off;  in  colloquial  language,  to  depart  or  to 
recede  from  an  agreement  or  design. 

To  come  offf  to  escape,  or  to  fare  in  the  event. 

9.  To  take  place,  as  an  exhibition. 

To  get  off;  to  alight ;  to  come  down. 

2.  To  make  escape. 

To  go  off;  to  depart :  to  desert. 

2.  To  take  fire  ;  to  he  discharged,  as  a  gun. 

To  take  off:  to  take  away. 

2.  To  mimic  or  personate. 

IVcli  off,  ill  offy  badly  off;  ha^'Mig  good  or  ill  suc- 
cess, 
OFF,  prq).    Not  on  ;  as,  to  be  off  one's  legs.    He  was 
not  off  the  bed  the  whole  day. 

a.  Distant  from ;  as,  about  two  miles  ojf  this  town. 
[JVot  now  used.]  .Addison. 

OFF,  as  an  czdamation,  is  a  command  to  depart,  ei- 
ther with  or  without  contempt  or  abhon'encc, 
OF'FAL,  n.      [D.   afval;   ({fund  ralU-n,   to   fall;    G, 
abfalt ;  Dan.  affald ;  Sw.  affall :  off  audfall.] 

1.  Waste  meat ;  tlie  parts  of  an  animal  butchered 
which  are  unfit  for  use  or  rejected.  Arbuthnot. 

3.  Carrion ;  coarse  meat.  Milton.     Shak. 
3.  Refuse  ;  that  which  is  thrown  away  as  of  no 

value,  or  fit  onl}'  for  beasts.       Vryden.    Mortimer. 
•  4.  Any  thing  of  no  value;  rubbish.  SJiak. 

OF-FENCE',  ;;,  [L.  offcnsus,  offensa;  It.  offesa ;  Sp. 
ofensa;  Fr,  offense.] 

1.  Displeasure  ;  anger,  or  moderate  anger.  He 
gave  them  just  cause  of  offence  ;  he  took  offence. 

2.  Scandal ;  cause  of  stumbling.  Christ  is  called 
a  stone  of  stumbling  and  rock  of  offence  to  both  the 
houses  of  Israel.     P.-^.  viii. 

3.  Any  transgression  of  law,  divine  or  human  ;  a 
crime ;  sin ;  act  of  wickedness  or  omission  of 
duty. 

Christ  VIA&  delivered  for  onr  (offences,  and  raised  again  for  our 
Jiistificatioii.  —  Rom,  iv. 

4.  An  injury. 

I  have  given  my  opinion  ae:viiiKt  tlic  nnthority  of  two  ffrciit  men, 
bill  1  hope  without  qffince  la  their  inoinorics,        Drydcn. 

5.  Attack  ;  assault ;  as,  a  weapon  of  offence. 

Richardson. 
G.  Impediment.    Matt.  xvi. 

[For  remarks  on  the  spelling  of  this  word,  see  Of- 
fense.] 
OF-FENCE'FUL,  a.    Giving  displeasure;   injurious. 

[J^ot  used.]  Shak. 

OF-FENCE'^LESS,  a.     Unoffending ;  innocent ;  inof- 
fensive. Milton. 
OF-FEND',  V.  t.     [h.  off'cndo  ,    ob  and  fendo,  [ohs.]  to 
strike,  hit,  meet,  or  thrust  against.    We  use  the  sim- 
ple verb  in  fend,  lo  fend  off  to  fcnee.] 

1.  To  attack  ;  to  assail.     [Au(  used.]         Sidney. 

2.  To  displease ;  to  make  angry  ;  to  affront ;  it 
cvpresses  ralher  less  than  make  angry,  and,  without 


OFF 

any  modifying  word,  it  is  nearly  synonymous  wiih 
DispLEAsu.  We  are  offcwled  by  rudeness,  incivility, 
and  iiarsh  language.  Children  offend  their  parents 
by  disobedience,  and  parents  offend  their  children  by 
unreasonable  austerity  or  rcslrainl. 

The  emperor  was  grievously  affetided  with  them  who  had  kept 
such  noglig'ciit  wiitch.  Knolles. 

A  hrolher  fended  is  hardi'r  lo  be  won  than  a  stron*  city.  — 
Prov.  xviii. 

3.  To  siiock;  to  wound ;  as,  to  offend  the  con- 
science. Law. 

4.  To  pain;  to  annoy;  to  injure;  as,  a  strong 
light  offends  weak  eyes, 

5.  To  transgress  ;  to  violate  ;  as,  to  offend  the  laws. 
But  wo  generally  use  the  intransitive  verb  in  this 
sense,  with  against;  to  offend  against  the  law. 

G.  To  disturb,  annoy,  or  cause  to  fall  or  stumble. 

Great  pe.icc  have  tliey  that  lovo  tliv  law,  and  nothing  shuU 
qfetid  them.  — Po.  cxix. 

7.  To  draw  to  evil,  or  hinder  in  obedience  ;  to 
cause  to  sin  or  neglect  duty. 

If  Uiy  right  eye  (ifend  Uiec,  nluck  it  out  — If  thy  ri^ht  hand 
offevd  Ihec,  cut  it  off. —  Matt.  v. 

OF-FEND',  V.  i.  To  transgress  the  moral  or  divino 
law ;  to  sin  ;  to  commit  a  crime. 

Whoever  uhalt  kesp  the  whole  I.i\v,  and  yd  offind  hi  one  point, 

is  guilty  ni"  all,  —  Janicn  ii. 
In  many  things  wc  all  offeiul.  —  James  iii, 

9.  To  cause  dislike  or  anger. 

1  slwll  offcnfl,  either  to  detain  or  to  give  !t,  Shak. 

But  this  phrase  is  really  elliptical,  some  i)ersun  be- 
ing understood, 
3,  To  be  scandalized  ;  to  be  stumbled. 
If  meat  make  my  brother  to  offend.  —  1  Cor.  viii. 
To  offend  against ;  to  act  injuriously  or  unjustly. 

Nor  yet  against  Cesar  have  I  qfeiuled  any  thing  at  all.  —  Aula 

XXV. 

9.  To  transgress  ;  to  violate  ;  as,  to  offend  again.<tt 
the  laws  of  society,  the  laws  of  God,  or  the  rules  of 
civility  or  propriety. 

We  h.ave  offended  against  the  Lord  already.  —  2  Chron.  xxviii. 

OP-FEND'ED,  pp.  or  a.    Displeased. 

0F-FEND'ER,7f.  One  that  offends;  one  that  violates 
any  law,  divine  or  human  ;  a  criminal ;  a  tresspasser ; 
a  transgressor  ;  one  lh:it  does  an  injury.  The  man 
who  robs,  steals,  or  commits  an  assault,  is  an  (t^- 
fcnder. 

OF-FEND'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Displeasing;  making  an- 
gry ;  causing  10  stumble  ;  committing  sin. 

OF-FEND'RESS,  7(.    A  female  that  offends,     Shak. 

OF-FENSE',  n.  [L.  offenstis,  offensa;  It.  offesa;  Sp. 
ofcnsa;  Ft.  offense.] 

1.  Displeasure  ;  anger,  or  moderate  anger.  He 
gave  them  just  cause  of  offense:  he  took  offence. 

2.  Scandal;  cause  of  stumbling.  Christ  is  called 
a  stone  of  stumliling  and  rock  of  offense  to  both  the 
houses  of  Israel,    Ps.  viii. 

3.  Any  transgression  of  law,  divine  or  human  ;  a 
crime  ;  sin  ;  act  of  wickedness  or  omission  of  duty. 

Christ  was  delivercLt  for  our  offenses,  and  raised  again  for  our 
jusli&cation, — Rom.  iv, 

4.  An  injury. 

I  have  given  my  opinion  ngninst  ihc  authority  of  two  great  men, 
but  I  hope  without  offense  lo  their  niL-moriea.        Dryden. 

5.  Attack ;  assault ;  as,  a  weapon  of  offense. 

Richardson. 

6.  Impediment.    Matt.  xvi.     - 

[Tliis  word,  like  expense,  lias,  till  of  late,  been 
spelled  with  a  c.  It  ought,  however,  to  imdergo  the 
same  change  with  erpense,  the  reasons  being  the 
same,  viz.,  that  s  must  be  used  in  offensive  as  in  ez- 
pcnsive,  and  is  found  in  the  Latin  offcnsio,  and  tho 
French  offense.] 

OF-FENSE' FIJL,  a.  Giving  displeasure;  injurious. 
M't  used.]  Shak. 

OF-FENSEaESS,  a.  Unoffending;  innocent;  in- 
offensive. Milton. 

OF-FENS'IVE,  a.  [Fr,  offcnsif;  It.  offensivo ;  Sp. 
ofcnsivo.] 

1.  Causing  displeasure  or  some  degree  of  anger  ; 
displeasing.  All  sin  is  offensive  to  God  ;  rude  behavior 
is  offensive  lo  men ;  good  breeding  forbids  us  to  use 
offensive  words. 

2.  Disgusting  ;  giving  pain  or  unpleasant  sensa- 
tions ;  disagreeable  ;  as,  an  offensire  taste  or  smell; 
mi  offensive  ait^lit ;  discordant  sounds  are  offensive  to 
the  ear. 

3.  Injurious. 

It  is  an  excellent  opener  for  the  liver,  but  offeiisioe  to  the  stom- 
adi.  "  Bacon. 

4.  Assailant;  used  in  attack;  opposed  to  Defen- 
sive ;  as,  an  offensive  weapon  or  engine.      Wilkins. 

5.  Assailant;  invading;  making  the  first  attack  ; 
opposed  to  Defensive  ;  as,  an  offensive  war. 

A  league  offensive  and  defensive,  is  one  that  requires 
both  or  all  parlies  to  make  war  together  against  a 
nation,  and  each  party  lo  defend  tlie  other  in  case  of 
being  attacked, 
OF-FENS'IVE,  n.  The  part  of  attacking  ;  as,  to  act 
on  the  offensive. 


FaTE,  far,  FALL,  WHAT  —  MSTE,  PREY  —PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.— 
76S  ^—  _ 


OFF 

OF-FEiVS'IVE-LY,ady.   In  a  iiiiuinerto  give  (iispleas- 
urc  ;  as,  language  offensively  harsh  or  sarcasti<\ 
9.  Injuriously;  mischievously.  Hooker. 

3.  By  way  of  invasion  or  first  atlark.  Tlie  enemy 
was  nol  in  a  condition  to  act  ojfcnsivchj. 

4.  Unplcasantiv  to  the  senses. 
OF-FEXS'IVE-NESS,  n.     The  quality  that  ofl'unds  or 

displeases  ;  as,  the  o^tisiceac^s  of  rude  hmguagc  or 
behavior. 

2.  Injuriousness ;  mischief. 

3.  Cause  of  disgust ;  the  quality  that  gives  pain  to 
the  senses,  or  unpk-asant  sensations  ;  as,  tlie  offcns- 
ioeness  of  smell  or  taste. 

OF'FER,  r.  (.     [L.  ofero  ;  oh  aiul  fero,  to  bring.] 

1.  /.t/rruWi;,  to  bring  to  or  before  ;  Iience,  lo  present 
for  acceptance  or  rejection  ;  to  eviiibit  something  tliat 
may  he  taken  or  received  or  nut.  He  offered  me  a 
sum  of  money  ;  he  offered  me  his  umbrella  to  defend 
nie  from  the  rain. 

'i'lie  lieutlien  women,  under  the  Mogul,  offer  tlicmsclves  to  the 
rl;ui!ca  at  the  (leuth  of'  their  liusbands.  Collier. 

9.  To  present  in  words  ;  to  proffer;  to  make  a  pro- 
posal to. 

I  o^tr  tlicse  thi*Je  Uuiigs.  — 2  Sam.  w'vf. 

3.  To  present,  as  an  act  of  worship  ;  to  immolate  ; 
to  sacrifice  ;  often  with  up. 

Tliou  sh-tll  offer  ivery  (hy  a  bulluck  ;is  a  siii-oH'cring  for  alone- 

ni?iit.  —  Ex.  xxix. 
The  one  lairh  sii.ill  thou  offer  in  iIip  nioruin?.  —  Kx.  xxix. 
A  lioly  pricsthijod  to  offer  up  siiiriiiial  sncnliccs.  —  I  Pet.  ii. 

4.  To  present  in  prayer  or  devolion. 

Offer  lo  God  ttmnksgiviiig.  —  Ps.  1. 

5.  To  bid,  as  a  price,  reward,  or  waccs  ;  as,  to  offer 
ten  eagles  for  a  ring  ;  to  offer  a  hundreil  dt.llars  a  year 
fur  a  laborer ;  to  offer  a  salary. 

C.  To  present  to  the  view  or  lo  llie  mind  ;  as,  ideas 
which  sense  or  retlection  off-r.^-  to  the  niiuil.  Locke. 

To  offer  viotnice  :    to  assault ;   to   atlark  or  com- 
mence attack. 
OF'FER,  V.  i     To  present  itself;  to  be  at  hand. 

Th'  occrtsioH  offers,  ;uk1  iKe  yrinih  coniiilus.  Dnj-len. 

9.  To  present  verbally;  to  declare  a  willingness. 
lie  offered  to  accompany  his  brother. 
3.  To  make  an  attempt. 

We  came  close  to  the  sliore,  an!  offried  lu  I.iml.        Eacon. 

Formerly  with  at. 

I  wiil  not  offer  at  that  I  c^ii  not  imsli-r.     [Oix.]        Bacon. 

OF'FER,  71.     [Fr.  offre.'\ 

1.  A  proposal  lo  be  accepted  or  rejected  ;  presenta- 
tion to  choice.  The  prince  made  liberal  offers,  but 
they  were  rejected. 

Wben  offers  arc  dUdained,  and  love  d-^nied.  Pope. 

5.  First  advance. 

Force  c<nnf)e'.=  iliU  o/Tcr.  S'/mi:. 

3.  The  act  of  bidding  a  price,  or  the  sum  bid,  Ily 
an  offer,  we  manifest  a  desire  to  buy.  When  the 
seller  declines  accepting,  he  manifests  that  he  thinks 
the  offer  not  sutlicient. 

4.  Attempt;  endeavor;  essay. 

U  is  ill  die  povvi-r  of  every  one  lo  make  some  essay,  some  offer 
jud  altenipl.     [Nearly  obsolete,]  Soulh. 

OF'FER-A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  offered. 

Mountag'U. 

OF'FER-£D,  pp.  or  a.  Presented  for  acceptance  or  re- 
jection ;  presented  in  worship  or  devotion ;  immo- 
lated ;  bid  ;  presented  to  the  eye  or  the  mind, 

OF'FER-ER,  71.  One  that  offers,  one  that  sacrifices 
or  dedicates  in  worsliip.  Chapman.     Hooker. 

OF'FER-ING,  ppr.  Presenting;  proposing;  sacrific- 
itig  ;  bidding  ;  presenting  to  the  eye  or  mind. 

OF'FER-ING^  n.  That  which  is  presented  in  divine 
service  ;  an  animal  or  a  poition  of  bread  or  corn,  or 
of  gold  and  silver,  or  other  valuable  articles,  pre- 
sented to  God  as  an  atonement  for  sin,  or  as  a  return 
of  thanks  for  his  favors,  or  for  other  religious  pur- 
pfise  ;  a  sacrifice  ;  an  oblation.  In  the  Mosaic  econ- 
omy there  were  bumt-offerinirs,  sin-offeria^s,  peace- 
offerings,  trespass-offerings,  thank-n//<.r(»o-^,  wave- 
qfferimrs,  and  wood-offerings.  Pagan  nations  also 
present  offerings  to  their  deities.  Christ,  by  the  of- 
fcring  of  himself,  has  superseded  the  use  of  all  other 
offerings,  having  made  atonement  for  all  men. 

When  ihoo  shall  make  his  eouI  an  offering  for  sin,  he  ehall  see 
his  seed.  —  U.  liii. 

OF'FER-TO-RY,  n.     [Fr.  offertoire.] 

1.  The  act  of  offering  or  the  thmg  offered.  [Lit- 
tle used.]  Bacon.     Fell. 

2.  In  t!ie  Roman  Cathvlie  church,  an  anthem  chanted 
or  a  volunta-y  played  on  the  organ  during  the  offering 
and  a  part  of  Ihe  mass  ;  also,  that  part  of  the  mass 
in  which  tlie  priest  prepares  the  elements  for  conse- 
cration. 

3.  In  the  church  of  England,  certain  sentences  in 
the  communion-office,  read  while  the  alms  are  col- 
lecting. Brande. 

OF'FEU-TL'RE,  n.    Offer;  proposal.     [JV»(  used.] 

K.  Charfe.^. 
OFF'  HAND,  a.  and  adv.     [o#  and  hand.]     Without 
hesitation  or  previous  preparation. 


OFF 


I  die  apoiitle  of  the  G'iaiW'm,  I  magnify  rJh' 


OP'FICE,  (offis,)  u.    [Fr.,  from  L.  officium ;  ob  and 
fiicio,  to  make  or  ^l■^.] 

1.  A  particular  duty,  charge,  or  tnist,  conferred  by 
public  authority  ami  fur  a  public  purpose;  an  ern- 
pluyment  undertaken  by  commii^Hion  or  authority 
from  governuteiii  or  those  who  adminixter  it.  Thuu 
we  speak  of  the  offire  of  •iectfturv  of  -tite,  of  lrea«- 
urer,  of  a  judge,  of  a  sheriff,  of  a  jiii*lire  of  the 
peace,  &r.  O^ncr.^  are  civil,  judicial,  minlMU;rial,  ex- 
ecutive, legislative,  pulitical,  municipal,  diplomatic, 
military',  ecclesiastical,  *tc. 

2.  .\  duty,  charge,  or  trust,  of  ji  sacred  nature, 
conferred  by  God  himself;  ay,  the  offtce  of  priem,  in 
the  Old  Testament ;  and  that  of  the  aiMKilles,  in  tlie 
New  Testament. 

Iii.umnch  iu  1 
offce,  —  H 

3.  Duty  or  employment  of  a  private  nature ;  a.-*, 
the  office  of  a  midwife.     Ez.  i. 

4.  That  which  is  performed,  intended,  or  a-snignrd 
to  be  done,  by  a  particular  thing,  or  that  which  any 
thing  is  fitted  to  perform  ;  answering  to  duly  in  inlel- 
ligout  beings.  We  enjoy  In-allh  wii<;n  ihe  several 
organs  of  the  body  perform  their  rertpeclive  ejScM. 

Ill  tJi's  pxi^-rinicnl.  iht-  fitvcra!  iiilc'rv:i!i  uf  (lie  Ir'-'Ji  of  llkc  co.Tih 
di)  ilie  offce  vi  BO  m  iiiy  prinuii.  Heielon. 

5.  Business ;  particular  employment 

Il'spenis,  vvIki«-  offift  u  (o  bring 

Twilight  upon  tiie  c.^ilh.  ^J,tlon. 

6.  Act  of  good  or  ill  voluntarily  tendered  ;  Jisualltf 
in  a  good  sense}  as,  kiiul  officer ;  office^  of  pity  ;  pioud 
offices. 

7.  Act  of  worsiiip.  Sluik. 

8.  Formulary  of  devotion. 

'I'hc  I-onl's  priV'T,  die  vw  er,mniandmrnlj,  ami  ihc  creed,  u  n 
v,Ty  g'lud  office  for  chililit:u  ii  they  nri;  nol  fin'.'d  fiT  mon: 
regtiiir  ojEqsj.  Taylor. 

9.  A  house  or  apartment  in  which  public  officers 
and  othi-rs  transact  business;  as,  the  register*«  of- 
fice ;  a  lawyer's  office. 

10.  lu  architecture,  a  name  given  to  the  apartment* 
in  which  the  domestics  ilischargt;  the;  several  ihilies 
attached  to  the  service  of  a  house,  as  kitchens,  pan- 
tries, &.C.  Omit. 

1 1.  In  the  caiton  law,  a  b.tielice  which  has  no  juris- 
diction annexed  to  it.  Kncyc. 

12.  Tlie  person  or  p:>tsons  intnistr-d  with  particular 
duties  of  a  public  nature. 

This  offiCf  [of  quartcninsier-geivral]  m.t  to  h;ive  thi-  di^poiil 
of  i»ulilic  money,  except  small  occasioiml  smns.     Marxhail. 

OF'FICE,  V.  t.  To  perform;  to  do;  to  discharge. 
[A*n(  )i>v(/.]  Shak. 

OF'FICE-BEaR-ER,  71.  One  who  holds  office  ;  used 
cliielly  ill  the  I'lesbyterian  church. 

OF'Fl-CER,  n.  A  pitsou  eummissioned  or  authorized 
tu  perform  any  public  duty.  Offrrrs  are  civil,  mili- 
tarj',  or  erclesiasiical,  TJieie  are  great  officers  of 
slate,  and  subordinate  officers.  .MiHiary  and  naval 
officers  of  the  same  grade  usually  lake  raiik_  accord- 
ing lo  the  dates  of  their  commissions.  Non-com- 
missioned officfrs  are  nruninated  by  their  captains, 
and  ap;K>inted  by  the  comiiiaiiding  officers  of  regi- 
ments. 

OF'FI-CER,  V.  t.  To  furnish  with  officers  ;  toappoint 
officers  over. 


in.irv  corps,  which  he  officered  priu- 
Alarthaii. 


Count  Pulaaki  r.iised  a  Icgi 
cipally  widi  forLi^iitr.;. 

OF'FI-CER-£D,  pp.    Furnished  with  officers. 

Jlddison. 
OF-FI"CIAL,  (-fi>li'al,)  a.     [Fr.  offcid;  from  office.] 

1.  Pertaining  lo  an  office  or  public  trust.  The  sec- 
retary is  engaged  in  official  duties. 

9.  Derived  from  the  proper  office  or  officer,  or  from 
the  proper  aulhoritv  ;  made  or  communicated  by  vir- 
tue of  authority  ;  as,  an  official  statement  or  report. 
We  have  official  intelligence  of  the  bailie. 

3.  Conducive  by  virtue  of  appropriate  powers. 

The  stomach  and  other  parU  offidai  to  ootritioii.     [Unusual.] 

Brot^n. 

0F-FI"CIAL,  «.  An  ecclesiastical  judge  apjwinted 
by  a  bishop,  chapter,  archdeacon,  &.C.,  with  charge 
of  the  spiritual  jurisdiction.  Blackstone 

9.  In  a  wider  sense,  a  subordinate  cvecutive  offi- 
cer or  altendant. 

0F-FI"CIAL-LV,  adv.  Hy  Uu:  proper  officer  ;  by  vir- 
tue of  the  proper  aulhoritv  ;  in  pursuance  of  the 
special  powers  vested  ;  as,  accounts  or  reports  cj- 
ficially  verified  or  rendered  ;  Uaiers  officiaUy  connnu- 
nicated  ;  persons  officinlht  notified. 

0F-FI"CIAL-TV,  (-fish'aVtc,)  n.  The  charge  or  of- 
fice of  an  official.  ^  -"JW^- 

0F-FI"CI.\TE,  (-fish'Sle,)  v.  i.  To  act  as  an  officer 
in  his  olhce  ;  to  iiausact  the  appropriate  business  ol 
an  offic:e  or  public  lru>t.  Ai  this  court  the  chief  jus- 
tice officiated. 

TUt  bishops  and  priesU  offidaH  at  the  alUir.  S;ilSngftttl. 

2.  To  perform  the  apprt>priatc  official  duties  of  an- 
other. ,  ^     c 

OF-FI"CIaTE,  v.  t.    To  give  m  consequence  of  of- 

The  aUrs  offidate  light.     [Improi^r.] 


AKiton. 


OP-FI"CIA.TKt, 

fie. 

2.  PerftrtTOcd  the  dw 
of  an(Ali*;r. 

OF-FI"CU-TINf;.  f>yr.  f.r  c      i 

priali,"  diitti-i  of  an  olIi«  ,   t^ 

another. 
OF  KIC'I-NAI..  a. 
lj»ed  in  a  oh' ; 

medicine*,  and 

he  omatanlly  k*  jx  ,u  v...  -t 

OP-FI"CIOi;s.  f.fl.h'u..)  «. 

1.  Kind  ;  otligin;; ;  dune  k 

Yrt  ikx  ta  *»rh  u«  Omp  1M>.  - 
fJifiritMs. 

9.  Bxccmfvi-ly  f'fTwvd  in  kir.;!^- 
ly  iiiU.riKifine  Btrvlcc*. 

III  fart  MuJ/  iKu  i£orM  jvu  mrmM^. 

3,  IJu^y;  int4:rmrddlins  la  albu* 
lias  no  cnnrKm, 

Or-FF'CIOt'H  I.V,  arfr.      KiBai>  ; 
care. 

Irt  thy  cnta  i>JWi>»i*  .   '•  •    -»•■ 

3.  Willi  Importunak 

FlUirtinr  atim^h  ■^*.i 

To   gI*C  3*T.-J.     ■ 

X  In  abuxy,  ii 

of-fi"cious-n; 

ly,  an  cxa^d  ui  . 
wardncs^,  int  r, 
sired,  or  with  a 
cems  of  others. 
9.  Service.    [UuU  rndtJA  I 

OFF'JNG,  ».    ffrom  off.]    Tlial  jwl  f<f 'I*-  - 
is  at  a  go<Ml  di>tanc»r  froiu  il.- 
tent  distance,  wh»;f  ihirc 
need  of  a  pilol.     We  -aw  a  • 

OFF'SeoUR-ING.  »,    {off  An- 

is  scoured  off;  hence,  refii*c  . 

which  is  vile  or  de-tputcd.    fjosa.  n. 
OFF'set'.M,  R.    Uefii*e  ;  off-counDj 
OFF'Sei'.M,  a.     Refuse;  vUi. 
OFF'SET,  n.    [ojfand  *rt.]     A  sh.- ■ 

bulb  from  the  roiit'i  of  a  ptanl. 

2.  A  flat  surface  or  terrace  on  a  li 

3.  In  architecturr,  a  horirjintal  Ird^ 

a  wall,  formed  by  a  diminution  of  ibe  ui. 
the  wall. 

A.  In  survetfing,  a  perpendicular  let  fall  ^ 
stationar>'  lines  to  the  hedge,  fence,  or  e\'.- 
an  inclosure. 

5.  In  iua>\ints,  a  sum,  accuuut,  ur  r^l 
against  another  sum  or  account,  a*  an  r<]u 

O.  '* 
[This  is  aI?o  written  SsT-on .} 
OFF'SET,  r.  t.    To  set  one  account 
to  make  the  account  of  one  {arty  p:. 
another. 
OFF'SET-ST.\FF,  ■.    A  light  rod.; 
used  by  survevors  in  makine  off-*ri- 
OFF'SPRI.N'G, 'n.     [ojTand  j-yrot^.]      A 
dren ;   a  dewendanl  or  de*c*ndani*,  i»»fc.  ■ 
mole  from  Uie  stock,    -icu  xvu.    Rft.  w.-.. 

2.  PaijKigation  ;  gencratioii-  ^' 

3.  Production  of  any  kind.  /' 
OF-FL'S'€.\TE,  OF-FCS-CATIOX.     8« 

CATE,  OpKL'SCATf''""- 

OFF'WARD,  oJt 

ship  on  shore. 
OFT,  arfr.     fSaj. -.  .     ~        . 

Olten  ;  frequenii)  ,   m-i   nii^l).     h   uis   ; 

used  in  prose,  and  may  be  m  u»cd  Hill,  bin 

generally  used  in  pocln-- 

Ofl  «hc  nya^  hot  pe*fT  onof  cA^xK  A/*- 

OFT'£N,  (ofn,)  adr.:  cvmp.  Orrxr^ta;  mf^ri.  On 
ENCST.     [Sax.  cfi  .  GoUi.  n^*.] 
Frequently  :  iiianv  times  ;  not  wldoin.    jfrf^Lw-». 
OFT'EX,  (ofn,)  a.     Fn^ucnl.     [tmfrrf*w.] 
OFT'KN-COM-ER,  ■.    On*  whocv^mc*  fn»;- 

/ 
OFT'£X-.\ESS,  (ofn-nc**,)  «.      FrcqMenc>. 

OFT'EX-TIMES,  (orn-limi.)  cde.    [*/>«  anJ  UM^t,] 

Frequently  ;  ortcn  ;  many  lime*. 

IliK-lrr.     .f""  -■  — 
OFT'TTMES,  adr.    {^  and  («m^*-j     Frrqu: 

en. 

OG.    See  OnsK.  ,^         ,        ^. 

OG-D0-AS'TI€H,  (-as'Ok,)  «.    [Gt.  •)*«*»-,  «S*»*». 

and  ri\:f,  a  verse.] 

A  iwem  of  eight  lines-     [l^ttU  x.^r.y         v-    " 
O-GEE',  (o-jC.)  M.     [Fr.  epvf   e.^-.rf. 

1.  In    artXUetiure,   a    molding    cor- >3  r  _ 
meinbers,  the  one  concave,  ihr  »^-ihrr  c^^^^  x.    .     . 
round  and  a  hoUmv,  somewhat  ^^^'i^^^^j- ^^^^ 

2.  In  guHnerv,  an    onwmcntal    nx^Jdmr    -■    -' 
shape  of  an  S.'uicd  on  funs  m^^^r*.  »= 

zers.  ^^_^ 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"C10US. 


-eas  K;  G  aa  J  ;  SaaZ;  CH  as  SH ;  Til  as  in  THIS. 


97 


OIN 

0G-GA-NI"TION',  (-niah'un,)  n,  [L.  obgannioy  ogga- 
nioj  to  growl.] 

Tlie  murmuring  of  a  dog;  a  grumbling  or  snarl- 
iiifi.     r.Vi-(  iLsed.]  Mouittagu, 

OG'HASi,  n.  A  particular  kind  of  stenoprapliy,  or 
writing  in  ciplier,  practiced  by  tLc  ancient  Jrish. 

AMe.     Brande. 

O'OIVE,  (o'jiv,)  B.  In  architecture^  a  term  used  by 
I'VlucIi  arcbitccts  to  denote  ihe  GoUiic  vault,  witli 
its  ribs  and  cross  springers,  &c.  Otcih. 

O'GLE,  (o'pl,)  V.  t.  [from  D.  oog,  Uio  eye,  Sm.  cag^ 
L.  flculus.    See  Evk.] 

To  view  with  side  glances,  as  in  fondness,  or  with 
a  design  to  attract  notice. 

Antl  oglins  nil  Uicir  oudtcncc,  then  they  spcftk.  Dryden. 

o'GLE,  n.    A  side  glance  or  look.  Addison. 

6'GLEK,  n.    One  that  ogles.  Addison. 

O'GLING,  ppr.     Viewing  with  aide  glances. 

O'GLIXG.  71.    The  act  of  viewing  with  side  glances. 

oG'LI-O,       '^o;)  now  written  Olio,  which  see. 

CORE,  (O'gui,;  v.    [Fr.  ogre] 

An  imaginary  monster  or  hideous  giant  of  fairy 
tides,  who  lived  on  human  beiogi).    Arabian  JV'tg/ils. 

o'GRES;-,  n.    A  female  ogre. 

o'GllESS,  n. ,  In  AcraWrji,  a  cannon-ball  of  a  black 
color.  A:>hinole, 

[A  black  roundel.  —  E.  II.  Barber.] 

0-GyG'I-AN,   a.    Pertaining  to  Ogygcs^  the  most  an- 
cient monarch  in  Greece,  and  to  a  great  deluge  in 
Attica  in  his  duvF. 
2.  Of  great  and  dark  antiquity.  Lempriere. 

oH,  cxclam.  denoting  surprise,  pain,  sorrow,  or  ani- 
ii'ty. 

OITj,  71.  [Sax.  al.  It  seems  lo  be  named  from  its  in- 
tlamniabili'.y,  for  ailan  is  to  kindle,  and  to  oil ; 
hence,  analan,  to  anneal ;  celed,  fire  ;  Dan.  fW,  whence 
Ihe  name  of  IlUdebrand^  Unw.  JIdcbrandy  firebrand  ; 
D.  oltj ;  G.  od;  Sw.  olja;  Dan.  vlie ;  Fr.  hiile ;  It. 
olio  ;  L.  oleum  ;  Gr.  cAaior  ;  W.  olea ;  Ir.  ola  ;  Axm. 
Sp.  and  Port,  oleo.] 

An  unctuous  substance  expressed  or  drawn  from 
various  animal  and  vegetable  substances.  The  dis- 
tinctive characters  of  oil  arc  inflammability,  fluidity, 
and  insolubility  in  water.  Oils  are  fixed  and  groasy, 
fix(;d  and  essential,  and  volatile  and  essential.  They 
liave  a  smooth  ft-tl,  and  most  of  them  have  little 
taste  or  smell.  Anim;d  oil  is  found  in  all  nninial 
substances.  VegLlable  oils  are  produced  by  expres- 
sion, infusion,  or  distillation.  Eucyc.  J^icholsan. 
Oil  of  vitriol ,"  sulphuric  acid. 
Oil  of  icine  ;  a  name  given  lo  two  oils  obtained  by 
the  action  of  sulphuric  acid  on  alcohol.  Ethereal  oil 
of  mine  is  oenanthic  ether.  Grahmn. 

OUj,  v.  t.  To  smear  or  rub  over  with  oil ;  to  lubricate 
with  oil  ;  to  anoint  with  oil.  tVoUun.     Swift. 

OIL'-IIAG,  n.  A  bag,  cyst,  or  gland  in  animals  con- 
taining oil. 

OIL'-GaIvE,  71.  A  cake  or  mass  of  compressed  flax- 
seed from  which  oil  has  been  extracted. 

OlL'-eLOTH,  71.  Cloth  oiled  or  painted  for  covering 
doors. 

OIL'-GOL-OR,  71.  A  color  made  by  grinding  a  color- 
ing substance  in  oil.  Boyle. 

OIL'£D,  pp.  or  a.    Smeared  or  anointed  \\'.:h  oil. 

Huloet. 

OIL'ER,  n.  One  who  deals  in  oiis  ;foTiin:-fij,  one  who 
dealt  in  oils  and  pickles. 

OIL'-GAS,  71.  Inflammable  pas  procured  from  oil, 
and  used  for  lighting  streets  and  apartments  in  build- 
ings. 

OIL'I-MESS,  71.    The  quality  of  being  oily  ;  unctuous- 
nessj  greasincss  ;  a  quality  approaching  that  of  oil. 
Bacon.    ArbuUtnot. 

OIL'ING,  ppr.    Smearing  or  anointing  with  od. 

OIL'-MAN,  n.     One  who  deals  in  oils.  Johnson. 

OIL'-NUT,  71.    The  butternut  of  North  America. 

Carver. 
2.  A  North  American  shrub,  Hamiltonia  oleifora 
of  iMuhlenherg. 

OIL'-NUT,    }  71.     A  plant,  a  species  of  Ricinus,  the 

OIL'-TREE,  i  Palma  Christi,  from  which  is  pro- 
cured caslor-oil.  Fam.  of  Plants.     Encyc. 

OIL'-PaINT-ING,  ti.     The  art  of  painting  in  oil- 
colors. 
2.  A  picture  painted  in  oil-colors. 

OIL'-SIIOP,  71.    A  shop  where  oils  are  sold. 

OIL'Y,  a.  Consisting  of  oil ;  containing  od  ;  having 
the  qualities  of  oil ;  as,  oily  matter  or  substance. 

Bacon, 

2.  Resembling  oil  j  as,  an  oily  appearance. 

3.  Fatly  ;  greasy.  Skak. 
OIL'V-GKaIN,   71,      A  plant,  sesame  or  sesamum, 

which  see.  Miller. 

OIL'Y-PXEM,  71.  A  palm-tree  of  the  genus  Elsis, ' 
from  the  fruit  of  which  palm  oU  iis  olitainf-d. 

P.  Cyc. 
OINT,  r.  t.      [Fr.  oindre,  oint ;  Sp.  and   Port,  untur. 
The  French  oindre  is  formed  from  the  Ij.  xmgu^  like 
joindrfy  from  jungo.] 

To  anoint ;  to  smear  with  an  unctuous  substance. 

Thry  oirU  IheiT  Dakeil  limbs  with  mothered  cO.  Drydtn. 

OINT'ED,  pp.  Anointed  j  smeared  with  an  oily  or 
greasy  mailer. 


OLE 

OINT'ING,  ppr.    Anointing. 

OINT'MENT,  7t.  Unguent ;  any  soft,  unctuous  sub- 
stance or  compound,  used  for  smearing,  particularly 
the  bodv  or  a  diseased  part. 

OIS'A-N'fTE,  li.  The  same  mineral  with  .Anatasc, 
which  see.  Dana. 

OKE,  71.  An  Egyptian  and  Turkish  weighty  equal  to 
about  two  pounds  and  three  quarlers,  English  avoir- 
dupois wi.'ight.  EUni. 

O'KER.    See  Ocheh. 

5'KUA,  )  71.     An  annual  plant,  Hibiscus  esculentus, 

O'lvRO,  \  whose  green  pods,  abounding  in  nutri- 
tious nuicilage,  are  nmch  used  in  the  West  Indies, 
Ate,  for  soups  or  pickles.       Farm.  Encyc.     P.  Cyc. 

OLD,  a.  [Sax.  eaid;  G.  alt;  D.  oud;  Dan.  tc/tic,  old 
age.] 

1.  Advanced  far  in  years  or  life  J  having  lived  be- 
yond Ihc  middle  period,  or  rather  toward  Ihe  end  of 
life,  or  toward  the  end  of  iheordinary  term  of  living  ; 
applied  to  animals  or  plants  ;  at,  an  old  man  ;  an  old 
age  ;  an  old  camel  or  horse  ;  an  old  tree.  This  ad- 
jective is  placed  af^cr  tlic  noun  that  designates  tlic 
lime  lived. 

AbnOmm  waa  flcvcnty-fivs  years  old  when  ho  cicparlcd  from 
Ilanii. — Gcti.  xii. 

2.  Having  been  long  made  or  used  j  decoyed  by 
time  ;  as,  an  old  garment ;  an  old  house. 

3.  Being  of  long  coiUinuance j  begun  long  ago; 
as.  an  oU  acquaintanccr. 

4.  Having  been  long  made  ;  not  new  or  fresh ;  as, 
old  wine. 

5.  Being  of  a  former  year's  growth  ;  not  of  the  lost 
crop ;  as,  old  wheat ;  old  hay. 

6.  Ancient;  that  existed  in  former  ages;  as,  the 
o?(i  inhabitants  of  Brititiu  ;  the  old  Rmnans. 

7.  Of  any  duration  whatever;  as,  a  year  old; 
seven  years  old.    How  old  art  thou  ? 

6.  Subsisting  before  something  else.  He  built  a 
new  house  on  the  site  of  the  old  one.  The  old  law 
is  repealed  by  tlie  new. 

9.  Long  practiced.  He  is  gi^own  old  in  vice.  He 
is  an  old  offender. 

10.  That  has  been  long  cultivated  ;  as,  old  land  ; 
an  old  farm  ;  opposed  lo  new  land,  land  lately  cleared 
and  cultivated.  America. 

11.  More  than  enough;  great. 

If  a  in;»n  were  porter  of  hellgtite,  he  should  have  old  turaing  of 
Uie  key.  Shai. 

12.  In  vulgar  langange^  crafty  ;  cunning. 

Of  old ;  long  ago ;  from  ancient  times  ;  as,  in  days 
of  old.  Dryden. 

We  apply  old  chiefly  to  things  subject  to  decay. 

_  We  never  say,  the  old  sun,  or  an  old  mountain. 

oLD'-aGE,  «.  Advanced  years;  the  latter  period  of 
life. 

OLD  BACH'E-LOR,  v.  An  unmarried  man  some- 
what advanced  in  years. 

oLD'i^X,  a.     Old  ;  ancient.  Slidi. 

OLD'ER,  a.  comp.     More  old. 

OLD'EST,  a.  suprrl     Most  old. 

0LD-FASII'I0N-£D,  a.  Formed  according  to  obso- 
lete fashion  or  custom  ;  as,  an  old-fashioned  dress. 

Old-fashiovJ:d  men  of  wit.  Addison. 

oLD-OjEN'TLE-MAN-LY,  a.  Pertaining  to  an  old 
gentleman,  or  like  one. 

OLD'ISH,  a.     Somewhat  old.  Shcrjcood. 

oLD  MAID,  71.  An  unmarried  female,  somewhat  ad- 
vanced in  years. 

oLD'NESS,  71.  Old  age  ;  an  advanced  state  of  life  or 
existence;  as,  the  oldncss  of  a  man,  of  an  eli;phant, 
or  a  tree. 

2.  The  state  of  being  old,  or  of  a  long  continuance ; 
as,  the  oldne^s  of  a  building  or  a  garment. 

3.  Antiquity  ;  aii,  the  oldueo^i  of  monuments. 
oLD-RED-SAND'SToNE,  It.     In  geology,  a  aeries  of 

red  sand^itone  rocks,  Jyiny  below  the  coat  formation. 
oLD'-STtLE.     See  Style.  [Brande. 

OLD-TEST'A-MENT,  n.  Thai  part  of  the  Bible 
which  contains  the  colleLled  works  of  the  inspired 
writers  previous  to  Christ.  Brande, 

OLD'WIFE,  ;(.  A  contemptuous  name  for  an  old 
prating  woman.     1  Tim.  iv. 

2.  A  fish  of  the  wrasse  kind,  or  genus  Labrus, 
and  another  of  Uie  genus  Balisles.  Encyc. 

O-LE-AO'IN-OUS,  a.     [L.  oleaginns,  from  olcim,  oil.] 
Having  the  qualities  of  oil ;  oily  ;  unctuous. 

Arbuthnot. 
0-LE-A6'IN-0US-NESS,  71.    Oiliness.  Bo7jlc. 

O-LE-AN'DER,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Nerium,  the 
rosebay  or  South  Sea  rose  ;  a  beautiful  evergreen 
shrub  "with  flowers  in  clusters,  of  a  fine  color,  but  of 
an  indifferent  smell.  The  plant,  especially  the  bark 
of  the  root,  is  medicinal,  and  of  course  poisonous. 
Encyc.  London. 
0-LE-.\S'TER,  71.     [L.,  from  olca,  the  olive-tree.] 

A  shrub  or  tree  of  the  genus  Elieagnus,  much  rc- 
_  semblin;,'  the  olivc-.  Partington. 

o'LE-ATE,  71.    A  compound  of  oleic  acid  with  a  sali- 
fiable base.  Chevrenl. 
6'LE-FT-ANT,  a.     [L.  oleo,  olfacio.] 

Olefiant  gas  is  a  compound  of  two  equivalents  of 
carbon,  and  two  of  hydrogen.  It  was  di:-covered  in 
I79o.     It  is  colorless,  tasteless,  and  combustible. 


OLL 

Oltfiant  gas,  is  so  called  from  its  property  of  form- 
ing with  cldorine  a  compound  reseuiMing  oil. 

5'LE-ie,  a.  [from  oil.]  The  oleic  acid  is  obtained 
from  a  soap  made  by  digesting  hog's  lard  in  potash 
lye.  C/ievrcii!. 

0-LE-IF'ER-OUS,  a.  Producing  oil;  as,  ole(fcrous 
seeds. 

O'LE-IN,  n.    The  thin,  oily  part  of  fats.  | 

O  LE-OM'E-TEK,  71.     [oleim  and  inrftov.] 

An  instrument  to  ascertain  the  weight  and  purity 
of  oil.  'J'his  term  should  have  been  Eleometlii, 
from  Gr.  cXatui',  oil,  &.C. 

O'LE-ON,  71.  A  peculiar  liquid  obtain;'d  by  the  distil 
lati(m  of  a  mixrurc  of  oleic  acid  and  lime. 

O-LE-O-RES'IN,  n.  A  natural  miiUire  of  a  terebin 
tliinale  oil  and  a  resin. 

0-LE-0-S,\e'eHA-RL*M,  7t.     A  mixture  of  oil  and 

_  sugar.     Mere  properly,  Eleo3acchari;.m.  Urc. 

O'LE-oSE,  )         TT      ,  1 

O'LE-0U.S.  i  "•    t^"  olcosus.] 

Oily.    [Little  used.]  Ray 

OL-E-Ra'CEOUS,  f-shus,)  a.  [L.  oleracctiSj  from 
olus,  oUrisj  pol-heros.] 

Pertaining  to  pot-herbs;  of  the  nature  or  qualities 
of  herbs  for  cookers*.  Lee.    Brown. 

OL-FAeT',  V.  t.  [L.  olfactOi  olfacio;  olcoj  to  smell, 
and  facioj  to  make.] 

,To  smell ;  used  in  burlesque,  but  not  otherwise 
auThori/ed.  Hudibras. 

01^FA€T'0-Ry,  a,     [L.  olfadn,  supra.] 

Pertaining  to  smelling  ;  having  the  sense  of  smell- 
ing ;  as,  olfactory  nerves.  Locke. 
S^  s 

0-LIB'A-NUM,  \  n.     [Ar.        ,     ,  lubanvn ;  with  the 

OL'I-BAN,  i  ^\J^ 

adjective  al,  the,  corrupled  into  ol.  The  word  signi- 
fies, then,  frankincense,  and  it  is  so  named  from  its 
whiteness.J 

An  inspissated  sap  obtained  from  the  tree  called 
Boswellia  scrrata.  It  is  in  semi-trans|)arenl  globuh-s, 
of  a  pink  color,  brittle,  and  adhesive  vvlicn  warm  ; 
its  taste  is  bitterish,  somewhat  pungent,  and  aro- 
matic. It  burns  for  a  long  time,  with  an  agreeable 
odur,  and  a  steady,  clear  light,  and  is  the  frankin- 
cense (r/i».«.)  of  the  ancients.  It  is  not  easily  extin- 
guished. It  is  brought  from  Central  India.  In  Ara- 
bia, Inban  is  applied  to  benzoin,  which  is  generally 
used  for  incense,  and  oliban  is  called  rrmdwr,  whence 
Gr.  X"^^i^"S'  I'^  medicine  it  is  used  in  fumigations  :i:i^ 
a  resolvent.  Fourcroy.    Encyc. 

OT  'Id'oii*:;  I  "'    t^'  ^^"^"^>  from  oleoy  to  smell.] 

Fetid  ;  having  a  strong,  disagreeable  smell.    [Lit- 
tle used.]  Boyh.     Brown. 
OL-I-GARCH'AL,        )  a.     [See  OLir.ARcnv.]     Pcr- 
OL-I-GARCH'IC-AL,  \     taining  to  oligarchy,  or  gov- 
ernment by  a  few.  Burke. 
OL'I-GARC'H-y,  71.    [Gr.  oXiyapxta;  oXiyoSy  few,  and 
aox'h  rule.] 

A  form  of  government  in  which  the  supreme  pow- 
er is  placed  in  a  few  hands;  a  species  of  aristocracy. 

Swift.' 

0I^T-6TST'I€,  \  '^     tGr.  .Aij.r^^f,  least-] 

Specular  iron  ore,  presenting  a  steel-gray  color  and 
a  brilliant  luster  when  in  crystals.  Dana. 

O'LI-0,  71.  [It.,  from  Sp.  oUa;  Port,  olha,  a  dish  of 
meal  boiled  or  stewed  ;  L.  olloj  a  pot.] 

1.  A  mixture  ;  a  medley.  Dryden. 

9.  A  miscellany;  a  collection  of  various  pieces  ; 
applied  to  musical  collections. 
OL'I-TO-RY,  a.     [L.  olUor,  a  gardener,  from  oliis,  pot- 
herbs.] 
Behmging  to  a  kitchen-garden  ;  as,  olUory  seeds. 

Evely7i. 
[It  may  perhaps  be  used  as  a  noun.] 
OL-I-Va'CEOUS,  a.     [from  L.  oliva,  olive.] 

Of  the  color  of  the  olive;  olive-green  ;  green  mixed 
with  lirown.  Lindlcy.     Pennant. 

OL-I-VAS'TER,  a,     [Fr.  oliv&tre,  from  L.  oliva,  olive.]    , 

Of  the  color  of  the  olive  ;  tawny.  Bacon. 

OL'IVE,  7^  [L.  o/rrfl,  froni  olca,  an  oHve-lree;  Fr. 
olive;  Gr.  c\ata.     See  Oil.] 

A  plant  or  tree  of  the  genus  Oiea,  the  emblem  of 
peace.  The  common  olive-tree  grows  in  warm  cli- 
mates, and  rises  to  the  height  of  twenty  or  thirty 
feet,  having  an  upright  sleiu  with  numerous  branchi-;;. 
This  tree  is  much  cidtivaled,  in  the  soutli  of  Europ;-, 
for  its  fruit,  also  called  tlie  olivcj  from  which  is  ex- 
pressed the  olive  oil,  and  which  is  used  also  for  pirk- 
Jes.  Brande. 

OL'IVE-BRaNCH,  21,     A  branch  of  lUe  oUvc-lree ; 

the  emblem  of  peace. 
0L'IV-£D,  a.    Decorated  with  olive-trees.    JVartvn. 
OL'I-VEN-rTE,  71.    An  oJive-green  ok  pf  copper,  con- 
taining arsenic  acid.  Dana. 
OL'IVE'-VaRD,  71.    An  inclosure  or  piece  of  ground 

in  which  olives  are  cultivalcd.    Exod.  jxiii. 
OL'l-VILE,  71.     A  peculiar  amylacfous  or  crystalline 

ubslance  obtained  from  thc^um  of  the  olive  tree. 
OL'I-VIN,     i  H.     [from  olive.]    A  variety  of  Chryso- 
OL'1-VINE,  i     lite,  which  see.  Dana. 

OL'LA,  71.    An  olio. 


FATE,  FXR,  FALL,  WHAT — MkTE,  PREY.— PLXE,  MARtNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQhF,  BOOK. 


770 


OMl 

OL'LA-PO-DRi'DA,  n.  [Sp.]  A  favorite  Spanisli 
disb^  consisting  of  a  mixture  of  all  kinds  of  meat 
chopped  fine,  and  stewed  with  \'fgelal>les.  Hence, 
the  term  is  used  metaphorically,  for  any  incongruous 
melange. 

OL'O-GRAPH.     See  Holograph. 

O-LYMTI-AD,  n.  [L.  Olympias  ;  Gr.  0^ii;i;rias,  from 
OAi'MTos,  Olympus,  a  mountain  of  Macedonia.] 

A  period  of  four  years  reckoned  from  one  celebm- 
tion  of  the  Olympic  games  to  another,  and  constitut- 
ing an  important  epoch  in  historj'  and  chronology. 
The  first  Olympiad  commenced  77o  years  before  the 
birth  of  Christ,  and  93  years  l»efore  the  foundiition  of 
Home.  The  compulation  by  Olympiads  ceased  at  tlie 
three  hundred  and  sixty  fourth  Olympiad,  in  the  year 
4-10  of  the  Christian  era.  Encyc  Am. 

0-LYM'PI-AX,  a.  Pertaining  to  Olympus ;  or  to  Olym- 
pia.  a  town  in  Greece. 

Olympic  garner,  or  Ohjmpics ;  solemn  games  among 
the  ancient  Greeks,  dedicated  to  Olympian  Jupiter, 
and  celebrated  once  in  four  years  at  Olympia.  [See 
Olvsipiad.] 

OM^BRe'  i  ""     [Pr*)^''''"*  ^P-  hoiiihre^  man,  L.  homo.l 
A  game  at  cards,  borrowed  from  the  Spaniards, 
usually  played  by  three  persons,  though  sometimes 
by  two  or  five.  Encyc, 

OM-BROM'E-TER,  n.  [Gr.  opffojSi  rain,  and  ^-r^ur, 
mex<;ure.] 

A  machine  or  instrument  to  measure  the  quantity 
of  rain  that  falls  ;  a  rain-gauge.  Brande. 

O-Me'GA,  n.     [Gr.,  great  O.] 

The  name  of  the  last  letter  of  the  Greek  alphabet, 
as  Alpha,  A,  is  the  fir=t.  Hence,  in  Scripture,  Alpha 
and  Omega,  denotes  the  first  and  the  last,  tlie  begin- 
nin2  and  the  endins.    Rev. 

OM'E-LET,  n.     [ru^omehtte,] 

A  kind  of  pancake  or  fritter  made  with  eggs  and 

_  other  ingredients.  Brande. 

O'MEX,  n.  [L.  omen;  but,  according  to  Varro,  it  was 
originally  osmcn,  that  which  is  uttered  by  the  mouth, 
denoting  wish  or  vow,  and  with  him  agree  Festus 
and  Nonius,  says  Vossius.  Another  author  derives 
tho  word  from  the  Heb.  Tiy,  an  augur.  Cicero  as- 
signs to  the  word  the  same  origin  as  Varro.  "  Voces 
hominum,  qua;  vocent  ominc."  But  the  word  came 
afterward  to  denote  thjugs  rather  than  words.] 

A  sign  or  indication  of  some  future  event ;  a  prog- 
nostic. Superstition  and  ignorance  multiply  othch^-; 
philosophy  and  truth  reject  all  omciis,  except  such  as 
may  be  called  causes  of  the  events.  Without  a  mira- 
cle, how  can  one  event  be  the  omen  of  another  with 
which  it  has  no  connection? 

6'yiES-ED,  a.    Containing  an  omen  or  prognostic. 

Pope. 

O-MEX'TUM,  n.  [L.]  In  anatomy,  the  caul  or  epip- 
loon ;  a  membranaceous  covering  of  the  bowels,  at- 
tached to  the  stomach,  and  lying  on  tiie  anterior  sur- 

_  face  of  the  intestines.  Forsytli.     Brande 

O'MER,  n.  [Ueb.]  A  Hebrev.'  measure,  the  tenth  of 
an  epha.     Ezod.  xvi.  30. 

OM-I-LET'ie-AL,  a.     [Gr.  ofziXTiriK"?.] 

Affable;  polite;  gifted  in  conversation.  [JV*oi  in 
use.]  Farindon. 

OMTN-aTE,  v.  U     [L.  ominor,  from  omen.] 

To  presage  j  to  foreshow  j  to  foretoken.  [Little 
7ised.]  Dcca't  of  Piety. 

O.MTN-aTE,  v.  i.    To  foretoken. 

OJI-IX-a'TION,  n.  A  foreboding  ;  a  presaging ;  prog- 
nostic.    [Little  used,]  Brown. 

OM'IX-OUS,  a.     [L.  ominosus.] 

1.  Foreboding  or  presaging  evil  j  indicating  a  fu- 
ture evil  event  J  inauspicious. 

Ill  the  tieatheo  wocsbip  of  God,  a  sacril'.ce  wiUiouC  a  heart  wa^ 
accoooted  ominous.  South. 

2.  Foreshowing  or  eihibiting  signs  of  good. 

Though  he  ba/l  a.  good  omnous  name  to  hnvc  made  peace, 
nothing-  {Moved.  Bacon. 

OM'IN-OUS-LY,  adv.    With  good  or  bad  omens. 

Futhcrby. 
OM'IN-OUS-NESS,  n.    The  quality  of  being  omin- 
ous. Burnet. 
O-iHS'SI-BLE,  a,     [L.  omissus.     See  Omit.] 

That  may  be  omitted.  Parkhurst. 

O-MIS'SIOX,  (o-mish'un,)  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  omissio, 
from  omittOf  omissus.] 

1.  Neglect  or  failure  to  do  something  which  a  per- 
son had  power  to  do,  or  which  duty  required  to  be 
done.  Omis^'oTi  may  be  innocent  or  criminal ;  inno- 
cent W"hen  no  duty  demands  performance,  but  crim- 
inal when  duty  is  neglected. 

The  rocsl  natural  division  of  all  oSeiises  is  into  those  of  omission 
and  tbcec  of  commitrion,  Addison. 

2.  A  leaving  out;  neglect  or  failure  to  insert  or 
mention  ;  a."?,  the  omission  of  a  word  or  clause. 

O-MIS'SIVE,  a.    Leaving  ouL  Stackhoiise. 

f>-.MIS'SIVE-LY,  adv.    By  leaving  out, 
O-MTT',  7j.  t.     [L.  omitto  ;  ob  and  mitto,  to  send.] 

I.  To  leave,  pass  by,  or  neglect ;  to  fail  or  forbear 
»o  do  or  to  use  ;  as,  to  omit,  an  oppaituniiy  of  writing 
ft  let'ir.    To  omit  known  duty  is  criminaJ. 

S!.  'J'o  leave  out ;  not  to  insert  or  mention  ;  as,  to 
pnil  ari  important  word  in  a  deed  ;  to  ouat  invidious 


OMP 


ON 


comparisons;  to  omit  a  passage  in  reading  or  tran- 
scribing. 
O-MIT'TANCE, n.  Forbearance ;  neglect,  [J^otustdA 

Shak. 
O-MIT'TEI),  pp.    Netlected  j  p-'isscd  by  ;  left  ouL 
0-MIT'T1\G,  ppr.   iVcelecling  or  Ciiling  to  do  or  uic  : 

passing  hy  ;  leaving  out. 
OM'NI-BUS,  n.     [L.  plural  dative,/w  all,  from  omni,, 
all.]  * 

A  covered  vehicle,  commonly  a  large  carriape  with 
seats  running  lengthwise,  used  for  conveying  passen- 
gers a  short  distance,  in  a  city,  or  from  village  l*>  vil- 
lage, or  from  a  citv  to  iv*  envirouif. 
OM-NI-F.\'Rr-0Ua,  a.     [Low  L.  oi,uiifariu4.] 

Of  all  varieties,  forms,  or  kinds.  Bmtlni. 

OM-MF'EROUS,  a.    [h.  omni/cr ;  (mni^,  all,  and 
fero,  to  bear.] 

All-hearing;  producing  all  kind^.  DicL 

OM-NIF'ie,  a.     [Ij.  omnis,  all,  and  facio,  to  make.] 
All-creating. 

Thou  deep,  nraoB ! 
Said  t)i?n  Ui'  ommfie  won),  yoar  ilxopi  cod.  Afiitem. 

OM'Nr-FORM,  a.     [L.  omnts,  all,  and  formOj  form.] 
Having  ever)'  form  f)r  shape.  IJicL 

OM-NI-FOR.M'I-TY,  n.    The  (juality  of  having  every 

("i"""".  More. 

OM-XIg'E\-OUS,  a.    [L.  omni genus  ;  omnis,  all,  ev- 
ery, and  fTcnus,  kind.] 

Consisting'  of  all  kind?.  Diet. 

OM-XI-PAR'I-TY,  71.     [L.  o»/iKw,  all,  and  par,  cqtial.] 

General  equality.  ffhite 

03I-XI-PER-CIP'I-ENCE,  n.    [L.  omnis  and  pcrcipi- 
e/w,  perceiving.] 

Perception  of  every  Uiing.  More. 

OM-NI-PER-CIP'I-ENT,  a.    Perceiving  cver>-  thing. 

More. 
OM-MP'0-TENCE,   J  n.     [L.  omnipotens;  omnis,  all, 
O.M-NIP'O-TEN-CY,  \     and  potens,  powerful.] 

1.  Almighty  power ;  unlimited  or  infinite  power; 
a  word  in  strictness  applicable  only  to  God.  Flence 
it  is  sometimes  used  for  God.  The  works  of  creation 
demonstrate  the  omnipotence  of  God. 


Will  Omnipotence  neglect  to  save 

The  cjlferiug  virtue  of  the  wise  mid  brave  ? 


Pope. 


2.  Ujilimited  power  over  particular  things ;  as,  the 
omnipotence  of  love, 
OM-MP'0-TENT,a.    [Supra.]    Almighty;  possessing 
unlimited  power  ;  all-powerful.    The  Being  that  can 
create  worlds  must  be  omnipotent. 

2.  Having  unlimited  power  of  a  particular  kind; 
as,  omnipotent  love.  ShaJc. 

OM-NIP'0-TENT-LY,  adv.    With  almighty  power. 

Youag. 
OM-NI-PRES'EXCE,    n.       [h.    omnis   and   presens, 
present.] 

Presence  in  every  place  at  the  same  time;  un- 
bounded   or   universal    presence  ;   ubiquity.     Omni- 
presence is  an  attribute  peculiar  to  God. 
OM-NI-PRES'ENT,  a.    Present  in  all  places  at  the 
same  time  ;  ubiquitarv  ;  as,  the  y/^jiipre^x/ir  Jehovah. 
OM-NI-PRE-SEX'TIAL,    (-zen'shal,)   a.      Implying 

universal  presence.  South. 

0:\I-NIS'CIENX'E,  )   jt.     [h.  o?H»w,  all,  and  sciauia^ 
OM-NIS'CiEN-CY,  (       knowledge.] 

The  quality  of  knowing  all  things  at  once;  uni- 
versal knowledge;  knowledge  iinboundod  orinlinite. 
Omniscience  is  an  attribute  peculiar  to  God. 
OM-NIS'CIENT,  a.     Having  universal  knowledge  or 
knowledge  of  all  things;  inliuilely  knowing;  all- 
seeins;  as,  tlie  omniscient  God. 
OM-NIS'CIEXT-LY,  adv.    By  omniscience- 
OM-NIS'CIOCJS,G.    [L.ornniV,  all,and  a-fio,  loknow.] 

All-knowing.     [JVot  used.]  IlakeailL 

OiM'NI-U.M,  n.     [L.  o?;iHi.s  all.] 

The  aggregate  of  certiin  portions  of  different  stocks 
in  the  public  funds  ;  a  xcord  in  use  among  dealers  in 
tlie  English  stacks. 

Omnium  denotes  all  the  particulars  included  in  the 
contract  between  government  and  the  public  for  a 
loan.  Ci/c 

OM'XI-UM-GATH'ER-U.M,  m.     A  c^anl  name  lor  a 
miscellaneous  collection  of  things  or  persons.  • 

Seldcn. 
OM-NIV'A-GAXT,  a.     [L.  omnis  and  tagor.] 
Wandering  anv  where  and  evcr>'  whVrc. 
OM-N[V'0-ROUS",a.     [L.  omnivorotts ;  omnts,  all, and 
voroy  to  eat.] 

AU-devouring ;  eating  every  thing  indiscriminately. 

Burke, 
OM'0-PLATE,  n.     [Gr.  tDuos,  shoulder,  and  rAnrij, 
broad.] 
The  shoulder  blade  or  scapula. 
OM'PHA-CINE,  (om'fa-siu,)  a.     [Gr.  o/i^itcu-oj, from 
uti<i>"^,  unripe  fruit.] 

Pertaining  to  or  expressed  from  unripe  fniit. 
Ompkacine  oil,  or  omphacine,  is  a  viscous  brown 
juice  extracted  from  green  olives.  With  this  the 
wrestlers  in  the  ancient  gjinnaslic  exercises  used 
to  anoint  their  bodies.  Encyc. 

OM'PHA-ClTE.  tu    A    variety    of  augile  of  a  jKde 

leek-green  color.  Dana, 

OM-PHAL'ie,  a.    [Gr.  o/i^aAij.  ll»c  navel.] 

Pertaining  to  the  navel.  AsiaL  Res. 


OM'PHA-LOJjeLE,  ■.      [Gt. 
(TcAi,  tumor.] 

A  rupture  ai  the  narcL 
OM-PHA  LOP  rY-CHrrK,  m.  [Cf.«, 

and  li/'-x^.,  "pinL] 

One  of  a  iKct  v>iwM  ptrtruAtd  v 
from  liiuing  wiiJj  Lbeir  cjct  Ci^  ' 


[Cf 


OM-PIIA-KOP'TER.  *   «. 
OM-PHA-LOi'  J  If:.  ■ 
An  o;- 

commofi 
OM-PIIA  I. 

and  rr;/,. ,  t^  t*iUj 

The  ojM^ralion  of  diridtnc  ( 
O'ilV.  o.    Mellow;  u  tw.J. 
0\,  prrp.     [G.  oi» ;  D.  - 

in:  Cr.  er.    The  .Sai.  . 

live;  but  pTobal'Ij  : :. 

same.    The  pri 

theac  word4  mi. 

to  come  to,  or  r 

nes3,  cb^scne^o,  vr  riiiiU'uJ) ,  *;.«  .', 

Latin  in  and  Uie  Eaglisb  »«  Larr 

negniinn  or  opprmn;:. ' 

I.  n».*iiig  in  ri.i  • 
of  a  thing  and 
contact  Willi  tti' 
the  table  ^tand 
foundation  :  Wt: 

3.  Coming  or  i  - 
as,  rain  fallii  on  the  earth. 

WhoKcrer  ibiLll  bO  o«  i^  mam^  Aaa  tm  h 

3.  Performing  or  act        ' 
face,  upper  inrt,  or  out 

on  a  iiarp,  a  violin,  or  ;u  ^ 

4.  Noting  addition  ;  a>,  i.'*a;^  ;.i  wzii.  ., 
on  mischief;  IucbS  on  lod. 

5.  At  or  near.  When  wr  *iy  a  rr^^^i  H 
we  mean  that  she  is  ar'        '     ■    - 

tU'.i  or  a  ship  is  en  th- 
situated  on  the  coa.-t  u'  . 
it  is  near  the  coast,    tfu  u  -  ■  - 
an  armed  man,  that  is,  at  or  : 

So  we  say,  Philadilptiia   ; 
v.'arc  :  MJddkbury  is  on  the  o... :  >        ..     ■ 
stands  on  the  Sound  ;  thai  u,  near  tijc  rivrr 
in>l(.-ad  of  on  the  bank,  ••ide:,  or  •■lu.rr. 

C.  It  denotes  resting  foi  -iip;    "*     '     ' 
to  rely  on ;  hence,  llie  pi-ut. 
will  covenant   on   certain   c 
tions ;  the  considerations  beiiis  i. 
covenant. 

7.  At  or  in  the  lime  of :  u.  «■  ih-  - 
slain  from  labor.    We  »;  '"'i-  --■ 

in  Uic  day,  in  or  on  tli- 

8.  At  the  lime  of,  w  ■ 

motive.     On  public  kc-.  ..  ..-.  ^..    ■  ...  -  . 
full  dress  or  uniform. 

9.  It  is  put  before  the  object  of  fUDc  jme* 

the  sense  of  toiecrd  or /or.    Uarc  pttjr  or  co&,- — — 
on  him. 

10.  .^t  the  peril  of,  or  for  ibe  mSrVf  eC 

Ucocr,  on  thj  Ur.  --     ■  -  - 

II.  Dentitinp  a  pledge  or  < 
fore  the  thins  pledged.    He  a:'  ■ 
his  word,  «r  on  hu  honor. 

12.  \oling  imprecation  or  iorncalwo,  <t 
to,  falling,  or  resting  on.     Ob  lu  be  all  thr  ! 

[Ii«  blood  be  on  u>,  aoi  <m  c-^  e^L^lrna.  -  ' 

13.  In  con.«(^uenc«  of,  or  lmaiMl< 
the  ratification  of  ihc  treaty.  r> 
banded. 

14.  Noting  part,  distincUo:  . 

one  side  and  on  ihc  other.     ■   ■     -i    i*-.-.  -  'j- 
punclualily. 

On  the  iwy,  i>n  tXt  rearf,  denote  procrrdiBf.  trav 
cling,  joumeyinc,  or  mi^'  •  •  •  — ■=- 

On  t\e  alert;  in  a  si-'" 

On  AijA  ;  in  an  cltivr.- 

Ob  fire  :   in  a    •  '  ^.    

and  nitUipkL^nt*^  iosson. 

On  a  suiUcn  ■ 

On  tJlc  icitiffi  iii 
p.irtinc- 

On  ix,  oii-r,  is  used  for  c/iL 

The  gamester  has  a  poor  tndo  r»*r. 
K01P  rulgar.] 

Upon  is  used  in  the  same  senjc  with  r»,  cjirn  w  '. 
elegance,  and  frequently  without  necessity  cr  ad^a-s- 
lage. 
ON,  ade,    Forxvard,  in  profrcssiooi   •■,  movt  m. 

2.  Forward,  in  succession.    Frv^io  (aibrr  l'"-  ^  " 
fri»m  the  srni  to  the  grandR^n.  and  so  <z. 

3.  In  continuance;  without  inteiruftj^-o  ^-   . 
in^ ;  as,  sleep  pis  lake  )-our  ea«  ;  sar  <a .  • 
write  on,  .       . 

4.  Adhering;  noi  off:  a*  in  ibe  pluai*^. 
neither  c»  nor  (;f,"  ihal  »,  be  »  w*  «*«- 
irresolute,  ^ 

5.  Aiutched  to  the  body ;  a»,  bi*  fi<««  *^ 


I  heard  ti  4;, 


TONE,  BULL.  UNITE— AN"GER,  Vi"CIOUS.-e  as  K ;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  a?  in  THIS^ 


-71 


ONE 


ONS 


To  put  on  ;  to  nltach  to  tlie  body,  as  clothes  or  arms. 
Oh,  wlien  it  expressos  contact  with  the  surfiice  of 

B  iliiiip,  i3  opposed  to  Unper,  Off,  or  Wrrms,  and 

wlicn  it  (\\prct:ses  contact  wiili  the  side  of  a  tiling,  is 

opposed  to  Oi-T. 

On  is  soniotinies  \ised  as  an  exclamation,  or  ratlier 

as  a  command  to  move  or  proceed,  some  verb  being 

understood  ;  as,  cheerly  ffUjCuurageotis  friends;  that 

is,  go  OK,  move  on. 
O.N"A-GER,  7!.    [I..]    The  wild  ass,  Equus  Asinus,  a 

solipti  pachydt-rmatous  maaimai,  oris^inally  inliabit- 

'aig  the  great  desert:;  of  Central  Asia,  and  still  iVmiul 

(here  in  its  wild  state. 
C'XAN-IS>I»n-   [from  Ojwh,  in  Scripture.]   The  crime 

of  self-pollution. 
ONCK,  (wuns,)  ai!i\    [from  one.    So  D.  ccns,  from  cm, 

and  G.  cinstj  from  ciit,  one.] 

1.  One  lime. 

Trees  llml  bear  intisl  are  fruitful  tut  once  in  two  years.  Cncon. 

2.  One  time,  though  no  more.  'I'lic  mind  oiirc 
tainted  with  vico  is  prone  to  grow  worse  and 
worse. 

3.  At  one  former  time ;  formerly. 

My  soul  hxtl  once  some  fowlifili  fmiidiicss  (oi  llicc  ; 

But  hviio;  'lU  gone.  Ad'luon. 

4.  At  the  same  point  of  lime ;  not  gradually. 

Al  once  the  winds  aiisc, 
The  Ihuinlfri  roll.  Dnjden. 

Jit  once ;  at  the  same  time ;  as,  they  all  moved  at 

oncci  hence,  when  it  refers  to  two  or  more,  the  sense 

is,  togcOicry  us  one. 

Tliis  liiUli  uU  iu  force  at  once,  on  the  first  impression.  AUcrbury. 
Once  is  used  as  a  noun,  when  preceded  by  this  or 

thnt;  as,  this  once,  that  once. 
OXCE,  (ons,)  71.     [Fr.]     Fclis  Uncia,  a  digitigradc, 

carnivorous  mammal,  of  the  cat  kind.     It  1ms  a  lon^' 

tail,  and   a  whitish  body,  covered  with  irregular, 

simple,  Mack  spot-;.     It  inliabits  Persia. 
OX  DIT,  (on'de,)  [Fr.]      They  say,  or  it  is  said  j 

hence,  a  Hying  rumor. 
ONE,  (wun,)  a.     [Wax.  an,  an;  D.  een;  G.  ein;  Sw. 

en;  Dan.  c«or  ct-n  ;  Ice.einn;  W.unor  ijn;  L.unusi 

Gr.  if!  It.  and  Sp.  2tno ;  Fort,  hum;  Fr.  7m;  Arm. 

iniau  ;  Ir.  an,  aon.] 

1.  Single  in  number ;  individual ;  as,  one  man  ; 
one  book.  There  is  one  sun  only  in  our  system  of 
planets. 

2.  Iiuh-finitdiiy  some  or  any.  You  will  unc  day  re- 
pent of  your  folly.  But,  in  this  phrase,  one  day  is 
equivalent  to  some  future  time. 

3.  It  follows  any, 

Wlwn  awj  one  lic.-vretli  tlit  word  of  the  kingiloia.  —  Malt.  xiii. 

4.  Different ;  diverse  ;  opposed  to  Another.  It  is 
one  tiling  to  promise,  and  another  to  fulfill. 

5.  It  is  used  with  anotlwr,  to  denote  mutuality  or 
reciprocation.    Be  kind  and  assist  one  anotker. 

G.  It  is  used  witli  another,  to  denote  average  or 
moan  proportion.  The  coins,  one  with  anoVicry  weigh 
seven  penny  weiyht  each. 

7.  One  of  two  ;  opposed  to  OrnEn. 

Ask  from  one  siile  of  lii?aven  to  the  olAer.  —  Dent.  iv. 

8.  Single  by  union  ;  undivided  ;  the  same. 

The  church  is  therefore  one,  ihonjfh  t!ie  members  niuy  be  in.iny. 

Pearton, 

9.  Single  in  kind ;  the  same. 

One  ptiiH^ue  was  on  you  nil  and  on  your  lords.  —  1  Sam.  iv. 

One  day ;  on  a  certain  or  particular  day,  referring 
to  lime  past. 

One  liatj  when  PhcEoe  fair 
With  all  her  band  was  following  the  chase.  Spenser. 

9.  Ileferring  to  future  time ;  at  a  future  time,  in- 
detinitely.     [See  One,  No.  2.] 

Jill  one :  just  the  same  ;  as,  it  is  all  one  what  course 
you  take. 

M  one ;  in  union ;  in  agreement  or  concord. 

The  king  resolved  to  keep  Ferdinand  and  Philip  at  one  witli 
Ihfjnselvca.  Bacon, 

In  one  ;  in  union  ;  in  one  united  body. 

One,  like  many  other  adjectives,  is  used  without  a 
noun,  and  is  to  be  considered  as  a  substitute  for 
some  noun  understood.  Let  the  men  depart  otic  by 
one;  count  tliem  one  by  one  ;  every  one  has  his  pecu- 
liar habits ;  wc  learn  of  one  another,  that  is,  we 
learn,  o7ie  of  us  learns  of  another. 

In  this  use,  as  a  substitute,  one  may  be  in  the  plu- 
ral ;  as,  the  great  ohm  of  the  earth  ;  "tliey  came  with 
tlieir  little  onf-s. 

It  also  denotes  union,  a  united  body. 

Ye  are  all  one  in  Christ  Jesus.  —  Gal.  iii. 

One  o^cloclc;  one  hour  of  the  clock,  that  Is,  as  sig- 
nified or  represented  by  the  clock. 

One  is  used  indefinitely  for  any  person ;  as,  07jc 
sees  ;  one  knows  ;  after  the  rrench  manner,  on  voit. 
Our  ancestors  used  man  in  this  maimer;  man  sees; 
man  knows ;  "  man  brohte,^*  man  brought,  that  is,  they 
brought.     [Saxon,] 

This  word  we  have    received    from  the    Latin, 
through  the  Italian  and  French.    The  same  word, 
from  our  Sa.xon  ancestors,  we  write  A:f. 
0NE'-ARCII-£D,  (wun'iircht,)  a.     Having  one  arch. 


(ircains.  tturt 

O-NEMtO-CRIT'IC,  )  a.  Pertaining  to  t 
O-NEI-ROe'ltlT'IG-AL,  ^  prctatioa  of  dn 
0-NI-KO-eiUT'I€,  J      i)retending   to  j 


OXE'-BER-UY,  (wun'ber-ry,)  ti.      An  herb  of  the 

genus  Paris  ;  true  love.  Fam.  of  Plants. 

ONE'-EY-£D,  (wun'ide,)  a.    Having  one  eye  only. 

Drydcn. 
O  NEl-RO-CRIT'IC, 7J.     [Gr.  ovcipoKpiriKos;  otcioov, 
a  tiream,  and  kpitikos,  ilisccrning.] 

An  interpreter  of  dreams  j  one  who  judges  what 
is  signified  bv  dreams.  JVarburton.    .Addison. 

0-.\ET-R0-eRIT'ie3,  n.  pi.  TIic  act  of  interpreting 
dreams.  IVarburton. 

Pertaining  to  the  inter- 
reams,  or 
l)retenrtmg   to  judge    of 
future  events  signified  by  dreams. 

My  Quelrocritical  correspondont.  Addison. 

O-NEI'RO-MAN-CV,  7i.  [Gr.  ovcinov,  a  dream,  and 
navTcia,  divhiation.] 

Pivinatiun  bv  dreams.  Spenser. 

ONE'MENT,  (wun'mcnt,)  7(.     Slalo  of  being  one. 

fXvt  in  u^ic]  Bp.  Hall. 

OI^E'NESS,  (wun'ness,)  7i.  [from  one.]  Singleness 
in  numbers  individuality  j  unity;  the  tpiality  of  be- 
ing one. 

Our  God  is  one,  or  rather  very  oneness.  Hooker. 

ON'ER-A-RV,  a.  [L.  oncrarias,  from  onus,  a  load  ; 
ourro,  to  load.] 

Fitted  or  intended  for  the  carriage  of  burdens ; 
comprising  a  burden. 
ON'ER-ATE,  V.  t.     [L.  oncro,  from  onus,  a  burden.] 

To  load  ;  to  burden. 
ON'ER-A-TED,  v}i.    Loaded  ;  burdened. 
Oi\-ER-A'TI0N,  71.    Tlie  act  of  loading. 
ON'ER-OUS,  a.     [L.  onerosmi,  fioni  onus,  a  load.] 

1.  Burdensome;  oppressive;       Jiijliffc.    Burton, 

2.  In  Scots  law,  being  for  the  advantage  of  both 
parties  ;  as,  an  onerous  contract ;  opposed  to  Giiatu- 

ITOUS. 

ON'ER-OUS-LY,  ado.    Oppressively. 
ONE'-SID-ED,  (wun-,)  a.     Having    one  side  only ; 
hence,  limited  to  one  side ;  partial ;  as,  a  one-bided 
view  or  statement. 
ONE-SID'ED-NESS,  (wun-,)  ,i.    State  of  being  one 

sided.  JVest.  Rev. 

ON'EY-ER,  n.     An  accountant  of  the  exchequer. 

Shah. 
OX'ION,  (un'yun,)  7*.     [Fr.  o^nan;  Arm.  oui'rnoun; 
Ir.  uinninvi.     In  W.  ceninen  is  a  leek.] 

A  well  known  (dant  of  the  genus  Allium  ;  and 
particularly,  its  bulbous  root,  mucli  used  us  an  article 
of  food. 
ON-KOT'0-MY,  71.     [Gr.  oyKog,  tumor,  and  t£^(1'cj,  to 
cut.] 
In  surgery,  the  opiming  of  a  tumor  or  abscess. 

Encyc. 
5N'LI-NESS,  77.  The  state  of  being  alone.  J.  Howe. 
ON'LY,  a.     [Sa.v.  a:nlic,  one-like.] 

1.  Single  ;  one  alone;  as,  John  was  the  ojily  man 
present. 

2.  This  and  no  other.    This  is  an  only  child. 

3.  This  above  all  others.    He  is  the  only  man  for 
nmsic.  Johnson, 

oN'LY,  dz/y.  Singly;  merely;  barely;  in  one  manner 
or  for  one  purpose  alone. 


1  propoie  niv  thoughts  onhj  as  cGiiJpctures.  Darnet, 

And,  to  be  loved  himself,  ueuils  only  to  be  knowD.        Dryden. 

2.  This  and  no  other  wise. 

Every  ima^natlou  of  the  thougliU  of  his  heart  was  only  evil 
coniiuiially.  —  Gen.  vi. 

3.  Singly;  without  more ;  cs,  OTt/y  begotten. 
ON'0-MAN-CY,  71.     [Gt.  ofoiid,  name,  and  parreia, 

divination.] 
Divination  by  the  letters  of  a  nanac. 

Desliniea  were  snperEtiliouslv,  by  onomanq/,  deciphered  out  of 
names.  '  Camden. 

ON-0-MAX'TIG,         (  a.     Predicting  by  names,  or 

ON-0-MAN'Tie-AL,  j      the  letters  composing  names. 

0N-0-MAS'TI-e0.\,  n.     [Gr.  ovo^kl]  [Oundcn, 

A  dictionary  ;  a  rommon-place  book. 

ON-0-MA-TE€H'NY,  ».     [Gr.  tjfnna  and  Tixrth] 
Prognostication  by  the  letters  of  a  name. 

OX-O-MA-TOL'O-GIST,  ti.  One  versed  in  the  history 
of  names.  Coleman, 

ON-0-]\L\-TOL'0-GY,  n.    [Gr.  ovofiara  and  Aoj  ««.] 
A  discourse  or  treatise  on  names,  or  the  history  of 
the  names  of  persons. 

0N-0-]\I.\-T0-PCE'IA,  7(.  [Gr.  ovonaTOTTOiia  ;  ouopa, 
name,  and  notco),  to  make.] 

1.  In  grammar  and  rhetoric,  a  figure  in  which 
words  are  formed  to  resemble  the  sound  made  by  the 
thing  signified  ;  as,  to  buzz,  as  ht^es ;  to  crackle,  as 
burning  thorns  or  brush.  Encyc. 

9.  A  word  whose  sound  corresponds  to  the  sound 
of  the  thing  signified. 

0-NOM-A-TO-PO-E'l''ie,  a.  Formed  to  resemble  the 
sound  of  th?  thing  signified.  Robinson, 

ON'SET,  71.  [ouandsei.]  A  rushing  or  setting  upon  ; 
a  violent  attack  ;  assault ;  a  storming  ;  appropriately, 
the  assault  of  an  army  or  body  of  troops  upon  an  en- 
emy or  a  fort. 

The  shout 
Of  bnUle  now  bc^n,  and  nulling  sounil 
Of  onset.  Pilillon. 


OPA 

2.  .'Xn  attack  of  any  kind ;  as,  the  impetuous  ojioct 
of  grief.  Philips. 

ON'SET,  V.  t.    To  assault ;  to  begin      [Xot  used.] 

Curcw. 

ON-SET'TING,  7i.    A  rushing  or  assanlting. 

OK'SLAUGHT,  (nn'slawl,)  n.      [Sa.x.    omhesan,  to 
strike,"  to  dash  against.] 

.\ltack  ;  onset ;  aggression  ;  assault.     liudiVras. 

ON'S'i'i:AD,  (-sted,)  7(.    A  single  farm-house.    Qrose. 

ON-TO-LOG'lc,         )  a,     [Sec  Ontology.]    Pertain- 

ON-T'.>  LOG'l<J-AL,  \      ing  to  the  science  of  being  iu 
general  and  its  atlribut(;s. 

Ontolo'/ieal  proof;  the  a  priori  argument  for  the 
being  of^God,  derived  frnm  the  necessary  existence 
of  time  and  space,  and  hence  the  necessary  existence 
of  some  being  to  fill  and  occupy  them.    Encyc.  Jim. 

0N-TO-LOG'I€-AL-LY,  Qiiy.    In  the  manner  of  on- 
toloiiv. 

ON-'J'OL'O-GIST,  71.  One  who  treats  of  or  considers 
the  nature  and  qualities  of  being  in  general. 

ON-TOL'O-GY,  71.  [Gr.  ofra,  from  ei^t,  and  Aoj^nf, 
di^icoursc.] 

'J'hat  part  of  the  science  of  metaphysics  which  in- 
vestigates and  explains  the  nature  and  es^scnce  of  all 
beings,  their  qualities  and  attributes.      Encyc.  Jim. 

0'J\r{/S,n.     [L.]     The  burden. 

O'XUS  PRO'B.iX'Dl,  [L.]    The  burden  of  proof. 

ON'WARD,  adv.  [Sax.  ondward,  andwcard;  on  and 
wc-ird,  L.  ocrstts.'l 

1.  'J'ovvard  the  point  before  or  in  front;  forward  ; 
progressively  ;  in  advance;  a:^,  to  move  vmcard. 

Nf>(  one  looks  backward  ;  oniDCi/>-d  mill  ho  goes.  i*o;je. 

2.  In  a  state  of  advanced  progression. 

3.  A  little  further  or  forward. 

ON'WARD,  a,    .\dvanced  or  advancing;  as,  an  on- 
xoard  course. 
2.  Increased  ;  improved.  Sidney. 

-     3.  Conducting;  leading  forward  to  perfection. 

Home, 
ON'Y-GHA,  71.     [from  Gr.  ovvi.] 

The  shell  or  cover  of  a  species  of  muscle,  found  in 
the  lakes  of  India  where  the  nard  grows,  and  which, 
when  burned,  emits  a  musky  odor.    Ezod.  xxx. 

Gesenius. 
OX'Y-eillTE,  n.     A   kind   of   marble  or  alabaster. 

[Ohs.]  •^■■^h- 

O'NY-GHO-MAN-CY,  7i.    Divination  by  the  nails. 
O'NYX,  n.     [Gr.  ovv^,  a  nail ;   L.  onyx.] 

ClKilcedony  consisting  of  parallel  layers  of  difler- 
ent  shades  uf  color,  and  used  for  making  cameos, 
the  figure  being  cut  iu  one  layer  upon  the  next,  as  a 
basjs^or  background.  Dana. 

5'0-LiTE,  7(.  [Gr.  (juc,  an  egg,  and  AiOos,  stone, 
from  its  resemblance  to  the  roes  of  fisii.] 

A  variety  of  limestone  consisting  of  round  grains, 
as  small  as  the  roe  of  a  fish.  It  sometimes  constitutes 
extensive  beds.  The  proper  oolite  formation  belongs 
to  the  medial  secondary,  in  the  geological  series,  be- 
tween the  chalk,  and  the  lias.  Dana. 
6-0-LIT'ie,  a.     Pertaining  to  oolite  ;  composed  of  or 

resembling  cblite. 
OOZE,  (ooz,)  V.  i.      [The  origin  of  this  word  is  not 

easily  ascertained.     In  Eth.    vl' rnH   signifies  to 

flow.     In  Amharic,  UJHU  signifies  to  sweat.     In 

Ethiopic,  C1/0A  signifies  to  issue,  to  come  or  go 
out,  and  this  is  the  Heb.  NS\  In  Sax.  wais  is  water,  G. 
wasser.  These  words  seems  to  be  nearly  allied.  See 
Issue.] 

To  tiow  gently  ;  to  percolate,  as  a  liquid  thnmgh 
the  [lores  of  a  substance,  or  through  small  openings. 
Water  oozes  from  the  earth  and  throiigli  a  filter. 

The  latcnl  rill,  scarce  oozing  through  the  grass.         Tliomton. 

OOZE,  71.  Soft  mud  or  slime  ;  earth  so  wet  as  to  flow 
gently,  or  easily  yield  to  pressure.  Carcio. 

2.  Soft  flow  ;  spring.  Prior. 

3.  The  liquor  of  a  tan-vat. 
OOZ'ING,  jv^r.    Flowing  gently  ;  percolating. 
OOZ'INGS,  n.  pi.     Issues  of  a  fiuid.  Kcatfi. 
OOZ'Y,  a.     Miry;  containing  soft  mud;  resembling 

ooze  ;  as,  the  oozii  bed  of  a  river.  Piq>E. 

o'PA-CaTE  or  0-Pa'€aTE,  v.  t.    [L.  opaco.] 

To  shade  ;  to  darken  ;  to  obscure ;  to  cloud.    [JVot 

used.]  Boyle. 

0-PACa-TY,  (o-pas'e-te,)  n.     [L.  opacitas.] 

1.  Opaqueness  ;  the  quality  of  a  body  which  ren- 
ders it  impervious  to  the  rays  of  light;  want  of 
transparency.  Opacity  may  exist  in  bodies  of  any 
color. 

2.  Darkness;  obscurity.  Olanvtlle. 
O-Pa'GOUS,  a.     [L.  opacus.] 

1.  Not  pervious  to  the  rays  of  light ;  not  trans 
parent. 

2.  Dark  ;  obscure.     ''See  Opake.] 
0-Pa'€OUS-NESS,  77.    "Imperviousness  to  light. 

Evelyn. 

6'PAH,  n.  A  large  sea-fish,  Lampris  guttatus,  also 
called  the  King-fish.  Its  back  is  of  a  steel-blue 
color,  its  flanks  of  a  rich  green,  and  its  abdomen  of 
a  rose  color.  Jardine's  JVat.  Lib. 

O-PaKE'.     See  Opaiiue, 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — M£TE,  PREY.— PINE,  MAR^E,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.- 
77^  ^~  ~~ 


OPE 

OTAL,  n.   [L.  opalus  or  opalum.] 

A  mineral  consisting  of  silcx  and  :i  jVw  per  cent,  of 
water.  The  precious  opal  presents  ,i  peculinr  piny  of 
colors  of  delicate  lints,  and  is  higlily  csteenit-d  ;is  a 
gem.  The  fire  opal  is  less  transparent,  nnil  the  col- 
ors are  like  the  red  and  yellow  of  rtanio.  Cinnmon  opal 
luts^i  milky  appearance.  Menilite  is  a  brown,  im- 
pure variety,  occurring  in  concretions  at  Menil-Mon- 
tant,  near  Parrs.  Dnua. 

O-PAL-ESCE',  (-ess',)  ».  i.    To  give  forth  a  play  of 
colors,  like  the  opal.  Ckaceland. 

0-PAI^ES'CENCE,  n.      A  reflection  of  a  milky  or 
pL'arly  light  from  the  interior  of  a  mincr^il.    Dana. 

O-P.-VL-ES'CENT,  a.      Reflecting  a  milky  or  pearly 
light  from  the  interior.  JCtrwan. 

O'PAL-INE,  a.    Perl:iining  lo  or  like  opal. 

OTAL-IZE,  V.  u    To  convert  into  a  substance  like 

_  opal. 

O'PAL-lZ-ED,  pp.  or  a.    Converted  into  a  substance 
resembling  opal  J  as,  opalized  wood.        Clcavdand. 

O-PAaUE'J         r,  ,,  , 

O-PaKE',      i  °-     L^*  ^P'^"^'  if^-opaquc.] 

1.  Inipemous  to  the  rays  of  light ;   not  transpa- 
rent.    Chalk  is  an  opaque   substance.     [This  is  the 
word  ncio  g^encrally  used.] 
9.  Dark ;  obscure. 

0-PAQ,t'E'XESS,  71.   The  quality  of  being  impervious 
to  light ;  want  of  transparency  ;  opacity. 

oPE,  a.     Open.     lObs.     In  Sax.  yppc  is  ojien,  niani- 
tVst,  yppaii^  to  open  ;  to  disclose.] 

OPE,  v.  t.     To  open  ;  u?ed  only  in  poetry,  and  proba- 

_  bly  a  contracted  word. 

0'P£N,  (6'pn,)  n.     [Sax.  opcni  D.  open;  G.  o^ffen;  Sw. 
open;  Dixn.  aaben.] 

1.  Unclosed;  not  shut ;  as,  the  gate  is  open  ;  an 
open  door  or  window  ;  an  open  book  ;  open  eyes. 

2.  Spread ;  expanded.  He  received  Iiis  son  with 
open  arms. 

3.  Unsealed  ;  as,  an  open  letter. 

4.  Not  shut  or  fast ;  as,  an  open  hand. 

5.  Not  covered  ;  a^,  the  open  air  ;  an  open  vessel. 

6.  Not  covered  with  trees ;  clear ;  as,  an  open 
country  or  field. 

7.  Not  stopped  j  as,  an  opai  bottie. 

S.  Not  fenced  or  obstructed ;  n^,  an  open  road. 

9.  Not  frosty ;  warmer  than  usual ;  not  freezing 
severely ;  as,  an  open  winter. 

An  open  and  wann  winter  portendetli  a,  liot  anil  Jry  siujiiivr. 

Bdfon. 

Jolmson  interprets  ope?f,  in  this  passage,  by  not 
cloudy,  not  gloomy.  I  think  the  dellnilion  wrong. 
In  .America,  an  open  winter  is  one  in  which  the 
earth  is  not  bound  with  frost  and  covered  with 
snow. 

10.  Public;  before  a  court  and  its  suitors.  His  tes- 
timony was  given  in  open  court. 

11.  Admitting  all  persons  without  restraint;  free 
to  all  comers.    He  keeps  open  house  at  the  election. 

12  Clear  of  ice ;  as,  the  river  or  the  harbor  is 
open, 

13.  Plain  ;  apparent ;  evident ;  public  ;  not  secret 
or  concealed  ;  as,  an  open  declaration  ;  open  avowal ; 
open  shame  ;  open  defiance.  The  nations  contend  in 
open  war,  or  in  open  arm^. 

14.  Not  wearing  disguise;  frank  ;  sincere;  unre- 
served ;  candid ;  artless. 

He  wnj  h''l(i  a  man  open  ami  of  good  faiUj.  Bccon. 

His  generous,  open,  uiideagiung  heart.  Adtlison. 

15.  Not  clouded;  not  contracted  or  frowning; 
having  an  air  of  frankness  and  sincerity;  as,  an  open 
look. 

With  3Ep?ct  open  sha]I  erfct  his  head.  Pope. 

16.  Not  hidden  ;  exposed  to  view. 

We  are  to  cifrcise  our  thoughts  and  lay  open  the  Irensnrcs  uf 
divi[ie  truth.  Bumct. 

17.  Ready  to  hear  or  receive  what  is  offered. 

Ki3  e.-irs  are  open  to  Iholr  crj'.  —  Ps.  xxjciir. 

IS.  Free  to  be  employed  for  redress ;  nut  restrained 
or  denied  ;  not  precluding  any  person. 

Til?  liw  is  open.  —  Acl3  y.ix. 

19.  Exposed  ;  not  protected;  without  defense.  The 
country  is  open  to  invaders. 

Hath  left  me  open  to  all  inj^iries.  Sltok. 

20.  Attentive;  employed  in  inspection 

Thine  ejes  xte  open  upoQ  all  ihc  w:iy3  of  tli."  sens  of  men. 

Jer.  XXX.U. 
91.  Clear  ;  unobstnicted  ;  as,  an  open  view. 
S.  Unsettled  ;  not  balanced  or  closed  ;  as,  an  open 
account. 

Open  accoUQti  between  merchants.  Johnson's  Rep. 

93.  Not  closed  ;  free  to  be  debated  ;  as,  a  question 
open  for  discussion. 

24.  In  miwic,  an  open  note  is  that  which  a  string  is 
tuned  to  produce.  Busby. 

6'Pi^N,   (6'pn,)  V.   t.     [Sa.v.   openian ;    D.  opencn;  G 

Hffnen;  Sw.  '6pna ;  Dan.  aahner ;  Ar.    ".Ij  *"""  or 
hauna.     Claas  Bn,  No.  3.] 

1.  To  unclose,  to  unbar;    to  unlock;    to  remove 


OPE 


OPK 


any  fastening  or  cover  and  set  oik.-ii  :  as,  to  open  a, 
door  or  (rate  ;  to  open  a  desk. 

9.  To  break  the  seal  of  a  letter  r.nd  unfold  iU 

J.  1  o  separate  parts  that  are  clo^e  ;  as,  to  open  llic 
Itps  ;  to  open  the  moulh,  or  eyes,  or  eyelids  :  lo  open 
a  book.  '^ 

4.  To  remove  a  covering  from  ;  an,  to  open  a  pit. 

o.  i  o  cut  through  ;  to  perforate  ;  to  lance  ;  as,  to 
open  the  skm  ;  to  open  an  abscess. 

G.  To  break  ;  to  divide;  to  «plii  or  rr*  *.;  aa,  the 
earth  was  opened  in  many  places  by  an  i-  ,lh(iuake ; 
a  rock  IS  opened  by  bl;i>ting. 

7.  To  clear;  to  make  by  removing  obstructioriH ; 
as,  to  open  a  road  ;  to  open  a  passage  :  Ihc  heat  of 
sprnig  opens  rivers  bound  with  ice. 

8.  To  spread  ;  to  exjiand  ;  as,  to  open  the  hand. 

9.  To  unstop  ;  as,  to  ojmt  a  bottle. 

10.  To  begin  ;  to  make  the  first  exhibiliiin.  The 
attorney-genoral  opens  the  cause  on  the  part  of  the 
king  or  the  Plate.  Homer  opens  his  poem  with  the 
utmost  simplicity  and  modesty. 

11.  To  show  i  to  bring  to  view  or  knowledge. 

The  English   did   adventure   fiir  to   open   tl,e  nyrtli    rorta  of 
America.  Ji^,_ 

12.  To  interpret;  to  explain. 

While  he  opened  (o  ui  the  Scriptures.  — Luke  xxir. 

13.  To  reveal;  to  disclose.  He  opened  his  mind 
very  freely. 

14.  To  make  liberal ;  as,  to  open  the  heart. 

15.  To  make  the  first  discharge  of  artillery  ;  as,  to 
open  a  heavy  fire  on  the  enemy. 

IG.  To  enter  on  or  begin  ;  as,  to  open  a  negotiation 
or  correspondence  ;  to  open  a  trade  with  the  Indies. 

17.  To  begin  to  see  by  the  removal  of  something 
that  intercepted  the  view ;  as,  we  sailed  round  the 
_  point,  and  opened  the  harbor. 

0'P£N,  (o'pn,)  1!.  i.  To  unclose  itself;  to  be  \incloscd  ; 
to  be  parted. 

Tlie  earth  opened  and  sw.dlowcd  up  I);iOi.^h,  and  covered  Uie 

company  of  Alnnrn.  — Pa.  cvi, 

2.  To  begin  to  appear.  As  we  sailed  round  the 
point,  the  harbor  opened  lo  our  view. 

3.  To  ccmmence  ;  to  begin.  Sales  of  stock  opened 
at  par. 

4.  To  bark  on  scent  or  view  of  the  game ;  a  term 
_  in  huntiiiiT. 

O'PiCN--E0,  (o'pnd,)  pp.  Unclosed;  unbarred;  un- 
sealed ;    uncovered  ;    revealed  ;    disclosed  ;    made 

_  plain  ;  freed  from  obstruction. 

o'P£N-ER,  (o'pn-er,)  n.  One  that  opens  or  removes 
any  fastening  or  covt-ring.  Milton. 

2.  One  that  e.\plains  ;  an  interprtrter.  Shalt. 

3.  That  whicli  separates ;  that  which  rends. 

Boijle. 

4.  An  aperient  in  medicine. 
0'PEN-EY-£D,  (o'pn-ide,)  a,     U'atchful ;  vicilant. 

^  Shak. 

6'PEX-IIAND'ED,  (6'pn-hand'ed,)fl.  Generous;  lib- 
eral ;  munificent.  Roite. 

O'P/JN-HEaRT'ED,  (6'pn-hurt'ed,)  a.  Candid  ; 
frank  ;  generous.  Dnjden. 

0'P£N-lIEAUT'En-I.Y,  adv.  Wilh  frankness  ;  with- 
out reserve.  Ch.  Reli-r.  Appeal. 

O^P^N-HEaRT'EP-NESS,  v.    Frankness;   candor; 

_  sincerity  ;  munificence  ;  generosity.  Johnsoi. 

0'P£N-ING,  (u'pn-ing,)  ppr.     Unclosing;  unsealing; 
uncovering;  revealing;  interpreting. 
2.  o.  First  in  order ;  as,  an  opening  speech. 

o'P£N-ING,  (o'pn-i»?,)  "•  -■^  breach  ;  an  a|)crture ;  a 
hole  or  perforation. 

2.  A  place  admitting  entrance,  as  a  bay  or  creek. 

3.  Beginning;  commencement;  first  appearance; 
as,  the  opening  of  a  speech. 

The  opening  of  yonr  glory  was  li!;e  th-il  of  light.        Drifden. 

O'PEN-LY,  (6'pn-Iy,)  adv.  Publicly  ;  not  in  private  ; 
without  secrecy ;  as,  to  avow  our  sins  cr.d  follies 
ftpenbj. 

How  CTossIy  and  openly  do  many  of  ns  contradict  llw  precepts 
oAhe  gospel  hy  our  ungodliness  aivX  worldly  lu^:*  1 

TiUolton. 

2.  Plainly;  evidently;  without  reserve  or  disguise. 

6'P£N-M()UTH-SD,  (o'pn-)  a.  Greedy;  clamor- 
ous ;  as,  an  open-mouthed  Mow.  L^Esti'an^e, 

0'P£N-NESS,  (o'lin-ncss,)  n.  Freedom  from  covering 
or  obstruction  ;  as,  the  openness  of  a  country. 

2.  Plainness;  clearness;  freedom  from  obscurity 
or  ambiguity ;  as,  deliver  your  answers  with  more 
opninejs.  Shak, 

3.  Freedom  from  disguise;  unreservcdncss ;  plain- 
ness. Felton, 

4.  Expression  of  frankness  or  candor;  as,  o/»cjihcaj 
of  countenance. 

5.  Unusual  mildness  ■  freedom  frcjn  snow  and 
frost ;  as,  the  opcniiess  of  a  winter. 

OP'E-R.'\,  H.    [It.  t^p.  and  Fr.,  from  t^  opera,  work, 

labor.] 
A  dramatic  composition,  set  to  music  and  sung  on 

the  stage,  accomi>anied  with  musical  iustniments, 

and  enriched  with  magnificent  dresses,  machines. 

dancing,  &c.  />icyc 

OP'ER-A-BLE,  a.    Practicable,    [AVt  tisetl]   Brotcn. 
OP'E-RA-GL.\j*??,  II.    A  small  perspective  B'r»ss  used 


In  thcat'v-  •  - —   '  -      '         '      ' 

claw, 

llLll  d'j  : 

In  its  fill'  ,  ,,,.-. 

object  arc  ito  . . 

ly  wiiliin  ltd:  t 

Ihc  end  of  ilii:  i..-  .  , 

OP'E.KA-noi;HK.  «.    AU«.«ofiL 

rcMcntation  of  upcraa. 

OP-E-KAM'fVrKK, «.    n    

An  appanuiu  ft/r  At*- 

liorni  made  by  a  uiacti 

cloth. 
OP'Ett-ANT.o.     [.-?<:«  Ore.ATLJ     I' 

produce  aa  eOccl.    [-Vtt  m*«d.    \Ve  ; 

TITE.l 

OP'E!^ANT,«.    Onev. 

OP'ER-ATE,  r.  i.    [U   . 

Eth.     Hl4  ;"ji-r,  lo;r,i.., 

riv.  T  iWC  ta^'-Mr,lij  ::•  :± 
till ;  \V.  ^ctierUf  U>  ujtcnUc  ,    ' 
make ;  ober  or  otjTr,  y^mk  .  I 
obra;  Fr.  auvre.t>ur.r^  ■■.     i  , 
Hebrew  and  (  ! 
prevail,  and  in   ' 
repair.    The  pf; 
exert  f.ircc.    Cla-^  i>/. 

1.  'J'o  act;  lr>  f\vn   ; 

mcclianicni.    Extcrtni 
means  of  pcrrcpti<m  : 
lory  nerven  through  tJ- 
operate  on  the  body  bv  .. 
ganic  action. 

2.  To  act  or  pruducc  effect  on  tlw- 
mural  power  cr  tnflueoeir.  MutiT«:i 
mind  in  dL*terriiinine  ihc  Jiide[u<;ut ;  • 
in  producing  imitatiun. 

T>i^  Tirt^iM  of  jirim^  [•-rv  -  •     ---.-* 
A  pliin,C«inl»Uii-p-Aw  r. 
«ik1  an  l^tora^t  Ik.. 

3.  In  surgery^  to  p»  r;    ■ 
niethiidical  manner  upun  a  1..^ 
with  instrument--^,  with  a  vit  ■ 
or  healtb,  as  in  ampuT.aiion, ' 

4.  To  act ;  lo  have  accoc>  , 
OP'ER-ATE,  r.  (.    To  elT-ct ;  i 

The  (ame  caiue  wo-jld  o/f'-iir  ■- 

[  This  use  is  not  frtq 

be  teell  autJtorized.] 
OP-E-RAT'ie,  t  a.     Ptrlainiiig  to  ih- 

OP-E-R.AT'IC-AL,  j     scmbhng  Ibc   tj^n  . 

used  bv  musicians, 
OP'ER-X-TIXG,  ppr.     Aclinir;   cicrtmi  z. 

power;  pcrfurming  $omc  manual  act  in  «ur.^ 
OP-ER-A'TION,  n.    [Uejv^;.*." 

1.  The  act  or  process  of  .  , 
exertion  of  power,  physical,  : 

SpcfuIatiTe  paim-i-  =  ■  •     -       - 

can  iKvrr  .i-' 
The  pain  and  t~  - 

rraiion  c»  C 

So  we  speak  of  llie  cpn-.^:. 
or  arguments,  on  the  mind. 

2.  Action ;  etfecL 

Monjr  mcdJeinal  drup  cf  nrc  <yrrq*i*. 

3.  Process  ;  manipulalicn  ;  wrirs  a(  uti 

iments;  as  in  clicmisin     - '- '  — 

4.  In  surf^ejy,  any  r; 
or  of  the  hand  willi 
body,  wilh  a  view  to  h.  -.  •\ 

or  dislocated,  as  in  ampvitaiion,  Ac. 

5.  .Action  or  ninvpmcDla  of  an  ar 
militin'  or  nai-al  cpcr-jTi--t<. 

I*.  Movements  of  macbincr}-. 

7.  Movement--  of  anv  phvi'ml  bodr. 
OP'ER-.\-TIVE,  a.     IlaV      •         •-  -r.  r .  r  ^^i  ,,..     ,  ,. 
erling  force,  physical  ■ 
agency  j  active  in  Iho  ; 

In  llcU^>aJ  ofrrl  -■ 

Ki  £tr  ai  p; 
h  holds  to  aJ  op- 

9.  Efficaciou.;  ,  ,  ..^ 
OP'ER-A-TIVE,  n.     A 

san,  or  workman  in  ni.. 
OP'ER  A-TOR,  «.     He  . :  :. 
that  which  produces  an  e[ic<t. 

2.  In  sHrf^ery,  the  person  «  ho  i>  r: 
upon  the  human  body  bv  mean?  of  li:-  . — 
instruments  ;  as,  a  skillful  opfretrr. 
0-PER'eU.L.\TE.      \  a.     [ U  .Trrvulara*,  ft«B  *p»^» 
O-PER'eU-LX-TEn,  s     to  ccv.  r  ■ 
In  botariHf  having  a  lid  or  c  - 

0-PER'eU-I.I-FORM,  tf.    [I-.     . 
form.] 

Having  the  fonii  of  a  lid  or  corer. 
0-PER'€r-LC.M,  n.  [U,  a  lid  or  cotm.     p.- 
I.  in  botoMv,  Uic  lid  of  a  nilci»cr-l-  - 
-X  The  cover  of  the  srcd-TCsarf  ■ 
like  plants. 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE. -AN"GER,  Vl"CIOUS.-e  as  K ,  0  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  "HIIS. 


OPl 

3.  In  covcholo<rtj,  ilic  horny  or  stony  piece  with 
which  the  animal  of  a  univalve  closes  its  shell  on 
retracting  it-st-Jf. 

4.  In  ichthijohiryy  the  apparatus  supported  by  bones 
which  protects  the  gills  of  (i.^Iics.  Brandt. 

OP-ER-03E',  a.     [L.  opcrosus,  from  opera,  operor.'\ 
Laborious  ;  attended  with  labor  ;  tedious. 

Burnet. 
OP-ER-OSE'.N'ESS,  ii.    The  slate  of  being  laborious. 

More. 
OP-EnOS'I-TY,  n.    Laborionsaess.    (Wol  \Lied.] 
OPCI'IDE,  n.     [ope  and  tide]     The  ancient  time  of 
marriage,  from  Epiphany  to  Asli-Wednesduv. 

Bp.  Hall 
OPII'I-el.EIDE,  n.     [Or.  o<f!?  and  K\n^.) 

The  largest  brass  vimA  instrument  ol  the  trumpet 
kind,  used  in  the  orchestra.    It  has  .a  compass  of 
three  octaves. 
0-PHII)'I-AiV,  (-fid'c-an,)  n.    [Gr.  "Ait,  a  serpent.] 
.An  animal  of  the  serpent  kind,  as  the  boa,  rat- 
tltsnako,  adder,  and  viper.     The  order  is  called 
Ophidia. 
O-PHin'I-AN,  a.    [Gr.  o0it,  a  serpent.] 

Pertaining  to  serpents ;  designating  an  order  of 
vertebi-al  animals  destitute  of  feet  or  fins. 
0-PHID'I-ON,  n.     [Gr.,  from  N.fif,  a  serpent.] 

A  fish  of  the  ansniilifonn  kind,  resembling  the 
common  eel,  but  short'-r,  more  depressed,  and  of  a 
paler  color;  found  in  the  iMediterranean. 

Diet.  JVat.  Hist. 

o-prii-o-Loe're,      /      n  ,    ■    . 

O-PHI-O-r.Ofi'ie-AL,  !  "■    r-^f'^inrag  'o  ophiology. 
0-PHI-OL'O  GIST,  n.    One  versed  in  the  natural  his- 

tor\'  of  serpents. 
O-Plil-OL'O.GY,  II.    [Gr.  o^is,  serpent,  and  Aojof, 
discourse.] 

That  part  of  natural  history  which  treats  of  ser- 
pents, or  which  arranges  and  describes  the  several 
kinds.  Ed.  Encyc. 

O'PHI-0-JIAN-CY,  It.    [Gr.  o0if,  a  serpent,  and  pai>- 
Ttia,  divination.] 

In  aittii/itity,  the  art  of  divining  or  predicting  events 
by  serpents,  as  by  their  manner  of  eating  or  by  their 
coils.  Encye. 

O-PIH-O.MOKPH'OUS,  a.      [Gr.  o#is  and   pap4:>i, 
form.] 
Having  the  form  of  a  serpent.  Rail. 

0-PIII-OPH'A-GOUS,  a.     [Gr.  o0i5,  a  serpent,  and 
^.jyoj,  to  eat.] 
Eating  or  feeding  on  serpents.  Brown. 

OTHITE,  a.     [Gr.  o^,;,  a  serpent.] 

Pertaining  to  a  serpent.  Holwell. 

6'PIIITE,  n.    [^Gr.  wf>($,  a  serpent,  whence  or/,ir/is,  a 
stone  spotted  like  a  serpent.] 

Green  porphyry,  or  scrpsnliae  ;  a  variety  of  green- 
stone of  a  dusky  green  color  of  dilferent  shades, 
sprinkled  with  spots  of  a  lighter  green ;  in  other 
words,  containing  greenish-white  crystals  of  feld3p.ar. 

Clcaveland. 
O'PHITES,  n.  pi.     One  of  the  Gnostic  sects  of  the 
second  century,  wlio  paid  worship  to  a  serpent. 

Murdoch. 
O-PHI-tT'eilUS,  n.     [Gr.  a<piavX''S!  o<l>ti,  a  serpent, 
and  cx(:!,  to  have.] 
A  constellation  in  the  northern  hemisphere. 
OPH-THAL'MI-A.    See  Ophth.»lmv.  [MilUm. 

DPII-THAL'Mie,  (of-thal'mik,)  a.  [SeeOpnTHiLMV.] 

I'ortaining  to  the  eye. 
OPII-THAL-MOS'eO-PY,  i..    [Gr.  o^BaXpos,  the  eye, 
and  (jKOnetii,  to  view.] 

A  branch  of  physiognomy  which  deduces  the 
knowledge  of  a  man's  temper  and  manner  from  the 
appiarance  of  the  eyes.  Enem. 

OPI1-T1IAL-MO-TOL'0-6IST,  i;.  One  versed  in  onh- 

Ihalniotology. 
OPH-TIIAL-MO-TOL'0-GY,  n.    Science  of  ophthal- 

n.'.'u?.',.?,',","';?,','^'^  °"  ''•  •"f^'l-  •'»■"•"■ 

OPH'  I IIAL-MY,  (of'thal-me,)  n.   [Gr.  oidahpia,  from 
vi>Oa\,mi,  the  eye.]  T        c    , 

-iD/"A'?rS'"'"'°r"  °^  ""'  ^^^  ""■  't^  appendages.    Oond. 

r       .■'■"■    f     •"  "i"'"""-]    Primarily,  a  medicine 

ot  a  thicker  consistence  than  sirup,  prepared  with 

A  sou  electuary. 

Hecliijirica  when  soft  are  Mlleil  opuua.  Pen  r. 

But  in  modem  usa^e,  goneraUy 
a.  Any  medicine  tliat  contains'opiiim,  and  has  the 
quality  of  inducing  sleep  or  repose  ;  a  narcotic. 

S.  That  which  induces  rest  or  inaction"That 
which  quiets  uneasiness. 

Thoy  chos<;  atheism  lu  an  opiate.  Benttetr 

o'PI-.\TE,  a.    Inducing  sleep;  soporiferous  ;  somnif- 
erous; narcotic.  j)„,„„. 
3.  Causing  rest  or  inaction.                         .Wltm. 
O'PI-A-TED,  a.    iMi.\ed  with  opiates  ;  under  the  inliu- 

ence  of  opiates. 
0-PIF'ER-OUS,  a.    [L.  ops,  opis.  and  fero.] 

Biineing  help. 
OP'I-FICE,  II.     [L.  opijicium.]     Workmanship. 
O-PIF  I-CER,  n.     [L.  opifez :  opus,   work,  and  facio, 
to  do.] 
One  who  performs  any  work.  [JVol  used.]  Benllcy. 


OPI 

0-PT\'A-I!LE,  a      [L.  opiaor.] 

'I'hnt  iiiav  be  thought.     [J^ot  used,]  Diet. 

OP-I-NA'TION,  n.    Act  of  thinking;  opinion,    [^rot 

'«"'•]  Diet. 

0-PIN'^\-TIVE,  o.    Stiff  in  opinion.    [JV-o!  used.] 

OP-I-N.^'TOR,  II.     One  fond  of  his  own  opinions  ; 

one  who  holds  an  opinion.     [JVot  in  i/,sc.]     Olanvilk. 
0-i*r\E',  V.  i.     [L.  opinor.] 

To  think;  to  suppose.    [Olisolcte  or  ipiainl.]  South. 
O  VIS' ED,  pp.     Thought;  conceived.     [Obs.] 
O-PIN'ER,  «.    Ono  who  thinks  or  holds  an  opinion. 

[p'"-]  Taylor. 

O-PIN-IAS'TER,        )  -^ 

0-PIN-I  A.S'TROU.S,  i  a.     [Fr.  opinMre.] 
0-PIN-lA'TRE,  ) 

Unduly  attached  to  one's  own  opinion,  or  stiff  in 

adhering  lo  it.     [Obs.]  Ralegh. 

0-PIN'IaTE,  (o-pin'yJte,)  v.  t.     To  maintain  one's 

opinion  Willi  obstinacy.     \Ohs.]  Barrom. 

0-PIN'I.?-TED,  a.      Unduly  attached  to  one's  own 

oiiinions.  Shenstone. 

0-PIN-lA'TER,  J  a.    S''     m  opinion  ;  obstinate. 
0-PlN-I-S'TRE,  i  Barrow. 

0-PIN'I.\-TIVE,  0.     Very  stiff  in  adherence  to  pre- 

conceived  notions.  Sandys. 

2.  Imagined  ;  not  proved.  Glanvillc. 

0-PIN'IA-TIVE-NESS,  ii.    Undue  stiffness  in  opin- 
ion. Ralegh. 
0-PIN-lA'TOR, )  II.    One  unduly  attached  to  his  own 
O-Pl.V-I.i'TRE,  i      opinion.     [Obs.] 
O-PIN'I.'V-TRY,    ,1.       Unreasonable     attachment    to 

one's  own  notions;  obstinacy  in  opinions.    \Obs.] 

Brown. 
0-nN'llSIG,  ppr.    Thinking.     [Obs.] 
O-PIN'ING,  n.     Opinion  ;  notion.     [Olis.]      Taylor. 
0-PIN'ION,  (o-pin'yun,)  ii.     [Fr.  irf.;  L.  opinio,  from 

--£ 

oiiiiioi-,  to  think,  Gr.  n:ifoc(x>,  or  Ar.       j\  abana,  to 

think,  to  suspect.    The  primary  sense  is  to  set,  to  fix 
in  the  mind,  as  in  L.  suppono.] 

1.  The  judgment  which  the  mind  forms  of  any 
proposition,  statement,  theory,  or  event,  the  truth  or 
falsehood  of  which  is  supported  by  a  degree  of  evi- 
dence that  renders  it  probable,  but  does  not  produce 
absolute  knowledge  or  certainty.  It  has  been  a  re- 
ceived opinion  that  all  matter  is  comprised  in  four 
elements.  This  opinion  is  proved  by  many  discov- 
eries to  be  false.  From  circumstances  we  form  opin- 
ions respecting  future  events. 

Opinion  is  when  the  aseiit  of  the  understanding  is  90  far  gained 
by  eridcncc  of  pvobabUily,  that  it  nitlier  inclines  to  one  per- 
BUHsion  th.in  to  another,  yet  not  witlioQt  a  niixliirc  of  iincer. 
tainiy  or  doubting.  Hate. 

2.  The  judgment  or  sentiments  which  the  mind 
forms  of  persons  or  tlietr  t|ualitiei^.  \Vu  speak  of  a 
good  opinion,  a  favorable  opinion,  a  bad  opinion,  a  pri- 
vate ojiijiiVii,  and  public  or  general  opinion,  &.c. 

Friendaliip  gives  a  man  a  peculiar  right  and  clahn  to  tlie  good 
opinion  of  Ilia  friend.  SouUt. 

3.  Settled  judgment  or  persuasion;  as,  religious 
opinions;  political  opinion. 

4.  Favorable  judgment ;  estimation. 

In  actions  of  arms,  small  matters  arc  of  great  moment,  especially 
when  they  serve  to  r.iisc  an  opinion  of  comniamlere. 

Ilftyitani. 
liLiwcver,  I  have  no  opinion  of  tliesc  tilings.  Bacon. 

0-PIN'ION,  ».  t.    To  think.    [J\'W  used.]       Bromi. 

0-PIN'ION-ATE,      j  a.    Stiff  in  opinion  ;   firmly  or 

O-PIN'ION-A-TED,  \     unduly  adhering  to  one's  own 
opinion  ;  obstinate  in  ojiinion.  Beddl. 

O-PIN'ION-aTE-LY,  ado.    Obstinately  ;  conceitedly. 

FeUhani. 

O-PIN'ION-A-TIVE,  a.     Fond  of  preconceived  no- 
tions ;  unduly  attached  to  one's  own  opinion.s. 

Burnet. 

O-PIN'ION-A-TIVE-LY,  adv.    With  undue  fondness 
for  one's  own  opinions  ;  stubbornly. 

0-PIN'ION-A-TlVE-NESS,    ii.       Excessive    attach- 
ment to  one's  own  opinions ;  obstinacy  in  opinion. 

O-PIN'I0N-£D,  a.    Attached  to  particular  ojiinions ; 
conceited.  SoiiW, 

0-PIN'lON-IST,  11.     One  fond  of  his  own  notions,  or 
one  unduly  attached  to  his  own  opinions.    Qlanville. 

O-I'IP'A-ROUS,  a.     [I,,  cpiparus.]     Sumptuous.    Diet. 

0-PIP'A-ltOU!5-Ly,  adv.    Sumptuously  ;  abundantly. 

O-PIS'TIIO-DO.ME.  II.     [Gr.  on-.oflios,  that  is  behind, 
and  iopoq,  house.] 

In  Orcece,  a  building  in  the  rear  of  a  temple,  for 
containing  its  treasures.  Smith's  Diet. 

0-PIT-I!-La'TION,  n.    Help.     [JVot  used.] 

6'PI-UM,  Ii.  [L.  opium:  Gr.  oirioi',  from  o-of,  juice.] 
Opium  is  the  inspissated  juice  of  the  Papaver  som- 
niferuni,  or  somniferous  poppy,  with  which  the  fields 
in  Asia  Minor  are  sown,  as  oiirs  are  with  wheat  and 
rye.  It  flows  from  incisions  made  in  the  heads  of 
tilts  plant,  and  the  best  flows  from  the  first  incision. 
It  is  imported  into  Europe  and  America  chiefly  from 
the  Levant.  It  is  brought  in  cakes  or  masses  weigh- 
ing fi-om  eight  ounces  to  a  pound.  It  is  heavy,  of  a 
dense  texture,  of  a  brownish-yellow  color,  not  oer- 
feclly  dry,  but  easily  receiving  an  impression  from 


OPP 


the  finger;  it  has  a  faint  smell,  and  its  taste  is  bitter 

_  and  acrid.     Opium  is  of  great  use  as  a  medicine. 

O'PLE-TItEE,  II.     [L.  opulus.]  [Brandc.     Ure. 

The  witch-hazel,     [obs.]  AinsieKrOi. 

0-P(l-BAL'SAJI,  n.  [L. ;  Gr.  o-oi,  juice,  and  L.  baU 
saniuni.] 

'I'he  balm  or  balsam  of  Gilcad.  It  has  a  yellowish 
or  greenisli-yellow  color,  a  warm,  bitterish,  aromatic 
taste,  anil  an  acidulous,  fragrant  smell.  It  is  held  in 
esteem  as  a  medicine  and  as  an  odoriferous  unguiiit 
and  cosmetic.  'I'he  shrub  or  tree  jiroducing  this  bal- 
sam is  Balsamodeiidron  Gileadensc,  which  grows 
s|iontaneously  in  .Arabia  Felix.  Encyc. 

O-PO-DEL'Doe,  Ii.  The  name  of  a  plaster,  said  to 
have  been  invented  by  Jlindercrus  ;  but,  in  mo/?.-.-n 
usage, 

2.  A  saponaceous  camphorated  liniment;  a  solu- 
tion of  soap  in  ardent  spirits,  with  the  addition  of 
camphor  and  essential  oils.  JVicholson. 

0-POP'A-N  AX,  II.  [I,. ;  Gr.  or  t,  juice,  and  jranaf ,  a 
plant.]  " 

An  inspissated  juice  of  a  tolerably  firm  texture, 
bronght  in  loose  granules  or  drops,  sometinies  in 
larger  masses.  This  substance  on  the  outside  is  of  a 
brownish-red  color,  with  specks  of  while,  and  within 
of  a  dusky-yellow  or  wliitisli  color.  It  has  a  stroll" 
smell  and  an  acrid  taste.  It  is  obtained  from  llio 
root  of  an  umbelliferous  plant,  the  tlpopanax  C'liiro- 
nium,  and  is  brought  from  Turkey  and  the  East  In- 
dies. Er.cye.     Parr. 

0-POS'SUM,  II.  [This  name  is  pronounced  possum, 
which  perhaps  may  be  its  true  orthogiii|iliy.] 

The  popular  name  of  several  species  of  Uidelphis, 
a  genus  of  marsupiate,  carnivorous  mainmals.  Ono 
siiecies  only  of  seventeen  inhabits  the  United  States, 
and  this  is  one  of  the  .si.x  species  whose  females 
have  an  abdominal  pouch,  in  whicli  thev  protect 
iind  carry  their  young.  The  Didelpliis  Virgihinna  has 
a  prehensile  tail  by  which  it  easily  suspends  itself. 

OP'FI-DAN,  II.  [It.  eppidanus,  from  oppidum,  a  city  or 
town.] 

1.  An  inhabitant  of  a  town.     [JVot  iiscrf.]   Wood. 

2.  An  appellation  given  to  those  students  of  Eton 
school,  ill  England,  who  board  in  the  town. 

Rich.  Diet. 
OP'PI-DAN,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  town.    [JVot  used.] 

Ifowcll. 
OP-PIG'iVER-.^TE,  II.  (.     [L.  appignero ;  ob  and  pig- 
nero,  to  pledge,  from  pignus,  pledge.] 
To  pledge  ;  lo  pawn.     [JVot  in  use.]  Bacon. 

OP'PI-LaTE,  v.  t.    [L.  oppilo  ;  ob  and  jii7o,  to  drive.] 

To  crowd  together  ;  to  fill  with  obstructions. 
OP'PI-La-TED,  pp.    Crowdcii  together. 
OP'PI-La-TING.  ;i;ir.     Filling  with  obstructions. 
OP-PI-La'TION,  II.    The  act  of  filliiii;  or  crowding 
together;  a  stopping  by  redunilant  matter;  obstruc- 
tions, particularly  in  the  lower  intestines. 

Eneuc.    Harveu. 
OP'PI-LA-TIVE,  a.     [Fr.  oppitallf.] 

Obstructive.  Sherwood. 

OP-PLeT'ED,  a.     [L.  opplctus.] 

Filled  ;  crowded.     [JVot  in  use.] 
OP-PoNE',  f.  (.    [L.  oppono ;  ob  and pono,  to  put.] 

To  oppose.     [JVot  used.]  B.  Jor.son. 

OP-Po'NEN-CY,  11.  [Sec  Oppokent.]  The  opening 
of  an  academical  disputation  ;  the  proposition  of  ob- 
jections to  a  tenet ;  an  exercise  for  a  degree.  [I  be- 
lievCj  not  used  in  .America.]  Todd. 

OP-Po'NENT,  a.     [L.  opponcns,  oppono  ;  cb  and  pono, 
to  set,  put,  or  lay,  that  is,  to  thrust  against ;  Ilcb. 
Syr.  Ch.  anil  Ar.  n:3,  to  build,  that  is,  to  set,  to  found, 
h.fundo.] 
T^iat  opposes,  opposite;  adverse.  Prior. 

OP-Po'NENT,  II.  One  that  opposes  ;  particularly,  ono 
that  opposes  in  controversy,  disputation,  or  araument. 
It  is  sometimes  applied  to  the  person  that  begins  a 
dispute  by  raising  objections  to  a  tenet  or  doctrine, 
and  is  correlative  to  Dkfenda.vt  or  Rxspokdent. 
In  common  usage,  however,  it  is  applicable  to  either 
party  in  a  controversy,  denoting  any  person  who  op- 
poses another  or  his  cause.  Opponent  may  sometimes 
be  used  for  adversary,  and  {or  antagonist,  but  not  with 
■  strict  propriety,  as  the  word  does  not  necessarily  im- 
ply enmity  nor  bodily  strife.  Nor  is  it  well  used  in 
the  sense  of  rival  or  competitor. 
[Op'po-nent  is  incorrect.] 
OP-POR-TCNE',  a.  [L.  opporlunus  :  ob  and  porta,  to 
bear,  or  bring  ;  probably  from  the  root  of/cj-o,  or  por- 
ta, to  bear.  The  sense  of  the  verb  opporto  would  he, 
to  bring  to  or  upon.  (See  Import,  Ihi-obtune.)  In 
this  and  all  words  of  like  signification,  the  primary 
sense  is,  to  fall,  come,  or  bring  to     See  Luck,  Fou- 

Ttf?IE,  SEA30N.J 

Properly,  having  come  or  being  present  at  a  propir 
time;  hence,  seasonable;  timely;  well  timetl.  It 
agrees  with  Sc.^sonable  rather  than  with  Convem- 
EKT,  though  the  sense  of  the  latter  may  be  included 
in  it. 

Perhaps  in  view 
Of  those  bright  conlines,  whence,  with  neighboring  arms, 
And  opportune  excursion,  we  may  chance 
Rc-cnicr  hc.avcn.  MiUan. 

OP-POR-TuNE'LY,  ado.  Seasonably;  at  a  time  fa- 
vorable for  the  purpose.    It  has  been  applied  to  place. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT. -METE,  PREY. -PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.-N6TE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLP,  BOOK.. 


774 


OPP 

as  well  as  to  time,  but  its  proper  application  is  to  time^ 
and  hence  it  accords  with  Seasonably,  rather  than 

with    CONVEMENTLT. 

OP-POR-TtXE'NESS,  n.    In  seiuionable  time. 
OP-POR-TU'NI-TY,  n      [L.  opportunittui.] 

1.  Fit  or  convenient  time  ;  a  time  fuvorable  for  the 
purpose  ;  suitable  time  combined  with  oUior  favora- 
ble circmnslances.  Suitableness  of  time  is  the  pre- 
(k>minant  signification,  but  it  includes  generally  cir- 
cumstances of  place  and  other  conveniences  adapted 
to  the  end  desired. 

.\  wise  man  will  iniike  more  cpportunitiee  ihna  lie  finds.  Bacon. 
I  had  an  opporiaidly  to  a!?c  lUf  clond  descend.  Brown. 

Neglect  DO  opporUitilty  of  doing  good.  Atlerbui-t/. 

2.  Convenient  means.  I  had  an  opporluniUj  of 
sending  the  letter,  or  no  opportunity  to  send  it.  Op- 
portunkies  rarely  occur,  or  frequeutiy  offer. 

OP-PoS'A-CLE,  a.    That  may  or  can  be  opposed. 

OP-PoS'AL,  7(.     Opposition.     [J<'ot  used.]      Herbert. 

OP-PoSE',  c.  £.  [Fr.  opposcr ;  ob  and  poser,  tn  set ;  L. 
oppoHOy  opposui.  It  is  doubtful  whether  Fr.  po^er, 
and  the  preterit  and  participle  passive  of  the  Latin 
verb  belong  to  pono.  The  change  of  n  into  s  is  un- 
usual. Two  different  verbs  may  be  used,  as  in  h. 
/cro,  tuli.    See  Pose.] 

1.  To  set  against ;,  to  put  in  opposition,  with  a  view 
to  counterbalance  or  countervail,  and  tims  to  hinder, 
defeat,  destroy,  or  prevent  effect ;  as,  to  oppose  one 
argument  to  another. 

1  may  without  presmuplion  oppose  my  single  opinion  to  his. 

Locke. 

2.  To  act  against  ;  to  resist,  either  by  physical 
means,  by  arguments,  or  other  means.  Tlie  army 
opposed  the  progress  of  the  enemy,  but  without  suc- 
cess. Several  members  of  llie  house  strenuously  op- 
posed the  bill,  but  it  passed. 

3.  To  check  ;  to  resist  effectually.  The  army  was 
not  able  to  oppose  the  progress  of  the  enemy. 

4.  To  place  in  front ;  to  set  opposite.  Skak. 

5.  To  act  against,  as  a  competitor. 
OP-PoSE',  V.  i.    To  act  adversely  ;  with  against ;  a 

a  servant  opposed  against  the  act.  [JVot  used,]  Slialc. 

2.  To  object  or  act  against  in  controversy. 

Johnsoju 
OP-PoS'ED,  pp.    Set  in  opposition  ;  resisted. 

3.  a.  Being  in  opposition  in  principle  or  in  act  j 
adverse. 

Certiin  characters  were  (brmerly  opposed  to  it.  Federalist,  Jarj. 
OP-PoSE'LESS,  a.    Not  to  be  opposed  j  irresistible. 

\/<'ot  in  use,]  Sliah: 

OP-PoS'ER,  71.  One  that  opposes;  an  opponent  in 
parly,  in  principle,  in  controversy,  or  argument.  We 
speak  of  the  ouposers  of  public  measures  ;  the  oppos- 
crs  of  ecclesiastical  discipline;  an  opposcr  of  Chris- 
tianity, or  of  orthodoxy. 

5.  One  who  acts  in  opposition;  one  who  resists; 
as,  an  opposer  of  law,  or  of  the  execution  of  law. 

3.  An  antagonist;   an  adversary-;  an  enemy;   a 
rival. 
OP-PoS'ING,  ppr.  OT  a.    Acting  against ;  resisting. 
0P'PO-?ITE,  (-zil,)  a.     [Fr.,  from  L.  oppositus.] 

1.  Standing  or  situated  in  front;  facing;  as,  an 
edifice  opposite  to  tlie  Exchange.  Brooklyn  lies  oppo- 
site to  New  York,  or  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  river. 

9.  Adverse ;  repugnant. 

Novels,  by  which  the  reader  is  misled  into  another  sort  of  pleas- 
ure opposite  to  that  designed  in  an  epic  poem.       Dryden. 

3.  Contrary  ;  as,  words  of  opposite  significations  ; 
opposite  terms.    The  medicine  had  an  effect  opposite 
to  what  was  expected. 
OP'PO-SITE,  (-zit,)  n.    An  opponent;  an  adversary; 
an  enemy  ;  an  antagonist.  Shak.    Dryden. 

2.  Tliat  which  is  opposed  or  contrar>'. 
OP'PO-SITE-LY,  adv.    In  front;  it  n  situation  to  face 

each  other.  Grew. 

2.  Adversely ;  against  each  other. 

\\'mds  from  atl  quarters  oppositely  blow.  May. 


OPT 


OR 


The  state  of  being  opposite 
[L.  oppositiLS  and  foli- 


OP'PO-STTE-NESS 

or  contrarv. 
OP-POS-I-TI-Fo'LI-OUS, 

urn,  a  leaf.] 

In  6o(rtn?/,  opposite  to  the  leaf;  as,  an  oppositifolious 
peduncle.  Lee. 

OP-PO-SI"TION,  (op-po-zish'un,)  n.     [L.  oppositio.] 

1.  Situation  so  as  to  front  something  else ;  a  stand- 
ing over  against ;  as,  the  opposition  of  two  mountains 
or  buildings. 

2.  The  act  of  opposing  ;  attempt  to  check,  restrain, 
or  defeat.  He  makes  opposition  to  the  measure  ;  the 
bill  passed  without  oppositiun.  Will  any  opposition 
be  made  to  the  suit,  to  the  claim  or  demand  ? 

3.  Obstacle.  The  river  meets  with  no  opposition 
in  its  course  to  the  ocean. 

4.  Resistance ;  as,  the  opposition  of  enemies.  Vir- 
tue will  break  through  all  opposition. 

5.  Contrariety  ;  repugnance  in  principle ;  as,  the 
opposition  of  the  heart  to  the  laws  of  God. 

6.  Contrariety  of  interests,  measures,  or  designs. 
The  two  parties  are  in  opposition  to  each  other. 

7.  Contrariety  or  diversity  of  meaning;  as,  one 
term  used  in  npposition  to  another. 

8.  Contradiction  ;  inconsistency.  LocTce. 


9.  The  collective  bndy  of  opposers ;   in  Enfihtnd, 
the  party  in  parlinment  whicli  cppurfea  the  iniui-:iry 
in  Amtnca,  tlie  party  tliat  opiwscs  the  existing  adniin 
isiriition. 

10.  In  astronimy^  tlie  sittialion  t-f  two  lic:ivenW 
bodies,  whfn  diLTtanl  from  each  other  180*. 

OP-PO-SI"TlON-IST,  H.    One  that  belongs  to  the 

party  opposing  tlic  admtiii'^lration. 
OP-POS'l-TIVE,  a.    'i'hal  may  be  put  in  opi>08ition. 

Halt. 
OP-PRESS',  V.  t.     [Fr.  oppressor ;  L.  opprcstiUj  from 

oppriiiio  ;  ob  and  prenio,  to  press.] 

1.  To  load  or  burden  with  unreasonable  imposi- 
tions;  to  treat  with  unjust  Kcverily,  rigor,  ur  hard- 
ship ;  as,  to  opprcHs  a  nation  with  Uixcs  or  contribu- 
tions; \o  ojjprcss  owe  by  compelling  him  lo  perform 
unreasonable  service. 

2.  To  overpower;  to  overburden;  as,  (o  be  op- 
pressed  with  grief. 

3.  To  sit  or  lie  lieavy  on ;  as,  excess  of  food  op- 
presses the  stomach. 

0P-PRESS'/;D,  (op-prcst',)  pp.  or  a.  Burdened  with 
unreasnnablc  imiMjsitions ;  overpowered;  overbur- 
dened ;  depressen. 

OP-PRESa'Ii\G, /.;»r.    Ovci burdening. 

OP-PR ES'SIO.X,  (-presh'un,)  v.  'J'lie  act  of  oppress- 
ing ;  the  imposition  of  unreasonable  burdens,  eiUicr 
in  taxes  or  services  ;  cruelty  ;  severity. 

2.  The  stale  of  being  oppressed  or  overburdened; 
misery.  SAoA. 

Tlie  Lord  —  s.r.v  the  oppression  of  Iwi-jI.  —  2  Ktn^  xiil. 

3.  Hardship;  calamity.  JlibUson. 

4.  Depression ;  dullness  of  spirits ;  lassitude  of 
body.  JirbutlinoU 

5.  A  sense  of  heaviness  orwoightin  the  breast, &c 
OP-PRESS'IVE,  a.      Unreasonably  burdensome;  un- 
justly severe;  a^,  oppressive  taxes;    opprejsxte  ex- 
actions of  service. 

2.  Tyrannical ;  as,  an  oppressice  government. 

3.  Heavy  ;  overpowering  ;  overwhelming  ;  as,  op 
prcssive  grief  or  woe. 

OP-PRESS'IVE-LY,  adv.  In  a  manner  lo  oppress; 
with  unreasonable  severity.  Burke. 

OP-PRESS'IVE-NESS,  7!.  Tlie  quality  of  being  op- 
pressive. 

OP-PRESS'OR,  n.  One  that  oppresses;  one  ihal  im- 
poses unjust  burdens  on  others;  one  that  harasses 
others  with  unjust  laws  or  unreasonable  severity. 

PowiT,  wlien  employed  to  relieve  the  oppressod  and  to  pimiih 

llie  oppressor,  becomes  a  grcal  UcE^ing.  i>iei/t. 

OP-PR5'BRI-OUS,  a.  [See  OppnoBRiuM.]  Reproach- 
ful and  contemptuous;  scurrilous;  us,  opprobriotLi 
language  ;  opprobrioits  words  or  terms. 

2.  Blasted  with  infamy  ;  despised  ;  rendered  hate- 
ful;  as,  rin  opprofiHoits  name.  JilUton.     Daniel. 

OP-PRo'BRI-OUS-LY,  adv.  Vv^itli  reproach  mingbid 
with  contempt ;  scurrilously.  Shak. 

OP-PRO'BRI-OUS-NESS,  n.  Reproachfulncss  min- 
gled with  contempt;  scurrility. 

OP-PRo'BRI-UiM,  n.     [L.  ob  and  probrum,  disgrace.] 
Reproach  mingled  with  contempt  or  disdain. 

OP-PRo'BRY,  71.     Opprobrium.     [JVotused.] 

OP-PtJGN',  (o|)-prine',)  v.  t.  [L.  oppu^no ;  ob  and 
pyo-Ho,  to  fight,  from  pugnus,  the  fist,  Sp.  puno^  Fr. 
poing.] 

To  attack  ;  to  oppose  ;  to  resist. 

They  sn!il  the  manner  of  their  impeachment  ihey  could  not  but 
conc'-ive  did  oppugn  the  rights  of  parliament.     Clareruion. 

[It  is  never  used  in  the  literal  sense,  to  ^gfit.] 
OP-PUG'NAN-CY,  7i,     Opposition;  resisLance.     Shak. 
OP-PUG'NANT,  a.    Opposing;  resisting. 
6P-PUG-Na'TI0N,  Ti.    Opposition  ;  resistance.  Hall, 
OP-PnGN'KD,  (op-pQnd',)pp.     Opposed  ;  resisted. 
OP-PuGN'ER,  (op-pan'er  ,)  B.     One  who  opposes  or 

attacks  ;  tliat  which  opposes.  BoyU. 

OP-PCGN'ING,  (op-pQn'ing,)  p;;r.     Attacking;    op- 
posing. ^  .      .  , 
OP-SIM'A-THY,  TI.    [Gt.  oxptpa^ua  ;  oi^f,  late,  and 
uav^ai'O),  to  learn.] 

Late  education ;  education  late  m  life.  [Lttue 
used.]  .  /■^«'<'-'- 

OP-SI-OM'E-TER,  n.     [Gr.  o^ig  and  pfTooi:] 

An  instrument  for  measuring  the  extent  of  the 
limits  of  distinct  vision  in  different  individuals,  and 
from  thai  to  delLTinine  the  foral  length  of  a  lens  ne- 
cc'^^^sary  to  correct  imperfect  sight.  Brandc. 

OP-SO-NA'TION,  ».    [L.  obsom,  to  cater.] 

A  catering  ;  a  having  of  provisions.     [J\'V(  usfd.] 
OP'TA-BLE,"a.     (L.  optaltilis^  from  optOy  to  desire.] 

Desirable.     [J^ot  used.]  ^ 

OP'T\TE  V.  i.    [L.  opto.)    To  choose;  to  wish  for  ; 

lo  desire.  Cotgrare. 

OP-Ta'TION,  v.     [h.  optatio.]  .  ,       „      ^ 

A  desiring;  the  expression  of  a  Wish.     PcacAant. 

0P'T'\-TIVE,  a.     [L.  optativits^  from  opto^  to  desire. 

Exprcs^in"  desire  or  wish.    The  ojytatire  mode,  m 

a-rammar,  is  that  form  of  the  verb  in  which  wisli  or 

7iesire  is  expressed.  ^     ,     •     a      rr-«.? 

OP'TA-TIVE,  11.     Somothmg  to  be  desired.    [UtUe 

itrd  1  Bacon. 

OP'Tie,         \a.     [Gr.  offTtA-o?,  from    rrTopat^to  see; 
OP'TIC-AL.  i      f•^^P,  the  eye.]      _ 

1.  Rflating  or  pertaining  to  vision  or  sigm^ 


uai  angle. 

Optic  axit  Is  allnrdr 
eyc[)erpendicutartuiUi»i.v  . .  ,-  **.    ,, 

OP'Tie,  n.    An  orean  of  d^hL 
OP'TIC-Al,  r  V  ,   .      1     .  .J 

oi'-Ti"cr\ 

science  <■: 
2.  Omj  \-. .  . 

(■trumi-nlj.  '  .i 

OP'TICS,  n.    The  iciencA  wlUcb  in^u  c/  <  . 

vij^lon.  / 

OP'TI-GK.VPII,  >.    [G.  ©ffr*^!,  lo  f 

to  write.] 
A  teletfcopc  mode  for  Uie  purpo—  <  ■'' 

fcap*-*, 
OP'TI-.MA-CY,  «.    [L.  ofamatu,  pi' 

Cimtu,  b«t.] 
The  b«»dy  of  noMe<  ;  the  n'j^>ilitT. 
OP-Tl-MA'TE.'<,  n,  pL    [L.]    The  E 

and  hence  a  nobilit.  .r.  v       ■  J 
0P'TI-3If>,  n.      -i 

second  rank  of 

glcrp,  in  Ihe  Li 

are  divided  inb- 
OP^TI-.Mrs.M,  n. 
The  opinion  <  ■ 

Is  ordered  for  n 

universe  that  i- 

The  true  wvl  an. 

A  iri'-m  of  ftrx:  l^:_-_i-.   _    ;    i-    _^ 
ea*e», 

OP'TI-MIST,  n.    One  wh-.  1.  TI-  it;. 

events  are  ordered  for  ' 
OP-TIM'ITY,  n.    The 
OP'TION,  n.     [L.  oph 

site.] 

1.  The  power  of  choosing;  llw  riEht  v4  ' 
election;  as,  the  archbishop*!  c?.';V  air;  r  '.'. - 
vacant  benefice. 

Thrpt  U  ui  option  HI  to  (be  Oalt- 
lli^y  will  be  Txapccutte  wxl  j; 

2.  The  power  of  wishing ;  irbh. 

3.  Choice  ;  election  :  preference. 
complain  of  his  lot;  it  was  his  r 
leave  this  to  your  own  option. 

\.  In  the  ^oek  eieSange^  a  pcrceti: 
"  option  "of  so  "Jing  or  of  buying  *Wi.  -i 
pr-  •",  and  at  a  given  future  time.  / 

0!"TiO.\-Al.,  c.    Left  to  one's  wish  rr  rV 
jHjnding  on  choice  or  preference.    It 
yon  to  go  or  stay. 

2.  Leaving  somelhinR  lo  choir*. 

Oripnal  nx;u  ar-  ci'Jirr  o;ac-a,'     ■ 

OP'TIOX-AL-LY,  adr.     \\\\X\ 
OP-TOM'E-TER.  n.     .An   in-<i 

the  lunits  of  direct  vtfion.  ii 

OP't;-LEXCE,  It.    [L.  cpnlr^tM,  from  #f*j.  " 
Wealth;   richi- .    nri'u.  !.■■■.      I't-.  lk-    ■ 
nsed.] 
OP'C-LEXT,  fl. 
VVeallhy ;  ricli 
property. 
OP'lI-LENT-LY, 
O-PUd'CULE,  n. 
A  small  work. 
O'PVS  OP-E^RA'TV.yt-,  [U,  the  it 
thfologyi,  an  expression  oppltrd  t"*  f  • 
ndminisiration  of  a  sacrament 
posed  by  many  to  be  in  idl  - 
spiritual  cffccL 
OR,  a  termination  of  L-"-' 
rir,  a  man,  or  fr\^m  th 
rir,  is  in  our  nii'llicr  t 
have  the  English  tenn 
It  dcuiHei!  .^n  agent. 
nex  it  lo  many  words 
an  we  do  er  to  words 
astrvnorftTy    lai^rrr.       ■ 
words  of  Latin,  and  *■ 
OR,  f.>»y.    [Sax.  t^tktr ;  G.  ■     ^.     n 
coniraclion  of  .x-*rr.    "Tell  ii<  i> 
thou  doesl  the**-  Ihynpt^      OtXer 
gave  the  lh\-s  auctoriie  ?  "  Ty^^t  • 
.\  connective  that  marks  an  al' 
mav  read  er  may  write  ; "  thit  i'. 
of  the  things  al  your  p!ea>ii:   .      ' 
rc<:ponds  lo  ftt^T.     You   m-> 
pr  to  Windsor.    Iloftrnc^mn 
propositians,  pa'^eniing  a  cb->iri  ^ 
study  law,  or  medicine,  cr  dirinttT. 
into  irade. 

Or  someliraes  bceins  a  scnlrnc* . 
it  expresses  an  aUcmMivc  with  t 
tcnce.    .V.:!'.  vii.  p.nl  ix. 
In  pi''"' 
F 
T., 


arfc.    Richly;   wkh  ibor 
[L.  cpmjciiUm.] 


TONE,  BULL,  IJNITE.  —  AN"GER, 


,  VI"CIOUS.— €  as  K;  0  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  a?  PH 


Tn  xt  In  Tina. 


T7v=i 


OllA 

Or  is  often  itsiid  to  (.wpress  an  alternative  of  terms, 
(Iftlnitionij,  or  explanations  of  the  tnunc  tiiiii<;  in  dif- 
ferent worilK.  T]uis  we  say,  a  thing  is  a  square,  or 
a  fisure  nndi-r  Onri  equal  sides  and  angles. 

Or  ever.     Fn  this  phrase,  ar  is  a  corruption  of  crc, 
Pax.  arr,  before  ;  that  is,  before  ever. 
OR,  in  heralilry,  jjolil.    [Fr.  or^  h.  aurum.]    [Expressed 

in  enjjraving  hy  dots.  —  A'.  //.  Barker.] 

O'RA,  H.     A  money  of  account  anion-;:  'he  Anglo-Pax- 

ons,  valncd  in  the  Doomsday  Uook  at  twenty  pence 

slerhntr.  p.  Cyc, 

OU'ACII,      j  M.     A  plant  of  the  gentis  Atriple.x,  soine- 

OU'RACII,  i      times  used  as  a  substitute  for  spinage. 

Pariiii<iton. 
n'ihi  orach  is  of  the  genus  Chenotrodium. 
OR'A-eLH,  (or'a-lil,)  h.    [Fr.,  from  L.  i>rac\ihim,  from 
orn,  to  utter  ;  Sp.  oroctt/o  ,■  \i.  oracolo.] 

1.  Among  paf^ans^  the  answer  of  a  pod,  or  some 
person  reputeii  to  be  a  ^od,  to  an  inquiry  made  re- 
specting some  aftair  of  importance,  usually  res[)ect- 
ing  some  future  event,  as  the  success  of  an  enter- 
prise or  battle. 

2.  Tlie  deity  who  gave,  or  was  supposed  to  give, 
answers  to  inquiries  ;  as,  the  Delphic  oracle. 

3.  The  place  where  the  answers  were  given. 

Braiide. 

4.  Among  Christians^  oracles,  in  the  plural.,  denotes 
tlie  communications,  revelations,  or  messages  deliv- 
ered by  God  to  prophets.  In  this  sense,  it  is  rarely 
used  in  the  singular;  but  we  say,  the  oracles  of  GoAj 
divine  oracles,  meaning  the  Scriptures. 

5.  The  sanctuary,  or  most  holy  place  in  the  temple, 
in  which  was  deposited  the  ark  of  the  covenant. 
1  Kinirs  vi. 

G.  Any  person  or  place  where  certain  decisions 
are  obtained.  Pope. 

7.  Any  person  reputed  uncommonly  wise,  whose 
determinations  are  not  disi)uted,  or  whose  opinions 
are  of  great  authority. 

8.  A  wise  sentence  or  decision  of  great  authority. 
OR'A-CLR,  V.  i.    To  utter  oracles.  Milton. 
O-RAG'T^-LAU,     )   a.     Uttering  oracles  :  as,  an  urac- 
0-RA€'lj-LOUS,  j       ular  tongue. 

'i'lie  oraculoits  serr.  Pope. 

2.  Grave;  venerable;  like  an  oracle;  as,  an  orac- 
ular shade. 

Ttcy  linvc  somclliing  venerable  and  oracular  in  that  iina'torcieJ 
gmvity  and  6bortn(>s5  in  tlif  cxprcision.  Pope. 

3.  Positive ;  authoritative  ;  magisterial  ;  as,  oractv- 
lous  expressions  of  senlimenls.  Olauville. 

4.  Obscure;  ambiguous,  like  the  oracles  of  pagan 
deities.  ^i,i  a. 

O-ItAe't'-LAR-LY,     \  adi\      In  the  manner  of"  an 

O-RAe'U-LUIJS-LY,  i       oracle.  Brown. 

2.  Autlioritalivelv;  positively.  BiltUc. 

O-RAe'^-LOUS-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  orac- 
ular. 

OR'Al-SON,  (or'e-zun,)  n.    [Fr.  orainon  ;  L.  oratio.'] 
Prayer;  verbal  supplication,  or  oral>vorship  ;  now 

_  written  Omao??.  s-tak.     Dnjden. 

O'RAIv,  a.     [Fr.,  from  L.  o.>-,  or'iSy  the  mouth.] 

Pertaining  to  the  mouth  ;  uttered  by  the  mouth,  or 
in  words;  spoken,  not  written;  as,  oral  traditions; 

_  oral  testimony  ;  oral  law.  jSdilisoJi. 

6'RALr-LY,  adv.  hy  mouth  ;  in  words,  without  writ- 
ing :  a^,  traditions  derived  nraUy  from  ancestors. 

OR'.ANGK,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  aurantium;  so  named 
from  aurnm,  gold,  which  the  orange  resembles  in 
color ;  it.  arancio ,-  Sp.  naraiijo  ;  Port,  laranja ;  D. 
oranjc ;  G.  oran^c.^ 

The  fruit  of  a  species  of  Citrus  which  grows  in 
warm  climates.  The  fruit  is  round  and  depressed  ; 
it  has  a  rough  rind,  which,  wlien  ripe,  is  yellow. 
This  contains  a  vesicular  pulp  inclosed  in  nine  cells 
J'u;  seeds.  The  tree  producing  oranges  grows  to  the 
licitrht  of  ten  or  twelve  feet,  and  boars  the  same 
name, 

OR'ANOi:,  ff. 
of  an  oniUL' 

OR'ANGE-Al)I-y,  7(.  A  drink  made  of  orange  juice, 
corresponding  to  lemonade  ;  orange  sherbet. 

^n  a-,-  /,,.  «.„  Smart.     Kneyc.  of  Dom.  Econ, 

O/i.'JA^Gf.^r,  (or'an-zhat,)  [Fr.l  Orange  peel  cov- 
ered With  candy. 

2.  Oranseade.  Fneitr    Dnm    Vrn-n 

ORO^MB-fefH/OR-ED,  (-ki,ih,;a7j  Htv^ri'lie 
color  ot  an  orange.  ° 

OIl'ANGK-J\IEN,%i.  ;,;.    The  n;imc  fivpii  to  an  Irish 

r,^',°^wl??^^Z"''J  "■'"''.''  was  suppressed  in  I83f;. 
0R'A.N(5K-Mli;iK,  11.     A  sjiecies  of  pear 
0R'ANGE-P?;EL,  n.    The  rind  of  an  orange  separated 

mun  the  fruit. 
OlfAN-GER-Y,  n.     [Fr.  nrangrric] 

A  place  for  raising  orangca ;  a  plantation  of  oran-c- 

trees.  ■ 

OR'ANGE-TAW'NA',  a.    Of  a  color  between  yellow 

and  brown.  gmart 

OR'ANGE-TAWNY,   n.     A   color   between    yellow 

and  brown.  SmiirL 

0R'AN(5E-V\1FE,  71.    A  wonuan  that  sells  oraneci 
6-RA.NG'-0U-TANG',  17.     [Orang  is  said  to  be 'the 

iMalay  for  man,  that  is,  reasonable  being,  and  initantr 

is  said  to  be  tlie  Malay  of  wild,  that  is,  of  the  woods."] 


Pertaining  to  an  orange  j  of  the  color 


OR« 

A  quadrumanous  mammal,  the  Pytliccu3  Satyrus, 
or  SimiaSalyrus.  This  animal  seems  to  be  confined 
to  Borneo,  Sumatra,  and  Malacc.i.  It  ajiproaclics 
the  most  nearly  to  man  of  any  animal  of  its  tribe. 
It  is  utterly  incapable  of  walking  In  a  perl'ectly  erect 
posture.  Its  body  is  covered  with  coarse  hair  of  a 
brownish  red  color.  In  some  places  on  its  back  it  is 
si.v  inches  long,  and  on  its  arms  five  inches.  The 
hight  of  the  adult  animal  is  not  known.  A  single 
specimen  supposed  to  be  of  tliis  species  has  been 
killed,  which  measured  at  leastsix  feet.  It  eats  both 
animal  and  vegetable  food. 

The  African  animal  resembling  it,  is  the  chim- 
panzee, {^Simia  troglodytes,  or  Tro>rlodytcs  nign:) 

Cuvicr, 
0-R ACTION,  71.     [L.  oratioyfrom  oro,  to  pray,  to  uller.] 

1.  A  speech  or  disc(uirsc  composed  according  to 
the  rules  of  oratory,  and  spoken  in  public.  Orations 
may  he  reduced  to  three  kinds ;  demonstrative,  de- 
liberative, and  judicial.  Encyc. 

2.  In  modern  usa^e,  an  oration  dirters  from  a  ser- 
mon, from  an  argnnumt  at  tlic  bar,  and  from  a  sjHiecIi 
before  a  tlcliberative  assembly,  'i'hc  word  is  now 
applied  chiefly  to  discourses  pronounceil  on  special 
occnsions,  as  a  funeral  oration,  an  oration  on  some 
anniversary,  &r.,  and  to  academic  dechmiations. 

3.  A  harangue  ;  a  public  speech  or  address. 
OR'.\-TOR,   II.     [L.]      A   public  speaker.     In  ancient 

Rome,  orators  were  advocates  for  clients  in  the  forum, 
and  before  the  senate  and  people.  They  were  em- 
ployed in  causes  of  importance  instead  of  the  com- 
mon patron.  Encyc. 

2.  In  modern  vsafre^  a  person  who  pronounces  a 
discourse  publicly  on  some  special  occasion,  as  on 
the  celebration  of  some  memorable  event. 

3.  An  eloquent  public  speaker  ;  a  speaker,  by  way 
of  eminence.  We  say,  a  man  writes  and  nasons 
well,  but  is  no  orator.  Lord  Chatham  was  an 
orator. 

4.  In  France,  a  sjicaker  in  debate  in  a  legislative 

5.  In  clinncmj,  a  petitioner.  [body. 
G.  .\n  oflicerin  the  universities  in  England. 

OR-A-To'RI-AL,     I  a.    Pertaining  to  an  orator  or  to 

OR-A-TOR'I€-AL,  \  oratory  ;  rhetorical ;  becoming 
an  orator.  ^Ve  say,  a  man  lias  many  oratorical 
flourishes,  or  he  speaks  in  an  oratorical  way. 

fVatts, 

OR-A  Td'RI-AIr-liY,     )  ado.  In  a  rhetorical  manner. 

OK-A-TOR'ie-AI.-I.Y,  t  Taylor. 

OR-A-TC/RI  0, 71.  [It.]  A  sacretl  musical  composi- 
tion, consisting  of  airs,  recitatives,  duets,  trios, 
choruses,  &c.  The  subjects  are  mostly  taken  from 
the  Scriptures.  The  text  is  usiuflly  in  a  dramatic 
form,  somethnes  in  the  form  of  a  narrative.  Brande. 
2.  A  place  of  worship  ;  a  chapel. 

OR'A-TO-RY,  n.     [Low  L.  oratorin,  from  orator.'] 

1.  Tlie  art  of  speaking  well,  or  of  speaking  ac- 
cording to  the  rules  of  rhetoric,  in  order  to  persuade. 
To  constitute  oratonj,  the  speaking  must  be  just  and 
pertinent  to  the  subject  ;  it  must  be  methodical,  all 
parts  of  the  discourse  beijig  disposed  in  due  order 
and  connection ;  and  it  must  be  embellished  with 
the  beauties  of  language  and  pronounced  with  elo- 
quence. Oratory  consists  of  four  parts,  invention, 
disposition,  elocution,  and  pronunciation.   Encyc.    Cyc. 

2.  Exercise  of  eloquence.  Arhuthnot. 

3.  Among  the  Roman  CuUtoUcs,  a  close  apartment 
near  a  bed-chamber,  furnislied  with  an  altar,  a  cru- 
cifix, &c.,  for  private  devotions. 

4.  A  small  chapel  or  place  allotted  for  social  prayer. 

Hooker.      Tmjlor, 
Priests  of  the  oratory  ;  among  Roman  Catholics,  ec- 
clesiastical persons    living  in  community  without 
being  bound  by  any  special  vow.  Brande. 

OR'A-TRESS,  )  A  r        ,  . 

OR'V-TRI\      \  "•     A  female  orator.  Warner. 

ORli,  V.     [h.  orbis;  Fr.  It.  and  Sp.  orbr.] 

1.  A  spherical  body  ;  as,  the  celestial  orbs. 

2.  In  old  aitronotnyy  a  liollow  globe  or  sjdiere. 

Brande. 

3.  A  wheel ;  a  circular  body  that  revolves  or  rolls  ; 
as,  the  orbs  of  a  chariot.  .Milton. 

4  A  circle:  a  sphere  defined  by  a  line;  as,  he 
moves  m  a  larger  orb.  Holiday.     Skuk. 

0.  A  circle  described  by  any  mundane  sphere;  an 
orbit.  Drydcn. 

(>.  Period  ;  revolution  of  time.  Shak. 

7.  The  eye  MiUvu. 

8.  In  tactics,  the  circular  form  of  a  body  of  troops, 
or  a  circular  body  of  troops.  Encyc. 

The  ancient  astronomers  conceived  the  heavens 
as  consisting  of  several  vast  azure  transparent  orbs 
or  spheres  inchi.sing  one  another,  and  including  the 
bodies  of  the  planets.  Hutton. 

ORB,  V.  t.    'i'o  form  into  a  circle.  MUton. 

OR'BATE,  n.     [L.  orbatus.] 

Bereaved  ;  fatherless  ;  childless. 
OR-Ba'TION,  n.     [L.  orbatio.  from  orho,  to  bereave.] 
Privation  of  parents  or  children,  or  privation  in 
general.    [^Tot  ascd.] 
ORB'EI),  a.     Round;  circular;  orbicular.  Shak. 

2.  Formed  into  a  circular  or  round  shape.  Milton,      j 

3.  Rounded  or  covered  on  the  exterior. 

The  wheels  were  ortcd  with  gold,  Addison.      I 


ORD 

ORB'ie,  a.     Spherical.  Bacon. 

OR-BICq-L.-Ul,  a,    [Fr.  orbieiilaire,  from  L.  orbiculiu^.] 
Spherical ;  circular  ;  in  the  form  of  an  orb. 

Milton.    jiUdison. 


Spherically. 
.    Sphericity  ;   the  state  of 

[L.  orbieulatus.] 


[h.  orbitas."] 


Bereavement  by  loss  of  parents  or  chiUlren. 


J.^" 


tie  used.]  Ha, 

ORB'LTKE,  a.    Resembling  an  orb. 

ORB'Y,  G.    [from  orb.]    Resembling  an  orb.  Chapman. 

ORG,  V.     [L.  orca  ;  Gr.  oovya.] 

A  cetaceous  mammal  of  uncertain  and  unsettled 
character  ;  a  species  of  whale.  Drayton. 

The  iJeiphinus  orca  of  Linnasus  is  the  grampus. 

OR'CIIAL,  ) 

OR'CHEL,  >      Sec  Archil. 

OR'CHIL,   ) 

OR'eilA-NET,  n.    A  plant,  Anchusa  tinctoria. 

Ainsworth. 

OR'CIIAUD,  7(.  \Bi\x.  ortgcard;  Goth,  aurtigards; 
Yy^ixx.  urtriraard  ;  Sw.  orteirard ;  that  is,  wort-yard,  :v 
yard  for  herbs.  The  Germans  call  it  baumgartcn , 
tree-garden,  and  the  Dutch  boomgaard,  tree-yard. 
See  YAnn.] 

An  inclopure  or  assemblase  of  fruit-trees.  In 
Oreat  Britain,  a  department  of  the  garden  appropri- 
ated to  fruit-trees  of  all  kinds,  hut  chiefly  to  a[)pl('- 
trces.  In  America,  any  piece  of  land  set  with  apple- 
trees  is  called  an  orchard;  and  orchards  are  u>;ually 
cultivated  land,  being  either  grounds  for  mowing  or 
tillage.  In  some  parts  of  the  countrj-,  a  piece  of 
ground  planted  with  peach-trees,  is  called  Tipcaeh-or- 
ehard.  But  in  most  cases,  I  believe  the  orchard  in 
both  countries  is  distinct  from  the  garden. 

OR'CIIARD-ING,  n.    The  cultivation  of  orchards. 

Eerhjti. 
2.  Orchards  in  general.  United  States. 

OR'CHARD-IST,  n.    One  that  cultivates  orchards. 

OR'CHES-TRA,  (or'kes-tra,)  r  n.     [I,,  orchestra  i    Gr. 

OR'eHES-TER,  (or'kes-ler,)  ?     ooxi}<7TQa,  from    o- 

OR'CHES-TRE,  (or'kes-ter,)  ^  \r}arj)a,  a  dancer, 
from  oo\!i>iia(,  to  dance  ;  originally,  the  place  for  the 
cliorus  of  dancers.] 

1.  The  part  of  atheater  or  other  public  place  appro- 
priated to  the  musicians.  In  the  Orccian  theaters,  the 
orchestra  was  a  circular  level  space  between  the 
spectators  and  the  stage,  and  was  used  by  the  chorus 
for  its  evolutions  and  dances.  In  ikcRoman  theaters, 
it  was  no  part  of  the  scene,  but  was  situated  iu 
front  of  the  stage,  and  was  occupied  by  senators 
and  other  persons  of  distinction.  SmiOi's  Diet. 

2.  The  body  of  performers  in  the  orchestra. 

Bushy. 
OR'€FIES-TRAL,  a.     [Supra.]     Pertaining  to  an  or- 
chestra ;  suitable  for  or  performed  in  the  orchestra. 

Bushy. 
0R-€HI-Da'CE0US,  (or-ke-da'shus,)  a.     Pertaining 

to  thai  group  of  [ilants  of  which  Orchis  is  the  t\  jte, 
0R-€HID'E-OTJS,  a.  [Infra.]  Pertaining  to  Orchis. 
OR'eHIS,  (or'kis,)  71.      [L.  orchisi  Gr.  nfi\iq.] 

A  genus  <»f  plants,  many  of  which  have  fragrant 
and  beautiful  flowers  of  singular  forms.       P.  Cyc. 
OR'CIN,  n.     A  cr>stallizable  coloring  matter  obtained 

from  a  species  of  lichen. 
ORD,  n.     [Sax.]     An  edge  or  point,  as  in  ordhdm. 

Ord  signifies  beginning,  as  in  ords  and  ends. 
OR-DaIN',  v.  t.     [L.  ordino,  from  ordo,  order  ;  Fr.  or- 
donner ;  It.  ordinarc;  Sp.  ordenar ;  It.  orduighim.] 
1.  Properly,  to  set;  to   establish  in   a  particular 


OR-Bie'lJ  LAR-LY,  adv. 
OK-Bie'l]-LAR-NESS, 

being  orbicular. 

OR-IllCr  LATE,      ) 

OR-Bie'U-LA-TED,  i   "' 

Made  or  being  in  the  form  of  an  orb.  In  botany, 
an  orbirulatc  or  orbicular  leaf  is  one  that  lias  the 
periphery  of  a  circle,  or  botli  its  longitudinal  and 
transverse  diameters  equal.  Marti/n. 

OR-Bie-lJ-LA'TION,  n.  The  state  of  being  m;idi:  in 
the  form  of  an  orb.  More. 

ORB'ING,  ppr.     Forming  into  a  circle. 

ORB'IS,         i  n.    A  fish  of  a  circular  form,  the  cArc/o 

ORB'-FfSlI,  (  don  orbis  of  Guielin,  inhabiting  tlit 
Indian  seas.  It  is  covered  with  a  firm,  hard  skin,  full 
of  small  prickles,  but  is  destitute  of  scales.  It  is 
unfit  for  food.  Diet.  JVat.  Hist. 

ORB'IT,  ».  [Fr.  orbite  ,-  L.  orbita,  a  trace  or  track, 
from  orbis,  a  wheel.] 

1.  In  astronomy,  the  path  described  by  n  heavenly 
body  in  its  periodical  revolution  ;  as,  "the  orbit  (if 
Jupiter  or  Mercury.  The  orbit  of  the  earth  is  nearly 
one  hundred  and  ninety  millions  of  miles  in  diam- 
eter. The  orbit  of  the  moon  is  four  hundred  and 
eighty  thousand  miles  in  diameter.  The  or^it^  of  the 
planets  are  elliptical. 

2.  A  small  orb.     [JVot  proper.]  Young. 

3.  In  anatomy,  the  cavity  in  which  the  eye  is  situ- 
ated. 

4.  In  ornithology,  tho  skin  which  surround-'-  the 
eye. 

ORB'IT-AL,      I  a.     Pertaining  to  the  orbit. 
ORB-IT'U-AL,  !  Med.  Hrpos.     Hooper. 

[Orbital  is  the  preferable  word.] 
OTlB'I-TUDE,  ) 
ORB'I-TY, 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  —  MeTE,  PREY,  — PINE,  MARL\E,  BIRD.  — NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK. — 


T7T 


ORD 

otfice  or  order ;  hence,  lo  iuvest  with  a  ininisterinl 
funrlion  or  sacerdoUil  power  ;  to  introduce  and  es- 
tablish or  settle  in  tlic  pastonil  office  with  the  custom- 
ary fornts  and  sulenunties  ;  as,  to  ordain  u  minister 
of  the  gospel.  In  America,  men  are  ordained  over  a 
particular  church  and  congregation,  or  as  evangelists 
without  the  charge  of  a  particular  church,  or  as  dea- 
cons in  the  Episcopal  church. 
9.  To  appoint ;  to  decree. 

JeroboAm  ordame'i  a  fe^iat  in  ihe  ci^Iilli  month.  —  1  Kin^  xii. 
.\i  majiy  as  were  ordained  to  eternal  Htci  l-elieveil,  —  Acts  xiii. 

The  fatil  iviii, 
Tlio  sceae  of  death  aiid  place  ordained  for  pui)isbin;tit- 

Dryden. 

3.  To  set ;  to  establish  ;  to  institute  ;  to  constitute. 

Mill  nuiti  lis 
Ordained  cur  laws.  Skak, 

4.  To  set  apart  for  an  otfice ;  to  appoint. 

.r-sits  ordained  twelve,  that  Ihcy  should  bt  with  him.  —  Mark  iii. 

0.  To  appoint ;  to  prepiue. 

For  Topliet  is  ordained  of  M.  —  Is.  xxx. 

OR-OaIN'A-BLE,  a.    That  m:iy  he  appointed.     JMl 

OU-0a[N'£D,  pp.  or  a.  Appointed;  instituted;  es- 
iriblished  ;  invested  with  ministerial  ur  pastoral 
functions ;  settled. 

OR-DAIN'ER,  ?t.  One  who  ordains,  appoints,  or  in- 
vents with  sacerdotal  powers. 

OR-DAI^*'ING,  J'/''*-  Appointing;  establishing;  in- 
vesting with  sacerdotal  or  paslorfd  functions. 

OR-DaIN'ING,  a.  That  ordains,  or  that  has  the 
rii:ht  or  power  to  ordain  ;  as,  an  ordaining  council. 

OK-DaIX'.MENT,  n.     The  act  of  ordaining.  Bur!:e. 

OR'DE-AL,  11.  [Sax.  ordal  or  crdM  ;  G.  urtJirU:  D. 
ordcel.  The  last  syllabic  is  dralj  to  divide  or  distrib- 
ute. The  sense  ofthe  prefix  is  less  obvious.  ^Vil- 
kins  supposes  or  to  signify  icitliout,  as  in  some  Saxon 
words  it  has  that  sense,  and  ordeal  to  signify  without 
ditTerence  or  distinction  of  persons,  entire  juiigment. 
In  Saxon,  ord  signifies  origin,  cause,  beginning, 
prime.  In  G.  xir  signifies  prime,  very,  origiuiU  ;  wr- 
trorf,  iirimitive  word,  'ji  Dutcli,oo7-  is  the  car  :  vorlug, 
war.  Dut  tliis  prefix  would  seem  to  be  the  same  as 
in  far! VIP,  f furlough ;)  for,  in  G.  7irLmb,  D.  oorlof, 
Dan.  orloe,  Sw.  orloj\  is  a  furlow,  and  tlii-s  indicates 
that  or  is  a  corruption  of  fur  or  for.  In  AVclsh,  this 
word  is  rrordid,  which  Owen  compounds  of  (ror, 
Jiigh,  superior,  extreme,  above,  and  (a/,  reward,  re- 
quital ;  and  gordal  signifies  not  only  ordral,  but  an 
over-payment, a  making  satisfaction  over  and  above. 
Or,  then,  may  signify  oitt,  away,  and  in  ordeal  may 
denote  ultiuiatc^  Jinaf.  But  the  real  sense  is  not  ob- 
vious. The  practice  of  ordeal,  however,  seems  to 
have  hud  its  origin  in  the  belief  that  the  substances 
used  had  each  its  particular  presiding  deity,  that  had 
perfect  control  over  it.] 

1.  An  ancient  form  of  trial  to  determine  guilt  or 
innocence,  practiced  by  the  rude  nations  of  Europe, 
and  still  practiced  in  the  i:.ast  Indies.  In  England, 
the  ordeal  was  of  two  sorts,  fire-ordeal  and  waXer-or- 
deal;  the  former  being  confined  to  person;:  of  higher 
rank,  the  latter  to  the  common  people.  IJolh  niiglit 
be  performed  by  deputy,  but  the  principal  was  to  an- 
swer for  the  success  of  the  trial. 

.FirC'tirdca!  wa-^  peifornnd  eith^^r  by  taking  in  the 
hand  a  piece  of  red-b^t  iron,  or  hy  walking  barefoot 
and  blindfold  over  nine  n^d-hot  plowsliarcs,  laid 
lengthwise,  at  uncfjual  distances;  and  if  the  person 
escaped  unhurt,  he  was  adjudged  iniujcont  ;  other- 
wise he  was  condeiniied  as  guilty. 

Wata--ordeal  was  performed,  either  by  plunging 
the  bare  arm  to  the  elbow  in  boiling  water,  or  by 
casting  the  person  suspected  into  a  river  or  pond  of 
cold  water,  and  if  Jie  floated  without  an  effort  to 
swim,  it  was  an  evidence  of  guilt,  but  if  lie  sunk  he 
was  acquitt-:-*!. 

Colh  in  England  and  Sweden,  the  clcugy  presided 
at  this  trial.  It  was  at  last  condemned  as  unlawful 
by  the  canon  law,  and  in  England  it  was  abolished 
by  an  order  in  council  of  Henry  III.        liladcgtonc. 

It  is  probable  our  proverbial  plirase,  to  ffo  throittrh 
fire  and  water,  denoting  severe  trial  or  danger,  is  de- 
rived from  the  ordeal ;  as  also  the  trial  of  witches  by 

2.  Severe  trial ;  accurate  scrutiny.  [water. 


ORD 


ORD 


%^  ,  radak,  order. 


OR'DER,  71.     [L.  ordoj  (qu.  Pers 

scries;)  Vv.OTdre;  It.  ordine;  Sp.  orden;  Sw.  Dan. 
G.  and  Russ.  id. ;  Ir.  ard  ;  but  all  from  the  Latin  ex- 
cept the  Persian.] 

1.  Regular  disposition  or  methodical  arrangement 
of  things;  a  word  of  extensive  application;  as,  the 
order  of  troops  on  parade;  the  order  of  books  in  a 
hbrary  ;  the  order  of  proceedings  in  a  legislative  as- 
sembly.    Order  is  tlie  life  of  business. 

Good  order  is  Ihc  founddion  of  all  good  things.  Burke. 

2.  Proper  state ;  as,  the  muskets  are  all  in  good 
order.  When  the  bodily  organs  are  in  order,  a  per- 
son is  in  health  ;  when  they  are  out  of  order,  lie  is 
indisposed. 

3.  Adherence  to  the  point  in  discussion,  according 
to  established  rules  of  debate  ;  as,  the  member  is  not 
in  order^  that  ia,  he  wanders  from  the  question. 


•1.  Established  mode  of  proceeding.    The  motion 

is  not  In  order. 

5.  Regularity ;  settled  mode  of  operation.  Tliiii 
fact  could  not  occur  in  the  order  of  nature  j  it  la 
against  the  natural  order  of  things. 

G.  Mandate;  precept ;  command  ;  authnritalivc  di- 
reclitui.  I  have  received  an  order  from  the  com- 
mander-in-chief. 'J'hc  general  gave  orders  lo  march. 
There  is  an  order  of  council  to  issue  Icltcra  of 
marque. 

7.  Rule  ;  regulation  ;  as,  the  rules  and  orders  of  a 
legislative  Iiousc. 

8.  Regular  government  or  discipline.  It  ia  neces- 
sary for  society  that  gnod  order  should  he  observed. 
The  meeting  was  turbulent;  it  was  impossible  lo 
keep  order. 

9.  Rank  ;  class  ;  division  of  men  ;  as,  the  order  of 
nobles ;  tlie  order  of  priests  ;  the  higher  orders  of  so- 
ciety ;  men  ofthe  lowest  order;  order  of  knighlD  ; 
military  orders,  &c. 

10.  A  religious  fraternity ;  as,  the  order  of  Bene- 
dictines. 

11.  A  division  of  natural  objects,  generally  inter- 
mediate between  class  and  gtMius.  The  classes,  in 
tlie  Linnaian  artificial  system,  are  divided  into  or- 
ders, which  include  (me  or  more  genera.  Linmus 
also  arranged  vegetables,  in  his  natural  system,  into 
groups  of  genera,  called  ordrr.i.  In  the  natural  sys- 
tem of  Jussieu,  orders  arc  subdivisions  of  classes. 

12.  {Measures  ;  care.  Take  some  order  for  the  safe- 
ly and  support  of  the  sohliers. 

Provide  mp  soldiers 
Whilst  I  laic  order  fur  my  own  nllain.  Shak. 

13.  In  rhetoric,  the  placing  of  words  and  members 
in  a  sentence  in  such  a  manner  as  to  contribute  to 
force  and  beauty  of  expression,  or  to  the  clear  illus- 
tration of  the  subject.  Eneije. 

14.  The  title  of  certain  ancient  books  containing 
li.e  ilivine  office,  and  manner  of  its  pi.'rfonnuncc. 

Eneyc. 

15.  In  architecture,  a  system  of  several  members, 
ornaments,  and  propt)rtions  of  cnlumns  and  pilas- 
ters ;  or  a  regular  arrangement  of  the  jirojecting 
parts  of  a  building,  espei;ially  of  the  columns,  so  as 
to  form  one  beautiful  whole.  The  orders  are  five, 
the  Tuscan,  Doric,  Ionic,  Corinthian,  and  Compos- 
ite. The  order  consists  of  two  principal  members, 
the  column  and  the  entablattirc,  each  of  which  is 
composed  of  three  princii)al  j'arts.  Those  of  the 
column  are  the  base,  the  shaft,  and  the  capital  j 
tlidse  of  the  entablature  are  the  architrave,  Hie 
frieze,  and  the  cornice.  The  bight  of  the  Tuscan 
column  is  14  modules  or  semidianieters  of  tlic  shaft 
at  the  bottom,  and  that  of  tlie  entablature  3  1-2. 
The  bight  of  the  Doric  order  is  16  modules,  and  that 
of  the  entablature  nearly  4  ;  that  of  the  Ionic  is  18 
modules,  and  that  of  the  entablature  4  2  3  ;  that  of 
the  Corinthian  order  is  20  modules,  and  that  of  the 
entablature  5.  The  bight  of  the  Composite  order 
agrees  with  that  of  tlie  Corinthian.  Qicilt. 

Order  of  the  day:  in  dclihcratice  as!>cmblics,\\\c  par- 
ticular business  previously  assigned  for  the  day. 

In  order;  for  the  purpi'se ;  to  the  end  ;  as  means 
to  an  end.  Tlie  best  knowledge  is  that  which  is 
of  the  greatest  use  in  order  to  our  eternal  happi- 
ness. 

General  orders;  the  conmiands  or  notices  which  a 
military  conimander-in-cbief  issues  to  the  troops  un- 
der Ills  command. 

Holy  orders;  in  the  Episcopal  church,  the  Christian 
ministry. 

/,;  orders ;  in  the  Episcopal  church,  ordained  ;  m  the 
sacred  office. 

To  ta/ic  orders;  in  the  Episcopal  chnrcfi,  to  be  or- 
dained ;  to  enler  into  the  sacred  ministry. 
OR'DER,  ('.  (.  I'o  regulate  ;  t;)  methodize  ;  to  systera- 
jze  ;  to  adjust ;  to  subject  to  system  in  management 
and  execution ;  as,  to  order  domestic  ntfairs  with 
prudence. 

2.  To  lead;  to  conduct;  to- subject  to  rules  or 
laws. 

To  him  timt  ort?crc(A  hii  coiiveriilioii  aright,  will  I  show  the 
Sidvaiioii  of  Go-l.  — Ps.  I. 

3.  To  direct ;  to  command.  The  general  ordcrtd 
his  troops  to  advance. 

4.  To  manage ;  to  treat. 

IIo-.v  shall  wc  order  iho  child  ?  —  J»i.lg««  Jciii. 

5.  To  ordain  ;  to  put  into  holy  orders. 

Com.  Prayer. 
0.  To  direct  J  to  dispose  in  any  particular  manner. 

Order  my  steps  in  thy  wont.  —  P*.  ciix. 

OR'DER,  V.  i.     To  give  command  or  direction. 

MiUoiu 

0U'DER-/:D,  pp.    Regulated  ;  melhodizod  ;  disposed  ; 
commanded  ;  managed. 

OR'DER-EU,  II.     One  that  gives  orders. 
2.  One  tjiat  nuHhodi/.es  or  regulates. 

OR'DER-ING,  ppr.      Regulatinc;  systcmizmp ;  com- 
mamling;  disposing. 

OR'DER-ING,  Tt.    Disposition;  distribution;  manage- 
ment.   2  Chron.  xxiv. 

OR'DER-LESS,  a.     Witliout  Regularity  ;   disorderly  ; 
out  of  rule.  SAaA, 


'fr  . 


OR'DEtt-LI-.\ES.«. 

a  "tate  of  being  fi    ■ 

2.  TJie  Kiaie  •  : 
Ott'DEK-LY,  a.     >:  j,^t^. 

a.  Ob»cr%'3nt  of  o; :   r 

3.  Well  regulated  ;   1 
tUrnullUOUd  ;   HM,  Ul  irrj' 

4.  According  to  e»u 

5.  .Not  unruly  ;  not    ■ 
Hurt* ;  ficactablr.     W- 

6.  Ucing  on  duly  ;  a- 
tlic  day. 

Orderly  bock :  in  m.d^^ 
company,  in  wbicli  th':  m:;^  - 
regimental  order*. 

Orderly  tergtant;  a  mlltlar/  ■.- 
a  superior  olfictr. 
Ott'DEIl-LV,  aJc.      M.ih>JiriJl,  .    ^ 

order;  regularly*  aicor.lM..'  :    :  _  - 
OR-DI  NA-ltlL'f-TY,  «.     ' 

ed.    [.\\t  uifd.] 
OR'DI-NAULE,  a.     .«u  .. 

Mjed.] 
OR'DI-NAL,  a.     {Uor-L 
Noting  order  ;  as,  th- 
ond,  third,  Blc. 
OR'DI-NAL,  B.    A  nuif, 
2.  A   book   conlainin.- 
prescribed  in  the  EngUWi  -  f.  i-^N 
OK'DI-NA.NCE,  n.     [Ix.  vrd.Mmtc  .  if 

1.  A  rule  e^tablixticd  by  auth  rr:. 
rule  of  action.    An  ordinanr-    . 

ute  of  Sovereign  power.  In  th 
in  the  Scriptures.     Erol.  iv 
may  al:-o  (»ienify  a  drir^ 
Word  lias  somt-tiine!i  t 
parliament;   hut  ihn< 
in  Ihc  United  Stat«^-Fi,  i' 
Congress,  or  of  a  Stat' 

2.  Obser^'ancc  comn. . 

3.  .^pixtintnient. 

4.  EsUibli-ihed  rile  or  ceremony.  //«*.  ii 
sense,  baptism  and  Uic  Lord'i  >upf>rr  aii. 
natcd  ordinaaeej. 

5.  Ordinance^  a   cannoo,  is   now   wriOea 

SANCE. 

OR'I)[-.\A\D,  n.    One  about  to  be  ordained. 
OR'DI-NANT,  n.    One  who  ordamjr. 
OR'DI-NANT,  a.     [L.  ordmoKs.' 

Ordaining  ;  decreeing.     [.V  '         '  ' 
OR'DI-.\A-RI-LY,orfc.     Prm. 

lished  rules  or  scliled  mttli    . 

usually  ;  in  most  ca«M  j  a*,  a  «  joi- : 

dinarily  severe. 
OR'DI-NA-RY,  a.     [L.  ordimari*.:} 

1.  According  lo  cstablL}br>^ 
regular ;  customary  ;  as,  the 
or  justice. 

2.  Common ;  usuaL 

Method  a  not  !<:«•  tniuifcis  ia  c- 
writing. 

3.  Of  common  rank  ;  nm  i! 
or  excellence  ;  .is,  an  i?niuifi- 
nanj  Judgment. 

4.'  Plain;  not  handsome  ;  -- 
a  person  of  an  ordmarj  fi«rn» . 

5.  Inferior:  of  litilc  mt  rU  . 
dinary  iH-rfonnancc. 

tJ.  .An  ordinary  seaman  is  one  m  t 
skilled,  and  hence  mnkine  below  a  ■ 

OR'DI-NA-RY,  It.     Ini'!' '   ^■ 

who  h,is  ordinar>*  or  ii 
lers  ecclesiastical;  an 
land,  the  bisluip  of  th- 
(Miliary,  and   Ihe  nrrh' 
whole  province.    Tb^ 
sions  was  formerly  a  ■: 
lo  give  malefictor*  il 
of  Newgate  is  a  dii, 
dcuined  malefactors  i'-  , .  , 

i- 

2.  Settled  cst-iblislimcnL 

3.  Regular  price  of  a  meaL 

4.  \  pLicc  of  eating  whcro  ihr  p- 

5.  In  tXe  Htiry,  the  rst.iWtshmrnt 

not  in  actual  scn'icc,  but  laid  up  un«ci ;.. 
otficers. 

/«  ortiinary ;  in  actual  and  constant  <=ct  • 
ediy  attending  and  serxing  ;  a#,a  phy«..  -n  .  : 
lain  in  orrfimirw.     An  embasssid«>r  si  r^-iiS':"?. 
constantly  n'si'dent  at  a  foreign  c-n. 
OR'DI-NARY.  B.  In  ArrfiZ-fry.  a  portion  of  Li 
con  comprised  bciwet- n  slmichl  »■*  other  I. 
Ibo  simplest  species  of  charge- 

[They  are  divided  into  fr^ 
Ihe  ptile,  Uio  Ivend,  the  fe?^-.  '• 
saltier,  the  chevnin.  and  th  • 
itflriV.*,  as  Uie  dcurMU^Iis.  the  ar,n;ik:,  t*n^      - 
the  martlet,  .tc,  —  *:  //.  'B&rkrr.'l 
OR'DI-N.\TE,  r.  U     To  apfwinL     i.\/:  »-^-'. 
OR'DI-NATE,  a.     [I-  rnA««fj.*.] 
I         Regular;  mcihi»dK.iI.    .^n  ^m-'- 
I     whose  sides  and  angles  arr  «)0*L 


Oa»- 


TONE,  BJJLL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER, 
"98 


VI"C10US.-  e  as  K ;  0  as  J  ;  9  as  Z ;  CII  as  Sll ;  TH  as  m  THIS. 


ORG 

OR'DI-,\ATE,  ».  In  ifeometry,  a  slraiglit  line  drawn 
IVom  Jiny  point  in  a  curve  perpendicular  to  another 
Etraighl  line  callfd  tho  abscissa,  Braiulr. 

OR'DX-NATB-LY,  adv.  In  a  regular,  methodical  man- 
ner.  Shelton. 

OH-DI-Na'TION,  n.     [L.  ordinatio' 

I.  The  state  of  being  ordained 'or  appointed  ;  cs- 
tjiblisUed  order  or  tendency  consequent  on  a  decree. 

Virtue  ami  vice  have  a  nnliiral  ordination  to  the  hnppinesa  acd 
misery  of  lift-  respectively.  Norris. 

9.  In  the  Episcopal  church,  the  act  of  conferring 
holy  orders  or  sacerdotal  power;  called  al-o  Conse- 
cRiTios.  Enajc. 

3.  In  the  Presbyterian  and  Conttre {rational  churches, 
tho- act  of  scllling  or  establishing  a  licensed  clergy- 
man over  a  church  and  congregation  with  pastoral 
charge  and  authority  ;  also,  the  act  of  conferring  on 
a  clergyman  the  powers  of  a  settled  mini:-tcr  of  the 
gospel,  without  the  charge  or  oversight  of  a  particu- 
lar church,  but  with  the  genera!  ])owers  of  an  evan- 
gelist, who  is  autiiorized  to  furtn  churches  and  admin- 
ister the  sacrament3  of  baptism  and  the  Lord's  sup- 
per, wherever  he  may  be  called  to  officiate 

OR'UI-NA-TIVE,  a.     Directing  ;  giving  order. 

Colgate. 

OR'DI-Na-TOR,  tu    One  who  ordains  or  establishes. 

Baxter. 

ORD'NANCE,  «.  [from  orJui^ncc]  Cannon  or  great 
guns,  mortal's,  ana  howitzers  ;  artillery. 

OR'DOJ^^M'iJ^CKjn.  [Fr.]  In  (Ac  art*-,  the  disposition 
of  the  parts  either  in  regard  to  the  whole  piece  or  to 
the  several  parts.  Elmc'?. 

OR'UURE,  n.     [Fr.]     Dung;  excrements.        Shak. 

ORE,  n.  [Sax.  ore,  ora;  D.  erts :  G.  erz.  Qu.  L.  as, 
(cWs,  brass  ;  Rabbinic,  y\y,  a  mineral.] 

1.  The  compound  of  a  meta!  and  some  other  sub- 
stance, as  oxygen,  sulphur,  or  cariion,  called  its  miii- 
eralizery  by  which  its  properties  are  disguised  or  lost. 
Metals  foimd  free  from  such  combination,  and  exhib- 
iting naturally  their  appropriate  character,  are  not 
called  ores,  but  native  metals.  Olmsted. 

2.  Metal  j  as,  the  liquid  ore.  Jililton. 
O'RE-AD,  n. ;  pi.  Oreads,     [from  Gr.  ooof,  mountain.] 

A  mountain  nymph.  Jililton. 

ORE'-WEED,  /         o  J      rx^.        ,1    r, 

OUE'-WOOD  1  "•    Sea-weed.     [Jvotused.]    Carew. 

O'RE  TE'JVUS,   [L.]     By  word  of  mouth. 
ORF'GILD,  71.     [Sax.  nrf,  cattle,  and  geld,  payment.] 
The  restitution  of  goods  or  money  stolen,  if  taken 

in  the  daytime.  Ainswoith. 

OR'FRaYS,  n.     [Fr.  orfroi.'] 

Fringe  of  gold  ;  gold  embroidery.  Chaucer. 

OR'GAL,  n.    Argal ;  unrefined  or  crude  tartar.  Urc. 
OR'GAN,  71.     [L.  organum  ;  Gr.  ofiyavop  ;  Sp.  and  It. 

organo ;  Fr.  organc;  D.  and  G.  orgcl;  Pers.  and  Ar. 

arganon.] 

1.  A  natural  instrument  of  action  or  operation,  ar 
by  which  some  process  is  carried  on.  Thus  the  arli;- 
ries  and  veins  of  animal  bodies  are  organs  of  cirtu- 
lation;  the  lungs  are  p7"ij"««s  of  respiration  ;  the  nerves 
are  organs  of  perception  and  sensation  ;  the  muyclos 
are  organs  of  motion  ;  the  ears  are  organs  of  hearing ; 
the  tongue  is  the  organ  of  speech. 

2.  The  instrument  or  means  of  conveyance  or  com- 
munication. A  secretary  of  state  is  tho  organ  of 
communication  between  the  government  and  a  for- 
eign power. 

3.  The  largest  and  most  harmonious  of  wind  in- 
struments of  music,  consisting  of  pipes  which  are 
filled  with  wind,  and  stops  touched  by  the  fingers. 
It  is  blown  by  a  bellows.  Johnson.     Encyc. 

OR'GAN-BUILD'ER,  (-bild'er,)  n.    An  artist  whose 

occupation  is  to  construct  organs. 
OR-GAN'ie,         K      rr  ■       - 

OR-GAN'ie-AL,  r-     l^- organicus._ 

1.  Pertaining  to  an  organ  or  to  organs  ;  consisting 
of  organs  or  containing  them  ;  as,  the  organic  struc- 
ture of  the  human  body  or  of  plants. 

9.  Produced  by  the  organs  j  as,  organic  pleasure. 

Karnes. 
3.  Instrumental ;  acting  as  instruments  of  nature 
or  art  to  a  certain  end  ;  as,  organic  arts.       Mdton. 

Organic  bodies,  are  such  as  possess  organs,  on  the 
action  of  which  dopend  their  growth  and  perfection ; 
as  animals  and  plants. 

Organic  substances,  are  substances  which  proceed 
from  or  constitute  organic  bodies. 

Organic  rcinnins,  are  the  remains  of  animals  or 
vegetables  petrified  or  imbedded  in  stone. 

Organical  dcscrijition  of  a  curve  j  in  geometry,  the 
description  of  a  curve  on  a  plane,  by  means  of  in- 
struments. Brande. 
OR-GAN'ie-AI^LY,  adv.     With  organs  ;  with  organ- 
ical structure  or  disposition  of  parts.    The  bodies  of 
animals  and  plants  are  organically  framed. 
9.  By  means  of  organs. 
OR-GAN'ie-AL-NESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  organ- 
ical.                                                                     Johnson. 
OR'GAiV-ISM,  n.     Organical  structure ;  as,  the  organ- 
ism of  bodies.  Oreic. 
OR'GAN-IST,  71.    One  who  plays  on  the  organ. 

Boyle. 

2.  One  who  sang  in  parts ;  an  old  musical  use  of  the 
word. 


ORI 

OR-GAN-I-ZA'TION,  n.  The  act  or  process  of  form- 
ing organs  or  instruments  of  action, 

t?.  'J'he  act  of  forming  or  arranging  the  parts  of  a 
compound  or  complex  body  in  a  suitJible  manner  for 
use  or  service  ;  the  act  of  distributing  into  suitable 
divisions  and  appointing  the  proper  ofticcrs,  as  an  ar- 
my or  a  government. 

The  firat  organisation  of  (he  gencnil  government.    Pickering. 

3.  Structure  ;  form  ;  suitable  dis|)osition  of  parts 
which  are  to  act  together  in  a  compound  body. 

Locke. 
OR'GAN-IZE,  V.  t.     [Fr.  organiser;  It.  organiziare; 
Sp.  or«anitar.'\ 

1.  To  form  with  suitable  organs  j  to  construct  so 
that  one  part  may  cooperate  with  another. 

These  nobler  f^tcullks  of  ihe  soul  organiztd  matwr  conlil  never 
produce.  Ray. 

2.  To  sing  in  parts  j  as,  to  organize  the  halleluiah. 

Busby. 

3.  To  distribute  into  suitable  part^,  and  appoint 
proper  ofliccrs,  tliat  tlie  whole  may  act  us  one  body  ; 
as,  to  organize  an  army.  Ho  we  say.  to  organize  the 
liouse  of  representatives,  which  is  <lone  by  the  ap- 
pointment of  olhcers  and  verification  of  the  powers 
of  the  several  members  So  we  say,  a  club,  a  party, 
or  a  faction  is  organized,  wlien  it  takes  a  systemizeu 
form. 

This  original  and  eupreme  will  orgainzes  Ihe  *ovenimeii'. 

\V.  Cranch. 

OR'GAN-TZ-ED,  pp.  or  a.  Formed  with  organs  ;  con- 
structed organically  ;  systemizcd  ;  reduced  to  a  form 
in  which  all  the  parlsmay  act  together  to  one  end. 
Animals  and  i)Iants  are  organized  bodies.  Minerals 
are  not  organized  bodies. 

OR'GAN-IZ-ING,  ppr.  Constructing  with  suitable  or- 
gans ;  reducing  to  system  in  order  to  produce  united 
action  to  one  end. 

OR'GAiV-LOFT,  7i.     TJie  lofl  where  an  organ  stands. 

'I'atler. 

OR-GAN-0-GRAPH'ie,         )  a.     Pertaining  to  organ- 

OR-GAN-O-GP.APH'ie-AL,  1      ography. 

OR-GAN-OG'RA-PHIST,  n.  One  who  describes  the 
organs  of  animal  or  vegetable  bodies.  Lindlcy. 

OR-GAN-OG'RA-PHV,  h.     (Gr.  of>y.u''>v  and  >  oa<i)ro.] 
In  botany,  a  description  of  tlic  oijiaus  of  plants,  or 
of  the  names  and  kinds  of  their  organs.  De  Cand. 

OR-GAN-OL'O-GY,  n.  That  branch  of  physiology 
which  treats,  in  particular,  of  the  dilTerent  organ's 
of  animals,  especially  of  the  human  species, 

Encijc.  Am. 

OR'GA-NON,  [Gr.]  j  n.     In  philosophical  language,  a 

OR'GA-NQM,  [L.]  (  term  nearly  synonymous  witli 
Method,  and  implying  a  body  of  rules  and  canons 
for  scientific  investigation.  Brande. 

OR'GAN-PiPE,  7i.  The  pipe  of  a  musical  organ.  Shak. 

OR'GAN-REST,  i\.  [In  heraldry,  a  figure  of  uncer- 
tain origin,  borne  by  the  Granvilles  and  other  ancient 
families.  —  E.  II.  Barker.] 

OR'GAN-STOP,  71.  The  stop  of  an  organ,  or  any  col- 
lection of  pipes  under  one  general  name.  -     Busby. 

OR'GA-NY.    See  Origan. 

OR'GAN-ZINK,  (-zin,)  n.  Thrown  silk  ;  that  is,  silk 
twisted  like  a  rope  with  dificrent  strands,  so  as  to  in- 
crease its  strength.  Encyc.  Dom.  Econ. 

OR'GASM,  71.  [Gr.  opyaapos,  from  op}  ato,  to  swell ; 
opya^ai,  to  irritate.] 

Immoderate  excitement  or  action  ;  as,  the  orgasm 
of  the  blood  or  spirits.  Blackmore.     Dcrham. 

OR'dEAT,  (or'zhat,)  n.     [Ft.,  from  orge,  barley.] 
A  liquor  extracted  from  barley  and  sweet  almonds. 

Mason. 

OR'GE-IS,  t:.  A  fish,  called  also  Organ-lino  ;  sup- 
posed to  be  from  Orkneys,  on  the  coast  of  which  it  is 
taken.  Johnson. 

OR'GIES,  (or'jiz,)  n.  pi.  [Gr.  opyia,  from  opyaoj,  to 
swell;  "pyr^,  fury;  L.  orgia;  Fr.  orgies.] 

1.  Frantic  nocturnal  revels  at  the  feast  in  honor  of 
Bacchus,  or  tiic  feast  itself.     Hence, 

2.  Drunken  revelry,  chiefly  by  night. 
OR'GIL-EOUS,  a.     [Fr.  orgncUlcux,  from  orgueil,  Sax. 

orgel,  pride,  haughtiness;  Gr.  opyaio,  to  swell.] 
Proud  ;  haughty.     [A'ui  used.]  Shak. 

ORGUES,  (orgz,)  n.  [Fr.J  In  the  military  art,  long, 
thick  pieces  of  timber,  pointed  and  shod  with  iron, 
and  hung  over  a  gateway,  to  be  let  down  in  case  of 
attack.  Brande. 

2.  The  term  also  denotes  a  machine  composed  of 
several  musket  barrels  unitsd,  by  means  of  which 
several  explosions  are  made  at  once  to  defend 
breaches.  Brande. 

OR-I-eHAL'€UM,  )    n.      [L.   orichalcum,   mountain 
OR'I-eHAL€H,       (       brass;  Gr.  opo^  and  xa^^"?) 
or  aurichalcum,  gold-brass.] 

A  metallic  substance,  resembling  gold  in  color,  but 
inferior  in  value  j  a  mixed  metal  of  the  ancients,  re- 
sembling brass.  Spenser.    Brande. 

Q'Rl^t]"-     [OMFT.crM.] 

1.  In  Oothic  architecture,  a  bay  window.  Brande. 

2.  A  small  apartment  next  a  hall,  where  particular 
persons  dine  ;  a  sort  of  recess.     [Oi.?.]  Cowcll. 

0'RI-EN-CY,n.  [See  Orient.]  Brightness  or  strength 
of  color.     [LiUlc  used.]  fl'aterhouse. 


ORl 

0'RI-E\T,  a.     [L.  oriens,  from  orior,  to  arise.] 

1.  Rising,  as  the  sun. 

Moon,  Ihnl  now  mect'at  the  orient  »im.  Mit(on, 

The  oriettt  inorn.  Milton. 

2.  Eastern  j  oriental. 

3.  Bright  J  shining;  glittering;  as,  oricite  pearls, 

Dn/dcn. 

O'RI-ENTj  n.  The  east ;  the  part  of  the  horizon  where 

_  the  sun  first  appears  in  the  morning. 

C'RI-ENT,  V.  t.  In  surveying,  to  orient  a  plan  signi- 
fies to  mark  its  situation  or  bearing  with  lesjiect  to 
the  four  cardinal  points,  Brande, 

O-IU-ENT'AL,  a.  Eastern  ;  situated  in  the  east ;  par- 
ticnlarly,  in  or  about  Asia  ;  &s,  oriental  seas  or  coun- 
tries. 

2.  Proceeding  from  the  east;  as,  the  oriental  radia- 
tions of  tho  sun.  Brown. 

0-RI-ENT'AL,  71.  A  native  or  inhabitant  of. some 
eastern  part  of  the  world.  VVe  give  the  appellation 
to  the  inhabitants  of  Asia,  from  Ihe  Hellespont  and 
Mediterranean  to  Japan. 

O-IU-ENT'AL-ISSM,  7(.  A  term  applied  to  doctrines  or 
idioms  of  the  Asiatic  nations. 

0-R(-ENT'AL-IST,  n.  An  inhabitant  of  the  eastern 
parts  of  the  world.  Peters. 

2.  One  versed  in  the  eastern  languages  and  litera- 
ture. Ousdnt. 

0-RI-ENT-AL'I-TY,  ti.  The  state  of  behig  oriental 
or  eastern.     [J^ot  iised.]  Brown. 

ORT-I'TCE,  (or'e-fis,)  n.  [Fr.,  from  1j.  or'tjicium ;  os, 
oris,  mouth,  and/oo'o,  to  make.] 

The  mouth  or  aperture  of  a  tube,  pipe,  or  other  cav- 
ity ;  as,  the  orifice  of  an  artery  or  vein  ;  the  orifice  of 
a  wound. 

The  urifice  of  Etaa.  Addison. 

OR'I-FLAMME,  {         r-n         ■„  -, 

OR'I-FLAMB,      i"-     [Fr.  onJIaT/imc] 

The  ancient  royal  standard  of  France.    MnsworVi. 

OR'I-GAN,  /  rr      r         r.  n 

0-RIG'A-NUM,  i  "■     t^-'  ''■"'"  ^'■-  o.'JO-ai'oj'.] 

Marjoram,  a  genus  of  plants.  One  species  of  this 
genus  is  a  rich  aromatic,  excellent  for  culinaiy  pur- 
poses. 

OR'I-GEN'-ISM,  !i.  The  opinions  of  Origen  of  Alex- 
andria, one  of  Ihe  earliest  and  most  learned  of  the 
Greek  fathers.  He  supposed  that  human  souls  ex- 
isted before  their  union  with  bodies  ;  that  tiiey  were 
originally  holy,  but  became  sinful  in  tlic  precxistent 
state  ;  tliat  all  men,  probably,  will  at  last  be  saved  ; 
and  that  Christ  is  again  to  die  for  the  salvation  of 
devils,  &c.  Murdoch. 

OR'I-GEN-IST,  n.  A  follower  of  the  opinions  of  Or- 
igen. 

OR'I-GIN,  71.  [Fr.  and  It.  OTn'rt^Tic ;  S^t.  origen ;  1,.  origo.] 

1.  The  first  existence  or  beginning  of  any  thing ; 
as,  the  origin  of  Rome.  In  history,  it  is  necessary, 
if  practicable,  to  trace  all  events  to  their  origin. 

2.  Fountain  ;  source ;  cause ;  that  from  which  any 
thing  primarily  proceeds ;  that  which  gives  existence 
or  beginning.  The  apostasy  is  believed  to  have  been 
the  origin  of  moral  evil.  The  origin  of  many  of  our 
customs  is  lost  in  antiquity.  Nations,  like  individ- 
uals, are  ambitious  to  trace  their  descent  from  an 
lionorable  origin. 

O-RIG'IN-A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  originated. 
0-RlG'IN-AL,  71.    Origin.     [See  Origin,  with  which 
it  accords  in  signification.] 

2.  First  copy ;  archetype ;  that  from  which  any 
thing  is  transcribed  or  translated,  or  from  which  a 
likeness  is  made  by  the  pencil,  press,  or  otherwise. 
Thus  we  say,  the  translation  is  not  equal  to  the  oi-igi- 
nal.  If  the  original  can  not  be  produced,  we  arc  per- 
mitted to  offer  an  authenticated  copy. 

0-R!G'lN-AL,  a.     [Fr.  originel;  L.  originalis.] 

1.  First  in  order  ;  preceding  all  others;  as,  the  077V- 
77m?  state  of  men  ;  theflrio-i7Kinawsof  a  country';  orig- 
inal rights  or  powers  ;  the  original  question  in  debate. 

3.  Primitive;  pristine;  as,  tile  original  perfection 
of  Adam. 

Original  sin,  as  applied  to  Adam,  was  liis  first  act' 
of  disobedience  in  eating  the  forbidden  fruit;  as  ap- 
plied to  his  posterity,  it  is  understood  to  mean  either 
the  sin  of  Adam  imputed  to  his  posterity,  or  tliat  cor- 
ruption of  nature,  or  total  depravity,  which  has  been 
derived  from  liim  in  consequence  of  liia  apostasy. 
On  this  subject  divines  are  not  agreed. 

In  strictness,  original  sin  is  an  improper  use  of 
words,  as  sin,  ex  vi  termini,  implies  volition  and  the 
transgression  of  a  known  rule  of  duly  by  a  moral 
agent.  But  this  application  of  the  words  has  been  es- 
tablished by  long  use,  and  it  serves  to  express  ideas 
which  many  wise  and  good  men  entertain  on  this 
subject. 

3.  Having  the  power  to  originate  new  thoughts  er 
combinations  of  thought ;  as,  an  oriainal  genius. 
O-RIG-IN-AL'I-TY,  n.    The  quality  or  stale  of  being 
original. 

9.  The  power  of  originating  or  producing  new 
thoughts,  or  uncommon  combinations  of  thought; 
as,  originality  of  genius. 
0-RIG'IN-AL-LY,  adv.    Primarily;   from  the  begin- 
ning or  origin. 

God  la  originaUy  holy  in  himself,  Pearaon. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MgTE,  PREV.  — PlfJE,  MARJNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BOQK.— 


I 


ORN 

J.  At  first ;  at  the  origin.  Woodward. 

3.  By  the  first  autiinr ;  as,  a  book  originally  written 
bv  anotlier  hand.  Ro3eo:iimon. 

0-RI(j  'I\-AL-NESS,  rt.    The  quality  or  slate  of  being 

original. 
O-KiO'IX-A-RY,  a.     [Fr.  originaire.] 

1.  Productive ;  causing  existence. 

Tivi  prtxluclioQ  of  xiiiiaala  in  the  or'iginary  w;'y,  reqtiircs  a  c«r- 
Uia  degree  of  vrajmtb.  "  C/ifync. 

9.  Primitive;  original.  Sandys. 

r  This  word  is  little  used.1 
0-RI6'IN-aTE,  v.  u  To  cause  to  be ;  to  bring  into  ex- 
istence J  10  produce  what  is  new 

The  change  b  to  be  cRecied  without  a  dccomposiiion  of  th'  whole 
civil  aiid  poUdca) TOAss,  for  ibe  prjpose  of  origijvtdng  a  new 
c:»Q  order  out  of  the  elements  of  socie^.  Barke. 

That  matter,  which  can  not  lliink,  v.i!I,  or  originaU  molioii, 
should  commaolcaie  thocghl,  voSuoo,  and  niolivity,  is  rlainly 
impoaiiWe.  '  Dunghl. 

0-RIG'IX-aTE,  v.  i.  To  take  first  existence  ;  to  have 
origin  ;  to  be  begun.  The  scheme  orig-inatcd  with  the 
governor  and  council.  It  originated  in  pure  benevo- 
lence. 

O-RIG'I-Xa-TED,  pp.    Brought  into  existence. 

f  )-IIICI-Na-T1NG,  ppr.  or  a.   bringing  into  existence. 

O-RIC-I.Va'TION,  n.  The  act  of  bringing  or  coming 
into  existence  ;  first  production. 

Descartes  first  introduced  the  fancy  of  making  a  -k-oiU,  and  de- 
ducing the  originaiion  of  the  unircrse  from  inochanical 
principles.  SmI. 

2.  Mode  of  production  or  brioging  into  being. 

This  enica.  is  propagated  by  aulmal  parents,  to  ^i»,  butler fliVs, 
after  the  wminon  origina^on  of  all  caterpillars.  hai/. 

0-RlG'IN-A-TOR,  n.  A  person  who  originates  or 
commences. 

0-RIL'LON,  71,  [Fr.]  In  fort{/zcazion,  n  rounding  of 
earth,  faced  with  a  wall,  raised  on  the  shoulder  of 
those  bastions  that  have  casemates,  to  cover  the  can- 
non in  the  retired  flank,  and  prevent  their  being  dis- 

_  mounted.  Encyc.    Brande. 

O'RI-OLE,  71.  The  popular  name  of  several  species  of 
birds  allied  to  the  thrushes,  having  their  plumage  of 
a  solden-yellow  mixed  with  black.         Partinaton. 

O-Ri'OX,  71.  [Gr.  '-■ir.ic-.'y ;  unfortunately  accented  by 
the  poets  on  the  second  syllable.] 

A  larse  and  bright  constellation  on  both  sides  of 
the  equinoctial.  Brande. 

0-RIS-M0-L06'ie-AL.  a.    Pertaining  to  orismology. 

0-RlS-M0L'0-<5Y,  n.  [Gr.  ootc/jof,  a  term,  and  A:- 
jws,  a  discourse.] 

In  natural  history,  that  department  which  treats  of 
terms,  whether  descriptive  or  denominative. 

OR'I-SON,  71.     [Fr.  oraLwn,  from  L.  oraiio,  from  oro.] 
A  prayer  or  "supplication. 

Lowly  th?y  bowed  adoring,  and  began 
Their  orisons,  each  morning  duly  paid.  TtlUton, 

ORK,  71.     [L.  orca.'] 

A  species  of  whale.     [See  One] 
ORLE,  n.     [Infra.]     In  heraldry,  an  ordinary  in  the 
form  of  a  fillet,  round  the  shield. 

[An  inescutcheon  voided.  —  E.  IT.  Barker.] 

r»D/i  UT  C"*    .V^x.  oitrkt.  It.  orlo.  ahem.    Uu.  Heb. 

olih'S     "'^^y.ondCh.S.vr.]' 

In  architecture,  a  fillet  under  the  ovolo  of  a  capital. 

OR'LOF,  71.  [D.  overloop,  a  running  over  or  overflow- 
ing, an  orlop,  that  is,  a  spreading  over.] 

The  lower  deck  of  a  ship  of  the  line;  or  that,  in 
all  vessels,  on  which  the  cables  are  stowed.  Tottm. 

OR-MO-LD',  71.  [Fr.]  Brass  which  by  a  chemical 
process  is  made  to  assume  the  appearance  of  being 
pilt.    It  is  used  in  making  lamps,  girandoles,  &c. 

OR'XA-JIEXT,  n.  [h.  ornamentum,  from  orno,  to 
adorn.  Varro  informs  us  that  this  was  primitively 
osnamentum ;  but  this  is  improbable.  See  Ador.v.] 
1.  That  which  embellishes  j  something  which, 
added  to  another  thing,  renders  it  more  beautiful 
to  the  eye. 

The  chains,  and  the  bracelets,  and  the  mtifflers,  the  bonnets,  and 
the  ornaTTtenls  of  the  leg?,  —  Is.  iii. 

9.  In  architecture,  ornaments  are  sculpture  or  carved 
work. 
3.  Embellishment ;  decoration  ;  additional  beauty. 

The  omam^nf  of  a  meek  and  qtiiei  spirit,  which  is  in  the  sight 
of  God  of  great  price.  —  1  Fei.  iii. 

OR'NA-MENT,  v.  U  To  adorn;  to  deck;  to  embel- 
lish. WarhuTton. 

OR-NA-MEXT'AL,  a.  Serving  to  decorate  j  giving 
additional  beauty  ;  embellishing. 

Some  ihinJc  it  rr.ost  ornamental  to  wear  their  br.ie;kts  on  their 
wriits ;  others  aixtui  ibeir  ankles.  Bro^n. 

OR-NA-MEXT'AL-LY,  adv.    In  such  a  nianner  as  to 

add  embellishment. 
OR'N  A-.ME.\T-ED,  pp.  or  a.    Decorated  ;  embrll ished  j 

beautified.  Shcnstone. 

OR'NA-MEXT-ING,  ppr.    Decorating:  embellishing. 
OR'NaTE,  r.  t,     [L.  omo.] 

To  adorn. 
OR'N.iTE,  a.     [L.  omatus-l 

Adorned;  decorated  ;  beautiful.  Jifilton. 

OR'Na-TED,  pp.    Adorned  :  ornamented. 
OR'NaTE-LY,  adv.    With  decoration.  Skeltoiu 

OR'NaTE-NESS,  71.    State  of  being  adorned. 


ORR 


S5  S^Ii?*^*  P^-    EmbelliflhinE. 
OR'NA-TURE,  «.    Decoration,    [LiUleu^ed] 
Oy;»^eOP'ieS,  n.    DivinationS^r'u^^obiervation 

One  who  views  the  flight  of  birds  in  order  to  ffjrc 
^J^         events  by  their  manner  of  flight.    [Liule 

OR-NiTIMeil'NITE, 


OU'RLS,  Tt.  J  . 
a  corruption 
has  an  agrc*.. 


[Gr. 


JottTuon. 
n/ifij,  a    bird,  and 


[Gr.   opii<;,  a  bird,  and 


iX^oi,  a  track,] 
In  geology,  a  name  given  to  the  foot-marks  of  birds, 

nSTr^^«f^"T  'iilT"*'"^  '^^rata  of  stone.        iruchcock. 

UK-nilH'O-LllE,  n.  A  name  given  to  fossil  birds, 
and  also  to  stones  of  various  colors  bf^arine  the 
figure  of  birds.  Buchanan 

nPM{'?;!ISA?*^s'^-^'"'^  Pertaining  to  omilhology. 
OR-NI-THOL'0-OIST,  n.  [.«eo  OBMTH<.r.ocT.]  A 
person  who  is  skilled  in  the  natural  history  of  bird.^ 
who  understands  their  form,  structure,  habits,  and 
uses;  one  who  describes  birds. 
OR-NI-THOL'O-CV,  «.  [Gr.  ..^tj,  abird,  and  A.vof, 
discourse.]  ' 

The  science  of  birds,  which  comprises  a  knowledge 
of  their  form,  structure,  habits,  and  uses. 
OR-NITH'O-MAN-CY, 
jiavTiifj,  divination,] 

Augury,  a  species  of  divination  by  means  of  birds, 
their  flight,  Sec.  Brande. 

OR'.YI-THO.V,  n.    [Gr.,  an  aviary.]     A  building  for 

the  keeping  of  birds.  Etmes 

OR'NI-THO-RHYNeU'US,  n,  [Gr.  opviu  oruiO'oc 
a  bird,  and  fUyxo^,  a  bijak.] 

An  effbdienl  nionotrematous  mammal,  with  a  homy 
beak  resembling  that  of  a  duck,  and  two  merelv 
fibrous  cheek-teeth  on  each  side  of  both  jaws,  no'l 
fixed  in  any  bone,  but  only  in  the  eam  ;  with  pen- 
ladaclylous  paws  webbed  like  the  feet  of  a  bird  and 
formed  for  swiiiinitng,  and  with  a  spur  behind  in  the 
hinder  feet,  emitting  a  poisonous  liquid  from  a  reser- 
voir in  the  suie  of  the  font,  supplied  by  a  qiand  situa- 
ted above  the  pelvis,  and  by  the  side  of  tht:  spine. 
The  animal  is  covered  with  a  brown  fur.  It  is 
found  only  in  New  Holland,  and  is  sometimes  called 
Water  ^Iole. 
OR-O-LOO'ie-AL,  a.     [See  Orology.]     Pertainiu;; 

to  a  description  of  niuuntains. 
O-R0L'0-6fST,  n.     A  dcscribcr  of  mountains. 
0-ROL'0-6Y,  71.    [Gr.  onoi,  a  mounUin,  and  > ;;  o;, 
discourse.] 
The  science  or  description  of  mountains. 
O'R0-TU\D,  71.     [L.   0-1  and  rotnndum.]     A  mode  of 
intonation  directly  frmn  the  laoii'^,  whicli  has  a  full- 
ness, clearness,  strength,  smoothness,  and  riugin*.', 
or  musical  quality,  which  form  the  highest  perfec- 
tion of  the  human  voice.  Riuh. 
OR'PH.AN,  J(.     [Gr.  on-piyo^  :  it.orfano;  Fi.  frphelin.] 
A  child   who  is  bereaved  of  father  or  mt^ther, 
or  both. 
OR'PHAN,  a.    Bereaved  of  parent?.                Sifhn\ 
OR'PHAN-AGE,  ;  k.    The  state  of  an  orphan. 
OR'PHAX-ISM,   i                                             S/tencood. 
OR'PHAN--ED,  a.    Bereft  of  parents  or  friends. 

Young. 
OR-PHAN-OT'RO-PHY,    n.      [Gr.   oc-^m'oi,  orphan, 
and  Tccrprj,  food.] 

A  hospital  for  orphans.  Chalmers. 

OR'PHANS-€0URT,  n.  A  court,  in  some  of  the  states 

of  the  Union,  having  jurisdiction  of  the  estates  and 

persons  of  orphans.  Bo'^rier. 

ORTHE-AN,  )  a.    Pertaining  to  Orpheus,  the  poet 

OR'PHie,       i       and  musician  ;  as,  Orphic  hymns. 

Bryant. 
OR'PHE-US,  n.     [Gr.  Op'^sv;.] 

In  classical  mythology,  a  poet  who  is  represented  as 

having  had  the  m>wer  of  moving  inanimate  bodies 

by  the  music  of  his  lyre.     [In  the  classics,  Or';>Acfl*\] 

OR'PI-.AIENT,  71.     [L.   attripigmentum ;   aurum,   gold, 

and  pigmnttuTn.] 

Sesquisulphuret  of  arsenic,  fovind  native,  and  then 
an  ore  of  arsenic,  or  artificially  conip  >s;d.  The 
native  orpiment  appears  in  yellow,  brilliant,  and 
seemincly  toJcky  masses  of  various  sizes.  The  rod 
orpiment'  is  called  REALCtR,  and  is  a  protosulphurei 
of  arsenic.  It  is  more  or  less  lively  and  transparent, 
and  often  crystallized  in  bright  needles.  In  this  form 
it  is  called  Rubv  or  .\rsenic-. 

Fourcroy.    J^cholson.    Ertcye,     Ure. 
OR'PIX,  n.    [Fr.]    A  yellow  color  of  various  decrees 

of  intensity,  approaching  also  to  red.  Brandt, 

OR'PINE.  (or'pi"))  "•     [^-  orpin.] 

A  succulent  plant  of  the  genus  ?cdum,  lesser 
boiiscleek,  or  live-long.  Also,  a  plant  of  Southern 
Europe  belonging  To  the  genus  Tclophium.  The 
bastard  orpine  is  of  the  genus  Andrachnej  the  lesser 
orpine  of  tUe  genus  CrassuUu  Pcrlington.  Loudon. 
OR'RACH.     See  Orach. 

OR'RE-RY,  71.  An  astronomical  machine  for  exhibit- 
ing the  several  motions  of  the  heavenly  bodii-s. 
This  machine  was  invented  by  George  Graham,  but 
Rowley,  a  workman,  borrowed  one  frmn  him,  and 
made  a  copy  for  the  carl  of  Orrervj  after  whom  it 
was  named  by  Sir  Richard  Steele.  Similar  machines 
are  called  also  PLASETAr.iuMs.  Barloic. 


2.  A  •ort  of  pitd  or  §ilrtr  Ik*.    Qn.  Or  ■ 

ORSE'DEW,  r* 

ORT.n.    Afr._ 
OR'THITR.  • 

Av::r-    '        ■ 

in  Ion.' 

and  s. 
0R-TMO«  ,.,.   ^  ,i;  r    ,  - 
OR.THO-/JKli'A.TA,       S 
Term*  applied  to  an  ^it 

inhabiime-tri'gbl,  ri  -  ■ 
OR'THO-DOX,   'a. 

the    f-'hrittian   fiitb 

Irines  taught  it:  •      - 

CAL  ;  aN,  an  ' 
2.  Accordin.' 

an  crihodoz  cf.  ■  j  -j.  .  i.n, 
OR'THO-DOX-LY,  adt.    Wrtb  •wii. 

OR'TUO-DOX-.\ESS,  k.    TV^    *  ■ 

in  the  fatih,  or  of  accord. r. 

Scripture. 
OR'THO-DOX-Y,   n.        '  • 

true,  aod  cj^n,  opini 

1.  SoundncM  of  fn: 

trinea  taught  in  the  t^..,  .■  ,.  .. 

Buil  betr*  tun  aad  ckar  \rMiiujaj  ts  Gr 

2.  Conwnance  to  genuine  wctipin- 
the  ortha'hrv  of  a  cr^ed. 

OR-THO-IiRuM'ie,    a.     [See  On. 

tainins  to  crthodroniT. 
OR-THO-UROM'ie.''\n.    Tl; 

co'ir^e,  or  on  the  arc  of  a  r 

shortest  db^iancc  Urtwccn  zn,  ; .. 

face  of  the  globe. 
OR'THO-DRO-JIY,  «.    [Gr.  •n^^u  : 

course.] 
The  sailrns  in  a  strtij^ht  coufw. 
OR-THO-KP'ir-AL,  a.    I'crtainfns  to  crtho-w. 
OR'THO-E-PIST,  «.     [S«  OMHotfT.]    '»'- 

pronounces  words  corTectly,  ot  who  to  w 

in  prontmciation. 
OR'TMO-E-PY,  n.     [Gr.  o.;'>^'-re<j ;  i^S'i,  ■ 

cnof,  Word,  or  ttm,  to  sp<mk.] 
The  art  of  ulterinc  words  with  | 

pronunciation  of  word*. 
OK'THO-GO.V,    n.      [Gr.    opO:^,   r: 

anele.] 
A  rectangular  figure,  or  one  wbicl. 

right  ancle?.  ; 

0R-TnoG'O\-.\L,  a.    Right-angled  ;  rrrt=-  ■ 

OR-TIIOG'RA  PIIER,   (    ». 
OR-THOG'RA-PIIIST,  i         < 
correctly  or  properly,  accor'    .    ' 

OR-THO-GRAPI!'fe,        )   &        Ccmxtt^ 
OR-T!IO-GRAPII'ie-AL,i       n-riUeo  w;tZi  : 
er  letters. 

2.  Pertaining   lo  Ihe  fp>eDin)[  of  irortl* ; 
make  an  ortAo-rrcp-kiccl  mi^takr. 

Orthogrcphir  prrjettion  :  hi  fiwmrtrf^  tbr  ■" ' 
of  points  on  a  plane  by  5truj[bl  \iata  al  r ; 
to  the  plane. 

Orthographic 
of  the  sphere  i;. 
the  eye  being  - 
distance  frim  it. 
OR-TIIO  GRAPII'ie  AULY,«rfr.     ' 
rules  of  pr.-ipcr  qrcllinjc. 
2.  In  thi'  manner  of  an  ortbocnr^ 
OR-TnOG'RA  PIIY,    «.      fCr.    •rf' 
rishi.  and  jji.-    \^t',.:-^ 

1.  The  art  of  ■  with  tL.  jr 
arcordine  to  c 

2.  The  part  n  \-hlr«t*cf!' 
and  properties  of  I_t:_r^  znd  of  the  art  .  • 
words  correctly. 

3.  The  practice  of  spelling  or  writJBg  1^    - 
tite  proper  letters. 

4.  lu  j^rtnaffry,  the  art  of  dMInfalmf  > 
the  fnml  of  an  object,  and  cihihitinc  i^ 
elevations  of  the  several  parts  ;  so  <- 
determines  things  by  pcrpendrcul.-- 

tho  gi*ometrical  i^anc.  i' 

OR-THOL'O-GY,  n.      [Gr,  c,:\-»-.  r^M,  -.- 
discnurse.] 
The  right  description  of  thinpL  F  ■ 

OR-THOM'E-TRY,  n.     [Gr.  «?«,  r.' 
measure,] 

The  act  or  practice  of  rryi^trnrr-r: 
the  laws  of  correct  vt:- 
OR-THOP-XCE'A,  \    n. 
OR-TIIOP'.NV,        S 
to  breathe.] 

1.  A  disease  in  which  rcspir»;i<«  ^ 
onlv  in  an  crt^t  posture, 
i  .\nv  dilHculr\-  of  hrealhiBg. 


TONE,  BJJLL,  UJVITE.— A.\"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K ;  6  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS 


779 


osc 


OST 


OR-THOr'TEK-A,  »i.  pi-     [Gr.  opOos,  straight,  anil 
crefioVf  winj:.]  .    •  i . 

An  order  of  in^ecl:^,  so  iiaini-il  from  llie  slnugllt  or 

lon"itii(lin;il  n.liling  ol'  Ihoir  wings.    'Ilie  grassliop- 

Iicrs,  cockroai-lics,  and  crickets,  arc  examples  of  tins 

order.  Partm/;lolt.     P.  ClJC. 

OK-THOP'TEUOUS,  a.    rerlainiuB  to  the  order  Or- 

tllontera  ;  folding  the  wings  slraigllt. 
OR'THO-STADK,  II.  [Gr.  opOu;,  straight,  and  Waf"', 
to  stand.] 

In  aiicienl  costume,  a  long  and  ample  tnnic,  with 
straight  or  upright  folds.  Elmes. 

OR-THOT'RO-l'OL'S,  (I.     [Gr.  opBos  and  -otirw.] 

In  bolMui,  erect  on  the  embryo  of  a  plant.   Lmdley. 
0R-TH0T'Y-P0U3,  a.    [Gr.  u^.Oos,  straiglit,  and  rv 
-05,  form.] 
In  mincniUmj,  having  a  perpendicular  cleavage. 

Shcpard. 
OR'TIVE,  a.     [L.  orticii,',  fro'n  ordis,  nri'or,  to  rise.] 
Rising  or  eastern.    The  intict  amplitude  of  a  i>lan- 
ct  is  an  arc  of  the  horizon  intercepted  between  the 
point  where  a  star  rises,  and  the  east  point  of  the 
horizon.  Bmide. 

OR'TO-L.W,  n.     [It.  orlolano,  a  gardener,  an  ortolan, 
L.  hortulanns,  from  hortus,  a  garden.] 

A  sin"ing-bird,  tlu;  Emberiza  horlulana,  about  the 

size  of  the  lark,  witli  black  wing.s.    It  is  found  in 

Southern  Europe,  feeds  on  seeds,  and  is  delicious 

food.  -P-  ^'■l'^- 

ORTs',  71.  fl.     Fragments  ;  pieces  ;  refuse.  [See  Ort.] 

OR'VAL,  71.     [Fr.  ormtc] 

The  herb  clary.  f^"*- 

OU-VI-E'T.-\N,  71.     [It.  orvicUmo,  so  named  from  a 
mountebank  at  Omkto.'] 

\n  antidote  or  counter  poison.    [Jvot  uscrf.J 

OR-V€-TOG-NOS'Tie,  a.  Pertaining  to  oryctognosy. 

Kirican. 
OR-YG-TOG'NO-SY,  n.   [Gr.  upD/tros,  fossil,  andyrco- 
ffic,  knowledge.]  ,  . 

The  sci.nce  whirh  has  for  its  object  the  descrip- 
tion anil  cl.i^sirR-ati.in  of  minerals,  according  to  well- 
ascertaiiiid  eliaraclL-rs,  and  under  appropriate  denom- 
inations; ininerahigy.  .        -     ■        , 

Ortictomiosy  consists  in  the  description  of  minerals, 
tile  d'eterlnination  of  their  nomenclature,  and  the 
systematic  arrangement  of  their  dilTetcnt  species. 
It  coincides  nearly  with  Minebalogt,  in  its  mod 
em  acceptation. 
OR-ye-TOG'RA-PltY,  71.  [Gr. 
ypa<tioy,  to  describe.] 

That  part  of  natural  history  in  which  fossds  are 
described.  ^'J^ 

OR-Ye-TO-LOG'ie-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  on,ctology. 

Haiiil/lc. 
OR-YC-TOL'O-GY,  n.  [Gr.  opiuros,  fossil,  and  Xoyoi, 
discourse.] 
That  part  of  natural  history  which  treats  of  fossils. 

Cijc. 
03  71.    [Ij.]     a  bone.     [Technical' 
OS'eUE-O-CELE,  n.     [Gr.  oox'i,  the  scrotum, 
ktjXti,  a  tumor.] 
Any  tumor  of  the  scrotnin  ;  a  scrotal  hernia. 

Cyc.     Care. 
0?-CIL-L.A'RI-A,  7i.;i(.    Sec  Oscillatohia. 
OS'CIL-L.\TE,  V.  i.     [L.  oscillo,  from  ant.  alio,  Gr. 
«.s>Xw,  to  move.] 

To  swing;  to  move  backward  and  forward;  to 
vibrate.  Ckanil/crs. 

OS-ClL-I.A'TION,  71.     [L.  ascUlatiii.] 

Vibration  ;  a  moving  backward  and  forward,  or 
swinging  like  a  pendulum. 
OS-CIl,-LA-To'RI-A,  11.  pi  In  natural  histcrij,  a  group 
uf  minute,  filamentous,  organized  heinss  which  have 
oscillatory  motions.  It  was  at  first  ilcnibted  whether 
thev  lielo'ng  to  the  animal  or  vegetable  kiitgilom. 
OS'C'IL-L.\-T0-UY,  a.  Moving  backward  and  for- 
ward like  a  pendulum  ;  swinging;  as,  an  oscillatory 
motion.  Arbidluwt. 

OS'CI-T.\N-CY,  71.     [T,.  oscito,  to  yawn,  from  ».-•,  the 
mouth,  j 

1.  The  act  of  gaping  or  yawning. 

2.  Unusual  sleepiness  ;  drowsiness  ;  dullness. 

the  oscitancy  of  transcril»ra.     AdiUton, 


Clcaveland, 
opvKToi,  fossil,  and 


and 


It  miglil  proceed  frOi 

OS'CI-TANT,  a.    Yawning  ;  gaping. 
2.  Sleepy  ;  drowsy  ;  dull ;  sluggish. 

Decay  tf  Picttt. 
OS'CI-TANT-LY,  aJr.    Carelessly.  Jlforc. 

OS'CI-TaTE,  v.  i.     [L.  oscito.] 

To  yawn  ;  to  gape  with  sleepiness. 
OS-CI-Ta'TION,  71.    The  act  of  yawning  or  gaping 

from  sleepiness. 
OS'CU-LANT,  a.    That  adheres  closely;  that  em- 
braces ;  applied  to  certain  creeping  animals,  as  cat- 
erpillars. Kirby. 
OS-CU-La'TION,  71.    [L.  osculalio,  a  kissing.] 

In  geomHnj,  the  contact  between  any  given  curve 
and  its  osculatory  circle,  that  is,  a  circle  of  the  same 
curvature  with  the  given  cune  at  the  point  of  con- 
tact. Harlow. 
OS'€U-LA-TO-RY,  a.  .\n  oscillatory  circle,  in  geom- 
etry, is  a  circle  having  the  same  cnrrature  with  any 
curve  at  any  given  point.                              Barlow. 


0S'€U-1..\-T0-RY,  71.  In  church  Imtonj,  a  tablet  or 
board,  with  the  picture  of  Christ,  or  the  Virgin,  &.C., 
wliich  is  kissed  liy  the  priest,  and  then  delivered  to 
the  people  for  the  same  purpose.  Cyc. 

OS'eULE,  11.     [li.  osculum,  a  small  mouth.] 

A  small  bi-labiate  aperture. 
O'SIER,  (o'zlier,)  71.     [Fr.  osier;  Sax.  Aus.    Clu.] 

A  species  of  willow,  or  water-willow,  or  the  twig 
of  tlie  willow,  used  in  making  baskets.  Pope. 

o'SlER-J!I),  n.    Covered  or  adorned  with  osiers. 
d'SIER-lloLT,  71.    [Sax.  holt,  a  wood.] 

In  lOvlanil,  a  place  wllere  willows  for  basket-work 
are  eilUivated.  Hooker's  Brit.  Flora. 

OS'.M.\-ZOME,  n.  [Gr.  oi:;<>;,  odor,  and  i;w/io$, 
juice.] 

.■\  subslance  of  an  aromatic  rtavor,  obtained  from 
muscular  fiber.  It  is  of  a  yellowish-brown  color,  is 
soluble  both  in  water  and  nlcohol,  whether  cold  or 
hot,  but  it  does  not  form  a  jelly  by  concentration.  It 
gives  the  characteristic  odor  and  tiuste  of  soup. 
''  Thenard. 

OS'MI-UM,  71.     [Gr.  oc/.t;,  odor.] 

A  metal  contained  in  the  ore  of  platinum.    A  na- 
tive alloy  of  this  metal  with  iridium  is  found  in 
grains  along  the  rivers  in  South  America.     Osmi- 
um has  a  dark-gray  color;   it  is  not  volatile  when 
lieated  in  close  vessels,  but  heated  in  the  open  air, 
it  absorbs  oxygen  and  forms  a  volatile  oxyd,  or  rath- 
er acid,  whicli  is  insoluble  in  tiie  acids,  readily  solu- 
ble in  potassa,  and  very  volatile.    It  takes  its  name 
from  the  singular  smell  of  this  oxyd  or  acid.     Ciic. 
OS'MUND,  71.     A  plant  of  the  genus  Osmunda.    The 
most  reiniu-kable  species  is  the  asmund  royal  or  flow- 
ering fern,  growing  in  shady  hogs,  the  root  of  whicli 
boiled  is  very  slimy,  and  is  used  in  stiffening  linen. 
Encyc.     Forsyth. 
OS'NA-BURG,  (oz'na-burg,)  7i.    A  species  of  coarse 
linen  imported  originally  from   Osnaburg,   in  Ger- 
many. ,  ^ 
OS'PRAY,  71.     [L.  ossifraga  ;  os,  a  bone,  and  frango, 
to  break  :  the  bone-breaker.] 

The  fishing-eagle,  or  bald  buzzard,  f'alco  or  Pan- 
dion  h.aliKtus.  This  is  our  lish-hawk.  It  feeds  on 
fish,  which  it  takes  by  suddenly  darting  upon  them 
when  near  the  surface  of  the  water.  P.  Cyc. 

The  name  has  also  been  given  to  the  sea-eagle. 
[See  OssirnAoi-.l  iW'n-  Enctjc. 

OS'SE-LET,  71.     [Fr.,  from  I,.  o.<,  ossis,  a  bone.] 

A  hard  substance  growing  on  the  inside  of  ahorse  s 
knee,  among  the  small  bones.  Far.  Diet. 

OS'SE-OUS,  a.     [L.  osscus,  from  os,  a  hone.] 
Bony  ;  composed  of  bono;  resembling  bone. 

Parklmrst. 
Osseous  hreecia  ;  a  breccia  made  up  of  fragments  of 
bone,  found  in  certain  caverns  and  lissures  of  rock: 

Brande. 
OS'SI-CLE,  (os'se-kl,)  ».     [L.  ossiculum.] 

.\  small  bone.  Holder. 

OS-PIF'ER-OUS,  a.     [L.  os,  a  bone,  and /era,  to  pro- 
duce.] „    ,, 
Producing  or  furnishing  bones.              Buekland. 
09-SIF'ie,  a.     [L.  as,  a  bone,  and  facio,  to  make.] 
Having  power  to  ossify  or  change  carneous  and 
membranous  substances  to  bone.  IViseman. 
OS-SI-FI-e.^'TION,  Ji.    [from  ossify.]    The  change  or 
process  of  changing  from  flesh  or  other  matter  of  an- 
imal bodies  into  a  bony  substance;  as,  the  assificatton 
of  an  artery.  Slrnrp. 
2.  The  formation  of  bones  in  animals. 
OS'SI-FI-ED,  (-fide,)  pp.  or  a.    Converted  into  bone, 

or  a  hard  substance  like  bone. 
OS'SI-FR.\GE,  11.     [L.  ossifraga.     Sec  Osrr.AY.] 

The  sea-eagle,  Aquila  ossifraga  of  Brisson,  now 
considered  the  young  of  the  whits-tailed  or  cinereous 
eagle,  Faico  or  Aquila  albicilla.  In  Leviticvs  xi.  13, 
it  denotes  a  different  bird,  supposed  to  be  the  Lam- 
mergeir.  Gypa;tos  barbatus.  Kitto's  Cyc.  P.  Cyc. 
OS'SI-FS',  v'.  t.     [L.  OS,  bone,  and  facio,  to  form.] 

To  form  bone  ;  to  change  from  a  soft  animal  .sub- 
stance into  bone,  or  convert  into  a  substance  of  the 
hardness  of  bones.    This  is  done  by  the  deposition 
of  calcareous  phosphate  or  carbonate  en  the  part. 
Sharp.     Ure. 
OS'SI-FY,  f.  i.    To  become  bone  ;  to  change  from  soft 

matter  into  a  substance  of  bony  hardness. 
OS'SI-F?-ING,  71/ir.  or  a.     Changing  into  bone;  be- 
coming bone. 
OS-SIV'0-ROUS,  a.     [L.  os,  bone,  and  voro,  to  eat.] 
Feeding  on  bones  ;   eating  bones ;  as,  ossioorous 
quadrupeds.  Derham. 

O.S'SU-A-RY,  (osh'yu-a-ry,)  n.     [L.  ossuarmm.] 

A  charnel-house  ;  a  place  where  the  bones  of  the 
dead  are  deposited.  I^iet. 

OST,     )n.     A  kiln  for  drying  hops  or  malt.     [See 
OUST,  1      Oast.1  Diet.  Bag. 

OS-TEN-SI-BIL'I-TY,   11.     [See   Ostensible.]     The 

quality  or  state  of  appearing  or  being  shown. 
OS-TEN'SI-BLE,   a.     [It.  ostcnsibilc,  from  L.  ostcndo, 
to  show.] 

1.  That  may  be  shown  ;  proper  or  intended  to  be 
shown.  Warl^n. 

2.  Plausible  ;  colorable.  Powaall 

3.  Appearing  ;  seeming  ;  shown,  declared  or  avow- 
ed.    We  say,  tile  ostensible  reason  or  motive  for  a 


OST 

measure  mav  b;^  the  real  one,  or  very  dirt'erent  fiom 
the  real  one."  This  is  the  conimun,  and  I  believe  the 
only  sense  in  which  the  v/ord  is  used  in  America 
One  of  Ih''  oslcmme  grounds  oi»  wliich  Ihc  proprietor  lin'I  ol> 
l^iii-d  Uuir  cliarter.  Rajnaay. 

OS-TEN'SI-BLY,  ailo.    In  appearance ;  in  a  manner 
that  is  declared  or  pretended. 

An  enib.ir?o  aiwl  oon-intercour^c  wlijcll  totjilly  tlcfcal  (lie  inlf  rrsta 
tiii-y  :iro  osunsibly  dcstiocj  10  promote.  Walsh. 

OS-TEN'SIVE,  a.    [Fr.,  from  L.  osUndo.] 
Showing;  exhibiting. 

Ostcnsioe    demonstration,    m    mathematics,    is  one 
which  plainly  and  directly  demonstrates   the  Iriilh 
of  a  proposition,  as  opposed  to  the  apagogical  or  in- 
direct method.  Huttun. 
OS'TENT,  71.     [L.  oslentum,  from  ostemlo.t 

1.  Appearance  ;  air ;  manner  ;  mien.     [LiUleused.] 

Shak. 

2.  Show  ;  manifestation ;  token. 


3.  A  prodiL 
[Lttde  used.] 
OS'TENT-aTE. 


[Little  Ttsed.] 
^  Sluik. 

y;   a   portent;    any  thing   ominous. 
Chapman.     Dryden. 
_,  V.  t.     [L.  oslento.] 
To  make  an  ambitious  display  of ;  to  show  or  ex- 
hibit boastingly.     [-Vot  iisci]  Taylor. 
OS-TENT-A'TION,  11.     [L.  ostentatio.] 

1.  Outward  show  or  appearance.  Shak. 

2.  Anibiticus  display ;  vain  show  ;  display  of  any 
thing  dictat.rl  by  vanity,  or  intended  to  invite  praise 
or  fl.ittery.  iJst«U<ilio;i  of  endowments  is  made  by 
boasting  or  self-commendation.  Ostentation  often 
appears  in  works  of  art,  and  sometimes  111  acts  of 
charity. 

H''  knew  lint  good  and  bountiful  niinils  njc  aometiiues  iiicliuRd 

to  oiKianSon.  AUcrbiiry. 

The  ]>:tinaT  is  to  maite  no  ofUntadon  of  the  means  by  which  lie 
stfiltcs  the  iinagiuation.  iteynoldt. 

-  3.  A  show  or  spectacle.     [JVo^  used.]  Shak. 

OS-TENT-.\'TIOUS,  (-slnis,)  a.  Making  a  display 
from  vanity  ;  boastful ;  fond  of  presenting  one's  en- 
dowments or  works  to  others  in  an  advantageous 
light. 

Your  modesty  is  so  fiir  from  lieins  oruutalioua  of  the  good  you 

Jo.  Dnjden. 

2.  Showy  :  gaudy ;  intended  for  vain  di.splay  ;  as 
ostentatious  ornaments. 
OS-TENT-A'TIOUS-LY,  adv.      With  vain  ditphn- ; 

boasffiillv. 
OS-TENT-.\'TIOUS-NESS,  71.    Vain  display;  boast- 
fulness  ;  vanity. 
OS-TENT-a'TOR,  71.     [L.]     One  who  makes  a  vain 

show  ;  a  boaster.     [TAttte  iL--ed.]  SItcrirood. 

OS-TENT'OUS,  a.    Fond  of  making  a  show.     [Little 

vsed.]  Fcltkam. 

OS-TE-0-€0L'L.'V,  )i.  [Gr.  ocrrcoi',  a  bone,  and  koWj, 
glue.] 

1.  A  carbonate  of  lime  incrnsting  the  stem  of  a 
plant.  It  takes  its  name  from  an  opinion  th.it  it  has 
the  (piality  of  uniting  I'ractnred  bones.     [  Qbs.] 

J^iehoUon.     Clcavcland. 

2.  An  inferior  kind  of  glue  obtained  from  bones. 

Ure. 

OS'TE-O-eOPE,  71.     [Gr.  oartnv,  a  bone,  and  icoiros, 

labor,  uneasiness.] 
Pain  in  the  bones;  a  violent,  fixed  pain  in  any 

part  ol  a  bone.  Quincy.     Coze. 

OS-TE-OG'E-NY,  II.     [Gr.  oareju,  a  bone,  and  yci- 

iiK.i,  to  generate.] 
Tlie  fonnation  or  growth  of  bone.  Brande. 

0S-TE-0L'0(5ER,  j  11.      [See    Osteology.]      One 
OS-TE-OL'0-GIST,  \      who  describes  the  bones  of 

animals.  Smith. 

OS-TE-O-LOG'ie,         j  a.     Pertaining  to  a  d.'scrip- 
OS-TE-0-LOG'ie-AL,  j     tion  of  the  bones. 
OS-TE-O-EOG'ie-AL-LY,  ado.     .\ccording  to  oste- 

qIo^v.  Lawrence,  Leet. 

OS-TE-OL'0-6Y,  n.     [Gr.  oarior,  a  bone,  and  Xo;,  us, 

discourse.] 

1.  A  description  of  the  bones;  that  part  of  anato- 
my which  treats  of  the  bones.  Encyc. 

2.  The  system  of  animal  bones. 
OS-THEX'Y,  71.     [Gr.]    The  ossification  of  soft  parts 
OS'TI-A-RY,  11.     [L.  osliam,  month.]        [of  the  body. 

The  mouth  or  opening  by  which  a  river  discharges 
its  waters  into  the  sea,  or  into  a  lake.  Brotcn. 

OST'LER.    See  HosTLEn. 

OST'LER-Y.    See  Hostleky. 

OST'JIEN,  71.  ;;;.  East  men  ;  Danish  settlers  in  Ire- 
land, so  called.  Lyttleton. 

OS-TR.\'CEANS,  (-shanz,)  71.  pi  A  family  of  bivalve 
shell  fish,  of  which  the  oyster  is  the  type.   Brande. 

OS'TRA-CIS.M,  11.  [Gr.  ocrrpin-io'/ioi,  from  otrroMoi', 
a  shell,  or  potter's  ware.] 

1.  In  Grecian  antiquity,  banishment  by  the  people 
of  Athens,  of  a  person  whose  merit  and  influence 
"ave  umbrage  to  them.  It  takes  tliis  name  from  the 
shell  on  winch  the  name  or  the  note  of  acquittal  or 
condemnation  was  written.  It  is,  however,  most 
probable  that  this  shell  was  a  piece  of  baked  earth, 
rendered  by  the  Latins  testa.  P-  Cye. 

2.  Banishment;  expulsion;  separation. 
Seol'-iiced  lo  a  perpetual  oslrrtewm  from  the  esteem,  anil  confi- 
dence, and  lionorti  and  emoIumenU  of  his  couulry. 

fedcraliet,  llariullon. 


F.\TE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — M£TE,  PREY PINE,  MARt-XE,  BIRD.  — NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.- 


780 


OTH 

OS'TRA-CTTE,  71.     [Gr.  ooTJaKir/jc,  from  o<TTpaKov,  a 
shell.] 
An  ovster-shell  in  its  fossil  state.     [Obs.] 

OS'TRA-CIZE,  r.  (.  [See  Ostracism.]  To  banish 
by  til e  jwpiilar  voice,  7iorf(ci(/«Wy  a  person  einiiiunt 
for  public  servicer,  but  who  has  lost  his  popularity. 

Marvel. 

OS'TRA-CIZ-ED,  pp.  Banished  by  the  popular 
voice. 

OS'TRA-CIZ-ING,  ppr.  Banishing  or  expelling  by 
the  popular  voice. 

OS'TRICII,  71.  (Fr.  autriiche;  Sp.  avcstruz;  Port. 
dhe^tniz:  It.struzzo;  G.  straiLss :  D.  striiis  or  slruis- 
toiiel;  Tian.  st/'uds ;  S\v.  slruss ;  L.  struthio-camdas  ; 
Gr.  crp'n^^og,  a  sparrow,  and  an  ostrich.  The  mean- 
ing of  this  name  is  not  obvious.  The\vonl  straicss,  in 
German,  signifies  u  bush,  a  tuft,  a  bunch  ;  but  the 
latter  part  of  this  name,  struz,  sinuts,  strauss,  coin- 
cides also  with  the  Eng.  struts  l)an.  strutter,  G.  strot- 
zcTii  and  this  is  ihe  L.  .-iiruthio,  Gr.  croov^o^.  The 
first  part  of  the  word  in  Fr.  S|).  and  Port,  is  from  L. 
avis.  The  primary  sense  of  struz,  stmthio,  &c.,  is  to 
reach,  stretch,  extend,  or  erect;  but  whether  this 
name  was  given  to  the  fowl  from  its  stately  walk  or 
ajipearance',  or  from  some  part  of  its  plumage,  let 
the  reader  judge] 

The  popular  name  of  a  bird,  which  is  one  of  tJie  ?pe- 
cies  of  the  genus  Struthio.  The  true  ostrich,  a  native  of 
Africa  and  Arabia,  is  the  largest  of  all  birds,  being  four 
feet  high  from  the  ground  to  the  top  of  the  back,  and 
seven,  ei^hl,  and  it  is  said  evt-n  ten,  to  the  lop  of  the 
head,  when  standing  erect.  Us  thighs  and  the  sides 
of  the  body  are  naked,  and  tlie  wings  are  so  sliort  as 
to  be  unfit  for  flying.  The  plumage  is  elegant,  and 
much  used  in  ornamental  and  showy  dress.  The 
speed  of  this  bird  in  running  exceeds  that  of  the 
fleetest  horse.  P.  Cyc.     Partington. 

OS'TRO-GOTH,  ji.  One  of  the  eastern  Goths,  as  dis- 
tin2iiished  from  the  Visigoths,  or  western  Goths. 

OT-.V€OUS'Tie,  a.  [Gr.  wra.  ears,  and  aKovoi,  to 
hear.] 

Assisting  tho  sense  of  hearing;  as,  an  otacoustic 
instrument. 

OT-A-€Ors'Tie,  )n.  An  instrument  to  facilitate 

OT-A-eOUS'TI-eOX,  j      hearing,  as  an  ear-trumpet. 

aT:^'6Yf '  \  "■    -'^  P^'"  i»  ^'"^  ^^'-         ^^"'"^'"'' 
O'TA-RV,  L     [Gr.  on.-,  oyru?,  the  ear.] 

Eared  seal ;  a  name  given  to  all  those  anim;ds  of 
the  seal  family  which  Jiave  external  ears. 

Jardiiui's  J^'at.  Lib. 
OTII'ER,  O'l^'er,)  a.     [Sax.  other;  G.odcr;  Gr.  :rf- 
ni><; :  Goih.  anthar;  G.  ander.     Q,u.  Pp.  otro.     If  the 
radical  1*  iters  are  Tr,  (ju.  Fleb.  and  Ch.  "^n^,  residue. 
Tlu-  Fr<rnrh  autre  is  from  the  Latin  alter.] 

1.  rs'ut  the  same  ;  difi'erent;  not  this  or  these. 

Then  di?  other  company  which  is  loft  shall  escape.  —  Gen.  xxxii. 
Behold,  il  w.os  Iiinied  again,  a5  his  oVier  fleah.  — Ex.  iv. 
Oilter  lorsis  besiiles  ihee  have  Iisd  dominion  over  ua,  —  Is.  xxvi. 
There  is  one  Guil,  anJ  Uieie  is  noii?  oUier  liii  he.  —  Mark  x:i. 

2.  Not  this,  but  the  contrary ;  as,  on  this  side  of 
the  river  stands  Troy,  on  the  other  side  stands  Al- 
bany. 

Whosoever  ehall  smite  ihee  oa  Uiy  right  cheek,  luni  to  Itim  the 
other  also.  —  Matt.  v. 

3.  Noting  something  besides.  To  the  knowledge 
of  the  Latin  and  Greek,  join  as  mucli  other  learning 
as  you  can. 

■1.  Correlative  to  each,  and  appIicabU-  to  any  num- 
ber of  individuals. 

They  askod  each  oilier  of  their  wellare.  —  Ex.  xviii. 

5.  Opposed  to  Some  ;  as,  "  sovie  fell  among  thorns 
—  but  other  fell  into  good  ground."    J\Iatt.  xiii. 

G.  The  next.  Shah. 

7.  The  third  part.  B.  Jonson. 

Other  is  used  as  a  substitute  for  a  noun,  and  in 
this  use  has  the  plural  number  and  the  sign  of  the 
possessive  case. 

The  fool  and  the  brutish  person  die,  and  leave    their  wealth  to 

others.  —  Ps.  xlix. 
■What  do  ye  more  than  others  7  —  Matt.  v. 
We  were  children  of  wrath  even  as  others.  —  Eph.  ii. 
The  confusion  arises,  when  the  one  will  put  their  iickle  into  the 

other's  harvest.  Lesley, 

With  the  sign  of  the  possessive,  other  is  preceded 
hy  Otc.  as  in  the  last  example. 

Other  is  sometimes  put  elliptically  for  ot}ier  thing. 
From  such  a  man  we  can  expect  no  other. 

The  other  day  ;  at  a  certain  time  past,  not  distant, 

bi:t  Mulefinite  ;  not  long  ago. 

OTH'ER-GaTES,  (utft'er-,)  adv.     [other  and  (rate,  for 

way,  manner.]     In  another  manner.     {Obs.']     Shak. 

OTU'EK-GUiSE,  adc.      [other  and  saise,  manner.] 

Of   another  kind.       [Corruptly  pronounced    other- 

irit  P.-t-f.  ] 

OTH'ER-VVHERE,  adv.  [otJier  and  where.]  In  some 
other  place  ;  or  in  other  places.  Mdton. 

OTII'ER-WHTLE,    )  adv.       [other    and    rvhilc]       At 

OTIl'ER-WHILES,  i      other  time.^. 

OTH'ER-WiSE,  (uth'er-wize,)  o(/y.  [o(Aw  and  wwf, 
manner.]     In  a  different  manner. 

Thy  falher  was  a  worthy  prince, 
And  merited,  alas  !  u  heller  fate; 
But  Heaven  thoug-ht  othermse.  Adilison. 


OUR 


OLT 


2.  By  other  causes. 

Sir  John  N'orri«  failed  in  ihe  nttemr^  of  I.Won,  anJ  rrtomtd 

with  the  lo»a,  by  cidinew  and  oA*n»iae,  of  8uW  u^ti. 
o    T       ...  ttaUgK. 

.J.  In  other  respects. 

h  is  Mid  truly,  that  the  bcrt  men  olhtrvUe  an  ntd  nlwaji  ify: 
best  HI  fpgnrd  to  ioclcly.  tlttoier. 

O'Tl-UM  CUM  Dia-Xi-TA'TE,  (a'she-um-,)  [L.1 
Dignified  leisure.  ■• 

OT'TAR,)  ~*^ 

OT'TO,     i  n-    [from  Ar.  ^Ur-  denoting  aroma.] 

The  aromatic  principle;  as,  the  ^Utlar  of  ronej,'^  a 
highly  fragrant  concrete  oil  obtained  from  the  iK-ials 
of  the  rose;  spelled  also  Attar.    Cajttclt.  j^aial.  Rn. 

OT'TER,  n.  [Sax.  otcr,  otor,  or  offer;  G.  oUtr,  an  ot- 
ter, an  adder  or  viper ;  D.  utiir ;  Sw.  vtier.  'J'he  Lat- 
in Intra,  Fr.  loutre.  It.  lontra,  Sp.  nutria,  may  possi- 
biy  be  the  same  word  varied  in  dialect.] 

The  popular  namr  of  digiiigrade  carnivorous  mam- 
mals, of  the  genus  Lutra,  of  which  about  nine  siw- 
cies  are  descr;bed.  They  all  have  large,  flatti-^l: 
heads,  short  ears,  webbed  toes,  crooked  n'ailj^,  ami 
tails  sliglitly  flattened  hori7.ont;ilIy.  They  are  aipiat- 
ic,  and  feed  on  fish. 

OT'TER,  il.  \  colored  farinaceous  pulp,  in  a  drj' 
stale,  which  surrounds  the  seeds  within  the  peri- 
carp, of  the  IJira  Orollana,  a  small  tree  or  r.hrub  in- 
digeiiov.s  to  the  wanner  parts  of  .\nierica.  ThiH  sub- 
stance ia  called  Untro,  or  by  contraction  Rocou, 
and  also  Jinwttn  and  Anotta.  It  is  nuich  used  lo 
give  a  kind  of  salmon  color,  and  it  is  reputed  to  be 
medicinal. 

OT'TO,  71.    Essential  oil  of  roses.    [See  Ottar.] 

OT'TO-MAN,  a.  Designating  soincthing  tliat  p;-rt:iins 
to  the  Turks  or  lo  theirgovL-rumciit ;  as,tIio  Oti^^nan 
power  or  empire.  The  word  or:::inated  in  Oihman 
or  Osman,  the  name  of  a  sultan  who  a3snmcd  the 
government  about  the  year  KJOO.  Eton. 

OT'TO-MAN,  71.    A  sort  of  thick-stulfed  mat  used  in 
5.  A  stool  with  a  stutTed  sent.  [Turkey. 

OU-BLI-ETTES',  (oo-ble-et',)  7i.  pi.  [Fr.]  A  dun- 
geon with  an  opening  only  at  the  top,  for  pcrstm^ 
condenmed  to  perpetual  imprisonment,  or  to  peri!<h 
secretly.  Dirt.  drVJicad. 

OUCH,  n.   A  bc/.il  or  socket  in  which  a  precious  stone 
or  seal  is  set.    Ezod.  sxxi.v. 
9.  A  carcanet  or  ornament  of  gold.        Fusbroke. 

3.  The  blow  given  by  a  boar's  tusk.     [Obs.] 

Jiinsirorth. 

OUGHT.    See  Aught,  the  true  orthography. 

OUGHT,  (awl,)  v.  imperfect.  [TJiis  word  seems  lo  be 
the  preterit  tense  of  the  original  verb  to  owe,  that  is. 
Sax.  flo-flJi,  Goth,  aiiran,  Sw.  u<ra^  to  have  or  possess, 
the  radical  sense  being  to  hold,  to  restrain  or  stop  ; 
hence  the  passive  participle  would  signify  held, 
bound.  In  this  sense  it  w.as  used  by  Spelman  and 
Drj'den.  But  ought,  as  used,  is  irregular,  being  used 
in  all  persons,  both  in  the  present  and  past  lenses; 
as,  /  ought,  thou  oughtest,  he  ought ;  we,  ye,  Vicy 
ou^ht.] 

i.  To  be  held  or  bound  in  duty  or  moral  obliga- 
tion. 

Thefi.?  ought  ye  to  lafC  done,  and  not  lo  leave  the  other  ntidoui*. 

—  Matt,  xxiii. 

We  that  arc  strong  ought  lo  L«:vr  tlic  infirrFiIties  of  l!ie  weak.  — 

Rom.  XV. 
Thou  ougktetl  therefore  to  have  put  my  money  lo  the  exclwnjiTi. 

—  Mall.  XXV. 

2.  To  be  necessary ;  to  behoove. 

Ought  not  Christ  to  have  suffered  those  thing*,  and  lo  cnt^r  into 
fflory  t  —  Luke  xiiv. 

3.  To  be  fit  or  expedient  in  a  moral  view. 

My  brethren,  tliese  tilings  ought  not  so  to  be.  — Janie*  ill. 

4.  As  a  participle,  owed  ;  being  indebted  fur. 

Th*?  love  and  duly  I  Innj  have  o«g'/it  you.  Spetuuin. 

That  followeil,  sir,  which  to  my^cW  I  ou~hl.  2>ry.Vn. 

[In  tills  sen^e,  obsolete] 

5.  In  Chaucer'-i  time,  it  was  used  im|M'rsonaIIy. 
"  VVel  ought  us  werke,"  that  is,  well  it  behoovcUi  us 
lo  work. 

OUNCE,  (ouns,)  n.  [h.  uncia,  the  twelfth  part  of  any 
thing ;  Gr.  ov)  j  t<i  ;  nut  the  Greek  is  from  the  I^alin  ; 
Fr.  once;  It.  oncia,  an  ounce,  and  an  inch  :  Sp. onirt; 
D.  once  ;  G.  inizc.  Inch  is  from  the  same  root,  U  ing 
thf*  twelfth  part  of  a  foot.l 

1.  A  weiglit,  Ihe  iweiah  i)art  of  a  pound  irv^y, 
and  the  sixtecnlh  of  a  poimd  avoirduiwiis.  In  tn\v 
weight,  the  ounce  is  twenty  pennyweighl-s  each  of 
twenly-funr  grains. 

2.  An  animal  of  the  genus  Felis.     [fcee  O.nce.J 

\Vaving.     [-V«i  used,]  Chauerr. 

OUPHE,  foof,)  "•     [Teuttmic  auff;  but  prolwbly  con- 
tracted from  clj\  G.  alp.] 
A  fairy  ;  a  goblin  ;  an  elf.     [Obs.]  Shak. 

OUPII'-EN,  (oof n,)  0-     Ettish.     [Obs.]  Shak. 

OUR,  n.  [Sax.  urc;  in  tho  oblique  rases,  Krum,  iir*if, 
whence  our  vulgar  ourn  ,■  Sw.  r/ir ;  I^an.  ror,  Ir.  ar  ; 
Basque,  ^^rc] 

I.  Pertaining  or  belonghig  to  us;  ,as,  our  countrj* ; 
our  rights  ;  our  troop.'J.  ' 


9.  Oht',  whJch  I*  primarll;.  i.V   ;,.:?>->:»> 
our,  in  ri' 
fur  the  . 
Yonrh    , 
good  Kn^l.  ii,  ' 
jintivc  lo  ia,  or  .- 

Here  ourt  »v. 
can  noi,  in  "  i 
be  in  tli- 

OU-RA.NG'-f  ji;.i  a:;<;',  ..    Bm  0»*»o-o^f 
OU-RA-.VOG'KA-PIIV,  «.     [Gr.  »*>«,«f.  br . 

;  oft^/j,  dr-.criptJon.| 

"ion  of  ine  ) 


A  de*<-riiiti( 


;  If^vcn*.    //uC  lUj. 


eu^er.     If    imi: 


(See  Ua^xocLArMT,  Ute  Bmrr 
tOL'O^V.    i        ... 

ou-ROS'co-pv,  i  ■•  l^'-« 

Tho  Judgment  of  diAMuo  ' 
the  urine. 
OUR..'?ELF',  proR.  TfCtprcral. 

added  nlU-r  kc  and  kj,  and  ■ 
wit  either^  for  ny^r//.  In  xhe  t  ^ 
ourse^f  will  follow. 

Utiia*  ire  vouU  doDutk  vmndf  ^  •■  fctr 

OUR  SELVES',  pL  of  OcKfCLr.    \\ 
cr-f ;  added  to  itc  by  wsy  of  rmpiu 

Wc  HMfttlvet  ir '   ■  =ier  m  «  ^  i* 

fatthrr  tteri  - 
S  ifc  tu  ourtclM  t .  .<«  v%  mamA. 

5USE.    Sec  Ot/zt.. 

OUS'fX,  (ooz'l,)  n.    [Sai.  oJU.\ 

A  name  common  lo  Bcvcral  tpBek*  of  lii 

thnn^h  family.    One  of  them  i«  the  Caiti|' 

bird. 
OUST,  r.  (.    [Fr.  tUr,  K^t 

contracted  word,  for  i*;  v  "■  -'■ 

take  thii  to  be  our  \  : 

lift.    The  usual  tici' 

the  Latin  toUo,  tustnU. 

1.  To  lake  away  ;  lu  rcmore. 

MulliplicJktkKU  of  AC:>.iu  ■;;*"   lH*  cm 
Mirnty  »» Jer  ^.f  b t     .:■ ' 

2.  To  eject;  to  db--. 

Afterraivi  the  t^oar,  r-' 

fctrjugur,  doili  tyxx  vt  ..~i:  ■■:>- 


OUST'ED,  pp.    Taken  awav  ;  rrmr^'-!     ^ 
OUST'ER,  n.    Removed  frCm 

dispossession  ;  ejeclioo. 
Ouster  of  Ihe  frerhold  Is  <  r! 

trusion,  di.'^seizin,  discontinuan -^■. 

Ouster  U  mcin.  [oujttr  zud  Fr.  /-  • 
A  deliver)'  of  lands  out  of  tbc  I 
ian,  or  out  of  the  kingN  tiADd^  ;  or  ■ 
for  that  purpose.  Bl.-- 

OUST'IXG,  ppr.    Takinc  awav  ;  ri  ■ 
OUT,  arfr.     fS.-u.  tif;    l).uU:'G.«t 
ut.     In  Scotland,  it  i«  u.ied  a*  a  Ti-tI  . 
primary"  sense  of  the  verb  routf  br  i"  •>'  ■'-■■  =  -"■  ' 
deitart.     In  Uuss.  ot  sicniflr*  /rww-T 

1.  Without;  on  Ibe  ouUlde  ;    ix<  w»lbm :  **  tW 
exterior  or  beyond  the  limiL<  of  any  lociatr'.    ' 
gii'cn  line;  opposed  lo  Ix  or  Withi*  ,  a-. 

and  come  iji;  to  rush  emt. 

2.  .Abnad  ;  ni-laihnmr.     T^     -  -  •  .    • 
is  out :  a  cr.lKxiuial  phnwc  !■  : 

a  In  a  slate  of  dL*fK»un 
crel  U  cut,  Ih.il  i.<.  ha*  con. 
shall  find  ouX  the  n^gur. 

A.  Not  concealed. 

Wb^  rSf*^  t-  r  -    - 

.^.  In  a  stale  of  extinction.    The  candle  or  tbr  firr 
is  out. 

Ck  In  a  state  of  bcine  c\hau«l»J.    Th*  wirw  t«  .-».•. 

7.  In  a  sLatf  of  dcsmution.    Wc  are  /■:  cf  t-n-t^ 
corn. 

S.  Xol  in  office  or  cmplo>  menu    I  eair  r 
in  or  who  is  nnt.     He  l«  fmt  of  hu«nc», 

9.  .Nbro-id  or  from  homr,  in  a  iwrtv.  at 
a  parade,  fcc.     He  was  nol  i'Kno-J.n> . 
companies  are  chL  The  man  wa«  ,•*:  m  . 

10.  To  the  end. 

11.  I.oudly  ;  willio«il  restraini ;  as,  to  b 

10.  Not  in  the  hands  of  ibc  owner.    T 
oijf  upon  a  leas»\ 

13.  In  an  error. 

A*  a  miskua  that  will  jlIw»t»  |*«.t,  ^ 

Aivl  yet  k  al«niy*  o*a  &l  ibe  «a»-  k«&  «•*%'"•»«. 

14.  .\t  a  loss :  in  a  puMlc 

I  h.\Tf  f^vtS*  iTiT  pan,  »E>J  I  «»  e»e. 

15.  Uncovered :  with  clothe*  tvrrt ;  as  t. 
the  knees  or  eltwws. 

K\  .\way,  so  a:«  to  consume  ;  as  to  Jlfcp  ««  imr 

best  time  in  Uie  nuvninp. 


TONE,  BULL,  yNITE.- AN"GER,  Vl"CIOUS.-e  as  K :  G  as  J  ;  S  a.<.  7. ;  CH  as  SH ;  Til  a,^  in  Tlll.^. 


7¥il 


OUT 

17.  Deficient ;  havin(i  expended.  He  was  out  of 
pocket ;  lie  was  out  fifty  pounds.  FeU. 

18.  It  is  used  as  an"  exclamation,  with  tlie  force 
of  command  ;  away ;  begone ;  as,  out  witli  tlie  dog. 

Shale. 

Out  upoii  you,  out  xipoJi  if,  expressions  of  dislike 
or  contempt. 

Out  is  much  used  as  a  modifier  of  verbs ;  as,  to 
come  out,  to  go  out,  to  lead  out,to  run  out,  to  leak 
I'ltt,  to  creep  out,  to  llow  out,  to  pass  out,  to  look  out, 
to  burn  out,  to  cut  pk^  to  saw  out,  to  grow  out,  to 
spin  out,  to  write  out,  to  boil  out,  to  beat  out,  &.C., 
bearing  the  sense  of  issuing,  extending,  drawing 
from,  separating,  bringing  to  open  view,  or,  in  sbort, 
the  passing  of  a  limit  that  incloses  or  restrains  ;  or 
bearing  the  metaphorical  sense  of  vanishing,  coming 
to  an  end. 

Out  of.  In  this  connection,  out  may  he  considered 
as  an  adverb,  and  of  as  a  preposition. 

1.  Proceeding  from  ;  as  produce.  Phxnt-s  prow  out 
of  the  earth  ;  he  paid  nie  out  of  his  own  funds. 

Keep  Uiy  li^nrt  with  all  diligence,  for  out  nf  it  aro  Uie  issues  of 

lift".  —  Prov.  iv. 
Oul  of  ihe  Batnc  niouUi  prcwcdclli  blcisiii*  nnd  cursing.  — 

Jamc«  iii. 

2.  From  or  proceeding  from  a  place,  or  the  interior 
of  a  place;  as,  to  take  any  thing  out  o/the  house. 
Jihirk  xiii. 

3.  Beyond  j  as,  out  p/tlie  power  of  fortune. 

Thi-y  were  astoiiishc*!  Qui  o/"inciuuro.  —  Mark  x. 

4.  From,  noting  taking  or  derivation. 

To  whom  ho  expounded  iind  tfslilleU  iho  kin^oin  of  GoiLpiT- 
hiiAdin*  dicm  coricrnin^  Jl-sus,  hoth  oul  of  ihe  law  of  Mo- 
Kis,  mid  out  o/tlie  propiK-ts.  —  Acts  xxviii. 

5.  Not  in,  noting  extraordinary  exertion. 

Br  iiistiiDt  in  season,  out  o/ season. — 2  Tim,  iv. 

R.  Not  in,  noting  exclusion,  dismission,  departure, 
absence,  or  (k-reliction  ;  as,  out  o/ favor  ;  out  o/use  ; 
out  o/ place  ;  out  o/ fashion. 

7.  Not  in,  noting  unfitness  or  impropriety.  He  is 
witty  out  o/ .season  ;  the  seed  was  sown  out  o/ season. 

8.  Not  within,  noting  extraordinary  delay;  as,  a 
ship  out  o/tiine. 

9.  Not  within:  abroad:  as,  out  o/ tlie  door  or 
house. 

10.  From,  noting  copy  from  an  original ;  as,  to  cite 
or  copy  out  of  Horace. 

11.  From,  noting  rescue  or  liberation  ;  as,  to  bo  de- 
livereil  outn/aftlictions. 

Chmti.ttiily  recovered  the  law  of  n.itiirc  oul  o/all  those  crrora. 

Ailditon. 

12.  Not  in,  noting  deviation,  exorbitance,  or  ir- 
regularity. This  is  outof\iX\  method;  outofvtXX  rule; 
he  goes  out  o/his  way  to  find  cause  of  censure  ;  he 
is  out  0/ order. 

13.  From,  noting  dereliction  or  departure.  He  will 
ntit  be  flattered  or  frightened  outofhxA  duty;  he  at- 
tempted to  laugli  men  out  o/ virtue. 

14.  From,  noting  Joss  or  change  of  state.  The 
mouth  is  out  r/ taste  ;  the  instrument  is  out  o/tune. 

Bacon, 

15.  Not  accordhig  to,  noting  deviation  ;  as,  he  acts 
or  speaks  out  a/ character. 

16.  Ueyond  ;  not  within  the  limits  of;  as,  to  be  out 
of  hearing,  out  of  sight,  out  of  reach.  Time  out  of 
mind,  is  time  beyond  the  reach  of  memory. 

17.  Noting  loss  or  exhaustion  ;  as,  to  he  out  of 
breath. 

18.  Noting  loss;  as,  owt o/hopo. 

19.  By  means  of. 

Out  o/lhAl  will  t  cause  those  of  Cypms  to  mutiny.  Shak. 

20.  In  consetiuence  of,  noting  the  motive,  source, 
or  reason. 

Wh«  thr^y  do  not  prant  ont  of  the  generosity  of  their  na'are, 
they  m.iy  ^rAnt  oid  o/incre  impntiencc.  Smalrid^e. 

So  we  say,  a  thing  is  done  out  o/envy,  spite,  or 
ambition. 

Out  of  hand;  immediately,  as  that  is  easily  used 
which  is  ready  in  the  hand. 

Galficr  we  our  furcos  our  o/lmiid.  Shah. 

Out  of  print,  denotes  that  a  book  is  not  in  market, 
or  to  be  purchased;  the  copies  printed  having  been 
all  sold. 
OUT,  V.  U    To  eject ;  to  expel ;  to  deprive  by  expul- 
sion. 

TIio  French  have  been  outtd  of  their  holds.  Jlcylin. 

In  composition,  ont  signifies  beyond,  more,  ejection, 
or  extension. 

[For  Iho  participles  of  the  following  compounds, 
ece  the  simple  verbs.] 
OUT-AeT',  V.  t.    To  do  beyond  ;  to  exceed  in  act. 

He  hns  madi:  mc  h'-ir  to  trr.-isiirp«. 

Would  make  lac  oufncl  a  hmI  wi.iuwV  whiniiif .  Ohenu. 

OUT-XR'tJ'lF.,  V.  t.    To  argue  better  than  another. 
OUT-BAL'ANCE,  v.  t.    To  outweigh;  to  exceed  in 
weight  or  eflcct 

Ijct  dull  Aliix  bear  nwny  my  right, 

When  all  his  duys  ouibaiati'-.e  this  otic  night.  Dryi!en. 

OUT-BAL'AN-CiCD,  (-bal'anst,)  jtp.    Outweighed. 
OUT-BaR',  v.  t.    To  shut  out  by  bars  or  fortification. 

Thi**?  to  outbar  with  painful  pioning:.  Spenser. 


OUT 

OUT-B.VR'RED,  pp.    Shut  out  by  bars. 
0UT-B1I)'(  t'.  t.    To  hid  more  than  another ;  to  offer  a 
higher  price. 

For  Indian  fc])iccB,  for  Pcnivlan  gold, 

Pn;vcnl  the  grcody  und  outbid  llie  bold.  Pope. 

OU'i'-BID',  )  pp.      Exceeded    in    the    price    of- 

OUT-IUD'IJAN,  i      fered. 
OUT-BID'UER,  71.    One  that  outbids. 
OUT-IilD'OIXG,  ppr.     Bidding  a  price  beyond  an- 

othrr. 
OUT-BLOWN',  pp.    Inflated  ;  swelled  with  wind. 

Dnjdcn. 
OUT-BLUSH',  V.  t.    To  exceed  in  rosy  color. 

Skipman. 
OUT'BORN,  a.     Foreign;  not  native.     [UttJc  lufd.] 
OUT'BOUNU,  a.      Destined    or  proceeding    from    a 
country  or  harhor  to  a  distant  country  or  port ;  as,  an 
outbound  ship.  Drijdcn. 

[Tlie  usual  phrase  among  seainen  is  Outwaru- 

BOUNP.] 

OUT-BRAVE',  V.  t.  To  bear  down  by  more  daring 
or  insolent  conduct. 

1  wuuld  oulularc  llie  Elenicsl  ryci  Uiat  look, 
Outlirave  the  hi.-iirC  most  daring  on  the  ciutu, 
To  win  ihce,  lady.  Shdi. 

2.  To  exceed  in  splendid  appearance. 

The  lowers  as  well  as  men  outbrave  the  sky.  Cowley. 

OUT-BRaZ'EN,  I',  t.    To  bear  down  with  a  brazen 

face  or  impudence. 
OUT'BREaK,  71.    A  burning  forth  ;  eruption. 

The  flash  and  ouU/reak  i>t  a  fiery  mind.  ShttJc. 

OUT'BREAK-ING,  n.     That  which  bursts  forth. 

Herbert. 

OUT-BRlcATHE',  v.  t.     To  weary  by  having  better 

breath.  S/iak. 

2.  To  expire.  Spenser. 

OUT-BUD',  V.  i.    To  sprout  forth.  Spciiscr. 

OUT-BUILIV,  (out-bild',)  v.  t.  To  exceed  in  build- 
ing, or  in  durability  of  building. 

OUT-BURN',  f.  (.  or  i.    To  exceed  in  burning. 

Mantell. 

OUT'BURST,  n.  [out  and  hurst.]  A  breaking  or 
burstinfi  out. 

OUT-CANT'  -0.  t.    To  surpass  in  canting.         Pupc 

OUT'GaST,  pp.  or  a.     [Svv.  utl:asta,  to  cast  out.] 
Cast  out ;  thrtiwn  away  ;  rejected  as  useless. 

Spenser. 

OUT'CXST,  71.  One  who  is  cast  out  or  expelled  ;  an 
exile  :  one  driven  from  home  or  country,    fsa.  xvi. 

OUT-CEPT',  for  Except,  is  not  in  use.     B.  Jonson. 

OUT-CHeAT',  v.  t.    Tn  Lxceed  in  cheating. 

OUT-CHeAT'KD,  pp.     h;xceeded  in  cheating. 

OUT-CHeAT'ING,  ppr.    Surpassing  in  cheating. 

OUT-CLIMB',  '■.  /.    To  climb  beyond.       Davenant. 

OUT-COM'PA.--;?,  V.  t.    To  exceed  due  bounds. 

Bacon.     , 

OUT-CRaFT',  v.  t.    To  exceed  in  cunning.      ShaJi. 

OUT'CROP,  n.  In  ffcoloiry,  the  coming  out  of  a 
stratum  to  the  surface  of  the  ground.  Lyell. 

OUT'CROP,  V.  i.  In  ffcoloirij^  to  come  oul  to  the  sur- 
face of  the  ground  ;  applied  to  .strata. 

OUT'CR^,  ».  A  vehement  or  loud  cry;  cry  of  dis- 
tress. Denliam. 

2.  Clamor;  noisy  opposition  or  destestation. 

South. 

3.  Sale  at  public  auction.  jSirisicorth. 
OUT-DaRE',  v.  t.    To  dare  or  venture  beyond.    Shah. 
OUT-DaTH',  v.  t.    To  antiquatc;  as,  out-ditfcd  cere- 
monies.    [jSTid  u-scrf.]  Hammond. 

OUT-DAZ'ZLE,  v.  t.    To  surpass  in  dazzling. 
0UT-DAZ'ZL£D,;;;..    Surpassed  in  daz/.ling. 
OUT-DO',  V.  t.;  prct.  Outdid;  pp.  Outdone.     [See 
DoJ 
To  excel ;  to  surpass  ;  to  perform  beyond  another. 

An  imposture  ouUloea  the  orijiiial.  L'JSstranse. 

I  grieve  to  Lrt  outdone  by  Gay.  Siot/l. 

OUT-DO'ING,  j)pr.  Excelling ;  surpassing  in  perform- 
ance. 

OUT-DO'ING,  n.     Excess  in  performance.        Pope. 

OUT-DONE', /»/j.  of  Outdo. 

OUT-DoOll',  a.     Being  without  the  house. 

0UT-D60RS',  adv.    Abroad  ;  out  of  the  house. 

OUT-DRINK',  V.  t.  [See  Diunk.]  To  e.xcecd  in 
drinking.  Dunne. 

OUT-DWELL',  r.  t.     To  dwell  or  stay  beyond. 

Shak. 

OUT'ED,  rt.    Put  out;  cxtinguis-iied ;  ended. 

Hudibras. 

OUT'ER,  a.  [comp.  of  Out.]  Being  on  the  outside  ; 
external  ;  op[)osed  to  Inner;  as,  the  outer  w:Jl ;  the 
outer  part  of  a  thing  ;  the  outer  court  or  gate. 

OUT'l'^R-LY,  ado.     'I'oward  the  outside.  Grew. 

OUT'ER-MoST,  a.  [svperl.  from  outer.]  Being  on 
the  extreme  external  part;  remotest  from  the  midst; 
as,  the  outermost  row.  Boyle. 

OU'I'-FACE',  V.  L    To  brave  ;  to  bear  down  witli  an 
imposing  front,  or  with  impudence  ;  to  stare  down. 
Shal(.     Rale-'h. 

OUT'FALL,  n.    A  fall  of  water  ;  a  canal. 

OUT-FAWN',  u.  t.  To  exceed  in  fawning  or  adula- 
tion.  _  Hudihras. 

OUT-FeAST'.  r.  t.     To  succeed  in  feasting.     Taylor. 


OUT 

OUT-FitAT',  V.  t.    To  surpass  in  performing 

OUT'FIT,  II.  A  fitting  out,  as  of  a  ship  for  a  voyage  ; 
usually  in  (Ac;i/ur«/,  Outfits,  the  expenses  incurred, 
or  the  articles  employed,  in  equipping  and  furnishing 
a  ship  for  a  voyage. 

2.  An  allowance  equal  to  one  year's  salary,  made 
tt>  a  public  minister,  going  to  a  foreign  country,  be- 
yond his  salary.  United  Stales. 

OUT-FLANK',  v.  t.  To  extend  the  flank  of  one  ar- 
my heyt)nd  that  of  another. 

OUT-FLASII',  V.  t.    To  surpass  in  flashing. 

OUT-FL.\SH'ING,  7v^r.     Surpassing  in  flashing. 

OUT-FL"?',  1'.  t.  To  fly  faster  than  another;  to  ad- 
vance before  in  flight  or  progress.  Garth. 

OUT-FOOL',  V.  t.    To  exceed  in  folly.  Young. 

OUT'FORM,  7(.    External  appearance.      B.  Jonson. 

OUT-FROWN',  u.  f.  To  frown  down;  to  overhear 
by  frowning.  Shak. 

OUT'GaTE,  n.     An  outlet;  a  passage  outward. 

•Spenser. 

0UT-6EN'ER-AL,y.  (.  To  exceed  in  generalship  ;  to 
gain  advantage  over  by  superior  military  skill. 

Chfstcrfidd. 

OUT-GEN'ER-AL-ED,  pp.  Exceeded  in  military 
skill. 

OUT-GIVE',  (out  giv',)  V.  t.    To  surpass  in  giving. 

Drt/den. 

OUT-Go',  V.  t.  [See  Go.]  To  go  beyond;" to  ad- 
vance before  in  going ;  to  go  faster. 

2.  To  surpass  ;  to  excel.  Oarew.     Drydnt. 

3.  To  circumvent ;  to  overreach.  Dcnfiam. 
OUT-Gf)'ING,  ppr.     Going  beyond. 
OUT-Go'ING,  n.    The  act  of  going  out. 

2.  The  state  of  going  out.    Ps.  Ixv. 

3.  Utmost  border  ;  extreme  limit.    Josh.  wii. 
OUT-GONE',  (out-gawn',)  pp.    Gone  beyond. 
OUT-GRIN',  V.  t.    To  surpa3,s  in  grinning,     jiddison. 
qUT-GRoW',  V.  t.    To  surpass  in  growth. 

2.  To  grow  too  great  or  too  old  for  any  thing.  Chil- 
dren owf^roa  their  g;uinents,  and  men  outgroio  their 
usefulness. 

OUT-GRoWN',  pp.  of  Outgrow. 

OUT'GUARD,  71.  A  guard  at  a  distance  from  the 
main  body  of  an  army  ;  or  a  guard  at  the  farthest 
distance;  any  thing  for  defense  placed  at  a  distance 
from  the  thing  to  be  defended.        Drydcn.     South. 

OUT-HER'OD,  V.  t.  To  overact  the  character  of 
Herod,  which,  in  the  old  plays,  was  always  a  vio- 
lent one.  Smart. 

OUT-HER'OD-ED, ;»/).    Surpassed  in  cruelty. 

OUT'HOUSE,  71.  A  small  house  or  building  at  a  lit- 
tle distance  from  the  main  house. 

OUT'ING,  71,  A  going  from  home  ;  an  airing.  [Lo- 
cal.] 

OU'I'-JEST',  V.  t.     To  overpower  bv  jesting.     Shak. 

OUT-JEST'ED,  pp.    Overpowered 'by  jestin;:. 

OUT-JUG'GLE,  V.  t.    To  surpass  in  juggling.      Hull. 

OUT-KNAVE',  (out-nave',)  v.  t.  To  surpass  in  knave- 
ry. VEstrange. 

OUT'LAND,  a.     [Sax.  utla^nde^  a  foreigner.] 

Foreign.     [Obs.]  Strutt. 

OUT'LAND-Ell,  71.  A  foreigner ;  not  a  native.  [Obs.] 

Ji^ood. 

OUT-LAND'ISH,  a.     [Sax.  uthrndisc  ;  ont  and  land.] 

1.  Foreign;  not  native.  Donne. 

Nevertheless,  even  him  did  outlandish  women  cause  to  sin. — 
Neh.  xiii. 

2.  Born  or  produced  in  tlie  interior  country,  or 
among  rude  people;  hence,  vulgar;  rustic;  rude; 
clownish. 

[  This  is  the  sense  in  which  tlie  word  is  among  us  most 
irnieralbi  used.] 

OUT-L.\ST',  V.  t.  To  last  longer  than  something 
else ;  to  exceed  in  duration.  Candles  laid  in  bran 
will  outlast  others  of  the  same  stuft'.  Bacon. 

OUT-LXST'ED, ;);».  Lasted  longer  than  something 
else. 

OUT'LAW,  n.     [Sax.  utlaga ;  out  and  lain.] 

A  person  excluded  from  tlie  benefit  of  the  law,  or 
deprived  of  its  protection.  Formerly  any  person 
might  kill  an  outlaw ;  but  it  is  now  held  unlawful 
for  any  person  to  put  to  death  an  outlaw,  cxcejjt  the 
sheriff,  who  has  a  warrant  for  that  purpose. 

Blackstone. 

OT.'T'LAW,  r.  t.     [Sax.  utlagian.] 

To  (ieprive  of  the  benefit  and  protection  of  law  ; 
to  proscribe.  Blackstone. 

OVT'LAW'KD,  pp.  or  a.  Excluded  from  the  benefit 
of  law. 

OUT'LAW-ING,  ppr.  Depriving  of  tiic  benefit  of 
law. 

OUT'LAW-RY,  71.  The  putting  a  man  out  of  the  pro- 
lection  of  law,  or  the  process  by  which  a  man  is  dr- 
prived  of  that  protection  ;  the  punishment  of  a  man 
who,  when,  called  into  court,  contemptuously  refuj^cs 
to  appear.  Blackstone. 

OUT'LaY,  n.  A  laving  out  or  expending  ;  expendi- 
ture. 

OUT-LeAP',  v.  t.  To  leap  beyond ;  to  pass  by  leap- 
in  e. 

OUT'LkAP,  T(.    Sally;  flight;  escape.  Locke. 

OUT-LeAP'/^D,  (-leept  or  -lept,)  pp.  Leaped  beyond. 

OUT-LeAP'ING,  ppr.    Le.aping  beyond. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — M£TE,  PRgY.  — PIN%  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQOK.- 

782  ~  


OUT 

OUT'LET,  n.  Passage  outward  ;  the  place  or  the 
maans  by  which  any  thing  escapes  or  is  dischargetl. 
A  gate  is  the  otdlct  of  a  city  or  fort.  Thu  niuulli  of  a 
river  is  its  outieL  Colonies  are  the  outtrLsoi'  a  pupu- 
lutis  nation.  Jiacon. 

OUT'LICK-ER,  a.  In  sh'ps,  a  small  piece  of  timber 
fastened  to  the  top  of  the  poop. 

OUT-LiE',  c.  t.    To  exceed  in  lying.  Hall. 

OUT'LI-EU,  n.  One  who  does  not  reside  in  the  place 
with  which  his  oifice  or  duty  connects  hirn.  Freweii. 

2.  A  part  of  a  rock  or  stratum  lying  without,  or 
beyond  the  main  body.  J^Iantrll, 

OU'i'LlXE,  7(.     Contour;  the  line  by  which  a  figure 
is  defined  ;  the  exterior  line. 
9.  The  first  sketch  of  a  figure. 

3.  First  general  sketch  of  any  scheme  or  design. 
OUT'LINE,  V.  t.    To  draw  the  exterior  line  ;  tu  de- 
lineate :  to  sketch. 

OUT'LIX-ED,  pp.    Marked  with  an  outline. 

OUT-LIVE',  (out-liv',]  r.  (.  To  live  beyond  ;  to  sur- 
vive ;  to  live  after  something  has  ceased  ;  as,  a  man 
may  outlicc  his  children ;  a  person  may  outlive  his 
estate,  his  fame,  and  his  usefulness. 

They  Iiv2  :oo  lon^  who  happiness  outlive.  Dryden. 

2.  To  live  better,  or  to  better  purpose.  ScoU. 

OUT-LIVED,  pp.     Survived  ;  lived  beyond. 

OUT-LIV'ER,  R.    A  survivor. 

OUT-LIV'ING,  ppr.    Livina  beyond  another's  life. 

OUT-LOOK',  r.  t.    To  face  down  ;  to  browbeat.  Shak. 
2.  To'select.     [JVbt  in  use] 

OUT'LOOK,  V.     Vigilant  v.atch  ;  foresight.     Young. 
[But  Look-out  is  generally  used.] 

OUT-LOOK'£D,  C-Ii?9kl,)  pp.  Faced  down ;  brow- 
beaten. 

OUT'LOPE,  j(.  [See  Lope  and  Leap.]  An  excur- 
sion.    [A")«  useti.]  Fhrio. 

OUT-LUS'TER, )  v.  t.    To  excel  in  brightness. 

OUT-LUS'TUE,  i  Sknl:. 

OUT-LY'ING,  a.  Lying  or  being  at  a  distance  from 
the  main  body  or  design-  Temple.    .Addison. 

2.  Being  on  the  exterior  or  frontier.  Gibbon. 

OUT-MA-NEC'VER,  Iv.t.     To  surpass  in  maneu- 

OtJT-MA-.\CE0'VRE,  \      vering. 

OUT-MARCH',  r.  t.  To  march  faster  than  ;  to  march 
so  as  to  leave  behind. 

The  hoTs?  outmarched  the  foci,  Clarenilon. 

0UT-MARCir£D,  pp.     Left  behind  in  a  march. 

OUT-MEAS'URE,  (out-mezh'ur,)  r.  (.  To  exceed  in 
measure  or  extent.  Brown. 

OUT-MEAS'UR-ED,  pp.    Exceeded  in  extent. 

OUT'MoST,  a.  Farthest  outward  ;  most  remote  from 
the  middle.  Milton. 

OUT-Na^IE',  F.  i.  To  exceed  in  naming  or  describ- 
ing. 

OUt-N'UM'BER,  V.  t.  To  exceed  in  number.  The 
troops  outnumbered  those  of  the  enemy. 

OUT-NUM'BER-ED,  pp.    Exceedad  in  number. 

OUT-PACE',  V.  t    To  outgo;  to  leave  behind. 

Ckaiyman. 

0UT-PAR^\-MOUn,  V.  U  [See  Paramour.]  To  ex- 
ceed in  keeping  mistresses.  Shak. 

OUT'PAR-ISfl,  n.  A  parish  lying  without  the  walls, 
or  on  the  border.  Qraunt. 

OUT'PART,  n.  A  part  remote  from  the  center  or 
main  part.  AijUffs. 

OUT-PaSS',  r.  (.  To  pass  beyond  ;  to  exceed  in  prog- 
res?.  Kincan. 

OUT-PEER',  V.  t.    To  surpass  or  excel.  Shah: 

OUT-POISE',  (out-poiz',).r.  t.    To  outweigh.  Howell. 

UUT'PoRCII,  H.    An  entrance.  Milton. 

OUT'PoRT,  n.  In  Great  Britain^  a  port  at  some  dis- 
tancefrom  the  city  of  London.  Jish. 

OUT'PoST,  n.  A  post  or  station  without  the  limits  of 
a  camp,  or  at  a  distance  from  the  main  body  of  .^n 
army. 

2.  The  troops  placed  at  such  a  station.     Marshall. 
OUT-PoUR',  V.  t.     To  pour  out;  to  send  forth  in  a 

stream.  Mdlon. 

3.  To  effuse. 
OUT-PoUIL'ED,  pp.  Sent  forth  in  a  stre.nm. 
OUT'PoUR-ING,  n.  A  pouring  out ;  emision. 

Milncr.     Bogne, 
OUT-PRaY',  v.  t.    To  exceed  in  prayer  or  in  earnest- 
ness of_entreaty.  ScAL 
OUT-PReACII',  r.  t.    To  surpass  in  preaching;  to 
produce  more  effect  in  inculcating  lessons  or  truth. 

Ami  for  a  villiia'a  quick  conversion 

A  pillory  can  outpreach  a  poiBon.  J.  Trujnhull. 

OUT-PRIZE',  V.  t.  To  exceed  in  vahie  or  estimated 
worth.  Shak. 

OUT'RAfiE,  r.  f.  [Fr.  putrager ;  Ann,  oiUrachl,  out- 
ragi;  It.  oltrasr glare;  Sp.  and  Port,  ultrajar ;  from 
the  L.  ultra,  hej^nd,  It.  oUre,  with  the  common  ter- 
mination age ;  or  more  probably  it  is  a  compound  of 
vl/a,  oltra,  outrr,  with  the  Sp.  ajar,  to  spoil,  to  mar, 
to  abuse  witli  injurious  language.] 

To  treat  with  violence  and  wrong ;  to  abuse  by 
rude  or  insolent  language  ;  to  injure  by  rough,  rude 
treatment  of  any  kind. 

Base  and  ifisolcnt  Tnmds  outrage  men,  whf-ii  I'ley  have  hopes  of 

doing  it  wiilioni  a  return.  Atterhury. 

This  inierriew  outrages  all  decency,  Broome. 


OUT 

OUT'UAGE,  V.  I.    To  commit  cxorbilancc« ;  to  be 
guilty  of  violent  rudeness-.  Attftam. 

OUT'IIACE,  71.     [Fr.  id.  ;  It.  ollraggio;  Sp.  aud  Port. 
vjtrajc] 

Injurious  violence  oflerej  to  persons  or  tlilnea ; 
excessive  abuse  ;  wanton  niiscljier.  Rude,  abubive 
language,  scurrility,  or  opprobrious  and  contemptu 
ous  word?,  may  be  an  Oidragt  to  persons,  or  to  de- 
cency and  civility.  A  violent  aUack  upon  person 
or  property  is  an  outrage. 


(»(    'l' 


He  wroiiglit  great  outrasci,  wartJii  j 
went. 


OUT-BLEEP',  c.  (. 
OUTSOAR',  r.  L 


To. 


OUT-SOt'XD',  r.  I.    T., 
or.'T-HI'XftK'l.i:,  r.  r. 
OUTSl'AKK'l. ;,!),;-,. 
OUT-HPAUKl,l.-,(;,L- 
OCT-SPEAK',  r.  (.    To.;i^ii 
cicfced. 


sll  the  c«unti7  «bfn  h? 
SpaufT. 
OUT'Ra-GED,  pji.  or  a.     Treated  Willi  violence  or 

wronj;-,  abused  by  insolent  !angua"e. 
OUT-Ra'OEOUS,  a.     [II.  vttra^rgiogo ;  Fr.  oulragniz.] 

1.  Violent;  furious;  exorbitant;  exceeding  all 
bounds  of  moderation  ;  as,  outratreotLi  villainies ; 
outra^CQiLS  talk  ;  ontraifeouj  abuse.  Hiilntij.     Spenjtr. 

2.  Excessive ;  exceeding  rea-son  or  decency  ;  a.s, 
outrageous  panegj-ric.  Drydeti, 

3.  Enormous  ;  atrocious  ;  as,  outrageous  crimes. 

4.  Tumultuous  ;  turbulent.  [Shak. 
0UT-Ra'(5E0US-LY,    ado.     With    great    violence; 

furiously  ;  excessively.  Spenncr.    SoutJt. 

OUT-Ra'CEOUS-NESS,  n.    Fury  ;  violence  ;  enor- 
mity. Drydm. 

OUT-RaZE',  v.  t.    To  raze  to  extermination.  Sandiu. 

OU-r/iE',  (oo-trS',)  a.     [Fr.]     Being  out  of  the  com- 
mon course  or  limits  ;  extravagant.  Qeddcj. 

OUT-ReACH',  f.  (.    To  go  or  extend  beyond.  Brown. 

OUT-ReACH'£D,  (-rcecht',)  pp.    Reached  bevond. 

OUT-ReAS'ON,  (-re'zn,)  v.  I.    To  excel  or  surpass  in 
roasomng.  South. 

OUT-ReAS'0N-£D,  pp.    Surpassed  in  reasoning. 

OUT-RECK' ON,  v.  t.    To  exceed  in  assumed  compu- 
tation. Pearson. 

OUT-RECK' ON-il),  pp.    Evcelled  in  computation. 

OUT-REIGN',  c.  (.    To  reign  through  the  whole  of. 

Spenser. 

OUT-RIDE',  1).  (.  To  pass  by  riding  ;  to  ride  faster 
than.  rtall. 

OUT-RIDE',  V.  i.  To  travel  about  on  horseback,  or 
in  a  vehicle.  .Addison. 

OUT'RID-ER,  n.  A  summoner  whose  office  is  to 
cite  men  before  the  sheriff.     [JVot  used,]  Diet, 

2.  One  who  travels  about  on  horseback. 

3.  A  servant  on  horseback  who  attends  a  carriage. 
0UT'RIG-GER,7!.     In  seameiCs  Uinguagc^^Wj  project- 
ing spar  or  piece  of  tin;'i  r  for  extending  ropes  or 
sails,  or  for  other  temporary  purposes.  Braitde. 

OUT'RIGHT,  (out'rite,)  ado.     Immediately  ;  without 

delay  ;  at  once.  Jls-buUuwt. 

2.  Completely.  Addison. 

OTJT-RI' V.AIi,  V.  t.    To  surpass  in  excellence.  Addison. 

OUT-Eo.\R',  V.  t.    To  exceed  in  roaring.  Shak. 

OUT-RoAR'£D,/ip.     Surpassed  in  roaring. 

OIIT'RoDE,  71.    .\n  excursion.    1  Mitee.  xv. 

OUT-ROOT',  r.  r.    To  eradicate  ;  to  extirpate.     Rotte. 

OUT-RUN',  V.  U  To  exceed  in  running ;  to  leave 
behind  in  running.  Drijden. 

2.  To  exceed  ;  as,  to  oittnm  one's  income.  Addison. 

OUT-SaIL',  v.U  To  sail  faster  than  ;  to  leave  behind 
in  sailing.  Broome. 

OUT-SaIL'ED,  pp.    Sailed  faster  than. 

OUT-S.xII,'ING,  ppr.    Leaving  behind  in  sailing. 

OUT'se.^PE,  71.    Power  of  escaping,    [^''at  used,] 

Cltapman. 

OUT-SeORN',  I!.  (.  To  bear  down  or  confront  by 
contempt ;  to  despise. 

OUT-SeOUR'INGS,  >i.  fl.  [out  and  scour.]  Sub- 
stances washed  or  scoured  out.  Buehland. 

OUT-SELL',  V.  t.    To  exceed  in  amount  of  sales. 

2.  To  exceed  in  the  prices  of  things  sold. 

3.  To  gain  a  higher  price.  Shak. 
OUT'SET^  71.     Beginning ;    first    entrance  on    any 

business.  .Mason.    Smith. 

Every  thing  almost  dcpcntls  upon  givin*  a  proper  ilirrctioo  to 
this  outset  of  life.  -'•  llaatt. 

OUTSHINE',  r.  (.  To  send  forth  brightness  or  lus- 
ter. S*"^- 

2.  To  excel  in  luster  or  excellence ;  as,  Homer 
ouLhines  all  other  poets.  Addi.son. 

OUT-SHOOT',  V.  t.    To  exceed  in  shooting.    Drydcn. 
2.  To  shoot  beyond.  .Vorris. 

OUT-SHUT',  c.  (.    To  shut  out  or  exclude.    Donne. 

OUT-SIDE',  II.  The  external  part  of  a  thing ;  the 
part,  end,  or  side  which  forms  tlio  surface  or  super- 
ficies. Bacon.     Druden. 

2.  Superficial  appearance;  exterior;  as, the  outside 
of  a  man  or  of  manners. 

Created  teings  eee  nothing  hat  onr  otxliiu'^.  .ltfji*cn. 

3.  Person  ;  external  man.  Shak.    Baeon. 

4.  The  part  or  place  that  lies  without  or  beyond  an 
inclosure. 

1  Uirew  open  the  door  of  my  chamber,  and  found  the  u 
iiig  on  the  oataide.  ^\ 

5.  The  utmost.  Mortimer. 
OUT'SIDE,  a.  On  the  outsido:  exterior;  external. 
OUT-SIN',  V,  t.  To  sin  beyonil.  KiHenl>eei, 
OUT-SIT',  V.  t.  To  sit  beyond  the  time  of  any  tiling. 
OUT-SKIP',  r.  t.  To  avoid  by  flight.  B.  .fottson. 
OUT'SKIRT,  71.    Border;  outpost;  suburb. 


OUT-.SPORT',  r. 

sportinp. 
OL'T-SPREAD'. 


Kprcad ;  to  dilTttic. 
OUT'S 


t    To  tfrjn 
((nt-«pral'J  a.  (.    To  «•- 

SJ'REAf),  (out'ipted,)    ff.  or  '- 

expanded. 
OUT-SPREAD'l.\G,  mr.    Ejltti!:.-.- 
0UT,SPREAD'1.NG,«.    The  i- 

iliirt|j«ing. 
OUT-STA.ND',  r.  L    To  mi<: 

stand  ;  to  sustain  without  ylcltl.!,^ 

2.  To  stand  beyond  the  proper  tier. 
OUT-STAND',  V.  L    To  ptoJ«J  w. 

main  iKidy. 
OUT-STAND'ING,  pj>r.  or  «.    B'^^   ■ 
[LiUle  ujrd.] 
2.  Projecting  outward. 
3   Not  collected  ;  uofnld  ;  ^. 

The  wfao'.e  U7w»nt  c/ (rrnian  —  u  .:_  »,' 

OUT-STARE',  T.L  To  bee  down  ;  : 
outface  with  elTrontery  ;  &f  we  n)  . 
countenance. 

OUT-ST.aR'^D,  pp.    Outfaced  wUi  • 

OUT-START'I.NG,  a.    Slartinj  out. 

OUT-STEP',  r.  (.    To  (tep  t«  (o  be, 

OUT-STEP'PKD,  (-«ept.)  pp.     - 
OUT-STORM',  r.  t.    To  over: 

Inaulu  th«  leiTij'-tt  tnj  OTi^li-ai  _    _    - 

OUT'STREET,  n.    A  ottet  In  llM  eUKit. 
To  eileDil ;   to   ' ' 


town. 
OUT-STRETCH',  r.  L 

spreati  out  ;  to  expand. 
OUT-STRETCM'BD,  pji.oro.  Extended  ;  .; 
OUT-STRETCiriNG,K>r.    Sprcsdine  out;  . 

ing. 
OUT-STEIDE',  r.  L    To  5-jrT<lM  in  ttniinf. 

B.  .' 
OUT-STRIP',  r.  (.    To  out  jo  ;  to  outran  ;  t 

beyond.  S*«dL    / 

OUT-STRIP'PED,  (-stript',)  ff.    Outrun. 
OUT-SWE.aR', r.  t    To  exceed  in  nvrarin: 

power  by  swearing. 
0UT-SWEET'£N,  c.  L    To  exceed  in  fwc  • 


OUT-SWELL',  t.  L  To  overflow  ;  to  eice^ 

ing. 
OUT-TALK',  (out  «wk',)  r.  L 

talking  ;  to  exceed  in  talking. 
OUT-TALK'iD,  (-tawkt',)  pp.  OTetpowci> 

ing. 
OUT-THROW,  r.  (.  To  throw  out  or  bercr 
OUT-TOn.',  r.  (.    To  (oil  to  a  depte  hryar 
OUT-TONGUE',  (out  tuns',)  »• '-    Tobrj: 

talk,  clamor,  or  noise. 
OUT-TOP',  r.  1.    To  overtop.  f.Vrt  «i«rf.] 
OUT-VAL'UE,  e.  (.    To  exceed  in  pncc  or 


To  ontr; 


li 


OUT-VEN'OM, 
OUT- VIE',  r.  U 


r.  t    To  elf>-^' 
To  exceed ;  : 


ocU 


OUT-Vni.'LAIN,  r.  t.    To  ex.- 

OUT-VOICE',  (out-Vub',)  r.  L     To 

or  clami'>r.    [.Vo!  used.  1 
OUT-VOTE',  r.  (.    T.-  ■■•'->  •"  " 

given  ;  to  ilcfoat  bv  : 
OUT- VOTED,  pp.  1' 
OUT-WALK',  (out-wau.  .    - 

to  leave  behind  in  walkinf. 
3.  To  exceed  the  walking  of  a  .«p«ter.  ; 
OUT-WALK'iO),  (out-wiwkl',)  n-    Le'^  - 

walking. 
OUT'WALL,  «.    The  cxteiior  waU  of  a  toiUiat 

fortR'ss. 
a  Sii|ieriirial  anpearuice.    I  ruwul.]        Sl*l 
OUT'W.MID,  a.     [Sax.  uXeai,  or  •Jnorsrti;  «!, 

and  TCeard^  1..  rfj-siw.] 

1.  Extenial ;    exterior  ;    fonninj  the   ^ 
part ;  as,  the  outTcrd  coat  of  an  ooioti . 
ganncnt. 

2.  External ;  visible  ;  opposed  to  t^WAao ,  w,  *a-i 
ward  hale. 

3.  Extrinsic ;  advcnlitiouj. 

.\n  oiirw-orii  booor  foe  ui  'lawwj  tiS.  ***•■ 

4.  Foreign  :  not  intestine :  a»,  ao  ••'"^  "^^ 
[.Vol  HOB  wsei.]     Wc  now   sajr,  ater^  " 

x\Tir. 

5.  Tending  to  Uie  exterior  pott. 

The  ISie  »t;I  fc<ee  ia  txx.rd  "' 
a  In  Seripturt,  civil ;  public  ;  V 
lous.    1  Chrom.  XXTi. 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE. 


-AN"GER,  Vl"CIOUS.-e  as  K;  G  as  J;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  3FH  as  in  THIS. 

7t» 


OVA 


OVE 


OVE 


7.  In  thi'-olog^iji  carnal  ;    lleslily ;    corporeal ;    not 
spiritual ;    as,  tlic  outward  innii. 
OUI'^WAKD,  ?i.    External  form.  Shak. 

OUT'WARI),  arfr.  To  the  outer  pnrts  j  tending  or  di- 
rected toward  the  exterior. 

The  lighi  r.illlng  on  them  [lilactc  bo«liesJ  ia  not  r^-QecU'il  ouUcard. 

NetBlon, 

2.  From  a  port  or  country ;  as,  a  ship  bound  out- 
ward. 

OU'raVARD-BOUND',  a.  Proceeding  from  ii  port  or 
counlrv. 

OUT'WARD-I.Y,  adc.  Externally;  opposed  to  In- 
wardly ;  as,  outwardly  content,  but  inwardly  un- 
easy. 

2.  In  apponrancc  ;  not  sinrerely.  IMany  may  in- 
wnrdly  reverence  the  goodness  which  they  oulwardlij 
seem  to  despise. 

OUT-U'A?II',  (-wosh'j)  V.  t.    To  wash  out ;  to  cleanse 

frnin.     [Little  used.]  Donne, 

OUT-\VATCH',  V.  U    To  surpass  in  watching. 

B.  Jmison. 
OUT-WEaU',  v.  t.  To  wear  out.  rj\y£  used.]  Donne. 
9.  To  pass  tediously  to  the  end. 

By  the  Elrcam,  if  I  tlie  night  otUtnear.  Pope. 

3.  To  last  longer  than  something  else.  \_Thls  is 
the  common  sigiiijication,] 

OUT-WEED',  V.  t.  To  weed  out ;  to  extirpate,  as  a 
weed.  Spenser. 

OUT-WEEP',  V.  u    To  exceed  in  weepin-;.  Dn/dm. 

OUT-WEIGH',  (out-wa',)  v.  t.     [See  Weigh:]    Tn 

exceed  in  weight.  Wdkins. 

9.  To  exceed  in  value,  influence,  or  importance. 

One  s* If- approving  hour  whole  years  oulioeighs 

Of  stupiil  sUircrs  and  of  louJ  hu:£as.  Pope. 

OUT-WEIGII'ED,  (out-wade',)  pp.  Exceeded  in 
wcii;iit.  value,  or  importance. 

OUT  WEIGH'ING,  (out-wa'ing,)  ppr.  Exceeding  in 
weijiht,  value,  or  iiilluence. 

OUT-WELL',  V.  t.  or  i.    To  pour  out.     [AV  used.] 

OUT-WE.\T',  pret.  of  Outgo.  [Spenser. 

OlfT-WHoRE',  V.  t.    To  exceed  in  lewdness,.  Pope. 

(JUT-WIN',  V.  t.     To  get  out  of.    [J^Tot  used.]   Spenser. 

OUT-WI.VD',  v.t.  To  extricate  by  winding;  to  un- 
loose. j\Iore. 

OUT-WING',  V.  t.  To  move  faster  on  the  wing;  to 
outstrip.  OartJi. 

OUT-WIT',  V.  t.  To  surpass  in  design  or  stratagem  ; 
to  overreach  ;  to  defeat  or  frustrate  by  superior  inge- 
nuity. '  Dnjden. 

OUT-\VlT'TED,  pp.  Overreached  ;  defeated  by  strat- 
aireni,  or  by  superior  ingenuity. 

OUT-\VORK',  (out-wmk',)  v.  t.  To  surpass  in  work 
or  labor. 

OUT' WORK,  n.  A  term  applied  to  al!  works  of  a  for- 
tress which  are  situated  without  the  principal  wall, 
within  or  beyond  the  principal  ditch. 

Encyc.  ^m.     Bacon. 

OUT-WoRX',  pp.  [See  Weai:.]  Worn  out;  con- 
sumed by  use.  Mdton. 

0UT-AV6IITH',  (-wurth',)  v.  t.    To  exceed  in  value. 

OUT-WREST',  (out-re^-l',)  v.  t.  To  extort ;  to  draw 
from  or  forth  by  violence.  Spenser. 

OUT-WRITE',  (out-rite',)  v.  t.    To  surpass  in  writing. 

.Addison, 

OUT-MTIOUGHT',  (oul-rawt',)  pp.  [See  Work.]  Out- 
done :  exceeded  in  act  or  efficacy. 

OUT-Za'NT,  r.  (.     [See  Zanv,]    To  exceed  in  buf- 

OUZE,  7i.    See  Ooze.  [foonery. 

O'VAL,  a.     [Fr.  ovale,  from  L,  ovum^  an  egg.] 

I.  Of  the  shape  or  figure  of  an  egg;  oblong  and 
curvilinear,  with  both  ends  of  the  same  breadth  ; 
resembling  the  longitudinal  section  of  an  egg. 

Brande.     Lindley. 

0.  Pertaining  to  eggs;  done  in  the  egg;  as,  oval 
_  conceptions.  Brown. 
O'VAL,  11.     A  body  or  figure  in  the  shape  of  an  egg, 
_  or  of  anellipse.  Watts. 
OV-AL-BU'MEN,  n.    The  albumen  or  white  of  an  egg. 
O'V.-XL-LV,  adv.     So  as  to  be  oval.                [Brande. 
0'VAL-SHaP-£D,  (-shapt,)  a.     Oval. 
O-VA'Rr-.AN,  a.     Belonging  to  the  female  ovary. 
0-Va'RI-OUS,  a.     Consisting   of  eggs;  as,   ovarions 

food.  Thomson. 

0-yA'Rf-UM,n.;  pi.  OvxRi.K.    [L.]    An  ovarv,  which 
_  see. 
O'VA-RY,  71.     [Fr.  ovairc  :  L.  ovarium,  from  ovum,  an 

1.  The  part  of  a  l.inale  animal  in  which  the  eggs 
are  formed  or  lodged  ;  vt  the  part  in  wliich  the  fetus 
is  supposed  to  be  formed.  Encijc.     Coze. 

2.  In  hotanij,  a  hollow  case  or  covering  inclosing 
ovules.    It  contains  one  or  more  cavities  called  cells. 

Lindley. 
o'V^  TED   (  ^'     f-^'  ''^''''^''  from  ovum,  an  egg.] 

Egg-shaped,  with  the  lower  extremities  broadest ; 
as,  an  ovate  leaf. 
O'VaTE-LAN'CE-0-LATE.  a.    Between  ovate  and 

lanceolate.  J^Jartyn. 

0'V.\TE-SUB'lJ-LATE,  a.     Between  ovale  and  sub- 

nlate. 
O-Va'TFON,  72.     [L.  ovatio.] 

In  Roman  antiquity,  a  lesser  triumph  allowed  to  a 


commander  for  a  victory  not  deserving  a  triumph,  in 
the  strict  sense.  P.  Cyc. 

O-VA-TO-Oli'LONG,  a.     Between  ovale  and  oblong. 

Marftpi. 

OVEN,  C'lv'n,)  n.  [Sax.  ofen  ;  G.  ofen  ;  I),  oven  :  Dan. 
ovn.  Qu.  Gr.  (tcuj,  Sw.  ti^/j.  In  Russ.  ovini  are 
small  wooden  kilns  for  drying  corn.     Tookc.] 

1.  A  place  arched  over  with  brick  or  stone  work, 
for  baking,  heating,  or  drying  any  substance.  Ovens 
are  made  in  chimneys  or  set  in  the  open  air. 

2.  The  term  has  been  extended  so  as  to  include 
various  ajiparalus  for  baking  or  drying;  as,  a  tin 
oven.  Hebert, 

O'VER,  prep.  [Sax.  obtr^ofer;  Goth,  vfar;  G.kihen 
D.  and  Dan.  over;  Sw.  ofver ;  Gr.  vnco,  whence, 
probably,  L.  super ;  Arm.  uvar,  rar,  oar,  ar  ;  Ir.  ar, 
formerly  fair  or  fer;  W.  ar ;  Corn.  nar.  Clu.  Gr. 
TTu'^.  'J'liis  word  corresponds  in  sense  with  13J?  in 
tlie  Shcrnitic  dialects,  signifying  to  pass,  in  almost 
any  manner  ;  to  pass  over,  as  a  river,  to  pass  beyond, 
to  pass  away,  to  pass  liy  ;  in  short,  to  move,  dispart, 
or  go.  Sax.  faran,  to  fare.  Ilcnce  the  derivative 
sense  of  beyond,  cither  on  the  other  side  or  above  ; 
hence  the  sense  of  excess,  which  supposes  the  pass- 
ing of  a  limit ;  hence  the  sense  i^i  opposite  or  a^rainst, 
in  the  Gr.  v-to,  for  the  further  side  of  a  river  is  the 
opposite  side.  We  do  not  use  the  word  in  this  sense, 
except   with  againsL    See  Class  Br,  No.  23.    The 

Pei-sian  corresponding  word  is  1  ^i  fara,  which  co- 
incides nearly  with  the  Greek  Trapa,  and  both  seem 

to  be  more  directly  from  Ihe'Ar.  y^S  abara,  to  go 
beyond.    Class  Br,  No.  37.] 

1.  Across:  from  side  lo  side;  implying  a  passing 
or  moving  either  above  the  substance  or  thing,  or  on 
the  surface  of  it.  Thus  we  say,  a  dog  leaps  over  a 
stream,  or  over  a  table  ;  a  boat  sails  over  a  lake. 

2.  Above  in  place  or  position  ;  opposed  to  Below  ; 
as,  the  clomls  over  our  heads.  Tiie  smoke  rises  over 
the  city. 

Thf;  m?rcy-seat  th^it  is  ouer  llic  tcsliinorv?,  —  Ex.  xxx. 

3.  Above,  denoting  superiority  in  excellence,  dig- 
nity, or  value  ;  as,  the  advantages  which  the  Chris- 
tian world  has  over  the  heathen.  Swift. 

Young  Pallas  shone  conspicuutiii  o'er  the  rest.  Drydcn. 

4.  Above  in  authority,  implying  the  right  or  power 
of  superintending  or  governing  ;  opposed  to  Under. 

Thou  shall  Iw  oi<tr  my  house.  —  Gen.  xli. 

I  will  maJte  ihee  ruler  over  many  things.  —  Mall.  xxv. 

5.  Upon  the  surface  or  whole  surface ;  through 
the  wliole  extent ;  as,  to  wander  over  the  earth  ;  to 
walk  over  a  field,  or  over  a  city. 

(i.  Upon.    Watch  over  your  childre:;. 

Do&t  thou  not  watch  oyer  my  sin  f  —  JoIj  xiv. 

Hia  lender  mercies  are  ouer  all  hU  works.  —  Pa.  cxlv. 

7.  During  the  whole  time  ;  from  beginiiing  to  end  ; 
as,  to  keep  any  thing  over  night ;  to  keep  corn  ot-er* 
winter. 

8.  Above  the  tup;  covering;  immersing;  as,  the 
water  is  over  the  shoes  or  boots. 

Over  night.  To  do  a  thing  over  night  is  to  do  it  on 
the  evening  previous,  or  before  retiiing  to  rest  for  the 
night ;  as,  when  preparing  for  a  journey,  we  pro- 
vide things  necessary  over  night. 

Over,  in  poetry,  is  often  contracted  into  o'er. 
o'VER,  adv.     From  side  to  side;  as,  a  board  a  foot 
over;  a  tree  a  foot  over,  a  foot  in  diameter. 

9.  On  the  opposite  side.    The  boat  is  safe  over. 

3.  From  one  to  another  by  passing;  as,  to  deliver 
over  goods  to  another. 

4.  From  one  counliy  to  another  by  passing  ;  as,  to 
carry  any  thing  over  to  France,  or  to  bring  any  thing 
over  to  England.  Bacon. 

.5.  On  the  surface. 
0.  Above  the  top. 

Good  measure,  pressed  <1owq,  and  sh;ikcn  logetlicr,  and  running 
over,  shall  men  give  into  your  bosom.  —  Luke  vi. 

7.  More  than  the  quantity  assigned  ;  beyond  a 
limit. 

He  tliat  ^ihcrod  much  had  nuthing'  ouer.  —  Ex.  xvi. 

8.  Throughout  ;  from  beginning  to  end  ;  com- 
pletely ;  as,  to  read  over  a  bouk  ;  to  argue  a  question 
over  again. 

Over  and  over ;  repeatedly  ;  once  and  again. 

And  every  right  reviewed  it  o'er  and  o'er.  Ifnrle. 

Over  again  ;  once  more  ;  with  repetition. 

0,  kill  not  all  my  kindred  o'er  again.  Dryden. 

Over  and  above ;  besides  ;  beyond  what  is  supposed 
or  limited. 

He  gained,  over  and  above,  the  good  will  or  the  people. 

L^Estrange. 

Over  against}  opposite;  in  front. 

Ooer  agfunst  this  church  stands  a  large  hospital.        Adduon. 

Over  is  used  with  rolling  or  turning  from  side  to 
side  ;  as,  to  turn  over :  to  roll  over. 

To  give  over;  to  cease  from;  as,  to  give  over  an 
enterprise. 


9.  To  consider  as  in  a  hopeless  state;  as,  the  phy- 
sicians have  given  over  their  patient. 

Over,  in  composition,  denuies  spreading,  covering 
above  ;  as  in  overcast,  overjlow  ;  or  across,  as  to  over- 
hear;  or  above,  as  to  overhang;  or  turning,  changing 
sides,  as  in  overturn ;  or,  more  gsnerally,  beyond,  im- 
plving  excess  or  superiority,  as  in  ovcracty  overcome. 

O'VEK,  a.     Pa.st. 

The  Olympic  games  were  ot>fr.  Milner. 

2.  Upper  ,  covering ;  as,  owcr-shoes ;  oucr-lealhcr. 

0-VER-A-BOUND',  v.  i.  'i'o  abound  more  than 
enough  ;  to  be  superabundant.  Pope. 

0-VER-AGT',  V.  (.  'J'o  act  or  perform  to  excess  ;  as, 
he  overacted  iiis  part.  Atterbnry. 

O-VER-ACT',  V.  i.    To  act  more  llian  is  necessary. 

B.  Jonson. 

0-VER-A€T'ED,  pp.    Acted  to  excess, 

0-VER-A€T'I\G,  ppr.  Performing  more  than  is  ne- 
cessary. 

0-VER-AG'I-TaTE,  v.  t.    To  agitate  or  discuss  be- 

_  yond  what  is  expedient.  ILill, 

O'VKR  ALLS,  H.  pi.    A  kind  of  trowsers  worn  over 

O-VER-ANX'IOU.S,  a.    Anxious  to  excess.      [others. 

O-VER-ARCH',  V.  t.  To  arch  over;  to  cover  with  an 
arch. 

Brown  with  o'erarching  sIiacIl-s,  PopF. 

0-VER-AWE',  (o-ver-aw',)  r.  t.  'i'o restrain  by  awe, 
fear,  or  superior  intluence. 

The  king  was  piv-seitt  in  person  to  ovcrluok  lli?  m:»gistnt'.'(  :ind 
ooeraice  the  subj'Xls  with  the  terror  ol  his  sword,     is^nter. 

0-VER-AW'ED,  pp.  Restrained  hv  awe. 
0-VER-BAL'ANCE,  v.  t.  To  weigh  down  ;  to  ex- 
ceed in  weight,  value,  or  importance.  The  evils 
which  spring  from  vice  ovirbalance  all  its  pleasures. 
0-VER-BAL'ANCE,  v.  Excess  of  weight  or  value  ; 
something  more  than  an  etjuivalent;  as,  ;in  overbal- 
jince  of  exports  ;  an  overbalance  of  probabilities. 

Temple.     Loclce. 
0-VER-BAL'ANC-ED,    (-bal'anst,)    pp.       Weighed 

down  ;  exceeded  in  weight  or  iniporlance. 
0-VER-BAL'.\NC-ING,  ppr.     Exceeding  in  weight, 

value,  or  importance. 
0-VER-B.^T'TLE,  a.     [Uii.  from  the  root  of  batten,  to 
fatten.] 
Too  fruitful;  e.xuberant.     [JSi'otvsed.]       Hooker. 
0-VER-BEaR',  v.  t.     [See  Be.vr.]    To  bear  down  ; 
lo  repress  ;  to  subdue. 

The  poiul  of  papulation,  when  tha  news  first  came  of  the  batllii 

lost,  did  overbear  ihe  reosun  or  war.  Bacon. 

Yet  fortune,  valor,  all  is  oocrboiiu 

By  numliers.  Derham. 

'I'ill  oi'erbnrne  wtlh  weight  the  Cyprians  Tell.  Dryden. 

0-VER-BE.aR'I.\G,  ppr.     Roaring  down  ;  repressing. 

2.    a.      Haughty    and    dogmatical  ;     disposed     cr 

tending  to  repress  or  subdue  by  insolence  or  cllVnnl- 

erv. 

0-VER-BE.aR'ING-LY,   adv.      Haughtilv;  dogmatic- 

allv. 
0-VER-BEND',  v.  t.     To  bend  or  stretch  to  excess. 

Donne. 
O-VER-BID',  V.  t.     To  bid  or  offer  beyond. 

2.  To  bid  or  oiler  more  than  an  equivalent. 
0-VER-BLoW',  V.  i.    To  blow  witli  too  much  vio- 
lence ;  a  seaman''s  phrase. 
2.  To  blow  over,  or  be  past  its  violence.     [A'*o( 

USCil.] 

0-VER-BLoW',  r.  t.  To  blow  away  ;  to  dissipate  by 
wind.  fValler. 

O-VER-BLoWN',  pp.  Blown  by  and  gone  ;  blown 
away  ;  driven  by  ;  past.  Dryden. 

And  when  this  cloud  of  sorrow  *s  ooerbloion.  Wailer. 

O'VER-BOARD,  adv.     [over  and  Fr.  bord,  side.] 

Literally,  over  the  side  of  a  ship  ;  Iience,  out  of  a 

ship  or  from  on  board  ;  as,  to  fall  overboard ;  which, 

of  course,  is  to  fall  into  the  water.  Jilar.  Diet. 

0-VRR-BROW',  r.  t.     To  hang  over.  Collins. 

O-VEK-Bl'lLT',  (o-ver-bilt',)  pp.     Built  over.  Milton. 
0-VER-BULK',  v.  t.     To  oppress  by  bulk.  [.Vot  itscd.] 

Shak. 
0-VER-BUR'D£;\,  v.   t.      To  load   with    too    great 

weight.  Sidney. 

O-VER-BUR'DEN-ED,  pp.  or  a.     Overloaded. 
0-VER-BUR'Di:;N-ING,  ppr.     Overloading. 
0-VER-BUH.\',  v.  t.     To  burn  too  much.  Mortimer. 
0-VER-BUS'Y,  (o-ver-biz'zy.)  a.  Too  busy  ;  otficious. 

Decay  of  Piety. 
0-VER-BU5',  I',  t.  To  buy  at  too  dear  a  rate.  Dryden. 
O-VER-CAN'O-PY,  V.  t.    To  cover  as  with  a  canoiiy. 

Shak. 
o'VER-CaRE,  n.    Excessive  care  or  anxiety.  Dryden. 
O-VER-CaKETUL,  a.     Careful  to  excess. 
O-VER-CAR'RI-fiD,  (-kar'rid,)  pp.     Carried  too  far. 
0-VER-€AR'RY,  r.  (.    To  carry  too  far  ;  lo  carry  or 

uree  bevond  the  proper  point.  Hayward. 

O-VER-CXST',  V.  t.     To  cloud  ;  to  darken  ;  to  cover 

with  gloom. 

The  clouds  that  overcoat  our  morn  shall  fly.  Dryden. 

2.  To  cast  or  compute  at  too  high  a  rate ;  to  rate 
too  high. 

The  king,  in  bis  account  of  peace  and  cahns,  did  much  ooercast 
liis  /urtiinea.  Bacon. 

3.  To  sew  over 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH.KT.  — MliTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BTRD.  — NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.- 
^4 


OVE 

O-VEl!  exST',  pp.  Clouded ;  overspread  witli  clouds 
or  gloom. 

The  d:i\vu  is  ovsrcast.  A'lJUon. 

Our  days  of  age  arc  sad  and  ooercaet.  Jiale'^h. 

9.  Sewed  over. 
O-VEK-eAST'I.VG,  ppi-.    Overspreading  wilh  clouds 

or  cloom  ;  sewiii::  over. 
0-VER-€AU'TIOL'S,  (-slius,)  a.   Cautious  or  prudent 

to  excess.  Addison. 

O-VER-CAU'TIOUS-IA',  ado.    Cautiously  to  excess. 
0-VER-CH.KRGE',  v.  t.    To  cliarge  or  load  to  excess ; 
to  cloy  ;  to  oppress. 

TliB  heavy  load  of  ubuiidaticc  wUh  wliich  we  overchnr^e  nature, 

hatcsh. 

2.  To  crowd  too  much. 

Our  laiigTUa^  U  oiierdiarged  with  couionatiU.  Ail'ligon. 

3.  To  burden.  S/iui. 

4.  To  fill  to  excess ;  to  surcharge  ;  as,  to  overcharge 
the  memory.  Locke. 

5.  To  load  wilh  too  great  a  charge,  as  a  cun. 

Dciiliam. 
G.  To  charge  too  nuich  ;  to  enter  in  an  account 
more  than  isjust. 
C  VE11-CIIaR(jE,  71.    An  excessive  load  or  burden. 
9.  A  charge  in  an  account  of  more  than  isjust. 
3.  An  excessive  charge,  as  of  a  gun. 
0-VEU-CII.\Rti'-ED,  pp.  or  a.      Loaded  to  excriis  ; 

cliarired  more  llian  is  proper. 
0-VEU-CLlMIi',  (-kllnie',)  v.  I.    To  climb  over. 

Sitrrcn. 

O-VER-CLOUD',  r.  (.  To  cover  or  overspread  witli 
clouds.  Tickel. 

0-VER  er.OUD'ED,  pp.     Overspread  with  clomls. 

nVEK  ei.OV,  r.  I.    To  fill  beyond  satiety.     Sluik. 

O-VER-COI.O',  fl.     Cold  to  excess.  Hl-icmnii. 

OVERCOME',  t-kum',)  I-.  (.  [See  Come.]  'I'o  con- 
quer ;  to  vanqursh  ;  to  subdue;  us,  to  orercdHic  ene- 
mies in  battle. 

'J.  To  sunnount  J  to  get  the  better  of;  as,  to  oi-c?-- 
ccmt-  difliciLlties  or  obstacles. 

3.  To  overflow  ;  to  surcharge.     [^Xtti  useil.'] 

PItilips. 

4.  To  come  upon  ;  to  invade.     [Aot  i/.s-ci/.] 
0-VER-eOME',  (-kuni',)  r.  I.     To  gain  the  superi- 
ority ;  to  be  victorious.    Horn.  iii. 

O-VER-CO-M'ER,  j[.  One  who  vamiuishes  or  sur- 
mounts. 

O-VER-CO.M'ING,  W1-.  or  c.  Vanquisliing  ;  subdu- 
iii2  ;  getting  the  better  of. 

0-VER-C(jM'IN<;-l.Y,  a/e.    With  superiority.    More. 

0-VER-t'il-\'Kl-I)E.\('E,  It.     Excessive  confidence. 

O  VER-Ci  >.\'FI-DENT.  u.     Confident  to  excess. 

0-VER-eO.\'FI-DENT-LY,  mie.  With  too  much 
confidence.  Baiter. 

0-VER-eOE.\",  V.  t.    To  corn  to  e.xce3s.      .adil'ison. 

O  VER-eOUNT',  V.  t.    To  rate  above  the  true  value. 

Sluih. 

0-VER-eOU-\T'ED,  pp.    Rated  above  the  value. 

0-VER-€OV'ER,  !i.  r.     To  cover  completely.    Shak. 

0-VER-eRED'U-LOUS,  o.     Too  apt  to  believe.  Sliak. 

0-VER-€RoW',  V.  t.    To  crow  as  in  triumph. 

O  VER-CU  'RI-OUS,  a.    Curious  or  nice  to  excess. 

Bacan. 

O-VER-DATE',  v.  I.  To  date  beyond  the  proper  pe- 
riod. J)TiItoji. 

0-VER-DlGHT',  (-due',)  a.    Covered  over.     [Obs.] 

O-VER-DIL'I-GENT,  a.     Diligent  to  excess. 

O-VER-DO',  V.  t.    To  do  or  perform  too  much.  Shak. 
9.  To  h.aness ;  to  fatigue  ;  to  oppress  by  too  much 
action  or  labor. 
3.  To  boil,  bake,  or  roast  too  much.  Sioift. 

O-VER-DO',  v.  i.    To  labor  too  hard  ;  to  do  too  much. 

Orew. 

0-VER-Dc'j'IXG,  n.    Excessive  labor  or  exertion. 

O-VER-DO'ING,  ppr.     Doing  to  excess. 

0-VER-DOXE',  (-dun',)  pp.    Overacted  ;  acted  to  cx- 

2.  Wearied  or  oppressed  by  too  much  labor,   [cess. 

3.  Boiled,  baked,  or  roasted  too  mucli.         Sioift. 
o'VER-UoSE,  n.    Too  great  a  dose. 
O-VEE-DRAW',  t.  t.    To  draw  beyond  the  proper 

limits  ;  to  draw  an  order  for  a  larger  sum  than  is  due, 

or  for  a  sum  beyond  one's  credit  in  the  books  of  a 

company  ;  as,  to  overdrate  the  sum  standing  to  one's 

credit  in  the  books  of  a  banking  companv. 
O-VER-DRAVV'ING,  ppr.     Bey.md  tile  propT  limits  ; 

drawing  for  more  than  one  is  entitled  to  receive. 
0-VER-DRAWX',   pp.      Drawn    beyond   the    proper 

limits ;  drawn  upon  beyond  the  credit  or  funds  of 

the  drawer. 
O-VER-DRESS',  V.  t.    To  dress  to  excess ;  to  adorn 

too  murh.  Pope. 

O-VER-DRESS'ED,  {-dresl',)  pp.     Adorned  to  excess. 
0-VER-DRl.'<K',  1'.  (.    To  drink  to  excess. 
O-VER-DKIVE',  T.  (.    To  drive  too  hard,  or  beyond 

strength.     Qen.  .xxxiiL 
O  VDR-DKl V'£N,  pp.    Driven  too  hard. 
0-VER-DR5',  r.  (.    To  dry  too  much.  Burton. 

O-VER-DuE',  a.    Past  the  time  of  payment;  as,  an 

occrdae  note. 

0-VER-E.\'GER,  a.    Too  eager;  too  vehement  in  de- 
sire. Goodman. 
0-VER-K.\'GER-EY,  ado.    With  excessive  eagerness. 
0-VER-kA'GER-NESS,  71.    Excess  of  earnestness. 


OVE 


OVE 


O-VER-kAT',  t>.  (.    To  eat  to  excess. 

n"v?n  ti'.S;?^''  '  '  "•,  Elegant  to  excess.    Johnson. 

I^  a-i<  ,     'J  ;.V.}.  .V'-'   "■     ^"   e«lmu.tc   that   la  trjo 
S'^E'^i"'  I'   '■'"'''•     Too  much  excited.        [high, 
n'x^v   ■So-,';"'"-'*"-''''''  "•    '-■''"•■»''  -'f  exciteiLent. 
o-\  tR-ESE',  (O-ver-i',)  e.  t.    'J'o  suiwrintend  ;  to  in- 
spect.    [LitUensed.] 

a.  To  observe  ;  to  remark.  SImk 

O'VER-FALL,  II.    .A  cataract;  the  fall  of  a  river. 

O-VER-FA-TKGIJE',  (o-ver-fa-tccg',)   n.     EiMsJive 

fatigue. 
O-VER-F.V-TIG  UE',  (o-ver-fa-tecg',)  v.  t.    To  fatigue 

to  excess.  IfaOa. 

O-VER-FED',  pp.     Fed  to  excess. 
O-VER-FEEt)',  V.  I.     To  feed  to  excess.       Dripltn. 
O- V  EU-l'TLL',  v.  t.    To  fill  to  excess  ;  to  surcharge. 

Driiden. 
O-VER-FLo AT',  7-.  (.    To  ovcrnow ;  to  inundate. 

0-VER-FL5UR'ISir,  (o-ver-flnr'isb,)  b.  (.  To''make 
ex-Cessive  dispbiy  or  Ibuirish.  Collier. 

0-VER-FLo\\',  r.  t.  To  spread  over,  as  water;  to 
inundate  ;  to  cover  with  water  or  other  fluid. 

2.  To  fill  beyond  Ihe  brim. 

3.  To  deluge ;  to  overwhelm ;  to  cover,  as  with 
numbers. 

Tin;  iionliPni  nalioua  OMrJfouied  all  CliHstondom.       i,)ifnier. 

O-VER-FLSVV',  V.  7.  "I'o  run  over;  to  swell  and  run 
over  the  brim  or  banks.  Dnjdcn. 

9.  To  be  aliiindant ;  to  abound  ;  to  exuberate  ;  as, 

_  overjlitwina  plenty.  Ro'.'ees. 

O'VER-FLOW,  ».  .\n  inundation  ;  also,  supt"rabun- 
danc.-.  fioroii. 

0-VER-FL6\V'>.D,;.j).  Run  or  spread  over,  as  water  ; 
deluged. 

O-VER-FLoW'ING,  ppr.  P]ireading  over,  as  a  fluid  ; 
inundating  :  running  over  the  brim  or  banks. 

0-VER-FLO\V'I.\G,  0.  Aliundant  ;  copious  ;  exu- 
berant. 

O-VER-FLOW'ING,  ;i.    Exuberance;  copiousness. 

Z>e7iAa7?i. 

O-VER-FLoW'ING-LY,  ado.  Exuberantly  ;  in  great 
abundance.  Boytc. 

O-VER-FLU.SH',  r.  t.     To  flush  to  excess. 

O-VER-FLUSH'BD,  (  fiusht',)  pp     Flushed  to  excess ; 
reddened  to  excess. 
9.  Elated  to  exceas.  .^tidis.m. 

O-VER-FLI-',  1'.  (.    I'o  pass  over  or  cross  by  tligiit. 

0-VER  FOND',  <i.     Fond  to  excess.  [Dniden. 

0-VEU-FOR'\VARD,  a.    Forward  to  excess. 

0-VER-FOR'\VARD-.NESS,  7i.  Too  great  forward- 
ness or  readiness  ;  officiousness.  7/(i/c. 

0-VER-FREIGHT',(o-ver-frate',)i'.  (.  (Sec  FneioHT.] 
To  load  too  heavily  ;  to  fill  with  too  great  quantity 
or  numbers  ;  as,  to  ooerfreisht  a  boat. 

0-VER-FR\5rr'F[JL,  a.  Too  rich  ;  producing  super- 
abundant crops.  Dnjdcn. 

O-VER-FUI.L',  a.     T.io  full. 

O-VER-GET',  V.  t.  To  reach  ;  to  overtake.  [JITot 
vsed.]  Sidnaj. 

O-VER-GILD',  r.  (.     To  gild  over  ;  to  varnish. 

O-VER-GIRD',  V.  t.    To  gird  or  bind  too  closclv. 

Mittan. 

O-VER-GLANCE',  v.  t.  To  glance  over ;  to  run  over 
wifli  the  eve.  Sftak. 

O-VER-GO'',  7!.  t.    To  exceed ;  to  surpass.      Sidnaj. 
9.  To  cover.     [JVot  iLjcd.]  Chapman. 

O-VER-GONE',  (o-ver-gawn'i)  p;i.    Injured;  ruined. 

Shak. 

0-VER-GOR(SE',  (o-ver-gorj',)  f.  t.  To  gorge  to  ex- 
cess. ShaX: 

0-VER-GRXS.S'ED,  (-g;-Ust',)  a.  Overstocked  with 
grass ;  overgrown  with  grass.  Spenser. 

O-VER-GRE.i T',  a.     Too  great.  Locke. 

0-VER-GRoV\'',  V.  t.    To  cover  with  growth  or  herb- 
age. .Spenser. 
9.  To  grow  beyond  ;  to  rise  above.        .Mortimer. 

O-VER-GROW,  e.  i.  To  grow  beyond  the  fit  or  nat- 
ural size  ;  a.i,  a  huste,  ovcr^oion  ox.     L' E^tran^e. 

0-VER-GRo\VN',  pp.  or  a.     Covere.l  with  herbage  ; 
a.  Grown  bevond  the  iiaturd  size.       [risen  above. 

6'VER-GR6\V'rir,7i.    Exuberant  or  excessive  growth. 

0-VER-IL\LE'.     See  Overhaul.  [Bacon. 

O-VER-H.WN'D'I.E,  f.  t.  To  handle  (oo  much;  lo 
ni'iiliou  too  often.  &^aA. 

O-VRRHAN'G',  i:  t.    To  impend  or  hang  over. 
9.  To  jot  or  project  over.  .Vilton. 

0-VER-HANG',  r.  i.    To  jut  over.  .^^llon. 

0-VER-HANG'i.\'G,  ppr.  ura.    Hanging  over  or  above. 

O-VERHARD'i'N,  t'.  t.  To  harden  too  much;  to 
make  too  hard.  Bonk. 

0-VER-!I.\:?TE',  71.    Too  gnat  haste. 

O-VER-H.aST'1-LY,  adc.     In  too  much  ha.ste.    Hairs. 

O-VEK-U.iST'l-NES.S,  11.  Too  much  haste  :  precipi- 
tation. Heresbil. 

0-VER-II.\ST'Y,  a.    Too  hasty  ;  precipitate. 

ffuinmond. 

0-VER-H.\UL',  I'.  I.    To  spread  over.  Spenser. 

a.  To  turn  over  for  examination  ;  lo  exaiuino  or 
inspect. 


3.  To  draw  otcy. 

4.  To  examine  u*air, 

5.  To  gain  <itr,n  tn  i 
0-VEIMIrti;i,'JLD,  yp.      . 

tion. 
2.  Overtaken  in  a  cliuc 
0-VER-IIEAI>',  fo-rcr-brd'J  »ifr.     MJ^    i^>r«    tt 
the  z/-roIh  or  rellinc,  '' 

O-VKU-IIfiAR',  t.  L    To  bnr 

what  |j  not  aildrescfd  Lu  the  >. 

to  be  htnrd  by  him.  If 

O-VER-IIEAKIC,  (-hrrd',)|«.  II«,  , 
0-VEIt-IIP.AT',r.  t  Tob«JU.fif, 
O-VER  II  |- AT'AU,  rp.ort.  Ikuti  • 
O-VEIHIELE',  r.  (.    To  torn  uta. 

0-VER.|IR.\n',  r.  t    T..  oTrftske.    f.v.-,,-- 
0-VEIt-lli;.N«;',pf,.     Ilu,„„,„.  [v««". 

2.  Coveri'd  fir  i>Vftart,  i»  m  f!h  't-^^t 
O-VER-IS'SI'E,  (  i.h'.hu,)  ..      ' 

as,  the  oreriiMucj  uf  l>ank  im^. 

yond  the  capital  felock,  or  bo ' 

O-VER-JOV',  r.  u    To  jtve  piai  >oj  lo  ;  u,  1.. 

wuli  gl:idncil4.  1 

t"l'VER-JOy,  ».    Joyl..  .- 
O-VER-JOV'KII,  pp.     Tr 
O-VER-I.J'IKJlt,  r.  I.     I 

9.  To  execute  wilh  luu  111. im  r^ji' 
O-VER-LA'IIOK-MI,  pp.  at «.     L,ib<«ei  lo  r-  - 

0-VER-L,\DE'.  r.  I.    To  kad  with  loo  pat  a  tarpi 

or  other  burden. 
O-VER-LAD'EX,  pp.    Ovetbordtooi  ;  la^tri  U>  r». 

cess. 
0-VER-L.\II>',  pp.     [St-rOittLar.]    Offmrn*  wUk 

weight ;  smoilit-red  ;  cnvcfcd  OTcr. 
O'VER-LA.VD,  o.    raninc  by  Uml; -•   --     -    '     ' 

journey. 
0-VER-l,AP',  r.  (.    To  Up  orcr.    [7 
0-VER-LXR6E',  a.    Too  lar^e  ;  loo  r 
0-VER-I.XRC;E'.\E.=:s,  «.    Kiom  of 
0-VERLASir,  r.  I.    To  riafgrialr. 

9.  To  proci  ed  to  excesw.     [Little  tcit^.i         i 
O-VER-I.ASiriXG-I.Y,  adr.    With  eufrrii 
0-VER-I,A  V'ISH,  a.    ijvL-h  lo  eti-m. 
O-VEU-LaY',  r.  u  To  lay  tou  much  upon  ;  t 
with  incumbent  weigiit ;  ad,  a  count/)-  •rrri 
inhabitanLs.  /. 

Our  iIiuItaTe  oMrlsxioaTlvpnB.  K. 

2.  To  cover  or  spread  over  the  mirface ;  a«   ' 
/at/  capitals  of  colunms  \villj  sih'cr  ;  cedar 
with  gold. 

3.  To  smother  wilh  close  covcrins  ;  »•, ; 

an  infant.  .V  ..vt. 

4.  To  overwhelm  :  to  smotlier. 

A  heap  of  aslta  that  o'ertcif  j.<:  - .-.  L^-t^  r%. 

5.  To  Cloud  ;  lo  overcasL 

Al  whcit  a  dou-l  b^  Warn  Auh  . 

C.  To  cover ;  lo  join  iwo  Of-;  - 

Willi  Uib  poitAloui  iTii^  Ihr 

0-VERL.XV'IN'G,  ».    A  niperliciai  t 

xxxviii. 
0-VEi;-l.r:Ar',  r.  (.    To  leap  ..vr     ■ 

faim  side  to  side  by  leaping : 

or  a  ienre. 
0-VER-I,i^AP'/n),{-lerpC'»rl-,  L  ,   , 

passed  bv  leajiin;:. 
O'VER  LEATHER,  (IclFi-cr,!  ..    T 

tornis,  or  is  intended  to  fiwtn,  Ibc  ■ 

shoe  ;  that  which  is  over  the  foot     [ \V.il.  .. 

called  I'rrKKttxTHEiu] 
0-VER-LEA V'ilV,  (o-ver-ler'n.)  r.  L    To  !•  ■. 

DiucJi ;  10  cause  10  rise  and  swell  too  mo<iu 

2.  To  mix  loo  much  with  ;  lo  comipc  ^wi. 

O-VER-LIU'ER-AL,  «.    Too  liberal ;  too  frr- 
d.-mt  10  excess  ;  as,  er*W*5<rul  dirt.  ' 

0-VER-LIE',  c.  I.    To  lie  over  or  upon  jwrx'.: 

Mukl.J- 
0-\F.R-LIi;HT'.  (-Itic',)  ■.    Too  strong  a  Htht. 
0-VEi;-I.I  VK',  (o-vef-lirM  ».  I.    To  ou:l.\.  ,  t  .  I  . 
Linger  limn  another ;  10  survive    [V- 

OllUVl;.] 
0-VER-I.lVE',  (o-vcr-liV,)  r.  i.    To  1 

0-VER-LIV'ER,  «.    One  Uial  li\-«  lonpM  . 

vor. 
O-VER  LO.VD'.  r.(.  To  Kxid  with  loo  heavy  • 

or  cargo ;  to  fill  to  eici«s ;  a-s.  to  orn->«l  lb- 

or  .a  vehicle. 
O-VER-LCAD'ED,  p;i.ori:.  I/jadtJ  lao  br»> 

lo  excess. 
0-VER-l.i"iAn'l.\G,  r,T.    Putung  00  loo  bM- 

den  ;  filling  to  excess. 


0-VER-LO.NG',  a.    Too  louf. 


Brti*. 


0-VER-LOOK','  r.  t.    To  vncw  from  »*«'"»  I^' • 

applied  to  per.i.;s :  as,  lo  st-and  on  a  hiH  aad  tmiii*  ; 

a  ciiv.  1 

a.  To  stand  in  a  imw  riex-atcd  place,  m  lo  nw  K  | 


TONE,  B[.ILL,  ti.NlTE.— A.V'GER,  VI"CIOUS — G  as  K  ;  C  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  Sll;  Til  as  in  THIS. 


99 


7d5 


OVE 

hiiih  as  lo  atiord  llie  meiiiis  of  looking  down  on  ;  ap- 
plied to  tkiiiffs.     'i'hc  tower  overlooked  tlic  town. 

:i  To  sec  from  teliind  or  over  the  ehouldcr  of 
nnothcr;  to  see  from  a  higher  position;  as,  to  over- 
took a  paper  wliou  one  is  writing.  Dn/dau 

4.  To  view  fully  ;  to  peruse.  Shak. 

5.  To  inspKcl ;  to  superintend  ;  to  oversee ;  imply- 
ing care  and  watciifiihieas. 

He  was  present  in  per«on  to  oper/ooft  th«  magistratc-a.   Spenter. 

C.  To  review  ;  to  examine  a  second  limo  or  with 
care. 

T)ie  limr  mid  cart?  tlial  nro  re<iuircd 

To  overluoli,  and  Tile  and  polisli  well.  Roseomvwn. 

7.  To  pass  by  indulgently  ;  to  excuse;  not  to  pun- 
isli  or  censure  ;  as,  to  overlook  faults.  Addison. 

8.  To  neglect ;  to  slight. 

Thpy  ouerlook  truth  iu  tlic  judgment  thcjr  pass  on  adtrcreity  nnd 
prosperity.  Atterbunj. 

O-VER-LQOK'iO),    (-I^pkt'O   pp.      Viewed  from  a 

hishor  place;  seen  from  over  the  shoulder;  passed 

by  JndiilueTitIv  ;  neglected  ;  slighted. 
O-VKR-LOOK'ER,  «.    One  that  overlooks;  a  super- 
intendent. 
6'VER-LOOP;  now  written  Obi.op,  which  see. 
0-VEIt-LOVE',  C-Iuv%)  v.t    To  love  to  excess:  to 

prize  or  value  too  much.  IlaU. 

0'VEIM>V,  a.     [Sax.  oferUcc.'\ 

Careless  ;  negligent ;  inattentive.     [JVut  iised.1 

mi 
0-VER-Lt'ING,  ppr.  or  a.     Lying  over. 
0-VER-MAST',  V.  t.    To  furnish  with  a  mast  or  with 

masts  Uiat  are  too  long  or  too  heavy  for  the  weight  of 

keel. 
0-VEIt-MXRT'ED,  pp.     Having  masts  too  long  or  too 

hravy  fnr  tlie  slijp.  Mor.  Did. 

O-VEK-MaS'TER,  v.  t.    To  overpower ;  to  subdue  ; 

to  vnmiui^h  ;  to  govern.  Milton. 

0-VER-MATCIl',  V.  U    To  be  too  powerful  for;  to 

conquer;  to  subdue;  to  suppress  by  superior  force. 

Drydcn. 
0-VER-MATCrr,  n.  One  superior  in  power;  one  able 

to  overcoint".  Milton.     Jlddisov. 

0-VER-M/\TCII'ED,  (-macht',)  pp.  or  a.    Exceeded 

in  power. 
0-VER-MEAS'lTRE,  (o-ver-mczh'ur,)  v.  t.    To  meas- 
ure or  estimate  too  largely.  Bacon. 
0-VER-MEAS'URE,  (ti-ver-mezh'ur,)  n.    Excess  of 

measure  ;  something  that  exceeds  the  measure  pro- 

po>!cd. 
O-VER-MIX'.  V.  t.     To  mix  with  too  much.  Creech. 
O-VER-MOD'ES'J',  a.     Modest  to  excess;  basiiful. 

Hales. 
o'VER-MoST,  a.   Highest ;  over  the  rest  in  authority. 

JiinsiDorth. 
O-VKR-MUCII',  a.    TA>  much;  exceeding  what  is 

necessary  or  proper.  Lucke. 

O-VEK-MUCII',  adv.  In  too  great  a  degree.  Iftwkcr. 
0-VER-M(Jtm',  n.  More  than  sufficient.  Milton. 
0-VER-.'\1Ul:II'i\ESS,    n.      Supcrabundimce.      [JVot 

ji.ffd,  and  hnrbiirou.f.]  S.  Jon  son. 

O-VER-MUL'Tl-TUDE,  v.  t.    To  exceed  in  number. 

[J^''ot  iLsed.]  Milton. 

O-VeR-NaME',  v.  I.    To  name  over  or  in  a  series. 

\.\U.  usnU  Shak. 

0-VI:R-N1':AT',  a.     Excessively  neat.        Spectator. 
O-VKUMCHT',   (-nite',)  n.    Night  before  bed-lime. 

[See  Over,  prcp.]  Skak. 

O-VER-NOISE',  (o-ver-noiz',)  v.  t.    To  overpower  by 

iu)ise.  Cowley. 

O-VER-OF-FEIVD'ED,  a.    OfTcnded  to  excels.  Sircle. 
O-VER-OF'FICE,  v.  t.    To  lord  by  virtue  of  an  office. 

[.N-ol  used.]  Shak, 

0-VER-Or-fT"CrOUS,  (-nsh'us,)   a.     Too  busy  ;  too 

ready  to  intermeddle  ;  too  importunate.        CuUier. 
O-VER-I'AlO',  pp.     Paid  more  than  is  due. 

2.  Rewarded  beyond  merit. 
O-VER-1'aINT',  v.  t.  To  color  or  describe  too  strongly. 

mil. 
O-VEU-PaSS',  v.  t.    To  cross  ;  to  go  over.   Ihvjdcn. 

2.  To  overlook  ;  to  pass  without  regard. 

Milton.     Jlookcr. 

3.  To  omit,  as  in  reckoning.  Ralcirh. 

4.  To  omit;  not  to  receive  or  inchide.       Hooker, 
0-VER-PASS'i';0  )  pp.    Passed   by;    passed  away; 
O-VER-PXST',       i       cnne ;  pa.st.  Skak. 
O-VER-PAS'SION-ATE,  a.    Passionate  to  excess. 
0-VER-PAS'SION-ATE  LY,  ado.     With  too  much 

passion. 
O-VER-Pa'TIENT,  r-sheul,)  a.    Patient  to  excess. 
0-VER-PaY',  v.  t.    To  pay  too  nmcb,  or  more  than  is 

due. 

9.  To  reward  Iteyond  llie  price  or  merit     Prior. 
0-VER-PEER',  r.  «.  To  overlook  ;  to  Iinver  over.  [JVof 

v^fd.}     _  Shak. 

0-VER-PkO'PLE,i?.(.  To  overstock  with  inhabitants. 

_  Johnson. 

0-VER-PkO'PLED,  pp.  or  a.    Overstocked  witli  in- 

liahitants. 
O-VER-PKRCH',  v.  t.    To  perch  over  or  above  ;  to  Hy 

over.  Shak. 

O-VER-PER'EMP-TO-RY,  a.    Too  peremptory. 
O-VER-i'KR-PIIADE',  i-.  L    To  persuade  or  influence 

against  one's  inclination  or  opinion.  Pope. 


OVE 

O-VER-PER-SUAD'ED,  pp.  Influenced  beyond  one's 
inclination  or  opinion. 

O-VER-Pie'TURE,  V.  t.  To  exceed  the  representa- 
tion or  picture.  Shak. 

O'VER-PLUS,  n.  [over  and  h.  plus,  raorc,  or  perhaps 
G.  iibcrjluss,  ovortlow.] 

Surplus  ;  that  wliich  remains  after  a  supply,  or  be- 
yond a  quantity  proposed.  Tako  wliat  is  wanted, 
and  return  the  ovctplus. 

It  would  look  like  a  fiible  to  report  tlidt  tlila  gcntlcmnn  elves 
iiwiiy  iiU  wliich  \s  th«  overjHua  of  a  ^reat  fortune.  Addison. 

0-VER-PL■^^  V.  t.  To  ply  to  excess ;  to  exert  witb 
too  much  vigor.  Milton. 

O-VER-POISE',  (o-vcr-poiz',)  v.  t.    To  outweigh. 

Brown. 

O'VER-POISE,  n.    Preponderant  weight.      Drydcn. 

O-VER-POL'ISH,  V.  t.    To  polisli  too  much. 

BlacliwaU. 

O-VER-PON'DER-OUS,  a.  Too  heavy  ;  too  depress- 
ing. Milton. 

O-VER-PoST',  V.  t.    To  Iiastcn  over  quickly.  Shale. 

O-VER-POVV'fiR,  V.  t.  To  alfect  with  a  power  or 
force  that  can  not  be  borne  ;  as,  the  light  overpowers 
the  eyes. 

2.  To  vanqui.-ih  by  force ;  to  subdue  ;  to  reduce  to 
eilcnce  in  action  or  submission ;  to  defeat. 

Drydcn.     IValts. 

0-VER-POW'ER-£D,  pp.  Vanquished  by  superior 
force. 

O-VER-POV/'ER-ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Subduing  ;  redu- 
cing to  suhmission. 

0-VER-POW'ER-ING-LY,  adv.    With  superior  force. 

0-VEK  PRESS',  V.  U    To  bear  upon  witli  irresiKtible 
force;  to  crusli ;  to  overwhelm.         Sidnnj,     Swift, 
2.  To  overcome  by  importuliitv. 

O-VER-PRIZE',  V.  t.  To  value  or  prize  at  too  high  a 
rate.  IVotUm. 

O-VER-PRO.^IPT',  a.  Too  prompt;  too  ready  or 
eager. 

0-VER-PR0MPT'NE3S,  n.  Excessive  promptness; 
precipitation. 

O-VER-PRO-PoR'TION,  v.  t.  To  make  of  too  great 
proportion. 

O-VER-aUI'ET-NESS,  n.    Too  much  quietness. 

Brown. 

0-VER-RaICE',  v.  t.  To  break  in  upon  a  ship.  When 
the  waves  break  in  upon  a  ship  at  anchor,  with  her 
head  to  the  sea,  it  is  said,  they  ovcrrakc  her,  or  she 
is  ovcrraJced.  Mar.  Diet. 

O-VER-RANK',  a.    Too  rank  or  luxuriant.  Mortimer. 

O-VEK-UaTE',  v.  t.  To  rate  at  too  much ;  to  esti- 
mate at  a  value  or  amount  beyond  the  truth. 

Drydcn. 

O-VER-RaT'ED,  pp.    Estimated  at  too  high  a  rate. 

0-VER-RaT'1NG,  ppr.     Placing  too  high  a  value  on. 

O-VER-ReACII',  v.  I.  To  reach  beyond  in  any  di- 
rection ;  to  rise  above  ;  to  extend  beyonil.    Burnet, 

S.  To  deceive  by  cunning,  artifice,  or  sagacity  ;  to 
cheat.     _  Tilloison. 

O-VER-RlcACir,  V.  i.  Applied  to  horseJi.io  strike  the 
toe  of  the  hind  foot  against  the  heel  or  shoo  of  the 
fore  foot. 

O'VER-RkACH,  7(.  'j'lie  act  of  striking  the  heel  of 
the  fore  foot  with  the  toe  of  the  hind  foot.    Encyr. 

O-VER-RkACH'ER,  n.  One  that  overreaches;  one 
that  deceives. 

O-VER-RkACH'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Reaching  beyond  ; 
cheating. 

0-VER-RkAC11'Ii\G,  n.  The  act  of  deceiving  ;  a 
rcachingjoo  far. 

O-VER-RkAD',  v.  i.  To  read  over;  to  peruse.  [J\rot 
used.]  Shak. 

0-VER-READ'M,Y,  adv.    With  loo  much  readiness. 

O-VER-READ'I.NESS,  n.    Excess  of  readiness. 

O-VER-READ'Y,  (-red'de,)  a.    Too  ready. 

O-VER-RED',  v.  t.  To  smear  with  a  red  color.  [JVot 
used.]  ShaJc. 

o'vIr'rid'den,  1 P^-   ^^'"^  ^^  ^^'''^'^'• 

O-VEK-RIDE',  V.  U    To  ride  over.    [JVot  used.] 

Chancer. 
2.  To  ride  too  much  ;  to  ride  beyond  tJio  strength 
of  the  horse. 

0-VER~RTPE',  a.    Matured  to  excess. 

0-VER-RIP'£N,  It.  (.    To  make  (oo  ripe.  Shak. 

O-VER-RoAST',  u.  (.    'I'o  roast  too  nnich.       Shak. 

O-VER-RCiLE',  7).  t.  To  infli.enco  or  control  by  pro- 
dominant  power ;  to  subject  lo  sujjcrior  authority. 
The  law  must  overrule  all  private  opinions  of  right 
and  wrong. 

His  passion  and  nniniOEUy  overruled  hia  conscience.     Clarendon. 

2.  To  {pvcrn  with  high  authority.  Hayward, 

3.  In  /rtir,  to  supersede  or  reject;  as,  the  i)Iea  was 
oveiTuled  by  the  court. 

0-VER-ROL'f'D,  pp.      Influenced    by    predominant 
power. 
2.  Superseded  or  rejected. 
0-VER-RuL'ER,  71.     One  who  controls,  direcLi,  or 

governs.  Sidney. 

O-VER-ROL'ING,  ppr.  Controlling;  subjecting  to 
authnrily, 

2.  a.  Exertitig  superior  and  controlling  power; 
a^,  an  overruling  Providence. 


OVE 


O-VER-RCL'ING-LY,  atff,     Controllingly. 

O-VER-RUN',  V.  t.  To  run  or  spread  over;  lo  grow 
over;  to  cover  all  over.  The  sluggard's  farm  is 
overrun  with  weeds.  Some  plants  unchecked  will 
soon  overrun  a  field.  The  Canada  thistle  is  overrun- 
iiing-  the  northern  parts  of  New  England,  as  it  has 
overrun  Normandy. 

2.  To  march  or  rovo  over  ;  to  Iiarass  by  hostile  in- 
cursions ;  to  ravage.  The  south  of  Europe  was  for- 
merly overrun  by  the  Goths,  Vandals,  and  other  bar- 
barians. 

3.  To  outrun  ;  to  run  faster  than  another  and 
leave  him  behind. 

AhimMz  ran  by  the  wny  of  tUo  pluin,  nnd  overran  CusliJ.  — 2 
S;im.  xviil. 

4.  To  overspread  witfi  numbers.  Were  it  not  for 
the  ibis,  it  has  been  supposed  Egypt  would  be  over- 
run with  crocodiles. 

5.  To  injure  by  treading  down. 

G.  Among  printers^  to  change  the  disposition  of 
types,  and  carry  those  of  one  line  into  another,  either 
in  correction,  or  in  the  contraction  or  extension  of 
columns, 

0-VER-RUN',  V,  i.    To  overflow  ;  to  run  over.  Smith. 

O-VER-RUN',  pp.  Run  or  sprcatl  over ;  grown  over  ; 
injured  by  treading  down. 

0-VER-UUN'NER,  n.    One  that  overruns. 

0-VER-Ri;N'NIN(i,  ppr.  or  a.  Sprca<ling  over ;  rava- 
ging ;  clianiiing  tJic  disposition  of  types. 

O-VER-RUN'NING,  «.  TIio  act  of  overflowing  or 
rniining  over. 

O-VER-RAT'TJ-RaTE,  v.  t.    To  satMrale  to  excess. 

0-VER-SAT'U-Ra-TED,  pp.    More  ::-"i  saturated. 

O-VER-SAT'II-Ra-TING,  ppr.  Balunaiug  lo  ex- 
cess. 

O-VER-SCRO'PU-LOUS,  a.    Scrupulous  to  excess. 

Mitford. 

O-VER-SGRU-PU-LOS'I-TY,      )  n.    Excess  of  scru- 

0-VER-SC2RU'PU-LOUS-i\E.---S,  i     pulousness. 

O-VER-SkA',  a.    Foreign  ;  from  beyond  si-a.   mison. 

O-VER-SEE',  V.  t.  To  superintend  ;  to  overlook,  im- 
plying care. 

9.  To  pass  unheeded  ;  to  omit;  lo  neglect.  [JVut 
vsed.]  Hadibras. 

0-VER-SEEN',  pp.    SupcrinteiuU-d. 

2.  Mistaken  ;  deceived.     [JVot  used."]        Hoolrr. 

0-VER-SEER',  7t.  One  who  overlooks ;  a  superinten- 
dent ;  a  supervisor. 

2.  An  officer  who  has  tlie  care  of  tlie  poor  or  of  an 
idiot,  Sec. 

O-VER-SEE'ING,  ppr.    Siiponntending  ;  overlooking. 

O-VER-SET',  w.  t.  'I'o  turn  from  the  proper  position 
or  basis ;  to  turn  upon  the  side,  or  lo  turn  bottom 
upward  ;  as,  to  overset  a  coach,  a  ship,  or  a  building. 

2.  To  subvert;  lo  overthrow;  as,  to  ovt'rsct  the 
constitution  of  a  sttitc;  to  overset  a.  scheme  of  ]>ol- 
icy. 

3.  To  throw  off  the  proper  foundation.    Dnjden. 
O-VER-SET',  It.  ;.    To  turn  or  be  turned  over;   to 

turn  or  fall  off  the  basis  or  bottom.    A  crank  vessel 
is  liable  to  overset. 

O-VER-SET'TING,  ppr.  Turning  upon  the  Hid;;,  or 
bottom  upward  ;  suI)Verting  ;  overthrowing. 

O-VER-SIIADr:',  V.  t.  To  cover  with  shade  ;  lo  cover 
wltli  any  thing  that  causes  darkness  ;  to  render  dark 
or  gloomy.  Bacon.     Drvdcn, 

0-VER-SIIAD'oW,  V.  (.  To  throw  a  shadow  t>ver; 
to  oversliade.  Milton. 

2.  To  shelter;  to  protect;  to  cover  with  protecting 
influence.  Milton. 

0-VER-SIIAD'6W-£D,  pp.  Overshadcd;  sheltered; 
protected. 

O-VER-SIIAD'OW-ER,  n.  One  that  tbroWs  n  shade 
over  any  thing.  Bacon. 

O-VER^SHAD'oW-ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Throwing  a  shade 
over;  protecting. 

O-VER-SHOOT',  V.  t.    To  shoot  beyond  the  mark. 

TiUotson. 
9.  To  pass  swiftly  over.  Hartc. 

To  overshoot  one's  self;  to  venture  too  far ;  lo  as- 
sert loo  much.  Hooker. 

O-VER-SHOOT',  V.  i.    To  fly  beyond  the  mark. 

O-VER-SHOT',  pp.    Shot  bi^yond.  [Collier. 

C'VER-SHOT-WHEEE',7(.  A  wliee!  which  is  turned 
by  water  which  shoots  over,  or  flows  on  to  the  lop 
of  it. 

o'VER-SIGHT,  (-site,)  n.  Superintendence  ;  watch- 
ful care.    1  Pet.  v, 

2.  Mistake;  an  overlooking;  omission;  error. 

Pope. 

O-VER-SIZE',  V.  t.    To  surpass  in  bulk  or  size.    [JVot 

mnch  used.]  Sandys. 

9.  To  cover  with  viscid  niatter.  Shak. 

O-VER-SKIP',  v.  t.    To  skip  or  leap  over;  to  pass  by 

leaping.  ITookcr. 

9.  To  pass  over.  Donne. 

3.  To  e^rape.  Sluik. 
O-VER-SLEEl",  V.  t.    To  sleep  too  long;  as,  to  over- 
sleep (he  usual  hour  of  rising. 

O-VER-SEEPT',  pp.     Slept  too  hmg. 

0-VEItSLIP',  V.  t.  To  slip  or  pass  witliowt  notice  ; 
to  pass  undone,  unnoticed,  or  unused  ;  to  omit;  to 
neglect ;  as,  to  ovcrslip  lime  or  opportunity. 

Hammond. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MkTE,  PREY — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.- 

786  ~  '^~  ^^"^ 


OVE 

O-VER-SLoW,  V.  t  To  render  slow ;  to  check  ;  to 
curb.     [JVot  iuted.]  Hamvioiid 

O-VER-SNOW,  r.  L  To  cover  with  snow.  [JVt*( 
miic!'-  vsed.]  Drydcn. 

O-VER-SoLD',  pp.    Sold  at  too  high  a  price.  DniUen. 

0-VI:K-S00.V,  liJc.     Too  i^non.  Sldiinj. 

0-VER-SOll'UOVV,  V.  U  To  grieve  or  afllict  to  ex- 
ecs.-. jMUtun. 

O-VER-SPAX',  V.  t.    To  reach  or  extend  over, 

O-VKU-SPeAK',  v.  t.  To  speak  too  much  ;  to  use 
loo  nianv  words.  JIalcs. 

0-VEK-i<rENT',  pp.  [See  Spesd.]  Harassed  or  fa- 
tiyued  to  an  extreme  degree.  Drydcn. 

O-VER-SPREAD',  (o-ver-spred'j)  v.  t.  To  spread 
over;  to  cover  over.  The  dehigc  overspread  the 
earth. 

2.  To  scatter  over. 

0-VER-SPREAD',  (o-ver-spred',)  v.  i.  To  be  spread 
or  scattered  over. 

0-VEK-STAND',  v.  t.  To  stand  too  much  on  i>rico  or 
conditions;  to  lose  a  sale  by  holding  the  price  too 
liigh.  Dnjden. 

0-VKR-STaRE',  v.  t.    To  stare  wildly.    [J^ot  jtscd.] 

Ascham. 

0-VER-PTaTE^  r.  t.  To  exaggerate  in  statement; 
to  state  in  too  stronff  terms.  D.  IVebstcr. 

0-VER-STEP%  v.  t.  ^To  step  over  or  beyond  ;  to  ex- 
ceed. Shttk. 

O- V  ER-STEP'P£D,  (-stept,)  pp.  Exceeded  or  stept  be- 
joiid  prttper  bounds. 

O-'VEK-STOCK',  71.  Supembimdancc ;  more  than  is 
sutlirionr.  Tatlcr. 

0-VER-STOCK',  v.  t.  To  fill  too  full ;  to  crowd  ;  to 
supply  with  more  than  is  wanted.  The  world  may 
be  overstocked  with  inhabitants ;  the  market  is  often 
overstocked  with  goods. 

?.  To  furnish  with  more  cattle  than  are  wanted; 
as,  to  o'^erstock  a  farm. 

3.  To  supply  with  more  seed  than  is  wanted  ;  as, 
to  ovfr-stock  land  with  clover. 

0-VER  STOCK'£D,  (-stokt',)  pp.  or  a.  Filled  too 
full ;  crowded  ;  furnished  with  more  cattle  than  are 
wanted,  as  a  farm. 

O-VER-SToRE',  r.  t.  To  store  with  too  much  ;  to 
supply  or  lill  with  supc-Tabundance.  }fa!r. 

O'VER-STo-RY,  71.    The  clear-storv  or  upper  story. 
Ohss.  of  .Orckit. 

O-VER-STRaTN',  v.  i.  To  strain  to  excess  ;  to  make 
too  violent  efforts.  th-jjdai. 

0-VER-STRAIN^  v.  t.    To  stretch  too  far.     Aylij/c. 

O-VER-STREW,  )  V.  t.    To  spread  or  scatter  over. 

O-VER-STRoVV,  \  Shale. 

O-VER-STRiKE',  v.  t.    To  strike  beyond.    Spenser. 

0-V£R-STRQ\VJV',  pp.    Spread  or  scattered  over. 

,/.  Barlow. 

0-VER-STUFF'£D,  (^tuft',)  a.    Stuffed  to  excess. 

O-VER-SUP-PL"?',  V.  t.  To  furnish  more  than  is  suf- 
ficient. Jilclmoth. 

0-VER-SWARM'ING,  a.    Swarming  to  execs??. 

0-VER-S VVXV,  V.  t.  To  overrule ;  to  bear  down  ;  to 
control.  JioL'ker. 

0-VER-SWELL',  r.  t.  To  swell  or  rise  above ;  to 
overflow.  Shnk. 

0-VER-r5\VELL'i:D,  pp.    Swelled  to  excess. 

6'VERT,  a.  [Fr.  ouvert^  from  mivrir,  to  open,  It. 
aprire,  L.  aperio.] 

Open  to  view  ;  public  ;  apparent ;  as,  overt  virtues  ; 
an  overt  essay.  But  the  word  is  now  u>ied  chiefly  in 
law.  Thus,  an  oeei-t  act  of  treason  is  distingttislied 
from  secret  design  or  intention  not  carried  into  efftxt, 
and  even  from  words  spoken.  A  market  overt  is  a 
l)lace  wiiere  goods  are  ]mblicly  exposed  to  sale.  \ 
pound  overt  is  one  open  overhead,  as  dislinguii^hed 
from  a  pound  covert  or  close.  Bladistone. 

O-VER-TAKE',  v.  t.  To  come  up  with  in  a  couri^e, 
pursuit,  progress,  or  motion  ;  to  catch. 

Til?  enemy  said,  I  will  piireue,  I  v.  i!!  overtake.  —  Es.  xv. 

2.  To  come  Upon;  to  fall  on  afterward.  Vengeance 
sliali  QuerLakc  the  wicked. 

3.  To  take  by  surprise. 

Br-:lhrcn,  if  a  man  b?  overtaken  in  a  fault,  yc  which  wti  spritual, 
rt-slore  such  aa  one  in  ihe  spi/it  of  meekness.  —  tial.  vi 

0-VER-TaK'£X,  pp.     Come    up  with  in  pursuit; 

cai!;,'ht ;  taken  by  surprise. 
0-VER-TaSK',  v.  t.    To  impose  too  heavy  a  task  or 

injunction  on.  Harveij. 

O  VER-TASK'£D,  (-taskt',)  pp.  or  a.    Talked  too 

li'-'aWly. 
O-VER-TAX',  I'.  (.    To  tax  too  heavilv. 
O-VER-TS'ni-OUS,  a.    Too  tedious. ' 
O-VER-THRoW,  V.  U     [See  Thhow.]    To  turn  up- 
side down. 

Ilia  wife  overUtrew  the  tiWe.  Tf.j'.or. 

2.  To  throw  down. 
3   To  ruin ;  lo  demolish. 

Wii-?n  (h:?  walla  of  Thctcs  he  oeerS-.rew.  Dnjdctt. 

A.  To  defeat ;  to  conquer ;  to  vanish  ,  as,  to  over- 
threw an  army  or  an  enemy. 

5.  To  subvert;  to  dcstioy;  as,  to  overthrow  the 
con^tiiutTon  or  state  ;  to  ovfrthrow  religion. 
C'VER-TIIRoW,  JT.    The  state  of  being  overturned 
or  turnc(!  off  the  basis. 


OVE 


ovu 


2.  Ruin  ;  deElriiclion  ;  Bubvereion ;  in,  the  over- 
throw of  llle  BT'::  .\ 

3.  Defeat ;  discomfil  ■:•■,  m,  the  merthrmn  of  ene- 
mies. Z)ri.".'-... 

4.  DfiEradjition.  'si,aii, 
0-VER-THUoVV"i;ii,  n.      One  lliat  ov.'rliifows,  Ue- 

fe;ils,  or  (Ic>^tr<iy9. 
0-Vi:n-TIIRO\V'1NC;,  vpr.     Turnine  iip>ldo  down: 

throwing  down  ;  ruining  ;  fiubverting. 
O-VEU-'lilRoWN',  ;,;..    Turned  upside  down :  dc- 

molislicd  ;  defeated. 
O-VUlt-'i'llVVAUT',  a.    Opposite;  being  ovcrllic  way 

or  street.  Shu!:. 

2.  Crossing  at  ripht  angles. 

3.  Cro5s  i  perverse ;  adverse  ;  contradictlniiR. 

Clarendon. 
0-VER-TIIWART', ;,«;,.    Across  ;  from  side  to  aide. 
0-VEil-THWART'LY,  arfo.    Across;  transversely. 

Pcaduim, 
9.  Perversely. 
O-VER-'I'IIWART'NESS,  n.     Tlio  sLltc    of  being 
atliwnrt  or  lying  iieress. 
2.  Perverseness ;  pervieacily.  Johnson. 

0-VER-TIRE',  V.  t.    To  tire  to  excess;  to  subdue  by 

fatigue.  MlUn. 

0-VER-TI'TLE,  v.  t.    To  give  too  Ijigli  a  title  to. 

Fuller. 
5'VERT-LY,  ado     Openly  ;  in  open  view  ;  publicly. 
O-VER-TOOK',  prct.  of  Ov];kt.vke. 
0-VER-T6t",  !).  (.    To  rise  above  ilic  top.         Shak. 

2.  To  excel ;  to  STirpass.  JlarBeij. 

3.  To  obscure  ;  to  lualte  of  less  importance  by'su- 
perior  excellence.  Swift. 

0-VER-TOP'P£D,  (-topt',)  ;<;>.  Risen  above  the  top ; 
excelled  ;  obscured. 

0-VER-TOVV'ER,  f.  (.    Tn  soar  too  high.       Fullrr. 

O-VER-TRaDE',  r.  i.  To  trade  beyond  capital,  or  to 
purchase  goods  beyond  the  means  of  payment,  or  be- 
yond the  wants  of  the  community. 

0-VER-TEaD'ING,  ppr.  Trading  to  excess,  beyond 
capital  or  the  public  wants. 

0-VER-TRaD'ING,  11.  The  act  or  practice  of  buying 
goods  beyond  the  means  of  payment,  or  beyond  the 
wants  of  tile  community. 

0-VER-TRIP',  v.  t.  To  trip  over ;  to  walk  nimbly 
over.  Sh.il:. 

O-VER-TRUST',  v.  t.  To  trust  with  too  much  con- 
fidence. Hall. 

O'VER-TIIRE,  n.     [Fv.  ouucrture.    .See  Overt.] 

1.  Opening;  disclosure;  discovery.  Shak. 
[fri  this  literal  sense,  little  used.  ] 

2.  Proposal ;  something  offered  for  consideration, 
acceptance,  or  rejection.  Tlie  prince  made  overtures 
of  peace,  wliich  were  accepted. 

3.  -"V  kind  of  musical  prologue  or  composition,  for 
a  ftill  instrumental  hand,  introductory  to  an  oratorio, 
opera,  or  ballet.  P.  Cijc. 

O'VER-TITRE,  V.  t.  In  the  Presbyterian  church,  to  lay 
before  an  ecclesiastical  body  an  overture  or  subject 
for  consideration. 

O-VER-TURN",  V.  t.    To  overset ;  lo  turn  or  throw 
from  a  basis  or  foundation  ;  as,  to  overturn  a  carriage 
or  a  building. 
2.  To  subvert ;  to  ruin ;  to  destroy. 

Locke.    Atterbitrii. 
.■?.  To  overpower  ;  to  concpier.  Milton. 

O'VKR-TURN,  II.  State  of  being  overturned  or  sub- 
verted ;  overthrow. 

O-VER-'l'URN'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  overturned. 
[JVfji  mucli  used.] 

0-VI".R-TURN'i5D,  pp.    Overset ;  overthrown. 

0-VElt-TURN'ER,  n.    One  that  overturns  orsubvcrts. 

Sxift. 

O-VER-TURN'INn,  ppr.  Oversetting;  overthrow- 
ing :  snb^'erting. 

0-VER-TURN'ING,ii.  An  oversetting;  subversion; 
change ;  revolution. 

O-VER-VaIL',  (  V.  t.    To  cover ;  to  spread  over. 

0-VER-VeiI/,  (  Shak. 

O-VER-VAI.'tJE,  V.  I.    To  rate  at  too  high  a  pr:ce. 

Hooker. 

O-VEll-VAI.'If-KD,  pp.    Placed  too  high  a  v;Uuc  on. 

O-VER-VAr/tl-ING,  ppr.    Valuing  too  highly. 

0'VER-V5TE',  I',  t.    To  outvote;  to  outnumber  in 


votes  given. 


K.  Charles. 


O-VER-VVATC!!',  (-woch',)  i'.  (.  To  watch  to  ex- 
cess ;  to  subauo  hv  long  want  of  rest.         Dnidcn. 

0-VKR-WATCI!'/-;D,  (-wociit',)ftv.  era.  Tired  by  too 
mncii  waiilling.  Sidney. 

O.VEI!-VV<":.\K',  (1.    Too  weak  ;  too  feeble.  Ralegh. 

0-VER-VVEA'RY,  v.  t.    To  subdue  with  fatigue. 

Drydcn, 

0-VER-WE.\TII'ER,  (o-vcr-wcth'er,)  r.  (.  [See 
WEATHca.]  'Po  bruise  or  batter  by  violence  of 
weither. 

0-VER\VEEN',  V.  1.  [Wecx  is  obsolete  except  in 
composition.    See  the  word.] 

1.  To  iliink  too  highly;   to  think  atroganOy  or 
conceitedly. 

2.  To  reach  beyond  the  truth  m  thought ;  to  think 
too  favornblv.  Sha.':.    Millotu 

O-VER  \VKRN'IN:g,  f,-ir.     Thinking  too  highly  or 

conceitedly 

S.  a.  That  thinks  too  highly,  particularly  of  one's 


CfWklat  wiib 


•elf;   conc«it'--d  ;   Tain;  &i,  ic    ■ 

overtterning  l/mJn. 
0-Vi;R-WKK.N'I.NG-LV,«ir.     \. 

or  conceit. 
O-VKK-WEIGII',  (-wi',)  r.  t    To  Of 

ill  cauHc  to  prejjc/ndcrvu ;  lo  cmtwc 

balanc*'. 
O'VEIl  WEIGHT,  (.»lte,)  «.    Cfobf 

(Kindcrarice, 
0-VEIl-\VIIEI,M',  r.  f.    ■: 

neatli  iiomi-lhinic  vifj)':r.' 

or  enconi{iaMtrf  itie  w(: 

waveji. 

2.  To  immeree  and  b^ar  down;  u  m  /r. 
Mcnje  ;  04,  to  be  ncrKktlmtd  mnh  Carre,  a^.  : 
or  buslncM. 

3.  To  overlook  nloomtly. 

4.  'i'o  put  over.    [A'ot  KjfJL' 
O'VER-WHELM,  ».    Tbeaa'. 

0.VEII-WII1;L.M'£U,  fj,.     Cr. 

nuniber«. 
0-V£R-\VIIEHi'f.\G,    rrr.    or 

weicrht  or  numbcni. 
0-VER-WIIEL>ri.SG-I,Y,o(r.    la  a  r.= 

whelm. 
0-VER-\VI.VO',  r.  L    To  oatlUiik  ;  lo  .  i 

the  wine  of  an  army.  .'. 

0-VER-\VI»f;',  0.     WiK  In  alTMalKs.  /^ 

0-VER-\VHE'.M;j.-<,  n.     rrcundcd  ot  sff"- 

doni. 
0-VER-W6RD',  (-wurd',)  r.  I.    Tony  • 
0-VER-WORK',  (-wurk',?  r.  f.     T-  «■ 

sirenglh  ;  to  c;iuse  to  L"     -  " 
O'VER-WORK,  (o'ver-v 

the  amoimt  required  by  - 
0-VER-HOIlK'>:l),p;>.orc.    ., 
O-VEI!-U0ltK'l.\G,i^r.     >V,  : 
O-VER-WOK.N',  a.    <Vom  out  , 

/ ' 
2.  PlMjiled  bv  time. 
O-VER-WRES'TLE,  (o-T(r-rt*'l,)  ».«.    To  m' 

wrestling.  *,-  - 

0-VER-WaOUGUT',  (o  ver-rawt',)  ff.    la' 

excess.  /,  -- . 

2.  WorkeJ  all  over;   aj,  vtcrvm^ht  wiUi  ^m^ 

ments.  I*4W. 

0-VER-YEAU'£D,  o.    Too  old.    [.Vrt  ajtij 

0-VER-ZiiAL'/:D,  a.    Too  mudi  exdtn)  »  • 

ruled  by  loo  muctl  2eal.  > 

0-VER-ZEAL'OUS,  (o-vcr-Ml't;-  ■   -     -^ 

eager  lo  excess. 
O-Vie'U-LAR,  a.    [from  L.  or- 

Pertaining  to  an  egg.  i.-^..^;. 

0-Vin'I-AN,  0.    Belonpi  :iDj  tbe  lasm 

poet  Ovid. 

0'VI-DUeT,n.     [t.  cru.«,  ^,1.  ,1.^.,.  .       '     ■ 

In  animali,  a  passage  for  the  ovum 

ovary  lo  llie  womb,  or  lo  an  citcrt. 

0-vrF'ER-ors, i ^    ,,  „„_ ...  -_  _ __ , 

Egg-bearing  ,  an  cpilhet  applicii  locrnaia  nrtjiA- 
cles  for  eggs,  alter  bemg  excluded  fn^sn  tb^^fonaaiiw 
orcans. 
O'VI-FORM,  a.     [Uor::-.     ■■   "'  ■-■««,  fontt.) 

Ilaving  tile  ibnn  or  li-  Bmritl. 

O'VI.N'E.n.     [I.  erimu,  f:  >) 

PtTtaining  lo  sbccp;  ci-iisi-Mi-.;  -•.  ...tcf. 
O-VIP'A-ROOS,   a.     [L.    »nr»,  efj,  anJ   ; 
produce.] 

Proilucing  egps,  or  j— '  ■  ■  --  •     •"*  *"- 
which  are  developed  ni' 
Fowls  and  repJile^  are 

O-VI-POS'lT,  r.  I.     A  Uii,.   ..,,       . 

sicls,  .te..  in  dejHwiting  Uicir  cfca, 
0-VI-POSI"TlO.\,  j   ».     [L  orw.,  ess,  ud  J*»!". 
0-VI-POSlT-l.NG,  I       a  depositing) 

The  laying  or  deposiling  of  cjp«-  £1/*7. 

0-VI-P0«'IT-0H,  «.    [L.  trmmL,  rtt.  and  foi^trr.  a 
jilacer.] 

The  organ  by  whidi  eggs  a: 
ichneumons  it  is  long  and  fill. 

larves  of  insecls,  in  onlcl  lo  la> 

ill  llie  same. 
0' V1-SA€,  H.    I U  or«M,  egf ,  and  .-CfnJ,  rr.c  - 
The  cavity  in  an  ovarj-  which  conlains  li-    -. 
ovnin. 
O'VOIU,        (  a.      [L.    or»«,  eff,  and   Gr.   nf'i. 
O-V0Il>'AI.,  I        form.] 

1.  Having  a  shape  rcs<'mblinc  ihal    " 
9.  In  it'lanf,  icrete  and  swelling  t 
or  wilh  the  outline  of  an  entire  cgf  -:    - 
fowl.  .        , , 

O'VO-I.O, ».    fn  artXitittmn,  a  round  n>c»... 
quarter  of  a  circle ;  called  also  the  OriaTi" 

0-VO-VI-VIP'.\ROUS,  a-     [I-  "t"-  T»-  ' 

live,  and  piri.\  to  produce.]  . 

Producing  a  living  fetus,  by  eMOdist  " 

cc-'-covcriiig,  as  Ihe  inalsuplaK 
(^'Vt-l.E.       ( 
O'VL-I.l'.M,  s 


[from  I*,  emu.] 


TONE,  BIJLL,  IINITE.-AN"GER,  VI"CI0US.-e  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  2 ;  CII  as  SH;  TH  a/;  in  THrs. 


7?7 


OWN 


In  botany^  a  bwly  borne  by  the  placenta  of  ;i  plant, 
and  (Ic'stint'd  to  bcconio  a  seed.  It  is  inclusrd  or 
naked.  It  is  coinpused  of  two  sacs,  one  within 
another,  which  are  called  priniine  and  secundine, 
ind  of  a  nucleus  within  the  sacs.  Lindlcy. 

O'VU-UTE,  n.    A  fossil  egg. 

O'VUM,  71. ,-  pi.  Ova.   [L.,  an  e?g.] 

1.  In  anatomy^  the  body  formed  by  Ihc  female,  in 
which,  after  impregnation,  the  development  of  the 
fetus  takes  place. 

2.  In  architecture,  a  term  applied  to  ornaments  in 
the  shape  of  an  egg,  into  which  the  echinus  or  ovolo 
is  often  carved.  OtciU^s  Knaic.  ofJirch. 

OWE,  (6,)  V.  t.  [A  rernlar  verb,  prct.  and  pp.  Owed  ; 
used  with  the  auxiliii.j  /'iare,  Aat/,  bnt  not  with  the 
Hubstantivo  verb  to  he.  Tlie  verb  is  doubtless  the 
Sax.  agan,  Goth,  aigan,  Sw.  iXga^  Ice.  r «■,  to  have  or 
possess,  that  Is,  to  hold,  or  retain,  coincidinji  with 
the  Gr.  cxou  The  Sax.  participle  airm,  Dan.  *■«•««,  is 
Ihe  English  own.  Oa-rht  is  a  derivative  tense,  and 
was  formerly  used  in  the  sense  of  oiced.  The 
proper  sense  of  owe,  is  to  be  held,  or  bound  to  pay  ; 
nearly  as  we  now  use  have  in  the  phrases,  "  I  have 
to  pay  a  sum  of  money  to-morrow,'*  "I  have  to  go 
to  tovvn  to-day."] 

I.  To  be  indebted  ;  lobe  obliged  or  bound  to  pny. 
The  merchants  owe  a  large  sum  to  foreigners. 

A  son  otBCS  liclp  and  honor  to  his  r.ilhcr.  llohjrlny. 

One  xvM  l)roii*hl  to  liira  who  owtd  liiin  ten  tliouKuid  LilenU.  — 

Malt,  xviii. 
0(ce  110  mail  wiiy  tiling,  but  to  love  one  wnotiicr.  —  Rom.  xiii. 

5.  To  be  obliged  to  ascribe  to  ;  to  be  obliged  for ; 
a?,  that  lie  may  owe  to  me  all  his  deliverance. 

Milton. 
X  To  possess ;  to  Iiave  ;  to  be  the  owner  of. 
[Tiiis  is  the  original  sense,  but  now  obsolete.     In 
place  of  it,  we  use  Ow.v,  from  the  participle.    See 
Ow.v.] 

Thou  dost  here  usurp 
Tht;  name  Ihou  oteesl  not.  Sltak, 

4.  To  be  due  or  owing. 

0,  deem  thy  fall  not  owed  to  nuui's  decree.  Pope. 

[This  pass-ive  form  is  not  now  ttseth] 
oVVE,  r.  i.     To  be  bound  or  obliged.  Bp.  Fi^sher. 

OVVKL-TV,  )i.  The  difierence  which  is  paid  or  re- 
ceived by  one  coparcener  to  another,  f(»r  the  purpose 
f  f  eqnalizhig  a  partition.  Bouvicr. 

0\V'I.\(;,  ppr.  [This  is  used  in  a  passive  form,  con- 
trary to  arKilopy,  for  0%ve:i  or  Owed.  But  the  use  is 
inveteiately  established.] 

1.  Due  ;  that  moral  obligation  requires  to  be  paid  ; 
n3,  the  money  oicing'  to  a  laborer  for  services,  or  to 
another  country  for  goods. 

i?.  Consequential ;  ascribable  to  as  the  cause.  Mis- 
fortunes are  ollcn  oicm^  to  vices  or  miscalculatiims. 

3.  Imputable  to  as  an  ngt-nt.  His  recovery  from 
sickness  is  owing  less  to  liis  physician  than  to  tlic 
strength  of  his  constitution. 

OVVIj,  71.     [Pax.  via,  iilc ;  J),  nil ;  G.  ciik  ;  Sw.  ughi,  or 

uggla ;  L.  idula.     The  orthograi)liy,  except  in   tlie 

Swedish,  coincides  with  howl,  L.  nhdo  ;    but  the 

radic.ll  letters  are  not  obvious.] 
A  bird  of  the  genus  Strix,  that  flies  chiefly  in  the 

night.    The  popular  name  of  a  group  of  nocturnal 

aceipiutne  birds,  comprehended  undur  the  liiuuiean 

genus  Strix,  which  has   been  subdivided  by  later 

naturalists. 
OVVL'ER,  n.     [Qu.  from  owl,  or  from  wool.]     One  that 

convcvs  contraband  goods.  Sicift. 

OVVL'ET,  H.     [Fr.  hulottc.] 

An  owl,  wliich  see. 
OVVL'-K?-iCD,  (-Tde,)  a.    Ilaviug  eves  like  an  owl'; 
OWI/IXG,  71.    The  ommse  of  transporting  wool  or 

Ehee])  out  of  England,  contrary  to  the  statute. 

Blackstunc. 
[This  explanation  of  owling  favors  the  dc-rivatiou  of 

tin;  word  ffDin  wool.] 
OVVI/ISH,  a.     Uesembling  an  owl.  ftray. 

0\VI/-Ll(;HT,  (-iTtt:,)  II.     Glimmering   or   imperfect 

liL'hl.  IVarburtoii 

OVVI.'-IjTKR.  a.    Like  an  owl  in  look  and  habits. 
OWN,  a.    [Sax.  agt-ii;  Sw.  and  Dan.  cgcn;  D.  and 

a.   cigcn;  the   participle   of  Sax.   agan,   to  possess. 

See  Owe  and  Ought.] 

1.  Bclongini;  to ;  possessed;  peculiar;  usually  ex- 
pressing property  with  emphasis,  or  in  express  exclu- 
sion of  others.  It  follows  jriy,  your,  Aw,  tJieir,  thy. 
her,  God  created  man  in  his  own  image.  Adam 
bdgat  a  son  in  his  own  likenes?.  Ijct  thtin  fall  by 
tJieir  own  counsel,  lie  washed  us  from  our  sins  in 
his  own  blood.  Scripture. 

In  the  ]ihrases,  his  oten  n.ation,  his  own  conntry,, 
the  word  owH  denotes  that  the*  person  belongs  tn  the 
nation  or  country. 

2.  Own  often  follows  a  verb ;  as,  tlu:  book  is  not 
my  0W71,  that  is,  my  own  book. 

3.  It  is  used  as  a  substitute. 

'rb.it  they  ni.iy  dwell  in  a  place  of  ihcir  own.  —2  S:tm.  vii. 

In  this  use,  a  nonn  can  not  follow  own. 

4.  "  He  came  to  liis  own,  and  his  oton  received  him 
not,"  that  is,  his  own  nation  or  people  ;  ow7i  bfing 
lierc  used  as  a  substitute,  like  many  other  adjec- 
tives. 


OXY 

OWN,  c.  f.  (from  tho  adjective.]  To  have  the  legal 
or  rightful  title  to  ;  to  have  the  exclusive  right  of  pos- 
session and  use.  A  freeholder  in  the  United  Stales 
owns  his  f;ir(n.  Men  often  own  laud  or  goods  which 
arc  not  in  their  possession. 

9.  To  have  ilic  legal  right  lo,  without  the  exclusive 
right  to  use  ;  as,  a  man  owns  the  land  in  front  of  his 
farm  to  the  middle  of  the  highway. 

3.  To  acknowledge  to  belong  to;  to  avow  or  admit 
that  tho  property  belongs  to. 

Wli;n  yuii  cmno,  find  rne  out 

And  own  me  for  your  ion.  Dryden. 

4.  To  avow  ;  lo  confess,  as  a  fault,  crime,  or  other 
act;  that  is,  to  acknowledge  that  one  lias  done  the 
act ;  as,  to  own  the  faults  of  youth ;  to  own  our 
guilt.  The  man  is  charged  with  theft,  but  he  has 
not  owned  it. 

.').  In  general,  to  acknowledge  ;  to  confess  ;  to 
avow  ;  to  admit  lo  be  true  ;  not  to  deny  ;  as,  to  own 
our  weakness  and  frailty. 

RIanv  oien  the  g^Mpcl  of  Kilvallou  more  from  custom  than  con- 
viction. J.  M.  Maaon. 

OWN'KD,  pp.    The  legal  title  being  vested  in;  as, the 
property  is  owned  by  a  company. 
2.  Acknowledged  ;  avowed  ;  confessed. 
oWN'EU,7i.    Tlie  rightful  proprietor;  one  who  lias 
the  legal  or  rightful  title,  whetiier  he  is  the  possessor 
or  not. 

The  ox  knoiveth  his  owner.  —  1*.  i. 

The  eentiirion  bulicvcd  the  riiAa'.cr  iind  Oicncr  of  the  iship.  —  Acts 
xxvii. 

OWN'ER-SIIIP,  n.  Pr()peity;  projjrietorship ;  exclu- 
sive right  of  possession  ;  legal  or  just  claim  or  title. 
The  ownership  of  the  estate  is  in  A ;  the  possession 

_  is  in  B. 

OVVN'IXG,p;>r.     Having  the  legal  or  just  title  to. 
2.  Acknowledging;  avowing;  confessing. 

OWRE,  (our,)  n.     [L.  uras.] 

A  beast  not  accurately  known,  larger  than  a  buf- 
falo.     [A'of  iLsed,]  Smart. 

OWSE,  n.  Baik  of  oak  beaten  or  ground  lo  small 
pieces.  Jish. 

OW'SER, «.    Bark  and  water  mixed  in  a  tan-pit.  Ash. 

OX,  71.  ;pl.  Oxen,  (ox'n.)  [Sax.  oxai  G.  ochsj  ockse;  D. 
as;  Sw.  and  Dan.  oxei  Sans.  «/w7ia,  or  uxan;  W. 
ych ;  Erse,  agh ;  Arm.  os,] 

The  male  of  the  bovine  genus  of  quadrupeds,  cas- 
trated and  grown  to  its  size,  or  nearly  so.  Tiie  young 
male  is  called  in  .America  a  steer.  The  same  animal, 
not  castrated,  is  called  a  ball.  These  distinctions  are 
well  established  with  us  in  regard  to  domestic  ani- 
mals (if  this  genus.  When  we  sptiak  of  wild  ani- 
mals of  this  kind,  oz  is  sometimes  applied  both  to 
the  male  and  female ;  and  in  zoology,  the  same  prac- 
tice exists  in  regard  to  the  domestic  animals.  So  in 
common  usage,  a  pair  of  bidls  yoked  may  be  some- 
times called  oxen.  We  never  apply  the  name  ox  to 
the  cow  or  female  of  the  domestic  kind.  Oxen,  in 
the  plural,  may  comprehend  both  the  male  and  fe- 
male. 

OX'A-L.ATE,  71.  [See  Oxalic.]  In  chemistry,  a  salt 
formed  by  a  combinuliop  of  the  oxalic  acid  with  a 
base. 

OX-AL'IG,  a.  [Gr.  ofnAic,  sorrel,  from  o^Vi,  acid.] 
Peitaining  to  sorrel,  i'lie  otalic  acid  is  llie  acid  of 
sorrel.  It  is  composed  of  two  equivalents  of  carbon, 
and  three  of  oxygen.  It  is  commonly  manufactured 
by  the  action  of  nitric  acid  upon  saccharine  and  far- 
inaceous substances.  Silliman. 

OX'BaNE,  n.    A  plant,  Buphonos.  Ainsioorth. 

OX'-EoW,  71.  A  curved  piece  of  wood  encircling  an 
ox's  neck  when  yoked. 

OX'-E?^E,  (-i,)  7£.  [ox  and  eye.]  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Buphthalmum  ;  another  of  the  genus  Authemis  ;  also, 
the  ox-eve  daisy  or  Chrysanthemum.  London. 

OX'EV-£D,  C-5de,)  a.  Having  large,  full  eyes,  like 
those  of  an  ox.  Burton. 

OX'FLY,  Jt.    A  fly  hatched  under  the  skin  of  cattle. 

OX'GANG,  n.  [oz  and  gang,  going.]  In  ancient 
laws,  as  much  land  as  an  ox  can  plow  in  a  year ; 
said  to  be  liftcen  acres,  or,  as  others  allege,  twenty 
acres. 

OX'Hi-:AL,  7(.  A  plant,  bear's  foot,  settcrwort,  or 
stinking  liellebore,  Ilelleborus  fictidas.  Bootli. 

OX-I-OD'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  consisting  of,  a 
compound  of  oxygen  and  iodine.    IVebstcr^s  Manual. 

OX'LTKE,  a.     [oz  and  lihe.]     Resembling  an  ox. 

Sund7js. 

OX'LIP,  n.    A  plant,  the  Primula  clatior. 

OX'STALL,  71.     A  stall  or  .stand  for  oxen. 

OX'TER,  «.     [Sax.  oxtan.]     The  arni|)it. 

OX'TONGUE,  (ox'tung,)  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Picris. 

OX'Y-€RaTE,  71.      [Gr.   oji'f,  acid,  and  Kcpato,  to 
mix.] 
A  mixture  of  water  and  vinegar.    [Little  used.] 

JVisCiiuin. 

OX'YD,  7?.  [Gr.  nfttf,  acid,  sharp  ;  o^o;,  vinegar.  The 
true  orthography  of  this  word  is  oxijd^  as  originally 
written  by  Lavoisier  and  his  associates.  No  analogy 
in  the  language  is  better  established  than  the  uniform 
translation  of  the  Greok  v  into  the  English  7/,  as  in 
Latin,  and  it  is  very  absurd  to  preserve  this  analogy 


DYE 

in  oxygen,  oxijmuriate  and  hydrogen,  and  depart  from 
it  in  oxyd.] 

in  ckcnitstry,  a  compound  of  oxygen  and  a  base 
destitute  of  acid  and  salifving  properties. 

OX-YI)-A-BIL'I-TY,  v.  The  capability  of  being  con- 
verted into  an  oxyd.  Med.  Hcpos. 

OX'YD-A-BLE,  a.  Capable  of  beingconverted  into  an 
oxyd. 

OX'YD-aTE,  v.  t.  To  convert  into  an  oxyd,  as  met- 
als and  other  substances,  by  combination  with  oxy- 
gen. It  difll-rs  from  acid(fy',  to  make  acid,  or  to  con- 
vert into  an  acid,  03  in  oxydation  the  oxygen  that 
enters  into  combination  is  not  suflicient  to  form  an 
ncid. 

OX'YD-A-TED,  pp.  or  a.     Converted  into  an  oxyd. 

OX'YD-.A-TIXG,  ppr.  or  a.    Converting  into  an  oxyd. 

OX-YD-A''i'I0N,  71.    The  operation  or  process  of  con- 
verting into  an  oxyd,  as  metals  or  other  substances, 
by  combining  with  them  a  certain  portion  of  oxygen. 
Lavoisier.     Ore. 

OX'YD-A-TOR,  71.  A  contrivance  for  causing  the  ex- 
ternal current  of  air  to  impinge  on  the  flame  of  the 
Argand  lamp. 

OX'YD-IZE,  V.  t.    To  oxydate,  which  see. 

OX'YD-IZ-ED,  pp.  or  a.    Oxydated. 

OX'YD-TZE-MENT,  7(.    Oxydation. 

OX'YD-IZ-ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Oxydating. 

[OxvDizE,  and  its  derivatives,  are  now  more  gen- 
erally used  than  Oxydate,  though  there  seems  to  be 
no  "round  for  the  preference,] 

0X'Y-6EN,  n.  [Gr.  o^uy,  acid,  and  ytwatji,  to  gen- 
erate.] 

In  ehemi.stnj,  an  cleclro-negativo  basifying  and 
acidifying  elementary  principle.  It  is  the  vital  part 
of  the  atmosphere,  ami  the  supporter  of  ordinary 
combustion.  It  wa^  named  t'loni  its  property  of  gen- 
erating acids.  Modern  exiiiriment^  prove  that  it  is 
not  necessary  in  all  cases  in  combustion  or  to  acidi- 
ty. Oxygen  is  a  permanently  elastic  fluid,  invisible, 
inodorous,  and  a  little  heavier  than  atmos|)heric  air. 
In  union  with  azote  or  nitrogen,  it  forms  atmospheric 
air,  of  which  it  constitutes  about  a  fifth  part.  Water 
contains  about  89  per  cent,  of  it,  and  it  exists  in 
most  vegetable  and  animal  products,  acids,  salts,  and 
oxyds. 

OX'Y-GEN-aTE,  v.  t.  To  unite  or  cause  to  combine 
with  oxygen. 

OX'Y-GKN-a-TED,  pp.  or  a.    United  with  oxygen. 

OX'Y-GEN-A-TiNG,/>/>7-.     Uniting  with  oxygen. 

OX-Y-GEN-a'TION,  7i.  The  act,  operation,  or  pro- 
cess of  combining  with  oxygen. 

OX'Y-GEN-IZ-A^BLE,  a.  Capable  of  being  oxygen- 
ized. 

0X'Y-(';EX-i7.E,  v.  t.    To  oxvgenate,  which  see. 

OX'V-Gr.X  IZ-iJD,  pp.  or  a.    'Oxygenated. 

OX'V'GiO\-IZE-MENT,  71.    Oxygenation. 

OX'Y-GEi\-TZ-ING,7J7)r.    Oxygenating. 

OX-YCEN-OUS,a.  Pertaining  to  oxygen,  or  obtained 
from  it. 

OX'Y-GON,  71.     [Gr.  y^vs,  sharp,  and  yMvia,  an  an- 
gle] 
A  triangle  having  three  acute  angles.       Brande. 

OX-Y  Go'NI  a'l  i  "*     ^^^^'"5  aciit^o  angles.    Barlow. 

0X-Y-H?'DR0-GEN,  a.  .\  name  given  to  a  certain 
''=n(|  of  blowpipe,  in  which  oxygen  and  hydrogim 
gaseii  are  burned  together  in  order  to  produce  an  in- 
tense heat ;  also,  to  a  kind  of  microscope. 

OX-Y-I'O-DING,  71.  In  chcmistj-y,  a  compound  of  the 
chloriodic  and  oxiodic  acids.  Davy. 

OX'Y-MEL,  n.    [Clr.  o(vq,  arid,  and  lu'Xi,  honey.] 
A  mixture  of  vinegar  and  honey.  Arbathnat, 

OX-Y-Mo'RON,  71.  [Gr.  oivn'ontn'.,  a  smart  saying, 
which  at  first  view  appears  foolish.] 

A  rhetorical  figure,  in  wliich  an  epithet  of  a  quite 
contrary  signification  is  added  to  a  word ;  ns,  cruel 

OX-Y-MU'RI-ATE,  7i.     Chlorid.  [kindnes.'^. 

OX-Y-MU-RI-AT'ie,  a.     [Gr.  o^wf  and  Lat.  vmria.] 
An  epithet  given  lo  an  acid ,  now  called  (-'iilo- 

HINE. 

OX-Y-PRCS'Sie  ACID,  H.  An  incorrect  and  ex- 
ploded name  for  the  ])rolochlorid  of  cyanogen,  which 
is  entirely  destitute  of  any  acid  or  salifying  projier- 
ties. 

OX-YR'RIIO-DINE,  (ox-ir'ro-din,)  n.  [Compounded, 
of  Gr.  o^i'S,  acid,  and  po&ov,  rose.J 

A  mixture  of  two  jiarts  of  the  (ul  of  roses  with  one 
of  Ihe  vimrgarof  roses.  Flayer. 

OX'Y-SALT,  i  n.     In  chemistry,  a  compotind  of  an 

OX'Y-SEL,  J  acid  and  a  base,  both  of  wliich  c<)n- 
tain  oxygen.  SilUinan. 

OX'Y-ToNE,  a.     [Gr.  o^nf,  sharp,  and  rocoj,  tone.] 
Having  au  acute  sound.  IValkcr. 

OX'V'-Td.N'E,  n.     An  acute  sound. 

o'YEU,  n.     [Norm,  oyer^  hearing  ;  Fr.  oulr,  to  hear.] 

1.  In  law,  a  hearing  or  trial  of  causes.  A  court  of 
oyer  and  terminer  is  constituted  by  a  commisi;i<.n  to 
incpiire,  hear,  and  determine  all  treasons,  felonii-,-', 
and  misdemeanors.  BUickstone. 

2.  The  hearing,  as  of  a  writ,  bond,  note,  or  otlic 
specialty  ;  as  when  a  defendant  In  court  prays  oyeroi 
a  writing.  Blackstvnc. 

OYEZ,  [I'r.  opei,  hear  ye.] 

Thiswortfis  used  by  the  sheriff  or  his  substitnt* 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT  — MkTE,  PRgY.  —  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BOOK.— 


'sa 


PAC 

ill  making  proclainalion  in  court,  requiring  silence 
and  attention.  It  is  thrice  repented,  and  commonly 
pronounced  O  yes. 

OY'LKT-HoLE.    Sec  Evelet-IIole. 

OVS'TER,  rt.  [G.  austcr;  D.  oc.ster;  S\v.  ostTa;  Dan. 
osier;  Fr.  hutlre;  Arm.  histrenn  or  cistrcn;  Kuss. 
ystrUz  ;  Corn,  estrcn  ;  L.  ostrca ;  Gr.  orpS'iv ;  proba- 
bly connected  in  origin  witli  fjs-eoi',  bone,  and  named 
from  its  hardness.] 


I'AC 


PAC 


ris  the  sixteenth  iutter  of  the  Knylisii  alphabet, 
and  a  labial  articulation  fonuctl  by  a  elo!^e  com- 
pression of  the  anterior  part  of  the  lips,  as  in  cp.  It 
is  convertible  into  b  and  /,  sometimes  into  v,  and  in 
Greek  into  'i.  This  letter  is  found  in  the  oriental 
languages,  from  which  it  was  received  into  the 
Greek  and  Latin  ;  except,  however,  tlio  Arabic, 
which  has  not  this  Ktter,  and  the  Arabians  can  not 
easily  pronounce  it.  In  some  words,  which  we  have 
borrowed  from  the  Greek,  i>  is  mute,  as  in  psalm, 
ptisan  f  but  is  not  silent  in  English  words,  unless 
it  may  be  in  Tcccipt,  and  a  few  irregular  words.  P 
aspirated,  or  followed  by  7t,  represents  the  Greek  v'', 
which  answers  to  the  English  /,  as  in  philosophy. 

As  an  abbreviation,  V.  stands  for  Pttblins,  pondo, 
&.C.  J  P.  A.  DIG.  for  patricia  rli^rnitas ;  P.  C.  for  pa- 
trc-s  cottscripti ;  P.  F.  for  Pttbliu.^  Fabiii/: ;  P.  P.  for 
propositum  publice;  P.  R.  for  populus  Romaniis;  P. 
1!.  S.  for  pr<rtoris  seatcntia;  P.  U.  S.  P,  for  2>r'<'ses 
prorinciit. 

P.  AI.  stands  for  post  mcriiUcm,  afternoon. 
As  a  numeral,  P,  like  G,  stands  for  one  hundred, 
and  witli  a  dash  over  it,  P,  for  four  hundred  thou- 
sand. 

Among  physicians,  P.  stands  for  puiril,  or  the 
eighth  part  of  a  handful ;  P.  M.  for  pfirtes  tpqiialcs, 
equal  parts  of  the  ingredients  ;  P.  P.  for  piduis  pa~ 
trum,  or  the  Jesuits'  bark  in  powder;  and  ppt.  for 
pripparatus,  prepared.  Forsyth.     Encyc. 

Pa'aGE,  71.     [Norm,  paa^r,  payment,    ^'ec  Pav.] 
A  toll  for  passage  over  another  pt-rson's  grounds. 
[.Vot  ^lscd.^^  Burke. 

PAB'U-L-\R,  a,     [L.  pahuUm,  food.] 

Pertaining  to  food  ;  affording  food  or  aliment- 
PAB-IT-La'TION,  n.    [L.  pabulatio,  from  jmbulor,  to 
feed.] 
The  act  of  feeding  or  procuring  provender. 
PAB'U-LOUS,  a.     [L.  pabulum,  food.]      [Cockeram. 
Affording  aliment  or  food  ;  alimental.       Bromn. 
PAB'U-LUM,  n.     [L.]    Food;  aliment;   that  which 
feeds. 

2.  Fuel ;  that  which  supplies  the  means  of  com- 
bustion. Encyc. 
Pa'GA,  k.    A  name  sometimes  applied  to  two  species 
of  rodent   mammals,  Celogenys    subnigra  and   C. 
fulva,  small  animals,  the  one  brown,  the  other  ful- 
vous, and  both  spotted  with  white,  which  inhabit 
South  America,  particutaily  Brazil  and  Paraguay. 
They  are  nearly  allied  to  the  Agouti,  the  Guinea- 
pig,  &c. 
PA-CAXE',  n.    A  species  of  hickory.    See  Peca.s. 
Pa'CATE,  a.     [L.  pacatus.] 

Peaceful ;  tranquil.     [A'ot  used.] 
Pa'Ca-TED,  a.    Appeased.     [Little  used.]      Bailey. 
PA-eA'TtON,  71,     [L.  paco,  to  calm  or  appease.] 

The  act  of  appeasing. 
PACE,  -n.     [Fr.  pas;  It.  passo ;  Sp.  paso ;  L.  passits, 
from  pando,  to  open,  or  Gr.  TraTCo),  to  tread.    See 
Pass.] 

1.  A  step. 

2.  The  space  between  the  two  feet  in  walking,  es- 
tip-iated  at  two  feet  and  a  half.  But  the  geometrical 
pacs  is  five  feet,  or  the  whole  sr--^-  ?  passed  over  by 
the  same  foot  from  '-:.-  alcp  to  another.         E:'  \ 

3.  Manner  of  walking;  gait;  as,  a  languishmg 
pace;  a  hea^y  pace;  a  quick  or  slow  pace. 

Jlddison. 

4.  Step;  gradation  in  business.     [Litlle  used.] 

7^emple. 

5.  A  mode  of  stepping  among  liorses,  in  which 
the  legs  on  the  same  side  are  lifted  together.  In  a 
general  sense,  the  word  may  be  applied  to  any  other 
mode  of  stepping. 

6.  Degree  of  celerity.    Let  him  mend  his  pace. 

Tomorrow,  and  lo-inorrow,  and  Lo-morrow, 

Creeps  in  this  pet:y  pnee  from  day  to  day.  Shak. 

To  keep  or  Tiohl  pM.ce  ;  to  keep  up  ;  to  go  or  move  as 
fast  as  something  else. 
PACE,  V.  i.    To  go  ;  to  walk  ;  to  move. 

Spenser.     Sluik. 

2.  To  go,  move,  or  walk  slowly. 

3.  To  move  by  lifting  the  lega  on  the  same  side 
together,  as  a  horse. 


A  btvalvular  IcsL-iceouH  anhnal,  found  adhcnng  to 
rocks  or  other  fix.'d  Hubj^tanccH  in  salt  wal^ir  which  i» 
shallow,  or  in  the  niouih.s  of  rivers.  OynUra  are 
deemed  nourishing  and  delicious  food. 

OYS'TER-PLANT,  ;,.  t^alsafy ;  a  plant  of  the  ge- 
nus traf^opogon,  so  called  from  its  laMte  wlicn 
cooked. 

OYS'TER-SIIELL 
the  ovsler. 


The  hard  covering  or  abell  of 


P. 


OYH'TEa-WE.VCII,  j  ..     A  .• 

OVK'TKB-U'IFK,        ', 

OYlj'TEa-WOM-AN,  > 

OZ.:_an  abtircvialion  tur-:  ; 

O-ZK'.NA,  ».     [Or.  ojoiij.]   A  (<4.U  ukf I  u. 

Iril. 
OZ'O-CK.NTE,  «.     A  f  ,,.i  v.  ii 

wliicli  in  souict.- 


PACE,  ?j.  (.    To  iiU'A'^iirc  by  steps  ;  aa,  to  met  a  niece 
ot  ^rottiu). 
'J.  To  regulate  in  inution. 

If  you  wii.  txuv  y.nir  \vU*lom 

In  iliut  gpoil  (viUi  tlwt  I  would  wi.ii  il  go.  S7:ak. 

V AC KT),  (past,)  a.  Having  a  particular  gait;  uacil 
ciiiedy  in  composition  ;  ,as,  s]ow-paeetl. 

2.  In  covipositio)!,  going  all  lengths  j  as,  a  tliorougli- 
paced  intriguer. 

Pa'CER,  71.    One  tint  panes  ;  a  liorse  tliat  giaccd. 

PA-CIIA',  (pa-shaw'.)    [!■>.]    Hee  I'.ninw. 

PA-OIIAI/IG,  o.  Pertaining  to  tile  govcrnincnl  of  a 
paclia.     [See  Pashav.lic.] 

P.\€H-Y-UAe'TYL,  >i.   [Gr.  iroxiij,  thick,  and  ilotri'- 
Ao5,  a  toe.] 
A  bird  or  other  animal  having  thick  toes-. 

Hitcficprl:. 

PACII'V-DERM,  71.      [Gr.  T(.x''5,  thick,  and  /r.7,,,, 
skin.] 
A  nonruminant  hoofed  aniinai. 

PACH-y-DEKM'A-TA,  «.  jd.  In  zoolo-ry,  r.n  order  of 
mammals  which  have  hoofs,  but  do'not  ruminate, 
distinguished  for  the  thickness  of  their  skins,  in- 
cluding tlie  elephant,  mastodon,  hippoiiotamus,  rhi- 
noceros, tapir,  horse,  hog,  &c. 

PACH-Y-DERM'A-TOUS,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  pachy- 
derm, t>r  to  the  order  Pachydemiata. 

PA-CIP''IG,  a.  [L.  pac'Jicas,  from  pacijlco,  to  make 
peace.     See  Peace.] 

I.  Peace-making;  conciliatory;  suited  to  make  or 
restoic  peace  ;  adapted  to  reconcile  differences ; 
mild  ;  appeasing  ;  as,  to  offer  pacijic  propositioiis  to  a 
belligerent  power.  The  measures  proposed  arc  in 
their  nature  pacific. 
9.  Calm  ;  traurpii! ;  as,  a  pacijic  stato  of  things. 

PA-CIF'I€,  71.  The  appellation  given  to  the  ocean 
situated  between  America  on  the  west  and  .Asia  ;  so 
called  on  account  of  its  exemption  from  violent  tem- 
pests. 

PA-CIF-IG-a'TION,  n.     [L.  p/icificatio.     Sec  Pacify.] 

1.  Th^  act  of  making  peace  between  nations  or 
parties  at  variance.  Bacon.    SouUt, 

2.  The  act  of  ajipeasing  or  pacifying  wrath. 

Hooker. 
P.\-CIF'ie-A-TOR,  n.     [L.]     A  peace-maker;  one 

that  restores  amity  between  contending  purties  or 

nations.  Bacon. 

PA.CIF'I€>-A-TO-RV,  a.     Tending  to  in::k9  peace  ; 

conciIiator\'.  Barroie. 

PAC'I-FI-iCi),  (-f  jde,)  pp.    Appeased  ;  Iranquilized. 
PAC'LFI-ER,  71.    One  who  pacifies. 
PAC'I-F5,  t\  t.     [Fr.  pacijicr;  Sp.  pac'{ficar ;  It.  pac'\fi- 

care;  L.  pncijtco ;  pax,  pacis,  peace,  and  facio,  to 

makej 

1.  To  appease,  as  wrath  or  other  violent  passion  or 
appetite  ;  to  culm  ;  to  still ;  to  quiet ;  to  allay  agita- 
tion or  excitement ;  as,  to  pac'ify  a  man  when  angrj-, 
or  to  pacify  his  wrath  or  rage;  the  word  being  ap- 
plied both  "to  the  psrson  and"  to  the  passion.  So  we 
say,  to  pacify  hunger,  to  pacify  importunate  de- 
mands. 

2.  T<  .  .Urre  peace  to;  to  tranquilize;as,  topac;/y 
countries  in  contention.  Bacon. 

PAC'I-F?-ING,  p;>r.    Appeasing  ;  tranquilizing. 
PaC'IXG,  ppr.  or  a.    Measuring  by  steps  ;  ambling, 

as  a  iiorse. 

PACK,  n.     [D.  pah ;  G.  and  Sw.  pack.    See  the  verb.] 

I.  A  bundle  of  anv  thing  inclosed  in  a  cover  or 

bound  fast  with  cords ;  a  bale;  as,  a  pack  of  goods 

or  cloth.    The  soldier  bears  a  pack  on  his  back.    A 

pacJi  of  wool  is  a  borsc-load,  or  210  pound?.      StnnrU 

-2.  A  burden  or  load  ;  as,  a  pack  of  sorrow .■'.     Shak. 

3.  A  number  of  cards,  or  the  number  used  in 
eames  ;  so  called  from  being  inclosed  together. 

^  '  Jiddison. 

4.  A  number  of  hounds  or  dogs,  hunting  or  kept 
together,  that  is,  a  crowd  or  assemblage  united. 

'  Dryden. 

5.  A  number  of  persons  united  in  a  bad  design  or 
practice  ;  as,  a  pack  of  thieves  or  knaves.       Sicift, 

G.  A  great  number  rr(nvde<l  together;  as,  tipack  of 
trouble.*.     [J\".t  i(,-n/.|  .^insirortJt. 

7.  A  loose  or  lewd  person;  one  who  deceives  by 


(alw  appearance*. 
used.] 

PACK,  F.  I.      [0.  pakim  ;  G.  ; 
paHgo,  pactum^  pactiu ;  Mmptm,' 

iTot,  ^o\;>'f,  nn)  y(  ;  l>an.  ;  j    ■ 
licnce,   dirpotdt,  Vt  s^  i,-: 
aend,  to  drtvu,  whcnr. 
Hence  we  say,  to  pari:  . 


[fiU.  fUAMf   to  4f<**  • 


part  with  Bpccd 


;  .\r.  t«C 


btdus^  to  br  totaft.^wj. 


to  press,  Ch.  p3N.    Clajv  D{,  Nou  I&    Btm  tlm  .V^ 

33,  G**>,  32.1 

1.  To  piacu  and  pi-  ' 
order  ;  a.t,  to  pack  gooi: 

2.  To  put  together  :i- 
thing  for  carriage  wil.'i 

3.  To  put  in  clu^  '  : 
to  pack  meat  or  fish  in  : 

•I.  To  send  m  U:isic. 

C}.  To  put  together,  as  card*,  io  nich  a  ir. 
lo  secure  the  game  ;  to  pal  i<>E>HVf  tn  •■  •■ 
fraudulent  design,  as  cards  ;  1.  - 
iniquilously,  with  a  %ncw  II. 
as,  to  pack  a  jur>',  that  b,  to  ■ 
who  may  favor  a  paity ;  lo  p*icj,  a  )   n 
pack  an  iissembly  of  bisbope. 

Pof9,    Bulitr.    A:: 
PACK,  r.  I.    To  be  pressed  or  ck« ;  v^  i^ 
pack  well. 

2.  To  close }  to  sbuL  Cit^ 

3.  To  depart  in  haste ;  with  «X 

Poor  SlcIU  icu>t  jiocfc  (^10  km.  iA>*.a 

4.  To  unite  in  bad  measures ;  to  coDfpJmtc  fc»  1- 
purposes;  to  join  in  collusion. 

Go,  pack  m'jlx  bicu 

P.\CK'AGE,  n.    A  hundL*  or  bale  ;  a  r,ii\r.i  . . 

or  bound  together ;  as,  a  package  of  cUih. 

2.  A  charge  made  for  pacXing  (r«*l*- 

P.VCK'CLOTil,  n.    A  cloth  for  pacimg  r* 

which  thev  are  tied. 
P.\CK'£D,  (pakt,)  pp.  or  a.   Put  ter^Vr  =»  ! 

lied  or  bound  in  a  bundle  ;  p.: 

meat;  sent  off;  united  iniqu^' 
PACK'ER,  n.    One  that  pack- 

to  pack  meat,  as  beef,  pork,  n^n,  al.-.     '  c 
PACK'ET,   n.     [Fr.  pajuet:    Sp.  and   IVtt. 

from  pack.] 

1.  .\  small  pack  or  packagt ;  a  IiUle  InnC 
rc\ ;  as,  a  paJici  of  letters.  - 

2.  A  dispatch- vessel ;  a  »htp  or  olh^  v 
ployed  by  government  loccnTcy  lett'^-i  '^ 
lo  co»mtr>',  or  from  port  to  pert.    ['  '■ 
Jiifl.',  Sp.  'ptiijue- bcu,  Fr.  pcipu^c4.] 

3.  .\  vessel  employed  in  conrcyir.- 
pnssengcrs  from  place  lo  place,  or  ii>  : 
and  goods  coastwise. 

PACK'ET,  r.  1.    To  ply  witb  «  vmcka   i -. 

vessel.  Utaie>6  ' 

PACK'ET-BQAT.    See  Packet. 
PACK'ET-SniP,  a.    A  ship  Uttt  saUs  rrpii ..  • 

iwcen  disUanl  counlrtwi  for  the  conreyutice  ol  du- 

palchcs,  letters,  nas«neers,  &.C. 
P.-VCK'FONG,!!.  The  Chin««  name  of  the  n**       ■ 

tcMU  copprr^  or  OfrTxam  silrer. 
PACK'HORSE.  H.      -V  horse  cmr^oycJ   ui 

packs,  or  poods  and  t>aggage.  *-  ■  "• 

2.  A  bcasl  of  burden." 
PACK'IXG.  ppr.    Laying   toppiher  In   ekae   ctdft , 

binding  in  a  bundle;    pulling  in  barrel*  with  laB, 

ice.  ;  unitins,  as  men  for  a  fmudulenl  r«irT*«f. 
To  send  packiniT.  is  to  bundle  a  pcr»>o  o«f.  f *  !•> 

dismiss  him  without  ceremony. 
P.VCK'ING,  n.     .Any  material  u?M  m  park' 

ing  close,  as  the  subsiance  .iround  ihc  ; 

pump  or  other  lube,  to  make  il  naltx  or  a.:  .  . 
2.  A  trick;  collusion.    [C»f.]  '>«^^- 

PACK'MAN,  «.    .\  peddler. 
PACK'SAD-DLE.  m     A  saddle  on  whKh  pi-v«    - 

bunlins  are  laul  for  ron^TVanc^, 
PACKSTAFF,  n.     A  sl.iff  on  which  a  mf 

sionally  supp^^rts  his  park.  fi""-  - 


TONE,  BJJLL,  UNITE.- AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.-e  as  K ;  G  as  J ;  S  as  7  ;  CII  a..  SU ;  TM  r.^  in  THI^ 


rso 


PAD 


PAG 


I'ACK'TIIUEAD,  (Hired,)  n.  Strong  thread  or  twine 
u-vd  in  Iving  up  parcels. 

i*ACK'WAX,  «.  A  large  tendon  or  cartilage  in  the 
tn  ck  of  an  animal ;  called  jUso  Faxwax.  Hay. 

Va'CO,    )  n.    The  Alpaca,  a  ruminant  nminmul  of  the 

rA'eOi^,  i  Carnel  tribe,  the  Auchenia  Paco.  inhabit- 
inp  the  Peruvian  and  Chilian  Andes.  It  ua3  bLt-n 
dumesticated,  and  it  remains  also  in  a  wild  btate.  Us 
length  is  about  three  feel;  its  hair  is  Ion;;,  soft,  and 
woolly,  of  a  delicacy  and  elasticity  approaching  to  that 
of  the  Ansora  goat.  Its  tlesh  is  aa  excellent  article 
of  fond,     ^ee  Alpaca.] 

9.  The  Peruvian  name  of  an  earthy-looking  ore, 
consisting  of  brown  oxyd  of  iron  with  niinulc  parti- 
cl;-s  of  native  silver.  Ure. 

PACT,  It.     [Fr. ;  L.  pactum,  from  pan^fo.     Sec  Pack.] 
A  contract ;  an  af;reement,  or  covenant.    Bacon. 

PAe'lTON,  n.     [L.  pactio.     Pec  Pack.] 

An  agreement  or  contract.  Ilaijward. 

PAG'TION-AL,  a.    By  way  of  agreement. 

Saiulcrson. 

PAe-Tl"TIOUS,  (-tish'tis,)  a.  Settled  by  agreement 
or  stipulation 

PAC-To'LI-AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  Pactolus,  a  liver  in 
Lydia,  famous  for  its  golden  sands. 

PAD,  Ji.     [Sax.  paady  for  vuVt.    See  Path.] 

1.  A  foot-path  ;  a  road.  [JVot  now  used.]  Privr. 
G.  An  easy-paced  horse.  jSddison.  Pope. 
3.  A  robber  that  infests  the  road  on  foot ;  usually 

called  a  Foox-rAD. 
P.\D,  n.    Any  thing  flattened  or  laid  flat,  as  a  pad  of 
straw.  Rich.  Diet. 

2.  A  soft  saddle,  cushion,  or  bolster  stufled  with 
i-!ra\v,  hair,  or  other  soft  substance.  Camden. 

PAD,  r.  (.    To  stuff  or  furnish  with  padding. 

2.  To  imbue  cloth  equally  with  a  mordant.     Urc. 
PAD,  V.  i.     [Or.  T:arcto.    See  Path.] 

1.  To  travel  slowly. 
9..  To  rob  on  foot. 

3.  To  beat  a  way  smooth  and  level. 
P.VD'Alt,  7!.    Grouts  ;  coarse  Hour  or  meal.     TVotton. 

[J^t't  iLsed  in  the  United  Statc.-f.] 
PAD'DED,  pp.  or  a.    Stuffed  with  a  soft  substance. 
PAU'DKK,  n.    A  robber  on  foot ;  a  highwayman. 

Drtjdcn. 
PAD'DDfG,  71.  The  impregnation  of  cloth  with  a  mor- 
dant. 

2.  The  material  with  which  a  saddle,  garment,  &c., 
art!  stuffed. 

PAD'DLE,  i\  i.  [The  French  ;)a(n>uJHcr  signifies  to 
paw,  to  paddle,  and  hence  the  English  patrol.  This 
word  seems  to  ha  from  pattr,  a  paw,  allied  perhaps  to 
L.  pesy  pedis,  the  foot,  and  this  is  allied  to  the  Gr. 
TTare'-',  to  tread.  To  paddle,  then,  is  to  use  the  paw. 
But  perhaps  it  is  from  the  noun,  which  see.] 

1.  To  row  ;  to  beat  ilie  water,  as  with  oars.    Oay. 

2.  To  play  in  the  water  with  the  hands,  as  chil- 
dren ;  or  with  the  feet,  as  water-fowls  or  other  ani- 
mals. 

3.  To  finger.  Shak. 
PAD'DLE,  r.  t.    To  propel  by  an  oar  or  paddle. 
PAD'DLE,  n,     [In  L.  batilhis  is  a  padd!e-.staff;   in  Gr. 

~;iTTaXoi  is  a  pole  ;  in  VV.  padcll  is  a  pan.  The  lat- 
ter would  express  the  broad  part  of  an  oar;  but  it 
may  have  no  connection  w'ith  padtile.'^ 

1.  An  oar,  but  not  a  large  oar.  It  is  now  applied 
to  a  sort  of  short  oar  with  a  broad  blade,  used  in  pro- 
pelling and  stv'ering  canoes  and  boats. 

2.  The  blad».'  or  the  broad  part  of  an  oar  or 
weapon.  • 

Tiioii  shall  hwc  a  j.  -uMte  on  thy  weapon —  Dcut.  xxiii. 

3.  A  term  applied  v.>  the  broad  boards  at  the  cir- 
cumfiirence  of  a  water- "vheel. 

4.  A  name  sometimes  t,^ven  to  tiie  feet  of  tortoiseS; 
rrocndiips,  &.r. 

PAD'DLE-BOX,  n,  A  term  ^'oplied  to  the  wooden 
projections  on  each  side  of  a  ste,.  mboat,  within  which 
are  the  paddle-wheels. 

P.-\D'DLf;D,  pp.     Propelled  by  an  oar  or  paddle. 

PAD'DLGR,  n.    One  that  pruldles. 

PAD'DLE-STAFF,  n.  A  staff  headed  with  broad 
iron,  used  by  plowmen  to  free  the  share  from  earth, 
stubble,  &:c.  Hall, 

PAD'DLE-WHEET.,  n.  A  water-wheel  used  in  pro- 
pelting  steamboats. 

PAD'DOCK,  n.     [Sax.  patla  or  pad;  D.  pad,  padtlcr,] 
A  targe  toad  or  frog.  iValton.     Dniden. 

PAD'DOCK,  w.  [Said  to  be  corrupted  from  Sax. /jcr- 
rue,  park.] 

1.  A  small  indosure  under  pasture,  immediately 
adjoining  the  stables  of  a  domain.  Brandc.  ' 

2.  Formcrbj,  an  inclosure  for  races,  with  hounds, 
&c.  Brandc. 

3.  A  toad.    [Ohs.]  Spenser. 
PAD'DOCK-PiPE,  71.    A  plant,  Ecjuiselum  palustrc. 

Booth. 
PAD'DOCK-STOOL,  «.    A  plant  of  the  gcims  Agar- 

iciis  ;  a  mushroom,  vulgarly  toadstool. 
PAD'DY,  71.    A  cant  word  for  an  Irishman. 

2.  In  the  East  Indies,  rice  not  divested  of  the  husk- 

Jilalcom. 
PAD-E-LI'ON,  n.    [Fr.  pas  de  lion,  lion's  foot.] 

An  herb,  lion's  foot  .^sh. 


PA-DXS'HA,  w.    A  title  of  the  Turkish  sultan  and  the 
Persian  shah,  denoting  ;>roi«/{/r,  or  thro  it  c  prince. 

Brande. 
PAD^I.OCK,    n.      [au.  D.  padde,  a  toad,  from    its 

shapL'.] 
A  lock  to  be  hung  on  a  staple  and  licld  by  a  link. 

Prior. 
PAD'LOCK,  V.  t.    To  fasten  with  a  padlock ;  to  stop ; 

to  shut ;  to  confine.  Ball.    Milton. 

PAD'NAt;,  J?.    An  ambling  nag.  Dr.  Pope. 

PAI)'0\\''-I'IPE,  7L     A  plant.     [See  Paddock-pipe.] 
Pa'DRA,  n.     A  kind  of  black  tea  of  superior  quality. 
PAD-I^-A-SOY',   7i.     \iiom  Padua,  in  Italy,  and  Fr. 
soic,  silk.] 

A  particular  kind  of  silk  stuff. 
P^'AN,  j  71.      [Gr.   rr.iiar.]      Among  Vic  ancients,  a 
Pe'AN,  \      song  of  rejoicing  in    honor  of  Apollo ; 
hence,  a  loud  and  joyous  sung ;  a  song  of  triumph. 

Pope, 
P^'ON,  n.  \Gr.  vaioiv.']  In  ancient  poetry,  a  foot  of 
four  syllables;  written  also,  though  less  correctly, 
P.cAN.  Of  this  there  are  four  kinds  ;  tlic  first  consist- 
ing of  one  long  and  three  short  syllables,  or  a  trochee 
and  a  pyrrhlc,  as  tcmpijr'ibus ;  the  second,  of  a  sliort 
syllable,  a  long  and  two  short,  or  an  iambus  and  a 
pyrrhic,  ^is  pStentti  :  the  third,  of  two  short  syllabk'S, 
along  and  a  short  one,  or  a  pyrrhic  and  a  trochee, 
as  &iiimcitus ;  the  fourth,  of  three  short  syllables  and 
a  long  one,  or  a  pyrrhic  and  iambus,  as  cSlSrVils. 

Hrande, 
Pa'GAN,  71.     [L.  pasanus,  a  peasant  or  countryman, 
from  7i(i«iw,  a  village.] 

A  heathen  ;  a  Gentile  ;  an  idolater ;  one  who  wor- 
ships false  gods.  This  word  was  originally  applied 
to  the  inhabitants  of  the  country,  who,  in  the  early 
ages  of  the  church,  adhered  to  iJic  worship  of  false 
gods,  or  refused  to  receive  Christianity,  after  it  had 
been  received  by  the  inhabitants  of  the  citie?.  In 
like  manner,  heathen  signifies  an  inhabitant  of  the 
heath  or  woods,  and  caffer,  in  Arabic,  signifies  the  in- 
habitant of  a  hut  or  cottage,  and  one  that  does  not 
receive  the  religion  of  Mohammed.  Pa^an  is  used 
to  distinguish  one  from  a  Christian  and  a  Moham- 
medan. 
Pa'GAN,  a.  Heathen;  heathenish  ;  Gentile  ;  noting 
a  person  who  worships  false  gods. 
2.  Pertaining  to  the  worship  of  faUc  gods. 
Pa'GAN-ISH,  a.     [Sax.  paganise] 

Heathenisli ;  pertaining  to  pagans.  Kin^. 

Pa'GAN-ISM,  71.     [Fr.  paganismc  ;  It.  panancsimoT] 
Heathenism ;    the  worship  of  false  gods,  or  the 
system  of  religious  opinions  and  worship  maintained 
by  pagans.  Addison.    Hooker. 

Men  insinicted  from  their  infiincy  in  the  principles  anil  duu«  of 
ClirisliaQi'.y.  never  sink  to  Uic  dc^rnufntion  of  paganism. 
Q.Spnns. 

Pa'GAN-IZE,  I).  (.  To  render  heathenish  ;  to  convert 
to  heathenism.  Oh.  Ohs. 

Pa'GAN-iZE,  v.  i.    To  behave  like  pagans.  Milton. 

Pa'GAN-IZ-ED,  pp.  or  a.    Kcndiiring  heathenish. 

Pa'GAN-iZ-IXG,  ppr.  Eendert^d  heathenish  ;  behav- 
ing like  pagans;  adopting  heathen  principles  and 
practice. 

Pa6E,  71.  [Fr.  and  Sp.  pa^e ;  It.  pasgio  ',  Port,  pagcm ; 
Arm.  paich  ;  Sw.  podce  ;  Dan. pog;  Russ.  paj,  a  boy, 
a  page.  The  Gr.  -at?,  a  boy,  is  undoubttfdly  a  con- 
tracted form  of  the  same  word  ;  fur  nati^co,  from 
Tratf,  forms  -;nff.',  -aixOiK;  hence  it  maybe  in- 
ferred that  rats  was  originally  rrai\(s.  TheEng.Aoy 
is  a  contraction  of  this  word  ;  W.  baggen,  a  boy,  a 


Pers. 


?fV^ 


faige,  a  foot- 


child,  from  hag,  small; 
man  or  lackey.] 

1.  A  boy  attending  on  a  great  person,  rather  for 
formality  or  show  than  for  servitude. 

Hi  hill  ivo  pages  of  honor,  on  psthcr  hand  one.  Bacon. 

2.  A  boy  or  man  that  attends  on  a  legislative  body. 
In  MassachiiscLts,  the  jmj^e  is  a  boy  thai  conveys  pa- 
pers from  the  members  of  the  house  of  representa- 
tives to  the  speaker,  and  from  the  speaker  or  clerk  to 
the  members. 

Pa6E,  71.     [L.  paerina;  Fr.  pa-rc] 

1.  Olio  side  of  a  leaf  of  a  book.  JVatts. 

2.  A  book  or  writing,  or  writings;  as,  the  page  of 
history. 

3.  Pages,  in  the  phiral,  signifies  also  books  or 
writings  ;  as,  the  sacred  pa^cs. 

PAGE,  77.  £.    To  mark  or  nun^er  the  pages  of  a  book 

or  manuscript. 
2.  To  attend,  as  a  page.  ShaJc. 

P.VGEANT,  (pu'jent  or  paj'ent,)  7i.     [L.  pegma;  Gr. 

-f;j7*'i,  something  showy  carried  in  triumph.] 

1.  A  statue  in  show,  or  a  triumphal  car,  chariot, 
arch,  or  other  pompous  thing,  decorated  with  flags, 
&c.,  and  carried  in  public  shows  and  processions. 

Cijc. 

2.  A  show ;  a  spectacle  of  entertainment ;  some- 
thing intended  for  pomp. 

I'll  pl;iy  my  part  iq  fortime's  pageant.  Shak. 

3.  Any  thing  sliowy,  without  stability  or  duration. 


Thns  iinliimenlcd  pass  the  prmitl  tvway, 
The  gaze  of  fools,  and  jn^fanl  of  a  day. 


Pojye. 


PAl 

PA'OEANT  or  PAG'EANT,  a     Showy;   pomiwus; 

ostentatious.  Dnjdcii. 

Pa'(5E.\NT,  v.  t.    To  exhibit  in  show  ;  to  represent. 

Shak. 
Pa'CEANT-RY  or  PAC'EANT-UY,  n.    Show  ;  pom- 
pous e.\hibition  or  spectacle. 

Such  paseanlry  its  to  llie  people  riiown.  Drijden. 

P.^O'M),  (pajd,)  jjj).     Marked  or  numbered,  aa  the 

Ijagos  of  a  book. 
PaGE'HOOD,  71.    The  state  of  a  page. 
P,AG'1-NA1j,  a.    Consisting  of  pages.  Brown, 

PaO;'IXG,  71.    The  marking  of  the  pages  of  a  book. 
P.a'GOD,      )  71.      [Pers.  pout  ghod,  or  hoot  khoda,  a 
PA-G5'DA,  \      house  of  idols,  or  abode  of  God  ;  Hind. 

boot  kiidn.     Thomson.     Fryer.] 

1.  A  temple  in  the  East  Indies  in  Avhich  idols  are 
worshiped.  Pope, 

2.  An  idol ;  an  image  of  some  supposed  deitv. 

Still  in. 'yjlcct, 
PA-Go'DA,7t.     A  gold  or  silver  coin  current  in  Hin- 

dostan,  of  different  values  indifferent  parts  of  India, 

from  $  1  75  cts.  to  $  2,  or  from  8  to  9s.  sterling. 
Pa'GOD-TTE,  n.      A  name  given  to  the  mineral  of 

which  tilt:  Chinese  make  their  pagodas.    It  is  called 

also  lardite,  koreite,  and  agahnatolite. 
Paid,  prct.  and  pp.  of  Pay  ;  paid  for  payed. 
P.aI'GI*E,  1 71.    A  plant  and  flower  of  the  genus  Pii- 
Pa'GHj,     \      mula  or  primrose  ;  cowslip-primrose. 
PAIL,  71.     [W.  pacol;  Gr.  rrcAAfl.]     [Fam.  of  Plants. 
An  open  vessel  of  wood,  tin,  &.C.,  used  in  families 

f.ir  carrying  liquids,  as  water  and  milk,  usually  con- 
taining from  eipht  to  twelve  rtuarts. 
PAIL'FpL,  71.    The  quantity  that  a  pad  will  hold. 
PAIL-MAIL'.    Sec  Pallmall. 
PAIL-LASSE',  (pat-yas',)  «.     [Fr.]     An  under  bed  of 

straw.  Encyc.  of  Doiit.  JHctm. 

PAIN,  7(.     [W.  pocn;  Corn.  Arm.  poan  ;  It.  pian;  Fi 

peine;  Norm,  pcne,  peine;  D.  pyn;  Sax.  pin  or  pine; 

G.ydn ;  Dan.  pine;  Sw.  piria ;  It.  Sp.  and  Port,  pcna  ; 

h.pa:na;  Gr.  JTovrji  penalty,  and  -orof,  pain,  labor ; 

Sans,  pana;  Ar.  . -J  fanna,  to  drive,  afllict,  distress. 

Class  Bn,  No.  22, 23,  2G.    See  the  verb.] 

1.  An  uneasy  sensation  in  animal  bodies,  of  any 
degree  from  slight  uneasiness  to  extreme  distress  or 
torture,  proceeding  from  pressure,  tension,  or  spasm, 
separation  of  parts  by  violence,  or  any  derangement 
of  functions.  Thus  violent  pressure  or  stretching  of 
a  limb  gives  pain ;  inflammation  produces  pain ; 
wounds,  bruises,  and  incisions  give  pain. 

2.  Labor;  work;  toil;  laborious  cfibrt.  In  this 
sense,  the  plural  only  is  used  ;  as,  to  take  pains;  to 
be  at  the  pains. 

Hi^h  wilhout  taking /win*  to  rise.  Walttr. 

'I'Jic  aAino  wiihpaina  wc  gain,  bul  lose  wilh  cise.  Pope. 

3.  Labor;  toilsome  effort;  task;  in  the  singular. 
[JVot  now  lued.]  Spenser.     Jf  alter. 

4.  Uneasiness  of  mind;  disquietude;  anxiety, 
solicitude  for  the  future  ;  grief,  sorrow  for  the  past. 
We  suffer  pain  when  we  fear  or  expect  evil ;  wc  feel 
pain  at  the  loss  of  friends  or  property. 

5.  The  throes  or  distress  of  travail  or  childbirth. 

She  iMwed  lierself  and  iravniled,  for  her  pains  came  upon  her.  — 
1  Sam.  iy.__ 

fi.  Penalty;  punishment  suffered  or  dcncunced; 
suffering  or  evil  inflicted  as  a  punishment  for  a 
crime,  or  annexed  to  the  commission  of  a  crime. 

None  shaii  presume  to  fly  underlain  of  death.  Addison. 

Interpose,  on  pain  of  luy  ctiBpIensurc, 

Ectwixt  Iheir  swonU.  DryUn, 

PAIN,  r.  t.  [W.  poeni;  Norm,  paincr;  Vv.peiner;  Sp. 
penar;  It.  penare;  D.  pynen;  Dan.  pir.cr ;  Sw.  pitmi 
Sax.  pinan ;  Gr.  ttovecj.  The  primary  sense  is,  to 
strain,  urge,  press.     See  the  notm.] 

1.  To  make  uneasy  or  to  disquiet ;  to  cause  uneasy 
sensations  in  tlie  body,  of  any  degree  of  inteui-ity  ; 
to  make  siniplv  uneasy,  or  to  distress,  to  torment. 
The  pressure  oV  letters  may  pain  a  limb;  the  rack 
pains  the  body. 

2.  To  afllict;  to  render  uneasy  in  mind  ;  to  di- 
quiet :  to  distress.  We  are  pained  at  the  death  of  i 
friend  ;  grief  pains  the  heart ;  we  are  often  painrd 
with  fear  or  solicitude. 

I  am  paiiied  at  my  Tcry  heart.  —  Jcr.  iv. 

3.  Reciprocally^  to  pain  onc^s  self;  to  labor ;  to 
make  toilsome  efforts.     {Little  used.]  Spenser. 

PaIN'/:D,  pp.    Disquieted  ;  afllicted. 
PAIN'FIJL,  a.    Giving  pain,  uneasiness,  or  dii:tress  i 
the  body  ;  as,  n2>aiT[fal  operation  in  surgery. 

2.  Giving  pain  to  the  mind  ;  afllictive;  disquictini; 
dis'tressing. 

Evils  have  been  more  painful  to  ua  iu  the  prospect  dnn  h  I'l 
actual  pressure.  Adiluon. 

3.  Full  of  pain  ;  producing  misery  or  affliction. 

Milton, 

4.  Requiring  labor  or  toil ;  difficult ;  executed  willi 
laborious  effort ;  as,  a  painftd  service.  The  army 
bad  a  painful  march. 

5.  Laborious;  exercising  labor;  undergoing  toil; 
industrious. 

Nor  must  tlie  piun/ul  husbandman  bo  tired.  Dn/den. 


Fl'i'E,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PREY PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.— 


PAI 


PAIX'FIJL-LY,  adv.     With  suffering  of  body  ;  witb 
affliction,  uneasiness,  or  distress  of  mind. 

9.  Laboriously  ;  with  toil ;  with  laborious  effort  or 
dili^nce.  Ralegh. 

PAUi'FJiL-NESS,  n.    Uneasiness  or  distress  of  oodv. 

South. 

2.  Affliction  j  sorrow  j  grief;  disquietude  or  dis- 
tress of  mind. 

3.  Laborious  effort  or  diligence  ;  toil.        Hooker. 
P.aI'NIM,  ti.    [Xorm.  paynim  ;  Fr.  paten;  contracted 

from  pogan.] 

A  pagan  ;  an  infidel.     [JVb£  vsetL]  Pencham. 

rAl'NIM,  a.     Pagan ;  infidel.     {^Xot  vscd."]      MiUon. 
PaIN'IXG,  ppr.     Making  uneasy  ;  afflicting. 
PaIX'LESS,  a.    Free  from  pain.  FcU. 

t?.  Free  from  trouble.  Dnjilai, 

PaIXS'TaK-ER,  7u    a  laborious  person.  Oaij. 

PaIXS'TaK-UMG,  a.    Laborious;  industrious. 

Harris. 
PaINS'TaK-ING,  71.    Labor  ;  great  industry. 
pAlNT,  V.  L     [Fr.  peindre^  peigiiant,  pe'int;  L.  p'mgo, 
pictus :  Sp.  piiitar  :  It.  pignere  or  jnngcrc,  to  throw, 
to  push,  to  paint.    The  elements  are  probably  Pg  or 
P/:,  as  in  fingo^  Jictus.l 

1.  To  cover  or  besmear  with  color  or  colors,  either 
with  or  without  figures  ;  as,  to  paint  a  cloth ;  to  paint 
a  house. 

9.  To  form  a  figure  or  likeness  in  colors ;  as,  to 
paint  a  hero  or  a  landscape. 

3.  To  represent  by  colors  or  images ;  to  exhibit  in 
form. 

WU.'Q  rtj'.ly  gro-iTs  romanlJc,  we  must  pninl  it.  Pope. 

4.  To  represent  or  exhibit  to  the  mind  ;  to  present 
in  form  or  likeness  to  the  intellectual  view ;  to 
describe. 

Disloyal  t 
Ths  word  is  too  good  to  paint  oat  her  wickcdcess.  Si^ak, 

5.  To  color;  to  diversify  with  colors.       Spctiscr. 

6.  To  lay  on  artificial  color  for  oruanient. 

Jei'bel  paiiUed  her  face  and  lired  her  bead.  — 2  Kin^  ix. 

PAIXT,  r.  1.    To  lay  colors  on  the  face.    It  is  said  the 
ladies  in  France  paint. 
•?.  To  practice  painting.    The  artist  pcmt;  well. 
PaIXT,  n.    A  coloring  substance;  a  substance  used 
in  painting,  either  sunple  or  compound  ;  as,  a  white 
painty  or  red  paint. 

9.  Color  laid  on  canvas  or  other  material ;  color 
representing  any  thing.  Pope.    Jiddi^on. 

3.  Color  laid  on  the  face  ;  rouge.  Young. 

PaINT'ED,  pp.  or  a.     Colored ;  rubbed  over  with 
paint ;  as,  a  painted  house  or  cloth. 
9,  Represented  in  form  by  colors. 
3.  Described. 
PAINT'ER,  n.    One  whose  occupation  is  to  paint ;  one 

skilled  in  representing  things  in  color?. 
PaIXT'ER,  n.     [qu.  Ir.  paiiUer,  a  snare,  that  which 
holds.] 

A  rope  at  the  bow  of  a  boat,  used  to  fasten  it  to  a 
ship  or  other  object,  Totten. 

PAIXT'ERS-€OL'ie,  n.  A  peculiar  disease,  usually 
terminating  in  palsy  and  mental  imbecility,  to  which 
painters  are  subject,  and  also  otheR  who  handle  lead 
poison?.  Brando. 

PAIXT'ER-STAIN'ER,  n.      A  painter  of  coats    of 

arms.  Buchanan. 

PAIXT'IXG, ppr.    Representing  in  colors;  laying  on 

colors. 
PAINT'ING,  71.    The  act  or  employment  of  laying  en 
colors. 

9.  The  art  of  forraing  figures  or  resembling  objects 
in  colors  en  canvas  or  other  material,  or  the  art  of 
representing  to  the  eye,  by  means  of  figures  and  col- 
ors, any  object  of  sight,  and  sometimes  the  emotions 
of  the  mind.  Encyc. 

3.  A  picture ;  a  likeness  or  resemblance  in  colors. 

Shale. 

4.  Colors  laid  on.  Shak. 
PAIXT'RESS,  m     A  female  who  paints. 
PaIXT'URE,  n.     iTt.  pcinture.] 

The  art  of  painting.  Dnjdcn. 

PAIR,  n.  [Fr.  pair;  L.  Sp.  ajid  Port,  par;  It.  pari; 
.Arm.  par;  D.  paar;  G.  par,  paar ;  Sw.  par,-  Norm. 
par  or  peir;  If.  peire  ;  Sas.  gefera,  with  a  prefix.  In 
1  W.  par  signifies  what  is  contiguous  or  in  continuity, 
a  state  of  readiness  or  preparedness,  a  pair,  fellow, 
match,  or  couple,  and  para  signifies  to  endure,  to 
continue,  to  persevere  ;  patm,  to  couple  or  jom.  In 
thi=i  language,  as  in  Spanish,  par,  pair,  is  shown  to 
be  connected  with  the  L.  paro,  to  prepare.  Now,  in 
Heb.  Ch.  Syr.  and  Elli-  i3n  signifies  to  join,  couple, 
or  associate,  and  the  noun,  an  associate,  evidently 
this  very  word,  which  goes  far  to  prove  that  -i3n  is  a 
derivative  of  the  root  N~i3,  from  which  the  latins 
probably  have  paro.  See  Class  Br,  Xo.  19.  The 
primary  sense  of  the  root  is,  to  thro%v,  strain,  and  ex- 
tend, and  hence  par,  equal,  is,  extended  to,  near,  con- 
lisuous,  or  equally  extended.] 

1.  Two  things  of  a  kind,  similar  in  form,  applied 
to  the  same  purpose,  and  suited  to  each  otht-r  or  used 
together ;  as,  a  pair  of  gloves  or  stockings  ;  a  pair  of 
shoe?  ;  a  pair  of  oxen  or  horses. 

2.  Two  of  a  sort ;  a  couple  ;  a  brace  ;  as,  a  pair  of 
nerves  ;  a  pair  of  doves.    Luke  ii. 


PAL 

Pair,  k.  i.    To  lie  joined  in  pairs ;  lo  couple ;  aa  Ijinln 
pair  in  biimmtT. 
a.  To  suit  i  to  fit ;  as  a  counterpart. 

My  Ii-art  wm  inulc  to  fil  anil  pair  with  Uilii*.  Ito^e. 

PaIK,  v.  u  To  unite  in  coujilca ;  as,  minds  pmrd  in 
heaven.  Drudcn. 

2.  To  unite  as  correspondent,  or  rather  to  cnntrajit. 

Glossy  jcl  U  paired  with  iHiiiliiff  whilff.  Pope. 

Pair,  T. «.    To  impair.    [!?cc  Imfaih.] 

PaIR'/'.'D,  ;i;).    Joined  in  cotrph'a  ;  fitted  ;  rutted. 

PAlR'ING,;>7>r.    Uniting  in  p;iirH  ;  fitting. 

PaIR'ING-OFF,  71.  In  Ici^'igtative  bodifji^  a  pmcticc 
by  wliicii  two  niemhcrs  of  oppojiite  political  opinions 
acree  to  absent  ttleniselves  from  voliny  durinc  a 
staled  period.  Tliis  practice  is  i»aid  to  have  origi- 
nated in  tlie  lime  of  Cromwell. 

P.\1R'ING-TIME,  n.    The  lime  when  birds  couple. 

Smart. 

PAIR-OFF',  V.  1.  To  separate  and  depart  from  a  com- 
pany in  pairs  or  couplets. 

9.  Ill  larhlaticc  bodies,  two  nionilters  are  said  In 
prtir  o/T  wiien,  heinjj  of  opposite  parties,  they  agree 
to  be  absent  v.iieu  the  vote  is  taken.    [Sec  rAinixc- 

PaIX'HAN  gun,  V,  [from  the  name  of  tlie  invent- 
or.] \  Iiowitzer  of  great  weight  and  strengtti,  for 
throwing  sliells  of  a  very  large  st/.c.  I'ark. 

PAL.-' ACE,  ?(.  [Fr.  palaisi  L.  jialatiiim;  It.  palazzo; 
Sp.  palacio ;  G.  ;>/«/z,  wlience  pfatzgraf,  palsgrave ; 
W.  pah ;  Riiss.  paltita.] 

1.  A  magnificent  house  in  which  an  emperor,  a 
king,  or  other  distinguished  person,  resides;  as,  an 
imperial  palarc ;  a  royal  palace ;  a  pontifical  palace ; 
a  ducal  palace. 

2.  .'V  splendid  place  of  residence ;  as,  Ihe  sun's 

bright  palace.  Jiddison. 

PAL'.\UE-eoURT,  M.  The  domestic  court  of  the 
kings  of  Great  Britain,  which  administers  justice  bi;- 
tween  the  king's  domestic  ser^-anls.  It  is  held  once 
a  week  before  the  steward  of  the  household  and 
knight  marshal ;  its  jurisdiclion  extending  twelve 
miles  in  circuit  from  his  majesty's  palace. 

Bta^ksUrne. 

PA-La'CIOUS,  (-sIms,)  a.  [from  palace]  Royal; 
noble  ;  magnificent.     [JVyt  used.]  Qraunt. 

PAL'A-DIN,  V.    A  knight  errant. 

PA-L/E'O  or  PA-LE'O  :  initial  syllables,  from  the 
Greek  ntiinfis.    See  PALEocnAPHv.  Paleology,  ficc. 

PA-L^S'TRA.     See  Palestsa. 

PAL-AN-KEEN',  j       ,,     ,        ,  ,  ( i..      [In   Hindoo, 

PAL-AN-aUlN',  I  (P^'  '"  '"'^"  '■'  I  poRfi;,  apparent- 
ly from  Sans,  palulc,  a  conch.  But  it  accords  better 
with  Sp.  and  It.  pnlanca,  a  pole.  Port,  yahinqiic] 

A  covered  carriage  used  in  India,  China,  &c., 
borne  on  the  shoulders  of  men,  and  in  wllich  a  sili- 
cic person  is  conveyed  from  place  tf-  place. 

P.\L'A-TA-BLE,  a.  '  [Uoxa  palate.]  Agreeable  to  the 
taste ;  savory.  Addison. 

a.  That  is  relished. 

PAL'A-T.V-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
agreeable  to  the  taste ;  relish.  Aikirt. 

PAL'.\-T.-i-BLY,  adc.  In  a  palatable  manner ;  agree- 
ably. 

P.\L'A-TAL,  a.  Pert,aining  to  the  palate  ;  uttered  by 
the  aid  of  the  palate. 

P.4L'A-TAL,  Ji.  A  letter  pronounced  by  the  aid  of  the 
palate,  or  an  articulation  of  the  root  of  the  tongue 
with  the  roof  of  the  moulh  ;  as  g  and  ;.-,  in  d;,  ck. 

P.^L'ATE,  n.  [L.  palatum,  properly  the  arch  or  cope 
of  heaven.] 

1.  The  roof  or  upper  part  of  the  mouth.  In  tr.an, 
it  is  composed  of  two  parts,  one  of  which,  called  the 
hard  palate,  forms  an  arch  in  the  anterior  part  of  the 
mouth,  and  the  other,  called  the  soft  palate,  lying  in 
the  posterior  part  of  the  moulh,  consists  of  a  mem- 
branous curtain  of  muscular  and  cellular  tissue,  from 
the  middle  of  which  hangs  the  u%nila.  P.  Cge. 

2.  Taste. 
H«rd  task  M  hit  Uic  pataut  of  MCh  f  ucjU.  Popf. 

[This  signification  of  the  word  originated  in  tlie 
opinion  that  the  palate  is  the  instrument  of  t.aste. 
This  is  a  mistake.    In  itself,  it  has  no  power  of 


P.'.  r 


(tiViTl  !■>  t'.vn  niu-1  r-f  ■ 
!!■     ■ 

PAi. 

f. 

i 

n:. 

IK 

I" 

I 
C. 

W'.re  Bc> 

Cheiflcf,  t 

Lanca-t*  r,  j-       ■-  : 

king  ill  hu  paiace.    or 

is  tlic  only  one  auw  r- 1- 

Ject 
PAL'A-TLVE,  n.    One. 

find  rights.    A  pal.iiii)' , 

tincnt  of  Ktirri[>c,  ua- 

princo  V*  luAtl  (u>tjrLi  • 

who  had  a  paloct-  and    . 

houtie. 
PAL'A-TIVE,a.    Plcaslae  to  Uw  lati 

PA-LA'VER,  w.    [Hp.  pai«^^^  Port. 
Uu.  \V.  ILjcar,  uilcrance  :  with  «  m 
I.  l(lI'M:itk. 

a  Talk  intended  In  :|       ■       - 

This  u  lU&i  icilA  lu  in 

3,  A  conference  or 

Jifrieit,  a.1  apprart  fry  f 

PA-LA' VER,  r.  (.  orr. 

Ilaiti;r;  lo  u'l-  idle,  d 
PA-LA' VER-ER,n.    *>. 
PALE,  a.    [Fr.  peU,  p- 
bielie,  white  ;  bieJiju.  I 
to  t-ai.  fiitc'jse,   '"■ 
raal,  from  tht-  ■ 
to  fail.     S*:c  »."1 

L  While  or  -.v..... a  . 

ruddy  or  fn-ah  of  ci.Uir ;  a^.  i 
checks.     We  i^iy,  al-;o,  a  ;. 
is,  a  whitish  red  (.r  lilue.    /'-     .   .. 
yjU:>us   with  u-Aitr,  a^  it  u.*nailjr  >- 
c^iU  ttan,  a  darkish  dun  white. 

9.  Not. bright;    nu  shinine;   (i   -  - 
dim ;  as,  the  pale  light  of  like  iDoon. 

The  niglit,  tr^lhUilj,  U  U.-.  the  ^j'j^i  (lei ; 

PALE,  r.  I.    To  turn  pale.    [PiJrticj.' 


taste] 

3.  i\ 


t.    To  make  pale. 

,     [Sax.  r«'-    G.  rfahl; 


3.  rllental  relish  ;  intellectual  taste. 

Men  of  iiico  wilatet  M«.d  not  relish  AriitoUf,  M  d.->r»5H  np  by 
the  Echoolnicn.  bater. 

4   In  hotatitj,  the  convex  base  of  Uic  lower  lip  of  a 

personate  corolla.  ,?l,',  ^ 

PAL' ATE,  V.  t.    To  perceive  by  the  taste.    [^  «t^J"f ''-J 

PA-L\'TI  VL,  f-slial,)  a.    [from  patatc]     Peru-lining 
to  tiic  palate ;  as,  the  jintotia/ retraction  of  the  tongue. 

Barrow. 
PVLi'TIAL,  a.    [from  L.  palatium,  pal.ice.] 

Pertaining  to  a  palace  ;  becoming  a  palace  ;  mag- 
nificent Prummojid. 
PAL'A-Tie  or  P.\-LAT'ie,  o.    Belonging  to  the  iral- 

ate  Holder. 

PA-LAT'IN-ATE,  u.   [It.  palatinato,  from  L.  palatwui. 
See  Palatine.] 
The  p.vvince  or  seignory  of  a  palatine;  a  name 


P.lLE, 

vr\\.F.,. 

Dan.  pirl  ,'*  W.  paxl ;  I., 
pole,  as  well  a-:  f<:Ie  :  '•' 
iias  the  elements  of  1 
the  radical  sense  i^,  p. 

shoot.    Qu.  .\t.    yjo  xaiaU,  lo  i 
18.]  *"  • 

1.  A  narrow  board,  pointed  or 
end,  used  in  fencing  or  inclofing. 
more  generally  raited  a  PirKrr. 

2.  -A  iKiinled  stake  ;  hrnrc.  lo  <- 

3.  .^n  inclosure  ;  prcprritf.  ll.ii  t^ 
Fence,  Limit  ;  hence,  tiic  spocr  i 
born  within  tbe^c  of  the  cborcli 
of  t'hrislianilv. 

4.  District;  '■       '    '  '  ^''  "' 

5.  In  Vrj.'.' 
a  broad,  per; 
E.  H.  Barker.] 

PALE,  r.  t.    [D.  focltn ;  G.  ffaUr..\ 

1.  To  inclose  with  pal'^  nr  st^kc*. 

2.  Toinrl.  '  

PA-LE-A'CF.Oi 

1.  ChaflV  ;  ; 

a-s,  a  paleaeeo-.i  ]■  ^  :"i.. 

2.  ClialTy  ;  l^lmishcd  Willi  tiMII  i  M,  ' 
receptacle. 

P.xl.'/;n,  rr-    inclosed  with  poles  or  pict;:-. 

a.  striped.  ._. 

P.Ai.E'-EY-KD,  (-Idc,)  a.  Ilavins  eyes  dim.  .VBin- 
PaLE'-FaC-£D,  (lasIcO  «.    Itavinf  a  r''"  ■ "  "  ' 
face.  . 

2.  Causing  paleness  of  face;  «,  rut. 

PaLE'-HE.XRT'P.D,  0.    Dispiriu  J. 
PaI.E'I.V,  a..'.-.    Wanlv;  not  frcsWy.or  ; 
P.VL'EX-DAR,  a.    A  kind  of  c,>asUaj  v. 

P.XLE'.XESS,  n.    Wanness  :  defect  of  c- 
freshness  or  ruddiness ;  a  f  ■' '•   •^>.:,r. 

TV  UiMd  llw  nrpn'*  ^*^; 
A  liTiJ  paUi*t.t  s[«r^'ii  . " 

9.  Want  of  color  or  luster ;  a=,  "■ '  . 
flower.  .       _.  ^,  , 

P.A-LE-OG'R.\-PIIER,  K.    0«e  «taTW  ■ 

P.V^LE-O-GRAPH'ie,         (  «•     ^^^^^ 
P.A-LEOGr.ArHIC-AL.  t       rjpfcy. 


TuNE,  BJJLL,  XJNITE. 


,._AN"GER,  VI"C10US.-€  as  K ;  6  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH ;  Til  as  in  TgiS.  ___^ 


791 


PAL 

I'A-LK-OG'RA-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  jraAuioj,  ancient,  and 
jpai^rty  writiiig.J 

1.  The  study  of  ancient  writings  ;  the  art  of  dc- 
cijiliering  ancient  writings. 

2.  An  ancient  manner  of  writing  ;  as,  Punic  palc- 
Oifraphy.  E.  StUc.t. 

P.A-Lt;-0L'O-0rST,  n.    One  who  writes  on  antiquity, 

or  one  conversant  with  anliiinitv.  (food. 

Pv\-liK-OL'0-OY,  ?t.  [Gr.  -raA'iu-f,  ancient,  and 
'Xo)Oiy  discourse.] 

A    discourse    or    treatise    on    antiquities,  or   the 
knowledce  of  ancient  things. 
PA-LE-ON-TO-LOO'ie-AL,  a.    Belonging  to  paleon- 
tology. 
PA-LE  ON-TOL'0-GIST,  7u     One  versed  in  paleon- 
tology. 
PA-LE-ON-TOL'O^Y,7i.     [Gr.  Tr<tA<Ho;,  ancient,  and 
ontnhffij,  the  science  of  beinjr.] 

Tho  science  of  ancient  beinsrs  or  creatures  ;  applied 

to  the  science  of  tlie  fossil  r<Mnains  of  animals  and 

plants  now  extinct.        Journ.  of  Scirnce.    MantdL 

PA-hE-O-SAU'RUS,  n.      [Gr.  vaXatoi  and   aavpn^.] 

A  c'^iiii"'  of  fossil  saurians  found  in  niagnesian 

limestone. 

PA-LE-O  THk'RI-AN,  a.     Pertaining  to  tiie  paleo- 

therium. 
PA-LE-O-THk'RI-UM,  )   n.     [Gr.   ;raX-i(of,  ancient, 
PA'LE-0-THkRE,  !       and  Oijotov,  beast.] 

A  quadruped  of  the  pachydermatous  order,  re- 
senihliug  the  pig  or  tapir,  but  of  a  very  large  size, 
nmv  extinct.  Ljjell. 

In  i^folotry^  a  t(Tm  denoting  the  lowest  fossiliferotis 
strata  ;  and  also,  the  emliest  forms  of  life.     Dana. 
PA'LE-OUS,  a.     [L.  pnlcuj  chaff  j 

Chafiy  ;_like  chair.  Bromn. 

PA-LE-0-Zo'IC,  a.     [Gr.  TraAaiaf,  ancient,  and  (ujov^ 

animal.] 
PA-LES'TUA,  n.      [Gr.  TaXais-pay  from  J^a^7/,  wrest- 
ling.] 

A  wrestling  ;  the  place  of  wrestling;  exercises  of 
wrestling  ;  a  place  for  athletic  exercises  in  Greece. 
PA-LES'TRI-AN,     -i  a.     [Gr.iraUi^ptKOi,from-aX7}j 
PA-LES'TRie,         >     a  struggling  or  wrestling;  Tra- 
PA-LES'TRie-AL,  )     Au:w,  to  wrestle,  to  strive.] 
Pertaining  to  the  exercise  of  wrestling.    Bryant. 
PAL'ET,  7).     [Fr.  pclote,  a  ball.] 

The  crown  of  the  head.     [Ao(  h^-cJ.]        Skclton. 
PAL'ETTE.    See  Pali-et. 

PAL'FREY,  (pawl'frc,)  n.  [Fr.  palc/roi ;  It.  paUfreno  ; 
Sp.  palafren  ;  VoTt.  palafrcut ;  \V.  palvrc.  Ainsworth 
gives  for  llie  original  word,  in  liow  I^atin,  paravcredi, 
(plur.  of  vcrediis,)  horses  of  a  lariro  size,  used  for 
carrjing  the  baggage  of  an  army.  Spelman  says  the 
parafrediis  was  a  post-horse.  The  last  .syllable  is 
from  Lat.  vercdus.'] 

1.  A  horse  used  by  noblemen  and  others  for  state, 
distinguished  from  a  war  horse.  Encyc. 

2.  A  small  horse  fit  for  ladies.  Johnsor..  Spectator. 
PAL'FREY-ED,  (pawl'fred,)  a.     Riding  on  a  palfrey. 
PAL-I-Fl-CA'TION,  n.     [from  I.,  pahis^  a  stake  or 

post.] 

The  act  or  practire  of  driving  piles  or  posts  into 
the  grounil  for  making  it  firm.  Woiton. 

PA-LIL'0-GY,  71.     [Gr.  KaXtv  and  X'>>'«s.] 

In  rhetoric^  the  repetition  of  a  word  or  part  of  a  sen- 
tence for  the  sake  of  greater  energy. 

PA'LIAIP-SEST,  u.     [Gr.  TraXtv  and  i//.im.] 

A  parchment  from  whicli  one  writing  has  been 
erased,  and  on  which  another  has  been  written. 

PAL'IN-DROME,  n.  [Gr.  -.lAll'^^JO;^^.^ ;  Tr.iXu', again, 
and  ^o;?/j£(j,  or  dntp:*,  to  run,  rf^vl^>.■c(Z.] 

A  \vord,  verse,  or  sentence,  that  is  the  same  when 
read  backward  or  forward  j  as,  madam^  or  liorna  tlbi 
subito  motihtis  ibit  amor.  Johuson.     Eitcyc. 

PaL'IN'G,  ;»^r.     Inclosing  with  pales. 

PAL'ING,  n.  Pales  in  general,  ur  a  fence  formed  with 
pales. 

PAL-IN-CE-Ne'SI-A,  >   71.      [Gr.    raXtj'j  £j-e^i'-.]      A 

PAL  L\-CE.\'E-SY,  \  nv:w  birth  or  transition  from 
one  state  to  another;  a  regeneration. 

PAL'IN-ODK,  i  n.    [<;r.   TraXivt.Kha;    zaXii-,  again, 

PAL'IN-O-DY,  \      and  t;)(5/,,  a  song.] 

A  recantation,  or  declaration  contrary  to  a  former 
one.  Enctjc.     Saiidt/s. 

PAl^I-SADE',  n.  [Fr.  paiissadc ;  Sp.  palizada';  It. 
palhzata;  from  pnle  or  the  same  root.  The  Welsh 
has  palis,  a  thin  partition  of  boards,  or  laths,  a  wain- 
scot ;  pulisaw,  to  wainscot.] 

A  fence  or  fortification  consislin  g  of  a  row  of  stakes 
or  posts  sharpened,  and  set  firmly  in  the  ground.  In 
fortification,  the  posts  arc  set  two  or  three  inches 
apart,  parallel  to  the  parapet  in  the  covered  way,  to 
prevent  a  surprise.  Palisades  serve  also  to  fortify 
the  avenues  of  open  forts,  gorges,  half  moons,  the 
boltomof  ditches,  &c.  Encyc. 

PAL-I-SADE',  r. /.  To  surround,  inclose,  or  fortify, 
with  stakes  or  posts. 

PAL-T-SAD'ED,  pp.     Fortified  with  stakes  or  posts. 

PAL-I-SAD'IXG,  p;»r.    Fortifying  with  posts. 

PAL-I-Sa'DO,  n.    Palisade,  which  see. 

PaL'ISH,  a.  [from  pale]  Somewhat  pale  or  wan; 
as,  a  paluh  blue.  Arbathnot. 

PALL,  n.  [L.  pallium;  Sax.  p(BlJc;  It.  jtaJUo  ;  Arm. 
pallen :  Ir.  pcoM.] 


PAL 

1.  A  cloak  ;  a  mantle  of  state.  Jifdtpn. 

2.  'J'he  mantle  of  an  archbishop.  Aijlijfc. 

3.  The  cloth  thrown  over  a  dead  body  at  funerals. 

Drydcn. 
1.  A  detent  or  click,  i.  e.,  a  small  piece  of  iiietal  or 
wood,  which  falls   between   the   teeth  of  a  rachet 
wlieel,  or  of  a  windlass,  to  prevent  it3  revolving 
backward. 
PALL,  71.     In  heraldry,  a  figure  like  the  Greek  Y. 

Encijr. 
PAT-L,  7%  t.    To  cloak  ;  to  cover  or  invest.        Shak. 
PALL,  r.  i.    [W.  paUit^Uifail;  allied  to  pa/r,  and  to 
Gr.  TT-tXatoi,  old  ;  Ileb.  Ch.  and  Ar.  nSs  ;  Hcb.  h^i. 
(See  Fail.)    Class  Bl,  No.  0,  18,  21.] 

1.  To  hixouie  vapid  ;  to  lose  .strength,  life,  spirit, 
or  taste  j  to  become  insipid  ;  as,  the  liquor  polls. 

Be.inly  Boon  *rowB  fntiiilinr  to  tin?  lover, 

Katies  in  Uic  eye,  (iiiil  palU  upon  tlio  sense.  Addison. 

PALL,  ti.  (.    To  make  vapid  or  insipid. 

Reason  and  reflection —bliiiit  tlic  cilgo  of  the  keenest  ik'sin;a, 
and  pail  nil  liia  eiijoynicnls.  Atlerbunj. 

2.  To  make  spiritless  ;  to  dispirit ;  to  depress. 

Tiic  more  wc  raisp  our  love, 
Tlie  more  we  pall,  ami  cool,  niid  hill  lita  ardor.  Drylcn. 

3.  To  weaken ;  to  impair ;  as,  to  pall  fortune. 

Shak 

4.  To  cloy  ;  as,  the  palled  appetite.  Tathr. 
PALL,  71.  Nausea  or  nauseating.  Shafteshvinj. 
PALL'-REaU-ER,  n.    A  term  applied  to  those  who 

attend  the  collin  at  a  funeral,  so  called  from  the  pall 

or  covering  of  the  body  which  they  formerly  carried. 
PAL'IjA,  71.    [L.]    Among  the  RontanSf  a  large  upper 

robe  worn  bv  ladies.  Elmes. 

PAL-LA'DI-UM,  n.     [Gr.  ff^XXaJtrjv,  from  Pallas,  the 

goddess.] 

1.  Primarilij,  a  statue  of  the  goddess  Palla^?,  wliicli 
represented  lier  as  sitting  with  a  pike  in  her  right 
hand,  and  in  her  left  a  distafi'and  spindle.  On  the 
preservation  of  tliis  statue  depended  the  safety  of 
Troy.     Hence, 

2.  Something  that  affords  clTectual  defense,  pro- 
tection, and  safety  ;  as  when  we  say,  the  trial  by  jury 
is  the  pallad'mm  of  our  civil  rights.  Blackstonc. 

3.  A  metal  discovered  in  1803  by  Wollaston,  and 
found  in  very  small  grains,  of  a  steel-gray  color  and 
fibrous  structure,  in  auriferous  and  platiniferous  sand. 
It  is  infusible  by  ordinary  heat,  and  when  native,  is 
alloyed  with  a  little  platinum  and  iridium. 

Diet.  J^af.  Hist. 

PAL'LAS,  71.  [Gr.J  In  mytholo^y^  the  Grecian  god- 
dess of  wisdom,  nlcntifiod,  at  a  later  period,  with 
the  Roman  Minerva.  Braiule. 

2.  In  astronomy^  one  of  the  smrdl  planets  or  aster- 
oids which  revolve  between  tlie  orbits  of  Mars  and 
Jujiiter. 

PALL'ED,  pp.  or  a.    Made  insipid. 

PAL'LET,  n.  [Fr.  palette;  It.  paletta,  a  fire-shovel; 
Sp.  palcta  ;  from  L  patu,  W.  p&l,  a  shovel,  a  peel] 

1.  Among  pH»i(fr,v,  a  liltle  oval  table  or  boarcf,  or 
piece  of  ivory,  on  which  the  painter  places  the 
colors  to  be  used.  On  the  middle  the  colors  are 
mixed,  to  obtain  the  tints  required.  Encyc. 

2.  Among  potters,  crucible  makers,  &c.,  a  wooden 
instrument  for  forming,  heating,  and  rounding  tiieir 
works.    It  is  oval,  round,  &c.  Encyc. 

3.  In  ^UdinSi  an  instrument  made  of  a  squinel's 
tail,  to  take  up  the  gold  leaves  from  the  pillow,  and 
to  apply  and  extend  them.  Encyc. 

4.  In  heraldry,  a.  sm:x\\  pale.     [See  Pale.] 

5.  A  term  applied  to  the  pieces  coimected  with  the 
pendulum  of  a  clock,  or  the  balance  of  a  watch, 
which  receive  tlie  iin)nediatc  impulse  of  the  swing- 
wheel,  or  balance-wheel.  It  is  sometimes  written 
Pall\t.  Brande. 

G.  A  measure  formerly  used  by  surgeons,  contain- 
ing three  ounces.  Jinkrwill. 
PAL'LET,  71.     [pailht,  Chaucer;  Fr.  paille,  L.  palea, 
hiraw  ;  Ir.  pealt,  a  cmich.] 

A  small  bed.  Milton. 

PAL'LT-.\L,  a.     Pertaining  to  a  mantle,  especially  the 

mantle  of  shell  fishes.  Smart. 

PAL'LLA-MENT,  v.     [L.  pal!ium,  a  cloak.] 

A  dress;  a  robe.     {J\''ut  used.]  S/iak. 

PAL'LIARI),  (pai'yard.)  «.    [Fr.]    A  Icther ;  a  lewd 

person.     [JV'ntnscd,  nor  Eafflis.'t.\ 
PAL'LIARD-ISE,  n.    Fornication.     [.Yot  used.] 

Buck. 
PAL-LIASSE',  (pal-yas',)  n.    [Fr.]    An  umler  bed  of 

straw.     [See  Paillasse.] 
PAL'LI-ATE,  V.  t.     [Fr.  palUcr ;  Sp.  paliar;  It.  pal- 
liarc ;  from  Low  L.  pallio,  from  pallium,  a  cloak  or 
robe.] 

1.  To  clothe.     [Obs.] 

2.  To  cover  with  excuse  ;  to  conceal  the  enormity 
of  offenses  by  excuses  and  apologies  ;  hence,  to  ex- 
tenuate ;  to  lessen  ;  to  soften  by  favorable  repre- 
sentations; as,  to  palliate  faults,  oflenses,  crimes,  or 
vices.  Dryden. 

3.  To  reduce  in  violence  ;  to  mitigate;  to  lessen  or 
abate  ;  as,  to  palliate  a  disease. 

PAL'LI-ATE,  a.     Eased  ;  mitigated.     [ATai  used.] 
PAL'LI-A-TED,  pp.    Covered   by  excuses;    extt 
ated ;  softened. 


extenu- 


TAL 

PAL'LI-A-TING,  ppr.  or  a.  Concealing  the  enonnily 
or  most  censurable  part  of  conduct;  exti'uuating ; 
softening. 

PAL-LF-A'TION,  7(.    The  act  of  palliating  ;  conceal- 
ment of  the  most  flagrant  circumstances  of  an  of- 
fense ;  extenuation  by  favorable  representation  ;  as, 
the  palliation  of  faults,  ort'enses,  vices,  or  crimes. 
2.  Mitigation;    alleviation;   abatement;  as  of  a 

PAL'LI-A-TIVE,  a.     [Fr.  palliadf.]  [disease. 

1.  Extenuating ;  serving  to  extenuate  by  excuses 
or  favorable  representation.  fVartoa. 

9.  Mitigating;  alleviating;  as  pain  or  disease. 
Arhutkuot, 
PAL'LI-A-TIVE,  n.    That  which  extenuates. 

2.  That  whicli  mitigates,  alleviates,  or  abates  tlij 
violence  of  pain,  disease,  or  otiicr  evil.  Swift. 

PAL'LID,  a.     [L.  pallidus^  from  pallcoj  to  become  pale. 

See  Pale.] 
Pale;  wan;  deficient  in  color:  not  high  colored  ; 

as,  ^pallid  countenance  ;  pallid  blue. 

Spenser.     Thomson.     JIartc. 
PAL-LTO'I-TY,  71.    Paleness. 

PAL'LID-LY,  «Jf.     Palely;  wanly.  Taylor. 

PAL'LID-NESS,  ?f.     Paleness;  wanness. 
I'ALL'IXG,  ppr.  or  a.    Cloying;  making  insipid. 
PALL'IXG,  V.     Ptate  ef  being  cloyed.  Bulircr. 

PAL'LI-C.\1,  ;i.     [L.]     In  the  Roman  Catholic  church  a 

short,  white  cloak,  with  a  red  cross,  encircling  the 

neck  and  shoulders,  and  falling  on  the  back.  Brande. 
PALL-MALL',  (pel-niel',)  7;.    [L.  pila,  a  ball,  and  ?/(«/- 

leas,  mallet ;  It.  polla,  a  ball^  and  mallr.o,  a  hammer.] 

1.  A  play  in  whicli  a  ball  is  driven  thruUjih  an  iron 
ring  by  a  mallet ;  also,  the  mallet.  Johnson. 

2.  A  street  in  London,  so  called  from  its  having 
once  been  the  place  for  playing  the  game  called 
palhnall. 

PAL'LOR,  7t.     [L.]    Paleness.  Tayhn-. 

PALM,  (piim,)  7i.  XL.palma;  VV.  palo ;  from  sprcad- 
Uig-l 

1.  The  inner  part  of  the  hand. 

2.  A  hand  or  liand's  breadth  ;  a  lineal  niep_^uro  of 
three  inches.  The  great  Roman  palm  wasthe  len^ith 
of  thr  hand,  or  about  8,1  inches.  Barhnr. 

3.  The  broad,  triangular  pari  of  an  anchor  at  the 
end  of  the  arms. 

4.  The  name  of  many  species  of  plants,  but  par- 
ticularly of  the  date-tree  or  great  palm,  a  native  of 
Asia  and  Africa. 

The  pabns  constitute  a  natural  order  of  monccot- 
yledonous  plants,  with  a  straight  unbrancliing  cylin- 
dric  stem,  terminating  in  a  crown  of  l<;aves,  with- 
in wliich  rises  a  tuft  of  flowers  and  fruits ;  all  na- 
tives of  warm  climates.  They  vary  in  sixe  from  2 
to  more  than  100  feet  in  hight.    Jussicu.    Linnirus. 

5.  Branches  of  the  palm,  being  worn  in  token  of 
victory  ;  hence  the  word  signifies  superiority,  victory, 
triumph.  The  palm  was  adopted  as  an  emblem  of 
victory,  it  is  said,  because  the  tree  is  so  elastic  as, 
when  pressed,  to  rise  and  recover  its  correct  position. 

Encyc. 
Namur  eubdued  is  England's  palm  ^lone.  Dryilcn. 

6.  Among  sfflmcn,an  instrument  fitted  to  the  hand, 
and  used  in  sewing  canvas,  instead  of  a  thimble. 

P.\LM,  (p;im,)  r.  (.  To  conceal  in  the  palm  of  the 
Jiand. 

They  pnlmcd  (lie  UicU  lli:\t  Inal  ihc  game.  Prior. 

2.  To  impose  by  fraud. 

Fwr  you  may  palm  upon  ns  new  for  old.  Dnjdcn. 

3.  To  handle.  Trior. 

4.  To  stroke  with  the  hand.  Ainsicorlh. 
PXLM'-OIL,  (piim'oil,)  7(.    A  vegetable  oil,  obtained 

from  the  fruit  of  several  species  of  palms,  and  used 
in  the  manufacture  of  soap  and  candles.  JilcCulloch. 

PALM'-PUN-DAY,  (pam'sun-dy,)  71.  Th."  s^iinday 
next  before  Easter  ;  so  called  in  commemoration  of 
our  Savior's  triumphal  entry  into  Jerusalem,  vvlun 
the  multitude  strewed  palm  branches  in  the  way. 

PALM'-TREE,  (pUm'trce,)  iu  The  name  of  niaiiy 
species  of  trees  belonging  to  the  natural  order  of 
palms.     [See  Palm.] 

PAL'MA  CHRIS'TI,  v.  [L.]  An  annual  plant, 
whose  seeds  furnish  the  well-known  castor-oil  of 
medicine.  London. 

PAL'MAR,  a.     [h.  palmaris.] 

Of  the  breadth  of  the  Iiand.  Lev. 

PAL'MA-KY,  rt.     [L.  palmaris.] 

Chief;  principal.  Bp.  Home. 

PaLM'A-RY,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  palm. 

P  \I 'MS  TED   I  '^'     [L.  pfl?"ia««J,  from  palma,  palm.] 

1.  Having  the  shape  of  the  hand;  resembling  a 
hand  with  the  fingers  spread  ;  as,  palmatcd  leaves  or 
stones.  Enci-c. 

2.  Entirely  webbed ;  as,  the  palmatcd  feet  of 
aquatic  fowls. 

PALM'i^D,  (piimd,)  pp.    Imposed  by  fraud. 

P.\LM'ER,  (pam'er,)  n.  One  that  returned  from  the 
Holy  Land  bearing  branches  of  palm  ;  a  pilgrim  or 
ciaisader.  Pope. 

PALM'ER-VVORM,  (piim'er-wurm,)  n.  A  worm  cov- 
ered with  hair  ;  supposed  to  be  so  called  because  he 
wanders  over  all  plants.    Joel  i.  Johjisun. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT — MeTE,  PREY.— PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQQK.— 

792  "  "  ^  " 


PAL 


PAN 


PAN 


rAL-MB'i  "TO,  H.    A  species  of  pulm-tree  growing  in  j 

the  West  Indies  mid  Southern  Uniieil  States,  of  the 

genus  ChanitBrop«.  Tluymson. 

PAL'ane  acid,  n.    a  kind  of  acid  obtained  from 

palmine. 
PAL-MIF'ER-OUS,  a.     [L.  palma  and /cro,  to  bear.] 
Bearing  palni^:.  Diet. 

PAL'.MINE,  (-niin,)  n.     A  white,  waxy  substance, 

oMained  from  ca^^lor-oil. 
TaLMTNG,  ;'pr.     Imposing  by  fvaml. 
PAL'MI-PED,  a.     [L.  palma  and  pcs^  foot.] 

Wtb-footed  ;  having  the  toes  connected  by  a  menv 

brane  ;  as  a  water  fowl. 
PAL'MI-PED,  71.     A  swimming  bird ;  one  that  has 

webbed  feet,  or  the  toes  connecte<l  by  a  membrane. 
TAL'-MIS-TER,  n,     [L.  jtalma.]  [Brandc. 

One  who  deals  in  pahnistry,  or  pretends  to  tell 

fortunes  bv  the  palm  of  the  hand. 
rAI/'JIIS-TRY,  ?i.     [L.  palma,  p;Um.] 

1.  The  art  or  practice  of  divining  or  telling  for- 
tunes by  the  lin^s  and  marlis  in  tlie  palm  of  tlic 
hand  ;  a  trick  of  imposture,  much  practiced  by  gip- 
sies. 

2.  Addison  uses  it  humorously  for  the  action  of 
the  hand.  Spectator. 

PXLM'Y,  (pam'y,)  a.  Bearing  palms.  Shak, 

Hence, 
2   Flourishing  j  prosperous  ■,  victorious. 

A  jointed,  sensiferous  organ,  attached  in  pairs  to 
the  back  or  side  of  the  lower  jaw  in  many  insects  ; 

PALP.  I',  t.    To  feci.     [J^^ot  authorized.]  [a  feeler. 

PAT.-PA-BIL'I-Ty,  n.  [from  palpable.]  The  quality 
(i(  being  perceptible  by  the  touch.  JirbuthnoU 

PAL'PA-nLE,  a.  [Fr.,  from  L.  palpor,  to  feel ;  It. 
paJpabile.] 

1.  Perceptible  by  the  touch  :  that  may  be  felt ;  as, 
apnlpable  substance  ;  palpable  darkness.  S/mk. 

2.  Gro^s  ;  coarse ;  easily  perceived  and  detected  ; 
as,  a  palpable  absurdity.  T^Uot^ou. 

3.  Plain  ;  obvious  ;  easily  perceptible  ;  a.^^  palpable 
phenomena  ;  palpable  prool".        Hooker.     GlanvUlc. 

PAL'PA-ELE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  beins  palpa- 
ble ;  plainness;  obviousness  j  grossness. 

PAL'PA-BLY,  ado.    In  such  a  manner  as  to  be  per- 
ceived by  the  touch. 
2.  Grossly  ;  plainly  ;  obviously. 

Cloiliitswis  acqmlted  hj  a  corrupt  JLiry  that  bad  palpably  lakvii 
s'.urcs  of  iiiooey.  Bacon. 

PAL  Pa'TION,  h.  [L.  palpatio^  from  palpa^  to  feel,  to 
stroke,  from  the  root  of /«Z,  and  Gr.  tuXAo',  to  shake. 
Probably  the  primary  sense  is  to  beat  or  strike  gently, 
or  to  touch,  or  to  spring,  to  leap,  allied  to  Gr.fJaXXo), 
Fr.  bailer.] 
The  act  of  feeling. 

PAL'PE-BRAL,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  eyebrow. 

PAL'FE-BROUS,  a.     Having  large  eyebrows.    Smart. 

PAL'PI-FORiM,fl.    Having  the  form  of  palpi  or  feelers. 

PAT^PI6'ER-0US,  a.     Bearing  palpi  or  feelers.  Kirby. 

PAL'PI-TaTE,  v.  L  [L.  patpito,  from  palpo.  Palpito 
illustrates  the  primary  sense  of  palpo,] 

To  beat  gently  ;  to  beat,  as  the  heart ;  to  flutter, 
that  is,  to  move  \vith  little  throws  ;  as  we  say,  to  go 
pit-a-pat;  applied  particularly  to  a  preternatural  or 
excited  movement  of  the  heart. 

PAL'PI-Ta-TING,  ppr,  or  a.  Beating  gently ;  flutter- 
in  c. 

PAL-PI-Ta'TION,  71.     [L.  palpitatlo,] 

1.  A  beating  of  the"  heart ;  particulurhj,  a  preter- 
natural beating  or  pulsation  excited  by  violent  action 
of  the  body,  by  fear,  fright,  or  disease. 

Harvey,    .^rhuthnot. 

2.  A  violent,  irregular  motion  of  the  heart. 

Cullen.     Parr. 
PALS'GRAVE,  (pawlz'grave,)  7i.     [G.  ppilzgraf,  from 
j'falz,  contracted  from  h.  palaiium,  palace,  and  graf, 
an  earl  ;  H.palls^aaf;  Sax.  gerefa,  a  rtttc,  whence 
sheriff.] 

A  count  or  carl  who  has  the  superintendence  of 
the  kina's  palace.  jDict. 

PALS'GPCA-\^NE,  71.     The  consort  or  widow  of  a 

pal-;  2  rave. 
PAL'SI-€AL,  a.    [(torn  palsij.]     Affected  with  palsy  : 

paralytic. 
PAL'Si-£D,  (pawPzid,)  pp.  or  a.     [from  palsy.]     Af- 
fected wilt-  palsy. 
PAL'SY,  77.     [Supposed  to  be  contracted  from  Gr. 
n-aoaAin7<s,  relaxation  ;  7r<joaXuw,  to  loosen  or  relax.] 
An  abolition  of  function,  whether  of   intellect, 
special  sensation,  volunlar>'  motion,  common  sensa- 
tion, or  sympathetic  motion. 
PAL'SY,  V.  t.    To  paralyze  ;  to  destroy  function. 

2.  To  destroy  action  or  energy.  Dicight. 

PAL'S  Y-IXG,  ppr.  or  a.     Destroving  function. 
PAL'TER,  V.   i.     [Probably  allied  to  fa  alter  or  falter, 
\\'.  palla,  Enz.  fail ;  Sp.  and  Port,  faltar,  to  want,  to 
fail,  to  miss,  to  balk,  to  come  short.    See  Fail  and 
Pall.] 
To  shift  ;  to  dodge  ;  to  play  tricks.  Johiuon. 

Rather,  to  fail ;  to  come  sliort  j  to  balk. 


riie  IftltC  cf  bo- 


Romans,  thai  hare  spoke  Ibc  word, 
And  will  Dot  palter. 


Shak, 


PAL'TER,  V.  t.    To  squander.    Qu.    {^,'ot  iued.\ 

Jlinru:orth. 
PAL'TER-ER,  n.    One  that  palters,  fails,  or  fallu  nhort. 
PAL''I'RI-LY,  adv.    Despicably  ;  meanly. 
PAL'TRI-NESS,  n.     [from  paltry.]     The 

ing  paltry,  vile,  or  worthleas. 
PAL"I'RY,  a.    [Sw.  palta,  plur.  jm'tor,  rags ;    Dan. 

pialt,  a  rag ;  piulted,  rajfged  ;  Scot,  paltrie  or  peUrie. 

vdc  trash;  ll.paltone,  a  vagabond.     It  may  be  allied 

to  Gr.  tj>av\oi,  vilf!,  and  to  fail.    Qn.  Fr.  piitre^  a 

contracted  word.] 
Ragged  ;  mean  ;  vile  ;  worthless  ;  despicable ;  an, 

a  paltry  boy  ;  a  paltry  slave  ;  a  paltry  trifle. 

Shak.    JJddiaoTU 
PA-LU'DAL,  fl.     [h.paUu^.] 

Pertaining  to  marshes  :  marshy. 
PAL-U-DI'NA   7,.     [L.  palus,  a  pool.] 

Agenus  of  fresh-water  snails.  ManUll. 

PALu'DIN-OUS,  a.    Pertaining  to  llic  paludin.i. 
Pa'LY,  a.     [from  pnh\]     Pale;  wanting  color;  used 

only  in  poetry,  Sliak.     Oay. 

2.  In  heraldry,  divided  by  pales  into  four  equal 

parts.  Kncye. 

PAM,  77.    [Supposed  to  be  from  poZm,  victory.]    The 

knave  of  clubs.  Pope, 

PAM'PAS,  7t.  pi.    The  name  given  to  vast  prairies 

in    the    southern  piirt  of  Buenos  Ayres  in  Sourti 

America.  Ene.ijc,  Ajiu 

PAM'PER,  V.  t.    [from  It.  pambcrcj  bread  and  drink  : 

paniberatOj  pampered,  well  fed;  pancj  bread,  and 

here,  to  drink,  L.  bibo.] 

1.  To  feed  to  the  full ;  to  glut ;  to  saginato  ;  to  feed 
luxtiriou-sly  ;  as,  to  pamper  the  body  or  the  appetite. 

Spenser. 

We  arc  [iroiul  of  a  bnly  nutciiin;  for  wonns  iiiul  pamptrrtd  for 
corruption  ami  ili'r  gT,»vi:.  iJicight. 

2.  To  gratify  to  the  full ;  to  furnish  with  that 
wliicli  delichts  ;  as,  to  pamper  the  imagination. 

PAMTER-AD,  pp.  or  o.  Fed  high;  glutted  or  grati- 
fi.d  to  llie  full. 

PAM'PER-ING,  ppr.  Glutting;  feeding  luxuriously; 
::r;itifving  to  tlic  full. 

PAM'PEU-ING,  71.    Luxuriancv.  Fnlke. 

FAM'PIILET,  (pam'flet,)  n,  [Sp,  p^iptlou,  from  paprl, 
paper.  The  word  signifies  both  a  jiamplilet  and  a 
bill  posted.  Sp.  papalctu,  a  slip  of  paper  on  whir Ii 
any  thing  is  writtfn;  pnpd  volaute,  a  small  pam- 
phlet. It  has  also  been  deduced  from  paunjlet,  pa- 
gina  jUatOy  a  Word  said  to  have  been  used  by  Cax- 
ton.] 

A  small  hook  consisting  of  a  sheet  of  [laprr,  or  of 
sheets  stitched  together,  but  not  bound. 

PAM'PHLET,  V.  t.   To  write  n  pamphlet  or  pamiihlets. 

PA:\I-PnLET-EER',  (pam-flet-eer',)  w.  A  writer  of 
lianiplilets  ;  a  scribbler.  Tatlcr. 

PAM-PIILET-EER'IKG,  a.     Writing  and  publishing 
poniphlets. 
2.  n.    The  writing  and  publishing  of  pauipblcls. 

PAM'PRE,  71.  [Fr.]  In  Sculpture,  an  ornament  com- 
posed of  vine  leaves  and  bunches  of  grapes  ;  used 
for  decorating  columns.  Girilu 

FAX,  71.  [Sax.  panna',  S\\:  panna;  G.  pfannc ;  D. pan  ; 
W.  id.] 

1.  A  vessel  broad  and  somewlial  hollow  or  de- 
pressed in  the  middle,  or  with  a  raised  border;  used 
for  setting  milk  and  other  domestic  purposes. 

Drydcn. 

2.  The  part  of  a  gun-lock  or  other  fire-arms 
which  holds  the  priming  that  communicates  with 
tlic  charge. 

3.  Something  hollow;  as,  the  brain  pen. 

4.  Among  farmers,  the  hard  stratum  of  earth  that 
lies  below  the  soil ;  called  the  hard  pan. 

.'5.  The  top  of  the  head.  Chaucer. 

VAN,  V.  t.    To  join  ;  to  close  together.    [l^eaL] 

Bailey. 
P.-\N,  71.    [Gr.]    In  mythology,  tlie  deity  of  shepherds. 

[See  Panic.] 
PAN'A-BASE,  71.     [Gr.  -a;'  and  base.] 

A  gray  copper  ore. 
PAN-A-Cli'A,  71.     [Ii.,  from  Gr.  rravuKCta  ;  rrac,  nil, 
and  iiKiiiunt,  to  cure.] 

1.  A  remedy  for  all  diseases ;  a  universal  medicine. 

ITarton. 

2.  An  herb.  .^insteorth. 
PA-N.\'DA,  1 71.     [Fr.  panade.  from  L.  panis^  Sp.  pan, 
PA-Na'DO,  i      It.  pane,  bread.] 

A  kind  of  food  made  by  boiling  bread  in  water  to 
the  consistence  of  pulp,  and  sweetened.  Jil^eman. 
PAN'A-RV,  fl.     [L.  pnnis.] 

Pertaining  to  bread. 
PAN'eAKE,  n.    .\  thin  cako  fried  in  a  pan  or  baked 
on  an  iron  plate. 

Some  folks  Ihii.k  il  will  r.cver  be  good  limr*  till  hoiiijM  nretilwl 
with  pancakes.  Franiixn. 

P.lN'e.'iRTE,  7(.  .'\  royal  charter  confirming  to  a  sub- 
ject all  his  possessions.  ^^?J"f'' 

PANCH,  n.     [W.  ;ifi7i«,  to  form  a  texture,  to  full.] 
Among  seamen,  n  thick  and  strong  mat,  to  be  fast- 
ened on  vards  to  prevent  friction. 

PANCH'WAY,  n.  A  Bengal  four  oared  boat  for  pa<; 
sengers. 


PAX-€UAT'ie.        »«.    f«r.  r«>.  all.  u4  * 

PAN-€aAT'ie-AL.  i     rtJencUL) 

Exulllng  tn  all  ^'aiiai<.c  excreiM* ;  rrf . 
or  robust.  / 

PAN'eUA-TIST.  «.    Oac  wl^>  excck  to  n 

cxerriwm. 
PAN' CIU'TI-UM,  C-«h6-ma,)  «.    'Or.  -i,  t- 

Ti'.K] 

Among  Me  aM£ir»ti^  an   ai' 

combined  boxing  and  wf^i*'r 
PAN'ettE-AH,  a.     [Gr.  - 
A  gland  of  the  bfj-l-, 

of  the  ftlornacb  and  tli* 

ing  from  the  liver  t/j  li 

peritoneum.    It  \;  two 

length,  Wift  and  *'i[j;,!f. 

and  jwur^  It  tnt/»  thr  d:j'---r.  .- 
PA.N-eRE-AT'l€,  a.     PefUiorr,^  Vj  i' 

pancrfatic  jmc*-. 
PAX'CV.    .*;co  P*!t»T. 
PAN-DP/A.\  PIPES, itoi.     A 

tiquity  made  nf  r?».d*  »rt*-nr  ! 

gradnallv  Icewrning,  an  :  ' 
PAN'DECT,  n,       [L.  ; 

rav,  all,  and  6t\op!ii,  i 

1.  A  ircaiiM  which  cotiL^,:.  • 
cnce. 

2.  Pttndeetgj  in  tie  plural,  the  dipr-7 

civil  or  Roman  \'---    ■- -  '     ' - 

Jui^tinian,  and  f 
of  lawyers,  to  v. 
authority  of  law.     .  .. 
books,  forming  th*"  fir-'. 

PA\-DEM'ie,a.     [Gr. - 

Incident  to  a  wLuk  t»-  j..-.  ,  ■,... 
demic  di.-'cai^e,  /:' 

PAN-DE-.MO'M-tM,  %.    [Gx.  Mf.  r. 
/!''>!',  a  demon.] 

In  fabulous  stonr,  ihc  great  hall  or  ccunci; 
of  demons  or  evil  5piritj. 
PAN'DER,  n.    [Ou.  It.  pamdert,  to  ict  alinad. . 


darus,  in  Chancer. 


In  Pct».  j^»X»,t 


In  Ilindooiteity  a  Icarr 


.Ifa/fom. 


keeper  of  a  warehouse  or  (ffanar>-, :. 
buys  and  hoards  goods  to  cnbanf    ■ 
swering  to  I*,  vian^a.    Bui  Ihc  real  tjig." 
word  is  not  obvious.] 

A  pimp  ;  a  procurer  ;  a  male  bawd  :  a  m  - 
gate  wretch,  who  caters  for  fJic  lurt    ■ 

PAX'DER,  r.  /.    To  pimp;  to  pcwi 

for  others. 
PAX'DER,  r.  L    To  act  ns  agent   ! 

2.  To  be  subservient  to  lu«i  <  r  r  ■ 
PAN'DER-AOE,  n.  A  procur; 

PAN'DER-TS.M,  n.     The  cm; 
pander;  a  pimping. 

PAX'DER-LY,  a.    Pimping    aeUng  t 

PAX-Die-U-LA'TIO-V,  ■.     [L.  /«Ci--      . 
to  stretch."] 

A  vawning  ;  a  stretching  ;  the  ir n»;io  >  ' 
ids  that  accompanies  yawnin|t,  or  Ual  nr- 
and  stretching  Uiat  accompaojr  the  eoM  ' 
intermittent.  Bmcye.     / 

PAN'DIT, 

PUN'DIT, 

PAN'OOOR,  H.     .\  n-airo  ci^rn  tr«  a 
fantrv  soldiers  in  the  AuMnao  **rf 

PAN-DO'RA,  n,     [Gr.  rai,  all,  and 
In  miVxolo^,,  a  fabled  frmtV  «  ' 
rielv  oi  gifts. '  Jupiter  piro  hci  a  I 
band,  who  opened  il,  and  oai  vaaht^  a  &■ 
evils.  ^ 

PAN'DORK,      »  .     rrr  ~^,x^*^  ^ 

PA.VDO-RA.V  1  *•    lGr.-«<^«^] 

An  in^tninicnt  of  mask  of  U>c  hiic  kin 
dore-  ' 

PAX-DC'RI-FORM,  a.     \U  t  " 
In  botanv,  nbovalc.  with 
each  side,  like  the  body  of  a  : 

PANE,  n.     [Tt.  pen,  from  rxtendkng,  wii*  i. 
a  panel  ;  .Arm.  panell :  Sp.  e^vrf^^ :  P.  .- 

1.  .\  so.u.arc  of  glass. 

2.  .\  piece  of  any  thing  in  variefnlcil  n 

PAN-E6YR'ie,  ».      [Ft.  jH»fn*^pn*-   \'- 
punetriricc:  I-  p^nesyricus,  from  the  Or.  -*'U'*_*; 
a  public  meeting  or  colebralion  ;  raf,  Mj.all,  a»tf 
n)>pK,  an  nssvmbly.] 

1.  An  oration  or  euloo"  tn  pn^' 
gnisbed  pers*>n  or  ncJiicvcment ;  a 
rate  encomium. 

2.  .An  encomium  ;  praise  bcstoi^  ■ 
ncnt  p*^rson,  action,  or  virtue. 

PAN-E45VR'l€,  (c  a^ntainin:, 
PAX-E-OlYR'ie-AL,  \  cnccmiiAic. 
PAX-EG'Y-RIS,  n.     [Gr.  wr^jT.if.] 

public  mcotin::. 
PAN-E-clYRIST,  «.     One  who  brrtowf  : 

eulogist ;  an  encomiast,  cilbcr  hr  wntiof 


A  fr«»ral; 


TONE,  BIJLL,  UNITE. 


.  AN"GER,  VI"CIQUS.-easK;  Oi  as  J ;  S  as  7.  :  CM  n<  SH  ;  TH  -ns  in  TH^ 

-  7V3 


100 


PAN 

l'A.Vli-e;Y-KlZE,  v.  t.    To  praise  liighly ;  to  write  or 

[iroiujiincc  :i  eulogy  on.  C/i.  Obs. 

VAS'K-CV-IUZE,  V.  i.    To  bestow  praises.  MitJ'ord. 
rAN'K-GY-UIZ-i^D,  pp.    Highly  pniiyed  or  eulogized. 
PA\'i;.CV-RIZ-iNG,   ppr.      Pniisiiig   highly;    eulo- 

(^izitig. 
rAN'KL,  a.     [Fr.  panncau;  Sw.  pamia,  pan  ;  panncUij 

to   wainscot;    Russ.  panel,   ceiline,    or    wainscot; 

probably  named  from  breadth,  extension.] 

1.  A  piece  of  board  whose  edges  are  iuscrtod  into 
the  groove  of  a  thicker  surrounding  framo  ;  as,  ttio 
panel  of  a  door.  Addison,     Swfft. 

2.  A  piece  of  parchment  or  schedule,  containing 
tlio  names  of  persons  summoned  by  the  eheriff. 
Hence,  more  generally^ 

3.  The  whole  jury. 

■1.  In  Scots  laiD,  a  prisoner  at  the  bar.      Encyc.  Am. 
PAN'EL,  V.  U    To  form  with  panels;  as,  to  panel  a 

wainscot.  Pennant. 

I*AN'EL-/?D,  pp.  ox  a.    Formed  with  panels. 
I'aNE'LESS,  a.    Witliout  panes  of  glass.     Shcnstone. 
TAN'EL-ING,  ppr.     Forming  into  panels. 
TANG,  71,     [U.  pynigcnj  G.  peinigcn,  to  torture,  from 

pijn,  pein,  pain  ;  Sax.  piaan,    See  Pain. J 

Extreme  pain  ;  anguish  ;  agony  of  body  j  particu- 

larbji  a  yudden   paro.xysm  of  extreme  pain,  as  in 

spasm,  or  childbirth.    Is.  xsi. 


I  saw  Ihc  hoaiy  tnitor 
1  Ihcpang-s  of  death,  and  bite  Ihe  ground. 


Addison. 


PANG,  V.  u    To  torture ;  to  give  extreme  pain  to. 

Shak. 

PAN'GO-LIN,  n.  A  name  applied  to  two  species  of 
JIanis,  a  genus  of  edentate  mammals,  the  one  in- 
habiting Bengal,  and  the  other  Central  Africa.  They 
are  rcplile-hlce,  and  their  bodies  are  covered  with 
hard  scales  or  plates,  and  can  be  rolled  into  a  spheri- 
cal shape. 

PAN-HEL-LE'NI-UM,  n.     [Gr.  TTai'tWrfviov.] 
The  national  council  or  congress  of  Greece. 

Anderson. 

PAN'IG,  n.  [Sp.  and  It.  panico ;  Fr.  panique ;  Gr. 
::>jciK('S  t  W.  jjfl/iriH,  to  cause  to  siuk,  to  depress  or 
iiollow,  to  cause  a  panic.  The  primary  sense  is  in- 
transitive, to  shrink,  or  transitive,  to  cau:;e  to  shrink  ; 
hence  the  fabled  Pan^  the  frightful  deity  of  llie 
woods  or  shepherds.] 

A  sudden  fright ;  particularly^  a  sudden  fright  with- 
out real  cause,  or  terror  inspired  by  a  trilling  cause 
or  misapprehension  of  danger;  as,  the  troops  v^ere 
seized  with  apa7ucj  they  fled  in  xipank. 

PAN'ie,  a.  Extreme  or  sudden  ;  applied  to  fright ;  as, 
panic  fear. 

PAN'I€,  71.    The  grain  of  the  panic  grass. 

PAN'IG  GRASS,  n.    A  plant  of  the  genus  Panicum. 

PAN'I-GLE,  n.  [L.  panicxila,  down  upon  reeds,  cat's 
tail,  allied  to  L.  pannus,  cloth  ;  VV.  pan,  nap,  down, 
the  fulling  of  cloth  ;  pamt,  to  cover  with  nap,  to  full 
or  mill  cloth,  to  beat,  to  bang.  The  primary  sense 
is,  to  drive,  strike,  or  press  ;  hence,  to  full  or  make 
thick.] 

In  botany^  a  species  of  inflorescence,  in  which  the 
flowers  or  fruits  are  scattered  on  peduncles  variously 
subdivided,  as  in  oats  and  some  of  the  grasses.  The 
panicle  is  of  various  kinds,  as  the  dense  or  close,  the 
spiked,  the  squeezed,  the  spreading,  the  diffused,  the 
divaricating.  Jilartyn. 

PAX'I-GLED,  a.    Furnished  with  panicles.    Eaton. 

PAN'ie-STRUCK,  a.  Struck  with  a  panic,  or  sudden 
fear. 

PA-Nie'U-LATE,      )  a.    Having  branches  variously 

PA-NI€'U-La-TED,  J  subdivided;  as,  a  paniculate 
stem. 

2.  Having  the  flowers  in  panicles ;  as,  a  paniculate 
inflorescence.  Lee. 

PA-NIV'0-ROUS,  a.     [L.  panis  and  voro.] 
Eating  bread  ;  subsisting  on  bread. 

PAN-NaDE',71.    The  curvet  of  a  horse.     [See  Panic] 

Ainsworth. 

PAN'NAOE,  71.    [from  L.  panis.'\ 

The  food  of  swine  in  the  woods ;  as  beach-nuts, 
acorns,  &c.,  called,  also,  pawns;  also,  the  money 
taken  by  agistors  for  the  mast  of  the  king's  forest. 

Cowcl. 

PAN'NEL,  71.  [W.  panclf  something  plaited  or  mat- 
ted ;  L.  pannusj  cloth.] 

1.  A  kind  of  rustic  saddle.  Tusser. 
9.  The  stomach  of  a  hawk.  AinsworVt. 
[For  other  senses,  see  Panel.] 

PAN-NEL-La'TION,  71.    The  act  of  impanneling  a 

jury.     TA^oi  rtsed.]  Wood. 

PANiVIER, <pan'yer,)  «.  [Fr.pa7iier,-  lUpavicra;  Sp. 
pancroj  a  pannier ^  and  a  granary;  from  L.  pani^, 
bread.] 

A  wicker  basket ;  primarily,  a  bread-basket,  but 
used  for  caiiying  fruit  or  other  things  on  a  horse. 

Adaison. 

2.  In  architecture,  the  same  as  corbel,  which  see. 

Gwilt. 
PAN'NI-KEL,  n.     The  brain-pan  or  skull.     [JVot  in 

use,}  Spenser. 

rAS'O-PJAED,  (-plid,)  a.    Completely  armed. 
PAN'0-PLV,  n.     [Gr.  jravonMa  ;  -av,  all,  and  o-Xa, 

arms.] 


PAN 

Complete  armor  or  defense. 

We  had  iice<l  to  take  the  Climtiiui  patiojili/,  to  put  on  liic  wliolo 
armor  of  Uod.  H^xy. 

PAN-OP'TI-CON,  71.  A  prison  so  constructed  that  the 
inspector  can  see  each  of  the  prisoners  at  all  times, 
without  being  seen  by  them.  J.  BcntJtam. 

PAN-O-RX'MA,  71.  [Gr.  iraf,  all,  and  ooapa,  view, 
from  ofjiio),  to  see.] 

1.  Literally,  a  complete  or  entire  view  in  every  di- 
rection. 

2.  A  picture  presenting  from  a  central  point  a  view 
of  objects  in  every  direction,  represented  on  the  in- 
terior surface  of  a  cylindrical  wall  or  rotunda.  It  is 
lighted  from  above,  and  viewed  from  a  platform  in 
the  center. 

PAN-0-RAI\I'IC,  a.     Pertaining  to  or  like  a  panorama, 

or  complctt;  view. 
PAN-SOni'ie-AL,  a.     [See  Pak30phv.1    Pretending 

to  have  a  knowledge  ot  every  thing.    lYorVilngton. 

PAN'SO-IMIY,  71.     [Gr.  navy  all,  and  copia,  wisdom.] 

Universal  wisdom  or  knowledge.     [Little  used.] 

Harllib. 
PAN-STk-RE-0-RA'5IA,  71.    A  model  of  a  town  or 
country  in   wood,  cork,  pasteboard,  or  other  sub- 
stance, showing  every  part  in  relief.  Brandc. 
PAN'SY,  71.     [Fr.  pcnsie,  fancy  or  thought,  from  pcn- 
ser^  to  think,] 

A  plant  and  flower  of  the  genus  Viola;  the  Viola 
tricolor,  or  garden  violet;  also  called  HeahtVease. 

Braiidc. 
PANT,  r.  I.     [Fr.  pr.ntclcr^  probably  from  the  root  of 
W.  pflnti,  to  beat.    See  Panicle,  and  qu.  Gr. -i/ci    ] 

1.  To  palpitate ;  to  beat  with  preternatural  vio- 
lence or  rapidity,  as  the  heart  in  terror,  or  after  hard 
labor,  or  in  anxious  desire  or  suspense. 

Yet  niiglil  her  piteous  henrl  be  seen  to  pant  and  qu;Jtp. 

Spenser. 

2.  To  have  the  breast  heaving,  as  in  short  respira- 
tion or  want  of  breath. 

Pluto  pants  for  brccith  from  out  hla  cell.  Dryden. 

3.  To  play  with  intermission  or  declining  strength. 

The  whbperin^  braez; 
Fants  on  the  leavce  atul  dies  upon  the  trees.  Pope. 

4.  To  Song  ;  to  desire  ardently. 

Whojianis  Tor  glory  fiuda  but  ahort  repose.  Pope. 

As  the  liart  pantcVi  rtfter  the  water-brooks,  so  panteOi  iny  soul 
after  thee,  0  God.  —  Ps.  xlii. 

PANT,  n.    Palpitation  of  the  heart.  ShaJ:. 

PAN'TA^GRAPH,  n.     See  Pantograph. 

PAN-TA-LETS',  n.pL  Loose  drawers,  resembling  pan- 
taloons, worn  by  females  and  children. 

PAN-TA-LOON',  n.  [Fr.  pantalon.  Qx\.  W.  panmi, 
to  involve,  or  panu,  to  cover,  and  Fr.  talon,  the 
heel.] 

1.  A  garment  for  males,  in  which  breeches  and 
stockings  are  in  a  piece.     [06*.] 

2.  In  tlie  plural,  pantaloonSj  a  species  of  close,  long 
Irowsers. 

3.  A  ridiculous  character  in  the  Italian  comedy, 
pantalone,  and  a  buffoon  in  pantomimes  j  so  called 
from  iiis  close  dress.  Addison. 

PAN-TA-I\IORPn'ie,  a.    [Gr.  T«f,  Travra,  and  a3p0l-] 
Taking  all  forms. 

PAN-TEGH'NI-eON,  n.  [rrav  and  tlx^V-']  A  place 
wlicre  every  species  of  workmanship  is  collected 
and  exposed  for  sale.  Brande. 

PANT'ER,  n.    One  that  pants. 

PANT'ER,  n.     [Ir.  painter,  a  snare.] 

A  net.  Chaucer. 

PANT'ESS,  n.  [from  pant.]  The  difiicuUy  of  breath- 
ing in  a  hawk.  Ainsrcorth. 

PAN'THE-ISM,  n.  [Gr.  rai',  all,  and  Qeo;,  God, 
whence  theism.] 

Tile  doctrine  that  the  universe  is  God,  or  the  sys- 
tem of  theology  in  which  it  is  maintained  tiiat  the 
universe  is  the  supreme  God.     Encyc.    Asiat.  Res. 

PAN'THE-IST,  77.  One  that  believes  the  universe  to 
be  God ;  a  name  given  to  tiie  fullowers  of  Spinosa. 

The  earliest  Grecian  panOtcist  of  whom  \vc  read  ia  OrpheuB. 

Encyc. 

PAN-THE-rST'I€,         )  a.    Pertaining  to  pantheism  ; 

PAN-THE-JST'ie-AL,  j  confounding  God  with  the 
universe.  Enjicld.     Waterland. 

2.  In  sculpture,  a  term  applied  to  statues  and  fig- 
ures which  bear  the  symbols  of  several  deities  to- 
gether. Sramle. 

PAN-TIIK^ON,  71.  [Gr.  raf,  irav,  all,  and  Ocos, 
God.] 

A  temple  or  magnificent  edifice  at  Rome,  dedi- 
cated to  all  the  gods.  It  is  now  converted  into  a 
churcli.  It  was  built  or  embellished  by  Agrippa, 
son-in-law  to  Augustus,  is  of  a  round  or  cylindrical 
form,  with  a  splierical  dome,  and  1-14  feet  in  diam- 
eter. Brande. 
In  the  classics,  pronounced  7J(z;i'(7ie-oK 

PAN'THER,  7u  [L.,  from  Gr.  TravQnp.  Qa.  0/;p,  a 
wild  beast.] 

A  fierce,  carnivorous  quadruped  and  digitigrade 
mammal,  the  Felis  Pardus,  of  the  size  of  a  large 
dog,  with  short  hair,  of  a  yellow  color,  diversified 
with  roundish,  black  spots.  This  animal  will  climb 
trees  in  pursuit  of  small  animals.    It  is  a  native  of 


PAP 

Africa.    The  name  is  also  applied  to  other  species  of 

the  genus,  as  the  cougar. 
P.-VN'TILE,  n.     [qu.  W.  pantu,  to  dimple,  to  sink  in, 

to  become  hollow ;  pan,  a  bowl,  a  pan ;  or  Fr.  pente, 

a  iKMuiing.j 

A  tile  with  a  curved  or  hollow  surface.    But  qu. 

pcntilc. 
PANT'ING,  ppr.  or  a.      [See  Pant.]      Palpitating; 

breathing  with  a  rapid  succession  of  inspirations  and 

expirations  ;  longing. 
PANT'ING,  71.  Palpitation;  rapid  breathhig;  longing. 
PANT'ING-LY,    adv.        With    palpitation    or   rapid 

breathing. 
PANT'LER,  71.      [Fr.  panctici;  from  pain,  L.  panis, 

bread.] 
The  ofiicer  in  a  great  family  who  has  charge  of  the 

bread.  Shak. 

PAN-TO-€HRO-NOM'E-TER,  n.     [Gr.  Tar,  xpavo^, 

and  p€rpov.] 
An  instrument  which  combines  the  properties  of 

the  compass,  sun-dial,  and  the  universal  liinfi-dial, 

and  used  for  all  tiiree  of  them.  Brande. 

PAN-TO'FLE,  (pan-too'fl,)  ;i.     [Fr.  pantoujlc ;  It.  pan- 

tofola,  a  slipper ;  Sp.  pantufia  ;  Sw.  tqifla,  toffcl,  a  sliiJ- 

per  or  sandal ;  Dan.  tJofeli  Russ.  tuJ'cL] 
A  slipper  for  the  foot. 
PAN'TO-GRAPH,  n.     [Gr.  Travra,  all,  and  yoa^ri,  de- 
scription.] 
An  instrument  for  copying,  reducing,  or  enlarging 

maps,  plans,  and  figures.  P.  Oie. 

PAN-TO-GRAPH'ie,         j  a.    Pertaining  to  a  paiili.- 
PAN-TO-GRAPH'I€-AL,  J      graph ;   performed  by  a 

pantograph. 
PAN-TOG'RA-PHY,  n.     General  description  ;    view 

of  an  entire  thing. 
PAN-TO-LOG'ie-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  panlology. 
PAN-TOL'O-GIST,  n.    One  writing  on  or  conversant 

with  pantology. 
P.VV-T0L'0-6Y,  77.     [Gr.  jraj  and  \oyos.] 

A  work  of  universal  information  ;   a  systematic 

view  of  all  branches  of  human  knowledge. 
PAN-TOM'E-TER,  7t.     [Gr.  irai^Ta,  all,  ami  pcrpcu), 

to  measure.] 
An  instrument  for  measuring  all  sorts  of  elevations, 

angles,  and  distances.     [.Vof  used.]  Bailni. 

PAN-TOM^E-TRY,  n.    Universal  measurement.    [Xot 


used.] 
MN'TO-M 


PilN'TO-MIME,  n.     [L.  pantoniimus ;  Gr.  TtavTopiiioi  • 
rras,  Trav,  all,  and  nipos,  a  mimic] 

1.  One  that  imitates  all  sorts  of  actions  and  char- 
acters without  speaking  j  one  that  expresses  hiiS 
meaning  by  mute  action.  The  pantomimes  of  an- 
tiquity used  to  express  in  gestures  and  action  what- 
ever the  chorus  sung,  changing  tlieir  counteiianco 
and  behavior  as  the  subject  of  the  song  varied. 

Encijr. 
9.  A  scene  or  representation  in  dumb  show. 
3.  A  species  of  musical  entertainment  connected 
with  dumb  shov/.  Busby, 

PAN'T0-?.UME,  a.  Representing  only  in  mute  action. 

Smiik. 
PAN-TO-MBI'IC,         \  a.      Pertaining  to  the  p.^nto- 
PAN-T0-MI?.l'ie-AL,  \      mime  ;    representing  char- 
acters and  actions  bv  dumb  show. 
PAN-TO-MIM'ie-AL-LY,  adv.  In  the  manner  of  pan- 
tomime. 
PAN'TO-HIIJI-IST,  n.    One  who  acts  in  pantomime. 
PAN'TON,  )  71.      [Qu.  L.    panda,    to 

P;\N'T0N-SnCE,  (-shoo,)  \      open.] 

A  horseshoe  contrived  to  recover  a  narrow  and 
hoof-bound  heel.  Far.  Diet. 

PAN-TOPH'A-GIST,  n.     An  animal  or  person  that 

eats  every  thing. 
PAN'TRY,  n.    [Fr.  panetiire,  a  shepherd's  scrip  ;  L. 
panarinm,  from  panis,  bread.] 

An  apartment  or  closet  in  which  provisions  are 
kept. 
PAN-UR-GY,  77.     [Gr.  iravovpyia;  nav,  all,  and  en-  ny, 
work.] 
Skill  in  all  kinds  of  work  or  business;  craft. 

Baihy. 
PAP,  71.     [L.  papilla.] 

A  nipple  of  the  breast ;  a  teat.  Drydnt. 

PAP,  77.     [Low  L.paj7a;  It.  pappa;  D.pap;  Pers.  bob, 
food.] 

1.  A  soft  food  for  infants,  made  with  bread  boiled 
or  softened  vrilh  water.  Boyh. 

9.  The  pulp  of  fruit.  Aiiisworth. 

PAP,  V.  t.    To  feed  with  pap. 

PA-PA',  7i.  [L.  and  Fr.  papa  ;  D.  and  G.  id. ;  Gr.  Tra-r- 
jTOf  ,■  It.  and  Sp.  papa,  the  pope ;  a  word  used  by  the 
ancient  Scythians,  as  also  in  the  Syriac  and  Chal 
daic] 
Father  ;  a  word  with  us  used  by  children.  Sitift. 
Pa'PA-CY,  71.  [Fr.  papautd;  It.  papato ;  from  papa, 
the  pope.] 

1.  The  office  and  dignity  of  the  pope  or  pontiff  of 
Rome ;  hence,  the  popes,  taken  collectively. 

Bacon. 

2.  Papal  authority  or  jurisdiction;  popedom. 

JHihie. 
Pa'PAL,  a.     [Fr.,  from  papc,  the  pope.] 

I.  Belonging  to  the  pope  or  pontiff  of  Rome  ;  pop- 
ish ;  as,  papal  authority  ;  the  papal  chair 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT — MeTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  M.\RtNE,  BIRD NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQOK. — 

794 


PAP 

£?.  Proceeding  from  tlie  pope  j  as,  n  papal  license  or 
uuluJgencc  i  a  papa/ edict, 
3.  Annexed  to  Ibe  bishopric  of  Rome. 
I'A'PA-LIX,  n.     A  r-ipist.     [jVut  ifcT*/.]  Herbert. 

PaTA.L-IST,  k.    Que  who  lavors  papal  power  or  doc- 
trine?. Baxter. 
I\\'1*AL-IZE,  V.  U    To  make  papal. 
Fa'PALt-iZE,  I',  i.    To  conform  lo  poj>or>'.     Coicper. 
Pa'PAL-LY,  adc.    In  a  papal  manner  ;  popishly. 
PA-PA V-ER-a'CE0U3,  a.    Celon^ing  to  tlie  poppy, 
PA-PAV'EU-OUS,  a.    [h.  papavcreu^^  from  papaver,  a 
poppy.] 

Resembling  the  poppy ;  of  the  nature  or  qualities 
of  poppies.  Brown. 

PA-PAW,  n.    [Fr.  papayer.'] 

l.""A  tree  and  its  fruit.  The  Cartea  papaya  grows, 
in  warm  climates,  to  the  height  of  eighteen  or  twenty 
feet,  with  a  soft,  herbaceous  stem,  naked  nt-arly  to 
the  top,  wliere  the  leaves  issue,  on  ewcry  side,  on 
long  footstalks.  Between  the  leaves  grow  the  liow- 
er  and  the  fruit,  which  is  of  the  size  of  a  melon. 
The  juice  is  acrid  and  milky,  but  the  fruit,  wiicn 
boiled,  is  eaten  with  meat,  like  other  vegetables. 
Enajo.    P.  Cijc. 

0.  The  papaw  of  North  America  belongs  to  the  ge- 
nus Anona  or  custard  apple. 

Pa  V  E,  «.    The  pope.    [  Obsolete.'] 

Pa'PER,  w.  [Fi. papier ;  lUpapiro;  Poit.  and  Sp.  2^^' 
pel;  D.  and  G.  papier;  W.  papyr;  Gr.  Tra~vp'-i;  L. 
jiapyruSj  tlie  name  of  an  Egyptian  plant,  from  which 
was  mads  a  kind  of  paper."  This  word  is  said  to  '00 
formed  from  raw,  to  feed,  and  -uo,  fire,  from  the  use 
of  the  plant  as  fuel.    Elme^.  G.U.] 

1.  A  substance  formed  into  Ihiu  sheets,  on  wJiich 
letters  and  figures  are  written  or  printed.  Pa|>er  is 
made  of  diiVcrent  materials  ;  but  among  us  it  is  usu- 
ally made  of  linen  or  cotton  raj.^.  A  fine  paper  is 
made  of  silk,  particularly  for  ba.ik  notes,  which  re- 
quire to  be  vcr>-  thin. 

2.  A  piece  of  paper.  Locke. 

3.  A  single  sheet  printed  or  written  ;  as,  a  daily 
paper;  a  weekly  pa^jer  f  a  periodical  paper;  referring 
lo'essays,  journals,  newspapers,  ucc. 

■I.  Any  written  instrument,  whether  note,  receipt, 
hi!I,  invoice,  bond,  memorial,  deed,  and  the  like. 
The  papers  lie  on  the  speaker's  table. 

They  brought  a  paper  to  me  to  be  signed.  Dnjden, 

5.  A  promissory  note  or  notes,  or  a  bill  of  exchange ; 
as,  negotiable  paper,  Kent. 

(i-  Hangings  printed  or  stamped ;  paper  for  cover- 
ing the  walls  of  rooms. 
Pa'PER,  a.    Made  of  paper;  consisting  of  paper. 

•2.  Thin;  slight;  as,  a ;>aj)er  wall.  Burnet. 

Pa'PER,  v.  t  To  cover  with  paper;  lo  furnish  with 
paper-hangings  ;  as,  to  paper  a  room  or  a  house. 

2.  To  register.     [JVoi  iiscd.]  Shah. 

3.  To  fold  or  inclose  in  paper. 
PaTER-CRED'IT,  n.    Evidences  of  debt ;  promisso- 
ry notes,  &c.,  passing  current  in  commercial  transac- 
tions. 

2.  rCotes  or  bills  emitted  by  public  authority,  prom- 
ising the  payment  of  money.  The  revolution  in 
A'orlh  America  was  carried  on  by  means  of  paper- 
credit. 

Pa'PER-^D,  pp.  or  a.    Covered  with  paper. 

Pa'PER-FaC-£D,  (-fastc,)  a.  Having  a  face  as  white 
as  paper.  SJiak. 

PA'PER-HANGaNGS,  n.  pi.  Paper  ornamented  with 
colored  figures,  pasted  against  the  walls  of  apart- 
ments, &c.  The  term  hangings  was  originally  ap- 
plied to  the  woven  or  embroidered  taptjstry  with 
which  the  walls  of  elegant  rooms  were  covered. 

P.  Cue. 

Pa'PER-KTTE,  n.  A  light  frame  covered  with  paper, 
for  flying  m  the  air  like  a  kite.  Warton. 

Pa'PER- -MaK'ER,  71.    One  that  manufactures  paper. 

Pa'PER-MaK'ING,  n.  The  art  or  business  of  manu- 
facturing paper. 

PA'PER-illLL,  n.  A  mill  in  which  paper  is  manufac- 
tured. 

Pa^PER-MON'EY,  (-mun'ne,)  n.  Notes  or  bills  issued 
by  authority,  and  promising  the  payment  of  money, 
circulated  as  the  representative  of  coin.  We  apply 
the  word  usually  to  notes  or  bills  issued  by  a  State, 
or  by  an  authorized  banking  corporation. 

Pa'PER-STaIN'ER,  n.  One  that  stains,  colors,  or 
stamps  paper  for  hangings. 

PA-PE.S'CE\T,  a.  [ixompap.]  ConEaining  pap ;  hav- 
ing the  qualities  of  pap.  Jirbuiknot. 

Pa'PE??,  n.     A  female  pope.  Hall. 

PAPRTRRIEy  (pap'trec,)  n.  [Fr.]  An  ornamented 
case  or  box  containing  paper  antl  other  materials  for 
writing. 

Pa'PIII-AX,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  rites  of  Venus. 

PAP'IER-MA'CHE,  (pap'ya-mi'sha,)  7/.  [Fr.]  A 
hard  substance  made  cf  a  pidp  from  rags  or  paper 
mixed  with  size  or  glue,  and  cast  in  a  mold.  It  is 
used  for  large  tea-boards,  trays,  and  various  orna- 
mental works.  Encyc.  of  Dcm.  Econ. 

PA'PIIJ IJi,  71.    [L.]    A  small  pap  or  nipple. 

2.  Pa//i77tf',  pi.,  are  minute,  projecting  filaments,  be- 
ing the  termination  of  nerve?,  as  on  the  tongue, 
skin,  &c. 


PAR 

PA-PIL'IO,  (in-pil'yo,)  n.  [L.]  A  liuUcrfly.  In  -.0- 
o/oj'j.a  genua  uf  iiisccl<i  orniwiiLMUH  iiijccicH.  'i'lie^c 
insect:!  are  prodiiccil  from  the  calcrpilLir.  TJic  cliry<- 
alis  is  Ilio  toral)  of  tlio  caterpillar  and  Uic  crrulle  of 
the  liiHtcrfly.  Barhut. 

PA-PiHO-NA'CEOUS,  (-«lius,)  a.  RijucmWing  the 
bultorlly  ;  a  term  in  Ijotauy,  ubcJ  to  deicrib«  tin;  cor- 
ds of  plants  nlii.  h  have  the  shape  of  a  Ijulterlly, 
such  as  that  of  the  pcru  The  papilioruiccauj  plantj 
are  of  the  leguminous  kind.         F.nnjc.     Quinci, 

The  papilionaceous  corol  is  usually  four-peUiltd, 

havinj  an  upper  spreading  pcul,  called  the  bamrr 

two  side  petals  called  wiuff^^  anil  a  lower  petal  called 

the  ircl.  Mlrli/n. 

PAP'IL-I,A-UY, )  a.    Pcrtainins  to  or  rciieniWini!  the 

PAI"lL-LOU^',    j      nipple  or  ilio  papilla; ;   covered 

with  papilla'.  Dcrhaiii. 

PAP'IL-LaTE,  7m'.     To  grow  into  a  nijlple.  Firming. 

P.\P'iIj-LoSK,  c.    Nipply  ;  covered  with  llcshy  dots 

or  points ;  verrucose ;  warty  ;  as,  a  paiiiUojc  leaf. 

Marltfn. 
2.  Covered  with  soft  tubercles,  as  the  ice-plant. 

BmiOt. 
PAP'IL-LOTE,  11.    [Fr.]    The  name  of  small  pieces 

of  pnper  on  which  ladies  roll  up  their  hair. 
Pa'PISM,  II.     [from  Fr.  j/^/fr,  poiw.J 

Poijrry.  BcdiU. 

Pa'PIST,  n.  [Vr.  pap'uite;  It.  papiita;  from  Fr.pape^ 
pope.l 

A  Roman  Catholic  ;  one  that  adheres  to  the  church 
of  Uoine  and  tin;  authority  of  the  pn[)e.  Clarfidon. 
P/\-PI.ST'le.         )  a.    Popish;  perMinin(;  to  popery  ; 
P.\-PlST'ie-AL,  (     adherent  to  the  church  of  Home 

and  its  dortriaes  and  ceremonies.  iVhit^ifte. 

Pa'PIST-RY,  n.    Popery  ;  the  doctrines  and  ceremo- 
nies of  the  clmrch  of  Rome.    Aidmui.     WhU^iftc. 
PA'PIZ-fTD,  (-plzdj)  rt.    Conformed  to  popery. 

FuUrr. 
PAP-POOSE',  71.      Among  tJie  native  Indians  cf  Ji'ao 

F.ns^anil,  a  baije  or  youni;  child. 
PAPTOUS,  a.     [from  I..  i:Kp;nis ;  fir.  s-arTos.] 

Dov\'ny  ;  furnished  witli  a  pap[)U3,  as  the  seeds  of 
certain  plants,  such  a:s  thistles,  dandelions,  &c. 

Raij. 
PAP'PUS,  71.    [L.,  from  Gr.  !ra--tis,  an  old  man  or 
grandfather  ;  hence,  a  substance   resembling   gray 
hairs.j 

The  hairy,  feathery,  or  membranous  calyx  of  the 
individual  ilorets,  in  certain  compound  flowers  be- 
longing to  the  LinuiEan  class  Syngenesia. 
P.^P'PY,  a.    [from  pap.']     Like  pap  fsoa  ;  succulent. 

Burnet, 
PAP'lJ-L/E,  n.  p?.    [L.]     Pimples;  a  sort  of  eruption 
on  the  skin,  consisting  of  small,  acuminated  eleva- 
tions of  the  cuticle,  not  containing  a  (laid,  nor  tend- 
ing to  suppuration  ;  commonly  terminating  in  scurf. 
PAP'U-I.OSE,  (I.    Covered  with  papula;;  as,  a  paptt 

;,>,«  leaf.  .Martyn. 

PAP'U-LOU.S,  a.     Full  of  pijiiples. 
PAP-V-R.^'CEOUS,  ;  (I.    ilelonging  to  the  papyrus  or 
PA-PYR'E-A.V,  i      pa|ivri. 

PA-Py'RUS,  ji.  [L.]  An  Egyptian  pKint,  a  kind  of 
reed,  of  which  the  ancients  made  a  material  for  writ- 

a.  Papvri,  pi. ;  a  manuscript  wntton  on  membranes 
of  the  pripvrus.  GliJilim. 

F.^R,  71.  (L.  pr.r,  equal :  V.'.  pr.r,  that  is  upt.n  or  con- 
tiL'uous,  that  is  in  continuity,  a  stale  of  readiness  or 
preparedness,  a  pair,  a  fellow,  Eiig.  peer.  The  word 
seems  to  be  formed  on  the  root  of  L.  paro,  and  tlie 
Shemitic  Nna,  and  the  primary  sense,  to  citcnd  or 
reach.] 

1.  State  of  equality;  cqu.Tl  v.aluc ;  cquivalenco 
without  discount  or  premium.  Dills  of  eschange 
are  at  par,  above  par,  or  below  par.  Bills  arc  at 
par  when  they  arc  suld  at  their  nominal  amount 
for  coin  or  its  ecpiivalent. 

2.  Equality  in  condition. 
PjI-RA',  h.    In  Turkish  mmc:i,  the  fortieth  part  of  a 

piaster,  or  about  one  fonrlli  of  a  cent.    McCitUeeh. 

PAR'A-BLE,  (I.     {\,.parabiiis.] 

Easily  procured.     (.Vul  used.\  Brown. 

P.^R'A-BLE,  71.  [Fr.  parahoh,  Iront  L.  parabola;  Gr. 
naoalloX'i,  n-om  ;ra,)a/ia,\X<>i,  to  throw  forward  or 
against,  to  compare  ;  -apa,  to  or  acainsi,  and  iMXu, 
to  throw  ;  as  in  coiifiro,  coUatim,  to  set  together,  or 


V  \  i; 

've. 


PAR 


A-liOL  IC  A!--LV,  cdc. 


one  thing  with  another.] 

A  fable  or  allegorical  relation  or  representation  01 
something  real  in  lilb  or  nature,  froiii  which  a  moral 
is  drawn  for  instruction  ;  sucll  as  the  parable  of  the 
trees  ciioosing  a  king,  Judges  ix. ;  the  parable  of  the 
poor  man  ami  his  lamb,  2  Sam.  xii. ;  the  parable  of 
the  ten  virgins,  Matl.  x\\: 

P-\R''V-BLE,  V.  u    To  represent  by  fiction  or  tnhio. 

MiUon, 

P\R'  \-nLKD,p;i.    Represented  by  fable. 

p\-RAIi'0-LA,  71.  [I.,  t^ec  Pabable.]  A  conic  sec- 
tion arising  from  cutting  a  cone  by  a  plane  p.arallcl 
to  one  of  its  sides.  Barl«K. 

PA-R.VB'O-l.E,  11.  [See  Parable.]  In  oro.'orj),  simili- 
tude ;  comparison.  '''^kf'*'.,  I  Pin  a  mr  M  \T'\€ 

PAR-V-I!01.'ie,  o.     Expressed   by  parable   or  |  PAR-A-diu-.mai  it, 

P  \R-A-BOL'IC-AL, !  allegorical  representation; 
as,  parabolical  instruction  or  description.    Brinen.      I     ami 


/>• 

2.  In  the  form  of  a  pnjii-  !». 
PAR-A-HOiyl-FOBJl,  c  «• 

form. 
PABAIl'O-LliiM,  m. 

the  .:,vi*l..ii  lAthr.  tennt  J  i:.  •-,__:.-;.  li>    - 

<iu:ini.iy  tint  u  lorulrcd  or  amK^;*^  u. 
term.     (.V»l  u<rd.\ 
PA-HAIl'0-UilU,    n.       [at.    - 
form.] 

1.  'i'ht  jW'lid  zen."Tztf:il  l-^  v 
ola  about   t 

2.  Tb.  ■ 
to  the  p.-K 

PAO-A-CKI..-!  \\,  n. 
practice  of  ParaccUun, .. 
who  lived  at  the  chat  1 . 

PAn-A-CEI,'.«IA.N,  (  iloB,)*.    Dctt,: 

praciJce  of  Pa/acrt-'iii'. 
PAU-A-CE.V-TP.     : 

through,  and  < 
In  xurjrtry,  tl. 
either  with  a  tr-yn:.  i.Tif. :, 
meat,  for  tbo  evacuoxion  of  - 

PAH-A-CEN'TP.!C,         »  «.    [(.r.  - 
PAR-A-CEN'TRie-AL,  j      tt,r(,i>,,  ■ 
Deviating  from  rlfr^iiniixv. 
Paracentric  n  ' 
planet  apprr.ar|, 
the  i*un,  or  cent 
PA-KAeU'RO-.Vi;-   1,    n.      ■.,.    -: 
X/i'uiof,  time.] 

An  error  in  chronolocT  i  ^^  B^-'' 
the  date  of  on  event  loxer  than  ic  k 

P/VR'A-€HROSE, «.    (Cf.  »«f«Vi»- 

In  tnincro/efy,  cbangiiif  colof,  bj  vi,-^- 

weather. 
PAR'A-CIIIITE,  (par'a-ihate,)  %.    [Gr.  ta,i 

and  Fr.  ehvU,  a  lull.] 
In  fli^rctutim,  an  inatnim*  nt  in  the  Ufm  t<  aa 

umbrella,  to  nn-vent  the  rapidity  of  dr»cenL 
PAR'-VeLETt,  n.  [Gr.  TjpicXt,r»t,froinTj  t    • 

r.afa,  to,  and  »■■:>">,  to  call.] 
Pro/jcr/iy,  an  advocate;  one  ralle«1  lo  a  ' 

port ;  hence,  Ihc  consider,  eomfortcr  •  • 

a  term  applied  to  the  Holy  SpiriL     7 
P.\R'.\-Cl.O?^K,  n.    .A  screen  •epora; 

the  bmlv  of  a  church. 
PAR-A-CRO-S'Tie,    ».      A  portical 

which  the  first  verse  contaliw,  in 

ters  which  commence  the  rrmaui..>   • 

poem.  •■ 

PAR-AC?-ANO-CE?f,  m.    IGr.  wk  mA  < 
A  brownish-black  inwIuWe  wb«'-  ' 

mains  after  tbc  dccompcBition  of  t' 

ciiry  by  heat.    It  \i  apparently  m  ■ 

ogen. 
P.\-R.\DE',  n.    [Fr.  paraJt,  parade. 

It.  parata ;  Sp.  porada,  a  stop,  or  f' 

of  a  course,  a  fold  for  c.itUe,  a  r.--... 

dam  or  bank,  a    stake,   bel  or  "^Jf,   ' 

This  is  from  Uie  root  of  L.  fm,  Sp.  fr. 

tiarc.] 

1.  In  nii/iWrjr  tfiirr,  the  pllr*  wbcir 
semble  for  exercise,  moantinn  cuuil, « 
pose. 

2.  Show ;  oetentiiii 

Ec  rich,  tot  oC  J-oQT  t 

3.  Pompous  procession. 

TiK  roe*  rciforraH.  iK-  7-  - 
lo  f.A'.c  mttxtml  ibe  (T»c  : 

4.  Mililaiy  order  ;  «my  ;  a»,  wiilike  . 

5.  State  of  prrpnrnlion  or  defence, 

6.  The  action  of  pcmring  a  Ihn,  ■ 
P.VIWDE',  r.  f.    To  assemble  and 

in  military  onlcr.    The  gen,!-'  ,'~," 
the  troops.    The  troops  n 
hour. 
2,  To  exhibit  in  a  sncw>  ^ : 
P,\-K.\DE',  r.  i.    To  assemble  an.^ 
military"  order. 

2.  To  go  about  In  miliEirr  procc- 

3.  To  walk  about  for  show. 
P.\-R.\D'ED,  pp.     .VssemWed  and  aliairfl, 
PAR'.VDIGM,  (par'a-dim.l^.      ilr. --   ■ 

and  ^zt}  ply  example.  frvMU 
.\n  example;  a  model.     '> 

of  a  verb  conjugated  in  '.: 

and  persons. 
PAR-A-nl(^M.ATIC, 
PAR-A-PIG-MATie-.\L, 


■.    In  ciii--.-i  i-i 


of  the  memoirs  of  relifioos  pcrxms  *» 
I'  Christian  eieellerce. 


X  wrtrr 
hr  nx  of  el- 


TCNE,  BIJLL,  UNITE. -AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS. 


-€  as  K ;  i5  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CM  as  SH  ; 


795 


PAR 


PAll 


rAR-A-UlO'JlA-'l'IZE,  v.  U  To  set  forlli  as  a  inoilcl, 
<.r  example.     [I.Ullc  ujal.]  Hammond. 

V A-K.AIV ISO,  ppr.  Assemblinn  ami  arraying  iii  iluc 
iirilir;  niaki  i\!  an  oslentatiims  show. 

PA-RaI)'1N0,  II.    The  act  of  making  a  parade. 

PAK'A-DISE,  71.     [Gr.  niiiiaiuaoi.] 

1.  Tlic  garilcn  of  Etlen,  in  which  .\dani  auil  Eve 
were  iilaceil  immcdialcly  after  their  creation. 

Milten. 

2.  A  place  of  bliss ;  a  region  of  supreme  felicity  or 
delight. 

The  earth 
Shnll  iill  to  paradUt.  MMon. 

3.  Heaven,  the  blissful  seat  of  sanctified  souls  after 
<!cath. 

ThU  »I:iy  shall  Ihou  be  wllh  me  in  jnn^ise.  —  liWkc  xxiii. 

1.  Frimarily,  in  Persia,  a  pleasure-garden,  with 
parks  and  other  appendages.  Mitford. 

1>AR-A-D1S'1;-A,  71.  A  genus  of  passerine  birds, 
called,  in  English,  Jii-iis  o/  paradisr,  natives  of  the 
isles  in  the  liast  Indies,  and  of  New  Guinea.  P.  Ciic. 

r.\K-A-l)l-SI'A€-AL,  17.    Pertaining  to  Eden  or  para- 
dise, or  to  a  place  of  felicity. 
S.  Suiting  paradise  ;  like  paradise. 

PAU-A-DIS'E-AN,  rAR-.\-DI-S.^'ie,  PAR-A-DIS'IG, 
and  PAR-A-DIS'I-AL,  arc  not  used. 

PAR'A-UOX,  71.  [Fr.  parailoza  It.  paradosso;  Gr. 
rii/iiiiiojin;  Tra/)ti, beyond, and  (Sofa, opinion;  6okci.i, 
to  think  or  suppose.]  .  . 

A  tenet  or  proposition  contrary  to  received  opinion, 
or  seemingly  absurd,  yet  true  in  fact. 

A  -tIoss  there  is  (o  color  thnt  paraAor,  and  make  it  i»]il»ear  i" 
^show  not  to  be  alto'LHlicr  unreasonable.  Jiooker. 

P.\R-.\-DOX'ie-.\l.,  a.  Having  the  nature  of  a  par- 
adox. Broicn.     A''orris. 

2.  inclined  to  tenets  or  notions  contrary  to  received 
opinions  ;  applied  to  persons. 

P.AR-A-DOX'ie-AL-LY,  win.  In  a  paradoxical  man- 
ner, or  in  a  manner  seemingly  absurd.  Collier. 

PAR-A-DOX'I€-.\L,-NESS,  71.  State  of  being  para- 
doxical. ,  ^      , 

P.\U-A-DOX-OL'0-6Y,  71.     [paradox  and  Gr.   Aoj  of, 
discourse.] 
The  use  of  paradoxes.     [jVot  used.]  Brown. 

PAR'.V-DROME,  71.     [Gr.  Trapaiponn.] 

A  gallery  or  passage  without  any  covering  over- 
head.        ■  .    -^f'!-  , 

PAR'AF-FINE,  71.  [L.  parum,  little,  and  aglnis,  akin.] 
A  substance  contained  in  the  products  of  the  dis- 
tillation of  the  t.-ir  of  beech-wood  ;  a  tasteless,  inodo- 
rous, fatty  matter,  fusible  at  11-2',  and  resisting  the 
action  of  acids  and  alkalies.  It  is  so  named  from  its 
little  affinity  for  other  substances.  Bravdc. 

PAK-A-Go'6E,  71.    [Gr.  -apayoiyt),  a  drawing  out; 

ra^ii  and  1)01.] 

The  addition  of  a  letter  or  syllable  to  the  end  of  a 

word  ;  as  dicier  for  did.    This  is  called  a  figure  in 

grammar.  Encyc. 

PAR-\-G0(5'ie,         \  a.    Pertaininir  to  a  paragoge  ; 

PAU-A-GOG'ie-.\L,  i       lengthening  a  won!  by  the 

addition  of  a  letter  or  syllable.    ParklmrsU  Mdlon. 
PAR' A-GOX,  71.   [Fr.  parangon,  comparison,  a  pattern  ; 
It.  paragoiie,  from  paraggio,  comparison  ;  Sp.  para- 
'wii,  model ;  from  L.  par,  equal.] 
°  A  model  or  pattern  ;  a  model  by  way  of  distinc- 
tion, implying  superior  excellence  or  perfection  ;  as, 
a  paragon  of  beauty  or  eloquence. 
2.  A  companion;  a  fellow.    [Obs.]  Spcnuer. 

a.  Emulation;  a  match  for  trial.  [Obs.]    Spenser. 
PAR'.\-CON,  V.  t.     [Sp.  paragonar;  It.  paragonarc,  to 
compare,  to  equal  ;  Fr.  parangonner.} 
1.  To  compare  ;  to  parallel 

The  picture  of  Pamela,  in  litlie  form,  he  wore  in  a  tablet,  pur. 
T'Tsintr  to  r>aragon  llie  little  one  with  Anesia'a  length.  [L»J- 
Lc  tietd.]  Sidrtiy. 

9.  To  equal.     [Liltle  rised.]  Sfaii. 

P-iVR' A-GOX,  V.  i.    To  pretenil  comparison  or  equality 

[l.-lUe  uscjl.]  Scott. 

P.\R'.\-GRAM,  71.     [Gr.  rrapayparra.] 

A  plav  upon  words,  or  a  pun.  Addison. 

PAK-.\-GRAM'M.\-TIST,  71.    A  punster.    MdUon. 

PAR'.\-GRAPH,  71.  [It.  paragrafo;  Fr.  paragraplie ; 
Gr.  T:apaypa^n,  a  marginal  note ;  -apu)  ptitco,  to 
write  near  or  beyond  llic  text ;  Trapa,  beyond,  and 
l^fi^'.t,  to  write.] 

A  distinct  part  of  a  discourse  or  writing  ;  any 
portion  or  section  of  a  writing  or  chapter  which  re- 
lates to  a  particular  point,  whether  consisting  of  one 
sentence  or  many  sentences.  A  paragraph  is  some- 
times marked  thus,  IT.  liut  more  generally,  a  para- 
graph is  distinguished  only  by  a  break  in  the  compo- 
sition or  lines. 

P.\R'.'\-GRAPH,  r.  (.    To  form  or  write  paragraphs. 

P.\R'.\-GRAPH-jED,  (par'a-graft,)  pp.  Formed  or 
written  in  parasraphs. 

PAR-A-GRAPH'ie,         \  a.   Consisting  of  paragraphs 

PAR-.^-GR.\PH'ie-.\L,  (  or  short  divisions  with 
breaks. 

PAR-A-GRAPH'ie-AI^LY,  adv.  By  paragraphs; 
with  distinct  breaks  or  divisions. 

P\R-A-Lr,lP'S!S,  )  71.      [Gr.   !r.i(mXcn!/lt,    omission; 

PAll-A-LIP'SIS,  j  TO'iii,  beyond  or  by,  and  Ati-o), 
to  leave.] 


In  rhetoric,  a  prt  tended  or  apparent  oiiiissiun  ;  a 
figure  by  which  a  speaker  pretends  to  pass  by  what 
at  the  same  time  he  really  mentions.  F-iicyc. 

PAU-.^U-POM'E-.N'A,  71.  pi.  [Gr.  ira/itiXtlitci,  to 
omit ;  rtiort,  beyond,  and  Xtirrto,  to  leave.] 

■J'hings'  omitted  ;  a  supplement  containing  things 
omitted  in  the  preceding  work.  The  books  of  Chron- 
icles are  so  called.  Brande. 

PAR-AL-I.AC'Tie,         i  a.     [Sec    Parallax.]     Per- 

PAR-AI>-LAe'Tie-AL,  j  taming  to  the  parallax  ol  a 
heavenly  body. 

P.\R'.My-LAX,n.  [Gr.  -opnXAaJif,  from  TropaAXatrfrw, 
to  vary,  to  decline  or  wander,  irapa,  beyond,  and 
iiAXatrtru,  to  change.] 

In  astrmwmi],  the  change  of  place  in  a  heavenly 
body  in  consequence  of  being  viewed  from  diftcrent 
points. 

Diurnal  parallax ;  the  diflercnce  between  the  place 
of  a  celestial  hotly,  as  seen  from  the  surface,  and 
from  the  center  of  the  earth,  at  the  same  instant. 

jjniiiial  paralUu. ;  the  change  of  place  in  a  heavenly 
body,  in  consequence  of  being  viewed  at  opposite 
extremities  of  the  earth's  orbit.  Olmsted. 

PAR'AL-LEL,  <7.  [Gr.  jrapaXXijAff  ;  rn/io,  against  or 
opposite,  and  aXXtjXwi',  one  tlic  other.] 

1.  In  groiiietni,  a  term  applied  to  lilies  or  surfaces 
extended  in  tlie  same  direction,  and  in  all  parts 
equally  distant.  One  surface  or  line  is  parallel  to 
another,  when  the  surfaces  or  lines  are  at  an  equal 
distance  throughout  the  whtdc  length. 

2.  Having  the  same  direction  or  tendency ;  run- 
ning in  accordance  with  something. 

When  honor  runs  pamlli!  vvitli  tlie  laws  of  God  anil  our  coun- 
try, it  C2n  not  be  too  much  cherislied.  Ailili»on. 

3  Continuing  a  resemblance-through  many  partic- 
ulars ;  like;  similar;  equal  in  all  essential  parts; 
as,  a  parallel  case ;  a  parallel  passage  in  the  in-angel- 
i«ts.  V/alU. 

PAR'  \L-LEL,  71.  A  line  which, throughout  its  whole 
extent,  is  equidistant  from  another  line  ;  as,  parallels 
of  latitude. 

Wlio  made  the  qmlcr  T-arallels  design, 

Sure  .as  De  Moivro,  without  rule  or  line  i  J'ops. 

2.  A  line  on  the  globe  making  the  latitude. 

3.  Direction  conformable  to  that  of  another  line. 

Qartli. 

■I.  Conformity  continued  through  many  particulars 
or  in  all  essential  points;  resemblance  ;  likeness. 

•Twbu  earthly  females  and  die  moon 

AH  paralUli  exactly  nin.  i,^t/t. 

5.  Comparison  made ;  as,  to  draw  a  parallel  be- 
tween two  characters.  jiddison. 

6.  .\ny  thing  equal  to  or  resembling  another  in  all 
essential  particulars. 

None  but  diyself  can  be  thy  paraiUl.  Pope. 

PAR'AL-LEL,  77.  t.  To  place  so  as  to  keep  the  same 
direction,  and  at  an  equal  distance  from  something 
cl^e.  Braien. 

2.  To  level  ;  to  equal.  Fell.     Slink. 

3.  To  correspond  to.  .   Burnet. 

4.  To  be  equal  to  ;  to  resemble  in  all  essential 
points.  Dryden. 

5.  To  compare.  Locke. 
PAR'AL-LEL-.\-BLE,  a.      That    may  be    cqualc^d. 

[JVot  vnick  used.]  -f""- 

P^R'AL-LEL-BD,  pp.   Leveled;  equaled;  compared. 

PAR'AIj-LEL-ISM,  71.     State  of  being  parallel.  More. 
2.  Resemblance  ;  equality  of  state  ;  comparison. 

PAR'.\L-LEL-LY,  adv.    In  a  parallel  manner 
parallelism. 

PAR-AL-LEL'0-GR.\M,    71.      [Or. 

1  ottuua.]  .  ,    , 

'  1.  In  treometry,  a  right-lined  quadrilateral  hgure, 
whose  opposite  sides  arc  parallel,  and  consniuciitly 
equal.  ^       £aWM. 

2.  In  <:ommo7i  71SC,  this  word  is  applied  toquadrdat- 
eraj  figures  of  more  length  than  breadth,  and  this  is  its 
sense  in  the  passage  cited  bv  Johnson  from  Brown. 
Parallelairram  of  forces ;  a  phrase  denoting  tlie 
compositioii  of  forces,  or  the  finding  of  a  single  force 
which  shall  be  equivalent  to  two  or  more  given  forces 
when  acting  in  given  directions.  Hcbert. 

PAR-AI,LEL-0-GRAM'I€,         j  <!.    Having  the  prop- 

PAK-AL-LEL-O-GRAM'ie-AL,  (  erties  of  a  paral- 
lelogram. ,    ^ 

PAR-AL-LEL-0-PI'PED,  71.  [parallel  and  Gr.  tiri, 
on,  and  neiji,  a  plain.] 


PAR 

P.\-RAL'0-GY,7i.   False  reasoning.    [Supra.]  firoicii. 

P.\-Il.\L'Y-EiS,  71.     [Gr.  rti/joXciis,  from  jrapuXoio,  to 
loosen,  dissolve,  or  weaken  ;  rraoa  and  Xnu.] 

An  abolition  of  function,  whether  of  intellect, 
special  sensation,  voluntary  motion,  common  sensa- 
tion, cr  sympathetic  motion. 

^AuIly'IvISIaL,!-    Affected  With  palsy. 
2.  Inclined  or  teniling  to  palsy. 

P All-A-IA"i "  le,  71.    A  person  aficctcd  with  palsy,  llall. 

P.\K'A-LSZE,  71.  t.    [Gr.  iTopaXuu,  TapaXtioisO 
To  aaVct  with  palsy. 

PARM-LVZ-ED,  pp.  or  a.    Affected  with  palsy. 

PAR'A-L?Z-INC,  jipr.  or  a.    Palsying;   destroying 
function.  - 

PA-RASl'E-TER,  7U     [from  Gr.  iroptifirrjitM.] 


;  with 

Scoff. 
rapaXXf?Xos  and 


In  fcometry,  a  regular  solid  comprehended  under 
llelotrrams.  the  onoosite  ones  of  which  are 


six  parallelograms,  the  opposite  ones 
similar,  parallel,  and  equal  to  each  other ;  or  it  is  a 
prism  whose  base  is  a  parallelogram.  It  is  always 
triple  to  a  pyramid  of  the  same  base  and  higlit.  Or 
a  parallelopiped  is  asolid  figure  bounded  by  six  faces, 
parallel  to  each  other,  two  and  two.  Barlow.   P.  Cye. 

P.\R-AL-LEL-0-PIP'ED-ON,  n.  A  parallelopiped, 
which  see.  Hatton. 

PA-R.\L'0-GISM,  71.  [Gr.  7rapaXoj'i(rpo!  ;  rrnon,  be- 
yond, and  Xo;i<r/<os,  reasoning;  Xoyos,  discourse, 
reason.]  .  .         .  .     , 

InJom'c,  a  reasoning  which  is  false  in  point  ot 
form  ;  T.  e.,  in  which  a  conclusion  is  drawn  from 
premises  which  do  not  logicallv  warrant  it.    Brande. 

P.\-RAL'0-(SIZE,  V.  i.    To  reason  falsely.  Ash. 


PA-RAM'E-TER,  7U     [from  Gr.  iropaptrptw.] 

1.  In  conic  seetio:is,  a  third  proportional  to  any  di- 
ameter and  its  conjugate.  In  the  parabola,  a  third 
proportional  to  any  absciss  and  »s  ordinate,  iho 
parameter  is  sometimes  called  the  lalus  rectum. 

2.  In  a  general  seu.-ie,  in  geometry,  a  constant  quan- 
tilv  which'  enters  into  the  equation  of  a  curve. 

^  Brande. 

PAR'A-!\IOONT,ii.  [Norm.  pcraiTiuTil ;  pi;rand  inoiinf, 
amonf  or  77io7iffr,  to  ascend.]  ■  ,      ,  ■  , 

1.  Superior  to  all  others ;  possessing  the  higlKst 
title  or  jurisdiction ;  as,  lord  paramount,  the  chief 
lord  of  the  fee,  or  of  lands,  tenements,  and  heredit- 
ament^. In  England,  the  king  is  lord  paramount,  of 
whom  all  the  land  in  the  kingdom  is  supposed  to  be 
held.  But  in  some  cases  the  lord  of  several  manors 
is  called  the  lord  paramount.  Blaelcstone. 

2.  Eminent ;  of  the  highest  order.  £aco7i. 

3.  Superior  to  all  others  ;  as,  jirivatc  interest  is 
usually  parnmannt  to  all  other  considerations. 

PAR'A-MOUNT,  71.  The  chief;  the  highest  in  rank 
or  order.  ,  MMon. 

PAR'A-SIOUR,  71.  [Fr.  par,  L.  pei;mi  amour;  ^orul. 
■paraimer,  to  love  alTectionately.] 

1.  A  lover;  a  wooer.  jVdton. 

2.  A  mistress.  ■=''"'••  , 
PAR-A-NAPH'THA-LINE,  (-lin,)  11.    [Gr.  -opo  and 

naphtlialine.]  .  ,    ,-  , 

A  substance  closely  resembling  naphthaline,  anti 

apparently  a  mixture  of  paraffinc  and  naphthaline. 
P.\-RAN'THINE.    [See  Scapolite.]  [Brande. 

P.\R'A-XYMPH,  71.    [Gr.    -af,a,  by,  and  la'/t^ij,  a 

bride  or  spouse.]  ,  ■ ,    .    , 

1.  A  brideman ;  one  who  leads  the  bride  to  her 
marriage.  ■"*''"• 

2.  One  who  countenances  and  supports  another. 

Taylor. 

PAR'A-PEGJI,  (par'a-pem,)  71.  [Gr.  ^•opa-i7)><aO 
A  brazen  table  fixed  to  a  pillar,  on  which  laws 
and  proclamations  were  anciently  engravcil ;  also,  a 
table  set  in  a  public  place,  containing  an  account  ut 
the  rising  a«d  setting  of  the  stars,  eclipses  seasons, 
l^^  "  Phillips. 

PAR'.\-PET,  71.  [Fr.  Sp.  parapcto ;  It.  parapeUo ; 
para,  for,  and  petto,  breast,  L.  pectus.] 

In  fortification,  literally,  a  wall  or  rampart  to  the 
breast,  or  breast  high  ;  hut  in  practice,  a  wall,  rani- 
p:irt,  or  elevation  of  earth  for  covering  soldiers  from 
an  encmv's  shot.  . 

2.  In  co7nmffiitoi^M5-c,abrcast-wall,raisedon  the 
rd"e  of  a  bridge,  quay,  &c.,  to  prevent  people  from 
lalfing  over.  ,  -B" "*;  , 

P  ^R'  \PH,  (par'af,)  71.   [Gr.  n-apa  and  a-roi,  to  touch.  | 
The  fl"ure  or  flourish  made  by  a  pen  under  one's 
signature,  formerly  used  to  provide  against  forgery. 

PAR-A-PHER'NAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  consisting  in 
parapherna  ;  as,  paraphernal  property.  Acnt. 

P\R-A-P11ER-,Na'LI-A,  j  71.   pi.      [Gr.    7rapa.;.tp>'a  ; 

PAR-.\-PllEU'N.\,  !      !7apii,  beyond,  and  <;;rpi'ii, 

""The  articles  which  a  wife  brings  with  her  at 
her  marria"e,  or  which  she  possesses  beyond  her 
dower  or  jointure,  and  which  remain  at  her  dispcsa 
after  her  husband's  death.  Such  are  her  apparel 
and  her  ornaments,  over  which  the  executors  have 
no  control,  unless  when  the  assets  are  insulhcienl  to 
pay  the  debts.  Blaekslone. 

Hence, 

0.  Apjiendages  ;  ornaments  ;  trappings. 
PAR-.i-PHI-Mo'SIS,  71.     [Gr.  zaoaipipuin.] 

A  disease  when  the  prepuce   can  not  be  iliawn 
over  the  glans. 
PAR-.-\-PHo'NI-A,  71.    [Gr.  rapo  and  if  (jktj.j 

An  alteration  of  voice. 
PAR'A-PHRaSE,  71.      [Gr.   :rapai?paiTis;    -apa,  be- 
yond, and  (Jpa<Tis,  phrase.] 

An  explanation  of  some  text  or  passage  m  a  book, 
in  a  more  clear  and  ample  manner  than  is  expressed 
in  the  words  of  the  author.  Such  as  the  paraphrase 
of  the  New  Testament  by  Erasmus. 

In  paraphrase,  or  translatiot;  with  latitude,  the  .uUior'.  wortls 
are  not  so  strictly  followed  as  Im  sense.  Drydcr.. 

PAR'A-PHRaSE,    v.    t.      To    explain,  interpret    or 

TSnslate  with  latitude;  to  unfold  the  sense  of  an 

atuhnr  with  more  clearness  and  particularity  than  it 

is  cMiivsscd  in  his  own  words.  . 

I  P.\R'  \  PHRaSE.e.  1.    To  interpret  or  explain  ampl>  ; 

I      to  make  a  paraphrase.  fclton. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.- METE,  PREY. -PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.-NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOQK^ 


~r^ 


PAR 

PAii'A  riIRAS-£D,  pp.  Amply  explained  or  trans- 
hitcd. 

rAU'-V-PHRJ\S-IXG,  p^r.  Explaiuing  or  translating 
ain[)ly  and  freely. 

TAR' A-PII  HAST,  7u     [Gr.  T:ap.v:>paTiS.] 

On-^  l!iat  paraphrases ;  ona  lliat  explains  or  trans- 
lates in  wonis  more  ample  and  clear  than  the  words 
of  the  aiilhor.  Hooker. 

PAR-A-PHRAST'ie,         )  a.    Free,  clear,  and  arnplo 

PAR-A-PIlRAST'ie-AL,  i  in  explanation  ;  explain- 
ills:  or  translating  in  words  more  clear  and  ample 
than  those  of  the  author  ;  not  verbal  or  literal. 

PAR-A-PHR.-VST'IC-AL-LY,  cdt\  In  a  paraphrastic 
manner.  Howell. 

PAR-A-PIIRE-NI'TI3,  71.     [Gr.  Traoa  and  ({jpcviTis, 
delirium.] 
An  intlamraation  of  llie  diaphragm.      ArbuihnoL 

P.VR-A-PLiU'GI-A,  \  n,      [Gr.    ra^u,    beyond,    and 

PAR'A-PLE-GY,  \  rrXnyjy  stroke  j  ttXtj^gco,  to 
smite.] 

That  kind  of  palsy  which  affects  the  lower  part  of 
the  hodv.  Good. 

PAR-A-QUET',  (par-a-ket',)     ;  n.   A  small  species  of 

PAR-A-aUI'TO,  (par-a-ke'to,)  j    parrot.   [See  PiBRA- 

KEET.I  ShflJ:. 

PAR'A-SAXG,  71.  A  Persian  rae:isiirc  of  length, 
which  Herodotus  states  to  bs  thirty  stadia,  nearly 
four  English  miles  ;  but  indifferent  times  and  places, 
it  has  been  thirty,  forty,  or  si.vtj'  stadia. 

Herod.  Eaterp.     P.  Cijc. 
PAR-A-SCeXE',  }  rn  1  ^ 

PAR-A-SCE'XI-b]\I,  i  '"■     ^^^-  '"P""  ^"^  ''^■■"•"'■l 

Among  tJie  Romans,  an  apartment  in  the  back  part 
of  a  tlieater,  used  by  the  actors  for  robing  and  unrob- 
ing themselves.  Elmes. 
PAR-A-SCEU-AS'TI€,  (-su-as'tik,)  a.    Preparatory-. 
PA-RA-SCe'VE,  11.     [Gr.  rrafjarjKZVij,  prep;uTitiou.] 
Preparation ;  the  Sabbath-eve  of  the  Jews. 

Chalmers. 
PAR-A-SE-Le'NE,  n.;  pL  Pahaselenje.     [Gr.  -a/ju, 
about  or  near,  and  cnXnt'iy  the  moon.] 

A  mock  moon  ;  a  luminous  rin^  or  circle  encom- 
passing the  moon,  in  which  sometimes  aro  other 
bright  spots  bearing  some  resemblance  to  the  moon. 

Eucyc. 
PAR'A-SITE,  71.      [Fr.  parasite;  It.  para^sita;    Sp. 
parasito;  h.  parasita  j  from  Gr.  rcapactroi ;  ~af)a,  by, 
and  ctrosj  corn.] 

1.  Literalltj,  one  who  dines  with  others.  In  Greece, 
the  term  was  first  applied  to  one  whose  office  was  to 
gather  of  the  husbandmen  the  com  allotted  for  public 
sacrifices.  It  had  afterward  the  modern  senses. 
The  public  storehouse  in  which  this  corn  was  depos- 
ited was  called  -aoartTot'.  The  parasites  also  super- 
intended tiie  sacrifices.  Potter''s  .intig. 

9.  In  modern  usage,  a  trenclier  friend ;   one  that 
frequents  the  tables  of  tile  rich  and  earns  his  wel- 
come by  flattery  j  a  hanger  on  ;  a  fawning  flatterer. 
JllUton.     Dryden. 

3.  In  botanij,  a  plant  without  tlie  means  of  provid- 
ing nutriment  for  itself,  or  of  elaborating  crude  sap 
into  proper  sap,  but  obtaining  nourishment  immi;di- 
alely  from  other  plants  to  which  it  attaches  itseh', 
and  whose  juices  it  absorbs.  A  parasiU  is  different 
from  an  epiphytr,  —  which  sec. 

4.  In  cntomolog-y,  parasites  are  insects  which,  in 
some  stage  of  their  existence,  eat  the  bodies  or  the 
eggs  of  other  insects,  and  frequently  destroy  tlicm. 

5.  In  zoblogy^  a  term  applied  to  animals  which 
live  on  the  bodies  of  other  animals,  as  lice,  Sec,  and 
also  as  a  parasitic  animal,  to  those  birds  which  seixe 
on  the  nests  of  other  birds  for  their  habitation. 

PAR-A-SiT'ie,  (  a.    Flattering ;  wheedling  ;  fawn- 

TAR-A-SIT'ie-AL,  \      ing  for  bread  or  favors. 

2.  Growing  as  a  parasite  grows. 

3.  Living  on  some  other  body ;  as,  a  parasitic  ani- 
mal. 

PAR-A-SIT'ie-AL-LY,firfr.  In  a  fluttcringor  wheed- 
ling manner  ;  by  dependence  on  anotlier. 

PAR^'A-SIT-ISM,  7u  The  behavior  or  manners  of  a 
parasite.  Milton. 

PAR'A-SOL,  77.  [Fr.  Sp. ;  It.  parasole;  Gr.  naaa, 
against,  or  It.  parare,  to  parry,  and  L.  sol,  Fr.  sotcU, 
It.  sole,  the  sun.] 

A  small  umbrella  used  by  ladies  to  defend  them- 
selves from  rain,  or  their  faces  from  the  sun's  rays. 

PAR-A-SOL-ETTE',  n.  A  smaU  parasol  or  sun- 
shade. 

PAR-A-SY-.\EX'IS,  «.    [GrJ    An  unlawful  meeting. 

PAR-A-TAX'IS,  ;(.  [Gr.]  The  opposite  of  Syntax  ; 
the  mere  ranging  ot  propositions  one  after  another, 
without  connection  or  dependence.  Brandc. 

PA-RATH'E-SIS,  n.  [Gr.  ira;m^e(Tts  ;  Trapa  and 
■wiffif.] 

1.  In  grammar,  the  placing  of  two  or  more  nouns  in 
the  same  case  or  in  apposition.  Jones. 

2.  A  parenthetical  notice,  printed  thus  [  ]. 
PA-RAT'0-MOUS,  a.     [Gr.  zapd,  about,  and  rc;ivL}, 

to  cleave.] 

In  mineralogy,  having  the  faces  of  cleavage  of  an 

indeterminate  number.  Shcpard. 

PAR-A-Va1L',  a.    [Norm,  par,  by,  and  arnile,  profit.] 

In  fi'udal  law,  the  tenant  paravail,  is  tlie  lowest 

tenant  holding  under  a  mean  or  mediate  lord,  as  dis- 


PAR 


J'  \ 


tinguished  from  a  tenant  in  capUe.  \vlio  hold^  inimc 

PAR'A-Va.\T,     )     ,       .„ 

PAR'.\-V;iUNT,  j  ""^*    [*'■•  I"""  ^"*l  aran',  before.] 
In  front  j  publicly.    [JVot  En^rH^k,  nor  used.] 

PAR'BOIL.r.  (.  [Fr.parbouilUr.  Bvuillir  i/S"iroiI, 
and  m  Arm.  porhollen  is  a  putttulc  or  little  puah.] 

1.  To  bnil  in  part;  to  boil  in  a  moderate  decree. 

2.  lo  cause  litilo  vesicles  on  the  akin  by  mean:*  of 
heat ;  as,  parboiled  Wretches.  iJonne. 

PAR'lJOlI^£U,  pp.  or  a.  Boiled  moderately  or  in 
part. 

PAR'BREaK,  v.  i.  or  v.  t.    [See  BREiK.l     To  vomit. 

„[,9?^]„  SUelton. 

PAR'BUE.'\k,  71.     Vomit.     [Obs.]  Spender. 

PAR'BUCK-IjE,  n.  Among  seamen,  n  purclix^e  fumicd 
of  a  single  rope  around  any  weighty  budy,  as  a  nftar 
or  cask,  by  wliich  it  is  lov/ercd  or  hoisted.  Aa  a 
verb,  to  hoist  or  lower  by  means  of  a  parbuckle. 

TotUn. 

PAR'CEL,  71.  [Fr.  paredlc,  contracted  probably  from 
L.  particnla,  particle,  from  pars,  pari.] 

1.  A  part ;  a  portion  of  any  thuig  taken  separately. 
Tiic  s:inie  experiiiicuta  succectl  o»  iwo  parcels  cf  ilw  white  of  an 

cgS-  Arbul}inot. 

2.  A  quantity  ;  any  mass.  JiTeicton. 

3.  A  part  belonging  to  a  whole;  aa,  hi  latn,  one 
piece  of  ground  is  part  and  puree/  of  a  greater  piece. 

4.  A  small  bundle  or  package  of  good.s. 

5.  A  number  of  persons,  in  contempt.  Sliak. 

6.  A  number  or  quantity,  ijiwHfcm/jt;  as,  a  parcel 
of  fair  words.  '  VEitrange. 

PAR'CEL,  V.  t.  To  divide  into  parts  or  portions  i  as, 
to  parcel  an  estate  anmng  heirs. 

These  ghostly  kins^i  wouM^rcfi  out  my  powtr.        Dryden. 

2.  To  make  up  into  a  mass,    [little  u^cd.]  Shak. 
To  parcel  a  rope,  in  ^eajnen^s  language^  to  wind 
tightly  around  it  strijjs  of  tarred  canvas.        Totien. 

PAR'CEL,  a.  Part  or  half  j  as,  a  parcel  bawd,  a 
parcel  poet. 

PAR'CEL-iCl),  pp.    Divided  into  portions. 

PaR'CEL-1.\G,p;*7'.    Dividing  into  portions. 

PAR'CEL-I\G,  n.  Among  seamen,  long,  narrow  slips 
of  canvas  daubed  with  tar  and  bound  about  a  rope 
like  a  bandage,  before  it  is  sewed.  It  is  used  also  lo 
raise  a  mouse  on  the  staj's,  &,c.  Mar.  Diet. 

PAR'CE-NA-RV,  71.     [Norm.  parcenier.\ 

Co-heirship ;  the  holding  or  occupation  of  lands  of 
inheritance  by  two  or  more  persons.  It  differs  from 
joint-tcnaneij,  which  is  created  by  deed  or  devise  ; 
whereas  parcenary,  or  co-parcenary,  is  cr^-  iied  by  the 
descent  of  lands  from  an  ancestor.  Blackstone. 

PAR'CE-NER,  n.  [Scot,  parscncre;  Norm,  parcon- 
nicr  ;  from  part,  L.  pars.] 

Parcener,  or  co-parcener,  is  a  co-heir,  or  one  who 
holds  lands  by  descent  from  un  ancestor  in  common 
with  another,  or  with  others  ;  as  when  land  descends 
to  a  man's  daughters,  sisters,  aunts,  cousins,  or  their 
representatives.  In  this  case,  all  the  heirs  inherit  as 
parceners  or  co-heirs.  Blaekstone. 

PARCH,  V.  t.  [I  know  not  from  what  source  we  have 
received  this  word.  It  corresponds  in  elements  with 
Ihelt^ilian  fcrMc«irp,toburn  or  roast.  Qu.  h.j>erarcjco.] 

1.  To  burn  the  surface  of  a  thing  ;  to  scorch  ;  as, 
to  pareh  the  skin  ;  to  parch  corn. 

2.  To  dry  to  extremity  j  as,  the  heat  of  the  sun's 
rays  j;arc/ic5  the  ground  ;  tlie  mouth  is  parched  with 
thirst.  Milton.     Dryden. 

PARCli,  V.  i.    To  be  scorched  or  superficially  burnt ; 
as,  corn  will  dry  and  parch  into  barley.    Mortimer. 
2.  To  become  very  dry. 

PaRCTI'ED,  (pirclit,)  pp.  or  a.  Scorched;  dried  lo 
extremity. 

PARCH'ED-NESS,  71.  The  state  of  being  scorched  or 
dried  to  extremity. 

PARCII'ING,  ;'pr.    Scorching;  drying  lo  extremity. 
2.  a.    Having  the  quality  of  liurning  or  drj-ing ;  as, 
the  parchinrr  heat  of  African  sands. 

PAUClI'ING-IiY,  adt).     Scorchingly. 

PARCfl'.MENT,  7/.  [Fr.  parchcmin;  lU  pargameno ; 
?,p.  pargamino  ;  Arm.pflWcA  or  paricJicmia  ;  li.  parke- 
■mcnt ;  G.  pergamcnt ;  L.  pcrgamena ;  suppt^sed  to 
bo  from  Pcrgamus,  to  whose  king  Euinencs  the 
invention  has  been  ascribed.  This  is  probably  a 
mere  conjecture,  originating  in  a  rosemblanco  of  or- 
thography ;  such  conjectures  being  very  common. 
In  Spanish,  parcUc  is  parchment,  and  a  piece  of  liuon 
covered  with  oinlnient  or  piaster.  It  is  more  pivba- 
ble  that  thi;  tirsi  svllable  is  from  some  x\m\.  thai  sig- 
nifies to  clcan.se," purifv,  or  make  clear,  pt^rhaivs  the 
rootofL.  jufr^o,  or  the  Oriental  p-^3  ori"i3.  (See 
Membr.\neO  Seo  Class  Br,  No.  \\  mid  Class  Brg, 
No.  4,  5.] 

The  skin  of  a  sheep  or  sa-U  dressed  or  preiKirvd 
and  remicrcd  fit  for  writing  on.  This  is  done  by  sep- 
arating all  the  tlesh  and  hair,  rubbing  the  skin  with 
pumice-stone,  and  reducing  il^  thickness  with  a  sharp 
instrument.  Vellum  is  made  of  the  skins  ol  Iambs, 
kids,  or  vt-rv  young  calves.  Ure. 

PARCH'>IEXT-.M.\K'ER,  11.  One  who  dresses  skins 
for  paichnienL 

PAR'CI-TY,  «.    Sparingness. 


\\^  ;»tfrrf«« 


worri  - 
•cattct 
'I'lu  ; 
Blead  ' 
|«ard.  t 
PAU'OO  . 

nare  ;  ^i^.  ^  -i-,      .r 
lo  give  ;  per  bavjfi;  ' 
ffrgice,  and  re  in  ll 
away.l 

1.  'I  o  forgive ;  10  fcmU ;  u  ut 
Guilt  iiiiplirj  a  tcin;  bcaod  1^  mL 
penally,  or  [,.?•-*•■-••      ' 

(hi?  oMi»ali<  : 
the  word  to  u. 

an  otrcnn^,  \\i.  

considL-r  him  a»  nu* 
when  we  rL-|r.-aae  or  - 
Kuffer  irjubhuieiit. 

I  pnj  Qxr,  jc^io»  117  ilA.-   1  ft«n.  if. 

2.  To  remit,  u  a  pcoalty. 

3.  To  excuse,  a.%  fur  a  fault.  / 

4.  Pardon  rat,  U  a   pliri.c    --i^d  n  »-n  > 

e\cu=e,  or  maJc*^  an 

this  senM,  wh-n  a  \- 

conlradict  what  uu-  • 
PAR'DON,  n.     I 

or  of  ihc  obli.- 

ly,  or  to  bear  i:. 

We  seek  the  p^rl^a  U  i.L-t,  L-.ii_ 

feiiitcs. 
3.  RemiiUion  of  a  penalty.    .\a 

ctaI  pardon. 
3.  ForgiveticM  received. 
PAR'DO.VA-BLE,  o.    TI,  it  t:.i;  U 

topersanj.    The  otft-r. 
2.  Venial ;  vicu^-' 

looked,  or  paiuic-d  by  : 

ahle  offense. 
PAR'D0N-A-BLE-XF-S3,   «. 

pardonable  ;    vcuialnes*  ;    >:' 

ncss ;  as,  the  pardonalU*cu  o(  >in. 
PAR'DO.\-.\-BLV,  aJr.    In  a  manacr  aJ 

pardon;  vcnially;  cicusabty.  J 

PAR'DON-^D,  pp.  or  a.    Forgiven  ;  cicu#r.:. 
PAR'DO.V-LR,n.    One  that  forpvcs  ^  odc  ll^  s^ 

solves  an  nlfendcr. 
2.  One  that  sells  the  pop-  ■ 
PAR'DOX-IXG, /Tfr.    Furgiv. 

or  crime  ;  absolvmp  fn-m  j- . 
PAR'DON-ING,  o.     Deposed    t..   ja:  :    :.,    I  r^  •      - 

as,  a  pcrduning  God. 
2.  That  has  the  right  or  power  to  pirdca. 

1  feci  tb«  iitiDUSt  onxk-tT,  wbd  the  /CJ^faaw^  |\j  v   - 

Ui,  on  »uih  <x^3.%»-.iit, 

PARE,  V.  L  [Fr.  pcrer;  Ann.  r::.  ^  '^ 
lo  parry  or  ward  off,  to  sto;. 
parry,  to  slop,  lo  prrwirt:  i' 
lo  parry  ;  L.  paro  ;  \\,  per, 
a  pair;  para,  to  continue,  (  ' 
dure  ;  Fr.  parer  dej  euirf,  l 
parcr  le  pird  d^an  cUraJ,  I-' 

hoof;   Pcrs.    '.y^jjftridgMjto  pertet  «t  «rf. 

(qu.  Gr.  rijjoj,  lamff ;  rijowrf,  lo  moi»l»t«  -^  *'-  *jj 

lo  be  free,  to  free,  liberate,  f^r  aS*. 

remit,  lo  cronle  ;  lleb.  Ch.  Syr  an 

ale;  Heb.  .ind  Ch.  ii-.  '-     "  •  '" 

is  to  thnisl  or  drive  . 

to  slop  by  seilinc  or  r. 

off  or  out,  as  in  sr(vii.....  . 

CUeso  and  Wel>h,  il  ha*  lii 

tending,  and  the  WcUh   n 

with  the  tool  of  this  word  ;,-.., 

tinned  lo  or  conticuous.    Sec  *v~v3  Ai*U  K"*;,  *.  — • 

Br,  No.  6,  I,  S,  10,] 

I.  Tocut  off,  a*  the  supt  riif  i.-\I  >  '-m-.'    . :  <\- 
Irvinities  of  a  thing;  lo  sb  . 
stmment ;  as,  to  pert  an  ap; 
Uie  nails  ;  to  part  a  horse's  L     :  - 
ricullurc. 

a.  To  diminish  by  lilUe  and  lilUe, 

Til- kioj  tcfin  Upcr«  » l*i)»  tSc  priT**r  "^  «*»-r 

When  p.Trr  is  fullowod  hy  the  thin?  *: 
the  noun  is  in  ihe  objcclire  case:  a.*.  : 
nails.    When  the  lliinc  sipanud  is  th'' 
is  followid  by  of  or  ex^w :  .^-S  to  pert  <f  : 
ftuil ;  to  pare  ai:>a»  rvtUindnnct*. 
PAR'fiD,  pp.  era.     Frxxsl  from  any  ih:nf  » 

on  the  surface  or  at  the  eiirrniii»r?. 
PAR-E-GOR'I€,  a.    [Gr.   Tj,r,.t>f-,rri,   K 
J  o/i£..t,  lo  militate.) 
Slitipaiin'.::  assuasin*  pain  :  a.*,  par^c 
PAR-I>GOR'le,  n.    A  mcdkine  tbit  idil - 
an  anodvnc.  .        ' "  ;  " 

Parrgcrie,  or  pcrfg^'rk  ft'irw,  a  campfctCUrd  i.e.  ■ 
ture  ofopium  tinciured  with  aromattc*. 


TONE,  BtJLL,  qNITE.-AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.-€  as  K ;  G  as  J;  SasZ;  CH  ns  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS, 


797 


PAR 

PA-HEL'CON,  n.     [Gr.  7:aoiXK'>,  to  draw  ou!.] 

In  irramniaTy  ilie  addition  of  :i  syllable  or  particle 
to  theiMui  of  a  [irononn,  verb,  or  adverb. 
PA-REM'BO-LE,  71,    [Gr.  napcfipoXn,  insertion.] 

In  rhtloric,  the  insertion  of  something  rehitinfj  to 
the  suliject  in  the  middle  of  a  period,  with  which  it 
ihws  not  grammalicnlly  cohere.  It  dilTer-f  from  the 
purentfiesu  only  in  this:  t\\o  parcmbolc  icVtXtGa  to  the 
subject,  the  parenthesis  is  foreign  from  it. 

Encyc.     Vossius, 
PA-UEN'eilY-M.\,  (pa-rcn'kc-ma.)  71.      [Gr.   ira^iy- 
X^f^^y  from  T:apc}\v'<>y  to  sulTiiso.j 

1.  In  attatomy,  llie  solid  and  interior  part  of  tlie 
viscei^,  or  the  siib;:tancc  contained  in  the  interstices 
between  the  bluod-vesselji  of  llie  viscera;  a  spongy 
yui)stance.  Cuzc.    P.  Cijc. 

Parenchyma  is  the  substance  or  ba::;i3  of  the  glands. 

Cyc. 

2.  In  hotanii,  the  pith  or  pulp  of  plants.      Kncyc. 
PAR-EN-eilYftl'A-TA,  n.  pi.    'I'lie  order  of  Entoz.oa, 

comprising  those  species  in  which  the  body  is  filled 
with  a  cellular  si^bslance,  or  even  with  a  coniiiuioiu 
parenchyma,  the  only  alimentary  organ  it  contains 
being  ramified  canals,  whicli  distribute  lumrishmont 
tti  its  dirterent  points,  and  which,  in  must  of  them, 
originate  from  suckers  visible  externally. 

PAK-EN-CHYM'A-TOUS,  \  a.     [See  the  noun,]   Per- 

PA-REN'eilY-MOUS,  (  taining  to  parenchyma  ; 
spongy;  soft;  porous.  Qrcw.     Cheyne. 

PA-RE.\'E-SIS,  n.  [Gr.  jraooivcc-ts;  iraoaircw,  to  ex- 
hort.] 
Persuasion  ;  exhortation.     [Little  iisctL']        Diet. 

PAK-E-NET'I€,         I  a.    Hortatory  ;  encouraging. 

l*AR-E-.\ET'ie-AL,  \  Potter. 

I'.aR'EXT,  71.  [L.  parens,  from  ]>ario,  to  produce  or 
bring  fnrth.  The  regular  participle  of  jfario  is  jf^tfiens, 
and  parens  is  the  regular  participle  of  ;jarfo,  to  ap- 
l)ear.  iJut  both  verbs  probably  belong  to  one  fami- 
ly ;  Eth.  ^4r  fitri  or /en,  to  bear:  Class  Er,  No. 
35;  Ileb.  n-iS/am/i,  id.  No.  33.] 

1.  A  father  or  mollier ;  he  or  she  that  produces 
young.  The  duties  of  parents  to  their  chihlrcn  are 
to  maintain,  protect,  and  educate  them. 

\Vti?n  pnrfnts  are  wanuiig  in  authorily,  children  arc  wanting  in 

2.  That  v/hich  produces;  cause;  source.  Idle- 
ness is  the  parent  of  vice. 

Reg-ulLir  industry  is  Ui-.'  parent  of  sobriL-iy.  Channin^. 

The  pronunciation  pRij'rent  is  erroneous. 
PaR'ENT-AGE,  n.     [Fr.]     Extraction  ;  birth  ;  condi- 
tion with  respect  to  the  rank  of  parents;  as,  a  man 
of  mean  parentage;  a  gentleman  of  noble ;jare7j£ao'c. 

Sfiak. 
PA-RENT' AL,  a.     [It.  parcntaU.'] 

I.  Pertaining  to  parents ;  as,  parental  govern- 
ment. 

9.  Becoming  parents;    tender;   affectionate;    as, 
parental  care  or  solicitude. 
PA-RENT' AL-LY,  adv.    In  a  tender  or  parental  man- 
ner. 
PAR-ENT-A'TION,  n.     [from  L.  parento.] 

Something  done  or  said  in  honor  of  the  dead. 

Patter.     Johnson. 
PA-REN'THE-SIS,  n.     [Gr.  Trapei'^suis ;    Trapa  and 
CiTiSfj/ii,  to  insert.] 

A  sentence,  or  certain  v.'ords  inserted  in  a  sentence, 
which  interrupt  the  sense  or  natural  connection  of 
words,  but  serve  to  explain  or  qualify  the  sense  of 
the  principal  sentence.  The  parenthesis  is  usually 
included  in  hooks  or  curved  lines,  thus  (  ). 

These  olRcen,  wbom  ihey  still  call  bishops,  are  to  be  elected  to  a 
^roviKion  com p^ira lively  mean,  through  the  same  avis,  ([Ant 
u,  clectiOTieerrrtg  arU,)  by  men  of  qU  religious  tenets  th.'it 
arc  known  or  can  be  invented.  Burke, 

Do  not  siitTer  every  occMional  thought  to  cany  you  away  into  a 
long  jnretiOiesis.  Watts. 

PAR-EX-TriET'I€,         )  a.    Pertaining  to  a  paren- 
PAR-EN-TIIET'ie-AL,  (      thesis;  expressed  in  a  pa- 
renthesis. Hales. 
9.  Using  parenllioses. 
PAR-EN-THET'ie-AI^LY,  adv.    In  the  manner  or 

form  of  a  parenthesis  ;  by  parenthesis.      Campbell, 
PA-REXT'I-Cri)E,  71.     [L.  parens  and  cardo.] 

One  who  kills  a  parent.  Bailey, 

P.\R'ENT-LEPH,  a.    Deprived  of  parents. 
PaR'ER,  77.     [from  pare]   He  or  that  which  pares  ;  an 

instrument  fur  paring.  Tasser. 

PAR'ER-GY,  n.  [Gr.  napa,  beyond,  and  epyov, 
work.] 

Bomething  unimportant,  or  done  by  the  by.  [JVyi 
used.]  Brmcn. 

P.>iR'GAS-ITE,  77.   [from  tlie  Isle  Pariras,  in  Finland.] 
A  mineral  of  a  grayish  or  bluish  green,  in  rounded 
(Trains,  having  much  luster.    It  is  a  variety  of  horn- 
blende. 
P.^iR'GET,  71.    [Sp.  parchCj  a  plaster;   cmparchar^  to 
plaster,    du.] 
1.  Gypsum  or  plaster  stone.     [Oft*.]  Encije. 

9.  Plaster  laid  cin  roofs  or  walls.  [Obs.]  Spenser. 

3.  Paint.     [Obs.]  Drayton. 

4.  In  present  architectural  tisane,  parget  denotes  the 
rough  plaster  used  for  lining  chimney  flues. 

Owilt.     Brandc. 


PAR 

PAR'GET,  u.  (.    To  plaster  walls. 

9.  To  paint ;  to  cover  with  i)aint.         B.  Jonson. 

PAR'0;ET-E1),  jtp.    Plastered  ;  stuccoed. 

PAR'GET-ER,  n.    A  plasterer. 

PAR'OET-ING,  ppr.  Plastering,  as  a  noun^  plaster 
or  stucco. 

P.^R-IIRL'ION,  (par-h-'Pyun,)K.  ;pZ.  Parheua.  [Gr. 
jTupa,  near,  and  fjAtrt?,  the  sun.] 

A  mock  sun  or  meteor,  appearing  in  the  form  of  a 
bright  Ii['ht  near  the  Kun  ;  sometimes  tinged  with 
colors  like  the  rainbow,  with  a  luminous  train. 

P,^'IlI-AH,  71.  The  name  of  the  lowest  class  of  people 
in  Ilindoostan,  who  have,  properly  speaking,  no  cast  j 
an  outcast. 

PA-RT'AL,  )  n.    Three  of  a  sort  in  certain  games 

PaIR'-ROY'AL,  i      of  card.s,  Bulhn: 

Pa'RI-:\N,  a.  Pertaining  to  Paros,  an  isle  in  the  Egc- 
an  Sea ;  as,  Parian  marble. 

Parian  chronicle;  a  chronicloof  the  city  of  Athens, 
engraven  on  marble  in  capital  lettore  in  the  Isle  of 
Paros.  It  contained  a  clirnnulogical  account  of 
events  from  Cecrops,  l^^  years  before  Christ,  to  the 
arclionship  of  Diognclus,  2<'M  years  before  Christ; 
but  the  chronicle  of  Iho  last  90  years  is  lost.  Tliis 
marble  was  procured  from  Asia  Minor  in  l()-27,  by 
the  earl  of  Arundel,  and,  being  broken,  the  pieces 
are  called  JJruudcUan  marbles.  They  are  now  depos- 
ited in  the  University  of  Oxfcud.  The  antiquity  of 
the  inscription  has  been  disputed.  • 

P.  Cyc.     Edin.  E.icyc. 

PA-RI'E-TAI,,  a.  [from  L.  paries^  a  wall,  properly  a 
partition  wall,  from  the  root  of  part  or  pare.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  a  wall. 

2.  The  panetal  bones  form  the  sides  and  upper  part 
of  the  skull.  They  are  so  called  because  they  defend 
the  brain  like  walls.  Parr. 

3.  In  hotainj,  a  term  applied  to  any  organ  which 
grows  from  the  inner  lining  or  wall  of  another. 

Lindley. 

PA-RI'E-TA-RY,  71.  [Fr.  parictaire^  from  L.  paries,  a 
wall.] 

A  plant,  the  pcUitory  of  the  wall,  of  the  genus 
Fnritrtaria. 

PA-RI'E-TINE,  7!.     [L.  paries,  wall,] 

A  piece  of  a  wall.    [JVot  vscd.]  Burton. 

PAR'ING,  ppr.  Cutting  or  shaving  off  the  oxtiemitics 
of  a  thing. 

PaR'ING,  7(.  That  which  is  pared  off;  rind  separated 
from  fruit;  a  piece  clipped  off.       Mortimer.     Popf. 

9.  The  art  or  practice  of  cutting  off  Uie  surface  of 
grass  land,  for  tillage. 

Pjl'RI  P.aS'SU,     [L.]     With  equal  pace,  or  progress. 

PAR'IS,  71.  A  plant,  herb  Paris  or  true-love,  or  rather 
a  genuy  of  plants  of  two  species,  at  least,  if  not 
more. 

PAR'ISH,  77.  [Fr.  paroisse;  It.  parrocchia;  Sp.  parro- 
qiLia  :  Arm.  parrcs ;  Ir. parrai^tc;  usually  deduced  from 
the  Low  lj.2}arochia,  Gr.  jrapuuiu,  adwelling  or  near 
residence;  rrapa,  near,  and  otK"^,  house  or  ou-ftj,  to 
dwell;  or  more  probably  from  tiic  Greek  napoxr;,^ 
salary  or  largess,  an  allowance  for  support,  from  770,0;- 
Xt.),tu  afford,  yield,  or  supply,  whence  L.  paroc/uz,  en- 
tertainment given  to  embassadors  at  the  public  ex- 
pense; whence  It.  ;j/77rocc//.u.  li^parish  is  to  be  deduced 
from  either  of  these  sources,  it  Is  probably  from  the 
latter,  and  parish  is  equivalent  to  benefice,  living,  as 
prebend,  from  L.  pnvhca.  In  German,  pfarrc  signi- 
fies a  benefice  or  parish  ;  pfarrtr^  or  pfavrhm;  a  par- 
son, the  lord  of  a  living  or  parish,  and  this  is  evi- 
dently from  the  same  rout  as  parson.  1  know  not 
the  origin  o( pfurre,  but  it  coincides  in  clcmi:nts  with 
the  W.  peri,  to  gra;'.e.  Corn,  peuri,  L.  voro,  Gr.  (S'^pa. 
The  Italian  and  Spanish  words  are  undoubtedly  from 
the  Latin  and  Greek,  and  the  French  paroisse  may 
be  from  the  same  source.] 

I.  The  precinct  or  territorial  jurisdiction  of  a  secu- 
lar priest  or  ecclesiastical  society,  or  the  precinct, 
the  inhabitants  of  which  belong  to  the  same  church. 
9.  In  some  of  the  .American  States,  parish  is  an 
ecclesiastical  society  not  bounded  by  territorial  lim- 
its ;  but  the  inhabitants  of  a  ti-wn  belonging  to  one 
church,  though  residing  promiscuously  among  the 
people  lielonging  to  another  church,  are  called  a  par- 
ish. This  is  particularly  the  case  in  Massachusetts. 
In  Connecticut,  the  legal  appellation  of  such  a  society 
is  ecclesiastical  .•iocicty.  In  Louisiana,  the  Sialo  is 
divided  into  parishes  which  correspond  to  counties. 

Bouvicr. 

PAR'ISII,  a.  Belonging  to  a  parish;  as,  a  parish 
church  ;  parish  records. 

9.  Belonging  to  a  parish  ;  employed  in  the  spiritual 
or  ecclesiastical  concerns  of  a  parish;  as,  a  parish 
priest.  Drydcn. 

3.  Maintained  by  the  parish  ;  as,  parish  poor.    Qav- 

PAR'ISil  CLERK,  71.  A  layman  who  leads  ui  tllo 
responses  and  otherwise  assists  in  the  Episcopal 
service. 

PA-RISH'ION-ER,  71.    One  that  belongs  to  a  parish. 

Aildison. 

PA-RIS'IAN,  71.     A  native  or  resident  of  Paris. 

PAR4-SVL-LAn'I€,         )  a.     [L.  par^  equal,  and  syl- 

PAR-I-SYL-LAB'ie-AL,  (      laba,  syllable.] 

A  term  applied  to  a  word  which  lias  the  same 
number  of  syllables  in  all  its  inflections. 


PAR 

PAR'I-TOR,  71.  [for  apparitor.]  A  beadle;  a  sum- 
moner  of  the  cotirts  of  civil  law.  Dryden. 

PAR'I-TY,  7i.     [Fr.  parit6 ;   It.  paritd;  from  L.  par, 
equal.    See  Pair  and  Peer.] 
1.  Equality;  as,  pa7-iti/ of  reason.  Smtth. 

9.  Equality;  like  stale  or  degree j  as,  a  parity  of 
orders  or  pci-sons. 

PARK,  7J.  [Sax.  paTTuc,  pearruc;  Scot,  parrok;  W. 
jiuirc;  Fr.  id.;  It.  pareo',  Sp.  parque ;  Ir.  pa  ire ;  G, 
and  Sw.  park;  D.  perk.  It  coincides  in  elements 
with  L.j)Grcu5,  saving,  and  the  Teutonic  bcrffcn,to 
keep.] 

1.  A  largo  piece  of  ground  inclosed  for  chase  or  other 
purposes  of  pleasure.  Park.s,  in  England,  were  origi- 
nally grants  out  of  forest  lands  with  privileges  which 
lasted  only  while  thoy  were  kept  inclosed.     Smart. 

2.  An  inclosed  place  in  cities  for  exercise  or 
amusement. 

Park  of  artillery  or  artillery  park  ;  a  place  in  the 
rear  of  both  lines  of  an  army  lor  encamping  the  artil- 
lery, which  is  formed  in  lines,  the  guns  in  front,  the 
ammunition  wagons  bt^iiind  the  guns,  and  the  pon- 
toons and  tumbrils  furming  the  third  line.  Tlie 
whole  is  surrounded  with  a  rope.  The  gunners  and 
matrosses  encanq)  on  the  ilanks  ;  the  bombardiers, 
pontoon-men,  and  artificers  in  the  rear.         Kncyc. 

Also,  the  whole  train  of  artillery  belonging  to  an 
army  or  division  of  troops. 

Park  of  provisions ;  the  place  where  the  sutlers  pitch 
their  tents  and  sell  provisions,  and  lliat  where  the 
bread  wagons  are  stationed. 

PARK,  V.  t.    To  inclose  in  a  park.  Shak. 

9.  To  bring  together  in  a  parftorconipact  body ;  as, 
to  park  the  artillery.  Cutler. 

PARK'£D,  (parkt,)  pp.     Inclosed  in  a  park. 
9.  Urought  together  in  a  park,  as  artillcrj'. 

PARK'ER,  71,     The  keeper  of  a  park. 

PARK'LeAVES,  77.  A  plant,  Hypericum  Androsa- 
iluim,  also  called  Tutsan.  Booth. 

PAR'LANCE,  7i.     [Norm.,  from  Fr.  parlcr,  to  speak; 
part,  parlant.  It.  parla/Ue.] 
Conversation  ;  discourse  ;  talk.  TVoodcson. 

PARLE,  (p'irl)  ;(.  Conversation  ;  talk  ;  oral  treaty  or 
dii^cussion.     [JVot  used.]     [See  Parlev.]         Shak. 

PARLE,  V.  i.  [Fr.  parlcr.]  To  talk  ;  to  converse  ;  to 
discuss  any  thing  orally.  Shak. 

PAR'LEY,  V.  i.  [Fr.  parlcr.  It.  parlare,  Sp.  parlar,  W. 
parliam,  to  speak  ;  Ir.  bearla,  language,  from  bcaradh, 
or  bcirim,  to  speak,  to  tell,  relate,  narrate,  to  bear,  to 
carry  ;  Goth,  bairan^  Sax.  bieran,  to  bear,  L.  fero,  or 
pario.    So  wc  have  report,  from  L.  porta.] 

In  a  general  sense,  to  speak  with  another;  to  dis- 
course ;  but  appropriately,  to  confer  with  on  some 
point  of  mutual  concern  ;  to  discuss  orally  ;  hence, 
to  confer  with  an  enemy  ;  to  treat  with  by  words  ; 
as  on  an  exchange  of  prisoners,  on  a  cessation  of 
arms,  or  the  suliject  of  peace.       KnuUcs.    Broome. 

PaR'LEY,  71.  Mutual  discourse  or  conversation  ;  dis- 
cussion ;  but  appropriately,  a  conference  with  an 
enemy  in  war. 

We  yield  ot\  parley,  but  are  stormed  in  vain.  Dryilen. 

To  beat  a  parley;  in  military  language,  to  beat  a 
drum  or  sound  a  trumpet,  as  a  signal  Tor  holding  a 
conference  with  the  enemy. 
PAR'LIA-MENT,  (piir'le-ment,)  77.  [Fr.  parlcmcnt; 
S|).  It.  and  Port,  parlnmento  ;  Ann.  parlamand;  com- 
posed of  Fr.  parlcr,  Sp.  parlar,  to  speak,  and  the  ter- 
mination ment,  as  in  complement,  &c.,  noting  stale. 
See  Pahlf-v.] 

1.  Literally,  a  speaking,  conference,  mutual  dis- 
course or  consultation  ;  hence, 

9.  In  Great  Brituin,  the  giand  assembly  of  the 
three  estates,  the  lords  spiritual,  lords  temimral,  and 
the  commons;  the  general  council  of  the  nation 
constituting  the  legislature,  summoned  by  the  king's 
authority  to  consult  on  the  affairs  of  the  nation,  and 
to  enact  and  repeal  laws.  Primarily,  the  king  may 
be  considered  as  a  constituent  branch  of  parliament ; 
but  tlie  word  is  generally  used  to  denote  the  three 
estates  above  named,  consisting  of  two  distinct 
branchts,  the  house  of  lords  and  house  of  commns. 

The  word  parliament  was  introduced  into  England 
under  the  Norman  kings.  The  supreme  council  of 
the  nation  was  called,  underthe  Saxon  kings,  wi^ejia- 
gemotc,  the  meeting  of  wise  men  or  sages. 

3.  The  supremo  council  of  Sweden,  conr^isting  of 
four  estates ;  the  nobility  and  representatives  of  the 
gentry ;  the  clergy,  one  of  which  body  is  elected 
from  every  rural  deanery  of  ten  parishes ;  th:* 
blirghei-s,  clectLid  by  the  magistrates  and  council  of 
every  corporation  ;"and  the  peasants,  elected  by  jicr- 
suns  of  their  own  order. 

4.  In  France,  before  the  revolution,  the  title  of  cer- 
tain high  courts  of  iustice.  Brandc. 

PAR-LlA-MENT-A'lU-AN,  |n.     One  of  those  who 

PAR-LIA-MENT-EER',  \  adhered  to  the  parlia- 
ment in  the  time  of  Charles  L  Aubrey. 

PAR-LIA-MENT-A'RI-AN.  a.  Serving  the  parlia- 
ment, in  opposition  to  King  Charles  I.  li'vod. 

PAR-LIA-MENT'A-RY,  a.  Pertaining  to  partiameRt ; 
as,  parliamentary  authority. 

2.  Enacted  or  done  by  parliament ;  as,  a  parlia- 
mentary act. 


Fate,  FAR,  FALI.,  WHAT.— MeTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MAR^E,  RIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.- 


708 


PAR 

3.  According  to  the  rules  and  usages  of  pnrlntncnt, 
or  to  the  rales  and  customs  of  legislative  bodies. 

PAR'LOU,  n.  [Fr.  purloir;  It.  and  Sp.  parlatorio; 
\V.  parUiiCr;  from  Fr.  parlcr,  Sp.  parlar,  to  speak.] 

Primarily^  the  apartment  in  a  nunnery  where  the 
nuns  are  permitted  to  meet  and  converse  with  each 
otlier;  hence,  with  u^,  the  room  ia  a  houte  which 
the  family  usually  cccupy,  and  where  they  receive 
common  visitors,  as  distinguished  from  a  dmwinj;- 
room  set  apart  for  the  reception  of  company,  or  Ironi 
a  dining-room,  v.-hen  a  distinct  apartment  is  allotted 
for  that  purpose.  In  many  houses,  the  parlor  is  also 
the  dining-room. 

PAR'LOUS,  (I.     [from  Fr.  parlcr^  to  speak.] 

Keen  ;  sprishtly  :  wagaish.     [jVoi  usc}?\     Dryden, 

PXR'LOUS-NESS,  n,  Uuickness  ;  keenness  of  tem- 
per. 

PAR-MA-CIT'Y,  71.    Spermaceti.     [Ohs.]  SkaU. 

PAR-ME-SAV  CHEESE,  n.  A  delicate  kind  of  cheese 
made  at  Parma,  in  Italy, 

PAR-N.1S'SI-A:N,  (-nashVan,)  a.  Pertaining  to  Par- 
nassus. 

PAR-NAS'SUS,  11.  A  celebrated  mountain  in  Greece, 
considered  in  mythology  as  sacred  to  Apollo  and  the 
Muses. 

FAR'NEL,  71.  [The  diminutive  of  It.  petrondla.'\  A 
wanton,  immodest  girl ;  a  slut. 

PA-RO'eHI-AL,  a.     [from  L.  paroclua.'] 

Belonging  to  a  parish;  as,  parocAiaZ  clergy ;  paro- 
chial dufies.  JUterbunj. 

PA-RO-€HI-AL'I-TY,  n.  The  state  of  being  paro- 
chial. Mtiriot. 

PA-RO'CHI-AL-LY,  ode.    In  a  parish  ;  by  a  parish. 

PA-R5'€HI-AN,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  parish.    Bacon. 

PA-Ro'€HI-.\N,  71     [Supra.]     A  parishioner. 

P.-V-ROD'ie,         I  a.     [See  Pabodt.]     Copying  after 
PA-ROD'ie-AL,  \     the  manner  of  parody.   JVcrton. 
P.\R'0-DIST,  71.    One  who  writes  a  parody. 

Coleridge. 
PAR'O-DY,  n.    [Fr.  parodie;  Gr.  TraoojJta;  :Tapa  and 
ijfrij  ode.] 

1.  A  kmd  of  writing  in  which  the  words  of  an 
author  or  his  thoughts  are,  by  some  slight  alterations, 
adapted  to  a  different  purpose ;  a  kind  of  poetical 
pleasantry",  in  which  verses  written  on  one  subject 
are  altered  and  applied  to  another  by  way  of  bur- 
lesque. Johnson.     Encijc. 

2.  A  popular  maxim,  adage,  or  proverb.    Encyc. 
PAR'O-DY,  V.  t.    To  alter,  as  verses  or  words,  and 

apply  to  a  purpose  different  from  that  of  the  original. 

I  have  translated,  or  rather  parodied,  a  poem  of  Hone?.   Pope. 

P.\-RoL',    \  iu  \'W.paryl;  \t.parola;  Fr.  parole.^  from 
PA-RoLE',  (     parlcTj  to  speaA ;  or  contracted  from  L. 
parabola.1 

1,  Properhj,  a  word  ;  hence,  in  a  legal  sense,  words 
or  oral  declaration  ;  word  of  mouth.  Formerly,  con- 
veyances were  made  by  parolj  or  word  of  mouth, 
only.  Biacfcstone. 

2.  Pleadings  in  a  suit;  as  anciently  all  pleadings 
were  viva  rocf,  or  ore  tenus. 

The  parol  nuy  demur.  Blackatone. 

PA-RoL',    I  a.    Given  by  word  of  mouth  ;  oralj  not 
PA-RoLE',  i      written  ;  as,  parol  evidence. 

Blacketonc. 
[It  would  be  well  to  write  this  word  parolCyin  imi- 
forraiiy  with  the  following,  there  being  no  good  rea- 
son for  a  distinction.] 
P.VRQLE',  n.  [See  FiRou]  Word  of  mouth.  In 
miliiary  affairs^  a  promise  given  by  a  prisoner  of  war, 
when  he  has  leave  to  depart  from  custody,  that  he 
will  return  at  the  time  appointed,  unless  discharged. 
A  parole  is  properly  a  verbal  or  unwritten  promise; 
but  I  believe  it  is  customary  to  take  a  promise  in 
writing. 

9.  A  word  given  out  everyday  in  orders  by  a  com- 
manding officer,  in  camp   or 'garrison,  by  which 
friends  may  be  distinguished  from  enemies.     Encyc. 
PAR-0-NO-Ma'?IA,  /  71.       [from   Gr.   rarcrT/zsw,   to 
PAR-O^NOM'A-SY,  \     transgress  law  cr  rule.] 

A  play  upon  words;  a  rhetorical  figure,  by  wliich 
the  same  word  is  used  in  different  senses,  or  v/ords 
similar  in  sound  arc  set  in  opposition  to  each  other, 
so  as  to  give  a  kind  of  antithetical  force  to  the  sen- 
tence. Brande. 
PAR-O-XO-MAS'Tie,  )  a.  Pertaining  to  paro- 
PAR-O-XO-.MAS'Tie-AIi,  J     nomasy  j  consisting  in 


PAR 


J\Iore, 
[Gr.    7:ao(jivvxi-<^^    TrapHj   by, 


a  play  upon  words. 
PAR-0-NV€Ha-A,  n. 

and  onjf,  the  nail.] 

In  snrgen/,  a  whitlow  or  felon.  Quincy. 

PA-RON'Y-MOUS,  a.      [Gr.  iraowwuos ;  mraoa  and 

ovfj/j  I,  name,] 
A  term  applied  to  words  of  the  same  derivation ; 

kindred  :  as,  man,  manhood,  mankind.  Watts. 

PAR'O-QCET,  I  n,    A  small  species  of  parrot.     [See 
PAR'0-KET,      i      Farraszet.]  Grew. 

PA-ROT'ID,  a.     [Gr.  -aoa,  near,  and  one,  (-"-d,  ear.] 
Pertaining  to  or  denoting  certain  glands  below  and 

before  the  ears,  or  near  the  articulation  of  the  Inwrr 

jaw.     The  parotid  glands  secrete  a  portion  of  the 

saliva.  Parr.     Core.     Grew. 

PA-Ro'TIS,7i.    [Gr.  Tap«ri5.    See  ?a:^.^tid.] 


The  parotid  gland;  a  secreting  salivary  conglom- 
erate eland  belov/  and  before  the  car.  Parr. 

PAR'OX-YSM,  71.  [Gr.  rrapofiT^'of,  from  rutpoftvu, 
to  excite  or  sharpen  ;  rra^-r/,  and  o^-»f,  sharp.] 

A  fit  of  any  disease.  When  a  dincase  occurs  by 
fits  with  perfect  intermissions  or  suspensions,  such 
fits  are  termed  paroxysms.  A  paroxysm  ia  always 
to  be  distinguished  from  an  exacerbation. 

P.VR-OX-YS'.MAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  paroxysm  ;  as,  a 
paroxysmal  disposition.  AjiaU     Rej. 

2.  Caused  by  paroxysms  or  fits.  IlUdtcock. 

PAR'aUET-RY,  7..    [from  Fr.  parqtut.) 

A  Fp!!cie3  of  joinery  or  cabinet  work,  consHting  in 
making  an  inlaid  floor  composed  of  small  pieces  of 
wood,  of  different  figures  Elmes. 

PARR,  77,  A  name  applierl,  iu  most  parts  of  England 
and  Scotland,  to  the  young  of  the  salmon,  up  to  near 
the  end  of  Iheir  second  year.  Brandc. 

PAR'RA-ICEET,  n.    A  small  species  of  parrot. 

PAR'REL,  71.  [Port,  aparelfio,  from  apareUtar,  to  pre- 
pare ;  Sp.  aparcjif,  from  tackle  and  rigging,  from  aparc- 
jar,  to  prepare,  L.  paro.  It  coincides  v/ith  apparel^ 
which  see.] 

Among  seavicjt,  an  apparatus  or  frame  made  of 
ropes,  trucks,  and  ribs,  so  contrived  as  to  go  round  the 
mast,  and,  being  fastened  at  both  ends  to  a  yard, 
ser\'es  to  lioist  it.  Kncijc. 

PAR-RHe'SIA,  «.  [Gr.]  Boldness  or  freedom  of 
speech. 

PAR-RI-CI'DAL,       I  a.    [Sec  Parbicidz.]    Pertiin- 

PAR-RI-CID'I-OUS,  i     ing  to  parricide;  containing 
the  crime  of  murdering  a  parent  or  patron. 
2.  Committing  parricide. 

PAR'RI-CiDE,  71.  [Fr.,  from  L.  parricida,  from  patera 
father,  and  aedOyXo  kill.] 

1.  A  person  who  murders  his  father  or  mother. 

2.  One  who  murders  an  ancestor,  or  any  one  to 
whom'  he  owes  reverence.  Rlackstonc  applies  the 
word  to  one  who  kills  his  child. 

3.  The  murder  of  a  parent,  or  one  to  whom  rever- 
ence is  due.  Bacon. 

4.  One  who  invades  or  destroys  any  to  whom  he 
owes  particular  reverence,  as  his  country  or  patron. 

P.'\R'RI-f:D,  (par'rid,)  ;;;>.  [See  Pasby.]  Warded 
oil';  driven  aside.  Johnson. 

PAR'ROCK,  H.     [Sax.  parruc.'] 

A  croft  or  small  field  ;  now  corrupted  inio  paddoth. 
[Local.} 

PAR'ROT,  71.  [Supposed  to  be  contracted  from  Fr. 
perroquct.} 

A  name  applied  to  various  species  of  scansorial  birds 
of  the  Psittacid  tribe,  but  more  especially  to  those 
which  belong  to  the  genus  Psittacus.  The  bill  is 
hooked  and  rounded  on  all  sides.  The  hooked  bill 
of  the  parrot  is  used  in  climbing.  These  birds  are 
found  almost  every  where  in  tropical  climritcs.  They 
breed  in  liollow  trees,  and  subsist  on  fruits  and 
seeds.  They  are  also  remarkable  for  the  brilliancy 
of  their  colors  and  their  faculty  of  making  indistinct 
articulations  of  words,  ia  imitation  of  tlie  human 
voice. 

PAR'ROT-FISH.  n.  A  fish  of  the  genus  Scams,  m- 
habiiing  the  tropical  seas  ;  so  named  from  its  resem- 
blance to  tlie  parrot  in  the  brilliancy  of  its  colors  and 
the  peculiar  form  of  its  jaws.     P.  Cyc.     Sieainson. 

P,\R'ROT-RY,  n.  Acting  tJie  part  of  a  parrot ;  scrvde 
imitation.  Coleridge. 

PAR'RY,  r.  ^  [Fr.  parer;  It.  parare,  to  adorn,  to 
parry  ;  Sp.  parar,  to  stop  ;  Port,  id.,  to  stop,  to  parnj  ; 
from  the  root  of  pare,  to  ci"  off,  to  separate.  Sec 
Pare.] 

1.  In  fencing,  to  ward  off;  to  stop  or  to  put  or  turn 
by  ;  as,  to  parry  a  thrust. 

2.  Toward  off;  to  turn  aside;  to  prevent  a  blow 

3.  To  avoid  ;  to  shift  off.  [from  taking  effect. 

Tlif2  French  soTcriimciit  h:is  parrUJ  U.i-  payment  of  our  cl-iiins. 

PAR'RY,  V.  i.  To  ward  off;  to  put  by  thrusts  or 
strokes  ;  to  fence.  /jjcke. 

P\R'RY-ING,  ppr.    \Variiing  off,  as  a  thrust  or  blow. 

FAKSE,  (p;irs,)  r.  t.  [from  h.  pars,  part,  or  one  of  the 
ShemJtic  roots,  c-»2,  to  divide,  or  C^is,  to  spread.] 

In  frrammar,  to  resolve  a  sentence  into  Us  ele- 
ments, or  to  show  the  several  parts  of  s[K'Cch  com- 
posing a  sentence,  and  their  relation  to  each  other  by 
government  or  agreement.  , 

PAR'SEE,  71.  A  name  given  to  the  Persian  fire-wor- 
shipers tivinc  in  India.  In  Persia,  they  are  called, 
bv  the  Mohammedans,  Guebers,  or  Gl-ebres,  (i.  c., 
/iaours,  infidels.)  Their  sacred  books  are  called  the 
Zend~.^vests.  The  Parsces,  who  reside  near  ^ural 
and  Bombay,  are  an  honest,  thrifty  people,  and  num- 


PXa-Sl-lIO'XI-OUB-Ly.  a^.    WllJi  •  Trn 

U«e  li\    IT.     U.  y   ;    ri^\  ..-(  ,;-!,. 

PAR  • 

ni'  ■ 
PA  It  .-, 


■   t'jC^ifh. 


ber  about  700,000. 


Mardock- 


PAR'SEE-ISM;  71.  The  religion  of  the  Parsecs,  winch 
is  <;ubstantiallv  that  of  the  ancient  Persians. 

PKR-SI-Mo'Ni'OUS,  a.  [See  Pamimosv.]  Sparmg 
"in  the  use  or  expenditure  of  money  ;  covetous  ;  near ; 
close.  It  dilTers  from  Frugal  in  implymg  more  close 
r  '-3  or  narrowness  of  mind,  or  an  attachment  to 
property  somewhat  excessive,  or  a  disposition  to 
spend  less  money  than  is  necessary  or  honorable. 

of  ir..«ny  r-''" ;    wfKf««  "^  loa*,  ^r«nvon»Ott«  trar  «.,! 
drain  ui  of  n:oni  nxii  and  n^ncy.  Ac-^-iciu 


nxjt  of  the  »;,  I' 

kC'Tp,  Knij.  par;.. 

Eave,    wJl'-nt-.-    i;.-<^,   .■-,    ; -I 

seemi  to  be  Iht  Vj'A  of  hwr; 

a  furtin.'I  i/r:  -r  ^-1  '.:.-.' 

C! 
of  r. 
im; 

which  ".'.r;::  i'. 
EcortoMr.  M(/r 
caution  or  clod^:: 

CoVETOUiXtJI,    t>'*t    1'. 

NiccABDLineai.    It  ;• : 
honorable  liberality. 

TbQ  vayi  (o  miJcb  un  mutj  ;  ^ic/i---,-7  a^a^U  Zu 

;ci  b  DM  iBoaeml,  far  k  T]e^*uU«lk  nm  few»  v  <  •  : 

eraliiy. 

PARS'IXG,  ppr.     IU«olWng  a 

ment». 
PARS'ING,  n.    The  act  «  art  • :  ■ 

into  its  elcmenij. 
PARS'LEY,  It.    [Fr.  pertU ;  Sp.  ftrrxA  i  tan.  7  • 

It.  prfrojf/i/io,  corruptf  d   l  ■  ; ''^    -    ■  .  *.      ^'i: 

hV« ;  G.  pttcrsiUe ;  u.  p 

pttersille,  persilU  ;  Ir.  p 

ino-.l ;  Gr.  rtrpofftAiis*  . 

voy,  parsley;  »lone-pars!<:v,  -^  . 

rorks.l 
A  ptant  of  the  f^enos  Fctrob' 

par:jley  arc  U9C<1  in  cookery,  and  \Ur  : 

enl  medicine. 
PARS'.NEP,  M.     [Th-  H-r  c:  !h»^-  ^  ". 

Sax.  Turpf,  L.  n  ;, 
A  plant  of  til 

garden  parsnep  1 
PAR'S  OX,  (pSt^sn,.     . 

the  pfarre^  benefice  or  1 

root  pfarre  is  derived. 

1.  The  prie^lof  a  p- 
tlie  rector  or  incumb<i.' 
rochial  charge  or  cur^- 

sense  by  all  denominalion^  oi  »  ur-i.-.y.' 
Independents  or  Congrcgalionalist*  it  is  tD<  r 
loquial  word. 

2.  Aclcrg>man;  a  man  that  is  1-  ' 
been  licensed  to  preach. 

In  Kn^/t..A /ate,  four rr  r->i^im  a«^  ' 
stitule  a  panon  ;  viz.,  ht-iy  OTiIer/,  pr - 
tution,  and  induction. 
PAR'SON-AGE,  n.  In  .^mrriai,  the  : 
belonsing  toa  parish  orecclcsiarfira; 
propriated  to  Uie  mainlcnance  of  t. 
settled  pastor  of  a  cimrch. 

2.  In  En!Tla:idy  the  benefice  r' 

appropriated  to  Uie  rciidcnce  - 

PAR-SON'ie-AL-LY,  in  CbesU:..---. 

thorizcd  word. 
PART,  n.     [L.  pen,  partu ,  Ft.  pert  :  Sp.  It.  . 

parth  I  from  "ns,  or  C"~     .,-.-.> 

mitic  languages,  sign.:' 

1.  .\  portion,  piece, 

a  whole  thing;  as,  lu  ..-.:.     .'..       ^    - 

2.  A  portion  or  quantity  of  s  thin;  r*t< 
in  fact,  but  considered  nc  m-"'  ►  <  '^' 
what  port  of  En-land  ii  t>i 

say,  the  upper  p^n^  cr  Inw-: 
n-inolo  port,  a  small  p-rrf^  or  ". 

The  fcor'c  **'^  ^'  ^*  r.-Ci*r  ,-«- 

3.  \  portion  of  num^  '.  ^ 
bv  itself;  a-"),  a  pert  d"  ' 

'■1.  \  portion  or  eon 
ponent  port*  of  a  f«^-  1 

5.  .\  p».irtion  of  m.ii-. 
or  the  micllcctual  p- 
the  pcri.'ihable  p-iri .  i 

G.  .\  member. 

All  Crtparuw;.-:  .Jhl»oi«tarr 

7.  Particular  divi:iion  ;  distinct  specie*  ' ' 
longing  to  a  whole :  a.*,  all  the  ycru  of 
business,  or  of  a  mamifacture- 

t:.  Ingredient  in  a  mingled  nntss ;  a  p  • 
compound.  ...■■-. 

9.  Th.-\t  which  falls  to  each  m  diTKioa  ;  ' 
let  me  bear  mv  pari  of  the  danger.  / 

10.  Proportional  quantity ;  »s,  f«tt  f*" 
with  three  of  sand. 

11.  Share;  concern  ;  inlcrMt. 

Slrta  ciid,  We  hAtr  00  part  in  I^i^ii-  — 5**^ 

12.  Side;  party;  ir; 

AiaI  nute  «!>■:;•  kwf - 

13.  Something  rein;.  -  


TCNE,  BKLL,  UNITE.- AN"OER,  Vl"C10Ug-e  as  K;  C  o-^  J ,  S  a.  Z ;  Cll  a.  i'H  :  TH  ..  in  TI.^ 


PAR 

concerns;  as,  for  your  part ;  for  his  p^ri;  for  her 
For  nw  part  I  Iwvt'  no  servile  ciiJ  ia  my  iui^r.  H  y(to». 

14.  Sliarc  of  labor,  action,  or  influence ;  particular 
office  or  business. 

Accuse  not  Nature  ;  fllic  hath  done  her  j^rt ; 

Do  Ihou  tiui  Uiiiie.  Afitton. 

15.  Character  appropriated  in  a  play.  The  parts  vf 
the  comedy  were  judiciously  cast  and  adiuiralily  per- 
formed. 

10.  In  musicy  one  of  the  divisions  which  make  up 
the  harmony  or  tune,  as  the  treble,  base,  tenor,  &.c. 

17.  Action  ;  conduct.  S/iak. 

IS.  In  viatlicinaticsy  such  a  jKirlion  of  any  quantity, 
a-;,  wlien  taken  a  certain  number  of  times,  will  exact- 
ly make  that  quantity.  1'lms  3  is  a  jmrt  of  12.  It  is 
the  opposite  of  Multiple. 

Paris;  in  the  p/urai,  qualities ;  powers;  faculties; 
accomplishments. 

Such  liiynlioiis  parte  tend  for  the  most  part  to  the  hurt  of  the 
English.  Spettser. 

Parts^  applied  to  places  signifies  quarters,  regions, 
districts. 

When  he  hnci  gone  ovt'r  those  parte,  nncj  hiul  given  them  much 

exhortation,  he  time  into  Greece.  —  Acts  xx. 
All  paru  rvsound  with  tumults,  plainta,  and  fears.       Dryden. 

In  general,  parts  is  used  for  excellent  or  superior 
endowments,  or  more  than  ordinary*  talents.  This 
is  what  we  understand  by  the  phrase  a  vtan  of 
part^. 

Ill  sood  part ;  aa  well  done  ;  favorably  ;  acceptably  ; 
in  a  friendly  manner  ;  not  in  displeasure. 

(lod  acc^rptcth  it  in  good  jiart  at  the  hands  of  faithful  innn. 

Hooker. 

In  ill  part:  as  ill  done;  unfavorably;  with  dis- 
pleasure. 

For  the  most  part ;  commonly  ;  oftener  than  other- 
wise. Heijluu 

In  pari ;  in  some  deforce  or  extent ;  partly. 

Logical  part ;  among  schoolmen,  a  division  of  some 
universal  as  its  whole  ;  in  which  sense,  spc^cies  are 
parts  of  a  genus,  aud  individuals  are  parts  ttf  a  spe- 
cies. Encyc. 

Phjjsical  parts,  are  of  two  kinds,  homogeneous  and 
heterogeneous  ;  tlie  first  is  of  the  same  denomination  ; 
the  second  of  different  ones. 

JiUquot  party  is  such  a  part  of  a  number  or  quantity 
as  is  contained  in  it  a  certain  number  of  times,  with- 
out a  remainder.    Thus  6  is  an  aliquot  part  of  24. 

Aliquant  part,  is  a  part  of  a  number  or  quantity 
which  will  not  exactly  divide  it;  as,  5  is  an  cUquant 
part  of  17.  Barlow. 

Part  of  speech  ;  in  grammar,  a  sort  or  class  of  words 
of  a  particular  character.  Thus  the  noun  is  apart  of 
speech  denoting  the  names  of  things,  or  those  vocal 
sounds  which  usage  has  attached  to  things.  The 
verbis  a  part  of  speech  expiCBsiug  motion,  action,  or 
being. 
PART,  r.  t.     [h.  partio  ;  Fr.  partir;  W.  partJtu.] 

1.  To  divide,  to  separate,  or  break  ;  to  sever  into 
two  or  more  pieces. 

9.  To  divide  into  shares  ;  to  distribute,    -^cts  ii. 

3.  To  separate  or  disunite,  as  things  which  are  near 
each  other.     Ruth  i. 

4.  To  keep  asunder;  to  separate.  A  narrow  sea 
parts  England  from  France, 

5.  To  separate,  as  combatants.  Night  2>artefl  the 
armies. 

C-  To  secern  ;  to  secrete. 

The  liver  minds  his  own  aJIiiir, 

Aud  parU  and  atrains  tin;  viud  juices.  Prior, 

7.  In  seamen^s  language,  to  break;  as,  the  ship 
parted  jier  cables. 

H.  To  separate  metals. 
i*.KUT,  I',  i.    To  be  separated,  removed,  or  d'-tached. 

Pttvverful  hunds  v.ill  nolpart 
KasUy  from  pos^<-dion  won  with  arms. 

2.  To  quit  each  other. 

H^  wrung  Bossanio's  hand,  and  so  ihpy  parted, 

3.  To  take  or  bid  farewell. 

4.  'J'o  have  a  share. 

TLry  shall  part  alike.  —  1  Sam.  xxx. 

5.  [Fr.  partir.}    To  go  away ;  to  depart. 

Thv  fnhtr 

Kmhraccd  m.?,  parting  fur  tJi'  Klrurian  land. 

6.  To  break  ;  to  he  torn  asunder.    The  cable  parted. 
To  part  with;  to  quit;  to  resign;  to  lose;  to  be 

separated  from  ;  as,  to  pan  wiUi  near  friends, 

Ohi,  for  thy  silic,  I  part 

With  all  that  gT>;w  so  nt-ar  my  heart.  Wailer. 

PXRT'A-BLE.    See  Partible. 

PAIiT^■\^5E,  H.    Division;  severance;  the  act  of  di- 
viding or  sharing;  a  French  word.    [LitUe  used.] 

Locke. 

PaR-TaKE',  I'.  I.;  preL    Partook;  pp.  Partaken. 
[part  and  take] 

I.  To  take  a  part,  portion,  or  share  in  common 
with  nihers  ;  to  liave  a  share  or  pari ;  to  participate  ; 
usually  followed  by  of,  sometimes  less  properly  by 
in.    All  men  partaJ:e  of  the  common   bounties  of 


Millon. 
Shak. 

Swift. 


Dnjrlen. 


PAR 

Providence.    Clodius  was   at  the  feast,  but  could 
noi  paruikc  o/thc  enjoyments. 

2.  'i'o  have  something  of  the  property,  nature, 
claim,  or  right. 

Tlio  atinniey  of  the  Duchy  of  Lancaster  partake$  ivartly  fif  ^ 
Judge,  and  p;vrlly  of  an  allonicy-gciierai.  Bacon. 

3.  To  be  admitted  ;  not  to  be  excluded.        Shah. 
P.\lt-TAlvE',  17,  t.    To  havo  a  part  in ;  to  share. 

My  royal  father  livrt; 
Let  every  one  partake  the  general  Joy.  DryUn, 

[This  is  probably  elliptical,  of  being  omitted.] 
2.  To  admit  to  a  part.     [J^ut  ^u■ied.]  Shak, 

PAR-TaK'£N,  pp.    Shared  with  others  ;  participated. 
PAR-TaK'ER,  71.     One  who  has  or  takes  a  part,  share, 
or  portion,  in  common  with  others  ;  a  sharer;  a  par- 
ticipator ;  usually  followed  by  of. 

If  the  Gentiles  have  hocn  made  jJar/oAfrso/ their  spiritual  tilings. 
—  Rom.  XV. 

Sometimes  followed  by  ih. 

Wish  me  jwrtaitfr  in  thy  happiFica*.  Shak. 

If  we  had  bi-en  in  the  days  of  our  fatliers,  we  would  not  have 

U-ea  j>artakerg  with  them  in  the  blood  of  Uie  prophets. — 

Malt,  xxiii. 

2.  An  accomplice;  an  associate. 

When  t3iou  saweet  a  thief,  thou  conionletUl  with  hhn,  and  h:v5t 
bcen^xirtaAcr  witli  aduIn.Tt;rs. — I'i.  I. 

PaR-TaK'ING,  ppr.     Sharing  with  others;    partici- 
pating. 

PAR-TaK'ING,  n.     An  associating;  combination  in 
an  evil  design.  Hale. 

PART'ED,  pp.  or  a.    Separated  ;  divided  ;  severed. 

PART'ER,  7(.    One  that  parts  or  separates.    [Sidncif. 

PAR-TERRE',  (pdr-tur',)  ?i.  [Fr.]  In  gardcnin^^  a 
system  of  beds  of  diflerent  sliapes  and  siz-s,  in 
which  flowers  are  cultivated,  connected  toi,'clhiT, 
with  intervening  spaces  of  gravel  or  turf  for  walk- 
ing on.  Braniic, 
2.  The  pit  of  a  theater.  Brandc. 

PAR-THEN'ie,  a.     [Gr.  rrapBevo^.] 

Pertaining  to  the  Spartan  Partheuiie  or  sons  of 
virgins. 

PAR'THE-NON,  n.     [Gr.  -aodtvo?,  a  virgin.] 

A  celebratcti   temple  of  Minerva,  at   Atiicus  in 
Greece. 

PAR'TI  AL,  (par'shal,)  a.     [Fr.,  from  L.  pars ;  It.  par- 


zialc.] 
1.  Bic 


Biased  to  one  party  ;  inclined  to  fivor  one  party 
in  a  cause,  or  one  side  of  a  question,  more  than  i!ic 
other;  not  indifferent.  It  is  important  to  jusliecj 
tliat  a  judge  should  not  he  partial. 

Self-love  will  moke  rnen^rtioi  to  themselves  and  friends. 

Locke. 

2.  Inclined  to  favor  without  reason.  Authors  aro 
partial  to  their  wit,  and  critics  to  their  judgment. 

3.  Affecting  a  part  only  ;  not  general  or  universal ; 
not  total.  It  has  been  much  disputed  whether  the 
deluge  was  partial  or  total. 

k\\  partial  evil,  univeitial  good.  Pope. 

4.  More  strongly  inclined  to  one  thing  than  to 
others.     [Colloquial.] 

5.  In  botany,  subordinate  ;  applied  to  subdivisions  ; 
as,  a  partial  umbel  or  umbellule  ;  a  partial  peduncle. 
A  partial  involucre  is  placed  at  the  foot  of  a  partial 
umbel. 

PAR'TIAL-IST,  n.    One  who  is  partial.     [tTmisiml.] 

Bp.  Morton. 
2.  One  who  holds  tJiat  the  atonement  was  made 
only  for  a  part  of  mankind,  i.  e.,  the  elect.  Jilurdock. 

PAR-TIAL'l-TY,  (pir-share-te,)  «.  Inclination  tu 
favor  one  party  or  one  side  of  a  question  more  than 
the  other ;  an  undue  bias  of  mind  toward  one 
party  or  side,  which  is  apt  to  warp  the  judgment. 
Partiality  springs  from  the  will  and  atTections,  ratluT 
than  from  a  love  of  truth  and  justice. 

2.  A  stronger  inclination  to  one  tiling  than  to  oth- 
ers ;  as,  a  partiality  for  poetry  or  paititiug ;  a  collo- 
quial use. 

PAR'TIALr-rZE,  V.  t.    To  render  partial.     [J^ot  used.] 

Shak, 

PAR'TIAL-LY,  adv.  'With  undue  bias  of  mind  to 
one  party  or  side  ;  with  unjust  favor  or  dislike;  as, 
to  juiige  partially, 

2.  In  part ;  not  totally  ;  as,  the  story  may  be 
partially  true  ;  the  body  may  be  partialbj  affected  with 
disease ;  the  sun  and  moon  are  often  partially 
eclipsed. 

PART-I-lilL'I-TY,  n.  [See  Particle.]  Susceptibil- 
ity of  division,  partition,  or  severance  ;  separability ; 
as,  the  partibdily  of  an  inheritance. 

PART'I-BLE,  a.     [It.  partibilc,  partire,  to  part.] 

Divisible ;  separable  ;  susceptible  of  severance  or 
partition  ;  as,  an  estate  of  inheritance  may  be  parti- 
ble. Black.-itone, 

PAR'rr-CEPS  CRarr-mS,  [L.]  a  partaker  in  a 
crime  ;  an  accomplice. 

PAR-TIC'I-PA-BLE,  a.  [See  Participate.]  That 
mav  be  participated  or  shared.  JVorris. 

PAR-TIC'I-PAiNT,  a.  [See  PAUTictPATE.]  Sharing; 
having  a  share  or  part ;  followed  by  of. 

The  prince  saw  he  slvsuld  confer  with  one  participant  of  more 
tbitn  muuLish  speculations.  Wollon. 


lAR 

PAR-TIC'I-PANT,  H.  A  partaker;  one  having  a 
share  (»r  part.  Bar.on. 

PXR-TlC'I-PAXT-Ly,  ado.  In  a  participating  man- 
ner. 

PAR-TIC'I-PaTIC,  r.  j".  [1-.  participo ;  pars^  part,  and 
capio,  to  take.] 

1.  To  partake  ;  to  have  a  share  in  common  with 
otliers.  'I'he  heart  of  sensibility  participates  in  the 
sufferings  of  a  friend.    It  is  sometimes  followed  by  of. 

He  would  participate  o/Uicir  uanu.  Jlayteard. 

2.  'i'o  have  part  of  more  things  than  one. 

Kcw  crt-aUirea  participate  of  tlie  nalurv  of  p!an(«  and  nieUak 
Ix/lh.  Jiacon. 

PAR-TIG'I-FaTE,  v.  U  To  partake;  to  share;  to 
receive  a  part  of. 

Fellowship 
Such  as  I  seek,  ftl  io  partidpale 
All  rational  deiiflit.  MiUon. 

PAR-TICa-PA-TED,  jtp.     Shared  in   common   with 

others ;  partaken. 
PAR-TIC'I-PA-TING,  p}tr.    Having  a  part  or  share  ; 

partaking. 
PAR-TIC-I-Pa'TION,  II.     The  state  of  sharing  in 

common  with  others;  as,  a  participation  of  joys  or 

sorrows. 

2.  The  act  or  state  of  receiving  or  having  part  of 
something.   . 

Those  deities  aro  bO  hy  participation,  and  suhorduLitc  to  the 
Supreme.  SUlUnsfleet. 

3.  Distribution  ;  division  into  shares.  Raleirh. 
PAR-TIC'I-PA-TIVE,  a.  Capable  of  participatuig. 
PAR-TIC'I-Pa-TOR,    71.      One  who    partakes  with 

another. 
PAR-TI-CIPa-AL,   a.     [T..  particlpialis.     See  Paiui- 

CIPLE.l 

1.  Having  the  nature  and  use  of  a  participle, 

9.  Formed  from  a  particijde  ;  as,  a  participial  noun. 
PAR-TI-CIP'I-AL-LY,  at/«.    In  the  sense  or  manner 

of  a  participle. 
PAR'TI-CI-PLE,  Ti.     [L.  partieipium,  from  participo; 
pars,  part,  and  capio,  to  taki'.] 

1.  In  ^Tammar,  a  word  so  called  because  it  partakes 
of  tlie  properties  of  a  noun  and  of  a  verb  ;  as,  hav- 
ing, making,  in  English  ;  habeas,  facicns,  in  Latin. 
The  English  partici|)les  having,  making,  become 
nouns  by  prefixing  Vic  to  them ;  as,  the  liaving  i»f 
Iiroperty  ;  the  ma)cing  of  instniments.  But  all  parti- 
ciples do  not  partake  of  the  properties  of  a  noun,  as 
the  passive  participles,  for  example,  had,  made. 

Participles  sometimes  lose  tlic  properties  of  a  verb 
and  become  adjectives  ;  as,  willing,  in  the  phrase,  a 
willing  heart;  engaging,  as  engaging  mannvrs  ;  ac- 
complished, as,  an  accomplished  orator. 

9.  Any  thing  that  participates  of  different  thin!;^^. 
[,-V»(  iwied.]  liaciin. 

PAR'TI-€LE,  (p":ir'te-kl,)  71.  [It.  particola ;  Fr.  parti- 
ciile  ;  L.  particida,  from  pars,  part.] 

1.  A  minute  part  or  portion  of  matter ;  as,  a  parti- 
cle of  sand,  of  lime,  or  of  light. 

2.  In  physics,  a  minute  part  of  a  body,  an  aggrega- 
tion or  colleclion  of  which  constitutes  the  whole 
body  or  mas^-.  The  word  is  sometimes  used  in  the 
same  sense  as  atom,  in  the  ancient  Ejiicurean  plii- 
losuphy,  and  corpuscle  in  the  latter.  In  this  sense, 
particles  are  the  elements  or  constituent  jiarts  of 
bodies.  Encyc. 

3.  Any  very  small  portion  or  part ;  as,  he  has  not 
a  particle  of  patriotism  or  virtue ;  he  would  not  re- 
sign a  particle  of  his  property. 

4.  In  the  Roman  Catholic  church,  a  cruinb  Of  Utile 
piece  of  consecrated  bread.  Also,  the  smaller  breads 
distributed  in  the  communion  of  the  laity. 

Fitzpairick. 

5.  In  grammar,  a  word  that  is  not  varied  or  in- 
flected, as  a  preposition. 

Organic  particles;  very  minute  moving  bodies, 
perceptible  only  by  the  help  of  the  microscope,  dis- 
covered in  the  semen  of  animals,  Encuc 
PAR-TI€'U-LAR,  a.  [Sp.  and  Port.  id. ;  It.  purtico-^ 
lart ;  Fr.  particulier ;  Low  L.  particularis,  from  par- 
ticida.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  a  single  person  or  thing  ;  not  gen- 
eral ;  as,  this  remark  has  a  particular  application. 

2.  Individual;  noting  or  desicnating  a  single  ihiii^ 
by  way  of  distinction.  Each  jjlant  lias  its  particular 
nutriment;  most  persons  have  a  particular  trail  of 
character;  he  alludes  to  a  particular  person. 

3.  Noting  some  property  or  tiling  peculiar. 

Of  lliis  prince  there  h  liUle  particular  nieiT.ory.  Bacjn, 

4.  Attentive  to  things  single  or  distinct;  minute. 
I  have  been  particular  in  examining  the  rea.sons  of 
this  law. 

5.  Single  ;  not  general. 

0.  Odd;  singular;  having  something  that  emi- 
nently distinguishes  one  from  others. 

7.  Singularly  nice  in  taste  ;  as,  a  man  very  partic- 
ular in  his  diet  or  dress. 

B.  Special ;  more  than  ordinaiy.  He  has  brought 
no  particular  news. 

9.  Containing  a  part  only;  tiSj  a  particular  e<:\{c, 
precedent  to  the  estate  in  remainder.      BlucksUuie. 

10.  Holding  a  particular  estate ;  as,  a  parttctdai 
tenant.  Blackslonc. 


F,\TE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MeTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MAJll.XE,  BIRD NoTE,  DOVE,  MCVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.- 

800  ^^ 


I 


PAR 

1!.  In  tluolo^^  this  term  was  fonuerly  iisetl  in 
reference  to  the  Particiilarists,  or  those  who  htlil  the 
doctrine  of  particnlar  election,  &.C.,  and  is  sliU  re- 
tained in  the  appellation  Particular  Baptists. 

Brande. 
PAR-Tie'tl-LAR,  n.     A  single  instance  j  a   single 
point. 

I  must  reserve  %ome  particulars,  wlticii  il  is  Dot  lawful  for  me 
10  reveal.  liacon. 

2.  A  distinct,  separate,  or  minute  part ;  a?,  he  told 
me  all  the  particulars  of  the  storj*.  Ad:!ison. 

a.  An  individual ;  a  private  person.  UEstran'^e. 

4.  Private  interest;  as,  they  apply  their  minds  to 
those  branches  of  public  prayer,  wherein  their  own 
particular  is  moved.     [JK'ot  iJi  use]  Jfooher. 

5.  Private  character;  state  of  an  individvial. 

For  his^icrricutar,  I  wilt  receive  UiiQ  gLuilr.     [.\'ol  in  it£f.\ 

t".  A  minute  detail  of  things  singly  enumerated. 

The  p:ader  has  a  pardcular  of  Ihe  books  wherein  tliis  law  was 
v.-ii[Xeu.     [Not  in  use.]  AyliJJ'e. 

In  particular ;  specialiy  ;  peculiarly;  distinctly. 

Tilts,  in  particular,  happecs  to  Ihe  lungs.  Bladcnwre, 

PaR-TIC'U-LAR-ISM,  n.  The  doctrine  of  particular 
election.  Jilurdock. 

PaR-TI€'IJ-LAR-IST,  v.  One  who  holds  to  the  doc- 
tiine  of  God's  particular  decrees  of  salvation  and 
reprobation. 

P.\R-Tie-U-LAR'l-TY,  Jt.  Distinct  notice  or  specifi- 
cation of  particulars. 

Even  descsadiug  to  particular  ides,  what  kin^oms  Ii;.-  sii^iuld 
overcome.  6V«<y. 

2.  Singleness ;  individuality;  single  act;  single 
case.  Hookei: 

3.  Petty  account ;  minute  incident. 

To  see  ite  lilies  Uiat  wore  most  a ^rxjeabl;  to  sach  an  emperor  — 
w  ith  ihe  liie  pardculaJridts.  AiLlinon. 

4.  Something  belonging  to  single  persons.    Shak. 

5.  Something  peculiar  or  singular. 

I  saw  aa  old  he.iL'ien  altar  \v:i!i  tlils  particularilu,  Ui^t  it  was 
hoUowwi  liJi^  a  dish  at  one  ead,  btit  iiol  the  cud  oii  which  the 
s,^crilic?  was  laid.  Adriifoii. 

G.  Minuteness  in  detail.  He  related  the  story  with 
great  particularity. 

P.\R-Tie-q-LAR-I-ZA'T10X,  n.  The  act  of  particu- 
larizing. 

PAR-Tie'U-LAR-IZE,  v.  t.  To  mention  distincUy  or 
iu  particulars  ;  to  enumerate  or  specify  in  detail. 

lie  not  only  loiuts  of  his  porenlage  cs  oii  Israetile,  hii*.  j>articu- 
larizes  his  descent  from  BcDJafntn.  AlUrbury. 

PAR-TI€'U-LAR-IZE,  v.  i.    To  he  attentive  to  single 

things.  Hcrhrrt. 

P.XR-TieTI-LAR-IZ-Ja),pj').    Enumerated  in  detail. 
P.\R-Tie'U-L.\R-IZ-IXG,  ppr.    Specifying  minutely 

or  in  di-taii. 
PAR-Tie'U-LAR-LY,  adv.    Distinctly;  singlv. 

South. 

2.  In  an  especial  manner. 

This  exact  propriety  of  Virjll  I  particularly  r?o^irdcd  «s  a  ^real 
part  of  liis  chiracier.  Dryden. 

PaR-TI€'1T-LaTE,  to  mention,  is  not  in  use. 
PXRT'ING,pfr.     [from  part.]     Dividing;  separating; 

breaking  in  pieces. 
a.  a.  Given  at  separation ;   as,  a  parting  kiss  or 

look. 

3.  Departing ;  declining ;  as,  the  parting  day. 

Pope. 
PaRT'IXG,  71.    Division  ;  separation.    Eze!:.  xx'u 

2.  In  chemistry,  an  operation  or  process  by  which 
gold  and  silver  are  separated  from  each  other.    Ure. 

3.  In  seamen's  language,  the  breaking  of  a  cable 
by  violence. 

PaR'TI-SAX,  n.     [Fr.,  from  parti,  partlr.} 

i.  An  adherent  to  a  party  or  faction.       Jiddi^on. 

2.  In  war,  the  commander  of  a  corps  of  light 
troops  designed  to  surprise  the  enemy,  and  carry  on 
a  desultory  warfare. 

3.  Bij  way  of  distinction,  a  person  able  in  command- 
ing a  party,  or  dextrous  in  obtaining  intelligence,  in- 
tercepting convoys,  or  otherv.'ise  annoying  an  enemy. 

4.  A  commander's  leading  staff.  Ain.'UBOTtli. 

5.  A  kind  of  halberd-  [Fr.  pcrtuisane ;  ii.partigi- 
anoA 

P.-\.R'TI-S.-\X,  a.  Denoting  those  engaged  in  irregular 
warfare  on  outposts  ;  as,  a  partisan  officer  or  corps. 

PaR'TI-SAX-SHIP,  71.  The  state  of  being  partisans; 
adherence  to  a  party, 

r.\R'TITE,  a.  [L.  pcrtitiw,  from  partio,  to  divide. 
See  Part.] 

In  botnny,  divided  nearly  to  the  base.  A  partite 
leaf  is  a  simple  leaf  separated  down  nearly  to  the 
base.  Liiidloj.    Lee. 

pAR-TI"TIOX,(-tish'an,)  n.  [L. partitio,  frompartio, 
to  divide.^ 

1.  The  act  of  dividing,  or  state  of  being  divided. 

2.  Division;  separation;  distinction. 

And  jood  from  bad  find  no  paradon.  Shak. 

3.  Separate  part ;  as,  lodged  in  a  small  partition. 

J\i:itoii. 

4.  That  by  which  different  parts  are  separati;d  :  a-«, 
a  partition  of  wcod  or  stone  in  a  buildi::^. 


PAR 

5.  Piirl  where  separation  is  made. 

N'o  tizUleo'ilil  pua 
Betwixt  die  nice  jxirUliont  of  Uic  gnu*.  Dr^n. 

G.  Division  of  an  estate  into  severalty,  which  is 
done  by  deed  of  partition.  Bladutone. 

P.\R-TI"TIOX,  V.  t.    To  divide  into  dintincl  nartii ; 
as,  to  partition  the  floor  of  a  house. 
2.  'J'o  divide  into  shares ;  as,  to  partition  an  estate. 

PXR-II"ri()X-/:D,  (par-lish'und.)  pp.  Divided  into 
distinct  parts  or  share.-i. 

P.^R-TI"TI0N-1XC,  ppr.  Dividing  into  distinct 
parts. 

PAR'TI-TIVE,  a.  In  i^ammary  distributive;  as,  a 
noun  partitive.     It  is  ofteti  used  as  a  noun. 

PAR'TI-TIVE-LY,  aJy.  In  a  partitive  manner;  di»- 
tribulively.  huiy. 

PXRT'LET,  71.  [from  part.]  A  niff;  a  band  or  col- 
lar for  the  neck,  formerly  v.t.rn  by  v,-o:ncn  ;  so  called 
because  it  wa^^  the  parting  between  the  head-dress 
and  body-dress.    [Obs.]  Hall.     Smart 

2.  A  hen  ;  so  called  fioni  tlie  ruffling  of  lier  ft-atli- 
crs.^   [Obs.]  sftak.     Smart. 

PaRT'LY,  adv.  In  part ;  in  some  measure  or  degree ; 
not  wholly. 

PART'XER,  n.  [from  part.]  One  who  iwrlakes  or 
shares  willi  another;  a  partaker;  an  associate;  as, 
she  is  the  partner  of  my  life,  of  my  joys,  of  my 
griefs. 

Those  of  the  nice  of  Shcm  were  uo  jjc  V-ers  in  the  uiib'IlcTing 
work  of  Uic  tjwcr.  lialegk. 

2.  An  associate  in  any  business  or  occupation  ;  a 
joint  owner  of  slock  or  capital,  employed  in  com- 
merce, manufactures,  or  other  business.  Men  are 
sometimes  partneis  in  a  single  voyage  or  adventure, 
sometimes  iu  a  firm  or  standing  company. 

3.  One  who  dances  with  another,  either  male  or 
female,  as  in  a  contra  dance. 

4.  A  husband  or  wife. 

PaRT'NER,  v.  t.  To  join  ;  to  associate  with  a  part- 
ner.    \Litl!e  \is€d.]  SJiak, 

PART'XERS,  ».  In  a  ship,  a  framt-work  of  short 
timber  filled  to  the  luile  in  a  deck,  to  receive  the 
heel  of  a  masl  or  pump,  &;c.  R,  If.  Dana,  Jr. 

PART'NER-SHIP,  n.  The  association  of  two  or  more 
persons  for  tlie  purpose  of  undertaking  and  prose- 
cuting any  business,  particularly  trade  or  manufac- 
tures, at  iheir  joint  expense.  In  this  case,  the  con- 
neclion  is  funned  by  contract ;  each  partner  furnishing 
a  part  of  the  capital  stock,  and  being  entitled  to  a 
proportional  share  of  profit,  or  subject  to  a  propor- 
tional share  of  loss ;  or  one  or  more  of  the  partners 
may  furnish  money  or  stock,  and  the  other  or  oihers 
contribute  their  service^;.  The  duration  of  the  part- 
nershij>  may  be  limited  by  the  contract,  or  it  may  be 
left  indefinite,  subject  to  be  dissolved  by  nuilual 
agreement.  A  partnership  or  association  of  iliis  kind 
is  a  standjjig  or  permanent  company,  and  is  d*.  nom- 
inated a  Jirm  or  house.  We  say,  A  and  H  entered 
into  partnership  for  llic  importation  and  sale  of  goods, 
or  for  manufacturing  cotton  or  gia^-s. 

Partnerships  may  b3  and  usually  are  associations 
of  private  persons,  not  incorporated.  In  other  cases, 
the  company  is  incorporated.  Banking  comp:tnit.s, 
iu  the  United  Slates,  are  usually  incorporated,  and 
are  essentially  partnerships,  but  do  not  bear  thai 
name.  Manufacturing  com])anies  arc  also  frequently 
incorporated. 
2.  Joint  interest  or  propertv.  Dnjdetu 

PAU-TOOK',  prct.  of  Partakk. 

PAR'TRI'DGE,  n.  [Fr.  pcrdrix;  It.  peniice ;  Sp.  per- 
diz  ;  L.  pcrdix  ;  Gr.  rrx/'^;^  ;  D.  patrys  :  Ir.  patrisg.] 

A  vague,  popular  uame  of  a  considenible  tmuiuer 
of  species  of  gallinaceous  birds  of  the  telrauuid 
tribe,  some  of  which  belong  lo  the  genus  Perdi.x, 
some  to  Allagis,  some  to  Orlyx,  some  to  'J\ftrao,  &c. 
Within  small  sections  of  couiitryj  even  in  Xew  Eu"- 
land,  this  name  is  differently  and  variously  applied, 
so  that  it  is  impossible  to  say  exactly  lo  what  bird  it 
properly  belongs. 

PXR'TRIDGE-W00D,7(.  A  variegated  tropical  wood, 
much  esteemed  in  "England  for  cabinetwork.  P.  Ojc. 

P.iiRTt?,  11.  pi.    Faculties;   talents;  mental  powers; 
often,  uncommon  powers  of  mind. 
•2.  Applied  to  place,  region  ;  district  of  country. 

PAR-Tv'UI-.aTE,    c.   i.      \L.    p::rturio,   from  partus, 
birth,  from  pario,  to  hnir.] 
To  bring  forth  young.     [Little  used.] 

PAR-TU'RI-ENT,  a.     [L.  pcrtnriais.] 

liringing  forth,  or  about  to  bring  forth  young. 

PAR-TU-RI"T10X,  C-iisii'u".)  "•     [^-  p'trtario.] 

The  act  of  bringing  forth,  or  boing  dtlivered  of 
VOUMg.  Enc{K: 

P.\R'TY",  li.     [Fr.  partic,  from  L.  pars.     See  Paht.] 

1.  A  number  of  persons  united  in  opinion  or  de- 
sign, in  opposition  to  others  in  the  community.  It 
differs  from  F*cTio?f,  in  implying  a  K'>3  dishonorable 
association,  or  mon^  justifialde  designs.  Parties  o\'Kt 
in  all  governments;  and  free  governments  are  the 
hot-beds  of  partij.  The  political  parties  in  England 
are  called  ir/n>s  and  U'rieji. 

2.  f3ne  of  two  litigants  ;  the  plaintiff  or  defendant 
in  a  lawsuit. 

The  cruise  of  totli  parUt*  »li.\!l  coinc  tefure  ibe  Jixtgr*,—  Ex. 


PAH 


3.  fJne  concirr.' ^     -      .       - 
man  wna  nui  s  p. 
not  a  party  Ut  Ih' 

4.  ijidc ;  pcfWjr 

Batui  partui  ooj 

5.  Camic;  aide. 

6.  A.i4:U-ct  eompKnjr  tnrtte4  '. 
u,  a  dining  ;>arl5;  ^Ur^  partj 

7.  A  comiany  mid'-  ij;.  f"^  »  . 
riding  party  ;  »  fi  ^    -  -         - 

8.  A  ningle  per-  i^. 
oUier. 

If  the  Jury  CjcJ 
txKti  tiiy*igr  . 

0.  In  military  '^.  -         . 

ber  of  iroopi  »cn'l  i.ii  i.  \.-.r.  ■  :■.  i   :  ;._  n 

ccpt  the  eneinyU  convoy,  to  rwjot'ii^-f,  t-         i 

forage,  to  Hank  the  enmiv,  A,e. 
Party  \»  UM.d  lo  quaiiiy  oti^-  • 

coujudered  either  u  port  \A  a  ' 

an  adjcclive ;  oj,  j'<trtjr  uliu,  ,  . 

putrn,  ice. 
P\R'TV-eOL'OR-ED.  (kunurdj  «.    Usrlac  4iTtn 

coIorH  :  a^-i,  a  parta-ccurrtd  Oower. 
PAR'TY-KE.N'CE-W.^LL',  ■.    Atr»a 

vacant  ground  In  one  occapaiion  U- 

other. 
PAR'TV-ISM,  I!.     I'       -        -         - 
PAR'TV-JC-RV,  u  •  w. 

and  iialf  foreign- . 
PAR'TV-MAX,  n.     <-;. 

man  ;  a  man  of  violent 

of  a  party. 
PAR'TY-SPIR'IT,  ji,      la.    -. 

party. 
PAR'TV-WALL,  n-     A  wail  iL  .. 

from  the  next. 
PA-RC'IJS,  n.    A  pim  boU. 
PAR'VE  XO',  ».    [Fr.j     An  i., 

risen  into  notice. 
PAR'VIS,  n.    [Fr.]    A  church  porch;  auo. 

over  Ihe  church  purcb  for  a  ccboul.  Ate    [.V. : 

P\R'vLTv"^'i"-    ^^^^new.    [J^-rtMrf.; 
/MS,  (pa.,)  n.     [Fr.  pas,  a  step.] 

1.  Step. 

2.  Right  of  going    foreiDO*. 

«j-cJ.]  -. _- 

P.VSCII,  CP^k,)  M.     [Gr.  raffx**-]     T^'^  pM»ure»  ,  Uk 

feast  cf  Easter. 
PASCHAL,  (pas'kal,)  o.     [L.  pcttU;  Cr.  r^r  « 

from  the  lleb.] 
Pertaining  to  the  piJGcTpr.  « to  Eart^r. 

Paschal  fiotccr.     See  Pts>trE  FLQwrt- 
P.VSeH'-EGG,  Cpa>k'egg.)  «.     An   «■- 

presi-nt  d  to  voung  pt-r^ona,  abotii  lb 
PASeil'-FEOW-EK.  See  Fasqcc  Fl 
PASII,  H.     [.Sp.  fa'.,  U  fadts,  face.] 

1.  A  face.     [,Yct  usetL] 

2.  A  blow.     [.V»:  lutA.] 

P.\SH,  r.  t.    To  sinke ;  to  sutie  dawn.    i-V«  in— C) 

Orf4m, 

P.\-SIIAW',  1 


[Pers.  LuL  ^*«4«r.3 


In  tAe  Turkis\  demimtJMs,  a  rioerry,  fotrraar,  « 

commander  ;  a  baslww.  Outf/.     £at^ 

P.\-SnAWI.ir.  E.    The  jurtydirliMi  t/  a  pubaw. 
PA-SIG'RA-PHV,  n.     [Gr.  tm,  and  ),-«^--i 
A  S3slem  of  univerol  T»"tiline,  t  •   ■- 

writing  that  may  be  undcrvtuod  and 

tions. 
P.\sai'E'-FLOW-ER,  (;      •    ' 

sjtecies  of  Anemone,  A 

in  Euru[v,  and  usually  :■ 

r  ■  t.  .■. - 

PAS'aUIL,  (pas'kwil,)  ■.  and  r.  C.    Somctiam  lurJ 

for  Pis*ioiN. 
P.\S'uril»-.\XT,  n.    A  lampooner.  CWf-  '  - 

P.\^'atII*-ER,  M.    A  Iftmpooner.  f 

P.\S'lil.'I.\,  n.     A  mutilal«*d  *t:»W  at  Rnrcf, 

ner  i^f  the  i>al.-\ce  of  I'r-        ^    --"-i  ^        . 

of  llial  name  who  wa^  r 

gibes,  and  near  whos*-  - 

On  this  stniue  it  has  Ik.*  ;i  i  .i^.  .......  ..   j- 

p:iivrs.     Hence,  a  lampoon.  y^fjv- 

AS'UL'IX,  I  r.  U    To  lampoon ;  to  v-* 


A  lampoon  or  salirkaJ  ^ 


r 

PAS-UUIX-ADE', 
PA;^  UL'IX-aDE',  M. 

PASS,  r.  i.      [Fr.  p^sstr,  IL  p«sarr,  ?"    ^ 
passar,  to  pass  ;  G.  pit*,  fit.  whir .*i  ;  • 
and  as  a  noun,  a  pass,  a  dotil<-,  .in 
posjoi,  to  be  tit.  to  suit :  D.  pas,  a  ;>&f- .  - 
a  pasi^ige.  a  deiile.  lime.  *eA>»n:  m«  p^. 
venient,  pat  in  time  ;  p^ssf*.  to  fit.  to  tn . 
lend,  or  wail  on,  to  make  rca.i* .  -^  --  ■     ' 
pass  or  passjxirt,  a  mode  or  : 
fit,  lo  suit,  lo  be  appIicaNe. 
cunie  or  go  over ;  Sw.  pa^',  *  ;  -       -  ■ 


TONE,  BULL,  TJXITE.— AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K  ;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z;  CI!  ns 


S!l;  TI!  ai"  in  THIS 


^'1 


lOX 


t'U 


PAS 


port  J  passuy  lo  fit,  to  suit,  to  adapt,  to  become  ;  pas- 
seru,  to  pass  ;  VV.  p&f,  tliat  is,  expulsive,  that  causes 
to  pans,  a  pass,  an  exit,  a  cough,  hoopiriK-cougli  j 
pasiaiOy  to  pass,  to  cause  an  exit,  lo  expel ;  Sp.  pasar^ 
lo  pas:?,  to  go  or  travel,  to  bring  or  convey,  to  pene- 
trate, to  exceed  or  surpass,  to  depart,  to  sulTer,  bear, 
undergo,  (L.  patior^  whence  passion,)  to  happi.-n  or 
come  to  pass ;  pasear,  to  walk  ;  paseoj  a  walking  ;  a 
gait ;  pasuy  a  pace,  a  step,  gait,  (Gr.  :TaTco) ;)  It.  pas- 
sare,  to  pass ;  pas.^o,  a  pace,  a  step  ;  passabitc^  tolera- 
blo  ;  passibUe^  suffering.  We  observe  that  this  word 
unites  pass^  the  L.  patior,  to  suffer,  and  pcto,  cojnpcto, 
in  ihe  sense  of  ^"(.  The  Gr.  Tr«rc(j,  lo  walk  or  step, 
and  fru(TXW)  to  suffer,  are  I'rom  the  same  root.  The 
word  pass  coincides  with  h.  passiis,  a  step,  aud  this 
is  from  paiidoy  to  extend  ;  n  being  casual,  the  original 
word  waspa</o.  The  radical  sense  is,  to  stretch,  reach, 
extend,  to  open  ;  a  pace  is  the  reach  of  the  foot,  and 
^tness  is  from  reacliing  or  coming  to,  like  convenient. 
We  learn  from  this  word  that  the  sense  of  suferintr 
is  from  eztmding^  kolding  on,  or  continuing.    See  N"i3 

in  the  Introduction.  Ar.  cAi  fata,  to  passj  Hob. 
noD  ya^j),  Ch.  yDfl ;  Class  Bd,  No.  45,  64,  and  Bs  or 
Bz,  No.  52,  53,  70.] 

1.  To  move,  in  almost  any  manner ;  to  go ;  to  pro- 
ceed from  one  place  to  another.  A  man  m^ypass  on 
font,  on  horseback,  or  in  a  carriage  ;  a  bird  and  a 
mcleor  pass  through  the  air;  a  ship  passes  on  or 
thruugh  the  water;  light  passes  from  the  sun  to  the 
planets  ;  it  passes  from  the  sun  to  the  earth  in  about 
eight  minutes. 

2.  To  move  from  one  state  to  another ;  to  alter  or 
change,  or  to  be  changed  in  condition ;  as,  to  pass 
from  health  to  sickness  ;  to  pass  from  just  to  unjust. 

Temple. 

3.  To  vanish;  to  disappear;  to  be  lost.  In  this 
sense,  we  usually  say,  to  pa^s  aioaij. 

E'>auly  is  a  charm,  but  soon  the  chann  will  pass.        Dryden, 

4.  To  be  spent ;  to  go  on  or  away  progressively. 
The  time  when  the  thin^  existed  is  the  idea  of  that  6p;icc  of 

duratioik  which  passed  between  some  fixed  period  and  the 
being  of  that  thin?.  Locke. 

5.  To  die;  to  depart  from  life.    {Little  nsed.]  Shak. 
G.  To  bo  in  any  state;  to  undergo;  with  under i 

as,  to  pass  under  the  rod. 

7.  To  be  enacted  ;  to  receive  the  sanction  of  a 
legislative  house  or  body  by  a  majority  of  votes. 

Neither  of  Iheso  bills  has  ytl  passed  the  house  of  commons. 

Saift. 

8.  To  be  current ;  to  gain  reception,  or  to  be  gen- 
erally received.  Bank  bills  pass  as  a  substitute  for  coin. 

Ftilse  eloquence  passeth  only  whoro  trnc  is  not  understood. 

Fellon. 

9.  To  be  regarded ;  to  be  received  in  opinion  or  es- 
timation. 

This  will  not  pass  for  a  fault  in  liim,  till  it  is  proved  lo  be  one  in 
lis,  AtUrbury. 

10.  To  occur  ;  to  bo  present ;  to  take  place  ;  as,  to 
notice  what  passes  in  the  mind.  fVaUs. 

11.  To  be  done. 

Tiovided  no  indirect  act /hiss  upon  our  praycra  to  derdc  them. 

Taylor. 

12.  To  determine ;  to  give  judgment  or  sentence. 

Though  well  we  may  not  pass  upon  iiis  liib.  Shak. 

13.  To  thrust ;  to  make  a  jnish  in  fencing  or  fight- 
ing. Shak. 

14.  To  omit ;  to  suffer  to  go  unheeded  or  neglected. 
We  saw  the  act,  but  let  it  pass. 

15.  To  move  through  any  duct  or  opening,  as 
substances  in  tlie  stomach  that  will  not  passy  nor  he 
converted  into  aliment.  j^rbuthnot. 

10.  To  percolate  ;  to  be  secreted,  as  juices  that 
pass  from  the  glands  into  the  mouth. 

17.  To  be  in  a  tolerable  state. 

A  mifidlinff  aort  of  man  was  left  well  enough  by  Uia  fiithor  to 
pnaa,  hut  he  co»Id  iievi>r  think  he  had  enough,  so  long  aa 
any  had  more.  L'Estrange. 

18.  To  be  transferred  from  one  owner  to  another. 
The  land  article  passed  by  livery  and  sei/.in, 

19.  To  go  beyond  bounds.  [Obs.]  For  thi^  we 
generally  use  SunpAsa.  S/ink. 

20.  To  run  or  extend,  as  a  lino  or  other  thing. 
The  north  limit  of  Massachusetts  ;>a.«se5  three  miles 
north  of  the  Merrimac. 

To  come  to  pass  ;  lo  happf^n  ;  to  arrive  ;  to  come  ; 
to  be  ;  lo  exist ;  a  phrase  much  used  in  the  Scriptures. 
To  pass  away  ;  lo  move  from  sight ;  to  vanish. 
9.  To  he  spent ;  to  be  lost. 

A  goo.!  part  of  thi;ir  iivos  passes  ntmij  wilho'il  tliinlring.    iMcke. 

To  pass  by  :  to  move  near  and  beyond.  He  passed 
by  as  wc  stood  in  the  road. 

Tojiass  on  :  to  proceed. 

To  pass  over  ;  to  go  or  move  from  side  to  si<le  ;  to 
cross  ;  as,  to  pa.is  over  lo  the  other  side. 

To  pass  into;  to  unite  and  blend,  as  two  substances 
or  colors,  in  such  a  manner  that  it  is  impossible  to 
tell  where  one  ends  and  the  oMier  begins. 
PXS^fJ,  V.  t.  To  go  beyond.  The  sun  has  passed  (he 
nuTidi.in.  The  young  man  has  not  passed  the  age 
of  frivolousness. 


!;ind  horse  and  fool  by  Newbridge. 
ClarcTulon. 


PAS 

2.  To  go  through  or  over  ;  as,  to  pass  a  river. 

3.  To  spend  ;  lo  live  through  ;  aa,  to  pass  time  ;  to 
pass  the  night  in  revelry,  and  the  day  in  slncp. 

4.  To  cause  lo  move  ;  lo  send  ;  as,  to  pass  the 
bottle  from  one  guest  lo  another  ;  to  pass  a  pauper 
from  one  town  lo  another ;  to  pass  a  rope  round  a 
yard ;  lo  pass  the  blood  from  the  right  lo  the  left 
ventricle  of  the  hoarL  Dcrham. 

5.  To  cause  to  move  hastily. 

I  had  only  lime  to  pass  my  eyo  over  the  medals,  which  are  in 
great  number.  Addison. 

G.  To  transfer  from  one  owner  to  anollur;  to  sell 
or  assign  ;  as,  to  pass  land  from  A  to  B  by  deed ;  to 
2>ass  a  note  or  bill. 

7.  To  strain  ;  to  cause  to  percolate ;  as,  to  pass 
wine  through  a  filler.  Bacon. 

8.  To  uller;  to  pronounce;  as,  to  pass  compli- 
ments ;  to  pass  sentiince  or  judgment ;  lo  pass  cen- 
sure on  another's  works.  IVafts. 

9.  To  procure  or  cause  to  go. 
Waller  passed  over  five  thi 

10.  To  put  an  end  lo. 

Tliis  night 
Wn'Wpaes  the  business  privat'-ly  and  wt-ll.  Shnic. 

U.  To  omit ;  to  neglect  either  to  do  or  to  mention. 
I  pass  tlif^ir  warlike  pomp,  their  proud  arrxy.  Dryden. 

12.  To  transcend  ;  to  transgress  or  go  beyond  j  as, 
toj)ass  the  bounds  of  moderation. 

13.  To  admit ;  to  allow  ;  to  ajiprove  and  receive 
as  valid  or  just;  as,  to  pass  an  account  at  the 
war-office. 

14.  To  approve  or  sanction  by  a  constitutional  or 
legal  majority  of  votes  ;  as,  the  house  of  representa- 
tives passed  the  bill.    Hence, 

15.  To  enact ;  to  carry  through  all  the  forms 
necessary  to  give  validity  ;  as,  the  legislature  passed 
the  bill  into  a  law. 

16.  To  impose  fraudulently  ;  as,  she  passed  the 
child  on  her  husband  for  a  boy.  Dryden. 

17.  To  practice  artfully;  to  cause  to  succeed  ;  as, 
to  pass  a  tiick  on  one. 

18.  To  surpass;  lo  excel ;  lo  exceed. 

19.  To  thrust ;  to  make  a  push  in  fencing. 

To  see  llice  fight,  to  see  tbec  paas  tliy  pnncto.  Shak. 

To  pass  away  ;   to  spend  ;   to  waste ;    as,  to  pass 
away  the  flower  of  life  in  idleness. 
To  pass  by ;  to  pass  near  and  beyond. 
Q.  To  overlook ;   to  excuse ;  to  forgive ;   not  to 
censure  or  punish  ;  as,  to  pass  by  a  crime  or  fault. 
3.  To  neglect ;  to  disregard. 

Certain  passages  of  Scripture  wo  can  not  pass  by  without  injury 
to  truth.  BuiTiet. 

To  pass  over ;  to  move  from  side  to  side  ;  to  cross ; 
as,  to  pass  over  a  river  or  mountain. 

2.  To  omit ;  to  overlook  or  disregard.  He  ji:isscd 
over  one  charge  without  a  reply. 

PASS,  71.    [W.  pels.] 

1.  A  narrov/  passage,  entranre,  or  avenue  ;  a  nar- 
row or  tlifficult  place  of  entrance  and  exit ;  as,  a  pass 
between  mountains.  Kncyc.     Clarendon. 

S.  A  passage  ;  a  road.  Ralegh, 

3.  Permission  lo  pass,  to  go  or  to  come;  a  license 
to  pass ;  a  passport. 

A  gentleman  had  a  pass  to  go  beyond  tlie  seas.        Qarendon. 
A  Miip  tailing  undrr  the  fl.ig  and  pass  of  an  enemy.        Kent. 

4.  An  order  for  sending  vagrants  or  impotent  per- 
sons to  their  place  of  abode.  Johnson. 

5.  In  fencing  and  fighting,  a  thrust ;  a  push  ;  at- 
tempt to  stab  or  strike;  as,  to  make  a  pass  at  an 
antagonist.    Hence, 

G.  A  term  applied  to  tlic  manipulations  of  an  oper- 
ator in  mesmerism. 
7.  State ;  condition  or  extreme  case ;  oxtrcmily. 

To  wh.xt  a  pass  are  our  minds  brought.  ^Idnai. 

Matters  have  been  brought  to  Waapass.  S.jti(h. 

PASS'-BOOK,  71.  A  book  in  which  a  merchant  or 
trader  enters  the  aiticles  bought  ou  credit,  for  tho 
information  of  the  purchaser,  Bouvitr. 

P,\SS-PA-RoLE',  71.  [pass  and  parole.]  In  military 
njfnirs,  a  command  given  at  the  lieadol  an  army  and 
comnninicated  by  word  of  mouth  to  the  rear. 

EncTfc. 

PXSSMVORD,  V.  A  word  to  be  given  before  a  per- 
son is  allowed  to  pass ;  a  watch-word. 

PASS'A-BLE,  a.     [II.  passabile.] 

1.  That  may  be  passed,  Iravilcd,  or  navigated. 
The  roads  are  not  passable.  The  stream  is  passa- 
ble in  boats. 

2.  That  may  be  penetrated  ;  as,  a  stibstance  passa- 
ble by  a  fluid. 

3.  Current ;  receivable  ;  that  nmy  be  or  it-  trans- 
ferred from  hand  lo  hand  ;  as,  bills  passable  in  lieu 
of  coin.     False  coin  is  not  passable. 

4.  Popular  ;  well  received.  Bacon. 
r>.  Tolerable  ;  moderate  ;  as,  passable  beauty. 

PXSS'A-ItLY,  adv.    Tulerably. 

PAS-SA'mj;i  "•    A  push  or  thrust. 

PAS-HADE',  n.  [Fr.]  In  tlie  manege,  a  turn  or  course 
of  a  horse  backward  or  forwartl  on  the  same  spot  of 
ground.  Encyc. 


PAS 

PAS'S  AGE,  n,     [Fr.  passage;  Sp.  pasage;  It.  passsg- 
gio.] 

1.  The  act  of  passing  or  moving  by  land  or  water, 
or  through  the  air  or  other  substance  ;  as,  ihe  passai,'c 
of  a  man  ora  carriage  ;  ihcpa-.'^agc  of  a  ship  or  a  fowl ; 
the  passage  of  light  or  a  meteor  ;  the  passage  of 
fluids  through  the  pores  of  ihe  body,  or  from  the 
glands.    Clouds  intercept  the  passage  of  solar  rays. 

2.  The  time  of  passing  from  one  place  to  another. 
What  passage  had  you  ?  We  had  a  passage  of 
twenty-five  days  to  Havre  do  Grace,  and  of  thirty- 
eight  days  from  England. 

3.  Road  ;  way  ;  avenue  ;  a  place  where  men  or 
things  may  pass  or  be  conveyed.  Temple. 

An'l  with  hi!i  pointed  dart 
Explores  tlic  ncixiPtl passage  to  his  heart.  Dryden. 

4.  A  pass  or  encounter ;  as,  a  passage  at  arms. 

Sir  W.  Scott. 

5.  Entrance  or  exit 

What !  are  my  doom  opposed  against  my  paisagt?       Shale. 
C.  Right  of  passing ;  as,  to  engage  a  passage  on 
board  a  ship  bound  to  India. 

7.  Occurrence;  event;  incident;  that  which  hap- 
pens j  as,  a  remarkable pa,s-.M(rc  in  the  life  of  New- 
ton. [See  the  Spanish  veib,  supra.  This  sense  is 
obsolescent.] 

8.  A  passing  away  ;  decay.    [Little  used,]     Sha!:. 

9.  Intellectual  admittance ;  mental  rccei)tion. 
Among  wliom  I  expect  this  treatise  will  have  n  fairer  passage 

than  among  Uiose  deeply  imbued  wilb  other  principha. 

Digly. 

■'nr'.gomcnl. 

1.1  .i.l.ii»-a  iu  former 
Daviea. 


10.  Manner  of  being  conducted  ;  i 

On  consideration  of  th'i  conduct  and  paasa-^ 

limes. 


11.  Part  of  a  book  or  writing  ;  a  single  clause, 
place,  or  part,  of  indefinite  extent. 

^  How  comincntalwrs  each  dm]:  passage  shun.  Young, 

12.  In  miisic,  a  short  portion  of  an  air  or  tunc. 

13.  Enactment;  the  act  of  carrying  ihrougli  all 
the  regular  forms  necessary  to  give  validity  ;  as,  the 
passage  of  a  law,  or  of  a  bill  into  a  law,  by  a  legis- 
lative body.  Hopkinson.     tVhcatoit^s  Rep. 

His  agency  in  procuring  the  pas/tage  of  tho  stamp  act  was  more 
than  suspected.  J-Iosfick. 

14.  The  part  of  a  building  allotted  for  giving  ac 
cess  lo  the  different  aparrments.  Brande. 

Bird  of  passage  ;  a  bird  that  passes  at  ccrtnin  sea- 
sons from  one  climate  to  another,  as  in  autumn  to 
the  south  to  avoid  ihc  winter's  cold,  and  in  spring 
to  the  north  for  breeding.      Hence,  the  phrase  U 
sometimes    apjilied    to    a    man  who  has  no   fixed 
residence. 
PAS'SA-GER,  71.     [Fr.,  from  passage  ;  It.  pas.^agfficre.] 
The  regular  orthography  of  PASsEriCEii,  which 
see. 
PAS'SANT,  a.    In  heraldry,  wnMiin^,  from   Fr.  jms- 
sant,  a  passenger,  traveler. 
2.  Cursory  ;  careless.  Barrow. 

On  a  passant  review  of  what  I  wrote  lo  Uie  bishop. 

Hir  Pclcr  Pell's  Pre/ace  to  Bj>.  Bart07u'a  Qeii.  Hemnhis. 

En  pns.mnt,   (in-pVis'sUng,)   [Fr.]      fiy  the  way ; 
Hlightly  ;  in  haste 
PA.SS'£0,  I  pp.  or  a.    Gone  by  ;  done  ;  accomplished  ; 
PAST,        i      ended. 

2.  Enacted ;  liaving  reeeivcd  all  the  furmalities 
necessary  to  constitute  a  law. 
PAS'SEN-(jER,  n.  Literally,  one  who  passes;  as, 
passengers  over  a  bridge.  Usually,  one  who  travels 
in  some  established  conveyance,  as  a  stage-coach, 
steamboat,  &c. 

Passenger  falcon ;  a  kind  of  migratory  hawk. 

.^iTisworfh. 
PASS'ER,  T?.    One  that  passes  ;  a  passenger.     Roiec. 
PASS'ER-B?^,  7*.    One  who  goes  by  or  near. 
PAS'SER-KS,  7i.  j»i.      [L.,  sparrows.]     See  Passer- 
ines. 
PAS'SER-iNE,  (-in,)  a.     [L.  passer,  a  sparrow,] 

Pertaining  to  sparrows,  or  to  the  order  of  birds  lo 
which  sparrows  belong,  the  Passeros. 
PAS'SER-INES,  71.  pi.    The  order  of  birds  to  which 
the  sparrows  belong.    'I'hey  usually  feed  on  insects, 
fruit,  or  grain.  Brande. 

PAS-SI-BIL'I-Ty,  7i.     [Fr.  pas.tibUit6,  from  passible. 
Si;e  Passion.] 

Tne  quality  or  capacity  of  receiving  impressions 
from  external  agents  ;  aptness  lo  feel  or  suffer. 

IfahciDill. 
PAS'Sl-BI.E,   a.      [Fr.    pas.'iible ;    It.    passibile.      See 
Passion.] 

Susceptible  of  feeling  or  of  impressions  from  ex- 
ternal agents. 

AiwUinarius  held  even  Dtiiiy  lo  be  passilU.  Hooker. 

PAS'SI-ni.E-NEPS.    The  same  as  pAssinuTY. 
P.'IS'SIJM,  [L.]     Here  and  there;  every  where. 
PA.^.S'ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Moving  ;  proceeding  ;  going  by 
;7.  a.  Exct'cding  ;  surpassing;  eminent.      I'\i':rfax. 
X  Advnbially   used    to  enStrce    or  enhance    the 
meaning  of  another  word  ;  exceedingly;  as, /xj.e.tiw^ 
liiir  ;  passing  strange. 
PASS'INC,  n.    The  act  of  passing  or  going  past. 
PASS'ING-IiELL,  n.    The  bell  that  rings  at  the  hour 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MeTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.— NoTE,  DuVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK. — 


eo3 


PAS 

of  death  to  obtain  prayers  for  the  passing  soul.  It  is 
al?o  used  for  the  bell  that  rings  ininicdiatcly  afier 
death.  Stcifl. 

PXSS'IXG-LY,  arfr.    Exceedingly.     [Obs.]     WicUf. 

P^i^S'ING-NoTE,  n.  In  music^  a  note  introduced  be- 
iweeu  two  utht.rs  for  the  purpose  of  softening  a  dis- 
l:incc  or  uietodizing  a  passage.  Bit^by. 

TAS'SfOX,  (pash'ujiy)  n.  [L.  passio^  from  patior,  t& 
sutTer.] 

1.  The  impression  or  effect  of  an  external  agent 
upon  a  body ;  that  which  is  suffered  or  received. 

A  body  ai  rest  aflbnk  us  no  id^a  of  any  acli'e  power  to  move, 
aud  wbeo  set  in  motMn,  it  b  lather  a  jiasnon  iit:in  an  .-tciiuo 
in  it.  Locke. 

2.  Susceptibility  of  impressions  from  external 
anenls. 

Tbc  differences  of  moId.-tble  and  not  moldable,  &c.,  and  many 
otb-^r  passions  of  nuUer,  are  plebei:u)  ootlous.  \Li:iU 
luet/.]  Bacon. 

3.  Suffering;  efnoAatwaWy,  the  last  suffering  of  the 
Savior. 

To  \rhom  also  h=Bbowed  binisel/ alive  aficr  liisycsswR,  bj-  many 
iniaUible  pnx)&.  —  Acts  i. 

4.  The  feeling  of  the  mind,  or  the  sensible  effect  of 
impression  ;  excitement,  perturbation,  or  agitation  of 
mind,  as  desire,  fear,  hope,  joy,  grief,  love,  haired. 
The  eloquence  of  the  orator  is  employed  to  move  the 
passions^ 

5.  Violent  agitation  or  excitement  of  mind,  partic- 
ularly such  as  is  occasioned  by  an  offense,  injury,  or 
insult ;  hence,  violent  anger.  Watts. 

6.  Zeal;  ardor;  vehement  desire. 

W'tieo  atatesmep  are  ruleti  by  Cicdon  and  imprest,  they  c.in  lp.7e 
TLopoiaion  for  tbe  ^lory  of  tbeir  coui>lr>'.  Adihton. 

7.  Love. 

He  oimed  \iiapaation  for  Ameslris.  Roice. 

8.  Eager  desire;  as,  a  violent  passion  for  fine 
clothes.  Swifi, 

PAS'SIOX,  (pash'un,)  r.  /.  To  be  extremely  agitated. 
[JW  used.]  Shah. 

FAS'SION-FLOW-ER,  n.  A  flower  and  plant  of  the 
genus  Passiflora.  This  genus  was  so  named  from 
being  supposed  to  represent,  in  the  appendages  of  its 
flower,  the  passion  of  our  Savior.  Louitun. 

PAS'SION-WEEK,  n.  The  week  immediately  pre- 
ceding the  festival  of  Easter ;  so  called  because  in 
that  week  our  Savior's  passion  and  death  took  place. 

PAS'SIO\-A-RY,  n.  A  book  in  which  are  described 
the  sufferings  of  saints  and  mart\7S.  Wartoru 

PAS'S  ION- ATE,  fl.     [\i.  passionaio ;  Fr.  passiomU.] 

1.  Easily  moved  to  anger  ;  easily  excited  or  agi- 
tated by  injury  or  insult ;  applied  to  persons. 

Horner's  Achilles  is  haughty  and  pasiionalt.  Prior, 

2.  Highly  excited  ;  vehement ;  warm  ;  applied  to 
things;  as,  passionate  aSection ;  passionate  desire; 
passionate  concern. 

3.  Expressing  strong  emotion  ;  animated;  as, poi- 
sionate  eloquence. 

PAS'SIOX-.\TE,  r.  f.    To  affect  with  passion  ;  to  ex- 
press passionatelv.     [JV"oJ  used.']        Spenser.     SkaJi. 
PAS'.?ION-ATE-LY,  adv.  With  passion  ;  with  strong 
feeling;   ardently;    vehemently;    as,  to  covet  any 
thing  passionatehj ;  to  be  passionately  fond. 

2.  Angrily;    with  vehement   resentment;   as,  to 
speak  passionatelv. 
PA3'SIO\-ATE-NE3S,  n.    State  of  being  subject  to 
passion  or  anger. 
2.  Vehemence  of  mind.  Bottle. 

PAS'SION-£D,  (pash'und,)  a.  Disordered  ;  violently 
affected.  Speaser.  ' 

2,  Expressing  passion.  Spenser. 

PAS'SI0S''-LESS,  a.  Xot  easily  excited  to  angt-r;  of 
a  calm  temper.  Shclton. 

2.  Void  of  passion. 
PAS'SIVE,  a.     [It.  passieo  ;  Sp.pasiro;  Fr.  passif;  L. 
passirus,  from  passus,  potior^  to  suffer.} 

1.  Suffering;  not  acting  ;  not  receiving  or  capable 
of  receiving  impressions  from  external  agents.  We 
were  passive  spectators,  not  actors  in  the  scene. 

The  mm-}  is  wholly  pea ai^e'ta  the  :ec?puon  ofjll  its  simple  idea*, 
God  13  Dot  in  any  recpeet  psssiet.  Bradx^ardine. 

2.  Unresisting;  not  opposing;  receiving  or  suffer- 
ing without  resistance;  :i3^passive  obedience;  pas- 
sive subrais-^ion  to  the  laws. 

Passive  vcrby  in  grammar^  is  a  verb  which  expresses 
passion,  or  the  effect  of  an  action  of  some  agent ; 
as,  in  h.  doeeory  I  am  taught ;  in  English,  sheislotcd 
and  admired  by  her  friends  :  he  (5  assailed  by  slander. 

Passive  obedience,  as  used  by  writers  on  govern- 
ment, denotes  not  only  quiet,  unresisting  submission 
to  power,  but  implies  the  denial  of  the  right  of  re- 
sistance, or  the  recognition  of  ilie  duly  to  submit,  in 
all  cases,  to  the  existing  government. 

Passive  prayer,  among  mystic  divines,  is  a  sus- 
pension of  the  activity  of  tbe  soul  or  intellectual 
faculties,  the  soul  remaining  quiet  and  yielding  only 
to  the  impulses  of  grace.  F.ncye. 

Passive  commerce  ;  trade  in  which  the  productions 
of  a  country  are  r^irried  by  foreignc-rs  in  their  own 
bf;iiom?.     [See  Activb  Commerce.] 
PAS'SIVE-LV,  ad».    With  a  passive  nature  or  tern- 


PAS 


PAT 


per ;  with  a  temper  disposed  to  submit  to  the  acu  of 
external  agen*  ,  withoiii  resislancc.  DrvUn 

a.  Without  a-cncy.  Pean^. 

a.  Alter  the  form  ol'  :'  -  mu'iivc  verb  /  "/</ 

PAS'SIVE-.NKS.S,  ;..  Uu.u  of  receiving  impr'''^ 
sions  from  external  agjiiis  or  causes :  m,  the  pom- 
stceness  of  matter. 

2.  Passibility  ;  capacity  of  suffering. 

Wc  thall  lo«e  oat  pajtiventf  wKh  our  Wnp.  Dt<a*f  of  Pitt^. 

3.  Patience;  calmness;  unresisting  submission. 

PAS-SIV'I-TY,  n.  Passivcncss,  which  see.  [r.i*Ue 
^ed.-\  C/ieyne. 

2.  The  tendency  of  a  body  to  porsevcro  In  a  given 
state,  either  of  motion  or  rest,  till  durturb^d  by  an- 
^  other  body.  Qgod. 

PXSS'-KkY,  (kC,)  71.  A  key  for  opening  many 
locks. 

PASS'LESS,  a.     Having  no  pass  or  passage.     Cowlnj. 

PASS'0-VER,  n.  [pass  and  i-ccr.]  A  feast  of  the 
Jt'ws,  instituted  to  commemorate  the  pruvidenlial 
escape  of  the  Hebrews,  in  K;;ypt,  when  God,  smiting 
the  first-born  of  the  Egyptirm.-!,  passed  over  Ibe 
houses  of  the  Israelites,  which  were  marked  with 
the  blood  of  the  paschal  lamb. 

9.  The  sacrifice  offered  at  the  feast  of  the  paas- 
over. 

PAS.S'PoRT,  n.  [Fr.  pcuseport;  pa3ser,Xo  pass,  and 
porter,  to  carry  ;  It.  passaporto  ;  Sp.  pasaporte.] 

1.  A  written  license  from  a  king,  or  other  proper 
authority,  granting  permission  or  safe  conduct  for 
one  to  pass  through  his  territories,  or  to  pass  from 
one  country'  to  auotlicr,  or  to  navigate  a  particular 
sea  without  hinderance  or  molestation. 

2.  A  license  for  importing  or  exporting  contraband 
goods  or  movables  without  paying  the  usual  duties. 

3.  That  which  enables  one  to  pass  with  safely  or 
certainty. 

His  passport  is  his  innocence  and  grxK.  Dryien. 

PAS'SY-.MEAS'TTRE,  (-mezh'ur,)  n.     [It.  passamezio, 

middle  pace  or  step.] 
An  old  siately  kind  of  dance ;   a   cinqu*.*-pacc. 

[OV*.]  Shd:. 

PAST,  pp.fyz  a.  from  Pass.    Gone  by  or  beyond;  not 

present ;  not  future. 
2.  Spent;  ended;  accomplished. 
PAST,  n.    Elliptically,  past  time;  as,  indemnity  forlhe 

past.  Fenton. 

PAST,  prep.    Beyond  in  time.    Heh.  xi. 

2.  Having  lost;  not  possessing;  as,  he  Vizs  past 
sense  of  feeling. 

3.  Beyond  ;  out  of  reach  of;  as,  he  was  past  cure 
or  help. 

Love,  when  once  past  gorenuncnt,  Ls  conirq'i?n;Iy  past  ih-ui-*. 
L'Etiran^e. 

4.  Beyond  ;  further  than  ;  as,  past  the  boundary. 

5.  Above  ;  more  than. 

The  iiortherii  Insh  Scots  have  bows  not  past  three  qaartfn  of  a 
y.trd  lon^.  5^'j«rj<r. 

[J^ot  now  used."] 

(i.  Aiter :  bevond  in  time.  Tho  company  ass/'m- 
bled  at  half  ^jok  seven,  that  is,  at  half  an  hour  after 
seven. 
Paste,  n.  [Fr.  pate^  for  paste  f  It.  and  Sp.  pasta.  Qn. 
L.  pistus,  or  Gr.  -Taffffw,  to  sprinkle^  or  £ome  root 
which  signifies  to  mix  and  knead.J 

1.  A  sort  composition  of  sub^lnnccs,  as  Hour  moist- 
ened with  water  or  milk  and  kneaded,  or  any  kind 
of  earth  moi^ti^ned  and  formed  to  ihe  consistence  of 
dough,  as  in  making  potter's  ware. 

2.  A  kind  of  ceme::t  made  of  flour  and  water 
boiled,  used  for  nnitini:  paper  or  other  substances. 

3.  A  fine  and  brilliiuit  kind  of  gkts3  used  in  mak- 
ing imilations  of  precious  stones  or  gems. 

4.  In  mineralogy,  the  mineral  substance  in  which 
otiier  minerals  are'  imljcddcd. 

PASTE,  r.  (.  To  unite  or  cement  with  paste  ;  to  fas- 
ten Willi  paste.  lyaus. 

PaSTE'BoARD,  n.  A  species  of  thick  paper,  lormed 
of  several  single  shetts  pasted  one  upon  another,  or 
by  macerating  papt-r  and  easting  it  in  mnlds,  6i.c.  It 
U  used  for  the  covering  of  bi>oks,  for  bonnets,  &c 

p:\ST'ED,;>;'.  or  a.    Cemented  with  paste. 

P.\S'TEL,  71.  [Fr.]  A  plant  affording  a  blue  dye,  the 
wood  Isatis  tinctoria.  F^L  F.ncye.     Vrt. 

2.  [Sp.]    A  colored  crayon.    [See  Pastii-J 
PAS'TERN,  n.     [Fr.  phturon.] 

1.  The  part  of  a  horse's  leg  between  the  joint  next 
the  fool  and  the  coronet  of  the  hoof.   Far-.n.  Eneyc 

3.  The  human  leg,  in  contempt.  Dryden. 
PAS'TERX-JOIXT,  7i.    Tho  joint  in  a  horse^s  leg 

next  ihefrtot.  r»   ,      . 

PAS-TIC'CIO,  (pl3-tich'y5,)  n.  [It-]  A  medley;  an 
qWq^  Sic'tnburne. 

2.*  In  painting,  n  picture  painted  by  a  master  in  a 
stylo  dissimilar  to  that  which  lie  usually  adopted. 
■^  Brandt.       ' 

PAS'TIL,         \  n.     [L.  pastillus ;  It.  pastigUa ;  Ft. pes- 
PAS-TtI,LF',  (      tiUe.    See  Paste.] 

1.  A  roll  of  paste,  cr  a  kind  of  paste  made  of  dif- 
ferent colors  ground  with  gum-water,  and  used  like 
a  crayon.  Kneyc 


t;  to 


2.  In;.'. 
Ing  rm- 
ic^-nt  tti 

3.  An  iiEft:'-'. 
PAS'TIME, ».      , 

diversion ;  th-i' 

tim^  pom  afrervifn. 
PA8'Tf3IB.  «,  i.    To  I 

tued.] 

PAST'/ng,  pw.    Cemr- 
PAS'TOR.  n.    [L,  frc,. 

fi-t'iic'.i,  W.  pu^i,  Arr^ 

like  naltre,  from  ? 

«cema  lu  be  a.'. 

buska,  Dan.  bu- . 

Gr.  (i,>uT< .,.] 

1.  A  ahepberd;  one  ■ 
licrd«. 

2.  Amini^lrrr'-  <• 
a  church  and  r 
over  tho  pcopl. 

tbe  facT'-d  lUxij...   -  .  .   .... 

PAi*'TOR-ALj  0.     [U  pcsta^iM.] 

1.  Pertaining  t«j  ili«p6erilfl  i  u,  «;.■_ 
toral  man  n  en. 

2.  Descriptive  of  tli«  life  c^  ttl(rt>bn^ ;  m,  •  i 
toral  poem. 

3.  Rtrlaiing  to  Uit  caro  of  •■-   ■     -  •    •■ 

z  church ;  ai,  pcAinvl  cant  or  .; 

PWy  U  t.be  a  tr  •       '    • 
PAS'TOR-AL,  r. 
maoncn  of  »li>  , 
action  of  a  «hepht  r<! . 
upon  thfcuelves  thech  . 
a  bucolic 

A  poMiaml  It  %  ponn  b 

PAS-TO-RA'LE,  n.     'I 

generally  in  mt 

ing,  tender  <Ul  - 
PAS'TOR-.ATE, 

of  a  spiritual  pa.-:or.  /  ■ 

PA9'T(>R-LI:SS,  tt.     Havinj  n  . 
PAS'TOR-LIK.'-,.  * 
PAS'TOR-LV,       ,'^     '    ■ 
PAS'TOR-SUIP,  n.    T:. 

PAS'TRY,  11.     [fr 

cral  which  are  i 

pasie  constitut' 

cake,  and  the  lik--. 
2.   The  place  wlicr- 
PAS'TRV-eQOK,  n.     ' 

make  and  sell  articles  tf  f  "J  and.: 


PAS'TUR-A-BLE,  a.    [(torn  poMtmr*.' 
PAS'TI:R-A0E,  ».    [Vx.  ftamr^rc   V 

1.  The  busjucsa  of  feedmg  or  frar 

2.  Grazing  ground ;  land  ap   - 

3.  Grass  for  feed. 
PAS'Tl;RE,  n.     [Fr.  p^nrf,  f  r  p- 

cOt  pastum,  to  ft-ed,  Lit.  j'-c*  .■. ) 

1.  Crass  for  the  fuod  of  cattle ;  i 
taken  by  grazing. 

2.  Ground  covered  with  gna*,  to  ' 
spot  by  cattle,  hur9c«,  tc,  Tbr  f^r 
drcd  a'crc9  of  p^jturt.    Il  kf  ' 

TPRE-L150. 

3.  Human  culture ;  cdacat: 

Covtmcn  of  pastxrt,  \»  tbe  rifbt  tt  fptdlBf 

another**  pn%und. 
PAS'TrRE,  r.  f.    Tof.--!        

for  fiKvl.    We  apply  : 

farmer  jtasturts  ^tt\  c\ 

will  pasture  fiftv  oxen. 
PASTrRK.  r.%.'  To  fra»  ;  to  xaMt 

crass  from  tbe  f;round. 
PAS'TI:R-ED.  pp.     Fe.I 

pas'ti;rf^i.f.ss.  «.   i 

PAS'TIR-LNG,  Fpr.     ^ 
PASnrV,  o.    Ukc  post*  ;  i4  1-, 

PASTY, «.    [from  ^«««.]    A; 

baked  without  a  disb.  '  •     -     -^ 

PAT.  a.    [G.  po.-^  ;  D.  pas.    Soc  Fit  ami  P*»».j 

Fit ;  convenient ;  cxicUy  suitable  ciiber  a*  w  t-rac 
or  plnw. 
[Not  an  elegant  word,  adm  « 

PAT,  adV'    Fitly  ;  convcnicnllv. 
P.\T,  n.    [\V.  fjt,  a  blow  ;  f«t»mj  to  m\kr  i  . 
pet,    a«.  Fr.  putte.) 

1.  A  light,  quick  blow,  or  «in>ke  wiin  i*c  ■ 
hand. 

2.  A  small  mass  which  b  Wat  ipio  •top^ 
as.  a  pfl/ of  butter.    [Km^Iu^  •f*-] 

P.\T,  r.  r.    To  strike  ftnUy  mth  ihc  f 
to  tap. 

Gay  paXt  ET  iSwrVifT.  ■ 


TCNE,  BfJLL,  TiXITE.  — AN"GER, 


Vr'CIOUS.  — €  a3  K  ;  6  RS  J;  ?  as  Z;  CH  a>-  SH :  TH  as  in  Tli 


J 


eon 


1»AT 

PA-TA'CA,         i  n.    (iVoiii  the  Sp.]     A  Spanisli  coin 

PA'i'-A-€OON',  i  of  tho  valuii  ul"  -Is.  8d,  slerlinu,  or 
about  SI.0 1  cents.  Sp.  Diet. 

PA-TaCHK',  Ct)a-t;isli',)  71.  [Sp.]  A  lender  or  simill 
vessf  I  employed  in  conveying  men  or  orders  from  one 
ship  or  place  to  anutJicr.  Sp.  Diet. 

PAT-A-VIN'I-TY,  H.  Tiie  use  of  local  words,  or  the 
peculiar  style  or  diction  of  Livy,  the  Roin.'tn  liistori- 
an  ;  60  denominated  from  Patnviuju  or  Putltta,  the 
phice  of  his  nativity.  Urande,     Lcmpricre. 

PATCH,  71.  ril.  pczza,  a  piece,  Fr.  piicc.  Arm.  pez,  Sp. 
picza,    Uu.J 

1.  A  piece  of  clolli  eewed  on  a  garment  to  repair 
it.  Dnjden. 

il.  A  small  piece  oi  uny  thing  used  to  repair  a 
h  reach. 

3.  A  Rmall  piece  of  silk  used  to  cover  a  defect  on 
the  face,  or  to  add  a  charm. 

4.  A  piece  inserted  in  mosaic  or  variegated  work. 

Lucke, 

5.  A  small  piece  of  ground,  or  a  small  dttached 
piece.  Shak. 

0.  A  paltry  fellow.  This  use  is  Bometiines  heard 
in  vviltjar  language  j  as,  a  cross-patch. 

PATCH,  V.  t.  To  mend  by  sewing  on  a  jiiece  or 
pieces  ;  as,  to  patch  a  coat, 

2.  To  adorn  with  a  patch  or  with  patches. 

Ill  Hit  mkMlc  boxei  were  scvnJ  Indies  who  patched  both  siilcs 
of  ihcir  (accx,  SjxcUttor, 

3.  To  mend  with  pieces ;  to  repair  clumsily.  Shah. 

4.  To  repair  with  pieces  fastened  on  j  as,  to  patch 
the  roof  of  a  liouse. 

5.  To  make  up  of  pieces  and  slneds.  Ralegh. 
G.  To  dress  in  a  party-colored  coat.  ShtUc. 
7.  To  mal:e  suddenly  or  hastily ;  to  m.ike  without 

rei;nrd  to  furms  ;  as.  \o  patch  up  a  piece. 
PATCH'^D,  (patchi,)  pp.  or  a.    Wended  with  a  patch 

or  patches;  mended  clumsily. 
PATCH'ER,  «.    One  that  patches  or  botches. 
PATCI1'ER-Y,7i.  liungling  work  ;  botchery  ;  forgery. 

Shak. 
PATCHING, p;jr.     Mending  with  a  piece  or  pieces; 

botching. 
PATCH'WORK,    (-wurk,)    n.      Work    composed   of 
pieces  of  various  figures  sewed  together.      Swift. 
2.  Work  composed  uf  pieces  clumsily  put  together. 

Sicift. 
PATE,  w.  [Qu.  Ir.  hathasy  a  top  ;  or  Pp.  and  It.  piitcna.] 

1.  The  head,  or  rather  the  top  of  the  head.  .Applied 
to  persons^  it  is  novf  used  iii  contempt  or  ridicule. 

2.  The  skin  of  a  calf's  head. 

3.  In  fortijication,  a  kind  of  platform  resembling 
wlial  is  called  a  horseshoe.  Enatc. 

PAT'EI),  a.  In  composition,  having  a  pate;  as,  long- 
patcil,  cunning;  s\\a\\\j\v~2>atcdy  liaving  weak  intel- 
lect. 

PA-'i'EE',     )  71.    In  hcraldnj^  a  cross  small  in  the  cen- 

PAT-TEE',  i  tcr,  and  widening  to  the  extremities, 
which  are  broad.  Brande. 

PAT-E-FAC'TION,  n.  [L.  patefactio  ;  pateOj  to  open, 
and  /(icio,  to  make.] 

The  act  of  opening  or  manifesting ;  open  declara- 
tion. Pearson, 

PA-TEL'LA,  n.  [L.]  The  knee-pan  or  cap  of  the 
knee. 

2.  A  univalvular  shell-fish ;  the  limpet. 

3.  A  small  vase. 

PA-TEL'LI-FORM,  a.     [L.  patella,  a  dish,  and  form.] 

Of  the  form  of  a  dish  or  saucer.  Barton. 

PAT'EL-LITE,  n.    Fossil  remains  of  the  patella  :  a 
PAT'EN,  }         rr        -■      1  fshell. 

PAT'IN,  !"•    [L.J'atma.]  L'''''-"- 

1.  A  plate.     [,Yot  used.]  Shak. 

2.  The  plate  or  vessel  on  which  the  consecratrd 
bread  in  the  eucharist  is  placed.  In  the  Roman  Cath- 
olic church,  it  is  usually  small,  and  so  formed  as  to  fit 
the  chalice  or  cup  as  a  cover.  Smyth. 

PAT'E.N'i',  a.     [Fr.,  from  L.  patens,  from  pateo,  to 
open ;  Gr.  rtraf..,  Ch.  nns,  to  open,  dilate,  or  ex- 
pand ;  Syr.  and  Sam.  id.    Class  Rd,  No.  03,  G4.  05.] 
Open  ;  spread  ;  expanded. 

1.  In  botany,  spreading;  forming  an  acute  angle 
nearly  approaching  to  a  right  angle  with  the  stem  or 
branch  ;  as,  a  patent  leaf.  Martijn. 

2.  Open  to  the  perusal  of  all ;  as,  letters  patent. 
[Sec  Letter.] 

3.  Appropriated  by  letters  patent. 

Madder  — in  ilie  Umc  of  Cti^lca  the  Fir*t,  waj  mad*!  a  jviUnl 
commodity.  Morlimer. 

A.  Apparent ;  conspicuous.  TTorsleij. 

PAT'E.NT,  71.  A  writing,  given  by  the  proi)er  author- 
ity and  duly  aulhenlicat'-'d,  granting  a  privilege  to 
Bomi;  person  or  persons.  Hy  patent,  or  letters  patent, 
that  is,  open  letters,  the  king  of  Great  Britain  grants 
lands,  honors,  and  franchises. 

9.  A  similar  writing  securing  to  a  person,  for  a 
term  of  years,  the  exclusive  right  to  an  invention. 
PAT'ENT,  V.  U     To  grant  by  patent- 

9.  To  secure  the  exclusive  right  of  a  thing  to  a  per- 
son ;  as.  In  patent  an  invention. 
PAT'ENT-A-BLE,  a.    That  can  be  patented. 
P.VT'EXT-ED,  pp.  or  a.    Granted  by  patent ;  secured 
by  patent  or  by  law  as  an  exclusive  privilege. 


PAT 

PAT-EXT-EE',  71.    One  to  whom  a  crant  is  made  or 

a  privilege  secured  hy  patent  or  by  law. 
PAT'EMT-IXG,  ji/ir.    Granting  by  patent;  Rccuring 

as  a  privilege. 
PAT'ENT-OF'FICE,  7t,    An  oflicc  ft:r  the  granting  of 

patents  for  inventions. 
P.^T'EiN'T-ttOLLS,  n.  pi.    Tho  records  or  registers  of 

patents. 
P/V-TER'NAL,  a.     [Fr.  paternel ;  L.  patcrnusy  from  jia- 

tcr,  father.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  a  lather ;  fatherly  ;  as,  paternal 
care  or  alVection  ;  paternal  favor  or  admonition. 

2.  Derived  from  the  father;  hereditary;  as,  a;)a- 
tcrnal  estate.  Drydeit.     .kddison. 

PA-TER'NAI^I.Y,  adi:.    In  a  paternal  manner. 
PA-TER'NI-TV,  H.     [Fr.  ;m(mi("fe;  It.  patcrniid.] 

Fathcrship;  the  relation  of  a  father. 

The  worldj  while  it  hail  BCiircity  of  pfonlo,  underwent  no  other 
dominion  than  paternity  ntid  clUeraliip.  lialtgh. 

P.^'TER-NGS'TER,  n.  [L.,  our  Father.]  The  Lord's 
j)rayer. 

Pa'  TEH  PJi'TRI-^,  [L.]  The  father  of  his  coun- 
try. 

PATH,  71.  ,•  pi.  Paths.  [Sax.  path,  pctth,  or  paad,  paat; 
D.  pud;  G.  pfad;  Sans,  patha;  Gr.  n-(zr«s,  from  ^arfM, 
to  tread.  The  sense  oipath  is,  beaten,  trod  ;  but  the 
primary  sense  of  treading,  stepping,  is  probably  to 
open,  stretch,  extend.] 

1.  A  way  beaten  or  trodden  by  the  feet  of  man  or 
beast,  or  made  hanl  by  wheels  ;  that  part  of  a  high- 
way on  which  animals  or  carriages  ordinarily  pass  ; 
applied  to  the  ground  vjUij,  and  ncccr  to  a  paved  street 
in  a  city. 

2.  Any  narrow  way  beaten  by.  the  foot. 

3.  The  way,  course,  or  track,  where  a  body  moves 
in  the  atmosphere  or  in  space  ;  as,  the  path  of  a  plan- 
et or  anntt ;  the  paiJi  of  a  meteor. 

4.  A  way  or  passage. 

5.  Couise  of  life. 

He  markelh  all  my^w^a.  —  Job  ixxiU. 

6.  Precepts  ;  rules  prescribed. 

Uphold  my  gcings  in  lUy  pattis. — Pa.  xvii. 

7.  Course  of  providential  dealings;  moral  govern- 
ment. 

All  the  paths  of  tlie  Lord  are  mercy  and  Inilh  lo  such  as  keep 
his  coseunnt.—  I'a.  xxv. 

PATH,  V.  t.     [Pax.  pcththian.] 

1.  To  make  a  pailj  by  treading ;  lo  beat  a  path,  as 
in  snow.  United  State-:. 

2.  To  push  forward  ;  to  cause  to  go ;  to  make  way 
for.  Shak. 

PATH,  V.  i.    To  walk  abroad.  Shak. 

PATH'ioD,  (pitthd,)  pp.     Beaten  into  a  path. 

PATH-E-MAT'ie,  a.     [Gr.  nudni'a,  what  is  rnffored.] 
Pertaining  to  or  designating  affection,  or  that  which 
is  suffered .  JiFackintosh. 

PA-THET'ie,         )  a.      [Gr.  TraOrjruof,   from   -aOcs, 

PA-TIIET'ie-AL,  1      passion ;  ttocxo),  to  suffer.] 
Affecting  or  moving  the  passions,  particularly  pity, 
sorrow,  prief,  or  other  tender  emotion  ;  as,  a  pathetic 
song  or  discourse  ;  potAeli'c  expostulation.  Spectator. 

No  theory  of  tlic  poasions  ain  teach  a  man  to  Ixi  paVictir. 

E.  Porter. 

PA-THET'ie,  71.  Style  or  manuer  adapted  lo  awaken 
the  passions,  especially  tender  emotions. 

A  mnsicLin  at  Venice  is  KtJd  to  havo  so  excelled  fn  tlie  pathedc, 
as  to  be  able  to  play  any  of  his  auditors  into  dUtmciioii. 

Eticyc. 

PA-THET'ie-AL-LY,  adt\    In  such  a  manner  as  to 

excite  the  tender  passions. 

PA-THET'ie-AL-NESS,  n.  Tho  quality  of  moving 
the  tender  passions. 

PATH'E-TISiM,  71.     [Gr.  jraOos.] 

The  agency  by  which  one  person,  by  njanipula- 
tion,  produces  emotion,  feeling,  passion,  ur  other 
physical  or  mental  effect,  in  tlie  system  of  another  ; 
susceptibility  of  emotion  or  feeling,  of  any  kind, 
froni  physical  contact,  or  sympathy  with  the  will 
of  another;  another  name  for  iVIesmef.esm. 

Sunderland, 

PaTH'-FL-7,  71.    A  fly  found  in  foot-paths. 

PATH'ie,  n.     [from  the  Gr.  rraOoj.] 

A  catamite ;  a  male  that  submits  to  the  crime 
against  nature.  Qiilics. 

PATH'-KEEP-ING,  a.    Keeping  in  the  path. 

PATH'LESS,  a.  Having  no  beaten  way  ;  untrodden  ; 
as,  a  pathless  forest ;  a  pathless  coast.  Prior. 

PA-THOG-NO-MONae,  a.  [Gr.  jruOoyvMnovtKOs  ; 
Tradog,  passiou  or  suffering,  and  j  I'M/iaJv,  from  yi- 
viotTK'-f,  to  know.] 

Indicating  that  which  is  inseparable  from  a  disease, 
being  found  in  that  and  in  no  other;  hence,  indicat- 
ing lliat  by  which  a  disease  may  be  certainly  known  ; 
characteristic  ;  as,  pathon-nomonic  symptoms. 

P.VTHOG'NO-MY,  7t.  [Gr.  miOog  and  ji^(o/i7/,  signi- 
fication.] 

Expression  of  the  passions;  the  science  of  the 
signs  by  which  human  passions  are  indicated. 

Oood. 

PATH-O-LOG'ie,         /  a.     [See  Patholoov.]      Per- 

PATH-O-LOG'ie-AL,  (      taming  to  pathologj-. 


PAT 

PA'rn.O-LO0'ie-.\L-LY,  ado.  In  the  manner  of  pa- 
th oloiry. 

rA-TflOI/O'CUST,  7(.    One  who  treats  of  pathclopy- 

PA-'i'HOIj'O-GY,  II.  [Gr.  ra'Jos,  passion,  suffering, 
and  Aoyof,  discourse.] 

That  part  of  medicine  which  explains  the  nature 
of  diseai:cs,  their  causes  and  s,\  mptoms  ;  or  the  doc- 
trine of  the  causes  and  nature  of  diseases,  cumpre- 
liL'nding  nosology,  etiology,  symptomatology,  and 
therapeutics.  Encyc.     Coze. 

PATlI-0-PCE'IA,  71.  [Gr.  rraOotTotta;  from  rraOo^,  pas- 
sion, and  n-j((  (,',  to  make.] 

A  speech,  or  figure  of  speech,  contrived  lo  move 
the  passions.  Smart. 

Pa''J'HOS,  71.     [Gr.,  from  jraTxu,  to  suffer.] 

Passion;  warmth  or  vehemence,  in  a  speaker;  or 
in  langiu}gc,  that  which  excites  emotions  and  pas- 
sions. Mason. 

The  term  is  now  chiefly  restricted  to  that  which 
awakens  tender  emotions.  Rich.  Diet. 

PATH'WaY,  71.  A  path  ;  usually,  a  narrow  way  lo 
be  pjissed  on  foot.  Oay. 

2.  A  way  ;  u  course  of  life.     Prov.  xii. 
PAT'I-BLS,  a.    [L.  patibilis,  from  patior,  to  suffer.] 

Sufferablc  ;  tolerable;  that  may  be  endured.  [Kot 
used.]  Diet. 

PA-TIB'TI-LA-RY,  a.  [Fr.  patibulaire,  from  L.  patih. 
ilium,  a  gallows.] 

Belonging  to  the  gallows,  or  to  execution  on  the 
cross.  Diet. 

Pa'TIENCE,  (pa'shens.)  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  patiniiia, 
from  pad'cr,  to  suffer;  n.paiienza;  Sp.  and  Port.  ;ju- 
ciencia.  The  primary  sense  is,  continuance,  holding 
out,  from  extending.  Hence  we  sec  the  connection 
between  pns?,  and  h.  pando,  passus,  txnd  Gr.  ranu. 
See  Pass.] 

1.  The  suffering  of  afllictions,  pain,  toil,  calamity, 
provocation,  ur  other  evil,  with  a  cahn,  unrullied  tem- 
per ;  enduranre  wilhoul  murnmring  or  fretrulness. 
Paticvceumy  sprint;  iV(nnconytituUonalfortiiiidr,from 
a  kind  of  heroic  piide,  or  from  Cliristian  submission 
to  tlie  divine  will. 

i2.  A  calm  temper,  which  bears  evils  without  mur- 
muring or  discontent. 

3.  The  act  or  quality  of  waiting  long  for  justice  or 
expected  good  without  discontent. 

IIavp  patience  with  me,  and  I  wUI  pay  thee  all.  —  Matt.  xviU, 

4.  Perseverance ;  constancy  in  labor  or  exertion. 

He  learnt  vvitli  patience,  and  with  mcekne«  tangM.        Ifarle. 

5.  The  quality  of  bearing  offenses  and  injurici 
without  anger  or  revenge. 

HLi  m^  was  kindled  nnd  his patiencs  (^ous.  Haiti. 

€>.  Sufferance;  permissio!;,    [J^Tot  used.]    Hooker. 
7.  A  plant,  a  species  of  Runicx  or  dock.    Loudon. 
Pa'TIENT,  (pa'shent,)  a.     [Fr.,  fio?n  L.  patiens.] 

1.  Having  the  quality  of  enduring  evils  without 
murmuring  or  freit'ulness  ;  sustaining  afflictions  of 
body  or  mind  with  fortitude,  calmness,  or  Christinu 
submission  to  tlie  divine  will;  as,  a  77fi((CH(  person, 
or  a  person  of  j;./.'jC7)e  temper.  It  is  followed  hy  of 
before  tlse  evil  endured ;  as,  patient  of  labor  or  pain  ; 
patient  o/heal  or  cold.  Ruij. 

2.  Not  easily  provoked ;  calm  under  the  suffer- 
ance of  injuries  or  offenses;  not  revengeful. 

Be  patient  towiu-J  idl  men.  —  1  Thess.  v. 

3.  rersevering;  constant  in  pursuit  or  exertion  ; 
calmly  diligent. 

Whatever  1  have  done  is  due  to  pa^ntihouglit.  Netetort. 

4.  Not  hasty  ;  not  over  eager  or  impetuous  ; 
waiting  or  expecting  with  calmness  or  without 
discontent. 

Not  patienl  to  expect  the  turns  of  fete.  Prior, 

Pa'TIENT,  ti.  A  person  or  thing  that  receives  im- 
pressions from  external  agents;  ho  or  that  which  w 
passively  affected. 

Molioe  is  a  passion  so  impetuous  and  pirclpltatc,  that  it  oiicn 
involves  the  nffcnt  and  the  jkHMbI.      Goo.  of  the  Tovgue. 

2.  A  person  diseased  or  suffering  bodily  indippo^i- 
tion.  It  is  used  in  relation  to  the  pliysician  :  as,  tho 
physician  visits  his  patient  morning  and  evenin-:. 

3.  It  is  sometimes  used  absolutely  for  a  sick  jicrson. 

It  U  wondorful  to  oUcrvc  how  inapprchensivc  tlicst'  patients  me 
of  iheir  duwase.  Diackmoi  e. 

Pa'TIENT,  v.  t.    To  compose  one's  self.     [Jv'ot  used.] 

Shak. 
Pa'TIENT-LY,  aJu.    With  calmness  or  composure; 

without  discontent  or  murmuring.    Submit  paticnily 

to  the  unavoidable  evils  of  life. 

2.  With  calm  and  constant  diligence;  as,  to  ex- 
amine a  subject  patiently. 

3.  Without  agitation,  uneasiness,  or  discontent ; 
without  undue  haste  or  eagerness ;  as,  to  wait 
patiently  for  more  favorable  evtnts. 

PA-TX'NA,  7J.  [It.]  Among  artists,  the  color  or  incms- 
tation  which  age  gives  to  works  of  art.    Algarcttt. 

PAT'IN.    See  Paten. 

PAT'LY,  ado.    [from  pat.]    Fitly;  conveniently. 

PAT'NESS,  71.  [from  pat.]  Fitness  ;  suitableness  ; 
convenience.  Barn-ow. 

PAT-OIS',  CPat-waw',)  71.  [Fr.]  A  dialect  peculiar  lo 
the  lower  classes ;  a  provincialism. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— MkTE,  PREV.  — PTXE,  HIARfNE,  BIRD.  — N6TE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  W(?LF,  BOOK.— 

eo4  '  


PAT 

PA-TOXCE'.    See  Pomme. 

Fa'TRI-ARCH,  n.     [L.  patriarcha;   Gr.  7TaTpiapxr,s ; 

irar/)(ii,  a  family,  from  -arr/p,  father,  and  apyj^s,  a 

chief  J 

1.  The  father  and  ruler  of  a  family ;  one  v.ho 
governs  by  paternal  right.  It  is  usually  applied  to 
the  progenitors  of  the  Israelites,  Abraham,  I?aac, 
Jacob,  and  the  sons  of  Jacob,  or  to  the  heads  of 
families  before  the  flood ;  as,  the  antediluvian 
patriareAs. 

2.  A  learned  and  distinguished  character  among 
the  Jews. 

3.  In  the  Eastern  chtirchcs,  a  dignitary  superior  to 
the  order  of  archbishoiK  ;  as,  the  patriardi  of  Con- 
stantinople, of  Alexandria,  or  of 'Ephesus. 

Pa-TRI-XRCH'AL,  I  a.      Belongins    to   patriarchs  ;' 
PA-TRI-AReH'ie,    i       possessed  by  patriarchs ;  as, 
patriarchal  power  or  jurisdiction ;  a  pairiarchal  see. 
2.  Subject  to  a  patriarch ;  a?,  a  patricrchal  church. 
Patriarchal  cross,  in  heraldry,   is  that  where  the 
shaft  is  twice  crossed,  the  lower  arms  bein^  longer 
than  the  upper  ones.  Eiicyc. 

rA-TRI-XR€H'ATE,  n.  The  office,  dignity,  or  juris- 
diction of  a  patriarch  or  ecclesiastical  superior. 

Sclden. 
2.  The  residence  of  a  patriarch. 

JiTissionarij  Herald. 
Pl^TRI-ARCH-ISM,  71,    Government  by  a  patriarch, 
or  the  head  of  a  family,  who  was  both  ruler  and 
priest,  as  Xoah,  Abraham,  and  Jacob. 
Pa'TRI-XRCH-SHIP,  71.    The  office,  dignity,  or  juris- 
diction of  a  patriarch.  Ayliff-:. 
Pa'TRI-AR€H-Y,  71,    The  jurisdiction  of  a  patriarch  j 

a  patriarchate.  Brcrewood. 

PA-TRI"CIAX,  (pa-trish'an,)  a.  [Fr.  patricien;  L. 
patricius,  from  pater,  father.] 

Senatorial;  noble;  not  plebeian.    This  epithet  is 
derived  from  the  Roman  patrcs,  fathers,  the  title  of 
Roman  senators ;  as,  patrician  birth  or  blood ;  patri- 
cian families.  Addison. 
PA-TRr'CIAN",  77.    A  nobleman.    In  the  Roman  state^ 
the    patricians  were  the  descendants  of  the  first 
Roman  senators. 
PAT-RI-M6'NI-.VL,  a.    [Fr.    See  Patbimont.]    Per- 
taining to  a  patrimony ;  inherited  from  ancestors  ; 
as,  a  patrimonial  estate. 
PAT-RI-MO'XI--AJj-LY,  adv.    By  inheritance. 

DavenanL 
PATTII-MO-XY,    n.      [L.   patrimonium,  from   pater, 
father.] 

1.  A  right  or  estate  inherited  from  one's  ancestors. 

Dnjdcn. 

2.  A  chiirch  estate  or  revenue ;   as,  St.  Peter's 

patrimony. 
Pa'TRI-OT  or  PAT'RI-OT,  n.     [Fr.  patriote,  from  L. 
patria,  one's  native  country,  from  pater,  father.] 

A  person  who  loves  his  country,  and  zealously 
supports  and  defends  it  and  its  interests. 

Sach  tcais  as pairioU  sh^i  for  dying  wws.  Pope. 

Pa'TRI-OT  or  PAT'RI-OT,  a.  Patriotic  ;  devoted  to 
the  welfare  of  one's  countrv  ;  as,  patriot  zeal. 

Pa-TRI-OT'I€  or  PAT-RI-OTTC,  a.  Full  of  patriot- 
ism ;  actuated  by  the  love  of  one's  country' ;  as,  a 
patriotic  hero  or  statesman. 

2.  Inspired  by  the  love  of  one's  country  ;  directed 
to  the  public  saietv  and  welfare  :  as.  patriotic  zeal. 

Pa'TRI-0T-I3M  or  PAT'RI-OT-ISM,  n.  Love  of 
one's  country  ;  the  passion  which  aims  to  serve  one's 
country,  either  in  defending  it  from  invasion,  or 
protecting  its  rights,  and  maintaining  its  laws  and 
institutions  in  vigor  and  purity.  Patriotism  is  the 
characteristic  of  a  gccd  citizen,  the  noblest  passion 
that  animates  a  man  in  the  chiracler  of  a  citizen. 

Pa-TRI-PAS'SIAX«,  7u  pL     [L.  pater  and  passio.] 
An  ancient  sect,  who  taught  that  God  the  Father 
suffered  with  Christ.  Mardock. 

P'\-TRIS'Tie,         {  a.     [from  L.   pater,  patres,   fa- 

PA-TRIS'TI€-AL,  j       thers.] 

Pertaining  to  the  ancient  fathers  of  the  Christian 
church.  M.  StuarU 

PA-TROC'I-NaTE,  v.  U    To  patronize.     [J^ot  rwfrf.] 

PA-TROC-I-Na'TION,  77.  Countenance  ;  support. 
{.^.'ot  used.]  Hall. 

PA-TRoL',  n.  [Ff.  p-'rouiUe;  H^.  patriiUa :  T--'^. 
patrulka.    See  the  verb.] 

1.  In  war,  a  round ;  a  walking  or  marching  round 
by  a  iguard  in  the  night,  to  watch  and  observe  what 
passes,  and  to  secure  the  peace  and  safety  of  a  camp 
or  other  place. 

2.  The  guard  or  persons  who  go  the  rounds  for  ob- 
servation ;  a  detachment  whose  duty  is  to  patrol, 

la  France,  thete  is  ao  anny  oi patrols  to  secure  ber  fiscal  r-gn- 
Utiona,  '  Hamiilon. 

PA-TROL',  r.  t.  [Fr.  pairouUler,  to  paddle  or  pud- 
dle, to  patrol,  to  fumble  ;  Sp.  patrullar.  Hence  the 
word  seems  to  be  formed  from  the  name  of  the  foot, 
pad,  or  ped,  paw.  In  our  vulgar  dialect,  po/i  is  used 
in  the  sense  of  walking  or  stepping  about.  It  seems 
to  be  allied  to  Gr.  rrarf^j.] 

To  go  the  rounds  in  a  camp  or  garrison ;  to  march 
about  and  observe  what  passes,  as  a  guard. 

Encye. 

PA-TRoLL'IXG,  ppr.    Going  the  rounds,  as  a  guard. 


PAT 


[L.  palronui ;  Gr.  iro- 


Pa'TRON  or  PAT'RON,  ti. 
rptiJf,  from  rrar/t/v,  falht-r.] 

1.  Among  tlte  Romans,  a  master  who  had  freed  his 
slave,  and  retained  some  rights  over  him  after  his 
emancipation  ;  also,  a  man  of  distinction  under 
whoso  protection  another  placed  himself.     Hence, 

2.  One  who  countenances,  supports,  and  protects 
either  a  person  or  a  work.  Prior. 

3.  In  the  Roman  Catholic  church,  a  patron  saint  is 
one  regarded  as  the  peculiar  protector  of  a  countr>', 
community,  profession,  &.C.,  or  of  an  individual. 

Brande. 

4.  In  t'le  cano7i  or  common  law,  one  who  has  the 
gift  and  disposition  of  a  benefice.  Eneyc. 

5.  An  advocate  ;  a  defender  ;  one  that  specially 
countenances  and  supports,  or  lends  aid  to  advance  ; 
as,  patrons  of  the  arts ;  a  patron  of  useful  under- 
takings; the  patrons  o(  virtue.  Locke. 

6.  In  seamen^s  language,  the  commander  of  a  small 
vessel  or  passage-boat ;  also,  one  who  steers  a  ship's 
long-boat. 

PAT'R0X-A6E,  n.  Special  countenance  or  support  ; 
favor  or  aid  afforded  to  second  the  views  of  a  person 
or  to  promote  a  design.  Sidney. 

2.  Guardianship,  as  of  a  saint.  Addison. 

3.  Advowson  ;  the  rigtit  of  presentation  to  a  church 
or  ecclesiastical  benefice.  Ena/c. 

PAT'RON-AGE,  r.  f.  To  patronize  or  support.  [JVot 
■used,]  Sltak. 

PAT'RON-.\L,  a.  Doing  the  office  of  a  patron  ;  pro- 
tecting; supporting;  favoring;  defending.  [Little 
used.]  Brown. 

Pa'TROX-ESS  or  PAT'ROX-ESS,  n.  A  female  that 
favors,  countenances,  or  supports. 

Now  Dight  ctvn'.e  down,  and  rose  foil  soon 

Thit pah'onesa  of  rooties,  lli*  moon.      TrumhuH's  M'l-^nga!. 

2.  A  female  guardian  saint. 

3.  A  lV;male  that  has  the  right  of  presenting  to  a 
church  living. 

PAT'ROX-iZE,  V.  t.  To  support  ;  to  countenance ; 
to  defend  ;  as  a  patron  his  client. 

2.  To  favor ;  to  lend  aid  to  promote  ;  as  an  undcr- 
takine-  Drydcn. 

3.  To  maintain  ;  to  defend  ;  to  support. 

This  iJca  has  been  pairomzed  by  rcvo  slates  only.     HamdUin. 

PAT'ROX-TZ-£D,  pp.  Defended ;  supported ;  fa- 
vored ;  promoted. 

PAT'ROX-IZ-ER,  n.  One  that  supports,  counte- 
nances, or  favors. 

PAT'RON-IZ-fXG,ppr.  ora.  Defending;  supporting; 
favoring ;  promoliiiir. 

PA'TROX-LESS  or  ^PAT'ROX-LESS,  o.  Destitute 
of  a  patron.  SJiafttshury. 

PAT-RO-XO-MA-TOL'O-OY,  ?•.  [Gr.  :7ar/jo,  ovotta, 
and  Xo>^'j.] 

An  essay  on  tlie  origin  of  the  names  of  men,  il- 
lustrating their  relation  to  the  arts,  professions,  qual- 
ities, or  other  facts  or  circumstances  from  which  they 
originated.  The  name  of  Smith,  from  smite,  denoting 
a  beater  or  striker  of  metals,  is  more  general  than 
any  other;  proving  that  the  art  of  working  on  met- 
als v.'as  one  of  the  first  arts  practiced  by  men,  and 
one  of  the  most  common. 

PAT-RO-XYM'I€,  n.  [Gr.  rraro'^iviiiKO';;  'L.  patro- 
nijmicus  ;  from  Gr-r-irrj",  father,  and  ovc^i,  name.] 

A  name  of  men  or  women  derived  from  that  of 
their  parents    or  ancestors ;  as,  Tydidcs,  the  son  of 
Tvdeu': ;  Pelides.  the  son  of  Peleus,that  is,  Achilles. 
^  P.  Cyc. 

PA-TROON',n.  [0.  pafroon,  a  protector.]  The  name 
given  in  the  State  of  New  York  to  the  first  proprie- 
tors of  certain  tracts  of  land  with  manorial  privi- 
leges, and  descending  with  the  property  to  the  oldest 
son.  ,     . 

PAT'TED,  pp.    Struck  gently  with  the  fingei-s. 

P.\T'TEN,  n.  [Fr.  patin,  probably  from  the  name  of 
'the  foot.] 

1.  The  base  of  a  column  or  pillar.        Ainswortlu 

2.  A  wooden  shoe  with  an  iron  ring,  worn  to  keep 
the'shoes  from  the  dirt  or  mud.        Camden.      Oay. 

PAT'TEX-MaK-ER,  71.     One  that  makes  pattens. 
PAT'TED     -.  i.    [from  pat,  to  strike  gently;  or  Fr. 

patte,  the  foot.] 

To  strike,  as  falling  drops  of  water  or  hail,  with  a 

quick  succession  of  small  sounds  ;  as,  pattering  hail. 

^  Dnjden, 

The  Ete.-diiig  shower  is  stAree  to  pat:er  hranl.  Thornton. 

PAT'TER-ED,  pp.  Struck  with  a  quick  succession  of 
small  sounds.  .,  .  .  ,  .  . 

PAT'TER-ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Striking  with  a  quick  suc- 
cession of  small  sounds. 

PAT'TER-IXG,  71.  A  striking  with  a  quick  succcs 
sion  of  small  sounds. 

PAT'TERN,  n.  [Fr.  patron;  Arm.  patroum  ;  V.  pa- 
troon.    See  Patron.]  ,   ,      .    ■      ■ 

1.  An  original  or  model  proposed  for  imitation ; 
the  archetype ;  an  exemplar ;  Uiat  which  is  to  be 
copied  or  imitated,  either  in  things  or  m  actions  ;  as, 
the  pattern  of  a  machine ;  a  paUern  of  patience. 
Christ  was  the  most  perfect  pattern  of  rectitude,  pa- 
tience, and  submission,  ever  exhibited  on  earth. 

2.  A  specimen  ;  a  sample  ;  a  part  showing  the  fig- 


EcRcr. 


PAV 

urc  or  quality  of  the  whole  ;  a<,  a  patterm  of  stlk  or 
cloth. 

3.  P'igure  or  ttylc  of  omamentOi 
chintz  of  a  beautiful  pattern. 

4.  A  quantity  of  club  sufficicnlfu:  _  „^ : .  — , 

a  vest  pattenu 

5.  An  instance;  an  czamplr.  Eocker. 
C.  Any  thins  cut  or  formed  isto  the  ibape  of 

somfiliiriff  to  be  m.Tde  after  it. 
PAT'TERN,  r.  u    To  make  in  imiUttioD  of  •ome 
model ;  to  copy.  y\zx. 

2.  To  Bcrve  as  an  example  to  be  f 
To  paltCTTi  after  ;  to  imit;it«  ;  to  f- 
PAT'TERX-£U,  pjj.    Corned;  made,-.  . 

PAT'TERN-IXG,  ppr.    Imitating  :  foUt.*  iUg^ 
PAT'TY,  n.     [Ft.  ptile,  p^-U'.] 

A  little  pie. 
PAT'TY-PAX,  71.    A  pan  to  bake  a  I   ■ 
P.-\T'U-LOUS,a.   [h.patultu,{tofnp<:- 
Spreading  ;  as,  a  patulous  calyr  ;  t 
crs  loose  or  dL<rperscd  ;  as,  apatulovj  p^uuac**.. 

Lee.    Martfiu 
PAU-CIL'0-aUY,  n.     [L-  pauxiu,  few,  and  U^ar,  \a 
speak.] 
The  utterance  of  few  words.    [Little  uMtdJ] 
PAU'CI-TY,  n.     [L.  paucUxv,  from  pa^us,  few.] 

\.  Fewness ;  sroallness  of  number ;  a«,  the  pcudl^ 
of  schools.  Jlc^ker. 

2.  Sinallness  of  quantity  ;  as,  paueiti/  of  btood. 

PAU'LTXE,  a.    Pertaining  to  Paul. 
PXU5I,  r.  L  To  impose  by  fraud  ;  a  corr. 
PAUXCE,  n.     A  pansy.     [Sec  Pax jt. 
PAUXCH,  71.     [Fr.  panse:    It.  and    ^ 

panga  ;  D.  pens;   Basque,  pantza;    L.  ^  i. 

G.  wanst.] 
The  belly  and  its  contents. 
ThepuuTirA,  in  niminating  quadrupeds,  is  iht  fir  t 

and  largest  stomach,  into  which  the  fuod  i-  ' 

before  rumination. 
PAUXCn,  p.  (.    To  pierce  or  rip  the  belly;  t 

ate  ;  to  take  out  the  contents  of  the  beUv. 

Shak.     Oarth. 
PAUXCH'IXG,  ppr.    Eviscerating;   taking  out   the 

"content!  of  the  belly. 
PAU'PER,  Tt.     [L.  pauper ;  Fr.  pmtcre  ;  Spt  pobrt :  It. 

povcro.] 

A  poor  person  ;  particidarh,  one  so  indigent  as  lo 

depend  on  the  parish  or  town  for  maintenance. 
PAU'PER-IS.M,  n.    The  state  of  being  poor  or  desti- 
tute of  the  means  of  support ;  the  state  of  indi-^nt 

persons  requiring  support  from  the  community.    TIk; 

increase  of  pauperism  is  an  alarming  evil. 
PAU-PER-I-Za'TIOX,  n.    The  actor  process  of  rc- 

'ducing  to  pauperism. 
PAU'PER-IZE,  r.  L    To  reduce  to  pauperism. 
PAU'PER-TZ-£I).  pp.    Reduced  to  pauperism. 
PAU'PER-IZ-IX(i,'p;7r.    Reducing  to  the  condition  of 

a  pauper. 
PAUSE,  (pawz,)  n.    [L.  Sp.  and  It.  psusa:  Ft.p€cse: 

b.  pocj  ;  Sw.  paiLs;  G.  and  Dan.  pause}  Gr.  ranrif, 

from  -avui,  to  cease,  or  cause  to  rest.] 

1.  A  stop;  a  cessation  or  intermission  of  actir.n, 
of  speaking,  singing,  playing,  or  the  like ;  a  tempo- 
rary stop  or  rest.  Hooker.     Lc<Le. 

2.  Cessation  proceeding  from  doubt ;  suspense. 

I  stanJ  in  pause  where  I  *Liii]  fir«  Ixfia.  ff^. 

3.  Break  or  p.-imgraph  in  writing.  Leele. 

4.  .\  tem[Kjrarj'  cessation  in  reading.  The  use  of 
puncluntiou  is  to  mark  the  pauses  iu  writing.  In 
verse,  there  are  two  kinds  of  paa-«c*,  the  cesural  and 
the  final.  The  ccsura!  pause  divides  the  vrr^c  ;  the 
final  pause  closes  it.  'Ihe  pauses  which  mark  ihc 
sense,  and  which  may  be  called  scntejitial,  arc  the 
same  in  pra*;e  and  verse. 

5.  .\  mark  of  cessation  or  intennission  of  the 
voice  ;  a  point. 

PAUSE,  (pJiwz,)  r.  i.    To  make  a  short  stop;  to  cease 
to  speak  for  a  time  ;  to  intermit  speaking  or  actiun. 

Pcunrg  a  whtlr.-,  ihus  to  bcreclf  *he  mujcJ.  3.'i.:*j»i. 

2.  To  stop ;  to  wait ;  to  forbear  for  a  lime. 

Tarty,  pome  iv  day  or  Ito, 
Before  Tou  la£U\].  Shxii. 

3.  To  be  intermitted.    The  music  pauses. 
To  pause  upon  ;  lo  deliberate.         SAcA.    KnoJles. 

PAUS'ER,  IU    One  who  pauses  ;  one  who  deliberates. 

P.\US'IXG,  ppr.     Stopping  for  a  time;   c(*asing  to 
'speak  or  act ;  deliberating. 

PAUS'IXG-LY,  adr.    After  a  pause;  by  breaks.  SkcL 

PA-VaDE',  n.    A  short  dajzser. 

PAV'.\X,  n.     [Sp.  paraita,  from  f  acen,  L.  pure,  a  pea- 
cock.] 

.\  grave  dance  among  the  Spanianis-  In  inis 
dance,  the  performers  make  a  kind  of  wheel  bcfon: 
each  other,  Ihe  gentlemen  dancing  with  rap  r-nd 
sword,  princes  wilii  long  robes,  and  the  l.ndiis  with 
long  trails  ;  the  motions  resembling  the  stately  <cps 
of  the  peacock.  Encyc-    Jy.  Oict.    ^««ii- 

PA-yE'(pi-\-^\)n.    [Fr.]    The  pavcmf4iL 

P.WE";  r,  e.     [Fr.  parcr :  h.  paeia  :  Gr.  ra:c-*,  lo  beat, 

to  strike.]  ...  ,  .^ 

1.  To  lay  or  cover  with  stone  or  brick  so  aa  .o 


TtXE,  BIJLL,  IGNITE — AX"GER, 


VI"CI0US €  as  K;  0  as  J;  a  as  Z;  CH  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


805 


PAW 

make  a  level  or  convenient  surface  for  horses,  car- 
riages, or  foot  passengers ;  to  floor  witli  brick,  stone, 
or  other  solid  material  ^  as,  to  ^due  a  street;  to  pave 
a  sidewalk. 

2.  To  prepare  a  passage  ;  to  facilitate  the  Introduc- 
tion of.  The  invention  of  printing  paved  the  way 
for  intellectual  improvement. 

PXV'KUjPp.  or  a.  Laid  over  with  stones,  bricks,  or 
other  soliil  material  j  prepared  ;  as  a  way. 

r.^VE'iME.VT,  ri.     [h.  pavimeiitmn.] 

A  (loor  or  covering  consisting  of  stones,  hricks,  or 
other  soliil  material,  laid  on  the  earth  in  such  a  man- 
ner as  to  make  a  hard  and  convenient  passage  j  us,  a 
pavement  of  pebbles,  of  bricks,  or  of  marble. 

l'.\VE'.MENT,  V.  t.  To  pave;  to  floor  with  stone  or 
brick.     {Unusual.]  Bp.  Hull. 

PAVER,  j  n.    One  who  lays  stones  for  a 

r.\V'IER,  (piv'yer,)  (  floor,  or  whose  occupation  is 
to  pave.  Omj. 

P.l'Vl-AGE,  71.  A  contribution  or  tas  for  paving  ilio 
streets  or  highways.  Bouvicr. 

rAV'ID.d.    [h.pavidua.'] 
Timid      u^ol  used.'] 

PA-VI1)'1-TV,  n.     Fearfulness.     [JVoi  uscrf.l 

PA-VIL'IO.V,  (pa-vil'yun,)  ji.  [Pr.  paritton:  Sp.  pa- 
bclloH  ;  Port,  pavilham  i  Ann.  pavilltnn  ;  W.  pabelt ; 
It.  paviglione  and  padij/lionc  ;  L.  papilio,  a  butterfly, 
and  a  pavilion.  According  to  Owen,  the  Welsh 
jmbcU  signifies  a  moving  habitalion.] 

1.  A  lent ;  a  temporary  movable  habitation. 

2.  In  architecture,  a  kind  of  turret  or  building, 
usu,llly  insulated  and  contained  umler  a  single  roof; 
sometimes  square  anil  sometimes  in  the  form  of  a 
dome.  Sometimes  u  pavilion  is  a  projecting  iiart  in 
the  front  of  a  building;  sometimes  it  flanks  a  corner. 

Oioi/(. 

The  name  is  sometimes,  though  improperly,  given 
to  a  summer-house  in  a  garden.  lirandc. 

:J.  In  viiUtanj  affairs,  a  tent  raised  on  posts.  The 
Word  is  sometimes  used  for  a  flag,  colors,  ensign,  or 
banner. 

4.  In  heraldry,  a  covering  in  form  of  a  tent,  invest- 
ing the  armories  of  kings. 

5.  .-Vmong  jciBclers,  the  under  side  and  comer  of 
brilliants,  lying  between  the  girdle  and  collet. 

PA-V'IiyioN,  0.  (.    To  furnish  with  tents.     MlUmi. 
2.  To  shelter  with  a  tent.  Pope. 

PA-VIL'IO.V-BD,  pp.     Furnished    with    pavilions; 

sheltered  by  a  lent. 
PAVING,  ppr.     Flooring  Willi  stones  or  bricks. 
PAVING,  n.    Tho  act  of  laying  .-i  pavement. 
2.  Pavement ;  a  floor  of  stones  or  bricks. 
Pa  VIOll,  (pav'yur,)  n.    One  that  paves. 
Pa'VO,  M.    fL.,  a  peacock  ;  W.yiaw,  spreading.] 

A  conslellation  in  the  southern  hemisphere,  south 
of  .Sagittarius. 
PA-VO.VE',  >i. 
A  peacock. 
PAVO-NINE, 
cock.] 
Resembling  the  tail  of  a  iicarock  ;  iridescent. 

Clcavclaitd. 
rJin  ,  n.     [W.  pawcn,  a  paw,  a  hoof;  Arm.  pau  ;  llin- 


[h.  pavo.] 
\^ot  usen."] 


Spenser. 
[L.  pavo7tinus,  from  pavo,  a  pca- 


doo,  paum;  Pcrs.  isijpa!,  Ilic  foot;  perhaps  cnn- 

tiacted  from  pad  or  pM,  as  the  Dutch  have  pool,  and 
the  Fr.  patf£.  If  so,  the  word  coincides  in  elements 
with  I,,  pes,  pedis,  Gr.  irav;,  Eng.  foot,  Gr.  larto).] 

1.  The  foot  of  beasts  of  prey  having  claws,  as  the 
lion,  the  tiger,  tho  dog,  cat,  &.c.    Lev.  ni. 

a.  The  hand,  in  contempt.  Drrjden. 

PAW,  V.  i.  To  draw  the  fore  foot  along  the  ground  ; 
to  scrape  with  the  fore  foot ;  as,  a  fiery  horse  pawinir 
with  his  hoof.  Sujj/l.  ° 

H--  pauielh  in  tlie  valley Job  xxxix. 

PAW,  V.  t.    To  scrape  with  the  fore  foot. 

Hig  liot  courecrprtwcff  th'  Huiigaiian  phiiii.  TicM. 

2.  To  handle  roughly  ;  to  scratch. 

t> .,  ,",'••,  'i'R  ^™"  •  '"'  •'•'""■  Ainsworlh. 

1  AVV  'AD,  pp.    bcraiied  with  the  fore  foot. 
2.  fl.  Having  paws. 

;i.  liroad  footed.  Johnson 

X.'iYi-'i'Hi?'  ''^;,  ■'^craping  with  the  fore  foot. 
1  AVV  K'  V,  a.    [from  Sax.  p<rcan,  to  deceive.! 

Arch ;  cunning,     [l.ccal.} 

PAWL,  n.    [_'W.p)i,el,V,ns.pole,\,.  pains.    See  Pole.! 

Amongscomin,  a  slicirt  l«r  of  wood  or  iron  tixed 

close  to  the  capstan  or  windlass  of  a  ship  to  iircviut 

It  Ircnn  rolling  back  or  giving  wnv.  Mnr.  Diet 

PAWN,  lu     [U.pand;  G.  pfand;  .Sw.  pant;  Port,  pen- 

hur :  It.  pegno  ;  t-'p.   rmpciio  ;  L.  pirrnus.     The  sense 

may  be  that  which  is  laid  down  or  deposited.] 

1.  Something  given  or  de|M)sitcd  at  security  for  tho 
payment  of  money  borrowed  ;  a  pledge.  Pawn  is 
applied  only  to  goods  'hattels,  or  money,  and  not  to 
real  estate. 

Mpn  will  not  l«J«  paims  without  use.  Bacon. 

a.  A  pledge  fur  the  fultillment  of  a  promise.  Sh^. 
:).  A  common  man  at  chess.  [See  Peon.]  Cowleij. 
In  pawn,  at  pawn;  the  slate  of  being  pledged. 

Sweet  wife,  my  honor  JAOtpawn.  Shak. 


Grose. 


PAY 

PAWN,  r.  (.  [D.  pandcH ;  Sp,  cmpeiiar;  Port,  crnpcii- 
har  i  ll.  iinpcg'iinre ;  h.  pl^nero.] 

1.  To  give  or  (ioposii  m  ploilgc,  or  as  security  far 
llie  piiymciit  of  money  liorrowed  ;  to  i)Ieilgo  ;  as,  she 
Itawncd  the  last  piece  of  pliite. 

a.  To  pledge  for  the  fulfillment  of  a  promise ;  as, 
to  paion  one's  word  or  honor  that  an  agreement  shall 
be  fuinilod. 

PAVVN'BR6K-ER,  n.  One  who  lends  money  on 
plrdse  or  the  deposit  of  goods.  Jlrbuihiwt. 

PAWN'BRoK-ING,  n.  The  business  of  a  pawn- 
broker. 

PAVVN'/JD.  2>p.    Pledged  ;  given  in  security. 

PiVWN-EK',  w.  The  jjerson  to  wliom  a  pawn  is  de- 
livered as  security  j  one  tliat  takes  any  thing  in  pawn. 

II"  llic  pawn  b  laid  up  and  \1k  jiavince  ruljlvd,  lie  k  not  amswcr- 
able.  Encyc. 

PAWN'ER,  n.  One  that  pledges  any  thing  as  se- 
curity fur  the  payment  of  borrowed  money. 

PAWN'INC,  ppr.  Pledging,  as  goods;  giving  as  se- 
curity. 

PAX,  71.     [L.  par.,  peace.] 

A  smal!  plate  of  gold,  silver,  &c.,  with  the  image 
of  Christ  on  the  cross  on  it,  which  people,  before  tho 
reformation,  used  to  kiss  after  the  service  ;  the  cer- 
emony being  con.sidered  as  the  kiss  of  peace.      Todd. 

PA.V'WAX,  Ji.  A  name  given  by  English  butchers  to 
a  strong,  stiff  cartilage  running  along  the  sides  of  a 
large  quadruped  to  the  middle  of  the  back,  as  in  an 
ox  or  horse.  It  seems  intended  to  support  tlie  head 
\i\  a  horizontal  position.  Palcij. 

Pay,  v.  L  i  prct.  and  pp.  Paid.  [Fr.  paijer,  Norm,  pair, 
contracted  from  It.  pagarcy  Port,  and  Sp.  pa<rar^ 
Arm.  paca.  Class  Ilg.  From  tlie  dillerent  applica- 
tions of  ymy,  tJie  sense  appears  to  be,  to  send  or 
send  to;  for,  in  our  vulgar  language,  to  pat/  o/f,  is 
to  Ftrikc,  to  beat ;  and  to  jmy  with  pitch,  is  to  put  on 
or  rub  over.  In  the  sense  of  strike,  this  coincides 
with  the  Greek  Triuo>,  e/iTraiu},  W.  pwyaw.  In  an- 
other seamen's  phrase,  the  word  signifies  to  loosen 
or  slacken,  as  to  pay  out  cable,  tliat  is,  to  send  or  ex- 
tend. But  this  word  can  not  belong  to  the  root  of 
the  Greek  and  Welsh  words,  unless  these  are  con- 
tracted from  Ptr  or  Pk.) 

1.  To  discharge  a  debt;  to  deliver  to  a  creditor 
the  value  of  tho  debt,  either  in  money  or  goods,  to 
his  acceptance  or  satisfaction,  by  whidi  the  obliga- 
tion of  the  debtor  is  discharged. 

2.  To  di.^chargo  a  duly  created  by  promise,  or  by 
custom,  or  by  the  moral  law  i  as,  to  pay  a  debt  of 
honor  or  of  kindness. 

Vou  li:ivf  jKiid  down 
More  penitence,  tlinn  done  ircBpaas.  Shak. 

3.  To  fulfill ;  to  perforin  what  is  promised  ;  as,  to 
pay  one's  vows.  Scripture. 

4.  To  render  what  is  due  to  a  superior,  or  de- 
manded by  civility  or  courtesy  ;  as,  to  pay  respect  to 
a  magistrate ;  to  pay  due  honor  to  parents. 

5.  To  retort  upon  another  an  injury  received  ;  as, 
I  will  pay  you  for  this  trick.  Hence,  it  sometimes 
implies,  to  beat. 

For  ivhicli,  or  pay  me  quickly,  or  I'll  pay  yon.         B.  Jonson. 

G.  To  reward  ;  to  recompense;  as,  to  pay  for  kind- 
ness wit  Ii^  neglect.  Dnjrlm. 

To  pay  for:  to  make  amends  ;  to  atone  by  suffer- 
ing. Men  often  pay  for  their  mistakes  with  loss  of 
property  or  reputatiun,  sometimes  with  life. 

±  To  give  an  equivalent  for  any  thing  purchased. 

7'o  pay,  or  pay  over  ;  in  seamf^ii^s  language,  to  daub 
or  besmear  the  surface  of  any  body,  to  preserve  it 
from  injury  by  water  or  weather. 

To  pay  the  bottom  of  a  vessel;  to  cover  it  with  n 
composition  of  tallow,  sulphur,  resin,  &c. ;  to  bream. 

To  pay  a  mast  or  7jard ;  to  besmear  it  with  tar,  tur- 
pentine, resin,  tallow,  or  varnish. 

To  pay  a  seam :  to  pour  melted  pitch  along  it,  so  as 
to  defend  the  oakum. 

To  pay  off;  to  make  compensation  to  and  dis- 
charge  ;  as,  to  pay  off  the  crew  of  u  ship. 

To  pay  oiU;  to'  slacken,  extend,  or  cause  to  run 
out ;  as,  to  pay  out  more  cable.  Jilar.  Dkt, 

P.\Y,  V.  i.    To  recompense. 

To  pay  off,  among  seamen,  is  to  fall  to  leeward,  as 
the  head  of  a  ship.  Mar.  Diet. 

To  pay  on  ;  to  beat  with  vigor  ;  to  redouble  blows. 
[Colloquial.] 
PAY,  V.  Compensation;  recompense;  an  equivalent 
given  for  money  duo,  goods  purchased,  or  services 
performed  ;  salary  or  wages  for  services;  hire.  The 
ineichant  receives  pay  for  goods  sold  ;  the  soldier  re- 
ceives pay  for  his  services;  but  the  soldiers  of  the 
.American  revolution  nev(;r  received  full  pay. 
2.  Compensation  ;  reward. 

II'TC  only  incril  comlnul  pay  rr-oriv*^.  Pope. 

PaY'A-BLE,  a.     [Fr.]     That  may  orought  to  be  paid. 
-ncru!,  money  ]s  payable  a^i  Hoon  as  it  is  dui 


PEA 

PaY'-BILL,  II.  A  bill  of  money  to  be  paid  to  the  sol- 
diers of  a  company. 

PaY'-DaY,  t(.  The  day  when  payment  is  to  be  made 
or  debts  discharged  ;  the  day  on  which  wages  or 
money  is  stipulated  to  he  paid.  Lmhr. 

PaY-EE',  71.  The  person  lo  whom  money  is  to  be 
paid;  the  person  named  in  a  bill  or  note  to  whom 
tho  amount  is  promised  or  directed  to  be  paid. 

PaY'ER,  71.  One  that  pays.  In  bitb  of  exchange,  the 
pi-rson  on  whom  the  bill  is  drawn,  and  who  is  di- 
rected to  pay  this  money  to  the  holder. 

P.^Y'ING,  ppr.  Discharging  a  debt ;  fulfilling  a  prom- 
ise ;  rewarding. 

PaY'MAS-TER,  71.  Ono  who  is  to  pay;  one  from 
whom  wages  or  reward  is  roceived.  Taylor, 

9.  In  the  army,  an  officer  whose  duty  is  to  i)ay  tho 
oflicersand  soldiers  their  wages,  and  who  is  intrusted 
with  money  for  this  purpose. 

PAY'MCNT,  n.  The  act  of  paying  or  giving  compen- 
sation. Bacon. 

2.  The  thing  given  in  discharge  of  a  debt  or  fuUill 
mont  of  a  promise.  Shak 

3.  Reward  ;  recompense.  South. 

4.  Chastisement ;  sound  beating.     [jSTot  jtsed.] 
PAY'NIM.     See  Painim.  [Jliii:i worth. 
PAY'-OF-FICE,  71.     A  place  or  oflico  where  payment 

is  made  of  public  debts. 

PaYSE,  PaVS'ER,  for  Poise,  PuisEn,  are  not  us.^d. 
_  Spenser. 

PliA,  n.  [Sax.  pisa;  Fr.  pots;  It  piscUo ;  L.  pisum ; 
Gr.  nicTDi' ;  W.  pys,  pysen  ;  Ir.  pis.'\ 

A  plant  and  its  fruit  of  the  genus  Pisum,  of  many 
varielit's,  much  cultivated  for  food.  This  plant  has 
a  p:ipilinn:icri)us  ilower,  and  the  pericarp  is  a  legume, 
called  in  popular  lanquage  a  pod.  In  the  plural,  wu 
write  peas,  for  two  or  more  individual  seeds;  but 
pease  for  an  indefinite  number  in  quantity  or  bulk. 
We  write  two,  three,  or  four  peaa;  but  a  bushel  of 
fea.^e.     [  This  practice  is  arbitrarii  and  impropfr.] 

PkACE,  (piise,)  71.  [Siix.pais;  Norm. /jaw  ;  Fr.  paix; 
It.  pace;  Sp.  and  Port,  paz;  Arm.  peoc.b,  t^rom  peuh ; 
L.pax.  Qu.  Rush,  pokoi.  The  elements  are  Pg,  or 
their  cognates  ;  for  the  h.  has  paco,  to  appease,  coin- 
ciding with  the  root  oi  ])ack,  and  signifying  to  press 
or  to  slop.] 

1.  U\  a  general  sense,  ii  state  of  quiet  or  tranquillity  ; 
freedom  from  disturbance  or  agitation  ;  applicable  to 
society,  to  individuals,  or  to  tho  temper  of  tho 
mind. 

2.  Freedom  from  war  with  a  foreign  nation  ;  pub- 
lic quiet. 

.3.  Freedom  from  internal  commotion  or  civil 
war. 

4.  Freedom  from  private  quarrels,  suits,  or  dis- 
turbance. 

5.  Freedom  from  agitation  or  disturbance  by  tho 
passions,  as  from  fear,  terror,  anger,  anxiety,  or  tho 
like;  quietness  of  mind;  tranquillity;  calmness; 
quiet  of  conscience. 

Great  peace  have  (Iiey  that  lovo  thy  law.  —  Ps.  cxix. 

,6.  Heavenly  restj  the  happiness  of  heaven. 

Is.  Ivii. 

7.  Harmony ;  concord  ;  a  state  of  reconciliation 
between  parties  at  varianre. 

8.  Public  tranquillity  ;  that  quiet,  order,  and  secu- 
rity whicli  is  guarantied  by  the  laws  ;  ns  to  keep  tho 
peace;  to  break  the  ;ifacr. 

9.  TJiis  word  is  used  in  commanding  silence  or 
quiet ;  as,  peace  to  this  troubled  soul. 


In  J 


at  the  time  payment  is  stipulated,  or  at  the  expiration 
of  the  credit ;  but,  by  the  usage  of  merchants,  three 
or  more  days  of  grace  arc  allowed  to  the  debtor,  and 
a  note  due  at  the  day  when  payment  is  promised  is 
not  payable  till  the  expiration  of  the  days  of  grace. 
2.  Tiiat  can  be  paid ;  that  there  is  power  to  pay. 

Tluinka  arc  a  InhnU;  payable  Ly  \\v:  ponn^st.  Sauth. 


Peace  I  tlic  lovera  arc  aeleep.  Crasha}^. 

To  be  at  peace;  to  be  reconciled;  to  live  in  har- 
mony. 

To  make  peace ;  to  reconcile,  as  parlies  at  variance. 

To  hold  t/i-e  peace;  to  bo  silent;  to  suppress  one's 
^houglits  1  not  to  speak. 
PkACE'A-ULE,  «.     Free  from  war,  tumult,  or  public 
couimolion.     VVe  live  in  peaceable  limes.     TJie  ref- 
orniiiliun  was  introduced  in  tipcacmblc  manner. 

2.  Free  from  private  feuds  or  quarrels.  The  neigh- 
bors ore  peaceable.    These  men  are  peaceable 

3.  Cluiet ;  undisturbed  ;  not  agitated  with  passion. 
His  mind  is  very  peaceable. 

4.  Not  violent,  bloody,  or  unnatural;  as  to  die  a 
peaceable  death. 

PE.ACE'A-BLE-NESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  peace- 
able; quietness. 
2.  Dispn.vjtion  to  peace.  Hammond. 

PkACE' A-BLY,  nde.  Without  war;  without  tumult 
ur  commotion  ;  without  private  feuds  and  quarrels. 

2.  Without  disturbance;  quietly;  without  agita- 
tion ;  without  interruption. 

PkACE'-BREAK-ER,  71.  One  that  violates  or  disturbs 
public  peace. 

PicACE'FIJL,  a.  auiet;  undisturbed  ;  not  in  a  state 
of  war  or  commotion  ;  as,  a  peaceful  time  ;  npcnerful 
country. 

2.  Pacific;  mild;  calm;  ns,  pcac^uX  words;  a 
2>cacffnl  temper. 

3.  Removed  from  noise  or  tumult;  still;  undis- 
turbed ;  ns,  the  peaecfnl  cottage ;  tho  j^caecfal  scenes 
of  rural  life. 

PkACE'FIJL-LY,  ado.    Without  war  or  commotion. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T.-MeTE,  PREY. -PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.-N6TE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BOOK. - 


t^"6 


PEA 

2.  Q,uietly  ;  without  disturbance.  I 

Our  loved  earlh,  where  piaeefulU/  we  slept.  Dnjden. 

_  3.  Mil.Ily;  sently. 

PKACE'fl^L-NESS,  n.  Quiet;  froeilom  from  war, 
lutnult,  (iistiiib.-iiicf,  or  discord. 

9.  Fieedoui  Iroiii  mental  perturbation ;  as,  peacrful- 
ness  of  uiind. 

Pf.ACE'LESS,  a.    AVithout  peace  ;  di^^turbed.  Sandys. 

PEArE'MAK-Mll,  «.  One  who  makes  peaco  by  rec- 
onciling panics  that  are  at  variance. 

Elesscii  arc  iln:  ;'<'n*.c:.'i«Aera,  for  tiny  shall  be  exiled  ihe  children 
of  Owl.  — Mini.  V. 

PE.\CE'-0F-FER-ING,  «.  Ainons  tlie  Jtws,  a  volun- 
tary ollVring  to  God,  in  thankfulness  for  his  benefits, 
ur  to  ask  favors  from  liini,  or  merely  to  satisfy  the 
desiires  of  a  devout  mind  and  give  honor  to  Gud. 

Leviticus. 
9.  In  common  usa^c^  satisfaction  offered  to  an  of- 
fended person,  especially  to  n  superior. 

PkACE'-OF-FI-CEU,  II.  A  civil  oflicer  whose  duty 
is  to  preserve  the  public  peace,  to  prevent  or  punish 
riots,  &c. ;  as  a  shcntf,  or  constable. 

PEACE'-PXPtT-ED,  a.  Dismissed  from  the  world  in 
peace.  S/ta';. 

PkACE'-PAR-TV,  n.  A  party  that  favors  peace, or  Ihe 
making  of  peace.  Jtit/ord. 

PliACHjH.  f  Fr- 7ii?c/ic  ,■  U,pesca;  Arm.  pff  Ae^cii.] 
A  tree  and  its  fruit,  of  the  genus  Pcrsica  or  Amyg- 
daius,  of  many  varieties.  This  is  a  delicious  fruit, 
the  produce  of  warm  or  temperate  clunates.  In 
America,  the  peach  thrives  and  comes  to  perfi^ction 
in  the  neiiihborhood  of  Uoston,  northward  of  which 
J_t  usunllv  fails. 

PkACII,  for  Impeach,  is  not  used.  Dnjdcn. 

PkACH'-COL-OR,  (pecch'kul-lur,)  n.  The  pale-rcd 
rcilor  I'f  the  peach  blossom. 

PiiAC[i'-eOL-OR-£D,  (pecch'kuHurd,)  d.  Of  the 
color  of  a  peach  blossom.  Skak. 

PkACH'ER,  7(.    An  accuser.     [JVof  used.]  Fox. 

Pii:A'CHICK,  71.  The  chicken  or  young  of  the  pea- 
cock. Southa-n. 

PkACH'-TREE,  v.  The  tree  that  produces  the  peach. 

PeA'€OCK,  n.  [Pea,  in  this  word,  is  from  L.  pavo. 
Sax.  pawa;  Fr.  paon^  contracted  from  pavonis ;  It. 
pavouc ;  Sp.  pavon ;  D.  paauw ;  G.  pfati ;  W.  pajcaii, 
from  pflic,  spreading,  extending.] 

A  large  and  beautiful  galhnaceous  fowl  of  the 
genus  Pavo,  properly  the  male  of  the  species,  but  in 
usage  the  name  is  applied  to  tlie  species  in  general. 
Tlie  feathers  of  this  fowl's  tail  are  very  long,  and 
variegated  with  rich  and  elegant  colors.  The  pea- 
cock is  a  native  of  India. 

PkA'COCK-FISH,  n,  A  beautiful  fish  of  the  Mediter- 
ranean, Labrus  Pavo  of  Linnaeus. 

PeA'HEiV,  71.     [Gr.  pfauhetme  or  pfaucn ;  D.  paauwin,] 
Tlie  hen  or  lemaie  of  the  peacock. 

PeA^-JACK-ET,  71.  A  thick  woolen  jacket  worn  by 
seamen,  &c. 

PK.\K,  (peck,)  71.  [Sax.  pfac;  W.  p(>,-  Ir.pcac;  Eng. 
piJic,bcak;  Ft.  pique  i  It.  bccco ;  Sp.  pico.  These  are 
of  one  family,  signifying  a  point,  from  shooting  or 
thrusting.] 

1.  The  lop  of  a  hill  or  mountain,  ending  in  a  point; 
as,  the  peak  of  Teneriffe. 

2.  A  point ;  the  end  of  any  thing  that  terminates 
in  a  point. 

3.  The  upper,  outer  comer  of  a  sail  which  is  ex- 
tended by  a  gaff  or  yard  j  also,  the  extremity  of  the 
yard  or  galf.  Mar.  Diet. 

Peak,  v.  t.    To  look  sickly  or  thin.  [A'oi  used.]  Skak. 
2.  To  make  a  mean  figure  ;  to  sneak.    [Awt  used.] 

Shak. 
PeAKj  v.  t.    To  raise  a  gaff  or  yard  more  obliquely  to 

^he  ina?t.  Mar.  Diet. 

PeAK'ED,  (pe'ked  or  peekt,)  a.    Pointed  j  ending  in 

a  point. 
PeAK'ING,  c.     Mean;  sneaking;  poor.    [Fulgar.] 
PeAK'ISII,  a.  Denoted  or  belonging  loan  acuminated 

situation.  Drayton. 

2.  Having  features  that  seem  thin  or  sharp,  as  from 

jickness.     [Colloquial.]  Smart. 

PeAL,  (peel,)  n,     [from  L.  pello,  whence  appetlo^  lo 

appeal.     The  sense  is,  to  drive  ;  a  peal  is  a  driving  of 

sound.    This  word  seems  to  belong  to  the  family  of 

L.  balo,  and  Eng.  to  bawl,  jubilee,  bell.  Sec] 
A  loud  sound,  usually  a  succeysion  of  loud  sounds, 

as  of  bells,  thunder,  cannon,  shouts  of  a  multitude, 

&c.  Bacon.     Milton,     .Addison. 

Peal,  v.  i.    To  utter  loud  and  solemn  sounds  ;  as  tlie 

pealing  organ,  Milton. 

PeAL,  v.  L    To  assail  with  noise. 

Nor  was  his  ear  less  pealed.  Ait-'Ion. 

2.  To  cause  to  ring  or  sound  ;  to  celebrate. 

The  warrior's  name 
Though  pealed  and  chimed  on  all  the  tongues  of  fame. 

J.  BarlniD. 

3.  To  =tir  or  agitate.    [JVot  used.]        Ainsworth. 
PeAL'ED,  pp.      Assailed  with  sound  ;    resounded  ; 

celebrated. 

PeAL'ING,  ppr.  era.  Uttering  a  loud  sound  or  suc- 
cessive sounds  ;  resounding. 

Pe'AN,  n.     [L.  piran;  Gr.  -aiav.\ 
A  song  of  praise  or  triumph. 


PEC 

P£'AN-iaM,  n.    The  song  or  shouta  of  prnixe  or  of 

battle  ;  shouts  of  triumph.  MU/vrd. 

PeA'NL'T,  71.    The  Aracliis  IIypog3;a,  or  ground  nut, 

sometimes  called  Pi.nuar. 
PEA'-oUE,  II.    An  arfiillaceoua  oxyd  of  iron,  occur- 

rins  in  round  graina  «jf  the  bizc  of  a  pea.      Humble. 
PF.aK,  (pirc,)  /(.    [Sax.  j;(.Trt;  Pfi.  Port,  and  II.  pera; 
D.  peer;    G.   btrni    Sw.  pama;    Dan.  it-trc;    Arm. 
pcrcn  ;  W.pcr;  h.  pifrum.] 

The  wcll-knnwn  fruit  of  the  Pyrus  communis,  of 
many  varieties,  t-orno  of  which  arc  delicious  lo  the 
taistc. 
PEAIUUI  (iicrch.)    See  Perch. 

PEAUL,  (perl,)  71.  [Fr.  pcrlc:  It,  and  !?p.  pcrlaf  It. 
pcarla;.i^nx.  prurl ;  ^w.  pdrla ;  l>.  pottrl ;  G,  perle; 
VV.  perbjn.  This  mny  bo  radically  the  same  word  as 
bcnjl,  and  so  named  fruni  its  clrrnness.] 

1.  A  wh'tc,  haril,  snitnitli,  shining  body,  usually 
roundish,  fiuind  in  certain  ti'-tacu-ous  fish  of  the 
oyster  kind.  It  is  found  in  tlio  Pi-rsijin  seas,  on  llie 
coast  of  Ceylon,  and  in  many  parts  of  the  oroan 
which  washes  tlie  shores  of  Arabia  and  the  continent 
and  isles  of  A?ia,  and  is  taken  by  divers.  Pearls  arc 
of  different  si/,c>;  and  colors;  the  hngeroncs  approach 
to  the  figure  of  a  pear;  some  have  been  found  more 
than  an  inch  in  li,'n;;tli.  They  nrc  valued  aectjrding 
to  their  size,  their  roundness,  and  their  luster  or  pu- 
rity, which  appeals  in  a  bright,  translucent,  silvery 
whiteness.  McCulhch.    P.  C\ic. 

9.  Poeticalhj,  something  round  and  clear,  as  a  drop 
of  water  or  dew.  Draijton. 

3.  A  white  speck  or  film  growing  on  the  eye. 

Ains  worth. 
PEARL,  (perl,)  v.  t.    To  set  or  adorn  with  pearls. 
PEARI^,  (perl,)  V.  i.    To  resemble  pearls.      Hpmser. 
PEAlUi-A'CEOUS,  a.     Resembling  inotlur-of  peiirl. 
PEARL'ASli,  (pcrl'ash,)  h.    A  somewhat  impure  car- 
bunato  of  potassa,  obtnined  by  calcining  potashes  up- 
on a  rcverberatory  hearth.  Ure. 
PEARL'-DiV-ER,  7i.    One  who  dives  for  pearls. 

Carli.-^le. 
PEARL'-ED,  (pcrld,)  «.    Set  or  adorned  witli  pearls. 

Milton. 
PEARL'-E?-£D,  (perl'Ide,)  a.  Having  a  speck  in  the 

e)'e.  Johnson. 

PEARL'-OYS-TER,    7i.     The  oyster  which    yields 

pearls. 
PEARL'-SIN-TER,  77.    Fiorite  ;  a  variety  of  silicious 

sinter,  the  color  gray  and  white.  Urc. 

PEARL'-SPAR,  (perl'spiir,)  n.     Brown  spar. 
PEARL'-SToNE,  77.    A  variety  of  obsidian,  of  a  bhi- 

ish  or  grayish  color,  and  pearly  luster,  Dana. 

PEARI^STUD-DED,  a.     Studded  with  pearls.  Scott. 
PEARL'-VVIIITE,  7i.      A  white  powder  jirecipiUited 
from  tlie  nitrate  of  bismulii  by  a  solution  of  sea-salt. 

Uvp. 
PEARL'-WORT,  )  77.    An  annual  plant  of  the  genus 
PEAUL'-GRASS,  \      Sa^ina.  Loudon.  Fam.  of  Plant.-;. 
PEARL'Y,  (pcrl'e,)  a.     Containing  pearls  ;  abounding 
with  pearls  ;  as,  pcarhj  shells  ;  a.  pearly  shore. 

9.  Resembling  pearls;  clear;   pure;   transparent; 
as,  the  pearly  tlood  ;  pearly  dew.  Draytoiu  Dnjden. 
PEaR'MaIN,  n.    A  v.iriety  of  the  apple. 
PEaR'-TREE,  7(.    The  tree  that  produces  peai-s. 
PEAS' ANT,  (pez'ant,)   77.     [Fr.  ;jaysa7i ;  Sp,  and  Fort, 
paisano;  from  the  name  of  country  ;  Fr.  pais,  or  pay.^, 
Sp.  and   Port,  pais.  It.  paese ;  W.  pens,  a  place   of 
rest,  a  country,  from  pau,  coinciding  with  Gr.  n-aix.i, 
to  rest.] 
A  countryman  ;  one  whose  business  is  rural  labor. 
PEAS'ANT, "(pez'ant,)  a.     Rustic  ;  rural,      Spenser. 
PEAS'ANT-LlKE,  j  a.    Rude;  clownish;  illiterate; 
PEAS'ANT-LY,       )      rcsembhng  peasants.  Mdton. 
PEAS'ANT-RY,  (pez'ant-ry,)  71.    Peasants;  rustics; 
the  body  of  country  people.  Locke. 

9.  Rusticity.     [JVyi  used.]  Butler. 

Pf,AS'-COD,     )  n.  The  legume  or  pericarp  of  the  pea. 
PeA'-SHELL,  i  Walton.     Guy. 

PeA'-SToNE,  n.    Pisolite,  which  see. 
PeASE,   (peez,)  71.  pi.    Peas  collectively,  or  used  as 

fond.     [See  Pea,]  .irbuthnd. 

PeAT,  71.     [G.  pfiHie,  a  bog.] 

A  substance  of  vegetable  crigm,  always  found 
more  or  less  saturated  with  water.  It  consists  of 
roots  and  fibers  in  every  stage  of  decomposition, 
from  the  natural  wood  to  the  completely  black 
vegetable  mold.  When  dried,  it  forms  a  valuable 
kind  of  fuel.  ^-  Gyc. 

PKAT,n.     [Fr.  pctU.]  rj  ,r  .  v 

A  small,  delicate  person.  lialltmu. 

Pe AT'-MOSS,  77.  [pcflf  and  771055.]  The  same  as  Peat, 
which  see. 
2.  A  fen  producing  peat. 
PeAT'Y,  a.    Composed  of  peat ;  resembling  peat. 

Brande. 

pln^BLElsToNEj'--     [Sa..p.»o»,W*'-«-] 

1.  In  popular  usatrc,  a  roundish  stone,  of  any  kmd, 
from  the  size  of  a  hut  to  that  of  a  man's  head. 

2.  Among  opticians,  transparent  and  colorless  rock- 
cr\'stal,  Brande. 

PEU'BLE-eRYS'TAL,  n.    A  crysljU  in  form  of  nod- 
ules,   found  in  earthy  stmlums,    and   irregular  in 

Wbodtcard. 


shape. 


PEC  ' 

PEB'lIL/irD,  a.     Abounding  wilb  ptbMe*.  V 
PEIJ'IILY,  a.    Full  of  pcbbltBi  abouf. ' 

roundiiih  stone.^. 
PE-CA.N',     )  n.    A  speciee  of  hirkr.r 
PEflA'.NA,  (     mia,  and  iu  fr:  • 

America,     'i'he  nuts  are  i> 

inch  or  an  iDch  and  a  half  . 

and  fi^rm  a  gmall   article  of   u^j'.  lu  i; 

Itart  of  the  valley  of  the  Miisiuippt. 
PEG'A-KY,  71.     iU-ji  Peccakt. 
PEC  €A-I1IL'I-'I'Y,   lu     [(totavtccab''-'     - 

ing  liubject  totitu^  capacity  ui  Hinni 
/ 
PECeA-BLE,  a.    [from  L.  ptcca.  If.  ,,.^— 

pcctmd,  8111 ;  pecM,  to  ain  ;  Fr.  pecker  i  iL  y 

pecar.] 

Liable  ty  sin  ;  subject  lo  tranape--  •'- 

PEC-eA-DIL'LO,  n.    [Sp.,dim.  fron. 
turn  ;  Fr.  pecccditU.    see  PrcciuLt.j 

1.  A  shght  trespass  or  oScatci  a.  pcii- 
fault. 

9.  A  sort  of  stiff  niff.  B. 

PECeAX-CY,  K.    [from  puuuU.]     Bad  q 
the  preeancy  of  the  humbni.  H 

2.  Offrnsc.  .^' 
PECeANT,  a.    [L.  pueaasi  Fr.  pu 

CLE.] 

1.  Sinning;  guilty  of  ein  or  Irai.  ^ . - 
inal ;  .as,  peccant  angelD. 

2.  Morbid  ;  bad  .  corrupt ;  DOl  healthy  : 
humors.  .-J 

X  Wrong  ;  bad  ;  defective  ;  infonnol  i  a 
citation.     [J^'ot  wjcd.] 

PECCANT,  71.    Anoffend'jr.    [J\\.t  u  r ;. 

PEC^CANT-LY,  adr.     Sinfully  ;  trn 

PEfyCA-RY,  77.     Tb'^  popular  nami 
tons  marnmal,  K-loneing  lo  the  gLi.  . 
is  nearly  related  to  the  hog.     There  are  I- 
the  one  inhabiting  the  eastern  tdde  of  Sf 
ca,and  the  other  Paraguay.    There  ia  an  1.. 
tlie  back,  tVom  which  is  exlraclt:d  a  fetid  huiuuf  c  -  ■ 
crtted  within.  | 

PECeA'VT,  [L.,  I  have  offended.]    A  colloquial  w  :! 
used  to  express  confession  or  acUnowIcdg:: 
offense. 

PECH'RLENDE,n.    [G.pfcA,  pitch,and  Wt . ,  , 
Pitchblende,  wJiich  eec. 

PECK,  71.    [Arm.  peck,  a  fourth  ;  Fr.  picctin.) 

1.  The  fourth  part  of  a  bushel ;  a  dry  measure  of 
eight  quarts ;  as,  a  peck  of  wheat  or  oaU. 

2.  In  loio  lantruagc,  a  great  deal ;  as,  to  be  in  %pcdi 
of  troubles.    Uu.  pack. 

PECK,  v.t.  [W.bcecarci  S{t.  pUar ;  Fr.  bt£^iuUr ;  I>. 
j)ikcn  ;  G.  picJ:ni ;  Dan.  piJikcr.  This  verb  u  connect- 
ed with  the  nouns  bea!:  and  pi/rr.] 

1.  To  strike  with  the  beak  ;  to  thni>l  (ht;  beak  in- 
to ;  as,  a  bird  that  pecks  a  hole  in  a  tree. 

2.  To  strike  witli  a  painted  inslniment,  »>;  ;  •  >\-  -■■  - 
or  dig  with  any  thing  poinUd,  as  with  a  j 

a.  To  pick  up  food  with  llie  beak. 
4.  To  strike  with  small  and  r- 
strike  in  a  manner  to  make  smai; 
this  sense,  the  verb  is  generally  . 
say,  to  pecli  at,  ^wt-. 

ITliis  verb  and  Picel  arc  radically  the  some.] 
PECK'iD,  (pekt,)  pp.    Stnick  or  penelraicd  wiUi  a 

beak  or  (Kiinted  instrument. 
PECK'ER,  n.  One  Uiat  pecks  ;  a  bird  that  pecks  holes 

in  trees  ;  a  woodpecker.  Dr\.'.   :. 

PECK'ING,  ]>pr.    Striking  wiih  Uie  bill :  li< 
beak  into  ;  thrusting  into  with  a  pointed  u. 
taking  up  food  with  the  beak. 
PECK'LED,  for  Speckled,  is  noH  used.  il'^U:^-*. 

PEC'r.VTE,  71.    A  compound  of  pcctic  acid  with  a 

base. 
PEC'TK.V,  7t.  [L.]    A  \-ascuIar  membrane  on  tbe  eyes 
of  birds. 
2.  A  genus  of  bi\-a!ve3 ;  tlie  clam.  Br^ixce. 

PKC'Tie  ACID,  n.    [Gr.  ir»;«rif,  coapulum.) 

The  acid  of  many  species  of  vccetablcs,  so  called 
from  its  tendency  to  form  a  jelly.  It  may  be  obtained 
by  the  action  of  an  alkali  ou  pectin.  tVe. 

PECTIN,  1:.     [Gr.  rrnKTo^.] 

The  gelatinizing  principle  of  certain  vegetables, 
as  apples. 
PECTiX-AL.  a.    [L.  pedcn,  a  comb  :  pcctc,  to  comb, 
Gr.  TT.'vreot,  from  -fjcw.j 
Pcriaininc  to  a  comb;  resembling  a  comb. 
PEC TLN'-AL,  71,    .\  fish  whose  bones  ivscmble  the 

tecih  of  a  comb.  Brtxm. 

PeItIvS-tId.  i  -    tfrom  L.  p.««.  a  comUJ 

Having  resemblance  to  the  tcclh  of  a  comh.  In 
botaim,  a  pcrt'matc  loaf  is  a  sort  of  pinnate  loaf,  in 
wliich  tbe  leaflets  are  toothed  like  a  comb. 

A  mineral  is  fcohuaal,  when  it  proson: 
mcnts, crj stals,  or  brandies,  nearly  parali. 
distant. 
PF.e'TlX-ATE-LY,  <:<fr.    In  a  poclin.alo  ni.in'    r. 
PEe-TlX  A'TION,  n.    The  slate  of  tRinl!  pccUMIed. 
2.  A  coniltins  :  tlie  combine  of  the  hcao.      Cyc 


TONE,  BULL,  tINITE AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS — C  as  K ;  l5  as  J  5  S  03  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ; 


TH  as  in  THIS. 


FED 


FED 


PEe-TIN-I-BR  ANGH'I-ATE,  a,  [L.  pcctat  and  brands- 

In  malacolotrvy  having  pectinated  gills, 
PEC'TIN-ITK,'  n.     [L.  pcctcn,  a  rnmb.] 

A  fnssil  Pfcten  or  scallop.     [Oi.*.]  Kirwan, 

PEC'TO-IIAL,  a,     [L.  pectoralisy  from  pectus,  breast.} 
Pertaining  to  the  breast ;  as,  the  pectoral  nuisclcd  ; 
pectoral  medicines.  Jitiltan. 

The  pectoral  Ji7ts,  or  pectorah.  of  a  fish,  are  situated 
on  the  sides  of  the  fish,  behind  the  gitb. 
PEC'TO-UAL,  V.     A  breastplate.     Encijc.     Johnson, 
2.  A  sacerdotal  habit  or  vestment  worn  by  the  Jew- 
ish hi^h  priest,  called,  in  our  version  of  the  iJible,  a 
BnEASTPLATE.  Kuenc. 

X  \  medicine  adapted  to  cure  or  relieve  complaints 
of  the  breast  and  lungs. 
•1.  In  khthvoloirii^  a  pectoral  fin. 
PEG'TO-UI-Lo'CiUl-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  or  of  the 

nature  of  pectoriloquy. 
PEt'-TO-KIL'O-aUY,  71.     [L.  prctus,  the  breast,  and 
ioijuor,  to  speak  ;  a  speaking  from  the  breast.] 

In  rtedicincj  when  a  ])atient's  voice,  distinctly  ar- 
ticulated, seems  to  proceed  from  the  point  of  the 
chest  on  which  the  ear  or  a  stethoscope  is  placed, 
there  is  said  to  be  pectoriloquy.  Collin. 

An  exalted  decree  of  bronchophony,  resembling 
the  sound  heard  by  placing  a  stethoscope  on  the 
trachea  wlu-n  a  person  speaks.  Hall. 

PEe-TUNC'lJ-LUS,  71.  [L.]  A  genus  of  marine  h\- 
\-alves,  having  the  hinge  of  the  shell  arched,  with 
numerous  narrow  teeth.  Mantcll. 

Pl'e'TT-LSTE,  V.  i.  [L.  pccnlatiu,  pccuhr,  from  pccti- 
lium,  private  property,  from  pecits,  cattle.] 

1.  To  defraud  the  public  of  money  or  goods  in- 
tnisled  to  one's  care,  by  appropriating  the  property  to 
one's  own  use  j  to  defraud  by  embezzlement. 

2.  Among  eivUians^  to  steal.  Encvc. 
PEC tJ-L.^ -TING,   ppr.      Defrauding    the    public    of 

nionev  or  goods. 

PEe-T^-LA'TION,  n.  The  act,  practice,  or  crime  of 
defrauding  the  public  by  appropriating  to  one's  own 
use  the  money  or  poods  intrusted  to  one's  care  for 
management  or  disbursement ;  embezzlement  of  pub- 
lic money  or  poods. 

PEe'lJ-LA-TOR,  n.  [L.]  One  that  defrauds  the  pub- 
lic by  appropriating  to  his  own  use  money  intrusted 
to  his  care. 

PE-GOL'IAR,  (pe-kfd'yar,)  a.  [L.  pcculuiTiSy  from  pc- 
culium,  one's  own  property,  from  jiccus,  cattle.] 

1.  Appropriate  ;  belonging  to  a  person,  ami  to  him 
only.  Almo&t  every  writer  has  a  peculutr  style. 
Most  men  have  manners  pecuUnr  to  themselves. 

2.  Singular ;  particular.  The  man  has  something 
peculiar  in  his  deportment. 

3.  Particular  i  special. 

My  fate  IB  Juno's  most  peculiar  cire.  Dnjilen. 

[Most  can  not,  in  strict  propriety,  be  prefixed  to 
peculiar,  but  it  is  used  to  give  emphasis  to  the  word.] 

4.  Belonging  to  a  nation,  system,  or  other  thing, 
and  not  to  others. 

PE-€uL'IAR,  n.  Exchisive  property  ;  that  which  be- 
longs to  a  person  in  exclusion  of  others.       .Miltun. 

2.  In  the  English  canon  laic,  a  particular  pari-h  or 
church  which  has  the  probate  of  wills  within  itself, 
exempt  from  the  jurisdiction  of  the  ordinarj-or  bish- 
op's court.  Eiicyc. 

Court  of  peculiars,  in  England,  is  a  branch  of  tlie 
court  of  arches.  It  has  jurisdiction  over  all  the  par- 
ishes dispersed  through  the  province  of  Canterbury, 
in  the  midst  of  other  dioceses,  which  are  exempt 
from  the  ordinary  jurisdiction,  and  subject  to  the 
metropotilan  only.  Blackstone. 

PE-eOL-IAR'I-TY,  Cpc-kul-yar'e-te,)  n.  Something 
peculiar  to  a  person  or  thing  ;  that  which  belongs  to, 
or  is  fovuid  in,  one  person  or  tiling,  and  in  no  other ; 
as,  a  peculiarity  of  Style  or  manner  of  thinking;  pc- 
caliaritti  in  dress. 

PE-eCI/IAR-IZE,  V.  t.  To  appropriate  ;  to  make  pe- 
culiar. Smith. 

PE-et:iL'IAR-IZ-Z;D,  pp.  Appropriated;  made  pe- 
culiar. 

PE-eOL'IAR-IZ-ING,;j;ir.    Making  peculiar, 

PE-eCL'IAR-LY,  adc.    Particularly;  singly. 

fVoodioard. 
2.  In  a  manner  not  common  to  others.    nrayUm. 

PE-eCL'IAR-XESri,  n.  The  stale  of  being  peculiar; 
appropriation.     [Litile  imrd.^  Mcdc. 

PE-€C'LI-U.M,  n.  [L.]  In  the  Roman  law,  the  proi>. 
erty  which  a  slave  might  acquire  independently  of 
the  control  of  hrs  master.  Bmnde. 

PE  euN'IA-RI-LY,  adv.     In  a  pecuniary  manner. 

West.  Rev. 

PE-€ON'IA-RY,  (pe-kGn'ya-re,)  a.  [Ft.  pccuniairc ; 
It.  pecitnialc  ;  L.  pecujiiarius,  from  pccunia,  money 
from  perns,  cattle.] 

1.  Relating  lo  money ;  as,  pecuniary  afl'airs  or 
losses. 

2.  Consisting  of  money  ;  a.?,  a  pecuniary  mulct  or 
penalty.  Bacon. 

PE-eC'M-OUS,  fl.    Full  of  money.     [-V<,(  w^cJ,] 

Sherwood. 

PED,  n.     I" for  Pad.]     A  small  pack-saddle.      7"usser. 

2.  A  basket;  a  hamper.  Spenser. 


PED-A-GO(5'!e,         I  0.     Tfroin  pedago^e.']    Suiting 

PED-A-GOG'I€-AL,  i  or^  belonging  to  a  teacher  of 
children,  or  to  a  pedagogue. 

PED'A-GOG-ISM,  n.  The  business,  character,  or  man- 
ners of  a  pedagogue. 

PED'A-GOGUE,  (pcd^a-gog,)  n.  [Gr.  rrai^a)  cj>o$,- 
-(Its,  a  child,  and  nyt-^,  to  lead.] 

1.  A  teacher  of  children  ;  one  whoso  occupation  is 
to  instruct  young  children  ;  a  schoolmaster. 

2.  A  pedant. 
PKD'A-GOGUE,  v.  t.    To  teach  with  the  air  of  a  ped- 

apogue  ;  to  instruct  sui)ercihously.  Prior. 

PEU'A-GO-GY,  II.  Instruction  in  the  first  rudiments  ; 
preparatory  discipline.  South. 

Pk'DAL,  a.'   [L.  pedalisy  from  pes, pedis,  foot.] 
Pertaining  to  a  fool. 

PED'AL,  n.    A  contrivance  attached  to  tho  harp,  or- 
gan, piano-forte,  &c.,  acted  upon  by  the  foot,  (whence 
the  name,)  and  designed  to  modify  the  tons  or  swell 
of  the  instrument. 
2.  A  fixed  or  stationary  base.  Busby. 

PED'AL-NoTE,  n.     In  music,  a  liolding-note.  Busby. 

PE-Da'NE-OUS,  «.    [L.  pcdancxis,  from  pes,  the  foot.] 
Going  on  foot ;  wjilkinp.  Diet. 

PEO'ANT,  71.  [Fr.  pedant;  It.  Pp.  and  VotI.  pedantc. 
See  Pedagogue.] 

1.  A  schoolmaster.  Shale. 

2.  A  person  who  mokes  a  vain  display  of  his 
learning.  .Addison. 

PE-DANT'ie,         )    a.      Ostentatious    of    learning ; 

PE  DANT'ie-AL,  j  vainly  displaying  or  making  a 
sliow  of  knowledge  ;  applied  to  persons  or  things ;  as, 
a  pedantic  writer  or  scholar  ;  a  pedantic  description  or 
expression. 

PE-DANT'ie-AL-LY,  atlv.  Wijth  a  vain  or  boastful 
display  of  learning. 

PED'ANT-IZE,  V.  i.  To  play  the  pedant;  to  domi- 
neer over  lads  ;  to  use  pedantic  expressinns. 

PED'ANT-RY,  a.     [Fr.  pcdantcric.]  [Cotarave. 

Vain  ostentation  of  learning  ;  a  boastful  display  of 
knowledge  of  any  kind. 


Iloncc  hM  enticed  me.  into  iWspcdaiitry  of  quodlion.    Coatey. 
Pedaulry  a  the  uns-^asonable  oBl'?ntatioH  of  Icarniiig.    Bamblcr, 


PE-Da'RI-AN,  77.  One  of  tho  pcdarii  in  the  Roman 
senate,  who  were  not  really  senators,  but  only  enti- 
tled lo  a  seat  by  the  office  which  they  held,  and  who, 
not  being  authorized  to  vote,  expressed  their  prefe- 
rence by  wal'iing  over  to  the  party  they  wished  to  join. 
Smithes  Diet. 

PED'ATE,  a.    [h.  pcdatus,  from  pes,  the  foot] 

In  botany,  when  the  footstalk  of  a  leaf  is  divided 
at  the  top,  with  a  leaflet  in  the  fork,  and  several 
leaflets  on  each  division,  it  is  said  to  he  pedate. 

PE-DAT'I-F[D,  a.     [L.  pes,  fool,  and  findo,  lo  divide.] 
A  prdatifiJ  loaf,  in  botumj,  is  one  whose  parts  are 
not  entirely  separate,  but  divided  in  a  pedate  man- 
ner. Martyn. 

PED'DLE,  r.  t.     [Perhaps  from  the  root  of  pray,  Vi. 
pilic,  Fr.  petit,  small.] 

1.  To  be  busy  about  trifles. 

2.  To  travel  about  the  country  and  retail  goods. 
Ho  peddles  for  a  living. 

PED'DLE,  I',  t.    To  sell  or  retail,  usually  by  traveling 

about  the  country. 
PED'DLER,  n.     [from  peddle,  to  sell  by  traveling; 
from  L.  pes,  pedis,  the  foot.] 

A  travehng  foot -trader ;  one  that  carries  about 
icmall  commodities  on  his  back,  or  in  a  cart  or  wagon, 
and  sells  them.  Spenser.     Swift. 

PED'DLER-ESS,  n.     A  female  peddler.      Ovcrbury. 
PED'DLER-Y,  ji.     Small  wares  sold  or  carried  abotit 

for  sale  by  peddlers. 
PED'DLING,  ppr.    Traveling  about  and  selling  small 
2.  a.  Trifling;  unimponant.  [wares. 

PED'E-RAST,  71.     [Gr.  -aiSefiaaris,  from  tt-hj,  a  boy, 
and  ro(j5,  love.] 
A  sodomite.  Encyc. 

PED-E-RASTae,  a.    Pertaining  to  pederasty. 
PED'E-RAST-Y,  7(.    Sodomy;  the  crime  against  na- 
ture.     _ 
PED-E-Re'RO,  n.     [Sp.  pcdrero,  from  piedra,  a  stone, 
L.  prtra,  Gr.  -irp-'c  ,"  so  named  from  the  use  of  stones 
in  the  charge,  before  the  invention  of  iron  halls.] 
A  swivel  gun  ;  sometimes  written  patercro. 
PED'ES-TAL,  n.      [Sp.  pedestal;    It.  piedestallo;   Fr. 
picdestal ;  L.  pes,  the  foot,  and  Tcut.  stall;  G.  stellcn, 
to  set.] 

In  architecture,  the  lowest  part  of  a  column  or  pil- 
lar;  the  part  which  sustains  a  column  or  serves  as 
its  foot.  It  consists  of  three  parts,  the  base,  the  die, 
and  the  romice.  .Addison.     Gtoilt. 

PE-DES'TKI-AL,  a.     [L.  pcdestris.] 

Pertaining  lo  the  foot.  Moseleii. 

PE-DES'TRI-AN,  a.    [h.  pedestris,  from  pes.,  the  foot.] 
Going  on  foot ;  walking  ;  performed  on  foot ;  as,  a 
pedestrian  journey. 
PE-DES'TRI-AN,  n.    One  that  walks  or  journeys  on 
foot, 

2,  One  that  walks  for  a  wager ;   a  remarkable 
walker. 
PE-DES'TRI-AN-ISM,  7i.     A  walking ;  usually  fi>r  a 
wager. 
2.  The  practice  of  walking. 


PEE  I 

PE-DES'TRI-AN-IZE,  r.  t.    To  practice  walkiiij. 
P£-DES'TKI-OUS,  a.    Going  on  foot ;  nut  winj;,  (1. 

PED'I  CLK'  i  "•     t^-  P"'''"'""'  f™"'  ?"'  "'"  '""'•J 

1.  In  liotanv,  the  ultimate  division  of  a  cominun 
peduncle ;  tlie  stalk  that  supports  one  llovver  only, 
when  there  are  several  on  u  peduncle.  Any  short 
and  small  footstalk,  although  it  does  not  stand  upon 
another  footstalk,  is  likewise  called  ajtcdicd. 

Martyn. 

2.  In  -.oilhirv,  a  footstalk  or  stem  hy  which  certain 
animals  of  the  lower  orders  are  attached.       Dana. 

PED'I-CEL-L.\TE,  a.    Having  a  pedicel,  or  supported 

by  a  pedicel. 
PE-Die'II-LAIl,     j  a.     [h.  pedicularis,  {tarn  pcdiCKlas, 
PE-Die'l.I-L0U:5,  1     a  louse.l 

Lousy  ;  having  the  lousy  ifistempcr. 
PE-DlC'ijR-OUS,  a.     [h.  pes  and  gcro.] 

Having  feel. 
PED'I-tiREE,  M.     [Probably  from  L.  pes,  pedis,  fuut, 
like  I),  statu,  G.  stamin,  stem,  stock,  decree.] 

1.  Lineage  ;  line  of  ancestors  from  vhich  a  person 
or  tribe  dcscentls  ;  genealojzy. 

AUcniUoiu  of  aumamcB  —  have  obsciirrd  Uic  Inith  of  our  pedi- 
grees. Olinden. 

2.  An  account  or  register  of  a  line  of  ancestors. 

The  Jew.  rrcscrvcd  the  pedigreeM  of  their  acveral  irilics. 

'  Auabuty. 

PED'I-LU-VY,  n.     [L.  pes,  foot,  and  lava,  to  wash.] 

The  bathing  of  the  feet ;  a  bath  for  the  feet. 
PED'I-MENT,  n.     [from  L.  pes,  the  foot.) 

In  architecture,  an  ornament  that  finishes  the  fronts 
of  buildings,  and  serves  as  a  decoration  over  gates, 
windotvs,  and  niches.  It  is  of  two  forms,  trian;!iilar 
and  circular.  A  pediment  is  properly  the  representa- 
tion of  the  roof.  Eacijc.  Brande. 
PEU'I-PALP,  Ji.     [L.  pes  and  palpo.'] 

One  of  an  order  of  Arachnidans  or  spiders,  whose 
feelers  are  extended  before  tho  head,  armed  with  a 
forceps. 
PED-I-P.\LP'OUS,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  pedip.ilps. 
PED'I-KEME,  11.     [L.  pes,  a  foot,  and  rcmas,  an  oar] 
.\  crustaccous  animal,  whoso  feet  serve  the  purpose 
of  oars. 
PED'LER.    See  Peddler. 

PE-DO-B.VPTISM,  n.     [Gr.  zati,  Taidoj,  a  child,  and 
pa^Ti^jfia,  baptism.] 
The  baptism  of  infants  or  of  children. 
PE-DO-B.\F'TIST,  ii.    One  that  holds  to  infant  bap- 
tism ;   one  that  practices  the  baptism  of  children. 
Most  denominations  of  Christians  are  pedobaptUts. 
PE-DOJI'E-TEK,  71.    [L.  pes,  the  foot,  and  Gr.  iiiTimr, 
measure.] 

An  instrument  by  which  paces  are  numbered  as  a 
person  walks,  and  the  distance  from  place  to  place 
ascertained.  It  also  marks  tho  revolutions  of  wheels. 
This  is  done  by  means  of  wheels  with  teeth,  and  a 
chain  or  string  fastened  to  the  foot  or  to  the  wheel 
of  a  carriage  ;  the  wheels  advancing  a  notch  at  every 
st'-n,  or  at  overs'  revolution  of  the  carriage  wheel. 

Hebert. 
PED-0-MET'Rie-.\L,  a.    Pertaining  to,  or  measured 

hy,  a  pedometer. 
PE-DUN'eLE,  (pe-dunk'l,)  n.     [I.,  pes,  the  foot.] 

1.  In  botanii,  the  stum  or  stalk  that  stipports  the 
fructification' of  a  plant,  i.  e.,  the  flower  and  the 
fruit.  Marttjn. 

a.  In  concludogii,  a  sort  of  stem,  by  which  certain 
shells  are  attached  to  wood  or  other  objects. 

Humlilc. 
PE-DUNC'U-LAR,  a.   Pertaining  to  a  peduncle  ;  grow- 
ing from  a  peduncle  ;  as,  a  peduncular  tendril. 

MurtTjn. 
PE-DUN€'l[-L.'iTE,      (  a.  Having  a  peduncle  ;  grow- 
PE-DU-\e'U-LA-TED,  i      ing  on  a  peduncle;  as,  a 

pcdnnonlatc  flower. 
PEE,  V.  i.     To  look  with  one  eye.    [JVni  used.]    Ray. 
PEED,  a.    Blind  of  one  eye.     [JVot  used.]  Bay. 

PEEK,  in  our  popular  dia'lect,  is  the  same  as  Peec,  lo 

look  through  a  crevice. 
PEEL,  V.  t.  [Fr.  peter,  pillcr;  Sp.  pelar,  pillar:  Port. 
pelar,  pilhar ;  It.  pigliarc;  L.  ;jiVo,  to  pull  ofl"  hair 
and  to  pillage  ;  Arm.  pilha  ;  VV.  piliaic,  to  take  ofl^  the 
surface  or  rind.  The  first  verb  peter,  pelar,  seems  to 
be  formed  from  L.  pilus,  the  hair.  The  Eng.  peel  is 
therefore  from  the  otlier  verb.  See  Pit.L.  Class  Bl, 
No.  3-2,  44,  SI.] 

1.  To  strip  off  skin,  bark,  or  rind,  without  a  cut- 
ting instrument ;  to  strip  by  drawing  or  tearing  ofi" 
theskin  ;  to  bark  ;  to  flay  ;  to  decorticate.  When  a 
knife  is  usctl,  we  call  it  parimr.  Thus  we  say,  to 
peel  a  tree,  to  peel  an  orange  ;  but  we  say,  to  pare  an 
apple,  to  jiarc  land. 

2.  In  a  general  sense,  to  remove  the  skin,  burk,  or 
rind,  even  with  an  instrument. 

3.  To  strip  ;  to  plunder  ;  to  pillage  ;  as,  to  peel  a 
province  or  conquered  people.       Milton.    Drydcn. 

PEEL, !;.  !.    To  lose  the  skin,  bark,  or  rind.    Smart. 
PEEL,  n.     [L.  pellis,  Fr.  pcau,  G.  fell,  D.  vet,  skin  ; 

from  peeling.} 
The  skin  or  rind  of  any  thing;  as,  the  peel  of  an 

orange. 


F.^TE,  F.\R,  FALL,  WHAT.— JIETE,  PREY.— PL\E,  MAIHXE,  BIRD.— NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQOK.- 


PEG 

I'EEL,  jf.  [Fr.pcUe;  L.  Sp.  and  It.  pala;  W.  pal, 
probiibly  trom  thrusting,  throwing,  L.  pctlo ;  Gr. 
/?iiAAcj,  like  Eng.  shocelf  from  shove  j  or  from  sprcad- 

A  kind  of  wooden  shovel,  used  by  bakers,  with  a 
broad  palm  and  long  handle  ;  hence,  in  popular  use 
in  America,  any  large  fire-shovel. 

PEEL'ED,;?^.  or  a.  Stripped  of  skin,  bark,  or  rind; 
plundered  ;  pillaged. 

PEEL'EIl,  r„    One  that  peels,  strips,  or  flays. 
2.  A  plunderer ;  a  pillager. 

PEEL'ING,  ppr.  Stripping  off  skin  or  bark  ;  plunder- 
ins. 

PEEP,  r.  [.  [It.  piobam,  to  pipe,  to  peep ;  D.  picpen^  to 
pipe,  to  chirp;  G.  pfeifeti;  Sw.  pipa;  Dan.  piper, 
pipper :  L.  pipio.  The  primary  sense  is,  to  open  or  to 
shoot,  to  thrust  out  or  forth;  Dan.  pipper  f rem,  to 
sprcut,  to  bud.  This  coincides  with  pipe,  Jife,  ficc, 
Heb.  :33'',  to  cry  out,  Abiby  &c.] 

1.  To  begin  to  appear ;  to  make  the  first  appear- 
ance; to  issue  or  come  forth  from  concealment,  as 
through  a  narrow  avenue. 

I  cAii  see  his  pride 
Peep  Uirough  each  pan  of  him.  SttciU. 

Wbeu  flowers  first peepfd.  Diydcn. 

2.  To  look  through  a  crevice ;  to  look  narrowly, 
closely,  or  sliiy. 

A  fool  Vfilt  peep  la  at  the  door.  Ecclns. 

Thou  art  a  iiinid,  and  must  oot  peep.  Prior, 

3.  To  cr>-,  as  chickens  ;  to  utter  a  fine,  shrill  sound , 
as  through  a  crevice;  usually  written  Pir,  but  \vi:h- 
out  reason,  as  it  is  the  same  word  as  i^  here  dcfincil, 
and,  in  America,  is  usually  pronounced  peep. 

PEKP,  n.    First  appearance  ;  as,  the  peep  of  day. 

2,  A  sly  look,  or  a  look  through  a  crevice.  SwijX. 

3.  The  cry  of  a  chicken. 

PEEP'EU,  n.    A  chicken  just  breaking  the  shell. 

Bramston. 
2,  In  familiar  language^  the  eye. 
PEEP'-H"oLE,         )  71.     A  hole  or  crevice  through 
PEEPTNG-HoLE,  \      which  one  may  iiecp  or  look 

without  being  discovered. 
PEEP'ING,  ppr.    Looking  through  a  crevice. 

2.  Coins,  lific  a  ciiicken. 
PEER,  H.     [Fr.  pair;  L.  par;  It.  pari;  Sp.  pnr.      See 
Paik.] 

1.  An  equal ;  one  of  Ills  same  rank.  A  man  may 
be  familiar  with  hispeer^-. 

2.  An  equal  in  excellence  or  endowments. 

In  S0112  he  ucvpr  lind  his  peer.  Uryden. 

3.  A  companion ;  a  fellow ;  an  associate. 

He  all  liis  peers  in  beauty  did  surpass.  Spenser. 

4.  A  nobleman  ;  as,  a  peer  of  the  real  m  ;  the  house 
of  peers,  so  called  because  noblemen  and  barons 
were  originally  considered  as  the  companions  of  the 
king,  like  1,.' comes,  count.  In  England,  persons 
belonsnng  to  the  five  degrees  of  nobility  are  all  peers. 

PEER,  r.  i.     [L.  pareo :  Norm,  perer.     See  AprEAB.] 

1.  To  come  just  in  sight ;  to  appear ;  a  poetic  word. 

So  hocor  peereth  Ja  the  meanest  habit.  Shak. 

See  how  his  'orgul  jxsrs  above  his  gown.  B.  Joivton. 

2.  To  look  narrowly;  to  peep;  as,  the  peering 
dav.  Jilikon. 

Peering  in  mnps  for  ports,  and  piers,  and  roada.  ShaJl. 

PEER'AGE,  n.     [See  Peer,  an  equal.]    The  rank  or 

dignity  of  a  peer  cr  nobleman.  Blackstone, 

2.  The  body  of  peers.  Dryden. 

PEEK'DOM,  (peer'dum,)  n.    Peerage.    [JV'ot  usedA 
PEES'ESS,  n.    The  consort  of  a  peer;  a  noble  lady. 

Pope. 
PEER'LESS,  a.    Unequaled ;  having  no  peer  or  equal ; 

ns,  peerless  beauty  or  majesty.  Dnjdeiu 

i'CEil'LESS-LY,  adv.    Without  an  equal, 
i  KER'LESS-NESS,  n.    The  state  of  having  no  equal, 
i  EiiL'VISH,  0.     [In  Scot,  pew  is  to  complain  or  mutter. 

It  is  probably  a  contracted  word,  and  perhaps  from 

the  root  of  pet,  petidanU] 

1.  Fretful;  petulant;  apt  to  mutter  and  complain  ; 
easiiy  vexed  or  fretted  ;  querulous ;  hard  to  please. 

She  apeemak,  sullen,  froward.  Shak. 

2.  Expressing  discontent  and  fretfulness. 

I  will  not  presume 
To  aend  such  peevish  tokens  to  a  long.  SAoA. 

3.  Silly;  chUdish.  Shali. 
PEE'VISH-LY,  a«fc.     Fretfully;  petulantly;  with  dis- 
content and  murmuring.                             Hajpoard. 

PEE'VISH-NESS,  n.  Fretfulness;  petulance;  dispo- 
sition to  murmur;  sourness  of  temper;  as,  childish 
peecishitess. 

When  peevishMss  and  spleen  BuC4:€cd.  Swi/l. 

PEG,  n.  [This  is  probably  from  the  root  of  L.  pango, 
pacius,  Gr.  T:j}yvvfii ;  denoting  that  which  fastens,  or 
allied  to  beak  and  picket.'] 

1.  A  small,  pointed  piece  of  wood,  used  in  fasten- 
ing boards  or  other  work  of  wood,  &;c.  It  does  the 
office  of  a  nail.  The  word  is  applied  only  to  small 
pieces  of  wood  pointed ;  to  the  larger  pieces,  thus 
pointed,  we  give  the  name  of  pinsy  and  pins,  in  sliip 
carpentry',  are  called  tree-mails  or  trenails.  Co.ic,  in 
his  Travels  in  Russia,  speaks  of  poles  or  beams, 
fastened  into  the  ground  wMhpegs. 


PEL 

2.  The  pins  of  an  instrument,  on  which  llie  strings 
are  strained.  Shck. 

3.  A  nickname  for  Margaret. 

To  take  a  peg  lower ;  to  come  down  ;  to  sink. 

J/udibras. 
PEG,  V.  L    To  fasten  with  pegs.  Evelyn. 

PEG'A-SiJS,  n.  [L..  from  Gr.  Unyacoi.l  In  fabulous 
history,  a  wingetl  horse. 

2.  In  astronoiit'i, one  of  llie  northern  consitllallons. 

3.  In  zcolog-y,  a  genus  of  fishes  with  large  pt^ctoral 
fins,  by  means  of  wiiich  they  take  short  fltghla  or 
leaps  through  the  air. 

PEG'G/':D,  pp.  or  a.    Fastened  or  furnished  with  pegs. 

PEO'GEIl,  n.    One  that  fastens  with  pegs.  Sherwood. 

Pi'^G'GING,  ppr.     Securing  with  pegs. 

PkGM,  (pCm,)  n.     [Gr.  "')>(;'i.] 

A  sort  of  moving  machine  in  the  old  pageants. 

B.  Jonson. 

PEG'MA-TITE,  v.  A  variety  of  granite,  composed 
essentially  of  lamellar  feldspar  and  quartz;  frequent- 
ly with  a  mixture  of  mica.  In  it  arc  found  kaolin, 
tin,  tourmalin,  beryl,  cohimbile,  tungsten,  and  other 
v;iluable  minerals.  Fr.  Diet.  ofJv'at.  IILt, 

PEI-RAM'E-TER,  tj.  An  instrument  for  measuring 
the  amount  of  resistance  to  wheel  carriages  on  roadei 
of  difTt-rent  construction.  Francis. 

PKT-RAS'Tie,  o.  [Gr.  Trtiaas-iK-i^,  from  Tzcicatj,  to 
strain,  to  attempt.] 

1.  Attempting;  making  trial. 

2.  Treating  of  or  representing  trials  or  attempts  ; 
as,  the  peirakic  dialogues  of  Plato.  Enfield. 

PETSE.     See  Poise. 

PEK'AN,  7T.    A  carnivorous  quadruped  of  the  weasel 

family,  Mustela  Canadensis,  found  in  Canada  and 

tiie  Northern  United  States  ;  also  called  the  Fisheb. 

It  grows  to  the  length  of  from  three  to  four  feet. 

Encyc.  Jim. 
PEK'oE,  n.    A  kind  of  black  tea,  said  to  be  scented 

with  a  shrub  called  pekoe. 
PEL' AGE,  71.     [Fr.,  from  L.  pilus,  hair.] 

The  vesture  or  covering  of  wdd  beasts,  consisting 

of  hair,  far,  or  wool.  Bacon. 

^k^\t'\-     [L.  ,*.„..  the  sen.] 

Pertaining  to  the  sea,  or  deep  sea ;  as,  pelagian 
shells.  Journ.  of  Science. 

PE-La'GI-AN,  71.  [from  Pehfius,  a  native  of  Great 
Britain,  who  lived  in  the  fourth  century.] 

A  follower  of  Pelagius,  a  inonls  of  Banchor  or 
Bangor,  who  denied  original  sin,  and  asserted  the 
doctrine  of  free  wiU  and  the  merit  of  good  works. 

Bp.  Hull. 
PE-La'GI-AN,  a.    Pertaining  to  Pelagius  and  his  doc- 
trines. SottUi. 
PE-La'GI-AN-ISM,  n.    The  doctrines  of  Pelaeiiis. 

Simlk. 
PEL-aE-Go'XI-UM,  71.     [Gr.  zcUo}  os,  a  stork.] 
A  genus  of  ornamental  plants  allied  to  the  ger.a- 
nium,  and  helonging  to  the  same  natural  order. 
PEL'E-RINE,  71.    A  lady's  long  cape,  with  ends  com- 

ina  down  before. 
PELF,  71.     [Proljably  allied  to  jiiiTfr.]     Money  ;  riches  ; 
but  it  often  conveys  the  idea  of  something  dl  gotten 
or  worthless.     It  ii.is  no  plural. 
PELTRY  or  PEL'FR.VY;  formerly  used  for  Pelf. 
PEL'I-€AN,  71.    [Low  L.  jielccanus  ;  Gr.  -zXiKav  ;  Fr. 
pehcan.'] 

1.  A  palmiped  water  fowl  of  the  genus  Pclecanus. 
It  is  larger  than  the  swan,  and  rcniaikable  for  its 
enormous  bill,  to  the  lower  edges  of  the  under  chop 
of  which  is  attached  a  poucli  or  bag,  capable  of  being 
distended  so  as  to  hold  many  quarts  of  water.  In 
liis  bag  the  fowl  deposits  the  fish  it  takes  for  food. 

P.  Cue. 

2.  A  chemical  glass  vessel  or  alembic  with  a  tubu- 
lated capita!,  from  which  two  opposite  and  crooked 
beaks  pass  out  and  enter  again  at  the  belly  of  the 
cucurbit.  It  is  designed  for  continued  distillation 
and  rohobalion  ;  the  volatile  parts  of  t!ie  substance 
distilling,  rising  into  the  capital,  and  returning 
through  the  beaks  into  the  cucurbit.         JVichakon. 

Pe'LI-OM,7i.    [Gr.  7r£Ai(j(ii:,  black  color.] 

A  mineral,  a  variety  of  iolite.  Cleaveland. 

PE-LISSE',  (pe-lees',)  n.    [Fr.,  from  L.  pcllis,  skin.] 
Oririimlly,  a  furred  robe  or  coat.    But  the  name  is 
now  given  to  a  silk  coat  or  habit  worn  by  ladies. 
PELL,  1!.     [L.  pellis,  It.  pellc,  a  skin.] 

1.  A  skin  or  hide. 

2.  A  roll  of  parchment. 

Clerk  of  thepctlsi  in  England,  an  officer  of  the  es- 
chequer,  who  enters  every  teller's  bill  on  the  parch- 
ment rolls,  the  roll  of  receipts,  and  the  roll  of  dis- 
bursements. „  ,  T  -I 
PEL'LET,  71.  [Fr.  peloid  V, .  pcUcii,  from  L.  yda,  a 
ball;  It.palla.) 

1.  A  little  ball ;  as,  apdlct  of  wai  or  lint. 

Bacon,     filseman. 

2.  A  bullet ;  a  ball  for  fire-arms.     [.Vol  now  used.] 

Bacon.    Ratj. 
PEL'LET-ED,  a.    Consisting  of  bullets.  Shiit. 

PEL'LI-€LE,  Cpel'lckl,)  n.  [L.  pclUcnla,  dim.  of  pcl- 
&,  skin.] 

1.  \  thin  skill  or  film.  Sharp.    Eneyc. 

2.  Among  ehemisls,  a  thin,  saline  cmst  formed  on 


[L.p£(ui,  a  target.] 


PEN 

the  Kurfac^^  of  a  solution  of  salt  erapcinaed  to  a  t>^- 

taln  degree.    This  pellicle  cr     •      '        -■ 

cIcH  crystallized. 
PEL'LI-TO-RV,  n.     [Sp.  pttU^ 
from  h.  parietariOf  the  wall  ph-i.l.  i-. 

The  name  of  several  planu  ol  c 
sometiinc-s  Uied  In  medicine.     The 
truU,  or  common  petliurry,  is  of  the  t''  ' 
the  bastard  petlitory,  of  the  gCDUS  A'- . 
peUiU/ry  of  Spain^  le  the  Anihemis  p;  r 

PELL-JIELL',  ode.    With  confused  vi(,l<-ncc. 

.Skak,     Ifrndihra.. 

PELLS,  n.  ;7(.    Clerk  of  the  pt-lls.    [Stt  Piu.) 

PEL-IjO'CID,  a.    [L.  ptUuddua ;  per  and  Inaiuj,  very- 
bright.     See  LifiHT.] 

Perfectly  clear;  Irannparent ;  not  <•-■<■.•■    :>• 
body  as  pellucid  as  cryi,1al. 

PEL-LU-CID'I-TY,  1  71.      Perfect   cl 

PEL-I,C'CII)-NE.SS  i  parency;  a-,  ;.  , 
of  the  air;  the  pfi/uciinejj  of  a  eem.  l^jcie.    A'lu. 

PEI.^LO'CID-LY,  adc.    T-^nsparentlv  ;  dearly. 

PE-LO'PI-UM,  71.    A  metai  ecently  iiii!c<iv<  r.  d  .n  '.  - 
hinibite.  Journ.  of  ■'■ 

PEL-0-PON-Ne'SIAN,  a.    Pertaining  to  Pc; 

8US. 

PEL-O-PON-Ne'SUS,  71.  [Gr.  TUXozonr.r' 
of  Pelops.]  A  celebrated  peninsula,  compr 
the  southern  pari  of  Greece ;  now  called  -U;  - 

PELT,  71.     [G.  peti ;  Sp.  peiaAi ;  L.  peOiA.     See  Fti-i. j 

1.  The  skin  of  a  beast  with  the  hair  on  it ;  a  raw 
hide.  Brom. 

2.  The  quarry  of  a  hawk  all  torn.        .^iitsKcrtJk. 

3.  A  blow  or  stroke  from  someUiing  thrown.  [In- 
fra.] 

PELT,  V.  I.     [Fr.  prlolrr,  from  pelolc,  a  ball 
traded  from  prlkt.    In  Sw.  Imllxs  ii  to  1^ 
word  is  from  Fr.  pehtCj  a  little  b.-Ul,  or  frr,i!i  i- 
Gr.  HaWo!.] 

1.  Properly,  to  strike  with  something  thronm, 
driven,  or  fallinir ;  a.s,  to  pdt  with  stones ;  ptltsd 
Willi  hail. 

The-  :    rfclo-jai.  Siak. 

2.  To  drive  by  tlir  .\'.  iiig  romelliing.     AlUTivrr, 
PELT'-Vi'OOL,  71.     WVol  plucked  from  Uie  pells  ot 

skins  of  s'hcep  alter  they  are  dead. 
PELT'.VTE.      ( 
FELT'A-TED,  ( 

Fixed  to  the  stalk  by  the  center,  or  by  some  point 

distinctly  within  the  margin.  Mariyn. 

PELT'.\TE-LY,  adr.    In  a  peltate  manner.    Enmn. 
PELT'ED,  pp.     Struck  wiih  soiiietliiiig  thrown  or 

driven. 
PELT'ER,  71.    One  that  pelts ;  also,  a  pinclipenny  ;  a 

mean,  sordid  person.  Iluloct. 

PELT'IXG,  ppr.    Sinking  with  something  thrown  or 

driven. 
PELT'IiNG,  71.    An  assault  with  any  thing  thrown. 

PELT'ING,  a.  In  SSofcjieart,  mean ;  paluy.  Urn- 
preiirr.] 

PELT'-MO.N"GER,  (-raung'ger,)  n.  A  dealer  in  pelts 
(■r  raw  hides.  ,      l 

PELT'RY,  71.  [from  prlt,  a  skin.]  The  skiai  of  ani- 
mals producing  fur;  skins  in  general,  with  the  for 
on  them  i  furs  in  general.  Saollelt. 

PKL'Vie,  c    Pertaining  to  tlic  pchn?.       Ijxrtxa 

PEL-Vl.M'E-TER,  n.  [L.  pdris  and  Gr.  furptr, 
measure.]  .  . 

An  instrument  to  measure  the  dimensions  of  Ine 
female  pelvis.  C  --. 

PEL' VIS,  71.    [L.  pdeis,  a  b.->.sin.] 

The  cavity  of  tlie  body  formed  by  the  i. 
OS  coccijiri^,  and  (w--a  i.ij7<77iii7iar«,  conslitui..i^    i.i^ 
lower  mU  of  the  abdomen. 

PEll'.Ml-€A>.'.  71.  Meat  cured,  pulverized, and  miscd 
with  fat.  It  contains  much  nutriment  in  sm:»ll  com- 
pass, and  is  of  great  use  in  long  voyages  of  eiploia- 
tion.  ^ 

PEX,  11.  [L.  pciiii<:;  SaJ.  pinn :  D.  pn;  It.  prnna,  a 
feather,  a  pen,  and  a  top ;  \V.  pcjt,  top,  summit, 
head  ;  Ir.  biann,  beiiin,  written  also  belt.  The  Celtic 
nations  called  the  piak  of  a  mountain  bea  or  ,-<•»• 
Hence,  the  name  .ipenniitc,  applied  to  tlic  mouniains 
of  Il.ily.  It  may  belong  to  the  same  root  as  L.  pi:>.:a, 
a  Jill,  that  is,  a  shoot  or  point] 

1.  .\n  instnimcnt  used  for  writing,  usually  made   | 
of  the  (piill  of  a  goose  or  other  bird ;  but  it  may  be  of  i 
any  other  material,  as  of  steel,  gold,  &c. 
a.  .\  feather  ;  a  wing.     [wVot  used  ]  Sper.-'er. 

PEN,  c.  (.;  prrt.  and;)?.  Penned.  To  write  :  to  com- 
pose and  commit  to  paper.  .«.;ii,sr«. 

PEN,  71.     [Sax.  pinan,  to  press,  e>r  pyndan,  to  ptmnd  ct 
shut  up  ;  botli  probably  from  one  root.] 
.\  small  inclosuro  for  beasts,  as  for  cows  or  sheep. 

FEN,  r.  (. ;  prrr.  and  pp.  Penned  or  Pent.  To  shut  in  I 
a  wn  ;  to  confine  in  a  small  inclosure  :  to  coop  i  to  , 
confine  in  a  narrow  place;  usually  followed  b,v  irj.,  I 
which  is  redundant.  BiyfU.    Mdtot.       | 

PEN'-eUT-TEU,  n.  One  whose  occupation  u  to 
make  (lens.  , 

PE'N.-\L,  o.     [Fr.  and  Sp.  li  ;  It-  P™"'^ 
picna,  Gr.  Toui!,  ixain,  punishment. 


from  I* 
'See  Pain.1 


TCNE,  BULL,  IINITE.  — .\N"GER,  VI"CIOUS. 
1^  "" 


S.-e  as  K;  6as  J;  easZ;  CHas  SII;  Til  as  in  THIS. 


_Jl 


809 


PEN 


PEN 


i.  Knacliiiy  imiiinlimcnt ;  tV-nounciiif!  the  punish- 
inciit  of  offenses  ;  as,  a  pcnul  law  or  slalutc  ;  ihe  pc- 
r.iil  code.    Patui  statutes  luusl  bo  constnuul  strictly. 

Blackstone, 
•2.  Inflicting  punisbment 

Adamantine  chaioB  and  ptnal  fit*.  JV/i.'ton. 

3.  Incurring  punishment ;  subject  to  u  penalty ;  as, 

a  penal  net  or  offense. 
PK-NAL'I-TY,  71.      Liableness  or  condemnation    to 

Iiiinisluneiit.     [JVot  used.]  Brown. 

pr:'.\.\L-LY,  adv.    In  a  penal  manner. 
PKX'AL-TY,  »i.     [It  penalitd ;  Sp.  pcnalidail.    See  Pe- 

"■**"!  X.-  1  ■ 

1.  The  suffering  in  person  or  property  which  is  an- 
nexed by  law  or  judicial  decision  to  the  commission 
of  a  crime,  offense,  or  trespass,  as  a  puiiishment.  A 
fine  is  a  pecuniary  penalty.  The  usual  penalties  in- 
flicted on  the  i)erson  are  \\iiipping,  croppin;;,  brand- 
ing, imprisonment,  hard  labor,  trant^porlalion,  or 
death. 

2.  The  suffering  to  which  a  person  subjects  hinisen 
by  covenant  or  agreement,  in  case  of  non-fuIfiU- 
ment  of  his  slipulalions  ;  the  furfoiture  or  sum  to  be 
forfeited  for  non-payment,  or  for  non-conipliance 
with  an  agreement ;  as,  llie  penalty  of  a  bond. 

PEX'ANCE,  Ti.  [Sp.  penaittc,  from  penary  It.  pcnare, 
lo  suffer  pain.    See  Pain.] 

1.  The  autferinc,  labor,  or  pain  to  which  a  person 
voluntarily  subjects  himself,  or  which  is  imposed  on 
him  by  authority  as  a  punishment  for  his  faults,  or 
as  an  expression  of  penitence  ;  such  as  fasting,  flag- 
ellation, wearing  chains,  &.c.  Penance  is  one  of  the 
seven  sacraments  of  the  Roman  Catholic  church. 

Encyc. 
9.  Repentance.     fOi-v.]  mdif. 

PE-Na'Tf.S,  71.  pi.  [L.]  The  houscliold  gods  of  the 
ancient  Italians. 

PEN'CB,  (pcnse,)  n.  The  plural  of  PENsy,  when 
used  of  a  sum  of  money  or  value.  ^Vhcii  pieces  of 
coin  are  mentioned,  we  use  Pennies. 

PEN-CHANT',  (|V4n-sh"ing',)  n.     [Fr.]    Inclination. 

PKN'CIL,  n.     [Fr.  pmcffltt ;  i^^t.  pincet;  L.  pcnicillus.] 

1.  A  small  brusli  used  by  painters  for  laying  on  col- 
ors. Hence,  Jigtirativdy,  tlio  art  of  painting.  'J'he 
proper  pencils  are  made  of  fine  hair  or  bristles,  as  of 
camels,  badgers,  or  squirrels,  or  of  the  down  of 
swans,  inclosed  in  a  fiuill.  The  larger  pencils, 
made  of  swine's  bristles,  are  called  Brushes. 

Entijc. 
9.  Any  instrument  formed   of  black  lead  or  red 
chalk,  with  a  point  at  one  end,  used  for  writing  and 
drawing.  Encyc. 

3.  Any  instrument  of  writing  without  ink. 

Johnson. 
A.  In  optics^  an  aggregate  or  collection  of  lays  of 
IJL'ht. 
PRN'CIL,  V.  t.    To  paint  or  draw  j  to  write  or  mark 

with  a  pencil.  ShaJc.    Hartc. 

PEN'CIL--E:D,  pp.  or  a.  Painted,  drawn,  or  marked 
with  a  pencil. 

2.  Radiated  ;  having  pencils  of  rays. 
PEN'CIL-ING,  ppr.    Painting,  drawing,  or  marking 

with  a  pencil. 
PEN'CIL-ING,  n.    The  act  of  painting  or  sketching. 
PEN'CIL-SHaP-£D,  C-shapt,)  a.   Havingthe  shape  of 

a  pencil. 
PEX'eRXFT,  n.    Penmanship;  chirogiaphy.  Bnue. 
PENU'ANT,  n.     [Fr.,  from  L.  pcndeo,  to  hang,  or  Sp. 

pemlon.     See  Pesnon.] 

1.  An  ornament  or  jewel  hanging  at  the  ear,  usu- 
ally composed  of  pearl  or  some  precious  stone.  Pope. 

2.  A  hanging  ornament  on  roofs,  ceilings,  ice, 
much  used  in  Gothic  architecture.      Oloss.  ofJirchit. 

3.  Any  thing  hanging  by  way  of  ornament. 

Waller. 

4.  \n  the  fine  arts,  a  picture  or  print  which,  from 
uniformity  of  size  and  subject,  hangs  as  a  companion 
of  anotiier.  Brande. 

5.  In  heraldry^  a  part  hanging  from  the  label,  re- 
sembling the  drops  in  the  Doric  frieze.  Encyc. 

G.  A  long,  narrow  piece  of  bunting,  worn  at  the 
mast-heads  of  vessels  of  war.     [See  Pennant.] 

Totlen. 
The  broad  pendant  is  a  square  piece,  carried  in  the 
same  way,  in  a  commodore's  vessel. 

R.  H.  Dana,  Jr. 
7.  A  rope  to  which  a  purchase  is  hooked. 
There  are  many  other  pendants  consisting  of  a  rope 
or  ropes,  to  whose  lower  extremity  is  attached  a  block 
or  tackle.  The  rudder-prndant  is  a  rope  made  fast 
to  the  rudder  by  a  chain,  to  prevent  the  loss  of  the 
rudder  when  unshipped.     [See  Pennant.] 

Mar.  Diet. 

6.  A  pendulum.     [JVot  used.]  Dishy. 
FEND'ENCE,  n.     [L.  pendens,  pcndeo^  to  hang.f 

Slope;  inclination.  fVotton. 

PEND'EN-CY,  71.     [L.  pendcnsj  pendeo,  suprn.] 

Suspense  ;  the  state  of  being  undecided  ;  as,  to 
wait  during  the  pendency  of  a  suit  or  petition. 
PEND'ENT,  a.     [L.  pendens.] 

1.  Hanging;  fastened  at  one  end,  the  other  being 
loose. 

With  ribbons  ptndent^  flar.ng  aoout  her  head.  Shak. 


2.  Jutting  over  ;  projecting  i  asj  ii  pettdcni  rock. 

Shak. 
X  Supported  above  the  ground.  Milton. 

PFJV-DEjY'TE  LPTEj  [L.]  Pending  the  suitor  ac- 
tion. 

PEN-UENT'IVE,  7t.  In  architecture^  the  portion  of  a 
vault  between  the  arches  under  a  dome. 

PEND'ENT-LY,  adv.  In  a  pendent  or  projecting  man- 
ner. 

PEND'ING,  ppr.     [L.  pendco^  to  liang  ;  pendente  Utc] 
Depending ;  remaining  uudecidetl ;  not  termina- 
ted.    This  was  done,  pending  tho  suit. 

PKND'ULE,  n.    A  iiendulura.  Evelyn. 

PEN»-U-L<JS'I-TY,       I  H.     [Sou  Pendulous.]     The 

PENl)'[|-LOUS-NESS,  (     state  of  hanging  ;  suspen- 
sion. 
['J'he  latter  is  Uie preferable  viord.] 

PEND'U-LOUS,  a.  [L.  penduliLs,  from  pcndco^  to 
hang.] 

Hanging;  swinying;  faslrned  at  one  end,  Ihu  oth- 
er being  movable.  The  dewlap  of  an  animal  \a  pend- 
ulous. 

PEND'tJ-LUM,  7i.     [L.  pcndulns,  pejiduhim.] 

A  body  suspended  by  a  right  lino  from  a  fixed 
point,  and  moving  freely  about  that  iwint  as  a  cen- 
ter ;  as,  tho  pcndulian  of  a  clock.  'I'hc  oscillations 
of  a  pendulum  depend  on  gravity,  and  are  always 
performed  in  nearly  eipial  linies,  supposing  tlie 
length  of  ihe  jiendulum  and  the  gravity  to  remain  tlie 
same. 

Ballistic  pcvdnlum;  a  pendulum  used  to  asCL-rlain 
the  momentum  of  cannon  or  musket  balls.  U  usu- 
ally consists  of  a  heavy  log  of  wood  suspended  so  as 
to  move  freely. 

Cmnpensalion  pendulum ;  a  pendulum  containing 
some  contrivance  for  counteracting  the  expansion  of 
the  rod  by  heat,  aud  its  contraction  by  cold,  so  as  to 
keep  the  pendulum  always  of  the  same  effective 
lenfith.  Olmsted. 

Gridiron  pendulum ;  a  species  of  compensation  pen- 
dulum, consisting  of  parallel  bars  of  different  inelals, 
so  arranged  that  the  length  of  the  pendulum  remains 
unaltered  by  changes  of  temperature. 

Mercurial  pendulum;  a  species  of  compensation 
pendulum,  having  the  rod  made  of  steel,  and  the 
weight  formed  by  a  glass  vcs=el  (illed  with  mercury, 
which,  by  its  expansion  or  contraction,  compensates 
for  the  changes  in  the  length  of  the  rod.    Brande. 

PEN-E-TRA-BIL'I-TV,  n.  [from  i>'^'^'-i-ra-hlc.]  Sus- 
ceptibility of  being  penetrated,  or  of  being  entered 
or  passed  through  by  anotiier  body. 

There  being  no  mean  between  penctralnlirj  and  impenetrability. 

CheijTte. 

PEN'E-TRA-BLE,  a.  [Fr.,  from  li.  pcnctrdbilis.  See 
Penetrate.] 

1.  That  may  be  penetrated,  entered,  or  pierced  by 
another  body. 

Let  liim  ti-y  thy  dart, 
And  pierce  his  oa\y  jitiielrabU  pan.  Drydcn. 

2.  Susceptible  of  moral  or  intellectual  impres- 
sion. 

I  am  not  made  uf  slonc, 
"Ewi  penetrable  to  your  kind  cnti-catics.  Shak. 

PEJV-E-TRA'LI'A,  h.  ;;/.  [L.]  The  recesses  or  in- 
nermost parts  of  any  place,  as  of  a  temple,  palace, 
&c. ;  hence,  the  hidden  things  or  secrets.  The  an- 
glicized form,  Penetrail,  is  not  used. 

PEN'E-TRAN-CY,  n.     [L.  penetrans.] 

Power  of  entering  or  piercing  ;  as,  the  pcncirancy 
of  subtile  effluvia. 

PEN'E-TRANT,  a.     [L.  penetrans.] 

Having  the  power  to  enter  or  i)ierce ;  sharp ;  sulv 
tile  ;  as, penetrant  spirit ;  food  subtilized  and  rendered 
fluid  and  penetrant.  Boyle.    Ray. 

PEN'E-TRaTE,  v.  t.  [L.  penetro,  from  the  root  of 
pen,  a  point.] 

1.  To  enter  or  pierce ;  to  make  way  into  another 
body ;  as,  a  sword  or  dart  penetrates  the  body ;  oil 
penkratfs  wood ;  marrow,  the  most  pcnctratinfr  of 
oily  substances.  .irhuthnot. 

9.  To  affect  tlie  mind  ;  to  cause  to  feel.  I  am  pen- 
etrated with  a  lively  sense  of  your  generosity. 

3.  To  reach  by  the  intellect ;  to  understand ;  as,  to 
penetrate  the  meaning  or  design  of  any  thing. 

4.  To  enter ;  to  pass  into  the  interior ;  as,  to  pen- 
etrate a  country. 

PEN'E-TRATE,  r.  i.    To  pass ;  to  make  way. 

Bom  wliere  Heaven's  infiueuce  scarce  can  penetrats.       Pope. 

2.  To  make  way  intellectually.  He  had  not  pen- 
etrated into  the  designs  of  the  prince. 

PEN'E-TRa-TED,  pp.  Entered;  pierced;  under- 
stood ;  fathomed. 

PEN'E-TRa-TING,  2>pr-  Entering  ;  piercing  ;  under- 
standing. 

2.  a.  Having  the  power  of  entering  or  piercing 
another  body ;  sharp ;  subtile.  Oil  is  a  penetrating 
substance. 

3.  Acute;  discerning;  quick  to  understand ;  as,  a 
penelratins  mind. 

PEN'E-TRa-T1NG-LY,    adv.      Piercingly  ;    discern- 
ingly. 
PEN-E-TRa'TION,  7(.    The  act  of  entering  a  body. 

Milton. 


PEN 

a.  Mciil:il  entrance  into  any  Ihing  iibstrusc  ;  as,  u 
iicnciratiott  inio  the  ub:dti'nsc  Uiliicullies  of  alyt-bru. 

3.  Acutencss ;   sagacity  j    as,  a  man  of  yrcat  or 
nice  prncCration. 
P£N'E-TKA-T1VE,  0.    Piercing;  siiarp;  subtile. 

2.  Acute  3  ^^agaciousj  discerning  j  as,  penetrative 
wisdom.  Staifr. 

3.  Having  tlie  power  to  affect  or  impress  tjie  mind  ; 
as,  penetrative  Hliame.  Sllab. 

I'EN'K-'I'RA-TIVE-NESS,  n.    'J'bc  quality  of  being 

penetrulive. 
PE.'<'1''ISH,  II.    A  kind  of  eelpout  without  a  smootli 

skin.  IJ'ct-  JVu(.  Ui.il. 

PEN'GUIN,  (pen'gwin,)  n.  [VV.  pen,  head,  audsteyity 

while  ;  or  L.  ]nn<riudinc,  with  fatness.] 

1.  The  peii;:uins  constitute  a  genus  of  sea  fowlti, 
Aiilcmdijica,  allied  to  the  Auks.  One  species  of  luui- 
guin  is  an  aquatic  fowl  with  very  short  legs,  Willi 
four  toes,  three  of  which  are  webbed;  the  body  is 
clothed  with  short  featilers,  set  as  compactly  as  llio 
scales  of  a  fish ;  the  wingS  are  small  like  fins,  and 
covered  with  short,  scale-like  feathers,  so  that  th  y 
arc  useless  in  liight.  Penguins  seldom  go  on  sliuic, 
except  in  the  season  of  breeding,  when  they  burii.w 
like  rabbits.  On  land  they  stand  erect ;  they  are 
tame,  an(i  may  be  driven  like  a  Hock  of  sheep.  In 
water  they  swim  and  dive  with  rapidity,  being  as- 
sisted with  llieir  wings.  The  pencuins  are  lounrt  only 
in  the  soutlieru  latitudes.    Kncyc.  .^incr.     ParLiiii;ti>n. 

a.  A  species  of  West  India  fruit.  Miller. 

PE.\'i-CIL,  71.  [L.  jieineilhus.'\  Among  pkysiciuits,  a 
tent  or  pledget  lor  wounds  or  ulcers. 

2.  A  species  of  shell. 
PEN-1-CIL'LATE,  a.     [L.  pmicitttes,  a  pencil  or  small 

brush.] 

In  natural  hisUirtj,  llaving  the  form  of  a  pencil ; 
cousietillg  of  a  bundle  of  short,  comjiact,  or  close 
Ji'jers. 
PEN-IN'SU-L.'V,  71.    [L.  jirac,  almost,  and  insula,  an 
isle ;  It.  j>ciicsolo.'\ 

1.  A  portion  of  land,  connected  with  a  continent 
by  a  narrow  neck  or  isthmus,  but  nearly  surrounded 
with  water.    Thus  Boston  stands  on  a  jicrtiiisula. 

a.  A  large  extent  of  country  joining  tlie  main  land 
by  a  part  narrower  than  the  tract  itself.  Thus  Spain 
and  Portugal  are  said  to  be  situated  on  a  peitiitsula. 

PEN-IN'.SU-LAR,  a.  In  the  form  or  state  of  a  penin- 
sula ;  pertaining  to  a  peninsula ;  inhabiting  a  i>enin- 
sula. 

PEN-IN'SU-LaTE,  v.  t.  To  encompass  almost  with 
water ;  to  form  a  peninsula. 

Soulh  RWeT  pemnsulates  C:\stle  Hill  farm,  and  al  lugh  lictf^  3Ur- 
rouni^  it.  JlenUet/a  JTist.  Coll. 

PEN-IN'SU-La-TED,  yp.     Almost  surrounded  with 

water. 
PEN-IN'SU-La-TING,  ppr.    Nearly  surrounding  with 

water. 
Pe'NIS,  71.    [L.]    The  male  organ  of  generation. 
PEN'I-TENCE,    j  n.     [Fr.  penitence,  from  L.  pa:nitcn. 
PEN'I-TEN-C Y,  i     lia,  from  jiiiiiitco,  from  pwna,  pain, 

punishment.    See  Paiw.] 
Repentance  ;  pain  ;  sorrow  or  grief  of  lie.-irt  for 

sins  or  offenses ;  contrition.    Keal  pmitcnee  springs 

from  a  conviction  of  guilt  and  ingratitude  to  God, 

and  is  followed  by  amendment  of  life. 
PEN'I-TENT,  a.     [Fr.,  from  L.  pecnitens.] 

Suffering  pain  or  sorrow  of  heart  on  account  of 

sins,  crimes, or  offenses;  contrite;  sincerely  affected 

by  a  sense  of  guilt  and  resolving  on  amendment  of  life. 

Tiic  proud  lie  tamed,  the  penilenl  he  cheered.  Dryilen. 

PEN'I-TENT,  71.  One  that  repents  of  sin  ;  one  sor- 
rowful on  account  of  his  transgressions. 

2.  One  under  church  censure,  but  admitted  to 
penance.  StillingJlcH. 

3.  One  under  the  direction  of  a  confessor. 

Penilriits  is  an  appellation  given  to  certain  frater- 
nities in  Human  Catholic  countries,  distinguished  by 
their  habits  and  employed  in  charitable  acts.    Eneiie. 

Order  vf  penitents  ;  a  religious  order  established  by 
one  Bernard  of  Marseilles,  about  the  year  1272,  for 
tlje  reception  of  reformed  courtesans.  The  eonrp-e- 
galion  of  penitents,  at  Paris,  was  founded  with  a  sim- 
ilar view.  Encije. 

PEN-I-TEN'TIAL,  (pen-e-ten'shal,)  a.  [Fr.  pc7titm- 
tiel;  It.  pmitcnziale.] 

Proceeding  from  or  expressing  penitence  or  contri- 
tion of  heart  ;  as,  penitential  sorrow  or  tears.  SouUt. 

PE.M-I-TEN'TI.U/,  71.  Among  tlie  Roman  Catholics, 
a  book  containing  the  rules  which  relate  to  penance 
and  the  reconciliation  of  penitents.  Encyc. 

PBN-I-TEN'TIAL-LY,  ade.    In  a  contrite  manner. 

PEN-I-TEN'TIA-RY,  (-sha-re,)  a.  Relating  to  pen- 
ance, or  to  the  rules  and  measures  of  penance. 

PEN-I-TEN'TIA-RY,  n.  One  that  prescribes  the 
rules  and  measures  of  penance.      Bacon.    Jlyliffe. 

2.  A  penitent ;  one  that  does  penance.  Hammond. 

3.  At  Uie  court  of  Rome,  an  office  in  which  are  ex- 
amined and  delivered  out  the  secret  bulls,  graces,  or 
dispensations  relating  to  cases  of  conscience,  con- 
fession, &c.  ^    ,  '^''"V":., 

4.  An  officer  in    some  cathedrals,  vested  with 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.— NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.— 
810 


PEN 

power  from  the  bishop  lo  absolve  in  cases  reseived 
to  him.  The  pope  has  a  grand  peniteiuiaiy,  wlio 
is  a  cardinal  and  is  chit;r  of  tlie  other  penitentia- 
ries. Eneyc. 

5.  A  house  of  correction  in  which  offenders  are 
confined  for  punislnnent  and  reformation,  and  com- 
pelled to  labor  i  a  work -house.  A  state  prison  is  a 
pniitejttinr};. 

PEN'I-TENT-LY,  adv.  With  penitence  j  with  re- 
pentance, sorrow,  or  contrition  for  sin. 

PEN'KNIFE,  (-nilV,)  ».  [See  Pe:«  and  Kmfe.]  A 
small  knile  used  for  making  and  mending  pens. 

PEN'AIAX,  H. ,-  pi.  Pevme.v.     [See  Pen  and  Man.] 

1.  A  man  that  professes  or  teaches  tlie  art  of 
writing.    More  generally^ 

2.  One  that  writes  a  good  hand. 

3.  An  author  ;  a  writer ;  as,  the  sacred  penmen. 

Jiddison, 
PEN'M.\N-SHIP,  n.    The  use  of  the  pen  in  writing ; 
the  art  of  writing. 
2.  Manner  of  WTiting  ;  as,  good  or  bad  pnimanship. 
PEN'NACH-£D,  (pen'nasht,)    a.      [Fr.  pennach^  or 
panache,  t'roTn  panache,  A  plume  or  bunch  of  feathers.] 
Radiated  j  diversified  with  natural  stripes  of  vari- 
ous colors,  as  a  flower.     [Little  ?tsfd.]  Evelyn. 
PEN'i^^ANT, )  n.     [Fr.  fanion,   pennon;    It.  pcnnone  ; 
PEN'NOX,     )      Sp.pendon;  W.  penwn;  Goth.  faTta: 
L.  pannu.?,  a  cloth.] 

1.  A  small  flag  .;  a  banner. 

2.  In  Ttaval  a^ffixirs^a.  long,  narrow  piece  of  bunting, 
worn  at  the  mast  heads  of  vessels  of  war.  Tottcn. 

Broad  pennant,  is  a  square  piece,  carried  in  the 
same  wav,  in  a  commodore's  vessel. 

R.  H.  Dana,  Jr. 

3.  A  rope  or  strap  to  which  a  purchase  is  hooked. 

R.  H.  Dana,  Jr. 
PEN'N.-VTE,      )  a.    f  L.  pennatus,  winged,  from  penna, 
PEN'Na-TED,  \     a  quill  or  wing.] 

1.  Winged. 

2.  In  botany,  a  pennate  leaf  is  a  compound  leaf  in 
which  a  simple  petiole  has  several  leaflets  attached 
to  eacli  side  of  it,     [See  Pi>->-ate.] 

PEX'NED,  pp.    Written. 

PEX'NED,  a.    Winged  ;  having  plumes.        Huloet. 

PEN'NER,  H.     A  uTiter. 

2.  A  pen-case.     fZ-oca/.]  SinswoTtk. 

PEVNI-FORM,  a.  [L.  pcnna,  a  feather  or  quill,  and 
form.] 

Having  the  form  of  a  quill  or  feather.        Eticyc. 

PEN-XIG'ER-OUS,  a.     [L.  penna  and  gero.] 
Bearing  feathers  or  quills. 

PEN'NI-LESS,  a.  [from  penny.']  Moneyless;  desti- 
tute of  money;  poor.  Arbathnot. 

PE\'.\[-LESS-NESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  money- 

PEX'NING,  ppr.    Committing  to  writing.  [less. 

PEX'XING,  u.    Composition  i  style  of  writing.   Shak. 

PEX'NON.     See  Pes:* ant. 

PEX'XY,  n.  f  pi.  Pennies  or  Pence.  Pennies  denotes 
the  number  of  coins  ;  pence  the  amount  of  pennies  in 
value.  [Sax.  penig ;  D.  and  Sw.  penning;  G.  pfen- 
nig; Dan.  pen ge,  money.] 

1.  An  ancient  English  silver  coin;  but  now  a 
copper  one,  twelve  of  which  are  equal  to  a  shilling. 
It  is  the  radical  denomination  from  which  English 
coin  is  numbered.  Johnson. 

2.  In  ancient  English  statutes,  any  or  all  silver 
money. 

3.  Procerbially,  a  small  sum.     He  will  not  lend  a 

4.  Money  in  general.  [jtenny. 

Be  sure  to  tJrti  ihe  penny.  Dryden. 

PEN'NY-A-LIN'ER,  n.  A  term  of  contempt  for 
those  who  furnish  matter  for  public  journals  at  a 
penny  a  line. 

PEX'XY-PoST,  71.  A  post  that  carries  letters  from 
the  post  oflice  and  delivers  them  to  the  proper  per- 
sons for  a  penny  or  other  small  compensation. 

PEX-NY-ROY'AL,  n.    An  aromatic  herb. 

The  EngUsh  pennyroyal  is  the  Mentha  pulegiura  ; 
the  X'orlh  American  pennyroyal  is  the  Hedeoraa 
pulegioides.  Parr.    Bigelow. 

PEN'XY-WEIGHT,  (-wate,)  ti.  A  troy  weight  con- 
taining twenty -four  grains,  each  grain  being  equal  in 
weight  to  a  grain  of  wheat  from  the  middle  of  the 
ear,  well  dried.  It  was  anciently  the  weight  of  a 
silver  penny,  whence  the  name.  Twenty  peitnij- 
■wnghts  make  an  ounce  troy. 

PEX'XY-V\^SE,  a.  Saving  small  sums  at  the  hazard 
of  larger  ;  niggardly  on  important  occasions.    Bacon. 

PEX'NY-WORTH,  (-wurth,)7(.  As  much  as  is  bought 
for  a  penny. 

2.  Any  purchase;  any  thing  bought  or  sold  for 
money  ;  that  which  is  worth  the  money  given. 

South. 

3.  K  good  bargain ;  something  advantageously 
purchased,  or  for  less  than  it  is  worth.        Drydcn. 

4.  A  small  quantity.  Swift, 
PE-NO-LOG'IC-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  public  punish- 
ment. 

PE-NOL'0-GY,  n.    [Gr.  tout/,  L.  pa:na,  pain,  and 

\o)  "5,  discourse.] 
The  science  which  treat?  of  public  punishments, 

as  they  respect  the  public  and  the  sufferer. 
PEN'SILE,  (-sil,)  a.  \L.  pcnsUis,  from  pciuico,  to  hanj 


PEN 

1.  Hanging;  suspended;  ils,  a  penaite  heW. 

Bacon.     Prior, 

2.  Supported  above  the  ground  ;  as,  a  pen.->ile  gar- 
den. Prior. 

PEN'SILE-XESS,  n.     The  state  of  hanging.  Bacon. 
PEX^SI()N,  (-j^hun.)  H.    [Fr.  and  Sp.  id. ;  It.  penaitme ; 
from  L.  pcnsio,  from  pcndo,  pcnsum,  lo  pay.] 

1.  An  annual  allowance  of  a  sum  of  money  lo  a 
person  by  government  in  consideration  of  pa^t  ser- 
vices, civil  or  military.  Men  often  receive  pensions 
for  eminent  services  on  retiring  from  olhce.  But  in 
particular,  ofiicers,  soldiers,  niid  pframen,  receive  pen- 
sions when  they  are  disabled  for  further  services. 

9.  An  annual  payment  by  an  individual  to  an  old 
or  disabled  servant. 

3.  An  annual  allowance  made  by  government  to 
indigent  widows  of  ofticei-s  killed  or  dying  in  public 
service. 

4.  Payment  of  money  ;  rent.    1  Esdra^. 

5.  A  yearly  payment  in  the  inns  of  c^urt.    Kng. 
C.  A  certain  sum  of  money  paid  to  a  clergyman  in 

lieu  of  tithes.  Cyc 

7.  An  allowance  or  annual  payment,  considered  in 
the  light  of  a  bribe, 

PEN'SION,  V.  t.  To  grant  a  pension  to ;  to  grant  an 
annual  allowance  from  the  public  treasury  to  a  per- 
son for  past  services,  or  on  account  of  disability  in- 
curred in  public  service,  or  of  old  age. 

PEX'SIOX-A-RY,  a.  Maintained  by  a  pension;  re- 
ceiving a  pension  ;  as,  pensionary  spies.        Donne. 

9.  Consisting  in  a  pension  ;  as,  a  pensionary  pro- 
vision for  maintenance. 

PEN'SION-A-RY,  n.  A  person  who  receives  a  pen- 
sion from  government  for  past  ser\'ices,  or  a  jxiarly 
allowance  from  some  prince,  company,  or  individual. 

2.  Farmcrhj,  the  first  magistrate  of  the  state  or  re- 
public of  Holland  ;  commonly  called  llie  grand  pen- 
sionary. The  name  was  also  given  to  the  ciiief 
municijial  magistrates  of  the  towns  in  Holland  and 
Zealand.  P.  Cyc. 

PEX'SION-£P,  pp.  or  a.     Having  a  pension. 

PEN'SIOX-ER,  n.  One  to  whom  an  annual  sum  of 
money  is  paid  by  government  in  consideration  of 
past  services. 

9.  One  who  receives  an  annual  allowance  for  ser- 
vices. 

3.  A  dependent. 

4.  In  (Ac  Unit- ersity  of  Cambridge,  England,  and  in  tJiat 
of  Dublin,  a  student  of  tlie  second  rank,  (correspond- 
ing to  Commoner  at  Oxford,)  who  is  not  dependent 
on  the  foundation  for  support,  but  pays  for  his  board 
and  other  charges.  [Fr.  pcnsionnairc,  one  who  pays 
for  his  board.]  Brandc.     Huber. 

5.  One  of  an  honornl)le  band  of  genlienien  who 
attend  on  the  king  of  Etigland,  and  receive  a  pen- 
sion or  an  annual  allowance  of  a  hundred  pounds. 
This  baud  was  instituted  by  Henry  VII.  Tluir  duty 
is  to  guard  the  king's  person  in  his  own  house. 

Encyc.     Cyc. 
PEN'SION-ING,j>2)r.    Granting  an  annual  allowance 

for  past  services. 
PEN'SIVE,  a.     \\*..pensiro,  pcusieroso  ;  Sp.  pcnsativo  ; 
Fr.pensif  from  penscr,  lo  lliink  or  reflect;  h.penso, 
to  weigh,  to  consider  ;  prndo,  to  weigh.] 

1.  Z,i?eraWy,  thoughtful ;  employed  in  serious  study 
or  reflection ;  but  it  often  implies  some  degree  of 
sorrow,  anxiety,  depression,  or  gloom  of  mind  ; 
thoughtful  and  sad,  or  sorrowful. 

Anxious  cues  thepensice  uymph  oppressed.  Pope. 

9.  Expressing  thoughtfulness  with  sadness ;  as, 
pensive  numbers;  pensive  strains.  Prior. 

PEN'SIVE-LY,  adv.  With  thoughtfulness  ;  with 
gloomy  seriousness  or  some  degree  of  melancholy. 

Spenser. 
PEN'SIVE-NESS,  n.    Gloomy  thoughtfulness  ;  mel- 
ancholy ;    seriousness  from  depressed  spirits. 

Hooker. 
PEN'STOCK,  71.    [pen  and  stock.}    A  narrow  or  cx>n- 
fined  place  formed  by  a  frame  of  timber  planked  or 
boarded,  for  holding"  or  conducting  the  water  of  a 
mill-pond  to  a  wheel,  and  furnished  with  a  flood-gate 
which  mav  be  shut  or  opened  at  pleasure.     The  up- 
right post  of  a  pump,  in  which  the  piston  plays,  and 
through  which  thu  water  passes  up, 
9.  The  handle  used  with  a  metallic  or  other  pen. 
PENT,  pp.  ox  a.     [from  pen.]    Shut  up;  closely  con- 
fined ;  often  with  up. 
PEN'TA-CIIOIID,  71.     [Gr.  Tnr£,  five,  and  chard.] 

1.  An  instrument  of  music  with  five  strings. 

2.  An  order  or  system  of  five  sounds.        Busby. 
PEN-TA-eOCeOUS,  a.      [Gr.  Trfiri,  five,  and  L. 

coccus,  a  herrj'.] 

Having  or  containing  five  grains  or  seeds,  or  hav- 
ing five  united  cells  with  one  seed  in  each. 

Martffn. 
PEX-TA€'UI-NITE,  v.     [Gr.  jri^rr,  five,  and  Kptyov, 
lilv.j 

A  fossil,  allied  lo  the  encrinite,  so  called  from  the 

pentagonal  form  of  its  jointed  pedicel.  Dana. 

PEN-T.'V-eKOS'Tie,  a.    [Gr.  revrc,  five,  and  acrostic] 

Containing  five  acrostics  of  the  same  name  in  five 

divisions  of  each  verse. 

PEN-TA-GROS'T[€,  n.    A  set  of  verses  so  disposed 


PEN 


a^  lo  have  tivc  acroeticB  of  tbe  tame  name  la  five 
divisions  of  each  verfe.  £i>f«e. 

PEN-TA-DAC'TVL,  n.   [Gr.  rare,  five,  and  ^«*r»X«c. 
finger.] 

1.  In  fpo^iRT/,  a  plant  called  PifE  Ffjicxu  , 
given  to  thcUiclnuH  or  PalmaC'hrijrti,fruai  i;. 
of  iu  leaf.  > 

9.  In  idiVuiology,  the  fivt-f  '   "  ' 

given  to  a  fish  common  in  '■ 
which  has  five  black  «trcaki  c:. 
the  prints  of  five  fingers.  /  rr^f. 

PEN'TA-GON,  «.      fGr.  ««-«,  Utc,  and  ywi-w,  a 
corner.] 

1.  In  geometry,  a  plane  figure  laviag  five  aoele*, 
and  consequently  five  i-ide^.  IlmtU*. 

9.  In  fortifcation,  a  fort  with  flvo  bavtiooK. 
PE^'-T.^G'OX-.^^,,     /  a.    Uavinefivc  curoen  or  an- 
PEiN-TAG'ON-OUS,  (       Rle*. 

tVeodtrard.     Ij-r.     .M«r^vR. 
PEX-TAG'0.\-AI^LY,  *ir.    With  fiv- 
I'EX'T.V-GRAPH,  n.     An  inrtrum.ui 
ducing,or enlarging,  plan*  and  fisur- 
froni  itii  derivation,  is  mure  prr^ptrly  wriiun  r*ni  .■- 

cnAPH.] 

PEX-TA-GRAPH'I€,         \  a.     Pertaining  lo  a  pm- 
PEX-TA-GRAPH'ie-AL, !       lagrapb  ;  iieiluniKd  by 

a  pentagraph. 
rEX-rA-GYX'I-A,  n.    [Gr.  rcjrr,  fire,  and  >tM,B 

female.] 
In  botany,  an  order  of  pUuilJ,  tiaving  five  acylcs. 

PEX-TA-GYN'I-AN, )  a.       In    houmn,    bartng   five 
PEX-TAG'YX-OUS,  \      styles. 
PEN-TA-Hk'DRAL,    >  XX     ■      r  X     jk 

PEX-TA-HF.'DROUS,     "*    H^vmg  five  equal  lulc*. 
PEN-TA-HK'I)RON,  «.    [Gr.  rcjTf,  five,  aod  Upa^  a 
side  or  base.] 

A  fiolid  figure  having  five  equal  ifde*. 
PEN-TA-HEX-A-H£'DRAI.,  a.    [Gr.  w»r<,  five,  and 
KcraJiedral.] 

In  erystallograpktj,  exhibiting  five  ranpc*  of  facc^ 
one  above  another,  each  ransc  conioininc  «ix  faccf. 

CUvtelaud. 
PEX-TAM'E-TER,  n.     [Gr.  r;j/rr,  five,  and  /ifr/).r, 
measure.] 

In  ancient  poetry,  a  verse  of  five  feci.  The  two 
first  feet  may  be  either  dactyls  or  fpondces  ;  tlie  Ibtrd 
is  always  a  spondee,  and  the  two  last,  anapr^t^  A 
penlamctpr  verse  subjoined  to  a  hcxamelt  r  con- 
stitutes what  is  called  tlegice.  Encyc 
PEX-TAM'E-TER,  a.  Having  five  metrical  feeL 
PEX-T.\X'DRI-A,  n.  [Gr.  mrf,  five,  and  a^np,  a 
male.] 

In  botany,  a  class  of  hermaphrodite  plants  having 
five  stamens  with  distinct  filaments  not  connected 
with  the  pistil. 
PEX-TAX'DRI-AX,  \  a.    Hermaphrodite,  having  five 
PEiX-TAX'DROUS,  \       stamens   witli    distinct    fila- 
ments not  connected  with  the  pistil. 
PEX-TAX"GU-L.\R,  a.  [Gr.  revrc,  five,  and  eMpdar.] 

Havinc  five  comers  or  angles.  Orf*", 

PEX-TA-PET'ALr-OUS,   a,      [Gr.    Wirr,    five,  and 
rreruAoi',  a  petal.] 
Having  five  petals  or  flower  leaves.  Cxryc 

PEN-TAPH'YI^LOL'S,    a.      [Gr.    zcirc,    five,   and 
^I'AAor,  a  leaf.] 
Ilavinii  five  leaves. 
PEX'TARCH-Y,  n.    [Gr.  ttcvts,  five,  and  apx^t  nilc  ] 
A  government  in  the  hands  of  five  persons. 

BrcK^cr. 
PEN'TA-SP.VST,  n.    [Gr.  .vrirf,  five,  and  c^aic^  U\ 
draw.] 
,\n  encino  with  five  pulleys.  DiO. 

PEN-TA-SPERM'OUS,    a.      [Gr.    ^ciTtt    five,    and 
(TTTfj^fir,  seed.] 
Containing  five  seeds.  Encyc 

PE.X'TA-STieU,  (-stik,)  n.      [Gr.    reirf,  five,  and 
rtX'S,  verse.] 
A  composition  consisting  of  five  verses.      Diet, 
PEN'TA-STTLE,  n,    [Gr.  :rcir.',  five,  and  st^o,,  a 
column.] 

in  architecture,  an  edifice  having  five  columns  in 
front.  EiiKcs. 

PEX'TA-TEuCH,  (-luke,)  a.     [Gr.  s-firc,  five^  and 
rri'\vj,  a  book  or  composition.) 
The  first  five  luwks  of  the  Old  Testament. 
PEX'TE-eOX-TER,  n.   [from  the  Greek.]    .\  Gn?cian 
vessel  of  fifty  oars,  smaller  than  a  trireme. 

Mitford. 
PEX'TE-eOST,   K.      [Gr.    ^tcvtuqctji,    rfrrr«*rro^, 
fil\ieth.] 

1.  .\  solemn  feslivalof  the  Jews,  so  tailed  because 
celebrated  on  the  firtietli  dav  after  the  feast  of  the 
passover.  It  was  called  the  'feast  of  treeks.  because 
it  was  celebrated  seven  weeks  after  the  siitetnlh 
dav  of  Nisan,  or  third  day  of  the  ixvssover.  il  ^va5 
instituted  to  oblige  tlie  pei<ple  to  rc|iair  to  the  icniplc 
of  the  Lord,  there  to  acknowledge  his  absoiute 
dominion  over  the  countr\-,  and  olfer  him  the  first 
fruits  of  their  harvest ;  also,  Uiac  th.y  mifht  call  to 
mind  and  give  thanks  to  Gwi  for  the  law  which  he 
had  given  them  at  Sinai  on  the  fiftieth  day  frrni  their 
departure  from  Euy^A.  Ci'^rt.  Jf^- 

2,  Whitsuntide,  a  festival  of  the  Roman  Catholic 


TuNE,  BIJLL,  TJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CI0U3.  — C  as  K ;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH; 


TH  as  in  THIS. 


PEO 


anil  oilier  churches,  in  conimcmoralion  of  the  de- 
Bcent  of  the  Holy  Spirit  on  the  apostles.    Acts  ii. 

[*KN-'l'i;-€OST'AL,  a.  rcrtainins  to  Pentecosl,  or 
lo  Whitsuntide.  Sanderson. 

PEX-'l'K-eOST'ALS,  «.  pi.  Ohlation.s  formerly  made 
by  parishioners  to  the  pariijh  priest  at  Whitsuntide, 
and  sometimes  by  inferior  churches  to  the  mother 
church.  Cowcl. 

PKN'TE-eOS-TER,  n.  [Gr.]  In  ancient  Oreccr,  a 
military  officer  commanding  fifty  men  ;  but  the  num- 
ber varied.  Mitford. 

PKN'TE-€OS-TVS,  n.  [Gr.]  A  body  of  fitly  sol- 
liitTs  ;  hut  the  number  varied.  Jilitford. 

PE-NT'IIOUSE,  n.  [Fr.  pcntc,  a  slope  and  house.  In 
Welsh,  pnitij.] 

A  shed  standing  aslope  from  the  main  wall  or 
huildinc:. 

PEN'TICE,  71.     [It.  pendicej  a  declivity,  from  L.  pcndo^ 
to  bend.] 
A  sloping  roof.     [LUde  luicd.]  tVotton. 

PEN'TILE,  H.    Kee  Pantile. 

PEN'TllE-MITE,  n.    A  fossil,  allied  to  the  encrinitcs. 

PKNT'ROOF,  n.  A  roof  all  of  whoso  slope  is  on  one 
side.  Buchanan. 

PE'NULT,  71.     [L.  pemdtimus ;  penCy  almost,  and  ulti- 
7HM5,  last.] 
The  last  syllable  of  a  word  except  one. 

PE-NULT'I-MA,  n.     The  same  as  Penult. 

PE-NULT'I-MATE,  a.  [Supra.]  The  last  but  one  ; 
a  word  used  of  the  last  syllable  of  a  word  except 
one.    It  may  be  sometimes  used  as  a  noun. 

PE-NUM'BR.\,n.    [L.;;p/ie,  almost,  and  wwfira,  shade.] 

1.  In  astronomv,  a  partial  shadow  or  obscurity  on 
the  margin  of  the  perfect  shadow  in  an  eclipse,  or 
between  the  perfect  shadow,  where  the  light  is  en- 
tirely intercepted,  and  llie  full  light.  Ilutton. 

2.  In  paiiitimr-,  the  point  of  a  picture  where  the 
shade  bl-jiids  w-ith  the  light.  S/mf,*. 

PE-NU'RI-OUS,  a.  [It.  penurioso,  from  L.  pcmiria, 
scarcity,  want;  Gr.  -synij  poor,  orraj'oy,  rare.] 

1.  Excessively  saving  or  sparing  in  the  use  of 
money  ;  parsimonious  to  a  fault ;  sordid  ;  as,  a.pcnu- 
riotts  man.    It  expresses  somewhat  less  than  Nig- 

GARDLV. 

9.  Scanty  J  affording  little  ;  as,  a  pmurnons  spring. 

Addisoji. 
PE-NO'RI-OUS-LY,  adv.    In  a  saving  or  parsimonious 

manner;  with  scanty  supply. 
PE-.\t''!'RI-OUS-NESS,  71.    Parsimony  ;  a  sordid  dis- 
position to  save  money.  Addison. 

2.  Scantiness  ;  not  plenty. 

PEN'U-RY,  n     [L.  pcnuria,  from  Gr.  -n-rji^  needy.] 
Want  of  property  ;  indigence  ;  extreme  poverty. 

j\l\  iiMOoent,  they  were  csposed  to  horjsbip  ant!  penunj.  i^pral. 

Pi7:'0N,  71.  In  Ilindostan,  a  foot-soldier,  or  a  footman 
armed  with  sword  and  target;  said  to  be  corrupted 
from  piadah.     [Qu.  L.  pes,  pedis.]     Hence, 

2.  In  France^  a  common  man  in  chess;  usually 
written  and  called  Pawn. 

Pk'O-NY,  7t.     [L.  pitonia;  Gr.  Traruiid,  from  Traif'i', 
Apollo.] 
A  plant  and  flower  of  the  genus  Psonia. 

PeO'PLE,  (pee'pl,)  n.  [Fr.  peuplc ;  L.  popidus;  W. 
pawby  poby  each,  every  one  ;  poblac,  common  people  ; 
G.  pobel;  Ir.  piipal^  pobal ;  Sp.  pueblo  ;  Russ.  bobicl,  a 
psEisant.  This  word  coincides  in  elements  with  lahe 
■and  pupil ;  and  perhaps  originally  signified  the  chil- 
dren of  a  family,  like  ffnis.] 

1.  The  body  of  persons  who  compose  a  commu- 
nity, town,  city,  or  nation.  We  say,  the  people  of  a 
town;  the  people  ofX.ondon  or  Paris;  the  English 
people.  In  this  sense,  the  word  is  not  used  in  the 
plural,  but  it  comprehends  all  chisses  of  inhabitants, 
considered  as  a  collective  body,  or  any  portion  of  the 
inhabitants  of  a  city  or  country. 

2.  The  vulgar ;  the  mass  of  illiterate  persons. 

The  knowing  artist  may  JuJge  better  than  the  people.    Waller. 

3.  The  commonalty,  as  distinct  from  men  of  rank. 

My&?]f  shall  niouiii  the  rostrum  in  his  Tavor, 

And  strive  to  jjnin  liis  panloo  from  the  people.         Addison, 

4.  Persons  of  a  particular  class  ;  a  part  of  a  nation 
or  community ;  as,  country  people. 

5.  Persons  in  general ;  any  persons  indefinitely ; 
like  on  in  French,  and  vian  in  Saxon. 

People  were  u-mptcd  to  lend  by  jrcat  premiums  and  large  in- 
t'lreal-  Si^, 

6.  A  collection  or  community  of  animals. 

Th?  STils  UK  a  people  not  Btron*,  yet  ihi-y  prepare  their  m<:at  in 
ihi;  summer.  —  Prov,  xxx. 


7.  When  people  signifies  a  separate  nation  or  tribe, 
it  has  the  plural  number. 

Thou  must  prophecy  again  liufore  many  peoples.  —  Rev.  x. 

8.  In  ScripturCj  fathers  or  kindred.     Qcn.  xxv. 

9.  The  Geniiica. 

To  him  shall  the  gatliering  of  tiis  people  be.  — Gen.  xlix. 
P£0'PLE,  V.  t.     [Fr.  peupler.] 

To  stock  with  inhabitants.     Emigrants  from  Eu- 
rope have  peopled  the  United  States. 
PeO'PLED,  pp.  ot  a.    Stocked  or  furnished  with  in- 
habitants. 
PEO'PLING,  ppr.    Stocking  with  inhabitants. 


PER 

Pr:0'PI.I:?H,  n.     Vulgar.  Chaucer. 

PE-PAS'TI€j  n.    [Gr.  -irratroj,  to  concoct  or  mature.] 
A  medicine  used  to  promote  proper  suppuration 
and  granulation  in  wounds  njt  healed  by  the  fir;:t 
int-'iition,  and  in  ulcers. 
PKP-KR-1'NO,  «.     [It.]     A  volcanic  rock,  formed  by 
the  cementing  together  of  sand,  cinders,  &,c. 

a  Brandc. 

PEP'PER,  7!.  [L.  piper;  Sax.  prpor ;  D.  pepper;  Sw. 
prppar;  G.  pfeffer ;  Dan.  pcbcr ;  Fr.  poivre  ;  It.  pepe  ; 
Gr.  neircpi;  Hindoo^  pipel;  Sanscrit,  pipnli;  Pers. 
pilpil.] 

'■  A  plant  and  its  fruit,  of  the  genus  Piper,  of  which 
thero  are  very  numerous  species.  The  stem  of  tlie 
black  pepper  plant  is  a  vine  requiring  a  prop,  which 
is  usually  a  tree.  The  leaves  arc  oval  and  the  fiov.'er 
white.  Wc  have  four  kinds  of  pepper,  the  bhick, 
the  white,  the  lonjr,  and  ctihcbs.  The  black  pepper 
is  the  produce  of  Java,  SuiHittra,  Ceylon,  and  other 
Asiatic  countries  ;  the  white  pepper  is  the  black  pep- 
per decorticated ;  the  long  iteppcr  is  the  fruit  of  a 
diflerent  species,  also  from  the  East  Indies.  It  con- 
sists of  numerous  grains  attached  to  a  common  foot- 
stalk. Cubebs  are  brought  from  Java,  Nepal,  Sierra 
Leone,  and  the  Isle  of  France.  Pepper  has  a  strong, 
aromatic  smell  and  a  pungent  taste. 

Jlsiat.  lies.    P.  Ctjc. 
[See  also  Cayenne  Pepper  and  Guinea  Pepper.] 
PEP'PER,  V.  t.    To  si>rinkle  with  pepper. 

2.  To  beat;  to  pelt  with  shot;   to  mangle  with 
blows.  Shak. 

PEP'PEU-BOX,  n.      A  small  box  with  a  perforated 

lid,  used  for  sprinkling  pulverized  pepper  on  food. 
PEP'PER-CaKE,  71.    A  kind  of  spiced  cake  or  gin- 

perhread. 
PEP'PER-CORN,  71.    The  berry -or  fruit  of  the  pepper- 
plant. 

2.  Something  of  inconsiderable  value;  as,  lands 
held  at  the  rent  of  a  pepper-corn, 
PEP'PEK-£D,   pp.   or  a.      Sprinkled    with    pepper  ; 

pflted  ;  spotted. 
PEP'PER-GIN'GER-BREAD,  (-bred,)  n.     A  kind  of 

cake  made  in  England. 
PEP'PER-GRASS,  7(.  A  trailing  plant  of  the  genus 
Pilularia;  also,  a  plant  of  the  genus  Lepidium,  a 
kind  of  cress,  sometimes  cultivated  for  the  table. 
PEP'PEK-IDGE,  n.  A  name  given  to  the  tupelo  or 
black  gum,  a  tree  with  vii-ry  lough  wood,  belonging 
to  the  genus  Nyssa. 

Peitpcridire  bush  ;  the  barberry,  a  shrub. 
PEP'PER-ING,  ppr.    Sprinkling  with  pepper;  pelting. 

2.  a.  Hot;  pungent;  angry.  Swifl. 

PEP'PER-ING,  71.     A  pelting  with  shot  or  blows. 

SinarL 
PEP'PER-MINT,  ji.    A  plant  of  the  genus  Mentha. 
It  is  aromatic  and  pungent.    Also,  a  liquor  distilled 
from  the  jilant. 
PEP' PER-MI NT-TREE,  n.    The  Eucalyptus  piperita, 
an  indigenous  tree,  native  of  New  South  Wales. 

P.  Cyc. 
PEP'PER-WA'TER,  v.    A  liquor  prepared  from  pow- 
dered black  pepper ;  used  in  microscopical  observa- 
tions, Enctic. 
PEP'PER-WORT,  71.    A  plant  of  the  genus  Lepidium. 
PEP'PER-Y,  a.     Having  the  qualities  of  pepper. 
PEP'SIN,  71.      [Gr.  ~£t/-ts,  digestion,  from  ttlsoco  or 
TTiTrrw,  to  digest.] 

A  substance  secreted  by  the  stomach  of  animals, 
and  present  in  the  gastric  juice.    It  is  prepared  arti- 
ficially from  rennet.  Graham. 
PEP'Tl'C,  a.     [Gr.  ttitttiko^.,  from  Treirrtj,  to  digest.] 
Promoting  digestion;   relating  to  digestion;   a 
peptic  precepts.                                                Kitchener. 
PER;  a  Latin  preposition,  denoting  through,  passin_, 
or  over  the  whole  extent,  as  in  perambulo.    Hence  it 
is  sometimes  equivalent  to  very  in  English,  as  in 
pcracutus,  very  sharp.    As  a  prefix,  in  English,  it 
retains  these  significations;  and,  in  chemistry,  it  is 
used  to  denote  very  or/u/Zy,  to  the  utmost  ezteiit,  as  in 
peroxyd,  a  substance  oxydated  to  the  utmost  degree  ; 
so  also  perchlnrid,  &c. 

Per  is  used  also  for  by;   a3,  per  bearer,  by  the 
bearer. 
PER-ACT',  V.  t.    To  perform ;  to  practice. 
PER-A-CuTE',  a.     [L.  peracutits ;  per,  through,  and 
acutus,  sharp.] 

Very  sharp;  very  violent j   as,  a  peracute  fever. 
[Little  used.]  Harvey. 

PER-AD-VEN'Tl^RE,  adv.     [Fr.  par  aventure;  par, 
by,  and  aventure^  from  L.  vcnio,  to  come.] 
I!y  chance  ;  perhaps  ;  it  may  be.  Hooker. 

It  has  been  used  as  a  noun  for  doubt  or  question, 
but  rather  improperly.    Tlie  word  is  obsolescent  and 
inelegant. 
PER'A-GRATE,  i-.  i.     [L.  pcragro  ;  perj  through,  over, 
and  a^Tcr^  a  field.] 

To  travel  over  or  through  ;  to  wander  j  lo  ramble. 
[Liale  iLscd.] 
PER-A-GRa'TION,  w.    The  act  of  passing  Ihrou^h 
any  space ;  as,  the  pcrafrration  of  the  moon  in  her 
montlilv  revolution.    [Litllc  ■used.']    Brown.  Holder. 
PER-AM'DU-LaTE,  11.  t.     [L.  pcrambulo;  per  and 
ambulo^  to  walk.] 
To  \valk  through  or  over ;  properly  and  technical- 


PER 

hjy  to  pass  through  or  over  for  the  purpose  of  sur- 
veying or  examining  something;  to  visit  as  over- 
seers ;  as,  to  perambulate  a  parish.  So,  in  New 
England,  the  laws  require  the  selectmen  of  towns 
to  ai)point  suitable  persons,  annually,  to  perambulate 
the  borders  or  bounds  of  the  township,  and  renew 
the  boundaries,  or  see  that  the  old  ones  arc  in  a  good 
stale. 

PER-AM'BU-La-TED,  pp.    Passed  over;  inspected. 

PER-AIM'BU-La-TING,  ppr.  Passing  over  or  through 
for  the  purpose  of  nispection. 

PER-AM-UU-La'TION,  71.     The  act  of  passing  or 

walking  throuj;h  or  over.  Bacon. 

2.  A  traveling  survey  or  inspectiSn.  Huwell. 

\\.  A  district  within  which  a  person  has  the  riglit 

of  iuf^psclion  ;  jurisdiction.  Holiday. 

A.  Annua!  survey  of  the  bounds  of  a  jiarisli  in 
England,  or  of  a  township  in  America. 

PER-AM'BU-L.\-TOR,  7(.  An  instrument  for  meas- 
uring distances.  It  consists  of  a  wheel,  with  an 
apparatus  of  clock-work,  and  a  dial-plate,  upon 
which  the  distance  traveled  over  is  shown  by  an 
index.  P.  Cyc, 

PER  AJ^'JVUM,  [L.]  By  the  year;  in  each  year 
successively. 

PER  CAP'I-TA,     [L.]     By  the  head  or  poll. 

PER-€aSE',  adv.     [per  and  case,  by  case.] 

Perhaps  ;  pefchance.     [JVot  used,]  Bacon, 

PER'CE-ANT,  a.     [Fr.  persant.] 

Piercing  ;  penetrating.     [A''ot  used.]  Spc::ser. 

PER-CEIV'A-BLE,  a.  [See  Perceive.]  Perceptible; 
that  may  be  perceived;  that  may  fall  under  p'-rcp- 
tion,or  tlie  cognizance  of  the  senses;  that  may  l)e 
felt,  seen,  heard,  smelt,  or  tasted.  We  say,  the 
roughness  of  cloth  is  p ere eic able ;  the  dawn  of  tlie 
morning  is  perceivable;  the  sound  of  a  bell  is  per- 
ceivablc;  the  scent  of  an  orange  is  perceivable;  the 
difl"orence  of  taste  jn  an  apple  and  an  orange  i^pcr- 
xcicable. 

2.  That  may  be  known,  understood,  or  conceived. 
[Less  proper.] 

PER-Cf:IV'A-BLY,  adv.  In  such  a  manner  as  to  be 
jierceived. 

PER-CeIV'ANCE,  ;(.  Power  of  perceiving.  [J^^t  in 
vse.]  Mdto7i. 

PER-CkI  VE',  v.  t.  [L.  pcrcipio ;  j)cr  and  eapio,  to  take,] 
J.  To  have  knowledge  or  receive  impressions  of 
external  objects,  through  the  medium  or  instrument- 
ality of  the  senses  or  bodily  organs;  as,  to  pcrccire 
light  or  color ;  to  perceive  the  cold  of  ice  or  the  taste 
of  honey. 

2.  To  know;  to  understand ;  to  observe. 

Till  we  otireelves  sec  it  wiili  our  oAvn  eyes,  imA  jKrcdvc  it  by  our 
own  understanding,  we  are  in  the  dark.  Loche, 

3.  To  bs  affected  by;  to  receive  impressions  from. 

The  upper  regions  of  tlie  air  jjcrcctpc  the  coUeclioii  of  tli?  iiiaUcr 
of  tempests  before  the  ivir  Ixlow.  Bacou. 

PER-CeIV'£D,  (-scevd',)  pp.  or  a.     Known  by  the 

senses  ;  felt :  understood  ;  observed. 
PER-CkIV'ER,  71.    One  who  perceives,  feeb,  or  ob- 
serves. 
PER  CENT'AGE,  n,     [from  the  Latin  pcrcentum,  per 

cent.] 
In  commerce^  the  allowance,  duty,  or  commission 

on  a  hundred. 
Per  centum,  per  cent.,,  [L.]     By  the  hundred. 
PER-CEP-TI-BIL'I-TY,  w.      The  state  or  qualify  of 

being  perceptible ;  as,  the  pn-ceptibility  of  light  ur 

color. 
2.  Percepticm.    [Less  jn-oper.]  More, 

PER-f:EP'TI-BLE,  a.     [Fr.  ;  from  L.  percipio,  pcrcep- 

tus.] 

1.  That  may  be  perceived ;  that  may  impress  the 
bodily  organs  ;  that  may  come  under  the  cognizanrc 
of  the  senses ;  as,  a  perceptible  degree  of  heat  or 
cold;  a  perceptible  odor;  a  perceptible  sound.  A 
thing  may  be  too  minute   to  be  perceptible  to  the 

2.  That  may  be  known  or  conceived  of.       [loucli. 
PER-CEP'TI-BLY,  adv.      In  a  manner  to  be    jtcr- 

ceived. 

The  woman  <lccay&  perceptibly  every  week.  Pope, 

PER-CEP'TION,  71.     [h. percrptio.    See  Perceive.] 

1.  The  act  of  perceiving,  or  of  receiving  the 
knowledge  of  external  objects  by  impressions  or 
the  senses  ;  or  that  act  or  process  of  the  mind  u  Iiich 
makes  known  an  external  object.  In  other  words, 
the  notice  which  the  mind  takes  of  external  objects. 
We  gain  a  knowledge  of  the  coldness  and  smooth- 
ness of  marble  by  perception. 

2.  In  jihilosophy,  the  faculty  of  perceiving  ;  the 
faculty  or  peculiar  part  of  man's  conslilutiun,  by 
which  he  has  knowledge  through  the  medium  or  in- 
strumentality of  the  bodily  organs.     Rcid.     Encyc. 

3.  Intellectual  discernment  of  apprehension  ;  idea; 
notion  ;  as,  a  nice  perception  of  difl'erences.     Hall. 

4.  The  state  of  l)cing  affected,  or  capable  of  being 
affected  by  something  external. 

This  cxperimcnl  discovers  j)erfc/i(ion  in  plantG.  Bacon. 

PER-CEP'TIVE,  a.   Having  the  faculty  of  perceiving. 

Olanville. 
PER-CEP-TIVT-TY,  n.    The  power  of  perception  or 
thinking.  Lodie. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  ^VIIAT.  — MeTE,  PREY PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQOK.- 

8la  ~  ~~~ 


PER 

PERCH,  H.  {Fr.perche;  lj.perca;  Gr.  zsoKn '?  G.  bars, 
a  perch,  anu  bar^cky  sharp,  keen,  pungent;  Xi.baars; 
Sw.  abboTc ;  Dan.  aborrc.  It  would  sieni  from  the 
German,  that  tliis  fish  is  named  from  its  prickly 
spines,  and  the  name  allied  to  j>crl:.] 

The  popular  name  of  several  specits  of  a  genus  of 
acanthopterygious  lishes,  called  by  naturalists  Pcrca. 
They  have  powerful  dorsal  fins,  with  strong  and 
sharp  spines.  The  scales  are  moderately  large,  v/ith 
the  posterior  edge  toothed.  They  all  feed  on  marine 
insects,  and  inhabit  fresh  water. 

PERCH,  n.  [Ft.  pcrcke  ;  L.  pertka  ;  W.  perc  ;  Arm. 
percken;  probably  allied  to  the  former  word  in  the 
sense  of  sharpness,  shooting,  or  extending.  See 
Peek.] 

1.  A  p-le  ;  hence,  a  roost  for  fowls,  which  is  often 
a  pole  ;  also,  any  thing  on  which  tliey  light. 

9.  A  measure  of  length  containing  five  yards  and 
a  half  J  a  rod.  In  the  popular  language  of  America, 
rod  is  chietly  used  ;  but  rod,  pole,  and  perch,  all  sig- 
nifying the  same  tiling,  may  be  used  indifferently. 

3.  In  land  or  square  measure,  a  square  rod  ;  the  for- 
tieth part  of  a  rood.  [This  sense  is  more  CL-mmon 
than  the  second.] 

4.  In  solid  measure,  a  mass  IG.j  feet  each  way. 
PERCH,  V.  i.    To  sit  or  roost,  as  a  bird. 

2.  To  light  or  settle  on  a  fixed  body,  as  a  bird. 
PERCH,  V.  i.    To  place  on  a  fixed  object  or  perch. 

j\Iore. 

PER-CHXNCE',  adv.  [per  and  chance.']  By  cliance  ; 
perhaps.  FVotton, 

PERCH'£D,  (perclit,)  pp.    Placed  on  a  perch. 

PERCH 'ER,  n.  One  of  an  order  of  birds  which  perch 
or  light  on  trees,  &c.  These  have  four  toes,  three 
before  and  one  behind.  Kirby. 

PERCH^ERS,  n.  pi.  Paris  candles  anciently  used  in 
England  ;  also,  a  larger  sort  of  wax  candles  which 
wore  usually  set  on  the  altar.  Bailey. 

PERCH'ING,  ppr.    Placing  on  a  perch. 

PER-CHLo'RATE,  n.  A  compound  of  perchloric 
acid  with  a  base. 

PEK-€HLo'RI€,  a.  Perchloric  acid  is  chlorine  con- 
verted into  an  acid  by  combining  with  a  maximum 
of  OYVgen.  SilHman. 

PEK-€HLo'RID,  n.  Tliat  chlorid  of  a  given  base 
which  contains  the  greatest  quantity  of  chlorine  ;  as, 
perchlorid  of  gold  ;  percklorid  of  phosphorus. 

Qrckam. 

PERCH'PEST,  n.  A  small,  crustaceous  animal  that 
attaches  itself  to  the  mouth  of  a  perch.  Kirby. 

PER-CIP'I-ENCE,  71.    Act  of  perceiving;  perception. 

FER-CIP'I-Ei\T,  a.     [L.  pcrcipiau.]  [Ilaslam, 

Perceiving  ;  having  the  faculty  of  perception.  An- 
imals are  percipient  beings ;  mere  matter  L?  not  per- 
cipient.  Bentlfv. 

PER-CIP'I-ENT,  7f.  One  that  perceives  or  lias  the 
facultv  of  perception.  More. 

PER-CLoSE',  71.    Conclusion.    [J^ot  used.]   Raleglu 

PER'eOID,  a.    [Gr.  -zokt),  perch,  and  (!(!■.;,  form.] 
In  ichthyolog-y^  resembling  the  percli ;  of  the  perch 
family.  Jardlne.     P.  Cyc. 

PER'€0-LaTE,  v.  t.  [L.  pa-cob ;  per  and  culo,  to 
strain  ;  Fr.  coulcr,  to  flow  or  run.] 

To  'train  through  ;  to  cause  to  pass  through  small 
interstices,  as  a  liquor  ;  to  filter.  Hale. 

PER^CO-LaTE,  v.  i.  To  pass  through  small  inter- 
stices ;  to  filter;  as,  water  ;/ercy/a(fj'  through  a  porous 
stone. 

PER'eO-LA-TED,;);j.  Filtered  ;  passed  through  small 

PER'€0-La-TL\G,  ppr.    Filtcrin!:.  [interstices, 

PEK-€0-La'TION,  71.  The  act  of  straining  or  filter- 
ing; filtration;  the  act  of  passing  through  small  in- 
terstices, as  liquor  through  felt  or  a  porous  stone. 

Percolation  is  inlended  for  tlie  purification  o(  liquors.     Bacon. 

PER'eO-LA-TOR,  7!.    A  filtering  machine.     Francis. 
PER-€UR'SO-Ry,  a.     [L.  percursus.] 

Cursoiy  ;  running  over  slightly  or  in  haste, 
PER-CUSS',  V.  t.      [L.  percussus,  from  pcrcutiOj  to 
strike.] 

To  strike  forcibly  ;  pa?-(ifj(7«rZy,  to  strike  upon,  in 
order  to  ascertrtin  the  resulting  sound.  Bacon. 

PER-€UvS'SION,  C-kush'un,)  n.     [L. perciLssio.] 

1.  Tiie  act  of  striking  one  body  against  another, 
with  some  violence ;  as,  the  vibrations  excited  in  the 
air  by  percussion.  J^Teicton. 

2.  The  shock  produced  by  the  collision  of  bodies. 

Bartow. 

3.  The  impression  or  effect  of  sound  on  the  ear. 

Rynicr. 
Center  of  percussion ;  in  a  moving  body,  the  point 
about  which  the  impetus  of  tlie  parts  is  balanced  on 
every  side,  so  that  it  may  be  stopped  by  an  immova- 
ble obstacle  at  this  point,  and  rest  on  it.       Barlow. 

PER-€US'SION-€AP,  7i.  A  small  copper  cap  or  cup, 
containing  fulminating  powder,  and  used  in  a  per- 
cussion-lock to  explode  gunpowder. 

PER-€US'.SION-LOCK,  n.  A  lock  of  a  gun  in  which 
gunpowder  is  exploded  by  fire  obtained  from  the 
percussion  of  fulminating  powder.  Jf.  If.  O. 

PER-eUS'SIVE,  a.  Striking  against;  as,  percussive 
force. 

PER-etJ'TIEXT,  C-shent.)  ti.     \L.percutlcns.] 

That  which  strikes,  or  has  power  to  strike.  Bacon. 


PER 


I'ER 


PER  DI'EM;  [L.]    By  the  day. 

PER'DI-FOIL,  H.      [L.   perdo,  to  lose,  and  Mum, 

leaf.] 

A  plant  that  annually  loses  or  drops  its  leaVL>3 :  op- 
posed to  EVEBCBEE.N. 

The  passioo-riower  of  America  and  tin  )a*mine  of  Mal:a*ir, 
which  «re  everffrceiia  in  their  n;Uivc  clir.ulcd,  bccom--  vcrdi- 
foils  whPH  iraniiplaiited  inui  Uriuiii,  Carton 

PER-DI"TION,  C-Jish'un,)  n.  [L.  pcrditio,  from 
pcrdo,  to  lose,  to  ruin.  Ou.  per  and  do.  or  Gr, 
tripdto.] 

1.  Entire  loss  or  niin  ;  utlt.-r  destruction  ;  as,  the 
perdition  of  the  Turkish  licet.  Shah. 

[In  th)3  sense,  the  v»^ord  id  now  nearly  or  wholly 
obsolete.]  '  ■' 

2.  'I'he  utter  loss  of  the  soul,  or  of  final  happiness 
in  a  future  state;  future  misery  or  etenial  death. 
The  impenitent  sinner  is  condemned  to  final  perdi- 
tion. 

ll'  w-e  Tfjcct  llie  Irutli,  wc  gcal  oji  owii  pcrdidon.  J.  M.  Mason, 

3.  Loss.     [JVot  used.]  Shak. 
PER-Du',    ;  adv.  [Fr.  2>eri!u,  loat,  from  perdrc,  to  lose. 
PER-DOE',  i      h.pcrdo.]             '          i'         . 

Close ;  in  concealment. 

Tlie  moderJlor,  out  of  \-'u:\v, 

B!:tiL';Uli  l!i«  dcsl(  liad  Wm  perdue.        TrujnbuU't  M'Ptngal. 

PER-Du',  71.    One  thai  is  placed  on  the  watch  or  in 

ambush.  siidt. 

PER-DO',  a.      Abandoned  ;   employed  on  desperate 
purposes;  accustomed  to  desperate  purposes  or  en- 
terprises. Bcaum.  &  Fletcher. 
PER'DU-LOUr?,  a.     [Fr.  perdu,  from  L.  pcrdo.] 

Lost ;  tlirown  away.     [jYot  iised.]  Bramhall. 

PER-DCi'RA-BLE,a.  [Fr.,  froin  'L.pcrdaro:  per  and 
diiro,  to  last.] 

Very  durable;  lasting;  continuing  long.  [JVot 
used.]  !ihak.     Drayton. 

PER-DO'RA-BLY,  adv.     Very  durably.    [JV«£  usal.] 

Shak. 
PER-DU-Ra'TION,    n.      Long    continuance.      [JVo£ 

used.]  Ainsicorth. 

PER'DY,  adc.     [Tv.par  Dieu.] 

Certainly;  verily;  in  truth.     {Obs.]        Spenser. 
PER'E-GAL,  a.     [Fr,  per  and  egi^t  equal.] 

Equal.     [Jv'ot  used.]  Spenser. 

PER'E-GRIN-aTE,  v.  i.  [L.  peregrbior,  from  pere- 
grinus,  a  traveler  or  stranger  ;  pera^o,  tu  wander  ; 
per  and  ager.] 

To  travel  from  place  to  place,  or  from  one  countrj* 
to  another ;  to  live  in  a  foreign  country.  Did. 

PER-E-GRIN-A'TION,  n.  A  traveling  from  one 
country  to  another ;  a  wandering;  abode  in  foreign 


Hammond.     Bcntley. 
traveler   into   foreign 
Cdsaubon. 


[L.  peregri7ius.\ 

[tittle 


countries. 
PER'E-GRIN-A-TOR,    n. 

countries. 
PER'E-GRINE,  (-grin,)  c.  _      ^ 

Foreign  ;  not  native,     [l^ittle  luTed.]      '    Bacon. 
Peregrine  falcon  ;   a  species  of  hawk   or  falcon, 
Falco  peregiinus,  found  in  America,  Europe,  anil 
Asia,  and  which  wanders  in  summer  to  the  Arctic 
circle.  Pennant. 

PER-E-GRIN'!-TY,  ;:.    Strangeness.     [A'-ut  used.] 

Cook. 
PER-EMPT',  V.  t.     [L.  peremptus,  pcrimo,  to  kill.] 
In  laiD,  to  kill;  to  crush  or  destroy.     [JVof  used.] 

AyliSe. 
PER-EMP'TION,  7!.    [L.  pcrcmptio.] 

A  killing  ;  aquashmg;  nonsuit.     [J^''ot  used.] 

Aylijfc. 
PER'EMP-TO-RI-LY,  adv.     [from  pere-nptory.]     Ab- 
solutely ;  positively  ;  in  a  decisive  manner ;  eo  as  to 
preclude  further  debate. 

Ncvcrjudge  peremploriiij  on  firil  appcinncps.  ClarUsa. 

PER'EMP-TO-RLNESS,  7t.  Positiveness ;  absolute 
decision;  dogmatism. 

Pcreiiiptarinest  is  of  two  sorts ;  on'-,  a  niagislemlticss  iu  mutters 
of  opinion  ;  the  other,  a  poiiliwucss  in  laiillerti  of  fjci. 

(Jov.  o/Vic  Tongue. 
PER'EMP-TO-R Y,  a.     [Fr.  pereniptoire ;  It.  pcrcntorio ; 
L.  peremptorius,  from  pcrcntptus,  taken  away,  killed.] 

1.  Express;  positive;  absohite ;  decisive;  authori- 
tatiVL* ;  in  a  manner  to  preclude  debate  or  expostula- 
tion.   The  orders  of  the  commander  are  peremptory. 

2.  Positive  in  opinion  or  judgment.  The  genuine 
effect  of  sound  learning  is  to  make  men  less  peremp- 
tory in  their  detenuinations. 

3.  Final;  determinate;  ns,  tx  prranptory  ^!i\c^. 

4.  Peremptory  challenge,  in  law,  a  challenge,  or 
right  of  challenging  jinors,  without  showing  cause. 

PER-EN'NI-AL,  a.  [L.  percnnis;  per  and  annus,  a 
year.] 

1.  Lasting  ur  continuing  witliout  cessation  through 
the  vcar.  Chcyuc. 

2.' Perpetual ;  unceasing;  neverfaillng.  Hirvcy. 

3.  In  botany,  continuing  more  than  two  years;  as, 
a  perennial  stem  or  root.  Mirtyii. 

4.  Continuing  without  intermission,  a.^  a  fever. 

Coze. 
PER-EN'NI-AL,  n.  In  botany,  a  plant  which  lives  or 
continues  more  than  two  years,  whether  it  retains 
its  leaves  or  not.  That  which  retains  its  leaves 
during  winter  is  called  an  evergreen;  that  which 
casts  its  leaves,  deci'luous,  or  a  pcrdifoil. 


PER-EN'NI-AL-LY,  cJr-    ContJnualJy ;  wllliuut  oslj- 

ing. 
PEa-E\'.\I-TY,n.    [UpcrcnnitOM.] 

An  ehduriii"  oi  continuing  through  tlie  whole  year 

without  ccatin?-  Dn-ianu 

PER-ER-UA'TION,  n.    [L.  pererro;  ort-  and  rrro,  lo 

wander.]  »         l      **  '  *" 

A  wandering  or  rambling  through  v- -  .»  -  - 

PER  FJJS  ET  JsTEfFAS,     [L.]    TJ.r 

and  wrong ;  by  any  means. 
PER'FECI',  a.     [Ij,  perfutuj,  perfcio^  to  compJftc  ; 

per  and  facio^  lo  do  or  make  ihrougb,  to  canr  to  the 

end.] 

1.  Fini.^hfd;  complete;  con  nim  male ;  r,  ■ 
tivc;  having  ail  that  in  requisite  to  lU  r. 

kind  ;  as,  a  perfrct  statue ;  a  perfect  lila:[i(.^. ,  ^  ,   . 
feci  v/ork  ;  a  ptrfta  system. 

\%  fuU,  u  p€T/tet  i»  ft  bzir  u  brvt.  Pv;^. 

2.  Fully  informed;  compIeKrIy  ik  filed ;  u,  men 
perfect  in  the  use  of  anna  ;  perfru  in  dtJKipliiu;. 

3.  Complete  in  moral  cicell';nr'-". 

Be  yc  Ihrrtfure  pnUa,  <rTrn  ai  j .    ■ 
ii  ptr/tcl.  —  llall.  r. 

A.  Manifesting  perfection. 

My  itrenglh  u  maile  p<r/ttt  iii  wcuofm i  '. 

Perfect  chord;  in  music,  a  concord  or  ' 
sounds  v/hich  is  perfectly  coalesceni  and 
to  the  car,  as  the  fifth  and  the  octave ; 
consonance. 

A  perfect  fiotrer,  in  botany,  has  both  Ft 
pistil,  or  at  least  anther  and  stigma. 

Perfect  vumber ;  in  arithmetie,  a  nunibi  : 
the  sum  of  all  its  divisors,  aa  the  numUr  o. 

Brande. 

Perfect  tense ;  in  grammar,  Uie  preterit  len*e ;   a 
tense  which  expresses  an  act  completed. 
PER'FECT,  or  PER-FEGT',  v.  L    [L.  perfcetui,  ^er- 
fcio.] 

1.  To  finish  or  complete,  so  as  to  leave  nolhfn* 
wanting ;  to  give  to  any  thing  all  tiiat  is  requisite  to 
its  nature  and  kind  ;  as,  to  perfect  a  picture  (T 
statue.    2  Chron.  viii. 

Incjiiitx;  iiitu  tlie  ii:ilure  rvud  propcni^  &t  thine*,  ukI  iL—.f^ 
perfat  ouri'ieni  of  ilbtirvct  «p«a««.  Loekt. 

If  wc  Lvc  one  ftnotlicr,  <Jo,l  dwcllnh  La  tu,  asd  Lb  Ivrc  bprr- 
fc<:ttd  i:i  us.  —  1  Jotin  ir. 

2.  To  instruct  fully  ;  to  make  fully  Pkillful ;  a-s,  to 
perfect  one's  self  in  the  rules  of  music  or  archi- 
tecture ;  lo  pn feet  soldiers  In  disciplmc. 

PER'FECT-ED,  pp.  or  a.    Finished  ;  completed. 

PER'FECT-ER,  m.    One  that  makei  perfect, 

Broomr. 

PER-FE€T-MJIL'I-TV,  «.  [from  perfectible.]  Ths 
capability  of  becoming  or  being  made  perfect. 

PER-FECT'LBLE,  a.  Capable  of  becoming  or  U-tn: 
made  perfect,  or  of  arriving  at  the  utmost  perfection 
of  the  species. 

PER'FECT-ING,  ppr.  Finishing;  completing j  con- 
summating. 

PER-FEC'TIOX,  r-shtin,)  n.    [L.  perfttiiv.] 

1.  The  slate  of  being  perfect  or  complete,  so  that 
nothing  requisite  is  v.anting;  tis,  perfection  in  an  art 
or  science  ;  perfection  in  a  system  of  moral?. 

2.  Physical  perfection,  is  when  a  natuml  ■ 
all  its  [Kiwers,  faculties,  or  qualilios  enti. 
full  vigor,  and  all  its  jartd  in  due  proporti;  ;..  . 

3.  Metaphysical  or  transcendenttd  prrfrCun^  i.,  ;.:■ 
possession  of  all  the  essential  attnbutes,  or  all  th? 
parts  necessary  to  the  integrity  of  a  substaric  .    ""i 
is  absolute,  where  all  defect  is  precluded,  <\ 
perfection  of  God ;  or  according  to  iU  J; 

created  things. 

4.  Jiloral  perfection,  is  the  complete  pc 
all  moral  excellence,  as  in  the  Suprt^mo  ; 
the  possession  of  such  moral  qualities  and  ■■ 
a  thing  is  capable  of. 

5.  A  quality,  endowment,  or  acquirement  com- 
pletely excellent,  or  of  great  wortli. 

[In  this  sense,  Uic  word  has  a  plural.] 

Wliat  tODjue  on  bcr  ytrfec6enM  IfU  ?  £Sinry. 

C.  An  inherent  or  essential  attribute  of  supreme  cr 
intinile  excellence;  or  one  perfect  in  its  kind:  as, 
the  pcrfcetivns  of  God.  The  infinite  power,  holincs.*, 
justice,  benevolence,  and  wisdom  of  God  are  de- 
nominated his  perfections. 

To  perfection ;  perfectly  ;  in  the  highest  degree  of 
exci  lltnce  ;  as,  to  imitate  a  model  to  perfeetiotu 

PER  I'EC'TION,  r.  (.    To  complete  ;  to  make  perfect. 

PER  FIX"TlOX-AL,  a.     Made  complete.     Prcrson. 

PER  FEC'TIO.\-.\TE,  used  by  nr>den  and  Tw^ke,  in 
lieu  nf  tlK"  verb  to  PERrrcT,  is  a  u^•cIess  word. 

PER  I'Ee'TION-i-:D,  pp.    Made  perfect. 

PER-FEC'TIOX-IXG,  ppr.    Making  perfect. 

PER-FEC'TION-IS.M,  j*.     The  doctrine  of  the  per-   | 
fectionists.  , 

PER-FEC'TIOX-IST,  v.    One  pretending  to  p^rfcc-  , 
tion  ;  an  enthusiast  in  relii;:on.  &»»uA.       J 

2.  One  who  believes  that  some  per^ins  actually 
attain  to  moral  [)erfection  in  the  present  life, 

PER-FE€'TION-MEXT,  n.    Slate  of  being  perfect.       I 

/.  Ttyt^r. 


TuNE,  BULL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  Vr^CIOUS.— €  as  K ;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z  ;  ClI  as  SII;  TH  as  iu  THIS. 

■  ■ " sx'F 


PER 


PER 


PER 


PER  l-ECT'IVE,  «.     Conducing  to  make  psrluct  or 
bring  lu  perfection  ;  followed  by  of. 

Pnu«!  .nil  iidotatioii  .re  .cUoo.  p.r/(ni«  0/  die  io.il.    Mml. 

PER-FEGT'IVE-LY,  a*.    In  a  manner  that  brings 

PER'FEer-'LY,  aiv.    In  the  highest  degree  of  cicel- 

""'^'I'otally  ;    completely ;   as,  work  prrfcethj  exe- 
cuted or  performed  ;  a  tiling  fer/etdy  new. 

3.  Exactly  ;  accurately ;  as,  a  proposition  ftrfeclhj 
understood. 
PEUTECT-NESS,  n.      Completeness;    consummate 
cxcellonce  ■,  perfection.  ,    ,•      .  „f 

2.  The  highest  degree  of  goodness  or  holiness  ol 
wiiich  man  is  capable  in  this  life. 

Ai.J  aliovc  .11  ll.ing.  pul  on  chiirily,  wUkli  Is  Oie  bond  of  yfr- 
/tclncis.  —  CoT.  ill. 

3.  Accurate  skill.  ^  ^  .        Sfta*. 
PER-FI"CIENT,  (-fish'ent,)  n.    [L.  perjtaetis.] 

One  who  endows  a  charity.  . 

PER-FID'I-OUS,  a.     [L.  fnf.das ;  per  anAfulus,  faith- 
ful.   Per,  in  this  word,  signifies  through,  beyond,  or 

''"l."violating  good  faith  or  vows  ;  false  to  trust  or 
confidence    reposed;   treacherous;   as,  aiKrfiihoas 
a"ent ;  a  »ei-/Wi"»>  friend.    [See  Perkiut.]  .    . 
°2.  Proceeding   from   treachery,  or   consisting  in 
breacll  of  faith  ;  as,  a  perjiii'o"^  !"^'- 

3.  Guilty  of  violated  allegiance ;  as,  a  jjerfiilm'-^  <='"- 
Ken  :  a  man  pnfulinus  to  his  country. 
PER-FID'I-OUS-LY,  ado.    Trearlierously  ;  traitorous- 
ly ;  bv  breacll  of  faith  or  allegiance.  Sie(/«. 
PEll-FiD'I-OUS-NESS,    n.     The    quality    of  being 
perfidious  ;    treachery  ;    traitorousness  ;    bleach  ot 
faith,  of  vows  or  allegiance.                         -  -.,  , 
PER'FI-DY,  n.     [L.  pcrfidia  ;  per  ami  Jides,  laith.J 
The  act  of  violating  faith,  a  promise,  vow,  or 
alle-iance  ;  treachery ;   the  violation  of  a  trust  re- 
posed.    Perjidij  is  not  applied  to  violations  ol  con- 
tracts   in  ordinary  pecuniary  transactions,   but  to 
violations  of  faith  or  trust  in  friendship,  in  agency 
and  office,  in  allegiance,  in  connubial  engagements, 
and  in  the  transactions  of  kings. 
PER'FL.\-BLE,  o.     [h.  perflo.] 

That  may  be  blown  through.     [Jvot  used.\ 
PER-FL.\TE',  D.  t.     [h.  perfio  ;  per  aiidflo,  to  blow.] 
To  blow  tlirough.  Ilarocij. 

PER-FLa''I'i;I),  pp.    Blown  through. 
PER-FLa'TION,  n.    The  act  of  blowing  through. 

fi'oodward. 
PER-FO'LT-ATE,  a.     [L.  per  and  folium,  a  leaf.] 

In  bolmv,  a  perfoliate  leaf  is  one  that  has  the  base 
entirely  surrounding  the  stem  transversely. 

Jtlartyn. 
PER'FO-RATE,  r.  (.    [L.  perforos  per  and  foro,  Eng. 
to  bore.] 

1.  To  bore  through, 
o.  To  pierce  Willi  a  pointed  instrument;  to  make 

a  "hole  or  holes  through  any  thing  by  boring  or 

driving;  as,  to  perforate  the  bottom  of  a  vessel. 
PEK'FO-RA-TED,  pp.  or  a.    Bored  or  pierced  through ; 

pierced.  ...         , 

PER'FO-RA-TING,  ppr.    Boring  or  piercing  through ; 

piercing. 
PER-FO-RS'TION,  ii.    The  act  of  boring  or  piercing 

through. 

2.  A  hole  or  aperture  passing  through  any  thing,  or 
into  the  interior  of  a  substance,  whether  natural  or 
made  by  an  instrument. 

PER'FO-RA-TIVE,  a.  Having  power  to  pierce,  as 
an  instrument. 

PER'FO-RS-TOR,  n.  An  instrument  that  bores  or 
perforates.  Sharp. 

PER-FORCE',  ado.  [per  and  forec]  By  force  or  vio- 
lence. «'""*• 

PER-PORM',  V.  t.    [L.  per  anAformo,  to  make.] 

1.  To  do ;  to  execute  ;  to  accomplish  ;  as,  to  per- 
form two  days'  labor  in  one  day  ;  to  perform  a  noble 
deed  or  achievement. 

2.  To  execute  ;  to  discharge  ;  as,  to  perform  a  duty 
or  oflice 


■  omce. 

3.  To  fulliH  ;  .IS,  to  perform  a  covenant,  promise, 
or  contract ;  to  perform  a  vow. 

PER-FOR.M',  V.  i.  To  do  ;  to  act  a  part.  The  player 
perform.-!  well  in  different  characters.  The  musician 
performs  well  on  the  organ. 

PER-FORM'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  done, executed, 
or  fulfilled  ;  practicable.  Brown. 

PER-FtniM'.'^N'CE,  n.  Execution  or  completion  of 
any  thing  ;  a  doing  ;  as,  thf'  performance  of  work  or 
of  an  undertaking  ;  the  performance  of  duty. 

2.  Action;  deed  ;  thing  done.  Shal:. 

'9.  The  acting  or  exhibition  of  character  on  the 
stage.  Garrick  was  celubrated  for  his  theatrical 
performances. 

4.  Composition  ;  work  written. 

Few  of  our  comic  per/ormanect  five  good  exumples.       _ 

Clartiaa. 

5.  The  acting  or  exhibition  of  feats  ;  as,  perform- 
ances of  horsemanship. 

PER-FORM'ED,  pp.    Done;  executed;  discharged. 
PER-FORM'ER,  ii.  One  that  performs  any  thing,  par- 
ticularly in  an  art  ;  as,  a  good  performer  on  the  violin 


or  organ  ;  a  c.lebratcd perfonner  in  comedy  or  tragc- 
dv  or  in  the  circus.  ' 

PER-FORM'ING,  ppr.     Doing;   executing;    accom- 

PER-FORM'ING,  n.    Act  done ;  deed ;  act  of  exccu- 

PEU'FRI-CaTE,  v.  t.     [h.  pcrfrico.] 

'J'o  rub  over. 
PER'FRI-e.5i-TE0,pp.    Rubbed  over. 
PER'FRl-eS-TING,  ppr.    Rubbing  over. 
PER-FO'M.V-TO-RY,  a.     [from  pcr/unic]     1  hat  per- 

PER-FO.ME'  or  PER'FUME,  n.  [Fr.  parfum;  It. 
profumo  ;  Sp.  perfume ;  L.  per  and  famus,  smoke,  or 
fumo,  to  fumigate.] 

1  A  substance  that  emits  a  scent  or  odor  which 
afibcts  agreeably  the  organs  of  smelling,  as  iiiubk, 
civet,  spices,  or  nromatica  of  any  kind  ;  or  any  coni- 
piisilioii  of  aromatic  substances. 

2.  Tlie  scent,  odor,  or  volatile  particles  emitted 
from  swcel-siiielliiig  substances. 

No  rich  perfumts  a-fa'»li  Uic  ftnilfnl  field.  Pope. 

PER-FUME',  V.  I.  To  scent;  to  fill  or  impregnate 
with  a  grateful  odor;  as,  to  perfume  an  apartment; 
to  perfume  a  garment. 

Anil  C«rmel'i  Jowcry  top  pcr/umt)  the  skies.  Pope. 

PER-FOM'KD,  jip.  or  a.    Scented  ;  impregnated  with 

fragrant  odors. 
PER-FOM'ER,  n.    He  or  that  which  perfumes. 

2.  One  whose  trade  is  to  sell  perfumes.     Bacon. 
PER-FOM'ER- Y,  n.    Perfumes  in  general. 

a.  The  preparation  of  perfumes. 
PER-FOM'ING,  ppr.    Scenting;  impregnating   with 

sweet  odors.  /.     *    ■      r-  ™ 

PER-FUNe'TO-RI-LY,  adv.  [L.  pn/u7ic(orie,  from 
verfuna-or:  per  and  fun/ror,  to  do  or  to  execute.] 

Carelessly  ;   negligently ;   in  a  manner   to  satisfy 
external  form.  ,    ,.  Clarendon. 

PER-FUiNe'TO-RI-NESS,ji.    Negligent perk.rmance; 

c'lrelessness  Whitlock. 

PER-FUNC'TO-RY,  a.  [Supra.]  Slight;  careless; 
ne"li»ent  Waadaard. 

3.  bone  only  for  the  sake  of  getting  rid  of  the  duty. 
Bickersleth. 
PER-FUSE',  V.  t.     [L.  perfusus,  perfundo ;  per    and 
fando,  to  pour.] 

To  sprinkle,  pour,  or  spread  over.  Ilaroey. 

PEr.-FuS'KD,  pp.    Poured  or  spread  over. 
PER-FO'SIVE,  a.    Sprinkling;  adapted  to  spread  or 

PER-GA-Me'NE-OUS,  a.  [Upergametia,  parchment.] 
Like  parchment. 

PER'GO-LA,  ji.    [It.]    See  Pergula. 

PER'GU-LA,  71.  [LT  In  ancient  architecture,  a  surt 
of  gallery  or  balconv  in  a  house.  Some  suppose  it 
to  be  an  arbor  in  a  garden,  or  a  terrace  overhanging 
one  Brande. 

PER-ifAPS',  adv.  {per  and  hap.  See  Happen.]  By 
chance  ;  it  may  be. 

Perftops  Ucr  love,  perjnps  her  kinsdora  clionncd  him.    SimO,. 

Pf'RI,  n.    In  Persian  mythologij,  an  imaginary  being 

like  an  elf  or  fairy,  re|irescnted  as  a  descendant  ot 

fallen  angels  excluded  from  paradise  till  their  penance 

is  accomplished.  ,      n      a  ...  ^  ^ 

PER'I-ANTH,  11.     [Or.  irtoi,abnut,and  aieof,  flower.] 

Tliat  calyx  which  envelops  only  a  single  flower, 

and  is  immediately  contiguous  to  it. 

PER'I-APT,  .1.     [Gr. -cpoiTTU,  to  fit  or  tie  to.] 

An  amulet ;  a  charm  worn  to  defend  against  dis- 
ease or  mischief.    [Jfotused.]         Hanincr.     Shak. 
FER-I-.W'GER,  j  s^„  PiHocuE. 

PE-RIB'0-LOS,  n.  [Or.  irtoi  and  /?n>Xai.]  A  court 
entirely  round  a  temple,  surrounded  by  a  wall. 

■'  Brande. 

PER-I-e.\R'DI-AN,  a.    Relating  to  the  pericardium. 
PER-I-€AR'DI-UM,n.    [Gr.  irtfii,  around,  and  Kapdia, 
the  heart.] 

A  membrane  that  incloses  the  heart.    It  contains 

a  liquor  which    prevents  the  surface  of  the  heart 

from  becoming  dry  by  its  continual  motion.    Qanm.l- 

PER'I-€ARP,  71.     [Gr.  rr,H,  about,  and  Kiioiros,  tiuit.J 

The  seed-vessel  of  a  plant ;  a  general  name,  m- 

cludin"  the  capsule,  legume,  silique,  follicle,  drupe, 

pome,  berry,  &c.  .  .  •''"'•'!/«■ 

PER-I-€aRP'I-AL,  a.    Belonging  to  a  pericarp. 

Lindlejj. 
PE-RI-CHiE'TIAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  perichaitium 


PE-RI€-LI-Ta'TION,  71.    A  hazarding  or  exposing  to 

PER-I-CRa'NI-UM,  7!.    [Gr.iTcpi,  about,  and  Kpaiioi', 
the  skull.]  ,       .        .    ., 

The  niriosteum,  or  membrane  that    invests  the 

skull.  ,  c     n   "^"i' 

PB-Rie'U-I.OUS,  a.    [h.  pcriculosus.    See  Perii..J 
Dangerous  ;  hazardous.  Brown. 

PER-I-l)0-DE€-A-llE'DRAIi,  a.    [Gr.  rrtpi  and  dodec- 

"  A  term  designating  a  crystal  whose  primitive  form 
is  a  four-sided  prism,  and  in  its  secondary  form  is 
convened  into  a  prism  of  twelve  sides. 

Cleaveland. 
PER'I-IJOT,  71-     [Fr.]    The  same  with  CHRvsoLiTr., 
which  see'  ^'""'• 


PE-RI-CHiE'TIAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  pericnaiimm. 

PE-RI-CHiE'TIUHI,  n.  [Gr.  ircp,  and  xniru.l  A  term 
applied  to  certain  narrow  and  pointed  leaflets,  (<lit- 
ferent  from  the  other  leaves  of  tiie  plant,)  which 
surround  the  bulbous  base  of  the  sc(a,  which  usually 
elevates  the  sporangium  or  theca,  (a  hollow,  urn-like 
body,)  which  contains  the  sporules  of  the  Uryace^ 
axiA  .indrxoeea:.  The  perichxtium  has  been  consid- 
ered as  a  sort  of  cahji,  and  has  been  called  an  mml- 

PER'I-eLJ\SE,  n.  [Gr.  vcoi,  around,  and  itXoiris,  frae- 

A  mineral  from   Vesuvius,  occurring  in  greenish 
octahedrons,  and  supposed  to  be  pure  magnesia. 
PE-Rie'LI-TATE,  7'.  (.     [L.  periclHor.] 

To  endanger.  


wnicii  see.  , 

PER'I-DROME,  71.    [Gr.  rrrpi  and  (IpucoSi  course.] 
In  architecture,  that  part  of  a  pcriptery,  which,  in 
form  of  a  gallery  or  allcv,  was  left  between  the  col- 
umns and  the  walls ;  used  as  a  promenade.  Elmes. 
PER-I-E'CIAN,  71.     [Gr.  rrpn"""?.] 

An  inhabitant  of  the  opposita  side  of  the  globe,  in 
the  same  parallel  of  latitude. 
PER-I-ER'(iY,  11.     [Gr.  irtni  and  cpyov.} 

Needless  caution  or  diligence. 
PER'I-Cil'.E,       1 71.      [Or.  ir£pi,  about,  and  yrj,  the 
PER-l-CE'UJI,  i      earth.]  . 

That  point  in  the  orbit  of  the  aun  or  moon  m  which 
it  is  at  the  least  distance  from  the  earth ;  opposed  to 
\poGEE  Jlutlon. 

PER'I-GRAPH,  71.    [Gr.  :rcpi,  about,  and  jpai;.ii,  a 

"l'.' a"  careless  or  inaccurate  delineation  of  any 

2.  The  white  lines  or  impressions  that  appear  on 
the'musculus  rectus  of  the  abdomen.  Encyc. 

PE-RlG'YN-OUS,  a.    [Gr.  nifi,  about,  and  yum,  le- 

^Growing  upon  some  body  that  surrounds  the  ova- 
rium. Botanists  are  in  the  habit  of  saying  that  the 
stamens  are  inserted  into  the  calyx  or  corolla,  i.  c., 
are  pOTOTiioiM,  though  they  always  originaie  from 
the  space  between  the  base  of  the  petals  and  the 
base  of  the  ovary.  ,     .      /."!'«";■ 

PER-I-HEL'ION,    i  «.    [Or.  Trtpi,  about,  and  iiXioj, 
PER-I-HE'LI-I'M,  i     the  sun.]  . 

That  part  of  the  orbit  of  a  planet  or  comet,  in 
x^■hich  it  is  at  its  least  distance  from  lliesun;  op- 
nos<>d  to  Aphklion.  Brande. 

PER-MIEX-A-HE'DRAL,  a.    [Gr.  irjpi  and  heiahc- 

'''a  term  designating  a  crystal  whose  primitive  form 
is  a  four-sided  prism,  and  in  the  secondary  foriii  is 
converted  into  a  prism  of  six  sides.  Clcaocland. 
PER'IL,  71.  [Fr. ;  It.  periolio  ;  Sp.  pehsro ;  1  or  .  pcri- 
rro;  from  L.  pmcuiiim,  from  Gr.  ir/.ipai.>,  to  trj ,  to 
Attempt,  that  is,  to  strain  ;  ^nga,  an  ^"enipt  laii- 
ger,  hazard  ;  allied  to  mmo,  to  pass  to  thrust  in  or 
transfix  ;  jrJuia  is  idso  the  point  or  edge  of  a  sword, 
coinciding  with  W.  ber  and  plr,  a  spit,  a  spear  or 
pike.  Hence  L.  cxperior,  ling,  crpenence.  The 
Greek  irri.ia-j  is  expressed  in  Dutch  by  vaaren,  to  go, 
to  sail,  to  fore;  geoaar,  danger,  peril  ;  &.  grjokr, 
from  fahren.  These  words  are  all  of  olie  family. 
(See  Pirate.)  The  primary  sense  of  peril  is  an  ad- 
vance, a  pushing  or  going  forward  ;  the  radical  se.i-e 
of  boldness.  The  Welsh  has  per,^,  perilous,  from  j 
per,  and  peri,  to  bid  or  command,  the  root  of  I^.  im- 
nero  from  the  same  root.] 

'^T  Danger;  risk;  hazard;  jeopardy;  particular 
exposure  of  person  or  property  to  injury,  loss,  nr 
destruction  from  any  cause  whatever. 

bi  peri^  of  watei-s ;  in  perils  of  robbers.  —  2  Cor.  xi. 

o   Danger  denounced  ;  particular  exposure.    You 

do~it  at  your  peril,  or  at  the  perU  of  your  father  s  dis- 

PEaC'r;.!-.    To  be  in  danger.  Milton 

PER'IL,  V.  t.    To  hazard  ;  to  risk  ;  to  expose  to  dan- 

PER'IL-J5D,  pp.    Exposed  to  danger  or  loss. 
PER'II.-I.N'G,  ppr.    Hazarding;  risking. 
PKR'IL-OUS,  a.     \Vt.  perileux.] 

I.  Dangerous  i^hazKrdous  ;  'full  of  risk  ;  as,  a  per- 
ilous  undertaking  ;  a  perilous  situation. 
T  Vulgarly  used  (or  Vert,  like  mighty^;  as,pcr,(- 

""I'lmar't;  l°itty';   as,  a  perilous  [pario"us]™boy. 

I  yulirar  and  ob.wlcte.]  , 

pAr'iC-OUS-LY,  ado.  Dangerously  ;  with  hazard. 
PER'IL-OUS-NESS,  Ii.  Dangerousness  ;  danger;  liaz- 

PE-RIM'ETER,  71.    [Gr.  7r£pi,  about,  and  prrpoi; 

"'Tn'geoLry,  the  outer  boundary  of  a  body  or  figure, 
or  thJ  sum  of  all  the  sides.  The  perimeters  of  sur- 
foces  or  figures  are  lines ;  those  of  bodies  are  surfaces. 
In  circular  figures,  instead  of  pcriracier,  "«  u;e  J'^' 
cianfcrenee  or  peripheril.  aarioi  . 

PER  I-OC-TA-HE'DR.AL,  a.     [Gr.   Ttp.  and  octahe- 

''"Alorm  designating  a  ciystal  whose  primitive  form 
is  a  four-sided  prism,  and  in  its  secondary  lorm  is 
converted  into  a  prism  of  eight  sides. 


FATE,  FXR,  FALL,  WHAT.- METE,  PREY. -PINE.  MARI-\E.  BIRD. -NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.- 


J 


814 


PER 

Pe'RI-OD,   n.     I'L.perwdus;  Fr.  periode;  It.  Sp.  and 
Port,  periodoi  Gr.  ttcoiocos  ;  rc/x,  about,  and  &oos, 


PER 


PER 


wav.l 
r.  Proi 


'roprrlyy  a  circuit ;  hence,  the  time  whicli  is 
tiken  up  by  a  planet  or  comet  in  making;  its  revohr- 
tion  round  tlie  sun,  or  the  dui-nlion  of  its  course  till 
it  returns  to  tJie  point  of  its  orbit  where  it  began. 
Thus,  Uie  period  of  the  earth,  or  its  annual  revolu- 
tion, is  3G5.i  days.  Barlow. 

2.  In  chronology.,  a  staled  number  of  yours  ;  a  rev- 
olution or  series  of  years  by  which  time  is  measured  ; 
as,  the  Calippic  period;  the  Dyonisian  period;  the 
Julian  period. 

3.  /Vny  series  of  years  or  of  days  in  which  a  revo- 
lution is  completed,  and  the  same  course  is  to  be  be- 
gun. 

4.  Any  specified  portion  of  time,  designated  by 
years,  months,  days,  or  hours,  complete  ;  as,  a  pe- 
riod of  a  thousand  years  ;  the  period  of  a  year  ;  the 
period  of  a  day. 

5.  End ;  conclusion.  Death  puts  a  jienorf  to  a  state 
of  probation. 

6.  .\n  indefinite  portion  of  any  continued  slate, 
existence,  or  series  of  events  ;  as,  the  first  period  of 
hfe  ;  the  last  period  of  a  king's  reign  ;  tiie  early  pe- 
riods of  history. 

7.  State  at  which  any  thing  terminates  ;  limit. 

8.  Leiigtii  or  usual  length  of  duration. 

Some  eiiy-ruiieuls  would  l«   made  how  by  art  to  make  plants 
more  losiinj  iJi-iii  liieir  onlin^sy  period.  liacon, 

9.  A  complete  sentence  from  one  full  stop  to  an- 
other. 

Periods  are  beaaiiful  wheii  tlioy  are  not  (oo  lung.     B,  Jonson, 

10.  The  point  that  marks  the  end  of  a  complete 
sentence  j  a  full  stop,  thus  [.]. 

11.  In  aritJimctic,  a  distinction  made  by  a  point  or 
comma  placed  regularly  after  a  certain  numbcrof  fig- 
ures ;  used  in  notation,  in  the  extraction  of  roots,  and 
in  circulating  decimals.  ^.  D.  Stanley. 

12.  In  medicine^  the  time  of  the  exacerbation  and 
remission  of  a  disease,  or  of  the  paroxysm  and  inter- 
mission. Encyc. 

Julian  pci-iod ;  in  chronology,  a  period  of  79S0  years  ; 
a  number  produced  by  multiplying  28,  the  years  of 
the  solar  cycle,  into  19,  the  yeais  of  the  lunar  cycle, 
and  their  product  by  15,  the  years  of  the  Koman  in- 
diction. 

Pe'RI-OD,  v.  t.  To  put  an  end  to.  [JVot  used.]  Shak. 

PE  RI  OD'IG  / 

PE-RI-OD'I€>-'\L  1 '^^     [It.per/od/co;  Fr.  periodiquc] 

1.  Performed  in  a  circuit,  or  in  a  regular  revolution 
in  a  certain  time,  or  in  a  series  of  successive  circuits; 
as,  the  periodic^i  motion  of  the  planets  round  the  sun  ; 
tiie  periodical  motion  of  the  moon  round  the  earth. 

ff'atts. 

2.  Happening,  by  revolution,  at  a  stated  time  ;  as, 
the  conjunction  of  the  sun  and  moon  is  periodical. 

3.  Happening  or  returning  regularly  in  a  certain 
period  of  lime.  The  Olympiads,  among  the  Greeks, 
were  periodical^  as  was  the  Jubilee  of  the  Jews. 

4.  Performing  some  action  at  a  stated  time;  as, 
the  pcritfrf/cai  fountains  in  Switzerland,  which  issue 
only  at  a  particular  hour  of  the  day.  Addison, 

5.  Pertaining  to  a  period  ;  constituting  a  complete 
sentence.  Adams''s  Led. 

G.  Pertaining  to  a  revolution  or  regular  circuit. 

Broitn. 

PER-I-OD'IG  ACID,  n.  An  acid  analogous  to  per- 
chloric acid,  and  composedof  one  equivalent  of  iodine 
with  seven  of  oxygen.  Brandc. 

PE-RI-OD'ie-AL.7i.  A  magazine  or  other  publication 
that  is  published  at  stated  or  regular  periods. 

PE-RI-OD'ie-AL-IST,  n.  One  who  publishes  a  p;;ri- 
odical. 

PE-Rl-OD'ie-AL-LY,  adv.  At  staled  periods;  as,  a 
festival  celebrated  pcriodicalltj. 

PE-UI-O-DIC'I-TY,  71.  The  slate  of  having  regitlar 
penods  in  changes  or  conditions.  IVkeicdl, 

PER-!  m'Cr;^'''^'  i  "•  ^'-     ^""^  Pebiecian. 
PER-I-OS'TE-UM,  n.    [Gr.  irrot,  about,  and  utcoi., 
bone.] 

A  nervous,  vascular  membrane  immediately  invest- 
ing the  bones  of  animals.  Encyc.     Caxe. 

The  periosteum  has  very  little  sensibility  in  a  sound 
Stat?,  but  in  some  cases  of  disease  it  appears  to  be 
very  sensible.  Wistar. 

PER-I-PA-TET'ie,  a.  [Gr.  r^oiTar»7r(ifoc,  from  ::£pi- 
77ri-v.i,  to  v.-alk  about;  rr/it  and  Tdrcf.i.] 

PiTtaining  to  Aristotle's  system  of  philosophy,  or 
to  the  sect  of  his  followers. 
PER-I-PA-TET'I€,  n.  A  follower  of  Aristotle,  so 
called  because  the  foundi^r  of  this  philosophy  taught, 
or  his  followers  disputed  questions,  walking  in  the 
Ijycciim  at  Athens.  K  Cyc. 

2.  It  is  ludicrously  applied  to  one  who  is  obliged  to 
walk,  or  can  not  afford  to  ride.  Tatlcr. 

PER-I-PA-TET'I-CISM,  n.  The  notions  or  philo- 
sophical system  of  Aristotle  and  his  followers. 

Barrow. 
PE-RIPH'ER-AL,  a.     Peripheric.  Fleming. 

PRR-I-PHERTf-,         la.    Pertaining  lo  a  periphery; 
PER-i-PHER'ie-AL,  J     constituting  n  i>  ripliery. 


PE-RIPH'E-RY,  7i.\  [Gr.  itcoc,  around,  and  <bcpu,  to 
bear.]  » 

The  circumference  of  a  circle,  ellipsis,  or  other  reg- 

uliir  curvilinear  figure.  Brandt. 

PEK'I-PIIRASE,  n.  [Gr.  Trept.ppaot^ ;  Trcpj,  about,  and 
^prtyt),  to  speak.] 

Circumlocution  ;  a  circuit  of  words;  the  use  of 
more  words  than  are  necessary  lo  express  the  idea  ; 
a  fitiure  of  ilietoric  employed  to  avoid  a  common  and 
trite  manner  uf  expression.  Enctjc. 

PERI-PIIRaSE,  v.  t.    To  express  by  circumlocution. 

PER'I-PIIRASE,  7?.  i.     To  use  circumlocution. 

PER'f-PHR.Ag-£I>,  ;m.     Expressed  by  circumlocution. 

PER'I-PHRaS-ING,  ppr.  Exjiressing  by  circumlocu- 
tion. 

PE-RIPH'RA-STS.     See  Periphrase. 

PER-I-PHRAS'Tie,         i  «.  Circumlocutory;  express- 

PER-I-PHRAS'Tie-AL,  (  ing  or  expressed  in  more 
words  than  are  necessary  ;  expressing  the  sense  of 
one  word  in  many. 

PER-I-PHRAS'Tie-AL-LV,  ado.  With  circumlocu- 
lion.  Boswcll. 

PER'I-PLUS,  77.  [Gr.  n-cpiTAouj  ;  ;ir,oi,  about,  and 
TrAftj,  to  sail.] 

Circumnavigation;  a  voyage  round  a  certain  sea 
or  sea-coast.  Vincent. 

PER-IP-NEU-MON'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  peripneumo- 
nv  ;  consisting  in  an  intlammation  of  the  lungs. 

PER-IP-NEtJ'.AiO-NY,  n.  [Gr.  Tnot,  about,  and  rvcv- 
fi'jjvj  the  lungs.] 

An  inflammation  of  the  lungs.  An  old  and  not 
very  correct  term,  for  which  Pneumokitis  is  now 
sub,-tituted. 

PER-I-PO-LYG'ON-AL,  a.     [Gr.  ttcoi  and  polygon.] 
In  cTnistallograpkij,  having  a  great  number  of  sides. 

PE-RIP'TER-AL,  a.  [Infra.]  A  term  applied  to  an 
edifice  havinjr  a  range  of  columns  all  around. 

PE-RIP'TER-OaS,  a.     [Gr.  irepi  and  Trrepov.] 
Feathered  on  all  sides. 

PE-RIP'TER-Y,  7(.  [Gr.  Tr.-pi,  and  irrcoovy  a  wing,  and 
TT^rw,  to  expand.] 

In  architecture^  an  edifice  or  temple  environed,  on 
its  exterior  circumference,  by  a  range  of  insulated 
columns,  distant  from  the  wall  to  the  extent  of  the 
intercolumniation.  Elmes. 

PE-RIS'CIAN,  (pe-rish'yan,)  /(.  j     [L.   Periscii ;     Gr. 

PE-RIS'CI-T,  (pe-rish'e-I,)  ».  pK  )  ireptoKtot  ,■  Trtpj, 
around,  and  cKin,  sliadow.] 

An  inhabitant  of  a  frigid  zone  or  within  a  polar 
circle,  whose  shadow  moves  round,  and,  in  the 
course  of  tiie  day,  falls  in  everj*  point  of  compass. 
The  Latin  word  Periscii,  in  the  plural,  is  generally 
used  in  geographies ;  but  the  English  word  is  pref- 
erable. 

PE-RIS'CIAN,  a.  Having  the  shadow  moving  all 
around. 

PER'I-SCOPE,  77.     [Gr.  ircpL  and  o-Koraj.] 
A  eeneral  view, 

PER-I-SeOP'ie,  a.  Viewing  on  all  sides  ;  a  term  ap- 
plied to  spectacles  having  concavo-convex  glasses, 
for  the  purpose  of  increasing  the  distinctness  of  ob- 
jects when  viewed  obliquely.  Olmsled. 

PER'ISH,  V.  i.  [Fr.  jtertr^  pcrissant;  It.  pcrire;  Sp. 
pcrccrr;  from  L.  pcrco,  supposed  to  be  compounded 
of  per  and  eo,  to  go  ;  literally,  to  depart  wholly.] 

1.  To  die ;  to  lose  life  iu  any  manner;  applied  to 
animals.  IMcn  perish  by  di3e:ise  or  decay,  by  the 
sword,  by  drowning,  by  hunger,  or  famine,  &.C. 

2.  To  die  ;  to  witiier  and  decay  ;  applied  to  plants. 

3.  To  waste  away ;  as,  a  leg  or  an  arm  has  per- 
ished. 

4.  To  be  in  a  state  of  decay  or  passing  away. 

Duralioii,  am!  time,  whicli  U  a  part  of  it,  is  the  idea  we  h.ivc  of 
pa'ishijtg  tlUuuce.  I/icke. 

5.  To  be  destroyed  ;  to  come  to  nothing. 

Perish  the  lore  thai  deadens  youiij  desire.  Anon. 

G.  To  fail  entirely,  or  to  bn  extirpated.   2  Kings  ix. 

7.  To  be  burst  or  ruined;  as,  the  bottles  shall 
perish.     Lake  v. 

8.  To  be  wasted  or  rendered  useless,    ./er.  ix. 

9.  To  be  injur-i-d  or  tormented.     I  Cor.  viii. 

10.  To  be  lost  eternally ;  to  be  scnlenced  to  endless 
miserv.    2  Ptt.  ii. 

PER'Isri,  V.  t.    To  destroy.     [A'ot  Icgitiiiicte.] 
PER-lt^H-A-BIL'I-TY,  n.    Perishabloncss. 
PER'I.SH-A-BLE,  a.     Liable  to  perish  ;  subject  to  de- 
cay and  destruction.     The  bodies  of  animals  and 
plants  are  perishable  i  the  souls  of  men  arc  not  perish- 
able. 
2.  Subject  to  speedy  decay. 

Prop.?rty  of  ri  perishable  n;iture,  «avi.sl  froiii  A  wreck,  m.ijf  be 
siild  within  a  year  aud  a.  day.  Stat,  of  Conn. 

PER'ISH-A-ISLE-NESS,  n.    Liablencss  to  decay  or 

destruction.  Lodit. 

PER'ISH-A-BLY,  ado.    In  a  perishing  manner. 
PER'1SH-£D,  (per'isht,)  pp.  ox  a.     Decayed;  wasted 

away ;  destroyed. 
PER'ISH-ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Dying;  decaying;  coming 

to  nothing. 
PER'I-SPERM,  Ti.     [Gr.  jrrot,  around,  and  (nrtppa, 

seed.] 
A   thick,  farinaceous,  fleshy,  horny,  woody,  or 

bony  part  of  the  seed  of  plants,  cither  entirely  or 


only  partially  sunoundinp  Ihe  embrv-o.  arid  iri^i--*'  .1 

within  the  investing  membrane.    It';-  • 

Gffirtner.  j, 

PEIUSPMER'ie.a.    [Gr.  r«pi  and  r. 
Globular  ;  having  Ui«  form  of  a  ball. 

_  Journ.  of.-if 

PER-IS-SO-LOG'ie-AL,  a.    Redundant  in  v.    ■ 
PER-I.S-SOL'O-GY,  H.     (Gr.  xtmacoXoy  < j  ;  - 

redundant,  and  >oj'j[,  di^our^.j 

Supcrlluoiis  words  ;   much  talk  to  UtU- 

[Little  Hard.]  ^V 

PER-I-STAL'TIC,  a.     [Gr.  rrpiraXnot,  i 

pirrAAtii,  lo  involve.] 

Spiral;  vermicular  or  worn 

motion  of  ihe  int^-.-?line!*  w  p" .-: 

lion  of  the  circular  itnd  longiij 

their  fleshy  coat-?,  by  which  the   ■ 

do\vn\vard  lo  the  onficcn  of  the  I . 

excrements  are  prr>lrudcd  toward  tJi 
PER-I.S-TK'RI-Oi\,  71.    [Gr.]    The  b 

PER-I-STREPil'ie,a.    [Gr.  rtpi  and  r - 

ing  round,  or  rola^,  revolving. 
PER'I-STTLE,  n.   |Gr.  i:tptTvXo9;  »«/>i,  about,  and 

cTTuAof,  a  column.] 
A  range  of  columns  round  a  buildi'. 

a  building  encompassed  with  a  lov. 

the  otitside.  j^ 

PER-I-SYS'TO-LE,  n.    [Gr.  rc.oi,  ab<  . 

contraction.] 
The  pause  or  inter^'a!  between  lb'' 

traction,  and  the  diastole  or  dilatation,  'A  th-.-  h-.^ix. 

PE-RITE',  a.     [L.  perUus.] 

Skillful.    [LiiUe  used,]  WhUaker. 

PE-Rn"0-MOUS,a.    [Gr.  tc/ji,  arotind,  and  rtptu, 
lo  cleave,] 

In  mnicro/o^, cleaving  in  more  direction*  \\. 
parallel  lo  the  alls,  the  faces  being  all  of  oti 

.S.. 
FER-LTO-Xi:'AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  penton-  um. 
PER-I-TO-Ne'UM,  7t.     [Gr.  s:,vtroraioK;  rtpi,  about, 
and  rni'ocj,  to  stretch.] 

A  thin,  smooth,  serous  membrane,  inv- 
whule  internal  surface  of  the  abdomen,  an! 
less  completely  all  the  viscera  contained  in  ii. 

Enevc-      Purr. 
PE-RI-TRo'Cm-U.M.     See  Axis  i:«  Peiutrochio. 
PER-I-TR6'PAL,  a.    [Gr.  «.ot  and  r,--  r-.^ 

Rotary ;  circuitous. 
PER'1-WIG,  71.     [Ir.  pereabhic    Qu.   '  r., 

pcrriicke:  Dan.perjijk:  Vr.  pcrruqut  ^   . 
A  small  wig;  a  kind  of  close  cap  fornii  . 

terlcxtnre  of  false  hair,  worn  by  men  for 

or  to  conceal  baldness.    Periwigs  were  in  l. 

the  days  of  Addison. 
PER'I-WIG,  r.  (.    To  dress  with  a  |>oriwig,  or  with 

false  hair,  or  with  any  Ihing  in  like  form.       Srif^. 
PERl-WIXK-LE,  ([wr'e-wink-l,)  n.    [:?ax. 

It.  pervinca :  Fr.  pereeneJie;  h.  tinea:  >.ax. 

shell  fish.    If  Ti  is  casual,  vinca  may  bo  an  ! 

is  the  \V.  gicic,  foriric,  a  squeak,  wbencr- 

periwinkle.] 

1.  Asea  snail, or  small  shell  fish,  Tnrbo  ; 
Linnsus. 

2.  A  flowering  plant  of  the  genus  Vinca. 
PER'JURE,  (per^jur,)  r.  u     [L.  perjuro  :  per  and  >— , 

to  swear  ;  Uiat  is,  to  swear  aside  or  l> 
VVillfnlly  to  make  a  false  oath  wl. 
by  lawful  authority  or  in  a  court  oi 
swear  ;  as,  the  witness  perjured  himscii. 
PER'JURE,  n.    A  ptrjured  i>erson.    [AV*  itstdL) 

PER'JUR-f;D,  pp.  or  a.    Guilty  of  perjury;  having 
sworn  falselv. 

PER'JL*R-ER,"n.    One  that  willfully  takes  a  CUso  oath 
lawfully  administered. 

PER'JUR-IXG,  ppr.    Taking  a  false  oalh  lawfully  ad- 
niinrslered. 

PER-Ju'RI-OUS,  a.     Guilty  of  peijmy ;  containing 
prrjiirv.  Coke. 

PER'JU-RY,  11.     [L.  pcrjurium.] 

The  act  or  crime  of  willfully  making  a  fa! 
when  lawfully  administered  ;  or  a  crime  f 
when  a  lawful  oath  is  admintsiere4l  in  soni 
proceeding,  to  a  person  who  swears  willfuitv,  m 
lutcly,  and  falsely,  in  a  matter  uialerial  to  the  i>suo. 

C.'.v. 

PERK,  a.    [\V.  perc.  comp.acl,  trim,  perk  :  as  a  «*i(,i,   | 

someihing  that  is  close,  compact,  trim,  and  a  perch.]   , 

Properly^  erect ;  Iitnco,  tiinart ;  trim.  ■ 

PERK,  r.  i.     [\V.  percu,  lo  trim,  lo  make  smart.]  ' 

To  hold  up  the  head  with  afl'eclcd  smartness.  Pepr.   ' 

That  Edward's  miM  ihiispcrlv  it  in  rour  fccp.  I^>pe, 

PERK.  V.  t.    To  dress  up ;  to  make  trim  or  smart :  to 
prank.  SLit. 

PER'KIN,  ».    Ciderkin  ;  a  kind  of  weak  cidrr.  nnJe 
by  steeping  the  refuse  ptimicc  in  water.         Ei^e^.: 

PERFLATE  ACID,  Iht-  acidulous  idiosnhaic  <(  s*^!ft.    I 
C'icrnistm.    A>.- '  '    - 

PER'LA-TED  ACID,  or  PU-RET'1€ ';  bipli, 
smla. 

PEU'IjOUS,  for  Perilous,  is  not  used.  ^,     -    - 


TONE,  BIJLL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  Til  a^  in  Tlir? 


PER 

PKU-LUS-TRa'TION,   h.      [L.   pcrlustro;    j>cr  and 
lu^trOf  to  survey.] 
Tiic  act  of  viewing  all  over.  IloitcU. 

PEIi'MA-t.V,  7).     A  liltlo  Turkish  boat.  Diet. 

PEU'.MA  NiO.VCK,    In.     [See  Pehmanent.]     Contin- 

PKR'MA-NEN-CV,  ]  uaiice  in  the  same  state,  or 
without  a  chan^f  that  destroys  the  form  or  nature 
of  a  thing,:  duration  ;  fixedness  ;  as,  the  permanence 
of  a  government  or  slate  ;  llio  permanence  of  institu- 
tions or  of  a  system  of  principles. 
2.  Continuance  in  tlie  same  phico,  or  at  rest. 

PEil'M  A-NENT,  a.  [L.  permanensy  permaneo ;  per  and 
inanco,  to  remain,     ('lass  I\In.] 

Durable  ;  lasting ;  continuing  in  the  same  state,  or 
without  any  change  that  destroys  the  form  or  nature 
of  the  thing.  The  laws,  like  the  character  of  God, 
are  unalterably  pCTTnan^t.  Human  laws  and  institu- 
tions may  be  to  a  degree  permanent,  but  they  are  sub- 
ject to  change  and  overthrow.  We  speak  of  a  per- 
manent wall  or  building,  a  permanent  bridge,  when 
they  arc  sp  constructed  as  to  endure  long;  in  which 
examples,  permanent  is  equivalent  to  durable  or  last- 
irt  ff,  but  nut  to  undccayin^  or  unalterable.  So  wc  say, 
a  per/nanent  residence,  a  permanent  intercourse,  per- 
manent friendship,  when  it  continues  a  long  time 
without  interruption. 

PER']\IA-NENT-LY,  adv.  With  long  continuance  ; 
durably  ;  in  a  fixed  state  or  place  j  as,  a  government 
perinanentb'  established. 

PER-MAN'SION,  (-shun,)  n.     [L.  pa-manyto.] 

Continuance.     [JVyt  used.']  Brown. 

PER-iME-A-BIL'I-TY,  n.  [Infra.]  The  quality  or 
state  of  being  permeable.  Journ.  of  Science. 

PEU'iME-A-BLE,  a.  [L.  peryneo ;  per  and  meo,  to  pass 
or  glide.] 

That  may  be  passed  through  without  rupture  or 
displacement  of  its  parts,  as  solid  matter ;  applied 
pnrticularly  to  substances  that  admit  the  passage  of 
fluids.  Thus  cluth,  leather,  wood,  are  permeable  to 
water  and  oil ;  glass  is  permeable  to  liglit,  but  not  to 
water. 

PER'ME-A-BLY,  ado.    In  a  permeable  manner. 

PEIl'iME-ANT,  a.     [Supra.]    Passing  through 

Broicif, 

PER'ME-aTE,  r.  (.  [L.  2)Crj;itfo  ;  per  and  meojto  glide, 
1U)W,  or  pass.] 

To  pass  through  the  pores  or  interstices  of  a  body  ; 
to  penetrate  and  pass  through  a  substance  without 
rupture  or  displacement  of  its  parts  ;  applied  particu- 
larly to  fluids  which  pass  through  substances  of  loose 
texture  ;  as,  water  permeates  sand  or  a  filtering  stone  ; 
light  permeates  glass. 

PER'.ME-a-TED,  pp.    Passed  through,  as  by  a  fluid. 

PER'JIE-A-TING,  ppr.  Passing  through  the  pores  or 
interstices  of  a  substance. 

PER-AIE-a'TION,  n.  The  act  of  passing  tlirough  the 
pores  or  interstices  of  a  body. 

PER-MIS'CI-BLE,  a.     [h.  permisceo  ,■  per  and  viisceo, 
to  mix.] 
TJiat  may  bs  mixed.     [Little  used,] 

PER-MIS'SI-BLE,  a.  [See  Permit.]  That  may  be 
permitted  or  allowed. 

PER-MIS'SI-BLY,  ado.    In  the  way  of  permission. 

PEU-MIS'SION,  (-mish'un,)  71.  [L.  permissio,  from 
pcrmitio,  to  permit.] 

1.  The  act  of  permitting  or  allowing. 

2.  Allowance;  license  or  liberty  granted. 

You  have  givcD  me  your  permtasion  for  lliis  adilress.     DryJen. 

PER-MIS'SIVE,  a.    Granting  liberty ;  allowing. 

Milton. 
2.  Granted ;  suffered  without  iiinderance. 

Tluia  1  etnboIJencd  epakc,  and  freedom  used 
Pcrmiasiix,  and  KCcepLancc  foimd. 


PEU-MIS'SIVE-LY,   adc. 

prohibition  or  hinderance. 
PER-:>IIS'TION,  (-mist'yun,) 
PER-MIX'TION,  (-mixt'yun,) 


Milton. 
By    allowance ;    without 


[L.  permistio,  jter- 
viiitio.] 


The  act  of  mixing  ;  the  state  of  being  mingled. 
PER-iMI'i'',  y.  (.     [L,  pcrmitto  ;  per  and  mitto,  to  send  ; 
Fr.  prrmettre  ;  It.  permettere  ;  Sp.  jiermitir.] 

i.  I'o  allow  ;  to  grant  leave  or  liberty  to  by  ex- 
press consent.  He  asked  my  leave,  and  I  permitted 
him. 

9.  To  allow  by  silent  consent,  or  by  not  proJiibit- 
ing  ;  to  suffer  without  giving  express  authority.  The 
laws  permit  us  to  do  what  is  not  expressly  or  impli- 
edly forbid. 

Wlixt  God  ueillirr  commands  nor  forbids,  he  perriiUs  wilU  ap- 
pi-otxUbii  [0  be  d»nc  or  U;fl  imdonc.  Hooker. 

3.  To  alTord  ability  or  means.  Old  age  does  not 
permit  us  to  retain  the  vigor  of  youth.  The  man's 
indigence  docs  not  permit  him  to  indulge  in  luxu- 
ries. 

4.  To  leave ;  to  give  or  resign. 

IjCl  U3  iiol  u^sravate  our  sorrows, 

But  to  Uie  gods  permit  the  event  of  thiiigi.  AdiVitoii, 

[The  latter  sense  is  obsolete  or  obsolescent.] 
PER-iMIT'  or  PER'MIT,  n.     A  written  license,*  or  per- 
mission from  the  custom-house  officer,  or  other  prop- 
er authority,  to  export  or  transport  goods,  or  to  land 
guods  or  persons. 
2.  Warrant ;  leave ;  permission. 


PER 

PER-MIT'TANCE,  n.      Allowance ;   forbearance  of 

prohibition  ;   permission.  Derkar.u 

PER-JHT'TER,  n.      He  who  permits.    Permittee, 

for  the  one  permitted,  is  rare. 
PER-MIX'TION.     See  Pehmistion. 
PER-MO'TA-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  changed  one  for 

the  other. 
PER-MO'TA-BLE-NESS,  n.    State  of  being  permu- 

lable. 
PER-MO'TA-BLY,  adv.    By  interchange. 
PEJt-MU-TA'TION,  n.     [L.  pcrmutatio^  pcrmuto ;  per 

and  mnto,  to  change.] 

1.  In  c(W7i7/icrce,  cxcnango  of  one  thing  for  another; 
barter.  Bacon. 

2.  In  tke  canon  law,  the  exchange  of  one  benefice 
for  another.  Enctjc. 

3.  In  alrrcbroy  the  arrangement  of  any  determinate 
number  of  things  or  letters,  in  all  possible  orders, 
one  after  the  other.  Brande. 

PER-MuTE^  V.  t.      [K  permuto;  per  and  muto,  to 
change.] 
To  cxchniige  ;  to  barter.     [JN'of  used.] 
PER-:aOT'ER,  71.    One  that  exchanges.     [J^ot  used.] 
PER'NAN-CY,  n.     [Norm,  perna-,  to  take.] 

A  taking  or  reception,  as  the  receiving  of  rents  or 
tithes  in  kind.  Blackstove. 

PER-NI"C10U3,  (-nish'us,)  a.  [L.  pcridciosus,  from 
pernicies  ;  perneco,  to  kill ;  per  and  nezy  necis,  death.] 

1.  Desttuclivo  ;  having  the  quality  of  kiUing,  de- 
stroying or  injuring;  very  injurious  or  mischievous. 
Food,  drink,  or  air  may  be  pcrnicioun  to  life  or 
liealth. 

2.  Destructive  ;  tending  to  injure  or  destroy.  Evil 
examples  are  pernicious  to  morals.  Intemperance  is 
a  pernicious  vice. 

3.  [L.  pcrnix.]     fluick.     [J^ct  used.}  Milton. 
PER-NI"CIOUS-LY,  mJy.    Destructively;  with  ruin- 
ous tendency  or  rOi'Cls.                                   Asehutn. 

PKR-NI"ClOi;S-NESS,  71.  The  quality  of  being  very 
injurious,  mischievous,  or  destructive. 

PEli-NIC'I-TY,  71.     [L.  pernicita-^,  from  pernix.\ 

Swiftness  of  motion  ;  celerity.     [Little  used?]  Ratj. 

PER-NOC-Ta'TION,  7(.  [L.  pernocto ;  per  and  7wz, 
night.] 

The  act  of  passing  the  whole  night ;  a  remaining 
all  nifjht.  Taylor, 

PE-RoGUE'.     See  Pirogue. 

PER'O-NATE,  a.  In  botany,  laid  thickly  over  with  a 
wooly  substance  ending  in  a  sort  of  meal.     P.  Cyc. 

PER-O-Ra'TION',  71.  [Jj.  pcroratioj  from  pcrorofpvr 
and  ore,  to  pray.] 

The  concluding  part  of  an  oration,  in  which  the 
speaker  recapitulates  the  principal  points  of  his  dis- 
course or  argument,  and  urgi'S  them  with  greater 
earnestness  and  force,  with  a  view  to  make  a  dc^p 
impression  on  lihs  hearers.  Enaie. 

PER-OX'YD,  71.  [per  xmA  ozyd.]  That  oxyd  of  a  given 
base  which  contains  the  greatest  quantity  of  oxygen  ; 
a  bad  term,  which  ought  to  be  entirely  rejected,  since 
different  peroxyds  do  not  always  contain  the  same 
quantity  of  oxygen,  tlie  peroxyil  of  mercury  being  a 
protoxyd,  the  pi^roxyd  of  iron  a  sesquoxyd,  the  per- 
oxyd  of  tin  a  deutoxyd,  and  the  perosy'd  of  gold  a 
tritoxyd, 

PER-OX'YD-IZE,  V.  t.  To  oxydize  to  the  ulmost  de- 
gree. Cutbusk. 

PER  PAIS.  [Norm.  French.]  In  law,  by  the  coun- 
try, that  is,  by  a  jury. 

PER  PA'RES.    By  the  peers  or  one's  peers. 

PER-PE\D',  V.  t.  [L.  perpendo ;  per  and  pcndo,  to 
weigh.] 

To  v/eigh  in  the  mind  ;  to  consider  attentively. 
[Little  ^iscd.]  Shale.     Brown. 

A  large  stone  reaching  through  a  wall  so  as  to  ap- 
pear on  botli  sides  of  it,  and  therefore  having  the  ends 
smooth.  Oloss,  of  Archit. 

PER-PEN'DI-CLE,  (-penMe-kl,)  71.  [Vu  pcrpcndiculc, 
from  L.  perpendiculum.] 

Something  hanging  cijwn  in  a  direct  line  ;  a  plumb 
line.  Diet. 

PER-PEN-DIC'lI-LAR,  a.  [L.  perpnuUcularis,  from 
perpendiculiLvi^  a  plumb  line  ;  pcrpendco ;  per  and  pen- 
dco,  to  hang.] 

1.  Hanging  or  extending  in  a  right  line  from  any 
point  toward  tiie  center  of  the  earth  or  of  gravity,  or 
at  right  angles  with  the  jilanc  of  the  liorizon. 

2.  In  geometry,  a  term  applied  to  a  line  or  surface 
at  right  angles  to  another  line  or  surface.  Tlie  line 
A  is  perpendicular  to  the  line  E. 

PER-PEN-niC'IT-LAR,  n.  A  line  falling  at  right  an- 
gles on  the  plane  of  tliH  horizon,  that  is,  extending 
from  tionie  point  in  a  right  line  toward  tlie  center  of 
the  earth  or  center  of  gravity,  or  any  body  standing 
in  that  direction. 

2.  In  geometry,  a  line  falling  at  right  angles  im  an- 
other line,  or  nialcing  equal  angles  with  it  on  each 
side.  Barlow. 

PER-PEN-DIC-U-LAR'I-TY,  n.  The  state  of  being 
perpendicular.  "  Watts. 

PER-PEN-I)ICM|-LAR-LY,  adc.    In  a  manner  to  fall 
on  another  line  at  right  angles. 
2.  So  as  to  fall  on  the  plane  of  the  horizon  at  right 


PER 

angles  ;  in  a  direction  toward  the  center  of  the  eailii 

or  of  gravity. 
PER-PEN'SION,  7i.     [L.  perjicndo.'] 

Consideration.     [JV«(  used.']  BroiDn. 

PER-PES'SION,  (-pe^;h'un.)  7t.  [\j.  pcrpcssio^  perpctior, 

to  suffer  ;  per  and  patior.] 
Suftering  ;  endurance.     [A'u/  used.]        Pearson. 
PER'PE-TRaTE,  v.  t.      [L.  pcrpetro;  per  and  puiro, 

to  go  through,  to  finish.] 
I'o  do ;  to  commit ;  to  perform  ;  in  an  ill  sen.<e, 

that  is,  always  used  to  express  an  evil  art;  as,  to 

perpetrate  a  crime  or  an  evil  design.  Dnjdcn. 

PER'PE-TRa-TED,  7>;7.     Done;    committed;    as  an 

evil  act. 
PER'PE-TRa-TING,  ppr.     Committing,  as  a  crime 

or  evil  act. 
PER-PE-TRa'TION,  7?.    The  act  of  committing  a 

crime.  fVolton. 

2.  An  evil  action.  K.  Charles, 

PER'PE-TR.a-TOR,  71.    One  that  commits  a  crime. 
PER-PET'IJ-.\L,  a.  [Kr.  p<n-petuel;  L.  pe}-petuus^i'ti)m 

pcrpcs,  perpctis ;  j^cr  and  pw,  from  a  root  signilying 

to  pass.] 

1.  Never  ceasing;  continuing  forever  in  future 
time  ;  destined  to  be  eternal  ;  as,  a  perpetual  cove- 
nant;  ti.  perpetual  statute.  [Lilevally  true  with  re- 
spect to  the  decrees  of  the  Supreme  Being.] 

2.  Continuing  or  continued  without  intermission  : 
uninterrupted;  as,  a  perpetual  stream;  i\\c  perpetual 
action  of  the  heart  and  arteries. 

3.  Permanent;  fixed;  net  temporary;  as,  a  ;'er- 
peiual  law  or  edict ;  perpetual  love  or  amity  ;  perpet- 
ual incense,    Etod.  xxx. 

4.  Everlasting ;  endless. 

Desli'uclions  arc  conic  to  u  perpetual  end.  —  V».  lit. 

.5.  During  the  legal  dispensation.    Et.xxw. 
Perpetual  curacy,  is  where  all  the  tithes  are  appro- 
,prialcd  and  no  vicarage  is  endowed.        Blaclistone. 
Perpetual  motion  ;  n  motion  llial  is  supjilicd  and  re- 
newed from  itself,  without  the  intervention  of  any 
external  cause.  Tlutton. 

Perpetual  screw  i  a  screw  that  acts  against  the  teeth 
of  a  wheel,  and  continues  its  action  without  end. 

mUcius. 
PER-PET'Q-AL-LY,  adv.  Constantly  ;  continually  ; 
applied  to  things  which  proceed  without  intermis- 
sion, or  which  occur  frequently  or  at  intervals,  with- 
out limitation.  A  perennial  spring  flows  7>erpctKn//i/  ; 
the  weather  varies  perpetually. 

The  Ellilc  mid  Common  Prayer  Book  in  the  vulffiir  tongue,  being 
perpeliuxllij  read  in  churcliCB,  have  provcaa  kind  of  stinj- 
OKlfor  lajiguajc.  Sai/t. 

PER-PET'U-aTE,  V.  (.     [L.  pcrpetuo.] 

1.  To  make  perpetual ;  to  eternize. 

2.  To  cause  to  endure  or  to  be  continued  indefinite- 
ly, to  preserve  from  extinction  or  oblivion  ;  as,  to 
pa-petualc  the  remembrance  of  a  great  event  or  of  an 
illustrious  character.  The  monument  in  London 
perpetuates  the  remembrance  of  the  conflagration  in 
166G.     Medals  may  perpetuate  the  glories  of  a  prince. 

Addison. 

3.  To  continue  by  repetition  without  limitation. 
PER-PET'lJ-A-TED,  pp.  or  a.    JIade  perpetual ;  con- 
tinued through  eternity,  or  for  an  indefinite  time. 

PER-PET'U-a-TING,  ppr.  Continuing  forever  or  in- 
definitely. 

PER-PET-TT-a'TION,  71.  The  act  of  making  perpetu- 
al, or  of  preserving  from  extinction  or  oblivion 
tlirough  an  endless  existence,  or  for  an  indefinite  pc- 
ritid  of  time.  Brown. 

PER-PE-TtJ'l-TY,  77.     [L.  perpetuitas.] 

1.  Endless  duration  ;  continuance  to  eternity. 

2.  Continued,  uninteiTUpted  existence,  or  duration 
for  an  indefinite  period  of  lime  ;  as,  the  perpetuity  of 
laws  and  institutions  ;  the  perpetuity  of  fame. 

3.  Something  of  wliich  there  will  be  no  end. 

South. 

4.  In  the  doctrine  of  annuities,  the  number  of  years 
in  which  the  simple  interest  of  any  sum  becomes 
equal  to  the  principal ;  also,  the  sum  which  will  pur- 
rliase  an  annuity  to  continue  forever. 

PER-PHOS'PHATE,  n.  A  phosphate  in  which  the 
phosphoric  acid  is  combined  with  an  oxyd  at  the  max- 
imum of  oxydalion. 

PER-PLEX',  "y.  (.  [L.  perplexus,  pcrplcxor  ;  per  and 
plector,  to  twist,  from  the  root  of  Gr.  irXcKto,  L.  plicoy 
to  fold.] 

1.  To  make  intricate  ;  to  involve  ;  to  entangle  ;  to 
make  complicated  and  difiicult  to  be  understood  or 
unraveled. 

VVhntwas  lhoii":ht  ol:acure,  perplexed,  and  too  hard  forourivndt 
nails,  will  Ui  open  to  llic_undcrBt.»odiug  in  u  fair  vii-w. 

lAjcke. 

2.  To  embarrass ;  to  puzzle  ;  to  distract ;  to  tease 
wiUi  suspense,  anxiety,  or  ambiguity. 

Wc  can  distinguish  no  gcuenl  IrulLs,  or  at  least  elioll  be  nm  to 

pcr}>lex  Ihi;  mind.  Locke, 

We  arc  perjilexed,  hut  not  in  despair.  —  2  Cor.  W. 

3.  To  plague  ;  to  vox.  Olanville. 
PER-PLEX'    a.    Intricate;  difficult.    [JSTotused.] 

Olanville. 
PER-PLEX'£D,  (-plext',)  pp.  or  a.    Made  intricate; 
embarrassed;  puzzled. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL.  WHAT — METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARtNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  W^QLF,  BOOK.— 


PER 

PER-PLEX'ED-LY,  adc  Intricately  ;  witb  involution. 

[Milton  has  Perplexlv.J 
PER-HLEX'ED-XESS,  n.     Intricacy  ;  difficulty  from 
want  cf  order  or  precision. 

•2.  Embarrassmsat  of  miud  from  doubt  or  uncer- 
tainly. 
PEU-PLEX'IXG,  ppr.     Slaking  intricate  or  perplexed. 

•2.  a.    Troublesome  ;  embarrassin*;. 
PER-PLEX'I-TV,  n.    Intricacy  ;  entanslcment.    The 
jury  wfie  embarrassed  by  the  perplexity  of  the  case. 
2.  Embarnissmenl  of  mind  ;  disturbance  from  doubt, 
confusion,  difficultj*,  or  anxiety. 

Perplisity  not  siifferLij  tbeni  to  be  idle,  Ih;^  Uiink  ami  do,  as  it 
wew,  :n  a  plirenir.  Hooker, 

PER-PO-T.\'TIOX,  n.     [L.  per  and  poto.] 

The  act  of  drinking  largely. 
PER'aUI-SITE,  (per'kwe-zit,)  n.   [L.  perquisitiis,  pcr- 
qiiiro  :  per  and  quizro^  to  seek.] 

A  fea  or  pc^cuniary  allowance  to  an  officer  for  ser- 
vices, beyond  his  ordinary  salary  or  settled  wages; 
or  a  fee  allowed  by  law  to  an  officer  for  a  specific 
service,  in  lieu  of  an  annual  salary. 

[The  latter  is  the  common  acceptation  of  the  word  in 
jlmerica.] 
PER'QUI-SIT-ED,  a.    Supplied  with  perquisites. 

r.4  bad  jcord,  and  not  tised,]  [Savage. 

PER'^aL'I-SI"TIOX,  (per-kwe-zish'unO  n.     [L.j)er- 
quisittis.'] 
An  accurate  inquiry  or  searcli.  ,^in.ncorth. 

FER'RON,  n.  [Ft.]  A  staircase  outside  of  a  build- 
ing, or  a  flight  of  steps  leading  into  the  first  stor>'. 

OxilL 
PER-RO-aUET',  n.    [Fr.]     A  parrakect,  which  see. 

Ask. 

2.  Perroqiiet  auk;  the  Alca  Psitiacula,  an  aquatic 
fowl  inhabiting  Kamtschatka  and  other  northern  re- 
gions. P.  Cyc. 

PER'RY,  n.     [Fr.  poire,  from  poire,  W.  per^  a  pear.] 
The  fermented  juice  of  pears,  prepared  in  the  same 

PER  S.SL'  TUM,  [L.]     Bv  a  leap.  [way  us  cider. 

PER-SCRU-Ta'TION,  n.    [L.  pcrscnttatio,  perscrutor.} 
A  searching  tlioroughlv  ;  minute  search  or  inquiry. 

PER  SE,  [L.]  By  itself  j  by  himself,  &c. ;  apart  from 
others. 

PER'SE-eOT,  n.  [Fr.]  A  kind  of  cordial,  made  of 
the  kernels  of  apricots,  nectarines,  &c.,  with  refined 
spirit.  Encyc.  Dom.  Ecvn. 

PER'SE-€0TE,  v.  L  [Fr.  persecuter ;  It.  perseg-uitare ; 
Sp.  persea-uir :  h.  persequor  :  per  and  sequor^  to  pur- 
sue.    See  Seek  and  Essay.] 

1.  In  a  freneral  sense,  to  pursue  in  a  manner  to  in- 
jure, vex, "or  afflict;  to  harass  with  unjust  punish- 
ment or  penalties  for  supposed  oflfenses ;  to  inflict 
pain  from  hatred  or  malicnity. 

9.  Jippropriatdy,  to  afflict,  harass,  or  destroy,  for 
adherence  to  a  particular  creed  or  system  of  religious 
principles,  or  to  a  mode  of  worship.  Thus  X'ero  per- 
secuted  tlie  Christians  by  crucifying  some,  burning 
others,  and  condemning  others  to  be  worried  by  dogs. 
See  Jicts  xsii. 

3.  To  harass  witli  solicitations  or  importunity. 
PER'SE-eu-TED,  pp.  or  a.     Harassed   by  troubles  or 

punishmt-nts  unjustly  inflicted,  particularly  for  relig- 
ious opinion?. 

PER'SE-Cu-TIXG,  ppr.  or  a.  Pursuing  with  enmity 
or  vengeance,  particularly  for  adhering  to  a  particu- 
lar religion. 

PER-SE-Cu'TIOX,  n.  The  act  or  practice  of  perse- 
cuting ;  the  infliction  of  pain,  punishment,  or  death, 
upon  others  unjustly,  particularly  for  adhering  to  a 
religions  creed  or  mode  of  worship,  either  by  way  of 
penalty,  or  for  compelling  iliL-m  to  renounce  their 
principles.  Historians  enumerate  ten  persecutions 
suffered  by  the  Christians,  beginning  with  that  of 
Nero,  about  A.  D.  64,  and  ending  with  that  of  Di- 
ocletian, A.  D.  303  to  311. 

2.  The  state  of  being  persecuted. 

Our  wc'-is  are  under  per iecu Hon ;  we  labor  and  have  no  re»'.. — 

LlIIl.    T. 

PER-SEe'U-TIVE,  a.    Fo!^owing;  persecuting. 

PER'SE  CU-TOR,  ti.  One  that  persecutes  ;  one  that 
pursues  another  unjustly  and  vexatiously,  particu- 
larly on  account  of  religious  principles. 

Henry  rejecti^d  the  pope'a  supremacy,  but  retained  every  cor- 
ruption beside,  andb-^came  a  cruel  persecutor.  S:c>/t. 

PER'SE-US,  n.    [Gr.  Uspa^vi.] 

1.  A  famous  Grecian  hero  who  slew  Medusa, 
2   A  constellation,  situated  north  of  the  Pleiades, 
containing  Algol,  Algenib,  and  several  other  bright 
stars.     [In  the  classics,  Per'seiis.] 
PER-SE-VER'ANCE,   71.     [Fr.,  from  L.  pcrseverantia. 
See  Persevere.] 

1.  Persistence  in  anything  undertaken  ;  continued 
pursuit  or  prosecution  of  any  business  or  enterprise 
begun  ;  applied  alike  to  good  and  evil. 

Perstveranee  keeps  honor  bright.  Sfta'/C. 

Patience  and  ptretoerance  overcome  the  greatest  diliiCHllif  s. 

C/aru-sa. 

2,  In  theology,  continuance  in  a  state  of  grace  lo  a 
slate  of  glorj'  j  sometimes  called  final  perseverance. 

Hammond. 
PER-SE-VeR'AXT,  a.    Constant  in  pursuit  of  an  un- 
dertaking.    [JVo(  used.]  Minsworth. 


PER 

PER-SE-VeRE',  v.  i.  [L.  perscvero.  The  last  compo 
nent  part  of  this  word,  severo,  must  he  the  same  as 
in  assevcro,  with  the  radical  sense  of  sc(,jlz«/,  or  con- 
tinued. So  persist  is  formed  with  per  and  sinto,  to 
stand.  Constant  and  continue  have  a  like  primary 
sense.     So  we  say,  to  hold  (?«.] 

To  persist  in  any  hiiriiness  or  entcrpriue  undertak- 
en 5   lo  pursue  steadily  any  design  or  course  com- 
menced ;  not  to  give  over  or  abandon  what  is  under- 
taken ;  applied  alike  to  good  and  evil. 
Tbrice  happy,  if  ih.-y  know 
Their  happiness,  and  perscsere  «pn jbt !  MUton. 

To persevercia  any  evil  course  inake*  you  unhappy  in  this  lUc. 

Wake. 

PER-SE-VeR'ING,  2W'    Persisting  in  any  business 

or  course  begun. 
2.  a.    Constant  in  the  execution  of  a  purpose  or 

enterprise  ;  as,  a  persevering  student. 
PER-SE-VKR'li\G-LY,  ado.    With  perseverance  or 

continued  pursuit  of  what  is  undertaken. 
PER'SIAN,  i         D„  ,  .     n      ■ 

PER'SI€       I  ^'    P^rtainuig  to  Persia. 

PER'SIAX-BER'RY,  n.  A  sort  of  berry  used  in  dye- 
ing yellow.  It  comes  from  Persia,  and  issjid,like 
the  French  berr>-,  to  be  the  fruit  of  a  species  of  buck- 
thorn called  Rhaninus  infectorius.      Ure.     P.  Cyc. 

PER'SIAN-W'HEEL,  ;(.  In  mfc/wniw,  a  contrivance 
for  raising  water  to  some  higlit  above  liie  level  of  a 
stream,  by  means  of  a  wheel  with  buckets  on  its 
rim.  Brande. 

PER'Sie,  71.    The  Persian  language. 

PER'SI-FLAGE,  (pur'sc-tVJ.7.h,)  n,  [Fr.,  from  jter- 
sifler.] 

Light  talk,  in  which  all  subjects  arc  treated  with 
banter.  H.  More. 

PER-SIM'MON,  71.  A  tree  and  its  fruit,  a  species  of 
Diospyros,  a  native  of  the  States  south  of  Xew  York. 
The  fruit  is  like  a  plum,  and,  when  not  ripe,  very 
harsh  and  astringent,  but,  when  ripe,  luscious  and 
highly  nutritious.  Jifeasc.     Fann.  Encyc. 

PER-SIST',  V.  i.  [L.  pcrsisto  ;  per  and  sisto,  to  stand 
or  be  fixed.] 

To  continue  steadily  and  firmly  in  the  pursuit  of 
any  business  or  course  commenced  ;  to  persevere. 

[Persist  is  nearly  synonymous  with  persevere ;  but 
persist  frequently  implies  more  obstinacy  than  perse- 
vere, particularly  in  that  which  is  evil  or  injurious  to 
others.] 

If  they  persist  in  pointing  their  batteries  against  particular  per- 
sons, no  laws  of  war  forbid  t!ie  maiuDj  reprisals,    Addison. 

PER-SIST'EXCE,  1 7i.  Thestateof  persisting;  steady 

PER-SIST'EN-CY,  (      pursuit  of  what  is  undertaken  ; 

perseverance  in  a  good  or  evil  course,  more  generally 

in  that  which  is  evil,  and  injurious  to  others,  or  un- 

advisable. 

2.  Obstinacy  ;  contumacy.  Skak. 

3.  In  natural  philosophy,  the  continuance  of  an  ef- 
fect after  the  cause  which  first  gave  rise  to  it  is  re- 
moved ;  as,  the  persistence  of  the  impression  of  light 
on  the  eye,  after  the  luminous  object  is  wilhdr;iwn  ; 
the  persistence  of  the  motion  of  an  object,  after  the 
moving  force  is  withdrawn.  Olmsted. 

PER-SIST'E\T,  I  a.     In  botanii,  not   falling  ofl',  but 

PER-SIST'ING,  !  remaining'  green  untU  the  part 
which  bears  it  is  wholly  matured,  as  the  leaves 
of  evergreen  plants  ;  opposed  to  Caditcqus.   Lindley. 

PER-SIST'IXG,  ppr.  Continuing  in  the  prosecution 
of  an  undertakin*;  ;  persevering. 

PER-SIST'ING-LV,  adv.     Perseveringly  ;  steadily. 

PER-SIST'IVE,  a.  Steady  in  pursuit ;  not  receding 
from  a  purpose  or  undi^rlaking  ;  persevering.  Shal:. 

PER'SOX,  (per'sn,)  n.  [L.  persona:  said  to  be  com- 
pounded o{  per,  through  or  by,  and  sonus,  sound  ;  a 
Latin  word  signifying  primarily  a  mask  used  by  act- 
ors on  the  stage.] 

1.  An  individual  human  being  consisting  of  body 
and  soul.  We  apply  the  word  to  liviii<r  beings  only, 
possessed  of  a  rational  nature ;  the  body  when  dead 
is  not  called  a  person.  It  is  applied  alike  to  a  man, 
woman,  or  child. 

A  person  is  a  tliinkin^,  intelligent  being.  Loc^e. 

2.  A  man,  woman,  or  child,  considered  as  opposed 
to  things,  or  distinct  from  them. 

A  zeal  for  persons  is  far  more  easy  to  be  perverted,  than  aKr.v! 
for  things.  Spml. 

3.  A  human  being,  considered  with  respect  to  the 
living  body  or  corporeal  existence  only.  The  form 
of  her  person  is  elegant. 

You'll  fiiiJ  her  person  dilficnlt  to  *ain.  Dryden. 

The  rebels  maiiit^iiied  tJie  fiarht  for  a  sraaU  lime,  and  for  their 
persons  showed  no  want  of  cour.ige.  Bacon. 

4.  A  human  being,  indefinitely  ;  one  ;  a  man.  Let 
a.perso7t's  attainments  be  never  so  great,  he  should 
remember  he  is  frail  and  imperfect. 

5.  A  human  being  represented  in  dialogue,  fiction, 
or  on  the  stage ;  character.  A  player  appears  in  the 
person  of  King  Lear. 

These  tables,  Cicero  pronounced  under  the  person  of  Crassvis, 
were  of  more  use  and  authority  than  all  the  books  of  the 
philosophers.  Baker. 

G.  Character  of  office. 

How  different  is  the  same  man  from  himself,  &s  he  sust-oina  the 
person  of  a  magiairato  and  that  of  a  friend  1  South. 


PER 


7.  Formerly,  ilj.;  parMm  05  minister  of  a  parieij. 

Hmn  '•. 

8.  In  trramjoar,  tlic  subject  of  a  verb ;  tlu:  ;..     *. 
that  performs  or  the  patient  tliat  mitTcn  aiiv  t! 
firmed  by  a  verb  ;  a«,  /  wrilc  ;  he  iM  t-n- 
beloved;   the  rain  dettcendf  in  Utrm 

you,  he,  she,  or  it,  are  called  the  fir>!*. 
tliird  persQju.  Ilcnc«  we  apply  Uie  v, 
the  termination  or  modified  form  of  lb 
connection  with  the  pcrHoni> ;  a*,  lh< 
person  of  the  verb  ;  the  vtrb  k»  in  Uie 

0.  In  late,  an  art^icial  person  U  a  < 
body  politic.  / 

In  person  ;  by  one'i  self  j  with  bodUy  pv.  -luo:  j  uxa 
by  representative. 

The  king  In  p^ton  risiu  all  tnraivl.  Dryd£n. 

PER'SON,  r.  t.    To  reprc!>cnt  as  a  person ;  to  make  to  1 

resemble;  to  image.     [jVoI  in  u*e.]  MUten.  1 

PER'SON-A-BLE,  a.    IlavinR  a  well-formed  lK>dy  or  \ 

person  ;  graceful ;  of  gfiod  appearance  ;  za,  a  pcrto*-  ' 
able  man  or  woman.                                       Rqt,^t,_ 

2.  in  ^ur,  enabled  to  maintain  ;^'  - 

3.  Having  capacity  to  lake  a 
given. 

r  The  tvro  latter  senses^  I  belizeCf  are  /r  | 

PER'SOX-ACE,  n.     [Fr.  perfonna^e.] 

1.  A  man  or  woman  of  dih-tinclioo  ;  a.*,  :iu  ..i<:-ui-   | 
ous  personage.  1 

2.  Exterior  appearance;  stature;  air;  «■,  a  fill    I 
personage  ;  a  stately  personage,       Skak.     " 

3.  Character  assumed. 

The  VenetLidi,  naturally  5T3»e,  lure  to  ri»' 
luch  *t3AQii»,  when  dsgujacd  id  a&£ip^- 

4.  Character  represented. 

Seme  persons  rmiU  b?  found,  alrta;!-  ' 

wti  inay  nuke  the  aetnn  uul  per. 

PER'SON-AL,  a.     [L.persanaiL^.] 

1.  Belonging  to  men  or  women,  iiul  lo  things ;  doI 
real. 

Every  man  so  temied  by  aay  of  pergonal  diScrvoce  ckJt. 

/iookrr. 

2.  Relating  to  an  individual ;  affecting  tndividual-i , 
peculiar  or  proper  to  him  or  her,  or  to  private  aciiooii 
or  character. 

The  words  are  condhwDol ,  —  If  Ihoa  dooit  vdl, — and  to  ptrtemel 
to  Cain.  Loekt. 

CbaracLer  and  succesj  depend  more  on  pertonet  eSon  thaa  ob 
any  eit^mal  axlvaniages.  J.  Haata. 

So  we  speak  of  personal  pride. 

3.  Pertaining  to  the  corporal  nature  ;  exterior;  cor- 
poral ;  as,  personal  charms  or  accomplishment::. 

4.  Direct  or  in  person  ;  without  the  intervent  i  f 
another  j  as,  a  personal  inieniew. 

The  immediate  and  ivrtoncl  speaiing  of  G\xl  Almi^;;  ■  '  -  • 
ham,  Job,  and  Aloscs. 

5.  Applying  lo  the  character  and  condnci  i ;    r,  : 
viduals  in  a  disparaging  manner;  :^^pers9nai  rtiiv<- 
tions  or  remarks. 

6.  Denoting  the  person  ;  having  the  modlficnlions 
of  the  three  grammatical  persons ;  as,  a  personal  pro- 
noun ;  a  personal  verb. 

Personal  estate  or  property :  in  late,  movables  ;  rbai- 
tels ;  things  belonging  to  the  person  ;  as  money,  jew- 
els, furniture,  &:c.,  as  distinguished  from  real  estate 
in  land  and  houses. 

Personal  action:  in /atr,  a  suit  orar!  -^  '•  "-^  -'1 
a  man  claims  a  debt  or  personal  duly. 
lieu  of  it ;  or  wlu-roin  In*  cKiims  .«aii>: 
ages  for  an  injur}' to  his  person  or  pri ;  ■  i-.»  .  .u  .»■ - 
tion  founded  on  contract  or  on  ion  or  wrtmg  :  as  an 
action  on  a  dt:bt  or  promi'se,  or  an  actiun  for  a  tres- 
pass, assault,  or  dcfamriiory  words  ;  opposed  lo  rod 
actions,  or  such  as  concern  real  property. 

Blackstone. 
Personal  identity  :  in  metapXysicJiy  samencAS  of  be- 
ins,  of  which  conVciousnt^s  is  the  evidence. 
PER'SOX-AL.  H.     .\  mo^-able.     [JVlif  in  iwf,] 
PER-SOX-.VL'I-TV,  n.  That  which  constitutes  an  in- 
dividual a  distinct  person,  or  that  which  constitutes 
individuality. 

The  personaiity  of  an  inlell^rent  brin*  extrwls  iljrtf  be-twjJ 
present  existence  to  wh&l  is  past,  onlj  by  coaKkxun^c*. 

Lotix. 

2.  An  application  of  remarks  to  the  conduct  and 
character  of  individuals  by  way  of  dispaiagemeol 
Avoid  personalities. 

PER'SOX-AL-IZE,  r.  f.    To  make  personal. 

PER'SOX-AI^LV,  adr.  In  person  ;  by  bodily  pres- 
ence ;  not  bv  npresenlative  or  substitute  :  r.s.  to  be 
personally  present  ;  to  deliver  a  letter  personallii. 
They  personally  dcclaicd  their  assent  to  the  meas- 
ure." I 

2.  With  respect  lo  an  individual ;  particularly. 

She  borw  a  momi  hatred  to  the  house  of  LuKsstcr,  »»0*[^* 
ally  lo  the  tiiij.  Baam. 

3.  With  regard  lo  numerical  existence. 

The  converted  n-in  is  ptrtoKil.'y  the  aste  be  w»s  *"*g^^^ 

PER'SOX-.\L-TY,  ft.    Personal  estate. 


TONE,  BJJLL,  UXITE.— AN"G£R,  VI"C10US.  — €  as  K  j  6  as  J;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SU;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


103 


ei7 


PER 


PER 


PER'SON-ATE,  v.  L  To  represent  by  a  ficlilious  or 
assumeit  character,  so  aa  to  pass  for  the  person  repre- 
senleil.  Bacon. 

2.  To  represent  by  action  or  rvppearance ;  to  as- 
sume the  character  and  act  the  part  of  another. 
■J.  To  pretend  hypocritically.     [LitUe  used.] 

Swift. 

4.  To  counterfeit  j  to  feign ;  as,  a  personated  devo- 
tion. Hammond. 

5.  To  resemble. 

The  lofty  cedar  prrsonaUs  tliee.  Shak. 

6.  To  make  a  representation  of  as  in  picture. 
\Obs.\  Shak. 

7.  To  describe.     [Obs.]  Skak. 

8.  To  celebrate  loudly.     [L.  pcrsono.]     [JVottu^ed.] 

Jililton. 

PER'SON-ATE,  a.     [L.  ptrsona,  a  mask.] 

Masked  ;  a  term  applied  to  a  monopetalous  corol, 
the  limb  of  which  is  unequally  divided,  the  upper 
division  or  lip  being  arched,  the  lower  prominent 
and  pressed  against  it,  so  tiiat,  when  compressed, 
the  whole  resembles  the  mouth  of  a  gaping  animal. 

Lintllejj. 

PER'SON-A-TED,  pp.  or  a.  Represented  by  an  as- 
sumed character. 

PEU'SON-A-TING,  ppr.  Counterfeiting  of  another 
person ;  resembling. 

PER-SON-a'TION,  n.  The  counterfeiting  of  the  per- 
son or  character  of  another.  Bacon. 

PEK'SOX-A-TOR,  7(.    One  wlio  assumes  the  charac- 
ter of  another.  B.  Jon.^on. 
2.  One  that  acts  or  performs.  B.  Jonjon. 

PER-SON-r-FI-€A'TION,  n.  [from  personifij.]  The 
giving  to  an  inanimate  being  the  figure  or  the  senti- 
ments and  language  of  a  rational  being ;  prosopopceia  j 
as,  "  Cojifasion  heard  his  voice."  Milton. 

PER-SON'I-FF-£D,  (-fide,)  pp.  Represented  with  the 
attributes  of  a  person. 

PER-S0N'I-F5,  V.  t     [L.  persona  and  facio.] 

To  give  animation  to  inanimate  objects  ;  to  ascribe 
to  an  inanimate  being  the  sentiments,  actions,  or 
language,  of  a  rational  being  or  person,  or  to  repre- 
sent an  inanimate  being  with  the  affections  and  ac- 
tions of  a  person.  Thus  we  say,  the  plants  Utirst  for 
rain. 

The  tre-?s  said  to  Uie  fiff-tree,  Come  thou,  and  iciju  over  us. 
Judgt^'s  ix. 

PER-vSON'I-Fr-ING,  ppr.  Giving  to  an  inanimate 
being  the  attributes  of  a  person. 

PER'SOX-IZE,  V.  t.    To  personify.     [JVot  7nuch  used.] 

Richardson. 

PER'SOJSr-JVEVj  (par-so-nel',)  n.  [Fr.]  A  term  de- 
noting the  persons  employed  in  some  public  service, 
33  the  army,  na^-j',  &c.,  as  distinguished  from  the 
Materiel.  Diet,  de  VJicad. 

PER-SPEG'TIVE,  a.     [Infra.]    Pertaining  to  the  sci- 
ence of  optics  ;  optical.  Bacon. 
2,  Pertaining  to  the  art  of  perspective.       Encijc. 

PER-SPEC'TIVE,  71.  [Fr.;  It.  perspettiva;  Sp.  pcr- 
spectiva  ;  from  L.  perspicio  ;  per  and  specio,  to  see.] 

1.  A  glass  through  which  objects  arc  viewed. 

Temple. 

2.  The  application  of  geometrical  principles  to 
drawing  on  a  plane  surface  true  resemblances  or 
pictures  of  objects,  as  the  objt-cts  appear  to  the  eye 
from  any  given  distance  and  situation,  real  or  imagi- 
nary ;  as,  the  rules  of  perspective.     P.  Cyc.    Brande. 

3.  A  representation  of  objects  in  perspective. 

Encyc. 

4.  View  ;  vista ;  as,  perspectives  of  pleasant  shades. 

Dr7jden. 

5.  A  kind  of  painting,  often  seen  in  gardens,  and 
at  the  end  of  a  gallery,  designed  expressly  to  deceive 
the  sight  by  representing  the  continuation  of  an  al- 
ley, a  building,  a  landscape,  or  the  like. 

A'irial  perspective;  the  art  of  giving  due  diminu- 
tion to  the  strength  of  light,  shade,  and  colors  of  ob- 
jects, according  to  their  distances  and  the  quantity 
•    of  light  falling  on  them,  and  to  the  medium  througli 
which  they  are  seen.  Encyc. 

Isometrical  perspective^  is  the  art  of  drawing  in  per- 
spective, as  a  building,  for  instance,  with  each  part 
of  the  same  relative  size,  the  more  distant  objects 
being  undiminished  by  distance,  as  in  ordinary  per- 
spective. Haldevian . 

PER-SPEG'TTVE-LY,  adv.  Optically  ;  through  a 
glass.  Shak. 

2.  According  to  the  rules  of  perspective. 

PER-SPEG'TO-GRAPH,  7i.  An  instrument  for  ob- 
taining, or  transferring  to  a  i)icture,  the  points  and 
outlines  of  original  olyects.  Various  imtruments  are 
called  bv  this  name.  B/jclvw. 

PER'SPI-GA-BLE,  a.    Discernible.  Herbert. 

PER-SPI-GA'CIOUS,  C-ka'shus,)  a.  [L.  pcrspicax, 
from  perspicio.] 

1.  Uuick  sighted  ;  sharp  of  sight. 

2.  Of  acute  discernment.  South. 
PER-SPI-Ca'CIOUS-NESS,  71.  Acnlcness  of  sight. 
PER-SPI-GAC'I-TY,  n.     [L.  pcrspicacitas.] 

1.  Acuteness  of  sight ;  quickness  of  sight. 

2.  Acntene^s  of  discernment  or  understanding. 
PER'SPI-GA-Cy,  n.    Acuteness  of  sight  or  discem- 

nient.  B.  Jo}tson. 


PEK-PPI"CIENL'E,  (-spish'ens,)  n.    [h.  pci'spicicntia.] 

The  act  of  looking  with  sliarpness. 
PER'SPI-CIL,  n.     [L.  per  and  speculum,  a  glas«.] 

An  optic  glass.     [Littleused.]     Crasliaic.   Glanville. 
PER-SPI-CO'I-TV,  n.     [Fr.  perspicuitd;  L.  perspiciii- 
tas,  fntnx  perspicio.] 

1.  Transparency;  clearness;  that  quality  of  a  sub- 
stance which  renders  objects  visible  through  it. 
[Little  vsed.]  Brown. 

2.  Clearness  to  mental  vision  ;  easiness  to  he  under- 
stood ;  freedom  from  obscurity  or  ambiguity ;  that 
quality  of  writing  or  language  which  readily  presents 
to  the  mind  of  another  the  precise  Ideas  of  the  au- 
thor. Perspicuity  is  the  first  excellence  of  writing  or 
speaking. 

PER-SPIG'tT-OUS,  a.     [L.  persjncuus.] 

1.  Transparent ;  translucent.     [LitUc  used.] 

Pcacham. 

2.  Clear  to  the  understanding ;  that  may  be  clearly 
understood;  not  obscure  or  ambiguous.  Language 
is  perspicuous  wlicn  it  readily  presents  to  the  reader 
or  hearer  the  precise  ideas  which  are  intended  to  be 
expressed.  Meaning,  sense,  or  signification  is  per- 
spicuous, when  it  is  clearly  and  easily  compre- 
hended. 

PER-SPIG'TJ-OUS-LY,  adv.     Clearly;   plainly;  in  a 
manner  to  be  easily  understood.  Bacon. 

PER-SPie'U-OUS-NES.S,  7i.    Clearness  to  intellectual 
vision;  plainness;  freedom  from  obscurity. 

[We  generally  apply  Perspicuous  to  objects  of  in- 
tellect, and  Conapicuous  to  objects  of  ocular  sight.] 

PER-SPI-RA-BIL'I-TY,  Jt.     [from  pcrsjnrable.]     The 
quality  of  being  perspirable. 

PER-SPIR'A-BLE,  a.     [from  L.  perspiro.    See  PEa- 
spibeJ 

1.  That  may  be  perspired  ;  that  may  be  evacuated 
through  the  pores  of  the  skin.  Arbuthnot. 

2.  Emitting  perspiration.     {.Xoi  p^-vper.]     Bacon. 
PER-SPI-RA'TION,  n.     [L.  perspiro.     See  Perspire.] 

1.  The  act  of  perspiring  ;  excretion  by  the  cuticu- 
larexhalents  not  condensed  into  sensible  moisture 
on  the  surface ;  insensible  evacuation  of  the  fluids 
of  the  body  throueh  the  excretories  of  the  skin. 
9.  Matter  perspired.  [Enaic.     Arhutknot. 

PER-SPIR'A-TIVE,  a.    Performing  the  act  of  perspi- 
ration. 
PER-PPIR'A-TO-RY,  a.    Perspirative.        Berkeley. 
PER-SPIRE',  V.  i.     [L.  per  and  spiro,  to  breathe.] 

1.  To  evacuate  tiie  fluids  of  tlic  body  through  the 
excretories  of  the  skin  without  sensible  condensation 
of  moisture  upon  the  surface  ;  as,  a  person  persjnTcs 
freelv. 

2.  "To  be  evacuated  or  excreted  insensibly  through 
the  excretories  of  the  skin  ;  as,  a  fluid  perspires. 

PER.-SPIRE',  V.  t.     To  emit  or  evacuate  insensibly 

through  the  excretories  of  the  skin.  Smollett. 

PER-:^PlR'£D,  (per-spird',)    pp.      Excreted  through 

the  pores  of  the  skin. 
PER-t>PiR'ING,  ppr.     Emitting  moisture  through  the 

pores  of  the  skin. 
PER-STRINGE',  Cpcr^trinj',)  v.  t.      [L.  perstringo ; 

per  and  stringo,  to  graze  or  brush.] 

To  graze  ;  to  glance  on.  Burtmu 

PER-SUaD'A-11LE,  a.     [See  Persuade.]    That  may 

be  persuaded. 
PER-SUaD'A-BLY,  adi\    So  as  to  be  persuaded. 
PER-SUaDE',  (per-swade',)  v.  U     [L.  persiuideoi  per 

and  suadeo,  to  urge  or  incite.] 

1.  To  intiuence  by  argument,  advice,  entreaty,  or 
expostulation  ;  to  draw  or  incline  the  will  to  a  deter- 
mination by  presenting  motives  to  the  mind. 

I  sliould  be  g-l.-id  if  1  could  persuade  him  to  wrJie  etich  another 

critic  on  any  lliiiig;  of  mine.  Drydtn. 

AimoBl  thou  persuadcvt  irie  to  l>e  a  Ch^isti.^^.  —  Acts  xxvi. 

2.  To  convince  by  argument,  or  reasons  offered  ; 
or  to  convince  by  reasons  suggested  by  reflection  or 
deliberation,  or  by  evidence  presented  in  any  man- 
ner to  the  mind. 

Ei-lovcd,  we  UK  persuaded  beUer  tbiogB  of  you. — Heb.  vi. 

3.  To  inculcate    by  argument   or   expostulation. 

[I.iUJe  u^ed.]  Taylor. 

'I.  To  treat  by  persuasion.    \^J^ot  in  use.]      Sliak. 
PER-SUaD'ED,  pp.    Influenced  or  drawn  to  an  opin- 
ion or  determination  by  argument,  advice,  or  reasons 
sugge>led  ;  convinced  ;  induced. 
PER-SUaD'ER,  7i.    One  that  persuades  or  influences 
another.  Bacon. 

2.  That  which  incites. 

Hunircr  and  Uiirst  at  once 
Powerful  periuadera  I  Milton. 

PER-SUAD'ING,  ppr.      Influencing  by  motives   pre- 
sented. 

PER-SUa-SI-BIL'I-TY,  v.    Capability  of  being  per- 
suaded. HaUywell. 

PER-SUa'SI-BLE,  a.     [L.  pcrsuasibilis.] 

That  may  be  persuaded  or  influenced  by  reasons 
oflVri;d. 

PER-SUa'SI-BLE-NESS,  71.      The  quality  of  being 
innuenred  by  persuasion. 

PEll-SUA'SlON,  (per-swa'zhun,)  n.      [Fr.,  from  L. 
}tcrsuu.<io.] 

1,  The  act  of  persuading;  the  act  of  influencing 
the  mind  by  arguments  or  reasons  ofl'ered,  or  by  any 


PER 

lliine  tint  moves  tlio  mind  or  passions,  or  inclines 
ilii;  will  to  a  (leterniination 

For  lliou  liMt  nil  tlic  arU  of  fine  pereuanon.  Oliony. 

2.  Tlio  stale  of  being  persuaded  or  convinced ; 
settled  opinion  or  conviction  imiceedins  from  art;il- 
nienls  and  reasons  oftercd  by  others,  or  suugcsteU  by 
one's  own  rellections. 

When  wc  have  no  other  certainty  of  bcinsr  in  the  right,  bnt  our 
own  persuasion  tli;it  wc  aro  BO.  Goo.  of  the  Tongtie, 

3.  A  creed  or  belief;  or  a  sect  or  party  tidhcring  to 
a  creed  or  system  of  opinions  ;  as,  men  of  the  same 
prr.^uasum  ;  all  persuaaiuns  concur  in  the  nieasnre. 

PEK-SUa'SIVE,  a.  Having  the  power  of  persuading; 
inllncncinf  the  mind  or  passions  ;  as,  pcr.iuasivr  elo- 
qtiencc  ;  per.ftuisive  evidence.  Hooker.    South. 

PEIl-S(jA'SIVE,  11.  That  which  persuades;  an  in- 
citement ;  an  exhortation. 

I'ER-SUA'.SIVE-LY,  adv.  In  such  a  manner  as  to 
persuade  or  convince,  Jili!u>it. 

PER-SLTS'SIVE-NE.SS,  n.  The  quality  of  having  in- 
fluence on  tlie  mind  or  passions,  Tayh>r. 

PER-SUA'SO-KY,  (-swa'so-ry,)  «.  Having  power  or 
tendency  to  persuade.  Brown. 

PER-SOL'I'H.\TE,  t..  A  combination  of  sulphuric 
acid  witii  a  pero.\yd.  SiUiman. 

PEU-SUL-T.A'TIO.\,  n.     [L.  pcrsulto.] 

An  eruption  of  the  blood  from  an  arter\'. 

PERT,  a.  [W.  pert,  smart,  spruce  ;  probably  allied  to 
ycrk^priviarily,  erect,  from  shooting  up  or  forwanl.] 

1.  Lively ;  brisk  ;  smart. 

Aw;\lce  the  perl  and  nimble  cpiril  of  rrirlh.  Sliak. 

On  Uie  lawny  sMuU  iintl  sh^'lvcB, 

Trip  tin- 7iert  fairies,  and  lllc  ihippCT  tl-.t«.  MiltOTi. 

2.  Forward  ;  eaucy  ;  bold  ;  indecorously  free. 

A  lady  lids  nic  in  a  very  pert  manner  mind  my  own  allaira. 

A'ldinon. 

PERT,  n.    An  assuming,  over-forward,  or  impertinent 
-    person.  Goldsmith. 

PERT,  V.  i.    To  behave  with  pertness ;  to  be  saucy. 

Bp.  Qamlcti. 
PER-TaIN',  v.  i.     [L.  pertinco ;  per  and  tcneo^  to  hold  ; 
It.  pertcnere.] 
1.  To  belong ;  to  bo  the  properly,  right,  or  duty  of. 

M-'n  hale  tliose  wbo  affect  honor  by  ambition,  which  peruunelli 

not  to  them.  Haymrd. 

lie  took  the  foi-tificil  cities  wliieli  pertained  to  Juttali.  —  2  Knip* 


2.  To  have  relation  to.    -flcrj  i. 
PER-TEU-E-BRa'TION,  n.     [U  per  and  terebratlo.] 

The  act  of  boring  throujzh.^  .linsirorth. 

PER-TI-NA'flUUS,  (per-rc.-na'shus,)  a.    [L.  pertinar. ; 
per  and  teneoy  to  hold.] 

1.  Holding  or  adhering  to  any  opinion,  purpose,  or 
design  with  obstinacy  ;  olistinale  ;  perversely  reso- 
lute ;  as,  pertinacious  in  opinion  ;  a  man  of  pertina- 
cious confidence.  Walton. 

a.  Resolute  ;  firm  ;  constant ;  steady. 

Diligence  is  a  steady,  constant,  ;)erli7wicioii»  study.        iSoulA. 

[This  word  often  implies  a  censurable  degree  of 
firmness  or  constancy,  like  obstinacy.] 
PER-TI-Na'CIOUS-LY,  aile.    Obstinately  ;  with  firm 
or  perverse  adherence  to  opinion  (ir  purpose.    lie 
pertinaeioiisly  maintains  his  first  opinions. 
PER-TI-NAC'I-TY,  (  „      ,  t    „„tinacia  1 

PER-TI-NA'CIOUS-NESS,  \  "■     l-^'  ?«'-"'"'"«-J 

1.  Firm  or  unyielding  adherence  to  opinion  or 
purpose ;  obstinacy.     He  pursues  his  scheme  with 

2.  Resolution;  constancy.  [pertinacity. 
PER'TI-NA-CY,  n.     [Supra.]     Obstinacy;   stubborn- 
ness :   persistency ;  resolution  ;  steadiness.    [Little 
itsed.]  Taylor. 

PER'TI-NENCE,    j   II.      [E.  pcrtinens,  pertinco ;    ;icr 
PER'TI-NEN-CY,  j       and  tcneo,  to  hidd.] 

Justness  of  relation  to  the  subject  or  matter  in 
hand  ;  fitness ;  appositencss  ;  suitableness. 

I  have  shown  the  fitness  and  pertincncii  of  the  apoaUc's  discourse 
to  the  persons  he  nddre£S';d.  Benllcy. 

PER'TI-NENT,  a.     [L.  ;)(T(iiic7i.s.] 

1.  Related  to  the  subject  or  matter  in  hand  ;  just  to 
the  purpose  ;  adapted  to  tlie  end  proposed  ;  apposite  ; 
not  foreign  to  the  thing  intended.  We  say,  he  used 
an  argument  not  pertinent  to  his  subject  or  design. 
The  discourse  abounds  with  pertinent  remarks.  He 
gave  pertinent  answers  to  the  questions. 

2.  Regarding  ;  concerning  ;  belonging.  [Little 
used.]  Hooker. 

PER'TI-NENT-LY,  aiti.      Appositely  ;    to  the  pur- 
pose.    He  answered  pertinently. 
PER'TI-NENT-NESS,  n.    Appositeness, 
PER-TIN't5ENT,  a.     [L.  perlinsens.] 

Reaching  to. 
PERT'LY,  adv.    Briskly  ;  smartly  ;  with  prompt  bold- 
ness. ^  ,  .   , , 
2.  Saucily  ;  with  indecorous  confidence  or  bold- 
ness.                                                              S^ifl. 
PERT'NESS,  ji.    Briskness  ;  smartness. 

2,  Sauciness ;  forward  promptness  or  boldness  j 
implying  less  than  Effkontery  or  Impi/desce. 
Pertntse  and  ignorance  may  Rsk  a  question  in  three  lines,  whlcb 
it  will  cost  leornius  and  ingenuity  thirty  pa^a  to  answer. 
G.  Sjmng. 


FITE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— METE,  PREY.  —  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BO<;'K.- 

818 


PER 

3.  Petty  liveliness;    sprigbtliiiesa  without  force, 
dignity,  oi  solidity. 

There  is  iii  Sh3ftesliurj''a  vorks  a  Itrel^  perUuts  and  a  nnrndc  of 
Ulenuun:.  Waiu. 

FER-TURB',  \  V.  t.     [L.  pcturbo  ;  per  and  tnrbo^ 

PEK'TUUR-aTE,  {       properly,  lu  turn,  or  to  stir  by 
turniug.] 

1.  To  disturb  ;  to  agitate  ;  to  disquiet. 

2.  To  disorder  ;  to  confuse.  Brown. 
[This  verb  is  little  used.    The  participle  is  in  use.] 

PER-TURB-A'TION,  m.     [L.  perturbatio.] 

1.  Disquiet  or  agitation  of  mind.  Milton. 

2.  Restlessness  of  passions  ;  great  uneasiness. 

3.  Disturbance ;  disorder ;  commotion  in  public 
affairs.  Bacmi. 

4.  Disturbance  of  passions;    commotion  of  spirit. 

5.  Cause  of  disquiet,  \_B.  Jon^on. 

O  polished  perturbaHim,  ^Idon  care  !  Sfiak, 

6.  In  astronamij^  an  irregularity  in  the  motion  of  a 
heavenlv  bodv  through  its  orbit.  D.  OlDisted. 

PEU'TL'UB-A-tOR,  >  n.    One  that  disturbs  or  raises 
PER-TURB'ER,         j       ccminoiion.     [Litde  used.] 
P£R-TrRB'£D,  pp.  or  a.    Disturbed;  agitated;  dis- 
quieted. 

Rest,  rest,  perturbed  spirit.  Shai. 

PER-TURB'IXG,ppr.    Disturbing  ;  agitating. 
PER-TuSE',      I   a.     [L.  pcrtiisus,  pertundo;  per  and 
PER-TUS'£D,  i       tundo,  to  beat.] 

1.  Punched  ;  pierced  with  holes. 

2.  in  botany,  perforated  or  pierced  irregularly  with 
holes.  Liiidtey. 

PER-TU'SION,  71.     [L,  perttisiis,  pertundo.] 

1.  The  act  of  punching,  piercing,  ur  thrusting 
through  with  a  pointed  instrument. 

The  iDEUtDer  of  opeoin^  a.  rein  in  Hippocmtes's  time,  was  bj 
stabbing  or  pertusion.  ArbuUtnot. 

2.  A  little  hole  made  by  punching;  a  perforation. 

Bacon. 
PER'UKE,  (per'ruke,)  n.     [Ft.  pcrruque  :  It.  pcrruccn ; 
'Sp.peluca:  D.  paruik  ;  G.  pe^rriicke  ;  Sw.  peruk.] 
An  artificial  cap  of  hair  ;  a  periwig,      tyiseman. 
PER'UKE,  V.  i.    To  dress  in  adscititioiis  hair.     [Little 

used.] 
PER'UKE-MaK'ER,  71.    A  maker  of  per.iUes ;  a  v.ig- 

maker. 
PE-Ru'SAL,  71.     [from  peruse.]     The  act  of  reading. 

This  treatise  requires  appiication  iii  the  per^isal.     Woodioard, 

2.  Careful  view  or  examination.     [Unusual.] 

Tatier. 
PE-RUSE',  V.  t,    [Probably  L.  per  and  k(ot-,  usus.] 

1.  To  read,  or  to  read  with  attention.     -Addison. 

2.  To  observe;  to  examine  with  careful  survey. 
[Obs.] 

I  hife  perused  her  well.  Sha!:. 

:Mj-&?If  I  then  perused,  aud  Uinb  hy  limb 

Siurejred.  l>rdlon. 

PE-RuS'ivD,  pp.    Read  ;  obser\'ed  ;  examined. 
PE-RUS'ER,  ;t.    One  that  reads  or  examines. 

Jfocdward. 
PEl-RCS'ING,  ppr.    Reading  ;  examining. 
PE-RC'VI-AN,    a.      Pertaining   to    Peru,    in    South 
America. 

Peruvian  balsam.  See  Balsam  of  Pebu. 
Pcrurian  bark,  the  bark  of  several  species  of  Cin- 
chona, trees  of  Peru  ;  called  also  Jesuits^  bark. 
Tiie  taste  is  bitter  and  astringent,  and  it  is  used 
as  a  tonic,  in  cases  of  debility,  and  particularly  in 
interrnittents. 
1*ER-VaDE',  v.  L  [L.  pervcdo  ;  per  and  vado,  to  go, 
Eng.  to  wade.] 

1.  To  pass  through  an  aperture,  pore,  or  interstice ; 
to  permeate  ;  as,  liquors  that  pervade  the  pores. 

JVeicton. 
9.  To  pass  or  spread  through  the  whole  extent  of 
a  tiring  and  into  every  minute  part. 

What  but  God 
Per^adet,  adjnsta,  and  agiLiles  (he  whole  ?  Thomson. 

3.  We  use  this  verb  in  a  transitive  form  to  express 
a  passive  or  an  intransitive  signification.  Thus 
when  we  say.  *'  the  electric  tiuid  pervades  the 
earth,"  or  "ether  pervades  \.h*i  universe,"  we  mean 
only  that  the  fluid  is  dilFused  through  the  earth  or 
universe,  or  exists  in  all  parts  of  them.  So,  when 
we  say,  "  a  spirit  of  conciliation  pervades  all  classes 
of  men,"  we  may  mean  that  such  a  spirit  passes 
ihroufrk  all  classes,  or  it  exists  among  all  classes. 

P£R-VaD'ED,pp.     Passed  through  ;  permeated;  pen- 
etrated in  every  part. 

PER-VaD'ING,  ppr.  QT  a.    Passing  through  or  cxtend- 
mz  to  every  part  of  a  thing. 

PER-Va'SION",  (-va'zhun,)  n.    The  act  of  pervading 
or  passing  through  the  whole  extent  of  a  thing. 

Boyle. 

PER-VA'SIVE,  fl.    Tending,  or  having  power  to  per- 
\'ade. 

PER-VERSE',  (per-vers',)  a.    [L.  pcrversus.    See  Per- 
vert.] 

1.  Literallijy  turned  aside ;  hence,  distorted  from 
Ih?  right.  Milton. 

2.  Obstinate  in  the  wrong;  dipposed  to  be  con 
trar>' ;  stubborn ;  untraclable. 

I  To  so  perverse  a  sex  all  f^twoi  U  TaiD.  Dryden. 


PES 


PKT 


3.  Cross  ;  petulant ;  peevish  ;  disposed  to  crois 
and  ve-t. 

I'll  frown  and  be  pener.'f.  nnd  way  ihec  rfy.  ST-.-ik. 

PER-VERSE'LY,  <:  .-.  W  ,i.t  intent  to  vl--:  ;  crosslv  ; 
peevishly:  obstinately  in  the  wrong.  Lticke.    ^wifl. 

PER-VEIISE'NESS,  n.  Disposition  to  cross  or  vex  ; 
untractahleness  ;  crossness  of  temper;  a  dis|)Oftition 
uncomplying,  unaccommodating,  or  aclinj;  In  oppo- 
sition to  what  is  prupir  or  what  i»  desired  by  othenf. 

IIt  \\\wm  he  wialv  M  i,n>at,  sh-xll  ecldom  gr-uii 

Throug-h  her  perven-citcs*.  MUlon. 

2.  Perversion.     [JVoi  used.]  Bacon. 

PER-VER'SION,  V.     [Fr.,  from  L.  pen-enius.] 

The  act  of  perverting;  a  turning  from  truth  or 
propriety  ;  a  divertingfrom  the  inie  inlrnt  or  object ; 
change  to  something  worse.  We  spftik  of  the  per- 
version of  the  laws,  when  they  are  misinterpreted  or 
misapplied  ;  a  perversion  of  reason,  when  it  is  mis- 
employed ;  a  perversion  of  l^cripture,  when  it  is  will- 
fully misinterpreted  or  misapplied,  &:c. 

PER-VERS'1-TV*,  ji.  Ptrverseness ;  crossness;  dis- 
position to  thwart  or  cross.  j^'orrw, 

PER-VERS'IVE,  a.     Tending  to  pervert  or  corrupt. 

PER-VERT',  V.  t.  [L.  pcrvcrto;  per  and  vertOj  to 
turn.] 

1.  To  turn  from  truth,  propriety,  or  from  its  proper 
purpose  ;  tu  distort  from  its  true  use  or  end  ;  as,  to 
pervert  reason  by  misdirecting  it ;  to  pervert  the  laws 
by  misinterpreting  and  misapplying  them  ;  to  pervert 
justice  ;  to  pervert  the  meaning  of  an  author  ;  to 
pervert  nature  ;  to  perucrt  truth.    Milton.     Dnjden. 

2.  To  turn  from  the  right  ;  to  corrupt. 

He  in  the  serpent  had  perverled  Eve.  Mltlon. 

PER-VERT'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Turned  from  right  to 
wrong;  distorted;  corrupted  ;  misinterpreted  ;  mis- 
employed. 

PER-VERT'ER,  n.  One  that  perverts  or  turns  from 
right  to  wrong ;  one  that  distorts,  misinterprets,  or 
misapplies. 

PER-VERT'I-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  per^-erted. 

.^insinrrth. 

PER-VERTTXG,  ppr.  or  a.  Turning  from  risiit  to 
wrong  ;  distorting;  misinterpretmg  ;  misapplying  ; 
corrupting. 

[Pervert,  when  used  of  persons,  usually  implies 
evil  design.) 

PER-VES'TI-GaTE,  v.  u  [L.  pcrvestigo;  jicr  und 
vesti^o,  to  trace  ;  vcstig-iujn,  a  track.] 

To  find  out  by  research.  Cocheram. 

PER-VES-TI-Ga'TION,  n.  DiligLnt  inquiry  ;  thorough 
research.  ChiUiu'ricorth. 

PER-VI-Ca'CIOUS,  C-shus,)  a.  [L.  pcrvicax ;  com- 
posed perhaps  of  per  and  Teutonic  wigan,  to  strive 
or  contend.] 

Very  obstinate;  stubborn;  willfully  contrarj-  or 
refractorv.  Denhum. 

PER-VI-CX'CrOU.?-LY,  adr.     With  v.iltful  obstiiiarv. 

PER-VI-€a'C[OUS-NESS,  )  v.     .Stubbornness;  will- 

PER-VI-CAC'I-TY,  i       ful  obstinacy.    [Littls 

used.] 

PER-VIl;-IL-a'TION,  Ti.     [L.  pervi^ilatio,  pervigilo.] 
A  careful  watching. 

PER'VI-OUtf,  a.  FL.  perrins ;  per  and  via,  way,  or 
from  the  root  of  that  word.] 

1.  Admitting  passage;  that  maybe  penetrated  by 
another  body  or  substance;  permeable;  penetrable. 
We  say,  glass  is  pervious  to  light ;  a  porous  stone  is 
pervious  to  water  ;  a  wood  is  pervious  or  not  pervious 
to  a  body  of  troops. 


2.  That  may  be  penetrated  by  the  mental  sight. 

By  darkness  they  mean  God,  whose  secrets  aro  pereiaus  io  ro 
eye.  .  lht/!or. 

3.  Pervading;  permeating;  as, yerrious  fire.  [JVot 
proper.]  Prior. 

PER'VI-L>U3-NEPS,  n.  The  quality  of  admitting 
passage,  or  of  being  penetrated  ;  as,  the  perciousness 
of  cla^?s  to  liglit.  Boyle. 

PE-SaDE',  71.     [Fr.  passade.     See  Pass.] 

The  motion  of  a  horse  when  he  raises  his  fore 
quarters,  keeping  Iiis  hind  feet  on  the  ground  witi;- 
oul  advancing.  ^or.  Diet. 

PES'SA-RY,  JI.    [Fr.pessaire;  ll.pessario;  L.  pcssus.] 
An  instrument  that  is  introduced  into  the  female 
vatjina  to  support  the  mouth  and  neck  of  the  uterus. 
It  Ts  made  of  wood,  caoutchouc,  waxed  linen,  &r. 
Hooper.     Cooper. 

PES'SI-MIST,  M.  One  who  complains  of  every  thing 
as  being  for  the  worst;  opposed  to  an  Optlmist. 
[Rare..]  Smart. 

PES'S0-5I.\N-CY,  T(.    Divination  by  pebbles.  Smart. 

PEST,  n.  [Fr.  prstc;  L.  pest  is :  It.  peste,  whence 
appcstarcy  to  infect  or  corrupt,  Sp.  apcstar.  These 
words  mav  be  allied  to  the  Heb.  Ch.  Syr.  and  Kill. 
C'N3,  to  be  fetid,  Ar.  to  beat  or  throw  down,  or  to  a 
verb  of  Hint  family.  The  primarj'  sense  is  probably 
to  strike  or  beat,  hence  a  stroke.  See  Class  Bs,  No. 
25,  39,  48.] 

1.  Plague;  pestilence;  a  fatal  epidemic  disease. 

Lt-t  fierce  Achilles 
The  gwl  propilht^,  and  ine  pest  assuag:^.  Pope. 


S.  Any  thing  very  noxintifl,  uji^iicrrjuf,  or  tie- 

itnictivc.    Tilt  t :"  tiauLUrf ,  the  libertine, 

the  drunkard,  ar  'y. 

or  «iit>-_  ,        ^; 

VaJc/r  Witii--".'    ■.  ..  J  t,  u  pfMt.  tt'*Iltr. 

PEST'ER,  V.  t.     [Fr.  peiter.] 

1.  To  trouble;  h,  dl  turt  ;  to  ii.n// ,  to  h-::-* 
with  little  vcxati  >. 

We  w  petureii 
A  muluttfUr  *.(  trr 

tcnJ.',  •tiHT,  J' 

S.  Topnciimber.  .V  ■ 

PEST'ER- KU, pp.    Troubled;  di-'.irtM'I  ,  ann  i   -i. 
PEST'ER-ER,  n.    One  that  If    •  Jtwiih  \. 

vexation.  f 

PF.ST'ER-IXC.  ;)pr.    TrooWtn:-  ^' 

PEST'ER-OUS,  a.    Encumtcn; 

tie  used.] 
PEST'-HOUSE,  n.    A  hf  u-t- 

Inffcted  with  any  cont::.-. 
PEST'I  DUCT,  n.    [L.;. 
That  which  conveys  >■ 
PEST-IF'ER-OUS,a.    [L.  pc 

produce.] 

1.  Pestilential ;  noxious  to  ii 
fectious ;  contagious. 

2.  Noxious  to  peace,  to  monls,  or  t 
chievous ;  dcatniclive. 

3.  Troublesome ;  vexatiouj).  S.'.^.         , 
PEST-IF'ER-OUS-LY,  orfp.   PcstilcntlaUy ;  noii<.'i.]y. 
PES'J''I-LENCE,  n.     [L.  puttUntia^  from  pcaUtx* :  | 

peslis,  plague.]  ,  j 

1.  Plague,  appropriately  OT  called  ;  but,  ni  a -mrrc.' 
sense,  any  contagious  or  infectiotu  dijueA^c  thai  ;• 
epidemic  and  mortal.  SieJ:.       , 

2.  Corruption  or  moral  disease  destructive  lo  liap-     1 
piness. 

ProfU^te  hjbiti  cair7  pudicnec  lets  tbe  bo«3«i  r ' 
iucii^ty.  /.  W.  -■ 

PEST'I-LENT,  a.    [L.  pestSms ;  from  n,  f, . 

1.  Producing  the  plague,  or  other  i 
lagious  disease;  noxious  to  bealUi 
pestilent  air  or  climate. 

2.  Mischievous;  noxious  to  moral- 
structive  ;  in  ti  ::cneraL  sense :  as,  pf- ' 

3.  Troublesome  ;    mischievous  ;    n. 
anre  ;  corrupt ;  as,  a  pestilent  fellow. 

PES'r-[-LE.\;TI.\L,  (-shal,)  a.     Pa^t.^l: 
ture  of  the  plague,  or  other  infccliou?  i^-  ,-  .  .   .  .  . 
pestilential  fever.  1 1 

2.  Producing,  or  tending  to  prodace,  infectious  ]  f 
disease  ;  as,  pestilential  \*apor3. 

3.  iMischievoiis;  destructive:  pern- 
PE.ST'1-l.ENT-LY,  adr.  Mischievous' 
PES-TIL-L.\'TION,  w.  [from  L.  pistiii 

The  act  of  pounding  and  bniisin^  lu    i 
[Little  used.] 
PES'TLE,  (pes'l,)  n.    [L.  pistillum,  and  proUaJ  ;  , 
for  piso^  to  pound  or  beat ;  Sw.  ptska,  to  sln^c.    ii^v 
Pest.]  ,  1 

1-  An  instrument  for  pounding  and  brcatinr  -.uU 
stances  in  a  mortar. 

2.  A  short  bludgeon,  (so  called  from  it^ 
formerly  carried  by  officers  of  the  pence. 

Pestle  pf  pork  i  a  leg  of  pork,  so  rolled  ' 
shape. 
PET,  H.     [This  word  may  be  contracted  from  ; 
or  belong  to  the  root  of  that  word.    PterisJt,  wiiKMi  m 
is  evid.^ntly  a  contracted  word,  may  be  from  the  |; 
same  root.] 

A  slight  tit  of  peevishness  or  fretful  discn:  •     • 

Life  given  for  ncble  piirp<wr«  nimt  DOt  te  Uirava  •»  •  ■ 
oor  whined  aft-aj  m  love. 

PET,  71,  [Formerly  Peat.  Qu.  W.  pfM,alilUc  ;  pflAan, 
a  babe  or  little  thing ;  D.  bout,  a  duck  or  dear ;  If. 
baidhf  love;  L.  petOj  or  Gr.  rof/of,  r&tfrti*.    In  Pcrs. 


tX>  fraJj  i3  3"  ^^ol,  a  dear  friend,  a  mistress.    In 

Russ.  pitanH  signifies  lo  feed,  nrtiri.-h,  or  bring  up 
The  real  origin  of  the  word  is  doubtful.] 

1.  A  cade  lamb  ;  a  lamb  brought  up  by  hand. 

2.  .\  fondling;  any  lilUe  animal  fondled  .-vnd  in 
dulgcd.  ^'  T"-'- 

PET,  c.  t.    To  treat  as  a  pet    to  fondle  ;  lo  ii 
PEt'AL,  or  Pk'TAL,  n.     vFr.  peiale :   Cr. 

from  TT£TUb>i  lo  expand,  h.patco.    Class  U*i, - , 

&^c.] 
In  botany,  a  flower  leaf;  a  term  applied  lo  the 

separate  parts  of  a  corol.    \Vhcn  a  corol  consists  cf 

but  one  piece,  it  is  said  to  be  monopetalous ;  when 

of  two  pieces,  dipetalous,  &c. 
PET'.\I/-£D,    i  a.    Having  petals:  as,  aprf.^  w  t..i«-. 
PET'AL-OUS,  S     cr  ;  opposed  to  ArKviL.  . 

word  is  much  used  in  compounds;  as,  e:i 

XhreC'PCtalcd.  .     , 

PET'.\L-INE,  (-in,)  a.  Pertaining  to  a  petal :  aaiCih-J 

lo  a  polal ;  as,  a  petaline  nectary.  »— ^i. 

PET' AL-ISM.  If.     [Gr.  r::ra\t  - 
A  form  of  sentence  among  ' 

bv  which  they  banisJied  \ 

whose  v.calih  or  populari^'  i-i." 


■  r-.  r  . 


TONE,  BIJLL,  UNITE.— AN "GER,  VI"CIOUS.— G  as  K  :  0  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  TfflS. 


819 


PET 

or  who  was  suspected  of  aspiring  to  sovereign 
power.  The  mode  was  to  give  their  votes  by  writing 
his  niime  on  a  leaf.  Petalism  in  Syracuse  answered 
nearlv  to  ostracism  in  Athens.  JBraitde. 

PET'ALr-ITE,  n.    [Gr.  7^f^<^^o^,  a  leaf.] 

A  rare  mineral,  occurring  in  masses,  having  a 
fulialed  structure;  its  color  milk-white,  or  s^Iinded 
with  Rray,  red,  or  green.  The  alkali  lithia  was 
tirst  discovered  in  this  mineral.  Clcaveland. 

PET'AL-OID,  a.    [petal  and  Gr.  £f(?of,  form.] 

Having  the  form  of  a  petal.    Barton.   Rtijinesqur. 

PET'AL-SIiAP-ED,  a.    Having  the  shape  of  a  petal. 

PE-TARD',  I  n.     [It.  nnd  Pp.  petardo;  Ft.  pctnnL] 

PI^TAR',  i  An  11-  !-::o  of  war  mado  of  metal, 
nearly  in  the  shape  of  a  hat,  to  be  loaded  willi 
powder  and  fixed  on  a  maiirier  or  plank,  and  I'ormcr- 
ly  used  to  break  gates,  barricades,  draw-bridges,  and 
the  like,  by  explosion.    [Petab  is  obs.]       Brandc. 

PET'A-SUS,  V.     [L.  i  Gr.  -traao^.] 

The  winged  cap  of  Mercury  ;  a  broad-brimmed  hat. 

PE-TAU'RIST,  n.     [Gr.  xcrnr..  and  ..».0(i.] 

One  of  a  genus  of  marsupial  animals,  which  take 
short  flights  in  the  air  by  extending  the  folds  between 
the  fore  and  liind  extremities,  and  by  an  e\panded 
tail,  as  the  flying  squirrel.  Brande. 

PE-TEe'CHI-^,  n,  pi.     [It.  pctecchia  ;  Sp.  petajiua.] 
Purple  spots,  which  appear  on  the  skin  in  malig- 
nant fevers. 

PE-TECeHI-AL,  a.     [It.  petcccJiialc;  Sp.  petequial.] 
Spoiled.    A  petcccfiial  fever  is  a  malign:mt  fever, 
accompanied  with  purple  spots  on  the  skin. 

pI'TKE'  I    ^'^^  Saltpeter. 

PeVeK-EL,  71.    See  Petrel. 

PK'TER-PEXCE,  71.  An  annual  tax  or  tribute,  for- 
merly paid  by  the  English  people  to  the  pope;  being 
a  peiniy  for  every  house,  payable  at  Lammas-day. 
It  was  called  also  Rome^scat.  IlalL 

PR'TER-VVORT,  h.  A  plant.  [Sec  Saint  Peter's 
Wor.T.] 

PET'I-tJ-LAU,      )  a.    Pertaining  to  a  petiole,  or  pro- 

PET'I-O-LA-RY,  J      ceeding  from  it ;  as   a  jictiolar 
tendril. 
9.  Formed  from  a  petiole  ;  as,  a  petiolar  bud. 
3.  Growing  on  a  petiole;  as,  iiprtiolar  gland. 

PET'I-O-I.ATE,  I  a.     Having  a  petiole  ;  as,  a  petiolate 

PET'I-O-LKD,     i     leaf.  Martijn. 

PET'I-OLE,  n.  [L,  petiohis^  probably  a  diminutive 
from  pes,  pedis.] 

In  bolanij,  a  leaf-stalk ;  the  foot-stalk  of  a  leaf, 
connecting  the  blade  with  the  slirni.  Martijn. 

PET'I-O-LULE,  n.    A  small  petiole. 

PET'IT,  (pet'ty,)  a.     [Fr.    See  Pettt  ] 

Small;  little;  mean.  South. 

IThis  word  petit  is  now  generally  written  Pettv.] 
\lit  constable  ;  an  inferior  civil  ollicer,  subordinate 
to  the  high  constable. 

Petit  jury;  a  jur>'  of  twelve  citizens,  who  are 
cmpanneled  to  try  causes  at  the  bar  of  a  court ;  so 
called  in  distinction  from  the  grand  jury,  which 
tries  the  truth  of  indictments. 

PcUit  larceny;  the  stealing  of  goods  of  the  value  of 
twelve  pence,  or  under  that  amount,  in  England,  or 
twenty-five  dollars  in  New  York  ;  opposed  to  ^rauJ 
larceny. 

Petit  ser^eantry ;  in  English  law,  the  tenure  of  lands 
of  the  king,  by  the  service  of  rendtring  to  him 
annually  some  implement  of  war,  as  a  bow,  an 
arrow,  a  sword,  lance,  &c. 

Petit  treason;  the  crime  of  killing  a  person,  to 
whom  the  offender  owes  duty  or  subjection.  Thus, 
it  is  petit  treason,  for  a  wife  lo  kill  her  husband,  or  a 
servant  his  lord  or  master.  Blackstone. 

PET'IT-MaI'TRE,  (pet'te-ma'tr,)  n.  [Fr.,  a  little 
master.] 

A  spruce  fellow  that  dangles  about  females ;  a 
fop  ;  a  coxcomb.  Addison. 

PE-TI"TI0N,  (pe-tish'un,)  n.  [L.  pelitio,  from  pcto, 
to  ask,  properly  to  urge  or  press,  Sax.  biddan,  Goth. 
bidyan^  G.  bitten,  D.  bidden,  Sw.  bedia,  Dan.  beder,  Sp. 
pedir,  Arm.  pidi,  Ir.  impidhim.  Corn,  pidzha.  Uu.  Ch. 
tD-'B,  to  supphcate.     See  Class  Bd,  No.  57,  63,  64.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  a  request,  supplication,  or 
prayer  ;  but  chiefiy  and  appropriately,  a  solemn  or  for- 
mal supplication  ;  a  prayer  addressed  by  a  person  to 
the  Supreme  Being,  for  something  needed  or  desired, 
or  a  branch  or  parliculrtr  article  of  prayer.        Law. 

2.  A  formal  refiuesi  or  supplication,  verbal  or 
written  ;  partiealarly,  a  written  supplication  from  an 
inferior  to  a  superior,  either  to  a  single  person  clothed 
with  power,  or  to  a  legislative  or  other  body,  solicit- 
ing some  favor,  grant,  right,  or  mercy. 

3.  The  paper  containing  a  supplication  or  solicita- 
tion. Much  of  the  time  of  our  legislative  bodies  is 
consumed  in  attending  to  private  petitions.  The 
speaker's  table  is  often  loaded  with  petitions.  Peti- 
tions to  the  king  of  Great  Britain  must  contain  noth- 
ing reflecting  on  the  administration.  Kncyc. 

PE-Ti"TION,  V.  U  To  make  a  request  to ;  lo  ask 
from;  to  solicit ;  paritcu^aHy,  lo  make  supplication 
to  a  superior  for  some  favor  or  right;  as,  io petition 
the  legislature ;  to  petition  a  court  of  chancery. 

The  mother  pttiiiomd  her  goddess  to  bestow  on  tliem  the  great- 
en  gift  that  could  be  given.  AddUon. 


PET 

PE-TI"T10N-A-UI-LY,  adv.    By  way  of  begging  the 

question.  Broion. 

PE-TI"TION-A-RY,  a.    Supplicatory;  coming  with  a 

petition. 

Pardon  lliy  petitioncry  countiyinen.  SluUi. 

2.  Containing  a  petition  or  request ;  as,  :i.  petitiona- 
ry prayer  ;  a  petitionarji  epistle.  Hooker.     SieifC. 

PE-TI"TION-£D.  pp.  "Asked  as  a  favor;  solicited. 

PE-Tl"TION-EE',  n.  A  person  cited  to  defend  against 
a  petition. 

plVri"TIOX-ER,  71.  One  that  presents  a  petition, 
either  verbal  or  written, 

PE-TI"TiON-ING,  ppr.  Asking  as  a  favor,  grant, 
right,  or  mercy  ;  supplicating. 

PE-TI"TION-I\G,  n.  The  act  of  asking  or  solicit- 
ing; solicitation;  supplication.  Tumultuous  peti- 
tioning is  made  [lenal  by  statute. 

PE-TV'TI-0  PRlJSr-CIP'I-T,  (-tish'o-o,)  [L.]  A  beg- 
ging of  the  question  ;  a  tacit  assumption  of  the 
proposition  to  be  proved  as  a  premise  in  the  argu- 
ment bv  which  it  is  to  be  proved. 

PETl-TO-llV,  a.    Pelilioning;  soliciting.  [J^otused.] 

Breicer. 

PE-TOXG',  71.  The  Chinese  white  copper,  an  alloy  of 
copper  nnd  nickel.  Brandc. 

PE-TRk'AN,  a.     [L.  pctra,  a  rock.] 

Pertaining  to  rock  or  stone.  Faber. 

PET'REL,  n,  A  name  common  to  the  long-winged, 
wel)-fooied  sea-fowls,  constituting  the  Linnxan  ge- 
nus Procellaria. 

PE-TRES'CENCE,  iu  The  procesa  of  changing  into 
stone.  Kirwan. 

PE-TRES'CENT,  a.     [Or.  ttetiw^,  a  stone,  la.petra.} 
Converting  into  stor.e ;  changing  into  stony  hard- 
ness. Boyle. 

PET-RI-FA€'TION,  n.  [See  Petrify.]  The  pro- 
cess of  changing  into  stone  ;  the  conversion  of  wood 
or  any  animal  or  vegetable  substance  into  stone  or 
a  body  of  stony  hardness.  This  is  effected  by  the 
gradual  displac-einent  of  the  particles  of  the  sub- 
stance said  to  be  petrified,  and  the  infiltration  of  sili- 
cious  earth,  or  lime  in  composition  with  iron  or  iron 
pyrites.  Bell, 

When  the  v.alcr  in  which  wood  is  lodged  is  slightly  impregnated 
with  petrcsccnl  pariiclea,  the  peiri/aclion  very  Blowly  Uikes 
placo.  Kiriean. 

2.  'J'hal  which  is  converted  from  animal  or  vege- 
t'lble  substance  into  stone. 

Tlie  calcareous  ^frri/actjon  called  osteocoUa.  Kirwan. 

An  organized  body  rendered  hard  by  depositions 
of  stony  matter  in  its  cavities.  Ore. 

3,  In  popular  usage,  a  body  incrusted  with  stony 
matter  ;  an  incrustation.  Ed.  Eitajc. 

PET-RI-FAC'TIVE,  a.    Pertaining  to  petrifaction. 
2.  Having  power  to  convert  vegetable  or  animal 
substances  into  stone.  Brown. 

PE-TRIF'IC,  a.     Having  power  to  convert  into  stone. 

Milton. 
TbQ  cold,  dry,  petrijic  miice  of  a  false  and  unfeeling  philosophy. 

BuTke. 
PET'RI-FI-€aTE,  v.  t.    To  petrify.     [Xot  us^dA 

Hall. 
PET-RI-FI-Ca'TION,  71.    The  process  of  petrifying. 

2.  That  which  is  petrified  ;  a  petrifaction.  [The 
latter  word  is  generally  used.] 

3.  Obduracy;  callousness.  HallywelL 
PET'RI-FI-ED,  pp.  or  a.    Changed  into  stone. 

2.  Fixed  in  amazement. 
PET'RI-F?,  V.  t.     [L.  petra^  Gr.  Trtrpoj,  a  stone  or 
rock,  and  facio,  to  make.] 

1.  To  convert  to  stone  or  stony  substance,  as  an 
animal  or  vegetable  substance. 

North  of  duito,  there  is  a  ri?cr  that  petrifies  aiiy  sort  of  v,-ood  or 
leaves.  Kinoan. 

2.  To  make  callous  or  obdurate  ;  as,  to  petrify  the 
heart. 

And  petrify  a.  genius  to  n  dunce.  Pope. 

3.  To  fix  ;  as^  to  petrify  one  with  astonishment. 
PET'RI-F?^,  V.  u     To  become  stone,  or  of  a  stony 

hardness,  as  animal  or  vegetable  substajices  by 
means  of  calcareous  or  otlier  depositions  in  their 
cavities. 

PET'RI-FT-ING,  ppr.  ov  a.  Converting  into  stone; 
as,  petrifying  operation.  Kirwan. 

PE-TR6'LE-UM,  n.  [Fr.  petrole^  from  Gr.  -eroos,  a 
stone,  and  (.\atuv,  oil  ;  quasi  pcirolnion.l 

Rock  oil,  a  liquid,  inflammable  substance  or  bitu- 
men exuding  from  the  earth  and  collected  on  the 
surface  of  the  water  in  wells  and  fountains,  in  various 
parts  of  the  world,  or  oozing  from  cavities  in  rocks. 
it  is  essentially  composed  of  carbon  and  hydrogen. 
[Petrol  has  sometimes  been  used.] 

Fourcroy.     Kirwan.     Ciic. 

PET'RO-LINE,  C-lin,)  7*.  A  substance  obtained  by 
distilling  the  petroleum  of  Rangoon.  Brandc. 

PET'RO-NEL,  H.  A  kind  of  carabine  or  large  liorsc- 
man*s  pistol. 

PET-RO-SI'LEX,  n.  [L.  petra,  Gr.  n-crpoj,  a  stone, 
and  silcx,  flint.] 

Rock  stone  ;  rock  flint,  or  compact  feldspar. 

PET-RO-SI-LI'^CIOUS,  (-sc-lish'us,)  a.  Consisting 
of  petrosilex  ;  as,  petrosUicious  breccias.       Kirwan. 


PHA 

Pk'TROUS,  a.     [L.  pcira,  a  stone.] 

Like  stone  ;  hard  ;  stony.  Hooper. 

PET'TED,  pp.  or  a.    Treated  as  a  pet ;  fondled. 

PET'TI-CoAT,  h.     [Fr.  prtit,  petty,  and  coat.]      • 
A  loose  under  garment  worn  liy  females,  and  cov- 
ering the  lower  limbs. 

PET^T-FOG,  v.  i.     [Fr.  petit,  small,  and  vogiicr,to 
row.     But  in  Norman,  r^ogaer  is  rendered  to  call 
again,  to  return,  as  if  from  L.  voco,  like  adiiocate.] 
To  do  small  business,  as  a  lawyer,     [yulgar.] 

PET'TI-FOG-GER,  n.  An  inferior  attorney  or  law- 
yer who  is  employed  in  small  or  mean  business. 

PET'TI-FOG-GER-Y,  n.  The  practice  of  a  pettifog- 
ger ;  tricks  ;  quibbles.  Milton. 

PET'TI-NESS,  71.  [from  petty.]  Smallncss  ;  little- 
ness. Slmk. 

PET'TING,  ppr.     Fondling;  indulging. 

PET'TISH,  a,  [from  pet.]  Fretful  ;  peevish  ;  sub- 
ject to  freaks  of  ill  temper.  Creech. 

PET'TISH-LY,  adc.  In  a  p^t ;  with  a  freak  of  ill 
temper. 

PET'TISn-NESS,  n,  Fretfulncss  ;  petulance  ;  peev- 
ishness. Collier. 

PET'TI-ToES,  71.  pi.  {petty  and  Iocs.]  The  toes  or 
feet  of  a  pig,  often  used  as  food  ;  sonictiuK'Sused  for 
the  human  feet,  in  contempt.  iSkaU. 

PET'TO,  71,     [It.,  from  L.  pectus,  the  breast.] 

The  breast;  hence,  in  petto,  in  secrecy;  in  re- 
serve. Chesterfield. 

PET'TY,  a.     [Fr.  petit.] 

1.  Small;  little;  trifling;  inconsiderable;  as,  a 
petty  trespass  ;  a  petty  crime.  Milton. 

2.  Inferior;  as,  ape«y  prince.  Dcnliam. 
We  usually  write  pfi(y  constable,  petty  yiiy,  petty 

)zrcenv,  petti f  treason.     [See  Petit.] 
PET'TY-CH.fiPS,  71.    A  small  singing  bird,  found  in 

various  parts  of  Europe.    It  lives  chiefly  on  inserts, 
^nd  belongs  with  the  nightingale  to  the  genus  Sylvia 

of  Latham.  Ed.  Encyc. 

PET'TV-COY,  n.    An  herb.  AinsworUi. 

PFT'U-LANCE    ) 
PFT'lt  T  AN  rV   [  "•     [L- pcfuZan^ia ;  Yt.  petulance.] 

Freakish  passion  ;  peevishness  ;  pettishness  ;  k;ui- 
ciness.  Peevishness  is  not  precisely  synonymous 
with  petulance;  the  former  implying  more  perma- 
nence of  a  sour,  fretful  temper  ;  Die  latter  more  tem- 
porary or  capricious  irritation. 

That  which  looked  like  pride  in  some,  aad  petulance  in  others. 

Clcrcndon. 

The  pride  and  petulance  of  youth.  Hoi!*. 

PET'U-LANT,  a.     [L.  petnUuis.] 

1.  Saucy  ;  pert  or  forward  with  fretfulncss  or  sour- 
ness of  temper  ;  as,  a  petulant  youth. 

2.  Manifesting  petulance  ;  proceeding  from  pettish- 
ness ;  as,  a  petulant  demand  ;  a  petulant  answer. 

r*.  Wanton  ;  freakish  in  passion. 

PET'  U-LAXT-LY,  adv.  AVith  petulance ;  with  saury 
pcitness. 

PE-TUNPE',     )  (71.    A  Chinese  name  for 

PE-TUNT.SE',  [  CP"-t'>ns',)  \     fresh orundecomposcd 

PE-TUNTZE',)  (     feldspar    ground  very 

fine,  and  used  with  kaolin  to  form  porcelain. 

Encye.  of  Dom.  Eco)i. 

PEuR'MI-CAN,  71.    Potted  beef.     [See  Pemmican.] 

PEW,  (pu,)  n.     [D.puye;  L.  podium.] 

An  inclosed  seat  in  a  church.  Pews  were  for- 
merly made  stjuare  ;  in  modern  churches,  in  Jlmcrica, 
they  are  generally  long  and  narrow,  and  sometimes 
called  Slips. 

PE\V,t\r.   To  furnish  with  pews.   [LiUlcused.]  Ash. 

PEW'-FEL-LoW,  n.    A  companion.  Bp.  Hall.    ■ 

Pe'WIT     J 

Pe'WET  1  "■  The  lapwing  or  green  plover. 

2.  Pewit  gull,  or  Peicit;  the  sea  crow,  or  mire  crow. 

PEWTER,  Cpu'ter,)  n.     [It.  peltro  ;  Sp.  peltre,  from 

which  pewter  is  formed  by  a  change  of  I  into  ir,  as 

the  French  change  belie  into  beau.    We  receive  the 

v.ord  from  the  Norm,  peautre.'^ 

1.  A  composition  of  factitious  metal,  consisting 
mainly  of  tin  and  lead.  Tin  alloyed  with  small 
quantities  of  antimony,  copper,  and  bismuth,  forms 
the  best  pewter.  Inferior  sorts  contain  a  large  pro- 
portion of  lead.  Pewter  was  formerly  in  extensive 
use  in  domestic  utensils  or  vessels  ;  but  being  a  soft 
composition,  and  easily  melted,  is  now  less  used. 

2.  Vessels  or  utensils  made  of  pewter,  as  plates, 
dishcp,  porringers,  and  the  like.  Addison. 

PEVV'TER-ER,  n.    One  whose  occupation  is  to  make 

vessels  and  utensils  of  pewter.  BoyU. 

PEWJ'EU-Y,  a.    Belonging  to  pewter;  as,  a  pe'wtcry 
PEX'I-TY,  71.    The  nap  of  cloth.  [taste. 

PHa'E-TON,  7?.     [Gr.,  from  <t>niv(i},  to  shine.] 

1.  In  mytlwhgij,  the  son  of  Phtebus  and  Clymene, 
or  ofCeplialus  and  Aurora,  that  is,  the  son  of  liel'.t, 
or  of  the  sun.  This  aspiring  youth  begged  of  PIice- 
bus  that  he  would  permit  him  lo  guide  the  chariot  of 
the  s'ln,  in  doing  which  he  manifested  want  of  skill, 
and  being  struck  with  a  thunderbolt  by  Jupiter,  he 
wa^  liurled  headlong  into  the  River  Po.  This  fable 
pruliahly  originated  in  the  appearance  of  a  comet 
with  a  splendid  train,  which  passed  from  the  sight 
in  the  north-west  of  Italy  and  Greece. 

2.  An  open  carriage  like  a  chaise,  on  four  wheels, 
and  drawn  by  two  horses. 


FaTE,  far,  fall,  WHAT.  — MkTE,  PRgY.  — PINE,  JLUIINE,  BIRD.  — NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.— 

mo  ^ 


PHA 

'J.  In  ornithology,  a  genus  of  palmiped  birds,  the 
tropic  bird. 

PHA(>-E-Dk'NA,  n.     [Gr.  (payE^atva.] 

A  spreading,  obstinate  ulcer ;  a  canine  appetite. 

PHAG-E-DEN'ie,  a.  [Gr.  <pay£iaiifiK0Sj  from  (^a>a>, 
to  eat.] 

Pertaining  to  phagedena ;  of  the  nature  and  char- 
acter of  phagedena ;  as,  a  phagedenic  ulcer  or  medi- 
cine. 

Phagedenic  iraicr,  is  made  from  quicl:-Iime  and 
corrosive  sublimate,  and  therefore  is  composed  of 
chlorid  of  calcium  and  red  oxvd  of  mercurv. 

PIIAG-E-DE-\'i€, :(.  A  medicine  or  applicrainn  thnt 
causes  the  absorption,  or  the  death  and  slougliing  of 
fungous  desli.  EncifC.     Hooper. 

PHAG-E-De'XOUS,  o.  Causing  absorption  of  the  flesh, 
as  in  phagedena  J  of  the  nature  of  phap;edena. 

PHA-LAN"GAL,    >  a.      Belonsing  to  the  plialancres, 

PHA-LAN'GI-AL,  j  or  small" bones  of  the  fingers 
and  toes, 

PH.\-LAN'GER,  n.  [from  phalanx,  plialanses.']  A 
name  common  to  several  species  of  marsupial  quad- 
rupeds, of  the  genus  Phalarista,  inhabiting  New  Hol- 
land, Van  Diemeu's  Land,  and  the  islands  north  of 
New  Holland.  The  hinder  feet  have  a  large  oppo- 
sable thumb,  which  is  nailless,  with  four  toes  armed 
with  claws,  and  the  two  innermost  of  the  toes  are 
joined  together  almost  to  the  extremity.  They  are 
nocturnal  in  their  habits,  and  live  in  trees. 

Jardiiie's  JVat.  Lib. 

PIIA-LAN'OJES,  n.  pi.  [from  phalanx.]  In  anatomy^ 
the  small  bones  of  the  fingers  and  toes. 

PHA-LAN^GI-OUS,  a.  [Gr.  ibcXayyiav,  a  kind  of 
spider,  from  <*>a\ayl.'\ 

Pertaining  to  the  genus  of  spiders  denominated 
6a\a-  J  ioi>,  phalangium.  Broic:t. 

PHAL'AN-GlTE,  n.      [Gr.  (paXayyirriS,  a  legionary 
soldier.] 
A  soldier  belonging  to  a  phalanx.  J^htford. 

PHAL-AN-STe'RI-AN,  n.  A  friend  of  social  science, 
tlie  new  philosophv  of  Fourier. 

PHAL-AN-STe'RI-AN,  a.  Relating  to  phalansterian- 
ism,  or  the  doctrine  of  association. 

PHAL--\N-STE'RI-AN-lSM,n.  Thesyst-ra  of  Charles 
Fourier,  whose  leading  inculcation  is,  that  the  evils 
which  mainly  afflict  mankind  are  si^L.ii  in  their  na- 
ture, and  that  their  only  remedy  is  in  a  reorganiza- 
tion of  society  upon  principles  analogous  to  those  of 
a  joint-stock  company ;  each  community  to  consist 
of  from  500  to  2000  persons,  living  in  one  sjiacious 
edifice,  cultivating  a  large  domain,  prosecuting  in- 
dustrj-  in  common,  but  sharing  its  proceeds  according 
to  their  capital,  skill,  and  labor.  Greeley. 

PHAL'AN-STE-RY,  n.  [from  phalanx.]  A  name 
^iven  to  the  grand  edifice  which  is  to  be  the  com- 
mon dwelling  of  all  the  inhabitants  or  members  of 
an  association,  according  to  the  theory  and  projection 
of  Cliarles  Fourier. 

PHAL'ANX,  (fal'aaks,)  n.     [L. ;  Gr.  dxiXa^  ^] 

1.  In  Grecian  antiquity,  a  square  battahon  or  body 
of  soldiers,  formed  in  ranks  and  files  close  and  deep, 
with  their  shields  jomed  and  pikes  crossing  each  other, 
so  as  to  render  it  almost  impossible  to  break  it.  The 
5Iacedonian  phalanx,  celebrated  for  its  force,  con- 
sisted of  8000  men  ;  but  smaller  bodies  of  soldiers 
were  called  by  the  same  name.      Eiicyc.    Mit/ord. 

9.  Any  body  of  troops  or  men  formed  in  close 
array,  or  any  combination  of  people  distinguished  for 
firmness  and  solidity  of  union. 

3.  In  anatomy,  the  rows  of  small  bones  forming 
the  fingers,  or  the  toes. 

PHAL'A-ROPE,  n.  The  name  of  several  species  of 
wading  birds  of  the  genus  Phalaropu-:.  They  are 
chiefly  northern  in  locality,  breed  on  the  sea-shores, 
and  freely  swim,  sometimes  venturing  far  out  to  sea. 

Jcrdine. 

PHAN-E-RO-Ga'MI-AN,)  a.      [Gr.    (pavcpo;,    man- 

PHAN-E-RO-GAM'ie,      >      ifest,  and   ya,ios,  mar- 

PHAN-E-ROG'A-MOUS,  >      riage.] 

Plants  having  visible  flowers,  containing  stamens 
and  pistils,  are  called  phanerogamic  ot  phanerogamous. 

PHAN'TASM,  (fan'tazm,)  n.  [Gr.  i^aivraatia,  from 
0ntra;;cj,  to  show,  from  the  root  of  ^aiy^o,  to  shine  ; 
^cij/'/iat,  to  appear.] 

That  which  app?a.:-  r ;  the  mind  ;  the  image  c-T  "■• 
external  object ;  hence,  an  idea  or  notion.  It  usu- 
ally denotes  a  vain  or  airy  appearance;  something 
imagined. 

All  the  interim  is 
Like  a  phantasm,  or  a  hideous  dream.  SlioJt. 

PHAN-TAS-MA-GO'RT-A,  )  n.       [Gr.  ^arr^Tua  and 

?HAX-TAS'MA-GO-RY,     j       ayopaonat.] 

A  term  applied  to  representation's  made  by  a  magic 
lantf  rn  ;  also,  a  marie  lantern. 

PHAX-TAS-.MA-GO'RI-AL,  a.  Relating  to  the  optical 
exhibition  called  phantasTnarroria. 

PHAX-TA3'TI€,  /op  ,  t- 

PHAN'TA-SY       i  Fantastic  and  FAScr. 

PHAN'TOM,  n.  [Fr.  fant6mc,  corrupted  from  L. 
pkatUasvia.1 

1.  Something  that  appears ;  an  apparition  ;  a 
specter. 

Suange  pftn7ito;n»  rising  as  the  mists  Jirise.  Pope. 

2.  A  fancied  vision.  Pope. 


PHA 


PHI 


PHa'RA-ON,  n.    The  name  of  a  game  of  chance: 

now  written  Faro. 
PHAR-A-ON'I€,  a.     Pertaining  to  the  Pharaohs  or 

kmgs  of  Egypt,  or  to  the  old  Egyptians.    JViebuhr. 

phaS'J'It/'S'at    !  "•.    f^'**'"  Pharisee.]     Pcrtain- 

rHAK-i-bA'lb-AX.,  \  mg  to  the  Pharisees  ;  resem- 
bling the  Pharisees,  a  sect  among  the  Jews,  distin- 
guished by  their  zeal  for  the  traditions  of  the  elders, 
and  by  their  exact  observance  of  these  Iraditionn  and 
the  ntual  law.  Hence  pltarisuic  denotes  addicted 
to  external  forms  and  ceremonies;  making  a  show 
of  religion  without  the  spirit  of  it ;  as,  pharusaic  holi- 
ness.       _  Bacon. 

PHAR-I-SA'ie-Ai-LY,  adv.  In  the  manner  of  Phar- 
isees. 

PH.VR-I-Sa'IC-AL-NESS,  n.  Devotion  to  external 
rites  and  ceremonies  ;  external  show  of  religion 
without  the  spirit  of  it. 

PHAR'I-Sa-ISM,  n.  The  notions,  doctrines,  and  con- 
duct of  the  Pharisees,  as  a  sect. 

2.  Rigid  observance  of  external  forms  of  religion 
without  genuine  piety  ;  hypocrisy  in  religion. 

-niT .  n  T     --  Enciic.    .M'dner. 

PHAR-I^Se'.\N,  a.  Following  the  practice  of  the 
Pharisees.  Milton. 

PHAR'I-SEE,  72.     [Heb.  Dns,  to  separate.] 

One  of  a  sect  among  the  Jews,  whose  religion 
consisted  in  a  strict  observance  of  rites  and  ceremo- 
nies and  of  the  traditions  of  the  elders,  and  whose 
pretended  holiness  led  them  to  separate  themselves 
as  a  sect,  considering  themselves  as  more  righteous 
than  other  Jews. 

PHAR-MA-CEu'Tie,  )   a.      [Gr.   <J>ap,iaKCVTiKOSj 

PHAR-MA-CEO'Tie-AX,  j  from  >;^app.aK(.v(o,  tJ 
practice  witchcraft,  or  use  medicine  ;  (^ap^iaKov, 
poison,  or  medicine.] 

Pertaining  to  the  knowledge  or  art  of  pharmacy, 
or  to  the  art  of  preparing  medicines. 

PH.\R-:MA-CEu'Tie-.\L-LY,  adi:  In  tlie  manner  of 
pharmacy. 

PHAR-MA-CEC'TieS,  (-su'tiks,)  n.  The  science  of 
preparing  medicines.  Parr. 

PHaR-MA-CEu'TIST,  71.  One  who  prepares  medi- 
cines. 

PHAR-MAC'O-LlTE,  n.  Native  arseniate  of  lime, 
snow  white,  or  milk  white,  inclining  to  reddish  or 
yellowish  white.  It  occurs  in  small,  renifnrm,  bot- 
r>-oidal,  and  globular  masses,  and  has  a  silky  luster. 

Did. 

PHAR-MA-eOL'0-6lST,    n.      [Gr.    i.appaKOv    and 

One  that  is  well  skilled  in  or  writes  on  drugs,  or 
the  composition  and  preparation  of  medicines. 

IVoodicard. 
PHAR-I\lA-eOL'0-GY,  n.    [Supra.]     The  science  or 
knowledge  of  drugs,  or  the  art  of  preparing  medi- 
cines. 
2.  A  treatise  on  the  art  of  preparing  medicines. 

Encyc. 
PHXK-MA-eO-PCE'IA,  n,    [Gr.  <papiiaKov  and  -yttu, 
to  make.] 

A  dispensatory  ;  a  hook  or  treatise  describing  the 
preparations  of  tlie    sevtnd    kinds    of  medicines, 
either  wjtb   or  without  their  uses  and   manner  of 
application. 
PHAR-AI  A-€0P'0-LIST,  n.  [Gr.  ^apfxaKOe  and  ^aiXcoj, 
to  sell.] 
One  that  sells  medicines ;  an  apothecarj-. 
PHXR'MA-CY,  77.      [Gr.  <p':pnaKSiaj  a  medicament, 
whether  salutarj-  or  poisonous.] 

The  art  or  practice  of  preparing,  preserving,  and 
compounding  substances,  whether  vegetable,  mineral, 
or  animal,  for  tlie  purposes  of  medicine;  the  occupa- 
tion of  an  apothecary.  Encyc. 
PHa'ROS,  n.  [Gr.  ^apo?.  This  word  is  generally 
supposed  to  be  taken  from  the  name  of  a  small 
isle,  near  Alexandria,  in  Egypt.  But  qu.  is  not  the 
word  from  the  root  of  fire,  or  from  the  Celtic  /utVim, 
to  watch,  and  the  isle  so  called  from  the  tower 
upon  it?] 

1.  A  liglithoiise  or  tower  which  anciently  stood 
on  a  small  isle  of  that  name,  adjoining  the  Egyptian 
shore,  ovf-  -'gainst  .AJexandria.  It  consisted  of  sev- 
eral bt'.i:.-^  and  galleries,  with  a  lantern  on  the  top, 
which  was  kept  burning  at  night  as  a  guide  to  sea- 
men. Encyc  Amer.     llcbert. 

9.  Any  lighthouse  for  the  direction  of  seamen  ; 
a  watchtower  ;  a  beacon. 
PH  A-R  VX'OE-.\L,  G.    Belonging  to  or  connected  with 

the  phar\nx". 
PHAR-YN-G0T'0-:\IY,  n.    [Gr.  ^dpuj !",  the  nmscular 
and  glandular  bag  that  leads  to  the  esophagus,  and 
rr..'i'-.',  to  cut.] 

The  operation    of  making  an  incision  into  the 
pharynx,  to  remove  a  tumor  or  any  thing  that  ob- 
structs the  passage.  Coze. 
PHAR'YNX,  (far'iTiks,)M.     [Gr.]    The  upper  part  of 
the  esophagus ;  or  a  muscular  bag  leading  to  the 
esophagus. 
PH.aSE,    ;  71. ;  p/.  Phases.     [Gr.  <"Jc-(s,  from  ^aacj, 
PH.a'SI^,  i     (/tatj,  to  shine.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  an  appearance  ;  that  which 
is  exhibited  to  the  eye;  appropriateJy,  any  appear- 
ance or  quantity  of  illumination  of  the  nmon  or 


other  planet.    The  moon  presenu  different  pXua  at 
the  full  and  lli';  quadrtture. 
2.  In  mineralogy,  Iranfparent  rf^-  n  q'lirtr.    r^e. 
PH.^'SEL,  n.     [Gr.  ^ac/,A^j;  or  _  ' 

'I'hc  French  bean  or  kidney  : 
PHASM,       {  r^      r 

PHAS'MA,  ("•    [^'m  from  o^n    ,  ,  -    ,      ,    . 

Appinrance;  fancied  apparitloa ;  phutt/^: 
tie  iued.]  //j,,. 

PilAS'SA-CUATE,  n.    Tbe  lead-colored  sciua.      .-« 

Agate.]  £«rvc 

PIIEAS'A.NT,  (fez'ant,)  n.     [Fr.  fdti-  :  V..  f^.—  r 
Sp. /ay5a;i ;  L.  phasianuM-,  Gr. 
ran;  supposed  U>  be  so  named  fr 
in  Asia.    But  in  it  not  from  >. 
be  ppoUcd  ?    See  Class  Bi ,  No.  :>i 

A  name  common  to  ttcveral  KpccV.-s  of  piJ   • 
birdri,  princi[)ally  of  the  genua  Phasiaii'!-.     '! 
highly  esteemed  for  the  bcautv  of  lh<   ' 
elegance  of  their  fonns,  and  the  tJ  r 

flesh.    All  the  known  sjjccies  are  na. 

PIIEAS'ANT-RY,  n.    A  building  or  j 

and  rearing  phcasanu. 
PIIEER,  n.   A  companion.   [Sar.  ge/era.      .  rr'.i  ialb.] 
rilEESE,  r.  t.     To  comb.     iSce  Fkajk.!    " 
PHEES'A'D,  ;.;;.     Combed;  fleeced. 
PHEN'GITE,   n.      [Gr.    ^f^/tr^j,    fr  -, 

shine.] 
A  beautiful  species  of  alabaster,  si;; 

ness  to  most  species  of  marblctf.  /■  t- 

PHE.V'I-CIN,  71.    [Or.  ^oi^i^,  purple.] 

A  purple  powder  precipitau-d  when  a  mlpfaaric  to- 

lution  of  indigo  is  diluted  with  water. 
PHEN-I-eOP'TER,  n.  [Gr.  ^oii-ic'.rrrpac,  red-winged, 

ipotvtKos,  red,  and  tttloqv,  wing.] 
A  grallatury  bird  of  the  genus  Phanlcop:' r  ■   ■' 

flamingo,  inhabiting  the  warm  latitudes  oi  t 

tinenLs.  // 

PHk'NIX,  (ft'niks,)  n.     [Gr.  -psii-i^:  T 

palm  or  date  tree,  and  a  fowl.] 

1.  The  fabulous  bird  which  is  said 

and  to  rise  again  from  its  own  ashes  ;  ir  ii<. 
au  emblem  of  immortality. 

2.  .\  person  of  singular  distinction. 

3.  A  southern  constellation,  near  Acberoar. 
PHE.\-0-Ga'MI-A.\,  ) 

PHEN-0-GAM'I€,      \a,    [Gr.  daim  and  >a/i3i.] 
PHE-NOG'A-MOIJS,  ) 

In  botany,  having  stamens  and  pistils  distinctly 
visible. 

PHE-NOM'E-NAL,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  phcn- 

or  appearance.  B 

PHE-.\0M'F.-XAI^LY,  ode.    As  a  phcnom,  ; 

PHE-.\0J1-E--\0L'0-GY,   n.       [pkaiomaioM  auu   i,;. 
X'l}  OS,  a  discourse.] 
A  descripiion  or  history  of  pbenomeoa.     Eueyc, 

PIIE-NO.M'E-NO.\,  n.;  pL  Phe.vouexa,  (Gr.  fat- 
i'o/ici'oy,  from  ^patiopat,  to  appear.] 

In  a  general  sense,  an  appeanince  ;  any  tbinf  risi- 
ble ;  whatever  is  presented  to  the  eye  by  cA.:'--rr-.'    • 
or  experiment,  or  whatever  is  discoTcred  ■ 
as,  the  phenomena  of  tJie  natural  world  :  ih- 
na  of  heavenly  bodies,  or  of  lerrestr'"'   -•■ 
the  phenomena  of  heat  or  of  color.     1". 
notes  a  remarkable  or  unusual  ap|v:  . 
pearancc  whose  cause  is  nut  immL-di.^;. ...  ^  >  . .,  .  -. 

PHk'OX,  n.  In  kcrcldni,  the  barbed  iron  tieadua 
dart, 

PHI'.'VL,  (fi'al,)  n.  [h.  phiala;  Gr.  C:^^--  ''  -  •- 
loll ;  It.  Jiale ;  Fr.  jiole.j 

1.  A  glass  vessel  or  bottle  ;   in  r 

small  glass  vessel  used  for  holding  I^-.. ;_-.  .i...,  ^  -  - 
ticiilarhj  liquid  medicines.  It  is  often  wnticn  and 
pronounced  Vial. 

2.  A  largo  vessel  or  bottle  made  of  glass ;  as,  tJ»e 
Leyden  phial,  which  is  a  glass  vessel  partly  coated 
with  tin  foil,  to  be  used  in  electrical  experiments. 

PHI'AL,  r.  (.    To  put  or  keep  in  a  phial.   Skejuiicnr. 

PHII^A-DEL'PHI-.VN,  a.     [Gr.  ^iA<  c  and  actX  :.  c.] 
Pertaining  to  Philadelphia,  or  to  l*ioIcmy  Phdadel- 
pliiis. 

PHIU-.VDEL'PHI-AN,  n.  One  of  the  Family  of  Love. 

Tciler, 

PIIIL-AN'-TFIROP'ie,         I  a.    [SeePHiuv^T"-   --  ' 

PHIL-.'VX-THROP'IC-AL,  \      Possessin?  gi ' 
ncvolence  ;  entertaining  good  will  towar^l 
a.  Directed  to  the  gerienU  good.    [loving  n;,...,. 

PIHL-AN-TnROP'I€-.U^LY,<MC.  With  pbiianair\> 
py  ;  benevolontlv. 

PIH-LA.\'THRO-PIST,  n.  A  person  of  gcncrr.l  be- 
nevolence; one  who  loves  or  wishes  well  to  his  hl- 
low-mcn,  and  who  exerts  liimself  in  doins:  tht  ni  cokI. 

PHI-LAN'THRO-PY,  n.  [Gr.  ^i>£a>,  to  love,  vt  ^i- 
Aof,  a  friend,  and  <ut).v.'T.>s,  man.] 

The  love  of  mankind :  benevolence  tow.inl  tlw 
whole  human  family  :  universal  good  will.    It  •'■'''■  r- 
from  Friendship,  as  the  laUcr  is  an  affect'  ■ 
dividuals.  Eneyw    -i 

PHIL-HXR-MOX'IC,  a.    Loving  harmony  or ; 

PHIL-HEI/LEN-IST,  n.     [Gr.  -^iX^i  .and   E^ 
A  friend  of  Greece  :  one  who  supports  tl 
and  interests  of  the  Greeks;  particularly  c:      ^ 
supported  them  in  their  late  struggle  with  the  Tuj^s. 


TuNE,  BIJLL,  ITNITE.-A.V'GER,  VI"CIOUS.-e  as  K;  C  aa  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CU  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


is2\ 


PHI 


PHL 


rniL'I-BEG,  n.  A  plaid  or  garment  reaching  only  to 
the  knees,     [ScoUh.] 

PIHL-IP'PIC,  71.  An  oration  of  Dcmoalhciics,  the 
Grecian  orator,  against  Philip,  kinfi  of  Macedon,  in 
which  the  orator  aroused  tlie  Athenians  from  their 
indolence.  Hence,  the  word  is  used  to  denote  any 
discourse  or  declamation  full  of  acrimonious  invec- 
tive. The  fourteen  orations  of  Cicero  ngaiust  Mark 
Antony  are  also  called  Philippics. 

PIIIL'IP-PIZE,  r.  t.  To  write  or  utter  invective  ;  lo 
<U'cIaim  at;ainsl.     [  Unusual,]  Burke. 

2,  To  side  with  Philip  j  to  support  or  advocnte 
Philip.  Bwift. 

nilL-IS'TINE,  (-tin,)  n.  An  inhabitant  of  Palestine, 
now  Syria. 

PHIL-IS'TIN-ISM,  w.    Manners  of  the  Philistines. 

Carbjle. 

PHIL'LIP?-TTE,  71.  [from  W.  P/nV/i/j^'.J  A  mineral 
allied  to  Harmolone,  from  which  it  differs  in  con- 
taininji  lime  instead  of  barj'ta.  Dana, 

PIII-LOL'O  GER,  in.    One  versed  in  the  history  and 

PHI-LOL'U-GIST,  !  construction  of  language.  Phi- 
lologist is  generally  used. 

PHIL-0-LO(i'ie,        I  a.      [Sec  PHiLoLonr.]      Per- 

PHIL-0  LOG'ie-AL,  i  taining  to  philology,  or  to 
the  study  and  knowledge  of  languace.  fVatts. 

PniL-0-LOG'ie-AL-LY,  adv.  In  a  philological  man- 
ner. 

PHI-LOL'O-GIZE,  r.  i.  To  offer  criticisms.  [Little 
vsed.]  Evelyn, 

PIII-LOL'O-GY,  71.  [Gr.  0(XoXoj^m;  ^lAftu,  to  love, 
and  yoyoiy  a  word.] 

1.  PrhnarUy,  a  love  of  words,  or  a  desire  to  know 
the  origin  and  construction  of  language.  In  a  more 
ffcneral  sense, 

9.  Thai  branch  of  literature  which  comprehends  a 
knowledge  of  the  etymology  or  origin  and  combina- 
tion of  words ;  grammar,  the  construction  of  sen- 
tences or  use  of  words  in  language;  criticism,  the 
interpretation  of  authors,  tlie  affinities  of  different 
languages,  and  wliatever  relates  to  the  history  or 
present  state  of  languages.  It  sometimes  includes 
rhetoric,  poetrj*,  historj',  and  antiquities. 

PHI'LO-.MATH,  n.     [Gr.  tptXonadm;  0iAo5,  a  lover, 
and  ffU'dai'M^  to  learn.] 
A  lover  of  learning. 

PIIT-LO-MATH'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Jove  of  learn- 
ing, 

2.  Having  a  love  of  letters,  .Med.  Repos. 
PHIL'0-MATH-Y,  n.    The  love  of  learning. 
PHI'IiO-MEL,       )  71.      [from  Philomela,   daughter   of 
PHIL-0-.Mk'LA,  i      Pandion,  king  of  Athens,  who 

was  changed  into  a  niglitingale.] 
The  niirhtingale.  Pope. 

PHll.'0-.MUT,  a.     [Corrupted  from  Fr.  fmille  jnortc,  a 
dead  Itraf.] 
Of  the  color  of  a  dead  leaf.  Addison. 

PniL-O-M0'SI€^AL,  a.    Loving  music.         Busby. 

PHIL-O-PE'NA,  n.  A  smal!  present  made  in  accord- 
ance with  a  custom  said  to  have  been  introduced 
from  Germany.  A  person  who,  in  eating  almonds, 
linds  one  containing  two  kernels,  presents  one  of 
them  to  a  person  of  the  opposite  sex,  and  whichever, 
when  they  next  meet,  shall  first  say,  Philopena,  is  en- 
titled to  receive  from  the  other  a  present  bearing  this 
name.  The  expression  in  German  is  viel  liebckcn, 
nmch  loved,  pronounced  somewhat  like  ph'd-ip'ken. 
Some,  therefore,  suppose  this  to  be  the  origin  of  the 
word,  by  a  change  of  termination  into  pena,  (L. 
jHvna,)  from  an  idea  that  the  gift  was  a  penalty. 
(!)thi-rs  would  derive  it  directly  from  (^{-Xof,  a  friend, 
and  piTva^  penally.  —  Ed. 

PiHL-0-PO-LEM'I€,  a.  [Gr.  fpiXoq,  a  lover,  and 
To\i:mKoq,  warlike.] 

Ruling  over  opposite  or  contending  natures;  an 
epithet  of  Minerva.  Pausauias^  Trans, 

PHI-LO-PRO-t5E\'I-TIVE-NESS,  ti.  Among  pkrc- 
vologi^u,  the  love  of  offspring  or  of  young  children. 

PHI-LOS'O-PHAS-TEH,  n.  A  pretender  to  philoso- 
phy. 

PHI-LOS'O-PHaTE,  v.  u     [L.  pkitosophor,  pkilosopha- 
tusA 
To  play  the  philosopher ;  to  moralize.     [JVof  used.] 

Barrow. 

PHI-LOS-O-PHA'TION,  ti.  Philosophical  discussion. 
[JVot  luied.]  PeUy, 

PHI-LOS'O-PHEME,  ti,     [Gr.  .p(Xoffo0«u^.] 

Principle  of  reasoning  ;  a  theorem.     [Little  used.] 

PIII-LOS'O-PHER,  TJ.  [See  Philo9ophy.]  A  person 
versed  in  philosophy,  or  in  the  principlus  of  nature 
and  morality  ;  one  who  devotes  himself  to  the  study 
of  physics,  or  of  moral  or  intellectual  science. 

2.  In  rt  general  sense,  one  who  is  profoundly  versed 
in  any  science. 

P/iilosopher^s  f;tone ;  a  stone  or  preprtnttion  which 
the  alcliemists  formerly  sought,  as  the  instrument  of 
converting  the  baser  metals  into  pure  gold. 

PHIL-O-SOPH'rC,         i  fl.    Pertaining  to  philosophy  ; 

PHIL-O-SOPH'IC-AL,  i  as,  a  philosophical  experi- 
ment or  problem, 

2.  Proceeding  from  philosophy  j  as,  philosophic 
pride. 

3.  Suitable  to  philosophy  ;  according  to  philoso- 
phy ;  as,  philosophical  reasoning  or  arguments. 


4.  Skilled  in  philosophy  ;  as,  a, philosophical  histo- 
rian. 

r».  Given  to  philosophy  ;  us,  o.  philosophical  mU}A. 

G.  Regulated  by  philosophy  or  the  rules  of  reason  j 
as,  pldlosKphic  fare.  Dnjden. 

7.  Calm;    cool;    temperate j    rational;    such    as 
churacteri/.es  a  philosopher. 
PHIL-O-SOPH'ie-AL-LY,  adv.      In  a  philosophical 
manner;  according  to  the  rules  or  principles  of  phi- 
lo!!ophy  ;  ns,  lo  argue  philosophiealhj. 

2.  Cahnlv  :  wisely;  rationally. 
PIII-IjOS'O-PHISM,  H.    [Gr.  (>(Xos,  a  lover,  and  ao- 
iptcp  ,  sophism.] 

1.  The  love  of  fallacious  arguments  or  false  rea- 
soning. 

2.  The  practice  of  sophistry.  Ch.  Oh$. 
PIII-LOS'O-PHIST,  71,     A  lover  of  sophistry ;   one 

who  practices  sophistry .  Porleus. 

PHI-LOS-O-PHIST're,         )  a.  Pertaining  to  the  love 
PHI-LOS-0-PHIST'I€-AL,  i      or  practice  of  sophis- 

iry. 
PHI-LOS'O-PIIIZE,  V.  I.  [from  philosophy.]  To  rea- 
son like  a  philosopiior  ;  to  seavcli  into  the  reason  and 
nature  of  things  ;  to  investigate  phenomena  and  as- 
sign rational  causes  for  their  existence.  Sir  Isaac 
rs'ewton  lays  down  four  rules  i^ov  philosophizing. 

Two  doctors  of  Ui*;  schools  wck  p/iilasophizing  on  llic  iwivun- 
tag'-'9  of  tnntikiixi  iibove  !i!l  otlier  crc^uurca.     L'Estrange. 

PHI-LOS'O-PHIZ-ER,  n.    One  who  philosophizes. 
PHI-LOS'O-PHIZ-ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Searching  into  the 

reasons  of  things  ;  assigning  reasons  for  phenomena. 
PHI-LOS'O-PHY,  TI.     [L.  phUosophia  ;  Gr.  tpiXocoipLa  ; 

<i>iXsa,  love  ;  ^lAtw,  to  love,  and  ouipta,  wisdom.] 

1.  Literally,  tiie  love  of  wisdom.  But  in  modem 
acceptation,  philosophy  is  a  general  term  denoting  an 
c.\planatiiin  of  the  reasons  of  things  ;  or  an  investi- 
gation of  the  causes  of  all  phenomena,  both  of  mind 
and  of  mailer.  When  applied  to  any  particular  de- 
partment of  knowledge,  it  denotes  the  collection  of 
general  laws  or  principles  under  which  all  the  sub- 
ordinate phenomena  or  facts  relating  to  that  subject 
are  comprehended.  Thus,  that  branch  of  philosophtj 
which  treats  of  God,  &c.,  is  called  thcolo<pj ,-  that 
which  treats  of  nature  is  called  physics,  including 
natural  philosophy  and  natural  history;  that  which 
treats  of  man  is  called  lo<ric  and  ethics,  or  moral  phi- 
losophy; that  which  treats  of  the  mind  is  called  intel- 
lectual or  mental  philosophy,  or  metaphysics. 

The  objects  of  philosophy  are  to  ascertain  facts  or 
truth,  and  the  causes  of  things  or  their  phenomena  ; 
to  enlarge  our  views  of  God  and  his  works,  and  to 
render  our  knowledge  of  both  practically  useful,  and 
subservient  to  human  Jiappiness. 

True  rclijioH  and  true  philosophy  must  uliimately  arrive  al  the 
same  principle.  i?.  S.  StmtJi. 

2.  Hypothesis  or  system  on  which  natural  effects 
are  explained. 

We  shall  in  vain  inlcrprcl  their  words  by  the  notions  of  our 
philosophy  luid  (he-  doctrines  in  oiir  achoote.  Locke. 

3.  Reasoning  ;  argumentation.  '  Milton. 

4.  Course  of  sciences  read  in  the  scliools.  Johnson. 
PHIIr-O-TEeH'NIC,  a.      Having  an    attachment  to 

the  arts. 
PHIL'TER,  (fil'ter,)  n.     [Fr.  philtre;  L.  philtra;  Gr. 
ipiXrpov^  from  (/<(Xcm,  to  love,  or./.iAo;.] 

1.  A  potion  intended  or  adapted  to  excite  love. 

Addison. 

2.  A  charm  to  excite  love. 
PHIL'TER,  V.  t.     To  impregnate  with  a  love  potion  ; 

as,  to  philter  a  drauglit. 
2.  To  charm  to  love;  to  excite  to  love  or  animal 

desire  bv  a  potion. 
PHIL'TEil-£D,  pp.    Impregnated  with  a  love  potion. 
PHIZ,  (fiz,)  71.     [Supposed  lo  be  a  contraction  oi physi- 
ognomy.] 
Tlie  face  or  visage,  in  contempt.  Stepney. 

FHLE-ROT'O-MISt,  n.     [See  Phlecotomv.]      One 

that  opr*ns  a  vein  for  letting  blood  ;  a  blood-letter. 
PHLI->BOT'0-MIZE,  v.  t.    To  let  blood  from  a  vein. 

Ho7Dell. 
PHLE-B0T'0-MTZ-ED,2j;j.    Having  blood  let  from  a 

vein. 
PHLE-BOT'0-MIZ-ING,  ppr.    Letting  blood  from  a 

vein. 
PHLE-ROT'O-MY,  ti.      [Gr.   <p\t0oToixiu ;    <^Art//,   a 

vein,  and  repvi.y,  to  cut.] 
The  act  or  practice  of  opening  a  vein  for  letting 

blood  for  the  cure  of  diseases  or  preserving  health. 
PHLEGM,  (flem,)  ».     [Gr.  ^''Xsypii,  inflammation,  and 

pituitous  matter,  from  '/p\f>"',  to  burn:   hence,  the 

word    must    have  originally  expressed  the  matter 

formed  by  suppuratirni.] 

1.  Coid  animal  fluid;  watery  matter;  one  of  the 
four  humors  of  which  tlie  ancients  supposed  the 
blood  to  be  composed.  Coxc.     Enryc. 

2.  In  common  usage,  bronchial  mucus  j  the  thick, 
viscid  matter  secreted  in  llie  throat. 

3.  Among  chemists,  water,  or  the  water  of  distilla- 
tion.    [Obs.]  Coj-c. 

4.  Dullness;  coldness;  sluggishness;  indiffer- 
ence. 

PHLEG'.AIA-GOGUE,  (phIeg'ma-sog,)Tt.    [Gr.tpXcypa, 
phlegm,  and  ay^,  to  drive.] 


PHO 

A  term  anciently  used  to  denote  a  medicine  sup- 
posed to  possess  the  properly  of  expelling  phlegm. 
[Ots.]  iZncyc.     Floycr. 

PIlLEG-MAT'ie,  a.     ['Gr.  ^Xtj  /laru-os.] 

1.  Abounding  in  phlegm;  u^,  phlegmatic  humors; 
a  phlegmatic  constilulion.  Harvey. 

2.  Generating  phlegm ;  as,  plegmatie  meat.      ShaU. 

3.  Watery.  JSTcuiton. 

4.  Cold;  dull;  sluggish;  heavy;  not  easily  ex- 
cited into  action  or  passion  ;  as,  a  phlegmatic  temper 
or  temperament,  Addison. 

PULEOi-MAT'ie-AL-LY,  adv.    Coldly  ;  lieavily. 

JVarburton. 
PHLEG'MON,  T/.  [Gr.  il,\eypopn,  '"rom  ij^Xiyco,  to  burn.  1 
A  specific,  cutaneous,  hemispheric,  and  definea 
inflammatory  tumor,  red,  tensive,  glabrous,  ])ainftil, 
polarized,  suppurating,  pua  perfect,  bursting  at  the 
pole.  Tully. 

PHLEG'MON-OUS,  a.     Having  the  nature  or  proper- 
IJL's  of  a  phlegmon  ;  being  of  the  sanu;  specific  Inlhun- 
maiion  as  a  phlegmon  ;  as,  a  phlegmonous  Pneumoni- 
tis. Harvey. 
PHLeME,  n.      [Arm.  fiemm,  a  sharp  point.]      Sec 

Flkam. 
PHL0-6IS'TIAN,  (flo-jist'yan,)  n.    A  believer  in  the 

existence  of  phlogiston. 
PHI.O-GIS'TIC,  a.     [See  Phi.ogistom.]    In  chemistry, 
pnrlaking  of  phlogiston  ;  inflaming.  Adnm^. 

2.  In  medicine,  entonic  or  sthenic,  that  is,  attended 
with  a  preternatural   degree  of  vital   energy    and 
strength  of  action  in  the  heart  and  arteries. 
PHLO-GIS'Tie-ATE,  v.  t.     To  combine  phlogiston 

with. 
PHLO-GlS'Tie-A-TED,   jt}).  or  a.     Combined   with 

phlogiston. 
PHLO-GIS-TI€-a'TION,  ti.     The  act  or  process  of 

rombiiiing  with  phlogiston. 
PHLO-GIS'TON,  (flo-jis'ton,)  ti.     [Gr.  4>\oyiToi,  from 
cpXvyigo),  to  bum  or  inflame  ;  ^Xejoj,  to  burn.] 

The  principle  of  inflammability;  the  mailer  of  fire 
in  composition  with  other  bodies.  Stahl  gave  this 
name  to  a  hypothetical  element,  which  he  supposed  to 
be  pure  fire  fixed  in  combustible  bodies,  in  order  tt> 
distinguish  it  from  fire  in  action  or  in  a  slate  of  lib- 
ci'ty.  Bartrar.i. 

PHLO-RID'ZIN,  TI.  [Gr.  0Xoios,  <pXoos,  bark,  and 
(n\,a,  root.] 

A  crystallizable  substance  closely  allied  to  salicin, 
of  a  bitter,  astringent  taste,  obtained  from  the  bark  of 
the  root  of  the  apple,  pear,  and  some  other  treej-!. 

Graham. 
PIIO'e.\,  n.    [Gr.  and  L.,  a  seal.]    In  zodlo::y,  a  genus 

of  mamnnls  ;  the  seal ;  sea-bear  ;  sea-calf. 
PHO-CE'NIN,  ti.     [Gr.  (ptoKatta,  a  porpoise.] 

A  fatty  substance  contained  in  the  oil  of  the  por- 
poise.    By  saponification,  phoccnic  acid  is  formed. 
PHo'CINE',  (-sin,)  a.     Pertaining  to  the  seal  tribe. 
PHCE'BUS,  (fu'lms,)/!.  JnmyUiology,  a  name  of  Apollo, 

often  used  to  signify  the  sun, 
PHCE'NIX.     Sec  Phenix. 
PIIo'LA-DITE,  TI.     A  petrified  bivalve  shell  of  the 

genus  Pholas.  Jameson. 

PHO-NET'ie,  a.  [Gr.  0cji'T?n/«Jf,  vocal,  from  tpoji/jj, 
sound.] 

1.  Vocal.  Russell. 

2.  Representing  sounds  ;  as,  phonetic  characters, 
which  stand  for  sounds  ;  opposed  to  Iueographic. 

PHO-NET'ie-AL-LY,  ado.  In  a  manner  expressive 
of  sounds  or  letlers.  Qliddon. 

1.  The  doctrine  or  science  of  sounds,  especially 
those  of  the  human  voice.  Brande. 

2.  The  art  of  combining  musical  sounds.       Busbn- 
FHO-NO-CAMP'Tie,    a.      [Gr.    tpoivrj,    sound,    and 

Kan~TO},  lo  inflecl.] 
Having  the  power  to  inflect  sound,  or  turn  it  from 

its  direction,  and  thus  to  alter  it.  Derham. 

PHO-NO-GRAPH're,         I    a.      Descriptive    of    the 
PHO-NO-GRAPH'ie-AL,  J       sounds  of  the  voice. 
PHO-NOG'RA-PHIST,  n.  One  who  explains  the  laws 

of  the  voice. 
PHO-NOG'RA-PHY,  n.     [Gr  ^wvn  and  ypi-xH-] 

1.  A  description  of  the  laws  of  the  human  voice, 
or  of  sounds  uttered  by  the  organs  of  speech. 

2.  A  representation  of  sounds,  each  by  its  distinct- 
ive character, 

PHo'NO-LlTE,  n,  [Gr.  0wfij,  sound,  and  T^iOi'S, 
stone.] 

Sounding  stone  ;  a  name  proposed  as  a  substitute 
for  Clinkstone.  Dana. 

PHO-N0-L0G'I€-AL,  a.     Peitnining  lo  piionology. 

PHO-NOL'O-GIST,  ti.    One  versed  in  phonology. 

PHO-NOL'0-6Y,  7J.  [Gr.  tiicouij  sound,  voice,  and 
At>)-o$,  discourse.] 

A  treatise  on  sounds,  or  the  science  or  doctrine  of 
the  elementary  sounds  uttered  by  the  human  voice 
in  speech,  including  its  various  distinctions  or  subdi- 
visions of  tones.  Du  Ponceau. 

PHo'.\0-TYP-Y,  TI.  A  proposed  mode  of  printing,  in 
which  each  sound  of  the  voice  shall  he  represented 
by  a  distinct  letter  or  type, 

PnOR-O-NOM'ieS,  n.     [Gr.  (Jfpc)  and  fo^ip?.] 

The  science  of  motion  ;  an  old  term  for  Wechakics. 


F.\TE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MeTE,  PRgY.  — PINE,  ALiRXNE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BOOK. 


n22 


PHO 

PHOS'OEX,  a.  [Gr.  tpwj,  liglit,  and  yiffaoj,  to 
genenuc] 

Generating  liaht,  Pliosjien  fras  is  peneraled  by 
the  action  oriiirhl  on  rhlorineand  caiiionicoxyd  pas. 
It  is  composed  of  one  eiiuivalent  of  carhun,  one  of 
oxygen,  ;uid  one  of  chh>rine;  and  is  now  called 
Chloru-tarbomc  Acid,  the  name  of  Pkoscek  Gas 
havini:  fallen  into  disuse.  SilUmait. 

PIIOS'PIIATE,  n.      [See    Phosphob  and  Phqspho- 

BCS.J 

A  salt  formed  by  a  combination  of  phosphoric  acid 
will!  a  salitiable  base.  Laoolsier. 

PHOS'PHrrE,  u.    A  s:dt  formed  by  a  conil»ination  of 

phospluiruii5  acid  witli  a  salifiable  bast.    Lavoisier. 
PUOS'PfiU-LITE,  ».      [pltosphvr  and    Gr.   A.t'oj,  a 
stone.] 

An  earth  united  with  phosphoric  acid.     Kirtcan. 
PHOS'PIIOK,(fos'forOK.    [Gr.^wa^opoj;  t'cac,  light, 
from  ^tuo,  to  shine,  and  <^eocj,  to  bring.    See  Phos- 

PHOUUS.] 

The  morning  star  or  Lucifer;  Venus,  when  it 
precedes  the  sun  and  sliines  in  the  moriiing  In  this 
sense,  it  is  also  written  Phosphorus.  Pope 

PliOS'VUOil'XTEjV.  L     To  combine  or  impregnate 

wiiii  phosphorus. 
PHOS'PHOU-A-TED,  pp.  or  a.    Combined  or  impreg- 
nated with  phosphorus. 
PHOS'PHOR-A-TL\G,  ppr.     Combining  with  phos- 

phorns. 
PHOS-PHOR-ESCE%  (fos-for-ess,')  v.  i.     [See  Phos- 
phorus.] 

To  suine,  as  phosphorus,  by  exhibiting  a  faint 
light  without  sensible  heat. 

Areoiic^oos  liniestone  phosphoresces  in  the  dark,  wU*?!!  scraped 
with  a  ktiitV.  Kirwan. 

PHOS-PHOR-ES'CENCE,  21.  A  faint  light  or  lumi- 
nousness  of  a  body,  unaccompanied  with  sensible 
heat.  It  is  exliibited  by  certain  aninials,  as  well  as 
by  vegetable  and  mineral  substances. 

PHOS-PHOR-ES'CEXT,  a.  Shiniug  with  a  faint 
lisht ;  luminous  without  sensible  heat. 

PIIOS-PHOR-ES'CING,  ppr.  Exhibiting  light  without 
sensible  heat.  Clcavcland. 

PHOS-FHOR'te,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  obtained  from 
phosphorus.  The  phosphoric  acid  is  formed  by  a 
combination  of  phosphorus  with  oxygen  to  satura- 
tion. 

PHOS'PHOR-iTE,  K.    A  variety  of  apatite.     Dana. 

PHO?-PHOR-IT'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  phosphorite,  or 
of  the  nature  of  phosphorite.  Spaltanzaui. 

PHOS'PHOR-OUS,  a.  The  phosphorous  acid  is  formed 
by  a  combination  of  phosphorus  with  oxygen,  in  the 
proportion  of  two  equivalents  of  phosphorus  to  three 
of  oxveen. 

PHOS'PHOR-US,  )n.      [L.,  from   the    Greek.      See 

PHOS'PHOR,         i      Phospuor.] 

1.  The  morning  star. 

2.  Plwsp.horits ;  in  ckemistrn^  a  combustible  sub- 
stance, hitherto  undecom posed.  It  is  of  a  yeUowish 
color,  and  so  mi-transparent,  resembling  fine  wax.  It 
burns  in  common  air  with  great  rapidity,  and  in  ox- 
ygen gas  with  the  greatest  vehemence.  Even  at  the 
common  temperature,  it  combines  with  oxygen,  un- 
dergoing a  slow  combustion  and  emitting  a  luminous 
vapor.  It  was  originally  obtained  from  urine  ;  but  it 
is  now  manufactured  from  bones,  which  consist  in 
part  of  phosphate  of  lime.  OlvisteiU 

PHOS'PHU-RET,  n.  A  combination  of  piiosphorus 
with  a  base  ;  as,  phosphiiret  of  iron  or  copper. 

Hooper. 

PHOP'PHU-RET-ED,  a.    Combined  with  phosphorus. 

PHo'Tl-ZITE,  n.    A  mineral,  an  oxyd  of  manganese. 

PbiUips. 

PHO-TO-GEX'ie,  a.  [Gr.  ^ws,  ^wros,  light,  and 
ycciutj,  to  generate.] 

Producing  light,  or  converting  black  into  white. 
The  word  is  applied  to  the  drawing  or  taking  of  a 
picture  by  means  of  the  action  of  the  sun's  rays  on 
a  chemicallv-prep:ired  ground. 

PHO-TOG'EN-Y,  «.  The  art  of  taking  pictures  by  the 
action  of  li^ht  on  a  chemically-prepared  ground.  It 
was  invented  bv  Mr.  Fox  Talbot.  Buchanan. 

PHo'TO-GRAPli,  n.  A  picture  obtained  by  photog- 
raphy. 

PHO-tO-GRAPH'ie,         )  a.     Pertaining  to  photog- 

PHO-TO-GRAPH'ie-AL,  \     raphy. 

PHO-TOG'RA-PHIST,  n.  One  who  practices  photog- 
raphv, 

PHO-tOG'RA-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  bwf,  0aj7os,  light,  and 
j-oci'j,  to  describe.] 

The  art  or  practice  of  fixing  images  of  the  camera 
obscura  on  plates  of  copper,  covered  with  a  thin 
coating  of  silver.     [See  Heliography.]      Da^urrrc. 

PHO-TO-LOG'ie,  \  a.      [See  Photolo<;y.]     Per- 

PHO-TO-LOG'ie-AL,  i  taining  to  photology,  or  the 
doctrine  of  light, 

PHO-TOL'O-GY,  n.  [Gi.  ^cos,  light,  and  Aw;  05,  dis- 
course.] 

The  doctrine  or  science  of  light,  explaining  its  na- 
ture and  phenomena.  MUchiU. 

PHO-TOM'E-TER,  «.  [Gr.  ^wf,  light,  and  ptrpov, 
measure,] 

An  instrument  for  measuring  the  relative  intensi- 
ties of  lighu  Hamford.     Leslie. 


PHT 


PHY 


PHO-TO-ME'I''Rie,         I  a.     Pertaining  to  or  made 
PHO-'IO-MET'KIC-AI.,        by  a  photometer. 
PIIO-TOM'E-TRV,  n.     [Gr.  .^0.5  and  ,i€Tnof.) 

The  science  which  treats  of  the  measurement  of 
light. 
PHO-TO-PUo'Br-A,  n.    [Gr.  .;ii..5  and  t},o,3ct.^.] 

.\  dread  or  intolerance  of  light ;  a  symptom  of  in- 
ternal ophthahny.  BraniU. 
PH0-TOP'Sy,«.     [Gr.  ^',.5,  light,  and  oi;/((,  Bight.) 
An  aflcction  of  the  eye,  in  which  tlie  patient  (>cr- 
ccivcs  luminous  rays,  ignited  lines,  coruscations,  &n:. 
PHRASE,  ji.    [Gr.  ipoufrigy  from  0oa,w,  to  speak.] 

1.  A  short  sentence  or  expression.  A  phrase  may 
be  complctCy  as  when  it  conveys  complete  sense  ;  as, 
kumanum  «£  errn  re,  to  err  is  human;  or  it  may  be 
iitcomplctej  as  when  it  consists  of  several  words  with- 
out alfirining  any  thing,  or  when  the  nuuji  and  the 
verb  do  the  ollice  of  a  noun  only  ;  as,  that  wkidi  if 
true,  that  is,  truth,  satisfies  the  mind.  Eiuyc. 

2.  A  particular  mode  of  speech ;  a  peculiar  sen- 
tence, or  short,  idiomatic  expression  j  as,  a  Hebrew 
phrase  ;  an  Italian  phrase. 

3.  Style;  expression. 

ThoH  Bp-^ikVt 
III  \K\ijez  phrase.  Shak. 

A.  In  vtmic,  any  regular,  symmetrical  course  of 
notes  which  begin  and  complete  the  intended  ex- 
j>r.-ssion.  BvLsbij. 

PilK.A.«E,  I',  t.    To  call ;  to  style ;  to  express  in  words 
or  in  peculiar  words. 

Tli'ise  suns, 
For  so  Ihoy  phrase  them.  Shai. 

PHRaSE'-BOOK,    71.      A   took    in    which    diflicult 

phrases  are  explained. 
PHRaS'-ED,  pp.    Styled  ;  expressed  in  peculiar  words. 
PHRaSE^LESS,  a.     Not  to  he  expressed  or  described. 
PHR.5-SE-0-L0G'I€,         \  a.    Peculiar  in  expression  ; 
PHRA-SE-0-L06'ie-AL,  S      consisting  of  a  peculiar 

form  of  words. 
PHRa-SE-OL'0-GY,  n.      [Gr.  f-jcc-i;,  phrase,  and 

Ac)  cj,  to  speak  J 

1.  iVtanner  of  expression ;  peculiar  words  used  in 
a  sentence  ;  diction. 

2.  A  collection  of  phrases  in  a  language.  Encyc. 
PHRE-NET'ie,  «.    [Gr.  <^inu€TiK->^.  ^See  Phrkssv.] 

Subject  to  strong  or  violent  sallies  of  imagination 
or  excitement,  which  in  some  measure  pervert  the 
judgment,  and  cause  the  person  to  act  in  a  mrnner 
different  from  the  more  rational  part  of  mankind  ; 
wild  and  erratic  ;  partially  mad.  [It  has  been  some- 
times written  Phrentic,  but  is  now  generally  writ- 


ten Frantic.] 
PHRE-NET'ie,  n.     A] 


person  who  is  wild  and  erratic 
in  his  imagination.  Woodward. 

PHRE-NET'ie-AL-LY,  adv.  In  the  manner  of  fren- 
zy or  delirium. 

PHKEN'IC,  a.     [from  Gr.  <pnii/cs,  the  diaphragm.] 
Belonging  to  the  diaphragm  j  as,  a  phrenic  vein. 

PHRE-NI'TIS,  71.  [Gr.  r;--Jii'(r(s,  from  </m'i»')  the 
mind.  The  primary  sense  of  the  root  of  this  word 
is,  to  move,  advance,  or  rush  forward  ;  as  in  L.  aiii- 
mus,  animosus,  and  the  Teutonic  mod,  Eng.  mood.'] 

1.  In  medicine,  an  inflammation  of  the  brain,  or 
of  tlie  meninges  of  the  brain,  attended  with  acute 
fever  and  delirium.  Fursyth. 

2.  Delirium ;  phrensy.  [It  is  generally  written 
in  English,  Phbensy  or  Fre.nzy.] 

PHRE-NO  LOG'I€-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  phrenology. 

PHRE-NO-LOG'ie-AL-LY,  adc.  By  the  principles  of 
phrenology. 

PHRE-NOL'0-GIST,  n.    One  versed  in  phrenology. 

PHRE-NOL'0-GY,  n.  [Gr.  ^ijt]^,  the  mind,  and  Ao- 
j  OS,  discourse.] 

The  science  of  tlie  human  mind  as  connected  with 
the  supposed  organs  of  thought  and  passion  in  the 
brain,  maintained  by  Gall,  who  supposed  each  fac- 
ulty or  propensity  to  have  a  particular  organ,  and 
this  manifested  in  the  form  of  the  skull ;  craniology. 

PHRE-NO-MAG'NET-ISM,  it.  [Gr.  ^p>i:'j  tlie  mind, 
and  magnetism,] 

The  power  of  exciting  the  organs  of  the  brain 
through  magnetic  influence. 

PHREN'SY,  (fren'ze,)  71.  [Supra.]  Madness;  delir- 
ium, or  that  partial  madness  which  manifests  itself 
in  wild  and  erratic  sallies  of  the  imagination.  It  is 
written,  also,  Frenzy. 

liemomac  Phrensy  ;  moping  Mclaucholy.  MUton. 

PHRON'TIS-TER-Y,  it.     [Gr.  <p(ioi'TtcTi\ptoi'y  from 
^ii';t£w,  to  think  ;  ^of^c,  mind.] 
'  A  school  or  seminary  of  learning.    [J\''()(  used,] 
PHRYG'I-AN,  a,     [from  Phnjiria,  in  Asia  Minor.] 
Pertaining  to  Plirygia;    an  epithet  applied  to  a 
spriirhily,  animating  kind  of  music.         ^rbuthnot, 

Phrygian  stone  ;  a  stone  described  by  the  ancients, 
used  in"  dyeing ;  a  light,  spongy  stone,  resembling  a 
pumice,  said  to  be  drjing  and  Eustringent. 

Pliny.  Dioscorides. 
PHTHISIC,  (tiz^xik,)  n,  A  mere  conversion  of  the 
term  phthisis  into  English,  and  hence  its  synonym. 
This  term  is  sometimes  applied  popularly,  hut  erro- 
neously, to  any  difliculty  of  breathing,  and  more 
especially  to  chronic  dyspno'a,  from  the  mistaken 
notion  that  these  atfeclions  arc  much  liie  same  as 
phthisis.     [Little  used.] 


PHTHIS'ie-AL,  (tiz'ri-kal,)  a.    [Gf.  ^Otc,€->i.    B** 

Phthiim.] 
Having  or  belonelnB  to  the  phthisic  ; 

hard  :  aw,  a  phtki^ieai  comnimpciun. 
PHTHIS'ICK-V,  (tiz'rUt-c.J  a.    iihviag  01  . 

to  the  phthisic. 
PHTHKSIS,  (ihrwf,)  n.      [Gr.  -^"S-,  f' 

^6.0,  to  consume.] 
A  diMi-ase  of  some  port  of  : 

lus,  inark'jd  by  cough,  gndu.. 

tion  and  cxhauvtiun,  hectic,  ai.t  u  ^- 

pfctorati.-in. 
PHV-CO-.Ma'TER,  b.    [Gr.  Avkh  ar-  - 

The  crlatine  in  which  tuc  »ponjit;s  1 1 

planljt  lir-i  vegetate.  1 

PHY  LACIER,  «.    Sec  pHTLtcrxKr. 
PHY-LACTER-A'D.a.  Weari:.        '    '  - 

like  th'.-  Pliari:^e.-s, 
PHV-LA€''iEK-I€,         i  a.      ; 
PIIY-LAC-TER'ie-.VL,  J     u-n.  a. 
PUY-LACTER-Y, R.    (Gr.  i^v/atrnpt<n,(t 

ao),  to  defend  or  guard.] 

1.  In  a  general  scruCj  any  ' ' ■ ' 

worn  aiJ  a  preser\'alivc  from 

2.  Among  Uie  Jews,  a  »hj<    . 
was  written  some  text  of  .--■iii.t  , 
the  decalogue,  worn  by  dcvoul  ptz 
head,  breast,  or  neck,  as  a  mark  of  : 

3.  .\mong  tJtcpritnUice  ChriitismM,  a  cut  10  wiucli 
they  inclosed  the  relics  of  the  dead.  ijuvc 

PHY'LXRCH,  a.    [Gr.  ^t  A»i,  Iribc,  ar.-\  ~ '■' 

The  chief  or  governor  of  a  tribe  1  . 

PHtaXRCH-Y,  n,    GovemmcDt  of 
PHYL'UTE,  n.     [Gr.  ^lAAei-,  a  I   . 
stone.] 
A  iK'trifled  leaf,  or  a.  mineral  liaviiiji  lu    ■ 

PHYL-LG'DI-UJI,  n.    [Gr.  -^rAA^^.] 

In  botany,  a  petiole  without  a  Lmuna,  b 
developed  in  some  way,  as  to  perfurm  th 
of  a  [h'rfect  leaf. 
PHYL-LOPH'0-ROUS,  a.    [Gr.  ^9A>o»,  -  ..-.,^.-. 
<pLpi.:iy  to  bear.] 
Leaf-bearing;  producing  leaves. 
PHYL'LO-POD,  71.    [Gr.  Oi-A>^»  and  Tori.j 

One  of  a  tribe  of  crustaceans  whose  feet  have  a 
flattened  form,  like  that  of  a  leaf. 
PHYS'A-LiTE,  n.     [Gr.  ^icaw,  to  swell     ■    -  '"  ' 
and  'KtOoi,  a  stone.] 

A  mineral  of  a  greenish- white  color,  u 
of  prismatic  topaz;  called  also  FvaurHTwA 
intunie^ces  in  heat.  Jameson. 

PHV.S't:-TEH.    See  Cachalot. 
PHYS-LAN'THRO-PV,  n.      [Gr.  yrcif,  i; 
aj*0/)u>ro;,  man.] 

The  philosophy  of  human  life,  or  \he 
the  constitution  and  diseases  of  man,  aiii 
dies.  -V 

PHYS'IC,  n.    [Gr.  ^VfffK/;,  from  ^pctf.  n^- 
to  produce.] 

1.  The  art  of  healing  diseases, 
erally  called  Medicine. 

2.  Medicines;  remedies  for  disc^^--.^ 
physic  only  for  the  sake  of  health. 

5.  In  popular  Unffuage,  a  medicine  tJi:.; 

purpe ;  a  cathartic,    [In  technical  Kod  il 

Kuage,  this  sense  is  ni>t  usetl.] 
PHVS'ie,  r.  L    To  treat  with  physic  ;  to  c\ 

bowels  with  a  cathartic ;  to  purge. 
2.  To  cure. 
PHYS'ie-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  natu: 

ductions,  or  to  material  tlnnr-^     -^ 

moral  or  imaginarj.    We  > 

power,  with  reference  to  ;. 

and    navies    are    the    physu^.    ;^-.,v    .. 

wher*'as  wisdom,  knowledge.  stUi,  iic, 

moral  tbrce.     A  physical   point   is  a   re.i. 

distinction  from  a  inathemotical  crimag.: 

A  physical  body  or  substance  is  a  mat^: 

substance,  in  distinction  frv>m  spl  it,  or  m 

substance. 

2.  Pertaining  to  the  material  part  or .  ^ 
an  organized  being,  particularly  man;  ; 
strenpUi. 

3.  External ;  perceptible  to  tie  sens-  - 
physical  characters  of  a  mineral  j  opposed  : 

4.  Relating  to  the  art  of  healing;  as. 
treatise. 

5.  Having  the  property  of  evacuating  tl;-  . 

as,  physical  herbs.  j( 

t>.  Medicinal ;  promoting  the  cuir  of  diseases.  [  | 

7.  ResembUng  physic;  as,  a  pAjwicd/ la-'-t'' 

[In  the  three  latter  senses,  nearly  ohs<' 
professional  men.] 

Phvsifil  education ;  the  education  which  s  u»rw:U»i    1 1 
to  the  object  of  giving  strength,  health,  and  vimc  to   ,  | 
the  bodilv  organs  and  (wwer?. 
PHYS'ie-AL-LY,  adc.     According  : 
iirnl  power,  or  the  oi>cration  ot'  n..' 
material  system  of  things,  as  d:^:.- 


TCNE,  BULL>  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VF'CIOUS.— €  as  K;  6  as  J  j  S  as  Z;  CH  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


£S3 


moral  power  or  inllut-nce.     VVe  suppose  perpetual 
motion  to  ho  physicaUij  impossible. 

I  »m  not  now  irraU..?  phyic^ly  of  lijhl  or  colon.        ioci«. 

2.  According  to  the  art  or  rules  of  medicine.  [Obs.] 

He  ibil  lives  iihytically,  miul  lite  miianbly.  Cft«!/7ie. 

PHYsr'CIAN,  (fe-zish'an,)  n.  A  person  skilled  in 
"lie  .irtof  healini;;  one  whose  profession  is  to  pre- 
scribe remedies  for  diseases.  „,,,;- 
9.  In  a  spiritual  snisr,  one  that  heals  moral  di»- 
nses  ■  as.  a  vhvsician  of  the  soul. 

rHYS'I-eO-L06'ie,  n.    Logic  illustrated  by  natural 

piIv's'ueu-LOO'ie  AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  pliysico- 

l,."ic.     [Linle  uscjI.]  *""■'.'•  , 

PHYS'I-eO-THE-OL'O-CY,  v.     [physic,  or  physical, 

and  tJifolof^j.]  ,  ^       J  K,. 

Theologv  or  divinity  illustrated  or  enforced  by 
phvsics  or'natuml  philosophy.  .„:„„-„ 

I'HYS'ies,  7u  In  its  most  cztctmre  snist,  the  scieuci. 
of  nature  or  of  natural  objects,  comprehending  the 
studv  or  knowledge  of  whatever  esisUs. 

1  'In  t//c  iwiMi  onrf  more  (iraid-rf  sf'u"-,  the  science 
of  (he  material  system,  including  natural  history  .and 
uhilosonhv.  This  science  is  of  vast  extent,  compic- 
heuding  whatever  can  be  discovered  of  the  nature 
and  properties  of  bodies,  their  causes,  etiects,  atlcc- 
linns  operations,  phenomena,  and  laws. 
PIlY«-I-OG'NO-MER.  See  Phvsiogsomist. 
pHY«-I-OC:-NOM'ie,  I  a.     [Sec  Phvsioonomv.J 

PllYS-1-OG-NO.M'ie-AIi,  i  Pertaining  to  physiog- 
nomy ;  expressing  the  temper,  disposition,  or  other 
qualities  of  the  mind,  by  signs  in  the  countenanr^  ; 
or  drawing  a  knowledge  of  Uie  state  ol  the  mind 
from  the  features  of  the  face.  .  . 

PHVS-t-OG-N0M'I€S,  11.     Among  physiciavs,  signs 
in  the  countenance,  which  indicate  the  state  tem- 
perament, or  constitution  of  the  body  and  mind. 
'  '  Kncyc. 

PHYS-I-OG'.\0-MIST,  71.  One  that  is  skilled  in 
phvsiognomy  ;  one  that  is  able  to  judge  of  the  par- 
iicUlar  temper  or  other  qualities  of  the  mind,  by 
si"ns  in  the  countenance.  Drydni. 

pjjV«_I.OG'.\0-MY',  n.  [Gr.  if  iwioyi'Mjioi'iii  >  i^voii, 
nature,  and    j j/ujioi/n-os,    knowing;    yivoi'jiM,    to 


1.  The  science  of  describing  plants  in  a  systematic 
manner, 
o.  A  description  of  plants.  .  ^  n 

PIl-f'TO-LITE,  11.    [Gr.  ijidtov,  a  plant,  and  AiUos,  a 
stone.]  . 

\  plant  petrified^  or  fossil  vegetable. 

PII?-TO-LOG'ie-AL,  a.     Pertaining  to  phytolop ; 

botanical.  „  i    "n'  . 

PIIV-TOL'0-CIST,   71.      [See    riivTOLonv.]      One 

versed  in  plants,  or  skilled  in  phytology  ;  i'^'"',^"^'''- 

PH?-TOL'0-OY,  71.    [Gr.  ^uroi',  a  plant,  and  Xojos, 

discourse.]  „      ,     ,.;„„ 

A  discourse  or  treatise  on  plants,  or  the  doitrine 

of  plants  ;  description  of  the  kinds  and  properties  ol 

plants;  botany. 


plants;  uoiany.  ^ 

PH?-TON'0-.MY,  71.    [Gr.  i^iirni'  and  I'ojwj.J 

The  science  of  the  origin  and  growth  of  plants. 
PH?-TOPIl'A-GOUS,  a.     [Gr.  ^uroi',  a  plant,  ana 
<4(i-.  w,  to  eat] 
Eatin",  or  subsisting  on.  plants. 
PII?-T0-Z6'0N,  11.    j      [Gr.    ifiTor,    a   plant,    and 
P[l?-TO-'Zo'A,7i.p/.  (         ^,001.,  an  animal.] 

Terms  applied  to  zoophytes ;  also  to  certain  ma- 
rine animalcules  living  in  the  tissues  of  plaii^. 

I}ana, 

PI,  71.  A  term  applied  to  printers'  types,  when  con- 
lusedlv  mixed  or  unsorted.  _  

Pi' A  MA'TER,  [L.l  In  aiwfoni!/,  a  thin  membrane 
immediately  investing  the  brain.  i/uA,,, 

PI-A'BA,  71.  A  small,  fresh-water  fish  of  Fira/.il,  about 
the  size  of  the  minnow,  much  esteemed  for  food. 

PI'A-CLE,  (pi'a-kl,)  71.     [L.  piaculmn.] 

An  enormous  Clime.     [Mtuscd.]  Howell. 

PI-ACU-LAE,    I  a.    [L.  piacularis,  from  pio,  to  ejpi- 
Pt-Ae'U-LOUS,  S      ate.] 

1.  Expiatory  ;  having  power  to  atone. 

2.  Requiring  expiation.  „,     °'m"' 
a    t'riminal ;  atrociously  bad.                 (_,lanviue. 


know.] 
The 


[Thise  words  are  little  used 
PI' A-NET,  11.     [L.  pica  or  picas. 


1  The  art  or  science  of  discerning  the  character 
of  the  mind  from  the  features  of  the  face  ;  or  the 
art  of  discovering  the  predominant  temper,  or  other 
characteristic  qiuilities  of  the  mind,  by  the  form  of 
the  bodv,  but  especially  by  the  external  signs  of  the 
countenance,  or  the  combination  of  the  features. 

Baron.     Lnvaicr. 

2  The  face  or  countenance,  with  respect  to  the 
tcm'per  of  the  mind  ;  particular  configuration  cast, 
or  expression  of  countenance.  ,   ,   .,     -'  f!''  r 

(This  word    formerly  comprehended  the    art  of 
foretelling  the  future  fortunes  of  persons  by  indica- 
tions of  the  countenance.]  _  ,  . 
PHYS-I-O-GRAPlI'ie-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  physiog- 

PHy's-^I-OG'RA-PHY',   71.     [Gr.  ijniirif,  nature,  and 
vpaAw,  to  describe.]  .  „„,„„i 

A  description  of  nature,  or  the  science  of  natural 
objects.  Journal  of  Science. 

PHYS-I-OL'O-GER,  7!.    A  physiologist. 

[The  latter  is  generally  used.] 
PHYS-I-O-LOG'ie,         j    a.     [See  Phtsiology.] 
PHVS-I-OLOG'ie-AL,  i       Pertaining  to  physiology  ; 
relating  to  the  science  of  the  properties  and  functions 
of  living  beings.  , 

PHYS-I-0-L0(5'I€-AL-LY,  adr.      According  to  the 

princip'es  of  phvsiology.  Laicrencc  s  Led. 

PHYS-I-OL'O-GIST,  71.     One  who  is  versed  in  the 
science  of  living  beings,  or  in  the  properties  and 
functions  of  animals  and  plants, 
•i  One  that  treats  of  physiology. 
PHVS-I-OL'O-GY,  71.     [Gr.  iprcioXoyta;  fvoif,  na- 
ture, and  Xr>w,  to  discourse.]  .. 

1.  According  to  the  Greek,  this  word  signihes  a 
discourse  or  trfatise  of  nature ;  but  the  moderns  use 
the  word  in  a  more  limited  sense,  for  the  science  of 
the  functions  of  all  the  different  parts  or  organs  of 
animals  and  plants,  or,  in  other  words,  the  offices 
which  they  perform  in  the  economy  of  the  individual. 

2.  The  science  of  the  mind,  of  its  various  phe- 
nomena, affections,  and  powers.  Broioii. 

PHY'«'NO-.MY,  for  Phvsiocnomv,  is  not. used. 

PIU'S'O-GRADE,  n.     [Gr.  (;>i.(Jis  and  L.  gradior.] 
One  of  a  tribe  of  zoophytes,  which  swim  by  means 
of  air-bladders. 

PHYS'Y,  for  FosEE.    [Aotused.]  Locke. 

PH?-T[V'0-ROUS,  a.    [Gr.  iforor,  a  plant,  and  L. 
uiTrii,  ti  eat.]  . 

Fee-iing  on  plants  or  herbage ;  as,  phylicoroiu  ani- 
mals "'!'■ 

PH^-Toeil'I-JIY,  71.    The  chemistr:,- of  plants. 

PH?-TOG'E-NY,  71.    The  doctrine  of  the  generation 
of  niants.  _  .     .,      j 

PHi-TO-GRAPH'ie-AL,  a.     Pertaining  to  the  de- 

scrintion  of  plants.  , 

PHl-TOG'R.VPHY,  71.      [Gr.  ^«roi ,   a    plant,  and 
ypaf^n,  description  ^ 


2.  A  bird,  the  lesser  woodpecker.     [Obs.]     Bailey. 

P/-jJ-.V/S'S/-jlfO.     In  music,  very  soft. 

Pl-A'N'IST,  II.     A  performer  on  the  forte-piano,  or  one 
well  skilled  ill  it.  Busby. 

Pl-A'.VO.    In  Tintsic,  soft. 

PI-X'X0-F6R'TE,  II.      [It.  piano,  from    L.  planus, 
nlain,  smooth,  and  It. /ortc,  L./ur(is,stron2.]         . 

A  keyed  musical  instrument,  of  German  origin, 
and  of  the  harpsichord  kind  ;  so  called  from  its  softer 
notes  or  expressions.  Its  tones  are  produced  by 
hammers  instead  of  quills,  and  of  all  the  keyed  instru- 
ments it  seems  to  deserve  the  preference  on  account 
of  the  superior  tone,  sweetness,  and  variety,  ol 
which  it  is  susceptible.  P-  Cyc.    IMcrU 

PI-i\S'TER,  7!.    [It.  piastre,  a  thin  plate  of  metal,  or  a 


dollar.    See  Plate.]  _  , 

An  Italian  coin  of  .about  80  cents  vahic,  or  3s.  id. 


An  iiaiiaii  com  ui  ,1.1(^1.1.  ^y  ..v...—  ,■ -- '  --  .-to., 
sterlin".  But  the  value  is  different  in  dil&rent  states 
or  countries.  It  is  called,  also,  a  Piece  of  Eight 
The  Spanish  piaster  is  the  same  as  the  frpanish  or 
American  dollar.  The  Turkish  piaster,  formerly 
worth  25  cents,  is  now  worth  only  about  8  cents. 
PI-A'TIOM,  71.     [L.jiiiitio.]  [McCulloch. 

The  act  of  making  atonement. 
PI-\Z'Z^,  II.     [It.  for  plaziai  Sp.  ptatn  ;  Fort   prnfa, 
for  placa;  Fr.  place:  Eng.  id.;  D.  plaats;  (..  plat:: 
Dan.  p'ais :  Sw.  plats.]  ,        ,,  ^  j 

1.  In  buildina,  a  portico  or  covered  walk  supported 
bv  arches  or  columns.  ^'  ^V- 

'■2.  In /(n/iViii,  it  denotes  a  square  open  space  sur- 
rounded by  buUdings.         ,         ,     ,  ,,     u-ju 
PIli'-eORN,  71.     [W.,  pipc-hom.]     Among  Ike  HcUi 
a  wind  instrument  or  pipe  with   a  horn  at   each 

PI'BROeH,  71.   [G.iel.jiioJairfadui, pipe-music;  Celtic, 
pib,  piob,  a  pipe.]  ,.      ,    ,, 

A  wild,  irregular  species  of  music,  peculiar  to  the 
Hiohlands  of  Scotland.  It  is  performed  on  a  bag- 
mae  and  adapted  to  excite  or  assuage  passion,  and 
particularly  to  rouse  a  martial  spirit  among  troops 
Join"  to  battle.  £"=!''-    Jamieson. 

PI'CA.'  71.     In  ornithtitogii,  the  pie  or  magpie. 

o  In  mcrficinc,  a  vitiated  appetite  which  makes  the 
patient  crave  what  is  unfit  for  food,  as  chalk,  ashes, 
coal,  &.C.  ,,     •        „j 

3.  A  printing  type,  of  two  sizes,  small  pica  :\nA 
vica,  the  former  of  which  is  next  in  size  above  long 
iirinier;  probably  named  from  lUera  picala,  a  great 
black  letter  at  the  beginning  of  some  new  order  m 
the  liturgy ;  hence, 

4.  Pica,  pyc,  or  pic :  formerly,  an  ordinary,  a  table, 
or  directorv'for  devotional  ser.-ices  ;  also,  an  alph.a- 
betical  catalogue  of  names  and  thmgs  in  rolls  and 
records  Kncyc. 

PI'e  \  M A-Rl'NA,  71.  The  sea-pye  or  oyster-catcher ; 
a  .^.allatorv  aquatic  fowl,  the  Hajmatopus  ostralegus. 
This  fowl' feeds  on  oysters,  limpets,  and  marine  in- 
sects. 

Pie'.\-MXR,  71.     [L.  p'T  and  dTiiaruin.] 

The  bitter  principle  of  pitch,  an  oil-like,  transpa- 
rent flui[l. 


Pie-A-ROON',  71.     [Fr.  picorciir,  from  picorrr,  to  plun- 
der ;  Scot,  piltary,  rapine  ;  from  the  root  ol  ptck,prcJc, 

^Vpluuiercr  ;  a  pirate.  This  word  is  not  applied 
to  a  highway  robber,  but  to  pirates  and  pluuderers  of 
wrecks. 

In  all  »:us,  Conici  and  Majorca  hare  been  nf.u  of  ^™'^^'- 

Pie-A-YCNE',  71.    A  small  coin  of  the  value  of  CJ 

PIR'fiA-nlL  171.     [Probablv  from  the  root  of  ;ii/.c, 

P€'€A-DIl'lY,[     ;irk]     A  high  collar,  or  a  kind 
PICK'.\R-DIE,  ^     of  ruff.  "^''■Tn.n 

Pie'CACE,  71.     [Norm.  pecJicr,  to  break  open  ;  Iroin 
the  root  of  pict,  pccA:.] 
Money  paid  at  fairs  for  breaking  ground  for  boo  hs. 
'  '  Ainstoortlu 

PICK,  r.  t.  [Sax.  piican  :  D.  piikcn  ;  G.  picken  ;  Dan. 
pikkcr:  Sw.  picka':  W.  pigaic,  to  jiici  or  T'c^!,^!'- 
picar:  Fr.  piqucr:  Gr.  7r«a,  or -c.ui ;  L-jiccto  T he 
verb  may  be  radical,  (see  Class  Bg,  No.  61,  (,2,  6o, 
or  derived  from  the  use  of  the  beak  or  any  pointed 
instruiueiif.  It  belongs  to  a  numerous  fainily  cl 
words  at  least  if  connected  with  beak,  pike,  Sr.c.] 

1  To  pull  off  or  pluck  with  the  fingers  soiuething 
that  crows  or  adheres  to  another  thing  ;  to  s-iiarale 
by  the  hand,  as  fniit  from  trees  ;  as,  to  pick  apiiles  or 
oranges ;  to  pick  strawberries.  ,    ,     ,      . 

2  To  pull  off-  or  separate  with  the  tectli,  beak,  or 
claws  •  as,  to  pick  flesh  from  a  bone  ;  hence, 

3.  To  clean  by  the  teeth,  fingers,  or  claws,  or  by  a 
small  instrument,  by  separating  something  that  ad- 
heres ;  as,  to  pic'.:  a  bone,  to  pick  the  eai-s. 

4.  To  take  up  ;  to  cause  or  seek  industriously  ;  as, 

'"I' To  sl"pa7at  or  pull  asunder  ;  to  pull  into  small 
parcels  by  the  fingers  ;  to  separate  locks  for  loosening 
and  cleaning  ;  as,  to  pick  wool. 

-  6  To  pierce  ;  to  strike  with  a  pointed  mslniment; 
as  to  iiiWt  an  apple  with  a  pin.  f,"' 

7.  To  strike  with  the  bill  or  beak  ;  to  puncture. 
In  this  sense,  we  generally  use  peck. 

8  To  steal  by  taking  out  with  the  fingers  or  hands  ; 
as,  to  pick  the  pocket.  *»«''■ 

9.  To  open  by  a  pointed  mstrumcnt ;  as,  to  pick  a 

'"w'  Toselect;  to  cull ;  to  separ.atc  p.atticular  things 
from  others  ;  as,  to  pick  the  best  men  from  a  corn- 
pan^.    In  this  sense,  the  word  is  often  followed  by 

°"l'l.  To  pitch  or  cast     [Ohs.]  ..^""^'nii 

To  pick  off:  to  separate  by  the  fingers  or  by  a  small 

nointed  instrument.  .  r,„„ 

^   To  pick  out:  toselect;  to  separate  individuals  from 

"T^kh  up;  to  take  up  with  the  finger  or  beak  ; 
also,  to  take  particular  things  here  and  there  ,  to 
gather  ;  to  glean.  .,   j  ^    „ 

To  pick  a  hole  in  oner's  coat :  to  find  fault. 
PICK,  I',  i.    To  eat  slowly  or  by  morsels ;  to  nibble. 

Q.  To  do  any  thing  nicely,  or  by  attending  to  small 
things.  .  ^"J  '"■ 

PTCK  71      fFr.  puiue  ;  D.  piii.  I 

1.'  A  sharf-pointed  tool  for  digging  ot  removing  m 
small  quantities.  ^     , ,. 

Wliatthe  miner,  c,ll  chert  and  ,vl,em  -  i«  .o  l-arf  ItaMhe^fJi' 

will  tioi  toiicb  It. 

2.  Choice  ;   right  of  selection.     You  may  have 

'T  Among  printers,  foul  matter  which  collects  on 
printing  tvpes  from  the  halls,  bad  ink,  or  from  the 

Pl^kSr'ir.    in  manner  of  a  ^'^^i^^ 

PICK' AX,  71.     [pi^h  and  ax.]     An  ax  with  a  sharp 
potni^'one  eli'd  and  a  broai  blade  at  the  o.lier^^ 

PICK'BACK,  a.    On  the  back.  ITiidihras. 

P  CK'Id.   p  k^,)  pp.  or  a.    Plucked  off  by  the  hngers, 

teetlCor  claws;  cleaned  bypickmg;  opened  by  an 

instrument ;  selected. 

PIK^E™'  1  "^    ^'""'^''  •  *'"^' 

Ui  the  stake  be  made  picked  at  the  Uip.  Morlimer. 

2.  In  old  authors,  sprucely  or  foppishly  dresscd.[  0^ 

PICK'ED-NESS,  71.     State  of  bemg  pointed  at  the 

end ;  sharpness.  Tolmson 

2.  Fopperj' ;  spniceness.  Jolmson. 

PICK-EER',  7'.  (.     [Fr.  picorcr;  f™™P"*-J  „,,,.,,„, 

1.  To  pillage  ;  to  pirate.  "'^',,' 

2.  To  skirmish,  as  soldiers  on  the  outpost  ol  an 
army,  or  in  pillaging  parties.  ,,„,;,„_ 

PICK'ER,  71.    One  that  picks  or  culls.         JIforlimcr. 
o    A  pickax  or  instrument  for  pickingor  separating. 

3.  One  that  excites  a  quarrel  between  himself  and 

PICK'ER-EL,  71.  [from  piAc]  A  name  somewhat 
loosely  applied  to  Wveral  spe'cies  of  fresh-water  fish 
belonging  to  the  pike  family.  „„,i„ii,„ 

PICK'ER-EL-WEED,  n.  A  water  plan  ,  so  called  be- 
cause it  was  supposed  to  breed  pickerels.     Halton. 


"fate,  FAR.  FALL,  VVIIAT.-MeTE,  PREY.-PIXE,  MARINE,  BIRb.-NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF^BQQK^ 


ea4 


PIC 

PICK'ER-Y,  n.    Felly  theft. 
PICK'ET,  n.     [Fr..piquet;  Russ.  beket.] 

1.  A  slake  sharpened  or  pointed,  used  in  fortifi- 
cutioD  and  eucainpmeut?. 

2.  A  narrow  board  poinled,  used  in  making  fence. 

3.  A  s:uard  posted  in  front  of  an  array  to  give  no- 
tice of  the  approach  of  the  enemy.  Jilars^iaiL 

4.  A  game  at  cards.     [See  Pkjuet.] 

5.  A  punishment  which  consists  m  making  the 
offender  stand  with  one  foot  on  a  pointed  stake. 

PICK'ET,  r.  (.    To  fortify  with  pointed  stakes. 

2.  To  inclose  or  fence  with  narrow,  pointed  boards. 

3.  To  fasten  to  a  picket.  Moore. 

4.  To  torture  fay  compelling  to  stand  with  one  foot 
on  a  pointed  stake. 

PICK'ET-ED,  pp.    Fortified  or  inclosed  with  pickets. 

PICK'ET-GUARD,  it.  In  an  army,  a  guard  of  horse 
and  foot  alwavs  in  readiness  in  case  of  alarm. 

PICK'ET-ING,V;Tr.  Inclosing  or  fortifying  with  pick- 
ets. 

PICK'ET-IXG,  It.  A  kind  of  torture  by  forcing  a  per- 
son to  stand  with  one  foot  on  a  pointed  stake. 

PICKING,  p;fr.  PuJUng  off  with  the  fingers  or  teeth  j 
selectins. 

PICK'IXG,  71,  The  act  of  plucking ;  selection  ;  gath- 
ering ;  gleaning. 

PICK'LE,  (pifc'l,)  n.     [D.  pekd  ;  G.  pokd.] 

1.  Brine  j  a  solution  of  salt  and  water  or  of  vine- 
gar, sometimes  impregnated  with  spices,  in  which 
flesh,  fish,  or  other  substance,  is  preserved  ;  as,  pickie 
for  beef;  pickle  for  capers  or  for  cucumbers;  pickle 
for  herring. 

2.  A  vegetable  or  fruit  preserved  in  pickle. 

3.  A  slate  or  condition  of  dilficuUy  or  disorder  ;  a 
isirrd  used  in  ridicule  or  contempt.  You  are  in  a  fine 
pidde. 

How  cam'sC  thou.in  thapi^ie  ?  SImk, 

4.  A  parcel  of  land  inclosed  with  a  Iiedge.  ILocal.] 
PICK'LE,  r.  t.    To  preserve  in  brine  or  pickle ;  as,  to 

2.  To  season  in  pickle.  [pickle  herring. 

3.  To  imbue  highly  with  any  thing  bad  ;  as,  a 
pickled  rogue. 

PICK'LFD,  pp.  or  a.    Preserved  in  brine  or  pickle. 

PICK'LE-HER'RLN'G,  n.  A  merr^-  ^Vndrcw  ;  a  zany  ; 
a  buffoon.  Spectator. 

PICK'LING,  ppr.    Seasoning  in  pickle. 

PICK'LtXG,  n.  The  preser\'ation  of  vegetables  or 
meats  in  vinegar  or  brine.  Gardnci: 

PICK'LOCK,  71.  [pick  and  lode]  An  instrument  for 
opening  locks  without  tlie  key. 

ArhtUhnot.     U  Estrange. 
9.  A  person  who  picks  locks. 

PICK'XICK.     See  Picsic. 

PICK'POCK-ET,  71.  One  who  steals  from  the  pocket 
cf  another.  ArbiUhnot. 

PICK'PrRSE,  n.  One  that  steals  from  the  purse  of 
another.  Swift 

PICK'THAXK,  n.  An  officious  fellow  who  does  what 
he  is  not  desired  to  do,  for  the  sake  of  gaining  favor  ^ 
a  whi?pering  parasite.  SouOi. 

PICK'TOOTH,  77.  An  instrument  for  picking  or 
cleaning  the  teeth.  [But  Toothpick  is  more  gener- 
ally used.] 

PIC'Xie,  n.  Originally,  an  entertainment  at  which 
each  person  comributed  some  dish  or  article  for  the 
genera!  table.  The  term  is  now  applied  to  an  enter- 
tainment carried  with  them  by  a  party  on  an  excur- 
sion of  pleasure  into  tlie  countrj-,  and  also  to  the 
party  itself. 

ri'CO,  71.  [Sp.  See  Peak.]  A  peak;  the  pointed 
head  of  a  mountain. 

Ti'CRA,  71.     [Gr.  hpa  TTiK-pa,  sacred  bitter.] 

The  popuJar  name  of  the  officinal  ^'■Powder  of  Aloes 
icith  CcTtella,"  which  is  composed  of  aloes  one 
pound,  candla  three  ounces.  It  is  employed  as  a 
cathartic. 

riC'RO-LiTE,  n.     [au.  Gr.  rriKpoi,  bitter,  and  XtSo?, 
atone.] 
A  fibrous  varietv  of  serpentine.  Dana. 

PIC'RO-MEL,  n.     [Gr.  t(«,oos,  bitter.] 

The  characteristic  principle  of  bile.  Ure. 

Pie-ROS'MINE,  iL  [Gr.  -t*pos,  bitter,  and  o^/cj, 
smell.] 

An  order  of  minerals,  which,  when  moistened, 
have  an  argillaceous  smell.  Shepard. 

Also,  a  greenish  magnesian  mineral  characterized 
bv  this  order.  Dana. 

Pre-RO-TOX'IN,  71.    [GT.rriKpos,  bitter,  and  1..  tori- 

CUTTU] 

A  white  crystalline  substance  obtained  from  the 
fruit  of  Anamirta  paniculata,  (commonly  called  coc- 
cuius  Indicus,)  and  perhaps  of  Cocculus  suberosus. 
and  one  of  their  active  principles.  It  is  composed  of 
carbon,  hydrogen,  and  oxygen,  and  appears  to  be  a 
feeble  acid ;  and,  as  such,  it  is  called  Pichototic 
I'ICT,  n.     [L.  pictiLs,  pingoJ]  [Acid, 

.\  person  whose  body  is  painted. 
PICTS,  71,  pi.    A  tribe  of  Scythians  or  Germans  who 

settled  in  Scotland, 
PIC-To'RI-AL,  a.     [L.  pictor,  a  painter.] 

Pertaining    to  pictures ;    illustrated    by   pictures ; 
forming  pictures  ;  as,  apidorinl  imagination 
Ple-To'RI-AL-LY,  adv.    With  pictures. 


PIE 


W:  ScotU      I  PI€'TIIR-AL,  n. 


tre  U  in  my  mind.  Spenter. 

or  a.     Painted    in    resemblance  j 


A  representation.     [J^ot  in  une.] 
Spenser. 

Pie'TTJRE,  (pikt'yur,)  n.  [L.  pictura,  from  pingo,  to 
paint ;  IL  pitiura,] 

1.  A  painting  or  drawing  exhibiting  tUc  resem- 
blance of  any  thing  ;  a  likeness  drawn  in  colors. 

PictuTca  and  shaprs  are  but  Kcondaiy  objecti.  Bacon. 

0.  The  works  of  painters;  painting. 

Ciuimilinn,  whi-n  h<!  taw  any  w.;!l-expf»-a»»^<l  Im**?  of  fifef, 
either  ill  ptciure  or  sculpture,  wouM  usually  wwp.    WoUon. 

3.  .^ny  resemblance   or  representation,  either  to 
the  eye  or  to  the  understanding.    Thus  we  say,  a 
child  is  the  picture  of  his  faiher ;  the  poet  had  drawn 
an  exquisite  picture  of  grief, 
PICTURE,  r,  t.    To  paint  a  resemblance. 

Love  is  like  a  painter  who,  in  drawing  the  picture  of  a  friend 
h^viii^  a  blcmiah  in  one  eye,  would  picture  only  the  other 
side  uT  the  face.  &>u(A. 

2.  To  represent  j  to  form  or  present  an  ideal  like- 
ness. 

I  Hopicti 

PI€'TTJR-£D,  pp. 
drawn  in  colors ;  represented. 

PICTURE-FRaME.  71.  A  frame,  more  or  less  orna- 
mented, which  surrounds  a  picture,  and  seta  it  off  to 
advantaiie. 

PIC'TURE-GAL'LER-Y,  71.  A  ga]ler>*  or  lar^e  ap- 
partment  in  which  pictures  are  hung  up  for  exhibi- 
tion. 

PICTURE-LIKE,  a.    After  the  manner  of  a  picture. 

S/iak. 

Pie-TUR-ESaUE',  (pikt-yur-«sk',)  o.  [Fr.pifforw^uc; 
It.  pittoresco ;  from  tiie  L.  pictura  ot  pictor.  In  Eng- 
lisii  this  would  be  yicturisk.] 

Expressing  that  peculiar  kind  of  beauty  which  is 
agreeable  in  a  picture,  natural  or  artificial ;  striking 
the  mind  with  great  power  or  pleasure  in  represent- 
ing objects  of  vision,  and  in  painting  to  the  imagina- 
tion any  circumstance  or  event  as  clearly  as  if  deline- 
ated in  a  picture.  Gray. 

PICTUR-ESaUE'LY,  (pikt-yur-esk'ly,)  adc.  In  a 
picturesque  manner.  Montgomery. 

Pie-TllR-ESaUE'XESS,  71.  The  slate  of  being  pic- 
turesque. Price. 

PICUL,  7(.  In  Chinay  a  weight  of  133't  lbs.  It  is 
divided  into  lOf)  catties,  or  1600  laels.  The  Chinese 
call  it  Tax.  Malcom. 

PID'DLE,  r,  i.  [This  is  a  different  spelling  of  Peddle, 
or  from  the  same  source.] 

1.  To  deal  in  trifles  ;  to  spend  time  in  trifling  ob- 
jects y  to  attend  to  trivial  concerns  or  the  small  parts 
rather  than  to  the  main.  Ainswo-th. 

2.  To  pick  at  table ;  to  eat  or  drink  squeamishly 
or  without  relish.  StoifL 

This    word    is  uqw  scarcely  used,  except  as  a 
child's  word,  in  the  sense,  to  make  water.    Smart. 
PID'DLER,  n.    One  who  busies  himself  about  litUe 
things. 
2.  One  that  eats  squeamishly  or  without  appetile. 
PIE,  (pi,)  «.     [It  7»rVftf,  perhaps  from  the  paste  j  Gr. 
nixi's,  thick  ;  or  from  mixing.] 

An  article  of  food  consisting  of  paste  baked  with 
something  in  it  or  under  it,  as  apple,  minced  meat, 
_&c. 
PlE,  71.     [L.  pica  ;  \V.  pin^.] 

1.  The  magpie,  a  party-colored  bird,  or  Pica.  It  is 
sometimes  written  Pye. 

2.  The  old  Roman  Catholic  ser\-ice-book,  supposed 
to  be  so  called  from  tlie  different  color  of  the  te.Ttand 
rubric,  or  Ironi  Utcra  picata.  a  large  black  letter,  used 
at  the  beginning  of  each  order. 

3.  Printers'  types  mi.\ed  or  unsortcd. 

Cock  and  pie;  an  adjuration  by  the  pie  or  service- 
book,  and  by  the  sacred  name  of  the  Deity  corrupted. 

Shak. 
PIE'BALD,  a.     [.^p.  pio,  of  various  colors.] 

Of  "various  colors;  diversified  in  color  j  as,  a  pie- 


bald  horse. 
PTE'-PLA>iT, 
FIE'-RHu'BaRB 

pies. 
PIECE,  (peese. 


Pope. 

:,    The  garden  rhubarb,  used  as  a 
substitute  for  apples  in  making 


PIE 

G.  A  separate  perfonnance ;  a  diitincl  pcrrtioo  v{ 
labor  ;  a^,  a  piece  of  work. 

7.  A  picture  or  painting. 

If  Kinaxtanl,  tbft  toM  caoa  kn  bat  i1«din,  ud  Ibitfttet  k  » 
beiut/uj  mcioMer  xl  M^.  i^:A.  Xfryrfm. 

8.  A  coin ;  aj,  apiece  of  elebL 

9.  A  ^n  or  sin^e  port  of  ordnaoce.  We  applf 
the  word  to  a  cannon,  a  mortar,  or  a  masfcet.  larcB 
guns  are  called  battering  ^uee» ;  fmaller  piBa  an 
called  field  piecu. 

10.  In  heraldry,  an  ordinary  or  charge.  Tbe  fc««, 
the  bend,  the  pate,  the  bar,  the  croM,  the  aaltkr,  tt»e 
chevron,  are  called  honorable  pucei. 

11.  In  ridkuli:  or  contempc  A  fiuM  of  a  lavrycr 
is  3  smatterer. 

12.  A  castle  ;  a  building.    [^r<ft  i*  »w.1      Kf«M*^. 
W;n>«;  to  each  ;  a«,he  paid  Uie  m^r,  -  '  "- 
Ofapiecc;  like;  of  the  Bame  ■ort,  . 

the  same  whole.    They  Bcemed  all  tj  ^ 
limes  followed  by  icith. 

The  poet  mait  be  o/  s  ptct  nf\  ite  tpeetilaKB,  to  f«)n  i 
tion.  **— 


[Fr.  pitce;    It.  pezzo;  Sp.  pieza 
Port,  pe'ra  ;  Ir.  piosa  :  Arm.  pez.    If  the  elements  of 
Ihis  word  are  Bz,  it  may  be  from  tlie  Heb.  Cli.  Syr. 
and  Ar.  yx3,  to  cut  off  or  clip.] 

1.  A  fragment  or  part  of  any  thing  separated  from 
the  whole,  in  any  manner,  by  cutting,  splitting, 
breaking,  or  tearing;  as,  to  cut  in  pifcw,  break  in 
pieces,  tear  in  pieces,  pull  in  piecesj  &.c. ;  a  piece  of  a 
rock ;  a  piece  of  paper. 

2.  A  part  of  any  thing,  though  not  separated,  or 
separated  only  in' idea;  not  the  whole;  a  portion; 
as,  apiece  of  excellent  knowledge.  T^Uotson. 

3.  A  distinct  part  or  quantity ;  a  part  considered 
by  itself,  or  separated  from  the  rest  only  by  a  boun- 
dary or  divisional  line;  as,  a  piece  of  land  in  the 
meadow  or  on  the  mountain. 

4.  A  separate  part ;  a  thing  or  portion  distinct 
from  others  of  a  like  kind  ;  as,  apiece  of  limber ;  a 
piece  of  cloth  ;  api«e  of  paper-hangings. 


sions  ;  to  excite  or  s 


5.  A  composition,  es^iy,  or  writing,  of  no  great        .4.  "To  dive  or  penetrate  mto,  as  a; 
length;    a..Tp.>«  of  poetry  or  prose;   a  piece  0^1^^^^^^,,^^^^^^^) 


Piece  ofagTtt ;  a  piaster,  which  »e<- 
PIkCE,  r.  t.    To  enlarge  or  mend  by  ^  a 

piece ;  to  patch  ^  aa,  to  puc«  a  gann-  :e 

time. 

To  piece  out;  to  extend  or  enlarge  by  id 'J  ' 
piece  or  pieces.  1 

PIECE,  r.  i.    To  unite  by  a  cjoleicence  of  part* ;  to 

be  compacted,  a^  pans  intc-  a  whole.  Baca. 

PlEC'fD,  (pccsl,)  fp.  or  a.    Mcnd<^  or  elilar{ed  by  B 

piece  or  pieces. 
FIp:CE'LESS,  a.    Not  made  of  piecea;  combtini;  of 

nn  entire  thin^.  jDfluu:. 

PIECIi'.MBAL,  a/jr.     [>iae  and  Sai.  weJ,  tJjne.    Oo.] 
1.  In  pieces;  in  fragments. 

On  which  it  pieeememl  trok?.  Ocpc^n. 

3.  By  pieces;  by  little  and  little  in  succt--.  ^ . 

PUctmtal  they  a-in  this  ten  fim,  then  Out, 

PiF.CE'MEAL,  a.    Single;  separate 

or  piece?. 
PIECE'.Mi;AL-ED,  a.    Uirided  inlo  - 

PIeC'EK,  ti.    One  tliat  pieces  ;  a  patcber. 
PIeCE'WORK,  n.    Work  done  by  the  piece  or  job.        ' 
PIkC'IXG,  ppr.    EnlarsJnc  ;  palchins.  | 

PIED,  (pide,)  a.   [Allied  probably  to  ;>r>,  in  ^"Aaif.  and 
a  contracted  word,  perhaps  from   the  ro->t  of   L.  ' 
pictiLf.] 

Variegated  with  spots  of  differtii'. 
We  now  apply  the  word  chiefly  or  v. 
which  are  marked  nitli  large   sp  i-    .  : 
colors.     If  the  spots  are  small,  we  u.t  ^ 
This  distinction  was  not  formerly  ob^erv  • 
some  cases,  pied  is  elegantly  i:  •  ' 
sity  of  colors  in  small  spots. 

IklKiJoiv^  tiim  with  i]it»--- 
PIED'XE?3,  n.    Diversitv  of  colurs  .: 
PiE  DROIT,  (pee  drwi,)ii.    [Fr.)     I 
pier  or  square  pillar,  without  l>ase  l  :       , 
hill  within  a  walL  £ri»C£.       , 

PIeL'£D,  (peeld)  a.    [See  Peeu]    Bald  ;  bate.  I 

PIE'POir-DRE,   j  n.      [Fr.  pieii,  foot,  and  pcmSrmx,  I 
PrE'POW-DEK, !     dusty,  from  pmuiet,  dust ;  or  paJ 
puUreaux,  a  peddler.) 

An  ancient  court  of  recorvl  in  England,  incident 
to  every  fair  and  market,  of  which  the  steward  of 
him  who  owns  or  has  the  toll  is  tlie  judce.  It  lud 
iurisdiction  of  all  causes  arising  in  the  lair .  r  m.ir'„  •.. 

PIER,  n.     [Sxa.  per.  pert ;  T>.  beer,  sUeme  it  - 
word  is  from  the  French  pierrc,  it  is  a  cor.ir 
L.  prfro.     But  more  probably  it  is  not  f.'-ai  i:.^ 
French.) 

1.  A  mass  of  solid  stone-work  for  rapport. :]_•  a:i 
arch  or  the  timbers  of  a  bridge  or  other  bui' 

2.  .\  mass  of  stone-work,  or  a  mole,  prnj 
to  the  sea,  for  breaking  the  force  of  the  »  . 
making  a  safe  harbor. 

3.  A  projecting  wharf  or  landing-place. 

4.  A  part  of  the  wall  of  a  house  between  windows 
or  doors  of  a  buUdinc. 

PIF.R'.VOE.  ".    Toll  for  using  a  marine  pier.  S^zri. 
PlER'-OLASS,  n.    A  mirror  or  ;lass  hanging  between 

windows. 
PIER'-TA-BLE,  n.    A  tabic  standing  between  wi::- 

dows. 
PIERCE,  (peers,)  r.  t.     [Fr.  pcrcer:  Gr.  - 

primar>'  sense  is  prob;ib!y,  to  thnist  or  dn 

word  may  be  connected  in  origin  with  thi  '•'' 

nfr,  a  spit,  a  spfor,  Ir.  frier.) 

1.  To  thrust  into  with  a  pointed  instnimtnt :  as. 
In  pietxe  the  body  with  a  sword  or  siiear ;  to  fierce  ibe 
side  with  a  thorn. 

2.  To  penetrate ;  to  enter  ;  to  foire  a  way  inio :  as, 
a  column  of  troops  pierced  the  main  body  of  the  en- 
emy ;  a  shot  pierced  tkc  ship.  ^  ^^ < 

3.  To  penetrate  the  heart  deeply ;  to  touch  toe  pM- 
ons  ;  to  excite  or  alTecl  the  passions.     1  r:  -  vi.        | 


:;b 


music. 


TONE,  BIJLL, 
l04 


UNPFE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIO0S.  — e  as  K ;  <5  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS 


:j 


s^ 


PIG 


PIL 


'any  thing.    The  shot  pitmd  tUrough  the  side  of  the 

^'"'''    Her  1»I.  will  ?i«r"iiH0.roarUehean.  Shcl:- 

a  To  enter;  to  dive  or  penetrate,  as  into  a  secret. 

Sb«  «<...M  nol,rf<r«  further  mto  hi.  .,>eani,.g  th.»  U"»l^*°'^\' 
declare. 

4.  To  affect  deeply.  e„™o«- 

PJfRCB'A-ULE,  o.    That  may  bo  pierced.  Spowo-. 
P1£KC'£D,  Cpeerst,)  pp.  or  a.   Perforated  ;  penetrated  ; 

I'litered  bv  force  ;  transfixed.  ,    . 

PIEKO'EK;  .1.  An  instrument  that  pierces,  penetrates, 
or  bores. 
«   One  that  pierces  or  perforates.  , 

PIERCING,  ppr.    Penetrating ;  perforatme ;  "iiteni  S, 
as  a  pointed  instrument;  malting  a  way  by  force  in- 
to another  body.  .•„„■„,  the 
a.  ;\ffecting  deeply  ;   as,  eloquence  picrcmg  tlie 

heart. 
3.  a.    .\ffectinc ;  cultinR ;  keen. 
PIF-RC'ING,  II.    Tlie  act  of  penetrating  with  lorce. 
PIERC'ING-LY,  orfc.    With  iKiictraling  force  oref- 

PIPKC'INg'^NESS,  >..    The  power  of  piercing  or  pen- 

etralini;:  sharpness;  keenness.  ncrluim. 

PI-K'Rl-AN,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  muses. 

Drink  deep,  or  UHe  uol  Ita  Pitrioii  sprin;.  PlJ"- 

PI'ET  or  PI'OT,  n.    [from  pic.l    A  magpie. 
PFE-TIS.M,  n.    [See  Piety.]    'phe  fervent  religion  of 
the  German  Pietists  i.    „i,„ 

PI'E-TIST,  71.  An  appellation  given  to  Spener,  f  ranKC, 
and  other  German  reformers,  who  <="<i'='''""^,^J"'t 
Vive  piety  in  the  Lutheran  churches,  near  the  close 
of  the  seventeenth  cemury.  They  published  many 
books  on  experimental  and  practical  religion,  estab- 
lished the  Orphan  House  at  Halle,  educated  many 
pious  ministers  for  Germany,  and  raised  "P  inis;!'™- 
aries  for  the  East  Indies,  and  for  the  United  Sta.c». 
But  many  disliked  and  opposed  them,  and  the  name 
of  Pictiii  became,  in  Germany,  nearly  equivalent  to 
that  of  Ji/ertorfisl  in  England.  Marioc^. 

Pl-E-TIST'ie,  a.     Pertaining  to  the  Pietists. 
rr'i-'-TY  n.    I L.  Ditto!,  from  piiM,  or  Its  root,  probably 
'       a  contracted  word ;  Fr.  pieti :  It.  m'^d,  piety,  and 
Ditv  ;  Sp-  piedad,  piety,  pity,  chanty.] 

1.  Pid»inpm.Vc,is  a  compound  of  veneration 

or  reverence  of  the  Supreme  J"^'"!!, '"'i'  '»;;*  °.^  .'.'d 
character, or  veneration  accompanied  with  love  ,  and 
pia,i  in  r^actkc,  is  the  exercise  of  those  aUections  in 
obedience  to  his  wiU  and  devotion  to  his  service. 
Pulj,  i.  te  only  l>n.per  and  :ule<,u»u:  n^Ucf  of  ■'«»I>°f,^; 

•>  Reverence  of  parents  or  friends,  accompanied 
with  affection  and  devotion  to  their  honor  and  hap- 

PI-E-ZOJI'E-TER,  7!.    [Gr.  ttu's",  to  press,  and  iicr 

^"A'n^mJrumint  for  ascertnining  the  compressibility 
of  water,  and  the  degree  of  such  compressibility  un- 
der any  given  weight.  .  .  „",'f,'„. 
PIG  ir  \D.  big.  In  Sax.  pi50,  Dan.  pi^e,  is  a  little 
girt  ■  Sw.  pigaU  maid  servant.  The  word  signihes 
a  little  one,  or  issue.] 

1.  The  young  of  swine,  male  or  femaie.  , 

2.  An  oblong  mass  of  unforged  iron,  lead,  or  other 
mewl.  A  pi^  of  lead  is  the  eighth  of  a  folher,  or  a.0 
pounds.  ^     ,     .  '^'"'■I'- 

PIG,  V.  I.  or  i.    To  bring  forth  pigs. 

2.  To  lie  together  Uke  pigs.  ,  7\ 

PIG'-E^-ED,  C-ide,)  o.    Having  small  eyes  sunk  deep 

riG'-I-RON,'  (-I-um,)  11.  Iron  in  pigs,  or  as  first  ex- 
tracted from  the  ore.  „.«,,,  „, 

PIG'-LEAD,  (-led,)  71.  Lead  in  pigs,  or  as  first  ex- 
tracted from  the  ore.  .  . 

PIG'EON,  (pij'un,)  71.  [Fr.  ui.;  It.  piKi-mi!.  mis 
word  seems  to  belong  to  the  family  of  ptc/i,  puk, 

*"  ASinaccous  bird,  of  the  genus  Columba,  of  sev- 
eral species,  as  the  stock-dove,  the  ring-dove,  the  tur- 
tle-dove, and  the  migratory  or  wild  pigeon  of  Amer- 
ica. The  domestic  pigeon  breeds  in  a  box,  ollen  at- 
tached to  a  building,  called  a  dimc-cate  or  ptgeon- 
house.  The  wild  pigeon  builds  a  nest  on  a  tree  m 
the  forest.  - 

[To  pigeon,  is  a  cant  word  for  lofleeu,  or  strip  01 
money  bv  the  arts  of  gambling.    Smort.] 
PIG'EON-'FOOT,  71.    A  plant.  jlinswom. 

PIG'EON-HEART'ED,  a.    Timid  ;  easily  frightened. 

Beaum, 
PI6'EON-1IOLE,  71.    A  hole  for  pigeons  to  enter  their 
dwelling.     Hence,  ...  . 

o    \  little  opening  or  division  in  a  case  for  papers. 
PIG'EON-HoLES,  n.  pi.     An  old  English  game  in 
which   balls  were  rolled  through  little  cavities  or 
arches  Stceceiis. 

PIG'EON-LIV'ER-ED,  <u     MUd  in  temper ;  soft ;  gen- 

Pift'VoN-PEA    n.    A  plant  and  its  seed,  a  kind  of 
^  pulse°  used  f«  food  in  the  East  and  West  Indies.    It 

is  the  Oytisus  Cajan  of  Linnffius.  P.  Ojc.  I^udon. 
PIG'GER-y,  n.    .in  indosure  containing  a  collection 

of  small  sties  for  swine.  «»■  ""'■ 


Pitched ;  fixed  ;  determine 
riGlIT,  (pile,)  e  (.     [W.pi^a 

To  pierce.     [06.*. J 
PtGll'TEL,  71.     A  little  inclos 


PIG'GIN  11.  [Scot.,  a  milking  pail.]  A  small  wood- 
en ve.'sel  with  an  erect  handle,  used  as  a  dipper. 

PIG'-HEAD-ED,  (-hcd-ed,)  a.  Having  a  large  head  ; 
VlUDid  B.Joasan. 

PIOHT,' (plte,)  pp.    [Scot.  piffM,  or  picW;  from  pite/i, 

pft'chert;  fixed  i  determined.    [Obs.]  SJiai. 

Insure.    [LocaL] 

PIG-ME'A-N',  a.  [from  pig"'>J-]  Very  small ;  like  a 
pigmy  ;  as,  an  image  of  pigmean  silo.     [^^"^•j^^^'^" 

PIG'MENT,  II.  [L.  pigmaitum,  from  the  root  of  pingo, 

"I'ai'iit';  a  preparation  used  by  painters,  icc.,  to  im- 
part colors  to  bodies.  .  •'''"!''^- 
PIG-MENT'AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  pigments.         ^^ 

PIG'MY,  71.  [It.  Sp.  and  Port,  pigmto;  L.  pygmicus; 
Gr.  TDi/iuios,  from  ri'yfiii,  the  fist.] 

A  dwarf ;  a  person  of  very  small  stature  ;  a  name 
applied  to  a  fabled  naUon  said  to  have  been  devoured 

PIG'JIy"''o'.    Very  small  in  size  ;  mean  ;  feeble;  in- 
considerable. .      , 
PlG-NO-H.t'TION,  71.     [t.  fignero,  to  pledge.] 

The  act  of  pledging  or  pawning.  , 

PIG'NO-RA-TIVE,  a.    Pledging ;  pawnmg.     [L^u. 

PIG^-ycT.Ti.  [piVand7iii(.]  The  ground-nut ;  the 
rJot  of  a' plant  of  the  genus  Bnnium ;  also,  a  ree 
and  its  fruit  of  the  genus  Carva,  a  specie,  ot  hicK- 

PIGS'NEY,  71.     [Sxx.  plga,  a  little  girl.] 

A  wurd  of  endearment  to  a  girl.     [iiUie  userf-] 

PIG'-STY,  71.    A  sty  or  pen  for  pigs.    . 

PIG'TAIL  71.    r»iV  and  Jail,]    The  tad  of  a  pig. 

2!  A  cie  ;  thS  iiair  of  the  head  tied  in  the  -orm  of 
a  pig's  tail. 
3.  A  small  roll  of  tobacco. 

P!G-WID'GEO.\,  (-nid'jur.,)  r..  [pig  mAv>tdg(xn.\ 
A  fairy ;  a  cant  word  for  any  thing  very  smiUI. 

PIKE  71  rTh>s  word  belongs  to  a  numerous  family  o! 
words  expressing  something  pointed,  or  a  sharp  point, 
or  as  verbs,  to  dart,  to  thrust,  to  prick  ;  feax.  piic,  a 
smaU  needle;  W.  pig.  a  point,  a  pike;  pigaw,  o 
prick ;  piciaio,  to  dart;  It.  pica,  a  pike;  piccarc,  to 
prick  or  sting;  Sp.  pica,  picar;  Fr.  pi?ue,  p.^ruer, 
Arm.  pUg,  p'cqat^  D.  pick ;G.  p.eU,  Sw.  and  Dan. 
pi/: ;  Eng.  ptik,  beak,  &c.    Class  Bg.l 

1  A  militan-  weapon  consisting  of  a  long  wooden 
shaft  or  st.aff,'with  a  fl.at  steel  head  pointed,  called 
IhesTiMr.  This  weapon  was  formerly  used  by  in- 
fantry but  its  use  is  now  limited  to  officers,  and  it  is 
called  a  Spostoi,,  or  Spontoon.  Us  use  among  sol- 
diers is  superseded  by  the  b.ayonet. 

2  A  fork  used  in  husbandry  ;  bnt  we  now  use 
Foes,  or  Pitchfork.  Tiisser. 

3.  Among  (unicrs,  the  iron  sprigs  used  to  fasten 
any  thing  to  be  turned.  ■Jf"'™- 

4.  In  ichthyohg,!,  a  fish  of  the  genus  Lsox,  so 
named  from  its  ibng  shape,  or  from  the  form  of 
i^snout.  It  is  a  fresh-water  Csh,  living  m  deep 
water,  and  very  voracious,  but  very  palatable  food. 

ThepiJfce,  the  tyraul  of  the  flood.  Pope- 

PIK'BD,  (pikl,)  a.  Ending  in  a  point ;  acuminated. 
PlKE'LET,  j  71.  A  light  cake  or  niuthn.  [Camden. 
PIKE'LIX    i  Seward^s  Utters. 

PIKE'  H  VS,  71.    .'V  soldier  armed  with  a  pike. 
*  '  KnoUes. 

PIKE'STXFF,  71.    The  staff  or  shaft  of  a  Pi''5;^^_ 
PIK'RO-LITE,  77.    [au.Gr. -uocf,  bitter,  and  Xiflos, 
a  stone.]  ^„      ,.  i 

A  variety  of  serpentine.    [See  r"^'""-^^-J^^,^, 

PI-LAS'TER,  n.     [Ix.  pilaslro ;  Fr.  pilastrc;  Sp.  pUas- 
tra  from  pj(a,  a  pile,  whence  pillar.] 

A  sq^ir'e  column,'sometimes  insufated  ;  but  usual- 
ly set  within  a  wall,  and  projectmg  onl.y  .-i  fourtli  or 
fifth  of  its  diameter.  Their  bases,  capitals,  and  en- 
tablatures, have  the  same  parts  as  those  of  cojj^^i^us. 

PI-LAS'TER-JED,  o.    Furnished  with  pilasters. 
PILCH,  71.    [It.  pelliccia;  Fr.  pelisse ;  Sax.  pirto.pr 

''A'fun-?d"^owno;"ise;  something  lined  with  fur. 

'^TAscJX:^:-lniu,,^.i  thicker  and 
rounder;  the  nose  is  shorter,  and  turns  up  ;  the  un- 
der jaw  is  shorter;  the  back  more  elevated  and  e 
billy  less  sharp.  These  fishes  are  caught  on  the 
(Ornish  coast,  in  England,  about  the  midd  e  of  July, 
in  ["  mense  numbers,  and  furnish  a  considerable  ar- 
ticle of  commerce.        P.  Ojc.    Jardrfs  J^at.  L,b. 

PILCH'ER,  71.  Any  thing  lined  with  fur,  as  a  gown. 
2.  A  fish.     [See  PiLcHiRo.]  "If"™ 

PILE,  71.  rSp.  iiid  It.  pila  ;  Port,  pdha  ;  Fr.  piic ,  from 
L  pUa :  Gr.  tt.Xos.  The  bolei,  mentioned  by  Pau- 
sanias,  were  heaps  of  stones.] 


PIL 

1.  A  Inap;  a  mass  or  collection  of  things  in  a 
roundish  or  elevated  form;  as,  a  pUe  of  stones;  a 
pile  of  bricks  ;  a  piie  of  wood  or  timber ;  a  piic  01 

2.  "a  collection  of  combustibles  for  burning  a  dead 
body  ;  as,  a  funeral  piic.  . 

3.  A  largo  building  or  mass  ol  buildings  ;  an 
edifice. 

The  pUt  o'erlookcd  the  town  and  drew  the  lighL       Drydtn. 

4.  A  heap  of  balls  or  shot  laid  in  horizontal  courses, 
rising  into  a  pyramidical  form. 

PILE,  71.  [D.  paal.;  G.  p/o/iJ;  Sw.  and  Uan.  pel,  a 
pole  ;  L.  palus  ;  D.  pyl,  an  arrow  or  dart ;  Sw.  and 
Dan  pil,  id. :  W.  piii,  a  stem.  These  have  the  same 
Clements  and  the  like  radical  meaning,  that  ol  a 
shoot  or  extended  thing.]        ,   .    .  .  ,„ ,  „..., 

1  A  lar^e  stake  or  piece  of  timber,  pointed  and 
driven  into''the  earth,  as  at  the  botloni  of  a  river,  or 
in  n  harbor  where  the  ground  is  soft,  for  the  siipiiiirt 
of  a  building  or  other  superstructure.  The  stadtlioiu.c- 
in  Amsterdam  is  supported  by  piiejr.  .    ,,     , 

o  One  side  of  a  coin ;  origmnlln,  a  puncii  or 
puncheon  used  in  stamping  figures  on  coins,  and 
containing  tlie  figures  to  be  impressed.  «<;"";'•: 
arms-side  of  a  coin  is  called  the  piie,  and  the  head 
the  cros.s  which  was  formerly  in  the  place  of  the 
head.     Hence,  cross  and  pile.  t.ncije. 

3.  In  licraldnj,  [one  of  the  lesser  ordinaries,  re- 
sembling a  pile  used  in  laying  tlie  foundations  of 
buildings  in  watery  places,  whence  it  has  its  name.— 
E.  II.  Barker.']  .,    ,      ,,      , 

PILE,  71.    [O.pijl;  Dan.  andSw. pii;  L.pilum.] 
The  head  of  an  arrow.  ,  ,     ^• 

PILE,  71.    [L.  pi/Ms;  G.  boll;  Hindoo,  iral;  Gipscj, 

'""pnpcrhi,  a  hair ;  hence,  the  fiber  of  wool,  cotton, 
and  tile  like ;  hence,  the  nap,  the  fine  hairy  sub- 
stance of  the  surface  of  cloth.  

nLU,  V.  t.    To  lay  or  throv/  into  a  heap ;  to  collect 
many  things  into  a  muss  ;  as,  to  piie  wood  or  stones. 

2.  To  bring  into  an  aggregate;  to  accumulate; 
as,  to  iiiie  quotations  or  comments. 

3.  To  fill  with  something  heaped.  Mbot. 

4.  To  fill  above  the  brim  or  top.  ,     ,    ,     ,  „ 

5.  To  break  off  the  awns  of  tlueshed  barley. 
[ioMi.] 

6.  To  drive  piles.  ,    ,     ,       j  „  ,„ 
Sheet  pile;  to    drive  a  piling  of  planks  edge  to 

edge     Whence  the  noun  sheet-piling. 

Having  the  form  of  a  cap  or  cover  for  the  lieai . 
PIL'ELI,  pp.     Heaped.  [IToodmrd. 

PlLE'-DUlV-ER,  /  71.     An  engine  for  driving  down 
PlLE'-EN-Gl.\E,  i       piles.  .  ..^^^Iff'' 

PILE'MENT,  71.    An  accumulation     [JVot  ""'iJij, 

PiL'ER,  71.  [from  pile,  a  heap.]  One  who  piles  or 
forms  a  heap.  ..  •  .■      - 

PILES,  71.  pi.  The  hemorrhoids,  a  disease  consisting  in 
tumors  formed  bv  the  dilatation  of  the  blood-vessels 
about  the  veree  of  the  a:nts.  They  ure  called  aUed- 
wg-pilcs,  when  there  is  a  discharge  of  blood,  and 
blind  piles  when  there  is  none.  ^  .      .,      .  '"//'{,"'■. 

PILE'VVORM,  71.    .'V  worm  found  in  piles  in  Holland. 

PILE' WOUT,  (-wurt,)  71.  A  plant.  Ranunculus  ficaria 
of  Linna;us,  whose  tuberous  roots  have  been  used  in 
poultices  as  a  specific  for  the  piles.  ^'"'i'^T,^ 

PIL'FEE,  V.  i.     [W.  yspciliata,  to  pilfer  ;  ysprdian,,  to 

spoil,  to' ravageS  Sp.  P^''^'^",''.  <°,,l""j''> '"  '"'fc, '? 

tike  little  food.    It  seems  to  be  allied  to  VeUpdlage-l 

To  steal  in  small  quantities;   to  practice  petty 

theft  ;  as,  a  boy  accustomed  to  pilfer. 

Apit^trir.jhaiid.  DryUn. 

PIL'FElt,  f.  e.  To  Steal  or  gain  by  petty  theft;  to 
filch. 


Pll 


He'woulJ  00:  eVer  Uie  viclory,  and  the  dcleal  w.ii.  ""^^^ 

PIL'FEB-f  O.  p»  or  11.    Stolen  in  small  parcels. 
PIL'FEU-EK;  fl.    One  that  pilfers  or  practice^a^petty 

p/vFER-ING,  ppr.  or  <i.    Stealing ;  practicing  petty 

thefts.  ^  . 

PIL'FER-ING,  71.    Petty  theft. 

Purtriri'  was  SO  um»er*iJ  in  oil  the  South  Sea  Wands,  Uial  u 
^^'"Z\lt  fr^°^.Sln  Ihe  »oral  code  of  Ihe  ja"-"  "  - 

PIL'FER-ING-LY,  die.    With  petty  theft ;  filchingly. 

PIIGiiR'Lie  (71.    [^'iiifii,  pccicii,  and  .mrl-c.] 

HLL-KD-GXR'Lie,  1  O^c  whi  has  lost  his  hair  by 
di.=ease  ;  a  poor  forsaken  «-retch.  ,,^^'^;,„  . 

PIL'GRIM,  .1.  [G.  pii„"cr  ;  Fr.  pelcnn ;  It.  peUegrmo  , 
Sn  and  Port,  peregrino ;  L.  pa-egnnvs.  Uu.  L. 
pL^o,XC  wanSer.^In  W.  pe^crin  =^  »  >';lS™.  ^f„ 
pell'jxis  is  wandering,  far-roaming,  »""'  F'"""'  " 
Vemove  far,  coinciding  with  the  L- P"'";-  .  T","  ''""'• 
pjrjmii  and  Arm.  pirc/iiriii  seem  to  be  '"e  L-  p.re 
Wntis.  Tlie  D.  palfrok,  a  pilgrim's  coat,  and  po^^^r- 
S?n  pilgrim's  Lff,  indicate  that  the  B;?!  sylhible 
is  from  the  root  of  L.  palor,  to  wander.  T«  uncer- 
tainty of  the  true  original  orthography  renders  lh« 

1      derivation  uncertain.] 


FATE,  FXR,  FALL,  WHAT. 


METE,  PREY.-PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD^  NOTE,  DO.TS^MOVE^WQLF^BQQK-; 


826 


PIL 

1.  A  wanderer ;  a  traveler  ;  partievlarht,  one  that 
travels  to  a  distance  from  his  own  countrj"  to  visit  a 
holy  place,  or  to  pay  his  devotion  to  the  remains  of 
dead  saints.    [See  Pilgrimage.] 

9.  In  Scripture,  one  that  has  only  a  temporary  resi- 
dence on  earth.    Heb.  xi. 

PIL'GRIM,  r.  t.    To  wander  or  ramble.     [.Vut  used,] 

Grew. 

PIL'GRIM-AOE,  71.  A  long  journey,  particularly  a 
journey  to  some  place  deemed  sacred  and  venerable, 
in  order  to  pay  devotion  to  the  relics  of  some  de- 
ceased saint.  Thus,  in  the  middle  ages,  kings, 
princes,  bishops,  and  others,  made  pil^ma^es  to 
Jerusalem,  in  pioas  devotion  to  the  Savior.  Pilgrims 
now  resort  to  Loretto,  in  Italy,  to  visit  the  chamber 
of  the  blessed  Vircin,  and  the  Mohammedans  make 
pilgrimages  to  Mecca,  where  their  prophet  was 
buried. 

9.  In  Scripture^  the  journey  of  human  life.     Ocn. 
xlvii. 
3.  Time  irksomely  spent.  Shak. 

PIL'GRIM-TZE,  r.  i.  To  wander  about  as  a  pilprini. 
[.Yot  used.}  B.  Jonson. 

PI-LI F'ER-OUS,  a.    Bearing  hairs.  Lmidon. 

PI-UG'ER-OUS,  a.     [L.  pilus  and  gcro.] 
Bearing  hair;  covered  with  hair. 

PIL'ING,  ppr.    Heaping. 

PILL,  n.  [L.  pila,  a  ball ;  pU^a,  a  little  ball ;  W.  pd, 
a  ball ;  Ir.  piUim,  to  roll.  It  is  probable  that  this 
word  and  ball  are  of  the  same  family.] 

1.  Inpharmaaj^B.  medicine  in  the  form  of  a  little 
ball  or  small  round  mass,  to  be  swallowed  whole. 

Bacon. 
3.  Any  thin"  nauseous.  Toung. 

PILL,  r.  f.     [yi.piller;  It.  pigliare  ;  isp.  pillar.] 

To  rob  ;  to  plunder  ;  to  pillage,  that  is,  to  pfd,  to 
strip.     [See  Peel,  the  same  word  in  the  proper  Eng- 
lish orthography.] 
PILL,  r.  I.    To  be  peeled  j  to  come  off  in  flakes. 

Shak.     Dn/den. 

2.  To  rob.     [See  Peeu] 

PIL'LAGE,  n.    [Fr.,  from  pillery  to  strip  or  peel.] 

1.  Plunder ;  spoil  ;  that  which  is  taken  from 
another  by  open  force,  particularly  and  chiefly  from 
enemies  in  war. 

3.  The  act  of  plundering. 

PIL'LAGE,  V.  t.  To  strip  of  money  or  goods  by  open 
violence  ;  as,  troops  pillage  the  camp  or  towns  of  an 
enemy  :  to  plunder  ;  to  spoil.  It  differs  from  steal- 
ing, as  it  implies  open  violence,  and  from  ri'bbcr>', 
which  may  be  committed  by  one  individual  on 
another:  whereas  pillaging  is  usually  the  act  of 
bands  or  numbers.  To  pi//ao-c  and  to  rob  are,  how- 
ever, sometimes  used  synonymously. 

PIL'LA-6£;D,  pp.    Plundered  by  open  force. 

P1L'LA-GER,tu  One  that  plunders  by  open  violence  j 
a  plunderer. 

PIL'LA-GING,  ppr.    Plundering;  stripping. 

PIL'LAR,  n.  [Ft.  pdicr :  Sp.  and  Port.  pUar;  It.  pila 
or  pilierc :  L.  piia,  a  pile,  a  pillar^  a  mortar  and  pestle. 
The  h.  pila  denotes  a  heap,  or  things  thrown,  put, 
or  driven  together  ;  VV.  piler  ;  Ir.  pileir;  Sw.  pdare; 
Dan.  pille  :  D.  pylaar :  G.  pfdler.  ] 
Literally,  a  pile  or  heap.    Hence, 

1.  A  kind  of  irregular  column,  round  and  insulate, 
but  deviating  from  the  proportions  of  a  just  column. 
Pillars  are  either  too  massive  or  too  slender  for  regu- 
lar architecture  j  they  are  not  restricted  to  any  rules, 
and  their  parts  and  proportions  are  arbitrary.  A 
square  pillar  is  a  massive  work,  called  also  a  Pier  or 
PiEDRoiT,  serving  to  support  arches,  <kc. 

Gwilt.     Gloss,  of  .Orckit. 

2.  A  supporter  ;  that  which  sustains  or  upholds; 
that  on  which  some  superstructure  rests.     Gal.  ii. 

Skak. 

3.  A  monument  raised  to  commemorate  any  per- 
son or  remarkable  transaction  j  it  may  be  a  single 
stone. 

And  Jacob  sei  ti  pillar  on  her  grave.  —  Gen.  ixit.    2   Sam. 
xviii. 

4.  Something  resembling  a  pillar;  as,  a  pillar  of 
salt.     Gen.  six. 

So  a  pillar  of  cloud,  a  pillar  of  fire.     Exod.  liii. 

5.  Foundation  ;  support.    Job  ix. 

6.  In  ships,  a  stanchion  of  wood  or  iron  fixed  per- 
pendicularly under  the  middle  of  the  beams  for  sup- 
porting the  decks.  Cyc. 

7.  In  the  manege,  the  center  of  the  volta,  ring,  or 
manege  ground,  around  which  a  horse  turns.  There 
are  also  pillars  on  the  circumference  or  side,  placed 
at  certain  distances  bv  two  and  two. 

PIL'LAR-£D,  a.     Supported  by  pillars.  Milton. 

•3.   Having  the  form  nf  a  pillar.  Thomson. 

PIL'LAR-IST,  H.  [from  pUlar.]  A  stylitc  ;  one  of  an 
ancient  sect  of  Christians  who  stood  continually  on 
a  pillar,  by  way  of  mortification,  or  for  a  trial  of  their 
patience.     [See  Sttlite.]  Coleman. 

PIL-LAU',  71.    Boiled  rice  and  mutton  fat,  a  Turkish 

dish."' 
PILL'ED,  CpUd,)  pp.    Robbed  ;  peeled. 
PIL'LER,  Tu    One  that  pills  or  plunders.     [JVot  used.] 

Chaucer. 
PIL'LER-Y,Ti.  Plunder;  pillage;  rapine.  [JVot  in  use.] 

Huloet. 


PIM 


PIN 


PIL'LION,  (pil'yun,)  n.  [Ir.  pHlin  ;  from  pUe,  L.  piluj,  \ 
hair,  or  from  stuffing.    See  Pillow.]  i 

1.  A  cushion  for  a  woman  to  ride  on  behind  a  per- 
son on  horseback.  SaifL 

'X  A  pad  ;  a  pannel ;  a  low  saddle.  Spender. 

3.  The  jiad  of  a  saddle  that  resla  on  the  horse's 

PIL'LO-RI-i:D,  a.    Put  in  a  pillorv.  [back. 

PIL'LO-RY,  71.      [Ir.  pilori,  piohir;  Fr.  pilari:  Ann. 

homlhouT ;  from  the  root  of  L.  po/^v,  a  stake,  a  pile, 

G.  pfakl.     An  den  pfakl  stetlen,  to  put  in  the  pillonj.] 

A  fmrae  of  wood  erected  nn  posts,  with  movable 
boards  and  holes,  through  which  are  put  the  head 
and  hands  of  a  criminal  for  punishment. 
PIL'LO-RY,  V.  t.    To  punish  with  the  pilIor>'. 

Gnv.  of  lite  Tongue. 
PIL'LoW,  n.     [Sax.  pile,  or  pjjr. ;  Ir.  pillmn  L.pu/ri- 
nar ;  from  L.  pilus,  hair,  or  from  stuffing.] 

L  A  long  cushion  to  support  the  head  of  a  person 
when  reposing  on  a  bed  ;  a  sack  or  case  filled  with 
feathers,  down,  or  other  soft  material. 

2,  In  a  ship,  the  block  on  which  the  inner  end  of 
a  bowsprit  is  supported.  Mar.  Diet. 

The  pillow  of  a  plots,  is  a  cross  piece  of  wood 
which  ser\'es  to  raise  or  lower  the  beam.  Cue. 

PIL'LoVV,  V.  (.    To  rest  or  lay  on  for  support.  Milton. 

PIL'LoW-BIeR,  I  iu     The  movable  case  or  «ack 

PIL'LoW-€aSE,  i  which  is  drawn  over  a  pillow. 
Pillow -&if7-  is  the  pillow-Acartr. 

PIL'LoW-ICD,  pp.  or  a.     Supported  by  a  pillow. 

PIL'LoW-IXG,  ppr.    Resting  or  laying  on  a  pillow. 

PIL'LoW-Y,  a.    Like  a  pillow.  Souttiejj. 

PT-LOSE'    /  rr         r  ^  ■,.■-. 

PI'LOUS    \  °"    ^     puosus,  from  pi/us,  hair.] 

Hairy.  A  pilose  leaf,  in  botany,  is  one  covered 
Willi  long,  distinct  hairs,  A  pihsc  receptacle  has 
hairs  bet«'een  the  florets.  Martyn. 

PT-LOS'I-TY.  n.    [Supra.]    Hairiness.  Baeo7i. 

Pl'LOT,  n.  [Fr.  piloU;  It.  Sp.  and  Port,  piloto.  The 
French  word  piloter  signifies  to  drive  in  piles,  as 
well  as  to  pilot,  and  pilota::e  is  a  piling,  pile-work,  a 
foundation  of  piles.  Arm.  pHocha,  to  drix'e  piles. 
The  D.  loot^,  G.  lotkse,  and  Dan.  lods,  are  from  lead ; 
the  pdot,  then,  is  the  lead-inan,  he  that  throws  the 
lead.] 

1.  One  who  steers  a  ship  in  a  dangerous  naviga- 
tion, or  rather  one  whose  office  or  occupation  is  to 
steer  ships,  particularly  along  a  coast,  or  into  and 
out  of  a  harbor,  bay,  or  river,  where  navigation  is 
dangerous. 

2.  A  guide;  a  director  of  the  course  of  another 
persrn.     [In  colloquial  U5e.] 

Pl'LOT,  V.  t.  To  direct  the  course  of  a  ship  in  any 
place  where  navigation  is  dangerous. 

2.  Fi^ratively,  to  guide  one  through  dangers  or 
ditRculties. 

PI'L0T-A6E,  n.  The  compensation  made  or  allowed 
to  one  who  directs  the  course  of  a  ship. 

2.  The  pilot's  skill  or  knowledge  of  coasts,  rocks, 
bars,  and  channels.     [J\%t  now  used.]  Ralegh. 

PI'LOT-FISH,  n.  A  fish  of  the  mackerel  family  and 
genus  Naucrates,  of  an  oblong  shape  ;  so  named  be- 
cause it  often  accompanies  ships;  and  as  this  is  also 
done  by  sharks,  it  has  been  said  that  the  former  acts 
as  a  guide  or  pilot  to  the  latter.  Buchanan. 

Pi'LOT-ING,  ppr.  Steering,  as  a  sliip  in  dangerous 
navigation. 

PI'LOT-ING,  n.    The  act  of  steering  a  ship. 

PI'LOT-ISM,  j  71,    Pilotage  ;  skill  in  piloting.      [jV<j£ 

PI'LOT-RY,    \      xLsed.] 

PI'LOUS,  a.     [L.  piloxiw;.     See  Pilose.] 

1,  Hairy;  abounding  with  hair.  Robinson. 

2.  Consisting  of  hair. 

PIL'SER,  n.    The  moth  or  fly  that  runs  into  a  flame. 

j9insu!ortA. 

PIM'E-LITE,  n.     [Gr.  :7(pfAi?,  fat,  and  XtOog,  stone.] 
A  green  clay  or  earth,  colored  by  the  oxyd  of 
nickel.  Dana. 

PI'MEXT,  n.    Wine  with  a  mixture  of  spice  or  honey. 

PI-MEN'TO, )         ro       ■   -_,    i  [Chaueer. 

PI-iMEN'TA;  i  "•     t^P-  P"""^'^-] 

Jamaica  pepper,  popularly  called  Allspice.  The 
tree  producing  this  spice  is  the  Myrtus  Pimenta  of 
LinnKus,  and  the  Eugenia  Pimenta  of  DeCandolle. 
It  grows  spontaneously  in  Jamaica  in  great  abun- 
dance. P-  Cyc. 

PIMP,  n.  A  man  who  provides  gratifications  for  the 
lust  of  others  ;  a  procurer ;  a  pander.  Addison. 

PIMP,  r.  i.  To  pander;  to  procure  lewd  women  for 
tile  gratification  of  others. 

PIM'PER-NEL,  )    iu      [L.   pimpincUa ;    Fr.   pitnprc- 

PLM'PI-NEL,       (        ndte.] 

The  name  of  several  plants  of  dift'erent  genera. 
The  scarlet  pimpernel  is  of  the  genus  .-Vnagallis,  the 
iratcr  pimpernel  of  the  genus  VL-ronica,  and  the  yd- 
loiD  pimpernel  of  the  genus  Lysimachia.  Lee. 

PIM'PIL-LO,  n.  A  plant  of  the  order  Cactaccte,or 
Indian  fig  family. 

PIM-PI-NEL'LA,  ;i.  A  genus  of  plants,  including 
the  buruet  saxifrage  and  the  anise.  Loudon. 

PIMP'ING,  ppr.  Pandering;  procuring  lewd  women 
for  others. 

PIMP'ING,  (7.     Little;  petty.  Skinner. 

PIM'PLE,  (pim'pl,)  n.  [Sax.  pinpcl;  probably  fh)in 
pin,  or  its  root.] 


A  small,  aruiuirr/'  -I   '-!»-vrit:'.fi  <  f  l?j^  •  i;*>!r.  r. 

cniiiainini,'  a  iV 

inonly  termini' 
PIM'PL£D,  a.     j 

pinipI'-.-t. 
PIMP'LTKE,  a.    Like  a  pimp;  rile  ;  fnfoaoilf  ;  i 
PIM'PLY,  a.    Pimpled  ;  havini;  pimiriet. 
PIN,  n.     [W.  pin,  a  pin  or  pen  :  ptMer,  piniMit,  \o  pirn  :    t 

Ir.  pion:  Sw,  pinne,  wh*;n«  pinm-mrn,  pin-ew  in*-,  ti.f 

porcupine;   Dan.  pind,   a  "prj^  ;  pitrireitm^ti,-  ;•  r-  . 

pine  :  Port,  ptno,  a  (leit;  H.  pen,  pnnu,  n  f 

G.  pinne,  a  pin  ;  pinaet,  a  p-.-unl  ;   Fr.  rpir 

and  qu.  epingle^  a  pin  ;  L.  ptr,   2.  ; ,-. 

summit;  Sax.  pin,  a  pen,  n 

tree.     (See  Pi?(e,  Fi:»,and  i 

denotes  a  sharp  inint  or  en: 

Sax.  pinan,  pyndan.     If  th- 

shoot.     From  this  Lii  fonn«<] 

1.  A  small  pointed  inMrun 

and  headed  ;  U3ed  chiefly  by  1>  tr 
their  clothes. 

2.  A  piece  of  wood  r>T  m'tnl    Jr,- 
nsed  to  fruJlcn  togetl' 

btr.      The  larger  p.'. 

bolts,  and  the  woo«l:ii 

called  (rcCTutiij,  (irunii'-I  .,     A -ir.-i:i   v.  •  • 

called  a  peg. 

3.  A  thing  of  little  value.    It  Is  not  a  f     - 
I  care  not  a  pin. 

4.  A  linchpin. 

5.  The  central  part.  «*  I. 

6.  A  ptg  used  in  musical  Lnstrumenii  .  . 
and  relaxing  thf.  rtnngs. 

7.  A  note  or  strain.    [Pitifcr,  md  »M  v 

8.  A  homy  Induratloo  of  the  membr . 
eye. 

9.  A  c>iindrical  roller  made  of  ^- 

10.  A  noxious  humor  in  a  hauk 

11.  The  pia  of  a  block  is  the  aii~ 
PIN,  r.  I.     [W .  piniate.] 

1.  To  (asten  with  a  pin  or  with  pinf  of  any  klad  ;  I 
as,  to  pin  the  clothes  ;  to  pin  boards  or  T:mS*»r^  ' 

2.  To  fasten ;  to  make  fast ;  or  i 
together. 

Our  p:'t«  —  we  baTc  bat  pniwrf  xl'.h  r   ■ 
She  tulCTi  the  jmiio-M  from  ih- 
bracing,  u  if  *he  would  pin 

X  To  inclose ;  to  confine. 
[See  the  verbs  Pes  and  Pol  mj.J 
PIN,  Ti.    In  China,  a  petition  or  address  of  fbreigners 

to  the  emperor,  ur  anv  of  his  deputies. 
PIN'.\-FORE,  n.    An  'apron  for  the  front  : 

body. 
PI-NAS'TER,  n.   [L.    See  Pine. J    The  sp- 

of  the  Cluster-Pine  of  the  south  of  Europe. 
PIN'eASE,  n.    A  case  for  holding  pins. 
PIN'CERS,  71.  pi.    The  French  p:>ico-  beine  -in .--'.-  I 

into  pinch,  in  English,  the  noun  dt-nveil  i- 

ularly  is  Pinchers,  which  is  the  word 

and  properly  used. 
PINCH,  r.c  [Fr,  pincCT",  lormerly  pj  ■ 

Sp.  pi'.eur :  It.  piizare,  pizziearc     T 

from  the  root  of  IL  ptccare,  to  p' 

perk,  to  provoke,  Sp.  and  Port 

prick,  to  peck,  to  dig,  to  bite  or  p:: 

root,  then,  is  that  of  peck,  pick,   r 

primarily  to  press  between  two  shr„'p  i»i'-rit>,  or  i,> 

prick.      Hence,  its  peculiar  application  to  pressurr 

between  the  fingers.] 

1.  To  press  hard  or  squeeze  between  the  end*  of 
the  fingers,  the  teeth,  claws,  or  with  an  instru- 
ment. &c. 

2.  To  squeeze  or  compress  between  any  two  bird 
bodies. 

3.  To  squeeze  the  flesh  til!  it  is  pained  or  hrid. 

4.  To  gripe ;  to  straiten  ;  to  oppress  with  want ; 
as,  to  pincA  a  nation  ;  to  pineX  the  belly  ;  to  be  pincXtd 
for  want  of  food. 

5.  To  pain  by  constriction  :  to  distress  ;  x«,  pi-ici- 
ing  cold.    The  winter  pineXe^. 

'6.  To  press ;  to  straiten  by  difficulties  ;  as,  the  ar- 
gument pinches  the  objector. 

The  responiient  a  pint^id  wilh  »  *roag  ofcjKtioo.  WeSt. 

7.  To  press  hard  ;  to  try  thoriHJshJy. 
PIXCn,  r.  i.  Toact  witli  prt-ssing  force;  :  - 
to  be  puzzling.    You  sec  where  the  reas or,  - 

2.  To  spare  ;  to  be  stnulened ;  to  be  covetous. 

Thr  vTCtch  whom  arajice  t«l»  to  jxnA  and  H*""*    _ 
Starve,  (leal,  and  pilfer,  to  enrich  .ia  htir.  FfOwtiR. 

PINCH,  Tu  A  close  compression  with  the  end«  of  the 
fingers  :  also,  Uiat  which  is  taken  betwcc:i  *'•  ■  —  *  = 
of  the  fincers. 

2.  .\  gripe  ;  a  pang. 

3.  Distress    inlluted  or  suffertu        - 
pression  ;  as,  necessity's  sharp  p:*; 

4.  Straits:  dirficully  ;  lime  of  a. 

PINCH'RECK,  n.    [Said  to  be  ftwn  llic  nan»e  of  Uk  i 

inventor.]  ...      ,.  .    ._ 

,\n  alloy  of  copper  and  zinc,  resembhng  goM  la  iK 


TtJNE,  BPLL,  I;KITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K  ;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH :  Til  as  in  THIS. 


PIO 


appearance.    The  proportion  of  ziuc  is  greater^than 

PINc[rER,  n.    lie  or  that  wllich  pinches. 
HNCirERs""-  yl.     [from  pi'-d',  "o'  f'"""  ">«  I^«">'='' 
'"' An'inltrutnent  for  JrawinB  nail,  from  boards  and 

?Tl.iV  sue  lins  would  l>o  preferable  to  P.ncem  be- 
calise  U  truly  represents  the  common  pronunciation 
of  the  word.] 
riNCH|FlST,       )  „_    A  miser  i  a  niggard. 

rM\C»'l"NG' wr!  or  a.    Compressing  with  the  ends  cf 
'  thefinge^iPressing;  causing  pain  by  constr.ct.on, 

piNUH''1xG!'r'''Ti.e  act  of  compressing  with  the  fin- 

^"*"ln  "cncral,  the  act  of  squeezing  or  pressing. 
I>IN('H'ING-LY,  ai/o.    In  a  pinching  way. 
.  N^e"  SH  IM  n.     A  small  case  stuffed  with  some 
solX  material,  in  which  females  slick  pins  for  safety 

riN'D'XR,T"'The.4rac*i.  fas-.^.a,  or  ground-nut; 

PIN-dStc';  a.    After  the  style  and  manner  of  Pin- 

PIN-DAR'ie,  n.    An  ode  in  imitation  of  the  odes  of 
Piiidar,  the  Grecian,  and  prince  of  the  lyr-c  pocts  ;  an 

PIN'-DaST,  n.      Pniall  particles  of  metal  made  by 

Pi'jNE'r  [Tr^V;™,-  SP.  and  It.  pino ;  L.  „■  Jf  lax. 
«i,m(«oi,  pin-trM  ;  D.  pynboom,  Vf.pin-brenvm- 
t  ee  and  Vi»™1/=,  pin-wood.  These  words  indicate 
hat'thl  namfS  him  the  leaves  of  the  pine,  which 
r  semble  pins.  But  the  Welsh  has  _j;l^o/«"«t"^^. 
from/n,nrf,a  rising  to  a  point,  f"™ /^' "j. "  ™"^i 
and   gw'Jh  wood.      The  latter  name  rs  from  the 

"""h  AUee  of  the  genus  Pinus,  of  many  species,  some 
of  wllich  furnish  timber  of  the  most  valuable  kind 
The  species  which  usually  bear  this  name  n  c 
United  States,  are  the  wkite  pine,  Pinus  ^"ob"''.  ''l'' 
prince  of  our  forests  ;  the  yclloio  mie,  1  inus  rcsi- 
nosa ;  and  the  piuh  pinr,  Pinus  ngida. 
2.  in  England,  the  terra  pines  is  often  applied  to 

v{NE,Tt'  [Sax.  pinan,  to  pain  or  torture  and  to 
pine  or  languish.  This  verb,  in  the  s^^-f  "f  P'""'  f. 
bund  in  the  other  Teutonic  dialects,  but  not  n  tl  c 
sense  of  languishing.    The  latter  sense  is  found  in 

theGr.  Ttii.iiu,TO'w-    See  Ar.  ^j /atiM,  Class  Bn, 

No.  23,  and  ^yi,  No.  25,  and  ^\  No.  20.] 

1  To  languish  ;  to  lose  flesh  or  wear  away  under 
any  distress  or  anxiety  of  mind  ;  to  grow  lean  ;  lol- 
lowed  sometimes  by  away. 

Yc  slmll  not  monm  i.or  weep,  but  ye  shall  yi"«  «'•«!/  f"  J™' 
iniquities.  —  Ezek.  xxiv. 

o  To  languish  with  desire  ;  to  waste  away  with 
longing  for  something  i  usually  followed  by  ./or. 

Unknowing  lli.u  •ho  l-i""l  M  J"'"  "='»'"•  Dryicn. 

PINE,  r.  U    To  wear  out ;  to  make  to  languish. 

■Where  shlTerinj  cold  and  sickncu  pints  llic  climci.       ^■ 
Eoroe  pined  widi  p-ain.  iJn/u*  ■ 


2.  To  grieve  for ;  to  bemoan  in  silence 

Abashed  the  devil  stood  — 
Tinue,  in  her  own  ihape  how  lovely,  saw, 
.\ndjnned  his  loss.  Miiton- 

( In  the  transitive  sense  this  verb  is  now  seldom 
used,  and  this  use  is  improper  except  by  ellipsis.] 
PINE,    n.      [Sax.  pin,  D.  p!Pi,  pain;    Gr.  irtro/iai. 

Woe;  want ;  penury;  misery.  Spenser. 

[This  is  obsolete.     See  Pain.] 
PIN'E-AL,  0.     [Kr.  pincnle,  from  I.,  pinus.] 

The  pineal  gland  is  a  jiart  of  the  brain,  a  hearty 
like  substance,  about  the  bigness  of  a  pea,  situated 
immediately  over  the  corpora  quadrigemina,  and 
hangin"  from  the  thalami  nervorum  opticorum,  by 
two  crura  or  peduncles.  It  was  so  called  from  its 
shape,  resembling  a  pine-apple.  It  was  considered 
liv  Descartes  as  the  scat  of  the  soul.  Hooper. 

PlS'E'-.\P-PLE,   (-ap'pl,)   n.     The  .inanas  satiiiU!  ot 
'^chultes     and    the    Bromelia.  .inanas    of    Linna-us, 
a  tropica'l  plant  and  its  fruit,  so  called  from  the  re- 
semblance of  the  latter  to  the  cone  of  the  pine-tree. 
Miller.     Locke. 
PINE-B  \R'REN,  71.    Tract  of  barren  land,  producing 

,  United  fitates. 

PINE'-eLAD  )<"•  Clad  or  crowned  with  pine- 

PINE'-eRO\VN-ED,  i     irees.  llcwans. 

PTNE'FUL,  n.     Full  of  woe.     [JVot  used.]  Hall. 

PIN'E-RY,ii.    A  place  where  pine-apples  are  r^ise^d. 

PiN'EY.  n.    The  tallow-tree,  wllich  see. 
PIN'-FilATH-ER,  (-felh'er,)    n      A  small  or   short 
feather. 


PIN'-PEATll-ER-ED,  a.     Having  the  feathers  only 

bo"inuing  to  shoot ;  not  fully  fledged.         Diijdm- 
PIN-FOLD,  n.     [pin,i,Tpei,,oudMd;   Dan.  ymta, 

''"A';Jiacri,rUich  beasts  are  confined.    We  now 
piNiiGLEfj"" A  small  close.     [Mtused.]  .ainsivorUi. 
PlNG'tSTER,  j  „^     [Dutch.]    Whitsuntide. 
PIN''GUId1  (ping'gwid,)  a.     [I.,  pingais i  Gr.  -axvi, 

1      ^Ta''tTViif^ctu''our'[!^f-«^S:]^       ,         ^"rtinier. 
PIN-GUID'IN-OUS,  a.    Containing  fat. 
PIN"GUI-TUDE,  ;i.    Fatness  ;  a  growing  fat. 
PIN'HOLD,  n.  A  place  at  which  a  pin  liolds,  or  ma  tes 

PIN'HOLR,  71.  A  small  hole  made  by  the  puncture  or 
perforation  of  a  pin  ;  a  very  small  aP"'"',^^.^„„^ 

PTN'ING  BJjr.     Languishing  ;  wasting  away. 

pm'  NG  r  A  state  of  languishing  or  w.asting  away. 

PIN'ION  (nin'von,)  7..  [Fr.  pignon,  the  cope  of  the 
rid'e  of'  a  house  ;' Nonn.  i,;.,'a"pen  ;  Bp.pinon,  pin- 
ion ;  from  Celtic  pen,  top,  summit.] 

1.  The  joint  of  a  bird's  wmg  remotest  from  the 

''"l' A  feather  ;  a  quill.  S/int. 

3.  A  wing. 

Ht.pc  humbly  then,  on  u^mUinj  piniant  soar.  Pop'- 

4    A  smaller  wheel  with  notches  or  teeth  playing 
into  the  teeth  of  a  larger  wheel.  fhp  imis 

5.  A  term  applied  to  fetters  or  bands  f«  ^'he^"™"- 

PIN'ION,  Cpin'yon,)  v.  t.    To. bind  or  eonhne^Uie 
wings, 
o.  To  conflne  by  binding  the  wings. 

3.  To  cut  off  the  first  joint  of  the  wing. 

4.  To  bind  or  confine  the  arm  or  armsto  Hie  body. 

5.  To  confine ;   to  shackle ;  to  chain  ;  as    to  be 
,,iinoiied  by  formal  rules  of  stale.  -^'^"f- 

0   To  hind  ;  to  fasten  to.  ■"  "f"^- 

PIN'ioN-ED,  pp.  in-  a.  Confined  by  the  wings ; 
shackled.  .  r>r,„lm 

2.  a.     Furnished  with  wings.  .        ,-';„„ 

PIN'ION-ING,  ppr.    Shackling  ;  cmilinmg  the  wings 

PIN'ION-IST,  n.     A  winged  animal ;  a  ^"'^-^^^^^"^ 

PTr^ai'E  71  [from  Kni,  aminein  Sa.vony.]  A  min- 
eral hol'ding  a  middle  place  between  steatite  and  mi- 
ca     he  mir'arel  of  Kifwan.    It  is  fouiul  in  prismatic 

c^'stals  of  a  greenish-whito  '•"^^'-^'ri^'/ll^l'^ 
red.    It  occurs  also  massive.  Vict.  M^ut.  JIM. 

PINK  71.  fin  Welsh,  piiic  signifies  sniar,  fine,  gay, 
and'a  .fi^ck,  and  pineia,r,  to  sprig.  This  >;;  JX  O.V«l 
formed  from  pin,  a  pen  or  pin.  But  iii  loitugiiese, 
p,™!to  sting,  tL  ,nick,to  ['«f. '!>  "'I\ '"  .Q'Vre 
di",  to  spur,  and  pie^ido,  pricked,  jiuifccrf,  a.  ^,lotli,are 
frSm  the  root  of  perl.;  pick,  pieo,  benk,  pil.o,  tp.  pKae, 
ItVceare.  The  lattcT  wouhl,  with  7i  casual,  give 
Jii'iif  a  little  eve  or  perforation,  and  the  sense  of 
'pil',  in   "fiiSf™"'.     The  Welsh   gives  pmk,  a 

"T  An  eye,  or  a  small  eye  ;  but  now  (lisu-'«l  «" 
cent  in  composition,  as  in  pmk-eije.d,  pinlycijc.     i>kal.. 
2.  A  plant  and  flower  of  the  genus  Dianthus,  com- 

■"s"  A  Imht  rrfcolor  used  by  painters  ;  from  the  col- 
or of  the  flower.  J^'-'J'""- 

4.  Any  thing  supremely  excellent. 

5  A  shipw'ithavery  narrow  stern.  [Fr.  pingne. 
D.  pinii,  that  is,  piked,  n  being  casual ;    hence,  pink 

"T  Atish,  the  minnow.  .iinsieorth. 

PINK  V.  t.    To  work  in  eyelet-holes  ;  to  pierce  wul. 

"^  small  holes.  '^"""MdZon 

2.  To  stab  ;  to  pierce.  Mdison. 

PINK,r.i.     [D.pinken.]  T'Pslrinii'e 

To  wink.     [JVot  used.]  •£■  i!-»f™"?c- 

PINIC°£D,  (pin^t,)  pp.      Pierced  with  small  holes; 

PINK^'-Eir-ED,  C-5de,)  a.    Having  small  "y'J^^,,^^^^,^ 

PINK'-NEE-DLE,  n.    A  shepherd's  "odkim  ^^^^^^^^^^ 

PINK'-ROOT,  71.    The  root  of  the  plant  called  India 
"^'.dnk,  or  Carolina  pink,  SpiSclia  Marilandica  u^ed  in 

medicine  as  a  vermifuge.  ForsyUi.     C.  Dcwei.,. 

P1Nk'-STERN-£1),  a.     Having  a  very  ""^^^j^J^'j"' • 

PIN'-MAK-ER,  71.    One  whose  occupation  is  to  make 


pins. 


Pi'n'-MON-EV,    f-niun-nc,)  n.      A    sum    of   money 
allowed  or  setlled  on  a  wife  for  her  P"™'<=J2;.™,f  "• 

PIN'N  ACE,  n.     [Sp.  pinaza ;  Fr.  pinasse ;  Port.  P;""? "■] 

A  small  vessel  navigated  with  '"^:;YJ"-\Tnlt,' n    \ 

having  generally  two  masts  ngged  like  tl  ose  o  la 

schooner  ;  also,  a  boat  usually  rowed  wUh^^glU  oais. 

PIN'NA-CLE,  77.    [Fr.  pinaelc  ;  It.  pineieolo  ;  W.  pimj- 
gyl,  from  Celtic  ;ic7i,  summit,  L.  pmna.] 


I.  A  slender  turret,  or  part  of  a  building  elevated 
above  the  main  building. 

Somo  mctropohs 
Willi  glistcriin;  •pi^'s  and  yinnoclei  adorned.  itilton. 

n   A  high,  spiring  point ;  summit.  Coideij. 

PIN'N  \-eLE  1-.  (.    To  build  or  furnish  with  pinna- 

\  r,  Warton. 

PIN'N  \-ei.Kl)  pp.     Furnished  with  pinnacles. 
PIN'N  A-CLING,  7,;7i-.     Furnishing  with  pinnacles. 
PIN'NAGE,  71.  Poundage  of  cattle.     [JVoI  iMcd.]     [see 

PLN°'Na'tE,      \a.     [L.jiijmatus,  from  jiiiiiw,  a  feather, 
PI'n'Na-TEU,  1      or  fin.]  , 

in  Wa,!./,  a  pinnate  leaf  is  a  species  of  compound 
leaf,  wherein  a  single  petiole  has  several  leaflets  at- 
tached to  each  side  of  it.  ,    ,        -i'"/'-;   ,„ 

PIN-N7VT'I-FID,  a.     [L.  piiino,  a  feather,  mifmdo,  to 

'"inlol,.,/,  feather-cleft.  A  pinnatijid  leaf  is  a  spe- 
cies of  simiile  leaf,  divided  transversely  by  oblo  g, 
horizontal  segments  or-jags,  not  extending  to  the 
midrib.  ,      .  .         f     Marujn. 

PIN-N.vr'I-PED,  a     {U  pmna  and  yes,  loot. J 

Fin-footed ;   having  the  toes  bordered  by  mem- 

PIN'NED  lip.    Fastened  with  pins  ;  confined. 
PIN'NER,  17.    One  that  pins  or  fastens  ;  also,  a  pound- 
er of  cattle,  or  the  pound-keeper. 

2.  A  iiiu-niaker.  .,.      ,  „ 

3.  The  lappet  of  a  head  which  flies  loose.    Gay. 
PIN'N1-PE1>,  71.     [L.  piiiTio  and  jics.]  . 

One  of  a  class  of  crabs  having  the  last  pair  of  feet, 
or  more,  terminated  by  a  flattened  joint  Utted  for 

PWnTte'Ji.  Fossil  remains  of  the  Pinna,  a  genus 
of  bivalves,  allied  to  the  muscles.     [.Vot  used.] 

PIN'NOCK,  II.     A  small  bird,  the  tomtit.  Ainsicorlh. 

P  N'NIT  I.-CtE,  „.  A  piiimdate  leaf  is  one  in  which 
-tach  innna  is  subdivided.  _.  ■^''":'!"'- 

PIN'NIILE,  71.  One  of  the  branchlcts  of  a  pinnate 
frond  or  leaf. 

PINT,  71.    ID.  piTit;  Fr.  yiiite;  Sp.  7im((i.] 

Haf  a  quart,  or  foUr  gills.    In   vudieine,  twelve 
ounces.     It  is  applied  both  to  liquid  and  dry  measure. 

PIN'TAIL  77.  A  water-fowl  of  the  duck  family, 
De^iia  eaiidn„„a.  (.Inas  aeuta,  Linn.,)  with  a  long, 
wedge-shaped,  acute  tail.  It  is  found  in  Europe, 
Asia,  and  North  America,  and  is  esteemed  excellent 

PIN'TLE,  (pin'tl,)  71.  A  little  pin.  In  artillery,  a 
long  iron  bolt.  c  on  "^ 

PIN'ULES,  71.  pi.  In  astrononnj,  the  sights  ol  arl  ..s- 
trolabe.     [Obs.]  .  ■''""• 

PI'NY,  a.    .^bounding  with  pmes. 

PI-0-NEEK',  7^  (■    To  go  before  and  prepare  a  w.iy 

P7  0NFFR'  71  [Fr.  77ii)7i7u>7-,  contracted  from  yioc''- 
"^Vil-r^ftom  yiWic  a  ^eka.,pl..ber,  to  .1)^7  •'.;'' -.,^,^ 
vcck,  W.  pimm,  Sp.  and  Port,  pie.ar.  Ilio  Itali.ins 
'"'.uajauire,' Sit  gnstadiyr,  from  gnastnre,  gas^nr 
to  waste,  to  wear  away.  The  Germans  use  scluui.- 
nrnber,  D.  sebanssrraaveT,  a  trench-digger.] 
-  1.  Ill  (Ac  art  a,.iy™cliMo/7tar,  one  whose  business 
is  to  march  with  or  before  an  army,  to  repair  the  road 
or  clear  it  of  obstructions,  work  at  intrcnchments, 
or  form  mines  for  destroying  an  enemy's  wo^ks.^^^^ 

2.  One  that  goes  before  to  remove  obstructions  or 
preiiarc  the  way  for  another. 
PT  O  NEEU'i!D,  VP-    Preceded  and  prepared. 
PI'0-NI.E1),  (-nid,)  a.    Abounding  iii  P«"""s-  , 

pr'O  NING  77.    The  work  of  pioneers.     [JVo(  iised.\ 
PT'O-NV    )  71.     [Sax.  ;7ii""c,  from  L.  pmonia:i.r.  tjat- 
Pi5'0-NY,  1      oiJm,  from  -<7.o,i.,  Apollo,  a  physician, 

""au  i'e'rb  "clous,  perennial  plant  Pa:onia  "Incinalis 
with  tuberous  roots,  and  bearing  large  b^;)'    ^'^  jf  j. 
lluwers.   Also,  the  popular  name  of  all  the  species  oi 
e"en us  Pa;oiiia,  the  individual  species  being  dis- 
tinguiriied  by  prelixing  some  appropriate  doscrqilive 

PI'Sus!',..  [L.  pins  ;  Fr.  yicx  ;  Sp.  It.  and  Port,  pio 
In  Sp  and  V  the  word  signiHes  not  only  ;ii.-.is  but 
mild' and  compassionate,  and  P'^p^^Vi^l-J^^  "" 
messed  hv  one  and  the  same  word,  bee  1  itv.J 
•^  1  Godly  ;  reverencing  and  honoring  the  Supreme 
Bei'i."  inheartandin  the  practice  of  the  duties  he 
has  enjoined  ;  having  due  veneration  and  aff-ecton 
f  a  th^charactcr  of  God,  and  habitually  obeying  his 
commands;   religions ;    devoted  to  the  service   of 

'"t  i^S^^^^^co  to  God  ;  proceeding  from 
piJty;  applied  to  things:  as,  pious  awe;  yiou^  ser- 
vices or  alfections  ;  pious  sorrow. 

3  Ilavin"  due  respect  and  afl-ection  for  parents  o 
othei  rdatWes  ;  practicing  the  duties  of  respect  and 
atrection  toward  parents  or  other  '"'■■)^^^^"%^„^ 

4.  Practiced  under  the  pretense  of  religion  ;   as, 

vf^vi'hY^'aiv.  In  a  pious  manner ;  with  reverence 
■i°if  aftbction  for  God  religiously  ;  with  due  regard 
?o"icl!e1\hings  or  to  the  duties  God  has  enjoined.^ 


TT;:^-  „v.    ..rr.   w„.T.-MeTEj;REY^-Pljr^^X^^^  MOVF^^WQLF^BQQK^ 


828 


PIQ 

9.  With  due  regard  to  natural  or  civil  relations, 
and  to  the  duties  wliich  spring  fioiu  iheni.    jiddisoit. 
PI'OUS-MIND'ED,  a.    Of  a  pious  disposition. 
PIP,  ;t.     [D.  pip ;  Fr.  pepie.] 

1.  A  disease  of  fowls  ;  a  horny  pelncle  that  grows 
on  the  tip  of  their  tongue.  Jahiison.     Hudibras. 

■X  A  spot  on  cards.  Addison, 

'i.  The  seed  of  an  apple,  orange,  or  similar  fruit. 

SoUthCTJ. 

PIP,  V.  L     [Xi.  ptpio  ;  W.  pipian  ;  Dan.  piper.] 

To  cry  or  chirp,  as  a  chicken ;  commonly  pro- 
nounced peep.  Boyle. 

PIPE,  n.  [Sax.  pipe:  W.pib;  h:  pib,  piob ;  Sw.  pipy 
pipa  ;  D.  pi/p  :  G.  pfeifCy  whence  Eng.  ffe ;  Dan.  pibc ; 
Port.  It.  and  Sp.  pipa ;  Fr.  pipe  ;  Arm.  pip  or  pimp.'^ 

1.  A  wind  instrument  of  music,  consisting  ol  a 
long  tube  of  wood  or  metal ;  as,  a  rural  pipe.  The 
word,  Ihelieve,  is  not  now  tlie  proper  technical  name 
of  any  particular  instrument,  but  is  applicable  to  any 
tubular  wind  instrument,  and  it  occurs  in  bair}^ipe. 

2.  A  long  tube  or  hollow  body  :  applied  to  the 
veins  and  arteries  of  the  body,  and  to  many  hollow 
bodies,  particularly  such  as  are  used  for  conductors 
of  water  or  other  tluids. 

3.  A  tubj  of  clay  with  a  bowl  at  one  end,  used  in 
smoking  tobacco. 

4.  The  organs  of  voice  and  respiration ;  as  in 
■mindpipe.  Peacham. 

5.  The  kev  or  sound  of  the  voice.  Shak. 

6.  In  Ernrhnd,  a  roll  in  the  excliequer,  or  the  ex- 
chequer itself.  Hence  J  pipc-ofice  is  an  office  in  which 
the  clerk  of  the  pipe  makes  out  leases  of  crown 
lands,  accounts  of  sheriffs,  &c. 

7.  A  cask  usually  containing  two  hogsheads  or 
126  gallons,  used  for  wine ;  or  tiie  quantity  which  it 
contains. 

8.  In  miiiincr^  a  pipe  is  where  the  ore  runs  forward 
endwise  in  a  hole,  and  does  not  sink  downward  or 
ill  a  vein.  Encyc. 

PIPE,  r.  i.  To  play  on  a  pipe,  fife,  flute,  or  other 
tubular  wind  instrument  of  music.  Dryden.  Swift. 

Wc  have  piped  to  you,  and  ye  have  nol  d.inced.  —  MaU.  xi. 

2.  To  have  a  shrill  sound  ;  to  whistle.  Sltak. 

PIPE,  V.  U    To  play  on  a  wind  instrument.    \  Cor. 

XIV. 

PIPE'-€LaY,  v.  A  species  of  white  clay,  used  in 
making  tobacco  pipes  and  various  kinds  of  earthen 
ware.  Brande. 

PIP'>:U,  (plpt,)  a.    Formed  with  a  tube ;  tubular. 

Encyc. 

PIPE'FISII,  71,    A  fish  having  a  long  and  very  slender 

body,  with  an  elongated,  tubular  snout,  the  whole 

covered  with  bony  plates,  like  a  coat  of  mail.    The 

pipefishes  constitute  the  Linnjean  genus  Syngnaihus. 

Jardinc's  JV"^^^  Lib. 

PIP'EK,  ;i.  One  who  plays  on  a  pipe  or  wind  instru- 
ment 

PIP'ER-IDCJE,  n.  A  name  given  to  the  tupelo  or  black 
gum,  a  tree  with  very  tough  wood,  belonging  to  the 
genus  Nyssa. 

2.  Piperidge  bush;  a  shrub,  the  barberry.  [See 
Pepperidge.] 

PIP'ER-IN,  n.  A  peculiar  cr>'stalline  substance,  ex- 
tracted from  black  pepper.  The  crystals  of  piperin 
are  transparent,  and  they  assume  the  tetrahedral, 
prismatic  form,  with  oblique  summits.      Carpenter. 

PiPE'-TREE,  11.    Tlie  lilac. 

PiP'ING,  ppr.    Playing  on  a  pipe. 

2.  a.  Weak ;  feeble ;  sickly ;  from  the  weak  or 
piping  voice  of  the  sick ;  as,  these  piping  limes  of 
peace.  Shak. 

3.  Very  hotj  boiling;  from  the  sound  of  boiling 
fluids. 

[Used  in  vulgar  language.l 
PI-PIS'TREL,  71.    A  small  bat,  the  common  bat  of 

England. 
PIP'KIN,  n.     [dim.  of  pipe.]     A  small  earthen  boiler. 

Pvpe. 
PIP'PIN,  n.     [D.  pippeling.] 

A  kind  of  apple ;  a  tart  apple.    This  name,  in 

America,  is  given  to  several  kinds  of  apples,  as  to 

the  Newtown  pippin,  an  excellent  winter  apple,  and 

the  summer  pippin,  a  large  apple,  but  more  perishable 

than  the  Newtown  pippin. 
PiaU'AN-CY,  (pik'an-sy,)  n.     [Infra.]     Sharpness; 

pungcncv  ;  tartness  ;  severity.  Barruw. 

PiaU'ANT,  (pik'kanl,)  a.     [Fr.,  from  pitjuer,  to  prick 

or  sting.  It.  piccarCj  Sp.  and  Port,  picar^  from  the  root 

of  pike,  peak.] 

1.  Pricking;  stimulating  to  the  tongue;  as,  it  is 
as  piquant  to  the  tongue  as  salt.  Addison. 

•7.  Sharp  J  tart;  pungent;  severe;  as,  pi^Hcni  rail- 
leries. Oov.  of  the  Tongne. 

PiaU'ANT-LY,  fpik'ant-ly,)a£Zy.  With  sharpness  or 
pungency  ;  tartly.  Locke. 

PIQUE,  (peek,)  n.  [Fr.  See  PiquAWT.]  An  ofiense 
taken  ;  usually,  shght  anger,  irritation,  or  displeas- 
ure, at  persons,  rather  temporary  than  permanent, 
and  distinguished,  either  in  degree  or  temporarine^s, 
from  settled  enmity  or  malevolence. 

Out  of  personal  pique  to  lliose  in  eerviw,  he  stands  xi  a  looker 
on,  when  the  government  is  RtUiclted.  Addison. 

2.  A  Strong  passion.  Hudibras. 


PIS 

3.  Point;  nicety;  punctilio. 

Add  long  prcBcription  o(  rKttMialicd  lau'i, 
And  ^nque  ul'  honur  lo  muiiit.'iiii  ii  ciuw.-. 


Dryden. 


PIQUE,  (peek,)  v.  t.    [Fr.  piquer.    See  PiquAMT.] 
1.  To  offend  ;  to  nettle  ;  to  irritate ;  to  sting ;  to 
fret ;  to  excite  a  dc-grco  of  anger.     It  expresses  less 
than  ExAspEQ.vTE. 

The  lady  was  piijued  for  her  iudilTcreiicc.        Pcmaie  QuiroCe. 

9.  To  Stimulate ;  to  excite  to  action ;  to  touch  with 
envy,  jealousy,  or  other  passion. 

Piqued  by  Protogenea's  Time, 

Krom  Co  to  Rhodes  Apelica  came.  Prior. 

3.  With  the  reciprocal  pronoun,  to  pride  or  value 
one's  self. 

M(?ii  pique  Uiemsclves  c 


diL.tr  Bki:i  in  the?  learned  Im 


PIQU'ED,  (pcekt,)  pp.     Irritated  ;  nettled  ;  offended  ; 

excited. 
PIQIT-EER'.     See  Pickeer. 
PIQU-EER'ER,  71.    A  plunderer;  a  freebooter,    rpee 

PirKEERER.]  SlOift. 

PiaU'ET.     See  Picket. 

PI-QUET',  (pe-ket^)  71.  [Fr.1  A  game  at  cards  played 
between  two  persons,  with  only  thirty-two  cards ; 
all  the  deuces,  threes,  fours,  fives,  and  sixes,  being 
set  aside.  Knnie. 

PIQU'ING,  (peck'ing,)  ppr.  Irritating;  oficnding; 
priding. 

PI'RA-CY,  71.  [¥r.  piralerie;  L.  piratica,  from  Gr. 
rreipaTica,  from  Trri/jnfii,  to  attempt,  to  dare,  to  enter- 
prise, whence  L.  periculam,  crperior.  Tlio  primary 
sense  of  the  root  is,  to  run,  rush,  or  drive  forward  ; 
allied  to  Stxx.farsn,  Eng.  to /err.     Class  Hr.] 

1.  The  act,  practice,  or  crime,  of  robbing  on  the 
high  soas ;  the  taking  of  properly  from  others  by 
open  violence  and  without  authority,  on  the  sea;  a 
crime  that  answers  to  robbery  on  land. 

Tfaller.     Jirbuthnot. 
Other  acts  than  robbery  on  the  high  seas  are  de- 
clared by  statute  to  be  piracy.    See  act  of  congress, 
April  30,  1790, 

2.  An  infringement  of  the  law  of  copyright,  or  the 
publishing  of  the  writings  of  another  witliout  per- 
mission. 

PI'RATE,  71.  [iLplrato  ;  L.  and  Sp.  pirata;  Gr.  iru- 
/)uri7(,  from  -ftpac}.  (See  Piracy.)  Formerly  this 
word  signified  a  ship  or  sea  soldier,  answering  to 
the  marine  of  the  present  day.] 

1.  A  robber  on  the  high  seas  ;  one  tliat  by  open 
violence  takes  the  property  of  another  on  the  high 
sf-as.  In  sirictncsx,  the  word  pirate  is  one  who  makes 
it  his  business  to  cruise  for  robbery  or  plunder;  a 
freebooter  on  the  seas. 

2.  An  armed  ship  or  vessel  which  sails  without  a 
legal  commission,  for  the  purpose  of  plundering 
other  vessels  indiscriminately  on  the  high  seas. 

3.  One  who  infringes  the  law  of  copyright,  or 
publishes  the  writings  of  other  men  without  permis- 
sion. JuJinsou. 

PI'RATE,  V.  i.    To  rob  on  the  high  seas.      Arbuthnot. 
PI'RATE,  V.  t.    To  take  by  theft  or  without  right  or 
permission,  as  books  or  writings. 

They  advertised  thfy  would  pirate  liia  edition.  Pope. 

PI'RA-TED,  pp.  or  a.      Taken  by  theft  or  without 

richt. 
Pr-RAT'I€>-AL,  a.     [L.  piraticns.] 

1.  Robbing  or  plundiring  by  open  vioh-nrc  on  the 
high  seas  ;  as,  a  piratical  commander  or  ship. 

2.  Consisting  in  piracy;  predatory;  robbing;  as, 
a  piratical  trade  or  occupation. 

3.  Practicing  literary  theft. 

The  errors  of  the  press  were  multinlicd  hy  j>iralical  prinfrs. 

Pijj"-. 

PT-RAT'ie-AL-LY,  adv.     By  piracy.  Bryant. 

PI'RA-TING,  ppr.  Robbing  on  the  high  seas  ;  taking 
without  right,  as  a  book  or  writing. 

2.  a.  Undertaken  for  the  sake  of  piracy;  as,  a 
piratiuir  expedition.  Milord. 

PI-RoGUE',  Cpe-rog',)         )   v.      [Sp.  piragua.      This 

PI-RA'GUA,  (pe-raw'g'il,)  S  word  is  variously  WTit- 
tenVPEHiAnuA  or  Pmiogoe.  The  former  is  the  spell- 
ing of  Washingtort  and  Jefferson;  the  latter  of 
Charlevoix.] 

1.  A  canoe  formed  out  of  the  trunk  of  a  tree,  or 
two  canoes  united.  Charlevoix. 

2.  In  modern  tisagc  in  .America,  a  narrow  ferry-boat 
carrvine  two  masts  and  a  leeboard. 

PIR-OU-ETTE',  (pir-oo-et',)  n.  [Fr.]  A  whirlmg,  or 
turnins  about  on  the  toes  in  dancing. 

2.  The  circumvolution  of  a  horse  on  the  same 
ground.  .  .  _, 

PIR'RY,  ji.    A  rough  gale  of  wind;  a  storm.     [Jv^ot 

vsed.]  F.iyot, 

PIS'€A-RY,  n.  [It.  pc.^chcria,  from  pescMre, to  fish,Sp. 
pcscnr;  Fr.  pScherif,  from  pScher,  lo  fish;  Ii.piscv:,:i 
fish  ;  piscor^  to  fish.] 

In  law,  the  right  or  privilege  of  fishing  in  another 
man's  waters.  Btacl:stone. 

PIS-€.4'TION,  n.      [L.  piscatio.      See  Piscart   and 
Fish.] 
The  act  or  practice  of  fishing.  Brown. 


PIS 

PIS-€A-To'RJ-ALW  rr       ■      ,_-      i 

Pia'CA-TO-RV,       !"•    [i^  F**tJiUmiu.} 

Relating  tu  fiibes  or  to  ftthinc ;  ai,  a  ptMcaterrf  re- 
loEue.  Addisou. 

PIS'C  K8 ,  n.  pi.     [  L.  piscU.  ] 

In  astronomy^  ihc  Fisfacfl,  Uie  twelfth  sign  or  ccm- 
Rtellation  in  the  zodiac 
PIS'CI-.VAL,  a.    Ik-luricing  (o  a  fiili-poiuL 
PIS'CINE,  (-sin,)  a.    [Lpucu,  a  fi»h.] 

Pertaining  to  fiidi  or  fuhei;  a«,  pitchu  rnnaiiu. 

PIS-CIV'O-ROUS,  a.    [L.  piieu,  a  ftib,  and  wn,  lo 

cat.] 

Feeding  or  HubsiHtin^  on  flihe*.    Many  -   -  —  -' 
aquatic  fowU  are  piicicurotit. 
P.r.S'/:,  (pC'zi)  n.     [Fr.]     A  pp<-cl(-<  of  wu 
stiff  earth  or  clay  rammed  in  bet%v«.-a  m'^-^i  i-  .i  « 
carried  up.         '  OitiU. 

PI.SII,  ezclam.     [Perhaps  the  Oriental  0^3  or  nra. 
Class  Us.  K(i.  2,  3.] 

A  word  exprcsying  contempt;  womciiti. 
and  written  Pshaw. 
PISH,  r.  i.    To  express  contempt.  J  •.-(". 

PI'SI  FORM,  a.    [L.  pisum,  a  jica,  and/tfrvu,  fonn.] 
Having  the  fr>rm  of  a  jiea. 

Miii»o*  of  piriform  ^ujiltieroa*  ir^n  ofrr,  ''         - 

PIS'MIRE,  V.    [The  last  5i)IIab!e  U  Uic 
Dan.  Tnyrc,  D.  7,ii<t,  an  anl ;  Sax.  myro. 
know  not  the  origin  nr  meaning  of  the  fir  * 
The  insect  called  the  Arir  or  Euuet. 

Prior.    .'■: 

PI'SO-LITE,  n.      [Gr.  ncor,  a  pea,  and    .  .■  ,„  a 
stone.] 

A  calcarcoux  stone,  made  up  of  plobubir  rrmrrr- 
tions  of  the  size  of  a  pea ;  also  called  V 
Oolite  is  similar  in  structure,  but  the  con- 
as  small  as  the  roe  of  a  fi<^li. 

PI-SO-LIT'ie,  a.     In  viincralogy,  rcsenibli;. 
turc  peas  agglutinated. 

PIS'O-PIIALT,  ji.  Pea-mineral  or  min- : 
soft  bitumen,  black,  and  of  a  clrong,  pui:j 
It  appears  to  be  petroleum  j>assingioa.wpli:i  ■ 
a  middle  place  bet^vcen  petrol,  which  ia  I 
asphalt,  which  Is  dry  anti  brittle.      DicL  A'ui.  jil'. 

[A  mist.iken  orthography  of  Pissasmialt,  and  nol 
at  all  dsrived  from  tico;-,  a  pea-] 

PISS,  u.  A.     [D.  anil  0.  pissen  i  Dan.pisser;  Sw.piMc; 


Fr.  pisser ;  \V. 
O 

,1. 


pfsaw;  Basque,  pisye;    It.  pi^ciare; 


Pcrs. 


J^ 


pishar,  urine.    Class  Br,  Na  61, 0.] 


To  discharge  the  liquor  secreted  by  the  kidneyi 
and  lodged  in  the  urinary  bladder. 
PISS,  w.     Urine;  the  liquor  secreted  by  th«  kiiJn.;.^ 
into  the  bladder  of  an  animal  and  discharged  thruugh 
the  proper  channel.  I 

PISS'A-BEL),    n.      The    \TiIgar   name   of  a  yellow   | 
liower,  growing  among  grass,  the  dandelion. 

LezJcJi. 
PIS'SAS-PIIALT,    n.       [Gr.     s-JC-cac^aAr  ;  :    -rr- 
turpentine,  and  (icOdXro?,  asphalt :  Sp.  p: 
Earlh-pitch  ;  a  soft  bitumen  nf  the  c  ; 
tar,  black,  and  of  a  strong  srnrll.     It  is  in 
and  intermediate  between  petroleum  ai. 
and  appears  to  be  a  combinalien  of  n.; 
asphalL     It  is  now  considered  as  a  rac: 
petroleum.      Deprived   of   its   naphilia,   :. 
PISS'BURXT,  a.     Stained  with  urine. 
PIST,     (  II.     [Ft.  piste,  from  Sp.  and  Port. 
PISTE,  \      Sp.  pi.-far,  to  beat,  orpwojrar,  to  i-.im  v: 
drive.] 

The  ti-ack  or  footprint  of  a  horseman  on  the 
ground  he  goes  over.  Jokm.«cn. 

PIS-Ta'CHIO,  (pis-li'sho,)  n.     [Fr.  pistac^e;  IL  pU- 

o  J  o  J 

taeehio;  L.  ptstacAia;  Gr.  in^itKia  ;  Pers.  i_ji)ukO 

£>  .-  u  J 
Ar.  L-Awi  fostakon.] 

The  nut  of  the  Pislacia  vera,  a  kind  of  turpcntine- 
troe,  coniaininc  n  keniel  of  a  pale  preeni-vh  a  !i  r. 
of  a  pleasjint  taste,  resembling  that  of  tlie  alnnn.. 
and  yielding  a  well-tasted  oil.  It  is  whole.^^:!..^ 
and  nuliitive.  The  tree  grows  in  Syria,  Arabia,  and 
Persia,  and  also  in  Sicilv.  Bjmji-:V. 

PIS-TA-RF.EX',  II.    A  silver  coin  of  the  ralue  of  17  or 
18  cents,  or  9rf.  sterling. 

PIS'TIL,  >i.     [L.  ptaium,  a  liesllc] 

In  botany,  the  fcni.-Ue  sexual  orpin  of  all  phrnoj- 
amous  plants.  It  is  situ.it«l  in  the  center  of  all 
hermaphrodite  and  female  flowers,  and  cmerallj- 
consists  of  an  ovar\-,  one  or  more  styL-s.  .iiiJ  one 
or  more  stisnias :  but  the  stylo  is  not  essential. 

PIS-TIL,-I,.\'CEOUS,  (shus,)  n.    Growing  on  the  pis- 
til of  a  flower.  Bort.'ii. 

PIS'TIL-L.*TE,  a.    Having  a  pislil.  . 

riS-TIL-L.\'TION,  n.     (L.  yu-aUra,  »  pestle,  that  is, 
a  beater  or  driver.]  r,-  ,       _jt 

The  act  of  pounding  in  a  mcttar.    iLitUe  nsce.] 


TONE,  BULL,  IINITE.-AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.-e  as  K ;  6  a3  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


629 


PIT 

PIS-TIL-LI F'ER-0U3,    a.      [pistU  and  L.  /tjo,  to 

bear.] 

Having  a  pistil  wilbotit  sUiinons,  as  a  female 
flower. 

PIS'TOL,  n.  [Fr.  pistole,  jtistvlet ;  It.  and  Sp.  pistola^ 
a  pistol.  This  wuril,  like  piston  and  pcsUe,  signifies 
a  driver,  or  a  canal  or  Kjjout,  from  Iht;  same  root. 
Class  Us.] 

A  small  fire-arm,  or  the  smallest  fire-arm  used,  dif- 
fering from  a  musket  chiolly  in  size.  Pistols  are  of 
different  lengths,  and  borne  by  horsemen,  in  cases  at 
the  saddle-bow,  or  by  a  girdle.  Small  pistols  are  car- 
ried in  the  pocket. 

PIS'TOL,  V.  U     [Fr.  pistolcr.] 
To  shoot  Willi  a  pistol. 

PIS-ToLE',  71,  [Fr.]  A  gold  coin  of  Spain,  worth 
about  16  shillings  sterlinp,  or  S3.G0  cents.  In  other 
countries,  it  varies  from  $3  to  $5.  jMcCuUoch. 

PIS' TOL-KD,  pj).    Shot  with  a  piittol. 

PIS'TO-LET,  n.     [Fr.]     A  little  pistol. 

PIS'TOL-ING,  ppr.    Shooting'  with  a  pistol. 

PIS'TON,  n.  [yr.  and  Sp.  piftun^  from  the  root  of  Sp. 
pisar^  pistar  ;h.  pinio,  the  primary  sense  of  wl.ich  is, 
to  press,  send,  drive,  thrust,  or  strike,  like  embolus, 
from  Gr.  CfiPaWot,  .<?a,\Ar.j.] 

A  short  cylinder  of  metal  or  other  solid  substance, 
which  fits  'exactly  tlie  caviry  of  a  pump  or  barrel, 
and  works  up  and  down  in  it  alternately.  It  is  used 
in  pumps  and  other  engines  or  machines,  for  various 
purposes.  Brande. 

PIS'T0\-ROD,  n.  The  rod  attaching  the  pinion  to 
the  adjoining  machinery.  HahUman. 

PIT,  n.  [Sax.  pit  or  pvt;  T).  put ;  W.pijd:  It.  pit;  h. 
puteus ;  Sans,  put,  putiu  :  W.  pydaic,  a  well  or  spring, 
an  oozini:  fluid.  It  is  uncertain  whether  this  word 
originally  signified  a  hollow  place  du^  in  the  earth, 
or  a  natural  spring  of  water  and  its  basin.    See  Ar. 

txi  to  spring,  and  Class  Bd,  No.  53,  59,  63.] 

1.  An  artificial  cavity  made  in  tlie  earth  by  dig- 
ging J  a  deep  hole  in  the  earth.  Bacon.     Shak. 

2.  A  deep  place  ;  an  abyss  j  profundity. 

Into  what  pH  tliuii  sccfit 
From  whitl  \\\%\\\  fallon.  MUlon. 

3.  The  grave.    Ps.  xxviii.  and  xxx. 

4.  The  area  for  cock-fighting  ;  whence  the  phrase, 
to  fixj  Oie  piL  Locke.     Hudibrcs. 

5.  In  a  theater,  l!ie  part  on  the  ground  lloor  be- 
tween the  lower  ninge  of  boxes  and  the  stage. 

Owilt, 
G.  The  hollow  of  the  body  at  the  stoinach.    We 
say,  the  2>'t  of  the  stomach. 

7.  The  cavity  under  the  shoulder  ;  as,  the  arm-pi'. 

8.  A  dint  made  by  impression  on  i  sort  substpucc, 
as  by  the  finger,  iic. 

9.  A  little  hollow  in  the  flesh,  made  by  a  pustule, 
as  in  the  smalt-pox. 

10.  A  huUow  place  in  the  earth  excavated  for 
catching  wild  bea-^ls ;  hence,  in  Sci-ipturr,  wlmtever 
insnares  and  brings  into  calamity  or  misery,  from 
which  it  is  ditficiilt  to  escape.  Ps.  vii.  Prov.  -xxii. 
and  xxiii. 

11.  Great  distress  and  misery,  temporal,  spiritual, 
or  eternal.    Is.  xxxviii.    Ps.  xl. 

13.  Hell ;  as,  the  bottomless  pit.    Rev.  xx. 
13.   [Dutch.]    The  kernel  of  fruit,  as  of  a  chcr- 
rv,  &.C. 
PIT,  V.  K    To  indent ;  to  press  into  hollows. 

■2.  To  mark  with  little  hollows,  as  by  variolous 
pustules;  as,  the  face  pitted  by  the  smatl-pox. 
3.  To  set  in  competition,  as  in  combat. 

Federalist,  .Madison. 
PIT-A-Ha'YA,  71.    A  shrub  of  California,  which  yields 
a  delicious  fruit,  the  Cactus  Pitajaya  of  Jacquiu,  or 
Cenis  l*itajava  of  De  Candolle.  Kncyr, 

PIT'A-PAT,  adr.    [Probably  allied  to  heat.]     In  a  flut- 
ter; with  palpitation  or  quick  succession  of  beats  ; 
as,  his  hf-'art  went  pitapat. 
PIT'.\-PAT,  71.    A  light,  quick  step. 

Now  I  hear  tlie  piuipal  of  a  pretty  foot,  Uirough  the  ilirk  rIIcv. 

Dryden. 

PITCH,  71.  [Sax.  pic ;  I),  pik ;  G.  peck  ;  Sw.  beck ;  Dan. 
6f "-,  or  bee^:  Ir.  pjc,  or  peek;  W.  pij^;  Sp.  pez;  It. 
pecc;  Ir.  poit ;  L.  pix:  Gr.  maaa,  or  irirra;  most 
probably  named  from  its  thickness  or  inspissation, 

from  the  root  ofrrjiyrj,  VJ}yvvu,  TFjpffW,  Ij.JiTO.      See 
Class  Bg,  No.  23,  24,  a3,  66.] 

1.  A  thick,  black  substance  obtained  by  boiling 
down  tar,  used  in  calking  ships,  &c. 

2.  A  thick,  tenacious  substance,  the  juice  of  the 
silver  fir  of  Central  and  Southern  Europe,  Abies  pi- 
cea,  obtained  by  incision  from  thi^  bark  of  the  tree. 
When  melted  and  pressed  in  bags  of  cloth,  it  is  re- 
ceived into  barrels.    This  is  Burgundy  pitch. 

Fourcroy. 
Mineral  pitch.     See  Bitumen  and  Asi-halt. 
PITCH,  71.     [from  the  root  of  pike,  pealij  W.  pig.    See 
the  verb.] 

1.  Literally,  a  point ;  hence,  any  point  or  degree  of 
elevation  ;  as,  a  high  pitch;  lowest  pitch. 

How  l»i?h  n  pitch  his  resolution  Eoan  !  ShaJ:. 

Alcibiadca  was  one  of  Uie  best  omton  of  htft  age,  notwithsuniiinv 
lie  lived  when  Icanung  aas  al  its  highest  pitch.    Addison. 


PIT 


2.  Highest  rise.  Shak. 

3.  Size  ;  stature. 

So  like  in  peraon,  gaib,  uid  pUA.  Itudibrat. 

4.  Degree ;  rate. 

NopitcA  of  i^lory  from  the  gmve  U  free.  Wailcr, 

5.  Tlie  point  wliere  a  declivity  begins,  or  the  de- 
clivity itself;  descent ;  slope  ;  as,  the  pitch  of  a  hill. 

6.  The  degree  of  descent  or  declivity. 

7.  A  descent ;  a  fail  ;  a  thrusting  dtnvn. 

8.  Degree  of  elevation  of  the  key-nute  of  a  tune, 
or  uf  any  note. 

PITCH,  V.  t.  [Formerly  Pight  ;  W.  piiiair,  to  dart, 
from  pig,  a  point,  a  pike  ;  D.  pikkcn,  to  peck,  to  pick, 
to  pitch  ;  G.  pichcn  :  Fr.ficher;  Arm.  Jicha;  coincid- 
ing with  Ij.  Jigo,  to  fiz,  and  uniting  pike,  pique,  with 
Jiz,  Sp.  jiicar.  It.  piccare,  to  prick  or  sting.] 

1.  To  throw  or  thrust,  and  primarily,  to  thrust  a 
long  or  pointed  object;  hence,  to  fix;  to  plant;  to 
set ;  as,  to  pitch  a  tent  or  pavilion  ;  that  is,  to  set  the 
stakes.  Dryden. 

2.  'J'o  throw  at  a  point ;  as,  to  pitch  quoits. 

3.  To  throw  headlong  ;  as,  to  pitch  one  in  the  mire 
or  down  a  precipice. 

4.  To  throw  with  a  fork  ;  as,  to  pitch  hay  or  sheaves 
of  corn. 

5.  To  regulate  or  set  the  key-note  of  a  tune  in 
music. 

6.  To  set  in  array ;  to  marshal  or  arrange  in  order ; 
used  chiefly  in  the  participle ;  as,  a  pitched  battle. 

7.  [from' pitch.]  To  smear  or  pay  over  with  pitch  ; 
as,  topitch  the  seams  of  a  sliip. 

PITCH,  V.  i.  To  light ;  to  settle;  to  come  to  rest  from 
flight. 

Talcc  a  branch  of  ihc  tree  on  which  the  bees  pitch,  and  wipe  tlie 
hii'c.  '  Mortimer. 

2.  To  fall  headlong ;  as,  to  pitch  from  a  precipice  ; 
to  pitch  on  the  head.  Dryden. 

3.  To  plunge  ;  as,  topitch  into  a  river. 

■J.  To  fall  ;  to  fix  choice  ;  with  oti  or  upon. 

Pitch  upon  the  best  coarse  of  life,  ami  ciiilom  will  rpnder  it  the 
nioit  easy.  TVlotson. 

5.  To  fix  a  tent  or  temporary  habitation  j  to  en- 
camp. 

Laban  widi  his  Irethres  pUcIied'm  the  Mount  of  Gilead.  —  Gen. 

X.S.XJ. 

6.  In  navigation^  to  rise  and  fall,  as  the  head  and 

stem  of  a  ship  passing  over  waves. 

7.  To  flow  or  fall  precipitously,  as  a  river. 

Ovi;r  tills  rock  iho  river  pitches  in  one  entire  sheet.  B.  Tt^mbuU. 

FITCH'-BLACK,  a.    Black  as  pitch. 

PlTCil'BLENDE,  n.  An  ore  of  uranium,  of  a  black 
cr  brownish  color,  and  semi-metallic  luster.  It  af- 
fords an  orr.nge  color  in  painting.  Dana. 

PITCii'A'D,  fpitcht,)  pp.  or  a.  Set;  planted;  fixed; 
thro"ivn  headlong;  set  in  array;  smeared  with  pitch. 

PITCII'ER,  n.  [Arm.  picker ;  Basque, pfj^'ar,-  from  its 
spout,  or  from  throwing.] 

1.  An  earthen  vessel  with  a  spout  for  pouring  out 
liquors.  This  is  its  present  signification'.  It  seems 
formerly  to  have  signified  a  water-pot,  jug,  or  jar, 
with  ears.  Skak. 

9.  An  instrument  for  piercing  the  ground. 

JSIortimcr. 
3.  One  who  pitches  any  thing,  as  hay,  quoits,  &c. 

PITCH'EU-PLANT,  n.     See  Nepenthis. 

PlTCH'-FArv-TIIING,  7i.  A  pl.ay  in  which  copper 
coin  is  pitcited  into  a  hole ;  called  also  Chuck-F&r- 
THING,  from  the  root  of  choke. 

PITCH'FOKK,  71.     [W.  picforg.] 

A  folk  or  farming  utensil  used  in  throwing  hay  or 
sheaves  of  grain,  in  loading  or  unloading  carts  and 
wagons. 

PITCH'I-NESS,  71.  [from  piffi/i.]  Blackness;  dark- 
ne->s.     [Little  used.] 

PITCH' ING,  ;;/»■.  Setting;  planting  or  fi.ving;  throw- 
ing headlong;  plunging;  daubing  with  pitch;  set- 
ting, as  a  tune. 

2.  a.     Declivous;  descending;  sloping;  as  a  hill. 
PITCH'IXG,  iu    In  navigation,  the  rising  and  falling 

of  the  head  and  stern  of  a  ship,  as  she  moves  over 
waves  ;  or  the  vertical  vibration  of  a  ship  about  her 
center  of  gravity.  Mar.  Diet. 

PITCH'-oRE,  ».    Pitchblende,  an  ore  of  uranium. 

PITCH'-PIPE,  n.  A  wind  instrument  used  by  choris- 
ters in  regulating  the  pitch  or  elevation  of  the  key  or 
leading  note  of  a  tune.  Spectatm: 

PITCH'-SToNE,  7i.  A  variety  of  obsidian,  being  an 
unstratified  and  volcanic  rock,  having  the  appear- 
ance of  indurated  pitch.  [See  Obsidian.]  It  occurs 
in  large  beds,  and  sometimes  forms  whole  mountains. 

LycU. 

PITCH'Y,  a.  Partaking  of  the  qualities  of  pitch; 
like  pitch  Ifondward. 

2.  iSmeared  with  pitch.  Dryden. 

3.  Black  ;  dark  ;  dismal;  as,  the  pifchy  mantle  of 
night.  Shak. 

PIT'-CoAL,  n.  Mineral  coal ;  coal  dug  from  the  earth. 
PIT'E-OUS,  a.     [See  Pity.]    Sorrowful;  mournful; 

that  may  excite  pity  ;  as,  a.  piteous  look. 
2.  Wretched  ;   miserable ;  deserving  compassion  ; 

as,  a.  piteous  condition. 


PIT 

3.  Compassionate  ;  afi'ected  by  pity.    Prior.    Pope. 

4.  Pitiful ;  paltry  ;  poor  ;  as,  piteous  amends. 

Milton. 
PIT'E-OUS-LY,  adv.    In  a  piteous  manner ;    with 
compassion.  Shale 

2.  Sorrowfully ;  mournfully. 
PIT'E^OUS-NESS,  71.    Sorrowfulness. 

2.  Tenderness ;  compassion. 
PIT'FALL,  It.     A  pit  slightly  covered  for  concealment, 

and  intended  to  catch  wild  beasts  or  men. 
Prj''F.\LL.  V.  t.    To  lead  into  a  pitfall.  Milton. 

PITH,'?'.     [Sax.  pitha  ;  D.  pit,  pith,  kernel.] 

1.  The  soft,  spongy  substance  in  the  center  of 
plants  and  trees.  Bacon.    Encye. 

2.  In  auimiihy  the  spinal  cord.  Ray 

3.  Strength  or  force.  Shak. 

4.  Energy  ;  cogency  ;   concentrated  force  j  close- 
ness and  vigor  of  thought  and  t>tyle. 

5.  Condensed  substance  or  matter;  quintessence. 
The  fiumniary  contains  li\t:  pith  of  tlie  original. 

G.  Weight;  moment;  importance. 

Enterjuifja  of  gmilpiih  luid  moment.  Shak. 

PITH,  V.  t.  To  sever  the  spinal  cord  or  marrow,  as  by 
thrusting  in  a  knife.  A  mode  of  putting  animals  to 
death.  Library  of  Entertaining  Knoielalge. 

PITH'I-LY,  ai/y.  Willi  strength;  with  close  or  con- 
centrated force  ;  cogently  ;  with  energy. 

PITH'I-NESS,  7(.  Strength;  concentrated  force;  as, 
the  pithiness  of  a  reply.  Spenncr. 

PITH'LESS,  a.     Destitute  of  pith  ;  wanting  strength. 
2.  Wanting  cogency  or  concentrated  force. 

PIT'-IIoLE,  u.    A  mark  made  by  disease.     [Obs.] 

Beaum.  ^-  FL 

PITII'Y,  a.  Consisting  of  pith ;  containing  puh ; 
abounding  with  pith  ;  as,  a  pithy  substance  ;  a  pitiiy 
stem. 

2.  Containing  concentrated  force;  forcible;  ener- 
getic; as,  a  pithy  word  or  expression. 

Tliifl  pithy  spct-ch  prevailed,  und  all  agreed.  Dryden. 

3.  Uttering  energetic  words  or  expressions. 

In  all  these,  Gooilinan  Fact  waa  very  ahorl,  hut  jHihy.    Additon. 

PIT'I-A-BLE,  a.     [Fr.  pUoijabte ;  from  pUij.] 

Deserving  pity  ;  worthy  of  compassion  ;  misera- 
ble;  as,  p(fjc6/c  persons  ;  a  ;ji/iaife  condition. 

.^Ucrbnry. 
PIT'I-A-BLE-NESS,  71.    State  of  deserving  compas- 
sion. KetUewrll. 
PIT'I-A-BLY,  ade.    la  a  manner  deserving  pity  ;  mis- 
era  bl  v. 
PIT'L-ED,  CP't'ii'O  ?'/'•    Compassionated.     [See  the 

verb  En  PiTv.] 
PIT'I--ED-LY,  adtj.    In  a  situation  to  be  pitied. 
PIT'I-FIJL,  a.     [See  Pixv.]     Full  of  pity;  tender; 
compassionate  ;  having  a  heart  to  feel  sorrow  and 
sympathy  for  the   distressed.    James  v.    1  Pet.  iii. 
[  This  is  the  proper  sense  of  the  word.j 

Q.  Miserable ;    moving    compassion  ;    as,  a  sight 
most  pitiful ;  a  pitiful  condition.  Shak.    Ray. 

[This  is  a  very  improper  use  of  pitiful  (or  pitiable.] 

3.  To  be  pitied  for  its  littleness  or  meanness  ;  pal- 
try ;  contemptible;  despicable. 

Thai's  villainous,  and  ihowa  a  most  pitiful  nml>i^on  in  the  fool 
that  uses  it.  Siak. 

4.  Very  small;  insignificant. 
PIT'I-FUL-LY,  adv.    With  pity  ;  coinjiassionately. 

Com.  P'-ayer, 


PidfuUy  lehoUl  the  sorrows  of  our  heartt. 

2.  In  a  manner  to  excite  pity. 

They  wouIJ  sigh  aiiJ  jroaii  as  pitifully  as  other  men. 

'J'iUotson. 

3.  Contomptiidv  ;  with  rnranness.      Richardson. 
PlT'I-FUL-NESS,'?t.    Tenderness   of  heart  th.tt  dis- 
poses to  pity  ;  mercy  ;  comjiassion.  Sidney. 

2.  Contemptiblcuess. 

PIT'1-LESS,  rt.    Destitute  of  pity;  hard-hearted;  ap- 
plied to  persom  t  as,  a  pitiless  master. 
2.  Exciting  no  pity  ;  as,  a  piti/Ms  state. 

PIT'I-LESS-LY,  adv.    Without  mercy  or  compassion. 

PIT'l-LESS-NESS,  n.  Unmercifulness ;  insensibility 
to  the  distresses  of  others. 

PIT'MAN,7i.  The  man  that  stands  in  a  pit  when 
sawing  timber  with  anotlier  man  who  stands  above. 

Moxon. 
2.  The  piece  of  timber  which  connects  the  lower 
end  of  a  mill-saw  with  the  wheel  that  moves  it. 

PIT'SAW,  n.  A  large  saw  used  in  dividing  timber, 
and  lised  Ijy  two  men,  one  of  whom  stands  in  a  pit 
below.  Moron. 

PIT'TA-e.\L,  7t.  [Gr.  irirra,  pitch,  and  KaWvs, 
beauty.] 

A  dark-blue,  solid  substance,  somewhat  like  indi- 
go, obtained  from  wood  tar.  CVe. 

PIT'TANCE,  71.  [Fr.  pitance;  It.  pietanza;  Port,  pi- 
thnra.  The  word  signifies,  primarily,  a  portion  of 
food  allowed  to  a  monk.  The  Spanish  has  pitar,  to 
distribute  allowances  of  meat,  and  pitancero,  a  per- 
son who  distributes  allowances,  or  a  friar  who  lives 
on  charity.] 

1.  An  allowance  of  meat  in  a  monastery. 

2.  A  very  small  portion  allowed-or  assigned.  Shak. 

3.  A  very  small  quantity,  as  of  money,  &c. 

^rbutknot. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT — MkTE,  PKEY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.— 


PLA 

riT'TED,  jrp.  or  a.     [from  piU]     Marked  with  little 

IioMows  ;  set  in  competition,  as  in  combat. 
riT'TIXG,  ppr.    Marking  with  little  hollows  ;  setting 

in  competition. 
riT'TI-ZITE,  n.     [Gr.  -(crsa  or  irirra,  pitch.] 

Pitchv  iron  ore.  Ure. 

PI-TO'l-TA-RY,  a.    [L.  piftiita,  phlegm,  rheum  ;  Gr. 
rr-if.i,  to  spit.] 

That  secretes  phlegm  or  mucus  j  as,  the  pituitary 
memhrane.  Med.  Repos. 

The  pituitary  glaitd  is  a  small  oval  body  on  the 
lower  side  of  the  brain,  erroneously  supposed  by  the 
ancients  to  secrete  the  mucus  of  the  nostrils. 

Parr,     putney. 
PIT'C-TTE,  n.     [Fr.,  from  L.  pituUa.] 

.Mucus. 
PI-TU'I-TOUS,  a.     [L.  pHuUosus.] 

Consisting  of  mucus,  or  resembling  it  in  qualities. 
PIT'Y,  n,  [Fr.  pitie ;  It.  pietd,  pity  and  piety ;  Sp. 
pieteutj  pity  and  piety  ;  Port,  piedade,  id.  The  Latin, 
Itainn,  Spanish,  and  Portuguese  languages  unite 
pity  and  piety  in  the  same  word,  and  the  word  may 
be  from  the  root  of  compassion  ;  L.  patior,  to  suffer ; 
It.  compatire,  Sp.  and  Port,  compadecerse,  to  pity.] 

1.  The  feeling  or  suffering  of  one  person,  excited 
by  the  distresses  of  another;  sympathy  with  the 
grief  or  misery  of  another ;  compassion  or  fellow- 
suffering. 

He  tMt  baxh  pity  upon  the  poorlenJeth  to  ihe  Lord.  —  Prov.  lis. 

In  ScriptiLTe^  however,  the  word  pity  usually  in- 
cludes compassion  accompanied  with  some  act  of 
charity  or  benevolence,  and  not  simply  a  fellow-feel- 
ing of  distress. 

Pily  is  a!\fc-2ys  painful,  yet  al-Jfsys  agreeable.  Karnes. 

9.  TTie  ground  or  subject  of  pity ;  cause  of  grief  j 
thing  to  be  regretted. 

What  pfqr  bit 
That  ve  can  die  but  ooce  to  serve  ojf  country !  Addison. 

That  he  is  oid.  the  more  ia  the  pity,  his  white  faairs  do  n-itnesB  it. 

ShaJt. 

In  this  sense  the  word  has  a  plural.    It  is  a  thou- 
sand pities  he  should  waste  his  estate  in  prodigality. 
PIT'Y,  r.  U     [Fr.  pitoyer.] 

To  feel  pain  or  grief  for  one  in  distress ;  to  have 
sympathy  for ;  to  compassionate ;  to  have  tender 
feelings  for  one,  excited  by  his  unhappiness. 

like  as  a  (aiher  pilieth  his  children,  so  the  Ivord  pitielh  ihsm 

that  fear  Lim.  —  Ps.  ciii. 
Tao^fat  by  that  Power  who  pities  mc, 

I  fearn  tojwjy  ihem.  Coldsmzth. 

PIT'Y,  V.  i.    To  be  compassionate  j  to  exercise  pity. 

1  will  not  pit!/,  nor  spare,  nor  have  mercy.  — Jer.  xlii. 
[ptU  this  may  be  considered  as  an  elliptical  phrase.^ 
PIT'V-I  NG,  ppr.    Compassionating;  sympathizing. 
PIT'Y-IXG-LY,  adv.    Sympaihizingly  j   corapassion- 

atelv. 
Pld, '  [It.]     In  music,  a  little. 

PIVOT,  7t.    [Fr.    In  Italian,  piuo^o,  or  piulo,  is  a  peg 
or  pin.] 
1.  A  pin  or  short  shaft  on  which  any  thing  turns. 

I}ryden. 
9.  In  military  affairs,  the  officer  or  soldier  upon 
whom  the  different  wheelings  are  made  in  the  vari- 
ous evolutions  of  the  drill.  Brands. 
PIX,  B.     [L.  pyxis.] 

\.  A  little  box  or  chest  in  which  the  consecrated 
host  is  kept  in  the  Roman  Catholic  church. 

Hanmer. 
9.  A  box  used,  in  English  coinage,  for  the  trial  of 
gold  and  silver  coin.  Brande. 

PIX'Y,  Ti.     A  fairy.     [Local  in  England.]     HoUoway. 
riZ'ZLE,  Tt.     [D.  pees,  a  tendon  or  string.] 

In  certain  quadrupeds,  the  part  which  is  official  to 
c^eneration  and  the  discharge  of  urine.         Brown, 
PL.\-€A-RIL'I-TY,     >  n.     [from  placable.']    The  qual- 
PL.^'CA-BLE-XESS,  j      ity  of  being  appeasable;  sus- 

cpptibilitv  of  being  pacified. 
TLA'CV-BLE,   a.     [It.  placabile :  Sp.plarable:  1..  pla- 
cahilis,  from  placo,  to  pacify  ;  probably  formed  on  the 
root  of  lay.     See  Please.] 

That  may  be  appeased  or  pacified  ;  appeasable ; 
admitting  its  passions  or  irritations  to  bs  allayed; 
willing  to  forgive. 

Jletho'i^hl  I  Kiw  Yam  ptaeable  and  mM.  JittltaTi. 

rLA-€.KRD',  71.  [Fr.  placard ;  Sp.  placarte  ;  D.  plakaat ; 
plakken,  to  paste  or  stick  ;  G.  and  Dan.  placat :  Fr. 
plaquer,  to  clap  on,  Arm.  placqa.  According  to  the 
French  orthography,  this  word  is  composed  oi  pla- 
qutr,  lo  lay  or  clap  on,  and  carte,  card.] 

Properlv,  a  written  or  printed  paper  posted  in  a 
public  place.  It  seems  to  have  been  formerly  the 
name  of  an  edict,  proclamation,  or  manifesto,  issued 
by  authority  ;  but  this  sense  is,  I  believe,  seldom  or 
nfver  annexed  to  the  word.  A  placard  now  is  an 
advertisement,  or  a  libel,  or  a  paper  intended  to  cen- 
sure public  or  private  characters,  or  public  measures, 
posted  in  a  public  place.  In  the  case  of  libels  or  pa- 
pen?  intended  to  censure  public  or  private  characters, 
or  the  nieasrires  of  government,  these  papers  are 
Msually  pasted  up  at  night  for  secrecy.  It  is  used 
also  for  any  paper  posted  to  give  public  notice,  as  an 
advertisement. 


PLA 

PLA-€ARD',  r.  (.    To  post,  as  a  writing  or  libel,  in  a 
public  place.    It  is  sometimes  used  in  a  good  sense. 
9.  To  notify  publicly. 

PLA-eXRD'ED,  pp.  PoaU'd  in  a  public  place;  noti- 
fying publicly, 

PLA-CaRD'ING,  ppr.    Posting  in  a  public  place. 

PL-\'eATE,  V.  t,    [L.  place,  to  appease.] 

To  appe-ase  or  pacify  ;  to  conciliate.  Forhet. 

PLACE,  n.  [Ft.  id,;  Sp.  plaza;  Port. prafa;  It.  pia:- 
za,  for  piazza;  Arm.  pl/igz;  D.plaatt;  G.plalz;  Sw. 
plats ;  Dan.  plads.  Words  of  this  signification  have 
for  their  radical  sense,  to  lay.] 

I.  A  particular  portion  of  space  of  indefinite  ex- 
tent, occupied,  or  intended  to  be  occupied,  by  any 
person  or  thing,  and  considered  as  the  space  where 
a  person  or  thing  does  or  may  rest  or  haa  rested,  as 
distinct  from  space  in  general. 

Look  fr-jm  the  place  where  thou  art-  — Gen.  xiiL 

The  place  whTcoa  thou  atandest  a  holy  rround.  — Ex.  UJ. 

Erery  plaa;  whereon  ihc  iio!:«  of  your  Uel  ehall  tread  ib&ll  be 

youre.  —  Ueui.  xi. 
David's  place  was  empty.  —  1  Sam.  ix. 

9.  Any  portion  of  space,  as  distinct  from  space  in 
general. 

Enlargf^ment  and  deliverance   cball  arise  to  Iho   Jewi  from 
another  place.  —  Esth.  iv. 

3.  Local  existence. 

FVom  whose  Jacs  the  eartli  and  the  bearen  fled  away,  and  there 
was  I'yiind  uo  place  for  them.  —  Rer,  xx. 

4.  Separate  division,  room,  or  apartment. 

His  catjilogue  had  an  especial  place  for  eequeatered  dirioes. 

Fea. 

5.  Seat ;  residence ;  mansion. 

The  Romans  shall  come  and  take  aiA'ay  both  oar  place  and  na- 
tion. —  Johu  xi. 

6.  A  portion  or  passage  of  writing  or  of  a  book. 

The  place  of  the  Scripture  wJiich  he  read  was  ihts.  —  Acts  riii, 

7.  Point  or  degree  in  order  of  proceeding ;  as,  in 
the  first  place ;  in  the  second  place  ;  io  the  last  place. 
Hence, 

8.  Rank  ;  order  of  priority,  dignity,  or  importance. 
He  holds  the  fii-st  p^ace  in  society,  or  in  the  affections 
of  the  people. 

9.  Otnce  ;  employment ;  official  station.  The  man 
has  a.  place  under  the  government. 

Do  yoa  your  cSce,  or  give  up  yoai place.  Shot. 

10.  Ground ;  room. 

There  is  no  place  of  doubting  but  that  it  ia  ihe  very  eame. 

HamjTiotid. 

II.  Station  in  life  ;  calling;  occupation  ;  condition. 
All,  in  their  several  places,  perform  their  duty. 

19.  A  city  ;  a  town  ;  a  village.  In  what  place  does 
he  reside  .'*  He  arrived  at  this  place  in  the  mail-coach. 
Gen.  xviii. 

13.  In  military  flj^rr^,  a  fortified  town  or  post;  a 
fortress  ;  a  fort ;  as,  a  strong  place ;  a  place  easily  de- 
fended.    The  place  was  taken  by  assault. 

14.  A  country  ;  a  kingdom.    England  is  the  place 

15.  Space  in  general.  [of  his  birth. 

Eut  she  all  place  within  herself  confines.  Dccies. 

16.  Room ;  stead ;  with  the  sense  of  substitution. 

And  Josepli  said  to  them,  Fear  not ;  for  I  am  in  the  plaee  of  God. 
—  Geo.  1. 

17.  Room ;  kind  reception. 

aiy  v.-ord  hnlli  no  place  in  you,  —  John  vin. 

18.  The  place  of  a  heavenly  body,  in  astronomy,  is 
the  sign  and  degree  of  the  zodiac  in  which  it  is  at 
any  given  time  ;  usually  expressed  either  by  its  lati- 
tude and  longitude,  or  by  its  right  ascension  and  dec- 
lination.       '  Htitton. 

To  take  place ;  to  come  ;  to  happen  ;  to  come  into 
actual  existence  or  operation ;  as  when  we  say,  this 
or  that  event  will  or  will  not  take  place.  The  perfect 
exemption  of  man  from  calamity  can  never  take  place 
in  this  state  of  existence. 

9.  To  take  the  precedence  or  priority. 

j9ddisoa.    Locke. 

To  take  the  place,  but  sometimes  to  take  place,  omit- 
ting the  article,  is  to  occupy  the  place  or  station  of 
another. 

To  have  place ;  to  have  a  station,  room,  or  seat. 
Such  desires  can  have  no  place  in  a  good  heart. 

9.  To  have  actual  existence. 

To  give  place ;  to  make  room  or  way.  Give  place  to 
your  superiors.  . 

2.  To  give  room  ;  to  give  advantage  ;  to  yield  to 
the  influence  of;  to  listen  to. 

Neither  give  place  to  Uie  deril.  —  Eph.  \r. 

3.  To  give  way ;  lo  yield  to  and  suffer  to  pass 
awav.  ^.  , 

High  place:  in  Scripture,  a  mount  on  which  sacn- 
ficesVere  offered. 
PLACE,  v.  t.    [Fr.  placer.] 

1.  To  put  or  set  in  a  jrarticular  part  of  space,  or  m 
a  particular  part  of  the  earth,  or  in  something  on  its 
surface  ;  to  locate ;  as,  lo  place  a  house  by  the  side  of 
a  stream ;  to  place  a  book  on  the  shelf:  lo  place  a 
body  of  cavalry  on  each  tlank  of  an  army. 

2.  To  appoint,  set,  induct,  or  establish,  in  an  of- 
fice. 

Thou  ahalt  provide  out  of  all  the  people  aWc  men,  s«ch  as  fear 


PLA 


Ciod,  neo  al  tr-.-S.  hx"". 
Off  I  tbcro  U> ' 
It  b  a  bJfb  n^tr- 

and  ukntj. 


■ ;    \ui  ^'o/v  I 


3.  To  put  or  Wft  In  any  panirutar  rank 
condition,  fvimn  m^-n  ar<*  ptar^i  in  a  e-  ■ 
rank  and  '— ■' •'■    -      - 

row  cirrrr 
placed,  C'.! 
lion  of  hrii»iru.  --. 

4.  To  Bel;  to  fix;  as,  to  place  one*i  afft-: 
an  object;  loplac:  confident*  in  a  fri*-fid. 

5.  To  put;  to  invert;  a»,  *       ■-      - 
funds  or  in  a  bank. 

6.  To   put  o»it  at  InUTMt      ■ 
money  in    "     ^  ' '      -    - 

PLd-CE'J^ 

1.  In  f 

for  the  dead,  r»''^i:;iiiri-,  -■  j- 

2.  In  vudieiiu,  a  prescripts 
benefit  the  patient. 

PLaC'£D,  (plist,)  pp.    Set;   fixed; 

hshed. 
PLaCE'MAN,  n.    One  thai  ba 

emment. 
PL.A-CE\'TA,  n.     [L. ;  probr; 

plakken;  Fr.  plaquer,  to  slick 

1.  In    anatomy,   the    SUb^n.. 
ovxun  to  the  womb,  a  soft,  r 

by  which  the  principal  connerr  ■'■. 
tween  the  parent  and  the  fettw.        < 

2.  The  r«rl  of  a  plant  or  frjit  fn 
are  attached. 

PL.\-CEX'TAL,  a.    Pertainir. 

PLAC-EX-T.\'TI0.\,  n.    In  ' 

the  cotyledons  or  lobes  in  lb- 

tion  of  seeds. 
PLAC-E.\-T1F'ER-0US,  a.      I 
In  botany,  bearing  or  prodn 

PLa'CER,  71.    One  who  places  '  ■"  ■ 

PLACID,  a.     [L.  pladdus,  from  pUtc^. 

1.  Gentle;   quiet;   undisturbed; 
placid  motion  of  the  spirits. 

2.  Serene;  mild;  unrulDed;   inil 
mind  ;  as,  a  placid  countenance  or  smii-. 

3.  Calm ;   tranquil ;  serene ;   not  stormy ;  a.<, 
placid  sky. 

4.  Calm  ;  quiet ;  unruffled  ;  as, :: 
PLAC'ID-LY,  adc.    Mildly  ;  calmly  : 

disturbance  or  passion. 
PLAC'ID-.VESS,  (  n.    Calmness  :  q'Jiit     :■ 
PLA-CID^I-TY,    i      unruffled  >laio. 

2.  Mildness  ;  gentleness  ;  sweeinp?"  rf  " 


PLACING,  ppr.    Setting;  fixing;  :   ' 
PLAC'IT,  (plas'it,)  n.    [L.p/acihin,ti;  : 
a  decree,  from  placeo,  to  please.] 
A  decree  or  determination.     [Xot  ik  tst.] 

al 


PLAC'I-TO-RY,  a.    Relating  lo  pleas  or 

courts  of  law. 
PLACK'ET,  fi.    [&»m  the  Fr.  plaque  t 

See  Placard.] 
A  petticoat.    If  this  is  the  scr> 

Shakspeare.  it  is  deri\-ative.    The  v 

opening  of  the  garment;  but  it  is 

obsolete. 
PLA-eOID'I-AN,  a.    Pertaininp  to  \\. 
PLA-eOID'I-.\NS,  n.  pi.     [Gr.  T>^t,  a  . 

tioo^i,  form.] 
The  first  order  of  fi^h-=5  in  thr  smr- 

Agassiz,  having  tht; 

plates,  as  the  sharks,  r 
PLA-FOND',  n.    [Fr.] 

flat  or  arched  ;  anv  sotlif. 
PLa'G.VL,  a.     [Gr.'r.Vaj  toe] 

Plagal  melodies,  in  music,  are  such  as  havi;- 

principal  notes  lying  between  the  fifth  i : 

and  its  octave  or  twelfth.    [See  Acthest  : 


PL.\'GI-A  RISM.  n.     [t 

The  act  cf  purloinii! 
or  introducing  [lassai; 
and  putting  them  off  as 


.':h">  own  ;  lit- 


PL.\'Gr-A-RIST,  n.     One  that  purloins  il.- 

of  another,  and  puts  them  off  as  his  own. 
PLA'GI-A-RIZE.  r.  (,    To  steal  or  purioir. 

writings  of  another. 
PLa'GI-A-RIZ-£D,  pp.    Stolen  from  the  v 

another. 
PLS'GI-A-RTZ-IXG,  ppr.    Purloining  frrr- 

ings  of  another. 
PLA'GI-A-RY,  n.     [L.  ptagiua,  a  s 

ably  from  plagtr,  nets,  toil,  thai  ^'^ 

spread,  iVom  the  root  of  Eng.  Ism. 

stroke,  is  the  same  word  difftrently 

on.] 
1.  ,\  thief  in  lileratun' :  one  thr.' 


T©3VE,  BULL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K;  6  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS; ^; 


^i 


PLA 

er's  writings,  and  offers  tliem  to  llie  public  as  Iiis 
own.  South.    Dryden. 

2.  The  crime  of  literarj-  theft.    [J^Tae  used.] 

Brown. 
PLa'OI-A-RY,  a.    Stealing  men  ;  kidnappinij.    [JVot 
used.]  Broivn. 

G.  Practicing  literary  theft.  IlalL 

PLa'6I-0N-ITE,  n.  [Gr.  vXayio^y  oblique,  alluding 
to  the  co'stnllization.J 
A  blackish,  lead-gray  ore  of  antimony  and  lead. 
PLAGUE,  (plaS))  "•  [^P*  P^'^!^'^  "^  Haga,  a  wound,  a 
jilague  ;  It.  pia^a^  for  pla^a ;  G.  and  Dan.  plage ;  Sw. 
p!a<Ta  ;  W.  phiy  plague  ;  Uar,  a  slap  ;  Uaciaw,  to  strike, 
to  fick,  to  cudgel ;  Ir.  plai<r  ;  "L.  plaga^  a  stroke,  Gr. 
tA';>/;.  (See  Lick  and  Lat.)  The  primary  sense 
is,  a  stroke  or  striking.  So  affikt  is  from  the  root  of 
fio^j  and  probably  of  the  same  family  :is  pluirucl 

T.  Any  thing  troublesome  or  vexatious;  but,  in 
\\\\^  sense,  apjilied  to  the  vexations  we  suffer  from 
men,  and  not  to  the  unavoidable  evils  inflicted  on 
us  by  divine  Providence.  Tlie  application  of  the 
word  to  the  latter  would  now  be  irreverent  and  re- 
proachful. 

9.  A  pestilential  disease  ;  an  acute,  malignant, 
febrile  disease,  that  often  prevails  in  Egypt,  Syria, 
and  Turkey,  and  has  at  times  prevailed  in  the  large 
cities  of  Europe,  with  frightful  mortality. 

3.  A  state  of  misery.    Ps.  xsxviii. 

4.  Any  great  natural  evil  or  calamity  ]  as,  the  ten 
plafrues  of  Egj'pt. 

PLAGUE,  (plig,)  t;.  U  [Sp.  plagar;  W.  pJacaw;  It. 
pia^are:  G.  plagen;  Dan.  plagcr;  Sw.  plaga:  from 
the  noun.] 

1.  To  infest  with  disease,  calamily,  or  natural  evil 
of  any  kind. 

Thus  were  tiiisy  plashed 
And  worn  wiih  famine.  Milton. 

9.  To  ve.T ;  to  tease  j  to  harass ;  to  trouble ;  to  em- 
barrass ;  a  very  general  aitd  indfifinitc  signification. 

If  her  nature  be  so, 
Then  she  will  pla^e  the  man  thai  loves  her  most.     Sjienscr. 

PLAGUE'FIJL,  a.  Abounding  with  plagues;  infect- 
ed with  plagues. 

PLAGUE'LESS,  a.    Free  from  plagues  or  the  plague. 

PLAGU'I-LY,  (plag'e-le,)  adc.  Vexatiously  ;  in  a 
manner  to  vex,  harass,  or  embaiTass;  greatly;  hor- 
ribly.    [Ill  vulvar  use."]  Swift.     Dryden. 

PLaGU'Y,  (plag'e,)  a.  Vexatious;  troublesome;  tor- 
menting.    [  Fulgar.]  Hudibras. 

PLAICE,  )  n.    [Fr.plie;  Sp.platija;  G.plaUeise;  Dan. 

PLaISE,  (      plat-^fisk,  flat-fish  ;  from  plat,  flat.] 

A  fish  of  the  genus  Platessa,  (Pleuronectes,  Z.jnn.,) 
allied  to  the  flounder,  and  giowing  to  the  size  of 
eight  or  ten  pounds  or  more.  This  fish  is  more  flat 
and  square  than  the  halibut. 

PLaICE'MOUTH,  71.     A  wr>- mouth.        B.  Jonson. 

PLAID,  (plad,)  n.  [0.u.  W.  plaid,  a  partition  ;  diver- 
sity of  colors  being  often  named  from  dividing.] 

A  striped  or  variegated  cloth,  worn  as  an  over- 
garment by  the  Highlanders  in  Scotland.  It  is  a 
narrow  woolen  stuff,  worn  round  the  waist  or  on  the 
shoulders,  reaching  to  the  knees,  and,  in  cold  weath- 
er, to  the  feet.    It  is  worn  by  both  sexes.    Pennant. 

PLAIN,  a.  [Fr.  plain:  It.  piano;  Sp.  planoj  llano; 
Port,  piano,  from  L.  planus;  G.  and  Sw.  plan;  D. 
plcin;  Sw.  Dan.  D.  and  G.  plan,  a  plan  or  scheme; 
W.  plaji,  a  plane,  a  plantation,  a  slioot  or  cion,  a  ray 
of  light,  whence  plant,  children,  issue;  plciniaw,  to 
radiate  ;  plenig,  radiant,  splendid,  whence  iufplan, 
clear,  bright,  splendid,  and  ysplandcr,  L.  sjilendor. 
The  Gr.  K^apao),  to  wander,  is  from  the  same  root. 
Here  we  have  decisive  evidence,  that  plain,  plan, 
plant,  and  splendor,  are  from  the  sauie  radix.  (See 
Plant.)     Class  Ln,  No.  4,  6,  7.] 

1.  Smooth;  even;  level;  flat;  without  elevations 
and  depressions ;  not  rough  ;  as,  plain  ground  or 
land ;  a  plain  surface.  In  this  sense,  iu  philo- 
sophical writings,  it  is  written  Plane. 

2.  Open;  clear;  unencumbered;  fair. 

Our  troops  beat  an  nraiy  in  plain  fight  and  open  field.  fTclbtn, 

3.  Void  of  beauty  or  ornament ;  simple  j  as,  a 
plain  dress. 

Plmn  without  pomp,  and  rich  without  a  show.  Dryden. 

4.  Artless;  simple;  unlearned;  without  disguise, 
cunning,  or  affectation ;  without  refinement ;  as, 
men  of  the  plainer  sort.     Ocn.  xxv.  Bacon. 

Plain,  but  pious  Christiana.  Hammond. 

5.  Artless;  simple;  unaffected;  unembellished ; 
as,  a  plain  tale  or  narration. 

6.  Honestly  undisguised;  open;  frank;  sincere; 
unreserved.     I  will  tell  you  the  plain  truth. 

Give  rae  learc  to  t>;  plain  with  you.  Bacon, 

7.  Mere  ;  bare;  as,  a  plain  knave  or  fool. 

Shak.     Pope. 

8.  Evident  to  the  understanding;  clear;  manifest; 
not  obscure ;  as,  plain  words  or  language ;  a  plain 
difference ;  a  plain  argument. 

Il  is  plcin  in  the  history,  thai  Ksau  was  never  suhjoet  to  J.icob. 

Locke. 

9.  Not  much  varied  by  modulations ;  as,  a  plain 
song  or  tune. 


PLA 

10.  Not  high  seasoned  ;  not  rich ;  not  luxuriously 
dressed  ;  as,  a  plain  diet. 
IL  Not  ornamented  with  figures;  as,  p!ain  muslin. 

12.  Not  dyed. 

13.  Nut  difficult;  not  embarrassing;  as,  a  ])lain 
case  in  law. 

14.  Easily  seen  or  discovered  ;  not  obscure  or 
diflicult  to  be  found ,  as,  a  plain  rond  or  path.  Our 
course  is  very  plain.    Ps.  xxvii. 

PLAIN,  adv.  Not  obscurely ;  in  a  manner  to  be  easily 
understood. 

2.  Distinctly  ;    articulately  ;    as,  to   speak   plaijt. 
Jilark  vii. 
_3.  With  simplicity ;  artlessly;  bluntly. 
PL.AIN,  n.     [Ir.  cluain;  W.  llan ;  Fr.  plaine.    See  the 
adjective.] 

1.  Level  land;  usually,  an  open  field  with  an 
even  surface,  or  a  surface  little  varied  by  inequali- 
ties ;  as,  all  the  p?ain  of  Jordan.     Qen.  xiii. 

9.  Field  of  battle.  ArhutJmot. 

PLAIN,  V.  t.  To  level ;  to  make  plain  or  even  on  the 
surface.  Hayward. 

2.  To  lament  or  wail ;  as,  to  plain  one's  case. 

Spenser. 

PLAIN,  V.  i.     [Fr.  plaindre ;  L.  plan^o.] 

To  lament  or  bewail.  [.Vottt^ied.]  [See Complain.] 

PLAIN'-CHANT,  n.     Sec  Plain  Song. 

PLAIN'-DeAL-ER,  7!.  One  who  speaks  out  his 
views  with  great  plainness, 

PLAIN'-DeAL-ING,  a.     [plain  and  deal] 

Dealing  or  communicating  with  frankness  and 
sincerity  ;  honest ;  open  ;  speaking  and  acting  with- 
out art ;  as,  a  plain-dealing  man.     Shak.    VEstrangc. 

PLaIN'-DeAL-ING,  7(.  A  speaking  or  communi- 
cating with  openness  and  sincerity  ;  management 
without  art,  stratagem,  or  disguise;  sincerity. 

Dryden. 

PLaIN'-IIEaRT'ED,  a.  Having  a  sincere  heart  ; 
communicating  without  art,  reserve,  or  hypocrisy; 
of  a  frank  disposition.  Milton. 

PLaIN'-IIEaRT'ED-NESS,  n.  Frankness  of  dispo- 
sition ;  sincerity.  Hallywell. 

PLAIN'ING,  »,     Complaint.     [Obs.]     Sltak. 

PLAIN'LY,  adc.    With  a  level  surface.     [Little  used.] 

2.  Without  cunning  or  disguise. 

3.  Without  ornament  or  artificial  embellishment ; 
as,  to  be  plainly  clad. 

4.  Frankly  ;  honestly  ;  sincerely  ;  as,  deal  plainly 
with  me.  Pope. 

5.  In  earnest ;  fairly.  Clarendon. 

6.  In  a  manner  to  be  easily  seen  or  comprehended. 

Thou  shall  write  on  Ihe  stones  all  tlie  words  of  this  law  very 
plainly.  —  Dent,  ixvii. 

7.  Evidently;  clearly;  not  obscurely.  The  doc- 
trines of  grace  nrc  plainly  taught  in  the  Scriptures. 

PLAIN'NESS,  n.     Levelness  ;  evenness  of  surface. 

2.  Want  of  ornament ;  want  of  artificial  show. 

So  modcsl  plainticss  sf.is  off  sprightly  wiL  Pope. 

3.  Openness ;  rough,  blunt,  or  unrefined  frank- 
ness. 

Your  plainrvss  and  your  shortness  please  me  well.  Shale. 

4.  Artlessness;  simplicity;  candor;  as,  unthink- 
ing plainness.  Dryden. 

5.  Clearness ;  openness ;  sincerity. 

Seeing,   then,  we  have  such  hope,  we  use  great  plainness  of 
speech.  —  2  Cor.  iii. 

PLaIN'-SONG,  71.  An  ecclesiastical  chant  in  duple 
measure  witii  notes  of  equal  length,  and  rarely  ex- 
tending bevond  the  compass  of  an  octave.  P.  Cyc. 

PLAIN'-SPoK-£;N,  a.  Speaking  with  plain,  unre- 
served sincerity.  Dryden. 

PLAINT,  71.  [Fr.plaititc,  from  plaindre,  to  lament,  from 
L.  plango,  to  strike,  to  beat,  to  lament,  whence  eom- 
plaint;  Gr.  TXj7r(7ci,7r\fjrr(ij,lo  strike,  from  the  root 
TrArjj  f.i,  disused,  whence  Tr^Tjyi],  a  stroke,  L.  pUiga, 
Eng.  plague  :  Goth,  fickan,  to  lament ;  Sp.planir,  from 
the  Latin.  The  primary  sense  is,  to  strike,  that  is,  to 
drive  or  thrust,  applic  I  to  the  hand  or  to  the  voice  ; 
or  the  sense  of  compli.iut  and  lamentation  is  from 
beating  the  breast,  as  i:t  violent  grief;  Sw.  plagga, 
to  beat.] 

1.  Lamentation;  complaint;  audible  expression  of 
sorrow. 

From  inroard  grief 
His  bursting  passion  into  plainta  thus  poured.  MUlon. 

2.  Complaint;  representation  made  of  injury  or 
wrong  done. 

There  are  three  Just  grounds  of  war  with  Spain  ;  one  ofplainls ; 
two  Ufou  defense.  uacon. 

3.  In  law,  a  private  memorial  tendered  to  a  court, 
in  which  the  person  sets  forth  his  cause  of  action. 

Blaclistone. 

4.  In  laie,  a  complaint;  a  formal  accusation  exhib- 
ited by  a  private  person  against  an  offender  for  a 
breach  of  law  or  a  public  oflense, 

Iaiws  of  ..Vcio  York  and  Conn, 
PLAINT'FIJL,  a.    Complaining ;    expressing  sorrow 
with  an  audible  voice  ;  as,  ray  plaintful  tongue. 

Sidney. 
PLAINT'IFF,  «.      [Fr.   plaintif,  mournful,    making 
complaint.] 
In  law,  the  person  who  commences  a  suit  before  a  ' 


PLA  1 

tribunal,  for  the  recovery  of  a  claim  ;  opposed  to  Uu- 
PK^r>A^T. 

[Prior   uses   this   word    aa  an    adjective,  in  the 
French  sense,  for  pUiint.ivc,  but  the  use  is  nut  au- 
thorized.] 
PLaINT'IVE,  a.     [Fr.  flaintif] 

1.  Lamenting;  complaining;  expressive  of  sor- 
row ;  as,  a  plaintive  sound  or  song.  Dryden. 

2.  Complaining;  e.tprcssing  sorrow  or  grief;  re- 
pining. 

To  soothe  the  sorrows  of  \ict pleuntive  son.  Drylen. 

PLAINT'IVE-LY,  adc.  In  a  manner  expressive  of 
grief. 

PLAINT'IVE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  or  state  of  ex- 
pressing grief. 

PLAINT'LESS,  a.    Without  complaint ;  unrepining. 

PLAIN'-WOKK,  (-wurk,)  ti.  Plain  needlework,  as 
distinguished  from  embmiden'.  .Pope. 

PLAIT,  71.  [W.  ;'/f(A,  a  plait  or  fold  ;  plcLhn,  to  plait 
or  braid,  from  llclh;  Sw.  f.dta,  Dan.  Jicttcr,  to  plait, 
braid,  twist,  Russ.  plctu,  upletayu.  Ft.  plis^er,  with 
a  dialectical  change  of  (  to  s.  Uu.  Gr.  aXw^w,  to 
twist.] 

1.  A  fold ;  a  doubling ;  as  of  cloth. 

h  is  very  difficult  (o  tKice  out  lh«  figure  of  a  vest  through  nil  the 
plaits  and  foMing  of  the  dr.ip?ry.  Addison. 

2.  A  braid,  as  of  hair  or  straw 

PLAIT,  V.  t.  To  fold  ;  to  double  in  narrow  streaks; 
as,  to  plait  a  gown  or  a  sleeve.  Qay. 

2.  To  braid;  to  inlenveave  strands;  as,  lo  plait 
the  hair. 

3.  To  entangle  ;  to  involve.  Sliak. 
PLAIT'ED,  pp.  or  a.    Folded  ;  braided  ;  interwoven. 
PLaIT'ER,  Ti.    One  that  plaits  or  braids. 
PLaIT'ING,  ppr.     Folding;  doubling;  braiding. 
PLAN,  71.    [Fr.  G.  D.  Dan.  Sw,  and  Russ.  plan.    Tlio 

Italian  has  ptanta,  a  plant,  and  a  plan,  and  iu  Welsh, 
'plan  is  a  shoot,  cion,  plantation,  or  planting,  and  a 
plane.  Hence  plan,  plain,  plane,  and  plant,  are  frurn 
one  root.  The  primary  sense  of  the  verb  is  to  ex- 
tend.] 

1.  A  draught  or  form  ;  properly,  the  representntinti 
of  any  thing  drawn  on  a  p/a;te,  as  a  map  or  clmti, 
which  is  a  representation  of  some  portion  of  land  or 
water.  But  the  word  is  applied  particularly  to  th;; 
model  of  a  building,  showing  the  form,  extent,  and 
divisions  in  miniature,  and  it  may  be  applied  to  the 
draught  or  representation  of  any  projected  work  on 
pap^r,  or  on  a  plane  surface ;  as,  the  plait  of  a  town 
gr  city,  or  of  a  harbor  or  fort.  The  form  of  a  ma- 
chine in  miniature  is  called  a  Model. 

2.  A  scheme  devised  ;  a  project ;  the  form  of  some- 
thing to  be  done  existing  in  the  mind,  with  the  sev- 
eral parts  adjusted  in  idea,  expressed  in  words  or 
committed  to  writing  ;  as,  the  plan  of  a  constitution 
of  government ;  the  jilan  of  a  treaty  ;  the  plan  of  an 
expedition. 

PL.\N,  I'.  (.  To  form  a  draught  or  representation  of 
any  intended  work. 

2.  To  scheme;  to  devise;  to  form  in  design;  as, 
to  plan  the  conquest  of  a  country  ;   to  plan  a  reduc- 
tion of  taxes,  or  of  the  national  debt. 
PLA'NA-RV,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  plane.  DicL 

PL.VNCH,  f.  (.     [Fr.  planehc,  a  plank.    See  Plank. J 

To  plank  ;  to  cover  with  planks  or  boards.  Gorges. 
PLANCH'£D,  (plancht,)  pp.      Covered  or  made   of 

planks  or  boards. 
PLANCH'ER,  11.     A  floor.  Bncon. 

PLANCII'ET,  7f.     [Fr.  planchettc.     See  Plank.] 

A  tiat  piece  of  metal  or  coin.  Eneye. 

PL.\NCH'1NG,  n.    The  laying  of  floors  in  a  building; 

also,  a  floor  of  boards  or  planks.  Came. 

PLANE,  a.  [L.  planus.  See  Plain.]  Without  ele- 
vations or  deprs^ssions  ;  even  ;  level ;  flat ;  as,  a  plane 
surface. 

Plane  chart ;  a  chart  constructed  on  the  supposition 
of  the  earth  and  sea  being  an  extended  plane  surface, 
with  the  degrees  of  latitude  and  longitude  every 
where  equal. 

A  plane  figure,  in  gcometnj,  is  a  surface  in  which, 
if  any  two  points  are  taken,  the  straight  line  which 
joins  them  lies  wholly  in  that  surface. 

A  plane  angkj  is  one  contained  between  two  lines 
orsurtaces,in  contradistinction  to  a  solid  angle.  Ennjc. 
Plane  sailing ;  in  navigation,  the  art  of  determining 
the  ship's  place,  on  the  supposition  that  sne  is  mov- 
ing on  a  plane.  Brandt: 
PLaNE,  71.     [from  L.  planus.     See  Plain.] 

1.  In  geometry,  an  even  or  level  surface,  like  plain 
in  popular  language. 

2.  In  astronomy,  an  imaginary  surface  supposed 
to  pass  through  aiiy  of  the  curves  described  on  the 
celestial  sphere ;  as,  the  plane,  of  the  ecliptic ;  the 
plane  of  a  planet's  orbit ;  the  plane  of  a  great  circle. 

3.  In  mcc/ianies.     See  Plane  Figure. 

4.  In  joinern  and  cabinet  work,  an  instrument  con- 
sisting of  a  smooth  i)iece  of  wood,  with  an  aperttire, 
through  which  passes  obliquely  a  piece  of  edged  steel 
or  chisel,  used  in  paring  or  smoothing  boards  or  wood 
of  any  kind. 

A  hcrizontal  plane  is  i)arallel  to  the  horizon. 
An  inclined  plane  is  any  plane  Inclined  to  the  hori- 
zon, by  whatever  angle. 


FaTE,  far,  fall,  WHAT.  — Mete,  PREV.  — PLVE,  M-^RINE,  bird.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK. — 


832 


PLA 

PLaXE,  v.  t.    To  make  siiioolh  ;  to  pare  off  ihii  in 
eqiialrties  of  the  surface  of  a  board  or  other  pifce  of 
wood  by  the  use  of  a  plane. 
2.  To  free  from  inequalities  of  surface.  Arbatiinot. 

PLaN'£D,  j;p.  or  a.  Made  smooth  with  a  plane  ;  lev- 
eled. 

PLA.X'ET,  n.  [Fr.  planete:  It.  piancla;  L.  Sp.  and 
Port,  plaiieta ;  W.  planed:  Gr.  -A'jj'rjr/j?,  wandering, 
from  -Xav'i'^j  to  wander,  allied  to  L.  planiLi,  Fr.  loin. 
See  Plant.] 

A  celestial  body  which  revolves  about  the  sun, 
in  an  orbit  of  a  uioderale  di.'gree  of  eccentricity,  in 
distinction  from  a  cornet^  which  has  a  very  eccentric 
orbit.  The  planets  are  suinetimes  called  primary 
planets,  in  distinction  from  those  bodies  called  sec- 
oadanj  planets,  moons,  or  satellites,  which  revolve 
about'some  planet  as  their  center,  and  w;ih  that  re- 
volve about  the  sun.  The  primary  pl;uiets  are  named 
MercuryjV'eiius,  Earth,  Mars,  Jiipitec,Saturn, Uranus, 
and  Neptune.  Five  smaller  plansts,  denominated  by 
some  cL^tttroicU,  namely,  Ceres,  Pallas,  Juno,  Vesta, 
and  Astrtea,  have  recently  been  discovered  between 
Iheorbitsof  Mars  and  Jupiter.  Mars,  Jupiter,  traturn, 
Uranus,  and  Xentune,  b;:ing  without  the  earth's  orbit, 
are  sometimes  called  thesM/jcWorplaTiL-ls  ;  Venus  and 
Mercury,  bein?  within  the  earili's  orbit,  are  called 
inferior  planets.  The  planets  are  opaque  bodies,  which 
receive  their  li«lit  from  tlie  sun.  They  are  so  named 
from  their  motion  or  revolution^  in  distinction  from 
the  fixed  stars,  and  are  distinguished  from  the  latter 
by  their  not  twinkling:. 

PLXXE'-Ta-BLE,  71.  An  instrument  or  board  marked 
off  into  decrees  from  the  center,  used  in  surveying 
land,  by  which  the  draught  or  plan  is  laJteu  on  the 
spot  during  Ilie  progress  of  tlie  survey.         Ilutton. 

PLAN-ET-a'RI-UM,  n.  An  astronomical  machine 
which,  by  the  movement  of  its  parts,  represents  the 
motions  and  orbits  of  the  planets,  agreeable  to  the 
Copernican  system.  Barlow. 

PLAXET-A-RY,  a.     [Fr.  planctairc.'\ 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  planets  ;  as,  jn'iincici-y  inhabit- 
ants ;  planetary  motions. 

2.  Consisting  of  planets  ;  as,  a  planetarri  system. 

3.  Under  the  dominion  or  influence  of  a  p'^ncl ; 
as,  a  planetary  hour,     l.^strolog'y.]  Dryden. 

A.  Produced  by  planets  ;  as,  planetary  plague  or  in- 
fluence.  S,\aJi. 

5.  Having  the  nature  of  a  planet;  erratic  or  re- 
volving. Blackmore, 

Planetary  days :  the  days  of  the  week   as  sliared 
among  the  planets,  each  iiaving  its  day,  as  we  name 
the  davs  of  tlie  week  at\er  the  planets.         Hatton. 
PLAX'ET-ED,  fl.     Belonging  to  planets.         Youn^. 
PLA-XET'ie-AL,  o.  Pertainingto  planets.  [JWui-erf.] 

Brown. 
PL.iXE'-TREE,  n.     [L.  platanus;  Fr.  plane ^platane.] 

A  tree  of  the  genus  Platanus.  The  oriental  plane- 
tree  is  a  native  of  Asia  ;  it  rises  with  a  straight, 
smooth,  branching  stem  to  a  great  hight,  with  pal- 
mated  leaves,  and  long,  pendulous  peduncles,  sus- 
taining seveml  heads  of  small,  close-sitting  flowers. 
The  seeds  are  downy,  and  collected  into  round, 
rough,  hard  balls.  The  occidental  plane-tree,  which 
grows  to  a  great  bigiit,  is  a  native  of  Norlii  Ameri- 
ca;   it  is  called  also  Button-wood  and  Bdtto:?- 

TEEE. 

PLAX'ET-STRUCK,  fl.  Affected  by  the  influence  of 
planets  ;  blasted.  Suckling. 

PLAX'ET-ULE,  n.     A  little  planet.  Conybearc. 

PL.AX-I-ME'T'RXe,         /  a.    Pertaining  to  the  mensu- 

PLAN-r-METTa€^.^L,  \      ration  of  plane  surfaces. 

PLA-NIM'E-TRY,  n.     [L.  planus^  plain,  and  Gr.prr- 
piu},  to  measure.] 
The  mensuration  of  plane  surfaces.  HaWm. 

PLAX'ISH,  V.  t.  [from  plane.l  To  render  a  metallic 
surface  level  and  smooth,  by  pounding  it  gently  with 
a  smooth-faced  hammer;  as,  to  planish  silver  tea- 
spoons or  tin  plate.  Henry^s  Chem. 

PLAX'ISH-£D,  (plan'isht,)  pp.  Made  smooth  by 
hamnicrins. 

PLAN'[5H-[XG,  ppr.     Making  smooth  by  hammering. 

PL.\X'I-SPIIeRE,  n.     [L.  planus,  plain,  and  sphere.] 
A  sphere  projected  on  a  plane.    In  this  sense,  maps 
in  which  are  exhibited  the  meridians  and  otlier  cir- 
cles are  planispheres.  Hatton. 

PLAX'K,  71.  [Fr.  planche  ;  Arm.  plancquenn,  pi.  plcuch  ; 
W.  plane;  D.  plank;  G.  and  Dan.  pltinke ;  Sw. 
planka  ;  Russ.  plaeha,  a  board  or  plank.  Probably  ti 
is  casual,  and  the  word  belongs  to  Class  Lg.j 

A  brwid  piece  of  sawed  timber,  differing  from  a 
board  only  in  being  thicker.  In  Amerii-a,  broad 
pieces  of  sawed  timber,  which  are  not  more  lha:i  an 
inch  or  an  inch  and  a  quarter  thick,  are  called  beards ; 
like  pieces,  from  an  inch  and  a  half  tn  three  or  four 
inches  thick,  are  called  planks.  Sometimes  pieces 
more  than  four  inches  thick  are  called  planks. 

PLAXK,  V.  t.  To  cover  or  lay  witlt  planks;  as,  to 
plank  a  floor  or  a  ship. 

PLA\K'£D,  (p!ankt,)p;7.    Covered  with  planks. 

PLAXK'I.NG,  ppr.     Laying  with  planks. 

PEAX'I^ESS,  a.    Having  no  plan. 

PLAN'XKDjpp.     Devised  ;  schemed. 

PLAX'XER,  M.  One  who  plans  or  forms  a  pkm  ;  a 
projector 


PLA 


PLA 


PLAX^'X^IXG,  ppr.  Scheming  j  devising  ;  making  a 
plan. 

PLA'NO-eoX'CAVE,  a.  Flat  on  one  side  and  con- 
cave on  the  other. 

PLA'NO-COX'ie-AL,  a.  [plain  and  conical]  Plane 
or  level  on  one  side  and  conical  on  the  other. 

Orew. 

PLA'NO-eOX'VEX,  a.  [plain  and  eonvez.]  Plane 
or  flat  on  one  side  and  convex  on  the  other ;  as,  a 
plano-convex  lens.  J^'ewtun. 

PLa'XO-HOR-I-ZOX'TAL,  G.  Having  a  level  hori- 
zontal :^u^face  or  pnsjiion.  Lee. 

PL.A-i\OR'£IIS,  71.     [I,,  planus  and  orbis.] 

.\  genus  of  fresh-water  snails,  having  shells  of  a 
discoidal  form.  Jilanull. 

PLA'i\0-SUB'U-LATE,a.  [See  Sl-bulate.]  Smooth 
and  awl-shaped. 

PLAXT,  n.  [Fr.  plants;  It.  pianta;  L.  Sp.  Port,  and 
Sw.  pianta  ;  Ir.  plannda ;  D.  plant ;  G.  pjlanze ;  Dan. 
pUinte;  Arm.  plantenn;  W.  plant,  is^iue,  offspring, 
children,  from  plan,  a  ray,  a  shoot,  a  plantation  or 
planting,  a  plane  ;  planed,  a  shooting  body,  a  planet ; 
pleiniaw,  to  radiate  ;  plcni^,  radiant,  splendid:  plcnt, 
that  is  rayed  ;  plentijn,  a  cliild  ;  plauta,  to  beget  ur  to 
bear  children.  In  It.  Sp.  and  Port,  pianta  signifies  a 
plant  and  a  plan.  Here  we  find  pUm,  plane,  plant, 
planet,  all  from  one  stock,  and  the  Welsh  pUtniaw,  Id 
radiate,  shows  that  the  L.  splcndco,  trplendor^  aie  of 
the  same  lamily.  The  CVltic  clan  is  probably  the 
Welsh  plan,  plant,  with  a  dilft^rent  pretiv.  The  radi- 
cal sense  is  obvious,  to  shoot,  to  extend.] 

1.  A  vegetable;  anorganic  body,  destitute  of  sens*; 
and  spontaneous  motion,  adhering  to  another  body 
in  such  a  manner  as  to  draw  from  it  its  nourishment, 
and  having  the  power  of  propagating  itself  by  sct^ds  ; 
"whose  seed  is  in  itself."  Ocn.  i.  This  definition 
may  not  be  perfectly  correct,  as  it  respects  all  plants, 
for  some  aquatic  plants  grow  without  being  attached 
to  any  fixed  body. 

The  woody  or  dicotyledonous  plants  consist  of 
three  parts ;  the  bark  or  exterior  coat  which  covers 
the  wood  ;  the  woo<l,  which  is  hard,  and  constitutes 
the  principal  part;  and  the  pith  or  center  of  the  stem. 
In  monocotyledonous  plants,  the  ligneous  or  fibrous 
parts,  and  the  pithy  or  parenchymatous,  are  equally 
distributed  tlirough  the  whole  internal  substancf^ ; 
and  in  the  lower  plants,  fungi,  sea-weed,  &.C.,  the 
substance  is  altogetlier  parenchymatous.  By  means 
of  proper  vessels,  the  nourishing  juices  are  distrib- 
uted to  ever.'  part  of  the  plant.  In  its  most  general 
sense,  plant  comprehends  ail  vegetables,  trees,  sliriibs, 
herbs,  grasses,  &.c.  In  popular  lan^rua^e,  the  word 
is  generally  applied  to  the  smaller  species  of  vege- 
tables. 

9.  A  sapling.  Dnjden. 

3.  In  Scripture,  a  child  ;  a  descendant ;  the  inhab- 
itant of  a  country.    Ps.  cxliv.    Jer.  .\lviii. 

4.  The  sole  of  the  foot.     [Litth  used,] 

5.  The  fixtures  and  tools  necessar>'  to  carr>'  on  any 
trade  or  mechanical  business.     [Local.] 

Sea-plant ;  a  plant  that  grows  on  the  sea  or  iu  salt 
water ;  sea-weed. 

Sensitive   plant;  a   plant  that  shrinks    on   being 
touched  ;  a  species  of  the  .Mimosa. 
PLAXT,  V.  t.    To  put  in  the  ground  and  cover,  as  seed 
for  growth  ;  as,  to  plant  maize. 

2.  To  set  in  the  ground  for  growth,  as  a  young  tree 
or  a  vegetable  with  roots. 

3.  To  engender ;  to  set  the  germ  of  any  thing  that 
may  increase. 

Ic  o/igenders  cboler,  planlclh  uiiger.  Shak. 

4.  To  set  firmly  ;  to  fix. 

His  slandani  planted  on  Laarentum  a  towers.  Dryden. 

5.  To  settle ;  to  fix  the  first  inhabitants ;  to  estab- 
lish ;  as,  to  plant  a  colony. 

C.  To  furnish  with  plants  ;  to  lay  out  and  prepare 
with  plants  ;  as,  to  plant  a  garden  or  an  orchard. 

7.  To  set  and  direct  or  point;  as,  to  plant  cannon 
against  a  fort. 

8.  To  introduce  and  establish  ;  as,  to  plant  Chris- 
tianity among  the  lieathen. 

I  \i3.ve  vlanted,  Apollos  ttaiereil,  but  God  ^vc  ihc  luciease.  — 
1  Cor.  Li.  • 

9.  To  unite  to  Christ,  and  fix  in  a  state  of  fellow- 
ship with  him.    Ps.  xcii. 

PLAXT,  r.  i.    To  perform  the  act  of  pointing.  Pope. 
PLANT'A-BLE,  a.    Capable  of  being  planted. 

Edicards,  West  Indies. 
PLANT'.-\(5E,  n.     [L.  plantago.] 

An  herb,  or  herbs  in  general.    [Xot  in  use.] 

Shak. 
PLANT'AIN,  (plant'in,)  n.    [Fr.;  from  Uplcntago; 
It.  pianta^Tirinc.] 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Plantago,  of  many  species. 
The  common  plantain  is  found  ncr.r  the  .abode  of 
civilized  man  iu  all  parts  of  the  world.  The  icattr 
plantam  is  of  the  genus  Alisma.  Loudoiu 

PLAXT'AIX,  j„,     rsp.plitano.] 

PLAXT'AIX-TREE,  ]         L-P-i'"-""''-J 

A  tropical  tree  of  the  genus  Musa,  the  most  re- 
markable species  of  which  are,  the  paradisiaca  or 
plantain,  and  the  sapicntam  or  banana-tree.     The 


plantain  rises  with  a  »oft  Htni,  fifteen  or  twenty  ft«     , 
high,  and  the  fruit  ii  a  tiiltginuu  (of  bread. 

Emcxc  jSm. 
PLANT' AL,  a.    BcloDfing  to  pianta.     [.'■'  •     ■■■' 

PLANT-A'TIO.V,  n.     (L.  pJamtctic,  f 
planl^ 

1.  The  act  of  planting  or  •ettiog  in  tlie  canli  Uh 
growth. 

2.  The  place  planted;  applied  to  ground  •' ! 

with  tree.**,  for  the  purpo«e  of  producmg  l 

for  ornament,  ice  .i . 

3.  In  Uu  Uniifd  Stales  and  '^'  M >.'  /.  ■  - 
ciitate,  cult]vat/;d  chu-fly  by  n 

free,  who  live  in  a  ditittict  con 

under  the  control  of  Uifr  prop^.^. _  .  .. 

4.  An  original  Mttlfrment  ia  a  new  urantry ;   ■   <| 
town  or  village  planted.  1 1 

WliiJe  Uteie  ptanla&cnu  wen  fctmlsr  En  CocMCkut 
B.  T'. 

5.  A  colony.  p .    ■.. 

6.  A  first  planting;  introduction;  .      ■' 
as,  the  platitation  of  Christianity  in  Lt 

PLAXT^-CAXE,  n.    In  tJu  fVett  fndif*,  i  i.  t 
to  the  original  planU  of  the  surtr-cane,  ;  ■ 
from  geriii-j  placed   in  the  grorind  ;  or  can. 
first   growiii,   in    diiiiinclion    fmni   the   rat^ 
sprouts  from  the  rout:*  uf  cane^  winch  havr  ; 

i^diCiirdj,  tf.  . 

PL.AXT'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Set  in  the  earth  for  projw;:  *i.  <. . 
set;  fixed;  introduced;  establinhed. 

2.  Furnished  wiUi  seeds  or  planLi  fur  rrtmrtlt ;  w, 
a  planted  field. 

3.  Furnished  with  the  fir:?t  InhaL- 
as,  territor>'  planted  w'tlii  colonist*. 

4.  Filled  ur  furnished  with  what  i*  ti-  .«. 

a  man  iu  all  the  world '<  txw  dabiou  /'■'■"■  ffif      [See  DfC  XI 

PL.\NT'ER,  n.  One  that  plants,  seta,  introdace*,  or 
establishes ;  as,  a  planter  of  majzc ;  a  planter  of 
vines  ;  the  planters  of  a  colony. 

2.  One  that  settles  in  a  new  or  uncultivated  lerri- 
tor>' ;  as,  the  fir?.l  plantcrji  in  Virginia. 

3.  One  who  owns  a  plantation  ;  tued  ia  tie  fftst 
Lidics  and  Southern  Stalej  of  Air.erica. 

4.  One  that  introduces  aud  esiabliibes. 

Tlie  aposUes  were  Itie  Gnt  planiert  ct  Chrutiuutr. 

^:Uon.    Ad^mn. 

PLANT'ER-SHIP,  n.    The  business  of  a  planter^  cr 

the  management  of  a  plantation,  as  in  th=  WctH 

Indies.  Ena/c 

PLAXT'LCLE,  (planl'e-kl,)  n.    A  young  plaui,  or 

plant  in  embryo.  Dantim. 

PLAXT'I-GRADE,  n.     [h.  pianta,  the  sole  of  the  fool, 

and  a-radior,  to  walk.] 
An  animal  that  walks  or  steps  ou  tlje  sole  of  the 

foot,  as  the  bear.  BeU. 

PL.\XT'I-GRAUE,  a.    Walking  on  the  sole  of  the 

foot. 
PLANT'IXG,  ppr.    Setting  in  the  earth  for  pmpaga- 

tion ;  setting;  settling;  introducing;  ci'.ablL-Iiins. 
2.  Consisting  of  or  pertaining  to  planiLirs ;  a>,  a 

planting  coinmunitv.  C  Sufry. 

PL.ANT'IXG,  n.    The  act  or  operation  of  setimj  lo 

the  ground  for  proi>agatioD,  as  seeds,  trees,  shrubs,   I 

&c. 
2.  In  Eaglandj  the  art  of  forming  plantations  of 

trees.  Brand*. 

PLANT'LET,  n.    A  little  plant  KcUX. 

PL.AXT'-LOLSE,  n.    .An  insect  that  infests  plants; 

a  vine-lVetter  ;  the  puceron. 
PL.\XT^ULE,  n.    Theembrjo  of  a  planL 
PLASH,    71.     [D.   plas^   a   puddle  ;    G.  pldtsdiem,   to 

plash,  to  dabble  ;  Uan.  plasker,  to  plash  ;  Gr.  tAjJ o j, 

superabundant  moisture,    du.  r.jAjff(r..'.] 

1.  A  small  collection  of  standing  water ;  a  puddle. 

Baeen,     Popr. 

2.  The  branch  of  a  tree  partly  cut  or  lopped  and 
bound  to  other  branches.  .Vtrrtjxrr. 

PL.VSH,  r.  i.    To  dabble  in  water  ;  usually  Sflish. 
PLASH,  r.  r.    [Fr.  plisser.    ^See  Plait.)    But  perhaps 

originally  pleach,  from  L.  piico,  to  fold.] 
To  interweave  branches  ;  as,  to  plash  a  hedge  or 

quicksets. 
[In  .\>:r  Emjtand,  to  Splice.] 
PL.\SH'/:D,  (plasht,)  pp.    Intor%\*oven,  as  bmn'-hes, 
PI.ASH'IXG,  ppr.      Cutting   and    interweaving,    as 

branches  in  a  hedge. 
PL.VSH'IXG,  n.    The  act  or  operation  of  cutting  small 

trees  half  through  and  interweaving  Ihcni.  a?  m 

hedges.  Bninsie. 

2.  The  dashing  or  sprinkling  of  coloring  miner 

on  the  walls  of  buildings,  as  an  imitation  of  granite, 

&c. 
PL.ASU'Y,  a.    Waler>" ;  abounding  with  puddle*. 

PL.ASM,  n.     [Gr.  ^zXacpat  from  r.V.i<rc-w,  to  f  r 

A  mold  or  matrix  in  which  any  thing  1 5 

formed  to  a  particular  shape.    [Lttite  »-f^-. 

II  ci>dircrd. 
PLAS'MA,  n.     A  varietv  of  quarts,  of  a  color  be- 
tween grass-green  and  leek-green,  occurring  m  an- 


TOXE,  BULL,  UXITE.  — AX'^GER,  VI"C10US.  — €  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  TIHS. 


105 


633 


PLA 

giitar  pieces  in  beds,  associated  with  common  chal- 
cedony, uiid  among  the  ruins  of  Rome. 

Dana.     Ure. 
rt,AS-JIAT'r€,         \  a.     Giving  shape  ;  having  tho 
PLAS-.MAT'ie-AL,  \       puwer  uf  giving  form. 

More. 
r^XS'TER,n.  [G.  pflastcr;  D.  pleistre;  Svv.  plaster  ; 
Dun.  plaster;  Fr.  pt&tre;  Ami.  plastr :  W.  jdastyr; 
h:  plasturj  plastrail;  Sp.  emplaslu  ;  Port,  id.,  or  em- 
prasto  ;  It.  impiastro  i  1j.  empl<L-itram  ;  Gr.  f/iirAnr/jyis 
from  CfcrAaco-d),  to  daub  or  smear,  properly  to  lay  or 
spread  on  ;  TrAuao-w,  to  daub,  or  to  f;uiliion,  mold,  or 
shape.] 

1.  A  composition  of  lime,  water,  and  sand,  well 
mixed  into  a  kind  of  paste  and  used  for  coating  walls 
and  partitions  of  houses.  This  composition,  when 
dry,  becomes  hard,  but  still  retains  the  name  of 
plttstcr.  Plaster  is  sonu-times  made  of  dillerent  ma- 
terials, as  chalk,  gypsimi,  &c.,  and  is  sometimes  used 
to  cover  the  whole  surface  of  a  building.  The 
term  plaster  is  also  applied  to  the  material  composed 
of  plaster  of  Paris,  of  winch  ornaments,  figures, 
moldings,  &c.,  are  made. 

9.  In  pharmacy,  an  external  application  of  a  harder 
consistence  than  an  ointment,  to  be  spread,  accord- 
ing to  ditTereni  circumstances,  either  on  linen  or 
leather.  Encyc. 

Plaster  of  Paris ;  a  composition  of  several  species 
of  g}'psum,    dug    at    Montmartre,  near    Paris,   in 
France,  used  in  building  and  in  casting  busts  and 
statues.     In  popular  lang-uagc,  this  name  is  applied 
improperly  to  plaster-stone,  or   to    any  species  of 
gj'psum. 
PLAS'TER,  V.  U    To  overlay  with  plaster,  as  the  par- 
titions of  a  house,  walls,  <fcc. 
9.  To  cover  with  a  plaster,  as  a  wound. 
3.  In  popular  lan^uage^  to  smooth  over ;  to  cover 
or  conceal  defects  or  irregularities. 
PLAS'TER-£D,7>p.  or  a.    Overlaid  with  plaster. 
PLAS'TER-EK,  tu     One  that  overlays  with  plaster. 

2.  One  that  makes  figures  in  plaster.         }Votton. 
PLAS'TER-ING,  ppr.     Covering  with  or  laying  on 

piaster. 

PLAS'TER-ING,  «.  The  act  or  operation  of  over- 
laying with  plaster. 

2.  The  plaster-work  of  a  building;  a  covering  of 
plaster. 

PLAS'TER-SToNE,  n.  Gypsum,  which  see.  This, 
when  pulverized,  is  extensively  used  as  a  manure. 

PLAS'Tie,  a.  [Gr.  TrXa^iKO^y  from  rAafftrw,  to 
form.] 

1.  Having  the  power  to  give  form  or  fashion  to  a 
mass  of  matter  ;  as,  thep/(W(ichandof  the  Creator; 
the  plastic  virtue  of  nature.        Prior.     Woodward. 

9.  Capable  of  being  molded,  formed,  or  modeled; 
as,  plastic  material. 

Plastic  clay ;  one  of  the  beds  of  tlie  eocene 
period,  so  called  because  used  in  making  pottery. 

LjjsU. 
PLAS-TIC'I-TY,  n.    Tlie  quality  of  giving  form  or 
shape  to  matter.  Encyc. 

9.  Caoability  of  being  molded,  formed,  or  modeled. 
PLAS-TO'G'RA-PHT,  n.    The  act  of  forming  figures 

in  plaster. 
PLAS'TRON,  n.     [See  Plasteh.]     A  piece  of  leather 
stuffed  ;  used  by  fencers  to  defend  the  body  against 
pushes.  Dryden. 

PLAT,  V.  t.     [from  plait^  or  plat^  flat.]     To  weave  ;  to 

form  by  texture.    Matt,  xxvii.         Ray.     Spectator. 
PLAT,  )  n.    Work  done  by  platting  or  inter- 

PLAT'TING,  S      weaving. 

PLAT,  n.  [Dan.  and  D.  plat,  flat;  Fr.  id,;  G.  platt; 
W.pladjpl&s ;  Gr.  irAaruj,  broad,  Ij.  latus  ;  or  from 
the  root  of  place,  G.  plalz.  (See  Plot,  the  same  word 
diflerenlly  written.)  But  probably  these  are  all  of  one 
family.     The  sense  is,  laid,  spread.] 

A  small  piece  of  ground,  usually  a  portion  of  flat, 
oven  ground  ;  as,  a  flowery  plat ;  a  plat  of  willows. 
Milton.     Spectator. 
PLAT,  a.    plain  ;  flat.     [JVot  used.]  Chaucer. 

PLAT,  adv.    Plainly ;  flatly  ;  downright.     [jVot  used.] 

Chaucer. 

2.  Smoothly  ;  evenly.     [JVot  used.]  Drant. 
PLAT'ANE,  n.     [L.  platanus.]    The  plane-tree,  which 

Bee.  Milton. 

PLAT'IJAND,  n.  A  border  of  flowers  in  a  garden, 
along  a  wall  or  the  side  of  a  parterre;  hence,  a 
border. 

2.  In  architecture^  a  flat,  square  molding,  whose 
hight  mucii  exceeds  its  projectuve,  such  as  the  faces 
of  an  architrave. 

3.  The  lintel  of  a  door  or  window. 

4.  A  list  or  fillet  between  the  flulings  of  a  column. 

Cyc. 
PLATE, 7i,  [D.  plaal,G.  platte, plate  ;  Sw.  plait;  Dan. 
and  D.  plat,  G.  platt,  flat ;  It.  piattOy  flat,  and  piastra  ; 
i^[^.plata;  It.  id. ;  VV.  plhdjO.  plate;  probably  allied 
tu  Gr.  TrXuTVSf  L.  latus^  with  the  radical  sense  of 
laid,  spread.] 

1.  A  piece  of  metal,  fiat,  or  extended  in  breadth. 

Bacon.     Soutli. 

2.  Armor  of  plate,  composed  of  broad  pieces,  and 
thus  distinguished  from  RUil.  Spciucei: 


PLA 

3.  The  name  commonly  given  to  Kold  and  silver 
wrought  into  articles  of  household  furniture. 

McCuUoch. 

4.  A  small,  shallow  vessel,  made  of  silver  or  other 
metal,  or  of  earth  gla/ed  and  baked,  from  whiuh  pro- 
visions are  eaten  at  table. 

.A  wooden  plate  is  called  a  Tkkncheii. 

5.  The  prize  given  for  the  best  horse  in  a  race. 

G.  In  architecture,  the  piece  of  timber  whicli  sup- 
ports the  ends  of  the  rafters. 

7.  For  copperplate,  a  printed  representation  or  im- 
pression from  an  engraved  plate. 

8.  A  page  of  stereotype  or  fixed  metallic  types  for 
printing. 

i).  [In  heraldry,  a  roundel  of  silver.  —  E.  H.  Bar- 

PLaTE,  v.  t.  To  cover  or  overlay  with  plate  or  with 
metal ;  used  particularly  of  silver  ;  -iXs.platcd  vessels. 

2.  To  arm  with  plate  or  melal  fur  defense  ;  as,  lo 
plate  sin  with  gold.  Shak. 

Wliy  plaled  ia  luUlimcms  of  war  ?  Shak. 

3.  To  adorn  with  plate  ;  as,  a  plated  harness. 
•\.  To  beat  into  thin.  Hat  pieces  or  laniJnte. 

Dnjdcn .     A^e  loton . 
PLaTE'-GLASS,  «.    A  fine  kind  of  glass,  cast  in 
thick  plates,  and  used  for  mirrors  and  the  best  win- 
dows. Eraiici^: 
PLA-TEAU',  (pia-to',)  7i.     [Fr.,  a  platter.] 
L  A  plain;  a  flat  surface. 

9.  A  large  ornamental  dish  for  the  center  of  a 
table.  Hiiiart. 

PLaT'ED,  pp.  or  a.    Covered  or  adorned  with  plate  ; 

armed  with  plate  ;  beaten  into  plates. 
PLAT'EN,  n.     [from  its  flalufiss.]     Among  printers, 

the  flat  part  of  a  press  by  which  the  impression  is 

niade. 
PLATE' V,  a.     Like  a  plate  ;  flat,  Gregory. 

PLAT'F0UM,7(.     [plat,  flat,  and  form.]     The  sketch 

of  any  thing  horizontally  delineated ;  the  ichnogra- 

phy.  Sandys. 

2.  A  ])lace  laid  out  after  any  modiil.  Pope. 

3.  In  tJie  military  art,  an  elevation  of  earth  or  a 
floor  of  wood  or  stone,  on  which  caiimms  arc 
nmuntcd  to  fire  on  an  enemy.  Encyc. 

4.  In  architecture,  an  assemblage  of  timbers  for 
carrying  the  flat  covering  of  a  house,  or  the  flat  cov- 
ering itself.  Ou>ilt. 

5.  A  kind  of  terrace,  or  broad,  smooth,  open  walk 
on  the  top  of  a  building,  as  in  the  oriental  houses. 

Gwilt. 
G.  In  ships,  the  orlop.     [See  Orlop.] 

7.  Any  number  of  planks  or  other  materials  form- 
ing a  floor  for  any  purpose.  Mar.  Diet. 

8.  A  plan;  a  scheme;  groundwork,  Bacon. 

0.  In  some  of  Oic  JVf?o  England  States,  an  ecclesi- 
astical constitution,  or  a  plan  for  the  government 
of  churches ;  as,  the  Cambridge  or  Saybrook  plat- 
form. 

PLA'Tie  AS'PECT,  n.  In  asirolop/,  a  ray  cast  from 
one  planet  to  another,  not  exactly,  but  within  the 
orbit  of  its  own  light.  Bailey. 

PLAT'I-NA.     See  Platinum. 

PLaT'ING,  ppr.  Overlaying  with  plate  or  with  a 
metal ;  beating  into  thin  lamins. 

PLAT'ING,  n.  The  art  or  operation  uf  covering  any 
thing  with  plate,  or  with  a  metal,  particularly  of 
overlaying  a  baser  metal  with  a  thin  plate  of  silver. 
The  coating  of  silver  is  soldered  to  the  metal  with 
tin,  or  a  mixture  of  three  parts  of  silver  with  one  of 

PLAT-I-NIF'ER-OUS,  a  [platinim  and  L.  fero,  to 
produce.] 

Producing  platinum ;  as,  platin\ferous  sand. 

Did.  J\rat.  Hist. 
PLAT'I-NUM,  n.     [Sp.  plattna,  from  plata,  silver.] 

A  metal  discovered  in  1741,  in  the  mines  of  Ciioco, 
in  Peru,  by  Charles  Wood,  iissay-mastcr,  Jamaica, 
nearly  of  the  color  of  silver,  but  less  bright,  and  the 
lieaviest  of  the  metals.  Its  si)ecific  gravity  is  to  that 
of  water  as  20  to  1,  and  may  be  increased  by  heat 
and  pressure  till  it  becomesas  21.5  to  1.  It  is  harder 
than  iron,  undergoes  no  alteration  in  air,  resists  the 
action  of  acids  and  alkalies,  is  very  ductile,  and  ca- 
pable of  being  rolled  into  thin  plates.  P.  Cyc. 

This  metal  has  since  been  found  in  Brazil,  also 
near  Carthagena,  in  Antioquia,  in  St-  Domingo,  and 
on  the  Uralian  Mountains.  It  was  first  called  Plat- 
inum by  Linnaus,  and  has  been  so  called  by  nearly 
all  the  chemists  since  his  time. 

Spongy  platinum.,  or  platinum  sponge ;  metallic  plat- 
inum in  the  form  of  a  porous,  dull,  brown  mass.  It 
is  much  used  in  cliemical  experiments. 

Platinum  black;  metallic  platinum  in  the  form  of  a 
black  powder,  obtained  by  decomposing  a  Wtak  solu- 
tion of  chlorid  of  platinum  by  the  agency  of  galvan- 
ism. B,  Stlliman,  Jr. 
PLAT'I-TUDE,  H.  [Fr.]  Flatness;  dullness;  insi- 
pidity. 
PLA-TON'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  Plato  the  philosopher, 
or  to  his  philosophy,  his  school,  or  his  opinions. 

The  Platonic  bodies,  are  the  five  regular  geometrical 
solids,  viz. :  the  tetrahedron,  hexahedron  or  cube,  oc- 
tahedron, dodecahedron,  and  icosahedron. 


PLA 

Platonic  love,  is  a  pure,  spiritual  affection  subsist- 
ing between  the  sexes,  unmived  v.'iih  carnal  desires, 
and  regarding  the  mind  only  and  its  excellences; 
a  species  of  love  for  which  Plato  was  a  warm  advo- 
cate. 

Platonic  year;  l]\c  great  year,  or  :x  period  of  lime 
determined  by  the  revolution  of  the  equinoxes,  or  the 
space  of  time  in  which  the  stars  and  constellations 
return  to  their  former  places  in  respect  to  the  equi- 
noxes. This  revolution,  which  is  calculated  by  the 
precession  of  the  equinoxes,  is  accomplished  in  about 
90,000  years.  Barlow. 

FLA-TON'ie-AL-LY,  adv.  After  the  manner  of  the 
Platonists.  H'otton. 

PLa'TO-NISM,  n.  The  doctrines  of  Plato  and  his  fol- 
lowers. Plato  believed  God  to  be  an  infinitely  wise, 
just,  and  powerful  Spirit ;  and  that  he  formed  the 
visible  universe  out  of  preexislent  amorphous  nuit- 
ter,  according  to  perfect  patterns  or  ideas  eternally 
existent  in  his  own  mind.  Philosoiihy  he  considered 
as  being  a  knowledge  of  tlie  true  nature  of  tilings,  as 
discoverable  in  those  eternal  ideas  after  which  all 
things  were  fashioned.  In  other  words,  it  is  the 
knt)Wledge  of  what  is  eternal,  exists  necessarily,  and 
is  unchangeable  ;  not  of  the  temporary,  the  depend- 
ent, and  changeable ;  and  of  course  it  is  not  ob- 
tained through  the  senses  ;  neither  is  it  tho  product 
of  the  nnderslandmg,  which  concerns  itself  only 
with  the  variable  and  the  transitory  ;  nor  is  it  the 
result  of  experience  and  observation.  But  it  is  the 
product  of  our  reason,  whicli,  as  partaking  of  the  di- 
vine nature,  has  innate  ideas  resei:'  !ii;g  the  eternal 
ideas  of  God.  By  contemplating  i:.. . .  ;:inale  ideas, 
reasoning  about  them,  and  comparing  them  with  their 
copies  in  tlie  visible  universe,  reason  can  attain  that 
true  knowledge  of  tilings  which  is  called  philusophy. 
Such  appears  to  have  been  the  system  of  Plato  him- 
self, so  far  as  it  can  be  gathered  from  his  Dialogues, 
which  are  not  systematic  treatises,  but  free  conver- 
sations. His  professed  follower^-,  the  Academics  and 
the  New  PiaUmists,  differed  considerably  from  him, 
yet  are  calkul  Platonists.  Murdoch, 

PLa'TO  NIST,      *  n.    One  that  professes  to  be  a  fol- 

PLa'TO-NIZ-ER,  i  lower  of  Plato,  and  to  philoso- 
phize as  he  did.  Jlammoml. 

PLa'TO-NIZE,  v.  i.  To  adopt  the  opinions  of  the 
Platonic  school.  Milncr. 

PLa'TO-NTZE,  v.  t.  To  explain  on  the  princiijles  of 
the  Platonic  school,  or  to  accommodate  to  those  prin- 
ciples, Enfcld. 

PLa'TO-NIZ-£D,  pp.  Conformed  to  the  views  of 
Platonists.  Enfield. 

PLa'TO-NIZ-ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Adopting  the  views  of 
the  Platonists.  Enfeld. 

PLA-TOON',  71.     [Fr.  pdoton,  a  ball  of  thread,  a  knot 

of  men,  from  pelote,  a  ball  ;  Sp.  peloton.    See  Ball.] 

Formerly,  a  small  body  of  soldiers  or  musketeers, 

drawn  out  of  a  battalion  of  foot  when  they  form  a 

hullow  square,  to  strengthen  the  angles. 

In  present  usage,  two  files  forming  a  subdivision 
of  a  company. 

PLAT'TEK,  n.  [from  plate.]  A  large,  shallow  dish 
for  holding  the  provisions  of  a  table.  Dryden. 

2.  One  that  jdats  or  forms  by  weaving.  [See 
Plat.] 

PLAT'TER-FaC-£D,  (-faste,)  a.  Having  a  broad 
face. 

PLAT'TING,  p])r.    Weaving ;  formed  by  texture. 

PLAT'TING,  n.  Slips  of^bast,  cane,  straw,  &;c., 
woven  or  plaited  for  making  into  hats,  &c. 

McCulloch. 

PLAT'Y-PUS,  n.  [Gr.  nXarvs,  broad,  and  jtovSj 
foot.] 

A  name  given  to  two  quadrupeds  of  New  Hol- 
land, now  called  Ornitfwrhynchus  paradojcits  and  0. 
fuscus.  They  are  monotrematous  edentate  mam- 
mals, the  body  covered  with  hair,  a  bill  like  a  duck, 
teeth  planted  in  a  kind  of  gums,  webbed  feet  with  a 
venomous  spur  on  the  hinder  leg,  connected  with  a 
reservoir  of  poison  in  the  soles  of  the  feet,  which 
is  supplied  by  glands  situated  by  the  side  of  the 
spine,  just  above  the  pelvis. 

PLAUD'IT,  71.     [L.  plaudo,  to  praise,  said  to  be  taken 
from  plauditCs  a  demand  of  applause   by  players, 
when  they  left  the  stage.] 
Applause  ;  praise  bestowed.  Dcnham. 

PLAUD'IT-O-RY,  a.    Applauding  ;  commending. 

PLAUS-I-BIL'I-TY,  v.     [See  Plausible.] 

"Speciousness ;  superfieial  appearance  of  right. 

Swijl. 

PLAUS'I-BLE,  a.  [L.  plausibilis,  from  plaudo,  to  clap 
hands  in  token  of  approbation  ;  W.  bloez,  an  outcry  ; 
hlociiaw,  to  shout;  blozr^t,  applause,  acclamation; 
Ir,  bladh,  hlaodh ;  from  the  root  of  Gr.  x-Astw,  L.  laus^ 
laudo,  Eng.  loud.] 

1.  That  may  be  applauded;  that  may  gain  favor 
or  approbatiim ;  hence,  superficially  pleasing ;  ap- 
parently right;  specious;  popular;  as,  a.  plausible 
argument ;  a  plausible  f)retext ;    a  plausible  doctrine. 

2.  Using  specious  argunumts  or  discourse;  as,  a 
plausible  man. 

PL.A.US'1-BLE-NESS,  n.  Speciousness;  show  of 
right  or  propriety  ;  as,  the  plausibleness  of  Arininian- 
ism,  Sanderson. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MeTE,  PREY.— PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD N6TE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK,— 

8M  ~~~~~~ 


PLA 

rLAUS'f-BLY,  adr.    Wilh  fair  show  ;  speciously  ;  in 
a  manner  adapted  to  gain  favor  or  approbation. 
Thev  oju^d  talk plauiibly  aiwut  \\h\i  Ibey  did  uol  umlcfsund. 

CW/tcr. 

PJuAU'SIVR,  a.    Applauding  j  manifesting  praise, 
"i  Plausible.  Sha!:. 

PLaY,  r.  i.  [Sax.  plegaa^  plegian,  II  play,  to  joke,  to 
perform  on  an  instrument  of  music,  to  move  or  vi- 
brate, to  clap  or  applaud,  to  deride  or  make  sport  of; 
yic^g-an,  to  ply  or  bend  to,  or  to  lean  or  lie  on  j  gc- 
plil/att,  lo  play,  and  to  dance  or  leap.  Tiie  Sw.  kka, 
Dan.  leger,  to  play,  are  the  same  word  without  a  pre- 
fix, and  in  the  northern  counties  of  England,  leka  is 
used  as  it  is  in  Sweden.  This  word  seems  to  be 
formed  on  the  same  root  as  laij.] 

1.  To  use  any  esercise  for  pleasure  or  recreation  ; 
to  do  something  not  as  a  task  or  for  profit,  but  for 
amusement ;  as,  to  play  at  cricket. 

The  peo^Nl;  sat  down  to  eat  ami  to  drink,  aiu!  njse  up  to  play.  — 
Ex.  xxiii. 

2.  To  sport  i  to  frolic  j  lo  frisk. 

The  iwr.b  thy  riot  dooms  to  bleed  to-tUy, 

Kad  he  thy  K^son,  would  he  skip  and  }»ay  ?  Pope. 

3.  To  toy  ;  to  act  wilh  ie^nty.  Milton. 

4.  To  trifle  ;  to  act  wantonly  and  thoughtlessly. 
Men  are  apt  to  play  wilh  their  Uealihs  and  tl»?ir  lives  as  ihcy  do 

wiUi  ilieir  ciothes.  Temple. 

5.  To  do  something  fanciful ;  to  give  a  fanciful 
turn  to  i  as,  to  play  upon  words.  Shak. 

G.  To  make  sport,  or  praciice  sarcastic  merriment. 

1  would  ijiake  use  of  it  rather  Lo  pli^y  upon  those  I  despise,  than 
:ti2e  wilh  those  I  love.  Pope. 

7.  To  mock  ;  to  practice  illusion. 

Art  thou  nlivp, 
Or  13  it  fancy  pluyt  upon  our  eyesight  i  Slioi. 

8.  To  contend  in  a  game ;  as,  to  pUiy  at  cards  or 
dice ;  to  play  for  diversion  ;  to  play  for  money. 

9.  To  practice  a  trick  or  deception. 

His  mother  piu/'d  tiUe  with  a  smilh.  Shak. 

10.  To  perform  on  an  instrument  of  music;  as,  to 
platj  on  a  flute,  a  viohn,  or  a  harpsichord. 

Piay,  my  ftwod,  a.i-1  charm  the  ch^mer.  Grar.cUU. 

11.  To  move,  or  to  move  wilh  alternate  dilatation 
and  contraction. 

Tlie  heart  beats,  the  Mood  dreylates,  the  lunjs  play.     Cheyne. 

13.  To  operate  j  to  act.    The  engines  play  against 
I      a  fire.  Dryden. 

!  13.  To  move  irregularly ;  to  wanton. 

Even  as  the  waving  sedges  play  vridi  wind.  Shak. 

The  aeliing  sun 
plays  on  their  shining  arms  and  burntihcd  hclraols.    Addison. 
All  tune  is  foreign  but  of  uue  desert, 
Plays  round  the  head,  but  comes  not  lo  the  heart.  Pope. 

14.  To  act  a  part  on  the  stage  j  to  personate  a  char- 
acter. 

A  lord  will  hear  you  play  lo-nighl.  Shak. 

15.  To  represent  a  standing  character. 

C-^urts  are  thsalCE  where  some  men  play.  Donne. 

16.  To  act  in  any  particular  character ;  as,  to  play 
the  fool :  to  play  the  woman  ;  to  play  the  man. 

ShaJc. 

17.  To  move  in  any  manner ;  to  move  one  way 
and  another,  as  any  part  of  a  machine. 

13.  To  gamble. 
PLaY,  f .  t.    To  put  in  action  or  motion ;  as,  to  play 
cannon  or  a  fire-engine. 

2.  To  use  an  instrument  of  music;  as,  to  play Ihe 
flute  or  the  organ.    [Elliptical.]  Gay. 

3.  To  act  a  sportive  part  vr  character. 

Nature  here 
Wantoned  as  in  her  prime,  and  played  at  will 
Her  virgin  fjnci-es.  iJUlon. 

4.  To  act  or  perfonn  by  representing  a  character; 
as,  to  plaif  a  comedy  ;  to  pltitj  the  p:irt  of  King  Lear. 

5.  To  act ;  to  pe.'-forui ;  as,  ta  play  mix  pails  well 
on  the  stage  of  life. 

6.  To  perfjrm  in  contest  for  amusement  or  for  a 
prize  ;  as,  to  play  a  game  at  whist. 

To  play  oj:  to  di.-;[)!ay  i  to  show ;  to  put  in  exer- 
ci.'ie  ;  as,  to  play  o^lricks. 

To  play  on  of  upon  ;  to  deceive  ;  to  mock  or  to  trifle 

with. 

2,  To  give  a  fanciful  turn  to. 
PIjaV',  71.    Any  exercise  or  series  of  actions  intended 
fur  pitrasure,  amuscnifnt,  or  diversion,  as  at  cricket 
or  quoit,  or  at  blind  man's  buif. 

2.  Amusement;  sport;  frolic;  gambols.      Spatser. 

Two  gentle  lawns  sU  play.  Milton. 

3.  Game;  gaming;  practice  of  contending  for  vic- 
tory, for  amusement,  or  for  a  prize,  as  at  dice,  cards, 
or  biliards. 

4.  Practice  in  any  contest ;  as,  swoxA-play. 

He  waa  resolved  not  to  speak  disilnaly,  knowing  his  b-st  play  to 

be  in  the  dark.  Tillclson. 

John  naUirally  loved  rough  pfi'j-  ArbafhnoU 

5.  Action  ;  use  ;  employment ;  otftce. 

But  Jusli.'ies  the  next  whj  comes  in  play.  Dryden. 

6.  Practice ;  action  ;  manner  of  acting  in  contest 
or  negotiation ;  a.*?,  fair  piny  ;  foul  play. 


PLE 

7.  A  dramatii;  oompf  :'ion;  a  comedy  or  tragedy  ; 
a  composition  in  whiuti  characters  aro  represented 
by  dialogue  and  action. 

A  play  ou^ht  lo  tie  a  j-*i  hnij-:  vl  human  natur:.      Dri'len. 

8.  Representation  or  exhibition  of  a  comedy  or 
tragedy ;   as,  to  be  at  the  play.    He  attends  every 

play. 

9.  Performance  on  an  instrument  of  music. 

10.  Motion;  movement,  regular  or  irregular;  aa, 
tlie  play  of  a  wheel  or  piston. 

11.  State  of  agitation  or  discussion. 

Many  have  been  sivcd,  and  many  may^ 

Who  iwver  hoanJ  ihb  (juesliaii  brought  in  play.  Dryden. 

12.  Room  for  motion. 

The  joints  arc  let  exactly  Into  one  another,  tlwl  Ihcy  Iiave  no 
play  betwcfu  llicm.  JkJoxon. 

13.  Liberty  of  acting;  room  for  enlargement  or  dis- 
play ;  scope  ;  as,  to  give  full  play  to  mirth.  Let  the 
genius  have  free  plaij. 

Play  of  colors  ;  an  appearance  of  several  prismatic 
colors  in  rapid  succession  on  turning  an  object,  as  a 
diamond.  Dana. 

PLAVBILL,  ;:.    A  printed  advertisement  of  a  play, 

with  the  parts  assigned  to  tbe  actors. 
PLaY'-BOOK,  71.    A  book  of  dramatic  compositions. 
PLaY'-Da  V,  n.     A  day  given  to  play  or  diversion  ;  a 

dav  exempt  frofn  work.  Sieijt 

PLA"Y'-DEBT,(pia'det,)H.  A  debt  contracted  by  gam- 
ing. ArhuOinot. 
PLaY'£D,  pp.    Acted  ;  performed  ;  put  in  motion. 
PLaY'ER,  n.    One  who  plays  in  any  game  or  sport. 
9.  An  idler.  Shak. 
3.  An  actor  of  dramatic  scenes ;  one  whose  occupa- 
tion is  to  imitate  characters  on  tlie  stage.       Bacon. 
A.  A  mimic.                                                    Dryden. 

5.  One  who  performs  on  an  instrument  of  music. 

6.  A  gamester. 

7.  One  that  acts  a  part  in  a  certain  manner. 

Carew. 

PLaYTEL-L6W,  n.  A  companion  in  amusements 
or  sports.  Sidney. 

PLaY'FeRE,  n.  Iplay  and  fere.  See  Febe.]  A 
playfellow. 

PLaY'FUL,  a.  Sportive;  given  to  levity;  as,  a  j>\j}j- 
fiil  cl'.ild.  Spectator. 

2.  Indulging  a  sportive  fancy;  as,  a  playful 
genius. 

PLaY'FUL-LY,  adv.    In  a  sportive  manner. 

PLaY'FUL-NESS,  71.     Sportiveness. 

PLaY'-GaME,  n.    Play  of  children.  Locke. 

PLa  Y'-Go-ER,  n.    One  who  frequents  plays. 

PLaY'-Go-ING,  a.  Frequenting  the  exiubiiions  of  tlie 
stage. 

PLaY'-HOUSE,  n,  A  house  appropriated  to  the  exhi- 
bition of  dramatic  compositions  ;  a  theater. 

Pope.     Dryden. 

PLaY'IXG,  p;w.    Acting;  performing;  sporting. 

PLaY'ING,  Tt.  The  act  of  playing;  particularly  of 
performing  on  an  instrument  of  music. 

PLaY'MaTE,  7J.  A  playfetlov/;  a  companion  in  di- 
versions. More. 

PLaY'-PLEAS-IJRE,  (pla'plezh-ur,)  n.  Idle  amuse- 
ment.    [J^ot  used.]  Bocon. 

PLaY'SOME,  (pla'sum,)  a.    Playful ;  wanton. 

Siidlon. 

PLaY'SOME-NESS,  71.    Playfulness;  wantonness. 

PLaY'THING,  n.  A  toy;  any  thmg  that  serves  to 
amuse. 

A  child  knows  his  nurse,  and  by  degrees  l\ie  playiMnss  of  a^Iitltc 
more  advanced  age.  Loclie. 

PLaY' WRIGHT,  f-ritc,)  n.   A  maker  of  plays.    Pope. 

PL'2A,  (plee,)  v.  [Norm,  plait,  plet,  plaid,  pie;  pi.  p'l:, 
plcytii  Fr.  plaider,  to  plead;  plaidoyer,  a  plea;  It. 
ymttf,  aplea;  piatirc.V.i  piead ;  Sp.  plcytiy,  dispute; 
vleytear,  to  jJcad  ;  plryteador,  a  pleader ;  Port,  ylcito^ 
pleitcar ;  D.  plcit,  pleitcn.  The  Spanish  word  plnjto 
signifies  a  dispute,  contest,  debate,  lawsuit,  and  a 
covenant,  contract,  or  bargnin,  and  p'.ryta  is  a  pUuted 
strand  of  brass.  The  Portuguese  verb  p/eiWar  signi- 
fies !o  plead,  to  go  to  law,  to  strive  or  vie.  The  clc- 
menti  of  this  word  are  probably  Ld  or  Pld.  In  the 
sense  of  pleading,  the  word  accords  with  the  Gr. 
Xtr/j,  and  in  that  of  striving,  with  the  L.  hs,  Idts.] 

1.  In  law,  that  which  is  alleged  by  a  parly  in  sup- 
port of  his  demand  ;  but  in  a  more  limited  and  teclttu- 
cfil  sense,  the  answer  of  the  defendant  to  the  plam- 
tilT's  declaration  and  demand.  That  which  the 
plainlifl"  alleges  in  his  declaration  is  answered  and 
repelled  or  justified  bv  the  defendant's  plea.  Picas 
are  dilatory,  or  pleas  to  the  action.  Dilatory  pletL-^  arc 
to  the  jurisdiction  of  the  court,  to  the  disability  uf 
the  olaintift",  or  in  abatement.  Pleas  to  t!ie  action  aro 
an  answer  to  the  merits  of  the  complaint,  which 
confesses  or  denies  it.  Picas  that  deny  the  plaintill  s 
complaint  or  demand,  are  the  gcnenil  issue,  which 
denies  the  whole  declaration  ;  or  special  pIo:us  in  bar, 
which  stale  something  which  precludes  the  plaintifl^s 
right  of  recovery.  .        Blackstoae. 

2  A  cause  in  court;  a  lawsuit,  or  a  crmiinal 
process ;  as,  the  pleas  of  the  crown ;  the  court  of 
common  picas. 

The  siirrcme  judicial  court  ehall  have  cogiiiiance  of  j^ta*  re^l 
pt-reui    '      -  '  — 


11(1  mixed. 


Laict  0/  Mass. 


PLE 

3.  That  which   ii  alleged  in  dpfrntf  or  )tt?«iflfa 
tion  j  an  excuisc ;  an  afi-'' 

WL 
KopUa  DiustKrve;  "lii  ..  . 

4.  Ureent  prayer  or  cnifLil>.  j 
PLKACH,  c.  (.    [Fr.  plixeer,  or  from  titt  root  of  L. 

plico,  Gr.  r/ijf'^.J  1 

To  bend  ;  to  interweave  brar 

IJI  U^f.l 

PLEAD,  r.  £.    [See  Plea.]    In 
arcane  in  support  of  a  claim,  or  iti  Cj.i. 
claim  of  another. 

2.  In  law,  to  pr«:iicnt  an  :^:>-:-  <  r  t 
of  a  pluintilf;  lodenyli- 
demaiid,  or   to   alkg*: 

ought  not  to  recover  n 
dares  or  allc^tJi ;  ihe  dt: 
lion.    The  kmg  or  the  - 
and  the  oflender  pleads:  : 
charge*. 

3.  'Jo  urge  reoijuns  for  or  against 
persuade  one  by  argument  or  Aipt*! 
plead  for  the  life  of  a  criminal  ;  to  pit^tl  ;^  l 
lo  plead  wilh  a  judge  or  with  a  falhtr. 

0  that  one  riJ^h;  p-Usd  ('jT  a  rjn  »;_...  ij  .  . 

for  hii  licip'hLur  I  —  JoL  ni. 

4.  To  Eupplicate  with  eamc-i 

5.  To  urge;   lo  pres3  by  o; ^     -- 

SiODS. 

Since  you  can  lore,  and  yet  your  enur  me. 

The  Kune  rcslilicu  povei  msy  pUed  tat  toe.  L  ■ . 

PLEAD,  r.  t.    To  discuss,   defend,  and  at!  ■ 
maintain  by  arguments  or  reoMins  ofTLrel   ' 
tribunal  or  [lerson  who  lias  the  power  of  liiw..-.  .- 
ing  ;  as,  to  plead  a  cause  before  a  court  of  Jur>'.    In 
this  sense,  Abgue  is  more  generally  UMd  by  Law- 
yers. 

2.  To  allege  or  adduce  in  p: 
cation.  The  law  of  nations  n ; 
of  the  rights  of  em'--    ■■  '  ' 

3.  To  offer  in  t  . 

1  will  acithcT  plead  . 

4.  To  allege  r.-^^  offer  in  a  legal  pK-a  or  : 
or  for  repelling  a  demand  in  law ;  as,  to  pit  ■ 
lo  plead  a  statute  of  limitations.  C 

5.  In  Scripture,  lo  plead  the  cause  of  the  r 
as  God  is  to  avenge  or  vindicate  Ihein 
enemies,  or  to  redress  iheir  grievances.  y.-.  i.. 

PLeAD'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  pleaded  ;  Uial  may 
be  alleged  in  proof,  (iefensc,  or  vindication :  n*,  a 
risht  or  pri\'ilege,  pleadable  at  law.  /?- 

PLeAD'ED,  pp.   Offered  or  urged  in  defense  ; 
in  proof  or  support. 

PLeAD'ER,  n.     [Fr.  plaideur.] 

1.  One  v.iio  argues  in  a  court  of  justice.     Sip/t 

2.  One  that  fonns  pleas  cr  pleadings ;  as,  a  fpecbl 
pleoilcr. 

3.  One  that  offers  reasons  for  cr  against ;  one  thai 
attempts  to  maintain  by  argumeais. 

So  £ut  ^.pleader  any  cuuc  may  jain.  i 

PLeAD'IXG,  j^r.     Offering  in  defense;  S' 
hv  arsuments  or  reasons;  supplicating. 

PLeAD'ING,  n.    The  act  of  supponing  byarguuiciiLs,  i 
or  of  reasoning  to  pen^uade.  1 

PLeAD1.\G-LY,  adv.    By  supplication. 

PLeAD'I.NGS,  n.  pi     In  lav,  Ihe  mutual  ah   ' 
between  the    plaintiff  and    defendant,  or 
stalemenu  of  the  parties  in  support  of  Iheir 
comprehending  the  declamlion,  count,  or  i 
of  the  plaintiff,  Ihe  plea  of  the  defendant  ; 
the  replication  of  the  plaintiff  to  tl:.    .1. ; 
plea,  the  def-^ndant's  rejoindt-r,  the  ; 
Joinder,  tlio  dcfendarii's  robutlcr.  ih 
rebutter,  Aic,  till  the  quesUnn  is  br.    -, 
ihat  is,  to  rest  on  a  sincle  pomt.  iji«ii*;..u- 

PLHAS'A^'CE,  (plez'ance,)  n.  [Fr.  piMisaate.  See 
Pleise.]  f  -..    -1 

Gayely;  pleasaJitrj* ;  memmcnt.    [Obs.] 

Spenser.     Sidt. 

PLEAS'ANT,  (plez'ani,)  a.  [Fr.  pUiscRU  Sec 
Please.]  ^  ,        ^  j      , 

1.  Pkiising ;  agrec.iblo  ;  graleuil  to  the  mmd  or  to 
the  senses  ;  as,  a  pleasant  ride  ;  a  plaismxt  voyage  ;  a 
pleasant  view.  Light  is  pUascnt  to  the  eye  ;  an  or- 
ange is  pleasant  lo  the  laste  ;  harmony  is  plcnssnt  lo 
the  ear ;  a  rose  ispUasaKt  to  the  smell. 

How  gvxrf  and  how  pleatanX  it  b  for  bret-'i:  - 

ill  Muliy  I  —  P*.  csxxlii. 

2.  Cheertulj  enlivening;  ns,  pha^^.  •  ■- — •.-  ^r 
compnnv. 

3.  Gay  ;  lively ;  humorous ;  sportive 
ant  fellow.  . 

4.  Trifling  ;  adapted  rather  to  mirth  than  use- 

5.  Giving  pleasure  ;  gratifying. 

[This  word  expresses  less  than  DKUCHTFC^totae 
mind,  and  Delicious,  to  the  taste.] 
PLEAS'ANr-LY,  (plez':int-Iy,)  adr.    In  such  a  man- 
ner as  to  please  or  gmtify.  /t»,««j« 
merrily  :  in  good  humor.     Oa^mMsm. 


as,  a  ^«t- 


._  Gavlv  ; 

3.  Lightly  ;  ludicriiusly. 


Br»tmg, 


TUNE.  BULL,  UNITE. -AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.-e  as  K  .  6  as  J;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH;   fH  as  in  THIg. 


e35 


PLEAS' ANT-NESS,  (plez'aiit-ness,)  n.  State  of  be- 
ing pleasant  or  agreeable ;  as,  the  pleasantness  of  a 
situation.  Sidney. 

2.  Cheerfulness ;  gaycty  ;  merriment ;  as,  the  j>lecs- 
autiifss  of  youth. 

PLEAS' ANT-UV,  (jilez'ant-ry,)  n.     [Fr.  plaisanterie.] 

1.  Gayety ;  merriment. 

The  harshness  of  reasoiiiiig  is  not  a  little  eoftcncU  and  smoothed 
by  the  infusions  of  minh  and  pleasantry,  Addison. 

2.  Sprightly  saying  ;  lively  talk  j  effusion  of  hu- 
mor. 

The  ?rave  abound  in  pletuantriet,  U»e  dull  in  «parU»s  and 
points  01  wit.  Addison. 

PLEAS'ANT-TONGU-£D,  (plez'ant-tungtl,)  a.  Hav- 
ing pleasing  speech. 

PLicASE,  (pleeze,)  v.  t.  [Fr.  plaire^  pUiisant^  from  L. 
phicere,  plaeeo  ;  Arm.  pligea,  plifreont ;  It.  piacere  ;  Sp. 
placer;  Corn,  plciia;  formed,  perhaps,  on  the  root  of 
like.    Class  Lg.] 

1.  To  excite  agreeable  sensations  or  emotions  in; 
to  gratify  ;  as,  to  please  the  taste  ;  to  please  the  minil. 

Their  word*  pleased  Uainor,  and   Shcchcm,  Hamor's   eon.  — 

Cicn.  xxW. 
fi-avc  such  to  trifle  with  more  ^rac«  thun  case, 
Whom  fo\]y  pleases,  and  whose  fo]lk& please.  Pops. 

2.  To  satisfy  ;  to  content. 

Whalnexll  briitg  sliall  B?f/ia« 
Thy  wisli  exuclly  to  ihy  hcnn's  utsii>:.  Millon. 

3.  To  prefer;  to  have  satisfaction  in  ;  to  like  ;  to 
choose. 

M.^ny  of  our  most  skillful  pniiiters  were  pleased  to  rc.-ommend 
this  autlior  to  roe.  DrytUn. 

To  he  pleased  in  or  -with  ;  to  approve  ;  to  have  com- 
pUii-ency  in.    Matt.  iii. 

To  please  Qodj  is  to  love  his  character  antl  law, 
and  perform  his  will,  so  as  to  become  the  object  of 
his  approbation. 

They  thai  arc  in  Uie  flesh  can  not  please  God.  —  Rom.  viii. 
PLkASE,  V.  ('.    To  like ;  to  choose ;  to  prefer. 

spirits,  fri-ed  from  mortal  laws,  with  ease 

Assume  what  sexes  and  what  shups  they  please.  Pope, 

9.  To  condescend ;  to  comply ;  to  be  pleased ;  a 
vord  of  cerctnoHy. 

Please  you,  loixis, 
In  si»ht  of  Iwth  our  battles  we  may  meet.  SJtak. 

Tl>e  Jim  wonU  ih.it  I  l-.-arnt  were  to  express  my  desire  that  he 
would  please  to  g-ive  me  my  liberty.  Sid/[. 

Please  expresses  less  gratification  than  deli^lu. 

PLkAS'£D,  (pleezd,)  pp.  or  a.  Gratified;  affected 
iivjih  aereeable  sensations  or  emotions. 

PLeAS'ED-LY,  adv.     In  a  way  to  be  pleased. 

Feltham. 

PLeAS'ED-NESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  pleased. 

J.  Edwards. 

PLEASE'MAN,  n.  An  officious  person  who  courts 
fav-or  servilely  ;  a  pickthank.  Sliak. 

PLe.AS'ER,  71.  One  that  pleases  or  gratifies;  one 
that  courts  favor  by  humoring  or  rtatiering  compli- 
ances, or  a  show  of  obedience  ;  as,  men-plcascrs. 
F.plu  vi.     CoU  iii. 

PLeAS'ING,  ppr.  Gratifying  ;  exciting  agieeable 
sensations  or  emotions  in. 

PLeAS'ING,  a.      Giving    pleasure    or    satisfaction ; 
agreeable  to  the  senses  or  to  the  mind  ;  as,  a  pleasin  / 
prospect;  a. pleasing  reflection  ;  pleasing  manners. 
9.  Gaining  approbation.    1  John  iii. 

PLeAS'I>:G,  71.    The  act  of  gnilityiii;;. 

PLe.-VS'ING-LY,  afZt'.  In  such  a  manner  as  to  give 
pleasure.  Dnjdctu 

PLEAS^ING-NESS,  w.  The  quality  of  giving  pleas- 
ure. 

PLKAS'UR-A-BLE,  (plezirur-a-bl,)  a.     [from  plc^is- 
ure.] 
Pleasing;  giving  pleasure  ;  affording  gratification. 

Planting  of  orchards  is  very  profitiible,  as  well  as  pleasurabk. 

Baton. 

PLEAS'UR-A-BLE-NESS,  71.  The  quality  of  giving 
pleasure.  Feltham. 

PLEAS'^R-A-ELY,  adv.  With  pleasure  ;  with  grati- 
fication of  the  senses  or  the  mind.  Harris. 

PLEAS'URE,  (plezh'ur,)  n.  [Fr.  plaisir ;  Arm.  pli- 
geadur:  It.  piacere;  Sp.  placer;  Port,  prazcr.  See 
Please.] 

1.  The  gratification  of  the  senses  or  of  the  mind  ; 
agreeable  sensations  or  emotions ;  the  excitement, 
relish,  or  happiness  produced  by  enjoyment  or  the 
expectation  of  good  ;  opposed  to  Pain.  '  We  receive 
pleasure  from  the  indulgence  of  appetite ;  from  the 
view  of  a  beautiful  landscape  ;  from  the  harmony 
of  sounds  ;  from  agreeable  society  ;  from  the  expec- 
tation of  seeing  an  absent  friend  ;  from  the  prospect 
of  gain  or  success  of  any  kind.  Pleasure,  bodily  and 
mental,  carnal  and  spiritual,  constitutes  the  whole 
of  positive  happiness,  as  pain  constitutes  the  whole 
of  misery. 

Pleasure  is  properly  positive  excitement  of  the  pas- 
sions or^he  mind  ;  but  we  give  the  name  also  to  the 
absence  of  excitement,  when  that  excitement  is 
painful;  as  when  we  cease  to  labor,  or  repose  after 
fatigue,  or  when  the  mind  is  tranquilized  after  anx- 
iciy  or  agitation. 
Pleasure  is  susceptible  of  increase  to  any  degree ; 


PLE 

but  the  word,  when  unqualified,  cvprosses  less  ex- 
citement or  happiness  than  delight  or  jotj. 
9.  Sensual  or  sexual  gratification. 

3.  Approbation. 

The  Lord  utkoth  pleasure  iu  his  people.  —  Pa.  cxIvU.  and  cxlix. 

4.  Wliat  the  will  dictates  or  prefers  ;  will ;  choice  ; 
purpose;  intention;  command;  as,  use  your  pleas- 
ure. Shak. 

Cyrus,  he  is  my  shepherd,  and  sliall  perfonn  all  my  pleasure.  — 

1b.  xliv. 
My  counsel  shall  stand,   and  I  will  do  all  my  pUature, —  Is. 

xliv. 

5.  A  favor;  that  which  pleases. 

Festus,  willing  to  do  tlic  Jcwa  a  pleasta-e,  answered  Paul. — 

Acts  XXT. 

G.  Arbitrary   will  or  choice.      He  can    vary  his 

scheme  at  pleasure. 

PLEAS'lTRE,  (plezh'ur,)  v.  L  To  give  or  afford 
pleasure  to  ;  to  please  ;  to  gratify.      Bacon.    Shak, 

[v5  icord  auViorited  by  sojne  good  writers,  but  suptr- 
fiiious  and  ?iot  much  used.] 

PLEAS'l^RE-BoAT,  7i.  A  boat  appropriated  to  sail- 
ing for  anjuseinent. 

PLEAS'URE-CAR'KIAGE,  7i.  A  carriage  for  pleasure. 

PLEAS'liRE-FlJL,  a.  Pleasant;  agreeable.  [Little 
used,]  „^bbot. 

PLEAS'URE-GROUND,  ?i.  Ground  laid  out  in  an 
ornamental  manner,  and  appropriated  to  pleasure  or 
amusement.  Graces. 

PLEAS' QR-IST,  71.  A  person  devoted  to  worldly 
pleasure.     [Litllc  used.]  Brown. 

PLE-Be'IAN,  ([pte-b5'yan,)  a.  [It.  plcheio;  Sp.  pier- 
bcyo  ;  L.  plebcius,  from  plibs,  the  con)mon  people.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  conmion  people;  vulgar;  as, 
plebeian  minds;  plebeian  sports. 

2.  Consisting  of  common  people  ;  as,  a  plebeian 
throng. 

PLE-Be'IAN,  n.  One  of  the  common  people  or  lower 
ranks  of  men.  Swift. 

[Usually  applied  to  the  common  people  of  ancient 
Rome.] 

PLE-Be'IANCE,  n.  The  common  people.  [A(*(iK»i-e.] 

PLE-Bii'IAN-ISM,  71.    The  conduct  of  plebeians. 

PLEC'TOG-NaTHES,  )  n,  pi.  [Gr.  -Ick'o,  to  connect, 

PLEC-TOG'NA-THI,    i      and  >  vaOag,  a  jaw.] 

An  order  of  fishes  having  the  maxillary  bones  stiff- 
ly adhering  to  the  sides  of  the  interinaxillaries,  which 
alone  form  the  jaws,  as  the  file-fish.  Brande, 

PLEC-TOG-NATH'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  an  r.der  of 
fishes  described  above. 

PLECTRUM,  71.  [L.]  A  small  instrument,  com- 
monly of  ivory,  with  which  tlie  ancients  struck  the 
lyre. 

PLEDGE,  (plej,)  71.  [FT.pleigc:  It.  jneggeria ;  Norm. 
plegg.  1  his  iri  evidently  the  Celtic  form  of  the  Teu- 
tonic plight,  S:lx.  pliht,  pli/Uan.  (See  Plight.)  It 
coincides  with  h.pHco,  Gr.  t:\ckoj,  W. /j^yo-u,  to  fold, 
jiroperly  to  lay  to,  to  put  or  throw  to  or  on.  A  pledge 
is  tliat  which  is  laid  or  deposited,] 

1.  Something  put  in  pawn;  that  which  is  depos- 
ited with  another  as  security  for  the  repayment  of 
money  boiTowed,  or  for  the  performance  of  some 
agreement  or  obligation  ;  a  pawn.  A  borrows  ten 
pounds  of  B,  and  deposits  his  watch  as  a  pledge  that 
the  money  shall  be  repaid  ;  and  by  the  repayment  of 
the  money,  A  redeems  the  pledge. 

'2,  Any  thing  given  or  considered  as  a  security  for 
the  performance  of  an  act.  Thus  a  man  gives  his 
word  or  makes  a  promise  to  another,  which  is  re- 
ceived as  a  pledge  for  fulfillment.  The  mutual  affec- 
tion of  husband  and  wife  is  a  pledge  for  the  faithful 
performance  of  the  marriage  covenant.  Mutual  in- 
terest is  the  best  pledge  for  the  performance  of 
treaties. 

3.  A  surety  ;  a  hostage.  Ralegh.    Dnjden. 
■1.  In  law,  a.  gage  or  security,  real  or  personal,  given 

for  the  repayment  of  money.  It  is  of  two  kinds ; 
vadium  ricum,  a  living  pledge,  as  when  a  man  bor- 
rows money  and  grants  an  estate  to  be  held  by  the 
pledgee,  till  the  rents  and  profits  shall  refund  the 
money,  in  which  case  the  land  or  pledge  is  said  to  be 
living  i  or  it  is  vadium  mortuunt,  a  dead  pledge,  called 
a  Mortgage.     [See  Mortgage.]  Blackstone. 

5,  In  law,  bail ;  surety  given  tor  the  prosecution  of 
a  suit,  or  for  the  appearance  of  a  defendant,  or  for 
restoring  goods  taken  in  distress  and  replevied.  The 
distress  itself  is  also  called  a  pledge,  and  the  glove 
formerly  thrown  down  by  a  champion  in  trial  by 
battle,  was  a  pledge  by  which  the  champion  stipu- 
lated to  encounter  his  antagonist  in  that  trial. 

BlacJistone. 

6.  A  drinking  of  health  to  another.  See  verb. 
To  put  in  pledge ;  to  pawn.  [Nos.  5  and  6. 
To  hold  in  pledge;  to  keep  as  securitv. 

PLED(5E,  V.  t.     [Fr.  pleiger.     See  Plight.] 

1.  To  deposit  in  pawn  ;  to  deposit  or  leave  in  pos- 
session of  a  person  something  which  is  to  secure  the 
repayment  of  money  borrowed,  or  the  perform- 
ance of  some  act.  [This  word  is  applied  chiefly  to 
the  depositing  of  goods  or  personal  property.  AVhen 
real  estate  is  given  as  security,  we  usually  apply  the 
word  Mortgage.] 

2.  To  give  as  a  warrant  or  security  ;  as,  to  pledge 
one's  word  or  honor;  to  pledge  one's  veracity. 


PLE 

3.  To  secure  by  a  pledge. 

I  accept  her, 
And  here,  {o  pledge  my  vow,  I  give  my  hand.  [Unuttiai.]  Shak. 

'\.  To  engage  for  by  promise  or  declaration  ;  as,  to 
pledge  the  performance  of  a  thing. 

5.  Formerly,  to  invite  to  driuk  by  drinking  of  the 
cup  first,  and  then  handing  it  to  another,  a*;  a 
pledge  ot^  good  will  and  kindness.  This  practice 
originated  among  our  ancestors  in  their  rude  slate, 
and  was  intended  to  secure  the  person  from  being 
stabbed  while  drinking,  or  from  being  poisoned  by 
the  liquor.  The  person  drinking  pledged  his  guest  by 
drinking  first,  and  then  handing  the  cup  to  his  gue^t. 
The  practice  is  frequent  among  the  common  people 
in  .America  to  this  day ;  the  owner  of  the  llipior, 
taking  the  cup,  says  to  his  friend,  /  pledge  you,  and 
drinks,  then  hands  the  cup  to  his  guest ;  a  remark- 
able instance  of  the  power  of  habit,  astlie  reason  of 
the  custom  has  long  since  ceased. 

0.  In  present  usage,  simply  to  drink  to  the  health 
of  another  as  a  pledge  of  interest. 

Pledge  me,  my  frii;nd,  and  drink  till  thou  be'tl  wise.     Comiey. 

PLEDG'^D,  pp.  or  a.  Deposited  as  security ;  given  in 
warrant. 

PLEDG-EE',  k.  The  person  to  whom  any  ihin^  is 
pledged. 

PLEDG'ER,  77.  One  that  pledges  or  pawns  anything; 
one  that  warrants  or  secures.  [Pledgor,  in  Black- 
stone,  is  not  to  be  countenanced.] 

2.  One  who  invites  another  to  drink  by  drinking 
first. 

3.  One  who  drinks  the  heidtli  of  another. 
PLEDG'ER-Y,  7i.    A  pledging;    suretiship.    [JVot  in 

itsc.]  Kncyc. 

PLEDG'ET,  71.  [from  folding  or  laying.]  In  surgery, 
a  compress,  or  small,  flat  tent  of  lint,  laid  over  a 
wound  to  imbibe  the  matter  discharged  and  keep  it 
clean.  Encye. 

PLEDG'ING,  ppr.  Depositing  in  pawn  or  as  security  ; 
giving  as  a  warrant  for  security  or  safety. 

PLE'IADS^fple'yadz,)  \n.  pi     fL.  Pleiades;  Gr. 

PLe'IA-DeS,  (ple'ya-dez,)  \  -\tiahq,  supposed  to 
be  formed  from  ^Artj,  to  sail,  as  the  rising  of  the 
seven  stars  indicated  the  time  of  safe  navigation.] 

In  astronomy,  the  seven  stars,  situated  in  the  neck 
of  the  constellation  Taurus.  The  Latins  called  them 
VERGiLia;,  from  ver,  spring,  because  of  their  rising 
about  the  vernal  equinox.  [Pleiad,  in  the  singular, 
is  sometimes  used.]  Encyc.    JiinswoTth. 

PLe'NAL,  a.     [See  Plenary.]     Full.     [JVo(  u^rrf.] 

Beaumont. 

PLe'NA-RI-LY,  adv.  [from  pUnary.]  Fully ;  com- 
pletely, ^yl'ffe. 

PLe'NA-RI-NESS,  71.    Fullness;  completeness. 

PLEN'AR-TY,  n.  The  slate  of  a  benefice  when  occu- 
pied. Blackstone. 

PLe'NA-RY,  a.  [L.  plcnus ;  Fr.  plcin:  It.  plenarin, 
pieno;  Sp.  plena,  llcno  ;  W.  llairn  ;  Ir.  lain,  Ian  ;  Ann. 
kiin.  The  Russ.  has  poind  and  polon,  full,  and  with 
a  prefix,  7iapoZ/jiayu,  to  fill.  Q,u.  the  radical  letters, 
and  the  identity  of  the  Russ.  with  the  others.] 

Full ;  entire  ;  complete  ;  as,  xi.  plenary  license  ;  ple- 
narucomeni; plenary  indulgence.  The p/raary  indul- 
gence of  the  pope  is  an  entire  remission  of  penalties 
due  to  all  sins.  Encyc. 

PLe'NA-RY,  71.    Decisive  procedure.    [Jfot  used.] 

J9ylije. 

PLEX-I-LtJ'NAR,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  full  moon. 

PLEN-I-LU'NA-RY,  a.    Relating  to  the  full  moon. 

Broken. 

PLEN'I-LUNE,  71.     [L.  plenilunium  ;  plenus,  full,  and 
luna,  moon.] 
The  full  moon.     [J^ot  used.]  B.  Jonson. 

PLE-NIP'0-TENCE,n.     [L.  plenus,  full,  and  poteniia, 
power.] 
Fullness  or  completeness  of  power.  Milton. 

PLE-NIP'0-TE\T,  a.     [L.  plenipotcns,  supra.] 

Possessing  full  power.  JUilton. 

PLEX-I-PO-TEX'TIA-RY,  n.  [Fr.  plenipoteiUiare. 
See  Plenipotence.] 

A  person  invested  with  full  power  to  transact  any 
business;  usually,  an  embassador  or  envoy  to  a 
foreign  court,  furnished  with  ftill  power  to  negotiate 
a  treatv  or  to  transact  other  business. 

PLEN-I-"PO-TEN'TIA-RY,a.  Containing  full  power; 
as,  plenipotentiary  license  or  authority. 

PLEN'ISH,  for  Replenish,  is  not  used. 

PLe'NIST,  71.     [L.  plcnits.] 

One  who  maintains  that  all  space  is  full  of  matter. 

Boijle. 

PLEN'I-TUDE,  71.     [L.  plenitudo,  from  plenus,  full.] 

1.  Fullness;  as,  thepZcnilWi^c  of  space.      Bentlcy. 

2.  Repletion;  animal  fullness;  plethora;  rediin 
dancy  of  blood  and  humors  in  the  animal  bodies. 

Encyc. 

3.  Fullness;  complete  competence;  as,  the  ;;/e)it 
tude  of  the  pope's  power.  Bacon. 

4.  Completeness  ;  as,  the  plenitude  of  a  man's  fame 

Prior. 
PLEN'TE-OUS,  a.     [from  plenty.]     Abundant;  copi 
ous ;  plentiful  ;   sufficient  for  every  purpose;  as,  a 
plenteous  supply  of  provisions ;  a  plenteous  crop. 

Milton. 


fate,  far,  fall,  WHAT.  — Mete,  prey.  — pixe,  markne,  bird.— Note,  dove,  move,  wolf,  boqk. 

__  _  ^_        __ 


PLE 

2    Yielding  abundance  ;  as,  a  plenteous  fountain. 

The  seTco  plenteoui  years.  —  Gen.  ili. 

3l  Having  an  abundance. 

Th!  Lord  stLiil  lOAke  Uiee /-."ejUfouj  in  goods.  —  Deut.  xxviii. 

■i.  Possessing  in  abundance,  and  ready  to  bestow 
liberally.    Ps.  Ixxxvi. 
[This  word  is  less  used  than  Plentiful.] 

PLEX'TE-OrS-LY,  adc.  In  abundance;  copiously  j 
plentifuliV.  JirUtan. 

PLEX'TE-bUS-NESS,  n.  Abundance;  copious  sup- 
ply ;  plenty  ;  as,  the  seven  years  of  ptctiteousness  in 
ECTpl. 

PLEX'TI-FyL,  a.  [from  plenty,]  Copious;  abun- 
dant ;  adequate  to  every  purpose  ;  a?,  a  plentiful  crop 
of  gmin ;  a  plentiful  harvest;  a  phntiful  supply  of 
water  ;  a  plentiful  fortune. 

3.  Yielding  abundant  crops;  affording  ample  sup- 
ply ;  fruitful ;  as,  b.  plentiful  vear.  Bacon. 

PLEX'TI-FUL-LY,  adv.  Copiously  ;  abundantly ; 
witli  ample  supply.  Addison, 

PLEX'TI-FrL-NESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  plenti- 
ful ;  abundance. 
2.  The  quality  of  affording  full  supply. 

PLEX'TY,  n.     [from  L.  plenus.] 

1.  Abundance  ;  copiousness  ;  full  or  adequate  sup- 
ply ;  as,  we  have  a  plenttj  of  com  for  broad ;  the 
garrison  has  a;j/f7iryof  provisions.  Its  application  to 
persons,  as  a.  plenty  of  buyers  or  sellers,  is  inelegant. 

2.  Fruilfulness  ;  a  poetic  use. 

'fhe  l.?';niin^  clouds 
Oficead  in  gladsome  J3,'ena/  o'er  Ihe  world.  77ioriJon. 

PLEX'TY,  a.    Plentiful ;  being  in  abundance. 

\Vli:Te  water  ispteno/.  Tusser. 

If  reasons  were  as  plcntu  as  I'lackberries.  Skak. 

In  every  couotrr  where  liqjors  are  plenty.  Hist.  CoUeetxons. 
The  common  sons  of  fowls  and  Ihe  several  ^lUiiaccous  species 

are  pUrm/.  Tooke,  Rues.  Emp. 

A  variety  of  other  herbs  sod  roots  which  are  plenty.  Adair. 
TU;y  seem  formed  for  those  coiintnes  where  shrubs  are  plenty 

Biid  v.'aier  scarce.  Goldsmith. 

When  laborers  are  o/enft/,  their  wages  will  be  low.  f'raitkiin. 
In  ihe  coiintn",  where  wood  is  more  plenly,  ihey  maie  (heir 

beams  slron^r.  Encyc, 

[The  use  of  this  word  as  an  adjective  seems  too 
well  authorized  to  bs  rejected.  It  is  uniyersal  in 
common  parlance  in  tiie  United  States.] 

PEe'NL'M,  ?i.  [L.]  Fullness  of  matter  in  space; 
oppri^ed  to  Vacpum.  Descartes. 

PLe'O-XASM,  71.  [h.  pUonasmus i  Gr.  ~>zoiaopQij 
from  the  root  of  -X:os,  full,  ^rAcnr,  more,  L.  pleo^  in 
impleoi  to//?.] 

Redundancy  of  words  in  speaking  or  writing  ;  the 
use  of  more  words,  to  express  ideas,  tlian  are  neces- 
sary. This  may  be  justifiable  wjien  we  intend  to 
present  thoughts  v/ith  particular  perspicuity  or  force. 

PLe'O-XASTE,  n.  [Gr.  TrA-offir^'S,  abundant;  from 
its  four  facets,  sometimes  found  on  each  solid  angle 
of  the  octahedron.] 

A  mineral,  commonly  considered  as  a  variety  of 
the  spinelle  ruby.     [See  Cevlamte.] 

PLE-0-XAS'Tie,         >  c.    Pertaining  to  pleonasm  ; 

PLE-0-NAS'Tie-AL,  \  partalcing  of  pleonasm  ;  re- 
dundant. Blackwall. 

PLE-0-XA3'Tie-AL-LY,  adt.  With  redundancy  of 
word?. 

PLE-ROPH'O-RY,  n.    {Gj.  TrXi/on^oota  ,■  -Xf?p»7?,  full, 
and  0!^'T.u,  to  bear.] 
Full  persuasion  or  confidence.  [Little  used.']    Hall. 

PLE.sn,  fur  PLA?fi.     [JV<;e  xiscd.]  Stienger. 

PLF^^^I-0-MORPH'lSM,  n.     [Gr.  -A^jai^sand  fioo,^n.] 
The  state  of  crj'stallized  substances  which  nearly 
resemble  each  other  in  form,  but  still  are  different. 

PLE-SI-0-MORPH'OUS,  a.     Xearlv  alike  in  form. 

PLE-SI-0-SAU'RUS,  n.  [Gr.  -Aji7(.>$,  next,  and 
(7avpui,  a  lizard.] 

A  genus  of  extinct  marine  animals,  allied  to  the 
lizard  and  crocodile,  having  the  neck  very  long,  and 
the  Mil  short;  also  written  Plesiosaur.    Conybearc. 

PLETH'0-RA,  ju,  [Gr.  i:X,i'Ju,p:j,  from  rrXr/hs,  full- 
ness.] 

1.  Literally^  fullness. 

2.  In  medicine,  fullness  of  blood  ;  excess  of  blood  ; 
repletion  ;  the  state  of  the  vessels  of  the  human 
body,  when  they  are  too  full,  or  overloaded  with 
fluids.  Coze.     Parr.     Encuc. 

PLETH'O-Rie,  a.    Having  a  full  habit  of  body,  or 

the  vessels  overcharged  with  fluids.         Arbutknot. 
PLETH'O-RY.     See  Plethora. 
PLETH'ROX,   )  vn         ^   a         -x 

PLETU'RU.M^,  i  "•     tGr.  -A£9ooi'.] 

Among  Vte  Greeks^  a  long  measure  of  100  feet; 
also,  a  square  measure  of  10,000  feet.  Smithes  Diet. 
PLEu'RA,  n.     [Gr.,  the  side.] 

In  anatomy,  a  thin  membrane,  which  covers  the 
inside  of  the  thorax,  and  also  invests  the  lungs. 
PLEC'RI-SY,  n.     [Gr.  -Xcvpirtf,  from  TrAcr/ja,  the 
side;  Fr.  pleuresie  ;  It.  pleurisia.] 

An  inflammation  of  the  pleura,  or  membrane  that 
covers  the  inside  of  the  liiorax.    It  is  accompanied 
with  fever,  pain,  difficult  respiration,  and  cough. 
PLEU-RIT'ie,         i  a.    Pertaining  to  pleurisy;  as, 
PLEU-RIT'f€^AL,  )       pleuritic   sj'mploms   or  affec 
tions. 
^  Diseased  with  pleurisy.  ArbutJtnot. 


PLI 


PLO 


PLEV'IN,  71.     [Old  Fr.]     A  warrant  of  assurance. 

PLEX'I-FOR.M,  a.     [L.  pleras,  a  fold,  and/w-m,] 

In  the  form  of  net-work;  complicated,    putney. 
PLEX'L'S,  n.     [L,]     Any  union  of  vessels,  nerves,  or 

fibers,  in  the  form  of  net-work.  Core. 

PLt-A-RIL'I-TY,  «.     [from  pUabh.] 

Tin;  n"^'i:y  of  bcndirrg  or  yielding  to  pressure  or 

force  without  rupture;  flexibility;  phablcness. 
PLI'A-BLE,  «.    [Fr.,  from  plier,  to  bend,  to  fold  ;  L. 

plico^  Gr.  Tr\zKi.}^   \V.  plygu,  It.  piegare^  to   fold; 

pieghevolej  pliable.] 

1.  Easy  to  be  bent;  that  readily  yields  to  pressure 

without  rupture:   flexible;  as,  willow  is  a  plialile 

plant.  ^ 

9.  Flexible  in  disposition ;  readily  yielding  to  moral 

influence,  arguments,  persuasion,  or  discipline;  as, 

a  pliable  joulh. 
PLI'.V-BLE-XESS,   n.     Flexibility;    the    quality  of 

yielding  to  f.irce  or  to  moral  influence;  pliability; 

as,  the  pliablenr:is  nf  a  plant  or  of  the  disposition. 
PLT'A-BLY,  adc.  .So  as  to  be  pliable.  I  Hammond. 
PLI'AN-CY,  n.     [from  pliant.] 

1.  Easiness  to  be  bent,  in  a  physical  sense;  an,  the 
pliancy  of  a  rod,  of  cordage,  or  of  limbs     Addison. 

2.  Readiness  to  yield  to  moral  influence;  as, 
pliancjf  of  temper. 

PLI'AXT,  a.  [Fr.]  That  may  be  easily  bent ;  readily 
yielding  to  force  or  pressure  without  breaking ;  flexi- 
ble; flexile;  lithe:  limber;  as,  apZianMhread. 

Spectator. 

2.  That  may  be  easily  formed  or  molded  to  a 
different  shape  ;  as,  pliant  wax. 

3.  Easily  yielding  to  moral  influence;  easy  to  be 
persuaded ;  ductile. 

The  will  was  Iht-n  more  ductile  am]  pl'uinl  to  rijiht  reefon. 

South. 

PLi'ANT-LY,  adu.    Yieldingly;  flexibly. 

PLi'AXT-XESS,  H.    Flexibility.  Saeon. 

PLI'CA,  ».     [L.,  a  fold.] 

Trichosis  plica  is  a  disease  of  the  hair,  peculiar  to 
Poland  and  the  neighboring  countri'-'s.  In  this  dis- 
ease, the  hair  of  the  head  is  vascularly  thickened, 
matted,  or  Iiailed,  by  means  of  a  glutinous  fluid 
secreted  from  its  root.  It  sometimes,  but  rarely, 
affects  the  beard,  the  hair  of  the  pudenda,  and  of 
the  rest  of  the  surface  of  the  body.  It  seems  to  pre- 
vail in  Poland  as  an  endemic  disease. 

PLT'CATE,       )  rr        ;■     .  r        *     <•  i  i  i 

PLi'Ca-TED  \  *^'     ^     pltcatus ;  plico,  to  fold.] 
Plaited ;  folded  like  a  fan  ;  as,  a  plicate  leaf. 

Lee.  JMartyn. 
PLi'CATE-LY,  adv.  In  a  plicate  or  folded  manner. 
PLI-Ca'TIOX,  n.     [from  L. plico.] 

A  folding  or  fold. 
PLIC'A-TITRE,  n.     [L.  plicatura ;  plico,  to  fold.] 

A  fold  ;  a  doubling. 
PLT'ED,  (plide,)  pp.     Applied  to  closely;   employed 

diligently;  urged.    [See  Ply.] 
PLI'ERS,"?!.  pi.     [Fr.  plicr,  to  fold.     See  Ply.] 

A  kind  of  pincers,  by  which  any  small  thing  is 
seized  and  bent.  JIvxon. 

PLi'FORM,  a.     [Fr.  pU,  a  fold,  nnd  form.] 

In  the  form  of  a  fold  or  doubling.  PennanL 

PLIGHT,  (pllte,)  V.  t.  [Sax.  plihtan,  to  pledge,  and  to 
expose  to  danger,  or  rather,  perhaps,  to  perplexity  ; 
Sw.  bcpUchta,  to  bind;  D.  pU^t,  duty,  mortgage; 
G.  pfiicht^  duty,  pledge  ;  Dan.  pUi^ty  duty,  obligation  ; 
pli'rti<r,  bound,  obliged;  Sw.  ptickt.  This  sceuis  to 
be  the  Teutonic  form  of  the  Celtic  pledge,  Fr.pleigc, 
pleigcr,  L.  plico,  Gr.  rAtvo),  It.  piegare,  Sp.  plegar, 
Fr.  plier^  A\\\\.  plega,  VV.  phjgu,  to  fold;  &p.pUyto, 
a  covenant  or  contract ;  and  the  G.Jlcchten,  to  braid, 
coinciding  with  the  L.  fifcto,  to  bend,  appears  to  be 
of  the  same  family.  If  the  elements  are  Lg,  as  I 
suspect,  pledge  and  plight  are  formed  on  the  root  of 
/uy,  Arm.  laeqaat.  To  pledge  or  plight  is  to  l:iy  down, 
throw  down,  set,  or  deposit.  PU^ht  n)ay,  however, 
be  more  directly  from  the  root  of  L.  Hgo,  but  this  is 
of  the  same  family.    See  Alloy  and  Plv.] 

1.  To  pledge;  to  give  as  security  for  the  perform- 
ance of  some  act ;  but  never  applied  to  property  or 
goods.  We  say,  he  plighted  his  hand,  his  faith,  bis 
vows,  his  honor,  his  truth  or  trutli.  Pledge  is  ap- 
plied to  property  as  well  as  to  word,  faith,  truth, 
honor,  &;c.  To  'plight  faith  is,  as  it  were,  to  deposit 
it  in  pledge  for  the  performance  of  an  act,  on  the 
n  on -perform  a  nee  of  which,  the  pledge  is  forfeited. 

9.  To  weave  ;  to  braid.  Spenser.    Milton. 

[This  is  the  primarj'  sense  of  the  word,  h.  plico, 
but  now  obsolete] 
PLTGIIT,  (plite,)  «.  Literally,  a  slate  of  being  in- 
volved, [L.  pliaitus,  iinplicatttj,  iniplit-itus ;]  hence, 
perplexity,  distress,  or  a  distressed  stale  or  condition ; 
as,  a  miserable  plight.  Hut  the  word,  by  itself,  does 
not  ordinarily  imply  distress.     Hence, 

2.  Condition;  state;  and  sometimes  good  case; 
as,  to  keep  cattle  in  plight. 

[In  most  cases,  this  word  is  now  accompanied 
with  an  adjective,  which  determines  its  signification  ; 
as,  bad  plight;  miscruble  or  wretched  plight;  good 
plighL] 

3.  Pledge;  gage. 

The  IfOrv),  whos^;  h-md  iiuist  Like  lay  ptisfil.  Sl.uk. 


ApioddimgmfCr-r.^ 
a  fl'JttL-rin^  w.-iy 
Som-:  stu|»d,  ptoJ^of,  r. 


4.  A  fold,  [L.  pUca;]  adouble;  a  ptaiL 

All  in  a  tUl'm  Caura,  V.j  whi!*?, 

PurtVrd  ujK-n  with  inajiy  s  fuUnl/fi^iL      i(Xi».\ 

.S.  A  earment.    [AVe  tt«d  }  '"' 

PIJGII'J'El),  (pm'ed,)jv.  or  a.    Pl^Jr 
PUGHT'EK,  (plil'er,j  n.      One   that 

which  pli'/ht«. 
PLIGI1T'IX(;.  (plU'ing,)  irpr.     PIrdgin;. 
PLIM,  r.  i.     To  BWeU.     [.Vc(  m  lue,  \  Gnttc 

PLIXTII,7i.   [Gr.rAii-Oof.abrick  "'■  I-     '    •'    '-  •  * 
In  arcliiteetare,  a  flat,  square  . 
brick,  which  Kcrves  a:i  the  f<^u: 
Iwing  the  flat,  square  table  un-i   ■ 
base  and  pedestal,  at  the  bolt.  , 
tnivius  gives  the  name  to  lb': 

of  the  luscan  order,  frou.  It.-!  ;    -. 

plinth. 
PlinUi  of  a  status  is  t  bas«,  flat,  round,  or  i^: 

f 
Plinth  of  a  vail;  two  or  three  row  - 
vanced  from  the  wall,  in  form  '-f  .i  ; 
in  general,  any  flat,  high  moldiup,  i.i.: 
front  wall  to  mark  the  floors,  to  kiutaiu  itir  •  .. 
a  wall  or  the  larmier  of  a  chimn'^v.  J. 

PLrO-CENE,  a.     [Gr.  rXciw*-,  rao're,  an  t   , 
cent.] 

In  geology,  a  term  applied  to  th- 
tertiary  deposit,  in  which  most  of  ih.   :^^- .      .  -. 
are  of  recent  (species.  LydL 

PLOD,  tj.  i.    [D.p/otj.dull,  heav}-,    Qu.] 

1.  Totravclor  w<..r:t  ^i..iv;.,f.r  with  rteady,  labori- 
ous diligence. 

-  -  la  oar  Jcoian**  cad,  das 
lU/U.  VEMtrwMgt. 

5.  To  study  heavUv,  with  steady  dDicmcc. 

Skak.    S^:fL 
3.  To  toil;  to  drudge. 
PLOD'DEK,  n.    A  dull,  heavy,  laborious  person. 

ShAk. 
PLOD'DIXG,  ppr.    Traveling  or  laboring  with  tli.*.v 
movement  and  steady  diligence;   ftudyiog  clui^cly 
but  heavily. 

2.  a.  Industrious;  diligent,  but  sluw  in  conUiv- 
ance  or  execution. 

PLOD'DING,n.    Slow  movement  or  btndy  with  flcsA- 

iness  or  persevering  indust^^^  Pride.fj.z. 

PLOD'DIXG-LY,  adv.    Industriously  ;  diligently. 
PLOT,  n.    [A  different  orthography  of  Plat.I 

1.  A  plat  or  small  extent  of  ground ;  as, :'. 
plot,  J 

h  waa  a  chcwnpJoIof  r  rt:>  ;;n  !.  ."_ 

When  wc  r.  ■  ■ 
We  fint  •urrcy  ibe  ;  .  Sl^'c. 

2.  A  plantation  laid  out.  Sidxew. 

3.  A  plan  or  scheme.    [Q,u.  Uie  next  word.] 

4.  In  surveying,  a  plan  or  draught  of  a  field  or 
piece  of  land,  work,  &.C.,  surveyed  and  dchncated 
on  paper. 

PLOT,  71.    [The  French  retain  this  word  in  ih^  r  -- 
pounds    complot,  complater ;  .\ra\.  eompUd,  ( 
It  may  be  iVom  the  root  of  plait,  to  wca-. 
pletn,  whence  opletayu,  to  plait,  to  twUt,  to  il 
oplot,  a  heilge.    See  Plait.] 

1.  .Any  sclicmc,  stratagem,  or  plan  of  a  complica- 
ted nature,  or  consisting  of  many  parts.  a'.i;V  I  lo 
the  accomplishment  of  some  purpost\ 

chievous  one.    A  plct  may  be  fomir 
person  or  by  r.umbcrs.    In  ihe  latter  c; 
spiracy  oi  an  intrigue.    The  latter  won!  lu.  ri-  .:•:'.-  r- 
ally  denotes  a  scheme  directed  asainil  individuals  ; 
the  farmer  a;:atnst  the  government.    Uut  ibts  dis- 
tinction is  not  always  observed. 

O,  think  what  »nxiouf  rK-meoti  pui  trfgeen 

The  lulh  o^;^'oLt,  and  ihcir  tut  bul  pehodi  I  Ad&cn. 

2.  In  dramatic  terdings,  the  knot  or  intrigue  :  tlio 
Etor)'  of  a  play,  comprising  a  complication  of  mci- 
dents  which  are  at  last  unfolded  by  uncxp -led 
means. 

If  ilie  plot  or  tolrigw  murt  be  Dilitnl,  !««i  «uch  m  »j  r 
ih*  tubjcct,  Uie  winding  up  of  the  plot  must  Le  «  . 
ctia*r<)ucuo:  of  ali  that  went  bcf^'ir.  iV/^- 

3.  Contrivance ;  deep  reach  of  thought ;  ability  lo 

plot. 

A  man  of  much  ploL  Z>r«ii«. 

PLOT,  r.  I.  To  form  a  scheme  of  mischief  against 
another,  or  against  a  government  or  tlioso  who  ad- 
minister it.    A  traitor  piots  against  his  king. 

'l"he  wicii:d  ploUtA  sigo-nst  i.V  ]i»L  —  P*.  xxx» i 

2.  To  contrive  a  plan  ;  to  scheme. 

The  pTiuoe  ditl  plot  to  be  lec-ctiy  joo^.  H'oCj*- 

PLOT,  c.  (.  To  plan  ;  to  devise  ;  lo  ci*rivo  ;  as,  lo 
plot  an  unprtifitable  crime.  Drvdra. 

2,  To  make  a  plan  of;  to  delineate-  Cumr. 

PLOT'FTJL,  <:*     Abounding  with  plots- 
PLOT'TKD,  pp.    Coutriyed  :  planned  ;  delincatcJ. 
PLOT'TER,  n.    One  thai  ph>ts  or  contrives;  a  con- 
triver. ^*^- 
2.  A  conspirator.                                       Drydcju 
PLOT'TIXG, ppr.  Contriving;  planning;  fomung  an 
evil  design;  delinealing. 


TuNE,  BULL,  l^'NITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.— €  as  K ;  G  as  J  :  S  :w  /  :  til  r.s  SH  :  TI!  a;  in  THIS 


837 


PLU 


PLU 


PLOT'TING,  n.    The  act  of  contriving  or  forming 
schemes. 
2.  The  net  of  laving  down  a  survey. 

l»LOT'TL\X;-S€ALE,  u.  A  mathematical  instniment 
usetl  in  plotting,  or  setting  off  the  lengths  of  lines  in 
surveying.  Brande. 

PLOUGH.     See  Plow. 

PLOV'KU,  (pluv'er,)  m.  [Fr.  phivier,  Ihc  water  bird, 
from  L.  pluvialisy  rniny  ;  ptuo^  to  rain.] 

The  common  name  of  several  species  of  birds  that 
frequent  the  banks  of  rivers  and  the  sca-shorc,  be- 
longing to  the  genus  Charadrius  of  Linnteus.  Their 
tle^h  is  excellent  food.  Parthiirlon. 

PLOW,       (  (plou,)  71.    [Norm,  ploge;  Sax.  plo^c;  D. 

PLOUGH,  !  ploe^i  G.  pjlu^i  Dan.  ytou^^  plov  ;  Ice. 
plog^ ;  Sw.  ill. ;  Iluss.  plngr ;  Polish,  p/wj?  ;  Scot  ptcuch^ 
plcugh.  It  corresponds  in  elements  with  plug^  and 
both  perhaps  from  thrusting.] 

1.  In  agriculture,  an  instrument  for  turning  up, 
breaking,  and  preparing  the  ground  for  receiving  the 
seed.  It  is  drawn  by  oxen  or  horse.-?,  and  saves  the 
labor  of  digging;  it  is  therefore  the  most  useful  in- 
strument in  agriculture. 

The  emperor  lays  hold  of  the  plou  and  turns  iip  severJ  furrows. 

Crosier,  Tmnt. 
Where  fern  succeoda,  ungrateful  to  Ihep/oi^.  Dryien. 

2.  Figurativei^j  tillage ;  cnlturc  of  the  earth ;  ag- 
riculture. 

3.  A  joiner's  instrument  for  grooving. 

[Plow  is  the  spelling  of  the  English  Bible,  and  is 
preferable  as  more  naturally  representing  the  sound.] 

PLOW,       i  V.  t.    To  trenchaud  turn  up  with  a  plow  ; 

PLOUGH,  \  as,  to  plow  the  ground  for  wheat  j  to 
ploio  it  into  ridges. 

2.  To  furrow  ;  to  divide  ;  to  run  through  in  sailing. 

^Vilh  ajiecd  \vc  plow  the  watery  wave.  Pope. 

3.  To  tear ;  to  furrow.  Shak. 

4.  In  ScripturCj  to  labor  in  any  calling. 

Ho  ti\[\l  ploweth  Ehould  ptoto  in  hope. —  1  Cor.  ix- 

To  pJoto  on  Oie  back ;  to  scourge  ;  to  mangle,  or  to 
persecute  and  torment.    Ps.  cxxix. 

To  plow  with  onc^s  heifer  ;  to  deal  wilii  the  wife  to 
obtain  something  from  the  husband.    Judges  xiv. 

To  plow  iniffnitii  or  icickcUnc^s,  and  reap  it ;  to  devise 
and  practice  it,  and  at  last  suffiir  the  punishment  of 

it.  Job  xiv.   jios.  X. 

To  plow  in;  to  cover  by  plowing  j  a?,  to  plow  in 
wheat. 

To  plotovp  or  out;  to  turn  out  of  the  ground  by 
plowing. 

To  put  onr.''s  hand  to  the  plow  and  look  bach,  is  to  en- 
ter on  the  service  of  Christ  and  afterward  abandon  it. 
Luke  ix. 

[The  difference  of  orthography  often  made  be- 
tween tlie  noun  and  verb  is  wholly  uinvamntable, 
and  contrary  to  settkd  analogy-  in  our  language. 
Such  a  difference  is  never  made  in  changing  into 
verbs  plot,  harrow,  notice,  question,  and  most  other 
words.    See  Pilictice.] 

PLOrc: fi' A^BLE  \  °*     '^^^^  '"^^  ^^  plowed  ;  arable. 
PLOW^-.\L!MS,       I  (-imz,)  n.   A  penny  formerly  paid 

by  every  plowland  to  the  church. 

Cowcl. 
n.    In  Englisli  law,  wood  or  tim- 
ber allowed  to  a  tenant  for  the 
repair  of  instmnients  of  husbandly. 
PLOW'BOY,       J  n.     A  boy  that  drives  or  guides  a 
i'LOUGH'BOV,  \     team  in  plowing ;  a  rustic  bov. 

Watts, 
pp.  or  a.    Turned  up  with  a  plow  ; 

furrowed. 
n.    One  that  plows  land  j  a  cultiva- 
tor. Spenser. 
)  ppr.    Turning  up  with  a  plow  ;  fur- 
j      rowing. 

The  operation    of   turning    up 
ground  with  a  plow;  as,  the  first 
and  second  plowings  ;  three  plowina-s. 
PLOW-LAND,       )  Tu    Land  that  fs  plowed,  or  suit- 
PLOUGIl'-LAND,  J      able  for  tillage. 

a.  Tillage  ground. 
PLOWMAN,       )        ^      .».  .    , 
PLO  UGH'M  AN'  I  "*    ^"^  "^^^  plows  or  holds  a  plow. 

and  carrieB  him  oET  witli 
Spelmcn. 

2.  A  cultivator  of  grain  ;  a  husbandman.  Temple. 

3.  A  rustic  ;  a  countiyman  ;  a  Inrdy  I:i1>ori;r. 

Shak.     .,irbiiL'niot. 
PLOW-Mf3N-nAY»       }  (-mun-dc,)  tu    The  Monday 
PLOrGH'-M0N-D.\Y,  (      after  Twelfth-day.  Tussek 
PLOW'.'^HAKE,       in.     [See  Shear.]     The  part  of  a 
PLOUGH'SHaRE,  S     pljw  which  cuts  the  ground  at 

the  bottom  of  the  furrow,  and  raises  the  slice  to  the 

mold-board,  which  turns  it  over. 

PLmjaTrTAiL,  i  "•   ■'■"«  '"■"'  P»"  "f «  P""^- 

PLUCK,  r.  (.  [tax.  pluccian,  wliich  seems  to  be  the 
same  word,  with  a  prefix,  as  bjccnn  or  aliican,  rduc- 
can,  to  pull  off  or  out ;  G.  pfincken  :  D.  phJcken ;  Dan. 
plukker ;  Sw.  ploeka ;  Fr.  cpluchcr ;  W.  pliciaw,  to 
pluck,  to  peel ;  plig,  a  peel.] 


PLOUGH'-ALMS,  \ 

PLOW-B6TE,       ) 
PLOUGH'-BoTE,  j 


PLOWED,       ) 
PLOUGH'ED, ! 
FLOWER,       ) 
PLUUGH'ER, 
PLOWING, 
PLOUGH  ING, 
PLOWING, 
PLOUGII'ING, 


At  lul,  the  robber  bincU  l!ie  /j/owTTUin, 
the  oxen. 


1.  To  pull  with  sudden  force  or  effort,  or  to  pull 
off,  nut,  or  from,  with  a  twitch.  Thus  we  say,  to 
pluck  feathers  from  a  fowl ;  to  T'uck  hair  or  wool 
from  a  skin ;  to  pluck  grapes  or  otiicr  fruit. 

Th•^y  pluck  tlie  faiheriess  from  the  breast.  —  Job  xxiv. 

2.  To  strip  by  plucking  j  as,  to  pluck  a  fowl. 

They  Uiat  pais  by  do  ptuck  her.  —  Pa.  Xrxx. 
The  sense  of  this  verb  is  modified  by  particles. 
To  pluck  away;  to  pull  away,  or  to  separate  by 
pulling ;  to  tear  away. 

Uc  ahull  pluck  away  hb  crop  willi  hU  feathers.  —  Lev.  I. 

To  pluck  dawn;  to  ptill  down  ;  to  demolish  j  or  to 
rcdtice  to  a  lower  slate.  Shak. 

To  pluck  off",  is  to  pull  or  tear  off  j  as,  to  pluck  ojf 
the  skin.    Mic.  iii. 

To  pluck  on;  to  pull  or  draw  on.    {Obs."]      Shah. 
To  pluck  vp ;  to  tear  up  by  the  roots  or  from  the 
foundation;    to  eradicate;  to  exterminate;   to  de- 
stroy J  as,  to  pluck  up  a  plant  j  to  pluck  up  a  nation. 
Jcr.  xii. 

To  pinch  out ;  to  draw  out  suddenly,  or  to  tear  out ; 
as,  to  pluck  out  the  eyes  j  to  pluck  out  the  hand  from 
the  bosom.    Ps.]xxiv. 

To  pluck  vp ;  to  resume  courage  j  propcrly,to  pluck 
ii;)  the  heart.     [J-^ot  elegant.]  Knolles. 

PLUCK,  7t,     The  heart,  liver,  and  lights  of  an  animal. 

2.  In  low,  figurative  language,  courage.      Smart. 
PLUCK'ED,  ipiukt,)  pp.  or  a.    Pulled  off;  stripped  of 
feathers  or  hair. 

2.  A  cant  term  at  the  English  universities,  applied 
to  those  who,  for  want  of  scholarship,  are  refused 
their  testimonials  for  a  degree.  Oiford  Guide. 

PLUCK'ER,  71.    One  that  plucks.  jMortimcr. 

PLUCK'LVG,  ppr.    Pulling  off;  stripping. 
PLUG,rt.     [D.plug;  J>iin.phig;  Sw.pligg;  G.pjlock; 
W.  ploc,  a  block  ;    plociato,  to   block,  to  plug.      It 
seems  to  be  the  same  word  radically  as  block,  W. 
Hoc] 

A  stopple;  any  piece  of  pointed  wood  or  other 
substance  used  to  slop  a  hole,  but  larger  than  a  peg 
or  spile.  Boyle.     Swift, 

Hawse-plug:  in  marine  ojfairs,  a  plug  to  stop  a 
hawse-hole. 

Shot-plug ;  a  plug  to  stop  a  breach  made  by  a  can- 
non-bail in  the  side  of  a  ship.  Jilar.  Diet 
PLUG,  V.  t.    To  stop  with  a  plug  ;  to  make  tight  by 

stopping  a  hole. 
PLUG'GING,  ppr.    Stopping  with  a  plug. 
PLUG'GING,  7f.    Act  of  stopping  with  a  plug. 
PLUM,    n.      [Sax.  plume  ;   G.  pftaume ;  Ban.    blomvic  ; 
Sw.  plommon  ;  C or u.  pi ujnan  ;  Ir.  plmna.] 

1.  The  fruit  of  a  tree  belonging  to  the  genus  Pm- 
nus.  The  fruit  is  a  drupe,  containing  a  nut  or  stone 
with  prominent  sutures,  and  inclosing  a  kernel. 
The  varieties  of  the  plum  are  numerous  and  well 
known 

2.  A  grape  dried  in  the  sun  ;  a  raisin. 

3.  The  sum  of  £100,000  sterling.  England. 

4.  A  kind  of  play.  .^insicorih. 
[Dr.  Joiinson    remarks   that  this  word  is  often 

written  improperly  Plumb.] 
PLO'iMAGE,  11.     [Fr.,  from  plume.]    The  feathers  that 
cover  a  bird. 

Smit  with  her  varying  plitmagt,  spAte  the  dove.  Pope. 

PLUMB,  (plum,)  It.  [Fr.  plomb  ;  Sp.  plomo  :  It.  piombo  ; 
W.  plwm ;  L.  plambam,  lead ;  probably  a  clump  or 
lump.] 

A  mass  of  lead  attached  to  a  line,  and  used  to  as- 
certain a  periicndicular  position  of  buildings  and  Ihc 
like.  But  the  word  as  a  iioun  is  seldom  used,  ex- 
cept in  composition.     [See  Plcmb-Line.) 

PLUMB,  (plum,)  a.  Perpendicular,  that  is,  standing 
according  to  a  pUimb-Iine.  The  post  cf  the  house  or 
the  wall  \si  plumb. 

[This  IS  the  common  language  of  our  mecltanics.^ 

PLUMB,  (plum,)  adv.  In  a  perpendicular  direction  ; 
in  a  line  perpendicular  to  the  plane  of  the  horizon. 
The  wall  stands  p/umt. 

Plumb  down  he  falls.  MtUcn. 

2.  Directly ;  suddenly ;  at  once ;  as  a  falling 
mass;  usually  pronounced  plump.  He  fell  plumb 
into  the  water. 

PLUMB,  (plum,)  V.  t.    To  adjust  by  a  plumb-line  ;  to 
set  in   a   perpendicular  direction  ;    as,  to  plumb 
building  or  a  wall. 

2.  [W.  phjmia:^.]  To  sound  with  a  plummet,  as 
the  depth  of  water.     [LiUlevsrd.]  Swjfl. 

PLUM-Ha'GIN,  7(,  A  crystallizable  substance  extract- 
ed from  the  rout  of  the  phur.bago. 

PLUM-BAG'IN-OUS,  a.  Resombling  plumbago  ;  con- 
sisting of  plumbago,  or  part;iking  of  its  properties. 

PLUM-Ba'GO,  71.  [L.]  A  mineral  consisting  of  car- 
bon, usually,  but  not  necessarily,  with  a  little  iron  ; 
with  the  exception  of  diamond,  it  is  one  of  the 
pnrcjit  forms  of  carbon  ever  found  in  nature.  It  is 
used  for  pencils,  i:c.,  and  is  popularly  called  Black 
Lead. 

PLUM'BE-AN,    )  a.     Consisting  of  lead  ;  resemliling 

PLUM'BE-OUS,  \      lead.  EUis. 

2.  Dull  ;  \\ca\y ;  stupid.  J.  P.  Smith, 

PLUMIJ'£D,  (plumd,)  pp.  Adjusted  by  a  plumb 
line 


PLU 

PLU.MB'ER.  fphmi^mer,)  «.    One  who  works  in  lead, 

PLU.MB'EK-Y,  (plum'mer-y,)  n.  Works  in  lead  . 
iininifacturcs  of  lead ;  the  place  where  lead  is 
wrought. 

2.  The  art  of  casting  and  working  lead,  or  of    i 
making  sheets  and  pipes  of  lead. 

PL('M'Iiie,  a.     Pertaining  to  or  containing  lead. 

PLU.M-BIF'ER-OUS,  a.  [L.  plumbum,  lead,  and  fero, 
to  produce.] 

Producing  or  containing  lead.  Kirwan. 

PLUMB'ING,  (plura'ming,)  ppr.  Adjusting  by  a 
plumb-line. 

PLUMB'ING,  71.  The  art  of  casting  and  working  in 
lead,  and  ushig  it  in  building.  Owilu 

PLUMB'-LINE,  (plum'line,)  n.  A  line  perpendicu- 
lar to  the  plane  of  the  horizon  ;  or  a  line  directed  to 
Ihe  center  of  gravity  in  the  earth. 

2.  A  line  having  a  weight  attached  to  its  end,  used 
to  determine  a  perpendicular  ;  a  plummet. 

PLUMB'-RULE,H.  A  narrow  board  having  a  plumb- 
line  suspended  from  its  top,  ami  a  periK-ndicular 
mark  through  its  middle,  used  by  builders  to  deter- 
mine a  perpendicular. 

PLUM'-CaKE,  n.  Cake  containing  raisins,  currants, 
or  other  fruit. 

PLuME,  71.  [Fr.  plume ;  L.  and  Sp.  pluma ;  It.  piuma ; 
W.  pin,  pluv.] 

1.  The  feather  of  a  bird,  particularly  a  large  feather. 

Shak. 

2.  A  feather  worn  as  an  ornament,  particularly  an 
ostrich's  feather. 

And  his  high  pluiiK,  that  nodded  o'er  his  head.  Dryilen. 

3.  Pride  ;  towering  mien.  Shak. 

4.  Token  of  honor  ;  prize  of  contest. 

AmbiUoiis  to  win  from  me  some  plume.  Milton. 

PLOME,  /  H.  In  botany,  the  ascending  scaly  part 
PI^U'MULE,  i  of  the  coiculum  or  heart  of  a  seed  ; 
the  scaly  part  of  the  embryo  plant  within  ihc  seed, 
which  rises  and  becomes  the  stem  or  body.  It  ex- 
tends itself  into  the  cavity  of  the  lobes,  and  is  termi- 
nated by  a  small  branch  resembling  a  feather,  from 
which  it  derives  its  name.  Martyii.     MUnc. 

PLOME,  V.  t.    To  pick  and  adjust  plumes  or  feathers. 

Swans  must  be  kept  in  some  indoacd  pon.l,  where  th'-y  may  Invc 
room  to  come  on  shore  and  p/un«  Uieineelvea.    Mortimer. 

9.  To  strip  of  feathers.    Carnivorous  animals  will 
not  take  pains  io  plume  the  birds  they  devour. 


3.  To  strip ;  to  peel. 

4.  To  set,  as  a  plurae  ;  to  set  erect. 

His  stature  reached  the  sky  \  aud  on  his  crest 
Sat  honor  plumed. 

5.  To  adoni  with  feathers  or  plumes. 


Bacon. 


^mlon. 

Sliak. 


6.  To  pride  ;  to  value ;  to  boast     He  plumes  him- 
self on  his  skill  or  his  prowess. 
PLuME-AL'UM,7i.     [L.  al^imtn  2>himosum.]    Feath- 
ery or  fiiirous  alum. 
PLU-^IE'LESS,  G.    Without  feathers  or  plumes. 

Eusdcn. 
PLuME'LET,  71.    A  small  plume.  Sirhj. 

2,  A  little  plumule. 
PLU-MI6'ER-0US,  c.    [L.  pluma,  a  featlicr,  and  gero, 
to  wear.] 
Feathered  ;  having  feathers.  I^'cl. 

PLU-MIL'I-FORM,  a.    Having  the  shape  of  a  plume 

or  feather.  Dana. 

PLu'?.II-PED,  a.     [Infra.]     Having  feet  covered  with 

feathers. 
PLu'MI-PED,  n.     [L.  pluma,  feather,  and  pes,  foot.] 
A  bird  that  has  feathers  on  its  feet.  JJiU. 

PLUM'MET,  7J.     [Sp.  plomada.     See  Plumb.] 

1.  A  long  piece  of  lead  attached  to  a  line,  used  in 
sounding  the  depth  of  water. 

2.  An  instrument  used  by  carpenters,  masons,  tc, 
in  adjusting  erections  to  a  perpendicular  line,  and 
with  a  square,  to  determine  a  horizontal  hue.  It  con- 
sists of  a  piece  of  lead  fastened  to  a  line. 

3.  Any  weight.  fVill;i}ts. 

4.  A  piece  of  lead  used  by  schoolboys  to  rule  their 
paper  for  writing. 

PLUM'MING,  7t.  Among  miners,  the  operation  of 
finding,  by  means  of  a  mine  dial,  the  place  where  to 
sink  an  air-shaft,  or  to  bring  an  adit  to  the  work,  or 
to  find  which  way  the  lode  inclines.  Encyc, 

lit,'' MOvl'.l'^     [L.p!..o.,«.] 

1.  Feathery  ;  resembling  featliers. 

2.  In  botany,  a  plumose  bristle,  is  one  llmt  has  hairs 
growing  on  the  sides  of  the  main  bristle.  A  pluTMse 
pap'ttis  is  coniposeii  of  feathery  liairs.  Martyn. 

PLU-MOS'I-TY,  71.    The  state  of  liavinR  feathers. 
PLUMP,   a.      [Dan.  plomp,   plump,  blunt,  unhandy, 

clownish,  rude ;  Sw.  plump ;   D.  plomp ;  G.  plumi'. 

The  primary  sense  seems  to  be,  thick,  as  if  allied  to 

lump  and  clump.    Sec  the  noun.] 

1.  Full ;  swelled  with  fat  or  flesh  to  tlie  full  size  ; 
fat  i  having  a  full  skin ;  round ;  ais,  a  plump  boy  j  a 
plump  habit  of  body. 

Tlie  famielieil  crow  growsplump  and  roand.  Swi/t 

2.  Full;  blunt;  nnreserved ;  un"Mnlificd ;  as,  n 
phimp  lie. 

PLU.MP,  n.  A  knot:  a  cluster;  a  clump;  a  number 
of  things  closely  united  or  standing  together;  a'!,  a 


F.\TE,  FAR,  PALL.  WHAT MiSTE,  PKEY.— PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.— NCTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOpK.— 

838  ■  ■       "^  ^      ~~ 


PLU 

pluiap  of  trees;  di plump  of  fowls;  a  plump  of  Lorsc- 
men.  Bacon.     HaijiDard.     Dnjdcn. 

[This  word  is  not  now  used  in  this  sfnse  ;  hut  the 
use  of  it  fonnerly  is  good  e\'idence  that  phimp  is 
c/u.vip,  Willi  a  differeat  prefix,  and  holh  lire  radically 
one  word  wilh  lump.  Plumb  (h.  plumbum)  is  tlie 
same  word,  a  lump  or  mass,] 
PLUMP,  r.  t  ffrora  tlie  adjeciive.]  To  swell ;  to 
extend  to  fullness  ;  to  dilate  ;  to  faLtCD. 

The  pftitic!'^  cf  air,  expandins  themselves,  plump  out  tlie  sides 
of  the  IjlaJiler.  Boyle. 

A  wedding  at  our  house  vri!!  plump  me  up  wilh  gootl  cheer. 
\_CoUo^uial.'\  iL'Esirunge, 

9.  To  pUanp  a  vote.    See  Plumper. 
PLUMP,  r.  i.  [from  llie  noun  ;  G.  plumpen,  D.  plompetiy 
Dan.  pUmpery  to  plunge.] 

1.  To  plunge  or  fall  like  a  heavj*  mass  or  lump  of 
dead  matter  ;  to  fall  suddenly  or  at  once. 

9.  To  enlarge  to  fullness  ;  to  be  swelled,  ^inswortli. 
PLUMP,  ado.    Suddenly  ;  heavily  ;  at  once,  or  wilh  a 

sudden,  heavy  fall.  B.  Jonson. 

PLUMP'iD,  (plumpt,)  pp.      Swelled ;    extendL-d    in 

fullness. 
PLUMP  ER,  Tu    Something  carried  in  the  mouth  to 

dilate  the  cheeks;  anything  intended  to  swell  out 

something  else.  Swijl. 

2.  In  English  elections,  a  vole  given  to  one  candi- 
date only,  when  two  or  more  are  to  be  elected,  thus 
giving  hira  the  advantage  over  the  others.  He  who 
gives  his  vote  thus,  is  said  to  plump  his  vote.    Smart. 

3.  A  full,  unqualitied  lie.  [In  vulgar  u.^e.'] 
PLUM'-PTE,  (-pi,)  7r.  A  pie  containing  plums 
PLUMP'LY,  adv.     Fully  j  roundly  ;  without  reserve  ; 

as,  to  assert  a  thing  plumphj ;  a  word  in  common  popu- 
lar Use-, 
PLUMP'XESS,  n.     Fullness   of  skin ;  distention  to 
roundness  ;  as,  the  plumpness  of  a  boy  ;  pUimpuess  of 
the  eve  or  cheek.  JVeicton. 

PLUM-POR'RIDGE,  n.    Porridge  with  plums, 

jiddison. 
PLUM-PyD'DING,  n.    Pudding  containing  raisins  or 

currants. 
PLUMP'Y,  a.     Plump;  fat;  jolly.     [jVot  degajit.] 
PLUM'-TREE,  n.     [Sas.  plum-trcow.]  [Sliak. 

A  tree  that  produces  plums. 
PLU'MULE,  n.     [L.  plumula.] 

The  ascending  scaly  part  of  the  embryo  plant, 
which  becomes  the  stem,     [See  Plvme.] 
PLUM'V,    a.      [from  plume.]      Feathered;    covered 
wilh  feathers.  Milton. 

9.  Adorned  with  plumes;  as,  a  plumy  cresL 

Jiddison. 
PLUX'DER,  r.  t.     [G.plundem;    X).  plunder  en  ;    Sw. 
pUindra;  Dan.  plipidrer.    Qu.  the  root  of  clotifn.l 

1.  To  pillage  ;  to  spoil ;  to  strip  ;  to  take  the  goods 
of  an  enemy  by  open  force.  Nebuchadnezzar  plun- 
dered the  temple  of  the  Jews. 

2.  To  lake  by  pillage  or  open  force.  The  enemy 
plundered  all  the  goods  tliey  found.  We  say,  he 
plundered  the  tent,  or  he  plunderel  the  goods  of  the 
tent.    The  first  is  the  proper  use  of  the  word. 

3.  To  rob,  as  a  thief;  to  talce  from  ;  to  strip  ;  as, 
the  thief  plundered  the  house  :  the  robber  plundei-cd 
a  man  of  his  money  and  watch ;  pirates  plunder 
ships  and  men. 

PLUX'DER,  ".  That  which  is  taken  from  an  enemy 
by  force  ;  pillags  ;  prey  ;  spoil. 

2.  Thai  which  is  taken  by  theft,  robbery,  or 
fraud. 

PLUN'DER-AGE,  n.  In  law,  the  embezzlement  of 
gcrds  on  board  a  ship.  Bouuicr. 

PLUN'DER-ED,  pp.  or  a.     Pillaged  ;  robbed. 

PLUN'DER-ER,  «.    A  hostile  pillager;  a  spoiler. 
2.  A  thief:  a  robber.  Addison. 

PLUX'DER-ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Pillaging;  robbing. 

PLUNGE,  V.  t.  [Fr.  plonger;  Arm.  plungca  or  phi- 
gcin:  \V.  plunjg,  a  plunge,  from  the  same  root  as 
tljffTic  or  liicn^f  the  gullet,  a  gulp  or  swallow  ;  proba- 
bly connected  wilh  luneheon.] 

1.  To  thrust  into  water  or  oilier  fluid  substance,  or 
into  any  substance  that  is  penetrabtp  ;  lo  immerse  in 
a  fluid  ;  lo  drive  into  flesh,  mire,  or  earth,  &c. ;  as, 
to  plunge  the  body  in  water  ;  to  plunge  the  arm  into 
fire  or  flame ;  to  plunge  a  dagger  into  the  breast. 

MiUon.    Drijden. 

2.  To  thrust  or  drive  into  any  state  in  which  liie 
thing  is  considered  as  enveloped  or  surrounded  ;  as, 
to  plunge  one's  self  into  difficulties  or  distress;  to 
plunge  a  nation  into  war. 

3.  To  baptize  by  immersion. 

PLUNGE,  r.  i.  To  pilch  ;  to  thmst  or  drive  one's  self 
into  water,  or  a  fluid  ;  to  dive,  or  to  rush  in.  He 
plunged  into  the  river.  The  troops  plunged  into  the 
stream. 

His  couisCT  plunged. 
And  threw  him  OS;  the  wav.:3  whelmed  over  liim.        Dryden. 

2.  To  fall  or  rush  into  distress,  or  any  state  or  cir- 
cumstances in  which  the  person  or  thing  is  envel- 
oped, inclosed,  or  overwhelmed  ;  as,  to  plunge  into  a 
gnlf;  lo  plunge  inlo  debt  or  embarrassments;  to 
plunge  into  war ;  a  body  of  cavalri'  plvngcd  into  the 
midst  of  the  enemy. 

3.  To  pilch  or  throw  one's  self  headlong,  as  a 
horse. 


PLU 

PLUNGE,  n.  The  act  of  Ihrusling  inlo  water  or  anv 
p:;netrablc  subL'tancc. 

2.  The  act  of  pitching  or  throwing  one's  eolf  bead- 
long,  like  an  unruly  horse. 

3.  Dillirully;  strait;  distress;  a  slate  of  being  sur- 
rounded or  overwhelmed  wilh  diflicultles. 

People,  wlicii  put  to  a  i'.'ungf ,  cry  out  to  Heaven  for  help. 

L'Etlrartgt. 
And  will  ihoii  not  rrach  out  a  fripm!ly  .-(rm, 
To  niiic  me  from  nmidtt  this  plunge  of  wrrow  ?  Additon. 

[In  this  sensCj  the  icord  is  vow  little  used.] 

PLLfNG'jED,  pp.  Thrust  inlo  a  fluid  or  other  penetra- 
ble substance;  immersed  ;  involved  in  straits. 

PLUN'GEON,  71.    A  sea  fowl,  the  divi;r.    Ainsworth. 

PLUNG'ER,  71.    One  that  plunges  ;  a  diver. 

2.  A  long,  solid  cylinder  used  as  a  forcer  in 
pinnps. 

PLUNG'ING,  2>pr.  oro.  Immersing;  diving;  ruBbing 
headlong. 

In  rear,  a  plunging  fire  is  one  poured  down  upon 
an  enenjv  from  some  eminence  above. 

PLUNG'Y;  a.    Wet.     [JSTot  iiscd.]  Cliaucer. 

PLUNK'ET,  n.     A  kind  of  blue  color.      Ainsworth. 

PLU-PER'FEeT,  a.  The  pluperfect  tense,  in  ^am- 
viar,  is  the  tense  which  denotes  that  an  action  or 
event  look  place  previous  to  another  past  action  or 
event. 

PLu'R.'VL,  a.    [L.  pluralis,  from  plus,  pluris,  more.] 

1.  Containing  more  than  one  ;  consisting  of  two 
or  more,  or  designating  two  or  more;  as,  a  plural 
word. 

2.  In  grammar.,  the  plural  number  is  that  which 
designates  more  than  one,  that  is,  any  number  ex- 
cept one.  Thus,  in  most  languages,  a  word  in  the 
plural  number  expresses  two  or  more.  But  the  Greek 
has  a  dual  number  to  express  two  ,-  and  the  plural  e.x- 
presses  more  than  two. 

PLu'RAJj-IST,  n.  A  clerk  or  clergyman  who  holds 
more  ecclesiastical  benefices  than  one,  wilh  cure  of 
souls.  Johnson. 

PLU-RAL'I-TY,  n.     [Ft.  pluraldc,  from  L.  pluralis.] 

1.  A  number  consisting  of  two  or  more  of  the  same 
kind  ;  a^s,  a  plurality  of  gods  ;  a  plurality  of  worlds. 

Encyc. 

2.  A  greater  number ;  a  state  of  being  or  having  a 
greater  number. 

3.  In  elections^  a  plurality  of  votes  is  when  one  can- 
didate has  more  votes  than  any  other,  but /«5  Ma/i 
half  of  the  whole  number  of  votes  given.  It  is  thus 
distinguished  from  a  majority,  which  is  more  tlianhalf 
of  the  whole  number. 

4.  Plurality  of  benefices^  is  where  the  same  clerg>'- 
man  is  possessed  of  more  benefices  than  one,  with 
cure  of  souls.  In  this  case,  each  benefice  thus  held 
is  called  a  plurality. 

PLU'RAL-IZE,  V.  t.  To  make  plural  by  using  the  ter- 
mination of  the  plural  number. 

PLtJ'RAL-LY,  adc.  In  a  sense  implying  more  than 
one. 

PLU-RI-LIT'ER-AL,  a.     [L.  plus  and  litera,  letter.] 
Containing  more  letters  than  three. 

PLU-RI-LIT'ER-.\L,  7i.  A  word  consisting  of  more 
letters  than  three. 

PLU'RI-SY,  n.     [L.  plus,  plurb.] 

Superabundance.     [JV'ot  used.]  Sha!;. 

PLUS,  [L.,  more.]  In  algebra.,  a  cliaracter  marked 
thus,  --^»  used  as  a  sign  of  addition. 

PLUSH,  n.  [G.  pliisch,  shng;  D.  plu'is,  flock,  nap, 
plush  ;  pluizcn,  to  fray,  pick,  carp,  feece.  Uu  Fr. 
pcluche.  The  Italian  pcluzzo  signifies  a  Utile  hair  or 
down,  from  pdo,  hair,  L.  pHus.] 

A  species  of  shaggy  cloth  or  stuff,  witli  a  velvet 
nap  on  one  side,  composed  regularly  of  a  woof  of  :t 
single  thread  and  a  double  warp ;  the  one,  wool  of 
two  threads  twisted,  the  other  of  goal's  or  cainePs 
hair.  But  some  plushes  are  made  wholly  of  worsted, 
others  wholly  of  hair.  l^re. 

PLUSH'ER,  71.  A  marine  fish,  somewhat  like  tite 
dog-fish.  Carew. 

PLu'TO,  n.  [L. ;  Gr.  ~'Xovt(ov.]  In  mythology,  the  god 
of  the  infernal  regions. 

PLU-T6'NI-AN,  n.     Plutonic,  which  see. 

PLU-To'NI-AN,  n.  One  who  maintains  the  origin  of 
mountains,  &c.,  to  be  from  fire,    Journ.  of  Science. 

The  Plutonian  iheon,-  of  the  fi»rmation  of  rocks 
and  mountains  is  opposed  lo  the  J^eptunian. 

PLU-TON'ie,  (I.     [from  Pluto.] 

Pertaining  to  or  designating  the  system  of  the 
Plutonists  ;   igneous ;    as,  the  Plutonic  theorj-. 

Kirwan. 
PlutoTiic  action;  in  geologi/,  the  influence  of  vol- 
canic heal  and  other  subterranean  causes  under  pres- 
sure. ^!/'''-  ^ 
Plutonic  roclis  ;  in  geology,  granite,  porphyry,  and 
other  igneous  rocks,  supposed  to  have  consolidated 
from  a  melted  slate  at  a  great  depth  from  the  sur- 
face. LyelL 

PLu'TO-NIiKM,  n.    The  doctrines  of  the  Phiton'isls, 

PLu'TO-NlST,  11.  One  who  adopts  the  theory  of 
the  formation  of  the  world  in  its  present  state  Irom 
igneous  fusion.  Qood. 

PLC'VI-AL,    )  1.      [L.  pluvialis,  from  p/ttcia,  rain  ; 

PLU'VI-OUS,  \      Fr.  and  It.  pluvialci  Sp.  plutial.] 
Rainy ;  humid.  Broicn. 


PNE  I 

PLC'VI-AL,  IT.     [Fi.plmriaL] 

A  priest's  cope.  Atf 

?LO-VI-AM'E-TER,  n.     [L.  pUvia,  rain, 

jurf)-}-.-,  raeajfurc.] 

A  rain-^ge,  an  in^v  "    ' 

quantity  of  water  that 

unow,  in  any  particulri: 
PLO-VI-A-MET'Kie-AL,  i.     r- - 

ametcr;  iiiade  or  a£c«rtaiDcd  by  a  y. 
J- 
PLY,  p.*.     [Pr.pUft-  lobcnd  cr  f  " 

plotjer,  whence  employ ;  Arm.  }^ 

re,  Hp.  pUgar,  Von.  pre  gar  ;  !>.  ; 

Hzx.pleg^'an,  lo  play  and  toh 

lo  exercise  ;  Dan.  plejer,tn  ei  ■ 

flee,  to  tend,  to  nunHs;   Q.  p 

That  Uiese  words  are  from  ih 

vious,  for  in  G.  liegen,  to  /u,  - 

apply.    The  prefix  p  may  be 

be ;  be-liegen,  to  lie  close,  to  brn-i  i 

Lie  1 

1.  To  2ai;  on ;  to  put  lo  or  on  wHIi  r 
tion  ;  to  apply  lo  closely,  with  >■■  -  • 
or  urgency. 

Ami  y'dt4  him  wiih  it-I't^*-'' 
Ttel"    ' 

Piict  him  vhh  d^r^ 

We  retain  the  prcc,  .-? 

on,  to  put  it  on  him. 

2.  To  employ  with  diligence  ;  to  apply  doKljr  and 

steadily  ;  to  keep  busy. 

H-rr  ^Ptillc  wit  ih-  pliet. 

The  wearied  Trcjun^.'y  UkCi  f?ii;t^r-'l  az.: 

3.  To  practice  or  perform  whh  dil ; . 
Tbnr  btoodj  tuk,  tmvfaried,  mZ  fhfj  ■ 

4.  To  urge  ;  to  solicit  with  prcssi. 
importunity. 

He  pliet  the  duke  at  msruisg  aad  ^  &lf  bL  ^jsk. 

5.  To  urge  ;  to  press  ;  to  Ftnin  ;  lo  force. 
PLY,  r.  i.    To  bend;  I'-  ;. 

Tlis  «-iUaw  plied  and  g-iT  . 

2.  To  work  st**-!]-!: 

He  ftTu  C)r- 

3.  To  go  in  i]  . 

Thill.  : 

4.  To  busy  (. I. 

5.  To  endeavor  to  make  way  aeaiim  ii* 

.V 

PLY,  n.    A  fold ;  a  plait.  -5.-: , 

2.  Bent }  turn  ;  direction ;  bias. 

TtK  late  Iraincn  cm  not  w  well  tifce  thfi  plf.  Baan. 

PLY'ER,  H,  He  or  that  which  plies.  In  / 
plyers  denotes  a  kind  of  balance  used  in  r 
letting  down  a  drawbridge.  con?i^linc  ■ 
joined  in  Ihe  t'orm  of  Sl  .\ndrew'3  em*', 

PLY'ING,  ppr.     Laying  on  wilh  st^admi-^^  r.r  r.  ;>-!:- 
tion  ;  applying  closely  ;  employing  ;  pcrfrnn     r      •  ■ 
ing ;  pressing  or  attempting  lo  make  way  ? 
wind. 

PLY'ING,  n.    Urgent  solicilallon.  /-": 

2.  Efiiirt  lo  make  wav  aiain=t  the  wini. 

PNEC'-MAT'ie,         I  (nu-mai-',)  a.     [Gr. 

PNEO-MAT'ie-AL,  i       kos,    from    ^^crp 
spirit;  -rvf.y,  to  breathe  or  blow.] 

1.  Consisting  of  air,  as  a  ihin,  comprc- 
stance  ;  opposi:d  to  Di::«sE  or  Solid  sub<tr.: 

The  pTifttauUic  suirtancc  t«inf,  in  mxx  hcOie»,  t-H- 
of  OiC  tjody. 

2.  Pertaining  lo  air,  or  lo  ihe  phdo?'^; 
properties  ;  as,  pneumatit  espe-rimenis  ;  a 
engine.  /Atrte. 

3.  Moved  or  played  by  means  of  air  ;  ; 
matic  instrument  of  music 

PNEO-MA  T'leS,  m    The  science  of  elastic 
chcmi^^iry,  il  treats  of  the  peculiar  or  spec: 
lies  of  the  x-arious  gases  and  ^-apor?  :  in 
philosophy.  It  treats  of  the  motion  and   ; 
elastic   fluids   in   general,  but  chielly  *^-  ,    '_ 
steam.  Ot«c^vi 

2.  In  the  schools,  the  doctrine  of  spintiia!  sob- 
stances,  as  God,  aneels,  and  the  souls  of  men. 
'       ^  Diet. 

PXEu-M.\T'0-CELE,  n.    [Gr.  Trcvpa,  air,  and  cijAir, 
a  lumor.l 
In  sur<^cru,  a  distention  of  the  scrotum  by  air. 

PNE0-MA-TO-LO(5'I€I-.\L,  a.  Pertaining  lo  pneo- 
malolo'jv.  .  .      ^^■^• 

PNEO-M.\-TOL'0-OIST,  ti.  One  vcr=cd  m  pnennw- 
lolocv.  .  ,  . 

PNE0-MA-TOL'O-GY,n.  [Gr.  riir/ia.air^and  Aoj(S^, 

discourse.]  ^    ,  ^      m^iA^ 

1.  The  doclrine  of  the  properties  of  cJasUc  nows, 
or  of  spiritual  substances.  .  . 

2.  A  trcatise  o»  elastic  fluids,  or  on  spmWal  soD- 


stances. 
P.VEe-.M5'NI-.-V 
PNEO'MO-NY,     ,         -    ,  ,     .  , 

In  medicine,  an  inflanimaUon  ot  the  lungs. 


[Gr.  r;fr,K.':,  the  lungs,  from 
r-.f(.',  to  "ire-Mhi 


TONE,  BULL,  TINITE.-.\N"GER,  VI"CIOUS.-e  as  K;  G  as  J ;  8  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


639 


POC 

PNEO-.MON'ie,  a.  rertaining  lo  the  lungs ;  pul- 
monic. 

PNEO-MOX'ie,  n.  A  medicine  for  affl-clions  of  the 
lans-'*.  Coze. 

PNEO-MO-NIT'ie,  a.     Pertaining  to  pneumonitis. 

PNEO-MO-NT'TIS,  it.  Inflammaiion  of  the  lunps. 
This  is  the  most  correct  and  appropriate  term  lor 
this  disease. 

PO'A,  H.     [Gr.TToa.] 

A  botanic  name  of  certain  prasses. 

P6.ACH,  V.  t.  [Fr.  pocha:  in  Fr.  poche  is  a  pocket,  a 
bag  or  purse  net ;  poc/ietcr  dcg  fruits^  to  mellow  fruit 
in  the  pocket ;  Ir.  bouajuaat  is  to  soften  j  Sax.  pocca, 
a  pouch.] 

1.  To  cook,  as  eggs,  by  breaking  them  into  a  ves- 
sel of  boihng  water.  They  are  also  frequently  brDken 
into  a  saucepan,  with  butter,  and  constantly  stirred 
while  over  tlie  lire,  nntil  cooked. 
9.  To  begin  and  not  complete.  Bacon. 

3.  To  tread  soft  ground,  or  snow  and  water,  as 
cattle,  whose  teet  penetrate  tlic  soil  or  soft  substance 
and  leave  deep  tracks.  JVcw  Enrrland. 

4.  To  steal  game;  properly^  to  pocket  game,  or 
steal  it  and  convey  it  away  in  a  bag.    England. 

5.  To  steal ;  to  plunder  by  stealth. 

Tiiey  poach  P.irii.usuB,  and  lay  cliiijii  for  pmise.  Garth. 

PQACH,  V.  u  [Corn,  pohkin,  to  thrust;  perhaps  Fr. 
packer.  It  seems  to  he  allied  to  Eng.  poke,  pokers 
IVorm.  pouclion^  a  punciieon.  If  so,  it  is  from  the 
root  of  L.  puugo,  Eng.  to  punch;  G.  pochcn,  to 
knock.] 
To  stab  ;  to  pierce  ;  to  spear ;  as,  to  poach  fi^h. 

Etiffland. 

P5ACH,  i\  i.  To  be  trodden  with  deep  tracks,  as  soft 
ground.  We  say,  the  ground  js  soft  in  spring,  and 
poaches  badly. 

Omlky  nnd  chy  landa  burn  iu  bot  we.ither,  cbap  in  summer,  and 
poach  ill  winter.  Mortimer. 

PoACH'ARD, )  71.     [from  poach.']     Tho  English  name 

PoCH'AKD,  \  of  certain  species  of  diving  ducks 
belonging  to  the  genus  Fnligula  of  Ray.  The  can- 
vas-back duck  of  North  America,  so  ^vell  known  as 
a  luxury  of  the  table,  is  of  this  genus.  The  pochards 
are  properly  fresh-water  ducks,  but,  in  winter,  are 
found  on  the  sea-coasts.  Jardinc.     Partington. 

P6ACH'£D,  (pocht,)  pp.  or  a.  Slightly  boiled  or  soft- 
ened ;  trodden  with  deep  footsteps  ;  stolen. 

PoACH'ER,  71.     One  that  steals  game.  More. 

POACH'I-NESS,  n.  Wetness  and  softness  ;  the  state 
of  being  easily  penetrable  by  the  feet  of  beasts  ;  ap- 
pliai  to  land. 

POACH'IXG,  ppr.    Sli?htlv  boiling  ;  stealing  game. 

PoACHT.NG,  n.    Act  of  stealing  game. 

PoACH'Y,  a.  Wet  and  soft ;  such  as  the  feet  of  cat- 
tle will  penetrate  to  some  depth  ;  applied  to  laud  or 
ground  of  any  kind. 

POCK,  n.  [Sax.  poc,  or  p^cc;  D.pck;  G.pocke;  Dan. 
pukkel ;  W.  pw^,  that  swells  out ;  Ir.  bocani^  to  swell, 
coinciding  with  G.  baiich,  D  buik,  Dan.  butrj  the  bel- 
ly, Eng.  big.  Sec. ;  probably  nil  of  one  family.] 

A  pustule  raised  on  the  surface  of  the  body  in  the 
variolous  and  vaccine  diseases,  nainctl,  from  the  pus- 
ln]e-i,  smali-poi. 

POCK'AR  R£D.     See  PocKFBETTE.f. 

POCK'ET,  71.  [F  v.  pochette  J  from  pocAc,  pocket, /jowcA,' 
Sax.  pocca.] 

1.  A  small  bag  inserted  in  a  garment,  for  carrying 
small  articles. 

2.  A  small  bag  or  net  to  receive  the  balls  in  bil- 
liards. 

3.  A  certain  quantity  ;  as,  a  pocket  of  hops,  (abont 
160  lbs.,)  as  in  other  cases  we  use  Sack.  [J^ot  used 
in  .limn-ica.]  Johnson. 

POCK'E T,  r.  t.  To  put  or  conceal  in  the  pocket ;  as, 
to  pocket  a  penknife. 

2.  To  take  clandestinely. 

To  pocket  an  insult  or  njfrant ;  to  receive  it  without 
resenting  it,  or  at  least  without  seeking  redress.  [In 
popular  use.] 

POCK'ET-BOOK,  v.  A  small  book  of  paper  cov- 
ered with  leather;  used  for  carrying  papers  in  the 
pocket, 

POCK'ET-ED,  pp.    Put  or  concealed  in  the  packet. 

POCK'ET-GLXSS,  h.     A  portable  looking-glass. 

POCK'ET-HoLE,  ».    The  opening  into  a  pocket, 

POCK'ET-I\G,  ppr.    Putting  in  the  pocki 

POCK'ET-LID,  n.     Tho  flap  over  the  pocket-hole. 

POCK'ET-MON'EV,  (-mun'ne,)  7,.  Money  for  the 
porket,  or  for  occisional  expenses. 

POCK'FRET-Ti^N.  a.     Pitted  with  the  smali-pox. 

POCK'-HoLE,  n.    The  pit  or  ^^ca^  made  bv  a  puck. 

POCK'l-NESS,  71.     The  slate  of  being  pockv. 

POCK'-MaRK,  n.  Mark  or  scar  made  by  the  small- 
pox. 

POCK'WOOD,  71.  (;ualacum  officinale,  or  lignum  vi- 
tie,  a  vlt}*  hard  wood. 

POCK'Y,  a.  [from  pock.]  Infected  with  the  small- 
pox ;  full  of  pocks. 

2.  Vile;  rascally  ;  mischievous;  contemptible.  [In 
vulvar  use.] 

P0'€0,  [It.]    In  music,  a  little. 

P0-€0'SON,  n.    Reclaimed  marsh.    [Firginia.] 

Washington. 


POE 

POe'l^-LENT,  a.  [L.  poculentus,  from  pocnluin,  a 
cup.] 

Fit  for  drink.     [J^ot  used.] 

POe'U-LI-FOUM,  a.     [L.  pocnlum,  a  cup,  and  forma, 
form.] 
('up-shaped. 

POD,  71.  [In  W.  podi  signifies  to  take  in  or  compre- 
hend ;  but  I  know  not  from  what  source  we  have 
this  word.] 

A  vague  term  applied  to  a  considerable  number  of 
different  specific  pericarps  or  seed-vessels  of  plants, 
such  as  the  legume,  the  loment,  the  silique,  the  sili- 
cic, the  follicle,  the  conreptacle,  and  even  ,tiie  cap- 
sule, &c. 

POD,  7).  7.    To  swell ;  to  fill  ;  also,  to  produce  pods. 

PO-DAG'RIG,  I  a.      [L.    podagra;    Gr.    roJaj/pa  ; 

PO-DAG'Rie-AL,  \  Ttu's,  the  fool,  and  aj-pa,  a  seiz- 
ure.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  gout;  gouty;  partaking  of  the 
gout. 

2.  Afflicted  with  the  gout.  Brown. 
POD'DE!),  pp.Qva.  Having  its  pods  formed  ;  furnished 

with  pods. 
POD'DER,  n.    A  gatherer  of  pods. 
PO-DES'TA,  n.    One  of  the  chief  magistrates  of  Genoa 

and  Venice. 
PODGE,  Ti.    A  puddle  ;  a  plash.  Sldnncr. 

PO'DI-U.M,  V.     [L.]     In  architecture,  the  part  in  an 
amphitheater  projecting  over  the  aruna.    Brande. 
2.  Also,  a  balcony  or  open  gallery.  Elmes. 

POD-O-GVN'I-UiM,  7(.    The  same  as  B.vsigvmum. 
POD'O-KPERM,  71.     [Gr.  ttouj  and  -rxf^/ia.] 

In  batamj,  the  umbilical  cord  of  an  ovule;  a  little 
thread  connecting  an  ovule  with  its  placenta. 

Lindlc\i. 
PO-DRI'DA,  n.     [Sp.]     OUa  podi-ida,  a  miscellaneous 

dish  of  moats.    [See  Olla  Fodiuda.] 
PQE'CIL-ITE,  71.     [Infra.]     A  term  applied,  from  its 

variegated  appearance,  to  the  new  red  sandstone. 
PCE-CXL-IT'ie,  a.     [Gr.  TT'.tKtXo^,  variegated.] 

In  gcologij,  an  epithet  applied,  from  its  variegated 
appearance,  to  the  new  red  sandstone  formation. 

Dana. 
PCE-CIL'0-POD,  -n.     [Gr.  TouiXoy,  various,  and  7:0c?, 
foot.] 

A  crustaceous  animal  liaving  various  kinds  of  feet; 
viz.,  prehensorj',  ambulatory,  branchial,  and  nata- 
tory-. Kirby. 
Po'E.M,  7?.  [L.  poema ;  Gr.  ^oiripa,  from  Trotem,  to 
make,  to  compose  songs.  In  Russ.  poyu  signifies  to 
sing.    The  radical  sense  is  the  same,  to  strain.] 

1.  A  metrical  composition  ;  a  composition  in  wliirh 
the  verses  consist  of  certain  measures,  whether  in 
blank  verse  or  in  rhyme  ;  as,  the  poeins  of  Homer  or 
of  JMilton  ;  opposed  to  Prose.  Dryden. 

2.  This  term  is  also  applied  to  some  compositions 
in  which  the  language  is  that  of  excited  imagination; 
as,  the  poems  of  Ossian. 

PO'E-SY,  7!.  [Fr.  pocsie  ;  L.  pocsis  ;  Gr.  rotTjci  j,  from 
T:atc''<,  to  make.] 

1.  The  art  or  skill  of  composing  poems  ;  as,  the 
heavenly  gift  of  poesy.  Dnjden. 

2.  Poetry  ;  metrical  composition. 

Music  and  paesy  iisod  to  quicken  you.  SliaJe. 

3.  A  short  conceit  engraved  on  a  ring  or  other 
thing.  ~  Shak. 

Po'ET,  71.  IFr.poete;  L.  Sp.  and  It.  pacta;  Gr.  ttoiti- 
r>]<.    See  FoEM.] 

1.  The  .^uthor  of  a  poem  ;  the  inventor  or  maker 
of  a  metrical  composition. 

A  pod  is  a.  maker,  ns  t!ie  word  Blgnitics  ;  and   he  who  cnn  not 
mnjie,  Ihal  is,  invent,  liatli  his  ii.irne  for  noQiing'.     Dryden. 

2.  One  skilled  in  making  poetry,  or  who  has  a  par- 
ticular genius  for  nielrical  composition  ;  one  distin- 
guislied  for  poetic  talents.  Many  write  verses  who 
can  not  be  called  poets. 

PO'ET-AS-TER, ;:.    A  petty  poet;  a  pitiful  rhymer  or 

writer  of  verses.  Roscommon. 

PO'ET-ESS,  n.    A  female  poet.  Hall. 

PO-ET'ie,         )a.     [Gr.  irjuitiKos ;  L.  poeticus;  Fr. 
PO-ET'IC-AL,  i      poetiqac.] 

1.  Perlnining  to  poetry  ;  suitable  to  poetry;  as,  a 
poetical  gci..^-; ;  poetic  turn  or  talent  ;  poetic  license. 

2.  Expressed  in  poetry  rx  measure;  a-,  r.  poetical 
composition. 

3.  Possessing  the  peculiar  beauties  of  poetry  ;  sub- 
lime; as,  a  composition  or  passage  highly  poetical. 

PO-ET'ie-AL-LV,  adc.  With  the  qualities  of  poetry  ; 
bv  the  art  of  poetry  ;  by  fiction.  Dryden. 

PO-ET'ieS,  71.    The  doctrine  of  poetry.        fVarton. 

PO'ET^TZE,  o.  i.     [Fr.  poetiscr.] 

To  writ./  as  a  poet ;  to  compose  verse.       Donne. 

Po'ET-TZ  ING.  p]}r.     Making  poetry. 

PO'ET-LAU'RE-ATC,  H.  A  poet  employed  to  com- 
pose poems  for  t!ie  birthdays  of  a  prince,  or  other 
special  occasion. 

Po'ET-MU-SfCIAN,  r-zish'an,)  ti.  An  appellation 
given  to  the  bard  and  lyrist  of  former  ages,  as  uniting 
the  professions  of  poetry  and  music.  Busby. 

Po'ET-RESS,  71.     A  female  poet;  a  poetess.     [Bad.] 

P6'ET-RY,  n.     [Gr.  rrouirpia.] 

1.  Metrical  composition ;  verse;  as,  heroic  poflri/ ; 
dramatic  poetry;  lyric  or  Pindaric  poetry. 


PCI 

2.  The  art  or  practice  of  composing  in  verse.  He 
excels  in  poetry. 

3.  Poems  ;  poetical  composition.  We  take  pleas- 
ure in  reading  poetrii, 

4.  This  term  is  also  applied  to  the  language  of  ex- 
cited imagination  and  feeling. 

PO'ET-SHIP,  7i,    The  state  of  a  poet. 

POG'GY,  77.  A  salt-water  fish,  highly  esteemed  for 
food  ;  written,  also.  Porgee  nnd  Ponov,  which  see. 

POIGN'AN-CY,  (pom'an-sy,)  n.  [See  Poignant.] 
Sharpness;  the  power  of  stinmlatmg  the  organs  of 
taste.  Swift. 

2.  Point  ;  sharpness;  keenness;  the  power  of  ir- 
ritation ;  asperity ;  as,  the  poignancy  of  wit  or  sar- 

3.  Severity  ;  acuteness.  [casm. 
POIGN'ANT,  (poin'anl,)  (i.      [Fr.  poignant,  participle 

of  poiiidre,  irom  L.  pun^rrre,  pungo,  to  prick.] 

1.  Sharp;  stimulating  the  organs  of  taste;  as, 
poignant  sauce.  Dnjden. 

2.  Pointed;  keen;  bitter;  irritating ;  satii'ical ;  ap, 
poignant  wit. 

3.  Severe;  piercing;  very  painful  or  acute;  as, 
poignant  pain  or  grief.  JV*orrts.     South. 

POIGN'ANT-LY,  (poin'nnt-ly,)  adv.  In  a  stimulating, 
piercing,  or  irritating  manner;  with  keenness  or 
point. 

POI-KIL-IT'I€.    See  P(ecilitic. 

POINT,  71.  [Fr.,  from  poind  :  Sp.  and  It.  punto,punta; 
W.  pwnc;  from  L.  punrtnm,  from  pungo,  to  prirk, 
properly,  to  thrust,  pret.  pcpugi,  showing  that  71  is  not 
radical.  Hence  it  accords  with  Norm,  pouchon,  a 
punchemi,  Fr.  poin^on,  Eng.  to  punch,  and  with  poke, 
pokcry  Gr.  rr,j  i/uw,  &.C.] 

1.  The  sharp  end  of  any  instrument  or  body  ;  as, 
the  point  of  a  knife,  of  a  sword,  or  of  a  thorn. 
Hence,  a  steel  instrument  having  a  sharp  point  or 
end,  used  by  engravers,  etchers,  &,c. 

2.  A  string  with  a  tag  ;  as,  a  silken  point.     Shale. 

3.  A  sTurdl  cape,  headland,  or  promontory;  a  tract 
of  land  extciuling  into  the  sea,  a  lake,  or  river,  be- 
yond the  line  of  the  shore,  and  becoming  narrow  at 
the  end  ;  as,  Point  Juditli ;  Montauk  Point.  It  is 
smaller  than  a  cape. 

4.  The  sling  of  an  epigi-am  ;  a  lively  turn  of 
thought  or  expression  that  strikes  with  force  and 
agreeable  surprise. 

With  pericHla,  poinU,  and  tropes,  h?  slurs  his  crimes.    Dnjden. 

5.  An  indivisible  part  of  time  or  space.  AVe  say, 
a  point  of  time,  a  point  of  space.     Locke.     Davics. 

6.  A  small  space  ;  as,  a  small  poi7it  of  land.  Prior. 

7.  Punctilio  ;  nicety  ;  exactness  of  ceremony  ;  a?, 
points  of  precedence. 

8.  Place  near,  nest,  or  continuous  to  ;  verge  ;  eve. 
He  is  on  the  point  of  departure,  or  at  the  point  of 
death. 

9.  Exact  place.  He  left  off  at  the  point  where  he 
began. 

10.  Degree  ;  state  of  elevation,  depression,  or  ex- 
tension ;  as,  he  has  reached  an  extraordinar>'  point  of 
excellence.  He  has  fallen  to  the  lowest  point  of 
degradation. 

11.  A  character  used  lo  mark  the  divisions  of  writ- 
ing, or  tlie  pauses  to  be  observed  in  reading  crspoak- 
ing ;  as  the  comma,  semicolon,  colon,  and  pt-rind. 
The  period  is  called  a. full  stop,  as  it  marks  the  close 
of  a  sentence. 

12.  A  spot;  a  part  of  a  surface  divided  by  spots 
or  lines  ;  as,  the  ace  point. 

13.  In  geometry,  that  which  has  neither  parts  nor 
magnitude.  Euclid. 

A  point  ia  ihU  which  has  position,  but  uot  magniludf.  rinij/air. 
A  jioint  b  a  limit  termin:iUng  a  line.  Lcgendrc. 

14.  In  music,  :i  dot  or  mark  anciently  used,  like  our 
note,  to  distinguish  tones  or  sounds.  Hence,  simple 
cuuntopoint  is  when  a  note  of  the  lower  part  answers 
exactly  to  that  of  the  upper;  and  fgurative  counter- 
point is  when  a  note  is  syncopated,  and  one  of  the 
parts  makes  several  notes  or  inflections  of  the  voice, 
while  the  other  holds  on  one.  Encye. 

15.  In  modern  music,  a  dot  placed  at  the  right  hand 
of  a  note  to  raise  its  value  or  prolong  its  time  by  one 
half,  so  as  to  make  a  semibreve  equal  to  three  min- 
ims, a  minim  equal  to  three  quavers.  Sec, 

It).  In  astronomv,  a  division  of  the  great  circles  of 
V.'.c  horizon,  and  of  the  mariner's  compa*«.  The 
four  cardinal  points  are  the  east,  west,  i..i.ij,  and 
south.  On  the  space  between  two  of  these  points, 
making  a  quadrant  or  quarter  of  a  circle,  the  com- 
pass is  marked  with  subordinate  divisions,  the  whole 
number  being  thirty-two  points. 

17.  In  astronomy,  a  certain  place  marked  In  the 
heavens,  or  distinguit^hed  for  its  importance  in  as- 
tronomical calculations.  The  zenith  and  nadir  are 
called  vertical  points ;  the  nodes  are  the  points  where 
the  orbits  of  the  planets  intersect  the  plane  of  the 
ecliptic  ;  the  places  where  the  equator  and  ecliptic 
intersect  are  called  equinoctial  points;  the  points  of 
the  ecliptic  at  which  the  departure  of  the  sun  from 
the  equator,  north  and  south,  is  terminated,  are  called 
solstitial  points. 

18.  In  perspective,  a  certain  pole  or  place  with  re- 
gard to  the  perspective  plane.  Encyc. 

19.  In  manufactories,  a  lace  or  work  wrought  by 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— MeTE,  PREY — PLVE,  M.\RiNE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK 


POI 

the  needle  ;  as,  point  le  Venice,  point  de  Oenoaj  &c. 
Sometimes  the  word  is  used  for  lace  woven  wilij 
bobbin  59. 

20.  The  place  to  which  any  thing  is  directed,  or 
the  direction  in  which  an  object  is  presented  to  the 
eye.  We  say,  in  this  point  of  view  an  object  ap- 
p*;ars  to  advantage.  In  this  or  that  poinf  of  view 
the  evidence  is  important, 

21.  Particular:  single  thing  or  subject.  In  what 
poiiU  do  we  differ.'  .\n  points  of  controversy  be- 
tween the  parties  are  adjusted.  We  say,  in  point  of 
antiquity,  in  point  of  fact,  in  point  of  excellence. 
The  letter,  in  every  point,  is  admirable.  The  treaty 
is  executed  in  ever}-  point. 

•22.  Aim;  purpose;  thing  to  be  reached  or  accom- 
plished ;  as,  to  gain  one's  point. 

23.  The  act  of  aiming  or  striking. 

Wbat  a  point  jour  fakoa  made  I  Shak. 

24.  A  single  position  ;  a  single  assertion ;  a  single 
part  of  a  complicated  question,  or  of  a  whole. 
These  arguments  are  not  sufficient  to  prove  the 
poirU. 

Strange  poirU  and  new  ! 
Docihoe  which  we  woold  know  whence  learned.  MUlon. 

25.  A  note  or  tune. 

Turning  yonr  ton^je  divine 
To  a  loud  lmmp.'L,  and  a  point  of  war.  SJioJ:. 

26.  In  heraldry,  points  are  the  several  different 
parts  of  the  escutcheon,  denoting  the  local  positions 
of  figures.  Encyc. 

27.  In  electricity^  the  acute  lemiination  of  a  body 
which  facilitates  "the  passage  of  the  fluid  to  or  from 
the  body.  Encyc. 

23.  In  gunnery,  point-blanii  shot  denotes  the  shot  of 
a  gun  leveled  horizontally.  The  point-blank  ran^e 
is  ihe  extent  of  the  apparent  right  line  of  a  ball  dis- 
charged. In  shcoting  point-blank,  the  ball  is  sup- 
posed to  move  directly  to  the  object,  without  a  curve. 
Hence,  adverbially,  tiie  word  is  equivalent  to  directly. 

29.  In  marine  language,  points  are  flat  pieces  of 
braided  cordage,  tapering  from  the  middle  toward 
eacji  end  ;  used  in  reefing  the  courses  and  top-sails 
of  square-rigged  vessels.  Jilar.  Diet. 

Voicd-points,  in  Ml-  Hebrew  and  other  Ec^trrn  lan- 
guages, are  certain  marks  placed  above  or  below  the 
ronsonanls,  or  attached  to  them,  as  in  the  Ethiopic, 
representing  the  vocal  sounds  or  vowels,  which  pre- 
cede or  follow  the  articulations. 

The  point  i  the  subject;  the  main  question;  the 
precise  thing  to  be  considered,  determined,  or  ac- 
complished. This  argument  may  be  true,  but  it  is 
not  to  the  point.  * 

POINT,  r.  J.    To  sharpen  ;  to  cut,  forge,  grind,  or  file 
to  an  acute  end  ;  as,  to  point  a  dart  or  a  pin. 

9.  To  direct  toward  an  object  or  place,  to  show  its 
position,  or  excite  attention  to  it ;  as,  to  point  the  fin- 
ger at  an  object ;  to  point  the  finger  of  scorn  at  one. 

SJtak. 

3.  To  direct  the  eye  or  notice. 

Wbosoerer  shoold  be  guided  through  hi«  bairlcs  by  ^fineIva, 
and  pdnied  to  cverr  scene  of  [hem,  would  see  colhin^  but 
EuLijs£t3  of  enrjasie.  Poj:e. 

4.  To  aim ;  to  direct  toward  an  object ;  as,  to 
point  a  musket  at  a  wolf;  to  point  a  cannon  at  a 
gate. 

5.  To  mark  with  characters  for  the  purpose  of  dis- 
tinguishing the  members  of  a  sentence,  and  desig- 
nating the  pauses;  as,  to  pom i  a  written  composi- 
tion. 

6.  To  mark  wiih  vowel-points. 

7.  To  appoint.     [.\yf  in  use.']  Spenser. 

8.  To  fill  the  jomts  of  with  mortar,  and  smooth 
them  with  the  point  of  a  trowel ;  as,  to  point  a  wall. 

To  point  out ;  to  show  by  the  finger  or  by  other 
means. 

To  point  a  rope:  to  cause  it  to  taper  at  the  end,  as 
by  taking  out  a  few  of  its  yarns  and  with  these 
working  a  mat  over  it,  so  that  it  may  pass  easily 
Ihrougli  a  hole. 

To  point  a  sail;  to  affix  points  through  the  eyelet 
holes  of  the  reefs. 

To  point  the  yards  of  a  vessel ;  to  brace  them  so  that 
the  wind  shall  strike  them  obliquely.  Totten. 

POINT,  V.  i.    To  direct  the  finger  for  designating  an 
object,  and  exciting  attention  to  it ;  with  ai. 

Shal:. 
Dryden. 

2.  To  indicate,  as  dogs  do  to  sportsmen. 

He  trearta  with  eaalion,  and  he  pftints  wiih  foai.  Gey. 

3.  To  show  distinctly  by  any  means. 

To  pmnt  at  what  time  the  balance  of  power  was  most  cquntly 
held  between  ihe  lords  and  commons  at  Rome,  wouUl  ccr- 
hafs  admit  a  coniroverey.  Swi/l. 

4.  To  fill  the  joints  or  crevices  of  a  wall  with 
mortar. 

To  point  at ;  to  treat  with  scorn  or  contempt  by 

pointing  or  directing  attention  to. 
POINT'.'^L,  n.    In  botami,  the  pistil  of  a  plant. 
POINT'-BLANK,  n.     [Fr.]     In  gimnery,  having  a 

horizontal  direction  ;  as,  a  pornt-blank  shot.     Hence, 

2.  Direct;  as,  ap(7i7i/-6/an/(  denial. 

3.  adc.    Horizontally^  directly. 


POI 


POL 


Now  moU  the  world  pmnt  at  poor  CatJiarne. 
Point  at  Uie  tattered  coat  and  raggi;d  ehoe. 


POI.XT  D'APIPVI,  (pwl-il,ip'puc,)  [Fr.]  Point  cf 
support ;  basis  ;  a  fixed  poinl  at  which  troops  form, 
and  on  which  operations  rest. 

POIXT  DE-VISE',  [Fr.]  Oriirlnalhj,  a  particular  sort 
of  patterned  lace,  or  a  device  worlscd  with  a  poinl 
or  needle  ;  hence,  something  uncommonly  nice  and 

FOIr^  i  ED,  pp.  or  a.  Sharpened  ;  formed  to  a  poinl ; 
directed  ;  aimed  ;  marlted  with  points  :  filled  with 
morlar,  as  crevice^-. 

2.  Aimed  at  a  particular  person  or  transaction. 

3.  a.  Sharp ;  having  a  sharp  poinl :  as,  a  poirUtil 
rock. 

4.  Characterized  by  keenness,  or  epigrammatical 
smartness  ;  as,  ;i  pointed  rebuke  ;  pointed  wit. 

FOINT'ED-LY,  ado.      In  a  pointed   manner;   with 
lively  turns  of  thought  or  expression. 
He  often  wrote  too  pmnudly  for  liU  8ubJ«t. 
a.  With  direct  assertion  ;  with  direct  rel.  i   ,,       ' 
a  subject;  with  eiplicitness ;  as,  he  declared  poud- 
edlij  he  woulil  accede  to  the  proposition. 
POINT'ED-NESS,  ji.      Sharpness;    pickedncsa  witli 
asperity.  Johiuon. 

2.  Epigrammatical  keenness  or  smartness. 

Id  thh  you  excel  Horace,  that  you  bM ytinudneis  of  thought. 

DryMlt. 

POINT'EL,  Tu    Something  on  a  point. 

These  p-oises  or  poinuls  are,  for  the  roost  part,  little  lalU  set  »t 
the  top  of  a  cleuder  stalk,  which  they  can  more  ^vcry  way 
at  pleasure.  Dcrliam. 

•2.  A  kind  of  pencil  or  style.  Wiclif. 

POINT'ER,  n.    Any  thing  that  points. 

2.  The  hand  of  a  timepiece.  TVatts. 

3.  A  variety  of  dog,  trained  to  slop  and  point  out 
the  game  to  sportsmen.  Gay. 

POtNT'ING,  ppr.     Directing  the   finger ;    shuwing  j 
directing. 
9.  Marking  with  points,  as  a  writing. 
'■i.  Filling  the  joints  and  crevices  of  a  wall  with 
iiiortar  or  cement. 
POINT'ING,  71.    The  art  of  making  the  divisions  of 
a  writing;  punctuation. 

?.  The  state  of  being  pointed  with  marks  or 
points. 

3.  The  act  of  filling  the  crevices  of  a  wall  with 
mortar,  &c.  ;  or  the  material  with  which  they  are 
filled. 
POINT'ING-STOCK,  n.    An  object  of  ridicule  or 

scorn.  Skak. 

POINT'LESS,  a.  Having  no  point  ;  blunt  ;  obtuse ; 
as,  a  pointless  sword. 

2.  Having  no  smartness  or  keenness. 

POISE,  (poiz,)  n,  [W.  pwys,  weight;  Ann.  poes; 
Fr.  poids.    See  the  verb.] 

1.  Weight ;  gravity  ;  that  which  causes  a  body  to 
descend  or  tend  to  the  center.  Spenser. 

9.  The  weight  or  mass  of  metal  used  in  weighing 
with  steelyards,  to  balance  the  substance  weighed. 

3.  Balance  ;  equilibrium ;  a  stale  in  which  things 
are  balanced  by  equal  weight  or  power ;  equipoise. 
The  mind  may  rest  in  a  poise  between  two  opinions. 

Th?  particles  forming  the  earth  roust  con»tne  from  all  qaaitere 
toT/ard  the  midiue,  which  wouJd  make  the  whole  compound 
rest  in  a  poise.  Bemley, 

A.  A  regulating  power ;  that  which  balances. 

Men  of  an  unbounded  ima^nation  often  want  ^hspmse  of  judg- 
meuL  Dryden. 

POISE,  (poiz,)  V.  t.  [VV.  pwijsaw,  to  throw  down,  to 
press,  to  lean,  or  incline,  to  weigh  ;  Arm.  poesa;  It. 
pcsare ;  Sp.  and  Port,  pcsar;  Corn,  puza  ;  Fr.  pc^er.] 

1.  To  balance  in  weight ;  to  make  of  equal  weight ; 
as,  to  poise  the  scales  of  a  balance. 

2.  To  hold  or  place  in  equilibrium  or  equipon- 
derance. 

Our  nation,  ■nilh  united  interest  blest, 

Not  now  content  to  poise,  shall  sway  the  K.'t.  Dryden. 

3.  To  load  with  weight  for  balancing. 

Where  could  they  find  another  form  so  fit 

To  poise  with  solid  sense  a  Epri°:htJy  wit  ?  Dryden. 

4.  To  examine  or  ascertain,  as  by  the  balance ;  to 

weigh. 

He  can  not  conaider  the  stien^,  poise  the  weight,  and  discern 
the  evidence  of  the  clearest  argumentations,  wlrrre  tfccy 
would  conclude  ngainsl  his  desire*.  So'^Sh. 

5.  To  oppress  ;  to  weigh  down. 

Lest  leaden  slumber  poise  me  down  to-moirow, 

When  I  should  mount  on  wiags  of  victory.  Skak. 

POIS'ED,  (poiztJ.)  pp.  Balanced  ;  made  equal  in 
weicht;  resting  in  equilibrium. 

POIS'IiVG,  ppr.    Balancing. 

POIS'ON,  (poiz'n,)  7J.  [Fr.  poison  ;  Arm.  rmpocsoun, 
pouison  i  Sp.  ponzona ;  Port,  pe^onha.  U".  its  alliance 
to  L.  pus.    See  Class  Bs,  No.  25.] 

1,  Any  agent  capable  of  producing  a  morbid,  nox- 
ious, or  dangerous  cflect  upon  any  thing  endowed 
with  life.  All  medicines  possessing  sulficient  ac- 
tivity to  be  of  much  value,  are  always  poisons  in 
inordinate  or  excessive  quantities  ;  and  ever>-  thing 
poisonous  \i  capable  of  proving  medicinal  in  suitably 
reduced  quantities.  The  ancient  Greeks  employed 
the  same  word  both  for  a  medicine  and  a  poison. 
There  are  as  many  difierent  modes  in  which  poisons 


opent©  as  there  are  different  and  di'trr" 
powers  of  any  matJirial  activity.    A 
popul.-ir  notion,  thf--.*  artul'^  on: 
which  arc  capable  of  produrinr 
or  dangcroun  effects,  ia  eon. 
titles  ;   but  there  hi  no  Ju". 
distinction. 

2.  Anything infectiouflornuiirr. 
of  pTHtilenli-'il  AiMAMirt. 

3.  'I'hat  which  tainu  or  dr^trr.. 
health  j  as,  the  pouon  of  ev.l 

!:iu. 
POIS'ON,  r,  (.    To  infect  wi!i. 
as,  to  poison  an  arrow. 
iJ.  lo  attack,  injure,  or  kill, 

H"  WSJ  to  dbcoarjjwl  tbd  be   --.u.-^; 
■•  *.!*.«. 

laint ;  to  mar;  to  tmpoJr;  at,  disct^ntrct 
the  happiocM  of  life. 

With  thy  r^ke  uu  po<#on<d  bx  peopk't 

4.  To  corrupL    Our  youth  ar-:  : 
notions  of  honor,  or  with  p^rr 
emment. 

To  tufier  the  tboajhti  lo  be  ▼itiii'. : ,  j    , 
morKlky. 

P0IS'0\-A-BLE,  a.    That  can  be  r- 

P0I3'0N-£D,   pp.   or   a.       Inf—-  ' 
poison. 

POIS'ON-ER,  n.     One  who  i 
which  comiptg. 

POIS'ON-FJJL,a.    Replete  w- 

POIS'0.\-I.\G,  ppr.    Infeclin;; 
ing. 

POIS'O.V-OUS,  a.  Having  the  quahiics  of  potson ; 
corrupting  ;  impairinf;  soundness  or  poritv. 

POIS'ON-OUS-LV,    adv.       Wirh    f^'-'    "'  -      ■ 
efTect-*. 

POIS'OX-OUS-\ESS,  n.    Tii 
or  injurious  to  health  and  s*....,,  ,. 

POIS'ON-TREE,n.    A  tree  that  potion^,     i 
is  given  to  Rhus- venenata,  or  Swamp-*in: 
toxicodendron,  or  Climbinp-so mac,  and  Rt. 
or  Dwarf-sumac,  of  the  United  Statf.-?  . 
vernicifera,  or  the  Vamish-sumac,  and  V., 
danca,  of  Japan  ;    lo  Rhu*-pemiciu^a.  R.'- 
difolia,  and   Mippomane-mancinella,  ^.r  .'> 
tree  of  South  .\incrica  ;   to  Str>chno4-i 
Ajjtiaris-toxicaria,  the  two  Bohun  L'jku  » i  -.....,  .,  . 
All  of  these  are  valuable  medicines.     Tjc  acijvc 
principle  of  the  most  active  of  the  poiison  ir--«  of 
Java,  has  long  been  kept  in  the  shop5,  as;!  is  cilr n- 
sively  used  by  physicians. 

POrTREL,  n.  [Fr.  poitrail,  from  L.  pecl^rsis^  from 
pectus,  the  breasL] 

1.  Armor  for  the  breast  of  a  hcrse.  Sl'i^ner. 

2.  A  graving  tool.     [(iu.  pinateL}         .fi  i.-Tc-ra. 
POIZE.    An  old  spelling  of  Poise.    [S«  Poi»i:.; 
Poke,  n.     [Sax.  poccay  poha;    Fr.  pc-d-e,  a  pi^'-^fh  cr 

bag.] 
A  pocket ;  a  small  bag ;  as,  a  piz  m  i  -  " ' 
Cc 
Poke,  \   n.     The  popular  i 

PoKE'-WEED,  \       American  herbr..:      .    , 

ing  dark  purple  juicy  berries,  the  Ph\  loiitf  cj  uccax^u-.a, 
otherwise  called  Poca.n,  Coccm.  and  GmfiKT.  .\--  i 
medicine,  it  has  emetic,  catJiartic,  narroti'".  ^"d  » ■>  ■ 
more  important  qualities,  and  it  h.v->  had  >  : 
talion  as  a  remedy  for  rheumatism,  &c. 
POKE,  r.  f.  [Corn,  pokkia,  to  thrust  c\t  f -„  .-. 
Armoric,  pochan  is  one  that  dives  or  pluncc*.] 

1.  Proper'):,  to  thrust ;  lo  push  arrain-^t  with  any 
thing  poinlfd  :  hence,  to  feci  or  s*.arth  for  with  .t 
long  instnimeni. 

2,  Tothnist  at  with  the  horns,  as  an  ox  . 
itse  of  the  trord  in  .\'ae  England. 

POKE,  r.  i.    To  grope,  a^i  in  the  dark.  frier. 

To  poke  at :  to  Uirust  the  horns  at. 

POKE,  n.  In  JVeie  EtfUad,  a  machine  lo  prerenl  un- 
ruly beasts  from  leapmg  or  breakine  through  feaces, 
consisting  of  a  yoke  with  a  pole  inserted,  pointing 
fonvard. 

POKE,  r.  f.    To  put  a  poke  on  ;  a?,  to  poke  an  ox. 

J\'rv  F.n'tcni. 

POK'ERjTi.  [from  poke.]  .An  iron  bar  used  in  stirring 
the  fire  when  coal  is  used  for  fue!.  Srift. 

POK'ER,  n.  [Dan.  pokker,  the  dense ;  VV.  ?j<v«,  a  bob- 
goblin  ;  btr^,  id.;  birgan,  a  bugbear;  frr,  terror, 
fright.  These  words  soem  to  be  allied  to  bmr^  kntCj 
an  ox  or  cow,  L.  bos,  bcris,  and  all  perhaps  from  the 
bellowing  of  bulls.] 

.\ny  fnghtful  object,  especially  in  Uie  dark:  a 
bugbear;  a  word  in  comnon  r<>pitljr  itst  !■%  .fmirkm. 
Hence  has  been  formed  the  adjecti^'c  Poksruh. 

PoK'ING,  ppr.  Feeling  in  the  dark  ;  stirrinj  with  a 
poker;  thmsling  at  with  the  boms;  putting  a 
poke  on. 

POK'ING,  a.    Drudginjr:  servile.  [C-UM%ial  ]  Gr<f 

PoK'lNG-STICK.  n.  An  instrument  formerly  used 
in  adiustinc  the  plaiU  of  ruffs  itcn  v.  cm. 

PO-LAe'€A, }  M.     [Sp.pohcrt:  Port. 
PO-LX'CRE,  \      Ft.  poiacre,  pc^J-pif- , 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.— AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K ;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TII  as  in  THIS. 


106 


rll 


POL 


A  vessel  with  tlirce  niaata,  used  in  the  Mediterra- 
nean.   The  iimsls  Jire   usually  of  onu  piece,  so  lliat 
Ihey  Imve  neither  tops,  caps,  nor  cross-trees,  nor 
horses  to  their  tipper  yards.        Mir,  Diet.    Encyc. 
PO'LAR,  a.    [Ft.polaire,  It.  3}olarc;  Sj».  polar.      Sec 

1*0  LE.} 

1  Fertaininc  to  the  poles  of  the  enrth,  north  ami 
south,  or  to  the  poles  of  artificial  globes ;  situnted 
near  one  of  the  poles  ;  as,  polar  regions  ;  polar  seas  ; 
polar  ice  or  climates. 

9.  Proceeding  from  one  of  the  regions  near  the 
poles  ;  as,  jwlar  winds. 

3.  PtiriaininR  to  the  magnetic  pole,  or  to  the  point 
to  wiiicli  the  magnetic  needle  is  directed. 

POL'AR-eilV,  H.     [Gr.  noXvi  and  apxi-] 
GovcruTOL-iit  bv  a  number  of  persons. 

Po-L.Vft  i/'A-!U*E,  a.    Suaceptiblo  of  polarization. 

PO-LAR'I-SeOPE,  n.  [>oMr,  poUj  and  Gr.  cK.^rr£w,  to 
vifw.l 

An  inslrumont  used  in  exhibiting  the  phenomena 
of  the  polarization  of  light,  Francis. 

rO-LAR'I-TYj  n.  That  quality  cf  a  body  in  virtue  of 
which  peculiar  properties  reside  in  certain  points ; 
usually,  as  in  electrified  or  mn^^ncti/.cd  hndioy,  prop- 
erties of  attraction  or  repulsion,  or  the  power  of  tak- 
ing a  certain  direction.  Thus  we  speak  of  the  po- 
larity of  the  magnet  or  nia^^etic  needle,  whose  pole 
is  not  always  that  of  the  earth,  but  a  ponit  pomewhat 
easterly  t  r  "westerly  ;  and  the  deviation  of  the  needle 
fmni  a  north  and  south  line  is  calh-d  its  variativn. 
A  mineral  is  said  to  possess  polarity^  when  it  attracts 
one  pole  of  a  majrnetic  needle  and  repels  the  other. 

Po-LAIM-Za'TION,  n.  The  act  of  giving  polarity  to 
u  body  ;  the  stale  of  having  polarity. 

Polarization  of  light;  a  change  produced  upon 
li^'ht  by  the  action  of  certain  media,  by  which  it 
exhibits  the  appcarancu  of  having  polarity,  or  poles 
possessing  different  propcilies.  Tliis  property  of 
iiilht  was  (irst  discovered  by  Fluygens  in  his  investi- 
gation of  the  cause  of  double  refraction,  a^  seen  in 
the  Iceland  crystal.  The  attention  of  opticians  was 
more  particularly  directed  toward  it  by  the  discov- 
eries of  Malus,  1610.  The  knowledge  of  this  singu- 
lar property  of  light  has  alforded  an  explanation  of 
st-veral  very  intricate  phenomena  in  optics. 

Po'LAll-IZE,  V.  t.    To  conununicate  polarity  to. 

Po'LAR-IZ-£D,  pp.  or  a.  Having  polarity  commu- 
nicated to. 

Po'LAR-TZ-ING,  jtpr.    Giving  polarity  to. 

Po'LAR-Y,  a.  [See  Polar.]  Tending  to  a  pole ; 
having  a  direction  to  a  p<ilc.  Bi^wn. 

PoL'DER,  7t.  [D.j  In  lJollandm\i\  ^ciWum,  a  tract 
of  low  land  reclaimed  from  the  sea  by  means  of  high 
embankments.  P.  Cyc. 

Pole,  h.  [Sax,  pol,  pal:  G.  p/ahlj  D.  paal;  Sw. 
pale;  Dan.  ptrl ;  W.pawl;  l,.palii3.     See  Pale.] 

1.  A  long,  slender  piece  of  wood,  or  the  stem  of  a 
small  tree  deprived  of  its  branches.  Thus  seamen 
use  pules  for  setting  or  driving  boats  in  shallow 
water;  tlio  stems  of  small  trees  are  used  for  hooi)s, 
and  called  Hoop-pole3  ;  the  stems  of  small,  but  tall, 
straight  trees,  are  used  aa  poles  for  supporting  the 
scaffolding  in  building. 

9.  Arod;a  perch;  ameai^ureof  length  of  5.^  yards, 
or  a  square  measure  of  30^  square  yards. 
3.  An  instrument  for  measuring.  Bacon. 

Bare  poles;  a  ship  ia  under  bare  poles  when  her 
sails  nre  all  furled.  Mar.  Diet. 

Pole,  n.  [Ft.  pole;  It.  and  Sp.  polo ;  G.  Uan.  and 
Sw.  pol;  D.  pool;  Ij.polu3;  Gr.  rroAof,  from  iraAcw, 
to  turn.] 

1.  In  fistrovomy,  one  of  the  extremities  of  the  axis 
on  which  the  sphere  revolves.  These  two  points 
are  called  the  poles  of  Vic  world. 

9.  In  spherics,  a  point  equally  distant  from  every 
part  of  tile  circumference  of  a  great  circle  of  the 
sphere  ;  or  it  is  a  point  90°  distant  from  the  plane  of 
a  circle,  and  in  a  line  passing  perpendicularly  through 
the  center,  called  tlu  axis.  Thus  the  zenith  and 
nadir  are  the  poles  of  the  horizon. 

3.  In  geographyy  the  extremity  of  the  earth's  axis, 
or  one  of  the  points  on  the  surface  of  our  globe 
through  which  the  axis  passes. 

4.  The  star  which  is  vertical  to  the  pole  of  the 
earth  ;  the  po/<c-star. 

PoU^'fthe  ecliptic,  are  two  points  on  the  celestial 
sphere,  90'  from  the  ecliptic.  They  are  23'  30'  dis- 
tant from  the  poles  of  the  world. 

Magnetic  poles;  two  points  in  a  magnet  in  whicli 
the  power  seems  to  be  chiefly  concentrated. 

Olmsted. 
PoLE,  n.     [from  Poland.']     A  native  of  Poland. 
PoLE,  V.  t.    To  furnish  with  poles  for  support  j  as,  to 
pole  beans, 

9.  To  bear  or  convey  on  polos ;  as,  to  pole  hay  into 
a  barn. 

3.  To  impel  by  poles,  as  a  boat  j  to  push  forward 
by  the  use  of  poles. 
P6LE'-AX,  71.  An  ax  fixed  to  a  pole  or  handle;  or 
rather  a  sort  of  hatchet  with  a  handle  about  fillcen 
inches  in  length,  and  a  point  or  claw  bending  down- 
ward from  the  back  of  its  head.  It  is  principally 
used  in  actions  at  sea,  to  cut  away  the  rigging  of  the 
enemy  attempting  to  hoard ;  sometimes  it  is  thrust 


POL 

into  the  side  of  a  ship  to  assist  in  mounting  the  ene- 
my's ship,  and  it  is  sometimes  called  a  HoAnoiNc-Ax. 
Mar,  Diet.     Encyc. 
PoLE'CAT,  «.     [Fr.  pouh,  a  lien,  and  chat,  a  cat. 
i.  e.,  hen-cat,  because  it  feeds  on  poultry,  eggs,  &:c.] 
The  popular  name  of  two  digitigrade  carnivorous 
mammals,  the  Puturius  conimuiiis  and  the  Pulorius 
alpinus.     These  are  small  quadrupeds   of  Europe, 
nearly  allied  to  the  weasel.    They  have  small  glands 
secreting  a  fetid  liquor  somewhat  like  tliut  of  the 
American  skunk.    The  fitchew  or  filchct. 
PoLE'Da-VV,  71.    A  sort  of  coarse  cloth. 

.Biiisworth. 
POL'E-MAR€H,  h.    [Gr.  7ro>f/iaox"5 ;  ttuAc/ioj,  war, 
and  aflxnt  rule,  or  apxoit  chief.] 

In  Athens^  originally,  t!:e  military  commander-in- 
chief ;  but  afterwards,  a  civil  magistrate  who  Iiad 
under  his  caro  all  strangers  and  sojourners  in  the 
city.  There  were  also  in  Sparta,  Thebes^  and  other 
parts  of  Greece,  polemarck^i,  who  were  high  otficcrs, 
exercising  both  military  and  civil  functions. 

SmiVi^s  Diet. 
PO-LEM'ie,         I  a.     [Gr,  roXc/ux--)?,  from  TroXtpog, 
PO-LEM'ie-AL,  J      war.] 

1.  Controversial;  disputativc;  intended  to  main- 
tain an  opinion  or  system  in  opposition  to  others  ;  as, 
a  polemic  treatise,  discourse,  essay,  or  book  j  polemic 
divinity. 

2.  Engaged  in  supporting  an  opinion  or  system  by 
controversy  ;  an,  ajyolemic  writer.  South. 

PO-LE;\l'ie,  71.  A  disputant;  a  controvertist ;  one 
who  writes  in  stipport  of  an  opinion  or  system  Sn  op- 
position to  another.  Pope. 

FO-LEi\I'ICS,  n.  Contest  or  controversy,  especially 
on  relig!f)MS  subjects. 

PO-LE.M'0-SeoPE,  71.  [Gr.  mXr/ioj,  war,  and  cko- 
TTcco,  to  view.] 

An  oblique  perspective  glass  contrived  for  seeing 
objects  that  do  not  lie  directly  beft)re  the  eye.  It  is 
called  diagonal  or  side  opera- glass.  Hutton. 

PO-LEJ^'TA,  V.  [It.l  In  ItaUj,  pudding  made  of  the 
flour  of  maize,  or  Indian  meal  j  formerly  ground 
chestnuts  were  used.  Artoni. 

PoLE'-STAR,  71.    A  star  which  is  vertical,  or  nearly 
so,  to  the  polo  of  the  earth ;  a  lode-star.  The  northern 
pole-star  is  of  great  use  to  navigators  in  the  northern 
hemisphere. 
2.  That  which  serves  as  a  guide  or  director. 

Barton. 

Po'LEY-GR.\SS,  n.    A  plant  of  liie  genus  Lytlirum. 
Fam.  of  Plant-;. 

Po'LEV-MOUNT-AIN,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Teucrium.  Fam.  of  Plants: 

PO-LLAN'TIlES,  n.  [Gr.  TroXi?,  a  city,  and  ■tvOoi,  a 
flower,  i.  e.,  city-flower,  because  it  is  much  culti- 
vated in  cities.] 

The  name  of  a  genus  of  plants,  one  species  of 
which,  viz.,  PoUantk&s  ttiherosa,  is  cultivated  for  its 
flowers  under  the  absurd  name  of  Tuberose,  \\h\v\\ 
is  merely  a  vicious  pronunciation  of  its  specific 
name. 

PO-LtCE',  (po-!ees',)  ti.  [Fr.,  from  L.  politia;  Gr.  tco- 
XirCM,  from  roXtf,  city.] 

1.  Tlie  government  ot  a  city  or  town  ;  the  admin- 
istration of  tlie  laws  and  regulations  of  a  city  or  in- 
corporated town  or  borough  ;  as,  the  police  of  London, 
of  New  York,  or  Boston.  The  word  is  applied  also 
to  the  government  of  all  towns  in  New  England, 
which  are  made  corporations  by  a  general  statute,  for 
certain  purposes. 

2.  The  internal  regulation  and  government  of  a 
kingdom  or  state.  Blackstone. 

3.  A  body  of  civil  oflicers,  especially  in  cities,  for 
enforcing  the  laws. 

FO-LtC'-ED,  (po-lecst',)  )    a.      Regulated    by    laws  ; 

POL'I-Cl-ED,  (-sid,)  (  furnislicd  with  a  regular 
system  of  laws  and  administration.     Bacon,    Burke. 

PO-LtCE'-filAN,  71.     One  of  the  ordinary  police. 

Smart. 

PO-LT(CE'-OF'FI-CER,  n.  An  officer  intrusted  with 
ihe  execution  of  the  laws  of  a  citv. 

POL'I-CY,  n.  [Fr.  police;  L.  po'litia;  Gr.  izoXiTCta, 
from  noXt^j  city,  Sans,  pc?7/rt.] 

1.  Policy,  in  its  primary  signification,  is  the  same 
as  polity,  comprehending  the  fundamental  constitu- 
tion or  frame  of  civil  govcinnient  in  a  slate  or  king- 
dom. But  by  usage,  policy  is  now  more  generally 
used  to  denote  what  is  included  under  legislation 
and  administration,  and  niay  be  defined,  tlie  art  or 
manner  of  governing  a  nation  ;  or  that  system  of 
measures  which  the  sovereign  of  a  country  adopts 
and  pursues,  ns  the  best  adapted  to  the  interests  of 
the  nation.  Tiius  we  speak  of  doinestic  policy,  or  the 
system  of  internal  regulations  in  a  nation  ;  foreign 
policy,  or  the  measures  which  respect  foreign  na- 
tions; commercial  policy-,  or  the  measures  which  re- 
spect commerce. 

9.  The  course  or  management  of  jmblic  affairs, 
with  respect  either  to  foreign  powers,  or  to  internal 
arrangement.  It  has  been  the  policy  of  France  to 
preclude  females  from  the  throne.  It  has  been  the 
policy  of  Great  Britain  to  encourage  her  navy,  by 
keeping  her  carrying  trade  in  her  own  hands.  In 
this  she  manifests  sound  policy.    Formerly,  England 


POL 

permitted  wool  lo  be  exported  and  manufactured  in 
the  Low  Countries,  which  was  veiy  bad  policy. 

The  poVtoj  of  iitl  lawB  haa  niiidu  uome  forma  iiccemiiry  hi  the 

wunJiiif;  uf  lost  wiili  an<l  tcaUmciiU.  Dtnckstonc, 

All  viulfuijioiicy  defoQti  >-\i.  Jtaini'.ton. 

3.  In  common  usane,  prudence  or  wisdom,  in  rulers 
or  \ni''viduals,  in  the  management  of  public  or  pri- 
vnic  t.on':erns. 

A.  Btnitagem  ;  cunning;  dexterity  of  management. 

^.  A  ticket  or  r/arrant  for  money  in  the  public 
funds.     [It,  politia.Ji 

t>.  [Sp.  poliza.']  Policy;  in  commerce,  the  writing  or 
instruction  by  wnich  a  contract  of  indemnity  is  eflect- 
cd  between  the  insurer  and  the  insured;  or  the  in- 
strument containing  the  terms  or  conditions  on 
which  a  person  or  company  undertakes  to  indemnify 
another  i)crsun  or  company  against  losses  of  properly 
exposed  to  peculiar  hazards,  as  houses  or  good^  ex- 
posed to  fire,  or  ships  and  goods  exposed  to  d(  ^truc- 
tlon  on  the  high  seas.  This  writing  is  subscribed  by 
the  insurer,  who  is  called  the  midcnorilcr.  'I'he 
terms  policy  of  insurance,  or  assurance,  are  also  used 
for  tlic  contract  between  the  insured  and  the  under- 
writer. 

Policir^i  are  valiud  or  open. ;  valued,  when  tlic  prop- 
erty or  goods  insured  are  valued  at  prime  cost ;  open, 
when  the  goods  are  not  valued,  but,  if  lost,  tlieir 
value  unist  be  proved.  Park.    Blackstone. 

Wagering  policies,  which  insure  sums  of  money, 
interest  or  no  interest,  are  illegal. 

All  uisiinmccs,  interest  or  no  hilerest,  or  without  furtlier  proof  of 
interest  thiui  the  policy  itBolf,  ure  null  and  void, 

Blaektione. 

The  word  policy  is  used  also  for  the  writing  whicli 
insures  against  other  events,  as  well  as  against  loss 
of  properly. 

7,  In  Scotland,  the  pleasure-ground  about  a  gentle- 
man's seat. 

EOL'ING,  n.  In  gardening,  the  operation  of  dispersing 
the  worm-casts  all  over  the  walks,  with  long  ash 
poles.  This  destroys  the  worm-casts,  and  is  ben©- 
ficial  to  the  walks.  Cyc. 

POL'ING,  ppr.     Furnishing  with  poles  for  support. 

2.  Bearing  on  pi)les. 

3.  Pushing  forward  with  poles,  as  a  boat. 
Po'LISH,  a.     [from  Slav,  pole,  a  plain,  whence  Po- 
land.   See  the  verb.] 

Pertaining  to  Poland,  a  level  country  on  the  south 

of  Russia  and  the  Baltic. 

POL'ISH,  w.  (.     [Fr.  polir,  polissant;   Arm.  pouliQza  ; 

It.  polire  or  pulirc ;  Sp.  polir,  pulir ;  L.  polio ;  Dan. 

polercr;  Sw.polera;  Russ,  poliriitja ;  W.  ca6o/i,  with 

a  prefix ;  Ar.  Vi.s*  cliofala,  to  polish.    Qu.  its  alli- 
ance lojile.'] 

1.  To  make  smooth  and  glossy,  usually  by  friction  ; 
as,  to  polish  glass,  marble,  incials,  and  the  like. 

9.  To  refine;  to  wear  ofl^  rudeness,  rusticity,  and 
coarseness  ;  to  make  elegant  and  polite ;  as,  to  polish 
life  or  manners.  Milton. 

The  Greek's  were  polished  by  the  Asktics  and  Egyplinns. 

S.S.  Smith. 

POL'ISII,  V.  i.  To  become  smooth  ;  to  receive  a  gloss  j 
to  take  a  smooth  and  glossy  surface. 

Steel  will  polish  almost  as  wliite  and  bright  as  silver.     Bacon. 
POL'ISH,  71.    A  smooth,  glossy  surface,  produced  by 
friction. 

Another  prism  of  clearer  glasa  and  better  po/if A  Bccmed  free  from 
veins.  Nciclon. 

2.  Refinement;  elegance  of  manners. 

What  nre  these  wondrous  ciri^ng  iirts, 

Thia  figman  poUah  ?  AddUon, 

POL'ISH-A-BLE,  a.    Capable  of  being  polished. 
POL'ISH-^D,  (pol'isht,)  pp.  or  a.    Made  smooth  and 

glossy  ;  refined  ;  polite. 
POL'ISH-ED-NESS,  n.    State  of  being  polished,  or  of 

being  refined  and  elegant.  Donne.     Coventry. 

POL'ISH-ER,  n.     Tlie    person    or    instrument  that 

polishes.  Addison. 

POL'ISH-ING,  pitr.  or  a.    Rlaking  smooth  and  glos:iy  ; 

refining. 
POL'ISH-ING,  n.     The  act  of  making  smooth  and 

glossy,  or  of  refining  manners. 
2.  Smoothness;  glossiness;  refinement. 

Oold.-nnifk. 
POL'ISH-MENT,  n.    Refinement.  JVatcrhovsc. 

PO-LTTE',  a.     [L.  politus,  polished,  frompoZif,  supra.] 

1.  Literally,  smooth,  glossy ;  and  used  in  this 
sense  till  within  a  century. 

R:iys  of  light  falling  oa  a/joiite  surface.  NcwSoti. 

[This  application  of  the  word  is,  I  believe,  entirely 
obsolete.] 

2.  Being  polished  or  elegant  in  manners;  refined 
in  behavior ;  well  bred. 

lie  mnrries,  bowa  at  court,  and  grows  /lo/i/c.  Pope. 

3.  Courteous;  complaisant;  obliging. 


without  insincerity,  and  polite  wiihuat 
Anon. 


His  manners  were  w. 
pomp. 

PO-LITE'LY,  adv.    With  elegance  of  manners;  gen- 
teelly; courteously. 


FATE,  PAR,  FALL,  WH^T.  — MeTE,  PRgY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BOQK — 

§42  ' 


POL 


PO-LITE'NESS,  II.    ToUsli  or  elegance  of  manners ; 

"entility;  sood  brecdinj;  ease  and  gracefulness  of 

manners,  united  with  a' desire  to  please  others,  and 

a  careful  attention  to  their  wants  and  wishes. 

2.  Courteousncss;   complaisance;   obliging  attcn- 

POL-l-TESSE',  (-tess'j)  n.     [Fr.l    Politeness. 

[An  afl'ected  word,  unless  nlien  applied  Uy  way 
of  contempt  to  over-acted  politeness.     5»inrt.] 

POL'1-Tie  a.  [L.  politiciis!  Gr.  ttoXitikos,  from 
xoXiKia,  from  iroXi!,  a  city.  This  word,  m  its 
origin,  is  the  same  as  Political,  and  was  forincriy 
used  as  synonymous  with  it.  It  is  so  still  in  the 
phrase  bodii  poiuic.  Burke  used  fohuc  distinction 
for  polUkal  distinction,  but  present  usage  does  not 
warrant  this  application.]  ...  , 

1.  Wise ;  prudent  and  sagacious  in  devising  ana 
pursuing  measures  adapted  to  promote  the  public 
welfare  ;  applied  to  persons ;  as,  a  poUlic  prince. 

2.  Well  devised,  and  adapted  to  the  public  pros- 
perity ;  applied  to  tilings. 

This  land  was  famously  eimchcd 

With  poMc  grave  counsel.  tihax. 

3.  Ingenious  in  devising  and  pursuing  any  scheme 
of  personal  or  national  aggrandizement,  without 
re"ard  to  the  morality  of  the  measure;  cunnm»; 
artful ;  sagacious  in  adapting  means  to  the  end, 
whether  good  or  evil. 


4.  Well  devised  ;  adapted  to  its  end,  right  or 
wrons.  ,. 

PO-LIT'ie-AL,  a.  [.Supra.]  Pertaining  to  policy,  or 
to  civil  government  and  its  administration.  Political 
measures  or  affairs  are  measures  that  respect  the 
government  of  a  nation  or  state.  So  we  say,  political 
power  or  authority ;  political  wisdom ;  a  political 
scheme ;  political  opinions.  A  good  prince  is  the 
politiaU  father  of  his  people.  The  founders  of  .a 
state,  and  wise  senators,  are  also  called  political 
fathers. 

2.  Pertaining  to  a  nation  or  state,  or  to  nations  or 
slates,  as  distinguished  from  civil  or  municipal;  as  in 
the  phrase  political  and  civil  rights,  the  former  com- 
prehending rights  that  belong  to  a  nation,  or  perhaps 
to  a  citizen  as  an  individual  of  a  nation  ;  and  the 
latter  comprehending  the  local  rights  of  a  corpora- 
tion, or  any  member  of  it. 

Speaking  of  the  politiaU  slate  of  Europe,  we  ate  accustomed  lo 
say  of  Sweden,  she  lost  her  liberty  by  die  revolution. 
'  Paley, 

3.  Public;  derived  from  office  or  connection  with 
Government ;  as,  political  character. 
°  4.  Artful  ;  skillful.     [See  Politic] 

5.  Treating  of  politics  or  government ;  as,  a  political 
writer.  P,"''!!- 

Political  aritlimclic ;  the  art  of  reasonmg  by  (iguies, 
or  of  making  arithmetical  calculations  on  matters 
relating  to  a  nation,  its  revenues,  value  of  lands  and 
effects,  produce  of  lands  or  manufactures,  popula- 
tion, &c. 

Political  economy ;  the  administration  ot  the  reve- 
nues of  a  nation  ;  or  the  management  and  regu- 
lation of  its  resources  and  productive  properly  and 
labor.  Political  economy  comprehends  all  the  meas- 
ures by  which  the  property  and  labor  of  citizens  are 
directed  in  the  best  manner  to  the  success  of  indi- 
vidual industry  and  enterprise,  and  to  the  public 
prosperity.    PoUtical  economy  is  now  considered  as 

PO-LIT'ie-AL-LY,  ads.   With  relation  to  tho  govern- 
ment of  a  nation  or  state. 

2.  With  relation  to  politics. 

3.  .^rtfullv  ;  with  address.     [Obs.]  Knolles. 
PO-LIT'ie-.\'S-TEU,  n.     A  petty  politician  ;   a  pre- 
tender to  politics.                                        L'Estrangt. 

POL-l-TI"CIAN,  a.     Cunning;  using  attilice.   \_Obs.] 
POL-I-Tr'CIAN,  (pol-e-tish'an,)  n.     [Fr.  politicien.i 
1.  One  versed  in  the  science  of  government  and 
the  art  of  governing;  one  devoted  to  politics. 

Dnjden.     Pope. 
o    .\  man  of  artifice  or  deep  contrivance.   South. 
POL'I-Tie-LY,  adv.    Artfully.  Sliak. 

POL'I-TieS,  n.     [Fr.  politique;  Gr.  iroXinid?.    see 

POLICT.] 

The  science  of  government ;  that  part  of  ethics 
which  consists  in  the  regulation  and  government  of 
a  nation  or  state,  for  tho  preservation  of  its  safety, 
peace,  and  prosperity  ;  comprehending  the  defense 
of  its  existence  and  rights  against  foreign  cantrol  or 
conquest,  the  augmentation  of  its  strength  and  re- 
sources, and  the  protection  of  its  citizens  in  their 
rights,  with  the  preservation  and  improvement  of 
their  morals.  Politics,  as  a  science  or  an  art,  is  a 
subject  of  vast  extent  and  importance. 

3.  In  a  looser  sense,  political  affairs,  or  the  contests 
of  parties  for  power.  . 

POL'I-TiZE,  ti.  £.    To  play  the  politician.    [JVit  in 
^5, 1  Milton. 

POL'f-TURE,  n.     [See  Polish.]     Polish  ;  the  gloss 
given  bv  polishing.     [JVot  iw.cd.]  Domic. 

POL'I-TY,  n.     [Gr.  TToXinm.] 

I.  The  form  or  constitution  of  civil  government  ot 


POL 

a  nation  or  state  ;  and  in  free  states,  the  frame  or 
fundamental  system  by  which  the  wevtral  branches 
of  government  are  established,  and  the  powers  and 
duties  of  each  designated  and  defined. 

Every  branch  of  our  civil  j'olilo  lupport*  and  U  iuppcrtcJ,  regu- 
hiKTi  and  b  rcgiihded,  by  tno  resL  Blatkiume. 

\Vi[h  respect  lo  dtcir  iuU'rior  polity,  our  colonics  tire  prop<.rly  t4 
tliT.'c  BOrtfl ;  provincbl  CELabluhni'.nu,  proprielaiy  goTcra- 
menu,  and  charter  govcnuncnui.  Btacktlottt. 

The  word  seems  abio  to  embrace  legislation  and 
administration  of  government. 

2.  The  constitution  or  general  fundamental  princi- 
ples of  govenimeut  of  any  class  of  citizens,  consid- 
ered in  an  appropriate  character,  or  as  a  subordinate 
state. 

V/crc  Iho  whole  Clirislian  world  to  revert  hack  to  tlie  original 
model,  how  f.ir  more  ijirnple,  iniifurm,  nud  heauliful  would  llio 
church  appear,  anil  bow  faf  mure  a^ecable  10  tht'  eccleslait- 
licul  polity  iu3lllub;d  by  llic  lioly  apostles !    Prttident  Stiiet. 

PdL'KA,  n.    A  fashionable  Hungarian  dance. 
POLL,  n.    [D.  bol,  a  ball,  bowl,  crown,  poll,  pate, 
bulb.1 

1.  The  head  of  a  person,  or  the  hack  part  of  the 
head ;  and  in  composition,  applied  to  the  head  of  a 
beast,  as  in  poll-coil. 

2.  A  register  of  heads,  that  is,  of  persons.  SItaJc. 

3.  The  entry  of  the  names  of  electors  who  vote 
for  civil  ofiicers.    Hence, 

4.  An  election  of  civil  officers,  or  the  place  of  elec- 
tion. 

Our  citizens  say,  at  the  opening  or  close  of  the 
poll,  that  is,  at  the  beginning  of  the  register  of  voters 
and  reception  of  voles,  or  the  close  of  the  same. 
They  say  also,  we  are  going  to  the  polls ;  many  voters 
appeared  at  the  polls.  A'Vio  York. 

5.  A  fish  called  a  Chub  or  Chevin.  [See  Pollibd.] 
Poll,  r.  t    To  lop  the  tops  of  trees.  Bacon. 

2.  To  clip  ;  to  cut  off  the  ends  ;  to  cut  off  han  or 
%vool  ;  to  shear.  The  phrases,  to  poll  the  hair,  and  to 
poll  the  head,  have  been  used.  'J'he  latter  is  used  in 
2  .Sam.  .\iv.  26.  To  jioK  a  deed,  is  a  phrase  still  used 
in  law  language.  2.  Sicift. 

3.  To  mow  ;  to  crop.     [JVu(  iwcrf.]  Shalt. 
•1.  To  peel ;  to  strip  ;  to  plunder.    [  Obs.] 

Bacon.     Spenser, 
r,.  To  lake  a  list  or  register  of  persons  ;  to  enter 
names  in  a  list. 

6.  To  enter  one's  name  in  a  list  or  register. 

Dnjden. 

7.  To  insert  into  a  number  as  a  voter.        Ticket. 

8.  To  bring  to  the  polls  ;  as,  to  poll  votes. 
POL'LACK,  i  ?!.    A  sall-waler  fish  of  the  cod  family, 
POL'LOCK,  (      closely  allied  to  the  whiting  and  coal- 
fish.  .      . 

POL'LARD,n.  [{wmpoll.]  A  tree  having  Its  top  cut 
offal  some  higlit  above  the  ground,  that  it  may  throw 
out  branches.  Bacon. 

2.  A  clipped  coin.  Camden. 

3.  The  chub  fish.  Jiiiisicorth. 

4.  A  stag  tiiat  has  cast  his  horns. 

5.  A  misture  of  bran  and  meal.  Ainsmorth. 
POL'LARD,  V.  t.  To  lop  the  tops  of  trees  ;  to  poll. 
POL'LARD-ED,  J)/!.  Lopped.  [EvcMii. 
PoLL'/l'D,  pp.    Lopped,  as  tops  of  trees.    [See  I  oll.J 

2.  Brought  to  the  pi;ll,  as  votes. 
POL'LEN,  II.     [L.  pollen,  pollis,  fine  flour  ;  Russ.  pit, 


POL 

POL'LOCK,  n.    A  fiih,  the  p.. 

POLL'-TAX,  n.     A  tai  levied     .     --       ,       , 

capitation  lax. 
POULOTE',  r.  t.    [L.  polliu;    P;.  pnUter.    If  lliu 

word  is  compound,  aji  I  i>u£;>rn  ..  '.j  v-  --  ro- 

posed  of  the  prciH>«ilion  pa,  ■■■ 

language  and  retained  in  lh«:  1 

and  according  lo  Ainnworlli. 

binalioii  would  not  naturall;. 

If  the  word  is  Biiuple,  the  ! 

Willi  foul.    But  neither  Ulhij; '.:, ^,      ■    - 

du.  Gr.  /JoXti/oi.] 

1.  To  defile ;  to  make  (btil  or  unclean  ;  u  «  ge%' 
eral  sense.      Bui   appropriaUtu-  imi'-t^t    t^t    Jt^-.    '■ 
make  unclean  or  impure,  in  ■ 
sense,  so  as  to  ditiqualify  a  p.-- 
or  lo  render  thingt  unfit  II: 
XVill.     Exod.  XX.    ii  Kings  XIUL.    '2  Outit.  AX^Vi. 

2.  To  taint  with  guilt. 
Ye  poUuu  youraelvei  whh  tfl  jo-j  VMs.  —  Ert  mm. 

3.  To  profane ;  lo  use  for  carnal  or  idolatroui  pir- 
poscs. 

My  Siltallii  Iter  gra^lj paUutii.     Clci.  .  -■ 

4.  To  corrupt  or  impair  by  niUlurc  of  i. 
physical. 


Envv  you  my  | 
With  (fricT  my  ; 


--.»  my  Joy  t 


nie/,  dust,  L.  pu/i'i.*.] 

L  The  fecundating  dust  or  fine  substance,  like 
flour  or  meal,  contained  in  the  anther  of  flowers, 
which  is  dispersed  on  the  stigma  for  impregnation  ; 
farina.  Enajc.    Milne.    Martmi. 

2.  Fine  bran.  Baiky. 

POL-LE.\-.^'RI-OUS,  a.    Consisting  of  meal. 

POL'LEN-lSER,  II.     Brushwood.     [Obs.]       Tiisser. 

POL'LEi\-IN,  n.  [from  pollen.]  A  substance  ob- 
tained from  the  pollen  r;f  plants.  Pollenin  isvariou; 
as  obtained  from  dilfercnt  plants,  and  does  not  aji- 
pear,  in  any  case,  to  be  a  distinct  proximate  princi- 
ple, and  therefore  is  not  entitled  to  an  appellation 
appropriated  to  such  proximate  principles. 

POLL'ER,  11.     [from  poll.''     '^"»  ""•'  shaves 
a  barber.     [JVot  used.] 

2.  One  that  lops  or  polls  trees. 

3.  A  pillager :  a  plunderer ;  one  that  fleeces  by  ex- 
action.    [J^ot  used.] 

4.  One  that  registers  voters,  or  one 
name  as  a  voter.  ,       .  ,,•         . 

PoLL'-E-V/L,  II.  [poll  and  evil.]  A  swelling  or 
aposteme  on  a  horse's  head,  or  on  the  najic  ot  the 
neck  between  the  ears.  .  .  .f  Jmcr's  Did. 

P0L-LIC-I-Ta'T10N,  II.    [L.po«.cil<i(w.l 

A  nromise  ;  a  voluntary  engagement,  or  a  piiper 
cnnLainin"  it  Henry's  Britain. 

POL-LINc'tOK,  n.  [L.]  One  that  prepares  materi- 
als for  embalming  the  dead ;  a  kind  of  uiideruiker. 

FohVl^G,  ppr.    Lopping  ;  as  the  tops  of  trees. 

2.  Registering  one's  name  as  a  voter.    [See  1  oluj 

3.  Bringing  to  the  poll,  as  votes. 
POL-LI-NIF'ER-OUS,  a.    [L.  pollen  and/ero,  to  pro- 
duce.] 

Producing  pollen.  -  ,      .,       ■ 

POL'Ll-WIG,  II.  A  tadpole.  Forby.  In  jlmcnca, 
PoLLiwoG.    Forby  thinks  it  to  be  from  periwig. 


r>.  To  violate  by  i'.W\L.il  /.ejual  co-. 
POL-LOTE',  n.    Polluted  ;  defiled. 
POL-LOT'ED,  pp.  or  a.    OelUetl ;  r  i 

tainted  with  guilt;  impaired  ;  profant.J. 
POL-LOT'E1)-LV,  ode.    In  a  statf  of  polh^  • 

POL-LOT'ED-NESS,  n.    The  stale  of  b'ir 

defilement. 
POI^LCT'ER,  a.    A  defiler ;  one  Uial  poll'i 

fanes. 
POI..-L0T'IXG,  jyr.     Defiling;  rendering  nnclemn  ; 

corrupting ;  prolaning. 
2.  a.    Adapted  or  lending  to  defile  or  infecL 
POL-LCT'ING-LV,  ode.     Comiptinfly. 
POL-LO'TION,  n.    (L.  poUulio;   Fr.  poUtlitn;  Fp. 

polueion ;  It.  polhtzione.] 

1.  The  act  of  polluting. 

2.  Defilement ;  unclcanness  ;   Impurity  ;  Uiis  f..' 
of  being  polluted. 

3.  In  IheJexc'iah  economy,  legal  or  ccrtmonial  iir. 
cleanness,  which  disqualified  a  pcnwin  for  fa :o  i 
services  or  for  common  intercourse  Willi  llic  pecple, 
or  rendered  any  thing  unfit  for  sacred  uie. 

4.  In  inedicinc,  the  emission  of  semen  in  sleep. 

5.  In  a  religious  sense,  guilt,  the  cfltct  of  s.n  ; 
idolatry,  &c. 

POL'LUX,  n.    [L.]     .\  filed  star  of  Uie  sccnJ  r  -- 
nitude,  in  the  constellation  Gemini,  or  11: 
2.  See  Castor. 

PO-LO-NaISE',  j  11.    A  robe  or  dress  tin 

PO-LO-NeSE',  j     the  fashion  of  the  Pidu,   ?  :. 
times  worn  by  ladies. 

PO-LO-.NESE',  11.     Tho  Polish  language        Eae\  ■■ 

PO-LO-NOISE',  (po-lo-nilze',)  n.  In  oiwir,  ani.K 
menl  of  three  crolcUcts  in  a  bar,  with  Uie  rtiyji.m 
ical  ca;sura  on  the  last.  B-si.\. 

PoLT,  II.    [Sw.  bulla,  lo  beat] 

.\  blow,  stroke,  or  striking ;  o  mri  v% 
in  .Xeie  England,  ■ 

PoLT'-FQOP,  11.    .K  distorted  fooL     [-\ol 


Hrrtcrt. 

Hariog  distorted   feri.    [.W* 


One  that  shaves  persons  ; 


jBocoii. 
;  that  enters  his 


P5LT'-FQpT-ED,  a. 

in  use] 
POL-TEOON',  n.    [Fr.  peKrm  ;  IL  j«ttr»M,  an  ldl» 

fellow,  a  coward  ;  fc.'£rtrf,  lo  sUti',  t.'  I  ^-  i'^ '.  t  ' 
loiter  ;  Sp.  pcltron,  idle,  hizy,  c  '  - 
Port,  poltrau:,  an  idler  ;  poltr,i:n. 
■ardly  ;  Arm.  poii'iniuK ;   certain:) 
(riiiiMl)'.  The  primary  sense  is,  idlt,  ai  <-a^',  "h^"-  - 
lazy  ;  perhaps  from  the  root  01  fatl,  n  .  poHn.J 
,\n  arrant  coward;  a  dasLird ;  a  wrct.li  "ii.:     1 


spirit  or  courage. 
POL-TROO.\',  c. 


Base ;  vile  ;  contempt: 
Cowardice  : 


POL-TROOX'ER-Y,    n. 

mind  ;  want  of  spirit. 
POL' VE-RINE,  n.     [L.  pulns,  dust  ;  It.  ; 

Tho  calcined  ashes  of  a  plant,  of  the  nulaiu  i^i  ;   ; 

and  pearl  ashes,  brought  from  Uie  Lei-anl  and  fryn.-.. 

In  the  manufacture  cf  glass,  it  is  pnlrrrod  to  olh.  r 

ashe*.  as  Uie  glass  mode  wiUi  it  is  pcrfecUy  w  hue. 

'  Emcjc 

Po'LY,     In.     [L.  poliun ;  Gr.  roXict,  from -»>i<-(i   ; 
Po'LEY,  i     while.]  _       .         i 

An  eVergreen  iindersnmb  of  Uie  genus  T^crtan, 
found  near  Uie  .Mcdileiranean.  LtmJ.-.       \ 

Tho  grass  polcy  is  of  Uie  genus  Lylliiuro. 

*  Dcicrvs  .Uc.<s.  Kfp. 

POL'Y,  in  compound  words,  is  from  ""  C'"^^^'^',:   i 
and  signifies  many ;  as  in  pdygcn,  a  figure  of  maaj    | 

POl^Y-A-eorsTie.   .       [Gr.   «Xtt,   m».^.  =""' 

anoew,  10  hear.]  ,.«,«j      4-y,»-,- 

That  multiplies  oi  n«ignifies  sound.    A>  a  t.i.  . 

an  instrument  to  multiply  sounds^ 


TC-NE,  BKLL,  yNlTE.-AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS. 


-e  as  K;  G  as  J;  S  as  Z;  CH  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


_JI 


&13 


POL 

POI,-Y-A-PEt.'PiII-A,  n.      [Gr,  ttoAuj,  many,  and 
I       av€\fo;.  brother.] 

in  botany,  :i  chiss  of  plants  linving  slatr..'-n3  united 

In  thrto  or  mnr*'  IhhIks  or  bundles  by  the  filaments. 

POI*-Y-A-l)('l/l'[n  AX,  /  a.     Ilavinp  stamens  united 

l'OI^Y-A-Di:i/l'H<»Lc',  S      'n  Hirc^e  or  more  bundles. 

POL-Y-AN'DKI-A,  lu     [Gr.  rjAvf,  many,  and  nw.-,^ 

a  male.] 

In  botany y  a  class  of  monoclinons  or  hciTnapliro- 
ditc  plants,  having  many  stamt-n?,  or  any  number 
above  Iwentv,  inserted  in  the  receptacle. 
POLi-Y-AN'DRl-AN,  \  a.     Ilavin:^  many  stamens,  that 
POL-Y-AiN'DROUS,  j      is,  any  number  above  twen- 
ty, inserted  in  the  receptacle. 
POL-Y-AN'DIIY,  H.      [Supni.]     Tlie  practice  of  fe- 
males having  more  husbands  than  one  at  the  same 
time;  pluralitv  of  husbands.  Forstcr''iS  Obs. 

POL-Y-AN'THUS,  n.   [Gr  roXuj,  many,  and  «i'(^os,  a 
flower.] 

An  ornamental  plant  of  the  genus  Primula  or 
primrose,  whose  flower-etalks  produce  flowers  in 
chisters.  Loiidon. 

POL'Y-ARGH-Y,  n.     [Gr.  Tro^^ls  and  nnxn.] 

\  government  by  many  persons,  of  whatever  order 
or  class. 
POL-Y-AU-TOG'RA-PHY,  n.     [Gr.  To^vf,  many,  av- 
T05,  be  himself,  and  yoj^Wy  to  write.] 

The  act  or  practice  of  niulliplying  copies  of  one's 
own  handwriting  or  of  manuscripts,  by  engraving  on 
stone  i  a  species  of  lithography. 

Ddastcyrie.     Med.  Rqws. 
PO-LYB'A-SrPE,  71.     [Gr.  ttoXuj,  many,  and  fiaGH, 
base.] 

An  iron-black  ore  of  silver,  consisting  of  silver, 
sulphnr,  and  antimony,  with  some  copper  and  ar- 
senic. 
POL'Y-€HORD,  a.     [Gr.  ::oA^?,  many,  and  cfiord.] 
Having  many  chords  or  strings. 

Ch.  RcUg.  Appeal. 
POL'Y-CHREST,  n.     [Gr.  r-oXrs,many,  and  :to7/<7rof, 
useful.] 

In  pfiarmaajj  a  medicine  that  serves  for  many  uses, 
or  that  cures  "many  diseases.     [OAs.] 

PobjchrcM  salt,  among  old  chemists,  was  the  sul- 
phate of  polassa.  Sravdc. 
POL'Y-CHRO-ITE,  n.  [Gr.  -y-\u;,  many,  and  x«ot$w, 
to  color.] 
The  coloring  matter  of  saflVon.  Urc. 
POL-Y-CHRO-ftiAT'ie,  a.      [Gr.  ruAvf,  many,  and 
XOf>M")  color.] 

In  mineralo^j,  exhibiting  a  play  of  colors.  Jilulis. 
.POL-Y-€0-TYL-K'DON,  n.     [Gr.  jjGXvg,  many,  and 
K07vXr]i]coi'j  a  cavity.] 

In  botany^  a  plant  that  iias  many  or  more  tlian  two 
cotyledons  or  lobes  to  the  seed.  JiJartyn. 

POL-Y-€0-TYL-£'DON-OUS,  a.    Having  more  than 

two  lobes  to  the  seed. 
POL-Y-E'DRON,     (  See  PoLTHEonox  and   Poi.yiie- 
POL-Y-E'DROUS.  j      DnAL. 

I'OL-Y-GA'MI-A,  n.     [Gr.  iroArj,  many,  and  >'i/'«s, 
marriage.] 

In  botany,  a  class  of  plants  bearing  liermaphrodite 
flowers,  with  male  or  female  flowers,  or  both,  not 
inclosed  in  the  same  common  calyx,  but  scattered 
either  on  the  same  plant,  or  on  two  or  three  distinct 
individuals,  in  diflerent  flowers.  Jfartyn. 

POL-Y-G.^'MI-AN,  I  a.  In  JofdH?/,  producing hermaph- 
PO-LYG'A-MOUS,  (      rodile  flowers,  witJi  male  or 

female  flowers,  or  both. 
PO-LYG'A-MIST,  v.      [See  Polvgamt.]     A  person 
who  practices  polygamy,  or  maintains  its  lawfulnes.^. 

Hammond. 
P,0-LYG'A-iMOU>S,  a.     Consisting  of  polygamy, 

Encyc. 
2.  Inclined  to  polygamy;    having  a  pluialily  of 
wives. 
PO-LYG'A->.lY,  n.      [Gr.  roAi-;,  many,  and  vauo?, 
marriage.] 

A  plurality  of  wives  or  husbands  at  the  same  time  ; 
or  the  having  of  such  pluialitv.  When  a  man  has 
more  wives  than  one,  or  a  w'oman  more  husbands 
than  one,  at  tlie  same  time,  the  otFender  is  punisha- 
ble for  polygamy.  Such  is  the  fact  in  Christian  coun- 
tries. But  polygamy  is  allowed  in  some  countries,  a^ 
in  Turkey. 
POL'Y-GAR,  n.    In  Jlindostan,  an  inhabitant  of  the 

woods. 
POL-Y-GAS'TRie,  a.  [Gr.  roXv;,  many,  and  yaamo, 
stomach.] 

Having  many  stomachs-. 
POL-Y-GAS'TRie,    h.       An    animal    having    many 

stomachs,  as  some  of  the  infusorirs.  £cl! 

PO-LYG'E-NOUS,  a,     [Gr    rr^jArj,  manv,  andjaoj, 
kind.] 

Consisting  of  many  kinds ;  as,  a  pohi^rcnous  moun- 
tain, which  is  composed  of  strata  of  different  species 
of  stone.  Kirwan. 

POL'Y-GLOT,  a.     [Gr.  roAuf,  many,  and  jAforra, 
tongue.] 

Having  or  containing  many  languages  ;  as,  a  poly- 
glot lexicon  or  Bible. 
POL'Y-GLOT,  71.      A  book    containing   many  lan- 
guages, particularly  the  Bible  containing  the  Scriji- 
lures  in  several  languages. 


POL 

2.  One  who  understands  many  languages.  [JVot 
ill  use.1  Howell. 

POL'V-GON',  u.  [Gr.  roAuf,  many,  and  ytcvtn,  an 
angle,] 

In  geometry^  a  plane  figure  of  many  angles,  and 
consequently  of  many  sides  ;  particular hf.,  one  whoiic 
])erimeier  consists  of  more  than  four  siiics.    Brandc. 

PO-LYG'ON-OUS,  I    '^-     "'iving  many  angles.  Lcc. 
Polygonal  numbers;    in  arithnetir,  the  successive 
f^ums  of  a  series  of  numbers  in  aritiimctical  progres- 
.siou.  Brande. 

POL-Y-GON-OM'E-TUY,  71.     [polygon  and  Gr. //fr- 

Tlic  doctrine  of  polygons.  Brande. 

PO-LYG'ON'-UM,  7(.  '[Gr.  toAvj,  many,  and  jovu, 
knee  or  knot.] 

A  geiius  of  i)laut3  so  named  from  the  numerous 
joints  in  the  stem,  .Some  of  the  most  remarkable 
.>*p('cies  of  polygonum  are  the  three  sorts  of  buck- 
wheat, the  medicinal  bistort,  tJie  watei-pepper,  &c. 

POL'Y-GRAM,  ?;.     [Gr.  ttoAiij,  many,  and  jpu/i^a,  a 
writing.] 
A  figure  consisting  of  many  lines.  Barlow. 

POL'Y-ORAPII,  V.  [See  Poi.vgraphv.]  An  instru- 
ment for  multiplying  copies  of  a  wrilmg  with  ease 
and  expedition. 

POL-Y-GRAPII'IC,         \  a.      Pertaining    to    polvgra- 

POL-Y-GRAPH'iC-AL,  (  pliy  ;  as,  a  pohjgraphic  in- 
strument. - 

2.  Done  with  a  polygraph  ;  as,  a  polygraphie  copy 
or  writing. 

PO-LYG'RA-PHY,  7/.  [Gr.  ttoAdj,  many,  and  ypa(Pn> 
a  writing  ;  >-.och/jw,  to  \vrite.] 

The  art  of  writing  m  variuus  ciphers,  and  of  deci- 
phering the  same.  '■       Diet.    Enajc. 

POL'Y-GYN,  71.  )  [Gr.  rrAi-c,  many,  and  \vvti. 

POL-Y-OYN'I-A,  V.  pi.  \      a  female.] 

In  b-itanij,  an  order  of  plants  jjaving  many  .styles*. 

POL-Y-OYiV'I-AN,  )  a.      In    botany,    having    many 

PO-LYG'YN-OUS,   (       etylos. 

PO-LYG'Y-NY,  7(.  [Gr.  ttoAv?,  many,  and  yvvr{,  a  fe- 
male.] 

The  practice  of  having  more  wives  than  one  at 
the  same  time.  Forster^s  Obs. 

PO-Ly'HA-LITE,  71.  [Gr.  ttuAi-c,  many,  and  dAs, 
salt.] 

A  mineral  or  salt  occurring  in  masses  of  a  fibrous 
structure,  of  a  brick-red  color,  bein<f  tinged  with 
iron.  It  contains  sulphate  of  lime,  of  magnesia,  of 
potash,  and  of  soda.  Cleaveland. 

POL-Y-HE'DRAL,      (  a.     [Sec  PoL¥HEDno>f,]     Hav- 

POL-Y-He'DIIOUS,  i  ing  many  sides,  as  a  solid 
body. 

POL-Y-He'DRON,  7i.  [Gr.  r  A^?,  many,  and  u^na, 
side,] 

1.  Tti  geometry,  a  body  or  solid  contained  by  many 
sides  or  i)Innes. 

2.  In  optics,  a  polyscope  or  multiplying  glass. 

Hutton. 

P0-LYL'0-6Y,  n.  [Gr.  TroAff,  many,  and  Xo^-oj,  dis- 
course.] 

A  talking  much;  talkativeness;  garrulity.  [J\'o( 
in  vf^c]  Granger. 

POL-Y-MATH'IC,  a.  [See  Poltmathy.]  Pertaining 
to  polvmathy. 

PO-LYM'A-THY,  71.  [Gr.  r.oXvi^  many,  and  fuiOno'ii, 
learning  ;  /lavOavtii,  to  learn.] 

The  knowledge  of  many  arts  and  sciences  ;  ac- 
quaintance with  many  branches  of  learning,  or  with 
various  subiects.  Johnson.     Encyc. 

POL-Y-MIG'N'lTE,  n.  [Gr.  -  Anj,  many,  and  ptyvv- 
/((,  to  mix.] 

A  black,  shining  mineral,  containing  titanic  acid, 
zirconia,  yttria,  oxyds  of  cerium  and  iron,  &c,  Dana, 

POL'YM-iNITE,  71.      [stone  of  many  marshes.]      A 
stone  marked  with  dendrites  and  black  lines,  and  so 
disposed  as  to  represent  rivers,  marshes,  and  ponds. 
Diet.  jYat.  Hist. 

POL'Y-MORPH,  n.  [Gr.  rroAi-f,  many,  and  pop>l>n, 
form.] 

A  name  given  by  Soldani  to  a  numerous  tribe  or 
series  of  shells,  which  are  verj-  small,  irregular,  and 
singular  in  form,  and  which  can  not  be  referred  to 
anv  known  genus.  Diet.  JSTat.  Hist. 

POL-Y-MORPH'OUS,  eu  [Supra.]  Having  many 
forms.  Bigeloic. 

POL'Y-NEME,  71.  A  sea-fish  of  the  genus  Polyne- 
mus,  belonging  to  the  perch  family,  having  a  scaly, 
compressed  Iiead,  witli  a  blunt,  prominent  nose,  and 
plifomi  appendages  to  the  pectoral  fins.      Pennant. 

POIj-Y-NE'SI.A.jn.  [Gr.  TyAvs,  many,  and  vrjerog,  isle.] 
A  term  in  geography,  used  to  designate  numerous 
groups  of  isles  in  the  Pacilic  Ocean,  especially  near 
the  tropics;  as  the  Pelew  Isles,  the  Ladrones,  the 
Carolines,  the  Sandwich  Isles,  the  Marquesas,  the 
Society  Isles,  and  the  Friendly  Isles. 

Dc  Brasses.     Pinkcrtcn. 

POL-Y-Ne'SIAN,  a.    Pertaining  to  Polynesia. 

POIj-Y-No'MI-AL,  7!.  [Gr.  tt^Ai's,  maiiy,  and  ov^paj 
name.] 

In  alrrehra,  a  quantity  consisting  of  many  terms. 

POL-Y-No'AII-AL,  a.  Containing  many  names  or 
terms. 


POL 

POL-Y-ON'O-MOUS,  a.  [Gr.  ttoAvj,  many,  and  ovo- 
fia,  name.] 

Having  many  names  or  titles ;  many-titled. 

Sir  W.  .fones. 

POL-Y-ON^O-MY,  n.  [Supra,]  Variety  of  diflerent 
names.  h'aber. 

POL-Y-OP'TRUN,  )  7(.     [Gr.  ttoAvj,  many,  and  oTrro- 

POL-Y-OP'TRUM,  \      ,,at,  to  see.] 

A  glass  through  which  objects  appear  multiplied, 
but  diminished.  Hutton.    Brandc. 

POL-Y-O-RA'MA,  n.     [Gr.  -oAi-g  and  opapa.'} 
A  view  of  many  objects. 

P0L'YP,7i.  An  aquatic  animal  of  the  Radiate  type,  hav- 
ing,in  general, a  cylindrical  body,atoneextr<:mity  of 
which  there  is  a  mouth,  surrounded  by  one  or  more  se- 
ries of  arms  or  tentacles.  It  has  no  special  organs  of 
sense,  and  is  capable  of  multiplying  by  buds  and  ar- 
tificial sections  as  well  as  by  ova.  The  name  Ja 
sometimes  used  in  a  restricted  sense  for  the  Hydra 
polyp,  but  properly  includes  the  animals  of  all  zoo- 
phytes. These  annnals  form  coral  by  the  secretion 
of  calcareous  matter.  Dt.na. 

POL'Y-PA-RY,  71.    [polyp  and  L.  par'tOy  to  produce.] 
A  name  given  to  coral,  because  formed  by  p;)lyps. 

Dana. 

POLY-PET' AL-OUS,  a.  [Gr.  iruAij,  many,  and  Trtr- 
aXof,  a  petal.] 

In  io^QHT/,  liaving  many  petals;  as,  a  polypetalous 
corol,  Martijn, 

PO-LYPH'A-GOUS,  a.     [Gr.  TroAuj  and  ^ajw.] 

Eating  or  subsisting  on  many  things,  or  kinds  of 
food. 

P0L-Y-PHAR'WA-CY,7(.  [Gr.TroAi'S  and  4>ap\iaKCia.'] 
Medicines  of  many  ingiedients. 

POL-Y-PHON'I€,      \a.  [Infra.]  Having  or  consisting 

PO-LYPH'O-NOUS,  i     of  many  voices  or  sounds. 

PO-LYPH'0-NISM,  (  n.     [Gr.  ttuAi-s,  many,  and  0w- 

PO-LYPH'O-NY,      i      vn-,  sound.] 

-  Alultipliciiy  of  sounds,  as  in  the  reverberations  of 
an  echo,  Dcrhmn. 

PO-LYPH'O-NIST,  71.  One  who  professes  the  art  of 
multiplying  sounds,  or  who  makes  a  variety  of 
sounds  ;  a  ventriloquist, 

PO-LYPH'YL-LOUS,  a,  [Gr.  ttoAvs,  many,  and  tlvA- 
A^r,  leaf.] 

In  botany^  many-leafed ;  as,  a  pohjphyllous  calyx  or 
perianth. 

PO-LYP'I-DOAr,  77,     [polyp  and  Gr.  ^opos,  house.] 
Literally,  a  house  or  hive  of  polyps  ;  a  name  soine- 
times  given  to  coral.     The  term  is  incorrect,  as  coral 
is  an  internal  secretion.  Dana. 

PO-LYP'I-ER,(po-lip'e-^,)n.  [Fr.]  Polypar^',  which 
see. 

POL-Y-PIF'ER-OUS,  a.  [pobjp  and  fero]  Produ- 
cing polyps.] 

POL'Y-PODE,  n.     [Gr.  T9Auf  and  -ovi.] 

An  animal  having  many  feet;  the  millepcd  or 
wood-louse.  Coze. 

PO-LYP'0-DY,  n.  [L.  pohjpodium,  from  the  Greek. 
See  Polyp.] 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Polypodium,  of  the  order  of 
Filices  or  ferns.  The  fructifications  are  in  roundish 
points,  scattered  over  the  inferior  disk  of  the  frons 
or  leaf.    There  are  numerous  species.  Loudon. 

POI/Y-POUS,  a.  [from  polypus.]  Having  the  nature 
of  the  polypus  ;  having  many  teet  or  roots,  like  llic 
polypus  ;  as,  a  pnhfpous  concretion.  Arbuthnct. 

P0L-Y-PRIS-MAT'"I€,  a.  [Gr.  roAvs,  many,  and 
pri.'fmatie.l 

In  crystallography,  a  term  applied  to  a  prismatic 
crystal,  having  many  lateral,  secondary  planes,  with 
or  without  the  primary  planes.  Dana. 

POL'Y-PUS,  a.     [Gr.   77oAv;ruuff ;  roAtrj,  many,  and 

TTOV^,  foot.] 

1.  Something  that  has  many  feet  or  roots. 

2.  In  zoology,  a  polyp,  which  see. 

3.  A  tumor  with  a  narrow  base,  somewhat  resem- 
bling a  pear;  foundin  the  nose,  uterus,  &c.  Cooper, 

POL'Y-S€OPE,  V.     [Gr,  ttoXv^,  many,  and  gkqttc'},  to 

view.] 
A  glass  wliich  makes  a  single  object  appear  as 

many  ;  a  multiplying  glass,  which  see.         I/attvn. 
POL-Y-SEP'A-LOUS,  a.    In   botany,  a  polyscpalous 

calyx  is  tliat  which  has  more  than  one  sepal.    Lindlcy. 
POL' Y-SPAST,  n.     [Sp.  polispastos ;  Gr.  :roAiis,  many, 

and  cTraw,  to  draw.] 
A  machine  consisting  of  many  pulleys.         Diet. 
POL'Y-SPERM,  n,     [Gr.  TroArs,  many,  and  crrenpa, 

seed.] 
A  tree  whose  fruit  contains  many  seeds.  Evelyn. 
POL-Y-SPERM'OUS,  a.     Containing  many  seeds  ;  as, 

a  polyspcrmous  capsule  or  berry.  Martyn. 

POL'Y-STfLE,  71.     [Gr,  ttoXvs  and  trn-Ao?.] 

An  edifice  whose  columns  are  too  numerous  to  be 

readily  counted.  Elmrs. 

POL-Y  SYL-LAB'ie,         )  a,  [twm  poh/.^ijll able]  Per- 
POL-Y-SYL-LAB'ie-AL,  \      taining  to  a  polysyllable  ; 

consisting  of  many  syllables,  or  of  more  than  three. 
POL'Y-SYL-L.\-BLE,  n.     [Gr.  ttoAv?,  many,  and  cvX- 

All/?//,  a  syllable.] 
A  word  of  many  syllables,  that  is,  consisting  of 

more  syllables  than  tliree,  for  words  5f  a  less  number 

than  four  arc  called  monosyllables,  dissyllables,  and 

trisyllables.  Kncyc. 


Fate,  far,  FALL,  WH^T.— MkTE,  PREY.— PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD— NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQQK.- 


844 


POM 

POL-Y-SYN'DE-TON,  n.     [Gr.  rraXvcmlcTOi ;  roAuj, 
many,  and  avvS^ro^,  connectinji.l 

A'lisure  of  rhttoric,  by  which  the  copulative  is 
often  repeated  ;  as,  "We  have  ships,  and  Dion,  and 
nionev,  and  stores. 
POL-Y-TEeH'Nie,  a.     [Gr.  to.\vs,  many,  and  tsx'"I, 
art.] 

Comprehendiris  many  arts  ;  applied  particularly  to 
a  school  in  which  many  brmclics  of  art  or  science 
are  tauiillt. 
POL-Y-TH-\L'A-J10US,  a.     [Gr.  roAvj,  many,  and 
t\i\afivc,  chamber.] 

JIanv-chambered  ;  applied  to  cephalopods  having 
multilocular  shells.  P-  Cijc. 

FOL'Y-THE-IS.M,   n.      [Fr.  puhjlheisme  i    Gr.   ttoXus, 
manv,  and  3-;  j?,  sod.] 

Tlie  doctrine  of  a  plurality  of  gods  or  invisible  be- 
insi  superior  to  man,  and  having  an  agency  in  the 
government  of  the  world.  StiU'mgfiett. 

PdL'Y-THE-IST,  I!.    A  person  who  believes  in   or 

maintains  the  doctrine  of  a  plurality  of  gods. 
POI^Y-TllE-IST'ie,         /  a.     Pertaining  to  polythc- 
POL-Y-TIIE-IST'IC-AL,  j      ism ;  as,  yohjtheistic  be- 
lief or  worship. 

3.  Holding  a  plurality  of  gods ;  as,  a  pohithetsUc 
writer.  Milner.     Encxjc. 

POI.-Y-THE-IST'ie-AL-LY,  adu.    In  the  manner  of 

polytheism. 
POL-Y-ZO'NAL,  a.     [Gr.  iroXn;  and  ^wi/i/.] 

Consisting  of  many  zones  or  rings ;  as,  a  polyzonal 
Jeiji:,  Brewster. 

PO.M'.^CE,  (pnm'ase,)  ii.     [from  L.  pomum,  an  apple. 
It.  pof:iC,  Sp.  porno,  Fr.  pommr.'] 

The  substance  of  apples  or  of  similar  fruit  crushed 
by  grinding.     In  America,  it  is  so  called  before  and 
after  being  pressed.    [See  Pomp  and  Pommel.] 
PO-.M.^'CEOUS,  (-shus,)    a.     Consisting   of  apples  ; 
as,  pomaceoits  harvests.  Philips. 

2.  Like  pomace. 
PO-M.^DE^  n.     [Yx.pommiide;  It.pomata;  Sp.  pomada, 
cither  from  porno,  fruit,  or  from  perfuming  ;  poma  sig- 
nifying, in  Spanish,  a  perfume-box.] 
Perfumed  ointment.     [Lttlle  iiscd.] 
FO-M.'VX'DER,  7(.     [Fr.  pommr  d^atnbre.     Joluison.] 
A  sweet  ball ;  a  perfumed  ball  or  powder. 

Bacon.     Sliak. 
PO-M.\'TUM,  n.    [Fr.  pomimuk  i  It.  pomata;  Sp.  po- 
vtaia.     Sec  Pomade.] 

A  perfumed  unguent  or  composition  used  in  dress- 
ing the  hair.    It  i.s  also  used  in  medicine.      Enajc 
PO-.M.\'TUiM,  r.  t.    To  apply  pomatum  to  the  hair. 
PoME,  71.     [h.  pomum.]  [Did. 

1.  In  botany,  a  fleshy  or  pulpy  pericarp  without 
valves,  containing  a  capsule  or  capsules,  as  the  apple, 
pear,  &c.  Martyn. 

2.  A  name  given  in  .America  to  baked  cakea  of 
maize  or  Indian  meal,  about  the  size  of  an  apple. 

Po.ME,  r.  i.     [Fr.  ;j07n7/icr.] 

To  grow  to  a  head,  or  form  a  head  in   growing. 

[jVst  uscL]  Diet. 

POME-CIT'RON,  )i.    A  citron  apple.        B.  Jonson. 
PO.ME-GR.\N'.\TE,  (pum-gran'nate,)  n.     [L.  pomum, 

an  apple,  and  graiiatum,  grained.    See  Grai  n  and 

Gr,^nate.] 

1.  The  fruit  of  a  tree  belonging  to  the  gcn\is 
Punic.a.  This  fruit  is  as  large  as  an  orange,  having 
a  hard  rind  filled  with  a  soft  pulp  and  numerous 
se?ds.    It  is  of  a  reddish  color. 

2.  The  tree  that  produces  pomegianates. 

3.  An  ornament  resembling  a  pomegranate,  on  the 
robe  and  ephod  of  the  Jewish  high  priest. 

PO.ME-GR.\N'.\TE-TREE,  n.  The  tree  which  pro- 
duces pomegranates. 

POME'ROY,  (pum'roy,)  )  n.      Royal  apple  ;   a 

P0ME-ROY',\L,  (pum-roy'al,)  \  particular  sort  of 
apl>le.  .iinswarHi. 

PO-ME'-WA-TER,  71.     A  sort  of  apple.  Skak. 

PO-M'EY,  ii.  [In  heraldry,  a  green  roundel.  —  E.  H. 
BarhrrS 

PO-JIIF'ER-OUS,  o.  [L.  pornmn,  an  apple,  and  fero, 
to  produce.] 

Apple-bearing  ;  an  epithet  applied  to  plants  which 
bear  the  larger  fruits,  such  as  melons,  gourds,  pump- 
kins, cucumbers,  &c.,  in  distinction  from  the  baccil- 
crous  or  berr)--bearing  plants.        Rny.    .Irbutknat. 

POMME,  j  71.     In  heraldry,  [never  occur  alone, 

PO.M-METTE',  i  but  only  in  union  witli  ciuss ;  as,  a 
cross  pomme,  a  cross  of  which  the  end-s  terminate  in 
three  half  circlets  resembling  apples.  There  arc 
several  crosses  of  various  forms  ;  as,  the  cross  moline, 
the  cross  paUtnce.  —  E.  H.  Barker.] 

Pi5M'MA(5E,  (pum'-)  71.     See  Pomace. 

POM'MEL,  rpum'mel,)  71.  [Fr.  pommeau  ;  It.  ;i<777ii7,  an 
apple  ;  porno  dclla  spada,  the  pommel  of  a  hilt ;  Sp. 
pomo,  L.  pomum,  an  apple,  or  a  similar  fruit ;  W. 
ptemp,  a  round  mxss  or  lump.] 

1.  A  knob  or  ball ;  any  ornament  of  a  globular 
form.    2  Chron.  iv. 

2.  The  knob  on  the  hilt  of  a  sword  ;  the  protuber- 
ant part  of  a  saddle-bow ;  the  round  knob  on  the 
frame  of  a  chair,  &tc. 

POM'.MEL,  (pum'mel,)  r.  t.  [from  the  noun.]  To 
beat  a3  with  a  pommel,  that  is,  with  something  thick 
or  bulky;  to  bmise. 


PON 

[The  French  *f  pommelcr^  to  prow  dappk',  to  cur- 
dle, is  from  the  s;iine  source ;  but  tlic  aiinse  in  to 
make  knobs  or  lutnps,  ami  hence  to  variegate,  or 
make  spots  like  knobs,  'i'lie  Welsh  have  from  the 
same  root,  or  pwmji,  a  mass,  pwmpiawj  to  form  a 
round  mass,  and  to  thump,  to  banc,  Eni;.  to  bttmji.] 

POM'MEL-£D,  (pum'mrrld,)  pp.    BeatL-n  ;  bniiwed. 
9.  a.    In  heraldry^  having  pommels,  us  a  sword  or 
dagger. 

P0M'MEL-ING,p;7r.    Bealinn. 

POM'MEL-ING,  H.    A  boalint'  or  bruisini?. 

POM-MEL'ION,  (-meI'yun,)H.  [from  pommtl]  The 
cascabel  or  hiniltnost  knob  of  a  cannon. 

Jflar.  Diet. 

PO-MO-LOG'ie-AL,  a.    Belonging  to  pomology- 

PO-MOL'O-GIST,  71.    One  interested  in  pomology. 

PO-MOL'O-OY,  n.  The  art  or  science  of  raising 
fruit. 

POMP,  n.  [L.  pompa  ;  Fr.  pompe;  Ann.  pomp;  pom- 
padi,  to  boast ;  Jt.  and  Sp. pumpa ;  Sw.  pomp  ;  J),  pomp, 
a  pump,  and  pompocn,  a  gourd,  a  pumpkin  j  G.  pomp, 
show,  and  piimpe,  a  pump.  Tliese  \vurds  appear  to 
be  all  of  one  family,  coinciding  with  L.  bombus,  Sp. 
hovtba^  Eag.  bomb,  humbast.  The  radical  sens'e  is,  to 
swell  or  dilate;  Gr.  Tr.-/i7r/;,  no/zTrni,  -(-/irfuw.] 

1.  A  procession   distinguished  by  oslcnlation  of 
grandeur  and  splendor;   as,  the  pomp  of  a  Roman 
triumph. 
'J.  Show  of  magnificence;  parade;  splendor. 

Hearts  formed  for  love,  but  doomptl  in  vaiu  to  glow 

In  pnsonoJ  jjomyj,  and  wi'ep  in  splendid  wix;.    D.  Ilamphrcya, 

POMP-AT^IG,  a.     [Low  L.  pompaticiu^y  pornpatus.] 
Pompous;  splendid  ;  ostentatious.    [JVut  in  iwc] 

Burrow. 
POMP'ET,  n.    Tlie  ball  which  printers  use  to  black 

the  tvpes.  Cot^acc. 

POMTHO-LYX,  n,  [L.,  from  Gr.Trofj^ro'Xvl  ;  To;,cio;, 
a  tumor ;  -tpipt^,  a  blast,  a  puff,  a  bubble,  a  pustule. 
See  Pomp.] 

The  white  oxyd  which  sublimes  during  the 
combustion  of  zinc,  called  jiowers  of  zinc.  It 
rises  and  adheres  to  the  dome  of  the  furnace  and 
the  covers  of  tlie  crucibles.  H'M.  J^ichoUon.  Ure. 
rOMP'I-ON,  (pump'c-on,)  n.  [p.  pompocn^n.  pumpkin, 
a  2ourd  ;  Sw.  pavipa.     See  Pomp  and  Pomace.] 

A  pumpkin  ;  a  plant  and  its  fruit  of  the  genus  Cu- 
curbita. 
POM'PiRE,  n.     [L.  po.-ninn,  apple,  and  pyrus,  pfar.] 
A  sort  of  pearmain.  AinsworVi. 

POM-POS'I-TY,  n.     [It.  pompositd.'] 

Pompousness  ;  ostentation;  boasting.  Jiihin. 

POM-PO'SO,  [It.J     In  TRHSic,  grand  and  dignified. 
POMP'OUS,  a.     [Fr.  pompmx ;  It.  pomposo.] 

1.  Displaying  pomp  ;  showy  with  grandeur;  splen- 
did ;  magnificent ;  as,  a  pompous  procession  ;  a  2'om- 
pous  triumph. 

9.  Ostentatious  ;  boastful ;  as,  a  pompous  account 
of  private  adventures. 
POMP'OUS-LY,  ai/f.  With  great  parade  or  display  ; 
magnificently;  splendidly;  ostentatiously.  Drijden. 
POaMP'OUS-NESS,  7J.  The  state  of  In-ing  pompous; 
magnificence  ;  splendor  ;  great  display  of  show  ;  os- 
tentatiousncss.  Addison. 

POM'-WA-TER,  71.     The  name  of  a  large  apple. 

Diet. 
POND,  n.  [Sp.  Port,  and  It.  pantano,  a  pool  of  stag- 
nant water,  also  in  Sp.  hinderance,  obstacle,  diffi- 
culty. The  name  imports  standinij  water,  from  set- 
ting or  confining.  It  may  be  allied  to  L.  pcnn  ;  Sax. 
pyndan,  to  pound,  to  pen,  to  restrain,  and  L.  pontiu, 
the  sea,  may  be  of  the  same  family.] 

1.  A  body  of  stagnant  water  without  an  outlet, 
larger  than  a  puddle,  and  smaller  than  a  lake  ;  or  a 
like  bodv  of  water  with  a  small  outlet.  In  the  United 
States,  we  give  this  name  to  collections  of  water  in 
the  interior  country,  which  are  fed  by  springs,  and 
from  which  issues  a  small  stream.  These  ponds  are 
often  a  mile  or  two,  or  even  more,  in  length,  and  the 
current  issuing  from  them  is  used  to  drive  Ih  ■  wheels 
of  mills  and  furnaces. 

2.  A  collection  of  water  raised  in  a  river  by  a  dam, 
for  the  purpose  of  propelling  mill-wheels.  These 
artificial  ponds  are  called  Mill-ponds. 

Po/irf,  for  fish.     See  Fi3H-PoND. 
PO\D,f.  t.     [from   the  noun.]     To  make  a  pond  ;  to 

collect  in  a  pond  by  stopping  the  current  of  a  river. 
POXD,  r.  (.     To  i)onder.     [J^'ot  in  iw^c]  Spenser. 

PON'DER,    V.    t.       [Ii.    pondero,   from    pondo,   pondus, 

a    pound  ;    pendeo,   pcndo,    to    weigh ;    and    Pers, 


PON 

To  ponder  on,  is  lomclimes  u«ed,  but  U  doC  to  t»2 
countenanced. 
PO\.nEtt-A-niL'I-TV,  w.    The  rtale  of  being  p-.n- 

dcrable. 
PON'DER-A-nLE,  o.     Thai  may  be  weigb^d  ;  ca\a 

ble  of  beinR  weighed.  Broitn. 

PON'I)ER-AL,  a.    [fn-m  l^ponda*,  weight.] 

EMlimated  or  aKo^rtained  by   wciefal,  ii^    -J^t  r, 
guishcd  from  Numekai.;  ai ,  a  pcutUral  <-■ 

.■i 
PON'DER-ANX'E,  Ji.    Weight;  crivitv.      '■ 
PON'DER->^TE,  r.  (.    To  weigh  in  ' 
sider.    [A'^r  in  iue.]  ( 

PO.\-DEH-A'TION,H.    The  act  of  ■■ 

.i 
POX'DER-£D, p;».    AVcighing  in  ibe  mit 
ered  ;  examined  by  inlclkctual  Of'^.r-jt:    - 
POiN'DER-EK,  n.    One  that  wcigli-  . 

rON'DER-r.N'G,  ppr.  Weighing  int^ 

ering;  deliberating  on. 
PO.\'I)ER-I.\G-LY,  ttJp.    Willi  C' 

liberation. 
PON-DEK-OS'I-TY,  n.    Weight ;  grav.t; 


[L.  poudtroMUM ;  It. 
weighty  ;  aa,  a  ^ 


(J 


A.wijNAJ   pindaskatan,    and 


^Jyj^^ 


fti77l- 


dazidan,  to  think,  to  consider.) 

1.  To  weigh  in  the  mind  ;  to  consider  and  com- 
pare the  circumstances  or  consequences  of  an  event, 
or  the  importance  of  tlie  reasons  for  or  against  a  de- 
cision. 

Mary  kept  .ill  lli'-AC  lliins«,  'uxA  pondered  Ihcm  in  hor  heart.— 
I.iikc  ii. 

a.  To  view  with  deliberation  ;  to  c.\aniine. 

Ponder  dio  p;»(h  of  ihv  (eft.  ~-  Prov.  iv. 
riie  Lord  powUrelh  the  hearts.  —  Piov.  xxi. 


PO.\'DER-OUS,  a. 

ponderoso.] 

1.  Very  hca%'y  j 
a  ponderous  lt>ad. 

'2.  Imjiortant ;   momentous;   a-,  ;:- 

jcct.     [  This  appUejUiuTt  of  the  Kort 

3.  Forcible  ;  strongly  impol-iv,  .•- 

hement  or  ponderous ,-  a  ;»o 

Ponderoiis  spar ;  Xicavy  ^\:- 
P0.\'DER-OUS-LY,  jJc.     W.lli  gr    .1  «  ■  ;;li!. 
POX'DER-Otrs-.NESS,  71.  Weight ;  heaviaev  ;  crmr- 

ity.  B.^V.       ' 

POND'-\VEED,  n.      [pond  and  xeed.]      .'. 
herb  of  the  genus  Polamogeton.    The  : 
pond-weed  is  of  the  genus  Zannichclha. 
PO'NENT,  a.     [It.  ponenle,  the  vrest ;  L.  pan'r.,,  Horn 
ponji,  to  set.] 

Western  ;  as,  the  p(77ient  winds.     [Liult  tued.] 

Milun. 
PON-fiEE',  71.  \a  inferior  kind  of  India  silk. 
PO?v"GO,  iu  The  name  ptm^o  was  applit^l  by  BuffL.n 
to  a  large  species  of  orang  oiilnne,  which  is  now  as- 
certained to  have  been  an  imaginary  animal.  It  i^ 
applied  by  Cuvier  to  the  largest  species  of  ape  known, 
which  inhabits  Borneo,  and  resembles  the  true  i  rr.:: 
outang  in  its  general  form  and  creel  position,  btii  i.  -^ 
the  cheek  ptiiiches  and  lengthened  muzzle  <  (  if,- 
baboon.  It  has  also  been  applied  (Fd.  EMcye.)  lu  1;  ■ 
Shnia  troslodntes  or  chimpanzee  of  Cuvier,  a  r.aii^- 
of  Western  .Uriia.  Cuvier.     Ed.  Etr  ■:. 

PON'IARL),  (pon'yarJ,)  n.      [Fr.  pi>i>iiarJ ;   II   :, 
ffnalc:  &p.pu7ial;  Voit.  punhaJ.     There  u  aa  a;- , 
ance  of  the  forni.alion  of  this  word  from  the  nam    , 
the  fist,  Fr.  poiii;',  Sp    puno,  IL  pugno,  L.  P'^-J  • 
but  this  is  not  obvious.] 

.\  small  dagger ;  a  pointed  inslnimonl  for  M,-it>- 
bing,  borne  in  the  hand, oral  the  girdle,  or  i-i  '  • 
pocket.  ^'     - 

POX'I.^UD,  (pon'viud,)  c.  t    To  pierce  with  a  ;    ;. 

iard ;  to  slab. 
PO.\'r.VRU-i;i),  pp.  Pierced  Willi  a  ponimnl ;  stabbfd. 
PONK,  71.      [qn.  W.  pteca,  bmg,  a  hobgoblin :    Ice. 
pnke.]  . 

A  nocturnal  spirit ;  a  hag.    f-Vi.!  la  use.]     SI.: .. 
PO.\'TA€,  n.    .\  tine  species  of  claret  wine. 
P0.\'T.\<5E,  n.    [L.  pons,  pontis,  a  bridgt,  S|>.  ftifSi, 
W.  pont.] 
.\  duty  paid  for  rcp.iiring  bridges.  -»»H?i. 

POX-TEE',  71.  In  ^lass  tecrks,  an  iron  instntmeot  used 
to  stick  the  gbiss'at  the  bottom,  for  Uw  more  conven- 
ient fashioning  the  neck  of  it.  Cjc 
POX'Tie,   a.       [I..    Poittus,  the    Euxine   So,   Gr. 

ffOI'TO?.] 

Pertaining  to  the  Pontus,  Eiixinc,  or  Black  Sea. 
J.  BarUr. 
POX'TIFF,  71.    [Fr.  jwTilife;  L.  pontifez:  said  to  be 
from  piiTi^,  n  bndge,  and  faeio,  to  make.    The  si-c- 
ond  /  would  more  properly  be  omitted  in  this  word, 
as  itis  in  the  derivatives.] 

A  high  priesU    The  Romans  had  a  college  of  jHm- 
tiffs;   ilie  Jews  had  their  ponl^fs:  and  in  m  - 
times,  tlie  pope  is  called  poittif,  or  sovcrvign  : 

POX-TIF'ie,  a.    Relating  to  priests  ;  popish. 

•ViJlon.     SitJtsMi 
POX-TIF'ie-AL,  n.     [h.  ponti'iealis.] 

1.  liidongingto  a  high  priest ;  as,  punfiem/ an.,    r 

itv  ;  hence,  liclonging  to  the  pope  ;  popisli.   />■■■ 

"3.  Splendid  :  inagnilicenL  *' 

3.  Bridge-building.    [.Vol  «-<«*.]  •"•-' 

POX-TIF'ie-AI.,  11.    .\  book  conl.ainmjnu^si' 

emonics  ecclesiastical.  «"»'•»•    SoUaf.-     - 

POX-TIF-ie-AL'1-TV,  n.    The  state  and  forer.,:..    . 

of  the  pope  ;  the  n,apacy.     [.WI  »---nJ-l  l'- 

PO.V-TIF'ie-AI^LY,  n^'r.     fn  a  pontili.-nl  man  ,     . 

PON-TIF'ie-ALS,  TupJ.    Thedn      -■  '  "    "'    ' 

a  priest  or  bishop. 
PO.X-TIF'ie-ATE,  ».    [L.po^i:.  


TCNE,  BJJLL, 


UNITE.— AX"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K  ;  t.  as 


J  ;  S  as  Z  i  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


846 


POO 


1.  The  state  or  dignity  cf  !i  high  priest ;  jiail.cu- 
larly,  tlle  office  or  dignily  of  the  pope. 

lie  turned  hermit  in  the  view  of  ijeiii-  aiWanccil  to  the  poiityt^ 
cau.  Arlduon. 

2.  The  reign  of  a  pope. 

Painting,  BCiilpture,  lunl  nrchiteclurc,  niaynll  recover  [lioin»elvc8 
under  tlic  present  j^ntijicale.  Adjison. 

PONT'1-FIOE,  (pont'c -fis,)  ji.  Bridge-work  ;  struc- 
ture or  edifice  of  a  bridge.     [Little  itsciL]      J)liltan. 

P0.N-T1-FI"CIAL,  (-flsh'al,)  a.  Pertuiiiini;  In  the 
pope.  Burton. 

I'ON-'i'I-FI"Cl.\N,  (-fisli'an,)  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
jKipe.  Halt. 

PON-TI-FI"CIAN,  II.  One  tliat  adheres  to  the  pope; 
a  Itnman  Cathohc.  Mmiita^'U. 

roMP'Trnk,!"-     [L-P»""'"-.="ako.] 

A  term  designating  a  large  marsh  between  Rome 
and  Naples. 

PU.\T'LE-VIS,  71.  In  horscmanshipy  a  disorderly  re- 
sisting of  a  horse  by  rearing;  repeatedly  on  bis  bind 
Icjis,  so  as  to  be  in  danger  of  coniini;  over.   liailaj. 

PON-TO-NlEK',     )  j;.      A  term  api»lied  to  soldiu-rs 

PON-TON-NIeR',  j  liaving  the  charge  of  construct- 
ing bridges. 

PON-TOON',  71.  [Fr.  and  Sp.  pojUoiiy  from  Fr.  pont, 
L.  pnnsy  a  bridge,  probably  from  the  root  of  pojjo,  to 
lay.] 

1.  A  flat-bottomed  boat,  whose  frame  of  wood  is 
coverL'd  and  lined  with  tin,  or  covered  with  copper ; 
used  in  forming  bridges  over  rivers  for  armies. 

P.  Cyc. 
9.  A  lifihter;    a    low,  fiat  vessel,  resembling    a 
barge,  furnished  with  cranes,  capstans,  and  other 
machinery ;  nsed  in  careening  ships,  chiefly  in  the 
mediterranean.  Mir.  Diet. 

Pontoon  bridge,  is  a  bridge  formed  with  pontoons, 
anchored  or  made  fast  in  two  parallel  lines,  a  few 
feet  asunder.  P.  Cyc. 

Pontoon  carria!!C,  is  made  with  two  wheels  only, 
and  two  long  side  pieces,  whoae  fore  ends  are  sup- 
ported by  timbers.  Cyc 

Po'iVY,  H. ;  pi.  PoNiGS.     A  small  horse. 

POOD,  n.  A  Russian  weight,  equal  to  40  Russian  or 
3G  English  pounds  avoirdupois. 

POO'DLE,  71.  A  small  dog,  rpscinbling  the  water  dog, 
covered  with  long,  silky  hair,  cither  wholly  wliite  or 
with  black  patches.  Partington. 

POOL,  7J,  [Sax.  po/,  ;)uZ ;  Vi.podi  G.pfuhl;  Dan.jt'Oli 
W.  piEll,  a  pool  or  pit ;  Arm.  jioul ;  L.  palus ;  Gr.  ttti- 
^oc;  probal)ly  from  sotting,  standing,  like  L.  sta^- 
num,  or  from  issuing,  as  a  spring.] 

A  small  collection  of  water  in  a  hollow  place,  sup- 
plied by  a  spfingj  and  discharging  it.=i  surplus  water 
by  an  outlet.  It  is  sinaUer  than  a  lake,  and,  in  New 
England,  is  never  confounded  with  pond  or  lake.  It 
signifies,  with  us,  a  spring  with  a  small  basin  or  res- 
ervoir, on  llie  surface  of  the  earth.  It  is  used  by 
writers  with  more  latitude,  and  sometimes  siguities 
a  body  of  stagnant  water.   Mdtun.    Encyc.    Bacon. 

lamkX"-  [Fr- ?»«''•] 

The  stakes  played  for  in  certain  games  of  cards. 
POOL'ER,  n.    An  instrument  to  stir  a  tan  vat. 
POOP,  71.     [Fr.  poHpc;  U.  poppa;  Sp.popa;  h.  puppis ; 
probably  a  projection.] 

The  highest  and  aftermost  part  of  a  ship,  reaching 
forward  to  the  mizzen  mast.  Tutlcn, 

POOP,  V.  t.    To  strike  upon  the  stern,  as  a  heavy  sea. 

2.  To  strike  the  stern,  as  one  vessel  tjiat  rnns  her 
stem  against  anotiier's  stern.  Mar.  Diet. 

POOP'ED,  (poopt,)  pp.  or  a.    Having  a  poop;  struck 

on  tiie  poop  by  a  heavy  sea. 
POOP'ING,  71.  '  The  shock  of  a  heavy  sea  on  the  stern 

or  quarter  of  a  ship,  when  scudding  in  a  tempest  ; 

also,  the  action  of  one  ship's  running  her  stem 

againtl  another's  stern.  jMar.  Diet. 

POOR,  0.     (L.  pauper;  Fr.  panvrc  ;  Sp.  pobrc,  It.  po- 

vcro;  Xuw.  pauur  ;  Norm.  poMr,  po;cn'.] 

1.  Wholly  destitute  of  property,  or  not  having 
propi:;rly  sulhcieut  for  a  comfortable  subsistence  ; 
needy.  It  is  often  synonymous  with  Indigent,  and 
with  Nkcessitous, denoting  extreme  want;  it  ii  also 
applied  to  persons  who  are  not  entirely  destitute  of 
property,  but  are  not  rich;  as,  a  poor  man  or  woman; 
pO'-'T  people. 

2.  In  lawy  so  destitute  of  property  as  to  be  entitled 
to  maintenance  from  the  public. 

3.  Destitute  of  sirenglb,  beauty,  or  dignity;  bar- 
ren ;  mean  ;  jejune  ;  as,  a  pour  composition  ;  a  poor 
essay  ;  a  poor  discourse. 

4.  Destitute  of  value,  worth,  or  importance;  of 
little  use  j  trifling. 

ThiU  I  lave  wronged  tio  man,  will  be  a  poor  pica  or  apology  i 
Uie  l.»£t  (lay.  Calamy. 

5.  Paltry  ;  mean  ;  of  little  value  ;  as,  a  poor  coat ; 
^poor  liouse. 

6.  Destitute  of  fertility;  barren;  exhausted;  as, 
poor  laud.    The  ground  is  become  poor. 

7.  Of  little  worth;  unimportant;  as,  in  my  poor 
opinion.  Smfl. 

8.  Unhappy;  pitiable. 

Vexed  Bailors  cnrao  llic  raio 
Kor  which  poor  slieplicnb  pmycd  in  Taiii.  Waller. 


POP 

9.  I\Iean ;  dcpr^^^t^tl  i  low  ;  dejected ;  destitute  of 
spirit. 

A  «ooUiaiycrtnado  Antoiiius  believe  ibat  lib  ffenioi,  wliich  w;i9 
oilicrwisc  brave,  was,  in  thu  presence  or  OcUvtantis,  poor 
anil  cowiinlly.  Bacon. 

10.  Lean ;  emaciated ;  qs,  a  poor  horse ;  the  ox  Is 

poor, 

Jl.  Small,  or  of  a  bad  quality ;  as,  a  poor  crop  ;  a 
poor  harvest. 

12.  Uncomfortable;  restless;  ill.  The  patient  has 
had  a  poor  night. 

13.  Destiluto  of  saving  grace.    Rev.  iii. 

M.  In  ^ena-ulj  wanting  good  qualities,  or  the  qual- 
ities which  render  a  thing  valuable,  excellent, 
proper,  or  sufheienl  for  its  purpose  ;  as,  a  poor  pen  ; 
a  poor  ship  ;  Ji  poor  carriage ;  j'"*^''  fruit  j  I'oor  bread ; 
poor  wine,  Sec. 

15.  A  word  of  tenderness  or  pity;  dear. 

Poor,  liitic,  prcuy,  fluucriug  lliitig.  Prior. 

10.  A  wold  of  slight  contempt;  wretched. 

Til?  poor  monk  never  s:iw  nnn;  of  the  decrees  and  conncih  he 
h  ul  occasion  to  nse.  Baker. 

17.  The  poor,  collectively,  used  as  a  noun ;  those 
who  arc  destitute  of  jiroperly ;  the  indigent ;  the 
needy.  In  a  legal  sense,  those  who  depend  on  char- 
ity or  maintenance  by  the  public. 

I  have  oleervpil  the  xnoit-  pnWic  provisions  arc  made  for  Uiepoor, 
Uio  Icsa  lliey  provide  lor  tiienaclves.  Pbankiin. 

Poor  in  spirit  j  in  a  scriptural  scnsCj  humble  ;  con- 
trite ;  abased  in  one's  own  sight  by  a  sense  of  guilt. 
Jilutt.  V. 

POOR'ER,  a.  comp.     More  poor. 

POOU'EST,  a.  fniperl.     Most  poor. 

POOR'-HOUSE,  77.  A  public  establishment  for  the 
support  of  thf  poor. 

POOR'JOHN,  (-jon,)  n.  A  fish  of  the  cod  family,  the 
common  hake,  JHcrlucciiis  vulgarif. 

Jardine^s  JVat.  Lib. 

POOR'-LAWS,  7i.  pi.  Laws  for  the  support  of  the 
poor. 

POOFJLY,  adv.  Without  wealth  ;  in  indigence  or 
want  of  the  conveniences  and  comforts  of  life  ;  as, 
to  ]\ve  poorly.  '  Sidney. 

2.  V^'itli  little  or  no  success;  with  little  growth, 
protit,  or  advantage  ;  as,  wheat  grows  poorly  on  the 
Atlantic  borders  of  New  England  ;  these  men  Iiave 
succeeded  poprly  in  business. 

3.  Meanly  ;  without  spirit. 

Nor  is  Uicir  courage  or  Uieir  weallh  so  lov/, 

That  from  hrs  wars  Ihey  poorly  would  rflirc.  DryJen. 

4.  "Without  excellence  or  dignity.  He  performs 
poorly  in  elevated  characlt;rs. 

POOR'LY,  a.  Somewhat  ill ;  indisposed ;  not  in 
health.     [Familiar.] 

Fur  ihrft  or  four  weeks  past  I  have  lost  ground,  h-ivin;;  been 
poorly  in  hcallh.  T.  Scolt. 

POOR'NESS,  7t.  Destitution  of  property  ;  indigence  ; 
poverty  ;  want ;  as,  the  poorness  of  tlie  exchequer. 

No  Icsa  I  hate  him  than  the  gates  of  hell, 

That  pooniecfi  can  force  an  uutruUi  to  tell.  Chapman. 

[In  this  sense  we  generally  use  Poverty.] 

2.  Meanness  ;  lowness ;  want  of  dignity;  as,  tlie 
poorness  of  language. 

;i.  Want  of  spirit;  as,  poorness  and  degeneracy  of 
spirit.  Addison. 

4.  Darrenncss  ;  sterility  ;  as,  the  poorness  of  land 
or  soil. 

.').  Unproductiveness;  want  of  the  metallic  sub- 
stance ;  as,  the  poorness  of  ore. 

6.  Smallness  or  bad  quality;  as,  the  poorness  of 
crojis  or  of  grain. 

7.  Want  of  value  or  importance;  as,  the  poorness 
of  a  plea. 

8.  Want  of  good  qualities,  or  the  proper  qualities 
which  constitute  a  thing  good  in  its  kind  ;  as,  the 
poorness  of  a  ship  or  of  cloth. 

9.  Narrowness;  barrenness;  want  of  capacity. 

Spectator. 
Poorness  of  spirit;  in  a  theological  sense,  txue  hu- 
mility or  contrition  of  heart  on  account  of  sin. 
POOR-SPIR'IT-ED,  a.    Of  a  mean  spirit ;  cowardly ; 

hasp.  Dcnham. 

POOR-SPIR'IT-ED-NESS,  m.     Meanness  or  baseness 

of  spirit;  cowardice.  South. 

POP,  n.    [D.  popp.    The  primary  sense  is,  to  drive  or 
thrust.] 
A  small,  smart,  quick  sound  or  report.   Spectator. 
POP,  V.  i.     To  enter  or  issue  forth  with  a  quick,  sud- 
den nmtion. 

I  staiili-d  at  his  popping  upon  me  unexpectedly.         Addison. 
2.  To  dart ;  to  start  from  place  to  place  suddenly. 

Swift. 
POP,  V.  t.    To  tiirust  or  push  suddenly  with  a  quick 
motion. 

He  popped  a  mpcr  into  hts  hand.  Milton. 

Di<lsl  thoo  never  pop 
Tiiy  ht-ad  into  a  tinman's  shop  r  Prior. 

To  pop  off;  to  thrust  away  ;  to  shift  off.      Locke. 

POP,  ailr.  Suddenly;  with  sudden  entrance  or  ap- 
pearance. 

PoPE,  71.  [Gr.  jraTT.i,  TiazTra^,  rra-Tioi  ■'  Low  L.  papa; 
Hindoo,  lab  ;  Turkish,  baba  ;  Bithynian,  pappas  ;  Sp. 


[from  Ij.poplcsj  the  ham.] 


POP 

It.  and  Port,  papa;  Fr.  papc ;  Scythian,  papa.  The 
word  dunotLM  father^  and  is  among  the  first  words 
articulated  by  children.] 

1.  The  bishop  of  Rome,  the  head  of  the  Roman 
Catholic  church.  Encyc. 

2.  A  suiall  fi:)h  of  the  perch  family,  called  also  a 
RtiKF.  Walton. 

PoPE'DOiM,  n.  The  place,  oflice,  or  dignity  of  the 
pope  ;  papal  dignity.  Shah. 

2.  The  jurisdiction  of  the  pope. 

PoPE'-JoAN',  {-jone',)  ti.     A  game  of  cards.    Jcnncr. 

PfjPE'MNG,  n.     An  adherent  of  the  pope. 

POP'EU-Y,  71.  The  religion  of  the  Roman  Catholic 
clmrch,  comjirehendiug  doctrines  and  practices. 

Swifts     Encye. 

PfiPE'S'-EYE,  7^  lp<-pc  and  eye.]  The  gland  sur- 
rounded with  fat  in  the  middle  of  the  thigh. 

Johnson. 

PoPE'S'-IiEAD,  f  hed,)  ti.  A  large,  round  brush, 
with  a  long  handle,  fur  dusting  ci-ilings.   Halliwr.U. 

POP'GUN,  n.  A  small  gun  or  tube  used  by  children 
to  sltoot  wads  and  make  a  noise.  Cheync. 

POP'IN-JaY,  II.  [Sp.  papagayo ;  papa  and  gayo  ;  Port. 
id.;  It.  pappagallo.] 

1.  A  parrot.  Grew. 

2.  A  woodpecker,  a  bird  with  a  gay  head. 

Pcacham. 
The    green   woodpecker,  a  bird  with    a   scarlet 
crown,  a  native  of  Europe.  Ed.  Encyc. 

3.  A  gay,  trifling  young  man  ;  a  fop  or  coxcomb. 

Shah. 

PoP'ISU,  a.  Relating  to  the  pope ;  taught  by  the 
pope  ;  pertaining  to  the  pope  or  the  Roman  Catholic 
church  ;  a^,  popish  tenets  or  ceremonies. 

PoP'ISII-LY,  o<fu.  In  a  popish  manner;  with  a  ten- 
dency to  popery ;  as,  to  be  popishly  affected  or  in- 
clined. 

POP'LAR,  n.  [L.  pnpnlas ;  Fr,  peupUer;  It.  pioppo ; 
D.  populicr;   G.  pappcl,  poplar  and  mallows;   Sw. 

poppcl-trad;  Ir.  polhlar.] 

A  tree  of  the  genus  Populns,  of  several  species, 
as  the  ahelc,  tiie  white  poplar,  tlie  black  poplar,  the 
aspen-tree,  &c.  The  species  arc  all  of  rapid  growth, 
with  soft  wood.  London. 

POP'LIN,  7(.  A  stuff  made  of  silk  and  worsted.  It 
contains  more  silk  than  bombazine. 

POP-LTT'E-AL, 

POP-LIT'ie, 

Pertaining  to  the  posterior  part  of  the  knee  joint 
or  ham.  Brando.     JSIcd.  Jirpus. 

POP'P£D,  (popt,)  pp.    Darted  in  or  out  suddenly. 

POP'PET.    See  Puppet. 

POP'PING,  ppr.  Entering  or  issuing  forth  with  a 
quick,  sudden  motion. 

POP'PY,  71.  [Sax.  pypen-;  W.paii;  Fr.  pavot;  L.  pa- 
paver  ;  It.  papnvcro.] 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Fapavcr,  of  several  species, 
from  one  of  which,  the  P.  somniferuniy  or  white  poppy, 
is  collected  opium.  This  is  the  milky  juice  of  the 
capsule  when  half  grown,  or  of  any  other  part  of  the 
plant  which  exudes  from  incisions  in  the  cortical 
jiart,  is  scraped  off,  and  worked  in  the  sun's  heat  till 
it  is  of  a  consistence  to  form  cakes.  Encyc. 

POP'U-LAUE,  n.  [Fr.,  from  the  It.  popoaiccio,  "from 
popnlns.    See  People.] 

The  common  people;  the  vulgar;  the  multitude, 
comprehending  all  persons  not  dislinguisiied  by 
rank,  education,  office,  profession,  or  erudition. 

Pope.     Sioift. 

POP'lJ-LA-CY,  71.    The  populace  or  connnon  people. 

K.  Charles. 

POP'l^-LAR,  a,  [Fr.  populairc ;  It.  popolare ;  Sp.  popu- 
lar :  It.  populari^:     Sec  Peoi-le.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  common  people  ;  as,  the  popu- 
lar voice ;  popular  cl;;ctions. 

So  the  popular  vote  inclines.  Milton. 

9.  Suitable  to  common  people;  familiar;  plain; 
easy  to  be  comprehended  ;  not  critical  or  abstruse. 

Homilies  are  plain  and  popular  mstrnctions.  Hooker. 

3.  Beloved  by  the  people  ;  enjoying  the  favor  of 
the  people  ;  pleasing  to  people  in  general ;  as,  a  pop- 
7j/rtr  governor  ;  a  popu/ur  preacher  ;  a  popii/ar  minis- 
try ;  a  popular  discourse;  a  /.jj/pu/ar  administration  ; 
ajtupular  war  or  peace.  Suspect  the  man  who  en- 
deavors to  make  that  popw/ar  which  is  wrong. 

4.  Ambitious  ;  studious  of  the  favor  of  the  people. 

A  popular  man  is  in  truth  no  belter  tlian  a  prostitute  to  common 
laiiic  .and  lo  the  people.  Drydtn. 

{This  sense  is  not  usual.  It  is  more  customary  to 
apply  Viis  cjiithct  to  a  person  toko  has  already  gained  the 
favor  of  the  people."] 

5.  Prevailing  among  the  people  ;  extensively  prev- 
alent ;  as,  n  popular  disease. 

G.  In  law,  a  popular  action  is  one  which  gives  a 
penalty  to  tiie  person  that  sues  for  the  same. 

Blaekstone. 

JSTote. —  Popnlarj^t  least  in  the  United  States,  is  not 
synonvmous  with  vulgar;  the  latter  being  applied  to 
the  lower  classes  of  penpb;,  the  illiterate  and  low- 
hred ;  the  former  is  applied  to  all  classes,  or  to  the 
hody  of  the  people,  including  a  great  portion,  at 
least,  of  well-educated  citizens. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— MeTE,  PR^Y.  — PINE,  MAIUNE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQOK.— 


FOR 

rOP-lT-LAR'I-TY,  n.     [L.  popularitas.] 

I.  Favor  of  ill"  people  ;  the  state  of  possessing  the 
affections  and  confidence  of  the  people  in  general ; 
as,  ihe  popidaritu  of  the  ministry  ;  the  popularity  of  a 
public  officer,  of  of  a  preacher.  It  is  applied  also  to 
things  ;  as,  the  populaniti  of  a  law  or  piiltlic  meas- 
ure ;  the  popularity  of  a  book  or  poem.  Tiie  most 
valuable  trait  in  a  patriot^s  character  is  to  forbear  all 
improper  compliances  for  gaining  poputarittj. 

I  have  long  since  leaniwl  the  lilllc  v^lutf  wliich  is  to  be.  placed  in 
popuicrity  acquireil  by  ruj-  olUer  way  Uiao  virtue  ;  I  have 
also  leorucJ  that  it  is  oAcn  oUaim4  by  o:h3r  means. 

P.  Henry,  Wirl'a  Sketches. 

The  man  wh<,se  niliti^  principle  is  duty  —  is  never  perplexed 
with  anxious,  corroduiB^  calculations  of  interest  and  popu- 
larifj.  J.  Haises. 

9,  Representation  suited  to  vulgar  or  common  con- 
ception ;  that  which  is  intended  or  adapted  to  pro- 
cure the  favor  of  the  people.    [Little  used.]      Bacon. 

POP'll-LAR-IZE,  V.  t.  To  make  common  or  suitable 
to  the  mind  ;  to  spread  among  the  people ;  as,  to 
popularize  philosophy  or  phvc^ics  j  to  popularize  a 
knowiedjre  of  chemical  principles.    BcdJocs.    Ure. 

POP'l:-LAR-IZ-EB,  pp.  Made  popular,  or  introduced 
among  the  people. 

POP'U-LAR-iZ-IXG,  ppr.  Making  popular,  or  intro- 
ducing among  the  people. 

POP'U-LAR-LY,  adc.  In  a  popular  manner ;  so  as  to 
please  the  popvilace. 

The  victor  knijht, 
Bareheaded,  popularly  low  had  bowed.  Dryden. 

9.  According  to  the  conceptions  of  tho  common 
people.  Brown. 

POP'U-LaTE,  r.  u     [It.  popoJarCj  from  L.  populus.] 
To  breed  people  ;  to  propagate. 
Whe-i  there  be  jr^at  shoals  of  people  which  go  ou  lo  populate. 

Bacon. 

POP'IJ-LaTE,  V.  L  To  people ;  to  furnish  with  in- 
habitants, either  by  natural  increase,  or  by  immigra- 
tion or  colonization. 

POP'U-LATE,  for  Populous,  is  not  now  in  use. 

POP'U-La-TED,  pp.  Furnished  with  inhabitants  ; 
peopled. 

POP'U-L.\-TrNG,  ppr.    Peopling. 

POP-U-La'TION,  7t.  The  act  or  operation  of  pco- 
jiling  or  furnisliing  witli  inhabitants  ;  multiplication 
of  inhabitants.  Tiie  value  of  our  western  lands  is 
annually  enhanced  by  population.        United  Stutc-i. 

9.  Tiie  whiJe  number  of  people  or  inhabitants  in  a 
countr>',  or  portion  of  a  country.  The  populati^yn  of 
England  is  estimated  at  ten  millions  of  souls  j  that 
of  Uie  United  States,  in  1S23,  was  ten  millions. 

A  couiitrj  may  have  a  jreal  population,  ai.d  yet  not  U;  popu- 
loits.  Touke. 

3.  The  slate  of  a  country  with  regard  lo  its  num- 
ber of  inhabitants,  or  rather  with  regard  to  its  num- 
bers compared  with  their  expenses,  consuraplion  of 
goods,  and  productions  and  earnings. 

Neither  is  the  jiopulalzon  to  bo  reckoned  only  by  number ;  for  a 
smaller  uuiat:er  that  spend  more,  and  earn  less,  do  weai  out 
an  estate  sooa>;r  thiui  a  greater  number  that  live  lower  aud 
g-dther  more.  Bacon. 

POP'U-LIN,  71.  A  crystallizable  substance  separated 
from  the  bark  of  the  Populus  ireraula,  or  aspen. 

Brande. 

POP-II-LOS'I-TV,  11.    Populousness.    [JVy(  med.] 

Broton. 

POP'U-LOUS,  a.     [h.  populosus.] 

Full  of  inhabitants;  containmg  many  inhabitants 
in  proportion  to  the  extent  of  the  country.  A  teni- 
tory  containing  fiiteen  or  twenty  inhabitanis  to  a 
square  mile,  is  not  a  populous  country.  The  Netlier- 
lands,  and  some  parts  of  Italy,  containing  a  hun- 
dred and  fifty  inhabitants  to  a  square  mile,  are 
deemed  populous. 

POP'U-LOUS-LV,  adD.  With  many  inhabitants  in 
proportion  to  the  extent  of  country, 

POP'U-LOUS-XESS,  71.  The  state  of  having  many 
inhabitants  in  proportion  to  the  extent  of  country. 

By  populousness,  in  conlradiiduciiLin  lo  population,  is  on;icr- 
Biood  the  proportion  Ihc  number  bean  to  the  sutfac«  of  the 
ground  they  five  on.  'I^oke. 

POR'BeA-GLE,  I  71.    A  species  of  shark;  theLamna 
PRO'BEA-GLE,         cornubica.  YarrcH. 

POR'CATE,      )  TT  .,      -. 

por^ca-ted,  i  '^    L^-  P'"''='^>  ^  "''se.] 

Ridsed  ;  formed  in  ridges.  ,^sial.  Res. 

POR'CE-LAIN,  n.  [Sp.  and  Port,  porcelana;  it.  por- 
cellana,  signifying  porcelain  and  purslain,  a  plant  ; 
Fr.  porcelaine,  porcelain,  the  sea-snail,  the  purple 
fish,  and  purslain  ;  Aim. paurcelinnen.  Onr  purslain  \s 
doubtless  from  the  hniin  portulaca^as  Pliny  writes  it, 
or  poTcvlata,  as  others  write  it  But  I  know  not  the 
reason  of  the  name.] 

1.  The  finest  species  of  earthen  %varc,  originally 
manufactured  in  China  and  Japan,  but  now  rn:ide  in 
several  European  countries.  AH  earthen  wares 
which  are  white  and  semi-transparent,  arc  called 
porcelains;  but  they  differ  much  in  their  fineness 
and  beauty.  The  porcelain  of  China  is  composed 
essentially  of  two  substances,  petuntse,  which  is 
fusible,  and  kaolin,  which  is  not  fusible,  or  not  with 
the  degree  of  heat  which  fuses  the  piLiiitse;  and  in 
pCFcclain  the  substances  are  only  sc;:ii-vitrified,  or 


POR 


POR 


one  substance  only  is  vitrified,  the  other  not.  Henco 
it  is  concluded  that  porcelain  is  an  intermediate  sub- 
stance between  earth  and  pla-ss.  Hence  the  second 
degree  of  fusibility,  of  which  tmollcieence  is  the  firbt, 
is  called  by  Kirwan  the  porcelain  sUitc. 

J^idtoisun.    Kirtcan.     EUmes. 

2.  The  plant  called  Purslaix,  which  sec. 

„  „  Ainmcorth. 

POR-CEL-La'NE-OUS,  a.  [from  porcc/um.";  Pertain- 
ing to  or  resembling  porcelain;  as,  pi  rcellaiuoua 
shells.  Htuckat. 

POR'CEL-L  A-NITE,  n.  A  semi-vilrified  clay  or  shale, 
somewhat  resembling  jasper.  Dana. 

PoRCH,  71,     [Fr,  porchc^  from  L.  particus^  from  porta. 
agate,  entrance,  or  passage,  or  from /loWuj,  ashcltcr.j 
1.  In  crchilecture,  a  kintl  of  vestibule  at  the  en- 
trance of  temples,  halls,  churches,  or  other  build- 
ings. Brartdc. 
9.  A  portico  ;  a  covered  walk. 

3.  By  way  of  distinction,  tke  porch  was  a  public 
portico  in  Athens,  where  Zeno,  the  philosopher, 
taught  his  disciples.  It  was  called  TzuiKtXn,  the 
painted  porch,  from  the  pictures  of  Polygnotus  and 
other  eminent  painters,  with  which  it  was  adorned. 
Hence,  the  porch  is  equivalent  lo  the  school  of  the 
Stoics^  ^  Enfield. 

POR'ClNE,  a.    [L.  pordnus,  from  poreus.    See  Pork.] 
Pertaining  to  swine  ;    as,  the  porcine  species  of 
animals.  Gretfory. 

POR'eU-PINE,  n.  [It.  porco-spinoso,  the  spinous  hog, 
or  spine-hog ;  L.  parens,  W.  pore,  a  pig,  and  L.  spipOj 
a  spine  or  thorn.  So  in  French,  pore-epic,  the  spiJcc- 
hog ;  Sp.  pucrco-cspin ;  Port,  porco-espiuho ,-  D.  yier- 
varkat,  iron-hog ;  G.  stachelschiccin,  thorn-swine  ; 
Sw.  pinsviii,  Dan.  pindsvUti,  pin-swine.] 

In  zoology,  a  rodent  quadruped  of  the  genus  Hys- 
trix  of  Linnaius,  furnished  with  pines  or  quills  upon 
the  body,  covered  with  prickle?  which  are  very 
sharp,  and  someof  tbem  twelve  inches  long;  these 
he  can  erect  at  pleasure.  ^Vhen  attackctl,  he  rolls 
his  body  into  a  rt>und  form,  in  which  position  the 
prickles  are  presented  in  ev^ry  direction  to  the  en- 
emy. This  species  is  a  native  of  Africa  and  Asia, 
and  is  also  found  in  Italy.     Encyc.  Jlmcr.     P.  Cye. 

POR'CU-PlNE-FlSH,  n.  A  fish  of  the  tropical  seas, 
wliich  is  covered  with  spines  or  prickles  capable  of 
being  erected  by  its  intialing  the  body.  It  is  the 
Diodon  hystrix  of  Dloch.  Jardinc's  J^at,  Lib. 

PoRE,  71.  [Fr.  pore ;  Ep.  and  It.  poro  ,■  Gr.  -o/joj,  from 
the  root  nf  Tryjjcinjyai,  to  go,  to  pass.  Sax.  faran, 
Eng.  toj^rc.  See  Fare.  The  word,  then,  signifies  a 
jxtssagc-l 

I.  In  anatomy,  a  minute  interstice  in  the  skin  of 
an  animal,  through  which  the  perspirable  matter 
passes  to  the  surface  or  is  excreted. 

9.  A  small  spiracle,  opening,  or  passage,  in  other 
substances ;  as,  the  pores  of  plants  or  of  stones. 
Quincy.     Dryden. 

PoRE,  u.  f.  [Qu.  Gr.  apopcj,  etpspacj,  to  inspect.  In 
Sp.  porrear  is  to  dwell  long  on,  lo  persist  impor- 
tunately; porroj  dull;  VV.  para^  to  continue,  to 
persevere.] 

To  look  with  steady,  continued  attention  or  appli- 
cation. To  pore  otj,  is  to  read  or  examine  with 
steady  perseverance,  to  dwell  on ;  and  the  word 
seems  to  be  limited  in  its  application  to  the  slow, 
paticntreadingorexamination  of  books,  or  something 
written  or  engraved. 


P.ainfully  to  pore  upon  a  book. 

Willi  sharpened  siglil  J'ale  anliqimucs pore. 


Shak. 

Pope. 


L.  f0n»ftjr. 


roRE'BLT.\D,  /  „      rn„  Pr  ^,,^.^1 

PllR'BLi:xD,    \  "■     tti'i-  Gr.  Tw.or;^] 

Near-sighted :  short-sighted.  Bacon. 

PoR'ER,  71.    One  who  pores  or  studies  dillgentlv. 

Temple. 

POR'GEE,  I  n.      A  salt-water  fish  of  the  gilt-head 

POR'GY,     \       kind,  much  esletmed  for  food ;  alio 
written  Poggv. 

PryRI-FORM,a.  Resembling  a  pore  or  small  puncture. 

PoR'I-NESS,  7).     [from  pory.]     Tlie  stale  of  being 
porj',  or  liavin"  numerous  pores.  H'iseman. 

PoR'lNG,  ppr.    Looking  with  steady,  continued  ap- 
plication. 

Po'RIS.M,Ji.     [Gr.  TTaptcjio^j  acquisition,  from  zzopi^oj, 
to  gain,  from  jto/jo?,  a  passing;  irofievupai,  lo  pass.] 

1.  In  seomctrn,  a  proposition  affirming  the  possi- 
bility ofYinding  such  conditions  as  will  render  a 
certain  problem  indeterminate  or  capable  of  innumer- 
able solutions,  I'layfair. 

2.  The  term  porisin  was  also  used  by  the  Greek 
geometricians  in  the  sense  of  corollary.        Brande. 

PO-RIS-MAT'I€,  )  a.    Pertiiining  to  a  porisin  ;  scek- 
Pa-RIS'Tie,         >      ing  to  determine  by  what  means 
PO-RIS'TIC-AL,  )      and  in  how  many  ways  a  prob- 
lem may  be  solved. 
Po'RiTE,  n. ;  pi.  Porites.    A  name  given  to  those 
corals  which  have  the  surface  covered  witli  ver>' 
shallow  or  superticial  cells,  which  are  quite  small 
and  every  where  contiguous.    They  grow  often  lo 
a  very  large  size,  and  are  among  the  most  important 
constituents  of  coral  reefs.  Dana. 

P6RK,  n.     [li.  poreus,  a  hog  or  pig;  Fr.  pore;  W. 
porf. ;  .-\rm.  porcq,  porchelL    Q,\x.  from  llie  shape  of  i 


bis  back,  'L.ptfrec,  a  tiAz^-  :  ''■r  from  fin  s 
rooting     In  gax,  bery 
'ihe  lle.-ili  of  iwiiji 
PORK'-iiAT-EB,  n.    <■ 

PORK'ER,  11.    A  bog. 
2.  A  young  pig  (ui 

PORK'ET,  n.    A  yount  bof. 
P6RK'LI.\G,7i.    A  oil 

PO-ROS'I-TV,  71.     [from   p<rru.-.      Ti. 

state   of  liaving  prjrc«  ur  totcruicn  :   ' 

Uexhtit. 
PO'ROUtf,  a.    [from  porr.]     V. 

skin  or  eubstanwj  of  Hm:  I 

passages  for  fluidj;  aj,  a;>tr 

porotLs  earth. 
P6'R0i;.S-I.Y,  at/e.    In  a  par. 
PO'ROUS-NESS,  n.    The  q:. 

porosity  ;  as,  tho  porownuu  oi  ijic-  akn,  •  : 

or  of  wood,  or  of  fi^-ils. 
9,  'I'he  porotiji  partij.    [-Vwt  autkcriz'-'  ' 
POR-PHV-UIT'IC,  i   a,      [See  P 

P0R-Priv-RA'CE6CS,!       uihing  ' 

sembling    i»orphyr>'  ;     containing 

cr)'Stals  uniformly  disseminated,  as  utm. 
2,  Containing  or  composed  of  pofpbyr. 

phn-aceowt  mountainf". 
POR'PUY-RIZE.r.t.     T 

to  make  spotted  in  il 
POR'PnY-RIZ-£D,p;-. 

pbyry. 
POR'PilV-RY,  n.    [Or.  r-jA^tpa,  purple; 

ritpj;  Ft.  purpkyre;  It.  and  Sp.  pffrjide.'* 
A  rock  consisting  of  a  compact  f  "  ■" 

through  v,-bich  cr>stal3  of  feldnpar  - 

The  cr>!^tals  are  of  a  lighter  tint  i:. 

often  wliitc.     There    are   red,  purj-i  , 

varieties,  which  are  highly  esteemed  zs  i 

POR'PIIY-RY-SHELL,  n.    A  univalve  nl 

genus  .Murex. 
POR'POISE,  (por'pus,)  n.  [It,  porat,  a  hor. 
fish;  hog-fisb,  called,  by  other  nat: 
mccrschtccin,  Fr.marsouin,  Dan.  au'l 
marsviuy  Sw.  hafasvin.    In  W.  m 
the  name  of  the  dolphin  and  grai;!; 
semblance  of  tliesc  animals  to  the  b   _ 
the  roundness  of  the  back,  as  they  .., 
ter.    PoHi-Ess,  according  to  the  derivavii'i:,  i.    .     - 
a  better  spelling.] 

In  zoology,  a  term  applied  to  cetaceous  mnmmal* 
of  the  genus  Delphinus  of  Linnaeus,  but  of :'     r  ■ 
Phocffina  of  more  recent  naturalists,  of  u  ; 
five  pjiccies  are  known.    'I'here  is  one  '-[■■ 
back  is  usually  blackish  or  brown,  whi^ic-- 
in  Di:tch,  bruinviscA,  brown-fish :  the  U 
toward  the  head,  but  more  slender  lowr.r 
whicii  is  semilunar.    This  mammal  pr>  ;■ 
and  seeks  food  not  only  by  swimming,  '    ' 
ing  like  a  liog  in  the  sand  and  mud,  un- 
persons suppose  the  name  has  been  given  t 

Ofcetaccout  fuh,  nx  mcl  viihporpoita,  a,  %»  •- 
iLciu,  fca-hogi,  .V^'- 

Naturatists  do  not  consider  the  C 
POR-R.^'CEOUS,  (-shus,)  a.    [L.  p.  - 
ram,  a  leek  or  onion.] 
Greenish  ;  resembling  the  leek  in  color.    Wurwaa. 
POR-RECT',  a.   In  zodhsry,  denoting  a  part  nrhirh  ex- 
tends forth  horizontally. 
POR-REC'TION,   li.     [L,  porrecUo,  porripo  :  per,  or 
per,  Ene.  for,  fore,  and  rego^  Eng.  lo  rftwi.1 
The  net  of  stretching  forth.    [.V  '  ■    ' '  ■ 
POR'RET,  ;j.     [L.  porrun;  It.  port.-. 
A  srallion  ;  a  leek  or  small  onior. 

POK'RIDOE,  71.    [Qu.  poiuge,  by  i^..u,.l.^ 

farrago,  or  from  porrum,  a  leek.] 

A  kind  of  food  made  by  boiling  meat  in  water; 
broth.  '  '- 

This  mixture  Is  usually  called  iu 
soup,  but  not  porridge.    With  us.  . 
ture  of  meal  or  flour  boiled  with  ..,.,..     ...... 

this  distinction  is  not  always  obsen'cd. 
POR'RIDGE-POT,  n     The  pol  iu  which  porridge  is 

boiled. 
POR'RIX-GER,  n.  [On.  porridge,  or  Fr.  pctagtr ;  Com. 
podikcr.] 

1.  A  small  metal  vessel  in  which  children  cat  por- 
ridge or  milk,  or  used  in  the  nursery  for  warming 
liquors. 

2.  A  hcnd-dress  in  Ihe  shape  of  a  porrinpcr,  in  ccvo- 


lempl. 


SLU- 


PORT,  n.     [Fr.,  from  L.  partus,  Sp.  pufrto  :  \U  ^ma  ; 
Arm.  port;  W.  portA:  from  L.  partif,  to  ^  --^    '-■ 
(p  >pcco,  l^fcro,  Eng.  to  bear.    Tlie  Welsh  ; 
the  significations  of  L.  porta  and  portn-t, 
4>->oeti}  and  -oorvoiutt  are  probably  of  i  ■ 
Tlie  primary  sense  of  L.  pcrttts,  Eng.  p. 
abK  an  entrance,  place  cf  entmnce,  or  p-i- 
l".  .\  harbor  ;  a  haven  ;  any  bay.  cove.  ; 
cess  of  the  sea,  or  of  a  lake,  or  ihc  mouili 
which  ships  or  vessels  can  enter,  and  \^ 
can  he  safe  i>om  injurj-  by  storms.    Per-    -- 


TuNE,  BULL.  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  V1"CI0US.  — €  as  K ;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z ,  ClI  as  SH ;  Tfl  as  in  THIS. 
—  ^^  S47 


POR 

natural  or  artificial^  nnd  sometimes  works  of  art,  as 
piers  and  mules,  arc  added  to  t)ic  natiinil  sliores  of  a 
place  to  render  a  harbor  more  safe.  The  word  port 
is  fionerally  applied  to  spacious  harbors  much  resorted 
to  by  ships  ;  as,  ilie  port  of  London  or  of  Iloaton,  and 
not  to  small  bays  or  coves  which  are  entered  occa* 
sionally,  or  in  stress  of  weather  only.  Uarbob  in- 
chides  all  places  of  safety  for  shipping. 

2.  A  pate.     [h.  porta.] 

Fn»m  tiir.iT  ivory  port  (he  clK.-njLiini 

Forlli  i»stie<l.  MUton. 

3.  An  embrasure  or  opening  in  the  side  of  a  ship 
of  war,  tlirough  which  cannon  are  discharged;  a 
port  hole.  Ralegh. 

4.  'I'he  liil  which  shuts  a  port-hole.      .Mcr.  Diet. 

5.  Carriage;  air;  mien;  manner  of  movemtnt  or 
walk;  demeanor;  external  appearance;  as,  a  proud 
port ;  the  port  of  a  gentleman. 

Their  port  was  more  than  hum:iii.  MUlon. 

Willi  more  Icmficport 
Thou  w.Alkcst.  Philips. 

G.  In  seamen^s  lansfiia^e^  the  larboard  or  kft  side  of 
a  sbtp  ;  as  in  the  phiase,  "  the  ship  heels  to  porf." 
"  Port  the  helm,'*  is  an  order  to  put  the  helm  to  the 
larboanl  side. 

7.  .\  dark-purple,  astringent  wine,  made  in  Portu- 
gal ;  so  called  from  Oporto,  whence  it  is  shipped. 

McCidloch. 
Port  of  entry ;  a  port  where  a  custom-house  is  es- 
tablished lor  the  entry  of  goods. 

Port  of  the  voice  ;  in  mnsic,  the  faculty  or  habit  of 
making  the  shakes,  passages,  and  diminutions,  in 
which  ihe  beauty  of  a  song  consists.  Encyc. 

PoK.T,  V.  t.    To  carry  in  form  ;  as,  ported  spears. 

MUtoii. 
9.  To  turn  or  put  to  the  left  or  larboard  side  of  a 
ship.  (See  the  noun,  No.  G.)  It  is  used  in  the  imper- 
ative. 
P5RT-A-BIL'I-TY,  n.    Fitness  to  be  carried.     [But 

PoRTABLESEss  IS  moslly  uscd.] 
POllT'A-BLE,    a.      |  It.  portabikj   from   L.  porto,   to 
carry.] 

1.  That  may  be  carried  by  the  hand  or  about  the 
person,  on  horseback,  or  in  a  traveling  vehicle  ;  not 
bulky  or  heavy  ;  that  may  be  easily  conveyed  from 
place  to  place  with  one's  traveling  baggage  ;  as,  a 
portablr.  bureau  or  secretarj'. 

2.  That  may  be  carried  from  place  to  place. 

3.  That  may  be  borne  along  with  one. 

The   pL-c^are   of  Uic  religious  m-in   u  an  easy  and  portable 
pleasure.  SouOi. 

4.  Sufferable  ;  supportable.     [JVot  in  vse.)    Sliak. 
P6RT'A-BLE-NESS,  n.    The  quality  of  being  port- 
able. 

PoKT'AGE,  7?,   [Fr.  See  Port.]    The  act  of  carrying. 

2.  The  price  of  carriage.  Fell. 

3.  A  port-hole.     [  Unusual.]  Shak. 

4.  A  carrjing  place  over  land  between  navigable 
waters.  Jefferson.     Qallatin. 

PoRT'AL,  7(.     [It.  portella  ;  Fr.  portaU.] 

1.  In  crchitMture,  the  lesser  gate,  where  there  are 
tw't  gatfs  of  diffeient  dimensions.  Gwilt. 

2.  Formerbf,  a  little  square  corner  of  a  room,  sepa- 
ralcd  from  the  rest  by  a  wainscot,  and  forming  a 
short  passage  into  a  room.  Gwilt. 

'3.  The  frame-n  ork  or  arch  of  a  door  or  gate. 

Gwilt. 
4.  A  gate  ;  an  cpening  for  entrance  ;  as,  the  portals 
of  heaven. 
PoUT'ANCE,  71.     [from  Fr.  porter,  to  carr>-.] 

Air;  mien;  carriage;  port;  demeanor.     [Obs.] 
Spenser.     Shak. 
PoUT'ASS,  M.    A  breviary  ;  a  prayer-book,     [portuis, 

pnrthose.]    [JVut  used.]     Spenser.    Camden.   Cluiuccr. 
PoRT'A-TlVE,  a.     [Fr.  portatif.] 

Portable.     IjYut  useA.]  Cltavcer. 

PoKT'-Bi\R,  j(.    A  bar  to  secure  the  ports  of  a  ship  in 

a  gale  of  wind. 
PoRT-eAN'ON,  B.    A  kind  of  boot,  or  rather  boot- 

jop,  covering  the  knees.  Toonc. 

PoRT-CHARG'ES,  7t.  pi.  In  commerce,  charges  to 
which  a  ship  or  its  cargo  is  subjected  in  a  harbor, 
as  wharfage,  &c, 
f  ORT'-CRaY-ON,  n.  A  small  metallic  handle  with 
a  clasp  for  holdmg  a  crayon  when  used  in  draw- 
ine.  &-C.  Encyc. 

PoRT-eUL'LIS,  71.  [coH/mc,  in  French,  is  from  coa- 
ler^ to  flow  or  slip  down.  It  signifies  a  groove  or 
gutter.    I  think  it  can  not  he  from  L.  chutsus.] 

1.  In  fortification,  an  assemblage  of  timbers  joined 
across  one  another,  like  those  of  a  harrow,  and  each 
pointed  with  iron,  hung  over  llie  gateway  of  a  forti- 
fied town,  to  be  let  down  in  case  of  surprise,  to  pre- 
vent the  entntnce  of  an  (  nemy.  Brandc, 
a.  In  htraldnj.  [See  Pursuivant.] 
PoRT-eUL'LlS,  V.  L    To  shut ;  to  bar ;  to  obstruct. 

Sluik. 
P6RT-€UL'US-Z:D,  (-kul'list,)  o.    Having  a  portcul- 

Jis.  Shenstone. 

PoRTE,  71.  The  government  of  the  Turkish  empire, 
officially  called  the  SucLtME  Porte,  from  the  gate 
{port)  of  the  sultan's  palace  where  justice  was  ad- 
ministered. 


POR 

P5RTE  CROIX,  C-krwii,)  n.    In  ka-aldry.     [See  Pua- 

Sl'MANT.] 

PoRT'ED,  pp.  or  a.     Having  gales.    [JV*w(  used.] 

B.  Jonson. 
2.  Borne  in  a  certain  or  regular  order.         Jones. 
PORTB-FEUIL'UC,  (port-furye,)    [Fr.]     A  portfolio 
or  place  for  holding  papers,  drawings,  &.c.     Hence, 
2.  Tiie  office  or  functions  of  a  minister  of  si:tte. 
Vict,  de  l\ficad. 
POR-TEND',  V.  t.     [h.  portendo;  por,  Eng.  fore,  and 
tendo,  to  stretch.] 

To  foreshow  ;  to  foretoken  ;  to  indicate  sometliing 
future  by  previous  signs, 

A  moist  aiul  cooI  summer  portenih  a  hanl  winter.        Bacon. 

POR-TEND'ED,  pp.    Foreshown  ;  previously  indica- 
ted by  sicns. 

POR-TEND'ING,  ppr.     Foreshowing. 

POR-TEN'SION,  (-shun,)  n.    The  act  of  foreshowing. 
[JSTot  in  iisc.]  Brown. 

POR-TENT',  n.     [L.  portentum.] 

An  omen  of  ill ;  any  previous  sign  or  prodigy  in- 
dicating the  approach  of  evil  or  calamity. 

My  loss  by  dire  portents  ihe  god  furctolil.  Drydcn. 

POR-TEXT'OUS,  fl.     [L.  portentosus.] 

1.  Ominous  ;  foreshowing  ill.  Itjnorance  and  su- 
perstition hold  meteprs  to  be  portentous. 

2.  Monstrous;  prodigious;  wonderful ;  hi  a7t  iVZ 
sense. 

No  beast  of  more  portentous  size, 

hi  (lie  Hcrcyiiiiin  lorcst  lies.  Scscomnion. 

POR-TENT'OUS-LY,  ado.    Ominously. 
PoRT'ER,   n.     [It.  portiere;  Fr.  porticr;  Sp.  portero; 
from  Ij.  porta,  a  gate.] 

1.  A  man  that  has  the  charge  of  a  door  or  gate  ;  a 
door-keeper.  '  Arbuihnot, 

2.  One  that  waits  at  the  door  to  receive  messages. 

Pope. 

3.  [Fr.  porteur,  from  porter,  to  carry,  L.  porto.]  A 
carrier ;  a  jierson  who  carries  or  conveys  burdens  for 
hire.  Howell.     WatU. 

4.  A  mall-liijuor,  of  a  dark-brown  color,  and  mod- 
erately bitter  taste,  and  possessing  tonic  and  intoxi- 
cating qualities.  Ure. 

PoRT'ER-AGE,  n.    Money  charged  or  paid  for  the 
carriace  of  burdens  by  a  porter.  Tooke. 

2.  The  business  of  a  porter  or  door-keeper. 

Churchill. 
P6RT'ER-LY,  a.     Coarse  ;  vulgar.     [LitUe  used.] 

Bray. 
PoRT'ESSE,    n.      A  breviary  or  portable  book  of 

prayers. 
PoRT'-FIRE,  71.  A  composition  for  setting  fire  to 
powder,  &.C.,  frequently  used  in  preference  to  a 
match.  It  is  composed  of  saltpeter,  sulphur,  and 
mealed  powder,  mixed  and  sifted,  well  rubbed,  and 
driven  into  a  case  of  strong  paper  for  use. 

Campbell's  Mil.  Diet. 
PoUT-Fo'LIO,  (-fol'yo,)  n.     [Fr.  porte-feuillc  ;  porter, 
to  carry,  andfeuUlc,  a  leaf,  h.fuliujn.] 

A  case  of  the  size  of  a  large  book,  to  kct^p  loose 
papers  in. 

To  have  or  hold  the  portfolio,  is  to  hold  the  ofiice  of 
minister  of  foreign  altairs.  E.  Ercrett. 

PoRT^GLa VE,  7(.     [Fr.  porter,  to  carry,  and  W.  ghtiv, 
a  crooked  sword  ;  llaiv,  a  shave,  Celtic] 
A  sword-bearer.     [JVot  in  use.]  j3i?isicorth. 

PoRT'GRaVE,  )  71,  [L.  partus,  a  port,  and  G.  graf, 
PoRT'GReVE,  S  D.  graaf.  Sax.  "crefa,  a  count,  an 
PoUT'REEVE,  )       earl.] 

Formcrhj,  the  chief  magistrate  of  a  port  or  maritime 

jown.    This  officer  is  now  called  Mayor  or  Bailiff. 

PoRT'-HoLE,  71.     [port  and  hole.]     The  embrasure 

of  a  ship  of  war.     [See  Port.] 
POR'TI-CO,  n.     [It.  portico  ;  L.  porticus,  from  porta  nr 
partus.] 

In  architecture,  originaily,  a  cohmnade  or  covered 
ambulatory;  but  al  prwf?)!!,  a  covered  space,  inclosed 
by  culiimns  at  the  entrance  of  a  building.    P.  Cijc. 
PoR'TION,  71.     [L.  portto,  itom  partio,  to  divide,  from 
pars,  part.    See  Part.] 

1.  In  general,  II  part  of  any  thing  separated  from  it. 
Hence, 

2.  A  part,  though  not  actually  divided,  but  con- 
sidered by  itself. 

These  arc  parts  of  his  \\i\ys ;  Init  how  liltio  a  portion  is  lionnl  of 
him! — Job  xxvi. 

3.  A  part  assigned ;  an  allotment ;  a  dividend. 

How  small 
A  portion  to  yuiir  share  would  fall  1  Wailer. 

The  prii'Sts  had  a  portion  assigned  them  ly  Pluu-joli.  — Ggii. 
xlvii. 

4.  The  part  of  an  estate  given  to  a  child  or  heir,  or 
descending  to  hrm  by  law,  and  distributed  to  him  in 
the  settlement  of  tlie  estate. 

5.  A  wife's  fortune. 

PoR'TION,  V.  U    To  divide  ;    to  parcel  ;    to  allnt  a 
share  or  shares. 

And  portion  (o  his  Iritics  the  wide  domain.  Pope. 

2.  To  endow. 

Him  portioned  inaiJs,  appTcnUc«:d  orphans  bli.'st.        Pupe. 

P5R'TI0N-jED,  pp.    Divided  into  shares  or  parts. 
2.  Endowed  ;  furnished  with  a  portion. 


POS 


POR'TION-ER,  71.  One  wJio  divides  or  assigns  in 
shares. 

POR'TION-ING, p;7r.    Dividing;  endowing, 

POR'TIOX-IST,  71.  One  who  has  a  certain  iicadrn)ical 
allowance  or  portion.     [See  Postmaster,  No.  3.J 

2.  The  incumbent  ol  a  benefice  which  has  mure 
rectors  or  vicars  than  one.  Life  of  A.  Wood. 

PoR'TlOX-LESSj^fl.     Having  no  portion. 

PoRT'LAND-.SToXE,  n.  A  yrllowish-white  calca- 
reous freestone  from  the  Isle  of  Portland,  in  England, 
much  used  in  building.  P.  Cue. 

PSRT'LAST,  {  TV.  A      r       . 

PoR'TOISE,(por'tiz,)i  "*    The  gunwale  of  a  ship. 
To  lower  Vic  yards  a  portlast,  is  to  lower  them  ta 
the  gunwale. 

To  ride  a  portoise,  is  to  have  the  lower  yards  and 
topmasts  struck  or  lowered  down,  when  at  anchor 
in  a  gale  of  wind.  Mar.  DicU 

PoRT'-LID,  n.    The  lid  that  closes  a  port-hole. 

Mar.  Diet. 

PoRT'LI-NESS,  n.  [from  portly.]  Dignity  of  mien 
or  of  personal  appearance,  consisting  in  sir.e  and 
symmetry  of  body,  with  dignified  manners  and 
demeanor.  Camden. 

PORT'LY,  a.     [from  port.]     Grand  or  dignified   in 

mien  ;  of  a  noble  appearance  and  carriage.     Shak. 

2.  Bulky  ;  coiptilent.  Shak. 

PORT'MAN,  Ti.  [port  and  man.]  An  inhabitant  or 
burgess,  a-s  of  a  cinque  port. 

PoR'l'-.MAN'TEAU,  7i.  [Fr.  porte-manteau,  fioni  por- 
ter, to  carry,  and  mantcau,  a  cloak,  h.  mautclc.  It. 
mantcUo.     It  is  often  pronounced  portmantlc.] 

A  bag  usually  made  of  leather,  for  carrying  ap- 
parel and  other  furniture  on  journeys,  particularly 
on  horseback. 

PORT'MoTE,  n.     [poj-t  and  Sax.  mot,  a  meeting.] 
•Anciently,  a  court  held  in  a  port  town. 

Blackstotte. 

PCR'TOISE.     See  Portlast. 

PoR'TRaIT,  71.  [Fr.  portrait,  from  portrairc,  to  draw, 
Eng.  to  portray;  pour,  Eng.  for,  fore,  and  traire,  L. 
traherc,  Eng.  to  draw;  Arm.  pourtrezi.  The  Italian 
is  ritratto,  Sp.  and  Port,  retrato,  from  L.  re  and 
tracto.] 

A  picture  or  representation  of  a  person,  and  es- 
pecially of  a  face,  drawn  from  the  life.  It  is  some- 
times applied  to  the  picture  of  any  animal. 

lu  portrtdis,  Uio  gnce,  and  we  may  add,  the  hkeneu,  consists 
more  iu  the  general  air  than  in  the  exact  similitiid>;  of  nvery 
rcature.  Reynolds. 

PoR'TRaIT,  r.  (.    To  portray  ;  to  draw.     [JVoi  used.] 


Spenser. 
One  whose  occupation 


The  painting  of  por- 

A  portrait ;  painted  re- 
Milton.     Pope. 


PoR'TRaIT-PaINT'ER,  n. 

is  to  paint  portraits. 
PoR'TRAIT-PaINT'ING,  71 

traits. 
PoR'TRaIT-IIRE,  n.    [Fr.] 

semblance. 
2.  Tlie  drawing  of  portraits.  Walpilc. 

PoR-TRaV',  v.  t.  " [Fr.  portraire.     Sec  Portrait.] 

1.  To  paint  or  draw  the  likeness  of  any  thing  in 
Colors;  as,  to  portray  a  king  on  horseback  ;  to  po?^ 
tray  a  city  or  temple  \\  ilh  a  pencil  or  with  chalk. 

2.  To  describe  in  words.  It  belongs  to  the  histo- 
rian to  portray  the  character  of  Alexander  of  Russia. 
Homer  portrays  the  cliaracler  and  achievements  of 
his  heroes  in  glowing  colors. 

3.  To  adorn  with  pictures  ;  as,  shields  portra7jcd, 

Miltoiu 

PoR-TRaY'AL,  v.    The  act  of  portraying. 

PoR-TRaY'£D,  (p6r-lr5de',)  pp.  Painted  or  drawn 
to  the  life  ;  described. 

PoR-TRaY'ER,  n.  One  who  paints,  draws  to  the 
life,  or  describes. 

PoR-TRaY'ING,  ppr.  Painting  or  drawing  tiie  like- 
jiessof;  describing. 

PoR'TRESS,      )   71.     [from  porter.]     A  female  guar- 

P6R'TER-ESS,  \       dian  of  a  gate.  MUton. 

PoRT'REEVE,  71.     [The  modern  orthography  of  Port- 
greve,  which  see.] 
The  chief  magistrate  of  a  port  or  maritime  town. 

PoRT'-RoPE,  71.     A  rope  to  draw  up  a  portlid. 

Mar.  Vict. 

PoRT'-WTXE.    See  Port,  k.  No.  7. 

POR'\VIG-LE,  C-wig'l,)  71.  A  tadpole  ;  a  young  frog. 
[A'rtf  used.]  Brown, 

POR'Y,  a.  [from  ;;o;-f.]  Full  of  pores  or  small  inter- 
stices. Drydcn. 

Pose,  7*.  [See  the  vcr''.]  In  hcraJHi'rj,  a  lion,  horse, 
or  otlier  beast  standing  still,  with  all  his  feet  on  the 
ground.  Eneyc. 

PoSE,  n.     [Sax.  eepose.] 

Astuffingof  tlie  head,  catarrh.   [Obs,]  Chaucer. 

Pose,  r.  t.  [\V.  posiuw,  to  pose,  to  make  an  mcrc- 
mcnt,  to  gather  k;iowledge,  to  investigate,  t{)  inter- 
rogate ;  pos,  a  n^ap,  increment,  growth,  increase  ; 
poav/,  curdled  n'i'k,  posset;  Sax.  gepose,  heaviness, 
stuffing  of  the  head.  The  primary  sense  is,  to  set  or 
fix,  from  thrusting  or  pressing,  L.  posui,  Sp.  jmsar, 
Fr.  poser  ;  hence  the  sense  of  collecting  into  a  lump 
or  fixed  mass,  Ch.  and  Syr.  V3n,  to  press,  compress, 
collect,  coaguhite.  Class  3s,  No.  24.  See  also 
Ar.  No.  21,  31,  and  No.  32,  33,  35,  and  oUiers  la 
that  class.] 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.-Mt:TE,  PREY.-PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK. 


ms 


POS 

1.  To  puzzle,  [a  word  of  the  same  origin  j]  to  set ; 
to  pal  to  a  stand  or  stop;  to  gravel. 

IvMmiii^  wiS  jrotdj  philosophy  waa  tfu  Herbert. 

I  dfsigti  not  u>  pose  them  vith  those  conunon  eui^n.ui  o:'  mag- 
netism. Glanville, 

9.  To  puzzle  or  put  to  a  stand  by  asking  difficult 
questions  ;  to  set  by  questions  ;  hence,  to  interrogate 
-'l,»si!ly,  or  with  a  view  to  scrutiny.  Bacon. 

^S'ED,  pp.    Puzzled;  put  to  a  stand;  interrogated 
osely. 

i?'EK,  «.    One  that  puzzles  by  asking  dimcult  ques- 
-ns :  a  close  esamJner. 

i  :^omething,  as  a  question,  argument,  &;c.,  that 
•  v.'.zXcs  or  silences. 

"<'IXG,  n/^r.orff.  Puzzling  ;puttin'j  to  a  stand  ;ques- 
:  •■nir!2  ciLiselv. 
-  I XG  LY,  adv.    Puzzlingly. 

-S '  IT-ED,  fl.  [L.  po.Wiits,  from  ponoy  to  put;  per- 
l.ips,  however,  pono  is  a  different  root,  and  positus 
irjtu  the  root  of  pose] 

Flit;  set;  placed.  Hale. 

i  3I"TI0X,  (po-zish'un,)n.  [h.  positlo^  from  positus. 
:^ce  Pose  and  Posited.] 

1.  Stale  of  hsing  placed  :  situation ;  often  with 
reference  to  other  objects,  or  to  different  parts  of  the 
same  object. 

We  h:iTe  din-mit  prospects  of  ihe  mmc  lliius  acconlii^  to  our 
dilferent  posUions  to  it.  Locke. 

2.  Planner  of  standing  or  being  placed  ;  attitude  ; 
a.«,  an  inclining  pojififfri. 

3.  Principle  laid  down  ;  proposition  advanced  or 
aiSrmed  as  a  fixed  principle,  or  stated  as  the  ground 
of  reasoning,  or  to  be  proved. 

Let  not  th?  proof  of  aiiy  ptwicon  depend  on  lUe  posidons  that 
fotlo'.ir,  but  alwavo  on  iboae  which  prscede.  ll'atis. 

4.  The  advancement  of  any  principle.      Brown, 

5.  Stale ;  condition. 

Great  Britain,  at  ths  peace  of  1763,  sUxxt  in  a  pctsi&on  to  pre- 
■cribe  her  own  terms,  Ames. 

6.  State  in  relation  to  others  or  to  some  subject ; 
as,  to  be  in  a  false  position :  to  define  one's  position. 

7.  In  irramincr^  the  state  of  a  von-el  placed  before 
two  consonants,  as  in  pompous,  or  before  a  double 
consonant,  as  in  ui/i".  In  prosody,  vowels  are  said 
to  be  long  by  position. 

8.  In  arithmetic^  a  meUiod  of  solving  a  problem  by 
one  or  two  suppositions ;  called  also  the  rule  of  trial 
and  error.  Brande. 

PO-Sr'TIOX-AL,  (-zish'un-al,)  a.  Respecting  posi- 
tion.    {J^'ct  u^'ed.]  Brown, 

POS'I-TIVE,  a.  [It.  posilieo ;  Ft.  positif;  how  L.  pos- 
iticiLS.] 

1.  Properttjj  set;  laid  down;  expressed;  direct; 
explicit :  opposed  to  Implied  ;  as,  he  told  us  in  posi- 
liee  words  -.  we  have  his  positive  declaration  to  the 
fact :  the  testimony  is  positice. 

2.  Absolute ;  express;  not  admitting  any  condi- 
tion or  discretion.  The  commands  of  the  admiral 
are  posiiitc. 

3.  Absolute ;  real ;  existing  in  fact ;  opposed  to 
Negative;  as,  posiftce  good,  which  exists  by  itself, 
whereas  ne^atice  good  is  merely  the  absence  of  evil ; 
or  opposed  to  IIelative  or  Ap.eitra.rv  ;  as,  beauty  is 
not  a  positice  thing,  but  depends  on  tht;  different 
tastes  of  people.  Locke.    Enctjc. 

4.  Direct;  express;  opposed  to  Circumstantial  ; 
as,  positive  proof.  Blaclisione. 

5.  Confidi^nt ;  fully  assured ;  applied  to  prrsons. 
Tlie  witness  is  very  positive  that  he  is  correct  in  his 
testimnny. 

6.  Dogmatic;  over-confident  in  opinion  or  asser- 
tion. 

Some  posidoe  p^rasdo^  fops  we  know. 

Thai,  u  once  wroog-,  vrll  neals  be  alvays  so.  Pope. 

7.  Settled  by  arbitrary  appointment ;  opposed  to 
Natcbal  or  Inbbed. 

In  laurs,  Uiat  which  is  oataiol  buwieth  uniTersalty  ;  that  wli-cli 
UponAM,  not  so.  Hooker, 

Althoujli  no  laws  bQiposidoe  arc  mutable,  yet  all  are  not  muu- 
bk  which  are  pos-JiM.  Hookfr. 

8.  Having  power  to  act  directly ;  as,  a  positive 
voice  in  legislation.  Swift. 

Positive  denree^  in  grammar,  is  the  state  of  an  ad- 
jective which  denotes  simple  or  absolute  quality, 
without  comparison  or  relation  to  increase  or  duninu- 
lion  ;  as,  wise,  noble. 

Positive  electricitij  ;  according  to  Dr.  Franklin,  the 
e-ertricity  which  a  body  contains  above  its  natural 
share. 

Positive  quantity  :  in  algtlrra,  an  afijnuative  quan- 
tity, or  one  to  be  added. 
POS'I-TIVE,  Tu    What  is  capable  of  being  affirmed  ; 
reality.  South. 

i  That  which  settles  by  absolute  appointment. 
Woierland 

3.  In  grammar,  a  word  Uiat  affirms  or  asserts  ex- 
istence. Harris. 
POS'I-TIVE-LY,  adv.    Absolutely  ;   by  itself,  inde- 
pendent cf  any  thing  else  ;  not  comparatively. 

(iocMl  and  CTil  removed  may  i^  estt^'med  good  or  evil  coiripara* 
tivclr,  »nd  cQl  pcsidseiy  or  «iinply.  Bacon. 

2.  Not  negatively  ;  really  ;  in  its  own  nature  :  di- 
rectly ;  inherently.    A  thing  is  positicely  good  wiien 


PCS 

it  produces  happiness  by  Its  own  qualities  or  oper.i- 
lion.  It  is  neaaticehj  good  when  it  prevents  an 
evil,  or  does  not  produce  it. 

3.  Certainly;  indubitably.  This  id  po«iftDe/i/ your 
handwriting. 

4.  Directly  ;  explicitly  ;  expressly.  The  witness 
testified  positively  to  the  fact. 

5.  Peremptorily ;  in  strong  terms. 
The  divine  \xv,- potiliDely  rajturea  htunUIty  and  mr'JcDesi. 

Sprat. 

6.  With  full  confidence  or  assurance.  I  can  not 
speak  positivdn  in  regard  to  the  fact. 

Positively  electrified.  According  to  Dr.  Franklin,  a 
body  is  pojittpriy  electrified,  when  it  contains  more 
than  its  natural  share  of  electricity,  and  nc^ativtbj 
electrified,  when  it  contains  less  than  in  natural 
share.  Olmsted. 

POS'I-TIVE-XEPS,  n.  .\clualncss ;  reality  of  exist- 
ence ;  not  mere  negation. 

Thi?  posUicertess  of  ains  of  commluion  lies  both  in  Uic  halitude 
uf  the  will  no'l  in  the  ox«;ui«l  net  :oo;  Ih*;  poiUiettusa  of 
sins  of  otiiisstun  is  in  th?  habitude  of  Uie  trill  only.    Worrit, 

2.  Undoubting  assurance ;  full  confidence  ;  per- 
emptoriness  ;  as,  the  man  related  the  fatU  with  posi- 
timirjs.    In  matters  of  opinion,  positivcnets  is  nut 
an  indication  of  prudence. 
POS-I-TIV'I-TY,  H,    Peremptorincss-     [-Voe  used.] 

WtitU. 
POS'I-TURE,  for  Posture,  is  not  in  use.    [See  Po»- 

THHE.] 

POS'NET,  n,     [W.  pomed,  from  poslaic.    See  Pose.] 
A  little  basin  ;  a  porringer,  skillet,  or  saucepan. 

Otcen. 

POS-0-LOG'ie-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  p(jsol;.-r\-. 

POS-OL'0-GY,  n.    [Gr.  ttucjv,  how  much,  and  Xoyof, 
discourse.] 
In  medicine^  the  science  or  doctrine  of  dases. 

Jimer.  Dispaisatonj. 

POS'PO-LITE,  w.  A  kindof  militia  in  Poland,  which, 
in  case  of  invasion,  was  sitmrnuued  to  arms  for  the 
defense  of  liie  counlrv.  Eilin.  Kncuc. 

POSS,  V.  L     To  dash  about.  Haniinell. 

POS'SE  €OM-I-T?JTUS,  [I«]  In  iivc,  the  power  of 
the  county,  or  tiie  citizens  who  are  summoned  to 
assist  an  officer  in  siippressiug  a  riot,  or  executing 
any  legal  precept  vvhich  i^  forcibly  opposed.  The 
word  comitatus  is  ofU^n  oik.iIjiI,  and  passe  alone  is 
used  in  the  same  sense.  Black'tane. 

9.  In  low  language,  a  number  or  crowd  of  people ; 
a  rabbit;. 

PO?-SES^',  V.  t.  [I*.  pos^rssiiSf  possidco^  a  compound 
of  po,  a  Russian  prepiKition,  p::rhap9  bij,  and  scdco, 
to  sit ;  to  sit  in  or  on.  We  have  this  word  from  the 
Latin,  hut  tlie  same  compound  is  in  our  mother 
lonsue,  Pay.  bcsittn:!,  to  pn?s?ss ;  tc*,  frf,  and  sittcn-, 
to  sit ;  ffcsittan,  bescUan,  gesd^an.  are  also  used ;  D. 
be-.itten  1  G.  besiticn  ;  Dan.  besidder ;  t'w.  besitX/i ;  Fr. 
posscder  :  Ami.  po^zedi ;  Sp   pnseer  :  It.  possedcrc] 

1.  To  have  the  just  and  k-gal  title,  ownership, 
or  property  of  a  thing  ;  to  own  ;  to  hold  the  title  of, 
as  the  rightful  pmprittor,  or  to  hold  both  the  title 
and  the  thing.  A  man  may  possess  the  farm  which 
he  cultivates,  or  he  may  possess  an  estate  in  a  foreign 
countr\-,not  in  his  own  occupation.  He  imiy  possess 
many  farms  Avhicli  are  occupied  by  tenants.  In 
this,  as  in  other  cases,  the  original  sense  of  the  word 
is  enlarged,  the  holding  or  tentire  being  applied  to 
the  title  or  ri^'ht,  :is  well  as  to  the  thine  itself. 

2.  To  hold;  to  occupy  without  title  or  owner- 
ship. 

1  raise  op  the  Ctuldfaus  to  poisecs  the  dweUirg-rl-'CL-a  that  are 
not  Uieirs.  —  Hub.  i. 

Neither  said  any  of  ihem  that  au?ht  of  the  thinp  wb:cb  be  pos- 
sessed was  his  own.  —  Acts  iv. 

3-  To  have ;  to  occupy.  The  love  of  the  world 
usually  p<Jss«5Ps  the  heart. 

4.  To  seize;  to  gain  ;  to  obtain  the  occupation  of. 

The  Eno-lish  marehnl  Mwanl  the  K;»vr  El^ltc,  intCinlin*  to  pos- 
sess n  hill  ca!!cd  Uudei^tUke.  Haiptcrd. 

5.  To  have  power  over;  as  an  invisible  agent  or 
spirit.    Lnhe  viii. 

Ben-arc  what  spirit  r»"'.'s  in  your  breast ; 

For  leu  inspuod,  ten  lliousaiid  an:  possisSfl.       Rosojrmwn. 

G.  To  afiect  by  some  power. 

L"t  not  Toiu:  ears  (Lspi*e  i:iy  loti*"!!. 

Which  Bh.'iii  possess  Ilient  with  lii-.-  licavicdt  (omid 

That  ever  yet  they  ht-anl.  S^t/'- 

To  possess  of  or  wiiJiy  more  properly  to  possess  of 
is  to  give  possession,  command,  or  occupancy. 

Of  foHuiic's  favor  long  possessed.  Dri/den. 

Tbiii  jKssesaes  its  of  tiiK  ii««t  valu:iUs  Ueasnij  ol  r-i-n-in  h\<^, 
iSeiuiship.  Gor.  of  the  Tongue. 

To  possess  one^s  self  i^;  to  take  or  gain  possession 
or  command  ;  to  make  one's  self  master  of. 

\Ve  possessed  ourselves  of  Hi:  kinjiloiit  ol  .NapJr*.     .1 

To  possess  leith  :  to  furnish  or  fill  with  svu. 
permanent;  or  to  be  retained. 

It  ia  of  unspoakiS/c  .idvaot.-.»e   to  posKSS  our  mimU  wiA  n. 

haUtii-d  »ooc!  i^-t'^ition.  jirf'ftion. 

If  th"y  are  possessed  tcilh  honest  minds.  Adaison. 

POS-SESS'£D,  pp.  Held  by  lawful  title  ;  occupied  ; 
enjoyed  ;  affected  by  demons  or  invisible  agents. 


POS 

POS-SESfVf  NU^  vvr.    H.arin;  or  bc4difig  \rr  iJ  ■ 

rich*  '  ■■  '■''  ■    ■     '  ■    --■ 

PO.- 

acli."-. -..;     -  -  I,-....,. ,  -.,.. 

ful.  One  man  may  nave  tiie  y 
and  another  may  ttave  the  t.. 
property. 

If  tbr  potsesiion     . 
r.ftii.  of  pro-^ 

pOtS€S»U/n,  ti^, 
possessio'i. 

In  bailment^  the  bailee  who  recelv*-*  . 
vey,  or  to  keep  for  a  lime,  has  tiir  r 
goods,  and  a  temporary  nght  <  ■   - 
properly.     Property  in  potsr^i. 
right  and  the  occupation.     Ldii; 
sioii  is  presumptive  proof  of  ri;' 
possessor. 

2.  The  thing  po  -m-  J  ;   1 
owned ;  as,  foreiL:: 

TIm  hotne  of  Jwo 

Wbtn  Cx  yiunj  : 

fu:,  (or  be  hJul  £r-  •  ; 

3.  Any  thing  vahinbl'-  ' 
tian  peace  of  luind  U  lii 

4.  The  slate:  of  being  uui!i.r  i-j  [juWuI  uf  . 
or  invisible  beingi  ;  uiadncaa;  lunac7 -,  x-, 
niacal  po.<ses3ion, 

fVrit  of  possctsion  :  :i  pnccpi  direc'.  ■ 
put  a  i>erson  in  peaceable  puuc«.iton 
covert- d  in  ejectment. 

To  take  posjcssion  :  to  enter  on,  or  t 
one's  pKjwer  or  occupancy. 

To  give  possession  ;  to  put  in  anoti 
occupancy. 
P0S-SES'SIO\,  f-sesh'un,)  r.L    To  invert  with  ;  r    - 

erlv.     [jVotused.]  C. 

POS^ES'SIO.\-ER,  n.    One  Uiat  baa  r- 

thine,  or  [►ower  over  it.    [l.iuJe  used. 
POS-SEsS'IVE,  a.     [l^  posse-^frruj.] 

Pertaining  to  po«^*T»*ion  :  having  p 

Possessive  ca-te,  in  Kagli*h  arammar. 
case,  or  case  of  noun^  and  pronoun?,  '\ 
es.  1st,  p(i.-:s«:ssion,  ownerj'ltip  ;  a.«,  Jol-.y-'  i  U.«  k  ;  •  r 
2dly,  some  relation  of  one  thing  to  another ;   a*,  11^     \ 
Tier's  admirers. 
PO.=^-SESS'IVE-LY,  <^e.    In  a  manner  dencti'  : 

session. 
POS-SE^S'OR,  n.    An  occupant :  one  thai  f 
session  ;  a  person  whi»  holds  in  his  Iiands  <•  - 

any  species  of  properly,  r^al  or  per-onal.  '1 
er  or  proprietor  of  projicrty  t;  the  permanent 
why  lesal  right:  the  lessee  of  land,  and  : 
c-f  goods,  are  leniponir\*  possr.tiors  by  n:' 
disseizor  of  land  and  ti'ic  thief  are  wrong 
se-sors. 

2.  One  that  has,  holds,  or  cnjojs  any  good  or  other 
thing. 

TUinV  uf  i-V  happiu-w  of  iha  pr-ri»«»  ^lA  »poi:!e*,  - 
riiaiiyrs,  possessors  cf  etcniaj  jl-wy. 

POS-SESS'0-KY,  a.    Having  possession;   =- 

sessory  lord.  ^' 

Possessory  action  i  in  /cw,  an  action  or  sui:  r. 

the  right  of  possession  only,  and  not  that  of  : 

is  contested.  ^''•^■" 

POS'SET,  11.    [^V.  T'^scLfmrn  the  root  of 

posiaWy  to  gather.    The  L.  posea  may  have  ; '. 

orisin.J 
ilUk  curdled  with  wine  or  other  liquor. 

Drjien.    Ari^-    - 
POS'SET,  r.  (.    To  curdle  ;  to  turn. 
POS'SET-EU,  pp.     Curdled  ;  turned. 
POP'SET-IXG,  ppr.    Cimllins,  as  mdk. 
POS-SI-BIL'I-TV,i».    f from  pe.-wiW< :    I 
The  power  of  beins  or  existing  ;  ti 

pening  ;  the  slate  of  being  p'.>s>:!I.. 

improbability  or  great  uncert- 

sibilitii  that  a  new  star  may  a; 

is  .T  possibilitu  of  a  li;tr»I  fro.^1 

It  is  not  exiK'ditnt  to  hazard  much  ■ 

sibilit::  of  sue.  ^s.     I;  is  pnaU  nt  to  r 

to  writing,  and  to  render  liicm  so  c\v- 

cluds  (he  possibility  of  mistake  or  contn-vn  :.. 
POS^SI-BLE,  a.    [Fr.  ;  It.  possiSIe  ;  ?p.  posxWf  ;    roai 

h.  possibili't  from  possf.    See  Power..") 
That  mav  be  or  exist ;  that  may  1 

h-ppcn  or  come  to  piss;  that  may  t 

trary  to  the  nature  of  thiup^.     K  i^ 

Greeks  and  Turk-;  may  now  be  cnpi- 

is  passiile  the  peace  of  Europe  may  c 

TV.    It  is  not  physically  possOfU  that 

ascend  a  mountain,  but  it  is  pcsstblf  "... 

preme  Ui-ing  may  suspend  a  law  of  naiun  . 

li!<  usual  course  of  pnxct-ding.     U  is  n. 
:t2and3should  be7,orthatthes3mcaci:  : 
morallv  right  and  morally  wrung; 
i'his  word,  wlun  prvmounccd  with  a  c.  r 

plKisis,  implies  improbability.    A  ihmg  i- 

buS  verv  improbable. 
POS'SI-BI*Y,  a:ic.    By  any  power,  mnru  • 

cal,  really  existing.    I-earn  all  that  can  r 

Known. 


Te.N'E,  BULL,  UNITE.— A.\"GER.  VI"CIOUs 
__  __  — 


as  K;  6  as  J  ;  S  as  Z;  CH  as  Sfl;  TH  as  in  Tlllg. 


POS 

2.  Tcrliaps;  without  involving  impossibility  or  ab- 

Arbilntrr  |v]wpr  tondi  lo  inake  a  man  a  bad  soveKi^,  who 
ml'lii  poMiittly  hiivu  been  u  goixl  one,  bud  be  been  invested 
Willi  aiitlivriiy  circiun»crihcd  Dy  l&WB,  Additon. 

POS'SUM.     See  OfossuBL 

'I'o  play  juKisuvt,  to  ««(  possum,  ia  applied  to  a  per- 
son vviio,  wlit;ii  caiii;lit,  iViciis  himself  dead,  from  u 
cl)Jir:iciuri!:tic  of  ttm  opossum.  America. 

POST,  a.     [from  Fr.  aposter.] 

Suborned ;  hired  to  do  what  ia  wrong.  [J^ot  in 
use.]  Sandys. 

Post,  n.  [W.  pdst ;  D.  Dan.  and  Sw.  post ;  G.  pfoste, 
po-'itniy  and  post ;  Fr.  posle  ;  Sp.  paste,  posta  ;  It.  posta, 
posto  i  L.  postiSf  from  posUiLs,  the  given  participle  of 
pono,  to  place,  but  coinciding  with  Sp.  posar^  It. 
posare,  lo  put  or  set.] 

1.  A  piece  of  timber  set  upright,  usually  larger 
than  a  stake,  and  intended  to  support  somethins 
else  ;  as,  the  posts  of  a  house  ;  the  posL^  of  a  door ; 
the  post^  of  a  gate  ;  the  posts  of  a  fence. 

2.  A  military  station  ;  the  place  where  a  single  sol- 
dier or  a  body  of  troops  is  stationed.  The  sentinel 
must  not  desert  his  post.  The  troops  are  ordered  to 
defend  the  post.     Hence, 

3.  The  troops  stationed  at  a  particular  place,  or  the 
ground  they  occupy.  Marshall.    Encyc. 

4.  A  public  office  or  employment,  that  is,  a  fixed 
place  or  station. 

When  vict-  pcvvajls  and  [mpioua  men  bear  sway, 

The  post  of  liuiiar  is  a  priv.ilo  Elation.  Addiion. 

5.  A  messenger,  or  a  carrier  of  letters  and  papers  ; 
one  that  goes  at  stated  times  to  convey  the  mail  or 
dispatches.  This  sense  also  denotes  fixedness,  ei- 
ther from  the  practice  of  using  relays  of  hoi^es  sta- 
tioned at  particular  places,  or  of  stationing  men  for 
carrying  dispuiches,  or  from  the  fixed  stages  where 
they  were  to  be  supplied  with  refreshments.  [See 
Stage.]  Xenophon  informs  us  that  Cyrus,  king  of 
Persia,  established  such  stations  or  houses. 

6.  A  seal  or  situation.  Burnet. 

7.  A  sort  of  writing  paper,  such  as  is  used  for  let- 
ters ;  letter  paper. 

8.  An  old  game  at  cards. 

9.  In  archilcctnre  a.nd  sculpture^  a.  terra  applied  to 
certain  ornaments  shaped  after  tile  manner  of  rolls 
or  wreathings.  Elmcs. 

To  ride  post;  to  be  employed  to  caiTy  dispatches 
and  papers,  and  as  such  carriers  rode  in  haste,  hence 
the  phrase  signifies  to  ride  in  haste,  to  pass  with  ex- 
pedition. Post  is  used  also,  adverbially,  for  swiftly, 
expeditiously,  or  expressly. 

Sent  from  Media  post  to  Egypt.  Milton. 

Hence,  to  travel  post,  is  to  travel  expeditiously  by 
the  use  of  fresh  horses  taken  at  certain  stations. 
Knigkt  of  the  post.     See  Kxioht. 
POST,  V.  i.     [Fr.  poster  :  Sp.  postcar.] 

1.  To  travel  with  pusi-honies ;  iience, 

2.  To  travel  with  sjieed. 

And  post  uVt  land  nnd  ocean  without  rest.  MiUon, 

POST,  V.  t.  To  fix  to  a  post ;  as,  to  post  a  notifica- 
tion. 

2.  To  expose  to  public  reproach  by  fixing  the  name 
to  a  post ;  to  expose  to  opprobrium  by  some  public 
action  ;  as,  to  post  a  coward. 

3.  To  advertise  on  a  post  or  in  a  public  place ;  as, 
to  post  a  stray  horse.  Laws  ofjYeio  Englanil. 

4.  To  set ;  to  place  ;  to  station  ;  as,  to  post  troops 
on  a  hill,  or  in  front  or  on  the  dank  of  an  army. 

5.  To  place  in  the  post-office ;  as,  to  post  letters. 
[En>r.}  Oif.  Oldde. 

G.Iu  book-keeping,  to  carry  accounts  from  the 
waste-book  or  journal  to  the  ledger. 

To  post  offi  lo  put  off i  to  delay.     [JVot  used.] 

Skak. 
POST ;  a  Latin   preposition,  signifying  after.     It  is 
used  in  this  sense  in  composition  in  many  English 
words. 
POST'A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  carried.     [JVot  used.] 

Jilountagu. 
POST' AGE,  TO.  The  price  established  by  law  tobe  paid 
for  we  conveyance  of  a  letter  or  parcel  in  a  public 
n"  .il. 
2.  A  portage.     U^ot  used.]  Smollett. 

TOST'-BILL,  n.    A  bill  of  letters  mailed  by  a  post- 
master. 
POST'-liOY,  n.     A  boy  that  rides  as  post ;  a  courier. 

Tatlcr. 
PoST'-CH.AlSE,  )  «.      [See    Chaise.]       A    carriage 
PoST'-eOACH,  S      with  four  wheels,  for  the  con- 
veyance of  travelers  who  travel  with  post-horses. 
PoST'-DaTE,  r.  L     [L.  post,  after,  and  datc^  h.  da- 
tum.] 

To  date  after  the  real  time  ;  as,  to  post-date  a  con- 
tract, that  is,  to  dale  it  after  the  trite  time  of  making 
the  contract. 
PoST'-DaT-ED,  pp.    Dated  after  the  real  time. 
l'or=T'-DAT-lNG,  ppr.     Hatiu"  after  the  real  time. 
POST'-DaY,  n.    A  day  on  which  tlie  mail  arrives  or 

departs. 
PoST-DI-LO'VI-AT.,  i  a.     [L.  post,  after,  and  dituvi- 
POST-DI-LO'VI-AN,  \     um,  the  deluge.] 


POS 

Being  or  happening  posterior  lothc  flood  in  Noah's 
days.  Woodward.     BucUand. 

POST-DI-LO'VI-AN,  v.  A  person  who  lived  after 
the  flood,  or^who  has  lived  since  that  event.     Grew. 

PoST-DIS-SeI'ZIN,  n.  A  subsequent  disseizin.  A 
writ  of  post-disseizin  is  intended  to  put  in  possession 
a  person  who  lias  been  disseized  after  a  judgment  to 
recover  the  same  lands  of  the  same  person,  under 
the  statute  of  Merton.  Blaclistone. 

POS'l -DIS-SeI'/.OR,  71.  A  person  who  disseizes  an- 
other of  lands  which  be  had  before  recovered  of  the 
same  person.  Blackstonc. 

POST'E-A,  Ti.  [L.]  The  record  of  wliat  is  dono  in  a 
cause  subsequent  to  the  joining  of  issue  and  award- 
ing of  trial.  BUicIutonc 

PoST'ED,  pp.    Placed  j  stationed. 

2.  Exposed  on  a  post  or  by  public  notice. 

3.  Carried  to  a  ledger,  as  accounts, 
PoST'-KN-TRY,  n.    A  second  or  subsequent  entry,  at 

the  custom-house,  of  goods  which  had  been  omitted 
by  miatako. 

2.  In  book-keeping^  an  additional  or  subsequent 
entry.  McCulloch. 

POST'ER,  71.     One  who  posts  j  also,  a  courier;   one 
that  travels  exjieditiously. 
2.  A  large  bill  posted  for  advertising. 
POS-Te'RI-OR,   a.       [from    L.  postcrus,   from  post, 
after ;  Fr.  postcricur.] 

1.  Later  or  subsequent  in  time. 

Hesioil  was  posterior  lo  Homor.  Broome, 

2.  Later  in  the  order  of  proceeding  or  moving; 
coming  after.     [  Unfrcquent.] 

POS-TE-Rl-Oll'l-TY,  71,     [Fr.  posttriorite.] 

The  state  of  being  later  or  subsequent ;  as,  posteri- 
ority of  time  or  of  ah  event  ^  opposed  to  PmoniTv. 

Hale. 
POS-Te'RI-OR-LY,  adv.    Subsequently  in  time. 
POS-Te'RI-ORS,  n.  pi.    The  hinder  parts  of  an  ani- 
mal body.  Swift. 
POS-TER'I-TY,  71.     [Yr.  postcritc ;  L.  postcritas,  Uom 
posterns,  from  jmst,  after.] 

1.  Desrendant?  ;  chihiren,  children's  children,  &c., 
indefinitely  ;  the  race  tliat  proceL'ds  from  a  progeni- 
tor. The  whole  human  race  are  the  posterity  o( Ai\■^m. 
9.  In  a  fTc/tej-ttZ  se7i£e,  succeeding  generations;  ojv- 
posed  to  Ance3TOR3. 

To  the  unhappy,  that  unjustly  bleed, 

Heaven  gives  yoslerity  l'  aven^  the  deed.  Pope. 

POS'TERN,  n.  [Fr.  pdterne^  for  postcrne^  from  L. 
post,  behind.] 

1.  Primarily,  a  back  door  or  gate;  a  private  en- 
trance ;  hence,  any  small  door  or  gate. 

Dryden.    Locke. 

2.  In  fortification^  a  small  gate,  usually  in  the  angle 
of  the  flank  of  a  bastion,  or  in  that  of  the  cmtaiu  or 
near  the  urillon,  descending  into  the  ditch.    Encjc, 

POS'TERN,  a.    B:n.-k  ;  being  behind  ;  private. 

Dryden. 

POST-EX-IST'ENCE,  n.  Subsequent  or  future;  exist- 
ence. .Sddison. 

POST'-FACT,  a.     [L.  post  factum.] 

Relating  to  a  fact  tliat  occurs  after  another ;  or,  as 
a  noun,  a  fact  that  occurs  after  another. 

PoST'-FrNE,  71.  In  Enslish  law,  a  fine  due  to  the 
king  by  prerogative,  after  a  licentia  cvnccrdandi 
given  in  a  fine  of  lands  and  tenements ;  called  also 
the  KiNo'3  siLVEii.  Blackstone. 

PoST'FIX,  n.     [L.  post,  after,  andyfj:.] 

In  grammar,^  letter, syllable, or  word,  added  to  the 
end  of  another  word  ;  a  sufiix.  Parkhursl. 

PoST-FiX',  w.  (.  To  add  or  annex  a  letter,  syllable, 
or  word,  to  the  end  of  another  or  principal  word. 

Pai'khurst. 

POST-FIX'jED,  pp.    Added  to  the  end  of  a  word. 

POST-FIX'ING,  ppr.     Adding  to  the  end  of  a  word. 

POST-HACK'NEV,  ji.  {post^nd  hackney.]  A  hired 
post-horse.  Wotton. 

POST'-HaSTE,  n.  Haste  or  speed  in  traveling,  like 
tiial  of  a  post  or  courier.  Sliak. 

POST'-IIaSTE,  ado.  With  speed  or  expedition.  He 
traveled  post-haste,  that  is,  by  an  ellipsis,  with  post- 
haste. 

POST'-HORN,  n  [post  and  horn.]  A  horn  or  trum- 
pet carried  and  blown  by  a  carrier  of  the  public  mail, 
or  by  a  coachman.  Cotcper. 

POST'-HORSE,  H.  A  term  applied  to  horses  stationed 
at  certain  d-stances  on  a  road  for  the  rapid  convey- 
ance of  couriers,  passengers,  &c.  Sidney. 

PoST'-HOUSE,  n.     A  house  where  a  post-oflice  is 
kept  for  receiving  and  dispatching  letters  by  public 
mails  ;  a  post-office.    [The  latter  word  is  now  in  gener- 
al use.] 
9.  A  house  where  post-horses  are  kept. 

POST'HUiME,  a.     Posthumous.     [Mot  tised.]       Watts, 

POST'HU-MOUS,  a.  [L.  post,  after,  and  humus,  earth ; 
humatas,  buried.] 

1.  Born  after  the  death  of  the  father,  or  taken 
from  the  dead  body  of  the  mother;  as,  a  posthumous 
son  01'  daughter.  Blaclistone. 

2.  Published  after  the  death  of  the  author;  as, 
posthumous  works. 

3.  Being  after  one's  decease;  as,  a  posthumous 
character,  Addison. 


POS 

POST'HU-MOUS-LY,  adv.    After  mie's  decease. 
rOS'Tie,  a.     [L.  posticus.] 

Backward.     [J^otuscd.]  Brown. 

POS'TIL,  n.     [It.  postUlai  Sp.  postila;  from  L.  post.] 

1.  A  marginal  note  ;  originally,  a  note  in  the  mar- 
gin of  the  Bible,  so  called  because  written  after  the 
le.\l.  Encyc. 

2.  In  the  Roman  CaUwUc  and  Lutheran  churches,  a 
homily  to  be  read  in  public  by  clergymen  who  are 
incompetent  to  teach.  The  first  postHs  were  com- 
posed by  order  of  Cliarleniagne.  Luther  also  wrote 
postils.  The  books  of  homilies  in  the  English  church 
were  postils  imdcr  another  name.  Murdoch. 

POS'TIL,  V.  t.     [li.  postillare.] 

To  write  marginal  notes;  lo  gloss;   to  illustrate 

with  marginal  notes.  Bacon. 

POS'TIL-Elt,;*;?.     Illustrated  with  marginal  notes. 
POS'TIL-ER,  71.    One  \vho  writes  marginal   notes ; 

one  who  illustrates  the  text  of  a  book  by  notes  in  the 

margin. 
POS'TIL-INGr,  ppr.    Writing  in  marginal  notes. 
POS'TIL-LaTE,  v.  i.  or  (.    Fonnerly,  to  preach  by 

expounding    Scripture,  verse  by  verse,  in    regular 

order. 
POS-TIL-La'TION,  n.      Exposition  of  Scripture  in 

preaching. 
POS'TIL-La-TOR,  n.    One  wlio  expounds  Scripture, 

verse  by  verse.  Henry,  lint. 

PoS-TlLL'ION,  (pas-til'yuu,)    n.      [Fr.   postilion,    a 

post-boy,  from  poste.] 
One  that  rides  and  guides  the  first  pair  of  horses  in 

a  coach  or  other  carriage  ;  also,  one  '"if  rides  one  of 

the  horses,  when  one  pair  only  is  ;,.>v.;,  cither  in  a 

coach  or  post-chaise. 
PoST'ING,  ppr.    Setting  up  on  a  post;  exposing  the 

name  or  character  to  reproach  by  public  advertise- 
ment. 

2.  Placing  :  stationing. 

3.  Transferring  accounts  to  a  ledger. 

4.  Traveling  with  post-horses. 

POST'ING,  71.  The  transferring  of  accounts  to  a 
ledger. 

2,  Tlie  traveling  post,  or  with  post-horses. 
POS'TIQ,UE,  7J.    An  ornament  of  sculpture  supemdded 

after  the  original  design  has  been  completed. 

PoST-LI-.MlN'I-AR,    \    a.       [See     Postliminium.] 

POST-LI-iVIN'I-OUS,  j  Contrived,  done,  or  existing 
subsequently  :  as,  a  postliminious  application. 

PoST-LI-iMIN'I-UiVI,  (  71.     [L.  post,  after,  and  limcn, 

POST-LIM'I-NY,        i      end,  limit.] 

Postliminium,  among  the  Rinnans,  was  the  return 
of  a  person  to  his  own  counti-y  who  had  gone  to  so- 
journ in  a  foreign  country,  or  had  been  banished  or 
taken  by  an  enemy. 

In  Me  modem  law  of  nations,  the  right  of  postliminy 
is  that  by  virtue  of  which  persons  and  things,  taken 
by  an  enemy  in  war,  are  restored  to  their  former 
state,  when  coming  again  under  the  power  of  tlie 
nation  to  which  they  belonged.  The  sovereign  of  a 
country  is  bound  to  protect  the  person  and  the  prop- 
erty of  hi^'  subjects  ;  and  a  subject  who  has  suffered 
the  loss  of  his  property  by  the  violence  of  war,  on 
being  restored  to  liis  country,  can  claim  to  be  reestab- 
lished ill  all  his  rights,  and  to  recover  his  property. 
But  this  right  does  not  extend,  in  all  cases,  to  person- 
al effects  or  movables,  on  account  of  the  difliculty  uf 
ascertaining  their  identity.       Vuttel.     Du  Ponceau. 

PoST'M  AN,  71.    A  post  or  courier  ;  a  letter-carrier. 

Granger. 

POST'MARK,  n.  The  mark  or  stamp  of  a  post-oflico 
on  a  letter. 

PoST'iM.\RK,  V.  t.  To  affix  the  stamp  or  mark  of  the 
post-office,  as  lo  letters,  &c. 

POST'MAS-TER,  71.  The  officer  w^ho  has  the  super- 
intendence and  dirp.ction  of  a  post-office. 

9.  On  titc  continent  of  Europe,  one  who  provides 
posl-horses. 

3.  In  Jlerton  College,  Oxford,  the  scholars  who 
are  supported  on  the  foundation  are  called  Post- 
masters or  PoBTjoMsTS,  (Portionistii:.)      Or/.  Guide. 

Postmaster-general  is  the  chief  ofiicer  of  the  post- 
office  department,  whose  duly  is  to  make  contracts 
for  the  conveyance  of  the  public  mails  and  see  that 
they  are  executed,  and  who  receives  the  moneys 
arising  from  the  postage  of  letters,  pays  the  expenses, 
keeps  tlie  accounts  of  the  oflice,  and  superintends  the 
whole  department. 

POST-iME-RID'1-AN,  a,  [L.  postmeridianus.  See 
]Mekidian.] 

Being  or  belonging  to  the  afternoon ;  as  posbneridi- 
an  sleep.  Bacon. 

POST-JiIOR'TEJ\T,  after  death.  A  post-mortem  ex- 
amination of  a  body  is  one  made  after  the  dear!)  of 
the  patient. 

POST'NATE,  a.     [L.  post,  after,  and  natusj  born.] 
Subsequent.     [Little  used.]  Tayhr. 

POST'-NOTE,  n.  [post  and  vote.]  In  commrrrr.  a 
promissory  note  issued  by  a  bank,  and  made  payable 
to  order  at  some  /liture  "specified  time;  whence  its 
name  post-no\e. 

P5ST-N[JP'TL'\L,(-shal,)  a.  [post  and  nuptial.]  Be- 
ing or  happening  after  marriage;  as,  a  postmiptial 
settlement  on  a  wife.  Kent. 

POST-OB'IT,  71.     [L.  post  and  ohitus.] 


FATE,  F;<H,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MeTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE.  WQLF,  BOOK. - 

m 


^1 


POS 

1.  A  bond  in  which  the  obligor,  in  consideration  of 
having  received  a  certain  sum  of  money,  binds  him- 
self to  pay  a  hirger  sum,  on  unusual  nilerust,  on  the 
death  of  some  specified  individual  from  wliom  he  has 
expL'Ctatioiis.  Buuvier. 

2.  Pu^t'vhU  is  used  by  physicians  precisely  like 
poat.-mortem. 

P6ST'-0F-FICE,  71.  An  otfice  or  house  where  letters 
are  received  for  delivery  to  the  persons  to  whom 
they  are  oddressed,  or  to  be  transmitted  to  other 
places  in  the  pubUc  mails. 

rOST'-PAlD,  a.  Having  the  postage  paid,  as  a 
letter. 

rOST-roNE'j  V.  t.  [L.  postpono ;  post^  after,  and  pom, 
to  put.] 

1.  To  put  off*;  to  defer  to  a  future  or  later  time  ; 
to  delay  ;  as,  to  postpone  the  consideration  of  a  hill 
or  question  to  the  allernoon,  or  to  the  following 
day. 

2.  To  set  below  something  else  in  value  or  impor- 
tance. 

All  uther  coosideiulious  should  give  way  aiid  be  postponed  to 
tliis.  Locke. 

Po?T-PoX'£D,  pp.  Delayed;  deferred  to  a  future 
time  ;  set  below  in  value. 

PoST-PoNK'MENT,  n.  The  act  of  deferring  to  a 
future  time  ;  temporary  delay  of  business. 

T.  Pickering.     Kent. 

PoST-PoX'ENCE,  n.    Dislike.     [JVot  in  use.] 

Johnson. 

PoST-PoX'ER,  iu    One  who  postpones. 

PoST-PoX'IN(i,  ppr.    Deferring  to  a  future  time. 

PGST-PO-*I"TrON,  C-zish'un,)  n.    [post  and  position.'] 
The  state  of  being  put  back  or  out  of  the  regular 
place.  Mede. 

PoST-POS'I-TIVE,  a.  Placed  after  something  else, 
as  a  word. 

PoST-RE  iMoTE',  a.  {post  and  remote.]  Blore  re- 
mote in  subsrquent  time  or  order.  Darwin. 

PoST-?Ck'XI-UM,  n.    The  back  part  of  tlie  stage. 

PoST'SCRIPT,  11.  [L.  post,  after,  and  scriptam^  writ- 
ten.] 

A  paragraph  added  to  a  letter  after  it  is  concluded 
and  signed  by  the  writer ;  or  any  addition  made  to  a 
book  or  composition  alter  it  had  been  supposed  to  be 
tinished,  containing  something  omitted,  or  something 
new  occurring  to  the  writer.  Locke.    Addison. 

PoST^SCRIPT-ED,  a.    Added  in  a  postscript. 

J.  Q.  Jidams. 

roST'-TOWN,  n.    A  town  in  which  a  post-office  is 

established  by  law. 
2.  A  town  in  which  post-horses  are  kept. 
POST'l^-LANT,  n.      [See   Postulate.]      One  who 

ni;ikes  a  request  or  demand. 
POST'U-LATE,  71.     [L.  postulatum,  from  postulo,  to 

demand,  from  the  root  of  ;ifli-co,  to  ask  or  demand. 

The  sense  is,  to  urge  or  push.] 

1.  A  position  or  supposition  assumed  without 
proof,  or  one  which  is  considered  as  self-evident,  or 
too  plain  to  require  illustration.  Encijc. 

9.  In  mathematics,  a  self-evident  problem,  answer- 
ing to  axiom,  which  is  a  self-evident  theorem. 

Olmsted. 
POST'lI-LATE,  V.  t.     [Supra.]     To  beg  or  assume 
without  proof.     [Little  used.]  Brown. 

2.  To  invite  ;  to  solicit;  to  require  by  entreaty. 

Burnet. 

3.  To  assume  ;  to  take  without  positive  consent. 

The  Eyzaniine  emperors  app*?ar  to  have  exercised,  or  at  least  to 
have  poslulaUit,  a.  sort  of  paraiiiounl  supremacy  ov^r  tliis 
nilimi.  Tboke. 

POST'U-La-TED,  pp.  Assumed  without  proof;  in- 
vited. 

VOST' \l-hA-TING,  ppr.  Assuming;  inviting;  solic- 
iting. 

POST-^-La'TIGN,  n.     [U  postulutio.] 

1.  The  act  of  supposmg  without  proof;  gratuitous 
assumption.  Hale. 

2.  Supplication;  intercession  ;  also,  suit;  cause. 

Pearson.     Burttct. 
POST'IJ-LA-TO-RV,  a.    Assuming  without  prt>of. 

2.  Assumed  without  proof.  Brown. 

POST-U-La'TLTM,  71.     [L.]     A  postulate,  which  see. 

Addison, 
POS'TTTRE,  71.     [Fr.,  from  L.  positura ;  pono,  positv,^.] 

1.  In  painting  and  sculpture,  attitude  ;  the  situation 
of  a  (ignre  vvilii  rccard  to  th*^  eye,  and  of  the  several 
principal  meinbers  with  regard  to  each  other,  by 
which  action  is  e.\presst-d.  Postures  sliuuld  be  ac- 
commodated to  the  character  of  the  figure,  and  the 
posture  of  each  membtT  to  its  othcc.  Postures  are 
natural  or  artificial.  JVatural  postures  are  such  as 
our  ordinary  actions  and  the  occasions  of  life  lead 
us  to  exhibit ;  artijiciul  postures  are  stn  h  as  are  as- 
sum-d  or  learnt  for  particular  purposes,  or  in  partic- 
ular occupations,  as  in  dancin;^,  fencing,  fcc. 

Addison      F.ncyc. 

2.  Situation  ;  condition  ;  particular  state  with  re- 
gard to  something  else  ;  as,  the  posture  of  public  af- 
fairs before  or  after  a  war. 

3.  Situation  of  the  body ;  as,  an  a.h}ect  posture. 

Miltoa. 

4.  State ;  condition.  The  fori  is  in  a  posture  of 
defense. 


POT 


POT 


1 


5.  The  siiuai..,ji  or  dipposilion  of  the  scvcril  parls 
of  the  body  with  respi(  i  to  each  other,  or  with  re- 
spect to  a  particular  pmp.He. 

t^L-CUU 

Mill  cyps  njjaiiist  [li«  moon  in  ri:o4t  iir.xtt^r  potturea.        .VliaJc. 
The  posture  ol  .1  p-joiic  n^-irc  It  .\  dc^np-Joii  of  llw  licrty;.  in  the 
pcrfurniaiicj;  of  sucli  or  siicii  an  aciiou.  Pryd^n. 

G.  Disposition  j  frame  ;  as,  the  posture  of  the  soul. 
_^  Bailey. 

POS'TIJRE,  V.  (.  To  place  in  a  particular  manner;  to 
dispose  the  parts  of  a  body  fur  a  particular  purpose. 

He  was  raw  with  posturing  hiiiuc-lf  according  to  Uw  directi&Q 
of  tlio  chirurgcoii*.  Brook. 

POS'TUR-KD,  jr/).    Placed  in  a  particular  manner. 

POS'TlIRE-MAa-TBR,  u.  One  that  leaches  or  prac- 
tices arlificial  postures  of  the  bmly.  Spectator. 

POS'TyR-IN<J,  ppr.  Disposiug  iho  jiai-la  ol  the  body 
for  a  particular  purpose. 

PO'SY,  n.  [Uu.  poesy  ;  or  a  collection,  a  cluster,  from 
the  W.  posiaw,  to  collect.    See  Posk.] 

1.  A  motto  inscribed  on  a  ring,  iScc.         Addison. 

2.  A  bunch  of  (lowers.  Spenser. 
POT,  n.     [Fr.  pot;   Arm.  pad;   Ir.  pota  ;  Sw.  poUa  ; 

Dan.  pottc ;  W.  pot,  a  pot,  and  potd,  a  bottle  ;  poten,  a 
puddmg,  the  paunch,  something  bulging ;  D.  pot,  a 
pot,  a  stake,  a  hoard  ;  pottcn,  to  hoard.] 

1.  A  vessel  more  deep  than  broad,  made  of  earth, 
or  iron,  or  other  metal,  used  for  several  domestic  pur- 
poses ,  as,  an  iron  pot  for  boiling  meat  or  vegi-tables  ; 
a  ;j«(  for  holding  liquors  ;  a  cup  ;  as,  a  ;^tjr  of  ale  ;  an 
earthen  pot  for  plants,  called  a  Jlowsr-pot,  itc. 

2.  The  quantity  contained  in  a  pot;  as,  a  pot  of 
ale,  i.  e.,  a  quart. 

3.  A  sort  of  paper  of  small-sized  sheets. 

To  (to  to  pot:  to  be  destroyed,  ruiued,  wasted,  or 
expended.     [A  lorn  phrase.] 
POT,  V.  t.    To  preserve  seasoned  in  pots ;  as,  potted 
fowl  and  fish.  Drydcn. 

2.  To  inclose  or  cover  in  pots  of  earth.  Mortimer. 

3.  To  put  in  casks  for  draining :  as,  to  pot  sugar, 
by  taking  it  from  the  cooler  and  placing  it  in  hogs- 
heads with  perforated  heads,  from  wliich  the  molas- 
ses percolates  through  the  spongy  stalk  of  a  plantain 
leaf.  KdicariLi,  JV.  Indies. 

PO'TA-BLE,  a.  [Fr. ;  Low  L.  potabilts;  It.  poiafnlc: 
from  h.  poto,  to  drink  ;  potus,  drjnk,  Gr.  rorui,  from 
TTiicij,  Tto^jai,  to  drink.] 

Drinkable ;  that  may  be  drank ;  as,  water  fresh 
and  potable.  Bacon. 

Rivers  run  jHilable  guld.  MUton. 

PO'TA-BLE,  n.    Something  that  may  be  drank. 

Philips. 

PO'TA-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  drink- 
able. 

POT'ACE,  71.     See  Pottage. 

P0T'A-6ER,  n.     [from  potuyc]     A  porringer.  Grew. 

PO-TAG'UO,  (  71.     A  kind  of  pickle  imported  from  the 

PO-TAR'GO,  i      West  Indies.  Km^r. 

POT'aLE,  k.  [pot  and  ale]  A  name  in  some  places 
given  to  the  refuse  from  a  grain  distillery,  used  to 
fatten  swine. 

P0T-A-M0L'0-<5Y,  ti.     [Gr.   Tora/io?,  a  river,   and 
A«)  -5,  discourse.] 
A  treatise  on  rivers. 

Po'TAXCE,  7f.  Willi  icntchmakcrs,  the  stud  in  which 
the  lower  pivot  of  the  verge  is  placed.  Ash.     Scott. 

POT'ASJi,  ».  [pot  and  ashes;  D.  potasch  i  G.  pottas- 
ehe  ;  Dan.  potaske  ;  Fr.  potasse.] 

The  popular  name  of  tiie  vegetable  fixed  alkali  in 
an  impure  state,  procured  from  the  ashes  of  plants 
by  lixivialion  and  evaporation.  The  matter  remain- 
ing after  evaiionition  is  refined  in  a  crucible  or  fur- 
nace, and  the  extractive  substance  burnt  off  or  dis- 
sipated. Potash  refined  by  heat  is  called  Pkarlash. 
The  plants  which  yield  the  greatest  quantity  of  pot- 
ash are  wormwood  and  fumitory. 

Kir7cau.    JVidiolson.     Encyc. 
By  the  discoveries  of  Sir  H.  Davy,  it  appears  that 
the  essential  part  of  potash  is  a  metallic  oxyd  ;  the 
metal  is  called  Potassium,  and  the  alkali,  in  books 
of  science,  is  called  Potassa. 

PO-TAS'SA,  n.  The  scientific  name  of  pure  potash 
or  protoxyd  of  potassium. 

PO-T/\S'SI-UM,  ?(.  The  metallic  basis  of  pure  potash. 
Acrurding  to  Dr.  Davy,  100  parts  of  potassa  consist 
of  66.1  parts  of  the  basis,  and  13.9  of  oxygen. 

Med.  Repos. 
Potassium  has  the  most  powerful  affinity  for  oxy- 
gen of  all  substances  known  ;  it  takes  it  from  evrr\- 
other  compound,  and   hence  is  a   most  important 
agent  in  chemical  analysis. 

PO-T.\'TION,  n.     [L.  potntio.     See  Potable.] 

1.  A  drinking  or  drinking  bout. 

2.  A  draught.  ^ak. 

3.  A  species  of  drink.  ^  Skak. 
PO-TA'Tti,  n.     [Ind.  batatas.] 

A  plant  and  the  esculent  part  of  the  root  of  the 
Solanum  tuberosum,  a  native  of  S<.uth  America. 
The  tuberous  [lart  of  the  root  of  Ibis  plant,  which 
is  usually  called  potato,  constitutes  one  of  the  cheap- 
est and  must  nourishing  species  of  vegetable  food  ; 
it  is  the  principal  food  of  the  poor  in  some  countries, 
and  has  often  contributed  to  prevent  famine.     It  was 


introduced  into  the  British  domJiiioru  b>'  Sir  V.     ■ 

Ralegh  or  other  advenlur-'    ■'  ■'■    '■  ■'■  -  ■■ 

il  came  nlowly  iiit/j  Ub:. 

cuhivated  and  ubed  in  ~ 

the  British  dominioa*  rtl.^.  ...    -.     .  .   .  -  .  . 

lias  proved  one  of  the  greatwl  tiicwUij*  bc«i'... 

man  by  the  Creator. 
PO'TA-TO-RY,  a.    PcrUining  lo  drinkim  ; -.    , 

torij  iKjwer 
PO'J''-BEL-LI-£rD,  a.    Having  a  pwmiatat  Ik-: 
POT'-BEL-LY,  n.    A  prolubtrar.'  •    ' 
POT'-BOY,  n.    A  menial  in  a  w- 
POTCH,  V.  t,     [Fr.  pocher,  Eng.  ■ 

1.  To  thruift ;  to  push.     f-V*,{  ^  ■   . 
3.  To  poach  ;  to  boil  kligJuily.    [A'ui  - 

POT-CO.M-PA.N'ION,  n.     An  a--". - 

in  drinking;  applied  ^(nuraily  r 
PO-TEEX',  n.    Irihih  whiskey. 
PO'TE-LOT,  a.     [Uu.  G.  pi^ul 

lead.] 
The  Hulphurct  of  molybdem.: 
PO'TENCE,  n.    [Fr.l     Id  her^ 

ends  resemble  the  fiead  of  a  ' 

Cbosb  Potence. 
PO'TEiX-CY,  n.      [L.  potatia,  u , 

posse.     See  Power.] 

1.  Power;  physical  power,  eocrg}',  or  l'.' 
strength.  .> 

2.  Moral  power ;  influence ;  authority. 

Nov  ^nifoif 
At  place  of  poUnoj  acd  gvtj  o'  lb'  HMe. 
PC'TENT,  a.     [h.  potent.] 

1.  Powerful;   physically  strong;  fortt*!" 
cious ;  as,  a  potent  medicine. 

Moiesonc«  more  U*  poUni  ivJ  txieodi. 

2.  Powerful,  in  a  moral  sense;  bav;i  ^  _ 
ence  ;  aa^j'otciU  interest ;  ^potent  areuui<;iiU 

JTetuy  il/  Piet^. 

3.  Having  great  authority,  control,  or  domito  n  : 
as,  a  potent  prince.  >    . 

PO'TENT,  71.    Aprinco;  a  potentate.    [AV  i .  - 

9.  A  walkin^-stafl"  or  ciulch-  [Xot 
PO'TENT-A-CY,  H.    Sovereignty.    [.\ 

PO'TENT-ATE,  ju    [Ff.  potmUU;  II.  ; 

A  person  who  possesses  great  pow  •  i 

prince  ;  a  sovereign ;  an  emperor.  kii_  _  i, 

Exalltnj  him  not  only  aborc  tiiUii .  iiiu,  t»« 

above  Uie  high^^l  of  t^ic  ccIol^.  &y^. 

PO-TEN'TIAL,  (-sha!,)  a,     [h.  p.: r.. ........ 

1.  Having  power  to  impress  on  us  the  ideaa  of  cer 
tain  qualities,  though  the  qualities  are  not  inherent 
in  the  thing;  as,  potential  heat  orcoM,  .»--  -. 

2.  Existing  iu  |>ossibility,  not  in  aci. 

This  poUntiai  anil  iaia^naiy  nuiciia  piina,  . 

out  form.  ji  -t(  ., 

3.  Efficacious  ;  powerful.     [-Yb(  in  use.]       Skak. 
Potential  eautery^  in  surgerVy  is  the  destniction  of 

vitality,  anit  the  production  of  an  eschar  in  any  part 
of  the  body  by  an  alkaline  or  metallic  sciit,  ic.  in- 
stead of  a  rcd-hol  iron,  the  use  of  which  u  caJImI 
actual  cautery.  _K»fyc 

Potential  mode,  in  s^ammar,  is  thai  form  of  the  verb 
which  is  used  to  express  the  power,  possibihty,  lib 
erty,  or  necessity,  of  an  action  or  of  bemr  ;  -"»•    - 
(To';  he  can  trrite.     This,  in  Enclish,  is  iwl  < 
distinct  mode,  kul  Uie  indicative  or  declarati\ 
atlirining  the  power  to  act,  instead  of  the  act  iLm  ii.    i 
77i(ii/  ffo,  or  can  go,  are  equivalent  lo,  I  hart  foictr  to 

(TO, 

PO-'I'EN'TFAL,  TI.    Any  thing  that  may  be  possible. 

Bacon, 
PO  TEN  TIAL'I-TY,  «.    Possibilily  :  nol  actuality. 
Taller.     Baalrif. 
PO-TEN'TI.\L-LY.  adc.    In  possibiliiy ;  nol  in  aci; 
not  positively. 

This  duration  of  imnun  uol*  it  oulr  noCrrCa^.'y  In^oh^. 

2.  In  efficacy,  not  in  actuality ;  as,  potextiaUy  cold. 

Bcylr. 
Po'TE.VT-LY,  adt.    Powerfully  j  with  great  force  or 
encrgj-. 

You  are  jwfml^  opposed. 

PO'TEXT-NESS,  n.    Powerfulness ;  strength ;  mighu 

[Little  used.] 
PO-TES'T.VTIVE,  a.    [from  L.  potesUs.] 

.\ulhoriIative.     [.Vol  used.]  Peartam. 

POT'GUN,  for  PopoL'.s.     [AVr  used.]  Srifi. 

POT'-HANG-ER,  n.     [pot  and  han:,'er.]     A  pol-huok. 
POTII'F.  CA-RY;  contracted  from  Apothecabt,  and 

vorv  vulgar.     [See  the  latter  ) 
POTH'ER,  n.      [This  woni  is  nilgariy  prononnrrd 

butktr.    Iu  origin  and  affinities  an-  not  ascerwined.] 
1.  Bustle;  confusion:  tumuli ;  Ilulter.    [Z-cr-l 

i  A  suffocating  cloud.  Or«f./>*. 

POTH'ER,  r.  i.    To  make  a  blustering,  metTcclual  ef- 
fort ;  to  make  a  stir. 
POTH'EK,  t;.  t.    To  hartiss  and  perplex  ;  lo  puEiIe. 
*  LtKit. 


shck. 


TONE,  BJJLL,  UNITE AN"GER,  V1"C10US.— C  as  K  ;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


651 


POU 

rOT'-HERB,  H.  A  iciin  iippHpd  to  herbs  which  are 
atliled  to  soups,  £te\vs,  and  various  dishcj-jto  increase 
their  nutritious  qualities,  or  to  give  them  flavor,  as 
parsley,  &c.  ICncyc.  of  Dom.  Econ, 

POTH'KR-i-JD,  pp.     Harassed  and  perploxed. 

POTH'ER-IXG,  ppr.     Perplexing;  puzzling. 

rOT'-HOOK,  n.  A  hook  on  which  pots  and  kettles 
are  hum;  over  the  fire. 

2.  A  letter  or  character  like  a  pot-liook  ;  nscrawleil 
letter.  Dnfdcn. 

POT'-HOUSE,  n.    An  ale-house.  JVarton. 

PO'TIOX,  w.     [Fr.,  from  I.,  potio;  poto,  tn  drink.] 
A  draught ;  usually,  a  liquid  medicine  ;  a  dose. 
Bacon.     Jllilton, 

POT'-LID,  71.    The  lid  or  cover  of  a  pot.     Dcrkam. 

POT'LUCK,  71.    What  may  chance  to  be  provided  for 

PO'J''-MAN,  n.    A  pot-companion.  [dinner. 

rOT'-MET-.'jr>,  7J.  .\  name  vulgarly  given  lo  the 
metal  from  wliicli  iron  pots  arc  made,  from  an  erro- 
neous idea  that  it  is  something  ditfercnt  from  com- 
mon pig  iron.  IVilcox. 

rOT'.SHERD,  ;  n.     [pot  and  Sax.  sceard^  a  fragment, 

POT'SH.aRE,  \      from  scearan^  to  shear  ;  D.  potscherf; 
G.  schrrbe.] 
A  piece  or  fragment  of  a  broken  pot.    Job  ii. 

POT'SToNE,  71.  ~  Potstone  is  a  variety  of  steatite, 
sometimes  manufactured  into  culinary  vessels. 

Cleavcland.     Brande. 

P0T'TA6E,  n.  [from  pot ;  Fr.  id. ;  It.  potafr^o ,-  Port. 
potatrem  ;  W.  potes ;  Arm.  podaich.  The  early  orthog- 
raphy PoTAGE  wouhi  be  preferable.] 

A  species  of  food  made  of  meat  boiled  to  softness 
in  water,  usually  with  some  vegetables  or  sweet 
herbs. 

POT'TED,  pp.  or  a.  Preserved  or  inclosed  in  a  pot ; 
drained  in  a  cask.  Edwards. 

POT'TER,  71.  [from  pot.]  One  whose  occupation  is 
to  make  earthen  vessels.  Drydcii.    Mortimer. 

POT'TER.    See  ProDER. 

POT'TERX-ORE,  n.  A  species  of  ore,  which,  from 
its  aptness  to  vitrify  like  the  glazing  of  potter's  ware, 
the  miners  call  bv  this  name.  Boyle. 

POT'TER'S-CLaV,  7r.  A  varietv  of  clay  used  by  pot- 
ters. 

POT'TER-Y,  n.     [Fr.  poterie  ;  from  pot.] 

1.  The  vessels  or  ware  made  by  potters;  earthen 
ware,  glaxed  and  baked.    ^ 

2.  The  place  wiiere  earthen  vessels  are  manufac- 
tured. 

POT'TING,  71.     [from  put.]    Drinking  ;  tippling.  Sh/ik. 

2.  A  placing  or  preserving  in  a  pot. 

3.  In  the  fVest  Indies,  the  process  of  putting  sugar 
in  casks  for  draining.  Edwards. 

POT'TING,  ppr.      Placing  or  preserving   in  a  pot ; 

draining,  as  above;  drinking. 
POT'TLE;  71.     [VV.  potd,  a  bottle  ;  from  pot.] 
1.  A  lifpiid  measure  of  four  pints. 
9.  A  vessel ;  a  pot  or  tankard. 
3.  More  commonhj  now,  a  vessel  or  small  basket  for 
holding  fruit.  Smart. 

P0'1''U-LENT,  a.     [L.  potnlcntVLS.] 

1.  Xearly  drunk  ;  rather  tipsy. 

2.  Fit  to  drink. 

I'OT-VAL'IANT,  a.  [pot  and  valiant.]  Counigeous 
over  the  cup  ;  heated  to  valor  by  strong  drink. 

.Addison. 

S'OT-WAL'LOP-ER,  n.  A  term  applied  to  voters,  in 
certain  boroughs  in  England,  \^here  all  who  boil  (wal- 
lop) a  pot  are  entitled  lo  vote.  Encyc.  Jim. 

rOT-WAL'LOP-ING,  a.  A  term  applied  to  certain 
boroughs  in  England,  where  all  who  boiled  a  pot 
were  entitled  to  vote. 

POUCH,  71.  [Fr.  poc/ie,  a  pocket  or  hag,  a  purse-net, 
the  paunch  ;  Ir.  pucan  :  G.  bauch,  D.  bnik,  Sw.  buk, 
Dan.  ftiig",  the  belly,  from  biilginir  and  extending.] 

1.  A  small  bag ;  usually  a  leathern  bag  to  be  car- 
ried in  tiie  pocket.  Swift. 

2,  A  protuberant  belly. 

:J.  The  bag  or  sack  of  a  bird,  as  that  of  the  peli- 
can. 
POUCH,  V.  t.    To  pocket  ;  to  save.  Tasser. 

2.  To  swallow  ;  used  of  fowls,  whose  crop  is  called 
in  French  poche.  Derham. 

3.  To  pout.     [.Vol  used.]  Ainswortlu 
POUCH'ED,  (poucht,)  pp.     Pocketed  ;  swallowed. 
POUCH'IXG,  p/»r.    Pocketing;  saving;  swallowing. 
POUCH'-MOUTH-ED,  a.  Blubber-lipped.  [JVo(  used.] 

Ainsworlh. 

POU-CHOXG',  (poo-shong',)  n.    A  kind  of  black  tea. 

POU-DRETTE',  71.  [Fr.]  A  ver>' powerful  manure, 
made  from  the  contents  of  necessaries  dried  and 
mixed  with  charcoal,  gypsum,  &:c.  Gardner. 

PoUL'-Da-VIS,  71.    A  sort  of  sail-cloth.     \J^ot  uscd.^ 

D^iTTP      «..  D-...  [Answorth. 


POULE.     See  Pool. 


POULP,  71.     [Ft.  poulpe.] 

The  English  name  of  an  eight-footed  dibranchiate 
cephalopod,  the  octopus,  nearly  allied  to  tlie  sepia,  or 
common  cuttle  fish.  Kirby. 

P6ULT,  71,     [Fr.  pouleU    See  Poultry.] 

A  young  chicken,  partridge,  &c.     [Little  used.] 
_  King. 

PoUL'TER-ER,  71.     [Norm,  poltairc.     See  Poultry.] 
1.  One  who  makes  it  his  business  to  sell  fowls  for 
the  table. 


POU 

2.  Kormerlii,  in  England,  an  ollicer  of  the  king's 
hoi(«';liold  who  had  the  charge  of  the  poultr)'. 
^nakspeare  uses  Poulteh. 
POUL'TICE,  7(.     [It.  j»o/fa,  pap,  L.  puis,  pultis,  Gr. 

Tfl^T(JJ.] 

A  cataplasm  ;  a  soft  composition  of  meal,  bran,  or 
the  like  substance,  to  be  applied  lo  sores,  inflamed 
pails  of  the  body,  &.c.  Bacon. 

PoUL'TICE.  7'.  (.    To  cover  with  a  cataplasm. 

POUL'TIC-A'D,  (pol'tist,)  pp.  Covered  with  a  cata- 
plasm or  poultice. 

PoUL'TIC-IX'G,  ppr.    Covering  with  a  poultice. 

PoUL'TIVE,  for  Poultice,  is  not  used.         Temple. 

POULT'RY,  71.  [from  Fr.  pojiUj  ti  hen,  dim.  pouleti 
It.  polio,  a  chicken  ;  poUame,  poultry  ;  Sp.  polla  ;  E. 
puUus,  a  chicken,  or  other  young  animal ;  allied  to 
Eng.  foal ;  W.  cbawl,  ebolcs,  a  filly  or  colt ;  It.  pollarc, 
to  sprout,  L.  pullulo.] 

Domestic  fowls  which  are  propagated  and  fed  for 
the  table,  and  for  their  eggs,  feathers,  &c.,  such  as 
cocks  and  hens,  capons,  turkeys,  ducks,  and  geese. 

PoULT'RY-YAUD,  n.  A  yard  or  place  where  fowls 
are  kept  for  the  use  of  the  table. 

POUNCE,  (pouns,)  n.  [Fr.  pierre-ponce,  pumice-stone  ; 
poncer,  to  rub  with  pumice-stone ;  Arm.  maen-puncz, 
pumice-stone.] 

1.  A  fine  powder  used  to  prevent  ink  from  spread- 
ing on  paper,  as  sandarach  pulverized. 

2.  Charcoal  dust  inclosed  in  some  open  st^if,  as 
muslin,  iScc,  to  be  passed  over  holes  pricked  in  the 
work,  to  mark  tlie  lines  or  designs  on  a  paper  under- 
neath. This  kind  of  pounce  is  used  by  embroiderers 
to  transfer  their  patterns  upon  their  "stulfs,  also  by 
lace-makers,  and  sometimes  by  engravers.  It  is  also 
used  in  varnishing.  Cyc. 

3.  Cloth  worked  in  eyelet-holes.  Todd. 
POUNCE,  V.  t.    To  sprinkle  or  rub  with  pounce. 
POUNCE,  7!.    [This  word  seems  to  be  connected  with 

the  It.  puuzome,  a  bodkin,  a  punch,  a  push,  which  is- 
from  the  L.  pungo,  whence  Sp.  punzar.] 
The  claw  or  talon  of  a  bird  of  prey. 

POUNCE,  V.  i.  To  fall  on  suddenly  ;  lo  fall  on  and 
seize  with  the  claws  ;  with  on  or  upon ;  as,  a  rapa- 
cious bird  pounces  on  a  chicken. 

POUNCE'-BOX,  n.  A  small  box  with  a  perforated 
lid,  used  for  sprinkling  pounce  on  paj)er.         S/cik. 

POUNCED,  (pownst,) /-/J.  or  o.  Furnished  with  claws 
or  talons.  Thomson, 

2.  Sprinkled  with  pounce. 

POUN'CET-BOX,  n.  A  small  box  with  perforations 
on  the  top,  to  hold  perfume  for  smelling. 

Skak.     Toune. 

POUN'CING,  ppr.    Furnishing  with  claws. 

2.  Falling  suddenly  on,  and  seizing  with  the 
claws. 

3.  Sprinkling  with  pounce. 

POUND,  V.  [Sax.  pimrf;  Goth.  Sw.  and  Dan.  7/H7irf  ,• 
D.  pond :  G.  pfujid ;  L.  pondo,  pondus,  weight,  a  pound  ; 
pendo,  to  weigh,  to  bmd.] 

1.  A  standard  weight  consisting  of  twelve  ounces 
troy,  or  sixteen  ounces  avoirdupois..  144 /^ounti^  av- 
oirdupois are  equal  to  175  pounds  troy  weight. 

McCtiUoch. 

2.  A  money  of  account,  consisting  of  twenty  shil- 
lings, the  value  of  which  is  diflerent  in  diilerent 
countries.  The  pound  sterling  is  equivalent  to 
S4.44j*^,  money  of  the  United  States.  In  New 
England  and  Virginia,  the  pound  is  equal  to  S3-33^  ; 
in  Xew  York,  to  $3.50. 

POUND,  31.     [Sax.  pyndan,  pindan,  to  confine.] 

An  inclosure,  erected  by  authority,  in  which  cattle 
or  other  beasts  are  confined  when  taken  in  trespass- 
ing, or  going  at  large  in  violation  of  law  ;  a  pintnld. 

POUND,  i;,  t.    To  confine  in  a  public  giound. 

POUND,  V.  t,  [Sax.  punian  ;  W.  pwniaw,  to  beat  and 
to  load.] 

1.  To  beat ;  to  strike  witli  some  heavy  instrument, 
and  with  repeated  blows,  so  as  to  make  an  impres- 
sion. 

With  cruel  blows  sbe  pounds  her  blubbered  cheela.      Dryden. 

2.  To  comminute  and  pulverize  by  beating;  to 
bruise  or  break  into  fine  parts  by  a  heavy  instru- 
ment ;   as,  to  pound  spice  or  salt. 

Loud  strokes  wiili  pounding  splcc  the  fubric  rend.  Garth. 

POUND'AtJE,  71.  [from  pound.]  A  sum  deducted 
from  a  pound,  or  a  certain  sum  paid  for  each 
pound.  Swift. 

2.  In  England,  a  subsidy  of  12</.  in  the  pound,  for- 
merly granted  to  the  crown  on  all  goods  exported  or 
imported,  and  if  by  aliens,  more.  Blackstone. 

POUND'-BReACH,  71.  The  breaking  of  a  public 
pound  for  releasing  beasts  confined  in  it. 

Blackstone. 
POUND'ED,  pp.  or  a.    Beaten  or  bruised  with  a  heavy 
instrument:  pulverized  or  broken  by  pounding. 
2.  Confined  in  a  pound  ;  impounded. 
POUX'D'ER,  n.  A  pestle;  ihe  instrument  of  pminding. 

2.  A  person  or  thing  denominated  from  a  certain 
number  of  pounds  ;  as,  a  cannon  is  called  a  iwclve- 
ponnder ;  a  person  of  ten  pounds  annual  income  is 
called  a  ten -pounder.  Johnson. 

3.  A  large  pear.  JOrydat. 


POW 

POUND    FdOl.'I.SH.       The   phrase  penny  wise  and 

pound  foolish,  signifies  lu-gligent  in  llie  care  of  large 

sunirj,  but  careful  to  save  small  sums. 
POUXD'IXG,  ppr.    Beating;   bruising;   pulverizing; 

impounding. 
POUND'-KEEP-ER,  71.    One  who  has  the  care  of  a 

pound. 
P^UPaO-TON,  n.     [Fr.  poupce.] 
I         A  puppet,  or  little  baby. 
POU'PICS,  71.    In  cookery,  a  mess  of  victuals  made  of 

veal  steaks  and  slices  of  bacon.  Bailey. 

POUR,  I'.  (.     [\V.  bmrw,  to  cast,  send,  throw,  thrust.] 

1.  To  throw,  as  a  lluid,  in  a  stn^um,  either  out  of  a 
vessel  or  into  it ;  as,  to  pour  water  from  a  pail,  or  out 
of  a  pail ;  lo  pour  wino  into  a  decanter.  Pour  is  ni>- 
propriately,  but  not  exclusively,  applied  to  fluidn,  and 
signifies  merely  to  cast  or  throw,  ami  this  sense  is 
modified  by  out,  from.,  in,  into,  ai.'anisC,  on,  ti;»o?(,  un- 
der, ei.c.  It  is  applied  not  only  to  liquors,  but  to  mli 
er  fluids,  and  lo  substances  consisting  of  fine  puiii 
cles  ;  as,  to  j'our  a  stream  of  gas  or  air  upon  a  fire  ; 
to  pour  out  sand.  It  expresses  particularly  the  be- 
stowing or  tending  forth  in  copious  abundance. 

1  will  pour  out  iny  »pi.-it  upon  all  flesh.  —  Joel  ii. 
To  pour  oitt  tlusl.  —  Lev.  xiv. 

2.  To  emit ;  to  send  forth  in  a  stream  or  continued 
succession. 

Loiiiloi)  (loth  pour  out  her  ciiizcns.  Sliak. 

3.  To  send  forth  ;  as,  lo  pour  nut  words,  prayers, 
or  sighs  ;  lo  pour  out  the  heart  or  soul.     Ps.  Ixii. 

4.  To  throw  in  profusion  or  with  overwhelming 
force. 

I  will  shoilly  pour  out  my  fitry  un  ihce.  —  Ea.'l[.  vii. 

PoUR,  (pore,)  V.  i.  To  flow  ;  to  issue  forth  in  a  stream, 
or  continued  succession  of  parts  ;  to  move  or  rush, 
as  a  curreiit.  Tiie  torrent  pours  down  from  the  moim- 
tain,  or  along  the  steep  descent. 

2.  To  rush  in  a  crowd  or  continued  procession. 

A  ffliaslly  band  cr  giniita, 
All  pouring  down  the  mountiiin,  crowd  the  chore.  Pope. 

PoUR'^D,  pp.    Sent  forth  ;  thrown,  as  a  fluid. 

PoUR'ER,  7i.    One  that  pours. 

PoUR'ING,  pp7:  Sending,  as  a  fluid  ;  driving  in  a 
current  or  continued  stream. 

P5UR'i:.IEU.    See  PtraiEu. 

POUR-PRES'TURE,  n.  [Fr.  pour,  for,  and  pris, 
taken.] 

In  law,  a  wrongful  inclosure  or  encroachment  on 
another's  property.  Encyc.     Cowel. 

POUR'S Ui-VANT.     See  Pursuivant. 

POUR-VEY'ANCE.     See  Purveyance. 

POUSSE  ;  corrupted  from  Pulse,  peas.  Spenser. 

POUT,  V.  A  sea-fish,  of  the  Cod  kind,  about  afoot 
in  length  ;  also  called  ibc  whiting  pout.  It  has  the 
power  of  inflating  a  membrane  which  covers  the 
eyes  and  neighboring  i)arts  of  the  head. 

Partington.     Yarrcll. 
2   A  species  of  bird.  Carcw. 

3.  A  fit  of  sullenness.     [Colloquial.] 

POUT,  V.  i.  [Fr.  bonder;  allied  probably  to  hud,  pud- 
ding, Gr.  .Soraurj,  W.  potcit;  from  the  sen-^p,  jf  bulg- 
ing or  pushing  out.] 

i.  To  thrust  out  the  lips,  as  in  sullenness,  contempt, 
or  displeasure  ;  hence,  to  look  sidlrn.  Shak. 

2   To  shoot  out ;  lo  be  prominent  j  as,  pouting  lips. 

Vrifdai. 
POUT'ING,  p]tr.    Shooting  out,  as  the  lips. 

2.  Looking  sullen. 
POUT'ING,  71,    Childish  sullenness. 
POUT'ING-LY,  adv.    In  a  pouting  or  sullen  manner. 
POV'ER-TY,  71.     [Norm,  pouerti ;   Fr.  pauvrcte ;  It. 
povertd ;  Sp.  and  Port,  pohreia ;  L.  paupcrtas.    See 
Pom  R.J 

1.  Destitution  of  property;  indigence;  want  of 
convenient  means  of  subsistence.  The  consequence 
of  pooerty  is  dependence. 

The  dniiikaril  and  the  glultou  8hu.tl  coioc  to  jMnerly. —  Prov. 
xxiii. 

2.  Barrenness  of  sentiment  or  ornament ;  defect ; 
as,  the  poverty  of  a  composition. 

3.  Want;  defect  of  words  ;  as,  Ihe  77ou«-(i/ of  lan- 
guage. 

POWDER,  71.  [Fr.  poi/rfrc,  contracted  from  pouldrr  . 
Arm.  poultra;  It.  polvere;  Sp.polvo;  I,.pulvis.  The 
G.  has  pudcr,  and  the  D.  pocder,  but  whether  from 
the  same  source  I  know  not.  Pulvis  is  probably  from 
pulso,  pulto,  to  beat.] 

1.  Any  drj'  substance  composed  of  minute  paiti 
cles,  whether  natural  or  artificial ;  -more  gencrallii,  u 
stibstance  comminuted  or  triturated  to  fine  particles. 
Thus  dust  is  the  powder  of  earth  ;  Hour  is  the  po/c-hr 
of  grain.  But  the  word  is  particularly  applied  tn 
substances  reduced  lo  fine  particles  for  medirinul 
purposes. 

9.  A  composition  of  saltpeter,  sulphur,  and  char- 
coal, mixed  and  granulated  ;  gunpowder. 

3.  Hair-powder ;  pulverized  starch. 

Powder  of  .^Igaroth.     See  Aloaroth. 
POWDER,  V.  t.    To  reduce  to  fine  particles  ;  to  com 
minute  ;  to  pulverize  ;  to  triturate  ;  to  pound,  grind, 
or  rub  into  fine  particles. 

2.  To  sprinkle  with  powder;  as,  to  powder  the 
hair. 


.1 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— MeTE,  PREY.— PIXE,  MARINE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.— 

—  -^  ______  __  _ 


POW 

3.  To  sprinkle  with  salt ;  to  corn,  as  ractil.  i 

Bacon. 

POWDER,  V.  i.    To  come  violently.    [Wot  h.«v/.] 

L^EstrantfC. 

POWDER-BOX,  n.  A  box  in  which  hair-powiler  is 
kept.  Oaij. 

POWDER-CART,  ?i.  A  cart  that  carries  powder  and 
shot  for  artillerj'. 

POWDER-CHEST,  n.  A  small  box  or  case  charged 
with  powder,  old  nails,  &c.,  fastened  to  the  side  of  a 
ship,  to  be  discharged  at  an  enemy  attempting  to 
board.  vVdr.  Dirt. 

POWDER-ED,  pp.  or  a.  Reduced  to  powder  j  sprink- 
led with  powder  ;  corned  ;  salted. 

POW^DER-FLXSK,  ii,  A  flask  in  wliich  gunpowder 
is  carried. 

POWDER-HORN,  n.  A  horn  in  whicli  gunpowder 
is  carried  by  sportsmen.  Sicift. 

POWDER-ING,  ppr.  Pnlvcrizing ;  sprinkling  with 
powder:  corning;  salting. 

POWDER-ING-fUB,  «.  A  tub  or  vessel  in  which 
meat  is  cornRd  or  salted. 

2.  The  place  where  an  infected  lecher  is  cured. 

Shak. 
POWDER-MILL,  n.    A  mill  in  wiiich  gunpowder  is 

made.  Arhuihnot. 

POWDER-JUNE,  n.  A  cave  or  hollow  in  which 
powder  is  placed  to  be  fired  at  a  proper  time. 

Rowley. 
POWDER-ROOM,  n.  The  apartment  in  a  ship  where 

gunpowder  is  kept.  Waller. 

POWDER-Y,  a.    Friable  ;  easily  crumbling  to  pieces. 
9.  Dusty  ;  sprinkled  with  powder. 

3.  Resembling  powder. 

POU'DiKE,  n.  A  marsh  or  fen  dike.  [Local.] 
POWER,  n.  [Fr.  ponvoir :  ^otm.  povarc ;  from  the 
root  of  Sp.  and  Port,  poder.  It.  podnre ;  or  rather  the 
same  word  varied  in  orthography.  The  Latin  has 
posse^  possum,  potes,  potentia.  The  primary  sense  of 
the  verb  is,  to  strain,  or  exert  force.] 

I.  In  a  philosophical  sense,  the  faculty  of  doing  or 
performing  any  thing;  the  faculty  of  moving  or  of 
producing  a  change  in  something ;  ability  or  strength. 
A  man  raises  his  hand  by  his  own  poiccry  or  by  potc- 
cr  moves  another  body.  The  exertion  of  pmocr  pro- 
ceeds from  the  will,  and,  in  strictness,  no  being  des- 
titute uf  will  or  intelligence  can  exert  jwwcr.  Pow- 
er in  man  is  active  ot  speculative.  Active  power  isth^t 
which  moves  the  body  ;  speculative  poiccr  is  that  by 
which  we  see,  judge,  remember,  or,  in  general,  by 
which  we  think. 

Pow-er  may  exist  without  exertion.  We  have  poTC- 
ev  to  speak  when  we  are  silent.  Locke.     Reid. 

Power  has  been  distinguished  also  into  active  and 
passive,  tlie  power  of  doing  or  movino-,  and  the  power 
of  receiving  impressions  or  of  suffering.  In  strict- 
T1P5.:,  passive  power  is  an  absurdity  in  terms.  To  say 
that  gold  has  a  power  to  be  melted,  is  improper  lan- 
guage ;  yet  for  wantof  a  more  appropriate  word^pow- 
cr  is  often  used  in  a  passive  sense,  and  is  considered 
as  twofold  ;  viz.,  as  able  to  make,  or  able  to  receive, 
any  change.  Cijc. 

•3.  Force ;  animal  strength ;  as,  the  power  of  the 
arm,  exerted  in  lifting,  throwing,  or  holding. 

3.  Force ;  strength  ;  energj' ;  as,  the  power  of  the 
mind,  of  the  imagination,  of"  the  fancy.  He  has  not 
powers  of  genius  adequate  to  the  work. 

4.  Faculty  of  the  mind,  as  manifested  by  a  partic- 
ular" mode  of  operation  ;  as,  the  power  of  thinking, 
comparing,  and  judging;  the  reasoning  powers 

5.  Ability,  natural  or  moral.  We  say,  a  man  has 
the  power  of  doing  good  ;  his  property  gives  him  the 
patcer  of  relieving  the  di^tressed  ;  or,  he  has  the  pow- 
er to  persuade  others  to  do  good  ;  or,  it  is  not  in  his 
pojcer  to  pay  his  debts.  The  moral  power  of  man  is 
also  his  power  of  judging  or  discerning  in  moral  sub- 
jects. 

6.  In  mechanics,  that  which  produces,  or  tends  to 
produce,  motion.  It  is  opposed  to  the  weight,  or  that 
which  is  acted  upon.  [See  also  ?.Iechanical  Pow- 
ers.] 

7.  In  optics^  the  degree  to  which  a  convex  lens,  or 
concave  mirror,  magnifies.  Olmsted. 

8.  Force.  The  great  poioer  of  the  screw  is  of  ex- 
tensive use  in  compression.  The  power  of  steam  is 
immense. 

9.  That  quality  in  any  natural  body  which  pro- 
duces a  change,  or  makes  an  impression  on  another 
body  ;  as,  the  power  of  medicine  ;  the  poicer  of  heat ; 
the  power  of  sound. 

10.  Force  ;  strength  ;  momentum  ;  as,  the  power 
of  the  wind,  which  propels  a  ship  or  overturns  a 
building. 

II.  Influence;  that  which  may  prove  the  mind: 
as,  the  power  of  arguments  or  of  persaiasion. 

12.  Command  ;  the  right  of  governing,  or  actual 
government ;  dominion  ;  rule ;  sway  ;  authority.  A 
large  portion  of  Asia  is  under  the  power  of  the  Rus- 
sian emperor.  The  power  of  the  British  monarch  is 
limited  by  law.  The  powers  of  government  are  leg- 
islative, executive,  judicial,  and  ministerial. 

Poicer  U  no  bleasiog  in  ilaelf,  but  when  it  is  employed  to  protect 
the  ionooeot.  Swift, 


POZ 

Under  this  sense  may  be  compreliendcd  civil,  |x)- 
lilit:!!,  ecclesiastical,  and  inilitarv  paxer. 

I'i.  A  sovereign,  wliethtr  emperor,  king,  or  gov- 
erning prince,  or  the  legislature  of  a  State  ;  a«,  the 
jroKcr.i-  uf  Euroije  ;  the  great  pommi ;  the  smaller 
powers.  In  this  sense,  the  slate  or  nation  governed 
seems  to  be  included  in  the  word  pmccr.  Great 
Britain  is  a  great  naval  power. 

14.  One  invested  with  authority  ;  a  ruler  ;  a  civil 
magistrate.     Rom.  xiii. 

15.  Divinity  ;  a  celestial  or  invisible  being  or  agent 
supposed  to  have  dominion  over  some  part  of  crea- 
tion ;  as,  celestial  powers  ,-  the  powers  of  darkness. 

16.  That  which  has  physical  power;  an  army;  a 
navy ;  a  host ;  a  military  force. 

N. 


PliA 


T  auch  a  power  — 
Was  levied  iu  the  Iwdy  of  a  l;»nd. 


Shak. 


17.  Legal  authority ;  warrant ;  as,  a  power  of  at- 
torney ;  an  agent  invt^sted  with  ample  power.  The 
envoy  has  full  powers  to  negotiate  a  treaty. 

18.  In  arithmetic  and  r.l^cbra,  the  product  arising 
from  the  multipHr:ition  of  a  number  into  itself;  as, 
a  cube  is  the  third  power ;  the  biquadrate  is  the  fourth 
power.  Any  number  is  called  the  frst  power  o{  it- 
self.  HuUon 

19.  In  iScripture,  right ;  privilege.  .John  i.  1 
Cor.  ix. 

20.  Angels,  good  or  bad.     Col.  i.    Epk.  vi. 

21.  Violence  ;  force  ;  compulsior..    Ezelc.  iv. 

22.  Clirist  is  called  the  p.Kssr  of  Qod,  as  through 
him  and  his  gospel,  God  displays  hia  power  and  au- 
thority iu  ransoming  and  saving  6:n:'.ers.    1  Cor.  i. 

23.  The  poiDcrs  of  heaven  may  doiiote  the  celestial 
luminaries.    JiTatt.  xsiv. 

24.  Satan  is  said  to  have  the  power  of  death,  as  he 
introduced  sin,  the  causeof  death,  temporal  and  eter- 
nal, and  torments  men  with  the  fear  of  death  and  fu- 
ture misery. 

2r>.  In  vulgar  language,  a  large  quantity;  a  great 
number;  as,  a  power  of  good  things. 

[This  is,  I  believe,  obsolete,  even  among  our  com- 
mon people.] 

Power  uf  attorney;  a  written  authority  given  to  a 
person  to  act  for  another. 
P0WER-FI,1L,  a.    Having  great  physical  or  mechan- 
ical power  ;  strong;  forcible  ;   miglity  ;  as,  a  power- 
ful army  or  navy  ;  a  powerful  engine. 

2.  Having  great  moral  power;  forcible  to  persuade 
or  convince  the  mind ;  as,  a  powerful  reason  or  ar- 
gument. 

3.  Possessing  great  poUtical  and  militarj'  jiower-, 
strong  in  extent  of  dominion  or  national  resources  ; 
potent;  as,  a  powaful  monarch  or  prince;  a  power- 
ful nation. 

4.  Efficacious;  possessing  or  exeiliug  great  force 
or  producing  great  efiects  ;   as,  a  powerful  medicine. 

5.  In  general,  able  to  produce  great  effects  ;  exert- 
ing great  force  or  energy  ;  as,  powerful  eloquence. 

The  word  of  God  is  quick  and  potcer/ul.  —  Heb.  iv. 

6.  Strong  ;  intense  ;  as,  a  powerful  heat  or  light. 
POWER-FUL-LY,  adv.    With  great  force  or  energy  ; 

potently;  mightily  ;  with  great  effect;  forcibly;  ei- 
ther in  a  physical  or  moral  sense.  Certain  medicines 
operate  powerfnlbj  on  tlie  stomach  ;  the  practice  of 
virtue  is  powerfuJlij  recommended  by  its  utility. 

POVV'ER-FIJL-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  having  or 
exerting  great  power;  force;  power;  might. 

HaJceieUl. 

POWER-LESS,  a.  Destitute  of  power,  force,  or  en- 
ergy ;  weak  ;  impotent ;  not  able  to  produce  any  ef- 
fect. Sliali. 

POWER-LESS-NESS,  ;i.    Destitution  of  power. 

Chalmers. 

POWER-LOOM,  ?(.  A  loom  worked  by  water,  steam, 
or  some  mechanical  power. 

POWER-PRESS,  7(.  A  printing  press  worked  by 
steam,  water,  or  otlier  power. 

POWL'DRON,  7(.     [Q.U.  Fr.  epaule,  the  shoulder.] 
In  hcraldrv,  that  part  of  armor  which  covers  the 
shoulders.    '  Sandys. 

POWTER,  i  V.    A  variety  of  the  common  domestic 

POU'TER,  \      pigeon,  with  an  inflated  breast. 

Ed.  Eneyc 

POWWOW,  )  71.    Among  tJie  JSTorth  American  Indians, 

PAWWAW,  \      a  priest,  or  conjurer.     Hence, 

2.  Conjuration  performed  for  the  cure  of  diseases 
and  other  purposes,  attended  with  great  noise  and 
confusion,  and  often  with  dancing.  Carver. 

POX,  n.  [A  corruption  oi  pocks,  ^ak.  poc  or  pace,  D. 
pok,  that  is,  a  push,  eruption,  or  pustule.  It  is  prop- 
erly a  plural  word,  but  by  usage  is  singular.] 

Strictly^  pustules  or  eruptions  of  any  kmd,  but 
chiefly  or  wholly  restricted  to  three  or  four  diseases, 
the  small-pox,  chicken-po.v,  the  varcine,  and  the 
venereal  diseases.  Por,  when  used  without  an  ep- 
ithet, sipnities  the  latter,  lues  venerea. 

POY,  n.  [Sp.  apijyo,  a  prop  or  stay,  Fr.  apput.  The 
verb  signitirs,  to  bear  or  lean  upon,  from  the  root  of 
poize.] 

A  rojMJ-daucer's  pole. 

POZE,  for  Pose,  to  puzzle.     [See  Pose.] 

POZ-ZU-O-LiA'NA,  '  71.     Volcanic  ashes,  ust^d  in  the 

P02-Z0-LX'NA,       i     manufacture  of  mortar,  which 


hardend  uudur  wa'.er.    XiiC-y  arc  fr^uj  PozzuoU,  la 

Italy.  Braiuie.     P.  Cfc. 

PiiACTIC,  for  PaACTiCAL,  in  nut  m  ij*c.     It  wm 

f»  'rijjcriy  u^-<l  for  PaxtTiCAL ;  suul  bf^nser  u«esit  in 

the  8en«e  oiarifv). 
PRAAM,  (prim.)  n.    [D.J    A  flat-UAtomed  boat  or 

lighter;  uac4  in  HoIhmdaudthebAltic  £i7r  cootcjt- 

iiig  goods  to  and  from  a  vcfi6Cl,  m  Lwuiing  a&d  un- 

lo.iding.  r 

PRAC-TI-CA-BILl-TV,       »    n.      [from  prarficai^] 
PRACTI-CA-IILK-NESS,    f    The  quaUty  or  iUtt  of 

beinK  practic;ible  ;  feasibiiity. 
PRAC'TI-CA-BLE.a.  [Frz/rtKrica'^fcr  \\. yrxLei'yeafjiU ; 

Sp.  jtrmtkohU.    Sc-e  Pa*cncE.J 

1.  That  may  be  done,  cff'.-TV^l.  -r  p-rf'TrrM  >y 

liuinan  meauu,  or  by  j*-.-.'.  :" 

is  8<jmut.imea  synonym  .'^ 

words  differ  in  this  ;/'''• 

might  be  |>erfonned,  ii  iii-_   . 

mcauscouldbeobtaincd ;  i-.-nr- 

applic'ition  to  things  which  ar. 

the  means  given,  or  which  niiiV  r^c  :»]  j'i;<:  i.   j  •  w^i 

iiOiSi'J-  for  Archimedes  to  lift  tho  world,  but  it  wm 

i\o\.  }>rficVxcahic. 
•J.  That  may  be  practiced;  as,  a  j>rtn.. 

Z.  That  admits  of  U£c,  or  that  may 
tiravolcd;  as,  aprac^i^oU^road.  In  m 
a  practicabU  breach  is  one  that  can  ' 

troops 

Where  tilt-  passage  owr  tUfi  EnphraUt  U  ni 

PRAC'TI-CA-BLY.  adv.    In  mich  a  m;  ■ 

be  performed.   ' "  Arule pract  ieahbj  api ' 

eyes,"  is  not  correct  language.   Itisj-r 

take  (or  jii-vcticalhr. 
PRACTI-UAL.  a.     [L.  pmeticuj;  It.  , 

pratique;  Up. peactico.    S-ie  Practice.J 

1.  Pertaiuing  to  practice  or  action. 

*2.  Capable  of  practice  or  active  use;  opp.i 

SPiict'ULiivE  ;  as,  :i  practUal  nadcntstaditia. 

SauXh. 

3.  That  may  be  used  iu  practice ;  that  may  be  ap- 
plied to  use  ;  as,  practical  knowledge.    TUIoUoh. 

4.  That  reduces  his  knowledge  or  theories  to  ac- 
tual use  :  as,  a  practical  man. 

5.  Derived  from  practice  or  csperi::  • 
tlcal  skill  or  knowledge. 

PRAC'Tl-CALJOKK,  i(.    A  trick  playt  .    ., 
one,  usually  to  the  injury  or  annoyance  oi  Lib  jn;r- 
.son. 

PRACT I-CAI^LT,  adv.    In  relation  to  practice. 

2.  By  means  of  practice  oriise;  by  experiment; 
as,  practivally  wise  or  skillful. 

3.  In  practice  or  use:  a^  a  medicine  pmctiettlN 
safe  ;  theoretically  wrong,  hnt  practically  right. 

PRACTICAL  NESS,  >n.'Thoquabty  of  being  prac- 

PRAC-TI-CAL I-TY,    >      tical. 

PRACTICE,  (prak'tis,)n.  [Sp.prortica  ;  It.;  r" 

Fr.  pratique ;  Gr.  :r.0Qicri«»7,  from  the  root  ot  -z  .-- 
-oarTu,  to  act,  to  do,  to  make.  The  root  of  tins 
verb  is  ^pay,  or  ~paK,  as  appears  by  Uic  derivatives 
xaay/iUj  roH^riAi?,  and  from  the  same  root,  in  olber 
languages,  are  formed  G.  braucAen,  to  use,  frnsatk, 
use,  practice;  D.  gciruiken,  to  use,  employ,  enjoy  ; 
bruika-^  a  tenant,  one  thai  occupies  a  farm  ;  Sax.  ^^B- 
can,  to  use,  to  enjoy,  to  eat ;  whence  Eng.  lo  Arwii, 
and  brolier ;  Dan.  bruger,  to  um;  or  employ ;  ftrtijf, 
use,  practice;  Sw.  bruka;  L.  .frucr,  for/r«^r,  or 
frucory  whence  fructus,  contracted  into  fruit ;  It. 
freacair,  use,  practice,  frcqucncv :  L.  frttpien-*.  The 
W.  praith,  practice,  preitkiaw,  to  practice,  may  be 
tlie  same  word,  with  the  loss  of  the  palatal  letter 
c  or  g.) 

1.  Frequent  or  customary  actions ;  a  sticccssion  of 
acts  of  a  similar  kind  or  in  a  like  employment :  a«, 
tho  practice  of  rising  early  or  of  dining  laic;  il>e 
practice  of  reading  a  portion  of  Scripture  morning 
and  evening  ;  the  practice  of  making  regular  cntnt* 
of  accounts  ;  the  practice  of  virtue  or  vice.  J/abit 
is  the  eflect  of  practice. 

a.  Use ;  customary-  use. 

Otttokte  \\-ortl3  iiwy  l«*  rCTired  when  tbry  ut  -  -    r 

li^iific^nt  tliAn  ihcoe  in  prtutkx. 

3.  Dexterity  acquired  by  use.     [Unusv.:\]  >'.;i.. 

4.  Actual  performance;  distinguished  from  Ths- 

ORV. 

Then;  are  two  fimctioas  of  the  »ouI,  cont^mpUlfoa  and  } =■  ;*- 

ncifoixllo^  10  tlic  ^nenl  cUtifion  of  ob)rc»,  •co*r  . 
ouly  cutcrtviii  our'speculatioM,  eiixn  emptor  our  -  - 

5.  Application  of  remedies  ;  medic.il  treatment  of 
diseases.  Two  physicians  may  ditfcr  widely  in  ihcir 
practice. 

6.  Exercise  of  any  profession  ;  as,  the  predict  of 
law  or  of  medicine  ;  the  prattice  of  ami^ 

7.  Frequent  use  ;  exercise  for  instrtiction  or  disci- 
pline.   The  troops  are  daily  called  out  for  pr&zUcc. 

8.  Skillful  or  artful  management ;  dfxtenty  in  con- 
trivance or  the  use  of  means  ;  art ;  slrataccm  ;  arti- 
fice ;  usually  in  a  bad  sense. 

He  eouglit  to  Us^e  tlial  t?  -vaclirt which  tc  coxtM  wA ^TP*y- 


[This  use  of  the  wcM  u  genuine ; 


TONE,  BULL,  IGNITE.— AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K ;  6  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  ClI  as  SH  ;  TH  a.s  in  TIIIS^ 


PRA 


PRA 


PRA 


skillllil,  It.  pratieo:  like  expert,  from  L.  rxptrior.  Il 
is  not  n  inislako,  as  Jolmyuri  supposes.  See  the  verb.] 
9.  A  rule  in  aritlunclic,  by  which  the  operations  of 
the  p<'ncral  niles  are  abridpcii  in  use. 
PR.^e'TICE,  r.  (.  [From  the  noun.  Theortliography 
of  the  verb  ought  to  be  the  same  as  that  of  the  noun  ; 
as  in  notice  anil  to  notice.] 

1.  To  do  or  perform  frequently,  customarily,  or  ha- 
bitually ;  to  perform  by  a  surce-<sion  of  acts  ;  a$,  to 
practice  {Tamiiis  ;  to  practice  fraud  or  deception  ;  to 
practice  the  virtues  of  charity  and  bcnelicence;  to 
practice  hypocrisy.    /*.  .xx.tii, 

M.iny  priisc  'rirluc  who  do  not  prccUce  it.  Anon. 

2.  To  use  or  exercise  any  profession  or  art ;  as,  to 
practice  law  or  medicine ;  to  practice  gunncrj'  or  sur- 
veying. 

3.  1'o  use  or  exercise  for  instruction,  discipline,  or 
dexterity. 

[In  this  sense,  the  Vfrh  is  nsjtally  intransitive. ] 

4.  To  commit ;  to  perpetrate  ;  as,  the  horrors  prae- 
liceil  at  Wyoming.  Marskall. 

5.  To  use  ;  as,  a  praaiced  road.     [  Unusual.] 

Mtford. 
PR.^e'TICE,  V.  i.    To  perform  certain  acts  frequently 
or  customarily,  either  for  insWuclion,  profit,  ()r  amuse- 
ment ;  as,  to  practice  with  the  broadsword  ;  to  prac- 
tice with  the  rifle. 

2.  To  form  a  habit  of  acting  in  any  manner. 

Th'?7  shall  practice  liow  to  live  secure.  Milton. 

3.  To  transact  or  negotiate  secretly. 

1  have  praetictd  with  him, 
Ami  found  means  to  let  Oie  victor  know 
That  Syplinx  and  Sempronina  are  his  friends.  Ailtliton. 

A,  To  try  artifices. 

Othere,  by  ^ilty  artifice  and  arts 

Of  pronuscj  kindness,  praeliced  on  OUT  heaits.         (sranville. 

5.  To  use  evil  arts  or  stratagems. 

If  you  there 
Did  pmctiee  on  my  sute. 

6.  To  use  medical  methods  or  experiments. 

I  am  little  inclined  to  practice  on  olhcn,  and  as  little  that  others 
shotild  pmcfirt  on  me.  Temple. 

7.  To  e.xercise  any  employment  or  profession.  A 
physician  has  practiced  many  years  witii  success. 

PRAC'TIC-ED,  (prak'tist,)  pp.  Done  by  a  repetition 
of  acts  J  customarily  performed  or  used. 

2.  a.  Having  had  much  practice ;  as,  a  practiced 
orator. 

PRAC'TI-CER,  n.  One  that  practices  ;  one  that  cus- 
tomarily performs  certain  acts. 

2.  One  who  exercises  a  profession.  In  this  sense 
Practitioner  is  generally  used. 

rR.\€'TI-CING,  ppr.  Performing  or  using  customarily  ; 
exercising,  as  an  art  or  profession. 

PRAC'TI-CING,  a.  Engaged  in  the  use  or  e.xerci3e 
of  any  profession  ;  as,  a  practicing  physician  or  at- 
torney. 

PRAC'TF-SANT,  n.    An  agent.    [JVof  used.]     Slialc. 

PRACTISE,  V.  I.  and  i.    See  PitiCTicE. 

[There  is  no  reason  why  the  noun  and  verb  should 
not  both  be  spelled  with  r",  as  in  notice,  sacrifice,  ap- 
prentice, and  all  like  cases  where  the  accent  Recedes 
the  last  syllable.  The  distinction  in  spelling  between 
the  noun  and  the  verb  properly  belongs  only  to 
words  which  are  accented  on  the  last  syllable,  as 
dee:ice  anti  devise,  where  the  verb  has  the  sound  of 
i:e.  The  spelling  practise  tends  to  give  it  the  same 
sound,  as  we  see  in  uneducated  persons  ;  and  hence 
it  is  desirable  to  ftdlow  the  regular  analogy  and  write 


PR/E-TI 


[L.l     .\  while  robe  with  a  purple 


the  noun  and  verb  alike.l 
PRAe-Tl"TION-ER,  (pr.ak-tish'un-er,)  n.     One  who 
is  engaged  in  the  actual  use  or  exercise  of  any  art  or 
profession,  particularly  in  law  or  medicine. 

2.  One  who  does  any  thing  customarily  or  habitu- 
ally. WhUffifte. 

3.  One  that  practices  sly  or  dangerous  arts.    South. 
PR/EC'I-PE,  (pres'i-py,)  n.     [L.]    In  lam,  a  writ  com- 

mantling  something  to  be  done, or  requiring  a  reason 
for  nt-glectiiig  it. 

PR^-COG'Nl-TA,  n.  p!.  [L.,  before  known.]  Things 
previously  known  in  order  to  understand  something 
else.  Thus  a  knowledge  of  the  structure  of  the  hu- 
man body  is  one  of  the  praco^ita  of  medical  science 
and  skill. 

PRyEM-U-NI'RE,  (premyu-nl'rc)  n.  [A  corruption 
of  the  li.  prismonere,  to  pre-admonish.j 

1.  A  writ,  or  the  offense  for  which  it  is  granted. 
The  otfense  consists  in  introducing  a  fnn;ipn  author- 
ity or  power  into  England ;  that  is,  introducing  and 
nnintaining  the  papal  power,  creating  i.mperium  in 
iiiiperio,  and  yielding  that  obedience  to  the  mandates 
of  the  pope,  which  crjustitiitioiially  belongs  to  the 
king.  Roth  the  offense  and  the  writ  are  so  denomi- 
nated from  the  words  used  in  the  writ,  prirmnnirc 
facias,  cause  A  B  to  be  forewarned  to  appear  before 
'us  to  answer  the  contempt  wherewith  he  stands 
cliargetl.  Blackstone.     Enajc. 

2.  The  penalty  incurred  by  infringing  a  statute. 

South. 
PRX-^O'MFJ^r,  n.     [L.]      Among  l/ie  Pomans,  the 
first  name  of  a  person,  by  which  individua.ls  of  the 
same  family  were  distinguished. 


EX'TA,  n.     [_.,     --  .      . 

border,  worn  by  a  Roman  boy  before  he  was  entitled 
to  wear  the  toga  virilis,or  until  about  the  completion 
of  his  fourteenth  year.  It  was  worn  by  girls  until 
their  marriage.  Smitli's  Diet. 

PR.H'TOR,  71.     Sec  Pbetok. 

PK.t-TO'RI-UiM,  71.     [from  pivrfor.]     That  part  of  a 
Roman  camp  in  which  the  general'*  tent  stood. 

Brandc. 
2.  A  hall  of  justice  in  Rome ;  also,  a  patrician's 
seat  or  manor  house.  Elmes. 

FRAG-MAT'ie,         j  a.     [h.  prajrmaticus ;  Gt.  Trpny- 
PRAG-M.\T'ie-.\L,  (      iiartKi,;,  from   irpit)(i(i,  busi- 
ness ;  -paarrto,  to  do.     See  Phactice.1 

1.  Forward  to  intermeddle;  meddling;  imperti- 
nently busy  or  officious  in  the  concerns  of  others, 
without  leave  or  invitation. 

The  Mlow  grew  so  pragmaHaa,  that  he  took  upon  him  die  pov- 
eniment  of  my  whole  family.  ArtmOmot. 

2.  Ill  German  writers,  a  pragmatic  history  is  a  his- 
tory which  exliibits  clearly  the  causes  and  the  con- 
sequences of  events.  Murdoch. 

Prairmatie  sanction  :  a  term  derived  from  the  By- 
zantine empire,  denoting  a  solemn  ordinance  or  de- 
cree of  the  head  or  legislature  of  a  state  upon  weighty 
matters.  In  European  history,  two  decrees  under 
this  name  are  particularly  celebratt-d.  One  of  these, 
issued  by  Charles  VII.  of  France,  A.  D.  1438,  was 
the  foundation  of  the  liberties  of  the  Galilean  church  ; 
the  other,  issued  by  Charles  VI.  of  Germany,  A.  D. 
1704  settled  his  hereditary  dominions  on  his  eldest 
daughter,  the  archduchess  Maria  Theresa.  P.  Cue. 

PRAG-MAT'ie-ALrLY,  ad».  In  a  meddling  manner  ; 
impertinently.  . 

2.  In  a  manner  that  displays  the  connection  and 
causes  of  occurrences.  Murdoch. 

PRAG-MAT'ie-AL-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  inter- 
meddling without  right  or  invitation. 

PRA.G'MA-TIST,  n.  One  who  is  impertinently  busy 
or  meildling.  Reijnolds. 

PRaI'RIE,  (prS're,)  n.     FFr.  praine.]  ,    j    ..^  . 

\n  extensive  tract  ot  land,  mostly  level,  destitute 
of  trees,  and  covered  with  tall,  coarse  grass.  Tliesi; 
prairies  are  numerous  in  the  United  States,  west  of 
the  .A.lleohany  Mountains,  especially  between  the 
Ohio,  Mississippi,  and  the  gicat  lakes. 

PR.^I'RIE-DOG,  71.  A  small  rodent  animal,  thi3 
spenrophilus  ludivicianus,  allied  to  the  marmot,  and 
found  on  the  prairies  west  of  the  Mississippi.  These 
animnls  live  beneath  the  ground,  in  large  warrens, 
containing  manv  hundred,  and  are  characterized  by  a 
sharpbark,liketliatofasnialldo<r.  Kiriij.  IT.  Iretnrr. 

PRaIS'A-BI.E,  (praz'a-bl,)  a.  That  may  be  praised. 
[Mt  ,iscd.]  .  ^     ^"''f- 

PHaISE,  (praze,)  n.  [D.  pn/s,  praise  and  price;  G. 
prcis,  praise,  price,  prize,  value  ;  Dan.  prns,  Sw. 
pris,  id. ;  W.  pris,  price,  value  ;  Fr.  prix  :  It.  prc-.io; 
Sp.  precio,  price,  value  ;  presa,  a  prize  ;  W.  prid  ;  L. 
pretium !  Sp.  prez,  glory,  praise ;  Scot,  pnjs,  praise 
and  prize.    See  the  verb.]  ,      ,  - 

I.  Commendation  bestowed  on  a  person  for  Ills 
personal  virtues  or  worthy  actions,  on  meritorious 
actions  themselves,  or  on  any  thing  valuable  ;  appro- 
bation expressed  in  words  or  song.  Praise  may  be 
expressed  by  an  individual,  and  in  this  circumstance 
dilfers  from  FiHE,REX0WN,  and  Celebhitv,  which 
are  the  expression  of  the  approbation  of  numbers,  or 
public  commendation.  When  praise  is  applied  to 
the  expression  of  public  approbation,  it  may  be 
synonymous  with  Rehown,  or  nearly  so.  A  man 
may  deserve  the  praise  of  an  individual,  or  of  a 
nation 


1.  To  commend  ;  to  applaud  ;  to  express  approba- 
tion of  personal  worth  or  actions. 

We  pmise  not  Hector,  dioitcrli  Ms  name  we  know 

Is  jneat  in  arms  ;  'tis  Iwrd  to  praite  a  foe.  Dryitn. 

2.  To  extol  in  words  or  song  ;  to  magnify  ;  to 
glorify  on  account  of  perfections  or  excellent  works. 

Praise  him,  all  his  angels;  praxte  ye  him,  all  his  host*.  — Ta. 
cslviir. 

3.  To  express  gratitude  for  personal  favors.    Ps. 
cxxxviii. 

4.  To  do  honor  to  ;  to  display  the  excellence  of. 

All  thy  works  alvdl  prmte  thee,  0  Lord.  —  Ps.  cxiv. 

PRaIS'ED,  (prazd,)  pp.    Commended  ;  extolled. 

PRaISE'FUL,  a.  Laudable  ;  commendable.  [JVo! 
„,„,.)  Sidney 

PRaIS'ER.  77.  One  who  praises,  commends,  or  extols; 
an  appiaiider  ;  a  commender.  Sidneij.     Donne. 

PR.\ISE'LESS,  a.    Without  praise  or  commendation. 

Sidney. 

PRaISE'WOR-'THI-LV,  (prize'wur-the-lc,)  aiir.  In 
a  nianinr  deserving  of  coiiiuiendatitm.         Spenser. 

PR.\1SE'W0R-TIII-NESS,  71.  The  quality  of  deserv- 
ing comnundntion.  Smttli. 

PRS'ISE'WOR-TIIY,  (prSzc'wur-tfie,)  a.  Deserving 
of  praise  or  applause  ;  commendable  ;  as,  a  praise- 
wirrthv  action.  Jlrbutlmot. 

PR^IS'ING,  ppr.    Commending;  extolling  in  words 

PRAM,     )    .       rn 1  ["  """S- 


PEaME, 


71.     [D.  praam.] 


h-re  are  men  who  .always  confound  tiie  praise  of  goodness  with 
tlieprocSce.  Rambler. 

2.  The  expression  of  gratitude  for  personal  favors 
conferred  ;  a  glorifying  or  extolling. 

He  hath  put  a  new  eong  into  my  month,  even  priuse  to  our  tjod. 
-  Ps.  il. 

3.  The  object,  ground,  or  reason,  of  praise. 

He  is  thy  praise,  and  he  is  thy  God.  — Deut.  r. 
PR.aISE,  t'.  t-  [D.  pryzen,  to  praise  ;  pnjzeeren,  to 
estimate  or  value  ;  G.  preisen,  to  praise  ;  Dan.  priser, 
to  praise,  extol,  or  lift  up  ;  Sw.  prisa  ■•  W.  prisiam  ; 
Arm.  presa ;  Fr.  priser,  to  prize,  to  value  ;  It.  prei- 
zare;  Sp.  preciar ;  Port,  prciar,  to  estimate  ;  prezarse, 
to  boast  or  glory.  It  appears  that  prai-^e,  price,  prize, 
are  all  from  one  root,  the  primary  sense  of  which  is, 
to  lift,  to  r.aise,  or  rather  to  strain.  So  from  L.  tollo, 
eitollo,  we  have  extol.  Now,  in  Dan.  roser,  Sw.  rosa, 
signifies  to  praise,  and  it  may  be  questioned  whether 
this  is  praise  without  a  prefix.  The  Latin  pretiam, 
W.  prid,  is  probably  from  the  same  root,  denoting 
that  which  is  taken  for  a  thing  sold,  or  the  rising  or 
amount,  as  we  use  high  ;  a  high  value  or  price  ;  corn 


i.  A'flat-bottomed  boat  or  lighter;  used  in  Holland 
for  conveying  goods  to  or  from  a  ship  in  loading  or 
unloading.     [S'ee  Priam.]  E>'"J<^ 

2.  In  militani  affairs,  a  kind  of  floating  battery  or 
flat-bottomed  vessel,  mounting  several  cannon;  used 
in  covering  the  disembarkation  of  troops.  Eiicyc. 
PKXNCE,  (prans,)  v.  i.  [W.  pranciiiio,  to  frolic,  to 
.  play  a  prank,  from  rhanc,  a  reaching  or  craving,  Ilic 
same  as  rank  ;  Ir.  T-incim,  to  dance  ;  Port,  briiicar,  to 
sport;  Sp.  brincar,  to  leap.  It  is  allied  to  prank, 
which  see.]  . 

1.  To  spring  or  bound,  as  a  horse  in  high  mettle. 

Now  nile  thy  prandns  steed.  Cay. 

2.  To  vide  with  bounding  movements;  to  ride 
ostentatiously. 

Th'  insulting  tyrant  prarjing  o'er  the  field.  Addieon. 

3.  To  walk  or  strut  about  in  a  showy  manner  or 
with  warlike  parade.  Sieifu 

PR.HNC'ING,  (pruns'ing,)  ppr.  or  a.  Springing; 
bounding  ;  riding  with  gallant  show. 

PR.!iNC'ING,  71.  A  springing  or  bounding,  as  of  a 
high-spirited  horse.    .Jiidg.  v. 

PRANK,  V.  t.  [If  n  is  not  radical,  this  word  coincides 
with  G.  pradit,  D.  and  Dan.  pra^'t,  Sw.  pracht,  pomp, 
magnificence ;  also  with  G.  prangen,  to  shine,  to 
make  a  show  ;  D.  jironhen,  to  shine  or  make  a  show, 
to  be  adorned,  to  stmt ;  Dan.  prangrr,  to  prance,  to 
make  a  show,  to  sell  by  retail ;  the  latter  sense  per- 
haps from  breaking;  Sw.  prunka.  So  in  Port. 
Irmcar,  to  sport  ;  Sp.  id.  to  leap.    These  are  evuleutly 

the  Ar.  (J  yj  haraka,  to  adorn,  to  lighten.    Prinh  is 

probably  from  the  same  root.] 

To  ai'lorn  in  a  showy  manner ; 
to  ostentation. 

In  sumptuous  tire  she  Joyed  heisclf  to  prank. 

It  is  often  followed  by  irp. 

And  me,  poor  lowly  maid, 
Most  goddess-like  prankt  up. 

PRANK,  71.     [W.praJic.]  , 

1.  PropcWi/,  a  sudden  start  or  sally.   [See  Pbakcs.J 

Hence,  a  wild  flight ;  a  capering  ;  a  gambol, 
o    A  capricious  action  ;  a  ludicrous  or  merry  tricK, 

or  a  mischievous  act,  rather  for  sport  than  injury. 

Children  often  play  their  pranks  on  each  other. 
In  came  the  harpies  and  played  their  accustomed  I"^"^^,^^^^ 

full  of  gambols  or  tricks. 
Brciccr. 


;  to  dress  or  atljust 


;\fi.'(on. 


Shai. 


PR.VNK,  a.     Frolicsome  ; 


.\dorned  in  a  showy  manner. 


is  high. 


In 


\^\   afaraz,  is    high,   lofty; 


01^ 


•  iXj\^.J\  afrazidan,  to  extol. 
for  prosner.] 


Q.U.   Fr.  prdner. 


PRANK'jED,) 

PRANKT,      ]''''■  .      , 

PRANK'ER,  71.     One  that  dresses  ostentatrouslj. 
PRANK'ING,  ppr.    Setting  ofl' or  adorning  for  display. 
PRA.NK'ING,  71.    Ostentatious  display  ot  dress. 
PRANK'ISH,  a.    Full  of  pranks.  r'°''t, 

PRASE,  71.   A  silicious  mineral ;  a  subspecies  01  tjuanz, 

of  a  leek-green  color.  Cleavetand. 

PRAS'I-NOUS,  a.     [L.  prasinus.] 

Grass  green ;  clear  lively  green,  without  any  mix- 
ture. ,  ^'""'^■ 
PRa'SON,  (pra'sn,)7l.     [Gr.  Trpaaoi'.] 

A  leek  ;  also,  a  sea-weed  green  as  a  l^"^' 

PRaTE,  v.  i.    [D.  praaten,  to  prate ;   Sw.  prata,  to 
tattle  ;  Gr.  ippiiaa.    ttu.  allied  perhaps  to  Sax.  ried, 

^^o  tdk  much  and  without  weight,  or  to  little  pur- 
pose ;  to  be  loquacious  ;  as  the  vulg-ir  express  it,  to 


ru7t  on. 

To  prate  and  talk  for  life  and  honor. 
And  make  a  fool  presume  to  pr^ole  of  lore. 


Slioi. 
Dryden. 


F.\TE,  FAR,  FALL, 


WHAT.-MeTE,  prey. -pine,  MARINE,  BIRD. -NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  B(30K.- 


er.i 


PRA 

PRATE,  r.  t    To  uKer  foolishly. 

Wh.\t  nonsense  wouJd  tbe  fool,  thy  niMter,  prnj?, 

Wbrii  Uisu,  hn  koave,  coiisl  ulk  at  such  a  rt'.c !        Dryden. 

PRATE,  n.  Continued  talk  to  liltle  purpose  ;  trilling 
talk  ;  unmeaning  loquacity.  Sitak.     Denham. 

PRAT'ER,  n.  One  that  talks  much  to  little  purpose, 
or  on  trilling  subjects.  Southern. 

■  ^AT'ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Talking  much  on  a  triliing 
-ul'JL'Ct;  talkine  iiilv. 
lAT'I.NG,  n.    Foolish,  idle  talk. 

PRAT'ING-LY,  adr.  \Vith  much  idle  talk;  with 
lor.ii.icitv. 

PRAT'taUE,  Cprat'eek,)rt.  [It.  pratica;  Sp.practica; 
Ft.  pratique.     See  Practice.] 

In  eoriinerte.,  primarily,  converse  ;  intercourse  ; 
the  communication  between  a  ship  and  the  port  in 
which  she  arrives.  Uence,  a  license  or  permission 
to  liold  intercourse  and  trade  with  the  inhabitants  of 
a  place,  atttr  having  performed  quarantine,  or  upon 
a  certificate  that  the  ship  did  not  come  from  an  in- 
fected place ;  a  terra  used  particularly  in  the  south 
of  Europe,  wliere  vessels  coming  from  countries  in- 
fected with  contagious  diseases  are  subjected  to 
qunranline. 

PRAT'TLE,  V.  t  [dim.  of  prate.]  To  talk  much  and 
idiy  ;  to  be  loquacious  on  trifling  subjects. 

Locke.    Addison. 
This  word  is  particularly  applied  to  the  talk  of 
chilli  ren. 

PRAT'TLE,  n.  Trifling  talk;  loquacity  on  trivial 
subjects. 

Mere  praale,  without  practiw, 
U  all  his  soIdieTshtp.  Shai. 

PRAT'TLE-MEXT,  n.    Prattle.  ffayltg. 

PRATTLER,  n.    An  idle  talker,  Herbert. 

PR  \T'TLL\G,  ppr.  or  a.  Talking  much  on  trivial 
affairs. 

PRA\*'I-TY,  n.  [L.  pravilasj  from  prcrtus,  crooked, 
evil.] 

Deviation  from  right ;  moral  perversion  ;  want  of 
rectitude;  corrupt  state;  as,  the  pravity  of  human 
nature  ;  (he  pravity  of  the  will.        Milton.     South. 

PRAWN,  H.  A  small,  crusiaceous  animal  of  the 
shrimp  family,  with  a  serrated  beak  or  snout  bend- 
ing upward.    It  is  highly  prized  for  food,    P.  Cyc. 

PR.CX'IS,  n,     [Gr.     See  Practice.]     Use  ;  practice. 

Cove/itrrj. 

2.  An  example  or  form  to  teach  practice.   Lowtk. 
PRAY,  r.  i.     [FT.prier;  It.  pregare  ;  h.  precor :  Russ. 

prochu;  allied,  perhaps,  to  the  Sas.  fragnan,  G.  fra- 
gen,  D.  vraagen,  Sw. /ra^,  to  ask,  L.  proco.  Tliis 
word  belongs  to  the  same  family  as  preach  and  re- 
proach, Heb.  Ch.  Syr.  Eth.  and  Ar.  1-^3,  to  bless,  to 
reproach  ;  rendered  in  Job  ii.  9,  to  curse  ;  properly,  to 
reproach,  to  rail  at,  or  upbraid,  W.  rhegit.  The 
primar}'  sense  is,  to  throw,  to  pour  forth  sounds  or 

words  J  for  the  same  word  in  Arabic,  (*)  w  hardia, 

signifies  to  pour  out  water,  as  in  violent  rain,  Gr. 
/y.o£\oi.  (See  Rain.)  As  the  oriental  word  signifies 
to  bless,  and  to  reproach  or  curse,  so,  in  Latin,  the 
same  word,  precor,  signifies  to  supplicate  good  or 
evil,  and  precis  signifies  a  prayer  and  a  curse.  (See 
Imprecate.)    Class  Brg,  No.  3,  and  see  No.  4,  6, 

-,s.i 

1.  To  ask  with  earnestness  or  zeal,  as  for  a  favor, 
or  for  something  desirable  ;  to  entreat;  to  supplicate. 

Pray  for  ih^m  who  de=p:tefuUy  use  you  and  persecute  you.  — 
Maiu  T. 

9.  To  petition  ;  to  ask,  as  for  a  favor;  as  in  appli- 
cation to  a  legislative  body. 

3.  In  trorship,  to  address  the  Supreme  Being  with 
solemnity  and  reverence,  with  adoration,  confession 
of  sins,  supplication  for  mercy,  and  thanksgiving  for 
blessings  received. 

WtK-n  thou  praycst,  enter  ioto  thy  closet,  and  when  ihou  hast 
shut  thy  door,  prey  to  Ihy  Father,  which  is  in  secret,  and  Uiy 
Pathi»r,  which  eeeth  in  secret,  nill  reward  thee  openly.  — 
AUlL  Ti. 

4.  I  pray,  that  is,  /  pray  you  tell  me,  or  let  me  knmo, 
is  a  common  mode  of  introducing  a  question. 

PRAY,  c.  t.    To  supplicate  ;  to  entreat ;  to  urge 

We  pray  you  io  Clirlat's  stead,  be  ye  recoaciled  to  God.  —  2 
Cqt.  t. 

2.  In  worship,  to  supplicate;  to  implore;  to  ask 
with  reverence  and  humility. 

Repent  therefore  of  thb  thy  wickedr.ass,  and  prayGod,  it  per- 
haps the  thought  of  thine  heart  may  be  forgiven  thee — Acts 
Tiii. 

3.  To  petition.  The  plaintiff  prays  judgment  of 
the  court 

He  that  wUI  have  the  benefit  of  thb  act,  most  pray  a.  prohibition 
belbre  a  senteoce  in  the  ecclesiastical  court.  AyUffe. 

4.  To  xsk  or  entreat  in  ceremony  or  form. 
Pray  my  colIea«tie,  Antaa\\is,  J  roay  Bp»k  widi  him. 

S.  Jonson. 

[In  most  instances,  this  verb  is  transitive  only  by 
ellipsis.  To  pray  Ood,  is  used  for  \opraif  to  Ood;  to 
pray  a  prohibition,  is  to  pray  for  a  prokibitton,  &.C.J 

To  pray  in  aid,  in  law,  is  io  call  in  for  help  one  who 
has  interest  in  the  cause. 


PRE 

PRAY'^D,  (prade,)  pret  and  pp.  of  Pn-iv. 
PKAY'ER,  n.    In  a  ireucral  ^cnsc,  the  act  of  asking  for 
a  favor,  anti  pariiciilarly  with  earnestness. 

2.  In  iCor.-iUip,  a  solemn  aildres^  to  the  Supreme 
Beinfi,  consisiins  of  adoration,  or  an  expression  of 
our  sense  of  (iod's  glorious  perfections,  confession  of 
our  sins,  snppUeution  for  mercy  and  forgiveness,  ir.ter- 
cession  for  blessings  on  ollit-n;,  ami  thanUs'jiving,  or 
an  expression  of  gralilude  to  God  for  his  mercies  and 
benefits.  A  prayer,  however,  may  ct-nsist  of  a  single 
petition,  and  it  may  be  extemporaneous,  written,  or 
printed. 

3.  A  formula  of  church  service,  or  of  worship, 
public  or  private. 

4.  Practice  of  supplication. 

Aa  he  is  fim;d  for  milduess,  p^cc,  aud  prayer.  Sbak. 

5.  That  part  of  a  memorial  or  petition  to  a  public 
body  which  specifies  the  request  or  t!i;ng  desired  to 
be  done  or  granted,  as  distinct  from  the  recital  of 
facts  or  reasons  for  the  grant ;  the  thing  asked  or  re- 
quested. We  say,  the  prayer  of  the  petition  is,  that 
the  petitioner  may  be  discharged  from  arrest. 

PRAY'ER-BOOK,  n.  A  book  containing  prayers  or 
the  forms  of  devotion,  public  or  private.         Sirift. 

PRAY'ER-FIJL,  a.     Devotional;  given  to  prayer;  as, 
a.  prayerful  frame  of  mind. 
2.  Using  much  prayer. 

PRAY'ER-FUL-LY,  adv.    With  much  prayer. 

PRaY'ER-FLL-MESS,  n.    The  use  of  much  prayer- 

PRaY'ER-LESS,  a.  Not  using  prayer;  habitually 
neglecting  the  duty  of  prayer  to  God;  as,  a  prayer- 
less  family. 

The  next  lime  yoo  go  prayerless  to  bed.  Baxter. 

PRAY'ER-LE3S-LY,  adv.    In  a  prajerless  manner. 

PRaY'ER-LESS-NESS,  n.  Total  or  habitual  neglect 
of  prayer.  T.  H.  Skinner. 

PRA Y'lXG, ppr.    Asking;  supplicating. 

2.  a.  Given  to  prayer;  as,  spraying-  mother. 

PRAY'IXG-LY,  cdc.    With  supplication  to  God. 

PRE,  an  English  prefix,  is  the  L.  pm,  before,  probably 
a  contracted  word  ;  Russ.  pred.  It  expresses  priority 
of  time  or  rank.  It  may  be  radically  the  same  as  tli'e 
Italian  proda,  the  prow  of  a  ship ;  prode,  profit,  also 
valiant,  whence  protcrss,  from  some  root  signifj  ing 
to  advance.  It  some'.imcs  signifies  beyond,  and  may 
ba  rendered  vm;,  as  i;j  prrpoient. 

PRE'-ACeU-SA'TION,  n.    Previous  accusation. 

PReACH,  (preecli,)  v.  i.  [D.  preeken :  Fr.  prScher,  for 
preacher:  Arm. pregiieitt  or prczec// ;  W.  prfi^,  a  greet- 
ing; prrjcth,  a  sermon  ;  pregethu,  to  preach,  derived 
from  the  noun,  and  the  noun  from  rheg,  a  sending 
out,  utterance,  a  gift,  a  curse,  imprecation  ;  rhegu,  to 
send  out,  to  give  or  consign,  to  curse;  Heb.  Ch.  and 
Ar.  T^3  baraka,  L.  prceco,  a  crier.  Sax.  fricca  oifrnc- 
cra,  a  crier.  This  Is  from  the  same  root  as  pray,'h. 
precor,  and,  with  s  prefixed,  gives  the  G.  sprcchen, 
D.  spreeken,  Sw.  spraka^  to  speak ;  Dan.  sprotr  speech. 
Class  Brg,  No.  2,  3,  4,  5.] 

1.  To  pronounce  a  public  discourse  on  a  religious 
subject,  or  fn.m  a  text  of  Scripture.  The  woVd  is 
usually  applied  to  such  discourses  as  are  formed  from 
a  text  of  Scripture.  This  Is  the  modem  sense  of 
preach. 

2.  To  discourse  on  the  gospel  way  of  salvation,  and 
exhort  to  repentance  ;  to  discourse  on  evangt-lical 
truths,  and  exhort  to  a  belief  of  them  and  acceptance 
of  the  terras  of  salvation.  This  was  the  extempora- 
neous manner  of  preaching  pursued  by  Christ  and 
his  aposties.    Jlatt.  iv.  x.    j3cU  x.  xiv. 

PREACH,  r.(.  To  proclaim;  to  publish  in  religious 
discourses. 

What  \e  hear  in  the  ear,  that  preack  ye  on  the  house-topa.  — 

Malt.  3t. 
The  Liord  haih  anointed  me  to  preach  good  tidings  to  the  meek. 

—  !s.  Ixi. 

2.  To  inculcate  in  public  discourses. 

I  hare  preached  righteousness  in  the  great  congregation.  —  Pa. 
xt. 

He  oft  to  them  preached 
Conversion  and  repenuuice.  ATdlon, 

3.  To  deliver  or  pronounce ;  as,  to  preach  a  ser- 
mon. 

To  preach  Christ  or  Christ  cnicijied ;  to  announce 
Christ  as  the  only  Savior,  and  his  atonement  as  the 
only  ground  of  acceptance  with  God.     1  Cor.  i. 

To  preach  up  ;  to  discourse  in  favor  of. 

Can  they  preach  up  oiuality  of  birth  ?  Dryden. 

PREACH,  n.    A  religious  discourse.    [JV*ot  used-l 

_  Hooker. 

PReACII'ED,  pp.  or  a.     (pp.  pronounced  preecht,  and 
a-  preech'ed.)     Proclaimed;  announced  in   public 
discourse  ;  inculcated. 
PRe.\CH'ER,  71.    One  who  discourses  pubhcly  on  re- 
ligious subjects.  Bacon. 
'2.  One  that  inculcates  any  thing  with  earnestness. 
No  preacher  h  listened  to  but  time.  Si^fl. 

PReACII'ER-SHIP,  n.  The  office  of  a  preacher. 
rjV'ot  lu^ed.]  Hall. 

PReACH'ING,  ppr.  Proclaiming;  publishing  in  dis- 
course ;  inculcating. 


PRE 

PReACH'ING,  n.  The  act  of  preaching;  a  public 
religious  discourse.  Mitner 

PRe.^CH'MAN,  n.    A  preacher,  in  conlem'^* 

I/otceO. 

PREACII'MENT,  n.  A  discourse  or  sero^n,  in  con- 
tempt ;  a  discourse  affectedly  solemn.  Shak. 

PRE-Ae-aUAlNT'.\NCE,  n.  Previous  acquaintance 
or  knowlcdce.  Harris. 

PRE-Ae-aUAlNT'ED,  a.    PreTionsIy  acquainted. 

Sheridan* 

PRF^AD-AM'IC,  a.    Prior  to  Adam.  J.  Tat,lor. 

PRE-AD'AM-TTE,  n  [pre,  before,  and  Adar.!.']  An 
inhabitant  of  the  carta  that  lived  before  Adam. 

Pereyra, 

PRE-AD-AiM-TT'ie,  a.  An  epithet  designating  what 
existed  before  Adam;  as,  fictitious,  pre-adamitic  pe- 
riods. STiriran. 

PRE-AD-MIN-IS-TRA'TION,  n.  Previous  adminis- 
tration. Pear.ton. 

PRE-AD  MOX'ISH,  v.  t     To  admonish  previously. 

PRE-AD-MO.\'lSH-£D,  (-ad-mon'ishl,)  pp.  Previ- 
ously admonished. 

PRE-AD-MON'ISH-ING,  ppr.  Admonishing  before- 
hand- 

PRE-AD-MO  Nr'TION,  (-mo-nish'un,)  n.  Previous 
n^arnirig  or  admonition. 

PRE'AM-BLE,  ji,  [ll.  preambolo ;  Sp.  preambido  ;  Fr. 
preambule  ;  L.  pro:,  before,  and  ambulo,  to  go.] 

1.  Something  previous ;  introduction  to  a  discourse 
or  writing. 

2.  The  introductory  part  of  a  statute,  which  states 
the  reasons  and  intent  of  the  law.     Enevc     Hryden. 

PRe'AM-BLE,  r.  t.  To  preface;  to  introduce  with 
previous  remarks.  Fdtham. 

PRe'AM-BL£D,  pp.  Introduced  with  previous  re- 
marks. 

PRE-AM'BU-LA-RY,  >  a.      Previous;    introductorj-. 

PRE-A.M'BU-LOCS,  [Xotu^edA  Brown. 

PRE-A.M'BU-LATE,  v.  i.  [L.  pra,  before,  and  ambu- 
lo, to  walk.] 

To  walk  or  go  before.  Jordan. 

PRE-AM-BU-LA'TION,  tu  A  preamble.  [-V.j(  in 
use]  Chaucer. 

2.  A  walking  or  £oing  before. 

PRE-AM'BU-LA-TO-RY,a.   Going  before;  preceding. 

Taylor. 

PRE-AN-TE-PE-NULT'I-:\IATE,  a.  A  term  indi- 
caline  the  fourth  syllable  from  the  end  of  a  word. 

PRE-AP-POINT',  c.  I.    To  appoint  previously. 

PRE-AP-POINT'MENT,  n.    Previous  appointment. 

T'ucker. 

PRE-AP-PRE-HEN'SION,  n.  [See  Appf.EHE>D.] 
A_n  opinion  Ibrmed  before  examination.        Brown. 

PReASE,  (prez,)  n.  Press;  crowd.  [JVotuscd.]  [See 
Press.]  Chapman. 

PReAS'ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Crowding.    [A'ht  used.] 

Spenser. 

PRE-AS-SCR'ANCE,  (ash-shur'ans,)  n.  Previous 
a>isu  ra  n  ce.  Coleritlge. 

PR&AU'Di-E\CE,T(.  [See Acdiesce.]  Precedence 
or  rank  at  the  bar  among  lawyers  ;  right  of  previous 
audience.  Blaekstone. 

PREB'E.VD,  H.  [It.  prebenda,  prebend,  provision ; 
Sp.prebenda;  Ft.  prebende,  from  L.  prtrA^o,  to  afibrd, 
to  allow.] 

1.  The  stipend  or  maintenance  granted  to  a  preb- 
endary out  of  the  estate  of  a  cathedral  or  collegiate 
church.  Prebends  are  simple  or  dignitary;  simple, 
when  they  arc  restricted  to  the  revenue  only;  and 
dignitary,  wlien  they  have  jurisdiction  annexed  to 
tiiem.  P.  Cyc. 

9.  A  prebendary.     [JW  in  use.]  Bacori. 

PRE-BEND'AL,  o.    Pertaining  to  a  prebend. 

••      Chesterfield. 

PREB'END-A-RY,  n.     [Ft  prebendier.] 

An  ecclesiastic  who  enjoys  a  prebend  ;  the  stipen- 
diary of  a  c:ithedrat  or  collegiate  church.        Swift. 

A  prebendarj- ditiers  frofu  a  canon  in  this;  the 
prebendary  receives  his  prebend  in  consideration  of 
his  oliiciating  in  the  church;  the  canon  has  his  sti- 
pend merely  in  consequence  of  his  being  received 
into  the  caihedral  iir  college.  Enq/c. 

PREB'END  A-RY-SHIP,  n.  The  office  of  a  prebend- 
ary ;  a  canonr\\  fi^'otton. 

PRE-e.A'R[-OUi5,  a.  [L,  precarius,  from  precor,  to 
pray  or  entreat ;  primarily,  depending  on  request,  or 
on  the  will  of  another.] 

1.  Depending  on  the  will  or  pleasure  of  another  ; 
held  by  courtesy  ;  liable  to  be  changed  or  lost  at  the 
pleasure  of  another.  A  privilege  depending  on 
another's  will  is  precarious,  or  held  by  a  precarious 
tenure.  .Addison. 

2,  Uncertain  ;  held'by  a  doubtful  tenurt ;  depend- 
ing on  unknown  or  unforeseen  causes  or  events. 
Temporal  prosperity  is  precariotts ;  personal  advan- 
tages, health,  strength,  and  beauty,  are  all  prceariousj 
dept-nding  on  a  thousand  accidents.  Rogers. 

\Xe  say  also,  the  weather  is  precarious;  a  phrase 
in  which  we  depart  not  more  from  the  priranr>'  sense 
of  the  word,  than  we  do  in  a  large  part  of  all  the 
words  in  the  laneuage. 
PRE-CA'RI-OUS  LY,  adr.  At  the  will  or  pleasure  of 
others;  dependenily ;  by  an  uncertain  tenure;  as, 
he  subsists  precariously.  Lesley.     Pope. 


TCNE,  BULL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K ;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

-_ 


PRE 


PRE 


PKll-OA'KI-OUS-Ni;SS,  «.  Uncertainty;  (\cpond- 
enco  on  the  will  or  plt-asur:,'  of  others,  or  unkiunvn 
events  ;  as,  tlw  prrcariowsnesi  of  life  or  lienUIi. 

?^l|;;^:T^V,i-     [!>•.— pray.] 

Si:|>j>Ii:int ;  beseeching.  Hm-ris.     Hojikifis. 

PRE-CAU'TION,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  pracautii^^  prtrca- 
eeo ;  jiriB,  before,  and  cacco,  lo  trJce  ciirfi.] 

Previous  cautidu  or  cure  ;  caulinn  iireviously  em- 
ployed to  prevent  luiscliief  or  secure  good  in  posr^es- 
sion.  .^ildtsnn. 

PllE-fcJAlJ'TION,  i\  t.  To  warn  or  aihise  beforehand 
for  prevenlin;;  mischief  or  sccurini^  jiood.      Locke. 

PKB-CAU'TION-AL,  a.     Preventive  of  mischief. 

MonUiinic. 

PllE-€AL''TION-A-RY,  a.  Containing  previous  cau- 
ti{)n  ;"as,  precautionary  advice  or  admonititni. 

i».  Proceeding  from  previous  caution  ;  adapted  to 
prevent  mischief  or  secure  goo<l ;  as,  pTCcautionary 
measures. 

PitE-eAr'riO.V-ED,  jip.    Warned  hL'foreliand. 

PUE-€A(;TR)N-ING.  jtpr.     Previously  advisinc 

Pm:-eXl^Tloas,  (-shus,)  c.  Takmg  precautious  or 
provi'niive  measures. 

PKt;-€An'TIOUS-LY,  adv.    With  precaution. 

PRE-Cii-l)A'NE-OUS,  a.     [from  prccrde.,  L.  prxcr.do.] 
Preceding  ;  antecedent ;  anterior.  [J^atuscd.]  Hale. 

PRE-CeDE',  v.  U  [L.  prtecedo  ;  pnt,  before,  and  ccdo, 
to  move.]  I 

1.  To  go  before  in  the  order  of  time.  The  cor-  | 
niption  of  morals  precedes  the  ruin  of  a  state.  , 

2.  To  go  before  in  rank  or  importance. 

3.  To  cause  something  to  go  bsfore ;  to  ma-p  to 
take  place  in  prior  lime. 

It  is  usual  to  precede  hosulities  by  a  public  Jcclaral-on.    ^Unu^ 
tuai.]  Aen(. 

PRE-CkD'ED,  pp.    Being  gone  before. 
PRE-Cf.D'ENCE,    I  «.    The  act  or  state  of  going  be- 
PRE-CeD'EX-CY,  !     fore  ;  priority  in  lime  ;  as,  the 
precedence  of  one  event  to  another. 

3.  The  slate  of  going  or  being  before  in  rank  or 
dignity  or  the  place  of  honor  ;  the  right  to  a  more 
Iiononible  place  in  public  procwsions,  in  scats,  or  in 
Uic  civilities  of  life.  Precedence  depends  on  the  or- 
der of  nature  or  rank  established  by  God  himself,  as 
thai  due  to  age  ;  or  on  courtesy,  custom,  or  political 
distinction,  as  that  due  to  a  governor  or  senator, 
whii,  thouEli  younger  in  years,  takes  rank  of  a  sub- 
ordinate officer,  though  older;  or  it  is  settled  by 
authoritv,  as  in  Great  Britain.  In  the  latter  case,  a 
violation  of  the  right  of  precedence  is  actionable. 

precedence  vrcnt  in  truck, 
And  he  was  cgmpetciU  who&e  purse  wis  to.  Coicper. 

3.  The  foremost  in  ceremony.  JJilton. 

■1.  Superiority;  superior  importance  or  inlluence. 

Whieli  of  (lie  iliii^rpnt  desires  has  precedency  \i\  dttfriiiiiiMi; 
will  to  Lhe  iiexl  action  ? 


toc::e. 


PRE-CkD'ENT,  a.  Going  before  in  time;  anterior; 
antecedent ;  as,  precedent  services  ;  a  precedent  fault 
of  The  will. 

T!ie  worlJ,  or  any  part  thereof,  could  uot  Iw  precedent  to  lli'.- 
creation  of  man.  HaXe. 

.8  precedent  condition^  in  law,  is  a  condition  which 
must  happen  or  be  performed  before  an  estate  or 
some  right  can  vest,  and  on  failure  of  which  the 
estate  or  right  is  defeated.  Bhickstone. 

PREC'E-DENT,  -n.  Something  done  or  said  that  may 
serve  or  be  adduced  as  an  example  to  authorize  a 
subsequent  act  of  the  like  kind. 

Examples  for  cases  can  but  direct  as  precedents  only.     Hooker. 

2.  In  iaw,  a  judicial  decision,  interlocutory  or  final, 
which  serves  as  a  nile  for  future  determinations  in 
similar  or  analogous  cases  ;  or  any  proceeding,  or 
course  of  proceedings,  which  may  serve  for  a  rule  in 
subscciuent  cases  of  a  like  nature. 

PREC'E-DENT-ED,  a.  Having  a  precedent ;  author- 
\7.vk\  by  an  example  of  a  like  kind. 

PRE-t'F,'nENT-LY,a(/r.     Keforehand  ;  antecedontly. 

PRE-CkD'IXG,  ppr.  or  a.  Going  before  in  time,  rank, 
or  importance. 

PRE-CEL'LENCE,  ti.    Excellence.     [JVji  in  itsc] 

ShpJdon. 

PRE-CEN'TOR,  n.  fLow  L.  prmccvtar;  Fr.  precen- 
teiivi  It. prccentore ;  L. ;tr(F, before, and  c«n(o,  to sing.l 

1.  The  leader  of  the  choir  in  a  cathedral  ;  called 
also  the  chanter  or  master  of  the  choir.  Honk. 

2.  The  leader  of  the  congregation  in  the  psalmody 
of  Scoiiir^h  churches. 

PKE-CEN'TOR-SHIP,  n.  The  employment  or  office 
of  a  precentor. 

PRe'CEPT,  tj.  [Fr.  precqite;  Sp.  precepto:  It.  pre- 
cetto ;  L.  prtEccptinn^  from  prcccipioj  to  command  ; 
prcE,  before,  and  capw,  to  take.] 

I.  In  a  trencral  scnsr^  any  commandment  or  order 
intended  as  an  autJioritative  rule  of  action  ;  but  ap- 
plied particularly  to  commands  rcspi:cting  moral 
conduct.  The  ten  commandments  are  so  many  pre- 
cepU  for  the  regulation  of  our  moral  conduct. 

No  arU  lire  without  tlieir  precepts.  Pryckn. 

2   In  laWj  a  command  or  mandate  in  writing. 

JCucyc. 


PRE-CEP'TIAL,  (shal,)  a.    Consisting  of  precepts. 

[J^Totin  use.]  Shah. 

PIlE-CEP'Tlur<,  H.     A  precept.     [JVo(  in  use.]    Uall. 
PRE-CEP'TIVE,  (/.     [L.  pnreeptivus.] 

1.  Giving  precepts  or  commands  for  the  regulation 
of  moral  conduct ;  containing  precepts  ;  as,  Iha  pre- 
ceptive parts  of  the  Scriptures. 

2.  Directing  in  moral  conduct;  giving  rules  or  di- 
rections ;  didactic. 

Thi!  lewoii  given  iis  heir  w  prrxeptioe  to  us.  L' Estrange. 

Preceptive  poetry.  Encyc. 

PRE-CEP'TOR,  n.     [L.  pr<fceptor.     See  Precept.] 

1.  In  a  ircncrcil  st^nsc^  a  leachcr  ;  an  instructor. 

2.  In  a  rc^trieteA  sen.se,  the  teacher  of  a  school ; 
sometintes  the  [irincipal  teacher  of  an  academy  or 
other  seminary. 

3.  Among  the  hiiffhts  templar,  the  head  of  a  prc- 
ceptory.  Glass,  of  Archil. 

PRE-CEP-To'RI-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  preceptor. 

Liz.  Ma'jazine. 

PUE-CEP'TO-RY,  a.    Giving  precepts.      JiKder:ion. 

PRE-CEP'TO-RY,  n.  A  manor  or  estate  of  the 
knighls  templar,  on  which  were  erected  :;  church 
and  a  dwelling-hotisc.  The  prcceptorie^  were  reli- 
gious houses,  subordinate  to  Ihc  temple  or  principal 
house  of  th;?  knigtits.  OwHt. 

PRE-CEP'TRESS,  n.    A  female  teacher. 

PRl-^CES'SION,  f-sedi'nn,)  n.  [Fr.  prcce^-^sion ;  It. 
prcce^sione ;  from  the  L.  pnscessus,  pra:cedo,  to  go 
^iefore.l 
1.  Literally^  the  act  of  going  before. 
9,  In  astronomy,  the  prrcciision  of  the  equinorcs  is  a 
slow  but  contimial  shiftin;^  of  the  equinoctial  points 
from  east  to  west.  The  amount  of  precession  annu- 
ally is  50  y^g  seconds.  Hence  it  appears  that  the 
equinoctial  points  will  make  an  entire  revolution  in 
about  9J,SC8  years.  Olmsted. 

PRe'CIXCT,  n.  [L.  prtFcinctns,  pracingo,  to  encom- 
pass ;  pro:  and  cingo,  to  surround  or  gird.] 

1.  The  limit,  bound,  or  exterior  line  encompassing 
a  place  ;  as,  the  precincts  of  ligiit.  Jtilton. 

2.  Bounds  of  jurisdiction,  or  the  whole  territory 
comjirehended  within  the  limits  of  authority. 

Ta:;e  the  body  of  A  B,  if  to  be  found  within  your  precincts. 

Tecitnical  Latos. 

3.  A  territorial  disirict  or  division. 
[It  is  to  be  observed  tliat  this  word  is  generally 

used  in  the  plural,  except  in  the  third  sense.] 

Ill  ciiie  of  non-acceptaiico  [of  ibe  colkctorl  the  parish  or  precinct 
shall  proceed  to  a  new  cho:ce.       Laas  of  MassackuseUs. 

PRE-Cl-OS'I-TY,  for  Precioussess,  or  value,  is  not 
used.  Brown.    More. 

PRIV'CIOUS,  (presh'us,)  a.  [Fr.  prccieux;  L.  pretio- 
siis,  from  prctiian,  price.    See  Praise.] 

1.  Of  great  price  ;  cosily ;  as,  a  precious  stone. 

2.  Of  great  value  or  worth  ;  very  valuable. 

She  is  more  precious  than  rubier.  — Prov.  iii- 

3.  Highly  valued  ;  much  esteemed. 

The  word  of  the  Lord  was  precious  in  those  d.iys  j  there  \va«  no 
I'pcii  vision.  —  1  S:»in.  iii. 

4.  Worthless;  contemptible;  as,  this  is  a  preciotis 
mockery  ;  in  irony  and  contempt.  Burke. 

Precirni3  metals ;  gold  and  silver,  so  called  on  ac- 
count of  llieir  value. 

PRE"CIOUS-LY,  ado.     Valuably  ;  to  a  great  i>rice. 
2.  Contemptibly  ;  in  irony. 

PRE"CI0nS-NES3,  (presh'us-,)  n.  Valuahleness  ; 
■•real  value  ;  hish  price.  Wilkins. 

I'REC'I-PE,  (pres'e-py,)  n.  [L.  pracipio.  See  Pre- 
cept.] 

In  law,  a  writ  commandin'*  the  defendant  to  do  a 
certain  thing,  or  to  show  cause  to  the  contrarj' ;  giv- 
ing him  Ills  choice  to  redress  the  injur\-  or  to  stand 
tlie  suit.  Blachjstonc. 

PREC'I-PICE,  (pres'e-pis,)  7i.  [Fr.,  from  L.  pmeipi- 
thitii,  from  prtrccp.^,  headlong  ;  prm^  forward,  and  ceps, 
fur  caput,  head.    See  Chief.] 

1.  Sh-ici/f/,  a  falling  headlong;  hence,  a  steep  de- 
scent of  land ;  a  fall  or  descent  of  land,  perpendic- 
ular or  nearly  so. 

Wh'-re  wealth,  like  in.ii,  oii  ^irecipices  i;iew.  Dnjtlcn. 

2.  A  steep  descent  in  general. 

hi  tlv-'  brc:diing  <>(  the  waves  iheiv  U  tv..  a  jn-tcljnce.    Bacon. 
Swlit  down  die  jn-edpice  of  time  il  ^ocs.  Drydcn, 

PRE-CIPT-ENT,  a.     [L.  jirtcclpiens.    Sec  Precept.] 
Commanding;  directing. 

PRE-CIP-I-TA-BII/I-TY,H.  [fioin  jirecipitahlc]  The 
qualilv  or  state  of  beinc  precipitable. 

PRE-CIP'I-TA-IILE,  a.  [from  L.  prtBcipito,  from  prtB- 
ceps,  headlong.] 

That  may  he  precipitated  or  cast  to  the  bottom,  as 
a  substance  in  solution. 

PRE-CIP'1-TA.\CE,    )  11.     [from  precipitnnt.]     Head- 

PRE-CIP'I-TAN-CY,  \  long  hmry  ;  rash  haste  ;  haste 
in  resolving,  forming  an  opinion,  or  executing  a  pur- 
pose, without  due  deliberation. 

Hurried  on  by  i\\K  predpitance  of  youth.  Sm/t, 

Uaslmess  ;\nd prenjnlance  of  judjiucut.  WatU. 

2.  Hurry;  great  haste  in  going.  JUilton. 

PRE-CIP'I-TANT,  a.  [L.  prircipitans,  prmcipito,  from 
pr-rerps,  headlong.] 


PRE  ! 

1.  Falling  or  rushing  headlong;   rushing   down 
with  velocit)'. 

They  leave  llioir  iillli;  livoa 
Above  tiic  clwiids,  precipiiant  lu  CJirtli.  rui'ipt. 

2.  Ila-^ly  ;  urged  with  violent  haste. 
Sliwiild  lie  return,  Ihallroop  so  bliihe  nml  liold, 
rrccijntani  in  feiir,  would  wiug  (heir  lliijhl.  Pope. 

3.  Uaslily  hurried  or  hasty  ;  as,  jjrcci>i(inil  reliel- 
lion.  ^'  Charles. 

4.  rnexiiectcillv  hronsht  on  or  hastened.    Tnjilur. 
PIlE-Cli"I-'I'AN'i'.'  H.     In  chemuitry,  a  licinor  which, 

when  poured  on  a  solution,  separates  what  is  dis- 
solved, and  makes  it  precipitate,  or  fall  to  the  bottom 
in  a  concrete  stale.  XCnajc. 

PRE-CIP'I-TANT-LY,  niic.    IVith  great  h.aste  ;  with 
rash,  unadvised  haste  ;  with  tumultuous  hurry. 

Milttiit. 

PRE-CIP'I-TaTE,  v.  t.    [L.  pricdpito,  from  pra'ccp.', 
headlong;.     See  PRcelPicE.] 

1.  To  "throw  lleadlong;  an,  he  precipitated  hims^if 
from  a  rock.  Miltun.    Vnjdcn. 

2.  To  urge  or  press  with  eagerness  or  violence ; 
as,  to  precipitate  a  flight.  Dnjden. 

3.  To  ha.sten. 

Short  iTilenniaont  i\iul  swift  rcciiri-enl  pains  do  jtrccipitat';  paticnu 
into  rousumpiions.  Harvey. 

4.  To  hvirfy  blindly  or  rashly. 

If  thi'v  Im  daring,  it  may  predpitati  tlicir  designs  end  prove 
danijeroiia.  Un£Oft. 

5.  To  throw  to  the  bottom  of  a  vessel,  as  a  sub- 
stance in  solution. 

All  melds  may  be predpilaled  by  alkaline  salu.  Encyc. 

PRE-CIP'I-TATE,  V.  i.    To  fall  headlong.         Shal;. 

2.  To  f:i!l  to  the  bottom  of  a  vessel,  as  sediment, 
or  any  substance  in  solution.  .  Bacon. 

3.  To  hasten  without  preparation.  Bacon. 
PRE-CIP'I-TATE,  a.     Falling,  flowing,  or  rushing, 

with  steep  descent. 

Ptedpiuite  the  furioHS  ton<nl  flows.  Prior. 

2.  Headlong ;  over-hasty ;  rashly  hasty ;  a-3,  the 
king  was  too  precipitate  in  declaring  war, 

3.  Adopted  with  haste  or  without  due  deliberation  ; 
ha.'^ty  :  as,  a  precipitate  measure. 

4. 'Hasty  ;  violent ;  terminating  speedily  in  death  ; 
as,  a  precipitate  case  of  disease.  Arbulhnat. 

PRE-CIP'I-T.\TE,  ?i.  A  substance  which,  having 
been  dissolved,  is  again  separated  from  its  solvent, 
and  thrown  to  the  bottom  of  the  vessel,  by  pouring 
another  liipior  upon  it. 

Red  prrcipitnte !  the  red  o.vyd  or  protoxyd  of  mer- 
cury, prepared  either  by  heating  the  nitrate  of  mer- 
cury till  it  is  decomposed,  or  by  heating  metallic 
meVcurv.  Prepared  in  tl:e  latter  mode,  it  is  the  prc- 
cipitale  per  .«.  B.  SilUmaa,  .Jr. 

PRE-CIP'I-Ta-TED,  pp.  Hurried  ;  hastened  r.xshly ; 
thrown  licadlong  ;  thrown  down. 

PRE-CIP'I-TATE-LY,  adv.  Headlong  j  with  steep 
descent. 

2.  Hastily  ;  with  rash  haste  ;  without  due  caution. 
Neither  praise  nor  censure  precipitately. 

PRE-CIP'l-TA-TING,p/ir.  Throwing  headlong;  hur- 
rying; hn=tenin!r  rashlv. 

PRE-CIPl-'l'.i'TION,  n.     [L.  prrcipitatio.] 

1.  The  act  of  throwing  headlong.  Slialc. 

2.  A  falling,  flowing,  or  rushing  down  with  vio- 
lence and  rapidity. 

The  hurry,  nrerij/i/dlion,  and  rapid  motion  of  die  water. 

M'oodionrc 


I 


3.  Great  hurry;  rash 
movement. 

Tire  precipilation 


tumultuous  haste ;   rapid 


lexporience  is  often  restrained  by  slnin?. 
J\amb!cr, 


,  and  bold.  Onjikn. 

With  steep  descent ;  i 

Steepness  of  descent. 

Uamwoiid. 

,  from  prircido,  to  cut  nfig 


4.  The  act  or  operation  of  throwing  to  the  bottmn 
of  a  vessel  any  substance  held  in  solution.  Precipi- 
tation Is  often  eflected  by  a  double  elective  attraction,. 

E:icijc, 
PRE-CIP'I-Ta-TOR,  n.     One  that  urges  on  with  v 
hemence  or  rashness.  Uammund. 

PRE-CIP'I-TOIjS,  a.     [L.  prir.ceps.'] 

1.  Very  steep  ;  as,  a  precipitous  clifT  or  mountain, 

2.  Hea'dlong ;  directly  or  rajiidly  descending  ;  ;is 
a  precipitoia/  fall.  ^.  Charles. 

:!.  Htsty  ;  ntsli ;  heady. 

Adv:c.;  Uns:kfe,  prscijAloU: 

PRE-CIP'I-TOUS-LY,  ado. 

violent  haste. 
PRE-CIP't-TOUS-NESS, 

2.  Rash  haste. 
PRE-CISE',  fl.     [h.  prtrcistib-y 

jirm  and  ca:do :  Uterallij,  cut  or  pared  aw  ay,  that  ) 
pared  to  smoothness  or  exactness.] 

1.  Exact;  nice;  definite;  having  determinate  lif 
itations;  not  loose,  vague,  uncertain,  or  eiinivuciill 
as,  precise  rules  of  morality;  precise  directions  fo| 
life  and  conduct. 

The  law  in  iHia  point  is  prcnze.  Bafon.  j 

For  the  hour  precise  | 

Exacts  our  parting.  Miilon.  I 

9.   Formal  ;    superstitiously    exact ;    eicessivell 

nice  ;  punctilious  in  conduct  or  ceremony.    MiLdisor^ 

PRE-CISE'LV,  aiJi;.    Ex.ictly  ;  nicely  ;  accurately  ; 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PREY.  — PI.XE,  MARI.N'E,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.— 


e56 


PRE 


PRE 


exact  contonnity  lu  trvitli,  or  to  a  model.  TliR  idcn^; 
arc  precisely  expressed.  The  lime  of  an  eclipse  may 
be  prccisds  determined  by  calculation. 

WUon  morr  of  tl^-se  unlcrs  th.^ii  one  me  to  l»c  *?t  in  scvcr.il 
stories,  lllc^f^  imtst  be  «ii  exquisiic  eve  to  place  tUe  coliimus 
prediely  on-'  over  iinollior.  Wotton. 

3.  VVith  excess  of  formality  ;  with  scruimloiis  ex- 
actness or  punctiliousness  inliehavior  or  ceremony. 
PUE-CTSE'NESS:,  ,;.      Exactnet^s  ;  rigid  nicety  j  as, 
tlic  prccisenc-^s  of  words  ur  eTpresriions. 

I  will  ilistiupiisli  tJiecaaea;  thcugli  ^ve  n-.r:  have,  in  handling 
Uiciu,  not  lo  sever  tliem  with  too  much  prcciseiicss.   Bacoti. 

9.  Excessive  regard  to  forms  or  rules  j  rigid  for- 
ma I  itv. 

PRE-CX"SIAN,  ;pre-sizh'an,)  n.  One  that  limits  or 
reslrainr".  Sliak. 

3.  One  who  is  rigidly  or  ceremoniously  exact  in 
the  observance  of  rules.  Draytoiu     fVatts, 

PUE-Cr'SlAX-ISM,  (pre-sizh'an-izin,)  ji.  Excessive 
L-xactness  ;  superstitious  ricnr.  Milton. 

[These  two  words  are  1  believe,  Hltle  used,  or  not 
at  all.] 

1'U£-CI"SI0N,  (pre-sizh'un,)  h.  [Fr.,  from  L.  prtE- 
citi{t,'\ 

Exact  limiialion  ;  exactness;  accuracy.  Precision 
in  the  use  of  ■words  is  a  prime  erccellencc  in  dis- 
course;  it  is  indispensable  in  controversy,  in  leaal 
instruments,  and  in  mathematical  calculations.  Nei- 
ther perspicuity  nor;wccis«>n  should  be  sacrificed  to 
ornament. 

PRE-CT'SIV'E,  n.  Exactly  limiting  by  separating 
what  is  not  relative  to  the  purpose  ;  as,  prccisivc  ab- 
straction. iVatts. 

PRE-GLuDE',  V.  t.  [L.  prmchtdo ;  prcc,  before,  and 
cludo,  clauilo,  to  shut.] 

L  To  prevent  from  entering  by  previously  shut- 
ting the  pr'.ssage,  or  by  any  previous  measures  ; 
hence,  to  Jiinder  from  access,  possession,  or  enjoy- 
ment. Sin,  by  its  very  nature,  precludes  the  sinner 
from  heaven  ;  it  precludes  the  enjoyment  of  God'^ 
favor  ;  or  it  precludes  the  favor  of  God. 

The  valves  preclude  the  bl'30-d  from  eiHt;nn|;  the  veiiis.   D.iru-in. 

9.  To  prevent  from  happening  or  taking  place. 

PRE-€LuD'ED,  pp.  Hindered  from  entering  or  en- 
joyment; debarred  from  something  by  previous  ob- 
stacles. 

PRE-€LuD'lNG,  ppr.  Shuttinir  out ;  prevcnling  from 
access  or  possession,  or  from  Iiaving  place. 

PRE-OLu'SION,  (pre-klu'zhun,)  n.  The  act  of  shut- 
ting out  or  preventing  from  access  or  possc-sion  ;  the 
state  of  being  prevented  from  entering,  possession, 
or  enjoyment.  Rambler. 

PRE-OLu'SIVE,  a.  Siiutting  out,  or  tending  to  pn;- 
ciude  ;  hindering  by  previous  obstacles.         Bnrkc. 

PP^E-CLC'SIVE-LY,  adv.  With  hindeianc  by  anti- 
cipation. 

PRE-€0'C[OUS,  (-ko'shus,)  a.  [L.  pr.Tcax  -  pro:,  be- 
fore, and  cnquo^  lo  cook  or  prepare.] 

1.  Ripe  before  the  proper  or  natural  time  ;  as,  pre- 
cccioits  trees.  Brown. 

2.  Premature. 

PRE-€o'CIOUS-LY,  adv.     With  premature  ripeness 

or  forwan'ness. 
PRF^eo'CIOUS-NESS,  i  v..    Rapid  growth  and  rine- 
PRE-OOC'I-TY,  I    ness  before  the  usual  tirae  ; 

prematureness.  HowcU. 

I  can  not  l^am  that  h"?  c;a.Te,  io  his  jromh,  any  evidence  of  that 
pTccor['y  wl:i;h  sorrilL-iifta  du'ip;ri««hca  iiniummon  jenina, 


t. 


'Coin's  Life  of  p.  &nry. 
[L.  pracogitn ;   prm    and 


FRE-eOG'I-TATE. 

COfrito.'] 

To  consider  or  contrive  beforehand.    {^LiUle  usrd..'] 

Sherwood. 
PRE-GOO-I-Ta'TION,  n.    Previous  thought  or  con- 
sideration. Diet. 
PRE-eOG'NI-TA.    See  PB.~:co«-tiTA. 
rRE-eOG-NI"TION,  (-kog-nish'un,)  «.     [L.  pw,  be- 
fore, and  cflirrtifii7,  knowledge.] 

1.  Previous  knowledge;  antecedent  examination. 

Fiithn-by. 
9.  In  Scots  ^?r,  an  examination  of  witnesses  to  a 
criminal  act,  before  a  judge,  justice  of  the  peace,  or 
sberiff,  before  the  prosecution  of  the  offender,  in  or- 
der to  know  whether  there  is  ground  of  trial,  and  to 
enable  the  prosecutor  to  set  forth  the  facts  in  the 
libel.  Encije. 

PRE-t'OL-LEe'TION,  n.      A  collection  previously 

made.  Bp.  of  Chichester. 

PRE-COM-PoSE',  V.  I.     [See  Compose.]     To  com- 
pose beforeband,  Johnson. 
PRE-eOM-PoS'KO,  pp.  or  a.     CompoSf^d  beforehand. 
PRE-€0>I-PoS'rNG,  ppr.    Composing  beforehand. 
PRE-eON-CElT',  71.     [See  Preconceite.]     An  opin- 
ion or  notion  prsvionsly  formL-d.  Hooker. 
PRE-CON-CkIVE',  (-seve',)  v.  t.     [L.  prm,    before, 
and  concipio,  to  conceive.] 

To  form  a  conception  or  opinion  beforehand  ;  to 
form  a  previous  notion  or  idea. 

la  a  (icad  plain,  '.lie  way  so'ims  the  lon^r,  litciiiw?  llic  •:yft  1u>j 
preconaiofd  it  shorwrr  Ui^d  the  uuui.  Bcn:on. 

PRE-eON-CEFV'/:D,  pp.  or  a.  Conccivetl  before 
hand  ;  previously  fonned  ;  as,  prrconccived  opinions 
preconceived  ends  or  ptirp^ises.  South. 


PRE-€OX-CeIV'ING,  ppr.  Conceiving  or  fonning 
beforeband. 

PRE-CON-CEP'TION,  w.  Conception  or  opinion  pre- 
viously formed.  Hakcwilt. 

PRE-CON'CERT,  v.  t,  Iprc  and  concert.]  To  con- 
cert beforehand  ;  to  settle  by  previous  agreement. 

PRE-€0.\-CERT',  ii.    A  previous  agieemcnt. 

PRE-CON-CERT'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Previously  concerted 
or  settled.  IVarton. 

PRE-CON-CERT'ED-LY,  adv.     By  preconcert. 

PRE-CON-CERT'TNG,  ppr.  Contriving  and  settling 
beforehand. 

PKE-eON-CER'TION,  ».  Act  of  concerting  before- 
Iiand.  Dwight. 

PRE-CON-DEM-Na'TION,  ti.  Condemnation  pre- 
vious tu  exei-tjon,  or  by  predestination. 

PRE-CO\-I-Za'TION,  n.  [L.  ptisconinm ,  Uomprccco, 
a  crier.] 

A  publishing  by  jiroclamntion,  or  a  proclamation. 
[JVot7wedl_  Hall. 

PRIil-CON-SiGN',  C-kon-sine',)  v.  t.  [pre  and  con- 
si^n.'\  To  consign  beforehand  ;  lo  make  a  previous 
consigutnenl  of. 

PRE-CON-SIGN'-ED,  pp.    Consigned  beforehand, 

PRE-eON-SlGN'lNG,  ppr.  Making  a  previous  con- 
sfnnintnt  of. 

PRE-eON-SOL'ID-A-TED,  a.  Consolidated  before- 
l::ind.  Phillips. 

PRE-CON'STI-TCTE,  v.  t.     [pre  and  coiuilitutc.] 
To  constitute  or  establish  beforehand. 

PRE-eON'STI-TC-TED,  pp  or  a.  Previously  eslab- 
!;-ihed.  Palcif. 

PUE-CON'STI-Ttj-TING,  ppr.  Constituting  before- 
hand. 

PRE-€ON'TR.\eT,  n.  [pre  and  conlrarXJ]  A  con- 
Irn.ct  previous  lo  another.  Shah. 

PKE-CON-TRAGT',  v.  1.  To  contract  or  .stipulate 
previously. 

PiLR-CON-TRACT',  v.  i.  To  make  a  previous  con- 
tiric'  or  agreement. 

PRE-CON-TKACT'ED,  pp.  Previously  contracted  or 
stipulated ;  previously  engaged  by  contract ;  as,  a 
wnman  precontracted  to  another  man.  JiijUffe. 

rRE-CON-TRACT'ING,  ppr.  Slipuluting  or  cove- 
nanting beforehand. 

PRE-CORIVIAL,  a.  Pertahiitig  to  the  pr:rcordia,  or 
parts  bcHire  tli:-  heart, 

PRE-eURS'A-:;M.V.  1'':'.  In  a  manner  indicating 
tiiat  sonieth!:!;;  i>  i-*  i^.iJo'.v. 

PRK-GURSE',  (pre-kurs'j)  n.  [L.  priccurstiSj  jirtccurro ; 
pr,r.  and  cnrro,  to  run.] 

A  forerunning.     [J^ot  its/'d.]  Shak. 

PRE-CUR'SOR,  H.     [L.  pra-cursor,  supra.] 

A  forerunner;  a  harbinger;  he  or  chat  v.ir.ch  pre- 
cedes an  event,  and  indieutes  its  approach ;  as, 
Jove's  lightnings,  lUc  jirccunvrs  of  thunder.    SluUc. 

Evil  ilion^hts  are  the  invisilde,  aity^Jrecursors  of  nil  the  storms 
and  lejnp^sts  of  the  sort],  Buckminsler. 

PRE-etJR'SO-RY,  (I.     Preceding  as  the  hnrbinger ; 
indicating  something  In  follow  ;  as,  ^rccwr-stfrv  symp- 
toms of  a  fever.  Med.  Repos. 
PRE-CUR'SO-RY,  ?(.    An  introduction.     [JVot  ziscd.] 

Ilammojtd. 
PRE-Da'CEAN,  (-J:I)an,)  n.     A  carnivorous  animal. 

Kirby. 
PRE-Da'CEOUS,   (-Jihns,)   a.      [L.    prcrdaceus,   from 
pr<rda^  prey,  spoil.] 

Living  by  prey.  Derham. 

PRE'DAL,  a.    [L.  pro-da,  prey.] 

1,  Pertaining  to  prey. 

2.  Practicing  plunder.  Boyle. 
PRED'A-TO-RI-LY,  adv.    la  a  jiredatory  manner. 
PRED'A-TO-RV,   a.       [u.  prcBdatormHy   from    pra:da^ 

prey.] 

1.  Plundering;  pillaging;  characterized  by  plun- 
dering; practicing  rapine  ;  as,  a  predatory  war;  a 
predatory  excursion  ;  a  predatory  parly. 

2.  Hungry  ;  ravtmous  ;  as,  predatory  spirits  or  ap- 
petite.    [Hardly  allowable..]  Bacon. 

PRE-DE-CkASE',  77.  J.  [pre  and  decease.]  To  die 
before.  Shdi. 

PRF^DE-CEAf>'7?;D,  (-seest',)  a.     Dead  before.     Shak. 

PRED-E-CES'SOR,  tt.  [Yv.  prideccsscnr ;  L.prtB  and 
deccdo,  to  depart.] 

A  person  who  has  preceded  another  in  the  same 
office.  The  king,  the  president,  the  judge,  or  the 
magistrate,  follows  the  steps  of  his  predecessor,  or  he 
docs  not  imitate  the  example  of  his  predecessors.  It 
is  distingnisht'd  from  Ancestor,  who  is  of  the  same 
blood  ;  but  it  may  jierhaps  be  sometimes  used  for  it. 
Hooker.     Addison. 

PRE-DE-€LaR'ED,  a.    Declared  beforehand.    Burke, 

PRK-nE-LI.\'-E-A'TION,  n.     Previous  delineation. 

PRE-DE-STGN',  (-sine'  or  -zlue',)  v.  t.  To  design  or 
purpose  befureiiand  ;  to  predetermine. 

PRE-DE-SIGN'i=:D,  (-sind'  or  -^ind',)  pp.  Purposed  or 
determined  previously.  Miiford. 

PRE-DE-SIG.\'ING,  ppr.    Designing  previously. 

PRE-DES-TI-NA'Ui-AN,  n.  [See  Predestinate.] 
One  that  behoves  in  the  doctrine  of  predosiinalion. 

IValton. 

FRE-DES-T1-Na'RT-AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  predesti- 
nation. 


PRE 

PRE-DES'TI-NATE,  a.   Predestinated  ;  foreordained. 

Bnrnet. 
PRE-DES'TI-NATE,  r.   L     [It.  preAe^iZlnare ;  Yt.  pre- 
destiner ;  L.  prcedesti'ir  :  prie  and  dcstijio,  to  appoint.] 
To  predetermine  ff  foreordain;  lo  appoint  or  or- 
dain beforehand  by  an  unchangeable  purpose. 

Whom  he  did  foreknow,  li-  abo  did  predectinate  lo  be  coaiormfi 

10  the  imojc  of  Itu  o.i.  —  Kom.  viii. 
Havin*  prr!etv.nr4e4   i;»  '..i  the  adoption  of  chi!dp,n  by  Jena 

Chiint  U'  tii'Afielf.  —  Ki'h.  i. 

PRE-DES'TIXa-TKI),  pp.  or  a.  Predelermined ; 
foreordained  ;  decreed. 

PRE-DES'TI^A-TirCG./v'r.    Foreordaining;  decree- 
ing;    appuiuiiii;;    beforehand  by  an   unchangeable 
puri>ose. 
9.  Holding  predestination. 

And  pricks  up  \•^A  predegtinndng  ran.  Hryden. 

PRE-DES-TT-.\a'TION,  n.  The  act  of  decreeing  or 
foreordaining  events;  the  di;crce  of  God  by  which 
he  hath,  from  eternity,  unchangeably  appointed  or 
determined  whatever  comes  U)  [la^s.  It  is  used  par- 
ticularly iu  theology  to  denote  llie  preordination  of 
men  to  everlasting  happiness  or  misciy.         Encye. 

Predestination  is  a  part  of  the  unchangeable  plan 
of  the  divine  government;  or,  in  other  words,  the 
unchangeable  purpose  of  an  unchangeable  God. 

PRE-DES'TI-Na-TORj  n.    Properly,  one  that  foreor- 
dains. 
9.  On"  that  holds  to  predestination.  Cotcleij. 

PRE-DES'TINE,  (-tin,)  v.  t.  '1V>  decree  beforehand  ; 
to  foreordain. 

And  iiid.  predestined  empires  uv:  and  '.1!]-  Prior. 

PRE-DES'TIN-ED,  pp.  or  a.     Decreed  beforehand. 

PRE-DES'TIi\-ING.  pirr.    Foreordaining. 

PRE-DE-TEU.M'IN-ATE,  a.  Detennir.ed  beforehand  ; 
as,  the  prrddcrfiiiiuite  cittiiiscl  of  liod.       P-irkhunt. 

PRE-DE-TERM-IN-a'TIOX,  ».  [See  Pkedetek- 
MiNE.]  Previous  deterniinalion  ;  purpose  formed 
beforehand  ;  as,  the  prcdetrrminatioji  of  God's  will. 

Hammond. 
9.  Premotion  ;  that  concurrence  of  God  which  de- 
termines men  in  their  actions.  Eneyc. 

PRE-DE-TERM'LVK,  w.  r.  [;>rc  and  deicrniinc]  To 
determine  befureiiand ;  lo  settle  in  purpose  or 
counsel. 

If  God  foresees  evctiis,  he  m-isi  h:ive  iiredeierimr^d  ihtiii. 

I&Ue. 

9.  To  doom  by  previous  decree. 
PRE-DE-TER.U'IN-jED,  pp.  or  o.     Previously  deter- 
mined. 
PRE-DE-TERM'IX-IXG,  ppr.      Determining    before- 
hand. 
PRe'DI-AL,  a.     [Sp.  prrdial,  from  L.  pr(cdium,  a  farm 
or  estate.] 

1.  Consisting  of  land  or  farms;  as,  predict  estate, 
i.  e.,  real  estate.  Ayliffc. 

9.  Attached  to  land  or  furnis  ;  as,  p-ciiia/ slaves. 

Brande. 
3.    Growing  or  issuing  fn-m    land;    as,   predial 
tithes. 
PRED-I-GA-BIL'1-TY,   n.      [from    praii.MLle.]      The 
quality    of    being   predicable,   or    capable   of  being 
iiiurmrd  of  something,  ur  attributed  to  something. 

Reid. 
PRED'I-CA-BI-E,  a.     [L.  pr^dicabilvt,  from  priLdica,  lo 
nfhrin  ;  pr<B  and  dica,  tu  say.] 

That  may  bs  affirmed  of  .something  ;  iJiat  may  be 
altiibuled  to.  Animal  ]<  prcdicr.blr.  of  maii.  Intelli- 
gence is  not  prfdicftble  of  [)lants.  More  or  less  is  not 
predicable  of  a  circle  or  of  a  square.  Whiteness  is 
not  predicable  of  time. 
PRED'[-eA-BLE,Ti.  Oncof  the  five  ihingswhich  can 
be  alhrmed  of  any  thing.  Genus,  species,  difi'er- 
ence,  property,  and  accident  are  the  five  praticablcs. 

Walts. 
PPJS-DIC'A-MENT,  71.     [Fr.,  fn>:n  E.  prcedicamcntum, 
from  proidico,  lo  affirm.] 

I.  In  (oiTR-,  a  name  given  to  a  certain  number  of 
general  heads  or  classes,  called  by  llie  Greeks  Catc- 
GOKits,  anil  by  the  Laiins  Predicame:«ts,  under 
some  one  of  which  every  term  may  be  arranged. 
Aristotle  made  len  categories,  viz.,  substance,  quan- 
tity, quality,  relation,  action,  passion,  time,  place, 
situation,  and  iiabit.  Br.zndc. 

9.  Class  or  kind  described  by  any  definite  nnu-Jcs; 
hence,  condition  ;  particular  situation  or  stale. 

ShaU. 
?..  So;;irti7nfi5,  a  bad  condition  or  position.     [CoUo- 
qtuah]  S::iart. 

We  say  the  country  is  in  a  singular  predicamcnU 
PRE-Die-A-MEN'T'AL,  a.     Pertaining  to  a  predica- 
ment, i^*^^' 

PRED'I-Cv\XT,  .'I.     [1..  praidir.ans,  prirdico.] 

One  that  afiirms  anv  thing. 
PRED'I-CaTF.,  v.  £.     [l-  pradico;  vra  and  dwo,  to 

To  afiirm  cne  Jhin^r  of  anotlier;  as,  to  prcdictte 
whiteness  of  anow.  Reason  may  be  preitcated  of 
man. 

[It  is  agreal  but  couini.)n  error  to  give  this  word 
the  seiif  e  of  f.mnd :  as,  to  predicate  an  argument  on 
certain  principles,  —  Fji.\ 


TONE,  BgLE,  UNITE.— AX"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — O  as  K;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CTI  as  SU ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


108 


667 


PRE 

I'KKn'I-GATE,  c.i.  To  affirm;  to  comprise  an  alHr- 
iii.'tliDii.  JIale. 

PRED'I-€ATE,  n.  In  /o^c,  lliat  which,  in  a  pronosi- 
tioii,  lit  affirmed  or  denied  of  the  subject  In  these 
prt>|insition8,  *^paper  is  white,"  "  i/i/c  is  not  tckitr," 
whiteness  is  the  predicate  affirmed  of  paper  and  de- 
niod  <.f  init.  IVatts. 

PRKO'l-eATE,  a.    Predicated.  Marshall. 

PRi:n'l-e.A-TKD,  pp.    Affirmed  of  another  thin?. 

PRKD'I-eA-TING,  ppr.    Affirming  of  unothor  thing. 

PRKD-I-€.^'TION,  H.     [L.  priFdicatio.] 

Arfinnation  of  something,  or  the  act  of  affirming 
ont'  thing  of  another.  Locke 

PRED'I-eA-TO-RY,  a.    Affirmative  :  positive. 

Bp.  mil 

PREDI€T',  V.  U  [L.  prcedictusj  pradico ;  prir^  before, 
and  rftco,  to  toll.] 

To  foretell ;  to  tell  beforehand  something  that  is 
to  happen.  Moses  predicted  the  dispersion  of  the 
Israehtes.  Christ  predicted  the  destruction  of  Jeru- 
salem. 

PRK-DIGT'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Foretold ;  told  before  Uie 
event. 

PRE-DIGT'IXG,  ppr.    Foretelling. 

PRE-Die'TION,  (-shun,)  n.    [L.  prtzdictio.'\ 

A  foretelling;  a  previous  declaration  of  a  future^ 
event ;  prophecy.  The  fuUiJImeht  of  the  pi-ed\ctians  of 
the  prophets  is  considered  to  be  a  strong  argument  in 
favor  of  the  divine  origin  of  the  Scriptures. 

PRE-DICT'IVE,  a.    Foretelhng;  prophetic.     More. 

PRE-DieT'OR,  n,    A  foreteller;  one  who  prophesies. 

Sttijr. 

PRE-DI-6ES'TION,  (-de-jes'chun,)  n.  [pre  and  diges- 
tion.}    Too  hasty  digestion. 

Predigestion  fills  Uie  boiiy  wiUi  cnidiLies.  Bacon. 

PRE-DI-LEG'TION,  n.  [Ft.  ;  It.  predilezionc ;  h.  prce, 
before,  and  dilectus,  diligo,  to  love.] 

A  previous  liking;  a  prepossession  of  mind  in  favor 
of  pornething.  fVarton. 

PRIMHS-Po'NENT,  7t.    That  which  predisposes. 

PRE-OIS-PoSE',i).  (.     [pre  ami  dispose]    To  incline 
b^'forehand  ;  to  give  a  previous  disposition  to  ;  as,  to 
jtrcdispnse  the  mind  or  temper  to  friendship.       South. 
2.  To  fit  or  adapt  previously ;  as,  debility  predis- 
poses the  body  to  disease. 

PRE  DiS-PoS'fiD,  pp.  Previously  inclined  or  adapt- 
ed. 

PRE-DIS-POS'ING,  ppr.  Inclining  or  adapting  before- 
hand. 

2.  a.  Tending  or  able  to  give  predisposition  or 
liablenoss  ;  as,  the  pre di.^pnsinff  causes  of  disease. 

PRE-DIS-PO-SI"TIOiV,  (-zish'un,)  n.  Previous  in- 
clination or  propensity  to  any  thing;  applied  to  tJie 
mind, 

2.  Previous  fitness  or  adaptation  to  any  change, 
impression,  or  purpose  ;  applied  to  matter ;  as,  the  prc- 
disposition  of  the  body  to  disease  ;  the  predisposition 
of  the  seasons  to  generate  diseases. 

Wiseman.     Bacon. 

PRE-DOMTN-ANCE.    \    n.      [See     Predominant.] 

PRE-DOM'IN-AN-CY,  j  Prevalence  over  others; 
sup'.'riority  in  strength,  power,  influence,  or  authority  ; 
ascendency ;  as,  the  predominance  of  a  red  color  in 
a  body  of  various  colors  ;  the  predominance  of  love  or 
ancer  among  the  passions;  the  predominance  of  self- 
interest  over  all  other  considerations ;  the  predomi- 
nance of  imperial  authority  in  the  confederacy. 
2.  (n  astrologii,  the  superior  influence  of  a  planet. 

PRE-DOM'IN-ANT,  a.  [Fr.  predominant ;  It.  predomi- 
nante  ;  L.  prcB  and  domiitans,  dominor,  to  rule.] 

Prevalent  over  others  ;  superior  in  strength,  influ- 
ence, or  autliority ;  ascendant ;  ruling;  controlling  ; 
as,  a  predominant  color  ;  predominant  beauty  or  excel- 
lence ;  a  predominant  passion. 

Those  h^Ips — wen  predominarU  in  the  ting's  mind.     Bacon. 
Foul  subornation  :s  predominant,  Shak. 

PRE-DO.M'IN-ANT-LY,  adv.  With  superior  strength 
or  influence.  Brown. 

PRE-DOM'IN-aTE,  17.  f.  [Fr.  predominer ;  Sp.  pre- 
dominar ;  It.  predominare;  L.  prce,  hefore,  and  dom- 
inor,  to  rule,  from  dominns,  lord.] 

To  prevail ;  to  surpass  in  strength,  influence,  or 
authority;  to  be  superior ;  to  have  controlling  influ- 
ence. In  some  persons,  the  love  of  money  predom- 
inates over  all  other  passions  ;  in  others,  ambition  or 
the  love  of  fame  predominates ;  in  most  men,  self- 
interest  predoininates  over  patriotism  and  philan- 
thropy. 

So  much  <fi(l  love  to  her  execulcd  lord 

Prcdominatt  in  this  f;tir  lady's  heart.  Daniel. 

The  rays  reflected  least  obliquely  may  predominate  over  the  rest. 

Newlon. 

PRE-DOM'IX-aTE,  v.  U    To  rule  over. 

PRE-DOM'I.\-A-TEn,  pp.    Prevailed  or  ruled  over. 

PRR-nOM'I\-A-TING,  ppr.  or  a.  Having  superior 
strencth  or  influence;  ruling;  controlling. 

PRE-DOM-IN-a'TION,  n.  Superior  strength  or  in- 
fluence. Broione. 

PRE-DOOM'EDjO.    Antecedentlv  doomed.  Coleridge. 

PRE-E-LEGT',  ».  ^  [pre  and  elect.]  To  choose  or 
elect  beforfhand  Diet. 

PRE-E-LECT'ED,  pp.    Elected  beforehand. 

PRE-E-LEC'TION,  n.  Choice  or  election  by  previous 
determination  of  the  will.  Prideauz. 


PRE 

PRE-EM'I-.\ENCE,  n.  [Fr.;  ll.  prccminenza;  pre 
and  eptincncc.] 

]  Superiority  in  cvcellence;  distinction  in  some- 
thing commendable ;  as,  pre-eminence  in  Iionor  or 
virtue ;  pre-eminence  in  eloquence,  in  legal  attain- 
ments, or  in  medical  skill. 

Thfi  pTt-emnence  of  Chrutiiuuty  to  nny  other  reli^oDi  schemo. 

A/ldiaon. 

9.  Precedence ;  priority  of  place ;  superiority  in 
i-ank  or  dignity. 

That  in  all  thinrfs  he  mig^ht  have  thtr  pre-eminence.  — Col.  i 

Piiinfiii  pre-efnftunce  I  yoiimelf  to  view 

Above  life's  weakness  and  its  comforts  too.  Pope. 

3.  Superiority  of  power  or  influence.       Hooker. 

4.  Sometimes  in  a  bad  sense}  as,  pre-eminence  in 
ffuilt  or  crime. 

PRE-EM'l-NENT,  a.  [Fr. ;  pre  and  eminent;  h.  prts, 
before,  and  cmincns,  cminco.    See  Menace.] 

1.  Superior  in  excellence;  distinguished  lor  some- 
thing commendable  or  honorable. 

In  goodness  and  In  power  pre-em\i\enU  Milton. 

2.  Surpassing  others  in  evil  or  had  qualities ;  as, 
pre-eminent  in  crime  or  guilt. 

PRE-EiAl'I-NENT-LY,  atlv.  In  a  pre-eminent  degree ; 

with  superiority  or  distinction  above  otiiers  ;  as,  pre- 

eminonthj  wise  or  good. 
9.  In  a  bad  sense ;  as,  pre-eminently  guilty. 
PRE-EMP'TION,  (-shun,)  n.     [L.  pr<z,  before,  nvA 

cmptio^  a  buying;  cmo,  to  buy.] 

1.  The  act  of  purchasing  before  others. 

2.  The  right  of  purchasing  before  others. 

3.  Tiie  right  of  a  squatter  on  the  lands  of  the 
United  States  to  purchase  in  preference  to  others, 
when  the  land  is  sold. 

4.  Formerly,  in  England.,  the  privilege  or  preroga- 
tive enjoyed  by  the  king  of  buying  provisions  for  his 
household  in  preference  to  others,  abolished  by  stat- 
ute 19Cliarles  II. 

PREEN,  n.  [Scot,  prein,  prin,  a  pen  ;  Dan.  preen,  the 
point  of  a  gi-aving  tool,  a  bodkin  ;  D.  ;>ne7n,  a  pin,  a 
spike  ;  G.  pfrieme,  a  punch.  These  arc  probably  the 
same  word,  a  little  varied.] 

A  forked  instrument  used  by  clotliiers  in  dressing 
cloth. 
PREEN,  V.  t.  [Scot.  proyne,prumjie  ;  Chaucer,  proine. 
This  word  is  probably  the  same  as  the  foregoing,  de- 
noting the  use  of  the  beiUc  in  cleaning  and  compos- 
ing the  feathers.  So  pUiitJi,  in  Chaucer,  is  from 
pike,  pick. 

He  kembith  liim  ;  he  proiiiith  him  and  pikith. 

Cant.  Tales,  98S5. 
If  not,  the  word  may  be  contracted  from  the  Fr. 
prffvigner,  to  propagate  vines  by  laying  cuttings  in 
the  ground.] 

To  clean,  compose,  and  dress  the  feathers,  as  birds, 
to  enable  them  to  glide  more  easily  through  the  air 
or  water.  For  this  purpose  they  are  furnished  with 
two  glands  on  their  rump,  which  secrete  an  oily  sub- 
stance into  a  bag,  from  which  they  draw  it  with  the 
bill  and  spread  it  over  their  feathers. 

Bailey.     P.  Ct/c. 
PRE-EN-G aGE',  v.  U     [  pre  and  engage.]     To  engage 
by  previous  contract. 

To  Cipseus  by  his  friemls  his  suit  he  moved, 

But  he  was  pre-engaged  by  former  lies.  Dryden. 

2.  To  engage  or  attach  by  previous  influence. 

The  world  has  the  unhappy  advantage  oT pre-engaging omt  pas- 
sions. Rogers, 

3.  To  engage  beforehand. 
PRE-EN-GaG''£D,  pp.    Previously  engaged  by  con- 
tract or  influence. 

PRB:-EN-GaGE'MENT,  n.  Prior  engagement;  ashy 
stipulation  or  promise.  A  would  accept  my  invita- 
tion, but  for  his  prc-en'Tagf.ment  to  B. 

9.  Any  previous  attachment  binding  the  will  or  af- 
fections. 

My  pre-engagements  to  other  themes  were  aot  unknown  to  those 
for  whom  I  was  to  write,  Boyle. 

PRE-EN-GaG'ING,  ppr.    Previously  cn^ging. 

PREEN'ING,  ppr.  Cleaning  and  composing  the  feath- 
ers, ;is  birds, 

PRE-ES-TARfLISH,  v,  t.  [pre  and  estahlisk.]  To 
establish  or  settle  beforehand.  Covenin/. 

PRE-ES-TAB'LISH-£D,  (-es-tab'lisht,);>p.  or  a.  Pre- 
viously established. 

PRE-E^-TAB'LI9H-ING,  ppr.  Settling  or  ordaining 
beforehand. 

PRE-ES-TAB'LISH-MENT,  n.  Settlement  before- 
hand. 

PRE-EX-AM-IN-a'TION,  71.    Previous  examination. 

PRE-EX-AM'INE,  v.  t.    To  examine  beforehand. 

PRE-EX-AM'IN-i';D,  pp.    Previousiv  examined. 

PRE-EX-A!\I'IN-ING,  ppr.    Examining  beforehand. 

PRE-EX-IST',  C-egz-ist',)  v.  i.  [pre  and  exist.]  To 
exist  beforehand  or  before  something  else.  It  has 
been  believed  by  many  philosophers,  that  the  souls 
of  men  pre-exist^  that  is,  exist  before  the  formation  of 
the  body. 

PRE-EX-IST'ENCE,  (-egz-ist'ens,)  n.  Existence  pre- 
vious to  something  else. 

Wiadom  dcclnjps  her  antiquity  and  prt-existence  to  aJl  the  works 
of  this  ctmh.  Burnet. 


PRE 

2.  Existence  of  the  soul  before  its  union  with  the 
body,  or  before  the  body  is  formed  ;  a  tenet  cf  Eastern 
sar^es.  Jiddison. 

PRE-EX-IST'ENT,  a.  Existing  beforehand  ;  preced- 
ing in  existence. 

Wliat  mortal  knows  his  prt-exieUnl  Blatc  i  Pope. 

PRE-EX-13T-I-Ma'TI0N,  n.  Previous  esteem.  [JVot 
m  itse,]  Brown. 

PRE-EX-IST'ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Previously  existing. 

PRE-EX-PECT-A'TION,  n.  Previous  expeclation. 
[Qu.  is  n(tt  this  tautology  ?]  Oerard. 

PREF' ACE,  lu  [Fr.,  from  L.  prafatto  ;  pro:,  before,  and 
for,fari,fatus,  to  speak.] 

Something  spoken  as  introductory  to  a  discourse, 
or  written  as  introductory  to  a  book  or  essay,  in- 
tended to  inform  the  hearer  oi  reader  of  the  main 
design,  or,  in  general,  of  whatever  is  necessary  to  the 
understanding  of  the  discourse,  book,  or  essay ;  a 
proem;  an  introduction  or  series  of  preliminary  re- 
marks. Milton, 

PREF'ACE,  V.  t.    To  introduce  by  preliminary  re- 
marks;   as,  to  preface  a  book  or  discourse.      Tho 
advocate  prefaced  Ills  arguments  with  a  history  of  the 
case. 
2.  To  face ;  to  cover ;  o  ludicrous  sense. 

Not  prtfacing  old  rags  with  plush.  Cteaceland. 

PREF'ACE,  V.  i.    To  say  something  introductory. 

Spectator, 
PREF'A-CrD,  Cprefast,)  pp.     Introduced  with  pre- 

liminarv  observations. 
PREF'A-CER,  71.    The  writer  of  a  preface.      Dnjdcn. 
PREF'A-CING,  ppr.     Introducing  with  preliminary 

remarks. 
PREF'A-TO-RI-LY,  adv.     By  way  of  preface. 
PREF'A-TO-RY,  a.     Pertaining  to  a  preface;  intro- 

ductorv  to  a  book,  essay,  or  discourse.        Drijden 
PRe'FECT,    n.      [L.   prafectns ;    pro-.,    before,    and 

factus,  made  :  but  directly  from  pra-ficior,  prafectns.] 

1.  A  name  given  to  several  Roman  officers.  The 
prefect  or  warden  of  the  city  at  first  exercised  within 
the  city  the  powers  of  the  kins  or  consuls  during  their 
absence;  afterward,  as  a  permanent  magistrate,  he 
was  empowered  to  maintain  peace  and  order  in  the 
city.  The  pretorian  prefect  was  the  commander  of 
tho  pretorian  guards.  Under  Constantine,  the  pre- 
fects became  goventors  of  provinces.      Smithes  Did. 

2.  In  France,  a  superintendent  of  a  department  or 
division  of  the  kingdom,  who  has  the  direction  of  its 
police  establishment,  together  with  extensive  j)ower3 
of  municipal  regulation.  Brande. 

PRk'FE€T-SHIP,  J  71.    The  office  of  a  chief  magis- 
PRf.'FECT-Ure,  \      trate,  commander,  or  viceroy. 

9.  Jurisdiction  of  a  prefect. 
PRE-FER',  r.  (.     [L.  prsfcro  ;  prcs,  before,  and /ero, 
to  bear  or  carry ;  Fr.  prrferer;  It.  prifcrire;  Sp.  pre- 
fer ir.] 

1.  Literally,  to  bear  or  carry  in  advance,  in  the 
mind,  atfectlons,  or  choice  ;  hence,  to  regard  more 
than  anotlier ;  to  honor  or  esteem  above  another. 

It  is  sometimes  followed  by  above,  before,  or  to. 
If  1  prefer  not  Jerusalem  oAoae  my  chief  Joy.  —  Ps.  cxxxvii. 
He  tlial  Cometh  after  me  is  preferred  before  me.  —John  i. 

2.  To  advance,  as  to  an  office  or  dignity  ;  to  raise  > 
to  exalt ;  as,  to  prefer  one  to  a  bishopric ;  to  prefer  an 
ofiicer  to  the  rank  of  general. 

3.  To  offer;  to  present ;  to  exhibit;  usnalbj,  with 
solemnity,  or  to  a  public  body.  It  is  our  privilege 
to  enjoy  the  right  of  preferring  petitions  to  rulers  for 
redress  of  wrongs. 

My  TOWS  and  prayers  to  thee  preferred.  SandyB. 

Prefer  a  biilair-iinst  all  kin^sand  parliaments  since  the  com;  neat. 

Collier. 

4.  To  offer  or  present  ceremoniously,  or  in  ordinary 
familiar  language  ;  \.o  proffer. 

He  spake,  and  to  her  hand  preferred  ihc  bowl.  Pupe. 

[This  is  allowable,  at  least  in  poetry,  though  not 

usual.] 
PREF'ER-.\-BLE,  a.     [Fr.]    Worthy  to  be  preferred 

or  chosen  before  sometliing  else ;    more   eligible ; 

more  desirable.     Virtue  is  far  preferable  to  vice,  even 

for  its  pleasures  in  this  life. 
9.  More  excellent;  of  better  quality;  as,  Madeira 

wine  is  preferable  to  claret. 
PREF'ER^A-BLE-NESS,  n.    The  quality  or  state  of 

being  preferable.  Mounta^i. 

PREF'ER-A-BLY,  adv.      In   preference ;    in  such  a 

manner  as  to  prefer  one  thing  to  another. 

How  comes  he  to  choose  Pi&iitus  j>referably  to  Terence? 

Dennis. 

PREF'ER-ENCE,  n.  The  act  of  preferring  one  thing 
before  another;  estimation  of  one  thing  above  an- 
other; choice  of  one  thing  rather  than  another. 

Leave  the  critics  on  either  side  to  contend  aliout  the  preference 
due  to  this  or  that  sort  of  poeliy.  Drydfn. 

It  has  to,  above,  before,  or  over,  before  the  thing 
postponed.  Ail  men  give  the  preference  to  Homer  as 
an  epic  poet.  The  human  body  has  the  preference 
above  or  before  those  of  brutes. 

The  knowledjre  of  things  alone  gives  a  vnhie  to  our  rensonings, 
and  preference  of  one  man's  knowledge  oticr  another's. 

Locke. 

2.  The  state  of  being  preferred. 


FaTE,  far,  FALL,  WIL>T.— MeTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD N6TE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.- 


PRE 

PRE-FER'MEN'T,  n.     [It.  prefcrimento.] 

1.  Advancement  to  a  higher  office,  dignity,  or  sta- 
tion. Change  of  manners,  and  even  of  chnnicler, 
often  {oWows preferment.  A  profligulc  life  should  be 
considered  a  di^qualiticatioii  for  pr(fcrmaU,  no  less 
than  want  of  ability. 

3.  Superior  place  or  office.     All  preferments  should 
be  given  to  competent  men. 
3.  Prfltrence.     [jVoi  «,-.-(v/.l  Broicn. 

PRE-FER'R£D,  pp.    Regarded  above  others ;  elevated 

PRE-FER'RER,  jt.    One  who  prefers.  [in  station. 

PltE-FER'RING,  ppr.  Regarding  above  others  ;  ad- 
vancini;  to  a  iiisher  station  ;  offering;  presenting. 

PREF'I-DENCE,";!.     A  previous  trusting.       Baxter. 

PREF'I-DEXT,  a.     Trusting  previously.         Baztcr. 

PRE-FIG'LI-RaTE,  v.  t.  [See  Prefigure.]  To 
slinw  bv  antecedent  representation.     {Little  used.'] 

PRE-FIG"-U-Ra'TION,  n.  Antecedent  representation 
by  similitude. 

A  varieiT  of  prophecies  iinJ  prefigurndons  haJ  their  punctual 
a^oomplishment  ia  the  autjior  of  tiiis  inslilution,     Norrls. 

PRE-FIG'tl-RA-TtVE,  a.  Showing  by  previous  fig- 
ures, types,  or  similitude.  The  sacrifice  of  the 
paschai  ia?nb  was  prejt^rative  of  the  death  of  Christ. 

PKE-FIG'URE,  (-fig'yur,)  r.  U  [L.  prm^  before,  and 
jigitrOj  to  fashion.] 

To  exhibit  by  antecedent  representation,  or  by 
types  and  similitude. 

lu  the  Old  TesEamenl,  things  ate  prefigured,  which  ore  performed 
in  the  New.  Hooker. 

PRE-FIG'TIR-£D,pp.  or  a.    Exhibited  by  antecedent 

signs,  t\'pps,  or  similitude. 
PRE-FIG'LTR-ING,  ppr.      Showing  antecedently  by 

similitude. 
IRE-FINE',  V.  ^     [L.  pr^nio ;  pr<e,  before,  andj?mo, 

to  limit;  finis,  limit.] 

To  limit  beforehand.     [Little  used.]  Knnlles. 

;^REF-l-.\r'TION,  (-nish'un,)n.    Previous  limitation. 

[Little  used.]  Fotherby. 

PRE  FIX',  V.  L    (L.  prt^go  i  prtSj  before,  and  figo,  to 

fix.] 

1.  To  put  or  fix  before,  or  at  the  beginning  of  an- 
other thing  :  as,  to  pre^  a  syllable  to  a  word  ;  to  pre- 
jix  an  advertisement  to  a  book,  or  an  epithet  to  a  title. 

2.  To  set  or  appoint  beforehand  j  as,  to  prefix  the 
hour  of  meeting. 

A  time  prefix,  and  think  of  me  at  lasL  Sandys. 

.'>.  To  settle  ;  to  establish. 

I  would  prefis  some  certain  boundary  between  the  old  statutes 
.iiid  the  new.  Bale. 

PRK'FIX,  n.  A  letter,  syllable,  or  word,  put  to  the 
beginning  of  a  word,  usually  to  vary  its  signification. 
A  prefix  is  united  with  the  word,  forming  a  part  of 
it ;  hence  it  is  distinguished  from  a  preposition  ;  as, 
pre  m  prefix;  con  in  conjurr,  with,  in  tcttJistaiid.  Pre- 
fixes are  sometimes  called  particles^  or  inseparable 
prepositions. 

Pi{E-FIX'£D,  (-fixt',)pp.  Set  before;  appointed  be- 
forehand ;  settled. 

PRE-FIX'ING, ppr.  Putting  before;  previously  ap- 
p..inlin2;  establishing. 

PRE-FIX'IOX,  C-yun,)  n.    The  act  of  prefixing. 

PRE-FLO-Ra'TIOX,  n.  In  botany,  the  manner  in 
which  the  floral  envelopes  are  arranged  in  a  flower 
bef.re  they  expand  ;  estivation.  Lindley, 

PRE-FORM',  V.  t.  [pre  and  form.]  To  form  before- 
hand. Skak. 

PRE-FORM' A-TIVE,  7i.    [L.  pr(B,  before,  and  form- 
ative.] 
A  formative  letter  at  the  beginning  of  a  word. 

M.  Stuart. 

PRE-FORM'ED,  pp.    Formed  beforehand. 

PRE-FORM'ING,  ppr.    Forming  beforehand. 

PRE-FUL'GEN-CY,  n.     [L.  prtp/u/o-cas;  prcs,  before, 
:inAfalg€o,  to  shine.] 
Superior  brightness  or  effulgency.  Barrow. 

FREG'NA-BLE,  a.     [Ft.  prenable.] 

That  may  be  taken  or  won  by  force ;  espugnable. 
[Little  usedl]  Cotgrave. 

PREG'NA?I-CY,  n.     [See  pREGrvAKT.]    The  state  of 
a  female  who  has  conceived,  or  is  with  child.      Ray. 
2,    Fertility  ;    fruitfulness ;   inventive  power;  as, 
the  pregnancy  of  wit  or  invention.  Prior. 

Preo?ia:«ce,  in  a  like  sense,  is  not  used. 

PREG'NANT,  a.  [L.  pnrgnans;  supposed  to  be  com- 
pounded of  pr^,  bi; fore,  and  gcno,  Gr.  j  cfvatu,  to 
beget;   \i.  pregnaate  ;  S^.prenado.] 

1.  Being  with  young,  as  a  female;  breeding; 
teeming. 

2.  Fruitful ;  fertile  ;  impregnating ;  as,  pregnant 
streams.  Dryden. 

3.  Full  of  consequence  ;  a.s,  a  pregnant  instance  of 
infatuation. 

An  egre^ows  and  pregnant  inst/uic«  how  far  virtue  fiurpassea 
ingeutiity.  WoodiMird. 

4.  Easy  to  admit  or  receive. 

I  am  pregnant  to  good  pity.       [Notproper.]  Shak, 

5.  Free;  kind;  ready;  witty;  apt.     [J^Tot proper.] 

Sfiak. 

6.  Plain  ;  clear;  evident;  full.    [JVot  in  use.] 

Skak. 


PRE 

A  pregnant  construction ^  or  emtstructio  prtsgnans,  is 
que  in  u  hich  more  is  implied  than  is  said  or  seems  ; 
as,  the  beast,  tranblcd  forth  from  their  dens,  i.  e., 
came  forth  tromliling. 
PREG'NANT-LY,  adi\     Fruitfully 

9.  Fully;  plainly;  clearly.     [Jv'otused.] 

Shak.     SoutJi. 
PRE'GRA-VaTE,  v.  t.     [L.  praigrava.] 

To  bear  down  ;  to  depress.     [J\\>t  in  wsc]     Hall. 
PRE-GRAV'I-TaTE,  v.  i.    To  descend  by  gravity. 

Boiile. 
PRE-GUST'ANT,  a.     [L.  pragJistans.] 

Tasting  beforehand.  Ed.  Rev. 

PRE-GUS-Ta'TION,    n.      [L.    pros   and     gtisto^    to 
taste.] 
Tlie  act  of  tasting  before  another.  Diet. 

PRE-HEN'SI-BEE,  a.    That  may  be  seized. 

Lawrence. 
PRE-HEN'SILE,     )  a.    [h.  prchendo^to  take  or  seize  ; 
PRE-HEN'SO-RY,  ]     pre'icnsus.] 

Seizing;  grasping;  adapted  to  seize  or  grasp. 
The  tails  of  some  monkcvs  are  prehensile. 

jYat  Hist.     Encyc. 
PRE-HEN'SION,  (-shun,)  n.    A  taking  hold  ;  a  seiz- 
ing ^  as  with  tlie  hand  or  other  limb.        Lawrence. 
PREHN'ITE,  (pren'Ite,)  «.    [from  Prckn,  the  name 
of  the  person  who  first  brought  this  stone  from  the 
Cape  cf  Good  Hope.] 

A  pale  green  mineral,  of  a  vitreous  luster,  occurring 
in  faotryoidal  and  mamillary  ctmcretions,  and  in 
-  small  prismatic  crj-stals,  usually  appearing  as  if 
made  up  of  a  series  cfsmail  tables.  It  consists  of 
silica,  alumina,  and  lime,  with  sorno  water.  It  is 
usually  found  associated  with  the  zeolites  in  amyg- 
daloid, but  occasionally  in  granite  and  gneiss, 

Dana. 
PRE-IN-STRU€T',  v.  L    [pre  and  instruct]     To  in- 
struct previouslv.  JHore. 
PRE-IN-STRUet'ED,  pp.     Previously  instructed  or 

directed. 
PRE-IN-STRUCT'ING, ppr.    Previously  instructing. 
PRE*IN-TI-M.\'TION,  ii.     [pre  and  intimation.]     Pre- 
vious intimation  ;  a  suggestion  beforehand. 

r,  ScoU. 
PREJUDGE',  (pre-judj',)  v.  t.    [Ft.  prejugtr  ;  L.  pra 
ami  jttdico,  to  judge.] 

1.  To  judge  in  a  cause  before  it  is  heard,  or  before 
the  arguments  and  facts  in  the  case  are  fully 
known. 

Th*;  committee  of  council  lialh  piejudged  tlie  whole  case,  by 
ciilliii^  tlie  united  sense  of  both  houses  of  parliament  a 
univereril  clamor.  Stcifl. 

2,  To  jvidgo  and  determine  before  the  cause  is 
heard  ;  hence,  sometimes,  to  condemn  beforehand  or 
unheard.  Milton. 

PRE-JUDG'-ED,  pp.  Judged  beforehand  ;  determined 
unheard. 

PRE-JUDtj'ING,  ppr.  Judging  or  determining  with- 
out a  hearing  or  before  the  case  is  fully  understood. 

PRE-JQDG'MENT,  n.  Judgment  in  a  case  without  a 
hearing  or  full  examination.  Knox. 

PRE-Ju'DI-€A-CY,  11.  Prejudice  ;  prepossession. 
[J^ot    used.]  Blnuiit. 

PRE-Ju'DI-€aTE,  v.  t.  [L.  prcEy  before,  and  judico, 
to  judge.] 

To  prejudge  ;  to  determine  beforehand  to  disad- 
vantage. 

Our  dearest  friend 
PrejuiiicfUee  the  business.  Shak. 

PRE-JC'DI-CATE,  v.  i.  Toform  a  judgment  without 
due  examination  of  the  facts  and  arguments  in  thu 
case.  Sidney 

PRE-JO'DI-CATE,  a.  Formed  before  due  examina- 
tion. IVhtts. 

2.  Prejudiced ;  biased  by  opinions  formed  prema- 
turely ;  as,  a  prejudicatc  reader.     [Little  used.] 

Brown. 

PRE-Ju'DI-eA-TED,  pp.    Prejudged. 

PRE-Ju'DI  €a-TING,  ppr.    Prejudging. 

PRE-JU-DI-€a'TION,  n.  The  act  of  judging  with- 
out due  examination  of  facts  and  evidence. 

Sherwood. 
2.  In  Roman  oratory,  prejudications  were  of  three 
kinds  ;  first,  precedents  or  adjudged  cases,  involving 
the  same  points  of  law  ;  second,  previous  decisions 
on  the  same  question  between  other  parties  ;  third, 
decisions  of  the  same  cause  and  between  the  same 
parties,  before  tribunals  of  inferior  jurisdiction. 

.^dams''s  Lect. 

PRE-Ju'DI-€A-TIVE,  a.  Forming  an  opinion  or 
judgment  without  examination.  Mare. 

PREJ'^-DICE,  (pred'ju-dis,)  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  preju- 
dicinm;  prtr  and  judico.] 

1.  Prejudgment ;  an  opinion  or  decision  of  mind, 
formed  without  due  examination  of  the  facts  or  ar- 
guments which  are  necessary  to  a  just  and  impartial 
determination.  It  is  used  in  a  good  or  bad  sense. 
Innumerable  are  the  prejudices  of  education  ;  we  are 
accustomed  to  believe  what  we  are  taught,  and  to 
receive  opinions  from  others  without  examining  the 
grounds  by  which  they  can  be  supported.  A  man 
has  strong  prejudices  in  favor  of  his  country  or  his 
party,  or  the  church  in  which  he  has  been  educated  ; 
and  often  our  prejudices  are  unreasonable.    A  judge 


PRE 

should  disabuse  himself  of  firc/udice  in  favor  of  either 
party  in  a  suit. 

My  comfort  is,  thattheirmanifeslpre/udicB  to  my  cauie  wilJ  rcD- 
df-T  their  judgment  of  leas  authority.  Dryden. 

2.  A  previous  bent  or  bias  of  mind  for  or  against 
any  person  or  thing;  prepossession. 

Tbrre  is  an  unaccountable  prejudiet  lo  projector  of  ail  kinds. 

Adduon. 

3.  Mischief;  hurt;  damage;  injury.  Violent  fac- 
tions are  a  prejudice  to  the  authority  of  the  sovereign. 

How  plain  this  abuse  is,  and  what  prejudice  it  does  to  Ow;  onder- 
sunding  of  the  sacred  Scripiurei !  Lcdce. 

[This  is  a  sense  of  the  word  too  well  established  to  be 
condemned,] 
PREJ'TT-DICE,  V.  t.  To  prepossess  with  unexamined 
opinions,  or  opinions  formed  without  due  knowledge 
of  the  facts  and  circumstances  attending  the  qin-s- 
tion  ;  to  bias  the  mind  by  hasty  and  incorrect  no- 
tions, and  give  it  an  unreasonable  bent  to  one  side 
or  other  of  a  cause. 

SulTer  not  Bny  beloved  study  to  prejudice  your  mind  to  fur  aa  to 
despise  all  other  learning.  WaUs, 

2.  To  obstruct  or  injure  by  prejudices,  or  an  undue 
previous  bias  of  the  mind ;  or  to  hurt ;  to  damage; 
to  diminish  :  to  impair  ;  in  a  very  general  sense.  The 
advocate  who  attempts  to  prove  too  much  raayprg- 
iidice  his  cause. 

1  am  not  to  prejudice  the  cause  of  my  fcllow-po»t«,  though  I 
abandon  my  own  defense.  Dryden. 

PREJ'U-DIC-ED,  (pred'ju-dist,)pp.  or  a.  Prepossessed 
by  unexamined  opinions;  biased. 

PREJ-U-DI"CIAL,  (pred-ju-dish'al,)  a.  Biased  or 
blinded  by  prejudices;  as,  a  prejudicial  eye.  [JVot 
in  itse.  ]  Hooker. 

2.  Hurtful  ;  mischievous  ;  injurious  ;  disadvan- 
tageous ;  detrimental  ;  tending  to  obstruct  or  im- 
pair. A  high  rate  of  interest  is  prejudicial  to  trade 
and  manufactures.  Intemperance  is  pr^uditial  to 
health. 

His  going  away  the  next  morning,  with  all  his  troops,  wb»  most 
prejudicUU  to  ihe  king's  alliiirs.  Clarendon. 

One  of  tiie  young  ladies  reada  while  ihe  othcre  are  ai  work ;  80 
that  the  learning  of  the  family  ia  not  at  all  prefudiciai  lo  its 
manufactures.  AdiSson, 

PREJ-T^-DI"CIAL-LY,  adv.  Injuriously;  disadvan- 
tageouslv. 

PREJ-U-DI"CIAL-NES3,  n.  The  state  of  being  prej- 
udicial ;  injuriousness. 

PREJ'U-DIC-ING,  ppr.    Prepossessing  ;  biasing. 

PRE-K^iOWL'EDGE,  (pre-nol'Iej,)  n.  Prior  knowl- 
edge, 

PREL'A-CYorPRE'LA-CY,7(.  [from  preZote.]  The 
ofiice  or  dignity  of  a  prelate. 

Prelacies  may  be  termed  the  greaier  benefices.  Ay!i^e. 

2.  Episcopacy  ;  the  order  of  bishops. 

How  many  are  there  that  tUl  themselves  Protest-\nts,  who  jput 
prelacy  and  poppry  together  as  terms  conrertiWe  I     Swijl. 

3.  Bishops  collectively. 

Diwrs  of  the  reverend  pretaaj.  Booker. 

PREL'ATEor  PRE'LATE,n.  [Fr.prelat;  lUprclata; 
from  L.  pnelatns,  pr(Ffcro.i 

A  clerg>'man  of  a  superior  order,  having  authority 
over  the  lower  clerg}',  as  an  archbishop,  bishop,  &;c. ; 
a  dignitary  of  the  church.  Bacon. 

PREL'ATE-SHIP,  n.     The  office  of  a  prelate. 

Harmar. 
PRE-LAT'I€,         I  a.    Pertaining  to  prelates  or  prel- 
PRE-LAT'ie-AL,  )       acy  ;  as,  prelatical  authority. 
PRE-LAT'ie-AL-LY,  adv.    With  reference  to  prelates. 

Morton, 
PRE-La'TION,  n.     [L.  pralatio,  prafero.] 

Preference;  the  setting  of  one  above  another 
[Little  used,]  Hale. 

PREL'A-TISM,  7t.    Prelacy;  episcopacy.       Milton. 
PREL'A-TIST,  v.     [from  prelate.]     An  advocate  for 
prelacy  or  the  government  of  the  church  by  bishops ; 
a  high  clmrchman. 

1  nm  an  Episcopalian,  but  not  a  jrrelatiat,  T.  Scotl. 

PREL'A-TURE,  )   „      rp,  „„7«,.,„  1 

PREL'A-TURE-SHIP,  !  "•     [Fv.prelaturt.] 

Tlie  state  or  dignity  of  a  prelate.  Diet. 

PREL'A-TY,  71.    Episcopacy;  prelacy.    [JVot  in  use.] 

Milton. 
PRE-LECT',  V.  t     [L.  prislcctus,  pralego;  pro:,  before, 
and  lego^  to  read.] 
To  read  a  lecture  or  public  discourse.      Horsley. 
PRE-LEG'TION,  n.     [L.  pralcctio.] 

A  lecture  or  discourse  read  in  public  or  to  a  select 
company.  Hale. 

PRE-LEC'TOR,  n.    A  reader  of  discourses ;  a  lec- 
turer. Sheldon. 
PRE-LT-B.\'TION,  ti.     [from  L.  prtElibo;  pr(B^  before, 
and  libo,  to  taste.] 

1.  Foretaste  ;  a  tasting  beforehand  or  by  anticipa- 
tion. The  joy  that  proceeds  from  a  belief  of  pardon 
is  a  preltbation  of  heavenly  bliss. 

2.  An  effusion  previous  to  tasting.    Ou. 

Johnson. 
PRE-LIM'IN-A-RI-LY,  adc.    In  a  preliminary  man- 
ner. 
PRE-LIM'IN-A-RY,  a.      [Fr.  preliminaire  ;    It.  preli- 


TCNE,  BULL,  IGNITE AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K ;  6  as  J;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


PRE 


PRE 


viinarci    Sp.  prcUnnnar ;   L.  prtc,  before,  and  limai, 
tlireslihoUl  or  liniir.] 

lutrdduclory  ;  jircvioiis  ;  proomijil  ;  that  prrT-  .ics 
llie  main  ilisicourse  or  liusincss  ;  as,  prelivtitwrij  (ob- 
servations to  a  ili^^courss  or  bnuk  ;  yreliminarij  arti- 
cles to  a  treatv  :  prflhninary  measures. 

PRE-LIMTN-A-IIY,  «.  That  which  precedes  the 
main  discourse,  work,  detipn,  or  business;  sonie- 
tliing  previous  or  preparatory;  a^,  the  prelim huu-ie^ 
to  a  neRoliation  <ir  treaty";  the  pi-elimir.aries  to  a  com- 
bat.   The  parties  met  to  settle  the  preliminaries. 

PRE'LUUEor  I'REL'LIDE,  it.  [Fr.  «/.  ;  It.  and  Sp. 
prcludio  ;  Low  L.  prtdwlium^  from  pncludu ;  yjnc,  be- 
fore, and  ludo^  to  phiy.] 

1.  A  short  llifiht  of  music,  or  irregular  air  played 
by  a  musician  before  he  be(;ins  the  piece  to  be  played, 
or  before  a  full  concert.  Knctjc.     Young. 

2.  Something  introductory,  or  that  shows  what  is 
to  follow  ;  something  preceding  which  bears  some 
relation  or  resemblance  Xo  that  which  is  to  follow. 

T hf  liial  Gcorgic  w;.*  ii  giioil  jirclwle  lo  ih*^  ^neis.    Addison, 

3.  A  forerunner;  something  which  indicates  a 
future  event. 

TRE-LUDE',  r.  t.  To  introduce  with  a  previous  per- 
formance ;  to  play  before ;  as,  to  prelude  a  concert 
with  a  lively  air. 

9.  To  precede,  af*  an  introiluctory  piece  ;  as,  a 
lively  iiiT  preludes  the  concert. 

PRE-LuDE',  V.  i.    To  serve  as  an  introduction  to. 

Dnjdcii. 

PRE-LuD'ED,  pp.  Preceded  by  an  introductory  per- 
formance ;  preceded. 

PRE-LuD'ER,  V.  One  that  plays  a  preludf^,  or  intro- 
duces by  a  previous  inccular  piece  of  music. 

PRE-LCtD'ING,  ppr.  Playing  an  introductory  air ; 
preceding. 

PRE-LU'DI-OUS,  u.    Previous  ;  introductoiy. 

CIc.tifdmxd. 

PRE-LtT'DI-U:\I,  w.    [Low  L.]    A  prelude.  />'/(^«. 

PRE-LO'SIVE,  a.  Previous;  intrmluctory  ;  indica- 
ting that  something  of  a  like  kind  is  to  follow  ;  a-:, 
prelusivp  drop^J.  I'lionison, 

PRE-LC'S04U-LY  I  "'^^"'   I*''eviously  ;  introductorily. 

PRE-LO'SO-RY,  a.  Previous  ;  introductory :  prelu- 
sive. Bacon. 

PRE-MA-TuRE',  a.  [Ft.  premature,  from  L.  pnema- 
tunts  ;  prtc,  before,  and  ^nat.unts,  rij)C.] 

1.  Ripe  before  the  natural  or  i>roper  time ;  as,  the 
premature  fruits  of  a  hot  lied. 

2.  Happening,  arriving,  performed,  or  adopted  be- 
fore the  proper  lime  ;  as,  a  premature  fall  of  snow  in 
autumn  ;  n.  prnnature  hirtU  ;  a  premature  opinion;  a 
premature  measure. 

3.  Arriving  or  received  without  due  authentication 
or  evidence  ;  as,  premature  report,  iiev.'s,  or  intelli- 
gence. 

PRE-MA-TCtRE'LY,  adv.  Too  soon;  too  early;  be- 
fore the  proper  time  ;  as,  fruits  prematurdy  ripened  ; 
opinions  prematurely  formed  ;  measures  prematurely 
taken. 

2.  Without  due  evidence  or  authentication;  as, 
intelligence  prematurely  received. 
PRE-MA-TuRE'NESS,  /  ii.    Ripeness  before  the  nat- 
PRE-MA-TO'Rt-TY,      j      oral  or  proper  time. 
2.  Too  great  haste  ;  tmseasoiiable  earlines?. 

IVarton. 
PRE-MED'I-TaTE,  v.  t.     [Fr.  preineditcr ;  It.  premedi- 
tnre :    L.  pi-c^sneditor ;  priT,    before,   and   vieditnr,   to 
meditate.] 

To  think  on  and  revolve  in  the  mind  beforehand  ; 
to  contrive  and  dt'sign  previously  ;  as,  lo  premeditate 
theft  or  robbery. 

With  words  premfdilated  ihn.i  he  s.iid.  Dryden. 

PRE-JIED'I-TaTE,  v.  i.  To  think,  consider,  or  re 
volve  in  the  mind  beforehand ;  to  deliberate ;  to 
have  formed  in  the  mind  by  previous  thought  or 
meditation.  Hooker. 

PKE-.MED'I-TATE,  a.  Contrived  by  previous  medi- 
tation. Burnet. 

PRE-MED'I-Ta-TED,  pp.  or  a.  Previously  consid- 
ered or  meditated. 

2.  Previously  contrived,  designed,  or  intended; 
deliberate  ;  willful;  x\':i,  premeditated  murder. 

PRE-MED'I-TATE-LY,  adc.  With  previous  medita- 
tion. FeWiam. 

PRE-MED'I-Ta-TING,  ppr.  Previously  meditating; 
contriving  or  intending  beforehand. 

PRE-iMED-I-TA'TIO.\.  n.     [  L.  pnrmeditalio.'] 

1.  The  act  of  mi-rlii^.ting  beforehand  ;  previous 
deliberation. 

A  sudden  thought  may  \x  liis:h':T  tli.-\ti  nature  can  t.mi  wilhmit 
premedHaaon.  "  Dryden, 

2.  Previous  contrivance  or  design  formed  ;  as,  the 
premeditation  of  a  crime. 

PRE-MER'IT,  V.  /.     [pre  and  merit.]     To  merit  or  de- 
serve beforehand.     [Litlle  u^-crf.]  K.  Charles. 
PREM'I-CES,  n.  pi.     [Fr.,  from  L.  primitio!,  primus.] 
First-fruits.     [JVot  H.va/.j  Dryden. 
PRE>I'lEH,(prem'yer,)  a.  [Fr.,  from  L.  primu.',  first.] 
First;    chief;    principal;    as,   the  premier  place; 
premier  minister.                               Camden.     Swift. 


PREM'IER,  (prcm'yt^i))  "•  '^"'"0  (irst  minister  of  state  / 

Ilif  prime  minister. 
PRH.M'IER-SIIIP,  H.    The  office  or  dignity  of  the  first 

minister  of  state. 
PKE-MIL-LEN'I-AL,  n.    Previous  to  the  niillenninm. 
PRE-MISE',  V.  I.     [L.  jtra-missusjprtcmilto, to  send  1k.-- 

fore.] 

1.  To  speak  or  write  before,  or  as  introductory  to 
the  main  sul)ject;  to  ofter  previously,  as  something 
to  explain  or  aid  in  understanding  what  follows. 

I  j)vemiae  llicw  piirliculara  Omt  llio  rftidor  may  know  tliAl  I  enter 
upon  ii  US  a  very  unijiutcful  tailt.  Addison. 

2.  To  send  bef.ire  the  time.     [.Vo(  in  \isc.]    Skak. 

3.  To  lay  down  premises  or  first  propositions,  kv^ 
which  rest  the  subsequent  reasonings.  Burnet. 

4.  To  use  or  apply  previously. 

If  vpneacclion  and  a  c.irthn,rtic  be  premited.  Darwin. 

PRE-MISE',  V.  T.    To  state  antecedent  propositions. 

Swift. 
PKE:\r'ISE,  (premMs,)  h.    See  Phemises. 
PRE-?,ITS'/vl),  pp.    Spoken  or  written  before,  as  intro- 
ductory to  liic  main  subject. 
PPi.EM'1-SES,  71.  ;;/.     [Vr.  premisses  ;  Ij.  pramjissa.] 

1.  In  loific^  the  two  first  pvoi)ositions  of  a  syllo- 
gism, from  which  the  inference  or  conclusion  is 
drawn ;  as, 

All  sinners  deserve  punishment; 

A  B  is  a  sinner. 

These  propositions,  which  are  the  premises,  being 
true  or  admitted,  the  conclusion  follows,  that  A  B 
deserves  punishment. 

2.  Propositions  antecedently  supposed  or  proved. 

While  Ihc  premises  ctaiid  finn,  it  is  ini^Kissiblc  to  shape  thp  cou- 
chisiou.  Drcay  of  Piety. 

3.  In  law,  circumstances  premised  or  set  forth  pre- 
vious to  the  covenants,  &c.  Also,  the  houses,  lands, 
&c.,  proposed  to  lie  conveyed  by  deed,  &,c.  Hence, 
the  term  is  applied  to  a  building  with  its  adjuncts. 

PRE-MiS'IXC,  [ipr.  Speaking  or  writing  before  ;  lay- 
ing down  the  premises. 

PREM'IfjS,  71.    A  premise.     [See  Pekmises.] 

TVhatehj.     f^'att'i. 

PRK'MI-URr,  71.  [L.]  Properly,  a  reward  or  recom- 
pense; a  prize  to  be  won  by  competition;  the  re- 
ward or  prize  to  be  adjudged  to  the  best  performance 
or  production. 

2.  The  recompense  or  prize  offered  for  a  specific 
discovery,  or  for  success  in  an  enterprise  ;  as  for  the 

•discovery  of  t!ie  longitude,  or  of  a  north-west  passage 
to  the  Pacific  Ocean. 

3.  A  bounty  ;  something  ofiered  or  given  for  the 
loan  of  money,  usually,  a  sum  beyond  the  interest. 

4.  The  recompense  to  underwriters  for  insurance, 
or  for  undertaking  to  indemnify  for  losses  of  any 
kind. 

5.  It  is  sometimes  synonymous  with  lNTEHF,sT,but 
generally,  in  obtaining  loans,  it  is  a  sum  percent, 
distinct  from  the  interest.  Tlic  bank  lends  money 
to  government  at  a  premium  of  2  per  cent. 

6.  A  bounty. 

The  l-iw  that  obliges  parishes  lo  Biipport  the  poor,  offers  a  pre- 
vtium  for  ill?  encouragement  of  klleficas.  I^raiOclin. 

PRE-MON'ISn,  V.  t.     [L.  praynonco;  prm  and  monco, 
lo  warn.] 
To  forewarn  ;  to  admonish  beforehand. 

PRE-MOX'ISH-^D,  (-mnn'isht,)  pp.     Forewarned. 

PI1E-M0\'ISH-IN0,  ppr.    Admonishing  beforehand. 

PIlE-.M<J.\'I^lI-i\!ENT, /I.  Previous  warning  or  ad- 
monition ;  previous  information. 

PRE-MO-\l''TION,  (-mo-nish'un,)  ti.  Previous  warn- 
ing, notice,  or  information.  Christ  gave  to  his  disci- 
ples prf.'HojH^ions  of  their  sufferings. 

PRE-MON'I-TO-RI-LY,  adu.    By  way  of  premonition. 

PRE-MO\'I-TO-RY,  n.  Giving  previous  warning  or 
notice. 

PRE-MON'STll^VNT.S,  ».  pi.     {L.  pr(rmonstran3.] 

A  religious  order  of  regular  canons  or  monks  of 
Premontre  in  Picardy,  instituted  by  Norbert  in  IIQO. 
They  are  called  also  White  Canons.  These  monks 
were  poor  at  first,  but  within  thirty  years  they  had 
more  than  one  hundred  abbeys  in  France  and  Ger- 
Dany,  and  in  time  they  were  established  in  all  parts 
of  Christendom.  Encye. 

PRE-.MON'STRaTE,  v.  t.  [L.  prtFmonstro  ;  pro-,  be- 
fore, and  moiistro,  to  shov/.l 

To  show  beftirehand.     [Little  ■used.]         Herbert. 

PUE-MON-STRa'TION,  71.  A  showing  beforehand. 
[Liltle  vsed.]  Shelford. 

PRE-MORSE',  (prc-mors',)  a-      [L.  pra-mordeo,  prtP- 
vtorsus  ;  prcE  and  nturdro,  to  gnaw.] 
As  if  bitten  ofl'. 

Premorse  roots  or  leaves,  in  botajiy,  are  such  as  have 
an  abrupt,  ragged,  and  irregular  tciniination,  as  if 
bitten  off  short.  Lindlcij. 

PRE-Mo'TION,  n.  [pre  and  motion.]  Previous  mo- 
tion or  c?;citcment  to  action.  Encye. 

PREM-U-NI'RE,  n,  [See  PR.-EMUNinE.]  [If  really 
anglicized,  premuuire  is  the  regular  orthography.  But 
this  is  not  yet  settled.] 

1.  In  latD,  the  offense  of  introducing  foreign  au- 
thority into  Englanil,  and  the  writ  whicli  is  grounded 
(ui  fJie  offense. 


PRE 

2.  The  penalty  incurred  by  the  offense  above  <W- 
scribed. 

Wolwy  iiicnrrcd  a  7;r«mu7iire,  and  forltilcd  his  honor,  cft^ile,  nrnl 
life.  Soiiih. 

PRE-MU-NTTF/,  v.  t.    To  guard  against  objection  ;  to 

fnitify.     [Ohs.] 
PRE-MU-NI"TIC)N,  (-nish'un,)  n.      [\..  pramunilio, 
from  praimniiio.] 
An  anticipation  of  objections.  Diet. 

PRE-NO'MEN,  V.     [L.  pncnomen.] 

Among  the  Jiotnans,  a  name  prefixed  to  the  family 
name,  answering  to  our  Christian  nanjp ;  as  Cains, 
Lucius,  Marcus,  &,c. 
PRE  NOiM'IN-aTE,  •«  t.    [L.  pro;  and  nomino.] 

To  forename. 
PRE-NOM'IN-ATE,  a.     Foreuamed.  Shak. 

PRE-NOM'IN-A-TED-  pp.     Forenamcd. 
PRE-NOM'IN-A-TI\G,  ppr.    Forenaming. 
J'KE  NO.M-IN-a'TION,   «.      The  privilege  of  being 

named  lirsr.  Brown. 

PRE-No'TION,  V.  [L.  prcnotio ;  pr<E  and  noseo,  to 
know.] 

A  notice  or  notion  which  precedes  something  el^^e 
in  time  ;  previous  notion  or  thought ;  foreknowifl-^'-. 
Bacon.     Bromn. 
PREN-Sa'TIOX,  h.      [L.  prcnsatio,  from   prcuso,  to 
seize.] 
The  act  of  .seixing  with  violence.     [Little  used.] 

Barrow. 
PREN'TICE;  a  collotpiial  contraction  of  ArPHEsner,, 

which  see. 
PREN'TICE-SniP  ;  a  contraction  of  AppRENiicESHir, 

which  see.  Pope. 

PRE-NUN-CI-a'TION,    n.      [L.  prwnnnclo ;  prcc  an<l 
nuncio,  to  tell.] 
The  act  of  tolling  before.     [J^ot  used.]         Diet. 
PRE-OB-TaIN',  )-.  t.    To  obtain  beforehand. 
PRE-OB-TaIN'jRD,  pp.    Previously  obtained. 
PRE-0€'eU-PAN-C Y,  /i.     [L. pr<roccupans.] 

1.  The  act  of  tiiking  possession  before  another. 
The  property  of  unoccupied  land  is  vested  by  prc- 
oecupuncy. 

2.  The  right  of  taking  possession  before  other.^. 
The  first  discoverer  of  unoccupied  land  has  the  prc- 
oeciipuncy  of  it,  by  the  law  of  nature  and  nations. 

PRE-OCSU-PaTE,  v.  t.     [h.  praoecupo  ;  pree  and  oc- 
cnpo,  to  seize.] 
J.  To  anticipate  ;  to  take  before.  Bacon. 

2.  To  prepossess  ;  to  fill  with  prejudices.  JVutton. 
[Instead  of  this,  PnEoccupy  is  used.] 
PRE-Oe-eU-PA'TIOX,  n.     A  taking  possession  before 
another;  prior  occupation. 

2.  Anticipation. 

3.  Prepossession.  Barrin^ton. 

4.  Anticipation  of  objections.  South. 
PRE-0€'eU-Pr-£D,   (-pide,)  pp.  or  a.    Taken   pos- 
session of  beforehand  ;  prepossessed. 

PIlE-0€'eiJ-PV,  ?;.  t.  [L.  pi-tcoccnpo ;  prir,  before, 
and  occiipo,  to  seize.] 

1.  To  take  possession  before  another;  as,  lo  preoc- 
cupy a  country  or  land  not  before  occu[)ied. 

2.  To  prepossess;  to  occupy  by  anticipation  or 
prejudices. 

I  tliinlf  it  more  respeclfnt  to  the  reader  to  leave  somelhinf  to  rc- 
flcciibii*,  i!ian  to  prtoccuj'y  his  judgment.  ArbtitnTiot. 

PRE-OG'eU-P^-ING,  ppr.  Taking  possession  of  be- 
forehand ;  occupying  by  anticipation. 

PRE-OM'IN-aTE,  v.  t.  [L.  pViD  and  ominor,  to  prog- 
nositicate.] 

To  prognosticate  ;  to  gather  from  omens  any  future 
event.  Brown. 

PRE-O-PINTOiV,  (-yun,)  tj.  [pre  and  opinion.]  Opin- 
ion previously  formed  ;  i)repossession.  Brown. 

PRE-OP'TIONj  n.  [pre  and  option.]  The  right  of 
first  choice.  Stackkouse. 

PRE-OR-DaIN',  v.  t.  [pre  and  ordtiln.]  To  ordain 
or  appoint  beforeiiand  ;  to  predetermine.  All  things 
are  supposed  to  he  preordained  by  God. 

PRE-OR-DAIN'/;D,p/j.  or  a.  Antecedently  ordained 
or  determined. 

PRE-OR-DaIN'ING.  ppr.    Ordaining  beforehand. 

PRE-OR'DI-i\Ai\C£;,  n.  [pre  and  ordinance.]  Ante- 
cedent decree  or  deterniiruition.  Slialc. 

PRE-OR'DI-NATE,  a.    Foreordained.     [Little  used.] 

PRE-OR-DI-Na'TION,  n.  The  act  of  foreordaining; 
previous  determination.  Fotherby. 

PRe-PaID',  pp.  or  a.  Paid  in  advance,  as  postage  of 
letters. 

PRE-PaR'A-BLE,  a.  [See  Prepare.]  That  may  be 
prepnred.  Boyle. 

PREP-A-Ra'TION,  n.    [L.  pr^Eparat.io.  See  Prepaue.] 

1.  The  act  or  operation  of  preparing  or  fitting  for  a 
particular  purpose,  use,  service,  or  condition  ;  as, 
the  preparation  of  land  for  a  crop  of  wheat ;  the 
preparation  of  Iroops  lor  a  campaign  ;  the  preparation 
of  a  nation  tor  war  ;  the  prcparaiion  of  men  for  fu- 
ture happines-s.  Preparation  is  intended  lo  prevent 
evil  or  secure  good. 

2.  Previous  measures  of  adaptation. 

I  will  show  what  preparations  Uiere  were  in  nature  for  liiis  dia- 
soUui-jn.  Burnet. 

3.  Ceremonious  inlroduction.     [Unusuat]  Shak. 


Fate,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MeTE,  PREV^_PI^E,  .MARKNE,  BIRD.— iVoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.- 
_ 


PRE 

4.  'rh:it  wliicb  is  prepared,  made,  or  conipounded 

fov  a  p;trticuiar  purpose. 

I  wish  lliL-  chemists  had  been  more  sparing,  who  nmo:nif:r  their 
prepxrations.  itrowiL 

5.  The  slate  of  being  prepared  or  in  readiness ;  as, 
a  notion  in  good  prejmration  for  attack  or  defense. 

G.  ALxoniiilishment ;  qualification.    [ JVof  tH  jidfc] 

Sfuzk. 

7.  In  pJiarmaaj,  any  medicinal  substance  fitted  for 
the  use  of  the  piitient.  Encyc. 

3.  In  anatomy^  a  name  given  to  the  parts  of  animal 
bodies  prepared  and  preserved  for  anatomical  u^es. 

Kncyc. 

Preparation  of  dissonances,  in  music,  is  their  dispo- 
sition in  harmony  in  such  a  manner  that  by  some- 
thinu  ronsenial  in  what  precedes,  they  may  be  ren- 
dered less" harsh  to  the  ear  than  they  wouhl  be  with- 
out such  prt-paration.  EncTic 

Preparation  of  medicines ;  the  process  of  fittiiig  any 
substance  for  use  in  the  art  of  healing. 
PRE-PAlt'.\-TIVE,  a.     [it.  preparativo;  Fr.  prepara- 
tif] 

Tending  to  prepare  or  make  ready  ;  having  the 
power  of  preparing,  qualifying,  or  fitting  for  any 
thing ;  preparatory. 

He  speul  luach  Umc  in  quest  of  kiiov.k-tlg-e  pi-eparalioe  to  tliis 
work.  South. 

PRE-PAR'A-TIVE,  iu  That  which  has  the  power  of 
preparing  or  previously  fitting  'for  a  purpose ;  that 
wiucix  prepares. 

Keaulv'-dness  in  sin  can  with  no  r&ison  be  imaffined  a  prepara- 
lice  10  remission.  Decay  of  Piety. 

2.  That  which  is  done  to  prevent  an  evil  or  secure 
some  good. 

'I'he  miseries  we  suE'er  may  be  prejiarative  of  future  blessing. 

K.  OiarUs. 

3.  Preparation  ;  as,  to  make  the  necessary  prfpara- 
tivcs  for  a  voyage.  Dnjden. 

PRE-PAR'A-TIVE-LY,  ada.    By  way  of  preparation. 

llah. 
PRE-PAR'A-TO-RY,  a.     [It.   and  gp.  preparatorio ; 
Fr.  prejjaratoire.] 

1.  Previously  necessary;  useful  or  qualifying; 
preparing  the  way  for  any  thing  by  previous  meas- 
ures of  adaptation.  The  practice  of  virtue  and  piety 
is  preparatory  to  tile  happiness  of  heaven. 

9.  Introductory ;  previous  ;  antecedent  and  adapted 

to  what  follows.*  Hale. 

PRE-P.\RE',  V.  t.     [Fr.  preparer;  It.  prepararc ;  Sp. 

and  Port,  preparar ;  from  L.  praparo  ;  prcE  and  paro  ; 

Ilij;S.  iibirarju  ;  W.  parodi.     The  L.  /j«ro  is  probably 

the  Shemitic  H'^2,  '  «j  to  create  or  bring  forth,  co- 
inciding with  English  bear;  and  from  the  L.  are 
derived  Fr.  parer,  Sp.  and  Port,  parar,  It.  pararc. 
The  sense  of  prepare  is  derived  from  many  kinds  of 
actions.    See  ni3  in  the  Introduction.] 

1.  In  a  ^nicral  sense,  to  fit,  adapt,  or  qualify  for  a 
particular  purpose,  end,  use,  service,  or  state,  by 
any  means  whatever.  \V^e  jrreparc  ground  for  seed 
by  tillage  :  we  prepare  cloth  for  use  by  dressing;  we 
prepare  medicines  by  pulverization,  mixture,  &c. ; 
we  prepare  young  men  for  college  by  previous  in- 
?'niftion  ;  men  mn prepared  for  professions  by  suita- 
ble study;  holiness  of  heart  is  necessary  to  prepare 
men  fur  the  enjoyment  of  happiness  with  holy  be- 
ings. 

2.  To  make  ready ;  as,  to  prepare  the  tiible  for  en- 
tertaining company. 

3.  I'o  provide ;  to  procure  as  suitable  ;  as,  to  pre- 
pare arms,  ammunition,  and  provisions  for  troops; 
to  prepare  ships  for  defense. 

ALs.ikim  jtrejiarsd.  him  clcmoU  lHjiI  horses,  ami  fifty  men  to  run 
lielure  him,  — 2  Sam.  iv. 

4.  To  set ;  to  establish. 

Th;  Lord  liath  prepared  liIs  tlirone  iii  th-;  licavens.  —  Pi.  dii. 

5.  To  appoint. 

It  shnll  be  ^vcii  to  them  for  whum  it  U  prepared,  —  Matt,  xx. 

6.  To  guide,  direct,  or  establish.     1  Chron.  xxix. 
PRE-PaRE',  v.  i.    To  make  all  things  ready  ;  to  put 

things  in  suitable  order;  as,  prepare  for  dinner. 

Skak. 

2.  To  lake  the  necessary  previous  measures. 

Dido  preparing  to  kill  herself.  Peacka-n. 

3.  To  make  one's  self  ready. 

Prepare  to  meet  tliv  God,  O  hraej,  —  Amos  iv. 

PRE-P.\RE',  n.     Preparation.     [J^ot  in  use.]      Shak. 

PKE-PAR'>nJ,  pp.  or  a.  Fitted  ;  adapted  ;  made  suit- 
able ;  made  ready  ;  provide^d. 

PRE-PaR'EL>-LY, adv.  With  suitable  previous  meas- 
ures. Shah. 

PRE-PaR'ED-NESS,  n.  The  stale  of  being  prepared 
or  in  readiness.  South. 

PRE-PaR'ER,  It.  One  that  prepares,  fits,  or  makes 
ready. 

2.  One  that  provides. 

3.  Th.at  which  fits  or  makes  suitable  ;  as,  certain 
manures  are  preparers  of  land  fjr  particular  crops. 

Mortimer. 


[See  pRIiPONDKRlTE.] 


PRE 

PREPaR'ING,   ppr.      Fitting ;    adapting ;     making 

ready;  providing. 
PRe-PaV,  v.  t.    To  pay  in  advance  or  beforehand,  as 

the  postage  of  a  letter. 
PRK-PaV'MENT,   u.    Payment    in    advance,  as   of 

postage. 
PRE-PENSE',  (pre-pens',)   a.     [h.  prirpfnsus,  priepen- 

deo  :  pro!  and  pendeo,  to  incline  or  hang  down.] 
Preconceived;  premeditated;  aforethought. 

Midici-  prepense  is  nccess.\rj-  to  constilule  mnrd^r,    Blackiloiie, 

PRE-PEXSE',  (pre-pens',)  v.  t.  [Sui)ra.]  To  weigh 
or  consider  beforehand.     [JVot  itsed.]  Elyot. 

PRE-PEi\?E',  Cpre-pens',)  v.  i.  To  deliberate  before- 
hand.     \Mot  used.]  Spenser, 

PRE-PE.N'S'ED,  (-penst',)  pp.  or  a.  Previously  con- 
ceived ;  premeditated.  [Little  itscd.]  [See  Pre- 
pense.] 

PRE-POL'LE\CE,    \n.      [L.  pra:poUens,    pra-polleo ; 

PRE-POL'LEX-CV,  (      pra:  and  poUco.] 

Prevalence;  superiority  of  power.         Coventry, 

PRE-POL'LENT,  a.  Having  superior  gravity  or 
power;  prevailing.  Boyle. 

PRE-PON'DER,  V.  L  [See  Pbeposderate.]  To  out- 
w.eigh.     {J\rot  nsed.]  JVotton. 

PRE-PON'DER-ANCE,    ) 

PRE-POi\"DER-AN-CY,  \ 

1.  An  outweighing;  superiority  of  weight.  The 
least  preponderance  of  weight  on  one  side  of  a  ship 
or  boat  wilt  make  it  incline  or  heel. 

9.  Superiority  of  power,  force,  or  weight,  in  a  figu- 
rative sense  ;  as,  a  preponderance  of  evidence. 

Locke. 

PRE-PON'DER-ANT,  a.     Outweighing.  Reid. 

PRE-PON'DER-aTE,  (7.  t.  [L.  prapondcro:  prtf,  be- 
fore, and  pundero^  to  weigh.] 

1.  To  outweigh  ;  to  overpower  by  weight. 

An  iucoiisidemljli?  weight,  I  y  distance  fmm  the  center  i.f  \\\<i  lial- 
ance,  will  prepoii'leraie  greater  mn^iiitmles,         Clanoille. 

9.  To  overpower  by  stronger  influence  or  moral 
power. 
PRE-PO.\'DER-aTE,  r.  i.     To  exceed  in  weiglit; 
hence,  to  incline  or  descend,  as  the  scale  of  a  bal- 
ance. 

That  is  no  just  Udance  in  which  the  heaviest  Bide  will  not  pre- 
ponderale.  Wiikine. 

2.  To  exceed  in  influence  or  power;  hence,  to  in- 
cline to  one  side. 

Ey  putting  evr-ry  nrLrnnient,  on  one  sidi;  and  the  other,  into  llic 
liaUnco,  we  iiiti::  lumi  a  judj-mont  which  side  prfjionrffraffii. 

Watts. 

PRE-P0N'DER-A-TED,7>p.     Exceeded  in  weight. 

PRE-PON'DEK-A-TiNG,  ppr.  or  a.  Outweighing; 
inclining  to  one  side. 

PRE-PON-DER-A'TION,  n.  Tlie  act  or  state  of 
outweigliing  any  thing,  or  of  inclining  to  one  side. 

Watts. 

PRE-PoSE',  V.  t.  [Fr.  preposcr ;  pre.  and  j'oscr-,  to 
put.] 

To  put  before.     [JVot  much  used.]  Foeahir. 

PREP-0-SI"TION,  (-zish'un,)?!.  [Fr.,  from  L.  pro'.- 
positio;  ptiEpono,  prmp o situs ;  pne  and  pano,  to 
put.] 

In  grammar,  a  word  usually  put  betore  another  to 
express  some  relation  or  quality,  action  or  motion  to 
or  from  the  thing  sjiecified  ;  as,  medicines  salutary 
to  health  ;  music  agreeable  to  the  ear ;  virtue  is 
valued /or  its  excellence  ;  a  man  is  riding  to  Oxford 
from  London.  Prepositions  govern  cases  of  nouns, 
and  in  English  are  sometimes  placed  after  the  word 
governed  ;  as,  which  person  do  you  speak  to  7  for,  to 
ickich  person  do  yctu  speak.''  This  separation  of  the 
preposition  from  the  governed  word  is  sometimes 
allowable  in  colloquial  use,  but  is  generally  inele- 
gant. 

PREP-0-S["TION-AL,C-zish'un-aI,)a.  Pertauiingto 
a  preposition,  or  to  preceding  position.  Enci/c. 

PRE-POS'I-TIVE,  a.  Put  before  ;  as,  a  rrepo'sitivc 
particle.  Jone'^. 

PRE-POS'I-TIVE,  V.  [Snpia.]  A  word  «.r  particle 
put  lit'Inre  another  word.  Jones. 

PRE-POS'I-TOR,  V.     [L.  pnrpositor.] 

A  scholar  appointed  by  the  instructor  to  inspect 
other  scholars.  Todd. 

PRE-POS'I-TURE,  n.  The  office  or  place  of  a  pro- 
vost ;  a  provostship. 

PRE-POS-SESS',  V.  t.  [pre  and  py^-A-ess.]  To  preoc- 
cupy, as  ground  or  land  ;  to  take  previous  possession 
of.  "  Drydcn. 

2.  To  preoccupy  the  mind  or  heart  so  as  to  preclude 
other  things  ;  hence,  to  bias  or  pn-J'idice.  A  mind 
prepossessed  with  opinions  favorable  to  a  person  or 
cause,  will  not  readily  admit  unfavorable  opinions  to 
take  possession,  nor  yield  to  reasons  that  di^^turb  the 
possessors.  When  a  latly  has  prepossessed  the  heart  or 
aflections  of  a  man,  he  docs  not  readily  listen  to 
suggestions  that  tend  to  remove  the  prepossession. 
Prepossess  is  more  frequently  used  in  a  good  sense 
(ban  prejudice. 

PRE-P< 'S-SESS'iUD,  (-pos-sest',)p/j.  Preoccupied;  in- 
clineil  previously  to  favor  or  disfavor. 

PRE-POS-SESS'ING,  ppr.  Taking  previous  posses- 
sion. 


PRE 

2.  a.  Tending  to  invito  favor;  having  power  to 
secure  t!ie  possession  of  favor,  esteem,  or  love.  TJie 
countenance,  address,  and  manners  of  a  person  are 
sometimes  p)-epossrssin<r  on  a  first  itcquaintancc. 

PRE-PO.S-SESS'ING-LY,  adv.  Ln  a  prepossessing 
manner. 

PRE-PO.S-SES'SION,  (-sesh'un,)  ti.  Preoccupation  j 
prior  possession.  Hammond. 

9.  Preconceived  opinion  ;  the  cfiocl  of  previous 
impressions  on  the  mind  Or  Iieart,  iti  favor  or  against 
any  person  or  thing.  It  is  often  used  in  a  good 
sense;  sometimes  it  is  equivalent  to  Prejudice,  and 
sometimes  a  softer  name  for  it.  in  general,  it  con- 
veys an  idea  less  odious  than  prejudice;  as,  the  prepos- 
sessions of  education.  SouUi. 

PRE-POS'TER-OU.S,  a.  [L.  pmpo^teras ;  pros,  before. 
and  po.it.criLs,  latter.] 

1.  Literally,  having  that  first  which  ought  to  !e 
last  ;  inverted  in  order. 

Tlie  modioli  I  lake  inny  W  censured  as  prepeiUrous,  b»^:auK  1 
treat  I;i6t  of  tlie  antfdiluvLoji  carili,  wliich  wits  first  in  the 
order  of  nature.  Woodteard. 

2.  Perverted  ;  wrong  ;  absurd  ;  contrary  to  nature 
or  reason  ;  not  adapted  to  the  end  ;  Jis,  a  republican 
goverTHuent  in  the  hands  of  females  is  preposterous. 
To  draw  general  conclusions  from  particular  facl-s 
is  preposterous  reasoning.  Bacon.      IVoodward, 

3.  Foolish;  absurd;  applied  to  persons.         Shak. 
PRE-POS'TER-OUS-LY,  adc     In  a  wrong  or  invert- 
ed order;  absurdly;  foolishly.  Shak.     Bentley. 

PRE-POS'TER-OUS-NESS,    n.      Wrong    order    or 

method ;    absurdity  ;  inconsistency   with  nature  or 

reason.  FclOiam, 

PRE-PO'TEN-CY,  7i.     [L.  prapotentia ;  pr<£  and  poten- 

tia,  power.] 

Superior  power;  predominance.    [Little  iise^.] 

Brmon, 
PRE-PO'TENT,  a.     [ L.  prippotens.] 

_Verj'  powerful.     [Litilc  used.]  Plaiifcre, 

PRe'PUCE,  n.     [Fr.,  from  L.  prarpvtixivi.] 

The  foreskin ;  a  prolongation  of  the  skin  of  the 
penis,  covering  the  glans.  Encyc. 

PKE-PO'TIAL,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  prepuce  or  fore- 
skin. 
PRE-RE-M6TE',  a.     [pre  and  remote.]     More  remote 
in  previous  time  or  prior  order. 

In  some  cases,  two  more  links  cf  causation  m:iy  be  introduced; 
one  of  them  may  be  termed  tlie  pre-remole  c>iusc,  the  other 
the  post-remote  eflect.  Darwin, 

PRE-RE-aUIRE',  V.  t.  [pre  and  require.]  To  require 
previouslv.  Hammond. 

PRE-REa'UI-SITE,  (-rek'wc-zit,)  a.  [pre  and  Te/pd- 
silc.]  Previously  required  or  necessary  to  something 
subsequent ;  as,  certain  attainments  are  prerequisite 
to  an  admission  to  orders. 

PRE-REQ,'UI-SITE,  n.  Something  that  is  previously 
required  or  necessary  to  the  entl  proposed.  An  ac- 
quaintance with  Latin  and  Greek  is  a  prereqni.site  to 
the  admission  of  a  young  man  into  a  college. 

PRE-RE-SOLVE',  v.  t.  [pre  and  resolce.]  'I'o  resolve 
previouslv.  Dcrin^. 

PRE-RE-SOLV'ED,  pp.  Resolved  beforehand ;  pre- 
viously determined. 

PRE-RE-SOLV'ING,  ppr.     Resolving  beforehand. 

PRE-ROG'A-TIVE,  n.  [Fr.  id. ;  It.  prerogativu  ;  Sp. 
preroiralira:  L.  pnerogativa,  precedence  in  voting; 
pj-m,  before,  and  rog^o,  to  ask  or  demand.] 

An  e.vclusive  or  peculiar  privilege.  A  royal  jtre- 
rogative  is  that  special  preeminence  which  a  king 
has  over  all  other  persons,  and  out  of  the  course  of 
the  comuion  law,  in  rigiit  of  his  regal  dignity.  It 
consists  in  the  possession  of  certain  rights  which  the 
king  may  exercise,  to  the  exclusion  of  all  participa- 
tion of  his  subjects  ;  for  wlirn  a  right  or  privilege  is 
held  in  common  with  the  ?-ubjcct,  it  ceases  to  be  a 
prerogative.  Thus  the  right  of  appointing  emhassa- 
dors,"and  of  making  peace  and  war,  are,  in  Great 
T&t'i^vaw,  royal  prerogatives.  The  right  of  governing 
created  beings  is  the  prero^rative  of  the  Creator. 

It  is  the  prerogative  of  the  house  uf  peers,  in  Great 
r.ritain,  to  decide  legal  qtiesUons  in  tlie  last  resort. 
It  is  Xhe  prerogative  of  the  house  of  commons  to  de- 
termine the  validity  of  all  elections  of  their  own 
mfuiberj:.  It  is  the  prerogative  of  a  father  to  govern 
his  children.  It  is  tiie  prerogative  of  the  untlerstand- 
ing  to  judge  and  compare. 

In  the  United  States,  it  is  the  prerogative  of  the 
presitlent,  by  and  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the 
senate,  to  ratify  treaties. 

PRE-ROG'A-TIVE  COURT,  w.  In  Great  Brifainy  a 
court  for  the  trial  of  all  testamentary  causes,  where 
the  deceiiscd  has  left  buna  notabiiia,  or  etTects  of  the 
value  of  five  pnnnds,  in  two  diflereiit  dioceses.  In 
this  case,  the  probate  of  the  will  belongs  to  the  met- 
ropolitan, or  arclibishop  t>f  tl)P  province,  ami  the 
court  where  such  will  is  proved  is  called  the  Pite- 
KOGATivE  CoL'RT,  US  it  is  hfUl  bv  virtue  of  the  special 
prerogative  of  the  metropolitan,  who  appoints  :ho 
jtldge.  BlarksUnic, 

PRE-ROG'A-TIV-£D,  a.  Having  prerogative.  [Little 
used.]  Siiak. 

PRE-ROG'A-TIVE-LY,  adc.  Uy  exclusive  cr  i>eculiar 
privilege. 

PRE-ROG'.VTIVE  OF-FICE, «.    The  office  in  which 


TCNE,  BfJLL,  UNITE.  —  AN'^GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — G  as  K ;  C  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  ClI  as  Sll  ;  TH  as  in  THIS 


861 


PRE 

tile  wills  proved  in  the  prerogative  court  are  rc^jis- 
tered.  BUickstoue, 

PRe'SAGE  or  PRES'AGE,  rt.  [Fr.  Sjj.  and  lu  prcsa- 
gio  ;  fnim  L.  pnBsamum ;  pra^  before,  and  sa^io.  lo 
perceive  or  foretell.] 

SonieiJiing  wliicu  foreshows  a  future  event ;  a 
prognostic ;  a  present  fact  indicating  somctliiug  to 
couie. 

Joj  aiul  shout,  prtsage  of  vioory.  Miiion. 

PRE-S56E',  V.  t.  To  forebode  ;  to  foresiiuw  ;  to  indi- 
cate by  some  present  fact  what  is  to  follow  or  come 
to  pass.  A  fog  rising  from  a  river  in  an  autumnal 
morning  pre^^ages  n  pleasant  day.  A  plivHical  phe- 
nomenon can  not  be  considered  as  prhagimr  an 
event,  unless  it  has  some  connection  with  it  in 
cause.  Hence  the  error  of  vulgar  superstition,  which 
profaire^  good  or  evil  fnim  facts  which  can  have  no 
relation  to  the  future  event. 
2.  To  foretell;  to  predict;  to  prophesy. 

This  contagion  might  hAre  been  prcsased.  Harcry. 

PRE-SaGE',  V.  i.  To  form  or  utter  a  prediction  ; 
sometimes  with  of.  W'e  may  presage  of  iieats  and 
rains.     [J\rot  common,  nor  elegant.]  Drtjden, 

PRE-SaO'£D,  pp.    Foreboded;  foreshown:  foretold. 

I'RE-SAGE'FiJL,,  a.  Full  of  prcsayes  ;  containing 
presages.  Thomsuiu 

PKE-SaGE'MENT,  n.    A  foreboding ;  foretoken. 

2,  A  foretelling  ;  prediction. 

PRE-SaG'ER,  w.    \  foreteller  ;  a  foreshower.  ShcJ:. 

PRE-S.^G'ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Foresho^ving  ;  foretelling. 

PRES'BV-5-PY,  71.  A  defect  of  vision,  as  in  old  age, 
when  near  objects  are  seen  indisliuclly,  but  distant 
ones  more  plainly. 

PRES'BV-TER,  n.  [Gr.  7^)ccr5urcpos,  from  np&a^vs, 
old,  elder.] 

J.  In  Oie  primitive  Christian  e'lurcJiy  an  elder;  a 
person  somewhat  advanced  in  age,  who  had  au- 
thority in  the  church,  and  whose  duty  was  to  feed 
the  (lock  over  which  the  Holy  Spirit  had  made  him 
overseer. 

2.  A  priest ;  a  person  who  has  tlie  pastoral  charge 
of  a  particular  church  and  congregation  ;  called,  in 
the  Sa\itn  laws,  Mass-priest.  Kaokcr. 

3.  A  I'reslivtffian.  Batlcr. 
PRES-!iVT'EK-ATE,  ii.    Presbytery.  Ihber. 
PRE.'^-BV-'rK'RI-AL,  i  a.     Pertaining  to  a  presbyter, 
PRES-BV-TK'ia-.\-\,  \     or  lo  ecclesiastical  govern- 
ment by  presbyters. 

2.  Consisting  of  presbyters;  as,  presbijtertan  gov- 
ernment.   The  government  of  the  church  of  Scot- 
land is  presbnterian. 
PRES-BV-Te'KI-AN,  n.    One  that  maintains  the  va- 
lidity of  ordination  and  govcrumenl  by  presbyters. 

2.  Que  that  belongs  to  a  church  governed  by  pres- 
byters. 
PRES-BV-Te'RI-AX-IS^I,  n.    That  form  of  church 
government  which  invests  pn^sbyters  with  all  spirit- 
ual power,  and  admits  no  prelates  over  tlieni. 

■Addison. 
PRES'EY-TER-Y,  b.    a  body  of  elders  in  the  Chris- 
tian church. 


PRE 


PRE 


Neglect  not  the  gift  tiuit  is  i 
(iropliecy,  wiUl  tlic  ijyiog 
—  1  Tim.  iv. 


tiiee,  whicii  was  given  thee  by 
n  uf  llie  tiontis  of  iHc  preshtjlery, 

S.  In  fM(wias(ica/^occr)iiiifii(,  a  judicatorv  consist- 
ill"  of  all  tht  puslors  of  cliurclie.s  witUin  "a  certain 
ilistrici,  anil  one  ruling  eliier,  a  lavman,  from  each 
parish  or  church,  coinmissioned  to  represent  the 
church  in  conjunction  with  the  minister.  This 
body  receives  appeals  from  the  church-session,  and 
appeals  from  the  presbytery  may  be  carried  to  the 
provincial  synod. 

3.  The  presliyterian  religion.  Tatlar. 

4.  In  ardtiucture,  that  part  of  Uie  church  reserved 
ft)r  I^he  olnciatint;  priests.  Gtoitt. 

I'UE'SCI-EiNCE,  (pre'3he-ens,)ii.  [Low  L.  prescinihVi  ; 
»rir,  before,  and  scitntia,  knowledge ;  Pr.  prescience  ; 
It.  prcscieiizu.  The  pronunciation  of  this  word,  pre'- 
f/teiLs,  is  undesirable.] 

Foreknowledge  ;  knowledge  of  events  before  they 
take  place.    Absolute  prescience  belongs  to  God  only. 

Of  things  Of  Uic  most  occitlental  and  mulibie   nature    God'a 
prttaetKC  a  certain.  ibatA. 

PRE'SCI-ENT,  (pr5'she-ent,)  a.  Foreknowing :  hav- 
ing knoivledge  of  events  before  they  take  place. 

Who  uufhl  Die  nutions  of  the  field  and  wood, 

Presd£nt,  Uis  edes  or  Icinpests  to  willistand  i  Pope. 

PKE-SCIND',  v.L    Ih.  prxscindo  I  pra  and  scindo,  to 
cut.] 
To  cut  otr  i  to  abstract.    ILittie  used.]       JVorris 
FKE-SCI.\D'E.\T,  a.    Cuttilig  off;  abstracting. 

PRe'SCIOUS,  (prC'shus,)  a.  [L.  pra:scius  "pZ''Li 
sciOy  to  know.] 

Foreknowing ;  having  foreknowledge ;  as,  prcsdous 
"'  '"*•  Dryden. 

PRE-SCRIBE',  V.  I.    [L.  pra^jcribo,  to  write  before.] 
1.  In  mc'lieine,  todirecl,  aa  a  remedy,  to  be  usea  or 
applied  10  a  diseased  patient,    lie  not  offended  with 
the  physician  who  preseribej  harsh  remedies. 
a  To  set  or  Lay  down  authoritatiYely  lor  direction  ;  I 


to  give  as  a  rule  of  conduct;  as,  to  prescribe  laws  oi 
rules. 

there'.  ]oy,  when  to  wild  will  you  law.  pre.cnie.      Drydsn, 

3.  To  direct. 

Let  streanupre«mA<  their  fountains  where  to  run.      Dryitn, 
PRE-SeRIBE',  V.  i.    To  write  or  give  medical  direc- 
tions ;  to  direct  what  remedies  are  lo  be  used  j  as,  to 
prc~-icrilte  for  a  patient  in  a  fever. 
S.  To  give  law  ;  to  influence  arbitrarily. 

A  fonvanliiess  to  prescribe  to  the  opinions  of  others.      LodiB. 

3.  In  law,  to  claim  by  prescription  ;  to  claim  a  title 
to  a  thing  by  immemorial  use  and  enjoyment ;  with 
for.  A  man  may  be  allowed  to  prescribe  for  a  right 
of  way,  a  common,  or  the  like  j  a  man  can  not  pre- 
scribe for  a  castle  ;  he  can  prescribe  only  for  incorpo- 
real hereditaments.  Blackstone. 

4.  To  innuince  by  long  use.  [JVof  in  use]    Brown. 
PRE-SeRIIi'/.;D,  pp.  or  a.     Directed  ;  ordered. 
PRE-SeRIB'Eil,  It.     One  that  prescribes. 
PRE-SeRTB'I\G,  ppr.    Direclingj  giving  as  a  rule  of 

contluct  or  treatment. 
PRli'SeRIPT,  a.     [\..pra:scriptus.\ 

_Directed  ;  prescribetl.  Hooker. 

PRe'SGRIPT,  7t.     [L.  pricscriplum.] 
_   1.  A  direction ;  a  medical  order  tor  the  use  of  med- 
icines.   But  Prescription  is  chietly  used. 
9.  Direction  ;  precept ;  model  prescribed. 
PRE-SCRIPT'I-BLE,  ,..    That  may  be  prescribed  for. 
PRE-SCKIP'TION,    n.      [L.  prcescriplio.     See  Pbe- 

SCRIBE.] 

1.  The  act  of  prescribing  or  directing  by  rules  ;  or 
that  which  is  prescribed  ;  particidarly,  a  medical  di- 
rection of  remedies  for  a  disease,  and  the  manner  of 
using  them  ;  a  recipe. 

2.  In  law,  a  prescribing  for  title  ;  the  claim  of  title 
to  a  tiling  by  virtue  of  itnmemori.al  use  and  enjoy- 
ment ;  or  the  right  to  a  thing  derived  from  such  use. 
Prescription  differs  from  custom,  which  is  a  local 
usage.  Prescription  is  a  personal  usage,  usage  an- 
nexed to  the  person.  Nothing  but  incorporeal  her- 
editaments can  be  claimed  by  prescription. 

Blackstone. 
The  use  and  enjoyment  of  navigation  and  fishery 
in  the  sea,  for  any  length  of  time,  does  not  create  a 
title  by  prescription.  The  common  right  of  nations 
to  tile  use  and  enjoyment  of  the  sea  is  imprescriptible ; 
it  can  not  be  lost  by  a  particular  nation  for  want  of 
"se.  Vattel. 

3.  In  Scots  Jaw,  the  title  to  lands  acquired  by  unin- 
terrupted possession  for  the  time  which  the  law  de- 
clares to  be  sullicient,  or  40  years.  This  is  positive 
presctiption.  JVe^atice  prescription  is  the  loss  or 
omission  of  a  right  by  neglecting  to  use  it  durin" 
tlie  time  limited  by  law.  This  term  is  also  used 
for  Limitation,  in  the  recovery  of  money  due  by 
bond.  Sec.  Obligations  are  lost  bv  prescription,  or 
neglect  of  prosecution  for  the  time  designated  by 
'^^v.  Knctic. 

PRE-SeRIPT'IVE,  a.  Consisting  in  or  acquired  by 
immemorial  use  and  enjoyment ;  as,  a  prescriptive 
right  or  title. 

The  right  to  be  drowsy  m  protracted  toil  has  become  nreecrip- 
•'"■  J.  H.  ilaeon. 

2.  Pleading  the  continuance  and  authority  of  cus- 
tom, jjyrd. 

PKE'SE-ANCE,  B.  [Fr.]  Priority  of  place  in  sitting. 
[JVo(  in  Kjc]  ■    Carew. 

PKES'ENCE,  ji.  [Fr.,  from  t,.  pra^emia ;  prw,  before, 
and  esse,  to  be.] 

1.  Tlie  existence  of  a  person  or  thing  in  a  certain 
place;  opposed  to  Absence.  This  event  happened 
during  the  king's  presence  at  the  theater.  In  exam- 
ining Uie  patient,  the  jiresenee  of  fever  was  not  ob- 
served. The  presence  of  God  is  not  limited  to  any 
place. 

a.  A  being  in  company  near  or  before  the  face  of 
another.  \Vc  were  gratified  with  the  presence  of  a 
person  so  much  respected. 

3.  Approach  face  to  face  or  nearness  of  a  great  per- 
sonage. 

Men  that  very  presence  fear, 
Which  once  they  knew  auiliority  did  bear. 

4.  State  of  being  in  view  ;   sight, 
happened  in  the  presence  of  the  court. 

5.  By  way  of  destitution,  state  of  being  in  view  of  a 
superior. 

I  know  Dot  by  what  power  1  am  made  bold 

In  such  a  presence  here  to  plead  my  Uioughts.  5?!^. 

6.  A  number  assembled  before  a  great  person. 

Odmar,  of  all  this preeencx  does  contam, 

Give  her  youj  w  reath  whom  you  esteem  most  fair.      Dryden. 

7.  Port ;  mien ;  air ;  personal  appearance ;  de- 
meanor. 


Damet. 

An  accident 


Virtue  is  best  in  a  body  tliat  is  comely,  and  thai  has  lather  dignity 

of  presence,  than  beauty  of  aspect.  Baeon. 

A  graceful  presence  bespealts  acceptance.  CoUier. 

8.  The  apartment  in  which  a  prince  shows  himself 

to  his  court. 


An't  please  your  grace,  Uie  two  great  cardinals 
Wait  in  the  presence. 


Fate,  far,  fall,  what.- 


1         9.  The  person  of  a  superior. 
METE,  PREY. 


Shak. 

Milton. 


Presence  of  mind;  a  calm,  collected  state  of  the 
mind  with  its  faculties  at  command  ;  undisturbed 
state  of  Uie  thoughts,  which  enables  a  person  to 
speak  or  act  without  disorder  or  embarrassment  in 
unexpected  ditiiculties. 

Errors,  not  lo  be  recalled,  do  find 

Thcit  best  retire**  from /rsscncs  of  the  mind.  WaUer. 

PRES'E.NCE-CH.aM'BEB,  I II.    The  room  in  which 

PRES'E.N-CE-ROOJl,  j     a  great  persona"o  re- 

ceives company.  .^ildUon 

PRE-SEi\-Sa'TI0.\,  n.  [pre  and  sedation.]    Previous 
notion  or  idea.  More. 

PRE-SEN'SION,  (-shun,)  n.     [L.  prtcsensio,  pmsctiiio  ; 
pra  and  setitio,  to  perceive.] 

I'rcyinus  perception,     [iittie  used.]  Broiea. 

PRES'ENT,  a.    [Fr. present;  1^  praisens ;  pra  Hiid  sum, 
esse,  to  be.] 

1.  Being  in  a  certain  place  ;  opposed  to  .^bshnt. 

2.  Being  before  the  face  or  near;  being  in  cmi- 
pany.    Inquire  of  some  of  the  gentlemen  present. 

Thei?  things  have  I  spoken  to  you,  behig  yet  present  with  you 
—  John  xiv,  '     ' 

3.  Being  now  in  view  or  under  consideration.  In 
the  present  instance,  facts  will  not  warrant  the  con- 
clusion ;  the  ;ir&,-t;i!  question  must  be  decided  on  dif- 
ferent principles. 

4.  Now  existing,  or  being  at  this  time  ;  not  past  or 
future;  as,  the  ;ir«ciii  session  of  congress;  the  court 
is  in  session  at  the  present  time.  Wc  say,  a  present 
good,  the  present  year  or  age. 

5.  Ready  at  hand;  quick  in  emergency ;  :ts,vrcscnt 
wit. 

'Tis  a  high  point  of  philosophy  and  virtue  for  a  nuin  to  bo  pres- 
ent to  himself.  VKstmnee. 

C.  Favorably  attentive ;  not  heedless ;  propitious. 

Nor  could  I  hope,  in  any  place  but  there, 

To  find  a  god  so  present  to  my  prayer.  Dryden. 

-  7.  Not  absent  of  mind  ;  not  abstracted  ;  attentive. 

The  present;  an  elliptical  expression  for  (Ae  present 
'"'"•  .Milton. 

^f  present ;  dliptically,  for  at  tlte  present  time. 

Present  tettsc ;  in  g-raininar,  the  tense  or  form  of  a 
verb  which  expresses  action  or  being  in  the  present 
time;  as,  I  am  icriting ;  or  something  that  exists  :it 
all  times;  as,  virtue  is  always  to  be  preferred  tu 
vice ;  or  it  expresses  habits  or  general  truths ;  as, 
plants  spring  from  the  earth ;  fishes  switn ;  reptiles 
creep;  birds  fitj ;  some  animals  subsist  on  heibai;e, 
others  are  carnivorous. 
PRES'ENT,  II.  [Fr.  iii.  See  the  verb.]  That  which 
IS  presented  or  given  ;  a  gift  ;  a  donative ;  something 
given  or  offered  to  another  gratuitously ;  a  word  of 
general  application.     Oen.  xxxii. 

2.  The  present  time.     [Elliptical.]    Com.  Prayer. 

Presents,  in  Ute  plnral,  is  used  in  law  for  a  deed  of 
conveyance,  a  lease,  letter  of  attorney,  or  other 
writing  ;  as  in  the  phrase,  "  Know  all  men  by  these 
presents,"  that  is,  by  the  writing  itself,  per  presenter. 
In  this  sense,  it  is  rarely  used  in  the  singular. 
PRESENT',  V.  u  [Low  L.  pn^sento;  Fr.  presenter; 
ll.  presciilarc ;  Sf.  presentar ;  h.  prtescns  ;  pro:,  be  fan, 
and  stnn,  esse,  to  he.] 

1.  To  set,  jilace,  or  introduce  into  the  presence  or 
before  the  face  of  a  superior  ;  as,  to  present  an  envoy 
to  the  king ;  and  with  tho  reciprocal  pronoun,  to  come 
into  the  presence  of  a  superior. 

Now  there  Wiw  a  day  when  the  sons  of  God  came  lo  present 
thttitselvss  before  ihe  Lonl.  —  Job  i. 

2.  To  exhibit  to  view  or  notice.  The  top  of  Mount 
Holyoke,  in  Hampshire  county,  in  Alassachusetts, 
presents  one  of  the  finest  prospects  in  America. 

3.  To  ofl'er ;  to  exhibit. 

O,  hear  what  to  my  iriiiid  ttm  tlioughts  present  I  Milton. 

He  is  ever  ready  to  present  to  us  the  thoughls  or  oUcrvauons  of 
othcis.  irotls. 

4.  To  give  ;  to  offer  gratuitously  for  reception. 
The  first  president  of  the  American  Bible  Society 
presetted  to  Ihat  institution  ten  thousand  dollars. 

5.  To  put  into  the  hands  of  another  in  ceremony. 

So  ladies  in  romnnce  assist  Uieir  kiiigbt, 

Present  the  spear,  and  arm  him  tbr~the  fight.  Pope. 

6.  To  favor  with  a  gift ;  as,  we  present  a  man  with 
a  suit  of  clothes.  Formerly,  the  jihrase  was,  to 
present  a  person. 

Oclavia  presctMd  tlje  poet,  for  his  ,-alminble  elegy  on  her  son 

MarccUiis.  Dryden. 

[This  use  is  obsolete.] 

7.  To  nominate  to  an  ecclesiastical  benefice  ;  to 
offer  to  the  bishop  or  ordinary  as  a  candidate  for  in- 
stitution. 

The  patron  of  a  church  may  present  his  clerk  to  a  parsonage  oi 
vicarage ;  that  b,  may  oiler  him  to  the  bbbop  of  the  diiicese 
to  be  nistitiiled.  BlAdcstone. 

Also,  to  nominate  for  support  at  a  public  school. 

C.  Lamb. 

8.  To  offer. 

lie~presenud  bottle  to  the  French  navy,  which  was  refused. 

Hayirard. 

9.  To  lay  before  a  public  bodv  for  consideration, 
as  before  a  legislature,  a  court  of  judicature,  a  cor- 
poration, &c. ;  as,  to  present  a  memorial,  petition,  re- 
monstrance, or  indictment. 


PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD — NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.- 


PRE 

10.  To  lay  before  a  covirt  of  judicature  as  an  object 
of  iiiMuir>-  -,  tu  give  notice  otlici:illy  of  a  crime  or 
offf  n>''!.  It  is  ihe  duly  of  ^mnd  juries  to  present  all 
breaches  of  law  wuhm  their  fenowledge.  In  Amer- 
ica, strand  juries  prc^tnl  wlu'lever  they  think  to  be 
pii!»lic  ihjuri.-s,  by  notifying  them  to  the  public  with 
Uieir  censure. 

;  1.  To  jioint  or  direct  a  weapon,  particularly  some 
species  of  fire-arms;  as,  to  yrcscitt  a  mus&et  to  the 
bfeu:-t  of  another 

lO.  In  miliiary  Itinguage,  to  present  arms  is  to  hold 
them  out  in  token  of  respect,  as  if  ready  to  deliver 
Uiem  up. 

13.  To  indict :  a  (Mstomary  use  of  the  ward  m  the 
United  SttUes. 
PRE-SENT'A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  presented  ;  that 
may  be  exhibited  or  represented.  Burke. 

•2.  That  may  be  o^ered  to  a  church  living ;  as,  a 
presentable  clersyman. 

3.  That  aduiiis  of  the  presentation  of  a  clergy- 
man;  as,  a  chuvch  preo'enia&/e.     [UnusuaLI    Jiyliffe. 
PRKS-EX-Ta'XE-OUS,  a.     [L.  prasenta^ieus.l 

Ready ;  quick ;  immediate ;  as,  presentaneoiis  poi- 
son. Harvey. 
PRES-E_\T-A'TION,  M.    [Fr.]    The  act  of  presem- 
iii?. 

Prayois  are  sometijces  a  presenta^on  of  mirre  dearca.    Haolcer. 

9.  E.ihibition  ;  representation  ;  display  :  as,  the 
pTisentatiu'.i  of  fighting  on  the  sUge.  Dryden. 

3.  In  ecdeslastical  taiCy  the  act  of  offering  a  'clerg>'- 
nmn  to  the  bishop  or  ordinary  for  institution  in  a 
benefice.    Au  advowson  is  the  right  of  presentation. 

U  the  bishop  aJmiU  the  patron's  preserilation,  ihs  clerk  so  ad- 
iiiiKed  is  Qcxt  t&  be  iii&tiiuLcil  hy  hi:ti.  ilfocistojie. 

4.  The  right  of  presenting  a  clergyman.  The  pat- 
run  has  the  presentation  of  the  benefice. 

Presentation  ct>py ;  a  copy  of  a  worh  presented  to 
some  one  by  the  author,  as  a  testimony  of  respact. 
PilE-SE.NT'A-TlVE,  c.  In  ecclesiastical  a^airs,  that 
has  the  right  of  presentation,  or  offering  a  clergyman 
lo  the  bi<hup  fur  institution.  Advowsons  are  present- 
GXice^  collative,  or  donative. 

An  advo-a-son  f/resenia^ze  is  where  the  patron  halh  a  right  of 
pnis;autioa  to  the  bishop  or  ordinary.  Bhdsume, 

9.  That  admits  the  presentation  of  a  clergyman ; 
as,  a  preventative  parsonage.  SpelTnan. 

PRE^SENT'ED,  pp.     Offered  J    given  j    exhibited   to 
view  ;  accused. 

PI;ES-ENT-EE',  n.    One  presented  to  a  benefice. 

,eijlijc. 

PRE-SENT'ER,  it.    One  that  presents. 

PRE-3EN'TIAL,  (-shal,)  a.    Supposing  actual  pres- 
ence.    [Little  used^  Jk'orris. 

PRES-EX-TIAL'I-TY,  n.    The  state  of  being  present. 
^ Little  used.]  South. 

Pi^E-SE.N'TIAL-LY,  adv.    In  a  way  which  supposes 
actual  presence.  More. 

PRE-SEN'TIATE,  v.  t.     To  make  present.     [Little 
usfd.]  Grew. 

PIiE-SE\'TIENT,  (-shent,)    a.      Perceiving  before- 
hand. 

PRES-EX-TTFae,         I  a.      Making  present.      [J^ot 

PRES-E.\-TIF'ie-AL,  i      in  use.] 

PRE«-ENTIF'I€-LY,  adv.    In  such  a  manner  as  to 
make  present     [JVvt  in  use.]  .More. 

PRE-SENT'I-MENT,  n.     [pre  and  sentiment^  or  Fr. 
pres^entimenL] 

Previous  conception,  sentiment,  or  opinion ;  pre- 
vious apprehension  of  something  future.       Butler. 

PRES'ENT-LV,  ode.    At  present ;  at  this  time. 

The  lowos  oad  foru  jrou  prtseniiy  have.       [06s.]       Sidney. 

9.  In  a  short  time  after;  soon  after. 
Him  theidbre  I  hope  toteod  preaently,  so  soon  as  I  shall  see  bow 
it  will  go  wiUi  me.  —  Phi!.  iJ. 

3.  Immediately. 

And  pretenCy  the  fig-tiee  withered  away.  — Alatt.  xii. 

PRE-SEXT'MENT,  n.    The  act  of  presenting.    Shak. 

2.  Appearance  to  the  view  ;  representation. 

.Wilton, 

3.  In  laWj  a  presentment^  properly  speaking,  is  the 
notice  taken  by  a  grand  jur)^  of  any  offense  from 
their  own  knowledge  or  observation,  without  any 
bill  of  indictment  laid  before  them  ;  as,  the  present- 
vtent  of  a  nuisance,  a  libel,  or  the  like,  on  which  the 
officer  of  the  court  must  afterward  frame  an  indict- 
ment, before  the  party  presented  can  be  put  to  an- 
Bwer  it.  BUickstone. 

4.  In  a  more  general  sense^  presentment  compre- 
hends inquisitions  of  ofhce  and  indictments. 

Blac!:stone. 
In  the  United  States^  a  presentment  is  an  ofhcial  ac- 
cusation presented  to  a  tribunal  by  the  grand  jury  in 
an  indictment ;  or  it  is  the  act  of  offering  an  indict- 
ment. It  is  also  used  for  the  indictment  itself.  The 
grand  jurj- are  charged  to  inquire  and  due  presentment 
make  of  all  crimes,  &c.  The  use  of  the  word  is 
limited  to  accusations  by  grand  jurors, 

5.  The  official  notice  in  court  which  the  surren- 
deree gives  of  the  surrender  of  a  copyhold  estate. 

Blaeksione, 
PRES'EXT-XE33,  n.     Presence;  as,  pre.sentness  of 
mind.     [JVvt  used.]  '  Clarendon. 


PRE 

PRE-SERV'A-BLE,  a.  [See  Preserve.]  That  may 
be  preserved. 

PRE8-ER-Va'TION,  n,  [from  preserve :  It.  prcserva- 
zione ;  Pp.  prescrvaciun.] 

The  act  of  preserving  or  keeping  safe  ;  tlie  act  of 
keeping  from  injurj',  destruction,  or  decay ;  as,  the 
preservation  of  life  or  health  ;  the  preservation  of  build- 
ings from  fire  or  decay  ;  the  ;>r«frPG/ion  of  grain  from 
insects ;  the  preservation  of  fruit  or  plants.  When 
a  thing  is  kept  entirely  from  decay,  or  nearly  in  its 
original  state,  we  say  it  is  in  a  high  state  of  preserva- 
tion. 

PRE-SERV'A-TIVE,  a.  [It.  preservativo  ;  Fr.  preser- 
vatif.] 

Having  the  pov^er  or  quality  of  keeping  safe  from 
injur\',  destruction,  or  decay  ;  tending  to  preserve. 

PRE-SERV'A-TIVE,  71.  That  which  preserves,  or  has 
the  power  of  preserving ;  something  that  tends  to' 
secure  a  person  or  thing  in  a  sound  slate,  or  prevent 
it  from  injur>',  destruction,  decay,  or  corruption  ;  a 
preventive  of  injury  or  decay.  Persona  formerly 
wore  tablets  of  arsenic  as  preservatives  against  the 
plague.  Clothing  is  a.  pre^ereative  against  cold.  Tem- 
perance and  exercise  are  the  best  preservatives  of 
health.  Habitual  reverence  of  the  Supreme  Being 
is  an  excellent  preservative  against  sin,  and  the  in- 
fluence of  evil  examples. 

PRE-SERV'A-TO-RY,  a.    That  tends  to  preserve. 

Hall. 

PRE-SERV'A-TO-RY,  77.  That  which  has  the  power 
of  preser\'ing  j  a  preservative.  Wkitlock. 

PRE-SERVE',  (pre-zerv',)  v.  U  [Fr.  preserver  i  It.  jrre- 
servare;  Sp.  preservar ;  h-^w  L.  prccscrvo ;  pne  and 
servo-,  to  keep.] 

1.  To  keep  or  save  from  injury  or  destruction  ;  to 
defend  from  evil, 

God  did  send  me  before  you  toprtserve  life.  — Gen.  xlv, 
O  Lord,  preserve  me  from  the  violeot  man. —  Pa.  cjU. 

2.  To  Uphold  ;  to  sustain. 

0  Lord,  thou  pressrocst  man  and  b?ast.  —  Pe.  xxxvi. 

3.  To  save  from  decay  ;  to  keep  in  a  sound  state  ; 
as,  to  preserve  fruit  in  winter.  Salt  is  used  to  pre- 
serve meat, 

4.  To  season  with  sugar  or  other  substances  for 
preser\'aiion  ;  as,  to  preserve  plums,  quinces,  or  oth- 
er fruit. 

5.  To  keep  or  defend  from  corruption  ;  as,  to  pre- 
serve youth  from  vice. 

6.  To  maintain  or  keep  throughout,  as  appear- 
ances. Junius. 

PRE-SERVE',  (pre-serv^)  n.  Fruit  or  a  vegetable  sea- 
soned and  kept  in  sugar  or  sirup.  Martimer. 

9.  A  place  for  tiie  shelter  or  preservation  of  animals 
designed  for  sport  or  food,  as  game,  fish,  &c. 

PRE-SERV'£D,  (pre-znrvd',)  pp.  or  a.  Saved  from 
injury,  destruction,  or  decay  ;  kept  or  defended  from 
evil ;  seasoned  with  sugar  for  preservation. 

PRE-SERV'ER,  n.  The  person  or  thing  that  pre- 
serves ;  one  that  saves  or  defends  from  destruction 
or  evil. 

VTh^il  shall  I  do  to  the^,  O  thou  prc^^'^rccr  of  men  .'  —  Job  vii. 

9.  One  that  makes  preserves  of  fruits. 
PRESERVING,  ppr.  or  a.     Keeping  safe  from  inju- 

n',  destruction,  or  decay  ;  defending  from  evil. 
PRE-SIDE',  r.  i.    [E.  pricsidco ;  pm^  before,  and  sedeo^ 

to  sit ;  IX.presidere;  Fr.  presider ;  Sp.  presidir.] 

1.  To  be  set  over  for  lii3  exercise  of  authority ;  to 
direct,  control,  and  govern,  as  the  chief  officer.  A 
man  may  preside  over  a  nation  or  province  ;  or  he 
may  preside  over  a  senate,  or  a  meeting  of  citizens. 
The  word  is  used  chiefly  in  the  latter  sense.  Wo 
say,  a  man  presides  over  the  senate  with  dignity. 
Hence  it  usually  denotes  temporary  superintendence 
and  government. 

2.  To  exercise  superintendence ;  to  watch  over  as 
inspector. 

Stiine  o'er  (he  public  magazines  prefic^.  Dryden. 

PRES'I-DEN-CY,  n.  Superintendence;  inspection 
and  care.  Ray. 

2.  The  office  of  president.  Washington  was 
elected  to  the  presidency  of  the  United  States  b}'  a 
unanimous  vote  of  the  electors. 

3.  The  term  during  which  a  president  holds  his  of- 
fice. President  J.  Adams  died  during  the  presidency 
of  his  son. 

4.  The  jurisdiction  of  a  president ;  as  in  the  Brit- 
ish dominions  in  the  East  Indies. 

5.  The  family  or  suite  of  a  president. 

A  worthy  derCTman  beloogtag  lo  the  presidency  ot  Fort  St. 
Cieorge.     l«,u.l  Buchanan,  251. 

PRES'I-DENT,  77.    [Fr.,  from  L.  pnesidens.] 

1.  An  officer  elected  or  appointed  to  preside  over  a 
corporation,  company,  or  assembly  of  men,  to  keep 
order,  manage  their  concerns,  or  govern  their  pro- 
ceedings;  as,  the  president  of  a  banking  company; 
the  president  of  a  senate,  ^c. 

2.  An  officer  appointetl  or  elected  to  govern  a  prov- 
ince or  terriior)-,  or  to  administer  the  government  of 
a  nation.  'J'he  ]>resuient  of  the  United  States  is  the 
chief  executive  uiagislrate. 

3.  Tlie  chi'-'f  ot^cer  of  a  college  or  university. 

United  States. 


PRE 

4.  A  tutelar  pov/er. 

Just  Apollo,  pregident  of  verte.  Waiter. 

Vice-president ;  one  who  takes  the  place  of  a  president 
in  case  of  absence,  disability,  or  deat.i.  The  vice- 
president  of  the  United  States  is  president  of  the  sen- 
ate ez  ujjicw,  and  performs  the  duties  of  president 
when  the  latter  is  removed  or  disabled. 
PRES-I-DEN'TIAL,  a.  Pertaining  lo  a  president ;  as, 
the  presidential  chair.  Walsh. 

2.  Presiding  over.  QlanciUe. 

PRES'I-DENT-SHIP,  n.  The  office  and  place  of  pres- 
ident. Hooker. 

2.  The  term  for  which  a  president  holds  his  of- 
fice. 

PRE-SID'I~AL,      I  a,     [L.  prcesidiuMj  a  garrison ;  pne 

PRE-SID'I-A-RY,  j      and  sedeo.] 

Pertaining  to  a  garrison ;  having  a  garrison. 

Howell. 

PRE-SID'ING,  ppr.  OT  a.  Directing;  controlling;  ex- 
ercising superintendence. 

PRE-SIG-NIF4-€a'TI0N,  n.  [from  prcsig-nify.]  The 
act  of  signifying  or  showing  beforehand.    Barrow. 

PRE-SIG'M-FI-£D,;7^.    Signified  beforehand. 

PRE-SIG'NI-Fy,  V.  t.  [pre  and  signify.]  To  Ul- 
timate or  signify  beforehand  ;  to  show  previottsly. 

Pearson, 

PRE-SIG'NI-FY-ING,  ppr.    Intimating  beforehand. 

PRESS,  v.  t.  [Fr.  presser ;  It.  pressare ;  to  press, 
crowd,  urge,  hurry  ;  D.  and  G.  pressea  ;  Sw.  prassa ; 
Dan.  presser ,-  W.  brysiaWf  to  hurry,  formed  from 
rhijs^  extreme  ardency,  a  rushing.  Here  we  have 
proof  that  press  is  formed  from  the  root  of  rush^  with 
•A  prefix.  The  Spanish  has  apretar,  prensar^  and 
aprensar.    The  L.  pressus  is  from  the  same  root.] 

1.  To  urge  with  force  or  weight ;  a  word  of  exten- 
sive use,  denoting  the  application  of  any  power, 
physical  or  moral,  to  something  that  is  to  be 
moved  or  affected.  We  press  the  ground  with  the 
feet  when  we  walk ;  we  press  the  couch  on  which 
we  repose  ;  we  press  substances  with  the  hands,  fin- 
gers, or  arms  ;  the  smith  presses  iron  with  his  vice  ; 
we  are  pressed  with  the  weight  of  arguments,  or  of 
cares,  troubles,  and  business. 

9.  To  squeeze ;  to  crush ;  as,  to  press  grapes. 
Gen.  xl. 

3.  To  drive  with  violence ;  to  hurry  ;  as,  to  press 
a  horse  in  motion,  or  in  a  race. 

4.  To  urge  ;  to  enforce  ;  lo  inculcate  with  earnest- 
ness ;  as,  to  press  divine  imlh  on  an  audience. 

5.  To  embrace  closely ;  to  hug. 

Leucothoe  shook 
Aud  pressed  Palemoo  closer  iu  her  arms.  Pope. 

6.  To  force  into  service,  particularly  into  naval 
service  ;  to  impress.  Clarendon,     Dryden. 

7.  To  straiten  ;  to  distress ;  as,  lo  be  pressed  witli 
want  or  with  difficulties. 

8.  To  constrain ;  to  compel ;  to  urge  by  authority 
or  necessity. 

The  posts  that  rode  tipon  mules  and  camels  went  oiH,  being  hast- 
ened and  pressed  on  by  the  king'*  commaudmcaL  —  Eath. 
viii. 

9.  To  urge ;  lo  impose  by  importunity. 

He  pressed  a  letter  upon  me,  within  this  hour,  to  deliver  to  you. 

Ihyden. 

10.  To  urge  or  solicit  with  earnestness  or  importu- 
nity.   He  pressed  me  to  accept  of  his  offer. 

11.  To  urge ;  to  constrain. 

Paul  W33  pressed  in  spirit,  and  testified  to  the  Jews  that  Jcsua 

was  Christ.  —  Acts  xviii. 
Wick-idness,  jjrcs*«i  with  conscieu&e,  foiccastcth  gtieroiis  ihin^ 

12.  To  squeeze  for  making  smooth,  as  cloth  or 
paper. 

Press  difi"er3  from  drive  and  strike,  in  usually  de- 
noting a  slow  or  continued  application  of  force ; 
whereas  drive  and  strUce  denote  a  sudden  impulse  of 
force. 
PRESS,  V.  i.  To  urge  or  strain  in  motion ;  to  urge  for- 
waid  w'ith  force. 

I  press  toward  the  mark  for  the  prize  of  the  high  calling  of  God 

iu  Christ  Jesus.  —  Phil.  iii. 
Th'  insulting  victor  pressM  on  the  more.  Dryden. 

2.  To  bear  on  with  force  ;  lo  encroacli. 

On  eupen'or  powers 
Were  we  to  press,  inferior  miglit  oti  ours.  Pope. 

3.  To  bear  on  with  force  ;  to  crowd ;  to  throng. 

Thronging  crowds  pre««  on  you  as  you  pass.  Dryien, 

4.  To  approach  unseasonably  or  importunately. 

Nor  press  too  near  the  throne.  Dryden. 

5.  To  urge  with  vehemence  and  importunity. 

He  pressed  upon  them  greatly,  and  they  timied  iu  to  him.  - 
Ceo.  zix. 

6.  To  urge  by  influence  or  moral  force. 

When  argumenu  press  equ-dly  in  matter*  indifferent,  il»  Kif-st 
method  is  to  ^ve  up  ourselves  to  neither.  AdJuorx. 

7.  To  push  with  force;  as,  to  press  against  the 
door. 

PRESS,  n.     [It.  pressa,  haste,  hurry,  a  crowd  ;  Sp. 
prcnsa;  Fr.  presse^  presscir;   Sw.  prdss ;    Dan.  and 
G.  presse.] 
1.  An  mstruraent  or  machine  by  which  any  body 


Tune,  bull,  ignite.  — AN"GER,  VI"CI0US.  — €  as  K;  C  as  J;  S  as  Z;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

^63 


PRE 

]<;  squcf;:ed,  cmslieil,  or  forced  into  a  more  compurt 
form  ;  as.  fi  wine-press^  eider-press,  or  chccse-pre.',\i. 

2.  A  machine  for  printing;;  a  printing-press.  Great 
iiui)rovenients  have  been  lately  made  in  the  construc- 
tion of  presses. 

3.  Tlic  art  or  luisiness  of  printing  nnd  publishing; 
lience,  tlie  publications  issued  from  the  press,  taken 
coUeclivcly.  A  free  press  is  a  great  blessing  to  a  free 
people  ;  a  licentious  press  is  a  curse  to  society. 

•I.  A  crowd  ;  a  throng ;  a  multitude  of  individuals 
crowded  together. 

Anii  when  tljry  touUl  iiol  conn"  riig'li  la  liim  for  ih?  presi. — 
Mark  ii. 

5.  Tlie  act  of  urging  or  pushing  forward. 

WliicI),  ill  their  throiis  and  prees  It*  Ui':  laat  hold, 

Coiirutiiid  Otemaclvci.  ShaJc. 

G.  A  wine-vat  or  cistern.    Ha^,  ii. 

7.  A  case  or  closet  for  the  safe-keeping  of  garments. 

Skak. 

8.  Urgency;  urgent  demands  of  affairs  ;  oa^^jrress 
of  business. 

9.  A  commission  to  force  tnon  into  public  service, 
particularly  into  the  navy  ;  for  Ixii-iiK-ss.       Ralegh 

Press  of  sail,  in  navigation,  is  as  mucli  sail  as  the 
state  of  the  wind  will  possibly  permit  ToUen. 

Li!>ei-ty  of  Oic  press,  in  civil  polioj,  is  the  free  ri^ht 
of  publishing  books,  pamphlets,  or  papers,  wilhnut 
previous  restraint ;  or  tlie  unrestrained  right  which 
every  citizen  enjoys  of  publishing  his  thoughts  and 
opinions,  subject  only  to  punishment  for  publishing 
what  is  pernicious  to  morals  or  to  the  peace  of  the 
state. 

PREt!S'-BED,  71.  A  bed  tliat  may  be  raised  and  in- 
elnsrd  in  a  case. 

PRESS'^D,  (prest.)  pp.  or  a.  Urged  by  force  or 
wi'i;ilit ;  squeezed  ;  constrained  ;  distressed  ;  crowd- 
ed ;  embraced  ;  made  smooth  and  glossy  by  pressure, 
as  cloth. 

PRESS'ER,  w.    One  that  presses. 

PRESS'-G.\NG,  n.  [  press  and  gang.'^  A  detachment 
of  seamen  under  the  command  ot  an  officer,  cm- 
powered  to  impress  men  into  the  naval  service.  [Hce 
Impress-Ganc] 

PRESS'ING,   ppr.     Urging  with    force    or    weight  ; 
squeezing  ;    constraining  ;    crowding  ;    embracing  ; 
distressing  ;  forcing  into  service  ;  rolling  in  a  press. 
2.  o.     Urgent;  distressing. 

PRESS'INti,  n.  The  act  or  operation  of  applying 
force  for  the  purpose  of  compressing  bodies  or  ren- 
dering them  compact.  The  pressing  of  cloth  is  per- 
formed by  means  of  the  screw,  or  by  a  calender. 

PRESS'ING-LV,  ado      With  force  or  urgency  ;  closely. 

HoiDtll. 

PRESS'LV,  oJv.  [L.  presse.]  Closely  ;  vvitli  com- 
pression.    [Obs.]  B.  Jonson. 

PREa'SIOX,  (presh'un,)  7i.     [It.  pressione^] 

1.  The  act  of  pressing.  But  Pressure  is  more 
generally  used.  J^cioton. 

2.  In  the  Cartesian  pkHosopkii,  an  endeavor  to  move. 
PRES-SI-ROS'TERS,  n.pl.     [L.  pressiis,  pressed,  ami 

rostrum,  beak.] 

A  tribe  if  wading  birds,  including  those  whicJi 
have  a  compressed  or  flattened  beak.         BranAc. 

rKES-SI-ROS'TIlAL,  a.  Having  a  compressed  or 
Ilatlcned  beak  ;  applied  to  certain  birds,  as  the  lap- 
wing. Partington. 

PRES'SI-TANT,  a.  Gravitating ;  heavy.  [.Voi  hi 
vsi-.]  Jiior:. 

PRESS'MAN,  n.  In  printing,  the  man  who  manages 
the  press  and  impresses  the  sheets. 

a.  One  of  a  press-gang,  who  aids  in  forcing  men 
into  the  naval  service.  Chapman. 

PRESS'-;\I(5N-EY,  n.  Money  paid  to  a  man  impressed 
into  public  service.     [See  Prest-Monev.]        Oaij. 

PRESS'URE,  n.     [It.  and  L.  prcssura.) 

1.  Tile  act  of  pressing  or  urging  with  force. 

2.  The  act  of  squeezing  or  cnishing.  Wine  is 
obtained  by  the  pressure  of  grapes. 

3.  The  state  of  being  squeezed  or  crushed. 

■1.  The  force  of  one  body  acting  on  another  by 
weight  or  the  continued  application  of  power.  Press- 
ure is  occasioned  by  weight  or  gravity,  by  the  motion 
of  bodies,  by  the  expansion  of  fluids,  by  elasticity, 
&c.  JMatuat  pressure  may  lie  caused  by  the  meeting 
of  moving  bodies,  or  by  the  motion  of  one  body 
against  another  at  rest,  and  the  resistance  or  elastic 
force  of  the  latter.  The  degree  of  pressure  is  in 
proportion  to  the  weight  of  the  pressing  body,  or  to 
the  power  applied,  or  to  the  elastic  force  of  resisting 
bodies.  The  screw  is  a  most  powerful  instrument 
of  prasurc. 

5.  A  constraining  force  or  impulse ;  that  which 
urges  or  compels  the  intellectual  or  moral  faculties  ; 
as,  the  pressure  of  motives  on  the  mind,  or  of  fear 
on  the  conscience. 

G.  That  which  afflicts  the  body  or  depresses  the 
spirits;  any  severe  affliction,  distress,  calamily,  or 
grievance;  straits,  difliculties,  embarrassments,  or 
the  distress  they  occasion.  We  speak  of  the  pressure 
of  poverty  or  want,  the  pressure  of  debts,  tlie  press- 
ure of  taxes,  the  pressure  of  afflictions,  or  sorrow. 

My  own  and  my  p-opie'i  prersursa  arc  ^ri'vous.     K.  Charlts. 
To  Uiis  considcraiioo  he  reueau  witli  cornKtrC  in  kU  hut  pntturtt. 

AUerbury. 


PRE 

We  observe  that  pressure  is  used  both  for  trouble 
or  calamity,  and  for  the  distress  it  produces. 

7.  Urgency;  as,  the  prwstire  of  business. 

8.  Impression;  stamp;  character  impressed. 

All  1.1WS  of  books,  all  forms,  all  prcusurea  pusl.  SJiak. 

PRESS'- WORK,  71.    That  part  of  printing  which  con- 
sists in  impressing  the  sheets  upon  the  type. 
PREST  ;  sometimes  used  for  Pressed.   [See  Press.] 
PREST,  a.     [Old  Yr.  prest  or  prestc,  now  priit,  prdt,  or 
prcste ;  Sp.  and   It.  presto,  from  L.  preesto,  to  stand 
before  or  forward  ;  pro:  and  sto.] 

1.  Ready  ;  prompt.     [Obs.]  Fairfax. 

2.  Neat;  tight.     [Obs.]  Tusscr. 
PREST,  7).     [Fr.  prit,  supra.] 

1.  A  loan.     [Obs.]  Bacon. 

2-  Formerly,  a  duty  in  money,  to  be  paid  by  the 
sheriff  on  his  account  in  the  exchequer,  or  for  money 
left  or  remaining  in  his  haiidi  2  and  3  Edw.  VI. 
PREST'-MON-KV,  (-mun'ne,)  n.  Money  paid  to  men 
when  they  enlist  into  the  llritish  service,  so  called 
because  they  hold  themselves  prest,  or  ready  to  march 
at  command.  Toonc. 

PUES-Ta'TION,  n.     [Ii.  pra-statio.] 

Formcrlij,  a  payment  of  money  j  sometimes  used 
for  purvt-yanco.  Encyc. 

PUES-T.\'TION-.M0X-EV,  f-mun'ne,)  n.  A  sum  rf 
money  paid  yearly  by  archdeacons  and  other  digni- 
taries to  their  bishop,  pro  cxtcriorc  jurisdictume. 

Encyc. 
PRES'TEll,  ji.    [Gf.  -piiTiPi  fiom  TTpijOu),  to  kindle, 
or  inflame.] 

1.  A  meteor  or  exhalation  formerly  supposed  to 
be  thrown  from  the  clouds  with  such  violence,  that 
by  collision  it  is  set  on  fire.     [Obs.]  Encyc. 

2.  Tlie  external  part  of  the-ncck,  which  swells 
when  a  person  is  angry.     [Obs.]  Encyc. 

Prestcr  (priest  or  presbyter)  John ;  the  name  given 
in  the  middle  ages  to  a  supposed  Christian  sovereign 
in  the  interior  of  Asia;  erroneously  transferred  by 
the  Portuguese  to  the  king  of  Abyssinia. 

Encyc.  Am. 
PRES'TIGE,  n.    [Er.]    Illusion  ;  fascination  ;  charm  ; 

impostuie.  IVarhnrton. 

PRES-Tl6-I-A'TION,  7(.     [X..  pricstigitt,  tricks.] 
The  playing  of  legerdemain  tricks  ;  a  juggling. 

Diet. 
PRES-TIG'I-A-TOR,  71.  A  juggler;  a  cheat.  More. 
PRE?-TK;'I-A-TO^RY,  a.     .luggling  ;   consisting  of 

impostures. 
PRES-TlO'i-OUS,  a.     Practicing  tricks  ;   juggling. 

Bale. 
PRES'TI-MG-NY,  w.    [Port,  and  Sp.  iircstimonio;  L. 
pra:sto,  to  supply  ;  pnr  and  sto.] 

In  cano7i  law,  :\.  fund  for  the  support  of  a  priest, 
appropriat(Mi  by  liie  fjunder,  but  not  rrected   into 
any  title  of  benefice,  and  not  subject  to  the  pope  or 
the  ordinary,  but  of  which  the  patron  is  the  collator. 
Port.  Diet.     Encyc. 
Rut  in  a  Spanish  dictionary  thus  defined,  "  a  preb- 
end for    the    maintenance  of  poor  clergymen,  on 
condition  of  their  saying  prayers  at  "certain  stated 
times." 
PRES'TIS' SI-MO,  [It.]    In  7nnsic,  very  quick. 
PRES'TO,  adv.     [Sp.  and  It.  presto^  quick  or  (luickly  ; 
L.  pr<ssto.] 

1.  In  viasic,  a  direction  for  a  (iuick,  lively  move- 
ment or  performance. 

2.  (iuickly  ;  immediately  ;  in  haste.  Sioift. 
PRE-STRie'TION,  n.     [L.  prestriiigo,  prastrictus.] 

Dininess,  MiUoiu 

PRE-SuAI'A-BLE,  a.  [from  presume.]  That  may  be 
presumed ;  that  may  be  supposed  to  be  true  or  en- 
tilled  to  belief,  witiiout  examination  or  direct  evi- 
dence, or  on  probable  evidence. 
PRE-SUJl'A-BI.Y,  adij.  Uy  presuming  or  supposing 
something  to  be  true,  without  direct  proof. 

BroTHi}. 
PRE-SUiME',  V.  t.    [Fr.  prcsumeri  It,  prcsumerc  ;   Sp. 
presinnir;  from  L.  priEsumoi  jrra:,  before,  and  sujno, 
to  take.] 

To  take  or  suppose  to  bo  true,  or  entitled  to  belief, 
without  examination  or  positive  proof,  or  on  the 
strengtli  of  probability.  We  presume  that  a  man  is 
honest,  who  has  not  been  known  to  cheat  or  de- 
ceive;  but  in  this  wo  are  sometimes  mistaken.  In 
many  cases,  the  law  prcjiumc^  full  payment  where 
positive  evidence  of  it  can  not  be  produced. 

We  not  only  presume  il  may  Le  bo,  bm  we  ;icni;illy  fimi  it  so. 
Goo.  of  the  Tongue. 

In  cofiCB  of  implied  miiUmcU,  the  hw  jtreaumea  Uiat  a  niiin  has 
covenanted  or  contracted  to  do  what  rc^iton  ami  jnauce  dic- 
talu.  Blackatoue, 

PRE-8tJME',  r.  i.  To  venture  without  positive  per- 
mission ;  as,  we  may  presume  too  far.  Bacon. 

9.  To  act  with  great  confidence;  with  o/t  or  «/»07i 
before  the  ground  of  confidence. 

Tiiia  man  preimmet  upon  liis  p:irts.  Locke. 

I  will  not  presume  so  tiir  upon  myself.  firyden. 

h\ii\KT  presume-i  upon  the  gift  of  conlinency.  Allerhunj. 

It  is  sometimes  followed  by  of,  but  improperly. 

3.  To  make  confident  or  arrogant  attempts. 

In  thai  \vc  pretume  to  see  what  is  meet  and  convenient  bellT 
than  Giid  hitnsclf.  Hooker, 


PRE 


"nl 


PRE-SCM'iOD,  pp.    Supposed  or  taken  lobe  true,  or 
entitled  to  belief,  without  positive  proof 

PRE-SUM'ER,  n.     One  that  pr-siimes;  also,  an  arro- 
gant person.  IVoUon. 

PRE-SOM'ING,  ppr.     Taking  as  true,  or  supimsing  to 
be  entitled  to  belief,  on  probable  evidence. 

2.  a.  Venturing  without  positive  permission  ;  too 
confident;  arrogant;  unreasoiiablv  bold. 

PRE-SUM'ING-LY,  adv.     Confidently  ;  arrogantly. 

PRE-SUiMP'TlON,  n.     [Fr.  prcsomptlon;  L.  pi-assutiti^- 
tio.] 

1.  Supposition  of  llie  truth  or  real  existence  <pf 
something  without  direct  or  positive  proof  of  ilie 
fact,  but  grounded  on  circumstantial  or  probable  f  \  i- 
dence  which  entitles  it  to  belief.  Presumption,  in 
law,  is  of  three  sorts,  violejit  or  strong,  probable^  and 
light. 

Npxt  to  poailive  proof,  circumttiintial  evidence,  or  the  doctrii.t?  of 
presumplions,  tiiust  Iwkc  place  ;  lorwlicn  the  Tact  cjin  iimI  \«! 
iJemonUni lively  cviiicccl,  that  which  comen  iienirsl  to  ihf 
proof  of  the  f.ict  is  the  proof  of  siicli  ciicuinsianccB  lu*  M:>>-t 
nrccKsaiily  or  usually  utteiid  such  facts.  Tlicse  aru  c:i!l('(l 
presumplions.  V iolctxl  j/risumplion  \s  mpiiy  lini"«  •■qui;  lu 
full  proof.  Blackstij!-'. 

2.  Strong  probability;  xs  in  the  common  phras!-, 
tho  presumption  is  that  an  event  has  taken  place,  or 
will  take  place. 

3.  Blind  or  headstrong  confidence;  unreasonable 
adventurousness  ;  a  venturing  to  undertake  soiiirs 
tliing  without  reasonable  prospect  of  success,  or 
against  the  usual  probabililiea  of  safely  ;  presiimpui- 
ousness, 

iM  my  prcnujiiplion  not  provoke  thy  wraih.  S'l.ak. 

1  li.ul  the  presuwpUon  to  dcilic.iu:  to  you  si  very  uh  In.  is  lied 
piece.  _-  Dryden. 

4.  Arrogance.  He  had  the  presumption  to  attempt 
to  dictate  to  the  council. 

5.  Unreasonable  confidence  in  divine  favor. 

The  invs  of  Ids  majesty  will  liccp  u»  (rotn  presumption. 

liogen:. 

PRE-Sl'iMP'TIVE,  a.    Taken  by  previous  supposition  ; 
grounded  on  probable  evidence. 

2.  Unreasonably  confident  ;  adventuring  without 
reasonable  ground  to  ex])ect  success  ;  presumptuous  ; 
arrogant.  Bruwi:. 

Presumptive  evidence,  in  law,  is  tliat  which  is  de- 
rived from  circumstances  which  necessarily  or  usu- 
ally attend  a  fact,  as  distinct  from  direct  evidence  or 
positive  proof. 

Presumptive  evidence  of  felony  should  be  ciiutioiisly  ii'ltiilncd. 

Presumptive  heir ;  one  who  would  inherit  an  estate 
if  the  ancestor  siiould  die  with  things  in  their  present 
state,  but  whose  right  of  inheritance  may  be  defented 
by  tlie  birth  of  a  nearer  Jieir  before  the  death  of  tlie 
ancestor.  Thus  the  presumptive  succession  of  a 
brother  or  nephew  may  be  destroyed  by  the  birth  of 
a  child.  Presumptioc  heir  is  distinguished  frtun  heir 
apparent,  whose  right  of  inheritance  is  indefeasible, 
provided  lift  outlives  the  ancestor.  Blackstone. 

PRE-SUMP'TIVE-LY,  adv.    By  presumption,  or  sup- 
position grounded  on  probability.  Burkr. 

PRE-SUMPT'U-OUS,  a.     [Fr.  prcsomptueux ;  It.  and 
Sp.  prcsuiitnoso.] 

1.  Bold  and  confident  to  excess  ;  adventuring  with- 
out reasonable  ground  of  success;  hazarding  safety 
on  too  slight  grounds;  rash;  applied  to  persons ;  as, 
a  presumptuous  commander. 

There  ia  a  class  of  presumptuoue  men  whom  a^  has  not  inndo 
cautious,  nor  advereity  wise.  Buckminater. 

E.  Founded  on  presumption  ;  proceeding  from  ex- 
cess of  confidence  ;  applied  to  things;  as,  presuvipta- 
ous  hope.  Milton. 

3.  Arrogant;  insolent;  as,  a  presumptuous  priest. 

Shale. 

Prciumptuout  pride.  Di-tjden, 

A.  Unduly  confident;  irreverent  with  respect  to 
sacred  tilings. 

5.  Willful  ;  done  with  bold  design,  rash  confidence, 
or  in  violation  of  known  duty;  as,  a  presumptuous 
sin. 
PRE-SUMPT'U-OUS-LY,  adv.    With  rash  confidence. 

9.  Arrogantly ;  insolently. 

'^.  Willfully;  in  bold  defiance  of  conscience  or  vio- 
lation of  known  duty;  as,  to  sin  presumptuously. 
J^am.  XV. 

4.  With  groundless  and  vain  confidence  in  ilie 
diviwe  favor.  Hammond. 

PRE-SUMPTTJ-OUS-NESS,  n.  'I'lie  quality  of  being 
presumptuous  or  rashly  confident;  groundless  con- 
fidence; arrogance;  irreverent  boldnc;-s  or  forward- 
ness. 
PRE-SUP-Po'SAL,  C[)n:-sup-po'zal,)  n.  [pre  and  sup- 
posal.] 

Supposal  ]>i"eviously  formed  ;  presupposition. 

J/iioki-r. 
PRE-SUP-P0S5E',  (pre-sup-poze',)  v.  t.     [Fr-  presup- 
poser;  IX.  presupporre  :  Eng.  pre  ani\  suppose.] 

To  suppose  as  previous  ;  to  iin[)ly  as  antecedenL 
The  existence  of  created  things  presuppuscs  the  ex- 
istence of  a  Creator. 


E:ich  kl»d  of  kiiowlrdg 
le;iriii.-d  ill  othi^r  scii; 


!  presuppoeti  many  nccr-uiitry  thtngi 
tcf^s  and  Known  beforelioud.    Jfooker. 


FaTE,  far,  FALL,  WHAT.— MilTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.- 


PRE 

PRE-SUP-PoS'£D,  pp.  or  a.  Supposed  to  be  antece- 
dent.    - 

PRE-SUP-POS'I\G,  jjpr.    Supposing  to  be  previous. 

PKE-SL'P-PO  sr'TIO.V,  (-zish'uu,)  n.      Supposition 
previously  formed. 
■3.  Supposition  of  sumcthinc  iintccedent. 

PKE-SUR-MISE',  (pre-sur-mizV,)  71.      [pre  and  sur- 
mise.] 
A  j^urmise  previously  formed.  Shak. 

PRE-TENCE',  (pre-tens'',)  n.  [L.  pnetensus,  }tra:tendo.] 
1.  A  holding  out  or  offering  to  others  sunicthing 
false  or  feignt-d  ^  a  presenting  to  others,  either  in 
words  or  actions,  a  false  or  hypocritical  appearance, 
usually  with  a  view  to  conceal  what  is  real,  and  thus 
to  deceive.  Under  pretence  of  giving  liberty  to  na- 
tions, the  prince  conquered  and  enslaved  tlieni. 
Under  pretence  of  patriotism,  ambilious  men  serve 
tJieir  own  seltish  purposes. 

Lei  not  Trojans,  wilh  a  feigiied  pretence 

Of  proflereil  peace,  delude  ihe  L:LUaji  prince.  Dryden. 

It  is  sometimes  preceded  by  (ni ;  as,  on  pretence  of 
revenging  Cesar's  death,  Middteton. 

5.  Assumption  ;  claim  to  notice 

Never  was  any  [iii;:g  of  t)u3  preter.ce  inors  irtgtniously  inip.trted. 

Eoelyn. 

3.  Claim,  true  or  false. 

Priinoyeniloro  can  not  have  :iay  preUrux  to  a  right  of  solely  in- 
heritiii^  property  or  power.  Locke. 

A.  Something  held  out  to  terrify  or  for  other  pur- 
pose ;  as,  :3.  pretence  of  danger.  Shah. 
[For  remarks  on  the  spelling  of  this  word,  see  Pre- 

TEKSE.J 

PRE-TEND',  V,  t.  [L.  pratendo ;  prtr,  before,  and  ten- 
do^  to  tend,  to  reach,  or  stretch  j  Fr.  prclendrc ;  It. 
preteiidcre  ;  Sp.  preteiider.] 

1.  Literally^  to  reacli  or  stretch  forward  ;  used  by 
Dryden,  but  this  use  is  not  well  authorized. 

2.  To  hold  out,  as  a  false  appearance  ;  to  offer 
something  feigned  instead  of  that  v*hich  is  real  j  to 
simulate,  in  words  or  actions. 

This  lei  liim  know, 
Lest,  wilifolly  IrdUagreasin*,  h^  prcl£nd 
Siirprisa].  M'dlon. 

3.  To  show  hypocritically;  BS^Xyy  pretend  ^xezaze^X 
when  the  heart  is  not  engaged  ;  to  pretend  patriotism 
for  the  sake  of  gaining  popular  applause  or  obtaining 
an  office. 

4.  To  exhibit  as  a  cover  for  something  hidden. 

Lest  thattco  heaTenly  tonn,  pretended 
To  hellish  faJschood,  snnrc  them.     [Not  in  ute.\  M'dlon. 

0.  To  claim. 

Chiefs  shiiU  Le  ^rud^d  the  part  which  tSiry  pretend.    Drydgn. 

In  this  sense,  we  generally  use  pretend  to. 

6.  To  intend  ;  to  design.     [JV'oi  u.^ed.]      Spen.^cr. 
PRE-TEND',  r.  i.    To  pot  in  a  claim,  truly  or  faUely  ; 

to  hold  out  the  appearance  of  being,  possessing,  or 
performing.  A  man  may  pretend  to  be  a  pliysician, 
and  pretend  to  perform  gieat  cures ;  bad  men  often 
pretend  to  be  patriots. 

PRE-TEND'ED,  pp.  Held  out,  as  a  false  appearance  ; 
feigned  ;  sJnmlated. 

2.  a.  Ostensible;  hypocritical;  as,  a  ;jrf(c7u/cd  rea- 
son or  motive  ;  pretended  zeal. 

PRE-TEND'ED-LY,  adv.  By  false  appearance  or  rep- 
resentation. Hammond. 

PRE-TEi\D'ER,n.  One  v.ho  makes  a  show  of  some- 
thing not  real ;  one  whu  lays  claim  to  any  thing. 

2.  in  English  hintory,  the  heir  of  tlie  royal  latnily 
of  Stuart,  who  laid  claim  to  the  crown  of  Great 
Britain,  but  was  excluded  by  law.  Burnet. 

PRE-TE-VD'ER-SHIP,  n.  The  right  or  claim  of  the 
pretender.  Swift. 

PRE-TEND'XNG,  ppr.  Holding  out  a  false  appear- 
ance ;  laying  claim  to,  or  attempting  to  make  others 
beheve  one  is  what  in  truth  he  is  not,  or  that  he  has 
or  does  something  which  he  has  or  does  not ;  mak- 
ing hvpocritical  professions. 

PRE-TEND'ING-LY,  ado.  Arrogantly;  preiiumptu- 
ously. 

PRE-TE.N'SE',  (pre-te!i3%)  n.  [L.  prcLtatJUs,  prts- 
tcndo.]    • 

1.  A  holding  out  or  offering  to  others  something 
f;ilse  or  feigned  ;  a  presenting  to  others,  either  in 
word-*  or  actions,  a  fal.se  or  hypocritical  app;*arance, 
usually  with  a  view  to  conceal  what  is  rrt;il,  and  thus 
to  deceive.  Under  preteiuic  of  giving  liberty  to  na- 
tions, the  prince  conquered  and  enslaved  them;  nn- 
AcT  prefeTtse  of  patriotism,  amijitiuus  men  serve  their 
own  selfish  purposes. 

Li-t  nolTtoia.'^s,  with  a  fctg:iod  pretense 

Of  protierca  peace,  delude  t!ie  Latian  prince.  Dryden. 

It  is  sometimes  preceded  by  on  ;  as,  on  pretense  of 
revenging  Cesar's  death.  Middleton, 

2.  Assumption  ;  claim  to  notice. 

Never  waj  any  thing  of  this  prelenie  iruJic  iiigcnioasly  impujied. 

Ehelyn. 

3.  Claim,  true  or  false. 

Primogeniture  can  not  liave  any  j/retcnte  to  a  right  of  aolely  in- 
heriling  property  or  power.  Locke. 

*  Something  held  out  to  terrify  nt  for  other  pur- 
pose ;  as,  a  pretense  of  danger.  Ska/c. 


PRE 

[This  woni,  like  erpcnse,  has,  till  of  late,  been 
spelled  with  a  c :  but  it  ought  to  undergo  the  same 
change  wilij  expense,  the  reason  being  tlie  same, 
viz..  that  A-  must  be  used  in  the  derivatives,  pretension^ 
&.C.,  as  in  e.ri>cusive.] 

PRE-TENS' £;d,  (pre-tenst',)  a.    Pretended  ;  feigned  ; 
as,  a  pretensed  riglit  to  land.     [Little  iisod.] 

Encyc. 

PRE-TEX'SION,  (pre-ten'shun,)  n.     [It.  pretensione ; 
Fr.  pretention.] 

1.  Claim,  true  or  false  ;  a  holding  out  the  appear- 
ance of  right  or  possession  of  a  thing,  with  a  view 
to  make  others  believe  what  is  not  real,  or  what,  if 
true,  is  not  yet  known  or  admitted.  A  man  may 
insM,G pretensions  to  rights  which  he  can  not  maintain  ; 
he  may  make  pretensions  to  skill  which  iie  docs  not 
possess;  and  ho  niny  make  ;»re(CTA-fo;i5  to  skill  or  ac- 
quirements whirl)  lie  really  possesses,  but  which  he 
is  not  known  to  pus^-ess.  Hence  we  speak  of  ill- 
founded  pretensions  and  well-fuunded  pretensions. 

2.  Claim  to  sometliing  to  be  obtained,  or  a  desire 
to  obtain  somctiiing,  manifested  by  words  or  actions. 
Any  citizen  may  have  pretensions  to  the  honor  of 
representing  the  state  in  the  senate  or  house  of  rep- 
resentatives. 

The  commons  demand  that  tlie  consiilablp  eIiouIJ  lie  in  coinmou 
to  the  preletisions  of  any  Roman.  Strijl. 

Men  indulge  Uio»e  opinions  and  pniciicea  that  fiivor  their  j>fe- 
tensiont.  L' Estrange. 

3.  Fictitious  appearance ;  a  Latin  phrase  not  now 
used. 


invcnlii-n  and  jnclension  givcu  out   by  the 
Bctcon. 


Tlus  Wiis  but 
Sp;\jiiards. 

PRE-TENT'A-TIVE,  a.     [L,  jjra  and  tcnto,  to  try-l 
That  may  be  previously  tried  or  attempted.     [Lit- 
tle^nsed.]  PFottcjt. 

PRe'TER,  a  Latin  preposition,  (propter,)  is  u^cd  in 
some  English  wotds  as  a  prefix.  Its  proper  signifi- 
catiiin  is  hri,on<!,  lience,  beside^  more. 

PRE-TER.IM-PER'FECT,  «.  [L.  pmtcr,  beyond  or 
beside,  and  i.uperfcrtus,  unfinished.] 

In  ip-arnmary  an  epithet  designating  the  tense 
which  expresses  action  or  being  not  perfectly  past; 
niore  usually  called  the  imperfect  tense. 

PRE'TER-IT,  a.  [L.  prt£tcrittts,  pratcrco  ;  prwtcr^  be- 
yond, and  eo,  to  go.] 

Past;  applied  to  the  tense  in  grammar  v.hich  ex- 
presses an  action  or  being  perfectly  pa?t  or  finished, 
often  that  wliicli  is  just  past  or  compk-ted,  but  with- 
out a  specification  of  time.  It  is  called  also  the 
perfect  tense ;  as,  seripsiy  1  have  written.  We  say, 
"I  have  icrittcn  a  letter  to  my  correspondent ;"  in 
wliich  sentcnee,  the  lime  is  supposed  to  be  not  dis- 
tant and  not  specified.  Rut  when  the  time  is  men- 
tioned, we  use  the  imperfect  tense,  so  called  ;  as,  "  I 
■wrote  to  my  correspondent  yesterday."  In  this  use 
of  the  preterit  or  perfect  tense,  the  English  differs 
from  the  French,  in  which  j''ai  icrit  kicr  is  correct ; 
but  I  have  -written  yesterday^  woidd  be  very  bad 
English. 

PRE-TER-I"TION,  (pre-ter-ish'un,)  n.  [Fr.,  from  L. 
priEtcreo,  to  p;iss  by.] 

1.  The  act  of  going  past ;  the  state  of  being  past. 

J/all. 

2.  In  rAcioric,  a  figure  by  which,  in  pretending  to 
pass  over  any  thing,  we  make  a  summary  mention 
of  it ;  aa,  "  I  will  not  say,  he  is  valiant,  he  is  k;arned, 
he  is  just,"  &:c.  The  most  artful  praises  are  those 
bestowed  by  way  of  pretention.  Encyc. 

PRE-TERa-TIVE,rt.     In  irrammar.sxn  epithet  applied 

to  verbs  used  only  or  chiefly  in  the  preterit  or  past 

tenses. 
PRE'TER-IT-NESS,  h.     [from  preterit.]     The  state  of 

being  past.     [Little  nsed?]  Bcntlcy. 

PRE-TER-L^VP.S'£D,    Mapst',)  a.     [L.    prtEtcrlapsus, 

prtrtcrlabar ;  prater  and  labor,  to  glide.] 

Past;  gone  by  ;  a.'^,  prcterlapsed  hzgs.         Walker. 
PRE-TER-LE'GAL,  a.     [L.  pra-.ter  and  Ic^aL] 

Exceeding  the   limits  of  law;  not  legal.     [Little 

usedA  K.  diaries. 

PRE-TER-MIS'SION,  (-mi.sh'un,)  n.    [L.  pru:iermissio, 

from  prtEtermitto.] 

1.  A  passing  by  ;  omission. 

2.  In  rhetoric^  the  same  as  Preterition. 
PRE-TER-MIT^,  v.  t.     [L.  prtctermitto ;  prater,  beyond, 

and  mitto^  to  srend.] 

To  [)ass  hy  ;  to  omit.  Bacon. 

PRE-TER-.\HT'TED,yv).     P;L>sed  by  ;  ojiiitted. 

PRE-'i'ER-NAT'lT-UAL,  a.  [h.  pra:tcr  and  vatnmL] 
Beyond  what  is  nalural,  or  diircreiil  from  what  is 
natural ;  irregular.  We  call  those  events  in  the 
physical  world  preternatural,  which  arr  extranrdinarv, 
whicli  are  deemed  to  be  beyond  or  without  the  ordi- 
nary course  of  things,  and  yet  are  not  deemed  mirac- 
ulous, in  distinction  from  events  which  are  supcr- 
iiatural,  which  cannot  be  produced  by  physical  laws 
or  powers,  and  must  therefore  be  produced  by  a 
direct  exertion  of  onmipulence.  We  also  apply  the 
epithet  to  things  uncommo:i  or  irregular;  as,  aprc- 
(ematiira/ swelling  ;  a  prstcrnatural  pulse;  ^preter- 
natural excitemejit  or  temper. 

PRE-TER-NAT-q-RAL'I-TY,  n.  Preternatural n ess. 
[Little  used.]  Smith. 

PRE-TER-NAT'U-RAL-LY,  adv.    In  a  manner  be- 


PRE 

yond  or  aside  from  the  cumniun  order  of  nature ;  aa, 
vessels  of  llie  b.>dv  prc'ernaturally  distended. 

PRK-'I'ER-:JAT'U-UAE-.\ESS,h.  a  state  or  manner 
(i  liferent  from  the  cotnmon  order  of  nature. 

PUE-TER-PER'FECT,  a.     [L.  pra-teratu\  pcrfectus.) 
hiienillyj  more  than  complete  or  Jiniskcd;  an  epithet 
equivalent  to  preterit,  applied  to  the  tense  of  verbs 
which  expresses  action  or  being  absohsiely  past  ; 
more  usually  called  the  perfect  tense.     [Gtarnmar,] 

Spectator. 

PRE-TER-PLO'PER-FEf  P,  a.  [L.  prwtcr,  beyond, 
pins,  more,  and  pcrfcciu     perfect.] 

Literally,  beyond  more  htm  prrfcet ;  an  epitiiei  des- 
ignating the  tense  of  v  bs  which  ex|)r<'-<'c^  action 
or  being  as  past  at  or  >efore  anothrr  ,...-1  event 
or  time;  more  usually  died  llie  pluperftcl  tensa; 
better  denominated  the  p  or  past  tense,  tJiat  is,  past 
prior  to  another  event. 

PRE-TEX',  V.  t.     [L.  prLCte.  j;  pro:  and  tczo^  or  iego^ 
tcxui.] 
To  cloak  ;  to  conceal.       Vo!  used,]        Edicards. 

PRE-TEXT'  or  PRE'TEXT  n.  [L.  pra:texta^  ;  Fr. 
preteite;  It.  pretesto ;  Sp.  p/'?ei(o,] 

Pretense  ;  false  appearance  ;  ostensible  reason  or 
motive  assigned  or  assumed  as  a  color  or  cover  ft<r 
the  real  reason  or  motive.  He  gave  plausible  reasons 
for  his  conduct,  but  these  were  only  a  pretext  to  con- 
ceal his  real  motives. 

lie  made  pretext  Ihat  I  should  only  go 

And  help  convey  his  freight ;  but  tiiought  not  so.      Chapman. 
They  suck  the  blood  of  ihostf  they  di-i>  rid  ou,  under  a  pretext  of 
service  and  kindncas.  L'E*trai\^e. 

PRe'TOR,  n.  [L.  proitor,  from  the  root  of  pra^  be- 
fore.] 

An  officer  among  the  ancient  Romans.  Ori^finally, 
the  pretor  was  a  kind  of  tiiird  consul ;  but  at  tn  ear- 
ly period,  two  pretors  were  appointed  ;  the  first  of 
whom  (pne'tor  urba'nus)  was  a  kind  of  mayor  or 
city  judge;  the  other  (pru^'tor  percfrri' nu^)  was  a 
judge  of  cases  in  which  one  or  both  of  tije  parties 
were  foreigners.  Still  later,  the  number  of  pretors 
or  judges  was  further  increased.  SmitlL*s  Diet. 

In  modern  timcsy  the  word  is  sometimes  used  for  a 
mayor  or  magistrate.  Dryden.     Spectator. 

PRE-To'RI-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  pretor  or  judge  ; 

judiriril.  Burke. 

PilE-To'RI-AiSf,  a.  Belonging  to  a  pretor  or  judge  ; 
judicial;  exencised  by  the  pretor  ;  as,  pretor  ianpowcr 
or  authority.  Baron. 

Pretorian  bands,  or  g-nards,  or  pretorinns,  in  Rjrnan 
history^  were  tile  emperor's  guurds.  Their  niinibLr 
was  increased  by  Vitetlius  to  sixteen  thousand  moo. 

Smithes  Diet. 

Pretorian  gate;  in  a  Roman  camp,  that  one  of  its 
four  gales  which  lay  next  the  enemy.  Brar.de. 

PRe'TOR-SHIP,  h.  Tlie  office  of  pretor.  mirinn. 
PRET'TI-LY,  (prit'ti-ly,)  adv.  [from  prctiij.]  In  a 
pretty  manner  ;  with  neatness  and  taste  ;  pleasingly; 
without  magnificence  or  splendor  ;  as,  a  woman 
prettily  dressed  ;  a  parterre  prettily  ornamented  with 
tloweis. 

2.  With  decency,  good  manners,  and  decorum, 
without  dignity. 

Children  kepi  out  of  ill  company,  (olco  ft  pride  to  beh;'-ve  them- 
selves preltily.  Locke. 

PRET'TI-NESS,  (prit'ti-ness,)  n.  [O'om  pretty.]  Di- 
minutive beauty  ;  a  pleasing  form  without  stateli- 
ness  or  dignity  ;  as,  tlie  preitiness  of  the  face ;  the 
prettiness  of  a  bird  or  other  small  animal ;  the  pretti- 
ncss  of  dress.  More. 

2.  Neatness  and  taste  displa>  ed  on  small  objects  ; 
as,  the  prctti}tess  of  a  flower-bed. 

3.  Decency  of  manners ;  pleasing  propriety  with- 
out dignity  or  elevation  ;  as,tliepJC«trtMsof  achUd'a 
behavior. 

PRET'TY,  (prit'ty,)  a.  [Sax.  pra:te,  adorned  ;  pratig, 
sly,  crafty  ;  Dan.  prijdct,  adorned  ;  Sw.  prydd,  id. ; 
VV.  pryd,  comeliness,  beauty,  also,  tJiat  is  present, 
stated  time,  hour  or  season,  visage,  aspect ;  prydain, 
exhibiting  presence  or  an  open  countenance,  beauti- 
ful ;  prydiaw,  to  represent  an  object,  to  record  an 
event,  to  render  seasonable,  to  set  apart  a  lime,  to 
become  seasonable.  'I'he  word  seems  to  be  con- 
nected with  priawd,  appropriate,  proper,  fitting, 
whence  priodi,  to  render  appropriate,  to  espouse  or 
marry,  and  priodver^,  a  bride.  Hence  ii  is  evident 
t!is  radical  sense  is  set,  or,  as  we  say,  .<ct  o_^\  implying 
enlargement,] 

1.  Having  diminutive  beauty  ;  of  a  pleasing  form 
without  the  strong  lines  of  beauty,  or  witlunit  grace- 
fulness and  dignity  ;  as,  a  pretty  face  ;  a  pretty  per- 
son ;  a  pretty  flower. 

The  preUy  gentleman  i&  the  moat  compbisaut  cr^iiture  in  the 
world.  ifpeclaa>r. 

That  wbich  is  litde  can  be  but  pretty,  and  by  clainun^  dignity 
becomea  ridiculous.  Johnson. 

2.  Neat  and  appropriate  without  miiguificcnce  or 
sjilendor  ;  as,  a  pretty  dress. 

3.  Handsome;  neatly  arranged  or  oniamented  ; 
aa,  a  pretty  flo\\  er-bed. 

4.  Neat;  elegant  without  elevation  or  grandeur  ; 
as,  a  pretty  tale  or  story ;  a  pretty  song  or  composi- 
tion. 


TC\E,  B^'LL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  V1"CT0US.  — e  asK;  CasJj  SasZ;  CHos  SHj  '£H  as  in  THIS. 


109 


&i^ 


PRE 


PRE 


5.  Sly  ;  crafty  ; 
prrtty   trick.     This 


as,  he  has  played  his  friend  a 
Sfcnii)  lo  be  the  sense  of  the 
word  in'  this  phrase,  according  with  the  Saxon 
priTti^.  And  lience,  perhaps,  the  phrase  a  prcUy 
t'eWow.  ,_        .„ 

6.  Small  ;  diminutive  ;  m  contumpl.  He  will 
make  a  pretty  fi,:ure  in  a  triumph. 

7.  Not  very  siiiull ;  moderately  large  j  as,  a  preUy 
way  otl*. 

Cut  off  the  •talk*  of  cueumben,  immediately  nflcr  their  bearinff, 
close  by  Uic  earth,  onJ  ti-n\  ca«t  a  pretty  quaiuily  o(  earth 
upon  (he  plant,  iind  thay      il  bear  next  year  bctore  the  ordi- 
nary time.     [Not  in  use.  Bacon. 
PRET'TY,  (prit'ty,)  adv.      a  some  deRree ;  tolerably  ; 
moderately ;  as,  a  farm   pretty  well  stocked  ;    the 
colors  became  prrttit  vii    i ;  I  am  pretty  sure  of  the 
fact ;  the  wind  is  prettt/f    r.    The  EiiRlish  half  penny 
is  pretty  near  the  value    if  the  American  cent.     In 
these  and  similar  phra  ee,  pretty  expresses  less  than 
very. 

The  writer  pretty  plainly  r   jfcsses  hiraacll"  a  Biiicere  CUrbiian. 
^      '  AXleTbury. 

rRET'TY-SP5K-EN.c     Spoken  or  speaking  prettily. 

rUK-TYP'i-FI-En,  (-nde,)  pp.  [from  prctypify.]  An- 
tecrilcnily  represented  bv  type;  prefigured. 

PRI-VTVr'l-F^,  v.  t.  [pre  and  typify.^  To  prefigure  ; 
to  exhibit  previously  in  a  type.  Pearson. 

PUi:-TYP'l-F?-ING,  ppr.    Prefiguring. 

PRK-VAIL',  I'.  (.  [Fr.  preoaloir  i  It.  prevalcre;  Sp. 
prevaicccr :  L.  pr<rvalco  ;  prtc^  before,  and  valeo,  to  be 
strong  or  well.  Valco  seems  to  be  from  the  same 
root  as  the  Eng.  well.  The  primary  sense  is,  to  stretch 
or  strain  forward,  to  advance.] 

1.  To  overcome ;  to  gain  the  victory  or  superiori- 
ty ;  to  gain  the  advantage. 

Wlien  Moses  Iwld  up  hU  hiind,  Urael  prexiailed',  when  be  let 
down  his  hand,  Amalck^irrwii^d.  —  Ex.  xvii. 

With  over  or  against. 

David  prevailed  over  the  PliiJistine  with  a  «Un»  and  witlj  a  stone. 

—  1  Siih.  xvii.  ...  f 

This  kiifiloin  could  never  prevail  agatntt  the  umted  power  ol 

Kugfand.  ^5Wi/t. 

Q.  To  be  in  force  ;  to  have  effect,  power,  or  influ- 
ence. 

Thi»  custom  makes  Uie  short-sighted  bigots  and  the  warier  sVcp- 
lics,  a»  far  as  il  precaUs.  Locke. 

3.  To  be  predominant ;  to  extend  over  with  force  or 
effect,     'i'he  fever  prevailed  m  a  fin'at  part  of  the  city. 

4.  To  gain  or  have  predominant  influence  ;  to  op- 
erate with  effect.  These  reasons,  arguments,  or  mo- 
tives ought  to  prevaU  with  all  candid  men.  In  this 
sense,  it  is  followed  by  with. 

5.  To  persuade  or  induce  ;  with  on  or  upon.  They 
prevailed  (m  the  president  to  ratify  the  treaty.  It  is 
also  followed  by  with.  They  could  not  prevail  toitk 
the  king  to  pardon  the  offender.  But  on  is  more 
common  in  modern  practice. 

6.  To  succeed.  The  general  attempted  to  take  the 
fort  by  assault,  but  did  not  prevail.  The  most  power- 
ful arguments  were  employed,  but  they  did  not /ircunii. 

PRE-VaIL'£D,  pp.    Gained  advantage  j   persuaded  ; 

succeeded. 
PRE-VaIL'ING,  ppr.  Gaining  advantage,  superiority, 

or  victory  ;  having  effect ;  persuading;  succeeding. 

2.  a.  Predominant ;  having  more  influence  :  prev- 
alent;  superior  in  power.  The  love  of  money  and 
the  love  of  power  are  the  prevailing  passions  of  men. 

3.  Efficacious. 

Saints  shall  assist  tliee  with  pretifdling  prayers.  Rove. 

4.  Predominant ;  most  general ;  as,  the  prevailing 
disease  of  a  climate  ;  a  prevailing  opinion.  Intem- 
perance is  the  precailing  vice  of  many  countries. 

PRE-VaIL'ING-LY,  flffy.    So  as  to  prevail  or  have 

success, 
PKE-VaIL'MENT,  71.     Prevalence.     [LiUle  n^ed.] 

S/iah. 
PREV'A-LENCE,    (  n.    Superior  strength,  influence, 
PREV'A-LEN-CY,  i      or  efficacy;    most    efficacious 
force  in  producing  an  effect. 

Th«  duke  bcticr  knew  what  kind  of  arguments  were  of  prev{> 
lence  with  him.  Clarendon. 

2.  Predominance ;  most  general  reception  or  prac- 
tice ;  as,  the  prevalance  of  vice,  or  of  corrupt  max- 
ims ;  the  prevalence  of  opinion  or  fashion. 

3.  Most  general  existence  or  e.\tension ;  as,  the 
prevalence  of  a  disease. 

4.  Succ^^ss  ;  as,  the  prevalence  of  prayer. 
PREV'A-LENT,a,  Gaining  advantage  or  superiority  ; 

victorious. 

Brennus  told  the  Roman  emlxiasadora,  that  prevalent  nmna  were 
ta  good  a&  any  title.  Ralegh. 

Q.  Powerful ;  efficacious ;  successful  ;  as^prevalcnt 
supplications. 

3.  Preilominant;  most  generally  received  or  cur- 
rent ;  as,  a  prevalent  opinion.  Woodicnrd. 

4.  Predominant ;  most  general ;  extensively  ex- 
isting; as,  a  prevalent  disease. 

PREV'A-LENT-LY,  adc.     With  predominance  or  su- 
periority ;  powerfully. 

The  evening  star  so  falls  into  the  main, 

To  rise  at  morn  more  prewUetUly  bright.  Prior. 

PRE-VAR'I-CATE,  v.  i.     [It.  prevaricare ;  Sp.  prevari- 


car ;  Ft.  prcvariauer  ;  h.  prtEcaricor ;  pra  and  ran'co, 
varieorj  to  straddle.] 

1.  To  shuflle ;  to  quibble ;  to  shift  or  turn  from 
one  side  to  the  other,  from  the  direct  course  or  from 
truth  ;  to  play  foul  play. 

1  would  think  better  of  himself,  than  dial  he  would  willfully  pre- 
varicaU.  iflillinsjkel. 

2.  In  the  civil  htio,  to  collude  ;  as,  where  an  in- 
former colludes  witfi  the  defendant,  and  makes  a 
sham  prosicculion.  Eiicijc. 

3.  In  English  liWy  to  undertake  a  thing  falsely  and 
deceitfully,  with  the  purpose  of  defeating  or  destroy- 
ing it.  Cowd. 

PRE^VAR'I-€aTE,  I'.  (.  To  pervert;  to  corrupt;  lo 
evade  by  a  quibble. 

[But  in  a  transitive  scnse^  Vtis  word  is  seldom  or 
jtever  tised.] 

PRE-VAR'I-Ga-TED,  pp.    Evaded  by  a  quibble. 

PRE-VAR'I-e.\-TlNG,;)iM-.  or  a.  auibbling  to  evade 
the  truth. 

PRE-VAR-I-e.\'TI0N,7i.  A  shuflling  or  quibbling  to 
evade  the  truth  or  the  disclosure  of  truth  ;  the  prac- 
tice of  some  trick  for  evading  what  is  just  or  honor- 
able ;  a  deviation  from  the  plain  path  of  truth  and 
fair  dealing.  Addison. 

2.  In  the  civil  /aw,  the  collusion  of  an  informer 
with  the  defendant,  for  the  purpose  of  making  a 
sham  prosecution.  Encyc. 

3  In  common  laWj  a  seeming  to  undertake  a  tiling 
falsely  or  deceitfully,  for  the  purpose  of  defe;iting  or 
destroying  it.  CaiC'-l 

4.  A  secret  abuse  in  the  exercise  of  a  public  olhct: 
or  commission.  Encyc, 

PRE-VAR'I-eA-TOR,  n.  One  tliat  prevaricates;  a 
shuffler;  a  quibbler. 

9.  A  sham  dealer;  one  who  colludes  with  a  de- 
fendant in  a  sham  prosecution.  Civil  Law. 

3.  One  who  abuses  his  trust. 
PRE-Ve\E',  v.  t.     [L.  pneocnio;  prtr,  before,  and  vo- 

nio,  to  come.] 

Literally,  to  come  before ;  hence,  to  hinder.  [JVot 
used.]  Philips. 

PRE-VeN'I-ENT,  a.     [L.  praveniens.] 

Going  before;  preceding;  as,  prevenienterd.ce. 
Hence,  preventive  Milton. 

PRE-VENT',  v.  t.  [L.  prwvenio,  prce,  before,  and  vc- 
nioj  to  come  ;  It.  prevcnire ;  Sp.  and  Fr.  prevenir.] 

1.  To  hinder;  to  stop  or  intercept  the  approach, 
access,  or  performance  of  a  thing.  Foresight  and 
care  will  prevent  many  ills  and  inisforlunes  in  human 
life.  Religion  supplies  consolation  under  aflliclions 
which  can  not  be  prevented.  It  is  often  easier  to 
prevent  evils  than  lo  remedy  them. 

[The  foUvwing  sigiiijications  of  the  -word,  formerly 
used,  are  obsolctcl 

2.  To  go  before  ;  to  precede.    Ps.  cxix.  148. 

3.  To  take  hold  on  ;  to  seize.    Job  xxx.  16. 

4.  To  succor.     Ps.  \\x,  10,  and  Common  Prayer. 

5.  To  anlicipale.  . 
Their  ready  guUl  prevenUng  thy  commands.  Pope. 

6.  To  preoccupy  ;  lo  preengage. 

Thou  hast  prevented  us  wiUi  overtures  of  love.       K.  Charles. 

PRE-VENT',  V.  i.    To  come  before  the  usual  time. 

[J\rot  in  use.]  Bacon. 

PRE-VENT'A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  prevented  or 

hindered.  Reynolds. 

[Prevektati  VF.  is  a  gross  blunder.] 
PRE-VENT'ED,  pp.     Hindered  from  happening  or 

takin"  efiect. 
PRE-VENT'ER,  n.    One  that  goes  before.     [J^Tot  in 

use.]  Bacoii. 

2.  One  that  hinders;  a  hinderer  ;  that  which  hin- 
ders ;  as,  a  preventer  of  evils  or  of  disease. 
PRE-VENT'ING,  ppr.     Going  before.     [Obs.] 

2.  Hindering;  obviating. 
PRE-VENT'ING-LY,  adv.    In  such  a  manner  or  way 

as  to  hinder.  Dr.  Walker. 

PRE-VEN'TION,  ».     [Fr.]     The  act  ot  going  before. 

[Obs.]  Bacon. 

2.  Preoccupation;  anticipation.     \_Liule  used.] 

JIamvwnd. 

3.  The  act  of  hindering;  hindeiauce;  obstruc- 
tion of  access  or  approach. 

Prevention  of  sin  is  one  of  the  grealtst  nlfrcicB  God  can  vouch- 
safe.  SouOi. 

A,  Prejudice ;  prepossession  ;  a  Ere^tch  sense,  but 
juH  in  7ue  in  English.  J>niden. 

PRE-VEN'TIOiV-AL,  a.     Tending  to  prevent.  Diet. 

PRE^VENT'IVE,  a.  Tending  to  hinder;  hindering 
the  access  of;  as,  a  medicine  preventive  of  disease. 

Brown. 

PRE-VENTaVE,  n.  That  which  prevents;  that 
which  intercepts  the  access  or  approach  of.  Tem- 
perance and  exercise  are  excellent  jwe«c;itirc5  of  de- 
bility and  languor. 

2.  An  antidote  previously  taken.  A  medicine 
may  be  taken  as  a  preventive  of  disease. 

PRE-VENT'IVE  SERVICE,  i?.  In  Great  Britain, 
tlic  duty  performed  by  the  armed  police  in  guarding 
the  roast  acamst  smuggling. 

PRE-VE\T'IVE-LY,  adv.  By  way  of  prevention  j 
in  a  manner  that  tends  to  hinder. 


PRI 

PRe'VI-OUS,  □.     [L.  praxiiis;  prte,  before,  and  via, 

way,  that  is,  a  going.  Sax.  warg,] 
Going  before  in  lime  ;  being  or  happening  before 

something  else ;  antecedent ;   prior  ;  as,  a  previous 

intimation  of  a  design  ;  a  prci'iouif  notion  ;  a  previous 

event. 

Sound  from  tin?  mountair!,  preoiout  lo  the  storm, 

Rolls  oVr  Uie  muttrriug  canli.  TTiornson. 

PRe'VI-OUS-LY,  adv.  In  limo  preceding ;  before- 
hand ;  antecedently  ;  as^  g  plan  previously  formed. 

PRE'Vi-OUS-NESS,  n.  Antecedence;  priority  in 
tinu'. 

PRE-VI"$ION,  (-vizh'un,)  v.  [L.  pnevisus,  prarideo  : 
pnf,  before,  and  video,  to  see.] 

Foresight;  foreknowled^'e  ;  prescience.     Encyc. 

PRE-\VA!iN',  r.  (.  [See  Wabk.J  To  warn  before- 
hand ;  to  give  previous  notice  ot.  Bcaum. 

PRE-WARN'KI),  2>p.    Given  previous  notice  of. 

PRE-WARN'ING,  ppr.    Warning  beforehand. 

PREY,  (pra,)  n.  [L.  pr<e(la  ;  It.  preda  :  Fr.  proic  :  .\ux\. 
prcyz  or  preih  t  u.  proid.  In  Welsh,  praiz.  It.  prat, 
signifies  booty  or  spoil  of  cattle  taken  in  war,  also  a 
flock  or  herd  ;  preiziaw,  lo  herd,  to  collect  a  herd,  to 
drive  off  or  muke  booty  of  cattle.] 

1.  Spoil;  bodty ;  plunder;  goods  taken  by  forre 
from  an  enemy  in  war. 

And  they  brofi^lii  Ihc  captives,  and  the  prey,  and  Uic  spoil,  to 
Mosfs  aiidEleiizar  the  priest. —  Num.  xxxi. 

In  this  passage,  the  captives  are  distinguished 
from  prey.    Bui  sometimes  persons  are  included. 

They  [Jndahl  shall  become  a  prey  and  a  >-poil  to  all  their  cii'- 
mics.  —  2  Kings  xxi. 

2.  Thai  which  is  seized  or  may  Ije  seized  by  vio- 
lence to  be  devoured  ;  ravine.  The  eagle  and  the 
Iiawk  dart  upon  their  prey. 

She  seea  hu-nielf  Ihc  monster's  Jirvy.  Dnjdtn. 

The  old  lion  perishctli  for  lack  of  prey.  —  Joh  iv. 

3.  Ravage ;  depredation. 
Hog  ill  sloth,  iix  in  stealih,  lion  in  prey.  Shak. 

,^nimal  or  beast  of  prey,  in  a  carnivorous  animal  ; 
one  that  feeds  on  the  flesh  of  oilier  animals.  Tlu: 
word  is  applied  to  the  larger  animul!^,  as  lions,  tigers, 
hawks,  vultures,  &,c.,  rather  than  to  insects  ;  yet  au 
insect  feeding  on  other  insects,  may  be  called  au  ani- 
mal of  prey. 
PREY,  (pr5,)  r.  i.  To  prey  on,  or  vpon,  is  to  rob ;  to 
jilunder ;  lo  pillage. 

2.  To  feed  by  violence,  or  lo  seize  and  devour. 
The  wolf  preys  on  sheep;  the  hawk  preys  on  chick- 
ens. 

3.  To  corrode ;  to  waste  gradually  ;  to  cause  to 
pine  away.  Grief  preys  on  the  body  and  spirits; 
envy  and  jealousy  prqj  on  Ihe  health. 

Language  is  loo  fiiinl  to  show 
His  rage  of  love  ;  it  preys  upon  liis  life  ; 
He  pines,  he  sickens,  he  despairs,  he  dies.  Additon. 

PREY'ER,  Cpi"a'er,)  «•  ^^e  or  thai  which  preys  ;  a 
plunderer;  a  waster  ;  a  devourer. 

PUEY'ING,  (pra'ing,)  ppr.  Plundering;  corroding; 
wasting  gradually. 

PRl'A-PISM,  n.  [from  L.  Priapiis.]  More  or  less 
permanent  erection  and  rigidity  of  the  penis,  with- 
out concupiscence. 

PRICE,  n.  [Fr.  prix;  It.  prczio;  Sp.  precio ;  Arm. 
prisi  D.pnfs:  G.pi-eis;  Dan.  priis;  \\\  pr is  or  pr id  i 
prisiaiD,  lo  value,  to  apprize  ;  pridiaw,  to  give  a  price, 
value,  or  equivalent,  to  pawn,  lo  ransom  ;  L.  prclinm. 
See  Praise.] 

1.  The  sum  or  amount  of  money  at  which  a  thing 
is  valued,  or  the  value  which  a  seller  sets  on  his 
goods  in  market.  A  man  often  sets  a  price  on  goods 
which  he  can  not  obtain,  and  often  takes  less  than 
the  price  set. 

2.  The  sum  or  equivalent  given  for  an  article  ;  tlie 
cost ;  as,  Ihe  price  paid  for  a  house,  an  ox,  or  a 
watch. 

3.  The  cunent  value  or  rate  paid  for  any  species  of 
goods  ;  as,  the  market  price  of  wheat. 

4.  Value ;  estimation  ;  excellence  ;  worth. 

\Vlio  can  find  a  virtuous  woman  ?   for  her  price  U  far  nbnvo 
rubies.  —  Prov.  xxxi. 

5.  Reward ;  recompense. 

That  vice  may  merit :  'tis  the  jtrice  of  toll ; 

The  knave  deserves  it  when  ho  tills  tlie  soil.  Pope. 

The  price  of  redemption,  is  the  atonement  of  Jesus 
Christ.     1  Cor.  vi. 

A  price  in  the  hands  of  a  fool ;  the  valuable  offers  of 
salvation,  which  he  neglects.    Prov.  xvii. 
PPJCE,v.t.    To  pay  for.     [JV'Vi  m  wse.]        Spenser. 

2.  To  set  a  price  on.     [See  Pui^e.] 
PRICE-eUR'RENT,  n.    A  paper  or  table  of  the  cur- 
rent prices  of  merchandise,  stocks,  specie,  bills  of 
exchange,  rate  of  exchange,  &;c. 
PRIC'£D,  (prist,)  a.    Set  at  a  value;  used  in  compo- 
sition ;  as,  high-;>riced,  low-priced. 
PRICE'LESS,  a.    Invaluable;  too  valuable  to  admit 
of  a  price.  S'tak. 

2.  Without  value  ;  worthless  or  unsalable. 

J.  Barlow. 
PRICING,  ppr.    Setting  a  price  on  ;  valuing. 
PRICK,  V.  t.     [Sax.  priccian ;  V.  irriliken  ;  Dan.  prMcrj 
Sw.  prfc/ca;  li.priocam.] 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— MfcTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.— NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.- 


66G 


PRI 

I.  To  pierce  with  a  sharp-pointed  instrument  or 
sub:>tuace  ;  as,  to  jn'tck  one  with  a  pin,  a  needle,  a 
Chorn,  or  the  like. 

Q.  To  erect  a  pointed  thing,  or  with  an  acuminated 
point ;  awlifd  chtedy  to  the  ears,  and  primarily  to 
ihe  poinit-J  ears  of  an  animal.  The  horse  prid:s  his 
cars,  or  pricks  up  his  ears. 

3.  Tofix  by  ihe  point  j  as,  to  prick  a  knife  into  a 
board.  A'eieton. 

4.  To  hang  on  a  point. 

Till?  coo^prici  a  slice  on  a  proag  of  iron.  Smdya. 

5.  To  designate  by  a  puncture  or  mark. 

Sotse  vha  3ie  pricked  for  sberiSs,  and  are  fit,  set  out  of  the  bUI. 

Bacon. 

6.  To  spur ;  to  goad ;  to  incite  ;  sometimes  with 
OB  or  <# 


My  duty  prides  me  on  to  uUer  that 

^\'l.icli  tio  worUJy  gotxl  sbouiil  draw  from  me. 

But  how  if  hoaor  prick  me  q^. 


Shak. 
Shak. 


7.  To  aSect  with  sharp  pain ; 
morse. 


to  sting  with  re- 


Wben  they  heard  this,  the;  were  pricked  in  their  hearts.  —  Acta 
a.    Ps.  IixUi. 

8.  To  make  acid  or  pungent  to  the  taste  ;  as,  wine 
is  prie!:ed.  Hudibras. 

9.  To  write  a  musical  composition  with  the  proper 
notes  on  a  scale. 

10.  In  seamen's  language,  to  run  a  middle  seam 
through  the  cloth  of  a  sail.  jj/ar.  Diet. 

To  prick  a  chart,  is  to  trace  a  ship's  course  on  a 
chart.  Mar.  Diet. 

PRLCK,  V.  I.    To  become  acid  j  as,  ciAer pricks  in  the 
rays  of  the  sun. 
9.  To  dress  one's  self  for  show. 
\        3.  To  come  upon  the  spur ;  to  shoot  along. 

Before  each  van 
PriA  fonh  the  airy  Imigim.  ARlton. 

4.  To  aim  at  a  point,  mark,  or  place.      Hawkins. 
PEICK,  i:.     [Sax.  pricca ;   Sw.  prick  or  preka ;  tand- 

preka^  a  tooth-pick  ;  Ir.  prioea.] 

1.  A  slander,  pointed  instrument  or  substance, 
which  is  bard  enough  to  pierce  the  skin  ;  a  goad  ;  a 
spur. 

It  Is  baziJ  for  thee  to  kxk  a^ast  ihe  pricks,  — Acts  ix. 

2.  Sharp,  stinging  pain  ;  remorse.  Shdk* 

3.  A  spot  or  mark  at  which  archers  aim. 

Carew. 
A.  A  point ;  a  fixed  place.  Spenser. 

5.  A  puncture  or  place  entered  by  a  point. 

Brown. 
.  The  print  of  a  hare  on  the  ground. 
.  Tn  seamen^s  language^  a  small  roll ;  as,  a  prick  of 
Ti  yam  ;  a  prick  of  tobacco. 
Plili'X'-PoST,  rt.     In  arihitecture,  a  post  in  wooden 
buildings  formed  intermediately  between  two  princi- 
pal pttsi?.  Brande. 
PRICK'SD,  (prikt,)  pp.    Pierced  with  a  sharp  point ; 
spurred  ;  goaded  :   stunc  with  pain  ;  rendered  acid 
or  pungent;  marked-,  designated. 
PRICK'ER,  n.     A  sharp-pointed  instrument. 

jMozon. 
%  In  oi^Ujquial  sense,  a  prickle. 
3.  A  light  horseman.     KVot  in  use.^       Havicard, 
PEICK'ET,  B.    A  buik  in  his  second  year. 

Manwood. 
PRICK'IXG,  ppr.    Piercing  with  a  sharp  point ;  goad- 
ing ;  affecting  with  pungent  pain  ;  making  or  becom- 
in::  acid. 
PRICK'ING,  n.     The  act  of  piercing  with  a  sharp 
point. 

2.  In  farriery^  the  driving  of  a  nail  into  a  horse's 
foot  so  as  to  produce  lameness ;  also,  the  same  as 
NicKiSG.  FoTia.  Encijc.      Gardner. 

3.  A  sensation  of  sharp  pain,  or  of  being  pricked. 
PRICK'LE,  (prick'!,)  n.     In  botany,  a  small,  pointed 

shoot  or  sharp  process,  £;rowing  from  the  bark  only, 
and  lh:i3  distinguished  from  the  tkom^  which  grows 
from  the  wood  of  a  plant.  Thus,  the  rose,  the  bram- 
ble, the  gooseberry,  and  the  barberry  are  armed  with 
prickles.  Mariyn. 

2.  A  sharp,  pointed  process  of  an  animal. 
PRICK'LEl-BACK,  71.    A  small  fish,  so  named  from 
the  prickles  on  its  back  ;  the  stickle-back. 

Diet.  JVat.  Hist. 
PRICK'LI-NESS,  M.      [from  prickly.}      The  state  of 

having  many  prickles. 
PEICK'LOUSE,  ji,    A  low  word  in  contempt  for  a 

tiv\nr.  VEstrange. 

PRICK'LV,  a.      Full  of  sharp    points  or  prickles  ; 
anned  with  prickles;  as,  a  prickly  shrub. 

Martyn.  Swifi. 
PRICK' LY-PEaR,  n.  A  name  applied  to  various  spe- 
cies of  Cactus,  e'ipecially  to  the  Cactus  opuntia,  a 
fleshy  and  succulent  plant,  destitute  of  leaves,  cov- 
er-d  with  spines,  and  consisting  of  flattened  joints 
inserted  upon  each  other.  It  produces  a  purplish, 
edibia  fniit.  Eneye.  Am. 

PRICK'M  AD-AM,  n,    A  speciea  of  houseleek. 

Johnson. 
PRICK'PIJNCH,  n.    A  piece  of  tempered  steel  with  a 
|»    rcund  point,  to  prick  a  round  mark  on  cold  iron. 
I  JHozan 


PRI 

PRICK'SONG,  k.  a  si:ng  set  to  music,  or  a  va- 
riegated song;  Id  distini-Uun  from  a  plain  son;:. 

PRICK'WOOD,  n.  A  Eurn,,can  shnib  oi  ihs  peiiin 
Euonymus,  so  named  frv-ni  the  use  of  tJio  wood 
formerly  as  skewers.  Loudon. 

PRIDE,  ;;.    [Sax.  pryt,  pryde ;  D.  prat,  proud.] 

1.  lnordina:e  self-esteem  ;  an  unreasonable  con- 
ceit of  one's  own  superiority  in  talents,  beauty, 
wealth,  accomplisiiments,  rank,  or  elevation  in 
ofiice,  which  manifests  itseif  in  lofty  airs,  distance, 
reserve,  and  often  in  contempt  of  others. 

Marj:il  pride  loot::  dz"o  oa  indi^strv.  IT.  Dawes. 

Pride  goetli  before  <le&lnjclioa.  —  Prov.  xvi. 
Pride  Ui.it  tiities  on  vaniiy  sups  oa  coa'j^ntpt.  Franklin. 

Al!  pride  is  abject  and  meaa.  Johnson. 

Those  that  walk  in  pride  he  is  able  to  abase.  —  Dan.  iv. 

2.  Insolence;  rude  treatment  of  others ;  insolent 
exultation. 

That  harJly  wc  escaped  the  pride  &f  Prance.  ShaJ:. 

3.  Generous  elation  of  heart;  a  noble  self-esteem 
springing  from  a  consciousness  of  worth. 

The  honest  pride  of  conscious  virtue.  Smith. 

4.  Elevation;  loftiness. 

A  faJcon  towering  in  her  pride  of  place.  Shak. 

5.  Decoration ;  ornament ;  beauty  displayed. 

Whose  lofiy  trees  yciaJ  witlj  summer's  pride.  Spemtr. 

Be  his  this  sword, 
Whose  ivory  shealh,  inwrought  with  oiii-jas  pride, 
Adds  gr«eful  terror  to  the  wearer's  side.  Pope. 

6.  Splendid  show ;  ostentation. 

In  this  amy,  the  war  of  either  side 

Through  Athens  pissed  with  milii-^ry  pride.  Dryign. 

7.  That  of  which  men  are  proud  ;  that  which  ex- 
cites boasting. 

1  will  cot  off  the  pride  of  the  Philisliues.  —  Zcch.  ix.     Zeph.  iii. 

8.  Excitement  of  the  sexual  appetite  in  a  female 
beast.  Shak. 

9.  Proud  persons.    Ps.  xxiri. 

PRIDE,  r.  /.  With  the  reciprocal  pronoun,  to  pride 
one's  self,  to  indulge  pride;  to  take  pride;  to  value 
one's  self ;  to  gratify  self-esteem.  Tliey  pr/ffe  thcrn- 
selves  in  their  wealth,  dress,  or  equipage.  He  pndej 
}t!m<:r'f\n  his  achievements. 

PRIDE'FfIL,  a.    Full  of  pride;  insolent;  scornful. 

Richardson. 

PRiDE'LESS,  a.    Destitute  of  pride;  wiiiiout. pride. 

C/iaucor. 

PRTD'ING,ppr.  Indulging  pride  or  self-esteem  ;  tak- 
ing pride  ;  valuing  one's  self. 

PRID'ING-LY,  ado.    With  pride  ;  in  pride  of  heart. 

Barrow. 

PRiE  ;  supposed  to  bo  so  written  for  Peivet. 

Tusscr. 

FRTE,  for  Par.  Chaucer. 

PRIeF,  for  Proof.     [Obs.]  Chaucer. 

PRI'ER,  71.  [fromprj/.l  One  who  inquires  narrowly; 
one  who  searches  and  scrutinizes, 

PRIEST,  (preest,)  ti.  [Sax.  prcost ;  D.  and  G.  priester; 
Dan.  priEst :  Fr.  pretre  ;  It.  prete  ;  from  L.  pru:st''s,  a 
chief,  one  that  presides;  //rts,  before,  and  sto,  to 
stand,  or  sistc,  or  Gr.  Irnpi ;  or  contracted  from  pres- 

byter.    In  Persic,  /  maXmi  w  parastash  is  worship  ; 

.*,tXAA*«jJ  parastidaHj  to  worship,  to  adore.] 

1.  Originally  and  properly,  one  who  officiates  at 
the  altar  or  performs  the  riles  of  sacrifice,  (ufievs, 
saeerdos.)  Thus  it  is  used  in  the  pagan  writers  and 
in  the  Holy  Scriptures.  "        Murdock. 

In  primitive  ages,  the  fathers  of  families,  princes, 
and  kings,  were  priests.  Thus  Cain  and  Abel,  Noah, 
Abraham,  Melchizedeck,  Job,  Isaac,  and  Jacob,  of- 
fered their  own  sacrifices.  In  the  days  of  Moses, 
the  ofiice  of  priest  was  restricted  to  the  tribe  of 
Levi,  and  the  priesthood  consisted  of  three  orders, 
the  high  priests,  the  priests,  and  the  Levites,  and 
the  office  was  made  hereditary  in  the  family  of 
Aaron. 

Every  priett  tolcen  from  among  men  is  ordained  for  men  In  things 
peruining  to  God,  tliat  he  may  oS'er  both  gifts  and  sacri^ccs 
lor  «ios.  —  Heb.  v. 

2.  In  the  Latin  and  Orpek  churches,  one  who  is 
authorized  to  consecrate  the  host  and  to  say  mass  ; 
but  especially,  one  of  the  lowest  order  possessing  this 
power.  Jilurdock. 

3.  In  the  Protestant  Episcopal  church,  a.  presbyter; 
one  who  belongs  to  the  intcnnediate  order  between 
bishop  and  deacon.  He  is  autliorized  to  perform  ail 
ministerial  services  except  that  of  ordination  and 
confirmation. 

The  Protestant  non-Episcopal  churches  discard  the 
title  prie^^t :  yet  it  is  sometimes  used,  either  ignoranily 
or  contemptuously,  for  a  pastor  or  an  ordained  min- 
ister of  the  eospe!.  Murdock. 
PRIeST'CRAFT,  (preest'kraft,)  n.  [priest  and  craft.] 
The  stratagems  and  frauds  of  priests  ;  fraud  or  im- 
position in  religious  concerns;  management  of  selfish 


PRI 

and  ambitious  priests  to  gain  wealth  and  power,  or 
to  impose  on  the  credulity  of  others. 
_  Pope.     Spectator. 

PRIkST'ESS,  n.    A  female,  among  pagans,  who  of- 
ficiated in  sacred  things.  Addison.     Swift 
PElEST'liOOD,  II.  The  office  or  character  of  a  priest 

Whitgifte. 
2.  Ths  order  of  men  set  apart  for  sacred  offices  ; 
tht^  order  composed  of  priests.  Drijden. 

PRlEST'LIKE,a.    Resembling  a  priest, or  that  which 

belongs  U)  priests.  SJtak. 

PRIeST'LI-NESS,  n.    The  appearance  and  manner 

ofa  priest, 
PRIeST'LV,  (preest'le,)  a.    Pertaining  to  a  priest  or 
to  priests ;  sacerdotal ;  as,  the  priestly  office. 

2.  Becoming  a  priest;  as,  pncs(/?f  sobriety  and  puri- 
ty of  life. 
PRIEST'RID-DEN,    a.       [priest   and   ridden.      See 
Ride.] 
Managed  or  governed  by  priests.  Sw\fL 

PRIeVE,  for  Pbove.  Spenstr. 

PRIC,  H.    [O.frechj  bold,  saucy,  impudent.] 

1.  A  pert,  conceited,  saucy,  pragmatical  fellow. 

Addison.     SwifL 

2.  A  thief. 

PRIG,  r.  /.    To  haggle  about  the  price  of  a  commodity. 

f  Obs.]  Ramsay's  Poems. 

PRIG,  r.  (.    To  filch  or  steal. 

PRIG'GISII,  a.    AlFected  J  coxcomical;  conceited. 

Brockclt. 
PRIG'GI'^M      J 
PRIG'GEli-V  i  ""    The  manners  of  a  prig.    Ed.  Rev. 

PRU;'G1SH-LV,  adc.    In  a  priggish  manner. 
PRILL,  J!.     A  birt  or  turbot.        "  Ainsworth. 

PRIM,  a.     [Russ.  primo,  or  priamo,  in  a  right  line, 

directly ;  jtriamei,  straight,  direct,  true,  just.    See 

Prime.] 
Properly,  straight ;  erect ;  hence,  formal ;  precise ; 

afieciedly  nice.  Swift. 

PRIM,  V.  t.    To  deck  with  great  nicety  ;  to  form  with 

aficcted  prcciseness. 
PRIiI,7(.    A  plant,  Privet,  Ligustmm  vulgare,  a  native 

of  Europe,  but  naturalized  in  the  United  States;  a 

shrub  six  or  eight  feet  high. 
PRI'MA-CY,  H.     [Tt.  primazia;   Fr.  primatiei  Sp.pri- 

maciai   from  L.  primatusj  from  primtiSy   first.      Sco 

Prime.] 

1.  The  chief  ecclesiastical  station  or  dignity  in  a 
national  church ;  the  office  or  dignity  of  an  arch- 
bishop. Clarendon. 

2.  E.xcellency ;  supremacy.  Barruic. 
PRl'MA  DOJV'jVA,    [It.]    The  first  female  singer  in 

an  opera. 

PRl'MA  Fa'CI-E,  (-ia'she-e,)  [L.]  At  first  ri:..  : 
appearance. 

PRi'MAGE,  k.  In  commerce,  a  certain  allowance  paid 
by  the  shipper  or  consignee  of  goods  to  the  mariners 
and  master  ofa  vessel,  fur  loading  the  same. 

McCulloch. 

PRI'MAL,  a.     [See  Prime.]     First.     [JV'ot  in  use.] 

Shak. 

PRI-MAL'I-TY,  H.    State  of  being  primal.    Baj:ter. 

PRl'MA  RI-LY,  adv.  [from  priman,.]  In  the  first 
place  ;  originally  ;  in  the  first  intention.  The  word 
emperor  primarily  signifies  a  general  or  military  com- 
mander-in-chief. In  diseases,  the  physician  is  to 
attend  to  the  part  primarily  affected. 

PRi'MA-RLiVESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  first  in  t  .::-. 
in  act,  or  inleniion.  .    JS\>.-.- 

PRI'.MA-RY,  a.     [L.  prhnarius.     See  Prime.] 

1.  First  in  order  of  time  ;  original ;  as,  the  church 
of  Christ  in  \is  primary  institution.  Pearson. 

These  I  call  original  or  primory  qualiues  of  body.  Lodre, 

2.  First  in  dignity  or  importance;  chief;  princi- 
pal. Our  ancestors  considered  the  education  of 
youth  ui' primary  importance. 

'S.  Fii-st  or  lowest  in  order ;  preparatory  to  some- 
thing higher ;  as,  primary  assemblies ;  primary 
schools. 

4.  Radical;  original;  as,  the  primary  sense  ofa 
word. 

5.  A  term  applied  to  the  stifl*  quills  in  the  last 
jointi'fa  bird's  wing. 

Primary  planets.     See  Plaset. 
Primary  qualities  of  bodies,  are  such  as  are  original 
and  inseparable  from  them. 
PRi'MA-RY,  H.    That  which  stands  highest  in  rank 
or  importance,  as  opposed  to  Secondarv. 

2.  A  name  of  the  large  fealliers  on  the  last  joint  of 
a  bird's  wing. 
PRi'JIATE,  71.     [It.  prxmato  ;  Fr.  primal ;  Low  L.  pri- 
mas.     See  Prime.] 

The  chief  ecclesiastic  in  a  national  church ;  an 
archbisliop.  Encttc-     Sir\fi. 

PRT'MATE-SHIP,  n.     The  office  or  dignity  of  an 

archbishop. 
PRI-.Ma'TIAL,  (-shal,)  a.    Pertaining  to  a  primate. 
D'Anrille,  Trans. 
PRI-M.\T'ie-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  primate. 

BarroiP. 
PRIME,  a.     [L.  primus :  Sax. ^rum,  Goth. /rum,  begin- 
ning, origin;   Goth,  frumist,  first;  Dan.  ^m,  for- 
ward, straight  on  ;  frcmmcr,  to  forward  or  promote  ;   I 


TuNE,  BULL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CI0US C  as  K  :  G  as  J ;  S  as  2 ;  ClI  as  SII ;  TU  as  in  THIS. 


§6" 


PRl 


PRl 


avr.fram.frdmja!  W.  priv,  first ;  priviaw,  to  grow  up, 
to  increnso,  to  prosper ;  Ir.  j>riDiii/i,  first,  ami  reamam, 
be"inning.    See  Class  Km,  No.  3,  7,  9.J 

1.  First  in  order  of  time ;  original ;  as,  prime  la- 
tliers  ;  prime  creation.  S/ia*. 

In  tliis  sense,  tlie  use  of  the  word  is  nearly  super- 
seded by  PaiuiTiTE,  e.«ept  in  the  plinise  prime  cost. 

2.  First  ia  ranlt,  degree,  or  dignity  ;  as,  prime  niin- 


Drijdeit. 


Milan. 


Spenser. 
Milloti. 


Hooker. 


WalUr. 


Shall. 
Drydeii. 


Sm/t. 


Woadaard. 


'i  First  in  excellence  ;  as,  prime  wheat ;  cloth  of  a 
prime  quality.  Humility  and  resignation  are /nmc 
virtues. 

4.  Early;  blooming. 

Ilia  auirry  helm,  wnbuckled,  showed  lum  prime 
lu  manhood,  where  youth  coded. 

5.  First  in  value  or  importance. 
Prime  ^mmber ;  in  ariUimetie,  a  number  which  is 

divisible  only  bv  unity,  as  5,  7,  11.  HiMon. 

Prime  fimire;  in  geometni,  a  figure  which  can  not 
be  divided'into  any  other  figure  more  simple  than  it- 
sell,  as  a  triangle,  a  pyramid,  &.c. 
PRIME,  II.    The  first  opening  of  day ;  the  dawn  ;  the 
morning. 

Karly  and  late  it  nm»,  at  evening  and  at  prime. 
The  swecl  hour  of  jinme. 

2.  The  beginning ;  the  early  days. 

Ill  the  very  prime  of  the  worid. 

3.  The  spring  of  the  year. 

Hope  waiu  opou  the  flowery  prime. 

4.  The  spring  of  life ;  youth ;  hence,  full  health 
strength,  or  beauty. 

That  crop  the  golden  priv'.e  of  this  .sweet  priute. 
The  pritiit  of  youth. 

5.  The  best  part. 

Give  hint  always  of  the  prime. 

0.  The  utmost  perfection. 

The  pUuts  —  would  have  been  all  in  pri:ne. 

7.  In  the  Roman  Catholic  church,  the  first  canonical 
hour,  succeeding  to  lauds.  Enajc. 

8.  In  fintinf,  the  first  of  the  chief  guards.   Enajc. 

9.  In  ciiemwtri/,  primes  are  numbers  employed,  in 
conformity  with  the  doctrine  of  definite  projior- 
tions  to  espres.j  the  ratios  in  which  bodies  enter  mio 
combination.  Primss,  duly  arranged  m  a  table, 
constitute  a  scale  of  chemical  equivalents.  I  hey 
also  express  the  ratios  of  the  weights  of  atoms,  ac- 
cording to  tlie  utoiiiic  theory.  ■     ^    . 

Prime  iif  the  moon  ;  the  new  moon,  when  it  hrst 
appears  after  the  change.  Barloic. 

Prime  rcrticul;  the  vertical  circle  which  passes 
throu-h  the  cast  and  west  points  of  the  horizon. 
Dials  projected  on  the  plane  of  this  circle,  are  called 
prime  vertical,  or  iiortli  and  south  dials.  Brandr. 
PliliME,  V.  t.  'i'o  put  powder  in  the  pan  ot  a  musket 
or  other  fire-arm  ;  or  to  lay  a  train  of  powder  lur 
communicating  fire  to  a  cliarg.5.  Encyc. 

o.  To  lay  on  the  first  color  in  painling.      Encyc. 
PRIME  r.  I.'    To  servo  for  the  charge  of  a  gun. 

Beaum. 
PRIME  MIN'IS-TER,  v.    The  responsible  head  of  a 
rainistrj'  or  executive  government;  applied  particu- 
larly to  that  of  Great  Britain. 
PRI.M'£D,  (primd,)  pp.    Having  powder  in  the  pan  ; 

bavin"  the  first  color  in  painting. 
PRIJIE'LY,  adu.     At  first ;  originally  ;  primarily. 

2.  Must  excellently.  [Sautli. 

PKIME'NESS,  11.    The  state  of  being  first. 

2.  Supreme  excellence.  [Lillle  used  in  edhir  sense.} 

PRI'MER,  a.    First ;  original.     [A'ot  in  use.']  Drayton. 

rUlM'ER,   II.       Originally,   a   small   prayer-book    for 

church  service,  or  an  ofiice  of  the  Virgin  Mary  ;  also, 

a  work  of  elementary  religious  instruction. 

2.  A  small,  elementary  book  for  teachuig  children 
to  read. 
PRI'MEIl-FINE,  n.    In  England,  a  fine  due  to  the 
king,  on  tlie  writ  or  commencement  of  a  suit  by  fine. 

Bl/zckstone. 
PRI-Mii'RO,  71.  A  game  at  cards.  [Sp.] 
FRI'MER-SlcrZI.\,  n.  Qirime  and  seilin.]  In  feudal 
law,  the  right  of  the  king,  when  a  tenant  in  capitc 
died  seized  of  a  knight's  fee,  to  receive  of  the  heir, 
if  of  full  age,  one  year's  profits  of  the  land  if  in 
possession,  and  half  a  year's  profits  if  the  land  was 
in  reversion  expectant  on  an  estate  for  life  ;  abol 
ished  by  12  Car.  II.  Encyc. 

PRI-Mk'VAL,  11.    [li.  primiw,  first,  and  istmm,  age 

prim.Fcu.^.] 

Original ;  primitive  ;  as,  the  pri7nci:al  innocence  of 
mail ;  primeval  day.  Blackmore. 

PHI-.Mi=;'VOI'S,  a.    Primeval. 

PRl-MI-Gli'NI-AIi,  a.     [L.  primiVcriiii*;  primiu,  first, 
and  genus,  kind,  or  gignor,  to  b.'get.] 

First  horn  ;  original ;  primary.  Bp.  Hall. 

PRI-MI<3'E-N0US,    a.      [Supra.]      First    formed    or 

cenerated  ;  original ;  as,  scmi-primiffenoii-v  strata. 
PiiI'MINE,  (-in,)  n.     [L.  p-imjis.]  [Eirwan. 

In  botany,  the  o.ltermost  integument  of  an  ovule  ; 
one  of  the  sacs  containing  an  ovule.  Lindley. 

PRiM'ING,  fpr.    Putting  powder  in  the  pan  of  a  fire- 
arm. .    . 
2.  Laying  on  the  first  color  in  painting. 


,  a  word  not  de- 


2.  Primarily  ; 

3.  According 


PR!M'ING,n.  The  powder  in  the  pan  of  a  gun,  or 
laiil  along  the  channel  of  a  cannon  for  conveying 
fire  to  the  charge. 

2.  Among  painters,  the  first  color  laid  on  canvas, 
or  on  a  building,  &c. 

3.  In  steam-engines,  the  hot  wattir  carried  along  hy 
the  steam  from  the  boiler  into  the  cylinder,  which 
is  always  an  evil.  Buchanan. 

PRl.M'ING-VVlRE,  n.  A  pointed  wire,  used  to  pene- 
trate the  vent  of  a  piece,  for  examining  the  powder 
of  the  charge,  or  for  piercing  the  cartridge.   Encyc. 

PRI-MIP'I-LAU,  a.  [L.  primipilus,  the  centurion  of 
the  first  cidiurt  of  a  Roman  legion. J 

Pertaining  to  the  captain  of  the  vanguard. 

Barrtjie. 

PRI-MI"TIAL,  (pil-mish'al,)  a.  Being  of  the  first 
production.  Auisworlh. 

PRIM'I-TIVE,  a.  [It.  priiiiitiiio  ;  Fr.  pnnuUf :  li. 
primitieu.^ ;  from  primi^s,  first.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  beginning  or  origin,  or  to  early 
times;  original;  first;  as,  Iho  primitive  state  of 
Adam ;  primitive  innocence ;  primitive  ages  ;  the 
primifirc  church  ;  the  primitive  Christian  church  or 
institutions  ;  the  primilire  fathers.    I'/liiti.     'Pillatson. 

2.  Formal ;  affectedly  solemn  ;  imitating  the  sup- 
posed gravity  of  old  times.  Johnson. 

3.  Original ;  primary  ;  radical ;  not  derived  ;  as,  a 
primitive  verb  in  grammar. 

Primitive  colors,  in  painting,  are  red,  yellow,  and 
blue,  from  the  combination  of  which  all  other  colors 
may  be  produced. 

Primitive  rocks :  in  geology,  rocks  supposetl  to  be 
first  formed,  being  irregularly  crystallizeil,  and  ag- 
gregated without  a  cement,  and  containing  no  or- 
ganic remains,  as  granite,  gneiss,  &c. 
PEIM'I-TiVE,  II.    An  original  word  ;  : 

rived  from  another. 
PRIM'I-TIVE-LY,  adv.    Originally ;  at  first. 

Brovn. 
not  derivatively. 

to  the  original  rule  or  ancient  prac- 
Soutk. 
PRI.M'I-TIVE-NESS,  n.    State  of  being  original ;  an- 
tiquity ;  conformity  to  antiquity.  Johnson. 
PRIiM'I-TV,  11.    The  sUite  of  being  original.     [J^ot 

used.]  Pearson. 

PRIiM'Sl£D,  pp.     Decked  with  great  nicety. 
PRIM'NESS,  11.     [from  prim.]     Affected  formality  or 

nicencss  ;  stiffness  ;  precis.uiess. 
PRI'JUO,     rit.]     In  music,  the  first  or  leading  part. 
PKI-MO-tSE'NI-AL,    a.     [!..    priiul gcaias.      See  Pri- 

MICJEM-^L.] 

First  born,  made,  or  generated  ;  original ;  primary  ; 

constituent ;  elemental ;  as,  pri.-vioo-cio'a/  light ;  pri- 

mogcnial  bodies.  ,.  Boyle. 

PRI-MO-GEN'I-TIVE,  ii.  or  a.    A  term  applied  to  the 

right  of  primogeniture.  Shulc. 

PRI-.'*10-<5EN'I-TOR,  11.     [L.  primus,  first,  and  gem- 

lor,  father.]  „ 

The  first  fither  or  forafallier.  Qaytoii. 

PRI-3IO-(5EN"I-TIiaE,  II.    [L.  prim  IK, -first,  and  ^r.ii- 

tus,  begotten.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  born  first  of  the  same 
parents  ;  seniority  by  birth  among  children. 

2.  In  laiv,  the  right  which  belongs  to  the  eldest  son 
or  daughter.  Thus,  in  Great  Britain,  the  right  of 
inheriting  the  estate  of  the  father  belongs  to  the  eldest 
son,  and  in  the  royal  family,  the  eldest  son  of  the 
king  is  entitled  to  the  throne  by  primogeniture. 
Among  the  females,  the  crown  descends  by  right  of 
primoireniture  to  the  eldest  daughter  only,  and  her 
issue.  Blackstone. 

Before  the  revolution,  primogeniture,  in  some  of 
the  American  colonies,  entitled  the  eldest  son  to  a 
double  portion  of  his  father's  estate  ;  but  this  right 
has  been  abolished.  .  , 

PRI-M0-(5EN'I-TURE-SHIP,  ii.    The  state  or  privi- 
leges of  one  who  "is  the  first  born. 
PRI-.MOR'DI-AL,  0.     [Fr.,  from  L.  primordialis,  pn- 
moriium  ;  primus,  first,  and  oriio,  order.] 

First  in  order  ;  original ;  existing  from  the  begin- 

Bmjle. 
Origin  ;   first  principle  or  ele- 

More. 
A  kind  of  plum. 
[See  Primordial.]     Original; 
Boyle. 
[JVo(  English, 


PRl 

priiircps :  D.  prills  f  G.  prill:  ;  Ann.  priiif.    This  woul 
is  probably  compounded  of  primits,  corrupted,  as  thf 
i-.t.  r()ii',  and  crps,  head,  Fr.  chef;  or  perhajis  of  thu   : 
Celtic  hreen,  Ktimmil,  whence  \V.  brcnin,  king,  an  | 
exalted  one,  and  cep.s.    Hence  Brennus,  the  luiine  of 


elebiated  Gaulish  commander.    In  Pers. 


e;^. 


ning. 
PRI-MOR'DI-AL, 


nieiit. 
PRI-.MOR'DI-AN,  II 
PRI-MOK'DI-ATE, 

existing  from  the  first. 
PRIMP,  t).i.    To  be  formal  or  affected. 


or  local.  J 

PRI.M'ROSE,  71.  [L.  primula  wris;  primiis,  first,  and 
rosa,  a  rose ;  literally,  the  first,  or  an  early  rose  in 
spring.]  „  .      .        . 

An  early  flowering  plant  of  the  genus  Primula,  of 
several  varieties,  as  the  white,  the  red,  the  yellow- 
flowered,  &c.  Shakspeare  uses  tlie  word  for  gay  or 
flowery  ;  as,  the  primrose  way, 

PRTMUM  MOB'I-LE,  [I..]  First  cause  of  motion. 
In  (4c  Ptolemaic  system,  the  outermost  of  the  revolv- 
ing spheres  of  the  universe,  which  was  supposed  to 
give  motion  to  all  the  others. 

PRPMUS  IJfTER  PA'REg,  [L.]  Chief  among 
equals. 

PRI'.MY,  a.    Blooming.     [JVot  itsci/.]  Sliak. 

PRINCE,  (prins,)  ii.     [Fr.  id. ;  It.  and  Sp.  pruieipe ;  L. 


tariii  signifies  lofty,  or  one  elevated  in  place  a.  of- 
fice.] 

1.  In  a  mneral  sense,  a  sovereign  ;  the  chief  and  in- 
dependent ruler  of  a  nation  or  state.  'I'lius,  when 
we  speak  of  the  princes  of  Europe,  wo  include  em- 
perors and  kings.  Hence,  a  chief  in  general ;  as,  a 
prince  of  the  celestial  host.  Milton. 

2.  A  sovereign  in  a  certain  territory  ;  one  who  has 
the  government  of  a  particular  state  or  territory,  but 
holds  of  a  superior  to  whom  he  owes  certain  services  ; 
as,  the  princes  of  the  German  states. 

3.  The  son  of  a  king  or  emperor,  or  the  issue  of  a 
royal  family  ;  as,  princes  of  the  blood.  In  England, 
the  elilest  son  of  the  king  is  created  prince  of  Wales. 

Brande. 

4.  The  chief  of  any  body  of  men.         Prarhaa. 
f,.  A  chief  or  ruler  of  cither  sex.    Queen  Elizabeth 

is  called,  by  Camden,  prince  ;  but  this  application  is 
unusual  and  harsh. 

Prince  of  C'.e  senate,  in  ancient  Rome,  was  the  per- 
son first  called  in  the  roll  of  senators.  Brande. 

In  Scripture,  this  name  prince  is  given  to  God,  Dan. 
viii. ;  to  Christ,  who  is  called  the  Prince  of  peace, 
Is.  i.x.,  and  the  Prince  of  life,  .Sets  iii. ;  to  the  chii-f 
of  the  priests,  the  prince  of  the  sanctuary.  Is.  xliii. ; 
to  the  Roman  emperor,  Dan.  ix. ;  to  men  of  Eupeni:r 
worth  and  excellence,  Eccles.  x. ;  to  nobles,  counsel- 
ors, and  olficors  of  a  kingdom.  Is.  X. ;  to  the  chief 
men  of  families  or  tribes,  JVum.  ivii. ;  to  Satan,  who 
is  called  the  prince  of  this  world,  John  xii.,  and  priare 
of  the  power  of  the  air,  Eph.  ii. 

PRINCE,  V.  i.   To  play  the  prince  ;  to  take  st.ate.  S.'ioJ. 

PRINCE'DOM,  (prins'dum,)  n.    The  jurisdiction,  sov- 
ereignty, rank,  or  estate,  of  a  prince. 

l.'iidei-  thee,  as  head  euptv-me, 
Tiirojica,  l^riilceiSoms ,  poweri,  domhiions,  I  lediice.      Milton. 

PRINCE'LTKE,  a.    Becoming  a  prince.  Shuk. 

PRINCE'Ll-NESS,  n.     [from  princely.]     The  slate, 

niauner,  or  dignity,  of  a  prince.  Sherwood. 

PUINCE'LY,  0.    Resembling  a  prince  ;   having  llio 

appLarance  of  one  high   born  ;  stately ;  dignified  ; 

as,  a  princely  gentleman  ;  a  princely  youth.  Sliak. 

2.  Having  the  rank  of  princes  ;  as,  a  man  ol  yrinc,- 
hi  birth  ;  a  princely  dame.  Sidney.     Waller. 

3.  iieconiiiig  a  prince  ;  royal ;  grand  ;  august ;  as, 
a  princf/j' gift ;  princcit)  virtues.  Shali.     IValler. 

4.  Very  large  :  as,  a  princely  fortune. 

5.  Magnificent;  rich  ;  as,  a  prinerfi/ entertainment. 
PRINCE'LY,  adv.  In  a  prince-like  manner.  Johnson. 
PRI.N"CE'S-FEATn'EE,   (-feth'er,)    n.    An   annual 

plant  of  the  genus  Amaranthiis.  Loudon. 

PRIN'CE'S  MET'jSL,  7i.    A  compound  of  copper  and 

zinc,  hi  imitation  of  gold  ;  also  called  Prince  Rupert'a\ 

metal.  ^'^'■ 

PEIN'CESS,  n.    A  female  sovereign,  as  an  empress  or 

queen.  .        Dryilen. 

2.  A  sovereign  lady  of  rank  next  to  that  ot  aqucen. 

Johnson. 

3.  The  daughter  of  a  king.  Shak. 

4.  The  consort  of  a  prince  ;  as,  the  princess  or 
Wales. 

PRIN'CESS-LIKE,  j  a.    In  the  manner  of  a  princess. 
PRIN'CESS-LY,       i  Byron. 

PRI.V'CI-PAL,  a.     [Fr.,  from  L.  principalis,  from  prm- 

1.  Chief ;  highest  in  rank,  character,  or  respecta- 
bility ;  as,  the  principal  officers  of  a  giivernment ;  the 
primipal  men  of  a  city,  town,  or  state.  Acts  xxv. 
1  Chron.  xxiv. 

2.  Chief;  most  important  or  considerable  ;  as,  the 
principal  topics  of  debate  ;  the  principal  arguments  ill 
a  ca=e  ;  the  principal  ]ioints  of  law;  the  principat 
beams  of  a  building  ;  the  principal  productions  of  a 

country. 

'      Wifidom  U  the  principal  tinng.  —  Frov.  iv. 

3.  Pertaining  to  a  prince  ;  princely.   [Jl  Latin  use.]' 

Spenser.     Rich.  Diet. 
4    In  law,  a  principal  challenge,  is  where  the  cause 
assigned  carries  with  it  prima  facie  evidence  of  paiv 
tiality,  favor,  or  malice.  Blackstone. 

5.  In  music,  fundamental. 

PRIN'CI-PAL,  n.  A  chief  or  head  ;  one  who  takes 
the  lead  4  as,  the  principal  of  a  faction,  an  insurrec- 
tion, or  mutiny.  .. 

2.  The  president,  governor,  or  chief  in  authority. 
We  apply  the  word  to  the  chief  instructor  of  an  acad- 
emy or  seminary  of  learning. 

3.  In  taw,  the  actor  or  absolute  perpetrator  of  a  crime, 
or  an  abettor.  -\  principal  in  the  first  degree,  is  the 
absolute  perpetrator  of  the  crime  ;  a  principal  in  the 
second  degree,  is  one  who  is  present,  aiding  and  abet- 
ting the  fact  to  be  done  ;  distinguished  from  an  Ac- 
cEssoRV.    In  treason,  all  persons  concerned  are  prin- 


I 


cipalSi 


Blackstone. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WIL\T.-MkTE,  PREY.-PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.-NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.- 


8€8 


u  prm- 


PRI 

■1.  In  commerce,  a  capital  sum  lent  on  interest,  due 
as  a  debt  or  used  as  a  fund  ;  so  called  in  distrnctioa 
from  Interest  or  Pkofits. 

Taxps  inuil  le  coutiniie*J,  bcc.ne;  we  have  no  other  niexns  for 
paying  oS  the  principal.  S-ci>^. 

5.  One  primarily  engaged  i  a  chief  party;  in  dis- 
tinction from  an  Auxiliary. 

We  wcr;  uo;  principals,  Ijut  auxiliaries,  in  lbs  \v.\r.        S:n/l, 

0.  In  music,  an  organ  stop. 
PUIN-CI-PAL'I-TY,  71.     [Fr.  prindpalUe.] 

1.  Sovereignty;  supreme  power.    Siduetj.  Spenser. 
•2.  .\  prince  j  one  invested  with  sovereignty.     TU. 

iii.  Milton. 

3.  The  territoo'  of  a  prince;  or  the  countr)'  which 
gives  title  to  a  prince  ;  as,  the  principalitij  of  Wales. 

4.  Superiority ;  predominance.    \_Little  xised.^ 

Taylor. 

5.  In  Scripture,  rova!  state  or  attire.    Jer.  siii. 
PRL\'CI-PAL-LY,  adt.    Chiefly  ;  above  all. 

Tbcy  mistake  the  nature  of  cntKism,  who  thitik  ils  buaoess  is 
prinapr.lly  to  fiiij  fault.  Dryden. 

PRIX'CI-PALr-XESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  principal 

or  chief. 
PRIX'CI-PATE,  K.    PrincipaUty  ;  supreme  rule. 

Barrow. 
PRIX-CIP'I-A,  n.  pi.     [L.  priiuipium.^ 

First  principles ;  the  title  of  Sir  Isaac  Newton's 
sreat  work. 
PRIN-CIP'I-AXT,  a.    Relating  to  principles  or  begin- 
nings. 
PRIX-CIP-I-A'TION,  n.     [from  L.  principiutn.'] 

Analysis  into  constituent  or  elemental  parts.  [JV'of 
used.']  Bacon. 

PRLV'CI-PLE,  71.     [It.  principio ;  Fr.  principe ;  L. 
cipluTTty  beginning.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense^  the  cause,  source,  or  origin, 
of  any  thing ;  that  from  which  a  thing  proceeds ;  as, 
the  principle  of  motion  ;  the  principles  cf  action. 

Dnjden. 
iL   Element ;    constituent  part ;    primordial  sub- 
stance. 

3.  Being  Itat  produces  any  thing ;  operative  cause. 

The  soul  of  man  U  an  active  prindpU.  TUlotson. 

4.  In  science,  a  truth  admitted  either  without  proof, 
or  considered  as  having  been  before  proved.  In  the 
former  sense,  it  is  synonymous  with  axiom ;  in  the 
latter,  with  the  phrase  established  principle. 

5.  Ground  ;  foundation ;  that  which  supports  an 
assertion,  an  action,  or  a  series  of  actions  or  of  rea- 
soning. On  what  principle  can  this  be  affirmed  or 
denied?  He  justifies  his  proceedings  on  the  princi- 
ple of  expedience  or  necessity.  He  reasons  on  sound 
principles. 

G.  A  general  truth;  a  law  comprehending  many 
subordinate  truths  ;  as,  the  principles  of  morality,  of 
law,  of  government.  &:c. 

7.  Tenet :  that  which  is  believed,  whether  tnith  or 
not,  but  which  serves  as  a  rule  of  action  or  the  basis 
of  a  sj"stem  ;  as,  the  principles  of  the  Stoics,  or  of 
the  Epicureans. 

8.  A  settled  law  or  rule  of  action  in  human  beings. 
Thus  it  is  a  principle  of  human  nature  to  resent  in- 
juries and  repel  insults. 

Proximate  principle.    See  Pboiimate. 
PRI-VCI-PLE,  v.U    To  establish  or  fix  in  tenets;  to 
impress  with  any  tenet,  good  or  ill ;  ciMfiy  used  in  the 
partidph. 

yUo  have  b«een  principled  with  an  oplnioa  that  Ui:"y  must  not 
consult  reaaoQ  io  things  of  rcli^on.  Lodce. 

2.  To  establish  firmly  in  the  mind.  Locke. 
PRI.N'CI-PL£D,  pp.    Established  in  opinion  or  in  ten- 
ets ;  firmly  fixed  in  the  mind. 

PRIX'CI-PLING,    ppr.      Establishing  firmly  in  the 

mind. 
PRIN'COCK,  j  71.     [au.  prinJc,  of  prim,  and  cock.]     A 
PRIN'eOX,     )     coxcomb  ;  a  conceited  person  ;  a  pert 

voung  rogue;  a  ludicrous  word.       [Little  used.] 

S/uik. 
PRINK,  r.  i.     [D.  prwift/TR,  to  shine,  to  make  a  show, 

to  strut;   G.  prangcn,  to  shine,  to  make  a  show; 

pranken,  id. ;  Dan.  prunker,  to  make  a  show,  to  strut ; 

S;v.  prujtJiu,  to  make  a  figure.    If  n  is  casual,  these 

words  are  radically  the  same  as  Sw.  prackt,  Dan.  D. 

pragt,  G.  prccht,  pomp,  show,  and  all  coinciding  in 


origin  with  Ar.  (3  yj  baraka,  to  shine,  to  adorn.   See 

PRA:fcE  and  pRArss.] 

1.  To  prank;  to  dress  for  show. 

2.  To  strut :  to  put  on  stately  airs. 
PRIXK,  r.  ^    To  dress  or  adjust  to  ostentation. 
PRIXK'ING,  ppr.    Dressing  for  show.         [Coicper. 
PRINT,   r.  t.     [W.  printi4swy  to  print ;    Fr.  imprimcTy 

empreinU ;  Sp.  imprimir :  It.  impritncre;  from  L.  i//7- 
primo :  in  and  premo,  to  press  ;  It.  improntare,  to  print, 
to  importune,  and  this  from  prontare^  to  importune, 
(that  is,  to  press,)  from  pronto,  ready,  held,  I*,  promp- 
tus,  that  is,  pressed  or  pressing  forward.  In  W. 
print  is  said  by  Owen  to  be  from  rhint,  a  groove 
or  notch,  and   if  this  is   the  original    Hord,  print 


The  Italian  unites  ihe  L.  premo  and  promo. 


nprir, 


PRI 

1.  In  general,  to  take  or  form  letters,  chanicters,  or 
figures  on  pap?r,  cloth,  or  other  materia!,  by  impres- 
sion. Thus  letters  are  taken  on  paper  by  impressing 
it  on  types  blr.ckened  with  ink.  Figures  are  printed 
on  cloth  by  means  of  blocks  or  a  cylinder.  The 
rolling  press  is  employed  to  take  prints  or  impressions 
from  copper-plates.  Thus  we  say,  to  print  books,  to 
print  calico,  to  print  lunes,  music,  likenesses,  &c. 

2.  To  mark  by  pressing  one  thing  on  another. 

On  hU  fiery  steed  betimes  \k  rode, 

That  scarcely  prints  the  turf  on  which  lie  trod.        Dryden. 

3.  To  impress  any  thing  so  as  to  leave  its  form. 

Perhaps  some  footsteps  printed  in  the  cl.^y.        Hoeeommon. 

4.  To  form  by  impression. 

Ye  shall  not  make  any  cutting  in  your  Besh,  nor  print  any 
nmrks  upon  yoii.  —  hev.  xix. 

PRINT,  V.  i.  To  use  or  practice  the  art  of  typography, 
or  of  taking  impressions  of  letters,  figures,  and  the 
like. 

2.  To  publish  a  book.     [ElUptical] 

From  the  moment  he  prims,  lie  must  exp-xt  to  hear  no  more 
of  truth.  Pope. 

PRINT,  n.  A  mark  made  by  impression ;  any  line, 
character,  figure,  or  indentation  of  any  form,  made 
by  the  pressure  of  one  body  or  thing  on  another  ;  as, 
the  print  of  the  tooth  or  of  the  nails  in  flesh  ;  the 
print  of  the  foot  in  sand  or  snow  ;  the  print  of  a 
wheel ;  the  print  of  types  on  paper.    Hence, 

9.  Tlie  impressions  of  types  in  general,  as  to  form, 
size,  &c. ;  as,  a  small  print;  a  large  print;  a  fair 
print, 

3.  Tliat  wliich  impresses  its  form  on  any  thing ; 
as,  a  butter  print ;  a  wooden  prints 

4.  The  representation  or  figure  of  any  thing  made 
by  impression  ;  as,  the  print  of  the  face  ;  the  print  of 
a  temple;  prints  of  antiquities.  Drtjden. 

5.  In  architecture,  a  plaster  cast  of  a  flat  ornament, 
or  an  omantent  of  lliis  kind  formed  of  plaster  from 
a  mold.  Gloss,  of  Archit, 

6.  The  stale  of  being  printed  and  published.  Dif- 
fidence sometimes  prevents  a  man  from  sufiering  his 
works  to  appear  in  print. 

I  love  a  ballad  in  print.  isVini. 

7.  A  single  sheet  printed  for  sale  :  a  newspaper. 

TJ-.e  prints,  about  tiirce  days  after,  wcr3  filled  with  the  same 
terms.  Addison, 

8.  Formal  method.     [JVot  iti  use.]  Locke. 

9.  Prints ;  in  tJte  plural,  engravings  ;  also,  printed 
calicoes. 

Out  of  print;  a  phrase  which  signifies  that,  of  a 

printed  iind  published  work,  there  are  no  copies  for 

sale,  or  none  for  sale  by  the  publisher. 
PRINT'ED,  pp.  or  a.    Impressed  with  letters,  &c. ; 

indentf'd. 
PRINT'ER,  n.     One  that  prints  books,  pamphlets,  or 

papers. 

2.  One  that  s^lains  or  prints  cloth  with  figures,  as 
calico- 

3.  One  that  impresses  letters  or  figures  with  cop- 
per-plates. 

PRINT'IN'G,  ppr.  Impressing  letters,  characters,  or 
figures  on  any  thing  ;  making  marks  or  indentations. 

PRIXT'ING,  77.  The  act,  art,  or  practice  of  impress- 
ing letters,  characters,  or  figures  on  paper,  cloth,  or 
other  material ;  the  btisiness  of  a  printer;  typogra- 
phy. 

Letter  press  printing,  is  that  wliich  is  performed 
from  movable  types  set  up  for  each  edition  of  a 
work,  instead  of  stereolvpe  plates. 

PRINT'IXG-I.\K,  71.  Ink  used  in  printing  books, 
newspapers,  &:c.  It  is  composed  of  lamp-black 
mingled  witli  linseed  oil  boiled  down  to  a  thick  con- 
sistence, or  witii  balsam  of  capivi  and  other  ingre- 
dients for  the  fnier  qualities.  Buchanan. 

PRINT'ING-M.VCHlNE',  ti.  A  general  name  for  all 
printing  presses  in  which  the  work  is  perlbrmed  by 
machinerv,  and  not  directly  by  hand.     Buchanan. 

PRINT'IXG-P.A'PER,  H.  Paper  to  be  lised  in  the 
printing  of  books,  pamphlets,  &c. ;  as  distinguished 
from  writing-paper,  press-paper,  wrapping-pnper,  &c. 

PRINT'ING-PRESS,  ti.  A  press  for  the  printing  of 
books,  &c. 

PRINT'LESS,  a.  That  leaves  no  print  or  impression  ; 
as,  printlcss  feet.  Jildtoji. 

PRI'OR,  a.  [L.  comp.  Probably  the  first  syllable  is 
contracted  from  pris,  prid,  or  some  other  word,  for 
the  Latin  has  prisce,  pristinus.] 

Preceding  in  the  order  of  lime ;  former;  antece- 
dent; anterior;  as,  a  prior  discovery;  prior  obliga- 
tion. The  discovery  of  the  continent  of  America  by 
Cabot  was  six  or  seven  weeks  prior  to  the  discov^iy 
of  it  by  Columbus.  The  discovery  of  the  Labrador 
coast  by  Cabot  v.'as  on  the  Hih  of  June,  1499;  that 
of  the  continent  by  Colnmbus,  was  on  the  1st  of 
August  of  the  same  year. 

PRI'OR,  71.     [Fr.  prieur  :  It.  priore  ;  L.  prior.] 

1.  The  superior  of  a  convent  of  monks,  or  one 
next  in  dignity  to  an  abbot.  Priors  are  claustral  or 
concentical.  'I'hc  convcutical  are  the  same  as  abbots. 
A  daustriU.  prior  is  one  that  governs  ihe  religious  of 
an  abbey  or  priory  in  commcndam,  having  his  juris- 
diction wholly  from  the  abbot.  Encyc. 


PRI 

2.  In  some  churches,  one  who  prerides  over  others 
in  the  same  churches.  .9ijliffe. 

PRI'OU-ATE,  H.    Government  by  a  prior.    Wartan. 

PRT'OR-ESS,  H.  A  female  superior  of  a  convent  of 
nuns.  Drr.dcn. 

PRI-OR'I-TY,  71,    The  stale  of  being  antecedent  in 
time,  or  of  preceding  something  else  :  as,  priority  of 
birth.    The  priority  of  Homer  or  Ilesicd  has  been 
a  subject  of  tlisputc. 
2.  Precedence  in  place  or  rank.  Shal:. 

Priority  of  debts,  is  a  superior  claim  to  payment,  or 
to  payment  before  others. 

PRFOU-IiY,  adv.  Antecedently.  [A  bad  word,  and 
not  used.]  Oeddes 

PRI'OK-SHIP,  71.    The  state  or  office  of  prior. 

PRFOR-Y,  n.  A  con\'ent  of  which  a  prior  is  the 
superior,  in  dignity  below  an  abbey.  Shdi. 

2.  Priories  are  the  churches  given  to  priors  in  tUu- 
lum,  or  by  way  of  title.  AyVJfe. 

PKi'SACJE,  71.  [Fr.  jwT^e,  from  priser,  to  prize  or 
value.] 

A  right  belonging  to  the  crown  of  England,  of 
taking  two  tuns  of  wine  from  every'  ship  importing 
twenty  tuns  or  more  ;  one  before  and  one  behind 
the  mast.  This,  by  charter  of  Edward  I.,  was  ex- 
clianged  into  a  duty  of  two  shillings  for  every  tun 
imported  by  merchant  strangers,  and  called  butlcr- 
age,  because  paid  to  the  king's  butler.    Blackstonc. 

PRIS-CILL'IAN-IST,  7!.  In  church  hutory,  a  follower 
of  Priscillian,  bishop  of  Avila,  in  Spain,  in  the  fourth 
centurj".  Priscillian  embraced  some  of  the  errors 
of  the  Gnostics  or  filanichees,  and,  though  of  un- 
impeachable morals  and  a  very  devout  man,  he  was 
arraigned  as  a  heretic  bsfore  an  ecclesiastical  court, 
condemned,  and  afterward  put  to  death  by  order  of 
the  emperor,  A.  D.  385.  This  was  the  first  instance 
on  record  of  putting  a  man  to  death  for  heresy  under 
a  Christian  government,  and  it  met  with  strong  dis- 
approbation from  Gregorj-  of  Tours  and  other  distin- 
guished ecclesiastics.  Murdoch. 

PRTSE,  71.     A  lever.     [See  Prize.]  Hallacell, 

PRISM,  77.  [Fr.  prisme;  Low  L.  Sp.  and  It.  prisma; 
Gr.  -oicTfia,  from  n-piw,  to  cut  with  a  saw,  to  press 
or  strain,  Russ.  pru,] 

A  solid  whose  bases  or  ends  are  any  similar,  equal, 
and  parallel  plane  figures,  and  whose  sides  are  par- 
allelograms. 

A  trihedral  prisrn  of  glass  is  one  bounded  by  two 
equal  and  parallel  triangular  ends  and  three  plain 
and  well-poUshcd  sides  which  meet  in  three  parallel 
lines,  running  from  the  three  angles  of  one  end  to 
the  three  angles  of  the  other  end.  This  is  the  prism 
used  in  optics  to  separate  the  different  colors. 

J^'ewton. 

PRIS-MAT'ie,         )  a.    Resembling  a  prism  ;   as,  a 

PRIS-3IAT'I€-AL,  \      prismatic  form. 

2.  Separated  or  distributed  by  a  prism  ;  formed  by 
a  pri^m  ;  as,  prismatic  colors. 

3.  Pertaining  to  a  prism. 
PRIS-MAT'ie-AL-LY,  adv.    In  the  form  or  manner 

of  a  prism.  Boyle. 

PRIS-MA-TOID'AL,  a.     [L.  prisma  and  Gr.  acof.] 

HavJns  a  prism-Uke  form.  Ure. 

PRIS'MOID,  n.     [L.  prisma  and  Gr.  cieog,  form.] 

A  btidv  lliat  approaches  to  the  form  of  a  prism. 
PRIS-MOID'AL,  a.     Having  the  furm  of  a  prismoid. 
PRISM'Y,  a.    Pertaining  to  or  like  a  prism. 

^77i.  Review. 
PRIS' ON,  (pri/y'n,)  n.     [Fr.,  from  pris,  taken,  from 
prendre,  to  take,  L.  prendo;  Sp.  prision;  Arm.  pri- 
soun.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  any  place  of  confinement,  or 
involuntary  restraint;  but  appropriately,  a  public 
building  for  the  confinement  or  safe  custody  of  debt- 
ors and  criminals  committed  iiy  process  of  law ;  a 
jail.  Originally,  a  prison,  as  Lord  Coke  observes, 
was  only  a  place  of  safe  custody ;  but  it  is  now  em- 
pliiyed  as  a  place  of  punishment.  We  have  state 
prisons,  for  the  confinement  of  criminals  by  way  of 
punishment. 

2.  Any  place  of  confinement  or  restraint. 

The  tyrant  jEoIus, 
Willi  power  inipcria!,  curbs  the  struggling  winds, 
And  sounding  tempests  in  daik  prisons  binds.  Dr-y'.en. 

3.  In  Scripture,  a  low,  obscure,  afHicled  condition. 
Eccles.  iv. 

4.  The  cave  where  David  was  confined.    Fof.  cxlii. 
T>.  A  state  of  spiritual  bondage.    Is.  xlii. 

PRIS'ON,  f.  /.  To  shut  up  in  a  prison;  to  confine; 
to  restrain  from  liberty. 

2.  To  confine  in  any  manner.  Shak. 

3.  To  captivate  ;  to  enchain.  .Milton. 
[This  word  is  proper,  but  Impruon  is  more  coin- 

monlv  used.] 

PRIS'6i\-BaSE,  n.    A  kind  of  rural  sport  depending 
on  swiftness  in  running  ;  commonly  called  Priso 
BAR9.  Strutt. 

PRIS'ON-£D,  pp.  or  a.  Imprisoned:  confined;  re- 
strained. 

PRIS'ON-ER,  «.  One  who  is  confined  in  a  priso  by 
legal  arrest  or  v.arrant. 

2.  A  person  under  arrest  or  in  custody  of  the  sher- 
iff, whether  in  prisun  or  not :  as,  a  prisoner  at  the 
bar  of  a  court. 


TCNE,  BTJLL,  T;NITE.  — AX"GER,  VI"CIOUS.— C  as  K ;  6  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


S^O 


PRI 


3.  A  ca|)tive  ;  o!ie  taken  by  an  enemy  in  war. 

4.  One  w)ii>8e  liberty  is  restrained,  aa  a  bird  in  a 


IMllS'ON-nOUSE,  n 
lire  cinilitK^d  ;  a  jail 

rillSiON'-.MENT,  n. 

prisonnient. 


A  house   in  wliich  prisoners 
Judges  xvi.  Shak. 

Contiiiinc;  tmpriitoning. 
Contineinent  in  a  prison  ;  im- 
Shak. 
[  7'Af  tatter  is  commonly  used,] 
miS'TINE,  (-tin,)  a-    fL.  ;jrw(i>iii.^    See  Prior  and 
Pb.«.] 

First ;  orijrinal ;  primitive  ;  as,  the  pristine  slate  of 
innocence;  the  pristine  manners  of  a  people;  the 
pristine  constitution  of  Ihincs.  jYeieton. 

PRI'i'U'EI-' ;  a  corruption  of  pray  Vice,  as,  I  prithee ;  but 

it  is  eener.illy  iis<?d  without  the  pronoun,  pntJtcr. 
PRITTLE-PRAT'TLE,    w.      Empty    talk;    trifling 
loquacity  ;  a  word  used  in  contempt  or  ridicule. 

Bp.  Bravihall. 
PUI'VA-CV,  71.     [from  private.]     A  state  of  being  in 
retirement  from  the  company  or  obsicrvation  of  others ; 
secrecy. 

2.  A  place  of  seclusion  from  compsny  or  observa- 
tion J  retreat ;  solitude  ;  retirement. 

Ilpr  Kicr«l  privacies  all  open  lie.  Howe. 

3.  Privity.     [JVotused.]     [See  Privity.] 

jSrhatJinot. 

4.  Taciturnity.     [JVottiscd,]  Ainsicorth. 

5.  Secrecy  ;  concealment  of  what  is  said  or  done. 
PRI-VA'DO,  n.     [Sp.]    A  secret  friend.     [JVo(  used.] 

Bacon. 
PRT'VATE,  a.  [L.  yrhafus,  from  prtvo,  to  bereave, 
properly,  10  .strip  or separalo  ;  ;)nutts,  singular,  several, 
pt'cuhar  to  one's  self,  tliat  is,  separate  ;  It.  prirare, 
S]i.  pricur,  Fr.  priccr,  to  deprive.  Privo  is  probably 
from  the  root  of  bcrcarc,  Sax.  bcreafian  or  ffereafian, 
fioni  mijiaii,  to  strip,  to  spoil,  li.  rapio^  diripio^  eripio  ; 
prii'Oj  fur  perivo  or  berivo ;  W.  rliail/^  a  snatching  j 
rheibiaw^  lo  snatch.     See  Rip,  Reap,  and  Stbip.] 

1.  Propcrbj,  separate;  uncouHocted  with  others; 
hence,  peculiar  to  onc*s  self;  belonging  lo  or  con- 
cerning an  individual  only  ;  as,  a  man's  prirate  opin- 
ion, bufiiiiess,  or  concerns;  private  property;  the 
king's  private  purse ;  a  man*s  private  expenses. 
Charge  the  money  to  my  private  account  in  the  com- 
pany's bonks. 

2.  Peculiar  to  a  number  in  a  join  concern,  io  a 
company  or  body  politic  ;  as,  the  priv^c  interest  of  a 
fantily,  of  a  company,  or  of  a  stale;  opposed  tc  Pvu- 
Lic,  or  to  the  general  interest  of  na*",.i3. 

3.  Sequesiered  from  company  ct  f!,3ervatlon ;  se- 
cret ;  secluded  ;  as,  a  private  cell ;  £  private  room  or 
apartment ;  priantr.  prayer. 

•1.  Not  publicly  known;  not  open;  as,  a  private 
negotiation. 

0.  Not  invested  with  public  office  or  employment; 
as,  a  private  man  or  citizen  ;  private  life.  Skak. 

A  private  person  may  arrest  a  felon.  Blackslone. 

6.  Individual;  personal;  in  contradistinction  from 
pL'ULtc  or  National  ;  as,  private  interest. 

Private  waijj  in  /aw,  is  u  way  or  passage  in  which 
a  man  lias  an  interest  and  right,  tliough  the  ground 
nmy  belong  lo  another  person.  In  common  lan^rua^f., 
a  private  way  may  be  a  secret  way,  one  not  known 
or  public. 

A  prirate  nc(,  or  statute^  is  one  which  operates  on 
r.n  individual  or  company  only  ;  ofiposod  to  a  gcn- 
eral  Uiw^  wliich  operates  on  the  whole  community. 

A  prirate  nuisance^  or  wrong,  is  one  which  aJlccts  an 
individual.  Blackstoite. 

Inprivate;  secretly  ;  not  openly  or  publicly. 

Scripture. 
PRI'VATE,  rt.      A  secret  message  ;    particular  busi- 
ness.    [  r/iiiisuaL]  Skah.     B.  Jonson. 
Ji.  A  ciunmon  soldier. 
PRT  V.VTEER',  71.     [from  private.]     A  ship  or  vessel 
of  war  owned  and  e<piipp(;d  by  a  private  man  or  by 
individuals,  at  th'-ir  own  expense,  to  seize  or  plunder 
the  ships  of  an  euLMuy  in  war.     Such  a  ship  must  be 
licensed  or  conunissioned  by  government,  or  it  is  a 
pi  rale. 
PRT-V.A-TEER',  r.  i.    To  cruise  in  a  commissioned 
private  sniii  against  an  enemy,  for  seizing  their  ships 
or  annoying  thrir  commerce. 
PKT-VA-TE1:R'L\(;,  ;,.      The  act  of  plundering  the 

sbip^  of  an  enemy  bv  privateers. 
PRT- VA-TEERS'MAN,  n.    An  officer  or  seaman  of  a 

private  r. 
PRT' VATE-LY,  a4v.     In  a  secret  manner  ;  not  openly 
or  publicly. 

2.  In  a  manncranecting  an  individual  or  compa- 
nv.     He  is  not  privatchi  benefited. 
PRf'VATE-.XESS,  n.     .-orrecy  ;  privacy.         Bacon. 

2.  Retirement  j  sechnion  from  company  or  society. ' 

Wotton. 

3.  The  state  of  an  individual  in  the  rank  of  com- 
mon citizens,  or  not  invested  with  office. 

PRT-V^'TION,  n.     [Fr.,  from  L.  privatw^  from  privo. 
See  Pritate.] 

1.  The  stale  of  being  deprived  ;  particularly,  dep- 
rivation or  absence  of  what  is  necessarj'  for  ciim- 
fori.  He  endures  his  privations  with  wonderful  for- 
liiiide. 


PRl 

9.  Thg  act  of  removing  something  possessed  ;  the 
removal  or  destruction  of  any  thing  or  quality. 
The  garrison  was  compelled  by  privation  to  sur- 
render. 

For  whn.'  a  Ibis  cotitriirlous  sin  of  kind, 

But  a  jmvaiion  of  itial'  ^.tce  widiiit  i  Daviea. 

3.  Absence,  in  general.  Darkness  is  a  privation  of 
light.  Encyc. 

4.  The  act  o(  the  mind  in  separating  a  thing  from 
something  appendant.  Johnson. 

5.  The  act  of  degrading  from  rank  or  office. 

Bacon. 
[But  in  this  sense,  Deprivation  is  now  used.  See 
Dephivation.] 
PRIV'A-TIVE,  a.    Causing  privation. 

0.  Consisting  in  the  absence  of  something ;  not 
positive.  Privative  is  in  thiitirs  what  nejrative  is  in 
propositions ;  as,  pnradVc  blessings,  safeguard,  liberty, 
and  integrity.  Taylor. 

PRIV'.VTIVE,  n.  That  of  which  the  essenco'is  the 
absence  of  something.  Blackness  und  darkness  are 
privatives.  Bacon. 

2.  In  nrammar^a  prefi.\  lo  a  word  which  changes 
its  signification  and  gives  it  a  contrary  sense,  as  a  in 
Greek;  aSiKo^,  unjust;  a  and  i^iKrj ;  un  and  in  in 
Knizllsh,  as  nmrisey  hOiuman.  Tlio  word  may  itlflo  be 
applied  to  suffixes,  as  less  in  harmless, 
PRIV'A-TIVE-LY,  adv.    By  the  absence    of  some- 

2.  Negatively.  [iliing. 

The  duty  of  the  new  covennnt  is  eet  down  fitut  prioatiocly.    [  Un- 
usual,] Hammond, 

PRIV'A-TIVE-NESS,  n.  Notation  of  the  absence  of 
.something.     [Little  nscd.] 

PRIVET,  V.  An  ornamental  European  shrub,  of  the 
genus  Ligustrum,  much  used  in  hedges.  'The  ever- 
green privet  is  of  the  genus  Rhamnus.  J\ioc.k  privet 
is  of  the  genus  Phillyrea.  Fam.  of  Plants. 

PRIV'I-LEijE,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  privde^iiim;  privus^ 
separate,  private,  and  lex,  law  ;  originally,  a  private 
law,  some  public  act  that  regarded  an  individual.] 

1.  A  particular  and  peculiar  benefit  or  advantage 
enjoyed  by  a  person,  company,  or  society,  beyond 
the  comimm  advantages  of  other  citizens.  A  privi- 
lege may  bs  a  particular  right  granted  by  law  or  held 
by  custom,  or  it  may  bo  an  exemption  from  some 
burden  to  which  others  are  subject.  The  nobles  of 
Great  Britain  have  the  privUe<re  of  being  triable  by 
their  peers  only.  Members  of  parliament  and  of  our 
legislatures  have  the  privilcfre  of  exemption  from 
arrests  in  certain  cases.  The  powers  of  a  banking 
company  are  privileges  granted  by  the  legislature. 

He  pleads  (he  Ipjal  privilege  of  the  R'jinan.  KeUXeicell. 

The  prioilege  ofbirthri^ht  was  a.  double  portion.  Lod:e. 

2.  Any  peculiar  benefit  or  advantage,  right  or  im- 
munity, not  common  to  others  of  the  human  race. 
Thus  we  speak  of  national  privileges,  and  civil  and 
political  privileges,  which  we  enjoy  above  other  na- 
tions. Wo  have  ecclesiastical  and  religious  privileges 
secured  to  us  by  our  constitutions  of  government. 
Personal  privileges  are  attaclied  to  the  person,  as 
those  of  embassadors,  peers,  members  of  legislatures, 
&c.  Real  privileges  are  attached  lo  place,  as  the 
privileges  of  the  king's  palace  in  England. 

3.  Advantage  ;  favor  j  benefit. 

A  nation  despicable  by  ita  weakness  forfeits  even  the  privilege  of 
Ix-in^  nculnd.  Ftderaltsl,  fiamiUon. 

Writ  of  privilege,  is  a  writ  to  deliver  a  privileged 
person  from  custody  when  arrested  in  a  civil  suit. 

Bl^ckstone. 

Wafer  privilege :  the  advantage  of  a  waterfall  in 
streams  sufficient  to  raise  water  for  driving  water- 
wheels,  or  a  place  affording  such  advantage. 
America.  [Privilege  is  here  abusively  used  for 
advantage  i  it  ought  not  to  be  used  in  a  physical 
sense.] 
PRIV'I-tiEtSE,  v.t.  To  grant  some  particular  right 
or  exemi)tiou  lo  ;  to  invest  with  a  peculiar  right  or 
immunity  ;  as,  to  privilege  representatives  from  ar- 
rest;  to  prir Urge  the  officers  and  students  of  a  col- 
lege from  military  duty. 
2.  To  exempt  from  censure  or  danger. 

This  place  dolh  primlege  me.  Daniel. 

PRIV'I-LEG-£D,  pp.  or  a.  Invested  with  a  privilege  ; 
enjoying  a  peculiar  right  or  immunity.  The  clergy 
in  Great  Britain  were  formerly  a  privileged  body  of 
men.  No  person  is  privileged  from  arrest  for  indict- 
able crimes. 

PRIV'I-I-.E6-ING,  ppr.  Investing  with  a  peculiar 
right  or  immunity. 

PRIV'I-LY,  a(/y.    [from privy.]    Privately;  secretly. 

False  teachers  among  yon,  who  will  privily  bring  ui  ditmnable 
hea-iics.  —  2  Pet.  ii. 

PRIVI-TV,  71.  [Fr.  privaxitL  See  Phivate  and 
pRivy.] 

I.  Privacy;  secrecy;  confidence. 

I  will  lo  yon,  in  privity,  discover  the  drift  of  my  purpose.     [Lit- 
tle used.]  '  Spenser. 

9.  Private  knowledge;  joint  knowledge  with  an- 
other of  a  private  concern,  which  is  often  supposed 
to  imply  consent  or  concurrence. 

Ai\  the  doors  were  hid  opr^n  for  his  departure,  not  wJlhfnit  the 
7«-i[)ijy  of  i!ic  prince  of  Orange.  Swi/t. 


PRI 

But  it  is  usual  to  say,  "  a  thing  is  done  with  his 
privity  and  consent ;  "  in  which  phrase,  privity  signi- 
fies merely  private  knowledge. 

3.  Privities ;  in  Vie  plural,  secret  parts ;  the  purls 
which  modesty  requires  to  be  concealed. 
PRIV'V,  (I.     [Vr.  privd  ;  h.  privus.    SeePKivATK.) 

1.  Private;  pertaining  lo  some  person  exclusively  ; 
assignt'd  to  private  uses ;  not  public ;  as,  the  privy 
purse  ;  the  privy  cofler  of  a  king.  Bhcks(anf^. 

2.  Secret;  clandestine;  not  open  or  public  ;  as,  a 
privy  attempt  to  kill  one. 

3.  Private  ;  appropriated  to  retirement ;  not  ?Iiown  ; 
nut  open  for  the  admission  of  company  ;  as,  a  prlcy 
chamber.    Eieli.  xxi. 

4.  Privately  knowing ;  admitted  to  the  participa- 
tion of  knowledge  with  another  of  a  secret  traiia- 
acllon. 

He  wonid  nvlher  lose  Imlf  of  hta  kingdom  tlmn  be  privy  to  such 

a  Bceni.  Sai/t. 

My?'  If  am  one  made  privy  lo  the  ploL  Shak. 

Ilia  wife  also  being  privy  to  it.  —  Acta  t. 

&.  Admitted  to  secrets  of  state.  TliepriuT/  council 
of  ft  king  consists  of  a  number  of  distingtiishod  per- 
sons selected  by  him  to  advise  him  in  the  adminis- 
tration of  the  government.  Blachstone. 

A  privy  vn-dict,  ta  one  given  to  the  judge  nut  of 
court,  which  is  of  no  force  unless  afterward  aUirmed 
by  a  public  verdict  in  court.  Bltickstoiu: 

PRiV'Y,  71.  In  luw,a  partaker;  a  person  having  an 
int&rest  in  any  action  or  thing ;  as,  a  privy  in  blood. 
Privies  are  of  four  kinds;  privies  in  blood,  as  tlie 
heir  to  Ins  father ;  privies  in  representation,  as  exec- 
utors and  administrators  to  the  deceased  ;  privies  in 
estate,  as  lie  in  reversion  and  he  in  remainder,  donor 
and  donee,  lessor  and  lessee  ;  privy  in  tenure,  as  the 
lord  in  escheat.  Kncjjc. 

2.  A  necessary  house 

PRIV'Y  eOUN'CIL.    Sec  Council. 

PRIV'Y  <;HAM'BER,?t.  In  Greai  ^ri7«iH.  the  private 
apartment  in  a  royal  residence  or  mansion.  GuiUlc- 
mcn  of  the  privy  chamber  are  servants  of  the  king, 
who  are  to  wait  and  attend  on  him  and  the  queen  at 
court,  in  their  diversions,  &c.  They  are  forty-eight 
in  number,  under  the  lord  chamberlain.         Enctic. 

PRIV'Y  eOUN'SEL-OR,  n.  A  member  of  the  piivy 
council. 

Privy  counselors  are  made  by  the  king's  nomina- 
tion, without  patent  or  grant.  Blackstonv. 

PRIV'Y-SkAL,        )  n.     In  England,  the  seal  which 

PRIV'Y-SIG'NET,  ]  the  king  uses  previously  in 
grants,  &c.,  which  are  to  pass  the  great  seal,  or 
which  he  uses  in  matters  of  subordinate  consequence, 
which  do  not  require  the  great  seal. 

2.  Privy-seal  is  used  elliptically  for  the  principal 
secretary  of  state,  or  person  intrusied  with  the  privy- 
seal. 

The  king's  Bign  matmal  is  the  warrrml  lo  Itje  privy-seal,  who 
mokes  oui  a  writ  or  warrant  Ihercon  to  the  clwncery.  'I'lio 
sign  manual  is  the  \varr.int  to  the  privy-seal,  mid  tlie  privy- 
seal  is  the  warrant  lo  tlio  great  seal.  Blackstotie. 

PRTZE,  71.     [Fr.  prise,  from  pris,  taken  ;  Sp.  and  Port. 
presa  :  G.  preis  ;  D.  prys ;  Van.  priisj  Sw.2>ris.     See 
PiiAisE  and  Price.] 
Literally,  that  which  is  taken  ;  hence, 

1.  That  which  is  taken  from  an  enemy  in  war; 
any  species  of  goods  or  property  seized  by  force  as 
spoil  or  plunder;  or  that  which  Is  laken  in  combat, 
particularly  a  ship.  A  privateer  t^ikes  an  enemy's 
ship  as  a  prize ;  they  make  prize  of  all  the  property 
of  the  enemy. 

2.  That  which  is  taken  from  anotlier;  that  wliich 
is  deemed  a  valuable  acquisition. 

Thr?n  prostmie  f.ills,  and  Ix-gs,  with  ardent  eyca, 

Soon  to  obLiin  iind  long  pos»?53  ihe prize.  Pope. 

3.  That  which  is  obtained  or  otTcred  as  the  reward 
of  contest. 

I  witi  never  wrestle  for  prize.  Shak. 

I  fought  and  conquered^  yet  have  lost  the  prize.  Dryden. 

4.  The  reward  gained  by  any  performance. 

Dryden. 

5.  In  colloquial  language,  any  valuable  thing  gained. 

6.  The  money  drawn  by  a  lottery  ticket;  opposed 
to  Blakk. 

7.  A  lever,  and  also  the  hold  of  a  lever. 
PRTZE,  V.  t.    To  raise  or  force  with  a  lever.    [See 

PRVJ 

PRIZE,  V.  t.  [Fr.  priscr,  from  prix,  price,  L.  pretiumi 
It.  apprezzarc ;  Fr.  appreder.  Englisli  analogy  re- 
quires that  the  compound  inhould  be  conformed  to  the 
orthography  of  this  word,  and  written  apprize.] 

1.  To  set  or  estimate  the  vyluc  of;  to  rale  ;  as,  to 
prize  the  goods  specified  in  an  invoice. 

Life  1  prize  not  a  slraw.  S!iai. 

2.  To  value  highly;  to  estimate  to  bo  of  great 
worth ;  to  esteem. 

I  prize  your  person,  but  your  crown  disdain.  Dryden. 

PRIZ'JSD,  pp.  or  a.    Rated  ;  valued  ;  esteemed. 

PRTZE'-FTGHT-ER,  (-(tte'er,)  7i.  One  that  fights 
publicly  for  a  reward ;  applied  particularly  to  a 
boxer.  Pope. 

PRiZE'-FTGHT-IXG,  71.  Fighting,  especially  boxing, 
in  public  for  a  reward. 


FATE,  FXR,  FALL,  WHAT.— ]\Ir.TR.  I'RF.Y.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE.  WQLF,  BQOK.- 
~870  '' 


PRO 


PRIZE'-MOX-EY,  (mun'ne,)  n.  A  dividend  of  the 
proceeds  from  a  captured  vessel,  &c,,  paid  to  the 
captors. 

PRIZ'ER,  jt.  One  that  estimates  or  sets  tbe  value  of 
a  iliiiis.  Shak, 

VKVAlSG,ppr.    Rating;  valuing;  esteeming. 

PKIZ'ING,  H.  [See  Prize.]  In  marine  language,  tlie 
application  of  a  lever  to  move  any  weighty  body,  as 
a  ca^k,  anchor,  cannon,  &c.    Falconer^s  Marine  Diet. 

PRO,  a  Latin  and  Greek  preposition,  signifying /or, 
before,  forth,  is  probably  contracted  from  prod,  coin- 
ciding with  It.  proda,  a  prow,  prodf,  brave  ;  having 
the  primary  sense  of  moving  forward.  [See  Prodi- 
gal.] In  the  phrase  pro  and  cm,  that  is,  pro  and 
contraj  it  answers  to  the  English  for ;  for  and  a>Taiitst. 

Prior. 
In  composition,  pro  denotes  forc^  forth,  forward. 

PRo'A,  n.  Flifiug-  proa;  a  long,  narrow,  sail  canoe, 
used  in  the  Soulii  Seas,  with  the  head  and  stern  ex- 
actly alike,  but  with  the  sides  differently  formed. 
That  which  is  Intended  for  the  lee  side  is  flat,  the 
other  rounding.  To  prevent  oversetting,  the  vessel 
is  furnished  with  a  frame  extended  several  feet  to 
windward,  and  bearing  a  small  block  of  wood  like 
a  canoe.  Brande. 

PROB'A-BIL-ISM,  n.  The  doctrine  of  the  Proba- 
bilists. 

PUOB'A-BIL-IST,  71.  A  term  applied  to  those  who 
maintain  that  certainty  is  impossible,  and  that  prob- 
ability alone  is  to  govern  our  faith  aud  actions. 

Eiiciic.  Jim. 

2.  Among  the  Jesuits,  one  who  maintains  that  a 

man  may  do  what  is  probably  right,  or  is  inculcated 

by  leaciiers  of  authority,  although  it  may  not  be  the 

most  probably  right,  or  may  not  seem  right  to  himself. 

Enci/c.  Am. 

PROB-A-BIL'I-TY,  n.  [Fr.  probabilite;  L.  'probabiH- 
tas.     See  Probable.] 

1.  Likelihoo<i ;  appearance  of  truth  ;  that  state  of 
a  case  or  question  of  fact  which  results  from  supe- 
rior evidence  or  preponderation  of  argument  on  one 
side,  inclining  the  mind  to  receive  it  as  the  truth,  but 
leaving  some  room  for  doubt.  It  therefore  f;ills  short 
of  moral  certainty,  but  produces  what  is  called 
opinion. 

ProbaUHiy  is  the  appearance  of  Ibe  agre emeiit  or  disajreemcnt 
of  iwo  id^as,  by  Uie  iiiterreniion  of  proofs  whose  coiiiiecUon 
is  not  constant,  but  appears  for  the  most  pait  to  be  so. 

Locke. 

Demonstration  pnvluces  science  or  certain  knowledge  ;  proof  pro- 
duces beliel,  atiJ  probability  opinioa.  Bnci/c. 

2.  Any  thing  that  has  tbe  appearance  of  reality  or 
truth.  In  this  sense,  the  word  admits  of  the  plural 
ntmiber. 

The  whole  liP_'  of  man  is  a  perpetual  comparison  of  evidence  and 
biilandtig  cf  probahUiUea.  BackminsUr. 

PROB'A-BLE,  a.  [Fr.,  from  L.  probabiliSf  from  probo, 
to  prove.    See  Prove.] 

1.  Likely  ;  having  more  evidence  than  the  con- 
trary, or  evidence  which  inclines  the  mind  to  belief, 
but  leaves  some  room  for  doubt. 

That  is  accounted  probable,  which  has  better  arguments  produ- 
cible for  it  than  can  he  brought  against  it.  South. 

I  do  not  aajr  that  the  principles  of  rellfion  are  mcirly  probable  ; 
I  ha*e  before  asserted  titem  to  be  morally  certain.     Mllkint. 

2.  That  renders  something  probable  ;  as,  probable 
evidence,  or  probable  presumption.  Blacksttme, 

3.  That  may  be  proved.     [J\'ot  in  use.]       Milton. 
:'ROB'A-BLY,  adv.     Likely  ;  in  likelihood  ;  with  the 

appearance  of  truth  or  reality  ;  as,  the  story  is  prob- 
ahly  true  ;  the  account  is  probably  correct. 

nnd  what  will  prohahly, 
L'Eslrange. 


Diiilngu'ah  between  what  may  possibly, 
be  doiif. 


I'RO'BANG,  71.  [See  Proce.]  In  sjirgcry,  an  instru- 
ment of  wlialebone  and  sponge,  for  removing  ob- 
slrucfions  in  the  throat  or  esophagus.  Coze. 

2.  A  flexible  piece  of  whalebone,  with  sponge  fixed 
to  the  end.  Parr. 

PRO'BATE,  n.     [I*,  probaius,  probo,  to  prove.] 

1.  The  probate  of  a  will  or  testamentis  the  proving 
of  its  genuineness  and  validity,  or  the  exhibition  of 
the  will  to  the  proper  officer,  with  the  witnesses  if 
necessary,  and  the  process  of  determining  its  valid-> 
ity,  and  the  registry  of  it,  and  such  other  proceed- 
ings as  the  laws  prescribe,  as  preliminary  to  the  ex- 
ecution of  it  by  tlie  executor. 

2.  The  right  or  jurisdiction  of  proving  wills.  In 
England,  the  spiritual  court  has  the  probate  of  wills. 
In  the  United  States,  the  probate  of  wills  belongs  to 
a  court  of  civil  jurisdiction  established  by  law,  usu- 
ally to  a  single  judge,  called  a  judge  of  probate,  or  a 
surroiTOte, 

3.  Proof.     [JVot  used.]  Skelton. 
Probate  courty  Of  court  of  probate :  a  cou-t  for  the 

probate  of  wills. 
PRO-Ba'TION,  n.     [L.  probatio.] 

1.  The  act  of  proving;  proof.      H^lkins.     Locke. 

2.  Trial;  examination:  any  proceeding  designed 
to  ascertiin  truth;  in  universities,  the  examination 
of  a  -atudent  as  to  his  qualifications  for  a  degree. 

3.  In  a  monastic  sense,  triaJ,  or  the  year  of  novi- 
tiate which  a  person  must  pass  in  a  convent,  to  prove 
his  virtue  and  his  ability  to  bear  the  severities  of  the 
rule.  Enctjc. 


PRO 

4.  Monil  trial  ;  the  state  of  man  in  the  present 
life,  in  which  he  iias  t!ie  opportunity  of  proving  his 
character,  and  being  qtialitied  for  a  happier  state. 

Probation  will  end  with  the  present  life.  iS'Wson. 

5.  In  Amcrir-a,  the  trial  of  a  licentiate's  qualifica- 
tions for  tiic  ministry  of  the  gospel,  preparatory  to  his 
settlement.  We  say,  a  man  is  preaching  on  pro- 
bation. 

6.  In  general,  trinl  for  proof,  or  satisfactory  evi- 
dence, or  the  time  of  trial. 

PRO-B.\'TION-AL,  a.    Serving  fur  trial. 

Bp.  Richardson. 
PRO-Ba'TIOX-A-RY,  a.    Serving  for  trial. 

All  the  probathnary  work  of  inau  is  euiled  when  death  arrives. 

Diciglit. 

PRO-BA'TION-ER,  n.  One  who  is  on  trial,  or  in  a 
slate  to  give  proof  of  certain  qualifications  for  a  place 
or  state. 

Willie  yet  a  youn ^  probalioher, 

And  canLlidale  for  heaven.  Dryden. 

2.  A  novice.  Decay  of  Piety. 

3.  In  Scotland,  a  student  in  divinity,  who,  pro- 
ducing a  certificate  of  a  professor  in  a  university  of 
his  good  morals  and  qualifications,  is  admitted  to  sev- 
eral trials,  and  on  acquitting  himself  well,  is  licensed 
to  preach.  Knci/c. 

PRO-B.A'TION-ER-SHIP,  n.      The  state  of  being  a 

probationer  ;  novitiate.     [Little  used.]  Locke. 

PRO-Ba'TION-SHIP,  n.     A  state  of  probation  ;   no- 
vitiate ;  probation.     [Little  used,  and  nnnecessary,] 
PRo'BA-TIVE,  a.    Serving  for  trial  or  proof.      South. 
PRO-Ba'TOR,  K.     [L.]    An  examiner  j  an  approver. 

May  d  man. 

2.  In  law,  an  accuser.  Cowcl. 

PRo'BA-TO-RY,  a.     Serving  for  trial.        Bramhall. 

2.  Serving  for  proof.  Bp.  Taylor. 

3.  Relating  to  proof.  Quintilian,  Trans. 
PRO-Ba'TUM  est,   [L.,  it  is  proved.]     An  expres- 
sion subjoined  to  a  receipt  for  the  cure  of  a  disease, 
denoting  that  it  has  been  tried  or  proved. 

PRoBE,  ».  [from  L.  prubo  i  Fr.  cprouvcttc,  a  probe; 
G.  probe,  proof;  Russ.  probivayu,  to  pierce.  The 
primary  sense  is,  to  thrust,  to  drive,  from  straining, 
exertion  of  force.] 

A  surgeon's  instrument  for  examining  the  depth  or 
other  circumstances  of  a  wound,  ulcer,  or  cavity,  or 
the  direction  of  a  sinus,  or  for  searching  for  stones  in 
the  bladder  and  the  like.  Encijc.     Parr. 

PRoBE,  o.  t.  To  examine  a  wound,  ulcer,  or  some 
cavity  of  the  body,  by  the  use  of  an  instrument 
thrust  into  the  part.  Suittk. 

2.  To  senrch  to  the  bottom ;  to  scrutinize  ;  to  ex- 
amine thoroughly  into  causes  and  circumstances. 

PRoB'£i>,  pp.  Searched  by  a  probe,  as  a  wound,  ul- 
cer, &c. 

PRoBE'-SCIS-SORS,  (-siz-zurz,)  v.  pi.  Scissors  used 
to  open  wounds,  the  blade  of  which,  to  be  thrust  into 
the  orifice,  has  a  button  at  the  end.  Wiseman. 

PRoB'lNG,  ppr.  Examining  a  wound,  ulcer,  cavity 
in  the  body,  &c.,  with  a  probe  ;  scrutinizing. 

PROB'I-TY,  n.  [L.  probitas,  from  probo,  to  prove  ;  It. 
probitd;  ¥t.  probtte.} 

Primarily,  tried  virtue  or  integrity,  or  approved  ac- 
tions ;  but  jH  o-c/ierfi/,  strict  honesty;  sincerity;  ve- 
racity; integrity  in  principle,  or  strict  conformity  of 
actions  to  the  laws  of  justice.  Pro&((i/ of  mind  or 
principle  is  best  evinced  by  probity  of  conduct  in  so- 
cial dealings,  particularly  in  adhering  to  strict  integ- 
rity in  the  observance  and  performance  of  rights 
called  imperfect,  which  public  laws  do  not  reach,  and 
can  not  enforce. 

PROB'LEM,  71.  [Fr.  probleme ;  L.  It.  and  Sp.  prob- 
lema:  Gr.  -poSXn^'o,  from  irpo^aXXo),  to  throw  for- 
ward ;  irpo  and  OaXXoj,  to  throw,  L.  pello.]  A 
question  proposed. 

1.  In  logic,  a  proposition  that  appears  neither  ab- 
solutely true  nor  false,  and  consetjuently  may  be  as- 
serted either  in  the  affirmative  or  negative. 

2.  In  geometry,  a  proposition  in  which  some  opera- 
tion or  construction  is  reqtiired,  as  to  divide  a  line  or 
an  angle,  to  let  fall  a  perpendicular,  &.c.  j  something 
to  be  done.  Barlow. 

3.  In  general,  any  question  involving  doubt  or  un- 
certainty, and  requiring  some  operation,  experiment, 
or  further  evidence  for  its  solution. 

The  problem  is,  whether  a  strong  and  constant  belief  that  a 
ihi"*;  will  be,  helps  any  thing  to  the  effecting  of  the  thing. 

Bacon, 

PROB-LEM-AT'ie-AL,fl.  auestionabie  ;  uncertain  j 
unsettled  ;  disputable  ;  doubtful. 

Diligent  inquirit-s  into  pTohlemalical  guilt  leave  a  gate  wide  open 
to  inlormers.  Sai/C. 

PROR-LEM-AT'ie-AL-LY,  ado.  Doubtfully;  dubi- 
ously ;  uncertainlv. 

PROB'LEM- A-TIST,  n.    One  who  proposes  problems. 

Evelitn. 

PROB'LEM-A-TTZE,  v.  t.  To  propose  problems. 
[fllf'trmed,  and  not  used.]  B.  Jonson. 

PRO  BO'J^O  PUB'LI'€0,  [L.]    For  the  public  good. 

PRO  BOS'CI-DATE,  a.    Furnished  with  a  proboscis. 

PRO-BOS'CIS,  n.  [L.,  from  the  Gr.  TrpojSocKig  ;  -po, 
before,  and  ^oaxto,  to  feed  or  graze.] 


PRO 

The  snout  or  trunk  of  an  elephant  and  of  other 
analogous  animals,  and  particularly  of  insects.  The 
proboscis  of  an  elephant  is  a  flexible,  muscular  pipe 
or  catial  of  about  eight  feet  in  length,  and  is  pmp- 
eriy  tlie  extension  of  the  nose.  'J'Jiis  is  the  instru- 
ment with  which  he  takes  food  and  carries  it  to  his 
mouth.  The  pr'-boscis  of  insects  is  used  to  suck 
blood  from  animals  or  juice  from  plants. 

PRO-Ca'CIOUS,  a.  [L.  procax;  pro,  forward,  and 
perhaps  the  root  of  It.  cacciare,  Sp.  cazar,  to  chase, 
that  is,  to  i)ush  forward.] 

Pert. ;  petulant ;  saucy.     [Little  ttsed.]      Barrow. 

PRO-GAC'I  TY,  (-kas'e-te,)  n.     [L.  procacitas.] 
Impudence  ;  petulance.    [Little  v^ed.]      Burton. 

PRO-eAT-ARG'Tie,  a.  [Gr.  TpoKarapKTiKQ%  j  npo^ 
Kara,  aud  aoxu),  to  begin.] 

In  medicine,  a  term  denoting  that  cause  which  im- 
mediately kindles  a  disease  into  action  when  there 
existed  a  predisposition  to  it.  The  procatarctic  cause 
is  often  denominated  the  exciting  cause.  Procatarc- 
tic or  exciting  causes  are  common  to  numerous  dis- 
eases, and  do  not  affect  their  nature  and  character. 
Procatarctic  or  exciting  causes  do  not  produce  dis- 
ease, unless  there  is  a  previously  existing  predisposi- 
tion. Excesses,  deficiencies,  and  irregularities  of 
the  non-naturals,  comprehend  aU  the  procatarctic 
or  exciting  causes  of  disease. 

PRO-CAT-ARX'IS,  n.  [Gr.  supra.]  The  kindling  of 
a  disease  into  action  by  a  procatarctic  cause,  when  a 
predisposition  exists;  the  procatarctic  cause  itself  of 
a  disease.  Quiney. 

PRO-CED'qilE,  n.  [Fr.  See  Proceed.]  The  act  of 
proceeding  or  moving  forward;  progress;  process; 
operation  ;  series  of  actions  ;  as,  the  procedure  of  the 
soul  in  certain  actions.  But  it  is  more  generally  ap- 
plied to  persons  ;  as,  this  is  a  strange  procedure  in  a 
public  body.  The  motions  of  physical  causes  arc 
inure  generally  denominated  operations. 

2.  Manner  of  proceeding;  management;  conduct. 

South, 

3.  That  which  proceeds  from  something;  produce. 
[JVof  in  use.]  Bacon. 

PRO-CEKD',  V.  i.  'Fr.  Sp.  and  Port,  proccder;  It. 
procedcre ;  from  li.'procedo :  pro,  forward,  and  cetlo, 
to  move.  The  more  correct  orthography  is  Procede, 
in  arialog>-  with  precede,  concede,  recede,  procedure.] 

1.  To  move,  pass,  or  go  forward  from  one  place  to 
another  ;  applied  to  persons  or  things.  A  man  pro- 
ceeds on  his  journey  ;  a  ship  proceeds  on  her  voyage. 

This  word,  thus  used,  implies  that  the  motion, 
journey,  or  voyage,  had  been  previously  commenced, 
and  to  proceed  is  then  to  renew  or  continue  the  mulioii 
or  progress. 

2.  To  pass  from  one  point,  stage,  or  topic  to  anoth- 
er. The  preacher  proceeds  ironi  one  division  of  his 
subject,  antl  the  advocate  from  one  argument  to 
another. 

3.  To  issue  or  come,  as  from  a  source  or  fountain. 
Light  proceeds  from  the  sun  ;  vice  proceeds  from  a 
depraved  heart;  virtuous  affections  proceed  from 
God. 

4.  To  come  from  a  person  or  place.  Christ  says, 
'*  I  proceeded  forth  aud  came  from  God."    John  viii. 

5.  To  prosecute  any  design. 

He  th.n   proceeds   on   other   pnticiplea  In  hia  toquiiy  into  any 
GCi'.'nC'-s,  poSLS  hiinsfd  in  a  pirty. 

6.  To  be  transacted  or  carried  on. 

He  will,  iiftrr  his  soLir  f.iahiori,  tell  yon, 
What  h;\th  proceeded  worthy  note  to-tlay. 
(.Vol  noiD  in  use.] 

7.  To  make  progress  ;  to  advance.  .Wlton, 

8.  To  begin  and  carry  on  a  series  of  actions  or 
measures.  The  attorney  was  at  a  loss  in  what  man- 
ner to  proceed  against  the  offender.  In  this  sense 
the  word  is  often  foIloxveU  by  a^atfLH. 

9.  To  conduct ;  to  act  methodically. 

From  them  1  will  not  hide 
My  Jiidgmeuls,  how  with  mankind  I  proceed.  ItlUton. 

10.  To  have  a  course. 

Thij  nile  only  proceeds  and  takes  place,  when  a  person  can  net 
ol  cojninun  law  condemn  another  by  his  sentence.     Ayli^e. 

11.  To  issue  :  to  be  produced  or  propagated. 

From  my  loins  thou  s,\\.\.\].  proceed.  AliUon. 

12.  To  be  produced  by  an  effectual  cause.  All 
created  thincs  proceed  from  God.  Milton. 

PRO-CEED'ER,  7i.  One  who  goes  forward,  or  who 
makes  a  progress.  Bacon. 

PRO-CEED'ING,  ppr.  Moving  forward  ;  passing  on; 
issuing;  transacting;  earning  on. 

PRO-CEED'L\G,  n.  "Piocess  or  movement  from  one 
thing  to  another;  a  measure  or  step  taken  in  busi- 
ness ;  transacCion  ;  in  tJic  plural,  a  course  of  meas- 
ures or  conduct ;  course  of  dealing  with  others.  We 
speak  of  a  legal  or  an  illegal  proceeding,  a  csiuUoii3 
proceedintr,  a  violent  proceeding.  In  t/ie  plural,  the 
proci:cdings  of  the  legislature  have  been  wise  and  sal- 
utary. It  is  our  duty  to  acquiesce  cheerfully  in  all 
God's  proceedings  toward  us. 

2.  In  law,  the  course  of  steps  or  measures  in  the 
prosecution  of  actions  is  denominated  proceedings. 
[See  Process.] 

PRO-CEEDS'  or  PRo'CEEDS,  n.  pi.  Issue ;  rent ; 
produce  ;  as,  the  proceeds  of  an  estate. 


Locke. 


Shot. 


TuNE,  BULL,  ITNITE.  —  AN"GER,  Vr'CIOUS.— C  as  K;  6  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  Til  as  in  THIS. 

1^ 


PRO 

2.  In  commerce,  the  sum,  niuoiiiU,  or  v;iliiir,  of 
poodd  sold  or  coiivertfil  into  money.  The  con- 
sicnce  was  directed  to  s<Ml  Ihe  r-irgo  and  vest  the 
yroceeds  in  coffee.  The  yrocccds  of  tlie  gtiods  soUl 
nniounted  to  littlo  more  thrin  the  prime  cost  ami 
chiirpes. 
PROC-K-LECS-MAT'IC,  a.  [Gr.  iT(ioKt\tv<jftariKO%  i 
ff.i  1  and  A£.\f!'£r(i  I,  iiiandatp,  mrittMncnt.] 

Inciting;  animating;  t-ncouracinfr.  This  epithet 
is  given  to  a  metrical  foot  in  ixMHry,  consisting  of 
ftinr  short  syllable;!.  Johnson. 

PR0-<;EL'L0US,  o.     [L.  proceUosus.] 

Ptorinv. 
I'RO-CKP' TION,  M.    rreoccupation.     [HI  formed,  and 

not  :n  rise.]  K.  Charles. 

rRO.CKR'I-TY,n.    [I.,  proccritiix^  from  proccrtut,  tall.] 

'I'alliu^s;  height  of  stature.  j^ddison. 

PJiO'CES  yER'BAL,    (pra'si  var'lial,)      [Fr.]      In 

French  law,  an  aiillieiitic  minute  of  an  olficial  act, 

or  statement  of  facts.  Buchanan. 

PEOCKSS,  (pru-s'esH,)  n.     [Fr.  proems;  h.  processus, 

from  procedo.     See  I'roceko.] 

1.  A  proceeding  nr  movjn:;  forward;  progressive 
course  ;  tendency  ;  a*:,  the  proress  of  man's  desire. 

Hooker. 
9.  Proceedings ;  gradual  progres.s  j  course  ;  as,  the 
process  of  a  war.  Dnjden. 

.1.  Operations ;  experiment ;  scries  of  actions  or 
exijeriincnls  ;  as,  a  cliemical  process. 

4.  Series  of  motions  or  cliaufies  in  growth,  decay, 
A:c.,  in  physical  bodies  ;  a,^,  the  process  of  vegetation 
or  of  mineralization  ;  the  jirocess  of  decomposition. 

5.  Course  ;  continual  llux  or  pas.snge  ;  as,  the  pro- 
cess  of  time.  Milton.     Boyle. 

fi.  Methodical  management;  series  of  measures  or 
proceedings. 

Th?  process  of  the  gnM  d^j  — !s  dcTcril»cd  l>y  our  Savior. 

Nelson. 

7.  In  law,  the  wliolc  course  of  proceedings,  in  a 
cau'^e,  real  or  pt'rsoual,  civil  or  criminal,  from  the 
original  writ  to  the  end  of  the  suit.  Original  process 
is  the  means  taken  to  co:n[>','l  the  defendant  to  ap- 
pear in  court.  Jilesne  process  is  that  whicii  issues, 
pending  the  suit,  upon  some  collateral  or  interlocu- 
ttirj'  matter.  Final  procr.'is  is  the  process  of  execu- 
tion. Blackstone. 

8.  In  analomij,  any  protuberance,  eminence,  or  pro- 
jecting part  of  a  bone.  Encyc.     Coxc. 

PRO-CKS'SIO.\,  (pro-scsh'un,)  7i.  [Pr.,  from  L.  pro- 
cessio.     See  Proceeo.] 

1.  The  act  <if  proceeding  or  issuing.        Pearson. 

2.  A  train  of  pt-rstuis  walking,  or  riding  on  horse- 
back, or  in  vehicles,  in  a  formal  march,  or  moving 
with  ceremonious  solemnity  ;  as,  a  procession  of  cler- 
gymen ami  people  in  the  Uonian  Catholic  church  ;  a 
triumphal  procession:  a  funeral  ;jrocc.vjfiort. 

llin)  1(11  his  Iniiti 
followed  in  bri^lil  procession,  MUion. 

PRO-CES'SION-AL,  (pro-sesh'un-al,)  a.  Pertaining 
to  a  processicn  ;  consisting  in  a  procession. 

Siiurin,  Trans. 
PRO-CES'SION-AL,  n.     A  book  relating  to  proces- 
sions of  tlie  Ri^man  Catholic  church.        Orcgory. 
PRO-CES'SIOX-A-RY,  a.    Consisting  in.  procession  ; 

as,  processinnaru  service.  Hooker. 

PRO-CES'SIOi\-"[NG,  rt.  In  Tennessee,  the  manner 
of  ascertaining  the  boundaries  of  land,  as  prescribed 
by  law.  Bouvier. 

PRo'CllKIX,  (pro'shen,)  a.  [Fx.  prochain;  L.proxi- 
mus.] 

^'(^\"t ;  nearest;  used  in  the  law  phrase,  proehrin 
amy,  the  next  friend,  any  pt'r^on  who  undertakes  to 
assist  an  inCant  or  minor  in  prosecuting  iiis  rights. 

Bluck-stone. 
PRo'ClIRO-XISM,  n.    FGr.  Trnoxf'JvefJ,  to  precede  in 
time  ;  T7/.0,  before,  and  wi.""?,  time.] 

An  antedating  ;  the  dating  of  an  event  before  the 
time  it  happened  ;  a  species  of  anachronism. 

Gregory. 
PRo'CI-DENCE,   n.     [L.  procidentia;  procido,  to  fall 
down.] 

A  falling  down  ;  a  prolapsus  ;  as  of  the  intestinum 

rectum.  Coxc    Parr. 

PK0-CII)'r:-OU3,  o.    That  falls  from  its  place.  Jones. 

PRO-CINGT',  n.     [L.  procincUis  ;  procingo,  to  prepare, 

that  is,  to  gird.] 

Complete  prepanition  for  action.     [Liule  used.] 

Milton. 
PRO-CLaIM',   r.  /.     [\j.  proclamo  ;  pro  and  clamo,  io 
cry  out.    See  Claisi.j 


to  proclaim  a  fast ;  to  proclaim  a  feast.     Lev.  xxiii.    1 


1.  To  proninlg.-ite ;  to  announce;  to  pubMsh  ;  as, 
J  proclaim 

Kings  XX i. 

He  liilh  Kill  me  lo  proetaim  liberty  Io  the  ciptires.  —  Is.  Ixi. 

2.  To  give  oflici.ll  notice  of ;  todt-nounce.  Heralds 
were  formerly  cujployed  lo  proclaim  war. 

3.  To  declare  with  honor  ;  n^,  to  proclaim  the 
name  of  the  Lord,  that  i?,  to  declare  his  perfections. 
Krod.  X.vxiii. 

4.  To  utter  openly ;  to  make  public.  Some  profli- 
gate wretches  opc-nly  proclaim  their  atheism. 

Moil  iitcu  will  prodaim  CTcry  ono  liia  own  goodtic^.  —  Pror. 

XX, 


PRO 

5.  To  outlaw  by  public  denunciation. 

1  Ur:\r\  my»:\f  proclaimed.  Shak. 

PRO-CLaUI'/;D,  jV'  Published  ofliciaily ;  promul- 
gate.1  ;  made  publicly  known. 

PUO-CLaI.M'EK,  h.  One  who  publishes  by  authority  ; 
one  that  announces  or  makes  i)ublicly  known. 

Milton. 

PRO-eLAIM'I.\G,  ppr.  Publishing  oiricially  ;  de- 
nouncing;  promulgating;   making  publicly  known. 

PROe-LA-.MA'TION,  n.  [l-'r.,  from  I.,  proclamatio, 
from  proclamo.] 

1.  Publication  by  authority ;  official  notice  given 
to  the  public. 

Kill?   Asa   m:idc   a  •proclamalion    Oiroiiglioul   nil   Judali.  —  1 
Kingi  XV. 

2.  In  En^landy  a  declaration  of  the  king's  will, 
openly  published. 

Prociamatiout  nre  a  bmnch  of  tlis  king'*  pr-ro^tive,  and  nrc 
biiidiiig  oil  llie  aiiljjeci.  JZncyc. 

3.  The  declaration  of  any  supreme  magistrate  pub- 
licly mide  known  ;  as,  the  proclamation  of  the  gov- 
ernor appointing  a  day  of  thanksgiving. 

4.  The  paper  containing  an  official  notice  to  a 
people.  The  sheriff  receives  and  distributes  the 
governor's  proclamations.  J^cw  Kngland. 

PRO-eLIVE',  a.    Proclivous.     [J^'ot  used.] 
PRO-€LIV'I-TY,   Ji.      [L.  proclivitas,  prccUvis;   pro 
and  cHeus,  a  cliff".] 

1.  Inclination;  propensity;  proneness;  tendency. 

The  »eii3iUve  nppcliie  may  engender  a  proclioily  lo  bImI,  but 
iiDt  a  iiccositiy  to  steal.  Ep.  Nail. 

2.  Readiness;  facility  of  learning. 

He  had  auch  a  dextrous  procHoitij,  that  his  teachers  were  faiii  lo 
restrain  his  fonvardiiesa.  ,  Wotton. 

PRO-CLI'VOUS,  a.     [L.  proclivits,  proclivis,  supra.] 
Inclitied  ;  tending  by  nature.  J)ict. 

PRO-eOX'SUL,  n.  [h.  pro,  for,  and  consul.'j  A  Ro- 
man otficer  who  dischnrgcd  the  duties  ot  a  con^^ul 
without  being  himself  consul.  He  was  usually  one 
who  had  previously  been  consul,  and  his  power  was 
nearly  equal  to  that  of  a  regular  consul. 

Smithes  Diet. 
PRO-€OX'SU-LAR,  a.     Pertaining  to  a  proconsul ; 
as,  proconsidar  powers. 

2.  Under  the  government  of  a  proconsul ;  as,  a 
jiroconsular  province. 
PRO-€OX'.SUL-ATE,  )  n.    Theofficeof  a  proconsul, 
PRO-COX'SUL-SHIP,  i       or  the  term  of  his  office. 
PRO-CRAS'TI-NaTE,  v.  t.       [h.  procrastinor  i   pro 
and  crastimis  ;  eras,  to-morrow.] 

To  put  olflVom  d.iy  to  day  ;  lo  delay  ;  to  defer  to 
a  future  time  ;  as,  to  procrastinate  repentance. 
PKO-€R AS'TI-XaTE,  v.  i.    To  delay ;  to  be  dilatory. 

I  proernsliiiau  more  than  I  did  twenty  years  ago.         Stn/t. 

PRO-€RAS'TI-Na-TED,  pp.    Delayed  ;  deferred. 
PRO-CRAS'TI-Na-TING,  7);»r.  ore.    Delaying;  put- 
ting off"  to  a  future  lime. 
PRO-CRAS-TI-Xa'TIOX,  v.     [L.  procrastinatio.] 

A  puttingolTto  a  future  time;  delay  ;  dilatoriness. 
PRO-CRAS'TI-Xa-TOR,  11.     One  that  defers  the  per- 
formance of  any  thing  to  a  future  time. 
PRO'CRE-AXT,  a.     [L.  procreatts.     See  Procreate.] 
Generating;  producing  ;  productive  ;  fruitful. 

Shak. 
PR5'€RE-AXT,  n.     He  or  that  which  procreates  or 

gi-ner.ati^s^  Milton. 

PRo'€RE-.aTE,  r.  f.  [L.  prvcreo ;  pro  and  creo,  to 
create.] 

1.  To  beget;  to  generate  and  produce;  to  engen- 
der :  used  properly  of  animals.  Bentley. 

2.  To  produce  ;  tiscd  of  plants,  but  hardly  allowable. 

Blackmore, 

PRo'CRE-A-TED,  pp.    Begotten  ;  generated. 

PRo'eRE-A-TING,ppr.  Begetting;  generating;  as 
young. 

PRU-CRE-a'TIOX,  n.     [Fr.,  from  L.  procreutio.] 

The  act  of  begetting ;  generation  and  production 
ot"  young.  South. 

PRo'CRE-A-TI VE,  a.  Generative  ;  Iiaving  the  power 
to  beget.  Ilate. 

PRo'CRE-A-TrVE-NESS,  n.  The  power  of  generat- 
ing. Decay  of  Piety. 

PRO'CRE  .\-TOR,  ;i.  One  th.it  !:?gct3 ;  a  g-r.crator; 
a  father  or  sire. 

PR(>-CRCS''I'E-AX,  fi.  Pertaining  to  or  resembling 
Prnrrustr's,  or  his  mode  of  torture. 

PRO-CRL'S'TkS,  ;i.  In  Grecian  mythology,  a  celebra- 
ted robber,  who  stretched  liis  victims  upon  an  iron 
bed,  or  mutilated  them,  tilt  their  forms  fitted  its  di- 
mensions ;  whence  ttie  metaphorical  phrase,  the  bed 
of  Procrustes 

PROCTOR,  7;.  [Contracted  from  L.  procurator,  f.oni 
procuro  i  ;>ro  and  euro.] 

1.  In  a  cencral  sense^  one  who  is  employed  to  man- 
age the  affairs  of  anotlurr.  Hooker. 

2.  Appropi-iatehj,  a  person  employed  to  manage  nu- 
cther's  cause  in  :i  court  of  civil  or  ecclesiastical  law, 
as  in  the  court  of  admiralty,  or  in  a  spiritual  court. 

Sitifl. 
X  In  the  English  unlcersities^nn  officer  who  attends 
to  the  morals  of  the  students,  and  enforces  obedience 
lo  the  college  regulntions.  Cam.  Cal. 


Thnn  thoBC  thm  we 


PRO 

PROe'T(^R,  r.  i.     To  manage  ;  a  cant  word.      Sfud;. 
PROG'TOR-.AGE,  v.     Management,  in  contempt. 

Jl/i//un. 
PROC-TOR'ie-AL,  a.    Belonging  to  Uie  academical 

proctor;  magisterial.  Prideaux. 

PROC'TOR-SMIP,  Ti.     The  office  or  dignity  of  the 

proctor  of  a  university.  Clarendon. 

PRO-CITM'CEXT.  a.     [L.  proeumbens,  procumho  :  pro 

and  c'iUo,  to  lie  down.] 

1.  Eying  down  or  on  the  face  ;  prone. 

2.  In  botany^  trailing;  prostrate  ;  unable  to  support 
itself,  and  therefore  lying  on  the  ground,  but  without 
pulting  forth  roots  ;  as,  a  procumbent  stem.     Martmi. 

PRO-eOR'A-RLE,  a.     [from  procure.]     That  may  "bo 

procured  ;  obtainable.  Boyle. 

PROe'U-RA-CY,  71.     [from  L.  procuro.] 

The  management  uf  any  thing.    [Jv'ot  used.] 
PROe-TI-RA'TION,  n.    [h.  i>rocuratio.    See  Proccre.] 

1.  The  act  of  procuring. 
[pRocuREMEXT  i»  generally  used.] 

2.  The  management  of  another*s  affairs. 

3.  The  instrument  by  which  a  person  is  empow- 
ered to  transact  the  affairs  of  another.  Eueyc. 

4.  A  sum  of  money  paid  to  the  bisliop  or  archdea- 
con by  incumbents,  on  account  of  visitations ;  callt  d 
also  Proxv.  Todd. 

PROe'tI-R.\-TOR,  It.    The  manager  of  another's  af- 
fairs.    [See  Proctor.]  Shak.     Taylor. 

2.  Under  ^'lc  Roman  emperors,  Ti.  title  given  lo  cer- 
tain governors  of  provinces  ;  as,  the  procurator  of 
Judea.  Also,  a  title  of  certain  otlicers  wiio  had  the 
managenienl  of  the  revenue.  P.  Cijc. 

PROe-U-RA-To'RI-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  procurator 
or  proctor  ;  made  by  a  proctor.  Jlyliffe. 

PROC-U-Ra'TOR-SHIP,  7(.    The  office  of  a  procura- 
tor. Pcarsor.. 

PRO-eO'KA-TO-RY,  a.    Tending  to  procuration. 

PRO-CuRE',  V.  t.     [Fr.  procurer;    It.  procurarc ;    Sp. 
"procnrar ;    L.  procuro;  pro  and   euro,  to  take  care. 
But  the  French  only  has  the  sense  of  the  English 
word.    In  Die  sense  of  manage,  it  is  never  used.] 

1.  To  gain  ;  to  get ;  to  obtain  ;  as  by  request,  loan, 
effort,  labor,  or  purchase.  We  procure  favors  by  re- 
quest;  we  prycHrc  money  by  borrowing;  we  procure 
food  Iiy  ciiiiivating  Ihe  earth;  oihccs  are  jtrocurcd  by 
solicitation  or  f.ivor ;  we  procure  lilies  to  cslatc  by 
purchase.  It  is  used  of  things  of  temporary  posses- 
sion more  generally  than  acquire.  We  do  not  say, 
we  acquired  favor,  wc  acquired  money  by  borrowing, 

hut  we  procured. 

2.  To  persuade ;  to  prevail  on. 

What  iiiKicciisiomcd  cause  procures  her  hither.     [Unusual.] 

Shak. 

3.  To  cause ;  to  bring  about ;  to  effect ;  to  contrive 
and  effect. 

Prococvl,  SjHuub,  to  procure  my  fill.  Sha!:. 

4.  To  cause  to  come'on  ;  to  bring  on. 

We  no  othr?r  pahis  endure 
'    :s  procure. 


Dryden. 

5.  To  draw  lo  ;  to  attract ;  to  gain.    Modesty  pm- 
ctires  love  and  respect. 
PROeCRE',  r.  I.     To  pimp.  Dnjdtn. 

PRO-CCR'£,"D,  pp.     Obtained  ;  caused  to  be  done  ;  ef- 
fected ;  brought  on. 
PRO-eCRE'Mi::NT,  n.  The  act  of  procuring  or  obtain- 
ing ;  obtainnicnt. 
2.  A  causing  to  be  effected. 

They  think  it  doae 
By  hcrprocure;n«nI.  Dryltn. 

PRO-eOR'ER,  n.    One  that  procures  or  obtains  ;  that 

which  brings  on  or  causts  to  be  done.  Walton. 

2.  A  pJmp;  a  pander.  South. 

PRO-CCR'ESS,  j(.     A  bawd.  Spectator. 

PRO-CuR'IXG,  ;»/ir.    Getting;  gaining;  obtaining. 

2.  Causing  lo  come,  or  lo  be  done. 

3.  a.  That  causes  to  come  ;  bringing  on.  Sin  is 
the  procuring  cause  of  all  our  woes. 

PRO'CV-OX,  Tf.     [Gr.  vpoKVoyv.] 

A  star  of  the  first  magnitude  in  the  constellation 
Cnnis  Minor,  the  Little  i)og.  P.  Cyc. 

PROD,  n.  A  goad  ;  an  awl,  or  a  pin  in  paltens.  [Lo- 
cal.] 

PROD'I-G.\E,  a.  [Fr.  prodigue;  Sp.  and  It.  prodigo  : 
frr:;i  T,.  prodigus,  from  prodigo,  to  drive  forth,  to  I  iv- 
ish.  The  last  component  part  of  the  word  is  a  .c,  ..j 
drive  ;  the  first  I  suppose  to  be  prorf,  the  oiiginal 
word,  afterward  contracted  to  pro.  (See  Pro.)  'i'he 
Welsh  bratlyn,  a  prodigal,  if  from  the  Latin,  is  doubt- 
less of  Ihc  same  origin  ;  but  Owen  deduces  this  from 
brad,  a  breaking,  trt-acher)-,  treason,  and  this  coin- 
cides with  Dan.  brydcr,  to  break.     See  Brittle.] 

1.  Given  to  extr;i\;tgant  expenditures  ;  expending 
money  or  other  things  without  necessity  ;  profuse  ; 
lavish';  wasteful  ;  not  frugal  or  economical  ;  as,  a 
prodigal  man  ;  tiie  prodigal  son.  A  man  may  be 
prodigal  of  his  strength,  of  hia  health,  of  his  life  or 
blood,  as  well  as  of  his  money. 

2.  Profuse  ;  lavish  ;  expended  to  excess,  or  without 
necessity  ;  as,  prodigal  expenses. 

3.  Very  liberal ;  profuse.  Nature  is  prodigal  of  her 
bounties. 

PROD'I-GAL,  n.    One  that  expends  money  exlrava- 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT — M£TE,  PRgY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQOK.- 

_ 


PRO 


PRO 


gantly  or  without  necessity  j  one  that  is  profuse  or 
lavish ;  a  waster  ;  a  spondthrift.  Dnjden. 

!'itOD-l-GAL'I-TY,  n.  [Fr.  prodigalite  ;  It.  yrodigali- 
td :  Sp.  prodig^alidad-l 

1.  Estravagauca  in  the  expenditure  of  what  one 
possesses,  particularly  of  money  ;  profusion  j  v.aste; 
excessive  iibenilily.  It  is  opposed  to  FBUCAUTr, 
EcoxoHT.  and  Paksiuost. 

By  ihe  Rocun  Ltw,  s  ircui  cf  notorious  pro^s^ity  »-a£  Ircaled 
as  ooQ  coiQpas.  -^"I/^' 

Toe  mcst  sever-  censor  can  nol  bat  be  plewed  with  the  pndir 
rizHty  of  \as  wit.  Dn^en. 

9.  Profuse  liberalitv. 

PROD'I-GAL-IZE,  r.  t.  To  be  extravagant  in  expen- 
ditures.    [Ao;  uscd.^  Sherwood. 

PROD'I-GAL-LY,  adc.  With  profusion  of  expenses  ; 
extravagantly  ;  lavishly  ;  wastefully ;  as,  an  estate 
■prodi^aUy  dissipated. 

2.  With  liberal  abimdrince  ;  profusely. 

Naiure  not  bom;:CT)Us  now,  but  tiriih  gTw.vs  ; 

Olt  filba  w-iih  flowers  s\t^ pr-yiipiily  stroixs.  DryrUn. 

PROD'I-OEXCE,  Tt,     Waste  ;  profusion  ;  prodigality. 


[.Vo(  used.'}  Bp.  Hall. 

PRO-DlG'IOfS,  C-diii'jus,)  a,     [Sp.  and  It.  prodigio- 

so  ;  Tt.  prodigietix  ;  1j.  prodi:riosUi>\     See  Prodigy.] 

1.  Verj'Ereat;  huge  ^  enormcas  in  size,  quantity, 
extent,  &c. ;  as,  a  mountain  of  prodig^ious  size  or  al- 
titude ;  a  prodig-ionj  mass  or  quantity  of  w  i\icr  j  an 
ocean  or  plain  of  prodigioits  extent.     Ilcncc, 

2.  Wonderful  :  astonisliing  ;  such  as  may  seen  a 
prodigy;  monstrous;  portentous. 

It  G  prodigious  lo  liave  ihunUcr  in  a  clcftr  sky.  Broarn. 

Prodigiaus  to  rei-tie.  Dn/den. 

PR0-Dl6'I0rSrLY,  adc.  Enormously  ;  wcuiderfully  ; 

astonistiinely  ;  as,  a  number  ;7r(if/tVi3«.vr7/ great.  Rai/. 
9.  Ver>'"rauch  ;  extremely  ;    m  famiLar  language. 

He  was  prodimoushj  pleased. 
PRO-DlG'I0L'S-XE?S,  H.    Enomiousness  cf  siza  ;  the 

state  of  ha\ing  qualities  tbat  excite  wonder  oraston- 

isbmenL  HalL 

PROD'I-GY,  Tt.     [L.  prodi^ittm^  from  prodi^o^  to  shoot 

out,  drive  out,  properly  to  spread  to  a  great  extent.] 

1.  Any  thing  out  of  the  ordinary  course  of  nature, 
and  so  extraordinary  as  lo  excite  wonder  or  astonish- 
ment ;  as,  a  prodigy  of  learning.  SpeetaUn: 

2.  Something  extraordinarj*  from  which  omens  are 
drawn ;  portent.  Thus  eclipses  and  meteors  were 
anciently  deemed  prodigies. 

3.  A  monster ;  an  animal  or  other  production  out 
of  the  ordinarj-  course  of  nature.  B.  Jonson, 

PRO-DI"TI0X,  n.   [L.  proditio,  from  prodo,  to  betray ; 

supposed  lo  be  compounded  of  pro  and  do,  to  give. 

But  in  W.  bradit  is  to  betray.] 
Treacherv ;  treason.        '  JiinsiDortk. 

PROD'I-TOR,  71.  [L.]    A  traitor.    [JVoi  in  iwe.]     Shak. 
PROD-I-To'RI-OUS,  a.     Treacherous  ;    perfidious  ; 

traitorous.     r.VoJ  in  a»'e.]  Daniel, 

2.  Apt  lo  make  discoveries  or  disclosures.   [A^oE  in 

vseJ\  JVoUon. 

PROD'I-TO-RY,  a.    Treacherous  ;  perfidious.  Mdton. 
PRO'DROME,  n.     [Gr,  ^paSpoiiOi  ;  -oo  and  roExw,  to 

run.] 

A  forerunner.     [jVoJ  tit  iise.'\  Coles. 

PRO-DuCE',  n.  t.     [L.  prodaco  :  pro  and  ducOj  to  lead 

or  draw  ;  Sax-  teogan^  teon^lo  tug  ;  It.  producere,  pro- 

durre  ;  Sp.  prodacir  ;  Fr.  produire.] 

1.  To  bring  forward  ;  to  bring  or  offer  to  view  or 
notice  ;  as,  to  produce  a  witness  or  evidence  in  court. 

Produce  your  cause.  —  Ts.  jUi. 

2.  To  exhibit  to  the  public. 

Toot  parents  did  not  produce  you  much  into  tJie  world.     Sid/t. 

3.  To  bring  forth ;  to  bear ;  as  plants  or  the  soil. 
Trees  produce  fruit ;  the  earth  produces  trees  and 
grass  ;  wheat  produces  an  abundance  of  food. 

4.  To  bear;  to  generate  and  bring  forth;  a5 
young.    The  seas  produce  fish  in  abundance. 

Th^y  — 
Produce  prodigious  births  of  body  or  misd.  iV/i'ton. 

5.  To  cause ;  to  effect ;  lo  bring  mlo  existence. 
Small  causes  sometimes  produce  great  effects.  The 
clouds  produce  rain.  The  painter  prodHCM  a  picture 
or  a  landscape.  The  sculptor  produces  a  statue. 
Vice  produces  miser\'. 

6.  To  raise  ;  to  bring  into  being.  The  fanner  pro- 
duces grain  enough  for  his  family. 

7.  To  make ;  to  bring  into  being  or  form.  The 
manufacturer  producer  excellent  wares. 

8.  To  yield  or  furnish.  Money  produces  interest ; 
capital  produces  profit.  The  commerce  of  the  coun- 
try' produces  a  revenue  lo  government. 

9.  In  general,  to  bring  into  existence  or  into  view, 

10.  In  geometry,  to  extend  ;  applied  to  a  line,  sur- 
face, or  solid. 

PROD'UCE,  CpTod'duse,)  n.  That  which  is  produced, 
brought  forth,  or  yielded  ;  product ;  as,  the  produce 
of  a  farm  ;  the  produce  of  trees  ;  the  produce  of  a 
country  ;  the  produce  of  a  manufacture  ;  the  produce 
of  the  sea ;  the  produce  of  a  tax ;  the  produce  of  a 
mine.  But  when  we  speak  of  something  formed  by 
an  individual  artisan  or  genius,  we  call  it  a  produc- 
tion. 


PRO-DCiC'£D,  pp.    Brought  into  life,  being,  or  view  ; 
yielded  ;  extended. 

PRO-DCCE'MEXT,  n.     Production.     [jV*;(  vsed.] 

*  MUon. 

PRO-DUC'ENT,  H.     One  that  exhibits,  or  ofier^  to 
view  or  notice.     [^Vof  much  used.]  AyliJ'c. 

PRO-DCC'ER,  71.    One  that  generates  ;  one  that  pro- 
duces. Locke.     Suckling. 

PRO.nU-CI-BIL'I-TY,  n.    The  power  of  producing. 
[J\'it  used.]  Barrow. 

PUO-DU'CI-BLE,  a.     [(t.  jrroducibUe,  produtibile.] 

1.  That  may  Iw  brought  into  being;  that  maybe 
generated  or  made  ;  as.  pradu-cible  salts.  Boyle. 

2.  That  may  be  brought  into  view  or  notice ;  that 
may  be  e:^iiibitad.  Hammond. 

PRO-UO'CI-BLE-XESS,  7j.    The  stale  or  qu:ilily  of 
be^ng  producible  ;  as,  the  produciblcncss  of  salts. 

Boyle. 

PRO-D'CtC'IXG,  ppr.  or  a.     Generating ;  bringing  into 
existence  or  notice  ;  yielding;  extending. 

FROD'UCT,  H.     [L.  praductusy  from  produco  ;  Fr.  pro- 
duit,] 

1.  That  wtiicl!  is  produced  by  naiurc.  as  fniits, 
grain,  melais ;  as,  the  product  of  land;  the  products 
of  the  season. 

2.  That  which  is  formed  or  produced  by  labor,  or 
i>y  mental  application  ;  as,  the  produces  of  manufac- 
uires,  of  commerce,  or  of  art :  the  products  of  great 
and  wise  men.  In  the  latt>?r  sense,  production  is 
now  generally  used. 

In  general,  products  comprehend  whatever  is  pro- 
duced or  made ;  as  when  we  speak  of  the  products 
of  a  country  exported. 

Ti:e  product  of  t!i»  mipost  and  excisa.       Beiknap,  N.  FTamp. 

3.  Effect;  result;  something  consequential. 

These  arc  the  product 
Of  those  ilt-niated  marriages.  Miltan. 

4.  In  aritltincticj  the  number  resulting  from  the 
multipHcation  of  two  or  more  numbers.  Thus, 
5  X  "  =  35*  't'*^  product.  Product  results  from  mul- 
tipllcation,  as  sum  docs  from  addition. 

PRO-DUe'TILE,  a.   That  may  be  extended  in  length. 
PRO-DUe'TIOX,  n.     [Fr.,  from  L.  productio.'] 

1.  The  act  or  process  of  producing,  bringing  forth. 
or  exhibiting  to  view. 

2.  That  which  is  produced  or  made  ;  as,  the  pro-  | 
ductions  of  the  earth,  comprehending  all  vesetables 
and  fruits ;  the  productions  of  art,  as  manufactures 
of  every  kind,  paintings,  sculptures,  &c. ;  the  pro- 
ductions  of  inlellcct  or  genius,  as  poems  ami  prose 
compositions. 

PRO-DUe'TIVE,  a.     [It.  prodntdvo  ;  Sp.  productiro.] 

1.  Having  the  quality  or  power  of  producing;  as, 
productive  labor  is  that  which  increases  the  number 
or  amount  of  products;  opposed  to  unproductive 
labor.  The  labor  of  the  farmer  and  mechanic  is  pro- 
ductive ;  the  labor  of  officers  and  professional  men  is 
KTjprodHcfifc  to  the  state.  A  tree  which  bears  fruit, 
and  the  land  which  bears  grass  or  grain,  is  produc- 
tice. 

2.  Fertile;  producing  good  crops.  We  often  de- 
note by  this  word  Uiat  land  or  plants  yield  large 
products. 

3.  Producing;  bringing  into  being;  causing  to 
exist ;  efficient ;  as,  an  ?.%&  productive  of  great  men  ; 
a  spirit  productive  of  heroic  achievements. 

This  is  tunihig  nobility  iiito  a  principle  of  virtue,  and  making  it 

prodactic:  of  infant.  Spectator. 

And  kindle  wllii  thy  own  productice  fire.  Dryden. 

PRO-DUe'TIVE-LY,    adc.      By    production  ;    with 
abundant  produce. 

PRO-DUe'TIVE-\ESS,ji.    The  quality  of  being  pro- 
ductive ;  as,  l\\&  productiveness  of  land  or  labor. 

PRO-E-GU'5IIN-AL,  a.      [Gr.  r.pony^oiiai,  to  go  be- 
fore.] 

Predisposing  ;  a  terra  denoting  that  cause  without 
which  a  disease  can  not  exist,  which  determines  its 
nature  and  characler,  but  which  only  produces  a 
predisposition,  and  always  requires  the  aid  of  a  pro- 
calarctic  cause  to  kindle  it  into  action.  Only  a  lim- 
ited number  of  diseases  require  the  influence  of  a 
proeguminal  and  a  procatarctic  cause  for  their  pro- 
duction. 

PRO'EM,  71.    [Fr.  proeine     It.  and  Sp.  proemio ;   L. 


PRO 

the  prufanatwii  of  llie  name  of  God  by  swearing 
jestinc,  &c. 
9.  The  act  of  tr<.ati;ig  wiiii  abuse  or  ditrespcct. 

,„,  joy. 


To  It'll  tlretailj  oui 


Donne. 


prodvttum ; 


dr. 


\tpiov  i 


before,  and   otpr/, 


-ifioi,  way.] 

Preface  ;  inlrodnction  ;  preliminary  observations 
to  a  book  or  writing.  SujifU    Jililton. 

PRo'EM,  r.  (.     To  preface.     [J^Tot  used.]  South. 

PRO-e'.MI-AIj,  a.     Introductory-:  prefatory;  prelimi- 
nary. Hammond.    Johnson. 

PRO-EMP-To'STS,  n.     [Gr.,  from  rooc/i-i-rt-j,  to  fall 
before.] 

In  chronology,  the  lunar  equation,  or  addition  of  a 
day,  necessary  to  prevent  the  new  moon  from  hap- 
pening a  day  loo  soon.  Brande. 

PRO'FACE,  H.     .An  old  exclamation  of  welcome. 

PROF-A-XA''i'IO.\,   n.      [Fr. ;    It.  profana-.ione ;   Sp. 
profanacion  ;  from  L.  profano.     See  Profane.] 

1.  The  act  of  violating  sacred  things,  or  of  treat- 
ing them  with  contempt  or  irreverence  ;  as,  the  prof- 
anation of  the  Sabbath  by  sports,  amusements,  or 
unnecessary  labor;  the  profanaZien  of  a  sanctuary; 


PRO  FaME',  a.    [L.  pro/anus ;  pro  and  fanum,  a  icm- 
ple  ;  It,  and  Sp.  profanu  :  Vt.  pro/aiie.] 

1.  Irreverent  to  any  thing  sacred;  applied  to  per- 
sons. A  n:r.n  is  profane  when  he  lakes  the  name  of 
God  in  vain,  or  treats  sacred  things  with  abuse  and 
irreverence. 

2.  Irreverent ;  proceeding  from  a  contempt  of 
sacred  things,  or  implying  it;  as,  profane  words  or 
language ;  profane  swearing. 

3.  Not  sacred  ;  secular ;  relating  to  secular  things ; 
as,  profane  historj". 

4.  Polluted  ;  not  pure. 

Nodiiii*  is  profane  thiil  Ber*e!h  lo  \vAy  ihiugs-  RzU^. 

5.  Not  purified  or  holy  ;  allowed  for  common  use  ; 
as,  a  profane  place.     Ezek.  xlii.  and  \lviii. 

tl.  Obscene  [  heatheni.-^h  ;    I'-ndtng    lo    bring    r. 
pruich  on  religion  ;  as,  profam  fables.     1  Tim.  iv. 

Profane  is  us«-d  chielly  in  Scripiurt;  in  i»pp.)sition 
to  ludyj  or  qualified  ceremonially  for  sacred  ser- 
vices. 
PRO  FaNE',  r.  (.  To  violate  any  thing  sacred,  or 
treat  it  with  abuse,  irreverence,  obloquy,  or  con- 
tempt :  as,  lo  profane  the  name  of  God  ;  lo  profane 
the  Sabbath;  lo  profane  the  Scriptures  or  the  ordi- 
nances of  God.  Dwight. 

2.  To  pollute ;  to  defile ;  lo  apply  to  temporal 
uses :  to  use  as  base  or  common.     Ezdi.  xxiv. 

3.  To  \iolate.    Mai.  ii. 

4.  To  pollute  ;  to  debase.    Lev.  xxi. 

5.  To  put  to  a  UTong  use.  •  Shak. 
PR0-FaiV'£D,  pp.     Violated  ;  treated  with  irrever- 
ence or  abuse  ;  applied  lo  common  uses  ;  polluted. 

PRO-FaXE'LY,  adv.  Wilh  irreverence  lo  sacred 
things  or  names. 

Th?  cinracicr  of  God  profanely  impeMhed.  Dt^ght. 

2.  With  abuse  or  contempt  for  any  thing  vener- 
able. 

Th.M  nrouJ  Khohr  — speaks  of  Homer  too  prpfartely. 

Broome. 

I  PRO-FaNE'NESS,  71.    Irreverence  of  sacred  things  ; 
1      particiilariii,  the  use  of  language  which  implies  ir- 
reverence "toward  God;  the  taking  of  God's  name 
in  vain,  Dryden.    Atterbury.     Dwight. 

Pro/aneness  in  men  is  vulg-or  and  odioiia ; 
and  deiestaLiIt:. 

PRO-FaN'ER,  71.  One  who,  by  words  or  actions, 
treats  sacred  things  with  irreverence  ;  one  who  uses 
profane  language. 

-2.  A  polluter;  a  defiler;  as,  a  profaner  of  the 
temple.  Hooker. 

PRO-FaN'IXG,  ppr.  Violating  ;  treating  wilh  irrev- 
erence ;  polluting. 

PRO-FAN'I-TY,  n.    Profaneness,  which  see. 

In  a  revel  of  debsucbeir,  amid  the  brisk  interchin^e  of  jrrofanity 
and  fully,  reiigion  might  appear  a  dumb,  ur-sociol  mtiuder. 
Buckmintler. 
PRO-FEe'TION,  n,     [L.  profectio.'] 

A  going  forward;  advance;  progression, 
use.] 
PBO'FERT,  n.     [L.  third  person  of  profero.]    In  /air, 

the  exhibition  of  a  record  or  paper  in  open  court 
PRO-FESS',  r.  t.      [It  profcssare,    Sp.  profesar ;    Fr. 
professer ;  L.  professus,  profiteor ;  pro  and  /(if for.] 

I.  To  make  open  declaration  of;  to  avow  or  ac- 
knowledge. 

Let  no  mria  \\\iO professes  himself  a  CliTBLiln,  keep  so  l»eathCD- 
ish  a  l:uciJy  as  not  to  see  God  be  daily  worshiped  in  iL 

Decay  of  Piety. 

Th^y  profess  that  they  know  God,  but  in  works  iher  deny  him. 
—  Tit.  i. 

3.  To  declare  in  strong  terms. 

Then  wiU  I  profess  to  ihem,  I  never  knew  yoa.  —  Matt.  td. 

3.  To  make  a  show  of  any  sentiments  by  loud 

declaration. 

To  your  professing  boaotrj  I  commit  him.  Siuik. 

4.  To  declare  publicly  one's  skill  in  any  art  or  sci- 
ence, for  inviting  employment;  as,  to  profess  one^s 
self  a  physician  ;  he  professes  surger>'. 

PRO-FESS',  V.  i.  To  declare  friendship.  [JVct  in 
use.]  ,      S'^oA*- 

PRO-FESS'£D, )  pp.  or  a.    Openly  declared,  avowed, 

PRO-FEST',  \  or  acknowledged  ;  as,  a  professed 
foe  ;  a  professed  tyrant ;  a  professed  Chrisli;m ;  a  pro- 
fessed atheist. 

PRO-FESS'ED-LY,  adv.  By  profession  ;  by  open 
declaration  or  avowal. 

I  could  not 


[^rot  in 
Broicn. 


■;>nl  too  much  to  xnnn—professedly  my  subjects. 
K.  Charles. 

England  1   traveled  over,  pro/«ic«/:y  searching  aJJ,  plj«^_^  ^ 
parsed  ?Jong.  iVoodaard, 

PRO-FESS'IXG,  ppr.  or  a.  Openly  declaring;  avow- 
ing; acknowledging;  makiug  a  profession. 

PRO-FES'SIOX,  (-f^h'un,)  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  pro- 
fessio.]  ,  ,  , 

1.  Open  declaration ;  public  avowal  or  acknowl- 
edgment of  one's  sentiments  or  btlief ;  as,  professions 


TOXE,  ByLL,  UNITE.- AX"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K ;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SIl;  TH  ?s  in  THIS. 


no 


873 


PRO 


PRO 


of  friendship  or  sincerity ;  a  pri^fession  of  failh  or  re- 
ligion. 

The  pro/estions  of  priucw,  wlien  o  crown  b  tlio  bait,  arr;  a  elcn- 

The  InJi^iu  quiclly  jwrccivc  tlie  coincidence  or  the  contr.idicibn 
boiwe^n  jyrqfeieions  and  comliicl,  uud  their  confidt'iice  or 
(lliitruHt  follow*  of  co'irac.  J,  Morse. 

2.  The  business  which  one  professes  to  understand 
and  to  follow  for  subsistence  j  calilngj  vocation; 
einployineiil ;  as,  the  learned  professions.  Wc  speuk 
of  the  professions  of  a  clcrpynian,  of  a  lawyer,  and 
of  a  physician  or  surfjcon  ;  the  profession  of  lecturer 
on  cht-niislry  or  mineralogy.  Uut  the  word  is  not 
applied  to  an  occupation  merely  mechanical. 

3.  The  collective  body  of  persons  engaged  in  a 
calling.  We  speak  of  practices  honorable  or  dis- 
(:raceful  to  a  profrssion. 

4.  Among  the  Roman  Catholics^  the  entering  into  a 
religious  order,  by  which  a  person  oJTera  himself  to 
God  bv  a  vow  of  inviolable  obedience,  chastily,  and 
povert\'.  Encyc. 

PUO-FES'SION-AL,  C-fesh'un-al,)  n.  Pertaining  to 
a  profession  or  to  a  calling  ;  as,  professional  studies, 
pursuits,  duties,  engagements  ;  professional  character 
or  skill. 

PRO-FES'SION-AL-I.Y,  adv.    By  profession  or  dec- 
laration.    He  is  professionally  a  friend  to  religion. 
2.  Cy  calling;  as,  one  employed /jr»rf.-'sip/i«//y. 

PRO-FESS'OR,  n,  [L.]  One  who  nukes  open  dec- 
laration of  his  sentiments  or  opinions  ;  partictdarhj, 
one  who  makes  a  public  avowal  of  his  belief  in  the 
Scriptures  and  his  faith  in  Christ,  and  thus  unites 
himself  to  the  visible  church.     Bacon.    Hammond. 

2.  One  that  publicly  leaches  any  science  or  branch 
of  learning  J  particularly ^  an  officer  in  a  university, 
coliegc,  or  other  seminary,  whose  business  is  to  read 
lectures  or  instruct  students  in  a  particular  branch  of 
learning  ;  as,  a  professor  of  tlicology  or  maljie- 
niatlcs. 

PRO  FES-So'RI-AL,  a.     [L.  professorius.] 

Pertaining  to  a  professor  j  as,  the  professorial  chair. 

Enfield. 

PRO-I^ES.S'OR-PHIP,  n.  'I'he  office  of  a  professor  or 
public  teacher  of  the  sciences.  JValton. 

PKO-FES'SO-RY,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  professor. 

PROF'FKR,  V.  t.  [L.  profcro ;  pro  and  /pro,  to  hear  j 
ll.  projfcrcre^  profferire  ;  Sp.  profcrir  ;  Fr.  jn-ofercr.] 

1.  'i'o  offer  for  acceptance  ;  as,  to  proffer  a  gift  ;  to 
proffer  services  ;  to  jn-offer  friendship. 

2.  To  essay  or  attempt  of  one's  own  accord. 

None 
So  hardy  ns  to  ■projftr  or  accept 
Alone  llie  dreadful  voyage.  Milton. 

PROF'FER,  71.  Ad  offer  made;  something  proposed 
for  acceptance  by  another;  as,  proffers  of  peace  or 
friendship. 

He  made  a  ■proffer  to  lay  tlown  his  commission  of  command  in 
the  army.  Clarendon. 

2.  Essay  ;  attempt.  Bacon. 

I'ROF'FER-iODjpp.  or  fl.    Offered  for  acceptance. 

PROF'FER-ER,  «.  One  who  offers  any  thing  for  ac- 
ceptance. 

PROF'FER-ING,  ppr.     Offering  for  acceptance. 

l'RO-F["CIENCE,  (-fish'ens,)      in.     [from  L.  pro- 

l'UO-FI"CIEN-CY,  (-fish'cn-se,)  \  fciens,  from  pro- 
ficio,  to  advance  forward  ;  pro  and/ac/o,  to  make.] 

Advance  in  tlie  acquisition  of  any  art,  science,  or 
knowledge  ;  improvement  ;  progression  in  knowl- 
edge. Students  are  examined,  tiiat  they  may  mani- 
fest their  proficiency  in  their  studies  or  in  knowledge. 

PRO-FI"CIENT,  (-fish'ent,)  n.  One  who  has  made 
considerable  advances  in  any  business,  art,  science, 
or  branch  of  learning;  as,  a  proficient  in  a  trade  or 
occupation  ;  aprofcient  in  mathematics,  in  anatomy, 
in  music,  &c. 

PR0-F1"CIENT-LY,  adv.    By  proficiency. 

PRO-Fie'U-OUS,  a.     [L.  profcuus,  projicio,  supra.] 
Profitable  ;  advantageous  ;  useful.     [Little  used.] 

Harney. 

PRO'FILE,  (pro'fil  or  pro'feeljn.  [Fi.projil;  pro  and 
Jil ;  It.  projilo;  Sp.  and  Port,  perjil;  per  and  Jtl,  L. 
f.lum,  ;i  tlircad  or  line.] 

1.  Prijntirily,  ail  outline  or  contour ;  hence,  in 
sculpture  and  paintin:^,  a  head  or  portrait  represented 
sidewise  or  in  a  aidevicw  ;  the  side  face  or  half  face  ; 
as,  to  draw  or  appear  in  profile;  the  profile  of  Pope 
or  Addison. 

2.  In  architecture^  W\e.  contour  or  outline  of  a  fig- 
ure, budding,  or  member;  also,  the  draught  of  an 
object,  riprcsL'uting  it  as  if  cut  down  perpendicularly 
from  the  top  to  the  bottom.  Owilt. 

PRO'FII.E,  (prO'fil  or  pro'feel,)  v.  t.  [Fr.  profiler;  It. 
profilare;  Bp.  perfilar.] 

i'o  draw  the  outline  of  a  head  sidewise  ;  to  draw 
in  profile,  as  a  building. 

PRo'FIL-£D,  pp.  Drawn  so  as  to  present  a  side 
view. 

PRO'FIL-ING,  ppr.  Drawing  a  iwrtrait  so  as  to  rep- 
resent a  side  view  ;  drawing  an  outline  of.    Oieitt. 

PRO'FIL-IST,  n.    One  who  takes  pndiles. 

PROF'IT,  7(.  [Fr.  profit;  It.  profitto ;  from  L.  profec- 
tus,  proficioy  to  profit,  literally  to  proceed  forward,  to 
advance  ;  pro  and  facto.  The  primary  sense  of  facio 
is,  lo  urge  or  drive.] 


1.  In  commerce,  the  advance  in  the  price  of  goods 
sold  beyond  the  cost  of  purchase.  J^'ct  profit  is  the 
gain  uiade  by  selling  goods  at  an  advanced  [iricc,  or 
a  ]>rice  beyond  ^'t'llat  they  had  cost  the  seller,  anil 
beyond  all  costs  and  charges.  The  2>''ff'^  of  the 
farmer  and  the  manufacturer  is  the  gain  made  by  the 
sale  of  produce  or  manufactures,  after  deducting  Ihe 
value  of  the  labor,  materials,  rents,  and  all  expenses, 
together  with  the  interest  of  the  capital  employed, 
whether  land,  machinery,  buildings,  instruments,  or 
money. 

Let  no  man  anticipate  uncertain  p-tyto.  Rambler. 

2.  Any  pain  or  pecuniary  advantage;  ^3,  an  office 
of  profit  or  honor. 

a.  Any  advantage ;  any  accession  of  good  from 
labor  or  exertion;  an  extensive  signification,  com- 
prehending the  acquisition  of  any  thing  valuable, 
corporeal  or  intellectual,  temporal  or  si)iritual.  A 
person  may  derive  pro;?(  from  exercise,  amusements, 
reading,  study,  meditation,  social  intercourse,  reli- 
gions instructinn,  Ace.  Everj'  iniproveinciit  or  ad- 
vance in  knowledge  is  jrrofit  to  a  wise  man. 
PUOF'IT,  r.  ^     [It.  profUtarc  i  Fr.  profiter.] 

1.  To  benefit ;  to  advantage  ;  applied  to  one''s  self, 
to  derive  some  pecuniary  interest  or  some  accession 
of  good  from  any  thing  ;  as,  to  prnfit  one^s  self  by  a 
commercial  undertaking,  or  by  reading  or  instruction. 
In  this  sense,  the  verb  is  generally  used  intransitive- 
ly. Applied  to  others,  to  communicate  good  to ;  to 
advance  the  interest  of. 

Brethren,  if  I  come  to  you  speaking  witli  tongues,  what  shall  1 

jirojit  i/oit  ?  —  1  Cor.  xiv. 
W  hereto  might  the  etrenglli  of  their  hands  j^ofit  me?  —  Job  xxx. 

2.  To  improve ;  to  advance. 

It  is  a  great  mt^ar.s  of  profiting  your5elf,"to  copy  diligently  excel- 
lent pieces  and  beautiful  designs,  Dnjden. 

PROF'IT,  u,  i.  To  gain  advantage  in  pecuniary  in- 
terest ;  as,  to  profit  by  trade  or  manufactures. 

2.  To  make  improvement;  to  improve;  to  grow 
wiser  or  belter  ;  to  advance  in  any  thing  useful ;  as. 
io  profit  by  reading  or  by  experience. 

Slic  lias  profited  by  your  coviascl.  Dryden. 

3.  To  be  of  use  or  advantage  ;  to  brhlg  good  to. 

Itiches  profit  not  in  the  day  of  wra.th.  —  Prov.  xi. 

PROF'IT-A-BLE,  a.  [Fr.]  Yielding  or  bringing 
profit  or  gain  ;  gainful  ;  lucrative  ;  as,  a  profitable 
trade;  profitable  business;  a  profitable  study  or  pro- 
fession. 

2.  Useful;  advantageous. 

Wlial  was  9o  profitable  to  llie  einpiro,  became  fatal  to  the  em- 


peror. 


Arbulhnot. 


PROP'iT-A-BLE-NESS,  7(.  Gainfulness  ;  as,  the 
profitableness  of  trade. 

2.  Usefulness ;  advantageousness.  Mtfre.    Calamii. 
PROF'IT-A-BLY,  adv.    With   gain ;  gainfully.    Our 
ships  are  profitably  employed. 

2.  Usefully  ;  advantageously  ;  witli  improvement. 
Our  time  may  be  profitably  occupied  in  reading. 
PR0F'1T-ED,";>;;.     Benefited;  advanced  in  interest  or 
happiness;  improved. 

What  is  a  man  profiled,  if  he  ahiOI  gain  the  whole  world  and 
lose  his  own  soul  i  —  Matt.  xvi. 

PROF'IT-ING,  ppr.    Gaining  interest  or  advantage ; 

improving. 
PROF'XT-ING,  7(.    Gain  ;  advantage  ;  improvement. 

Tlinl  thy  profiting  may  appear  lo  all.  —  1  Tim.  iv. 

PROF'IT-LESS,  a.  Void  of  profit,  gain,  or  advan- 
tage. Shak. 

PROF'LI-GA-CY,  Tf.  [See  Proflioate.]  A  profligate 
or  verj'  vicious  course  of  life  ;  a  slate  of  being  aban- 
doned in  moral  principle  and  in  vice.    Barrivgton. 

PROF'LI-GATE,  a.  [L.  profli^atjcs,  profii^o,  to  rout, 
lo  ruin  ;  pro  and  fiig^o,  to  drive  or  dash.  The  word, 
then,  signifies,  dashed,  broken,  or  ruined  in  morals. 
See  Flog  and  Afflict.] 

Abandoned  to  vice ;  lost  to  principle,  virtue,  or  de- 
cency ;  extremely  vicious  ;  shameless  in  wickedness  ; 
as,  Bprofiigate  man  or  wretch. 

Next  age  will  see 
A  race  more  prof.i gate  than  we.  Roscommon. 

Made  piostituie  and  profligate  the  muse, 
Debased  to  each  obscene  and  impious  use.  Dryden. 

PROF'LI-GATE,  n.  An  abandoned  man;  a  wretch 
who  has  lost  all  regard  to  good  principles,  virtue,  or 
decency. 

How  could  such  a  projligate  as  Antony,  or  a  boy  of  eighteen  like 
Oclavius,  ever  daie  to  dream  of  giving  law  to  such  an  em- 
pire I  Sioifl. 

PROF'LI-GaTE,  r.  (.  To  drive  away  ;  a  Latin  signi- 
fication.    [JVot  used.] 

2.  To  overcome.     [JVot  used.]  Harvey, 

PROF'LI-GATE-LY,  adv.  Without  principle  or  shame. 

Swift. 
9.  In  a  course  of  extreme  viciousness ;  as,  to  spend 
life  profligatehf. 
PROF'LI-GATE-NESS,  n.     The  quality  or  state  of 
being  lost  to  virtue  and  decency.  Butler. 

2.  All  abandoned  course  of  life ;  extreme  vicious- 
ness ;  profligacy. 
PROF-LI-GA'TION,  n.     Defeat ;  rout.     [A1)i  used.] 

Bacon. 


PRO 

PROF'LU-EN(/E,  71.     [L.  prifiuens,  profiuo  ;  pro  ami 
jliio,  to  tlow.] 

A  progress  or  cour?e.     [JVai  used.]  Wutton. 

PROF'LU-EXT,  a.    Flowing  forward  ;  as,  a  pnfiuent 
stream.  J\liUon. 

PRO  EOR'JiM,  [L.]     For  the  sake  of  form. 

PRO-FOUND',  a.     [Fr.  profond ,-  It.  profondo  ;  Sp.  pro- 
funda; L.  prof undus ;  pro  and /unrfuj,  bottom.    See 

FolfKD.] 

1.  Deep ;  descending  or  being  far  below  Ihe  sur- 
face, or  far  below  the  adjacent  places;  as,  a  gulf pro- 
found.  Milton. 

2.  IntellecUialiy  deep;  lliat  enters  deeply  into  sub- 
jects ;  not  superficial  or  obvious  to  tlie  mind  ;  as,  a 
profound  investigation  ;  profound  reasoning  ;  a  pro- 
found treatise. 

3.  Humble;  very  lowly;  submissive;  as,  a  pro- 
found reverence  for  the  Supreme  Being.       I)nppa. 

4.  Penetrating  deeply  into  science  or  any  Ijrunch 
of  learning  ;  as,  a  profound  scholar ;  a  profound  math- 
ematician ;  a  profound  historian. 

5.  Deep  in  skill  or  contrivance. 

The  rcvollcrs  are  profound  to  make  Bhuight/:r.  —  Hob.  v, 

0.  Having  hidden  qualities. 

Upon  the  corner  of  thr?  room 

There  hangs  a  vaporoirs  drop  profound.  Sliak. 

PRO-FOUND', M.    The  deep;  the  sea;  the  ocean; as, 
the  vast  profound.  Dryden. 

2.  The  abyss. 

I  travel  this/wo/ound.  Milton. 

PRO-FOUND',  x\  i.    To  dive  ;  lo  penetrate.     [JVot  in 

use.]  Olanvillc. 

PRO-FOUND'LY,  adv.    Deeply;  with  deep  concern. 

Wliy  sigh  you  ao  profoundly  ?  Sha.\-. 

2.  With  deep  penetration  into  science  or  learning  ; 
with  deep  knowledge  or  insight :  as,  profoundly  wise  ; 
^prnfounrihf  skilled  in  music  or  painting.        Dryden. 
PBO-FOUND'NESS,  n.     Depth  of  place. 

2.  Depth  of  knowledge  or  of  science.         Hooker. 
PRO-FUND'I-TY,  n.  [It.  profonditdi  Sp.  profundidad ; 
from  L.  profundus.] 
Depth  of  place,  of  knowledge,  or  of  science. 

jyiUton. 
PRO-FuSE',  a.     [L.  profusus,  profundoy  to  pour  out ; 
pro  and  fundo.] 

1.  Lavish  ;  liberal  to  excess  ;  prodigal ;  as,  a  pro- 
fuse government;  a  profuse  administration.  Henry 
the  Eighth,  a  profuse  king,  dissijiated  the  treasun-s 
which  the  parsimony  of  his  fattier  had  amassed.  A 
man's  friends  are  generally  too  profuse  of  praise,  and 
his  enemies  too  sparing. 

2.  Extravagant;  lavish;  as,  prp/usc  expenditures. 

3.  Overabounding;  exuberant. 

On  a  green  slwdy  bank,  profuse  of  flowers.  Milton. 

y  I^ibcrly  1    thou  goddess  heavenly  briglil, 

Profuse  of  bliss.  Adilison. 

profuse  ornament  in  painting,  architecture,  or  gardi-ning,  as 
well  as  in  dress  or  m  language,  shows  a  mean  or  cormiuod 
taste.  Kaines. 

PRO-FUSE',  V.  t.    To  pour  out.     [Little  used.] 

Armstrong. 
9.  To  s(iuander.     [Little  used.]  Steele. 

PRO-FuSE'L^,  adc.     Lavishly;   prodigally;   as,  an 
income  profusely  expended. 

9.  With  exuberance  ;  with  great  abundance.    The 
earth  is  profusely  adorned  with  flo\\'ers  ;  ornaments 
muv  be  too  profusely  scattered  over  a  btiilding. 
PRO-FCSE'NESP,  71.    Lavishness;   prodigality;  ex- 
travagant expenditures. 

HospiLdity  sometimes  degener.ites  \nlQ  prf^fusenesa.    Atterhitry. 

2.  Great  abundance;  profusion;  as,  prDfuse7ie.<-s  o{ 
ornaments. 
PRO-Fu'SlON,  (-zhun,)  n.     [t..  profnsio.] 

1.  Lavishness ;  prodigality  ;  extravagance  of  ex- 
penditures ;  as,  to  waste  an  estate  by  profusion. 

What  meant  thy  pompous  progress  through  the  empire, 

Thy  vas    vrofusion  to  the  faciioua  nobles  ?  Uoivc. 

2.  Lavish  effusion. 

He  was  desirous  to  avoid  not  only  profusion,  but  the  leasl  effu- 
sion of  Christian  blood.  Ilayjcard. 

3.  Rich  abundance;  exuberant  plenty.  The  tabic 
contained  a  profusion  of  dainties.  Our  country  has 
a  profusion  of  food  for  man  and  beast. 

The  raptured  eye 
The  fair  jjro/usion,  yellow  autumn,  spiM.  Thomson. 

PROG,  V.  i.     [D.  pracftn-CTi,  to  beg;  Dan.  prahkcr,  id. ; 

Sw.  praeka,  to  make  use  of  shifts  ;  L.  procn,  procor.] 

To  shift  meanly  for  provisions;  to  wander  about 

and  seek  provisions  where  they  are  to  be  found;  to 

live  by  beggarly  tricks.     [J3  low  word.] 

You  are  the  lion ;  I  have  been  endeavoring  to  prog  for  you. 

Burke. 

PROG,  n.    Victuals  or  provisions  sought  by  begging, 
or  found  by  wandering  about. 
9.  Victuals  of  any  kind.     [A  low  word.]       S'^ift. 
PROG,  71.    One  that  seeks  his  victuals  by  wandering 

and  begging. 
PRO-GE\'EU-ATE,  v.  t.     VL.  pro  genera.] 

To  beget.     [JVot  in  use.] 
PRO-GEN-ER-A'TION,  n.  The  act  of  begetting ;  pro.v- 
agation.     [JVot  used.] 


FaTE,  far,  FALL,  WHAT.— MeTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARXNE,  BIRD.  — N6TE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQOK,  — 

874 


PRO 

PttO-GEN'I-TOR,  71.     [L.,  from  progigno;  pro  and, 

g^igno^  to  beget,  Gr.  yivvno.] 

An  ancestor  in  the  direct  line;  a  forefather   Adam 

was  the  pro^enittxr  uf  the  human  race. 
PRO-OENU-TliRE,  n.    A  begetting  or  birth.    [LiuU 

PROG'fc-N Y,  n.  [It.  progenie ;  L.  progeniesy  from  pro- 
gignor,'] 

Offspring  ;  race  ;  children  j  descendants  of  the 
human  kind,  or  offspring  of  other  animals ;  as,  Uie 
progeny  of  a  king  ;  the  progeny  of  Adam  ;  the  proge- 
ny of  beasts  or  fowls ;  a  tsord  of  general  application. 
PROG-No'SIS,  n.  [Gr.  irpoji'cdtris,  from  jrpoj.'»'WtrKw, 
to  know  before  ;  t/5o  and  >  tf cjffffj.] 

In  medicine^  tiae  art  of  foretelling  the  course  and 
event  of  a  disease ;  the  judgment  of  the  course  and 
event  of  a  disease  by  particular  symptoms. 

Coze.  Hooper. 
PROG-NOS'Tie,  a.  Foreshowing;  indicating  some- 
thing future  by  signs  or  symptoms ;  as,  the  prognos- 
tic symptoms  of  a  disease  :  prognostic  signs. 
PROG-NOS'Tie,  n.  In  medicine,  the  judgment  formed 
conccniing  the  course  and  event  of  a  disease  by  means 
of  the  symptoms.  Eneyc. 

9.  Sometiiing  which  foreshows;  a  sign  by  which 
a  future  event  may  be  known  or  foretold. 

In  medicine,  xisi^n  or  symptom  indicating  tlie  course 

and  event  of  a  disease.  The  appearance  of  the  tongue 

is  of  considerable  importance  as  a  prognostic.     Parr. 

3.  A  foretelling;  prediction.  Swift. 

PROG-NOS'Tie-A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  foreknown 

or  foretold.  Brown. 

FROG-NOS'Tie-ATE,  v.  t.  [from  prognostic;  It. 
prognosticare.] 

1.  To  foreshow ;    to  indicate  a  future  course  or 
event  by  present  signs.    A  clear  sky  at  sunset  prog- 
nostieittcs  a  fair  day. 
%  To  foretell  by  means  of  present  signs  ;  topredict. 

1  neiLher  wfli  nor  an  prognasdcate 

To  UbC  yoiuig  s^piiig  hfir  lus  fdlfaer's  fAte.  Dryden. 

PROG-.\0^!'Tie  A-TED,  pp.     Foreshown  ;  forelold. 

PUOG-.NOS'Tie-A-TlNG,  ppr.  Foreshowing;  fore- 
telling. 

PROG-NOS-TIC-.^'TION,  n.  The  act  of  foreshowing 
a  future  course  or  event  by  present  signs. 

3.  The  act  of  foretelling  a  course  or  event  by  pres- 
ent signs.  Bujtiet. 
3.  A  foretoken  ;  previous  sign.  Skak. 

PROG-NOS'Tie-A-TOR,  n.  A  foreknower  or  fore- 
teller of  a  future  course  or  event  by  present  signs. 

PRO-GRAM'MA,  n.  [Gr.,  from  -poypaqiaj,  to  write 
previously;  -.oa  and  )pa06j,  to  write.] 

1.  JlncieiOlyy  a  letter  sealed  with  the  king's  seal. 

Encyc. 

2.  In  a  vniversity,  a  billet  or  advertisement  to  in- 
vite persons  to  an  oration.  Encyc. 

3.  A  proclamation  oredict  posted  in  a  public  place. 

Life  of  Jl.  Wood. 

4.  That  which  is  written  before  something  else  ;  a 
preface.  Warton. 

PRo'GRAMME,  (pro'gram,)  n.  [Fr.,  from  Gr.  tt.oo- 
j-oaiifia.]  A  brief  outline  or  explanation  of  the  or- 
der to  be  pursued,  or  the  subjects  embraced,  in  any 
public  exercise,  performance,  entertainment,  or  se- 
ries of  exercises. 

PROG'llESS,n.  \¥x.pT0gr^s;  Sp.progreso;  L.  prn- 
gre^siis,  progredior  ;  pro  and  gradtor,  to  Step  or  go. 
See  Grade  and  Degree.] 

1.  A  moving  or  going  fonvard  ;  a  proceeding  on- 
ward. A  man  makes  a  slow  progress  or  a  nif>id 
progress  on  a  journey;  a  ship  makes  slow  progress 
against  the  tide.  He  watched  the  progress  uf  the 
army  on  its  march,  or  the  progress  of  a  star  or  comet. 

2.  A  moving  forward  in  growth ;  increase  ;  as, 
the  progress  of  a  plant  or  animal. 

3.  Advance  in  business  of  any  kind;  as,  ihe  prog- 
ress of  a  negotiation  ;  the  progress  of  arts. 

4.  Advance  in  knowledge;  intellectual  or  moral 
improvement ;  proficiency.  The  student  is  com- 
mended for  his  pr(?i,'rf^5  in  learning;  the  Christian 
for  his  progress.in  virtue  and  piety. 

5.  Removal ;  passage  from  place  to  place. 

From  Egypl  arta  iheir  progress  made  to  Greece.        Dfrdiani. 

6.  A  journey  of  stale ;  a  circuit. 

Blaekstone.     Addison. 
PRO-GRESS',  r.  7.    To  move  forward  in  space ;  to 
pass ;  to  proceed. 

Let  me  wipe  otT  tliU  lior.ontMe  dew 

Thai  nltery  iloth  jirogress  on  thy  clicclo.  Shak. 

—  AlUioiigii  the  popular  0!;ifit 
Hath  reareil  Uiy  i>.\me  up  u>  beatritfe  a  ciuuJ, 
Ot  progress  in  the  chariot  of  the  6im, 

Broker.  Heart,  by  fTjrr/,  «oI.  1.  p.  303, 

Gigor-i's  ed.  London,  1827. 

[These  authors  accent  the  first  syllable,  but  the  ac- 
cent is  now  on  the  second.] 

2.  To  proceed  ;  to  continue  onward  in  course. 

After  the  war  had  progreeeed  for  some  time.  Marshall. 

They  progress  in  that  style  in  proportion   at  their   pieces  are 
irc-aicd  wiUi  contempt.  Washington. 

Knotrles,  Smart,  and  RcijI,  have  inserted  the  word, 
in  thjs  sense,  in  their  dictionaries. 

3.  To  advance  ;  to  make  improvement. 
Vu  Ponceau.     Bayard. 


PRO 

PRO-GRESS'ED,  (pro-grest',)  pp.      Moved  forward  ; 

proceeded. 
PRO-GRESS'ING,  j»/;r.    Movingforward  ;  advancing. 

Milton.     Reform  of  Eng. 
PRO-GRES'SION,  (pro-gresh'un,)  n.     [Fr.,  from  L. 

progression  progredior.] 

1.  The  act  of  moving  forward  ;  a  proceeding  in  a 
course  ;  motion  onward.  Locke. 

9.  Intellectual  advance ;  as,  the  progression  of 
thought.  Locke. 

3.  Course  ;  passage.  ShaU. 

4.  In  matkematics,  rj?gu'ar  or  proportional  advance 
in  increase  or  decre-^st  rf  numbers ;  continued  pro- 
portion, arithmetics  jometrical,  or  hannonical. 
Arithmetical  progress  ;>  is  when  the  terms  increase 
or  decrease  by  equal  •  lii  f  rences.    Thus, 

lo"    8*    6*    4*    "^  '  1  ^^'  ^'^^  difference  9. 
GeoniL'trical  progression  is  when  the  terms  increase 
or  decrciise  by  equal  laiios.    Thus, 
9.    4.    8.    16.  33.  G4.  )  by  a  continual  multiplica- 
64.  33.  IG.    8.    4.    2.    j      tiou  or  division  by  2. 

Encyc. 

5.  In  music,  a  regular  succession  of  chords  or 
movement  of  the  parts  in  harmony. 

PRO-GRE.S'SION-AL,  (-gresh'un-al,)  a.  That  ad- 
vances ;  that  is  in  a  state  of  advance.         Brown. 

PIIO-GRESS'IVE,  a.  Moving  forward;  proceeding 
onward ;  advancing ;  as,  progressivs  motion  or 
course  ;  opposed  to  RETROGF.iDE.      Bacon.    Ray. 

2.  Improving.    The  arts  are  in  a  progressive  state. 
PRO-GRESS'iVE-LY,  ady.    By  motion  onward;  by 

regular  advances.  Hooker. 

rRO-GRESS'IVE-NE.SS,  n.      The    state  of  moving 

forward  ;  an  advancing  ;  state  of  improvement ;  as, 

the  proirressicencss  of  science,  arts,  or  taste. 
PRO  ilA-e  f'T'CE,  [L.]     For  liiis  occasion. 
PRO-IIIB'IT,  I'.  (.     [L.  prohibeo;   pro  and  kabeoj  to 

hold;  Fr.  proliibcr  ;  It.  proibire  ;  Sp.  prokibir.] 

1.  Tofoibid;  to  interdict  by  authority  ;  applicable 
to  persons  or  things,  but  iijiphjing  aulliorily  or  right. 
God  prohibtted  Adam  to  eat  of  the  fruit  of  a  certain 
tree.  The  moral  law  prohibits  what  is  wrong,  and 
commands  what  is  right.  We  prohibit  a  person  to 
do  a  thing,  and  we  prohibit  the  thing  to  be  done. 

2.  To  hinder;  to  debar  ;  to  prevent;  lo  preclude, 

Gatps  of  burning  ailamant, 
IJArred  over  ns,yro/iii;:  ail  egress. 

PROniB'IT-ED 

drred. 
PRO-HIB'IT-ER,  n.    One  who  prohibits  or  forbids;  a 

fiirbidiler;  nn  interdicter. 
PRO-IHB'IT-ING,   ppr.      Forbidding;    interdicting; 

debarring. 
rRO-HI-BI"TION,    (pro-he-bish'un,)  n.      [Fr.,  from 

L.  prohibitio.] 

1.  The  act  of  forbidding  or  interdicting  ;  a  decla- 
ration to  hinder  some  action  ;  interdict. 

Th'?  law  of  fiiid,  ill  the  ten  eommandmenls,  coitsista  mostly  of 
prohibiliona  i  —"  Tlion  siialt  uotdu  sucli  a  tiiiu?." 

Tdlotson. 

2.  In  law,  a.  writ  of  prohibition,  is  a  writ  issuing 
from  a  superior  tribunal,  directed  to  the  judges  of  an 
inferior  court,  conmianding  them  to  cease  from  the 
prosecution  of  a  suit.  By  tWsps'is,  prohibition  is  used 
for  the  writ  itself.  Blaekstone. 

PR0-II[-B["TIO.\-IST,  7(.    One  who  favors  prohibit- 
ory duties  in  commerce. 
PRO-HIB'IT-IVE,     \a.    Forbidding;    implying  pro- 
PRO-HIB'IT-0-RV,  \      hibition.     Barroic.    Jiyliffe. 
PROIN,  i\  t.     [Fr.  provigncr;  pro  and  vi^ne,  vine.] 
To  lop;  to  trim;  to  prune.     [Obs.]     [See  Prune.] 

B.  Jonsun. 
PROIN,  r.  /.    To  be  employed  in  pnming.     {Obs.'] 

Bacon. 
PRO-JECT',  V.  t.      [L.  projicio;  pro,  forward,  and 
jaclb,  lo  throw;    It.  progcttare;   Fr.  projcter ;    Sp. 
proyeciar.] 

1.  To  tlirow  out ;  to  cast  or  shoot  forward. 


Milion. 
.  or  a.    Forbid  ;  Interdicted  ;  hin- 


Tb'  ascending  villas 
Project  long  shadows  o'er  the  ciyfitaj  tide. 


Poi^e 


2.  To  cast  forward  iu  the  mind;  to  scheme;  to 
contrive  ;  to  devise  something  to  be  done  ;  as,  to  pro- 
ject a  plan  for  paying  off  the  national  debt ;  lo  pro- 
ject an  expedition  to  South  America;  to  project  peace 
or  war.  Milton. 

3.  To  draw  or  exhibit,  as  the  form  of  any  thing; 
to  delineate. 

PRO-JEGT',  tJ.  r.  To  shoot  forward;  to  extend  be- 
yond something  else  ;  to  jut:  to  be  prominent;  as, 
the  cornice  projects. 

PROJ'ECT,  n.     [Fr.projet.] 

1.  A  scheme  ;  a  design  ;  something  intended  or 
devised;  contrivance;  as,  the  projccf  of  a  canal  from 
the  Hudson  to  the  lakes;  all  our  projects  of  happi- 
ness are  liable  to  be  frustrated. 

2.  An  idle  scheme ;  a  design  not  practicable ;  as, 
a  man  given  lo  projects. 

PRO-JECT'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Cast  out  or  forward; 
schemed;  devised;  delineated. 

PRO-JECT'lLE,  a.  Impelling  forward;  as,  a  project- 
ile force. 


PRO 

2,  Given  by  impulse;  impelled  forward;  -iSj pro- 
jectile motion.  Jirbuthnot. 

PKO-JECT'l^E,  n.    A  body  projected,  or  impelled 
forward  by  force,  pnrtiruSarly  through  the  air. 

2.  Projectiles,  in  mechanical  phitufophy,  is  tint  part 
which  treats  of  the  motion  of  bodies  thrown  or  driv- 
en by  an  ini|)el]ing  force  above  the  earth. 

PRO-JEeT'Ii\G,   ppr.    Throwing    out   or   forward; 
scheming;  contriving. 

PRO-JE€T'I.\G,  ppr.  or  a.    Shooting  out ;  jutting  ; 
extending  forward  ;  as,  a  projecting  rock. 

PRO-JEC'TION,  n.     [h. prujcclio.] 

1.  The  act  of  throwing  or  shooting  forward. 

Brotsn. 

2.  A  part  jutting  out,  as  of  a  building ;  an  exten- 
sion beyond  something  else. 

3.  The  act  of  scheming;  plan;  scheme;  design 
of  something  to  be  executed. 

4.  Plan  ;  delineation;  the  representation  of  some- 
thing ;  as,  the  projection  of  the  sphere,  is  a  delinea- 
tion of  the  several  parts  of  its  surface  on  a  plane. 
There  are  tliree  principal  points  ttf  projection ;  the 
stereo  graphic,  in  which  the  eye  is  supposed  to  be 
placed  on  the  surface  of  the  sphere  ;  the  orthographic, 
in  which  the  eye  is  supposed  to  be  at  an  infinite  dis- 
tance ;  ami  X\\e  gnomonic,  in  which  the  eyi;  is  placed 
in  the  center  of  tiie  sphere.  Brande. 

Globular  projection ;  that  projection  of  the  sphere 
which  so  represents  its  circles  as  to  present  the  ap- 
pearance of  a  globe. 

Mereator^s  projection;  a  mode  of  representing  the 
sphere  in  which  ihe  meridians  are  drawn  parallel  to 
each  other,  and  tiie  parallels  of  latitude  are  straight 
lines,  whose  distance  from  each  oilier  increases  with 
tlieir  distance  from  the  equator,  so  liiat  at  all  places 
Ihe  degrees  of  latitude  and  longitude  have  to  each 
other  the  same  ratio  as  on  the  sphere  itself. 

In  perspective,  projection  denotes  the  appearance  or 
representation  of  an  object  on  the  perspective  plane. 

Encyc. 

5.  In  alchemy,  the  casting  of  a  certain  powder, 
called  powder  of  projection,  into  a  crucible  or  otlu^r 
vessel  lull  of  some  prep:ired  metal  or  olher  matter, 
which  is  to  be  lliereby  transmuted  into  gold.     Encnc. 

PRO-JECT'MENT,  n.     Design;  contrivance.     [Litlte 

iified.]  Clarendon. 

PRO-JECT'OB,  71.    One  who  forms  a  scheme  or  de- 
sign. .Addison. 
2.  One  who  forms  wild  or  impracticable  schemes. 

Pope. 
PRO-JEGT'URE,  n.  A  jutting  or  standing  out  beyond 

the  line  or  surface  of  something  else.  Encyc. 

PRO-JET',  (pro-zha',)  n.     [Fr.]     A  plan   proposed; 

the  draft  of  a  proposed  measure,  arrangement,  &c. 

Bouvier 
PRO-LAPSE',  (pro-laps',)  n.     [L.  prolapsus,  pralabor.j 
A  falling  down  or  falling  out  of  some  part  of  the 
body,  as  of  the  uterus  or  intestines.  Encye. 

PRO-LAPSE',  (pro-laps',)  v.  i.  To  fall  down  or  out ; 
to  project  too  much. 

PRO-LAP'SION,  j    See  Prolapse   n 
PRO-LAP'SUS.     i    E^ee  f  aoLAPSE,  3^. 

PRO-LaTE',  v.  U     [L.  prolatitm,  profero.] 

To  utter  ;  lo  pronounce.     [J\*o(  used.]         Howell. 
PRo'LaTE,  a.     [Supia.]     Extended  beyond  the  line 
of  an  exact  sphere  ;  opposed  to  Oblate.     A  prolate 
spheroid  is  produced  by  the  revolution  of  a  semi-el- 
h|)se  about  its  larger  diameter.  Brande. 

PRO-La'TION,  n.     [L.  prolalio,  from  profero.\ 

J.  Utterance;  pronunciation.     [Little  nse*l7\     Ray. 

2.  Delay;  act  of  deferring.     [Xut  used.] 

Ainsu:orth. 

3.  A  method,  in  imtsic^  of  determining  the  power 
of  semibreves  and  minims.  Busby. 

PRO-LE-GO.\rE-NA,  n.  pi  [Gr.  TTpoMyopiva ;  -po 
and  Aej  w,  to  speak.] 

Preliminarj'  observations  ;  introductory  remarks  or 
discourses  prefixed  to  a  book  or  treatise.      Walton. 

PRO-I.E-GGM'E-NA-RY,  a.  Preliminary;  introduc- 
tory ;  containing  previous  explanations.    Ed.  Rev. 

PRo'LEGS,  n.  pi.  In  entomology,  the  fleshy,  pediform, 
and  frequently  retractile  organs,  which  assist  various 
larviE  in  their  movements.  Brande. 

PRO-LEP'SIS,  n.  [Gr.  Trpo'Kijtpis,  from  -rpoXafiffavM ; 
TTijfl  and  Art/ijtfui'w,  lo  take.] 

1.  Anticipation  ;  a  figure  in  rhetoric  by  which  ob- 
jections are  anticipated  or  prevented.        Bramhall. 

2.  An  error  in  chronology,  when  an  event  is  dated 
before  the  actual  lime  :  a  species  of  anachronism. 

Th-obaid. 
PRO-LEP'Tie,         )  a.    Pertaining  to  prolepsis  or  an- 
PRO-LEP'TI€-AL,  \      licipation. 

2.  Previous  ;  antecedent.  Olanville. 

3.  In  medicine,  anticipating  the  usual  time  ;  applied 
to  a  periodical  disease,  whose  paroxysm  returns  at  an 
earlier  hour  at  every  repetition.  Encyc. 

PRO-LEP'Tie-Al^LY,  adv.     By  way  of  anticipation. 
PRO-LE-TA'NE-OUS,  a.      Having  a  numerous  off- 
spring. 
PRO-LE-Ta'RI-AN,  a.      [L.  proUtarivs^  from  proles, 
offspring.] 

Mean  ;  vile  ;  vulgar.     [A1j(  iMcrf,]  Hudtbras. 

PRo'LE-TA-RY,  n.    A  common  person.     [JVot  useil.} 

Burton. 


TCNE,  BJJLL,  IGNITE.— AN"GER,  VI"CI0US — €  as  K;  6  aa  J;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

875" 


PRO 


PRO 


PROI.'I-CIDE,  n.    [1..  proles,  offspring,  and  cada,  lo 

The  crinv.'  of  (lusirojing  one's  offsiiring  ciMi  r  in 
Ihe  wonih  i.r  nfler  birlli.  Bourier. 

I'RO-LIF'ER-01'J=,  a.  [Infra.]  \n  bolany,  n  proltfer- 
0IL1  Hower  is  :i  flower  wliicli  produces  another  flower 
wilhin  itself.  A  yrotiferaus  umbel  is  one  wliicli  pro- 
duces another  umbel  from  its  own  center. 
PKO-LlF'ie,  )  1.  [It.  nnil  Sp.  proli/ico ;  Fr.  pro- 
rilO-LIF'lC-.\I-,  i  l!j!que;  h.  imlrs,  oflspring,  and 
fticio,  to  make.]  ,    .  ,  , 

I.  Producing  joung  or  fruit ;  fruitful ;  generative ; 
productive  ;  upplied  la  animals  and  plants  ;  as,  a  pro- 
lific female  ;  a  prolijlc  tree. 

'  2  Productive  :  liavins  the  quality  of  gencratins  ; 
as,  a  controversy  prolific  of  evil  consequences ;  a  pro- 
lijir.  brain. 

3.  A  praUfic  flower,  [/'rod/er,]  in  holnu'j,  is  one 
which  produces  a  second  llowerfrmn  its  own  center, 
or  which  has  smr.lkr  flowers  crowing  out  of  the  prm- 
cipal  one.    Uut  l'aoi,ii--EnoL-3  is  commonly  n.sed. 

Encyc.     .Martin. 
PRO  LIF'ie-A-CV,  11.   Fruitfulness  ;  great  productive- 
ness. Knajc. 
PRO-LlF'ie-AI..-LY,  adc.     Fruitfully  ;  v.-itli  gre.al  in- 

paO-LIF-ie-A'TION,  11.  [See  Paoi.iFic.]  The  goii- 
cnition  of  voung  or  of  plants. 

o  In  iMtany,  the  production  of  a  second  flower 
from  the  substance  of  tlie  first.  This  is  either  from 
the  center  of  a  simple  liowcr,  or  from  the  side  of  an 
aggregate  flower.  .-i^^* 

PRO-LIF'I€-NESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  prohflc. 

Scott. 

PRO-LIX',  0.  IL.  proliius :  pro  and  laxiis,  literally, 
drawn  out.  Often  in  the  United  States  pronounced 
priiHix^]  ,         ,  ... 

1.  Long ;  extending  to  a  great  length  ;  minute  m 
narration  or  argument ;  applied  onhi  with  reference  to 
discourse,  speech,  and  writing  ;  as,  a  proliz  oration  ;  a 
prolix  poem  ;  a  proliz  sermon  ;  a  prolit  writer. 

2.  Of  long  duration.     [Kvtinuse.'] 
PRO-I.IX'IOUS,  (-sbus,)a.    Dilatory ;  tedious.    [JVot 

nsed.\  .  S*<^-., 

PRO-LIX' I-TY.    )  )i.    Great  length  ;   minute  detail ; 
PRO-LIX'NESS,  ]      applied  only  to  disconrses  and  vn-i- 

tinrrs.     Prolixity  is  not  always  tedious. 
PRO-LIX'LY,  adr.    At  great  length.  Drijden. 

PRO-LO-€U'TOR,  n.     [L.  prole qnor ;  pro  and  loquor, 

to  speak.]  ..         =,   ■/■, 

The  speaker  or  chairman  of  a  convocation,    awijt. 

PRO-LO-eC'TOR-SHIP,  ii.    The  oflice  or  station  of  a 

prolocutor.  ,,,..• 

PRo'LO-(5IZE,  1-.  i.    To  deliver  a  prologue.    [JVot  in 

nsc.'l 

RO'Ll 


iVin.t. 


PRO'LOGUE,  (pro'log,)  n.     [Fr.,  from  L.  proUgiis 
Gr.  r.wX-^yo^i  -o  '  and  X-yti,  discourse.] 

The  preface  or  introduction  to  a  discourse  or  per- 
formance, chiefly  the  discourse  or  poem  spoken  be- 
fore a  dramatic  performance  or  play  begins.    Encyc. 

PRO'LOGUE,  (pro'log,)  r.  «.     {l\.  prolo«are.] 

To  introduce  with  a  formal  preface.  Sltak. 

PRo'LOOL'-jED,  pp.     Introduced  with  a  preface. 

PRO'LOGU-ING,   ppr.      Introducing  with  a  foriml 
preface. 

PRO-LONG',  v.  t.     [Fr.  prolon^er  ;  It.  prohingare  ;  bp. 
prolan  <f  art  h.  pro  and  long-ns.     See  Long.] 

1.  'I'd  lengthen  in  time  ;  to  extend  the  duration  of. 
Temperate  habits  tend  to  prohms  life. 

2.  To  lengthen  ;  to  draw  out  in  time  by  delay  ;  to 
continue. 

Tb'  unhappy  quceii  with  Ulk  prolonged  ihe  night,      Dryd^n. 

3.  To  put  oft'  to  a  distant  time. 

Tor  I  myself  am  not  so  wsll  provided 

As  cl^  1  wonl.l  tw;,  were  the  day  prolonged. 

4.  To  e.xtend  in  space  or  length. 
PR0-LON"GaTE,  1-.  (.    To  extend  or  lengthen  in 

space  ;  as,  to  pruhn^atc  a  line. 
2.  To  extend  in  time.     [Little  used.] 

PR0-L0iN"GA-TEr),  pp.     Extended  in  space;  contin- 
ued in  length. 

PRO-LO.N"'Ga-TIXG.  ppr.    Lengthening  in  space. 

PRO-LON"Oa'TIO.N,  n.    [Fr.]     Tne  act  of  lengthen- 
ing in  time  or  space  ;  as,  the  prolongation  of  life. 

BrtC071. 
The  prolongatiiit  ol  ii  line.  Lr.voisier,  Trans. 

2.  Extension  of  time  by  delay  or  postponement ; 

as,  the  prolongation  of  days  for  payment.      Bacon. 
PRO-LONG'-ED,  pp.  or  a.    Lengthened  in  duration  or 

space. 
PRO-LONG'ER,  n.     He  or  that  which  lengthens  in 

time  or  space. 
PRO-LONG'ING,  ppr.    Extending  in  time;  continu- 
ing in  length. 
PRO-LU'SIO-V,  (-zlmn,)  n.     [L.  protusio,  protitdo  ;  pro 

and  lado,  to  play.] 
A  prelude  ;  a  trial  before  the  principal  performance ; 

hence,  in  a  general  sense,  a  trial ;  an  essay. 

Rirlt.  Diet. 
FROM-E-N.^DE',  71.     [Fr.,  from  promener;  pro  and 

mcner,  to  lead.] 

1.  A  walk  for  amusement  or  exercise. 

2.  A  place  for  walking.  


PROM-E-N.\DE',  I),  i.  To  walk  for  amusement  or  ex- 
ercise. .  .  ,  ,  , 

PRO.M-E-N.^D'ER,  71.    He  or  that  which  promenades. 

PROM-E-NaD'ING,  ppr.  Walking  for  amusement  or 
exercise. 

PKO-MER'IT,  V.  t.  [L.  pronwreo,  promcritnm  ,*  pro  and 
mereo,  to  merit.] 

1.  To  oblige  ;  to  confer  a  favor  on.  HalU 

2.  To  deserve  ;  to  procure  by  merit.        Pearson, 
I  This  word  is  little  used,  or  not  at  all.\ 

PRO-Mk'THE-AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  Prometheus,  who 
stole  fire  from  heaven. 

2.  Having  the  life-giving  quality  of  the  fire  thus 
stolen.  .   , 

PRO-Me'TIIE-AN,  v.  a  glass  tube  containing  sul- 
phuric acid,  and  surrounded  by  an  inflammable  mix- 
lure,  which  it  ignites  on  being  pressed.        Brande. 

PROM'I-NENCE,   j  ?i.     [L.  prominentia,  from  ;iro7n!- 

PRoSl'I-NEN-C  Y,  (  7iee ;  pro  and  7ni7wr,  to  menace, 
tliat  is,  10  shoot  forward.] 

1.  A  standing  out  from  the  surface  of  something, 
or  that  which  juts  out ;  protuberance  ;  as,  the  prom- 
inence of  a  joint  :  the  prominence  (d"  a  rock  or  clitT; 
the  prominence  of  the  nose.  Small  hills  and  knolls 
arc  prominences  on  the  surface  of  the  eartll. 

2.  Conspicuousness ;  distinction. 
PROM'I-NENT,  a.     [L.  promincns.] 

1.  Standing  out  beyond  the  luie  or  surface  of 
something;  jutting;  protuberant;  in  high  relief ;  as, 
a  prominent  ti^ute  on  a  vase. 

2.  Full ;  large  ;  as,  a  prominent  eye. 

3.  Eminent;  distinguished  above  others;  as,  a 
prominent  character. 

4.  Principal ;  most  visible  or  striking  to  the  eye  ; 
conspicuous.  The  figure  of  a  man  or  of  a  building 
holds  a  prominent  place  in  a  picture. 

PROiM'I-NENT-LY,  nrfe.  In  a  prominent  manner  ;  so 
as  to  stand  out  beyond  the  other  parts ;  eminently; 
in  a  striking  manner;  conspicuously. 

PRO-MIS'eU-OUS,  a.  [L.  promiscnus ;  Jiro  anA  mis- 
ceo,  to  niix.1 

1.  Minele'd;  consisting  of  individuals  united  in  a 
body  or  mass  without  order ;  confused ;  undistin- 
guished ;  as,  0.  promiscuous  crowd  or  m.ass. 

A  wilJ  where  weeds  nml  {lowers  prominciious  shoot.      Pope. 

2.  Common  ;  indiscriminate ;  not  restricted  to  an 
individual ;  as,  promiscuous  love  or  intercourse. 

PRO-MIS'eU-OUS-LY,  adv.  In  a  crowd  or  mass 
without  order ;  with  confused  mixture  ;  indiscrimi- 
nately ;  as,  men  of  all  classes  promuicuously  assem- 
bled ;  particles  of  different  earths  promiscuoashj 
2.  Without  distinction  of  kinds.  [united. 

Lik-e  heasL*  ;i.ui  hir  Is  promiscuouslij  ihey  join.  f  o;«. 

PRO-:MIS'eU-OUS-NESS,  71.  -A  state  of  being  mixed 
without  order  or  distinction.  Jislu 

PROM'ISE,  71.  [L.  proiiiissum,  from  promitto,  to  send 
before  or  forward  ;  pro  and  milto,  to  send  ;  Fr.  pra- 
mettre,  proniis,  promcssc  ;  It.  promcttcre,promessa ;  Sp. 
jyromcter,  promesa.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  a  declaration,  written  or  ver- 
bal, made'by  one  person  to  another,  which  binds  the 
person  who  makes  it,  cither  in  honor,  conscience,  or 
lav.',  to  do  or  foriiear  a  certain  act  specified  ;  a  dec- 
laration which  gives  to  the  person  to  whom  it  is 
made  a  right  lo  expect  or  to  claim  the  performance 
or  Ibibearance  of  the  act.  The  promise  of  a  visit  to 
my  neighbor  gives  him  a  right  to  expect  it,  and  I  am 
hound  in  honor  and  civility  to  perl'orm  the  promise. 
Of  such  ^promise  human  laws  have  no  cognizance  ; 
but  the  fultillment  of  it  is  one  of  the  minor  morali- 
ties which  civility,  kindness,  and  strict  integrity,  re- 
quire to  be  observed. 

2.  In  law,  a  declaration,  verbal  or  written,  made 
by  one  person  to  another  for  a  good  or  valuable  con- 
sideration, in  the  nature  of  a  covenant,  by  which  the 
promiser  binils  himself,  and,  as  the  case  may  be,  his 
le<ral  rrpresentatives,  to  do  or  forbear  some  act,  and 
gives  to  the  promisee  a  legal  right  to  demand  and 
enforce  a  fulfillment. 

3.  A  binding  declaration  of  something  to  be  done 
or  given  for  another's  benefit ;  as,  the  promise  of  a 
grant  of  land.  A  promise  may  be  absolute  or  condi- 
tional i  lawful  or  unlawful:  express  or  implied.  An 
absolute  promise  nuist  he  fulfilled  at  all  events.  The 
obligation  to  fulfill  a  conditional  promise  depends  on 
the  performance  of  the  condition.  An  unlawful 
promise  is  not  binding,  because  it  is  void ;  for  it  is 
incompatible  with  a  prior  paramount  obligation  of 
obedience  to  the  laws.  An  express  promise  is  one 
expressed  in  words  or  writing.  An  implied  promise 
is  one  which  reason  and  justice  dictate.  If  I  hire  a 
man  to  perform  a  day's  labor;  without  any  declara- 
tion that  I  will  pay  him,  tlie  law  presumes  a  promise 
on  my  part  that  I  will  give  him  a  reasonable  reward, 
and  will  enforce  such  implied  promise. 

4.  Hopes  ;  expectation,  or  that  which  affords  ex- 
pectation of  future  distinction  ;  as,  a  youth  of  great 
promise. 

My  native  counli-y  was  full  of  youthful  promiJie.  Irving. 

5.  That  which  is  promised  :  fulfillment  or  grant  of 
what  is  promised. 

He  commanded  them  that  they  should  not  dep.art  from  Jcrus,a; 
lem,  but  wait  for  the  promise  of  the  Father.  —  -Acts  i. 


PRO 

G.  In  Scripture,  \hs  promise  of  Gotl  is  the  declara- 
tion or  assurance  whicii  Goil  lias  piven  in  his  word 
of  besto^ving  blessings  on  his  people,  i^nch  assur- 
ance, resting  on  the  perfect  justice,  power,  bLmevn- 
lence,  and  immutable  veracity  of  God,  can  not  fail  of 
performance. 

Tlic  Lonl  ie  not  sl^ek  coiiwniin*  his  jiromieet.  —  2  Pl-u  iii. 
PROM'ISE,  r.  t.  To  make  a  declaration  to  another, 
which  binds  the  promiser  in  lionor,  conscience,  or 
law,  to  do  or  furbcar  some  act :  as,  to  promise  a  visit 
to  a  friend  ;  to  proml'ic  a  cessation  of  hostilities  ;  to 
■arovnse  the  payment  of  money. 

2.  To  afford'  reason  to  expect  ;  as,  the  year  piom 
ises  a  good  harvest. 

3.  To  make  declaration  or  give  assurance  of  some 
benefit  to  be  conferred  ;  to  pledge  or  engage  to  bestow. 

Tlie  prorriflors  7>-o/:ii^erf  Urg'^  tracts  of  laiiil. 

Charier  of  Dartmouth  CoUege. 


PROM'ISE,  r.  I.  To  assure  one  by  a  promise  or  bind- 
ing declaration.  The  man  ;jroniJsw  fair  j  let  us  for- 
give him. 

2.  'J'o  afford  Ijopes  or  expectations  ;  to  give  ground 
to  expect  good.  The  youth  proinises  to  be  an  emi- 
nent man;  the  wheat  promist^  to  be  a  good  crup  ■, 
the  wenthcr  promises  to  be  pleasant. 

3.  In  popular  jwe,  this  verb  sometimes  threatens  or 
assures  of  evil.  The  rogue  shall  be  punished,  I 
pj-ojnise  you. 

Will  not  the  ladies  be  afniid  of  the  Lion  f 

—  1  f'Nir  il,  1  promise  you.  SlioA. 

In  tlie  latter  example,  promise  is  equivalent  to  de- 
clare :  *'  I  declare  to  you." 

4.  To  promise  07ie^sself;  to  be  assured  or  to  have 
strong  confidence. 

I  dare  promise  myself  yon  will  attest  the  Iruih  of  all  I  have  ad- 
v;\nced.  Rambler. 

PtlOISI'ISE- BREACH,  7J.    Violation  of  promise.  ShnJ;, 

PROM'ISE-BREaK'ER,  n.    A  violator  of  promises. 

Shak. 

PR0M'IS-£D,  (prom'ist,)  pp.  or  a.  Engaged  by  Wurd 
or  writing  ;  stipulated. 

PROM-IS-EE',  71.  The  person  to  whom  a  promise  is 
made.  E-ncyc. 

PROM'IS-ER,  n.  One  who  promises ;  one  who  en- 
gages, assures,  stipulates,  or  covenants.  Fear,  says 
Dryden,  is  a  great  promisci:  We  may  say  that  lioiie 
is  a  very  liberal  jtromiser. 

The  import  of  a  promise,  wiien  disputed,  is  not  to  be  dclern..  '■ 
hv  the  seiiso  ut  '.he  promttcr,  nor  by  the  oxpcctaUoiis  i>i  ui ; 
promisee.  Paley.    Em-ijr. 

JVotc.  —  In  hiiD  I,angua^e,  Promisor  is  used,  but 
without  neccssiiv  or  advantage. 
PUO.M'IS-ING,  ppr.    Engaging  by  words  or  wnimg  ; 
stipulating;  assuring. 

2.  Affording  just  expectations  of  good  or  reasona- 
ble ground  of  hops  ;  as,  a /wohm^/o- youth  ;  a  pn>m~ 
iVmjT  prospect.     [In  this  sense  the  word  may  be  a  par- 
ticiple or  an  ai!'iectivc.'\ 
PR0M'I?-IXG-"LY,  ado.    In  a  promising  manner. 
PROM'IS-SO-RI-Ly,  adv.    By  way  of  promise. 
PROM'IS-SO-RY,  (7.    Containing  a  promise  or  binding 
declaration  of  something  to  be  done  or  forborne. 

Arbuthuot. 
2.  In  latr,  a  promissory  note  is  a  writing  which 
contains  a  promise  of  the  payment  of  money  or  the 
delivery  of  property  to  another,  at  or  before  a  time 
specified,  in  consideration  of  value  received  by  llie 
promiser.  In  Eatrland^  promissonj  notes  and  bills  of 
exchange,  being  negotiable  for  the  payment  of  a  less 
sum  than  twentv  shillings,  arc  declared  lo  be  void 
by  Stat.  15  Geo.  I'll.  Blackstonr. 

PROM'OX-TO-RY,  n.  [L.  premontorium ;  pro,  lor- 
ward,  and  monSy  a  mountain;  Fr.  jiromontoire ;  It. 
and  Sp.  promontario.] 

In  geography,  a  high  point  of  land  or  rock,  project- 
ing into^tbe  sea  beyond  the  line  of  coast ;  a  h'^ad 
land.  It  differs  from' a  cape  in  denoting  high  land  ;  a 
cape  may  be  a  similar  projection  of  land,  high  or  low. 

Like  one  Uiat  stands  upon  a  promonloi-f.  Shak.  _ 

If  you  ilrink  tea  on  :t  promontory  Ihiit  ovciliaiigs  ihc  sm,  it  is 
prefemble  to  an  Msetiibly.  Pope. 

PR0-M6TE',  T.  t.  [L.  promotus,  promaveo,  to  move 
furward  ;  pro  and  moveo,  to  move  ;  It.  provwccre  ; 
Sp.  promoKcr  ;  Fr.  promouvoir.'] 

1.  To  furward  ;  to  advance;  to  contribute  to  the 
growth,  enlargement,  or  excellence  of  any  thing  val- 
uable, or  to  the  increase  of  any  thing  evil ;  as,  to 
promote  learning,  knowledge,  virtue,  or  religion  ;  to 
promote  the  interests  of  commerce  or  agriculturt' ;  to 
promote  the  arts  ;  to  promote  civilization  or  n-finc- 
ment  ;  to  promote  the  [iropagation  of  the  gospel  ;  to 
promote  vice  and  disorder. 

2.  To  excite  ;  as,  to  promote  mutiny. 

3.  To  exalt ;  to  elevate ;  to  raise ;  to  prefer  in 
rank  or  honor. 

I  will  jiromole  thee  to  v^ry  great  honor.  —  Num.  xxii. 
Exalt Ik-t,  :iud  she  eh.ill  promote  thoc.  — Prov.  iv. 

PRO-MoT'ED,  pp.    Advanced  ;  exalted. 
PRO-MoT'ER,  v.     He  or  that  which  forwards,  ad- 
vance:!, or  promotes ;  an  encourager  ;  as,  a  promot'rr 

JiUcTbtiry. 


of  charity. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T.-MkTE,  PREY. -PINE,  MARtNE,  DIRD.-NQTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BOOK.- 


t7Q 


PRO 

2.  One  that  exciles  j  as,  a  promoter  of  sedition.        I 
li.  An  infitrmer-,  a  niakc-bate.    [Obs."] 

rRO-MoT'ING,  i>pr.    Forwarding j  advancing;  ex- 
citing; exalting. 
PRO-Md'TION,  n.     [Fr.,  from  promoU.] 

I.  The  act  of  promoting  ;  advancciitent ;  encour- 
agement ;  as,  the  promotion  of  virtue  or  morals  ;  the 
promotion  of  peace  or  of  di?ccrd. 

•;.  Exaltation  in  rank  or  honor ;  preferment. 

My  promotion  will  be  ihy  dcitruclion.  Milton. 

Pro!'io&on  coineih  nciihcr  from  tlic  east,  nor  from  the  wesi,  nor 
Irani  ihe  souih.  —  Ps.  Ixxr. 

PRO-Mo'TlVE,  a.    Tending  to  advance  or  promote  ; 

tending  to  encourage.  Hume. 

PRO-MOVE',  V.  t.  To  advance.  [J\'ot  used.]  Fell. 
PROMPT,   a.     [Fr.  prompt;    It.   and   Sp.  pronto;   L. 

promptus,  from  promo.] 

1.  Ready  and  quick  to  act  as  occasion  demands. 

Very  discemi'jg-  and  prompl  in  giving'  orders.         Clarendon. 

3.  Of  a  ready  disposition ;  acting  with  cheerful 
alacrity  ;  as,  prompt  in  obedience  or  compliance. 

Tf  11  l.iia 
Vmprompi  lo  lay  my  crown  .u  's  icet.  Sl^a-'i. 

3.  Q.uicfc ;  ready  j  not  dilatory  ;  applied  to  Otinss ; 
as,  he  manifested  a  prompt  obedience ;  he  yielded 
prompt  assistance. 

When  Washiugton  heard  the  voice  of  ha  counliy  in  distress,  liia 
obedience  v:.ts prompt.  Ames. 

4.  Quick;  hasty;  indicating  boldness  or  forward- 
ness. 

And  you,  perhaps,  too  promjA  lit  your  replies.  Dnjden. 

5.  Ready ;  present ;  told  dov.'n  ;  as,  prompt  pay- 
ment. 

6.  Easy  ;  unobstruclcd.  TVotton. 
PROMPT,'i?.  t.    To  incite  ;  to  move  or  excite  to  action 

or  exertion  ;  to  instigate.  Insults  prorjpt  anger  or 
revenge;  love  prompts  desire;  benevolence  prmripts 
men  to  devote  their  time  and  services  t'l  spr^-'atl  the 
gospel.  Ambition  prompted  Alexnnder  to  wish  for 
more  v.orlds  to  conquer. 

2.  To  assist  a  speaker  when  at  a  loss,  by  pro- 
nouncing the  words  forgotten  or  nest  in  order;  as, 
lo  prompt  aji  actor  ;  or  lo  assist  a  learner,  by  suggest- 
ing something  forgotten  or  nnt  understood. 

./Jscham.     Shali.     Bacori. 

3.  To  dictate  ;  to  suggest  lo  the  mind. 

And  whijpcriag  a.nge't& prompl  k:r  golden  dreams.  Pops, 

4.  To  remind.     [JVo£  used.]  Brown. 
PRO:.IFT'KOOK,  n.    The  book  used  Iiy  a  i)rompter 

of  a  liieater.* 

PROMPTED,  pp.  Incited;  moved  to  action;  insti- 
cated  ;  assisted  in  speaking  or  learning. 

PROMPT'ER,  71.  One  that  prompts ;  one  that  admon- 
ishes or  incites  to  action. 

2.  One  that  is  placed  btjhind  the  scenes  in  a  play- 
house, whose  business  is  lo  assist  the  speakers  when 
at  a  loss,  by  uttering  the  fii"st  words  of  a  sentence,  or 
words  forgotten ;  or  any  person  v.ho  aids  a  public 
speaker  when  at  a  loss,  by  suggesting  the  next 
words  of  his  piece.  Pope. 

PROMPTING,  ppr.  Inciting  ;  moving  lo  action  ; 
aiding  a  speaker  when  at  a  lo»s  for  the  words  of  his 
piece. 

PROMPT'I-TUDE,  v.  [Fr.,  from  L.  promptas ;  It. 
proiititiidine ;  Sp.  prontitud.] 

1.  Readiness;  quickness  of  decision  and  action 
when  occasion  demands.  In  the  sudden  vicissitudes 
of  a  battle,  pronrptitade  in  a  commander  is  one  of  the 
most  essential  qualifications. 

2.  r».eadiness  of  will ;  cheerful  alacriiy  ;  aSyprompt- 
itude  in  obedience  or  compliance. 

PRO^!PT'LY,  adv.  Readily;  quickly  ;  expeditiously  ; 
cheL-rfuIIy.  Taylor. 

PROMPT'XESS,  71.  Readiness  ;  quickness  of  decis- 
ion or  action.  The  yuung  man  answered  questions 
with  great  pr(mip(7ic5s. 

2.  Cheerful  willingness;  alacrity. 

3.  Activity  ;  briskness  ;  as,  the  pro-.npiness  of  ani- 
mal actions.  ..irbuthnot. 

PROMPT'lI-.\-RY,  n.  {Yt.promptaaire;  Upromptua- 
rium.] 

That  from  which  supplies  are  drawn ;  a  store- 
house ;  a  magazine  ;  a  repository.  Woodward. 

PROMPT'URE,  n.  Suggestion  ;  incitemt^it.  [^Tot 
ii':ed.]  Skal:. 

PRO-MUL'G-^TE,  v.  L     [L.  promulgo.] 

To  publish  ;  lo  make  known  by  open  declaration  ; 
as,  to  promulgate  the  secrets  of  a  council.  It  is  par- 
ticularly applied  to  the  publication  of  laws  and  the 
gospel.  The  moral  law  was  promul-rafcd  at  Mnunt 
Sinai.  The  apostles  pro'7£u/;rQ(c,i  the  gospel.  Edicts, 
laws,  and  orders  are  promul gatcl  by  circular  letters, 
or  through  the  medium  of  the  public  prints. 

PRO-MUL'Ga-TED,  pp.  Published  ;  made  publicly 
known. 

PRO-.MUL'GA-TINr,,  pvr.    Publishing. 

PRO-MUL-Ga'TION,  n.  The  act  of  promulgating  ; 
publication  ;  open  declaration ;  as,  the  proviulgation 
of  the  law  or  of  the  gospel. 

P110-:-.IUI^Ga'TOR,  n.  A  publisher  ;  one  who 
makes  known  or  teaches  publicly  what  was  before 
unknown. 


PRO 

PR0-MUL6E',  (pro-mulj',)  v.  t.  To  promulgate ;  lo 
publish  or  teach.    [Less  used  than  PROMt*LG,\TE.J 

PRO-MUL<^'f:D,  (pro-niuljd',)  pp.    Published. 

PRO-MULO'ER.  71.  One  who  publishes  or  teaches 
what  was  before  unknown.  Aitcrhunj. 

PRO-MULG'ING,  ppr.    Publishinc 

PRO-Na'OS,  h.     [Or.  Tuo  and  vnoi.] 
The  porch  or  vestibule  of  a  temple. 

PRO-Na'TION,  71.  [from  L.  pronus,  having  the  face 
downward.] 

1.  Among  arictomi^t^,  that  motion  of  the  radius 
whereby  the  palm  of  the  hand  is  turned  downward  ; 
the  act  of  turning  the  palm  downward;  oppo-ed  to 
Supination.  Encyc.     C.oxe. 

2.  That  position  of  the  hand,  when  th;;  thumb  is 
turned  toward  the  body,  and  the  palm  downward. 

Parr. 

PRO-Na'TOR,  n.  A  muscle  of  the  fore  arm  which 
serves  lo  turn  the  palm  vi  the  hand  downward  ;  op- 
posed to  Supinator.  Eucyc. 

PRoNE,  a.     [L.  promu.] 

1.  Bending  forward  ;  inclined;  not  erect.    Milton. 
9.  Lying  \vith  the  face  downward;   contrarj'  to 

Supim:.  Brown. 

3-  Hi^adlong  ;  precipitous;  inclining  in  descent. 

Down'  Uiiiiicr  prone  in  flight.  iVi/tofi. 

4.  Sloping  ;  declivous  ;  inclined. 

i^iiice  die  floods  demand, 
For  I'leir  descent,  ixprone  and  sinking  Kind.  Blac/^moi'e. 

5.  Inclined;  propense ;  disposed;  applied  to  tlie 
vihul  or  affcdiouSy  v;>uullij  in  an  ill  sense;  as,  men 
pro«e  to  evil,  ;fr(//i/?  to  strife,  prone  lo  intemperance, 
prone  to  deny  the  truth,  prone  to  change. 

PKoXE'LY,  adv.    So  as  to  bend  downward. 

PRONE'NESS,  71.  Tlie  slate  of  bending  downward; 
as,  the  pronrncs^  of  beasts  that  look  downward,  op- 
posed to  the  ercctncss  of  man.  Brown. 

2.  The  state  of  lying  with  the  face  downward; 
contrary  to  Supineness. 

3.  Descent ;  declivi'cy  ;  as,  the  proiieuess  of  a  hill. 

4.  Inclination  of  mind,  heart,  or  temper;  propen- 
sion  i  disjjositicii ;  as,  the  proncness  of  the  Israeliles 
to  idolatry  ;  pnjnc7icss  to  self-gratification  or  to  self- 
justification  ;  proncness  to  comply  with  temptation  ; 
sometimes  in  a  good  sense  ;  as,  the  proueness  of  good 
men  to  conmiiseiate  want.  Attcrbury. 

PRONG,  n.  [Possibly  it  is  formed  with  n  casual, 
from  the  W.  prociawj  to  slab,  or  Scot,  pro^',  brog^,  a 
sliarp  point.] 

1.  A  sharp-pointed  instrument. 

Prick  it  on  a  prong  of  iron.  San'f-js. 

2.  The  tine  ol'  a  fork  or  of  a  similar  instrument ; 
as,  a  fork  of  two  or  three  prongs.  [This  is  the  sense 
in  which  it  is  tiscd  in  .America.] 

3.  A  pointed  projection. 

PRONG'JCD,  a.  Havhig  prongs  or  projections  like  the 
tines  of  a  fork. 

PKOiXG'HoE,  n.  A  hoe  with  prongs  to  break  the 
earth.  Encyc. 

PRO'NI-TY,  fur  Pboneness,  is  not  used.  Mure. 

PRO-NOM'IN-AL,  a.     [h.  pronomen.     See  Pro.voun.] 
Belonging  to  or  of  the  nature  of  a  pronoun. 

Luicth. 

PRO-NOM'IN-AL-LY,  adv.  "With  the  effect  or  after 
the  manner  of  a  pronoun. 

PRO'NOUN,  7!.  [Fr.  pronom  ;  It.  pronoine;  Sp.  pro- 
nombre  ;  h.  pronamen  ,■  pro,  for,  and  nomen^  name.] 

In  grammar^  a  word  used  instead  of  a  noun  or 
name,  to  prevt^nl  llie  repetition  of  it.  The  personal 
pronouns  in  Englisli  are  I,  thou,  or  7jon,  be,  .■^/le,  irc, 
ye,  and  they.  The  last  is  used  for  the  name  of  things, 
as  well  as  for  that  of  persons.  Other  words  are 
used  for  the  names  of  persons,  things,  sentences, 
phrases,  and  for  adjectives ;  and  when  they  stand 
for  sentences,  plirases,  and  adjectives,  they  are  not 
strictly  prontJHJiJ-,  but  relatives,  substitutes,  or  repre- 
sentatives of  such  sentences.  Thus  we  sny,  '*  The 
jury  found  the  prisoner  guilty,  and  the  (  uit  pro- 
nounced sentence  on  him.  This  or  that  {.  .ve  great 
joy  to  the  spectators."  In  these  sentem-  s,  this  or 
that  reprosenls  the  whole  preceding  sentence,  which 
is  the  proper  antecedent.  We  also  say,  "  The  jury 
pronounced  the  man  guilty  ;  this,  or  that,  or  which  he 
could  not  be,  for  he  proved  an  alibi;"  in  which 
sentence,  this,  or  that,  or  which,  refers  immediately  to 
guillu,  as  its  antecedent. 

PRO-NOUNCE',  (pro-nouns',)  v.  t.  [Fr.  prononcer; 
It.  j,ronumiare;  Sp.  pronunciar ;  L.  promt ncio  ;  pro 
and  nuncin.] 

1.  To  speak;  to  utter  articulately.  The  child  is 
not  able  lo  pronounce  words  composed  of  ditficult 
combinalioDs  of  letters.  Adults  rarely  learn  to  pro- 
nounce correctly  a  foreign  language. 

2.  To  utter  formally,  oflicially,  or  solemnly.  The 
court  pronounced  sentence  of  death  on  the  ciiminal. 

Tiien  Banich  .inswered  ihem,  Ke  pronounced  nil  these  words  lo 
me  Willi  his  monih.  —  Jer.  xxxvi. 
Sternly  he  pronounced 
Th:  rigid  inUrdictioo.  A^lon. 

3.  To  speak  or  uiter  rhetorically;  todeHver;  as, 
to  pronounce  .an  oratii'ii. 

4.  To  speak  ;  to  utter,  in  almost  any  manner 


PRO 

5.  To  declare  or  alnrm.    He  pronounced  the  book 
to  be  a  libel ;  he  pronounced  the  act  to  be  a  fraud. 
PRO-NOUNCE',  V.  I.     To  speak;  to  make  declara- 
lion  ;  lo  utter  an  opinion. 

How  ronfiden'.iy  M>!.rcr  menproiiouncB  of  tbemKlrcs. 

Decay  o/Piely. 

PRO-NOUNCE'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  pronounced 
or  uttered.  Pinkerton. 

PRO-N0UNC'£D,  pp.  Spoken;  uttered;  declared 
solemnly. 

PUO-NOUNC'ER,  77.    One  who  utters  or  dttjares. 

PRO-NOUNC'ING,  ppr.  Speaking;  uttering;  de- 
claring. 

3.  a.  Teaching  pronunciation. 
PRO-NUN'CIAL,  a.     Pertaining  to  pronunciation. 
PRO-NUN-CI-A'TION,   7i.     [Fr.  prononciation,   from 

L.  pronunciatio.] 

1.  The  act  of  uttering  with  articulation;  utter- 
ance; as,  the  pronunciation  of  syllables  or  words; 
distinct  or  indistinct  pro7m7!fialio7i. 

2.  The  mode  of  uttering  words  or  sentences  ;  par- 
ticularly, the  art  or  manner  of  uttering  a  disccurse 
publicly  with  propriety  and  gracefulness:  now  called 
delivery.  J.  Q.  jida;r.s. 

PRO-NUN'CI.\-TIVE,  a.  Uttering  confidently  ;  do- 
mat  ical.  Bacon. 

PROOF,  n.  [Sax.  projian^  to  prove  ;  Sw.  prof,  proof ; 
Dan.  pi-'dvc;  D.  procf;  G.  probe:  W.  prau;  Ft 
preuvc ;  It.  prova;  Sp.  prueba;  Russ.  proba,  Scf^ 
Pnovr.] 

1.  Trial ;  essay  ;  experiment ;  any  effort,  process, 
or  operation  that  ascertains  truth  or  fact.  Thus  thi; 
quahly  uf  spirit  is  ascertained  by  proof;  the  strengil- 
of  gunpowder,  of  fire-arms,  and  of  cannon,  is  deter- 
mined by  proof;  the  correctness  of  operations  in 
arithmetic  is  ascertained  by  proof. 

2.  In  law  and  logic,  that  degree  of  evidence  which 
convinces  the  mind  of  the  certainly  of  truth  or  fact, 
and  produces  belief.  Proof  is  derived  from  personal 
knowledge,  or  from  the  testimony  of  others,  or  from 
conclusive  reasoning.  Proof  differs  from  demonstra- 
tion, which  is  applicable  only  to  those  truths  of 
wliich  the  contrary  is  inconceivable. 

Tliis  has  neither  evidence  of  truth,  nor  pr oo/ sulEcient  to  ffive  it 
warn^nt.  Hooker. 

2.  Firmness  or  hardness  that  resists  impression,  or 
yields  not  lo  force  ;  impenetrability  uf  physical  bod- 
ies; as,  a  wall  that  is  proof  against  shot. 

See  nrms  of  proo/.  Dryden. 

4.  Firmness  ot  mind  ;  stability  not  to  be  shak;?n  ; 
as,  a  mind  cr  virtue  that  is  proof  against  the  arts  of 
seduction  and  the  assaults  of  temptation. 

5.  The  proof  of  spirits  consists  in  little  bubbles 
wliich  ajipear  on  the  top  of  the  liquor  after  agita- 
tion, called  the  iea^/,  and  by  the  French,  c/iapt/c£. 
Hence, 

G.  The  degree  of  strength  in  spirit ;  as,  high  prco/; 
fii-st  prvtf;  second,  third,  or  fourth  proof. 

7.  In  printing  and  engraving,  a  rough  impression 
of  a  sheet,  taken  for  correction  ;  plur.  Proofs,  not 
Proves. 

8.  Armor  sufficiently  firm  to  resist  impression. 
[Jv'ot  used.]  Shak. 

Proof  is  used  elliptically  for  of  proof. 

I  have  found  ihec 
Proof  ng:unsl  all  tenipution.  MUlon. 

It  is  sometimes  followed  by  to,  more  generally  by 
against. 

Proof  impresiiion ;  an  early  impression  of  an  en- 
giaving,  considered  the  best,  as  being  first  taken. 

PUOOF'-SHEET.     See  Proof,  No.  7. 

PllOOF'LESS,  a.  Wanting  sufficient  evidence  to  in- 
duce belief;  nol  proved.  Boyle. 

PROOF'LESS-LY,  adv.    Without  proof. 

PROOF'-SPIR-IT,  71.  A  mixture  of  equal  weights  of 
pure  alcohol  and  water. 

PROOF'-TEXT,  ij.  A  passage  of  Scripture  relied  upon 
for  proving  a  doctrine,  &c. 

PROP,  V.  t.  [D.  and  Dan.  prop,  a  stopple,  Sw.  prcpp  ; 
G.  pfropf,  id. ;  D.  prpppiu ;  G.  pfrtipfcn,  to  stuff  or 
thrust ;  Dan.  propper.  These  are  probably  the  same 
word  differently  applied.] 

1.  To  support  or  prevent  from  falling  by  placing 
somctliinp  under  or  against ;  as,  to  prop  a  fence  or 
an  old  building. 

2.  To  support  by  standing  under  cr  against. 

Till  the  Uighl  mouniajns  prop  Ui'  incuntl^cul  sky.  Pope. 

o.  To  support ;  lo  sustain  ;  in  a  general  sense;  as, 
to  pr-p  a  decliuizg  stale. 

I  prop  mysell'  upon  the  fow  aupjwrls  that  ars  loR  me.      Pope. 

PROP,  n.  That  which  sustains  an  incumbent  weight; 
that  on  which  any  thing  rests  for  support ;  a  sup- 
port ;  a  Slav  ;  as.  a  prop  for  vines ;  a  prop  for  an  old 
building.  An  afibctionate  child  is  the  prop  of  de- 
clining age. 

PR0-P.E-DEU'TI€S,  n.  [Gr.  rrok',  before,  and  n-*i--- 
6:vui,  lo  instruct.] 

Preliminarv  learning  connected  with  any  art  or 
science.  '  Brande. 

PROP'A-G.\-BLE,  a.  [See  Propagate.]  That  maj 
be  continued  or  multiplied  by  natural  generation  ot 
production  ;  applied  to  animals  and  vegetables 


TCNE,  EIJLL,  UNITE AN"GER,  VF'CIOUS.  — €  as  K ;  6  as  J ;  S  as  Z  ;  C'H  as  SII ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

877 


PRO 

2,  Thai  may  be  spread  or  extended  by  any  meaiia, 
as  tenets,  doctrines,  or  principles. 

PROP-A-GAN'DX,  n.  [from  h.]  The  popular  name 
of  a  society  in  Home,  charged  willi  tlie  maiiajicnienl 
of  the  Roman  Catliolic  missions,  and  styled  Societas 
de  Propaganda  Fidr.  Murdock, 

PROP-A-GAN'DISiM,  h.  [See  PnopAOATK.]  The  art 
or  practice  of  propagating  tenets  or  principles. 

l>wight. 

PROP-A-GAN'DIST,  n.  A  person  who  devotes  him- 
self to  the  spread  of  any  system  of  principles. 

IIoii:i[Kine  sckclcd  a  bcdy  to  composi;  hii  eaulicdriin  o(  Doliticol 
propagandisU.  \y(Ush. 

PROP'A-GaTE,  V.  «.  [ti.  propago  ;  It.  propag^ine  ; 
G.  pfropf^  a  stopple  ;  pfropfcn^  to  thrust,  also  to  yraft. 
(See  Prop.)  'J'ho  Latin  noun  propago  is  the  Eng- 
lish pro/j,  and  the  termination  ago,  as  in  cartilago^ 
&c.  The  sense  of  the  noun  is  tiiat  which  U  set  or 
thrust  in.] 

1.  To  continue  or  multiply  the  kind  by  generation 
or  successive  production ;  applkd  to  animals  and 
plants  ;  as,  to  propagate  a  breed  of  horses  or  sheep  ; 
to  propagate  any  species  of  fruit-tree. 

2.  To  spread  ;  to  extend  ;  to  impel  or  continue  for- 
ward in  space  ;  as,  to  propagate  sound  or  light. 

3.  To  spread  from  person  to  person  ;  to  extend  ;  to 
give  birth  to,  or  originate  and  spread  j  as,  to  propa- 
gate a  stor)'  or  report. 

4.  To  carry  from  place  to  place;  to  extend  by 
planting  and  establishing  in  places  before  destitute; 
as,  to  propagate  tiie  Christian  religion. 

5.  To  extend  ;  to  increase. 

Griefs  of  iny  own  lie  heavy  in  my  brfiist, 

Wliicli  thou  wilt  propnsaU.  Shale. 

6.  To  generate  ;  to  produce. 

Supersutiotia   notions,  propa^attd  in   Tapcv,    nr«   Imnlly   ever 
totally  eradicated.  likkardson. 

PROP'A-GaTE,  v.  i.  To  have  young  or  issue ;  to  be 
produced  or  multiplied  by  generation,  or  by  new 
shoots  or  plants.  Wild  horses  propagate  in  the  for- 
ests of  South  America. 

PROP'A-GA-TED,pp.  or  a.  Continued  or  multiplied 
by  generation  or  production  of  the  same  kind ; 
spread  ;  extended. 

PROP'A-Ga-TING,  ppr.  Continuing  or  multiplying 
the  kind  by  generation  or  production ;  spreading  and 
establishing. 

PROP-A-GA'TION,  n.     [Fr.,  from  L.  propagatio.] 

1.  The  act  of  propagating;  the  continuance  or 
multiplication  of  tiie  kind  by  generation  or  succes- 
sive production ;  as,  the  propagation  of  animals  or 
plants. 

There  ts  not  in  nature  any  epoiilancoua  generation,  but  all  come 
by  propa$a&on.  Bay. 

%  The  spreading  or  extension  of  anything;  as, 
the  propagation  of  sound,  or  of  reports. 

3.  The  spreading  of  any  thing  by  planting  and  es- 
tablishing in  places  before  destitute;  as,  the  propa- 
gation of  the  gospel  among  pagans. 

4.  A  forwarding  or  promotion. 
PROP'A-Ga-TOR,  n.     One  that  continues  or  multi- 
plies his  own  species  by  generation. 

Q.  One  that  continues  or  multiplies  any  species  of 
animals  or  plants. 

3.  One  that  spreads  or  causes  to  circulate,  as  a  re- 
port. 

4.  One  that  plants  and  establishes  in  a  country 
destitute  ;  as,  a  propagator  of  the  gospel. 

5.  One  that  plants,  originates,  or  extends;  one 
that  promotes. 

PRO-PEL',  V.  U  [L.  propdlo  ;  pro,  forward,  and  pel- 
/o,  to  drive.] 

To  drive  forward  ;  to  urge  or  press  onward  by 
force.  The  wind  or  steam  propels  ships;  balls  are 
propelled  by  the  fores  of  gunpowder  ;  mill  wheels  are 
propelled  by  water  or  steam;  the  blood  is  propelled 
through  the  arteries  and  veins  by  the  action  of  the 
heart. 

[Tkis  Word  is  commoJilij  applied  to  material  bodies."} 

PRO-PEL'LED.  pp.    Driven  forward. 

PRO-PEL'LER,  H.  A  contrivance  for  propelling  a 
steamboat  by  the  action  of  a  screw  placed  in  the 
stern. 

2.  A  steamboat  thus  propelled. 
PRO-PEL'LING,  ppr.  or  a.     Driving  forward. 
PRO-PEND',  V.  I.     [L.  propcndeo;   pro,  forward,  and 

pendeo,  to  hang.] 

To  lean  toward ;  to  incline  ;  to  be  disposed  in  fa- 
vor of  any  thing.     {Little  used.}  Shak. 
PRO-PEXD'EN-CY,  n.     [L.  propendem.} 

J.  A  leaning  toward  ;  inclination  ;  tendency  of 
desire  to  any  thing. 

2.  Preconsideralion  ;  attentive  deliberation.     {Lit- 
tle used.]  Hole. 
PRO-PEND'ENT,  a.    Inclining  forward  or  toward. 
PR0-PE\D'ING,  ppr.   Inclining  toward.        {South. 
PRO-PENSE',  (pro-pens',)  a.     [L.  propcn.'r}is.] 

Leaning  toward,  in  a  moral  wense  ;  inclined  ;  dis- 
posed, either  to  good  or  evil  ;  as,  women  propensc  to 
holiness.  Hooker. 

PRO- PEN'S  1 0\    ) 

PRO-PENS' I  TV   1  "•     t^""  V^°P"*^^^^y  1:  propejisio.] 
I.  Bent  of  mind,  natural  or  acquired  ;  inclination; 


PRO 

in  a  moral  sense,  disposition  to  any  thing  ^ood  or 
evil,  particularly  to  evil ;  as,  a  propensity  to  sin  ;  the 
corrupt  propensity  o{  the  will.  Rogers. 

It  require*  criiictl  ni&-ly  to  fmil  out  Ibc  gciiiiu  or  propensio'i* 
oi  i\  child.  L'Eiflrangt. 

2.  Natural  tendency  ;  as,  the  proponsion  of  bodies 
to  a  particular  place.  Digby, 

[In  a  moral  sense,  Phopensitv  is  now  chielly 
used.] 
PROP'ERjfl.     {Vt.  propre;   It.  proi)rto  or  propw  ;   Sp. 
propio  i    L.  proprius,  supposed  to  be  allied  to  prope, 
near  f  W.  priawfl,  proper,  appropriate.] 

1.  Peculiar;  naturally  ur  essentially  belonging  to  a 
person  or  thing;  n(»t  common.  That  is  not  proper, 
which  is  common  to  many.  Ev^ry  animal  has  his 
proper  instincts  and  inclinations,  appetites  and  liab- 
ils.  Every  muscle  and  vessel  of  the  body  has  its 
proper  oflicu.  Every  art  has  its  proper  rules.  Cre- 
ation is  the  proper  work  of  an  Almighty  Being. 

2.  Pailicularly  suited  to.  Every  animal  lives  in 
his  proper  element. 

3.  One's  own.  It  may  be  joined  with  any  posses- 
sive pronoun  ;  as,  our  proper  son.  Shak. 

Our  proper  conceptions,  GltinmUe. 

Now  learn  the  dillercnco  at  your  proper  cost,  Dnjdtn. 

JsTote.  —  Own  is  often  used  in  such  phrases ;  "  at 
your  oicn  proper  cost."  This  is  really  tautological, 
but  sanctioned  by  usage,  and  expressive  of  em- 
phasis. 

4.  Noting  an  individual  ;  pertaining  to  otie  of  a 
species,  but  not  common  to  the  whole;  as,  a  proper 
name.    Dublin  is  the  proper  name  of  a  city. 

5.  Fit;  suitable;  adapted;  accommodated.  A  thin 
dress  is  not  proper  for  clothing  in  a  cold  climate. 
Stimulants  are  proper  remedies  ibr  debility.  Gravity 
of  manners  is  very  proper  for  persons  of  advanced 
age. 

In  Atliens,  all  was  pleasure,  mirth,  and  rlav, 

All  proyjer  to  the  spring  and  sprigluly  May.  Dryden. 

G.  Correct ;  just ;  as,  a  proper  word  ;  a  proper  ex- 
pression. 

7.  Not  figurative;  as,  plain  and  propw  terms. 

Burnet. 

8.  Well-formed ;  handsome. 

Moses  was  a  proper  cliild.  —  Ileb.  xi. 

9.  Tall;  lusty;  handsome  with  bulk.  {Low,  and 
not  -nsed}  Shak. 

10.  Mere;  pure;  as,  a  proper  fool.     {Unnsual.} 

11.  In  vulgar  language,  very;  as,  proper  good; 
proper  sweet.  Halliwcll. 

13.  In  heraldry,  a  term  applied  to  an  object  repre- 
sented of  its  natural  color.  Brande. 

Proper  receptaele;  in  botany,  lliat  which  supports 
only  a  single  flower  or  fructification  ;  proper  perianth, 
or  involucre,  that  wliich  incloses  only  a  single  flower  ; 
proper  fiower,  or  corol,  one  of  the  single  florets  or 
coroliets  in  an  aggregate  or  compound  flower ;  proper 
nectary,  separate  from  the  petals  and  other  parts  of 
the  flower.  Martyn. 

PROP'ER-LY,  o'Jp.  Fitly  ;  suitably  ;  in  a  proper  man- 
ner ;  as,  a  word  properly  applied ;  a  dress  properly 
adjusted. 

2.  In  a  strict  sense. 

The  miseries  of  life  are  not  properly  owing  to  the  un«iu.-,I  dis- 
tribution of  things.  A'uTi/l. 

PROP'ER  NESS,  71.  Tiic  quality  of  being  proper. 
[Little  used.] 

2.  Tallncss.     [A'yi  in  use.] 

3.  Perfect  form;  handsomeness. 
PROP'ER-Tr,  n.     [This  sterns  to  be  formed  directly 

from  proper ;  if  not,  it  is  contracted.  The  Latin  is 
proprietas,  Fr.  2iroprietd,  from  which  we  have  pj-o- 
priety.] 

1.  A  peculiar  quality  of  any  thing;  that  which  is 
inherent  in  a  subject,  or  naturally  essential  to  it  ; 
called  by  logicians  an  BsseiUial  mi'dr.  Thus  color  is 
a  property  of  light;  extension  and  figure  ara  proper- 
ties of  bodies. 

2.  An  acquired  or  artificial  quality  ;  that  wliich  is 
given  by  art  or  bestowed  by  man.  The  poem  has 
Ihe  properties  which  constitute  excellence. 

3.  Q,uality ;  disposition. 

It  is  the  property  of  an  old  sinner  to  find  delight  in  rcvicwinjf  his 
own  villainieE  in  others.  £'ou(n, 

4.  The  exclusive  right  of  possessing,  enjoying,  and 
disposing  of  a  thing  ;  ownership.  In  the  beginning 
of  the  world,  the  Creator  gave  to  man  dominion  over 
the  earth,  over  the  fish  of  the  sea,  and  the  fowls  of 
the  air,  and  over  every  living  thing.  This  is  the 
foundation  of  man's  property  in  the  earth  and  in  all 
its  productions.  Prior  occupancy  of  land  and  of 
wild  animals  gives  to  the  possessor  the  property  of 
thcni.  The  labor  of  inventing,  making,  or  produ- 
cing any  thing,  constitutes  one  of  the  highest  and 
most  indefeasible  lilies  to  property.  Property  is  also 
acquired  by  inlieritance,  by  git'l,  or  by  purchase. 
Properly  is  sometimes  held  in  common,  yet  each 
man's  right  to  his  share  in  common  land  or  stock  is 
exclusively  his  own.  One  man  may  have  the  prop- 
ertjj  of  the  soil,  and  another  tho  right  of  use,  by  pre- 
scription or  by  purchase. 

5.  Possession  held  in  one's  own  right.      Dryden. 


PRO 

6.  The  tiling  owned;  that  to  whicli  a  person  has 

the  legal  title,  whether  in  his  possession  or  nut.  It 
is  one  of  the  greatest  blessings  of  civil  society  that 
the  property  of  citizens  is  well  secured. 

7.  An  estate,  whether  in  lands,  goods,  or  money ; 
as,  a  man  of  large  property  or  small  property. 

8.  An  estate  ;  a  farm;  n  plantation.  Inthissensc, 
whicli  is  conunon  in  the  United  States  and  in  the 
West  Indies,  the  word  has  a  plural. 

The  blill-houx^s,  on  thu  «ugar  plantations,  var^  in  kiu  according 
to  the  fancy  of  llie  propriutor,  or  the  magnitude  of  tlie  frop. 
erly.  Edioarde,  \V.  Itulist, 

I  sli.ill  confine  myself  (o  such  properties  i\s  fall  witliin  l\\p  n-ach 
of  daily  observation.  Edutuitt,  W.  Jiutien. 

9.  Nearness  or  right. 

Here  I  discluim  all  my  paternal  care, 

Prophiquity  and  j'roperly  of  blood.  S^ak. 

10.  Properties ;  the  dresses  and  appendages  used  in 
a  theater,  the  keeper  of  which  is  still  called  the 
property  man.     {Obs.]  Toonc. 

1  will  draw  a  bill  of  proper&fa.  Sltak. 

Higli  pomp  Etnd  state  an  useful  propertiet,  Dryden. 

11.  Propriety.     {JVot  intise.]  Camden. 
Literary  property;  the  exclusive  right  of  printing, 

publishing,  and  making  profit  by  one's  own  writings. 
No  right  or  title  to  a  thing  can  be  so  perfect  as  that 
which  is  created  by  a  man's  own  labor  and  inven- 
tion. The  exclusive  right  of  a  man  to  his  liiemry 
productions,  and  to  the  use  of  them  for  his  own 
profit,  is  entire  and  perfect,  as  the  facidties  employed 
and  labor  bestowed  are  entirely  and  perfyclly  his 
own.  On  what  principle,  then,  can  a  legislature  or  a 
court  determine  that  an  author  can  enjoy  only  a 
temporary  property  in  his  own  productions?  If  a 
man's  right  to  his  own  productions  in  writing  is  as 
perfect  i  s  to  the  productions  ol'  his  farm  or  his  shop, 
how  cdn  the  former  be  abridged  or  limited,  while  the 
lattei  is  held  without  limitation  ?  Why  do  the  pro- 
'ducitons  of  manual  labor  rank  Iiigher  in  the  scale 
of  rights  or  property,  than  the  productions  of  the 
inteUicl  ? 

PROI'  ER-TY,  V.  t.  To  invest  with  qualities,  or  to 
take  as  one's  own  ;  to  appropriate.  [Jln  awkward 
word,  and  not  used.]  SliaJ;. 

PR0-)'1IaNE'.     See  Profane. 

PROPll'A-SISj   fprofa^is,)  n,     [Gr,  Trpotpacis,  from 
■npotptipi,  to  loretell.] 
In  medicine,  prognosis  ;  foreknowledge  of  a  disease. 

PROPH'E-Cy,  (prof'e-se,)  n.  [Gr.  -,)'j,;.;/7t((i,  from 
~')'»(/)f)/ii,  to  foretell;  ttoj,  before,  and  (/-ii/it,  to  tell. 
This  ought  to  be  written  Profhesy.] 

1.  A  foretelling  ;  prediction  ;  a  declaration  of  some- 
thing to  come.  As  God  only  knows  future  events 
with  certainty,  no  being  but  God,  or  some  person  in- 
formed by  him,  can  utter  a  real  prophecy.  The  proph- 
ecies recorded  in  Scripture,  when  fulfilled,  aflord 
most  convincing  evidence  of  the  divine  original  ui 
the  Scriptures,  as  those  who  uttered  the  yrophrcirs 
cotild  not  have  foreknown  the  events  predicted  with- 
out supernatural  instruction.    2  Pet.  i. 

2.  In  Scripture,  a  book  of  prophecies;  a  hisloiy ; 
as,  the  prophecy  of  Ahijah.    2  Chron.  \x. 

3.  Preaching;  public  interpretation  of  Scripture  ; 
exhortation  or  instruction.    Pi-ov.  xxxi. 

PR0PH'E-ST-£D,  (side)  pp.     Foretold  ;  predicted. 
PROPH'E-SI-ER,  n.    One  who  predicts  events. 
l'R0PH'E-S5^,  V.  t.    To  foretell  future  events;  to  pre- 
dict. 

I  hate  him,  for  he  doUi  not  prophesy  good  concerning  me,  bat 
evil.  —  1  Kingo  xxii. 

2.  To  foreshow.     \LittU  used.]  Shak. 

PROPH'E-S?,  tj.  i.  To  utter  predictions;  to  make 
declaration  of  events  to  coine,    Jer.  xi. 

2.  In  Scryptitrc,  to  preach ;  to  instruct  in  religious 
doctrines ;  to  interpret  or  e.\j)lain  Scripture  or  reli- 
gious subjects  ;  to  exhort.     1  Cor.  xiii.     Eick.  xxxvii. 

PROPH'E-S?-ING,  ppr.    Foretelling  events. 

PROPH'E-S\'-ING,  n.  The  act  of  foretelling  or  of 
preaching. 

PROPU'ET,  (profit,)  n.  [Gr.  TrpocprjTnsj  L.prophctaj 
Fr.  prophdtc] 

1.  One  that  foretells  future  events;  a  predicter; 
a  foreteller. 

2.  In  Scripture,  a  person  illuminated,  ins^pircd,  cr 
instructed  by  God  to  announce  future  events  ;  as 
Moses,  Elijali,  David,  Isaiah,  &c. 

3.  .\n  interpreter  ;  one  that  explains  or  communi- 
cates sentiments.    Exod.  vii. 

4.  One  who  pretends  to  foretell ;  an  imposter;  as, 
a  false  prophet.    Acts  xiii. 

School  of  Vie  prophets  ;  among  the  Israelites,  a  school 
or  college  in  which  young  men  were  educated  and 
qualified  for  public  teachers.    These  students  were 
called  sons  of  the  prophets. 
PROPH'ET-ESS,  n.     A  female  prophet ;  a  womau  who 
foretells  future  events,  as  Miriam,  lluldah,  Anna, 
&c.     Exod.  XV.    Judg.  iv.     Luke  ii. 
PRO-PHET'ie,         {a.    Containing  prophecy  ;   fore- 
PRO-PHET'I€-AL,  i        telling    future   events;    as, 
prophetic  writings. 

2.  Unfolding  future  events;  as,  prophetic  dreams. 
It  has  o/before  the  thing  foretold. 

And  fears  are  oflpropAettc  o/th'  event.  Dryden. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT  — MeTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARKNE,  BIRD.  — NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOIL- 


PRO 

PRO-PIxET'ie-AL-LY,  adc.    By  way  of  prediction  ; 

in  the  manner  of  prophecv.  Drijden, 

PRoPH'ET  TZE,  P.  i.   To  aive  prediction.    [.Yut  ti^ed.] 
PROPH'E T-LIKE,  a.    Like  a  propUel.  Slutk. 

PRO-PUOR'ie,  a.     [Gr.  ^(latpoftKJi.] 

Ennnciaiive. 
PROPH-V-LA€'Tie,         )  a.       [Gr.    -po6vXax-tKOSt 
PROPH-Y-LA€'TI€^AL»  (     from  rrpo^vAaffffOi,  to  pre- 
vent, to  guard  against;  ivpo  and  ^tXacffw,  lo  pre- 
sen-e.] 
In  medicine,  preventive ;  defending  from  disease. 

Core. 
PROPH-Y-LAC'Tie,  n.    A  medicine  which  preserves 

or  defends  against  disease  ;  a  preventive.       Coxe. 
PROP-I-Xa'TION,  «.     [L.  propiaatio;  propino ;   Gr. 
TOO  and  rivw,  to  drink.j 

The  act  of  pledsmg,  or  drinking  first  and  then  of- 
fering the  cup  to  anoUier.  PoUer. 
PRO-PINE',  V.  L     ll^propino,  supra.] 

1.  To  pledge  ;  to  drink  first  and  then  offer  the  cup 
to  another.     [jVo(  iLScd.] 

2.  To  expose.    [JV*o(  used.] 
PRO-PIN'aUI-TY,  (pro-pinfc'we-tC:)  n.     [L.  propin- 

quitas,  from  propinquuSy  near.] 

1.  Nearness  in  place ;  neighborhood.  PMtj. 

3.  Nearness  in  time.  Brown. 
3.  Nearness  of  blood  ;  kindred.  Sfiak. 

PRO-Pl"TIA-BLE,   (pro-pish'a-bl,)  a,     [See   Paopi- 

TiATE.l     That  may  be  induced  to  favor,  or  that  may 

be  made  propitious. 
PRO-Pr'TIATE,  (-pish^ate,)  v.  t.     [L.  propitio,    Qu. 

pro  and  the  rout  of  L.  pio,  Eng.  pity.] 

To  conciliate  :  to  appease  one  offended  and  render 

him  favorable  ;  to  make  propitious. 


Ij:t  fierce  AchHliTs,  drcadfu!  ia  his  ra*e, 
Th«  gTMl  propidau  and  ih?  pesi  assuage. 


Pope. 


PRO-PI"TlA-TED,  (pish'a-ted,)  pp.  Appeased  and 
rt'udered  t';tvonible;  conciliated. 

PPO-Pi"TlA-TING,  ppr.  Conciliating;  appeasing 
the  wrath  of  and  rendering  favorable. 

PRO-Pl"ri-A'TiON,  (-pisfae-a'shunj)  b.  [Fr. ;  from 
propitiaU.] 

U  The  act  of  appeasing  wrath  and  conciliating  the 
favor  of  an  offended  person  ;  the  act  of  making  pro- 
pitious. 

2.  In  thcoloey,  the  atonement  or  atoning  sacrifice 
which  removes  the  obstacle  to  man's  salvation. 
Christ  is  the  propitiation  for  the  sins  of  men.  Kom. 
iii.     i  John  it 

PRO-PI"TIa'TOR,!i.  One  who  propitiates.  Skcrtcood. 

PRO-P["'l'[A-TO-RI-LY,cdo.    By  way  of  propitiation. 

PRO-Pr'TIA-TO-RY,  a.  Having  the  power  lo  make 
propilio'js:  as,  a /fropi(iaiory  sacrifice.    StilUngJleet. 

PRO-Pr'TIA-TO-RY,  n.  Among  theJeuss,  the  mercy- 
seat;  the  lid  or  cover  of  the  ark  of  the  covenant, 
lined  within  and  without  with  plates  cf  gold.  This 
was  a  tvr-e  of  Christ.  Eneyc. 

PRO-PI"T10US,  (-pish'us,)  a.     [L.  propiiius.] 

1.  Favorable  ;  kind  ;  applied  to  men. 

2.  Disposed  to  be  gracious  or  merciful ;  ready  to 
forgive  sin^  and  bestow  blessings  ;  applied  to  Qod. 

3.  Favorable  ;  as,  a  propitious  season. 
PR0-PI"T10US-LY,  (pish'us-Ie.)  adc.    Favorably ; 

kindlv.  Roscommon. 

PRO-Pr'TIOL'S-NF:SS,  (-pish'us-ness,)  n.  Kindness  ; 
disposition  to  treat  another  kindly;  disposition  to 
forgive. 

2.  Favorableness  ;  as,  the  propid'ou^e^  of  the  sea- 
son or  climate.  Temple. 
PRo'PLASM,  n.     [Gr.  rroo  and  -Xacpa,  a  device.] 

A  mold  ;  a  matrix.  fVoodward. 

PRO-PLAS'TICE,   (-plas'tis,)  w.    [Supra.]     The   art 

of  making  molds  for  cistings. 
PRO'PO-LIS,  n.     [Gr.,  before  the  city,  or  the  front  of 
the  cit}'.] 

A  thick,  odorous  substance,  having  some  resem- 
blance to  wax,  and  smelling  like  slomx;  used  by 
bees  to  stop  the  holes  and  crevices  in  their  hives  to 
prevent  the  entrance  of  cold  air,  izc. 
PEO-PO'NENT,  7».  [h.  propaitens  j  pro  and  pono,  to 
place.] 

One  that  makes  a  proposal,  or  lays  down  a  propo- 
sition. Dnjden. 
PRO-P6R'TION,  n.    [L.  propaHio ;  pro  and  portio, 
part  or  share.     See  Portion.] 

1.  The  comparative  relation  of  any  one  thing  to 
another,  l^t  a  man'3  exertions  be  in  proportion  to 
bis  strength. 

3.  In  mathematics,  the  identity  or  similitude  of  two 
ratios.  Proportion  differs  from  ratio.  Ratio  is  prop- 
erly the  relation  of  two  magnitudes  or  quantities  of 
one  and  the  same  kind  ;  as"  the  ntio  of  5  to  10,  or 
the  ratio  of  8  to  lt>.  Proportion  is  the  sameness  or 
likeness  of  two  such  relations.  Thus  5  is  to  10  as  8 
to  16,  or  A  is  to  B  as  C  is  to  D  ;  that  is,  5  bears  the 
same  relation  to  10  as  8  does  to  16.  Hence  we  say, 
such  numbers  are  in  proportion.  Ilntton. 

An  equality  of  ratios ;  sometimes,  also,  the  series 
I      of  terms  among  which  an  equality  of  ratios  exists. 
I  J5^> 

j  3.  In  aritJtmetie,  a  rule  by  which,  when  three  num- 

I      bers  are  given,  a  fourth   nismher  is  f.>und,  which 
!      bears  the  same  relation  to  the  third  as  the  second 


PRO 

does  to  the  first ;  or  a  fourth  number  is  found,  bear- 
ing the  same  relation  to  the  third  as  the  first  does  to 
the  second.  The  former  is  called  directj  and  the  lat- 
ter inverse  proportion. 

4.  Symnietrj' ;  suitable  adaptation  of  one  part  or 
thing  "to  another;  as,  Xho  proportion  of  one  limb  to 
another  in  the  human  body;  the  proportion  of  the 
length  and  breadth  of  a  room  tu  its  higbt. 

Ilannoiiy,  with  every  gnoe, 
Plajra  in  ihe  {sir  proporUnns  of  her  face.  Mrs.  Carter, 

5.  Equal  or  just  share ;  as,  to  ascertain  the  propor- 
tion  of  profit  to  which  each  partner  in  a  company  is 
entitled. 

6.  Form  ;  size.     [Little  used.]  Danies. 

7.  The  relation  between  unequal  things  of  the 
same  kind,  by  which  their  several  parts  correspond 
to  each  other  with  an  equal  augmentation  and  dimi- 
nution, as  in  reducing  and  enlarging  figures.    Encyc. 

[This  more  properly  belongs  to  ratio.] 

Harmonical  or  musical  proportion,  is  when,  of  three 
or  four  quantities,  the  first  is  to  the  last  as  the  differ- 
ence between  the  two  first  is  to  the  difference  between 
the  two  last.  Thus,  2,  3,  6,  are  in  harmonical  pro- 
portion ;  for  2  is  to  6  as  1  to  3.  Thus,  21, 16,  12,  9, 
are  harmonical,  for  24 ;  9 :  :  8  :  3. 

.Arithmetical  proportion;  an  equality  of  arithmetical 
ratios. 

Geometrical  proportion ;  an  equality  of  geometrical 
ratios.    [See  PROGEEs3ioi>f,  No.  4.] 

Reciprocal  proportion  ;  an  equality  between  a  di- 
rect and  a  reciprocal  ratio.  Thus,  4  : 2 :  :  1-3  :  1-6. 
[See  Reciprocals  and  REcipRociL  Ratio.]  Daij. 
PRO-PoR'TION,  V.  t.  To  adjust  the  comparative  re- 
lation of  one  thing  or  one  part  to  another  ;  as,  to  pro- 
portion the  size  of  a  building  to  its  height,  or  the 
thickness  of  a  thing  to  its  length  ;  to  proportion  our 
expenditures  to  our  income. 

In  the  loss  of  nn  object,  we  do  oot  proportion  our  grief  to  its  real 
value,  but  to  Uie  value  our  Hindes  set  upon  it.       Additon. 

2.  To  form  with  symmetry  or  suitableness,  as  the 
parts  of  the  bodv. 

PRO-PoR'TION-'A-SLE,fl.  That  maybe  proportioned 
or  made  proportional.  This  is,  etymologically,  the 
true  sense  of  the  word  ;  but  it  is  commonly,  though 
erroneously,  used  in  the  sense  of  proportional,  being 
in  proportion;  having  a  due  comparative  relation; 
as,  infantr\*  with  a  proportionable  number  of  horse. 

PRO-POR'TION-A-BLE-NE?S,  7i.  State  of  being 
proportionable. 

PRO-PoR'TiON-A-BLY,  adv.  According  to  propor- 
tion or  comparative  relation ;  as,  a  large  body,  with 
limbs  proportionally  large. 

PRO-P6R'TI0N-AL,  a.  [It.  proporzionale ;  Fr.  pro- 
portionneL] 

1.  Having  a  due  comparative  relation  ;  being  in  suit- 
able proportion  or  degree  ;  ns,  the  parts  of  an  edifice 
are  proportional.  In  pltannacy,  medicines  are  com- 
pountled  of  certain  proportional  quantities  of  ingre- 
dients. 

2.  In  mathematics^  having  the  same  ratio  ;  as,  four 
quantities  are  prupixrtional ;  having  always  the  same 
ratio ;  as,  the  velucily  of  a  moving  body  is  propor- 
tional to  the  impelling  force;  when  the  quantity  of 
matter  is  given  ;  its  momentum  is  proportional  to  the 
quaniit>'  of  matter  it  contains,  when  its  velocity  is 
given. 

3.  Relating  to  proportion  ;  iis,proportio7ial  scales  or 
conipasst'3.  Hutton. 

PRO-PoR'TIOX-AL,  Ti.  A  number  or  quantity  pro- 
portional ;  a  name  given.  In  mai/iemaft'cs,  to  Ihe  terms 
of  a  proportion. 

Proportional :  in  chemistry,  a  term  employed  in  the 
theorj'  of  definite  proportions,  to  denote  the  same  as 
the  weight  of  an  atom  or  a  prime.     [See  Prime.] 

PRO-P6R-TION-AL'I-TY,  n.    The  quality  of  being 


in  proportion. 


Orew. 


PKO-PoR'TION-AL-LY,  adv.  In  proportion  ;  in  due 
degree  ;  with  suitable  comparative  relation ;  as,  all 
parts  of  a  building  being  proportionally  large. 

PRO  P61t'TI0N-ATE,  a.  Adjusted  to  something 
else  according  to  a  certain  rate  or  comparative  rela- 
tion ;  proportional. 

The  connection  between  Ihe  end  and  means  b  proportionate. 

Grew. 
Punishment  should  be  propordonale  lo  the  transgression, 

Locke. 

PRO-PoR^TION-aTE,  v.  t.  To  proportion  ;  to  make 
proportional  ;  to  adjust  according  to  a  settled  rate  or 
to  due  comparative  relation  ;  as,  to  proportionate  pun- 
ishments to  crimes. 

[This  verb  is  less  used  than  Psopobtion.] 

PRO-PoR'TION-ATE-LY.  adv  With  due  propor- 
tion ;  according  to  a  settled  or  suitable  rale  or  degree. 

Pearson. 

PRO-PoR'TIOX-ATE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
adjnsted  by  due  or  settled  proportion  or  comparative 
relation  ;  suitableness  of  proportions.  Hale. 

PR0P6R'TI0N-i:D,  pp.  or  a.  -Made  or  adjusted 
with  duo  proportion  or  with  s>*mmetr>*  of  parts. 

PRO-P6R'TIO\-ING,  ppr.     Making  proportional. 

PRO-POR'TION  LESS,  a.  Without  proportion  ;  with- 
out svmmt'.ry  <-f  parts. 

PRO-P0'*AL,  n.     [from  propose.] 


PRO 

1.  That  which  is  offered  or  propounded  for  con- 
sidentlion  or  acceptance  ;  a  scheme  or  design,  terms 
or  conditions  pryp.'-=*^d  ;  a>,  lo  make  propo.-'aii  for  a 
treaty  cf  peace ;  to  olitrr  propu^nds  for  erecimg  a 
building  ;  to  make  proposals  of  marriage  ;  proposals 
for  subscription  to  a  loan  or  to  a  literar}'  work. 

2.  Offer  to  the  mind  ;  as,  liic  proposal  of  an  agree- 
able object.  Soiit'i. 

PRO-i'OSE',  (-iwze',)  r.  (.  [Fr.  proposer ;  L.  prop.  . 
proposal ;  W.  posiaw,  to  pose,  that  is,  to  set ;  litt.ru  .  >, 
to  put  or  throw  fur  ward.] 

1.  To  offer  for  con^^ideralion,  discussion,  accept- 
ance, or  adoption  ;  as.  lo  propose  a  bdl  or  resolve  to  a 
legislative  body  ;  to  propose  terms  of  peace  ;  to  pro- 
pose a  question  or  subject  for  discussion  ;  to  propose 
an  alliance  by  treaty  or  marriage;  to  propose  altera- 
tions or  amendments  in  a  law. 

2.  To  offer  or  present  for  consideration. 

In  Iraniin^  .iny  thin^,  as  little  03  jtouitAn  abould  be  propoud  lo 
the  mitid  U  first.  WaiU. 

To  propose  to  one^s  self;  to  intend ;  to  design ;  to 
form  a  design  in  the  mind. 
PRO-PoSE',  p.  i.    To  lay  schemes.     [A'ot  in  use.] 

Sftak. 

2.  To  oflcr  one's  self  in  marriage.    Miis  Pickering. 

[Propose  is  often  used  for  purpose  ;  as,  I  propoju  to 

ride  to  New  York  to-morrow.     Purpose  and  propose 

are  different  forms  of  the  same  word.] 

PRO-PoSE',  n.    Talk;  discourse.    [JYof  inuse.]  >     '. 

PRO-PoS'£D,  pp.  or  a.    Offered  or  presented  fur  ■    i. 

sidenition,  discussion,  acceptance,  or  adoption. 
PKO-PoS' ER,  n.    One'that  offers  anything  for  con- 
sideration or  adoption.  Locke. 
PRO-PoS'IN'G,  ppr.     Offering  for  consideration,  ac- 
ceptance, or  adoption. 
PROP-0-Sr'TION,  C-zi^h'un,)  n.    [Fr.,  from  L.  prop- 
ositio,  from  propositus,  propono.] 

1.  That  which  is  proposed ;  tliat  which  is  offered 
for  consideration,  acceptance,  or  adoption  ;  a  propo- 
sal ;  offer  of  terms.  The  enemy  made  propositions  of 
peace  ;  the  propositions  were  not  accepted. 

2.  In  lo^ic,  one  cf  the  tliree  parts  of  a  regular  ar- 
gument; the  part  of  an  argument  in  which  some 
quality,  negative  or  po5itive7  is  attributed  to  a  sub- 
ject; as,  "snow  is  while;"  ** water  is  fluid;" 
*'  vice  is  not  commendable." 

3.  In  matJicmatics,  a  statement  in  terras  either  of  a 
truth  to  be  demonstrated,  or  cf  an  operation  to  be 
performed.  It  is  called  a  theorem,  when  it  is  some- 
thing to  be  proved  ;  and  a  problem,  when  it  is  some- 
thing to  be  done.  Olmsted. 

4.  In  oratory,  that  which  is  offered  or  affirmed  as 
the  subject  of  the  discourse ;  any  thing  stated  or 
affirmed  for  discussion  or  illustration. 

5.  In  poetry,  the  first  part  of  a  poem,  in  which  the 
autlior  states  the  subject  or  matter  of  it.  Horace 
recommends  modesty  and  simplicity  in  the  propci- 
tion  of  a  poem. 

PROP-O  SF'TION-AL,  (-zish'un-al,)  a.  Pertaining 
to  a  proposition  ;  considered  as  a  proposition ;  as,  a 
propositional  sense.  Watts. 

PRO-POUND',  c.  (.  [L.  propor.o :  pro  and  pono,  to  set, 
put,  or  place.] 

1.  To  propose ;  to  offer  for  consideration  ;  as,  to 
propound  a  rule  of  action.  WotUjn. 

The  extit»>nce  of  the  chmch  haih  been  prt^undtd  .ii  an  object 
cf  fiiith.  Ptarton. 

2.  To  offer  ;  to  exhibit ;  to  propose ;  as,  to  propound 
a  question.  Shak. 

3.  In  Congregational  churches,  lo  propose  or  nams 
as  a  candidate  "for  admission  to  communion  with  a 
church.  Persons  intending  to  make  public  profes- 
sion of  iheir  faith,  and  thus  unite  with  the  church, 
are  propounded  before  the  cliurch  and  congregation  ; 
that  is,  their  intention  is  notified  some  days  previous, 
for  the  purpose  of  giving  opportunity  to  members  of 
the  church  to  object  to  their  adiaission  to  such  com- 
munion, if  ihey  see  cause. 

PRO-POUNDED,  pp.  Proposed;  offered  for  consid- 
eration. 

PRO-POUND'ER,  n.  One  that  proposes  or  offers  for 
consideration. 

PRO-POUND'ING,  ppr.  Proposing;  offering  for  con- 
sideration. 

PROP'P£D,  (propt,)  pp.  [from  prop.]  Supported  ; 
sustained  by  something  placed  under. 

PROP'PING,  ppr.    Supporting  by  something  beneath. 

PRO-PRE'TOR,  71.     [L.  proprietor.] 

Among  the  Romans,  a  magistrate  who,  having  tli-- 
charged  the  office  of  pretor  at  home,  was  ap|h>intcd 
to  ihe  government  of  a  province.         Smithes  Vict. 

PRO-PRI'E-TA-RY,  n.  [Fr.  proprietaire,  from  pro- 
priete.] 

1.  A  proprietor  or  owner  ;  one  who  has  the  exclu- 
sive title  to  a  thing  ;  one  who  possesses  or  holds  the 
title  to  a  thin::  in  his  own  right.  The  grantees  ot 
Pennsylvania  and  Mariland  and  iheir  heirs  wtre 
called  the  proprietaries  of  those  provinces 

2.  In  monasteries,  such  monks  were  called  proprie- 
taries, as  had  reserved  goods  and  effects  to  ihein- 
selves,  nolwithPlanding  tl?eir  renunciation  ot  all  at 
the  time  of  their  profession.  Encyc. 

PRO-PRI'E  TA-RY,  a.    Belonging  lo  a  proprietor  cr 


TvXE,  BULL,  UNITE AN"GER,  VI"CI0US.  — €  as  K ;  6  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  S!I ;  TH  ns  in  TUIS. 

. .  gy^' 


,  (pro-pQii'tT,)  n     A  defender  j  a  vin- 


PRO 

owner,  or  to  a  proprietary.  The  governments  of 
Poniisylvania  and  iM:ir>iand  were  formerly  propric- 
tarii. 

I'ltO-lMU'E-TOU,  n.  [from  L.  prapr'tctas,  proprius.] 
An  owner;  the  person  wlio  lias  tlie  legal  right  or 
exclusive  title  to  any  tliiny,  whether  in  possession  or 
nipt  J  as,  the  proprietor  of  a  farm  or  of  a  mill.  By 
the  gift  of  God,  man  is  constituted  the  proprietor  of 
the  earth. 

PUO-1'IlT'y-TOR-SHIP,  n.    State  of  heing  proprietor. 

PKO-PKT'E-TRESS,  n.  A  female  who  has  liie  exclu- 
sive legal  right  to  a  thing.  V Kniran^'C. 

PRO-PRI'E-Ty,  n.  [Fr.  proprictd  ;  L.  propricttis,  from 
prnprius.] 

1.  Property  ;  peculiar  or  cxchisive  right  of  posses- 
sion ;  ownership. 

[This  primary  sense  of  the  word,  as  used  by 
Locke,  Milton,  Dryden,  &c.,  seems  now  to  he  nearly 
or  wholly  obsolete.    See  Property,] 

9.  Fitnnss ;  suitableness;  appropriateness;  conso- 
nance with  established  principles,  rules,  or  customs  ; 
justness;  accuracy.  Propriety  of  conduct,  in  a  moral 
sense,  consists  in  its  confurmity  lo  the  moral  law  ; 
;;ro;)f(crj/ of  behavior  consists  in  confurmity  to  liie 
established  rules  of  decorum  ;  propriety  in  language 
is  correctness  in  the  use  of  wunls  and  plirases,  ac- 
cortling  to  established  usage,  which  constitutes  the 
rub  of  speaking  and  writing, 
3.  Proper  state.  Skak. 

PRO  PROe'TOR,  n.  In  the  EiigUsh  nniversitic^^  an 
assistant  proctor.  Hook. 

PliOPT.     See  Propfed. 

PRO-PuGN',  (pro-pdne',)  v.  i.  [I*,  propu^no ;  jtro  and 
puano,  to  figlil.] 

To  contend  for ;  to  defend  ;  to  vindicate.  [Little 
\ise<!.'\  Iltimmond, 

PRO  I'UG'NA-eLE,  n.     [L.  propuir,iaculum.] 

A  fortress.     {J^Tot  used.]  Howell. 

PRO-PaG-N.\  'TION",  n.    \\,.  propii^natio.] 

D.'fense.     LYot  used.]  Skak. 

PRO-PUGN'EU, 
dicator. 

PUO-P0GN'[NG,  ppr.    Conlending  for;  defending. 

PRO-PUL-Sa'TION,  ?;.  [L.  projiulsatio ;  propulso. 
See  Propel.] 

The  act  ot  driving  away  or  reprlling  ;  the  keeping 
at  a  distance.  '  Hull. 

PRO-PULSE',  (pro-puls',)  v.  t.  [L.  propKUo  ;  pro  and 
puliifj  to  strike.     See  Propel.] 

To  repel ;  to  drive  off.     [Little  itscd.]      Cutgravc. 

PR0-PUL'S10.\,  (-pul'shun,)  n.  [L.  propulsuSj  pro- 
pello.     See  Propel.] 

The  act  of  driving  forward.  Bacon. 

PRO-PUL'SIVE,  a.  Tending  or  having  power  to 
repel. 

PRO-PY-L.^'UM,  )i.  [L.,  from  Gr.  TT^wirvUun'.]  In 
ancient  architecture,  any  court  or  vestibule  before  a 
building,  or  bi'fore  its  principal  parts  ;  vwre  particu- 
larlti,  the  entianco  to  such  court  or  vestibule.    Qwilt. 

PROP'Y-LON,  n.      [Gr.  TpuirvXov^  itpo  and  -uAjj,  a 
gate.] 
The  porch,  vestibul  \,or  entrance  of  an  edifice. 

Russell. 

PRO  RA'TJl^  [L.]     l.i  proportion. 

PRORE,  7t.     [l^.prora.] 

The  prow  or  fore  part  of  a  ship.  Pope. 

[JV*y(  bi  iti'c,  eteept  in  poctn/.] 

PRO  RE  J^A'T~9j  [L.]  According  to  e.xigences  or 
civcumstanr.es. 

PRO-REP'TION,  n.  [from  L.  proprepo.]  A  creeiv 
ini!  on. 

PRO  R0-Ga'T[OX,  n.  [L.  prorogatio.  See  Pro- 
rogue.] 

1.  Continuance  in  lime  or  duration  ;  a  lengthening 
or  prolongation  of  time  ;  as,  the  prorogation  of  somc- 
ibing  already  possessed.     ['Phis  use  is  uncommon.] 

Siruth. 

2.  In  England,  the  continuance  of  parliament 
from  one  session  to  another,  as  an  adjournment  is  a 
continuance  of  the  session  from  day  to  day.  This 
is  the  establisheil  language  v/ith  respect  to  the  parlia- 
meiit  of  Great  Britain.  In  the  Unitfd  Sfntes,  the 
Word  i-f,  I  li-iievo,  ra^^;ly  or  never  used  ;  ndjourumnit 
being  used,  nut  o:iJy  in  its  etymological  sense,  but 
for  proro 'ration  also. 

PRO-ROGUE',  (pro-rog',)  v.  l  [Fr.  prorofl-cr:  L.  pro- 
1-0 fro ;  pro  and  i-oi/o.  'J'hc  latter  word  signifies  to 
ask,  or  to  propof^e  ;  but  the  primary  sense  is  to  reach, 
t;i  stretch  forward;  ami  this  is  iJs"iinpr:rt  in  the  ds- 
rivative  prorogo.] 

1.  To  protract ;  lo  prolong. 

lie  prorogued  his  govprnnifnl.  IhyUn. 

2.  To  defer  j  to  delay  ;  as,  to  prorogue  death. 

Shah. 
[In   Uie  foregoing  scnsesj   the  word  is  now  rarely 
used.] 

3.  To  continue  the  parliament  from  one  session  lo 
another.  Parliament  is  prorogued  by  the  king's  au- 
lliorily,  either  by  the  lord  chancellor  in  his  majesty's 
presence,  or  by  commission,  or  by  proclamation. 

B!ack  Intone. 
VP.O-RoGU'ED^pp.     Prolonged  i  continued  from  one 
session  to  another. 


PRO 

PKO-RUP'TION,   n.      [L.  proruptusj  prorampo;   pro 
and  rnriipo,  lo  burst.] 
The  act  of  bursting  forth  ;  a  bursting  out.  Brown. 

PRO-Sa'IG,  a.  [L.  prosatctLi,  from  prosa^  prose;  Fr. 
prosaique.] 

J.  Pertaining  to  prose;  resemliling  prose;  not  re- 
stricted by  numbers;  applied  to  writings;  as,  apry- 
suic  composition. 
2.  Dull  ;  uninteresting.  Ed.  Rev. 

PRO-Sa'IG-AL-IjY,  fl(/i\   In  a  dull  or  prosaic  manner. 

PRO'SA-IS.M,  71.  That  which  is  in  the  form  of  prose 
writing.  Coleridge. 

PRO'SA-LST,  n.     A  writer  of  prose. 

PRO'SAL,  fl.    Prosaic.     [JVutii^cd.]  Brawn. 

PllO-SCi£'NI-UM,  n.     [Gr.  irpo  and  aff.ji'./.] 

1.  In  tfte  anciejit  Vicatcr^  the  part  where  the  actors 
performed,  called  now  the  Stage.        Smithes  Diet. 

2.  In  the  mcdcrn  theater,  the  frontispiece,  or  front 
part  of  the  stage,  where  the  droj)  scene  separates  llie 
stage  from  the  audience.  Brande. 

PRO-SeRTBE',  I',  t.  [L.  vroscribo  ;  pro  and  ."cribo,  lo 
write.  Tlie  sense  of  tliis  v.'ord  originated  in  the 
Roman  practice  of  writing  tho  names  of  persons 
doomed  to  death,  and  posting  tlic  list  i:i  public] 

].  To  doom  to  destruction  ;  to  pi:t  one  out  of  the 
protection  of  law,  and  promise  a  reward  for  his  head. 
Sylla  and  iMariuspro^icW^frf  each  other's  adherents. 

'2.  To  put  out  of  the  proloctiou  of  the  law,  with- 
out such  a  promise. 

Robert  Vere,  E:til  uf  Cxfoni,  was  banished  ll:c  i"oalm  luiii  pro- 
scribed. Spenser. 

3.  To  denounce  and  condemn  as  dangerous  and 
not  worthy  of  reception  ;  to  reject  utterly. 

Ill  111!?  jT.ir  325,  tlie  Aiian  doclrinci  were  proscribed  nin\  anatli- 
oriuuiz'xl  liy  llie  council  ci(  Nice.     -  Water  land, 

4.  To  censure  and  condemn  as  utleily  unworthy 
of  reception.  Sontj't. 

5.  To  interdict ;  as,  to  proscribe  the  use  of  ardent 
spirits. 

PRO-SeRIB'i^:D,  pp.  or  a.  Doomed  lo  destruction  , 
denounced  as  dangerous,  or  Jis  unworthy  of  recep- 
tion ;  cuiidemned  ;  banished. 

PR0-SeRli3'ER,  7i.  One  that  dooms  to  destruction  ; 
out;  that  denounces  as  dangerous,  or  as  utterly  un- 
worthy of  reception. 

PRO-SGRiO'ING,  ppr.  Dooming  to  destruction  ;  de- 
nouncing as  unworthy  of  protection  or  rocei)tion  ; 
condemning;  banishing. 

PRO-SeRIP'TlON,  71.     [L.  proseriptio.] 

1.  Tlie  act  of  proscribing  or  dooming  to  death  ; 
among  the  Rumansy  the  public  offer  of  a  reward  for  the 
head  of  a  political  eiu'my.  Such  were  the  proscrip- 
tions of  Sylla  and  Marius.  Under  the  triumvirate, 
many  of  tlie  brst  Roman  citizens  fell  by  proscription. 
9.  A  putting  out  of  the  protection  cf  law ;  con- 
demning to  e\fle. 
3.  Censure  and  condemnation  ;  utter  rejection. 

PRO-S€RIP'TIVE,  a.  Pertaining  lo  or  consisting  in 
proscription;  proscril)ing.  Burke. 

PROSE,  7:.  [L.  It.  and  \Sp.  prosa;  Ft.  prose.  Ciu. 
orient,  ma,  y-^D  or  a/io.] 

1.  1'he  natural  language  of  man ;  language  loose 
and  unconfined  to  poetical  measure,  as  opposed  to 
cerse  or  metrical  composition. 

Tilings  iHuUtGmptcd  yei  in  prose  or  rliymo.  Milton. 

Q.  In  the  Roman  Catholic  chireh,  a  Iiynin  intro- 
duced inti)  the  mass  on  certain  festival  days.     [See 

Se(II'E.NCE.] 

This   word   is  sometimes  used  adjectively  ;    as, 
prose  writings. 
PRoSE,  a.  (.    To  write  in  prose,  Jililtoii. 

2.  To  make  a  tcdi«-'Us  relation.  Mason. 
PROS'E-eUTE,  7'.  (.     [L.  2'r03ccutus,  jtroscqnor ;    pro 

and  srrjuor,  to  follow,  Eug.  to  seek.    See  Essay.] 

1.  To  follow  or  pursue  with  a  view  to  reach,  exe- 
cute, or  accomplish  ;  to  continue  endeavors  to  obtain 
or  complete  ;  to  continue  efforts  already  begun  ;  as, 
to  prosecute  a  scheme  ;  to  prosecute  an  undertaking. 
'I'heplan  of  a  great  canal  in  the  Slate  of  New  York 
lias  been  prosecuted  with  success. 

T h-it  wjiicli  is  nioi-ully  jroo'l  'S  to  be  desired  and  prosecuted. 

Wilkins. 

This  word  signifies  either  to  begin  and  carnj  on,  or 
simply  to  contiiiuc  what  has  been  begun.  When  I  say, 
"  I  have  devised  a  plan  which  I  have  not  the  courage 
or  means  to  prosceutcy'^  tlie  word  signifies  to  begin  to 
czecntc.  Wlien  we  say,  "  TIu  nation  began  a  war 
which  it  had  not  means  to  prosecute,"  it  signifies  to 
cnttinue  to  carry  on.  The  latter  is  the  genuine  sense 
of  the  word,  but  both  are  well  authorized.  We 
prosecute  any  work  of  the  hands  or  of  the  head. 
We  prosecute  a  purpose,  an  enterprise,  a  work, 
studies,  inquiries,  &c. 

2.  To  seek  to  obtain  by  legal  process  ;  as,  to  pros- 
ecute a  right  in  a  court  of  law. 

3.  To  accuse  of  some  crime  or  breach  of  law,  or 
to  pursue  for  redress  or  punishment,  before  a  legal 
tribunal ;  as,  lo  prosecute  a  man  for  trespass  or  for 
a  riot.  It  is  applied  to  civil  suits  for  damages,  as 
well  as  to  criminal  suits,  but  not  to  suits  for  debt. 
We  never  say  a  man  prosecutes  another  on  a  bonii  or 
note,  or  in  assumpsit;  but  he  prosecutes  his  right  or 


PRO 

claim  in  an  action  of  debt,  detinue,  trover,  or  as- 
sumpsit. So  we  say,  a  man  prosecutes  another  fur 
assault  and  battery,  for  a  libel  or  for  slander,  or  for 
breaking  his  close.  In  these  cases,  prosecute  signi- 
fies tn  begin  and  to  continue  a  suit.  The  attornry- 
general  ;jro5TJii(w  offenders  in  the  name  of  the  king 
or  of  the  slate,  by  information  or  indictment. 

Prosecute  dilfers  from  persecute,  as  in  law  it  is  ap- 
plied to  the  legal  proceeding;)  only,  whereas  persecute 
implies  cruelly,  injustice,  or  oppression. 

PROS'E-CUTJ'i,  17.  i.  To  carry  on  a  legal  prosecution  , 
as,  to  prosecute  for  public  oftenses.  Hlac.kstvne. 

PROS'E-eU-TEl), ;);).  Pursued,  or  begun  and  carried 
on  for  execution  or  accomplishmetu,  as  a  scheme; 
pursued  for  redress  or  punishment  in  a  court  of 
law,  as  a  person  ;  demanded  in  law,  as  a  right  or 
claim. 

PROS'E-CU-TING,  ppr,  or  a.  Pursuing,  or  beginning 
and  carrying  on  fur  accomplishment;  pursuing  for 
redress  or  punishment ;  suing  for,  as  a  right  or  claim. 

PROS-E-€0'TION,  n.  The  act  or  process  of  endeav- 
oring to  gain  or  accomi-dsh  sometliing  ;  pursuit  by  ef- 
forts of  body  or  mind  ;  as,  theproyet'iitiwiiof  aschema, 
plan,  design,  or  undertaking  ;  the  prosecution  of  ^var 
or  of  commerce;  the  prosecution  of  a  work,  stiuly, 
argument,  or  imjui/y. 

2.  The  institution  and  c:trrying  on  of  a  suit  in  a 
court  of  law  or  equily,  to  obtain  some  right,  or  to  re- 
dress and  punish  some  wrong.  The  prosrcutiun  of  a 
claim  in  rliaucery  is  very  e\pe;isivc.  Jlalicious  pros- 
ecutions subject  the  offender  to  punishment. 

3.  The  institution  or  commencement  and  continu- 
ance c»f  a  criminal  suit ;  llie  juocess  of  exhibiting 
foiinal  charges  against  an  offender  before  a  legal  tri- 
bunal, and  pursuing  them  to  linal  judgment  ;  as, 
prosecutions  of  the  crown  or  of  the  state  by  ijie  at- 
torney or  solicitor-general.  Prosrcutiuns  may  be  by 
presentment,  information,  or  indictinent. 

Black-stonc. 

PROS'E-GU-TOR,  n.  One  who  pursues  or  carries  on 
any  purpose,  plan,  or  business. 

2.  The  person  who  institutes  and  carries  on  a 
criminal  suit  in  a  legal  tribunal,  or  one  who  exhiluts 
criminal  charges  againsi  an  offender.  The  attorney- 
general  is  the  prosecutor  for  the  king  or  stale. 

Blackstone. 

PROS'E-L?TE,  n.  [Fr.  proselyte;  Jt.  prosclita  ;  Gr. 
T7f)n(rr,\vTo^ ;  rpoy  and  en\opai,  to  come;  /;,>:',, 
riXBoi'.] 

A  nev/  convert  to  some  religion  or  religious  -■  1 1, 
or  to  some  particular  opinion,  system,  or  party. 
Thus  a  Gentile  converted  lo  Judaism  Is  a  prosdytc  ; 
a  pagan  converted  to  Cliristianity  is  *■  irrosclyte:  and 
we  speak  familiarly  of  proselytes  u  the  iheorit-s  of 
Brown,  of  Black,  or  of  Lavoisier.  The  word  prima- 
rily refers  lo  converts  to  some  religious  creed. 

PR0S'E-L'5TE,  v.  t.  To  make  a  convert  lo  some 
religion,  or  to  some  opinion  or  system.    Jllacknight. 

PR03'E-1-S-TED,  pp.  or  a.  Made  a  convert  to  some 
religion. 

PROS'l^-LY-TlNG,  ppr.  or  a.     -Alaking  converts. 

PR0S'E-LYT-IS:\1,  t:.  The  making  of  convt;its  to  a 
religion  or  religious  sect,  or  lu  any  opinion,  sjsteni, 
or  puity. 

They  were  posscisctl  oi  a  spirit  oi  j>roscli/lism  in  tlie  rriosi  ruiat 
ical  des'iec.  Burke. 

2.  Conversitm  lo  a  system  or  creed. 
PROS'E-LY'i'-IZE,  to  make  converts,  or  lo  convert,  is 

not  well  authorized,  or  not  in  common  use,  and  is 

wholly  unnecesp'iirv. 
PRO-SEM-I-Na'TION,  n.     [L.  proseminatus  ;  pro  and 

scmino,  to  sow.] 

Propagation  bv  seed.     [JVot  used.]  Hdr. 

PROS-EN-NE-A-ilE'DRAL,  a.     [Gr.  -rrpos,  e-.'vca,  and 

tJ/ja.] 

In  a-ystallography,  having  nine  faces  on  two  adja- 
cent [larts  of  the  crystal.     [JVot  used.] 
PlloS'ER,   u.     [from  prose.]    A  writer  of  prose. 

J}raytoH. 
2.  One  who  makes  a  tedious  narration  of  uninter-j 

esting  matters. 
PROS'ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Talking  or  writing  in  a  duU,| 

uninteresting  manner.  I 

PRoS'ING,  n.    Dull  and  tedious  minuteness  in  specciij 

or  writing. 
PRO-SLaV'ER-Y,  a.  In  favor  of  slavery. 
PRO'SY,  a.  Dull  and  tedious  in  discourse  or  writingJ 
PRO-So'DI-AL,  i  a.  [from  jirosody.]  Pertaining  tol 
PRO-SOD'IG-AL,  i      prosody,  or  the  quantity  and  a&T 

cents  of  syllables  ;  according  to  the  rules  of  prosody.! 

IVarton.     Ed.  Dispcns.     i 

PRO-So'DI-AN,  n.     [from  prosody.'}     One  skilled  inl 

prosody,  or  in  tlie  rules  of  pronunciation  and  mstricail 

ronipusititin.  T 

PROS'0-DIST,  71.     [from  prosody.]     One  who  under-j 

Elands  prosody.  JValke/: 

PROS'0-DY,  7!.     [Ft.  jtrosodie ;  L.  prosodia;  Gr.  r.'.off-j 

(o^ia  :  TTpng  and  out/;,  an  ode.] 
That  part  of  grammar  which  treats  of  the  quantity! 

of  syllables,  of  accent,  and  of  the  laws  of  versifica-1 

lion.    It  includes,  also,  the  art  of  adjusting  tlie  ac-f 

cent  and  metrical  arrangements  of  syllables  in  com-" 

positions  for  the  lyre. 


FiSTE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— HkTE,  PREY PINE,  MARiNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.— 


PRO 

PROS-O-PO-LEP'SY,  n.     [Gr.  Tpocw-oAjji/'ia.] 

Respect  of  persons ;  more  })articularlyj  a  preiuature 
opinion  or  prejudice  iigainst  a  person,  formed  by  a 
view  of  his  e.\lern;U  appearance. 

Moore.    Addison. 

PROS-O-PO-PCE'IA,  n.  [Gr.  -ptyGunroizotiai  Trpoau- 
TUf,  person,  and  »-n£(.t,  to  make.] 

A  figure  in  rhetoric,  by  which  things  are  repre- 
sented as  persons,  or  by  which  thin^  inanimate  are 
spoken  of  as  animated  beings,  or  by  which  an  absent 
person  is  introduced  aa  speaking,  or  a  deceased  per- 
son is  represented  ms  alive  and  present.  It  includes 
pcrsonijicathnj  but  is  more  extensive  in  its  sicnifica- 
lion.  Ennjc. 

PROS'PE€T,  7J.  \Ij.  prospectus,  praspido^  to  look  for- 
ward ;  yro  and  specio^  to  see.] 

1.  View  of  things  within  the  reach  of  the  eye. 

Eden  ami  all  the  coa^t  in  prosjiect  l.\v.  Milton. 

2.  View  of  things  to  come  ;  intellectual  sight ;  ex- 
pectation. The  good  man  enjoys  the  prospect  of 
future  felicity. 

3.  Thai  which  is  presented  to  the  eye;  the  place 
and  the  objects  seen.  There  is  a  noble  prospect  from 
the  dome  of  the  Stale  House  in  Boston  —  a  prospect 
diversified  with  land  and  water,  and  everything  that 
can  please  the  eye. 

4.  Object  of  view. 

Man  lu  binisflf 
is  a  l\x^  prospecL  Deitham. 

5.  View  delineated  or  painted ;  picturesque  rcpre- 
sentatior  of  a  landscape.  Reynolds. 

f).  Place  wiiich  aJibrds  an  extended  view. 

J\licton. 

7.  PosiL^on  of  the  front  of  a  building;  as,  a  pros- 
pect toxvard  the  south  or  nortli.    Ezck.  \\. 

e.  I:xpectation,  or  ground  of  expectation.  There 
is  a  prospect  of  a  good  harvest ;  a  man  has  a  prospect 
of  prefennent ;  or  he  has  little  prospect  of  success. 

H'askin^ton. 

9.  A  looking  forward;  a  regard  to  something  fu- 
ture. 

h  hs  :i  prudent  man  as  to  liis  temporal  esmte,  who  lays  dcsi^rifl 
only  for  a  day,  withoul  ajiy  prospecl  u>,  or  pruvisiou  for,  thi; 
reiiWning  piirl  of  lue  ?  [Ziuii  used,]  TMloUon. 

rR(.)-SPE€'TION,  71.    The  act  of  looking  forward,  or 

of  providing  for  future  wants.  Palcy. 

PRO-SPEeT'IVE,  a.    Looking  forward  in  time;  re- 
garding the  future  ;  opposed  to  Rethospective. 
Tile  supporlin*  of  BibJe  societies  is  one  of  llie  poiuu  on  which 
the  prumises,  ai  the  time  of  ordination,  luul  no  prospecuse 
beanng.  W.  Jay. 

■2.  Acting  with  foresight. 

The  French  king  and  kinj  of  Sweden  are  circumspect,  indtta- 
irlous,  and  prospecUce  in  titis  aiTair.  Child, 

3.  Pertaining  to  a  prospect ;  viewing  at  a  distance. 

Milton. 

4.  Fumishins  an  e.ttensive  prospect.        Dm^hL 
PRO-SPECT'IVE,  11.    The  scene  before  or  around  us. 

Rich.  Diet, 

PRO-SPECTaVE-LY,  adc.  With  reference  to  the 
future. 

PRO-SPECT'IVE-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  pro- 
spective, 

PRO-SPECT'US,  n.  [L.]  The  plan  of  a  lileraiy 
work,  containing  the  general  subject  or  design,  with 
the  manner  and  terms  of  pubUcation,  and  sometimes 
a  specimen  of  it. 

PROS'PER,  V.  L     [L.  prospero,  from  prosperus,  from 
the  Gr.  rrooGipCjitOf  to  carry  to  or  toward;  -pes  and 
0COW,  to  bear.] 
To  favor ;  to  render  successful. 

All  things  concur  Xo  protper  our  design.  Drydeix, 

PEOS'PER,  V.  i.    To  be  successful ;  to  succeed. 

The  Lord  made  all  that  he  did  to  prosper  in  tiis  hand.  —  Gen. 

xxxix. 
He  that  co^ereth  his  sins  sluU  not  prosper.  —  Prov.  uviii. 

2.  To  grow  or  increase ;  to  thrive  ;  to  make  gain  ; 
as,  to   prosper  in   business.     Our  agriculture,  com- 
merce, and  manufactures,  now  prosper, 
PROS'PER-ED,  pp.     Having  success  ;  favored. 
PROS'PER-ING,  ppr.     Renttering  successful;  advan- 
cing in  urowth,  wealth,  or  any  good. 
!    PROS-PER'1-TY,  n,     [h.  prospcriUi^.] 
j  Advance  or  gain  in  any  thing  good  or  desirable ; 

I  successful  progress  in  any  business  or  enterprise  ; 
'  success  ;  attainment  of  the  object  desired  ;  as,  the 
j  prosperittj  of  arts  ;  agricultural  or  commercial  pros- 
it pcriiij;  li-dlionaX  prosperittj.  Our  disposition  to  abuse 
I  Che  blessings  of  Providence  renders  prosperity  dan- 
gerous. 

I  The  proiperxUf  of  fo«U  siiidl  dcslroy  Ui»m.  — Prov.  j. 

PROS'PER-OUS,  a.     [L.  pros-pents,] 

1.  Advancing  in  the  pursuit  of  any  thing  desirable  ; 
making  gain  or  increase  ;  thriving  ;  successful ;  as,  a 

j       prosperous  trade  ;  a  prosperous  voyage  ;  a  prosperous 
;      exhibition  or  undertaking  ;  a  prosperous  man,  faini' 

ly,  or  nation  ;  a  prosperous  war. 
I  The  seed  ah:\ll  X  proBpert^ ;  the  vine  siiaU  give  her  fruit  - 

Zcch.  viii. 

2.  Favorable;  favoring  success;  as,  a,  prosperous 
wmu.  Denhavi. 


PRO 

PROS'PER-OUS-LY,  adv.  With  gain  or  increase; 
successfullv.  Bacon. 

PROS'PER-OaS-NESS,  H.  The  state  of  being  suc- 
cessful ;  prosperity. 

PRO-SPI"CIENCE,  C-spish'ens,)  n.     [L.  prospiciens.] 
The  act  of  looking  forward.  Diet. 

PROSS,  n.  Talk;  conversation,  rather  of  the  gossip- 
ing kind.  Brockeit. 

PROS'TaTE,  a.  [from  Gr,  Tpoiarript,  to  set  before.] 
In  anatomy^  the  prostate  gland  is  a  gland  situated 
just  before  the  neck  of  tlie  bladder  in  males,  and  sur- 
rounding the  beginning  of  the  urethra.  It  is  situated 
on  the  under  and  posterior  part  of  the  neck  of  the 
bladder,  so  as  to  surround  the  lower  side  of  the 
urethra.  Encijc.     Wistar. 

PROS-TER-Na'TIO?;,  71.  [L.  proslerno,  to  prostrate  ; 
pro  and  sterao.'\ 

A  state  of  bemg  cast  down  ;  dejection  ;  depression. 
[Little  liscd.']  Wiseman. 

PRGS'TflE-SIS,  71.  [Gr.]  In  surgery,  the  addition 
of  an  artificial  part  to  supply  a  defect  of  the  botly  ;  as 
a  wooden  leg,  &.c..  Qu>nci:.     Coie, 

2-  In  mediriue,  an  overlapping  ;  as,  llie  prost/u'sis 
of  one  febrile  perioil  upon  anotlier. 

3.  In  grammar,  a  figure  C(msisting  in  prefixing  one 
or  more  letters  to  tile  beginning  of  a  word  ;  as,  be- 
loved. 

PROS-THET'ie,  a.    [Gr.  -onoBiros,] 
Prefixed,  as  a  letter  to  a  word. 

PROS'TI-TUTE,  V.  t.  [L.  prostttuo  i  pro  und  statuo, 
to  selj 

1.  To  offer  freely  to  a  lewd  use,  or  to  indiscrimi- 
nate lewdness. 

Dw  not  prostiluU  thy  daughter.  —  Licv.  six. 

2.  To  give  up  to  any  vile  or  infamous  purpose  ;  to 
devote  to  any  thing  base  ;  to  sell  to  wickedness  ;  as, 
to  ;jro5(i(u(c  talents  to  the  propagation  of  infidel  prin- 
ciples; to  prostitute  the  press  to  the  publication  of 
blasphemy. 

3.  To  offer  or  expose  upon  vile  terms,  or  to  un- 
worthy persons.  Tillotsun, 

PROS'TI-TUTE,  a.  Openly  devoted  to  lewdness  ; 
sold  to  wickedness  or  to  infamous  purposes. 

M.ule  bold  liy  want  and  proslilule  ffir  hread.  Prior, 

PROS'TI-TUTE,  71.  A  female  given  to  indiscriminate 
lewdness  ;  a  strumpet.  Urydcn, 

9.  A  base  hirelings  a  merccnaiy ;  one  who  offers 
himself  to  infamous  employments  for  hire. 

No  hireling  she,  no  jrrosUlule  to  praise.  Pope. 

PR03'TI-TU-TED,  pp.   or  a.      Oftered    to   common 

lewdness  ;  devoted  to  base  purposes, 
PROS'TI-TU-TING,  ppr.    Offering  to  indiscriminate 

lewdness  ;  devoting  to  infamous  uses. 
PROS-TJ-T0'T(0i\,  H.     [Fr.,  from  L.  prostituo,] 

1.  The  act  or  practice  of  offcriug  the  body  to  an 
indiscriminate  intercourse  with  men  ;  common  lewd- 
ness of  a  female.  Spectator. 

2.  The  act  of  setting  one's  self  to  sale,  or  of  devot- 
ing to  infamous  purposes  what  is  in  one's  power ;  as, 
the  prostitution  of  talents  or  abilities;  the  prostitution 
(kf  the  press. 

PROS'TI-TU-TOR,  h.  One  who  prostitutes  ;  one  who 
submits  himself  or  offers  anoliier  to  vile  purposes. 

PROS'TRATE,  a.  [L.  pru^lratus,  from  prosterno,  lo 
lay  flat ;  pro  and  stcrno.] 

1.  Lying  at  length,  ur  wiili  the  body  extended  on 
the  ground  or  other  surface. 

Groveling  and  jiroalrau  un  yon  lake  of  Ere.  MiUon, 

2.  Lying  at  mercy,  as  a  supplicant.  Shak,  Chapman. 

3.  Lving  in  the  posture  of  humility  or  adoration. 
PROS'TRaTE,  v.  t.     To  lay  flat ;    to  throw   down  ; 

as,  to  prostrate  the  body  ;  to  prostrale  trees  or  plants. 

2.  To  throw  down  ;  to  overthrow ;  to  demolish ; 
to  ruin  ;  as,  to  prostrate  a  village  ;  to  prostrate  a  gov- 
ernment;  to  proifralc  law  or  justice  ;  to /jro^/raic  the 
honor  of  a  nation. 

3.  To  prostrate  one*s  self;  to  throw  one's  self  down, 
or  to  fall  in  humility  or  adoration.  Duppa. 

4.  To  bow  in  humble  reverence. 

5.  To  sink  totally;  lo  reduce;  as,  to  prostrate 
strengtii. 

PROS'TRa-TED,  pp.  or  a.     Laid  at  length  ;  laid  flat ; 

thrown  down  ;  destrovfd. 
PROS'TRA-TING,  ppr.'  Laying  flat ;  throwing  down  ; 

destroying. 
PROS-TRa'TION,  71.    The  act  of  throwing  down,  or 

laying  flat ;  as,  the  prostration  of  the  body,  of  trees, 

or  of  corn. 

2.  The  act  of  falling  down,  or  the  act  of  bowing  in 
humility  or  adoration  ;  primarily,  the  act  of  falling  on 
the  face  ;  but  it  is  now  used  for  kneeling  or  bowing 
in  reverence  and  worship. 

3.  Great  depression  ;  dejection  ;  as,  n.  prostration  of 
spirits. 

4.  In  medicine,  a  latent,  not  an  exhausted,  state  of 
the  vital  energies  ;  great  oppression  of  natural  strength 
and  vigor ;  that  state  of  the  body  in  disease  in  which 
the  system  is  oppressed.  Coze. 

Prostration  is  different  and  distinct  from  exfuiiLstian, 
and  is  analogous  to  the  state  of  a  spring  lying  under 
such  a  weight  that  it  is  incapable  of  action  ;  while 
ezlutustiort  is  analogous  to  the  state  of  a  spring  de- 


PRO 

prived  of  its  elastic  |>owers.  Prostration  does  not  re- 
quire the  use  of  invigorating  remedies,  as  ezkaustion 
doer*. 

PIlO'^^T^LE,  n.  [Gr.  ttoootvaos  i  ^90  anfl  ffrvXof,  a 
column.] 

In  archiucture,  a  portico  in  which  the  columns 
stand  inadvancecf  the  building  to  which  they  belong. 

PRO'SY,  a.     Like  prose.  [OwiU. 

2.  Dull. 

PRO-SYL'LO-GIS.M,  7i.  [;?roand  aynogism.]  Afro- 
syllogi.-in  is  when  two  or  more  s>'llogi.«ru3  are  so  con- 
nected lliat  the  conclusion  of  the  former  is  the  major 
or  minor  of  the  following.  WaUs. 

PRO-TAC'Tie,  a.  Protuctic  persons,  i--  vlaijs,  are 
those  who  giv  ■  a  narrative   or  explanaiion  of  the 

PRO  TAJ^'TO,  [L.]    For  so  much.  [piece. 

PROT'A-SIS,  n.  [Gr.  -ooraffij,  from  ro-rfii'tj,  lo 
present.] 

1.  A  proposition  ;  a  maxim.  Johnsmu 

2.  In  Vic  ancient  drama,  the  first  part  of  a  comic  or 
tragic  piece,  in  which  the  sev  ml  jiersons  are  shown,   j 
their  characters  inlhnated,  at.d  the  subject  prop<»sed 
and  entered  on.  'I'he  ;>/-oru.vi.s-  might  extend  to  two  acts, 
where  it  ended  and  ilie  epkasis  commenced.    Encyc. 

3.  The  subi-rdinati^  member  of  a  senli;nce,  gener- 
ally of  a  conditional  .sentence  ;  opposed  to  Apodosis. 

PRO-TAT'ie,  a,     [V.t.  -uornriKui.] 

Bt'ing  placed  in  the  beginning  ;  previous.  Dryden. 

PRo'TE-.-W,  a.  P.rtaining  to  Proteus ;  readily  as- 
sumine  different  shapes.     [See  Pbotei;s.] 

PRO-TECT',  V.  t.  [L.  protcctus,  protego  ;  pro  and  /*- 
go,  to  cover ;  Gr.  creyi^,  with  a  prefix  ;  Eng.  deck. 
See  Deck.] 

To  cover  or  shield  from  danger  or  injnr>' ;  to  de- 
fend ;  to  guard  ;  to  preserve  in  safety  ;  a  word  uf  gen- 
eral import,  both  in  a  literal  and  Ji gurative  scjise.  Walls 
protect  a  city  or  garrison  ;  clothing  is  designed  to  pro- 
tect the  body  from  cold  ;  arms  may  protect  one  from 
an  assault ;  our  liuuses  protect  us  fiom  the  inclemen- 
cies of  the  weather ;  the  law  jrrotccls  onr  persons  and 
property;  the  father  protects  his  childien,  and  the 
guardian  his  ward  ;  a  shade  protects  us  frttui  extreme 
heat  i  a  navy  protects  our  commerce  and  our  shores  ; 
embassadors  are  protected  from  arrest. 

PRO-TECT'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Covered  or  defended  from 
injur\'  ;  preserved  in  safety. 

PR0-T'E€T'ING,  ppr.  or  a'.  Shielding  from  injury; 
defending  ;  preserving  in  safety. 

PRO-TE€T'ING-LY,  adv.  By  protecting  ;  in  the  way 
of  protection.  Carlyle. 

PRO-TEtJ'TION,  H.  The  act  of  protecting ;  defense  ; 
shelter  from  evil ;  preservation  from  loss,  injurj-,  or 
annoyance.  \V'e  find  protection  under  good  laws  and 
an  upright  adniinisiration.  How  little  arc  men  dis- 
posed to  acknowledge  divine  protection ! 

2.  That  which  protects  or  preserves  from  injury. 

Let  llvin  rise  up  mid  help  you,  and  he  your  proUctioit,  —  Deut, 
xx.x\i, 

3.  A  writing  that  protects;  a  passport  or  other  wri- 
ting which  secures  from  molestation. 

4.  Exemption.  Embassadors  at  foreign  courts  are 
entitled  to  protection  from  airesl.  -Members  of  parlia- 
ment, representatives,  and  senators,  are  cnlitled  to 
protection  from  arrest  during  their  attendance  on  the 
legislature,  as  are  suitors  and  witnesses  attending  a 
court. 

li'rit  of  protection  ;  a  writ  by  which  Uie  king  of  Great 
Britain  exempts  a  person  from  arrest,      Blucksione. 

PRO-TEG'TION-IST,  n.  One  who  favors  the  protec- 
tion of  some  brancli  of  industry  by  Ieg;il  enactments, 

PRO-TECT'IVE,  a.  Aflbrding  protection  ;  shelter- 
ing ;  defL-nsive.  Thomson. 

PRO-TEGT'OR,  7i.     [Fr.  protecteur.] 

1.  One  tliat  detends  or  shields  from  injury,  evil,  or 
oppression  ;  a  defender ;  a  guardian.  The  king  or 
sovereign  is,  or  ought  to  be,  the  protector  of  the  na- 
tion ;  the  husband  is  the  prota^tor  of  his  wife,  and 
the  father  of  his  children. 

2.  In  England,  one  who  formerly  had  the  care  of 
the  kingdom  during  the  king's  minority  ;  a  regent. 
Cromwell  assumed  the  title  of  Ivrd  protector. 

3.  In  Roman  Catholic  countries,  every  nation  and 
every  religious  order  has  a  protector  residing  at  Rome. 
He  IS  a  cardinal,  and  called  cardinal  protector. 

PRO-TECT'OR-ATE,  n.  Government  by  a  protector ; 
applied  particularly  to  the  government  of  England  by 
Cromwell.  H'atpole. 

•2.  In  recent  usage,  the  authority  assumed  by  a  su- 
perior power  over  an  inferior  or  dependent  one. 

PRO-TE€^To'RI-AL,  a.     Pertaining  to  a  proti:clor. 

PRO-TECT'OR-LESS,  a.     ikving  no  protector. 

PRO-TECT'OR-SHIP,  n.  The  office  of  a  protector  or 
regent.  Burnet. 

PRO-TE€T'RESS,  n,  A  woman  or  female  that  pro- 
tects. Bacon.    AddLson. 

PRO-TE-GE',  (pio-le'Zh^',)n.  [Ft.]  One  underlhe 
care  and  protection  of  another. 

PRO'TE-IN,  n.     [Gr.  rroturo^,  first.] 

A  gelatinous,  scini-transparent  substance,  obtained 
from  albumen,  fibrin,  or  casein,  and  considered  the 
basis  of  animal  tissue  and  of  some  subsUtnces  ol 
vegetable  origin. 

PRO  TEM'PO-RE,  [L.]  For  the  time  being;  as  o 
temporary  supply  or  provision. 


TONE.  BI;LL,  UNITE.— AN"GER,  VI"CI0US,  — C  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 
— _  g^ 


PRO 


PRO 


PEO-TEND',  V   U    [L.  protmcio  ;  pro  and  tmdo,  to 
Btret'h.]  ,  ,    . 

To  liolil  out ;  to  stretch  forth. 

\V  ilh  hi«  protended  liuice  he  mivkel  dcfeune.  Drydtn. 

PEO-TEND'ED,  pp.    Reached  or  stretched  forth. 

Mitford. 
FRO-TENDTNG,  ppr.    Stretching  forth. 
PRO-TENSE',  (pro-tens',)  n.  Extension,    {ffot  iisM.] 

SpCTWer. 
PRO-TER  V'l-TY,  71.    [L.  pntenUas,  from  protemiw  ; 
pro  and  (orOMS,  crabbed.] 

Peevishness;  petulance.     [Little  used.l 
PRO-TKST',  u.  i.     [L.  protestor;  pro  and  twfor,  to  af- 
firm ;  It.  protcstarc;  Fr.  proteUtr  :  Sp.  protes'ter.] 

1.  To  affirm  with  solemnity ;  '  ■>  make  a  solemn 
declar.ation  of  a  fact  or  opinion  ;  i^,  I  protest  to  you 
I  have  no  knowleilRU  of  the  transaction. 

a.  To  make  a  solemn  declaration  expressive  of  op- 
position ;  with  against ;  as,  lie  protests  against  your 
votes.  Denliam. 

Tlic  comclcnce  has  po*cr  to  proBtl  agaiitit  the  ejoltiwncies 
ol  tlie  paaaioiis.  SuuUl. 

3.  To  make  a  formal  declaration  in  writing  again 
a  public  law  or  measure.     It  is  tlie  privilege  of  any 
lord  in  parliament  to  protest  against  a  law  or  resolu 

PRO-TEST',  V.  t.    To  make  a  solemn  declaration  or 
aflirmation  of;  as,  to  p-otest  one's  innocence. 

2.  To  call  as  a  witness  in  affirming  or  denying,  or 
to  prove  an  aflirmation. 

Fiertdv  ihey  oppOBcd 
My  journey  61™!!*--,  with  clamorous  uproar 
ProUBting  fate  6upremo.  Milton. 

3.  To  prove  ;  to  show ;  to  give  evidence  of.  [JVot 
in  use]  S''"*- 

4.  In  commerce,  to  protest  a  Hit  of  exchange,  is  lor  a 
notary  public,  at  the  retjuest  of  the  payee,  to  make  a 
formal  declaration,  tinder  hand  and  seal,  against  the 
drawer  of  the  bill,  on  account  of  non-acceptance  or 
non-payment,  fur  exchange,  cost,  commission,  dam- 
ages, and  interest ;  of  whicli  act  the  indorser  must 
be  notified  within  such  time  as  the  law  or  custom 
prescribes.  In  like  manner,  notes  of  hand,  given 
to  a  banking  corporation,  are  protested  for  non-pay- 
ment. .   . 

PRo'TEST,  n.  A  solemn  declaration  of  opinion,  com- 
monly against  some  act ;  appropriately,  a  formal  and 
gulemn  declaration,  in  writing,  of  dissent  from  the 
proceedings  of  a  legislative  body  ;  as,  the  protest  of 
lords  in  parliament,  or  a  like  declaration  of  dissent 
of  any  minority  against  the  proceedings  of  a  majori- 
ty of  a  body  of  men. 

2.  In  commerce,  a  formal  declaration  made  by  a  no- 
tary public,  under  hand  and  seal,  at  the  request  of 
the  payee  or  holder  of  a  bill  of  exchange,  for  non- 
acceptance  or  non-payment  of  the  same,  protesting 
against  the  li rawer  and  others  concerned,  for  the  ex- 
change, chtirgcs,  ilamagcs,  and  interest.  This  pro- 
test is  written  on  a  copy  of  the  bill,  and  notice  given 
to  the  indorser  of  the  same,  by  which  he  becomes  li- 
able to  pay  the  amount  of  the  bill,  with  charges,  dam- 
a"es,  and  interest ;  also,  a  like  declaration  against 
the  ilrawer  of  a  note  of  hand  for  non-payment  to  a 
banking  corporation,  and  of  the  master  of  a  vessel 
against  seizure,  &c.  A  protest  is  also  a  writing,  at- 
tested by  a  justice  of  the  peace  or  consul,  drawn  by 
the  master  of  a  vessel,  stating  the  severity  of  the 
voyage  by  which  the  ship  has  suffered,  and  showing 
that  the  damage  suffered  was  not  owing  to  the  neg- 
lect or  misconduct  of  the  master. 
PROT'EST-ANT,  a.  Pertaining  to  those  who,  at  the 
r<;fi)riii:ition  of  religion,  prott;sted  against  a  decree  of 
Cliarles  V.  and  the  diet  of  Spires  ;  pertaining  to  Prot- 
estants or  to  Protestantism  ;  as,  the  Protestant  reli- 
pidP.  Addison.    Mibter. 

PROT'EST-ANT,  n.  One  of  the  party  who  adhered 
to  l.tithcr  at  the  reformation  in  1539,  and  protested, 
or  made  a  solemn  declaration  of  dissent  from  a  de- 
cree of  the  emperor  Charles  V.  and  the  diet  of  Spires, 
and  appealed  to  a  general  council.  Tliis  name  was 
afterward  extended  to  the  followers  of  Calvin,  and 
Protestants  is  the  denniiiination  now  given  to  all 
the  various  denominations  of  Christians  which  have 
sprung  from  the  adoption  of  tlie  principles  of  the  ref- 
ormation. 
PRO T'EST-ANT-ISM,  n.    The  Protestant  religion. 

South. 
PROT'EST-ANT-LY,  aiv.    In  conformity  to  the  Prot- 
estants. Milton. 
[.4  vrrif  bad  reord,  and  not  used.] 
PROT-ES-Ta'TION,  n.     [Fr.  ;  from  protest.] 

1.  A  solemn  declaraliji  of  a  fact,  opinion,  or  res- 
olution. Hooker. 

2.  A  solemn  decK-ration  of  dissent;  a  protest ;  as, 
tho  protC5taKio«  of  certain  noblemen  against  an  order 
of  council.  Clarendon. 

3.  In  law,  a  declaration  in  pleading,  by  which  the 
party  interposes  an  oblique  allegation  or  denial  of 
some  fad,  protesting  tl'.at  it  does  or  does  not  exist. 
The  lord  may  allege  the  villenage  of  tho  plaintiff  by 
way  of  protestation,  and  thus  deny  the  demand. 


PRO-TEST'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Solemnly  dejlared  or  al- 
leged; declared  against  for  non-acccpuncc  or  non- 
payment. 

PRO-TEST'ER,  n.     One  who  protests;  one  who  ut 
ters  a  solemn  ileclaration. 
2.  One  who  protests  a  bill  of  cxchai  ge. 

PRO-TEST'INO,  ppr.  Solemnly  tleclaring  or  alHrm- 
ing ;  declaring  against  for  non-acceptance  or  non- 
payment. 

PRO-TEST'ING-LY,  adv.    By  way  of  protesting. 

PRO'TE-US,  »i.     [L.,  from  Gr.  n,o'..rcv5.] 

In  mythology,  a  marine  deity,  the  son  of  Oceanus 
and  Tethys,  whose  distinguishing  characteristic  was 
the  faculty  of  assuming  different  shapes.  Hence  we 
denominate  one  who  easily  changes  his  form  or  prin- 
ciples a  Proteus. 

PRO'TE-US,  11.  A  term  applied  to  a  genus  of  Ba- 
trachian  reptiles,  allied  to  the  siren,  salamanders, 
and  frogs. 

2.  A  name  given  to  a  genus  of  homogeneous  in- 
fusoria. 

PROTH'E-SIS,  n.  [Gr.J  The  place  in  a  church  on 
which  the  elements  for  the  oucharist  are  put,  pre- 
vious to  their  being  placed  on  the  altar;  called  also 

CrEDE  NCEi  JiOOlim 

PEO-THON'O-TA-RY-SHIP,  n.    Tho  office  of  a  pro- 

thonotary.  Carea. 

[Jin  awkward,  harsh  word,  and  little  used.] 
PRO-THON'O-TA-RY,  n.      [Low  I-.,  protonatarius ; 
Gr.  Tr/)'uro5,  first,  and  h.  notarius,  a  scribe.] 

1.  Originally,  the  chief  notary  ;  and  anciently,  the 
title  of  the  principal  notaries  of  the  emperors  of  Con- 
stantinople.   Hence, 

2.  In  England,  an  officer  in  the  Court  of  King's 
Bench  and  Common  Pleas.  The  proUionoUry  of  the 
King's  Bench  records  all  civil  actions.  In  the  Com- 
mon Pleas,  the  prothonotaries,  of  which  there  are 
three,  enter  and  enroll  all  declarations,  pleadings, 
judgments,  &c.,  make  out  judicial  writs  and  exem- 
plifications of  records,  enter  recognizances,  &c. 

F.ncyc. 

3.  In  the  United  States,  a  register  or  clerk  of  a  I 
court.  The  word,  however,  is  not  applied  to  any  of- 
ficer, except  in  particular  States. 

.Apostolical  prothonotaries,  in  the  court  of  Rome, 
are  twelve  persons  constituting  a  college,  who  re- 
ceive the  last  wills  of  cardinals,  make  informations 
and  proceedings  necessary  for  the  canonization  of 
saints,  &c.  Eneyc. 

PRO-TIIo'RAX,  Ji.  [Gr.  rm,  before,  and  Ooiiia^, 
bretistplate.] 

In  entomology,  the  first  or  anterior  segment  of  the 
thorax  in  insects.  Brande. 

PRO'TO-eOL,  Ti.  [Low  L.  protocollum  ;  Gr.  rpwrr.;, 
first,  and«i)XA'i,  glue;  so  called  perhaps  from  the  glu- 
ing together  of  pieces  of  paper,  or  from  the  spreading 
of  it  on  tablets.  It  was  formerly  the  upper  part  of  a  leaf 
of  a  book  on  which  the  title  or  name  was  written.] 

1.  The  original  copy  of  any  W'riting.  [JVot  now 
used.]  Ayliffe. 

2.  The  minutes  or  rough  draft  of  an  instrument  or 
transaction.  Brande. 

PRo'TO-eOL-IST,  n.    In  P.nssia,  a  register  or  clerk. 

Tooke. 
PRO'TO-GINE,  n.    A  kind  of  talcose  granite.    Dana. 
PRO'TO-MAR-TYR,  (-mir-tur,)  n.   [Gr.  ipcoros,  first, 
and  paorvo,  martyr.] 

1.  Tho  first  martyr ;  a  term,  applied  to  Stephen,  the 
first  Christian  martyr. 

a.  The  first  who  suffers  or  is  sacrificed  in  aT}y 
cause.  Drydcn. 

PRO'TO-PLAST,  71.  [Gr.  ^rfiwrot,  first,  and  i-Xaj-os, 
formed.] 

The  original  ;  the  thing  first  formed,  as  a  copy  to 
be  imitated.    Thus  Adam  has  been  called  our  pro- 
toplast. Bryant.    Harvey. 
PRO-TO-PI-AS'Tie,  a.    First  formed.  Ilowdl. 
PRo'TO-PoPE,  71.    [Gr.  TtjiojTos,  fltst,  and  papa,  fa- 
ther.] 

The  imperial  confessor,  an  officer  of  the  holy  di- 
recting synod,  the  supreme  spiritual  court  of  the 
Greek  church  in  Russia.  Toolie,  Rnss. 

PRO'TO-S.ALT,  11.     [Gr.  irowroj,  first,  and  salt.] 

In  chemistry,  proto-salts  are  salts  containing  a  me- 
tallic protoxyd.  SiUiman. 
PRO-TO-SUL'P(IATE,  n.     In  chemistry,  a  compound 

of  sulphuric  .acid  with  a  protoxyd. 
Pr6'TO-T5PE, 71.     [Fr.,froin  Gr.  i7(j<.)T"7-uiros;  irpto- 
Tos,  first,  and  rvirot,  type,  form,  model.] 

An  original  or  model  after  which  any  thing  is 

formed ;  the  pattern  of  any  thing  to  be  engraved, 

cast,  &c. ;  exemplar  ;  archetype.     Wotton.    Eneyc. 

PRO-TOX'YD,  11.     [Gr.  Trn-.irus,  first,  and  azyd.] 


PRO 

1.  To  draw  out  or  lengthen  in  time  ;  to  continue  ; 
to  prolong;  as,  to  protract -an  argument;  to  protract 
a  discussion  ;  to  protract  a  war  or  a  negotiation. 

a.  To  delay ;  to  defer ;  to  put  off  to  a  distant 
time  ;  as,  to  protract  the  decision  of  a  questitm  ;  to 
protract  the  final  issue. 

PKO-'l'RACT',  71.    Tedious  continuance.    [Jfot  used.] 

Spenser. 

PRO-TRACT'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Drawn  out  in  time  ;  de- 
layed. 

PRd-TRA€T'ED-LY,  adv.  In  a  prolonged  or  protract- 
ed manner ;  tediously. 

PRO-TRAGT'ER,  n.  One  who  protracts  or  lengthens 
in  time. 

PRO-TRA€T'ING,  ppr.  Drawing  out  or  continuing 
in  time;  delaying. 

PRO-TRACT'ING,  71.   In  surveying,  the  same  as  Pso- 

TRACTION,  which  SCO.  Huttou. 

PRO-TRAG'TION,  n.  Tho  act  of  drawing  out  or 
continuing  in  time;  the  act  of  delaying  the  termi- 
nation of  a  tiling  ;  as,  the  protraction  of  a  debate. 

2.  In  surveying,  the  act  of  plotting  or  laying  down 
on  paper  the  dimensions  of  a  field.  litillon. 

PRG-TRACT'IVE,  a.  Drawing  out  or  lengthening  in 
time;  prolonging;  continuing;  delaying. 

He  suffered  their  J>rotrrtCtiuc  ftlU.  Drydcn. 

PRO-TRACT'OR,  71,  He  or  that  which  protracts. 
2.  Amathematical  instrument  for  laying  down  and 
measuring  angles  on  paper,  used  in  drawing  or  plut- 
ting.  It  is  of  various  forms,  semicircular,  rectangu- 
lar, or  circular.  ^.  Ci/r. 
PRO-TREP'Tie-AL,  a.  [Gr.  Tr,o.,r "-7i«o(,  from 
rpoTfiEiroj,  rporpeirt-pai,  to  e.xhort;  i.pu  and  rfitnw, 
to  turn.] 

intended  or  adapted  to  per- 

Ward. 
prolrndo  f  pro  and  tr«(/o,  to 


Blaclistonc. 


PROT'ES-TA-TOE,  71.    One  who  protests 


A  compound  of  one  equivalent  of  oxygen  witll  one 
equivalent  of  a  base,  and  destilute  of  acid  properties. 

PRO-TOX'YD-IZE,  v.  t.  'i'o  combine  in  the  propor- 
tion of  one  equivtdcnt  of  oxygen  and  one  of  any 
base,  without  producing  any  acid  properties. 

PRO-TO-ZO'A,  71.  pi.  [Gr.  irpojTus,  first,  and  {mov,  an- 
imal.] The  infusoria  or  lowest  class  of  animals. 
The  term  is  sometimes  applied  to  all  animals  in  which 
no  nerves  have  been  detected.  Dana. 

PRO-TRAeT',  71. 1.  [L.  protractus,  from  protraho ;  pro 
and  traho,  to  draw.] 


Hortatory  ;  suasory ; 
suade.     [Little  used.] 
PRU-TUOOE',  r.  t.     [L, 
'    tJlrust.     See  TliBusT.] 

1.  To  thrust  forward  ;  to  drive  or  fiirce  along  ;  as, 
food  protruded  from  the  stomach  into  the  intestine. 

Locke. 

2.  To  thrust  out,  .as  from  confinement.    The  con- 
tents of  the  abdomen  are  protruded  in  hernia. 

PRO-TEuDE',  V.  i.  To  shoot  forward  ;  to  be  thrust 
forward. 

Tlie  pai-Ia  protrude  beyond  the  Bliin,  Bacon. 

PRO-TROD'ED,  pp.  or  a.    Thrust  forward  or  out. 

PRO-TEOD'ING,  ]ipr.    Thrusting  forward  or  out. 

PRO-TRU'SILE,  a.  Capable  of  being  protruiled  anil 
withdrawn.  Gardner. 

PRO-TRu'SION,  (-zhun,)  71.  The  act  of  thrusting 
fiirward,  or  beyond  the  usual  limit ;  the  state  of  be- 
ing protruded  ;  a  thrusting  or  driving  ;  a  push. 

Locke. 

PRO-TRtj'SIVE,  a.  Thrusting  or  impelling  forward ; 
as,  protrusive  motion.  Darwm. 

PRO-TO'BEE-ANCE,  71.  [L.  protnierans,  proUilero; 
pro  and  tnbcr,  a  puff,  bunch,  or  knob.] 

A  swelling  or  tumor  on  the  body  ;  a  prominence  ; 
a  bunch  or  knob  ;  any  thing  swelled  or  pushed  be- 
yond the  surrounding  or  adjacent  surface ;  on  the 
surface  of  the  earth,  a  hill,  knoll,  or  other  elevation. 
Hale.  More. 
Protuberance  differs  from  projection,  being  applied 
to  parts  that  rise  from  the  surface  with  a  gradual  as- 
cent or  small  angle  ;  whereas  a  projection  may  be  at 
a  light  angle  witli  the  surface. 

PRO-TO'BER-ANT,  (I.  Swelling;  prominent  beyond 
tho  surrounding  surface;  as,  a  protuberant  joint;  a 
protuberant  eye. 

PRO-TO'BER-ANT-LY,  adv.    In  the  way  of  protu- 
berance. 
PRO-TO'BEH-aTE,  v.  i.     [L.  protubero,  supra.] 

To  swell  or  be  prominent  beyond  the  adjacent  sur- 
face ;  to  bulge  out. 

If  the  navel  proluberatea,  make  a  small  puncture  with  a  liincot 
Ihrougli  the  skin.  .'iharp. 

PRO-TU-BER-A'TION,  71.  The  act  of  swelling  be- 
yond tlie  surrouniling  surface.  Cooke. 

PRO-TO'BER-OUS,  a.     Protuberant.  SiiiiM. 

PROUD,  a.  [Sax.  jirnt ;  D.  preutsch,  proud,  iirmlisll, 
also  prut,  proud,  and  pralten,  to  fret.  We  hnd  in 
the  Italian  prode  is  valiant,  brave  ;  proda,  the  prow 
of  a  ship  ;  pi-odezia,  prowess  ;  probably  of  the  sanie 
family,  witll  the  radical  sense  of  swelling,  stretch- 
ing, or  erecting.    Sec  Pbi'de.]  . 

1.  Having  inordinate  self-esteem  ;  possessingahign 
or  unreasonable  conceit  of  one's  own  e.vcellcnce,  ei- 
ther of  body  or  mind.  A  man  m;iy  iio.  proud  0/  liispor- 
son,  of  his  talents,  of  bis  accoinplislunents,  or  of  his 
achievements.  He  ni.ay  be  prtmd  of -dm  thingto  ivliich 
he  bears  some  relation.  Ho  may  heproiul  o/his  coun- 
try, his  government,  his  equipage,  or  ol  \vliatevcr 
may,  by  association,  gratify  his  esteem  of  liunsell. 
Ho  may  even  be  proiir;  of  his  religion,  or  oj  his 
church.  He  conceives  th.at  any  thing  excellent  or 
valuable,  in  which  he  has  a  shale,  or  to  which  he 
stands  related,  contributes  to  his  own  importance 
and  this  conception  exalts  his  opinion  ot  himsell. 
Proud  is  followed  by  of  before  the  object,  supra 

2.  Arrogant;  haughty;  supercilious. 

A  foe  so  proud  will  not  the  weaker  seek.  A/ilton. 


FATE,  F.\R,  FALL,  WHAT.-METE,  PREY.-PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD — NOTE,  D(''VE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.— 


PRO 

3.  Daring;  presmnptuous. 

By  hia  untJersCandiii^  lie  snuteth  through  Iho  proud.  —  Job  xivi. 

4.  Lofty  of  mien ;  grand  of  person  ;  as,  :i  promt 
steed.  JililtoH. 

5.  Gran!;  lofty;  splendid;  magnificent. 

Storms  of  stoaes  frem  die  proud  temple's  hight.  Dryden. 

C.  Ostentatious  ;  grand  ;  as,  -proud  titles.     Shak. 

7.  Splendid  ;  exhibiting  grandeur  and  distinction  ; 
exciline  pride  ;  as,  a  proud  day  for  Rome. 

8.  Kxcittfd  by  tlie  animal  appetite  ;  applied  particu- 
larly to  the  female  of  Vie  canine  species. 

9.  Fungous;  as,  prow^  flesh.  Sharp. 
PROT'D'Eli,  a.  comp.     More  proud. 
PiiOUIVEST,  a.  superl.     Most  proud. 
PROrO'LI-EST,  adr.     Most  proudly.              Baxter. 
PIUjUD'LY,  a</r.    With  an  inordinate  self-esteem;  in 

a  proud  manner  ;  haughtily  ;   ostentatiously  ;  with 
lutiy  uii-s  or  mien. 

Proudly  he  marches  on  and  vciJ  of  feaj.  Pops. 

PROV'A-BLE,  (proov'a-bl,)  a.    [See  Prove.]    That 

may  be  proved. 
PROV'A-BLY,  adv.    In  a  manner  capable  of  proof. 

Huloct. 

PKOVANT'  (  "*  P"'^®"^'^'"  or  food.  [JVot  in  xise.] 
PROVE,  (proov,)  v.  t.  [Sax.  prqfian;  H.proevcn;  G. 
prohiren;  Dan.  prtJcer;  Sw.profca;  W.provi;  Arm. 
proaiy  praucin  ;  L.  probo  ;  It.  provare  ;  Sp.  probar^  to 
try;  Fr.  eproaver;  Russ.  probuyu,  to  prove;  probe- 
rfiyii,  to  pierce,  to  penetrate,  to  send  by  force.  The 
primary  sense  is,  to  strain,  to  urge  by  force,  or  rather 
to  thrust  or  drive.  The  word  Bkow  may  be  of  llie 
same  family,  from  its  projection.     See  Probe.] 

1.  To  try  ;  to  ascertain  some  unknown  quality  or 
truth  by  an  experiment,  or  by  a  test  or  standard. 
Thus  we  prove  tlie  strength  of  gunpowder  by  experi- 
ment;  we  ;wo«e  the  strength  or  solidity  of  cannon 
by  experiment.  We  prove  the  contents  of  a  vessel 
by  comparing  it  with  a  standard  measure. 

9.  To  evince,  establish,  or  ascertain  as  truth,  real- 
ity, or  fact,  by  testimony  or  other  evideuce.  The 
plaintifT  in  a  suit  mtist  prove  the  truth  of  his  declnra- 
tion ;  the  prose::utor  must  prove  his  charges  against 
tlie  accused. 

3.  To  evince  truth  by  argument,  induction,  or  rea- 
soning ;  to  deduce  certain  conclusions  from  proposi- 
tions that  are  true  or  admitted.  If  it  is  admitted 
that  ev.-ry  immoral  act  is  dishonorable  to  a  rational 
being,  and  thnt  dueling  is  an  immoral  act,  then  it 
is  provi'l,  hy  necessaiy  inference,  that  dueling  is  dis- 
honorable to  a  rational  being. 

4.  To  ascertain  the  genuineness  or  validity  of;  to 
verify  ;  as,  to  prove  a  will. 

5.  To  experience ;  to  try  by  suffering  or  encoun- 
tering; to  gain  certain  knowledge  by  the  operation 
of  something  on  ourselves,  or  by  some  act  of  our 
own. 

Lei  him  in  arms  the  power  of  Tumuspropfl.  Dryden. 

6.  In  arithmetic,  to  show,  evince,  or  ascertain  the 
correctness  of  any  operation  or  result.  Thus,  in  sub- 
traction, if  the  difference  between  two  numbers, 
added  to  tlie  lesser  number,  makes  a  sum  equal  to 
the  greater,  the  correctness  of  the  subtraction  is 
proved.  In  other  words,  if  the  sum  of  the  remainder 
and  of  the  subtralicnd  is  equal  to  the  minuend,  tlie 
operation  of  subtraction  is  proved  to  be  correct. 

7.  To  tr}'  ;  to  examine. 

Prove  your  own  selves.  — 2  Cor.  xiii. 

8.  Men  prove  God,  when  by  their  provocations 
they  put  his  patience  to  trial,  Ps.  xcv.  ;  or  when  by 
obedience  ihey  make  trial  how  much  he  will  coun- 
tenrince  such  contluct.    .1/(7?.  iii. 

PROVE,  (proov,)  v.  i.    To  make  trial ;  to  essay. 

The  sons  prepare  -^ 
To  prove  by  arms  whose  fate  it  was  to  reigii.  Dryden, 

2.  To  be  found  or  to  have  its  qualities  ascertained 
by  experience  or  trial :  as,  a  plant  or  medicine  proves 
salutary. 

3.  To  be  ascertained  by  the  event  or  something 
subsequent ;  as,  the  report  proues  to  be  true,  or  p"0CC5 
to  be  false. 

When  llie  inftammatioa  ends  in  a  g^ai^ene,  the   case  praoea 
mortal.  Arbumnot. 

4.  To  be  found  true  or  correct  by  the  result. 

5.  To  make  certain  ;  to  show ;  to  evince.  This 
aruiiment  proves  how  erroneous  is  the  common 
opinion. 

6.  To  succeed. 

If  Ihe  experiment  proved  qo(.     [Not  in  u«e.]  Ba<:on. 

PROVED,  pp.  or  a.    Tried  ;  evinced  ;  experienced. 
PRO-VED'I-TOR,  n.     [It.  proveditore,  from  provcdcre, 

tu  provide.     See  Provide.] 
A  purveyor;  one  employed  to  procure  supplies  for 

an  army. 
Pniveditor,  in  Venice  and  other  parts  of  Italy,  is 

an  otfirer  who  superintends  matters  of  policy.  Encyc. 
PHOV'E-DORE,  n.    A  purveyor;   one  who  procures 

provisions. 
PROV'£N  ;  a    word    used    bv  Scottish  writers    for 

Proved. 


PRO 

PROV'ENCE-RoSE,  n.  A  species  of  rose,  much  val- 
ued for  its  beauty  and  fr'u'rnnco. 

PRO-VEN'CIAL,  (    !.,i!,)  u.     [Fv.  provcji^r..] 
Pertaining  tu  Provence,  in  France. 

PROV'EN-DER,  n.  [Fr.  provcnde,  provender;  Norm. 
provender,  a  prebendary ;  provmdre^  a  prebend  ;  D. 
prove,  a  prebend;  (qu.  G.,  I).,and  Sw.  proviaiit,  pro- 
visions ;)  It.  provianda,  victuals  ;  Ir.  proantain,  prov- 
ender. The  Italian  provianda  is  probably  composed 
of  pro  and  vivanda,  victuals,  from  vivercy  L.  vivo,  to 
live,  and  from  vivanda  the  French  have  viande,  Eng. 
viand.  Whether  the  French  provcnde  and  Norm. 
jtrovcndcr  are  from  tlie  same  source,  may  be  doubted. 
The  German  pmriant  may  be  formed  from  the  L. 
providco,  t?p.  provctr.  Port,  provir.  Qu.  L.  ]mwejttH.f. 
It  is  saiti  that  pruvcitd,  provender,  originally  signified 
a  vessel  containing  a  measure  of  corn  daily  given  to 
a  horse  or  other  beast.  But  qu.  JV  may  be  casual 
in  provender, 'ds  in  oncssciigcr,  and  the  word  maybe 
from  provideo.] 

}.  Dry  food  for  beasts,  usually  meal,  or  a  mixture 
of  meal  and  cut  straw  or  hay.  In  a  more  general 
sense,  it  may  signify  diy  food  of  any  kind. 

Swift.    Mortimer. 
9.  Provisions ;  meat ;  food.  Coxc. 

[JVot  used  of  food  far  viaa  in  JVew  England.] 

PROV'ENT,  n.     [L.  proventus.] 
Provisions  ;  eatables, 

PROV'ER,  n.  One  that  proves  or  tries;  that  which 
proves. 

PROVERB,  H.  [Fr.  provcrbe  :  It.  proverhio  ;  L.  jrro- 
verbiuvi ;  pro  and  verbiim,  a  word.] 

1.  A  short  sentence  often  repeated,  expressing  a 
well-known  truth  or  common  fact,  ascertained  by 
experience  or  observation  ;  a  maxim  of  wisdom. 

The  proverb  Li  true,  thru  light  gains  make  heavy  purses ;  for 
light  gains  come  often,  grsat  gains  now  and  then.    Bacon. 

2.  A  by-word  ;  a  name  often  repeated  ;  and  hence 
frequently,  a  reproach  or  object  of  conteujpt.  Jer. 
XX  iv. 

3.  In  Scripture,  it  sometimes  signifii^s  a  moral  sen- 
tence or  maxim  that  is  enigmatif_;tl ;  a  dirk  saying  of 
the  wise  that  requires  interpretatiuu.     Prov.  i. 

4.  Proverbs;  a  canonical  book  of  the  Old  Testa- 
ment, containing  a  great  variety  of  wise  maxims, 
rich  in  practical  truths  and  excellent  rules  for  the 
conduct  (if  all  classes  of  men. 

PROVERB,  V.  u  To  mention  in  a  proverb.  [JVot  in 
use.]  Jililton. 

2.  To  provide  with  a  proverb.    [JVot  in  use.]    Skak. 
PRO-VERB'I-AL,  a.     Mentioned  in  a  proverb;  as,  a 
proverbial  cure  or  remedy. 

In  case  of  exccsaes,  I  take  the  German  ^ouerfcioZ  cure,  by  a  hair 
of  the  same  beast,  Lo  be  the  worst  m  the  world.     Temple, 

2.  Comprised  in  a  proverb ;  used  or  current  as  a 
proverb  ;  as,  a  proverbial  saying  or  speech.      Pope. 

3.  Pertaining  to  proverbs;  resembling  a  proverb; 
suitable  to  a  proverb  ;  as,  a  proverbial  obscurity. 

Brown. 
PRO-VERB'I-AL-ISM,  ».    A  proverbial  phrase. 

JV.  .^.  Rev. 
PRO-VERB'I-AL-IST,  n.    One  who  speaks  proverbs. 

Lang^horne. 
PRO-VERB'I-AL-TZE,  v.  t.    To  make  a  proverb  ;  to 
turn  into  a  proverb,  or  to  use  proverbially.     [Umi- 
i'Hfj/.]  Good. 

PRG-VERn'T-AL-LY,  adv.     In  a  proverb;   as,  it  is 

praverbiallfi  said.  Brown. 

PRO- VIDE'',  v.  t.  [L.  provideo,  literally,  to  see  before  ; 
pro  and  video,  to  sec  ;  ¥r.pourvoir  ,■  It.  provedere  ,■  Sp. 
proveer}  Port,  prot^er.] 

1.  To  procure  beforehand  ;  to  get,  collect,  or  make 
ready  for  future  use  ;  to  prepare, 

Ahraliam  Bsvid,  God  will  provide  himself  a  Iamb  for  a  burnt- 

offering,  — Gen.  xxii. 
Provide  neither  gold,  uor  silver,  nor  braes,  in  your  purses. — 

Matt.  X. 
Provi/le  tilings  honest  in  the  sight  of  all  men.  —  Rom.  xii. 

2.  To  furnish ;  to  supply  ;  followed  by  with. 

Ronif,  by  the  care  of  the  magistrates,  was  well  provided  teiOi 
corn.  Arbuthnot. 

Provided  of  is  now  obsolete. 

3.  To  stipulate  previously.  The  agreement  pro- 
vides  tliat  the  party  shall  incur  no  loss. 

4.  To  make  a  previous  conditional  stipulation. 
[See  PuoviDED.] 

5.  To  foresee  ;  a  Latinism,    [JVot  in  use.] 

B,  Jonson. 

G.  To  appoint  to  an  ecclesiastical  benefice  before  it 
is  vacant.     [See  Pbovisor.]  Prescott. 

7.  Provide,  in  a  transitive  sense,  is  followed  by 
against  or  fm-.  We  provide  warm  clothing  against 
the  inclemencies  of  the  weather  ;  we  provide  neces- 
saries agaiiut  a  lime  of  need  ;  or  we  provide  warm 
clothing  for  winter,  &.c. 
PRO-VIDE',  V.  i.  To  procure  supplies  or  means  of 
defense  ;  or  to  take  measures  for  counteracting  or 
escaping  an  evil.  The  sagacity  of  brutes  in  pro- 
viding against  the  inclemencies  of  the  weather  ia 
wonderful. 

Government  is  a  contrWance  of  huinaa  wiadom  to  provide  for 
human  wants.  Burke. 

PRO-VID'ED,    pp.      Procured    beforehand  ;    made 


PRO 

ready  for  future  use ;   supplied ;  furnished ;  Btipu- 
lated. 

2.  Stipulated  as  a  condition,  which  condition  is 
expressed  in  the  following  sentence  or  words;  as, 
^•provided  that  nothing  in  this  act  shall  prejudice  the 
rights  of  any  person  whatever."  This  sentence  is 
in  the  nature  of  the  case  absolute,  the  clause  or  sen- 
tence independent;  "(Aw  or  that  being  provided, 
which  follow.^!;"  '*  this  condition  bein^  provided,*^ 
The  word  being  is  understood,  and  tne  participle 
provided  agrees  with  the  whole  sentence  absolute. 
"  7Vif>  condition  being  frrcciously  stipulated  or  estab- 
lished.'" This  and  tJiat  here  refer  to  the  whole  mem- 
ber of  the  sentence. 
PROV'MJE.N'CE,  71.     [Fr.,  from  L.  providentia.] 

1.  'i'he  act  of  providing  or  preparing  for  future  use 
or  application. 

Provi-tence   for  war  is  the  bc»t   prevention  of  tU     [Noio  liUIe 
used.]  Baerm, 

2.  Foresight ;  timely  care  ;  particularly,  active  fore- 
sight, or  foresight  accompanied  with  the  procurement 
of  wliat  is  necessary  for  future  use,  or  with  suitable 
preparation.  How  many  of  the  troubles  and  per- 
plexities of  life  proceed  from  want  of  providence ! 

3.  In  theology,ihe  care  and  superintendence  which 
God  exercises  over  his  creatures.  He  that  acknowl- 
edges a  creation  and  denies  a  providence,  involves 
himself  in  a  palpable  contradiction ;  for  the  same 
power  which  caused  a  thing  to  exist  is  necessary  to 
continue  its  existence.  Some  persons  admit  a  gen- 
eral providence,  but  deny  n,  particular  providence,  not 
considering  that  a  general  providence  consists  of  par- 
ticulars. A  belief  in  divine  jworu/mcc  is  a  source  of 
great  consolation  to  good  men.  By  divine  providence 
is  often  understood  God  himself. 

4.  Prudence  in  the  management  of  one*s  concerns, 
or  in  private  economy. 

PROVI-DKNT,  a.  Foreseeing  wants  and  making 
provision  to  supply  tlieni;  forecasting;  cautious; 
prudent  in  preparing  for  future  exigences ;  as,  a 
provident  man;  z. provident  animal. 

The  parsimonious  emmet,  provident 

Ofhiliir:-.  MUtan, 

Orangt'  i^  what  Aujngtus  was. 

Brave,  xvaiy .  ^"'ovident,  and  bold.  WWler. 

PROV-I-DEN'TIAL,  (-shal,)  a.  Effected  by  the  prov- 
idence of  God  ;  referable  to  divine  providence  ; 
proceeding  from  divine  direction  or  superintend- 
ence; as,  the  providential  contrivance  of  things;  a 
providential  escape  from  danger.  How  much  are  we 
indebted  to  God's  unceasing  providential  care  I 

Woodward. 

PROV-I-DEN'TIAL-LY,  adv.  By  means  of  God's 
providence. 

Every  animal  is  prooidenUaUy  directed  to  tlie  use  of  iu  proper 
weapons.  nay. 

PROV'I-DENT-LY,  adv.  With  prudent  foresight; 
^\ith  wise  precaution  in  preparing  for  the  future. 

PRO-VID'ER,  n.  One  who  provides,  furnishes,  or 
supplies  ;  one  that  procures  what  is  wanted.  Shak. 

PRO-VID'ING,  ppr.  Procuring  beforehand  ;  supply- 
ing ;  stipulating. 

PROVINCE,  71.  [Fr.,  from  L.  provincia;  usually 
supposed  to  be  formed  from  pro  and  vinco,  to  con- 
quer.] 

1.  Among  the  Romans,  a  country  of  considerable 
extent,  which,  being  reduced  under  their  dominion, 
was  new-modeled,  subjected  to  the  command  of  a 
governor  sent  from  Rome,  and  to  such  taxes  and  con- 
tributions as  the  Romans  saw  fit  to  impose  ;  applied 
particularly  to  conquered  countries  beyond  the  limits 
of  Italy.  Tiiat  part  of  France  next  lo  the  Alps  was 
a  Komnn  pi'ovince,  and  still  bears  the  name  Provence, 

SmitJi's  Diet, 

2.  Among  the  modems,  a  countrj'  belonging  to  a 
kingdom  or  slate,  either  by  conquest  or  colonization, 
usually  Fjjtnaled  at  a  distance  from  the  kingdom  or 
state,  "but  more  or  less  dependent  on  it  or  subject  to 
it.  Thus,  formerly,  the  English  colonies  in  North 
America  were  provinces  of  Great  Britain,  as  Nova 
Scotia  and  Canada  still  are.  The  provinces  of  the 
Netherlands  formerly  belonged  to  the  house  of  Aus- 
tria and  to  Spain. 

3.  A  division  of  a  kingdom  or  state  of  considera- 
ble extent.  In  England,  a  division  of  tlie  ecclesias- 
tical stnte  under  the  jurisdiction  of  an  archbishop, 
of  which  there  are  two,  the  provinu  of  Canterbury 
and  that  of  York. 

4.  A  region  of  countr>f ;  in  a  general  sense ;  a 
tract ;  a  large  extent. 

Over  many  a  tract 
Of  heaven  they  marched,  and  many  a  province  wide.    Milton. 
They  never  look  abroad   into  the  provinces  of  the  ir.u.-!Iraual 
world.  ^<^^- 

5.  The  proper  office  or  business  of  a  person.  It  is 
the  province  of  the  judge  to  decide  causes  between 
individuals. 

The  womaji's  province  is  to  be  careful  in  her  economy,  and  chaste 
in  her  aflection.  TaVcr. 

PRO-VIN'CIAI.,  (shal,)  a.    Pertaining  to  a  province, 

or  relating  to  it ;  as,  a  provincial  government ;  a  pro- 
vincial  dialect. 

2.  Appendant  to  the  principal  kingdom  or  state; 
as,  provincial  dominion  ;  provincial  territory.  Brown. 


TuNE,  BULL,  XINITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K  ;  6  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SII ;  Til  as  in  THIS. 


ac?3 


PRO 


Johnson. 
Trj-ing ;  ascertaining ; 

[Fr.,  from  L.  provliCOj 


X  Not  polished  j  nide ;  as,  provincial  accent  or 

iiiannL-rs.  Dnjden. 

•\.  Pertaining  to  au  occlMJii-slical  province,  or  to 
the  jurisdiction  of  an  arcli!.  *hop  j  not  ecumenical  j 
as,  a  provincial  synod.  Aijliffe. 

PRO-VIN'CIAL,  H.     Among  the  Roman  CaUiolics,  a 
monastic  superior,  who,  under  tlie  general  of  his 
order,  has  the  direction  of  all  the  religious  houses  of 
the  same  fraternity  in  a  given  district,  called  a  prov- 
ince of  the  order.  MurdocL 
a.  A  person  belonging  to  a  province.  Burhe. 
rRO-VIN'CIAJj-lSM,  n.    A  peculiar  word  or  manner 
of  speaking  in  a  province  or  district  of  country  re- 
mote from  the  principal  country  or  from  the  metrop- 
olis.                                                                        Mar3k. 
PRO-VIN'CIAL-IST,  n.    One  who  lives  in  a  prov- 
ince. 
PKO-VIN-CIAL'I-TY,  «.    Peculiarity  of  language  in 

a  province.  Wartoiu 

PRO-VIN'CIaTE,  v.  t.    To  convert  into  a  province. 

[  Unusual.]  Howell. 

PRO-VINE^,  V.  i.     [Fr.  provi^ncr;  pro  and  vigne^  a 
vine.]  , 

To  lay  a  stock  or  branch  of  a  vine  in  the  ground 

for  propagation.  '"' " 

PROV'IXG,  (proov'ing,)  ppr. 

evincing  •,  experiencing. 

PR0-VI"S10N,  C-vizh'un,)  n. 

provideo.     See  Provide.] 

1.  Tlie  act  of  providing  or  making  previous  prep- 
aration. 

9.  Things  provided  ;  preparation  ;  measures  taken 
beforehand  ;  either  for  security,  defense,  or  attack, 
or  for  the  supply  of  wants.  \Ve  make  provision  to 
defend  ourselves  from  enemies;  we  make  provision 
for  war  ;  we  make  provision  for  a  voyage  or  for  erect- 
ing a  building  J  we  make  provision  for  the  support 
of  the  poor.  Government  makes  provision  for  its 
friends.  .  . 

3.  Stores  provided ;  stock ;  as,  provision  of  vict- 
uals ;  provision  of  materials.  KnoUes.     SouUi. 

4.  Victuals;  food  ;  provender;  all  manner  of  eata- 
bles for  man  and  beast ;  as,  provisioii.^  for  the  table 
or  for  the  family  ;  provisioiis  for  an  army. 

Milton.     Encijc. 

5.  Previous  stipulation ;  special  enactment  in  a 
statute;  terms  or  agreement  made,  or  measures 
taken  for  a  future  exigency. 

I»  the  law,  no  provision  was  made  to  abolish  tlie  barbarous  cus- 

loms  or  Uie  Irish.  Davt£S. 

6.  Among  Roman  CatJwlics,  a  previous  nomination 
by  the  pope  to  a  benefice  before  it  became  vacant,  by 
which  practice  the  rightful  patron  was  deprived  of 
his  presentation.  Blackstone. 

PRO-VI"SION,  (-vizh'un,)  v,  t.  To  supply  with 
victuals  or  food.  The  ship  was  provisioned  for  a 
voyage  of  six  months.  The  garrison  was  well  pro- 
visioned. 

PRO-VI"SION-AL,  (-vizh'un-al,)  a.  \.Fr.  provision- 
Tie/.] 

Provided  for  present  need  or  for  the  occasion ; 
temporarily  established  ;  temporary  ;  as,  a.  provisional 
covernment  or  regulation;  a  provisional  treaty. 

PitO-VI"SION-AL-LY,  adv.  By  way  of  provision  ; 
temporarily  ;  for  the  present  exigency.  Locke. 

PRO-VI"SION-A-RY,  a.  Provisional ;  provided  fur 
the  occasion  ;  not  permanent.  Burke. 

PRO-VI"SI0N--ED,  p;j.    Supplied  with  food. 

rRO-VI"SION-lNG,  ppr.  Furnishing  with  supplies 
of  food. 

PRO-Vl'SO,  71.  [L.  provisusj  ablative  proviso,  it  being 
provided.] 

An  article  or  clause  in  any  statute,  agreement,  con- 
tract, grant,  or  other  writing,  by  which  a  condition 
is  introduced  ;  a  conditional  stipulation  that  aflerls 
an  agreement,  contract,  law,  grant,  &c.  The  charter 
of  the  bank  contains  a  proviso  that  the  legislature 
may  repeal  it  at  their  pleasure. 

PR0-VI':60R,  ;i.     [Fr.  proviseur.] 

1.  In  church  affairs^  a  person  appointed  by  the  pope 
to  a  benefice  b(;fore  the  deatli  of  the  incumbent,  and 
to  tlie  prejudice  of  the  rif;htful  patron.  Formerly, 
tho  pope  claimed  the  right  of  presenting  to  church 
livings,  and  it  was  his  practice  to  nominate  persons 
to  benefices  by  anticipation,  or  before  they  became 
vacant ;  tin;  piTson  thus  nominated  was  called  a  pro- 
visor.  In  England,  this  practice  w.as  restrained  by 
statutes  of  Ricliard  II.  and  Henry  IV. 

Moro  sliurp  and  petinl  l.-\ws  wen.'  devised  ag-.iinst  j>rootsors  ;  it 
being  (!n.ictpu  Unit  wliocvt-r  <UjliirtiB  any  ])atrun  in  ihc  pre- 
senUtJOti  to  !i  living  by  virtue  of  any  p;\p,\l  provision,  sdch 
jtromeor  sliall  piiy  fuir  ami  mnBom  lo  itie  king  at  liis  will, 
!ind  be  iinpriMneO  till  liu  nrnounccsstich  provision. 

Blackstone. 

2.  The  purveyor,  steward,  or  treasurer  of  a  re- 
ligious house.  Cowd. 

PRd-\TSOR-Y,  a.  Making  temporary  provision; 
temporary.  -^"ia^e  Papers. 

9.  Containing  a  proviso  or  condition  ;  conditional. 
PROV  OCa'TION,  n.     [Fr.,  from  L.  provorntto.    fc>ee 
Provoke.] 

1.  Any  thing  that  excites  anger;  the  cause  of  re- 
sentment.   1  Kin^s  xxi. 

Hurdf  n  not  your  hearts,  as  in  Uic  provocation.  —  Ps.  xcv. 


PRO 

9.  The  act  of  exciting  anger. 

3.  An  appeal  lo  a  court  or  judge.  [j3  Lalinism, 
not  vow  ttsaL]  •^ylijf*^. 

4.  Incitenu'nt.     [^Tat  used.]  Hooker. 
PRO-VO'eA-TIVU,  a.    Exciting;  stimulaling;  tend- 
ing to  awaken  or  incite  appetite  or  passion. 

PRO-VO'e.-V-TIVE,  Ji.  Any  thing  that  tends  to  ex- 
cite apjietito  or  passion  ;  a  stimulant ;  as,  a  provoca- 
tii'C  of  hunger  or  of  lust.  Addison. 

PRO-Vo'CA-TIVE-NESS,  n.  Tlie  quality  of  being 
provocative  or  stimulating. 

PKO-VOK'A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  provoked. 

CxLdtDorth. 

PEO-VoKE',  V.  t.  [L.  provoco,  t(  call  forth  ;  pro  and 
twco,  to  call  J  I'T.  provoqucr  i  II  procociirci  Sp.  pro- 
vocar.] 

1.  To  call  into  action  ;  to  arouse ;  to  excite  ;  as, 
to  provoke  anger  or  wrath  by  offensive  words,  or  by 
injurv  ;  to  provoke  war. 

2.  To  make  angry  ;  to  offend ;  to  incense ;  to  en- 
rage. 

Ye  fathers,  provoke  not  your  children  to  wrath.  —  Eph.  vi. 
Olttfii  provoked  hy  the  insolence  of  somo  of  the  bishops. 

darervlon. 


gallantry 
S'-r. 

Mill  of  » 


PRU 

intrepidity  in  war;  fearlessness  of  dan- 


3.  To  excite  ;  to  cause  ;  as,  to  provoke  perspira- 
tion ;  to  provoke  a  smile.  Jirhuthnut. 

4.  To  excite  ;  to  stimulate  ;  to  increase. 

The  taste  of  plc:isiire  provokes  the  appetite,  and  every  successive 
indulgence  of  vice  which  is  10  form  a  habit,  is  easier  than  the 
Inst. 


Buckmituler. 
5.  To  challenge. 

Kc  now  provoites  the  sca-gnds  from  iJie  shore.  Dryden. 

fi.  To  move ;  to  incite ;  to  stir  up ;  lo  induce  by 
motives.    Rom.  X.  Bacon. 

Lei  us  consider  one  anoliier  to  provoke  lo  love  and  to  good 
works.  —  Heb.  x. 

7.  To  incite  ;  to  rouse  ;  as,  to  provoke  one  to  an- 
ger.   Dcuf.  xxxii. 
PR0-V6KE',  V.  i.     To    appeal.      [A   Latiuism,    not 

ysed.]  Dnjden. 

PEO-VoK'ED,  (pro-vokt',)  pp.  or  a.  Excited  ;  roused 

incited  ;  made  angry  ;  inci:nsed. 
PRO-VoK'ER,  V.     One  that  excites  anger  or  other 
passion  ;  one  that  excites  war  or  sedition, 
a.  That  which  e.xcites,  causes,  or  promotes.    Sltak. 
PRO-VoK'ING,  ppr.    E.xcitilig  into  action  ;  inciting ; 
inducing  by  motives  ;  making  angry. 

a.  CI.     Having  the  power  or  quality  of  exciting  re- 
sentment ;  tending  to  awaken  passion  ;  as,  provoking 
words ;  provokin<r  treatment. 
PRO-VoK'ING-LY,  adv.    In  such  a  manner  as  to  ex- 
cite anger. 
PROVOST,   (prov'ust,)    ii.      [Sax.    profost,    profasl 
Dan.   provsl:    G.   probst,  propst;  Arm.  provost;  Fr. 
prevdt ;  Port,  and  Sp.  prehostc  f  It.  proposio  j  from  the 
L.  pnrpositus,  placed  before,  from  prupono  ;  prd  and 
po7io,  to  set  or  place.] 

In  a  freneral  sense,  a  person  who  is  appointed  to 
superintend  or  preside  over  something;  the  chief 
magistrate  of  a  city  or  town  ;  as,  the  provost  of  Ed- 
inburgh or  of  Glasgow,  answering  to  the  mayor  of 
other  cities ;  the  provost  of  a  college,  answering  to 
president.  In  France,  formerly,  a  provost  was  an  in- 
ferior judge  who  had  cognizance  of  civil  causes. 

The  ip-and  provost  of  Fi-auce,  or  of  the  household, 
had  jurisdiction  in  the  king's  house,  and  over  its  of- 
ficers. 

The  provost  marshal  of  an  anmj,  (usually  pro- 
nounced pro-vH',)  is  an  oflicer  tippointed  to  arrest 
and  secure  deserters  and  other  criminals,  to  hinder 
the  soldiers  from  pillaging,  to  indict  offenders  and 
see  sentence  passed  on  theni  and  executed.  He  also 
regulates  weights  and  measures.  He  has  under  him 
a  lieutenant  and  a  clerk,  an  executioner,  Sec.  Enciic. 
The  provost  marshal  in  the  navy,  (usually  pro- 
nounced pro-vo',)  has  charge  of  prisoners,  &c. 

The  provost  of  the  mint,  is  a  particular  judge  ap- 
pointed to  apprehend  and  prosecute  false  coinei-s. 

Entyc. 
Provost  of  the  king's  stuUes,  is  an  officer  who  at- 
tends at  court,  and  holds  the  king's  stirrup  when 
he  mounts  his  horse.  Kncyc. 

PROV'OST-.SHIP,  ?i.    The  office  of  a  provost. 

HakcjoUl. 
PROW,  n.  [Fr.  prone :  It.  prua  and  proda  ;  Sp.  proa. 
These  mav  be  from  the  L.  prora ;  but  qu.  is  not 
nrorfa  tho  tiriginal  word,  and  prora  a  contraction  of 
proderal  The  primary  sense  is,  that  which  projects 
or  stretches  forward.] 

1.  The  fore  part  of  a  ship.  Drydcn. 

S2.  In  seamen's  lanirimsr,  the  beak  or  pointed  cut- 
water of  a  xebec  or  galley.  The  ui>per  part  is  usu- 
ally furnished  with  a  grating  platforin.    Mar.  Diet. 

3.  The  name  of  a  particular  kind  of  vessel  used  in 
the  East  Indian  seas. 
PROW,  a.    [Fr.  jrrcux.]    ViJiant ;  prowest,  most  val- 
iant.    [JVot  in  use.]  Spenser. 
PRO^V'ESi^,    V.      [Fr.   protitsse:     It.  prodezza,   from 
lirode,  brave,  ami   as  a  noun,  profit,   benefit ;    .Sp. 
proritt.    The  primary  sense  of  the  root  is,  to  stretch, 
shoot,  or  advance  forward,  and  hence  the  senile  ot 
profit.) 
Bravery  ;    valor ;  particularly,   military  bravery ; 


njfsa  aj  not  to  know  fear  in  Uieniselvcs. 

Sidiieij. 

PR0W'1-;ST,  a.    [supai.  of  prow.]     Bravest.    [JVo( 
ill  use.]  Spenser. 

PROWL,  r.  t.     [I  know  not  the  origin  of  this  word, 
nor  from  what  source  it  is  derived.     It  may  ho  de- 
rived from  the  root  of  sfro;;,  troll,  with  a  different 
prefix.] 
To  rove  over. 

He  prowls  e.ich  phce,  siiil  in  new  colon  decked.  Sidtiey, 

PROWL,  V.  i.    To  rove  or  wander,  particularly  for 
prey,  as  a  wild  beast ;   as,  a  prowling  wolf.    Jl/i7(on. 
2.  To  rove  and  plunder  ;  to  prey  ;  to  plunder. 

Tasser. 
PROWL,  n.  .\  roving  for  prey  ;  eolliiquialhj,  something 

to  be  seized  and  devoured. 
PROWL'ER,  71.    One  that  roves  about  for  prey. 

Tliomson. 
PROWL'ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Wandering  about  in  search 

of  prey  or  plunder. 
PROX'ENE,  71.     [Gr.  mcJcvos.] 

In    Grecian  ant'uimtits,  an  officer  who    had  the 
large  of  superintending  strangers.  Brande. 

PROX'I-MAL.     See  PnoxnuTE. 
PROX'I-M.Vi'E,  li.     [L.  superl.  jn-onmu-s  ;  Fr.  proc/ic  ; 
approclier,  lo  approach:  reprocher,  to  reproach.     The 
primary  sense  of  the  root  is  to  drive  or  press.    See 
Class  Brg.]  . 

Nearest ;  next.  .\  proximate  cause  is  that  which 
immediately  precedes  and  produces  the  effect,  asdis- 
tinguished  from  the  remote,  mediate,  or  predLiposing 
cause.  ,    "'?<';'■• 

Proximate  principle :  a  name  given  to  the  distinct 

compounds  which  exist  ready  formed  in  animals  and 

vegetables,  such  as  albumen,  fat,  sugar,  &c.  Brande. 

PR0X'1-.M.\TE-LY,  adv.      Immediately  ;    by  imiue- 

■    (liale  relation  to  or  eflect  on.  Bcntley. 

PROX'I.ME,  a.    Next ;  immediately.    [JVut  usej.] 


Waus. 
PROX-IM'I-TY,  71.    [Fr.  prraimi'te' ;  L.  pi-oir;ni(iu.] 
The  state  of  being  next ;  iminedi.ate  nearness  ei- 
ther in  place,  blood,  or  alliance.    The  succession  to 
the  throne,  and  to  estates,  is  usually  regulated  by 
proiimdij  of  blood.  Dryden.     Su:ift. 

PROX'Y,  71.      [Contracted  from  procuracy,  or  some 
word  from  the  root  of  procure,  proctor.] 

1.  The  agency  of  another  who  acts  as  a  substitute 
for  his  principal ;  agency  of  a  substitute  ;  appear- 
ance of  a  representative.  None  can  be  familiar  by 
prom.    None  can  be  virtuous  or  wise  by  prom. 

2.  The  person  who  is  substituted  or  deputed  lo  act 
for  another.  A  wise  man  will  not  commit  important 
business  to  a  proxy,  when  he  cnii  transact  it  in  per- 
son. In  England,  anv  peer  may  make  another  lord 
of  parliament  his  proii;  to  vote  for  him  in  his  ab- 
g(,,i(.g_  Blaclcstone. 

:!.  A  writing  by  which  one  person  authorizes  an- 
other to  vote  in  his  place. 

4.  In  popular  use,  an  election,  or  day  of  voting  for 
officers  of  government  in  some  of  the  States. 

PROX'Y-SHIP,  71.    The  office  or  agency  of  a  proxy. 

PRUCE,  71.  [from  Prussia.]  Prussian  leather.  [JITot 
in  me.]  Drydai. 

PRuDE,  71.  [Fr.  priirfe,  wise,  discreet,  sober,  formal, 
precise;  I),  preutseh,  prudish,  and  proud  ;  G.  sprodc, 
a  prude,  and  shy,  cold,  reserved,  coy,  demure,  and 
applied  to  metals,  brittle,  friable  ;  Dan.  sprddtg,  ea- 
ger, brittle,  harsh,  dry,  rugged;  W.  prii-.,  (prudh,) 
prudent,  discreet,  serious,  sad,  sorrowful ;  Goth. 
frods,  prudent;  Gr.  ippaSri,  prudence;  Gotiufrathi, 
mind,  intellect ;  fratliyaii,  to  be  wise,  to  under.nand. 
The  Goth,  frod  signifies  both  wise,  prudent,  and 
broken  ;  D.  vroed,  prudent.  We  see  that  prude,  pru- 
dent, and  prciirf,  are  from  the  same  root.  'J'he  sense 
of  liriltlc  would  indicate  that  tliese  words  belong  to 
the  same  family  with  the  Dan.  hryder,  to  break  ;  and 
the  radical  elements  are  the  same.  The  Welsh  priii 
is  from  tending  otit  or  reaching,  hence  prydcr,  anx- 
iety, a  stretching  of  the  mind.  The  sense  of  jiriidc 
is  probably  from  stretching,  straitness,  stiffness ;  and 
the  sense  of  wise  is  derivative.  Prudence  is  from 
the  same  root,  implying  care,  a  tension  of  mind.] 

A  woman  of  great  reserve,  coyness,  aflecled  stiff- 
ness of  manners,  and  scrupulous  nicety. 

L-ss  motlest  than  tjie  speech  of  prtules.  Sieijt. 

PRfJ'DENCE,  71.  [Fr.,  from  L.  priidcntia;  It.  pni- 
denza  ;  Sp.  prudcncia.     See  Prudk.] 

Wisdom  applied  to  practice.  Johnson. 

Prudi.nce  implies  caution  in  deliberating  and  con- 
sulting on  the  most  suitable  means  to  accomplish 
valuable  purposes,  and  the  exercise  of  sagacity  in 
discerning  and  selecting  them.  Prudence  tliffers 
from  wisdom  in  this,  that  prudence  implies  more 
caution  and  reserve  than  wisdom,  or  is  exercised 
more  in  foreseeing  and  avoiding  evil,  than  in  devis- 
ing and  executing  that  which  is  good.  It  is  some- 
tiine.^  mere  caution  or  circumspection. 

Prudence  is  principally  in  reference  to  actions  lo  be  done,  and 
doe  me,in9  onler.  sea^n,  and  nielliod  of  doing  or  not  domj. 

JIatc. 

PRO'DENT,  o.     Cautious;  circumspect;  practically 


FATE,  FXR,  FALL,  WHAT.- Mr.TE,  PRfiy.-PINE,  MARINE,  BIRU.-NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.- 


884 


PRU 

wise ;  careful  of  the  coii^t^iicuces  of  enterprises, 
measures,  or  actions ;  cautious  not  to  act  wlien  the 
end  is  of  doubtful  utility,  or  prt;bably  impraclicaMe. 

'I'bff  prjtdent  nuti  lookctli  well  to  liis  -oiiig.  —  Pror.  xir. 

A  prudent  mm  fotr.'scctli  ihe  evil  aiid  tudelh  himself.  —  Prov. 

2.  Dictated  or  directed  by  pradence ;  as,  prudent 
behavior. 

3.  Foreseeing  by  instinct;  as,  the  prudent  crane. 

JifUton. 

4.  Frugal;  economic,^l ;  as,  a  prudent  woman; 
prudent  expenditure  of  money. 

5.  \Vise  ;  intelligent. 

PKU-DEN'TIAL,  (shal,)  a.  Proceeding  from  pni- 
dtince  ;  dictated  or  prescribed  by  prudence;  as,  pra- 
dcntial  motives  ;  pnidential  rules. 

2.  Superintendius  the  discretionary^  concerns  of  a 
society  ;  as,  a  prudential  committee.  JVTrro  En-rland. 

PRU-DEN-TIAL'I-TV,  ».  The  quality  of  beuig  pru- 
dential ;  eligibility  on  principles  of  prudence.  [J\'ot 
used.]     ^  Brown. 

rRU-DEX'TIAL-LY,  adc.  In  conformitv  with  pru- 
dvnce ;  prudenilv.  '       Soutli. 

PRU-DEX'TL\LS,  n.  pL  Maxims  of  prudence  or 
practical  wisdom. 

JIany  sfuuas,  in  poetk  measures,  eonraia  roles  relaUfjf  to  com- 
mon prudemiais,  as  well  a*  lo  i^'lJgwu.  'WcXta. 

9.  The  subordinate  discretionary  concerns  and 
economy  of  a  company,  society,  or  corpontiion.  The 
iKord  of  trustees  appoint  annually  a  couuaittee  to 
manage  the  prudaitiaLs  of  the  corporation. 

-Viwc  Enghnid, 

PRU'DEXT-LY,  air.  With  prudence:  with  due 
caution  or  circumspection;  discreetly  ;  wisely  ;  as, 
domestic  affairs  prudentlij  managed ;  laws  prudatUy 
framed  or  executed. 

2.  With  frugality ;  economically  ;  as,  income  pru- 
ilcjitltj  expended. 

ritU'DER-Y,  71.  [from  prude.]  Affected  scrupulous- 
ness ;  excessive  nicety  in  conduct;  stiffness;  af- 
ftfcted  re^er\-e  or  gravity  ;  coyness.  Tatler. 

PRC'DISH,  a.  [frompru(f€.l  A^ffectedly  grave  ;  very 
formal,  precise,  or  reserved  ;  as,  a  prudish  woman ; 
prudish  manners. 

A  formni  lecture,  spote  vntix  prudish  face.  GarWcV. 

PRC'DISK-LY,  adv.    In  a  prudish  manner. 

PRU-l'NAj^n.     [L.]     Hoar  frost 

PRu'IN-oSE,  a.     [L.  pruinosus."]     Hoary;   covered 

with  minute  dust,  appearing  as  if  frosted.      Humble. 
PRU'IN-OUS,  a.     Frosty. 
PRUNE,  r.  L      [Perhaps  from  Fr.  provider,  to  lay 

down  vine  slocks  for  propagation.    If  not,  I  know 

not  its  origin.] 

1.  To  lop  or  cut  off  the  superfluous  branches  of 
trees,  to  make  them  bear  better  fruit  or  grow  higher, 
or  lo  give  them  a  more  handsome  and  regular  ap- 
pearance. Encyc.    JiHiton. 

2.  To  clear  from  any  thing  superfluous ;  to  dress ; 
to  trim. 

His  royal  bird 
Prunes  the  immortU  wing,  and  cloya  his  beak.  Shck. 

PRuNE,  r.  i.    To  dress ;  to  prink  ;  a  ludicrous  word. 

Dnjden. 
PRONE,  n.    [Fr.  prune  i  It.  and  Sp.  pruna;  L.  pnL- 

num  :  D.  pruim.    In  Latin,  prunus  is  a  plum-lree,  Gr. 

TzaivvTi,  and  pntnum,  the  fruit.] 
A  dried  plum  ;  sometimes,  a  recent  plum.    Bacon. 
PRuX'£D,  pp.     Divested  of  superfluous  branches  ; 

trimmed. 
2.  Cleared  of  what  is  unsuitable  or  superfluous. 
PRt-'XEL,  7?.    A  plant.  Jiinswfrrth. 

PRU-XT;L'LX,  /  Tt.    A  smooth  woolen  stuff,  generally 
PRU-XEL'LO,  <      black,  used  for  making  shoes  or 

garments  ;  a  kind  of  lasting.  Pope. 

PRU-iXEI/LO,  71.     [Fr.  prunelle,  from  prune..] 

A  species  of  dried  plum.  McCuUock. 

PRuX'ER,  JT.    One  that  prunes  trees  or  removes  what 

is  superfluous. 
PRU-XIF'ER-OUS,  a.     [L.  pruniivi,  a  plum,  and  /cro, 

to  bear.] 
Bearing  plums. 
PRuX'IXG,  ppr.    Lopping  off  superfluous  branches ; 

trimming ;  clearing  of  what  is  superfluous. 
PRCX'IXG,   ju      In    ffordaiing  and    agriculture,   the 

lopping  of  the  superfluous  branches  of  trees,  either 

for  improving  the  trees  or  their  fruit. 
PRCX'ING-HOOK,    )    n.      An  instrument    used    in 
PRtJN'IXG-KNIFE,  \       pruning  trees.    It  is  of  vari- 
ous forms.  Dryden.     Philips. 
PRuX'ING-SHeARS,    7/.   pi.      Shears    for   pruning 

trees,  &c. 
PRU'RI-ENCE,    ;         ri  ■    *     .  v.  t 

PRu'RI-EX-CY,  \  "■     t*^'  P^""^"^)  prurw,  to  itch.] 
An  itching,  longing  desire  or  appetite  for  anything. 

Swifi. 
PRu'RI-EXT,  3.  Itching  ;  uneasj-  with  desire.  JFarton. 
rRU-RlG'IX-OUS,  a.     [!>.  prtirig-inosus,  from  prurt^Oj 

an  itching,  from  pruriu,  to  ilcJi.] 

Tending  to  prurigo.  Greenkill. 

PRU-RI'GO,  77.    A  [Kipular  eniption  of  the  skin,  in 

wbirli  the  papul.  s  are  diffuse,  nearly  of  the  color  of 

Hie  cuticle,  intolerably  itchv,  Itching  increased  by 

sudden  exposure  to  heat,  when  abraded  by  semlch- 


PSA 

ing  oozing  a  fluid,  that  concretes  into  minute  black 
scibs.    An  entirely  different  disease  from  the  itch. 

PRtJS'SIAN,  (prush'an.  This  has,  till  of  late,  been 
the  universal  pronunciation  ;  but  in  London,  prttsA'au 
has  now  ijeconie  prevalent.  Smart.)  a.  [from  Prus- 
sia.]   Pertaining  lo  Prussia. 

Prussian  blue ;  a  bi-sait  composed  of  two  equiva- 
lents of  the  sesquicyanld  of  iron,  which  pertorms 
the  functions  of  an  acid,  with  one  equivalent  of  scs- 
quoiyd  of  iron,  which  performs  the  functions  of  a 
base.  This  salt  is  of  a  beautiful  deep  bhic,  and  is 
much  used  as  a  pigment.  It  is  also  used  in  medicine. 

PRtJS'SIATE,  71.  A  name  first  applied  to  Prussian 
blue.,  a  salt  in  which  the  sesquicyauid  of  iron  per- 
forms the  lunctio[is  of  an  acid  ;  but  subsequently  to 
numerous  salts  in  which  the  protocyanid  of  iron  is 
the  acid.  It  has  likewise  been  applied  to  various  cy- 
antds,  as  the  cyanid  of  potassium,  v.hich  has  been 
called  prussiate  of  -poUissa. 

PROS'sie,  (prus'ik,)  a.  The  term  prussic  acid  is 
now  applied  too  vaguely  and  variously  to  answer 
the  purpose  of  science.  It  was  first  apphed  to  the 
sesquicyanid  of  iron,  which  is  the  acid  of  Prussian 
blue.  It  was  subsequcutly  applied  lo  the  protocy- 
anid of  iron,  which  is  the  acid  of  the  salt  erroneously 
called  prussiate  of  iron  and  potas-'ia ,-  to  the  cyano- 
hydric  acid,  which,  in  all  probability,  forms  no  salts 
at  all ;  to  the  hydroguret  of  benzyle,  or  the  essential 
oil  of  bitter  almonds,  and  Iaurel-cherr>',  which  is 
not  an  acid,  and  of  course  forms  no  salts;  and  to 
cyanogen,  which  is  not  an  acid,  but  a  compound 
basifying  and  acidifying  principle.  Each  of  liie 
above  compounds  is  a  valuable  medicine. 

PRy,  v.  i.  [A  contracted  word,  the  origiu  of  which 
is  not  obvious.] 

To  peep  narrowly  ;  to  inspect  closely  ;  to  attempt 
to  discover  something  with  scrutinizing  curiosity, 
whether  impertinently  or  not ;  as,  to  pnj  into  the 
mysteries  of  nature,  or  into  the  secrets  of  state. 

Nor  need  wc  with  a  prying  eye  surrey 

The  dlsLmi  skies  to  fiiid  the  milky  way.  Creech. 

PRI?,  71.    Narrow  inspection  ;  impertinent  peeping. 
2.  A  lever;  a  contraction  in  America  for  prize. 

PR^,  V.  t.  To  raise  or  attempt  to  raise  with  a  lever. 
This  is  the  common  popular  pronunciation  of  prize, 
in  America.     The  lever  used  is  also  called  a  pry. 

PRY'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Inspecting  closely  ;  looking  into 
with  curiosity. 

PRY'ING-LY,  adn.  With  close  inspection  or  imperti- 
nent curiosity. 

PRYT-A-Ne'U.M,  v.  [Gr.  -ovravuov.]  In  Athens,  a 
place  where  llie  prylanes  and  those  who  deserved 
well  of  their  country  were  maintained  by  the  public. 
Etmes. 

PRYT'A-NIS,  71. ;  pL  Prytakes.     [Gr.  Tovravt;.] 
In  Athens,  a  member  of  one  of  the  ten  sections 
into  which  the  senate  of  five  hundred  was  divided, 
and  to  each  of  which  belonged  the  presidency  of  the 
senate  for  one  tenth  of  the  year. 

Smith's  Diet.    Encyc.     Anacharsis. 

PRYT'A-NY,  n.  In  Athens,  Ihe  period  during  which 
the  presidency  of  the  senate  belonged  to  the  prytanes 
of  one  section.  Smith's  Diet. 

[It  is  to  be  noted  tliat  in  words  beginning  with  Ps 
and  Pt,  tlie  letter  p  has  no  sound.] 

PS.KLM,  (Sam,)  V.  [1..  psalmits :  Gr.  xLaXfto?,  from 
ipaXXct.',  to  touch  or  beat,  to  sing;  Fr.  psaume;  It. 
and  Sp.  salmo.] 

A  sacred  song  or  hynm ;  a  song  composed  on  a 
divine  subject  and  in  praise  u(  God,  The  most  re- 
markable psaims  are  those  composed  by  David  and 
other  Jewish  saints,  a  collection  of  one  hundred  and 
fifty  of  which  consliLUtes  a  canonical  book  of  the 
Old  Testament,  called  Psalms,  or  the  Boo!:  of  Psalms. 
The  word  is  also  applied  to  sacred  songs  composed 
by  modem  poets,  being  versifications  of  the  scriptu- 
ral psalms,  or  of  these  with  other  parts  of  Scripture, 
composed  for  the  use  of  churches  ;  as,  the  Psalms  of 
Tate  and  Erady,  of  Walts,  &c. 

PSiiLil'IST,  71.  A  writer  or  composer  of  sacred 
.songs ;  a  title  particularly  applied  to  David  and  the 
other  authors  of  the  scriptural  psalms. 

9.  In  the  Roman  CatJiohc  church,  a  clerk,  precentor, 
singer,  or  leader  of  music  in  the  churcii. 

pil^feMOo'll-AL,  I  "■    l^^elating  to  psalmody. 
PSAL'MO-DIST,  tt.    One  who  sings  sacred  songs. 
PSALM'0-DY,  (.,Um'o-de  or  sal'mo-de,)  n.    The  act, 

practice,  or  art  of  singing  sacred  songs.    Psalmody 

lias  always     een  considered  an  iinporlant  part  of 

public  worship. 
PSAL-MOG'RA-PHER,   ^         ra      tj  1 

PSAL-MOG^RA-PHIST,  (  ""     E*«^  Psalmographt.J 

A  writer  of  p?atms  or  divine  sonssand  hvmns. 
PSAL-MOG'RA-PHY,    u.    [Gr.  xpaSnoi,  psalm,  and 

ypa<pij},  to  write.] 
The  act  or  practice  of  writing  psalms   or  sacred 

songs  and  hymns. 
PSAL'TER,  (sawl'ter,)  n.     [L.  psallcrium;  Gr.  \pa\- 

Tijpioy;  It.  and  Sp.  salterio;  Fr.  psauticr.] 

1.  Tlie  Book  of  P-;alms ;  often  nnplied  to  a  book 
containing  the  Psalms  separately  printed. 

2.  In  the  Roman  Catholic  churchy  a  series  of  devout 


PSI 

sentences  or  aspirations,  150  in  nuinlK-r,  in  honor  of 
certain  mysteries,  as  the  sufferings  of  Christ. 

Bp.  FXtzpatrick* 

Also,  a  large  cimplet  or  rosary  consisting  of  a  hun- 
dred and  fiHy  beads,  according  to  the  number  of  the 
psalms.  Encyc.  Am. 

PSAL'TER- Y,  (sawl'tcr-e,)  u.    [Gr.  tLaXmoiut'.] 

A  stringed  instrument  of  music  iised  by  the  He- 
brews, the  form  of  which  is  not  now  known.  Tliat 
wliich  is  now  used  is  a  flat  instrument  in  form  of  a 
trapezium  or  tritinglc  truncated  at  the  top,  strung 
with  thirteen  chords  of  wire,  mounted  on  two 
bridges  at  the  sides,  and  struck  with  a  plectrum  or 
crooked  stick.  Encyc 

Pndsc  Ihe  Lord  with  h:irp ;  uog  to  him  wiUi  ihe  ptaltery,  and 
an  iostrunniii;  o(  (to  tUiags.  —  Pa.  xxadii. 

PSAM'MITE,  (sam'mile,)  n.    [Gr.  tpappng^  sand.] 

A  species  of  micaceous  sandstone.     Bron^tUirt. 
PSAM-MIT'ie,  n.    Pertaining  to  psammitc. 
PSAR'0-LTTE,  ».    A  fossil  plant.  Lydl. 

PSEC'-DE-PIG'R.VPHY,    (su-de-plg'ra  fe,)    n.      [Gr. 
iptvctii  and  t-iv,ja<pr.] 
The  ascription  of  false  names  of  authors  lo  works. 
PSEu-DI-SOD'O-MOX,  77.    [Gr.  xlicvoos,  false,  taoy, 
equal,  and  itpo^,  a  building.] 

A  mode  of  building  in  Greece,  in  which  the  highl, 

length,  and  thickness  of  the  courses  differed.  jE/mt». 

PSEt'DO,(su'do,)  [Gr.C'irt'cos,  falsity.]  A  prefix  signi- 

fvin2  false,  counlerfeit,  or  spurious. 
PSEu'DO-A-POS'TLE,  (su'do-a-pos'l,)  a.  [Gr.  i}^cv6os, 
false,  and  apostle.] 

A  false  apostle ;  one  who  falsely  pretends  to  be  au 
apostle. 
PSEu-DO-BLEP'SIS,  n.  [Gr.  xf^cvSos,  false,  and  PUiPn, 
sight.] 

False  or  depraved  sight ;  imaginar>'  vision  of  ob- 
jects. Forsyth, 
PSEu'DO-CHI'XA,  «.    [Gr.  i^/cfJof,  and  Fr.  quina^ 
hina,  or  china.    Peruvian-bark.] 

The  false  China  root,  a  plant  of  the  genus  Smila.T, 
found  in  America.  Also,  a  species  of  Strychnos  and 
a  species  of  Solanum.  In  the  speUing  of  this  name 
eh  and  c  are  used  indiscriminately. 
PSECi'DO-CLER'GY,  n.  Not  true  clergy.  More. 
PSEu'DO-DIP'TER-AL,  a.  or  n.  [Gr.  ^zvtoi,  false, 
C(p,  twice,  and  rrTtpovy  wing.] 

In  architecture,  a  term  applied  to  a  temple  falsely 
or  imperfectly  dipteral,  the  inner  range  of  columns 
surrounding  t!ie  cell  being  omitted.    Vloss.  of  Archil. 
PSEu'DO-DOX,  a.     [Gr.   ipsvSos,    false,    and    co^a. 
opinion.] 
False  ;  not  ime  in  opinion. 
PSEtJ'DO-GA-LE'N  A,  71.    False  galena  or  black  jack. 
PSEU'DO-GRAPH,      )  n.     [Gr.    xf/€v6o5,    false,    and 
PSEU-DOG'RA-PHY,  j     jpa^T/,  writing.] 

False  «Titin?.  Holder. 

PSEU-DOL'0-GV,  (sa-dol'o-je,)  n.     [Gr.  iLtv6o\oyia; 
iltvoog,  false,  and  Xoyos,  discourse.] 
Falsehood  of  speech.  Arbtithnot 

PSEu'DO-ME-TAL'Lie,  a.  Pseudo-metaUie  luster  is 
that  which  is  perceptible  only  when  held  toward 
the  light,  as  in  minerals.  Philips. 

PSEu'DO-MORPH'OUS,  (su'do-morfus,)  a,  [Gr. 
xpcvcos  and  pop'pr,  form.] 

Not  having  the  tnie  form.  A  pscud^iinorphus  crys- 
tal is  one  which  has  a  form  that  does  not  result  from 
its  own  powers  of  crystallization.  Dana, 

PSEU-DON'Y-MOUS,  (su-don'e-mus,)  a.  [Gr.tl/cvSos, 
false,  and  ovofxa,  name.] 
Bearing  a  false  or  fictitious  name. 
PSEu'DO-PE-RIP'TER-AL,  a.  or  n.     [Gr.   -J^i-^os, 
false,  ~€oi,  around,  and  -repov,  wing.] 

In  architecture,  a  term  apphed  to  a  temple  falsely 
or  imperfectly  peripteral,  having  the  columns  at  the 
sides  attached  to  the  walls  Oloss.  ofArdiit. 

PSEu'DO-PHI-LOS'O-PHER,    n.      A   pretender    to 

philosophy. 
PSEtJ'DO-PHl-LOS'O-PHY,  71.    False  philosophy. 
PSEu'DO-RE-PUB'Lie-AN,  71.     Not  a  true  repub- 
lican. Jefferson. 
PSEu'DO-T!N'E-A,  71.      [Gr.  i/zrvf^of,  false,  and  L. 
tinea,  moth.] 

A  name  given  to  the  larves  of  certain  moths,  as 
the  bee  moth.  Encyc. 

PSEu'DO-VOL-CAN'ie,  a.      Pertaining  to  or  pro- 
duced by  a  pseu do- volcano.  Cleaveland. 
PSEu'D0-VOL-€a'NO,  71.     A  volcano    that  emits 
smoke,  and  sometimes  flame,  but  no  lava ;  also,  a 
burning  mine  of  coed.  Kiriran. 
PSHAW,  ezclarx.    An  expression  of  contempt,  disdain, 

or  dislike. 
PSt-LAN'THRO-PIST,    n.    [Gr.  litXoj,  mere,    and 
avdp(ii-oi,maji.] 
One  who  believes  that  Christ  was  a  mere  man. 

Smart, 
PSI-LOM'ELANE,  71.     [Gr.  ipiXos,  smooth,  and  pc- 
Xag,  black.] 

An  ore  of  manganese,  occurring  in  smooth,  botr>*-   I 
oidal  forms,  and  massive,  and  having  a  black  color 
nearly  stf-el  uray. 
PSIL'0-THON,  H.    [Gr.,from;//(>06),  tostriporpeel.J 
A  depilatory  ;  a  mvdicine  or  application  lo  take  off 
Ihe  hair  of  an  animal  bcdy. 


TONE,  BJJLL,  qXPTE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K ;  G  as  J;  S  as  2  ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 
—  .  ^- 


PUB 


PUB 


;.     [Gr.  ipiTTaxTi.]     Be- 
longing to  the    parrot 


PSIT-Ta'CEOUS,  (-sliusO 
IV^IT'TA-CID, 

trilie. 
PSo'AS,  (so'as,)  n.     [Gr.]    The  name  of  two  mside 

rnnsclus  of  the  loins. 
P.<o'RA,  n.    [Gr.]    The  itch.    Also,  any   cutaneous 

disease. 
P?0'HI€,  a.    Pertaining  to  or  connected  with  psora. 
PSVeUIC-AL,  a.     Pertaininp  to  psychology. 
PSY  CMO-LnG'I€,         I  a.     Pertaining  to  a  treatise 
PSY-eilO-LOG'ie-AL,  1      on  the  soul,  or  to  the  sci- 
ence of  man's  spiritual  nature.  Litcrarif  J\Iag. 
PSY-CIIO-LO(5'ie-AI^LY,  adv.    In   a  psychological 

manner. 
PS?-CnoL'0-GlPT,  n.    One  who  is  versed  in  the 

naluro  and  properties  of  the  soul,  or  who  writes  on 

the  sniiject. 
PS?-enOL'0-OY,  (sl-kol'o-jc,)  M.     [Gr.  i^u.xi/,  soul, 

and  ^yjuS)  discourse.] 
A  discourse  or  treatise  on  the  human  soul ;  or  the 

doctrine  of  man's  spiritual  nature.  Cam]>heU. 

PSV-t'l!OM'A-€HY,    (si-kom'a-ke,)  n.      [Gr.   \pvxn 

and  ;ia\fj.] 
A  conflict  of  the  soul  with  the  body. 
PSV't'llO  MAN-CY,  ^sl'ko-man-se,)  n.      Divination 

by  con^fuUing  the  souls  of  the  dead. 
PS9-CliR0M'E-TER,  n.     [Gr.  lAu.XPOf,  cool,  and  jic- 

Tpwi*.] 

An  instrument,  invented  by  Prof.  August,  of  Ber- 
lin, for  measuring  the  tension  of  the  aqueous  vapor 
in  the  nlmospherc.  Brande. 

PTAK'MI-GAN,{Utr'me-gan,)  n.  A  bird  of  the  grouse 
family,  Telrao  tagopus  of  Linnmus.  The  plumage 
is  ash-colored  and  white  in  summer,  and  almo^st 
entirely  while  in  winter.  Ptarmigans  haunt  the 
lofty  hights  of  mountainous  countries  in  Europe, 
Asia,  and  America,  descending  within  the  range  of 
vegetation  to  feed  on  berries,  buds  of  trees,  insects, 
&:c.  Edin.  Encyc. 

PTER-I-PLE-GlS'Tie,  a.     [Gr.  Ttrery^v  and  TrAr/cffw.] 

Relating  to  fowling,  or  shooting  birds. 
FTER-0-DA€'TYL,  (ter-o-dak'til,)  n.     [Gr.  rrcpovt  a 
wing,  and  SoKrvXoi^  a  finger.] 

A  saurian  reptile;  the  wing-toed  or  flying  lizard, 
an  animal  of  singular  formation,  now  extinct. 

Cuvier. 
PTER'0-POD,  (ler'o-pod,)  v.     [Gr.  rrrcpoy,  a  wing, 
and  77i'<^n^  feet.] 

The  Pteropoda  constitute  one  division  of  the  Mol- 
lusca,  characterized  by  having  broad,  fleshy,  wing- 
like appendages  in  front,  or  organs  of  motion.  They 
are  all  oceanic  siiecies.  Tliedivision  includes  the 
Hyu!a;as,  and  otlier  allied  species,  with  delicate 
transparent  shells.  Dana. 

PTER-OP'OD-OUS,  a.    Having  the  characters  of  a 

pleropod.  Humble. 

PTIS'AN,  (tiz'an,)  71.     [L.  ptisana;  Gr.  Ttncavrij  from 
mc-ffai,  to  pound.] 
A  decoction  of  barley  with  other  ingredients. 

Encyc.     Arhutbnot. 
PTOL-E-MA'ie,  (lol-e-ina'ik,)  a.     [frorn  Ptolcmijjthe 
geotrrapher  and  astrologer.] 

Pertaining  to  Ptolemy.  The  Ptolemaic  system,  i'l 
astrotwinij,  u  that  niamtaiued  by  Ptolemy,  who  su[>- 
posed  the  earth  to  be  fixed  in  the  center  of  the  uni- 
verse, and  that  the  sun  and  stars  revolve  around  it. 
This  theory  was  received  for  ages,  but  lias  been  re- 
jected for  the  Copernican  system. 
PTY'A-LISM,  (ti'al-izm,)  n.  [Gr.  TrruaActr/^os,  a  spit- 
ting, from  r^T<^a^^y•^,  to  spit  often.] 

In  inriiicine^  salivation  ;  a  morbid  and  copious  ex- 
cretion of  saliva.  Coze.     Encyc. 
PTVS'MA-GOGUE,    (tiz'ma-gog,)  n.      [Gr.   Trrytrua, 
saliva,  and  aj  m,  to  drive.] 
A  medicine  that  promotes  discharges  of  saliva. 

Diet. 
Pu'BER-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  puberty. 
PO'BER-TY,  71.     [L.  pubcrta.f,  from  pnbes.'] 

The  age  at  wiiich  persons  are  capable  of  procrea- 
ting and  bearing  children.  This  age  is  different  in 
different  climates,  but  is  with  us  considered  to  be 
abin^t  fourteen  years  in  males, and  twelve  in  females. 
PtJ'Ur.S,  71.  [L.]  In  hutaiui,  the  down  of  plants;  a 
downy  or  villous  substance  which  grows  on  plants  ; 
pubescence.  Martyu. 

PU-BES'CENCE,  Ti.  [J .,  puhc^ceusj  pubcsco,Xo  shoot, 
to  grow  mossy  or  hairy.] 

1.  The  state  of  a  youth  who  has  arrived  at  puber- 
ty ;  or  the  slate  of  piibtnty.  Brown, 

2.  In  Itiiiiinji^  the  downv  substance  on  plants. 
PU-BES'CENT,  a.    Arriving  at  puberty.         Brown. 

2.  In  botanyy  covered  with  pubescence,  aa  the 
leaves  of  plants. 

X  In  loolosy^  covered  with  very  fine,  recumbent, 
short  hairs.  Brande. 

PUH'Lie,  a.  [L.  pitAh'cw,  from  the  root  oi  ynptdus, 
people  ;  that  is,  ■pe.ople-'likc  ;  Sp.  publico  ;  It.  pubblico  ,* 
Fr.  publique ;  W.  pobyl^  people ;  pob^  paicb^  each, 
every,  every  body.] 

1. 'Pertaining  to  a  nation,  state,  or  community; 
extending  to  a  whole  people  ;  as,  a  public  law,  which 
binds  the  people  of  a  nation  or  slate,  as  opposed  to 
a  ■private  statute  or  rt-solve,  which  respects  :ui  indi- 
vidual or  a  corporation  only.    Thus  we  sny^  public 


welfare,  public  good,  public  calamity,  public  service, 
public  property. 

2.  Common  to  many  j  current  or  circulated  among 
people  of  all  classes ;  general ;  os,  public  report ; 
public  scandal. 

3.  Open  to  all ;  notorious. 

Joseph,  her  hiisUiiid,  U-ing  a  ]\ul  mtui,  und  not  willing  to  make 
her  a  pi^lic  exiiniplu,  w»a  minded  lo  pui  her  ttwity  privily. 
—  Man.  i. 

4.  Regarding  the  community  ;  directed  to  the  in- 
terest of  a  nation,  state,  or  community  ;  as,  public 
spirit;  public  mindedness  ;  opposed  to  Private  or 
Selfish.  Soatk. 

5.  Open  for  general  entertainment;  as,  a  public 
house. 

6.  Open  to  common  use  ;  aa,  a  public  road. 

7.  In  general,  public  expresses  something  common 
to  mankind  at  large,  lo  a  nation,  state,  ciiy,or  town, 
and  is  opposed  to  Private,  which  denotes  what  be- 
longs to  an  individual,  to  a  family,  to  a  company, 
or  corporation. 

Public  law,  is  often  synonymous  with  the  Um  oj 
natiaiu. 
PUB'LIt;,  n.    The  genera!  body  of  inanknid,  or  of  a 
nation,  state,  or  community  ;  the  people,  mdeflnitcly. 

Tiie  public  ia  itioi-c  dispnanc!  tu  consiirc  lli.m  lo  yriUac.    AcLIison. 

In  this  passage,  public  is  followed  by  a  verb  in  the 
singular  number;  but  being  a  noun  of  multitude,  it 
is  more  generally  followed  by  a  plural  verb  ;  the  pub- 
lic are. 

Ill  public,  in  open  view  ;  before  the  people  at  large ; 
not  in  private  or  secrecy. 

Ill  private  prievp,  but  with  a  cnrelesa  scorn, 

In  pttbltc  bi:<iin  to  triumph,  not  to  mourn.  Granville. 

PUB'LI-CAN,  71.     [h.  publicainLs,  from  publicus.] 

1.  A  collector  of  toll  or  tribute.  Among  the  Ro- 
mans, a  publicaTi  was  a  farmer  of  the  taxes  and  pub- 
lic revenues,  and  the  inferior  officers  of  this  class 
were  deemetl  oppressive. 

As  Jcsua  Bat  at  meat  in  the  housfi,  l>eholcl,  many  pubUcam  and 
sirmers  came  and  sat  down  with  him  and  Ins  disciples.  — 
Matt.  ix. 

9.  The  keeper  of  an  inn  or  public-house.  In  Eng- 
land, one  licensed  to  retail  beer,  spirits,  or  wine. 

JilcCidloch. 


PUB-LI-€a'TION,  7i.  [L.  publication  from  publico, 
from  publicus.] 

1.  The  act  of  publishing  or  offering  to  public  no- 
tice ;  notification  to  a  people  :it  large,  either  by  wordy, 
writing,  or  printing  ;  proclamation ;  divulgation  ; 
promulgation;  as,  the  pui'^icaiioa  of  the  law  at  iMount 
Sinai  ;  the  publicatio7i  of  the  gospel  j  the  publication 
of  statutes  or  edicts. 

2.  The  act  of  oflering  a  book  or  writing  to  the 
public  by  sale  or  by  gratuitous  distribution.  The 
author  consented  to  the  publication  of  his  manu- 
scripts. 

3.  A  work  printed  and  published  ;  any  pamphlet  or 
book  offered  for  sale  or  to  public  notice  ;  as,  a  new 
publication  ;  a  monthly  publicalioii. 

PUB'Lie-IIEART'ED,  (-hart'cd,)  a.  Public-spirited. 
[J^ot  iwefi.J  Clarcudon. 

PUB'Lie-HOUSE,  n.  An  ordinary  inn  or  house  of 
entertainment.  Booth. 

PUB'Lt-CIST,  w.     A  writer  on  the  laws  of  nature 
and  nations;  one  who  treats  of  the  rights  of  nations. 
Kent.     Da,  Ponceau. 

PUB-LIC'I-TY,  (-lis'e-ty,)  ii.     [Fr.  publicity.] 

The  state  of  being  public  or  open  to  the  knowledge 
of  a  community  ;  notoriety. 

PUiS'Lie-LY,  ado.  Openly  ;  with  exposure  to  popu- 
lar view  or  notice  ;  without  concealment ;  us,  proi>- 
erty  publicly  offered  for  sale  ;  an  opinion  publicly 
avowed  ;  a  declaration  publicly  made. 

2.  In  the  name  of  the  community.  A  reward  is 
publicly  offered  for  the  discovery  of  the  longitude,  or 
for  finding  a  north-western  passage  to  Asia. 

PUB'Lie-MIND'ED,  a.  Disposed  to  promote  the 
public  interest.     flAttle  used.] 

PUB'Lie-MXND'ED-NESS,  7*. 
mote  the  public  weal  or  advantaL 

South. 

PUB'Lie-NESS,  n.    The  state  of   being  public, 
open  lo  the  view  or  notice  of  people  at  large  ;  pub- 
licity ;  as,  the  publicness  of  a  sale. 

2.  State  of  belonging  lo  the  community  ;  as,  the 
publicness  of  property.  Boyle* 

FUB'Lie  OR'A-TOR,  7i.  In  the  English  iinioei-sities, 
an  officer  who  is  the  voice  of  the  university  on  all 
public  occasions,  who  writes,  reads,  and  records,  all 
letters  of  a  public  nature,  and  presents  with  an  ap- 
propriate address  those  on  whom  hnnorary  degrees 
are  confirmed.  Camb.  Cal.  Oxf.  Ouide. 

PUB'Ue-SPIR'IT-ED,  a.  Having  or  exercismg  a 
disposition  to  advance  the  interest  of  the  commu- 
nity;  disposed  to  make  private  sacrifices  for  the 
public  good  ;  as,  public-spirited  men.  Dryden. 

2.  Dictated  by  a  regard  to  public  good  ;  as,  a  public- 
spirited  project  or  measin-e.  Jlddison. 
PUB'LI€-SPIR'IT-ED-LY,  af/y.     With  public  spirit. 
PUR'Lie-SPlR'IT-ED-NESS,   7i.      A   disposition    to 
advance  the  public  good,  or  a  willingness  to  make 


A  disposition  to  pre 
\^LittU  used.\ 


PUD 

sacrifices  of  private  interest  to  promote  the  common 
^veal.  WlnUocli. 

PUU'LISH,  tJ.  !.    [Fr.  piiWier ;  Sp.  fuhlkiir  i  It.  pu4- 
blicure;  L.  jmWico.    See  Pudlio.) 

1.  To  make  Imown  to  manliinc)  or  to  people  m 
general  what  before  vva^i  private  or  nnknown  ;  to 
divulge,  as  a  private  transaction ;  to  promulgate  nr 
pniclaim,  as  a  law  or  edict.  We  publi-ili  a  secret  liy 
telling  it  to  people  without  reserve  Laws  are  juili- 
lislud  hy  prinlinp  or  by  proclamation.  Chript  and  his 
apostles  pitblUhed  the  glad  tidings  of  salvation. 

Th'  uitwc.'iri'jd  .nil,  from  day  10  day, 

Does  Ilia  (Jrfjeor'a  power  displivy, 

And  publishes  10  every  land 

The  work  of  an  ainnglily  iiand.  spectator 

2.  To  send  a  book  into  the  world  ;  or  to  sell  or  of- 
fer for  sale  a  book,  map,  or  print. 

a.  To  utter;  to  put  off  or  into  circulation  ;  as,  to 
publish  a  forged  or  counterfeit  paper. 

Laws  of  Mass.  and  Conn. 

4.  To  make  known  by  posting,  or  by  reading  in  a 

church ;   as,  to  publish  banns  of  matrimony.    Vie 

say  also,  tlie   persons   intending  marriage  are  pnb- 

liskrd :  that  is,  their  intention  of  marriage  is  published. 

PUB'LISII/lD,  (-lishl,)  ;);>.  or  a.     Made  known  to  the 

rommunitv  ;  ilivulsed  ;  ]ironuilsatrd  ;  proclaimed. 
PUB'LISH-EK,  n.    One  who  makes  known  wliat  was 
before  private  or  unknown  ;  one  that  diviiltjes,  pro- 
mulgates, or  proclaims.  AtUvbtLnj. 

2.  One  who  sends  a  book  or  writing  into  the  wotld 
for  common  use ;  one  that  offers  a  book,  iiamphlet, 
&c.,  for  sale.  .  . 

3.  One  who  utters,  passes,  or  puts  into  circulation 
a  counterfeit  paper. 

PUB'LISH  ING,  ppr.ota.  Making  known;  divulg- 
ing ;  promulgating  ;  proclaiming  ;  selling  or  offering 
publicly  for  sale  ;  uttering. 

PUB'LISH-MENT,  n.    In  popular  usage  in  Ji'em  Eng- 

'   land,  a  notice  of  intended  marriage. 

PUe-eOON',  V.  A  plant ;  a  red  vegetable  pigment 
used  by  the  North  American  Indians,  and  also  the 
plant  from  which  it  is  obtained,  generally  considered 
to  be  Sanguinaria  or  blood-root.  P.  Cyc. 

POCE,  a.    Of  a  dark  brown  or  brownish  purple  color. 

PU'c'eL-AGE,  n.  [Fr.]  A  state  of  virginity.  [Little 
used.]  Robinson. 

PU'CE-RON,  M.     [Fr.,  from  puce,  a  flea.] 

The  French  name  of  a  tribe  of  small  insects  which 
are  found  in  great  numbers  on  the  bark  and  leaves  of 
plants,  and  live  by  sucking  the  sap  ;  the  Aphis,  vine- 
fretter,  or  plant-louse.  Partington. 

PUCK,  71.  [Ice.  and  Sw.  puke,  a  demon  ;  Scot,  puck.] 
In  the  mythology  of  Ike  middle  ages,  a  celebrated 
fairy,  "  the'  merry  wanderer  of  the  night,"  whose 
character  and  attributes  are  depicted  in  the  Midsum- 
mer Night's  Dream  of  Shakspeare ;  also  called  Robin 
GooD-FKi.Low  and  Friar  Rush.  Brande. 

PUCK'-BALL,  I  11.    [from  puck.]    A  kind  of  mnsh- 

PUCK'-FiST,    \       room  full  of  dust.  Diet. 

PLTCK'ER,  V.  t.  [Sp.  buche,  a  purse,  rumple,  or  puck- 
er;  buele,!L  buclde:  bucfiar,lohiiic.  ^uc/i£  signifies 
also  a  crop  or  craw,  and  the  breast ;  hence,  perhaps, 
L.  pectus  !  Port,  bucho,  the  crop,  the  stomach.  Qa. 
lr.Jighim,lo\vea.va;  G.fach.  In  Gr. -ukq  slgnjfles 
close"lv,  densely  ;  jti'ioi.cm,  to  cover.  Class  Bg. 
primary  sense  is  probably,  to  draw,  to  wrinkle. 
To  gather  into  small  folds  or  wrinkles  ;  to  coi 
into  ridges  and  furrows  ;  to  corrugate. 

liis  face  paie  and  withered,  and  iiis  Bkiii  puckered  la  wrinkles. 

iS^ecwlor. 

It  is  usually  followed  by  up ;  as,  to  pucker  up  cloth  ; 

but  up  is  superfluous.    It  is  a  popul.ar  word,  but  not 

elegant.  „  „ 

PUCK'ER,  71.    A  fold  or  wrinkle,  or  a  collection  of 

folds.  ,....,  -  , ,  J 

PUCK'ER-EI),p;j.  or  a.    Gathered  in  folds  ;  wrinkled. 
PUCK'Eli-ING,  ppr.    Wrinkling. 
PUD'DER,  n.     [This  is  supposed  to  be  the  same  as 

Pother.]  -«■  ■        t 

A  tumult ;  a  confused  noise  ;  a  bustle.    [  Vulgar.] 
Shak.    I^ckc. 
PUD'DER,  11.  i.    To  make  a  tumult  or  hustle.  Locke. 
PUD'DER,  r.  (.    To  perplex;  to  embarrass;  to  con 

fuse  ;  vulgarly,  to  bather.  Locke. 

PUD'DER-/';!),  pp.    Perplexed  ;  bothered. 
PUD'DER-ING,  jipr.    Perplexing  ;  confusing. 
PUU'DING,  II.     [W.  polcn,  what  bulges  out,  apauncn, 

a  pudding;  Fr.  boudin,  a  pudding,  from  bmiler,  to 

■pouti  Ir.  boideal;  G.  and  Dnn.  pudding  ;  Sw.  pudiiig. 

Class  Bil.]  ,         ,    ,      , 

1.  A  species  of  food  of  a  soft  or  moderately  hard 
consistence,  variously  made,  but  usually  a  compound 
of  flour,  or  meal  of  maize,  with  milk  and  eggs, 
sometimes  enriched  with  raisins,  and  called  Pi.ij.m- 

PUDDING. 

2.  An  intestine.  *™. 

3.  An  intestine  stuffed  with  meat,  &c.,now  called 
a  Sausage. 

4.  Proverbially,  food  or  victuals. 
Eat  your  pudding,  Blave,  and  hold  your  tongnc.  Prior. 

PUD'DING,         )  11.     In  scamrn\':  language,  a  thick 
PiJD'D£N-ING,  )       wreath  or  circle  of  corJage,  ta- 


The 


ontract 


Fate,  FXR,  FALL,  WIL^T.  — MiSTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MAKINE,  BIRD.  — NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.— 


S86 


PUF 

pering  from  l!ie  middle  townril  llie  ends,  and  fastened 

about  the  mast  below  tlie  trusses,  to  preven:  the 

yards  from  falling  down  wlien  the  ropes  sustaining 

iliem  are  shot  luvay. 
Also,  a  quantity  of  yarns,  maltinfr,  or  oakum,  used 

to  prevent  chafing.  R.  II.  Dana,  Jr. 

rro'DING-GUASS,  n.    A  plant  of  the  genus  Mentha. 

Fam.  (if  Plants. 
rrD'DIXG-GRoSS,  n.  A  plant.  (Xxi.  Johnson. 
I'lirm^G-ViE,    C-pi,)    n.     A  pudding  with    meat 

iiakfd  in  it.  ITadibras. 

ri.'DDIXG-PiPE-TREE,  n.      A  plant  of  the  genus 

Cassia.  Fam.  vf  Plants. 

Pri)l>lXG-SLEEVE,  Ti.    A  sleeve  of  tlie  full  dress 

tk-rical  gown.  Swift. 

riJD'DI.NG-SToXE,    n.      Conglomerate  ;    a    coarse 

sandstone,  composed  of  siJicious  pebbles,  flint,  &c., 

united  bv  a  cement.  Clcaveland. 

rtiD  DIXG-TIME,  71.    The  time  of  dinner,  pudding 

being  formerly  the  first  dish  set  on  the  table,  or 

ratber  first  eaten  ,"  a  practice  not  yet  obsolete  among 

the  common  people  of  Is'ew  England. 
2.  The  nick  of  time  ;  critical  time.        JJudibras. 
PL'D'DLE,  n.     [Ir.  boidhlia  ;  G.  pfutze.] 

1.  A  small  stand  of  dixty  water  ;  a  muddy  plash. 

Dnjden.    Addison 

2.  A  mixture  of  clay  and  sand,  worked  together 
Until  they  are  impervious  to  water.  Bucltaitan. 

rUD'DLE,'  V.  t.  To  make  foul  or  muddy;  to  pollute 
with  dirt;  to  mix  dirt  and  water.     Shak.    Dryden, 

2.  To  make  thick  or  close  with  clay,  so  as  to  ren- 
der impervious  to  water. 

3.  To  convert  cast  iron  into  wrought  iron,  by  the 
process  called  puddling.  Urc. 

PUD'DLE,  V.  i    To  make  a  dirty  stir.  JunUts. 

PUD'DL£D,  pp.  or  a.  Made  muddy  or  foul;  made 
thick  or  close  with  clay;  converted  into  wrought 
iron  by  puddling. 

PUD'DLER,  n.  One  who  converts  cast  iron  into 
wrought  iron  by  the  process  called  puddling,  which 
see.  lir.hcrt. 

Pl'D'OLING,  ppr.  Making  muddy  or  dirty;  making 
thick  or  close  witli  clay ;  converting  into  wrought 
iron  by  the  process  called  puddling.      [See  Pl'd- 

DLING,  n.J 

PUD'DLING,  n.  The  act  of  rendering  impervious  to 
water  by  means  of  clay,  as  a  canal.  Gioilt. 

a.  The  process  of  converting  cast  iron  into 
wrought  or  malleable  iron,  by  subjecting  it  to  the 
continued  action  of  intense  heat  in  a  reverberatory 
furnace,  until  it  becomes  so  thick  and  tenacious  as 
to  stick  togetluT  and  form  into  lumps.  Hebert. 

PUD'DLY,  a.     Muddy;  foul;  dirty.  Carcw. 

PUD'ROCK,  i  7u     [for  paddock  or  parrock,  park.]     A 

PL'R'ROCK,  i  small  inclosure.  [Procincial  in  Eng- 
land.] 

PO'DEX-CY,  n.     [L.  pudensy  pudeo,  to  blush  or  be 

ashamed  ;  Ar.  tXAX  ohada^  to  worship,  to  prostrate 

one's  self,  to  cast  dov.-n,  to  subdue,  to  be  ashamed, 
or  Ch.  nna,  to  blush.    Uu.  Heb.  iro,  in  a  difierent 
dialect.      Tlie  first  is  the  more  probable  affinity. 
Class  Bd,  No.  11,26.] 
Modestv ;  shainefacedness.  Shak. 

PO-DEJTVJi,  71.  pi.     [L.]     The  parts  of  generation. 

Pu'DIC^AL,  i  '^-    L^*  P"«":'i-S  modest.] 

Pertaining  to  the  parts  which  modesty  requirea  to 
bs  concealed  ;  as,  the  pudic  artery.  Quvicy. 

PU-DIC'I-TY,  n.     [Fr.  pudicite  i  L.  pudicitia.^ 

Modestv;  chastity.  Howell. 

PCE'-FEl^LoW.    See  Pew-Fellow. 
PO'ER-ILE,  (-il.)  a.     [Fr.,  from  L.  puerilts,  from  puer, 
a  boy.] 

Boyish,  childish;   trifling;   as,  a  puerile  amuse- 
ment. Pope. 
PO'ER-ILE-LY,  adv,    BovisUy ;  triflingly. 
PC  ER-IL'I-TY,       )ji.     [Fr.   puerilite;   h.  puerilitas, 
PC"ER-ILE-.\ESS,  i     from  pucr,  a  boy.] 

1.  Childi:ihness ;  boyishness;  the  manners  or  ac- 
tions of  a  boy  ;  that  which  is  trifling. 

Brown*     Dryden 

2.  In  discourse^  a  thought  or  expression  which  is 
flat,  insipid,  or  childish.  Encyr.. 

PU-ER'PE-RAL,  a.  \h.  pucrpera^  a  lying-in  woman  ; 
puer,  a  boy,  and  pario,  to  hear.] 

Pertaining  to  childbirth  ;  as,  a  puerperal  fever. 

PU-EU'PE-ROUS,  a.     [L.  puerpcrus,  supra.] 
Bearing  children  ;  lying  in. 

Ptf'ET.    See  Pewet. 

PUFF,  n.  [D  pof;  G.  puf,  a  pufr,  a  thump  ;  pu(j^eH,  to 
cuff,  to  thump,  to  buffet;  Dan.  puff,  a  puff,  blast, 
buffet ;  puffer,  to  crack  ;  W.  pwf  and  p(f.  This  is 
only  a  dialectical  variation  of  buff,  buffet;  It.  buffo, 
buffa,  buffeUOj  beffa.  Whence  buffoon;  Sp.  bufar,  to 
puff.  The  radical  sense  is,  to  drive,  to  thrust,  hence 
to  swell.    (See  Buffet  and  Bui-FooN.)    The  Dutch 

orthography  is  precisely  the  Pers.  t^j  pof,  a  puff.] 

1.  A  sudden  and  single  emission  of  breath  from 
the  mouth ;  a  quick,  forcible  blast ;  a  whiff.   Philips. 


PUG 

2.  A  sudden  and  short  blast  of  wind.       Palc^h. 

3.  A  fungous  ball  filled  with  dust ;  a  pufl-hall. 

4.  .'\ny  tiling  light  and  porous,  or  something 
swelled  and  light ;  as,  ptiff-pa^ste.  Taller. 

5.  A  substance  of  loose  tcvture,  used  to  sprinkle 
powder  on  the  hair.  Ainsworth. 

G.  A  tumid  or  exaggerated  commendation 

Cihbcr. 
PUFF,  V.  i.     [G.  puffcn,  to  puff,  to  thump,  to  buffet; 
vcrpiiffcn,  to  detonize  ;  D.  poffcn;  \V.  ptfiaio,  pipf.aw, 
to  puff;  Fr.  boujflr,  to  puff,  to  swell.    See  the  noun.] 

1.  To  drive  air  from  the  mouth  in  a  single  and 
quick  h'ast.  Shak. 

2.  To  swell  the  cheeks  with  air. 

3.  To  blow,  as  an  expression  of  scorn  or  contempt. 

It  is  a^lly  to  defy  Heaven  lopufftxl  damuation.  Soulk. 

4.  To  breathe  with  vehemence,  as  after  violent 
e.\ertion. 

I'he  a&s  comes  lack  again,  puffing  and  blowing  from  the  chase. 

L''Esl,ranse. 

5.  To  do  or  move  with  hurry,  agitation,  and  a 
tumid,  bustling  appearance. 

Tiien  came  brave  giory  pujfing  by.  Herbert. 

6.  To  swell  with  air ;  to  dilate  or  inflate.   Boyle. 
PUFF,  V.  t.    To  drive  with  a  blast  of  wind  or  air  ;  as, 

the  north  wind  puffs  away  the  clouds.         Dryden. 

9.  To  swell ;  to  inflate ;  to  dilate  with  air;  as,  a 
bladder  jx/^ed  with  air. 

The  se:i  2>ujfed  up  with  wiuds.  Shak. 

3.  To  swell ;  to  inflate  ;  to  blow  up  ;  as,  puffed  up 
with  pride,  vanity,  or  conceit ;  Xo  puffxi^  with  praise 
or  flattery.  Dunham.     Bacon. 

4.  To  drive  with  a  blast  in  scorn  or  contempt. 

I  puff  the  proalituce  away.  Dryden. 

5.  To  praise  with  exaggeration  ;  as,  to  puff  a 
pamphlet. 

PUFF'-BALL,  n.      A  fungus  or  mushroom  full  of 

dust,  of  the  genus  Lycoperdon.  Lee. 

PUFF'A'D,  (puft,)  pp.    Driven  out  suddenly,  as  air  or 

breath;  blown  up;  swelled  with  air;  inflated  with 

vanity  or  pride  ;  praised. 
PUFF'ER,  7t.    One  that  puffs;  one  that  praises  with 

noisy  commendation. 
PUFFTN,  71.    A  bird  of  the  genus  Alca,  (Linn.,)  or 

auk   kind,  found  principally  in  the  northern  seas. 

The  name  puffin  is  also  given  to  certain  birds  of  the 

petrel  family.  P.  Cyc. 

2.  A  kind  of  fish.  .^ins^cortk. 

3.  A  kind  of  fungus  with  dust ;  a  fuzzhall. 
PUFF'IN-AP-PLE,  C-ap-pl,)  n.     A  sort  of  apple  so 

called.  jiinsworth. 

PUFF'r-NESS,  n.    State  or  quality  of  being  turgid. 
PUFF'ING,  ppr.     Driving  out  the  breath  with  a  single, 
sudden  blast ;  blowing  up  ;  inflating;  praising  pom- 
pously. 
PUFF'ING,  n.    A  vehement  breathing. 

2.  Exaggerated  praise.  Burke. 

PUFF'li\G-LY,  adv.     Tumidly;  with  swell. 

2.  With    vehement    breathing    or    shortness    of 
breath. 
PUFF'Y,  a.    Swelled  with  air  or  any  soft  matter; 
tumid  with  a  soft  substance  ;  as,  a  puffy  tumor. 

H^iseman. 
2.  Tumid;  turgid;  bombastic;  as,  a  pu^i/ style. 

Dryden, 
PUG,  n.     [Sax.  piga,  Sw.  ptga,  a  little  girl ;    Dan. 
pige ;  W.  hac,  by^an  :  Sp.  poco  or  pcquetio,  little  ;  Ir. 
beag,  from  the  root  of  pig,  that  is,  a  shoot,  as  we  use 
imp.     See  Beagle.] 

The  name  given  to  a  little  animal  treated  with 
familiarity,  as  a  monkey,  a  little  dog,  &c. 

Spectator. 
PUG,  a.    Like  the  monkey ;  belonging  to  a  particular 

kind  of  dog. 
PUG'-DOG,  n.    A  small  dog,  with  a  face  and  nose 

like  that  of  a  monkev.  Smart. 

PUG'-FAC-ii;D,  (-fast,)  a.    Monkey-faced. 
PUG'GER-JED,  for  Puckered,  is  not  in  use.     More. 
PUG'GING,  71.    In  architecture,  the  stufl'made  of  plas- 
ter laid  between  the  joists  under  the  boards  of  a 
floor,  to  deaden  the  sound.  Brande. 

PUG'GING,  a.    A  cant  word  for  thieving.     [Obs.] 

Shak. 
PUG'-NoSE,  n.  A  short  and  thick  uose ;  a  snub  nose. 

Smart. 
PUGH,  (poo,)  cxclain.    A  word  used  in  contempt  or 

di-sdaln. 
Pu'OjIL,  n.     [It.  pugillo,  a  handful ;   Fr.  pugile ;  L. 
pugillum,  from  the  root  of  pugnus,  the  fist ;  probably 
coinciding  with  the  Greek  ttvkvoo},  to  make  thick, 
that  is,  to  close  or  press.] 

As  much  as  is  taken  up  between  the  thumb  and 

two  first  fingers.  Bacon. 

Pu'GlL-ISM,  n.     [L.  and  Sp.  pugily  a  champion  or 

prize-fighter,  from  the  Gr.  ztvktth,  id.;  -vj/jrj,  the 

fist;  :ruf,  with  the  fist;  TruAri'ow,  to  close  or  make 

fast ;  ahied,  probably,  to  pack,  L.  pango.    Class  Bg.] 

The  practice  of  boxing  or  fighting  with  the  fist. 

PU'6IL-IST,  n.    A  boxer;  one  who  fights  with  his 

fists. 
PU-6lL-fST'ie,  a.    Pertaining  to  boxing  or  frghting 
with  the  fist. 


PUL 

PUG-Na'CIOUS,  (-shus,)a.     [L.  jmgnaz,  fwm  pugiuiy 
a  fight;  from  pugnus,  the  fisl.    See  Pugil.] 

Disposed  to  fight;  inclined  to  fighting;  quarrel- 
some ;  fighting.  Jlore. 

PUG-NX'CIOUS-EY,  adv.    In  a  pugnacious  manner. 

PUG-NAC'I-TY,  (nas'e-te,)  n.    Inclination  to  fight; 
quarrelsomeness.     [Little  used.]  Bacon. 

PUO'A'/S   ET  CAVCI-BUS,  [L.]    With  fists  and 
heels  ;  with  all  the  might. 

PuIS'NE,  (pu'ny,)  a.    [Fr.;»uw,  since,  fiftem'ard,  and 
n&,  boni.j 

1.  In  laic^  younger  or  inferior  in  rank  ;  as,  a  chief 
justice  and  three /(uiiTte  justices  of  the  Court  of  Com- 
mon Pleas  ;  the  puisne  barons  of  the  Court  of  Ex- 
chequer. Blackstone. 

2.  Later  in  date.     [JV*oe  used.]  Hole. 
PO'IS-SANCE,  71.     [Fr.,  from  pouvoir,  to  be  able;  L. 

posse,  possum^  jjotes,  potest,   Sp,  podcr^   power,   ll. 
pQdere.\ 

Povi'er ;  strength  j  might ;  force.  Milton,     Sliak. 

PU'IS-SANT,  a.    Powerful;  strong:  mighty;  forci- 
ble ;  as,  a  puissant  prince  or  empire. 

Milton.     Ralegh. 

PU'IS-SANT-Ly,a(;o.  Powerfully;  with  great  strength. 

PuKE,  V.  i.  [Ileb.  p3,  to  evacual*!,  to  empty,  L. 
vacuo  ;  or  yp3,  to  burst  forth  ;  Ch.  id.,  and  J?p£).  Clu. 
W.  cyvogi,  to  vomit ;  cy  is  a  prefix.  Spetc  is  probably 
from  the  same  source  ;  L.  spuo,  for  spuco,  with  a 
prefix.  The  radical  sense  is,  to  throw  or  drive.] 
To  vomit ;  to  eject  from  the  stomach.  Shak. 

POKE,  n.    A  vomit;  a  medicine  which  excites  vom- 
iting. 

PCKE,  a.    Of  a  color  between  black  and  russet ;  now 
galled  Puce.  Shak. 

POK'-ED,  (pukt,)  pp.    Vomited. 

PuK'ER,  n.     One  that  vomits;   a  medicine  causing 
vomiting. 

POK'ING,  ppr.     Vomiting. 

PUK'ING,  «.    The  act  of  vomiting. 

PUE'CHRI-TUDE,  n.     [L.  pulchritude,  from  puleker, 
beautiful.] 

1.  Beauty;  handsomeness;  grace;  comeliness; 
that  quality  of  form  which  pleases  the  eye. 

Brown.    More. 

2.  Moral  beauty  ;  those  qualities  of  the  mind 
which  good  men  love  and  approve.  South. 

PuLE,  V.  i.     [Fr.  piauler.    This  word  belongs  probably 
to  the  root  of  bawl,  bellow,  L.  pello.] 

1.  To  cry  like  a  chicken.  Bacon. 

2.  To  whine;  to  cry  as  a  complaining  child;  to 
whimper. 

To  s^cx)!  puling  like  a  be»g^  al  lialimass.  Shak. 

PO'Lie,  71.    A  plant.  ^insworth. 

PU'LI-€0?:E,   /  rr  I-  c  ,  a       t 

Pu'LI-f  OUS   (  '^'     l^*  ?""'co5«s,  from  pulcx,  a  flea.] 
Abounding  with  fleas.     [J^^otuscd.]  Diet. 

PuL'ING,  2W'  or  a.     Cr}'ing  like  a  chicken ;  whin- 
ing. 
POL'ING,  n.    A  cry  as  of  a  chicken;  a  whining. 

Bacon. 
PuL'ING-LY,  adv.    With  whining  or  complaint. 
Pu'Ll-OL,  n.    A  plant.  Aiusworth. 

PULK'HA,    n.       A    Laplander's    traveling   eled    or 

sleigh. 
PULL,  V.  t.     [Sax.  pullian ;  L.  tcllo.   au.  Eth.  DA/t^ 
"bahach.     Class  BI,  No.  7.] 

1.  To  draw ;  to  draw  toward  one,  or  make  an  ef- 
fort to  draw.  Pull  differs  from  drain  ;  we  use  draw 
when  motion  ibilows  the  effort,  and  pull  is  used  in 
the  same  sense  ;  but  we  may  also  puH  forever  with- 
out drawing  or  moving  the  thing.  This  distinction 
may  not  be  universal.     Pull  is  opposed  to  puslu 

Then  he  puifordi  his  hand  aud  w>k  her  aad  pulled  berinto  him 
inio  the  ark.  —  Gen.  viii. 

2.  To  pluck  ;  to  gather  by  drawing  or  forcing  off  or 
out ;  as,  to  ptdl  fruit ;  to  pult  flax. 

3.  To  tear ;  to  rend  ;  but  in  this  sense  followed  by 
some  qualifying  word  or  phrase  ;  as,  to  pull  in  pieces ; 
to  pull  asunder  or  apart.  To  pull  in  two,  is  to  sepa- 
rate, or  tear  by  violence  into  two  parts. 

7'(J  pull  down ;  to  demolish  or  take  in  pieces  by 
separating  the  parts ;  as,  to  pull  down  a  liouse. 

2.  To  demolish  ;  to  subvert ;  to  destroy. 

Iq  poUiiad  alTaii5,  as  well  as  mechanical,  it  ia  easier  to  puU  down 
thnn  lo  build  up.  IIowcU. 

3.  To  bring  down  ;  to  degrade ;  to  humble. 

To  ntiiS  the  \\Tetched  nodpuU  down  ilie  proud.    JRoscommon, 

To  pull  off;  to  separate  by  pulling ;  to  pluck ; 
also,  to  take  off  without  force ;  as,  to  pull  off  a  coat 
or  hat. 

To  pull  out ;  to  draw  out ;  to  extract. 

7'y  pull  np :  to  pluck  up  ;  to  tear  up  by  the  roots; 
hence,  to  extirpate  ;  to  eradicate  ;  to  destroy. 
PULL,  V.  i.    To  give  a  pull ;  to  tug;  as,  to  pidi  at  a 
rope. 

To  pull  apart ;  to  separate  by  pulling  ;  as,  a  rope 
will  pull  apart. 
PULL,  n.    The  act  of  pulling  or  drawing  with  force  ; 
an  effort  to  move  by  drawing  toward  one.      SidfL 

2.  A  contest;  a  struggle.  Carcw. 

3.  Pluck  ;  violence  suffered.  Shak. 
PfJLL'B  ACK,  71.    That  which  keeps  back,  or  restrains 

"from  proceeding. 


TONE,  BfJLL,  UNITE AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS €  as  K;  6  as  Jj  S  as  Z;  CH  aa  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


PUL 

P!^ILL'£I>,  pp.     Drawn  tow  aril  one  ;  pliickeil. 
PJJLL-'l^N,  n.     [Fr.  poulc,  a  henj  L.  putltis.    Sec  l*yL- 
li:t  and  Foal.] 

ruiiUrv.     [J^'ot  u^cd.]  liailcii. 

PtJLL'EK^  H.     One  that  pulls.  Sliah 

PilLL'E'l',  71.     [Fr.  poulet^  dim.  from  poutc,  a  lion  ;  It. 
pullo ;    L.  pulla:ii  Gr.  ttwAoj  ;  coinciding  with  llic 
Enn.  font.] 
A  young  hen  or  female  of  the  domestic  fowl. 

TVheman. 
PlJLL'EY,n.;p/.  Pulleys.    [Fr.  pojtlie  ;  Sp.poUa;  L. 
poltis  ,"  Gr.  tt^Amc,  from  -<.\cw,  tu  turn.] 

A  small  wheel  tiirninji  on  a  jdn  in  a  block,  with 
a  furrow  or  groove  in  winch  runs  the  rope  that 
turns  it. 

The  jnilley  is  one  of  the  mechanical  powers,  much 
»?ed  for  raising  Wrights. 
PUL'LI-eAT,  7i.    A  kind  of  silk  handkerchief. 
PIJLL'ING,  2;;;r.  Drawing;  m;ildngan  c-fibrttodraw  ; 

piuckins:. 
PUL'LU-L.ITE,  V.  i.      [L.   puUitlo^  from  pnllusy  a 
siioot.] 

To  serminale  ;  to  bud.  Gransrer. 

PUI.-I.U-La'TION,  n.    A  germinating  or  budding; 

the  firat  shooting  of  a  bud.  J\Iorc. 

PQL'.MO-NA-RY,  a.  [L.  puliaonarhis^  from  pulmo, 
tlie  hings,  from  pcJlo,  puUits^  puLoj  to  drive  or 
beat.] 

Pertaining  to  the  lungs  ;  affecting  the  lungs  ;  as,  a 
pulmonary  disease  or  consumption  ;   the  pulmonary 
arleiy. 
PUL'.MO-NA-RY,  71.     [h.  pulwonaria.] 

A  plant,  hincwort.  Ainmmrlh. 

PUL'MO-NI-BRAi\eH'I-.\TE,  «.     [1..  pulmo  and  Gr. 

Having  the  branchire  formed  for  breathing  air,  as 
mollusks  of  the  genera  Limnea  and  Planorbis. 

Ciivicr. 
PUL-MON'ie,  a.     [Fr.  pulmoriiqiic,  from  L.  pulmo^  the 
lungs.] 

Pertaining  lo  the  lungs ;  affecting  the  lungs  ;  as,  a 
pulmonic  disease  ;  pulmonic  consumption. 
PUL-MON'IC,  71.      A  medicine  for  diseases  of  the 
lungs. 
2.  One  affected  by  a  disease  of  t!ie  lungs. 

Arbuihnnt. 
PULP,  71.     [Fr.  pulpe;  L.  pvlpa.     This  is  probably  al- 
lied to  L.  pills,  pulmcntumf  Gr.  zoXt'i^j  from  softness. 
Ciu.  from  pulsus^  beaten.] 

1.  A  soft  mass  ;  in  iren^ral. 

2.  The  soft  substance  within  a  bone  ;  marrow. 

Bacon. 

3.  The  soft,  succulent  part  of  fruit;  as,  the  pulp 
of  an  orange. 

4.  The  aril  or  exterior  covering  of  a  coffee-berry. 

Edioards,  West  Indies. 
PULP,  t'.  t.    To  deprive  of  the  pulp  or  integument,  as 
tile  coffee-berry. 

The  oUipr  mode  is  lo  piilp  the  coGee  immetlialely  as  it  comes  from 
the  irw.  By  a  simple  machine  a  man  will  pulp  a  buslif-l  in 
a  minute.  Edwaras,  \V,  Indies, 

PUL-PA-TOON',  71.    Delicate  confectionery  or  cake. 

Toone. 

PULP'T^D,  (pulpt,)  pp.    Deprived  of  the  pulp. 

PULP'I-NESS,  n.     The  stale  of  being  pulpy. 

PUL'PIT,  71.  [L.  pulpitum,  a  stage,  scaffold,  or  higher 
part  of  a  stage  ;  It.  and  Sp.  pulpito  :  Fr.  pupitre.] 

1.  An  elevated  place,  or  inclosed  stage,  in  a 
church,  in  which  the  preacher  stands.  It  is  called 
al^o  a  Desk. 

9.  In  tke  Roman  theater,  the  pulpitum  was  the  front 
part  of  the  stage,  wliere  the  actors  ptnforined  tiieir 
part*!.  It  was  higher  than  the  orchestra,  and  directly 
back  of  it.  Smithes  Diet. 

3.  A  movable  desk,  from  which  disputants  pro- 
nounced their  dissertations,  and  authors  recited  tiieir 
works.  Evcuc. 

PUL'PIT-EL'O-aUENCE,  (  n.    Eloquence  or  onitoiy 

PUL'PIT-OR'A-TO-RY,      j      in  delivering  sermons. 

PyL-PITMC-AL-LY,  in  CkestcrJicU,  is  "ot  an  author- 
ized word. 

PJJL'PIT-ISII,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  like  the  pulpit,  or 
its  performance.  Chalmers. 

PUL'PIT-OR'A-TOR,  71.    An  eloquent  preacher. 

PULP'OUS,  a.  [from  pulp.]  Consisting  of  pulp,  or 
resembling  it ;  soft  like  pap.  Philips. 

PULP'OUS-.NESS,  71.  Softness;  the  quality  of  being 
pulpous. 

PULP'Y,  a.  Like  pulp;  soft  ;  fleshy  ;  succulent;  as, 
the  pulpy  covering  of  a  nut;  XXxg  pulpit  sul)Slance  of  a 
peach  or  cherry.  Hai<.     jSrl/atknot. 

PUL'CiUE,  (pul'ka,)n.  [Sp.]  A  refieshing  drink  with 
slightly  intoxicating  (|ualitics,inuch  u-udby  the  Mex- 
icans, and  extracted  from  the  maguey,  or  Agave 
Americana.  Encyc.  -^mcr. 

PULS'aTE,  v.  i.     [L.  pulsatus,  pulsOj  to  beat,  from  the 
root  of  pello,  to  drive.] 
To  beat  or  throb. 

ThT  hrarl  of  a  Tiper  or  frog  wili  continue  lo  puleale  long  after  It 
13  lakcD  from  the  tKrdy.  Darwin. 

PULS'A-TILE,  n.     [L.  pulsatilii,  from  pulso,  to  beat.] 
That  is  or  may  be  etruck  or  beaten  ;  played  by  beat- 
ing ;  as,  a  pulsatile  instrument  of  music.    JIus.  Diet. 


PUM 

PUL-SA'TION,  H.     [L.  pulsutto,  supra.l 

1.  The  boating  or  throbbing  of  the  heart  or  of  an 
artery,  in  the  process  of  carrying  on  the  circulation 
of  the  blood.  'J'Jie  blood  being  propelled  by  the  con- 
traction of  the  heart,  causes  the  arteries  to  dilate,  so 
as  to  render  each  diiatatioii  perceptible  to  the  toucli, 
in  certain  parts  of  the  body,  as  in  the  radial  arte- 
ry, &c. 

2.  .\  stroke  by  which  some  medium  is  affected,  as 
in  sounds. 

3.  In  ;«u),  any  touching  of  another's  body  willfully 
or  in  anger.    This  constitutes  battery. 

By  ll>P  Cornelian  \tLW,  pulsation  as  well  tu  vcrtiemtion  is  pro- 
hibited, li^ackalone. 

PULS'A-TIVE,  a.     Heating  ;  throbbing.  Enc.ye. 

PUL-SA'TOR.  71.     A  beater  ;  a  striker.  Dicf. 

PULS'A-TO-RY,  a.   Beating  ;  throbbing  ;  as  the  heart 

and  arteries.  JVotton. 

PUL^E,  (puis,)  11.     [L.  pulsus,  from  pcllo,  to  drive; 

Fr.  pouls.'] 

1.  In  animals^  the  beating  or  throbbingof  the  heart 
and  arteries;  more  particularly,  the  sudden  ddatation 
of  an  artery,  caused  by  the  projectile  force  of  the 
blood,  which  is  perceptible  to  the  touch.  Hence  we 
say,  to  feci  the  pulse.  The  pulse  is  frequent  or  rare, 
quick  or  >Io\v,  equal  or  unetjuul,  regular  or  intermit- 
ting, Jiard  or  soft,  strong  or  weak.  Sec.  The  pulses 
of  an  adult,  in  health,  are  little  more  than  one  pulse 
to  a  second  ;  in  certain  fevers,  the  nuinher  is  in- 
creased to  90, 100,  or  even  to  140  in  a  minute. 

2.  The  stroke  with  which  a  medium  is  affected  by 
the  motion  of  light,  sound,  to.;  oscillation;  vibra- 
tion. 

Sir  Isaac  Newton  demonstrates  ihnt  the  velocities  of  the  puUea  of 
an  clastic  fluid  medium  are  in  a  ratio  compounded  of  half  the 
ratio  of  ihe  elastic  Ibrce  directly,  and  half  the  ralin  of  Ihe 
density  inversely.  Encyc. 

To  feel  one''s  pulse:  victaphorically,  to  sound  one's 
opinion  ;  to  try  or  to  kuow  one's  mind. 
PULSE,  7>.  i.    To  beat,  as  the  arteries.     [LiUle  used.] 
PULSE,  V.  t.     [h. pulso.]  [Ray. 

To  drive,  as  the  pulse.     [Little  used.] 
PULSE,  71.    [Qu.  from  L.  pulsui!,  beaten  out,  ns  seeds; 
or  Heb.  and  Ch.  ^ifl,  a  bean,  from  nhs,  to  separate.] 
Legu  minous  plants,  or  their  seeds ;  the  plants  whose 
pericarp  is  a  legume,  as  beans,  peas,  &o. 

JUilton.     Dnjdcn. 
PULSE'LESS,  a.     Having  no  pulsation. 
PUL-glP'ie,  a.     [palscixnA  L.  facio,  to  make.] 

Exciting  the  pulse  ;  causing  pulsation.         Smith. 
PUL'SION,  (pul'slmn,)  71.     [from  L.  pulsus.] 

The  act  of  driving  forward  ;  in  oppDsition  to  Suc- 
tion or  Traction.    [Little  u^cd.]     Mure.     Bentleij. 
PUL-Ta'CEOUS,  (-shus,)    a.     [iVom  Gr.  r.Xros,  L. 
puis.    See  PuLi-.] 

Macerated  ;  softened  ;  nearly  fluid.         Bcddoes. 
PUL'VER-A-BLE,  c.    [from  L.  pulvis,  dust,  probably 
from  peilo,  pulso.  or  its  root,  that  which  is  beaten  fine, 
or  that  which  is  driven.     See  Powdeh.] 

That  may  be  reduced  to  fine  powder ;  capable  of 
being  pulverized.  Boule. 

PUL'VER-aTE,  v.  L  To  beat  or  reduce  to  powtier  or 
dust.     [But  PLXVEniZK  is  generally  used.] 

Pufc'VER^LVE,!"-    Ashes  of  barilla. 

PUL'VER-iZ-A-HLE,  a.    That  may  be  pulverized. 

Barton. 

PUL-VER-I-Za'TION,  71.  [{rom  pulverize.]  The  act 
of  redticiiji.'  to  du^t  or  powder. 

PUL'VER-IZE,  r.  t.     [It.  palvcrizzare  :  Fr.  pulveriser.] 
To  ri^duce  to  fine  powder,  as  by  beating,  grinding, 
&c.    Friable  substance's  may  be  pulverized  by  grind- 
ing or  beating;    but   to   pulverize  malleable  bodies, 
otlier  methods  must  he  pursued.  Enci/c. 

PUL'VER-iZ-i=;D,  pp.  or  H.    Reduced  to  fine  powder. 

PUL'VER-lZ-ING,  ppr.    Reducing  to  fine  powder. 

PliL'VER-GUS,  c.  Consisting  of  dust  or  powder; 
like  powder. 

PUL-VER'U-LENCE,  n.  Dustiness;  abundance  of 
dust  or  powder. 

PUL-VER'U-LENT,  a.  Dusty ;  consisting  of  fine 
powder ;  powdery. 

2.  Addicir  f!  to  lying  and  rolling  in  the  dust,  as 
fowls. 

PUL'VIL,  It.    A  sweet-scented  powder.    [Liiilj  rwcrf.] 

Gay. 

PUL'VIL,  /•.  t.  To  sprinkle  with  a  perfumed  powder. 
[J^Tot  used.]  Congreve. 

PUL'V1\-A-TED,  a.     [L.  pulvinar,  a  pillow.] 

In  architecture,  enlarged  or  swelled  in  any  portion 
of  an  order,  as  a  frieze.  Brandc. 

Pu'iMA,  71.  A  digitigrade  carnivorous  mammal,  the 
Felis  concolor,  of  the  warmer  parts  of  America,  a 
rapacious  quadruped  of  the  cat  family. 

PUM'I-e.iTE,  V.  t.    To  make  smooth  "with  pumice. 

PUM'LCa-TED,  pp.    Smoothed  with  pumice. 

PUM'I-Ca-TING,  ppr.    Making  smooth  with  pumice. 

PUiM'ICE,  71.  [L.  pumcx,  supposed  to  be  from  the  root 
of  spuma,  foam  ;  G.  bimstciu  ;  D.  puimstecn.] 

A  substance  frequently  ejeeted*'froui  volcanoes,  of 
various  colors,  gray,  white,  reddish-brown,  or  black  ; 
hard,  rough,  and  porous  ;  specifically  lighter  than  wa- 
ter, and  resembling  the  slag  produced  in  an  iron  fur- 
nace.   It  appears  to  consist  of  parallel  fibers,  owing 


PUN 

to  the  parallelism  and  minuteness  of  the  crowdec' 
cells.  It  is  supposed  to  be  produced  by  the  disen- 
gagement of  gas,  ill  which  the  lava  is  in  a  plastic 
state.  JVtckulson.     Buchanan. 

Pumice  is  of  three  kinds:  glassy,  common,  and 
porphvritic.  Ure. 

PUiM'lCE-STONE,  n.    The  same  as  Pumice. 

PU-MI"CEOUS,  (-mish'us,)  a.  Pertaining  to  pumice; 
consisting  of  pumice,  or  resembling  it. 

PU.M'MACE,  71.  Apples  ground  for  making  cider. 
[See  P.JMACE.]  Forby. 

PUM'MEL.    See  Pommel. 

PUMP,  11.  [Fr.  pompr,  a  pump  and  pomp;  D.  pomp; 
Dan.  pumpe  ;  Sp.  bnmba,  a  pump  and  a  bomb.  We  see 
that /Jiifii;;,  pomp,  and  bomb  are  the  same  word,  differ- 
ently applied  by  diflerent  nations.  The  L.  boinbuiis 
of  the  same  family,  as  is  the  Eng.  bomba.'<t ;  Ir.  buim- 
pis,  a  pump  ;  \V.  pwmp,  a  round  mass.  The  primary 
sense  of  the  root  seems  to  be,  to  swell.] 

1.  A  hydraulic  engine  for  raising  water,  or  other 
fluid,  thronsh  a  tube.  The  common  suction  pump 
acts  by  exhausting  the  '"cumbent  air  of  a  tube  or 
pipe,  in  consequence  of  u.lieh  the  water  rises  iii  tht; 
tube  by  means  of  the  pressure  of  the  air  on  the  sur- 
rounding water.  There  is,  however,  a  forcing  pump, 
in  which  the  water  is  raised  in  tlie  lube  by  u  force 
applied  to  a  .lateral  tube,  near  the  bottom  of  Ibo 
pump. 

2.  A  low  shoe  with  a  thin  sole.  Swift. 
PUMP,  V.  ;.    To  work  a  pump;  to  raise  water  with  a 

pump 
PUiMP,  V.  t.    To  raise  with  a  pump;  as,  to  pu7np  wa- 
ter. 

2.  To  draw  out  by  artful  interrogatories ;  as,  to 
puvip  out  secrets. 

3.  To  examine  by  artful  questions  for  the  purpose 
of  drawing  out  secrets. 

But  pump  not  me  for  politics.  Olway. 

PUMP'-UoLTS,  V.  pi.  Two  pieces  of  iron,  one  used 
to  fasten  the  pump-spear  to  the  brake,  the  other  as  a 
fulcrum  for  the  brake  to  work  upon.       Mar.  Diet. 

PUMPMiRAKE,  n.    The  arm  or  handle  of  a  pump. 

Mar.  Diet. 

PUMP'-DaLE,  71.  A  hmg^  wooden  tube,  used  to  con- 
vey the  water  from  a  cham-pump  across  the  ship  and 
through  the  side.  Jilar.  Diet. 

PUMP'JED,  (pumpt,)  pp.    Raised  with  a  pump. 
2.  Drawn  out  by  artful  interrogations. 

PUMP'ER,  71.  Tlie  person  or  the  instrument  that 
pumps. 

PlfMP'ER-NICK'EL,  71.  A  species  of  bran  bread, 
wliirli  foruis  the  chief  food  of  the  Westphalian  peas- 
ants ;  ofion  used  as  a  term  of  contempt.       Braude, 

PUMP'-GeAR,  h.  Tlie  apparatus  belonging  lo  a 
pump.  Tottcn. 

PUMP'-HOOD,  71.  A  semi-cylindrical  frame  of  v/ood, 
coverir!::"tlie  upper  wheel  of'a  chain-pump. 

PU.MP'liXG,  ppr.     Raising  iiy  a  pump. 

9.  Drawing  out  secrets  by  artful  questions. 

PUMP'ION,  7(.     [D.  pompocn,  Sw.  pomp,  a  gourd.] 
A  plant  and  its  fruit ;  the  pumpkin. 

PI'MP'KIN,  71.  A  well-known  plant  and  its  fruit,  the 
t'ucurbita  pepo  ;  a  pompion.  [This  is  the  common  or- 
tho^raphii  of  the  ivard  iu  the  United  States.] 

PUMP'-SPkAR,  ti.  The  bar  to  which  the  upper  box 
of  a  pump  is  fastened,  and  which  is  attaclitd  to  the 
brake  or  handle.  Mar.  Diet. 

PUMP'-STOCK,  77.  The  solid  part  or  body  of  a  pump. 

PU'MY,  a.     [Fr.  pommeau.] 

Rounded;  as,  pmi/y  stone.s.         Spenser.     Toone. 

PUN,  71.     [au.  VV.  pun,  equal.] 

An  expression  in  which  a  word  has  at  once  differ- 
ent meanings;  an  expression  in  which  two  diireivnt 
applications  of  a  word  present  an  odd  or  ludicrous 
idea  ;  a  kind  of  quibble  or  equivocation  ;  a  loin  species 
of  wit.  Thus  a  man  who  had  a  tall  wife,  named 
ExpericncCy  observed  that  he  had,  by  long  experience, 
proved  the  blessings  of  a  married  life. 

A  pun  ciin  be  no  uiore  cngr.ivcn,  thun  it  can  be  trJnRl:Atpd. 

Adduon. 

PUN,  V.  i.  To  quibble ;  to  use  the  same  word  at  once 
in  different  senses.  Dryden. 

PUN,  V.  t.    To  persuade  by  a  pun.  .Addison. 

PUNCH,  71.  [W.  ptcnc.  a  point ;  Arm.  pocn^onn}  Fr. 
p..:::^on;  sp.  punzon  i  L.  puncium  ;  pungo.] 

1.  An  instrument  of  steel,  used  in  several  :>.:'.;  fur 
perforating  holes  in  plates  of  metal,  or  otlier  substan- 
ces, and  often  so  contrived  ;is  to  stamp  out  a  piece. 

9.  In  popular  usage,  a  blow  or  thrust. 
PUNCH,  71.     [Sp.  ponche ;  D.  pons',  G  ptntsch;  Dan. 
pons,  ponsh.] 

A  drink  composed  of  water  sweetened  with  sugar, 
with  a  mixture  of  lemon  juice  and  spirit. 

Encye.     Sirifl. 
PUNCH,  71.    Tlie  buflbon  or  harlequin  of  a  puppet- 
show.      [See  PUNCHINKLLC] 

PUNCH,  71.  A  well-set  horse,  with  a  short  back,  thin 
shoulders,  broad  neck,  and  well  covered  with  flesh. 

2.  A  short,  fat  fellow.  [Far.  Diet. 
PUNCH,  V.  t.     rSp.  punzar ;  VV.  pjjnciaw ;   L.  pungo. 

In  this  word, "11  is  probably  casual,  and  the  root  is 
Pg,  of  the  same  family  a^;  peg,  pack,  ur  pike,  with  the 
primary  sense  of  driving  or  thrusting,  a  point  ] 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— MeTE,  PRgY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.- 


868 


PUN 

1.  To  perforalc  wiih  an  iron  iustruuient,  either 
jjointed  or  not ;  as,  to  punch  a  liole  in  a  plate  ot'  metal. 

lilseTTian, 

2.  lu  popular  iisajre,  to  thrust  a^inst  with  the  end 
of  somethiji?: ;  as,  to  puncJi  one  with  the  elbow. 

riXCH'-BoWL,  n.  A  bowl  in  which  punch  is  made, 
or  fium  which  it  is  drank. 

rr N'CU'ED,  (puncht,)  pp.    Perforated  with  a  punch. 

PirxCH'EON,  n.  [Ft.  poin^on^  a  bodkin,  a  punch- 
ion.] 

1.  A  name  common  to  iron  or  steel  instruments 
used  in  different  trades  for  cutting,  piercing,  or  stainp- 
inii  a  body.  OwUt. 

•3.  In  carpentry^  a  piece  of  timber  placed  upright 
between  two  [tosts,  whose  bearing  is  too  great;  also, 
a  piece  of  timber  set  upright  under  the  ridge  of  a 
building,  wherein  the  smail  timbers  are  jointed. 

Otcilt. 

3.  A  measure  of  liquids,  or  a  cask  containing, 
sometimes,  84,  sometimes  ISK),  gallons.  Rum  or  spir- 
its is  imported  from  the  West  Indies  in  puncheons. 
but  these  are  olten  called  also  hoa-sluad^. 

PLWCH'ER,  71.    One  that  punches. 

2.  A  punch  or  perforating  instrument. 
PU\-CHI-NEL'LO,  71.    A  punch  ;  a  buffoon  ;  the  poli- 

e'meUa  of  the  Italian  puppet-show,  a  character  ripre- 
sented  as  fat,  short,  and  hump-backed. 

Taller.     P.  Cijc.     Smart, 
PUNCH'ING,  ppr.    Perforating  with  a  puuch  ;  strik- 
ing against  with  the  end  of  something. 
Pl'XCH'V,  a.    Short  and  thick,  or  fat.'' 
PL-Ve'TATE,      t         TT  ^  1 

PUVG'Ta  TFD   I  ^    i-      punciiw,  pungo.j 

1.  Pointed. 

2.  In  botanv,  having  dots  scattered  over  the  sur- 
face. '  JIarttjn. 

PUX€'TI-FORM,  a.    [L.  pumtum,  point,  and  form.] 
Having  the  form  of  a  point.  Ed.  Encye. 

PUXe-TIL'IO,  (punk-til'yo,)  n.  [Sp.  puntaia ;  It.  pun- 
ti^lio:  from  L.  punctum,  a  point.] 

A  nice  point  of  exactness  in  conduct,  ceremony,  or 
proceeding;  particularity  or  exaciness  in  forms;  as, 
the  punctilios  of  a  public  ceremony.  .Addison. 

PLTXe-TIL'IOUS,  (tiryus.)  a.  Ven^  nice  or  exact  in 
the  forms  of  behavior,  ceremony,  or  mutual  inter- 
course; very  exact  in  the  observance  of  rules  pre- 
scribed by  law  or  custom;  iometune^',  exact  to  excess. 

Rotrcrs. 
PUNe-TlL'IOUS-LY,  adc.    With  exactness  or  great 

nicety. 
PUXe-TIL'IOUS-NESS,  ti.    Exactness  in  the  observ- 
ance of  forms  or  rules :  attentive  to  nice  points  of 
bfhavinr  or  ceremony. 
PUXe'TIOX,  71.     [L.  punctio.] 

A  puncture. 
PUNC'TO,  n.     [Sp.  and  It.  ;7W7i/o;  L.  punctum^  from 
pun^o,  to  prick.] 

1.  ^ice  point  of  form  or  ceremony  Bacon. 

9.  The  point  in  fencing.  SJtak. 

PUXe'TU-AL,  (punkt'yu-al,)  a.  [Fr.  ponctuel ;  It. 
puntuale  :  Sp.  pnntual :  from  L.  puncttim^  a  point.] 

1.  Consisting  in  a  point ;  as,  this  punctual  spot. 
[Little  used,]  MUton, 

9,  Exact ;  obser\^ant  of  nice  points ;  punctilious, 
particularly  in  observing  time,  appointnients,  or  prom- 
ises. It  is  honorable  in  a  man  to  be  punctual  to  ap- 
pointments, or  to  appointed  hours ;  it  is  just  to  be 
punctual  in  paying  debts. 

3.  Exact ;  as,  a  punctual  correspondence  between 
a  prediction  and  an  event. 

4.  Done  at  the  exact  time  ;  as,  punctual  payment. 
PUX€'TU-AL-IST,  ti.    One  that  is  very  exact  in  ob- 
serving forms  and  ceremonies.  Jifdion. 

Prxe-TU-AL'I-TY,  n.  Nicety  ;  scrupulous  exact- 
ness.    He  ser\'ed  his  prince  with  punctualitij.  Houiell. 

2.  It  is  now  used  chiedy  in  regard  to  time.  He 
pays  his  debts  with  ptmctnality.  He  is  remarkable 
fur  the  punctuality  of  his  attendance. 

PUXe'TU-AL-1-.V,  a»iv.  Nicely  ;  exactly  ;  with  scru- 
pulous regard  to  time,  appointments,  promises,  or 
rules ;  as,  to  attend  a  meeting  punctually ;  to  pay 
debts  or  rent  punctually  ;  to  observe  punctually  one's 
engagements. 

PUXe'TU-AL-XESS,  71.    Exactness;  punctuality. 

Felton. 

PUXe'TU-ATE,  (punkt'yu-ate,)  v.  t.  [Fr.  ponctucr, 
Irom  L.  punctum,  a  point.] 

To  mark  with  points  ;  to  designate  sentences, 
clauses,  or  other  rivisions  of  a  writing,  by  points, 
which  mark  the  proper  pauses.  M.  Stuart. 

PUXe'lT^-A-TED,  pp.     Pointed.  Fourcroy. 

2.  Having  the  divisions  marked  with  points. 

PUXe'TU-.^-TrXG.  ppr.    Marking  with  points.  | 

PILNC-TU-A'TIOX,  Cpunkt-yu-a'shun,)  71.  In  <rra7n-  i 
mar,  the  act  or  art  of  pointing  a  writing  or  discourse,  : 
or  the  act  or  art  of  marking  with  points  the  divisions  ! 
^f  a  discourse  into  sentences,  and  clauses  or  mem-  \ 
[>ers  of  a  sentence.  Punctuation  is  performed  by  four  j 
points:  the  period,  (.);  the  colon,  (:);  the  semico- | 
Ion,  ( ; ) ;  and  the  comma,  ( , ).  The  ancient-5  were  \ 
unacquainted  with  punctuation  ;  they  wrote  without  i 
any  distinction  of  members,  periods,  or  words. 

PU\€'TLMST,  n.  One  who  under^ands  the  art  of  { 
punctuation.  I 


PUN 

PUN€'TU-LaTE,  v.  t.     [L.  punctiUum.] 

To  mark  with  small  spots.  [JVot  wicd.]  fViwdward. 
PUNCTURE,  (punkt'yur,)  71.     [h.  pmutura ;  It.  pun- 
tura.] 

The  act  of  perforating  with  a  pointed  instrument ; 
or  a  small  hole  made  by  it ;  as,  the  puncture  of  a  nail, 
needle,  or  pin. 

A  [ion  raav  perish  by  tiie  panctuTe  of  au  asp.  Ranibler. 

PUNCTURE,  V.  t.  To  prick  ;  to  pierce  with  a  small, 
pointed  instrument ;  as,  to  puncture  the  skin, 

PUXe'TUR-£D,  pp.  Pricked  :  pierced  with  a  sharp 
point. 

PUXCTUR-ING,  ppr.    Piercing  with  a  sharp  point, 
o    ^ 

PUN'DIT,  n.     [In  Persic,  ,^pand,  learning.] 

In  Hindoostan^  a  learnt^d  Brahmin  ;  one  versed  in 
the  Sanscrit  language,  and  in  the  science,  laws,  and 
religion  of  that  countfj-. 
PUN'DLE,  n.     A  short  and  fat  woman.     [JSTot  used.} 
PC'XESE,  71.     [Fr.  piinaisc] 

The  bed-bug;  the  same  as  Pdmce.       Iludibras. 
PUNG,  n.     In  America^  a  kind  of  one-horse  sleigh. 
PUN"GAR,  71.     A  fish.  .rtnsworth. 

PUN'GEN-CY,  71.     [B.  pjinrrens,  pnngo,  to  prick.] 

1.  The  power  of  pricking  or  piercing ;  as,  the  pu7i- 
genaj  of  a  substance.  Arbuthnot. 

2.  That  quality  of  a  substance  which  produces  the 
sensation  of  pricking,  or  affecting  the  taste  like  mi- 
nute sharp  points;  sharpness;  acridness. 

3.  Power  to  pierce  the  mind,  or  excite  keen  reflec- 
tions or  remorse  ;  as,  the  pungcnaj  of  a  discourse. 

4.  Acrimoniousness;  keenness;  as,  the  pungency 
of  wit  or  of  expressions.  Stillingjlect. 

PUN'GENT,  a.     f  L.  pungens,  pnngo.'] 

1.  Pricking;  stimulating;  as,  pu7io-eTit  snuff. 

The  -pungent  jrainB  of  tidllating  du=t.  Pop?. 

2.  Acrid;  affecting  the  tongue  like  small,  sharp 
points  ;  as,  the  sharp  and  pungent  taste  of  acids. 

J^Tewton. 

3.  Piercing;  sharp;  as,  pungent  pains;  pungent 
grief.  Swift 

4.  Acrimonious;  biting.  Fell, 
Pu'Nie,  a.     [L.  punicusy  pertaining  to  Carthage,  or  its 

inhabitants,  from  Pcni,  the  Cartliaginians  ;  qu.  from 
PhcEni,  as  Carthage  was  settled  by  Phenicians.] 

Pertaining  to  the  Carthaginians  ;  faithless  ;  treach- 
erous ;  deceitful ;  as,  punic  faith. 

Pu'Nie,  n.  The  ancient  language  of  the  Carthagin- 
ians, of  which  Flautus  has  lelt  a  specimen. 

Asiat.  Res. 

PtyiJ^l^Ji  FI>DE&,  [L.]  Punic  faith,  the  faith  of 
the  Carthaginians,  that  is,  unfaithfulness,  treachery-, 
perfidiousness. 

PtJ'NICE,  71,     .\  bed-bug.    [A'eJ  in  use.]    Ainswartk. 

PU-NI"C£OUS,  (-nish'us,)  o.    [L.  pumccus.    See  Pu- 
sic] 
Purple.  Diet. 

Pu'NI-NESS,  77.  [from  ;)«»</.]  Littleness;  pettiness; 
smallness  with  feebleness. 

PUX'ISH,  V.  t.  [Arm./)ii7(if:<i;  Fr.  p'.inir,  punissant ; 
It.  puuire ;  Sp.  pnnir ;  from  L.  punto^  from  the  root 
of  ptTTia,  pain.  The  primary  sense  is,  to  press,  or 
strainJ 

1.  To  pain ;  to  afilict  with  pain,  loss,  or  calamity 
for  a  crime  or  fault;  primarily,  to  afflict  with  bodily 
pain  ;  as,  to  puni^sh  a  thief  with  piUor>"  or  stripes  ; 
hut  the  word  is  applied  also  to  affliction  by  loss  of 
property,  by  transportation,  banishment,  seclusion 
from  society,  Sec.  The  laws  require  murderers  to  be 
punished  with  death.  Other  offenders  are  to  be  pun- 
ished with  finvs,  imprisonment,  hard  Irdwr,  &c.  God 
punishes  raen  for  their  sins  v/ith  calamities,  personal 
and  national. 

2.  In  a  looser  sense,  to  afflict  with  pain,  &:c.,  with 
a  view  to  amendment ;  to  chasten  ;  a^-,  a  father  pun- 
ishes his  child  for  disobedience. 

3.  To  reward  with  pain  or  suffering  inflicted  on 
the  offender ;  applied  to  the  crime ;  as,  to  punish  mur- 
der or  theft. 

PUN'ISH-A-BLE,  a.    Worthy  of  punishment. 

2.  Liable  to  punishment ;  capable  of  being  pun- 
ished by  law  or  right ;  applied  to  persons  or  offenses  ; 
as,  a  man  is  puni.ihable  for  robbery  or  for  trespass  ;  a 
crime  is  puaihahle  bv  law. 

PUN'ISH-A-KLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  deserving 
or  being  lialile  to  punishment. 

PUN'ISH-£D,  (pun'isht,)  pp.  Afflicted  with  pain  or  evil 
as  the  retribution  of  a  crime  or  offense;  chastised. 

PUN'ISH-ER,  n.  One  that  inflicts  pain,  loss,  or  other 
evil,  for  a  crime  or  offense.  J\IUton. 

PUN'ISH-ING,  ppr.  Afflicting  with  pain,  penalty,  or 
suffering  of  any  kind,  as  the  retribution  of  a  crime  or 
offense. 

PUN'ISH-MENT,  n.  Any  pain  or  suffering  inflicted 
on  a  person  for  a  crime  or  offense,  by  the  authority 
to  which  the  offender  is  subject,  either  by  the  consti- 
tution of  God  or  of  civil  society.  The  punishmcra  of 
the  faults  and  offenses  of  children,  by  the  parent,  is 
by  virtue  of  the  right  of  government  with  which  the 
parent  is  invested  by  God  himself.  This  species  of 
punishment  is  chastisement  or  correction.     The  punish-  I 


PUP 

meTte  of  crimes  against  the  laws  is  inflicted  by  (he 
supreme  power  of  the  state,  in  virtue  of  the  right  ol 
government  vested  n  the  prince  or  legislature.  The 
ri'^Ul  of  punishment  l.'clongs  only  to  persons  clothed 
with  authority.  Pniu,  loss,  or  enl,  willfully  inflicted 
on  another,  for  his  crimes  or  offenses,  by  a  private, 
unauthorized  person,  is  revatgCj  rather  than  puntjih- 
mrnt. 

Some  punishments  consist  in  exile  or  transportation, 
others  in  loss  of  libfriy  by  imprisonment;  some  ex- 
tend to  confiscation  by  forfeiture  of  lands  and  goods ; 
others  induce  a  disability  of  holding  oflkes,  of  being 
heirs,  and  the  like.  Blackstoru, 

Divine  punishments  are  doubtless  designed  to  se- 
cure obedience  to  divine  laws,  and  uphold  the  moral 
order  of  created  inteihgent  beings. 

The  regards  and  pumsKmcnit  cf  anotiicr  Iifc,  which  tine  K\aa^\j 
has  establisti^  as  Uic  enforcriijetiu  uf  LL*  la^r,  are  of  weight 
enooarh  to  determiue  the  clioiM  Mg^inst  whaterer  pl'>asure  or 
•pAxa  ihia  liJe  ctn  hhow.  Ixseke. 

PrT.NI"TION,  C-nish'un,)  n,     [Fr.,  from  L.  puniUo, 
from  punio.] 
Punishment.     {Little  used.] 

PU'NI-TIVE,  a.     [It.  punUito.] 

Awarding  or  inflicting  punishment ;  that  punish- 
es ;  as,  punitive  law  or  justice.  Hammond. 

PO'NI-TO-RY,  a.  Punishing,  or  lending  to  punish- 
ment. 

PI;N-JAUB',  71.  The  country  of  the  five  rivers,  which 
flow  iiy  one  united  stream  into  the  Indus,  forming 
the  north-western  part  of  Hindoostan. 

PUNK,  71.  A  species  of  fungus,  or  some  decayed  wood, 

used  as  tinder.  Ash, 

2.  A  prostitute  ;  a  strumpet.  Shak, 

PUN'KA,  71.  In  Hindoostan^  a  machine  for  fanning  a 
room,  consisting  of  a  movable  frame  covered  with 
canvas,  and  suspended  from  the  ceiling.  It  is  kept 
in  motion  by  pulling  a  cord.  Malcom. 

PUN'N£D,  pp.     Uuibbled. 

PUN'NER,  71.    A  punster,  which  sec.  Steele. 

PUN'NET,  71.  A  small,  but  broad,  shallow  basket,  for 
displaying  fniit  or  flowers.  SmarU 

PUN'NING,  ppr.  [from  int7i.]  Using  a  word  at  once 
in  different  senses. 

PUN'X'ING,  n.  The  art  or  practice  of  using  puns  ;  a 
playing  on  words.  Addison. 

PUN'STER,  n.  One  that  puns  or  is  skilled  in  pun- 
ning ;  a  quibbler  ;  a  low  wiL  Arhuthnot. 

PUNT,  V.  i.    To  play  at  basset,  faro,  and  omber. 

PUNT,  n.     [Sax.  punt,  L.  pons,  a  bridge.]       [Addison. 
A  flat-bottomed  boat,  used  in  calking  and  repairing 
ships.  Mar.  Diet. 

PUNT'ER,7i.  One  that  plays  at  faro  or  basset  against 
jhe  banker  or  dealer.  Encyc 

PU'NY,  a.     [Contracted  from  Fr.  puisne,  which  see.] 

1.  Properly,  young  or  younger;  but  in  this  sense 
not  used. 

2.  Inferior;  petty;  of  an  under  rate;  small  and 
fteblc.  This  word  generally  includes  the  significa- 
tion of  both  smallness  and  feebleness ;  as,  a  puny 
animal;  a  pitny  subject;  a  puny  power;  a  puny 
mind.  Milton.     SoutA.     Dryden. 

Pu'NY,  >}.    A  young,  ine.xperienced  person  ;  a  novice. 

So^i. 

PUP,  V.  i.  [This  word  appears  to  be  radically  the 
same  as  the  L.  pupa,  Eng,  babCj  W.  poh,  the  root  of 
populus.] 

To  bring  forth  whelps  or  young,  as  the  female  of 
the  canine  species. 

PUP,  71.    A  puppy. 

Pu'PA,  /  77. ;  pi.  PcpjF,  or  Pl'pes.   [L.  supra.]   In  rtatu- 

PC'PE,  \  ral  history,  an  insect  in  the  third  state  of 
its  existence,  or,  in  other  words,  the  last  state  but 
one,  that  stnle  in  which  it  resembles  an  infant  in 
swaddling  clothes.  As  some  insects  in  this  state 
have  a  bright  exterior,  as  if  gilded,  it  has  been  called 
chrysalis  or  anreliaj  from  the  Gr.  x^ivaa,  and  It 
curu777,  gold  ;  but  as  this  gilded  appearance  belongs 
to  few  insects,  the  term  pupa  is  now  more  generalfy 
used.  In  this  stale  most  insects  take  no  food,  are 
incapable  of  locomotion,  and,  if  opened,  seem  filled 
with  a  \vater>'  tluid  in  which  no  distinct  organs  can 
be  traced. 

Pu'PIL,  71.  [L.  pupilla,  dim.  of  pizpa,  pupus.  Sec 
Pl-p.] 

The  apple  of  the  eye;  a  little  aperture  in  the 
middle  of  the  iris  and  uvea  of  the  eye,  through 
which  the  raysof  Ught  pass  to  the  crjstaliiae  humor, 
Jo  be  painted  on  the  retina.  Encyc 

Pu'PIL,  71.  [Fr.  pupille;  L.  pupilltis,  di.Ti,  of  pupa, 
pupus.    See  Pup.] 

1.  A  youth  or  scholar  of  either  sex  under  the  care 
of  an  instructor  or  tutor.  Locke. 

2.  A  ward ;  a  3-outh  or  person  undp.r  the  care  of  a 
guardian.  Dryden, 

3.  In  the  civil  laWj  a  boy  or  girl  under  the  age  of 
puberty,  that  is,  under  14  if  a  male,  and  under  12  if 
a  female.  Encyc 

Pu'PII/-A6E,  71.  The  state  of  being  a  scholar,  or 
under  the  care  of  an  instructor  ft>r  education  and 
discipline.  Locke. 

2.  Wardship;  minority.  Spenser. 

In  this  latter  sense  the  Scots  use  Pi'Pii,.\BrTr. 


TONE,  BI;LL,  li7«TE.  —  AN"GER,  VI"CI0US.  — e  as  K;  <5  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS 


1]2 


889 


PUR 

I*C'PIL-A-RY,  a.     [Ft.  pupillaire ;  L. pupUlaris.] 

Pt-rtuining  to  a  pupil  or  ward.  Johnstn. 

rU-PIP'A-RA,  71.  pL    [L.  pupa  anil  pario.'l 

Animals  whose  eggs  are  liatched  in  tlie  matrix  of 
tlie  mother,  and  not  excluded  till  Ihey  become  pupcj. 

Kirhij. 
PU-PIP'A-ROUS,    a.      Pertaining  to  the   Pupipara ; 

producing  young  in  the  form  of  a  pupa. 
PU-PIV'U-ROUS,  a.     \pupa  and  L.  voro.] 

Feeding  on  the  pupa;  of  insects.     S.  L.  JilUchiU. 
PUP'PKT,  71.     [Ft.  poupce ;  L.  pu-p^s.    Sec  Pup.] 

1.  A  small  image  i[i  tht*  human  form,  moved  by  a 
wire  in  a  mock  drama  j  a  wooden  tragodtan.      Pope. 

2.  A  doll. 

3.  A  word  of  contempt,  used  of  a  person  who  is 
under  the  control  of  another.  Shak. 

PI'P'PKT-MAN,  )n.    The  master  of  a  puppet- 

PUP'PET-MAS'TER,  ]     show.  Swift. 

PUP'PUT-PLaY'ER,  »t.  One  that  manages  the  mo- 
tions of  puppets.  Ilalc^. 

PUP'PET-RY,  T).    Affectation.  Jifarston. 

PUP'PKT-SHOW,  71.  A  mock  drama  performed  by 
puppets  moved  bv  wires.  SmJ'L     Pope 

PUP'PV,  7(.  [See  Pup.]  A  whelp;  the  young  prog- 
eny of  a  bitcli  or  female  of  the  caninti  species. 

2.  Applied  to  pcrsonsy  a  name  expressing  extreme 
contempt,  commonly  used  of  one  wtio  is  conceited. 

Mddison. 
PUP'PY,  V.  i.    To  bring  forth  whelps. 
PUP'PY-ISSM,  K.    Extreme  meanness. 

3.  Extreme  affectation  or  conceit.  Chalmers, 
PUR,  v.i.     To  utter  a  low,  murmuring,  continued 

sound,  as  a  cat. 

PUR,  V.  t.    To  signify  by  purring.  Gray. 

PUR,  n.  The  low,  nmrmuring,  continued  sound  of  a 
cat. 

PU-Ra'NA,  n.  Among  tJie  Hindoos^  Utcralhjy  ancient 
story  ;  particularly^  a  sacred  poetical  work,  which 
tn-ats  of  llie  creation,  dt-Htruction,  and  renovation  of 
worlds,  the  genealogy  of  gods  and  hero? «.  the  reigns 
of  the  Manus,  and  tlie  transactions  of  their  descend- 
ants.   The  Pui'anas  are  eighteen  in  number. 

Wllsoii's  Sanscrit  Diet.    .^siat.  Res. 

PU-RAN're,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  puranas. 

j^siat.  Res. 

PUR'BECK-SToNE,  n.  A  limestone  from  the  Isle  of 
Purbfck  in  England.  P.  Cyc. 

PUR'BLIND,  a.     [Said  to  be  from  poi'C  and  blind.] 
Near-sighted  or  dim-sighted;    scjeing    obscurely j 
as,  a  purblind  eye ;  a  purblind  mole. 

Shak.     Drummond. 

PUR'BLTND-LY,  ado.     In  a  purblind  manner.     Scott. 

rUK'HLIND-NESS,  tu  Shortness  of  sight;  near- 
sightedness ;  dimness  of  vision. 

PUR'CHAS-A-ULE,  a.  [from  purchase.]  That  may 
be  bought,  purchased,  or  obtained  for  a  considera- 
tion. 

PUR'CHASE,  ».  (.  [Fr.  pourchasaert  to  seek,  to  pur- 
sue ;  pour  and  cfuis.'^cr,  to  chase,  It.  cacciare^  Sp. 
cazar.  This  word  seems  to  be  considered  by  Black- 
stone  as  formed  from  the  L.  perquisUio.  This  is  an 
error.  The  word  is  from  tlie  root  of  cliasc ;  pour- 
ckasser  is  to  pursue  to  the  end  or  object,  and  hence 
to  obtain.  In  Law  Latin,  purcliasc^  the  noun,  was 
written  purchaciuin.  The  legal  use  of  the  word  in 
obtaining  writs,  shows  best  its  true  origin  ;  to  pur- 
chase a  writ,  is  to  sue  out  a  writ,  that  is,  to  seek  it 
out  J  for  site,  seek,  and  L.  sequor,  are  all  of  one  ori- 
gin, and  synonymous  with  chase.  See  Blackstone, 
b.  3,  ch.  18.    Spt'lman,  ad  voc] 

1.  In  its  primary  and  legal  scnse^  to  gain,  obtain,  or 
acquire  by  any  means,  except  by  descent  or  heredi- 
tary right.  Blackstone. 

2.  In  common  usage,  to  buy  ;  to  obtain  property  by 
paying  an  equivalent  in  money.  It  differs  from  Bar- 
ter only  in  the  circumstance,  that  inpurduisiiig,  the 
price  or  equivalent  given  or  secured  is  money  ;  in 
bartering^  the  equivalent  is  given  in  goods.  We 
purchase  lands  or  goods  for  ready  money  or  on 
credit. 

3.  To  obtain  by  an  expense  of  labor,  danger,  or 
other  sacrifice  ;  as,  to  purchase  favor  with  flattery. 

A  world  who  would  not  purchase  wilh  a  bruise  ?  Milton. 

4.  To  expiate  or  recompense  by  a  fine  or  forfeit ; 
as,  to  purchase  out  abuses  with  tears  and  prayer. 

Shali. 

5.  To  sue  out  or  procure,  as  a  writ. 

6.  Fonnf^rhj,  a  cant  word  for  steal.  Shale. 
PUR'CHASE,  V.  i.    In  seamen^s  language,  to  raise  by 

a  purchase  j  as,  the  capstem  purcliascs  apace. 

Encyc. 
PUR'CHASE,  n.     [Norm.  Fr.  pourchas  or  purckas.] 

1.  In  laWy  the  act  of  obtaining  or  acquiring  the 
title  to  lands  and  tenements  by  money,  deed,  gift,  or 
any  means,  except  by  descent ;  the  acquisition  of 
lands  and  tenements  by  a  man's  own  act  or  agree- 
ment. Liitlclon.     Blackstone. 

2.  In  law,  the  suing  out  and  obtaining  a  writ. 

3.  In  common,  vsagCj  the  acquisition  of  the  title  or 
property  of  any  thing  by  rendering  an  equivalent  in 
money. 

Ii  is  fooliih  to  lay  oul  money  in  ihc  purchase  of  rcpentiince. 

FVarikUn. 


PUR 

4.  That  wliich  ia  purchased  ;  any  thing  of  which 
the  property  is  obtained  by  giving  an  equivalent 
price  in  money. 

I'hc  ecrip  was  complete  evidence  of  his  right  in  the  purckoM. 

Wheaion. 

5.  That  which  is  obtained  by  labor,  danger,  art, 

&LC. 

A  U'!uity-waniiig  .iiui  ciiatroescd  widow 

Mndt:  prize  sjind purchase  of  his  wanton  cyc.  Shak. 

G.  Formcrij/y  a  cant  word  for  stealing  and  the  thing 
stolen,  Chaucer 

7.  Any  mechanical  hoid,  advantage,  power,  or 
force  applied  to  the  raising  or  removing  of  heavy 
bodies. 
rUR'CHAS-KD,  (pur'ch.ist,)  pp.  or  a.     Obtained  or 
actpiircd  by  one's  own  act  or  agreement. 

2.  Obtained  by  paying  an  equivalent  in  money. 

3.  Obtained  by  labor,  danger,  art,  £lc. 

4.  Fvnncrlu,  a  cant  word  for  eitolen.  Shak. 
PUR'CHASE-'MON-EY,  (-mun-ne,)  n.     The  money 

paid,  or  contracted  to  be  paid,  for  any  thing  bought. 

Berkeley, 

PUR'CIIAS-ER,  71.  In  /aw,  one  who  acquires  or  ob- 
tains by  conquest  or  by  deed  or  gift,  or  in  any  man- 
ner other  than  by  descent  or  inheritance.  In  this 
sense,  the  word  is  by  some  authors  written  Pur- 
CHASOR.  Blackstone. 

2.  One  who  obtains  or  acquires  the  property  of  any 
thing  by  paying  an  equivalent  in  money. 

FUR'CHAS-ING,  ppr.  Buying;  obtaining  by  one's 
own  act  or  for  a  price. 

PORE,  a.  [L.  punts  ;  It.  and  Sp.  pnro  ;  Fr.  pur ;  W. 
pUr ;  Sax.  pur;  Heb.  12.  The  verb  113  signifies  to 
separate,  free,  clear ;  a  sensu  taken  from  driving  off. 
The  word,  varied  in  orthography,  occurs  in  Ch.  Syr. 
and  Ar.  See  K13  in  the  Introduction.  Class  llr. 
No.  7,  and  G,  8,  9,  10.] 

1.  Separate  from  all  heterogeneous  or  extraneous 
matter;  clear;  free  from  mixture;  as,  pure  water; 
pure  clay  ;  pure  sand  ;  pure  air;  pure  silver  or  gold. 
Pure  wine  is  very  scarce. 

2.  Free  from  moral  defilement ;  without  spot ;  not 
sullied  or  tarnished  ;  incorrupt ;  undebased  by  moral 
turpitude;  holy. 

'i'hou  art  vt  purer  eyes  Uian  to  behold  evil.  —  Hab.  i.    Prov.  xx. 

3.  Genuine ;  real;  true;  incorrupt;  unadulter- 
ated ;  as,  pure  religion.    James  i. 

4.  Unmixed  ;  separate  from  any  other  subject,  or 
from  every  thing  foreign  ;  as,  pure  mathematics. 

5.  Free  from  guilt ;  guiltless;  innocent. 

Nj  hand  of  etrifc  ia  pure,  but  tliat  which  wins.  Daniel. 

6.  Not  vitiated  with  improper  or  corrupt  words  or 
phrases  ;  as,  a  pure  style  of  discourse  or  composition 

7.  Disinterested  ;  as,  pure  benevolence. 

8.  Chaste  ;  as,  a  pure  virgin. 

9.  Free  from  vice  or  moral  turpitude.     Tit.  i. 

10.  Ceremonially  clean  ;  unpolluted.    Ezra  vi. 

11.  Free  from  any  thing  improper;  as,  his  motives 
are  pure. 

12.  Mere  ;  absolute ;  that  and  that  only  ;  uncon- 
nected with  any  thing  else  ;  as,  a  pure  villain.  He 
did  that  from  pure  compassion,  or  pure  good  nature. 

Pure  villenagc,  in  the  feudal  law,  is  a  tenure  of 
lands  by  uncertain  services  at  the  will  of  the  lord  ; 
opposed  to  privileged  villenagc.  Blackstone. 

PORE,  V.  t.    To  purify ;  to  cleanse.    [JVot  in  use.] 

Chaucer. 
PuRE'LY,  of/u.    In   a  pure  manner;  with  an  entire 
separation  of  heterogeneous  or  foul  matter.    Is.  i. 

2.  Without  any  mixture  of  improper  or  vicious 
words  or  phrases. 

3.  Innocently  ;  without  guilt. 

4.  Merely ;  absolutely ;  without  connection  with 
any  thing  else;  completely;  totally.  The  meeting 
was  purely  accidental. 

PORE'NESS,  71.  Clearness;  an  unmixed  state  ;  sep- 
aration or  freedom  from  any  heterogeneous  or  foreign 
matter  ;  as,  the  pureness  of  water,  or  other  liquor ; 
the  pureness  of  a  metal ;  the  purcness  of  marl  or 
clay  ;  the  pureness  of  air. 

2.  Freedom  from  moral  turpitude  or  guilt. 

May  wo  evermore  serve  thee  iu  holineES  and  pureness  of  living. 
Co:n.  Prayer. 

3.  Simplicity;  freedom  from  mixture  or  compo- 
sition. 

An  essence  eternal  aud  epitiiual,  of  nbeolulc   pureness  and 

eimplicity.  Ralegh. 

A.  Freedom  from  vicious  or  improper  words, 
phrases,  or  modes  of  speech  ;  as,  pureness  of  style. 

.dscham. 
PUR'FILE,  f-fil,)  n.    [Fr.  pourjilee  ;  pour  and  Jile.] 
A  sort  of  ancient  trimming  for  women's  gowns, 
made  of  tinsel  and  thread,  called  also  Bobbin-work. 

Bailey. 
[The  thing  and  the  iiame  are  obsolete.] 
PUR'FLE,  (pur'fl,)  v.  t.      [Ft.  pourfdcr  i    It.  projllarc. 
See  Profile.] 

To  decorate  with  a  wrought  or  flowered  border; 
to  embroider  ;  as,  to  purfie  with  blue  and  wliite,  or 
with  gold  and  pearl.    [Obs.] 

Spenser.     Shak.     Jllilton. 


PUR 

PUR'FLEVV  I  "'    ^  l^oitler  of  embroidered  work. 
2.  In  heraldry,  terms  ai)plied  to  ermines,  pcans,  or 
furs  which  couiiKisc  a  bordure.  Encyc. 

PUIUFLAD,  pp.  or  a.    Ornamented  with  a  flowered 

border. 
PURG'A-MEXT,  v.     [L.  purgamen.] 

A  cathartic.  Bacon. 

PUR-GA'TION,   71.      [Fr.,  from    L.  purgatio.      Sec 

PfROE.] 

1.  The  act  or  operatiim  of  clearing,  cleansing,  or 
purifying  by  separating  aud  carrying  olf  impurities, 
or  whatever  is  superfluous;  applied  to  the  body;  as, 
the  intestines  arc  cleared  by  purgation.  So  also  in 
pharmacy  and  in  chemistry,  medicines,  metaly,  and 
minerals,  are  purified  by  purgation.  Encyc. 

2.  In  lato,  the  act  of  cleansing  from  a  crime,  accu-' 
sation,  or  suspicion  of  guilt.  This  was  canonical  or 
vulgar.  Canonical  piir^'utiyu,  prescribed  by  the  ciuiuu 
law,  was  performed  before  the  bishop  or  his  deputy, 
and  by  a  jury  of  twelve  clerks.  1'lie  j)aity  accu?i.'d 
first  made  oath  to  his  own  innocence,  and  then  the 
twelve  clerks,  or  compurgators,  swore  that  they  be- 
lieved he  spoke  the  truth;  after  which,  other  wit- 
nesses were  examined  upon  oath,  on  behalf  of  the 
prisoner  only.  Vulgar  purgation  was  performed  by 
t  le  ordeal  of  fire  or  water,  or  by  combat.  [See  ()u- 
UEAL.]  Blackstoic, 

PURG'A-TIVK,  n.     [It,  purgativo ;  Ft.  purgatif.] 

Having  the  power  of  cleansin[j ;  usually,  inwiu'^ 
the  power  of  evacuating  the  intestines ;  cathartic. 

PURG'A-TIVE,  n.  A  medicine  that  evacuates  [lie 
intestines ;  a  cathartic. 

PIJRG'A-TI_VE-LY,  adv,     Cleansingly  ;  cathartically. 

PURG-A-To'RI-AL,  \  a.    Pertaining  "to  purgatory. 

PURG-A-T6'RI-AN,  \  Jiledc. 

PUUG'A-TO-RY,  a.     [L.  purgatoriusj  from  purgo,  to 
purge.] 
Tending  to  cleanse;  cieansing;  expiatory.  Burke. 

PURG'A-TO-RY,  7*.     [Fr.  purgatoire.] 

Among  Roman  Catholics,  a  supposed  place  or  state 
after  death,  in  which  the  souls  of  persons  are  puri- 
fiedj  or  in  wiiich  they  expiate  such  ofienses  commit- 
ted in  this  life,  as  do  not  merit  eternal  damnatifjii. 
After  this  purgation  from  the  impurities  of  sin,  the 
souls  are  supposed  to  be  received  into  heaven. 

Encyc.     StillingfieH. 

PURCrE,  (purj,)  V.  t.  [L.  purgo;  Fr.  purgcr ;  Sp. 
purgar ;  It.  purgare ;  probably  a  derivative  from  the 
root  of  pure.] 

1.  To  cleanse  or  purify  by  separating  and  carrying 
off  whatever  is  impure,  heterogeneous,  foreign,  or 
superfluous ;  as,  to  purge  the  body  by  evacuation  ; 
to  purge  the  Augean  stable.  It  is  followed  by  away, 
of,  or  off.  "We  say,  to  pur^e  away  or  to  purge  off 
filth,  and  to  purge  a  liquor  oj  its  scum. 

2.  Tn  clear  from  guilt  or  moral  defilement ;  as,  to 
purge  one  of  guilt  or  crime  ;  to  purge  away  sin. 

Purge  away  our  Bins,  for  thy  name's  8?ko,  —  Ps.  Ixxix. 
Purge  me  willi  liyssop  and  I  shall  be  clean.  — Ps.  li. 

3.  To  clear  from  accusation  or  the  charge  of  a 
crime,  as  in  ordeal. 

4.  To  remove  what  is  offensive;  to  sweep  away 
Impurities.    Ezck.  xx. 

5.  To  clarify  ;  to  defecate ;  as  liquors. 
PURGE,  r.  i.    To  become  pure  by  clarification. 

2.  To  have  frequent  or  preternatural  evaciialions 
from  the  intestines,  by  means  of  a  cathartic. 

PURGE,  Ti.  A  medicine  that  evacuates  the  intestines; 
a  cathartic.  JirbiUhnot. 

PURG'£D,  (purjd,)  pp.  Piyified ;  cleansed ;  evac- 
uated. 

PURG'ER,  71.      A   person   or  thing  that  purges  or 
cleanses. 
2.  A  cathartic. 

PURG'ING,  ppr.  Cleansing;  purifying;  carr>'ing  off 
impurities  or  superfluous  matter. 

PURG'ING,  71.  A  diarrhea  or  dysentery  ;  preternat- 
ural evacuation  of  the  intestines;  looseness  of  bow- 
els,    [jin  inappropriate  use  of  the  word.] 

PU-RI-FI-Ca'TION,  71.  [Fr.,  from  h.  purificalio.  See 
Purify.] 

1.  The  act  of  purifying;  the  act  or  operation  of 
separating  and  removing  from  any  thing  that  which 
is  heterogeneous  or  foreign  to  it ;  as,  the  purification 
of  liquors,  or  of  metals.  Boyle. 

2.  In  religion,  the  act  or  operation  of  cleans- 
ing ceremonially,  by  removing  any  pollution  or  de- 
filement. Purification  by  wasliing,  or  by  utiicr 
means,  was  common  to  the  Hebrews  and  to  pa- 
gans. The  Mohammedans  use  purification  as  u  prep- 
aration for  devotion.    2  Chron.  xxx.  Esth.  ii.  LuJicW. 

Encyc. 

3.  A  cleansing  from  guilt  or  the  pollution  of  sin  ; 
the  extinction  of  sinful  desires,  appetites,  and  in- 
clinations. 

PU-RIF'I-CA-TIVE,      \a.    Having  power  to  puriff; 

PU-RIF'I-€A-TO-RY,    j     tending  to  cleanse. 

PO'RLFl-£D,  pp.  or  a.  Made  pure  and  clear ;  freed 
from  pollution  ceremonially. 

Pu'RI-FI-ER,  71.  [from  purify,]  That  which  purifies 
or  cleanses;  a  cleanser;  a  refiner.  Fire  was  held 
by  the  ancients  to  be  an  excellent  purifier. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT — M£TE,  PREY — PL\E,  MARINE,  BIRD N6TE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.— 

890  ~  "  "  '         '~ 


PUK 

PO'RI-FORM,  a.     [L.  pus,  purtSj  and  form.] 

Like  pus  ;  in  the  form  of  pus.  Jilea.  Hepos. 

PG'RI-FY,  V.  L  [Fr.  purifier ;  L.  purifico  ;  puras,  pure, 
and  /flcw,  to  make.] 

1.  To  make  pure  or  clear ;  to  free  from  extraneous 
adiiiixlure  ;  as,  to  purify  liquors  or  mt'tals;  to  purify 
the  blood  ;  to  purify  the  air. 

3.  To  free  from  pollution  ceremonially  ;  to  remove 
whatever  renders  unclean  and  unfit  for  sacred  ser- 
vices. 

Puri/y  ygurse]»c3  and  your  captives  on  the  thirJ  day,  and  on 
the  eeveaib  day  pur^/y  all  your  raimem.  —  Num.  xxxi. 

3.  To  free  from  guilt  or  the  defilement  of  sin  j  as, 
lo  purtfy  the  heart. 

Who  grive  himself  for  us,  that  he  mi^ht  redeem  us  from  all  ini- 
quify,  and  purj/)f  uuio  himself  a  peculiuc  peojiJe,  zealoua  of 

^oti  works.  —  TiL  ii. 

4.  To  clear  from  improprieties  or  barbarisms;  as,  to 
purify  a  language.  Sprat. 

Pv'Rl-F^,  V.  i.  To  grow  or  become  pure  or  clear. 
Liquors  will  gradually  purify.  Burnet. 

Pu'RI-F?-iNG,  ppr.  or  a.  Removing  foreign  or  heter- 
ogeneous matter  ;  cleansing  from  pollution  ;  fining; 
makins;  clear. 

PC'RI-F^--L\G,  ti.  The  act  or  operation  of  making 
pure,  or  of  cleansing  from  esiraneous  matter,  or 
from  pollution. 

PU'RIM,  «.  [Heb.  D-'i>9,  lots,  from  the  Persian.] 
Among  the  Jews,  the  feast  of  lots,  instituted  to  com- 
memorate their  deliverance  from  the  machinations 
of  H:iman.    EstA.  ix. 

PO'RIST,  n.     [Ft.  puriste.] 

1.  One  excessively  nice  in  the  use  of  words. 

Chesterfield.     Johnsott. 
9,  One  who  maintains  that  the  New  Testament 
was  written  in  pure  Greek.  M.  Stuart, 

PU'RI-TAN,  71.  [from  pure.]  The  Puritans,  in  the 
lime  of  Queen  Elizabeth  and  her  immediate  suc- 
cessors, were  so  called  in  derision,  on  account  of 
tiieir  professing  to  follow  the  pure  word  of  God,  in 
opposition  to  all  traditions  and  human  constitutions. 

Encyc. 
Hume  gives  this  name  to  three  parlies  ;  the  politi- 
cal Puritans,  who  maintained  the  highest  principles 
of  ci\nl  liberty  ;  tlie  Puhutns  in  discipline,  who  were 
averse  to  the  ceremonies  and  government  of  the 
Episcopal  church ;  and  the  doctrinal  Puritans,  who 
rigidly  defended  the  speculative  system  of  the  first 
reformers. 

Puritan  is  sometimes  now  used  as  a  term  of  re- 
proach. 

Pu'RI-TA\,  c.  Pertaining  to  the  Puritans,  or  early 
dissenters  from  the  Clmrch  of  England.  Sanderson. 

PU-RI-TAN'ie,         >  a.    Pertaining  to  the  Puritans  or 

PU-RI-TAN'IC-AL,  i  their  doctrines  and  practice; 
as  a  term  of  reproach^  exact ;  rigid  ;  as,  puritanical  no- 
tions or  opinions  ;  puritanical  manners. 

PU-RI-T ANae- A  L-L Y,  adv.  With  tJie  exact  or  rigid 
notions  or  manners  of  the  Puritans. 

Pu'RI-TAN-ISM,  ji.  The  notions  or  practice  of  Puri- 
J-'ins.  JHontat^ue. 

PU'RI-TAN-IZE,  V.  i.  To  deliver  the  notions  of  Puri- 
tans. Montague. 

PO'RI-TY,  7u     [Fr.  purit6 ;  L.  puritas,  from  purus.] 
1    Freedom  from  foreign  admixture  or  heterogene- 
ous matter ;  as,  the  purity  of  water,  of  wine,  of  spirit ; 
the  purity  of  drugs  ;  the  purity  of  inetals. 

9.  Cleanness  ;  freedom  from  foulness  or  dirt ;  as, 
the  purity  of  a  garment. 

The  purity  of  a  linen  vesture.  Solyday. 

3.  Freedom  from  guilt  or  the  defilement  of  sin  ; 
innocence  ;  as,  purity  of  heart  or  life. 

4.  Cliastity  ;  freedom  from  contamination  by  illicit 
sexual  connection.  Slia't. 

5.  Freedom  from  any  sinister  or  improper  views  ; 
as,  th"  purity  of  motives  or  designs. 

6.  Freedom  from  foreign  idioms,  from  barbarous  or 
improper  words  or  phrases;  as,  purity  of  style  or 
language. 

PURL,  71.     [Supposed  to  be  contracted  from  purfie 
Qu.] 
1.  An  embroidered  and  puckered  border. 

Johnson.    Bacon. 
9.  A  kind  of  edging  for  bone-lace.  Bailey. 

PHRL,  V.     A  malt  liquor  medicated  with  wormwood 

or  aromatic  herbs.  Bailey.     Johnson. 

PHRL,  71.    Two  rounds  in  knitting. 
PURL,  V.  i.     [Sw.  porla;  W.  Jrculaw,  to  purl,  to  rip- 
ple ;  fraul,  a  rippling.     It  may  be  allied  to  G.brMllen, 
D.  hrullcn,  Dan.  broler,  to  roar,  and  to  F,ng.  frill,  trill, 
and  roll.] 

1.  To  murmur,  as  a  small  stream  flowing  among 
stones  or  other  ob-Jtructions,  which  occasion  a  con- 
tinued series  of  broken  sounds.  It  is  applied  only  to 
small  streams.  Large  streams  running  in  like  man- 
ner are  said  to  roar.  In  descriptions  of  rural  scene- 
ry, the  poets  seldom  omit  a  purling  brook  or  stream. 

My  flowery  iheme, 
A  painted  mistress  ot  ji  purling  stream.  Pope. 

2.  To  flow  or  run  with  a  murmuring  sound. 

Around  th'  adjoining  tiroolt  tint  purls  along 

The  Tocal  grove,  now  fretting  o  er  a  rock.  Thomson. 


PUR 

PURL,  V.  t.    To  decorate  with  fringe  or  embroider}- 

B.  Jonson. 

PURL,  71.  A  gentle,  continued  murmur  of  a  small 
stream  of  rippling  wali-r. 

PUR'LIEu,  (pur'lu,)  n,  [Fr.  pur,  pure,  and  lim, 
place.] 

A  border;  a  limit ;  a  certain  limited  extent  or  dis- 
trict ;  originally,  the  ground  near  a  royal  forest, 
which,  bemg  severed  from  it,  was  made  purlieu,  that 
is,  pure  or  free  from  the  fore^it  laws.  Encijc. 

PUR'LIN,  n.  In  architecture,  a  piece  of  timber  ex- 
tending from  end  to  end  of  a  building  or  roof,  across 
and  under  the  rafters,  to  support  them  in  the  middle. 

Ilebert. 

PURL'ING,  ppr.     [from  purl.]    Murmuring  or  gur- 
gling, as  a  brook. 
2.  Decorating  with  fringe  or  embroideiy. 

PURL'ING,  a.  Murmuring  or  gurgling;  as,  a  purling 
stream.  Pope. 

PURL'ING,  n.  Tiie  continued,  gentle  murmur  of  a 
small  stream. 

PUR-LOIN',  V.  u  [Fr.  jyour  and  loin,  far  off.  See 
Eloign.] 

1.  Literally^  to  take  or  carry  away  for  one's  self; 
hence,  to  steal ;  lo  take  by  theft. 

Your  butler  purloins  your  liquor.  Arb.iUmot. 

2.  To  take  by  plagiarism ;  to  steal  from  books  or 
manuscripts.  Dryden. 

PUR-LOIN',  V.  i.     To  practice  theft.     Tit.  ii. 
PUR-LOIN'/^D,  p;;.    Stolen  ;  taken  by  plagiarism. 
PUR-LOIN'ER,  n.    A  thief;  a  plagiary. 
PUR-LOIN'ING,  ppr.    Stealing;  committing  literary 

theft. 
PUR-LOIN'ING,  n.    Theft  ;  plagiarism. 
PUR'PA  R-TY,  n.     [Fr.  pour  and  partie,  part.] 

In  law,  .1  share,  part,  or  portion  of  an  estate, 
which  is  allotted  to  a  coparcener  by  partition. 

Coiael. 
PUR'PLE,  (pur'pl,)  G.     [Fi:  pourpr^  i   L.  purpureas; 
Sp.    purpurea;    It.  porporuw ;   Gr.   wflipt'orn^,  iiom 
TTOfltpvoay  L.  purpura,  a  shell  from  which  tlie  color 
was  obtained.J 

1.  Designating  a  much-admired  color  composed  of 
red  and  blue  blended.    The  Roman  emperors  wore 
robes  of  this  color. 
9.  In  poetry,  red  or  livid  ;  dyed  with  blood. 

1  view  ft  field  of  blood, 
And  Tiber  rolling  willi  aparpte  flood.  Dryden. 

PUR'PLE,  n,  A  purple  color  or  dress ;  hence,  impe- 
rial government  in  the  Roman  empire,  as  a  purple  robe 
was  the  distinguishing  dress  of  the  emperors. 

(hbbon. 
9.  A  cardinalate.  Addison.    Hume. 

Purple  of  Cassius.    See  Cassus. 
Pxirple  of  Tiwllusea ;  a  viscid  liquor,  secreted    by 
certain  shell-Iish,  as  the  Cuccinum  lapillus,  which 
dj'es  Wool,  &.C.,  of  a  purple  color,  and  is  supposed  to 
be  tlie  substance  of  the  lanious  Tyrian  dye.      Ure. 
PUR'PLE,  V.  t.     [L.purpnro.] 

To  make  jnirple,  or  to  dye  of  a  red  color;   as, 
hands  purpled  with  blood. 
When  mom 
Parjilcs  the  oust.  Mdlon. 

Riclininif  soil  in  blissful  bowers, 
Purpled  sweet  with  springing  flowera.  Fenton. 

PUR'PLED,  pp.  or  a.    Made  purple. 

PUR'PLES,  (pur'plz,)  v.  pi.  Petecchiie,  or  spots  of  a 
livid  red  on  the  budy  ;  livid  spots  which  appear  in 
certain  malignant  diseases  ;  a  purjjie,  i.  e.,  a  petec- 
chial  fever. 

PUR'PLING,  ppr.  Dyeing  of  a  purple  color;  making 
purple. 

PUR'PMSH,  a.     Somewhat  purple.  Boyle. 

PUR'PORT,  n.     [Fr.  po^ir,  for,  and  porter,  to  bear.] 
1.  Design  or  tendency;  as,  the  purport  of  Plato's 
dialogue.  J^'orris. 

9.  Meaning;  import;  as,  ihe  purport  of  a  word  or 
phrase. 

PUR'PoRT,  V.  t.    To  intend ;  to  intend  to  show. 
9.  To  mean  ;  to  signify.  [Bacon. 

PURToRT-ED,  pp.    Designed  ;  intended  ;  meant. 

PUR'PoRT-ING,  ppr.  Designing;  intending;  im- 
porting. 

PUR'POSE,  71.  [Fr.  propos  ;  Sp.  and  It.  proposito  ;  L. 
propositum,  propono  ;  pro,  before,  and  jwno,  to  set  or 
placej 

1.  That  which  a  person  sets  before  himself  as  an 
object  to  be  reached  or  accomplislied  ;  the  end  or 
aim  to  which  the  view  is  directed  in  any  plan,  meas- 
ure, or  exertion.  We  believe  the  Supreme  Being 
created  intelligent  beings  for  some  benevolent  and 
glorious  purpose ;  and  if  so,  how  glorious  and  benev- 
olent must  be  his  purpose  in  the  plan  of  redemption  ! 
The  ambition  of  men  is  generally  directed  to  one  of 
two  purposes,  or  to  both  —  the  acquisition  of  wealth 
or  of  power.  We  build  houses  for  the  purpose  of 
shelter ;  we  labor  for  the  purpose  of  subsistence. 

9,  Intention ;  design.  This  sense,  however,  is 
hardly  to  be  distinguished  from  the  former,  as  pur- 
pose always  includes  the  end  in  view. 

Every  purpnsc  is  established  by  counsel.  —  Prov.  xx. 
Efing  preao*(inaled  acconling-  to  \hc  purpose  of  Him  who  work- 
tih  qU  tiling*  after  the  counsel  of  his  own  wilt.—  Eph.  i. 


PUR ; 

3.  End  ;  clfect ;  consequence,  good  or  bad.    Wnat  | 
good  purpose  will  this  answer.'    We  sometimes  labor   | 
to  no  purpose.    Mej\  often  employ  their  time,  talents, 
and  money  for  very  evil  purposes. 

To  what  purpose  ia  ihia  waste?  —  MatU  %xt\. 

4.  Instance  ;  example.     [JVot  in  use.] 

5.  Conversation.    [j\'"«r  in  vse.^  Spender. 
Of  purpose,   on  purpose;    with   previous   design; 

with  the  mind  directed  to  that  object.  On  purpose  is 
more  generally  used,  but  the  true  phrase  ia  of  pur- 
pose. 
PUR'POSE,  V.  t.  To  intend  ;  to  design  ;  to  resolve  ; 
to  determine  on  some  end  or  object  to  be  accom- 
plished. 

I  \\a.vc purposed  i(,  I  will  also  do  it.  —Is.  xWi.    Eph.  iij. 
Pah]  purposed  in  the  spirit,  when  he  h:ul  pueed  through  Mace- 
donia and  AchaJa,  to  go  lo  Jerusalem.  —  Acta  xii. 

PUR'PGS-£D,  (pur'pust,)  pp.  or  a.  Intended;  de- 
signed ;  applied  to  things. 

2.  Resolved  ,  having  formed  a  design  or  resolu- 
tion ;  applied  to  persons. 

I  am  purposed  tiiat  my  inoulh  shall  not  traaagreaa.  —  Pb.  irij, 

PUR'POSE-LESS,  a.    Having  no  effect  or  purpose. 

Hall. 
PUR'POSE-LY,  adv.    By  design  ;  intentionally ;  with 
predetermination. 

In  compoainr  this  disconrse,  I  purposely  decJiced  all  offensive 

and  dbpieasing  truths.  AOtrbury. 

So  much  they  scorn  the  crowd,  that  if  the  throng 
By  chance  go  right,  they  purposely  go  wrong.  Pope. 

PURTOS-ING,  ppr.  Intending;  designing;  resolv- 
ing. 

PUR-PRES'TIJRE,  n.  [from  Fr.poHrandproiJre,pr£s, 
to  take.] 

In  law,  a  nuisance,  consisting  in  an  inclosure  of 
or  encroachment  on  something  that  belongs  to  the 
public  ;  as  a  house  erected  or  inclosure  made  on  the 
king's  demesnes,  or  of  a  highway,  &lc.  Blackstone. 

PUR'PRISE,  (-prize,)  n.     [Fr.  pourpris,  supra.] 

A  close  or  inclosure  ;  also,  the  whole  compass  of  a 
manor.  Bacon. 

PUR'PU-RATE,  n.  A  conmound  of  purpuric  acid 
and  a  saliliable  base.  [/re. 

PUR'PURE,  ;j.  In  heraldry,  purple,  represented  in 
engraving  by  diagonal  lines  from  right  to  left. 

PUR-Pu  Rie,  a.  [So  called  from  the  purple  color  of 
its  salts.]  Purpuric  acid  is  produced  by  the  action 
of  nitric-acid  upon  the  lithic  or  uric  acid. 

Dr.  Front. 

PUR'PU-RINE.  n.  A  coloring  principle,  supposed,  bv 
Robiquet  and  Colin,  to  exist  in  madder.  Its  ideniiiy 
is  questionable.  Ure. 

PURR,  V.  i.    To  aiurmur  as  a  cat.     [See  Pun.] 

PURR,  n.     A  sea  lark.  Ainsworth. 

PURRE,  71.  Ciderkin  or  perkin ;  the  liquor  made  by 
steeping  the  gross  matter  of  pressed  apples.  Encyc. 

PURR'ING,  ppr.  or  a.     Murmuring  as  a  cat. 

PURR'ING,  n.     The  murmuring  noise  made  by  a  cat. 

PURSE,  (purs,)  n.  [Fr.  bourse;  It.  borsa;  Sp.  and 
Port,  bolsa;  D.  bcurs;  G.bHrse;  Dan.  b'ors;  h.byrsa, 
an  ox-hide  ;  Gr.  fJvptra,  id.     Uu.] 

1.  A  small  bag  in  which  money  is  contained  or 
carried  in  the  pocket.  It  was  formerly  made  of 
leather,  and  is  still  made  of  this  material  by  common 
people.     It  is  usually  of  silk  net-work. 

2.  A  sum  of  money  offered  as  the  prize  of  winning 
in  a  horse-race. 

3.  In  Turkey,  a  sum  of  money,  500  piasters. 

4.  The  public  coffers  :  the  treasury  ;  as,  to  exhaust 
a  nation's  purse,  or  the  public  purse. 

Long  purse,  OT  hmuy  purse ;  wealth;  riches. 

Light  purse,  or  empty  purse ;  poverty,  or  want  of 
resources. 

Sicord  and  purse :  the  military  power  and  wealtli 
of  a  nation. 
PURSE,  V.  t.    To  put  in  a  purse.     Dryden.    Milton. 

2.  To  contract  into  folds  or  wrinkles. 


Tbuu  didst  coutmcl  and  purse  Uiy  brow. 


Shak. 


PURS'£D,  (purst,)  pp.    Put  in  a  purse. 

9.  Contracted  into  folds  or  wrinkles;  with  up. 

PURSE'-NET,  (purs'net,)  n.  A  net,  the  mouth  of 
w'hich  may  be  closed  or  drawn  together  like  a  purse. 

Mortimer. 

PURSE'-PRtDE,  71.  Pride  of  money  ;  insolence  pro- 
ceeding from  the  possession  of  wealth.  Hail. 

PURSE'-PROUD,  a.  Proud  of  wealth  ;  puffed  up 
with  the  possession  of  money  or  riches. 

PURS'ER,  n.  In  the  navy,  a  commissioned  officer  who 
has  charge  of  the  provisions,  clotliiug,  Jcc,  and  of 
the  public  moneys  on  shipboard.  "        Tottcn. 

PURS'I-NESS,  71.'  [from  pursy.]  A  state  of  being 
swelled  or  bloated  ;  inflation ;  hence,  shortness  of 
breatli.     [Pursiveness  is  rarely  used.] 

PURS'LAIN,  71.  [It.  porcrUana,  porcelain  and  purs- 
lain  ;  Sp.  vcrdolaga,  purslain,  which  seems  to  be 
green  leek,  green  plant.  The  Portuguese  write  very 
corruptly  beldroega.  The  Latin  is  portutaca.  See 
Leek.] 

An  annual  plant  of  the  genus  Portulaca,  with 
fleshy,  succulent  leaves,  often  used  as  a  pot-herb  and 
for  salads,  garnishing,  and  pickling.  The  seu  purs- 
lain is  of  the  genus  Atriplex.    The  tree  sea  purslain 


TUNE,  BIJLL,  TJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K;  G  as  J;  S  as  Z:  CH  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


« 


PUR 

is  the  Atriplcx  Inliiiius.  [See  Pwrslain-Tbee.J  The 
water  pitrslain  is  ot"  tlio  geiius  Tcplis.  [Sometimes 
spelled  Purslane.]  f  'C- 

rURS'LAIN-TRKK,  M.  A  popular  name  of  Toruila- 
carin  Afra,  c:ill<-"d,  also,  tree  purstaiii,  a  fleshy  shrub 
with  many  Miiinll,  oppo-silc,  flesliy,  rounded  leaves. 
It  is  a  native  of  Africa.  Loudon. 

PUIl-Su'A-BLE,  a.  [from  pursue]  That  may  be 
pursued,  followed,  or  prosecuted.  Sherwood. 

PUU-Su'ANCE,  71.  [from  pursue.]  A  following  ; 
■  prosecution,  process,  or  continued  exertion,  to  reach 
or  accomplish  something  j  as,  in  jmrsuaiice  of  the 
main  design. 

2.  Consequence;  as,  inpttrswmcc  of  anorder  from 
the  commander-in-chief. 

PUU-SO'ANT,  a.  [from  pursue^  or  rather  from  Vu 
poursuivant.'] 

Done  in  consequence  or  prosecution  of  any  tiling ; 
hence,  agreeable  ;  conformable.  I'ur.suant  to  a  for- 
mer resolution,  the  house  proceedt-d  to  appoint  the 
standing  committees;  this  measure  was  adopted 
pursuant  to  a  former  order. 

PUR-Su'ANT-LY,  adv.    Agreeably  ;  conformably. 

PUU-SOE',  V.  t.  [Fr.  pourstuvre;  yiowr  and  siiivrc,  to 
follow,  L.  sequor ,-  proscfiuor^  or  pcrscquor.  See 
Seek.] 

1.  To  follow;  to  go  or  proceed  after  or  in  a  like 
direction.  The  captain  pursued  the  same  course  as 
former  navigators  have  taken  ■,  a  subsequent  legisla- 
ture/mr^uf/i  the  course  of  their  predecessors. 

9.  To  take  and  proceed  in,  without  following 
another.  Captain  Cook  pursued  a  new  aud  »inex- 
plored  course ;  new  circumstances  often  compel  us 
to  pursue  new  expedients  and  untried  courses  ;  what 
course  shall  we  pursue  ? 

3.  To  follow  with  a  view  to  overtake ;  to  follow 
with  haste  ;  to  chase  ;  as,  to  pursue  a  hare  ;  to  pur- 
sue an  enemy. 

4.  To  seek  ;  to  use  measures  to  obtain  ;  as,  to  pur- 
sue a  remedy  at  law. 

5.  To  prosecute ;  to  continue.  A  stream  proceeds 
from  a  lake,  and  pursues  a  southerly  course  to  the 
ocean. 

He  (hat  pursueth  evil,  pursueth  it  to  his  own  ileatli.  —  Prov.  x'l. 

0.  To  follow  as  an  example  ;  to  imitate. 

Tlie  f.uiie  of  ancient  mairons  you  pursue.  Drydeiu 

7.  To  endeavor  to  attain  to ;  to  strive  to  reach  or 
gain. 

We  happiness  pursue ;  we  fly  fruni  pain.  Prior. 

8.  To  follow  v/ith  enmity  ;  to  persecute. 

This  verb  is  frequently  followed  by  after.     Ocn. 

XXXV. 

PUR-SuE',  V.  i.  To  go  on  ;  to  proceed  ;  to  continue  ; 
a  Oallicism. 

I  h.ivr;,  pursues  Carncsiles,  wonJerctl  chenilsU  should  not  eon- 
aider.  Boyle. 

rUR-Su'£D,(pur-sQde',)p;j.  or  a.  Followetl  j  chased  ; 
prosecuted ;  continued. 

PUR-Su'ER,  71.    One  that  follows;  one  that  chases; 
one  that  follows  in  haste,  with  a  view  to  overtake 
S/tak.    Milton. 

PUR-Su'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Following;  chasing;  hast- 
ening after  to  overtake  ;  prosecuting;  proceeding  in; 
continuing. 

PUR-SuIT',  (pur-sute',)  n.    [Fr.  poursuite.] 

1.  The  act  of  following  with  a  view  to  overtake  ; 
a  following  with  haste,  either  for  sport  or  in  hostility  ; 
as,  the  pursuit  of  game  ;  the  pursuit  of  an  enemy. 

2.  A  following  with  a  view  to  reach,  accomplish, 
or  obtain  ;  endeavor  to  attain  to  or  gain  ;  as,  tlie 
pursuit  of  knowledge  ;  the  pursxtit  of  happiness  or 
pleasure;  the pu:rsuit  of  power,  of  lienor,  of  distinc- 
tion, of  a  phantom. 

3.  Proceeding;  course  of  business  or  occupation  ; 
continued  empioyjncnt  with  a  view  to  some  end  ;  as, 
mercantile  pursuits  ;  literaiy  pursuits. 

4.  Proaecution  ;  continuance  of  endeavor. 

Clarejidon. 
PUR'SUX-VANT,  C-swe-,)  n.     [Fr.  poursuivant.] 

I.  A  state  messenger ;  an  attendant  oti  the  heralds. 

Spender.  Camden. 
9.  In  the  HeraMs^  College^  the  pursuivants  are 
junior  officers,  who  afterward  succeed  to  higher 
employments.  They  are  four,  viz.,  Portcullis^  Raugt: 
Dragon,  Blue  Jilanttc,  and  Porte  Croix.  Brande. 
PURS'Y,  o.  [Probably  from  Fr.  poassif,  from 
pousser^  to  push  ;  S\v.  pii^n,  to  swell  or  inflate.  A 
more  etymological  spelling  of  this  word  would  be 
PussT.] 

Properly,  inflated  ;  swelled  ;  hence,  fat,  short,  and 
thick  ;  ana,  as  perstms  of  this  class  have  a  laborious 
respiration,  the  word  is  used  for  short-breathed. 
P(JR'TE-N.\XCE,  n.     [from  the  L.  pcrtinciis,  pertinco. 
Sec  Appurtenance.] 

Appurtenance  ;  but  applied  to  the  phick  of  an  ani- 
mal.   Exod.  xii. 
Pu'RU-LENCE,    \  n.     [L.  purnUutusj  from  pus,  puris, 
PO'RU-LEN-CY,  (      matter.] 

The  generation  of  pus  or  matter;  pus. 

.^rhuihnot. 
PO'RU-LENT,  a.    Consisting  of  pus  or  matter;  par- 
taking of  the  nature  of  pus.  Bacon. 


PUS 

PUR-VEV',  (pur-va',)  v.f.  [Fr.  pourtoir ;  pour  and 
voir,  to  see  ;  li.  providco  i  It.  provcdcrc  ;  Sp.  provccr.] 

1.  To  provide  ;  to  provide  with  conveniences. 

Dryden. 

2.  To  procure.  Thomson. 
PUR-VEY',  (pur-va'j)  v.  i.    'I'o  purchase  provisions  ; 

to  provide.  Milton. 

PUR-VEY'ANCE,  (pur-va'ans,)  ".  Procurement  of 
pruvisious  or  victuals. 

2.  Provisions  ;  victuals  provided.  Spenser. 

3.  In  English  laws,  the  royal  prerogative  or  right  of 
preemption,  by  which  the  king  was  authorized  to 
buy  provisions  and  necessaries  for  the  use  of  his 
household  at  au  apprized  value,  in  profi-rence  to  all 
his  subjects,  and  even  without  the  consent  of  the 
owner ;  also,  the  right  of  impressing  horses  and 
carriages,  &c. ;  a  right  abolislied  by  slat.  12  Charles 
IL  24. 

PUR-VEV'ED,  C-vide',)  pp.    Purchased  provisions. 
PTTR-VEY'ING,  ppr.     Providing  necessaries. 
PUR-VEY'OR,  (-vu'ur,)  71.    One  who  provides  victuals, 

or  whose  business  is  to  make  provision  for  the  table  ; 

a  victualer.  Ralegh. 

2.  An  otiicer  who  formerly  provided  or  exacted 
provision  for  the  king's  household.  England. 

3.  One  who  provides  the  means  of  gratifying  lust ; 
a  procurer  ;  a  pimp  ;  a  bawd.      Dnidcn.     Addison. 

PUR'VIEW,  (pur'vu,)  n.  [Norm,  and  Fr.  pourveu, 
purtticu,  purvey  ;  Vt.pourvu,  provided,  from  pourvoir. 
See  Purvey.] 

1.  Primarily,  a  condition  or  proviso ;  but  in  tliis 
sense  not  used. 

2.  The  body  of  a  statute,  or  that  part  which  begins 
with  "JSc  it  enacted,"  as  distinguished  from  the 
preamble.  Coiccl.     Encyc. 

3.  In  modern  iisage,  the  limit  or  scope  of  a  statute ; 
the  whole  extent  of  its  intention  or  provisions. 

Marshall. 

4.  Superintendence. 

The  federal  power—  is  confined  to  objects  of  a  gcueraj  nature, 
more  wiihiQ  ibe  purview  of  the  United  Stiiles,  Ilmn  of  any 
pardcuiar  one.     [Unusual.]  Ramsay. 

5.  Limit  or  sphere  intended  ;  scope ;  extent. 

Iq  determinin?  the  pxlent  of  infurmatioii  required  in  the  exercise 
of  a  particular  auOiority,  recourse  must  be  had  to  the  objects 
within  the  purview  of  that  authority.  FederiUisl,  Madison, 

PUS,  n.  [L.]  The  yeIlowi?h-white  matter  secreted 
in  ulcers  and  wounds  in  the  process  of  healing. 

Encyc. 

Pu'SEY-ISM,  (pu'zy-izm,)  n.  The  principles  of  Dr. 
Posey  and  others  at  Oxford,  England,  as  exhibited 
in  *'  The  Tracts  lor  the  Times."  They  propose  to 
caiT>'  back  the  discipline  and  doctrine  of  the  church 
of  England  to  au  imagined  period,  when  there  would 
have  been  no  ground  of  separation  from  the  church 
of  Rome.  Smart. 

PO'SEY-iTE,  It.  One  \^■ho  holds  the  principles  of 
Puseyism. 

PUSH,  V.  t.  [Fr.  pousser  ;  D.  puis,  a  jiush  ;  Sw.  p'dsa. 
to  swell  ;  W.  pos,  growth,  increase;  posiuw,  to  in- 
crease, or  pwisaiti.,  to  press,  to  weigh.  Tlie  sense  is,  to 
thrust,  press,  or  urge.    See  Class  Bz.J 

1.  To  press  against  with  force;  to  drive  or  impel 
by  pressure  ;  or  to  endeavor  to  drive  by  steady  pres- 
sure, without  striking  ;  opposed  to  Dit.wv.  We  piL'^h 
a  thing  forward  by  force  applied  behind  it ;  we  draw 
by  applying  force  before  it.  We  may  ^^iw/t  without 
moving  the  object. 

2.  To  butt;  to  strike  with  the  end  of  the  horns; 
to  thrust  tlie  points  of  Jiorns  against. 

If  thff  ox  siiall  push  tK  nian-setvant  or  nmid-servimt  —  he  ehail 
L>e  stoned.  —  Ex,  xxi. 

3.  To  press  or  urge  forward  ;  as,  to  push  an  objec- 
tion too  far. 

He  forcwania  ]m  caie, 
Wilh  rules  to  push  his  fortune  or  to  liear.  Dryilen. 

4.  To  urge;  to  drive. 

Amljilion  pushes  the  eouI  to  such  actions  as  are  apt  to  procure 
honor  to  the  actor.  Spectator. 

5.  To  enforce  ;  to  press ;  to  drive  to  a  conclusion. 

We  are  pushed  for  an  annvcr.  Swift. 

6.  To  imporhme;  to  press  with  solicitation;  to 
tease. 

To  push  down;  to  overtluow  by  pushing  or  im- 
pulse. 
PIJSH,  V.  i.    To  make  a  thrust ;  as,  to  push  with  the 
horns  or  with  a  sword.  Dnjden.    Jiddisun. 

2.  To  make  an  cffoit. 

At  length, 
IJol]i  eidcB  resolved  to  jtus/;,  wc  tried  our  sliength.      Di-ydcn. 

3.  To  make  an  attack. 

The  king  of  the  aniith  shall  push  at  hiiu.  —  Dan.  xi. 

4.  To  burst  out. 

To  push  ov, ;  to  drive  or  urge  forward  ;  to  hasten. 
Push  on,  brave  men. 
PUSH,  V.     A  thrust  with  a  pointed  instrument,  or  with 
the  end  of  a  tiling.  Spvnser. 

2.  Any  pressure,  impiilse,  or  force  applied  ;  as,  to 
give  the  ball  the  first  jnish.  Addison. 

3.  An  aswatiU  or  attack.  IVnits. 

4.  A  forcible  onset ;  a  vigorous  effort.     Jiddlwn. 


PUT 

5.  Exigence ;  trial ;  extremity. 

When  it  cornea  to  Uie  path,  it  ia  uo  inore  tfaao  tallf. 

L'Bslran^e. 

6.  A  sudden  emergence.  .S7;/i/;. 

7.  A  little  sv.'elling  or  pustule  ;  a  wlica! ;  a  pinipli.' ; 
an  eniption.  lUuon. 

PJJSH'KD,  (puslit,)  pp.    Pressed;  urged  ;  driven. 
PlISH'ER,  u.    One  that  drives  forward. 
PIJSII'ING,  ppr.    Pressing;  driving;  urging  forward 
2.  a.  Pressing  forward  in  business;  enterprising; 

driving ;  vigorous. 
PUSH'I!VG-LY,  adv.     In  a  vigorous,  driving  manner. 
PUSII'PIN,  71.      A  child's  play  in   which  pins  are 

pushed  altfrnately.  V Estrange. 

PU-SIL-LA-NIM'I-TY,  n.     [Fr.  pxLsillanimitd  ;  L".  pu- 

sUlanimitas ;  pusillus,  small,  weak,  and  aniinus,  cour- 


age.] 
Wai 


ant  of  that  firmness  and  strengtli  of  mind 
which  constitutes  courage  or  fortitude ;  weakness 
of  spirit ;  cowardliness  ;  that  feebleness  of  mind 
which  shrinks  from  trifliirg  or  imaginary  dangers. 

It  is  obvious  to  (listinguisli   hetwcon  an  act  of  pusillammitij  aud 
an  act  of  great  niodcsiy  or  liumility.  South. 

PU-SIlr-LAN'I-MOUS,  a.  [Fr.  pusilUmime;  It.  pusU- 
lanivto,  supra.] 

1.  Destitute  of  that  strength  and  firmness  of  mind 
which  constitutes  courage,  bravery,  and  fortitude ; 
being  of  weak  courage;  mean-spirited;  cowardly; 
applied  to  persons :  as,  a  pusillanimous  prince. 

2.  Proceeding  from  weakness  of  mind  or  want  of 
courage  ;  feeble  ;  as,  pusiUatiimous  counsel.^.    Baron. 

PU-SIL-LAN'I-MOUS-LY,  adv.  With  want  of  cour- 
age. 

PU-SIL-LAN'I-MOUS-NESS,  n.  Pusilhmimity  ;  want 
of  courage. 

PUSS,  71.  [D.  pocs,  puss,  a  fur  tippet,  and  a  kiss  ;  Tr. 
pus,  a  cat,  and  the  lip  ;  L.  pitsa.,  pusus,  from  the  root 
^of  pustule,  a  pushing  out,  issue.] 

1.  The  fondling  name  of  a  cat.  Waits. 

2.  The  sportman's  name  for  a  hare.  Oay. 
PUSS'Y,  71.  A  diminutive  term  for  Puss.  Booth. 
PUS'SY.     See  Purst. 

PUS'TU-LaTE,  v.  t.     [h.  pustulatus.    See  Pustule.] 
To  form  into  pustules  or  blisters.  Stackhonsc. 

PUS'TU-La-TE1>,  pp.    Formed  into  pustules. 

2.  a.  In  natural  history,  covered  wilh  pustulc-likc 
prominences.  Dana. 

PUS'TU-La-T1NG,  ppr.     Forming  into  pustules. 

PUS'TULE,  (pus'l  or  pust'yule.  The  former  is  tiie 
usual  pronunciation  in  America.)  71.  [Fr.  pustule  i 
L.  pustula ;  from  the  root  of  push.] 

In  medicine,  an  elevation  of  the  cuticle,  with  an 
inflamed  base,  containing  pus.  Pustules  are  various 
in  their  size  ;  but  the  diameter  cf  the  largest  seldom 
exceeds  two  lines.  Wdlan. 

PUS'TU-LOUS,  (pustfyu-lus,)  a.     [L  pttsiulosus.] 
Full  of  pustules  ;  covered  with  pustules. 

PyT,  r.  t. ;  prct.  and  pp.  Put.  [D.  pootcn,  to  set  or 
"plant ;  poot,  the  foot ;  Dan.  podcr,  to  graft ;  podc,  a 
cion  ;  Fr.  bouter  :  Gr.  ^vw,  contracted  from  ^uiJci  or 
(!iVTo>,  whence  ipvroi>,  a  germ,  shoot,  or  twig.  ^Vc 
find  the  same  w-ord  in  the  L.  puto,  to  prune,  that  U, 
to  thrust  ofl',  also  to  think  or  consider,  that  is,  to  set 
in  the  mind,  as  we  use  suppose,  L.  snppono.  Hut  we 
see  the  English  sense  more  distinctly  in  the  com- 
pounds iiiipiiio,  to  impute,  that  is,  to  put  to  or  on  : 
computo,  to  compute,  to  put  together.  The  Weli^h 
pjctian,  to  poke,  to  thrust,  and  pwtiaw,  to  butt,  ;tre 
doubtless  the  same  word.  The  L.  posui,  from  pono, 
may  be  a  dialectical  orthography  of  the  same  root. 
See  Class  Bd  and  Bs.  The  primary  sense  U,  to 
thrust,  throw,  drive,  or  send.] 

1.  To  set,  lay,  or  place  ;  in  a  general  sense.  Thus 
we  say,  to  put  the  hand  to  the  face  ;  to  put  a  book  on 
the  shelf;  to  put  a  horse  in  the  stable  ;  to  p\ii  fire  to 
the  fuel ;  to  put  clothes  on  the  body.  God  planted  a 
garden,  and  there  he  put  Adam. 

2.  Put  is  applicable  to  state  or  condition,  as  well  as 
to  jilacc.  Put  him  in  a  condition  to  help  himself. 
Put  the  fortress  in  a  htatc  of  defense.  The  apostles 
were  put  in  trust  with  the  gospel.  We  are  often  put 
in  jeopardy  by  our  own  ignorance  or  rashness.  We 
do  not  always  put  the  best  men  into  office. 

3.  To  repose. 

liow  Avilt  thou  —put  tliy  [rust  oQ  Egypt  for  cJiaiiots  f  — 2  Kiiiss 
xviij. 

4.  To  push  into  action. 

Tlnink  liiin  wiio  puts  nic,  loth,  to  this  revenge.  ^rdton. 

5.  To  ajiply  ;  to  set  to  employment. 

No  man,  liavino'  put  his  lianri  to  the  plow,  and  looldng  lar-It,  t» 
III  for  the  kiriijilum  of  fj'jti.  —  Luke  IX. 

f).  To  throw  or  introduce  suddenly.  He  had  no 
time  to  put  in  a  word. 

7.  In  Scotland,  to  throw  a  heavy  stone  with  the 
hand  raised  over  the  head.  Jamicson. 

8.  To  consign  to  letters. 

lleiniidc  a  proclamation — nmlpul  itulho  inv/riUiig.  —  2  Cltrtm. 
xxKvi. 

il.  To  oblige;  lo  require. 

Wc  arenui  lo  prove  lh!ii<rs  which  cun  hardly  bo  iiiadr  pl.iincr. 

Tilht^on. 

10.  To  incite;  to  instigate;  to  urge  by  influence. 


F.4TE,  Far,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MeTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.— 


6U2 


PUT 

The  appearance  of  a  formidable  enemy  put  the  king  [ 
on  making  vigorous  preparations  for  defense.  [ 

Tbe  pur  ne  upon  obeerriiig  the  Ihxikness  of  (te  gl.i4s.    Seicton. 

T hes?  wretches  put  us  upou  all  mischief,  to  fe^  their  lusu  and 

exm'Tagaccea.  Sieifl, 

11.  To  propose;  as,  to  put  a  question  to  the  wit- 
ness ;  to  put  a  case  in  point. 
13.  To  reach  to  another.    Hab.  ii. 

13.  To  bring  into  a  state  of  raind  or  temper. 

SolTmaa,  to  pul  die  Rhodians  out  of  all  suspicion  of  inrasioD. 
■^  KnoUes. 

14.  To  offer;  to  advance. 

I  am  ashamed  to  pitt  a.  loose,  indigested  play  upon  the  miblic. 

15.  To  cause. 

The  natuinj  constitutions  of  men  put  &  wiile  dilTerence  between 
thera.  -tw^'^- 

To  put  about :  to  turn ;  to  change  the  course ;  to 
gibe  ship. 

To  put  by ;  to  turn  away  ;  to  divert. 

The  design  of  the  evil  ons  is  to  put  thee  by  from  thy  epiritual 

emploTment.  Taylor. 

A  fright  liiih  put  hy  an  ague  fit.  Grew. 

2.  To  thrust  aside. 

Jcnathao  had  died  for  bein*  so, 

Had  not  just  God  put  by  th'  uunalunil  blow.  Coaley. 

To  put  down ;  to  baffle ;  to  repress ;  to  crush  ;  as, 
to  put  down  a  party. 

a.  To  degrade  ;  to  deprive  of  authority,  power,  or 
place- 

3.  To  bring  into  disuse. 

Sugar  hath  put  down  tfie  use  of  honey.     [06^.]  Bacon. 

4.  To  confute  ;  to  silence. 

Mark,  now,  how  a  plain  tale  shall  put  you  down.  S?iak. 

To  put  forth  ;  to  propose  ;  to  offer  to  notice. 

Samson  said,  I  will  now  pulfor-Ji  a  riddle  to  you.  —  Judges  xi?. 

2.  To  extend  ;  to  reach  ;  as,  to  pui /ort-'i  the  hand. 

3.  To  shoot  out  J  to  send  out,  as  a  sprout:  as,  to 
put  forth  leaves. 

4.  To  exert  ;  to  bring  into  action  ;  as,  to  put  forth 
strenjrth. 

5.  To  publish,  as  a  book. 

To  put  in;  to  introduce  among  ethers,  as,  to  put 
in  a  word  while  others  are  discoursing. 

2.  To  insert ;  as,  to  put  in  a  passage  or  clause ;  to 
put  in  a  cioD. 

3.  To  conduct  into  a  harbor. 

To  put  in  fear ;  to  affright ;  to  make  fearful. 

To  put  in  mind;  to  remind;  to  call  to  remembrance. 

To  put  in  practice ;  to  use ;  to  exercise  ;  as,  lo  put 
in  practice  the  maxims  of  the  wise  man. 

To  put  iyito  another's  hands ;  to  trust ;  to  commit  lo 
the  care  of. 

To  put  off;  lo  divest ;  to  lay  aside  ;  as,  to  put  off  a 
robe  ;  \oput  off  mortality  or  the  mortal  body  ;  to  put 
o^  haughty  airs. 

2.  To  turn  aside  from  a  purpose  or  demand ;  to 
defeat  or  delay  by  artifice. 

I  hoped  for  a  demonstration,  but  Themistices  hopes  to  put  me  off 
vith  a  harangue.  Boyle. 

This  is  an  nnreasonahle  demand,  aod  ve  might  put  him  oifwith 
this  answer.  BenUsy, 

3.  To  delay  ;  to  defer  ;  to  postpone.  How  gener- 
ally do  men  pufojf  the  care  of  their  salvation  to  future 
opportunities ! 

4.  To  pass  fallaciously ;  to  cause  to  be  circulated 
or  received  ;  as,  topvi  ojf  upon  the  world  some  plau- 
sible reports  or  ingenious  theoiy. 

5.  To  discard. 

The  clolhif'rs  all  put  off 
The  spinstera,  carders,  fulier^,  weavers.  Shak. 

6.  To  recommend  ;  to  vend  ;  to  obtrude.  Bacon, 

1.  To  vend  :  to  sell. 

8.  To  pass  into  other  hands ;  as,  to  put  off  a.  coun- 
terfeit coin  or  note. 

9.  To  pusli  from  land  ;  as,  lopuloffihe  boat. 

To  put  on,  or  upon ;  to  impute  ;  to  charge  ;  as,  to 
put  one's  own  crime  or  blame  on  another. 

2.  To  invest  with,  as  clothes  or  covering;  as,  to 
put  on  a  cloak. 

3.  To  assume  ;  as,  to  put  on  a  grave  countenance  ; 
to  put  on  a  counterfeit  appearance. 

MiircoTj  —  put  on  the  shaf*  or  a  man.  L'EBlmnge. 

4.  To  forward  ;  to  promote 

This  come  bandaomeiy  lo  put  on  the  peace.     [Obs.]      Bacon. 

5.  To  impose  ;  to  inflict. 

Tlial  which  thou  puUest  on  ra?,  1  will  bear.  — 2  Kings  iviiJ. 

To  be  put  upon ;  to  be  imposed  on  ;  to  be  deceived  ; 
used  duejlij  in  Vie  passive  form. 
To  put  over ;  to  refer ;  to  send. 

For  the  certiin  fcnowlinige  of  that  trutli, 

1  put  you  o'er  to  hfcivcn  and  lo  my  mother.  Shai:. 

2.  To  defer  ;  U\  postpone.  The  court  put  aoer  the 
cause  to  the  next  term. 

To  put  out;  to  place  at  interest;  to  lend  at  use. 
Money  puf  oui  at  compound  intrrt-st  nearly  doubles 
in  eleven  years. 

2.  To  exlin^uish  ;  as,  to  put  out  a  candle,  lamp,  or 
fire ;  to  put  out  the  remains  of  aff'Xlion.     Jlddisov. 

3.  To  send  ;  to  emit ;  to  shoot,  as  a  htul  or  sprout ; 
as,  to  put  out  leaves. 


PUT 

4.  To  extend  ;  to  reach  out ;  to  protrude ;  as,  to 
put  out  the  hand. 

5.  To  drive  out  ;  to  expel ;  to  dismiss. 

When  I  «n  put  out  of  the  stewardship.  —  Luke  xvi. 

6.  To  publish  ;  to  make  public ;  as,  to  put  out  a 
pamphlet.     {J^'ow  vulgar.] 

7.  To  contuse;  to  disconcert;  to  interrupt;  as,  to 
put  one  out  in  reading  or  speaking. 

To  put  out  the  eyes  ;  to  d;'-stroy  the  power  of  sight ; 
to  render  blind. 

To  put  to ;  to  add  ;  to  unite  ;  as,  to  put  one  sum  to 
another. 

2.  To  refer  to  -,  lo  expose  ;  as,  to  put  the  fate  of  the 
array  or  nation  to  a  battle;  to  put  the  safety  of  tlie 
stale  to  hazard. 

3.  To  punish  by  ;  to  distress  by ;  as,  to  put  a  man 
to  the  rack  or  tortiu-e. 

To  put  to  it;  to  distress;  to  press  hard  ;  to  yter- 
pies  ;  to  give  difficulty  to. 

0  gentle  lady,  do  not  put  me  to  'I.  STiOk. 

To  be  put  to  it;  in  the  passive  form,  to  have  ditfi- 
culty. 

I  shMl  be  tiard  put  to  it  to  bring  myself  03".  AddUon. 

To  put  the  hand  t-o  :  to  apply  ;  to  take  hold  ;  to  be- 
gin ;  lo  undertake ;  as,  to  put  the  hand  to  the  plow. 
Bee  Dcut,  xii.  7. 

2.  To  take  by  thefl  or  wrong  ;  to  embezzle. 

Then  shall  an  oalh  of  the  Lord  be  between  thom  botli,  tliat  he 
h.T.th  uoiputhia  hand  to  his  neighbor's  goods.  —  Kx,  xxii. 

To  put  to  the  sword  ;  to  kill ;  to  slay.  Bacon. 

To  put  to  death ;  to  kill. 

To  put  to  a  stand ;  to  stop ;  to  arrest  by  obstacles  or 
difficulties. 

To  put  to  trial,  or  on  trial ;  to  bring  before  a  court 
and  jury  for  exatiiination  and  decision. 

2.  To  bring  to  a  test  ;  to  trj'. 

To  put  together  ;  to  unite  in  a  sum,  mass,  or  com- 
pound ;  to  add  ;  as,  to  put  two  sums  togcVier ;  put 
together  the  ingredients. 

'2.  To  unite ;  to  connect.  Pu(  the  two  chains  ?/>- 
gether. 

3.  To  place  in  company  or  in  one  society. 

To  put  trust  in ;  to  confide  in  ;  to  repose  confi- 
dence in. 

To  put  up  i  to  pass  unavenged  ;  to  overlook ;  not 
to  punish  or  resent ;  as,  to  put  up  injuries;  to  put  up 
indignities. 

Such  nalional  injuritfs  are  not  lo  be  put  up,  but  when  the  offender 
is  below  reseuunent.  Addtson. 

[I  have  never  heard  this  phrase  used  in  America. 
We  always  say,  lo  put  up  with ;  we  can  not  put  up 
with  such  injuries.] 

2.  To  send  forth  or  shoot  up,  as  plants ;  as,  to  put 
up  mushrooms.     [Obs.]  Bacon. 

3.  To  expose ;  to  offer  publicly  ;  as,  to  piU  up  goods 
to  sale  at  auction. 

4.  To  start  from  a  cover.    [  Obs.]  Spectator. 

5.  To  hoard. 

Himself  ntvcr  put  up  any  of  ihe  rent.  Spelman, 

6.  To  reposit  for  preservation  ;  as,  to  put  up  apples 
for  winter. 

7.  To  pack  ;  to  reposit  in  casks  with  salt  for  pres- 
ervation ;  as,  to  put  up  pork,  beef,  or  fish. 

8.  To  hide  or  lay  aside.    Put  up  that  letter.     Shak. 

9.  To  put  in  a  trunk  or  box ;  to  pack ;  as,  to  put  up 
clothing  for  a  jouniey. 

FJJT,  V.  L    To  go  or  move  ;  as,  when  the  air  lirst  puts 
up.     [Obs.]  Bacon. 

2.  To  steer. 

His  fury  thus  appeased,  he  puii  lo  laud.  Dryden. 

3.  To  shoot  ;  to  germinate. 

The  Sip  puis  downward.  Bacon. 

To  put  forth  ;  to  shoot ;  to  bud ;  to  germinate. 

Take  earih  from  under  walls  where  neUlesput/onh.    Bacon. 

2.  To  leave  a  port  or  haven.  Shak. 

To  put  in  ;  to  enter  a  harbor ;  to  sail  into  ;;  jrt. 

2.  To  offer  a  claim.  A  puts  in  for  a  share  of 
profits. 

To  put  in  for;  to  offt;r  one's  self;  to  stand  as  a 
candidate  for.  Locke. 

To  put  off;  to  leave  land. 

To  put  on  ;  to  urge  motion  ;  to  drive  vehemently. 

To  put  over ;  to  sail  over  or  across.  Jibbot. 

To  put  to  sea  ;  to  set  sail ;  to  begin  a  voyage  ;  to 
advance  into  the  ocean.  Dnjden. 

To  put  up ;  lo  take  lodgings  ;  to  lodge.  We  put  up 
at  the  Golden  Ball. 

2.  To  offer  one's  self  as  a  candidate.  V Estrange. 

To  put  up  to  ;  to  advance  to.     [Little  used.]    Siotft. 

To  put  up  with;  to  overlook  or  sutfer  without 
recompense,  punishment,  or  resentment;  as,  to  put 
up  with  an  injury  or  affront. 

2.  To  take  without  opposition  or  dissatisfaction; 
as,  to  put  up  with  bad  fare. 

This  verb,  in  all  its  uses,  retains  its  primary  sense, 
to  .tct,  throw,  t/trust,  .^cnd,  &.C. ;  but  its  signification  is 
modified  in  a  great  variety  of  ways,  by  other  words 
sLTnding  in  connection  with  it. 
PIJT,  n.    An  action  of  distress  ;  as,  a  forced  put, 

L' Estrange. 


PUT 

PUT,  71.    [au.  W.  pwt,  a  short,  thick  person.] 

1.  A  rustic  ;  a  clown. 

2.  A  game  at  cards. 

PUT,  71.    [rr.  putain;  W   putan;   U.  putta,  putiana; 
Sp.  puta.] 
A  strumijet ;  a  prostitute. 
PfJT  €.aSE,  forpuf  the  cose /suppose  the  case  to  be  so ; 

a  vulgar,  or  at  least  inelegant  phrase.  Burton. 

PO'TAGE,  n.     [See  Put,  a  prostitute.]     In  law,  pros- 

litntiun  or  fornication  on  ilis  part  of  a  female. 
PO'TAX-ISM,  iu     \Fr.  putanismc]  fCowc/. 

Cuslainar>'  lewifnessor  prostilulion  of  a  lemale. 
PO'TA-TIVE,  a.      [Fr.putatif;  It.  putalivo ;  from  L. 
puto,  to  suppose.] 

Supposed ;     reputed ;'     commonly     thought    or 
deemed ;    as,  the  luiutice  father  of  a  child. 
PUT-CHOCK',  71.     A  root  imported  into  China  from 
the  north-west  cc*ist  of  India,  and  used  for  burning 
as  incense;  also  spelt  Pvtchcck.  .McCuUoeh. 

Pu'TID,  a.  [L.  putidus,  from  pnUo,  to  have  an  \\\ 
smell;  W.pwd.] 

Mean;  base;  worthless.      VEstrcjiffe.     Taylor. 
PC'TID-NESS,  n.    Meanness  ;  vileness. 
PUT'LOG,  n.    A  short  piece  of  timber,  on  which  the 
planks  forming  tlie  fioor  of  a  scaffold  arc  laid. 

Qtoss,  ofArcJut. 
P|JT'-0FF,7i.    An  excuse;  a  shift  for  evasion  or  de- 
lav.  L'Estrange. 
PU-TRED'I-XOUS,  a.      [from   L.  pidredc,  from  pu- 
treo,  putri'!.] 

Proceeding  from  putrefaction,  or  partaking  of  the 
putrefactive  process;  having  an  offensive  smell. 

Floyer. 
PU-TRE-F ACTION,   n.      [Fr.,  from    L.  puirefacHo; 
putris,  putrid,  and  facio,  to  make.] 

A  natural  process  by  which  animal  and  vegetable 
bodies  are  disorganized,  and  their  elements  newly 
arranged,  forming  new  compounds.  Putrefaction  is 
greatly  accelerated  by  heal  and  moisture. 
PU-TRE-FA€'TIVE,'g.  Pertaining  lo  putrefaction; 
as,  the  putrefactive  smell  or  process. 

2.  Tending  to  promote  putrefaction;  causing  pu- 
Uefaction.  Brown. 

PU'TRE-FI-£D.  (-fide,)  pp.  or  a.    Dissolved  :  rotten. 
PU'TRE-FS',  r.  f.     [Fr.  putref.er;    h.  putrefado;   pu- 
tris, putrid,  and  facio,  to  make.] 

1.  To  cause  to  be  decomposed;  to  disorganize  and 
cause  to  pass  into  a  stale  in  which  the  constitueut 
elements  are  newly  arranged,  forming  new  com- 
pounds, as  animal  or  vegetable  bodies;  to  c-ause  to 
rot.  Heat  and  moisture  soon  putrefy  dead  flesh  or 
vegetables. 

2.  To  corrupt;  lo  make  foul;  as,  to  putrcfi  T!io 
air.     [Little  used.]  isha  .. 

3.  To  make  morbid, carious, or  gangrenous  ;  a  ,  ;.. 
putrefy  an  ulcer  cr  wound.  B^iseman.     TempLe. 

Pu'TRE-F?,  V.  i.  To  dissolve  by  spontaneous  decom- 
position ;  to  have  the  constituent  elements  newly 
arranged,  forming  new  compounds,  as  animal  and 
vegetable  substances  deprived  of  the  living  princi- 
ple ;  to  rot. 

Pu'TRE-F?-IXG,;i//r.  or  a.  Causing  to  be  decom- 
posed ;  making  rolten. 

PU-TRES'CE\CE,  ti,     [from  'L.putrcscens,putTcseo.'\ 
The  state  of  decomposing,  as   in  an  animal  or 
vegetable  substance:  a  putrid  state.  Brown. 

PU-TRES'CENT,  a.  Becoming  putrid  ;  passing  from 
an  organised  slate  into  another  stale,  in  which  the 
elements  arc  newly  arranged,  forming  new  com- 
pounds. Brown. 

2.  Pertaining  to  the  process  of  putrefaction  ;  as,  a 
putrescent  smell. 

PU-TRES'CI-BLE,  c.  That  may  be  putrefied;  liable 
to  become  putrid  ;  as,  putrescible  substances. 

Ranisay,  HisL 

Pu'TRID,  a.  [Fr.  putride;  h.  putridus,  from  putris, 
putreo.] 

1.  In  a  stale  of  dissolution  or  disorganization,  as 
animal  and  vegetable  bodies;  corrupt;  rotten;  os,  pu- 
trid flesh. 

2.  Indicating  a  stale  of  dissolution  ;  tendingtodis- 
organize  the  substances  composing  the  body. 

3.  Proceeding  from  putrefaction,  or  itertaining  lo 
it ;  as,  a  putrid  scenL 

Pu'TRID-NESS,  )  n.    The  slate  ot  being  putrid  ;  cor- 

PU-TRID'I-TV,  i      ruption.  Plover. 

PU'TRI-FI-Ca'TION,  71.    State  of  becoming  rolten. 

PU'TRY,  a.     Rotlen.     [JVot  itscd.]  Mar.ton. 

PyT'TKR,  7!.     [from  put.]     One  who  puts  or  places. 

PUT'TER-ON,  71,    An  inciter  or  instigator.      Shak. 

PiJT'TING,  j>7>r.  [from  pu/.]  Selling;  placing  ;  lay- 
ing. 

PUT'TING,  It.  In  Scotlaml,  an  ancient  sport,  the 
throwing  of  a  heavj*  slone,  with  the  hand  mised 
over  the  head. 

P^T'TlNG-SToNE,  n.  In  Scotland,  a  heavy  stone 
used  in  the  game  of  putting.  Pope.    Jamicson, 

PUT'TOCK,  II.     A  kite.  Spenser. 

Puttocli- shrouds :  probably  a  mistake  fbr  Futtock- 

PUT'TY,  77.     [Sp.  and  Port,  votca.]  [shrouds. 

1.  A  kind  of  paste  or  cement  compounded  of  whit- 
ing, or  soft  carbonate  of  lime  and  linisee<l  oil,  beat- 
en or  kneaded  lo  the  con?istence  of  douyh  ;  used  in 
fastening  glass  in  sasht- s,  and  in  slopping  crevices. 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.— AN"GER,  VU'CIOUS.  — C  as  K ;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z  ;  ClI  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


89^ 


PYR 


2.  PuUyi^fUn;  a  powder  of  calcined  tin,  use:!  in 
poTishine  glass  and  steel.  Knctic, 

3.  A  very  fine  ccinL'nt,  made  of  lime  only,  used 
by  plasterers.  Braitile. 

PIJT'TY,  V.  U    To  cement  with  putty  ;  to  fill  up  with 


putty. 


Jish. 


PUZ'ZLE,    (puz'zl,)   E.  (.    [from    tlio  root  of  pose, 
wllieli  see.] 

1.  To  perplex ;  to  embarrass ;  to  put  to  a  stand  ;  to 
gravel. 

A  «hrewd  dJBPutant  ill  l!»o«e  poinu  is  dcxdoiis  in  p'iszUng 
oihcn.  , .      '"■>,'■«• 

He  is  perpetually  purr:«d  and  perplexed  amidct  his  own  blun- 
dJrs.  ArUunn. 

2.  To  make  intricate ;  to  entangle. 

The  wiiya  of  Henvcn  iire  dr\rl(  ami  iinricale, 

Puzzlot  in  ma&'S  and  perplexed  with  error.  AddUon. 

PUZ'ZLE,  V.  i.    To  be  bewildered ;  to  be  awkward. 

L''Estrange. 

PUZ'ZLE,  71.    Perpleiity ;  embarrassment.    Biicon. 

PUZ'ZLED,  pp.  or  a.    Perplexed  ;  intricate;  put  to  a 
stand.  . 

PUZ'ZLE-IIE.\D-ED,  (puz'zl-hcd-ed,)(i.    Having  the 
head  full  of  confused  notions.  Johtisott, 

PUZ'ZLER,  n.    One  that  perplexes. 

PUZ'ZLING  ppr.  or  n.  Perplexing  ;  embarrassing  ;  be- 

PUZ-ZO-L.iv'NA.    See  PozzfoLiNA.  [wildering. 

PYG'NITE,  n.     [Qu.  fir.  ro/tj'/if,  compact.] 

A  mineral,  the  shorlite  of  Kirwan,  or  shorlous 
topaz  of  Jameson.  It  usually  appears  in  long,  irreg- 
ular prisms  or  cylinders,  longitudinally  striated,  and 
united  in  bundles.  fVcmer.     Clcavdaiul. 

PYC'NO-STtLE,  n.  [Gr.  T7v»i  o,-,  thick,  and  ri'^of, 
column.] 

In  ancimtarMtecturc,  a  term  denoting  a  colonnade 
in  which  the  cidunins  sl:ind  verj-  close  to  each  oth- 
er ;  only  one  diameter  and  a  half  of  the  column  be- 
ing allowed  to  each  intercolumniiilion.  Owilt. 

P?E,  (pi,)  v.  [Probably  a  contracted  word,  and  the 
same  as  pk^  a  mass.] 

A  confused  mass ;  tlie  stato  of  printing  type  when 
the  sorts  are  mi.\ed. 

P?E,  n.     A  bird.    [See  Pie.] 

PS'G.\IIG,         \n.     [Gr.  Trujooios,  iaving  a  wllite 

P5-G.KR'GUS,  i      rump.] 

1.  A  quadruped,  probably  a  species  of  antelope  or 
gazelle.     Deat.  xiv,  5. 

2.  The  female  of  the  hen-harrier,  a  species  of  buz- 
zard. ■E''-  E.Tictjc. 

PYG'.MY,         \a.     Pertaining  to  a  pygmy  or  dwarf; 

PYG-Me'.\N,  i      VCI7  small ;  dwarfish.         MilUm. 

PYG'MY,  n.  [Fr.py.pncc;  It.  piVmm  ;  lj.p<jgmxus: 
Gr.  >:iij-/iuios,  from  >ri.}-)iii,  the  Bst ;  as  big  as  the  fist.] 
A  dw.arf ;  a  person  not  exceeding  a  cubit  in  height ; 
This  appellation  was  given  by  the  ancients  to  a  fab- 
ulous race  of  beings  inhabiting  Thrace,  who  waged 
war  with  the  cranes,  and  were  destroyed.    Encyc. 

PYL'A-GORE,  n.     [Gr.  Tm^ayofMi.'] 

In  ancient  Greece,  a  delegate  or  representative  of  a 
city,  sent  to  the  .\mphictyonic  council.       Mitford. 

PY-LOR'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  pylorus;  as,  the 
pyloric  artery. 

PY-L6'RUS,  ".     [Gr.  ttuAw^ois,  from  s-uXtj,  a  gate.] 
The  lower  and  right  orifice  of  the  stomach.    Coze. 

P?'OT.     See  Piet. 

PYR'.V-GANTH,  n.     [Gr.  --jpanavSa,  fiety  thorn.] 
A   plant ;    an  evergreen  species   of   thorn,  with 
flame-colored  berries,  found  in  the  south  of  Europe, 
of  the  genus  Cratiegus. 

P?-R.\L'LO-HTE,  71.  [Gr.  -vo,  fire,  aXX"5,  and 
Xi'J.j;  alluding  to  its  changes  of  color  before  the 
blowpipe.] 

A  wllite  or  greenish  mineral  from  Finland,  rarely 
in  oblique  crystals,  consisting  essentially  of  silica 
and  magnesia.  Dana. 

PYR'A-MID,  11.  [Ft.  pyramide ;  It.  piramidc ;  L.  pjfr-_ 
amis;  Gr.  Titpa/ris-  The  origin  and  composition  of 
lliis  word  are  not  ascertained.  It  is  supposed  that 
the  Gr.  ri'o,  fire,  forms  one  of  its  component  parts  ; 
and  it  may  be  named  from  being  shaped  like  ttame. 
Elmes.] 

1.  A  solid  body  standing  on  a  triangular,  square,  or 
polygonal  base,  and  terminating  in  a  point  at  the 
lop  ;  or  ill  i:c^inctr}jj  a  solid  figure  contained  by  sev- 
eral triangles,  who'sc  b.ascs  are  all  in  the  same  plane, 
and  wbicli  have  one  common  vertex.  Enajc. 

2.  An  edifice  in  the  form  of  a  pyramid,  for  se- 
pulchral and  religious  purposes,  &c.  The  pyramids 
of  Egypt  may  have  been  erected  to  the  sun,  during 
the  prevalence  of  Sabianism. 

PY-R.^M'in-.\L,  a.    [Ft.  pyramidaU ;  It.  piramidale.] 

1.  Pyraniidical. 

2.  Relating  to  the  pyr.-unids. 
PYR-A-511D'ie,         la.    Having  the  form  of  a  pyra- 
PYR-.\-.MID'ie-AL,  i      mid. 

The  particles  of  e:irlh  being  cubical,  tiiose  of  firo  jn/ramidicai. 

Enfield  on  Kolo. 

A  pyramidiaLl  rock.  Ooldsmitti. 

PYR-A-MID'ie-AL-LY,  odD.  In  tlic  form  of  a  pyr- 
amid. Bacon. 

PYR-A-MID'ie-AL-NESS,  71.  Tho  state  of  being 
pvramidical. 

PY-R.-i.M'I-DOID,  71.     [pyramid  and  Gr.  tiiof,  form.] 
A  solid  resembling  the  pyramid.  Barlow. 


PYR 

PYR'A-JUS,  n.     [L.1    A  pyramid.  Bacon. 

P5KE,  71.     [L.  VMra.\ 

.\  funeral  pile  ;  11  pile  to  be  burnt.  Pope. 

PYR-E-N'a'ITE,  j  71.     [from  the  P\jrentu.'\    A  vari- 

PVI!-E-NP.'n'R,  i       ety  of  garnet.  Dana. 

P^-RI"r'IPS,  71.  p/.     Medicines  for  the  cure  of  fever. 

PVR-E-TOL'0-GY',  71.     [Gr.  77ii,otros,  fever,  from  irep, 
fire,  and  Aujof,  discourse.] 

A  discourse  or  treatise  on  fevers,  or  the  doctrine 
of  fevers.  Hooper. 

P?-UEX'I-7V,  7i. ;  pi.  PvBEii.i.     [Gr.  Ttiorjis.] 

Fever.  Forsyth. 

P?-REX'I-AL,  a.     Relating  to  fever. 

Pf-REX'IG-AL,  (7.     Pertaining  to  fever  ;  feverish. 

PYR'GOM,  71.     A  variety  of  pyroxene,  called  also 
Fa8saite.  Dana. 

PVR'I-FORM,  a.    [L.  pynm,  a  pear,  and/orm.] 
Having  the  form  of  a  pear.  Oregffry, 

PYR-I-Ta'OEOUS,  (pir-e-ta'shus,)  a.    Pertaining  to 
pvritcs._  (Sec  PritlTic.]  Laeoisicr. 

PY-Ri'Ti.;S,  71.    [Gr.  Tri^pirut,  from  Triip,  fire.] 

A  combination  of  sulphur  with  iron,  copper,  co- 
balt, or  nickel,  presenting  a  white  or  yellowish  me- 
tallic luster.  'I'he  term  was  originally  applied  to  the 
sulphuret  of  iron,  in  allusion  to  its  giving  sparks  with 
steel.  The  sulphurets  of  other  metals,  or  those  of 
copper,  not  presenting  tile  colors  stated,  are  not  called 
PvniTEs.  Dana. 

[Darwin  has  anglicized  this  word,  which  would 
be  preferable.] 


Hence  sable  coal  his  massy  couch  extends, 
And  stars  of  ^Id  tlio  sparWiuj  jj^rirs  blends. 


Dartc'm. 


PYR 

[Gr.  Tvpt  fire,  and  /lacreia, 


Eneyc. 
Pertaining  to  pyromancy. 
One  who  preltnds  to  divine  Ijy 
ilcrbiTL 
[Gr.    TTi'p,  fire,  and    itcruav^ 


Do'S!^'J?\r    ^a.     Pcrtiininji  in  pyrites;  consisting 
R'R'I-TOUS,     S      of  or  resembling  pyrites. 
PYR-r-TIF'ER-OUS,  a.     [pyritts  and  L.  /ero,  to  pro- 
duce.] 
Containing  or  producing  pyrites. 
PYR'I-TIZE,  V.  t.    To  convert  into  pyrites. 

Ed.  Encyc, 
PYR'I-TIZ-ED,  pp.    Converted  into  pyrites, 
PYR-I-TOL'0-6V,  iu    [pyriU^  and  Gr.   Aojoj,  dis- 
course.] 

A  discourse  or  treatise  on  pyrites.  Foureroy. 

P5'R0;  [from  Gr.  Trt-o,  fire,]  used  us  a  prefix,  in  chem- 
istrv,'  lo  denote  some  modification  by  iicat. 

Brande. 

PY-UO-A-CiS'TrC  SPIR'IT,  V.     Acetone;  a  limpid, 

colorless  liquid,  of  a  i>enctr.-iting,  aromatic  odor,  and 

very  inflammable,  obtained  by  tlie  diy  distillation  of 

the  acetate  of  le:id,  or  other  acetate.  Ure. 

P^'RO-.'\C'ID,  n.     An  acid  obtained  by  subjecting 

aiintliLT  :uid  to  the  action  of  heat.  Bratule. 

PYR'O-eilLORE,  n.      [Gr.   :ry/j,  fire,  and  x^u.oof, 
green.] 

A  miner.1I  occurring  in  yellow  or  brownish  octahe- 
drnu^,  and  consistingofcolumhic  acid,  and  combined 
with  lime  and  oxyd  of  cerium. 
py-RO-C[T'Rie  ACID,  H.    An  acid  obtained  from 

citric  acid  by  the  action  of  heat.  Coolcy. 

PY-ROG'EN-OL'3,  a.     [Gr.  r-y/i,  fire,  and  yct^vao)^  lo 
generate.] 
Produced  by  fire;  igneous.  Ma)ite!l. 

P7-R0L'A-TRV,  «.      [Gr.  TTup,  fire,   and  Xnrpiia, 
worship.] 
The  worship  of  fire.  Yuunrr. 

P^-RO-LIG'NE-OUS,  )   a.      [Gr.  ry/7,  fire,  and   L. 
P^-RO-LIG'NOUS,      j      Ugnn.'s,  from  liirnnm^  wood.] 
The  latter  term  only  is  'confonnable  to  the  princi- 
ples of  the  nomenclature  of  chemistry. 

Generated  or  procured  by  the  disiillation  of  wood  ; 
a  term  applied  to  the  acid  obtained  by  the  distillation 
of  wood.  Tho  acid  so  procured  is  nothing  but  impure 
and  dilute  acetic  acid,  or  impure  vinegar. 

Chtniistry. 
P?-RO-LIG'NITE,  n.    [Supra.]     A  salt  formed  by  the 
combination  of  pyrolignous  acid  with  a  base  ;  the 
same  as  an  acetate. 
P?-RO-LITil'I€,  \    a,      [Gr.    two,    fire,    and    XiOaj, 
PYR-0'Rie,  \       stone.] 

The  pyrolithic  acid  is  an  acid  of  recent  discovery. 
It  is  obtained  from  the  silvery  white  plates  which 
sublime  from  uric  acid  concretions  when  distilled  in 
a  retort.  Now  considered  identical  with  cyanuric 
acid. 
PT-ROL'0-GIST,  tu  A  believer  in  llie  doctrines  of 
heat.  Black. 

2.  An  investigator  ot  the  laws  of  heat. 
Py-ROL'0-GY,  n.      [Gr.  rvo,  fire,  and  Aoj-oy,  dis- 
course.] 

A  treatise  on  heat ;  or  the  natural  history  of  heat, 
latent  and  sensible.  Mitchill. 

PY-RO-Lu'SlTE,  7(.  [Gr.TTup,  fire,  and  Xvto,to  wasli.] 
A  black  ore  of  manganese,  often  used  in  bleach- 
ing. 
P?-RO-Ma'LATE,  «.     [See   Ptbomalic]     A  com- 
pound of  pyromalic  acia  and  a  salifiable  base.  Ure. 
P?-RO-MA'Lie,  a.     [Gr.  n-up,  fire,  and  L.  malum^  an 
apple.] 

A  term  applied  lo  a  volatile  acid  obtained  by  heat- 
ing the  malic  acid  in  close  vessels.  Its  properties 
and  composition  have  not  been  investigated.  It  has 
been  supposed  to  be  isomeric  with  malic  acid. 


PVR'0-MAN-CY,  II. 

divination.] 

Hivinalion  by  fire. 
PV-RC)-MAN/Tie,fl. 
P5-R0-MAN'Tie,n. 

P^-ROM'E-TER,    n. 

mcasure.J 

1.  An  instrument  for  measuring  the  expansion  of 

bodies  by  heal. 

2.  An  instrument  for  measuring  degrees  of  heat 
above  those  indicated  by  the  mercurial  thermometer; 
ns,  Ihc  pJiromcUr  of  Wedgwood. 

P^-RO-MET'Rie,         I  a.    Pertaining  to  the  pyrom- 
Plf-RO-iMET'RlC-AL,  (       eter  or  to  iu  use. 

P.  Cyp.    Ed.  Encyc. 
P-ST-RO-MORPII'ITE,  iu    [Gr.  ttvo  and  ^oo^n.] 

Tho  mineral  phosphate  uf  lead,  occurring  in  brieht 
green  and  brown  hc.vagonal  crystals  and  masse.^. 
The  name  alludes  to  the  crvstailiue  form  which  Iho 
globule  assunjrs  in  cooling.  Daua. 

PV-RO-MORPII'OUS,  0.     [Gr.  jtuo,  fire,  and  m«'J,^'J. 
form.] 

In  minrrah^j,  having  the  property  of  crystalliza- 
tion by  fire.  Sfieparil. 
PV-RO-.Mu'€ATE,  K.    A  combination  of  pyromucic 

acid  with  a  base. 
P?-RO-MO'Cie,  a.     [Gr.  Tun,  fire,  and  L.?niicH.f.] 

The  pyromucic  acid  is  obtained  by  the  action  of 
heat  upon  Iho  mucic  or  saccholactic  acid,    li  is  a 
white,  volatile  substance. 
PYR'OPE,  n.      [Gr.  tu,ow-os,-   two,  fire,  and   ioif^ 
face.] 

A  mincr.al  regarded  as  a  variety  of  garnet,  oc- 
curring in  smnii  masses  or  grains,  never  in  crysial.-j. 
Its  color  is  a  peppy  or  blood  rtd,  frequently  wilh  a 
lingo  of  orange.  Brochant.     Cteacehtiul. 

PYR'O-PHA.N'E,  7F.     [Gr.  ttdo,  fire,  and  i^-^r,;,  clear.] 
_     A  mineral  which  m  its  natural  state  is  opaque,  but 
is  said  to  change  its  color  and  become  trausnari'ut 
by  heat.  Kirwan.     Litnicr. 

PY-ROPH'A-NOUS,    a.      Rendered    transparent    by 

heat. 
P?-ROPH'0-ROUS,  (pT-rof'o-rus,)   a.    Pertaining  to 

or  resembling  pvrophorus. 
PY-ROPH'O-RUS,  (pi-rof'o-rus,)  n.     [Gr.  xvpy  fire, 
and  0000?,  bearing.] 

A  substance  which  takes  fire  on  exposure  to  air, 
or  which  maintains  or  retains  iight.  It  is  best  made 
by  heating  together  alum,  pearl-ashes,  and  lami*- 
biack.  SilUmau. 

PY-RO-PHYS'A-LITE.  See  Topaz  and  Physam  rs. 
PV-ROR'THITE,  77.  A  mineral  allied  to  orlhitp,  oc- 
curring iu  lone,  brownish-black  crystals.  It  is  in- 
flammable, owing  lo  its  containing  a  large  pcrcenta^'e 
of  carbon.  The  essential  ingredients  are  silica, 
oxyd  of  cerium,  and  water.  Dana. 

PYR'O-SeOPE,  n.     [Gr.   ttu/j,  fire,  and  trKOTrew,  lo 
view.] 

An  msirument  for  measuring  tho  pulsatory  motion 
of  tho  air,  or  the  intensity  of  heal  radiating  from  a 
fire.  Leslie. 

PY-Ro'STS,  Ti.     [Gr.  s-v/iwrfs",  a  burning.] 

In  mtdiciiir,  a  disease  of  the  stomach,  attemled 
with  a  sensation  of  burning  in  tho  epigastrium,  ac- 
companied wilh  an  eructation  of  waterj' fluid,  usu- 
ally insipid,  but  sometimes  acrid.  It  is  commonly 
called  W.*.ti:r-brasu. 
PY-ROS'MA-LITE,  ti.  A  mineral  of  a  liver-brown 
color,  or  pistachio  green,  occurring  in  six-sided 
prisms,  of  a  lamellar  structure,  found  in  Sweden. 

Phillip. 
It  is  an  ore  of  iron,  consisting  of  silica,  oxyd  of 
iron  and  manganese,  and  chlorid  of  iron.       Dana. 
P5-R0-TAR-TAR'ie,   a.      [Gr.    ttvo,  fire,  and    tar- 
tar.] 

A  term  applied  lo  an  acid  obtained  by  heating  tar- 
taric acid  in  a  close  vessel.    It  is  distinct  from  tar- 
taric acid. 
P5-RO-TaR'TRATE,  71.     A  salt  formed  by  the  com- 
bination of  pyrot.'iriaric  acid  with  a  base. 
PYR-O-TECirNie,         \    a.       [Gr.    ^un,   fire,    and 
PYR^O-TECK'Nie-AL,  J         tc\vt},  art.] 

Pertaining    to  fireworks    or   the  art  of  forming 
them. 
PYR-O-TEeH'NieS,  J  n.    [Supra.]    Thoartofmak- 
PYR'0-TEeH-NY,      \       ing  fireworks,   or   Ihe   sci- 
ence which  teaches  the  managcmcni  and  application 
of  fire  in  its  various  operations,  particularly  in  mak- 
ing rockets  and  other  artificial  fireworks. 
PYR-O-TECH'NIST,  n.    One  skilled  in  pyrotcchny. 

Stevens. 
PY-ROT'ie,  0.     [Gr.  tthooco,  to  burn.] 

Caustic.     [Sec  Causttc.] 
PY-ROT'JC,  V.     A  caustic  medicine. 
PYR'OX-ENE,  «,  [Gr.  Tu/),  fire,  and  vi:y„f,  a  stranger  ; 
a  guest  in  fire,  unaltered.] 
The  same  mineral  v.'ith  Augite,  which  see. 

Dana, 
Pt^-ROX-EN'lC.a.    Containing  pyroxene;  composed 

chiefly  of  pyroxene.  Dam. 

PV-ROX-YL'ie,  a.    [Gr.  Twp,  fire,  and  lv>.ov^  wood.] 
Obtained  by  the  destructive  distillation  of  wood  ; 
as,  yyrozylic  spirit. 


FATE,  FXR,  FALL,  WHAT.— MeTE,  PREY.— PINE,  MARiNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQOK.— 
_  _  _ 


QUA 

P7-R0X'Y-LINE,  (-in,)  |  n,  [Gr.  irro,  fire,  and  foXct-, 
Pt-ROX'YLE,  (il,)        S       wood.] 

A  term  embracinE:  gun  cotton  and  all  other  explo- 
sive substances,  obtained  by  immersing  v<>getab!e 
fiber  in  nitric  and  sulphuric  acid,  or  in  a  mixture  of 
nitric  and  sulphuric  acids,  and  then  sufierins;  it  to 
dry.  Dancu 

PYR'RHI€,  71.    [L.  pyrrhichitis ;  Gr.  m.'p^ix/o?,  from 
:rvppi\r;t  a  nimble  dance.] 
1.  In  poetry,  a  foot  consisting  of  two  short  syllables. 
9.  An  ancient  military  dance. 
PYR'RHie,  a.     Noting  'an  ancient  military  dance, 
said  to  have  been  invented  by  P>Trhus.        Brande, 
i?.  In  poctrVf  noting  the  foot  called  Pvrkhic. 
PYR'RHIX,  n."    [Gr.  n-i-oivos.] 

A  vegeto-animal  substance,  detected  in  rain  water 
bv  M.  Brandes.  Jaumal  of  Science. 

PYR-RHOX'ie,  c.    Pertaining  to  pvrrhonism. 
PYR'RHO-XISM,  n.     [from  i^yrrAo*,thefounderof  the 
skeptics.] 
Skepticism  \  universal  doubt 


Q 


IS  the  seventeenth  letter  of  the  English  alphabet ; 
an  articulation  borrowed  from  the  Oriental  kapk 

or  qoph^  Ch.  and  Heb.  p,  Samaritan  F,  Syriac  cO, 

Arabic  O  ^'^Z*  It  is  supposed  to  be  an  articulation 
more  deeply  guttural  than  that  of  k ;  indeed,  it  may 
have  been  pronounced  as  we  pronounce  qu ;  for  we 
observe  that,  in  the  Latin  language,  from  which  the 
moderns  have  borrowed  the  tetter,  it  is  always  fol- 
lowed by  u,  as  it  is  in  English.  This  letter  is  not  in 
the  Greek  alphabet  In  our  mother  tongue,  the 
.■Vnglo-Sason,  this  letter  is  not  used  ;  but,  in  the 
place  of  fH,  eu^  or.  more  generally,  etc  is  used  ;  as  in 
ctcte,  quick  ;  ciccti,  queen.  This  letter  is  superfluous; 
for  Izu,  or  fcoo,  in  English,  have  precisely  the  same 
sounds  as  qd.  It  is  alleged  that,  in  expressing  q, 
the  cheeks  are  contracted,  and  the  lips  put  into  a 
canular  form,  for  the  passage  of  the  breath  —  circum- 
stances which  distinguish  it  from  k  This  appears  to 
be  a  mistake.  This  position  of  the  organs  is  entirely 
owing  to  the  following  letter,  «;  and  kuestioit  and 
question  aij|  pronounced  precisely  alike,  and  with  the 
same  configuration  of  the  organs.  For  qu  in  Eng- 
lish, the  Dutch  use  kw,  the  Germans  qu,  the  Swedes 
and  the  Danes  qr,  which  answer  to  our  kw.  The 
Gothic  has  a  character  which  answers  to  qu.  It  ap- 
pears, then,  that  q  is  precisely  k,  with  this  difierence 
in  use,  that  q  is  always  followed  by  u  in  English,  and 
k  is  not  Q  never  ends  an  English  word.  Its  name, 
cue,  is  said  to  be  from  the  French  queue,  a  tail, 

A3  a  immeral,  Q  stands  fcrSOO,  and,  with  a  dash,  Q, 
for  500,000. 

Used  as  an  ahbrevuitwn.,  Q.  stands  for  quantity  or 
quantijur. ;  as,  among  physieians,  q.  pl.^  quantum  placet, 
as  much  as  you  please  ;  q.  s.,  quantum,  suffieity  as 
much  as  is  required,  or  as  is  suMcient. 

Q  V.  is  sometimes  used  for  quasi  dixisset,  as  if  he 
bad  said. 

Among  malJiematicians,  Q.'  E.  D.  stand  for  quod 
eral  demonstrandum,  which  was  to  be  demonstrated  ; 
Q.  E.  F.,  quod  erat  faciendum,  which  was  to  be  done. 

In  the  Tuttes  oftJte  ancients,  Q.  stands  for  Quiniiw  or 
Quinthis;  Quint,  for  Quintilius;  and  (Inas.  for 
qua:stor. 

In  English,  Q.  is  an  abbreviation  for  question. 
QUAB,  n,     [G.  quappe    D.  kwab;  Dan.  qvabbe.~\ 

A  fish  of  Russian  nvers,  which  delight^  in  clear 
water.  Diet.  Xat.  Hist. 

aUA-CHTL'TO,  n.  A  Brazilian  fowl  of  the  moor-hen 
kind,  of  a  fine  black  color,  %-ariegatcd  with  while. 
Its  voice  resembles  tlie  crowing  of  a  cock. 

Diet.  .Vat  Hist, 
Q,U.\CK,  r.  i.    [D.  kaaaJien,  G.  quaken,  Dan.  qvakker, 
to  croak,] 

1.  To  cry  like  a  duck  or  goose.  King. 

2.  To  boast ;  to  bounce :  to  talk  noisily  and  osten- 
tatiously ;  as,  pretenders  to  medical  skill  quack  of 
their  cures.  Hudthras. 

QUACK,  n.  [from  the  verb.]  A  boaster ;  one  who 
pretends  to  skill  or  knowledge  which  he  does  not 
possess.  Fdton. 

2.  A  boastful  pretender  to  medical  skill  which  he 
doc3  not  possess ;  an  empiric ;  an  ignorant  practi- 
tioner. Addison. 

U.UACK,  a.  Pertaining  to  quackery ;  as,  a  quack  med- 
icine. 

dUACK'ER-Y,  n.  The  boastful  pretensions  or  mean 
practice  of  an  ignoramus,  particularly  in  medicine; 
empiricism. 

QU.^CK'ISH,  a.  Like  a  quack  ;  boasting  of  skill  not 
possessed;  trickish.  Burke. 


QUA 

PYR'RHO-NIST,  n.    A  skeptic ;  one  who  doubts  of 

every  thing. 
PYTH-A-G6'RE-AN  or  PYTH-A-GO-Re^-VN,  n.    A 

follower  of  Pythagoras,  the  founder  of  the  Italic  sect 
of  philosophers. 

PYTH-A-Go'RE-AX  or  ") 
PYTH-A-GO-Re'AN,  f  a.   Belonging  to  the  phUos- 

PYTH-A-GOR'ie,  f     phy  of  Pythagoras. 

PYTH-A-GOR'ie-AL,    J 

PY-THAG'0-RISM,  n.    The  doctrines  of  Pythagoras. 

PY-THAG'0-RIZE,  v.  i.    To  speculate  after  the  man- 
ner of  Pythagoras. 

PYTH'I-AN,  a.     [from  Pythia,  the  priestess  of  Apollo.] 
Pertaining  to  the  priestes  of  Apollo,  who  delivered 
oracles. 

Pythian  games ;  one  of  the  four  great  national  fes- 
tivals of  ancient  Greece,  celebrated  near  Delphi,  in 
honor  of  Apollo,  the  conqueror  of  the  dragon  Python, 

Brajtde. 

PY'THON,  n.    [L.  pytho :  Gr.  TrvSap,  a  dragon  or  ser- 
pent] 


a. 


The  practice  of  quackery. 
To  be  almost  choked. 


.^sk. 


Almost  choked  or  suffocated. 


aUACK'TSM,  71 

aUACK'LE,  V. 

aUACK'L£D,      ; 

aUACK'£N-£D,  S 

Q.UACK'SA-L-VER,  r(.  [Sw.  qvacksalfcare ;  quack  and 
salve.] 

One  who  boasts  of  his  skill  in  medicines  and 
salves,  or  of  the  efficacy  of  his  prescriptions  ;  a  char- 
latan. Brown.     Burton. 

aUAD,  (kwod,)  a.    [D.  ktcaad.} 

Evil ;  bad.     LVoi  used.'l  Gowcr. 

QUAD'RA,  n.  [It.]  In  architecture,  a  square  border 
or  frame  round  a  bass-relief,  panel,  <Scc.  Gwdt. 

aUAD'RA-GEXE,  n.     [L.  qnadrageni.] 

in  the  Roman  Cat'ioUc  church,  an  indulgence  of 
forty  days,  that  is,  a  remission  of  the  temporal  pun- 
ishment due  to  sin,  corresponding  to  the  forty  days 
of  ancient  canonical  penance.  Bp.  FUzpatriek. 

QUAD-R A-GES'I-ilA,  n.     [L.  quadragesimus,  fortieth, 
from  quatuor,  four.] 
Lent ;  so  called  because  it  consists  of  forty  days. 

Encyc. 
Quadragesima  Sunday;  the  first  Sunday  in  Lent, 
which  is  about  forty  days  before  Easter. 

aUAD-RA-GES'I-MAL,  a.  [Supra.]  Belonging  to 
Lent ;  used  in  Lent  Sanderson. 

aUAD-RA-GES'I-MALS,  n.  pi.  [Supra.]  Offerings 
formerly  made  to  the  mother  church  on  Mid-Lent 
Sundav. 

arAD'R.-iX""GLE,  (kwod'rang-gl,)  n.  [L.  qaadratus, 
square,  from  quattior,  four,  anf'  angulus,  angle.] 

1.  In  geometry,  a  plane  figure  having  four  angles, 
and  consequently  four  sides,  Hutton. 

2.  In  English  architecture,  the  inner  square  or  rec- 
tangtilar  court  of  a  building.  Gwdt. 

aUAD-RAX"GU-LAR,  a.  [Supra.]  Having  four 
angles,  and  consequently  four  sides.     fToodward. 

2.  In  botany,  having  four  prominent  angles,  as  a 
leaf.  Jilartyn. 

aUAI>-RAN"GU-LAR-L\%  adv.  With  four  sides  and 

four  angles. 
aUAD'RANT.  n.     [L.  quadrans,  a  fourth.] 

i.  The  fourth  part ;  the  quarter.  Brown. 

2.  In  geometry,  the  quarter  of  a  circle  or  of  the 
circumference  of  a  circle.  Hutton. 

3.  An  instrument  for  taking  the  altitudes  and  dis- 
tances of  the  heavenly  bodies,  of  great  use  in  astron- 
omy and  navigation.  Quadrants  are  variously  made, 
but  they  all  consist  of  the  quarter  of  a  circle  whose 
limb  is  divided  into  ninety  degrees  ;  or,  as  in  Had- 
ley's  reflecting  quadrant,  an  arc  of  forty-five  degrees 
is  made  to  serve  the  same  purpose  as  an  arc  of  ninety 
degrees. 

4.  In  gunnery,  an  instrument  used  for  elevating 
cannon  and  pointing  them.  Brande. 

Quadrant  of  altitude  ;  an  appendage  of  the  artificial 
globe,  consisting  of  a  slip  of  brass  of  the  length  of  a 
quadrant  of  one  of  tlie  great  circles  of  the  globe,  and 
graduated.  It  is  fitted  to  the  meridian,  and  movable 
round  to  all  points  of  the  horizon.  It  serves  as  a 
scale  in  measuring  altitudes,  azimuths,  &c. 

Hutton. 
aUAD-R.-VN'T'AL,  a.    [Supra.]    Pertaining  to  a  quad- 
rant ;  also,  included  in  the  fourth  part  of  a  circle  ;  as, 
quadraiital  space.  Dcrham. 

Quadrantal  triangle;  a  spherical  triangle  having 
one  side  equal  to  a  quadrant.  Hutton. 

aUAD-RANT'AL,n.    [Supra.]    A  cubical  vessel  used 
by  the  Romans.    It  held  the  same  quantity  as  the  | 
amphora,  viz.,  a  cubic  foot  Smithes  Diet.      \ 

QUAD'R.AT,  7?.     [L.  qaadratus,  squarpd.] 

1.  In  printing,  a  piece  of  metal  used  to  fill  the  void  I 


UUA 

A  genus  of  ophidian  reptiles,  which  are  large  ser- 
pents, nearly  allied  to  the  Boa,  and  found  in  the 
East  Indies. 
PYTH'0-XESS,  n.    [from  L.  Pytho,  Gr.  tzvOuv,  a 
dragon  or  serpent] 

1.  A  sort  of  witch;  also,  the  female  or  priestess  who 
gave  oracular  answers  at  Delphi,  in  Greece.  MitforJ. 

2.  Any  female  supposed  to  have  a  spirit  of  divina- 
tion ;  a  sort  of  witch.  Bp.  Bali. 

PY-THON'ie,a.    Pretending  to  foretell  futjire  events. 

PYTH'0-NIST,  n.    A  conjurer. 

PYX        } 

PYX'IS,  1  "*    [L.j?yzis,-  Gr.  Twftj.] 

1.  The  box  in  which  the  Roman  Catholics  keep  the 
host  Cranmer. 

2.  A  box  used,  in  English  coinage,  for  the  trial  of 
gold  and  silver  coin.     [See  Ph.]  Smart. 

PYX-ID'I-UM,  n.  [from  Gr.  rffi?.]  In  botany,  a 
fruit  which  divides  circularly  into  an  upper  and 
lower  half,  of  which  the  former  acts  as  a  kind  of  lid, 
as  the  pimpernel.  Brande. 


spaces  between  words,  &.c.    duadrats  are  of  differ- 
ent sizes  ;  as,  m-quadrats,  &.C 

2.  A  mathematical  instrument,  chiefly  used  in 
taking  heights  or  depths ;  called,  also,  a  geomttrieal 
square,  and  line  of  shadows.  Hutton. 

Q,UAD'RATE,  a.  Square;  having  four  equal  and 
parallel  sides. 

2.  Divisible  into  four  equal  parts.  Brown. 

3.  Square  ;  equal ;  exact.  HoweU. 

4.  Suited  ;  fitted ;  applicable  ;  correspondent 

Hai^cu. 
QUAD'RATE,  n.     A  square ;   a  surface  with  four 
equal  and  parallel  sides.  Wotton.    Milton, 

2.  In  astrology,  an  aspect  of  the  heavenly  bodies, 
in  which  they  are  distant  from  each  other  ninety 
degrees,  or  the  quarter  of  a  circle ;  the  same  as 
OrARTiLE.  Hutton. 

aUAD'RATE,  r.  i.     [L.  quadra;  Fr.  quadrer,  caJrer.] 
To  suit ;  to  correspond  ;  to  agree  with ;  to  be  ac- 
commodated ;  followed  by  with. 

Aristolle's  rules  for  epic  poeiiy — can  not  be  supposed  tocuc_'":. 
exaaly  wiiA  mooem  heroic  poen:^.  Addi.,.. 

Q.UAD-RAT'IC,  a.  Square ;  denoting  a  square,  or 
pertaining  to  it 

Quadratic  equation  ;  in  algebra,  an  equation  which 
contains  the  unknown  quantity,  either  as  a  square 
only,  or  as  a  square  and  first  power  only :  or  one  in 
which  the  highest  power  of  the  imknoWn  quantity- 
is  a  square.  Hutton. 

Q,UAD-Ra'TRIX,  n.  In  geometry,  a  mechanical  line 
by  means  of  which  we  can  find  right  lines  equal  to 
the  circumference  of  circles  or  other  curves  and 
their  several  parts.  Hutton. 

aUAD'RA-TURE,  7(.     [L.  quadratura.} 

1.  The  act  of  squaring;  the  reducmr 
to  a  square.    Thus  the  finding  of  a  s.;  i 

shall  contain  just  as  much  area  as  a  c::..., 

quadrature  of  that  circle.  Encyc 

In  general,  the  quadrature  of  curves,  in  mathematics, 
is  the  finding  of  rectilineal  figures  containing  the 
same  areas  as  figures  bounded  bv  curved  lines. 

Olmsted. 

2.  A  quadrate  ;  a  square.  Mdton. 

3.  In  astronomy,  the  position  of  one  heavenly  body 
in  respect  to  another,  when  distant  from  it  ninety  de- 
grees, or  a  quarter  of  the  circle,  as  the  moon,  when 
at  an  equal  distance  from  the  points  of  conjunction 
and  opposition.  Olmsted. 

aUAD'REL,  n.    [It  quadrello.'] 

In  architecture,  a  kind  of  artificial  stone  made  of 

chalky  earth  and  dried  in  the  shade  for  two  years  ; 

so  called  from  being  square.  G'xHt. 

QUAD-REX'N'I-AL,  a.     [L.  qitadrienninm ;  quadra,  or 

quadrans,  from  quatuor,  lour,  and  annus,  year.] 

1.  Comprising  four  years;  as,  a  quadrennial  pe- 
riod. 

2,  Occurring  once  in  four  years;  as,  quadrennial 
games. 

aUAD-REX'XI-.\L-LY,  adv.    Once  in  four  years. 
aUAD'RI-BLE,  a.     [L.  quadra,  to  square.] 

That  mav  he  squared.  Derkam. 

aUAD-RI-€AP'SU-LAR,  a.    [L.  quadra  and  eapsula.] 

in  botany,  having  four  capsules. 
aUAD^RI-eORN,  n.     [L.  quatuor,  four,  and  comu, 
horn.] 

The  name  of  certain  apterous  msects  having  four 
ant'nnce.  Brande. 

aUAD-RI-CORN'OUS,  a.    Having  four  horns. 
auAD-RI-DEC'I-5L\L,  a.     [L.  qmvlra  and  decern.] 
In  crystailography,  a   lenn   designating  a  crj-stal 
whuse  prism,  or  the  middle  part,  has  four  faces  and 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS C  as  K;  C  as  J;  S  as  Z ;  ClI  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


QUA 


QUA 


two  stiinmitSj  containiiij 

used.] 
QUAU-RI-DENT'ATE,  o,     [L.  liuadm  and  dcntattui, 
toothed.] 
lu  botany^  Imving  four  leelh  on  the  edge. 

Marty  n. 
Q,UAD-RI-Fa'RI-OUS,  a.    Arranged  in  four  rows  or 

ranks.  Loudon. 

QUAD'RT-FID,  a.     [L.  quadrifidits;  quadra  and  Jindo, 
to  divide.] 

In  botany,  four-cleft,  i.  e.,  divided  about  half  way 
from  the  nmrpin  to  the  base  ;  a-i,  i\quadrijld  perianth  ; 
cut  about  half  way  into  four  segments,  with  linear 
sinuses  and  straight  margins ;  as,  a  quadrljid  leaf. 

jVartyn, 
Q.UAD-III'G.\,  71.     [L.]    A  car  drawn  by  four  horses 
ab'rea3t,  as  represented  on  the  reverse  of  ancient 
medals. 
aUAD-RI-GE-NA'RI-OUS,  «.     Consisting  of  forty. 
aUAD-R[J^l|-GOUS,  a.  [L.  qiiadrn  andjKo-i:/H,  yokt-.] 
in  botany,  pinnate,  with  four  pairs  of  leallets  j  as, 
a  quadrijufTffiLS  leaf. 
aUAU-RI-LAT'ER-AL,   a.     [L.   tfiadra,   or  qiiataor, 
four,  and  latus^  side.] 

Having  four  sides,  and  consf'tiuently  four  angles. 
QUAD-RI-LAT'ER-AL,  «.     A  plane    figure  having 
four  sides,  and  consequently  four  angles;  a  quadran- 
gular figure.  HalUn. 
QUAU-RI-LAT'ER-AL-NESS,  n.      The  properly  of 
having  four  right-lined  sides,  forming  as  many  right 
angles.  Diet. 
aUAD-RI-LIT'ER-AL,   a.      [L.   qmdni,   or  quatuor, 
foiir,  and  litera,  letter.] 

Consisting  of  four  k-tters,     Parkhursl.     Asiat.  Res. 

aUA-DRILLE',  (kwa-dri!'  or  ka  dril',)  n.     fFr.]     A 

game  played  by  four  persons  with  forty  cards,  being 

the  remainder  of  the  pack  after  the  four  lens,  nines, 

and  eights  are  discarded.  Kncyc, 

2.  A  kind  of  dance  made  up  of  sets  of  dances, 
four  in  each  set.  Smart. 

aiJAD-RIL'LION,  (kwod-ril'yun,)  7t.    According  to 
llic  English  notation^  the  number  produced  by  involv- 
ing a  million  to  the  fourth  power,  or  a  unit  with 
twenty-four    ciphers    annexed  ;    according   to    the 
French  notationj  a  unit  witli  fifteen  ciphers  annexed. 
aUAD-lil-Lo'BATE,  (  a.       [L.   quadra^    or    quatuor, 
aUAD'RI-Lo-Bi=;D,     i      four,  and  lobus,  Gr.  \u/M-) 
in  botany,  having  four  lobes  ;  as,  a  qiiadrilobed  leaf. 

jMai-tyn. 
QUAD-RI-LOC'U-LAR,  a.     [L.  quadra,  quatnor,  and 
loculus,  a  cell.] 

Having  four  cells;  four-celled;  'ds,  :i  quadrilocalar 
pericarp.  Jifartyn. 

aUAD'RIN,  11.     [h.  quadrinus.) 

A  mite ;  a  small  piece  of  money,  in  value  about  a 
farthing.     [J^ot  in  ■use]  Bailey. 

Q,UAD-RI-No'MI-AL,  a.      [L.  quadra,   quatuor,   and 
nonicn,  name.] 
In  altrebra^  consisting  of  four  terms, 
aUAD-RI-NOiM'ie-AL,  a.     Consisting  of  fuur   de- 
nominations or  terms.  Vict. 
aUAD-RIP'AR-TITE,   a.      [L.  quadra,  quatuor,  and 
partitus,  divided.] 

Divided  into  four  parts ;  in  i.)(a7iy,  divided  to  the 
base  into  four  parts. 
aUAD-R[P'AR-TITE-LY,  adc.      In  four  divisions; 

in  a  quadripartite  distribution. 
aUAD-RI-PAR-TI"TION,  .'kwod-re-pdr-tish'un,)  n. 
A  division  by  four  or  into  four  equal  parts  ;  or  the 
taking  the  fourth  part  of  any  quantity  or  number. 

Huttoa. 
QUAD'RI-REME,  7i.     [L.  quadriremis ;  quatuor ^  (our, 
and  rcmus,  oar.] 
A  galley  with  four  benches  of  oars  or  rowers. 

jMitford. 
ClUAD-RI-SYL'LA-BLE,  n.     [L.  quadra,  quatuor,iiud 
syllable.] 

A  word  consisting  of  four  syllables. 
aUAD'RI-VALVE,  )  a.    In  botany,  liavjng  four 

aUAD-RI-VALVlT-LAR,  i    valves  ;  four-valved  ;  as, 

a  quadricalcc  pericarp.  Martyn. 

Q.UAD'RI-VALVES,  n.  pi.     [L.  quadra,  quatuor,  and 
vaiva,  valve.] 

A  door  with  fuur  folds  or  leaves. 
Q.UAD-RIV'1-AL,  a.      [L.  quadrivium;  quatuor yfuMTf 
and  via,  way.] 

Having  four  ways  meeting  in  a  point. 
aUAD-ROON',J  rr  ^  \        ■, 

ClUA'TER-ON,  i  "■     L^'  Vi^"''")  quatuor.] 

in  Spmiish  America,  the  offspring  of  a  mulatto  wo- 
man by  a  wliite  man  ;  a  person  quarter-blooded. 

Claciffero. 
UUAD'RU-MAN,  n.     [L.  quadra  and  vtaniu,  liand.] 
An  animal  having  four  hands  tliat  correspond  to 
the  hands  of  a  man,  as  a  monkev.  Lawrence,  Led. 
aUAD-RO'.MA-NA,    -n.    pi.      Animals    having   four 

hands,  as  monkeys. 
aUAD-Ru'MA-NOUSjC     Having  four  hands;  four- 
handed.  Lawrence,  Lect. 
ClUAD'RUNE,    n.      A    gritstone  with  a  calcareous 

cement. 
UUAD'RU-PED,  a.     [L.  quadrupes ;  quadra,  quatuor, 
four,  and  pes,  foot.] 
Having  four  legs  and  feet. 


together  ten  faces.     [JVy£  I  UUAD'RU-rED,  n.     An  animal  having  four  legs  and 
I      feet,  as  a  horse,  an  ox,  a  lion,  &:c. 
dUAfJ'RU-PLE,  fl.     [L.  qnadruplus;  quadra,  quatuor, 
and  plieo,  to  fold 


Fourfold;  four'times  told;  as,  to  make  quadruple 

restitution  for  trespass  or  theft. 
Q.Uj^D'RU-PLE,  n.    Four  times  the  sum  or  number  ; 

as,"  to  receive  quadruple  the  amount  in  damages  or 

profits. 
aUAD'RU-PLE,  V.  t.    To  make  four  times  as  mucli, 

or  as  many. 
Q,V AD' liV 'PLED,  pp.  or  a.    Made  four  times  as  much 

or  many. 
aUAU-RO'PLI-eATE,  a.    Fourfold  ;   four  times  re- 
peated ;_as,  a  quadruplicate  ratio  or  proportion. 
QUAD-Ru'PLI-eATE,  v.  t.     [L.  quadruplico;  quatuor 

and  plico.  to  fold.] 
To  make  fourfold  ;  to  double  twice. 
aUAD-Ru'PLI  Ca-TED,  pp.     Made  fourfold. 
UUAD-RU-PLI-Ca'TION,  71.     The  aU  of  making 

fourfold  and  taking  four  times  tlie  simple   sum  or 

amount. 
Q,UAD'RU-PLING,  ppr.     Making  four  times  as  nmcli 

or  many. 
aUAD'RU-PLY,  adv.    To  a  fourfold  ([uantity  ;  as,  to 

be  quadruply  recompensed.  Swijl. 

UVJE'llE,     [L.]      Inquire ;    better    written    UuKuy, 

which  see. 
aU^E.ST'OR,  (kwest'or.)    See  Uuestoh. 
Q,UaFF,  (kwaf,)  V.  t.     [Fr.  coiffer,  to  cap  or  hood  ;  sc 

toiffcr,  to  fuddle,  or  be  fudiiied,  from  coiffe,  a  liood. 

But  qu.    In  the  Ethiopic,  (iCDd^  quaf,  or  hwof,  is  to 

draw,  to  draw  out.    Ludolf,  4(17.     In  .Arabic,  t_jlj» 

kauba  or  kwaba,  is  to  drink  largely,  or  to  devour,  as 
food.] 
To  drink  ;  to  swallow  in  large  draughts. 


He  qualTs  the  imiscade!. 

'riiey  ill  commiiiiioii  sweet 

Quo^ immortality  ami  joy. 


Shak. 


QUA 

The  latter  word  would  lead  us  to  refer  quaint  lo  the 
Latin  acciactus,  ready  ;  but  Skiimer  thinks  it  mure 
probably  from  comptiis,  neat,  weli-dressed.J 

1.  Nice;  scrupulously  and  superfluously  exact; 
having  petty  elegance  ;  as,  a  quaint  phrase  ;  a  quaint 
fashion.  Sidney.     Shuk. 

To  show  liow  quaint  an  orator  you  are.  ^'Aat. 

9.  Subtile  ;  artful.     [Obs.]  Chaucer. 

3.  Fine-spun;  artfully  framed.  Shak.     Milton. 

4.  Afttcted  ;  as,  quaint  fopperies.  Swift. 

5.  In  common  use,  odd  ;  fanciful ;  singular  ;  and  so 
used  by  Chaucer. 

Q,UaINT'LY,  adv.  Nicely;  exactly;  with  petty 
neatness  or  spruceness ;  as,  hair  more  quaintly 
curled.  B.  Jonsoiu 

2.  Ai-tfully. 

Bre;ithe  \m  faults  so  quatTttiij.  Shak. 


aUXFF,  V.  i.    To  drink  largely  or  luxuriously. 

South.     Unidcn. 

QUaFF'SD,  (kwift,)  pp.  Drank;  swallowed  in 
large  draughts. 

aUAFF'ER,  71.    Quo  that  quafls  or  drinks  largely. 

UUaFF'ING,  ppr.    Drinking;  swallowing  draughts. 

aUAG,  n.     See  auACMiRE. 

CiUAG'GA,  n.  A  pachydermatous  mamma!,  the 
Equus  Quagga,  nearly  allied  to  the  ass  on  the  one 
hand  and  the  zebra  on  the  otiier.  It  inhabits  South- 
ern Africa. 

CIUAG'GY',  a.  [Supposed  to  be  from  the  root  of 
quake.] 

Yielding  to  the  feet  or  trembling  under  the  foot,  as 
soft,  wet  earth. 

aUAG'iMIRE,  Ti.  [That  is,  quaJie-mire.]  Soft,  wet 
land,  which  has  a  surface  firm  enough  to  bear  a  per- 
son, but  whicli  shakes  or  yields  under  the  feet. 

Tusser.     Slutk.    More. 

aUA'IIAUG,  (kwaw'hog,)  n.  In  J^ew  Enrrland,  the 
popular  name  of  a  large  species  of  clam  or  bivalvular 
shcll-fish. 

[This  name  is  probably  derived  from  the  native.?.] 

Q,UAID,  a.  or  pp.  [For  Uuailed.]  Crushed,  sub- 
dued, or  depressed.     [J^at  itserL]  Spenser. 

QUaIL,  (kwule,)  v.  i.  [Q^uail,  in  English,  signifies  lo 
sink  or  languish,  to  curdle,  and  to  crush  or  quell. 
The  Italian  has  quagVtare,  to  curdle,  and  the  Sax. 
cwcllan,  to  quell,  and  the  D.  kwaal  is  disease.  If 
these  are  of  one  family,  the  primary  sense  is  to 
shrink,  to  withdraw,  and  transitively,  to  beat  down. 
In  W.  cwl  signifies  a  flagging  or  drooping ;  cwla, 
faint,  languid.] 

1.  To  sink  into  dejection  ;  to  languish;  to  fail  in 
spirits.  Shak.     TCnollcs.     Picrpont. 

Q.  To  fade;  to  wither.     [Obs.]  Hakcwill. 

Q,UaIL,  v.  i.     [Fr.  caillcr;  Sp.  cuajar ;  Port,  coalhar ; 
It.  qua^liarc,  to  curdle ;  W.  caul,  a  calPs  maw,  ren- 
net, cliyle,  a  curd  ;  cculaw,  to  curdle.    The  sense  is, 
to  contract.] 
To  curdle  ;  ti»  coagulate  ;  as  milk.  Bailey. 

aUAIL,  r.  t.     [Sax.  cwellan.] 

To  crush  ;  to  depress  ;  to  sink  ;  to  subdue. 

Spenser. 

Q,Ua1L,  n.     [It.  quaglia;  Fr.  ca'dlc;  Arm.  coaUL] 

A  vague  English  popular  name  of  certain  gallina- 
ceous birds,  closely  allied  to  the  jjartridges.  It  is  ap- 
plied to  more  than  twenty  ditferent  speci<  s,  and  of 
more  than  one  genus.  Its  application  in  New  Eng- 
land varies  within  short  distances,  which  is  believed 
also  to  be  the  fact  in  other  parts  of  the  United  States. 

UUAlL'ING,7)/)r.     Failing ;  languishing. 

QUAIL'ING,  n.  The  act  of  fading  in  spirit  or  resolu- 
tion ;  decay.  Shah. 

CIUaIL'-PIPE,  71.  A  pipe  or  call  for  alluring  quails 
into  a  net ;  a  kind  of  leatliern  purse  in  the  shape  of  a 
pear,  partly  filled  witli  horse  hair,  with  a  wliistle  at 
the  end.  Encyc. 

QUAINT,  (kwante,)  a.  [Old  Fr.  coint.  Arm.  coent, 
count,  pretty.  In  Norman  French,  coint  is  familiar, 
aflable,  and  accuinct,  is  very  necessary  or  familiar. 


3.  Ingeniously ;  with  dexterity 

I  quaintly  stole  a  ktss. 


Oay. 


4.  Oddly  ;  fancifully  ;  singularly. 
CiUAINT'NESS,  71.    Niceness;  petty  neatness  or  ele- 
gance. 

There  is  a  majesty  in  simplicity  wliidi  is  far  above  the  miaint- 
jteas  of  wit.  Pujie. 

2.  Oddness ;  peculiarity. 
QUAKE,  (kwake,)  v.i.    [Sax.  cwacian ;  G.  ipiackelu  ; 


.  UdX'n , 


Eth.  L'Uv'  ( I  hwyka,  to  shake,  to  agitate.] 

1.  To  sli.ike  ;  to  tremble  ;  to  be  agitated  with 
quick  but  short  motions  continually  repeate<l  ;  to 
shudder.  Thus  we  say,  a  person  quaJies  with  fear  or 
terror,  or  with  cold.    Hcb.  xii. 

2.  To  shake  with  violent  convulsions,  as  well  as 
with  trembling ;  as,  the  earth  quakes  ;  tlic  mountain:^ 
quake.     J^Tcli.  i. 

3.  To  shake,  tremble,  or  move,  as  the  earth  undi;r 
the  feet ;  as,  tlie  quaking  mud.  Pope. 

QUAKE,  V.  t.  To  frighten  ;  to  throw  into  agitation. 
[JVot  used.]  Shak. 

QUAKE,  7t.  A  sliake ;  a  trembling;  a  shudder;  a 
tremulous  agitation.  Suckling. 

QUaK'ER,  71.  One  that  quakes  ;  but  usually  one  of 
the  religious  sect  called  Fkie.vi^s.  This  name,  Qua- 
kers, is  said  to  have  been  given  to  the  sect  in  re- 
proach, on  account  of  some  agitations  which  distin- 
guished them;  but  it  is  no  longer apiuopriated  to 
them  by  wav  of  reproach. 

QUAK'ER-ISII,  a.    Like  a  Quaker. 

QUAK'ER-ISM,  7i.  The  peculiar  manners,  tenets,  or 
worship  of  the  Quakers.  Milner.    Bus-.ocll. 

QUAK'ER-LY,  a.     Resembling  Quakers.   Goodman, 

QUAK'ER-Y,  n.     Quakerism. 

QUAK'ING,/>pr.  or  a.    Shaking;  trembyng. 

QUAK'ING,  71.  A  shaking;  tremulous  agitation; 
trepidation.     Dan.  x. 

QUAK'ING-GRASS,  «.  The  name  of  various  species 
of  graminaceous  plants  belonging  to  the  genus 
Briza,  whose  spikelets  have  a  tremulous  motion. 

P.  Cyc. 

QUAK'ING-LY,  adv.    Tremblinglv. 

QUAL'I-Fl-A-BLE,  a.  [from  qualify.]  That  may  be 
qualified  ;  tlial  may  be  abated  or  moaified.     Barrow. 

QUAL-I-F1-€a'TI0N,  j(.  [Fr.  See  Qitalify.]  .\ny 
natural  endowment  or  any  acquirement  whicli  fils  a 
person  for  a  place,  otSce,  or  employment,  or  enables 
him  to  sustain  any  character  with  success.  Integ- 
rity and  talents  should  be  considered  as  indispensa- 
ble qualifications  for  men  intrusted  with  public  af- 
fairs ;  biit  private  interest  and  party  spirit  will  often 
dispense  with  these  iind  all  other  qual^ations. 

There  is  no  tjuaJiJicaUon  for  govenimcnl  but  virlne  ftnd  wisilom, 
actual  or  presumptive.  Burke. 

2.  Legal  power  or  requisite ;  as,  the  qualifications 
of  electors. 

3.  Abatement ;  diminution.  Ralegh. 

4.  Modification;  restriction;  limitation.  Words 
or  expressions  may  be  used  in  a  general  sense,  with- 
out any  qualification. 

QUAL-I-FI-€a'TOR,  «.  In  Roman  Catholic  ecclesias- 
tical courts,  an  officer  whose  business  it  is  to  exam- 
ine ami  prepare  causes  for  trial.  Murdoch. 

QUAL'I-FI-£D,  (kwol'e-flde,)  pp.  or  a.  Fitted  by 
accomplishments  or  endowments;  modified. 

Q_ualificdfec  :  in  /air,  a  base  fee,  or  an  estate  which 
has  a  qualification  annexed  to  it,  and  whirli  ceases 
with  tlie  qualification,  as  a  grant  to  A  and  his  htiirs, 
tenants  of  the  manor  of  Dale. 

Quatifird  nrratii'C  ;  in  legislation,  the  power  of  neg- 
ativing bills  which  have  passed  the  two  houses  of 
the  legislature  ;  a  power  vested  in  the  president, 
governor,  or  other  olTicer.  but  subject  to  be  oviTruled 
and  defeated  by  a  subsequent  vote  of  the  two  houses, 
passed  in  conformity  with  the  provisions  of  the  con- 
stitution. United  States.     JV.  Smith. 

Qaalijied  property,  is  that  which  depends  tm  tcm- 
porarv  possessi»m,"as  that  in  wild  animals  reclaimed. 

QUAL'I-FI-ED-NESS,  71.  The  state  of  being  qualified 
or  fitted. 

QUAL'I-FT-ER,  ti.  He  or  that  which  qualifies  ;  that 
which  modifies,  reduces,  tempers,  or  restrains. 

Junius. 


PATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT — MeTE,  PREY PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.- 


606 


UUA 

aUAL'I-FY,  r.  (.  [Fr  gual(ficr;  It.  gaalijicnre;  Sp. 
caiijicar;  L.  qualis,  such,  'and  fitciOy  to  make.] 

1.  To  fit  for  any  place,  ortice,  occupation,  or  cliar- 
acter  ;  to  furnish  with  the  kno\vIoti{;e,  skill,  or  other 
accomplish tnent  necessary  for  a  purposi;  ;  a^,  to  qiial- 
ifij  a  man  for  a  jud<;c,  for  a  minister  of  state  or  of  the 
gospel,  for  a  general  or  atltnJral.  Holirn-ss  alone  can 
qual'fa  men  fur  the  society  of  Jioly  hcings. 

2.  To  make  capable  of  any  employment  or  privi- 
lege ;  to  furnish  with  legal  power  or  capacity  ;  as,  in 
England,  to  qualify  a  man  to  kill  game. 

3.  To  abate  ;  to  soften  ;  to  diminish  ;  as,  to  qtialiftj 
the  rigor  of  a  statute. 

I  do  not  seek  to  quench  your  love's  liol  fire, 

Bui  qualify  ihe  fire's  extreme  rage.  Shak. 

4.  To  ease  ;  to  assuage.  Spenser. 

5.  To  modify  ;  to  restrain  ;  to  limit  by  exceptions  ; 
as,  to  qualify  words  or  expressions,  or  to  qualify  the 
sense  of  words  or  phrases. 

ti.  To  modulate  ;  to  vary  ;  as,  to  qiialifn  sounds. 

Brown. 

UUAL'1-FT-ING,  pyr.  or  a.  Furnishing  with  the 
necessary  qualities,  properties,  or  accomplislnnents, 
for  a  place,  station,  or  business;  furnishing  with 
legal  power;  abating;  tempering;  modifying;  re- 
straining. 

anAL'[-TA-TIVE,  a.  Relating  to  quality.  QutiUta- 
tive  analysis,  in  chemistry,  is  that  in  which,  by  tiiuling 
certam  qualities  in  a  compound,  we  determine  the 
elements  of  which  it  is  made  up. 

QUAL'1-TY,  It.  [L.  qualitiiSy  from  qualis^  such  ;  Fr. 
qiLolite  ;  Sp.  calidad  ;  It.  qualitd  ;  It.  cnil.] 

1.  Property  .  that  wliich  belongs!  lo  a  body  or  sub- 
stance, or  can  be  predicated  of  it.  Uualilies  are  nat- 
ural  or  accidental.  Thus  whiteness  is  a  natural  qual- 
ity of  snow  ;  softness  is  a  natural  quality  of  wool  and 
fur ;  hardness  is  a  natural  quality  of  metals  and 
wood  ;  figure  and  dimension  are  the  natural  quali- 
ties of  solids ;  but  a  particular  figure,  as  a  cube,  a 
square,  or  a  sphere,  is  an  accidcuUil  or  adventitious 
quality.  The  fluidity  of  metals  is  an  accidental  qual- 
ity. Esscutial  qualities  are  such  as  are  necessary  to 
constitute  a  tiling  what  it  is.  Sensible  qualities  are 
such  as  are  p^-rceptible  to  the  senses,  as  the  light  of 
the  sun,  the  color  of  cloth,  the  taste  of  salt  or  sugar, 

&.C. 

2.  Nature,  relatively  considered  ;  as,  the  quality  of 
an  action  iu  regard  to  right  and  wrong. 

Other  orp.-\[iir- s  have  not  juil^inent  to  examine  the  qualiCi/  of  Uul 
>s  Inch  >i  Ji/iie  by  them.  Hijukcr. 

3.  Virtue  or  particular  power  of  producing  certain 
effects  ;  as,  the  qualities  of  plants  or  medicines. 

4.  Disposition ;  temper. 

Tonight  we'll  wander  through  the  BtretU,  Mid  note 

The  quatitUa  of  people,  Stiak. 

5.  Virtue  or  vice ;  as,  good  qtialitieSj  or  bad  qnali- 
ties.  Dryden. 

6.  Acquirement;  accomplishment ;  as,  the  ^lisii^ies 
of  horsemansliip,  dancing,  and  fencing.     Clarendon, 

7.  Character. 

The  mioiafy  parUkes  of  both  quaiilUs,  lliat  of  a  judiT"  of  Oie 
court,  aod  that  of  attorney-general.  'Bacon. 

8.  Comparative  rank  ;  condition  in  relation  to  oth- 
ers ;  as,  people  of  every  quality. 

We  obtained  acquoint-ince  with  many  citizens,  ii&l  of  ih?  iiionn- 
cst  qjioUty.  Bacu  n . 

9.  Superior  rank  ;  superiority  of  birth  or  station  ; 
as,  persons  of  quality ;  ladies  of  quality. 

10.  Persons  of  high  rank,  collectively. 

I  shall  appear  at  the  maaquende  dressed  up  in  my  featlurs,  that 
liie  qualHif  may  see  how  pretty  tliey  will  look  in  their  trav- 
eling' habits.  Addiion. 

UU.\LM,  (kwim,)  n,  [D  I'lcaal,  disease  ;  liwaahjky 
sick  ;  G.qudlcHj  to  pain  urvex.  In  G.  quabnis  steam, 
vapor,  exhalaliun  ;  D.  kwalm,  id.  The  Danish  qvalm 
signifies  vapor,  steam,  fume,  exhalation  ;  qvalmer,  to 
ramble  ;  det  ^icer  qralmCj  it  rises  in  the  stomach. 
The  latter  is  the  English  word.] 

1.  A  rising  in  the  stomach,  as  it  is  commonly  called  ; 
a  fit  of  nausea,  or  a  disposition  or  effort  of  the  stom- 
ach to  eject  its  contents. 

2.  A  sudden  fit  or  seizure  of  sickness  at  the  stom- 
ach ;  a  sensation  of  nausea  ;  as,  qualms  of  heart-sick 
agony.  J\hlton. 

For  who,  williout  a  qtialn,  hath  ever  looked 

Oo  holy  garbage,  though  hy  Homer  cooked  f  Roscommon. 

3.  A  scruple  of  conscience,  or  uneasiness  of  con- 
science. 

aUXLM'ISH,  (kwam'ish,)  a.  [Supra.]  Sick  at  the 
stomach ,  inclined  to  vomit ;  afii-cteu  with  nausea 
or  sickly  languor.  Dryden. 

Q.UaLM'IHII-I^V,  adr.     In  a  qualmish  manner. 

UfJALM'ISII-NESS,  «.    Nausea. 

({UJIM'DI-U  SE  BE'JVE  OES'SE-RIT,  [L.]  Dur- 
ing pood  bfhavior, 

Q,UAM'0-€LIT,  7(.  A  genus  rif  climbing  ornamental 
plants,  allied  to  the  convolvulus,  found  in  the  hot 
partq  of  America,  also  in  India  and  China.      P.  Cyc. 

QUA\'DA-RY,  n.  Doubt;  uncertainty;  a  state  "of 
dirficultyor  per|)!exitv. 

QLTAX'DA-RY,  v.  t.  To  bring  into  a  state  of  uncer- 
tainty or  difficulty.     [JV*y(  used.]  Otway. 


QUA 

Q,UANT,  (kwant,)  ».    A  round  cap  at  the  bottom  of  a 

pole,  as  of  a  jumping  pole,  to  prevent  its  sinking  into 

the  ground.  H-dlitrcU. 

aU.\N'TI-TA-TIVE,  a,     [See  CIuantitv.]    Kelating 

to  quantity,  Taylor. 

Quantitative  analysis,  in   chemistry,   is  that  which 

determines  the  proporlional  quantity  of  each  of  the 

elements  which  make  up  a  compound. 
QUAN'TI-TIVE,   a.      [See    UuANTrrv.]      Estimable 

according  to  quantitv.  Difby. 

aUAN'TI-TIVE-LY,'  adv.    So  as  to  be  measurable  by 

quantity. 
QUAN'TI-TY,  n.     [Fr.  quantite ;  It.  quantita. :  Sp.  can- 

tiiadi  from  L.  qiiantitas,  from  quantus,  how  much,  or 
o     ^ 

as  much  as  ;  Pers.  tXAi^  chand,  how  mucli ;  t5'<X*Ji.. 

chandi,  quantity.] 

I.  That  pioptrty  of  any  thing  which  may  be  in- 
creased or  diminished.  Clieijne.     Johnson. 

This  definition  is  defective,  and  as  appticalile  to 
many  other  properties  as  to  quautitj-.  A  definition 
strictly  philosophical  can  not  be  given.  In  common 
Hsa:Te,  quantity  is  a  mass  or  collection  of  matter,  of 
indeterminate  dimensions,  but  consisting  of  particles 
whicii  can  not  be  distinguished,  or  which  are  not 
customarily  distingnislied,  or  which  are  considered 
in  the  aggregate.  Tims  we  say,  a  quantity  of  earth, 
a  quantity  of  water,  a  quantity  of  air,  of  light,  of  heat, 
of  iron,  of  wood,  of  timber,  of  corn,  of  paper.  Bui 
we  do  not  say,  a  quantity  of  men,  or  of  horses,  or  of 
houses  ;  for,  as  these  are  considered  ns  separate  in- 
dividuals or  beings,  we  call  an  assemblage  of  them 
a  number  or  multitude. 

9.  An  indefinite  extent  of  space. 

3.  A  portion  or  part. 

If  1  were  sawi'il  into  quantities.     [Not  in  me.]  S/ink. 

4.  A  largo  portion  ;  as,  a  medicine  taken  in  quan- 
tities, that  is,  in  lar^e  qunnttt-es.  Arbuthnot. 

5.  In  mathematics,  any  thing  which  can  be  multi- 
plied, divided,  or  measured.  Oi///. 

Thus  mathi-matica  is  called  the  science  of  quan- 
tity. In  algebra,  quantities  are  himon  and  unknown. 
Knoicn  quantities  are  usually  represented  by  the  first 
letters  of  the  alphabet,  as  a,  i,  c  ;  and  unknown  quan- 
tities are  expressed  by  the  last  letters,  x,  y,  i,  &.c. 
liCtters  thus  used  to  represent  quantities  are  them- 
selves called  quantities.  A  simple  quantity  is  expressed 
by  one  term, as  -Ha, or — aba;  a,  compound  is  expressed 
by  more  terms  than  one,  connected  by  the  signs  -|- 
plus,  or  —  minus,  as  a-fft,  or  a — b-i-c.  Q,uantities 
which  have  the  sign  -f-  prefixed,  are  called  positive  or 
affirmatioe ;  those  which  have  the  sign  —  prefixed, 
are  called  negative.  Day'');  .Algebra. 

6.  In  grammar,  the  meariiire  of  a  sjilable  ;  that 
which  determines  the  time  in  which  ii  is  pronounced. 

Hohltr.     Encyc. 

7.  In  logic,  a  category,  universal,  or  iiredicainent, 
a  general  conception.  Bailey.     Encyc. 

8.  In  music,  the  relative  duration  of  a  note  or  syl- 
lable. Busby. 

Quantity  of  matter,  iu  a  body,  is  the  measure  arising 
from  the  joint  consideration  of  its  magnitude  and 
density,  being  expressed  by,  or  proportional  to,  the 
product  of  the  two.  Mutton. 

Quantity  of  motion,  in  a  body,  is  the  measure  arising 
from  the  joint  considenilion  of  its  quantity  of  nialter 
and  its  velocity  ;  the  same  as  Momentum.     Hutton. 

aUAN'TUM,  H.     [L.]     The  tiuantity  ;  the  amount. 

QUJiJV'TUM  MER'  U-IT,  [L.]  In  law,  an  action 
grounded  on  a  promise  that  the  defendant  would 
pay  to  the  pl;iinliff  for  his  service  as  much  as  he 
should  deserve. 

QUAJsr'l'UM  SUF'FI-CIT,  [L.]  Sufficient ;  as  much 
as  is  needed. 

QUAJ^'TUM  VA-LE'BAT,  [L.l  An  action  to  re- 
cover of  the  defendant,  for  goods  sold  as  much  as 
they  were  worth.  Blachstone. 

(iUA-UUA-VERS'AL,  a.  [L.  quaqua,  in  all  direc- 
tions, and  versus,  from  verto,  to  turn.J 

In  geology,  a  term  applied  to  tlie  dip  of  beds  to  all 
points  of  the  compass  round  a  center,  as  of  beds  of 
lava  roiind  a  crater.  Lycll. 

aUAR'AN-TlNE,  (kwor'an-leen,)  n.  [U.  qnarantina, 
forty  ;  Sp,  quarantena  ;  Fr.  qnarantaine  ;  from  the  root 
of  L.  qunrtus,  fourth,  Fr.  carrcaii,  a  square,  carrer,  to 
square.  Arm.  carrea,  to  square,  W.  ewar,  square,  Eng. 
quart.     See  Quaut  and  S^uake.] 

I.  Properly,  the  space  of  forty  days  ;  approprlatchj, 
the  term  of  forty  days,  during  which  a  ship,  arriving 
in  port,  and  suspected  of  being  infected  with  a  ma- 
lignant, contagious  disease,  is  obliged  to  forbear  all 
intercourse  with  the  city  or  place.  This  time  was 
chosen  because  it  was  supposed  that  any  infectious 
disease  would  break  out,  if  at  all,  within  that  period. 
Hence, 

9.  Restraint  of  intercourse  to  which  a  ship  is  sub- 
jected, on  the  presumption  that  she  may  be  infected, 
either  for  forty  days  or  for  any  other  limited  term.  It 
is  customary  for  the  proper  officers  to  determine  the 
period  of  restraint  at  their  discretion,  according  to 
circumstances.  Hence  we  hear  of  a  quarantine  of 
five  days,  of  ten,  of  thirty,  &c.,  as  well  as  of  forty. 


(iUA 

We  say,  a  ship  performs  quarantine,  or  ridea  at  quar- 
antine. We  also  apply  the  word  to  persona.  The 
passengers  and  crew  perform  quarantine. 

3.  In  law,  the  period  of  forty  days,  during  which 
the  widow  of  a  man  dying  seized  of  land,  has  the 
privilege  of  remaining  in  the  mansion-house. 

aUAK  AiV-TIXE',  (kwor-an-tcen',}  v.  t.  To  prohibit 
from  intercourse  with  a  city  or  its  inhabitants  j  to 
compel  to  remain  at  a  distance  from  shore  for  some 
limited  period,  on  account  of  real  or  supposed  infec- 
tion ;  applied  to  ships,  ur  to  persons  and  goods. 

aUAR-AN-TIN'£D,  (kwor-aii-teend',)^;?.  Restrained 
from  communication  with  the  shore  for  a  limited  jk;- 
riod  ;  as  a  ship  or  its  crew  and  passengers. 

aU^R-AN-TlN'ING,  ppr.  Prohibilii'g  from  inter- 
course with  the  port ;  as  a  ship  or  its  crew  and  pas- 
sengers. 

(iUAR'RE,  for  Quahry,  is  not  in  use. 

aUAR'RET-.,  71.  [W  ewcrijl;  Vr.  querdle ;  L.  and  It, 
querela ;  Sp.  querella  or  queja ;  Arm.  qarell ;  h.  quercr, 
to  complain,  that  is,  to  cry  out  wiih  a  loud  voice. 
Hence  we  see  the  primary  sense  is  the  same  asy  brawl. 
The  L.  queror  coincides  in  elements  with  the  Ir. 
gairini,  to  call,  to  bawl,  to  shout,  anil  gcaran^n  com- 
plaint ;  Sax.  ceorian,  to  complain  or  murmur;  G. gtr- 
ren  and  kirrcn ;  D.  hirren  and  korrcn  :  Dan.  kerrcr. 
The  latter  signifies  to  complain,  to  expostulate,  and 
kerrer  sig  efter,  to  care,  or  take  heed  of,  a  sense 
which  would  unite  the  word  with  tlie  L.  euro,  cura ; 
and  in  Sax.  ceai-ig  signifies  complaining,  and  careful, 
solicitous ;  Heb.  Ch.  Syr.  and  Ar.  H~\p.  Class  Gr,  No. 
49,  and  see  No.  1,  2,  14,  15,  19,  23.1 

1.  A  brawl ;  a  petty  right  or  scuffle,  from  its  noise 
and  uprnar.  Shak. 

2.  A  dispute  ;  a  contest. 

Oil  oiien  seas  their  quarrels  Ihoy  debate.  DryUn. 

3.  A  breach  of  friendship  or  concord ;  open  vari- 
ance between  parlies.  Hammond. 

4.  Cause  of  dispute. 

The  \t.\u-r'^  quarrel  \b  Jionorahle.  Cf.^':. 

5.  Something  that  gives  a  right  to  mischief,  repri- 
sal, or  action. 


He  Uiou'ht  ho  had  u  g<jod  quarrel  to  r.;fick  hun. 


{Nol  usrrf  ] 


6.  Objection  ;  ill  will,  or  reason  to  cor.aplain  ; 
ground  of  objection  or  dispute. 

Ilerodiiis  had  a  quarrel  against  lii.p.  —  M.uk  vi. 

7.  Something  peevish,  malicious,  or  disposed  to 
make  trouble.     [A'*i!(  used.']  Sfmk. 

QUAR'KEL,  71.  [W.  pcarcl,  a  dart  or  javei'n,  a  ker- 
nel ;  gwarelu,  to  dart,  to  kerii,  to  curdle  ;  from  poar, 
a  quick  rise,  a  pufi";  Fr.  carrcau,  a  bolt.  The  prima- 
ry sense  is,  to  shoot,  throw,  or  drive.] 

1.  An  arrow  with  a  square  head.  [A"o(  %tscd  unless 
in  poefry.j  Camden. 

2.  A  diamond-shaped  pane  of  glass,  or  a  square 
pane  placed  diagonally.  [See  (Iuakry  and  S^iUAR^.] 

Olofis.  ofArchit. 
aUAR'REL,  V.  i.     [Fr.  querdler.    See  the  noun.] 

1.  To  dispute  violently,  or  with  loud  and  angry 
words;  to  wrangle;  to  scold.  How  odious  to  see 
husband  and  wife  quarrel! 

2.  To  fight ;  to  scuffle  ;  to  contend  ;  to  squabble; 
used  of  two  persons,  or  of  a  small  number.  It  is 
never  u>ed  of  armies  and  navies  in  combat.  Chil- 
dren and  servants  often  quarrd  about  trifles.  Tav- 
ern-hunters sometimes  quarrel  over  their  cups. 

3.  To  fall  into  variance. 

Oiir  peojile  quarrel  with  obedience.  Shak, 

4.  To  find  fault ;  to  cavil. 

1  will  not  quarrel  with  a  sX\p,i  inibUke.  Roscommon. 

Men  at  enmiiy  with  tlu-TOod,  quarreling  with  his  atliibtitea  — 
quarreling  with  the  RAng  that  made  tliem,  and  who  is  con- 
sUiiitly  doing  ihcin  good.  Eliph.  SUete. 

5.  To  disagree ;  to  be  at  variance ;  not  to  be  in  ac- 
cordance in  form  or  essence. 

Sonw  tilings  arise  of  siniige  and  ipiarreling  kind, 

The  fore  p.irt  lion,  and  a  snake  lebhid.  Cotcley. 

aUAR'REL,  V.  t.    To  quarrel  with.  B.  Jonson. 

2.  To  compel  by  a  quarrel ;  as,  to  quarrel  a  man 
out  of  his  estate  or  rights. 

aUAR'REL-ER,  H.  One  who  quarrels,  wrangles,  or 
fights. 

aUAR'REL-I\G,  ppr.  Disputing  with  vehemence 
or"  loud,  angry  words;  sooldmg;  wrangling;  fight- 
ing; finding  fiitilt ;  disagreeing. 

aUAR'REL-lNG,  n.  [Siipra.]  Contention  ;  dispute 
in  angry  words  ;  breach  of  concord ;  a  caviling  or 
finding  fault ;  disairreement. 

aUAR'REL-OUS,  (kwor'rel-us,)  rt.  Apt  or  disposed 
to  quarrel ;  petulant;  easily  provoked  to  enmiiy  or 
contention.     [Litih-  ttsed.]  Shak. 

aUAR'REL-SOME,  (kwor'rel-sum,)  a.  Apt  to  quar- 
rel ;  given  to  brawls  and  cimtention  ;  inclined  to 
petty  fighting;  easily  irritated  or  provoked  to  con- 
test ;  irascible  ;  choleric  ;  petulant.  Bacon. 

aU.\R'REL,-SOME-LY,  adc.  In  a  quarreK^ome  man- 
ner ;  with  a  quarrelsome  temper;  petulantly.      JlalL 

aUAR'REE-SOME-NESS,  n.  Dispositiun  to  engage 
in  contention  and  brawls  ;  petulance. 

aUAR'Rl-£D,  7^;).  or  a.    Dug  from  a  pit  or  cavern. 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.— G  as  K ;  C  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;    fH  as  in  THIS. 


113 


~W^ 


QUA 


QUA 


UUAR'RI-ER,  H.     A  worker  at  a  quarry. 
aLTAH'RV,  (kwor're,)  n.    [Fr.  carri,  for  yuarr^ ;  Arm. 
tiL     Heu  ^l'ABANTl^E.] 

1.  A  pane  of  jKhis^i  of  a  peculmr  form  ;  a  quarrel, 
which  fiee.     [JV»(  in  iwcl  Mortimer. 

2.  An  arrow  with  a  square  nead.  [See  UfAUREL.] 
{J>rot  in  use.]  Fairfax. 

3.  \y\  falconrii,  the  game  which  a  hawk  is  pursuing 
or  hri^  killed. 

rrcrhupa  from  L.  (jinrro,  Fr.  tpierir,  to  seek.] 

4.  AriiouR  Imntcrsy  a  pail  of  the  entrails  of  the 
heast  tHkon,  given  to  the  iiounds.  Kncyc. 

5.  A  heap  of  game  killed.  Smart. 
aUAH'KY,  n.     (Fr.  earri^rp.,  formerly  Norm,  quarrier. 

I  kno\v  not  whether  the  original  sense  of  this  word 
was  a  pit  or  mine,  from  diir^inff.^  or  whether  the 
eense  was  a  place  for  *-</ifflrini'^  stone.  Th;?  Fr.  carrierc 
signifies  not  only  a  quarry,  but  a  carrrr,  course,  rare, 
from  the  L.  curro,  which'can  not  be  from  squaring. 
If  the  sense  was  a  pit,  it  may  be  referred  to  the  Heh. 

Ch.  and  Eth.  n■^3,  to  dig  ;  Ar.  Uj    hara  or  kwara,  to 

dig,  to  run  violently,  to  leap.  If  the  sense  is  fron» 
squariiKT^  see  Sciuare.  Sec  Class  Gr,  No.  35,  36,  5-3, 
57,  G3.f 

1.  A  place,  cavern,  or  pit,  where  stones  are  dug 
from  the  earth,  or  separated  from  a  large  mass  of 
rocks.  We  generally  apply  the  word  minv  to  the  pit 
from  whicli  are  taken  metals  and  coals  ;  from  quar- 
ries are  taken  atones  for  building,  as  marble,  free- 
stone, slate,  &,e. 

2-  In  Paris^  the  quarries  are  a  vast  cavern  under 
the  city,  several  miles  in  extent. 

aUAR'RY,  (kwor're,)  v.  i.    To  prey  upon,  as  a  vul- 
ture or  harpy.  V Estrange. 
[A  law  word.,  and  not  muck  -used.] 

QUAR'RY,  V.  t.  To  dig  or  take  from  a  quarry ;  as,  to 
ntuimi  marble. 

aUAK'tiV-ING,  pjrr.    Digging  stones  from  a  quarry. 

aUAR'RV-lNG,  H.  The  act  or  business  of  digging 
stones  from  a  quarry. 

aUAR'RY-MAN,  n.  A  man  who  is  occupied  in  quar- 
rying stones. 

aUART,  11.  [It.  quarta;  Fr.  quarte^  from  quart,  a 
fourth,  L.  quartm ;  D.  hwart ;  G.  quart ;  from  W. 
cwar.,  the  root  of  square,  or  from  the  root  of  Gr.  q/jcj, 
to  fit  or  suit,  to  square.  We  see  in  the  Amliaric,  the 
ancient  dialect  of  tlie  EHiiopic,  art  is  four,  and  arteti 
is  fourth,  L.  quartus.  Ludolf,  Amh.  57.  This  with 
the  Celtic  pronunciation,  as  guerre  for  war^  becomes 
quart.] 

1.  The  fourth  part  ;  a  quarter.     [JVoJ  in  use.] 

Spertscr. 

2.  The  fourtli  part  of  a  gallon  ;  two  pints. 

3.  A  vessel  containing  the  fourth  of  a  gallon. 
QU.KRT,  (k'irt,)  n.     Four  cards  ;  successive  cards  of 

the  same  suit  in  the  game  of  piquet.  Hoyle. 

aUAR'TAN,  a.     [L.  quartauus,  the  fourth.] 

Designating  the  fourth;  occurring  every  fourth 
day  ;  as,  a  quartan  ague  or  fever. 

aUAR'TAN,  71.  An  intermitting  ague  that  occurs 
every  fourth  day,  or  with  intermissions  of  seventy- 
two  hours. 

2.  A  measure  containing  the  fourth  part  of  some 
other  measure. 

aUAR-TA'TION,  n.  In  chemistry  and  metallur^j,  the 
alloying  of  one  part  of  gold  that  is  to  be  refined,  with 
three  parts  of  silver,  by  which  means  the  nitric  or 
sulphuric  acid  is  enabled  to  se|)arate  tlie  gold  from 
the  inferior  metals  originally  associated  with  it.  Ure, 

aU AR'TER,  n.  [Fr.  quart,  quarticr ;  It.  quarticre  ;  Sp. 
qnartel ;  D.  kwarticr ;  G.  quartier  ;  Sw.  qvart^  qvartal ; 
Dan.  qvart,  qvartal,  qvarteer  '  h.  quartus,  the  fourlli 
part  ;  from  W.  cicar,  a  square.] 

1,  The  fourth  part  ;  as,  the  quarter  of  an  hour  or 
of  a  mile  ;  one  quarter  of  the  expense.  Living  is  a 
quarter  dearer  in  the  citv  tlian  in  the  country. 

9.  In  weight,  the  fourth  part  of  a  hundred  pounds 
avoirdupois,  or  of  112  lbs.,  that  is,  28  lbs.  j  as,  a 
quarter  of  sugar. 

3.  In  dry  measure,  the  fourth  of  a  tun  in  weight, 
or  eight  bushels  of  grain  ;  as,  a  quarter  of  wheat ; 
also,  the  fourth  part  of  a  chaldron  of  coal.  Hutton. 

4.  In  astronomy,  the  fourth  part  of  tlie  moon's  pe- 
riod or  monthly  revolution  ;  as,  the  first  quarter  after 
the  change  or  i"\ill. 

5.  A  region  in  the  hemisphere  or  great  circle  ;  pri- 
•marihj,  one  of  the  four  cardinal  points  ;  as,  the  four 
quarters  oi!  the  globe  ;  hut  used  indifferently  for  any 
region  or  point  of  compass.  From  whaXqiiarler  does 
the  wind  blow?     Hence, 

6.  A  particular  region  of  a  town,  city,  or  country  ; 
as,  all  quarters  of  the  city  ;  in  every  quarter  of  the 
country  or  of  tlie  rontinenl.     Hence, 

7.  U.fualUj  in  the  plural,  quarters  ;  the  place  of  lodg- 
ing or  temporary  residence  ;  approprintdy,  the  place 
where  officers  and  soldiers  lodge,  but  applied  to  the 
lodgings  of  any  temporary  resident.  He  called  on 
the^general  at  liis  quarters  ;  the  place  furnishcil  good 
winter  quarters  for  the  troops.     I  saw  the  stranger  at 

8.  Proper  station.  [his  quarters. 

Swift  to  their  sevcnil  quarters  hasten  tbeii,  Milton. 


Bacon  uses  the  word  In  the  singular.  "  Make 
love  keep  quarter.''^ 

9.  On  board  of  ships,  quarters  signifies  the  stations 
or  places  where  the  officers  and  men  are  posted  in 
action.     Pipe  all  iiands  to  quarters. 

10.  In  military  affairs,  the  remission  or  sparing  of 
the  life  of  a  captive  or  an  enemy  when  in  one's 
power  ;  mercy  granted  by  a  conqueror  to  his  enemy, 
wlien  no  longer  able  to  defend  himself.  In  desperate 
encounters,  men  will  sometimes  neither  ask  nor 
give  quarter.  The  Iiarbarous  practice  of  giving  no 
quarter  to  soldiers  in  a  fortress  taken  by  assault,  is 
nearly  obsolete. 

He  mng:iiifi«l  liis  own  clemency,  now  tPiey  were  at  his  mercy,  to 
ofliT  thcin  quarter  for  llicir  lives,  if  lliey  wniild  give  up  the 
cuEtlc.  Clarendon, 

Litmba  al  the  mercy  of  wolves  must  expect  no  quarter, 

L' Estrange. 

11.  Treatment  sliown  to  an  cuemy  ;  indulgence. 

To  the  young,  if  yon  give  lolernble  quarter,  you  Indulge  them 
in  iillent;s3  and  niiii  lliem.     [Parely  used.]  Qtllicr. 

12.  Friendship;  amity;  concord.     [J^Tvt  in  use.] 

tihak. 

13.  In  the  slaughtcr-lto-use,  one  limb  of  a  quadruped 
with  tlie  adjoining  parts  ;  or  one  fourth  part  of  the 
carcass  of  a  quadrujjed,  including  a  limb  ;  as,  a  fore 
quarter,  or  hind  quarter. 

14.  In  a  shoe,  ilie  part  whicli  forma  the  side  from 
the  heel  to  the  vamp. 

15.  In  thK  menage,  the  quarters  of  a  horse's  foot  are 
the  sides  of  the  colHn,  between  the  toe  and  the  heel. 
F(dse  quarters  are  a  cleft  in  the  liorn  of  the  lioof,  ex- 
tending from  the  coronet  to  the  shoe,  or  from  lop  to 
bottom.  When,  for  any  disorder,  one  of  the  quar- 
ters is  cut,  the  horse  is  said  to  be  quarter-cast.  ICucyc. 

IG.  In  a  siege,  quarters  arc  the  encampment  on 
one  of  the  principal  passages  round  the  place  be- 
sieged, to  prevent  relief  and  intercept  convoj's. 

Encyc. 

17.  In  seminaries  of  learning,  a  I'nurlh  part  of  the 
year,  or  three  months.  Tuition  and  board  at  twenty- 
five  dollars  the  quarter.  Tliis  is  a  moclerato  quarter 
bill. 

18.  The  quarter  of  a  ship,  is  llie  part  of  a  ship's 
side  which  lies  toward  the  stern,  or  the  part  between 
the  aftmost  end  of  the  main-chains  nnd  the  sides  of 
the  stern,  where  it  is  terminated   by  the  quarter- 


pieces. 


Mar.  Diet. 


19.  In  heraldry,  [one  of  the  divisions  of  a  shield, 
when  it  is  divided  crosswise.  —  E.  H.  Barker.] 

On  the  quarter,  in  scajuen^s  language,  is  a  point  in 
the  horizon  considerably  abaft  the  beam,  but  not  in 
the  direction  of  the  stern. 

Quarter-hill,  among  seamen,  is  a  list  containing  the 
different  stations  where  the  olticers  and  crew  are  to 
take  post  in  time  of  action,  and  the  names  of  the 
men  assigned  to  eacli. 

Quarter-cloths;  long  pieces  of  painted  canva.'^,  ex- 
tended on  the  outside  of  the  quarter-netting  from 
tlic  upper  part  ol  the  gallery  to  the  gangway. 

Qua  Iter- gall  cry  ;  a  sort  of  balcony  on  the  quarters 
of  a  ship. 

Qvartcr-railing ;  narrow,  molded  planks,  reaching 
from  tile  top  of  the  slern  to  tile  gangway,  serving  as 
a  fence  to  the  quarter-deck. 

Head-quarters ;    tiie  tent  or  mansion  of  the  com- 
mander-in-chief of  an  army. 
QUAR'TER,  V.  t.    To  divide  into  four  equal  parts. 

2.  To  dividtr ;  to  separate  into  parts.  Shale. 

3.  To  divide  into  distinct  regions  or  compart- 
ments. 

The  aailoi-s  quartered  lu^avcii.  Dnjden. 

4.  To  Station  soldiers  for  lodging  ;  as,  to  quarter 
trcuips  in  the  city,  or  among  tlie  iniial»itants,  or  on 
the  inhabitants. 

5.  To  lodge  ;  to  fix  on  a  temporary  dwelling. 

They  me^n  this  night  in  Sardia  to  be  quartered.  Skak. 

6.  To  diet.     [JVot  in  use.]  Hudihras. 

7.  To  bear  as  an  appendage  to  the  hereditary 
arms. 

TUc  coat  of  Eeauch-imp  —  quartered  by  the  Earl  of  Hertford. 

Peacham. 

[To  quarter  arms,  is  to  place  the  arms  of  other  fam- 
ilies in  the  compartments  of  a  sliield,  which  is  di- 
vided into  four  quarters,  the  family  arms  being 
placed  in  the  first  quarter  But  when  more  than 
three  other  arms  are  to  be  quartered  with  the  family 
arms,  it  is  usual  to  divide  tlie  shield  into  a  suitable 
number  of  compartments ;  and  still  the  arms  are 
said  to  be  quartered.  A  person  lias  a  right  to  quarter 
the  arms  of  any  family  from  an  heiress,  of  which  he 
is  descended.  —  E.  II.  Bai-kcr.] 
QUAR'TER,  V.  i.  To  lodge  ;  to  have  a  temporary 
residence.    The  general  quarters  at  a  hotel  in  Churcii 

aUAR'TER-AGE,  n.    A  quarterly  allowance. 

Hudihras. 
QUAR'TER-DaY,  71.     The  day  that  completes  three 
months,  tlie  quarter  of  a  year  ;  the  day  when  quar- 
terly payments  are  made  of  rent  or  interest. 

Spectator. 
aUAK'TER-DECK,  71.    That  part  of  the  deck  of  a 
ship  which  extends  from  the  stern  to  the  mainmast. 


QUA 

But  in  ponie  kinds  of  vessels,  llie  ipmrler-deck  docs 
not  extend  to  liie  mainmast,  but  is  raised  above  tlic 
main  dpcl(. 

QUAK'TKR-i^D,  pp.  Divided  into  four  equal  parts  or 
quarters  ;  sei)arated  into  distinct  parts  ;  lodged  ;  sta- 
tioned for  lodging. 

QlIAR"J'K!t  FOIL,  n.  [Fr.  qtmtre,  fimr,  and  fniilh, 
leaf.j  In  architecture^  a  modern  term  denoting  a 
form  disposed  in  four  Recinents  of  circles,  supposed 
to  resemble  an  expanded  ilower  of  four  pcia'a 

Chrlll 

QDAR'TER-ING,pjir.  DividinR  into  quart . 'is  oi  into 
distinct  parts  ;  stationinp  for  Iod<;ings. 

QUAR'TER-ING,7i.    A  station.  Jihiinlagu. 

2.  Assignment  of  quarters  for  soldier;. 

3.  In  kcrattlrij,  tlio  division  of  a  slne.d  containing 
many  coats.  ^shtnole. 

4.  In  arcliUectuTe,  a  series  of  quart'.Ts  cr  small  up- 
ri^lit  posts.  Owilt. 

QOAR'TER-LY,  a.  Containing  or  consisting  of  a 
foiirth  part ;  as,  iptartrrhj  seasons. 

a.  Recurrinj!  at  the  end  of  eac'.i  quarter  of  tlio 

year  ;  as,  tjttarta-ly  payments  of  rent  ,•  a  t/mirtnly 

visitation  or  examination.    The  secretary  requires 

(juarterlv  returns  from  his  oificers. 

aUAR'TER-LY,  n.     A    periodical    work    published 

once  in  a  quarter  of  a  year. 
aUAR'TER-liY,  ailu.     By  quarters  ;  once  in  a  quarter 

of  a  year,    'i'lu- returns  are  mni]c  iptnrtfrlij. 
aUAR'TER  MiiS-TER,  n.    In   on   armii,  an  officer 
whose  duty  is  to  provide  quarters,  provisions,  forage, 
and  ammunition,  for  tile  army,  and  oiperinlend  the 
supplie-s. 

2.  In  a  ship  ofwar^  a  petty  officer  wiio  attends  to 

the  helm,  biimacle,  signals,  &c.,  under  Ihe  direction 

of  the  master.  Tnttni. 

aUAR'TER-SlAS-TER-CEN'ER-AI,,  v.    In  witiuiry 

affairs,  the  chief  otRcer  in  the  quarter-master's  de- 

-   partnient. 

QUAR'TERN,  ii.    The  fourth  part  of  a  pint ;  a  gill. 
QUAR'TERN-Lo.'iF,  T.    A  loaf  made  of  a  quarter 

of 'a  stone  (14  lbs.)  of  flour. 
QUAR'TER-ROUND,  ii.     In  architecture,  the  echinus 

or  bvolo. 
aUAR'TERS,  71.  jil-    In  nrckitcclurr,  small,  npright 

timber  posts,  used  in  partitions.  Otrilt. 

QUAR'TER-SES-SIONS,  7!.  jil.  In  Euglaud,  a  general 
court  held  quarterly  by  the  justices  of  peace  of  eacli 
county,  with  jurisdiction  to  try  and  determine  fel- 
onies and  trespasses  ;  but  capita!  ofl'enses  are  selditni 
or  never  tried  in  this  court.  Blarkstonc. 

Ciuarter-sessions,  in  borougiis,  are  held  by  the  re- 
corders. Jirande. 
aUAR'TER-RTAFP,  v.    A  weapon  of  defense;  so 
called  from  the  manner  of  using  it,  one  hand  being 
placed  in  the  middle,  and  the  other  half  way  be- 
tween the  middle  and  end.  Brmidc. 
aUAR-TETTE',  j  n.    In  music,  a  compositiim  in  four 
QUAR-TET',       j     parts,  each  performed  by  a  sin- 
gle voice  or  instrument. 
9.  In  poetry,  a  stanza  of  four  lines. 
QUAR'TILE,  V.     An  .aspect  of  the  planets,  when 
they  are  distant  from  each  other  a  quarter  of  the  cir- 
cle, ninety  degrees,  or  three  signs.  Hutton.    Drtjdm. 
QUAR'TINE,  71.    In  botany,  the  fourth  integument  of 
tlie  nucleus  of  a  seed,  reckoning  tlie  outermost  as 
the  first.    It  is  only  occasionally  that  there  are  more 
than  two  integuments.  Lindley. 
aUAR'TO,  Ji.     [L.  (luartiis.] 

A  book  of  the  size  of  the  fourth  of  a  sheet ;  a  ene 
made  by  twice  folding  a  sheet,  wliicli  then  makes 
four  leaves. 
aUAR'TO,  a.    Denoting  the  size  of  a  book,  in  whicli 

a  sheet  makes  four  leaves. 
aUAR'TOZE,  n     A  name  given  to  the  four  aces  in 

the  game  of  piquet.  lloytc. 

QUARTZ,  Ji.     [G.  quarll.] 

Pure  silcf,  occurring  in  pellucid,  glassy  crystals, 
having  the  form  of  a  six-sided  prism,  leriuiiiated  at 
each  end  by  a  pyramid  ;  nnd  also  in  masses  of  vari- 
ous colors,  more  or  less  transparent  to  opaque.  Rose 
yimrti,  is  a  rose-colored  variety  ;  amethyst,  ii  vh>M ; 
sinoky  quartz,  a  smoky-brown  ;  chulccduity,nn  uncrys- 
tallized  variety,  nearly  white,  and  waxy  in  luster  ; 
camrliaa,  a  red  or  flesh-colorod  chalcedony  ;  a^'ulc 
a  chalcedony  in  parallel  or  concentric  layers  of  dif- 
ferent colors  ;  ^J7i(,  a  brown  or  black  variety  ;  wpcr, 
an  opaque,  red,  yellow,  or  brown  quartz,  colored  by 
iron  or  ferruginous  clay.  . 

Quart/,  is  an  essentisi  constituent  of  granite,  ana 
abounds  in  rocks  of  eu.  cgcs.  Daua. 

QUARTZ-IF'EU-OUB.    a.      [qmrii    and    L.  }cro.\ 

Consisting  chiefly  of  quart/..  Dana. 

QUARTZ'ITE,  71.    Granular  quartz.  Va^": 

QUARTZ'oSE,  i  1.     Containing  quartz  ;    partakin? 
QUARTZ'Y,       \    of  the  nature  or  qualities  of  quartz; 
resembling  quatlz.  ,  .     ,,, 

QQAS,     (71.    A  thin,  sour  beer,  much  used  by  tile 
QUASS,  \      Russians,  made  by  pouring  wanu  water 

on  rye  or  barley  meal.  TccKe. 

QUASH,  o.  I.  [Sax.  cmjsaii:  D.  kwctsen;  C.  iiuetsduii; 

Fr.  casscr  ;    It.  squassarc  I    L.  qunsso,  i/uatio.     Otass 

Gs,  No.  17,  28,  CO,  C8,  and  Class  Gd,  No.  38,  76.    See 

SQUEEZE.] 


I! 


FATE,  FXR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PREY. —PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.— 

898  ~  ~ 


QUA 

1.  Properiy^  lo  beat  down,  or  beat  in  pieces;  to 

crush, 

Tho  whnlca 
^^oinst  sharp  rocks,  like  ruling  vessels  quashed.  WaSler. 

2.  To  cnish  ;  to  subdue  ;  as,  to  quash  a  rebellion. 

Addison. 

3.  In  law,  to  abate,  annul,  overthrow,  or  make 
void  ;  as,  to  quash  an  indictment.  lie  prays  judg- 
ment of  tiie  writ,  or  declaration,  that  the  same  may 
be  qu'i^hed.  Blackstone. 

QUASI!,  f.  i.     To  be  shaken  with  a  noise.      Sharp. 

QUASli,  ;;.  A  species  of  cucurbita,  more  communly 
ami  more  properly  called  Squash;  so  called, prolpa- 
biv,  from  its  softness.     [See  the  verb.] 

aUASH'£D,  (kwosht,)  pp.  Crushed  ;  subdued  ; 
abated. 

QF.^SH'IXG,  p;w.    Crushing;  subduing;  abatin-^. 

CIUa'SI  ;  as  if.  This  Latin  word  is  sometimes  used 
before  English  words  to  express  resemblance;  as,  a 
(pio^i-contract,  an  implied  contract;  a  jua^-i-corpora- 
lion,  a  body  that  is  partly  a  corporation  ;  a  ^ua^i-argu- 
nient,  that  which  resembles  or  is  used  as  an  argu- 
ment. 

QUAS-I-Mo'DO,  n.  Among  Romaii  CatkoUcs,  the 
first  Sunday  after  Easter.  Brandc, 

QUAS-SA'TION,  n.     [L.  (fuassatio,] 

The  act  of  shaking  ;  concussion;  the  state  of  be- 
inc  shaken.  Oayton. 

Q.UAS'SIA,  (kwosh'ya,)7^  [from  the  nameof  a  negro 
Qua^'si,  or  ^ucLshy  who  prescribed  this  article  as  a 
specific] 

Tile  name  of  a  genus  of  plants,  at  present  com- 
prising hut  one  species,  viz.,  Quassia  amara,  (Lin- 
nsus.)  Once  it  was  niuch  employed  as  a  bitter  tonic 
medicine,  but  liie  supply  not  equaling  the  demand, 
_  the  Picrana  excelsa  (Lindley)  was  gradually  substi- 
tuted, under  the  saraR  name,  and  is  the  article  wliich 
is  now  incorrectly  called  Quassia,  in  the  shops. 
Both  plants  belong  to  tlie  natural  order  Simanibac- 
cs,  Quassia  amara  being  a  native  of  Surinam, 
Guiana,  Colombia,  and  Panama,  while  Picrsena 
excflsa  is  a  native  of  Jamaica.  The  wocd  and  bark, 
both  of  the  root  and  top,  of  both  these  articles,  are 
the  parts  employed  in  niedicine 

QUAS'SINE,  )  n.    A  name  given  by  Wiggers  to  the 

QUAS'SiTE,  \  bitter  principle  of  Picrcna  excelsa, 
(Lindley.)  This  substance,  by  the  aid  of  water, 
crystallizes  in  ver>'  small  white  prisms.  Its  taste 
is  intensely  bitter,  but  it  is  destitute  of  smell.  It  is 
not  changed  b)-  exposure  to  the  atmosphere.  It  is 
scarcely  soluble  in  common  ether,  slightly  soluble  in 
water,  and  more  soluble  in  alcohol.  When  heated, 
it  melts  like  a  resin,  and,  on  cooling,  it  forms  a  brit- 
tle, translucent,  yellowish  mass.  It  is  composed  of 
hydrogen  6  eq.,  carbon  10  eq.,  and  oxygen  3  eq. ; 
from  which  it  is  probable  that  it  will  yet  prnve  to  be 
either  a  basic  oxyd  of  a  compound  radical  of  H,  C. 
or  an  acid. 

QUAT,  n.  A  pustule  or  pimple.  Hence,  an  irritable 
person.     [JVot  used.]  Shak. 

QUa'TER-€OUS'/XS,  (ka'ter-kuz'nz,)  n.  pi.      [L. 
quatuor,  four,  and  cou^'n.] 
Those  within  the  first  iour  degrees  of  kindred. 

Skinner. 

QUA-TEK'\A-R V,  n.  [L.  qitatemarius,  from  quatvar.] 
The  number  four.  Boi/le, 

QUA-TER'NA-RY,  a.     Consisting  of  four  ;  by  fours. 

Ore^orij. 
2.  In  gfology,  a  term  applied  to  strata  supposed  to 
be  more  ancient  than  the  upper  tertiar}\         Dana. 

aUA-TER'NI-ON,  v.      [L.   qmtemio,  from  quatuor, 
four.] 
1.  The  number  four.  Milton. 

9.  A  file  of  four  soldiers.    Acts  xii. 

QUA-TER'X£-ON,  v.  t.  To  divide  into  files  or  com- 
panies. MiUon. 

QUA-TER'XI-TY,  n.     [Supra.]    The  number  fonr. 

Brown. 

QUa-TER-XOX'A-LATE,  71.  A  combination  of  one 
(•qtiivalent  of  oxalic  acid  with  four  equivalents  of  a 
lia-se. 

QUA'TER-0\.     See  Quadroon. 

aU.yr'RAIN,  n.     [Fr.,  from  qnatre,  L.  quatuor,  four.] 
A  st:inza  of  four  lines  rhyn}ing  alternately, 

QITAVE,  for  Quaver,  is  not  used.  [Drijden. 

QT;.U"E'MTRE,  for  Quagmire,  is  not  used. 

QUa'VER,  y.  i.  [W.  cwibiaw,  to  quaver,  to  trill ;  Sp. 
qitfbrn,  a  musical  shake  or  trill  ;  qutebra,  a  break, 
fnctun^,  failure.  It  coincides  in  elements  with  quib- 
bU,  quicer,  irhiffie,  wabble.  The  primary  sense  is  lo 
move  ;  hence  to  break,  applied  to  motion  and  sound. 
See  Quiver  and  Virbate.] 

1.  To  shake  the  voice;  to  utter  or  form  sound 
with  rapid  vibrations,  as  in  singing;  to  sing  with 
tremulous  modulations  of  voice.  Bacon. 

2.  To  produce  a  shake  on  a  musical  instrument. 

3.  To  tremble;  to  vibrate.  [Smart. 
The  finger  —  moved  with  a  quavering  motion.             Newton. 

QUA'VER,  n.  A  shake  or  rapid  vibration  of  the 
voice,  or  a  shake  on  an  instrument  of  music. 

Addison. 
9.  A  note  and  measure  of  time  in  music,  equal  to 
half  a  crotchet,  or  the  eighth  of  a  semibreve. 


auE 

QUa'VER-ED,  pp.  or  a.     Oistributed  into  quavers. 

IIarr::.r. 
QUa'VER-ER,  n.      \  wari '  r 
QL'a'VER-ING,  p/ir.  or  a.    rihaking  the  voice,  cr  the 

sound  of  an  instrument ;  trembling  ;  vibrating. 
QUA'VER-LVG,  n.      The  act  of  shaking  the  voice,  or 

of  making  rapid  vibrations  of  sound  on  an  instru- 

nient  of  music. 
QUAY,  (ke,)  n.      [Fr.qtmi;    D.  kaai;   Axm.qae;    It. 

ccigk.    If  this  word  is  radically  the  same  as  hey,  the 

sense  is,  that  which  fastens  or  secures.    Class  Cg  or 

Gk.] 
A  mole  or  bank  formed  toward  the  sea,  or  on  the 

side  of  a  river,  for  the  purpose  of  loading  and  un- 

lo.iding  vessels.  Owilt. 

QUAY,  (ke,)  v.  t.    To  furnish  with  quays. 

J.  Barlow. 
QUAY' AGE,  (ke'aje,)  n.    Wharfage.  Smart. 

QUeACH,  n.    A  thick,  bushy  plot.     [Obs.] 

_  Chapman. 

QUeACH,  t.  i.     To  stir;    lo  move.     [Obs.]     [See 

Quick.] 
QUeACH'Y,  a.      [from  $«cacA.]     Shaking;   moving, 

yielding,  or  trembling  under  the  feel,  as  moist  or 

boggy  ground. 

Tlie  fjueachy  fens.  Drayton, 

Godwin's  queachy  sands.  Drayton. 

[Tins  word  is  still  in  use  in  New  England,  and  if 
the  word  is  from  the  root  of  quick,  we  recognize  the 
application  of  it  in  Quice3and,] 
2.  Thick  ;  bushy.     fJ'.'of  in  use]  Cockeram. 

QUeAN,  (kween,)  n.  [Sax.  cwtsnyor  cwen,  a  woman. 
See  QuEE?r.] 

A  Worthless  woman  ;  a  slut;  a  strumpet.  [.Xot  in 
common  use^  Drijden.     Swifi. 

QUeA'SI-NESS,  n.  [from  queasrj.]  Kausea;  qualm- 
ishness; inclination  to  vomit. 
QUeA'SY,  (kv.'e'ze,)  a.  [Allied,  pcrhaifs,  to  the  W. 
chudij,  (Lhuyd,)  Corn,  huedzha,  Arm.  c'hueda,  or  Auy- 
da,  to  vomit.  Class  Gs,  No.  19,  and  Class  Gd,  No. 
54.] 

1.  Sick  at  the  stomach;  affected  with  nausea;  in- 
clined lo  vomit.  Sltak. 

2.  Fastidious  ;  squeamish;  delicate. 

Shak.     Drydm. 

3.  Causing  nausea  ;  as,  a  queasy  question.    'Skak. 
QUECK,  V.  i.     [G.  qiiackeln,  to  quake,  to  be  unsettled, 

to  tlinch.] 
To  shrink  ;  to  flinch.     [Obs.]  Bacon. 

QUEEN,  ji.  [Sax.  cwien,  or  cisen,  Goth,  qveins,  qiiens, 
Dan.  qvinde,  Sw.  qvinna,  a  woman  ;  Sans,  kanya.  Qu. 
Ir.  coinne,  and  Gr.  yvvt;.] 

1.  The  consort  of  a  king  ;  a  queen  consort. 

2.  A  woman  who  is  the  sovereign  of  a  kingdom  ; 
a  queen  regnant,  sometimes  called  queen  regent ;  as, 
Elizabeth,  queen  of  England ;  Mary,  queen  of  Scot- 
land. 

3.  The  sovereign  of  a  swarm  of  bees,  or  the  fe- 
male of  the  hive. 

A  liive  of  bees  tin  not  sutsiet  without  a  queen.  Encyc. 

Queen  of  May,  May-queen,  which  see. 
Queen  of  the  meadows  i  meadow-sweet;  a  plant  of 
tiie  genus  Spirrea.  Lee. 

QUEEN,  V.  i.  To  play  the  queen  ;  to  act  the  part  or 
character  of  a  queen.  Shak. 

QUEEN'-AP-PLE,  (-ap'pl,)  n.  A  kind  of  apple,  so 
called.  Mortimer. 

QUEEN'-DOW'A-GER,  n.    The  widow  of  a  king. 

QUEEN'-GoLD,  n.  A  royal  duty  or  revenue  belong- 
ing to  every  queen  of  England  during  her  marriage 
to  the  king. 

QUEEN'ING,  n.     An  apple.  Mortimer. 

QUEE.X'LIKE,  a.    Resembling  a  queen.     Drayton. 

QUEEN'LY,  a.  Like  a  queen;  becoming  a  queen; 
suitable  lo  a  queen. 

QUEEN'-MO'f  H'ER,  (-muth'er,)  n.  A  queen-dowa- 
ger who  is  also  mother  of  the  reigning  king  or 
queen. 

QUEEN'-PoST,  n.  In  architecture,  an  upright  post  in 
a  roof  for  suspending  the  beam,  when  the  principal 
rafters  do  not  meet  in  the  ridge.  Brande. 

QUEEN'S'-W ARE,  n.  Glazed  earthenware  of  a  cream 
color.  Encyc.  of  Dom,  Econ. 

QUEER,  a.     [G.  qiter^  cross,  oblique,  traverse  ;  quer- 
hopf,  a  queer  fellow  ;  qnerlen,  to  twirl.     The  primary 
sense  is,  probably,  to  turn.] 
Odd  ;  singular  ;  hence,  whimsical.        Spectator. 

QUEER'ISH,  a.    Rather  queer  ;  somewhat  singular. 

QUEER'LY,  adc.     In  an  odd  or  singular  manner. 

QUEER'NESS,  n.  Oddity  ;  singularity  ;  particularity. 
\A  familiar,  not  an  elegant,  word.] 

QlIEEST,  71.    A  ring-dove,  a  species  of  pigeon. 

Chalmers. 

QUEINT,  (kwent,)  pret.  and  pp.  of  Qt;E>-cH.    Qowtr. 

QUEIjL,  v.  t.  [Sax.  cwellan,  to  kill ;  Dan.  qra^ler,  lo 
stifle,  suffocate,  choke,  stop,  quell,  gall,  tease,  tor- 
ment, vex  ;  Sw.  qvdlja,  id. ;  G.  qudlcyi.  The  primary 
sense  is,  to  slop,  to  press  or  force  down,  and  thus 
cause  action  or  motion  lo  cease.] 

1.  To  crush  ;  lo  subdue  ;  to  cause  lo  cease  ;  as,  to 
quell  an  insurrection  or  sedition. 

2.  To  quiet ;  to  allay ;  to  reduce  to  peace ;  as,  to 
quell  the  tumult  of  the  soul. 


QUE 

3.  To  subdue  ;  to  reduce. 

Ttiij  quelled  her  juidc.  Drjfden. 

QUELL,  V.  i.    To  die  ;  lo  abate.  Spenser, 

QUELL,  n.     Murder.    [J^Tot  in  use.]  Slutk. 

QUELL'/Ji),  pw.    Crushed  ;  subdued  ;  quieted. 
QUELf/ER,  n.    One  that  crushes  or  subdues.      Sfuik. 
QUELL'ING, /»/>r.    Crushing;  subduing;  reducing  to 

peace, 
QUKLQUE'-CaOSE,     (kek'fllioz,)   n.     [Fr..  some- 
thing.] 
A  Irifle  ;  a  kickshaw.  Donne. 

QUeAIE,  v.  t.     [Sax.  cweman.] 

To  please.    \Ohs.]  Spenser, 

QUENCH,  V.  t.     [Sax.  ctoencan.] 

1.  To  extinguish  ;  to  put  out ;  as,  to  quench  flame. 

2.  To  still ;  to  quiet ;  to  repress ;  as,  to  quench  a 
passion  or  emotion.  Shai:. 

3.  To  allay  or  extinguish  ;  as,  to  quench  thirst. 

4.  To  destroy.  Davies. 

5.  To  check ;  to  stifle ;  as,  to  quench  the  Spirit. 

1  Thess.  V. 
QUENCH,  r.  i.    To  cool ;  to  become  cool. 

Dost  thou  think,  in  tiine 
Siie  will  not  quench  ?    [Not  in  int.]  SliOk. 

QUENCII'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  quenched  or  ex- 
tinguished. Sheneood. 

QUENCH^£D,  (kwencht,)  pp.  Extinguished;  al- 
layed ;  repressed. 

QUEXCH'ER,  n.     He  or  that  which  extinguishes. 

QUENCH'(NG,  ppr.  Extinguishing;  quieting;  sti- 
fling ;  repressing. 

QUENCH'LESS,  a.  That  can  not  be  quenched  or  re- 
pressed ;  inextinguishable  ;  as,  quenchless  fire  or  fury. 
Shak.     Crashair. 

QUENCH'LESS-LY,  adv.    In  a  quenchless  manner. 

QUENCH'LESS-NESS,  n.    Slate  of  being  quenchless. 

QUER'CIT-RIN,  Ji.  The  coloring  principle  of  quer- 
citron bark.  Ure. 

QUER'CIT-RON,  n.  [L.  quercus,  an  oak,  and  citrina^ 
lemon-colored,  a  name  imposed  by  Dr.  Edward  Ban- 
croft.l 

1.  The  Quercus  tinctoria^  blade  oak,  or  dyer'^s  oaJ:, 
wliich  growH!  from  Canada  to  Georgia,  and  west  to 
the  Mississipo!.  U  frequently  attains  the  higlit  of 
70  or  80  feet,  and  is  one  of  the  largest  trees  of  the 
American  forest. 

2.  The  bark  of  Quercus  tinctoria,  a  valuable  article 
in  dyeing  and  calico-printing,  first  brought  before  the 
public  by  Dr.  Bancroft.  Although  this  oak  aflitrds  a 
yellow  color,  yet  it  is  not  the  yellovr  oak,  that  name 
being  commonly  applied  to  Quercus  castanea. 

QUER'ELE,  71.     [L.  quei-cla;  Fr.  querelle.] 

A  complaint  to  a  court.  [JVot  in  use.]  [See  Addi- 
T,\_QUERELA.]  Ayliffe. 

QUe'RENT,  h.     [L.  querens,  queror,  to  complain.] 
The  complainant ;  the  plaintiff.     [JSTot  in  use] 
QUE'RENT,  71.      [L.  quiinrei\s,quanro,  to  inquire.] 
I.  An  inquirer.     \A'ot  much  used.]  Aubrey. 

9.  A  complainant  or  plaintiff  in  a  court  of  law.' 

Smart. 
QUER-I-Mo'NI-OUS,  a.     [L.  qucrimonia,  complaiiil, 
from  qncror.] 

Complaining  ;  quenilous  ;  apt  to  complain. 
QUER-I-.Mei'Ni-OUS-LY,    adv.       With    complaint  ; 

querulousiv- 
QUER-I-Mo'NI-OUS-NESS,  n.    Disposition  to  com- 
plain ;  a  complaining  temper. 
QUe'RIST,  n.     [from  L.  ^uirro,  to  inquire.] 

One  who  inquires  or  asks  questions.  SaifL 

QUERK.     See  Quirk. 

QUERK'I:N-/;D,  a.     Choked.     [lllegitimaU  and  obso- 
lete.] 
QUERL,  r.  t.     [G.  querJen.] 

To  twirl ;  to  turn  or  wind  rotind  ;  to  coil ;  as,  to 
querl  a  cord,  thread,  or  rope.  [This  is  a  legitimate 
English  word,  in  common  use  in  New  England.  It 
may  be  a  dialectical  variation  of  rr/tiW,  Dan.  hcirrlcr, 
and  tjuirl.] 
QUERN,  H.  [Sax.  cwyrii^  cwcorn;  Goth,  quairn;  D. 
kwccrn  ;  Pan.  qvem ;  Sw.  qvarn.  Qu.  W.  cwyrn^  a 
quick  motion,  a  whirl.] 

.\  hand-mill  for  grinding  grain  ;  a  mill,  the  stone 
of  which  was  turned  by  hand,  used  before  the  in- 
vention of  windmills  and  watermills.  SUuk. 
QUER'PO,  n.  [Sp.  cuerpo^  the  body,  1^.  corpus ;  Sp. 
en  cuerpo  de  cajnisa,  half  dressed,  having  on  a  J^liat 
only.] 

A  waistcoat  or  garment  close  lo  the  body.  Honre, 
to  be  in  querpo,  is  lo  be  defenseless.  /{udibras. 

QUER'QUE-DULE,  n.      [L.  querquedula.] 

An  aquatic  fowl,  a  species  of  teal.  Encyc. 

QUER'RY,  n.     A  groom.     [Seo  E<iUERBT.] 
QUER'U-LOUS,  a.    [L.  querulus,  from  ^n-(>r,  to  com- 
plain.    See  Quarrel.] 

I.  Complaining,  or  habitually  complaining;  dis- 
posed lo  murmur ;  as,  a  querulous  man  or  people. 

Ucoker. 
9.  Expressing  complaint;  as,  a  querulous  tone  of 
voice. 
QUER'U-LOUS-LY,  adv.   In  a  complaining  manner. 

Young, 
QUER'U-LOUS-NESS,  ti.    Disposition  to  complain, 
or  the  habit  or  practice  of  murmuring. 


Tune,  bull,  unite.— AN"GER,  VF'CIOUS — e  as  K     G  as  J;  S  n.s  Z;  CH  as  SH;  TH  35  in  THIS. 


QUE 


QUI 


QUE'RY.  71.  [from  I-..  <juxre,  iniperulive  of  juJiro  ; 
perliaps  Uh.  and  Ueb.  ipn,  to  seek,  to  search,  to  in- 
quire ;  nps,  U.;  Ar.  \yi  karau,  to  follow,  to  seek. 

Class  Gr,  No.  51, 53,  55.  The  sense  is,  to  press  on,  to 
follow,  to  urge.] 
.<v  question ;  an  inquiiy  to  be  answered  or  resolved. 


aUKS'TION-IST,  n. 


A  questioner ;  an  inquirer. 
IMl. 


I  will  conclude  by  proposin*  some  tjuenei. 


Nticlort. 


QIJk'RY,  J),  i.    To  ask  a  question  or  questions. 
Three  CiimbriJge  Boplii, 
Each  !>  -    ,itoquery,  aiifiwcr,  mid  delale.  Pupc. 

UUE'RY,  "•  '■  To  seek;  to  inquire;  as,  ijuenj  the 
sum  or  amount ;  i/uenj  the  motive  or  the  fact. 

2.  To  examine  by  questions.  Gayton. 

3.  To  douM  of. 

aUEST,  n.  [Fr.  9U«M,  for  Jiitole;  I,.  quJ:ro,  iiuiCsUis. 
As  tlio  letter  r  is  rarely  c-haneed  into  s,  piTliaps  tlie 
L.  qwisM,  qutisius,  may  bo  from  the  root  nf  qaa:so, 
VV.  ccisiaw,  to  seek,  to  endeavor,  cais,  effort.  Bee 
Class  Gs,  No.  35.] 

1.  Tlie  act  of  seeking  ;  search  ;  as,  to  rove  ni  guest 
of  game ;  to  go  in  quest  of  a  lost  child,  m^que: ' 
property,  &c.  MItvii. 

a.  Inquest;  a  jury.    [JVo(  userf.] 

3.  Searcllers,  collectively.     Wot  used.l 

4.  Inquiry  ;  e.xamination.     [JVot  used.] 

5.  Request ;  desire  ;  solicitation. 

G:\d  iiol  .-ibroivd  nt  every  quest  and  CiiM 
Of  an  untrained  hope  or  passion. 

QUEST,  u.i.    To  go  in  search.     [J^otused.] 
ai'EST,  D.  (.    To  search  or  seek  for.  Herbert. 

aUEST'ANT,  71.     [Supra.]    A  seeker.     [.Vot  used. 


of 


Addison. 
■Shalt. 
SiMk. 
Sliak. 


Herbert. 


[Fr. 


Sluik. 
and   Sp.  tjuestion  j 


ClUES'TION,  (ques'chun,)  7i. 
L.  nuestio.    See  Quest.] 

1.  The  act  of  asking  ;  an  interrogatory  ;  as,  to  ex- 
amine Ity  qiiestkni  and  answer. 

2  That  which  is  asked  ;  something  proposed 
which  is  to  be  solved  by  answer.  Wliat  is  the 
question! 

3.  Inquiry  ;  disquisition  ;  discussion. 

It  in  to  he  put  to  gueetioJt,  whether  it  is  lawful  for  Christian  princes 
to  malic  an  invasive  war,  simply  for  the  propagation  of  the 
faith. 


2.  In  the  English  univen-ities,  a   name    given  to 
those  who  are  in  the  last  term  of  their  college  course, 
and  are  soon  to  be  examined  for  honors  or  degrcea. 
C.  ji.  Bristed. 
QUES'TION-LESS,    adv.      Beyond    a   question    or 

doubt ;  doubtkss;  certainly.  Raleglt.     South. 

QUEST'.MAN,  71.  One  legally  em|iowered  to  make 
quest  of  certain  matters  ;  especially,  a  chnich-war- 
den's  assistant.  Blount. 

QUEST'iM(5N"GER,   (kwpst'nmng-Ker,)  »i.      An  in- 
forming officer,  or  grand  juror.     [.Vot  iisc<;.]     Bacan. 
QUES'TOR,  71.     [L.  quwstor.     See  Quest  and  Que- 
ry.] 

in  Roman  autiqvitv,  an  officer  who  had  the  manage- 
ment of  the  public'treasure  ;  the  receiver  of  taxes, 
tribute,  &c.  At  an  early  period,  there  were  also 
public  accusers  styled  questors,  but  the  office  was 
soon  abolished.  Smith's  Diet. 

QUES'TOR-SIUP,  71.    The  office  of  a  questor  or  Ro- 
man treasurer, 
a.  The  term  of  a  questor's  office. 
QUEST'RIST,  71.     A  seeker;  a  pursuer.  [JVot %n  use.] 

Shak. 
QUES'TU-A-RY,  a.  Studious  of  profit.  Brown. 
QUES'TU-A-RY,  71.    One  employed  to  collect  profits. 

Taylor. 
QUEUE,  (ku.)    See  Cue.  . 

QUIB,  71.  [VV.  cwip,  a  flirt,  a  quirk,  or  peii,  a  quick 
course  or  turn  ;  cicipiaw,  to  move  quickly,  to  whip  ; 
as  we  say,  he  whipped  round  the  corner.] 
A  sarcasm  ;  a  hitter  taunt ;  a  quip  ;  a  gibe. 
QUIB'liLE,  (kwib'bl,)  71.  It  seems  to  be  from  the 
root  of  qaib,  supra,  VV.  cicipiair,  to  turn  or  move  rap- 
idly, or  trwihiaw,  to  wander.    See  VVabiile.] 

1.  A  s^lart  or  turn  from  the  point  in  question,  or 
from  plain  truth ;  an  evasion;  a  cavil;  a  pretense; 
as,  to  answer  a  sound  argument  by  qnibblcs. 

liuirlis  and  nuibbtea  have  no  place  in  Uie  search  alter  truth. 

Watts. 

9.  A  pun  ;  a  low  conceit.  Addison. 

QUIB'BLE,  V.  i.  To  evade  the  point  in  question,  or 
plain  truth,  by  artifice,  play  upon  words,  caviling,  or 
any  conceit ;  to  trifle  in  argument  or  discourse. 


4.  Dispute  or  subject  of  debate. 

Th^ri-  aro3e  a  question  between  some  of  John's  disciples  and  die 
Jews,  about  purifying.  —  John  iii. 

5.  Doubt;    controversy;    dispute.      The  .story   is 
true  beyond  all  question. 

This  does  not  bring  dieir  truth  in  question.  Locke, 

e.  Trial ;  examination  ;  judicial  trial  or  inquiry. 

of  tiie  hope  and  resurrecliou  of  tlie  dead  I  am  called  in  jucslioti. 
—  Acts  xxiii.  xxiv. 

7.  Examination  by  torture.    Blackstone.    Ayli^. 

8.  Endeavor;  effort;  act  of  seeking.     [JVuI  in  i/sc] 

Shak. 

9.  In  logic,  a  proposition  stated  by  way  of  inter- 
rogation. 

In  guesfioTi;  in  debate;  in  the  course  of  examination 
or  discussion  ;  as,  the  matter  or  point  in  question. 

Leading  question;  one  which  is  so  put  as  to  show 
the  answer  which  is  desired,  and  thus  to  lead  and 
prepare  the  way  for  its  being  given.  It  is  not  allowed 
in  courts  of  law  to  put  such  questions  to  a  witness 
untler  examination. 
QUES'TION,  V.  i.  To  ask  a  question  or  questions  ; 
to  inquire  by  interrogatory  or  proposition  to  be  an- 
swered. 

He  that  questioneth  much  sliidl  learn  much.  Bacon. 

9.  To  debate  by  interrogatories.  Shak. 

QUES'TION,  V.  t.  To  inquire  of  by  asking  ques- 
tions ;  to  examine  by  interrogatories  ;  as,  to  question 
a  witness. 

2.  To  doubt  of ;  to  be  uncertain  of. 

And  most  we  question  what  we  most  desire.  Pjio?-. 

3.  To  have  no  confidence  in  ;  to  treat  as  doubtful. 
If  a  man  is  frustrated  in  his  designs,  his  prudence  is 
qaestioned. 

QUES'TION-A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  questioned  ; 
doubtful ;  uncertain  ;  disputable.  The  deed  is  of 
questionable  authority. 

It  is  qucslionahle  whellicr  Galen   ever  saw  the  disBCCtion  of  a 
human  body.  Boker. 

2.  Suspicious  ;  liable  to  be  doubted  or  disputed ; 
liable  to  suspicion.     His  veracity  is  qaestionable. 

Thou  com'st  in  such  a  questionable  shape, 

That  I  will  cpealt  to  thie.  67iaA. 

QUES'TIO.\-.\-BLE-NESS,  71.    The  quality  or  slate 

of  being  doubtful,  questionable,  or  suspicious. 
QUES'TIIJN-.VBLY,  adv.     Doubtfully. 
QUEri'TIO.\-A-RY,  a.     Iniiuiring  ;  asking  questions  ; 

as,  questionani  epistles.  Pope. 

QUES'TION-ED,  pp.      Interrogated ;    examined  by 

questions. 
2.  Doubted ;  disputed. 
aUES'TION-ER,  71.    One  that  asks  questions;  an 

intiuirer. 
QUES'TION-ING,   ppr.      Interrogatmg ;    calling  in 

question  ;  doubting. 


L'Kstrange. 
2   To  pun. 
QUIB'llLER,   II.     One  who  evades  plain    truth  by 
trifling  artifices,  play  upon  words,  or  cavils. 
2.  A  punster. 
QUIB'BLING,  ppr.  or  a.    Evading  the  truth  by  artifice 

or  plav  upon  words  ;  punning. 
QUIB'liLING-LY,  adv.    Triflingly  ;  evasively. 
QUICK,  I),  i.     [Sax.  cioic,  alive  ;  cTuiccian,  to  vivify.] 
To  stir  ;  to  move.     [JVo«  in  use.]  Spenser. 

QUICK,  a.  [Sax.  cioic,  living,  alive  ;  D.  kwtk ;  G. 
qaick;  Dan.  ipik;  Sw.  qoick.  Qu.  VV.  cig.  Arm. 
qicq,  flesh.  If  ?  is  a  dialectical  prefix,  as  I  suppose, 
this  word  coincides  with  the  L.  vigeo,  vegeo,  and  vig, 
veg,  radical,  coincide  with  wag.  Now  tlie  Dutch 
call  a  wagtail  kwikstoart.] 

1.  Primarily,  alive ;  living ;  opposed  to  Dead  or 
UiiiNiMATED  ;  as,  quick  flesh.    Lev.  siii. 

The  Lord  Jesus  Christ,  who  shall  judge  Uic  quick  outl  the  dead. 

—  2  Tim.  iv. 
[In  this  sense,  the  word  is  obsolete,  except  in  some 
compounds,  or  in  particular  phrases.] 

2.  Swift;  hasty;  done  with  celerity;  as,  quick 
dispatch. 

3.  Speedy  ;  done  or  occurring  in  a  short  tune ;  as, 
a  quick  return  of  profits. 

oft  he  to  her  llis  churgc  of  quid:  rrtnru 

Repealed.  UrUton. 

4.  Active  ;  brisk  ;  nimble  ;  prompt ;  ready.  He  is 
remarkably  quick  in  his  motions.  He  is  a  man  of 
quick  parts. 

5.  Moving  with  rapidity  or  celerity  ;  .as,  qmckUme 
in  music. 

Qnici  leith  child;  pregnant  with  a  living  child. 
Blacltstone. 
QUICK,  adv.    Nimblv  ;  with  celerity  ;  rapidly  ;  with 
haste;  speedily;  without  delay;  as,  run  quicit;  be 
quick. 

If  wo  consider  how  very  quick  the  nctiona  of  the  mind  are  per- 
formed. ^'I"- 
2.  Soon;  in  a  short  time;  without  delay.   Go,  and 
return  quick. 
QUICK,  71.     [Sw.  qviga,  a  heifer  ;   Dan.  jiiiro-,  cattle  ; 
that  is,  living.] 

1.  A  living  animal.     [Obs.]  Spenser. 

2.  The  living  flesh  ;  sensible  parts  ;  as,  penetrating 
to  the  quick  ;  stung  to  the  quick ;  cut  to  the  ^utc*;. 

Bacon.     Dryden. 

3.  A  living  plant ;  applied  particularly  to  the  haw- 
thorn ;  as,  a  ditch  or  bank  set  with  quick.   Mortimer. 

QUICK,  1'.  t.     [Sax.  ewiecian.] 

To  revive  ;  to  make  alive.     [Obs.]  Chaucer. 

QUICK,  7>.i.     To  become  alive.     [04s.]       Chaucer. 
QUICK'-BeAM,       j  .(        the  wild  sorb. 

QUICK'KN-TREE,  (  "■     ^  "'^'^'    "° 

The  Pyrus  or  Sorbus  auciiparia,  a  species  of  ser- 
vice-tree, sometimes    also  called   Roan-tree,   and 


QUI 

Fowi.-pEAR,  because  the  apples  are  used  as  a  bail 
for  birds. 
QUICK'iSN,  (kwik'n,)  i>.  I.     [Sax.   cimccian;    Dan. 
qrirger.] 

1.  Primarily,  to  make  alive  ;  to  vivify  ;  to  revive 
or  resuscitate,  as  from  death,  or  an  inanimate  slate. 
Rom.  iv. 

Hence  flocks  and  herds,  and  men  and  lieasts  and  fowls. 
With  breaUi  are  quickened,  and  attnict  their  souls.       Dryden. 

2.  To  make  alive,  in  a  spiritual  sense  ;  to  conimti- 
nicale  a  principle  of  grace  to. 

You  hath  he  quickened,  who  were  dead  in  trespasses  and  sins. 
—  Kph.  ii. 

3.  To  hasten  ;  to  accelerate  ;  as,  to  tjuichcn  motion, 
speed,  or  flight. 

4.  To  sharpen  ;  to  give  keener  perception  to ;  In 
stimulate ;  to  incite ;  as,  to  quicken  the  appetite  or 
taste  ;  to  quicken  desires.  .Son(/i.     Taller. 

5.  To   revive  ;  to  cheer ;   to  reinvigorate  ;  to  re-  - 
fresh  by  new  supplies  of  comfort  or   grace.      Ps. 
cxix. 

QU1CK'£N,  V.  i.    To  become  alive. 

The  heart  is  the  first  part  that  quickens,  and  the  last  Ui.at  dies. 

liaij. 

2.  To  move  with  rapidity  or  activity. 

And  keener  lighbiing  quiclcens  in  her  eye.  Pope. 

QUICK'£N-ED,  (kwik'nd,)H>. oru.  Madealive;  re- 
vived ;  vivified ;  reinvigoratcd. 

2.  Accelerated ;  hastened. 

3.  Stimulated;  incited. 

QUICK'£N-ER,  71.  One  who  revives,  vivifies,  or 
communicates  life. 

2.  Tliat  which  reinvigorates. 

3.  That  which  accelerates  motion  or  increases  ac- 
tivity. •"'»'•'■■ 

QUICK'£N-ING,ppr.  Giving  life;  accelerating;  in- 
citing. 

QUICK'BN-ING,  a.  Giving  new  life  and  vigor;  an- 
imating ;    as,  the  quickening  influences  of  the  spirit. 

QUICK'-E?-J3D,  (kwik'Ide,)  a.  Having  acute  sight ; 
of  keen  and  ready  perception. 

QUICK'-GRXSS.     See  Quitch-Grass. 

QUICK'LIME,  71.  [See  Lime.)  The  protoxyd  of 
calcium.  Any  carbonate  of  lime,  deprived  of  its  car- 
bonic acid,  becomes  quicklime,  as  chalk,  limestone, 
oyster-shells,  &c.  These  calcareous  stones  and  shells 
are  reduced  to  quicklime  by  being  subjected  for  a 
considerable  time  lo  intense  heat,  which  expels  the 
carbonic  acid,  the  aqueous  and  the  animal  matter. 

QUICK'LY,  adv.    Speedily  ;  with  haste  or  celerity. 
2.  Soon  ;  without  delay. 

QUICK'-MATCH,  n.  [See  Match.]  A  combustible 
preparation  formed  ot  cotton  strands  dipped  in  a 
boiling  composition  of  white  vinegar,  saltpeter,  anil 
mealed  gunpowder,  used  by  arlUlerymen.     Hebcrt. 

QUICK'NESS,  n.  Speed  ;  velocity  ;  celerity  ;  rapid- 
ity ;  as,  the  quickness  of  motion. 

2.  Activity  ;  briskness  ;  promptness  ;  as,  the  quick- 
ness of  the  imagination  or  wit.     Walton.    Dryden. 

3.  Acuteness  of  perception  ;  keen  sensibility ;  as, 
quickness  of  sensation.  Locke. 

4.  Sharpness  ;  pungency.  Mortimer. 
QUICK'SAND,  71.      Sand  easily   moved    or    readUy 

yielding  to  pressure;    loose  sand   abounding  witll 
water.  Drijdea. 

2.  Unsolid  gioiind.  Mdison. 

QUICK'SCENT-ED,  a.  Having  an  acute  perception 
bv  the  nose  ;  of  an  acute  smell. 

QUICK'SET,  71.  A  living  plant  set  to  grow,  particu- 
larly for  a  hedge  ;  applied  especially  to  the  hawthorn. 

Evelyn. 

QtriCK'SET,  i>.  t.  To  plant  with  living  shrubs  or 
trees  for  a  hedge  or  fence  ;  as,  to  quickset  a  ditch. 

Mortimer. 

QTJICK'SET-ED,  ]tp.    Planted  wilh  living  shrubs. 

QUlrK'.^IGHT'ED,  (-sit'-,)  a.  Having  quick  sight  or 
aciile  lii^rrrliment  ;  quick  to  see  or  discern.  Locke. 

QUlCK'.Sli:;HT'ED-NESS,  (-sit'ed-ness,)  Ji.     Quick- 
ness of  sight  or  discernment 
discern. 

QUICK'SIL-VER,  71.  [That  is,  living  silver,  argentum 
vivum,  so  called  from  its  fluidity.]  . 

Mercury,  a  metal  found  both  native  and  in  tlie 
state  of  ore  in  mines,  in  various  paits  of  the  world. 


readiness  to  see  or 
Locke. 


thing. 


Eueyc. 


stale  01   ore    iii    iiii:.en,  111  vuiiuii^  pu.w  ^.    -    -        . 

and  so  remarkably  fusible  as  to  be  congcalable  only 
with  Uie  intense  cold  indicated  by  39'  or  40  bolow 
zero,  on  Fahrenheit's  therinomctcr.  It  is  the  heavi- 
est of  the  metals,  next  to  platinum,  gold,  and  tung- 
sten.    It  is  used  in  various  ails  and  in  medicine. 

aUICK'SIL-VER-i!D,  a.    Overlaid  wilh  quicksilver. 

Jii'eioton. 

QUK'K'-WIT-TED,  a.     Having  ready  wit.      Shak. 

QUICK'-VVIT-'J'ED-NESS,  71.     Readiness  of  wit. 

QUID,  71.  A  vulgar  pronunciation  of  Cud  ;  as  a  quid 
of  tobacco.  ,     "'•"•""':,, 

OVI'DAM.  [L.l  Soniebotly ;  one  unknown.  [Aot 
in  11 -v.]  S,ii:7i.scr. 

QUID'DA-NY,  71.     [G.  quitte,  a  quince  ;  L.  cydomum.j 

Marmalade;    a    confection  of  quinces    prepared 

with  sugar.  ,  .  „ 

QUID'DA-TIVE,  a.     Constituting  the  essence  01  a 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.-MeTE,  PREY.-PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD. -NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.- 


900 


QUI 

QUID'DIT,  71.     [L.  quidlibct^  or  Fr.  qiie  dit.] 

A  subtiltv  J  an  equivocation.     [Au*  in  u^e.!     ShaJ:. 
aUID'DI-TY,  11.     [L.  quid,  what.] 

1.  A  barlinroiis  term  used  in  school  philos.iphy  for 
essence^  that  unknown  and  nndefmalile  something 
which  constitutes  its  pecuhar  nature,  or  answers  the 
question,  Quid  ejt  ?  The  essence  of  a  thing  consti- 
tutes it  tale  iitiidj  such  a  thing  as  it  is,  and  not  anottier. 

Ell  eye. 

2.  A  trifling  nicety  ;  a  cavil ;  a  captious  question. 

Camden. 
aUin'DLE,  (kwid'dl,)  v.  i.     [L.  qicid,  what.] 

To  spend  or  waste  time  in  trifling  employments, 
or  to  attend  to  useful  subjects  in  a  tiiflinp,  superficial 
manner. 
QUID'DLER,  n.    One  who  spends  time   in  Irifling 

niceties. 
0,111  D'DX.ING,  ppr.     Spending  time   in  trifling  em- 

plovments. 
QUID'DLIXG,  7u    The  spending  of  time  in  trifling 

employments. 
Q.UIU'N'UX€,  Tu     [L.,  what  now.]     One  who  is  curi- 
ous to  know  every  thing  that  passes ;    one   ^vho 
knows,  or  pretends  to  know,  all  occurrences.  Tatler. 
QUID    PRO    QUO,    [L.]      In  iaw,  an  equivalent; 
something  given  or  done  for  another  thing  ;  mutual 
consideration  and  performance. 
aUI-ESCE',  (kwl-ess',)  v.  i.    [L.  quie^^co.] 
To  be  silent,  as  a  letter  ;  to  have  no  sound. 

jV.  Stuart 
ClUT-ES'CEXCE,    ( ;i.       [L.   quieseens^  quiaco.      See 
QUi-ES'CEiV-CY,  \      auiET.] 

1.  Rest :  repose ;  state  of  a  thing  without  motion. 

OlanviUe. 
9.  Rest  of  the  mind  ;  a  state  of  the  mind  free 
from  agitation  or  emotion. 

3.  Silence  -,  the  having  no  sound  ;  as  of  a  letter. 
QUI-ES'CENT,  a.     [L.  quieseens.] 

1.  Resting;  being  in  a  state  of  repose ;  still;  not 
moving;  as,  a  quiescent  body  or  fluid.  JVewtim. 

3.  Not  niflled  with  passion;  unagilated ;  as  the 
mind. 

3.  Silent;  not  mounded;  having  no  sound;  as,  a 
quiescent  letter.  Sow,  mow,  with  w  quiescent;  say, 
day,  with  ij  quiescent.  M.  Stuart.     Heb.  Oram. 

QUI-ES'CENT,  H.     A  silent  letter.  M.  Stuart. 

Q,UI-ES'CENT-LY,  adv.  In  a  calm  or  quiescent  man- 
ner. 
QUI'ET,  (kwi'et,)  a.  [Fr.  qttict,  L.  quietusy  It.  qiiietu, 
quiet ;  quietare,  to  pacify,  and  qiietare,  to  quiel,  and  to 
acquit,  to  quit  ;  Sp.  quicto^  quiet ;  qumtar^  to  appease ; 
quedo,^\nt'l,  and  quedar,  to  stop,  to  leave,  to  quit ; 
Fort,  quicto,  quiet ;  queda^  a  fail,  declivity ;  auedo, 
quiet.     Qutct  and  quit  seem  to  belong  (o  one  radix.] 

1.  Still ;  being  in  a  state  of  rest  ;  not  moving. 
Judges  xvi. 

9.  Still ;  free  from  alarm  or  disturbance  ;  unmo- 
lested ;  as,  a  quiet  life.  S/iah: 

In  his  (laja  the  laml  was  quitl  ir.ii  years.  —  2  Cliron.  xiv. 

3.  Peaceable ;  not  turbulent ;  not  giving  oflcnse ; 
not  exciting  controversy,  disorder,  or  trouble  ;  mild  ; 
meek;  contented. 

The  om.inient  of  a  meelt  and  qaUl  spirit. —  1  Pel.  iii.     I  These, 
iv, 

1.  Calm  ;  not  agitated  by  wind ;  a:',  a  quint  sea  or 
atmosphere. 

5.  Smooth  ;  unruffled.  SJtak. 

6.  Undisturbed ;  unmolested  ;  as,  the  qiuet  posses- 
sion or  enjoyment  of  an  estate.  Blaclstons. 

7.  Notcr\'ing;  not  restless;  as,  a  ouicf  child. 
aUT'ET,  71.     [L.  quies.] 

1.  Rest;  repose;  stillness;  the  state  of  a  thing 
not  in  motion. 

2.  Tranquillity  ;  freedom  from  disturbance  or 
alarm  ;  civil  or  political  repose.  Our  country  enjoys 
quiet, 

3.  Peace;  security.    Judg.  xvlii. 

dUT'ET,  V.  t.  To  stop  motion  ;  to  still ;  to  reduce  to  a 
slate  of  rest ;  as,  to  quiet  corporeal  motion.    Locke. 

9.  To   calm  ;    to  appease  ;    to  pacify  ;    to  lull ;  to 

tranquiHze;  as,  lo  ^uiei  the  soul  when  agitated;  to 

quiet  the  passions  ;  to  quiet  the  clamors  of  a  nation  ; 

to  quiet  the  disorders  of  a  city  or  town. 

3.  To  allay  ;  to  suppress  ;  as,  to  quiet  pain  or  grief. 

QUT'ET-ED,  pp.     Made  still ;  calmed  ;  pacified. 

ClUi'F.T-ER,  71.     The  person  or  thing  that  quiets. 

UUI'ET-INGjjj/w.  orn.  Reducing  to  r  -"  ■  r  stillness  , 
appeasing;  tranquilizing. 

UUrET-lS.M,  n.  Peace  or  tranquillity  of  mind  ;  apa- 
thy ;  dispassion  ;  indisturbance ;  inaction.  In  his- 
''"7/)  Quietism,  is  the  system  of  the  Cluietists,  who 
maintained  that  religion  consists  in  the  internal  rest 
or  recollection  of  the  mind,  employed  in  contem- 
plating God  and  submitting  to  his  will. 

aUI'ET-IST,  n.  One  of  a  sect  of  mystics,  originated 
by  Molino.  a  Spanish  priest,  who  maintained  the 
principles  of  Quietism.  Evcyc. 

QUI-ET-IST'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  Quietist,  or  to 
Quietism. 

QUI'ET-LY,  adv.  In  a  quiet  state  ;  without  motion  ; 
in  a  state  of  rest ;  as,  to  lie  or  sit  quiethj. 

2.  Without  tumult,  alarm,  dispute,  or  disturbance  ; 
peaceably  ;  as,  to  live  quietly. 


3.  Calmly  ;  without  agitation  or  violent  emotion  ; 
patiently.    Submit  quietly  to  unavoidable  evils. 
QUI'ET-NESS,  H.    A  slate  of  rest ;  stillness. 

9.  Calm;  tranquillity;  as,  the  quietness  of  tho 
ocean  or  atmosphere. 

3.  Freedom  from  agitation  or  emotion ;  calmness  ; 
coolness  ;  as,  the  quietness  of  the  mind. 

4.  Freedom  from  disturbance,  disorder,  or  commo- 
tion ;  peace;  tranquillity;  as,  the  quietness  of  d.  city 
or  state. 

aUl'ET-SOME,  (kwi'et-sum,)  a.  Cahn  ;  still ;  undis- 
turbed.    [A'lj(  in  li-r.]  Spenser. 

aUI'E-TUDE,  ( kvvl'e-tude,)  n.  [Fr.]  Rest ;  repose ; 
quie_t;  tranquillity,  JVotton. 

aUI-E'TUS,  n.  [L.]  Rest  ;  repose  ;  death;  hence, 
a  final  discliarge  or  acquittance  ;  that  which  silences 
claims.  Skak. 

QUILL,  (kwill,)  n.  [Ir.  cuHleyO.  reed  or  quill ;  Corn. 
cuilan  ;  h.  calamus ;  W.  calao  ;  probably  a  shoot.] 

1.  The  large,  strong  feather  of  a  goose  or  other 
large  bird  ;  used  much  for  writing-pens.     Hence, 

2.  The  instrument  of  writing;  as,  the  proper  sub- 
ject of  his  quill,  JVotton. 

3.  The  spine  or  prickle  of  a  porcupine.      Encye. 
A.  A  piece  of  small  reed,  or  other  hollow  plant,  on 

which  weavers  wind  the  thread  wliich  forms  the 
woof  of  cloth.  Spenser. 

5.  The  instrument  with  which  musicians  strike 
Ih:?  strings  of  certain  instruments.  Dryden. 

To  carry  a  sood  quill ;  to  write  well. 

QUILL,  V.  t.  To  plait,  or  to  form  with  small  ridges 
like  quills  or  reeds;  as,  a  woolen  stuft"  quilled. 

[In  the  United  States,  this  word  is  generally,  if  not 
universally,  pronounced  twill.] 

QUIL'LET,  n.     [L.  quidlibet,  what  you  please.] 

Subtilty ;  nicety ;  fraudulent  distinction  ;  petty 
canl.    [^ot  much  used.]  Shak. 

QUILT,  Ji.  [It.  coltre;  L.  cnlcita:  Jr.  cuilt,  a  bed-tick, 
a  bed  ;  Port,  and  Sp.  colcka,  Sp.  cohhar,  acolcharj  to 
quilt;  perhaps  from  uniting,  gathering,  or  holding.] 

A  cover  or  garment  made  by  putting  wool,  cotton, 
or  other  substance,  between  two  cloths,  and  sewing 
them  together ;  as,  beds  covered  with  magnificent 
quilts.  Jirbiithnot. 

QUILT,  u.  L  To  stitch  together  two  pieces  of  cloth, 
with  some  soft  and  warm  substance  between  them  ; 
as,  a  quilted  bed-cover  ;  a  quilted  coat.  Drydcu. 

9.  To  sew  in  the  manner  of  a  quilt. 

QUILT'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Stitched  together,  as  two  pieces 
of  cloth,  with  a  soft  substance  between  them. 

QUILT'ING,  ppr.  Stitching  together,  as  two  cloths 
with  some  soft,  substance  between  them. 

QUILT'ING,  n.    The  act  of  fonning  a  quilt. 

2.  In  J^etD  England^  the  act  of  quilting  by  a  collec- 
tion of  females,  wh(»  bestow  their  labor  gratuitously 
to  aid  a  female  friend,  ami  conclude  with  an  enter- 
tainment. 

QUI'NA-RY,  a.     [L.  qninariits^  from  gninque^  five.] 
Consisting  of  five;  arranged  by  fives  ;  as,  a  quina- 
rii  number.  Boyle. 

aUI'NATE,  a.     [from  L.  quinquc] 

In  botany^  a  quinate  leaf  is  a  sort  of  digitate  leaf 
having  five  leaflets  on  a  petiole.         Marty n.    Lee. 

QUINCE,  (kwins,)  n.  [Fr.  coin^  or  coing;  Arm.  aval- 
couigii^  the  cornered  apple  or  wedge-apple  ;  G.  quittc, 
or  quittertapfclf  which  seems  to  be  a  different  word, 
and  rather  allied  to  the  L.  ajdovius.] 

The  fruit  of  the  Cydonia  vulgaris,  so  named  from 
Cydonia,  a  town  of  Crete,  famous  for  abounding  with 
tins  fruit.  It  is  much  used  in  making  pies,  tarts, 
marmalade,  &c.  One  species  is  of  an  oblong  shape, 
from  which,  probablv,  it  has  its  Fiencli  name. 

QUINCE,  (  n.  The  Cydcnia  vulgaris,  the  tree 

QUINCE'-TREE,  i      which  produces  the  quince. 

QUINCH,  V.  i.  [Probably  a  vulgar  pronunciation  of 
wince  or  winch.]  'i'o  stir,  wince,  or  flounce.  [A''ot  in 
iLse.]  SpetLscr. 

QUIN-eUN'CIAL,  C-shal,)  a.     [from  L.  quincinKr.] 
Having  the  form  of  a  quincunx.  Ray. 

QUIN'eUNX,  71.  [L.,  composed  of  quinquc^  five,  and 
uitcia,  ounce.] 

An  arrangement  or  disposition  of  things  by  fives 
in  a  square,  one  being  placed  in  the  middle  of  the 
square. 

In  horticulture^  a  plantation  of  trees  disposed  in  a 
square,  consisting  of  five  tr^''^,  one  at  each  corner, 
.nnd  a  fifth  in  the  middL  ,  ...us,  ',•'.;  which  order, 
repeated  i  '  finitely,  forms  a  regular  grove  or  wood, 
witlirnwa  a....  dlevs  running  in  every  direction. 

QUIN-DECA-GON,"  ;;.  [L.  quinquc,  "five,  Gr.  <?t*Q, 
and  yoM/ta,  angle.] 

In  geometry,  a  plane  figuro  with  fifteen  angles,  and, 
conseipiently,  fifteen  sides.  Hutton. 

QUIN-DE-CEM'VIR,  7i.;  pi.  QuirtDECESi'viHi.  [L. 
quinqur^  five,  decern,  ten,  and  vir,  man.] 

In  Roman  hi-itory,  one  of  an  ecclesiastical  college 
of  fifteen  men,  whose  chief  duty  was  to  take  care  of 
the  Sybilline  books.  Smith''s  Diet. 

QUIN-DE-CEM'VIR-ATE,  71.  The  body  or  ofiice  of 
the  quindecemviri. 

QUIN'I-NA,  1 71.    An  nlknloiil  chtnined  from  various 

QUIN'I-A,     >      species  (.f  Cinchona,  and  one  of  the 

QUI'NTNE,  )  active  principles  of  these  trees.  It  is 
a  very  important  article  of  medicine,  nnich  used  in 


QUI 

the  treatment  of  agues,  certain  sorta  of  inurtifica- 

tion,  &c. 
QUIN-QUA-GES'I-MA,  71.     [L.,  fifty.]     Quinquagcs- 
ima  Sunday;  so  called  as  being  about  the  fiftieth  clay 
before  Easter;  Shrove  Sunday.  Braiulc 

QUIN-QUAN"GU-LAR,  (kwin-kwang'gu-Iar,)  a.  [L. 
quinquCy  five,  and  angulus,  angle.] 

Having  five  angles  or  comers.  Woodicard. 

QUIN-QUAR-TIC'U-LAR,  a.  [L.  qutnquc,  five,  and 
articultiSf  article.] 

Consistingof  five  articles.  [Little  ujed,]  Sanderson. 
QUIN-QUE-GAP'SU-LAR,  a.    [L.  quinquc,  five,  and 
capsula,  a  little  chest.] 

In  botany,  having  five  capsule.o.  Jifartyn. 

QUIN-QUE-DENT'ATE,  a.     [L.  quinque,  five,  and 
dcntaius,  toothed  ;  densy  tooth.] 
In  botany,  five-toolhed. 
QUIN-QUE-FA'RI-OUS,  a.     [L.  quiwjue,  five,  and 
probably  Sax.  faran,  to  go,  Eng.  lo  fare,  or  from  the 
root  of  vary,] 
In  botany,  Opening  into  five  parts.  Lee. 

QUIN'QUE-FID,  a.  [L.  quinque,  five,  and  Jindo,  to 
split.] 

In  botany,  five -cleft ;  cut  about  half  way  from  the 
margin  to  the  base  into  five  segments,  with  linear 
sinuses  and  straight  margins;  as  a  leaf.     Jifartyn. 
QUIN-QUE-Fo'H-A-TED,  a.    [L.  quinqucy  five,  and 
folium,  leaf.] 

Having  five  leaves.  Johnson. 

QUIN-QUE-LIT'ER  AL,  a.  [L.  quinquc,  five,  and 
litera,  letter.] 

Consisting  of  five  letters.  M.  Stuart. 

QUIN-QUE-Lo'BATE,  >  a.    [Uquinque,  five,  and  U>- 
QUIN'QUE-Lo-Bt:D,     \     bus,  lobe.} 

Five-lobed ;  divided  about  lo  the  middle  into  five 
distinct  parts,  with  convex  margins.  Martyn. 

QUIN-QUE-LOC'U-LAR,  a.     [L.  quhique,  five,  and 
loculus,  a  cell.] 
Five-celled  ;  having  five  cells ;  as  a  pericarp. 

Jilartyti. 
QUIN-QUEN-Na'LI-A,  71,  pi.     [L.]     In  kist&ry,  pub- 
lic games  celebrated  every  five  years. 
QUIN-QUEN'NI-.\L,  a.     fL.  quinqucnnalis,  quinquen- 
uis  ;  quinque,  five,  and  annus,  year.] 
Occurring  once  in  five  years,  or  fasting  five  year3. 

Potter. 
QUIN-QUEP'AR-TITE,  a.     [L.  quinque^  five,  and 
partitas,  divided.] 

1.  Divided  into  five  parts  almost  to  the  base. 

2.  Consisting  of  five  parts.  [jMartijn. 
QUIN'QUK-RE>1E,  n.     [L.  quinque,  five,  and  rcmus, 

oar.] 
A  galley  having  five  seals  or  rows  of  oars. 
QUIN'QUE-VALVE,  )  a.  [L.  quinque,  five,  nud 

QUIN-QUE-VALV'U-LAR,  (      valviT,  valves.] 

Having  five  valves,  as  a  pericarp. 
QUIN'QUE-ViR,  7t. ;  pi.  QuiNQUEv'iKi.    [h.guinqtie, 
five,  and  vir,  man.] 

In  Roman  ayitiquities,  one  of  five  commissioners  ap- 
pointed for  some  special  object.  SmiVi's  Diet. 
QUIN'QUI-NA,  71.    Peruvian  bark. 
QUIN'SY,  (kwin'ze,)  n.    [Corrupted  from  Fr.  e^qui- 
nancie,  squinancie  ;   It.  squinanzia  ;   Sp.  esquinancia; 
L.  cynanche ;  Gr.  Kvvdyx^^  ^n  inflammation  of  the 
throat.] 
1.  An  inflammation  of  the  tonsils. 
9.  Any  inflammation  of  the  throat,  or  parts  adja- 
cent. 
QUINT,  V.     [from  L.  quintus,  fifth,  Fr.  quintc] 

A  set  or  sequence  of  five,  as  in  piquet. 
QUINT'AIN,  (kwint'in,)  n.    [Fr.  quintaine,  W.  ftcin- 
tan,  a  hymeneal  game] 

.'\n  object  to  be  tilted  at.  It  was  sometimes  the 
figurt;  of  a  man,  aiid  often  an  upright  post,  on  the  top 
of  which  turned  a  cross-piece,  on  one  end  of  which 
was  fixed  a  broad  board,  and  on  the  other  a  sand-bag. 
The  play  was,  to  lilt  or  ride  against  the  broad  end 
with  a  lance,  and  pass  without  being  struck  by  the 
sand-bag  behind.  B.  Jonson. 

QUINT' AL,  n.  [Fr.  quintal;  It.  quintale ;  from  the 
root  of  L.  centum,  a  hundred.] 

A  hundred  weight,  or  112  pounds.    Sometimes 
written  and  pronounced  Kentle. 
QUIN-TES'SENCE,  n.     [L.  quinta  essentia,  fifth  es- 
sence.] 

1.  In  alchemy,  the  fifth  or  last  and  highest  essence 
of  power  in  a  natural  body.     Hence, 

2.  An  extract  from  any  thing,  containing  its  virtues 
or  most  essential  part  in  a  small  quantity. 

Let  there  be  liglitj  s.iki  God  ;  and  forlhwitli  li^hi 

Ethereal,  first  of  things,  quintessence  pure, 

Sprung  from  the  deep.  .Vi'.'cn. 

3.  In  chemistry,  a  preparation  consisting  of  a  vege- 
table essential  oil  dissolved  in  spirit  of  wine. 

4.  The  pure  essential  part  of  a  thing.    HakctcUl. 
[I  have  followed  Bailey  and  Aslj  and  our  general 

usage  in  the  accentuation  of   this  word.    Jameson 
has  done  the  same.    The  accent  on  tlic  first  syllable 
is  very  unjiatural.] 
QUIN-TES  SEN'TIAL,    a.      Consisting  of  quintes- 

QUIN-TET',  n.  In  viusit:,  a  composition  in  five  obli- 
gato  parts,  each  performed  by  a  single  voice  or  iu- 
E^trument. 


TONE,  BJJLL,  liNlTE AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K ;  6  as  J  ;  S  aa  Z ;  CH  aa  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


I 


QUI 

aUINT'II-E,  ;i.     [L.  quiiUus,  fifth.] 

The  aspect  ot^  phmets  wlu-n  distant  from  each 
other  the  liftli  pan  o{  the  zodiac,  or  72^       HuUon. 

aUI.\-TrL'L10N,  (kwin-til'yun,)  n.  According  to 
the  F.Hirligh  notation,  a  nuniher  produced  by  involving 
a  million  to  the  tifth  power,  or  a  unit  with  thirty  ci- 
phers annexed;  accciriiiny  to  the  yrench  Kotatiortj  a 
uuit  with  eighteen  ciphers  annexed. 

aiJI.NT'lN.     SeeUliNLMs. 

QUINT'INE,  It.  In  bota:iij,  the  fifth  coat,  reckoning 
from  the  outer,  of  the  nucleus  of  a  seed,  when  there 
are  as  many  coats.  It  becomes  the  sac  of  the  em- 
bryo. Lindlty. 

aUlN'TROON,  n.  In  the  West  Indies,  the  cllild  of  a 
miistiphini  by  a  white  father.  A.s  a  mustipkmi  has 
but  otie  sixteenth  of  ney;ro  bhiod,  a  quintroon  is 
only  one  thirty-second  from  being  a  white.   Booth. 

QUIN'TU-PLE,  (I.  [L.  tiumtuiilus,  fivefold;  quintiis 
and  pliro.] 

I.  Fiveiijld  ;  containing  five  times  the  amount. 

Graunt. 
?.  In  tnasic,  a  term  applied  to  a  species  of  time  con- 
taining five  crotchets  in  a  bar. 

aUlN'TU-CLE,  u.  I.    To  make  fivefold. 

QL'I.X'TIT-I'LEI),  pp.     .Made  five  times  as  many. 

UL'IN'ZaINE,  n.  In  ckronolo<ry,  the  fourteenth  dav 
after  a  feast  day,  or  the  fifteenth,  including  the  feast 
day.  Brandt. 

aUlI',  (kwi|),)  n.    [W.  ;wip,  a  quick  flirt  or  turn ;  jioi- 
jtiany.  to  move  briskly,  to  whip  ;  as  we  say,  to  lohip 
round  a  corner  in  running. 
A  smart, sarcastic  turn  ;  a  taunt;  a  severe  retort. 
Milton.     Shak. 

(lUIP,  I).  (.     To  ta\mt;  to  treat  with  a  sarcastic  retort. 

Ain^worth. 

aUIP,  V.  i.     To  scofll  Sidnev. 

UUIP'PA,  n.    The  name  of  knotted  cords  of  v.irious 
colors,  used  for  recording  events  by  the  ancient  Pe- 
ruvians, Mexicans,  &c.  Hamboldt. 
This  word  is  also  spelt  Uuippo  and  Ciuippu. 

QUIRE,  (kwlre,)  n.  [Fr.  clmur;  It.  coro ;  L.  chorus! 
Gr.  X'P"S-) 

I.  A  body  of  singers ;  a  choms.  [See  Chorus 
and  Choib.]  Milton. 

9.  The  part  of  a  church  where  the  ser\'ice  is  sung. 

QUIRE,  n.  [Qu.  from  the  root  of  chorus,  or  from  Fr. 
caJUrr,  a  sheet  of  paper,  or  rather  a  book  of  loose 
sheets.] 

A  collection  of  paper  consisting  of  twenty-four 
sheets,  each  haviug  a  single  fold. 

QUIRE,  ri.i.    To  sing  in  concert  or  chorus.       Shak. 

QUIIl'IS-TER,  n.  One  tliat  sings  in  concert;  wore 
generalltj,  tUo  leader  of  a  quire,  particularly  in  divine 
service ;  a  chorister.  I>ut  in  America  this  word  is 
little  used  and  vulgar.  The  word  used  is  CHonisTEK. 

QUIR-I-TA'TION,   n.      [L.   quiritatio,   from    qnirito, 
from  ijueror.] 
.\  crying  lor  help.     [M'ot  used.]  Bp.  Hall. 

QUIRK,  (kwurk,)  n.  [from  the  root  of  VV.  ^icired,  a 
sudden  start  or  turn,  craft,  deceit ;  gwijrri,  a  whirl.] 

1.  Literally,  a  turn  ;  a  starting  from  the  point  or 
line  ;  hence,  an  artful  turn  for  evasion  or  subterfuge  ; 
a  shift  ;  a  quibble ;  as,  tlic  quirks  of  a  jiettifogger. 

L^Estraiifre. 

2.  A  fit  or  turn  ;  a  short  paroxysm  ;  as,  a  quirk  of 
joy  or  grief.  Shak. 

3.  A  smart  taunt  or  retort. 

1  may  duiiice  lo  have  some  odd  quirke  and  remnanu  of  w-il 
broken  on  me.  .S7io.'.-. 

4.  A  slight  conceit  or  quibble.  JVatts. 

5.  A  flight  of  fancy.     [JVeJ  in  use.]  Shak, 
C.  An  irregular  air  ;  as,  light  quirks  of  music.  Pope. 

7.  In  Imildim;,  a  piece  of  ground  taken  out  of  any 
regular  ground-plot  or  floor,  as  to  make  a  court  o'r 
yard,  &c.  owilt. 

8.  In  architecture,  a  small  acute  angle  or  recess, 
niMch  used  between  moldings.        Oloss.  of  .^rchit. 

QUIRK'ED,  (kwnrkt,)  a.     Having  a  quirk. 
QUIRK'/.;D-MoLD'liVG,  I  n.    In  architecture,  a  mold- 
QUIUK'-MoLD'ING,        j      ing  whose  convexity  is 

sudden,  in  the  form  of  a  conic  section.        Braiule. 
QUIRK'ISH.d.    Consisting  of  quirks,  turns,  quibbles, 

or  artful  evasions.  Barrow. 

2.  Resembling  a  quirk. 
QUIRP'ELE,  n.    The  Indian  ferret,  an  animal  of  the 

QUI  1 ,  (kwil,)  V.  t. ;  prcl,  and  pp.  Quit  or  Quitted. 
[Fr.  quitter;  It.  quilare  and  chilare:  Port,  and  Sp. 
quitar:  I),  kmyten  :  O.  quittircn:  Dan.  quittercr ;  Sw. 
qudia  :  W.  gadu  and  yndaw,  to  quit ;  Ir.  cead,  leave  ;  ' 
cui«i»/iim,  to  requite.  This  is  the  L.  ccrfo.  The  sense 
of  quit  is  to  leave,  to  withdraw  from;  but  the  pri- 
mary sense  of  the  root  must  have  been  to  move  or  to 
send  ;  for  to  requite  is  lo  send  back.  See  Class  Cd 
and  Cs.] 

1.  To  leave  ;  to  depait  from,  either  temporarily  or 
forever.  It  does  not  necessarily  include  the  idea  of 
abandoning,  without  a  qiialifying  word.  A  man  quits 
his  house  for  an  hour,  or  for  a  month  ;  he  quits  his 
native  country  on  a  voyage,  or  he  quits  it  forever ;  he 
quitt  an  employment  with  the  intention  of  resuming  it. 

2.  To  free  ;  to  clear  ;  to  liberate  ;  to  discharge  from. 

Tw  rjuit  you  of  [hit  tfnr,  yon  h:\ve  alrcadv  looked  dealii  in  tlic 
face.     {Nearly  obsolete.  \  '  Wake. 


QUI 

3.  To  carry  llirough  ;  to  do  or  perform  sonictliiiig 
to  ilic  end,  so  thtit  nolhing  remains  j  to  discharge  or 
perforin  completely. 

Ni'ver  a.  worthy  prince  n  day  did  (/nit 

Willi  {rrt'ilcr  hazard  and  with  more  renown.  Daniel. 

4.  To  quit  one^s  self;  rcciproudhj,  to  clear  one'a  self 
of  incumbent  duties  by  full  performance. 

SiLinson  tmlli  quit  himtelf 
Like  S.-iiikBoii.  Milton. 

In  this  sense,  Acquix  ia  generally  used. 

5.  To  repay  J  to  requite.  Spejiscr. 

Enkindle  nil  Uie  smrks  of  nature 

To  guit  Uiis  )iorri>i  act.  SHiak. 

In  this  sense,  Uuit  ia  now  rarely  used.  We  tisc 
Requite. 

6.  To  vacate  obligation  ;  to  release  ;  to  free  from. 

Dangera  vf  law. 
Actions,  degreea,  Juiljmenis  againsl  us  quilled,         B.  Jonson. 

7.  To  pay  ;  to  discharge  ;  hence,  to  free  from  ;  as, 
to  quit  the  debt  of  gratitude.  Milton. 

d.  To  set  free  ;  to  release  j  to  absolve  ;  to  aciiuit. 

Guilllcsa  I  ijuir,  ffuilty  I  «•!  lliem  free.  Fairfax. 

In  this  sense,  Actiurr  is  now  used. 

9.  To  leave  ;  to  give  up  ;  to  resign  ;  to  relinquish  ; 
as,  to  quit  an  olhce. 

10.  To  pay. 

Before  Ihal  judje  that  quits  each  8011I  his  hire.     [Not  used.] 

Fairfax. 

11.  To  forsake  ;  to  abandon. 

Such  a  superficial  way  of  exainiuiag  la  lo  quit  irulh  for  appear- 
ance. Locke. 

To  quit  cost;  to  pay;  to  free  from  by  an  equiva- 
lent; to  reimburse;  as,  the  cultivation  of  barren  land 
will  not  always  quit  co.si. 

To  quit  scort^s:  to  make  even  ;  to  clear  mutually 
from  demands  by  mutual  equivalents  given.  We 
will  quit  iicore^  [marks  of  charges]  before  we  part. 

Docs  not  the  earth  quit  scores  witli  all  the  elements  in  her  noble 
fruits  ?  South. 

UUIT,  a.    Free ;  clear ;  discharged  from  ;  absolved. 

The  owner  of  the  ox  shall  be  quit.  —Ex.  xxi. 

[This  word,  though  primarily  a  participle,  and 
never  placed  before  its  noun,  has  properly  the  sense 
of  an  adjective.     See  Quits.] 

QUI  TAM^  [L.]  Aqui  (am  action, in  laWjis  an  action 
in  which  a  man  prosecutes  an  offender  for  the  king 
or  state,  as  well  as  fur  him^jelf  as  informer. 

QUITCH'-GRASS,  n.  [Properly  quich-irrass,  probably 
from  its  vigorous  growth,  or  the  difficulty  of  eradi- 
cating it.] 

Dog-grass  or  couch-grass  ;  a  species  of  grass  which 
roots  deeply  and  is  nut  easily  killed. 

aiJIT'CLAIM,  V.  t.  [quit  and  claim.]  To  release  a 
claim  by  deed  without  covenants  of  warranty ;  to 
convey  to  another,  who  hath  some  riyht  in  lands  or 
tenements,  all  one's  right,  title,  and  interest,  in  the 
estate,  by  relinquishing  all  claim  to  them.  The 
words  used  in  the  instrument  are,  "  A  hath  remised, 
released,  and  forever  quitclaimed,  all  his  right,  title, 
and  interest,  to  a  certain  estate."  Bladistone. 

CiUIT'CLAIM,  7).  A  deed  of  release;  an  instrument 
by  which  all  claims  to  an  estate  are  relinquished  to 
another  without  any  covenant  or  warranty,  express 
or  implied.  Z.  Swift. 

QUIT'€LaIM-£D,  pp.    Released  by  deed. 

aUIT'eLAli\MNG,  irpT.  Conveying  by  deed  of  re- 
lease. 

QUITE,  a(/y.  [from  quit',  that  is,  primarihj,  free  or 
clear  by  complete  performance.]  Completely ; 
wholly  i  entirely  ;  totally  ;  perfectly.  The  work  is 
not  quite  done  ;  the  object  is  quite  accomplished. 

He  h.illi   sold   us  and  ^uite  devoured  also  oor  money.  —  Gen. 

xxxi. 
The  sainc  actions  ma^  be  aimed  at  different  ends,  and  arise  from 
quUe  contriu}'  pnndplea.  Spectator. 

2.  To  a  great  extent  or  degree ;  very ;  as,  quite 
young.  [Cotmuon  in  America,  and  not  unfrcquent  in 
JLiialand.]^ 

QUIT'RENT,  Tu     [L.  quietus  rcditus.] 

A  rent  reserved  in  grants  of  land,  by  the  payment 
of  wjiich  the  tenant  is  quieted  or  quit  from  all  other 
service.  Bladcstoiie. 

QUITS.  To  be  quits,  is  said  of  persons  when  they 
separate  on  equal  terms,  each  having  given  the  other 
his  due,  so  that  they  are  quit  the  one  of  tlie  other. 
Hence,  in  such  a  case,  the  exclamation,  Q^uits ! 

QUIT'TA-IiLK,  a.  That  may  be  quitte.l  or  vacated. 
[  R<^TcA  Marhla  nd. 

QUIT'TAL,  71.    Return  ;  repayment.  Shak. 

QUIT'TANCE,  n.  [Fr.]  Discharge  from  a  debt  or 
obligation  ;  an  acquittance.  [See  Acquittance, 
which  is  chiefly  used.]  Shak. 

2.  Recompense  ;  return  ;  repayment.  Shak. 

QUIT'TANCE,  17.  f.     To  repay.     [JN'ot  in  u.^e.]   Shak. 

QUIT'TED,pp.     Left;  relinquished;  acquitted. 

QUIT'TER,  71.    One  who  quits. 

y.  A  deliverer.     [JVo(  in  use]  AinsworVt. 

3.^  Scoria  of  tin.  Ainswortk. 

QUIT'TER,  71.  In  farrimj,  an  ulcer  formed  between 
the  hair  and  hoof,  usually  on  the  inside  quarter  of  a 
horse's  fool.  Farm.  Encuc. 


QUO 

QUIV'EIl,  7(.     [Qu.  Fr.  coiivrir^  to  cover.] 
A  case  or  sheath  for  arrows. 

Take  tlij  quiver  and  Uiy  bow.  — ticn.  xxvii. 

QUIVER,  a.     Nimble  ;  active,     [^utinuse.]   Shak. 

QUIVER,  V.  i.  [D.  huiveren,  to  shiver.  Tliia  woid 
seems  to  belong  lo  the  family  o{  quaver,  W.  cictbiuw, 
to  trill,  to  quiver,  gioir,  a  whirl  or  turn,  gwiviaw,  to 
ily  about,  to  \vander,  gwipiaw,  to  move  briskly, 
^wyvaio,  to  stir,  move,  agitate.] 

I.  To  shake  or  tremble  ;  to  quake  ;  to  sliuddcr;  lo 
shiver.  This  word  expresses  that  tremulous  motion 
of  the  body  which  jiroceeds  from  loss  of  heat  or 
vigor.     Thus,  persons  quiver  witli  frar  or  with  cuhi. 

a.      Ati'iido,t. 


He  quiiicrcd  with  his  fppt  and  lay  for  dead. 
Anil  left  ihc  linil>s  still  quiaering  on  die  groi 


To  play  or  be  agitated  with  a  trenmlous  motion. 


Th'?  green  leawt-a  quiver  with  the  cooling  wind. 

The  hikes  U1.1t  quiver  to  the  curling  breeze. 


Shak. 
Po}>e. 


QUI  VEU-ED,  a.     [from  the  noun  quioer.]    Furnished 
with  a  quiver  ;  as,  the  quivered  nymph.        Milton. 
S.  Sheathed,  as  in  a  quiver. 

Whose  (luiila  stand  quivered  at  liis  car.  Pope, 

QUIVER-ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Trembling,  as  with  colli 

or  fear  ;  moving  with  a  tremulous  agitation. 
QUIVER-ING,  n.    The  act  of  shaking  or  trembling  ; 

agitation  ;  as,  to  be  seized  with  a  quivcrinir,     Sidiicu. 
QUIVER-ING-LY,  adv.     With  quivering. 
QC7J  VlyE,  (ke  veev,)   [Fr.]     The  challenge   of  a 

French    sentinel,    To  what   party   do  }ou  belong? 

i.  e.,  for  whom   do  you    cry    vice:  corresponding 

to,  Who  goes  there  .'     Hence,  to  be  on  the  qui  viuc, 

is  to  be  on  the  alert,  like  a  sentinel. 

Diet,  dc  VAwd. 
QUIX-OT'ie,  a.     Like  Don  Quixote;   romantic  lo 

extravagance. 
QUIX'OT-IS.M,  7(.    Romantic  and  absurd   notions; 

schemes  or  actions  like  those  of  Don  Qui.\ote,  llic 

hero  of  Cervantes. 
QUIX'OT-RY,  n.    Quixotism  ;  visionary  scheme. 

Scatt. 
QUIZ,  n.    An  enigma ;  a  riddle  or  obscure  question. 

2.  One  who  quizzes  others  ;  as,  he  is  a  gicat  quiz. 

3.  An  odd  fellow.  Smart. 
QUIZ,  i).  t.    To  puzzle;    to  run  upon;    to  make  a 

fool  of.     [A  popular,  but  not  an  cle}rant  ^oord.] 

UU1Z'ZER,?(.  One  who  quizzes  others  or  make  them 
the  object  of  sport  by  deceiving  th<?m. 

QUIZ'ZI-€AL,  a.     Comical.     {Colloquial.] 

QUIZ'ZING,  V.  The  act  of  running  upon  a  person  or 
making  a  fool  of  him. 

9.  The  act  of  mocking  by  a  narrow  examination 
tlnougii  a  quizzing-glass.  Smart. 

QUIZ'ZINCJ-GLASS,  n,     A  small  eye-glass. 

QC/0  AJ^'I-MO,  [L.J     With  what  intent ;  purpose. 

Q^UO'AD  J{Oe\  [L.J  As  to  this;  as  it  regards  this 
particular  thing  named. 

QUOB,  V,  i.     [W.  pcapiaic,  to  strike.] 

To  move,  as  the  fetus  in  uleio  ;  to  throb.  [Loca/, 
vul'^ar,  and  little  used.] 

QUOD  E'RAT  I)E..)I-OJ\r-STRAJ^''D(/M,  [L.] 
Which  was  the  point  to  be  proved. 

QUOD  E'RAT  FA-CI-EJV'DUM,  C-fa-she-«n'dum,) 
[L.]     Which  was  the  thing  to  be  done. 

QUOD'LI-BET,  71.  [L.,  what  you  please.]  A  nice 
point;  a  subtilty.  Prior. 

QU0D-LI13-E-Ta'RI-AN,  n.  One  who  talks  and  dis- 
putes on  any  subject  at  pleasure. 

QUOD-LI-BET'IC-AL,  a.  Not  restrained  to  a  partic- 
ular subject  ;  moved  or  discussed  at  pleasure  lor  cu- 
riosity or  entertainment. 

QUOD-LI-BET'ie-AL-LY,  adv.  At  pleasure;  for 
curiosity  ;  so  as  to  be  debated  for  entertainment. 

QUOIF,  (kwoif,)n.     [Fr.  coiffe.]         [Brown.     Diet. 
A  cap  or  hood.     [See  Coif.]  Shak. 

QUOIF,  V.  t.  To  cover  or  dress  with  a  coif.  [See 
Coif.]  Addison. 

[  This  word  may  be  discarded  with  advantage.] 

QUOIF'FURE,  7(.    A  head-dress.  Addkon. 

QUOIL.     See  Coil,  the  better  word. 

QUOIN,  (kwoin  or  koin,)?*.  [Fr.  coin,  a  corner;  Sp. 
cuna.     See  Coin.] 

1.  A  sharp  or  projecting  corner.  Mortimer. 

2.  An  instrument  to  raise  any  thing  ;  a  wedge  em- 
ployed to  raise  cannon  to  a  proper  level,  and  for 
other  purposes.  Mar.  Diet. 

3.  In  architecture,  the  external  angle  or  corner  of  a 
brick  or  stone  wall.  OwilL 

4.  A  small  wooden  wedge  used  by  printers  to  lock 
the  pages  of  a  form  within  the  chase. 

QUOIT,  (kwoit,)  n.     [D.  coitc] 

1.  A  circular  ring  or  piece  of  iron  lo  be  pitched  or 
thrown  at  a  fixed  object  in  play.  In  comtnon  practice, 
a  plain,  flat  stone  is  used  for  this  purpose. 

2.  In  some  authors,  the  discus  of  the  ancients, 
thrown  in  trials  of  strength.  Dnjdcn, 

QUOIT,  V.  i.    To  throw  quoits ;  to  play  at  quoits. 

Drydcn. 
QUOIT,  V.  t.     To  throw.     [JVot  used.]  Shak. 

QUOLL,  V.  A  marsupial  quadruped  of  New  Holland, 
Dasyurus  macrourus,  called  by  Phillips  Si-otted 
Marten.     It  is  nearly  the  size  of  a  cat. 

Lesson.    P.  Cijc. 


Fate,  FAR,  PALL,  WH^T.— METE,  PREY. -FINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.-NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.- 

902       ~~ 


RAB 


RAG 


UUON'DAM,  used  adjectirely,  [L.]  Ilavin?  been  for- 
merly ;  loriuer ;  as,  a  quonjain  king  or  frifiid. 

Shak. 
ai^OOK,  prct,  of  Quake.    [065.1  Spenser, 

ULO'llU.M,  n.  [L.  ^rn.  pi.  of  qui,  "of  whom;" 
with  reference  to  a  coin|>lete  body  of  persons,  of 
ichom  those  who  are  assembled  are  legally  sufficient 
10  the  business  of  the  whole.] 

1.  A  bench  of  justices,  or  such  a  number  of  officers 
or  members  as  is  competent  by  law  or  constitution  to 
transact  business  ;  as,  a  <piorum  of  the  house  of  rep- 
resentatives. A  constitutional  quorum  was  not  pres- 
ent. 

2.  A  special  commission  of  justices. 
qUO'RU.M  PARS  FVPI,  [L.]     Of  which  or  whom  I 

was  a  part, 
CiUo'TA,  Tt.     [L.  TKOhts  ,•  It.  and  Sp.  ^/o(a  ;  Ir.  cod^ 

eota-,  a  part.] 
A  proportional  part  or  share  :  or  the  share,  part,  or 

proportion  assigned  to  each.    Kach  Slate  was  ordered 

to  fumi?h  its  tpiota  of  troops. 
QUOT'A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  quoted  or  cited. 
aUO-TA'TlON,  7u    [from  quou.]     The  act  of  quoting 

or  citing. 
2.  The  passage  quoted  ot  cited  j  the  part  of  a  book 


E. 


or  writing  named,  repeated,  or  adduced  as  evidence 
or  illustration.  Locke. 

3.  In  mercantiU  language,  the  naming  of  the  price 
of  commodities ;  or  the  price  specified  to  a  corre- 
epondent. 

4.  Clutita  ;  share.    [JVot  used.] 

dUoTE,  (kwote,)  V.  t.     fFr.  quoter,  now  cofer ;  con- 
nected with  quoth.] 

1.  To  cite,  as  a  passage  from  some  author;  to 
name,  repeat,  or  adduce  a  passage  from  an  author  or 
spcaktjr,  by  way  of  authority  or  illustration;  as,  to 
(jtiote  a  passage  from  Homer ;  to  guote  the  words  of 
Peter,  or  a  passage  of  Paui's  writings  ;  to  quote  chap- 
ter and  verse.  Atterbury.     Swift. 

2.  In  commercey  to  name,  as  the  price  of  an  article. 

3.  To  note.  Shak. 
Q,UoTE,  n.    A  note  upon  an  author.     [Oi5.] 

Cotgrave. 
aUoT'ED,  pp.    Cited ;  adduced  ;  named. 
QUoTE'LESS,  a.     That  can  not  be  quoted. 
(iUoT'EU,  n.    One  that  cites  the  words  of  an  aviihor 

or  speaker. 
aUOTH,  rkwoth  or  kwuth,)  v.  i.     [Sax.  cmjtJian^  aj- 

them,  Goth.  quiUian^  to  say,  to  tell  ;  W .  ^ed,  gwedyd ; 

Ir.  ceadadi.    <iu.  L.  tnquio,  contracted.] 


RAG 

To  say  ;  to  speak.  This  verb  is  defective,  bein^ 
u^od  only  in  the  first  and  third  persons  in  the  present 
and  past  tenses  ;  as,  quvth  I,  guotJi  Ae,  and  the  nomi- 
native always  follows  the  verb.  Ii  is  used  only  in 
ludicrous  language,  and  has  no  varialiun  for  person, 
niimbcr,  or  tense. 

Q,UO-TID'I-AN,  a.     [L.  quotidianus ;  mmlus  and  difs.] 
Daily  ;  occurring  or  returning  daily  ;  as,  a  quotUf- 
ian  fever. 

aUO-'i'ID'I-AX,  n.    A  fever  whose  paroxysms  return 
everj'  day. 
2.  Any  thing  returning  daily.  Jifilton. 

aUo'TIE.XT,  (kwo'shent,)  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  quotics, 
how  often.] 

In  arithmetic^  the  number  resulting  from  the  divis- 
ion of  one  number  by  another,  and  showing  how 
often  a  less  number  is  contained  in  a  greater.  Thus 
3)12(4.  Here  4  is  the  ^uolieHl.  showing  that  3  is  con- 
tained 4  times  in  12.  Or  quotient  is  an  eipression 
deni>ting  a  certain  part  of  a  unit ;  as,  j. 

QUOT'IiXG,  ppr.     Citing  ;  adducing;  naming. 

Qf70  WAH-RJiJ^'TO;  \n  Law  iafin,  a  writ  brought 
before  a  proper  tribunal,  to  inquire  by  what  warrant 
a  person  or  corporation  exercises  certain  powers. 

Blackstoru. 


R. 


is  the  eighteenth  letter  of  the  English  alphabet,  1 
and  an  articulation  siii  generis,  having  little  or 
no  resemblance  in  pronunciation  to  any  oUier  letter. 
But  from  the  position  of  the  tongue  in  uttering  it,  it 
is  commutable  with  /,  into  which  letter  it  is  changed 
in  many  words  by  the  Spaniards  and  Portuguese,  and 
some  oiher  nations  ;  as  /  is  also  changed  into  r.  It  is 
numbered  amon2  the  liquids  and  semi-vowels,  and 
is  sometimes  called  the  canine  letter.  It  is  uttered 
with  a  guttural  extrusion  of  the  breath,  and  in  some 
words,  particularly  at  the  end  or  after  a  labial  and  a 
dental  letter,  with  a  sort  of  quivering  motion  or 
slight  jar  of  the  tongue.  Its  English  uses,  which  are 
uniform,  may  be  understood  by  the  customarj'  pro- 
nunciation of  rod,  room,  rose,  bar,  bare,  barren,  dis- 
turb, catarrh,  free,  brad,  pride,  drip,  drag,  drown. 

In  words  which  we  have  received  from  the  Greek 
language,  we  follow  the  Latins,  who  wrote  h  after  r, 
as  the  representative  of  the  aspirated  =ound  with 
which  this  letter  was  pronounced  by  the  Greeks.  It 
is  the  same  in  the  Welsh  language.  But  as  the  let- 
ter is  not  aspirated  in  English,  A  is  enthely  superflu- 
ous ;  rJiapsody,  rheum,  rhetoric,  being  pronounced 
TOpsody,  rctim,  retoric. 

As  an  ab*ireviation,  R.  stands  for  rex,  king,  as 
Ge<trge  R.,  oi  retina,  queen,  as  Victoria  R. 

In  the  Kofe.*  of  Vic  ancients,  R.  or  RO.  stands  for 
Roma  :  R-  C.  for  Roma»a  eivilas ;  B.  G.  C.  for  ret 
gerenda  causa  ;  R.  F.  E.  D.  for  recte  factum  et  dictum  ; 
R.  G.  F.  for  regis  JUius  ;  R.  P.  respublica,  or  Romani 
principes. 

As  a  numeral,  R,  in  Roman  authors,  stands  for  80, 
and  with  a  dash  over  it,  R,  for  80,000.  Bui  in  Greek, 
p,  with  a  small  mark  over  it,  thus,  c,  signifies  100, 
and  with  the  same  mark  under  it,  it  deni'ted  1000  x 
100,  or  100,000.  In  Hebrew,  i  denoted  200,  and 
with  two  horizontal  points  over  it,  T  1000  x  200,  or 
200,000. 

Amon^  physicians,  R.  stands  for  recipe,  lake. 
RA,  as  an  inseparable  prefix  or  preposition,  is  the  Latin 
re,  coining  to  us  through  the  Italian  and  French,  and 
primarily  signifying  again,  repetition.     [Sec  Re.] 
RA-IIaTE',  tl  L     [Fr.  rabattre;  It.  rabbatterc ;  ra  and 
bait.re,  baUerc,  to  heat.     See  Beat  and  Abate.] 
lu  falconrtj,  to  recover  a  hawk  to  the  fist. 

Ainsicortlt. 
RA-Ba'TO,  n.     [Fr.  rabat.] 

A  rutr  or  folded-down  collar  of  a  shift  or  shirt. 
[^ot  in  Jtse.]  Toone. 

RAB'BET,  r.  t.     [Fr.  raboter.] 

1.  To  cut  square  down  the  edge  of  a  board  or  other 

piece  of  tijnber,  for  the  purpose  of  receiving  the 

edge  of  another  piece  by  lapping  and  thus  uniting 

the  two.  jMoxon. 

j         2.  To  lap  and  unite  the  edges  of  board.s,  Ate,  by  a 

rabbet 

RAB'BET,  71.     [This  and  the  preceding  word  are  cor- 

riiptiniis  of  Rebate.]     A  rectangular  recess  or  groove 

cut  longitudinally  in  a  piece  of  limi-rr  to  receive  the 

!      edge  of  a  plank,  or  other  work  required  to  fit  into  it. 

Oloss.  of  Archit. 
RAC'BET-ED,  pp.    Cut  square  down  at  the  edge ; 
I       united  by  a  rabbet  joint. 
RAB'BET-ING,  ppr.    Cutting  square  down  the  edge 

of  a  board  ;  uniting  by  a  rabbet  joint. 
RAB'BET-PL.^NE,  71.    A  joiner's  plane  for  cutting 
I      square  down  the  edge  of  a  board,  &c.  Moxnn. 


[Ch.  M3n,Ar  wj,  lord, 


RAB'BI,  (rab^bec-r-bl,) 

RAB' BIN, 
niasier.] 

A  title  assumed  by  the  Jewish  doctors,  signifying 
■master  or  lord.  This"  title  is  notconferred  by  author- 
ity, but  assumed  or  allowed  by  courtesy  to  learned 
men.  Er.ctjc. 

RAB-BL\'ie,         I  a.    Pertaining  to  tlie  rabbms,  or 

RAB-BIN'ie-AL,  j  to  their  opinions,  learning,  and 
language. 

RAB-BIN'ie,  n.  The  language  or  dialect  of  the  rab- 
bins; the  later  Hebrew. 

RAB'BIN-ISM,  71.  A  rabbinic  expression  or  phrase- 
ology ;  a  peculiarity  of  the  language  of  the  rabbius. 

Encyc. 

RAB'BIN-IST,  n.  Among  the  Jews,  one  who  adhered 
to  the  Talmud  and  the  traditions  of  the  rabbins,  in 
opposition  to  the  Caraitcs,  who  rejected  the  tradi- 
tions. 

RAB'BIN-ITE,  n.    The  same  as  RiBniNi3T. 

RAB'BIT,  n.  [Said  to  be  from  the  Belgic  robbe,  rob- 
beken.] 

A  rodent  mammal,  and  a  small  quadruped,  the 
Lepus  cuniculus,  wliich  feeds  on  grass  or  other 
herbage,  and  burrows  in  the  earth.  The  rabbit  is 
said  to  be  less  sagacious  than  the  hare.  It  is  a  very 
prolific  animal,  and  is  kept  in  warrens  for  the  sake 
of  its  liesh.     It  is  sometimes  called  Conv. 

RAB'BLE,  n.  [L.  rabiila,  a  brawler,  from  rabo,  to 
rave ;  Dan.  raaber ;  D.  rabbelcit ;  connected  with  a 
great  familv  of  words  having  the  elements  Rb,  Rp. 
au.  Sp.  rab'd,  the  tail.] 

1.  A  tumultuous  crowd  of  vulgar,  noisy  people; 
the  mob  ;  a  confused,  disorderly  crowd  Shak. 

2.  The  lower  class  of  people,  without  reference  to 
an  assembly  ;  the  dregs  of  the  people.        Addison. 

RAB'BLE,  V.  i.    To  speak  in  a  confused  manner. 

RAB'BLE-CHARM'lNG,  a.  Charming  or  delighting 
the  rabble.  South. 

RAB'BLE-MENT,  n.  A  tumultuous  crowd  of  low- 
people.     [JVot  in  use.]  Spenser.     Shah. 

RAB-DOL'O-CY,  7r.  [Gr.  ^W/?(Iys,  a  rod,  and  >.o>os, 
discourse.] 

A  method  of  performing  mathematical  operations 
by  little  square  rods.   [See  Rhaisdoloqy.]    Hutton. 

RAB'ID,  a.     [L.  rabidus,  from  rabio,  rabo,  to  rage 
rhaib.] 

Furious;  raging;  mad;  as,  a  rabid  dog  or  wolf. 
It  is  particularly  applied  to  animals  of  the  canine 
genus,  affected  with  the  distemper  called  rabies,  and 
whose  bite  communicates  hydrophobia. 

RAB'ID-LY,  ado.     Madly  ;  furiously. 

RAB'ID-NESS,  n.     Furiousness  ;  madness. 

RAB'IN-ET,  n.  A  kind  of  smaller  ordnance.  Ainsworih. 

RA'CA,  71.  A  Syriac  word  signifying  empty,  beggar- 
ly, foolish  ;  a  term  of  extreme  contempt.     MaU.  v. 

RA€-eOON',  n.  An  American  quadruped,  the  Pro- 
cyon  lotor,  a  carnivorous  mammal.  It  is  somewhat 
larger  than  a  fox,  and  its  fur  is  deemed  valuable, 
next  to  that  of  the  beaver.  This  animal  lodges  in  a 
hollow  tree,  feeds  occasionally  on  vegetables,  and 
its  flesh  is  palaUible  food.  It  inhabits  most  parts  of 
the  American  continent.      Belknap.     Encyc.  Amer. 

RACE,  u.  [Fr.  race,  from  the  It.  razia;  Sp.  ra:a,  a 
race,  a  ray,  and  rati,  a  root,  L.  radic;  Russ.  rod,  a 
generation,  race  ;  rojit,  to  beget.  The  primary  sense 
of  the  root  is,  to  thrust  or     ' 


VV, 


slioot ;  the  L.  radix  and 


radius  having  the  same  original.    This  word  com- 
cides  in  origin  with  rod,  ray,  radiate,  &c.     Class  Ud.| 

1.  'J'he  Imeage  of  a  family,  or  continued  scries  ol 
descendants  from  a  parent,  who  is  called  the  *foc.V. 
A  race  is  the  series  of  descendants  indefinitely. 
Thus  all  mankind  are  called  the  race  of  Adam  ; 
the  Israelites  are  of  the  race  of  Abraham  and  Jac^^ib. 
Thus  we  speak  of  a  race  of  kings,  the  race  of  Clovis, 
or  Charlemagne  ;  a  race  of  nobles,  &c. 

Heucc  the  long  race  of  Albao  fathers  come.  DryJen, 

2.  A  generation  ;  a  family  of  descendants. 

A  race  ol"  youthful  and  unhandled  colls.  Stak. 

3.  A  particular  breed  ;  as,  a  race  of  mules ;  a  race 
of  horses  ;  a  race  of  sheep.  Chapman. 

Of  such  a  race  no  maUer  who  is  king.  MurjJ:y. 

4.  A  root ;  as,  race-ginger,  ginger  in  the  root,  or 
not  pulverized. 

5.  A  particular  strength  or  taste  of  wine  ;  a  kin^ 
of  tartness.    [auer\-,  does  this  belong  to  this  root  or   , 
to  the  following?  ]   '  Temple.    .Massingcr.       \ 

RACE,  n.  [D.  ras ;  Sw.  resa,  to  go  ;  Dan.  rejse,  a  go- 
in"  or  course;  L.  gradior,  gressus,  \v'n\i  t]ie_  prefix 
g  f  Ir.  ralha,  a  running  ;  reatham,  to  run  ;  W.  grcz, 
a  step,  from  rhaz,  a  going  ;  allied  to  VV.  rHd,  a  race  ; 
rhcdu,  to  run,  to  race ;  allied  to  Eng.  rule.  See 
Class  Rd,  No.  5  and  9.] 

1.  A  running;  a  rapid  course  or  motion,  either  on 
the  feet,  on  horseback,  or  in  a  carriage,  &c. ;  partic- 
ularly, a  contest  in  running ;  a  running  in  competi- 
tion for  a  prize. 

The  race  was  one  of  ihe  eierdses  of  Mx  Gredaa  g-ASies. 

Erj^. 
I  wield  Ihe  gaunlJcl  and  I  run  (he  race.  Pope. 

2.  Any  running  with  speed. 

The  flJsrht  of  manv  tirds  is  rAificr  ikin  Ihe  rcca  of  any  bpist. 
=  •  Bacon. 

3.  A  progress  ;  a  course  ;  a  movement  or  progres- 
sion of  any  kind. 

My  race  of  giory  nm.  -^'i- 

Lcl  us  lUQ  with  paiJcDce  the  ract  Ihal  is  set  before  us.  — fcitS. 
xii. 

4.  Course  ;  train  ;  process  ;  as,  tlie  prosecution  and 
race  of  the  war.     [A't/(  note  used.]  Bacon. 

5.  .\  strong  or  rapid  current  of  water,  or  the  chan- 
nel or  passage  for  such  a  current;  as,  the  Portland 
race*  HcdiiwelL 

6.*  A  small,  artificial  canal  or  watercourse,  leading 
from  the  dam  of  a  stream  to  the  machinery  which  it 
drives  ;  sometimes  called  the  JIzad-race,  in  opposi- 
tion to  the  Tail-race,  which  is  the  watercourse 
leading  from  the  bottom  of  a  water-wheel. 

7.  The  races ;  in  the  plural,  a  meeting  for  contests 
in  tin-  running  of  horses.  The  races  commence  in 
October.  .  . 

RvvCE,  r.  i.  To  run  swiftly ;  to  run  or  contend  in 
running.     Th-  animals  raced  over  the  ground. 

RACE-tJlX'OER,  n.  Ginger  in  the  root,  or  not  pul- 
verized. 

RaCE'-HORSE,  h.  a  horse  bred  or  kept  for  runnmg 
in  contest;  a  horse  that  runs  in  competition.  Addison. 

RAC-E-M.A'TION,  n.     [L.  raccmus,  a  clusier.l 

1.  A  cluster,  as  of  grapes.  Brown. 

2.  The  cultivation  lif  clusters  of  grapes.    BumeU 
RA-CeMK',  7J.     [L.  racemns,  a  bunch  of  benies.^ 

In  but^inv,  a  species  of  inflorescence,  consisimg  of 
a  common   peduncle  with  short  and  equal  lateral 


TUNE,  BULL,  IINITE.— AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K ;  6  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SII ;  Til  as  in  THIS. 


903 


RAC 

pedicels,  as  a  string  of  curniiits.  It  is  simple  or 
comi)uund,  naked  or  leafy,  &c. 

A  !>pecies  of  inflorescence  in  which  a  number  of 
flowers,  with  short  and  equal  pedicels,  stand  upon  a 
comnion  slender  axis.  Liadlcy. 

ItA-CK.M'A'D,  a.     Having  a  raceme. 

RA-Ck'MI€  acid,  jj.  Am  acid  found  in  the  tartar 
obtained  from  certain  vineyards  on  the  Rhine. 

iir  antic, 

RAC-K-MIF'ER-OUS,  a.  [U  raremus,  a  cluytrr,and 
fcro,  to  bear.] 

Hearing  racemes,  as  the  currant.  .^siat.  Hcs. 

RAC'R-MOUS  or  RA-Ce'MOUS,  «.  (irowing  in  ra- 
cemes, Knajc. 

Ra'CRR,  ji.  [from  race.]  A  runner ;  one  that  con- 
tends in  a  race. 

Ami  Uiilc  Uie  niinblest  ra<er  eciic  Ihc  pri/^.  Pvpc. 

RACH,  n.     [Sax.  rtEcc ;  I>.  brak  :  Fr.  braquc] 
A  setting  dog  or  pointer. 

RA-CHIL'l.A,  n.     [Gr.  puMif,  a  spine.] 

A  branch  of  innorescence ;  the  zig/jg  center  on 
which  the  florets  are  arranged  in  the  spikelets  of 
grasses.  Brandc. 

RA'€Hl!J^,  n.  [Gr.]  In  botany^  a  pi-duncle  that  pro- 
ceeds in  a  right  line  fn»m  the  base  to  the  apex  of  the 
inflorescence.  Tliis  term  is  sometimes  applied  to 
the  stipe  of  a  fern,  hut  nut  properly.  Lindlcy. 

RA-CHIT'ie,  (ra-kit'ik,)  a.  IVrtaining  to  the  uius- 
clt'S  of  the  hack  ;  rickety. 

RA-eill'TIS,  H.  [Gr.]  This  term  implies  inflamma- 
tion of  the  spine,  but  it  is  applied  to  thi-  disease  called 
ricirts',  which  is  a  mere  corruption  o\'  rachitis. 

Ra'CI-NESS,  H.  [See  Racy.]  Tho  quality  of  being 
racy. 

RAC'IiVG,  ppr.  Running  swiftly  j  running  or  con- 
tending in  a  race. 

RACK,  Ji.  [D.  re/.-,  rack,  stretch  ;  rckker^  to  stretcli ; 
Sax.  racan,  nscan,  Eng.  to  reach ;  G.  recken^  to  stretch  ; 
reclibank,  a  rack.  See  Reach  and  Rreak.  Class 
Rg,  No.  18,21,33.] 

1.  An  engineof  torture,  consisting  of  a  large  frame, 
upon  which  the  body  of  the  person  undercxamination 
is  gradually  stretched,  until  sometimes  the  joints 
are  dislocated  ;  used  for  extorting  confessions  from 
criminals  or  suspected  persons.  The  rack  is  entirely 
unknown  iu  free  countries. 
9.  Torture  ;  extreme  pain  :  anguish. 

A  fit  of  thtf  sloiie  puts  a  king  to  ihs  rack,  and  mjJiw  !iim  as  mis- 
erable M  Udoes  ihc  meanest  subject.  Temple. 

3.  Any  instrument  for  stretching  or  extending  any 
thing  ;  as,  a  rack  for  bending  a  bow.  Temple. 

4.  A  grate  on  which  bacon  is  laid. 

5.  A  wooden  frame  of  open  work  in  which  hay  is 
laid  for  horses  and  cattle  for  feeding. 

6.  The  frame  of  bones  of  an  animal ;  a  skeleton. 
We  say,  a  rack  of  bones. 

7.  A  frame  for  receiving  various  articles. 

8.  A  strong  frame  of  wood,  having  several  sheaves 
through  which  passes  the  running  ringing.       Totten. 

9.  In  machinery,  a  rectilineal  sliding  piece,  with 
teeth  cut  on  its  cd'ge  for  working  with  a  wheel. 

Brandc. 
RACK,  n.      [Sax.  Aracca,  the  neck;    Gr.  /j(i\is,  the 
spine  ;  W.  rhac  ;  D.  kraag,  G.  kragen,  Sw,  and  Dan. 
krarre^  a.  collar  ;  Old  Eng.  crag.] 

The  neck  and  spine  of  a  fore  quarter  of  veal  or 
muitnn. 

[The   two  foregoing   words   are   doubtless  from  one 
original.] 
RACK,  n.     [Sax.  rec^  steam  ;  rccav,  to  exhale  ;  D.  rook, 
raoken  ;  G.  ranch,  rauchen ;  Sw.  rtik,  r'oka  ,■  Dan.  rog, 
roger.     See  Reek.] 

Properly^  vapor  ;  hence,  thin,  flying,  broken  clouds, 
or  any  portion  of  floating  vapor  in  the  sky. 

The  winds  in  the  upper  region,  which  move  the  c1uik)s  nbuvc, 
which  wc  till  \.l\<:  rack.  Bacon. 

The  great  i^lcbe  itself, 
Yea,  iill  which  it  inherit,  ihall  .iiuolv** ; 
And,  iike  this  UTiBubstniiti.il  pageant,  faded, 
Leave  iiftt  a.  rack  iKhitui.  Shak. 

It  is  di:^puted,  however,  whether  rack  in  this  pas- 
sage should  not  be  loreck. 

RACK,  7?.  [ForABBvcK.  See  Aruatk.]  Among  Me 
Tartars,  a  spirituous  liquor  made  nf  mare's  milk 
which  has  become  sour,  and  is  then  distilled. 

Encyc. 

RACK,  n.     A  racking-pace,  which  see.  Booth. 

RACK,  r.  L  Toamble,  but  with  a  quicker  and  shorter 
tread,  as  a  horse. 

RACK,  r.  i.     [Sax.  rccan.    See  the  noun.] 

1.  Pntperhj,  to  steam  ;  to  rise,  as  vapor.  [See 
Reek,  which  is  the  word  used.] 

2.  To  fly,  as  vapor  or  broken  clouds.  Sha!c. 
RACK,  V.  t.     [from  the  noun.]    Tn  torture  ;  to  stretch 

or  strain  on  the  rack  or  wheel ;  as,  to  rack  a  criminal 
or  suspected  person,  to  extort  a  confession  of  his 
guilt,  or  compel  him  to  betray  his  accomplices. 

Drydcn. 

2.  To  torment;  to  torture  ;  to  afl'ect  with  e.vireme 
pain  or  anguish  ;  as,  racked  with  i\i:v\)  despair. 

J\Iilton. 

3.  To  Imrasa  by  exaction. 

The  UnfiloiiU  there  shamefutly  rack  their  Icimnts.       Spenssr. 


HAD 

4.  To  Stretch  ;  to  strain  vehemently  ;  to  wrest;  as, 
to  rack  and  stretch  Scripture;  to  rack  invention. 

Hooker.     fVatcrland. 
The  wisest  among  the  heathens  racked  Uicir  wita.      TiUoUon. 


To  stretch  ;  to  extend. 


Shak. 


RACK,   V.    t.      [Ar.  oL 


_       rauka,  to  clear,  to  strain. 
Class  Kg,  No.  8.1 

'i'o  draw  oil'  from  the  lees ;  to  draw  off",  as  pure 
liquor  from  its  sediment ;  as,  to  rue  t  cider  or  wine; 
to  rack  off  liquor.  Bacon. 

RACK'fil),  (rakt, )/>;;.  Tortured;  toruiented  ;  strained 
to  the  utmost. 
2.  Drawn  ofT,  as  liquor. 
RACK'ER,  n.    One  thai  tortures  or  torments  ;  one 
that  racks. 

'J.  A  horse  that  racks,  or  moves  with  a  racking- 
pace. 
RACK'ET,  n.      [This  word  belongs  to  the  root  of 
crack,  Fr.  craquer.     See  Rocket.] 

1.  A  confused,  clattering  noise,  less  loud  llian  up- 
roar;  ajiplied  to  the  confused  sounds  of  animal 
voices,  or  such  voices  mixed  with  other  sound.  We 
say,  the  children  make  a  racket ;  the  racket  of  a  flock 
of  birds. 

2.  Clamor;  noisy  talk.  Swift. 
RACK'ET,  V.  i.    To  make  a  confused  noise  or  clamor; 

to  frolic.  Gray. 

RACK'ET,  ;t.     A  snow-shoe. 
RACK'ET,  H.     [Fr.  raquette;    Sp.  raqueta  ;    G.  racket; 

D.  rakct.) 
The    instrument  with   which    players  at   tennis 

strike  the  ball.  .Shak.     Vigby. 

RACK'ET,  V.  I.  To  strike  as  with  a  racket.  Ilewiit. 
RACK'ET-ED,  pp.  Struck  with  a  racket ;  frolicked. 
RACK'ET-IN(1,  ppr.     Striking  with  a  racket ;  making 

a  racket. 
RACK'ET-ING,  n.    Confused  and  noisy  mirth. 
RACK'ET-Y,  a.     Making  a  tumultuous  noise. 
RACK'ING,  ppr.    Torturing;  tormenting;  straining; 

drawing  off. 

2.  a.     Tormenting;    excruciating;    as,    a   racking 

pain. 
RACK'ING,  T(.    Torture  ;  a  stretching  on  the  rack. 

2.  Torment  of  the  mind  ;  anguish ;  as,  the  rack- 
ings  of  conscience. 

3.  The  act  of  stretching  cloth  on  a  frame  for  dry- 
ing. 

4.  The  act  of  drawing  from  the  sediment,  as 
liquors. 

RACK'ING,  ppr.     Flying  as  vapor  or  broken  clouds. 

And  drive  the  racking  clouds  along  the  liquid  space.     Drydcn. 

RACK'ING-PACE,  71.  The  racking-pace  of  a  horse 
is  an  amble,  but  with  a  quicker  and  shorter  tread. 

Far.  Diet. 

RACK'-RENT,  n.  An  annual  rent  raised  to  the  ut- 
most, or  to  t!ie  full  annual  value  of  the  premises,  or 
near  it.  Wood's  Institutes. 

RACK'-RENT-ED,  a.  Subjected  to  the  payment  of 
rack-rent.  Franklin. 

RACK'-RENT-ER,  7t.  One  that  is  subjected  to  pay 
rack-vent.  Locke. 

RA'CY,  fi.  [This  word,  if  the  sense  of  it  is  strong, 
vigorous,  would  seem  to  belong  to  the  family  of  Sax. 
kra^s,  force,  rtEsan,  to  rush.  But  the  application  of  it 
by  Cowley  in  the  passage  below,  seems  to  indicate 
its  connection  with  the  Sp.  and  I'ori.  raiz,  root,  L. 
radir.] 

1.  Having  a  strouE  flavor  indicating  its  origin  ;  tast- 
ing of  the  soil  ;  as,  rr/rv  cider;  racy  wine.      Johnson. 

9.  Figuratively,  exciting  to  the  mental  taste  by  a 
strong  or  distinctive  character  of  thought  or  lan- 
guage. Smart. 

Rich,  rary  verses,  in  which  wc 
The  soil  fr'itn  which  tlicy  C-^inc,  tasic,  smell,  itiid  see.     Cowley. 

RAD,  the  old  pret.  of  Read.  Spenser. 

RAD,  RED,  ROD,  an  initial  or  torniinaling  syllable  in 
names,  is  the  D.  raad^  G.  roth,  counsel,  as  in  Cwa- 
r(7'/,  powerful  in  counsel:  Ethelrrd,   imble  counsel. 

RAD'DLE,  (rad'dl,)  v.  t.      [Probably  from  Sax.  icr(Bd, 
wrad,  or  wrtTthy  a  band  or  wreath,  or  from  the  same 
root.] 
To  interweave  ;  to  twist ;  to  wind  together. 

Defor. 

RAD'DLE,  n.  [Supra.]  A  long  slick  used  in  hedg- 
ing ;  also,  a  hedge  formed  by  interweaving  the  shoots 
and  branches  of  trees  or  shrubs.  Todd. 

2.  In  JVew  England,  an  instrument  consisting  of  a 
wooden  bar,  with  a  row  of  upright  pegs  set  in  it, 
which  is  employed  by  domestic  weavers,  to  keep  the 
warp  of  a  proper  width,  and  prevent  it  from  becom- 
ing entangled,  when  it  is  wound  upon  the  beam  of 
tlip  loom. 

RAD'DOCK,  )n.     [from  red,  ruddii,  which   see.]     A 
RUD'DOCK,  ]      bird,  the  redbreast  of  Europe.     Shalt. 
Ra'DI-AL,  a.     [from  L.  rorfius,  a  ray,  a  rod,  a  spoke. 
See  Radius  and  Rav.] 

Pertaining  to  the  radius,  one  of  the  bones  of  the 
fore-arm  of  the  human  body  ;  as,  the  radial  artery  or 
nerve.  Rush. 

The  radial   muscles  are  two   muscles  of  the  fore- 


RAD 

arm,  one  of  which  bends  the  wrist,  the  oilitr  ex- 
tends it.  Kncijr..     Parr, 

Radial  curves :  in'  gcomcti'y,  curves  of  the  spiral 
kind,  whose  ordinates  all  terminate  iu  tin*  ciuiter  of 
the  iududiu"  circle,  and  appear  like  so  many  semi- 
diameters.  [Little  used.)  Bailey. 
Ua'DI-ANCE,  i  n.  [L.  radians,  radio,  to  beam  or 
Ra'DI-AN-CY,  i  shoot  rays.  See  Radius  and 
Ray.] 

Properly,   brightness  shooting  iu   rays  or  beams: 
hence,  in  ^rf^c™/,  brilliant  or  sparkling  luster ;  vivid 
brightness;  as,  the  radiance  of  the  sun. 
The  Son, 
Uirl  with  omnipotence,  with  ra^nce  crowoed 
Uf  majesty  divme.  Milton, 

RA'DI-ANT,  a.  Emitting  or  darting  rays  of  light  or 
heal ;  issuing  in  rays ;  beaming  with  brightness  ; 
emitting  a  vivid  light  or  splendor;  as,  ihe  radiant 
sun. 


Mitrk  w!ir\t  riulianl  state  she  spreads, 
Jiadianl  in  gUm.-iiiig  arms  i\n<l  benmy  pride. 


Milton. 
MUton. 


Ra'DF-ANT,  71.  In  optics,  the  luminous  point  or  object 
from  which  light  emanates. 

2.  In  geometry,  a  straight  line  proceeding  from  a 
given  jioint,  or  fixed  pole,  about  which  it  is  conceived 
10  revolve.  Brandc, 

Ra'DI-ANT-LY,  adv.  With  beaming  brightness  j 
with  glittering  s|jlendor. 

Ra'DI-A-RY,  n.     One  of  tlie  Radiata.  Kirhy. 

RA-DI-a'TA,  n.  pi.  The  fourth  great  division  of  the 
animal  kingdom,  including  those  animals  whose  parts 
are  arranged  round  an  axis,  and  on  one  or  several 
radii,  or  on  one  or  several  lines  extending  from  one 
pole  to  the  other.  This  division  comprehends  the 
echinodermata,  the  entozoa,  the  acalepha,the  polypi 
or  polvpods,  and  the  infusoria.  Cunicr. 

Ra'DI-aTE,  u.  i.     [h.  radio.     See  Rat.] 

^  1.  To  issue  in  rays,  as  light ;  to  dart,  as  beams  of 
brightness ;  to  shine. 

Light  radiates  from  luminous  bodies  directly  to  our  eyes.  Locke. 
2.  To  issue  and   proceed  in  direct  lines  from  a 
point  or  surface,  as  lieal. 

Ra'DI-aTE,  !'.  £.  To  enlighten;  to  illumiuale  ;  to 
shed  light  or  brightness  on.     [Usually  Irradiate.] 

Ifeiryt, 
2.  To  emit  or  send  out  in  direct  lines  from  a  point 
or  surfiice,  as  heat. 

Ra'DI-ATE,  a.  In  botany,  a  rayed  or  radiate  flower 
is  a  compound  flower  consisting  of  a  disk,  in  which 
the  corolets  or  florets  are  tubular,  and  of  a  ray,  in 
which  tJie  florets  are  ligulate  or  strap-shaped. 

Martyn. 
Or  a  fl  wer  with  several  semiflosculous  florets  set 
round  a  disk  in  form  of  a  radiant  star.  Encyc, 

RA'DI-a-TKD,  pp.  Emitted,  as  rays  of  light  or  lleat ; 
adorned  with  rays  of  light.  Addison. 

2.  a.  In  mineralogy,  having  crystals  diverging 
from  a  center. 

3.  In  zoology,  belonging  to  tlie  division  Radiata. 
Ra'DI-a-TI\G, /';jr.  or  a.     Emilling  or  darting  rays 

of  light  or  heat;    enlightening;    as,  the   radiating 
Ra-D[-.\'TION,  71.     [L.  radiatio.]         [point  in  optics. 

1.  The  emission  and  dilVusion  of  rays  of  light  i 
beamy  brightness.  '      Bacon. 

2.  The  divergence  or  shooting  forth  of  any  thing 
from  a  point  or  surface^  like  the  diverging  rays  of 
light ;  as,  the  radiation  ot  heat. 

Ra'DI-A-TOR,  n,    A  body  from  which  rays  emanate. 

Francis. 
RAD'I-CAL,  a.     [Fr.,  from   L.  radicalii,  from  radix, 
root.     See  Race  and  Ray.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  root  or  origin  ;  original ;  fun- 
damental ;  as,  a  radical  Iruth  or  error  ;  a  radical  evil ; 
a  radical  diflerence  of  opinions  or  systems. 

2.  Implanted  by  nature;  native;  constitutional; 
as,  the  radical  moisture  of  a  body.  Baron. 

3.  Primitive  ;  original ;  underived  ;  uncomjiound- 
ed  ;  as,  a  radical  word. 

4.  Serving  to  origination. 

5.  In  botany,  proceeding  immediately  from  the 
root ;  as,  a  radical  leaf  or  peduncle.  Martyn. 

Radical  quantity  i  in  algebra,  a  quantity  to  which 
the  radical  sign  is  prefixed.  Brande. 

Radical  sign;  the  sign  ^/  placed  before  any  quan- 
tity, dencfting  that  its  root  is  to  be  extracted  ;  thus, 
-s/  a  or  ^^  a  ■\-  b.  Encyc.     Bailey. 

RAD'I-CAL,  71.  In  philology,  a  primitive  word;  a 
radix,  root,  or  simple,  underived,  uncompounded 
word. 

2.  A  primitive  letter;  a  letter  that  belongs  to  tlie 
radix. 

3.  In  modern  politics,  a  person  who  advocates  a 
radical  reform,  or  extreme  measures  in  reforma- 
tion. 

4.  In  chemistry,  an  element,  or  a  simple  constitu- 
ent part  of  a  substance,  which  is  incapable  of  de- 
composition. Parle. 

That  which  constitutes  the  distinguishing  part  of 
an  acid  or  a  base,  by  its  union  with  oxygen,  or  other 
acidifying  and  basifying  principles.  Ure. 

Compound  radical,  is  a  base  composed  of  two  or 
more  substances.    Thus  a  vegetable  acid  liaving  a 


fate,  far,  fall,  what.  — Mete,  prey.  — pine,  marine,  bird.— note,  dove,  move,  wolf,  book.- 

904  ""'^'^ 


RAF 

ladical  composed  of  hydrogen  and  carhon,  is  said  to 
be  an  acid  with  a  compound  radical.  The  term  com- 
jiound  radical  is  also  applied  to  supposed  salifiable 
bases,  of  which  cyanogen  is  the  type.         Silliman. 

!lAD'[-eAL-I?.M,  H.  the  doctrine  or  principle  of 
t:iaking:  radical  reform  in  government,  by  overtiim- 
nm  and  changin;;  the  present  state  of  tliinijs. 

RAD-I-€AL'I-TY,  n.     Origination.  Brown. 

2.  A  being  radical;  a  quantity  which  has  relation 
to  a  root.  BaUnj. 

KAD'r-€AL-LY,  adr.  Originally ;  at  the  origin  or 
root ;  fiindainentally  ;  as,  a  scheme  or  system  radi- 
caUy  wrong  or  defective. 

2.  Primitively ;  essentially  :  originally ;  without 
derivation. 

These  great  orts  ihus  radicaUy  bright.  Prior, 

n\D'I-€AL-NESS,  ft.    The  state  of  being  radical  or 

UAD'l-CANT,  fl.     [h.  nuliciinj.]  [fundamental. 

In  botany,  rooting  ;  as,  a  radicant  stem  or  leaf. 

Lcc.    Miirtyn. 
RAD'I  CaTE,  v.  t.     [L.  radicatas,  radicor,  from  radix, 
root.] 

To  root ;  to  plant  deeply  and  firmly  ;  as,  radicated 
opinions  i  ra(/i;:a*c<i  knowledge.  Glancdlc. 

Medila'joii  will  radicate  tlies_'  £>?eds.  Itavimond. 

RAD'I-CATE,  n.     Radicated.  South. 

RAD'I-€A-TED,fp.  or  a.    Rooted  ;  deeply  planted. 

Prejudicea  of  a  whole  race  of  people  radicated  by  a  succession  of 
a<n:s.  Burke, 

RAD'I-€A-TI\G,/»i)r.orri.  /  In  Sh/oww,  taking  root  from 
RAD'I-CAN'r,  a.  \    some  part  above  ground, 

as  the  joint  of  a  stem,  llie  extrejuitv  of  a  leaf,  &.c. 
RAD-l-eA'TION,  n.    [from  radicate,]    The  prccess  of 
taking  root  deeply  ;  as.  the  radication  of  habits. 

■2.  In  botany^  the  disposition  of  the  root  of  a  plant 
with  respect  to  the  ascending  and  dcscendingraudex. 

Lcc. 
RAD'I-€LE,  (rad'e-kl,)  n,     [L.  radicular  from  tiuUx.] 

1.  That  part  of  the  seed  of  a  plant  which  upon 
vegetating  becomes  the  root.  Eacijc. 

2.  A  n-ime  given  to  the  fibrous  parts  of  a  root, 
which  are  renewed  every  year,  and  which  arc  the 
parts  that  absorb  the  nutriment  from  the  earth. 

Ra'DI-O-LITES,  71.  pi     A  gemis  of  fossil  shells  hav- 

ins  the  inferior  valve  in  the  shape  of  a  reversed  cone, 

the  superior  valve  convex.  Brandc. 

Ra-DI-0M'E-TER,71.    [h.  radium,  io{\,  and  Gr.  inTo-jf, 

measure.] 
The  forestnff,  an  instrument   formerly    used    for 

taking  the  altitudes  of  celestial  bodies.         Barlow. 
RAD'ItfH,   71.      [Sax.   nrdic ;    D.    radys;    G.   radics.^  ; 

Corn,  rydhik :  It.  raidis ;  \V.  rhuzygyl,  from  rkuzyg, 

red.    Sec  Ruddt,] 
A  cultivated  plant  of  the   genus  Raphanus,  the 

root  of  which  Is  eaten  raw  as  a  salad. 
RA'DI-US,n.;  pi.  Radii.  [L.  f/i., a  ray,  n  rod,  a  beam, 

a  spoke,  that  is,  a  shoot ;  radio,  to  shine,  that  is,  to 

dart  beam^.    See  Rat.] 

1.  In  geometry,  a  right  line  drawn  or  extending 
from  the  center  of  a  circle  to  the  periphery  ;  the 
semidiamer  of  the  circle.  In  trigonometry,  tlie  radius 
is  equal  to  the  sine  of  90'. 

■3.  In  anrdomy,  the  exterior  bone  of  the  fore-arm, 
descending  along  with  the  ulna  from  the  elbow  to 
the  wrist. 

3.  In  botany,  a  ray;  the  outer  part  or  circiimfir- 
eijce  of  a  compound  radiate  ftower,  or  radiated  dis- 
cous  flower.  Jifartyn. 

Hfi'DI  US  VE€'TOR,  n.  [E.]  In  a.^trvuomy,  the 
'straight  line  drawn  from  the  center  of  force  to  the 
point  o(  the  orbit,  where  the  body  is  supposed  to  he. 
Thu?,  the  radius  rcctt^r  of  a  planetar>  orbit,  is  a  line 
drawn  from  the  center  of  the  sun  to  the  centre  of 
the  planet  in  any  pari  of  that  orbit. 

Brande.      Olmsted. 

Ra'DIX,  n.  [E.,  a  root.]  In  etymology,  a  primitive 
word,  from  which  spring  other  words. 

2.  In  logarithms,  the  base  of  any  system  of  loga- 
ritiims,  orUiat  number  whose  logarithm  is  unity.  Tims 
in  Griggs's,  or  the  common  system  of  logarithms, 
the  radix  is  10;  in  Napier's  it  is  2.718-3318284.  All 
other  numbers  are  considered  as  some  powers,  or 
roots  of  the  radix,  the  exponents  of  which  powers, 
or  roots,  constitute  tlie  logarithms  of  those  numbers 
respectively. 

3.  In  algebra,  radix,  or  root,  sometimes  denotes  a 
finite  expression,  from  whicli  a  seriea  is  derived. 

Hxitton. 
RAFF,  r.  (.    [G.  raffen,  to  sweep,  to  seize  or  snatch. 
It  seems  to  be  from  the  root  of  Sax.  reafian,  L.  rapio ; 


RAG 


^-  i-J 


^ij^j  Tvftah,  E, 


pound  or  duplicate,  Tiffraff.     [Pers. 

quisqnilitE,  sweepings.] 
2.  A  promiscuous  heap  or  collection  ;  a  jumble. 

Barroio. 
RAF'FLE,  (nifn,)  v.  i.  [Ft.  rafler,  to  sweep  away,  to 
sweep  slakes  ;  D,  ryfelcn  ;  Sp.  rifar,  to  raffic,  and  to 
strivf^j  to  quarrel,  to  dispute,  and  to  i-ivc,  to  split  a 
sail ;  Port,  rifa,  a  set  of  cards  of  the  same  color, 
and  a  rattle  or  rattling,  also  a  craggy  or  steep  place  ; 
rifar,  to  neigh,  as  a  mettlesome  horse ;  probably 
from  rivijig,  opening  willi  a  burst  of  sound,  or,  as  we 
say,  to  rip  out  (an  oalh.)  The  Sp.  rifar,  to  strive,  is 
precisely  the  Heb.  3T"»,  to  strive;  Syr.  to  make  a  tu- 
nmlt  or  clamor;  all  from  driving  or  violence.    See 


Ch.  Syr.  and  Heb.  r^ij,  Ar.  C    _V^  30.rafa,  to  sweep 

away  ;  Pers.  .,»x5j  rofian,  id.] 
To  sweep;  to  snatch,  draw,  or  huddle  together; 


to  take  by  a  promiscuous  sweep.     [Ohs. 

Thdr  en'iscB  and  tffcciB  I  thns  raj  vip  together.  Cartie. 

EAFF,  V.    The  sweepmgs  of  society  ;  the  rabble  ;  the 
mob,  [coUuvies.^    Tiiis  is  used  chiefly  in  the  corn- 


Class  Rb,  No.  4, 12, 19,  Pers.  ^A3j 


roftan,  to  sweep, 


You  purcliaj*  tKi:n  wiOi  all  itwi  Joy  can  giv< 
An:\  die  of  DOlAing  but  a,  rage  to  live. 


to  clean  the  teeth.     See  Rajf.] 

To  cast  dice  for  a  prize,  for  which  each  person 
concerned  in  the  game  lays  down  a  stake,  or  Iiazards 
a  part  of  the  vaUie ;  as,  to  raffie  for  a  watch. 

RAF'FLE,  71.  A  game  of  chance,  or  lottery,  in  which 
several  persons  deposit  a  part  of  the  value  of  the 
tiling,  in  consideration  of  the  chance  of  gaining  it. 
The  successful  thrower  of  the  dice  takes  or  sweeps 
the  whole. 

RAP'FLER,  71.    One  who  raffles. 

RAF'FLING.,  p/ir.  Throwing  dice  for  a  prize  staked 
bv  a  number. 

R.v'FF'-MER'CflANT,  71.  A  lumber  merchant.  {Local.'] 

RAFT,  ?'.  [El  Dan.  raft  is  a  rack  for  hay  ;  in  Sax.  re- 
dan IS  the  E.  rnpio;  qu.  from  floating,  sweeping 
along,  or  Gr.  pa-rw,  to  sew,  that  is,  to  fasten  to- 
gether, and  allied  to  reeve  i  or  Gr.  f/ioi,  whence 
■ .),)  f.n,  a  flooring.    See  Rafter  and  Roof.] 

All  avvemldage  of  board;,  planks,  or  pieces  of 
littibLT  fa^toneil  together  horizontally  -ind  floated 
down  a  stream  ;  a  float.  SItak.     Pope. 

RAFT,  V.  t.    To  carry  on  or  in  a  raft. 

RAFT,  pp.  [Sax.  rcafiav,  to  seize,  L.  rapio  ;  hrrcafan, 
to  snatch  away,  to  bereave.] 

Torn  ;  rent  ;  severed.     [Ohs,]  Speiiscr. 

RXFT'KD,  p/i.     Carried  on  or  in  a  raft. 

RAFT'ER,  II.  {S:\x.  nrfter ;  Gr.  f^.n/^t.i,  to  cover; 
on'i'hn,  a  roof;  Kuss.  strop,  a  roof.] 

A  roof  limbei  ;  a  piece  of  timber  that  extends 
from  the  plate  of  a  building  toward  the  ridge,  and 
serves  to  support  the  covering  of  tlie  roof. 

Jilitlon.     Pope, 

RAFT'ER-ED,  a.     Built  or  furnished  with  rafters. 

RAFT'ING,  ppr.     Carrying  on  or  in  a  raft. 

RAFT'ING,  It.     The  business  of  floating  rafts. 

RAFTS'MAN,  7i.     A  man  who  manages  a  rafi. 

RAFT'Y,  a.     Damp  ;  musty.     [Local.]         Robinson. 

RAG,  H.  [Sax.  hracod,  torn,  ragged:  racian,  to  rake; 
Dan.  ragcr,  to  rake  ;  ragcire,  old  clothes  ;  Sw.  raka, 
to  shave  ;  ragg,  rough  hair  ;  Gr.  puKog,  a  torn  gar- 
ment, paKO(-j,  to  tear ;  pay  a^,  a  rupture,  a  rock,  a 
crair;  ^n-joor,  to  tear  asunder;  W.  rhwygaio,  to 
renTl ;  Arm.  roga,  id.  The  Spanisli  has  the  word  in 
th'T-  conipounds'tiHt/rajo,  a  rag,  cndrajoso,  ragged  ;  It. 

siraccio,  a  rent,  a  rag;  stracciare,  to  tear;  Ar.  Oj.::i 
chnraka,  or  gard:a,  to  tear.     Class  Rg,  No.  34.] 

1.  Any  piece  of' cloth  torn  from  the  rest;  a  tat- 
tered cloth,  torn  or  wurn  till  its  texture  is  destroyed. 
Eincn  and  cotton  rags  are  the  chief  materials  of 
paper. 

2.  Garments  worn  out ;  proverbially,  mean  dress. 

Drowsmesa  sliall  clolhc  a  man  wiih  rags.  —  Prov.  xxiii. 

And  vimic,  tlioiigli  in  rags,  will  keep  me  warm.        Drydcn. 

3.  A  fragment  of  dress.  Hudibras. 
RAG,  V.  t.     [Qu.  Sax.  wregian,  to  accuse  ;  or  from  the 

root  of  Togr.    The  sense  is,  to  break  or  burst  forth.] 
To  scold  ;  to  rail.     [Locn!.]  Pegge, 

5ig;tBfA"h,i"-    An  m.e,  ragged  por.on. 

RAG-A-MUF'FIN,  n.  [Uu.  rag  and  Sp.  mofar,  to 
mock,  or  It.  vinffo,  musty.] 

A  paltrv  fellow  ;  a  mean  wretch.  Swift. 

R.\G'-1IoE"T,  n.  An  iron  pin  with  barbs  on  its  shank 
Ui  retain  it  in  its  place.  Mar.  Diet. 

RAGE,  ;(.  [Fr.  rage,  whence  tnrager,  to  enrage; 
Corn,  arraich  ;  Arm.  arragi,  arragcin,  to  enrage. 
This  belongs  to  the  family  of  Rg,  to  break  or  burst 
forth.  (See  Rao.)  Perhaps  Heb.  Ch.  and  Syr.  p-m, 
to  grind  or  gna^h  the  teeth  ;  in  Ar.  to  burn,  to  break, 
to  crc't, to  grind  thetecth,  to  be  angr>*.  The  radical 
sense  of  burn  is  in  many  cases  to  rage  or  be  violent. 
Class  Rg,  No.  34.] 

1.  Violent  anger  accompanied  with  furious  words, 
gestures,  or  agitation  ;  anger  excited  to  fury.  Passion 
sometimes  rises  to  rage. 

Tonneiit,  nnd  lt>ud  ianient,  and  furious  rage,  Milton. 

2.  Vehemence  or  violent  exacerbation  of  any  thing 
painful ;  as,  the  rage  of  pain  ;  the  rage  of  a  fever ; 
the  rage  of  hunger  or  thirst.  Pope. 

2,  Fury  ;  extreme  violence;  as  of  a  tempest. 


RAI 

4.  t^nthusiasm ;  rapture. 

Who  brought  (jreen  P'>r«7  to  h-r  perfi'Ct  agf, 

And  made  that  art  uli:ch  w.-u  »  rage.  Coieley. 

5.  Extreme  eagernc-ss  or  passion  directed  to  some 
object ;  as,  the  rage  for  money, 

\ov  can  ?ive. 

Pop€. 

RAGE,  0.  i.  To  be  furious  with  anger;  to  be  exas- 
perated to  fury  ;  to  be  violently  agitated  with  pas- 
sion. 

At  this  ht  inly  raged.  Ml'Con, 

2.  To  be  violent  and  tumultuous. 

Why  do  the  heaiben  rage  ?  —  P».  ii. 

3.  To  be  violently  driven    or   agitated ;  as,  the 
raging  sea  or  winds. 

4.  To  ravage  ;  to  prevail  willioiit  re.-=traint,  or  with 
fatal  elfect ;  as  the  plague  ragej  in  Cairo. 

5.  To  be  driven  with  impetuosity ;  to  act  or  m"VA 
furiously. 

Tlie  chartols  shall  ni^e  In  tlie  rtrerti.  —  Nah.  it. 

The  nmddiiig  wheels  of  brazen  clLiiiotA  r<i;,'e7.  I^lUlon. 

6.  To  toy  wantonly ;  to  sport.     [J\'ot  in  iwr.] 

Qoiser 
RAGE'FyL,  a.     Full  of  rage  ;  violent ;  furious. 

Sidney.     Hammond. 

RA'GER-Y,  71.    Wantonness.     [A'at  u.ied.]  Clutuccr. 

R.-\GG,  71.    A  silicious  sandstone.    [See  Ragstoke.] 

RAG'GED,  a.     [from  rag.]     Rent  or  worn  into  Liuers, 

or  till  its  texture  is  broken ;  as,  a  ragged  coat ;  a 

rairged  sail.  ArbvthnoU 

§.'  Broken  with  rough  edges  ;  uneven  ;  ;w,  a  ragged 
rock. 

3.  Having  the  appearance  of  being  broken  or  torn  ; 
jagged  ;  rough  with  sharp  or  irregular  points. 

Tiic  moon  appejra,  when  looked  upon  throog-:!  a  good  ^smi  ru«Ie 
and  ragged.  Burrtet. 

4.  Wearing  tattered  clothes;  as,  a  raggtdfeWow, 

5.  Rough ;  rugged. 

What  shepherd  owns  those  ragged  sheep  ?  DryUn. 

RAG'GED-NESS,  ti.    The  state  of  being  dressed  in 

tattered  clothes. 

2.  The  state  of  being  rough  or  broken  irregulariy  ; 
as,  the  raggedness  of  a  clitf. 

RAG'ING,p;)r.ora.  [fronir«^e.]  Acting  with  violence 
or  fury. 

2.  Furious;  impetuous;  vehemently  driven  or 
agitated  ;  as,  the  raging  sea  or  tempest. 

RACING,  77.     Fury;  violence;  impetuosity.    .Tonah\. 

RAG'ING-LY,  arfo.  With  fury;  with  violent  impet- 
uosity, //a'/- 

RAG'MAN,  77.  A  man  who  collects  or  deals  in  rags, 
the  materials  of  paper.  Rnwlinson. 

RAG'iMAN'S-RoEL,  ti.  The  record,  contained  on 
rolls  of  parchment,  of  those  instruments  by  which 
the  Scottish  nobility  and  gentry  subscribed  allegiance 
to  Edward  E  of  England,  A.  D.  1295.  [See  Rigma- 
role.] P-  Cyc. 

RA-GOUT',  (ra-goo',)  n.     [Fr.  ragout;  .Arm.  ragoud,] 
A  sauce  or  seasoning  for  exciting  a  languid  ap- 
petite ;  or  a  high-seasoned  dish,  prepared  with  fish, 
flesh,  greens,  and  the  like,  stewed  with  salt,  pepper, 
cloves,  &.C.  Encyc. 

RAG'SToNE,  71.  A  dark-gray  silicious  sandstone; 
called  also  Rowlev  Ragg.  Brandc. 

RA-GU'E£D,      (     [In  heraldry,  a  cross  rcgnUd  may  be 

RAG-GU'L£D,  (  best  understood  by  calling  it  two 
ragged  staff's  in  a  cross.     Batley.  —  Ei  H,  Barker.] 

RAG'-WHEEE,  n.  In  machinery,  a  wheel  having  a 
notched  or  serrated  margin. 

RAG'WORT,  71.     .\  plant  of  the  genus  Senecio. 

RAID,  7t.  A  hostile  or  predatory  incursion.  [Scot- 
tisJi.]  Walter  Sc^tt. 

RAIE,  7t.    [G.  rie^el,  rail,  bolt,  or  bar  ;  W.  rhail.] 

}.  A  piece  of  timber,  or  of  iron,  or  other  metal, 
extending  from  one  post  or  support  to  another,  as  in 
fences,  balustrades,  staircases,  &c. 

2.  The  liorizontal  part  in  any  piece  of  framing  or 
paneling.  Brande. 

3.  In  a  .s/7J>,  a  imrrow  plank  nailed  for  ornament 
or  security  on  a  ship's  upper  works  ;  also,  a  curved 
|iiece  of  timber  extending  from  the  bows  of  a  ship  to 
the  continuation  of  its  stem,  to  sui)port  the  knee  of 
the  head,&c.  -Wrtr.  Diet. 

RAIE,  71,  A  bird  of  the  genus  Rallus,  consistincr  of 
many  siK'cies.  The  water-rail  has  a  long,  ?lf;nder 
body,  with  short,  concave  wings.  The  birds  of  this 
genus  inhabit  the  slimy  margins  of  rivers  and  ponds 
covered  with  marsh  plants,  and  also  other  iiio:a 
places.  Part-ngton. 

RAIE,  71.  [Sax.  hrmgle,  rtsglCy  frcm  tcrigan,  to  put  vn 
or  cover,  to  rig.] 

A  woman's  upper  garment ;  retained  m  the  word 
NicHTBML,  but  not  used  in  the  United  States. 

RAIL,  V.  t.    To  inclose  with  rails. 

Carcic.     Speciator. 
2.  To  range  in  a  line.  Bacon. 

RAIL,  r.  i.  [D.  r/i/rcn,  to  jabber  ;  Sp.  ralla,  lo  grate, 
to  molest;  Port,  ralkar,  to  swagger,  lo  hector,  to 
huff;  to  scnhl.  This  corresponds  nearly  with  the  G. 
prahien,  wiiirh  may  be  Ihe  samt;  wtud  wilh  a  prenx 
Eng.  to  braid,  Vt.  braillcr ;  Sw.  r.i/M,  to  pmte 


Fr. 


TONE,  BULL,  IGNITE.  — AN 
114 


'GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — e  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS 


905 


RAl 

raillcr^  to  rally.     In  Dan.  driller  signifies  to  drill  and 
to  banter.] 

To  utter  reproaches;  toscotT;  louse  insolent  and 
reproachful  language ;  to  reproach  or  censure  in  op- 
probrious terms  ;  followed  by  at  or  against^  formerly 
by  on.  Shafi. 

And  roil  at  arU  lie  tUil  not  uiidcrslaud.  Dn/rlcn, 

Lcsbin  forever  on  i:ie  rails.  S'icij't. 

RaIL'-FENCE,  n.    A  fence  made  of  wooden  nils. 

R.a(I/-RoAD,  i  n.     [rail  and  road^  or  way.]     A  road 

HaIL'-VVAV,  \  or  way  on  which  iron  rails  are  laid 
for  wheels  to  run  on,  for  the  conveyance  of  heavy 
loads  in  vehicles. 

[It  may  be  well  to  confine  rail-road  to  the  highuaij^ 
in  which  a  railway  is  laid,  and  to  wsa  rail-way  on\y 
for  tlie  rails  when  laid.  Tliia  would  be  a  useful  dis- 
tinction.] 

RaIL'ER,  71.  One  who  scofls,  insults,  censures,  or 
reproaches  with  opprobrious  language. 

South.     Tfiovison. 

HaIL'ING,  ppr.  Clamoring  with  insulting  language; 
uttering  roproacliful  words. 

2.  a.  Expressing  reproach  j  insulting;  as,  a  rail- 
mri-  accusation.    2  Pet.,  ii. 

RaIL'ING,  n.  Reproachful  or  insolent  language.  1 
Pcf.  iii. 

UaIL'ING,  ppr.     Inclosing  with  railh-. 

UaIL'ING,  71.    .'V  series  of  rails  ;  a  fence. 

9.  Rails  in  general ;  or  the  materials  for  rails. 

RaIL'ING-LY,  ado.     With  scoffing  or  insulting  lan- 

RAIL'LER-Y,  (ral'ler-y,)  iu     [Fr.  raillei-ie.]       [guage. 
Banter ;   jesting  language ;    good-humored   pleas- 
antry or  slight  satire  ;  satirical  merriment. 

Let  raHlcry  be  without  malice  ur  heal.  B.  Jotison. 

Stiitlies  employed  on  low  objecU ;   tlie  very  naming  of  them  is 
sufficient  to  turn  them  into  raUlery.  AthUson. 

RAIL-LEUR',  (rA-il-yur',)  Tt.  [Fr.]  A  banterer ;  a 
jester  ;  a  mocker.     [J^'ot  English,  nor  in  use.]     Simit. 

RaI'MENT,  71.  [For  Abbaymekt;  Norm,  araer,  to  ar- 
ray;  araieSi  array,  apparel.     See  Array  and  Rav.] 

1.  Clothing  in  general;  vestments;  vesture;  gar- 
ments.    Qen.  xxiv.     Deal.  viii. 

Living,  both  food  and  raiment  she  auppliea.  Drydsn, 

2.  A  single  garment.  Sidney. 
[In  this  sense  it  is  rarely  used,  and  indeed  is  im- 
proper.] 

RaIN,  v.  i,  [Sax.  kregnan,  regnant  rcnian,  rinaii,  to 
rain;  Goth,  rign,  rain;  Sax.  racw,  Cimbric  raekia, 
rain  ;  D.  and  G.  regen^  rain  ;  D.  regencn,  to  rain  ;  Sw. 
rcgn^  rain  ;  rcgna,  to  rain  ;  Dan.  regn^  rain  ;  regner, 
to  rain  ;  G.  beregnen,  to  rain  on.  It  strenis  that  ram 
is  contracted  from  rcgcri.  It  is  liie  (Jr.  0pf:x<^i  to 
rain,  to  water,  which  we  retain  in  brooky  and  the 
Latins,  by  dropping  the  prefix,  in  rigo,  irrigo,  to  ir- 
rigate.   The  primary  sense  is,  to  pour  out,  to  drive 

forth,  Ar.  i*)  *.j  baraJca,  coinciding  with  Heb.  Cii. 

and  Syr.  ■:n3.    Class  Brg,  No.  3.] 

].  To  fall  in  drops  from  the  clouds,  as  water ;  used 
mostly  with  i(  lor  a  nominative;  as,  it  rains;  it  will 
rain;  it  rained,  or  it  has  rained. 

9.  To  fall  or  drop  like  rain  ;  as,  tears  rained  at  their 
eyes.  Milton. 

RAIN,  V.  t.  To  pour  or  shower  down  from  the  upper 
regions,  like  rain  from  the  clouds. 

Thm  said   the  Lord   to  Moses,  Behold,  I  will  mm  bread  from 

h'-'iiven  for  you.  —  Ex.  xvi. 
God  shall  cast  the  fury  of  his  wrath  upon  him,  and  shall  rain  Ji 

upon  him  while  he  is  eating.  —  Job  xx. 
Upon  ih--  wicked  he  eh.!ll  rain  snores,  fire  and  brimBtone,  and  a 

horrible  tenipesL  -  -  Ps.  si. 

RaIN,  71.     [Sax.  rmgn,  rcgn,  rcn.] 

Water  falling  m  drops  from  the  atmosphere  ;  or 
the  rlescent  of  water  in  drops  from  the  atmosphere. 
Rain  is  distinguished  from  mist,  by  the  size  of  the 
drops,  which  are  distinctly  visible.  When  water 
falls  in  very  ^mall  drops  or  particles,  we  call  it  mist ; 
and  fog  is  composed  of  particles  so  fine  as  to  be  not 
only  indistinguishable,  but  to  float  or  be  suspended 
in  the  air. 

EaIN'BeAT,  a.  Beaten  or  injured  by  the  rain.  [JSTot 
i"^''-]  Hall. 

RAIN'oriW,  7t.  A  bow,  or  an  arch  of  a  circle,  con- 
sisting of  all  the  colors  fonned  by  the  refraction  and 
reflection  of  rays  of  light  from  drops  of  rain  or  va- 
por, appearing  in  the  part  of  the  hemisphere  opposite 
to  the  sun.  When  the  sun  is  at  the  horizon,  the 
rainbow  is  a  semicircle.  The  rainbow  is  called  also 
IR'3-  JVewton. 

The  moon  sometimes  forms  a  bow  or  arch  of  light, 
more  faint  than  that  formed  by  the  sun,  and  called 
lunar  rainbow.  Similar  bows,  at  sea,  are  called  marine 
rainbotps,  or  sea-bows.  Encyc. 

RaIN'BoW-£D,  a.     Formed  with  a  rainbow. 

UaIN'BOW-TINT-ED,  a.  Having  tint.^  like  those  of 
a  rainbow.  Mrs.  Bailer. 

RAIN'DEER.     See  Reindeer. 

RaIN'-GaTJGE,  >  71.     [rain  and  gauge.']     An  instm- 

RaIN'-Ga6Ej  \  ment  to  measure  tlit;  tpmitity  of 
rain  that  falls  at  any  given  place,  Brande. 

RAIN'I-NESS,  n.  [from  7-ai7iy.]  The  state  of  being 
rainy. 


RAI 

RAIN'ING,  ppr.  Pouring  or  showering  down  from 
the  upper  regions,  as  water  from  the  clouds. 

RAIN'-'I'IGIIT,  (-tite,)  a.    So  tight  as  to  exclude  rain. 

RaIN'-WA-TER,  71.  Water  that  has  fallen  from  the 
clouds.  Boyle. 

RAIN'Y,  a.  Abounding  with  rain;  wet;  showery; 
as,  rainy  weather  ;  a  rainy  day  or  season. 

R.aIP,  71.    A  rod  to  measure  ground. 

RAISE,  (raze,)  v.  t.  [Goth,  raisyan,  vr^aisyan,  to 
raise,  to  rouse,  to  excite;  7i^-rcwa7^,to  rise.  This  word 
occurs  often  in  the  Gothic  version  of  the  Gospels, 
Luke  iii.  8,  John  vi.  40,  44.  In  Sw.  resa  signifies  to 
go,  walk,  or  travel,  and  to  raise;  Dan.  rijser,  the 
same.  These  verbs  appear  to  be  the  L.  gradior,  gres- 
sus,  witliout  tlie  prefix  ;  and  gradior  is  the  Shemilic 
mi,  which  has  a  variety  of  significations,  but,  in 
Syriac,  to  go,  to  walk,  to  pasa,  as  in  Latin.  Whctlur 
the  Swedish  and  Danish  verbs  are  from  diflrniit 
roots,  blended  by  usage  or  accident,  ttr  whetlier  the 
diin-rent  senses  have  proceeded  from  one  common 
signification,  to  move,  to  open,  to  stretch,  let  the 
reader  judge.] 

1.  To  lilt ;  to  take  up  ;  to  heave  ;  to  lift  from  a  low 
or  reclining  posture  ;  as,  to  raise  a  stone  or  weight ; 
to  rui.se  the  body  in  bed. 

The  ang«l  smote  Peter  on  the  eide  and  raisEcl  him  up.  —  Acta  xii. 

2.  To  set  upright ;  as,  to  raise  a  mast. 

3.  To  set  up;  to  erect ;  to  set  on  its  foundations 
and  put  together  ;  as,  to  mine  the  frame  of  a  house. 

4.  To  build ;  as,  to  raise  a  city,  a  fort,  a  wall,  &,c. 

1  will  raise  forts  a^aiiut  thee.  —  Is.  xxix.    Amos  ix. 

5.  To  rebuild. 

They  ehall  raise  up  the  former  dcBoIations,  —  la,  Ixi. 

G.  To  form  to  some  hight  by  accumulation  ;  as,  to 
raise  a  heap  of  stones.    Josh.  viii. 

7.  To  make  ;  to  produce  ;  to  amass  ;  as,  to  raise  a 
great  estate  out  ofsm  Ul  profits. 

8.  To  enlarge  ;  to  amplify.  Hhak. 

9.  To  exalt;  to  elevate  in  condition  ;  as,  to  rawe 
one  from  a  low  estate. 

10.  To  exalt ;  to  advance ;  to  promote  in  rank  or 
honor;  as,  to  raise  one  to  an  oflice  of  distinction. 

This  gentleman  came  to  t-c  miaed  to  great  till-:^.      darendon. 

U.  To  enhance  ;  to  increase  ;  as,  to  raise  the  value 
of  coin  ;  to  rai^e  the  price  of  goods. 

12.  To  increase  in  current  value. 

The  plate  pieces  of  eight  were  raised  tlircc  pincc  in  the  piece. 

a'cmple. 

13.  To  excite  ;  to  put  in  motion  or  action ;  as,  to 
raise  a  tempest  or  tumult. 

He  cunimandeth  and  raiseth  the  stormy  wind.  —  Fa.  cvii. 

14.  To  excite  to  sedition,  insurrection,  war,  or  tu- 
mult ;  to  stir  up.    .dcts  xxiv. 

JEtiena  tlir-n  employs  his  pains 
In  parts  remote  to  raise  the  Tuscan  swaiiia.  Drydcn. 

15.  To  rouse  ;  to  awake  ;  to  stir  up. 

They  shall  not  awake,  nor  be  raised  out  of  dieir  tieeo.  —  Job 

Xl7.  *^ 

16.  To  increase  in  strength  ;  to  excite  from  languor 
or  weakness.  The  pulse  is  raised  by  stimtilants, 
sometimes  by  venesection. 

17.  To  givt^  beginning  of  importance  to  ;  to  elevate 
into  reputation  ;  as,  to  raiic  a  family. 

18.  To  bring  into  being. 

God  voTicliiiafcs  to  raise  tmcthc-r  world 

From  him.  Milton. 

10.  To  bring  from  a  state  of  death  to  life- 

lie  WU8  delivered  for  our  oncnees,  anu  raised  ag;uu  for  our  jua- 
tification.  —  Rom.  iv.     1  Cor.  x^. 

20.  To  call  into  view  from  the  state  of  separate 
spirits ;  as,  to  raise  a  spirit  by  sjiella  and  incanta- 
tions. Sandys. 

91.  To  invent  and  propagate ;  to  originate  ;  to  oc- 
casion ;  as,  to  raise  a  report  or  story. 

Q2.  To  set  up;  to  excite;  to  begin  by  loud  utter- 
ance ;  as,  to  ri2(j>'e  a  shout  or  cry.  Drydcn, 

Q3.  To  utter  loudly ;  to  begin  to  sound  or  clamor. 
He  raised  his  voice  against  the  measures  of  adminis- 
tration. 

94.  To  utter  with  more  strength  or  elevation  ;  to 
swell.    Let  the  speaker  rai^c  his  voice. 

25.  To  collect;  to  obtain  ;  to  bring  into  a  sum  or 
fund.  Government  raises  money  by  taxes,  excise, 
and  imposts.  Private  persons  and  companies  raise 
money  for  their  enterprises. 

26.  To  levy  ;  to  collect ;  to  bring  into  service  ;  as, 
to  raise  troops  ;  to  raise  an  army.  Milton. 

27.  To  give  rise  to.  Milton. 

28.  To  cause  to  grov/  ;  to  procure  to  be  produced, 
bred,  or  propagateil  j  as,  to  rai^c  wheat,  barley,  hops, 
&c. ;  to  raise  horses,  oxen,  or  sheep.    JSTcjd  Eiirrland. 

[The  English  now  use  Grow  in  regard  to  crops  ; 
as,  to  grow  wheat.  This  verb  intransitive  has  never 
been  used  in  New  England  in  a  transitive  sense,  un- 
til recently  some  persons  have  adopted  it  from  the 
English  books.  We  always  use  Raise  ;  but  in  New 
England  it  is  never  applied  to  the  breeding  of  the 
human  race,  as  it  is  in  the  Southern  States.  In  the 
north,  we  say,  to  raise  wheat,  and  to  raise  horses  or 


RAK 

cattle,  but  not  to  raise  men  ;  though  wc  say,  to  raise 
a  sickly  child.] 

29.  To  cause  to  swell,  heave,  and  become  light; 
as,  to  raise  dough  or  paste  by  yeast  or  leaven. 

Mi^  Liddy  can  d*nce  a.  jig  und  raise  pListc.  Sjiectator. 

30.  To  excite  ;  to  animate  with  fresh  vigor;  as,  to 
raise  the  spirits  or  courage. 

31.  To  ordain;  to  appoint;  or  to  call  to  and  pre- 
pare ;  to  furnish  with  gifts  and  qualifications  suited  to 
a  purpose  ;  a  scriptural  sense. 

I  will  raise  them  up  a  prophet  from  among  their  brethren. — 

Deut.  xviii. 
For  iUif-  cause  have  I  raised  tliec  up,  to  show  in  Iheo  my  power, 

—  Kx.  ix.    Judffesii. 

33.  To  keep  in  remembrance.     Rrith  iv. 

33.  To  cause  to  exist  by  propagation.    Matt.  xxii. 

34.  To  incite  ;  to  prompt.     Ezra  i. 

35.  To  increase  in  intensity  or  strength ;  as,  to 
raise  the  heat  of  a  ftirnnce. 

36.  In  seamen^s  language,  to  elevate,  as  an  object 
by  a  gradual  approach  to  it;  to  bring  to  be  seen  at  a 
greater  angle  ;  as,  to  raise  the  laud  ;  to  raise  a  point. 

7'uttcn. 
To  raise  a  purcliase,  in  scamen^s  language,  is   to 
dispose  instruments  or  machines  in  such  a  manner 
as  to  exert  any  mechanical  force  required. 

Mar.  Diet. 
To  raise  a  siege,  is  to  remove  a  besieging  army 
and  relinriuish  an  attempt  to  take  the  place  by  thai 
mode  of  attack,  or  to  cause  the  attempt  to  be  relin- 
quished. 

RAIS'ED,  (razd,)  pp.  or  a.  Lifted;  elevated;  ex- 
alted; promoted;  set  upright;  built;  made  or  en- 
larged; produced;  enhanced;  excited;  restored  to 
life;  levied;  collected;  roused;  invented  and  prop- 
agated ;  increased. 

RAIS'ER,  71,  One  who  raises  ;  tliat  which  raises  ;  one 
that  builds  ;  one  that  levies  or  collects  ;  one  that  be- 
gins, produces,  or  propagates.    Bacon.     Taylor. 

2.  Among  joiners,  one  of  the  upright  boards  of  the 
front  of  the  steps  of  a  flight  of  stairs.      Buchanan. 

R.\1'S/N,  (ra'zn,)  ti.  [Fr.  and  Ir.  id. ;  Arm.  r(Esin, 
resin;  D.  rozyn  ;  G.  rosine,  a  raisin,  znA  rosin  far  ht\ 
crimson  (raisin  color  ;)  Dan.  rosin.  In  Dan.  ami 
Sw.  rosen  signifies  the  erysipelas.  It  is  evident 
that  the  word  is  from  the  same  root  as  red  and  rose, 
being  named  from  the  color,  (See  Red  and  Rose.) 
This  word  is  in  some  places  pronounced  corruptly 
7'eei7i.  The  pronunciation  of  Sheridan,  Perry,  and 
Jameson  accords  with  that  which  prevails  in  llie 
Eastern  States,  which  is  regular,  and  which  I  have 
followed.] 

A  dried  grape.  Grapes  are  suffered  to  remain  on  tlie 
vines  till  they  are  perfectly  ripe,  anil  then  dried  in  an 
oven,  or  by  exposure  to  the  heat  of  the  sun.  Those 
dried  in  the  sun  are  the  sweetest.  IIUl. 

RAIS'ING,  ppr.  Lifting  ;  elevating  ;  setting  upright; 
exalting;  producing;  enhancing;  restoring  to  life; 
collecting  ;  levying  ;  propagating,  &c. 

RAIS'ING,  H.  1'he  actof  lifting,  setting  up,  elevating, 
exalting,  producing,  or  restoring  to  life. 

2.  In  JVew  England,  the  operation  or  work  of  set- 
tins  up  the  frame  of  a  building. 

RA'JA,     i"*     ^^-  ^^i^cgis.] 

In  fndia,  a  native  prince  or  king.  P.  Cyc. 

Ra'JAII-SIIIP,  n.     The  dignity  or  principality  of  a 

rajah.  Asiat.  Res. 

RAJ-POOT',  7j,     a  Hindoo  of  the  military  tribe  or 

order. 
RAKE,  7(.     [Sax.  raca,  race;  G.  rcchen;  Ir.  raca;  W. 
rhacai,  rkacan.     See  the  verb.] 

An  histruinent  consisting  of  a  head-piece  in  which 
teeth  are  inserted,  and  a  long  handle  at  right  anghis 
to  it;  used  for  collecting  hay  or  other  light  things 
which  are  spread  over  a  large  surface,  or  in  gardens 
for  breaking  and  smoothing  the  earth. 
RaKE,  71.  [Dan.  rcekel ;  probably  from  the  root  of 
break.] 

A  loose,  disorderly,  vicious  man  ;  a  man  addicted 
to  lewdness  and  other  -tandalous  vices. 

Addison.     Pope. 
RAKE,  n.     [Sax.  racan,  to  reach.] 

I.  Tiie  projection  of  the  upper  parts  of  a  ship,  at 
the  hight  of  the  stem  and  stern,  beyond  the  extrem- 
ities of  the  keel.  The  distance  between  a  perpen- 
dicular line  from  the  extremity  of  stem  or  srern  to 
the  end  of  the  keel,  is  the  length  of  the  rake;  one 
the  fore-rake,  the  other  the  rake-aft. 

9.  The  inclination  of  a  mast  from  a  perpendicular 
direction.  Mar.  Diet. 

3.  The  forward  inclination  of  a  mill-saw. 
R.aKE,  v.  t.     [Sax.  racian  ;  Sw.  raka  :  Dan.  rager,  to 

shave,  to  rake;  Corn,  rackan ;  W.  rhacanu :  It. 
racam;  G.  rechen  ;  Fr.  racier;  Arm.  racla.  The  I). 
hark,  harken,  is  our  harrow,  but  of  the  same  family, 
the  great  family  of  break,  crack,  L.  frico.  Class  Rg, 
No.  34,  38,  47.] 

1.  Properly,  to  scrape  ;  to  nib  or  scratch  with 
something  rough  ;  as,  to  rake  the  ground. 

2.  To  gather  with  a  rake  ;  as,  to  rake  hay  or  bar- 
ley. 

3.  To  clear  with  a  rake  ;  to  smooth  with  a  rake  ; 
as,  to  rake  a  bed  in  a  garden  ;  to  rake  land. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT — MkTE,  PREY.-PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  -  NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.- 

906  


KAM 

4.  To  collect  or  draw  logelber  soinetliiiig  scat- 
tered ;  to  gather  by  violence  ;  as,  to  rake  together 
wealth  ;  to  rake  together  slanderous  tales ;  to  rake 
together  the  rabble  of  a  town. 

5.  To  scour ;  to  search  with  eageruess  all  comers 
of  a  place. 

The  statesman  rakes  the  towD  to  find  a  jilot.  Swi/t. 

6.  In  the  military  arty  to  enfilade  ;  to  fire  in  a  direc- 
tion with  the  length  of  any  thing  ;  particularly,  in 
naval  enga^ement^^  to  rake  is  to  cannonade  a  ship  on 
the  stern  or  head,  so  (hat  the  balls  range  the  whole 
length  of  the  deck.  Hence  tlie  phrase,  to  roAe  a  ship 
fore  and  aft. 

To  raJcc  up,  applied  to  fire,  is  to  cover  the  fire  with 
ashes. 
RaKE,  v.  i.    To  scrape ;  to  scratch  into  for  finding 
something ;  to  search  minutely  and  meanly  ;  as,  to 
rake  into  a  dunghdi.  South. 

2.  To  search  with  minute  inspection  into  every 
part. 

One  b  fgr  raking  in  Chaucer  Tor  antiquated  wonla.      Dryden. 

3.  To  pass  with  violence  or  rapidity. 

Pas  could  not  suiy,  but  over  him  did  rake.  Sidney. 

4.  To  seek  by  raking ;  as,  to  rake  for  oysters.  ' 

5.  To  lead  a  dissulute,  debanclied  life.     Slienstone. 

6.  To  incline  from  a  perpendicular  direction  ;  as,  a 
mast  rakej  aft. 

RaK'£D,  (rakt,)  pp.    Scraped  ;  gathered  witharake; 

cl'  aned  with  a  rake  ;  cannonaded  fore  and  aft. 
RAKE'ilELL,  n.     [Dan.  rakdi  now  contracted  into 

rake ;  properly  rakd.] 
A  lewd,  dissolute  fellow ;  a  debauchee  ;  a  rake. 
RaKE'HEL-LY,  a.    Dissolute;  wild.        B.  Jons  on. 
RaK'ER,  71.    One  that  rakes. 

RaKE'SHaME,  n.    A  vile,  dissolute  wretch.     Jililton. 
RaK'I^.'G,  pyr.     Scraping  ;   gathering  with  a  rake  ; 

cleaning  and  suioothing  with  a  rake;  cannonading 

in  the  direction  of  the  length;  inclining. 

And  raking  chase-^una  through  our  stems  they  send.    Dryden. 

2.  a.  That  rakes;  as,  a  raking  fire  or  shot. 
RaK'ING,  n.    The  act  of  using  a  rake  ;  the  act  or  op- 
eration of  collecting  with  a  rake,  or  of  cleaning  and 
smoothing  with  a  rake. 

9.  The  space  of  ground  raked  at  once ;  or  the 
quantity  of  hay,  .Stc,  collected  by  once  passing  the 
rake. 

3.  The  course  of  Ufe  of  a  rake  or  debauchee. 
RaK'ISH,  a.    Given  to  a  dissolute  life;   lewd;  de- 
bauched. Richardson. 

0.  In  ve^sds,  having  a  great  rake,  or  back^vard  in- 
clination of  the  masts. 

RAK'lSil-LY,  adv.    In  a  rakish  manner. 
RaK'ISH-NESS,  71.     Dissolute  practices. 
RAL'LI-ANCE,  n.    Act  of  rallying. 
RAL'LI-1:D,  pp.     Reunited  and  reduced  to  order. 

'3.  Treated  with  pleasantry. 
RAL'LY,  r.  (.     [Fr.  rallier.    This  seems  to  be  a  com- 
pound of  re,  ra,  and  Her,  L.  li^o,  to  unite.] 

1.  To  reunite  ;  to  collect  and  reduce  to  order 
troops  dispersed  or  thrown  into  confusiun. 

2.  To  collect ;  to  unite  ;  as  things  scattered. 

jStierbury. 
RAL'LY,  V.  t.     [Fr.  raillcr.     See  Railleby.] 

To  attack  with  raillery,  either  in  good  humor  and 
pleasantry,  or  with  slight  contempt  or  satire,  accord- 
ing to  the  nature  of  the  case. 

Hmipycomb  raUiea  me  upon  a  country  Ufe.  Addison, 

SliTiihon  had  long  confessed  hia  amorous  pain, 

Which  gay  Corinna  raUied  wiUi  disdain.  Cay. 

RAL'LY,  V.  i.    To  assemble  ;  to  unite. 

Innumerable  parts  of  matter  chnnced  then  to  raUy  losether,  and 
to  form  inemsclvea  into  this  new  world.  TiUQlssn. 

2.  To  come  back  to  order. 

The  Grecians  raUy  and  their  powen  unite.  Dryden. 

3.  To  use  pleasantry  or  satirical  merriment. 

Johnson. 
RAL'LY,  n.    The  act  of  bringing  disordered  troops  to 
their  ranks. 
2.  Exercise  of  good  humor  or  satirical  merriment. 
RAL'LY-ING,   ppr.     Reuniting;    collecting  and  re- 
ducing to  order. 
2.  Treating  with  pleasant  humor. 
RAM,  n,     [Sax.  ram  ;  D.  ram  ;  G.  ramm,  but  rammhock, 
ratnbuck,  is  used.    See  the  verb.] 

L  The  male  of  the  sheep  or  ovine  genus  ;  in  some 
parts  of  England  called  a  tup.  In  the  United  States, 
the  word  is  applied.  I  believe,  to  no  other  male,  ex- 
cept in  the  cnrnpuund  ram-cat. 

2.  In  astronomy,  Aries,  the  sign  of  the  zodiac 
which  the  sun  enters  about  the  2Ist  of  March,  or  a 
consiellation  of  fixed  stars  in  the  figure  of  a  ram. 
It  is  considered  the  first  of  the  twelve  signs. 

3.  An  engine  of  war,  used  formerly  for  battering 
and  demolishmg  the  walls  of  cities,  called  a  Batteh- 
isg-Ram, 

4.  A  machine  for  raising  water  by  means  of  the 
momentum  or  moving  force  of  a  part  of  the  water 
to  be  raised,  called  Hydraulic  Ram  or  Water-Ram. 

Hehert. 
RAM,  r.   t,     [G.rammen;  D.  rammcrjen  ;  Van.ramler, 
to  ram  or  drive  ;  rammer,  to  strike,  to  hit,  to  touch  ; 


RAM 

W.  rham,  rktim,  a  timisting,  a  projection  forward. 
To  the  same  family  belong  L.  ramus,  a  branch,  that 
is,  a  shoot  or  thrust,  Hub.  Ch.  and  Syr.  na*i  ramah, 

to  throw,  to  project,  Eth.  ^      t  ramiy  to  strike  ;  Ar. 


Rm, 


-^ J  ramai,  to  shoot,  to  throw  or  dart.    Class 

No.  7,  8,  9.    See  Cram.] 

1.  To  thnist  or  drive  with  violence;  to  forcn  in; 
to  drive  down  or  together ;  as,  to  ram  down  a  c.ir- 
tridge  ;  to  rant  piles  into  the  earth. 

2.  To  drive,  as  with  a  battering-ram. 

3.  To  KlufF;  to  cram. 

RAM'A-DAN,  n.  The  great  annual  fast,  or  Lent  of 
the  Mohammedans,  kept  through  their  ninth  month, 
called  Ramadan. 

RAM' AGE,  n.  [L.  7-amus,  a  branch,  wlience  Fr.  ram- 
age.] 

1.  Branches  nf  trees.     [JVot  m  use.]. 

2.  The  warbling  of  birds  sitting  ou  houghs. 

3.  See  Rummage.  [Drunimond. 
RAM'BLE,  (ram'l)l,)  v.  i.     [It.  ramengare,  to  ramble,  to 

rove  ;  Aim.  ramhrcal,  to  rave  ;  W.  rhempiaw,  to  run 
to  an  extreme,  lo  be  infatuated,  and  r/tc)H«,  to  vise 
or  reach  over,  to  soar.    These  seem  to  be  ullied  tu 


roam,  romp,  rampant 


Ar.  ^^ 


jsij  to  exceed  or  go 


be- 


yond, to  depart.    Class  Rin,  No.  5.] 

1.  To  rove  ;  to  wander  ;  to  walk,  ride,  or  sail  from 
place  to  place,  without  any  determinate  object  in 
view  ;  or  to  visit  many  places  ;  to  rove  carelessly  or 
irregularly;  as,  to  ramble  about  the  city;  to  ra?nblc 
over  the  country. 

Never  ask  leave  to  go  abroad,  for  you  will  be  tliought  an  idle, 
rambling  fellow.  Swi/l, 

2.  To  go  at  large  without  restraint  and  witliuut 
direction. 

3.  To  move  without  certain  direction. 


O'er  his  ample  sides,  the  rambling 
Luxuriant  shoot. 


sprays 

Thojnson. 

RAM'BLE,  7^.  A  roving;  a  wandering;  a  going  or 
moving  from  place  lo  place  without  any  determinate 
business  or  object ;  an  irregular  excursion. 

Coming  home  after  a  short  Christmas  ramble,  I    found  n  letter 
upon  my  table.  Sun/l. 

RAM'BLER,  n.  One  that  rambles  ;  a  rover;  a  wan- 
derer. 

RAM'BLING,  ppr.  or  a.  Roving  ;  wandering ;  moving 
or  going  irregularly. 

RAM'BLING,  7i.     A  roving;  irregular  excursion. 

South. 

RAM'BLING-LY,  ado.     In  a  rambling  manner. 

RAM'BOOZE,  )  n.     A  drink  made  of  wine,  ale,  eggs, 

RAM'BuSE,  i  and  sugar  in  winter,  or  of  wine, 
milk,  sugar,  and  rose-water  hi  summer.        Bailey. 

RAM'i:am'N,(kin,)i"-     [F^-™?--] 

In  coo/.td;,  a  name  given  to  small  slices  of  bread 
covered  with  a  farce  of  cheese  and  eggs.      Bnilnj. 

RAM-EN-Ta'CEOUS,  a.  In  botany,  covered  with 
weak,  shriveled,  brown,  scale-like  processes;  as  the 
leaves  of  many  ferns.  Lindlcy. 

RAM'ENTS,  h.  pi.     [L.  ramcnta,  a  chip.l 

1.  Scrapings  ;  shavings.     [JVof  ttsed.j 

2.  Ramen'ta,  pi.  In  botany,  loose  scales  on  the 
stems  of  plants.  Linnmus, 

Ra'ME-OUS,  a.     [li.  ravms,  a  branch.] 

In  botany,  belonging  to  a  branch  j  growing  on  or 
shooting  from  a  branch.  Zee. 

RAM-I-F[-eA'TION,w.  [Fr.,  from  L.ramws,  a  branch.] 

1.  The  process  of  branching  or  shooting  branches 
from  a  stem. 

2.  A  brancli ;  a  small  division  proceeding  from  a 
main  stock  or  channel ;  as,  the  ramifications  of  a  fam- 
ily ;  the  ramifications  of  an  artery,  Jirbuthnot. 

3.  A  division  or  subdivision  ;  as,  the  ramifications 
of  a  subject  or  scheme. 

4.  In  botany,  the  manner  in  which  a  tree  produces 
its  branches  or  boughs.  Lee. 

5.  The  production  of  figures  resembling  branches. 
RAH'I-Fr-£D,  yjp.    Divided  into  branches.    [Encyc. 
RAM'I-F5",  V.  t.     [Fr.  ramifier;  L.  ramus,  a  branch, 

and/aci'w,  to  make.] 

To  divide  into  branches  or  part5  ;  as,  to  ramify  an 
art,  a  subject,  or  scheme.  Boyle. 

RAM'I-F5^,  V.  i.  To  shoot  into  branches,  as  the  stem 
of  a  plant. 

When  the  aiipirngus  begins  to  ramify.  Arbulhnot. 

2.  To  be  divided  or  subdivided,  as  a  main  sub- 
ject or  scheme. 
RAM'I-F5'-ING,  ppr.    Shooting  into  branches  or  di- 
-     visions. 

RAM'.M^D,  (ramd,)  pp.     [Sec  Ram.]    Driven  forcibly. 
RAM'MER,  71.     One  that  rams  or  drives. 

2.  An  instrument  for  driving  any  thing  with  force  ; 
as,  a  rammer  for  driving  stones  or  piles,  or  for  beat- 
ing the  earth  to  more  solidity. 

3.  A  gim-stick  ;  a  rod  for  forcing  down  the  charge 
of  a  gun. 


RAN 

RA.M'.Mrsn,  a.     [Dan.  ram,  bitter,  .strong-scented.] 
Rank  ;  strong-scented.  Chaucer. 

RAM'MISII-NESSjR,  [from rom.]  Rajikness;  astrorg 
scent. 

RAM'MING,  ppr.     Driving  '.villi  force. 

RAM'MY,  a.     lAke  a  ram  ;  si rong-fl rented-    Burton. 

RAM-UL-LES'CENCE,  n.     [Fr.  raniolUr.] 

A  softening  or  mollifying.  CaldweU. 

RA-MOON',  71.  A  small  West  Indian  tree  of  the  ge- 
nus 7'rophi-!,  whose  leaves  and  twigs  are  used  aa 
fodder  for  cattle.  P.  Crr. 

RA'kiOU.*?  I  a.     [L.  ramosusy  from  ramus,  a  br;iii.  }:- 

1.  In  botany^  branched,  as  a  stem  or  root;  h;iw.i;; 
lateral  divisions.  .Jilartyn. 

2.  Branchy;  consisting  of  branches-,  fullofbronch- 
cs.  .ATewton.     IVoodtcard. 

RAMI*,  V.  i.  [Fr.  ramper,  to  creep  ;  It.  rampa^  a  jtaw  ; 
ramparc,  to  paw  ;  rampicare,  to  creep ;  W.  rhamp,  a 
rii^e  or  reach  over;  rhamant,  a  rising  up,  a  vaulting 
or  springing  ;  rltamu,  to  reach  over,  to  soar,  to  vault. 
See  Ramble  and  Romakce.] 

1.  To  climb,  as  a  plant ;  to  creep  up. 

Plants  furntfihed  with  Icndi^  catcli  hultl,  and  w>  ramping  on 
trees,  Ihcy  mount  to  a  great  hight.  Jtay. 

2.  To  spring ;  to  leap ;  to  bound ;  to  prance ;  lo 
frolic. 

Their  bridir  s  they  would  cliamp  — 

And  Uanipllug  the  fine  elemem,  would  li-rrccly  remp.    Sjxntcr. 

Sporting  tne  hon  ramped.  Juilum. 

[In  the  latter  sense,  the  word  is  usually  wrillen 
and  pronounced  Romp  ;  the  word  being  originally  pro- 
nounced with  a  broad.] 
RAMP,  71.     A  leap  ;  a  spring;  a  bound.  Milton. 

2.  In  architecture,  a  concave  bend  or  slope  in  the 
cap  or  upper  member  of  any  piece  cf  ascending  or 
descending  workmanship.  Brande. 

3.  In  fortification,  a  road  cut  obiifpicly  into,  or  add- 
ed to,  the  interior  slope  of  the  ramjiart. 

CamphfWs  Mil.  DicL 

RAMP' ACE,  V.  i.    To  scour  up  and  down,  or  prance 

about  in  a  riotnus  manner.  IlallijccU. 

[Used  in  Scotland,  and  sometimes  in  England.] 

RAM-PAL'LIAN,  (-pal'yan,)  77.  A  mean  wretch.  [A*u£ 
iT!  juse.]  SkaJc. 

RAMP'AN-CY,  n.  [from  ra7n7>a7i(.]  E,xce3.sivc  growth 
or  practice  ;  excessive  prevalence  ;  exuberance  ;  ex- 
travagance ;  as,  the  rampancy  of  vice.  South. 

RAMP'ANT,  a.  [Fr.,  from  ramper;  Sax.  rvmpciidj 
headlong.     [See  Ramp  and  Ramble.] 

1.  Overgrowing  the  usual  bounds;  rank  in  growth  ; 
exuberant ;  as,  rampant  weeds.  Clarissa. 

2.  Overleaping  res'.raint ;  as,  raTTiyjGTil  vice.  South. 

3.  In  heraldry,  a.  lion  rampant  is  a  lion  combatant, 
rearing  upon  one  of  his  hinder  feet,  and  attacking  a 
man.  It  differs  from  Saliant,  which  indicates  ilii; 
posture  of  springing  or  making  a  sally.  Encyc. 

Tlie  lion  ramjiant  fhalf's  his  brimlej  m.iue.  jVi,'.'on. 

RAMP'ANT-LY,  adi\  In  a  rampant  manner. 
RAM'PAJIT,  j  7(.  [Fr.  rcmpart;  Arm.  rampari,  rmn- 
RAM'FIeR,  i  parzii  Fr.  sc  rcmperer,  lo  fence  or  in- 
trench one's  self;  It.  riparamento,  from  riparare,  to 
repair,  to  defend,  to  slop;  Port,  reparo ;  reparar,  lo 
repair,  to  parry  in  defense.  Hence  we  see  rampart 
is  from  L.  reparo ;  re  and  paro.  See  Parry  and  Re- 
pair.] 

1.  In  fortification,  an  elevation  or  mound  of  earlli 
round  a  place,  capable  of  resisting  cannon  shot,  and 
formed  into  ba5tioi>s,  curtains,  &c.  Encyc. 

No  standards  from  the  hostile  ramparts  torn.  Prior. 

3.  That  which  fortifies  and  defends  from  assault; 
that  which  secures  safet\'. 

RAM'PART,  V.  t.  To  fortify  with  ramparts.  IXot  in 
7z,sc]  Shah. 

RAM'PI-ON,  n.  [from  ramp.]  The  name  of  several 
plants  ;  as,  the  common  esculent  rampion,  a  species  of 
Campanula;  the  crested  ra7rt;)!<77t,  a  species  of  Lobe- 
lia ;  the  horned  rampion,  a  species  of  Phyteuma. 

Fam.  of  Plants. 

RAM'PIRE,  71.  The  same  as  Rampart,  but  seldom 
used,  except  in  poetrj-.  Dryden. 

The  Trojans  round  the  place  a  rampire  caaL  Dryden. 

RAM'PIR-£D,  a.    Fortified  with  a  rampart, 

RAM'ROD,  7i.  The  rod  of  iron,  &c.,  used  in  ram- 
ming down  the  charge  in  a  musket,  pistol,  &:c. 

Tottcn. 

RAM'SON,  77.  A  species  of  garlic,  .Allium  vrsinum, 
formerly  cultivated  in  gardens. 

P.  Cyc.     Fain,  of  Plants. 

RAM't^-LOUS,  a.    Having  many  small  branches. 

RAN,  the;wrt.  of  Run.    In  old  writers,  open  robber^-. 

Lambard. 

RAN-CES'CENT,  a.     [L.  rancco,  to  be  rank.] 

Becoming  rancid  or  sour.  Encyc. 

RANCH,  V.  t.  [Corrupted  from  wrench.]  To  sprain  ; 
to  injure  by  violent  straining  or  cmtortion.  [.Vol 
iiscd.  ]  Dryden.     Qarth. 

RAN-CHE'RO,  (ran-tsh:i'ro.)  n.  [Sp.]  In  Mcxi^,  a 
lierdsman  ;  a  peasant  employed  on  a  rancho.  J  hey 
are  to  some  extent  a  mongrel  breed,  between  Span- 
iards and  Indians,  and  are  a  wild,  lawless  set,  who 
are  often  but  little  better  than  mere  banditti.  Hudson. 


TuNE,  BIJLL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"C10Ug.  — G  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as 


Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


KAN 


HAN 


RANCH'O,  (ran'tshoO  n.  [Sp.l  In  Mexico,  a  ^mall 
hamlet,  or  large  farming  establish inrnl  for  rearing 
cattle  and  horses.  It  is  thus  ilisiinjiiiished  from  a 
Hacienda,  which  is  a  cultivated  farm  or  plantation. 

Iliuhon. 

RAN'CID,  a.  [L.  rajieidiis,  from  rancea,  to  be  rank. 
This  is  the  Knc-  rank,  luxuriant  in  growth.] 

Having  a  rank  smell ;  strong-scented  ;  sour  ;  mus- 
ty ;  as,  rancid  oil.  .^rbuthuot. 

KAN-CID'l-TY,   in.    The  quality  of  being  rancid  ;  a 

KAN'CID-NESS,  \      strong,  sour  scent,  as  of  old  oil. 


RAN'CID-LY,  adv.    With  a  strong  scent ;  mustily. 
UAN'eOR,  (rank'ur,)  ii.      f  I- ,   from   runcco^  to    be 


ank.] 
I.  Th 


1.  The  deepest  malignity  or  spite;  deep-seated 
and  implacable  malice  ;  inveterate  enmity. 

f  This  is  the  strouirest  term  Jot  cnmitywhich  the  Eng- 
lish language  supplies  ] 

i:  iBaiJCB  from  Uie  rancor  of  ft  villnin.  Shak. 

2.  Virulence  ;  corruption.  Sliak. 
RAN  €OR-OIJS,  (rank'ur-us,)  a.     Deeply  malignant ; 

.mplacnbiy  spiteful  or  malicious  ;  intensely  virulent. 

-'  Lamed  bii  eyes  with  t^gc  and  raiicoroua  ire.  Spenser. 

Rancorous  upiK>siUon  to  lli'2  gospel  of  Christ.  West. 

RAN'€OR-OUS-LY,  adv.  With  deep  malignity  or 
spiteful  malice. 

RAND,  H.     [G.  D.  and  Dan.  rand,  a  border,  edge,  mar- 
gin, brink  ;  from  shooting  out,  extending.] 
A  border  ;  edge  ;  margin  ;  as,  the  rand  of  a  shoe. 

RAN'DOM,  ?(.  [Norm,  randam;  Sax.  randum;  Fr. 
randonnie,  a  rapid  course  of  water  ;  randon,  a  gush- 
ing.] 

1.  A  roving  motion  or  course  without  direction  j 
hence,  want  of  direction,  rule,  or  method  ;  hazard  ; 
chance  ;  used  in  the  rhra^c  at  random,  that  is,  with- 
out a  settled  point  of  direction  ;  at  liazard. 

2.  Course  ;  motion  ;  progression  i  distance  of  a 
body  thrown ;  as,  t'.ic  furthest  randow  of  a  missile 
weapon.  J^k'^J- 

RAX'nOM,  a.  Dune  at  hazard,  or  without  settled  aim 
or  purpose  ;  left  to  chance  ;  as,  a  random  blow. 

2.  Uttered  or  done  without  previous  calculation; 

as,  a  random  guess. 

RAN'DOM-SHOT,  n.     A  ^hot  not  directed  to  a  point, 

or  a  shot  with  the  muzzle  of  the  gun  elevated  above 

a  horizontal  line.  Bravdc. 

R.-\N'DY,  a.    Disorderly;  riotoui-.  [JVot used,  or  local.] 

Qrose. 
RaNE,  n.     [Pax.  hraua;    Fr.  remtc  :    D.  rcndicr ;    G. 
rennthicr  ;  \):in.  rctisdyr  :   Basijue,  orcna  or  orina ;  so 
named  probably  from  ranniKg.    The  true  spelling  is 
rane.] 

A  species  of  deer,  the  Cervus  Tarandus,  a  rumi- 
nant   mammal,    found    in    the    northern    parts    of 
Europe,  Asia,  and  .America;  usually  called  Rein- 
deer. 
RAN'FORCF.,  n.    The  ring  of  a  gun  next  to  the  vent. 

Bailey. 
[T  do  not  find  this  word  in  modern  books.] 
RANG,  the  old  pret.  of  U\sr..     [J^'enrly  obsolete.^ 
R.\N(jF,  V.  t.     [Fr.  ranscr  ;  Arm.  rcncqa,  ranqein;  W. 
rhenciair,  from  rhenc,  r€v<r,  rank,  which  see.] 

1.  To  set  in  a  row  or  in  rows  ;  to  place  in  a  regu- 
lar Une,  lines,  or  ranks ;  to  di'lioscin  the  proper  or- 
der ;  as,  to  range  troops  in  a  l»o<ly  ;  to  range  men  or 
ships  in  the  order  of  battle. 

2.  To  dispose  in  proper  cla-;ses,  orders,  or  di- 
\isions  ;  as,  to  range  plants  and  animals  in  genera 
and  species. 

a  To  dispose  in  a  proper  manner;  to  place  in  reg- 
ular method  ;  in  a  general  sense.  Range  and  ar- 
range are  ussd  indifferently  in  the  same  sense. 

4.  To  rove  over  ;  to  pasa  over. 

Tcvch  him  to  range  Uic  ditch  -,\\m\  force  the  bratcc.  Cny. 

[This  use  is  elliptical,  over  being  omitted.] 

5.  To  sail  or  pass  in  a  direction  parallel  to  or  near  ; 
as,  to  range  the  coast,  that  is,  along  the  coast. 

RaNOE,  v.  i.  To  rove  at  large  ;  to  wander  without 
restraint  or  direction. 

As  a  roaring^  lion  and  ran^ng  brr;ir.  —  Prov.  xxviii. 

S.  To  be  placed  in  order  ;  to  be  ranked. 


Andr 


Shal:. 


4.  Space  or  room  for  excursion. 

A  man  lus  not  enough  range  '?(  thought.  Arldison. 

5.  Compass  or  extent  of  excursion  ;  space  taken  in 
by  any  thing  extended  or  ranked  in  order  ;  as,  the 
range  of  Newttm's  thought.  No  philosopher  has 
embraced  a  wider  range. 

F;u  jm  creation's  mnplc  range  exleiulji.  Pope. 

(5.  The  step  of  a  ladder.  Clarendon. 

[Corrupted  in  popular  language  to  Runo.] 

7.  A  kitchen  grate.     [06s.]        Bacon.     fVotton. 

8.  An  extended  cooking  apparatus  of  cast  Iron,  set 
in  brick  work,  and  containing  pots,  oven,  &c. 

9.  A  bolting  sieve  to  sift  meal. 

10.  In /juHiicrj/,  the  horizontal  distance  to  which  a 
shot  or  other  projectile  is  carried.  Sometimes,  though 
less  j)ropcrly,  the  path  of  a  shot  or  projectile,  or  the 
line  it  describes  from  the  month  of  the  piece  to  the 
point  where  it  lodges.  When  a  cannon  lies  horizon- 
tally, it  is  called  the  right,  levtM,  or  jtoint  blank  rod^f  ,- 
when  the  muzzle  is  elevated  to  4.'j  degrees,  it  is 
called  the  utmost  range.  Brande.     Tottcn. 

11.  The  public  latids  of  the  United  States  are  sur- 
veyed or  tiivided  into  mngcs,  which  designate  the 
order  of  their  arrangement  into  l(iwti:^hips.    Bourirr. 

RaNO'ED,  p/j.  Disposed  in  a  row  or  line  ;  placed  in 
order ;  passed  in  roving  ;  placed  in  a  particular  di- 
rection. 

RaN6'ER,  (ranj'er,)  71.  One  that  ranges;  a  rover  ;  a 
robber.     [JVow  liltJe  itscd.]  Spniser, 

2.  The  name  given  to  mounted  troopf^,  armed  with 
short  muskets,  who  range  the  country  around,  and 
often  fight  on  foot. 

3.  A  dog  that  beats  the  ground.  Gay. 

4.  In  Eiirrland,  a  sworn  officer  of  a  toresl,  ajipoijit- 
ed  by  the  king's  letters  patent,  whose  business  for- 
merly was  to  walk  through  tiie  forest,  watch  Ihc 
deer,  present  trespasses.  Sir.  P.  Cvc. 

RaNG'ER-SHIP,  n.  The  office  of  the  keeper  of  a  for- 
est or  park. 

RaNG'ING,  ppr.  Placing  in  a  row  or  line  ;  disposing 
in  order,  method,  or  classes  ;  roving  ;  passing  near 
and  in  the  direction  of. 

RaNG'ING,  n.  The  act  of  placing  in  lines,  or  in  or- 
der;  a  roving,  &c. 

RANK,  n.  [Ir.  ranc  ;  W.rhcnc;  Arm.  rcticg ;  Vr.rang, 
a  row  or  line  ;  It.  rnvgo,  rank,  condition  ;  Port,  and 
Sp,  rancho,^  mess,  or  set  of  persons;  D.  Dan. and  G. 
rang.     In   these  words,  v  is  probably  casual;    Ar. 


[In  this  sense,  Rank  is  now  used.] 

3.  To  lie  in  a  particular  direction. 

Wliicli  \v:\y  ihy  forfsta  range.  Dnylen. 

We  say,  the  front  of  a  house  ranges  with  the  line 
cf  the  street. 

4.  To  sail  or  pass  near  or  in  the  direction  of;  as, 
to  rn:fifC  along  the  coast. 

RaNGF,7i.     [Ft.  rangee.     See  Rank.] 

1.  A  row  ;  a  rank ;  things  in  a  line ;  as,  a  range 
of  buildings  ;  a  range  of  mountains  ;  ranges  of  col- 
ors. J^ClCtOH. 

2.  A  class  ;  an  order. 

The  next  range  of  beings  alovt;  liim  arc  the  hnmalTial  intclU- 
genccB.  HtUe. 

3.  A  wandering  or  roving;  excursion. 

He  may  lake  n.  range  nil  the  worM  ov'?r.  SouOl. 


u 


=i; 


ra}:a,  to  set  in  order;  Ileh.  and   Cli.  Iiy,  id. 


Class  Rg,  No.  13,  47.  See  also  No.  18,  20,  21,  27,  4G. 
I'he  primary  sense  is  probably  to  reach,  to  stretch,  or 
to  paiss,  to  stretch  along.  Ilencc  rank  und  grade  are 
often  synonymous.] 

1.  A  row  or  line,  applied  to  troops  ;  a  line  of  men 
standing  abreast  or  .';irie  by  side,  and  a^  opposed  to 
Fii.K,  a  line  running  from  fnnit  to  rear  of  a  com- 
pany, battalion,  or  regiment.  Ker-p  y(]iir  ranks; 
dress  your  ranks. 

Fierce,  fiei7  waiTi'ira  Tij^lil  iipi);i  I'm  clonda 

Iti  ranbf,  .-ind  sqiuid.-oiis,  and  righl  fyi,!!  oi  war.        ShaJc. 

2.  Ranks;  in  the  plural,  the  order  of  common  sol- 
diers ;  as,  to  reduce  an  officer  to  the  ranks. 

o.  A  row  ;  a  line  of  things,  or  things  in  a  line  ;  as, 
a  rank  of  osiers.  ShaJc. 

4.  Degree  ;  grade  ;  in  military  affairs  ;  as,  the  rank 
of  captain,  colonel,  or  general ;  the  rank  of  vice-ad- 
miral. 

5.  Degree  of  elevation  in  civil  life  or  station  ;  the 
order  of  elevation,  or  <if  subordination.  We  stiy,  all 
ranks  and  orders  of  men  ;  every  man'.s  dress  and  be- 
liavinr  sjiould  correspond  with  his  raitk;  the  highest 
and  the  lowest  ranks  of  men,  or  of  other  intelligent 
being?. 

G.  Class;  order;  division;  any  portion  or  num- 
ber of  things  to  which  place,  degree,  or  order,  is  .as- 
signed. Profligate  men,  by  their  vices,  sometimes 
de[;rade  themselves  to  the  rank  of  brutes. 

7.  Degree  of  dignity,  eminence,  or  excellence  ;  as, 
a  writer  of  the  first  rank  ;  a  lawyer  of  high  rank. 

These  are  all  virtues  uf  a  rncincr  rank.  Addison. 

8.  Dignity  ;  high  place  or  degree  in  the  orders  of 
men  ;  as,  a  man  of  rank. 

Rank  and  file;  the  Whole  body  of  common  soldiers, 
including  also  corporals,  who  carry  firelocks.  Ten 
officers,  and  three  hundred  rrtwfc  a?i(i  ^i/e,  fell  in  the 
action. 

To  Jill  the  ranks  ;  to  supply  the  whole  number,  or 
a  competent  number. 

To  take  ra^ilc :  to  enjoy  precedence,  or  to  have  the 
riglit  of  taking  a  highei-  place.  In  Great  Britain, 
the  king's  sons  take  rank  of  all  the  other  nobles. 
RANK,  a.  [Sax.  ranc,  proud,  haughty  ;  Sp.  and  It. 
raucio ;  L-  rancidust  from  ranceo,  to  smell  strong. 
The  primary  sense  of  the  root  is  to  advance,  to  shoot 
forward,  to  grow  luxuriantly,  whence  the  sense  of 
strong,  vigorous;  W.  r/uic,  rhag,  before;  rhacu.^ 
rlmciaw,  to  advance,  to  put  forward.  This  word  be- 
longs probably  to  the  same  family  as  the  preced- 
ing.] 


11  AN 

1.  Luxuriant  in  growth ;  being  of  vigorous  growth ; 
as,  rank  grass  ;  rank  Weeds. 

Bi'vcn  ears  oinic  np  ujion  ore  Btidk,  rnnk  imd  good,  — Gen.  xll. 

a.  Causing  vigortjus  growth  ;  producing  luxuriant- 
ly ;  very  rich  and  fertile  ;  as,  land  is  rank.  Mortimer. 
a.  Strong-scented  ;  as,  rani-smelling  rue. 

Spenser. 
4.  Rancid  ;  musty  ;  as,  oil  t>f  a  rank  smell. 
.'i.  Inflamed  \Vith  venereal  appetite.  Sliak. 

6.  Strong  to  the  taste;  high-tasted. 

Divcw  Bcn-fowla  Uele  rank  of  the  fish  on  which  iliey  fred.  Boyle. 

7.  Raised  to  a  high  degree;  excessive;  violent; 
as,  lank  pride  ;  roHft  idolatry  ;  rank  enmity. 

I  do  for^ve 
Thy  ratilteat  fiiiilis.  Sliak. 

8.  Gross;  coarse.  Sliak. 

9.  Strong;  clinching.    T&kc  rank  hold.    Hence, 

10.  Excessive  ;  exceeding  the  actual  value  ;  as,  a 
rank  modus  in  law.  Blackstone. 

To  set  rank,  as  the  iron  of  a  plane  ;  to  set  it  so  as  to 
take  oft"  a  tliick  shavinc.  Moron. 

RANK,  i:  t.     'I'll  place  abreast,  or  in  a  line.    Mdion. 
9.  To  place  in  a  particular  class    order,  or  di- 
vision 

PtwLs  wi^re  ranked,  in  the  c\<m%  of  philosoplicra.  Broome. 

Ilorcsy  is  ranAcc/ with  IdoLitiy  and  wiiclicndt.     Decay  o/ Pieti/. 

3.  To  dispose  methodically;  to  place  in  suitable 
order. 

Who  now  sliall  rear  yon  to  the  sun,  or  rank  your  tribes  f 

Milton, 
lianking  all  things  under  gcneml  nnd  spcci-il  lietids.       Watla. 

RANK,  V.  i.  To  be  ranged ;  to  be  set  or  disposed;  as 
in  a  jiarticular  degree,  class,  order,  or  division. 

Let  that  one  article  rank  with  llie  rest.  Xhak. 

2.  To  be  placed  in  a  rank  or  ranks. 

Go,  rant  in  tril-es,  and  quit  the  savage  wood.  Thtc. 

'3.  To  have  a  certain  grade  or  degree  of  elevation 

in  the  orders  of  civil  or  military  life.     Ho  ranks  with 

a  major.     He  ranks  with  the  first  class  of  poets.    He 

ranks  high  in  public  estimation. 
RANK'£D,  (rankt,)p;p.     Placed  in  a  line;  disposed  in 

an  order  or  class  ;  arranged  methodically. 
RANK'ER,  7j.     One  that  disposes  in  ranks;  one  that 

arranges. 
RANK'ING. /'/^r.  Placing  in  ranks  or  lines ;  arranging; 

disposing  m  orders  or  classes  ;  having  a  certain  rank 

or  grade. 
RANK'LE,  (rank'l,)  v.  i.      [from  rank.]      To  grow 

more  rank  or  strong  ;  to  be  inflamed  ;  to  fester ;  as, 

a  rankling  wound. 

A  niiUady  lluil  Inras  and  rankles  iinvajd.  lioice. 

2.  To  become  more  violent;  to  be  inflamed;  to 
rage;  as,  rankling  malice  ;  rankling  envy.  Jealotusy 
rankles  in  the  breast. 

RANK'LING,  ;[.  The  act  or  process  of  becoming 
more  virulent ;  deep  and  active  irritation.     Dwig/it. 

RANK'LY,  adv.    With  vigorous  growth;  as,  grass  or 
weeds  grow  rankly. 
L\  Coarsely  ;  grossly.  Shnk. 

RANK'NESS,  j(.  Vigorous  growth;  hixuriance  ;  ex- 
uberance ;  as,  tlie  rankncss  of  plants  or  herbage. 

2.  Exuberance  ;  excess  ;  extravagance  ;  as,  the 
rankness  of  pride  ;  the  rankness  of  joy.  Sbak. 

3.  Extraordinary  strength. 

The  crane's  pride  is  in  the  rankness  of  her  winij.     L^Eatrange. 

4.  Strong  taste  ,  as,  the  rankness  of  flesh  or  fish. 

5.  Rancidness;  rank  smell;  as,  the  rankncss  tif 
oil. 

6.  Excessiveness ;  as,  the  rankncss  of  a  compo- 
sition or  modus.  Blackstone. 

RAN'NY,  71.    Tlie  shrew-mouses.  Broken. 

RAN'SACK,  V.  t.  [Dan.  randsager ;  Sw.  ransaka; 
Gaelic,  ransuchoM.  Rank,  in  Danish,  is  edge,  mar- 
gin, Eng.  rand,  and  run  is  rapine.  The  last  syllable 
coincides  with  the  English  verb  to  sack,  to  pillag", 
and  in  Spanish,  lliis  verb,  which  is  written  saqticar, 
signifies  to  ransack.] 

1.  To  plunder;  to  pillage  completely;  lo  strip  by 
plundering  ;  as,  to  ransack  a  house  or  city.     Dnjden. 

Their  vow  is  made  to  ransack  Troy.  Shak. 

2.  To  search  thoroushly  ;  to  enter  and  search  ev- 
ery place  or  part.  It  seems  often  to  convey  the  seiisc 
of  opening  doors  and  parcels,  and  turning  over 
things  in  search ;  as,  to  ransack  files  of  papers. 

I  •■ansack  Uie  severdl  caverns.  Woodivaifi. 

3.  To  violate;  to  ravish  ;  to  deflour  ;  nSj  ransacked 
chastity.     [A'y(  in  use.]  Spenser. 

RAN'SACK-£D,  j'P-    Pdlaged  ;  searched  narrowly. 

RAN'SACK-ING,  ppr.  Pillaging;  searching  nar- 
rowly. 

RAN'SOM,  V.  [Dan.  ranzon;  Sw.  ranson;  G.  ran- 
lion  ;  Norm,  raancon  ;  Fr.  ranron  ;  Arm.  ranezoji.  In 
French,  the  word  implies  not  only  redemption,  but 
exaction  ;  but  I  know  not  the  component  parts  of 
the  word.  Q.u.  Dan.  ran,  a  pillaging,  and  G.  s'vkne, 
atonement.] 

1.  Tlie  money  or  price  paid  for  the  redemption  of 
a  prisoner  or  slave,  or  for  goods  captured  by  an  en- 
emy ;  that  which  procures  the  release  of  a  prisoner 


Fate,  far,  fall.  w^.^T.  — .Mete,  prey.— pine,  marine,  bird.— note,  dove,  move,  wolf,  book. 
908 


RAP 

or  captive,  or  iff  cajttured  pruperly,  ami  restores  the 
one  to  liberty,  and  llie  oilier  to  the  original  owner. 

By  tus  CApiivity  ia  Austr-i,  and  ihe  heavy  ransom  he  paid  for  liia 
iil^ny,  Richajd  was  hindered  fruiu  pursuing  the  conqii'-st  of 
IkIahiI.  Davies. 

2.  Release  from  captivity,  bondage,  or  the  posses- 
sion of  an  enemy.  They  were  unable  to  i)rocure 
the  ransom  of  the  prisoners. 

3.  In  law,  a  sum  paid  for  the  pardon  of  some  great 
offense,  and  tJie  discharge  of  the  offender  ;  or  a  fine 
paid  in  lieu  of  corporal  punishment. 

Kncyc.     Blackstove. 

4.  In  Scripture,  the  price  paid  for  a  forfeited  life,  or 
for  delivery  or  release  from  capital  punishinenl. 

Then  he  sii.vli  give  fur  ihe  ransom  of  his  life,  wh;vlever  U  UiJ 
upon  hini. — Ex,  xxi. 

5.  The  price  paid  for  procuring  the  pardon  of  sins 
and  the  redemption  of  the  sinner  from  punishment. 

Deliver  him  from  ^iog  dowu  to  the  pit.   1  have  fuiiucl  a  raitsom. 

—  Job  XXX  iii. 
The  Son  of  man  came  —  to  give  his  life  a  ransom  T'sr  many.  — 

Matt.  XI.    Mark  x. 

RAN'SOM,  r.  (.  [Sw.  raiisonera  ;  Dan.  rajitonercr, 
Fr.  rangonner ;  Arm.  rangzouna.] 

1.  To  redeem  from  captivity  or  punishment  hy 
paying  an  equivalent;  applied  to  persons ;  as,  !o  ran- 
som prisoners  from  an  enemy. 

3.  To  redeem  from  the  possession  of  an  enemy  hy 
paying  a  price  deemed  equivalent ;  applied  to  goods 
or  i/roptrtij. 

3.  In  Scripture,  to  redeem  from  the  bondajre  of 
sin,  and  from  the  punishment  to  which  sinners  are 
subjected  by  the  divine  law. 

The  ransomed  of  the  Lord  shall  reluni.  —  la.  xxxv. 

4.  To  rescue;  to  deliver.    Has.  xi\i. 
RAN'SOM-£D, ;/;).  or  a.    Redeemed  or  rescued  from 

captivity,  bondage,  or  punishment,  hy  tlie  payment 
of  an  equivalent, 

RAN'r^u.M-ER,  n.     One  that  redeems. 

RAN'i=(3-M-IXG,  ppr.  Redeeming  from  captivity, bon- 
dage, or  punishment,  by  giving  satisfaction  to  the 
por^sessor ;  rescuing;  liberating. 

RAN'SoM-LESS,  a.    Free  from  ransom.  Shak. 


RANT,   r.   i.     [Heb.  and  Ch.  pi,    •    .  ranna,  to  cry 

out,  to  shout,  to  sound,  groan,  nmrmur  ;  W.  Htonta^ 
to  frisk,  to  gambol,  a  sense  of  llie  Hebr^nv  also.] 

To  rave  in  violent,  high-soundin?,  ur  extravagant 
language,  without  correspondent  dignity  cf  thought ; 
lo  be  noisy  and  boisterous  in  words  or  declamation  ; 
as,  a  ranting  preacher. 

Look  whoK  my  randng  host  of  tlie  gurttr  coni<:>.  SliaJc. 

RANT,  n.  High-sounding  language  without  dignity 
uf  thnuglit ;  boisterous,  empty  declamation ;  as,  the 
rant  of  fanatics. 

This  is  sloical  rani,  without  any  foundnlJou  io  (he  nature  of  man, 
or  reasou  of  ihiiiga.  AUerbtinj. 

RANT'ER,  n.  A  noisy  talker  ;  a  boisterous  preacher, 
2.  RajUerSy  pi. ;  a  religious  sect  which  sprung  up  in 
1G45.  It  is  now  extinct,  and  the  name  has  been 
reproachfully  applied  to  the  Primitive  Methodists, 
who  seceded  from  the  Wesleyan  Methodists  on  the 
ground  of  their  deficiency  in  fervor  and  zeal. 

Brandc. 

RANT'ER-ISM,  n.    The  practice  or  tenets  of  ranters. 

RANT'ING,  ppr.oT  a.  Uttering  liigh-sounding  words, 
without  solid  sense  ;  declaiming  or  preaching  witli 
b()i-;ttri)U3,  empty  words. 

RANT'I-POLE,  a.  [from  rant,]  Wild;  roving; 
rakish.     [Ji  low  word!)  Con^cve. 

RANT'I-PULE,  r.  i.     To  run  about  wildly.     [Low.] 

Arbuthnot. 

RANT'ISM,  n.    The  practice  or  tenets  of  ranters. 

RANT'Y,  a.     Wild;  noisy;  boisterous. 

RAN'L'-LA,  «.     [L.  ra;ia,  a  frog  ;  dim.  a  little  frog.] 
A  swt^lling  of  a  salivary  gland  under  the  tongue. 

RA-NLWeU-LUS,  k.     [L.,  from  rana^  a  frog.] 

In  botany,  crowfoot,  a  genus  of  plants  of  many  spe- 
cies, some  of  them  beautiful  flowering  plants,  par- 
ticularly the  /Vsiatic,  or  Turkey  and  Persian  ranun- 
culus, which  is  diversified  with  many  rich  colors. 

Encyc, 

RjUYZ  DES  VACHES',  (ranz  da  vish',)  [Fr.]  Litcr- 
alltj,  the  round  of  the  cows.  The  name  of  certain 
simple  melodies  of  the  Swiss  mountaineer^^,  com- 
monly played  on  a  long  trumpet  called  the  Alpine 
horn.  P.  Cyc. 

RAP,  c.  i",  [Sax.  hrepan,  hrcppan^  to  touch  ;  repan,  to 
touch,  to  seize,  L.  rapw  ;  Sw.  rappa:  Dan.  rapper, to 
snalch  away,  and  rapper  .■.•i>,  to  hasten  ;  rap,  a 
stroke,  Sw.  rapp ;  Fr.  frapper,  to  strike.  The  pri- 
mary sense  of  the  root  is,  to  rush,  to  drive  forward, 
to  fall  on,  hence,  both  to  strike  and  to  seize.  That 
the  sense  is  to  drive  or  rush  forward,  is  evident  from 
L.  rapidus,  rapid,  from  rapio.  See  Class  Rb,  No. 
26,27,-28,29.] 

To  strike  with  a  quick,  sharp  blow  ;  to  knock  ;  as, 
lo  rap  on  the  door. 

RAP,  V.  t.    To  strike  with  a  qtiick  blow  ;  to  knock. 

With  one  preat  pe^I  ili'-y  rap  the  door.  Prior. 

To  rap  oat ;  to  utter  with  sudden  violence  ;  as,  to 


RAP 

rap  out  an  oath,  .iddison.  [Sax.  ArrwpuH.to  cry  out, 
that  is,  to  drive  out  the  voici-.  This  is  probably  of 
tlie  same  family  as  the  preceding  word.  In  titc  pop- 
nlar  lan^ua-re  of  tJte  United  States,  it  is  often  pro- 
nounced W;j,  to  rip  out  an  oatk ;  L.  crrpo,  Fr.  ercrcr.] 
RAP,  V.  t.  To  seize  and  bear  away,  as  the  niirid  or 
thoughts;  to  transport  out  of  one's  self;  to  allix-t 
with  ecstasy  or  rapture  ;  as,  rapt  into  admiration. 

I'm  rapl  with  }oy  to  see  my  M:irci:>'s  tears.  Addison. 

Rapt  iiitd  future  limes  the  Lard  U?gLin.  Pojie. 

2.  To  snatch  or  hurry  away. 

And  rapt  with  whirling  wheels.  Spetiitr. 

Rapt  iu  a  cltoriot  drawn  by  fierj'  steeds.  AlUton. 

3.  To  Seize  by  violence.  Drayton. 

4.  To  exchange  ;  to  truck.     [Lowland  not  iiscd.] 
To  rap  and  rend;  to  seize  and   tear,  or  strip;  to 

fall  on  and  plunder;  to  snatch  by  violence.    They 

brought    off   all    they    couhl  rap    and    rend.      [See 

Rend.] 
RAP,  7*.    A  quick,  smart    blow;    a.---,    a   rap  on  the 

knuckles. 
RA-Pa'CIOUS,  a.      [L.  rapaz,  from  rapioj  to  seize. 

See  Rap.] 

1.  Given  to  plunder  ;  disposed  or  accustomed  to 
seize  by  violence  ;  seizing  by  force  ;  as,  a  raparioiis 
enemy. 

Well  mny  thy  lord,  ttppeased, 
Bejecra  ihee  quite  from  dc.ith's  rapadoud  claim.  Milton. 

2.  Accustomed  to  seize  for  food  ;  subsisting  on 
prey  or  animals  seized  by  violence  ;  as,  a  rapacious 
tiger,  a  rapacious  bird. 

RA-PA'CIOUS-LY,  a(/r.  By  rapine;  by  violent  rob- 
bery or  seizure. 

RA-Pa'CIOUS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  rapa- 
cious ;  disposition  to  piurider  or  to  exact  by  oppres- 
sion. 

RA-PAC'I-TV,  (ra-pas'e-te,)  n.  [Fr.  rapacite;  L.  ra- 
pacitas,  from  rapax,  rapio.] 

1.  Addictedness  to  plunder;  the  exercise  of  plun- 
der; the  act  or  practice  of  seizing  by  force  ;  as,  tlie 
rapacity  of  a.  conquering  army  ;  the  rapacity  of  pirates  ; 
the  rapacity  of  a  Turkish  "pashaw  ;  the  rapacity  of 
e.\tortioners. 

2.  Ravenousness  ;  as,  the  rapacity  of  animals. 

3.  The  act  or  practice  of  extorting  cr  exacting  by 
oppressive  injustice. 

4.  Exorbitant  greediness  of  gain. 

RAPE,  71.  [It.  rapio,  raptiut :  It.  ratto  ;  Fr.  rapt;  W. 
rhaib,3.  snatcliing  ;  rkcibiaw,  to  snatch.     See  Rap.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  a  seizing  by  violence  ;  also,  a 
seizing  and  carr>'ing  away  by  force,  as  females. 

Maford. 

2.  In  law,  the  carnal  knowh'dge  of  a  woman  for- 
cibly and  against  lier  will.  Blackstone. 

3.  Privation  ;  the  act  of  seizing  or  taking  away. 

Chapman. 
And  ruined  orphans  of  tliy  rapes  complain.  Satidyt. 

4.  Something  taken  or  seized  and  carried  away. 

Whi^re  now  arc  all  my  hopes?     0,  never  more 

Shall  thi^y  revive,  nor  death  her  rapes  restore.        Samlys. 

5.  Fruit  plucked  from  the  cluster.  Ray. 

6.  A  division  cf  a  county  in  Sussex,  in  England  ; 
or  an  intermediate  division  between  a  hundied  and 
a  shire,  and  containing  three  or  four  hundreds. 

BlarJcstone. 
RAPE,  71.     [fr.   rail/;  L.  rapa,  rapum  ;  Gr.  fiarrvs  i  D. 
raap  :  G.  riibe;  Sw,  rofca.] 

One  of  the  names  of  the  Brassica  Rapa,  or  com- 
mon turnip.  This  is  the  [tlant  to  which  tliis  name 
properly  belongs ;  but,  with  the  prefi.xed  epithet 
wild,  it  is  applied  also  to  the  Brassica  Napus,  Na- 
vew,  or  French  turnip.  An  oil  is  obtained  from  the 
seed  of  the  latter,  which  is  called  Rape -seed  Oil, 
and  Rape-Oil. 
The  broom-rape  is  of  the  genus  Orobanche. 
RaPE'-€AKE,  n.  The  refuse  or  Tnarc  remaining  after 
the  oil  has  been  expressed  from  the  rape-seed. 

Farm,  Encyc. 
RaPE'-RGOT.     See  Rape. 
R.aPE'-SEED,  n.    The  seed  of  the  Brassica  Napus,  or 

the  rape,  from  which  oil  is  expressed. 
RA'PIIE,  n.     [Gr.  f>aipr,,  a  seam  or  suture.] 

In  botany,  a  bundle  of  vessels  connecting  the 
chalaza  with  the  hilutn  of  a  seed.  Lindlcy. 

RAPM'I-DKS,(rar-,)  tupl.     [from  Gr.  f<a^is,  ^  needle.] 
Minute  transparent  crjstals  found  in  the  tissue  of 
plants.  Lindley. 

RAP' ID,  a.  [L.  rapidus,  from  rapio,  the  primary  sense 
of  which  is  to  ritsle.] 

1.  Very  swift  or  quick  ;  moving  with  celerity  ;  as, 
a  rapid  stream  ;  a  rapid  flight ;  a  rapid  motion. 

Part  Bhuu  the  50.1l  with  rapid  wlie-:-U.  AJUton. 

9.  Advancing  with  haste  or  speed  ;  speedy  in  pro- 
gression ;  as,  rapid  growth  ;  rapid  improvement. 
3.  Of  quick  utterance  of  words  ;  as,  a  rapid  speaker. 
RAP'ID,  71.  sing.  \   The  part  of  a  river  where  the  cur- 
R.^P'IDS,  71.  p/.    )       rent  moves  with   more  celerity 
than  the  common  currenl.     Rapids  imply  a  consid- 
erable descent  of  the  caiih,  but  not  sulKcienl  to  oc- 
casion a  tall  of  the  water,  or  what  is  called  a  c«s- 
cade  or  cataract. 
RA-PID'I-TY,  V.     [L.  rapiditas;  Fr.  rapiditCy  supra.] 


Drayton. 
i  an  epithet  applied  to 
Stcainsoti. 
applied    to    animals 
"  mbU. 


RAR 

1.  Swifljiess  ;  celerity;  velocity;  as,  the  rapidity 
of  a  current ;  the  rapidity  of  motion  of  any  kind. 

2.  Haste  in  utterance  ;  as,  the  rapidity  of  speech  or 
pronunciation. 

3.  Uuickuess  itf  progression  or  advance  ;  as,  ra- 
pidity of  growth  cr  improvement. 

RAP'ID-LY,  adv.     With  great  speed,  celerity,  or  ve- 
locity;  swiftly;  with  quick  progression;  aj,  lo  run 
rapidly  ;  to  grow  cr  improve  rapid/y. 
9.  Willi  quick  utterance  ;  as,  to  speak  rapidly. 
RAP'ID-NESS,  jT,    Swiftness;  speed;   celerity  ;  ra- 
pidity. 
Ra'PI-ER,  n.     [Fr.  rapi^re;  Ir.  roipeir  ;  from   thrust- 
ing, diiving,  or  (juick  motion.] 
A  small  sword  used  only  in  thrusting. 

Shak.     Pope. 
Ra'PI-ER-FISII,  71.    The  sword-fish.  Orew. 

RA-PIL'LO  (    "*    ^"'^^"'^ed  volcanic  substances, 
R.^P'INE,  (rap'in,)  n.     [Fr.,  from  L.  rapina;  rapio,  lo 
seize.] 

1.  The  act  of  plundering;  the  seizing  and  carrj- 
ing  away  of  things  by  force  ;  pillagp  ;  plunder. 

9.  Violence  ;  fcirce.  Milton. 

RAP'INE,  r.  t.     To  plunder.  Buck. 

RAP'IN-i:n,  m;.     Plutidtired. 
RAP-PA-KEE^  71.     A  wild  Irish  plunderer;  so  called 

from  rapery,  a  half  pike  that  he  carries.  Todd. 

RAP-PEE',  n.     A  coarse  kind  of  snuff. 
RAP'PER,  H.     [from  rap.]     One  thai  nips  or  knocks. 

9.  The  knocker  of  a  tloor.     [jVot  in  common  use.] 

3.  An  oath  or  a  lie.     [JVot  in  tue.]  Parker. 

R.AP-PoRT',  n.     [Fr.,  from  re  and  purUr,  to  btar.] 

Relation  ;  proportion.     [JVot  in  use.]  Temple. 

RAPT,  pp.  or  a.     [from  rapT]     Transported  ;  ravislied. 
RAPT,  i;.  t.    To  transport  or  ravish.    [JVot  legitimate, 

nor  in  7ise.]  Cfiupman. 

RAPT,  /I.    An  ecstasy  ;  a  trance.  Jilortvn. 

2.  Rapidity.     [JVot  in  use.] 
RAP'TER,  )  TT  ,1 
RAP'TOR,  5   "•     t^-  '■"P'^-1 

A  ravislier  ;  a  plunderer. 
RAP-To'RI-AL,  a.    Rapacious ; 

birds  of  pre\'. 
RAP-T6'Rl-bUS,   a.      A  term 

which  dart  upon  and  seize  their  prey.         Hun: 
RAP'TURE,  (rapt'yur,)  71.     [L.  raptus,  rapio.] 

1.  A  seizing  by  violence.     [Little  used.] 

Chapman. 

2.  Transport  ;  ecstasy  ;  violence  of  a  pleasuig  pas- 
sion ;  extreme  joy  or  pleasure. 

M'laic,  when  thug  applied,  raises  in  the  mind  of  the  Itearer  gT»*at 
coticepiiuns ;  it  Blreiii^cus  devotion  and  advances  pr-iise 
into  rapture.  Specfalor. 

3.  Rapidity  with  violence;  a  hurrying  along  with 
velocit}' ;  as,  rolling  with  torrent  rapture.     MUtcn. 

4.  Entiiusiasm  ;  uncommon  heat  of  imagination. 

You  grow  correct,  tlial  once  witfi  rapture  writ.  Pope. 

RAP'TITR -A'D,  a.    Ravished  ;  transported. 

Thomson. 
[But  Enraptured  is  generally  used.] 
RAP'TUR-IST,  7t.     An  enthusiast.  Spenser. 

RAP'Tr,R-OUS,  a.  Ecstatic;  Imnsporling ;  ravish- 
ing ;    as,  rapturous  joy,  pleasure,  or  delight. 

CoUicr. 
RAP'TUR-OUS-LY,  adv.    With  rapture  ;  ecstatically. 
Ra'RA  A'VIS,   n.     [L.]     A  rare   bird  ;    an   unusual 

person. 
RARE,  a,     [L.  rarus,  thin;  Sp.  Port,  and  It.  raro;  Fr. 
rare ;  D.  raar ;  G.  and  Dan.  rar.] 

1.  Uncommon  ;  not  frequent ;  as,  a  rare  event ,  a 
rare  phenomenon. 

9.  Unusually  excellent;  valuable  to  a  degree  sel- 
dom found. 

lixire  work,  all  filled  with  tenor  and  dtlighl, 
Alwve  the  rest  [  judge  one  beauty  rare. 

3.  Thinly  scattered. 

Those  rare  and  solitary,  d:ese  in  flocks, 

4.  Thin;  porous;  not  dense;  as, 
lenuate  substance. 

\Vikl'-r  is  nineteen  limes  lighter,  and,  by  couscqceiice.  ni:ieie<'n 
limes  rarer,  than  gold.  yenlon. 

5.  [Sax.  brere.]  Nearly  raw  ;  imperfectly  ritasted 
or  boiled  ;  as,  rarcbeef  or  mutton  ;  eggs  roasted  rare. 

Drydcn. 

RAR'EE-SHoW,  n.  [rare  and  show.]  A  show  car- 
ried about  in  a  box  by  a  show-man.  Pope. 

RAR-E-FAe'TION,  7i.  [Fr.  Pee  Rarefv.]  The  r.cl 
or  process  of  expanding  or  distending  bodii-s,  by  i^t:\}- 
arating  the  parts  atid  rendering  the  bodies  more  rare 
or  porous,  by  which  operation  they  appear  under  a 
larger  bulk,  or  ri-tiuire  more  room,  williout  an  acces- 
sion of  new  matter;  opposed  lo  Condensation  ;  as, 
the  rarefaction  of  air.  Encyc 

RAR'E-B7-A-BLE,  a.     Capable  of  being  rarelied, 

RAR'E-FI-£D,  pp.  or  a.     Made  thin  or  less  dense. 

RAR'E-FV,  V.  t.  [Fr.  rarejicr;  L.  rarefacio  :  rarus, 
rare,  and  facto,  to  make.] 

To  make  thin  and  porous  or  less  dense  ;  lo  expand 
or  enlarge  a  lindy  without  adding  lo  it  any  new  por- 
tion of  its  own  matter  ;  opposed  to  Condense. 

Encijc.     Thomson. 


Coie!ey. 

Dryden. 


MiUcn. 

a  rare  and  at- 


TuNE,  BULL,  IJNITE.— AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS — €  as  K ;  0  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS 


RAS 


RAT 


RAU'E-F?,  V.  L  To  become  thin  and  porous.  Dnjdcn. 
K  \irE-F?-ING,  pw     Making  Ihin  or  less  dense. 
ukuE'LY,  adv.    Seldom  ;  not  often  ;  as,  tilings  rarely 

a.  Finely ;  nicely.    [r.iulc  ■used.']  Shah. 

RXRE'NESS,  II.  'I'lie  state  of  being  unconimoii ;  un- 
comrnonness ;  infrequency. 

And  K-l  tho  rartnesi  Ihc  email  eit  commend.  DryrUn, 

2.  Value  arising  from  scarcity.  Bacon. 

3.  Thinness ;  tenuity ;  as,  the  rareness  of  air  or 
vapor.  . .  , , 

4.  Distance  from  each  other ;  thmness.  Mmsm. 
RiRE'RIPE,  a.     [Sax.  anrran,  to  excite,  to  hasten.] 

Early  ripe  ;  ripe  before  others,  or  before  the  usual 
season.  ...        ,  ■    ,    c 

IIAIIE'RIPE,  n.  An  early  fruit,  particularly  a  luiul  ol 
peach  which  ripens  early. 

R.\R'I-TY,  n.     (Fr.  rarcli  !  L.  raritas.] 

1.  Uncomraonness  i  infrequency. 

F.tr  from  belti^  fond  of  a  (lowrr  for  iu  rarily.  Spectator. 

2.  .\  thing  valued  for  its  scarcity. 

I  Kiw  three  rtiriliit  of  different  kiiiil»,  which  pleracd  me  more 
Uian  any  oUier  showa  in  Ute  place.  .irltUson. 

3.  Thinness ;  tenuity  ;  opposed  to  Density  ;  as, 
the  raritij  of  air.  ,  .       . ,    Diglnj. 

RA.S'eAL,  n.  [Sax.  id.  This  word  is  said  to  signify 
a  lean  beast.]  ,    ,    . 

1.  A  mean  fellow  ;  a  scoundrel ;  in  v\(idem  usage,  a 
trickish,  dishonest  fi;llow  ;  a  rogue  ;  particularly  ap- 
plied to  men  and  boys  guilty  of  the  lesser  crimes,  and 
indicating  less  enormity  or  guilt  than  Villiin. 

I  have  sense  to  serve  my  Inni  in  store, 

And  lie's  a  rascal  who  pretends  to  more.  Drytien. 

2.  A  lean  deer.  Skak.     Toone. 
RAS'GAL,  a.     Lean  ;  as,  a  rascal  deer. 

9.  Mean  -,  low.  Spenser. 

RAS-CAL'ION,  (ras-kal'yun,)  ii.     [from  rascal.]     A 

low,  mean  wretch.  HuJibras. 

RAS-CAL'I-TV,  1!.    Tlie  low,  mean  people.     South. 
2.  Mean  trickishness  or  dishonesty  ;  base  fraud. 
Tnis  is  its  sense  in  present  usage  in  America.'] 
R.\S'eAL-LY,  a.    Meanly  trickish  or  dishonest ;  vile. 
2.  Mean  ;  vile ;  base  ;  worthless  j  as,  a  rascalltj 
porter.  „  ffi'"'- 

RASE,  V.  t.  [Fr.  rasfr  ;  Sp.  and  Port,  rasar ;  11.  rasa- 
re  and  raschiarc  ;  Arm.  raia  ;  L.  rasns,  ratio.  With 
these  words  accord  tlie  \V.  rlialhu,  to  rub  off;  rhathell, 

a  rasp  ;  Ktli.  4m)'T'  roof,  to  rub  or  wipe.  See  the 
verb  to  row,  which  is  radically  the  same  word.  If  g 
in  frrate  is  a  prefix,  the  woril  is  formed  on  the  same 
radix.  Class  Ril,  No.  10,  13,  17,  95,  35,  38,  42,  56,  58, 
Gl,  is,  64,  81.] 

1.  To  pass  along  the  surface  of  a  thing,  with  stri- 
king or  rubbing  it  at  the  same  time  ;  to  gra:e. 

Mi'hl  not  lln^  bniiet  wliich  rased  liis  clieelt,  have  gone  into  Ilia 
"head  I     lObs.]  •*"*• 

".  To  erase ;  to  scratch  or  rub  out ;  or  to  blot  out ; 
to  cancel.  ^  ,  Millon. 

[In  this  sense,  Ekase  is  generally  used.] 
3.  To  level  with  the  ground  ;  to  overthrow  ;  to  de- 
stroy ;  as,  to  rase  a  city.  Milttin. 

[In  this  sense  Raze  is  generally  used.  This  or- 
thoTaphy,  rase,  may  therefore  be  considered  sis 
ncariy  obsolete  ;  Gdazk,  Euase,  and  Raze  having 
superseded  it.]  , 

RaSE,  n.    A  cancel ;  erasure.     [Jfot  in  iisc.J 

9.  A  slicbt  wound.  [J\'ot  in  iKc] 
RASH,  a.  ~[D.  and  G.  raseh,  quick  ;  Sw.  and  Dan. 
rash,  id. ;  Sax.  hrad,  hritd,  hrtttk,  quick,  hasty,  retidij, 
and  hrits,  rrrs,  impetus,  force,  and  hrcosan,  rcosan, 
rassan,  to  rush.  (See  Eeadv  and  Rush.)  The  sense 
is,  advancing,  pushing  forward.  Class  Rd,  No.  5,  9.] 
1.  Hasty  in  counsel  or  action  ;  precipitate  ;  resolv- 
ing or  entering  on  a  project  or  measure  without  due 
deliberation  and  caution,  and  thus  encountering  un- 
necessary hazard  ;  applied  to  persons ;  a-s,  a  rash  states- 
man or  minister;  a  rash  commander. 

9.  Uttered  tir  undertaken  with  too  much  haste  or 
too  little  retlt'clion  ;  as,  rrw/i  words  ;  rash  measures. 

3.  Requiring  haste  ;  urgent. 

1  have  scarce  leisure  to  salute  you, 

My  matter  is  so  raiA.  .S/iafc. 

4.  duick  ;  sudden  ;  as,  rash  gunpowder.  [JVy(  in 
use.] 

RASH,  n.    Corn  so  dry  as  to  fall  out  with  handling. 

[Local.]  Orose. 

R.\SH,  n.     [It.  raseia.] 

1.  .\n  eruption  or  efflorescence  on  the  body,  with 
little  or  no  elevation.     [In  It.  raschia  is  the  itch.] 

2.  Satin.    [Obs.] 

RASH,  V.  t.     [It.  raschiarc,  to  scrape  or  grate ;  W. 
rh&sg,  rhasgyl,  rhasgliaio  ;  from  the  root  of  rase, 
graze.] 
To  slice  -,  to  cut  into  pieces  ;  to  divide.     Sperjser. 
RASH'ED,  (rasht,)  pp.    Cut  into  slices  ;  divided. 
RASH'ER,  71.    A  thin  slice  of  bacon;  a  thin  cut.  Shale. 
RASU'LY,  <«;ii.    With  precipitation  ;  hastily  ;  without 
due  deliberation. 

He  lh»t  doth  any  thing  rathly,  must  do  it  willinjiy. 
Soraahly  brave,  to  dare  the  sword  of  Theseus. 


RASH'NES.'^,  n.  Too  much  haste  in  resolving  or  in 
undertaking  a  measure  ;  precipitation  ;  inconsiderate 
readiness  or  promptness  to  decide  or  act,  implying 
disre";ird  of  consequences  or  contempt  of  danger ; 
applied  to  pcrsims.  The  failure  of  enterprises  is  oltcn 
o\v'ing  to  rashness. 

We  offend  by  mshuesg,  which  is  an  affirming  or  dcnyinc:  befon? 
we  twve  BUllicieiilly  informed  ourselves.  Soulk. 

2.  The  quality  of  being  uttered  or  done  without 
due  deliberation  ;  lis,  tlio  rashness  of  words  or  of  un- 
dertakings. 

ILAS-KOL'JVIKS,  n.  pi.  The  name  given  to  the  largest 
and  most  important  body  of  dissenters  from  the  Greek 
chinch  in  Russia.  lirande. 

RA-SO'KI-AL,  a.     [L.  rado,  to  scratch.] 

In  ornithology,  an  epithet  applied  to  gallinaceous 
birds,  inrluiling  tho  peacock,  domestic  fowl,  par- 
trid"c,  ostrich,  pigeon,  &c.  Swainsnn. 

RXSP,  II.  rsw.  and  D.  rasp ;  G.raspel;  Han.  raspe; 
Fr.  r&pe,  (nr  raspe  ;  It.  and  Sp.  raspa.     See  Rase.] 

1.  A  species  of  file,  on  which  the  cutting  promi- 
nences are  distinct,  being  raised  by  punching  with  a 
point,  instead  of  cutting  with  a  chisel.  llchert. 

2.  A  raspberrv,  which  see. 

3.  The  rough'bark  of  a  tree.  Bacon. 
RXSP,  V.  t.     [D.  raspen  ;  Dan.  riurpcr  ;  Sw.  ra^jta  ;  It. 

raspare  :  Sp.  raspar  ;  Fr.  rapcr ;  W.  rhathell,  in  a  dif- 
ferent dialect.    See  Rase.] 

To  rub  or  file  with  a  rasp  ;  to  nib  or  grate  with  a 
rou^h  file;  as,  to  rtMj)  wood  to  make  it  smooth;  to 
rasp  bones  to  powder.  mscman.    Moxon. 

RASI-'A-'1'I)-RY,  n.     A  surgeon's  rasp.        Wiseman. 

RASP'CER-RY,  (raz'ber-re,)  ii.  [from  rasp,  so  named 
from  the  roughness  of  the  fruit.  G.^iralzbcere,  from 
kratzen,  to  scratch.]  ^  „   .  ,. 

The  fruit  of  a  bramble  or  species  of  Rubus ;  a  ber- 
ry growing  on  a  prickly  plant ;  as,  tho  black  raspher- 
rii  r  the  red  and  the  white  raspliernj.  _ 

R.VSP'UER-RY-11I,'SH,  71.  The  bramble  producing 
raspberries. 

RAS1"KD.  (rilspt,)  pp.  Rubbed  or  filed  with  a  rasp; 
grated  to  a  fine  powder. 

R'\SP'ER,  71.     A  scraper.  Shencood. 

R.^.SP'1NG,  ppr.  Filing  with  a  rasp;  grating  to  a  fine 
powder. 

RaS'IIUE,  (ra'zhur,)  n.  [L.  rasura,  from  rado,  rastts. 
Sec  Rase.] 

1.  The  act  of  scraping  or  shaving;  the  act  of  eras- 
ing. 


I'Eitran^e. 
Stmth. 


9.  The  mark  by  which  a  letter,  word,  or  any  part 
of  a  writing  or  print  is  erased,  eflfaced,  or  oblitera- 
ted ;  an  erasure.  Jlyliffc. 

RAT,  71.  [Sax.  net;  D.  rat:  G.  rntze ;  Fr.  rat  ;  Ann. 
raz ;  Sp.  rafo  ;  I'ort.  id.,  a  rat,  and  ratos,  sharp  stones 
in  the  sea  that  wear  cables  ;  probably  named  from 
gnawing,  and  from  the  root  of  L.  rodo.] 

The  popular  name  of  several  species  of  the  genus 
Mus,  larger  than  mice,  which  are  rodent  mammals, 
or  small  quadrupeds  that  infest  houses,  stores,  and 
ships  ;  a  troublesome  race  of  animals. 

To  .tmcll  a  rat ;  to  be  suspicious  ;  to  be  on  the  watch 
from  suspicion  ;  as  a  cat  by  the  scent  or  noise  of  a  rat. 

RAT,  V.  i.  [From  the  desertion  of  a  place  by  rats  be- 
fore an  anticipated  calamity.] 

1.  In  Kntrlish  politics,  to  desert  one's  former  party, 
and  go  over  to  the  opposite.  Booth. 

2.  '.Among  printers,  to  work  at  less  than  the  estab- 
lished prices.  T.  F.  Mams. 

RaT'A  liLE,  a.  [from  rale.]  That  may  be  rated,  or 
set  at  a  certain  value  ;  as, a  Danish  oro  ratable  at  two 
maiks.  Camdeiu 

9.  Liable  or  subjected  by  law  to  taxation  ;  as,  rala- 
hh  estate.  Stat,  of  Conn. 

R.lT'.\-BLY,  adv.  By  rate  or  proportion  ;  proportion- 
allv.  Ralegh. 

RAT-A-Ff'A,  71.     [Sp.]    A  fine  spirituous  liquor,  fla- 
vored with  the  kernels  of  several  kinds  of  fruits, 
particularly  of  cherries,  apricots,  and  peaches. 
'  Sp.  Diet.     Vre. 

R.\T-AN',  71.     [Malay,  rotan  ;  Java,  rotlang.] 

1.  A  name  applied  to  stems,  the  growth  of  India, 
and  the  produce  of  various  species  of  the  genus  Cal- 
amus, most  or  all  of  which  are  perennial,  simple  or 
unbranched,  cylindrical,  jointed,  very  tough  and 
strong,  from  the  size  of  a  goose-quill  to  the  size  of 
the  human  wrist,  and  from  fifty  to  a  hundred  feet  in 
length.  They  are  used  for  wicker-work,  seats  of 
chairs,  walking-sticks,  withes  and  thongs,  ropes,  ca- 
bles, &c. 

2.  A  walking-stick  made  of  ratan. 
RAT'A-NY,     (  n.     A  half  shrubby  Pcnivian   plant, 
RAT' AN-HY,  i     Kranieria  triandra,  the  root  of  which 

is  very  astringent.  -P-  Cyc. 

EAT'-CATCH-ER,  ii.  One  who  makes  it  his  busi- 
ness to  catch  rats.  . 

RATCH,  71.  A  bar  containing  angular  teeth,  mto 
which  a  pall  or  catch  drops,  to  prevent  machines 
from  running  back.  Hebert. 

RATCH'ET,  71.  In  a  watch,  a  small  tooth  at  the  bot- 
tom of  tho  fusee  or  barrel,  which  stops  it  in  wind- 
ing up.  Mutton. 

RATCH'ET-WIIEEL,  n.  A  circular  wheel,  having 
angular  teeth,  into  which  a  pall  or  catch  drops,  to 
prevent  machines  from  running  back.  Hcbert. 


RAT 

RATCiriL,  n.    Among  miners,  fragmenls  of  stone, 
RATK,  11.      [Norm,  rate;    L.   ratus,  rc(n\  coiilr:u-tcJ 
iVoiii  retor^  rcdor^  or  rcsor.     See  Ratio  amJ  Reason.] 

1.  Tiie  proportion  or  standard  by  whicli  qu:intity 
or  value  is  jidjusted  ;  as,  silver  valued  at  the  rate  of 
six  siiilling3  and  eight  pence  the  ounce. 

Tin.'  rait!  (itul  nwiulard  ot  wil  wtia  illfferem  then  from  wlinl  il  is  In 
liivac  (liijs.  SuuOt. 

2.  Price  or  amount  stated  or  fixed  on  any  thing 
A  king  may  purchase  territory  at  too  dear  a  rate. 
The  rate  of  interest  is  prescribed  by  law. 

3.  Settled  allowance  ;  as,  a  daily  rate  of  provisions. 
2  Kinfrs  XXV. 

4.  Dcgrte ;  comparative  hight  or  value. 

1  nm  n  Bpiril  of  no  common  rnie.  Sliak. 

Ill  lilts  did  his  tioIiitcM  luu!  gyiillneas  nppeiir  nbove  Ihe  rale  iiiid 
pilcli  uf  oilier  men's,  In  lliiu  lie  waa  eo  lufimlrly  merciful. 

Ctitatiiy. 

5.  Degree  in  which  any  thing  is  done.  The  ship 
sails  at  the  rate  of  seven  knots  an  hour. 

Many  of  the  liorae  could  not  inarch  at  Uul  rate,  nor  come  up 
Boon  enough.  Claretuion. 

0.  Degree  of  value  ;  price.  Wheat  in  England  is 
often  sold  at  the  T-aie  of  fifty  shillings  the  quarter. 
Wit  may  be  purchased  at  too  dear  a  rate. 

7.  A  tax  or  sum  assessed  by  authority  on  property 
for  public  use,  according  to  its  income  or  value  ;  at), 
parish  rates  ;  town  rates ;  higliway  rates. 

8.  In  the  navy.,  the  order  or  class  of  a  ship,  which 
is  called  first,  second,  third,  &,c.,  ra^c,  according  to 
its  magnitude  or  force. 

RATE,  t'.  (.    To  set  a  certain  value  on  ;  to  value  at  a 
certain  price  or  degree  of  excellence. 

Yon  Bocm  not  high  enough  your  Joys  to  TOte.  Dryden. 

Iiistei\d  ofrating  the  iniin  by  liie  perforinaiiccB,  we  too  fr.  uin^^nlly 
Tate  Uic  jierformance  by  the  man.  liavmcr. 

9.  To  fix  the  magnitude,  force,  or  order,  as  of 
ships.  A  ship  is  rated  in  the  first  class,  or  as  a  ship 
of  the  line. 

3.  To  take  the  rate  of ;  as,  to  rate  a  chronometer, 
that  is,  to  ascertain  tlie  exact  rate  of  its  gain  or  loss 
as  compared  with  true  time,  for  the  sake  of  making 
a  due  allowance  or  computation  dependent  thereon. 

Prof.  Loomis. 
RATE,  V.  i.    To  be  set  or  considered  in  a  class,  as  a 
ship.    Tho  ship  rates  as  a  ship  of  the  line. 
2.  To  make  an  estimate. 
RATE,  V.  t.     [Sw.  rata^  to  refuse,  to  find  fault ;  n/'", 
to  roar,  to  huff;  Ice.  rcita,  or  G.  bcrcdcn,  from  rcden, 
to  speak.  Sax.  rtrrffiw.    fSec  Read.)     It  is  probably 
allied  to  ratth^  and  perhaps  to  L.  riido.     See  Class 
Rd,  No.  71,7(5,  Ar.] 

To  cliide  witli  vehemence  ;  to  reprove  ;  to  scold  ; 
to  censure  violently. 


Go,  rate  thy  minions,  proud,  inaulUng  boy.  Sliak. 

An  olil  loni  of  Uie  council  rtMd  me  the  other  day  m  the  sincl 
al>out  yon,  sir.  Sliak. 

RAT'ED,  pp.    Set  at  a  certain  value;  estimated  ;  set 
in  a  certain  order  or  rank. 
2.  Chid  ;  reproved. 
RAT'ER,  7i.    One  who  sets  a  value  on  or  makes  an 

estimate. 
RATH,  n.     [Ir.  rath,  a  hill,  mount,  or  fortress.] 

A  hill.     [Obs.]  Spenser. 

RATH,  a.  [Sax.  ratk^  raitkc,  hrath^  hrat.he,  hra:d.,  or 
Arat/,  quick,  hasty  ;  Ir.  ratham.,  to  grow  or  bo  pros- 
perous ;  from  the  same  root  as  rcaily  and  rash^  from 
the  sense  of  shooting  forward.    See  Ready.] 

Early  ;  coming  before  others,  or  before  the  usual 
time. 

Bring  llic  rath  priinroBC,  that  forsaken  dies.  Milton. 

RATH'ER,  adv.  [Sax.  rathor,  hratkor  :  eomp.  of  ra(A, 
quick,  prompt,  hasty,  ready.  So  we  use  soover  in  an 
equivalent  sense.  I  would  rather  go,  or  sooner  go. 
The  use  is  taken  from  pushing  or  moving  forward. 
So  the  Italians  use  airJy  (L.  ante,  before.)  "  Ma  cgli 
disse,  anzi,  beati  coloro  ch'odono  la  parola  di  Hio,  e 
PosseVvano."  But  he  said  yea  rather,  happy  are 
they  that  hear  the  word  of  God  and  keep  it. 
Luke  xi.l  ,.,  . 

1.  Mtiro  readily  or  willingly,  with  belter  likmg; 
v.'ith  preference  cr  choice. 

Mj' soul  clioosplh  strangling   and  doath  ratter  than  life.  — Job 

Light  ia  come  into  the  world,  and  men  loved  darfcnpw  mtfiw 
than  light,  l«cause  their  deeds  were  evil.— John  m.  Ps. 
Ixxxiv. 

2.  In  preference;  preferably;  with  better  reason. 
Good  is  rather  to  be  chosen  than  evil.     See  j3ct»  v. 

3.  In  a  greater  degree  than  otherwise. 

Hf?  B"ti"-lit  throughout  the  wnrlil,  hut  sou'jht  iu  vain, 

And  ii.iwh'>re  finding,  raVier  leared  lier  sUin.  Dryden. 

4.  More  properly  ;  more  correctly  speaking. 

Thisia  an  nrt 
Wliich  dof's  mond  nature,  change  II  roVier  ;  b-jt 
The  art  iis^-lf  is  natun?.  Siiait. 

5.  Noting  some  degree  of  contrariety  in  fact. 

She  was  nolhing  better,  but  rapier  grew  worse.  —  Mark  v. 
IM.iU.  xxvii. 

The  raOicri  especially  ;  for  better  reason,    for  par- 
ticular cause. 

You  are  come  to  me  in  a  hapr?  time, 
Tlie  rather  for  I  have  some  Bporl  in  hand. 


Stutk. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.-M£TE,  PREY. -PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.-NCTE,  DuVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.- 


9J0 


RAT 

Ifatl  rather^  is  supposed  to  be  a  corruption  of  would 
rather. 

I  liod  j(it';er  speak  five  words  wiih  my  under8t.^^^linff.  —  1  Cor. 

This  plirase  may  have  been  originally,  "  I'd 
rather,"  for  /  tcould  rather^  and  the  contraction  after- 
ward mistaken  for  had.  Correct  s|)eaker3  and 
writers  geueriily  use  would  in  all  such  phrases  j  I 
irould  rather,  I  prefer  ;  I  desire  in  preference. 

RATil'OF-FlTE,  .7.  A  minimi  brought  from  Sweden, 
(if  Uie  garnet  kind.  Its  color  is  a  dingy,  brownisli- 
blnck.  Philips. 

RAT-I-FI-€a'T[ON,  k.  [Fr.;  from  ratifij.]  The  act 
of  nitifying  ;  conlinnation. 

2.  Tlie  act  of  giving  sanction  and  validity  to 
somethins  done  by  another  ;  as,  the  ratification  of  a 
treaty  by  the  senate  of  the  United  States. 

RAT'l'-FI-fD,  pp.  Confirmed  ;  sanctioned  j  made 
v:ilid. 

RAT'I-FT-ER,  71.  He  or  that  which  ratifies  or  sanc- 
tions. 

RAT'I-FT,  V.  t.  [Fr.  ratifier ;  L.  ratiun  facto,  to  make 
firm.] 

1.  To  confirm  ;  to  establish ;  to  settle. 

We  h:ive  radJUd  to  Ihem  the  tonlers  of  Judea.  —  1  Mace. 

2.  To  approve  and  sanction  ;  to  make  valid  5  aa, 
to  rat{fj/  an  agreement  or  treaty. 

RAT'1-F'?^-IXG,  ppr.  Confirming;  establishing j  ap- 
proving and  sanctioning. 

RAT-M1A-BI"TI0N,  7i.  Confirmation  or  approba- 
tion, as  of  a  contract. 

RaT'ING,  ppr.      [from  rate.]      Setting  at  a  certain 
vahie  ;  assisTiing  rank  to  ;  estimatin?. 
2.  Chiding;  reproving. 

Ra'TIO,  (ra'sho,)  n.  [L.,  from  ratus,  reor,  to  think 
or  suppose,  to  set,  confirm,  or  establish.  Rear  is 
contracted  from  rcrfor  or  refor,  and  primarily  signifies 
to  throw,  to  tiinist,  hence  to  spt.ik,  to  .^et  in  the 
mind,  to  think,  like  L.  suppono ;  and  seiting  eives 
the  sense  of  a  fixed  raU  or  rule.     Pec  Reason.] 

1.  In  poputar  Ian (j-na^e,  proportion  ;  rate;  degree; 
as,  the  rutio  of  representation  in  coniri'ess. 

2.  In  mathanatics,  the  relation  which  one  quantity 
has  to  another  of  the  same  kind,  as  expressed  by  the 
quotient  of  the  one  divided  by  the  other.  Thus  the 
ratio  of  4  to  2  is  4-2,  or  2  ;  and  the  ratio  of  5  to  fi  is 
5-f>.  This  is  geometrical  ratio,  which  is  that  signified 
when  t:,e  term  i.s  used  without  distinction  ;  but 
arithmetical  ratio  is  the  difference  between  two  quan- 
tities.   Thus  the  arithmetical  «-atio  of  2  to  6  is  4. 

Daifs  Algebra. 
Ratio  respects  ma^itudes  of  the  same  kind  only. 
One  line  may  be  compared  with  another  line,  but  a 
hne  can  not  be  compared  with  a  superficies,  and 
hence  betv.'een  a  line  and  a  superficies  there  can  be 
no  ratio.  Encyc. 

RA-TIOC'I-NaTE,  (ra-shos'e-nate,)  v.  i.  [h.  ratioci- 
nw,  from  ratio,  reason.] 

To  reason  ;  to  argue.     [^Little  used.'] 
RA-TIOC-I-Na'TION,  (ra-shos-e-na'shun,)  v.      [L. 
ratiocinatio.'] 

The  act  or  process  of  reasoning,  or  of  deducing 
consequences  from  premises.     [See  Reasonino.] 
Broien.     Sorrtfi. 
RA-TIOC'I-NA-TIVE,  (ra-shos'e-na-tive,)  a.     Argu- 
mentative; consisting  in  the  comparison  of  proposi- 
tions or  facts,  and  the  deduction  of  inferences  from 
the  comparison  ;  as,  a  ratiocinative  process.     Hale. 
[-3  bad  Word,  and  little  used.] 
Ba'TION,  ti.     [Fr.,  from  L.  ratio,  proportion.] 

A  portion  or  fixed  allowance  of  provisions,  drink, 
and  forage,  assigned  to  each  soldier  in  an  army  for 
his  daily  subsistence,  and  for  the  subsistence  of 
horses.  Officers  have  several  ratioit'::,  according  to 
their  rank  or  number  of  attendants.  Seamen  in  the 
navy  also  have  ratioTis  of  certain  articles.  Encyc. 
Ra'TION-AL,  (ra'shun-al  or  rash'unal,)  a.  [Fr.  ra- 
iionnel:  ft.  razionale;  L.  rationatis.] 

1,  Having  reason,  or  the  facnlly  of  reasoning  ;  en- 
dowed with  reason;  oppo.-ed  to  IitnATiu?fAi- ;  as, 
man  is  a  ralional  being  ;  brutes  arc  not  rational  ani- 
mals. 

h  U  our  glory  and  happiness  to  liave  a  radoTUil  n^turp.    Laie. 

2.  .'Agreeable  to  reason;  opposed  to  Aesurd  ;  as, 
tiriitional  conclusion  or  inference  ;  rational  conduct. 

y.  Agreeable  to  reason  ;  not  extravagant. 
4.  Acting    in    conformity  to    reason ;    wise ;  ju- 
dicious ;  as,  a  rational  man. 
Rational  horizon.     See  Horizon,  No.  2. 
Rational   quantity;    in   algebra,  a   quantity   wliose 
value   can   be   exactly  expressed    by    numbrrs ;  op- 
posed to  irrational  quantity  or  surd.  Hat'on. 
Ra'TION-AL,  (ra'shun-al  or  raah'un-al,)  n.     A  ra- 
tional being.  Youiig. 
RA-TIONa'LE,  (ra-shun-a'le  or  rasii-un-a'le,)  71.°  A 
detail  with  reasons  ;   a  series  of  reasons  assigned ; 
as  Dr.  Sparrow's  rationale  of  the  Common  Prayer. 

2.  An  account  or  solution  of  the  principles  of 
some  opinion,  action,  hypothesis,  phenomenon,  <!tc. 

Encyc. 
Ra'TION-AL-TSM,  (ra'shun-  or  rash'un-,)  n.    A  sys- 
l;;in  of  opinions  deduced  from  rca-^.i:i,  as  dii;tiuct 
from  inspiration  or  opposed  to  it.  Bib.  Rcpos. 


RAT 

RA'TION-AL-IST,  (ra'shun-  or  rash'un-,)  n.  One 
who  proceeds  in  his  disquisitions  and  practice 
wholly  upon  reason.  Bacon. 

2.  "Rationalists  may  be  said  to  comprehend  those 
latitudinarians,  who  considerthe  supernatural  events 
recorded  in  the  Old  and  New  Testaments  as  events 
happening  in  the  ordinary  course  of  nature,  but 
described  by  the  writers,  without  any  real  ground, 
as  supernatural,  and  who  consider  the  morality  of 
the  Scriptures  as  subject  to  the  test  of  human  rea- 
son. C.  Butler. 

The  definition  applies  to  the  writings  of  many 
German  divines. 

RA-TION-AL-IST'ie,  (  (ra'shun-  or  (  a.    Belong- 

RA-TION-AL-ISTTC-AL,  i  rash'un-,)  J  inglo,or 
in  accordance  with,  the  principles  of  rationalism. 

RATION-AL-IST'ie-AL-LY,  adv.  In  a  rationalistic 
manner. 

RA-TION-AL'I-TY,  (ra'shun-  or  rash'un-,)  n.  The 
power  of  reasoning. 

God  has  mnde  rationaiiti/  the  cominon  portion  of  mankind. 

Gov.  of  the  ToTigue. 

2.  Reasonableness. 

Well-Jirfclfd  intentions,  whoso  ralioixalHiee  will  not  henr  a  rigid 
examination.  Brown. 

Ra'TION-AL-TZE,  (ra'shun-  or  rash'un-,)  v.  t.    To 

convert  to  rationalism. 
Ra'TION-AL-LY,  (-ra'shun-  or  rash'un-,)  adc.    In 

consistency  with  reason  ;  reasonably.    We  rationally 

expect  every  man  will  pursue  his  own  hap[)iness. 
Ra'TION-AL-NESS,  (ra'shun-  or  rash'un-,)  n.    The 

stale  of  being  rational  or  consistent  with  reason. 
RAT'LIN,     (  H.    A  small  line  traversing  the  shrouds 
RAT'LINE,  S      "*"  a  ship,  making  the  step  of  a  ladder 

for  ascending  to  the  mast-heads.  Totten. 

KAT-OON',  V.     [Sp.  retono;  rrtonar,  to  sprout  again.] 

1.  A  sprout  from  the  root  of  the  sugar-cane,  which 
has  been  cut.  Edwards^  W.  Ind. 

9.  A  name  of  the  heart  leaves  in  a  tobacco  plant. 

RATS'BaNE,  71.  [rat  and  banc.]  Poison  for  rats; 
arsenoiis  acid. 

RATS'BaN-£;D,  c.    Poisoned  by  ratsbane.    Junius. 

RATS'TaIL,  H.  A  disease  in' horses,  in  which  the 
hair  of  the  tail  is  permanently  lost.  Gardner. 

RAT'-TaIL,  n.  In  farriery,  an  excrescence  grow- 
ing from  the  pastern  to  the  middle  of  the  shank  of 
a  horse.  Encyc. 

RAT-TEEN',  n.  [Sp.  ratina,  ratteen,  and  a  musk 
mouse.] 

A  thick,  woolen  stuff,  quilled  or  twilled. 

RAT-TI-NET',  n.  A  woolen  sUiff  thinner  than  rat- 
teen. 

RAT'TING,  ppr.  [from  rat.]  Deserting  one's  former 
party  and  going  over  to  the  opposite.     [English.] 

RAT'TING,  n.  The  act  of  deserting  one's  former 
party  and  going  over  to  the  opposite.     [English.] 

2.  Among  pi-inters,  the  act  of  working  for  less 
than  the  established  prices.  T.  F.  Adams. 

RAT'TLB,  (rat'tl,)  v.  i.  [D.  ratelen;  reutclen ;  G. 
rasscln  ;  Dan.  rasler  ;  Sw.  rassla  f  Gr.  Kporco),  i<po- 
raXov,  with  a  prefix.    Q.n.  rate.] 

3.  To  make  a  quick,  sharp  noise,  rapidly  repeated, 
by  the  collision  of  bodies  not  very  sonorous.  When 
bodies  are  sonorous,  it  is  called  Jinoling.  We  say, 
the  wheels  rattle  over  the  pavement. 

And  the  rude  liail  in  rattling  tempest  forms.  Ad<iison. 

He  fajroli^d  Iiis  notions  ns  thnv  fell, 

And  if  (lit-y  rhymed  and  ralUed,  idl  wiis  well.  Drydcn. 

2.  To  speak  eagerly  and  noisily ;  to  utter  words  in 
a  clattering  manner. 

Thiia  iiirbiilnnt  in  raUUng  tone  she  sjioke.  Dryden, 

He  ratltes  it  out  rigainsl  popery.  bipift. 

RAT'TLE,  r.  (.  To  cause  to  make  a  rattling  sound, 
or  a  rapid  succession  of  sharp  sounds  ;  as,  to  rattle  a 
chain.  Dryden. 

2.  To  stun  with  noise  ;  to  drive  with  sharp  sounds 
rapidly  repeated. 

Sound  but  another,  and  annlhi^r  shnll, 

A3  !(jud  as  thine,  rattle  the  welkin's  enr.  S!iak. 

3.  To  scold  ;  to  rail  at  clamorously ;  as,  to  rattle 
off  servants  sharply.  Mrbutlmot. 

RAT'TEE,  n.  A  rapid  succession  of  sharp,  clattering 
sounds  ;  as,  the  rattle  of  a  drum.  Prior. 

2.  A  rapid  succession  of  words  sharply  uttered  ; 
loud,  rapid  talk  ;  clamorous  chiding. 

3.  An  instrument  with  which  a  clattering  sound 
is  made.     [For  watchman's  rattle,  see  Watchman.] 

The  rattles  of  Isis  and  (he  cymbals  of  Bi-asilea  nearly  enough 

rpscmblc  each  other.  Ralegh. 

The  rhymes  and  rallies  of  the  man  or  boy.  Pope. 

4.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Pedicularis,  lousewort. 

Fain,  of  Plants. 
Yellow  rattle ;  a  plant  of  the  genus  Rhinanlhus. 

Loudon. 
RAT'TLE-BOX,7i.    A  plant;  a  popular  name  of  one 

or  more  species  of  Crotalaria. 
RAT'TLE-HEAD-ED,  a.    Noisy;  giddy;  unsteady. 
RAT'TLES,  (nil'tiz,)  n.  pi.    The  popular  name  of  the 

croup,  or  (Jynanrhe  trachealis  of  Cullen. 
RAT'TLE-SNaKE,  n.     An  .American  snake  that  has 
rattles  at  the  tail,  of  the  genus  Crotalus.    The  rat- 
tles consist  of  articulated  horny  cells,  which  the 


RAV 

animal  vibrates  iu  such  a  manner  as  to  make  a  rat- 
tling sound.  The  poison,  of  the  rattlesnake  is  dan- 
gerous. 

RAT'TLE-SNaKE-ROOT,  n.  A  plant  or  root  of  the 
genus  Polygala,  and  another  of  the  genus  Prenanthes ; 
used  to  cure  the  bite  of  the  rattlesnake. 

RAT'TLE-SNaKE-WEED,  v.  a  plant  of  the  genus 
Er>-ngium.  Fam.  of  Plants. 

RAT'TLING,  p/?r.  or  a.  Making  a  quick  succession 
of  sharp  sounds. 

RAT'TLING,  ji.  A  rapid  succession  of  sharp  sounds. 
Mill.  iii. 

RAT-TOON'.    SeeRAToow. 

RAU'CI-TY,  71.  [E.  raucas,  hoarse.  Raucua  is  the 
Eng.  rough,  which  see.] 

1.  Hoarseness  ;  a  loud,  rough  sound;  as,  the  rati- 
city  of  a  trumpet.  Bacon. 

2.  Among  physicians,  hoarseness  of  the  human 
voice. 

RAU'eOUS,  a.     Hoarse ;  harsh.     [.Yotinuse.] 
RAUGHT,  (rawt,)  the  old  participle  of  Reach.  [Obs.] 
RAUNCH.     See  Wrench. 

RAVAGE,  n.  [Fr.,  from  raoir,  to  rob  or  spoil,  L. 
rapio.     See  Class  Kb,  No.  18,  19,  25,  27.1 

1.  Spoil;  ruin;  waste;  destruction  by  violence, 
either  by  men,  beasts,  or  physical  causes  ;  as,  the 
ravage  of  a  lion  ;  the  ravages  of  fire  or  tempest ;  the 
ravages  of  an  army. 

Would  one  think  'twere  poM"h;u'  for  love 

To  maJco  such  ravage  iu  a  noble  eouI  i  Adduon. 

2.  Waste ;  ruin ;  clestruction  by  decay ;  as,  the 
ravagc.i  of  time. 

RAVAGE,  V.  t.     [Fr.  ravager.] 

1.  To  spoil ;  to  plunder ;  to  pillage  ;  to  sack. 

Already  Ccsnr 
Has  ravaged  more  (h;m  half  th<r  globe,  AdiUton, 

2.  To  lay  waste  by  any  violent  force  ;  aa,  a  flood 
or  inundation  ravages  the  meadows. 

The  shattered  forest  and  the  ravaged  vale.  TViomton. 

3.  To  waste  or  destroy  by  eating ;  as,  fields  rao- 
aged  by  swarms  of  locusts. 

RA  V'AG-ED,  pp.  or  a.    Wasted  ;  destroyed  ;  pillaged. 

RAVAG-ER,  n.  A  plunderer;  a  spoiler;  he  or  that 
which  lays  waste.  Swift. 

RAVAG-ING,  ppr.  Plundering;  pillaging ;  laying 
waste. 

RAVE,  V.  i.  [D.  reoelcn,  to  rave,  Eng.  to  revel;  Sp. 
rabiar ;  Port,  raivar  ;  L.  rahio,  to  rave,  to  rage,  or  be 
furious  ;  rabies,  rage  ;  It.  rahbia,  whence  arrabbiare, 
to  enrage  ;  Fr.  r&oer,  if  not  a  contracted  word  ;  Dan. 
raver,  to  reel.     See  Class  Rb,  No.  27,  34.] 

1.  To  v/ander  in  mind  or  intellect ;  to  be  delir- 
ious ;  to  talk  irrationally  ;  to  be  wild. 

When  nii'n  tlius  raee,  we  in:>y  conclude  thr?ir  brains  are  (um<><l. 
Goo.  of  the  Tonsue. 

2.  To  Utter  furious  exclamations ;  to  be  furious  or 
raging,  as  a  madman. 

Have  I  not  cause  to  rare  and  beat  my  breast?  Adtlison. 

3.  To  dote ;  to  be  unreasonably  fond  ;  followed  by 
upon  ;  as,  to  rave  upon  antiquity.     [Hardly  proper.] 

Locke. 
RaVE,  v.    The  upper  side-piece  of  timber  of  the  body 

of  a  cart.  jVck?  England. 

RAVEL,  (rav'l,)  v.  t.    [D.  raaffdcn  and  raodcn.    Sec 

Class  Rb,  No.  3,  4,  34.] 

1.  To  tear  out  or  pull  asunder  any  thing  complex 
or  complicate;  to  untwist ;  to  unweave  or  unknot ; 
to  disentangle  ;  as,  to  ravel  out  a  twist;  to  ravel  out 
a  stocking. 

Sleep,  Uiat  knits  up  the  raceted  sleeve  of  care.  ShaA. 

9.  To  entangle  ;  to  entwist  together ;  to  make  in- 
tricate ;  to  involve  ;  to  perplex.    [06j.] 

What  glory's  duo  to  him  that  cnuM  divide 

Such  raaeted  interests,  bas  thu  knot  untied  ?  Waller. 

8.  To  hurry  or  run  over  in  confusion.  [JVoe  in 
use.]  Digbu. 

[The  true  sense  of  this  word,  as  Dr.  Webster  has 
remarked,  is  to  separate  the  texture  of  that  wliicli  is 
woven  or  knit  ;  to  pull  asunder  that  which  is  ctmi- 
plex  or  complicate.  As  this  process,  however,  would 
often  result  in  greater  complication  or  entanglement, 
it  also  acquired  the  opposite  moaning,  to  entangle  or 
make  intricate ;  but  in  this  sense  it  is  no  longer 
used. —  Erf.] 
RAVEL,  (rav'l,)  v.  i.  To  be  separated  in  texture  ;  to 
be  untwisted  or  unwoven  ;  to  be  disentangled. 

Spenser. 

2.  To  fall  into  perplexity  and  confusion.     [Obs.] 

Till,  by  llieir  own  perplexities  involved, 

They  j-aoel  more,  still  less  resolved.  ?,Ii:ton. 

3.  To  work  in  perplexities;  to  busy  one's  self 
with  intricacies ;  to  enter  by  winding  and  turning. 
[Obs.] 

It  will  be  needless  to  ravel  far  into  the  records  of  Met  dines. 

Decay  of  Piety- 
The  humor  of  raveling  into  nil  tli'-sc  mystical  or  enunfflfd  i;    t- 
ters  —  prodncfid  infinite  disputeo.  lemj^e. 

RAVi^L-ED,  pp.   or  a.     L'nlwisled  ;   disentangled  ; 

twisted  tncethcr;  made  intricate. 
RAVE'LIN,  (rav'liu,)  11.     [Ft.  id  ;  Sp.  rebelUni  Port. 
rcbelim ;  It.  raveUino.] 


TONE,  BULL,  IGNITE.  — AN"CER,  Vr'CIOUS.  — G  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  PH  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

~9lT 


RAV 


RAY 


REA 


In  fortifitation,  a  detached  work  vvilli  two  embank- 
ments which  make  a  salient  angle.  It  is  raised  be- 
fore the  curtain  on  the'  counterscaiii  of  the  place. 

BrantU. 

RAV'EL-ING,  ppr.  Untwisting  ;  disentangling  ; 
twisting ;  entangling.  .     ,  ,     ,, 

RAV'KL-INGS,  n.  ]il.  Threads  detached  by  tlie  pro- 
cess of  raveling.  ,     ^  -      ^ 

Ka'V£N,  (ri'vn,)  n.  [Sax.  hnrfn,  hrefn,  or  rirfn:G. 
rahe;  V>.  raaf.  Uu.  Tleb.  a->l?,  from  Its  color.  But 
this  may  be  L.  earans.  The  Saxon  orthography 
would  indicate  that  this  fowl  is  named  from  piller- 
in"  ;  hreajian,  rrafiait,  t.i  plunder,  to  rob,  h.  rapw.] 

A  large  bird  of  a  black  color,  belonging  to  the 
crow  family,  the  Corous  Coraz.  P-  Cijc. 

RAV'i'N,  (rav'n,)  v.  t.  [G.  mulicn  :  Ran.  rbver;  bvv. 
'offa  rofca,  to  rob  ;  Sax.  rafian,  Itrcafian.    But  it  is 


more  nearly  allied  to  Ar. 


ragii,  to  eat  much 


ravishment  of  children  Iroiu  their  parents,  of  a  ward 
from  his  guardian,  or  of  a  wife  from  her  husband. 

Blackstitnc^ 
R.\W,  u.  [Sax.  hrcam,  ream ;  D.  raatm  ;  G.  ruh. :  Dan. 
r(ia:  Sw.  ra:  1..  cruilus  :  Sp.  and  It.  criiiio  ;  Fr.  cm  : 
Arm.  err.  or  crUi :  \V.  cruu,  blood  1  cri,  raw.  In  the 
Teutonic  dialects,  the  last  radical  is  lost  or  sunk  to 
Kj  or  h,  but  the  Saxon  initial  li  represents  the  L.  c. 

Ar.  .  \i,\  aradia,  to  eat  or  corrode,  L.  rodo,  also  to 

become  rain.    Class  Rd,  No.  35.] 

1  Not  altered  from  ils  natural  state  ;  not  roasted, 
boiied  or  cooked  ;  not  subdued  by  heat ;  as,  mw 
meat.  „      Spm^i,: 

2.  Not  covered  with  skin  ;  bare,  as  flesh. 

3  quick  rau}  ti  s!i  in  Uic  risings,  it  la  an  old  lepiDs}'.  — 


If  Uicre  i 
Lev.  > 

3.  Sore. 


to  pluck  off  in  feeding.    Class  Rb,  No.  19.    See  No 

i.  To  devour  with  great  eagerness;  to  vat  with 
voracity. 

Ourn.iuires  do  pnrsue, 
Like  mli  timl  raven  doivu  tlieir  |iropcr  bane, 
A  Ihiracy  evil  1  .ind  wlii'.i  we  Jnnk,  we  liie.  ..        »""■ 

Like  a  roaring  lion  rawni.if  llie  ptey.  -  Ejeli.  xsu. 
■>   To  obtain  by  violence.  Hakewdl. 

RAV'iN,  (rav'n,)  v.  i.    To  prey  with  rapacity. 

Benjamin  sliall  raven  as  A  wolf.  — G.n.  xIjx. 

RAVEN,  (rav'n,)  «.    Prey  ;  plunder ;  food  obtained 
by  violence.     JVu/i.  ii. 
a.  Rapine  ;  rapacity  "^V- 

ViW'E'S-KV,pp      Devoured  with  voiacity. 
U  \V'£N-EU,  n.     One  that  ravens  or  ,,lunders. 

Qower. 
2.  Raocncrs,  pi. :  birds  of  prey,  as  the  owl,  kite, 
hawk,  and  vulture.  .  ^'™J- 

RAV'BN-ING,   ppr.      Preying  with  rapacity;   vora- 
ciously devouring  ;  as,  a  rareiiin^  wolf. 
R\V'£N-ING,  71.     Easrerness  for  plunder.    iu;.e  xi. 
r\V'£N-OUS,  a.     Furiouslv  voracious  ;  hungry  even 
to  rage;  devouring  with  rapacious  eagerness;  as,  a 
rarenous  wolf,  lion,  or  viiUure.  MMon. 

2.  Eager  for  prey  or  gratification  ;  as,  ravenous  ap- 
pfti'te  or^desire.  *'""''• 

R\V'£N-0US-LY,  adv.    Willi  raging  voracity. 

Burnet. 
RAV'£N-OUS-NESS,  ii.    Extreme  voracity  ;  rage  for 

prey  ;  as,  the  ravcnviisness  of  a  lion.  Hale. 

Ra'V£N'S-DUCK,  n.     [G.  ravenstuck.] 

A  species  of  sail-cloth.  Jooke. 

RaV'ER,  n.     [from  rave.]     One  that  raves  or  is  tu- 

rious. 
RAV';N.     See  Rates. 

R  \V';N,  a.    Ravenous.     [JVol  m  tise.)  kliaH. 

RA-V(NE',  (ra-veeii',)  it.  [Fr.  ravin,  from  ravir,  to 
snatch  or  tear  aw.ay.j 

A  Ion",  deep,  and  narrow   hollow,  worn   by  a 
stream  or  torrent  of  water ;  hence,  any  long,  deep, 
and  narrow  hollow  or  pass  through  mountains,  &c. 
R.aV'ING,  fpr.  or  a.    Furious  with  delirium;  mad; 

distracted.  .. ,  . 

R\V'ING-LY,  atJi!.    With  furious  wildness  or  frenzy  ; 

"with  distraction.  .  Sidney. 

RW'ISH  v.t.  [Fr.  rdvir!  Arm.  racif  ;a ;  sax.  hrea- 
'fim  :  W.  rlicibiaw ;  h.  rapie.  See  Class  Rb,  No.  18, 
19,  26,  27  ]  ^      .  , 

1.  To  seize  and  carry  away  by  violence. 

These  liiviri  which  thou  dost  ravish  from  my  chin. 

Will  quicken  .nd  accuse  thee.         ,    ,    .  ,  „  ""f- 

This  h.uid  shall  ravish  thy  pretentlcd  rght.  JJryOen. 

2.  To  have  carnal  knowledge  of  a  woman  by  force 
and  against  her  consent,    /s.  xiii.     Zech.  xiv. 

3.  To  bear  away  with  joy  or  delight ;  to  delight  to 
ecstasy ;  to  transport. 

Thou  hast  raviehed  my  heart.  —  Cant.  iv.    Prov.  v. 

SAV'IPH-ED,  (rav'isht,)  pp.  or  a.  Snatched  away  by 
violence ;  forced  to  submit  to  carnal  embrace ;  de- 
lighted to  ecstasy. 

R.\V'ISH-ER,  71.     One  that  takes  by  violence.  Pope. 

2.  One  that  forces  a  woman  to  his  carnal  embrace. 

3.  One  that  transports  with  delight. 
R.^VI.?!!-!  N"G,  ppr.    Snatching  or  taking  by  violence  ; 

compelling  to  submit  to  carnal  intercourse;  deliglit- 
iii'v  to  ecstasv. 

2.  a.  Delichting  to  rapture  ;  transporting. 
llAV'ISH-INtJ,  11.    A  seizing  and  carrying  away  by 

violence. 
Q.  ('arnal  knowledge  by  force,  against  consent. 

3.  Ecstatic  delight  ;  tra'nsporl. 
R.AV'ISH-ING-LY,  adv.     To  extremity  of  delight. 

Chapman. 
RAV'IPH-^IEXT,  n.    The  act  of  forcing  a  woman  to 
carnal  connection  ;  forcible  violation  of  chastity. 
Taylor.     Dryden. 
9.  Rapture;  transport  of  delight;  ecstasy;  pleas- 
iii"  violence  on  the  mind  or  senses. 


And  all  his  sinews  \\.\-Lvn  weak  and  raio 
ThrDU^h  long  iinprisonn 


All  things  jov  with  racishmeul 

Attracted  by 'thy  beauty  still  to  ^aze.  Millon 

3.  The  act  of  carrying  away  ;  abduction  ;  as,  the 


Spenter. 

4.  Immature  ;  unripe  ;  not  concocted.    Johnson. 

5.  Not  altered  by  heat ;  not  cooked  or  dresseil 
being  in  its  natural  state ;  as,  raw  fruit. 

6.  Unseasoned  ;  unexperienced  ;  unripe  in  skill  ; 
as,  people  while  young  and  raw.  SoiUli. 

So  we  say,  raw  troops  ;  and  new  seamen  are  called 
raw  hands. 

7.  New  ;  untried  ;  as,  a  raw  trick.  »nni.. 

8.  Bleak ;  chilly ;  colli,  or  rather  ci/ld  and  damp ; 
as,  a  raw  day  ;  a  raw,  cold  climate.  Spenser. 

Once  njion  a  raiv  and  gusty  day.  Sltak. 

9.  Not  distilled  ;  as,  ram  water.     [JVi.i  used.] 

Baeon. 

10.  Not  spun  or  twisted  ;  as,  raw  silk  or  cotton. 

11.  Not  mixed  or  ailiilterated  ;  as,  raw  spirits. 

12.  Bare  of  flesh.  Spenser. 

13.  Not  tried  or   melted  and  strained  ;    as,   raw 
tallow. 

14.  Not  tanned  ;  as,  raw  hides. 
RAW'-BoN-£D,  a.    Having  little  flesh  on  the  bones. 

Shak. 
R,\W'HEAD,  (-lied,)  «.    The  name  of  a  specter,  meii- 

Vioned  to  frighten  children  ;  as,  rawhead  and  bloody 

bones.  .  pnKi"': 

R.WV'HIDE,  71.     A  cowhide  or  coarse  riding-whip, 

made  of  untanned  le.ather  twisted. 
R  WV'ISH,  a.    Somewhat  raw  ;  cool  and  damp.    [JVut 

much  used.]  Marston. 

RAWLY,  adv.    In  a  raw  manner. 

■'  2.  Unskillfully  ;  without  experience. 

3.  Newly.  S''"/'-  , 

RAWNESS,  II.    The  state  of  being  raw,  uncooked, 

unaltered  by  heat ;  as,  the  rawness  of  flesh. 

2.  Unskillfulness ;  state  of  being  iiicxperieuced  ; 
as,  the  rawness  of  seamen  or  troops. 

3.  Hasty  manner.     [JVul  legitimate.]  .^ha!:. 

4.  Chilliness  with  dampness. 
RAY  n      [Fr.  raic,  rai/oii;  ll.  raiZO,ra^fio,  radio  ;  sp. 

ami  Port,  rayo  {  from  L.  radius  ;  W.  rhai:  :  Ir.  rwdh  : 
Arm.  rea,  roudenn,  Sans,  radina.  It  coincides  wilh 
rod  and  roio,  from  shooting  ;  extending.  Hence,  in 
W.  rhai:  is  a  spear,  as  well  as  a  ray.] 

1  A  line  of  light,  or  the  right  line  supposed  to  be 
described  by  a  particle  of  light.  A  collection  of  par- 
allel rays  constitutes  a  Jfiini ;  a  collection  ol  diverg- 
iii"  or  converging  rays,  a  pencil.  Olmsted. 

The  mixed  solar  beam  contains,  1st,  calorijie  rays, 
producing  heat  and  expansion,  but  not  vision  and 
color ;  2d,  colorific  rays,  producing  vision  and  color, 
hut  not  heat  nor  exjiansion ;  3d,  chemical  rays,  pro- 
ducing certain  effects  on  the  composition  of  bodies, 
but  neither  heat,  expansion,  vision,  or  color  ;  4th,  a 
power  producing  magnetism,  but  whether  a  distinct 
or  associated  power,  is  not  determined.  It  seems  to 
be  associated  with  the  violet,  more  than  with  the 
other  rays.  Sdliman. 

2.  Fiirwidivehj,  a  beam  of  intellectual  light. 

3.  Light ;  luster. 

The  .tir  sharpened  his  visual  ray.  Milton. 

4  In  botany,  the  outer  series  of  ligiilate  florets  in 
a  compound  "flower ;  also,  the  petals  having  a  form 
different  from  the  rest,  which  are  sometimes  found 
in  the  circumference  of  an  umbel,  a  cyme  or  a  ca- 
pitulam  of  ai'gregatefiaxvers.  Luidley. 

5  In  ichthyolotni,  a  bony  or  cartilaginous  ossicle  in 
the  fins  of  fishes'  serving  to  support  the  membrane. 

6.  A  plant,  [lolium.]  Amswortli. 

7.  Ray,  for  Akk.iv.     [JVo(  in  use.] 
Spenser.     B.  Juitsun. 

RaY,  7!.     {'Fr.  raie  ;  Sf.  raya  ;  G.  roche.] 

k  fish  ;  a  common  name  for  the  species  of  the 
Linmean  genus  Raia,  including  the  skate,  thornback, 
torpedo,  stingray,  &c. 
RaY,  r.  t.    To  streak  ;  to  mark  with  long  Imes. 

'  Spenser.     Shale. 

2.  To  foul  ;  to  beray.     [JVot  in  use.]  Spenser. 

3.  To  array.     Wot  m  use.] 

4.  To  shoot  forth.  1  homson. 
RX'Y.iiH,  (rU'yi,)  ii.    In  Turkey,  a  person  not  a  Mo- 
hammedan, who  pays  the  capitation  tax.     Brande. 


RSY'ED,  pii.  or  a.    Streaked  ;  marked  with  long  linos. 

RaY'GU.\:^S,  II.    One  of  the  popular  names  of  Loli- 

nni  pereiine ;  rye  grass.  .„      ■ 

R.:\Y'LESS,  a.     Destitute  of  light ;  dark  ;  not  illuini- 

RSZE,'it.    A  root.    [See  Race-Oisoer, under  Race.] 
RaZE   II  t.     [Fr.  raser;  L.  rasu-s,   rado ;  Sli.  arrasar. 

See  RiLSE  and  EmsE.] 
I    To  subvert  frtmi  the  foundation;  to  overthrow  ; 

to  destroy ;  to  demolish  ;  as,  to  raze  a  city  to  the 

ground. 

Tlie  royal  hand  that  razed  unhappy  Troy.  Dryilen. 

2.  To  erase  ;  to  efface  ;  to  obliterate. 

naxiiig  (lie  characters  ol  your  renown.  S/int. 

[In  this  sense  Rase  and  Erase  are  now  used.] 

3.  To  extirpate. 

And  raze  Oieir  factions  and  tlieir  family.  Slitili. 

R.KZ'ED,  pp.  Subverted  ;  overthrown  ;  wholly  nliiieJ  ; 

eraseil ;  extirpated. 

RAZEE',  71.     An  armed  ship  having  her  upper  deck 

cut  down,  and  thus  reduced  to  the  next  inferior  rale, 

as,  a  seventv-four  cut  down  to  a  frigate.      Tottrn. 

R.\-ZEE',  V.  t.    To  cut  down   to  an   interior  rate  or 

class,  as  a  ship.  . 

RA-ZEED',  pp.    Cut  down  to  an  inferior  class. 
R  \-ZEE'ING,  ppr.    Cutting  ilowii  to  an  inferior  class. 
RaZ'ING,    ppr.     Subverting;    destroying;    erasing; 

extirpating.  , 

R.i'ZOR,  71.  [Fr.  rasoir  ;  It.  rasow  ;  from  tr.  raser,  L. 
rasus,  rado,  to  scrape.] 

An  instrument  for  shaving  off  beard  or  liair. 
iiuiors  e/ a  Joai- ;  a  boar's  tusks.  ,  „.     ■  i 

Ra'ZOR-A-BLE,  a.    Fit  to  be  shaved.     [A'ol  iii  u.-'.J 

Shnk. 
RA'ZOR-niLL,7i.    An  atjuatic  fowl,  the  common  auk, 

AIca  torda.  ^-l-  '^"'H'- 

Ra'ZOR-£D,  a.     Formed  like  a  razor. 
"RA'ZOR-FISH,  71.    Asniall  fish  of  the  Mediterranean, 
CoryplMna  novacula,  prized  lor  the  table.       Boolli. 
2.  The  razor-shell.  ,  ,  ,       ^',''' 

Ra'ZOR-SHELL,  It.  A  bivalve  shell-lisli,  of  the  ge- 
nus Stden,  having  a  shell  long  and  narrow  ikc  Ihe 
handle  of  a  razor.  '"''"I- 


nanilie  oi  a  ra/.oi.  .       -        ■■ 

Ra'ZOR-STROP,  II.     A  strop  for  sharpening  razors. 
RaZ'URE,  II.     [Fr.  rasure:  h.  rasnra,  Irom  rado.\ 
Tlie  act  of  erasing  or  effacing  ;  obliteration.     [See 

RE  ""prefix  or  inseparable  particle  in  the  composition 
of  words,  denotes  return,  repetition,  iteration.  It  is 
contracted  from  red,  which  the  Latins  ictaiueil  in 
words  beginning  with  a  vowel,  as  m  redamo,  rrdeo, 

redintegro ;  Ar.  i  ,  radda,  to  return,  restore,  bring 

back,  repel,  to  answer.    Class  Rd,  No.  1.    From  the 
Latin  or  the  original  Celtic,  the  Italians,  bpaiiish  and 
French,  have  their  re,  ra,  as  prefixes.     In  a  tew  l.iig- 
lish  words,  all  or  most  of  which,  I  believe,  wi-  re- 
ceive from  the  French,  it  has  lost  its  aiipropruitc 
signification,  as  in  rejoice,  recommend,  receive. 
RE-AB  sorb',  r.  (.     (re  av.d  absorb.]     To  draw  in  or 
imbibe  again  what  has  been  eftusctl,  e.xtravasated,or 
thrown  off;  used  of  fluids ;  as,  to  reabsorb  chyle, 
lymph,  blood,  gas,  &c. 
2.  To  swallow  up  again. 
RE-AB-SORB'ED,;j;).     Imbibed  again. 
RE-AB-SORB'ING,  ftir.     Ueiniblbing. 
RE-AB-S0RP'T10N,(-shuu,)ii.    The  act  or  proce^ 
of  imbibing  what  lias  been  previously  thrown  oil, 
effused,  or  e.xtravasated  ;  the  swallowing  a  second 
.  Lovoister. 

RE-  \e-CESS',  71.  [re  and  access.]  A  secoiitl  access 
or  approach  :  a  visit  renewed.  ^"  ,'"■,,„ 

Reach,  v.  i.  Raught,  the  ancient  preterit,  is  obsolete. 
The  verb  is  now  regular ;  pp.  Reached.  i>ax.  ra- 
can,  rccan,  riecaa,  or  hraican ;  Goth,  rakyan:  Ir.  rig- 
him,  roichim ;  Dan.  rekktr ;  D.  reiken, rekken ;  G.  rricien, 
recken;  Sw.  racka :  Gccpeyo,:  It.  recerc,  to  reach, 
retch,  or  vomit ;  L.  rego,  to  rule  or  govern,  to  make 
riohtot  straight,  that  is,  to  strain  or  stretch,  the  raill- 
ca"l  sense.  The  English  sense  of  rfOcA  appears  ill  L. 
porrigo  and  po>-ricio.  We  find  in  the  Shem.lic  lan- 
guages, Ch.  5:-i  to  desire,  to  long  for,  Syr.  ^^  ra- 
gi,  and  ,^i  aragi,  to  desire.    This  is  the  Greek 

oocy,.,,  to  reach,  to  stretch,  'l'?.™? "^'j'  ff,"^'  "V'^", 
siriii".  The  latter  Syriac  word  13  the  Hebrew  J-^N,  lu 
weare  ;  but  the  primary  sense  is,  to  stretch  or  stiaiii. 

-    £ 
This  verb  in  Arabic,  ^.jl  ariiAo,  signifies  to  send 

forth  a  -rateful  smell,  to  breathe  fragrance  the  root 
of  the  L./riiTe.  But  the  primarj-  sense  is  the  -same, 
to  reach,  to  extend,  to  sho.t  forth.    The  same  word 

in  Eth.  4^0  raga,  San.  ricMi,  signifies  to  con- 
gearor  condense,  to  I'lriUe  stiff  or  rigid,  Jh-  -  I  » 
T  ri^co  Gr.  oiyjtJ,  an  I  hence  L.  fngco,  win  nco 
frigil    This  sense  also  is  from  stretching  or  draw- 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WII.^T.  -  .METE,  PREY.-PI.NE,  MARtNE,  BIRD.- NclTE,  DOVE^^Uy^E^JVQl^^^QQK^ 


312 


REA 

ins,  making  tense  or  rigid.  The  mtlical  se:ise  of 
]7pS  is  the  same,  whence  re^Um,  aiiJ  tha  IIcli.  y  p"», 
the  expanse  of  heaven  or  the  finnnnicnt.  The  L. 
roiro  has  Uie  same  radical  sense,  to  reach,  to  urge. 
See  Class  Rg,  No.  1,  8,  15,  IS,  21.] 

1.  To  extend;  to  stretch  ;  in  a  general  sense ;  some- 
times followed  by  out  and/urt/i;  as,  lo  reach  oiiJ  the 
arm.    Hence, 

2.  To  extend  to  ;  to  touch  by  extending,  cither  the 
arm  alime,  or  with  an  instrument  in  the  hand  ;  as, 
to  rear*  a  hook  on  the  shelf;  I  can  not  reach  the  ob- 
ject with  my  cane ;  the  seaman  reaches  the  bottom 
of  the  river  with  a  pole  or  a  line. 

3.  To  strike  from  a  distance. 

0  patron  power,  ihj  present  niil  affonl, 

TUai  I  oLxy  reach  Uie  bc.ist.  Dryden. 

4.  To  deliver  with  the  hand  by  extending  the  arm  j 
to  band.     He  reached  [to]  me  an  oninge. 

Uii  reached  mc  a  full  cop.  —  2  Estlnis. 

5.  To  extend  or  stretch  from  a  distance. 

Re^zck  birli'irthy  f-np-T  — reach  JiilhT  (!iy  1ia:nl. — Jolii)  xx. 

6.  To  arrive  at ;  to  cnme  to.  The  ship  reached  her 
port  in  safety.  We  reached  New  York  on  Thursday. 
The  letter  readied  me  ;it  seven  o'clock. 

7.  To  attain  to  or  arrive  nt,  by  effort,  labor,  or  study  ; 
hence,  lo  gain  or  obtain.  Kv*^ry  artist  should  al- 
teaipl  to  reach  the  point  of  cxc'-Ilence. 

The  t>^  accov:^l3  t>\  the  =ppear:iii«s  A  r.:itun:  u'Kicli  liiuoan 
p^uelrJl;oa  cui  rench,  coiiic  short  it  'tis  reai^iy.       Chcyiis. 

S.  To  penetrate  to. 

.  i;,i(c»'cr  alterations  are  inaile  to  Ihc  bo'.y,  if  they  reatA  not  the 
mJnii,  lli»i3  b  uo  peiccpliuii.  l^eke. 

.  To  extend  to  so  as  to  include  or  comprehend  in 
:  'jr  principle. 

.  .'  \\v,-  reack^  ih-^ int.-r.lion  of  ilic  frcinoli^re,  ami  l!i';a.i;t  fixed 
ihe  u:itiinl  price  of  nionsy.  Lode. 

If  tlie^:  examples  of  gnm'a  iccu  reach  net  tlic  c^se  of  chil'Ireii, 
tvt  them  examine.  Locke, 

13.  To  extend  to. 

Thy  <i«:iv  tcaJj  to  no  txcssi  that  reaches  bUin?.  Ni'.lon. 

11.  To  extend  ;  lo  spread  abroad. 

l'n?cs  reached  loo  tai  their  pajnpereO  bougiia.  MUlon, 

10,  To  take  with  the  hand. 

Lest,  therefore,  now  his  boJiler  haml 
Reach  i!s-5  of  the  tree  of  life  and  eat.     lO'?msurJ.]       fifdlon. 

13.  To  overreach  ;  to  deceive.  South. 

Reach,  ».  L    To  be  extended. 

""he  new  vutld  readies  quite  across  Uie  torrid  jone.        Boyte. 
The  Iwrrii^r  ohali  deiC^nd,  and  shall  reach  to  lit?  ai;!;;  oi'  ilie  sea 

of  Citiniiereih  eastwant,  —  Num.  xrjciv, 
AnJ  lehold,  a  ladder  set  on  the  eartii,  and  die  top  of  ii  reached 

lo  licavtrii.  —  Gen.  srcui. 

2.  To  penetrate. 

Yc  have  slain  ijem  in  a  raj?  that  readielh  to  heaven.  —  2  CJiron. 
xiviii. 

3.  To  make  efforts  to  vomit.     [See  Retch.] 

Cheijne. 
To  reach  after ,-  to  make  efforts  to  attain  to  or  ob- 
tain. 

He  woald  be  in  a  postaie  of  mind  reaching  after  a  pDsitiiv  idea 
of  infinity.  Lode. 

IIeACH,  n.    In  a  general  sense,  extension;  a  slrcteh- 
ing;  extent. 

2.  The  power  of  extending  to,  or  of  taking  by  tlie 
hand,  or  by  any  instniment  managed  by  the  hand. 
Tiie  book  is  not  within  my  reach.  The  bottom  of 
the  sea  is  not  within  the  reach  of  a  line  or  cable. 

3.  Power  of  attainment  or  management,  or  the 
limit  of  power,  physical  or  moral.  He  used  all  the 
means  within  his  reach.  The  causes  of  phenomena 
are  often  beyond  the  reach  of  human  intellect. 

Be  sure  yourself  and  your  own  reach  to  know.  P<ipe. 

A.  Effort  of  the  mind  in  contrivant^  or  research  ; 
contrivance ;  scheme. 

Drawn  by  others  who  had  diepfr  reaches  tlinn  Ihemselves  lo 
matters  which  they  l-iaat  intended.  Hayieard. 

5.  A  fetch ;  an  artifice  to  obtain  an  advantage. 

Thr;  DliVi^  of  Farma  had  parucul.ir  reaches  and  emls  of  liis  own 
iindeihaod,  to  cross  the  design.  Bacon. 

G.  Tendency  to  distant  consequences. 

Stntln  not  my  ap^ecJi 
To  grosser  issues,  nor  to  larger  reach 
Tlaii  tosoeplcion.  HhaJt. 

7.  Extent. 

And  on  the  left  hand,  hell 
With  long  reach  iuurpoied.  A/i/to«. 

I  8.  Am<'ng*Mnien,  the  distance  between  two  points 
on  the  banks  of  a  river,  in  which  the  current  flm/s 
ill  .1  straight  course.  Brande. 

''.  An  effort  to  vomit. 

'■'FI'fiD,  (recht,)  pp.    Stretched  out;  extended; 
I'b^d  by  extending  the  arm;  attained  to;   ob- 
L-iined. 
RkACU'ER,  n.    One  that  reaches  or  extends ;   one 

l^hat  delivera  by  extending  th;;  arm. 
RkACH'ING,  ppr.    Stretching  out ;  extending;  touch- 
:i!2  by  extension  of  the  arm  ;  attaining  to  ;  gaining  ; 
itMking  efforts  to  vomit. 
RE-ACT',  F.  L     [re  and  act.']    To  act  or  perform  a 


REA 

second  time  j  as,  to  react  a  play ;  the  same  scenes 
were  reacted  at  Rome. 
RE-ACT',  r.  t.  To  reliirn  ;in  impulse  or  impression  ; 
to  resist  the  action  of  another  body  by  an  opposite 
force.  Evcr>'  body  reacts  on  the  body  that  impels  it 
from  its  natural  state. 

2.  To  act  mutually  or  reciprocally  upon  each  other, 
as  two  or  more  chemical  agents.  Dana. 

3.  To  act  in  opposition ;  to  resist  any  influence  or 
power. 

RE-ACT'Ep,  pp.  Acted  or  performed  a  second  time. 
RE-.A€T'ING,  ppr.  Acting  again;  in  j^Ar/jic^-,  resist- 
ing the  impulse  of  another  body  by  an  opposite  force ; 
acting  nmtually  or  reciprocally. 
RE-ACTION,  71.  In  mechanics^  a  force  which  a  body 
subjected  to  the  action  of  a  force  from  another  body 
exerts  upon  that  body  in  the  opposite  direction. 

Olmsted. 
Action  and  reaction  are  equal.  A^'cicton. 

2.  In  c/!c;«i^7ry,  the  mutual  or  reciprocal  action  of 
chemical  agents  upon  each  oilier.  Dana. 

3.  Any  action  in  resisting  other  action  or  power. 
RE-ACT'IVE,  a.    Having  power  to  react ;  lending  to 

reaction. 

Rfcl-ACT'IVE-LY,  adv.     Ry  reaction. 

RE-ACT'lVE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  re- 
active. 

Read,  (reed,)  n,     TSax.  raid.    See  the  verb.] 

1.  Counsel.     [Obs.]  ShaJc 

_  9.  Saying;  sentence.     [Obs.}  Spctiser. 

Read,  v.  t.  The  preterit  and  pp.  Read  is  pronounced 
red.  [Sax.  ra-d,  rcdy  rrrf,  speech,  discourse,  counsel, 
advice,  knowledge,  bmetil,  reason;  rtrdan,  redan,  to 
read,  to  dc-i-ree,  to  appoint,  to  command,  lo  rule  or 
govern,  to  conjecture,  to  give  or  take  coimsel  ; 
armdan,  t'.i  rc.id,  to  tell,  to  uantite  ;  gcrirdan,  to  read, 
to  consult;  rrcrad,  mode,  Cfiuditron,  or  state,  reason, 
ratio,  or  account,  knowlctlgc,  instruction,  or  learn- 
ing, and,  as  an  adj'--ctive  or  jiarticipic,  knowing,  in- 
structed, ready,  suited ;  gcrad  bcon,  to  be  ready,  to 
accord,  or  agree  ;  gcradod,  excited,  quick.  These 
significations  unite  this  word  with  rcady^  wliich  see. 
G.  rsir,  sjieech,  talk,  acctmnt;  rcdcn,  to  speak;  D. 
rede,  speech  ;  redc.i,  reason  ;  Dan.  rede,  account,  and 
ready  ;  G.  bereden,  to  beratr ',  rath,  advice,  coimsel,  a 
council  or  senate  ;  rat'ien,  tu  advise,  to  conjecture,  or 
guess,  lo  solve  a  riddle;  t>.  rflcif,  counsel,  advice  ; 
raoflen.  to  counsel ;  Svv.  rad,  Uan.  raad,  counsel ;  radn, 
raader,  to  counsel,  to  instruct;  W.  rhaith,  straight, 
right,  that  is,  set  right,  decision,  verdict;  rlieitheg, 
rhetoric,  from  rluitth ;  Dan.  rfi,  law,  justice,  right, 
rcajon  :  Sw.  raXt,  ratta,  id. ;  Ir.  radh,  a  saying;  rad- 
ham^  to  say,  tell,  relate ;  VV  adra:cz,  to  tell  or  re- 
hearse ;  Gr.  f'lM,  for  pE'Joj,  to  say  or  tell,  to  flow  ; 
pT\T(op,  a  speaker,  a  rhetorician  ;  GtJth.  rodyan,  to 
speak.  The  primary  sense  of  read  is,  to  speak,  to 
utter,  that  is,  to  push,  drive,  or  advance.  This  is 
also  the  piimaiy  sense  of  ready,  that  is,  prompt,  or 
advancing  quick.  The  Sax.  gerad,  ready,  accords 
also  in  elements  with  the  VV.  rk&d,  T,.  gratia,  the 
primary  sense  of  which  is,  prompt  lo  favor,  advanc- 
ing towards,  free.  The  elements  of  these  words  are 
tile  same  as  those  of  ride  and  L.  gradtor,  &c.  The 
sense  of  reason  is  secondary,  that  whicli  is  uttered, 
said,  or  set  forth ;  hence,  counsel,  also.  The  Sv/. 
ratta,  Dan.  ret,  if  not  contracted  words,  are  from  tlie 
same  rooL  (See  Ready.)  Class  Rd,  No.  1,  3,  5,  9, 
26.] 

1.  To  utter  or  pronounce  written  or  printed  words, 
letters,  or  characters,  in  the  proper  order  ;  to  repeat 
the  names  or  utter  the  sounds  customarily  aimexed 
to  words,  letters,  or  characters  ;  as,  to  read  a  written 
or  printed  discourse  ;  to  read  the  letters  of  an  alpha- 
bet ;  to  read  figures  ;  to  rewl  the  notes  of  music,  or 
to  read  music. 

2.  To  inspect  and  understand  words  or  characters; 
to  peruse  silently  ;  as,  to  read  a  paper  or  letter  with- 
out uttering  the  %vord3  ;  to  read  to  one's  self. 

3.  To  discover  or  understand  by  characters,  marks, 
features,  &.c. ;  as,  to  read  a  man's  thoughts  iu  his 
countenance. 

To  rea/1  tJie  interior  alruciurc  of  the  ^lobe.    Joum.  of  Sdence. 

An  ai.Tied  coree  did  lie, 
Iu  whi»e  dead  f;tce  he  read  great  raagnrxniniity.  Spenser. 

4.  To  gather  the  meaning  of  by  inspection  ;  to 
learn  by  observation. 

Those  about  her 
From  her  shall  reail  the  perlecl  Witys  of  honui.  Shak. 

5.  To  know  fully. 

Who  is't  can  read  a  ttonmn  t  Sliak. 

6.  To  suppose;  lo  guess.     [06^.]  Spenser. 

7.  To  advise.     [  Obs.^  Spmser 
ReAD,  (reed,)  c.  i.    To  perform  the  act  of  reading. 

So  lh?y  read  i:i  the  book  of  L'le  law  of  God  distinctly,  and  gave 
tlic  tcxiss.  —  Neh.  viii. 

2.  To  be  studious;  to  practice  much  reading. 

It  is  sun;  Unit  Flfuo'  rtads.  Thylor. 

3.  To  learn  by  reading. 

I  have  rea/l  of  an  Eistern  king  who  put  a  Jm!^  to  death  for  an 
iniqniious  B'.-nt'^iice.  ■  Stei/i. 

4.  To  tell ;  to  declare.     [JVot  in  use.]        Spenser. 


REA 

5.  To  a|ii:i.:'r  In  reading;  as,  the passager«<u/^lbuB 

in  the  early  ntannscripl'. 
REAP,  (red,)  pp.     Uttered;  pronounced,  aa  written 

words  m  the  proper  order  ;  as,  the  letter  was  read  tu 

the  family. 
9.  Silently  perused  ;  understood  by  inspection. 
READ,  (red,)  u.     Instructed  or  knowing  by  reading  ; 

versed  in  books ;  learned.     TVell  read  is  the  phrai^e 

commonly  used  ;  as,  loeU  read  in  history  ;  irell  read 

in  the  classics. 

A  pjW  leetl  read  in  lionjinm.  Addison, 

ReAD'A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  read  ;  fit  lo  be  read. 

Ifurd, 

ReAD'A-DLE-NESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  readable. 

ReAD'A-IJLY,  ode.    So  a.s  to  be  legible. 

RE-A-DEP'TION,  n.  [from  h.  re  and  adeptusy  ob- 
tained.] 

A  regaining ;  recovery  of  something  lost.  [Act 
rnuch  used.]  Baam. 

ReAD'ER,  n.  One  that  reads  ;  any  person  who  pro- 
nounces written  words  ;  particularly,  one  wliose  dis- 
linctlve  office  is  to  read  prayers  in  a  church. 

2.  At  the  university  of  Oxford,  one  who  reads  lec- 
tures on  scientific  subject'*.  LtjeO. 

3.  By  way  of  distinction,  one  that  reads  much  j  one 
studious  in  book;?. 

ReAD'ER^HIP,  n.  [See  Read.]  The  office  of  read- 
ing prayers  in  a  church.  Stcift 

2.  At  tfu  unircrxity  of  Oxford ,  the  office  of  a  reader 
or  lecturer  on  scientific  subjects.  Lyell. 

READ'I-LY,  (red'i-ly,)  ode.  [See  Readt.]  Quickly  ; 
promptly  ;  easily.  I  readily  perceive  tlie  distinction 
you  make. 

2.  Cheerfully ;  without  delay  or  objection  ;  wilh- 
oui  reliiclance.     He  readily  granted  my  request. 

REAB'I-J^ESS,  (red'i-ness,)  n.     [from  ready.] 

1.  Uuickness  ;  proniptncss  ;  promptitude  ;  f:icility  ; 
freedom  from  hinderance  or  cbstniction ;  z^,  readi- 
ness of  speech  ;  readiness  of  U'.ought ;  readiness  of 
mind  in  suggesting  an  answer ;  readiness  of  reply. 

2.  Promptitude;  clieerfnlness  ;  willingness;  alac- 
rity ;  freedom  from  rtluclance  ;  as,  to  grant  a  request 
or  assistance  with  readiness. 

They  itceived  the  word  ft-idi  nil  •eadiTtess  ol  mind.  —  Acts  Xf'ii. 

3.  A  state  of  preparation  ;  fitness  of  condition. 
The  troops  are  in  readiness. 

ReAD'IXG,  ppr.    Pronouncing  or  perusing  written  or 
printed  words  or  characters  of  a  book  or  writing. 
2.  Discovering  by  marks  ;  understanding. 
ReAD'ING,  a.    Addicted  lo  reading;  as,  a  reading 
comnmnity. 

A  reading  man,  in  the  EnfTlbh  unicersities,  is  a  hard 
studeni,  or  one  wlio  is  entirely  devoted  to  his  col- 
legiate studies. 
Re.VD'1i\G,  n.    The  act  of  reading;  perusal. 

2.  Study  of  books  ;  as,  a  man  of  extensive  reading. 

3.  A  lecture  or  prelection. 

4.  Public  recital. 

Tlie  Jeivi  had  Uieir  weekly  readings  of  the  law.  Hooker, 

5.  In  criticism,  the  way  in  which  a  given  word  or 
passage  reads  in  a  manuscript,  version,  edition,  &:c. 
No  small  part  if  the  business  of  critics  is  to  settle  the 
irue  reading,  or  real  word^  used  by  the  author ;  and 
the  VMr'ioui  readings  of  different  critics  are  ol^n  per- 
plexing. 

6.  A  version  or  interpretation  of  a  law,  text,  or 
passage,  as  conveying  its  meaning.  Ennjc. 

7.  In  legislation,  the  formal  recital  of  a  bill  by  li.e 
proper  officer,  before  the  house  which  is  to  consider 
it.  In  congress  and  in  the  Stale  legislatures,  a  bill 
must  usually  have  three  several  readings  on  different 
days,  belore  it  can  be  passed  into  a  law. 

ReAD'IXG-ROOM,  n.    A  room  provided  with  papers, 
periodicals,  &c.,  lo  which  persons  resort  for  reading. 
RE-AD-JOL'UN',  (-jurn',)  v.  t.     [re  andai/oam.]    To 
adjourn  a  second  time. 
2.  To  cite  or  summon  again.    [J^ot  used.] 

Cotgrave. 
RE-AD-JOITRN^ED,  pp.     Adjourned  a  second  time 
RE-ADJU?T',  r.  f.    [re  iind  adjust.]     To  settle  again  ; 
to  put  in  order  again  what  had  been  discomposed. 

Fielding. 
RE-AD-JL'ST'ED,  pp.    Adjusted  again  ;  resettled." 
KE-AD-JUST'ING,  ppr.    Adjusting  again. 
RE-AD-JUST'MENT,  n.    A  second  adjustment. 
RE-AD-MIS'SION,  (-mish'un,)?!.     [re  and  admtssUvu] 
The  act  of  admitting  again  what  had  been  excluded  ; 
us,  the  raulmi<sion  of  fresh  air  into  an  exhausted  re- 
ceiver ;  the  rcadmission  of  a  student  into  a  seminar}-. 

.^rbuL'tiwt. 
RE-.VD-IniT',  v.  L     [re  aad  admit.]    To  admit  again. 

Whose  Ciir  is  ever  open,  and  his  eye 

Gracious  to  readmit  the  suppliant.  At'dtan. 

RE-AD-HIIT'TANCE,  n.  A  second  admillance  j  al- 
lowance to  enter  again. 

RE-AD-MIT'TED,  pp.     Admitted  again. 

RE-AD-MIT'TING,  ppr.     Allowing  to  enter  .again. 

RE-A-DOPT',  V.  t.     [re  and  adopt.]     To  adopt  again. 

Young. 

RE-A-DOR\',  r.  t.  To  adorn  anew  ;  to  decorate  a 
second  time.  Blaekmore. 

RE-A-DOR\'£D,  pp.    Adorned  anew. 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE AN"GER,  VI"CIOU^.  — C  as  K  ;  0  as  J;  S  as  Z ;  ClI  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


115 


913 


RE  A 


REA 


[re  and  advertency.]     The 
Morris. 


RE-AD-VERT'EN-CV,  n 
atl  of  reviewing. 

READ'Y,  (reti'c,)  a.  [Sax.  rtsd^  hrad^  Arted,  quick, 
brisk,  prompt,  ready  ;  gerad,  prepared,  ready,  pru- 
dent, learned  ;  hradian^  rrchritdian,  to  hasten,  to  ac- 
celerate ;  frcradian,  to  make  ready ;  D.  rceden,  to  pre- 
pare i  reti,  prot.  of  njden,  to  ride  ;  r«rf«,  a  road  ;  be- 
reid,  ready ;  brreiden,  to  prepare  ;  gereed,  ready  ;  G. 
bereit,  id. ;  bereiten,  to  prepare,  and  to  ride ;  rude,  a 
mad  ;  Dan.  rede,  ready  ;  reder,  to  make  the  bed,  to 
rid :  rede,  an  account ;  Sax.  rml,  from  the  root  of 
read !  bercd«r,  to  prepare  ;  rider,  beridcr,  to  ride  ;  S\v. 
reda,  to  make  ready,  to  clear  or  disentangle,  Eiig.  to 
rid:  redo,  ready  ;  rida,  to  ride  ;  bereda,  to  prepare  ;  Ir. 
reidJi,  ready  ;  reidhim,  to  prepare,  to  agree  ;  Gr.  (lait- 
o-„  ca.sy  ;  W.  rhedu,  to  run.  Tlie  primary  sense  is, 
to  go,  move,  or  advance  forward,  and  it  seems  to  be 
clear  that  ready,  ride,  reail,  riddle,  are  all  of  one  fam- 
ily, and  probably  from  the  root  of  L.  gradwr.  See 
K'ejd  and  Red.    Class  Rd,  No.  23.] 

1.  auick  ;  prompt ;  not  hesitating  ;  as,  ready  wit ; 
a  ready  consent. 

a.  Uuick  to  receive  or  comprehend;  not  slow  or 
dull ;  as,  a  rca^lii  apprehension. 

3.  Uuick  in  action  or  execution  ;  dextrous  ;  a.s,  an 
artist  really  in  his  business;  a  ready  writer.    Pa.  xly. 

4.  Prompt ;  not  delayed  ;  present  in  hand.  He 
makes  ready  payment ;  he  pays  ready  money  for  cv- 
er\f  tiling  he  buys. 

5.  Prepared  ;  fitted  ;  furnished  with  what  is  neces- 
sary, or  disposed  in  a  manner  suited  to  the  purpose  ; 
as,  a  ship  ready  for  sea. 

My  OJt'Mi  and  fallings  ar«  killed,  and  all  things  ore  ready.  — 
M.tU.  xxii. 

6.  Willing;  free;  cheerful  to  do  or  suffer;  not 
backward  or  reluctiint ;  as,  a  prince  always  ready  to 
grant  the  reasonable  requests  of  his  subjects. 

Tiic  spirit  ia  ready,  Ijtlt  the  flesh  is  weak.  —  Mark  xiv. 
I  ;iin  ready  iiol  t<>  be  i»iim!  only,  but  also  to  (lie  at  JeruSJlIcra  lor 
the  name  of  tlie  Lord  Jesus.  —  .4cta  xxi. 

7.  Willing ;  disposed.  Men  are  generally  ready  to 
impute  blame  to  others.  They  are  more  ready  to  give 
than  to  take  reproof. 

8.  Being  at  the  point ;  near ;  not  distant ;  about  to 
do  or  suffer. 


A  Syri 


,  ready  to  pemli,  was  my  fatlicr.  ■ 
Fs.  Ixxxviii. 


-Deut.  xsTi.    Job 


9.  Being  nearest  or  at  hand. 

A  s;iplinff  piiii-'  lie  wrenched  from  out  the  ground, 

The  reajlesl  weapon  that  bis  fury  round.  Dryden. 

10.  Easy  ;  facile ;  opportune ;  short ;  near,  or  most 
convenient ;  the  Greek  sense,  ^aiioi. 

Sometimes  the  rearliest  way  which  a  wise  man  has  to  conquer,  is 

to  fl-e.  Hoober. 

Through  Oie  wild  desert,  not  the  readiest  w.ay.  IdUlon. 

The  ready  way  to  be  thought  mad,  is  to  contend  you  are  not  so. 

Spectator. 

To  make  ready  ;  to  prepare  ;  to  provide  and  put  in 
order. 

9.  An  elliptical  phrase  for  vtake  things  ready;  to 
make  preparations  ;  to  prepare. 
RE.AD'Y,  (red'e,)  adv.    In  a  state  of  preparation  so  as 
to  need  no  delay. 

We  ourselves  will  go  reojly  armed  before  the  house  of  Israel. — 
Num.  xxxii. 

RE.\D'V,  (red'e,)  n.    For  ready  money. 

Lord  Strut  was  not  flush  in  ready, 
cle.ar  old  deWs.     [.4  low  word.] 


ther  to  go  to  law,  or  t 

Arbuthtjot. 


READ'Y,  (red'e,)  v.  t.  To  dispose  in  order  ;  to  pre- 
pare.    [jVoi  in  use.]  Brooke. 

READ'Y-.M.^DE,  a.    Already  made. 

READ'Y-WIT'TED,  a.     Having  ready  wit. 

RE-AF-FIRM',  (-af-furm',)  v.  t.  [re  and  a^nii.]  To 
allirm  a  second  time. 

RE..\F-FIRM',\NCE,  n.    A  second  confirmation. 

Ayliffe. 

RE-.\F  FtRM'ED,  pp.     .\ffirmed  a  second  time. 

RE-AF-FIR.M'ING,  fjir.    Affirming  again. 

RE-.\'(!JEXT,  71.  freand  a^«Hi.l  In  cAeiwtstri/,  a  sub- 
stance employed  to  detect  the  presence  of  other 
bodies. 

Bergman  reckons  baiytic  muriate  to  be  one  of  the  most  sensible 
reagents.  Foarcroy. 

RE-.\G-CRA-Va'TION,  71.  [re  and  aggravation.]  In 
the  Roman  Catholic  erclesinsticai  lata,  the  last  monitory, 
published  after  three  admonitions  and  before  the  last 
excommunication.  Before  they  proceed  to  fulminate 
the  last  excommunication,  they  publish  an  aggrava- 
tion and  a  reaggravation.  JCncye. 

Rk.-VK,  n.     A  rush.     [JVor  in  use.] 

Rk',\L,  a.  (Low  L.  realis ;  It.  realei  Sp.  real;  Fr. 
reel ;  from  L.  res,  rei,  Ir.  rood,  red,  rod.  Res  is  of  the 
Class  RiJ,  from  the  root  of  remt,  really,  from  rushing, 
driving,  or  falling.  Res,  like  thing,  is,  primarily,  that 
which  comes,  falls  out,  or  happtms,  corresponding 
with  event,  from  L.  evenio.  Res,  llleu,  denotes  that 
which  actually  exists.  The  L.  t-cs  and  Ens.  tldng 
coincide  exactly  in  signification  with  the  Heb.  ~i3l, 
a  word,  a  thing,  an  event.    See  Re.»ii  and  Thing.] 

I.  Actually  being  or  existing  ;  not  fictitious  or  im- 
aginary ;  as,  a  description  of  real  life.  The  author 
describes  a  real  scene  or  transaction. 


2.  True ;  genuine  ;  not  artificial,  counterfeit,  or 
factitious  ;  as,  rejil  Madeira  wine  ;  real  ginger. 

3.  True;  genuine;  not  affected;  not  assumed. 
The  woman  appears  in  her  real  character. 

4.  Relating  to  tilings,  not  to  persons;  not  personal. 

Many  arc  perlect  in  men's  humors,  that  are  not  greatly  capable 
of  tlie  reat  part  of  business.    [jUtUt  uted  or  obaolete.] 

Baeofi. 

5.  In  laa,  pertaining  to  things  fixed,  permanent, 
or  immovable,  as  to  lands  and  tenements  ;  as,  real 
estate,  opposed  to  personal  or  movable  property. 

Blackstojte. 

Real  action,  in  latD,  is  an  action  wbicn  concerns 
real  property 

Real  assets ;  assets  consisting  in  real  estate,  or  lands 
and  tenements  descending  to  an  heir,  sufficient  to 
answer  the  charges  upon  the  estate  created  by  the 
ancestor. 

Chattels  real,  are  such  chattels  as  concern  or  savor 
of  the  realty  ;  as  a  term  for  years  of  land,  wardships 
in  chivalrj',  the  next  presentation  to  a  church,  estate 
by  statute-merchant,  elegit,  &c. 

Reeil  composition,  is  when  an  agreement  is  made 
bettveen  the  owner  of  lands  and  the  parson  or  vicar, 
with  consent  of  the  ordinary,  that  such  lands  shall 
be  discharged  from  payment  of  tithes,  in  conse- 
quence of  other  land  or  recompense  given  to  the 
parson  in  lieu  and  satisfaction  thereof.     Blaclcstonc. 

Real  presence  ;  in  tlic  Roman  Catliolic  church,  the 
actual  presence  of  the  body  and  blood  of  Christ  in 
the  eucharist,  or  the  conversion  of  the  substance  of 
the  bread  and  wine  into  the  real  body  and  blood  of 
Christ.  Encyc. 

Re'.\L,  71.  [Sp.]  A  small  Spanish  denomination  of 
money. 

The  real  of  plate  varies  in  value  according  to  the 
time  of  its  coinage,  from  12i  down  to  JO  cents,  or 
from  6.i  to  5  pence  sterling.  The  real  vellt,n  is  a 
money  of  account  equal  to  5  cents,  or  2.J  pence  ster- 
jiug  McCnlloch. 

2.  A  realist.    [Obs.]  Burton. 
RE-AL'GAR,  n.     [Fr.  rcagal,  or  realgal ;  Port,  rosal- 

gar,  red  algar.l 

A  combination  of  sulphur  and  arsenic  in  equal 
equivalents  ;  red  sulphuret  of  arsenic.  Realgar  dif- 
fers from  orpiment  in  the  circumstance  that  orpimciit 
is  composed  of  two  equivalents  of  arsenic  and  three 
of  sulphur. 

RE'.Mj-ISM,  71.  The  doctrine  of  the  realists,  who 
maintain  that  things,  and  not  words,  are  the  objects 
of  dialectics. 

Rk'AL-IST,  71.  One  who  maintains  that  generals,  or 
the  terms  used  to  denote  the  genera  and  species  of 
things,  represent  real  existences,  and  are  not  mere 
names,  as  maintained  by  the  nominalists.    Murdoch. 

RE-.'VL-IST'IC,  <i.  Pertaining  to  or  characteristic  of 
the  realists. 

RE-.\1.'I-TY,  71.     [Fr.  rcaliti.] 

1.  Actual  being  or  existence  of  any  thing  ;  truth  ; 
fact ;  in  distinction  from  mere  appearance. 

A  man  m.ay  fancy  he  undersUnda  a  critic,  when  in  reality  he  does 

not  comprehend  his  meaning.  Adaieon. 

9.  Something  intrinsically  important,  not  merely 
matter  of  show. 

And  to  realities  yield  all  her  shows.  Millon. 

3.  In  the  schools,  that  wliich  may  exist  of  itself,  or 
which  has  a  full  and  absolute  being  of  itself,  and  is 
not  considered  as  a  part  of  any  thing  else.    Emryc. 

In  law,  immobility,  or  the  fixed,  permanent  na- 
ture of  property;  as,  chattels  which  savor  of  the 
realty  [This  word  Realtt  is  so  written,  in  law,  for 
Reality. 1  Elackstojie. 

RE-.'VI.e^IZ'A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  realized. 

RE-AL-I-Za'TION,  71.  [from  realize.]  The  act  of 
realizing  or  making  real.  Beddoes. 

2.  The  act  of  converting  money  into  land. 

3.  The  act  of  believing  or  considering  as  real. 

4.  The  act  of  bringing  into  being  or  act.  Olanville. 
RE'.\L-IZE,  v.  t.     [Sp.  rcahzar  ;  Fr.  rcaliser.] 

1.  To  bring  into  being  or  act ;  as,  to  realize  a  scheme 
or  project. 

We  realize  what  Archimedes  had  only  in  hypothesis,  weighing 
a  single  grain  of  sand  against  Uie  globe  of  earth.  GlantiiUe. 

2.  To  convert  money  into  land,  or  personal  into 
real  estate. 

3.  To  impress  on  the  mind  as  a  reality  ;  to  believe, 
consider,  or  treat  as  real.  How  little  do  men  in  full 
health  realize  their  fradly  and  mortality  I 

I/ct  the  sincere  Chrisdan  realize  the  closing  sentiment.  T.  ScoU. 

4.  To  bring  home  to  one's  own  case  or  experience  ; 
to  consider  as  one's  own  ;  to  feel  in  all  its  force. 
Who,  at  his  fireside,  can  realize  the  distress  of  ship- 
wrecketl  mariners.' 

This  allusion  must  have  had  enhanced  strength  and  beauty  to  the 
eve  of  a  nation  exwnsivelv  devoted  to  a  pastor.d  lite,  and 
therefot*  realizing  nil  its  line  scenes  and  the  tender  einotions 
to  which  they  gave  birth.  DrnghU 

5.  To  bring  into  actual  existence  and  possession  ; 
to  render  tangible  or  effective.  He  never  realized 
much  profit  from  his  trade  or  speculations. 

UJJ'.\L-IZ-/';D,  pp.  Brought  into  actual  being ;  con- 
verted   into    real  estate ;    impressed,    received,  or 


REA 

treated  as  a  reality  ;  felt  in  its  true  force  ;  rendered 
actual,  tangible,  or  effective. 
RE'AL-IZ-ING,  ppr.  Bringing  into  actual  being; 
converting  into  real  estate  ;  impressing  as  a  reality  ; 
feeling  as  one's  own  or  in  its  real  force ;  rendering 
tangible  or  effective. 

2.  a.    That  makes  real,  or  that  brings  home  as  a 

reality  ;  as,  a  realizing  view  of  eternity.     liobt.  Hidl. 

EE-AL-LE(SE',    (re-al-lej',)    v.    u     [re    and  allege] 

To  allege  again.  Cotgrave. 

RE-.\L-LI'ANCE,  71.    A  renewed  alliance. 
RE'AI.-LY,  adv.    With  actual  existence.     Pearson. 
2.  In  truth  ;  in  fact ;  not  in  appearance  only ;  as, 
things  really  evil. 

The  anger  of  tlie  people  b  reaify  a  short  fit  of  madness.  Swift. 
In  this  sense  it  is  used  familiarly  as  a  slight  cor- 
roboration of  an  opinion  or  declaration. 

Why,  really,  sixty.fivc  b  somewhat  old.  Young. 

REALM,  (relnl,)  ti.    [Fr.  royaume;  It.  rcame;  fmm 
Fr.  roi.  It.  re,  L.  rez,  king,  whence  revolts,  royal.] 

1.  A  royal  jurisdiction  or  extent  of  government ; 
a  kingdom ;  a  king's  dominions ;  as,  the  realm  of 
England. 

a.  Kingly  government;  as,  the  realm  of  bees. 
[Unusual.]  JUiUoK. 

REAI-M'-BOUND-ING,  a.    Bounding  a  realm. 
RE'AL-TY,  71.     [It  realtd,  from  re,  king,  L.  rcr.] 

1.  Loyalty.     [A'at  in  use.]  Milti-«. 

2.  Reality.     [JVol  in  use.]  More. 

3.  In  laid,  immobility.     [Sec  Realitv.] 
REAM,  71.     [Sax.  ream,  a  band  ;  D.  r..  i/i ;  Dan.  rem  or 

rcem;  Sw.  rem;  W.  rimym,  a  bi,...!  rr  tie.  The 
Dutch  word  signifies  a  strap,  thong,  or  girdle,  and  an 
oar,  L.  rcmns.  In  Fr.  rame  is  a  ream  and  an  oar, 
and  if  the  English  ream  and  the  L.  remns  arc  the 
same  v/ori3,  the  prim.ary  sense  is  a  shoot,  L.  ramus,  a 
branch,  for  the  shoots  of  trees  or  shrubs  were  the 
first  bands  used  by  men.  (See  Gird  and  Withe.) 
The  Italian  has  risma,  and  the  Sp.  and  Port,  resiiia,  a 
ream,  G.  riess.    See  Class  Rm,  No.  7,  9.] 

A  bundle  or  package  of  paper,  consisting  of  twenty 
quires.  P'l'f- 

Printer^s  ream;  sjnon^  English  printers,  21'i  quires. 
MeCulliich. 

REAM,  V.  t.    To  bevel  out,  as  a  hole  in  metal,  &c. 
'  Halli-aeU. 

RE--A.N'I-MaTE,  v.  t.  [re  and  animate.]  To  revive  ; 
to  resuscitate  ;  to  restore  to  life  ;  as  a  person  dead  or 
app.arently  dead  ;  as,  to  reanimate  a  drowned  person. 
2.  To  revive  the  spirits  when  dull  or  languid  ;  to 
invigorate  ;  to  infuse  new  life  or  courage  into  ;  as,  to 
reanimate  disheartened  troops  ;  to  reanimate  drowsy 
senses  or  languid  spirits. 

RE-AN'1-Ma-TED,  pp.    Restored  to  life  or  action. 

RE-.\N'1-Ma-TING,pp7-.  Restoring  life  to;  invigor- 
ating with  new  life  and  courage. 

RE-AN-I-Ma'TION,  71.  The  act  or  operation  of  re- 
viving from  apparent  death  ;  the  act  or  operation  of 
giving  fresh  spirits,  courage,  or  vigor. 

RE-AN-NEX',  v.  t.  [re  and  anner.]  To  annex  again  j 
to  reunite  ;  to  annex  what  has  been  separated. 

Bacon. 

RE-.'iN-NEX-.\'TION,  71.    The  act  of  annexing  again. 

Marshall. 

RE-AN-NEX'£D,  (-an-nekst',)  pp.  Annexed  or  united 
again.  .  , 

RE-.\N-NEX'ING,  ppr.    Annexing  again  ;  reuniting. 

REAP,  V.  u  [Sax.  rip,  hrippe,  gerip,  harvest ;  i-ip<iii,  to 
reap ;  ripe,  ripe  ;  nipan,  to  rip  ;  allied  probably  to 
reaHan,  to  seize,  spoil,  lay  waste,  L.  rapio,  G.  reif,  ripe, 
D.  raopcii,  to  reap,  rirp,  ripe,  Gr.  o/«rii,  a  sickle,  njiirou, 
to  reap,  L.  earpo,  Eng.  crop.  See  Class  Rb,  No.  18, 
26,27.] 

1.  To  cut  grain  with  a  sickle  ;  as,  to  reap  wheat  orj 
rye. 

When  ye  reap  the  harvest,  thou  s!i;dt  not  wholly  reap  the  cornen] 
of  thy  field.  —  Lev.  xix. 

2.  To  clear  of  a  crop  by  reaping ;  as,  to  reap  a. 
field. 

3.  To  gather ;  to  obtain  ;  to  receive  as  a  reward,  or 
as  the  fruit  of  labor  or  of  works ;  in  a  good  or  bad 
sense ;  as,  to  reap  a  benefit  from  exertions. 

He  Uiat  soweUi  to  the  flesh  shall  of  the  flesh  reap  comiption.— 

Gal.  vi.  J  .  -     . 

Ye    have    plowed  wickedness ;    ye  have    reaped  iniquity.  — 
Hos.  V. 
REAP,  t>.  i.    To  perform  the  act  or  operation  of  reap- 
ing.    In  JYcie  England,  farmeis  reap  in  July  and 
August. 
2.  To  receive  the  fruit  of  labor  or  works. 

They  that  sow  in  tears  shall  reap  in  ]oy.  —  Ps.  cxxvi. 

REAP'BD,  (reepl,)  pp.  Cut  with  a  sickle;  received 
as  the  fruit  of  labor  or  works. 

Re.\P'ER,  71.    One  that  cuts  grain  with  a  sickle. 

RE.-VP'ING,  ppr.  Cutting  grain  with  a  sickle;  re- 
ceiving as  the  fruit  of  labor  or  the  reward  of  works. 

Re.\P'1NG,  71.    The  act  of  cutting  grain  with  a  sickle. 

ReAP'ING-UOOK,  n.  An  iiibtnimcnt  used  in  reap- 
ing; a  sickle. 

REAP  PAR'EL,  v.  t.  [re  and  lyiporrf.]  To  clothe 
again.  " 

RE-.'VP-PAR'EL-ED,  pp.    Clothed  again, 


Donne. 


FATE,  r.^R,  F.\LL,  WHAT.— METE,  PRgY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.— 


OM 


I  UEA 

I   REi-AP-PAR'EL-ING,  ppr.    Clolbins  again. 

RE-AP-PeAR  ,  r.  L  [re  and  appear.]  To  appear  a 
second  time. 

RE-AP-PkAR'A\CE,  n.    A  second  appearance. 
'   RE-AP-Pf,  VR'ING,  ppr.    Appearine  again. 

REAP-PLl-CA'TiOX,  it.  [See  REiP?LT.]  A  second 
application. 

RE-APPLY',  r.  t.  or  i.    [re  and  apply-]    To  apply 

RE-AP-PLY'IXG,  ppr.     Applyinsr  a^in.  [again. 

RE-AP-POrXT',  c.  £,    To  appoint  again. 

RE-AP-POIXT'ED,  pp.    Appointed  again. 

RE-AP-POIXT'IXG,  ppr.    Appointing  again. 

RE-AP-FOIXT'MEXT,  ju    A  second  appoinluunt. 

RE-AP-POR'TIOX,  c.  (.    To  apportion  again. 

RE-AP-PoR'TfOX-ED,  pp.    Apportioned  again. 

RE^AP-PoR'TIOX-IXG,  ppr.    Apportioning  again. 

RE-AP-POR'TIOX-MEXT,  n.  A  second  apportion- 
ment.  JiJadtson. 

Re.AR,  (reer,)  n.  [Ft.  arriere  ;  but  this  is  compound  ; 
Ann.  rcfr,  rccer,  reor,  the  seat ;  the  fundament ;  W. 
rhic,  something  thick,  a  bundle  ;  r/icryr,  the  funda- 
ment.    Rear  is  contracted  from  rever.     Class  Rb.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  that  which  is  behind  or  back- 
ward ;  appropriately,  the  part  of  an  army  which  is 
bc-hind  the  other,  either  when  standing  on  parade  or 
when  marching  ;  also,  the  part  of  a  fleet  which  is 
behind  the  other.  It  is  opposed  to  Fro.vt  or  Van. 
Bring  up  the  rear. 

2.  The  last  class  ;  the  last  in  order. 

Coins  I  plice  ia  lh«  rear.  Peacham. 

/.'J  t!tc  rear;  behind  the  rest;  backward,  or  in  the 

last  class.    Id  this  pbruse,  rear  signifies  the   part  or 

REAR,  a.     [Sax.  hrere.]  [place  behind. 

1.  IJtUe  cooked ;  raw ;  rare ;  not  well  roasted  or 
boiled. 

2.  [Sa-T.  ara^ran,  to  liasten  j  hreraUj  to  excite.] 
Early.     [A  provmcitd  word.} 

REAR,  r.  t.     [Sax.  mran,  rerany  anpraM^  to  erect,  to 
excite,  to  hasten ;   krcraa,  to  excite ;  Sw    riira,  to 
move ;    Dan.    riirer,  lo    move,  stir,  shake ;    rUri^, 
quick,  lively,  rising  in  Ibc  stomach.] 
1.  To  raise. 

J  to  the  sun,  or  rank 


Who  now  sh-UI  rear 

9.  To  lift  after  a  fall. 


!q  atloratioii  aX  his  frt^l  I  ftll 
Submiss ;  he  reared  rae. 


Milton. 


MUum. 


3.  To  bring  up  or  to  raise  to  maturity,  as  young  j 
as,  to  rear  a  numerous  offspring.  Tlioiason. 

4.  To  educate  ;  to  instruct. 

H*?  Minis  a  fiith?r  lo  proieci  his  >'outb. 

And  rear  bl:n  up  to  vinue.  Southern. 

5.  To  exalt  j  to  elevate. 

Charily,  decnt,  modest,  easy,  kind, 

S-jrtens  the  high,  and  rears  ihs  aLjecl  miad.  Prior. 

6.  To  rouse ;  to  stir  up. 

And  ss<?k3  the  tuskj  boar  to  rear.  Dryden. 

7.  To  raise  ;  to  breed  ;  as  cattle.  Harte. 

8.  To  bear  off  J  to  achieve  j  to  obtain.      Spenser. 
To  rear  one^s  steps  ;  to  ascend  ;  to  move  upward. 

Milian. 
Rear,  r.  i.    To  rise  up  on  the  hind  legs,  as  a  horse. 
ReAR-AD'MI-RAL.     See  Admibal. 
ReAR'ED,  Creerd,)  pp.    Raised;  lifted;  brought  up; 

educated  ;  ele\*ated. 
ReAR'-GUARD,  71.     The    body   of  an    army    that 

marches  in  the  rear  of  the  main  body  to  protect  it. 
ReAR'ING,  ppr.    Raising;  educating;  elevating. 
Rf:AR'-LIXE,  n.    The  line  in  the  rear  of  an  army. 
RKAR'-MOUSE,  n.     [Sa.^.  fwere-mus.] 

The  leather-winged  baL  Skak,    Abbot. 

ReAR'-RAXK,  71.    The  rank  of  a  body  of  troops 

which  is  in  the  renr. 
ReAR'\V%\RD,  n.   [from  rear.  See  Rereward.]   The 

last  troop  ;  tlie  rear  guard. 

9.  The  end  ;  the  tail ;  the  train  behind.       Shali. 
3.  The  latter  part.  Shak. 

RE-AS-CEXD',  V.  i.     [re  and  ascend.]  To  rise,  mount, 

or  climb  asain.  Milion.     Spenser. 

RE-.\S-CEXD',  r.  (.    To  mount  or  ascend  again. 

He  ujoudU  aloft  acd  reascenda  the  sides.  Addison. 

RE-AS-CEXD'ED,  pp.    Ascended  again. 

RE-AS-CEXD'IXG,  ppr.    Ascending  again. 

RE^AS-CEX-'t^rOX,  C-as-sen'shun,)  n.    The  act  of  re- 
ascendinz;  a  remounting. 

RE-AS-CEXT',  71.    A  returning  ascent;  acclivity. 

Cooper. 

ReA'SOX,  (re'zn,)7».  [Ir.reasun;  W.rheswm;  .Arm. 
regoun;  Fr.  ration:  Sp.  razon ;  Port  razam;  It.  ra- 
gione;  L.  rf^io;  Russ.  raz^n;  Goth.  roMj/o,  an  ac- 
coant,  number,  ratio ;  rathijan,  to  number  :  garatkyan, 
to  number  or  count ;  rodvan,  to  speak ;  D.  re4e, 
speech  ;  rcden,  reason,  argument ;  redenhinst,  rheto- 
ric ;  G.  rede,  reden  ;  Sax.  TtFd,  rizda,  speech,  reafion  ; 
rt^.rjrian,  to  reason.  VVe  find  united  tlie  Sax.  rtsd, 
speech,  radan,  redan,  lo  read,  the  Gr.  /cw,  to  say  or 
speak,  whence  rketorie,  a.nd  the  L.  rti^'o,  which  is 
from  ratus,  and  which  proves  rear  to  be  contracted 
fmui  rah,  redoTy  and  all  unite  with  red,  L.  radius,  ; 
&c.  Primarily,  reason  i>;  that  wliich  is  uttered.  (Pee 
Read.)    So  Gr.  Xoy^i,  from  Xcyw.]  \ 


REA 

1.  That  which  is  th  iight  or  which  is  alleged  in 
words,  as,  the  ground  or  cause  of  opinion,  curlu- 
sion,or  determine:!,  n.  1  L-.:va  reasons  wl.-rh  I  may 
choose  not  to  disclose.  You  ask  mo  my  reasons.  I 
freely  give  my  reasons.  The  judge  assigns  good 
reasons  for  his  opinions,  rcasoiis  which  justify  his 
decision.    Hence,  in  general, 

2.  The  cause,  groujid,  pruiciple,  or  motive,  of  any 
thing  said  or  done;  that  which  supports  or  justifies 
a  determination,  plan,  or  measure. 

Virtue  acd  vice  are  not  arbitraiy  things ;  but  there  U  a  natural 
and  eternal  reason  for  that  goodoe&s  acd  virtus,  and  a^inst 
vice  and  wickedness.  —  1  Pel.  iii.  ^ioWm. 

3.  Efficient  cause.     He  is  detained  by  reason  of 

sickness, 

Spiiiu  U  thia  sowD  of  people,  partly  bj  reason  of  iu  sterility  of 
soil.  jBmoh. 

riie  refuon  of  the  motion  of  the  balance  in  a  wbeel-watch  is  by 
iDolion  of  the  next  wheel.  Hale. 

4.  Final  cause. 

Reason,  in  the  English  lang'uage,  is  sometimes  tUten  Tor  true  and 
clear  principles ;  eomaiimes  for  clear  and  fair  deductions ; 
sometimes  for  die  cause,  particujariy  the  final  cause.    Locke. 

5.  A  faculty  of  the  mind  by  which  it  distinjjuishes 
truth  from  falsehood,  and  good  from  evil,  and  Which 
enables  the  possessor  to  deduce  inferences  from  facts 
or  from  propositions.  Encyc. 

Self-lo?e,  the  spring  of  motion,  acts  the  soul, 

Heason's  comparing-  balance  roles  the  whole  — 

That  sees  immediate  »ood  by  present  sense, 

Heason  the  future  and  the  consequence.  Pope. 

Reason  is  the  director  of  man's  will.  Hooker. 

G.  Ratiocination ;  the  exercise  of  reason. 

But  when  by  reason  she  th;  trutli  h:is  found.  /Jaeiei. 

7.  Right ;  justice  ;  that  which  is  dictated  or  sup- 
ported by  reason.  Everj-  man  claims  to  have  reason 
on  Iiis  side 

I  was  prDn>ised  oo  a  time. 

To  have  reason  for  iny  liiynie.  Spenser. 

8.  Reasonable  claim ;  justice. 

God  brin^  good  out  of  evil,  and  Ibetcfore  it  were  butr«a«o,i  we 
should  trust  God  to  go\-en!  hia  own  \7orld.  Taylor. 

9.  Rationale ;  just  account. 

This  reason  did  Ibc  ancient  f.ilhcrs  render,  why  Ihc  clumrh  \vii» 
called  cvlholic.  Pearson. 

[See  No.  1  and  9.] 

10.  -Moderation  ;  moderate  demands ;  claims  which 
reason  and  justice  admit  or  prescribe. 

The  most  probable  way  of  bringing  France  lo  reason,  would  be 
by  the  making  an  attempt  oa  the  Spanish  West  Indies, 

Addison. 
In  reason^  in  all  reason;  in  justice;  with  rational 
ground. 

When  any  thing  is  prored  by  r.3  good  arguments  as  a  thin^  of 
that  kind  is  ca[uhle  of,  ve  ought  not  ui  reason  to  duubt  of 
its  existence.  liuolson. 

ReA'SOX,  v.  i.     [Fr.  raisonner;  Sax.  riEsioian.] 

1.  Tu  exercise  the  faculty  of  reason  ;  to  deduce  in- 
ferences justly  from  premises.  Brutes  do  not  reas(m ; 
children  reason  imperfectly. 

2.  To  argue;  to  infer  conclusions  from  premises, 
or  to  deduce  new  or  unknown  propositions  from 
previous  propositions  which  are  known  or  evident. 
To  reason  justly,  is  to  infer  from  propositions  which 
are  known,  admitted,  or  evident,  the  conclusions 
which  are  natural,  or  wliich  necessarily  result  from 
them.  Men  may  reason  within  themselves;  they 
may  reason  before  a  court  or  legislature  ;  they  may 
reason  wrong  as  well  as  right. 

3.  To  debate  ;  to  confer  or  inquire  by  discussion  or 
mutual  communication  of  thoughts,  arguments,  or 
reasons. 

And  a^f^y  reasoned  among  theuiselves.  —  Matt.  xvi. 

To  reason  with  ;  to  argue  with ;  to  endeavor  to  in- 
form, convince,  or  persuade,  by  argument.  Reason 
with  a  profligate  son,  and  if  possible,  persuade  him 
of  his  errors. 

2.  To  discourse ;  to  talk ;  to  take  or  give  an  ac- 
count. 

Btftiid  fltiil,  thnt  I  avxy  reason  aish  you  before  the  Ixird,  of  ail 
the  righteous  acts  ©f  the  LorJ.  —  1  Sara.  xii.     [06s.] 

ReA'SON,  V.  t.  To  examine  or  discuss  by  argu- 
ments ;  to  debate  or  discuss.  I  reasoned  the  matter 
with  my  friend. 

When  they  are  clearly  discovered,  well  digested,  and  well  rta- 
eon£d  in  every  part,  there  is  beauty  in  such  a  theory. 

Burnet. 

9.  To  persuade  by  reasoning  or  argument ;  as,  to 
reason  one  into  a  belief  of  truth;  to  rfitsoji  one  out 
of  his  plan  ;  to  reason  down  a  passion. 
ReA'SON-A-BLE,  a.     Having  the  faculty  of  reason  ; 
endued  with  reason  ;  as,  a  reasonable  being. 

[In  this  sense  Rational  is  now  genenJly  used.] 

2.  Governed  by  reason  ;  being  under  the  influence 
of  reason  ;  thinking,  speaking,  or  acting  rationally, 
or  accordinc  to  the  dictates  of  reason  ;  as,  the  meas- 
ure must  satisfy  all  reasonable  men. 

3.  Conformable  or  agreeable  to  reason  ;  just ; 
rational. 

By  indubiL-U>lc  certainty,  I  mean  that  which  does  not  admit  of 
any  rtatonaHe  cause  of  doubting.  WUkins. 

A  I-JkW  may  be  reasonable  in  itself,  though  a  man  dees  not  nilow 
it.  Si^i. 


REA 

4.  X^ol  immoderate. 

Let  all  thingi  be  ihougtt  upon, 

That  ttay  with  reasonaUe  rrd^seu  add 

More  fcathen  to  our  wingi.  Shdk. 

5.  Tolerable;  being  in  mediocrity ;  moderate;  as, 
a  reasonable  quantity.  AbboL 

Vt.  Xot  excessive ;    not  unjust ;    as,  a  rcasonabU 
fine  ;  a  reasonable  sum  in  damages. 
ReA'SOX-A-BLE-XESS,  ti.    The  faculty  of  reason. 

■f /n  this  sense,  liule  iised.] 

2.  .^greeableness  to  reason  ;  that  etate  or  quality  of 
a  thing  which  reason  supports  or  justifies;  aK,  the 
reasonableness  of  our  wishes,  demands,  or  expecta- 
tions. 


The  reatonaUeneti  and  excellency  of  charity. 

3.  Conformity  to  rational  principles. 


Lav. 


TIic  whole  frame  and  contexture  of  a  watch  carries  iu  It  a  rear 
eonabfenesi  —  the  pasairi;  impmsion  of  the  reason  or  Intel* 
Icctual  jdca  tli-it  was  ir.  Ute  an.ut.     [l/nusual.]  Bale. 

_  4.  Moderation;  as,  the  reo^oTta/'IenejW  of  a  demand. 
ReA'SON-A-BLY,  adc.  In  a  manner  or  degree  agree- 
able to  reason ;  in  consistency  with  reason.  We 
may  rrosoHaWi/ suppose  self-interest  to  be  the  govern- 
ing principle  of  men. 

2.  Moderately  ;  in  a  moderate  degree  ;  not  fully  ; 
in  a  degree  reaching  lo  mediocrity. 

If  we  can  by  intlustry  make  our  deaf  and  dumb  penons  reason, 
ally  p:if'Xi  in  the  lauguage.  Holder. 

RicA'SOX  .ED,  (re'znd,)  pp.    Examined  or  disctisscd 
by  arguments. 
_  9.  Persuaded  by  reasoning  or  argument. 

ReA'$OX'-ER,  71.  One  who  reasons  or  argues  ;  ;  . 
fair  reasancr ;  a  close  reasoner ;  a  logical  reasoau-. 

ReA'SOX-IXG,  ppr.  or  a.  Arguing;  deducing  infcr- 
enci-sfruMi  premises  ;  debating;  discussing. 

ReA'SOX-IXG,  M.  The  actor  process  of  exerci.''in» 
the  faculty  of  reason  :  that  act  or  openition  of  llie 
mind  by  which  new  or  unknown  propositions  arc 
deduced  from  previotis  ones  which  are  known  and 
evident,  or  which  arc  admitted  or  supposed  for  the 
sake  of  argument;  argumentation;  ratiocination; 
as,  fair  recoo-tino-,'  ia\st  reasoning ;  absurd  reascnuno- ; 
strong  or  weaK  reasor.ing.  The  reasonings  of  the 
advocate  appeaitd  to  the  court  conclusive. 

REA'SON-LESS,  a.  Destitute  of  reason ;  a?,  a  rea- 
sonless man  or  mind.  Shak.    Ralegh. 

2.  Void  of  reason  ;  not  warranted  or  supported  by 
reason. 

Thia  proffer  is  absurd  and  reasorriess.  Sliok. 

RE-AS-SEJrULACE,  n.    Assemblage  a  second  time. 
RE-AS-SEiM'BLE,  v.  t.     [re  and  assemble.]    To  collect 

again.  Milton. 

RE-AS-SEJI'BLE,  v.  i.      To    assemble   or  convene 

again. 
RE-AS-SEM'ItLED,  pp.    Assembled  again. 
RE-AS-SE.M'BLIXG,  ppr.     Assembling  again. 
RE-ASSERT',  v.  t.    [re  and  asserU]    To  assert  again  j 

to  maintain  sSinT  suspension  or  cessation. 

Let  us  hope  —  \vc  may  have  a  body  of  authors  who  •iiil  recxsert 
our  clAin  lo  rcjpcct-ibiliiy  in  literature.  Walsh. 

RE-AS-SERT'ED,  pp.    Asserted  or  maintained  anew. 

RE-AS-SEKT'IXG,  ppr.  Asserting  again  ;  vindicating 
anew. 

RE-AS-SER'TION,  w.  A  second  assertion  of  the  same 
thins. 

RE-AS-SIGX',  (-as-slne',)r.  r.  [«  and  05.^1011.]  To  as- 
sign back  ;  to  transfer  back  wliat  has  been  assigned. 

RE-AS-.SiGX'ED,pp.    Assigned  back. 

RE-AS-SIGX'IXG,  V;"--  Transferring  back  what  has 
been  assisned. 

RE-AS-SIM'I-LaTE,  r.  t.  [re  and  assimilaU.]  To 
assimilate  or  cause  to  resemble  anew ;  to  change 
again  into  a  like  or  suitable  substance.  Eneye. 

RE-AS-SIM'1-La-TED,  pp.  Assimilated  anew;  chaiiged 
again  to  a  like  substance. 

RE-AS-SLM'I-LA-TlNG,ppr.    Assimilating  again. 

RE-ASSIM-I-La'TION,  n.  A  second  or  renewed 
assimilation.  Encyc. 

RE-AS-SCME',  r.  f.  [re  and  fl55«mc.]  To  resume; 
to  take  a^ain.  MiUon. 

RE-AS-SUiM'ivD,  pp.    Resumed  ;  assumed  again. 

RE-AS-St'M'lXG,  ppr.    Assuming  or  taltina  again. 

RE-.^S-SUAtP'TlON,  7*.  A  resuming ;  a  second  as- 
sumption. 

RE>-.\S-SOR'ANCE,  (-shur'ans,)  n.    [See  Sure  and 
Assurance.] 
1.  Assurance  or  confirmation  repeated.     [Rare] 

Prynne. 
9.  A  second  assurance  against  loss,  or  the  assur- 
ance of  property  by  an  underwriter,  to  relieve  him- 
self froni  a  risk  he  has  taken.     Blacl.stone.    Park. 

RE-AS-SCRE',  (re-ash-shure',)  r.  f.  [re  and  assure; 
Fr.  rassiirer.] 

1.  To  restore  courage  to;  to  free  from  fear  or  terror. 

I'hey  rose  with  fear, 
TUl  dauntless  Pallis  reassured  the  m'-.  Dryden. 

2.  To  insure  a  second  time  against  less,  or  rather 
tu  insure  by  another  what  one  has  already  insured  ; 
lo  insure  against  loss  that  may  be  incurred  by  taking 
a  risk. 

RE-AS-SCR'/^D,  C  shQrd,)  pp.  Restored  from  fear; 
re  iincou  raged. 


TC'XE,  B?JLL,  XJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.— €  as  K  ;  6  as  J;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


PJTj 


H?  doiii  rebate  and  Uiint  tiis  natural  edge. 
The  k*';iicr  edge  of  Ixitlle  to  rebate. 


REB 

iL  Insured  ngamsl  loss  by  risk  taken,  as  an  under- 
writer. 
ItE-AivSeu'ER,  n.    One  who  insures  the  first  under- 

n'riter. 

UE-AS-SCR'ING,  ppr.    Restoring  from  fear,  terror,  or 
dt'pression  of  conrape. 
9.  Iiisiiriii:»  agriinst  loss  by  insurance. 

Ri^AS'TI-iNESS,  ft.  Rancidness.  [JVot  in  vse,or  lo- 
cal.] Cotgrave. 

Rp.Ad'TY,  a.  [Ciu.  rits/i/.]  Covered  with  a  kind  of 
rust  and  having  a  rancid  taste  ;  applied  to  dried  meat. 
{J^ot  in  use.  ■•  •  Ijcal."]  SJzdtoi}. 

Ri-:ATE,  (rC-tcJ  n.  A  kind  of  Jonc:,  small  gras.-^,  that 
grows  in  water  and  complicates  itself.  [J\'*t»£  m  use, 
or  heaL]  H'alton. 

RE-AT-TACII',  V.  L  [re  and  aUacli.']  To  attach  a 
second  time. 

RE-AT-TACiFED,  (-at-tacht',)  pp.  Attached  a  sec- 
ond time. 

RE-AT-TACII'MENT,  71.    A  second  attachment. 

RE-AT-TEaiPT',  v.  U  [re  and  ottcmpu]  To  attempt 
again. 

RE-AT-TEMPT'ED,  pp.     Attempted  a  second  time. 

RE-AT-TEMPT'ING,  ppr.     Altirtnpting  ajjain. 

ReAVE,  (reeve,)  v.  t.     [Sax.  renfian.] 

To  take  av.-ay  by  stealth  or  violence ;  to  bereave. 
[06s.]     [See  IJkrf.ave.]  SJiak.    Spenser. 

RI>A-VOW',  V.  t.    To  vow  again. 

KE-BAP'TISM,  «.     A  second  baptism. 

RE-BAP-TI-ZA'TION,  n.  [from  rcbaatize.]  A  sec- 
ond baptism.  *         Hooker. 

RE-UAP-TIZE',  1'.  t.  [re  and  baptize.]  To  baptize  a 
second  time.  ^i/liffe. 

RE  BAP-TIZ'SD,  pp.    Caplizod  again. 

RE-BAP-TIZ'lNlJ,  ppr.    Raotiziiig  a  second  tiuic. 

RE-BaTE',  r.  L  [Fr.rehaUrci  re  and  baUrc;  It.  ribat- 
tere.] 

1.  To  bbint ;  to  beat  to  obtuseucss  ;  to  deprive  of 
keenness. 

SliaJi. 
Dryden. 

2._To  abate  or  deduct  fVom. 
RE-BaTE',  71.      A  kind    of  hard  freestone  used    in 
pavements  ;  also,  a  piece  of  wood  fastened  to  a  lung 
stick  for  beating  mortar.    Also,  an  iron  tool  sharp- 
ened somewhat  like  a  chl:=el,  for  dressing  wood,  &.c. 

Elmcs. 

2.  In  arehitectiire^lhe  groove  or  chatinel  sunk  on 
the  edge  of  a  piece  of  timber  j  a  mbhcl,  which  see. 

rIbAtI'SuENT,  I  "•    DimimUion. 

2,  In  commerce,  abatement ;  deduction  of  interest, 
or  any  sum,  &c.,  in  consea.uence  of  prompt  payment. 

Bonvicr. 

3.  In  heraldry^  a  diminution  or  abatement  of  the 
bearings  in  a  coat  of  arms.  Ennic. 

RE-Ba'TO,  K.     AsortofnifT.     [See  Rab.vto.] 
RE'BEG,  71.     [Fr.  rebec  ;  It.  rihccca.] 

A  three-stringed  fiddle.     [JVuf  muelt  vsed,]    Mdton. 
REB'EL,  n.     [Fr.  rcbelle,  from  L.  rcbelliSj  making  war 
again.] 

1.  One  who  revolts  from  the  government  to  which 
he  owes  allegiance,  either  by  openly  renouncing  the 
authority  of  tiiat  government,  or  by  taking  arms  and 
openly  opposing  it.  A  rebel  differs  from  an  enemy,  as 
the  latter  is  one  who  does  not  owe  allegiance  to  the 
government  which  he  attacks.  A^um.  svii. 
9.  One  who  willfully  violates  a  law.  F.ncyc. 

3.  One  wiio  disobeys  the  king's  proclamation  ;  a 
contemner  of  the  king's  laws. 

British  Laies.     Blackstune. 

4,  A  feudal  villain  who  disobeys  his  lord.     Encyc. 
REB'EL,  a.    Rebellious;  acting  in  revolt.      Milton. 
RE-BEL',  x\  i.     [Tj.  rebello,  to  make  war  again  ;  re  and 

bcllo ;  \V.  rhijvela,  to  make  war ;  rhy  and  bel,  war.] 

1.  To  revolt;  to  renounce  the  authority  of  the  laws 
and  government  to  which  one  owes  allegiance. 
Subjects  may  rebel  by  an  open  renunciation  of  the 
authority  of  the  government,  without  taking  arms ; 
but  ordinarily,  rebellion  is  accompanied  by  resistance 
in  arms. 

Tc  have  built  j-du  nn  altnr,  that  yc  might  rebel  this  daj-  a^iinst 
the  Lord,  —  Josh.  xxii.    I9.  i. 

2.  To  rise  in  violent  opposition  against  lawful  au- 
thority. 

How  could  my  hand  rtbel  Against  my  heart? 

How  could  your  heart  rebel  .-igninst  your  iwvson  ?  Dryden. 

RE-BEL'L/n),  pp.  or  a.  Rebellious  ;  guilty  of  rebel- 
lion. MUtoii, 

RE-BEL'I.ER,  71.    One  that  rebels.  VicU 

RE-BEL'L,I\G,  ppr.  Renouncing  the  authority  of  the 
government  to  which  one  owes  allegiance  ;  rising  in 
opposition  to  lawful  autlmritv. 

RE-BELL'ION,(re-beryun,)  ii.  [Fr.,  from  L.  rcbeUio. 
Among  the  Romans,  r.-bellion  was  originally  a  revolt 
or  open  resistance  to  their  government  by  nations 
that  had  been  subdued  in  war.  It  was  a  renewed 
war.] 

1.  An  open  and  avowed  renunciation  of  the  au- 
thority of  the  government  to  which  one  owes  alle- 
giance ;  or  the  taking  of  arms  traitorously  to  resist 
the  authority  of  lawful  government  ;  revolt.  Re- 
bellion differs  from    insurrection  and  from  mutiny. 


REB 

lit^iHrrection  may  be  a  rising  in  opposition  to  a 
particular  act  or  law,  v.'ithout  a  design  to  renounce 
wholly  nil  subjection  to  the  government.  Insurrec- 
tio7i  may  be,  but  is  not  necessarily,  rebellion.  Mu- 
tiny is  an  insurrection  of  soldiers  or  seamen  against 
the  authority  of  their  officers. 

Xo  sooner  is  lite  sUvndan]  o{  rebellion  dtapl-iycd,  than  men  of 
dc:spcrate  principlca  resort  lo  it.  Anus. 

9.  Open  resistance  to  lawful  authority. 
Commission  of  rebellion;  in  laiCj  a  commission 
awarded  against  a  person  who  treats  the  king's  au- 
thority with  contempt,  in  not  obeying  liis  proclama- 
tion according  to  his  allegiance,  and  refusing  lo  at- 
tend his  sovereign  when  required  j  in  which  case, 
four  commissioners  are  ordered  to  attach  him 
wherever  he  may  be  ftiund.  Blaelistone. 

RE-BELL'IOUS,  (re-bel'yus,)  a.  Engaged  in  rebell- 
ion ;  renouncing  the  authority  and  dominion  of  the 
government  to  wliich  allegiance  is  due  ;  traitorously 
resisting  government  or  lawful  autiiority.  Deut.  ix. 
sxi. 

RE-BELL'IOUS-LY,  adr.     With  design  to  throw  off 
the  authority  of  legitimate  government ;  in  opiHisi 
tion  to  the  government  to  which  one  is  bound  by  al- 
legiance ;  with  violent  or  olistinate  disobedience  to 
lawful  authoritv.  Camden. 

RE-BELL'IOUS-NERS,  (-hel'yus-,)  n.  Tiie  quality  or, 
state  of  being  rebellious. 

RE-BEL'LoW,  v.  i.  [re  and  bellow.]  To  bellow  in 
return  ;  to  echo  back  a  loud,  roaring  noise. 

TU-J  cave  rcbellowid  and  the  temple  slioolc.  Dryden. 

RE-BEL'LOW-ING,  ppr.    Bellov/ing  in  return  or  in 

echo. 
RE-BLOS'SOM,  u.  I.     [re  and  blossom.]     To  blossom 
RE-BL0S'SOM-ING,;//;r.  Blossoming  again,     [again. 
RE-BO-A'TION,  71.     [L.  rehjo  ;  re  and  boo.] 

The  return  of  a  loud,  bellowing  sound.      JVot  used.] 
RE-BOIL',  V.  i.     [L.  re  and  baUio.]  [Pairick. 

To  take  fire  ;  lo  be  hot.  ElyoL 

RE-BOIL',  V.  t.    To  boil  again. 
RE-BOIL'£D,  pp.    Boiled  a  second  time. 
RE-BOUXD',  V.  i.     [Fr.  rebondir  ;  re  and  boiidir.] 

To  spring  back  ;  lo  start  back  ;  to  be  reverberated 
by  an  elastic  power  resisting  force  or  impulse  im- 
pressed ;  as,  a  rebounding  echo. 

Bodies  absoUitely  hard,  or  so  soft  as  to  LkS  void  of  ehisticity,  will 
not  rtbound  from  one  another.  Nealon. 

RE-BOUND',  V.  t.    To  drive  back  j  to  reverberate. 

Silon'.i5  siin_^  J  Uie  volts  his  voice  rebounfl,  Dryden. 

RE-BOUND',  n.  The  act  of  fijing  back  in  resistance 
of  the  impulse  of  another  body  ;  resilience. 

Put  back  OS  from  a  rock  with  euUl  rebound.  Drylen. 

REl-BOUND'ED,  pp.    Sprung  back  :  reverberated. 

RE-BOUND'ING,  ppr.  Springing  or  flying  back  ;  re- 
verberating. 

RE-BRaCE',  v.  t.     [re  and  braee.]    To  brace  again. 

Oray. 

RE-BReATIIE',  v.  i.  [re  and  brcatlie.]  To  breathe 
again. 

RE-BUFF',  71.  [It.  rabbiiffo  ;  Fr.  rebiiffade;  re  and  It. 
buffa,  buffiire,  Fr.  bouji'er.] 

1.  Repercussion,  or  beating  back  ;  a  quick  and 
sudden  resistance. 

The  elrong  rebiif  of  Bome  turanUiious  cloud.  Milton. 

2.  Sudden  check;  defeat. 

3.  Refusal ;  rejection  of  solicitation. 
RE-BUFF',  V.  t.    To  beat  back ;  lo  offer  sudden  re- 
sistance to  ;  lo  check. 

RE-BUFF'£D,  (re-buft',)  pp.  Beaten  back  ;  resisted 
suddenlv  ;  checked. 

RE-BUILD',  C-bild',)  v.  t.  [re  and  build,]  To  build 
again;  to  renew  a  structure;  to  build  or  construct 
what  has  been  demolished  ;  as,  to  rebuild  a  house,  a 
wall,  a  wharf,  or  a  city. 

RE-nUILD'ER,  71.     One  who  rebuilds.         Bp.  Hall. 

RE-BUILD'ING,  (-bild'ing,)  ppr.     Building  again. 

RE-BUILT',  (-bilt',)pp.     Built  again;  reconstructed. 

RE-BOK'A-BLE,  a.  [from  rebuke]  Worthy  of  repre- 
hension. Shak. 

RE-BuKE',  r.  (.  [Norm,  rebuquer;  Arm.  rebechat^  to 
reproach.  Q.u.  Fr.  rcboucker^  to  stop  ;  re  and  boncher^ 
to  stop.  The  Italian  has  rinibeccare,  to  repulse  or 
drive  back,  lo  pcck^  from  bccco^  the  beak.  Tlie  word 
is  a  compound  of  re  and  a  root  in  Bg,  signifying  lo 
drive.    See  Pace  and  Impeach.    Class  Bg,  No.  20.] 

1.  To  chide  ;  to  reprove  ;  to  reprehend  for  a  fault ; 
to  check  by  reproof. 

The  proud  he  tamed,  the  penitent  he  cheered, 

Nor  to  rebuke  the  rich  ofieuder  feared.  Dryden. 

Thou  sh^t  ill  any  wise  rebuke  thy  neighbor. —  Lev,  xix. 

2.  To  check  or  restrain. 

The  Lord  rebuke  thee,  0  Satan.  — Zech.  iii.     Is.  xvii. 

3.  To  chasten  ;  to  punish  ;  to  afflict  for  correction. 

0  Lord,  rebuke  mc  not  in  thine  anger.  —  Fa.  vi, 

4.  To  check  ;  to  silence. 

Master,  rebuke  thy  disciples.  —  LiAe  xbt. 

5.  To  check  ;  to  heal. 

And  h';  stood  over  her  and  rebuked  Ihc  fever.  —  Luke  iv. 

6.  To  restrain  ;  lo  calm. 

He  arose  mid  rebuked  the  wiuda  and  ths  lea.  —  Matt.  viii. 


REC 

RE-BOKE',  11.  A  chiding;  reproof  for  faults,  repre- 
hension. 

Why  Iffar  you  those  nbuke$  and  answer  not  I  SkaJt. 

2.  In  Scr(;*fKrc,  chastisement ;  punishment;  afflic- 
tion for  the  purpose  of  restraint  and  correction. 
Kzrk.  V.     Hos.  v. 

3.  In  lo-j>  language^  any  kind  of  check. 

UEslrange. 
To  siijpn-  rebuke;  to  endure  the  reproach  and  perse- 
cution of  men.    Jer.  xv. 

To  be  withvvt  rebuke  i  to  live  without  giving  cause 
of  r.^proof  or  censure  ;  to  be  blameless. 

RE-BuK'/:D,  (M-bukt',)  pp.  Reproved  ;  reprehended  ; 
checked  ;  rc-^lrained  ;  punished  for  faults. 

RE-BC'KE'FUL,  a.  Containing  or  aboinidtng  with  re- 
buke;.'. 

RE-nOKE'Ft.rE-LV,  adv.  With  reproof  or  reprehen- 
sion. 

RE-BtJK'ER,  n.  One  that  rebukes;  a  cinder;  one 
that  chastises  or  restrains. 

RE-BOK'IXG,  ;)^r.  Chiding;  reproving;  checking; 
punishing. 

RE-Itf'K'ING-LY.  adv.    By  way  of  rebuke. 

KE-BUL-LI"TION,  (re-buMish'un,)  n.  [See  Ebulli- 
tion and  Boil.]  Act  of  boiling  or  effervescing. 
[Litile  used.]  IVolton. 

RE-BUR'V,  tre-ber'ry,)  v.  L  [re  and  bury.]  To  inter 
again.  Jl.^hmole. 

Rk'BUS,  n. ;  pU  Rebuses.  [L.,  from  rcsy  which  is  of 
the  cla^s  Bd,  Rs^  and  of  the  same  family  as  riddle. 
See  Riddle,  Read,  and  Real.] 

1.  An  old  and  (juaint  mode  of  e.\pre'<sing  words  or 
phrases  by  the  pictures  of  objects  wlmse  names  benr 
a  resemblance  to  those  words,  or  to  the  syllablps  of 
which  they  are  composed.  Thus,  an  eye  and  a  f»(i, 
or  Itarrel,  represent  the  family  name  Eyton.  A  gal- 
lant, in  love  with  a  woman  named  Rose  /W/,  painted, 
on  ihe  border  of  his  gown,  a  rose,  a  hill,  an  eye,  a 
loaf,  and  a  well,  which  reads.  Rose  Hill  I  hv  well 

Encyc. 

2.  In  heraldry,  a  coat  of  arms  which  bears  an  allu- 
sion lo  tlie  name  of  the  person,  as  three  cups,  fur 
Butler.  Brande. 

3.  A  peculiar  kind  of  enigma  or  riddle. 
RE-BUT',  r.  /.     [Fr.  rebuter;    Norm.    rebuUer ;  from 

the  root  of  but,  Fr.  bout^  end  ;  bouter,  to  put:  bouder, 
lo  pout;  It.  rUiuttare,  to  drive  back,  also  to  vomit. 
See  Butt  and  Pout.    Class  Bd.] 

To  repel ;  to  oppose  by  argument,  plea,  or  coimler- 
vailing  proof. 

[It  is  used  by  lawyers  in  a  general  sense.] 
RE-BUT',  v.  i.    To  retire  back.     [Obs.]        Spenser. 

2.  To  answer,  as  a  plaintiff's  surrejoinder. 

The  plamtifT  may  answer  the  rejoinder  by  a  EurTcioinder ;  on 
which  Hie  defendant  may  rebut.  Buuksttue. 

RE-BUT'TED,  pp.    Repelled  ;  answered. 
RE-BUT'TER,  71.    In  law  pleadings^  the  answer  of  a 
defendant  to  a  plaintiff's  surrejoinder.    Blackstonc, 

If  I  gmnl  lo  a  tenant  to  hold  untliout  impeachment  of  natte.and 
aflerw:ird  implead  hiin  for  wiMte  done,  he  may  debar  iiic  of 
this  action  by  showing  my  grant,  wliich  is  a  rebutter. 

Eneyc. 

RE-BUT'TING,  KM".  Repelling;  opposing  by  argu- 
ment, countervailing  allegation,  or  evidence. 

RE-€AL-CI-TRa'TION,  71.    A  kicking  back  again. 
Sir  JValtcr  ScotL 

RE-CALL',  r.  (.  [re  and  call]  To  call  back ;  lo  lake 
back  ;  as,  to  recall  words  or  declarations. 

2.  To  revoke  ;  to  annul  by  a  subsequent  act ;  as,  to 
rcc(dl  a  decree. 

3.  To  call  back  ;  to  revive  in  memory  ;  as,  lo  re- 
call to  mind  what  has  been  forgotten.  Broome. 

4.  To  call  back  from  a  place  or  mission  ;  as,  to  re- 
call a  minister  from  a  foreign  court;  to  recall  troops 
from  India. 

RE-CALL',  71.    A  calling  back  ;  revocation. 
2.  The  power  of  calling  back  or  revoking. 

'Tis  done  ;  and  since  'tis  done,  'lis  past  recall.  DryUn. 

RE-CALL' A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  recalled. 

Ramsay. 
Dl  legates  recallable  at  pleasure.  HJadaon. 

RE-eALL'£D.  pp.    Called  back;  revoked. 
RE-CALL'ING,  ppr.    Calling  back;  revoking. 
RE-CANT',   V.   t.      [L.   rccanto;   re   and   canto.     See 
Cant.] 

To  retract ;  to  recall ;  to  contradict  a  former  decla- 
ration. 

How  8oon  v/ould  ease  recant 
Vows  made  in  pain,  as  violent  as  void.  Afdlon. 

RE-CANT',  V.  i.  To  recall  words  ;  to  revoke  a  decla- 
ration or  proposition  ;  to  unsay  what  has  been  said. 
Convince  me  I  am  wrong,  and  1  will  recant. 

RE-CAN-TA'TION,  77.  The  act  of  recalling  ;  retrac- 
tion ;  a  declaration  tliat  contradicts  a  former  one. 

Sidney. 

RE-CANT'ED,  pp.     Recalled  ;  relracled. 

RE-CAXT'ER,  7i.    One  that  recants.  Shak. 

RE-CANT'ING,  ppr.    Recalling;  retracting. 

RE-CA-PAC'I-TaTE,  r.  ^  [re  and  capacitate.}  To 
quality  again  ;  to  confer  capacity  on  again. 

.jiturbury. 

RE-CA-P.VC'I-T.\-TED,  pp.    Capacitated  again. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH/iT — METE,  PREY.  — FFNE,  MARKNE,  BIRD.  — NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.— 
LUG 


REC 

KE-eA-PAC'I-TA-TING,  ppr.  Conferring  capacity 
airain. 

RI^CA-PIT'U-LaTE,  r.  (.  [Fr.  recap itulcr :  It.  roc- 
capiiolarc :  re  and  L.  ccpitidum.    See  Capitclate.] 

To  rej>eat  the  principal  tilings  mentioned  in  a  pre- 
cedius  discourse,  argument,  or  essay  ;  lo  give  a 
summary  of  the  principal  facts,  points,  or  arguments. 

DryUe::. 

UE-eA-PlT'i;-LA-TED,  pp.  Repeated  in  a  siun- 
mar\-. 

RE-€A-PIT'C-LA-TrXG,  p.or.  Repeating  tbe  princi- 
pal tEiinss  in  a  discourse  or  arjuiment, 

RE-CA-PIT-Ti-LA'TION,  n.    The  act  of  recapitulat- 

•2.  A  summary'  or  concise  statement  or  eiiumera- 
ti;in  of  tlie  principal  points  or  facts  in  a  preceding 
discourse,  arsuraent,  or  essay.  SoutJu 

RC  €A-PIT'r-LA  TORY,  a.  Repeating  a^ain  ;  con- 
tiimtns  recapitulation.  Garretsoit. 

RE-CAP'TIOX,  w.     [L.  re  and  captio;  rapio,  to  take.] 

The  act  of  retaking  ;   reprisal  ;   the  retaking  of 

one's  own  goods,  cbanels,  wife,  or  children,  without 

force  or  violence,  from  one  who  has  taken  them  and 

wrongfully  detains  them.  Blacl:stonc. 

fVrlt  of  recaption ;  a  writ  to  recover  property  taken 
by  a  second  distress,  pending  a  replevin  for  a  former 
distress  for  the  same  rent  or  service.       Blackstone. 

RK-CAP'TOR,  n.  [re  and  captor.'}  One  who  retakes  5 
one  that  lakes  a  prize  which  had  been  previously 
taken. 

RE-e.AP'TIJllE,  (-kapt'yur,)  n.   [re  and  capture.]  The 
act  of  retaking ;  pcrticidarly,  the  retaking  of  a  prize 
or  goods  from  a  captor. 
3.  A  prize  retaken. 

RE-€.\P'TURE,  r.  (.  To  retake  ;  particularly^  to  re- 
take a  prize  which  had  been  previously  taken. 

Du  Ponccait. 

RE-eAP'TT:R-ED.;>p.  or  a.    Retaken. 

KE-€AP'TUR-ING,  ppr.  Retaking,  as  a  prize  from 
the  captor. 

RE-eAR'AI-FS",  c.  t.    [re  and  camify,  from  L.  caroj 
flesh.] 
To  convert  again  into  flesh.     [JVot  much  used,] 

HmccU. 

RE-CAR'Rr-ED,  pp.    Carried  back  or  again. 

RE-€AR'RY,  c.  f-    [re  and  carry.]     To  carrv  back. 

RE-€AR'RY-I-\G,  ppr.     Carrying  back.        [  Walton. 

RE-€aST',  r.  (.  [rt  and  cast.]  To  cast  again  ;  as,  to 
recast  cannon. 

0.  To  thro^  again.  Florio. 

3.  To  mold  anew.  Bwgcss. 

4.  To  compute  a  second  time. 
RE-CaST',  pp.    Cast  again  ;  molded  anew. 
RE-CaST'ING,  ppr.    Casting  again  ;  rao!din2anew, 
RE-CeDE',  v.  i.     [L.  recede ;  re  and  eedo.] 

1.  To  move  back  j  to  retreat ;  to  withdraw. 

Like  the  hollow  roar 
Of  tides  receding  from  ih'  insulte-J  shore.  Dryden, 

Mi  bodks,  moiTMi  dreukriv,  endeavor  w  reccle  from  Uie  center. 

BenLey. 

2.  To  withdraw  a  claim  or  pretension  ;  to  desist 
from  ;  to  relinquish  what  had  been  proposed  or  as- 
serted ;  as,  to  recede  from  a  demand ;  to  recede  from 
ternas  or  propositions. 

RE-CeDE',  r.  (.  [re  and  cede.]  To  cede  back ;  to 
grant  or  yield  lo  a  former  possessor ;  as,  to  recede 
conquered  territory'. 

RE  CeD'ED,  pp.    Ceded  back;  regranled. 

RE-CeD'IXG,  ppr.  or  a.    Withdrawing;  retreating  j 
moving  back. 
2._Ceding  back ;  regranting. 

REi-CElPT',  (re-seet',)  n.  [It.  ricctta,  I'rom  the  L.  re- 
ccptws.  This  word  ought  to  follow  the  analogy  of 
conceit,  deceit,  from  L.  coiiceptus,  deceptusj  and  be 
written  without  p,  Receit.] 

1.  The  act  of  receiving  ;  as,  the  receipt  of  a  letter. 

2.  The  place  of  recci\ing ;  as,  the  receipt  of  custom. 
MaU,  is. 

3.  Reception  ;  as,  the  receipt  of  blessings  or  mer- 
cies. 

4.  Reception ;  welcome  ;  as,  the  kind  receipt  of  a 
friend.     [Obs.] 

[In  this  sense,  Receptioiv  is  now  used.] 

5.  Recipe ;  prescription  of  ingredients  for  any 
composition,  as  of  medicines,  &c. 

Dryden.     Arbuthnot. 

6.  A  writing  acknowledging  the  taking  of  money 
or  grxids.  A  receipt  of  money' may  be  in  part  or  in 
full  payment  of  a  debt,  and  it  operal  -an  acquit- 
tance or  discharge  of  the  debt  either  in  part  or  in 
full.  A  receipt  of  goods  makes  the  receiver  liable  to 
account  for  the  same,  according  to  the  nature  of  the 
transaction,  or  the  tenor  of  the  writing.  It  is  cus- 
tomary for  sheriffs  to  deliver  goods  taken  in  execu- 
tion, 10  some  person  who  gives  his  receipt  for  them, 
with  a  promise  to  redeliver  them  to  the  sherifl"  at  or 
before  the  time  of  sale. 

RE-CeIPT',  (re-seet',)  r.  t.    To  give  a  receipt  for ;  as, 

to  receipt  goods  delivered  by  a  sheriff*. 
RE-C£IPT'0R,  7(.    In  /aw,  one  who  receipts  property 

which  has  been  taken  by  the  shcrilT.     fSeft  above.] 
RE-CeIV'A-BLE.  a.     That  may  be  received. 
RE-CeIV'A-BLE-NE.SS,  /  n.     Capability  of  being  re- 
RE-CeIV-A-BIL'I-TY,    S      ceived.  IVkirlock. 


REC 

RE-CeIVE',  (re-sccv',)  tf.  t.  [Fr.  rccetoir;  Arm.  re- 
ceff^  reccci ;  It.  ricccere  i  Sp.  recibir ;  Port,  receber  ; 
iZ  recipio ;  re  and  capio,  to  take.] 

1.  To  t:ike,  as  a  thing  offered  or  sent ;  to  accept, 
lie  had  the  offer  of  a  donation,  but  he  would  not  re- 
ceive it. 

2.  To  lake  as  due  or  as  a  reward.  He  received  the 
money  on  the  day  it  was  payable.  He  received  ample 
compensation. 

3.  To  take  or  obtain  from  another  in  any  manner, 
and  either  good  or  evil. 

Sball  Tff?  r«f«e«  eccd  ^l  (ho  liand  of  God,  and  ehall  we  not  re- 
cac€  evil  i  —  JoL  iL 

4.  To  take,  as  a  thing  communicated  ;  as,  to  re- 
ceive a  wound  by  a  shot;  to  receive  a  disease  by  con- 
tagion. 

The  idea  of  soliiiiiy  we  recetoe  by  our  louch.  Locke. 

5.  To  take  or  obtain  intellectually  ;  as,  to  receive 
an  opinion  or  notion  from  others. 

(>.  To  embrace. 

Receite  with  nwTckn-rfs  the  ingnfteil  word.  — J.'-ii>es  J. 

7.  To  allow  ;  to  hold  ;  to  retain  ;  as,  a  custom  long 
received. 

8.  To  admit. 

Tiiou  shdl  ^j;d*  ii>e  with  thy  counsel,  sTji  al'terward  rtuizt  rrs 
to  glory.  — Ps.  Uxiii. 

9.  To  welcome;  to  lodge  and  entertain ;  as  a 
guest. 

They  fciniiled  a  fire,  .ir.d  re«:r«£  ua  erery  one,  becaaae  cf  lbs 
present  r.xin  and  because  of  the  cold.  —  AtM  sxviL 

10.  To  admit  into  membership  or  fellowship. 

Him  that  is  weak  in  the  faiih,  receive  ye.  —  Rom.  xiv. 

11.  To  take  in  or  on  j  to  hold ;  to  contain. 

The  brarjen  altar  w;\s  too  little  lo  receive  the  bura'.-oflcriiig.  —  1 
Kings  viii. 

12.  To  be  endowed  with. 

Ye  shall  receive  power  after  that  the  H<->!y  Spinl  Uis  come  upon 
you.  —  Acts  I, 

13.  To  lake  into  a  i)lace  or  state. 

A.ler  tlie  Lord  had  spu'seo  lo  (hem,  lie  was  ncdzed  cp  iolo  heaven. 
—  iMark  xvi. 

14.  To  take  or  have  as  something  ascribed ;  as,  to 
receive  praise  or  blame.     Rev.  iv.  Ty. 

15.  To  bear  with  or  suffer.    2  Cor.  xi. 

16.  To  believe  in.     John  \. 

17.  To  accept  or  admit  officially  or  in  an  official 
character.  The  minister  was  received  by  the  emperor 
or  court. 

18.  To  take  stolen  goods  from  a  thief,  knowing 
them  to  be  stolen.  Blackstone. 

RE-CEtV'£D,  (re-ssevd',)  pp.  or  a.  Taken ;  accept- 
ed ;  admitted  ;  embraced  ;  entertained ;  believed. 

RE-CeIV'ED-NESS,  n.  General  allowance  or  be- 
lief: as,  the  receivcdness  of  an  opinion.  Boyle. 

RE-CeIV'ER,  a.  One  who  takes  or  receives  in  any 
manner. 

2.  A  person  appointed,  ordinarily  by  a  court  of 
chancery,  to  receive  and  hold  in  trust  money  or  other 
property.  P.  Cijc. 

3.  One  who  takes  stolen  goods  from  a  thief,  know- 
ing them  to  be  stolen,  and  incurs  the  guilt  of  partak- 
ing in  the  crirjie-  Blaekstone, 

4.  In  distillation,  a  vessel  for  receiving  and  con- 
densing the  product  of  distiUaiion. 

0.  In  pneumatic  chemistry^  a  vessel  for  receiving 
and  containing  gases.  Olmsted. 

6.  In  natural  pkdosophjj  a  vessel  employed  on  the 
plate  of  the  air-pump,  for  producing  a  vacuum. 

Olmsted. 

7.  One  who  partakes  nf  the  sacrament.    Taylor. 
RE-CeIV'ING,  ;'pr.    Taking;  accepting  ;  admitting  j 

embracing;  believing;  entertaining. 

RE-CeIV'ING,  h.  The  act  of  receiving;  that  which 
is  received. 

RE-CEL'E-BRaTE,  r.  (.  [re  and  ccUbraie.]  To  cel- 
ebrate again.  B.  Jotison. 

RE-CEL'E-BRA-TED,pp.    Celebrated  anew. 

RE-CEL'E-BRa-TI-\G,  ppr.    Celebrating  anew. 

RE-CEL-E-BRa'TION,  n,    A  renewed  celebration. 

Re'CE\-CY,  n.     [L.  rccens.] 

1.  Newness;  new  slate;  late  origin;  as,  the  re- 
cency of  a  wound  or  tumor- 

2.  Lateness  in  time;  frp=bness;  as,  the  recency  of 
a  transaction. 

iLE-CEN^F',  're-sens',)  r.  (.  [L.  recenseo;  re  and 
censeo.] 

To  review  ;  to  revise  Baitley. 

RE-CEN'SION,  (re-sen'shun,)  n.    [h.  recensio.] 

Review  ;  examination  ;  enumeration.       Ecehjti. 
RE'CENT,  a.     [L.  recens,] 

1.  New ;  bemg  of  late  origin  or  e.tistence. 

The  anci'nts  believed  some  jrarta  of  Esypl  to  be  rtecnt,  and 
formed  by  U>e  mud  disdiarged  inuTthe  sea  by  t.^e  Nfle. 
IFbod'carrf. 

a.  Late  ;  modern  ;  as,  great  and  worthy  men,  an- 
cient or  recent.     [Muder.v  is  now  used.]       Bacon. 

3.  Fresh ;  lately  received ;  as,  recent  news  or  in- 
telligence. 

4.  Late  ;  of  late  occurrence  ;  as,  a  recent  event  or 
transaction. 


REC 

5.  Fresh;  not  long  dismissed,  released,  or  parted 
from  ;  as,  Ulysses,  recent  from  the  storms.      Pope. 

6.  In  geology,  of  a  date  subsequent  to  the  creation 
of  man  ;  as,  recent  period  ;  recent  shells.  Lyell. 

llE'CENT-LY,  adc.  Newly  ;  lately  ;  freshly ;  not 
long  since ;  as,  advices  recently  received  ;  a  town 
rcccMly  built  or  repaired  ;  an  isle  recently  discovered. 

Re'CENT-NE5.S,  n.  Newness;  freshness;  lateness 
(if  origin  or  occurrence ;  an,  the  recentness  of  alluvia! 
land  ;  the  reeentness  of  news  or  of  events. 

RE-CEP'TA-CLE,  (re-sep'ta  kl,)  7j.  [L.  receptaculum, 
from  receptus-)  recipio.] 

1.  A  place  or  vessel  into  which  something  is  re- 
ceived, or  in  which  it  is  contained,  as  a  vaf,  a  tun, 
a  hollow  in  the  earth,  &.c.  The  grave  is  the  common 
receptacle  of  the  dead. 

2.  In  botany,  one  of  llie  parts  of  fructification  : 
the  base  on  which  ihe  other  parts  of  the  fruciitJcatiun 
stand.  A  proper  receptacle  belongs  only  to  one  SPt  of 
parts  of  fructification  ;  a  common  receptacle  bears  sc%'- 
eraJ  florets  or  distinct  sets  of  parts  of  fructifications. 
The  receptacle  of  the  fructification  is  common  both 
to  the  flower  and  the  fniit.  The  receptacle  of  the 
flower,  is  the  base  to  which  the  partji  of  the  flower, 
exclusive  of  the  germ,  are  fixed.  The  receptacle  cf 
the  fruit,  is  the  base  of  the  fruit  only.  The  receptacle 
of  the  seeds,  is  the  base  lo  which  ihe  seeds  arefixcd. 

Mariyn. 
The  dilated  apes  of  a  pedicel,  from  which  t]:c 
floral  envelops,  stamens,  and  pistils  proceed. 

Lindley. 
REC-EP-TAC'U-LAR,  a.    In  botany,  pertaining  to  the 

receptacle  or  growing  on  it,  as  the  nectars*. 
REC'EP-TA-RY,  (res'ep-,)  n.    Thing  received.     [Xot 

in,  use.]  Brown. 

RE-CEP-TI-BIL'I-TY,  n.    The  possibility  of  receiv- 
ing. Glancille, 
[Q,u.    The  possibility  of  being  received.] 
RE-CEP'TION,  n.     [Fr. ;  L.  receptio.] 

1.  The  act  of  receiving  ;  in  a  general  sense ;  as,  the 
reception  of  food  into  the  stomach,  or  of  air  into  the 
lungs. 

2.  The  slate  of  being  received.  JilUton, 

3.  Admission  of  any  thing  sent  or  communicated  ; 
as,  the  reception  of  a  letter ;  the  rccepUon  of  sensa- 
tion or  ideas. 

4.  ReadmissJon. 

All  hope  is  lost 
Of  my  recepUon  into  gr-icc.  AEUon. 

5.  Admission  of  entrance  for  holding  or  containing ; 
as,  a  sheath  fitted  for  the  reception  of  a  sword ;  a 
channel  for  the  reception  of  water. 

G.  A  receiving  or  manner  of  receiving  for  enlc- 
tainment  ;  entertainment.  'I'he  guests  were  well 
pleased  with  their  reception.  Nothing  disple;tses  more 
than  a  cold  reception. 

7.  A  receiving  officially ;  as,  the  reception  of  an 
envoy  by  a  foreign  court, 

8.  Opinion  generally  admitted. 

Philosophers  who  have  qoiUed  iho  popuUr  doctrines  of  their 
caoiiErles,  have  fell;n  ii:to  as  cxtrar.iyimt  opinioos,  as  even 
tjii^iiou  recfpUon  counlenaccctl.     [Aol  in  use.}      Locke. 

9.  Recoverv.     [JiTot  in  use.]  Bacon, 
RE-CEP'TIVE,  a.    Having  Ihe  quality  of  receiving 

or  admitting  what  is  communicated. 

Imaginary  space  is  recepl:r«  cf  all  bodies.  Gionr2^. 

RE-CEP-TIV'I-TY,  n.    The  state  or  quality  of  being 

recepUve.  Fotherby. 

RE-CEP'TO-RY,  c    Generally  or  popularly  admitted 

or  received.     [jVot  in  use.]  Brot^^n. 

RE-CESS',  71.   [L.  recessus,  frora  rccedo.  See  Recede.] 

1.  A  v.'ithdrawing  or  retiring ;  a  moving  back;  as, 
the  recess  of  the  tides. 

2.  A  withdrawing  from  public  business  or  notice  ; 
retreat ;  retirement. 

i\Iv  recess  h:\lh  given  ihem  confidence  lh:il  i  may  be  coaqn?ret!. 

jr.  Charles. 
And  every  nelfhboria^  crove 
Sacred  to  saft  re<xse  aad  gentle  low.  Prior. 

3.  Departure.  Glanvillc. 

4.  Part  of  a  room  formed  by  the  receding  of  tha 
wall,  as  an  alcove,  niche,  tc. 

5.  Place  of  retirement  or  secrecy  ;  private  abode. 


Rccsss. 


This  happy  place,  our  sweet 


jViV.'on. 


6.  Slate  of  retirement ;  as,  Icrds  in  close  rrccss. 

MiUor.. 


7.  Remission  or  suspension  of  business  or  pro- 
cedure ;  as,  the  house  of  representatives  had  a  recess 
of  half  an  hour. 

8.  Privacy  ;  seclusion  from  the  world  or  from  com- 
pany. 

Good  verse  recess  and  solimde  requires.  fhyitn. 

9.  Secret  or  abstruse  part ;  as,  the  difficulties  and 
recesses  of  science.  JVatts, 

10.  A  withdrawing  from  any  point ;  rcmo\-al  to  a 
distance.  Broim, 

11.  The  retiring  of  (he  shore  of  the  sea,  or  cf  a 
lake,  from  Ihe  geiurat  line  of  the  :;horp.  fnrmmg  a 
bay. 


TONE,  BIJLL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CI0US.— €  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


tU7 


r 


REC 


REC 


V2.  [Vt.  recei.]  A  decree  of  the  imperhU  diet  of 
the  old  German  empire.  Brande. 

RKCES'SION,  fre-sesh'iin,)  n.     [h.  mtssioJ] 

J.  The  act  oi  withdrawing,  letirln-^,  or  retreating. 
S2.  The  act  of  receding  from  a  claim,  or  of  relax- 
ing a  demand.  SouUi. 

;J.  A  rtssidn  or  granting  back  ;  as,  the  recession  of 
conrinercd  territory  to  its  former  sovereign. 
RK'CliAB-ITKS,  n.pL  Among  t?ie  ancient  Jacs^  the 
dfp-i'cndants  of  Jonadab,  the  ^on  of  Kochnb,  who  ab- 
stained from  alt  intoxicating  drinks.  Tho  name  has 
been  assumed  by  some  in  modern  limes,  who  adopt 
the  principle  of  total  abstinence  from  alcoholic  liciuor. 

Bran  fir. 
RE-CH.A.VGR',  r.  (.    [Fr.  rechanffcr ;   re  and  cAa»^c] 

'J'o  change  again. 
RE-C'HaNG'£D,  pp.    Changed  again. 
RK-CIIAiVG'ING,  p;>r.    Changing  again. 
RE-CIIARCE',  u.  (.     [Fx.rechavirer;  re  MWii  chargfi.\ 

1.  To  charge  or  accuse  in  return.  Hooker. 
9.  To  attack  again  j  to  attack  anew.        I>njdtn. 

RE-CIIAR6'£D,  pp.  Accused  in  return;  attacked 
anew. 

RE-CHXRG'ING,  ppr.  Accusing  in  return  ;  attacking 
anew. 

RE-CHXR'TER,  »i.  A  second  charter;  a  renewal  of 
a  cliarter.  D.  Ifebster. 

RE-CHXR'TER,  v.  t.  To  charier  again;  to  grant  a 
second,  or  another  charter  to. 

RE-CHAR'TER-£D,  /fp.      Chanered  a  second  time. 

RE-CHAR'T£R-ING,  ppr.  Chartering  a  second 
time. 

RE-CHAS'T£:N-£D,(-chas'nd,)  0.     Chastened  again. 

RE-CHkAT',  7(.     [Said    to    bo    from   Old    French.] 
Among  hunters,  a  lesson  which  the  Jjuntsnian  winds 
on  the  horn  when  the  hounds  liuve  lost  the  game, 
to  call  them  back  from  pursuing  a  counter  scent. 
Bailni.     Shak. 

RE-CIIkAT',  v.  t.     To  blow  the  recheat.    'Dravton. 

RE.CHER'€HE^(x2Lsh^x'sh3.,)  [Fr.]  Liter  ally, mn^hi 
out  with  care;  lience,  nice  to  an  extreme;  un- 
nalnral. 

RE-CHOOSE',  (re-chooz',)  v.  L  To  choose  a  second 
time. 

RE-CH6S'if:N,  (re-choz'n,)  pp.  or  a.  Reelected  ; 
chosen  again. 

REC-1-DI'VaTE,  v.  i.     [L.  rccidivo.] 

To  backslide  ;  to  fall  again.     [06s.J   Bp.  Andreics. 

RE-CID-I-Va'TION,  v.     [L.  rccidivus,  from  recido,  to 
fall  back  ;  re  and  cado,  to  fall.] 
A  falling  back  j  a  backsliding.   [JVot  much  ttscd.] 

HammoiuL 

-REC-I-Di'VOUS,  a.     [L.  rccirftyjw.] 
Subject  to  backslide.     [Little  ■ttscd.'] 

REC'I-PE,  (res'i-pp,)  lu  [L,  imperative  of  rceipio,  to 
take.]  A  medical  prescription  ;  a  direction  of  med- 
icines to  he  taken  by  a  patient.  Encyc. 

2.  In  popular  usage,  a  receipt  for  making  almost 
any  mixture  or  preparation. 

UE-Cir'l-EN-Cy,  n.    A  receiving;  tho  state  of  one 

who  receives, 
RE-Cn"l-ENT,  n.     [!..  recipiens,  recipio.} 

1.  A  receiver;  the  person  or  thing  t'hat  receives ; 
he  or  that  to  which  any  thing  i.s  communicated. 

2.  The  receiver  of  a  still.  Decay  of  Piety. 
RE-CrP'RO-CAL,   a.     [L.  rcciprociLs;  Sp.  and  It.  re~ 

ciproco ;  Fr.  rcciproque.] 

1.  Acting  in  vicissitude  or  return  ;  alternate. 

Comiplioii  is  reciprocal  tu  griifnition.  Bacon. 

5.  Mutual;  done  by  each  to  the  other;  u.s,  recip- 
rocal love ;  reciprocal  benefits  or  favors  ;  reciprocal 
duties;  reciprocal  K\d. 

3.  Mutually  intercliangeable. 

Tliese  two  rules  will  render  a  dcllnition  redvronal  witli  ihr  (ding 
defiiietl.  Hair*. 

Reciprocal  tcnm ;  in  logic,  tbode  terms  that  have 
the  same  signification,  and  consequently  are  con- 
vertible, and  may  be  vised  for  each  other.      Encyc. 

Rmprocal  qmintities,  in  inathcmatics,  are  those 
which,  multiplied  together,  produce  unity.   Encyc. 

RerAprocal  figures,  in  geometry,  are  two  figures  of 
the  -same  kind,  (hh  triangles,  parallelograms,  prisms, 
&c.,)  so  related  that  the  two  sides  of  the  one  form  the 
extremes  of  a  proportion  of  wliich  the  means  are  the 
two  corresponding  :nd(;s  of  the  other.  Brande. 

Reciprocal  proportion,  is  when,  of  four  terms  taken 
in  order,  the  first  has  to  the  second  the  same  ratio 
which  the  fourth  has  to  the  third  ;  or  when  the  first 
has  to  the  second  the  same  ratio  which  the  recipro- 
cal of  the  third  has  to  the  reciprocal  of  the  fourth. 

Brande. 

Reciprocal  ratio,  is  the  ratio  between  the  recipro- 
cals of  two  quantities  ;  as,  the  reciprocal  ratio  of  4  to 
9is  that  of  1-4  to  1-9. 
RE-CIP'RO-CAIi,  n.  'i'he  reciprocal  of  any  quantity, 
is  the  quotient  arising  from  the  division  of  a  unit  by 
that  quantity.  Thus  the  reciprocal  of  4  is  1-4. 
RE-CIP'RO-€AL-LY,  adp.  Mutually;  interchangea- 
bly ;  in  such  a  manner  that  each  affects  the  other  and 
is  equally  affected  by  it. 

Thew  iwo  particles  do  redjn-oealbj  affect  cncli  other  with  the  eamo 
force.  Benaetf. 

2.  In  the  manner  of  reciprocals. 


RE-CIP'  ROe  A  L-NESS 
RE-CIP-RO-eAL'I-TY, 


Mutual  return  ;  alter- 

natencss. 

Decay  of  Piety. 
RE-CIP'RO-€ATE,  v.  i.     [L.  reciproco ;   Fr.  recipro- 
t/urr.] 
'I'o  act  interchangeably  ;  to  alternate. 

One  lirawny  umith  the  piilfinp  bollows  plii.'9, 

Ami  dr.iws  iind  Mows  reeiyrocntiiig  air.  Dryrlen. 

RE-CIP'RO-CaTE,  v.  t.  To  exchange;  to  inter- 
change ;  to  give  and  return  mutually  ;  as,  to  rc- 
ciprorate  favors. 

RE-CIP'ROe.\-TEn,  pp.  Mutually  given  and  re- 
turned ;  interchanged. 

RE-ClP'RO-CA-TrNG,  ppr.  or  a.  Intcrclianging  ;  each 
giving  or  doing  to  the  other  the  same  thing. 

Reciprocating  motion  ;  in  mcdianies,  motion  alter- 
nately backward  and  forward,  or  up  and  down,  as 
of  a  piston  rod. 

RE-CIP-RO-CA'TION,  n.     [L.  rcci-^ocatio.'] 

1.  Interchange  of  acts ;  a  mutual  giving  and  re- 
turning ;  as,  the  reciprocation  of  kindnesses. 

2.  Alternation  ;  as,  the  reciprocation  of  the  sea  in 
the  flow  and  ebb  of  tides.  Brown. 

3.  Regular  return  or  alternation  of  two  symptoms 
or  diseases.  Core. 

REC-I~PROC'I-TY,  (res-e-pros'e-te,) ».  [Fr.  reciprocite.] 

1.  Reciprocal  obligation  or  right ;  equal  mutual 
rights  or  benefits  to  be  yieliled  or  enjoyed.  The  com- 
missioners offered  to  negotiate  a  treaty  on  principles 
of  reciprocity. 

5.  Mutual  action  and  reaction. 
RE-Cr'$ION,  (re-sizh'un,)  n.     [L.  rccisio^  from  re- 
cido,  to  cut  off;  re  and  ca-do-l 
The  act  of  culling  off.  Sherwood. 

RE-CTT'AL,  n.  [from  recite.]  Rehearsal ;  the  rep- 
etition of  the  w.irds  of  another,  or  of  a  writing ;  as, 
the  recital  of  a  deed  ;  the  recital  of  testimony. 

Encyc. 

2.  Narration  ;  a  telling  of  the  particulars  of  an  ad- 
venture, or  of  a  scries  of  events.  Jiddison. 

3.  Enumeration  of  particulars  ;  as,  the  recitals  of  a 
law,  Burke. 

REC-I-Ta'TION,  71.     [L.  recitatio.] 

1.  Rehearsal ;  repetition  of  words. 

Hammond.     Temple. 

2.  Tlic  delivery  before  an  audience  of  the  compo- 
sitions of  others  committed  to  memory. 

3.  In  American  colleger  and  schools,  the  rehearsal  of 
a  lesson  by  pupils  betore  their  instructor. 

REC-I-TA-TIVE',  a.  [Fr.  rcciUUfi  It.recitaUvo.  See 
Recite.] 

Reciting;  rehearsing;  pertaining  to  musical  pro- 
nunciation. Drydcn. 

REC-I-TA-TKVE',  v.  In  music,  a  species  of  singing 
approaching  toward  ordinary  speaking;  language 
delivered  in  musical  tones,  i.  e.,  in  the  soundsof  the 
nnisical  scale.  Brande.     P.  Cyc. 

2.  A  piece  of  music  in  recitative. 

REC-I-TA-TIVE'LV,  adv.  In  the  manner  of  recita- 
tive. 

RE-CITE',  V.  t.  [L.  recito ;  re  and  cito^-  to  call  or 
namcj 

1.  To  rehearse ;  to  repeat  the  words  of  another,  or 
of  a  writing  ;  as,  to  recite  the  words  of  an  author,  or 
of  a  deed  or  covenant. 

2.  In  iDriting,  to  copy ;  ain,  the  words  of  a  d(;ed  are 
reeded  in  the  pleading. 

3.  To  tell  over;  to  relate;  to  narrate  ;  as,  to  re- 
cite past  events ;  to  recite  the  particulars  of  a  voy- 
age. 

■1.  To  reliearse,  as  a  lesson  to  an  instructor. 

America. 
5.  To  enumerate,  or  go  over  in  particulars. 
RE-CITE',  V.  i.    To  pronounce  before  an  audience  the 
comjiositions  of  others  committed  to  memory. 

2.  To  rehearse  a  les.-'on.  The  class  will  recite  at 
eleven  o'clock.  American  Sc7ninarics. 

RE-CITE',  for  Recital.     [JVbt  in  use.] 
RE-CIT'ED,  pp.      Rehearsed  ;    told  ;    repealed  ;    nar- 
rated. 
RE-CIT'ER,  n.    One  that  recites  or  rehearses  ;  a  nar- 
rator. 
RE-CIT'ING,  ppr.    llehe.arsing  ;    telling  ;    repeating  ; 

narrating. 
RECK,  V.  i.     [Sax.  recan,  reccan,  to  say,  to  tell,  to  nar- 
rate, to  reckon,  to  care,  to  rule  or  govern,  L.  rego. 
The  primary  sense  is  to  strain.     Care  is  a  straining 
of  the  mind.     See  Rack  and  Reckon.] 

To  care  ;  to  inind  ;  to  rate  at  much  ;  as  we  say,  to 
reckon  much  of;  followed  by  of.     [Obs.] 

Thou's  but  a  lazy  loorde, 

Ami  recka  much  o/ttiy  swinke.  Spenser. 

1  reck  as  liUlP  wlint  U-nideUi  mc, 

Ae  much  !  wisli  all  gtjod  befortune  you.  Shak, 

Of  night  or  lonelincsa  it  recks  me  not.  Mdlon. 

RECK,  V.  t.    To  heed  ;  to  regard  ;  to  care  for. 

Tills  fioii  of  mine  not  recking  dan^i^r.  Siditfijj. 

[This  verb  is  obsolete,  unless  in  poetry.  We  ob- 
serve tlie  primary  sense  and  application  in  the  phrase 
"  It  recks  me  not,"  that  is,  it  does  not  strain  or  dis- 
tress me  ;  it  does  not  rack  my  mind.  To  reek  danger 
is  a  derivative  form  of  expression,  and  a  deviation 
from  the  proper  sense  of  the  verb.] 


REC 

RECK'LESS,  a.    Careless;  heedless;  mindless. 

1  made  the  kin^  lu  recJcleta,  dj  them  dili^-nl.  Siditetf. 

IIECK'LE.SH-LY,  adv.     Heedlessly  ;  carelessly. 

RE('K'LESS-NESS,  n.  Heedlessness  ;  carelessness  ; 
negligence.  Sidney, 

['J'hcse  vsordSf  formerly  disusedy  have  been  recentlij 
revived.] 

RECK'ON,  (rek'n,)  v.  L  [Sax.  recan,  reccaH,lo  tell,  to 
relate,  to  reck  or  care,  to  rule,  lo  reckon;  D.  rekenen, 
to  count  or  compute  ;  G.  rcchnen,  to  count,  lo  reckon, 
to  eslcem,  and  rcckcn,  to  stretch,  to  strain,  to  rack; 
Sw.  rdlcnuj  to  counl,  to  tell ;  Oan  regner,  lo  reckon, 
to  count,  to  rain.  The  Saxon  word  signihes  not  on- 
ly lo  tell  or  count,  but  to  reck  or  care,  and  lo  rule  or 
govern  ;  and  the  latter  signification  proves  it  lo  be  ibe 
Jj.  Tcgo,  rcctn.t,  whence  regnnm,  regno,  Eiig.  ioreign, 
and  hence  Sax.  rcA(,  riht,  Eng.  right,  G.  reckt,  &c. 
The  primary  sense  of  the  root  is  to  «train,  and  right 
is  strained,  stretched  to  a  straight  line;  hence  we 
see  thai  these  words  all  coincide  with  reach,  stretch, 
ami  rack,  and  we  say,  we  are  racked  with  care.  It 
is  probable  that  wreck  and  wretched  are  from  the  same 
root.    Class  Rg,  No.  18,21.] 

1.  To  count;  lo  number;  that  is,  to  tell  over  by 
particulars. 

Tho  priest  Hliali  reckon  to  him  the  money,  according  to  theyeara 
that  remain,  (ivon  to  tho  year  ol  Jubilee,  and  it  shall  hcaUitcd, 
—  Lev.  xxvii. 

I  reckoned  above  two  htindred  and  lilly  on  the  outsidf'  of  tlie 
church.  ji'ltliaon. 

2.  To  esteem  ;  to  account ;  to  repute.     Rom.  viii. 

For  him  I  reckon  not  in  high  estate.  Mtlfon, 

3.  To  repute ;  to  set  in  the  number  or  rank  of. 

He  was  reckoned  among  the  Irausgressors,  —  Lnkc  xxii. 

4.  To  make  account  or  reckoning  of.    Rom.  iv. 
RECK'ON,  V.  i.     Tu  reason  with  one's  self  and  con- 
clude from  arguments. 

1  reckoned  till  moniing",  that  u  a  lion,  8o  will  he  break  all  my 
bones,  —  Is.  xxxviii. 

2.  To  charge  to  account ;  with  on. 

1  call  poatcrity 
Into  tlie  debt,  and  reckon  on  her  head.  B.  Jonson. 

3.  To  pay  a  penalty ;  to  be  answerable ;  with  for. 

If  they  fail  id  their  bounden  duty,  ihey  ehall  reckon  for  ii  one 
day.  !SiindeTSOn. 

4.  To  tliink  ;  to  suppose  ;  as,  I  reckon  he  has  arrived. 
[In  this  last  sense,  the  word  is  provincial  in  Eng- 
land, and  is  used  to  an  excess  in  the  middle  and  south- 
ern parts  of  the  United  States,  corresponding  to  tliat 
of  guess  in  the  northern.  — Ed.] 

To  reckon  with :  to  slate  an  account  witli  another, 
compare  it  with  his  account, ascertain  the  aniountof 
each,  and  the  balance  which  one  owes  to  the  other. 
In  this  manner  the  country  people  of  New  England, 
who  have  mutual  dealings,  reckon  witJi  each  other  at 
the  end  of  each  year,  or  as  often  as  they  think  fit. 

Ailrr  a  lone:  tUni  the  lord  of  those  een-anU  cometh,  and  reckon- 
Cth  uiiUi  ttfm.  —  Mall.  XXV. 

2.  To  call  to  punishment. 

God  sulTera  the  most  ^icvous  sins  of  particular  pprsona  to  go 
unpnnishod  in  this  world,  because  his  Justice  will  have 
anodier  opportunity  to  mt'ct  and  reckon  tailh  them. 

TUlQlaon. 

To  reckon  on  or  upon ;  to  lay  stress  or  dependence 

on.     He  reckons  on  the  support  of  his  friends. 
RECK'ON-£0,  (rck'nd,)  pp.    Counted;    numbered; 

esteemed  ;  reputed  ;  computed ;  set  or  assigned  to 

in  account. 
RECK'ON-ER,  (rek'n-er,)  n.    One  who  reckons  or 

computes. 

Ifeckoner3  withont  their  host  mu*t  reckon  twice.  Camden. 

RECK'ON-ING,  (rek'n-ing,)  ppr.  Counting;  com- 
puting; esteeming;  reputing;  stating  an  account 
mutually. 

RECK'ON-ING,  n.  The  act  of  counting  or  com- 
puting-, calculation. 

*2.  An  account  of  time.  Sandys. 

3.  A  statement  of  accounts  with  another  ;  a  state- 
ment and  comparison  of  accounts  mutually  for  ad- 
justment ;  as  in  the  proverb,  "  i^Uori  reckonings  make 
long  friends." 

'I'he  way  to  make  reckonin's  even,  is  to  make  them  oflen. 

SouVi. 

4.  The  charges  or  account  made  by  a  host. 


5.  Account  taken.    2  Kings  xxii. 

6.  Esteem  ;  account ;  estimation. 

You  make  no  fnrthpr  reckoning  of  bcanty,  than  of  an  outward 
fading  benefit  nature  bestowed.  Sidnet/. 

7.  In  navigation,  an  account  of  the  ship's  course 
and  distance,  calculated  from  the  log-board  without 
the  aid  of  celestial  observation.  This  account  from 
the  log-board  is  usually  called  the  dead-reckoning. 

Mar.  Diet. 
RECK'OX-ING-BOpK,  H.    A  book  in  which  money 

received  and  expended  is  entered.  Johnson. 

RE-€LaIM',  v.  t.     [Fr.  reclamer ;    L.  rcclamo  ;  re  and 
clamo,  to  call.    See  Claim.] 

1.  To  claim  back  ;  to  demand  lo  have  returned. 
The  vender  may  reclnim  the  goods.  Z.  StDift- 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— MeTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.— 
—  —  -  ' 


REC 


REC 


•2.  To  call  back  from  error,  wandering,  or  irans- 
grciidion,  to  the  observance  of  moral  rectitude;  to 

reform  ;  to  bring  back  lu  correct  deporlincut  or  course 
of  life. 

Il  b  the  intcnlion  of  ProWdeiice,  id  its  vanuus  expressions  of 


goodness,  to  redaim  oiaiikiiKt. 

To  reduce  to  the  slate  desired. 

Much  Inbor  is  r?fliiir«l  in  trees,  to  tame 
Tbeir  wilJ  diiortler,  anil  in  nuilis  ncc-'aim. 

To  call  back  ;  to  restrain. 

Or  is  h-r  loweriii'  6.\ghl  redaiined. 


Bogcrt. 


Pnjden, 


Prior. 


,uiJ  IHoOand]  sn.ilched  from  an  elemei-l  perpetually 
1:715  lis  priur  occ'.tpancv'.  Coxc,  Suniz. 


By  seas  from  Icinis'  downfall  named  i 

5.  To  recall ;  to  cry  out  a^insl. 

The  iKaiUming  horses  burriwl  Octivius  alou^,  and  weri?  <Vaf  [o 
bis  recktinung  llit-'in.     [Unusual.]  Dryden. 

G.  To  reduce  from  a  wild  to  a  tame  or  domestic 
stale;  to  tame;  to  make  gentle;  as,  to  Teclaim  a 
bawk,  an  eagle,  or  a  wild  beast.  Drijden. 

7.  To  reduce  to  a  slate  fit  fur  cuUivalion  ;  a;iplied 
to  lands  submerged  by  water. 

8.  To  demand  or  challenge  ;  lo  make  a  claim  ;  a 
French  use. 

9.  In  ancietit  cu^toins,  to  pursue  and  recall,  as  a 
vassal.  Kncijc. 

10.  To  encroach  on  what  has  been  taken  from 
one  ;  lo  attempt  to  recover  possession, 

A  tr.ia  of  I, 
redaimi 

RE-CLaIM',  V.  >.    To  crj-  out;  lo  exclaim.        Pope. 
KE-CLaIM'A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  reclaimed,  re- 

fonned,  or  tamed. 
RE-CLaIM'ANT,  n.     One  that  opposes,  contradicts, 

or  remonstrates  against.  Waterland. 

RE-€I-\IM'£D,  pp.    Recalled  from  a  vicious  life  ;  re- 

forroL-d  ;  tamed  ;  domerticaled  ;  recovered. 
RE-GLAlM'tNG,  ppr.    Recalling  to  a  regular  course 
of  life  :  reforming;  recovering;  taking;  demanding. 
RE-eLAIM'LESS,  a.    Nt-t  to  be  reclaimed.         Lee. 
REe-LA-MA'TION,  n.     Recover^-. 

9.  Demand  ;  challenge  of  something  to  be  restored  ; 
claim  made.  '  Qallatin. 

REe'LI-NATE,  a.     [L.  rcduicUus.     See  Recline.! 
In  botann^  reclined,  as  a  leaf;  bent  downward,  so 
that  the  point  of  the  leaf  is  lower  than  ttie  base. 

Marty  n. 
A  redinate  stem  is  one  that  bends  in  an  arch 
toward  the  eanh.  Lee. 

REC-LI-Na'TIOX,  71.  The  act  of  leaning  or  re- 
clining. 

2.  In  dialins^^  the  angle  which  the  plane  of  the 
dial  makes  with  a  vertical  plane  which  it  inter- 
sects in  a  horizontal  line.  Brande. 
RE-GLINE',  p.  (.  [L.  reclino  ;  re  and  ctino,  to  lean.] 
To  lean  back ;  lo  lean  to  one  side  or  sidewise  ; 
as,  to  recline  the  head  on  a  pillow,  or  on  the  bosom 
of  another,  or  on  the  arm. 

The  mother 
Reclined  bei  dying  head  upon  his  breast.  Dryden, 

RE-GLINE',  r.  1.    To  lean  ;  to  rest  or  repose ;  as,  lo 

recline  on  a  couch. 
RE-€LTXE',  a.     [L.  rccUnv?.'] 

Leaning  ;  being  in  a  leaning  posture. 

They  sat,  recline, 
On  ilie  soft,  domiv  bonk  danvuked  with  flowers.  ^Kton. 

[LillU  used.] 

RE-GLTX'ED,  pp.    Inclined  back  or  sidewise. 
RE-eLIX'ING,   ppr.      Leaning   back    or    sidewise  ; 

resting :  Iving. 
RE-eLoSE'',  V.  t.    \re  and  cJose.1    To  close  or  shut 

ai'ain.  Pope. 

RE  €L6S'J=:D,  pp.     Closed  again. 
RE-€LoS'ING,  ppr.    Closing  again. 
RE-€LuDE',  V.  L     [L.  rediido;  re  and  claudo,  cludo.] 
To  open.     [Little  jispjL]  Harvey. 

RE-€LrSE',  a.     [Fr.  red'LS,  from  L.  rechisits,  rectudo, 

but  with  a  signiticalion  directly  opposite.] 
Shut  up ;  sequestered  ;  retired  from  the  world  or 

from  public  notice;  solitary;  as,  a  rcc?U5«  monk  or 

hennit ;  a  redtise  life. 

I  all  the  lis^elong  day 
CotiBunie  in  m^diiation  deep,  Tccluee 
From  humao  converse.  Philipt. 

RE-eLCSE',  n.  A  person  who  lives  in  retirement  or 
seclusion  from  intercourse  with  ihe  world,  as  a  her- 
mit or  monk. 

2.  One  of  a  class  of  religious  devotees  wiio  li%-e 
in  single  cells,  usually  attached  to  monasteries. 

Brande. 

RE-€LtjSE'LY,  adv.  In  retirement  or  seclusion  from 
society. 

RE-€LuSE'NESS,  n.  Retirement;  seclusion  from 
societv. 

RE-CLv'SION,  (re-klu'zhun,)  n.  A  slate  of  retire- 
ment from  the  world  ;  seclusion. 

RE-GLG'SIVE,  a.    Affording  retirement  from  society. 

Shak. 

RE-€0-AO-U-La'TION,  n.  [re  and  coagulation.]  A 
second  coagulation.  Boyle. 

RE-CoAST',  F.  (.  To  coast  back ;  lo  return  along  Ihe 
same  coast.  Chandler. 

RE-CoAST'ED,  pp.  Returned  along  the  same 
coast. 


RE-CoAST'ING,  ppr.    Coasting  again  or  back. 
RE-CUCT',  a,     [h.  recoctus^  rccoquo.] 

New  vampeu.     [jVof  uxcd.\  Taylor. 

RE-eOC'TIOX,  71.    A  second  coction  or  preparation. 
REe-OG-M"TION,  (rek-og-nish'un,)  n.     [L.  recog- 
nitio.'] 

1.  Acknowledgment ;  formal  avowal  ;  as,  the 
recognition  of  a  final  concord  on  a  writ  of  covenant. 

Bacon. 
9.  Acknowledgment ;  memorial.  Wiite. 

3.  Acknowledgment ;  solemn  avowal  by  which  a 
tiling  is  owned  or  declared  to  belong  to,  or  by  which 
th-j  remembrance  of  il  is  revived. 

TUc  livfs  ffsuchsaiutshad,  at  Uie  time  of  llieir  yearly  memoriajs, 
soltniii  recogiation  in  the  cliuicli  of  God.  Hooker. 

4,  Knowledge  confessed  or  avowed  ;  as,  the  rceog- 
nitiim  of  a  thing  present ;  memory  of  it  as  passed. 

Grew. 
RE-€OG'NI-TOR,  n.    One  of  a  jury  upon  assize. 

Blaclistone. 
RE-eOG'NI-TO-RY,  a.     Pertaining  to  or  connected 

with  recognition.  C.  Lamb. 

RE-COG'Nl-ZA-BLE,  (re-kog'ne-za-bl  or  re-kon'e-za- 
bl,)  a.  [from  rccoirnizc.]  That  may  be  recognized, 
known,  or  acknowledged.  Orient.  Collections. 

RE-COG'NI-ZANCE,  (re-kog'ne-zans  or  re-kon'e- 
zaiis,)  n.     [Fr.  rcconnoissance.] 

[Among  hmyers,  the  g  in  this  and  the  cognate 
words  is  usually  silent.] 

1.  Acknowledgment  of  a  person  or  thing;  avowal ; 
profession  ;  as,  the  rcroc-nizance  of  Christians,  by 
which  they  avow  their  belief  in  their  religion. 

Hooker, 

2.  In  law,  an  obligation  of  record  which  a  man 
enters  into  before  some  court  of  record  or  magistrate 
duly  authorized,  with  condition  to  do  some  particu- 
lar "act,  as  to  appear  at  the  assizes,  to  keep  the  peace, 
or  pay  a  debt.  A  recognizance  differs  from  a  bond, 
beingwitnessed  by  the  record  only,  and  not  by  the 
party's  seal.  There  is  also  a  recognizance  in  the  na- 
ture'of  a  statute  staple,  :icknowledged  before  either 
of  the  chief  justices  or  their  substitutes,  the  mayor 
of  the  staple  at  ^Vestmin^ter,  and  the  recorder  of 
London,  which  is  to  be  enrolled  and  cerlitied  into 
chancery.  Blackstoue. 

3.  The  verdict  of  a  jury  impaneled  upon  as.=ize. 

Cotcell. 
REC'OG-NIZE,  (rek'og-nize  or  rek'o-nize,)  v.  t.  [It. 
riconoscere ;  Sp.  reconoccr ;  Y'r.  reconnoitre ;  L.  recog- 
nosco ;  re  and  cognosco,  to  know.  The  "■  in  these 
words  has  properly  no  sound  in  English.  It  is  not  a 
part  of  the  root  of  the  word,  being  written  merely  to 
give  to  con  the  French  sound  of  int,  or  that  of  the 
Spanish  n,  and  this  sound  does  not  properly  belong 
to  our  language.] 

1.  To  recollect  or  recover  the  knowledge  of,  either 
with  an  open  avowal  of  that  knowledge  or  not 
We  recog-niie  a  person  at  a  distance,  when  we  recol- 
lect that"  we  have  seen  him  before,  or  that  we  have 
formerly  known  him.  We  recog-nize  his  features  or 
his  voice. 

Speak,  vassal ;  recognize  tby  sovereign  queen.  Harte. 

2.  To  admit  with  a  formal  acknowledgment ;  as, 
to  recognize  an  obligation  ;  to  recognize  a  consul. 

3.  To  review  ;  to  rt'examine.  South. 
RECOG-NlZE,  V.  i.    To  enter  an  obligation  of  record 

before  a  proper  tribunal.       A   B  ruognized  iu  the 

sum  of  twenty  pounds. 
REe'OG-i\IZ--ED,  pp.    Acknowledged  ;  recollected  as 

known  ;  bound  bv  recognizance. 
RE-€OG-NI-ZEE','(re-kog-ne-zee'  or  re-kon-e-zeo',)  n. 

The  person  to  whom  a  recognizance  is  made. 

Blackstone. 
RECOG-NTZ-ING,  ppr.   .Acknowledging ;  recollecting 

as  known  ;  entering  a  recognizance. 
RE-eOG-N[-ZOR',(re-kog-ne-znr'  or  re-kon-e-zor',)  n. 

One  who  enters  into  a  recognizance.  Blackstone. 
RE-COIL',  c.  i.     [Fr.  recnler,  to  draw  back;  recK?,  a 

recoil ,"  Arm.  arguila ,-    Fr.  cul,  Sp.  cm/o,  Arm.    gU, 

gnily  the  back  part ,  W.  ciliaw,  to  recede  ;  It.  rinca- 

lare ;  Sp.  recular.] 

1.  To  move  or  start  back  ;  to  roll  back  ;  as,  a  can- 
non recoils  when  fired ;  waves  recoil  from  the  shore. 

2.  To  fall  back  ;  to  retire.  Milton. 

3.  To  rebound  ;  as,  the  blow  recoils.         Dryden. 

4.  To  retire ;  to  flow  back ;  as,  the  blood  recoils 
with  horror  at  the  sight. 

5.  To  start  back ;  to  shrink.  Nature  recoils  at  the 
bloody  deed. 

0.  To  return.    The  evil  will  recoil  upon  his  own 
head. 
RE-COIL',  V.  t.    To  drive  back.    [JVbt  iised.] 

Spenser. 
RE-COIL',  n.    A  starting  or  falling  back  ;  as,  the  re- 
coil of  nature  or  the  blood. 

5.  The  reaction  or  resilience  of  fire-arms  when 
disrharized. 
RE-COIL'ER.  n.    One  who  falls  back  from  his  proro- 

i;:e  or  profession. 
RE-COIL'ING,  ppr.     Starting  or  falling  back;  re- 
tiring ;  shrinking. 
RE-COIL'ING,  71.   The  actof  starting  or  falling  back  ; 
a  shrinking;  revolt.  Sottth. 


REC 

RE-COIL'ING-LY,  adv.  With  starting  back  or  retro- 
cession. 

RE-COIL'.MENT,  n.    The  act  of  recoiling. 

RE-COIN',  c.  (.  [re  and  coin.]  To  coin  anew;  as, 
to  rccai/i  gold  or  silver, 

RE-COI.N'AGE,  n.    The  act  of  coining  anew. 
2.  That  which  is  coined  anew. 

RE-COL\'£n,  pp.    Coined  anew. 

RE-COIN'ING.  ppr.    Coining  anew. 

REC-OL-LECT',  r.  t  [re  and  ccOect;  L.  tecoUigOy 
TecoUcctus.\ 

1.  To  collect  again;  applied  to  ideas  Vtat  kare  es- 
caped from  the  memory  :  to  recover  or  call  back  ideas 
to  the  memory.  I  recollect  what  was  said  at  a  former 
interview  ;  or  I  can  not  recollect  what  was  said. 

2.  To  recover  or  recall  the  knowledge  of;  to  linng 
back  to  the  mind  or  memory  ;  to  remember.  I  met  a 
man  whom  I  thought  I  had  seen  before,  but  I  could 
not  recollect  his  name,  or  the  place  where  I  had  seen 
him.    I  do  not  recollect  you,  sir. 

3.  To  recover  resolution  or  composure  of  mind. 

The  Tyriin  gurcn 
Ailmirrd  liis  forlunra,  more  odinireu  the  man  ; 
Then  recollected  alood.  Dryden. 

[In  this  sense,  Collected  is  more  generally  used.] 

RE-COL-LECT',  v.  t.  To  gather  again ;  to  collect 
what  has  been  scattered  ;  as,  to  re-eoUect  routed 
troops. 

REC'OL-LECT,  n.     See  Recollet. 

REC-OI^LECT'ED,  pp.    Recalled  to  the  memory. 

REC-OL-LEeTaXG,  ppr.  Recovering  to  the  mem- 
ory. 

REC  OL-LEC'TION,  it.  The  act  of  recilling  to  the 
memory,  as  ideas  that  have  escaped ;  or  the  opera- 
tion by  which  ideas  are  recalled  to  the  memory  or 
revived  in  the  mind.  Recollection  differs  from  remem- 
brance, as  it  is  the  consequence  of  volition,  or  an 
effort  of  the  mind  lo  revive  ideas:  where:ts  remem- 
brance lEnpIies  no  such  volition.  We  often  rrmrmber 
things  without  any  voluntary  effort.  RuvUeetion  is 
called  also  reminiscence, 

2.  The  power  of  recalling  ideas  to  the  mind,  or 
Ihe  period  within  which  things  can  be  recollected  ; 
remembrance.  The  evenl3  mentioned  are  nol  with- 
in my  recollectiov. 

3.  In  popular  language,  recollection  is  ased  as  sy- 
nonymous with  remembrance. 

RECOL-LECT'IVE,  a.  Having  Ihe  power  of  recol- 
lecting. Foster. 

REC'OL-LET,  n.     [Sp.  and  Port,  recoleU.] 

.\  monk  of  a  reformed  order  of  Franciscans. 

RE-COL-O-NI-Za'TION,  n.     A  second  colonization. 

£.  Everett, 

RE-COL'O-NTZE,  v.  t.    To  colonize  a  second  time. 

RE-COL'0-XTZ-IXG,  ppr.    Colonizini:  a  second  time. 

RE-€0-M-BI-NA'TIO.\,  n.  Combination  a  second 
lime. 

RE-COM-BINE',  v.  t.  [re  and  combijie.]  To  combine 
again. 

if  we  recomHne  Ui'^se  two  elastic  fiuiils.  LasoUitr. 

RE-COM-BTN'ED,  pp.    Combined  anew. 
RE-COM-BIN'ING,  ppr.     Combining  again. 

RE-COM'FORT,  (re-kumTurt)  r.  (-     [re  and  cor-r 
To  comfort  again  ;  to  console  anew,  Sfiir  -j. 

2.  To  give  new  strength.  Bacon. 

RE-COM'FORT-ED,  p/t.    Comforted  again. 

RE-CO.M'FORT-1\G,  ppr.    Comforting  again. 

RE-CO.M'FORT-LESS,  a.  Wilhout  comfort.  [JiTot 
itsed.]  Spender. 

RE-CO.M-ME\CE',  (re-koin-mens',)  r.  /.  [re  and  com- 
mence.]   To  commence  again  ;  lo  besin  anew. 

RE-eOiM-MENC'£D,  (-kom-menst',)  pp.  Commenced 
anew. 

RE-COM-MENCE'MENT,jj.  A  commencement  anew. 

RE  eOM-.MHXC'lNG,  ppr.     Beginning  again. 

REC-OM-MEND',  v.  t.  [re  and  commend;  Fr.  rccom- 
mandcr.] 

1.  To  praise  to  another;  to  offer  or  commeno  to 
another's  notice,  confidence,  or  kindness,  by  favor- 
able representations. 

Micccnas  rcco-rimended  Virgil  and  Horace  to  Augustus. 

Dryden. 

[In  this  sense,  Comme:td,  though  less  common,  is 
the  preferable  word.] 

2.  To  make  acceptable. 


A  ikt-'nt  bolilncss  ever  meets  with  friends, 

SiicMeds,  and  e*eu  a  atranger  recommends.  Pope. 

3.  To  ccmmit  with  prayers. 

Paul  chose  Silas  and  departed,  bei^s  recommend^  by  the  brelh- 
rcn  to  Uie  grace  of  God.  — Acta  xv. 

[Commend  here  is  much  to  be  preferred.] 

REe-OM-MEND'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  recom- 
mended ;  worthv  of  recommendation  or  praise. 

OlanriUe. 

REC-OM-MEXD'A-BLENESS,  n.  The  qualily  of 
being  recoinmendable. 

RF.C-OM-MEXD'A-BLY,  adv.  So  as  to  deserve  rec- 
ommendation. _  ^  , 

REC-OM-MEND-A'TION,  M.  The  actof  recommend- 
ing or  of  commending;  the  act  of  representmg  m  a 
favorable  manner  for  the  purpose  of  procuring  the 
notice,  confidence,  or  civilities  of  another,    U  e  in- 


TCNE,  ByLL,  ^NITE.— AN"GER,  V1"CI0US.  — €  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  3H;  TH  33  in  THIS. 


9L9 


RKC 

trodiicc  a  friend  td  a  stranger  by  a  rccomtiicjulatictt  of 
iiis  virtues  ur  acconiplishmciits. 

'2.  Tiiat  which  procures  a  kind  or  favorahle  rccep- 
tini).  'J'he  best  recommendation  of  a  man  to  frivor  is 
politeness.  JMisturtune  is  a  recommendation  to  our 
pitv. 

UE€-0.M.M1-:N1)'A-T0-RY,  fl.  TJiat  coininend^!  to 
aui  tlicr;  that  rcconinicncls.  Madison.     Swift. 

RK€()M-MEND'EO,  /./J.  Praised  ;  commended  to 
anotlier. 

Ri:e-()M-ME\D'ER,  n.     One  who  commend.^. 

REe-O.M-MEND'ING,  ;•;"••  I'raising  to  another;  com- 
mending. 

RI^eOM-MIS'SIOX,  (-kom-mish'un,)  v.  U  [re  and 
commission.]    To  commission  again. 

Olliwra  \vho6C  lime;  of  service  h.i.I  expireil  were  lo  Iw  rccomnaa- 
tioned.  Marshall. 

RE-roM-.MIS'SION-JCn,7»;i.     Commissioned  acain, 

R1-:  tM  KM-MI.'^'SION-ING,  ppr.  C<iniin!ssionini;'"a'.';un. 

RE  C<i3i  .Ml'I'',  V.  t.  [re  and  comntit.]  To  commit 
again  ;  as,  lo  recommit  persons  to  pristm.  Clarendon. 
9.  To  refer  again  to  a  coinniitlee ;  as,  to  recommit 
a  hill  to  Ihf  same  cornniillee. 

RE  COM-MI'l'MEiNT,  /  ».   A  second  r.r  renewed  com- 

RE-€nM->iri'''J'AL,  (  niiiMionti  a  renewed  refer- 
ence til  a  coiiiiniltcc. 

RE-eOM-MIT'TEDj  pp.  Committed  anew  ;  referred 
again. 

RE-eOM-MIT'TlNG,  ppr.  Committing  again;  re- 
ferring again  to  a  committee. 

RE-COM-MU'NI-CaTE,  v.  /".  [re  and  commnnictite.] 
To  communicate  again. 

RE-eOM-PACT',  V.  t.  [re  and  compact.]  To  join 
anew. 

R'>p;nr 
And  recompacl  my  scattered  bi.n\j.  Donne. 

RE-COM-PACT'ED,  pp.    Joined  anew. 
RE-eOJI-PA€T'ING,  ppr.    Juining  anew. 
RE-€OM-PEN-Sa'TION,  n.      Recompense.       [JVot 

used.] 
REC'OM-PENSE,  v.  t.     [Fr.  recompensct- ;  re  and  cojb- 

penscr.] 

1.  To  compensate;  to  make  return  of  an  equiva- 
lent for  any  thing  given,  done,  or  suffered  :  as,  to  rec- 
ompense a  person  for  services,  for  fidelity,  or  for  sacri- 
fices of  time,  for  loss  or  damages. 

The  word  is  followed  by  the  person  or  the  service. 
Wo  recompense  a.  person  for  his  services,  or  v/o  recom- 
pense his  kindness.  It  is  usually  found  more  easy  to 
neglect  than  to  recompense  a  favor. 

2.  To  requite ;  to  repay  ;  to  return  an  equivalent ; 
in  a  bad  sense. 

RecomjJense  lo  no  man  evil  for  evil. —  Roin,  xij. 

3.  To  make  an  equivalent  return  in  profit  or  prod- 
uce. TJie  labor  of  man  is  recompensed  by  the  fruits 
of  the  earth. 

4.  To  compensate  ;  to  make  amends  by  any  thing 
equivalent. 

Solymnn  —  snid  lie  would  find  occ.ision  for  them  to  recompeme 
thai  disgrace.  Knolies. 

5.  To  make  restitution  or  an  eiiuivalent  return  for. 
JSTinn.  V. 

RE€'O.Ar-PENSE,  n.  An  eiuiiv^Jcnt  returned  for  any 
thing  given,  done,  or  sutFt-rcd  ;  compensation;  re- 
ward ■,  amends ;  as,  a  recompense  for  ser\'ices,  for 
damages,  for  loss,  &c. 

2.  Requital;  return  of  evil  or  suffering  or  other 
equivalent ;  as  a  punishment. 

To  Die  l>"Ionj''th  ven^o.iiice  and  recompense.  —  Deut.  xxxii. 
And  fvery  transgression  and  diayLie'limc?  received  a  just  recoTn- 
jiensc  of  reward.  —  Hob.  ii. 

REe'O.M-PENS-£D,  (-penst,)  pp.    Rewarded  ;  requi- 
ted. 
REC'OM-PENS-ING,  ppr.      Rt-.vurding  ;    compensa- 
ting; requiting. 
RE-€OM-PILE'MENT,«.    [re  nnd  coinpitcment.]  New 
conjpilalion  or  digest ;  as,  a  recompilcmcnt  of  laws. 

Bacon. 
RE-eOM-PoSE',  r.  /.     [re  and  compose.] 

I.  'J\)  quiet  anew  ;  to  comjiose  or  tranquilize  that 
which  is  riifflfd  or  disturbed ;  as,  to  rccuwpose  the 
mind.  Taylor. 

9.  To  compose  anew  ;  to  form  or  atljust  again. 

We  produced  a  lovely  piirplf ,  wliicli  we  can  cl'.-slroy  or  rccom- 
pose  nl  pleasure.  Voy!c. 

RE-€OM-PoS'£D,  (-poKd',)  pp.  ftuieted  again  after 
agitation  ;  formed  anew  ;  composed  a  second  time. 

RE-eOM-PoS'INC,  ppr.  Rendering  tranquil  after 
agitation  ;  forming  or  adjusting  anew. 

RE-eOM-PO-SI"TION,  (-kom  po-/.ish'un,)  n.  Com- 
position renewed. 

REC-ON-ClL'A-BLE,  a.  Capable  of  being  reconcil- 
ed i  capable  of  renewed  friendship.  The  parties  are 
not  rccancilable. 

9.  That  may  be  made  to  agree  or  be  consistent; 
consistent. 

Tlic  diU'crenl  accounts  of  Ihe  iinuil>srs  of  ships  are  reconrilahfe. 

ArbutJiitol. 

3.  Capable  of  being  atljusted;  as,  the  difference 
between  the  parties  is  reconcilable. 

REe-ON-CTL'A-BLE-NESS,  n.    The  quality  of  being 


REG 

reconcilable  ;  consistency  ;  as,  the  reconcUablcncss  of 
parts  of  PcripUirc  which  apparently  disagree. 

9.  Possibility  of  being  restored  to  friendship  and 
harmonv. 

REe-0.\-Cri/A-RLY,  adv.    In  a  reconcilable  manner. 

RKG-C)N-ClEE',  r.  (.  [Er.  TeconcUier;  h.  reeoncilio ; 
re  and  condlio ,-  con  aiul  caloy  to  call^  Gr.  koXlu,  The 
literal  sense  is,  to  call  back  into  union.] 

J.  To  conciliate  anew  ;  to  call  back  into  union  and 
friendsliip  the  affections  which  have  been  alienated; 
to  restore  to  friendship  or  favor  after  estrangement ; 
as,  to  reconcile  men  or  parties  that  have  been  at  va- 
riance. 

Propitious  »ow  and  recondlrd  by  prayer.  Dryikn. 

fio  thy  way  ;  llrsl  be  reconciled  to  thy  brolb'-r.' — Matt.  v. 
We  pny  yon  in  Chrisl's  btc.id  be  yc  reconciled  to  Uod.  —  2  Cor. 
V.     ICpIi.  ii.     Col.  i. 

9.  To  bring  to  acquiescence,  content,  or  qtiiet  sub- 
mission ;  with  to  ;  as,  to  reconcile  one's  self  fo  afllic- 
tions.  It  is  our  duly  lo  be  reconciled  to  the  dispensa- 
tions of  Providence. 

3.  'J'o  make  consistent  or  congruous ;  to  bring  to 
agreement  or  suitableness  ;  followed  by  with  or  to. 

The  5^at  inrii  amon^  liie  aixicnts  understootl  how  to  reconcile 

ntaiiual  labor  with  utTain  of  state.  Locke. 

Some  fig'urcs  monstrous  ami  miashapcd  appear, 
Conaidcn-d  singly,  or  beheld  Loo  near; 
Whichj  but  proporiioued  lo  their  light  and  place, 
Dne  disHiice  recondleit  lo  form  antl  grace.  Pope. 

4.  To  atljust;  to  settle;  as,  to  rcco;ici7c  liilferences 
or  quarrels. 

REC-ON-CiL'iCD,  pp.  or  a.    Brought  into  friendship 

from  a  state  of  disagreement  or  enmity  ;  made  con- 

.sistent ;  adjusted. 
REe-ON-CILE'iMENT,  n.     Reconciliation;   renewal 

of  friendsliip.     Animosities  sometimes  make  recoih 

ci(eme)it  impracticable. 

2.  Friendship  renewed. 

No  cloud 
Of  nn;er  sh:;!!  remain,  but  peace  assured 
Ami  rcconcUcinent.  Millon, 

REC-ON-CiL'ER,  n.  One  who  reconciles;  one  who 
brings  parties  at  variance  into  renewed  friendship. 

Fell. 
9.  One  who  di.^covers  the  consistence  of  proposi- 
tions. J^orris. 
REe-OiV-CIL-I-A'TIOxN,  71.     [Fr.,   from   L.  rcconcil- 
iatio.] 

1.  The  act  of  reconciling  parties  at  variance  ;  re- 
newal of  friendship  after  disagret^ment  or  enmity. 

Hcmndliation  and  fri -ndship  with  Uod,  really  furm  the  basis  of 
nil  nitional  and  Irnc  enjoyment.  S.  Miller. 

9.  In  Scripture^  the  means  by  which  siimers  are 
reconciled  and  brought  into  a  state  of  favor  with 
Goil,  after  nntural  estrangement  or  enmity ;  tiie  atone- 
ment ;  expiation. 

Seventy  weeks  are  delcrmiTied  upon  thy  people  and  upon  thy 
holy  city,  to  finish  Uie  transgression  and  lo  make  an  end  of 
ain,  and  to  malic  reconriPiation  lor  iniquitv.  —  Dan.  ix. 
Heb.  ii. 

3.  Agreement  of  things  seemingly  oppQsite,  differ- 
ent, or  inconsistent.  Romrs. 

REC-ON-CIL'I-A-TO-RY,  a.  AMe  or  tending  "lo  rec- 
oncile. Hall. 

REC-ON-CTL'ING,  ppr,  Bringing  into  favor  and 
friendship  after  variance  ;  bringing  to  content  or  sat- 
isfaction ;  showing  to  be  consii^lent ;  adjusting; 
makine  to  agree. 

RE-€ON-UEN-PA'T[ON,  n.  The  act  of  recondensing. 

RE-eON-DE\SE',  {re-kon-dens',)  v.  t.  [re  and  con- 
dense]    To  condense  again.  Boyle. 

RE-CON  DEXS'Kn,  (-drnsl',)  ;./>.    Condensed  anew. 

RE-COX-nEX.'^'lNG,  ppr.     Condensing  again. 

REC'ON-lU'i'E,  a.  [L.  rccondittis,  rccondo  i  re  and 
condo,  to  conceal.] 

1.  Secret;  hidden  from  the  view  or  intellect;  ab- 
struse ;  as,  recondite  causes  of  things, 

2.  Profound;  dealing  in  things  abstruse;  as,  rec- 
ondite studies. 

RE-€ON'DI-TO-RY,  v.  [Supra.J  A  repositoiy ;  a 
storehouse  or  magazine.     [Ltirit  used.]  .Hsh. 

RE-eON-DUeT',i-.  t.  [re  and  amduct.]  To  conduct 
back  or  again.  Dnjden. 

RE€nN-l)ireT'ED,7»;).     Conducted  back  or  again. 

RK  €(  )\-!)i;eT'JiNG,  ppr.    Conducting  back  or  again. 

RE  CoX-FiU.^i',  r.  t.  [re  and  covftrm.]  To  confirm 
ane^v.  Clarendon. 

RE  eoN-FiRM'CD,  pp.    Confirmed  anew. 

RE-eON-JOIN',  V.  t.  [re  and  conjoin.]  To  join  or 
conjoin  antjw.  Boyle. 

RE-C0N-J01N'/;i).  pp.    .Toincd  asain. 

RE.eON-J01N'h\f;,  ppr.    Joining  anew. 

RK-€0j\''jYOIS-SAA^CF.,  n.  [Fr.]  The  examination 
of  a  tract  of  country,  eiihcr  in  the  operations  of  war, 
or  with  a  view  to  the  construction  of  a  canal,  rail- 
road, .*cc.  P.  Cnc. 

RE-CON-NOI'TER,  )  V.  t.     [Fr.  reconnoitre;   r/and 

RE  e(-)N-i\OI'TRE,  \      connoitre,  to  know.] 

To  view  ;  to  survey  ;  to  examine  by  the  eye  ;  par- 
ticnlarly,  in  militai'y  affairs,  to  examine  the  state  of 
an  enemy's  army  or  camp,  or  the  ground  for  military 
operations. 

RE-eON-NOI'TER-£D,  \  pp.     Viewed  ;  examined  by 

RE-eON-NOI'TRKn,      i      personal  observation. 


REC 


[  ppr.     Viewing  ;   exaniiii- 
t      iiig  by  personal  observa- 


RE-€0N-N01'TER-ING, 
RE-CON-NOl'TRING, 

lion. 
RE-eON'aUER,  (ro-konk'er,)  v.  t.    [re  and  conquer: 

Fr.  rcronqncrir.] 

1.  To  comjuer  again  ;  to  recover  by  conquest. 

Daeics. 

2.  To  recover;  to  regain.     [.-J  French  nse.j 
RE-eUN'UUER-£D,  pj^  or  «.    Conquered  again;  re- 
gained. 

RE-eoN'UUER-ING,  j}pv.     Ctuiqucring  again;   re- 
covering. 

RE-CON'tiUEST,  (-kon'kwest,)   n.     A  second  con- 
quest. 

RE-COX'SE-CU.aTE,  v.  t.     [re  and  consecrate.]    To 
consi-r-rate  auv^w. 

RE-€0\'SE  CRa-TEH,  pp.     Consecrated  again. 

UE-eON'i?E-eR.\-TING,  ppr.    Consecrating  again. 

RE-eO.\-SE-eRA'TION,  H.     A  renewed    consecm- 
tion. 

RE-eON-SID'ER,  v.  t.    [re  and  co-:isidcr.]    'J'o  con- 
sider again  ;  to  turn  in  the  mind  again  ;  to  review. 

2.  In  deliberative  asscmhlies^  to  take  up  for  renewed 
consideration  that  which  has  been  previously  acted 
upon,  as  a  motion,  vote,  &.c. 

RE-CON-yiD-ER-A'TION,  n.     A  renewed  considera- 
tion or  review  in  the  mind. 

2.  In  deliberative  assembliesj  the  taking  up  for  re- 
new^ed  consideration  of  tliat  which  has  been  previ- 
ously acted  upon. 

RE-eON-SID'ER-EO,  pp.    Considered  again  ;  taken 
up  for  renewed  consideration. 

RE-eON-SID'ER-ING,  ppr.    Considering  again  ;  tak- 
ing up  for  renewed  consideration. 

RE-CON'SO-LaTE,  v.  t.    To  console  or  comfort  again, 
[JVot  in  use.]  IVutton. 


To  construct  again  ;  to  re- 


Act     of    conslrucliii" 


RE-eON-STRUCT' 

build. 
RE-eOX-STRUCT'ED,  pv.    Rebuilt. 
RE-eOi^-STRU€'TIOiY  "   " 

again. 
RE-CON-VeNE',  7'.  t.    [re  and  convene.]    To  convene 

or  call  togellier  again. 
RE-CON-V^eNE',  t'.  i.    To  assemble  or  come  togellu  r 

acain. 
RE-eON-VicN'SD,  pp.    Assembled  anew. 
RE-€ON-VeN'ING,  ppr.     Assembling  anew. 
RE-eON-VER'SlON,7f.     [rt- and  conccrdon.]     A  sec- 
ond conversion.  tVcccer. 
RE-€ON-VERT',  i\  t.     [re  and  convert.]     To  convert 

again. 
RE-€ON-VERT'ED,  jtp.    Converted  asain. 
RE-CON-VERT'ING,  ppr.     Converting  again. 
RE-eON-VEY',(-kon-va',)  v.  t.    [re  and  co7ivcy.]    To 

convey  back  or  to  its  former  place  ;  as,  to  reconvcy 

goods. 
9.  To  transfer  back  to  a  former  owner;  as,  to  rc- 

convnj  an  estate. 
RE-eON-VEY'Ai\CE,  {-kon-va'ans,)  n.    The  act  of 

reconveying  or  transferring  a  lille  back  to  a  Ibrmer 

propriety  r. 
RE-€ON-VEY'A'D,(-kon-vade',)7»p.    Conveyed  back ; 

transfcrii'd  to  a  former  owner. 
RE-CON- VEYTNG,  (kon-va'ing,)  ppr.     Conveying 

back  ;  transferring  to  a  former  owner 
RE-CORD',  V.  t.     [L.  recorder,  to  call  to  mind,  to  re- 
member, from  re  and  cor,  cordis,  the  heart  or  mind  ; 

Sp.  recordar,  to  remind,  also  to  awake  from  sleep; 

Port,  to  remind,  to  con  a  lesson,  or  get  by  heart;  Fr. 

recorder,  to  con  a  lesson,  also  to  record,] 

1.  To  register;  to  enroll;  to  write  or  enter  in  a 

book  or  on  parchment,  fur  tlic  purpose  of  preserving 

authentic  or  correct  evidence  of  a  thing  ;  as,  to  record 

the  proceedings  of  a  court ;  to  record  a  deed  or  lease; 

to  record  historical  events. 
9.  To  imprint  deeply  on  the  mind  or  memoiy ;  as, 

to  record  the  sayings  of  another  in  the  heart. 

Locke. 
3.  To  cause  fo  be  remembered. 


So  ev 


(id  uiuni  recorded  the  third  day. 


Milton. 


4.  To  recite  ;  to  repeat.     [JVot  in  vse.]     Fairfax. 

5.  To  call  to  mind.     [JVot  in  vse.]  Spenser. 
RE-CORD',  J'.  /.    To  sing  or  repeal  a  tunc.     [JVot  in 

vse.]  Shak. 

RECORD,  71.  A  register  ■,  an  authentic  or  official  copy 
of  any  writing,  or  account  of  any  facts  and  proceed- 
ings, entered  in  a  book  for  preservation  ;  or  the  book 
containing  such  copy  or  account ;  as,  the  records  of 
statutes  or  of  judicial  courts  ;  the  records  of  a  town 
or  parish.  Records  are  properly  the  registers  of 
(tfficial  transactions,  made  by  ofiicers  appointed  for 
the  purpose,  or  by  llie  otfiecr "whose  proceedings  are 
directed  by  law  to  be  recorded. 

9.  Authentic  memorial  ;  as,  the  records  of  past 
ages. 

Court  of  record,  is  a  court  whose  acts  and  judicial 
proceedings  are  enrolled  on  parchment  or  in  books 
for  a  perpetual  memorial  ;  and  their  recortis  are  the 
highest  evidence  of  facly,  and  their  truth  cannot  be 
called  in  question. 

Debt  of  record,  is  a  debt  which  appears  to  be  due 
by  the  evidence  of  a  court  of  record,  as  upon  a 
judgment  or  a  recognizance.  Blackstone. 


FaTE,  far,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MeTE,  PREY.  — PLVE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  EOOK.- 


REC 

Trial  b)i  record^  is  where  a  matter  of  record  is 
pleaded,  anJ  Ihc  opposite  party  pleads  that  there  is 
no  such  record.  In  this  case,  the  trial  i;!  by  inspec- 
tion of  the  record  itself,  no  other  evid^-nce  being  ad- 
niii-siblo.  Blackstonc. 

R  Ee^ORU-A'TION,  ».     [L.  rer,»rdatioA 

Rcnieuibraiice.     [A"o(  i«  nscJ]        SItaJ:.     IVotton. 

RE-€ORD'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Registered  ;  omcially  en- 
tered in  a  book  or  on  parcluiiont ;  imprinted  on  the 
nieuiorv. 

UF.-eORD'ER,  H.  A  pjrson  whose  official  duty  is  to 
register  writiiig-s  or  tmnsaclions;  ons  who  enrolls  or 
records. 

2.  The  chief  jndiciat  otlicer  of  sonie  cities  and 
boroughs;  so  called  because  his  conrt  is  a  court  of 
record.  Bramlc. 

3.  i^tjrmcr/y,  a  kind  of  ilugcoletor  winii  instrument. 

TiK.'  fi^irps  of  recorders,  flut  "s,  ami  pip;^,  ^ip-  etrtijlil ;  bul  llic 
recorder  h;Uti  a  I^ss  bon.-,  iuiil  a.  grt;itcr  above  iiml  Mow. 

D'.icon. 

KE-eORD'ER-SHir,  «.    The  oCrice  of  a  recr.rder. 
RE-€ORi)'IXG,    j'pr.      Regisiering ;    enrolling;   ini- 

printiiii;  on  the  menior\-. 
UE-GOKD'ING,  n.  Art  of  plucins  oil  record  ;  a  record. 
RE-eOUCH',  V.  i.     [re  and  cvadt'.}    To  retire  aqain  to 

a  lodse,  as  lions.  jyutton. 

RE-€0'UNT',  p.  (.     [Fr.  recorder i  Pp.  rccontai-i  It.  rac- 

contare  ;  re  and  count,] 
To  relate  in  detail  j  to  recite  ;  to  tell  or  narrate  the 

particulars  ;  to  rehearse. 

Sty  fro:ii  these  glorious  scciU  what  h.ip.rsl  flows, 

Iteco'tni  our  blessing,  ;i»[  coni^an;  uur  wo-s.  i}r>jden. 

RE-€OUNT'En,  pp.  Related  or  told  in  detail ;  recited. 
RE  COLWT'IXG,  ppr.      Relating  in   a  scries  ;   nar- 

ri'-lin'T. 
RJvCOVNT'ME.NT,  71.      Relation  in  detail  :   recital. 

[Litile  tLs-ed.]  Shak. 

RE-€'OUR'£:n,   for  Recovered   or  Recuhed.      [JVo( 

}iscdA  Spenser. 

RE-eOURSE',  7».     [Fr.rccours:  U.ricorso;  Sp.  rccur- 
so  ;  L.  recursus  ;  re  and  cursus^  cJirro,  to  Rin.] 
Litcrallity  a  runnini:  back  ;  a  return. 
1.  Return  :  new  attack.     [A'of  in  use.]      Brown. 
•?.  A  goin;j  to  with  a  request  or  application,  as  for 
aid  or  protection.     Children  have  recourse  to  their 
p.ireuts  for  assistance. 

3.  Application  of  efforts,  art,  or  labor.  The  gen- 
era! had  recourse  to  stratagem  to  effect  his  purpose. 

Our  l:vsl  recourse  Is  tLercrore  to  ovir  art.  Dryden. 

4.  Access.     \^Liitle  v^ed.] 

5.  Frequent  passage.  Shah. 

6.  TVUhout  recourse.  When  a  person,  v.iio  indorses 
over  a  note,  draft,  &c.,  to  another  per.-on,  adds  the 
words  tcitliont  recourse^  he  is  not  liable  to  fiay,  if  the 
maker  cf  the  note,  &:c.,  should  fail  to  make  pay- 
ment. Bouvier. 

RE-CoUR^E',  r.  I.     To  return.     [JVot  n-icd.]      Fox. 

RE-€oURSE'FI;L,  a.  Moving  alternately.  [Aoi  in 
lisr.]  Draiitoii, 

RE-eOV'ER,  (re-kuv'er,)  r.  (.  [Ft.  recouvrer ;  It.  n- 
coverare^  or  ricuperare ;  Sp.  and  Port,  rc-cobrar ;  L. 
Tccupero  ;  re  and  capio,  to  take.] 

1.  To  regain  ;  ro  g?l  or  obtain  that  which  was  lost ; 
as,  to  recover  stolen  goods  ;  to  recover  a  town  or  ter- 
ritorj'  which  an  enemy  had  taken  ;  to  recover  sight 
or  senses;  to  rfcocer  health  or  strength  after  sick- 
ness. 

D.i»!'I  recovered  all  tluit  the  Anwleliitcs  had  carried  away.  —  I 
Sam. XXX. 

?.  To  restore  from  sickness ;  as,  to  recover  one 
from  leprosy.     2  ETmgs  v. 

3.  To  revive  from  apparent  death  ;  as,  to  recover  a 
drowned  man. 

4.  To  gain  by  reparation  ;  to  repair  the  loss  of,  or 
to  repair  an  injury  done  by  neglect  j  as,  to  recover 
lust  time. 

Gcwi  men  have  lapses  and  f.ulmgs  to  lament 


ml  recover. 

Rogers, 

itate  by  liberation 


REC 

regained  or  recovered.    Goods  lost  or  sunk  in  tlie  : 
ocean  are  not  recoverable. 

■2.  That  may  be  restored  from  sickness. 

3.  That  may  be  brouglit  back  to  a  former  condition. 

A  f  rodigtd  conreo 
Is  like  the  Sim's,  Uil  nol  like  fib,  recoverable.  SJiak. 

A.  That  may  he  obtained  from  a  debtor  or  posses- 
sor.    The  debt  is  recoverable. 

RE-€CV'ER-/':D,  (-kuvt-rd,)  pp,  or  a.  Regained  ;  re- 
stored ;  obtained  by  judicial  decision. 

RE-€OV-ER-EE',  ti'.  In  /aw,  the  tenant  or  person 
against  whom  a  judgment  is  obtained  in  common  re- 
covery. Blachstonc. 

RE-GOV'ER-ING,  ppr.  RegaininEi;  obtaining  in  re- 
tmi!  or  by  judgment  in  law  ;  regaining  health. 

RE  eOV-ER-OR',  n.  In  taio,  the  demandant,  or  per- 
son who  obtains  a  judgment  in  his  favor  in  common 
recoverj'.  Blaclistone. 

RE-€0\''ER-V,  (-kuv'er-y,)  n.  The  act  of  regaining, 
retaking,  or  obtaining  possession  of  any  thing  lost, 
'i'he  crusades  were  intended  for  the  recovery  of  the 
Il'ily  Land  from  Ihc  Saracens.  We  offer  a  reward 
for  the  recwerij  of  stolen  goods. 

9.  Restoration  from  sickness  or  apparent  death. 
The  patient  has  a  slow  rccorrry  from  a  fever.  Re- 
coi-fnj  from  a  pulmonary  affection  is  seldom  to  be 
expected.  Directions  are  given  for  the  recovery  of 
drowned  persons. 

3.  The  cai)acity  of  being  restored  to  health.  The 
p;itient  is  past  recocenj. 

A.  The  obtaining  of  right  to  something  by  a  ver- 
dict and  judgment  of  court  from  an  opposing  party 
in  a  suit;  as,  the  recovery  of  debt,  damages,  and 
costs  by  a  plaintiff;  the  recovery  of  cost  by  a  defend- 
ant ;  the  recovery  of  land  in  ejectment. 

Common  recorcry^  in  /aw,  is  a  species  of  assurance 
by  matter  of  record,  or  a  suit  or  action,  actual  or  fic- 
lirioiis,  by  which  lands  are  recovered  against  the 
tenant  of  the  freeliold  ;  which  recovery  binds  all  per- 
sons, and  vests  an  absolute  fee-simple  in  the  recov- 
crar.  Blackstone, 

RE€'RE-AN-CV,  «.  A  cowardly  yielding;  mean- 
spirilcdness. 

REe'RE-.\NT,  a.  [Norm,  recreant,  cowardly,  prop- 
erly, crjing  out,  from  rccricr,  tliat  is,  begging.  See 
Craven.] 

1.  Cr>-ing  for  mercy,  as  a  combatant  in  the  trial  by 
bnille  ;  yielding  ;  hence,  cowardly  ;  mean-spirited. 
■2.  Apostate;  false.  [Blachstonc. 

Who,  for  50  many  benefits  received, 
Turned  recTtanl  to  God,  ingratc  and  false.  ARUon. 

REG'RE-ANT,  n.  One  who  yields  in  combat,  and 
cries  craven  ;  one  who  begs  for  meicy  ;  hence,  a 
mean-spirited,  cowardly  wretch.  Blackstone. 

REC'RE-aTE,  v.  t.  [L.  recreo  ;  re  and  crco,  to  create  ; 
Fr.  rccreer ;  It.  ricreare  ;  Sp.  recrear.] 

1.  To  refresh  after  toil ;  to  reanimate,  as  languid 
spirits  or  exhausted  strength  ;  to  amuse  or  divert  in 
weariness. 

Piiinlera,  when  ihey  work  on  white  grounds,  p'^ce  before  them 
colon  mixed  with  blue  and  green,  to  recreate  their  eyes. 

Dnjden. 

St.  Joiin  is  s.iid  to  have  recrecled  himself  wilb  spurting  wiili  a. 
l-ime  partriilg^.  Taylor. 

2.  To  gratify;  to  delight. 


5.  To  bring  back  to  a  former 
from  capture  or  possession. 

Th.it  they  may  recover  themselves  out  of  Uie  6nare  of  the  devil, 
—  2Tim.  ii. 

6.  To  gain  as  a  compensation  ;  to  obtain  in  return 
for  injury  or  debt;  as,  to  recover  damaj^es  in  trcs- 
p:is3  ;  to  recover  debt  and  cost  in  a  suit  at  law. 

7.  To  reach ;  to  come  to. 

The  foresl  is  not  lliree  leases  off; 

If  we  recover  that,  we're  sure  enough.  UkaJi. 

8.  To  obtain  title  to  by  judgment  in  a  court  of 
law  ;  as,  to  recover  lands  in  ejectment  or  common 
recover)'. 

RECOVER,  (rc-kuv'er,)  v.  L    To  regain  health  afler 
sickness  ;  to  grow  well ;  followed  by  of  or  from. 

Go,  i:iiiiirc  of  Baalzebub,  the  gotl  of  Ekron,  v.-hether  I  shall  re- 
cover oy  this  disease.  —  2  Kingj  i. 

2.  To  regain  a  former  state  or  condition  after  mis- 
fortune ;  as,  to  recover  from  a  slate  of  ptiverly  or  de- 
pression. 

3.  To  obtain  a  judgment  in  law  ;  to  succeed  in  a 
Iawf;uit.     The  plaintiff  has  recovered  in  his  «uit. 

RE-COV'ER-A-BLE,  (-knv'er  a-bl,)  a.    That  may  be 


.'!.  To  relieve  ;  to  revive  ;  as,  to  recreate  the  lungs 
with  fresh  air.  Harvey. 

RE€'RE-aTE,  v.  i.    To  take  recreation.      jSddison. 
RE-€RE-aTE',  v.  t.    To  create  or  form  anew. 

On  opening  the  canijxugn  of  1776,  instead  of  reiuforcina:,  it  was 
necessary  to  re-crttHa  ihe  army.  Marshall. 

RECRE-a-TED,  pp.  Refreshed ;  diverted  ;  amused  ; 
timtified. 

RE-CRE-AT'EP,pp.    Created  or  formed  anew. 

REe'RE-A-TING,*ifpr.  Refreshing  after  toil;  reani- 
mating the  spirits  or  strength  ;  diverting  ;  amusing. 

RE-GRE-aT'ING,  ppr.    Creating  or  fonning  ane^v. 

REC-RE-a'TION,  7(.      Refreshment  of  the  strength 
and  spirits  after  toil  ;  amusement ;  diversion.    South. 
2.  Relief  from  toil  or  pain  ;  amusement  in  sorrow 
or  distress.  Sidney. 

RE-€RE-a'TION',  7(.     A  fcnning  anew. 

REC'REl-.^-TIVE,  a.  Refreshing;  giving  new  vigor 
or  animation  ;  giving  relief  after  labor  or  pain  ;  amns- 
ins  ;  diverting.  Choose  such  sport.^  as  ;ire  recreative 
and  healthful. 

Let  the  r;iusic  he  tccreative.  Bacon. 

REC'RE-A-TIVE-LY,  fl(/5  With  recreation  or  diver- 
sion. Sherwood, 

REe'RE-.\-TIVE-NESS,  ?*.  The  tpiality  of  being  re- 
freshing or  diverting. 

REG'RE-iMENT,  n.  [L.  recrementum  ;  [irobably  re  and 
cerito,  to  secrete.] 

Superfluous  matter  separated  from  that  which  is 
useful ;  dross  ;  scoria ;  spume  ;  as,  the  recranent  of 
ore,  or  of  liie  blood. 

REC-RE^MENT'AL,  in.        Drossj- ; 

REC-UE-ME-VTI"TrAL,  (-tish'ul,)     >    consisting  of 

REC-RE-MEN-T!''TIOUS,  (-tish'us,) )  superfluous 
mailer  separated  from  that  which  is  valuable. 

Fourcroy. 


UE<; 

RE-€R1M'IN-aTE,  r.  i.     [Kr.  recrimincr ;    L.  re  and 

eriminnr,  to  accuse.] 

1.  To  return  one  accusation  with  another. 

It  18  not  my  busunis  to  reeriminate.  SSlUngjUtL 

9.  To  cliarize  an  accuser  with  the  like  crime. 
RE-CRIM'I.N-ATE,  r,  /.    To  accuse  in  return.  South. 
KE-eRI.M'I.\-A-TINC;,  ppr.  Returning  one  acciisalion 

with  anollier. 
RE-€RIM-I.\-.^;'TIO.\,  n.    The  return  of  one  accusa- 
tion with  another. 

2.  In  lajPy  an  accusation  brought  by  the  accu.«ed 
against  Ihe  accuser  upon  the  same  fact.         Kncyc. 

RE-eR!M'L.\-A-TOR,n.  He  that  accuses  the  accuser 
of  a  like  crime. 

RE-CRIM'IX-A-TO-RY,  )  a.     Retorting  accusation. 

RE-CRIM'IN-A-TIVE,     j  Burke. 

RE-CROSS',  r.  (.  To  cross  a  second  time.   fVajhinp^on. 

UE-eUOSS'/:D,  (-kmsf,)  pp.    Cros.sed  a  second  time. 

RE-€R0SS'1.\G,  ppr.    Crossing  a  second  lime. 

RE-CRU'DEX-CY.     See  REcnfr»E5CE?fcv. 

RE-€RU-DES'CE\CE,  in.     [from    L.   rrrrtidesccjis; 

RE-eRU-DES'CE.\-CY,  (      re  and   crudcdcoy  to  jjrovv 
raw  ;  crndus,  raw.] 
Tlie  state  of  becoming  sore  again.  Bacon. 

RE-CRU-DES'CENT,  c  Growing  raw,  sore,  or  pain- 
ful again. 

RE-CRUIT',  (re-kruteM  v.  L  [Fr.  recruter;  It.  re- 
clutare ;  Sp.  reclular ;  Port,  reclutar  or  reerutar ;  from 
the  root  of  Fr.  recrottre  ;  re  and  croltre^  to  grow,  L. 
cresco  ;  It.  ricresccre,  to  increase.] 

1.  To  repair  by  fresh  supplies  anything  wasted. 
We  say,  food  recruits  the  flesh  ;  fresh  air  and  exer- 
cise recruit  the  spirits. 

Her  checlcs  g'low  the  brighter,  recmitins  their  color.  HianviUe. 

2.  To  supply  with  new  men  any  deficiency  of 
troops  ;  as,  to  recruit  an  army. 

RE-CRUiT',  (re-krute',)  r.  /.  To  gain  new  supplies  of 
any  thing  wasted  ;  to  gain  flesh,  health,  .spirits,  &c. ; 
as,  lean  cattle  recruit  in  fresh  pastures. 

2.  To  gain  new  supplies  of  men  ;  to  raise  new 
soldiers.  Addison. 

RE-CRUlT',  (re-krute',)  n.  The  supply  of  any  thing 
wasted;  cAir^y,  a  new  raised  soldier  to  supply  the 
deficiency  of  an  army. 

RE-CRulT'ED,  pp.  ox  a.  Furnished  with  new  sup- 
plies of  what  is  wasted. 

RE-CRUIT'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Furnishing  with  fresh 
supplies  ;  raising  new  soldiers  for  an  army. 

RE-CRtJIT'ING,  n.  The  business  of  raising  new  sol- 
diers to  supply  the  loss  of  men  in  an  army. 

RE-CRuiT'MENT,  n.  The  act  or  business  of  raising 
new  stipplies  of  men  for  an  a.nnv.  Welsh. 

RE-CRYS-TAL-LI-Za'TION,  n. '  The  process  of  a 
second  crv^tallizing. 

RE-CRYS'T.\L-LiZE,  v.  i.  To  crystallize  a  second 
time.  Henry. 

REeT'AN"GLE,  (rekt'ang-gl,)  v.  [Fr.,  from  L. 
rectanifulus ;  rectus,  right,  and  an^lns^  angb'.] 

A  right-angled  parallelogram.    The  term  rcc; :  _- 
in  peometrj'  corresponds  to  product  in  arithmd;-. 
.i.  D.  Sta-iU:;. 

RE€T'.\N"GLED,  (rekt'ang-gld,)  a.  Having  one  or 
more  riglit  angles,  or  angles  of  ninety  degrees. 

Hutton. 

REeT-AN"GU-LAR,  (rekt-ang'gu-lar,)  c.  Right- 
angled  ;  having  one  or  more  angles  of  ninety  de- 
grees. Hutton. 

REeT-AN"GU-LAR-LY,adF.  With  or  at  right  an- 
rfjes.  Broicit. 

REC'TI-FI-A-BLE,  a.  [from  rectify.]  That  may  be 
rectified  ;  capable  of  being  corrected  or  set  right;  as, 
a  rectifioble  mistake. 

RE€-Tl-FI-eA'TION,n.  [Fr.  See  Rectify.]  The 
act  or  operation  of  correcting,  amending,  or  setting 
right  that  which  is  wrong  or  erroneous  ;  as,  the  rcc- 
tijication  of  errors,  mistakes,  or  abuses.  Forbes. 
'  2.  In  chemistry,  Ihe  process  of  refining  or  purifying 
any  substance  by  repeated  distillation,  which  sepa- 
rates Ihe  grosser  parts  ;  as,  the  rectification  of  spirits 
or  sulphuric  acid.  J^Ticholson.     Encyc. 

3.  In  geometry,  the  determin.ation  of  a  straight 
line,  whose  length  is  equal  to  a  portion  of  a  curve. 

Brande. 

4.  Rectification  of  a  globe,  is  llie  adjustment  of  it, 
preparatory  to  the  solution  of  a  proposed  problem. 

IlEe'TI-FI-£D,  (-fide,)  pp.  or  a.  Corrected  ;  set  or 
made  right ;  refined  by  repeated  distillation  or  subli- 
mation ;  adjusted. 

RECTI  FT-ER,  n.    One  thai  corrects  or  amends. 

Bail'!'. 

2.  One  who  refines  a  substance  by  repeated  dis- 
tillations. 

3.  An  instrument  used  for  determining  the  varia- 
tions of  the  compass,  in  order  to  rectify  the  course 
of  a  ship.  Hutton. 

REG'TI-Fy,  V.  t.  [Fr.  rectifier;  It.  rettificare;  tp. 
rectijicar ;  L.  rectus,  right,  and  fucio,  to  make.] 

1.  To  make  right ;  to  correct  iliat  which  is  wrong, 
erroneous,  or  fal^e  ;  to  amend  ;  as,  to  rcaify  errors. 
misuikes,  or  abuses;  to  rectify  the  will,  the  judg- 
ment, opinions  ;  to  rectify  disorders,  ff^ckcr.   Jtddison. 

2.  In  c.'icr::i>tnt.  to  reiine  by  repeated  distdlatum  or 
sublimation,  by'which  the  line  iKnrts  of  a  substance 


TONE,  BULL,  UMTE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K ;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z;  Cll  as  PH  ;  TH 


116 


as  in  THIS. 
921" 


REC 

are  separated  from  the  grosser;  as,  Co  Tcctifjj  spirit 
or  wine.  Encyc. 

3.  To  rcclifn  a  slohe^  is  to  adjust  it  in  order  to  pre- 
pare for  the  solution  of  a  propused  problem.  Ilatton. 

REG'TI-F^-ING,  p;jr.  Correcting;  amending;  re- 
fining by  repeated  distillation  or  sublimation  ;  ad- 
justing. 

RKG-TI-LIN'&AL,  |a.     [L.  rccttis,  right,  and  linca^ 

KEG-TI-LIN'E-AR,  \      line.] 

Kight-Iined  ;  consisting  of  a  right  line,  or  of  right 
lines;  bounded  by  right  lines;  straight;  as,  a  rec- 
tilinear figure  or  course  ;  a  rectilinear  side  or  way. 

J^ewtoTU 

REG-TI-LIN'E-AR-LY,  adv.    In  a  right  line. 

REG-TI-LIN'E-OUS,  a.    Rectilinear.     [Obs.']     Ray. 

REC'TI-TUDE,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  rectus,  nght,  straight ; 
It.  rcUitadine  ;  Sp.  rectUud:  literally,  straightiiess,  but 
not  applied  to  material  things.] 

In  morality^  rightness  of  principle  or  practice  ;  up- 
rightness of  mind  ;  exact  conformity  to  truth,  or  to 
the  rules  prescribed  for  moral  conduct,  either  by  di- 
vine or  human  laws.  Rectitude  of  viind  is  the  dis- 
position to  act  in  confonnity  to  any  known  standard 
of  right,  truth,  or  justice  :  rectitude  of  conduct  is  the 
actual  conformity  to  such  standard.  Perfect  rectitude 
belongs  only  to  the  Supreme  Being.  The  move  near- 
ly the  rectitude  of  men  approaches  to  the  standard  of 
the  divine  law,  the  more  exulted  and  dignified  is 
their  character.  Want  of  rectitude  is  not  only  sinful, 
but  debasing. 

There  is  a  sublimity  in  conscious  reCdtiide  —  in  compaiiaoii  \viUi 
which  Ihe  treasures  of  eiirlh  are  not  worth  naintng, 

J.  Hatoes. 

REG'TOR,  71.  [L.  rector,  from  rego,  rectum,  to  rule  ; 
Fr.recteur;  It.  rcttorc.] 

1.  A  ruler  or  governor. 

God  13  the  supreme  Reclor  of  the  world.  Hak. 

[TJds  application  of  the  word  is  unusual.] 

2.  In  t/i€  Episcopal  church,  aclerg>'man  who  has  the 
charge  and  cure  of  a  parish,  and  has  tlie  tithes,  &c. ; 
orlhe  parson  of  an  unimpropriated  parish.  Blackstone. 

3.  The  chief  elective  otRcer  of  some  universities, 
as  in  France  and  Scotland.  The  same  title  was  for- 
merly given  to  the  president  of  a  college  in  New 
England,  but  it  is  now  in  disuse. 

4.  The  head  master  of  a  public  school. 

5.  The  superior  officer  or  chief  of  a  convent  or 
religious  house;  and  among  the  Jesuits,  the  superior 
of  a  house  that  is  a  seminary  or  college.        Encyc. 

RE€'TOR-AL,     \  a.    Pertaining  to  a  rector. 

REC-TO'RI-AL,  \  Blackstone. 

REe'TOR-SHIP,  >  71.    The  office  or  rank  of  a  rector. 

RECTOR-ATE,  \  Sliak. 

REe'TO-RV,  71.  In  England,  a  parish  church,  par- 
sonage, or  spiritual  livmg,  with  all  its  rights,  tithes, 
and  glebes.  Eiicyc. 

2.  A  rector's  mansion  or  parsonage-house.    Encyc. 

A  governess.  B.  Jonson. 

RECTUM,  71.  [L.]  In  anatomy,  the  third  and  Ia?t 
of  the  large  intestines;  so  named  because  supposed 
bv  the  old  anatomists  to  be  straight.  Brande. 

RE€'TUS    /JV  €U'RI-A,    [L.]     Literally,   right   in 

court;  standing  free  from  charge  or  accusation. 
RECU-Ba'TION,  7i.     [h.rccuboi   re  and  cubo,io  lie 
down.] 
The  act  of  lying  or  leaning.  {Little  used.']  Brawn. 
RE-€uLE',  r.  i.   To  recoil.  [JVoEiwerf.]  [See  Recoil.] 

Barret. 
RE-GUMB',  (re-kum^,)  v.  i.     [L.  rccumbo;    re  and 
ciimbo,  to  lie  down.] 
To  lean  ;  to  recline  ;  to  repose.  Jillen. 

RE-eUM'BENCE,  n.     [from  L.  recumhens.] 

Tile  act  of  reposing  or  resting  in  confidence. 

Ld.  JVortk. 
RE-€UM'BEX-CY,  n.      The  posture  of  leaning,  re- 
clining, or  lying.  Brown. 
2.  Rest ;  repose  ;  idle  state.  Locke. 
RE-eU.M'BE\T,  a.     [h.  recumbcns.] 

1.  Leaning;  reclining;  as,  the  recumbent  posture 
of  tlte  Romans  at  their  meals. 

2.  Reposing  ;  inactive  ;  idle.  Tonna. 
RE  €UM'nE\T-LY,  ada.  In  a  recumbent  posture. 
Rn-€U'PER*A-BLE,  a.  Recoverable.  Chaucer. 
RE-€U-PER-A'TiON.  7^     [L.  recapcraUo.} 

Recover}',  as  of  any  thing  lost. 
RE-eC'PEU-A-TlVE,    i  a.     Tending    to   recover/; 
RE-€U'PER-A-T0-RY,  \      pertaining  to  recovery. 
RE-€tJR',  V.  i.     [L.  recurro  ;  re  and  curro,  to  run  ;  Fr. 
recourir.] 

1.  To  return  to  the  thought  or  mind. 

Wlien  any  word  haa  been  used  to  signify  an  itiea,  the  oW  ittea 
will  recur  in  the  mind  when  the  word  is  heard.       Watts. 

2.  To  resort ;  to  have  recourse. 

If  to  avoid  succession  'm  eternal  existence,  ihey  rentr  to  the 
punciiim  atans  of  the  schools,  they  wiM  very  littJc  help  ua  to 
a  more  positive  iJea  of  infinite  dura  Jon.  Locke. 

3.  To  occur  at  a  stated  interval,  or  according  to 
some  regular  nile  ;  as,  the  fever  will  recur  to-night. 

RE-€CRE',  r.  ^     \re  and  cure.]    To  cure  ;  to  recover. 

[JK'ot  in  use.]  Spenser. 

RE-GCRE',  7^    Cure  ;  recovery.  [JVotinuse.]  KnoUes. 


RED 

RE-eORE'LESS,  a.    Incapable  of  cure  or  remedy. 

[J\',.tin  use.]  Bp.  llalL 

RE-€t:R'RE.\CE,  >  ji.     [See  REcan.]     Return;  as, 
REeLIR'KEN-CY,  \      the  recurrence  of  error.  Brown. 

2.  Hej^ort ;  the  having  recourse. 
RE-€UR'RENT,  a.     [L.  reearrens.] 

1.  Returning  from  time  to  time  ;  as,  rccurwHt  pains 
of  a  disease.  Harcey. 

2.  In  crystallography,  a  recurrent  crj'Stal  is  one 
whose  faces,  being  counted  in  annular  ranges  from 
one  extremity  to  the  other,  furnish  two  different  num- 
bers which  succeed  each  other  several  times,  as  4, 
8,  4,  8,  4.     [^Tut  used.] 

3.  In  anatomy,  the  recurrent  nirve  is  a  branch  of 
the  par  vaffum,  given  oiT  in  the  upper  part  of  tlie 
thorax,  which  is  rellected  and  runs  up  along  the  tra- 
chea to  the  lar^'nx.  ivistar. 

EE-€UR'RING,  ppr.  or  a.    Returning  to  the  thought 
or  mind  ;  resorting  or  having  recourse  to;  occurring 
according  to  some  regular  rule. 
RE-eUR'SION,  (re-kur'shun,)  n.     [L.  recursus,  recur- 
ro :  re  and  curro,  to  run.] 

Return.     [Little  used,]  Boyle. 

RE-€URV'aTE,  t).  t.     [L.  rccurvo  ;  re  and  curvo,  to 
bend.] 
To  bend  back.  Pennant. 

RE-eURV'ATE,  a.  [L.  rccuri-atus.]  In  botany, 
when  applied  to  an  men,  bent  in  the  form  of  a  bow, 
D.  C.  Willdenow.  When  applied  to  a  petiole,  jrrickle, 
aim,  calyx,  or  corolla,  bent  outward.  Martyn.  In  ap- 
plication to  a  leaf,  bent  or  curved  downward,  so  that 
the  convexity  is  upward.  Martyn.  Bent  downward 
in  a  greater  degree  than  reclinate,  but  not  so  much  as 
revolute. 
RE-€UR-Va'TION,  (  n.  A  bending  or  flexure  back- 
RE-€URV'l-TY,        \      ward.  "  Broicn. 

RE-eURVE',  (re-kurv',)  v.  U     [L.  rccurvo,  supra.] 

To  bend  back. 
RE-eURV'jED,  pp.  or  a.    Rent  toward  the  ground. 
D.  C.  iVilldenow. 
2.  Suddenly  bent  backward.  Lindlcy. 

RE-eURV-I-ROS'TER,  tu     [L.  recurvus,  bent  back, 
and  rostrum,  a  beak.] 
A  bird  whose  beak  or  bill  bends  upward,  as  the 
RE-eURV'0U3,  a.     [L.  rccurous.]  [avoset. 

Bent  backward.  Derham. 

RE-GU'SAN-CY,  v.      Non-conformity.     [See  Recu- 
sant.] Coke. 
RE-€u'SANT,  ff.     [L.  recusans,  recuse,  to  refuse;  re 
and  the  root  of  causa,  signifying  to  drive.    Tiie  pri- 
mary sense  is,  to  repel  or  drive  back.] 

Refusing  to  acknowledge  the  supremacy  of  the 
king,  or  to  conform  to  the  established  rites  of  the 
church  ;  as,  a  recusant  lord.  Clarendon. 

RE-€U'SANT,  77.  [Supra.]  In  Euirlish  history,  a 
person  who  refuses  to  acknowledge  the  supremacy 
of  the  king  in  matters  of  religion  ;  as,  a  popish  re- 
cusant., who  acknowledges  the  supremacy  of  the 
pope.  Bramle. 

2.  One  who  refuses  communion  with  the  Church 
of  England;  a nou-conformist. 

All  th.it  are  recusanla  of  holy  rites.  Holyday. 

RE€-II-Sa'TION,  71.     [L.  rccusatio.] 

1.  Refusal. 

2.  In  law,  the  act  of  refusing  a  judge,  or  challeng- 
ing that  he  shall  not  try  the  cause,  on  account  of  his 
supposed  partiality.     [Tfiis practice  isnow  obsolete.] 

RE-CUSE',  V.  t.     [L.  rccuso.]  [Blackstone. 

To  refuse  or  reject,  as  a  judge ;  to  challenge  that 

the  judge  shall  not  try  the  cause.     [The  practice  and 

the  word  arc  obsolets.]  Di^by. 

RED,  fl.     [Sax.  rerf,  read,  and  rcorf,  r«rf«,  red,  ruddy; 

D.  rood;  G.  roth;  Sw.  rod;  Dan.  riid ;  Corn,  rydk; 

Ir.  ruadh;  Arm.  ruydh  ;  W.  rkuz,  red,  ruddy  ;  Sans. 

rohida;  Russ.  rdeyu,  to  redden;  Gr.  fpuOpof,  red, 

and  fjoSovy  a  rose,  from  ita  color ;  Ar.  ^.^  warada, 

to  be  present,  to  enter,  to  descend,  to  come,  to  in- 
vade, to  blossom,  to  stain  with  a  rose  color,  to  bring 

to  be  of  a  red  color ;  dcriv.  ^  »*  a  rose,  the  Gr.  ^o6ov ; 

Ch.  l-^t,  a  rose  ;  Syr.  nearly  the  same  ;  Eth.  UvAf^ 
warad,  to  descend,  to  bring  down.  These  Arabic 
and  Eihiopic  words  are  the  Heb.  and  Ch.  tt^,  to  de- 
scend, to  bring  down,  and  this  is  radically  the  same 
as  mi,  which  is  rendered  in  Hebrew,  to  descend  or 
come  down,  to  decline,  to  bring  down,  to  subdue,  to 
have  dominion  ;  Ch.  like  senses,  and  to  correct,  to 
chastise,  to  expand  or  open,  to  flow,  to  plow  ;  Syr.  to 
go,  to  walk,  to  journey,  L.  gradior,  also  to  correct, 
to  teach  ;  (qu.  E.  erndio.)  The  Arabic  gives  the 
sense  of  rose,  which  may  be  from  opening,  as  blos- 
soms, a  sense  coinciding  with  the  Chaldee;  ""id 
red  from  the  same  sense,  or  from  the  color  of  the  rose. 
The  Greeks  called  the  Arabian  Gulf  the  ErytJt^ 
rean  or  Red  Sea,  probably  from  Edom,  or  Idumea ; 
improperly  applying  the  meaning  of  Edom,  red,  to 
the  sea,  and  this  improper  application  has  come  down 
to  the  present  time.] 


RED 

A  term  denoting  a  bright  color,  resembling  blood. 
Red  is  a  simple  or  primary  color,  but  of  sc\"eral  dif- 
ferent shades  or  hues,  as  scarlet,  crimson,  vermilion, 
orange  red,  &c.  We  say,  red  color,  red  cloth,  red 
flame,  red  eyes,  red  cheeks,  red  lead,  &,c. 

Red  men,  red  people,  red  children  ;  the  aboriginals  of 
America,  as  distinguished  from  the  7rhltes.     Rawlc. 
RED,  71.    A  red  color;  as,  a  brighter  color,  the  bc.-^t  of 

all  the  reds.  A''cic(on. 

RE-DAGT',  r.  t.     [L.  redactus,  rcdigo ;  red,  re,  and 
ago.] 
To  force  ;  to  reduce  to  form.     [JVof  used.] 

Drummond. 
RE-DACTION,  n.     [Fr.]    The  act  of  digesting  or 
reducing  to  order;  applied  to  literary  or  scientific 
materials,  lav/,  iic. 
2.  Tne  digest  thus  made.  Rccnxt. 

RE-DAN',  71.     [Written  sometimes  REDE:tT  and  R» 
DENs  ;  said  to  he  contracted  from  L.  rcccdcns.  Lnnin:] 
lr\  fortification,  a  kind  of  rampart  in  the  furm  of  an 
inverted  V,  having  its  angle  toward  the  enemv. 

P.'Cyc. 
RE-DAR'GuE,  r.  L     [L.  rcdarguo  ;  red,  re,  and  arguo.] 

To  refute.     [JVot  in  use.]  HakeiciU. 

RED-AR-Gu'TION,n,    [Supra.]    Refutation;  convic- 
tion.    [Mot  in  use.]  Bacon. 
RED'-BaY,  n.   A  tree  of  the  laurel  kind,  Laurus  Car- 
oliniensirf,  growing  in  the  Southern  United  States. 

Sylva  Amer. 
RED'-BER-RI-£D,  (-ber'rid,)  a.    Having  or    bearing 

red  berries  ;  as,  red-berried  shrub  cassia.        Milkr. 
RED'BIRD,  (-burd,)  n.     The  popular  name  of  several 
birds  in  the  United  States,  as  the  Tanagra  iEstiva,ur 
summer  redbird,  the  Tanagra  rubra,  and  the  Balti- 
more oriole  or  hang-nest. 
RED'-BOOK,  7(.    In  England,  a  book  containing  the 
names  of  all  the  persons  in  the  service  of  the  state. 
The  red  book  of  the  Exchequer  is  an  ancient  record, 
-  in  which  are  registered  the  names  of  all  that  held 
lands  per  haroniam  in  the  time  of  Henry  11.    Brande. 
RED'BREAST,  (-brest,)  ti.    A  bird  so  called  from  the 

color  of  its  breast,  the  robin,  which  see. 
RED'BUD,  n.     A  plant  or  tree  of  the  genus  Cercis,  al- 
so called  the  Judas-Tree.  P.  Cyc. 
RED-CHALK',  (-cliawk',)  ti.   A  common  drawing  ma- 
terial.    It  is  an  argillaceous  iron  ore.  Dana. 
RED'CoAT,  71.    A  name  given  to  a  soldier  who  wears 

a  red  coal.  Dnjdcn. 

RED'€oAT-ED.  a.    Wearing  red  coats.  Scott. 

RED'D£N,  (red'n,)  v.  L     [from  red.]     To  make  red. 

Dry  den. 
RED'D£N,  (red'n,)  v.  i.    To  grow  or  become  red. 

The  coral  redden,  and  the  ruby  glow.  Pope. 

2.  To  blush. 

j\ppiiis  reddens  at  each  word  yoa  speak.  Pope. 

RED'D£N-JSD,  ;7p.  or  o.  Made  red  ;  grown  red. 
RED'D£N-ING,  ppr.  Making  or  becoming  red. 
RED-DEJ^'DUM,   n.     [L.]     In  law,   the  clause  by 

which  rent  is  resen'ed  in  a  lease. 
RED'DISH,a.    Somewhatred;  moderatety  red.    Lev. 

xiii. 
RED'DISH-NESS,ji.    Redness  in  a  moderate  degree. 

Boyle. 
RED-DI"TION,  (-dish'un,)  ti.     [L.  reddo,  to  return.] 

1.  A  returning  of  any  thing ;  restitution  ;  surren- 
der. Howell. 

2.  Explanation  ;  representation.  Mdton. 
RED'DI-TIVEjrt.     [L.  redditivus,  from  reddo.] 

Returning;  answering  to  an  interrogative;  a  term 
of  grammar.  Johnson. 

RED^DLE,  (red'dl,)  ti.     [from  red.]     A  name  of  red- 
chalk,  which  see.  Dana. 
RkDE,  n.     [Sax.  rtsd.] 

Coun^:e!  ;  advice.     [Obs.]  Sliak. 

Rf.DE,  7j.  f.    To  counsel  or  advise.    [Obs.]     Spenser. 
RE-DEEM',  V.  t.     [L.  redimoj  red,  re,  and  cmo,  to  ob- 
tain or  pureliase.j 

1.  To  purchase  back;  to  ransom;  to  liberate  or 
rescue  from  captivity  or  bondage,  or  from  any  obli- 
gation or  liability  to  suffer  or  to  bs  forfeited,  by  pay- 
ing an  equivalent ;  as,  loredeem  prisoners  or  captured 
goods  ;  to  redeem  a  pledge. 

2.  To  repurchase  what  has  been  sold  ;  lo  regain 
possession  of  a  thing  alienated,  by  repaying  the 
value  of  it  to  the  possessor. 

If  a  man  [shall]  sell  b  dwel!in»-house  in  a  walled  city,  then  he 
may  redeem,  it  within  a.  w-hole  year  after  it  is  sold.  —  Lev. 

XXV. 

3.  To  rescue  ;  to  recover ;  to  deliver  from. 

Th'  Almighty  from  the  grave 
Hath  me  redeemed.  &indyt. 

Redeem  Israel,  O  God,  out  of  all  hia  troubles.  —  Pa.  xxv. 

Dcut.  vii. 
The  mass  of  earth  not  yet  redeemed  from  chaos.     S.  S.  Smm. 

4.  To  compensate,  to  make  amends  for. 

It  is  a  chanc«  which  does  redeem,  all  sorrows.  Sha^. 

By  lesser  ills  ihe  greater  to  redeem.  Dryden, 

5.  To  free  by  making  atonement. 

Thou  hn.st  one  daughter, 
Who  redeems  oalure  from  the  general  curse.  Shai. 

6.  To  pay  the  penaltj'  of. 

Whicli  of  you  will  he  mortal  to  rediem 

Man's  moruU  crime  f  JuUton. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— MeTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK. 
922  ' 


RED 


RED 


RED 


penalties  of  God's  violated  law  by  the  atonement  of 
Christ.  Dryden.    ^clsoju 

In  wliomwe  liave  rttJfTR^iton  ibrou^li  his  Uood.  —  Eph.  i.  Col.i. 

RE-DEMP'TION-ER,  tu  One  who  redeems  himself; 
formrrUj^  one  whose  services  were  sold  to  pny  the 
expenses  of  his  passacc  to  America. 
RE-DEMP'TIVE,  a.  Redeeming. 
RE-DEMP'TOR-IST5,  n.  pi  A  religious  order, 
founded  in  Naples  in  1730,  and  n^vived  in  Austria 
in  13-^,  devoted  to  the  education  of  youth  and  the 
propagation  of  the  Roman  Catholic  faith. 

Brandr. 

RE-UEMP'TO-RY,  a.  Paid  for  ransom  ;  as.  Hector's 
redemptorif  price.  Chapman. 

RE-DENT'ED,  0.  Formed  like  the  teeth  of  a  saw; 
indented. 

RE-DE-SCEND',T».  i.  [re  and  descend.]  To  descend 
ayain.  Mtncell. 

RE-DE-SCEND'TNG,  ppr.    Descending  again. 

RED'EVE,  (red'I,)  n.  [reit  and  cjc]  A  fish  of  the 
carp  family,  Leuciscus  erythrophthalmus,  so  named 
from  the  color  of  the  iris  ;  also  called  Rudd. 

Jar  diners  JVat.  Lib. 

RED'-GUM,  w.    A  disease  of  new-born  infants  ;   an 
eruption  of  red  pimples  in  early  infancj'.        Qood. 
2.  A  disease  of  grain,  a  kind  of  blight. 

Farm.  Encye. 

RED'-HaIR-ED,  a.  Having  bair  of  a  red  or  sandy 
color. 

REU'-IIOT.  71.  Red  with  heat;  heated  to  redness; 
a?,  red-hot  iron  ;  red-hot  balls. 

RE'DI-ENT,  a.     [L.  rcdiaiSj  redeo,  to  return.} 

Rcturninc-  E.  H.  Smith. 

RE-DI-OEST',  V.  t.  To  digest  or  reduce  to  form  a 
second  time.  Kent. 

RE-DI-GEST'ED,  pp.    Digested  again. 

RE-DI-GEST'ING,  ppr.  Digesting  a  second  time; 
reducing  asain  to  order. 

RE-DEX'TE-GRaTE,  v.  t.  [L.  redintegro;  red,  re, 
and  intefrro,  from  integer,  whole.] 

To  make  whole  again  ;  to  renew ;  to  restore  to  a 
perfect  state.  B.  Joiisoii. 

RE-DIN'TE  GRATE,  c  Renewed  ;  restored  to  whole- 
ness or  a  perfect  state.  Bacon. 

RE-DIN'TE-GRa-TED,  pp.  Renewed;  restored  to 
entireness. 

RE-DIN'TE-GRa-TING,  -ppr.  Restoring  to  a  perfect 
state. 

RE-DIN-TE-GRa'TION,  v..  Renovation  ;  restoration 
to  a  whole  or  sound  state.  Decay  of  Piety. 

2.  In  cfiembtrij,  the  restoration  of  any  mixed  body 
or  matter  to  its  former  nature  and  constitution. 

Coze. 

RE-DIS-BURSE',  (re-dis-burs'j)  ».  (.  [re  and  dis- 
burse.]   To  repay  or  refund.  Spender. 

RE-DIS-PoSE',  i\  t.  {re  and  dispose.]  To  dispose  or 
adjust  atrain.  Baxter. 

RE-DIS-P6S'J:D,  pp.    Disposed  anew. 

RE-DIS-ro5'LNG,//pr.    Disposing  or  adjusting  anew. 

RE-DIS-SeI'ZIN,  71.  [re  and  disseizin.]  In  law,  a 
■writ  of  rcdisseizin,  is  a  writ  to  recover  seizin  of  lands 
or  tenements  against  a  redisseizor. 

RE-DIS-SiirZOR,  )i.  [re  and  disseizor.]  A  person 
who  disseizes  lands  or  tenements  a  second  time,  or 
after  a  recovery  of  tiie  same  from  him  in  an  action 
of  Level  disseizin.  Blackstonc. 

RE-DTS-SOLVE',  v.  t.  [re  and  dissolve.]  To  dissolve 
again. 

RE-DIS-SOLV'iO),  pp.    Dissolved  a  second  time. 

RE-DiS'SOLV'L\G,  ppr.     Dissolving  again. 

RE-DIS-TRIB'UTE,  r.  (.  [re  and  distribute.]  To 
distribute  a;iain  ;  to  deal  back  again.        Cutgrave. 

RE-DIP-TKIIJ'TT-TED,  pp.  Distributed  again  or  back. 

RE-DIS-TRIB'TT-TING,  ppj:  Distributing  again  or 
back. 

RE-DIS-TRI-Bu'TION, ;(.  A  dealing  back,  or  a  sec- 
ond distribution. 

RED'-LEAD',  (rcd'led',)  n.  [red  and  lead.]  Minium, 
a  preparation  of  lead  of  a  fine  red  color,  used  in 
painting,  &.c.  It  is  a  salt  composed  of  one  equiva- 
lent vf  (leutoxyd  of  lead,  which  performs  the  func- 
tions of  an  acid,  and  two  equivalents  of  protosyd  of 
lead,  which  performs  the  functions  of  a  base^  Its 
proper  cliemical  name  is  dtplumbate  of  lead,    Tttily. 

RED'-LET-TER,  a.  A  red-leUcr  daij  is  a  fortunate  or 
auspicious  day,  so  called  because  the  holydays,  or 
saints'  days,  were  marked  in  tlie  old  calendars  with 
red  letters.  Grose. 

RED'-LI(i-UOR,  n.  A  crude  acetate  of  alumina,  em- 
ployed as  a  mordant  in  calico-printing.  It  is  pre- 
pared from  pyroligneous  acid.  Ure. 

RED'LY,  adc.    With  redness.  Cotgratc. 

RED'-MXRL,  71.    New  red  sandstone. 

RED'XESS,  71.     [Sax.  rcadnesse.     See  Red.] 

The  quality  of  being  red  ;  red  color.      Spectator. 

RED'O-LEXCE,   >  n.     [from  redolent.]    Sweet  scent. 

RED'0-LEN-CY,  \  Boyle.    Mortimer. 

RED'0-LENT,  a.  [L.  redolens,  redoleo ;  red,  re,  and 
oleoy  to  smell.l 

Having  or  diffusing  a  sweet  scent.  Sandys. 

RE-DOUB'LE,  (re-dub'l,)  v.  ^     [re  and  double.]     To 

repeat  in  return.  Spenser. 

2.  To  repeat  often  ;  as,  to  redonhle  blows.     Skak. 


7.  To  save. 

Ee  cou!J  not  hase  rtdeemed  a  portion  of  tiis  lime  fwr  coiitem- 
plAtiD^  Uw  powers  of  nature.  A".  5.  SriiiA, 

e.  To  perform  what  has  been  promised  ;  to  make 
good  by  performance.  He  has  redeemed  his  pledge 
or  promise. 

9.  In  law,  to  recall  an  estate,  or  to  obtain  the  right 
to  reenter  upon  a  mortgaged  estate  by  paying  to  the 
mortgagee  his  principal,  interest,  and  expenses  or 
costs.  Blaekstone. 

10.  In  Vieolosy,  to  rescue  and  deliv-^r  from  the 
blindage  of  sin'  and  the  penalties  of  God's  violated 
law,  by  obedience  and  suffering  in  the  place  of  the 
sinner,  or  by  doing  and  suffering  that  which  is  ac- 
cepted in  lieu  of  the  sinner's  obedience. 

Clinst  haih  redeemed  i:s  fiom  the  curse  of  Uie  law,  being'  made  a 
cuTS^  for  us.  — Cra3.  uL     Tit.  ii. 

11.  In  continerce,  to  purchase  or  pay  the  value,  in 
specie,  of  any  promissory  note,  bill,  or  other  evi- 
dence of  debt,  given  by  the  state,  by  a  company  or 
corporation,  or  by  an  individual.  The  credit  of  a 
state,  a  banking  company,  or  individuals,  is  good 
when  they  can  redeem  all' their  slock,  notes,  or  bills, 
at  par. 

To  redeem  time,  is  to  use  more  dilijrence  in  the  im- 
provement of  it;' to  be  diligent  and  active  in  duty 
and  preparation.    Eph.  v. 
RE-DEEM' A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  redeemed;  capa- 
ble of  redemption. 

2.  That  may  be  purchased  or  paid  for  in  gold  and 
silver,  and  brought  into  the  possession  of  government 
or  the  original  promisor. 

Th^  capital  cf  the  debt  of  the  United  SUtes  may  b?  considered 
in  ihe  li^hl  of  an  annuity  redeemable  at  the  pliMSure  of  ths 
gtJvemmenL  HatTiUlon. 

RE-DEEM' A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  re- 
deemable. 

RE-DEEM'£D,  pp.  or  a.  Ransomed  ;  delivered  from 
bondage,  distress,  penalty,  liability,  or  from  the  pos- 
session of  another  by  paying  an  equivalent. 

RE-DEEM'ER,  n.    One  w*ho  redeems  or  ransoms. 
•2.  The  Savior  of  the  world,  Jesus  Christ. 

RE-DEEM'LNG,  ppr.  Ransoming  ;  procuring  deliv- 
erance from  captivitj',  capttire,  bondage,  sin,  dis- 
tress, or  liability  to  suffer,  by  the  payment  of  an 
equivalent. 

RE-DEEM'I.\G,  a.  That  does  or  may  redeem,  or 
make  amends  ;  as,  a  redeeming  act ;  redeeming  love. 

RE-DE-LIB'ER-aTE,  v.  i.  [re  and  deliberate.]  To 
deliberate  again. 

RE-DE-L!B'ER-aTE,  v.  t.    To  reconsider.     [JVot  in 


USF.] 

E-DE-1 


RE-DE-LIV'ER,  v.  t.     [re  and  deliver.]    To  deliver 

back.  JSyliffe. 

2.  To  deliver  again  ;  to  liberate  a  second  time. 

RE-DE-LIV'ER-ANCE,  n.    A  second  deliverance. 

RE-DE-LIV'ER-£D,  pp.  Delivered  back  ;  liberated 
asain. 

RE^DE-LIV'ER-IXG,  p/w.  Delivering  back;  libera- 
tinz  acrain. 

RE-DE-LI V'ER-Y,  n.  The  act  of  delivering  back; 
also,  a  second  delivery  or  liberation. 

RE-DE-MaND',  v.  l      [re  and  demand;    Fr.    rede- 
mander.] 
To  demand  back  ;  to  demand  asain.       .Addison. 

RE-DE-MX.\D',  n.    A  demanding  back  again. 

RE-DE-MaXD'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  demanded 
back. 

RE-DE-MSXD'ED,  pp.    Demanded  back  or  again. 

RE^DEI-Ma.VD'ING,  ppr.    Demanding  back  or  again. 

RE-DE-MiSE',  r.  (  [re  and  demise.]  To  convey  or 
transfer  back,  as  an  estate  in  fee-simple,  fee-tail,  for 
life,  or  aterm  of  years.  Encyc. 

RE-DE-MiSE',  n.  Reconveyance  ;  the  transfer  of  an 
estate  back  to  the  person  who  has  demised  it ;  as, 
the  demise  and  redemise  of  an  estate  in  fee-simple, 
fee-tail,  or  for  life  or  years,  by  mutual  leases. 

Encyc. 

RE-DE-MTS'J?:D,  pp.    Reconveyed,  as  an  estate. 

REDE  MTS'LVG,  ppr.    Reconveying. 

RE^DE.MP'TIO.V,  n.  [Fr.  ;  It.  redenzime;  Sp.  reden 
don.  from  L.  redemptio.     See  Redeem.] 

1.  Repurchase  of  captured  goods  or  prisonfs;  tlie 
act  of  procuring  the  deliverance  of  persons  oi  things 
from  the  possession  and  power  of  captors  I  v  the 
payment  of  an  equivalent;  ransom;  releaiu  ;  as, 
the  redemption  of  prisoners  taken  in  war;  the  redemp- 
tion  of  a  ship  and  cargo. 

2.  Deliverance  from  bondage,  distress,  or  from  lia- 
bility to  any  evil  or  forfeiture,  either  by  money,  labor, 
or  other  means. 

3.  Repurchase,  as  of  lands  alienated.  Lcr.  xxv. 
Jer.  xxxii. 

4.  The  liberation  of  an  estate  from  a  mortgage  ;  or 
the  purchase  of  the  right  to  reenter  upon  it  by  pay- 
ins  the  principal  sum  for  w*hich  it  was  mortgaged, 
with  irit+rest  and  cost ;  also,  the  right  of  redeeming 
and  reentering. 

5.  Repurchase  of  notes,  bills,  or  other  evidence  of 
debt  by  paying  their  value  in  specie  to  their  holders. 

6.  In  theolo^j,  the  purchase  of  God's  favor  by  the 
death  and  sufferings  of  Christ ;  the  ransom  or  deliv- 
erance of  sinners  from  the  bondage  of  sin  and  the 


'3.  To  increase  by  repeated  or  continued  addition*. 

And  Etn;i  ra^a  wiUi  TedouUei  beat.  Addixon. 

RE-DOUB'LE,  (re-dub'l,)  v.  i.  To  become  twice  ad 
much. 

The  argument  rtdoalleM  upon  us.  Speetaiar. 

RE-DoUB'L£D,  fre-dub'ld,)  pp.  or  a.  Repeated  in 
return;  repeated  over  and  over;  increased  by  re- 
peated or  continued  additions. 

RE-DOUB'LIXG,  (r(Mlub'ling,);;;w.  Rc|)eating  in  re- 
turn ;  repeating  again  and  again ;  increasing  by 
repeated  or  continued  additions. 

RE-DOUBT',  (re-doul',)  n.  [lu  ridatto,  a  shelter,  a  re- 
treat; Sp.  rcducto;  Port,  rcduto,  reducto,  ox  redutto; 
Ft.  redoute,  reduit ;  L.  reductus,  reduco,  to  bring  back  ; 
literally,  a  retreat.  The  etyinologj-  of  this  word  shows 
that  it  siiould  be  written  Redolt.] 

A  general  name  for  nearly  every  kind  of  work  in 
the  class  of  field  fortifications  ;  particularly,  a  parapet 
inclosing  a  square  or  polygonal  ari^a.  P.  Cyc 

RE-DOUCT' A-BLE,  (re-dout'a-bl,)  a.  [Fr.,  from  rc- 
doutcr,  to  fear  or  dread,  Ann.  dou^rea,  daugein.  The 
common  orthography  of  this  word  ia  incorrect.] 

Formidable  :  that  is  to  be  dreaded  ;  terrible  to  foea  ; 
as,  a  redoubtable  hero.  Hence  the  implied  sense  is, 
valiant.  Pope. 

RE-l)OUBT'ED,  a.    Formidable.    [Jfot  in  use.] 

Spenser.     Shak. 

RE-DOU?JD',  V.  i.  [It  ridondare :  L.  redundo ;  red,  re, 
and  UTirfo,  to  rise  or  swell,  as  waves.] 

1.  To  bo  sent,  rolled,  or  driven  back. 

Th«cvP,Joon 
Drivf^n  baet,  redounded  as  a  fiood  on  those 
From  wbORi  it  sprung'.  Millon. 

2.  To  conduce  in  the  consequence  j  lo  contribute ; 
to  result. 

The  honor  done  lo  our  religion  ulumate'y  ruluurjlt  to  God,  the 
Author  of  it.  Rosrrt. 

3.  To  proceed  in  the  consequence  or  effect ;  to  re- 
sult. 

There  will  no  small  use  redourA  from  them  to  thai  manofecture. 

Addison, 

RE-DOUND'ING,  ppr.  Conducing  j  contributing ;  re- 
sulting. 

RED  PRE-CIP'I-TATE.     See  Precipitate. 

RED'-PoLE,  n.  A  bird  \vith  a  red  head  or  poll,  of  the 
finch  family.  It  belongs  to  the  genus  Linaria.  Jardine. 

RE-DR.\FT',  V.  t.     [re  and  draft.]    To  draw  or  draft 

RE-DRaFT',  71.    A  second  draft  or  copy.  [anew. 

2.  In  tlic  French  commercial  code,  a  new  bill  cf  ex- 
chance  wliich  the  holder  of  a  protested  bill  draws  on 
the  drawer  or  indorsers,  by  which  he  reimburses  to 
himself  the  amount  of  tlie  protested  bill  with  costs 
and  charges.  FVaJsh, 

RE-DRAFT'ED,  pp.  Drafted  again;  transcribed  into 
a  new  copy. 

RE-DRAFT'ING,  ppr.  Redrawing;  drafting  or  tran- 
scribing again. 

RE-DRAW,  V.  t.  [re  and  draw.]  To  draw  again.  In 
commerce,  to  draw  a  new  bill  of  eichange,  as  the 
holder  of  a  protested  bill,  on  the  drawer  or  indors- 
ers.  Wahh. 

9.  To  draw  a  second  draft  or  copy. 

RE-DRESS',  V.  t,     [Fr.  redresser ;  re  and  dress.] 
1.  To  set  right;  to  amend. 

In  yonder  spiing  of  roees, 
y\ad  what  to  redress  till  noon.  AJUton. 

[Tn  this  sense,  as  applied  to  material  things,  Tardy 

ustd,]^ 

9.  To  remedy  ;  to  repair ;  to  relieve  from,  and  some- 
times to  indemnify  for ;  as,  to  redress  wrongs  ;  to  re- 
dress injuries  ;  to  redress  grievances.  Sovereigns  are 
bound  to  protect  their  subjects,  and  redress  their  griev- 
ances. 

3.  To  case ;  to  relieve ;  as,  she  labored  to  redress 
my  pain.  Sidney. 

[We  use  this  verb  before  the  person  or  the  thing. 
We  say,  to  redress  an  injured  person,  or  to  redress  the 
injurii.    The  latter  is  most  common.] 
RE-DRESS',  n.    Reformation  ;  amendment. 

For  us  the  more  neceraar>'  is  a  speedy  redress  of  ours^lv*. 

[  Tliis  sense  is  now  imusual.] 

9.  Relief;  remedy;  deliverance  from  wror^',  ":  : 
ry,  or  oppression  ;  as,  the  redress  of  grievances.  We 
applied  to  government,  but  could  obtain  no  redress. 

Th»re  is  occasion  for  redress  when  the  cry  is  univeiKi!, 

DavencrtU 

3.  Reparation  ;  indemnification. 

[This  sense  is  often  directly  intended  or  implied  in 
redress.] 

4.  One  who  gives  relief. 

Fair  majesty,  the  refuse  nod  redrett 

Of  those  whom  fele  puisnea  and  wmla  oppress.        Dryden. 

RE-DRESS'£D,  (-drest',)  pp.  Remedied  ;  set  right ; 
relieved:  indemnifi'^d. 

RE-DRESS'ER,  n.     One  who  gives  redress. 

RE-DRESS'I-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  redressed,  re- 
lieved, or  indemnified. 

RE-DRESS'ING,  ppr.  Setting  right;  relieving;  in- 
demnifying. 

RE-DRESS'IVE,  a.    Affording  relief.  TTiomson. 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  Vl"CIOUS.  — €  as  K ;  0  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH;  TH  as  in  TIDS. 


RED 

RE-DRESS'I.ESS,  «.    Without  aiiieudinsnt ;  wiiliout 

relief.  Shermaod. 

I!K  DRESS'JIENT,  ;i.    Ecdreis  ;  act  uf  redressing. 

Jffferxon. 
UEDRIV'EN,  n.    Driven  b.lclt  or  again.       Sautliey. 
KI-ID'-ROOT,  It.    A  name  given  to  various  plant;^,  as 
Litllospernunn   arvense,  or  stone-weeii,  Ceanotlius 
Aniericanus,  a  perennial  plant,  also  called  New  Jer- 
sey tea,  and  Sanguinaria  t-anadeuriis,  or  blood-root. 
_  Farm.  Encijc. 

KKD-SliAR',  ».  !.  [m;  and  Mar.]  To  break  or  crack 
when  too  hot,  as  iron  under  the  hammer  j  a  term  of 
wurkmcn.  Moxon. 

RED'.'^II.'VNK,  71.  A  bird  of  the  snipe  family,  and  ge- 
nus 'I'otanus,  (Scolopax,  Linn.)  Jardiiic. 

2.  A  contemptuous  appellation  for  bare-legged  per- 
sons. Sjyeiiscr. 
RED'SHORT,  a.    [red  and  siiort.]    Brittle,  or  break- 
ing shon,  when  red  hot,  as  a  metal ;  a  term  of  work- 
men, 
RED'-SIL'VEE,  ?i.    An  ore  of  silver,  of  a  ruby-red  or 
reddish-black  color.  There  are  two  species  ;  the  dark 
ral  contains  59  per  cent,  of  silver  united  to  sulphur 
and  antimony,  and  the  Vshl  red  05  per  cent,  com- 
biiu'd  with  sulphur  and  arsenic.  Dtrna. 
RED'-r^i\'oW,  n.     Sec  Sxow. 

IIEU'T.^IL    '  i  "■    ^^^'^  '^"^  ■'^^"''' '  ^'^^'  ■^■''^•^''^  ^  ^^'i-J 
A  bird  of  the  genus  PhcBnicura,  (Motacilla,  Linn.,) 
allied  to  the  nightingale.  Jardiiic. 

UED'STRk.\K,  M.  [red  and  slrcalc]  A  sort  of  apple, 
so  called  from  its  red  streaks.  Mortimer. 

2.  Cider  pressed  from  the  rcdstrcak  apples.   Smilk. 

RED'TOP,  n.  [red  and  tup.]  A  well-knov/n  species 
of  bent-grass,  Agrostis  vulgaris,  highly  valued  in  the 
United  States  for  pasturage  and  hav  for  cattle.  It 
is  sometimes  called  English  n-rnss,  and  also  lierds' 
erass.  Dctceij's  Mass.  Rep. 

RE-UuCE',  V.  I.  [h.  rcduco ;  re  and  daeo,  to  lead  or 
bring ;  Fr.  rednire  ;  It.  riduccrc^  or  ridurre ;  Sp.  redu- 
cir.] 

1.  Literally^  to  bring  back  ;    as,  to  reduce  these 
bloody  days  again.  sliak. 


REE 


REE 


The  quality  of  being  le- 


[Iii  thui  sense  not  in  7isc.] 
2.  To  bring  to  a  former  st 


state. 

It  were  Ijiil  jiisl 
And  equal  to  reduce  me  to  my  diist.  Millan. 

3.  To  bring  to  any  state  or  condition,  good  or  bad  ; 
as,  to  reduce  civil  or  ccclesiasticnl  affairs  to  order;  to 
reduce  a  man  to  poverty  ;  to  reduce  a  slala  to  distress  ; 
to  reduce  a  substance  to  powder  ;  to  reduce  a  sum  to 
fractions  ;  to  reduce  one  to  despair. 

4.  To  diminish  in  length,  breadth,  thickness,  size, 
quantity,  or  value  ;  as,  lo  reduce  expenses  ;  to  rcdiicc 
the  quantity  of  any  tliinp  ;  to  reduce  the  intensity  of 
heat ;  to  reduce  the  brightness  of  color  or  light ;  to  re- 
duce a  sum  or  amount ;  lo  reduce  the  price  of  goods  ; 
lo  reduce  the  strength  of  spirit. 

5.  To  lower;  todegradt:;  to  impair  in  dignitv  or 
excellence. 

Nothing  so  excellent  but  a  m,»n  may  fiistcn  on  Bometliliig  belong- 
ing to  it,  to  reduce  it.  TiUoCson. 

6.  To  subdue  ;  to  bring  into  subjection.  The  Ro- 
mans reduced  Spain,  Gaul,  and  Britain,  by  their 
arms. 

7.  To  reclaim  to  order.  Milton. 

8.  To  bring,  as  into  a  class,  order,  genus,  or  spe- 
cies;  to  bring  under  rules  or  v.'ithin  certain  limits  of 
description;  rs,  to  reduce  animals  or  vegetables  to  a 
class  or  classes;  to  reduce  men  to  tribes;  to  reduce 
language  to  rules. 

9.  In  arithmetic,  to  chnnse  numbers  from  one  dc- 
numination  into  another  without  altering  theirvaluu  ; 
or  to  change  number-i  of  one  denomination  into  oth- 
ers of  the  same  value  ;  as,  to  reduce  a  dollar  to  a  hun- 
dred cents,  or  a  hundred  cents  lo  a  dollar. 

10.  In  alffchra,  to  reduce  au  equation,  is  to  bring  the 
unknown  quantity  by  itself  on  one  side,  and  al!  the 
known  quantities  on  the  other  side,  without  destroy- 
ing tlie  equation. 

il.  In  metallurgy,  to  separate  a  metal  from  other 
substances  with  wliich  it  is  combined. 

12.  In  surgcnj,  to  restore  to  its  proper  place  or  state 
a  dislocated  or  fractured  bone. 

To  reduce  a  fig^irc,  design,  or  draught;  to  make  a 
copy  of  U  smaller  tiian  the  original,  but  preserving 
thu  form  and  proportion.  Oioih.  ° 

To  reduce  to  the  ranJcs ;  in  military  languutrc,  to  de- 
grade a  sergeant  or  corporal  for  miscondu'ct  to  the 
station  of  a  private  soldier.        Campbell's  Md.  Diet 
RE-DuC'i:D,  (re-diisl',)  yp.  or  a.      Brought    hack  ■ 
brought  to  a  former  state  ;  brc.ught  into  any  state  or 
contlition;  diminished;  subdued;  impoverished 
KE-DuCE'iMENT,  h.    The  act  of  Ijringing  back  ;*the 
art  of  diminishing;  the  act  of  subduing;  reduction. 
,_,   .  Bacon. 

[This  word  is  siiperst'ded  by  Keduction.I 
RE-DU'CENT,  a.    Tending  to  reduce. 
RE-DC'CEXT,  n.    That  which  reduces. 
RE-DuC'KR,  (^dus'cr,)».    One  that  reduces.  Sidu. 
RE-LiO'CI  BLE,  a.     " 


That  may  be  reduced. 


UiiJ. 


AW  Ihe  juris  of  iiaintinj  arJ  redudble  into  tiicsc  menli.m'il  l.y 
the  author.  Dnj>len. 


KE-UO'CI-BLE-NESS, 

ducible. 

RE-DuCING.  (-dus'iug,)  pjrr.    Bringing  back  ;  bring- 
ing to  a  former  state,  or  lo  a  different  state  or  furni ; 

diminishing;  subduing;  impoverishing. 
RE-DU€T',  V.  t.     [L.  reductus^  reduco.] 

To  reduce.     [Mit  in  vse.]  JVardc. 

RE-UUCT',  7(,    In  building,  a.  quirk  or  small  piece 

taken  out  of  a  larger  lo  make  it  more  regular  and 

uniform,  or  for  some  other  couveniouce.         Oicilt. 
RB-DUe'TI-O  JiB  ^B'SaR' DUM,  (re-duk'shc-o-,) 

[Ij.]    The  proving  that  a  given  supposition  leads 

directly  to  an  absurdity. 
RE-DUG'TION,  n.     [Fr.,  from  L.  reductio.] 

1.  The  act  of  reducing,  or  state  of  being  reduced  ; 

as,  tlie  Tcduetiou  of  a  body  lo  powder ;  the  reduction 

of  things  to  order. 
9.  Diminution  ;  as,  the  reduction  of  the  expenses 

of  government ;  the  reduction  of  the  national  debt. 

3.  Conquest ;  subjugation  ;  as,  the  reduction  of  a 
province  to  the  power  of  a  foreign  nation. 

4.  In  arithmetic,  the  bringing  of  numbers  of  differ- 
ent denominations  into  one  denomination ;  as,  the 
reduction  of  pounds,  ouncts,  pennyweights,  and 
grains  to  grains,  or  the  reduction  of  ^ra.\ns  to  pounds; 
the  reduction  of  days  and  hours  to  minutes,  or  of 
minutes  to  hours  and  days.  The  change  of  numbers 
of  a  higher  denomination  into  a  lower,  as  of  pounds 
into  pence  or  fartliings,  is  called  Reduction  De- 
scending; the  change  of  numbers  of  a  lower  de- 
nomination into  a  higher,  as  of  cents  into  dimes, 
dollars,  or  eagles,  is  called  Reduction  Ascending. 
Hence,  Ihe  rule  for  bringing  sums  of  different  de- 
nominations into  one  denomination,  is  called  Re- 
duction". 

5.  In  algebra^  the  reduction  of  an  equation  consists 
in  bringing  the  unknown  quantity  by  itself,  on  one 
side,  and  all  the  known  quantities  on  the  other  side, 
without  destroying  the  equation.      Daifs  Jilgebra. 

6.  Reduction  of  a  figure,  viap,  &c.,  is  the  making  of 
a  copy  of  it  on  a  smaller  scale,  preserving  the  form 
and  proportions.  Owilt. 

'!.  In  surgcru,  tlic  operation  of  restoring  a  dislo- 
cated or  fractured  bone  to  its  former  place. 

8.  In  metallurgy,  the  operation  of  separating  a 
metal  from  other  substances  with  which  it  is  com- 
bined.    This  is  called  also  Revivification. 

JSTichohiin.     Ure. 
RE-DUe'TIVE,  a.     [Fr.  rr.ductif.] 

Having  the  power  of  reducing.  Brcvint. 

RE-DUe'TIVE,  n.    That  which  lias  the  power  of  re- 
ducing. Uale. 
RE-DUe'TIVE-LY,  adv.     By  reduction  ;   by  cousc- 

quenc".  Hammond, 

RE-DUN'DANCE,    }    u.       [U    redundantia,    redundo. 
RE-DUi\'DAN-OY,  i        See  Redound.] 

1.  Excess  or  superfluous  quantity;  superfluity; 
superabundance. 

t.nbor  iJirovvs  otT  re'htndandes.  Addison. 

9.  In  discourse,  superHnity  of  words.         Eneye. 
RE-DUN'DANT,  a.     tfupcifluous  ;  exceeding  what  is 

natural  or  necessary;    superabundant ;  exuberant ; 
a.^,  a  redundant  quantity  of  bile  or  food, 

Nolwith5t.^nding  the  reiundavl  oil 
r.it  «o  mncli  as  Sesli. 


fifllies,  they  do  not  increase 
Ar6u(/(ju)(. 

Redundant  words,  in  wi'ling  or  discourse,  are  such 
as  are  synonymous  witii  others  u!-ed,  or  such  as  add 
nothing  to  the  sense  or  force  of  the  expression. 

2.  Using  more  words  or  images  tlian  are  necessary 
or  useful. 

Where  an  author  is  rcdundanl,  in.trk  Uiom  paiagr.uihs  to  be  re- 
trenched. Waas. 

3.  In  music,  a  redundant  chord  is  one  whicli  con- 
tains a  greater  number  of  tones,  semitones,  or  lesser 
intervals,  than  it  does  in  its  natural  state,  as  from  fa 
to  sol  sharp.  It  is  called  by  some  authors  a  chord 
extremely  sharp.  Encyc. 

RE-DUN'DANT-LY,a(;('.     W/'.h  superfluity  or  excess; 

superfluously ;  superabundantly. 
RE-DC  PL  I-CaTE,  v.  ^     [L.   redajdicoj    re  and  da- 

plico.     See  Duplicate.] 

To  double.  Pearson. 

RE-Du'PLI-eATE,  a.    Double. 
RE-DU-PLI-eA'TION,  n.     The  act  of  doubling. 

nigb'f. 
RE-DU'PLI-eA-TIVE,  c.    Double.  Watts. 

RED'-WA-TER,   if.    A  disease  in   cattle,  so  called 

from  an  appearance  like  blood  in  the  urine. 

Farm.  Encyc. 
RED'WING,  n.     [red  and  ^eing.]     A  European  bird 

of  the  thrush  fimily,  Merula  Iliacn,  named  from  the 

deep  orange  red  color  of  lU  under  v/ing-coverts. 

Jardine* 
REE,  /  71.    A  small  Portuguese  coin  or  money  of  ac- 
RE,     i       count,  value  about   one  mill  ami  a  fourth, 

or  one  eighth  of  a  cent,  American  money, 
REE,  V.  t.    [This  belongs  to  the  root  of  rid,  riddle, 

which  see.] 
To  riddle;  to  sift;  that  is,  to  separate  or  throv/ 

off".     [JV"«(  in  use,  or  local.']  Mortimer. 

RE-ECH'O,  (re-ek'o,)  v.  t.     [re  and  rrAo.]     To  echo 

back  ;  to  reverberate  again  ;  as,  the  hills  rc-ccko  the 

roar  of  cannon. 


RE-EGH'O,  (re-ek'o,)  r.  i.     [Supra.]     To  echo  back  ; 
to  return  back  or  be  reverberated,  as  an  echo. 

And  a  loud  gt-rAw  re-echoes  from  tbc  main.  Pope. 

RE-K€H'0,  (re-ek'o,)  n.    Tlie  echo  of  an  echo. 
RE-E€II'o-A"D,  f-ek'odc,)  pp.     [Supra.]     Returned, 

as  sound  ;  reverberated  again. 
RE-Eeil'0-ING,  ppr.    Returning  or  reverberating  an 

echo. 
REEOH'Y,a.    [A  misspelling  of  Reeky.    See  Reek.] 
Tarnished  with  sniokc  or  vapor  ;  hence,  sweaty  ; 

as,  a  reecky  neck.  ShaL 

REED,  n.     [Sax.  hreod,  read ;  G.  rictJi :  D.  riet ;  Goth. 

rausi    Fr.  rojeau;    Ir.  readan;    probably  allied    lo 

rod.] 

1.  The  common  name  of  many  aquatic  plants, 
most  of  them  hirge  grasses,  with  hollow,  juiiited 
stems,  such  as  the  common  reed  of  the  genus  Phnii;- 
miles,  (formerly  Aruudo,)  tiie  bamboo,  &ic.  The  bur- 
reed  is  of  the  genus  Spiugauiurn  ;  the  Indian  flower- 
ing reed  of  the  genus  Canna. 

2.  A  musical  pipe  ;  reeds  being  anciently  used  fnr 
instruments  of  music.  Milton. 

3.  A  little  tube  through  which  a  hautboy,  bassoon, 
or  clarinet,  is  blown. 

4.  An  arrow,  as  made  of  a  reed  headed.    Prior. 

5.  Thatch.  West  of  England. 

6.  A  weaver's  instrument  for  separating  the  thre:td^ 
of  the  «'arp. 

REED'-CROWN-^D,  a.     Crowned  with  reeds. 

Hemans. 
REED'ED,  a.    Covered  with  reeds.  Tusser. 

2.  Formed  with  channels  and  ridges  like  reeds. 
REED'£N,  (reed'n,)  a.     Consisting  of  a  reed  or  reeds  ; 

as,  recden  pipes.  Dryden. 

REED'-GRaSS,  II.    A  plant,  bur-reed,  of  the  genus 

Sparganium. 
RE-ED-I-FI-Ca'TION,  n.      [from  re-edify.]     Act  or 
operation  of  rebuilding;  .state  of  being  rebuilt. 

D^Anvillc,  Trans. 
RE~ED'I-FI-£D,  (-flde,);j;i.    Rebuilt. 
RE-ED'I-F?,  v.  t.     [Fr.  r^Hifier;  re  and  edify.] 

To  rebuild  ;  to  build  again  after  destruction. 
RI^ED'I-FT-IXG,  ppr.     Rebuilding.  [Milton, 

REED'LEi^S,  «.    Destitute  of  reeds  ;  as,  recdless  banks. 

Mail. 
REED'MaCE,  n.    A  plant  of  the  genus  Typha,  also 

called  Cat-tail.  j,cc. 

REED'Y,  a.    Abounding  with  reeds  ;  as,  a  reedy  pod. 

Thomson. 
9.  Having  the  quality  of  a  reed  in  tone,  i.e.,  harsh 
and  thick,  as  a  voice. 
REEF,  n.  [D.  reef;  Dan.  riv  or  rift ;  Sw.  rcf.  These 
words  coincide  in  orthography  with  tiie  verb  to  rive, 
and  if  from  this  root,  the  primary  sense  is  a  division, 
W.  rhiv  and  rhif.  But  in  Welsh,  rhCv  .sigiiihcs  a 
collection  or  bundle,  and  tliick  ;  rhcvu,  to  tliickcn  in 
compass  ;  and  if  from  this  root,  a  reef  is  a  fold,  and 
to  reef  is  to  fold. J 

A  certain  portion  of  a  sail  between  the  lop  or  bot- 
tom and  a  row  of  eyelet-holes,  or  between  two  rows 
of  eyelet-holes,  which  is  folded  or  rolled  up  to  con- 
tract the  sail,  when  the  violence  of  tlie  wind  ren- 
ders it  necessaiy.  Tottcn. 
REEF,  71.  [G.  riff;  D.  rif,  a  reef  or  sand-bank,  a  car- 
cass, a  skeleton.    Q.\i.  W.  rkecu,  to  thicken.] 

A  chain  or  range  of  rocks  lying  at  or  near  the  sur- 
face of  the  water.  Brandc. 
REEF,  V.  t.     [from  the  noun.]     To  contract  or  reduce 
the  extent  of  a  sail  by  rolling  or  folding  a  certaju 
portion  of  it  and  making  il  fast  to  the  yard. 

Tottcji. 
REEF'-BAiVD,  n.     A  piece  of  canvas  sewed  across  a 
sail,  to  strengthen  it  in  the  part  where  the  eyelet- 
holes  are  formed  for  reciiug.  T<,ttcn. 
REEF'£D,  (reeft,)  pp.  or  a.     Having  a  portion  of  the 

top  or  bottom  folded  and  made  fast  to  the  yard. 
REEF'ING,  ppr.    Folding  and  making  fattt3  the  yard, 

as  a  portion  of  a  sail. 
REEF'-LTNE,  u.     a  small  rope  formerly  used  to  reef 
the  courses  by  being  passed  spirally  round  Ihe  yard 
and  through  the  holes  of  the  reef.  Tottcn. 

REEF'-FOINTS,  w.;//.  Flat  pieces  of  braided  curd- 
age  ( ipering  toward  each  end  and  passed  through 
the  holes  in  the  reef-band  of  a  sail.  ToUen, 

REEF^-TACK-I-E,  (-tak'I,)  71.  A  tackle  by  which 
the  reef  cringles  or  rings  of  a  sail  are  hauled  up  to 
the  yard  for  reefing.  Tottcn. 

REEF'Y,  a.     Full  of  reefs  or  rocks 

2.  Scabby.  Qro^r. 

REEK,  77.     [Sax.  rec ;  1).  rouh ;  G.  ranch;  Sw.  rok; 
D.^n.  r'dg.] 
1.  Vapor;  steam. 

9.  A  rick,  which  see.  Sliak. 

REEK,  V.  i.     [Sax.  recan,  reocan,  D.  rooken,  i-uiken  ;  O. 

rauchen;  Sw.  r'dka;  Dan.  r'dger,  ryger,  to  reek,  V) 

smoke  ;  VV.  rhogli,  to  smell.    This  "may  be  from  the 

same  root  as  the  h.  frag ru,  and  all  coinciding  with 

the  .\r.  ^    ,)  ai-cega,  to  diffuse  odor.    The  prinuiry 


sense  is,  to  send  out  or  emit,  to  extend,  to 
Class  Rg.j 


reaclt. 


Fate,  far,  FALL,  WHAT.-MeTE,  PREY -PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD. -NOTE,  DOVE,  WOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK. 


924 


REE 


REF 


REF 


I 


•11 


To  steam  ;  to  exhale  ;  to  emit  vapur  j  applied  arpc-  \  RE-EN-KIN'DLED,  pp.     Enkindled  again 


ciall"  to  the  tapor  of  ccrtcin  moist  s^tbstances,  iVkl\\iiX 
than  to  the  smoke  of  burning  bodies. 

I  found  me  laid 
Tn  bolmr  sweat,  which  wilh  his  ueanu  the  sim 
y,'Oi»  dned,  find  oa  the  reeking  nwUture  f«i.  Milutn. 

Wboae  Uood  ye:  rttka  oq  my  aveiiginj  sword.  5rwJlA. 

REEK'ING,  jjpr.  ora.    Steaming;  emitting  vapor. 
ilKEK'Y,  a.    Smokv ;  soiled  wiiJi  smoke  or  steam  ; 

f.;!).  '  Shah: 

REEL,  n.     [Sax.  hreoly  reot.    See  Reel,  to  stagger.] 
1.  A  frame  or  machine  turning  on  an  axis,  and  on 

which  yam,  threads,  line?,  &c  ,  are  wound  j  as,  a 

log-rff/,  used  by  seamen  ;  an  angler's  reel. 
a.  A  Uvelv  dance  peculiar  to  Scotland.     Brands. 
REEL,  F.  t.    To  wind  upon  a  reel,  as  yarn  or  thread 

from  the  spindle.  JVilkins. 


REEL,  r.  i.    [Sw.  ragla.    Qu.  Class  Rg,  or  Ar.  ^ 
Ta.raia,  to  lean.    Class  III,  No.  4.] 

To  stagoer;  to  incline  or  move  in  walking,  first  to 
one  side  and  then  to  the  other ;  to  vacillate. 

He,  with  heavy  funies  oppressed, 

RfeUrl  Irom  lUe  palace,  ainl  rpiintl  to  rc?t. 

Th-:y  ral  lo  ^id  fco,  aud  st:i*y:r  like  a 


-^ 


Pope. 
(Iraakeu  itiAa,  —  Fs 


RB-E-LCeT',  0.  L    [re  and  elect.']    To  elect  again  ; 

as,  to  rc-dici  the  former  Governor. 
RE-E-LECT'ED,  pp.    Elected  again  ;  rechosen. 
IIE-E-LEST'IXG,  pj/r.     Electijig  again. 
UE-E-LEe'TlON,  ii.    Election  a  second  time,  or  re- 
peated election  ;  as,  the  re-etecticit  of  a  former  rep- 
resenlativo.  Sioifi. 

EE-EL-I-GI-BIL'I-TT,  ji.      The    capacity  of   being 

r?-ek::ted  lo  the  same  office. 
RE-EL'I  OI-BLE,  a.     [re  and  eligible.]    Capable    of 

bc'r.i:  elected  again  to  the  same  otSce. 
Rli-EJI-D.^UK',  V.  t.    [re  and  cmiark.]    To  embark 

or  p'i!t  on  board  again. 
RE-E.M-B.\RK',  r.  i.  To  embark  or  goon  board  again. 
RE-EM-r.A  RK-.X'TIOX,  n.    A  putting  on  board  or  a 

goins  on  board  asain. 
RE-EII-E.^RK^ED",  (-biirkf.)  pp.    Embarked  again. 
RE-E.\I-BARK'IXG,  ppr.     Embarking  or  going   on 

baard  again. 
RE-E-M-B.\T'TLE,  r. ;.     [re  and  embaUle.]     To  array 
again  for  battle;  to  arrange  again  in  the  order  of 
battle. 
EE-E5!-nAT'TLED,  pp.    Arrayed  again  for  battle. 
KE-E^I-BAT'TLI>JG,  ppr.    Arranging  again  in  battle 

a.'rr.'.-. 
RE-Eil-!iOy'I-ED,  (.em-bod'id,)  pp.  Embodied  again. 
KE-E.M-BOD'Y.  c.  t.     [re  and  emtody.]    To  embody 

asain. 
RE^EM-R<1D'V-IXG,  ppr.  Embodying  again. 
RE-E-MERfiE',  r.  i.    To  emerge  after  being  plunged, 

obscured,  or  overwhelmed.  Chandler. 

RE-E-.MERG'ENCE,  ii.    The  act  of  emerging  a  sec- 
ond time.  Lijell. 
EEE  JITXG,  n.    The  opening  of  the  seams  between 
the  planks  of  vessels,  wilh  a  calking  iron,  for  the 
purpose  of  calking  or  recalking  them  with  oakum. 

Hebert. 
RE-EN-.\eT',  r.  t     [re  and  eiwei.]    To  enact  again. 
RE-EX-AC T'EIl,  pp.    Enacted  again.     [Jlrbuthnat. 
RE-EN- ACT'ING,   ppr.     Enacting    anew ;    passing 

a2:iin  into  a  law. 
EE-E.V-.Ae'TIOS,  JI.    The  passing  into  a  law  again. 
RE-EX-ACT'.MENT,  ii.    The  enacting  or  passing  of 
a  law  a  secmdtime  ;  tlie  renewal  of  a  law. 

Keif.  WhctUon's  Rep. 
RE-EN'-FoRCE',  t.  t.  [re  and  enforce.]  To  strengthen 
witli  new  lorce,  assistance,  or  support;  as,  to  re-en- 
forct  an  argument ;  but  parucalcrhj^  to  strengthen  an 
aruiy  or  a  fort  wilh  additional  troo'ps,  or  a  navy  with 
additional  ships. 

[It  i.s  written  also  Re-!Xforce,  but  not  so  cor- 
rectly.] 
RE-EN'-FoRCE',  v.    Th.it  part  of  a  gun   near   the 
breech,  whicii  is  made  stronger  than  the  rest.  ToUen. 
EE-E.V-FoRU'£D,  (-forsf.)  pp.    Strengthened  by  ad- 
ditional force,  troops,  or  siiias. 
RE-E.N-FORCE'JIENT,  71.    The  act  of  re-enforcing. 
9.  A:iditional  force;  fresh  assistance  ;  ;mrtic(^Wy, 
additional  troops  or  force  to  augment  the  slrengtli  of 
an  army  or  of  ships. 

3.  Any  augmentation  of  strength  or  force  by  some- 
thing .added. 
RE-EM-FoRC'ING,  ppr.  Strengthening  by  additional 

f  iri:e. 
H  •  -  KN-tt.\<5E',  V.  t.    To  engage  a  sec:,nd  time. 
■'       :"..\'-G.\CE',  V.  L    To  engage  again  ;  to  enlist  a 

^U'l  time  ;  to  covenant  again.  Milfurd. 

Rr.-EN-G.\G'>;D,  pp.     Engaged  a  second  time. 
RE-R.V-G.\G'1-VG.  ppr.     Engacing  a?ain. 
EE-EN-JOY',  c.  i.    [re  and  ciyoi'.]    To  enjoy  anew 
[      or  a  s-xond  time.  Pope. 

RE-E.V-JOY'£D,  pp.    Enjoyed  again. 
I  RK-E?;-JOYMNG,  ppr.    Enjoying  anew. 
Ri:-EN-JOY*ilE.ST,  u.    A  second  or  repealed  enjoy- 
ment. 
I  EE-ES-KIN'DLE,  u.  (.    [re  and  cntmdle.]    To  en- 
j      kindle  again;  to  rekindle.  Taylor. 


RE-EX-KIX'DLING,  ppr.     Enkindling  anew, 

RE-EN-LIST',  r.  t.    To  enlist  a  second  time. 

RE-EN-LIST'ED,  pp.     Eldistcd  anew. 

RE-EN-LIST'ING,  ppr.    Enlisting  anew. 

RE-EN-LIST'JIEXT,  n.    A  second  enlistment. 

RE-EN'-STA.MP',  r.  (.    To  enstamp  again.      BedrV. 

RE-EN'TER,  c.  t.  [re  and  enter.]  To  enter  again  or 
anew.  It  is  applied,  in  en^racin^,  to  the  passing  of 
the  graver  into  those  incisions  ofthe  plate,  so  as  to 
deepen  them,  where  the  acid  has  not  bitten  in  sa!S- 
cientlv.  Brande. 

RE-EN'TER,  r.  i.    To  enter  anew. 

RE-E\''TER-£D.pp.     Entered  again. 

RB-E.\'TER-ING,  p;)r.    Entering  anew. 

2.  a.   Entering  in  retuni ;  as,  salient  and  re-enter- 
ing angles.  P.  C'jc. 

RE-EN-THRoNE',  v.  t.  [re  and  enUirone.]  To  en- 
throne again  ;  lo  replace  on  a  throne.        Southtrn. 

RE-EN-Tl!RoX'£D,  pp.    Raised  again  to  a  throne. 

RE-EX-TKRoNE'MENT,  71.     A  second  enthroning. 

UE-EN-THRoN'IXG, p;jr.     Replacing  on  a  throiie. 

RE-EN'TRANCE,  71.  [re  and  cnlrajjce.]  I'hs  act  of 
enterimr  again.  Hooker. 

RE-EX'TRAXT,  a.     See  RE-ENTEBifio. 

REER'.MOUSE,  11.     [Sa.x.  Arerei7l7«.] 
A  rearmouse  ;  a  bat. 

RE-ES-TAG'LISH,  v.  I.  [re  and  estaUish.]  To  es- 
tablish anew  ;  to  fix  or  confirm  again  ;  as,  to  re-es- 
tabli^k  a  covenant ;  to  re-establish  health. 

RE-ES-TAB'LISH-£;D,(-es-tab'lisht,)  pp.  or  a.  Estab- 
lislied  or  confirmed  asain. 

KE-ES-T-IE'LISH-ER",  71.  One  who  establishes  again. 

RE-ES-TAB'l-ISH-IiS'G,  ppr.  Establisliing  anew  ; 
confirming  asain. 

EE-ES-TAB'LISH-MENT,  n.  The  act  of  csUiblish- 
ing  again  ;  the  state  of  being  re-established ;  re- 
newed confirmation ;  restoration.  Addison. 

RE-ES-TaTE',  v.  u  [re  and  estate.]  To  re-establish. 
[Xot  :.-sca.]  Waller. 

REEVE,  71.    A  bird,  the  female  of  the  ruff. 

REEVE,  !'.  (- ;  pret.  and  pp.  Rove.  In  seamen^s  lan- 
guage, to  pass  the  end  of  a  rops  through  any  hole  in 
a  block,  thimble,  cleat,  ring-bolt,  cringle,  &ic.  Totlen. 

REEVE,  71.     [Sax.  gerrfa ;  G.  graf.] 

An  officer,  steward,  or  governor.  It  is  obsolete  ex- 
cept in  compounds  ;  as,  shire-reeve,  now  written  sker- 
if:  port-reeve,  &c.  Brande. 

RE-EX-AM'I-NA-BLE,  (r  as  g:,)  a.  That  may  be  re- 
e.':aminpd  or  reconsidered.  Judge  Utortj. 

RE-EX-A.M-IN-a'TIOX,  71.  A  renewed  or  repeated 
examin.ation. 

RE-EX-AM'ISE,  v.  t.  [re  and  czamine.]  To  exam- 
ine anew.  Hooker. 

RE-EX-.\M'IN-ED,  pp.    Examined  again. 

RF^EX-A.M'-IN'-ING,  ppr.    Examining  anew. 

RE-EX-CHaN6E',  11.  [re  and  exchange.]  A  renewed 
exchanse, 

2.  In  commerce,  the  expense  chargeable  on  a  bill  of 
exchange  or  draft  which  has  been  dishonored  in  a 
foreign  country,  and  returned  to  that  co:intry  in 
which  it  was  made  or  indorsed,  and  then  taken  up. 

iJoai-ier. 

The  miff  of  re  tichcoge  a  regulnt(>d  wilh  reaped  10  the  drawer, 
3'.  Ihe  course  of  exchange  b.-iv.-een  li:e  pi  ice  where  the  bill 
of  exchange  was  payable,  .-uid  the  plaoi  where  it  was  drawn. 
R£.exchnn£es  can  uol  be  cuinulateu.  WaUb. 

RE-EX-PoRT',   V.   t.      [re  and  erporl.]     To  export 

again ;  to  export  what  has  been  imported.    In  the 

United  Stales,  a  drawback  is  allov.-ed  on  commoili- 

ties  rc-ciported. 

RE-EX'PoRT,  n.    Any  commodity  re-exported. 

RE-EX-PoR-Ta'TION,  71.      The    act  of  exporting 

what  has  been  imported. 
RE-EX- PoRT'ED,   pp.     Exported   after  being    im- 
ported. 
RE-EX-PoET'ING,  ppr     Exporting  what  has  been 

imported. 
RE-FASH'ION,  (-fash'un,)  v.  t.    To  fashion,  form,  or 

mold  into  shape  a  second  time.  Maclcnight. 

RE-F.ASH'ION--ED,  pp.    Fashioned  again. 
RE-FASH'ION-ING,  ppr.     Shaping  a  second  time. 
RE-FECT',  v.  t.     [h.  refectus,  r<f:cio  ;  re  and  faeio,  to 
make.] 

To  refresh ;  to  restore  after  hunger  or  fatigue. 
[J\"t(  ill  iij-i;.]  Browiu 

RE-FEe'TION,  7!.     [Fr.,  from  L.  refectio.] 
1.  Refreshment  after  hunger  or  fatigue. 

SouiJi.    Pope. 
3.  In  monaiterics,  a  spare  meal  or  repast.  Brande. 
RE^FECT'IVE,  a.    Refreshing  :  restoring. 
RE-FECT'IVE,  n.    That  which  refreshes. 
RE-FE€T'0-RY,  71.     [Fr.  refectoire.] 

A  room  of  rel'reshment ;  originally,  a  hall  or  apart- 
ment in  convents  and  monasteries,  where  a  moder- 
ate repast  is  taken.  Brande. 
RE-  FEL',  z.  t.     [L.  refdlo.] 

To  refute  ;  to  disprove  ;  to  repress  ;  as,  to  refel  the 
tricks  of  a  sophister.     [Little  used.]  Sha-'i. 

Rii-FER',  V.  t.     [L.  refero  :  re  and  fero,  to  bear  ;  Fr. 
referrer  ;  It.  referire  ;  Sp.  and  Port,  referir.] 

1.  To  direct,  leave,  or  deliver  over  to  another  per- 
son or  tribunal  for  information  or  decision  ;  as  when 
parties  to  a  suit  refer  their  cause  to  another  court :  or 


the  court  refers  a  cause  lo  individuals  for  exainina 
lion  and  rejwrt.  A  person  whose  cpiui.in  is  request- 
ed, sometimes  refers  the  inquirer  to  another  persoa 
or  other  -source  of  information. 

2.  To  reduce  as  to  the  ultimate  end. 
You  prof?i»  and  prMlJec  to  refer  all  ihinji  to  younel/.    Btucn. 

3.  To  reduce  ;  to  assign  ;  as  to  an  order,  genus,  or 
class.  X.aturalists  are  sometimes  at  a  loss  to  know 
to  what  doss  or  g.-'uU3  au  anima!  or  plant  is  lo  be  re- 
fcrred 

To  refe-  one''3  self;  to  betake  ;  to  apply.  [Liult 
■used.)  Sltai. 

RE-FER',  V.  i.    To  point  or  have  reference.    JIany 
passages  of  Scripture  refer  to  tlie  peculiar  customs  of 
the  Orientals, 
9.  To  appeal ;  to  have  recourse  ;  to  apply. 

hi  tiLlu  it  ;i  go;>J  10  rr/cr  to  wtne  fri^od  of  Inut.  Bacon. 

3.  To  allude ;  lo  have  respect  to  by  intimalion, 
willioiit  naming.    I  refer  to  a  well-known  fact. 
REF'Ell-.\-BLE,  a.    Thai  may  be  referred  :  ca|>able 
of  being  consiilercd  in  relation  to  something  else. 

More. 
2.  That  may  be  assigned ;  that  may  be  considered 
as  belonging  to  or  related  to. 

It  is  a  question  .among  philoso;i!icra,  whether  all  the  ittiaclioru 
v.-hich  obtrfiu  hetwtfen  liodiea  arc  re/etable  to  one  jr.-i»  rjl 
Ciose.  yichuUoit. 

REF-ER-EE',  n.  One  to  whom  a  thing  is  referred  ; 
particularly,  a  person  appointed  by  a  court  to  hear, 
examine,  and  decitie  a  cause  between  parties,  pend- 
ing before  the  curt,  and  make  report  to  the  ctiurt. 
In  jVcto  England,  a  referee  differs  from  an  artitr.ifur 
in  being  appointed  by  the  court  to  decide  in  a  cause 
which  is  depending  before  that  court.  .-\n  arlitral.,r 
is  cilosen  by  p.ar:ies  to  decide  a  cause  between  tlicm. 

REF'ER-ENCE,  71.  A  sending,  dismission,  or  tiirec- 
tion,  to  another  for  information.  Sicift. 

2.  Relation  ;  respect ;  view  toward. 

The  Christiiu  Teli»iou  commands  sobliety,  temperance,  aivi  mod- 
erallon,  ill  reference  to  our  appetites  and  pa^slom. 

'A:lot3sn. 

3.  Allusion  to.  In  his  observations,  he  had  no 
rcferenee  to  the  case  which  has  been  staled. 

4.  In  laic,  the  process  of  assigning  a  cause  depend- 
ing in  court,  for  a  hearing  and  decision,  to  persons 
appointed  by  the  court. 

REF-ER-EX'TI.-\L,  a.    That  contains  a  reference ; 

that  points  lo  something  out  of  itself.  SmarL 

REF-ER-EXD'A-RY,  n.    One  to  whose  decision  a 

cause  is  referred  ;  a  referee.    [A'ot  in  use.]  Bazca. 

2.  An  officer  who  delivered  the  royal  answer  to 
petitions.  Ilarmar. 

3.  In  early  history,  an  officer  charged  with  the  duty 
of  prociu'ing  and  dispatching  diplomas  and  decrees. 

Brande. 

EE-FER'llEXT,  71.  Reference  for  decision.  [jVot 
used.]  LaoJ- 

RE-FER-M  ENT',  v.  t.  [re  and  ferment.]  To  ferment 
aci^ill.  Blackmore. 

RE-FER'R£D,  pp.  Dismissed  or  directed  to  another; 
assigned,  as  to  a  class,  order,  or  cause;  assigned  by 
a  court  to  persons  anpointed  to  decide. 

RE-FER'R!-BLE,  a. '  That  may  be  referred  ;  refer- 
able. -Broicii. 

RE-FER'Rl-VG,  ppr.  Dismissing  or  directing  to 
another  lor  inform.ation  ;  alluding ;  assigning,  as  to 
a  class,  order,  cause,  &c. ;  or  assigning  lo  private 
persons  fur  decision. 

RE-FIND',  r.  t  [re  and  fnd.]  To  find  again  ;  to  ex- 
iierienee  anew.  Sandys. 

RE-FINE',  !!.  t.  [Fr.  rajjiiier;  It.  raf.nare :  &p.  and 
Port.  ref:,icr  ;  re  and  j?iie.] 

I.  Tij  purify;  in  a  general  sense :  applied  to  liquors, 
to  depurate  ;  to  defecate  ;  to  clarify  ;  to  sep.arate,  as 
liquor,  from  all  extraneous  mailer.  In  this  sense, 
the  verb  is  used  witli  propriety,  but  it  is  customary 
louse  Fine. 

o.  Jipplied  to  metals,  to  separate  the  metallic  sab- 
stance  from  all  other  matter,  whether  another  met.il 
or  alloy,  or  any  earthy  substance  ;  in  short,  to  detach 
tlie  pure  metal  from  all  extraneous  matter. 

I  will  bring  the  thin!  p.-trt  through  the  fire,  and  will  Tejii.e  tliem 
as  silver  is  refmed.  —  Z'Xh.  xiii. 

3.  To  purify,  as  manners,  from  what  is  gross, 
clownish,  or  vulgar;  to  polish;  to  make  elegant. 
We  expect  10  see  refined  manners  in  courts. 

4.  To  purify,  as  language,  by  removing  vulgar 
words  and  barbarisms. 

5.  To  puritV,  as  taste  ;  to  give  a  nice  and  delicate 
perception  of  "beauty  and  propriety  in  literature  and 

the  arts.  .  -  , 

6.  To  purifv,  as  the  mind  or  moral  pnnciples  ;  to 
give  or  iinphint  in  the  mind  a  nice  perception  of 
truth,  justice,  and  propriety,  in  commeree  and  sc.-ial 
intercourse.  This  nice  perception  of  wiiat  is  rijlit 
conslitules  rectitude  of  principle,  cr  moral  re.ineiiienl 
of  mind  ;  and  a  correspandent  practice  nt  socral  du- 
ties constitutes  rectitude  of  conduct  or  punty  of 
morals.  lience  we  spe.ak  of  a  re,'oir/i  mind,  r^Mtd 
manners,  refncd  principles. 

To  refine  the  heart  m  so>J :  to  cleanse  it  from  .all 
carnal  or  evil  affections  and  desin-s.  and  implant  m 
it  holy  or  heavenly  aliiiclions.  


Tc:«E,  BiiLi.,  L:;;iTF.  - 


■jl,  vr  rrnr.^,  — €  as  K' 


G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  S!I :  Tli  as  in  THIS. 


RE-FrNE',  V.  i.  To  improve  in  nccuracy,  delicacy,  or 
in  any  lliiug  that  constitutes  excdlence. 

Chaucer  r^ned  uii  Bixcice,  mid  mcrnicd  hlsetorieg.   Drylen, 

Yet  l'.-t  a  lord  bm  own  iho  hiippy  lines, 

How  thtf  wit  IjriglitciiK,  how  lli-;  aeiiJie  rejiites  I  Pope. 

2.  To  become  pure  ;  to  be  cleared  of  feculent  mat- 
ter. 

So  the  pure,  limpiil  stream,  when  foul  witli  stains, 

Works  itai;lf  duiu",  and  as  it  rinis,  refines.  Addieon. 

3.  To  artect  nicety.  Men  sometimes  refine  in  spec- 
ulation beyond  tlie  Umita  of  practical  trutli. 

He  mokes  another  parag'^P'*  ab-jut  our  rrjlning  in  contmveray. 

Alierbury. 

RE-FIiN'ED,  pp.  era.  Purified  ;  separated  from  extra- 
neous matter  ;  freed  from  alloy,  &c,,  as  metals  ;  clar- 
i  lied,  as  liquors;  polished;  scparatiul  from  what  is 
coarse,  rude,  or  improper. 

RE-FIN'ED-LV,  ado.  With  affected  nicety  or  ele- 
gance. Dniihn. 

RE-FIN'ED-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  refined  ;  pu- 
rity;  refinement;  also,  affected  purity-       Barrow. 

RE-FINE'iMENT,  H.    Tlie  act  of  purit'yin2  by  sepa- 
rating from  a  substance  all  extraneous  matter;   a 
clearing  from  dross,  alloy,  dregs,  or  recrement ;  as, 
the  refinement  of  metals  or  liipiors. 
Q.  The  state  of  being  pure. 

The  more  bodies  nn-  of  n  kin  to  spirit  in  suUilly  and  refirtemcnl, 
the  more  diflusive  are  tliey.  Norris. 

3.  Polish  of  language ;  elegance  ;  purity. 

From  the  civil  war  to  this  tiinp,  I  donbt  whcdier  the  corruptiona 
iu  our  language  have  not  equaled  its  re/inemeuts.      Swi/t. 

4.  Polish  of  manners  ;  elegance  ;  nice  observance 
of  the  civilities  of  social  intercourse  and  of  graceful 
decorum.  Refinement  of  manners  is  often  found  in 
persons  of  corrupt  morals. 

5.  Purity  of  taste  ;  nice  perception  of  beauty  and 
propriety  in  literature  and  the  arts. 

6.  Purity  of  mind  and  morals  ;  nice  perception  and 
observance  of  rectitude  in  mora!  principles  and  prac- 
tice. 

7.  Purity  of  heart ;  the  state  of  the  heart  purified 
from  sensual  and  evil  affections.  This  refinement  is 
the  effect  of  Christian  principles. 

8.  Artificial  practice  ;  subtilty  ;  as,  the  refinements 
of  cunning.  Rogers. 

9.  Affectation  of  nicety,  or  of  elegant  improve- 
ment ;  as,  the  refinements  of  reasoning  or  pliilosophy. 

RE-FIN'ER,  «.  One  that  refines  metals  or  other 
things.  Bacon. 

3.  An  improver  in  purity  and  elegance ;  as,  a  re- 
finer of  language.  Swift. 

3.  An  inventor  of  superfluous  subtilties  ;  one  who 
is  over  nice  in  discrimination,  in  argument,  reason- 
ing, philosophy,  &.c. 

RE-FTN'ER-Y,  n.  The  place  and  apparatus  fjr  refin- 
ing metals. 

RE-FIN'ING,  ppr.  Purifying ;  separating  from  alloy 
or  any  extraneous  matter ;  polishing  ;  improving  in 
accuracy,  delicacy,  or  purity. 

RE-FI.\'ING,  71.  The  act  or  process  of  purifying  ;  par- 
tictilarly,  the  purification  of  a  metal  from  an  alloy  or 
othi-r  matter.  Hcbcrt. 

2.  The  use  of  too  mucli  refinL'inent  or  subtilty  ; 
grrat  nicety  of  speculation. 

RE-FIT',  v.'t.  [re  and  fit.']  To  fit  or  prepare  again  ; 
to  repair  ;  to  restore  after  damage  or  decay ;  as,  to 
rcfil  ships  of  war. 

RE-FIT',  V.  i.  To  repair  datnages.  Admiral  Keppel 
returned  to  Portsmouth  to  refit.  Bchham, 

RE-FIT' ME  NT,  n.     A  second  fitting  out. 

RE-F[T'TED,  7;p.     Prepared  again  ;  repaired. 

RE-FIT'TING,  ppr.   Ri-pairnig  after  damace  or  decay. 

RE-FLE€T',  v.  t.  [L.  reflecto ;  re  and  flecio^  to  bend  ; 
Fr.  refleckir;  It.  rificttei-c.] 

To  throw  back;  to  cause  to  return  after  striking 
Mpun  any  surface;  as,  to  rrfiect  light,  heat,  sound, 
&i.c.  In  the  rainbow,  the  rays  of  light  are  reflected  as 
well  as  refracted. 

Bodii.'8  close  together  reflect  thirir  own  color.  Drydcn. 

RE  FLEeT',  V  l  To  thro%v  back  light,  heat,  &c. ;  to 
return  rays  or  beams  ;  as,  a  reflecting  mirror  or  gem. 

ShaJ:. 
2.  To  bend  back.  Benttctj. 

'3.  To  throw  or  torn  back  the  thr^nghts  upon  the 
pa-t  tiperationsof  the  mind,  or  upon  past  events.  We 
refiect  with  pleasure  on  a  generous  or  heroic  action  ; 
we  reflect  with  pain  on  our  fullies  and  vices ;  we  re- 
flect on  our  former  thoughts,  meditations,  and  opin- 
ion %'. 

4.  To  consider  attentively  ;  torevolvein  themind  ; 
to  contemplate  ;  as,  I  will  rcfiect  on  this  subject. 

And  as  I  much  rejlecud,  much  I  mourned.  Prior. 

In  every  action,  rejlecl  upon  the  end.  Thylor. 

[To  refiect  on  things /i/iHrc,  is  not  strictly  possible, 
yet  the  word  is  often  used  as  synonymous  with 
ftlKUiTATE  and  Contemplate.] 

5.  To  bring  reproach. 

Krrors  oT  wivea  rejlecl  on  husband  still,  Dryden. 

To  refi£ct  on ;  to  cast  censure  or  reproach. 

I  do  not  reflect  in  Ihe  least  on  the  memory  of  his  late  malrsty. 

.Sun/I. 


REF 

RE-FLEGT'EI),  pp.  or  a.    Thrown  back;  returned; 

ns,  reflci-.ted  light,  heat,  sound,  &c. 
RE-FLECT'ENT,  a.     Bending  or  flying  back  ;  as,  the 

ray  ilescendent,  and  ray  rejiectent.  Vigby. 

RE-FLECT'T-BLE,  a.      That  may  be    reflected    or 

thrown  back.  Qregory. 

RE-FLECT'ING,  ppr.    Throwing  back,  as  light,  heat, 

&.C. 

a.  Turning  back,  as  thoughts  upon  themselves  or 
upon  past  events, 
y.  Refircting  on  ;  casting  censure  or  reproach. 
RE-FLECT'ING,  a.    Throwing  back  light,  heat,  &c., 
as  a  mirror  or  other  surface. 

Q.  Given  to  reflection  or  serious  consideration  ; 
reflective  ;  as,  a  reflecting  mind. 

Rrfiectinir  telescope.     See  Telescope. 
RE-FLEGT'ING  CIU'CLE,    n.    An    instrument    for 

the  meas;tircment  of  angles  by  reflection.     Brande. 
RE-FLECT'ING-Ly,    adv.      With    reflection;    with 

censure.  Swift. 

RE-FLEe'TION.  (re-nek'shun,)  n.  [from  reflect.]  A 
turning  back  alter  striking  upon  any  surface  ;  as,  the 
reflection  of  light,  heat,  or  sound  ;  the  reflection  of  an 
elastic  body.  Tlie  angle  of  incidence  and  the  angle 
of  reflretion  are  always  equal. 
2.  Tlie  act  of  bending  hack.  Bcntlcy. 

'3.  That  wJiich  is  reflected. 

A»  the  8un  in  walor  we  can  boar, 

i'ct  not  the  eun,  but  Ills  reficcUon  there.  Dryden. 

4.  The  operation  of  the  mind  by  which  it  turns  its 
views  back  upon  itself  and  its  operations  ;  the  re- 
view or  reconsideration  of  past  thoughts,  opinions, 
or  decisions  of  the  mind,  or  of  past  events.  Encye. 

5.  Thought  thrown  back  on  itself,  on  the  past  or 
on  the  absent ;  as,  melancholy  reflections;  delightful 
reflections. 

Jub's  reflections  on  his  once  flourishing  estate  at  the  same  time 
afflicted  and  eticouniged  him.  AUerbury. 

fi.  The  expression  of  thought. 

7.  Attentive  consideration  ;  meditation ;  contem- 
plation. 

This  delight  grows  and  improves  under  thought  eind  refledion. 

SoiitJi. 

8.  Censure  ;  reproach  cast. 

He  died,  and  O  I   may  no  reflection  shed 

Its  poisououB  venom  on  the  royal  dead.  Prior. 

RE-FLE€T'IVE,  a.  Throwing  back  images;  as,  a 
reflective  mirror. 

In  the  reJlecUve  stream  the  eigblng  bride, 

Viewing  her  charms  irnpaL-ed.  Prior, 

2.  Considering  the  operations  of  the  mind,  or 
things  past ;  as,  reflective  reason.  Prior. 

RE-FLECT'IVE-LY,  adv.    By  reflection. 
RE-FLECT'OR,  n.    One  who  reflects  or  considers. 

Boyle. 
2.  Something  having  a  polished  surface  for  rcflect- 
ms  light  or  heat,  as  of  a  lamp,  &,c. 
Re'FLEX,  a.     [L.  rcficxns.] 

1.  Directed  back ;  retroactive  ;  as,  a  reflex  act  of 
the  soul,  the  turning  of  the  intellectual  eye  inward 
upon  its  own  actions.  Hale. 

2.  Designating  the  parts  of  a  painting  illuminated 
by  light  reflected  from  another  part  of  the  same  pic- 
lure.  Encyc. 

3.  In  botany,  bent  back  ;  rnflected. 
RE-FLEX',  n.     Reflection.     [J^Tut  used.]         Hooker. 

2.  The  li^ht  reflected  from  an  enlightened  surface 
to  one  in  shade.  Gmilt. 

RE-FLEX',  V.  t.    To  reflect.  S/w.V. 

2.  To  bend  back ;  to  turn  hack.     [Little  used.] 

Oi-egory. 
RE-FLEX'£D,   (re-flekst',)  pp.  or  a.    Reflected;  in 

botany,  suddenly  bent  backward.  Lindle)/. 

RE-FL"EX-I-BIL'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  being' re- 
flexible  or  capable  of  being  reflected  ;  as,  the  reflci.i- 
bility  (if  the  rays  of  light.  JVeiotou. 

RE-FLEX'I-BLE,  a.  Capable  of  being  reflected  or 
thrown  back. 

The  lig-ht  ol  the  sun  consists  of  rays  dilTerciilly  refrangible  and 
rpjlexible,  Clieyne. 

RE-FLEX'ION.     See  Reflection. 
RE-FLEX'I-TY,  n.     Capacity  of  being  reflected. 
RE-FLEX'IVE,  a.    Having  respect  to  something  past. 

Assurance  reflejive  can  not  be  a  divine  faith.  Hammond, 

RE-FLEX'IVE-LY,  adv.    In  a  direction  backward. 
Oov.  of  Vie  Tongue. 
Re-FLoAT',  j7.    [re  Vina  fl43at.]    Reflux;  ebb;  a  tlow- 

ing  back.     [Little  %tsed.]  Bacon. 

RE-FLO-RES'CENCE,   n.      [re   and  ftnreseence.]     A 

blossoming  anew. 
RE-FLOUR'rSEI,  (re-flur'ish,)  v.  i.     [re  and  flourish.] 

To  flourish  anew.  Milton. 

RE-FLOUR'ISH-ING,  ppr.    Flourishing  again. 
RE-FLoW',  V.  i.     [re  and  flow.]     To  flow  back  ;  to 

fbb. 
RE-FLoW'ING,  ppn    Flowing  back  ;  ebbing. 

Darwin. 
RE-FLU€T-q-A'TION,  w.    A  flowing  back. 
REF'LU-ENCE,   )  n.      [from    refluent.]      A    flowing 
REF'LU-EN-CY,  j      back.  Mountague. 

REF'LU-ENT,  a.     [L.  reflaens  ;  re  and^uo.] 

1.  Flowing  back  ;  ebbing;  as,  the  rr/IucH(  tide. 


REF 

2.  Flowing  back  ;  relinning,  as  a  fluid  ;  as,  reflu- 
ent blood.  ArbaUtnot. 

Rk'FLUX,  7).     [Fr.,  from  L.  rcfluxus.] 

A  flowing  back  ;  the  returning  of  a  fluid  ;  as,  llie 
flux  and  nyliw  of  the  tides  ;  the  flux  and  reflux  of 
tJie  Euripus.  Brown. 

RR-FOC'IL-L.aTE,  (-fos'fl-Iate.)  v.  t.  [It.  rcfocillarc  ; 
Sp.  rrfocilar ;  L.  r(ifocilio  ;  tc  and  the  root  of focu.'i.] 

To  rcl'resh  ;  to  revive ;  to  give  new  vigor  to.  [Lit- 
tle •nsed.]  Aubrey. 

RE-FOC-IL-La'TION,  (-fos-iMi'shun,)  ii.  The  act 
of  refreshing  or  giving  new  vigor  ;  restnration  of 
strength  bv  refreshment.     [Little  usejL]    Mifldleton 

RE-FO-MENT',  v.  t.  [re  and  foment^  To  foment 
anew  ;  to  warm  or  cherish  again.  Cotgravc. 

2.  To  excite  anew. 

RE-FO-MENT'ED,  pp.    Fomented  or  incited  anew. 

RE-FO-ME\T'IN'G,  ppr.  Fomcntinganew  ;  exciting 
again. 

RE-FORM',  V.  t.  [Fr.  reformer ;  L.  reformo  ;  re  and 
furmo,  to  form.] 

1.  To  change  from  worse  to  better  ;  to  amend  ;  to 
correct ;  to  restore  to  a  former  good  state,  or  to  bring 
from  a  bad  to  a  good  state  ;  as,  to  reform  a  prolligalo 
man  ;  to  reform  corrupt  manners  or  morals. 

The  example  alone  of  a  vicious  prince  will  corrupt  an  age  ;  but 
that  of  a  good  one  will  not  reform  it.  i>wjfc. 

2.  To  change  from  bad  to  good  ;  to  remove  that 
which  is  bad  or  corrupt;  as,  to  reform  abuses  ;  to 
reform  the  vices  of  the  age. 

RE-FORM',  y.  i.  To  abandon  that  which  is  evil  or 
coniipt,  and  return  to  a  good  state  ;  to  be  auienilcd 
or  corrected.  A  man  of  settled  habits  of  vice  will 
seldom  reform. 

Re'-FORM',  v.  t.  [re  and/orm.]  To  form  again  ;  to 
create  or  shape  anew. 

RE-FORM',  n.  Reformation  ;  amendmrnt  of  what  is 
defective,  vicious,  corrupt,  or  depraven  ;  a-s,  the  re- 

-  form  of  parliamentary  elections ;  reform  of  govern- 
ment. 

REF-OR-Ma'DO,  n.  A  monk  who  adheres  to  the 
reformation  of  his  order.  Wecver. 

2.  An  oflicer  retained  in  his  regiment  wlien  his 
company  is  disbanded.  B.  Junsun. 

RE-FORM'AL-IZE,  v.  i.  To  affect  reformation;  to 
pretend  to  correctness.  Lee. 

REF-OR-Ma'TION,  7i.    The  act  of  refonning;  cor- 
rection or  amendment  of  life,  manners,  or  of  any 
thing  vicious  or  corrupt ;  as,  the  reformation  of  man- 
ners ;  reformation  of  the  ago  ;  reformation  of  abuses. 
Satire  lashes  vice  into  reformation.  Dryk-n, 

2.  By  way  of  eminence,  tlie  change  of  religion  in 
the  European  churches  to  its  primitive  purity,  begun 
by  Luther,  A.  D.  1517. 

Re-FOR-Ma'TION,  n.  The  act  of  forming  anew  ;  a 
second  forming  in  order  ;  as,  the  re-formation  of  a 
column  of  troops  into  a  hollow  sipiare.       Mitford. 

RE-FORM'A-TIVE,  a.  Forming  again  ;  having  tlie 
quality  of  renewing  form.  Good. 

RE-FORM'A-TO-RY,  a.  Tending  to  produce  reform- 
ation. 

RE-FORM'^D,  pp.  or  a.  Corrected  ;  amended  ;  re- 
stored to  a  good  state  ;  as,  a  reformed  profligate. 

2.  a.  In  ecclesiastical  history,  a  term  denoting,  in 
its  widest  sense,  all  who  separated  from  the  Roman 
Catholic  church  at  the  era  of  the  reformation.  In 
a  more  .-^ecific  sense,  it  denotes  those  wlio  separated 
from  Luther  on  the  doctrine  of  consubatantiation, 
&.C.,  and  carried  the  reformation,  as  they  claimed, 
to  a  higher  point.  The  Protestant  cliurches  founded 
by  them  in  Switzerland,  France,  Holland,  and  part 
of  Germanv,  were  called  the  Reformed  churches. 

RE'-FORM'ioD,  j*p.     Formed  anew.       [Encyc.  Am. 

RE-FORM'ER,  7i.  One  who  effects  u  reformation 
or  amendment ;  as,  a  rifonner  of  manners,  or  of 
abuses. 

2.  One  of  those  who  commenced  the  reformation 
of  religion  in  the  sixteenth  century,  as  Luther, 
Melanchthon,  Zuinglius,  and  Calvin. 

RE-FORM'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Correcting  what  is  wrong; 
amending  ;  restoring  to  a  good  state. 

Re'-FORM'ING,  ppr.     Forming  anew. 

RE-FORiVl'IST,  n.    One  who  is  of  the  reformed  re- 
ligion. Howell. 
2.  One  who  proposes  or  favors  a  political  reform. 

RE-FOR-TI-FI-Ca'TION,  71.  A  fortifying  a  second 
time.  Mitford. 

RK-FOR'TI-FT-ED,  pp.    Fortified  anew. 

RE-FOR'TI-FV,  1'.  t.     To  fortify  anew. 

RE-F0R'TI-F\'-ING,  ppr.     Ftirtifying  again. 

RE-FOS'SION,  (rc-fo.sh'un,)  7(.  The  act  of  digging 
np.  Bp,  Hull. 

RE-FOUND',  V.  t.  [re  and  found.]  To  found  or  cast 
anew.  fVarton. 

RE-FOIJND'ED,  pp.     Foundod  again. 

RE-FOUND'ER,  v.    One  who  refounds. 

RE-FOUNDTNG,  ppr.     Founding  again. 

RE-FRACT',  V.  t.  [L.  refractus,  refringo ;  re  and 
frango,  to  break.] 

To  break  the  natural  course  of  the  rays  of  light ; 
to  cause  to  deviate  from  a  direct  course.  A  dense 
medium  refracts  the  rays  of  light,  as  they  pass  into 
it  from  a  rare  medium. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT,  — MeTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK. — 


m 


REF 


REF 


REG 


RE-FRA€T'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Turned  from  a  direct 
course,  as  rays  of  light. 

2.  a.    In  botany  und  concholo<ryi  bent  back  at  an 

acute  anale  ;  as,  a  refracted  corol.    jMarttjn.  Humble. 

RE-FRACT'ING,  ppr.    Turning  from  a  direct  course. 

2.  a.    That  turns  rays  from  a  direct  course;  as,  a 

refracting  niediuui. 

Refracting  telescope.     See  Telescope. 
RE-FRAC'TION,  n.     In  optics,  the  change  in  the  di- 
rection of  a  ray  of  light  caused  by  the  diliercnce  of 
density  in  the  medium  or  mediums  tlirough  which  it 
passes.  Olmsted. 

Refraction  out  of  a  mrer  inediiim  into  r  denser,  U  made  towarJ 
die  perpeiuiiciiljr.  Newlon. 

Refractlun^  in  mechanics,  is  more  commonly  called 
Deflection,  which  see.  Barlow. 

Double  refraction;  the  refraction  of  light  in  two 
directions,  and  consequent  production  of  two  distinct 
images.  The  powerof  double  refraction  is  possessed 
by  all  crystals,  except  those  of  llie  tesseral  or  regular 
system.  Dana. 

RE-FRAeT'IVE,  a.  That  refracts,  or  has  power  to 
refract  or  turn  from  a  direct  course  ;  pertaining  to  re- 
fraction ;  as,  rifnictive  densities  or  powers.    JV'ewton. 

RE-FRAeT'0-RI-LY,  adv.     Ferverselv  ;  obstinately. 

RE-FKA€T'0-RI-NESS,  n.  [from  refractory.]  Per- 
verse or  sullen  obstinacy  in  opposition  or  disobe- 
dience. 

I  never  allowed  any  innn's  refractoriness  a^inst  the  privileges 
?jid  orders  of  lUo  house.  K.  Charles. 

2.  Jjpplicd  to  metals,  difficulty  of  fusion. 
RE-FRACT'O-RY,   a.     [Fr.   refractaire ;    h.  refracta- 
ri'io-,  from  refragor,  to   resist;    re  and //-an-or,  from 
frango.l 

1.  Sullen  or  perverse  in  opposition  or  disobedience  ; 
obstinate  in  non-compliance  ;  ay,  a  refractory  child  ; 
a  refractortj  servant. 

Rnging-  appetites  Uiut  are 
Most  disobedient  and  re/mctory.  Shak. 

2.  Unmanageable  J  obstinately  unyielding;  as,  a 
refractory  beast. 

3.  jSpplicd  to  metals,  difficult  of  fusion  ;  not  easily 
yielding  to  the  force  of  heat. 

RE-FRA€T'0-RY,  n.    A  person  obstinate  in  opposi- 
tion or  disobedience.  Hall. 
2.  Obstinate  opposition.     [JVut  used.]        Taylor. 
RE-FRa'GA-BLE  or  REF'RA-GA-ELE,  a.     [L.  ref 
rarrnr;  re  ^xid  frango.] 
That  may  be  refuted,  that  is,  broken. 
RE-FRaIN',  v.  t.     [Fr.  rtfrener;  It.  rinfrcnarc:  L.  rc- 
frtEiio  ;  re  and  frwno,  to  curb  j  frtcmun,  a  rein.    See 
Rein.] 
To  hold  back;  to  restrain  ;  to  keep  frt,m  action. 

My  son  —  refrain  thy  foot  from  llieir  pnth.  —  Prov.  i. 
Tljen  Jjscpl)  could  not  refrain  himself  belon;  all  lUeni  tliat  stood 
by. — Gen.  atlv, 

RE-FRaIJV',  v.  i.  To  forbear;  to  abstain;  to  keep 
one's  self  from  action  or  interference. 

Rffrain  from  these  men,  and  let  them  alone.  —  Acta  v. 

RE-FRaIN',  n.     [Fr.  refrein.] 

The  burden  of  a  song;  a  kind  of  musical  repeti- 
tion. Mason. 

RE-FRaTN'ED,  pp.     Held  back  ;  restrained. 

nr,  FR.\I\Ti\G,  ;»/ir.     Holding  back  ;  forbearing. 

Rr:  FUa.ME',  r.  t.     [re  and  frame.]      To  frame  again. 

Rk-FRaM'KD,  pp.     Framed  anew.  IHaliewill. 

UitrRAM'IXO,  /ipr.     Framing  again. 

RE-FRAN-OI-UIL'I-TY,  n.  [from  refran^ble.]  The 
diinposilion  of  rays  of  light  to  be  refracted  or  turned 
out  of  a  direct  course,  in  passing  out  of  one  trans- 
parent body  or  medium  into  another.  JVcwto7i. 

RE-FRAN'G"l-BLE,  a.     [L.  re  and  frango,  to  break.l 
Capable  of  being  refracted  or  turned  out  of  a  di- 
rect course  in  passing  from  one  medium  to  anofjicr; 
as  rays  of  light.  Locke, 

REF-R"E-Na'TION,  71.  [See  Refrai:^.]  The  act  of 
restraining.     [A*«(  used.] 

RE-FRESH',  T.  t.  [Fr.  rfjraUhir  ;  re  and  fraidtir, 
fToin  fralche,  fresh;  It.  rinfrcscare;  Sp.  and  Fort. 
refrescar.     See  Fresh.] 

1.  'i'o  cool ;  to  allay  heat. 

A  dmv  comin*  after  a  heat  refreshe!^  Ecdus. 

2.  To  give  new  strength  to  ;  to  invigorate  ;  to  re- 
lieve after  fatigue  ;  as,  to  refresh  the  body.  A  man 
or  a  beast  is  refreshed  by  food  and  resL    Exod.  xxni. 

3.  To  revive ;  to  reanimate  after  depression  ;  to 
cheer;  to  enliven. 

For  they  have  refreshed  my  apirit  and  yours.  ■ —  1  Cor.  ivi. 

4.  To  improve  by  new  touches  any  thing  im- 
paired. 

The  rot  refresh  the  "scaly  Gnakes.  Dryden. 

j  5,  To  revive  what  i3  drooping;  as,  rain  r^/Vcsftes 

I      the  ]ilant?. 

j  RE-FRESH',  71.    Act  of  refreshing.     [JVo(  vsed.] 

Daniel. 
RE-FRESH'^ED    (re-fresht',)  ,rp        Cooled;    invigo- 
rated ;  revived  ;  cheered. 
;   RE-FRE:^H'ER,  (7.      He  or  that  which  refreshes,  re- 
I       vivcs,  or  invigorates.  Thomson. 

RE-FRESH'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Cooling;  invigorating; 
reviving;  reanimating 


RE-FRESH'ING,  7i.      Refreshment;    relief  after  fa- 

tigue  or  suffering.  Mortimer 

2.  Refreshment  in  spiritual  things,    ^c^^■  iii.  19. 

RE-FRESll'ING-LY,  adv.  So  as  to  refresh,  or  give 
new  life. 

RE-FRESH'ING-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  refresh- 
ing. 

RE-FRESII'MENT,  7[.  Act  of  refreshing;  or  new 
strength  or  vigor  received  after  fatigue;  relief  after 
suffering  ;  applied  to  the  body. 

2.  New  life  or  animation  after  depression  ;  applied 
to  the  mind  or  ffpirits. 

3.  That  which  gives  fivsli  strength  or  vigor,  as 
fond  or  rest.  SoutJi.    Sprat. 

RE-FRE']'',  71.    The  burden  of  a  song.  Diet. 

RE-FRIG'ER-ANT,    a.      [Fr.     See    Refrk^ekate.] 

Cooling  ;  allaying  heat.  Bacon. 

RE-FRIG'ER-ANT,  v.  Among  physicians,  a  medicine 

which  abates  heat,  or  cuuls. 
RE-FRt6'ER-ATE,  v.  t.     [L.  refri<rcro  ;  re  and  frig-us, 

cold.] 
To  cool ;  to  allay  the  heat  of;  to  refresh.    Bacon. 
RE-FRIG'ER-A-TED,  pp.     Cooled. 
RE-FRIG'ER-A-TING,  vpr.    Allaying  heat;  cooling. 
RE-FRIG-ER-A'TION,  n.     The  act  of  cooling ;  the 

abatement  of  heat ;  state  of  being  cooled.    Bacon, 
RE-FRIG'ER-A-TIVE,  a.     Cooling. 
RE-FRIG'ER-A-TIVE,  n.      A    remedy   that    allays 

heat. 
RE-FRIG'ER-A-TOR,  7i.     An  air-tight  box  for  keep- 
ing articles  cool  in  sunniier  by  means  of  ice. 
2.  An  apparatus  for  rapid  cooling,  connected  with 

a  still,  &.C.  Francis. 

RE-FRIG'ER-A-TO-RY,     a.       Cooling;     mitigating 

heat. 
RE-FRI45'ER-A-T0-RY,  71.     In    distillation,   a   vessel 

filled   with  cold   water,  through  which  the  worm 

passes  ;  by  which  moans  the  vapors  are  condensed 

as  they  pass  througJi  the  worm. 
9.  Any  thing  internally  cooling.  Mnrtimer. 

REF-RI-G]"yRI-UM,  /;.     [L.]    Cooling  rcfrcslunent ; 

refrigeration.     [J^ot  in  2tse.]  South. 

REFT",  pp.  of  Reave.      Deprived  ;    bereft.      [JSTot  in 

nse.]  i^hnk. 

2.  pret.  of  Reave.    Took  away.     [JVot  in  tisc] 

Spenser. 
REFT,  n.     A  chink.     [See  Rift.] 
REF'QGE,   n.     [Fr.,    Irom   L.   refugium,  ref  agio  i  re 

and  fugio,  to  flee.] 

1.  Shelter  or  protection  from  danger  or  distress. 

—  Rocivs,  dens,  and  caves,  but  I  in  none  of  Ibtse 
Find  place  or  refuge.  Millon. 

We  have  made  lies  our  refuge,  —  Is.  xxviii. 
We  mi^ht  have  strong  consolation,  who  h;ive  fled  for  refuge  to 
lay  hold  on  the  hope  set  before  us.  —  Heh.  vi. 

2.  That  which  shelters  or  protects  from  danger, 
distress,  or  calamity  ;  a  stronghold  which  protects 
by  its  strength,  or  a  sanctuary  which  secures  safety 
by  its  sacredness ;  any  place  inaccessible  to  an 
enemy. 

The  high  hills  are  a  refuge  for  the  wild  goats. —  Ps.  civ. 
'i'lie  lord  also  will  be  a  refuge  for  the  oppressed.  —  Ps.  ii. 

3.  An  expedient  to  secure  protection  or  defense. 

This  last  old  man  — 
Their  latest  refuge  was  to  tend  to  hhn.  Sliuk. 

4.  Expedient,  in  general. 

Light  must  he  siipplied,  amon*  graccfnl  refugee,  by  lerracing 
any  story  in  danger  of  daiMK-ss.  WoUon. 

Cities  of  refuge  ;  among  the  Israelites,  certain  cities 
appointed  to  secure  tlie  safely  of  such  persons  as 
might  commit  homicide  without  di?sign.  Of  these 
there  were  tlirce  on  each  side  of  Jordan.    Josh.  xs. 

REF'IJGE,  V.  t.    Tu  shelter  ;  to  protect. 

REF-U-GEE',  7i.     [Fr.  refagiL] 

1.  One  who  flies  to  a  shelter  or  place  of  safety. 

Dryden. 

2.  One  who,  in  times  of  persecution  or  political 
commotion,  flees  to  a  foreign  power  or  country  for 
safety ;  as,  tlie  French  refnirccs,  who  left  France 
after  the  revocation  of  the  edict  of  Nnntea,  and  st^t- 
tled  in  Flanders  and  America;  the  j'efngces  from 
Ilispaniola,  in  179:2;  aud  the  American  refugees, 
wlio  left  their  counliy  at  the  revolution. 

RE-FUL'GEA'CE,    )  n,      [L.   refulgens,  refidgeo  ;    re 
RE-FUL'GEN-CY,  i      and  fulgco,  to  shine.] 

A  flood  of  light ;  splendor. 
RE-FUL'GENT,  G.    Casting  a  bright  light;  shining; 
splendid;  as,  refulgent  beamsj  refulgmt  light;  re- 
fulgent arms. 

A  conspicuous  and  refulgent  truth.  Boyle. 

RE-FUL'GENT-LY,  adv.      With  a  flood  of  light ; 

with  great  brightness. 
RE-FUND',  V.  t.     [L.  refando  ;  re  and  fundo,  to  pour.] 

1.  To  pour  back. 

Wire  the  humora  of  the  eye  tinctnred  with  any  color,  Uiey  would 
refund  that  color  upon  the  ohjcct.     [Unusual  or  obiotete.] 

Ray. 

2.  To  repay;  to  return  In  payment  or  compensa- 
tion for  what  has  been  taken  ;  to  restore  ;  as,  to  rc- 
Jfund  money  taken  wrongfully  ;  to  r^und  money 
advancetl  with  interest ;  to  refund  the  amount  ad- 
vanced. 


RE-FUND'ED,  pp.    Poured  back  ;  repaid. 
RE-FUND'ER,  n.    One  who  refunds. 
RE-FUND'ING,  ppr.     Pouring  back  j   reluming  by 

payment  or  comjiensation. 
RE-FUR'IUSM,  V.  t.    To  furbish  a  second  time. 
RE-FUU'RISII-KI),  C-fur'bisht,)pp.    Furbished  a;-:.,::. 
RE-FCR'BISH-ING,  ;>;»r.     Furbishing  again. 
RE-FOS'A-BLE,  a.    [from  «/iwt J    That  may  be  re- 
fused. Young. 
RE-FO'SAL,  71.    The  act  of  refusing  ;  denial  of  any 

thing  demanded,  solicited,  or  offered  for  acceptance. 

The  first  refusal  is  not  .always  proof  that  the  request 

will  not  be  ultimately  granted. 
2.  The  right  of  taking  in  preference  to  others  ;  the 

choice  of  taking  or  refusing;  option;  pre-emption. 

We  say,  a  man  lias  the  refusal  of  a  farm  or  a  liorse, 

or  the  refusal  of  an  employment. 
RE-FuSE',  V.   t,      [Fr.  refuser;  Arm.  reusi,  reusein  ; 

It.  rijiutarc,  rifusare ;  Sp.  rehtisar ;  Port,  rtftisar ;  L. 

recuso  f  re  and  the  root  of  causor,  to  accuse  ;  causa, 

cause.    The  primary  sense  of  causor  is,  to  drive,  to 

throw  or  thrust  at,  and  recuso  is  to  drive  back,  to 

repel  or  repulse,  the  sense  of  rrfiL-te.] 

1.  To  deny  a  request,  demand,  invitation,  or  com- 
mand ;  to  decline  to  no  or  grant  what  is  solicited, 
claimed,  or  commanded. 

Thua  Edom  refuted  to  give  Israel  pasjage  throngb  tiii  border.  — 
Num.  XX. 

2.  To  decline  to  accept  what  is  offered;  as,  to  re- 
fuse an  office  ;  to  refuse  an  offer. 

If  they  refuse  to  take  the  cup  al  thy  hand.  —  Jcr.  xxr. 

3.  To  reject;  as,  to  r^use  instruction  or  reproof. 
Prov.  X. 

The  stone  which  the  builders  refused  la  become  the  bead  of  the 
corner.  —  Ps.  cxviii. 

JVotc.  —  Refuse  expresses  rejection  more  strongly 
than  decline. 
RE-FO$E',  V.  i.    To  decline  to  accept ;  not  to  comply. 

Too  proud  to  ask,  too  humble  to  refuse.  Garth, 

REF'tTSE,  (rePyQse,)  a.  [Fr.  refusj  refusal,  denial, 
and  that  which  is  tlenied.j 

Literally,  refused  ;  rejected  ;  hence,  worthless ;  of 
no  value;  left  as  unworthy  of  reception;  as,  tlie 
refuse  parts  of  stone  or  timber. 

Please  to  bestow  on  him  the  refuse  letl-^ra.  Sjnciator. 

REF'IJSE,  71.  That  which  is  refused  or  rejected  as 
useless;  waste  matter.     Hooker.    Bacon.    .Addison. 

RE-FOSE',  n.     Refusal.     [  Obs.]  Fairfax. 

RE-FuS'ED,  pp.    Denied  ;  rejected  ;  not  acceptt-d. 

RE-FOS'ER,  n.     One  that  refuses  or  rejects.      Taylor. 

RE-FuS'ING,  ppr.  Denying;  declining  to  accept; 
rejecting. 

RE-FtJ'TA-BLE,  fl.  [from  rf/H(e.]  That  maybe  re- 
futed or  disproved  ;  that  may  be  proved  false  or  erro- 
neous. 

RE-Fu'TAL,  n.    Refutation.     [JVot  used.] 

REF-U-Ta'TION,  71,     [L.  refutatio.     See  Refute.] 
The  act  or  process  of  refuting  or  disproving;  the 
act  of  proving  to  be  false  or  erroneous;  the  over- 
throwing of  an  argument,  opinion,  testimony,  doc- 
trine, or  theory,  by  argument  or  countervailing  proof. 

Bcntlcy. 

RE-FO'TA-TO-RY,  a.    Tending  to  refute. 

RE-FuTE',  v.  t.  [Fr.  rcfuter;  L.  rcfuto  ;  re  and  fiito, 
obs.  The  primary  sense  of  futo  is,  to  drive  or 
thrust,  to  beat  back.    Class  Bd.] 

To  disprove  and  overthrow  by  argument,  evidence, 
or  countervailing  proof;  to  prove  to  be  false  or  erro- 
neous ;  to  confute.  We  say,  to  r(/«^<;  arguments,  to 
refute  testimony,  to  refute  opinions  or  theories,  to  re- 
fute a  disputant. 

Tliere  wero  so  many  witnesses  to  tliese  two  nvlracles  thai  it  is  im- 
possible to  refute  such  multiiudcs.  Additan. 

RE-FuT'ED,  pp.  Disproved  ;  proved  to  be  false  or 
erroneous. 

RE-FOT'ER,  71.     One  that  refutes. 

RE-FuT'li\G,  ppr.  Proving  to  be  false  or  erroneous ; 
confuting. 

RE-G.\IN',  V.  t.     \re  and  gain  ;  Fr.  regagner.] 

To  gain  anew ;  to  recover  what  has  escaped  or 
been  lost.  MUton. 

RE-GaIN'KD,  pp.    Recovered  ;  gained  anew. 

RE-G.\IN'ING,  ppr.    Gaining  anew  ;  recovering. 

Re'GAL,  a.  [Fr.,  from  L.  rcgalis,  from  rcz.  Sans. 
raja,  connected  with  rego,  to  govern  ;  Sax.  rer.art  or 
rcccan,  to  say,  to  reck,  to  reekon,  to  rule,  to  direct; 
the  root  of  right,  L.  rectus.  Sax.  rchU  See  Reck  and 
Reckon.] 

Pertaining  to  a  king;  kingly;  royal ;  as,  a  regal 
title  ;  regal  authority  -^  regal  state,  pomp,  or  spl.-n- 
dor  ;  regal  power  or  sway.  Rut  we  s.ay,  a  royal  or 
kingly  government,  not  a  regal  one.  We  never  say, 
a  regal  territory,  regal  dominions,  regal  army,  or  re- 
gal navy.    Rc(ral  expresses  what  is  more  personal. 

Re'GAL,  n.     [Fr.  regale.] 

A  musical  instrument,  a  small,  portable  finger 
organ.     [Disi:srd,l  Bacon, 

RE-Ga'LE,  n,     [L.J 

Th'^  prerogative  of  monarchy.  Johnson. 

RE-GaLE',  )t.  [See  tlie  verb,  below.]  A  magnificent 
entertainment  or  treat  given  In  fin)b:is.-:;i<lors  and 
other  persons  of  distinction. 


TuNE,  BIJLL,  UNITE.— AN"GER,  V^'CIOUS.  — €  as  K  ;  6  as  J ;  S  ns  Z  ;  CH  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


REG 


REG 


REG 


RE-GALE',  f.  (.  [Fr.  rdfalcr ;  by.  rcgalar  ta  ief..t\t, 
t.i  rerrpsli,  entertain,  caress,  cajole,  (leliplit,  cherish  ; 
«"<*!«<:,  to  entertain  one's  self,  to  lake  pleasure, 
al°o  to  melt,  to  be  dissolved  :  Port,  rcgatar,  10  regale, 
to  treat  daintily,  to  delight ;  It.  rcs,ilare,  to  present 
with  "ifts,  to  regale,  to  see.son.  This  word  is  proha- 
bly  a  coinpounri  ol"  re  and  the  root  It.  gallorm,  a 
tran-iport  of  joy,  gaUare,  to  exult,  gala,  ornament. 
Port.  .ratti>/a,  mirth,  good  cheer,  Sp.  gallaruo,  gay, 
Fr.  miilUrJ,  &c.  In  Russ.  jalmjii  signifies  to  regale, 
to  gratify  with  presents,  to  visit,  &.C.  1  he  primary 
sense  is,  to  e.vcite,  to  rouse  and  be  brisk,  or  to  shoot, 
leap,  dart,  or  rush.  We  probably  see  the  same  root 
ill  the  Eiig.  gale,  gallant,  Gr.  a>a,.\iut.'.  It.  jiiii, 
Eng.ioi;!/,  and  in  many  other  words.] 

To  refresh  ;  to  entertain  with  something  that  de- 
lights; to  gratify,  as  the  senses ;  as    la  regale  the 
taste,  the  eye,  or  the  ear.    The  birds  of  the  forest 
rei'ale  us  with  their  songs. 
RE-GALE',  1).  i.    To  feast ;  to  fare  sumptuously.  ^ 
RE-GaL'£L),  pp.    Refreshed  ;  entertained  ;  gratineil. 
KE-G.\LE'MEi\T,  n.    Refreshment;  entertainment; 

gratilication.  ,  -      t 

RE-Ga'LI-A,  11.  pi.     [L.,  from  rex,  king.] 

1.  Ensigns  of  royalty  ;  the  apparatus  of  a  corona- 
tion ;  as  the  crown,  scepter,  &:c. 
•">.  In  Iciu!,  the  rights  and  prerogatives  of  a  king. 
BlaekstoiiC. 
3.  Renlia  of  a  ckurck ;  the  privileges  granted  to  it 
by  kin"S  ;  sovwtmci,  its  patrimony.  Brnndc. 

RE-G.^L^ING,  vP'-    Refreshing;  entertaining  ;  grati- 

RE*-GAL'l-Ty,  ?l.  [from  L.  rcgalis;  It.  rcaltd;  Fr. 
rto;awtc.]  ,  . 

Royalty  ;  sovereignly  ;  kmgsuip. 

Ho  dime  r-wHy  in  by  l!ic  sivocil,  «ml  liail  liijli  conrag-  in  all 
lH>iu'.s  of  leso/ili/.  mean. 

Ri5'G.A.L-LY,  adv.    Ill  a  royal  manner.  HTdton. 

RE-GXRD'  V.  t.  [Fr.  regardcr:  It.  ngiiardarc  ;  from 
Fr  mtrder,  to  guard,  keep,  defend  ;  It.  guardarc,ln 
guard  to  look,  view,  beholil,  to  beware,  to  take 
heed  ;'  to  discern.  The  primary  sense  of  guard  is  to 
drive  olf  or  repel,  and  thus  to  protect,  or  to  hold, 
keep,  retain  ;  probably  the  former.  To  regard  is  to 
extend  or  direct  the  eye  to  an  ol.jecl,  or  to  hold  it 
in  view.  We  observe  a  somewhat  similar  [irocess 
pf  derivin"  the  sense  of  looking,  in  the  It.  scorto, 
seen,  perceived,  prudent,  guided,  convoyed,  wary, 
crafty,  discerning,  and  as  a  noun,  an  abridgment; 
scoria,  a  guide,  an  fscort,  a  guard.] 

1.  To  look  toward  ;  to  point  or  be  directed  toward. 

It  is  «  roniasula  wliich  re;ar<ltth  tic  maicl  l.™l.  Sin/Jys. 

2.  To  observe  ;  to  notice  with  some  particularity. 

If  much  you  iiot^  liini, 
You  ofifuJ  liira ;  feBd  aud  ngiird  liim  lioc.  i'l.d'. 

3.  To  attend  to  with  respect  and  estimation  ;  to 
value.  ,    . 

This  aspect  of  miue, 
Thf  brst  re^artf^i  virgius  of  your  dim; 
Have  loved.  *'""• 

4.  To  attend  to  as  a  thing  that  affects  our  intere?t 
or  happiness;  to  fix  the  mind  on  as  a  matter  of  mi- 
portancc.  He  tloos  not  rr^ri  the  pain  he  feels.  He 
docs  not  remrd  the  loss  he  has  sutiered.  He  rrgardj 
only  the  interest  of  tlie  community. 

5.  To  esteem ;  to  hold  in  respect  and  afrection. 
The  people  regard  their  pastor,  and  treat  Uiin  with 
great  kindness.    3  Kings  iii. 

6.  To  keep ;  to  observe  with  religious  or  solemn 
attention. 

He  that  rcsardeth  Uic  day,  rcgardeih  it  to  the  Lord.  —  Roiu. 


■1.  Respect;  account. 

C!iati»c  was  thought  iiccrsoary  in  regardol  the  injury  the  chuixh 


an"c  ivas  iiiou^tib  iiw.oo.nj  >■<  1^0...-.—  ...» 
leceivoil  by  a  nuitiWr  of  tiling  Uicn  in  use, 

5.  Relation ;  reference- 


•o  persuade  Uiem  to  puisne  «nd  perecverc  in  virtue,  in  i-e^ard 
to  ih^-mselves ;  in  juslico  and  jjoodncss,  in  regard  lo  ilieir 
"Ticlilxirs  ;  and  piety  towanl  Ciod.  Wr.iU. 


7.  To  attend  to  as  something  to  inauence  our 

COIuillCt. 

Ml'  Hi. It  re^iiTilelh  the  clouds  sliall  not  reap.  —  Kccles.  si. 

8.  To  consider  seriously  ;  to  lay  to  heart. 

They  regard  not  the  worli  of  the  Loru.  —  Is.  v. 

9.  To  notice  with  pity  or  concern.     Dent,  xxviii. 

10.  To  notice  favorably  or  witli  acceptance ;  to 
hear  ami  answer. 

He  will  reg'ird  tb:  prayer  of  lh3  destitute.  —  Ps.  cii. 

11.  To  love  and  esteem  ;  to  practice;  as,  to  regard 
iu'iliiity  in  the  heart.    Ps.  Ixvi. 

lo.  'I"o  respect;  to  have  relation  to,  or  bearing 
upon.  The  argument  does  not  regard  the  question. 
[Rare.} 

To  retrard  the  person  :  to  v.alue  for  outward  honor, 
wcalth-'tir  power.    Matt.  xxii. 
KE-GARD',  n.     [Fr.  regard  ;  It.  riguardo.] 

1.  Look  ;  aspect  directed  to  another. 

But  her  with  st^rn  regard  he  thus  repelled.  KiUon. 

[Nearltjor  jiiiw  o6so;ele.I 
S.  Attention  of  the  mind  with  a  feeling  of  interest. 
II.''  has   no  regard  to  the  interest   of  sociely  ;   his 
motives  are  wholly  selfish. 

3.  Respect ;  e-steem  ;  reverence  ;  that  viev,r  of  the 
mind  which  springs  from  value,  estimable  nualities, 
or  any  thin;  that  cxciles  admiration. 

With  sornc  regard  to  what  U  just  .and  right. 
They'll  lead  Uv-ip  lives.  .       .     ,     ,  f'"""!-   , 

To  liiin  they  had  regar<l,  becaus.--  of  lonst.ine  he  h.ad  hewucli.-.! 
Uiein  Willi  sorc^'lies.  —  Acts  viii. 


0.  Note ;  eminence ;  account. 

Mac  FeitaErh  was  a  man  of  meanest  regard  among  them. 

Spcr.ier. 

7.  i\!atl6r  demanding  notice.  Spenser. 

8.  Prospect ;  object  of  sight.  [.Vet  proper,  nor  m 
vsc]  .  *■"-'•■ 

9.  In  Oic  English  forest  lau:s,  view  ;  inspection. 
Court  of  retrardfOT  surueii  of  dogs ;  a  forest  court  in 

Eii"l.and,  hefd  every  third  vcar  for  the  lawiug  or 
expeditation  of  mastiffs,  that  is,  for  cutting  off  the 
ciaws  and  ball  of  the  fore  feet,  to  prevent  them  from 
running  afier  deer.  BlacUstone. 

RE-GSRD'A-BLB,  a.    Observable;  worthy  of  notice. 
Braic/t.     Caretc. 

RE-GARD'.\NT,  a.  In  law,  a  villain  regardant  is  one 
annexed  to  the  manor  or  land.  Bladtstone. 

2.  In  licraUrn,  looiting  behind  ;  as,  a  lion  or  other 
beast.  "  ,  Eacsc. 

RE-GXRD'ED,  ji;i.  Noticed  ;  observed  ;  esteemed  ; 
respected. 

RE-GSRD'ER,  ".    One  that  regards. 

2.  In  Enirlish  law,  tiic  regarder  ct  the  forest  was 
an  ollicor  wdiose  business  was  to  view  the  forest,  in- 
spect the  officers,  and  inquire  of  all  olienses  and 
defaults.  ,,..,,. 

RE-GXRU'F!JL,(i.  Taking  notice;  heetlful ;  observ- 
ing with  care  ;  attentive. 

Let  11  r.ian  he  very  tender  and  regai-dXal  of  every  pious  motion 
made  by  tlie  Spirit  of  (iod  on  his  heart.  iout/i. 

RE-GSRD'FUL-LY,  dfii).    Attentively;  heedfiilly. 
2.  Respectfully.  *''"'•'■:  , 

RE-GSRD'ING,  ppr.  Noticing  ;  considering  with 
care;  attending  to;  observing;  esteeming;  ctiring 
for.  ,    .      . 

2.  Respecting;  conci;rning  ;  relating  to. 

RE-G'aUD'LESS,  a.  Not  looking  or  iittendiug  to ; 
heedless;  negligent;  carcle.ss ;  nx,  regardless  of  lift; 
or  of  health;  regardless  ot  danger;  regardless  of 
coitseqtiences. 

RtgaTdlcss  of  the  bliss  wlieieiu  he  M.  iJUlon. 

n.  Not  rcarded  ;  slighted.     [Rare.]       Spectator. 

RE-GARD'LESS-LY,  adv.  Heedlessly;  carelessly; 
negligentlv.  ,,  .     ,. 

UE-GARD'LESS-NESS,  n.  Heedlessness  ;  inatten- 
tion ;  negligence.  WhiUoch. 

Re-GATH'ER,  v.  t.  To  gather  or  collect  a  second 
time.  ^-  Trumbull. 

UE-G.\TIi'ER-£D,  pp.    Collected  again. 

RE-G  ATH'ER-ING,  vpr.    Gathering  a  second  tune. 

RE-G,Vr'TA,  ?l.     [ll.  regalia.} 

A  rowing  match  in  which  a  number  of  boats  arc 
rowed  for  a  prize.  .  . 

RE'GEL,  j  11.    A  fixed  star  of  the  lirst  magndudc  m 

RI'GEL,  \       Orion's  lert  feut. 

RE'GEN-CY,  n.     [L.  regens,  from  rrgo,  to  govern.] 

1.  Rule  ;  authority  ;  government.  Hooker. 

2.  The  state  or  condition  of  a  regent. 

3.  Vicarious  government.  Teiaple. 
4    The  district  under  the  jurisdiction  of  a  vice- 
gerent.                                              ,     .     r'^'"""- 

5.  Tlie  body  of  men  intrusted  with  vicarious  gov- 
ernment ;  as,  a  regency  constitiiteil  during  a  king's 
minority,  insanitv,  or  absence  from  the  kingilom. 
RE-GEN'ER-A-CY,    n.      [See    REGnnEK.^TE.]      The 

state  of  being  regenerated.  Hammond. 

RE-GEN'ER-aTE,  v.  t.     [L.  regcncro  i  re  and  genera. 
pee  Generate.]  . 

I.  To  generate  or  produce  anew  ;  to  Icrm  into  a 
nevv  and  better  state;  to  reproduce. 

Tliiouirh  all  llic  soil  a  genial  renneiit  spreads, 

Re<remra!cf  the  plants  and  new  adorns  the  meads.    Blackinore. 

o  °In  tkidomi,  to  renew  the  heart  by  a  change  of 
affections;  lo°t:liange  the  heart  and  affections  from 
natural  enm-ty  to  the  love  of  God;  to  implant  holy 
affections  in  the  heart.  Scott.    Addison. 

RE-GEN'ER-ATE,  a.     [L.  rcgcncraliis.] 

1.  Reproduced.  *''"*■ 
9.  Born  anew  ;  renovated  in  heart ;  changed  from 

a  natural  to  a  spiritual  stale.  Jltitim.     Ifake. 

RE-GEN'ER-a-TED,  pp.  or  a.     Reproduced, 
o.  Renewed  ;  horn  again. 

RE-GEN'ER-.\TE-NESS,  It.    The  state  of  being  re- 
generated. „         ,     .         „ 

RE-GEN'ER-a-TING,  w"-- or  "^     Reproducing;  form- 
ing into  a  new  and  better  state. 

2.  Renovating  the  nature  by  the  iiiiplantatioii  ot 
holy  affections  in  the  heart. 

RE-GEN-ER-.^'TION,  n.     Reproduction;  the  act  ot 
forming  into  a  new  and  better  state.  .  „  a 

■2.  In  iJicohgy,  new  birth  by  the  grace  of  God  ; 
that  chan.'e  by  which  the  will  and  natural  eninity 
of  man  to  God  and  his  law  are  subdued,  and  a 
principle  of  supreme  love  to  God  and  his  law,  or  holy 
affeclions,  are  implanted  in  the  heart. 

He  saved  us  by  the  washing  c.'"  reger.eradon  and  renewing  of  the 
Holy  Si.irit.  —  Tit.  hi. 


RE-GEN'ER-A  T  O  IIY,  a.     Renewing;    h.tving  llic 
power  to  renew  ;  teniling  to  reproduce  or  renov;ite. 

Pabcr. 
RE'CENT,  a.     [L.  regens,  from  rego,  to  rule.] 

1.  Ruling ;   governing  ;   as,  a  regent  principle. 

JIulc. 

a.  Exercising  vicarious  authority.  J\ldi<.n. 

Quern  regent ;  a  queen  who  governs ;  opposed  to 
queen  consort.  . 

Re'GENT,  n.    A  governor ;    a  ruler ;   m  a  general 
sejise !  as  Uriel,  regent  of  the  sun.  Mdton. 

o  One  invested  with  vicarious  authority  ;  one 
who  governs  a  kingdom  in  the  minority,  absence, 
or  disability  of  the  king.  Brande. 

3  In  the  F.Hxiyh  universities,  the  regents,  or  rc- 
gentes,  are  members  of  the  university  who  have  ttr- 
tain  peculiar  duties  of  instruction  or  government. 
At  Cambridge,  all  resident  Masters  of  Arts,  ot  less 
than  four  years'  standing,  and  all  Doctors  of  less 
than  two,  are  Regents.  At  Oxford,  the  period  ol 
re-oncy  is  shorter.  At  botli  universities,  those  ol  a 
more  advanced  stiindiiig,  who  keep  their  naim-s  on 
the  college-books,  are  called  non-regents.  At  Ctiin- 
bridge,  the  regents  compose  the  upper  house,  ana 
the  non-rcents  the  lower  house  of  the  senate  or 
governin"  boiiy.  At  Oxford,  the  regents  coiiii»ise 
the  conm-C'mtion,  which  confers  degrees,  ami  tines 
the  ordinary  business  if  the  university.  The  re. 
gents  and  non-regents,  collectively,  compose  the 
co/ieocalio«,  which  13  the  governing  body  in  the  Inst 
resort.  Cam.  Coll.     OxJ.  Oanlr. 

4  In  the  State  of  JVcw  York,  the  member  of  a  c.r- 
porate  boilv  which  is  invested  with  the  siiperinteiKl- 
eiice  of  all'  tlie  colleges,  acad.:mies,  and  schools  in 
the  Sttite.  This  hoard  consists  of  twenty-one  mem- 
bers who  are  called  "  the  regenlj  of  the  mdmrsilii 
of  tile  Stale  of  Kcw  York."  They  are  appointed  .-.iid 
removable  bv  the  legislature.  They  have  power  lii 
"rant  acts  of  incorporation  for  colleges,  to  visit  :!iid 
mspoct  all  colleges,  academies,  and  schools,  ami  to 
make  regulations  for  governing  tlic  same. 

Stat.  J^eic  lev,':. 
RE'GENT-ESS,  n.    A  protectress  of  a  kingdom. 

Colgrui  ': 
Re'GENT-SIIIP,  «.    The  power  of  governing,  ei  llic 
office  of  a  regent, 
a.  Depiiled  authority.  ,''  ■;„ 

RE-6ERM'IN-.\TE,  v.  i.     [re  and  gcrmmatc.]      lo 
germinate  again. 

Perennial  planu  regerminaie  several  years  successively.    Let. 
RE-GERSriN-A-TlNG,  ppr.    Germinating  anew. 
RE-GERM-IN-A'TION,  n.     A  sprouting  or  germina- 
tion anew  ,,.     .  ,         .,■„ 
RE-6EST',  n.    A  register,     [mdmvse.]        Milton. 
REG'I-BLE,  (I.     Governable.     [.Vol  in  usc.j        Diet. 
REG'I-CIDE,  n.     [It.  and  ^p.tegicida;  Ir.  regicide; 
L.  rex,  king,  and  cifdo,  to  slay.  | 
1    A  kin"-killer ;  one  who  niuidcrs  a  king. 

Drij ''■>!. 
a.  The  killing  or  murder  of  a  king.  /''■;"■• 

3    A  name  of  reproach  given  to  the  jiulges  wllo 
con'ilemned  Charles  I.  of  England. 
RE-ClLMF.',  (r5-2lieem',)  n.    Moile  of  living  ;  govern- 
ment ;  administration. 
REG'I-.MEN,  71.     [L.,  from  rego,  to  govern.] 

1.  In  medicine,  the  regulation  of  diet  witii  a  view 
to  the  preservation  or  restoration  ol  health  ;  or,  i/i  a 
more  miieral  sense,  the  regulation  of  all  Ihe  non- 
ntitur.als  for  the  same  iiiirposes.  .  . ''•'"-'j". 

o  Any  regulation  or  remedv  which  is  inteuoed  to 
nroiluce  bi-neficial  effects  by  gradual  operation.  Hume. 
3  In  irrammar,  government;  that  part  1. 1  syntax 
or  construction,  which  regulates  the  depeiulency  of 
words,  and  the  alterations  which  one  occasions  or 
requires  in  another  in  connection  with  it ;  the  itords 
governed.  , 

4.  Orderly  government ;  system  ol  order. 
REG'I-ME.N'i',  «.     [L.  regimen.]  .  ,        , 

1.  In  militarij  affairs,  a  body  of  men,  either  horse, 
foot,  or  artillery,  commanded  either  by  a  colonel  or 
lieutenant-colonel, and  by  a  major,  and  consisting  of 
a  number  of  companies,  usually  iVom  eight  to  tin. 

o  Government;  mode  of  ruling  ;  rule;  authority; 
as'used  by  HoRkcr,  Hale,  and  others.  [H'adlij  obso- 
lete  1 
REG'I  MEN'T  c.  (.  To  form  into  a  regiment  or  into 
regiments  with  proper  officers.  [A  milmryuseofthe 
„„rrf  1  ira-shingtau.     inwikll. 

REG-I-MENT'.VL,  a.     Belonging  to  a  regiment;  as, 

rci'imental  otiicers  ;  regimental  clothing. 
REl5-I-JIENT'ALS,  ii.  pi.    The  uniloriu  worn  bj  the 
troops  of  a  regiment.  ■        .     ;„ 

REG'I-MENT-EI>,  pp.     Formed  into  a  regimen.  ;  in- 
corporated with  a  regiment.  mishingl^.n. 
RE'GION,  (riS'jun,)  e.       Fr.  and  Sp.  reo-oii ;   It.  ic- 
gione;  h.regio;  It.  crioeh,  with  a  prefix;  lrt;m  the 

root  of  reach,  reek,  I.,  rego.]  ,  .    , , 

I  A  Had  id'  land  or  space  of  indefinite  extent, 
usually  a  tract  of  consitlerable  extent.  It  is  some- 
times nearly  synoii;,  ai.'iis  with  Cousmv  ;  as,  all  the 
region  of  Argob.    l^r.-.-r.  iii. 

region  on  this  side  the  river.  —  I 


He  had  dominion  over  all  i 
Kings  iv. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL 


WHAT— METE,  PREY.-PINE,  MARINE,  BiP.D.-NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  liQQK-- 


<-m 


REG 

So  we  speak  of  the  a.\ry  reg-ton^  the  ethercnl  re- 
ffionSf  the  upper  reg-tons^  the  hnverrea^ioiis. 

2.  The  inhabitants  of  a  region  or  Jistrict  of  coun- 
try.   Matt.  iii. 

3.  A  part  of  the  body  ;  as,  the  region  of  the  heart 

4.  Place;  rank.        "  [or  liver. 

He  is  of  too  !iig!i  n  resort,     [Uttiisuai.]  Sfiak. 

HE6'IS-TER,  7t.  [Fr.  regLtrc^  re^ttre ;  Low  L.  re~ 
S^istrum,  from  re^ero,  to  set  down  in  writing  ;  rf  and 
gcro,  to  carry.  But  Spelman  considers  the  word  as 
formed  of  re  and  Norm,  gister  or  giser,  to  lay,  and 
equivalent  to  repository.] 

1.  A  written  account  or  entry  of  acts,  judgments, 
or  proceedings,  Tr  preserving  and  conveying  lu  fu- 
ture limes  an  exact  knaw'edue  of  transactions.  The 
word  appropriately  denotes  an  official  account  of  the 
proceedings  of  a  public  body,  a  prince,  a  legislature, 
a  court,  an  incorporated  company,  and  the  like,  and 
in  this  use  it  is  synonymous  with  Recot.d.  But  in 
a  lax  sense,  it  signifies  any  account  entered  on  paper 
to  preserve  the  rememlirance  cf  what  is  done. 

2.  The  book  in  which  a  register  or  record  is  kept ; 
as,  a  parish  register;  also,  a  list  j  as,  the  regtstci'  of 
seamen. 

3.  [Low  L.  registrarius.]  The  ofiicer  or  person 
whose  business  is  to  write  or  enter  in  a  book  ac- 
counts of  transactions,  particularly  of  the  acts  and 
proceedings  of  courts  or  other  public  bodies  ;  as',  the 
register  of  a  court  of  probate  ;  a  rr.irister  of  deeds. 

4.  A  lid,  stopper,  or  sliding  pliite,  in  a  furnace, 
stove,  &c.,  for  regulating  the  admission  of  air  and 
the  heal  cf  the  fire. 

5.  The  inner  part  of  the  mold  in  which  types  are 
cast. 

G.  In  printing^  the  correspondence  of  coUunns  on 
the  opposite  sides  of  the  sheet. 

7.  A  sliding  piece  of  wood,  used  as  a  stop  in  an 
organ. 

8.  In  commerce,  a  document  issued  by  tJie  custom- 
house, containing  a  description  of  a  vessel,  its  name, 
tonnage,  countrj',  ownership,  &:c.,  always  to  be  kept 
on  board  on  a  foreign  voyage,  as  evidence  of  its  na- 
tionality. Coasting  vessels  are  enrolled,  not  regis- 
tered. Bovrirr. 

Parish  register;  a  book  in  which  are  recorded  the 
baptisms  of  children,  and  the  miuriages  and  burials 
of  the  parish. 

REii'IS-TER,  r.  t.    To  record  ;  to  write  in  a  book  for 
preserving  an  exact  account  of  facts  and  proceed- 
ings.   The  Greeks  and  Romans  registered  the  names 
of  all  children  born. 
3.  To  enroll ;  to  enter  in  a  list.  Milton. 

REG'IS-TEU-^D,  p/>.  or  a.  Recorded  in  a  book  or 
register ;  enrolled. 

RE(:5'I?=-TER-ING,  pirr.     Recording;  enrolling. 

REi:;'rS-TER-SHIP,  n.    The  office  of  register. 

REti'IS-TUAR,       i  n.     A  secretary  or  register  ;  cspe- 

RE(5'IS-TRA-RV,  \  cially,  an  officer  in  the  English 
universities,  who  lias  the  keeping  of  ail  the  public 
records.  F.ncyc. 

REO'IS-TRAR-SHIP,  n.    The  office  of  a  resislrar. 

IIEG-IS-TRa'TION,  71.  The  act  of  inserting  in  a 
resisier.  JValsh. 

ItEG'IS-TRY,  n.  The  act  of  recording  or  wriling  in 
a  register ;  enrollment. 

2.  The  place  where  a  register  is  kept. 

3.  A  series  of  facts  recorded.  Temple. 
RE' GI-U.M  DO'jXUJil,  [U]     The  royal  gift;   a  sum 

of  money  granted  yearly  by  the  English  crown  in 

aid  of  the  Presbvterian  cleruj'  of  Ireland.    Brande. 
Rk'CI-US  PR0-FESS*0R,  n".    [L.]     A  name  given  to 

the  incumbents  of  those  professorships  which  have 

been  founded  by  roval  bountv. 
REO'LE-MENT,  (reg'l-ment,)  n.     [Fr.]    Regulation. 

[jYot  nsed.^  Bacon. 

RE&'LET,  n.     [Fr.,  from  r^gle^  rule,  L.  regitla,  rego.] 

1.  A  flat,  narrow  molding,  used  chiefly  to  separate 
the  parts  or  members  of  compartments  or  panels 
from  one  another,  or  to  form  knots,  frets,  or  other 
ornaments.  Owili. 

2.  A  ledge  of  wood  exactly  planed,  used  by  print- 
era  to  separate  lines  and  make  tlie  work  more  open. 
It  is  thicker  than  a  lead,  and  is  used  for  the  same 
purpose. 

REG'NAN-CY,  n.    Reign  ;  predominance. 
REG'.N'AXT,  a.    [Fr.,  from  regner,  L.  regno^  to  reign.] 

1.  Reigning  ;  exercising  regal  authority ;  as,  a 
queen  regnanL    The  modern  phrase  is  queen  regent. 

lyotton. 

2.  Ruling;  predominant;  prevalent;  having  the 
chief  power  ;  as,  vices  regnanL  We  now  say,  reign- 
ing vices.  Swift. 

!   RB-GORGE',  (re-gorj',)  v.  t.  [Fr.  regorger;  re  and 
gorged 

1.  To  vomit  up ;  to  eject  from  the  stomach  ;  to 
t'lrow  back  or  out  again.  Hatjteard, 

3.  To  swallow  again.  Dryden. 
3.  To  swallow  eagerly.  Milton. 

RE-GORG'£D,  (re-gorj(i',)  pp.     Ejected  again  from 

the  stomach  or  a  deep  place. 
RE-GRaDE',  r.  i      [L.  reirrc*Iior  ;  re  and  gradior,  to 

T.O  retire  ;  to  go  back.     [JVot  used.] 


Hales. 


KEG 

RE-GRAFT',  v.  t.     [re  and  graft.]     To  graft  again. 

Bacon. 
RK-GRXFT'ED,  pp.     Grafted  again. 
Re-GR.^FT'1NG,  ppr.    Grafting  anew. 
RK-GR.!iNT',  r.  (.     [re  and  graiit.]    To  grant  back. 

Re-GRXNT',  71.  The  act  of  granting  back  to  a  former 
proprietor. 

Re-GRANT'ED,  pp.    Granted  back. 

Re-GRANT'L\G,  ppr.    Granting  back. 

RE-GRaTE',  7-.  t.  [Fr.  rcgrattcr.  to  scratch  again,  to 
new-vamp,  to  regrate,  or  drive  a  huckster's  trade  j 
re  and  graltcr,  to  grate,  to  scratch,  to  rake.] 

1.  In  masonry,  to  remove  the  outer  surface  of  an 
old  hewn  stone,  so  as  ti)  give  it  a  fresh  ap[)earance. 

2.  To  offend  ;  to  shock.     [Uttlc  used.] 

3.  To  buy  provisions  and  sell  them  again  in  the 
same  market  or  fair;  a  practice  which,  by  raising 
the  price,  is  a  public  tiffense  and  punishable.  Re- 
grating  dilfers  from  engrossing  and  monopolizing, 
which  signify  the  buying  the  whole  of  certain  arti- 
cles, or  large  quantities,  and  from  forestalling,  which 
signifies  the  purchase  of  provisions  on  the  way,  be- 
fore they  reach  the  market.  Blaclcstme. 

RE-GRaT'ER,  ;(.  One  who  buys  provisions  and  sells  ; 
them  m  the  same  market  or  fair. 

RE-GR.^T'IXG,  ppr.  Purchasing  provisions  and  selling 
them  in  the  same  market. 

RE-GRaT'IN'G,  71.  In  inasonnj,  the  process  of  remov- 
ing the  outer  surface  of  an  old  hewn  stone,  so  as  to 
give  it  a  fresh  appearance.  Owilt. 

Re  GREET',  V.  t.  [re  and  greeL]  To  greet  again  ; 
to  resaiute.  Shak. 

Re-GREET',  7/.    A  return  or  exchange  of  salutation. 

Shah. 

Re-GREET'ED,  pp.    Greeted  again  or  in  return. 

Re-GREET'ING,  ppr.    Greeting  again  ;  resaluimg. 

Re'GRESS,  7:.      {Yt.regris  :  L.  regressus,  regredior.] 

1.  Passage  back  ;  return ;  as,  ingress  and  regress. 

2.  The  power  of  retuniing  or  passing  back. 
RE-GRESS'',  v.  i.    To  go  back  ;  to  return  to  a  former 

place  or  slate.  Brown. 

RE-GRES'SION,  (re-gresh'un,)  7(.  The  act  of  passing 
back  or  returning  ;  retrogression;  retrogradalinn. 

Brown. 

UE-GRE3S'IVE,  a.     Passing  back  ;  returning. 

RE-GRESS'IVE-LV,  adc.  In  a  backward  way  or 
manner;  by  retmii.  Johnson. 

RE-GRET',  7"i.  [Fr.  regret;  either  from  the  root  of 
grate,  or  more  directly  from  the  root  of  ?^p.  and  Port. 
gritar.  It.  grii!nre,S\v.  grata.  Ice.  groct,  Dan.  grceder, 
Goth,  grieian,  W.  gnjdiaw^  to  scream  or  cry  out,  to 
utter  a  rough  sound;  in  some  dialects  to  weep  or 
lament.  But  grate  and  »Sp.  gritar  are  probably  of 
the  same  family.] 

1.  Grief;  sorrow  ;  pain  of  mind  at  some  untoward 
event.  We  f-  el  regnt  at  the  loss  of  friends,  regret 
for  our  own  misfortunes,  or  for  the  misfortunes  of 
others. 

Never  any  prinee  expressed  a  more  lively  regret  fur  the  loss  of  a 

fii^rv.mt.  Clarendon, 

Her  piety  itself  wonkl  bl^mie, 
h  Ler  regrets  &lioultl  wukeu  Uiiiio.  Prior. 

2.  Pain  of  conscience ;  remorse ;  as,  a  passionate 
regret  at  sin.  Decay  of  Piety. 

3.  Dislike;  aversion.     [JVot  proper,  nor  in  use.] 

De<ay  of  Piety. 
RE-GRET',  V.  t.     [Fr.  regretter.] 

1.  To  grieve  at ;  to  lament ;  to  be  sorry  for  ;  to  re- 
pent. 

CaJnily  lie  lookeJ  on  either  life,  aud  hf-re 

Saw  riotliiiig;  to  regret,  or  there  to  feiu.  Pope. 

2.  To  be  uneasy  at.     [Jv'ot  projter,  nor  in  use.] 

Olanville. 

RE-GRET'FUL,  a.     Full  of  regret.  Fanshaje. 

RE-GRET'FUL-LY,  adv.    With  regret.      Orccnhill. 

RE  GRET'TED,  pp.     Lamented. 

RE-GKET'TU\G,  p/*r.  Lamenting;  grieving  at;  re- 
I)etitinc. 

RE-GUERD'ON,  (re-gerd'un,)  n.     [re  and  Fr.  guer- 
don, a  reward.     See  Reward.] 
A  reward  ;  a  recompense.     [JSTot  in  use.]     Shal,: 

RE-GUERD'ON,  (re  gerd'un,)  v.  t.  To  reward.  [.Vol 
in  iLse.  ]  Shak. 

REG'U-LAR,  a.  [Sii.  id.;  Fr.  regulier;  h.  regularis, 
from  regiila,  a  rule,  from  rcgo,  to  rule.] 

1.  Conformed  to  a  rule  ;  agreeable  to  an  establish- 
ed rule,  law,  or  principle,  to  a  prescribed  mode,  or  to 
established  cust(unary  forms  ;  as,  a  regular  epic  po- 
em ;  a  regular  verse  in  poetry;  a  regular  piece  of 
music  ;  regular  practice  of  law  or  niediuinc  ;  a  regu- 
lar plan  ;  a  regular  building. 

2.  Governed  by  rule  or  rules ;  steady  or  uniform 
in  a  course  or  practice  ;  us,  regular  in  diet  ;  regular 
in  attending  on  divine  worsliip. 

3.  In  geometry,  a  regular  ligurc  is  one  wh-se  sides 
and  angles  are  equal,  as  a  square,  or  an  equilateral 
triangle.  Regular  figures  of  mure  than  three  or  four 
sides  are  usually  called  regular  pidygons. 

A  regular  body,  or  solid,  is  one  comprehended  by 
like,  equal,  and  regular  plane  figure.-*,  and  whose 
solid  angles  are  all  equal.  The  five  regular  solids, 
also  called  Platonic  bodies,  are  the  tetrahedron,  hex- 


REH 

ahedron  or  cube,  octahedron,  dodecahedron,  and 
icosahcdron.  JIuttou. 

4.  Instituted  or  initiated  according  to  established 
forms  or  discipline  ;  as,  a  regular  physician. 

5.  Methodical ;  orderly;  as,  aregular  kind  of  s*i- 
sualily  or  indulgence.  Law. 

C.  Periodical ;  as,  the  regular  return  of  day  and 
night ;  a  regular  trade  wind  or  monsoon. 

7.  Pursued  with  uniformity  or  steadiness;  as,  a 
regular  trade. 

8.  Bebuiging  to  a  monastic  order  ;  as,  rc^u/ar  cler- 
gy, in  distinction  from  tlie  secular  clerey. 

Regular  troops  ;  troops  of  a  pennanent  army  ;  0(>- 
posea  to  militia. 
REG'U-LAR,  7i.  In  Mc  Ri/man  CaUiolic  church,  a 
member  of  any  religious  order  who  lias  taken  the 
vows  of  poverty,  chastity,  and  obedience,  and  who 
has  beensoleimily  recognized  by  the  church. 

Bp.  FitzpatritJi. 

2.  A  soldier  belonging  to  a  permanent  armv. 
REG-U-LAR'I-TY,  ».     Agreeablcness  to  a  rule  cr  to 
established  order;  as,  the  regularity  of  legal  iiro- 
ceedings. 

2.  Method ;  certain  order.  Regularity  is  tho  life 
of  business. 

3.  Conformity  to  ctrtain  principles  ;  xs,  the  regu- 
larity of  a  figure. 

4.  Steadiness  or  uniformity  in  a  course  j  as,  the 
regularity  of  the  motion  of  a  heavenly  body.  There 
is  no  rrgularitij  in  the  vicissitudes  of  tlie  weather. 

REG'lj;-LAR  Ly,  ade.  In  a  manner  accordant  to  a 
rule  or  established  mode  ;  as,  a  physician  or  lawyer 
regularly  admitted  to  practice ;  a  verse  regularly 
formed. 

2.  In  uniform  order;  at  certain  intervals  or  peri- 
ods ;  as,  day  and  night  regularly  returning. 

3.  IMethodically  ;  in  due  order  ;  as,  affairs  rcrti^ar- 
hf  performed. 

REG'II-JLaTE,  v.  t.  To  adjust  by  nile,  method,  or  es- 
tablished  mode;  as,  to  regulate  weights  and  meas- 
ures ;  to  regulate  the  itssize  of  bread;  to  repilateotir 
moral  conduct  by  the  laws  of  God  and  ol  society; 
to  regulate  our  manners  by  the  customary  forni-i. 

9.  To  put  in  good  order  ;  as,  to  regulate  the  disor- 
dered state  of  a  nation  or  its  finances. 

3.  To  subject  to  rules  or  restrictions  ;  as,  tore^u- 
late  trade  ;  to  regidate  diet. 

REG'U-La-TED,  pp.  Adjusted  by  rule,  meth:;d,or 
forms  ;  put  in  good  order ;  subjected  to  rules  or  re- 
strictions. 

REG'U,-La-TING,  ppr.  Adjusting  by  rule,  method,  or 
forms;  reducing  to  order;  subjecting  to  rules  or  re- 
strictions. 

REG-TJ-La'TION,  n.  The  act  of  regulating  or  redu- 
cing to  order.  Ray. 

2.  A  rule  or  order  prescribed  by  a  superior  for  the 
management  of  some  business,  or  for  tlie  govern- 
ment of  a  company  or  society. 

REG'U-LA-TIVE,  a.  Regulating;  tending  to  regu- 
late. 

REG'IT-La-TOR,  71.    One  who  regulates. 

2.  The  small  spring  of  a  watch,  which  regulates 
its  motions  by  retarding  or  accelerating  them. 

3.  Any  part  of  a  machine  which  regulates  its 
movements. 

REG'lJ-LINE,  (-lin,)  a.  [See  Requlus.]  Pertaining 
to  regulus  or  pure  metal. 

Bodies  which  we  can  reduce  (0  Uie  metallic  or  reguline  state. 

Lavmtitr. 

REG'U-LIZE,  V.  t.  To  reduce  to  regulus  or  puro 
metal ;  to  separate  pure  metal  from  extraneous  mat- 
ter. 

REG'IJ-LTZ-£D,  pp.    Reduced  to  pure  metal. 

REG'U-LIZ-ING,  ppr.  Separating  pure  metal  from 
extraneous  matter. 

REG'U-LUS,  n.  [L.,  a  petty  king  ;  Fi.  regule.  For 
the  plural,  some  authors  write  reguli,  and  others  reg- 
uluses.] 

1.  In  chtmistry,  the  pure  metal  which,  in  the  melt- 
ing of  ores,  falls  to  the  bottom  of  the  crucible  ;  as, 
regains  u(  antimony.  iMvoisier.     Ure. 

2.  In  astronomy,\\.  star  of  the  first  magnitude  in 
the  consti  nation  Leo  ;  called  also  the  Lion's  Heart. 

Hittton. 
RE-GUR'GI-TaTE,   v.  U     [Fr.  regorger;   L.   re  and 
gurges.] 

To  tlyow  or  pour  back,  as  from  a  deep  or  hollow 
place  ;  to  pour  or  throw  back  in  great  tjuantity. 

Oramit.     Bcnlleu. 
RK-GUR'GI-TaTE,  11.  I.     To   be   thrown   t.r    poured 

lia(^k.  Harvey. 

RE-GUR'GI-Ta-TED,  pp.     Thrown  or  poured  back. 
RE-GUR'GI-Ta-TING,  ppr.      Throwing  or  pouring 

back. 
RE-GUR-GI-Ta'TION,  «.    The  act  of  jwuring  back. 
2.  The  act  of  swallowing  again  ;  re-absorption. 

Sharp, 
RE-HA-BIL'I-TaTE,  v.  t.     [Fr.  rchabiluer;    re  and 
habilittr.'] 

To  restore  to  a  former  cap.acity  ;  to  reinstate;  to 
qualify  aeain  ;  to  restore,  as  a  delinquent  to  a  former 
right,  rank,  or  privilege  lost  or  forfeited  ;  a  t^m  of 
tlie  civU  and  canon  late.  Chantbcrs. 


TONE,  BJJLL,  IJNITE.— AN"GER,  VI"CIOUir.  — C  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  ClI  as  Sll  ;  Til  as  in  THIS. 


117 


*)2y 


KEI 


REl 


Itr-HA-HII/I-TA-'IT.D,  vr>-  Restored  to  a  former 
riiik,  ri"lit,  privilege,  or  capacity  i  reinstated. 

KE-HA-BII/l  TA-TING,  jipr.  Restoring  to  a  former 
ri"hl   rank,  privilesp,  or  capacity  ;  reinstating. 

Re"h\  UIL-ITA'TION.  n.  The  act  of  reinstating 
in  a  firmer  rank  or  capacity  ;  restorntion  to  former 
ri"lils,  Walsh. 

RlT;-"|li;AR',t;.t.;p>-rt.  and  pp.  Rehkard.  {rtanihear.] 
'  To  Iiear  apiin  ;  to  try  a  second  time  ;  as,  to  rehear 
a  cause  in  the  Court  of  King's  Bench. 

RE-HEARIl',  (rS-herd' )  pp.     Heard  again. 

Rl".-ill'cAR'ING,ppr.     Hciring  a  second  tune. 

RE-HicAR'I.N'G,  n.     .^  second  hearmg.        Mdism. 

2.  In  hiw^  a  second  hearing  or  trial. 
RE-fll^.AllS'AL,  (re-liers'al,)  n.     [from  rehearse.'] 

1.  Ricital  ;  repetition  of  the  words  of  another  or 
of  a  written  work  ;  as,  tlie  rehearsal  of  the  Lord's 
Prayer.  ■f'""*^"--. 

^  Narration  ;  a  telling  or  recountmg,  a^-  ot  partic- 
nliirs  in  detail ;  as,  the  reliearsal  of  a  soldier's  advcn- 

3.  The  recital  nf  a  piece  before  the  public  exhibi- 
tion of  it ;  as,  the  rehearsal  of  a  comedy.    Drijilen. 

RE-IIEARSE',  (re-hers',)  v.  t.  To  recite;  to  repeat 
the  words  of  a  passage  or  composition  ;  to  repeat  the 
words  of  another. 

When  tlic  vion\i  wem  hei\r(l  wliich  David  spoke,  they  reUarsed 
Ihcm  ijcfore  SimU  —  I  S;iin.  xvii. 

2.  To  narrate  or  recount  events  or  transactions. 

Thofe  Bhnll  they  rthearse  the  righieouB  acu  of  llic  Lord.  — 
Judgesv,     Acts  xi. 

3  To  recite  or  repeat  in  private  for  experiment 
and  improvement,  before  a  public  representation  ; 
as,  to  rehearse  a  tragedy. 

RE-HEARS'EU,  (re-herst',)  P7».  Recited;  repeated; 
as  words ;  narrated. 

RE-HEARS'ER,  (re-hers'er,)  ?i.  One  who  recites  or 
narrates. 

RE-HEARS'ING,  (re-hers'mg,)  ppr.  Reciting;  re- 
peating words  ;  recounting;  telling;  narrating. 

RiSrOLE,  (re'gl,)  K.     [Fr.  riirte,  rule  ] 

A  hollow  cut  or  channel  lor  guiding  any  thing ; 
as  the  rci'Tle  of  a  side  post  for  a  Hood-gate.    Carew, 

REIGN,  (rane,)  v.  i.  [L.  regno,  a  derivative  of  rcga, 
rcumit :  Pr.  regiier  ;  It.  regnare  ;  Sp.  reynar.\ 

\.  To  possess  or  exercise  sovereign  power  or  au- 
thority ;  to  rule  ;  to  exercise  government,  as  a  king 
or  emperor  ;  or  to  hold  the  supreme  power.  George 
the  Third  reigned  over  Great  Britain  more  than  fifty 
years. 

Beliold,  a  Ittng  shall  rci»n  in  rig-fcteouSTWSS.  —  Is.  xxxii. 

2.  To  be  predominant ;  to  prevail. 

PesUlcnt  diseases  wliich  commonly  rrignin  summer  or  autumn. 

3.  To  rule  ;  to  have  superior  or  uncontrolled  do- 
minion.   Rom.  vi. 

[This  word  is  never  applied  to  the  exercise  of  su- 
pr.-me  power  by  a  legislative  body  or  the  executive 
adinini.stration,  in  the  United  States.] 
REIGN,  (rane,)  n.     [Fr.  regne  r  L.  regiam..\ 

1.  Royal  authority  ;  supreme  power  ;  sovereignty. 

He  who  like  a  father  held  his  rei^n.  Fope. 

a.  The  time  during  which  a  king,  queen,  or  em- 
peror possesses  the  supreme  authority.  The  Spanish 
armada  was  equipped  to  invade  Engl.and  in  the  mjii 
of  aueen  Elizabeth.  Magna  Charta  was  obtained  in 
the  j-pirt'n  of  King  John. 

3.  Kingdom  ;  dominion. 
Saturn's  sous  received  the  threefold  reig-fi 
Of  heaven,  of  ocean,  and  deep  hell  beneath.  Prior. 

4.  Power;  influence.  Chajmum. 

5.  Prevalence. 
REIGN'ING,  (rSn'ing,)  ppr.  or  a.    Holding  or  exor- 
cising supreme  power;  ruling;  governing,  as  king, 
queen,  or  emperor. 

2.  a.  Predominating  ;  prevailing ;  as,  a  ragmng 
vice  or  disease. 

|l:iy:g;M!NlTE,i-'-    To  enlighten  again. 
RE-IL-LU-MIN-A'TION,>i.  Act  of  enlightening  again. 
RE-IM-BARK'.     See  Reemhark. 
RE-I.M-BOD'Y,  V.  i.     [See  Reembodt.]     To  imbody 

again  ;  to  be  formed  into  a  body  anew.  Boyle. 

RE-UI-BURS'A-B1,E,  a.    That  iiiay  be  repaid. 

A  loan  has  been  made  of  two  millions  of  dollars,  reimbursable 
in  ten  years.  Hamilton. 

RE-IM-IiURSE',  (re-im-burs',)  ii.  (.  [Fr.  remhourser  ; 
re  anil  emltoitrser  ;  en,  ill,  and  bourse,  a  purse;  It. 
rimborsare ;  Si>.  rc-ejriboUar.] 

To  refund  ;  to  rejilace  in  a  treasury  or  in  a  private 
coffer  an  equivalent  to  the  sum  taken  from  it,  los-t,  or 
expended  ;  as,  to  reimburse  the  expenses  of  a  war  or 
a  canal.  The  word  is  used  liefore  the  person  expend- 
ing, or  the  treasury  from  which  tllL-  advances  are 
made,  or  before  the  expenses.  We  say,  to  reimburse 
the  individual,  to  reimburse  the  treasury,  or  to  rfiin- 
Jursc  tlie  expenses.  To  rcimSiirse  the  person,  is  to 
repay  to  him  his  losses,  expenses,  or  advances ;  to 
reimburse  the  treasury,  is  to  refund  to  it  the  sum 
drawn  from  it ;  to  reimburse  losses  or  expenses,  is 
to  repay  them  or  make  them  good. 


RE-IM-BURS'BD,  (-im-burst',)  pp.    Repaid  ;  refund- 
ed ;  made  good,  as  loss  or  expense. 
EE-I.M-liURSE'.MENT,   (ro-im-burs'ment,)   n.     The 
act  of  repaying  or  refunding;  repayment;  as,  the 
reimhurscmcut  of  principal  and  interest.    Hamilton. 

RE-IM-BURS'ER,    n.     One  who  repays  or  refunds 
what  has  been  lost  or  expended. 

RE-IM-BURS'ING,  ppr.    Repaying ;  refunding  ;  mak- 
ing good,  as  loss  or  expense. 

RE-IM-PLANT',  B.  (.     [re  ViTii  implant.]     'lo  implant 
again.  Taylor. 

RE-IM-Pl.ANT'ED,  pp.    Implanted  anew. 

RE-lM-PLANT'ING,ppi-.    Implanting  again. 

RE-IM-POR-TCNE',  v.  t.     [re  and  importune.]     lo 
iniportttne  again. 

RE-IjM-POR-TuN'ED,  pp.    Importuned  again. 

RE-IM-POR-T0N'ING,'ppr.    Importuning  again. 

RE-IM-PREG'NATE,  r.  I.     \re  >mA  impregntitr.]     lo 
impregnate  again.  Brown. 

RE-IM-PREG'NA-TEI),  pp.    Impregnated  again. 

RE-IM-PREG'Na-TING, ppr.    Impregnating  again. 

RE-IM-PRESS', «.  t.     [re  and  impress.]    To  impress 
f^„^\v,  Bnckmiuster. 

RE-IM-PRESS'£D,  (-prest',)  pp.    Impressed  again. 

RE-IiM-PRESS'ING,p;)r.     Impressing  again. 

RE-IM-PRES'SION,  (-prcsh'un,)  n.    A  second  or  re- 
peated impression.  . 

RE-IM-PRINT',  r.   t.     [re  and  imprint.]     1  o  imprint 


JV/i7(im 
ZtnjdcH. 

To  install 
Jililton. 


again. 

RE-IM-PRINT'ED,  pp.     Imprinted  again. 

RE-IiM-PRlNT'ING,  ppr.    Imprinting  anew. 

RE-IM-PRIS'ON,  (-pri/'n,)  r.  t.  [See  Pkison.]  To 
imprison  a  second  time,  or  for  the  same  cause,  or  al- 
ter release  from  imprisonment.  KcTit. 

RE-IM-PRIS'ON-/.'D,  (-im-priz'nd,)  pp.  Imprisoned 
a  second  time  for  the  same  cause.  ■ 

RE-IM-PRIS'  ON-ING,  i>pr.  Imprisoning  again  for  the 
same  cause.  ... 

RE-IM-PRIS' ON-MENT,  n.  The  act  of  confining  in 
prison  a  second  time  for  the  same  cause,  after  a  re- 
lease from  prison.  ,-^^j, 

REIN,  (rane,)  71.  [Vr.  rlae,  (mm  resne.  The  It.  rcdme 
Is  evidently  from  the  L.  retina,  rctinae^dum,  Sp.  ricn- 
ila.  If  contracted  from  the  Latin,  it  is  from  retmeo, 
otherwise  from  the  root  of  arrest.] 

1.  The  strap  of  a  bridle,  fastened  to  the  curb  or 
snaffle  on  each  side,  by  which  the  rider  of  a  horse 
restrains  and  governs  him. 

a.  The  instrument  of  curbing,  restraining,  or  gov- 
erning ;  government.  Shalz. 

To  give  the  reins ;  to  give  license ;  to  leave  without 
restraint.  .  P<V'- 

To  take  the  reins ;  to  take  the  guidance  or  govern- 
ment. 
REIN,  frane,)  v.  t.    To  govern  by  a  bridle.     Milton. 

2.  To  restrain  ;  to  control.  ^hak. 
RE-IN-eUR',  V.  t.    To  incur  a  second  time. 
REIN'UEER,  (rane'-)  n.     [Sax.  Iirana.    See  Rane.] 

A  ruminant  mammal  of  the  deer  kind,  the  Cervus 
Tarandus.  inhabiting  the  northern  parts  of  both  con- 
tinents. In  Europe,  it  is  never  found  south  of  the 
Baltic,  nor  in  America  south  of  the  St.  Lawrence. 
REI'NEe-KE,  n.  [G.,  the  fox.]  A  German  epic 
poem,  formerly  celebrated  throughout  Europe. 

Brande. 
REIN'Ell,  pp.    Governed  by  a  bridle  ;  controlled. 
RE-INFECT',  V.  t.    [re  and  i<i/fc(.]     To  infect  again. 
RE  ljY-FE€'TJi,  [L.]    The  thing  not  done  or  ac- 

complislied. 
RE-IN-FECT'ED,  pp.    Infected  again. 
RE-IN-FECT'ING,  ppr.    Infecting  again. 
RE-IN-FEG'TIOUS,  (-fek'shus,)  a.   Capable  of  infect- 
in"  again.  Vaughan.     Med.  Repos. 
RE-IN-PoRCE',  I'.  1.     See  Reenfokce. 
RE-lN-FoRCE',  n.    That  part  of  a  cannon  near  the 
breech,  which  is  made  tllicker  and  stronger  than  the 
rest.     More  properly,  Reenkorce.  Tattcn. 
RE-IN-FCrSE',  1'.  t.    To  infuse  again. 
RE-IN-GRa'TIaTE,  (-gri'shate,)  v.  t.    [re  and  ingra- 
tiate.]    To  ingratiate  again  ;  to  recommend  again  to 
favor.                                                      ^         Herbert. 
RE-IN-GRa'TIJ\-TED,  pp.    Reinstated  in  favor. 
RE-IN-GR.^'TIA-TING,  i>pr.    Ingratiating  again. 
RE-IN-HAB'IT,  I'.  (.     [re  and  inhabit.]     To  inhabit 

again.  -»^'^''«- 

RE-lN-nABTT-ED,  pp.    Inhabited  again. 
RE-IN-II.\lt'IT-ING,  ppr.    Ililialiiling  a  second  time. 
REIN'ING,  ppr.    Governing  liv  a  bridle  ;  controlling. 
REIN'LESS,  (ranc'less,)  a.     Without  rein  ;  without 

restraint ;  unchecked. 
RE-IN-QUIRE',  V.  t.    To  inquire  a  second  time. 

Brown. 
REINS,  (ranz,)  u.  pi.     [Fr.  rein,  rognon  ;  L.  rrn,  rmes ; 
It.  renc,  aruione;  Sp.  rino7tes.] 

1.  The  kidneys  ;  the  lower  part  of  the  back. 

2.  In  Scripture,  the  inward  parts  ;  the  heart,  or  seat 
of  Ihe  affections  and  passions.     Ps.  Ixxiii. 

3.  Reins  of  a  vault ;  the  sides  or  walls  that  sustain 
the  arch.  OicUt. 

RE-IN-SERT',  u.  «.     [re  and  inMrt. J     To  insert  a  sec- 
ond time. 
RE-I N  SERT'  ED,  pp.    Inserted  again. 
RE-I.\-SERT'!NG,  ppr.     Inserting  again. 
RF^I.N-SER'TION,  n.    A  second  insertion. 


REJ 

RE-1N-SPE€T',  f.  t.    [re  and  iu.fpecl.]     To  inspect 
again,  as  provisions. 

RE-iN-SPECT'ED,  pp.    Inspected  again. 

IIE-IN-SPEC'TION,  n.  The  act  of  inspecting  a  sec- 
ond time.  Laws  of  Conn. 

RE-IN-SPIRK',  V.  I.  [re  and  inspire]  Toinspire 
anew. 

RE-IN-SPIR'KD,  pp.    Inspired  again. 

RE-IN-SPIR'ING.  ppr.    Inspiring  again. 

REIN-SPIR'IT,  V.  t.    To  inspirit  anew. 

RE-IN-STALL',  ti.  t.     [re  and  install.] 
again  :  to  seat  anew. 

RE-IN-STALL'/'JU,  pp.     Installed  anew. 

RE-IN-STAl.L'ING,  ppr.    Installing  again 

RE-I.N'-STALL'MENT,  n.     A  second  installment. 

RE-IN-STXTE',  II.  t.  We  and  instate.]  To  place  again 
in  possession,  or  in  a  former  state  ;  to  restore  to  a  stalo 
from  which  one  had  been  removed  ;  as,  to  reinstate  a 
king  in  the  pos.session  of  the  kingdom  ;  to  reinstate 
one  in  the  afl'cctions  of  his  family. 

RF^IN-STaT'ED,  pp.  Replaced  in  possession  or  in  a 
former  state. 

RE-IN-STaTE'MENT,  11.  The  act  of  putting  in  a 
former  state  ;  reijstahlishmellt.  Mar.iball. 

RE-IN-STaT'ING,  ppr.  Replacing  in  a  former  state ; 
putting  again  in  possession. 

RE-IN-SOR'AiVCE,  (-in-shur'ans,)  v.  [re  and  insur- 
ance.     Sec  Sure.] 

An  insurance  ol  property  already  insured  ;  a  sec- 
ond insurance  of  the  same  property.  Such  rrinirur- 
avcc  is  permitted  by  the  French  commercial  code ; 
•but  in  England  is  prohibited  by  stati:!",  except  when 
the  first  underwriter  is  insolvent,  t :  v.  li.-n  he  con- 
sents to  such  re-insurance.  Buuvicr. 
RE-IN-SCRE',  (-in-shfire',)  r.  (.  [re  and  injure.]  To 
insure  the  same  property  a  second  time  by  other  un- 
derwriters. 

The  insurer  may  cause  Uie  pioitcrly  insured  to  l«  reinsured  ly 
other  pcnions.  IKaM,  French  Com.  Code. 

Insured  a  second  time  by  other 


L.  redinter 


RE-IN-SuR'£D,  pp 

persons.  . 

RE-IN-StJR'ING,  ppr.     Insuring  8  second  time  by 

other  persons. 
RE-1N'TE-GRaTE,  v.  t.     [Fr.  reintegrer 
gro  :  red,  re,  and  integrei,  from  integer.] 

To  renew  with  regard  to  any  state  or  quality ;  to 
restore.     [Little -used.]     [f^ee  Redintegrate.] 

Baeon. 
RE-IN-TE-GRa'TION,  71.    A  renewing  or  making 

whole  again.     [See  Redintegration.] 
RE-IN-TER'RO-GaTE,  v.  t.     [re  and  interrogate.] 
To  interrogate  again  ;  to  question  repeatedly. 

Cot'crave. 
RE-IN-THRoNE',  v.  t.     [re  and   inthrone.      See  Re- 
enthrone.] 
To  replace  on  the  throne.  Herbert. 

RE-IN-THRoN'IZE,  v.  t.    To  reinthrone.     [JVot  m 

use.] 
RE-IN-TRO-DUCE',  v.  t.     To  introduce  again. 
RE-IN-TRO-DUe'TION,  7i.    A  second  introduction. 
RE-IN-UN'DaTE,  i>.  (.     To  inundate  again. 
RE-IN-VEST',  V.  t.     [re  and  invest.]  To  invest  anew. 
RE-IN-VEST'ED,  pp.    Invested  again. 
RE-IN-VES'TI-GaTE,  v.  t.    To  investigate  again. 

M.  Stuart. 
RE-IN-VES  TI-Ga'TION,  n.      A  second  investiga- 
EE-IN-VEST'ING,  ppr.     Investing  anew.  [lion. 

RE-IN-VEST'MENT,  71.     The  act  of  investing  anew ; 

a  second  or  repeated  investment. 
RE-IN-VIG'OR-aTE,  v.  U    To  revive  vigor  in  ;  lo  re- 
animate. „       

REIS  EFFEK'DI,  (rees-,)  n.    A  Tnrkish  minister, 

or  rather  secretarj'  of  state. 
RE-IS'SUE,  (-ish'shu,)  71.  u    To  issue  a  second  lime. 
RE-IS'SUE,    (-ish'shu,)    ii.      A  second   or  repeated 

issue. 
RE-IS'SU-ED,  (-ish'shude,)  pp.    Issued  again.  • 

RrlT  (reel,)  II.    Sedge ;  sea-weed.     [04s.]      Benin). 
REI'TER,  (rll'cr,)  n.     [Ger.,  a  rider.]     A  name^givcn 
to  the  German  cavalry  of  the  luuiteenth  and  fitteenUl 
centuries.  Brundr. 

RE-IT'ER-aTE,  71.  (.     [Fr.  reiterer ;  I.,  re  and  Kcro.J 
To  repeat ;  to  repeat  again  and  again  ;   as,  rci-tfr- 
eiled  crimes;  lo  reiterate  requests.  Milton. 

RE-IT'ER-a-TED,   pp.  or    a.    Repealed   again  ana 

again. 
RE-IT'ER-a-TED-LY,  adv.    Repeatedly. 
RE-IT'ER-a-TING,  ppr.     Repealing  again  and  again. 
RE-IT-ER-a'TION,  71.     Repetition.  Boyle. 

RE-JE€T',  V.  t.     ['L.rejicio,  rejectus ;  re  and  jneio,  lo 
throw.]  ,  .,^ 

1.  To  throw  away,  as  any  thing  useless  or  vue. 

2.  To  cast  off. 

Have  I  rejected  Uiose  th.al  me  adored  ?  Croion. 

3.  To  cast  off;  to  forsake,    ./m  vii. 

4.  To  refuse  to  receive  ;  to  slight ;  to  despise. 
Because  ihou  hast  rejecud  knowledge,  I  ivill  reject  thee.  -  Hoi. 

iv.    1  Sam.  XV. 

5.  To  refuse  to  grant 
quest. 


as,  to  reject  a  prayer  or  re- 


6.  To  refuse  lo  accept ;  as,  lo  rejcci  an  offer. 
RE-JECT'.A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  rejected. 


FATE,  F.SR,  FALL,  WHAT. -METE,  PREY. -PINE,  MARWE,  BIRD— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.- 


030 


REJ 

REJBe  TA-MENT'A,  n.  pi.     [from  L.  rcjccto.] 
Things  tiirown  out  or  a\v;iy.     lHl-/vrmcii.'\ 

Fleming. 

RE-JEf^TA'NE  OUS,  a.  [from  ilie  L.]  Not  chosen 
or  receJvf^d  -,  rejected.  More. 

RE-JECT'ilO,  pp.  or  a.  Thrown  away ;  cast  ofi";  re- 
fused ;  slighted. 

RE-JE€T'ER,  n.    One  that  rejects  or  refuses.  Clarke. 

KE-JE€T'IXG,  ppr.  Throwing  away;  casting  oft'j 
refitsins  to  jrrant  or  accept ;  slighting. 

RE-JE€"nON,  H.     [L.  rejectio.] 

The  act  of  Uirowing  away  ;  the  act  of  casting  ofi* 
or  forsaking  ;  refusal  to  accept  or  grant.        Bacon. 

RE-JEe-Tl"TIOUS,  (-tisb'ns,)  a.  TJiat  may  ba  re- 
jected. 

RE-JE€T'IVE,  a.    That  rejects,  or  tends  to  cast  oif. 

RE-JEeT'MENT,  n.     Matter  thrown  away.     Eaton. 

RE-JOICE',  (re-jois',)  c.i,  [Fr.  rejouir,  rejouissant ; 
re  and  _/m«r,  to  enjoy;  Ann.  joauczaat;  It.g'iuire; 
Sp.  regocijar^  to  rejoice  ;  Sp.  and  Port,  gozar,  to  en- 
joy ;  orozo,  joy.  In  most  of  the  dialects,  the  last  rad- 
icid  oY  Joy  is  lost ;  bnl  the  Spanish  and  Portuguese 
retain  it  in  z,  wliich  is  a  palatal  letter.  Hence  this 
word  seems  to  be  the  I),  juichen,  to  rejoice,  to  shout ; 
G.  jaitchzcn.  Q,u.  the  Dan.  /iiycr,  to  rejoice  ;  huj,  a 
shout,  joy,  rejoicing,  which  is  the  English /ntc,  in /iwe 
and  cry :  Fr.  kucr  and  huchcr.  Amidst  such  changes 
of  letters,  it  is  not  easy  to  ascertain  the  primary  el- 
ements. But  it  is  easy  to  see  that  the  primarj'  sense 
is  to  shout,  or  to  be  animated  or  excited.] 

To  experience  joy  and  gladness  in  a  high  degree  ; 
to  bii  exhilarated  with  lively  and  pleasurable  sen- 
sations ;  to  exult. 

Wlien  the  righteous  are  'in  authority,  the  people  rejoice;  but 
when  the  wicked  be&reth  rule,  die  people  mourn. — Prov, 
xxtx. 

I  will  rejoice  in  thy  salvation,  —  Pa.  ix. 

RE-JOfCE',  (re-jois',)  v.  t.  To  make  joyful ;  to  glad- 
den ;  to  animate  with  lively,  pleasurable  sensations; 
to  eslalarate. 


WiiosO  loveth  wisdom  reJoiceUi  his  father.  - 
While  she,  great  saint,  rejoices  heaven. 


-Pro¥.  xxlx. 

Prior. 


RE-JOtC'£D,  (-joist',)  pp.    Made  glad  ;  exhilarated. 

RE-JOIC'ER,  71,    One  that  rejoices.  Taijhr. 

RE-JOfC'ING;  ppr.  or  a.  Animating  with  gladness  ; 
exbilaratini;;  feeling  joy. 

RE-JOIC'INGj  71.  The  act  of  expressing  joy  and  glad- 
ness. 

The  voice  of  rejoicing  and  Balvatiou  is  in  the  tabemacies  of  the 
rijlileous.  —  Ps,  cxviii. 

2.  The  subject  of  joy. 

Thy  testimonies  have  I  taken  as  a  heritage  forever,  for  they  are 
t)je  rejoicing  of  my  heArt.  —  Pa.  cxix. 

^.  The  experience  of  joy.     Oal.  vi. 
RE-JOTC'ING-LY,  adv.    With  joy  or  exultation. 

Siieldon. 
RE-JOIN  ,  V.  c     ,re  and  join  ;  Fr.  rgoindrc.'j 
I   To  join  a^n  ;  to  unite  after  separation. 

Brown. 
±   I'o  meet  one  a<^R  Pope. 

RE-JOIN',  r.  t.     To  answer  ui  a  reply  Dnjden. 

2.  In  law  pleadings,  to  ansAver,  as  the  defendant  U) 
the  plaintiff 's  replication. 
RE-JOIX'DER,  n-    An  answer  to  a  reply  -,  or,  m  gen- 
eral, an  answer. 

2.  In  law  pleadings,  the  defendant's  answer  to  the 
plaintiff's  replication. 
REJOIN'DURE,  71.    The  act  of  joining  again.  [Ohs.] 

Sfiak. 
RE-JOIN'fiD,  pp.    Joined  again  ;  reunited. 
RE-JOIN'IXG,    ppr.     Joining    again ;   answering  a 

plaintiff's  replication. 
RE-JOINT',  V.  u     [re  and  joint.]    To  reunite  joints. 

Barrow. 
RE-JO INT'ED,  pp.     Reunited  in  the  joints. 
RE-JOINT^iNG,  ppr.     Renniting  the  joints. 
RE-JOL\T'L\G,   n.     The    filling  up  of  the  joints  of 
stones  in  buildings,  when  the  mortar  has  been  dis- 
lodged by  age  and  the  action  of  the  weather. 

Owilt. 
RE-JoLT',  71.      [re  and  jolt.]      A  reacting  jolt   or 

shock.     [JV'of  used.\  South. 

RE-J5URN',  (re-jnrn'O  v.  t.   [YT.reajoumer.    See  Ad- 

JOUR!?.] 

To  adjourn  to  another  hearing  or  inquiry.     [J\*t'( 
■used.]  Burton. 

RE-JUDOE,  Cre-juj',)  r.  L  [re  and  jwlge.]  To  judge 
again  ;  to  re-examine  ;  to  review ;  to  call  to  a  new 
trial  and  decision. 

Rejudge  his  acts,  and  dijni^  disjrace.  Pope. 

RE-JUDG'-ED,  pp.    Reviewed  ;  judged  again. 
RE-JUDG'ING,  ppr.    Judging  again. 
RE-JC'VE-NATJi,  v.  t.    To  render  young  again. 
RE  JC'VE-Na-TED,   pp.    or   a.       Rendered    young 

again. 
RE-JU-\T:-NE3'CENCE,  l  n.      [L.  re  and  jiivenes- 
RE-JU-VE-NES'CEN-CY,  (      cens  ;  juveni^,  a  youth.] 
.\  renewing  of  youth ;  the  slate  of  being  young 

ag^i."-  ^^I'S'  Trans. 

RE  Ju'VEN-TZE,  v.  u  To  render  vonng  again. 
RE-Ju'VEX-IZ -ED,  pp.  Rendered  young  again. 
RE  JC'VEN-IZ-IXG,  ppr.     Renewing  vouth. 


REL 

R&.KIN'DLE,  (-kin'dl,)  .-.  t.     [re  and  kindle]    To 

kindle  again  ;  to  set  on  ..rp  anew.  Chru-.^c. 

2.  To  inllame  a^  -  .i ;  tu  .^isa  anew.  Vopc. 

RE-KIN'DLKl),  p/».    KindUd  again  ;  inJlamed  anew. 

RE-KIN'DLING,  ppr.  Kindling  again;  inflaming 
anew. 

RE-LAID',  pp.    T^aid  a  second  time. 

RE'LJiIS\  (re-li',)  n,  [Fr.]  In  J'ortijication,  a  narrow 
walk  without  the  rampart,  to  receive  the  earth  that 
may  be  washed  down,  and  prevent  its  falling  into 
Uie  ditch.  Brande. 

RK-LAND',  v.  l    [re  and  Und.]    To  land  again  ;  to 
put  on  land  what  had  been  shipped  or  embarked. 
_  Judge  Scwall. 

RE-LAND',  v.  /.  To  go  on  shore  after  liaving  em- 
barked. 

Re-LAND'EH,  pp.    Put  on  shoi-e  again. 

Rk-LANU'ING,  ppr.    Landing  again. 

RE-LAPSE',  (re-laps',)  L'.  i.  [L.  rclapsus,  relabvr^  to 
slide  back  ;  re  and  labor,  to  slide.] 

1.  To  slip  or  slide  back  ;  to  return. 

2.  To  full  back;  to  return  to  a  former  state  or 
practice ;  as,  to  relapse  into  vice  or  error  after 
amendment. 

3.  To  fall  back  or  return  from  recovery,  or  a  con- 
valescent state  ;  as,  to  relapse  into  a,  fever. 

RE-LAPSE',  (re-laps',)  n.  A  sliding  or  falling  back, 
particularly  into  a  former  bad  state,  either  of  body 
or  morals  ;  as,  a  relapse  into  a  disease  from  a  con- 
valescent state ;  a  relapse  into  a  vicious  course  of 
life. 

[In  the  sense  of  a  person  relapsing,  not  used.] 

RE-LAPS'£D,  (-lapst',)  jj;».  or  a.  Fallen  back,  as  into 
vice  or  error. 

RE-I<APS'ER,  n.  One  that  relapses  into  vice  or  er 
ror. 

RE-LAP3'ING,  ppr.  Sliding  or  falling  back,  as  into 
disease  or  vice. 

RE-LaTE',  v.  t.  [L.  relatits^  refero;  re  and  fero,  to 
produce.] 

1.  To  tell ;  to  recite  ;  to  narrate  the  particulars  of 
an  event ;  as,  to  relate  the  story  of  Priain  ;  to  relate 
the  adventures  of  Don  Quixote. 

2.  To  bring  back  ;  to  restore.     [JVbi  in  7isc.] 

3.  To  ally  by  connection  or  kindred. 

To  relate  oue^s  self;  to  vent  thoughts  in  words. 

[ni.] 

RE-LaTE',  v.  i.  To  have  reference  or  respect ;  to  re- 
fer; followed  by  to. 

All  negative  words  relate  to  positive  ideas.  Locke. 

RE-LaT'ED,  pp.     Recited  ;  narrated. 

2.  a.    Allied  by  kindred;  connected  by  blood  or 
alliance,  particularly  by  consanguinity  ;  as,  a  person 
related  in  the  first  or  second  degree. 
RE-LaT'ER,  n.    One  who  tells,  recites,  or  narrates  ; 

a  historian.  Milton.     Stci/t. 

RE-LaT'ING,  ppr.    Telling;  reciting;  narrating. 

2.  a.    Having  relation  or  reference  ;  concerning. 
RE-La'TION,  n.     [Fr.,  from  L.  relatio,  refero.] 

1.  The  act  of  tolling;    recital;    account;  narra- 
tion;  narrative  of  facts;   as,  a  historical  relation. 
We  listened  to  liie  relation  of  liis  adventures. 
2    Respect;  reference j  regard. 

-  (luve  txwii  tmportimed  lo  malcc  8ome  observations  on  tliis  art, 
in  relation  tt-  its  ngreement  with  poetry.  Dryden. 

a.  Oonneclion  between  things  ;  mutual  respect,  or 
wliat  one  thing  is  with  regard  to  another  ;  as,  the  re- 
lation of  a  citizen  to  the  state  ;  the  relation  ot  a  sub- 
ject to  the  supreme  authority;  the  relation  of  hus- 
band and  wife,  or  of  master  and  servant ;  the  relation 
of  a  state  of  probation  to  a  state  of  retribution. 

4.  Connection  by  consanguinity  or  affinity;  rela- 
tionship ;  as,  the  relation  of  parents  and  children. 

Relations  dear,  ami  all  the  cliartties 

Of  father,  Bon,  luid  brother,  first  were  known.  Milton. 

5.  A  person  connected  by  consanguinity  or  affin- 
ity ;  a  relative;  a  kinsman  or  kinswoman.  He 
passed  a  month  with  his  relatiojis  in  the  country. 

6.  The  direct  conformity  of  parts  to  a  whole  and 
to  each  other  ;  analogy  ;  as,  the  relations  of  the  sub- 
ject are  not  well  maintained  ;  the  re?a(i(m5  of  a  budd- 
ing, in  architecture. 

RE-La'TION-AL,  a.    Having  relation  or  kindred. 

Wc  might  be  tempted  to  take  tlicse  two  nations  for  relaliofiai 
stems.  Thoke. 

RE-La'TION-SHIP,  71.    The  state  of  being  related  by 

kindred,  affinity,  or  other  alliance.  Jilason. 

REL'A-TIVE,  a.     [Fr.  rclatif;  h.  relativu^.] 

1.  Having  relation  ;  respecting.  The  arguments 
may  be  good,  but  they  are  not  relative  to  the  subject. 

2.  Not  absohite  or  existing  by  itself,  considered  as 
belonging  to  or  respecting  something  else. 

Every  Ihin^  sustains  both  an  absolute  .T.nd  a  relatioe  capacity  ; 
nil  (ttisobiip,  as  it  19  such  a  thing',  endued  with  such  a  nature ; 
anil  a  relative,  as  it  is  a  part  ol  the  universe,  and  so  stands 
in  such  a  rvlallon  to  the  whole.  South. 

3.  Incident  to  man  in  society;  as,  reZattce  rights 
and  duties. 

4.  Particular ;  positive.     [JVot  in  use.]  Shak. 

Relative  mode  ;  in  music,  the  mode  which  the  com- 
poser interweaves  with  the  principal  mode  in  the 
flow  of  the  harmony.  Kncyc. 


REL 

Relative  terms ;  in  lo^ie,  terras  which  imply  rela- 
tion, as  guardian  and  ward,  master  and  ser^'anl, 
Iiusband  and  wife. 

Relative  word;  in  grammar^  a  word  which  relates 
to  another  word,  called  its  anteeedmt^  or  to  a  sen- 
tence or  member  of  a  sentence,  or  to  a  series  of 
sentences. 
REL'A  TIVE,  n.  A  person  connected  by  blood  or 
affinity;  strictly,  one  allied  by  blood  j  a  relation  ;  a 
kinsman  or  kinswoman. 

Confining  our  catc  eilb.-r  to  ourv:Ives  ind  reUUioet.         Felt. 

2.  That  which  lias  relation  to  something  else. 

Locke. 

3.  In  grammar,  Ti  word  which  relates  to  or  repre 
sents  another  word,  called  its  anUecdent^  or  which 
refers  back  to  a  sentence  or  member  of  a  sentence, 
or  to  a  series  of  sentences,  which  wjnstitutes  its 
antecedent.  "  Ho  sehlom  lives  fnigally,  teho  lives  by 
chance."  Here  who  is  the  relative,  which  represents 
he,  the  antecedent. 

"  Judas  declared  him  innocent,  v>1dek  be  could  not 
be,  had  he  deceived  his  disciples."  Porteus.  Here 
tchich  refers  lo  innocent,  an  adjective,  as  its  antece- 
dent. 

"  Another  reason  that  make?;  me  doubt  of  any  in- 
nate practical  principles,  is,  that  I  think  there  can  not 
any  one  moral  rule  be  proposed,  whereof  a  man  niay 
not  justly  demand  a  reason ;  which  would  be  per- 
fectly ridiculous  and  absurd,  if  they  were  innate,  or 
so  much  as  self-evident,  which  everj-  innate  princi- 
ple must  needs  be."  Locke. 

If  we  ask  the  question,  What  would  be  ridiculous 
and  absurd,  the  answer  must  be,  Whereof  a  man  may 
justly  demand  a  reason ;  and  this  part  of  the  sentence 
is  the  antecedent  to  which.  Sdf-cviilatt  is  the  ante- 
cedent to  which,  near  the  close  of  the  sentence. 
REL'A-TIVE-LY,  adv.  In  relation  or  respect  to 
something  else ;  not  absolutely. 

Consider  the  absolute  aflectioiis  of  uny  being  as  it  ts  tu  itself,  be- 
fore you  consider  it  relatively.  Watu. 

REL'A-TIVE-NESS,  n.  The  slate  of  having  rela- 
tion. 

RK-La'TOR,  Jf.  In  laxc,  one  who  brin^3  an  informa- 
tion in  the  r.alure  of  a  quo  warranto.       Blackstone. 

RE-LAX',  u.  t.  [L.  reluzo ;  re  and  laxo,  to  slacken; 
Fr.  rvldcheTj  relasclier ;  It.  rilassare ;  Sp.  reiaxar. 
See  Lax.] 

1.  To  slacken  ;  to  make  less  tense  or  rigid ;  as,  to 
relax  a  rope  or  ccrd  ;  to  reiaz  the  muscles  or  sinews  ; 
to  relax  the  reins  in  riding. 

2.  To  loosen  ;  to  make  less  close  or  firm  ;  as,  to 
relax  the  joints,  JUilton. 

3.  To  make  less  severe  or  rigorous ;  to  remit  or 
abate  in  strictness  ;  as,  to  relax  a  law  or  rule  of  jus- 
tice ;  to  relax  a  demand.  Sicift. 

4.  To  remit  or  abate  in  attention,  assiduity,  or  labor ; 
as,  to  relax  study  ;  to  relax  exertions  or  efforts. 

5.  'J'o  unbend  ;  to  ease  ;  to  reliex'e  from  close  at- 
tention ;  as,  conversation  relaxes  the  student  or  the 
mind. 

6.  To  relieve  from  constipation;  to  loosen;  to 
open  ;  as,  medicines  relax  the  bowels. 

7.  To  open  ;  lo  loose.  MtUon, 

8.  To  make  languid. 

RE-LAX',  V.  i.  To  abate  in  severity  ;  lo  become  more 
mild  or  less  rigorous. 


In  others  she  relaxed  agnin, 
And  governed  with  a  loMer  rein. 


Prior. 


2.  To  remit  in  close  attention.    It  is  useful  for  the 
student  to  relax  often,  and  give  himself  to  exercise 
and  amusements. 
RE-LAX',  n.    Relaxation-     [jVof  itsed.]        Felthatn. 
RE-LAX'A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  remitted. 

Barrow. 
RE-LAX'.\NT,  n.    A  medicine  that  relaxes  or  opens. 
RE-LAX-a'TION%  n.     [Fr.,  from  L.  rclaxatio.] 

1.  The  act  of  slackening  or  remitting  tension  ;  as, 
a  rrlarution  of  the  muscles,  libers,  or  ner\'cs  ;  a  re- 
laxaiion  of  the  whole  system.  Bacon.     Kncyc. 

2.  Cessation  of  restraint.  Burnet. 

3.  Remission  or  abatement  of  rigor;  as,  a  relaxa- 
tion of  the  law.  Sitift. 

4.  Remission  of  attention  or  application  ;  as,  a  re- 
laxation  of  mind,  study,  or  business. 

.■5.  An  opening  or  loosening. 

RE-LAX'A-TIVE,  a.  Having  the  quality  of  relaxing. 
[See  L.*.xATivE.]  B.  Jonson. 

RE-LAX'SD,  (re-lakst',)  pp.  or  a.  Slackened;  loos- 
ened; remitted  or  abated  in  rigor,  or  in  closeness: 
made  less  vigorous  ;  languid. 

RE-LAX'ING,  ppr.  Slackening;  loosening;  remit- 
ting, or  abating  in  rigor,  severlly,  or  attention  ; 
rendering  languid. 

RE-LAX'ING,  a.  Tending  to  relax  ;  adapted  to 
weaken  the  solids  ;  as,  a  relaxing  medicine. 

RE-LaY',k.     [Fr.  relais.] 

1.  A  supply  of  horses  placed  on  the  road  to  be  in 
readiness  to  relieve  others,  that  a  traveler  may  pro- 
ceed without  delay. 

2.  A  supply  of  hunting  dogs  kept  in  readiness  at 
certain  places  to  pursue  the  game,  when  the  dogs 
that  have  been  in  pursuit  are  weary. 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.— AN"GER,  VI"CI0US.  — €  as  K  ,  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


i)f:T-^\^*7;'    r«anJtev.]    To  luy  again;  to  lay  a 

„P  i"a"y'  NG;  ;;;     iayins  a  second  time. 

Sli;l:Els/A-6£^,  a.    That  ."i;?;,^.^'^^  j,,i,ed 

HKl-KAf  ,  (-lees  )  ».  <.         1;-  - -^  „^„^-,.„ 

from  Fr.  ^""""•^' '  ,,°'^:  ,..„;.i,  i,ave  tlie  sense  of 

and  ril<^c,are   and  .'  f «  ^"7'','.J'^„'^^°  the  sense  of 

release:  but  the  English  word  "•'»,""'•"?,„„  ,,,  „ 

;„V  lilt  of  re  and  lease,  from  Fr.  iaw-ser,  Eng.  let,  a 

phy^^al  or  moral    to  ..berate  fron,  prison,  conhne- 
ment  or  servitude.    JIfali.  xv.    JlAirl  xv. 

i?  'ro  free  from  pain,  care,  trouble,  gnef.&c. 

5:  TO  free  ^^^  mra"promis'""fc^ove"in?. " 

'TTo';l^Sa^?or"di..f^S,"-righttoland.  or  | 
.e^n,l:;.;^rby"onveyingltto..c.,,ert^.athas^s^e 

iiiortBaser.  ,  Jhoker. 

KE  1-e!^."';":    ^ration  oldischarge  ^mn  restraint 
of  mv  k  "  1   :«  fr"'"  confinement  or  bondage 

from  .irut;  penalty,  or  c^aim  of  any  lend;  acin.t- 

;;;!;:  ;/^ierw:rin"S'ai'ns,ru,.nt  are, 
'  r^nri^xd,  released,  and  forever  !(""''-'«J^;^^,„,., 
Set  free  from  conftni 


vv  T  FNT'LESS-LY,  adv.    Without  pity.  Ed  Rev. 
Se-lInT'lIIs-NESS,  n.    The  quality  of  bemg -- 

RrS-sbtr:.''l""p«son  Who   executes  a  ve- 
lease 


Thc«  m.,.tbc  .  privily  of  «m.e  IxiWcen  Ihe  re'|.»J-^"- 
lessee. 


KS4:t:^'^;'""'A  person  to  whom  a  release  is 
K^^I:SXSE'MENT  ^  The  act  of  releasijjg^^n.n, 
„,r'A°?Er;o;    who  release.  ,  , 

To  banish;  to  send  into  exile. 
REIVEG.-v-TED,  ??.    Sent  into  exile. 
K  EL' E-G A-TING,  W- ^Banishing. 
KEL-E-G.\'TION,  n.     [L.  rr)rg»(io.] 

The  act  of  banishment ;  exile. 
i!P  1  F\T'  V  1      r Fr.  rdcnlir  i  Sp.  rcteiUer ,  .- 
LeSp '««"''"'•.■   P""-  "»'•"'"'"'••■  '^e  two  later 
Yom  W,   rf",  L.  W<i»<;.«,  which  unites  the  L.  blmJus 


Jlijltffr. 
r  It.  rallcii' 


'"^^0  ^?^n  ■  t?  bel^ome  less  rigid  or  hard ;  to  give. 

,;  ,om=  liov.s»,  ».«,...•>..  "ill  «(««  inoi-e  .tan  in  oto,.^_^ 

VVlieii  owning  buds  sal'H"-  U'O  "ckomc  day, 

[TAis  «'W(!  o/"«  """■''  ""  <"'"'■»«"'  '•■'?«"■!'•  ''"'  '' 
"1.' ■r^'SrX'  moilt ;  to  deliqne.ce  ;  applied^  sails 
as,  the  Tdenlins  of  "'e  air.  -«''";,'"'■ 

SrJl  of  Urtar  -  placed  i,.  a  c-llar,  «ill  tsji"  »  «'""•    •»»!'"■ 
r  Tlds  sense  is  not  in  w*e.] 

i.  To  become  less  intense,     [i.tt'e  «»«■'•]  J^"^; . 
.1.  To  soften  in  temper  ;  to  become  more  mild  and 
tender ;  to  feel  compassion. 

[Tilis  is  the  usual  se:ise  of  the  v>urd.\ 
Can  you  behold 
My  teare,  and  nol  once  reienl  ■' 

RE-LENT',  ti.  (.    To  slacken. 

And  oftentinicB  he  would  TtUnl  his  pac/^. 

o   To  soften  ;  to  mollify.    [Olis.] 
RE-LENT',  w    Dissolved.     [O.''.'.] 
RE-LENT',  n.    Remission  ;  stay.    \Olis 
RE  I  ENT'ED,  fp.    Softened  in  temper. 
RE-LENT'ING,  M"-.    Softening  in  temper 

more  mild  or  compassionate 
RE-I.ENT'ING,  n.    The  act  of  becoming  more  mild 

nr  romoassionate.  .  . 

«PI  ENT'LESS,  u.    Unmoved  by  pity;  unpdying  ; 
^fniinsible  to  tie  distresses  of  others  ;  destitute  ol 
ienderness  ;  as,  a  prey  to  relentless  despotism. 
Pur  Ihi.  >h'  areopng  power  employ,  his  -iarla, 
Tho<  will  pcrsin,  TtllMlcu  in  hu  ire.  /Jn/oe;.. 

ndcHlless  thoughts,  in  Mlton,  may  signify  unre- 
mitted, intently  fixed  on  disquieting  objects.  J»A.ua^. 

[This  sense  of  the  word  is  untisual,  and  not  to  be 
countenanced.] 


106..1 


Spemlr. 
Spenser. 

Spenser. 

;  becoming 


Hi?  LET'  t'.  (.    To  let  anew,  ns  a  house. 
SptVp  VANCE     In.     [See  Relevant.]    Jlie  state 
REL'E^VAN  CY,  i      of  being  relevant,  or  of  alfording 
relief  or  aid. 
o    Pertinence  ;  applicablcnesa.  ,     ■  „ 

5'  In  s"ts  law,  s  ifficiency  to  infer  the  conclusion 
REL'E-VANT,  a. '  [Fr.,  from  L.  rete^er,  V.  relieve,  to 
advance,  to  iLise  ;  re  and  lever,  to  raise.] 

1    Re  eviiig  ;  lending  aid  or  support.      ^ """'"'  • 

o    m  inent     ajiplicablc.     The  testimony  is  no 

^fe^at  "o  the  tasi  j  the  argument  is  not  relevant  to 

"'[7^*""™«  sense  «  ,vhick  the  ^ord  is  „»w  genn-ally 

"t'iuthcient  to  support  the  eanse         .Scot.  W 
REL-E-Va'TION,  «.    A  raising  or  lifting  up.     [JVot 

RF"l"l'"il!LE  a.    That  may  be  relied  on  or  trusted. 
r|:U'A-ULE-NESS,»«.     The  state  of  being  reli- 

fert  reliance  on  the  promises  of  God  ;  we  nave  teu 

=  ^::n'^Sn^r^=™«-- 

^V^u''\^r.  f^U^r^reli^ni.,  ftom  «..,..»,  to 

'"'rTM'wh'.'ch"«mains;  that  which  is  left  after 

,l,e' Jss  or  decay  of  the  rest ;  as,  the  rf(i«  of  a  town  ; 

e  ,!fic/ of  magnificence  ;'  the  relic--  of  an  uiuity 

The  rrfSr  of  saints  ate  held  in  great  veneration  by 

'1^i;i;L"'bodf' of"a  deceased  person;  a  corpse. 
RfeY;'i^r^-k  manner  5^SScs.^&c 
REL'ltl',  n.     [L.   rclicliis,  relicta,  from  relinqn^,  to 

"^  A^^idow  ;  a  woman  whose  husbamlis  dead.^^^ 

RP  T  irT'ED  a.     In  law,  left  uncovercul,  as  land  by 
'^The  retroces'sion  of  the  sea  or  other  wate^^_^_.^ 

RF  ne'TION,  n.    In  lam,  land  left  uncovered  by  the 

ihe  iiiiiid  ■  confided  in  ;  depended. 

HP  T  IPP'   fre-eef  )  n.     [Fr.  relief:  It.  rdevo,  rihevo, 

''to"  Jc'i'c.  'o  rale,  ti  lift,  to  remove  ;  Sp.  rcUeve, 

'■rTh;;:;^v^:inw.S:'^iinpart,ofa,^evil 

Iha  afflicts  the  body  or  mind  ;  the  removal  or  a  lev  - 

at  on  of  pain,  grief,  want,  care,  anxiety,  toil,  or  d  s- 

Ui^ss,  or  of  an?  thing  oppressive  or  burdensome  by 

which  some  case  is  obtained.     Rest  gives  relief  lo  the 

talvwh".!  weary;   an  anodyne  gives  rede/  from 

S-Yhe%mpathy  of  friends  affords  some  relief  u^ 

he  distressed  ;  a  loan  of  money  to  a  man  embar- 

r  issed  .1  av  aflird  him  a  temporary  relief:  niedicines 

which  will  not  cure  a  disease  sometimes  gi ye  a  par- 

tol  re/i™    A  complete  relief  Cvom  the  troubles  of  life 

\<  never  to  be  expected.  „/«c  ^v 

2.  That  whicir  mitigates  or  removes  P»'»^^^-;f^f;  " 

""'"„?,"'•   lease  as  of  sentinels,  from  some  post  or 
duty,  and  the  substitution  of  others  ;  also,  the  per- 

cnn   nr  nPFSOnS  thUS  SUbslilUtcd. 

4  nr/eate",  &e.,  the  projecture  or  prominence 
of  a  fl.\ife  above'or  beyond'  the  ground  or  p  ane  on 
wWch  It  is  formed.  Relief  is  of  three  kinds  high 
re/i  /•  fi'io  rSo,)  low  relief,  (basso  relievo,)  :mA  dena 

rif  i^emi  relievo  )  The  difference  is  in  the  degree 
I/f  pro  ecture  H  W,  re«r/is  formed  from  nature,  as 
whe  1  a  fl"ur;  stan'ds  completely  out  from  the  ground 
hein"  attached  to  it  in  only  a  few  plac«s.  Low  rehej 
U  when  the  figure  projects  but  little,  as  in  nied a  , 
festoon"  foliages,  and  other  ornaments.  Denurehef 
[swhen  one  h'alf'of  the  figure  rises  from  tl^^plane. 

1    In  vninlini',  the  appearance  of  projection,  or  the 
degree  oTbo5fes  which  a  figure  exhibits  to  the  eye 

'",?'ln'Si'a»,a  fine  or  composition  which  the 

striC.  feud,al  principles  had  '■''Pf''  "f.ff'.'-ief  con- 
lord  on  the  death  of  the  tenant,  "lb  '  'eh"f  con 
sisted  of  horses,  arms,  money,  an  the  hkc,  the 
amount  of  which  was  originally  nrbitr,arj  bu  after 
ward  fixed  at  a  certain  rate  by  law.    It  is  not  pay  a 


ble  unless  the  heir,  at  the  death  of  his  ancestor,  had 
attiined  to  the  age  of  twenty-one  years.  ^_    ^^^^_^^_ 

7  A  remedy,  partial  or  total,  for  any  wrong  suf- 
fered redress  ;iideinniftcation.  He  applied  to  chan- 
cery iiut  could'  get  no  relief,  he  petitioned  the  legis- 

'r-r^i^X^'^^""^  "y "-  -™:;:^;  °' 

reTfeR?.  ""[from  rely.]    One  who  relies,"or  places 

R^I'lEV'rBLE.'a.    capable  of  being  relieved^;  that 

E£!Sf^Sw"Vr.re,eeer.  L.  relevo.    sJlu- 

■•T'-l'o  free,  wholly  or  partially,  from  pain,  grief, 
wa  It  anviety,  care,  toil,  trouble,  burden,  oppression, 
or  a.  y  til.  ig  that  is  considered  to  be  an  evil ;  to  ease 
of  anv  thing  that  pains  the  body  or  distresses  the 
mind  Repose  reUeves  the  wearied  body  ;  a  sup|,ly 
of  provisions  rehe.ies  a  family  in  want  ;  inedicme.s 
may  rei  CM  , he  sick  man,  even  when  they  do  n^^^ 

im  we  all  desire  to  be  relieved  from  anxiety  and 
&l"avy  taxes  ;  law  or  duty  or  both  require  that 
we  should  refiimc  the  poor  and  destitute. 

o  '^alleviate  or  remove  ;  as  when  we  say,  to  r  - 
lieve  pain  or  distress  ;  to  relieve  the  wants  of  the 

''T'to  release  from  a  post  or  station,  as  sentinel^. :, 
xu-iid  or  ships,  and  station  others  lu  their  pl.u ' - 
lent  lies  a  e  generally  reiiet-ed  every  two  lu.u.. 
a  m  a  d  ts  u/ually  re/ie»erf  once  in  twenty-four  Hon. .. 
1  To  ri"lit ;  to  ease  of  any  burden,  wrong,  or  .  i. 
nression  b^y  judici.al  or  legislative  interposition,  by 
llie  removal  of  a  grievance,  by  indcmnihcation  lor 

'"T^Vil^'^  inconvenience  of  atiy  thhig  by 

c-lrm^e  or  by  the  interposition  of  something  dissiim- 

-  f'r!    The  moon  reluves  the  luster  of  the  sun  wi.h  a 

milder  light. 


Th.  l.oe"tmuanot  eneumber  his  poem  witl,  loo  much  bl.slneu, 
^^  bSmnuine.  reii.M  .be  .ubjecl  w,.h  a  moral  reneca™.^ 

0.  To  assist ;  to  support. 

7    Set  off  by  contrast.     [Used  in  re^pext  to  paint- 

''^asef  or  cured';  aided;   succored;  dismissed  Iroui 

"'a 'Allfviated  or  removed,  as  pain  or  distress. 

RE-Lllv'fR'n.'onefhat  relieves  ;  he  or  that  which 

nl'riEV'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Removing  pain  or  distress, 
oratatin"  the  violence  of  it;  easing;  curing;  as- 
sstfn»-  dismissing  from  a  post,  as  a  sentinel ;  sup- 


porting. 

Relieving  arch. 


See  DiscHxaoiNo  AncH. 
nf^iFl'O  Tre'lee'vo,)  a.     [It.]     Relief;   promm- 
""fni  of  fi^'iires  in'sriW,  aWitecture,  &c. ;  appa- 
rent prominence  of  figures  in  pamtuig- 
RE-LIGHT',  (re-lite',)  i'.  (.    [re  and  hghl.)     lo  h„lit 
ane.v  ;  to  illuminate  again.  j 

o   To  rekindle;  to  set  on  fire  again, 
n,-- rirHT'ED   VP.    Lighted  anew  ;  rekinded. 
RP  UGHT'ING  wr.     Lighting  again  ;  rekindhng.        , 

Hr"l  T.^'ION   (re-  i  'un,)  n.     [Fr.  and  Sp.  relii'ion  ;  "• 
RL-LIO  ION    (re  uj       ,  L  ^^  ^._^j  ^^^^„  .  „ 

"H'r"Vto'b.  d!    Ths  w„J  leems  originally  to 

God  and  his  law.    James  i. 

■3.  Religion,  as  distinct  tromvirtneorn,o^^^^^^ 

is  different  branches  of  one  system  or  ,be  duties 
the  first  and  second  tables  of  the  law. 

L,  1  u. „i,h  cauiion  toaulge  ,he  .upros^ion,  to. r^'^fZ 
_.,.:...„;.„.,1  without  TCiffWn. 

In  ilu- 


•1. 


Any  system  of  faith  and  worship. 


!L 


7i^^:7;^^ri^zz:^^^i^^ 


932 


REL 

sense,  religion  comprehends  the  belief  and  worship 
of  pagans  and  Mohammedans,  as  well  as  of  Chris- 
tians ;  any  religion  consisting  in  tl:e  belief  of  a  su- 
perior power  or  powers  governing  the  world,  and  in 
the  worship  of  such  power  or  powers.  Thus  we 
speak  of  the  religion  of  the  Turks,  of  the  Hindoos, 
of  the  Indians,  &c.,  as  well  as  of  the  Christian  re- 
tig-ioa.  We  speak  of  false  r€lig-ion,as  well  as  of  true 
rehgion. 
5.  The  rites  of  religion  ;  in  the  pluraL      Jlilton, 

RE-LIO'ION-A-RY,  a.  Relating  to  religion;  pious. 
[,Yvt  u^etU  Bp.  Barlow. 

RE-LIC'ION-ISM,  ?:.  The  practice  of  religion  ;  ad- 
herence to  religion.  Stewart. 

RE-LI(5'I0N-IST,  n.  A  bigot  to  any  religions  persua- 
sion. Sirfft. 

RE-LI6-I-0S'I-TY,  n.  [L.  reli^iosUos.]  Sense  of 
relision  ;  religiousness. 

RE-LIC'IOUS,  (re-lij'us,)  a.     [Fr.  rcli^lenr  :  I,,  rdig- 

1.  Pertaining  or  relating  to  religion  ;  ns^ii  religions 
society  ;  a  religious  sect ;  a  i-eligmits  place  ;  i-eltgious 
subjects. 

2.  Pious;  godly;  loving  and  reverencing  the  Su- 
preme Being  and  obeying  his  precepts;  as,  a  relig- 
ions man. 

3.  Devoted  to  the  practice  of  religion  ;  as,  a  relig- 
ious life. 

4.  Teaching  religion  ;  containing  religious  subjects 
or  the  doctrines  and  precepts  of  religion,  or  the  dis- 
cussion of  topics  of  religion  ;  as,  a  religious  book. 

5.  Exact ;  strict ;  such  as  religion  requires  ;  as,  a 
religioits  obser\'ance  of  vows  or  promises. 

G.  Engaged  by  vows  to  a  iponastic  life  ;  as,  a  re- 
ligious order  or  fraternity. 

7.  Appropriated  to  the  performance  of  sacred  or 
religious  duties;  as,  a  religious  house.  Law. 

RE-LIG'IOUS,  }i.  A  person  bound  by  monastic  vows, 
or  sequestered  from  secular  concerns  and  devoted  to 
a  life  of  piety  and  devotion  ;  a  monk  orfriar  ;  anun. 
\  Little  use^L] 

RE-LIG'IOUS-LY,  adc.  Piously ;  with  love  and  rev- 
erence to  the  Supreme  Being ;  in  obedience  to  the 
divine  commands.  Drayton. 

2.  According  to  the  rites  of  religion.  Shak. 

3.  Reverentfy  ;  with  veneration.  Duppa. 
A.  Exactly  ;    strictly ;  conscientiously ;  as,  a  vow 

or  promise  religioxishj  observed. 

RE-LIG'IOUS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  or  state  of  V.n- 
ins  religious. 

EBl-LIX'QUEXT,  a.  Relinquishing.  As  a  noun,  one 
who  relinquishes. 

RE-LIN'aUI3II,  (re-Iink'vvish.)  r.  t.  [L.  rcUvquo ; 
re  and  hnquoj  to  leave,  to  fail  or  faint ;  from  the  same 
root  as  liquco^  liquo^  to  melt  or  dissolve,  dcUquiuin,  a 
fainting,  Ir.  leagham,  to  melt.  Hence  the  sense  is  to 
withdraw  or  give  way  ;  to  relinquish  is  to  recede 
from.  It  is  probably  allied  to  flag  and  slack;  W. 
Uacj  Uaciaw,  to  slacken  ;  llegu,  to  flag.     Class  Lg.] 

1.  To  withdraw  from  ;  to  leave  ;  to  quit.  It  may 
be  to  forsake  or  abandon,  but  it  does  not  necessarily 
express  the  sense  cf  the  latter.  A  man  may  relin- 
quish an  enterprise  for  a  time,  or  with  a  design  never 
to  resume  it.  In  general,  to  relinquish  is  to  kave 
without  the  intention  of  resuming,  and  equivalent 
to  forsake,  but  is  less  emphatical  than  abandon  and 
descrL 

They  placed  Insh  Icaants  on  the  lands  relinquished  by  the  Hng- 
Ush.  Dailies. 

2.  To  forbear ;  to  withdraw  from  ;  as,  to  relinquish 
the  practice  of  intemperance  j  to  rehnqaish  the  rites 
of  a  churcb.  Hooker. 

3.  To  give  up ;  to  renounce  a  claim  to  ;  as,  to  re- 
lijuptisJi  a  debt. 

To  relinquish  back^OT  to;  to  give  up;  to  release; 
to  surrender ;  as,  to  relinquish  a  claim  to  another. 

RE-LlN'aUISH-£D,  (rc-link'wisht,);)?.  Left;  quit- 
ted ;  given  up. 

RE-LIN'aUISH-ER,  n.    One  who  leaves  or  quits. 

RE-LIN'atJISH-ING,  ppr.  auitting;  leaving;  giv- 
ing up. 

RE-LlN'aUISII-MENT,  n.  The  act  of  leaving  or 
quitting  ;  a  forsaking  :  the  renouncing  a  claim  to. 

REL'I-Q.TJ.A-RY,  n.  [Fr.  reliquairCy  from  L.  relin- 
quo.] 

A  small  chest,  box,  or  casket,  in  which  relics  ore 
kept.  Qloss.  ofArchit. 

REL-iQUE',  frel-eeh^)  n.     A  relic.     [See  Relk  .] 

RE-LIQ'UI-JE,  n.  pi.  [L.]  Remain.!  ; '"  the  dead; 
organic  remains.  Humble. 

RE-Lia'UID-ATE,  (re-lik'we-date,)  r.  u  [re  and 
liqu'ulate.]     To  liquidate  anew;  to  adjust  a  second 

RE-Lia'T-iD-A-TED, />p.    Liquidated  again,     [time. 

RE-Lra'riD-A-TLVG,p/>r.    Liquidating  again. 

RE-LIfi-IJID-A'TIOX,  n.  A  second  or  renewed 
liquidrition  ;  a  renewed  adjustment.         Hamilion. 

REL'ISH,  n.  Taste  ;  or,  rather,  a  pleasing  taste  ;  that 
sensation  of  the  organs  which  is  experienced  when 
we  take  food  or  drink  of  an  agreeable  flavor.  Dif- 
ferent pf^rsona  have  different  rcfc/w-5.  Relish  is  often 
natural,  and  often  the  effect  of  habit. 
2.  Liking;  delight;  appetite. 

We  hR7e  such  x  rtUsk  Tor  (action,  as  (o  larc  loit  lliat  or  wit. 

Addison. 


REL 

3.  Sense ;  the  faculty  of  perceiving  excellence  j 
taste  ;  as,  a  relish  for  fin<*writing,  or  a  relish  of  fine 
writing.    Addison  uses  both  of  and  for  after  relish. 

4.  That  which  gives  pleasure  ;  the  power  of  pleas- 
ing. 

When  liberty  is  g^m**, 
Lite  grows  insjpid,  and  has  loU  lis  reliih.  Adtliron. 

5.  Cast;  manners. 

Il  pir'-jprres  some  relish  of  old  wriu'ng.  Pope. 

t).  Taste  ;  a  small  quantity  just  perceptible. 

Devotion,  patience,  courage,  furtiiude, 

t  have  no  relish  oi  thir-ni.  Shai. 

7.  Something    taken  with  food    to  increase  the 
pleasure  of  eating. 
REL'ISH,  V.  t.    To  give  an  agreeable  taste  to. 

A  Eiu'ojy  111  [Ii.it  5:.TVcd  to  relish  wine.  Dryltn. 

2.  To  like  the  taste  of;  as,  to  relish  venison. 

3.  To  be  gi'atified  with  the  enjoyment  or  use  of. 

He  knows  how  to  prize  his  advantages  and  to  relish  the  honors 

which  he  enjoys.  AUerbury. 

Men  of  nice  iwlalos  wowld  not  relish  Ari^itotle,  as  dressed  up  hy 

ihc  Kchoolmrn.  Baker. 

REL'ISH,  7?.  i.  To  have  a  pleasing  taste.  The  great- 
est dainties  do  not  always  rdisk. 

2.  To  give  pleasure. 

H.Ttl  t  been  the  fiudev-out  of  this  secret,  it  would  not  have  rel- 
ished aniung  my  other  discredits.  Shak. 

3.  To  liave  a  flavor. 

.\  theory  whicii,  how  much  soever  it  Mis.y  relish  of  wit  and  inven- 
tion, liiith  J10  iounihaion  in  miliire.  H'oorfr.-«rd. 

REL'ISH-A-BLE,  a.  Gustable ;  having  an  agreeable 
taste. 

REL'ISH^£D,  (rel'isht,)  pp.  Giving  an  agreeable 
taste  ;  received  with  pleasure. 

RE-UVE',  (re-liv'j)  V.  i.  [re  and /iye.]  To  live  again  ; 
to  revive.  Spenser. 

Re-LIVE',  (re-liv',)  V.  t.  To  recall  to  liA".  [JVot  in 
use.]  .Spenser. 

RE-LoAN',  v.  t.  [re  and  luan.]  To  loan  again  ;  to 
lendwhat  has  been  k-nt  and  repaid. 

Re-LoAX',  n.    A  .■-■ecund  lending  of  the  same  money. 
President's  Message. 

Rk-LoAN'£D,  pp.     Loaned  agam. 

Re-LoAN'IjVG,  ppr.     Loaning  again. 

Re-Lo'CaTE,  v.  t.    To  locate  a  second  time. 

Rk-LO-€a'TION,  n.     A  second  location.  Scott. 

RE-L5VE',  (-hiv',)  V.  t.  [re  and  love.]  To  love  in 
return.     [JVot  in  Jisc.]  Boyle. 

RE-Lu'CENT,  a.  ["L.  rchteens,  rehicco  ;  re  and  luccoy 
to  shine.] 

Shining;  transparent;  cleai- ;  pellucid;  as,  a  re/jt- 
eeut  stream.  Thomson. 

RE-LUeT',  V.  i.     [L.  rcluctor;  re  and  lactor,  to  strug- 
gle.] 
To  strive  or  struggle  against.     [Little  use^.] 

RE-LTJCT'ANCE,  i    n.      [Lilcrallif,    a    straining   or 

RE-LUCT'AN-CY,  J       striving  against.] 

Unw!!lingne.-5s  ;  great  opposition  of  mind  ;  repug- 
nance ;  with  to  or  against  i  as,  to  undertake  a  war 
with  reluctance.  He  has  a  great  reluetance  to  this 
measure. 

Bear  witness,  ile;ivt.-n,  wiili  what  reluctancy 

Hi-r  helpless  innocence  1  doom  to  die.  Dnjden. 

RE-LUCT'ANT,  a.  Striving  against ;  unwilling  ; 
much  oppos(;d  in  heart. 

Ecluclanl  now  I  touched  ll:c  trembling  slrinj.  Ticl-ell. 

2.  Unwilling  ;  acting  with  slight  repugnance  ;  coy. 

Milton. 

3.  Proceeding  from  an  unwilling  mind;  granted 
with  reluctance  ;  as,  reluctant  obedience.    Mitford. 

RE-LUCT'ANT-LY,  adv.    With  opposition  of  heart ; 
unwillingly.      What    is    undertaken  relnctantbj,  is 
seldom  well  performed. 
RE-LUCT'aTE,  1'.  t.    To  resist ;  to  struggle  against. 

Decay  of  Piety. 
RE-LUCT-a'TION,  n.    Repugnance  ;  resistance. 

Bacon. 
RE-LU€T'ING,  2W-    Striving  to  resist. 

2.  a.  Averse  ;  unwilling. 
RE-LuME',  V,  t-      [Fr.  raliumer ;   L.    re  and  lumen, 
light.] 
To  rekindle;  to  light  again.  Pope. 

RE-LuM'JCD,  pp.     Rekindled  :  lighted  again. 
RE-Lu'MINE,  (-miu,)  y.  t.     rir.  ralluminarc ;  L.  relu- 
mino  ;  re  and  luinen,  light,  :.  -m  luceo,  to  shine.] 

1.  To  1'"''  anew  ;  to  rekindle.  Shak. 

2.  To  lu....;.:. ate  again. 

RE-LU'iMIN-£D,  pp.     Rekindled  ;  illuminated  anew. 

RE-Lt'M'ING,  ;';"■•    Kindling  or  lighting  anew. 

RE-LU.M'IN-ING,  ppr.  Rekindling  ;  enlightening 
anew. 

RE-L?',  V.  i.  [re  and  lie,  or  from  the  root  of  licy  lay.] 
To  rest  on  something,  as  the  mind  when  satisfied 
of  the  veracity,  integrity,  or  ability  of  persons,  or  of 
the  certainty  of  facts  or  of  evidence  ;  to  have  confi- 
dence in  ;  to  trust  in ;  to  depend ;  with  on.  We 
rely  on  the  promise  of  a  man  who  is  known  to  be 
upright ;  we  rehj  on  the  veracity  or  fidelity  of  a  tried 
friend  ;  a  prince  relies  on  the  aflections  of  his  sub- 
jects for  sup[»ort,  and  on  the  strength  of  his  army  for 
success  in  war ;  above  all  things,  \\c  rely  on.  the 


REM 

mercy  and  promises  of  God.  That  which  U  the 
ground  of  confidence,  is  a  certainty  or  full  convic- 
tion that  satisfies  the  mind  iind  leaves  it  at  rest,  or 

undisturbed  by  doubt. 

Bccniis?  thou  h.-ut  Ttlitd  oti  th?  Icio^  of  SyrU,  aixl  not  rc'dtd  on 
the  Lord  thy  (iod.  — 2  Chron.  xti. 

RE-L^'ING,  ppr.     Reposing  on  something,  as  the 

mind  ;  confiding  in  ;  trusting  in  ;  depending. 
RE-MaDE',  jrrct.  and  pp.  of  Remake. 
RE-iMaLV,  r.  i.    [L.  rcmaneo  ;  re  and  manea,  Gr.  ^vu, 


fUvcM  ;    Pers.     "  tX>>L«    mandan,  and     *  tXoL« 

vianulan,  to  remain,  to  be  left,  to  delay,  to  be  like,  to 
dismiss,  to  leave.  The  sense  seems  to  be,  to  draw 
out  in  time,  or  to  be  fixed,  or  to  continue.  (See  anal- 
ogies in  Leave.)  The  sense  of  hkeness  may  be  a 
drawing.] 

1.  To  continue  ;  to  rest  or  abide  in  a  place  for  a 
time  indefinite.  They  remained  a  month  in  Rome. 
We  remain  at  an  inn  for  a  night,  for  a  week,  or  a 
longer  time. 

Jiemain  a.  widow  at  thy  father^s  houAC,  till  Sbelah  my  son  be 
grown.  —  Gcii.  xxxviii. 

2.  To  be  left  after  others  have  withdrawn;  to  rest 
or  abide  in  the  same  place  when  others  remove,  or 
are  lost,  destroyed,  or  taken  away. 

Noah  only  renminbi  alive,  snd  they  ihait  were  wilh  him  in  the 
aik.  —  Gen.  vii, 

3.  To  be  left  after  a  part  or  Others  have  passed.  Let 
our  remaining  time  or  years  be  employed  in  active 
dutit'-s. 

4.  To  continue  unchanged,  or  in  a  particular  stale. 
He  remains  stupid;  he  remains  in  a  low  state  of 
health. 

5.  Not  to  be  lost ;  not  to  escape  ;  not  to  be  forgot- 
ten. 

All  my  wisdom  remained  T.-iih  me.  Eeelut. 

C.  To  be  left,  out  of  a  greater  nuinber  or  quantity. 
Part  of  the  debt  is  paid  ;  that  which  remains  will  be 
on  interest. 

Thrit  which  remaineth  over,  lay  up  for  you  to  be  kept  till  the 
morning.  —  Ei.  xvi. 

7.  To  be  left  as  not  included  or  comprised.  There 
remains  one  argument  which  has  not  been  consid- 
ered. 

That  .111  eider  Irother  has  power  over  his  brethren  remains  to  bs 
proved.  Lodei. 

8.  To  continue  in  the  same  state. 

Childless  itiuii  art,  childless  remain.  Milton. 

RE-MaIN',  v.  t.  To  await;  to  be  left  to;  as,  the 
easier  conquest  now  remains  thee, 

[This  is  elliptical  for  remains  to  thee  Ranain  is 
not  proprrly  a  transitive  verb.] 

RE-.MAli\',  n.  That  which  is  left;  a  corpse;  also, 
a!-iode.     i^'of  used.] 

RE'-MAlNrDER,  n.  Any  thing  left  after  the  separa- 
tion and  rcmov;il  of  a  part. 

If  tliese  dec'iclioiis  b;  repeated  till  the  water  comes  off  clear,  the 

remainder  yields  uo  salt.  Arbuthnot. 

The  l.»st  remainders  of  unhappy  Troy.  Dn/den. 

2.  Relics  ;  remains  ,  the  corpse  of  a  human  being. 
[JVot  now  used.]  Shak. 

3.  That  which  is  left  alter  a  part  is  passed  ;  as,  the 
remainder  of  the  day  or  week  ;  Uie  remainder  of  the 
year  ;  the  rnnaindcr  of  life. 

4.  The  quantity  that  is  left  after  subtraction  or 
after  nny  dL-duction. 

5.  In  law,  an  estate  limited  lo  take  effect  and  be 
enjoyed  after  another  estate  is  determined.  A 
grants  land  to  B  lor  twenty  years ;  remainder  to  D 
in  fee.  If  a  man  by  deed  or  will  limits  his  books  oi 
furniture  to  A  for  life,  with  remainder  to  B,  this  re- 
mainder is  good.  Blaclistone. 

A  writ  of  forme  don  in  remainder,  is  a  writ  which 
lies  where  a  man  gives  lands  lo  another  for  life  or  in 
tail,  wilh  remainder  to  a  third  person  in  tail  or  in 
fee,  and  he  who  lias  the  particular  estate  dies  with- 
out issue  heritable,  and  a  stranger  intrudes  upon 
him  in  remainder  and  keeps  hini  out  of  possession  ; 
in  this  case,  the  remainder-man  shall  have  his  writ 
of  formedon  in  the  remainder.  Blackstone. 

RE-iMaIN'DER,  a.  Remaining;  refuse  ;  left;  as,  the 
remainder  biscuit ;  the  remainder  viands.     [Obs.] 

Shak, 

RE-M.\I\'DER-MAN,  n.  In  late,  he  who  has  an 
estate  after  a  particular  estate  is  determined. 

Blackstone, 

RE-MaIX'£D,  pp.  Continued  ;  left  after  others  hare 
withdrawn. 

RE-MaIN'ING,  ;);.r.  or  a.  Continuing;  resting; 
abiding  for  an  indefinite  time  ;  being  left  alter  sepa- 
ration and  removal  of  a  part,  or  alter  loss  or  destruc- 
tion, or  after  a  part  is  passed,  as  of  time. 

RE-MAINS',  Ti.  pi.    That  which  is  left  after  a  part  is 

separated,  taken  away,  or  destroyed ;  as,  the  re-   ; 

mains  of  a  city  or  house  demolished,  : 

2.  A  dead  bodv  ;  a  corpse.  Pope.       I 

The  singular,  remain,  in  the  like  sense,  and  in  the  \ 

sense  of  abode,  is  entirety  obsolete.  Shak. 


TONE,  BPLL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI^CIOUS.  — C  as  Kj  6  as  J;  S  as  Z;  CH  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


I 


""333 


REM 


REM 


Millon. 


Prior. 


RE-MaKE',  v.  L;  pret.  and  pp.    Remade,      [re  and 

make.]     To  iimke  unew. 
RE-MaND',  v.  t.     [I-'r.  remander;  L.  re  and  viando.] 
To  call  or  send  liack  Iiim  or  that  which  is  ordered 

to  a  place ;  as,  to  remand  an  officer  from  a  dislaiil 

pI.Re  ;  to  remand  an  envoy  from  a  foreign  court. 
Ri'l  .Ma.NU'ED,  pp.     Called  or  sent  back. 
UEMAi\U'l\(i,  ppr.    Calling  or  sending  back. 
RE-MAND'MENT,  «.       A  remanding    or   ordering 

back.  Jt^erson. 

If^'tNm'H^iM-    A  remaining. 

REM'A-NENT,  n.     [L,  remanens.] 

The  part  remaining.  [Little  used.]  [It  i^  con- 
traclrd  into  Remnant.] 

RE.M'A-iNENT,  a.     Remaining.     [Little  used.]  Taylor. 

RE-A1.\RK',  71.     [Fr.  remarque;  re  and  mark.] 

1.  Notice  or  observation;  as,  to  elude  conjecture 
and  remark.  Cowper. 

S3.  Particular! If y  notice  or  observation  expressed  in 
words  or  writing  ;  as,  the  ranarks  of  an  advocate  ; 
tba  remarks  made  in  converaation  j  the  judicious  or 
tho  uncandid  remarks  of  a  critic.  Arcjimrk  is  not 
always  expresiiod,  for  we  say,  a  man  makes  his  rc- 
vKirks  on  a  preacher^s  sermon  while  he  is  listening 
to  it.  In  Ihi^  case  the  notice  is  silent,  a  mere  act  of 
the  mind. 

RE-MARK',   V.  t,     [Fr.  remarqim:] 

1.  To  observe ;  to  note  in  the  mind  ;  to  take  notice 
of  without  expression.  I  remarked  ihe  manner  of 
the  speaker  ;  I  remarked  his  elegant  expressions. 

2.  To  express  in  words  or  writing  what  one  thinks 
or  sees  ;  to  express  observations  ;  as,  it  is  necessary 
to  repeat  what  has  bL-en  before  remarked. 

;t.  To  mark;  to  point  out  j  to  distinguish.  [A'ot 
in  use] 

Ilts  mangles  remark  him. 

RE-MARK' A-BLE.  a,     [Fr.  remarquable.] 

1.  Observable;  worthy  of  notice. 

"I'is  remarkable  that  they 
Talk  most  who  have  Uie  least  lo  my. 

9.  Extraordinaiy  ;  unusual ;  that  desei-ves  particu 
lar  notice,  or  that  may  excite  admiration  or  wonder  ; 
as,  thr  remarkable  preservation  of  lives  in  shipwreck. 
The  (lark  day,  in  IMay,  1780,  was  a  remarkable  phe- 
nomenon. 

RE-MARK'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  Observableness  ;  wor- 
thiness of  remark  ;  the  quality  of  deserving  particu- 
lar notice.  Hammond. 

RE-.'VIARK'A-BLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  or  degree  wor- 
thy of  notice  ;  as,  the  winters  of  1825,  182G,  and 
J823,  u'ere  remarkably  free  from  snow.  The  winter 
of  1827  was  remarkable  for  a  great  quantity  of  snow. 

2.  In  an  extraordinary  manner. 
RE-MXRK'iJ;D,  (re-markV,)  pp.     Noticed;  observed  ; 

expressed  in  words  or  writing. 

RE-MXRK'ER,  n.  An  observer ;  one  who  makes  re- 
mark?. Watts. 

RE-MaRK'ING,  ppr.  Observing;  taking  notice  of; 
r;xp!i--ssing  in  words  or  writing. 

Rk-M  AU'RI-£D,  pp.     Married  asain  or  a  second  time. 

Rk-MAR'RY,  v.  t.  [re  and  marry.]  To  marry  again 
or  a  second  time.  Tindal. 

Ri!:-i\L'VR'RY-ING,/»pr.  Slarrying  again  or  a  second 
t^ime. 

Rli:-MAST',  V.  t.  To  furnish  with  a  second  mast  or 
set  of  masts. 

RE-MAS'TI-CaTE,  v.  t.  [re  and  masticate.]  To  chew 
or  masticate  again ;  to  chew  over  and  over,  as  in 
chewing  tlie  cud. 

Re-MAS'TI-€a-TED,  pp.  Chewed  again  or  repeat- 
edly. 

Re-.MAS'TI-€a-TING,  ppr.  Chewing  again  or  over 
and  over. 

Re-MAS-TI-Ca'TION,  71.  The  act  of  masticating 
again  or  repeatedly. 

REM'BLAI,  (ram'bla,)  7J.  [Fr.]  In  fortification,  the 
earth  or  materials  used  in  filling  up  a  tiencli.  Brandc. 

REM'BLE,  V,  t.    To  remove.  Grose. 

RE-Mi^'DI- A-BLE,  a.  [from  remedy.]  That  may  be 
remedied  or  cured.  The  evil  is  believed  to  be  reme- 
diable. 

RE-Me'DI-A-BLY,  adv.  So  as  to  he  susceptible  of 
lemtuiy  or  cure. 

RE-Me'DI-AL,  a.     [L.  rcmedialis.] 

Affording  a  remedy  ;  intended  for  a  remedy,  or 
for  the  removal  of  an  evil. 

The  remedial  part  of  \:\\v  is  so  necessary  a  cons(!ciiif!nc/>  of  the 
(leclarAlory  and  din-C(ory,llml  laws  without  il  must  be  very 
v.igue  anil  imperleci.    Hlatules  are  dcclanitory  or  remedial. 
Blaclislone. 

RE-Me'DI-ATE,  in  the  sense  of  remedial^  is  not  in 

use. 
REM'E-DI-£D,(rfm'o-did,)2)p.  [from  remedy.]  Cured  ; 

healed  ;  repaired. 
RE-MED'I-LESS,  a.     [In  modern  boolcs^  the  accent  is 
placed  on  the  first  syllnble,  which  would  be  well  if 
there  were  no  derivatives ;  but  remedde^slijy  remcdi- 
/wynfos,  require  the  accent  on  the  second  syilable.] 
1.  Not  admitting  a  remedy  ;  incurable  ;  desperate  ; 
;        as,  a  remrMiless  disease, 
j  2.  Irreparable  ;  as,  a  loss  or  damage  is  remr.diless. 

3.  Not  admitting  change  or  reversal  ;  as,  a  remcdi- 
\       less  doom.  Milton. 


4.  Not  admitting  recovery;  as,  a  remediless  delu- 
sion. South. 

RE-MED'I-LESS-LY,  adv.  In  a  manner  or  degree 
that  precludes  a  remedy.  Clarciulon. 

RE-ME1)'I-LES;^-NES.S,  n.    Incurableness. 

REM'E-DY,  n.  [L,  remcdium  ;  re  and  medeorylo  heal ; 
Fr.  remHe.] 

1.  That  which  cures  a  disease;  auy  medicine  or 
application  which  puts  an  end  to  disease  and  restores 
liealth  ;  with/yr  y  as,  a  remedy  fur  the  gout. 

2.  That  which  counteracts  an  evil  of  any  kind; 
with  for,  to,  or  a^aiiist :  usually  with  for.  Civil 
government  is  the  remedtifor  the  evils  of  natural  hb- 
erty.  What  7-ct;ic(/7/ can  be  provided /or  extravagance 
in  dress.'  The  man  who  shall  invent  an  cticctual 
remedy  for  intemperance  wiJ!  deserve  every  thing 
from  his  fellow-men. 

3.  That  which  cures  uneasiness. 

Our  griefs  how  swift,  our  remedies  how  slow  !  Prior. 

4.  That  which  repairs  loss  or  disaster;  reparation. 

Ill  tlic  (Itiitli  of  a  mt\n  llicre  is  no  remedy.  Wisdom. 

REM'E-DY,  V.  t.     [Fr.  remcdier.] 

\.  To  cure ;  to  heal ;  as,  to  remedy  a  disease. 

2.  To  cure ;  to  remove,  as  an  evil ;  as,  to  remedy 
grief;  to  remedy  the  evils  of  a  war. 

3.  To  repair;  to  remove  mischief ;  in  a  very  gen- 
eral snise.  0 

REM'E-DY-IKG,  ppr.    Curing;   healing;  removing; 

rcstoririji  from  a  bad  to  a  good  state. 
RE-MELT',  w.  t.     [>•»  and  melt.]    To  melt  a  second 

lime. 
Ri<>MELT'ED,  pp.     Melted  again. 
Rk-MKLT'ING,  ppr.     IMelting  again. 
RE-MEM'BElt,  v.  t.     [Norm,  remembre;  Low  L.  rc- 

mcmoriir  ;  re  nnil  mcmoror.     See  Memorv.] 

1.  To  have  in  the  mind  an  idea  which  had  been  in 
the  mind  before,  and  which  recurs  to  the  mind 
without  effort. 

We  .iro  Bjid  lo  remember  any  th'tn^,  when  the  idea  of  il  nris<a  in 
Uic  mind  with  the  coiiaciousnesa  that  we  have  had  this  idea 
bcfurc.  Waits. 

2.  When  we  use  effort  to  recall  an  idea,  wo  arc 
said  to  recollect  it.  Tliis  distinction  is  not  always 
observed.  Hence,  Rembmueu  is  often  used  as  sy- 
nonymous with  Recollect,  that  is,  to  call  to  mind. 
We  say,  we  can  not  remember  a  fact,  when  we 
mean  we  can  not  rccoUect  it. 

lieiTiember  the  days  of  old.  —  Dcnl.  xxxii. 

3.  To  bear  or  keep  in  mind ;  to  attend  to. 

Remember  what  I  wajn  tiioe  ;  ehuii  to  t;ialo.  MUon. 

4.  To  preserve  the  memory  of ;  to  preserve  from 
being  forgotten. 

L'H  them  have  their  wag'es  duly  p;iid, 

And  eometbin^  over  to  remember  inr.  .SViafc. 

5.  To  mention.     [JSTot  in  use.]  .dylllfe. 

6.  To  put  in  mind  ;  to  remind  j  as,  lo  remember  one 
of  his  duty.     [jYot  in  use]  Clarendon. 

I.  To  think  of  and  consider;  to  meditate.  Ps. 
Uiii. 

8.  To  bear  in  mind  with  esteem;  or  to  rev/ard. 
Eccles.  ix. 

9.  To  bear  in  mind  with  praise  or  admiration;  to 
celebrate.     1  Chron.  xvi. 

10.  To  bear  in  mind  with  favor,  care,  and  regard 
for  the  safety  or  dehverance  of  any  one.  Ps.  Ixxiv. 
6cn.  viii.     Oen.  xix. 

II.  To  bear  in  mind  with  intent  to  reward  or  pun- 
ish.   3  Jvhii  X.    Jcr.  xxxi. 

12.  To  bear  in  mind  with  confidence  ;  to  trust  in. 
Ps.  XX. 

13.  To  bear  in  mind  with  the  purpose  of  assisting 
or  relieving.     Qal.  ii. 

14.  To  bear  in  mind  with  reverence  ;  to  obey. 

Remember  thy  Creator  in  the  days  of  thy  youth.  —  Eccles.  xii. 


Ity.  To  bear  in  mind  with  regard  ; 
cred  ;  to  observe. 


to  keep  as  sa- 


Rcmcmher  the  Sahbatii-d.ay  to  keep  U  hoiy.  —  Ex.  xx. 
To  remember  mercy,  is  to  exercise  it.     Hub.  iii. 

RE-MEM'BER-i=:D,  pp.    ICepl  in  mind  ;  recollected. 

RE-MEM'BER-ER,  7i.     One  that  remembers. 

Wotton. 

RE-MEM'BER-ING,  ppr.     Having  in  mind. 

RE-MEM'BRANCE,  n.  [Fr.]  Tile  retaining  or  hav- 
ing in  mind  an  idea  which  had  been  present  before, 
or  an  idea  which  had  been  previously  received  from 
an  object  wlien  present,  and  which  recurs  to  the 
mind  afterward  without  the  presence  of  its  object. 
Tcclinicaltyy  Remembrance  differs  from  Reminis- 
cence and  Recollection,  as  the  former  implies 
that  an  idea  occurs  to  the  mind  spontaneously,  or 
without  much  mental  exertion.  The  latter  imply  the 
power  or  the  act  of  recalling  ideas  which  do  not 
spontaneously  recur  to  the  mind. 

The  righteous  shail  be  in  everlastiug  remembrance.  —  Ps.  cxii. 
Remembrance  ia  when  t\w  s-imc  idcii  recurs,  without  tlie  opet-nlion 
of  the  like  objea  on  Uie  ex[';riiiil  aunsory.  Locke. 

Q.  Transmission  of  a  fact  from  one  to  another. 

Tiian 
Among  tlie  hcnvona  the  iinmort-il  fuct  diipUycd, 
Ijcst  the  remembrance  of  his  grief  should  fLiil.  Addison. 


REM 

3.  Account  preserved;  something  to  assist  tho 
meir.ary. 

Those  proccedin2;a  and  remembrancea  are  In  the  Tower.    Hate. 

4.  Memorial. 

But  iu  remembrance  of  no  bravo  a  deed 

A  tomb  luid  funcnl  honon  I  decreed.  Dryden. 

5.  A  token  by  wliich  one  is  kept  in  the  memory. 

Keep  thin  remembrance  for  thy  Julia'a  oake.  Shak. 

6.  Notice  of  something  absent. 

Let  your  remembrance  still  apply  to  Baikiuo.  Shak. 

7.  Tower  of  remembering;  hmit  of  time  within 
which  a  fact  can  be  remembered  ;  as  when  we  say, 
an  event  took  place  before  our  remembrance,  or  since 
our  remembrance. 

8.  Honorable  memory.     [J^ot  in  use.]  Shak. 

9.  Admonition.  Shak. 

10.  Memorandum  ;  a  note  to  help  the  memory. 

Ckillin/fworth. 
RE-MEM'BRAN-CER,  n.     One  that  remiutls,  or  re- 
vives the  remembrance  of  any  thing. 

God  is  presi.-nt  in  Ih''  conacieiices  of  good  cind  bud  ;  ho  is  lliorc  a 
remembrancer  lo  call  our  nclionK  lo  mind.  Taylor. 

9.  An  officer  in  the  exchequer  of  England,  whose 
business  is  to  record  certain  papers  and  proceedings, 
make  out  processes,  &c.  ;  a  recorder.  The  officers 
bearing  this  name  were  formerly  called  clerks  of  the 
remembrance,  Encyc. 

3.  Something  that  reminds  or  calls  to  remem- 
brance, as  a  girt  ;  memorial ;  memento.      Cowper. 
RE-MEM'O-RaTE,   v.    t.      [L.   remcmuratws^  rcmcm- 
oror.] 

To  remember  ;  lo  revive  in  the  memtny.     [JVoi  m 
■use.] 
RE-MEM-O-Ra'TION,  n.      Remembrance.     [J^^'vf.  in 
use.] 

To  tliaiik.     [JVoJ  iu  iKc]  Spaijci: 

REJil'I-liKli,  ».  /(/.     [L.,  from  rcmci,  a  rower.] 

In  amitlwlofij,  Ihe  quill  fuatllers  of  tlie  wings  of  a 
bird,  wllicil,  Uke  oara,  propel  it  through  the  air. 

Brandc, 
RE-jn'GK.4TE,  ».  !.     [L.  rmiffro;  re  and  )ni>ro,  to 
migrate.] 

To  remove  back  again  to  a  former  place  or  state  ; 
to  return,     [t^ee  .Mighatb. ]  Boyle. 

UE-MI-GRa'TION,  (1.     Removal   UacR   again ,  a  mi- 
gration to  a  former  place  Hate. 
RE-MIND',  i>.  (     -.re  anrt  mind.  |      lo  put  lu  niinil ;  to 
bring  to  the  remembrance  of  ^  as,  to  remind  a  person 
of  his  promise. 

3.  To  bring  to  notice  or  consideration.     The  in- 
firmities of  old  age  remind  us  of  our  mortality 
RE-MI.\'D'ED,  pp.     Put  in  mind. 
RE-.MI.ND'FllL,  a.    Tending  or  adapted  to  remind; 

caiil'ill  lo  remind.  Soutlinj. 

RE-.MI.\D'Ii\G,;);ir.     Pulling  in  mind  ;  calling  atten- 
tion to. 
REJM-NIS'CENCE,  n.      [Pr.,  from  L.  rcmiiiiscens, 
rcmini.icor^  Gr.  jwaonat.     See  Mehory.] 

1.  That  faculty  of  the  mind  by  which  ideas  for- 
merly received  into  it,  but  forgotten,  are  recalled  or 
revived  in  the  memory.  Enajc. 

2.  Recollection  ;  recoveiy  of  ideas  that  had  es- 
caped from  the  memory.  Hale. 

3.  Reminiscence  seems  often  to  signify  recollec- 
tion expressed  ;  a  relation  of  what  is  recollected. 

RE.M-I-NIS'CENT,  n.    One  who  calls  to  mind,  and 
records  past  events. 

REM-I-NIS-CEN'TIAL,a.  Pertainingto  reminiscence 
or  recollection.  Brown. 

REM'I-PED,  71.     [L.  remus,  an  oar,  and  pes,  a  foot.) 
An  animal.    The  name  has  been  given  to  certain 
crustaceans,  also  to  certain  coleopterous  insects. 

P.  Cyc.    Brands. 

RE-MISE',  V.  t.     [Fr.  remise,  from  rcmeitrci   L.  remis- 
sut,  remitto  ;  re  and  mitto,  to  send.] 

To  give  or  grant  back  ;  to  release  a  claim  ;  to  re- 
sign or  surrender  by  deed.  A  B  hath  remised,  re- 
leased, and  forever  quitclaimed  to  B  C  all  his  right 
to  the  manor  of  Dale.  Blaclcsttme. 

RE-MIS'£D,  (re-ml7,d',)  pp.    Released. 

RE-MIS'ING,  ppr.    .Surrendering  by  deed. 

RE-MISS',  a.     [Fr.  rewis :  L.  remisstts,  supra.] 

1.  .Slack ;  dilatory;  negligent;  not  performing 
duly  or  business  ;  not  complying  with  engagements 
at  all,  or  not  in  due  lime ;  as,  to  be  remiss  in  at- 
tendance on  official  duties ;  remiss  in  payment  of 
debts. 

2.  Slow  ;  slack ;  languid.  Woodward. 

3.  Not  intense. 

These  nervous,  bolj  j  those  Ian  Juki  and  rerrJisa.    Roecommon. 

RE-MISS'I-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  remitted  or  forgiven. 

FcWiam. 
RE-MIS'SION,  (re-niisli'un,)  n.      [Fr.,  from  L.  remis- 
sio,  from  remiuo,  to  send  back.] 

1.  Abatement ;  relaxation  ;  niodcration  ;.  as,  the 
remission  of  extreme  rigor.  Buniti. 

2.  Abatement ;  diminution  of  intensity ;  as,  the 
remission  of  the  sun'-s  heat ;  the  remissi^m  of  cold  ; 
the  r&mission  of  close  study  or  of  labor.    Woodward, 


FaTE,  far,  fall,  WHAT.  — mete,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.— 


934 


REM 


REM 


REM 


>  relax,  as  intensity ;  to  make  less  tense  or  vi- 


3.  Kelcase ;  discharge  or  relinquishment  of  a 
cUiim  or  rigbt  j  a;3,  the  rciaission  of  a  tax  or  duly. 

4.  In  medicine,  abatement ;  a  temporary  subsi- 
dence of  the  force  or  violence  of  a  disease  or  of 
IKiin,  lis  distinguished  from  Intermission,  in  wliicli 
t!i<?  disea^o  leaver  the  patient  entirely  fur  a  time. 

5.  Forgiveness  ;  paidon  ;  that  is,  Uie  giving  up  of 
the  puni:shment  due  tu  a  crime  ;  as,  the  rennsstoti  of 
sins.    MdU.  x.wi.     Itrb.  i\. 

R  The  act  of  sending  liack.     [JVufi  in  use.'} 
RE-MISS'IVE,  a.     Remitting;  forgiving.       JIackct. 
KE*M1SS'LY,  ado.    Carelessly  ;    negligently ;    with- 
out close  attention.  Hooker. 

2.  Slowly;  slackly ;  not  vigorously ;  not  with  ar- 
dor. Clarendoiu 

IIE-MISS'NESP,  n.  Slackness  ;  slowness  ;  citreU-ss- 
ness;  negligency ;  warii  of  ardor  or  vigor;  cold- 
ness; want  of  punctuality;  want  of  attention  to 
any  business,  duty,  or  rujiagenient  in  the  proper 
time,  or  with  the  requisite  industry. 

Dcnkam,    ArbuVmot, 

RE-MIT',  p.  t.  [L.  rcmiUo,  to  send  back  ;  re  and 
mitiOy  to  send  ;  Ft.  rcmeltre ;  It.  rimettere ;  Sp.  re- 
mit ir.] 

1.  To 
olent. 

So  wtlltiigljr  doth  God  remit  his  ire.  ARUon. 

9.  To  forgive  ;  to  surrender  the  right  of  punishing 
a  crime  ;  as,  to  remit  punishment.  Drijden. 

3.  To  pardon,  as  a  fault  or  crime. 

Wltosesoeser  sins  ye  remXr,  they  arc  remitted  to  Uiem.  —  John  ix. 

4.  To  give  up  ;  to  resign. 

Ill  grievous  and  inhuman  crimes,  oQendcrs  should  be  remitted  to 
ihcir  priuc«.  Haytoard. 

5.  To  refer ;  as,  a  clause  that  remitted  all  to  the 
bishop's  discretion.  Bacon. 

6.  To  send  back. 

The  prisoner  was  remitted  in  Ihe  g-^anl.  Dryden. 

7.  To  transmit  money,  bills,  &:c.,  to  some  person 
at  a  distance.  American  merchants  remit  money, 
bills  of  exchange,  or  some  species  of  stock,  in  pay- 
ment for  British  goods. 

8.  To  restore. 

la  this  case  the  law  renuts  hiiri  to  his  aiicjent  and  more  certain 
rishl.  Black&tone. 

RE-MIT',  p.  i.  To  slacken  ;  to  become  less  intense  or 
rigorous. 

When  OUT  passions  remit,  the  vehemence  of  our  speech  remits 
loo.  Broome. 

So  we  say,  cold  or  heat  remits. 
Q.  To  abate  in  violence  for  a  time,  without  inter- 
mission ;  as,  a  fever  remits  at  a  certain  hour  every  day. 
RE-MIT'MENT,  n.    The  act  of  remitting  to  custody. 

2.  Foriiiveness  ;  pardon.  Milton. 
RE-MIT'TAL,  n.    A  remitting  ;  a  giving  up  ;  surren- 
der; as,  the  remittal  of  the  first-fruits.  Swift. 

RE-MIT'TAXCE,  n.     In  commerce,  the  act  of  trans- 
milting  money,  bills,  or  the  like,  to  a  distant  place. 
2.  The  sum  or  thing  remitted.  Addison. 

RE-MIT'l'ED,  yp.  Ri-laxed  ;  forgiven  ;  pardoned  ; 
sent  back;  referred;  given  up;  transmitted  to  a  dis- 
tant place,  as  money. 

RE-MIT'TENT,  a.  Having  an  alternate  increase  and 
remission. 

Remittent  f ever ;  one  which  has  striking  exacerba- 
tions and  remissions,  without  any  entire  intermis- 
sion. Duiifrlison. 

RE-MIT'TER,  n.  One  who  remits,  or  makes  remit- 
tance. 

2.  In  lair,  ihc  restitution  of  a  more  ancient  and  cer- 
tain right  to  a  person  who  has  right  to  lands,  but  is 
out  of  possession,  and  hath  afterward  the  freehold 
cast  upon  him  by  some  subsequent  defective  title,  by 
virtue  of  whici)  he  enters.  Blackstane. 

3.  One  that  pardon^^, 

RE-MIT'TING,  ppr.    Relaxing;    forgiving;    sending 

hack  ;  transmitting  money,  bills,  &c. 
REM'NANT,  n.      [Contracted  from  remanent.     See 

Rem  A I  K.J 

1.  Residue;  that  which  is  left  after  the  separa- 
tion, removal,  or  destruction  of  a  part. 

Th'i  remnant  that  are  left  of  the  captivity.  —  Neti.  i. 

2.  That  whicli  remains  after  a  part  is  done,  per- 
formed, told,  or  passed. 

The  remnant  of  my  tale  ia  of  a  length 

To  lire  your  patience.  Drudcn. 

Where  1  may  think  the  remnarU  of  my  thonghls.  Shak. 

REM'NANT,  a.    Remaining ;  yet  left. 

And  quiet  dedicate  her  remnant  life 

To  the  just  dutjca  of  a  humble  wife.    [LUtU  used.\       Prior. 

RE-MOD'EL,  V.  U  [r«and  vwdel}  To  model  or  fash- 
ion anew. 

UE-MOD'EL-ED,  pp.     Modeled  anew. 

KE-MOD'EL-ING,  ppr.     Modeling  again. 

RE-MoLD',  c.  t.  [re  and  vwld.]  To  mold  or  shape 
anew. 

RE-MoLD'ED,pp.    Molded  again.  J.  Barloio. 

HE-MoLD'ING,  ppr.    Molding  anew. 

RE-MOJL'UENT,  a.     [Ft.]     MoUifying;  softening. 


RE-MOLT'£N,p;;.  or  a.  [re  and  7noltenj  from  melt.] 
Melted  again.  Bacon. 

RE-i^lOX'STRAKCE,  n.      [Fr.  rcmontrance.     See  Re- 
monstrate.] 
I.  Show;  discovery.     [JVulin  use.]  Shak. 

9.  Expostulation  ;  strong  representation  of  reasons 
against  a  measure,  cither  public  or  private,  and  when 
addresseti  to  a  public  body,  a  prince  or  magistrate, 
it  may  be  accompanied  with  a  petition  or  supplica- 
tion for  the  removal  or  prevention  of  some  evil  or 
inconvenience.  A  party  aggrieved  presents  sxreiiutn- 
stranec  to  tlie  legislature. 

3.  Pressing  suggestions  in  opposition  to  a  measure 
or  act ;  as,  the  rem<jn.vtranc&s  of  conscience  or  of  jus- 
tice. Rogers. 

4.  Expostnlary  ctainsel  or  advice;  reproof. 

5.  In  the  Roman  CaUwlic  church,  a  plate  of  silver 
or  gold,  about  six  inchus  in  diiuueter,  standing  ver- 
tically on  a  support,  antl  having  an  opening  in  the 
center,  within  whicli  the  host  is  placed,  to  be  cxliib- 
ited  to  the  congregation. 

RE-MON'STRAN'r,  a.  Expostulatoiy  ;  urging  strong 
reasons  a-iainst  an  act 

RE-iMO.\'STRANT,  ?i.  One  who  remonstrates.  The 
appellation  of  remonstrants  is  given  to  the  Armini- 
ans  wlio  remonstrated  against  tlie  decisions  of  the 
synod  of  Dort,  in  1618.  Brande, 

RE-MON'STR.\TE,  v.  i.  [L.  remonstro  ;  re  and  mon- 
stro,  to  show  ;  Fr.  rcmontrcr.     See  SIusteh.] 

1.  To  exhibit  or  present  strong  reasons  against  an 
act,  measure,  or  any  course  of  proceedings;  to  ex- 
postulate. Men  remonstrate  by  verbal  argument,  or 
by  a  written  exposition  of  reasons. 

2.  To  suggest  urgent  reasons  in  opposition  to  a 
measure.  Conscience  remonstrates  against  a  profli- 
gate life. 

RE-MON'STRaTE,  v.  t.    To  show  by  a  strong  repre- 
sentation of  reasons. 
RE-M0N'STR.\-TED,  pp.    Opposed  by  urging  strong 

rea^-^ous  against  a  measure. 
RE-MOi\'STRa-TING,  ppr.     Urging  strong  reasons 

against  a  measure. 
RE-MON-STRa'TION,  71.    The  act  of  remonstrating. 

[LHaevsed.] 
RE-M0N'STR.\-T0R,  71.     One  who  remonstrates. 
REM'O-RA,  71.     [L.,  from  re  and  moror,  to  delay.] 
1.  Delay;  obstacle;  hinderance.     [J\''ot  in  v^c] 
9.  The  sucking  fish,  a  species  of  Echeneis,  which 
is  said  to  attach  itself  to  the  bottom  or  side  of  a  ship 
and  retard  its  motion.    It  is  a  small  fish,  found  in 
the  Mediterranean  and  other  seas.  Partington. 

REM'O-RaTE,  v.  t.     [L.  remoror.] 

To  hinder  ;  to  delay.     [J^ot  in  use.] 
RE-MORD',  v.  t.      [L.  remordeo ;  re  and  mordcOy  to 
gnaw.] 
To  rebuke ;  to  excite  to  remorse.     [JVot  in  use] 

SkeJtoju 
RE-MORD',  V.  I.   To  feel  remorse.  [J^ot  iniisc.]  Ehjvt. 
RE-MORD'EN-CY,  n.     Compunction  ;  remorse. 

Killintrbeck. 
RE-MOUSE',  71.     [L.  remorsns,  from  remordeo.] 

1.  The  keen  pain  or  anguish  excited  by  a  sense  of 
guilt ;  compunction  of  conscience  for  a  crime  com- 
mitted. Clarendon. 

2.  Sympathetic  sorrow  ;  pity  ;  compassion. 

Curse  on  th'  nnpardouing  prince,  whom  tears  can  draw 

To  no  remorise.  Dryden. 

[  This  sense,  is  nearhj  or  quite  obsolete.] 
RE-MOKS'i?:D,  (re-morst',)  a.      Feeling   remorse  or 

compuncti-.m.     [JV*o(  used.]  Bp.  Hall. 

RE-MORSE'FUL,  (re-morsTiil,)  a.     Full  of  remorse. 

Bp.  Hall. 
•2.  Compassionate  J  feeling  tenderly.     [JVotinuse.] 

Shak. 

3.  Pitiable.     [J^otin  use.]  Chapman. 
RE-MORSE'FUL-LY,  adv.      With  remorse  of  con- 
science. 

RE-MORSE'LEPS,  (re-mors'lcss,)  a.  Unpitying; 
cruel;  insensible  to  distress;  a3,the  rejnor3e/&;.>deep. 

Milton, 


Remorseless  adversaries. 


South. 


RE-MORSE'LESS-LY,  (re-mors'less-ly,)  adv.  With- 
otit  remorse.  South. 

RE-MORSE'LESS-NESS,(re-mors'less-ness,)  n.  Sav- 
age cruelty  ;  insensibility  to  distress.    Beaum.  Sf  FL 

RE-MoTE',  rt.  [h-remotusj  removeo ;  re  and  movco, 
to  move.] 

1.  Distant  in  place  ;  not  near;  as,  a  remote  coun- 
try ;  a  remote  people. 

Give  me  a  life  remote  from  gnilly  courts.  GranviUe. 

2.  Distant  in  time,  past  or  future  ;  as,  remote  an- 
tiquity. Every  man  is  apt  to  think  the  time  of  his 
dissolution  to  be  remote. 

3.  Distant ;  not  innnediate. 

Il  is  not  all  remote  and  uvcn  apparent  good  that  aifecls  us. 

Locke. 

4.  Distant ;  primary ;  not  proximate  ;  as,  the  re- 
mote causes  of  a  disease. 

5.  Alien;  foreign;  not  agreeing  with  ;  as,  a  propo- 
sition remote  from  nrason.  Locke. 

6.  Abstracted  ;  as,  the  mind  placed  by  thought 
amongst  or  remote  from  all  bodies.  Locke. 


7.  Distant  in  consanguinity  or  affinity ;  as,  a  re- 
mote kinsman. 

8.  Slight:  inconsiderable;  as,  a  remote  aoabto' 
between  cases ;  a  remote  resemblance  in  form  or 
color. 

RE-MOTE'LY,  ffi/r.  At  a  distance  in  epaceortimc; 
not  nearly. 

2.  At  a  distance  in  consanguinity  or  affinity. 

3.  Slightly;  in  a  small  degree;  as,  to  be  remottJtf 
nfTecled  bv  an  event. 

RE-MoTE'NESS,  n.  State  of  being  distant  in  ('pace 
or  time  ;  distance;  as,  the  remoleuesA  of  a  kingdom 
or  of  a  star ;  the  remoteness  of  the  deluge  from  our 
age  ;  the  rcmoicnesa  of  a  future  event,  of  au  evil  or 
of  success. 

2.  Distance  in  consanguinity  or  affinity. 

3.  Distance  in  operation  of  efficiency  ;  as,  the  rr- 
molene^fso^  causes. 

4.  Slighlness  ;  smallness  ;  aa,  remoteness  of  rescui- 
blarice. 

RE-Mo'TION,  71.  The  act  of  removing  ;  the  state  of 
being  removed  to  a  distance.     [Littie  used.] 

Shak.     Broten. 
RE-MOULD',  V.  t.    See  Remold. 
RE-MOUiVT',  V.  t.     [Fr.  remonUr ;  re  and  monter.] 

To  mount  again  ;  as,  to  remount  a  horse. 
RE-MOUNT',  V.  i.    To  mount  again  ;  to  reascend. 

Woodward. 
RE-MOV-A-BIL'I-TY,  n.    The  capacity  of  being  re- 
movable from  an  office  or  station  ;  capacity  of  being 
displaced. 
RE-MOV'A-BLE,  (-moov'a-bl,)   a.      [from    remove.] 
That  may  be  removed  from  an  office  or  station. 

Such  curate    is  removable  at  tlie   pleasure  of  the  ncior  of  the 
mother  church.  Aylijft. 

2.  That  may  be  removed  from  one  place  to  another. 

RE-MOV'AL,  71.    The  act  of  moving  from  one  place 

to  anntlier  for  residence  ;  as,  the  remoEalof  a  family. 

2.  The  act  of  displacing  from  an  office  or  pa«t. 

3.  The  act  of  curing  or  putting  away ;  as,  the  re- 
moval of  a  disease. 

4.  The  slate  of  being  removed  ;  change  of  place. 

Locke. 

5.  The  act  of  putting  an  end  to  ;  as,  the  remorul  >  T 
a  grievance. 

RE-MOVE',  (re-moov',)  v.  t.  [L.  removeo;  re  and  ; m  - 
■pert,  to  move ;  Fr.  rtmuer;  It.  rimuovere ;  Sp.  remo- 
ver.] 

1.  To  cause  to  change  place  ;  to  put  from  its  place 
in  any  manner  ;  as,  to  remove  a  building. 

Thou  sh:*lt  not  remove  thy  neighbor's  landmark.  —  Dcitt.  xii. 

2.  To  dispKace  from  an  office. 

3.  To  take  or  put  away  in  any  manner  ;  to  cause 
to  leave  a  person  or  thing  j  to  banish  or  destroy  ;  as, 
to  remove  a  dise:ise  or  complaint. 

Resnove  sorrow  from  tliiue  heart.  —  Ec«Ics.  si 

4.  To  carry  from  one  court  to  another  ;  as,  to  re- 
move a  cause  or  suit  by  appeal. 

5.  To  take  from  the  present  state  of  being  j  as, 
to  remove  one  by  death. 

RE-MOVE',  V.  i.'  To  change  place  in  any  manner. 

9.  To  go  from  one  place  to  another.  Prior. 
3,  To  change  the  place  of  residence  :  as,  to  remove 

from  New  York  to  Philadclpliia. 

J\rote.  —  The  verb  remove,  in  most  of  its  applica- 
tions, is  synonymous  with  move,  but  not  in  all. 
Thus  we  do  not  apply  remof?e  to  a  mere  change  of  pos- 
ture, without  a  change  of  place  or  the  seat  of  a  thing. 
A  man  moves  fiis  head  when  he  turns  it,  or  his  finger 
when  he  bends  it,  but  he  does  not  remoceit.  Remove 
usually  or  always  denotes  a  change  of  place  iu  a 
body,  but  we  never  apply  it  to  a  regular  continued 
course  or  motion.  We  never  say,  Ihe  wind  or  water, 
or  a  ship,  removes  at  a  certain  nito  by  the  hour;  but 
we  say,  a  shi|)  was  removed  from  one  place  in  a  har- 
bor to  another.  Move  is  a  generic  term,  including 
the  sense  of  remove,  which  is  more  generally  applied 
to  a  change  from  one  station  or  permanent  position, 
stand,  or  seat,  to  another  station. 
RE-.MOVE',  71.     Change  of  place.  Chapman. 

2.  Translation  of  one  to  the  place  of  another. 

Shak. 

3.  State  of  being  removed.  Locke. 

4.  Act  of  moving  a  man  in  chess  or  other  game. 

5.  Departure  ;  a  going  away.  li'uUrr. 

6.  The  act  of  changing  place  ;  removal.    Bacon, 

7.  A  step  in  any  scale  of  gradation. 

A  fn:choldcr  is  but  one  remoce  from  a  legislator.        Addison. 

8.  Any  indefinite  distance  ;  as,  a  small  or  great 
remove,  Rosrers. 

9.  The  act  of  putting  a  horse's  shoes  on  difTcrenl 
feet.  ;  Stci/t. 

10.  A  dish  to  be  changed  while  the  rest  of  the 
course  remains.  Johnson. 

U.  Susceptibility  of  being  removed.     [JVot  in  use.] 

QlanviUe. 
RE-MOV'£D,  (moovd',)  pp.    Changed  in  place  :  car- 
ried to  a  distance ;  disjilaced  from  office ;   placed 
far  otr. 
2.  a.  Remote  ;  separate  from  others.  Shak. 

RE-MOV'ED-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  removed  ;  re- 
moteness. Shak. 


TONE,  BULL,  tJNlTE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K ;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THI3. 

:  ______ 


REN 


REN 


RE-.1I("1V'ER,  11.  One  that  removes  ;  as,  a  rcnmm-  of 
lamlinarUs.  Bacon. 

PvE-MOVINC,  ppr.  Cliangins  place  ;  carrying  or 
Coinsi  ffoni  one  place  to  nnntlier ;  displacing;  lian- 
ishins* 

RE.M'rilAN,  n.  An  idol  worshiped  by  the  Isniditcs 
whil'-  th"y  wen.-  in  tlie  wilderness.    jJcts  vii. 

RK-MO'GI-KNT,  a.  [h.  rnnnsio.]   Rcbellowinp.  Mar/: 

R1*:-MIJ-.\ER-A-B!L^I-TY,  it.  Tht!  capacity  of  being 
rewarded. 

RE-M0'NRR-A-H1,E,  a.  [from  remnnrrate.]  That 
niny  he  rewardcil  ;  fit  or  proper  to  be  rt;eoniponscd. 

RE-MO'NER-A'l'E,  v.  t  [I.,  rcinnncro  i  re  and  mu- 
7iero,  tVoni  wiH/Mt.*,  a  jjift.] 

'J'o  reward  ;  tn  rocoinpenso;  to  requite  ;  in  a  (food 
sense;  to  p:iy  an  cipiivalcnt  to  for  any  service,  loss, 
expense,  or  olher  sacrifice  ;  as,  to  remunerate  the 
troops  if  an  army  for  their  services  ;iud  ruilTerings; 
to  remunerate  men  for  labor.  Tlie  pious  s:u(Terer  in 
this  life  will  be  rem unr rate//  in  tlic  life  to  come. 

RE-.Mrj'iVl''R-A-TED,  pp.     Rewunlod  ;  compensated. 

RE-MCi'i\ER-A-TINfj,;j;ir.  Kewardiuf? ;  r.7C(inipensins. 

RE-MlJ-NEK-A'TIOiV,  it.  Reward  ;  rcconipeubit; ;  the 
act  of  paying  an  equivalent  for  services,  loss,  or 
sacrifices.  S/iak. 

t?  The  c(piivalent  given  for  services,  loss,  or.suilVr- 
in-s. 

RE-MO'NEU-A-TI\'E,  «.  E\orcli^cd  in  rewarding; 
that  bestows  rewards  ;  as,  remunerative  jiisUce. 

Boijlr. 

RE-;\I0'NER-A-TO-KY,  a.  Aflording  recompense  ; 
rewarding.  Johnson. 

RE-MUU'MUR,  V.  t.  [L.  rcmuriunro ;  tc  and  77iur- 
riKrw.] 

To  utter  back  in  murmurs ;  to  return  in  mur- 
murs ;  to  repeal  in  low,  hoarse  sounds.        Dnjilcn. 

The  trpmbliiig  trees,  in  evrry  plain  and  wnod, 

Her  tntc  remurm»r  lo  llic  stivir  llooil.  Pope. 

RE-^IUR'MIIR,  ?'.  (.  To  murmur  hack  j  to  return 
or  echo  in  low,  rumbling  sounds. 

Til'?  R-nlms  of  Murs  remiirimired  :ill  ari>mi(l.         Dnjdcn. 

RE-MUR'MITR-Kl),  pp.     Uttnred  back  in  murmurs. 
RE-MUR'.MUR-ING,   ppr.      Uttering    buck    in    luw 

sounds. 
RE'NAL,  a.     [L.  rcnalis,  from  rcnesy  Ihc  kidneys.] 
Pertaining  to  the  kidneys  or  reins  j  as,  tin:  j-flnu? 

arteries. 
REN'ARD,  n.     [Ft.  ;  G.  reiurkc] 

A  fox;  a  name  used  in  fables,  but  not  in  common 

discourse.  Dnjden. 

This  word  is  also  spelled  Revnard. 
RE-NAS'CEN-CY,n.     The  stale  of  springing  or  being 

produced  again.  Brotrn. 

RE-NAS'CENT,  a.     [L.   renasccnSf  rcna^an-;   re  and 

nascor^  to  he  born.] 
Springing  or  rising  into  being  again  ;  reproduced. 
RE-NAS'CI-BLE,  a.     That  may  be  reproduced  ;  that 

may  spring  again  into  being. 
RE-NAV'I-GaTE,  v.  t.     [re  and  iiam^ratc]     To  navi- 
gate again  ;  as,  to  renacigafv.  tin?  Pacific  Ocean. 
RE-NAV'I-GA-TED,   pp.      Navigated   again;    sailed 

over  anew. 
RE-NAV'I-Ga-TING,  ppr.     Navigating  again. 
REN-GOUN'TER,  n.    [Fr.  rencontre  ;  re  and  cnr.antre  ; 

en  and  contre,  against.]     Literalhj^  a  meeting  of  two 

bodies.     Hence, 

1.  A  meeting  in  opposition  or  contest. 

Tiie  Jostling  cliipra  in  rude  rencounltr  join.  Ciauvitie. 

2.  A  casual  combat ;  a  sudden  contest  or  light 
without  premeditation  ;  as  between  individuals  or 
small  parties. 

3.  A  casual  action;  an  engagement  between  ar- 
mies or  direts. 

The  cinif.'deratcs  shoniil  — ontniimbcr  Uic  enemy  in  nil  reveonn- 
leva  nnd  engagprncnts.  Addison, 

4.  Any  combat,  action,  or  engagement. 
REN-eOUN'TER,  v.  t.    To  meet  unexpectedly  with- 
out enmity  or  hostility. 

[This  use  is  fuund  in  some  recent  publications,  but 
is  not  conitnon.l 
2.  To  attack  hanil  to  hand.  Spenser. 

REN-eOUN'TER,  v.  i.  To  meet  an  enemy  unex- 
pectedly. 

2.  To  clash  ;  to  come  in  collision. 

3.  To  skirmish  with  another. 

4.  To  fight  hand  lo  hand.  Johnsov. 
REN-eOUN'TEH-KI),  pp.  Met  nnexpectedly  ;  clashed. 

[See  the  Verbs.] 
REND,  V.  t.  ;  pret.  and  pp.  Rent.  [Sax.  rcndan^ 
rhcndan;  It.  rannam,  rannnim  ;  W.  rhanu ;  .Arm. 
ranna,  to  divide,  and  crenva,  to  abridge,  whence 
Eng.  eranmiy  Ij-  crcnn.  Q,u.  L.  cmio,  Gr.  Kpii(o. 
Class  Rn,  No.  4,  8,  13,  Hi.] 

1.  To  separate  any  substance  into  parts  with  force 
or  sudden  violence;  to  tear  asunder;  to  split;  as, 
powder  rends  a  rock  in  blaeting  ;  lightning  rcmls  an 
oak. 

An  empire  from  ita  old  foundaUon  rent.  DryJen. 

I  rend  my  tresses  and  my  brca»l  I  wound.  Popf. 

Neither  rend  your  clothra,  lost  ye  iM'\  —  Lev.  x. 

Q.  To  separate  ur  part  with  violence. 

I  will  mircly  Ttrfl  flu*  Icingdum  from  tlirc.  —  1  Kinijs  xi. 


To  rend  the  heart ;  in  Scripture,  to  have  bitter  sor-  1 
row  for  sin.    Jod  ii.  I 

To  rend  the  heavens ;  to  appear  in  majesty.  Is.  I 
Ixiv.  I 

liend  diflers  somewhat  from  lacerate.  We  never 
say,  to  lacerate  a  rock  or  a  kingdom,  when  we  mean 
to  express  splitting  or  division.  Lacernte  is  properly 
applicable  to  the  tearing  off  of  small  pieces  of  a 
tliinsr,  as  to  laeerate  the  body  with  a  whip  or  scourge  ; 
or  to"ihe  tearing  of  the  flesh  or  other  thing  without 
entire  separation. 
REND'ER,  7(.  [from  rend.]  One  that  tears  by  vio- 
lence. 
REN'DER,  (,'.  (.  [Fr.rendre;  It.  rcndcre;  Sp.rendir; 
Vovl.  render.  This  is  probably  the  L.  rcci</t»,  with  7i 
casually  inserted.] 

1.  To  return  ;  to  pay  back. 

Sec  iliiil  none  render  evil  for  evil  lo  any  man.  —  1  Thces.  v. 

2.  To  inflict,  as  a  retribution. 

I  will  render  vcng:L'anc<;  to  my  enemies.  —  Dcnl.  xxxii. 

3.  To  give  on  demand ;  to  give  ;  to  assign. 

The  slti^}j:ird  is  wisT  in  his  own  conceit  tlnn  seven  men  lli:it 
c.in  render  a  reason.  —  Prov.  xxvi. 

4.  To  make  or  cause  to  be,  by  some  influence  upon 
a  thing,  or  hy  some  change;  as,  to  rcfu/tr  a  person 
more  safe  or  more  unsafe  ;  to  render  liim  solicitous  or 
cautious  ;  to  render  a  fortress  more  secure  or  impreg- 
nable; to  ?'cri(/cr  a  ferocious  animal  more  mild  and 
tractable. 

5.  To  translate,  as  from  one  language  into  an- 
other ;  as,  to  render  \,:itin  into  English.  We  say,  to 
render  a  word,  a  sentence,  a  book,  or  an  author,  into 
a  different  language.  Loeke. 

G.  To  surrender  ;  to  yield  or  gtvp  up  the  command 
or  possession  of;  as,  to  render  one's  self  to  his  ene- 
mies. £C.  Charles.     Clarendon. 

[Less  used  than  PunKENOER.] 

7.  To  atiord  ;  to  give  for  use  or  benefit.  Washing- 
ton rendered  great  service  to  his  counhy. 

g.  To  represent ;  to  exhibit. 

He  did  reiulcr  liiin  the  most  muialuval 

'J'hat  lived  itniongt,!  men.     [Nol  in  use.]  Shak. 

0.  To  boil  down  and  clarify  ;  as,  to  rcnda-  tallow. 
To  render  haek  ;  to  return  ;  to  restore. 

REN'DER,  H.     A  surrender  ;  a  giving  up.  Shak. 

2.  A  return  ;  a  payment  of  rent. 

|[i  tliosc  early  limes,  the  king's  honucliohl  w.is  oupporlf^d  I'v 
six-cific  renders  of  corn  and  olh':t  victuals  from  tlic  tenants 
or  the  dcmnans.  iilackslonc. 

3.  An  account  given.  Sliak. 
REN'DEK-A-BLE,  a.    That  may  he  rendered. 

Shertcood. 

RE\'DEU-KU,  pp.  or  a.  Returned  ;  paid  hack  ;  given  ; 
assigned  ;  made  ;  translated  ;  surrendered  ;  aflbrded  ; 
boiled  down  and  clarified  ;  us,  rendered  tallow. 

REN'DER-ER,  n.    <-lue  who  renders. 

REN'DER-ING,  pyjr.  Returning;  giving  hack;  as- 
signing ;  making  ;  translating ;  surrendering ;  afford- 
ing. 

REN'DER-ING,  v.    Version  ;  translation;       Lorcth. 
2.  The  act  of  laying  the  first  coat  of  plaster  on 
brick  or  stone  work  ;  the  coat  ihus  laid  on.    OwUU 

REN'DEZ-VOQS,  (ren'de-voo,)  n.  {VT.rmdeimusy 
render  yourselves,  repair  to  a  place.  This  word  is 
anglicized,  am!  may  well  be  pronounced  as  an 
English  word.] 

1.  A  place  appointed  for  the  assembling  of  troops, 
or  the  jilacc  where  they  assemble  ;  ur  the  port  or 
place  where  ships  arc  ordered  to  join  company. 

2.  .\  place  for  enlisting  seamen  into  the  naval  ser- 
vjce.  Toticn. 

3.  A  place  of  meeting,  or  a  sign  that  draws  men 
together.     [Rarely  used.]  Baeon. 

4.  An  assembly:  a  meeting.     [Rarely  used.] 
REN'DEZ-VOUS,  (fen'de-voo,)  v.  i.    To  assemble  or 

meet  at  a  particular  place,  as  troops,  ships,  &c. 

The  place  whore  the  Ganls  and  Ernli  had  rcrutrzvotiecd, 
Alfred's  Orosius,  Tians.    B.  Trumbull.    Hook,  Rom.  Hist. 

REN'DEZ-VOU.-^,  (ren'do-voo,)  v.  t.  To  assemble  or 
bring  together  at  a  certain  place.  Eehard. 

REN'DEZ-VOUS-jKD,  (ren'de-vood,)  jip.  Assembled 
or  brought  together  at  a  particular  place. 

REN'UEZ-VOUti-ING,  (ren'de-voo-ing,)  ppr.  Assem- 
bling at  a  particular  place. 

REN'DI-ULE,  a.      That  may  he  yielded  or  surren- 
dered. 
2.  That  may  be  translated.  Howell. 

[Little  used  in  eitlicr  .'sense.] 

REN-1)I"TK>N,  (ren-dish'nn,)  ji.    [from  render.]   The 
act  of  yielding  possession  ;  surrender.         Fairfax. 
2.  Translatitm.  South. 

REN'E-GaDE,  I  n.      [Pp.  and  Port,  renegndo,  from 

REN-E-Ga'DO,  !  rrucgar,  to  deny  ;  L.  re  and  nego, 
to  ileny;  It.  rinegata ;  Ft.  rcn^gai;  primarily,  an 
iqnh'italc.] 

1.  An  apostate  from  the  faith.  Addison. 

2.  One  who  deserts  to  an  enemy  ;  a  deserter. 

3.  A  vagabond.  [Arbutknot 

[  'HiU  is  the  sense  in  which  tliis  word  is  mostly  vsed  m 
popular  language.] 
RE-NkGE',  v.  t.     [I, 


.  rcnego.] 
'I'o  deny  ;  to  disown.     [Ol/s.] 


Shalt, 


KEN 

RE-NkGE',  v.  i.    To  deny,     [Obs.]  Shak. 

RE-NERVE',  V.  t.     [re  and  verre.]     To  nerve  ai;ain  ; 

to  give  now  vigor  to.  J.  Bartow. 

Rk-NERV'/'U),  pp.     Nerved  anew. 
Rk-NERV'ING,  ppr.     Giving  new  vigor  to. 
RE-NEVV,  (le-nu',)  V  t.     [h.renooo;  rt  and  »enr,  nr 

re  and  new.] 

1.  To  renovate;  to  restore  to  a  former  state,  or  to 
a  good  state,  after  decay  or  depravation ;  to  rebuild  ; 
to  repair. 

Asa  renfwfilhe  altar  of  Iho  I.ord.  — 2  Chron.  xv.'^ 

2.  To  reestablish  ;  to  confirm. 

Let  lis  i;o  lo  Gilgnl  and  reneio  the  kingdom  there.  —  1  Sam.  xi. 

d.  To  make  again;  as,  to  reneio  a  treaty  or  cove- 
nant. 

4.  To  repeat ;  as,  to  renew  expressions  of  friend- 
shiii ;  to  renew  a  promise  ;  to  renew  an  attempt. 

5.  'I'o  revive  ;  as,  to  renew  the  glories  uf  an  ances- 
tor or  of  a  former  age.  Shak. 

0    To  begin  again. 

flic  lust  %xcA.f.  aji,'  renews  its  liimhcd  course.  Drydcf. 

V  To  make  new  ;  to  make  fresh  or  vigorous  ;  as, 
to  jencm  youth  ;  lo  renew  strength  ;  lo  renew  the  face 
of  tlnr  (uxrth.     Ps.  ciii.     h.  xl.     P.s.  civ. 

8.  T(t  grant  a  new  loan  on  a  new  note  for  the 
amount  of  a  fiirmer  one. 

9.  In  theology,  to  make  new  ;  lo  renovate  ;  to  liaiis- 
form  ;  lo  change  from  natural  enmity  to  the  love  of 
God  and  his  law ;  to  implant  lioly  aflections  in  the 
heart ;  to  regenerate. 

Ee  }■•-  iranslbrnied  hy  the  rcnctoing  of  your  mind.  —  Hoiu.  xii. 
Kpli.  iv. 

RE-NEW' A-BLE,  (nu'a-hl,)  a.  That  may  be  re- 
newed ;  as,  a  lease  renewable  at  pleasure.        Sirif:. 

RE-NEVV'AL,  v.    The  act  of  renewing;  the  act  cf 
forming  anew  ;  as,  the  renewal  of  a  treaty. 
9.  Renovation  ;  regeneration. 

3.  Revival ;  restoration  to  a  former  or  to  a  giod 
state. 

4.  Reloan  on  a  new  note  given. 
RE-NEVV'-ED,  (re-nude',)  jtp.  or  a.     Made  uvw  again  ; 

repaired;  recsUiblished  ;  repeated  ;  revived  ;  renova- 
ted ;  regenerated. 

RE-NEVV'ED  LY,  adv.    Again  ;  once  more. 

[Sometime^-  used  by  American  clergynim,  hut  nut 
sanctioned  in   England.] 

RE-NE\V'ED-NESS,  n.    State  of  being  rciiewed. 

Ilaiamond. 

RE-NEWER,  n.    One  who  renews.  Shencuod. 

RE-NEVV'ING,  ppr.  Making  new  again  ;  ropairii.g; 
reestablishing;  repeating;  reviving;  renovating. 

RE-NE\V'ING,  o.  That  renews  or  regenerates;  as, 
renewing  grace.    Tending  or  adafiled  to  renovate. 

RE-NEVV'FNG,  7?,.    The  act  of  making  new  ;  renewal. 

RENT-FORM,  a.     [L.  renes.,  the  kidneys,  and  form.] 
Ilavini;  the  form  or  shape  of  tlio  kidneys,  h'irwan. 

REN'I-TENCE,   Mt.     [L.  renitens,  renitor,  to  resist; 

REN'I-TEN-CY,  )     re  and  nitor,  to  struggle  or  strive.] 

1.  Tlie  resistance  of  u  body  to  pressure  ;  the  cflV.it 
of  matter  to  resume  the  place  or  form  from  w  hicli  it 
has  been  driven  hy  the  impulse  of  other  niattri  ;  liie 
eflect  of  elasticity.  Q,uinry. 

2,  Moral  resistance ;  reluctance. 

We  liiid  a  rcnitency  in  ourselves  to  ascribe  life  and  inilaliillty  to 
the  cold  and  molionlew  fil>;ra  of  plants.  /Jfii  uin. 

REN'I-TENT,  a.  Resisting  pressure  or  the  effect  of 
it ;  acting  against  impulse  by  elastic  force.        Ray. 

REN'NET,  «.  [G.  rinnen,  to  run,  to  curdle  ;  I),  run- 
nen,  ronncn,  to  curdle  or  coagulate  ;  Sax.  gerunnen, 
coagulated.] 

The  prepared  stomach,  or  concreted  milk  found  in 
the  stomach  of  a  sucUuig  quadruped,  particularly  of 
the  calf.  It  is  used  for  coagulating  milk,  and  is  also 
written  Runnet.  Eiicye.  of  Dum.  Econ. 

REN'NET-ING   \  ""     ^  '^'"^  °'  ^P^'^"        -^^o^timcr. 
RE-NOUNCE',  V.  t.     [Fr.  renonecr ;   L.  renuncio  :  re 
and  nuncio^  to  declare,  from  the  root  of  nomcn,  name.] 

1.  To  disown  ;  to  disclaim  ;  to  reject,  as  a  title  or 
claim  ;  to  refuse  to  own  or  acknowledge  as  In  bilg- 
ing to  ;  as,  to  renounce  a  title  to  land  or  a  claim  to 
reward  ;  to  renounce  all  pretensions  to  applause. 

2.  To  deny  ;  to  cast  oflT;  to  reject ;  to  disclaim  ;  as 
an  obligation  or  duty  ;  as,  to  renounce  allegiance. 

3.  To  cast  off"  or  reject,  as  a  connection  or  posses- 
sion ;  to  forsake ;  as,  to  renounce  the  world  and  all 
its  cares.  Shak. 

Wc  havcrenounccf/  the  hidden  things  ofdiahonesty.  —2  Cor.  i». 

RE-NOUNCE',  V.  i.    To  declare  a  renunciation. 

He  of  my  sons  who  fails  to  make  it  good, 

By  one  rebellions  act  renounces  to  my  blood.  Dryilen. 

[Sot  in  use.] 

2.  In  card.'!,  not  to  follow  suit,  when  the  person  has 
a  card  of  tlie  same  son. 

RE-NOUNCE',  n.  The  declining  to  follow  suit  when 
it  can  be  done. 

RE-NOUN'Ci'D,  fre-nounst',)  pp.  Disowned  :  de- 
nied ;  rejected  ;  disclaimed. 

RE-NOUNCE'MENT,  (re-nouns'ment,)  n.  The  act 
of  disclaiminc  or  rejecting  ;  renunciation.         S/wk. 

RE-NOUN'CER,  v.     One  who  disowns  or  disclaims. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT  —METE,  PRBY.— PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQQK — 
036" 


REN 

RE-NOUN'CING,  ppr.    Disowning;  di^iclaiining  ;  re- 
jecting. 

KE-XOUN'CING,  71.    Tlio  act  of  disowning,  disclaim- 
inc,  denying,  or  rejecting. 

RFN'O-VaTE,  r.  i.     [L.  renavo ;  tc  and  novOy  to  make 
ni-w  ;  novus^  new.] 

To  renew  ;  to  restore  to  the  first  state,  or  to  a  ^ood 
stile,  after  decay,  destruction,  or  tlepravation.  It  is 
synonymous  with  Rbnt w,  except  in  its  fourth  defi- 
nition, supra. 

REN'0-Va-TED,  pp.  or  a.     Renewed;    made  new, 
iVesli,  or  viiiorous. 

REN'O-Va-TLNG,  ppr.  or  a.     Renewing. 

REN-O-Va'TIOX,  h.      [Ft.,  from  L.  rcnocatio.] 

1.  The  act  of  ri*newing  ;  a  making  new  alter  de- 
cay, destruction,  or  dt-pravntion ;  renewal ;  as,  the 
Tcnovatioii  of  the  heart  by  grace. 

Th^re  is  something  incxpressToly  pleasing  in  llie  nnmutl  renoso- 
6on  of  tr_,  world.  Rambler. 

2.  A  st^ate  of  being  renewed.        Bacon.    J\Iilton. 
KEX'0-Va-TOR,  h.      One  wlio  or  lliat  which  re- 
news. Fo:iter. 

RE-NOWN',  n.     [Fr.  rcitoininee  ;   re  and  vommer,  to 
name.] 

Fame;  celebrity;  e.valted  reputation  derived  from 
the  extensive  praise  of  great  achievements  or  accom- 
plishments. 

Giants  o{  oM,  m'^ii  of  renown.  —  Gen.  vi.    Num.  xvi. 

RE-NOWN',  I'.  ^    To  make  famous. 

Sod  clociJlion  (loi-s  lliy  stjl?  rejwitn.  Dn/Jen. 

A  Isird  vvlioiii  pilfered  p;is:tor,il3  renoion.  Pcpe. 


pp. 


Recounted  :    numbered 


Recounting. 
"  .  TcnuHciatio.] 


[  This  verb  w  nearly  or  quite  obsolete] 
KE-NO\VN'CD,  a.    Famous  ;  celebrated  for  great  and 
heroic  achievements,  for  distinguished  qualities,  or 
for  grandeur;   eminent;    as,  rcnoiBucd    men;   a  rr- 
nnicned  kins  ;  a  renowned  city.     jMilton,     Dnjd?». 
RE-NO\VN'ED-I,V,  ado.     With  fame  or  celebrity. 
RE-XOU'N'LESS,  a.    Without  renown  ;  in;:lorious. 
RENT,  pp.  of  Re.-^u.    Torn  asunder  ;  split  or  burst  by 

violence;  torn. 
RENT,  n.     [from  rend.]     A  fissure  j  a  break  or  breach 
made  by  force ;  as,  a  rent  made  in  the  earth,  in  a 
ruck,  or  in  a  garment. 
3.  A  schism  ;  a  separation  ;  as,  a  rent  in  the  church. 
UEXT,  r.  (.    To  tear.     [See  Rend.]  [JV/ute. 

ilEXT,  V.  i.    To  rant.     [JV'ot  in  use.]  Hudibras. 

RENT,  n.  [Fr.  rente,  from  rcndre;  It.  rcniUta;  Sp. 
renta;  D.  Dan.  and  G.  rente  ;  S=w.  ranta.] 

A  sum  of  money,  or  a  certain  amount  of  otlier  val- 
uable thing,  issuing  yearly  from  lands  or  tenements  ; 
a  compensation  or  return,  in  the  nature  of  an  ac- 
knowledgment, for  the  possession  of  a  corporeal  in- 
heritance. Dlackstone. 

Rents,  at  commcn  law,  are  of  three  kinds  ;  rent- 
service.,  rent-charge^  and  rent-seek.  Reitt-serricc  is 
when  some  ccrpomi  service  is  incident  to  it,  as  by 
fealty  and  a  sum  of  money  ;  rent-charire  is  when  the 
owner  of  tlie  rent  has  no  future  interest  or  reversion 
expectant  in  the  land,  but  the  rent  is  reserved  in  tiie 
deed  by  a  clause  of  distress  for  rent  in  arrear  ;  Tc:it- 
secJc,  dry  rent,  is  rent  reserved  by  deed,  but  without 
any  clause  of  distress.  There  arc  also  rents  of  as- 
size, certain  establi:>hed  rents  of  freeholders,  and 
copyholders  of  manors,  which  can  n  t  be  varied; 
called  also  quUrents.  These,  when  payable  in  sil- 
ver, are  called  irhitc-rents,  in  contradistinction  to 
rents  reserved  in  work  or  the  baser  metals,  called 
black-rents  or  black-mail.  Rack-rent  is  a  rent  of  the  full 
yearly  value  of  the  tenement,  or  near  it.  A  fee  farm 
rent  is  a  rent-charge  issuing  out  of  an  estate  in  fee, 
of  at  least  one  fourth  of  the  value  of  the  lands  at 
the  time  of  its  reservation.  BlacJcstone. 

RENT,  c.  (.  To  lease;  to  grant  the  possession  and 
enjoyment  of  lands  or  tenements  for  a  consideration 
in  the  nature  ot  rent.  The  owner  of  an  estate  or 
bouse  rents  it  to  a  tenant  for  a  term  of  years. 

2.  To  take  and  hold  by  lease  the  possession  of 
bnd  or  a  tenement,  for  a  consideration  in  the  nature 
of  rent.    The  tenant  rents  his  estate  for  a  year. 
RENT,  V.  L    To  be  leased,  or  let  for  rent ;  as,  an  es- 
tate or  a  tenement  rents  for  five  hundred  dollars  a 
year. 
RENT'A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  rented. 
RENT'AGE,  ti.     Rent.     [J^ct  used.] 
REXT'AL,  n.     A  schedule  or  account  of  rents. 
REXT'-CHaRCE,  n.    Char;;e  upon  an  estate. 
REXT'ED,  pp.     Leased  on  rent. 
REXT'ER,  M.    One  who  leases  an  estate  ;  viore  gen- 
erally, tlie  lessee  or  tenant  who  takeg  an  estate  or 
tenement  on  rent. 
RENTER,  V.  t.     [Fr.  rentraire;  L.  rctraho,  retrahere; 
re  and  traho,  to  draw.] 

1.  To  fine-draw  ;  to  sew  together  the  edges  of  two 
pieces  of  cloth  without  doubling  them,  so  tlial  the 
seam  is  scarcely  visdde. 

2.  In  tapestjij,  to  work  new  warp  into  a  piece  of 
damaged  tapestry,  and  im  this  to  restore  the  original 
pattern  or  design.  Encyc. 

3.  To  sew  up  artfully,  as  a  rent. 
REN'TER-JED,  pp.     Fine-drawn ;  sewed   artfully  to- 
gether. 

REN'TER-ER,  n.    A  fine-drawer. 


REP 

REN'TER-ING,  ppr.    Fine-drawing;  sewing  artfully 

together. 
REX-TIER',  (ran-tiS',)  v.      [Fr.]     One  who   has  a 

fixed  income,  as  from  lands,  stocks,  &cc. 
RENT'ING,  pp7;    Leasing  on  rent ;  taking  on  rent. 
RENT'-RoLL,  n.    [rent  and  roll.]    A  rental ;  a  list  or 

account  of  rents  or  income. 
RE-Xu'MER-aTE,  v.  t.     [L.  rcniuncro.] 

To  recount. 
RE-Xu'.MER-A-TED, 

again. 
UE-Nu'i\IER-.A-TlNG,  ppr. 
RE-NUX-CT-A'TION,  n.     [I. 

The  act  of  renouncing;   a  disowning;  rejection. 

f?ec  Renounce.]  Tarflor. 

REX-VERSE',  (ren-vcrs',)  r.  (.     [Fr.  renrerser^] 

To  reverse.     [JVot  used.]  Spenser. 

REX-VERSE',  (rcn-vcrs',)  a.     In  heraldry,   inverted  ; 

get  with  the  liead  downward,  or  contrary  to  the  nat- 
ural posture.  Encyc 
REN-VERSE'iMEXT,  (ren-vers'ment,)  n.    The  act  of 

revei-sing.     [JVof  in  use.]  Stukrly. 

RK.OR-TAINSr.f.    [re  and  obtain.]    To  obtain  again. 
RK-OIJ-TaIN'A-1!LE,  a.   That  may  he  obtained  again. 
RK-OH-TaIN'^'O,  pp.     Olitained  again.    [Sherwood. 
RK-Olt  TaIN'IXG,  ppr.     Obt-aining  again. 
Rk -6'PKX,  7'.  t.    To  open  acain. 
RTj:-6'P/;N-/'.'i),  pp.     Opened  again. 
Rli:-0'P£X-1XG,  pi>r.    0])ening  a  second  time. 

E.  Everett. 
RK-OP-ro?">E',  V.  t.     To  oppose  again. 
Re-OR-DaIX',  v.  t.     [re  and  ordain  ;  Fr.  reordonner.'\ 
To  ordain  again,  as  wlirn  llie  first  ordination  is 

defective. 
Kk-OR-DaIX'JCD,  pp.     Ordained  again. 
RK-OR-DaIX'L\G,  )>pr.     Ordaining  again. 
Rl-:-0R'DKK,  V.  t.     Toordsr  a  second  time. 
Rk-OR-DI-Na'TION,  n.     A  second  ordination. 

Jitter  bum. 
RE-OR-GAN-I-Za'TIOX,  n.     The  act  of  organizing 

anew  ;  as,  repeated  rcorsaniiation  of  the  troops. 

Jilarshall. 
RE-OR'GAN-TZE.  11.  t.     [rcand  organize.]     To  orgnn- 

ize  anew  ;  to  reduce  again  to  a  regular  hnily,  or  to  a 

system  ;  as,  to  reorganize  a  society  or  an  army. 

Ihsack. 
RE-OR'GAN-TZ-iCD,  pp.  or  a.     Organized  anew. 
RE-OR'GAN-IZ-ING,  ppr.     Organizing  anew. 
RE-PAC'I-FT-£D,  pp.     Pacified  or  appeased  again. 
RE-PAC'I-F^,  0.  t.    [re  and  pacify.]     To  pacifv  again. 
RE-PAC'I-F^'-ING,  ppr.     Pacifymg  again. 
RE-PACK',  V.  t.     [rcand  pack.]    To  pack  a  second 

time  ;  as,  to  repack  beef  or  pork. 
RE-PAClv'/:n,  (-pakt',)  pp.     Packed  again. 
RE-PACK'ER,  71.     One  that  repacks. 
RE-PACK'ING,  ppr.     Packing  anew. 
RE-PAID',  pp.  of  Repay.     Paid  back. 
RE-PaIR',  (re-prirc',)  v.  t.     [Fr.  repartr;  L.  rcparo  ;  re 

and  paro,  to  prepare.     Sec  Pare.] 

1.  To  restore  to  a  sound  or  good  stale  after  decay, 
injury,  dilapidation,  or  partial  destruction  ;  as,  lore- 
pair  a  bouse,  a  vi-ail,  or  a  sliip  ;  to  repair  roads  and 
bridges.  Temperance  and  diet  may  repair  a  broken 
or  enfeebled  constitution.  Food  repairs  tlie  daily 
waste  of  the  body. 

2.  To  rebuild  a  pnrt  decayed  or  destroyed  ;  to  fill 
up  ;  as,  to  repair  a  breach. 

3.  To  make  amends,  as  for  an  injuiy,  by  an  equiv- 
alent ;  to  indemnify  for  ;  as,  to  repair  a  loss  or  dara- 


RE-PaIR',  n.  Restoration  to  a  sound  or  good  state 
after  decay,  waste,  injury,  or  parti;il  destruction  ; 
supply  of  loss;  reparation  ;  as,  materials  are  collect- 
ed for  the  repair  of  a  churcli  or  a  chy. 

RE-PaIR',  v.  I.     [Fr.  i-cpaircr.] 

To  go  to ;  to  betake  one's  self;  to  resort ;  as,  to  re- 
pair to  a  sanctuary  fur  safety. 

Go,  mount  the  winds,  ami  to  the  sliniles  repair.  Fopt. 

RE-FaIR',  n.  The  act  of  betaking  one's  self  to  any 
place  ;  a  resorting;  abode.  Dnjden. 

RE-PaIR'A-BLE,  a.  That  maybe  repaired;  repara- 
ble. 

RE-PaFR'SD,  a.  Restored  to  a  good  or  sound  state; 
rebuilt ;  made  good. 

RE-Pa1R'ER,  ?i.  One  \\  ho  repairs,  restores,  or  makes 
amends  ;  as,  the  repairer  of  decay.  Dnjden. 

RE-PaIR'IXG,  ppr.  Restoring  to  a  sound  state;  re- 
building ;  makine  amends  for  loss  or  injury. 

RE-PAIR'MEXT,  ;(.     Act  of  rep.iiring. 

RE-PAXD',  a.     [L.  repandus.] 

In  botany,  having  an  uii*:ven,  slightly  sinuous  mar- 
gin, as  the  leaf  of  Solatium  nigrum,  or  common  night- 
shade. Lindley. 

RE-PAi\n'OUS,  a.  [Supra.]  Rent  upward  ;  conves- 
erily  crooked.  Brown. 

REP'A-RA-RLE,  a.  [Fr.,  from  L.  reparahilis.  See 
Rei'ur,] 

1.  That  may  be  repaired  or  restored  to  a  sound  or 
good  state  ;  as,  a  house  or  wall  is  not  reparable. 

2.  That  may  ha  retrieved  or  made  good  ;  as,  the 
loss  is  reparable. 

3.  That  may  be  supplied  by  an  equivalent;  as,  a 
reparable  injury. 


RE1»  I 

REP'A-RA-BLY,  a/lv.  In  a  manner  admitting  of  res- 
toration to  a  good  state,  or  of  amends,  supply,  or  in- 
fh-nmification. 

REP-A-Ra'TION,  n.  The  act  of  repairing ;  restora- 
tion to  soundness  or  a  good  state;  as,  the  reparation 
of  a  bridge  or  of  a  highway. 

2.  Sup]ily  of  what  is  wasted  ;  as,  the  reparation  of 
decaying  healtli  or  strength  a(^r  diiiease  oreAliaiis- 
tion. 

3.  Amende;  indemnification  for  losts  or  damage. 
A  loss  may  he  too  great  for  reparation. 

4.  Amends  ;  satisfaction  for  injury. 

I  am  Bf  iisible  of  (he  ecan'Jal  I  Iwvt-  gi»eii  by  mj  Ioo»?  vr.tjagi, 
and  uiakc  wlul  reparation  1  ain  able.  Drydgn. 

RE-PAR'A-TIVE,  a.    That  repairs ;  restoring  to  a 

sound  or  good  state ;  that  amends  df^^fect  or  n:akcs 

good.  Taylor. 

RE-PAR'A-TFVE,  »i.    That  which  restores  to  a  good 

state  ;  that  wliirh  makes  amends. 

fVolton.     KcttlacclL 
REP-AR-TEE',  n.     [Fr.  rcparlie,  from  reportir,  to  di- 
vide, to  share,  to  reply  ;  re  and  parliry  lo  divide.] 
A  smart,  ready,  and  %vitty  reply. 

Cupid  was  as.  bad  aj  \<.^. ; 
Hear  bul  Uie  youngster's  reparUe.  Prior. 

REP-AR-TEE',  v.  t.  To  make  smart  and  witty  re- 
plies. Prior. 

RE-PART-I-MI-EJV' TO,  n.  [Sp.]  A  partition  or 
distribution,  especially  of  slaves;  also,  an  assess- 
ment of  taxes.  Irving. 

RE-PASS',  V.  U  [Fr.  repasscr ;  It.  ripassarc;  re  and 
■pass.] 

To  pass  again  ;  to  pass  or  travel  back  ;  as,  to  repass 
a  bridge  or  a  river ;  lo  repass  the  sea.  Pope 

RE-PASS',  V.  i.  To  pass  or  go  back  ;  to  move  back  ; 
as,  troops  passing  and  repassing  before  our  eyes. 

RE-PASS'£D,  (-pAst',)  pp.    Passed  or  traveled  back. 

RE-PASS'ING,  ppr.    Passing  back. 

RE-PAST',  n.  [Fr.  repas,  from  repaitre ;  I*,  re  and 
pasco,  to  feed.] 

1.  The  act  of  taking  food;  or  the  food  taken  ;  a 
meal. 

From  dance  to  sweet  repast  they  lum.  APtllon, 

A  rcpasl  wiiliotit  luxur}'-  Johnson. 

2.  Food  ;  victuals. 

Go,  and  ^et  me  some  repast.  Shak. 

RE-PAST',  r.  (.    To  feed  ;  to  feast.  SM:. 

RE-PAS'TITRE,  7U  Food;  enteriainmenl.  [J^'ot  iit 
nse.  ]  Slink. 

RE-PA'TRI-aTE  or  RE-PAT'RI-ATE,  v.  i.  [L.  rc- 
and putrin,  country.] 

To  restore  to  one's  own  country.     [Little  used.] 

RE-Pa'TRI-A-TED  or  RE-PAT'RI-A-TED,pp.  Re- 
stored to  one's  own  countrv. 

RE-PA'TRI-A-TING  or  RE-PAT'RI-A-TING,  ppr. 
Restoring  lo  one's  own  country. 

RE-PAY',  V.  t.     [Fr.  repayer;  re  and  pa7j.] 

1.  To  pay  back;  to  refund  ;  as,  to  repay  nwney 
borrowed  or  advanced. 

2.  To  make  return  or  requital  ;  in  a  good  or  bad 
sense  ;  as,  to  rqiay  kindness  ;  to  repay  an  injury. 

Eoiicfits  which  cxu  not  be  re]>fiid—t\K  not  co.-nmonljr  foimd  to 

increase  ailectieii.  Hamhler. 

3.  To  recompense,  as  for  a  loss.  Milton. 

4.  To  compensate ;  as,  false  honor  repaid  in  con- 
tempt. Bacoiu 

RE-PAY' A-BLE,  a.  That  is  to  be  repaid  or  refunded  ; 
as,  money  lent,  rcpai/able  at  the  end  of  sixty  days. 

RE-PAV'IXG,r)/ir.  Paying  back  ;  compensating;  re- 
quitinc. 

RE-PAY'MENT,  n.    The  act  of  paying  back  ;  reim- 
bursement. 
2.  The  raonev  or  other  thing  repaid. 

RE-PeAL',  (-peeV,)  v.  L  JFr.  rappelcr,  to  recall ;  re 
and  appelcr,  L.  appcUot  ad  vljiiI  pelto.] 

1.  To  recall.     [Obsolete  as  it  resjiccts  persons.] 

StiaJi. 

2.  To  recall,  as  a  deed,  wdl,  law,  or  statute ;  to 
revoke;  to  abrogate  by  an  authoritative  act,  or  by  iho 
same  power  that  made  or  enacted  ;  as,  the  legislature 
may  repeal,  at  one  session,  a  law  enacted  at  a  prc- 
cediji:  one. 

RE-PeAL',  n.    Recall  from  exile.     [Jv'ot  in  use.] 

S.'iak. 
2.  Revocation ;    abrogation  ;    as,  the  repeal  of  a 
statute. 

RE-PeAL-A-BIL'I-TY,     ;  n.    The  qualitv  or  state 

RE-PiiAL'A-BLE-NESS,  (       of  being  repeahible. 

RE-Pe.\L'A-BLE,  a.  Capable  of  being  repi'ntci!  ; 
revocable  by  the  same  power  that  enacted.  It  is 
held  as  a  sound  principle,  that  charters  or  giints 
which  vest  rights  in  individuals  or  corpuralions, 
are  not  rrpca/aMc  without  the  consent  of  the  gran- 
tees, unless  a  clause  reserving  'he  right  is  inserted 
in  the  act. 

RE-PkAL'-KD,  pp.    Revoked  ;  abiugaled. 

REPeAL'ER,  n.  One  that  rei>eais;  one  who  seeks 
a  repeal. 

RE-PkAL'ING,  ppr.     Revoking  ;  .abrogating. 

RE-PeAT',  (-peet',)  v.  t.  [Fr.  rrpeter:  It.  ripeterc; 
Sp,  repctir;  L.  repeto  ;  re  and  pcto,  to  ma!;e  at  or 
drive  toward.    This  verb  ought  lo  be  written  Re- 


TtJNE,  ByLL,  UNITE.  — AX"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K ;  l5  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  Cii  as  SH  ;  Til  as  in  THIS 


US 


937 


REP 

FETE,  in  analogy  with  Compete,  and  with  Rjspett- 
iiosA 

1.  To  do,  make,  aftempt,  or  litter  again  ;  to  iterate  ; 
as,  lo  rqjetit  an  action  ;  to  repeat  an  attempt  or  exer- 
tion ;  lo  repeat  a  word  or  discotuso  j  to  repeat  a  song  ; 
lo  repeat  an  argument. 

2.  To  try  again. 

I  thpr  danger  will  repeat.  Dryilen. 

3.  To  recite ;  to  rehearse. 

n«  repealed  some  liuea  of  VJrgii.  Waller. 

A.  To  seek  redress.  J.  Taylor. 

5.  To  seek  again.     [Obs.'\ 

To  repeat  siirnals,  in  the  navy^  is  to  make  Ihe  Game 
signal  which  the  admiral  or  commander  has  made, 
or  to  make  a  signal  again.  Mar.  Diet. 

RE-TeAT',  71.     In  muA-(c,a  mark  directing  a  part  to  be 
repeated  in  performance. 
9._Repetition. 
RE-PKAT'EDy  pp.  or  a.    Done,  attempted,  or  spoken 

again  ;  recited. 
RE-PeAT'ED-LY,  adv.     More  than  once  ;  again  and 
again,  indefinitely.     lie  has  been  repeatedly  warned 
of  liis  danger. 
RE-P£AT'EU,  71.     One  that  repeats;  one  that  recites 
or  rehearses. 

a.  A  watch  that  strikes  the  hours  at  will,  by  the 
compression  of  a  spring. 
RE-PeAT'ING,  ppr.     Doing  or  uttering  again. 
L         2.  a.    That  strikes  tjie  number  of  hours ;  as,  a  re- 
peatintr  watch. 
RE-PeAT'ING  CIR'€LE,».   a  contrivance,  invented 
by  Borda,  for  determining  with  great  accuracy  the 
angular  distance  of  two  objects,  by  taking  repeated 
measurements  of  it  on  the  limb  of  a  graduated  circle. 

Olmsted. 
REP-E-Da'TION,  7u     [Low  L.  rcpedo ;  re  and  pes,  the 
foot.] 

A  stepping  or  going  back.     [JVy£  m  use,]    More. 
RE-PEL',  V.  t.     [L.  repcllo  ;  re  and  pello,  to  drive.] 

1.  To  drive  hack  j  to  force  to  return  ;  to  clieck  ad- 
vance ;  as,  to  repel  an  enemy,  or  an  assailant. 

Hiptiomedon  repeUcl  the  hostile  title.  Pope. 

And  virtue  may  repel,  lliough  not  invade.  Dryaen. 

2.  To  meet  with  etfectual  resistance,  as  an  en- 
croachment ;  to  resist ;  to  oppose  j  as,  to  repel  an 
argument. 

RE-PEL',  V.  u    To  act  with  force  in  opposition  to  force 
impressed.    Electricity  sometimes  attracts  and  some- 
times repels. 
9.  In  medicine,  to  check  an  afflux  to  a  part  of  the 

RE-PEL'LA"D,  p/i.    Driven  back;  resisted.        [body. 

RE-PEL'LEN-CY,  71.  The  principle  of  repulsion  ;  the 
quality  of  a  substance  which  expands  or  separates 
particles  and  enlarges  the  volume ;  as,  the  repdlency 
of  heat  Black. 

2.  The  quality  that  repels,  drives  back,  or  resists 
approach  ;  as,  the  repdlency  of  the  electric  fluid. 

3.  Repulsive  quality.  Forster. 
RE-PEL'LENT,  a.    Driving  back  ;  able  or  tending  to 

repel. 

RE-PEL'LENT,  n.  In  medicine,  a  medicine  which 
drives  back  morbid  humors  into  the  mass  of  the 
blood,  from  which  l\wy  Wf-re  unduly  secreted  ;  or 
which  prevents  such  an  afllux  of  fluid  to  a  part,  as 
would  raise  it  to  a  tumor;  a  discutient. 

Encyc.      Qaincy.     Parr. 

RE-PEL'LER,  ti.     He  or  that  which  repels. 

RE-PEL'LING,  ppr.  or  a.  Driving  back;  resisting  ad- 
vance or  approach  efiectually. 

RE'PENT,  a.     [L.  repp,  to  creep.] 

Creeping  ;  as,  a  repent  root  or  animal. 

RE-PENT',  V.  i.  [Fr.  repentir ;  It.  pcntire,  pentirsi; 
Sp.  arrepentirsc  ;  L.  re  and  pmiiteoy  from  pmjia,  pain, 
Gr.  Tzoivt}.     See  PA.I^f.] 

1.  To  feel  pain,  sonow,  or  regret,  for  something 
done  or  spoken  ;  as,  to  repent  that  we  have  lost  much 
time  in  idleness  or  sensual  pleasure;  to  repe/it  that 
we  have  injured  or  wounded  the  feelings  of  a  friend. 
A  person  repents  only  of  what  he  hiiiiself  has  done 
or  said. 

2.  To  exi)ress  sorrow  for  sometliing  past. 

Enobarbua  did  before  thy  face  repent.  ShaJc. 

3.  To  change  the  mind  in  consequence  of  the  in- 
convenience or  injury  done  by  past  conduct. 

Lc5t,  perml venture,  the  people  repent  when  they  see  w.ir,  imd 
they  return.  —  Ex.  xiii. 

4.  .Applied  to  the  Supreme  Being,  to  change  the 
course  of  providential  dealings.     Qen.  vi.     Ps.  cvi. 

5.  In  Uicoloiry,  to  sorrow  or  be  pained  for  sin,  as  a 
violation  of  God's  holy  law,  a  dishonor  lo  his  char- 
acttT  and  government,  and  the  foulest  ingratitude  to 
a  iieing  of  infinite  benevolence. 

Encept  ye  repent,  ye  aliall  all  likewise  perish.  —  Luke  xiii.    Acta 

RE-PENT',  D.  t.  To  remember  with  sorrow;  as,  to 
repent  rash  words ;  to  repent  an  injury  done  to  a 
iit-'ighbor ;  to  repent  follies  and   vices.      [See  Re- 

rK.VT\NCE.] 

2.  With  the  reciprocal  pronoun.    [Fr.  5C  repentir.] 

No  man  repented  him  of  hia  wicki!(!n''i3.  —  Jcr.  vili. 
[  This  form  of  expression,  is  now  obsolete."] 


REP 

RE-PENT'ANCE,  v.  [Fr.]  Sorrow  for  any  thing 
done  or  said  ;  Ihe  pain  or  grief  which  a  person  expe- 
riences in  consequence  of  the  injury  or  inconvenience 
produced  by  his  own  conduct. 

*'  Repentance  is  the  relinquishment  of  any  practice, 
from  the  convictiim  that  it  has  oftended  God.  Sor- 
row, fear,  and  anxiety,  are  properly  not  parts,  but 
adjuncts  of  repentance ;  yet  they  are  too  closely 
connected  with  it  to  be  easily  separated." 

Rambler. 

0.  In  tJicology,  repentance  is  distinguished  into 
evangelical  and  legal.  The  former,  usually  called 
repev.tnnce,  simply,  is  real  penitence,  sorrow,  or  deep 
contrition  for  sin,  as  an  offense  and  dishonor  to 
God,  a  violation  of  his  holy  law,  and  the  basest  in- 
gratitude toward  a  Being  of  infinite  benevolence. 
Evangelical  repentance  is  accompanied  and  followed 
by  amendment  of  life.  The  sorrow  proceeding 
merely  from  the  fear  of  punishment,  is  called  legal 
rqyentance,  as  being  excited  by  the  terrors  of  legal 
penalties,  and  it  may  exist  without  an  amendment 
of  life. 

Repentance  ia  a  change  of  mind,  or  a  converaioii  from  siu  to 
Ciod.  Hammond. 

Godly  sorrow  worketh  repentance  to  sid^-alion, — 2  Gor.  vii. 
Matt.  ill. 

RE-PENT'ANT,  a.  [Fr.]  Sorrowful  for  past  con- 
duct or  words. 

2.  Sorrowful  for  sin.  Milton. 

3.  Expressing  or  showing  sorrow  for  sin  ;  as,  rc- 
pentaTit  tears  ;  repentant  ashes  ;  rcpaitavt  sighs. 

Shah.     Pope. 
RE-PENT'ANT,  ti.     One  who  repents  ;  a  penitent. 
9.  One  that  expresses  sorrow  for  sin.    Lia-htfoot, 
RE-PENT'ANT-LY,  ado.    In  a  repentant  manner. 
RE-PENT'ED,  pp.     Remembered  with  sorrow. 
RE-PEN'i''ER,  II.     One  tJiat  repents. 
RE-PENT'ING,  pj)r.  or  a.     Grieving  for  what  is  past ; 

feeling  |)ain  or  contrition  for  sin. 
RE-PENT'!NG,  7t.     Act  of  repenting.    Has.  xi. 
RE-PENT'ING-IiV,  ado.     With  repentance. 
RE-PkO'PLE,  (re-i>ec'pl,)  v.  t.      [re  and  peoidc ;  Fr. 

rcpeuplc.r.] 
To  people  anew ;  to  furnish  again  with  a  stock  of 

people.      The  world,  after  the  flood,  was  rcpcoplcd 

by  tbe  descendants  of  one  family. 
RE-PEO'PLED,(re-pce'pld,)w;.    Stocked  anew  with 

inhabitants. 
RE-PeO'PLING,    Cie-pee'pling,)     ppr.       Furnishing 

again  with  a  stock  of  iniiabittints. 
RE-PeO'PLING,    (re-pec'pling,)  a.      [Supra.]     The 

act  of  furnishing  again  with  inhabitants.        Hale. 
RE-PER-GUSS',  V.  t.     [L.  repcrcutio  ;  re  and  pcrcittio  ; 

per  and  qaatio,  to  shake,  to  beat.] 

To  beat  back.  Bacon. 

RE-PER-eU^S'£n,  (-kust',)  p}}.    Beaten  hack. 
RE-PER-eUS'SION,  (-knsh'un,)  n.     [L.  rcpcrcnssio.] 

1.  The  act  of  driving  hack  ;  reverberation ;  as,  the 
repercussion  of  sound. 

2.  In  music,  frequent  repetition  of  the  same  sound. 

Encyc. 
RE-PER-eUSS'IVE,  a.     Driving  back;  having  Uie 
power  of  sending  back ;  causing  to  reverberate  ;  as, 
repcrcussive  rocks.  Pattison. 

2.  Repellent ;  as,  a  repcrcussive  medicine.  [jVci 
in  nsc.]  Bacon. 

3.  Driven  back  ;  reverberated.  Thomson. 
RE-PER-eUSS'lVE,  lu    A  repellent.     [Obs.] 

Bacon. 
REP-ER-TF'TIOUS,  (rep-er-tish'ug,)  a.      [from    L. 
repertus,  rcpcrio.] 

Found-,  gained  by  finding.     [JVot  in  use]    Diet. 
REP'ER-TO-RY,  7[.     [Fr.  rcjici-Uiire ;    L.  rcpertoriiim, 
from  rcperio,  to  find  again ;  re  and  apcno,  to  un- 
co vir.] 

1.  A  place  in  which  things  are  disposed  in  an  or- 
derly manner,  so  that  tliey  can  he  easily  found,  as 
the  index  of  a  book,  a  common-place  book,  &.c. 

2.  A  treasury  ;  a  magazine. 
REP-E-TEND',  w.     [L.  repctciidus,  repeto.] 

In  aritlimet'c,  th:;t  part  of  a  re[)eating    decimal 
which  recurs  continually  ad  ivjinitum.       Brande. 
REP-E-TI"TION,  (rcp-e-tish'uu,)  n.      [L.    repetitio. 
See  Repeat.] 

1.  The  act  of  doing  or  uttering  a  second  time  ;  it- 
eration of  the  same  act,  or  of  the  same  words  or 
sounds.  Hooker. 

2.  The  act  of  reciting  or  rehearsing;  the  act  of 
reading  over.  SJiak. 

3.  Recital.  Chapman. 

4.  Recital  from  memory,  as  distinct  from  reading. 

5.  In  ma.sic,  the  act  of  reijeating,  singing,  or  play- 
ing, the  same  part  a  second  time.  Encyc. 

6.  In  rhetoric,  reiteration,  or  a  repeating  the  same 
word,  or  the  same  sense  in  different  words,  for  the 
purpose  of  making  a  deeper  impression  on  the  au- 
dience. 

REP-E-TI'^TION-AL,      }  a.      Containing  repetition. 

REP-E-TI"TION-A-RY,  (      [Liule  %ised.] 

REP-E.TI"TIOUS,  (rep-e-tish'us,)  a.  Repeating ; 
containing  repetition.     [America.]  Dwight. 

RE-PINE',  17.  i.  [re  and  pine.]  To  fret  one's  self;  to 
be  discontented  ;  to  feel  inward  discontent  which 
preys  on  Ihe  spirits;  willi  at  ov  against.     It  is  our 


REP 

duty  never  to  repine  at  the  allotments  uf  ^ovi- 
dencc. 

2.  To  complain  discontentedly  ;  to  murmur. 

MuUitudcs  repine  at  tho  want  of  Hint  which  nolhintr  bnl  Idle- 
ness liinden  them  from  enjoying.  liainbler, 

3.  To  envy.  Johnson. 

RE-PIN'ER,  ?(.    One  that  repines  or  murmurs. 

RE-PIN'ING,  ppr.  Fretting  one's  self ;  feeling  discon- 
tent that  preys  on  the  spirits ;  complaining ;  mur- 
muring. 

9.  a.  Disposed  to  murmur  or  complain ;  as,  a  rc- 
pining  temper. 

RE-PI.\'ING,Ti.  The  act  of  fretting  or  feeling  discon- 
tent or  of  murmuring.  Burnet. 

RE-PIN'ING-LY,  adv.  With  murmuring  or  com- 
plaint. Hall. 

RE-PL.\CE',  V.  t.     [Fr.  replacer ;  re  and  place.] 

1.  To  put  again  m  tlie  former  place ;  as,  to  replace 
a  book. 

The  carl  —  was  replaced  in  his  government.  Bacon. 

9.  To  put  in  a  new  place.  Drydcn. 

'X  'J'o  repay ;  to  refund ;  as,  to  replace  a  sum  of 
money  borrowed. 

4.  i'o  put  a  competent  substitute  in  tlie  place  of 
another  dis^daced,  or  of  something  lost.  The  paprr 
is  lost,  and  can  not  he  replaced. 

RE-PLaC'£D,     (re-plast',)    pp.       I'ut    again     in    a 
former  place  ;   supplied  by  a  substitute.    Thus,  in 
petrifaction,  the  animal  or  vegetable  substance  grad-  | 
ually  wastes  away,  and  is  replaced  by  silex. 

9.  In  mineralogy,  a  term  nssd  when  a  crystal  has 
one  or  more  planes  in  the  place  of  its  edges  or 
angles. 

RE-PLaCE'MENT,  n.    The  act  of  replacing. 

2.  In  mineralogy,  the  removal  of  an  edge  or  angle, 
by  one  or  more  planes. 

RE-PLaC'IjVG,  ppr.     Putting  again  in  a  former  place ; 
"  supplying  the  place  of  with  a  substitute. 
RE-PLa1T',   v.   t.     [re   and  plait.]     To  plait  or  fold 

again  ;  to  fold  one  part  over  another  again  and  again. 

Dry  den. 
RE-PLaIT'ED,  pp.     Folded  again  or  often. 
RE-PLaIT'ING,;)/)?-.    Folding  again  or  often. 
RE-PLANT',  V.  t.     [Fr.  replaiUer  ;  re  and  plant.] 

To  plant  again.  Bacvi. 

RE-PLANT' A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  planted  af;ain. 

ColTravc. 
RE-PLANT-A'TION,  n.    The  act  of  plantmg'again.     j 
RE-PLANT'ED,  pp.    Planted  anew. 
RE-PLANT'ING,  ppr.    Planting  again. 
RE-PLeAD',  v.  L  ox  i.     [re  and  plead.]     To  plead 

a.5ain^ 
RE-PLeAD'ER,  n.      In  law,  a  second  pleading  or 

course  of  pleadings  ;  or  the  power  of  pleading  again. 

Whenever  a  repleader  La  gmnted,  the  pleading  must  bci,'iii  ile 
novo.  Blackstoiie. 

RE-PLeAD'ING,  ppr.    Pleading  again. 
RE-PLEN'ISH,  V.  t.     [Norm,  replcner,  to  fill ;  It.  ricm- 

pire ;  L.  re  and  plenus,  full.] 

1.  To  fill ;  to  stock  with  numbers  or  abundance. 

The  magazines  are  replenished  with  corn ;  the  springs 

arc  replenished  with  water. 

MuUii-.Iy  mid  rej'leuish  the  earth.  — Gei).  i. 

9.  To  finish  ;  to  complete.     [JVoi  in  7tsc.]     Shak. 
RE-PLEN'ISH,  r.  i.    To  recover  former  fullness. 

Bacvii. 
RE-PLEN'ISH-J5D,  (re-plen'isht,)  pp.    Filled ;  abun- 

daut'v  supplied. 
RE-FL'!^N'Ii?H-ING,   ppr.     Filling;   supplying  with 

abunthmce. 
RE-PLE'i'E',  rt.     [h.  replctas  ;  re  and  ^Zeo,  to  fill.] 
Completely  filled  ;  full. 

His  words  replete  with  guile.  Millon, 

RE-PLE'TION,  tt.     [Fr.,  from  L.  rcpletw.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  completely  filled,  or  super- 
abundant fullness.  Bacon. 

9.  In  medicine,  fullness  of  blood  ;  plethora.    Coxe. 

RE-PLe'TIVE,  «.    Filling;  replenishing.    Cotgravc. 

RE-PLe'TIVE-LY,  adv.     So  as  to  be  lilled. 

RE-PLEV'I- A-BLE,  a.  [See  Replevy.]  In  lais,  that 
may  be  replevied. 

RE-PLE V'I-£;D,  pp.    Taken  by  a  writ  of  replevin. 

RE-PLEV'IN,  «.  [See  Replevy.]  An  action  or  rem- 
edy granted  on  a  distress,  by  which  a  person  whd.-'e 
cattle  or  goods  are  distrained  has  them  returned  to 
his  own  possession,  upon  giving  security,  to  try  the 
right  of  taking  in  a  suit  at  law,  and,  if  iliat  should 
be  determined  against  him,  to  return  the  cattle  ur 
goods  into  the  possession  of  the  distrainor. 

Blackslone. 

2.  The  writ  by  which  a  distress  is  replevied. 
RE-PLEV'I-SA-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  replevied  ;  hut 

little  used,  being  superseded  by  Repletiable. 
RE-PLEV'Y,  V.  t.     [re  and  pledge,  Norm,  plegg  or 
plevy,  whence,  in  Law  L.  replcgiabilis    and  repl^ 
glare.] 

I.  To  take  back,  by  a  writ  for  that  purpose,  cattle 
or  goods  that  have  been  distrained,  upon  giving  secu- 
rity to  tr>- the  right  of  distraining  in  a  suit  at  law, 
and,  if  that  should  be  determined  against  the  plain- 
tiff, to  return  the  cattle  or  goods  into  the  hands  of  the 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— MgTE,  PRSY.— PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BOOK.— 


R  K  P 


REP 


distrainor.    In  this  case,  the  person  whose  gcoda  M-e 
distrained  becomes  the  plaintiff,  and  the  person  dis- 
traininir  the  defendant  or  avowant.         Btadtsionc. 
5.  To  bail. 
RE-PLEVY-IXG,  ppr.     Retaking  a  distress,     [See 

Replett.I 
REP-LI-€a'TIOX,  ji.     [L.  repUcatio.    See  Reply.] 
1.  An  answer;  a  reply.    Particularly, 
3.  In  taw  pleadings,  the  reply  of  the  plaintiff  to  the 
defendant's  plea. 
3.  Return  or  repercussion  of  sound.     [JVot  ?ised.] 

Skak. 
REP'Lt-€ATE,  a.     In  botany,  folded  back.    Loudon. 
REP'LI-GATE,  71.     In  mits-jc,  a  repetition. 
RE-PIJ'/:0,  pp.     Answered  ;  returned  for  an  answer. 
RE-PLI'ER,  H,     One  who  answers ;  he  that  speaks  or 

writes  in  return  to  something  spoken  or  written. 
RE-PL^'',  r.  (.     [Fr.  repHquer  ;  h.replico;  re  and  pUeOj 
to  fold,  that  is,  to  turn  or  send  to  ;  It.  repticare  ;  Sp. 
repUcar.     See  Apply,  Emplov,  r.nd  Plv.] 

1.  To  answer;  to  make  a  return,  in  words  or 
writing,  to  something  said  or  written  by  another. 

O  maw,  who  art  iboii  lliat  repliesl  .i^wiiisi  God  f  —  Rotii.  U. 

■  2.  In  law,  to  answer  a  defendant's  plea.  The  de- 
fendant pleads  in  bar  to  the  plaintiff's  declaration  j 
the  plaintiff  replies  to  the  defendant's  plea  in  bar. 

RE-PLy',  r.  L  To  return  for  an  answer.  He  knows 
not  what  to  rephj. 

RE-PL?',  7i.     [Fr.  rcpliqiie ;  It.  7-cpUca.] 

1.  An  answer ;  that  which  is  said  or  written,  in 
answer  to  what  is  said  or  written  by  another. 

2.  A  book  or  pamplUet  written  in  answer  to  an- 
other. 

RE  PLY'ING,  ppr.      Answering  either  in  words  or 

writing. 
RE-POL'ISH,  V.  t.     [Fr.  repolir  ;  re  and  polish,] 

To  polish  anain.  Donne. 

RE-POL'lSH-f:i),  (-pol'isht,)  pp.    Polished  again. 
RE-POL'ISH-ING,  ppr.     Polishing  anew. 
RE-PoRT',  r.  (.      [Fr.  rappartcr;    L.  reporto,  to  carry 

back  ;  re  and  porta,  to  bear.] 

1.  To  bear  or  bring  back  an  answer,  or  to  relate 
what  has  been  discovered  by  a  person  sent  to  exam- 
ine, explore,  or  investigate  ;  as,  a  messenger  reporf^ 
to  his  employer  what  lie  has  seen  or  ascertamed. 
The  committee  reporud  the  whole  number  of  votes. 

2.  To  give  an  account  of;  to  relate  ;  to  tell. 

Tliey  Tcported  hU  good  deeds  before  me.  —  Neb.  vi.     Acts  W, 

3.  To  tell  or  relate  from  one  to  another  ;  to  circu- 
late publicly,  as  a  storj' ;  as  in  the  common  phrase, 
it  is  reported. 

Il  U  reported  among  tlis  heathen,  and  Gashmu  saiik  it,  that  thou 
and  the  Jews  think  to  rebel.  —  Neh.  vi. 

Tn  this  form  of  expression,  it  refers  to  the  subse- 
quent clause  of  tlie  sentence ;  "  that  thou  and  the 
Jews  think  to  rebel,  is  reported." 

4.  To  give  an  official  account  or  statement ;  as, 
the  secretary  of  the  treasury  reports  to  congress  an- 
nually the  amount  of  revenue  and  expenditure. 

5.  To  give  an  account  or  statement  of  cases  and 
decisions  in  a  court  of  law  or  chancer}'. 

6.  To  return,  as  sound  ;  to  give  back.        Bacon. 
To  be  reported,  or,  nsnallij,  to  be  reported  of;  to  be 

well  or  ill  spoken  of;  to  be  mentioned  with  respect 

or  reproach.    v3c/^  xvi.     Rojn,  iii. 
RE-PoRT',  r.  i.    To  make  a  statement  of  facts.    The 

committee  will  report  at  twelve  o'clock. 
RE-PoRT',  n.    An  account  returned  j  a  statement  or 

relation  of  facts  given   in  reply  to    inquirj',  or  by 

a  person  authorized  to  examine  and  make  return  to 

his  employer. 

From  Thetis  sent  as  spies  to  make  report.  Waller. 

9.  Rumor  ;  common  fame ;  story  circulated.  Re~ 
port,  though  often  originating  in  fact,  soon  becomes 
incorrect,  and  is  seldom  deserving  of  credit.  When 
we  have  no  evidence  but  popular  report,  it  is  pru- 
dent to  suspend  our  opinions  in  regard  to  the  facts. 

3.  Repute ;  public  character ;  as,  evil  report  and 
good  report.     2  Cor.  vi. 

Comelitia  was  of  goo<l  report  among  the  Jews.  —  Acts  s. 

4.  Account ;  story  ;  relation. 

It  was  a  true  report  thnt  I  heard  in  laj  own  lanil  of  thy  acU  and 
of  thy  wisdom.  — 1  Kings  x. 

5.  Sound  ;  noise ;  as,  the  report  of  a  pistol  or  can- 
nan.  Bacon. 

6.  An  account  or  statement  of  a  judicial  opinion 
or  decision,  or  of  a  rase  argued  and  determined  in  a 
court  of  law,  chancery,  &.c.  The  books  containing 
such  statements  are  also  called  reports. 

7.  An  official  statement  of  facts,  verbal  or  writ- 
ten ;  particularly,  a  statement  in  writing  of  proceed- 
ings and  facts  exhibited  by  an  officer  to  his  superi- 
ors; as,  the  reports  of  the  heads  of  departments  to 
congress,  of  a  master  in  cliancery  to  the  court,  of 
conimittees  to  a  legislative  body,  and  the  like. 

jtE  PoilT'ED,pp.  or  a.  Told,  related,  or  slated  inan- 
•(wer  to  inquiry  or  direction ;  circulat^-d  in  impu- 
I;ir  rumors  ;  reputed  ;  stated  officially. 

RIVPoRT'ER,  n.    One  that  <iives  an  account,  verbal 
or  written,  orticial  or  unoflicial. 
2,  An  officer  or  person  who  makes  statements  of 


law  proceedings  and  decisions,  or  of  legislative  de- 
bates 

RE-PoRT'ING,ppr.  or  0.  Giving  account;  relating; 
presenting  statements  of  facts,  or  of  adjudged  cases 
in  law. 

RE-PoRT'ING-LY,  adv.    By  report  or  common  fame. 

REPOS'AL,  n.  [from  repose.]  The  act  of  reposing 
or  resting.  Shak. 

RE-PoSE',  I'.  (.  [Fr.  rcpossr;  re  and  poser,  to  put  j 
It.  ripcsarei  Sp.  reposar ;  L.  rcpono,reyosui.] 

1.  To  lay  at  rest. 

Aflcr  the  toil  of  Uatde,  to  repose 

Yqui  iTcaheil  virtue.  MUton. 

2.  To  lay  J  to  rest,  as  the  mind,  m  confidence  or 
trust ;  as,  to  repose  trust  or  confidence  in  a  pcrson*s 
veracity. 

3.  To  lav  up  ;  to  deposit ;  to  lodge  ;  as,  pebbles  re- 
posed in  cliffs.  fVoodward. 

4._To  place  in  confidence. 
RE-PoSE',  V.  i.    To  lie  at  rest;  to  sleep. 

Within  a,  Uiicket  1  reposed.  Chapman. 

2.  To  rest  in  confidence.  I  repose  on  the  faith 
and  lionnr  of  a  friend. 

3.  To  lie  ;  to  re?t ;  as,  trap  reposing  on  sand. 
RE-PoSE%  71.     [Fr.  repos,] 

1.  A  lying  at  rest. 

2.  Sleep  ;  rest ;  quiet.  Mihon,     Shak. 

3.  Rest  of  mind;  tranquillity;  freedom  from  un- 
easiness. 

-1.  In  poetry,  a  rest ;  a  pause.  Encyc. 

5.  In  the  jiiw  arts,  that  which  affords  a  point  of 
rest  for  the  eye ;  opposed  to  the  scattering  and  di- 
vision of  a  subject  into  too  many  unconnected  parts, 
and  al^o  to  anj-  thing  which  is  overstrained,  violent, 
or  gor^eou;^.  Brands. 

RE-PoS'-ED,  pp.    Lai<l  at  rest ;  placed  in  confidence. 
RE-PoS'ED-NESS, )(.    State  of  being  at  rest. 
RE-PoS'ING,  ppr.     Laying  at  rest ;  placing  in  confi- 
dence :  King  at  rest ;  sleeping. 
RE-POS'IT,  V.  t.     [L.  reposittis,  repono.] 

To  lay  up ;  to  lodge,  as  for  safety  or  preservation. 

Oilifra  repoeit  tlieir  yoiiiij  in  holes.  Derham. 

RE-P03'IT-ED,  pp.  Laid  up;  deposited  for  safety  or 
preservation. 

RE-FOS'IT-ING,  ppr.  Laying  up  or  lodging  for 
safely  or  preservation. 

RE-PO-SI"TION,  (-pc-zish'un,)  n.  The  act  of  re- 
placing :  as,  the  reposition  of  a  bone.        T^iseman. 

RE-POS'I-TO-RY,  I'.     [L.  rcpo^itorium,  from  repono.] 

A  place  where  things  are  or  may  be  deposited  for 

safety  or  preservation.    A  granaiy  is  a  repository  for 

cornj  an  arsenal  for  arms.    The  mind  or  memory  is 

called  the  rcpositoni  of  ideas.  Locke. 

RE-POS-SESS',  v.  t.  [re  and  possess.]  To  possess 
again. 

Nor  sii^ill  my  titlicr  repossess  the  land.  Pope. 

To  repos.^ess  one^s  self;  to  obtain  possession  again. 

Re-POS-SESS'ED,  (-pos-sest',)  pp.     Possessed  a^ain. 

Rit-POS-SESS'IXG,  ppr.  Possessing  again;  obtain- 
ing possession  again. 

Re-POS-SES'SION,  (-pos-sesh'un,)  v.  The  act  of 
posse^ssing  again  ;  the  state  of  possessing  again. 

Ric-POUR',  V.  t.     [re  and  pour.]    To  pour  again. 

Re-FoUR'KD.  pp.    Poured  agam. 

Re-PoQR'ING.  ppr.    Poming  again. 

REP-RE-HE.\D',  v.  t.  [L.  reprehcndo  ;  re  and  pre- 
kendo,  to  seize  ;  Fr.  reprcndre.] 


1.  To  chide  ;  to  reprove, 

Pardon  mc  for  reprehending  Ihee.  Shak. 

2.  To  blame  ;  to  censure. 

I  nor  Q'lvise  nor  repreheiid  the  choice.  Philips. 

3.  To  detect  of  fallacy. 

Tiiis  color  will  be  reprehended  or  encounlerod,  by  imputing  (o 
!\11  excelleuCL's  in  compositions  a  kind  of  pov.?rly.  [.Vol  in 
use.\  £'^"''' 

4.  To  accuse  ;   to  charge  with  a  fault ;  with  of; 
as,  ArisTippns  being  reprehended  of  luxury.     Bacon. 

REP-RE-HEND'ED,;»;j.     Reproved;  blamed. 

REP-RE-HEND'ER,  h.    One  that  reprehends;    one 
that  blanks  or  reproves.  Hooker. 

REP-UE-HENO'ING,  ppr.    Reproving  ;  blaming. 

REP-RE-HEN'SI-BLE,  a.     [Fr.,  from  L.  reprehensus.] 
Blamabie  ;    culpable  ;    censurable  ;    desemng  re- 
proof ;  applied  to  persons  or  things  ;  as,  a  reprehensible 
person  ;  reprclunisible  conduct. 

REP-RE-IIEN'SI-I3LE-NESS,  n.    Blamableness;  cul- 
pable ncss. 

REP-RE-HEN'SI-BLY,  adv.    Culpably  ;  m  a  manner 
to  deserve  censure  or  reproof. 

REP-RE-HEN'SION,  «.     [Fr.,  from  L.  reprehensio.] 
Reproof;  censure;  open  blame.    Faults  not  pun- 
ishable luav  deserve  reprehension. 

REP-RE-HEN'SIVE,  a.    Containing  reproof.      South. 

REP-RE-HEN'SO-RV,  a.    Containing  reproof. 

BosiccU, 

REP-RE-SENT',  v.  t.    [Fr.  rcprescnter;  L.  repnEscnto  ; 
re  and  Low  L.  prassento,  from  prasens,  present.] 
1,  To  show  or  exhibit  by  resemblance. 

Eefarf  him  buni 
Si-vrn  l;iirip3,  as  in  a  ?.odi:tc,  representing 
I'lic  hcuv<;iily  fires,  ,MU 


REP 

2.  To  describe  ;  to  exhibit  to  the  mind  in  words. 

The  naiingcra  of  ihe  Ixir.k  at  Genoa  have  been  represenUd  as  a 
Bccoiid  kind  of  lenate.  AttdUon. 

3.  To  exhibit ;  to  show  by  action  ;  as,  a  tragedy 
well  represented.  John.ion. 

4.  To  personate;  to  act  the  character  or  to  fill  the 
place  of  another  in  a  play  ;  as,  to  represent  the  char- 
acter of  King  Richard. 

5.  To  supply  tho  place  of ;  to  act  as  a  snbstiiJte 
for  another.  'Ihe  parliament  of  Gnat  Britain  reprf>- 
scnts  the  nation.  The  congress  of  thu  United  States 
represents  the  people  or  nation.  The  senate  is  con- 
sidered as  representing  tlie  Stales  in  their  corporate 
capacity. 

0.  To  show  by  arguments,  reasoning,  or  statement 
of  facts.  The  memorial  represents  the  situation  of 
the  petitioner.  Represent  to  your  son  the  danger  of 
an  idle  life,  or  profligate  company. 

7.  To  stand  in  the  place  of,  in  the  right  of  inheiit- 
ance. 

All  the  branche3  inherit  the  Bame  ihare  thai  Oieir  root,  whom 
they  repretent,  would  have  done.  Bltuittone. 

REP-RE-SENT'A-BT<E,  a.    That  may  be  represented. 
REP-RE-SEXT'ANCE,  71,    Representation;  likeness 

[JV'of  iised.]  Donne. 

REP-RE-SENT'.\XT,  ii,     A  representative.    [JW£  m 

use.]  iVotlon. 

REP-RE-SENT-a'TION,  n.    The  act  of  representing, 

describing,  or  showing. 
3.  That  which  exhibits  by  resemblance;  image, 

lilteness,  picture,  or  statue ;   as,  representations   of 

God.  StilUngJlceL 

3.  Any  exhibition  of  the  form  or  operations  of  a 
thing  by  something  resembling  it.  A  map  is  a  rcp- 
rescrUation  of  the  world  or  a  part  of  it.  The  terres- 
trial globe  is  a  representation  of  the  earth.  An  orrery 
is  a  representation  of  the  planets  and  their  revolutions. 

4.  Exhibition,  as  of  a  play  on  the  stage. 

5.  Exhibition'of  a  character  in  UieaUical  perform- 
ance. 

G.  Verbal  description ;  statement  of  arguments  or 
facts  in  narration,  oratory,  debate,  petition,  admoni- 
tion, &.C. ;  as,  the  representation  of  a  historian,  of  a 
witness,  or  an  advocate. 

7.  Tlie  business  of  acting  as  a  substitute  for  an- 
other ;  as,  the  representation  of  a  nation  iu  a  legisla- 
tive body.  I 

8.  Representatives,  as  a  collective  body.  It  is  ex-  | 
pedient  to  have  an  able  representation  in  both  houses  I 
of  congress.  . 

9.  Public  exhibition.  1 

10.  The  standing  in  the  place  of  another,  :i3  an 
heir,  or  iu  the  right  of  taking  by  inheritance. 

Blackstone 
REP-RE-SENT'A-TIVE,  a.     [Fr.  repre.sentat^f.] 

1.  Exhibiting  a  similitude. 

They   own   Uic   leg^il   sacrifices,  thon»h  repreeenleUhe,   to  be 
proper  and  real.  AUcrbury. 

2.  Bearing  the  character  or  power  of  another ;  as, 
a  council  representative  of  the  people.  SicifL 

REP-RE-SENT' A-TIVE,  n.  One  that  exhibits  the 
likeness  of  another. 

A  £l  Hue  of  Rumnr,  whispering  an  iiliot  in  tho  CRT,  who  was  the 

represeiiUUii'e  of  creduliiy.  Addison. 

2.  In  legislative  or  otiier  business,  an  agent,  deputy, 
or  substitute,  who  supplies  the  place  of  another  or 
others,  being  invested  with  his  or  their  authority. 
An  attorney  is  the  representative  of  his  client  or  em- 
ployer. A  member  of  the  house  of  commons  is  the 
reprcsnttative  of  his  constituents  and  of  the  nation. 
In  matters  concerninc  his  constituents  only,  he  is 
supposed  to  be  bound  bv  their  instructions,  but  in  the 
enacting  of  laws  for  the  nation,  he  is  supposed  not 
to  be  bo'und  by  their  instructions,  as  he  acts  for  the 
whole  nation. 

3.  In  laie,  one  that  stands  in  the  place  of  another 
as  heir,  or  in  the  right  of  succeeding  to  an  estate  of 
inheritance,  or  to  a  crown. 

4.  That  by  which  any  thing  is  exhibited  or  shown. 

This  dc>ctri;ie  supposes  the  perfections  of  God  to  be  the  represer.l- 
atives  to  us  of  whatever  we  perceive  in  the  creatures. 

Locke. 

REP-RE-SENT' A-TIVE-LY,  adv.  In  the  character 
of  another  ;  by  a  representative.  Barrow. 

3.  By  substitution  ;  by  delesatiou  of  power. 

Sandvs. 
REP-RE-SENT'A-TIVE-NES3,  n.    The  state  orquo'- 
ity  of  being  representative. 

Dr.  Burnet  observes,  that  every  thought  is  atteuded  with  con- 
sciousness and  representativeners.  Spectator. 

REP-RE-SENT'ED,  pp.  Shown:  exhibited;  person- 
.ated  :  described  ;  stated  ;  having  substitutes. 

REP-RE-SENT'ER,  n.  One  who  shows,  exibbits,  or 
describes.  ,      ,       .    . 

2.  A  representative  ;  one  that  acts  by  deputation. 
\ Little  vsed.]  .  ,..?'"'■' 

REP-RE-SEXT'ING,  ppr.  Showmg;  exhibilmg ; 
describing;  acting  in  anolher*s  character;  acUng 
in  the  place  of  anotiier. 

REP  RE  «EXT'MENT,  «.  RepresenUation  ;  mi  age  , 
an  idea  proposed  as  exhibiting  the  likeness  of  some- 
thing, rayter.     «— 


Brown. 


•I 


TONE,  BIJLL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS. 


-e  as  K ;  e  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TU  as  in  THIS 

939 


1{EP 


llE-PltESS',  V,  t.  [\,.  reprcssiis,  repnmo  ;  re  and  prc- 
mo,  tn  press.] 

1.  To  crush  ;  lo  qni'Il ;  to  put  down  ;  to  subdue  ; 
to  suppress-;  as,  to  rfpre*s  setlitioii  or  rebellion;  to 
repress  the  first  risings  of  discontent. 

2.  To  check  ;  lo  restrain. 

Such  kiii^ 
Knvor  the  nmoccnl,  repress  ihe  Cold.  Waller. 

KE-PRESS',n.    The  act  of  subduing.    [JVotin  use.] 

RIM*RESS'KD,  (-prest'j)  pp.  or  a.  Crushed;  sub- 
dued. 

UE-I'RESS'ER,  iJ.    One  that  crushes  or  subdues. 

RE-PRESS'ING,  ypr.  Crushing;  subduing;  check- 
in  {;. 

RE  I'RES'SION,  (re-presh'un,)  n.    The  act  of  subdu- 
ing ;  as,  the  repression  of  tumults.  K.  Charles. 
y.  Ciieck;   restraint. 

RE-PRESS'IVE,  rt.  Having  powei- to  crush;  tending 
to  snhdue  or  nrstraiii. 

RE-PKEPS'IVE-LY,  ado.    So  as  to  repress. 

RE-PRI£V'AL,  (re-precv'al,)  n.  Respite ;  reprieve. 
[jYiit  in  use.]  Oecrbury. 

UK-PRIiiVES  (re-preeve',)  «.  (.  [I  know  not  the  or- 
igin of  tliis  word,  unless  it  is  the  French  rcprcndre, 
rc{ms.  In  Norm,  rcpriont  is  rendered  reprieved  de- 
diictionsj  and  reprises^  deductions  and  duties  yearly 
paid  out  of  lands.] 

1 .  To  respite  after  sentence  of  death  ;  lo  suspend 
or  delay  Uie  execution  of  fora  lime  ;  as,  to  reprieve  a 
criminal  for  thirty  days. 

He  reprieves  (he  siiuier  from  time  to  lime.  Rogers. 

2.  To  grant  a  respite  to;  to  relieve  for  a  time  from 
any  suffering. 

Company,  tliixijh  it  mriy  rejyrieoe  a  man  from  his  meliincholy, 
yet  c.m  iiors^ciire  n  m:\ii  from  his  consciciice.  South. 

RE-PRIiiVE',  V.  The  temporary  suspension  of  the 
execution  of  s:*ntence  of  death  im  a  criminal. 

Chircndon. 
2.  Respite ;  inteiTal  of  ease  or  relief. 

Al!  that  I  ask  is  but  a  short  reprieve, 

'i'ill  I  forget  to  love,  :uiil  leani  to  grieve.  Dcnham. 

RE-rRl£V'£D,  pp.  or  a.  Respited ;  allowed  a 
longer  time  to  live  than  the  sentence  of  death  per- 
mits. 

RE-PRIkV'ING,  ppr.  Rc:-;piting ;  suspending  the 
execution  of  for  a  time. 

REP'RI-MAMO,  V,  t.  [Fr.  rcprimander.  If  this  word 
is  from  L.  n-primo,  it  must  ha  fmmed  from  the  ])arli- 
ciple  reprimendns.\ 

1.  To  reprove  severely  ;  to  reprehend ;  lo  chide 
for  a  fault. 


Gcrmaniciis  was  severely  repr'i 

ing  hito  Egypt  without  hU  ivrmi:ision 


wJed  by  Tibcriui;,  for  IraviU 


2.  To  reprove  publicly  and  oflicially,  in  execution 
of  a  sentence.  The  court  ordered  the  officer  to  bs 
reprimanded. 

REP'RI-MAND,  h.    Severe  reproof  for  a  fault;  repre- 
hension, private  or  public.  Spectator. 

REP'RI-MAN'D-ED,  pp.    Scven^Iy  reproved. 

REP'RI-.MAXD-ING,  ppr.    Reproving  sevenily. 

RK-PRINT',  v.  t.     [re  and  priuL]     To  print  again  ;  to 
print  a  second  or  any  n^'^w  edition.  ■      Pope. 

2.  To  renew  the  impression  of  any  thing. 

The  business  of  retlemplioii  is  —  lo  rcpri»£  Goil's  image  on  i!ig 
EOllI.  ii'outh, 

Rii'PRINT,  n.     A  second  or  a  new  edition  of  a  book. 

Review  of  Qrie^bach. 
RK-PRTNT'EO,  pp.    Printed  anew;  impressed  again. 
Ric-PKINT'ING,  ppr.    Piintinj?  again;  renewing  an 

impression. 
RE-PRIS'AL,    {ve-prlz'r-l,)   n.      [Fr.    reprcsaUlcs ;  It. 

rinrcsairlia;    Sp.  represalia;    Fr.  rcprendre^  reprisj  to 

retake  ;  re  and  prcidre^  L.  prendo.] 

1.  The  seizure  or  taking  of  any  thing  from  an  en- 
emy by  way  of  retaliation  or  indemnification  for 
something  taken  or  detained  by  him. 

2.  That  which  is  taken  from  an  enemy  to  indem- 
nify an  owner  for  soTuetlilng  of  his  which  the  enemy 
has  seized.  Reprisals  may  consist  of  persons  or  of 
goods.  Letters  of  nsarqiie  and  reprisal  may  be  ob- 
tained in  order  to  seize  the  bodies  or  goods  of  the 
subjects  of  an  offending  state,  until  satisfaction  shall 
be  made.  Blaekstone. 

3.  Recaption  ;  a  retaking  of  a  man's  own  goods  or 
any  of  his  family,  wife,  child,  or  servant,  wrong- 
fully taken  from  him,  or  delaint  d  by  another.  In 
this  case,  the  owner  maj'  retake  the  goods  or  persons 
wherever  he  finds  lliem.  Blaekstone. 

Letters  of  vmrqnc  and  reprisal ;  a  commission  grant- 
ed by  the  supreme  authority  of  a  state  lo  a  subject, 
empowering  him  to  pass  tlie  frontiers  [marque,]  that 
is,  enter  an  enemy's  territories,  and  rapture  the 
goods  and  persons  of  the  enemy,  in  return  for  gonds 
or  persons  taken  by  him. 

4.  The  act  of  retorting  on  an  enemy  by  inflicting 
suffering  or  death  on  a  prisoner  taken  from  him,  in 
retaliation  of  an  act  of  inhumanity.  Vattd. 

RE-PKISE',  71.     [Fr.]    A  taking  by  way  of  retaliation. 

f  065.1  Dnjden. 

KE-PRTSE',  V.  t.    To  take  again.     [Obs.]     Spenser. 

2.  To  recompense  ;  to  pay.     [0&^.]  Grant. 

RE-PRTS'ING,  ppr.    Taking  again  ;  recompensing. 


REP 

RE-PRTZ'ES,  II.  pi.  In  /aio,  deductions  or  payments 
out  of  the  value  of  land  ;  as,  rent-charges  or  annui- 
ties. Braiide. 

RE-PRoACH',  v.  £.     [Fr.  rcprockcr;  It.  rintprocciare ; 
fiom  the  .same  root  as  approach,  and  Fr.  proche,  near, 
L.  prox,  in  prozimiLs,  from  a  root  in  Class  Brg,  signi- 
fying to  thrust  or  drive  ;  probably  1"»3.J 
J.  To  censure  in  term.-5  of  opprubrium  or  conlcnijit. 

Mfieiitiiia  with  hi«  anlor  warmcil 

Ilia  fnintiiiff  frii'iiits,  reproached  ihcir  ahiimrful  flight, 

KrpcUtd  tlic  victors.  Dryden. 

2.  To  charge  with  a  fault  in  severe  language. 

That  shnmc 
There  uit  not,  and  reproach  ua  ks  unc!o."vn.  MUton. 

3.  To  upbraid ;  to  suggest  blame  for  any  thing.  A 
man's  conscience  will  rcproaek  him  for  a  criminal, 
mean,  or  unworthy  action. 

4.  To  treat  with  scorn  or  contempt.     Lvlie  vi. 
RE-PRoACII',  n.     Censure  mingled  with  contempt 

or  derision ;  contumelious  or  oppnibrious  language 
toward  any  person;  abusive  reliections ;  as,  foul- 
mouthed  reproach.  S/'afc. 

2.  Shame;  infamy;  disgi-ace. 

Give  not  thine  heritage  to  reproach,  —  Jo .1  ii,     Ii.  iv. 

3.  Object  of  contempt,  scorn,  or  derision. 

Come,  nnd  let  us  buittl  iip  the  wall  of  Jcruoalcm,  Ihut  wo  may 
be  no  more  a  reproach.  —  Nch.  ii- 

4.  That  which  is  the  cause  of  shame  or  disgrace. 
Oen.  XXX. 

RE-PRoACII'A-BLE,  a.     Deserving  reproach. 

2.  Opprobrious;  scunilous.     [jiTot proper.]     Ebjot. 

RE-PRoACH'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  slate  of  being 
reproach  able. 

RE-PRoACII'A-BLY,  adr.  In  a  reproachable  man- 
ner. 

RE-PRoACH'£D,  (re-procht',)  pp.  Censured  in  terms 
of  contempt  ;  upbraided. 

RE-PRoACH'ER,  n.    One  who  reproaches. 

RE-PRoACH'FUL,  a.  Expressing  censure  with  con- 
tempt ;  scurrilous ;  oj)probrioU3 ;  iia,  reproaehfid 
words.  Shak. 

2.  Shameful;  bringing  or  casting  reproach;  infa- 
mous ;  base ;  vile ;  as,  reproachful  conduct  ;  a  rc- 
proachfid  life. 

RE-PR6aCH'FUL-LY,  adv.     In  terms  of  reproach; 
opprobriously ;  scuniloUh^ly.     1  l^iin.  v. 
2.  Shiunet'iillv  ;  disgracefully;  contemptuously, 

RE-PR6ACI1'ING,  ppr.  Censuring  in  terms  of  con- 
tempt i  upbiaiding. 

REP'RO-BaTE,  .7.  [L.  reprohatiis^  rrproho,  lo  disal- 
low ;  re  and  probo,  to  prove.] 

1.  Not  enduring  proof  or  trial ;  not  of  standard 
purity  or  fineness  ;  disallowed  ;  rejected. 

UcpTohale  silver  shall  men  c-»II  them,  because  Iho  ImtH  hath  re- 
jected them.  —  Jer.  vi, 

2.  Abandoned  in  sin  ;  lost  lo  virtue  or  grace. 

They  piofess  that  they  know  God,  bul  in  works  deny  him,  being 
abumifi-il'li;  and  tlisobcili:nt,  ami  lo  cvi-ry  goo;l  work  repro- 
bate.—Til.  i. 

3.  Abandoned  to  error,  or  in  apostasy. '  2  Tim.  iii. 
REP'RO-BaTE,  71.    A  person  abandcncd  to  sin  j  one 

lost  to  virtue  and  religion. 


I  acknowledge  myself  a  leprohate,   n. 


'iilaiii,  a  traitor  to  Ihc 
Ralesh. 


REP'RO-BaTE,  v.  t.  To  disapprove  with  detestation 
or  marks  of  extreme  dislike  ;  to  disallow  ;  to  reject. 
It  expresses  more  than  Disapprove  or  Disallow. 
We  disapprove  of  slight  faults  and  improprieties  ;  we 
reprobate  what  is  mean  or  criminal. 
9.  In  a  milder  sense,  to  disallow. 

Such  an  anawer  aa  lliis,  is  reprobated  «ud  disallowed  of  in  law. 

Aylije. 

3.  To  abandon  lo  wickedness  and  eternal  destruc- 
tion. JIammond. 

4.  To  abandon  lo  his  sentence,  without  hope  or 
pardon. 

Drive  him  out 
To  Tcprohated  exile.  SouOiern. 

REP'RO-Ba-TED,  pp.  or  a.  Disapproved  with  ab- 
horrence ;  rejected  ;  abandoned  to  wickedness  or  to 
destruction. 

REP'RO-BaTE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  repro- 
bate. 

REP'RO-Ba-TER,  7(.     One  that  reprobates. 

REP'RO-Ba-TING,  ppr.  Disapproving  with  extreme 
dislike;  rejecting;  abamhtning  lo  wickedness  or  to 
destruction. 

REP-RO-Ba'TIOM,  71.     [Fr.,  from  L.  reprolatio.] 

1.  The  act  of  disallowing  with  detestation,  or  of 
expressing  extreme  dislike. 

2.  The  act  of  abandoning,  or  stale  of  being  aban- 
doned to  eternal  destruction. 

When  a  sinner  is  so  hardened  ns  to  feel  no  rt^mor8C  or  misgiving 
of  conscience,  it  is  considered  as  a  sign  of  repnbation. 

Encyc. 

3.  A  condemnatory  sentence ;  rejection. 

S-^t  a  brand  of  reproUuion  on  dipt  pt-clry  and  Cilsc  coin. 

Drydcii. 

REP-RO-BS'TION-ER,  11.    One  wim  abandons  otliers 

to  eternal  destruction.  Suiith. 

RE-PRf)-D€CE',  v.  t.     [re  and  produce.]     To  produce 


RKP 

again  ;  to  renew  iIjc  production  of  a  thing  destroyed. 
Trees  are  reproduecd  Iry  new  shoots  from  the  roots  or 
stump  ;  and  certain  animals,  as  the  polype,  are  repro- 
duced from  cuttings.  Encyc. 
2.  Sometimes  used  for  Gknkrate. 

Rk-PRO-DOC'ED,  C-duste',)  pp.     Produced  anew. 

RkPRO-DuC'ER,  71.    One  or  that  %vhich  reproduces. 

Burke. 

Rk-PRO-DCC'ING,  ppr.    Producing  anew. 

Rii-PRfJ  DUC'TION,  71.  The  :!ft  or  process  of  repro- 
ducing that  which  has  been  destroyed  ;  as,  the  repro- 
ductluii  of  plants  or  animals  from  cuttings  or  slips. 
The  reproduetiun  of  several  parts  of  lobsters  and 
crabs  is  one  of  the  greatest  curiosities  in  natural  his- 
lory.  Encyc. 

2.  Smnetimes  used  for  Genf.hxtion.         Brande. 

RK-PRO-DUC'TIVE,     ;  a.     Pertaining  lo  or  used  in 

RK-PR0-DU€'T0-RY,  i      reproduction.  Lycll. 

Rk-PRO-MUL'G.aTH,  i-.  t.    To  promulyale  again. 

R£-PRO-MUL-Ga'T[ON,  ;(.    A  second  promulgation. 

RE-PROOF',  V.  [from  reprove.]  Blame  expressed  to 
the  face;  censure  for  a  fault;  reprehension. 

Those  besl  can  bear  r(7>rooy"  who  merit  praiae.  Pope. 

lie  that  bateth  rcjtroo/is  brutiBh.  —  Prov.  xii. 

2.  Blame  cast ;  censure  directed  lo  a  person. 

RE-PROV'A-BLE,  a.  [from  reprove.]  Worthy  of  re- 
proof; deserving  censure  ;  blamable.  Taylor. 

RE-PROV'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  reprova- 
blo. 

RE-PRO V'A-BLY,  adc.    In  a  reprovable  manner. 

RE-PROVE',  (re-proov',)  v.  t.  [Fr.  rcprouvcr ;  E.  re- 
probo  ;  re  and  probo,  to  prove.] 

1.  To  blame;  lo  censure 

I  will  not  reprove  thee  for  thy  sacrilkcB.  —  Ps,  1. 

2.  To  charge  with  a  fault  to  Ihe  face  ;  lo  chide ;  lo 
reprehend.    LuJcc  iii. 

3.  To  blame  for ;  with  of;  as,  to  reprove  one  of 
^laziness.  Carcic. 

4.  To  convince  of  a  fault,  or  to  make  it  manifest. 
Jok7i  xvi. 

5.  To  refute  ;  to  disprove.     [JVot  in  use.]     Skak. 
().  To  excite  a  sense  of  guilt.    The  heart  or  con- 
science reproves  us. 

7.  To  manifest  silent  disapprobation  or  blame. 

The  vicious  can  not  bear  the  prcseurw  of  Ihc  good,  whose  v^ry 
looks  reprove  Iham.  and  whose  life  is  a  scvew,  though  sil- ni 
admonition.  Backmmstcr. 

RE-PRoV'£D,  (re-proovd',)  p2).  Blamed  ;  reprehend- 
ed ;  convinced  of  a  fault. 

RE-PROV'ER,  71.  One  that  reproves  ;  he  or  Ihal 
which  blames.    Conscience  is  a  bold  rqtrover. 

South. 

RE-PROVING,  ppr.    Blaming  ;  censuring. 

RE-PROVING-LY,  adv.     In  a  reproving  manner. 

Ric-PRuNE',  V.  t.  [re  and  prtine.]  To  prune  a  .sec- 
ond tinie.  Kvrhjn. 

Rk-PRuN'-EU,  pp.     Pruned  a  second  lime. 

Re-PRuN'ING,  p]ir.     Pruning  a  second  time. 

REP-Ta'TION,  v.  [h.  reptatio.]  Tlje  act  of  creep- 
ing or  eia\yling.  Brande, 

REF'TILE,  (rcp'til,)  a.  [Fr.,  from  T..  TeplHis,  from 
repd,  to  creej),  Gr.  eprroj;  It.  rettile;  Sp.  rcptil.  (?ee 
Creep.)  The  primary  sense  is  probably  to  7-nb  or 
scrape,  or  to  seize.] 

1.  Creeping;  moving  on  the  belly,  or  with  small 
feet. 

2.  Groveling;  low;  vulgar;  as,  a  reptile  race  or 
crew  ;  reptile  vices.  Burke. 

REP'TILE,  It.  An  animal  that  moves  on  its  belly,  or 
by  means  of  small,  short  legs,  as  snakes,  lizard,;, 
tortoises,  and  the  like. 

In  zoology^  the  reptiles,  or  rcptil'ia,  constitute  a  el.iss 
or  order,  including  all  sucli  animals  as  are  cold- 
blooded, vertebrated,  and  breathe  air  ;  as  tortoises, 
lizards,  frogs,  etc.  Bell  has  separated  the  batrachi- 
ans  from  this  class,  and  arran;ics  iliem  under  the  ds- 
noniination  of  Jli.iphibia,  because  they  breathe  water 
in  the  tadi)ole  stale. 

2.  A  groveling  or  very  mean  person  ;  a  term  of 
contempt. 

REP-TIL'1-AN,  a.  Belonging  to  the  Replilia,  or  np- 
tiles.  LyclL 

REP-TIL'I-AN,  n.  An  animal  of  the  order  Reptilia; 
a  reptile.  I/yell. 

RE-PUB'Lie,  }t.  [L.  respublica ;  res  and  puhlica ;  pub- 
lic affairs.] 

1.  A  commonwealth ;  a  state  in  which  the  exer- 
cise of  the  sovereign  power  is  lodged  in  repre:-eTita- 
tives  elected  by  the  people.  In  modern  usage,  it 
differs  from  a  democracy  ur  democratic  slate,  in 
wliich  the  people  exercise  the  powers  of  sovoreii^nty 
in  person.  Yet  the  democracies  of  Greece  are  often 
called  republics. 

2.  Common  interest;  the  public.     [JVoi  in  u.^c.] 

B.  ./onson. 

Republic  of  letters;  the  collective  body  of  literary  or 
learned  men. 
RE-PUB'LIC-AN,  a.     Pertaining  to  a  republic;  con- 
sisting of  a  commonwealth  ;  as,  a  republican  coihti- 
tution  or  government. 

2.  Consonant  to  the  principles  of  a  republic ;  as, 
republican  sentiments  or  opinions  ;  republican  man- 
ners. 


FaTE,  far,  fall,  WH^T.  — MeTE,  prey.  — pine,  marine,  bird.  — Note,  dove,  move,  WOLF,  BOOK.. 


REP 

RE-PUB'Lie-AN,  V.    One  who  favors  or  prefers  a 

republican  form  of  uuvprnmeiit. 
RE-PUB'Lie-AN-l?.\I,  ji.    A  republican  form  or  sys- 
tem of  governnienl. 
2.  Attachment  to  a  republican  form  of  government. 

Burke. 
RE-Pt7B'Lr€-AN-IZE,  r.  U    To  convert  to  republican 
principles  ;  as,  to  repubUcaniie  the  rising  jjeneration. 

Ramsay, 
RK-PUB-Lie-A'TION,  n.     [re  and  publication.] 

1.  A  second  publication,  or  a  new  publication  of 
somelhina:  before  published. 

2.  A  second  publication,  as  of  a  former  will ;  re- 
newal. 

If  there  be  many  trat-imeuta,  the  last  ovorlhrows  all  tlie  former ; 
but  the  repubHaidon  of  »  former  will  revok*^  one  of  a  Iixtcr 
dnte,  nudf  establishes  the  fiisl.  iHackstoiie. 

RE-PUB'LTSir,  V.  t.     [re  and  publish.!    To  publish  a 
second  time,  or  to  publish  a  new  etlition  of  a  work 
before  published. 
9.  To  publish  anew. 

Unless,  sutsequciil  to  tlie  purchase  or  conlmct,  the  devisor  repub- 
lishes hb  will.  iJtacicsione. 

RE  PUB'LISH  j:D,  (lisht,)  p;;.    Published  anew. 
RE-PUB'LISH-ER,  n.    One  who  republishes. 
RE-PUB'LIS!l-[\G,  ppr.     Publishing  again. 
RK-Pu'DI-A-BLE,  a.     [from    repudiiUc.]     'J'hat   may 

be  rejected  ;  f.t  or  proper  to  be  put  away. 
RE-Pu'DI-aTE,  v.  t.     [Fr.  rcpudier ;    h.   reputUo ;  re 

and  one  of  the  roots  in  Class  Bd,  which  signifies  to 

send  or  thrust.] 

1.  To  cast  away  ;  to  reject ;  to  discard. 

ifh?ists  —  repiuUate  nil  titie  to  the  I(iiigv!oin  of  hcaveu.  Beiillerj, 

2.  To  refuse  any  longer  to  acknowledge ;  to  dis- 
claim ;  as,  the  state  has  repndiaUd  its  debts.  [Re- 
cent.'] 

3.  Appropriatehj^  to  put  away;  to  divorce;  as  a 
wife. 

RE-PO'DI-.'i-TED,  pp.     Cast  off;  rejected  ;  discarded  ; 

di.sclaimed  ;  divorced. 
RC-Pu'Dl-A-TING,  pi/r.    Casting  off;  rejecting;  dis- 

claimins;  divorcing. 
RE-PU-Di-A'TIOX,  n,     [Fr.,  from  L.  repudialh.] 

1.  Rejection;  the  act  of  disclaiming;  as,  the  re- 
ptuliation  of  a  doctrine. 

2.  The  refus.al  on  the  part  of  a  stale  or  government 
lo  pay  its  debts.  [Recent.] 

3.  Divorce  j  as,  the  repudiation  of  a  wife. 

jlrbuthnot. 
RE-PU'DI-A-TOR,  Tt.    Dm;  that  repudiates. 
RE-PuGiV,  (re-pune',)  v.  t.    [L.  repugno  ;  re  and  pug- 
no.] 
To  oppose  ;  lo  resist.    [J^''ot.  iwcrf.]  Eli/ot. 

RE-PUG'\AN'CE,    )    n.     [Fr.    rvptifrnaTice ;    It,  rip n- 
RE-PUG'XAN-CY,  i      gnanza  ;  L.  repngnaniia,  from 
repugno,  to  resist;  re  and  pugno,  to  fight.] 

l.'Opposition  of  mind;  relurtatice ;  unwilling- 
ness. Shak.     Dnjdai. 

2,  Opposition  or  struggle  of  passions  j  resistance. 

South. 

3.  Opposition  of  principles  or  qualities ;  inconsist- 
ency;  contrariety. 

But  whore  rlifitrciice  is  without  repugnaney,  tliat  which  Ivilh  been 
cjn  he  iio  prpjudicc  to  that  which  is.  Hooker. 

RE  PUG'NANT,  a.     [Fr.,  from  L.  rcpngnans.] 

J.  Opposite;  contrary-;  inconsistent;  pro]>erIy  fol- 

owed  by  to.     Every  sin  is  repugnant  to  the  will  of 

God.    Every  thing  morally  wrong  is  repugnant  both 

to  the  honor,  as  well  as  to  the  interest  of  the  offender. 

2.  Disobedient ;  not  obsequious.     [.Vy£  in  use.] 

Shah. 
RE-PUG'NANT-LY,  adv.    With  opposition ;  in  con- 
Triiliction.  Broken. 

■      I'T^G'NaTE,  v.  t.    To  oppose  ;  to  fight  against. 
j;..  I'IjL'LU-LaTE,  r.  i.     [h.  re  and  pnllulo,  to  bud.] 

To  bud  a^ain.  ffozcell. 

RE-PUL-LU-La'TION,  71.    The  act  of  budding  again. 
RE-Pt'LSE',  (re-puls',)  71,    [L.  repulsa,  from  rcpello; 
re  and  pello,  lo  drive.] 

1.  A  being  checked  in  advancing,  or  driven  back 
by  force.    Tlie  enemy  met  with  repulse  and  retreated. 

2.  Refusal;  denial.  Bailey. 
RE-PULSE',  (re-puls',)  v.  t.     [L.  repnlsxu^,  repello.] 

To  repel ;  to  beat  or  drive  back  ;  as,  to  repulse  an 
ai;sailant  or  advancing  enemy.    Knowlcs.     jMilton. 
RE-PULS'£D,  (re-piil3t',) ;?;).    Repelled;  driven  back. 
RE-PULS'ER,  n.    One  that  repulses  or  drives  back. 

Sherwood. 
RE-PUX.S'I\G,  ppr.    Driving  back. 
RE-PUL'SION,    (re-pu!'shun,)  h.      In   pliusics,    that 
power  by  which  bodies,  or  the  particles  of  bodies,  are 
made  to  recede  Irom  each  other.  P.  Cyc. 

9.  The  act  of  repelling. 
,  RE-PULS'IVE,  a.    Repellins  ;  driving  off,  or  keeping 
from  approach.    The  repulsive  power  of  the  electric 
fluid  is  remarkable. 

2.  Cold;  reserved;  forbidding;  as,  rcyjK/siue  man- 
ners. 

i   RE-PULS'rVE-LY,  ode.     By  repul^^ing. 
'    RE-PULS'IVE-NESS,  n.     The  quality  of   being   re- 
pulsive or  forbidding. 
RE-PULSE'LESS,  a.    That  can  not  be  repelled. 
'  RE-PULS'O-RY,  a.    Repulsive  ;  driving  back. 


REQ 

Rk-PUR'CHASE,  v.  t.  [re  and  purcluu^e.]  To  buy 
again;  lu  buy  back;  to  regain  by  purchase  or  ex- 
pense.  Ifale, 

RE-PUR'CHASE,  n.  The  act  of  buying  again;  the 
purchase  again  of  what  has  been  sold. 

RE-PUR'CIlAS-i:D,  (-pur'chast,)  pp.  Bought  back  or 
again  ;  regained  by  expense  ;  as.  a  throne  repurchas- 
ed with  the  blood  of  enemies.  Skak. 

RK-PUR'CIIAS-ING,  ppr.  Buying  back  or  again; 
regaining  by  the  payment  of  a  price. 

REP'Q-T.^-BLE,  a.  [from  repute.]  Being  in  good  re- 
pute ;  held  in  esteem;  as,  a  reputable  man  or  char- 
acter ;  reputable  conduct.  It  expresses  loss  than 
respectable  and  honorable^  denoting  the  good  opinion 
of  men,  without  distinction  or  great  qualities. 

2.  Consistent  with  reputation;  not  mean  or  dis- 
graceful. It  is  evidence  of  extreme  depravity  that 
vice  is  in  any  case  reputable. 

hi  tlic  article  of  ilan^r,  it  is  as  reputelie  to  elude  an  enemy  aa 
to  defeat  one.  Uroome. 

REP'U-TA-BLE-NESS,  n.  Tlie  quality  of  being  rep- 
utable. 

REP'^-TA-BLY,  tide.  Witli  reputation  ;  without  dis- 
grace or  discredit ;  as,  to  fill  an  olhce  reputably. 

REP-IJ-Ta'TION,  h.     [Fr.,  from  L.  reputulio.] 

1.  Good  name  ;  the  credit,  isunor,  or  character 
which  is  derived  from  a  favorable  public  O[)inion  or 
esteem.  Reputation  is  a  valuable  species  of  property 
or  right,  which  should  never  be  violated.  With  the 
loss  of  rcpututioHy  a  man,  and  especially  a  woman, 
loses  most  of  the  enjoyments  of  life. 

Tlie  best  evidt^iicc  of  reputation  is  a  man's  whuU;  life.     .■Xmes, 

2.  Character  by  report ;  in  a  good  or  bad  sense ; 
as,  a  man  has  the  reputation  of  being  ricli  or  poor,  or 
of  being  a  tliief.  .Addison. 

RE-Pu'TA-TIVE-LY,  adv.    By  repute. 
RE-PuTE',  v.  t.     [L.   rcputoi  re  and  piUo,  lo  lliink  ; 
Fr.  reputer.] 
To  think ;  to  account ;  to  hold  ;  to  reckon. 

The  kin  J  w.is  reputed  a  prince  roost  prudent.  Sfiak. 

Wherefore  aie  we  countetl  as  L>easls,  and  reputed  vile  in  your 
sight  ?  —  Job  xifiii. 

RE-PuTE',  «.  Reputation  ;  good  character  ;  the  credit 
or  honor  derived  from  conunon  or  public  opinion ; 
as,  men  of  repute. 

2.  Character ;  in  a  bad  sense ;  as,  a  man  held  in 
bad  repute. 

3.  Established  opinion  ;  as,  upheld  by  old  repute. 

Miltun. 

RE-PiJT'ED,p;».  or  a.     Reckoned  ;  accounted. 

RE-PuT'ED-LY,  adv.  In  common  opinion  or  estima- 
tion. BarroiB, 

RE  POTE'LESS,  a.     Disreputable;  disgraceful.   Shale. 

IlE-PuT'IXG,  ppr.  Tiiinking;  reckoning;  account- 
ing. 

RE-QUEST',  (re-kwest',)  u.  [Fr.  requite  ;  L.  requisi- 
tus,  requiro  :  re  and  qutrro,  lo  seek  ;  It.  richiesta  ;  Sp. 
rei/uesta.     See  Q.l'est,  Uuestion.] 

1.  The  expression  of  desire  to  some  person  for 
something  to  be  granted  or  done ;  an  asking  ;  a  peti- 
tion. 

Hanian  stood  up  lo  ni;ikc  request  for  his  life  lo  E^ihet  the  queen. 

—  Kstli.  vii. 

9.  Prayer;  the  expression  of  desire  to  a  superior 
or  to  tlie.\lmighty.     Phil.  iv. 

3.  'I'he  thing  asked  for  or  requested. 

1  will  both  lieor  .ind  rrant  you  your  requests.  Shak. 

Ho  gave  lliem  their  rtqiieit,  but  aciil  leanness  into  tlicir  soois. 

—  Ps.  cvi. 

4.  A  state  of  being  desired  or  held  in  such  estima- 
tion as  to  be  sought  after  or  pursued. 

Knowledge  and  fame  were  in  as  grcut  rCffuest  .is  wealth  amonj 
113  now.  Temple. 

fit  request ;  in  demand  ;  in  credit  or  reputation. 

Coriolanus  bein;^  now  in  no  request,  Shak. 

Request  expresses  less  earnestness  tlian  entreaty  and 
supplication  J  and  sup|ioses  a  right  in  the  person  re- 
quested to  deny  or  refuse  to  ^r.mt.  In  tliis  it  diffei-s 
from  demand. 

Court  of  Reqjiests  i  in  England^  a  court  of  equity  for 
the  relief  of  such  person.s  as  addressed  his  majesty 
by  supplication  ;  abjiished  by  stat.  IG  and  17  Car. 
I.    It  was  inferior  to  the  Court  of  Chancery.  Brande. 

2.  A  local  tribunal,  sometimes  called  a  Court  of 
Conscience,  founded  by  act  of  parliament  to  facilitate 
the  recovery  of  small  debts  from  any  inhabitant  or 
trader  in  the  district  defined  by  the  act.        P.  Cyc. 

RE-UUEST',  V.  t.     [Fr.  requitcr.] 

1.  To  ask  ;  to  solicit ;  to  express  desire  for. 

The  weight  of  the  goMcn  Citr-rings  which  he  requeued,  was  a 
tlioiLiand  and  seven  hundied  shekels  of  gold.  — Jud^s  viii, 

2.  To  express  desire  to;  to  ask.  We  requested  a 
friend  to  acrompany  us. 

RE-QUEST'ED,  pp.     Asked  ;  desired  ;  solicited. 
RE  QUEST'ER,  n.    One  who  requests  ;  a  petitioner. 
RE-QUEST'ING,  ppr.    .Asking  ;  petitioning. 
RE-aUICK'£N,  V.  t.     [re  and  quidien.]     To  reani- 
mate ;  to  give  new  life  to.  Sftak* 
RE-aUICK'-EN--ED,  pp.    Reanimated. 
RE-UUICK' £N-ING,  ppn    Reanimating;  invigorat- 


RER 

RK'UUI-EM,  n.  [L.]  In  Me  Rnmaa  CaUwltc  church, 
a  hymn  or  im;uss  sung  for  the  dead,  for  the  re.>t  of  his 
soul ;  so  called  from  the  first  word.  P.  Cyc. 

2.  A  grand  musical  composition,  performed  in 
lionor  of  some  deceased  person.  Brande. 

3.  Rest;  quiet;  peace.     [J^ut  in  use.]        Sandys. 
RE-aUT'E-TU-RY,  n.     [Low  L.  repiiOorium.] 

A  sepulchre.     [JVot  in  use.]  Wcever. 

RE^aUIN,  rt.     [Fr.]    The  French  name  of  the  while 

shark,  Carcharias  vulgaris.  Jardine's  A'cf.  Lib. 

RE-aUfR'A-BLE,  a.     [from  require.]    'i'hal  may  be 

retpiired  ;  fit  or  proper  to  be  demanded.  HaU. 

RE-U LITRE',  V.  t,     [E.  requiro;  re  and  quisro^  to  seek; 

Fr.  and  Sp.  rcquerir.    See  Querv.] 

1.  'J'o  demand ;  to  ask,  aa  of  right  and  by  author- 
ity. We  require  a  person  to  do  a  thing,  and  we  re- 
quire a  thing  to  be  done. 

Why,  then,  doth  luy  lunl  require  Uib  tiling  ?  —  1  Cfiron.  ix'u 

2.  To  claim ;  to  render  necessary ;  as  a  duly  or 
any  thing  indi:5pensable ;  as,  the  law  of  God  requires 
strict  obedience. 

3.  To  ask  as  a  favor ;  lo  request. 

I  was  oshanicil  to  require  of  the  kin^  a  band  of  s-ildion  nit  1 
horsemen  to  help  na  against  the  encjoy  in  the  way.  —  Kin 
viii. 

[In  Viis  sense,  the  word  Li  rarely  used.] 

4.  To  call  to  account  for. 

I  will  require  my  flock  at  tltcir  luml.  —  EzkV.  xxx'iv, 

5.  To  make  necessary ;  lo  need  ;  tu  demand. 

Th"  king's  huaiifiii  required  liatte'.  —  I  Sam.  ixi. 

G.  To  avenge;  to  take  satisfaction  for     1  Sajn.xz. 
RE-aUIR'7^D,  pp.  or  a.    Demanded  ;  needed  ;  neces- 
sary. 
BE-UUIRE'MEiNT,  n.    Demand;  requisition. 

Scutt.     Chnimrrs. 

This  ruler  was  one  of  tliose  t.Iio  Wiev«  tint  they  can  X'.'.X  op 
every  requirement  conUuu<:d  in  the  rule  of  nghtrouuim. 
J.  M.  Magon. 

The  Briitol  wat^r  is  of  service  where  the  sceretions  excw«l  ihe 
requirements  of  health.  f  mnyf. 

RE-QUTR'ER,  ii.     One  who  requires. 

RE-CiUTR'l \G,  p7>r.     Demanding;  needing, 

REQ,'UI-SITE,  (rek'we-zit,)  a.  [E.  rcquisitiLt,  from 
requiro.] 

Refpnred  by  the  nature  of  things  lu'  by  circum- 
stances ;  necessary" ;  so  needful  that  it  can  not  be 
dispensed  witli.  Repentance  and  faith  are  requisite 
to  salvation  ;  air  is  requisite  to  support  life;  heat  is 
requisite  to  vegetation. 

REU'UI-SITE,  (rek'we-zil,)  7t.  That  which  is  neces- 
sary ;  something  indispensable.  Contentment  is  a 
requisite  to  a  happy  life. 

God,  on  his  part,  h:\3  declared  llie  requistUa  oti  oun;  '.vhalwe 
must  do  to  obtain  blessings,  is  the  great  business  of  »«  all  lo 
kn>iW.  H-cie. 

REa'UI-SITE-LY,  (rek'we-zit-le,)  adv.    Necessarily; 

in  a  requisite  manner.  Boyle. 

REa'UI-SlTE-NESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  requisite 

or  necessarv  ;  necessity.  Boyle. 

REa-UI-Sr'TION,  (rek-we-zish'un,)   n.     [Fr.  ;    II. 

retjiiisizione.     See  Require.] 

1.  Demand  ;  apphcation  made  as  of  right  Under 
the  old  confederation  of  the  American  States,  con- 
gress often  made  requisitions  on  ihe  States  for  money 
to  supply  liie  treasury  ;  but  they  had  no  power  to  en- 
force their  requisitions,  ami  the  Slates  neglected  or 
partially  complied  with  them.  Hamilton. 

2.  .\  written  call  or  in\itution  ;  as,  a  requisition  for 
a  public  meeting.     [Eng.] 

RE-QUIS'I-TIVE,  a.  Expressing  or  implying  de- 
mand. Harris. 

RE-aUIS'I  TORY,  a.  Sought  for;  demantled.  [Lit- 
tle used.] 

RE-QUI'T.^L,  w.     [from  requiu.]     Return  for  any 
office,  good  or  bad  ;  in  a  good  sense,  compensation  ; 
recompense;  as,  the  requital  of  services ;  in 
sense,  retaliation  or  punishment ;  as,  the  reqia' 
evil  deeds. 
2.  Return  ;  reciprocal  action. 

No  merit  their  aversion  can  remove, 

Nor  iU  requital  can  efface  dieir  love.  U'ailer. 

RE-QUITE',  r.  (.  [from  giiit,  L.  cedo ;  Ir.  cuitighim, 
to  requite;  cuiteach,  recompense.! 

1.  To  repay  either  good  or  evil ;  in  a  good  sense,  to 
recompense  ;  to  return  an  equivalent  in  good  ;  to  re- 
ward. 

!  also  will  requite  you  tliis  kindness.  —  2  Sam.  ii.     1  Tim.  r. 

In  a  bad  sense,  to  retaliate  ;  to  return  evil  for  evil ; 
to  punish. 

Joseph  will  certainly  requite  us  all  tha  evil  which  v.e  did  to  h-.M. 
—  Gen.  I. 

2.  To  do  or  give  in  return. 

He  hatli  requited  mp  evil  for  good.  —  I  Snm.  xxv. 

RE-QUIT'ED,pp.    Repaid  ;  recompensed  ;  rewarded. 

RE-QUIT'ER,  ".     One  who  reqiiiles, 

RE-QUIT'IXG,  ppr.  Recompansing  ;  rewarding;  giv- 
ing in  return. 

ReRE'FIf.F,  71.  A  fief  held  of  a  superior  feiid-itorj^ ; 
an  under  fief,  held  by  an  under  tenant. 

Blackstone. 


TuXE,  BULL,  UNITE.— AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS €  as  K ;  <5  as  J  ;   S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

._ -  t^y- 


RES 

ReRE'-MOL"SE,  rt.     [Sax.  lircrcmus.] 

A  hat.     [See  Rear-.Mouse.} 
Rk-RE-SOLVK',  1'.  t.    To  resolve  a  second  time. 
Rk-RK-SOLV'£;D, pp.     Resolved  a  second  time. 
ReRE'WARD,  h.      [rfiir  and  zcard.]     Tiic  part  of  an 
army  tliat  uiarclies  in  tlis  rear,  as  the  guard  ;  the 
rearguard.    JVam.  x.    Is.  hi. 

[The  latter  orOw^-aphij  w  to  be  preferred,^ 
RE-SaFL',  v.  t.  or  i.    [re  and  sail.]    To  sail  back. 

Pope. 
Re-SAFL'ED,  pp.    Sailed  back. 
Rk-SaIL'ING,  ppr.    Sailing  back. 
RE-SaLE',  n.     {re  and  sale.]    A  sale  at  second  hand. 

Bacoi. 
2.  A  second  sale ;  a  sale  of  what  was  before  sold 
to  the  possessor. 
RE-SA-LuTE',  r.  t.     [L.  resabito;  re  and  sal ato,  lo 
salute  ;  Fr.  re^saUcr.] 

1.  To  salute  or  greet  anew.  Milton. 

2.  To  rrturn  a  salutation. 
RE-SA-LuT'ED,  pp.     Saluted  asain. 
RE-SA-LCT'ING,  ppr.     Salutin-;  anew. 
RE-SCIND',  v.  t.     [L.  rc^ciudu  ;  re  and  scindo,  to  cut  j 

Fr.  reseinder.] 

1.  To  abrogate ;  to  revoke  ;  to  annul  ;  to  vacate 
an  act  by  the  enacting  authority  or  by  superior  au- 
thority ;  as,  to  rcscitid  a  law,  a  resolution,  or  a  vole  j 
to  rescind  an   edict  or  decree  5    to   rescind  a   judg- 
ment. 
9.  To  cut  off.     [J^ot  lufed.] 
RE-SCIND'ED,  pp.    Abrogated  ;  revoked  ;  annulled. 
RE-SCIND'INO,  ppr.     Abrogating  ;    revoking  ;  an- 

nulhng. 
RE-SCIS'SION,  (rc-sizli'nn,)  n.     [Fr.  rescision^  from 
L.  rcscissiLS.] 

1.  The  act  of  abrogating,  annulling,  or  vacating  ; 
as,  the  rescission  of  a  "aw,  decree,  or  judgment. 
9.  A  cutting  off. 
RE-SCIS'SO-RY,  (-siz  Ko-re,)  a.     [Fr.  rescisoire.] 

Having  power  to  cut  off  or  to  abrogate.     Seldev. 
RES'€Oi:S,^  (res'kus,)  h.    In  Imc.     [i^ee  Rescue.] 
RE-S€RIBE',  V.  t.      [h.  rescribo ;    re  and  scrlboj  to 
writej 

1.  To  write  back.  -^ijliffe. 

_  9.  To  urile  over  again.  Howell. 

Re'SGRIPT,  7i.     [L.  rc^criptiim,  rescribo.] 

1.  In  Roman  antiqnity^  the  answer  ol  an  emperor, 
when  consulted  by  particular  persons  on  some  dif- 
ficult question.  This  answer  served  as  a  decision  of 
tlie  question,  and  might  therefore,  as  a  precedent, 
gradually  obtain  the  force  of  an  edict  or  law.    Hence, 

2.  An  edict  or  decree.  Smith's  JDiu. 
RE-SeRIP'TIO.\,  n.    A  writing  back  j  the  answering 

of  a  letter.  Lovcdatj. 

RE-SeRIPT'IVE-LY,  adv.    By  rescript.     [UnusmL] 

Rurke. 

EES'eU-A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  rescued.    Qayton. 

RES'eOE,  (res'ku,)  v.  t.  [Norm,  reseure^lo  rescue; 
reseous,  retaken,  rescued,  relieved  ;  Fr.  recoun-e,  re- 
ctus ;  qu.  from  recouvrcry  to  recover.  The  Italian 
riscaliare,  Sp.  rescatur^  Port,  rcs^ratar,  tO  redeem,  to 
rescue^  is  compoundi'd  of  re  and  cattare,  to  get.  The 
Fr.  recous  is  evidently  the  It.  rUccssa,  recovery,  j-i.>- 
cosso,  recovered,  from  riscnotcre,  to  redeem,  ransom, 
regain,  escape,  exact,  or  recover,  contracted,  in  Fr. 
reconrre,  from  ri  or  re  and  It.  scaoti-rc,  to  shake  ; 
seossa,  a  shaking;  L.  re  and  quutic] 

To  free  or  deliver  from  any  confinement,  violence, 
danger,  or  evil ;  to  liberate  from  actual  restraint,  or 
to  remove  or  withdraw  from  a  state  of  exposure  to 
evil ;  as,  to  rescue  a  prisoner  froui  au  officer  ;  to  res- 
cue seamen  from  destruction  by  shipwreck. 

So  Uie  people  rescued  Jonathan,  Uiat  he  died  not.  —  I  Sain.  xiv. 

XXX.       Ps.  XXXV. 

CatUc  IaI;«u  by  distrcsa,  contrary  to  law,  m-iy  be  rescued  by  the 
owner,  while  on  their  way  to  (he  pounti,  Blacksione. 

Estimate  the  value  of  one  boiiI  readied  from  e(ern\l  ^nilt  and 
R^ony,  and  dostiriud  to  jrow  I'orever  in  tiie  hnowbd^e  and 
likeness  of  God.  ^1,  DicJcinson. 

RES'eOE,  n.  [See  the  verb.]  Deliverance  from  re- 
straint, violence,  or  danger,  by  force,  or  by  the  inter- 
ference of  an  agent. 

9.  In  law,re;,^cue,  or  rescous;  The  forcible  retaking 
of  a  lawful  distress  from  the  distrainor,  or  from  the 
custody  of  thf-  law  ;  also,  the  forcible  liberation  of  a 
defendant  from  the  custody  of  the  officer,  in  which 
cases  the  remedy  is  by  terit  of  rescous.  But  when 
the  distress  is  unlawfully  taken,  the  owner  may  law- 
fully make  rescue. 

The  reacue  of  r  prisoner  from  ihe  court,  is  punished  iv-ith  per- 
petual iinpriionmenl  and  forlL-iture  of  gooiis.    BlacksUiJie. 

RES'GU-ED,  (res'kude,)  pp.  or  a.  Delivered  from  con- 
finement or  danger  ;  or  forcibly  taken  from  the  cus- 
tody of  the  law. 

RES'CU-ER,  n.    One  that  rescues  or  retakes.    KcTit. 

RES'eU-ING,  p;)?-.  Liberating  from  restraint  or  dan- 
ger ;  forcibly  taking  from  the  custody  of  the  law. 

RE-.SEARCH',  (re-serch',)  n.     [Fr. rechorchc.'] 

Diligent  inquirj-  or  examination  in  seeking  facts  or 
principles  ;  laborious  or  continued  search  after  tnith  ; 
as,  resejirches  of  human  wisdom.  Rotters. 

RE-SEARCH',  (re-serch',)  v.  U  [Fr.  recfiercher;  re 
and  chercher.] 


RES 

I.  To  search  or  examine  with  continued  care;  to 
seek  diligently  for  the  truth. 

Il  k  not  cAsy  lo  resrarch,  with  dua  (Ijatinction,  in  Oie  nctions  of 
eminent  personn^es,  both  how  much  may  have  been  blem- 
iahL'd  by  the  envy  of  others,  and  whiU  was  corrupted  by  their 
own  ftlicity.     {t/nusual.]  H'oUon. 

9,  To  search  again  ;  to  c\amino  anew. 
RE-.SEARCH'ER,  (re-serch'er,)  n.  One  who  diligently 

inquires  or  e\amineg. 
RE  .SE.VRC'H'ING,  ppr.    Examining  with  continued 

care^ 
Re-SeAT',  v.  t.     [re  and  seat.]    To  seat  or  set  again. 
Re-Sf.AT'ED,  pp.     Seated  again.  [Dnjdcn. 

Re-SeAT'ING,  ppr.    Seating  again. 
RE-SEG'TIOX,  «.     [L.  rcsectio,  reseco.] 

The  act  of  cutting  or  paring  off.  Cotgrave. 

Re-SEEK',  v.  U  i  pret.  and  pp.  Resouoht.  [re  and 
seek.] 

To  seek  again.  J.  Barlow. 

RE-SeIZE',  (-seez',)  v.  t.  [re  and  seize]  To  seize 
again  ;  to  seize  a  second  time.  Spenser. 

9.  In  ?a?p,  to  take  possession  of  lands  and  tene- 
ments which  have  been  disseized. 

Whereupon  the  shcnCf  is  commanded  to  reseize  the  kind  and  idl 
the  chrUlels  thereon,  and  keep  the  sume  in  his  custody  till  the 
arrival  of  th?  justices  of  assize.  BlackeUme. 

RE-SeTZ'ED,;!?'    Seized  again. 
Re-SeTZ'ER,  71.    One  who  seizes  again. 
Re-SeTZ'ING,  ppr.    Seizing  again. 
Re-Sk1Z'TTRE,  (re-sSzh'yur,)  n.    A  second  seizure; 

tlie  act  of  seizing  again.  Bacon. 

Re-SELL',  v.  t.     To  sell  again  ;  to  sell  what  has  been 

bought  or  sold.  fVheaton,  v.  4. 

Re-SELL'IXG,  ppr.    Selling  again. 
RE-SE.\I'BL.\-BL.E,  a.     [See  Resemble.]    That  may 

be  compared.     [J^ot  in  use.]  ,  Qower. 

RE-SEM'BLANCE,  (re-zem'-j)  n.     [Fr.  resscinblance. 

See  Resemble.] 

1.  Likeness;  similitude,  either  of  external  form  or 
of  qualities.  We  observe  a  resemblance  between  per- 
sons, a  resemblance  in  shape,  a  resemblance  in  man- 
ners, a  resemblance  in  dispositions.  Painting  and 
poetry  bear  a  great  resemblance  to  each  other,  as  one 
object  of  both  is  to  please.  Dryden. 

2.  Something  similar  ;  similitude  ;  representation. 

Thi'se  srnsH.ie  (hlng-s  which  religion  hath  allowed,  are  resem- 

blcnres  (brmeu  accorvling  to  Uiin^  Bpiiitual,  Hooker. 

Fiiiri'st  resemblance  of  thy  Klalier  fair.  Millon. 

RE-SEM'BLE,  (re-zem'bl,)  v.  u  [Fr.  ressembler ;  It. 
rassembrare ;  Sp.  asemejar ;  Port,  assemelhar.  See 
Similar.] 

1.  To  have  the  likeness  of;  to  bear  the  similitude 
of  something,  eitlier  in  form,  figure,  or  qualities.  One 
man  may  resemble  another  in  features ;  he  may  resem- 
ble a  third  person  in  temper  or  deportment. 

Each  one  resembled  the  chOdreii  of  a  king.  — Judaea  viii. 

9.  To  liken  ;  to  compare ;  to  represent  as  like  some- 
thing else. 

The  torrid  parts  of  Africa  are  resembled  to  a,  libbard's  sk-in,  the 
disLince  of  whose  spots  represents  the  dispersed  situation  of 
the  habitations.  Brerewood. 

RE-SEM'BLED,7;^.    Likened  ;  compared. 

RE-SEM'BLING,  ppr.  Having  the  likeness  of;  liken- 
ing; comparing. 

RE-SEND',  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  Resent,  [re  and  sciid.] 
To  send  again  ;  to  send  back.    [JVoi  in  use.]    Shak. 

Rk-SENT',  pp.  of  Resend.    Sent  again. 

RE-SEi\T',  (re-zent',)  v.  t.  [Fr.  rcssentir,  to  perceive 
again,  to  have  a  deep  sense  of;  re  and  sentir^  lo  per- 
ceive, L.  sentio ;  It.  rtsejittre,  to  resent,  to  bear  again, 
to  resound  ;  Sp.  resentirse^  to  resent,  also,  to  begin  to 
give^vay  or  to  fail ;  rese/itimientOy  resentment,  a  tlaw 
or  crack.] 

Literally^  to  Iiave  a  corresponding  sentiment  or 
feeling,    llence, 

1.  To  take  well;  to  receive  with  satisfaction. 
[Obs.y  Bacon. 

9.  To  take  ill ;  to  consider  as  an  injury  or  affront ; 
to  be  in  some  degree  angry  or  provoked  at. 

Thou  wiUi  scorn 
And  angi?r  wouldst  resent  the  oR^:red  wron^.  Milton. 

RE-SENT'ED,  pp.    Taken  ill ;  being  in  some  measure 

angr>'  at. 
RE-SENT'ER,  n.  One  who  resents ;  one  that  feels  an 

injury  deeply.  JVoUon. 

2.  In  tlie  sense  of  one  that  takes  a  thing  well. 
[OA.s-.]  Barrow. 

RE-SENT'FIIL,  a.    Easily  provoked  to  anger ;  of  an 

irrilablf  tf^mper. 
RE-SEi\T'FUL-LY,  atlv.    With  resentment. 
RE-SENT'L\G,  ppr.    Taking  ill;  feeling  angry  at. 
RE-SENT'ING-LV,  adv.    With  a  sense  of  wrong  or 

affront ;  with  a  degree  of  anger. 
9.  With  deep  sense  or  strong  perception,    [Obs.] 

More. 
RE-$ENT'IVE,  a.  Easily  provoked  or  irritated  ;  quick 

to  feel  an  injury-  or  affront.  Thomson. 

RE-SENT'MENT,  ix.      [Fr.  ressenttment ;    It.  risenti- 

mento :  ^[i.  reseutimiento.] 

1.  The  excitement  of  passion  which  proceeds  from 

a  sense  of  wrong  offered  to  ourselves  or  to  those  who 

are  connected  with  us;  anger.    This  word  usually 

expresses  less  excitement  than  Anger,  though  it  is 


RES 


=1 


often  synonymous  with  it.  It  expresses  much  less  th;in 
^VR,\TI^,  Exasperation,  and  Indignation.  In  tins 
use,  resentment  is  not  the  sense  or  perception  of  inju- 
ry, but  the  cxcileuicnt  which  is  the  effect  of  it. 

Ciii  heavenly  mimU  such  liigh  resenlment  show  ?        Dryden. 
9.  Strong  perception  of  good.    [JSTot  in -use.]    Mure. 
RES-ER-Va'TION,  rt.     [fY,  from  L.  reservo.] 

1.  'J"he  act  of  reserving  or  keeping  back  or  in  the 
mind ;  reserve  ;  concealment  or  withholding  from 
disclosure  ;  as,  mental  reservation. 

2.  Something  withheld,  either  not  expressed  or 
disclosed,  or  not  given  up  or  brought  forward. 

Wi[h  reservation  of  a  hundred  kuighU.  Shak. 

In  the  United  States,  a  tract  of  the  public  land  re- 
served for  some  special  use,  as  for  schools,  tlie  use  of 
Indians,  &.c. 

3.  Custody ;  state  of  being  treasured  up  or  kept  in 
store.  Shuk. 

4.  In  law,  a  clause  or  part  of  an  instrument  by 
which  something  is  reserved,  not  conceded  or  grant- 
ed ;  also,  a  proviso. 

Mental  reservation,  is  the  withholding  or  failing  to 
disclose  something  that  atfects  a  statement,  promise, 
&;c.,  and  which,  if  disclosed,  would  materially  vary 
its  import. 

Menlcd  reservations  arc  the  refuge  of  hypocrites.  Enq/c. 

RE-SERV'.VTIVE,  a.     Keeping;  reserving. 

RE-SERV'A-TO-RV,  h.  [from  reserve.]  A  place  in 
which  things  are  reserved  or  kept.  Woodward. 

RE-SERVE',  (re-zerv',)  y.  (.  [Fr.  reserver  ;  L.  re^crco  ; 
re  and  servo,  to  keep.] 

1.  To  keep  in  store  for  future  or  other  use ;  to  with- 
hold from  present  use  for  another  purpose.  The 
farmer  sells  his  corn,  reserving  only  what  is  neces- 
sary for  his  family. 

Hast  thou   seen  the  treasures  of   hail,  which  1  have  reserved 
ag;unsl  the  day  of  Iroublef  —  Job  xxxviii. 

-     9.  To  keep  ;  to  hold  ;  to  retain. 

Will  he  reserve  his  anger  fcrever  ?  — Jer.  iii. 

3.  To  lay  up  and  keep  for  a  future  time.    9  Pet.  ii. 

lieserve  your  kind  looks  and  language  for  private  hoiir^.    Swift. 

RE-SERVE',  (re-zerv',)  n.  TJiat  which  is  kept  for 
other  or  future  use;  that  which  is  reuined  from  pres- 
ent use  or  disposal. 

The  virgins,  beside  the  oil  in  their  lamps,  carried  likewise  a  re- 
serve in  some  other  vessel  for  a  conlinuaj  supply.  TiUoleon. 

9.  Something  in  the  mind  withheld  from  disclos- 
ure. 

However  any  one  may  concur  in  the  geoeral  scheme,  it  is  still 
with  certain  reserves  and  deviations.  Addison. 

3.  Exception  ;  a  withholding. 

T»  knowledge  so  despised  ? 
Or  envy,  or  what  reserve  torUds  lo  taste  ?  MUlon. 

4.  Exception  in  favor. 

Each  has  some  divrling  lust,  which  pleads  fur  a  reserve. 

Roger  a. 

5.  Restraint  of  freedom  in  words  or  actions ;  back- 
wardness ;  caution  in  personal  behavior.  Reserve 
may  proceed  from  modesty,  bashfulness,  prudence, 
prudery,  or  sullenness. 

My  soul,  snrpriaed,  and  from  her  sex  disjomed, 

Left  all  reseroe,  aud  al!  tiie  sex  behind.  Prior. 

G.  In  law,  reservation. 

In  reserve  :  in  store  ;  in  keeping  for  other  or  future 
use.  He  lias  large  quantities  of  wheat  in  reserve. 
He  has  evidence  or  arguments  t?i  reserve. 

Body  of  reserve  ;  in  militnnj  affairs,  a  select  body 
of  troops  in  the  rear  of  an  army  drawn  up  for  battle, 
reserved  to  sustain  the  other  lines  as  occasion  may 
require  ;  a  body  of  troops  kept  for  an  exigency. 
RE-SERV'jED,  pp.  Kept  for  another  or  future  use ; 
retained. 

2.  a.  Restrained  from  freedom  in  words  or  actions ; 
backward  in  conversation  ;  not  free  or  frank. 

Walth. 
Dry  lien. 

RE-SERV'ED-LY,  ado.  With  reserve  ;  with  back- 
wardness ;  not  with  openness  or  frankness. 

IVoodward. 
9.  Scrunulously ;  cautiously;  coldly.  Pope. 

RE-SERV'ED-NESS,  71.  Closeness;  want  of  fnink- 
ness,  openness,  or  freedom.  A  man  may  guard  him- 
self by  that  silence  and  resercedness  which  every  one 
mav  itmocenlly  practice.  Soiuh. 

RE-SERVER,  v.     One  that  reserves. 

RE-SERVING,  ppr.  Kee|)ing  back  ;  keeping  for  other 
u^e,  or  for  use  at  a  future  time  ;  retaining. 

RES-ER-VOIR',  (rcz-er-vwor',)  71,  [Fr.]  A  place 
where  any  thing  is  kept  in  store,  particularhi  a  place 
where  water  is  collected  and  kept  for  use  when 
wanted,  as  to  supply  a  fountain,  a  canal,  or  a  city  by 
means  of  aqueducts,  or  to  drive  a  mill-wheel  and 
the  like  ;  a  cistern  ;  a  mill-pond  ;  a  basin. 

RE-SET',  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  Reset.  In  Scots  law,  to 
receive  stolen  goods. 

9.  To  set  over  again,  as  a  page  of  mailer  among 
printers. 

RE-SET',  n.  In  Scots  law,  the  receiving  of  stolen 
goods,  or  harboring  of  a  criminal.  Javiiesoit. 

2.  Among  prin/er:?,  matter  reset. 


To  all  obliainp:,  yet  reserved  to  r]\. 
Nothing  reserved  or  sullen  was  to  see. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.-5IKTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD. -NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK. - 

9<g 


I 


I 


t 


RES 

RE-SET'TER,  n  In  Scots  (ate,  a  receiver  of  stolen 
goods.  Boxwier. 

RE-SET'TLE,  r.  (,     [re  and  settle,]    To  ?!cttlc  agnm. 
9.  To  install,  as  a  minister  of  the  gospel.      [Simfc 

RE-SET'TLE,  e.  i.  To  settle  in  the  ministr>-  a  sec- 
ond time  ;  to  be  installed. 

RE-SET'TLED,  pp.    Settled  aaain  ;  installed. 

RE-SET'T1,E-.ME.NT,  n.  The  act  of  settling  or  com- 
posing again. 

Th'?  resetllernsnt  of  ir.y  discomposed  soul.  Nonis. 

a.  The  state  of  settling  or  subsiding  again  ;  as,  the 
resettletnent  of  lees.  Jfortimer. 

3.  A  second  settlement  in  the  ministrj'. 

RE-SET'TLI.\'G,  ppr.    Settling  agnin  ;  installing. 

RE-SHaPE',  v.  l    To  shape  again. 

RE-SHaP'£D,  (-shaju',)  pp.    Shaped  again. 

RE-SHaP'ING,  ppr.     Shaping  a  second  time. 

RE-SHIP',  r.  L  [re  and  ^hip.]  To  ship  again  ;  to 
ship  nhat  has  been  conveyed  by  water  or  imported  ; 
as  coifee  and  sugar  imported  into  New  York,  and 
reshipped  tor  Hamburg. 

RE-SHIP'.ME\T,  tj.    the  act  of  shipping  or  loading 
on  board  of  a  ship  a  second  time ;  the  shipping  for 
exportation  what  has  been  imported. 
9.  That  which  is  reshipped. 

RE-SHiPTiCD,  (re-shipt',) p;».    Shipped  again. 

RE-SHIP  PIXG,  jtpr.    Shipping  again. 

Re'SI-AXCE,  n.  [See  Resiant.]  Residence  ;  abode. 
£Ois.]  Bacon. 

E'SI-.AXT,  a.     [Norm.  r&nflTif,  resseant^  from  the  L. 
resideo.    See  Reside.] 
Resident  3  dwelling ;  present  in  a  place.     [Obs.'\ 

KnoUes. 

RE-STDE%  (re-zlde',)  v.  i.  [Ft.  rcsider ;  L.  resideo, 
rcsiilo :  re  and  sfdeu,  to  sit,  to  settle.] 

1.  To  dwell  pcrmanonily  or  for  a  length  of  time  ; 
to  have  a  settled  abode  for  a  time.  The  peculiar 
uses  of  this  word  are  to  be  noticed.  When  the  word 
is  applied  t3  the  natives  of  a  state,  or  others  who 
dwell  in  it  as  permanent  citizens,  we  nse  it  only 
with  reference  to  the  part  of  a  city  or  country  in 
which  a  man  dwells.  We  do  not  say  generally,  that 
Englishmen  reside  in  England,  but  a  particular  citi- 
zen resides  in  London  or  York,  or  at  such  a  house, 
in  such  a  street,  in  the  Strand,  <^c. 

When  the  word  is  applied  to  strangers  or  travelers, 
we  do  not  say  a  man  rcsi/les  in  an  inn  for  a  night, 
but  he  resided  in  London  or  Oxford  a  month  or  a 
year  ;  or  he  may  reside  in  a  foreign  country*  a  great 
pan  of  his  life,  A  man  lodges,  stays,  remains, 
abides,  for  a  day  or  verj"  short  lime ;  but  rcsi/ic  im- 
plies a  longer  lime,  though  not  definite. 

2.  To  sink  to  the  bottom  of  liquors ;  to  settle, 
[Obs.]  Eoyle. 

[In  this  sense,  Subside  is  now  used.] 
RES'I-DEN'CE,   j  it.     [Fr.]     The  act  of  abiding  or 
ilES'I-DEX-CY, )      dwelling  in  a  place  for  some  con- 
tinuance of  lime  ;  as,  the  residence  of  an  American 
in  France  or  Italy  for  a  year. 

The  confessor  hiul  often  iii,vlc  considemlle  residences  in  Nor- 
mandy. Hale. 

2.  The  place  of  abode  ;  a  dwelling ;  a  habitation. 

Caprea  had  been  —  Uie  residence  of  Tiberiiia  for  several  yean. 

Anon. 

3.  That  which  falls  to  the  bottom  of  liquors. 
[Obs.l  Bacon. 

4.  In  the  canon  and  common  Zaw,  the  abode  of  a 
parson  or  incumbent  on  his  benefice  j  opposed  to 
No:*-Residence.  Blaclistonc. 

RES'I-DEXT,  a.     [L.  residcns  ;  Fr.  resident.] 

Dwelling  or  having  an  abode  in  a  place  for  a  con- 
tinuance of  time,  but  not  definite;  as,  a  minister 
resident  at  the  ccnrt  of  St.  James.  A  B  is  now  res- 
ident in  South  America. 

EES'I-DENT,  7j.  One  who  resides  or  dwells  in  a 
place  for  some  time.  A  B  is  now  a  resident  in  Lon- 
don. 

2.  A  public  minister  who  resides  at  a  foreign  court. 
It  is  usually  applied  to  ministers  of  a  rank  inferior 
to  that  of  embassadors.  Enqjc. 

RES'I-DEXT-ER,  n.     A  resident. 

RES-I-DEN'TIAL,  (-shal,)  a.    Residing. 

RES-1-DE\'TIA-RY,  a.    Having  residence.    JiTore. 

RES-I-DEX'TIA-RY,  iu  An  ecclesiastic  who  keeps  a 
certain  residence.  Eccles:  Canons. 

RE-SID'ER.n.   One  who  resides  in  a  particular  place. 

RE-SID'ING,  ppr.  Dwelling  in  a  place  for  some  con- 
tinuance of  lime. 

RE-SID'U-AL,  a.    Remaining  after  a  part  is  taken, 

Daey. 

RE-SID'I[-A-RY,  c.     [L.  residuus.     See  Reside,] 

Pertaining  to  the  residue  or  part  remaining;  as, 
the  residuary  advantage  of  an  estate.  Ayli^e. 

Residuary  legatee;  in  tew,  the  legatee  to  v.  horn  is 
bequea'.iied  the  part  of  goods  and  estate  whicii  re- 
mains afisr  deducting  all  the  debt.s  and  specific  lega- 
cies. Blackstone- 

RES'1-DCE,  Crez'e-du,)  n,     [Fr.  residu  ;  L.  residuus.] 
1.  That  which  remains  after  a  part  is  taken,  sepa- 
rated, removed,  or  designated. 

The  1cct'.sid  ?hxtl  eat  Uie  residue  of  Unt  which  has  escaped-  — 

Ex.  r. 
The  remiue  of  them  wUI  I  deliver  to  the  s-Aori.  —  Jcr.  xv. 


RES 

2.  The  balance  or  remainder  of  a  debt  or  a-^count, 
or  of  the  estate  of  a  testator  after  the  payment  of 
debtd  an<l  Isgacies. 

RE-SID'IT-UM,  n,  [L.]  Residue  ;  that  which  is  left 
after  any  process  of  separation  or  purification. 

2.  In  law,  the  part  of  an  estate  or  of  poods  and 
chattels  remaining  after  the  payment  of  debts  and 
legacies.  Blacli^tonc. 

RE-SIicGE',  r.  t.  [re  and  siege.]  To  seat  again  j  to 
reinstate.     [Obs.]  Spenser. 

RE-STGN',  (rc-zlne',)  r.  t.  [Fr.  resifpier ;  L.  resigno ; 
re  and  signoj  to  sign.  The  radical  sense  otsi^  is,  to 
send,  to  drive,  hence,  to  set.  To  resign  is  to  send 
hack  or  send  away.] 

1.  To  give  up  ;  to  give  back,  as  an  office  or  com- 
mission, to  the  person  or  authoiity  that  conferred  it ; 
hence,  to  surrender  an  office  or  charge  in  a  formal 
manner ;  as,  a  mililan.-  officer  resigns  his  commis- 
sion ;  a  prince  re^-igns  Jiis  crown, 

Phcttios  reiigna  his  darls,  nrid  Jove 

His  tliun(l:-r  to  the  god  of  love.  Denham. 

2.  To  withdraw,  as  a  claim.  He  resigns  all  pre- 
tensions to  skill. 

3.  To  yield  ;  as,  to  resign  the  judgment  to  the  di- 
rection of  others.  Locke* 

4.  To  yield  or  give  up  in  confidence. 

\Vli:tt  more  rcasonnbie,  than  Ih-it  we  Ebould  iii  all  things  resign 
ours--Ive5  to  the  wiU  of  God  ?  TiHolson. 

5.  To  submit,  particularly  to  Providence. 

A  firm,  jpt  cautious  mind  ; 
Sincere,  though  prudent ;  coust^nt,  yet  resigtwl.  Pope. 

_  C.  To  submit  without  resistance  or  murmur.  Shak, 
Re-SIGN',  (re-sine',)  v.  t.    To  sign  again, 
RE-STGN',  (re-zine',)  n.    Resignation.     [Obs.] 
RES-IG-Na'TIOX,  71.     [Fr.]    The  act  of  resigning  or 

giving  up,  as  a  claim  or  possession  ;  as,  the  resigr.a- 

tion  of  a  crown  or  commission. 

2.  Submission;  unresisting  acquiescence  5  as,  a 
blind  resignation  to  the  aulhority  of  other  men's 
opinions,  Locke. 

3.  Quiet  submission  to  the  will  of  Providence ; 
submission  without  discontent,  and  with  entire  ac- 
quiescence in  the  divine  dispensations.  This  is 
Christian  resi^ation. 

RE-SIGN'£:D,  (Ve-zlnd',)  pp.   Given  up  ;  surrendered  ; 
yielded. 
2.  a.  Submissive  to  the  will  of  God. 
RE-SIGN'ED-LY,  adv.    With  submission. 
RE-SIGN'ER,  n.     One  that  resigns. 
RE-SlGN'ING,  ppr.    Giving  up  ;  surrendering  ;  sub- 
mitting. 
RE-SIGN'MENT.  n.    The  act  of  resigning.    [Obs.] 
RE-STLE',  r.  ?".     [L.  resilio.] 

To  start  back  ;  to  recede  from  a  purpose.  [Little 
used.]  Ellis. 

RE-SIL'I-EXCE,   }   n.     [L.  resHicns,  resilio;  re  and 
RE-S!L'1-EX-CY,  j       salio,  to  spring.] 

The  act  of  leaping  or  springing  back,  or  the  act 
of  rebounding  ;  as,  the  resilience  of  a  ball  or  of  sound. 

Bacon. 
RE-SIL'I-ENT,  (re-zil'e-ent,)  a.     [L.  resilicns.] 

Leaping  or  starling  back  ;  rebounding. 
RES-I-LI'^TION,  (rez-e-lish'un,)7i.     [L,  resilio.] 

The  act  of  springing  back  ;  resilience, 
RESTN,   71.     [Ft.  resiitc ;   L.   It.  and  Sp.  rcsina:  Ir. 
roisin;  Gr.  pnrinj,  probably  from  /5rtj,  to  flow.] 

Resins  are  solid,  infinminalile  substances,  which 
are  insoluble  in  water,  but  soluble  in  alcohol  and  in 
essential  oils.  When  cold,  they  are  more  or  less 
brittle  and  translucent,  and  of  a  color  inclining  to 
yellow.  When  pure,  tliey  are  nearly  insipid  and  in- 
odorous. They  are  non-conductors  of  electricity, 
and  wlun  excited  by  friction,  their  electricity  is 
negative.  They  are  heavier  than  water,  and  they 
inelt  by  heat.  They  combine  with  the  alkalies,  per- 
forming the  function  of  weak  acids,  and  forming 
soaps.  They  are  soluble  in  many  of  the  acids,  and 
convertible  by  son:e  into  other  peculiar  acids.  They 
frequently  exude  from  trees  in  combination  with 
essential  oils,  and  in  a  liquid  or  semi-liquid  state. 
They  are  composed  of  carbon,  hydrogen,  and  oxygen, 
and  are  supposed  to  be  formed  by  the  oxygenation 
of  the  essential  oils.  There  is  a  great  number  and 
variety  of  the  resins. 
RESIX-EX-TRA€T'IVE,  a.    Designating  extractive 

matter  in  which  resin  predominates, 
RES-I.\-IF'ER-OUS,  a.     [L.  rcsina  and  fero,  to  pro- 
duce.] 
Yielding  resin  ;  as,  a  rcsiniferous  tree  or  vessel. 

Gregory. 
RES'IN-I-FORM,  a.     Having  the  form  of  resin, 

Cyc. 

RES-IX-0-E-LE€'TRI€,  a.    Containing  or  exhibiting 

negative  electricity,  or  that  kind  which  is  produced 

by  the  friction  of  resinous  substances.  Ure. 

RES'IX-OUS,  a.    Partaking  of  the  qualities  of  resin  ; 

like  resin.     Resinous  substances  are  combustible. 

Resinous  electricity,  is  that  electricity  which  is  ex- 
cited by  rubbing  bodies  of  the  resinous  kind.  It  is 
also  called  negative  electricity,  and  is  opposed  to  vitre- 
ovs  or  positive  elextriaty.  Olmsted. 

RES'TN-OUS-LY,  aiiv.  By  means  of  resin  ;  ap,  resin- 
oushj  electrified.  Orcgonj. 


RES 

RES'IX-OUS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  res- 
inous. 

RES'IX-Y,  a.    Like  resin,  or  partaking  of  its  qualities. 

UES-I-PIS'CKNCE,  n.  [Ft.,  from  L.  rcsipUco,  from 
resipio  ;  re  and  sapio,  to  taste,] 

Properly^  wisdom  derived  from  severe  cipcrience  ; 
hence,  repentance.     [Little  uzed.] 

RE-SIS'i'',  (rc-zist',)  v.  t.  [I*  reststo;  re  and  >nsto,  to 
stand  ;  Fr.  resister ;  Sp,  re*w/ir,-  It.  resistere.] 

1.  £i«Ta//y,  to  stand  against ;  to  withstand  j  hence, 
to  act  in  opposition,  or  to  oppose.  A  dam  or  mound 
resists  a  current  of  water  passively^  by  standing 
nnmoved  and  interrupting  its  progress.  An  army 
resists  the  progress  of  an  enemy  acttceJy,  by  encoun- 
tering and  defeating  it.  We  resist  meajsures  by 
argument  or  remonsirance. 

Why  doth  lie  yel  find  faalt .'   for  who  bath  reiisUd  hi*  vUl  ?  — 
Rom.  ix. 

2.  To  strive  against}  to  endeavor  to  counteract, 
defeat,  or  frustrate. 

Ye  do  alft-ays  resist  the  Holy  Glwrt. —  Acts  to. 

3.  To  bafHe ;  to  disappoint 

God  reeiaUOi  the  proud,  but  give'Ji  graxx  uato  the  hum        — 
James  W. 

RE-SIST',  V.  i.    To  make  opposition.  ShaJi. 

RE-SIST'ANCE,  n.  The  act  of  resisting ;  opposition. 
Resistance  is  passive,  as  that  of  a  fixed  body  which 
interrupts  the  passage  of  a  moving  l)ody;  or  acttrf, 
as  in  the  exertion  of  force  to  stop,  repel,  or  defeat 
progress  or  designs, 

2.  The  quality  of  not  yielding  to  force  or  external 
impression  ;  that  power  of  a  body  wliich  acts  in  op- 
position to  the  impulse  or  pressure  of  another,  or 
which  prevents  tlie  effecl  of  an!>ther  pov.-er  ;  as,  the 
resistance  of  a  ball  which  receives  the  force  of  another ; 
the  rfots(aM«  of  wood  to  a  culling  instrument;  the 
resistance  of  air  to  the  motion  of  a  cannon-ball,  or  of 
water  to  the  motion  of  a  ship. 

RE-SIST' ANT,  n.     He  or  ihat  which  resists. 

Pearson. 

RE-SIST'ED,  pp.  Opposed  ;  counteracted  ;  with- 
stood. 

RE-SIST'ER,  71.    One  that  opposes  or  witlistands. 

RE-SIST-I-BIL'I-TY,     i    n.    The  quality  of  resist- 

RE-SIST'I-BLE-XESS,  \        ing. 

Tiie  nsme  body,  being  tlie  complex  idea  of  exleoKon  -ind  resist- 
ibilily  tojeiher  in  ths  eame  subject.  L^xke. 

2.  Q,uality  of  being  resistible  ;  as,  the  re^nslibility 
of  grace.  Hammond. 

RE-SrST'I-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  resisted  ;  as,  a  re- 
sistible force  ;  resistible  grace.  Hale, 

RE-SIST'I-BLY,  adv.     In  a  resistible  manner. 

RE-SIST'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Withstanding  ;  opposing. 
Resisting  medium;  a  substance  which  opposes  the 
passage  of  a  body  through  il.  In  astrujfiuij,  an  exceed- 
ingly rare  medium  supposed  to  be  ditfused  through 
the  planetary  spaces.  It  has  been  hitherto  detected 
only  bv  the  motion  of  Encke's  comet.         Olmsted. 

RE-SIST'IVE,  a.    Having  the  power  to  resist. 

B.  Jonson, 

RE-SIST'LESS,  a.  Thai  can  net  be  effectually  op- 
posed or  withstood ;  irresistible. 

Hesislless  in  her  lose  as  m  her  hnte.  Dryden. 

2.  That  can  not  resist;  helpless.  Spenser. 

RE-SIST'LESS-LY,  adt.  So  as  not  to  be  opposed  or 
denied.  BlarJnealL 

RE-SIST'LESS-NESS,  n.     Stale  of  being  irTe,<islible. 

RE-SoLD',  pp.  of  Resell.  Sold  a  second  lime,  or 
sold  after  being  bought, 

RES'0-LU-BLE,  a.  [re  and  L.  solubilis.  See  Re- 
solve.] 

That  may  be  melted  or  dissolved  ;  as,  bodies  res- 
oluble by  fire,  Boyle. 

RES'O-LUTE,  a.  [Fr,  resalu ;  II,  resolute.  The 
Latin  resohitus  has  a  different  signification.  See 
Resolve,] 

Having  a  fixed  purpose  ;  determined  ;  hence, 
bold;  firm;  steady;  constant  in  pursuing  a  purpose. 

Eilward  is  nl  hnnd, 
Ready  to  fight ;  therefore  b*"  resolute.  Skak. 

RES'0-LUTE-LY,  adv.    With  fixed  purpose  ;  firmly  ; 
steadily;  with  steady  perseverance.      Persist  reso- 
lutely in  a  course  of  virtue. 
2,  Boldly;  firmly. 

Some  of  llie-se  (acts  he  exaraiaes,  Bon;c  he  reso'uUly  deiiir*. 

Siei/L 

RES'O-LUTE-NESS,  71,  FLxed  purpose;  firm  deter- 
mination ;  unshaken  firmness. 

RES-0-Lu'TION,  11.  [Ft.,  from  L.  resolutio.  See 
Resolve.] 

1.  The  act,  operation,  or  process,  of  separating  the 
parts  wliich  compose  a  complex  idea  or  a  mixed 
body  ;  the  act  of  reducing  any  compound  or  combi- 
nation to  its  component  parts  :  analysis :  as,  the 
resolution  of  complex  ideas  ;  the  resolution  of  any 
material  substance  jy  chemical  operations, 

2.  The  act  or  process  of  unraveling  or  discnr.^n- 
glinrr  perplexities,  or  of  dissipating  obscurity-  in  moral 
subjects;  as,  the  resolution  a{  difRcnlt  questions  in 
moral  subjects. 

3.  Dissolution ;  the  natural  process  of  scparatins 
the  component  parts  of  bodies.  Digby. 


TuXE,  BIJLL,  ^T^-ITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CfOUP.  — €  as  K  ;  6  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


^M'^ 


RES 

4.  In  music,  the  resolution  of  a  dissonancn  or  dis- 
ctirtl,  is  the  passing  of  it  into  a  concord, usually  after 
it  has  been  heard  in  the  preceding  harmony. 

P.  Cue. 

5.  In  medicine,  the  di^appearinc  of  any  tumor 
without  coming  to  sujipuniiion ;  the  dispersing  of 
inflauiination  ;  the  brealiing  up  and  disappi-arancc 
of  a  fiiver.  Encyc.     Coxc. 

6.  Fixed  purpose  or  determination  of  mind  ;  as,  a 
resolntimi  to  reform  our  lives;  a  resolution  to  under- 
take an  expedition.  Locke. 

7.  The  eflTert  of  fixed  purpose  j  firmness,  steadi- 
ness or  constancy  in  execution,  implying  courage. 

Tlicy  who  goviTiiciI   the  p:irliamc[it,  hail  Iho  resolution  to  acl 
those  monstrous  liiing^.  Clarendon. 

8.  Determination  of  a  cause  in  a  court  of  justice  ; 
as,  a  judicial  resolution.  Hale. 

[But  this  word  is  now  seldom  used  to  express  the 
decision  of  a  judicial  tribunal.  We  use  Judgment, 
Decision,  or  Decree.] 

y.  The  determination  or  decision  of  a  legislative 
body,  or  a  formal  proposition  oflercd  for  legislative 
determination.  AVe  call  thai  a  rcvo/ufrrrn,  v/hich  is 
reduced  to  form  and  oliercd  to  a  !ej;islative  house  for 
consideration,  and  \\c  call  it  a  rrjolutioa  when 
adopted.  We  say,  a  member  moved  certain  resolu- 
tions;  the  house  proceeded  to  consider  the  rcsolu- 
tions  offered  ;  Ihey  adopted  or  rejected  the  reso- 
lutions. 

10.  The  formal  dclL-rmination  of  any  corporatf; 
body,  or  of  any  association  of  individuals  j  as,  the 
rc-tohitious  of  a  town  or  otficr  meeting. 

H.  In  inafAfnia«JC5,  solution  ;  an  orderly  enumera- 
tion of  several  things  to  be  done,  to  obtain  what  is 
required  in  a  problem.  Ilutton. 

12.  In  al'Tebra,  the  resolution  of  nn  equation,  is 
the  same  as  reduction  ;  the  bringing  of  the  unknown 
quantity  by  itself  on  one  side,  and  all  the  known 
quantities  on  ihe  other,  without  destroying  the  equa- 
tion, by  which  is  found  the  value  of  the  unknown 
quantity.  Dnifs  j3l^cbm. 

13.  Relaxation;  a  weakening.     [Obs.]     Brown. 
Resolution  of  a  force,  or  of  a  motion;  in  ineclianics, 

the  separation  of  a  single  force  or  motion  into  two 
or  mort',  which  act  in  dirterent  directions. 

Olmsted. 

RES  0-Lu'TIOX-ER,  n.  One  who  joins  in  the  dec- 
laration of  others.     [J^ot  in  use.]  Burnet. 

RES'0-LU-TIVE,  rt.  Having  tlie  power  to  dissolve 
or  relax.     [JVut  muchiLscd.]  Jolinson. 

RE-SOLV'A-ULE,  a.  Tiiat  may  he  resolved  or  re- 
duced to  first  principles. 

RE-SOLV'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  Stale  of  being  resolva- 
ble. 

RE-SOLVE',  (re-zolv',)  v.  t.  [L.  rcsolvo  i  re  and 
solvo,  to  loose;  Yc.  rcsoiidre  ;  It.  risolvere ;  Sp.  7-e- 
solvei:] 

1.  'lo  separate  the  component  parts  of  a  compound 
substance  ;  to  reduce  to  first  principles  ;  as,  torcsolvc 
a  body  into  its  component  or  constituent  parts  ;  to  re- 
solve a  body  into  its  elements. 

2.  To  separate  the  parts  of  a  complex  idea  ;  to  re- 
duce to  simple  parts  ;  to  analyze. 

3.  To  separate  the  parts  of  a  complicated  question  ; 
to  unravel ;  to  disentangle  of  perplexities  ;  to  remove 
obscurity  by  analysis  ;  to  clear  of  difiiculties  ;  to  ex- 
plain ;  as,  to  resolve  questions  in  moral  science;  to 
resolve  doubts  ;  to  resolce  a  riddle. 

4.  To  inform ;  to  free  from  doubt  or  perplexity ; 
as,  to  resolve  the  conscience. 

Reaolve  me,  stniitgers,  whence  and  what  you  are.       Dryden. 

5.  To  settle  in  an  opinion  ;  to  make  certain. 

I.uiij  einM  wc  were  resoloed  of  your  truth, 

Vour  faithrul  service  and  your  toil  in  war.  Shak. 

C.  To  put  on  resolution  ;  to  confirm. 

Quit  preseiulv  ttie  chapel,  or  resolve  you 

F-JF  more  ama_y;tiieut.     [Unusaal.]  Shak. 

7.  To  melt ;  to  dissolve.  .ArhuUinot. 

8.  To  form  or  constitute  by  resolution,  vote,  or  de- 
termination ;  as,  the  house  resolved  itself  into  a  com- 
mittee of  the  whole. 

9.  In  jnusic,  lo  resolve  a  discord  or  dissonance,  is 
to  carry  it  into  a  concord,  usually  after  it  has  been 
heard  in  the  preccdinj:  harmony.  P.  Cyc. 

10.  In  me(h"ciwc,  to  disperse  or  scalier;  to  discuss  ; 
as  an  inflammation,  or  a  tumor. 

11.  To  relax  ;  to  lay  at  case.  Spenser. 

12.  In  matJiciiiatics,  to  solve  ;  to  enumerate  in  order 
the  several  things  to  be  done,  to  obtain  what  is  re- 
quired in  a  problem.  Hutton. 

13.  In  algebra,  to  rc-^olve  an  equation,  is  to  bring 
all  the  known  quantities  to  one  side  of  the  equation, 
and  the  unknown  quantity  to  the  other,  without 
(Ustroying  the  equation. 

RL:-S0LVE',  (re-2oIv',)  v.  i.  To  form  a  resolution  or 
ptirpose  ;  to  determine  in  mind.  He  resolved  to  aban- 
tion  his  vicious  course  of  life. 

2.  To  determine  by  vote.  The  legislature  rcsolccd 
to  receive  no  petitions  after  a  certain  day. 

3.  To  melt;  to  dissolve;  to  become  fluid. 

\V\wn  the  blood  stajnaf^s  in  any  part,  it  first  CoagMl.vl-s,  tliPn 
retolves  mid  turns  alliulin*!.  ArbuOmul. 


RES 

4.  To  separate  into  its  component  parts,  or  into 
distinct  principles;  as,  water  rcjofycs  intovajior;  a 
substance  resolves  into  gas. 

5.  To  he  settled  in  opinion. 

Lei  men  resolvt  of  that  as  tliey  pbasp.     |  Unuaual.\       I^>cke. 

RE-SOLVE',  (re-zolv',)  n.  Fixed  purpose  of  mind  ; 
settled  determination  ;  resolution. 

lie  straight  n-'voki-s  his  buM  reaolve.  Dcnham. 

2.  Legal  or  official  detennination  ;  legislative  ad 
concerning  a  private  person  or  corporation,  or  con- 
cerning some  private  business.  Public  acts  of  a  leg- 
islature respect  the  State,  and  to  give  them  validity, 
the  bills  for  such  acts  must  pass  through  all  the  leg- 
islative forms.  Resolves  are  usually  private  acts,  and 
are  often  passed  with  less  formality.  Resolves  may 
also  be  the  acts  of  a  single  branch  of  the  Icgislnture  ; 
whereas  public  acts  nuist  be  passed  by  a  majority  of 
both  brandies.  American  Leirislaturcs. 

3.  The  determination  of  any  corporation  or  asso- 
ciation ;  resolution. 

RE-SOLV'£D,  (re-zolvd^)  pp.  Separated  into  its  com- 
ponent parts ;  analyzed. 

2.  Determined  in  purpose  ;  as,  I  am  resolved  not  to 
keep  company  with  gamestci-s.  This  pliraseis  \ii-o\^- 
ev\y,  ^' I  fiave  resolved  i"  as  we  say,  a  person  is  d;?- 
ceased,  for  has  deceased;  he  is  retired,  for  has  re- 
tired. In  these  phrases,  the  participle  is  ratlier  an 
adjective. 

3.  Determined  oflicially,  or  by  vole. 
RE-SOLV'ED-LY,  ado.    With  firmness  of  purpose. 

Orejc. 

RE-SOLV'ED-NESS,  n.  Fixedness  of  purpose  ;  firm- 
ness ;  resolution.  Dcc-mj  of  Piety. 

RE-SOLVENT,  H.  That  which  lias  ihe  power  of 
causing  solution.  In  medicine,  thiA  which  has  power 
to  disperse  inflammation,  and  prevent  the  suppura- 
tion of  tumors  ;  a  discuticnt.  O'lc.    Eiiojc. 

RE-SOLVER,  n.  One  that  resolves  or  Ibrms  a  firm 
purpose. 

RE-SOLVING,  ppr.  Separating  into  component  parts  ; 
analyzing;  removing  perplexities  or  obscurity  ;  dis- 
cussing, as  tumors;  determining. 

RE-SOLVING,  ».  TJie  act  of  determining  or  form- 
ing a  fixed  purpose;  a  resolution.  Clarendon. 

RES'O-NANCE,  n.     [L.  resonans.] 

1.  A  resounding ;  a  reverberation  of  sound,  or 
sounds. 

2.  In  viitsic,  the  returning  of  sound  by  the  air  act- 
ing on  the  bodies  of  stringed  musical  instruments. 

Brandc. 
RES'O-N.VNT,    a.       [L.  resonans ;    re    and    sono,    to 
sound.] 

Resounding;  returning  sound  ;  cclioing  back. 

Milton. 
RE-SORB',   I',   t.       [L.    rcsiirbeo:     re   and   sorbco,  to 
drink  in.] 

To  swallow  up.  Younfr. 

RE-SORIJ'KNT,  a.     HwaHuwing  up.  JVoodkitU. 

RE-SORT',  (rc-zort',)  v.  i.  [Fr.  rcssortir ;  re  and 
sorlir,  to  go  or  come  out.] 

1.  To  Iiave  recourse ;  to  apply  ;  to  betake. 

'I'iie  king  thought  it  lime  to  reeori  lo  other  counsels,  flaicudon. 

2.  To  go  ;  to  repair. 

The  i>eople  if-orf  lo  him  ^<^-\'ut.  —Mark  X.     John  xviii. 

3.  To  fall  back. 

Tlic  inhcriUuiCu  of  Uic  eon  ni-vcr  resoHed  lo  tlic  inolhci.    I  Ofts.l 

Hale. 

RE-SOUT',  71.  The  act  of  going  to  or  making  appli- 
cation ;  a  betaking  tme's  self;  as,  a  resort  to  other 
means  of  defence ;  a  resort  to  subterfuges  fur  eva- 
sion. 

2.  Act  of  visiting. 

Join  with  ii.c  lo  foibid  liim  her  icsoit.  Shuk. 

3.  .Assembly  ;  meeting.  Drijden. 

4.  Concourse;  frequent  assembling  ;  as,  a  i)Iace  of 
resort.  Sicift. 

5.  Tiie  pi  ice  frequented  ;  as,  idehouses  are  the  re- 
sorts of  the  idle  and  dissolute. 

6.  Spring,  active  power  or  muvemenl;  a  Galli- 
cism.    [Aoi  in  use.]  Bacon. 

Last  resort:  ultimate  means  of  relief ;  also,  final 
tribunal  ;  that  from  which  there  is  no  appeal. 

RE-SOIIT'ER,  H.     One  that  resorts  or  fretiuenls. 

RE-SOUT'ING.  ppr.  Going;  having  recourse;  be- 
taking; frequenting. 

RE-SOUND',  (re-zound',)  v.  t.  [L.  resono ;  re  and 
sono,  to  sound;  Fr-  resonner ;  It.  risiioitare ;  Sp. 
resonar.] 

1.  To  send  back  sound ;  to  echo. 

And  Alhion's  cliffs  resound  the  rural  lay.  Pope. 

2.  To  sound  ;  to  praise  or  celebrate  with  the  voice 
or  the  sound  of  instruments.  Milton. 

3.  To  praise  ;  to  extol  with  sounds  ;  lo  spread  tlic 
fame  of. 


Th"7  man  for  wisdom's  v.irioua  arts  renowned, 
Loii^  exercised  in  woes,  O  muse,  resound. 


Pope. 


RE-SOUND',  V.  i.    To  be  echoed  ;  to  he  sent  back,  as 
sound  ;  as,  common  fame  resounds  bacu"  to  ihcm. 

South. 
2.  To  be  much  and  loudly  mentioned.      Mdton. 


RES 

3.  To  echo  or  reverberate;  as,  the  earth  resounded 
with  his  praise. 
Rl':'SOUNr>',  r.  (.     [re  and  sound  :  with  the  accent  en 

the  Hrst  sijllablc]     To  eoiind  again.  Junes. 

RE-SOUND',  u.     Return  of  sound  ;  echo. 

Beaum.  Sc  Fl. 
RE-SOUND'ED,  pp.      Echoed  ;    returned,  as  sound  ; 

celebrated. 
RE-SOUND'ING,  ppr.    Echoing  ;  returning,  as  sound. 
RE-SoURCE',  n.     [Fr.  ressourcc;  re  and  source.] 

1.  Any  source  of  aid  or  support ;  an  expedient  to 
which  a  person  may  resort  for  assistance,  safety,  ()r 
supply ;  means  yet  untried  ;  resort.  An  enterpris- 
ing man  finds  resources  in  his  own  mind. 

Pallaa  viewed 
His  foes  pursuing  and  his  friends  pursued, 
Used  ihreatvniiigs  mixed  wiU)  prayers,  his  last  reiouree. 

Dryden. 

9.  Resources;  In  the  plural,  pecuniary  means; 
funds  ;  money,  or  any  properly  that  can  be  conv<rt- 
ed  into  supplies;  means  of  raising  money  or  sin>- 
plies.  Our  national  resources  for  carrj'ingon  war  are 
abundant.  Commerce  and  manufactures  furnish 
ample  resources. 

RE-3oURCE'LESS,  a.  Destitute  of  resources.  [A 
word  not  to  be  countenariccd.]  Burke. 

RE-SoW',  v.  t. ;  pret.  Reaowed  ;  pp.  Resowed  or  Re- 
sown,     [re  and  sow.]     To  sow  again.  Bacon. 

RE-SPEAK',y.  (.  ;prct,  Respoke  ;  pp.  Respoken,  11k- 
SPOKE.  [rc  and  sfi rale]  Toanswer;  to  speak  in  r.;- 
turn  ;  to  reply.     [Little  itscd.]  Shak. 

9.  To  speak  again  ;  lo  repeat. 

RE-SPEC'l'',  V.  L  [L.  respecto,  tir  rcspectiu^,  from  re- 
spicio  ;  re  and  speeio,  to  view  ;  Fr.  respecter ;  It.  r^V 
pettare  ;  Sp.  respetar.] 

1.  To  regard  ;  to  have  regard  to  in  design  or  |uir- 
-  pose. 

In  orchards  and  gardens,  we  tlu  not  bo  much  rcsprel  lieauly  .u 
variety  of  ground  for  fruit*,  Iwca,  und  herU-  Baton. 

2.  To  have  regard  to,  in  relation  or  connection  ;  to 
relate  to.  The  treaty  particularly  respects  our  com- 
merce. 

3.  To  view  or  consider  with  some  degree  of  revir- 
ence  ;  to  esteem  as  possessed  of  real  worth. 

I  always  loved  und  respected  Kir  William.  .V;  -/v. 

4.  To  look  toward. 

Pall.wlius  advjj'.th  llie  fronl  of  his  house  shoulii  so  respect  llie 
south.      [Nol  in  use. I  Biowit. 

7o  rctpect  tlie  person  ;  lo  sufilr  the  opinion  or  jmlg- 
ment  to  be  infiuenced  or  biased  by  a  regard  to  the 
outward  circumstances  of  a  person,  to  the  pivjuilice 
of  right  and  equity. 

Thou  shall  nol  respect  Ihe  person  of  llic  poor.  —  Lev.  xix. 
Neither  doUi  God  respect  a;iy  pej^on.  —  2  Hani.  xiv. 

RE-SPECT',  :i.     [h.  respcctns  ;  Ft.  respect.] 

J.  Regard;  attention.  Sh,t'.. 

2.  That  estimation  or  luuior  in  which  nu-ii  huld 
the  distinguished  vvorlli  or  substantial  good  qualiticiii 
of  others.  It  expresses  less  than  Reverence  and 
Veneration,  which  regard  elders  and  superiius ; 
whereas  Respect  may  regard  juniors  and  inferiors. 
Respect  regards  the  qualities  of  the  mind,  or  the  ac- 
tions which  characterize  those  qualities. 

Seen  niihout  awe,  and  served  without  respect.  Piior. 

3.  That  deportment  or  course  of  action  wliich  pro- 
ceeds from  esteem;  regard;  due  attention;  as,  to 
treat  a  person  with  respect. 

These  Bamc  men  treat  tlic  Sahhath  with  little  respect.    Nelson. 

4.  Good  will ;  favor. 

Tlie  Lord  had  respect  to  Abel  and  his  otieriag.  —  Gf-u.  iv, 

5.  Partial  regard;  undue  bias  lo  the  prejudice  of 
justice;as  in  the  phrase,  respect  of  persons.  1  Pet.  i. 
James  ii.     P7-ov.  xxiv. 

G.  Respected  cliaracter ;  as,  persons  of  the  best 
respect  in  Rome.  Shah. 

7.  Consideration  ;  motive  in  reference  to  some- 
thing. 

Whatever  secret  respects  were  likely  to  move  Uiem.     IJou';er. 

8.  Relation;  regard;  reference;  followed  by  tf, 
but  more  properly  by  to. 

They  l-elicvcd  hut  one  Supreme  Deily,  which,  with  respect  to  the 
bei-»fils  nt>^n  r.ccjvcd  from  him,  had  sevcnd  titles. 

Tilloison. 

RE-SPE€T-A-BIL'I-TV',  n.  State  or  quality  of  being 
respectable ;  the  state  or  qualities  which  deserve  or 
command  respect.  Cumberland.     Kelt. 

RE-SPECT'A-IiLL,  (7.  [Fr. ;  li.respeitabiU;  Sp.  re*;j«- 
table.] 

1.  Possessing  Ihe  worth  or  qualities  which  deserve 
or  command  respect;  worthy  (if  esteem  and  honor; 
as,  a  respectable  citizen  ;  respectable  company. 

No  government,  any  more  than  an  individuaJ,  will  long  be  re- 
Bptclcd,  without  hcing  truly  respeclahle. 

Federalist,  Madieon. 

2.  In  popular  lan^ua<rc,  this  word  is  much  usrd  lo 
express  what  is  moderate  in  degree  of  excellencit  or 
in  numlt:r,  but  not  despicable.  We  say,  a  re-^'W^a- 
blc  discourse  or  perforiiiauce,  a  respectable  audience, 
a  respectable  number  of  citizena  convened. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  V.' IIAT.— MiiTE,  PREY.— PLNE,  M.\RtNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.— 


KES 

RE-SPEeT'A-BLE-NESS,  7?.     Respectabililv. 

RE-SPECT'A-BLY,  G//r.     Willi  rivp^ct ;  T/iwrc   ^cncr- 
allt/y  in  a  in:miier  to  merit  respect. 
2.  Mndei-niely,  but  in  a  maniKT  not  to  be  despised. 

RE-SPE€T'ED,j>p.ora.  Held  in  honorable  estim;itlon. 

RE-SPEt:T'ER,w.  One  tiiat  respects  ;  chielly  used  in 
the  plira^ij  respecter  cfpcrsonSj  which  signifies  a  per- 
sun  who  rej;ard^  the  evisrnal  circumstances  of  oth- 
ers in  his  judgment,  and  sufters  his  opinion  to  be 
biased  by  them,  to  the  prejudice  of  candor,  justice, 
and  equity. 

I  perc<.ive  Ihai  God  U  no  renpectei-  o/ persons.  —  AcU  x. 

RE-SPECT'FIJL,  a.  Marked  or  characterized  by  re- 
spect ;  as,  respectful  deportment. 

With  humble  ]oj  and  with  res^pect/td  Icor.  Prior. 

RE-SPECTTUL-LV,  c/fc.  With  respect,  in  a  man- 
ner comporting  with  dueestiniP.tion.  I>ryden. 

RE-SPECT'EUL-XESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  re- 
spect fuL 

KE-SPECT'TNG,  ;»pr.  Regarding;  having  rcg:ird  to; 
relating  to.  Tliis  word,  like  Co\cerm.\-g,  h.as  refer- 
ence to  a  single  word  or  to  a  sentence.  In  the  sen- 
tence, "  His  conduct  respecting  us  iscoinniendablo," 
respecting  has  reference  to  conflict,  Bvit  when  we 
say, "  Respecting  a  further  appropriation  (;f  money ,  it  is 
to  be  observed,  that  the  resources  of  the  country  are 
inadequate,"  respecting  has  reference  to  the  whole 
subsequent  clause  or  sentence. 

RE-SPKCT'IVE,  a.     [Fr.  respcrfif:  It.  re.<prttico.] 

1.  Relative;  having  relation  to  something  else; 
not  absolute;  as,  the  reoipfcfrcc  connections  of  soci- 
ety. 

2.  Particular;  relating  to  a  particular  person  or 
Ihing.  Let  each  man  retire  tn  Iris  respective  place  of 
abode.  The  oirictrs  were  found  in  their  respective 
quarters  :  they  appeared  at  the  head  of  tla-ir  respect- 
ice  regiments.  Let  each  give  according  to  his  re- 
spectire  proportion. 

3.  AVortliy  of  respoct.     [JVot  in  vse.]  Sluik. 

4.  Careful ;  circumspect ;  cautious  ;  attentive  to 
consequences;  as,  respectice  and  wary  men.  [JV*yt 
in  vsr.]  Hooker. 

RE-SPE€T'IVE-LY,  fl-^r.  As  relating  to  each;  par- 
ticularly ;  as  each  belongs  to  each.  Let  each  man 
re^ecticelij  perform  his  dutj". 


le  inipreiaions  from  the  oUects  of  ihe  s 
itfsiy  every  one  with  its  kiatl. 


t.-s  do  mhigie  rcfpecl' 
Bacon. 


9.  Relatively  ;  not  absolutely.  Ralegh. 

3.  Partially  ;  with  respect  to  private  views.  lObs.] 

4.  Witli  r;.spect.     [OOs.]  SkaJc. 
RE-SPECT'LEi^S,  a,     Havmg  no  respect ;   without 

regard  ;  without  reference.    [LiUlc  iised.]     Drayton. 
RE-SPECT'LESS-NESS,  n.    The  stale  of  having  no 

respect  or  regard  ;  regardlessness.     [Little  used.] 

Si'ielton. 
RE-SPERSE',  (re-spers',)  v.  t.  [L.  respersujj  rcspcrgo; 

re  and  spargo^  to  sprinkle.] 
To  sprinkle.     [Rarebj  tise/l]  Tarilor. 

RE-SPER'3I0N,  (-sper'shnn,)  n.    [L.  respirsio.] 

The  act  of  sprinkling.  Johnson. 

RE-PPTR-A-niL'I-Ty,     ;  n.      Tlie  quality  of  being 
RE--iPrR'A-BLE-XESS,  J      respirable. 
ItE-i^PrR'A  BLE,  a.     [from   respire.]      That  may   be 

breathed  :   fit  for  respiration  or    for  the  support  of 

animal  life  ;  as,  respiralle  air. 
r.E:=-PI-RA'TIOX,  j(.     [Fr.,  from  L.  resjiiratio.] 

1.  Tlie  act  of  breathing  ;  the  act  of  inhaling  air 
into  the  lungs  and  again  exhaling  or  expelling  it,  by 
which  animal  life  is  supported.  The  respiration  of 
fishes  (for  these  can  not  live  long  withopjt  air)  ap- 
pears to  be  performed  by  the  air  contained  in  the 
water  acting  on  the  gills. 

2.  RuHef  from  toil.  Milton. 
RES'PI-Ra-TOR,  n.      An  instrument  covering  the 

mouth  witli  a  net-work  of  fine  wire  in  front,  through 
which  persons  of  weak  lungs  can  breatiio  without 
injury.  The  \vire,  being  warmed  by  the  hreatli, 
tempers  the  cold  air  from  without.  Brande. 

RE3-PT'RA-TO-RY,  a.    Serving  for  respiration;  per- 
taining to  respiration  ;  as,  respiratorij  organs. 

Jisiat.  Res. 

RE-SPIRE',  r.   t.     [Fr.  respirer;  L.  rcspiro  ;  re  and 
spiro,  to  breathe.] 

1.  To  breathe  ;  to  inhale  air  into  the  lungs  and  ex- 
hale it,  for  the  purpose  of  maintaining  anim;tl  life. 

2.  To  catch  breath.  Spensrr. 

3.  To  rest;  to  take  rest  from  toil.  Milton. 
RE-.SPTRE',  V.  t.     To  exhale  ;  lo  breathe  out ;  to  send 

out  in  PA  halations.  B.  Jonsun. 

RE-SPTR'£I),  pp.    Breathed  ;  inhaled  and  exhaled. 
RE-r;PTR'I.\G,  ppr.     Breathins  ;  taking  breath. 
RE.S'riTE,  (res'pit,)  n.     [Fr.  rcpit.] 

1.  Pause  ;  temporary  intermission  of  labor^  or  of 
any  process  or  operation  ;  interval  of  rest. 

Some  pause  and  respite  only  1  require.  Denham. 

2.  In  law,  reprieve ;  temporary  sns[)cnsion  of  the 
execution  of  a  capital  offender.         .Milton.    Prior. 

3.  Delay;  forbearance;  prolongation  of  time  for 
the  payment  of  a  debt  beyond  the  legal  time. 

4.  The  delay  of  appearance  at  court  granted  to  a 
jury,  beyond  the  proper  term.  Blackstonr. 


RES 

RESTITE,  r.  /.  To  relieve  by  a  pause  or  interval  of 
rest. 

To  respite  Lis  il.iy  laher  witli  repast.  MUlon. 

2.  To  suspend  the  execution  of  a  criminal  beyond 
the  time  limited  by  tlie  sentence  ;  to  delay  for  a  tune. 

Clarendon- 
If  the  conn  may  resjnu  for  a  day,  they  may  for  a  year.  Cltjilon. 

3.  To  give  delay  of  appearance  at  court;  as,  to 
respite  a  jury.  Blackstme. 

RES'PIT-ED,  pp.  Relieved  from  labor;  allowed  a 
temporary  susjieiision  of  execution. 

RES'PIT-1\G, /*/?/-.  Relieving  from  labor;  suspend- 
ing tiic  execution  nf  a  capital  olFender. 

RE-SPLKN'UEXC'E,   \  n.     [L.  resplmdens.  resplendco; 

RE-SPLEN'DEN-CY,  t      re  and  splatdeo,  to  shine.] 
Brilliant  luster;  vivid  briglmuss  ;  splendor. 

Son  !   tliou  in  whom  my  gbry  1  boliold 

111  full  resplendence,  heir  uf  all  my  mi^Iil.  Milton. 

RE-SPLEN'DE\T,  a.  [Supra.]  Very  bright;  shin- 
ing with  brilliant  luster. 

Wiih  i-oyal  anas  anti  respteiidetU  gold.  Spenser. 

RE-SPLEN'DENT-LY,  adv.    With  brilliant    luster; 

with  great  bright  ness. 
Rk-SPLIT',  v.  t.     [re  and  split.]     To  split  again. 
Rk-SPLH'',  c.  I.    To  split  or  rend  a  second  lime. 

Smcllie. 
RE-SPOND',  V.  i.     [Fi:  repondre ;    \i.  rispondcrc  ;   Sp. 

rtspondcr  ;  L.  rcspondco  ;  re  and  spondeo^  to  promise, 

that   is,   to  send  to.      Hence  rcspondeo  is  to  send 

back.] 

1.  To  answer  ;  to  reply. 

A  new  iiniiction  string  .i  new  ciiord  in  the  heart,  which rMywjwi* 
to  some  new  note  of  complaint  wiiUiu  the  wide  Bcal'*  of  hu- 
man woo.  Buclendnster, 

2.  To  correspond  ;  to  suit. 

To  evcr>'  OiPme  responds  tliy  various  lay.  Broome. 

3.  To  be  answerable ;  to  be  liable  to  make  pay- 
ment ;  as,  the  defendant  is  held  to  respond  in  dam- 
ages. 

RE-SPOXD',  V.  t.  To  answer  ;  to  satisfy  by  payment. 
The  surety  was  held  to  respond  the  judgment  of 
court.  The  goods  atiaclied  shall  be  held  to  rctrpoud 
the  judcmenl.  Sedgwick.     jVas.^.  Rep. 

RE-SPOND',  n.     A  short   anlhem    interrupting    the 

reading  of  a  chapter,  which  is  not  to  proceed  till 

the  anthem  is  ended,  fVlicatly. 

9.  An  answer.     [J^ot  in  use.]    Ch.  Rdin-.  j^ppcal. 

RE-SPOND'ED,  pp.  Answered;  satisfied  by  pay- 
ment. 

RE  '^PO\D'E\CF     / 

RE-SPOND'EX-CY,  r'-     A"  =^»^«'^^"ng.     Chalmers. 

RE-SP0X1)'ENT,  a.  Ansv/ering;  that  answers  to  de- 
mand or  expectation. 

WcaJUi  recpondcnl  to  payment  and  conirihutionfi.  Bacon. 

RE-SPOND'ENT,  n.  One  that  answers  in  a  suit, 
particularly  a  chancery  suit. 

2.  In  the  schools,  one  who  maintains  a  thesis  in  re- 
ply, and  whose  province  is  to  refute  objections,  or 
overthrow  arguments.  IVutts. 

RE-SPOX-DEX'TIA,  n.  In  commercial  law,  a  loan 
upon  goods  laden  on  bitard  a  ship.  It  dilfers  from 
BoTTuMCY,  which  is  a  loan  on  the  ship  ilsulf. 

Bovvier. 

RE-SPOXI)'[XG,  ppr.     Answering  ;  corresponding. 

RE-SPOXS'AL,  a.  Answerable ;  responsible.  [J^oi 
in  use.]  Ilcijliit. 

RE-SPOXS^AL,  n.    Response  ;  answer.        Br.'imt. 
2.  One  who  is  responsible.     {J^ot  in  use.]  Barrux. 

RE-SPOXSE',  (re-spons',)  n.     [L.  respoiisum.] 

1.  An  answer  or  reply ;  particiilurlij,  an  oracular 
answer. 

2.  The  answer  of  the  people  or  congregation  to  the 
priest,  in  the  litany  and  other  parts  of  divine  ser- 
vice, j^ddi^ot.. 

3.  Reply  lo  an  objection  in  formal  disputation. 

tt'aits. 

4.  In  the  Roman  Catholic  churchy  a  kind  of  antliem 
sung  after  the  lessons  of  matins  and  some  other  parts 
of  the  office.  Bp.  FUzpatrick. 

5.  In  a  fugue,  a  repetition  of  the  given  subject  by 
another  part.  Bush/. 

RE-SPOXS-LBIL'I-TV,  n.  [from  responsible.]  the 
state  of  being  acc>juntab!e  or  answerable,  as  for  a 
trust  or  office,  or  for  a  debt.  Bnrke.     Palep, 

It  is  used  in  the  plural ;  as,  heavy  responsibilities. 

Juhnson^s  Rep. 
2.  Ahilitj' to  answer  in  payment;  meansof  paj  ing 
contracts. 
RE-SPOXS'I-BLE,  a.     [from  L.  responsus,  respondeo,] 

1.  Liable  to  account;  accountahle  ;  answerable; 
as  for  a  trust  reposed,  or  for  a  debt.  \Vc  are  all  rc- 
.<fponsiblc  for  the  talents  intrusted  to  us  by  our  Cre- 
ator. A  guardian  is  responsible  for  the  faithful  dis- 
charge of  his  duty  lo  liis  ward.  'Jhe  surety  is  re- 
sponsible  for  the  debt  of  his  principal. 

2.  Able  to  discharge  an  obligation  ;  or  having  es- 
tate adequate  to  the  ptyment  of  a  debt.  In  taking 
bail,  the  officer  will  ascertain  wliether  the  proposed 
surety  is  a  responsible  man. 

RF^SPOXS'I-BLE-XEtiK-i.  ».  ptate  of  being  liable  to 
answer,  repay,  or  account ;  responsibility. 


11 KS 

2.  Ability  lo  make  payment  of  an  obligation  ur  de- 
mand. 
UE-SPOX.S'I-BLV,  adc.     In  a  responsible  manner. 
RE-SPO.N'SIOX,  C-spon'shun,)  n.    [L.  rc^onsio.} 

1.  The  act  of  answering.    ^J^vt  used.] 

2.  In  t!tc  uniccrsity  of  Oijurd,  an  examination 
about  the  middle  of  the  college  coun^>,  also  called 
the  litile^go.     [See  Little-co.]  Lyetl. 

RE-SPOXS'IVL,  G.    Answering;  making  reply. 
2.  Correspondent;  suiU^d  to  something  else. 

The  vocal  I.iy  retpaixtiee  U»  Lhe  ilrinp.  Pope. 

RE-SPO,\S'IVE-LY,  adv.    In  a  responsive  manner. 

RE-SPOXS'IVE-XESS,  n.  Stale  of  being  respons- 
ive. 

RE-SPOXS'O-RY,  a.    Containing  answer. 

IIE-SPOXS'0-RY,  71.  A  response  ;  the  answer  of  the 
people  to  the  priest  in  the  alternate  speaking,  in 
church  service. 

REST,  Jt.  [.Sax.  rcstj  rast,  quiet  ora  lying  down  ;  Dan. 
G.  and  Sw.  rast ;  D.  rust.  Tlie  German  lias  also 
ruhp,  Sw.  ro,  Dan.  roc,  rest,  repose.  In  \V.  arawa 
and  arosi  signify  to  stay,  stop,  wait.  This  Tcntonic 
word  can  not  be  Die  L.  resto,  if  the  latter  is  a  com- 
pound of  re  and  sto;  but  is  an  original  word  of  ihe 
Class  Rd,  Rs.    See  the  verb.] 

1.  Cessation  of  motion  or  action  of  any  kind,  and 
applicable  lo  any  body  or  being  ;  as,  rest  Uom  labor; 
rest  from  mental  exertion  ;  rest  of  Iwdy  or  mind.  A 
body  is  at  rest  when  it  ceases  to  move  ;  the  mind  ia 
at  rcAf  when  it  ceases  to  be  disturbed  or  agitated; 
the  sea  is  never  at  rest,    ilence, 

2.  Ciuiet ;  repose  ;  a  slate  free  from  motion  or  dis- 
turbance ;  a  slate  of  reconciliation  to  God. 

Learn  of  me,  for  I  nm  n;cel:  :ind  lowly  in  heart ;  and  ye  «hal] 
find  rcit  unto  your  sou'ia.  —  .Mat;,  xi. 

3.  Sleep  ;  as,  retire  to  rest. 

4.  Peace;  national  quiet. 

The  land  liad  rest  eighty  yc.-us.  — Judges  iii.    Dent.  xa. 

5.  The  final  sleep  ;  death.  Dryden. 

6.  A  place  of  quiet;  permanent  habitation. 

Ve  are  not  jis  yet  ccir.e  to  tlur  rat,  and  to  Uie  inhcriUoce  which 
Uie  Lord  your  God  giveih  you.  —  DeuU  xii. 

7.  Any  place  of  repose. 

In  dust,  our  final  resl  and  native  home.  hTtlton, 

8.  That  on  which  any  thing  leans  or  lies  for  sup- 
port.    1  Kings  vi. 

Their  visors  closed,  their  limces  ia  the  real,  Dryden. 

9.  In  poetry,  a  sliort  pause  of  the  voice  in  reading; 
a  ccsura. 

10.  In  r^hilcs^ph:j^  the  continuance  of  a  body  in  the 
same  place. 

11.  Final  hope. 

Sea  figiiU  I.-'lVC  hem  final  lo  t!ie  war;  Lot  ihis  is  when  phuceA 
Bel  up  their  re;:  upon  the  batUe.     [  Ohs,  ]  Bacon. 

12.  Cessation  from  tillage.    Lev.  xxv. 

13.  The  gospel  church  or  new  covenant  slate,  in 
which  the  people  of  God  enjoy  repose,  and  Christ 
shall  be  glorified.     Is.  xi. 

14.  In  music,  a  pause ;  an  interval  during  whicli 
the  voice  or  sound  is  intermitted;  also,  the  mark  of 
such  intermission. 

REST,  n.     [Fr.  reste,  from  restfr,  to  remain,  L.  resto.] 

1.  That  which  is  left,  or  which  remains  after  ihu 
separation  of  a  part,  either  in  fact  or  in  contempla- 
tion ;  remainder. 

Reli^on  gives  part  of  its  r-mard  in  hand —  the  preseotcocnfort  o( 
having  done  our  duty,  and  lor  the  rest,  it  oQers  m  (he  beat 
security  that  Heaven  can  give.  7Uo(*on. 

2.  Olhei"s ;  those  nol  included  in  a  proposition  or 
desciipliiin.  [In  this  sense,  rest  is  a  n^tun,  but  witJi 
a  singular  termination,  expressing  plurality.] 

Plato  and  the  rest  of  tlie  philosophers.  IfiUin^eet, 

A....„i  i;i-o  ii.^  -^^r   (k^  'p  mi ...  nrince  appears,  Dryden. 

md   the  rest  were  blinded.  — 


Armed  like  the  rest,  the  Troiaii  prince  appears,           Dryden. 
'    ;d  il,  -    '   "' 


Tlie   election    hatii   obuinei 
Rom.  si. 

REST,  V.  i.  [Pax.  restan,  hrcstan,  to  pause,  to  cease, 
to  be  quiet ;  D.  ritsten  ;  G.  rcsten ;  Sw.  rasta.  See 
Class  Rd,  Xo.  81,82.] 

1.  To  cease  from  action  or  motion  of  any  kind  ;  lo 
stop  ;  a  jcord  iipplicahle  to  any  body  or  being,  and  to  any 
kind  tif  motion. 

2.  To  cease  from  labj.,  work,  or  performance. 

Ijod  rested  on  the  sevcntli  day  from  all  his  work  which  h«  haJ 

made.  — Gen.  ii. 
So  the  |>eople  i-ested  on  tl»e  seventh  day.  —  Ex.  xvi. 

3.  To  be  quiet  or  still ;  to  be  undisturbed. 

There  rest,  if  uny  res'  can  Imrbor  tliere.  itiiton. 

4.  To  cease  from  war  ;  to  be  at  (le.ice. 

And  llie  land  rested  from  war.  — Josti,  si. 

r>.  To  be  quiet  or  tranquil,  as  the  mind  ;  not  lo  be 
agitated  by  fear,  aiixi(;ty,  or  other  passion. 
(!.  To  lie  ;  to  repose  ;  as,  to  rest  on  a  bed. 

7.  To  sleep;  to  slumber. 

Fancy  l.'ion  n.-tir»'S 
Into  her  private  cell,  when  n^iuir.:  resU.  Mi"  ■ 

8.  To  sleep  the  final  sleep  ;  to  die  or  be  dead. 

Gh>d  I  lay  me  down. 
As  in  my  moOier's  lap;  tln-r^  1  siiould  r«l. 
And  sleep  seme.  Rniton. 

9.  To  lean ;   to  recline  for  support  ;   as,  lo  rest 


TCXE,  BULL,  l|NITE.— AX"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — G  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SII ;  TU  as  in  THIS. 


1X9 


943 


RES 


RES 


aijainsi  a  tree.    The  truth  of  religion  rests  on  divine 
lesiiniony. 

10.  To  Stand  on ;  to  be  supported  by  j  as,  a  column 
Tfsts  on  its  pedestal. 

1 1.  To  be  satisfied ;  to  acquiesce ;  as,  to  rest  on 
Heaven's  detennination.  Addison. 

12.  To  lean ;  to  trust ;  to  rely ;  as,  to  rcjst  on  a 
man's  promise. 

13.  To  continue  fixed.    Isa.  li. 

l-l.  To  terminate  ;  to  come  to  an  end.    Ezek.  xvi. 

15.  To  hang,  lie,  or  be  fixed. 

Orer  a  lent  a  cloud  »h:ill  rest  by  day.  Milton. 

16.  To  abide  ;  to  remain  with. 

They  fciiil,  The  spirit  of  Gijili  ilolh  rest  oq  Elisha.  —  8   Kings 
ii.    Ecclea.  vii. 

17.  To  be  calm  or  composed  in  mind;  to  enjoy 
peace  of  conscie?ice. 

To  rest  with;  to  be  in  tlie  power  of;  to  depend  up- 
on ;  as,  it  re^ts  witli  him  to  decide. 
REST,  r.  i.     [Fr.  r«(cr.] 

To  be  left ;  to  remain.     [  Obs.]  Juaton. 

REST,  V.  t.    To  lay  or  place  at  rest ;  to  quiet. 

Your  piety  hn&  paid 
All  needful  rilrs,  to  rest  my  wamleriiig shade.  Dryden. 

2.  To  place,  as  on  a  support.    We  rest  our  cause 
on  the  truth  of  the  Scripture. 

Her  weary  held  upon  your  bosom  rest.  Wt^c: 

RE-STAG'NANT,  «.     [L.  resiagnans.] 

Stagnant ;  remaining  without  a  tiow  or  cuiTcnt. 
[J^ot  muck  used.]  Boyle. 

RE-STAG'NaTE,  v.  I     [L.  restagixo;  re  and  stagno^ 
to  stagnate.] 
To  staiid  or  remain  without  flowing.     Wtscman. 
[This  word  is  superseded  by  Stagnate.] 
RE-STAG-Na'TION,  n.    Stajrnation,  which  see. 
RES'TANT,  a.     [L.  reslan.-<,  re^to.] 

In  botany,  remaining,  :is  footstalks  at^er  the  fructi- 
fication has  fallen  otf ;  iiersistent.  Lee. 
RES' TAU-RAJiT,  (res'to-riing,)  h.    [Fr.]    An  eating- 
house. 
RES-TAW RA-TEUR,  (res-tor'a-tur,)  n.     [Fr.,  a  re- 
storer.]    The  keeper  of  an  eating-house,  or  house 
for  occasional  refreshment. 
RES-TAtJ-RA'TK)N,  n.     [L.  restaurn.] 
Restoration  to  a  former  good  state. 
[The  present  ortliography  is  Restoration,  which 
see.] 
REST'ED,  pp.   Laid  on  for  support ;  reposed  ;  relieved 

bv  rest. 
Re-STE>F,u.  (.   [re  3ind  stem.]   To  force  back  against 

the  current.  Shale. 

REST'FUL,  a.     [from  rest.]     auiet ;  being  at  rest. 

Shak. 
REST'FIJL-LY,  adv.    In  a  state  of  rest  or  qtiiet. 

Herbert. 
REST'-HAR'RoW,  n.   A  prickly  European  plant,  of 

the  genus  Ononis,  with  long,  lough  roots. 
REST'-HOUSE,  n.     In  Tudia^  an  empty  house  for  the 

accommodation  of  travelers  ;  a  choltry  or  serai. 
REST'IFF,  a.     [Fr.  rctifi   It.  restivo,  rcstioi  from  L. 
rcsto.  ] 

Unwilling  to   go,  or  only  running   bark  ;  obsti- 
nate in  refusing  to  move  forward  ;  stubborn  ;  as,  a 
re^tiff  steed.     More  usually  written  Restive,  which 
see. 
REST'IFF,  n.    A  stubborn  horse. 

REST'IFF-NESS,   n.       [See    Restiveness.]      Obsti- 
nate reluctance  or  indisposition  to  move. 
2.  Obstinate  unwillingness.  Bacon. 

RE-STIN€'TION,  n.     [L.  rfMinct'w^  resting-uo  ;  re  and 
erthz^ruo.] 
The  act  of  quenching  or  extinguishing. 
REST'lNG,  ppr.    Ceasing  to  move  or  act ;  ceasing  to 
be  moved   or  agitated;   lying;  leaning ;  standing ; 
dop'Mnlin<;  or  reiving. 
REST'LN'G-PLaCE,  n.     A  place  for  rest. 
RE-STl.\"GniSU,  (re-sting'gwish,)  v.  t      [L.  restiH- 
giio  :  re  and  rrtiniruo.] 

To  quench  or  extinguish.  Fidd. 

RES'TI-TUTE,  v.  u     [L.  restitm;  re  and  stuluoy  to 
setj 

To  restore  to  a  former  stale.    {J^ot  \ised.]     Dyer. 
RES-TI-Tu'TIO\,  H,     [L.  restitutio.] 

1.  The  act  of  returning  or  restoring  to  a  person 
some  thing  or  right  of  which  he  has  been  unjustly 
deprived  ;  as,  the  restitution  of  ancient  rights  to  the 
crown.  Spenser. 

Rrjttitution  is  made  by  restoring  a  specific  thing 
taken  away  or  lost. 

2.  The  act  of  making  good,  or  of  giving  an  equiv- 
alent for  any  loss,  damage,  or  injury  ;  indemnifica- 
tion. 

He  restitutimi  to  the  vnlue  iriakfs.  .Stenrfy*. 

3.  The  act  of  recovering  a  former  state  or  posture. 
[Unusual.]  Grew. 

Restitution  of  all  tilings ;  the  pulling  the  world  in 
a  holy  and  happy  slate.    Acts  iii. 
RES'TI-TU-TOR,  n.      One  who. makes  restitution. 

[Lit fir  used.] 
REST'I  VE,  a.     [It.  rrstivo,  rcstio  :  from  L.  resto.] 

1.  I'nwilling  to  go,  or  only  running  back  ;  obsti- 
nate in  refusing  to  move  forward  ;  stubborn  ;  as,  a 


restive  steed.    It  seems  originally  to  have  been  used 
of  horses  that  would  not  be  driven  forward. 

All  who  before  him  did  ascend  Uie  throne, 

Labored  to  draw  three  restioe  imtions  on.  Roscommon. 

2.  Unyielding;  as, rcsiitje stubbornness.  VEstrange. 

3.  Being  at  rest,  or  less  in  action.     [J^ot  in  use.] 

Brown. 

REST'IVE-NESS,  ti.    Obstinate  reluctance  or  indis- 
position to  move. 
2.  Obstinate  unwillingness. 
RES'1''LESS,  a.     [from  rest ;  Sax.  re.-itleas.] 

1.  Unquiet;  uneasy;  continually  moving;  as,  a 
restless  child. 

2.  Being  without  sleep;  uneasy. 

ResUesa  he  passed  the  rcmuaiit  of  the  night.  Dryden. 

3.  Passed  in  unquietness;  as,  the  patient  has  had 
a  restless  night. 

4.  Uneasy  ;  unquiet ;  not  satisfied  to  be  at  rest  or 
in  peace ;  as,  a  restless  prince ;  restless  ambition ; 
resUess  passions. 

5.  Uneasy  ;  turbulent ;  as,  restless  subjects. 

6.  Unsettled ;  disposed  to  wander  or  to  change 
place  or  condition. 

Restless  Kt  home,  and  ever  prone  to  range.  Dryden. 

REST'LESS-LY,  atlv.    Without  rest ;  unquiclly. 

When  the  mind  aisLa  and  lurna  itself  rcsiZces/y  from  one  thing  to 
ftiiolijer.  SouUi. 

REST'LESS-NESS,  n.  Uneasiness  ;  unquietness  ;  a 
slate  of  disturbance  or  agitation,  either  of  body  or 
mind. 

2,  Want  of  sleep  or  rest ;  uneasiness.      Harvey. 

3.  .^lotion  ;  agitation ;  as,  the  restlessiiess  of  the 
magnetic  needle.  Boyle. 

RE-ST61l'A-IJLE,  a.  [from  restoH.]  That  may  be 
restored  to  a  former  good  condition  ;  as,  restnrahle 
land.  Sici/C. 

RE-SToR'A-BLE-NES3,  n.  State  of  being  restora- 
ble. 

RE-SToR'AL,  n.  Restitution.   [JVo^  in  use.]     Barrow. 

RES-TO-Ra'TION,  n.  [Fr.  restauration  ;  L.  rcstauro.] 
1.  The  act  of  replacing  in  a  former  state. 

Behold  the  diiTerent  climes  agree, 

Rejoicing  in  Iby  restoration.  Dryden. 

So  we  speak  of  the  restoration  of  a  man  to  Ilia  of- 
fice, or  to  a  good  standing  in  society. 

9.  Renewal ;  revival ;  rei-slablishment ;  as,  the  res- 
toration of  friendsliip  between  enemies  ;  the  rey-tora- 
lion  of  peace  after  war ;  the  rcsViratioR  of  a  declining 
commerce. 

3.  Recovery ;  renewal  of  health  and  soundness ; 
as,  restoration  from  sickness  or  from  insanity. 

4.  Recovery  from  a  lapse  or  any  bad  slate  ;  as,  the 
restoration  of  man  from  apostasy. 

5.  In  theology,  universal  restoration,  the  final  re- 
covery of  ;ill  men  from  sin  and  alienation  from  God 
to  a  state  of  IiappiiK'ss  ;  universal  salvation. 

6.  In  England,  the  return  of  King  Charles  II.  in 
lOfiO,  and  the  rci-stahlishment  of  monarchy. 

RES-TO-Ra'TIOX-I.-^T,  n.  A  Universalist  who  be- 
lieves in  a  temporary  future  punishment,  but  in  a 
final  restoration  of  all  to  the  favor  and  presence  of 
God. 

RE-SToR'A-TIVE,  a.  That  has  power  to  renew 
strength  and  vigor.  Encyc. 

RE-SToR'A-TIVE,  71.  A  medicine  efficacious  in  re- 
storing strength  and  vigor,  or  in  rccniiling  the  vital 
powers.  Arbuthnot. 

RE-SToR'A-TIVE-LY,  adv.  In  a  manner  or  degree 
that  lends  to  renew  strength  or  vigor. 

RE-SToR'A-TO-RY,  a.    Restorative.     [Bad.] 

RE-ST6RE',  V.  t.  [Fr.  restaur er ;  It.  restau rare ;  Sp. 
and  Port,  rest-aurar  ,-  L.  rcstauro.  This  is  a  compound 
of  re  and  the  root  of  store.,  story,  history.  The  prima- 
ry sense  is,  to  set,  to  lay  or  to  throw,  as  in  Gr.  orc- 
pzo^,  solid.] 

1.  To  return  to  a  person,  as  a  specific  thing  which 
he  has  lost,  or  which  has  been  taken  from  him  and 
unjustly  detained.  We  restore  lost  or  stolen  goods 
to  the  owner. 

Now,  therefiire,  restore  to  the  man  hia  vnte.  —  Gen.  ix. 

2.  To  replace  ;  to  return  ;  as  a  person  or  thing  to  a 
former  place. 

Phinwh  eli;ill  restore  tliee  lo  thy  place. — Gen.  xl. 

3.  To  bring  back. 

The  father  banished  virtue  shall  restore.  Dryden. 

4.  To  bring  back  or  recover  from  lapse,  degener- 
acy, declension,  or  ruin,  to  Us  former  stale. 

Loss  of  Eden,  lill  one  greater  man 
Restore  it,  and  reg-.\in  the  blissful  scat.  Milton. 

Our  fortune  restored  after  the  severest  affliclions.  Prior. 

5.  To  heal ;  to  cure  ;  to  recover  from  disease. 

Ilia  hand  was  restored  whole  like  as  the  other.  —  Malt.  xii. 

6.  To  make  restitution  or  satisfaction  for  a  thing 
taken,  by  returning  something  else,  or  something  of 
different' value. 

i  ox,  and  four  slieep  for  a  eheep. 


IIl'  skill  restore  five  oxen  for  i 
—  Ex.  xxii. 

7.  To  give  ior  satisfaction  for  pretended  wrongs 
something  not  taken.    Ps.  Ixix. 


RES 

8.  To  repair ;  lo  rebuild  ;  as,  to  restore  and  lo  build 
Jerusalem.    Dan.  ix. 

9.  To  revive  ;  lo  resuscitate  ;  to  bring  back  to  life. 

Whose  son  he  had  rettored  to  life.  ~  2  Kiugs  viii, 

10.  To  return  or  bring  back  after  absence.  Heb.xiu. 

11.  To  bring  to  a  sense  of  sin  and  amendment  of 
life.     Oat,  vi. 

12.  To  renew  or  reestablish  after  interruption  ;  as, 
peace  is  restored.  Friendship  between  the  parties  is 
restored. 

13.  To  recover  or  renew,  as  passages  of  an  author 
obscured  or  corrupted  ;  as,  to  restore  the  true  read- 
ing. 

14.  In  the  fine.  artSy  to  bring  back  from  a  state  of 
injury  or  decav  ;  as,  to  restore  a  |Kiinling,  statue,  &c. 

Re'-SToRE',  r.  t.  [re  and  store.]  To  siore  again. 
The  i:oods  taken  out  were  rc-sUrrcd. 

RE-SToR'A"D,/)p.  Returned  ;  brouglitback  ;  retrieved ; 
recovered  ;  cured  ;  renewed  ;  reestablished. 

RE-SToRE'.MENT,  n.  The  act  of  restoring  ;  restora- 
tion.    [JVw£  used.]  Bromi. 

RE-SToR'ER,  H.  One  llmt  restores  ;  one  that  returns 
what  is  lost  or  unjustly  detained  ;  one  who  repairs 
or  reestablishes. 

RE-STOR'ING,  ppr.  Returning  what  is  lost  or  taken  ; 
bringing  hack;  recovering;  curing;  renewing;  re- 
pairing; reestablishing. 

RE-STRaIN',  v.  t.  [Fr.  restraindre;  It.  ristrigncrc, 
restringere;  Sp.  restrinirj  restringir  ;  L.  restrin-ro  ; 
re  and  .striiigo,  to  strain.  The  letter  g  appears  fioni 
the  participle  to  be  casual  ;  strii'gOj  for  strigo. 
Hence,  strictits,  strict^  stricture.  If  i.  ■  ^v.-o  letters  .f( 
arc  removed,  the  word  rigo  coincides  exactly,  in 
primary  sense,  with  L.  i-ego.  rectus ^  right,  and  the 
root  of  reach,  stretchy  straight.] 

1.  To  hold  back ;  to  check  ;  to  hold  from  action, 
proceeding,  or  advancing,  either  by  physical  or  moral 
force,  or  by  any  interpusing  ob^taclo.    Thus  we  rc- 

'  strain  a  horse  "bv  a  bridle ;  we  restrain  cattle  from 
wandering  by  fences;  we  re.^train  water  by  dams 
ami  dikes;  we  restrain  men  from  crimes  and  tres- 
passes by  laws;  we  restrain  young  people,  when  we 
can,  by  arguments  or  counsel ;  we  restrain  men  and 
their  passions;  we  restrain  the  elements;  we  at- 
tempt to  restrain  vice,  hut  not  always  with  success. 

2.  To  repress  ;  to  keep  in  awe  ;  as,  to  restrain  of- 
fenders. 

3.  To  suppress;  to  hinder  or  repress;  as,  lo  re- 
strain excess. 

4.  To  abridge  ;  to  hinder  from  unlimited  enjoy- 
ment; as,  to  restrain  one  of  his  pleasure  or  of  his 
liberty.  Clarendon.     Shalt. 

5.  To  limit;  to  confine. 

Not  only  a  mciaphysical  or  natural,  but  a  mora]  imiversalJly  ia 
also  to  he  restpoined  by  a  part  of  the  predicate.       Watts. 

6.  To  withhold  ;  to  forbear. 

Thou  reslrainest  prayer  before  Gnd.  —  Job  xt. 

RE-STRaIN'A-BLE,  a.    Capable  of  being  restrained. 

BroiPn. 

RE-STRaIN'ED,  pp.  Held  back  from  advancing  or 
wandering  ;  withheld  ;  repressed  ;  suppressed  ; 
abridged  ;    confined. 

RE-STRaIN'ED-LY,  adv.  With  restraint ;  with  lim- 
itation. HammuniK 

RE-STRaIN'ER,  n.     He  or  that  which  restrains. 

Broken. 

RE-STRAlN'ING,ppr.  Holding  back  from  proceed- 
ing; checking;  repressing;  hindering  from  motion 
or  action  ;  suppressing. 

2.  a.  Abridging  ;  limiting  ;  as,  a  restraining 
statute. 

3.  That  checks  or  hinders  from  sin  ;  as,  restrain- 
ing grace. 

RE-STRaIN'MENT,  71.    Act  of  restraining. 
RE-STRaIKT',  n.     [from  Fr.  restreint] 

1.  The  act  or  operation  of  holding  back  or  hinder- 
ing from  motion,  in  any  manner;  hinderanre  of 
the  will,  or  of  any  action,  physical,  moral,  or  mental. 

2.  Abridgment  of  liberty;  as,  ihe  restraint  of  a 
man  by  imprisonment  or  by  duress. 

3.  Prohibition  ;  a  nile  which  restrains. 

What  moved  our  parenU  to  transgress  liis  will 

For  one  restraint,  lords  ol  the  world  besides.  Milton. 

4.  Ijimilalion ;  restriction. 

If  all  were  granti-d,  yel  it  must  \ie  maintained,  within  nny  bold 
restraints,  far  olliiTwise  th:in  il  id  rcct-iveti.  Sroien. 

5.  That  which  restrains,  hinders,  or  represses. 
The  laws  are  restrainU!  upon  injustice. 

RE-STRlCT',  V.  t.  [h.  rcstrictus,  from  rcstringo. 
See  Restrain.] 

To  limit ;  to  confine  ;  to  restrain  within  bounds  ; 
as,  to  restrict  words  to  a  particular  meaning  ;  lo  re- 
strict a  patient  to  a  certain  diet. 
RE-STRICT'ED,  pp.    Limited  ;  confined  lo  bounds. 
RE-STRIGT'ING,  ppr.    Confining  lo  limits. 
RE-STRie'TlON,  ri.     [Fr.,  from  L.  rcstrictus.] 
1    Limitation  ;  conhnemenl  within  bounds. 

This  is  to  have  the  same  restriction  as  all  other  recreatit/ns. 

Goo.  o/tlte  Tongue. 

Restriction  of  words,  is  the  limitation  of  their  sig- 
nification in  a  particular  manner  or  degree. 
2.  Restraint;  as,  rcj-(ric(iuH5  on  trade. 


Fate,  far,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PREY.  — PliNE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.- 


« 


RES 

EE-STRIGT'IVE,  a.     [Fr.  re^^trktif.] 

1.  Having  the  quality  of  limiting,  or  of  expressing 
limitation  ;  as,  a  restrictive  particle. 

2.  Imposing  restraint ;  as,  r*'^('Wc((i'cla\vs  of  trade. 

3.  Sl)-ptjc.     [jYotvsed.]  mseman. 
RE-STRier'lVE-LY,  ado.    With  limitation. 

Gov.  of  the.  Tongue. 

RE-?TRFN6E',Cre-strinj',)p.(.     [L.  restrin^o,  supra.] 
Til  coniine  ;  to  contract  ;  to  astringL-. 

RE-:?TRI.\-GEN-CY,  tt.    The  qualitj-or  powerof  con- 
trartJng.  Petty. 

RE-STRhV'GENT,  a.     AstrinaeDt ;  styptic. 

RE-STRL\'GENT,  lu     A  medicine  that  operates  as 
nn  astringent  or  styptic.  Harvey. 

RiC-STRIVE',  r.  i.     [re  ixrxA  strive,]     To  strive  anew. 

SackGille. 

REST'Y,  rt.     The   same   as  Restive  or  Restiff,  of 
uhith  it  is  n  contraction. 

Rk-SL'B-JEC'TIOxN,  «.     [re  and  subjection.]    A  sec- 
ond siihjeciion.  Bp.  Hall. 

Rk-SUH-LI-Ma'TION,  71.    A  second  sublimation. 

Re-SUD-LIME',  r.  (.    [re  and  sublime.]      To  sub- 
lime again  ;  as,  to  resublimc  mercurial  sublimate. 
_  J\reic!oii. 

Re-SUB-LT.M'jED,  pp.    Sublimed  a  second  time. 

Rk-SUB-LTM'L\G,  ppr.    Sublimmg  again, 

RE-SU-D--\'TI0N,  n.     [L.  resudatti^Sj  resit  do ;  re  and 
sudo,  to  stt-eal.] 
TJie  act  of  sweating  again. 

RE-?ULT',  r.  i.     [Fr.   resnllfr;  L.  res}dto,  resilio ;  re 
and  salio,  to  leap.] 

1.  To  leap  back;  to  rebound. 

Tlie  huge  round  s:o!ie,  resitlAitg  with  n  bound.  Pope. 

2.  To  proceed,  spring,  or  rise,  as  a  consequence, 
from  facts,  arguments,  premises,  combination  of  cir- 
cumstances, consultation,  or  meditation.  Evidence 
results  from  teslhuony,  or  from  a  variety  of  concur- 
ring circumstances  ;  pli-asure  rcsnlLi  from  friendship  ; 
harmony  results  from  certain  accordances  of  sounds. 

Pleasare  and  peace  naturally  resutl  fioni  :i  holy  and  eood  life. 

TUiolson. 

3.  To  come  out,  or  have  an  issue ;  to  terminate ; 
followed  by  in ;  as,  this  measure  will  result  in  good, 
or  m  evil. 

RE  :=r':,T',  7?.    Resilience  ;  act  of  flying  back. 

and  Ihe  air,  by  [he  return 
Bacon. 


RET 


RET 


^i-uiid  is  prcduced  between  i:ic;uiU: 
of  the  result  of  Ihe  sliin£r. 


•2.  Consequence;  co-"^Ui.5ion  ;  inference;  effect 
that  which  proceeds  w*  2al!y  or  logically  from  facts, 
premises,  or  the  stafi,  .l'  things;  as,  the  result  of 
reasoning;  the  result  of  reflection;  the  result  of  a 
consultation  or  council ;  the  resiUt  of  a  legislative 
debate. 

Tlie  misery  of  sinners  will  be  tha   n.Muiul  result  of  Ibeir  vile 
aiTcctiuns  and  criminal  indulgeucies,  J.  Laihrop. 

3.  The  decision  or  determiualion  of  a  council  or 
deliberative  assembly ;  ;is,  the  result  of  an  ecclesias- 
tical council.  J\:ew  Enirland. 

RE-SULT'ANCE,  n.    The  act  of  resulting.    ° 

RE-SULT'ANT,  n.  In  mcehamcsy  a  force  which  is 
the  combined  effect  of  two  or  more  forces,  acting  in 
different  directions. 

RE-SCLT'ANT,  a.  That  results  from  the  combina- 
tion of  two  or  more  ;  as,  a  resultant  force,  &c. 

RE-SUET'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Proceeding  as  a  conse- 
quence, effect,  or  conclusion  of  something;  coming 
to  a  detennination. 

9,  In  law^  resulting  use ^  is  a  use  which  returns  to 
him  who  raised  it,  after  its  expiration  or  during  the 
impossibility  of  vesting  in  the  person  intended. 

RE-SuM'A-BLE,  a.  [from  resume.]  That  may  he 
taken  back,  or  that  may  be  taken  up  again. 

RE-i<U-JiIE'y  fra-zu-ma',)  [Fr.]  A  euuiming  up;  a 
condensed  statement. 

RE-StJME',  (re-zume',)  v.  t.  [h.  resume ;  re  and  sumOj 
to  take.] 

1.  To  take  back  what  lias  been  given. 

The  son,  like  ihis  from  which  our  <ighl  wp  huve, 

Gazed  on  too  Ion*,  re3UTn£s  the  iig'u  be  *avo.  Ocnhnm. 

2.  To  take  back  what  lias  been  taken  away. 

They  retume  what  has  teen  obtained  frmuhilenlly.     Daofiiant. 

3.  To  take  again  after  absence ;  as,  to  resume  a 
seat. 

Reaaon  rtsumed  her  pl.icc,  and  P.ission  fled.  Dryden. 

4.  To  take  up  again  after  interruption  ;  to  begin 
again  ;  as,  to  resume  an  argimient  or  discourse. 
[  TAt*  is  now  its  most  frequent  7ise.] 

RE-SuM'£D,  (re-zumd',)  pp.  Taken  back;  taken 
nt!;ii_n  ;  begun  again  after  interruption. 

RE-SuM'ING,  ppr.  Taking  back;  taking  again  ;  be- 
ginning again  afVer  interruption. 

Re-S'u  M'MON,  V.  t.    To  summon  or  call  again. 
_  2.  To  recall ;  to  recover.  Bacon. 

Rk-SUM'MOX-SD,  pp.  Summoned  again  ;  rccov- 
*-red. 

RP.-SU.M'MON-ING,  Mr.    Recalling;  recovering. 

RE-SUMP'TION,  n.     fFr..  from  L.  resimptus.] 

The  act  of  resuming,  taking  back,  or  taking  again  ; 
as,  the  resumption  of  a  grant.  ! 

RE  SUMP'TIVE,  a.    Taking  back  or  again.  I 


RE-SO'PI-NATE,  a.  ['..  rcsupinatus^  resupino  ;  re 
and  supino,  suptnus,  lyii.:'  on  the  back.] 

In  botany,  invert  i  'in  p.-.-.i..m  by  a  twisting  of  the 
stuck,  as  the  flowers  of  Orciiis.      *  Lindley. 

RE-SU-PI-NA'TION,  n.  [Supm.]  The  state  of  lying 
on  the  back ;  the  state  of  being  resupinate  or  re- 
versed, as  a  corol. 

RE-SU-PINE',  a.     Lying  on  the  back. 

RES-UR-REG'TION,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  resurrectus, 
Tcsurgo  :  re  and  sursro,  tu  rise.] 

A  rising  again  ;  chiefly,  the  revival  of  the  dead  of 
the  human  race,  or  their  return  from  the  grave,  par- 
ticularly at  tlie  general  judgment.  By  the  resurrec- 
tion of  Christ  we  have  assurance  of  the  future  res- 
urrection of  men.    1  Pet.  1. 

In  Uie  rcsurrechon,  thcj"  ucltlicr  marry  nor  are  riven  in  mar- 
rrngi.-.  —  Matt.  xxii. 

RES-UR-REC'TION-IST,  «.  One  whose  business  is 
to  steal  bodies  from  the  grave.    [Low.'] 

RE-SUR-VEV,  (-sur-va',)  r.  (.  [rfl  nnd  swvey.]  To 
survey  asain  or  anew  ;  to  review.  Sfrnh. 

RE-SUR-VEy',{-sur-va',)  n.    A  second  survey. 

Rk-SUR-VEV'/CD,  (-vade',;  pp.    Surveyed  again. 

RK-SUR-VEY'Ii\G,p;jr.  Surveyinganew  ;  reviewing. 

RE-SUS'C1-TaTE,  0.  (.  [L.  resuscito  ;  re  and  susctto, 
to  raise.] 

To  revivify ;  to  revive ;  particularly,  to  recover 
from  apparent  deatli  ;  as,  to  resuscitate  a  drowned 
person  ;  to  resuscitate  withered  plants. 

RE-SUS'CI-Ta-TED,  pp.  Revived  ;  revivified  ;  re- 
produced. 

RE-SUS'CI-Ta-TING,  ppr.  Reviving;  revivifving; 
reproducing. 

RE-SUS-CI-Ta'TION,  n.  The  act  of  reviving  from 
a  state  of  apparent  death  ;  the  state  of  being  revivi- 
fied. Pope. 

RE-SUS'CI-Ta-TIVE,  a.  Reviving;  revivifying; 
raising  from  apparent  death  ;  reproducing. 

RE-SUS'CI-Ta-TOR,  71.     One  who  resuscitates. 

KE-TaIL',  v.  t,  [Fr.  reiaillcr;  re  and  tailler,  to  cut; 
It.  j-itaoliarc] 

1.  To  sell  in  small  quantities  or  parcels,  from  the 
sense  of  cutting  or  dividing ;  opposed  to  sellijig  by 
jcliolesale :  as,  to  retail  cloth  or  groceries. 

2.  To  sell  at  second  hand.  Pope. 

3.  To  tell  in  broken  paits  ;  to  tell  to  many  ;  as,  to 
retail  slander  or  idle  reports. 

Re'TaIL,  n.  The  sale  of  commodities  in  small  quan- 
tities or  parcels,  or  at  seconri  hand.  .Mdisun. 

RE-TaIL'£D,/.;).    Sold  in  small  quantities. 

RE-TaIL'ER  or  Re'TaIL-ER,  n.     [This  word,  like 
the  noun  retail,  is  often,  perhaps  generally,  accented 
on  the  first  syllable  in  America.] 
One  who  sells  goods  by  small  quantities  ov  parcels. 

RE-TaIL'ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Selling  in  small  quantities. 

RE-TaIL'MENT,  77.    Act  of  retailing. 

RE-TaIN',  v.t.  [Fr.  rctenir;  It.  ritencre;  Sp.  rctener; 
L.  rctinco  ;  re  and  teiico,  to  Iiold.] 

1.  To  hold  or  keep  in  possession;  not  to  lose  or 
part  with  or  dismiss.  Tiie  memory  retains  ideas 
which  facts  or  arguments  have  suggested  to  the  mind. 

Th?y  did  nut  like  tn  retain  God  in  their  knowledge.  —  Horn.  i. 

2.  To  keep,  as  an  associate ;  to  keep  from  depart- 
ure 

Whom  I  would  have  retained  with  me.  —  Phil.  xiii. 

3.  To  keep  back ;  to  hold. 

An  executor  tnay  retiun  a  debt  due  to  him  from  tlie  testutor. 

Blackstone. 

4.  To  liold  from  escape.  Some  substances  retain 
heat  much  longer  than  otiiers.  Metals  readily  re- 
ceive and  transmit  heat,  but  do  not  longj-c^ai/i  it. 
Seek  cloths  that  retain  their  color. 

5.  To  keep  in  pay ;  to  hire. 

A  Bouediciiae  convent  has  now  retained  tJie  most  learned  father 

of  their  tinkr  to  write  in  its  defense.  Adtlison. 

G.  To  engage  ;  to  employ  by  a  fee  paid  ;  a3,  to  re- 
tain a  counselor. 
RE-TaIN',  i:  i.    To  belong  to ;  to  depend  on  ;  as, 
coldness  mixed  with  a  somewhat  languid  relish,  re- 
taining to  bitterness.  Boyle. 
[J^iit  in  use.    We  now  use  Pertain.] 
2.  To  keep  ;  to  continue.     [JN'ot  in  nsc.] 
RE-TaIN'A-BLE,  a.  Capable  of  being  retained.  Ashe, 
RE-TAlN'ii;r>,  jip.    Held  ;  kcpl  in  possession  ;  kept  as 

an  associate  ;  kept  in  pay  ;  kept  from  escape. 
RE-TaIN'ER,  ?i.    One  who  retains;  as  an  e.xecutor, 
who  retains  a  debt  due  from  the  testator.  Blackstone. 

2.  One  who  is  kept  in  service;  an  attendant;  as, 
tlie  retainers  of  the  ancient  princes  and  nobility. 

3.  .\i\  adherent ;  a  dependant ;  a  hanger  on.    Shak. 
A.  A  servant,  not  a  domestic,  but  occasionally  at- 
tending and  wearing  his  master's  livery. 

Coicel.    B}-andc. 
ft.  Among  lawyers,  a  fee  paid  to  engage  a  lawyer  or 
counselor  to  maintain  a  cause. 

G.  The  net  of  keeping  dependants,  or  being  in  de- 
pendenro.  Bacon. 

RE-Ta(N'ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Keeping   in    possession; 
keeping  as  an  associate  ;  keeping  from  escape  ;  hir- 
ing ;  engaging  counsel ;  as,  a  rctainiitg  fee. 
UE-T.\KE',  c.  1. 1  prct.    Retook  ;  p/i.    Retaken,     [re 
and  take]     To  lake  again.  Clarendon. 


2.  To  take  from  a  captor  ;  to  recapture  ;  as,  to  re- 
take a  ship  or  prisoners. 

RE-TSK'fJ.\,  p;j.    Taken  again;  recaptured. 

RE-TaK'ER,  n.  One  who  takes  agaiu  what  has  been 
taken  ;  a  recaptor.  Kent. 

RE-TaK'ING,  ppr.  Taking  again;  taking  from  a 
captor. 

RE-TaK'I\G,  71.    A  taking  again  ;  recapture. 

RE-T.\I/[-aTE,  v.L  [Low  L.  retalio ;  re  and  toKo, 
from  talis,  like.] 

To  return  like  for  like  ;  to  repay  or  requite  by  an 
act  of  tlie  same  kind  a.^  has  been  received.  It  is  now 
seldom  used,  except  in  a  bad  sense,  that  i^,  to  return 
evil  for  evil;  as,  to  retaliate  injuries.  In  war,  ene- 
mies often  reM'mfc  the  death  or  inhuman  treatment 
of  prisoners,  the  burning  of  towns,  or  the  plund^^r  nf 
good  9. 

It  i«  unhicfey  to  be  obliged  to  relaUaU  the  Injoriea  cf  :i-  :. 
whosr  workB  ar«?  so  kioii  forg^jtlcn  that  we  are  m  ilii\£-.i  ■_.' 
npprMrin^  the  fiat  aggrta»or».  Swt/l.        i 

RE-TAL'I-aTE,  v.  i.    To  return  like  for  like;  as,  to 

retaliate  uj)on  an  enemy. 
RE-'I'AL'I-a-TED,  pp.    Returned,  as  like  for  like. 
RE-TAI/I-A  TING,  ppr.    Returning  like  for  like. 
RE-TAE-I-a'TION,  11.    The  return  of  like  for  like  ; 

the  doing  that  to  another  which  he  has  dtmc  to  us  ; 

requital  of  evil.  South. 

2.  In  a  good  sense,  return  of  good  for  good. 

Go<I  t;ik<.'s  what  is  done  to  others  as  done  to  hJnucLf,  and  by  pronv 
ise  obli°:os  hitrisclt'  to  lull  retaliation.  (kUamy. 

[This,  according  to  modern  usage,  is  harsh.] 

RE  TAL'I-A-'I'IVE;  a.     Returning  like  for  like. 

RE-TAL'I-A-TO  RY,  a.  Returning  like  for  like;  as, 
retaliatory  measures  ;  retaliatory  edicts. 

Canning.     WaJsTu 

RE-TXRD',  V.  t.  [Ft.  rctarder ;  L.  retardo;  re  and 
tarda,  to  delay  ;  tardus,  slow,  late.     See  Target.! 

1.  To  diminish  the  velocity  of  motion  ;  to  hintler; 
to  render  more  slow  in  progress :  as,  to  retard  the 
march  of  an  army  ;  to  retard  the  motion  of  a  ship. 
The  resistance  of  air  rcfcrt/^the  velocity  of  a  cannon- 
bal!.     It  is  opposed  to  Accelerate. 

'2.  To  delay  -,  to  put  (ifl";  to  render  more  late ;  as, 
to  retard  the  a:i::.:.^s  of  old  age  ;  to  retard  a  rupture 
between  nations.     My  visit  was  retarded  bv  biisinp^*. 

RE-TaRD',  v.  i.     To  stay  back.     [^Tot  in  use.]  Brws^.. 

RE-TaRD-.\'TI0N,  n.  The  act  of  abating  the  velo- 
city of  motion  ;  hinderance  ;  the  act  of  delaying;  as, 
the  retardation  of  the  motion  of  a  ship ;  tlic  retarda- 
tion of  hoar}'  hairs.  Bacon. 

RE-TARD'.A-TIVE,  a.    That  retards. 

RE-TARD'ED,  pp.  era.  Hindered  in  motion  ;  delayed. 

RE-TARD'EU,  v.  One  that  retards,  hinders,  or' de- 
lays. 

RE-TARD'ING,  ppr.  Abating  the  velocity  of  motion  ; 
hindt^ring;  delaying. 

RE-TaRD'AIENT,  k.  The  act  of  retarding  or  delay- 
ing. Cowley. 

RETCH,  V.  i.  [Sax.  hra^ean  :  Dan.  rekker,  to  reach,  lo 
stretch,  lo  retch,  to  vomit ;  the  same  word  as  reach ; 
the  present  orthography,  rcteh,  being  wholly  arbitra- 
ry.   See  Reach.] 

To  make  an  efiort  to  vomit ;  to  heave  ;  as  the  stom- 
ach ;  to  strain,  as  in  vomiting  ;  properlv,  to  Reaou. 

RETCH'LESS,  careless,  is  not  in  use."  [See  Reck- 
less-] Dryden. 

RE-TE'CrOUS,  (-shus,)  a.    Resembling  net-work. 

RE-TEC'TION,  n.  [L.  rctectus,  from  rctego,  to  un- 
cover ;  re  and  tego,  to  cover.] 

The  act  of  disclosing  or  producing  to  view  some- 
thing concealed  ;  as,  the  relection  of  the  native  color 
of  the  body.  Boyle, 

RE'TE  MU-€CrSUM,  n.  [L.]  The  layer  of  the 
skin  intermediate  between  the  cutis  and  the  cuticle, 
the  principal  seat  of  color  in  man.  Parr. 

RE-TE.\T',  n.    That  which  is  retained.        Kirwan, 

RE-TEN'TION,  ti.  [Fr.,  from  L.  rctentio,  retineo;  re 
and  tnico,  to  hold.] 

1.  The  act  of  retaining  or  keeping. 
9.  The  power  of  retaining;    the  facultj'  of  the 
mind  by  which  it  retains  ideas.  Locke. 

3.  In  medicine,  the  power  of  retaining ;  or  that 
slate  of  contraction  in  the  elastic  or  muscular  parts 
of  llie  body,  by  which  they  hold  their  proper  contents 
and  iirevent  involuntary  evacuations;  undue  reten- 
tion of  some  natural  discharge.  Encyc     Cozf. 

4.  The  act  of  withholding;  restraint.  '        Shak. 
.'».  Custody  ;  confinement.    [J\rot  m  use,]     Shak, 

RE-TEN'TtVE,  a.     [Fr.  retcnt^fy 

Having  the  power  to  retain  ;  as,  a  rctentire  memo- 
ry ;  the  retentive  faculty  ;  the  retentive  force  of  tlie 
stomach  ;  a  body  retentive  of  heat  or  moisture. 

RE*TEN'TIVE-LY,  adv.    In  a  retentive  manner. 

RE-TEN'TIVE-NESS,  ».  The  quality  of  rctenUon  ; 
as,  retcntivcne^s  of  memory. 

RE-TEX'TURE,  lu     A  second  or  new  texliiro. 

Carlisle. 

Re'TI-.\-RY,  (re'she-a-ry,)  ;?.  In  cntomohgy,  the  re- 
tiaries  are  spiders  which  spin  webs  to  catch  their 
prev. 

RET'I-CEXCE,   )  n.     [Fr.  retiemce,  from  L.  retictntiay 

RET'I-CEX-CY,  S     reticco ;  re  and  taceo.to  be  silent.] 
Concealment  by  silence.    In  rhetoric,  aposiopesis 


TONE,  BtILL,  UNITE.  — AxN"GER,  VF'CIOUS €  as  K  ;  (5  as  J ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


F 


RRT 

or  suppression  ;  a  fisure  by  which  a  person  reully 
speaks  of  a  thing,  while  he  niakea  a  show  as  if  he 
would  say  nothing  on  Ihc  subject.  Enaje. 

RET'I-CENT,  a.     Silent.  Taylor. 

IIET'I-CLE,  (ret'e-kl,)  n.     [L.  reticiditm^  from  rctCj  a 
net.] 
A  small  net.  ^^/i. 

IlE-TltJ'U-LAR,  a.  [Supra.]  Having  the  form  of  a 
net  or  of  net-work;  formed  with  interstices;  as,  a 
reticular  body  or  membrane.  Kncyc. 

In  anatomy^  the  reticular  body,  or  rete  mucasnmj  is 
the  layer  tS  t'i^'  skin,  intennediate  bi:lwecn  the  cuti.s 
and  the  cuutle,  the  princi;fal  seat  of  color  in  man  ; 
the  reticular  membrane  is  tlie  samo  as  tho  cellular 
membrane.  Parr. 

RE-'J'ie'lJ-LATE,      I  a.     [L.  rUiculatus,  from  rcte,  a 
UE-Tie'tJ-LA-TED,  i     net.] 

Netted;  resembling  net-work;  having  distinct 
veins  or  lines  crossing  like  net-work  ;  as,  a  reticulate 
coral  or  petal.  Mnrtyn. 

Reticulated  work;  in  vtasoitry^  work  constructed 
with  diamond-shaped  stones,  or  square  stones  placed 
diagonally.  Gloss,  of  drchit. 

RE-a'ie-lI-LA'TION,  71.    Net-work  ;  organisation  of 

substances  resembling  a  net.  Darwin. 

RET'I-eULE,  w.  [Supra.]  A  little  bag  of  net-work  ; 
a  lady'i  work-bag,  or  a  little  bag  to  be  carried  in  the 
hand. 

2.  In  a  telescope,  a  net-work  dividing  the  field  of 
vimv  into  a  series  of  small  squares.  Brandc. 

RET'I-FORM,  a.  [L.  retiformis;  rete,  a  net,  and 
forma,  form.] 

Having  the  form  of  a  net  in  texture  ;  composed  of 
crossing  lines  and  interstices;  as  tlie  retiform  coat  of, 
the  eye.  Kay. 

RET'l-NA,  71.    [U,  from  rcte,  a  net.] 

In  anatoiiuj,  one  of  tlie  coats  of  the  eye,  being  an 
expansion  of  the  optic  nerve  over  tho  bottom  of  the 
eye,  where  the  sense  nf  vision  is  first  received. 

Brande. 
RET-IN-AS-PHALT',        )  ?:.    A  bituminous  or  res- 
UET-IN-AS-1'H.\LT'UM,  i      inous   substance,    of  a 
yellowish  or  reddisli-brown  color.     [Sire  Ketimte.] 
RET'IN-I'i'E,  71.     [Gr.  /5'?riJ'>/,  resin.] 

The  same  with  Retinasphalt.  This  name  has 
been  also  applied  to  pitchstone,  or  pitclistone  porphy- 
IV.  Dana. 

RET'IN-OID,  a.  [Gr.  prjTivrjj  a  resin,  and  £i(5os»  like- 
ness.] 

Resin-like,  or  resiniform  ;  resembling  a  resin  witli- 
out  bf  iug  such. 
RE'I''l-NuE,  n.     [Fr.  retcnne,  from  retenir,  to  retain, 
L.  rctinco  ;  re  and  teneo,  to  hold.] 

'i'he  attendants  of  a  prince  or  distinguished  per- 
sonage, chiefly  on  a  journey  or  an  excursion  ;  a 
train  of  persons.  Dryden. 

RET'I-PEP,  11.     [L.  rrte  and  pes.] 

A  name  given  to  birds  tlie  skin  of  whose  tarsi  is 
divided  into  small  polygonal  scales.  Brande. 

RET-I-KA.DE',  n.  [Fr.,  from  retirer,  Xo  withdraw; 
Sp.  rctirada,  a  retreat.] 

In  fortification,  a  kind  of  retrenchment  in  the  body 
of  a  bastion  or  other  work,  which  is  to  be  disputed 
inch  by  inch,  after  the  defenses  are  dismantled.  It 
usually  consists  of  two  faces,  which  make  a  re- 
entering angle.  Encyc. 
HE-TIRE',  V,  i.  [Fr.  retircr ;  re  and  fircr,  to  dsavv  ; 
It.  ritirare ;  S|).  rctirar.] 

1.  To  withdraw  ;  to  retreat ,  to  go  from  company 
or  from  a  public  place  into  privacy  ;  as,  ioretire  fronx 
the  world  ;  to  retire  from  notice. 

2.  To  retreat  from  action  or  danger;  as,  In  rcfirc 
from  battle. 

3.  To  withdraw  from  a  public  station.  General 
Washington,  in  179G,  retired  to  private  life. 

4.  To  break  up,  as  a  company  or  assembly.  The 
company  retired  at  eleven  o'clock. 

5.  To  depart  or  withdraw  for  safety  or  for  pleasure. 
Men  retire  from  the  town  in  summer  for  healtli  and 
pleasure.  But  in  South  Carolina,  the  planters  7-etire 
from  their  estates  to  Ciiarleston,  or  to  an  isle  near 
the  town. 

6.  To  recede  ;  to  fall  back.  The  shore  of  the  sea 
retires  in  bays  and  gulfs. 

RE-TIRE',  V.  t.    To  withdraw  ;  to  take  away. 

Hf  retired  liims?lf,  his  wife  :\nd  chiliircn  inlo  n.  forcsl.     Sidney. 

As  wlien  Ihe  sun  is  prcient  all  tlie  year, 

Aud  never  doih  reiXre  his  golden  my.  Davies. 

[This  transitive  use  of  retire  is  now  obsolete.] 
RE-TIRE',  Ti.    Retreat ;    recession ;    a  withdrawing. 
[Obs.]  Shah:     Bacon, 

2.  Retirement  ;  place  of  privacy.     [Ofts.]     M'dton. 
RE-TIR'£D,  (re-tird',)  a.     Serhided  from  much  soci- 
ety or  from  public  notice  ;  private.     He  lives  a  retired 
life  ;  he  has  a  retired  situation. 

2.  Secret;  private;  as,  reiircJ speculations. 

3.  Withdrawn.  Locke. 
RE-TTR'j^D-LY,  (re-tlrd'ly,)  adv.     In  solitude  or  pri- 
vacy.                                                                 Sherwood. 

RE-TIR'£D-NESS,  n.  A  state  of  retirement;  soli- 
tude ;  privacy  or  secrecy.  Jlttcrburii. 

Rr:-TTRE'i\IENT,  n.  The  act  of  withdrawing  from 
company  or  from  public  notice  or  station.     Jililton. 


RET 

2.  'I'lie  state  of  being  withdrawn  ;  as,  the  rctirc- 
mcr.t  of  the  mind  from  the  senses.  Locke. 

3.  Private  abode  ;  liabitation  secluded  from  nmcli 
society  or  from  public  life. 

Capri^a  \\iv\  been  the  retirement  or  AngUEtua,  Adi^son, 

lictiremenl  U  us  ncwaaary  to  me  as  k  will  be  welcome. 

Washington. 

4.  Private  way  of  life. 

Retirement,  rural  ciiiicl,  fricndslup,  books, 

Progresaivo  viiUie  imd  iipi^roving  Heaven.  TVtomson. 

RE-TIR'ING,  ppr.    Withdrawing;  retreating;  going 
into  seclusion  or  solitude. 

2.  a.     Heservcd  :   not  forward   or  obtrusive;   as, 
retiring  modesty  ;  rctirin<r  manners. 
Re-ToLD',  prct.  and  pp.  of  Retell  ;  as,  a  story  ret^ild. 
RE-TORT',  V.  t.     [L.  rctortus,  retorquco ;  re  and  tor- 
queo,  to  throw.] 
1.  To  throw  back  ;  to  reverberate. 


And  tliey  retort  that  heal  agiiiii 
To  the  first  jivcr. 


Shak. 


2.  To  return  an  argument,  accusation,  censure,  or 
incivility  ;  as,  to  retort  the  charge  of  vanity. 


He  Ktsspd  Ihoiiph  lioslile  scorn, 

And  with  reUtiled  scum  his  kick  lie  turut-d. 


Milton. 


3.  To  bend  or  curve  back  ;  as,  a  retorted  line. 

Bacon. 

RE-TORT',  V.  i.  To  return  an  argument  or  charge  , 
to  make  a  severe  reply.  He  retorted  upon  his  adver- 
sary with  severity. 

RE-TORT',  n.  The  return  of  an  argument,  charge, 
or  incivility  iii  reply  ;  us,  the  retort  courteous. 

S/mk. 
2.  In  chefniHry,VL  spherical  vessel,  with  along  neck 
bent,  to  which  a  receiver  mny  be  fitted  ;  used  in  dis- 
tillation. Encyc. 

RE-TORT'ED,  pp.  Returned ;  thrown  back ;  bent 
back. 

Rl^-TORT'ER.  II.     One  that  retorts. 

RE-TORT'ING,  pur.     Returning  ;  Uirowing  back. 

RE-TOR'TION,  ji.     Thi;  act  of  retorting.      Spenser. 

RE-TORT^IVE,  a.     Containing  retort.  Barlow. 

Rk-TOSS',  v.  t.     [re  and  toss.]'  'I'o  toss  back.  Pope. 

RE-TOSS'£D,  (-tost,)  pp.    Tossed  back. 

Rf,-T0SS'ING,  ppr.    Tossing  back. 

Re-TOUCH',  (re-tucli',)  V.  l.  [re  and  touch.]  To  im- 
prove by  new  touches  ;  as,  to  retouch  a  picture  or  an 
essay.  Dn/den,     Pope. 

RG-TOUCH'ED,  (re-tucht',)  pp.  Touched  again  ;  im- 
proved bv  new  louche:!. 

Rk-TOUC'H'ING,  (rC-luch'ing,)  ppr.  Improving  by 
new  touches. 

RE-TRaCE',  v.  i.  [Fr.  retracer ;  re  and  tracer,  to 
trace.] 

J.  'i'o  trace  back  ;  to  go  back  in  the  same  path  or 
course  ;  a^,  to  retrace  one's  steps ;  to  retrace  one's 
jiroceedings. 

2.  To  track  back,  as  a  line. 

Then  if  the  line  of  Tnnius  you  retrace, 

He  spring  from  Inricliua,  of  .\rgivc  rrvce.  Dryden. 

3.  In  painting,  &,c.^  to  ir-dce  over  again,  or  renew 
llje  outline  of  a  drawing.  Brandc. 

RE-TRaC'JCD,  (re-trast',)  pp.     Tiaced  back  or  over 

again. 
RE-TRACING,  ppr.    Tracing  back  or  over  again. 
RE-TRAOT',  u.  /.     [Fr.    rciracter  ;   Norm,  retraicter  ; 

L.  retract}is,  retrako  ;  re  and  (raho,  to  draw.] 

1.  To  recall,  as  a  declaration,  words,  or  saying;  to 
disavow;  to  recant;  as,  to  retract  an  accusation, 
charge,  or  assertion. 

1  would  as  freely  have  retracted  Uje  charge  of  idolatry,  us  1  ever 

made  il.  SliLlingfieet. 

2.  To  take  back  what  was  once  bestowed  as  a 
grant  or  favor.     [Little  used.]  Woodward. 

3.  'i'o  draw  back,  as  claws. 

RE-TRACT',  V.  i.  To  take  back  ;  to  unsay  ;  to  with- 
draw concession  or  declaration. 


She  will,  and  she  will  not ;  eIi6  grants,  denies, 
Consents,  retracts,  advances,  and  then  flics. 


oiUe. 


RE-TRACT',  71.  Among  horsemen,  the  prick  of  a 
horse's  foot  in  nailing  a  shoe. 

RE-TRAGT'A-BLE,  a  That  may  be  retracted  or  re- 
called. 

RE-TRACT'aTE,  v.  t.    To  retract ;  to  recant. 

RE-TKACT-A'TfON,  n.     [Fr.,  from  L.  rctractatio.] 
The  recalling  of  what  has  been  said  ;  recantation  ; 
change  of  opinion  declared.  South. 

RE-TRAGT'ED,  pp.    Recalled  ;  recanted  ;  disavowed. 

RE-TRAOT'l-lILE,  a.  That  niay  be  drawn  back; 
retractil'j.  Journ.  of  Science. 

RE-TRA€T'ILE,  a.     Capable  of  being  drawn  back. 

A  walrus,  u  idi  fiery  eyes  —  relractiU  frum  external  injuriL-s. 

Pennant. 

RE-TRACT'ING,  ppr.  Recalling  ;  disavowing  ;  re- 
canting. 

RE-TRACTION,  n.  [from  retract.]  Literally,  the 
act  of  drawing  back  ;  as,  the  retraction  of  a  sinew. 

2.  Tlie  act  of  withdrawing  something  advanced, 
or  changing  something  done.  Woodward. 

3.  Recantation  ;  disavo^val  of  tlie  truth   of  what 
lias  been  said  ;  declaration  of  change  of  opinion. 

Sidney. 


UET 

■1.  Act  of  withdrawing  a  claim. 

Oilier  men's  in^ttiablc  desire  of  revenge  Imth  bejfiiilcd  chinch 
and  nt.ue  of  the  benefit  of  my  retrrMioitt  or  concessions. 
K.  Charlei. 

RE-TRAGT'IVE,  a.    Withdniwing  ;  taking  from. 

RE-TRACT'IVE,  u.  That  which  withdraws  or  lakes 
from. 

RE-TRACT'lVE-LY,  adv.  lly  retraction  or  with- 
drawing. 

RE-TRaICT',  (re-tnltc',)  n.  Retreat.  [Obs.]  [See 
Rethkat  1  Bacon. 

RE-TKaIT%  n.     [It.  ritratto,  from  ritrarre,  to  draw.] 
A  cast  of  countenance ;  a  picture.     [Obs.] 

RE'TRAX'IT,  n.     [L.  retrako,  rctrati.]        [Spenser. 
In  hno,  the  withdrawing  or  open  renunciation  of  a 
suit  in  court,  by  which  the  plaintiff  loses  his  action. 

BlacMstone. 

RE-TREAD',  (rC-tred',)  v.  i.    To  troad  again. 

RE-TRkAT',  n.  [Fr.  retraite,  from  reti-aire  ;  re  and 
traire,  to  draw;  L.  rctracttu,  retraho  i  re  and  traho; 
It.  ritratt^.] 

1.  Tlio  act  of  retiring;  a  witlidiawing  of  one's  self 
from  any  place. 

But  beauty's  triuinph  is  v/i^U- timed  reticnl.  Pope, 

2.  Retirement ;  e.»ate  of  privacy  or  seclusion  from 
noise,  bustle,  or  company. 

H.:rc  ill  lite  cilm,  still  mirror  of  retreat.  Pope, 

3.  Place  of  retirement  or  privacy. 

Ih;  Ijuilt  hla  son  a  house  of  pleasure  —  aud  spared  iio  coat  to 
ni.ike  it  a  delicious  retreat.  L'Estrausc. 

4.  Place  of  safety  or  security. 

Thai  pleasing  shaile  dii?y  sovi^hl,  a  soft  relrecU 

From  sudden  April  ehowens,  a  shelter  fi'om  the  heat.      Dryden, 

5.  In  military  affairs,  the  retiring  of  an  army  or 
b'ldy  of  men  from  the  face  of  an  enemy,  or  from  any 
ground  occupied  to  a  greater  distance  from  the  enemy, 
or  from  an  advanced  position.  A  retreat  is  properly 
an  orderly  march,  in  which  circumstance  it  dilfera 
from  ajli^rht.  Encyc. 

(i.  The  withdrawing  of  a  ship  or  fleet  from  an 
en'_-iiiy  ;  or  the  order  and  disposition  of  ships  de- 
clining an  engagement. 

7.  A  signal  given  in  tht-  army  or  navy,  by  the  beat 
of  a  drum,  or  tlie  sounding  of  trumpets,  at  sunset, 
or  for  retiring  frtun  exorcise  or  action. 

Tulten.     Campbell. 
RE-TReAT'j  v.  i.     To  retire  from   any  position  or 
place. 

2.  To  withdraw  to  a  private  abode  or  to  any 
secluded  situation.  Milton. 

3.  To  retire  to  a  place  of  safety  or  security  ;  as,  to 
retreat  into  a  den  or  into  a  fort. 

4.  To  move  hack  to  a  place  before  occupied ;  to 
retire. 

The  rajiid  currents  drive, 
Toward  the  retreating  sea,  tlieir  furious  tide.  TiJUUin, 

5.  To  retire  from  an  enemy,  or  from  any  advanced 
position. 

RE-TRkAT'ED,  as  a  passive  participle,  though  used 

by  Milton,  is  not  good  English. 
RE-TRE.XCH',  v.  t,     [Fr.  retrancher  ;  re  and  trancker, 

to  cut ;  It.  triiicra,  a  trench  ;  trincerare,  to  intrench  ; 

trinciare,  to  carve  ;  \V.  trycit,  to  cut.] 

1.  To  cut  ofi";  to  pare  away. 

And  thy  exulieninl  parts  retrench.  Denho.m. 

2.  To  lessen;  to  abridge;  to  curtail;  as,  to  re- 
trench superlluities  or  expenses.  Attcrbury. 

3.  To  confine  ;  to  limit.    \J^ot  proper.]    Addisoiu 

4.  In  military  affairs,  to  furnish  with  a  retrench- 
ment ;  as,  to  retrench  bastions.  P.  Cyc, 

RE-TRENCH',  v.  i.  To  live  at  less  expense.  It  is 
more  reputahle  to  retrench  than  to  live  emharr.assed. 

RE-TRE.XCII'EI),  (re-trenclit',) />/).  Cut  olV;  curtail- 
ed ;  dimini.-lied;  furnished  with  a  retrenchment. 

RE-TRENCU'ING,^7p/-.  Cuttingofl";  curtailing;  fur- 
nishing with  a  retrenchment. 

RE-TRENCH'MENT,  n,  [Fr.  retranchcment ;  Sp. 
atrincheramicnto.]  [ 

I.  The  act  of  lopping  off;   tlie  act  of  removing 
what  is  superfluous;  as,  the  retrenchment  of  words  ' 
or  lines  in  a  writing.  Dryden,    .Addison. 

-2.  The  act  of  curtailing,  lessening,  or  abridging; 
diminution  :  as,  the  reircnchvient  of  expenses. 

3.  In  military  affairs,  a  work  conslriicted  within 
another,  to  [)rolong  ih;;  defense  of  the  latter  when 
the  enemy  has  gained  possession  of  it,  or  to  prulect 
the  defenders  till  they  can  retreat  or  obtain  a  capitu- 
lation. P'  Cyc. 

NniiiToiis   remains  of   Roman   Tetrer\chments,   constructed   (o 
cover  the  country,  D'.\noiUe,  Trans. 

RE-TRIB'IJTE,  v.   t.     [Fr.  retribner;  L.  retribuo;  re   , 
aud  tribuo,  to  give  or  bestow.]  , 

To  pay  back;  to  make  payment,  compensation,   I 
or  reward   in   return  ;  as,  to  retribute  one  fur  his 
kindness;  to  retribute  to  a  criminal  what  is  propor- 
tionate to  his  ofilanse.  Locke.      | 

RE-TRlIi'[l-TKD,  yjp.  Paid  back;  given  in  return; 
rewarded. 

RE-TRIB'U-TER,  n.    One  that  makes  retribution. 

RE-TRlli'li-TI\G,  ppr.  Requiting;  makmg  repay- 
ment ;  rewarding. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T.— MeTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.— NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQOK.- 


RET 

liET-UI-BO'TIOX,  H.     [Fr.]    Repayment;  rt-liirii  ac- 
coniniodated  to  the  action  j  reward ;  compensation. 

'.  reuib'Hw'is, 


In  gcn.xl  otTices  .mil  i!n* 
aiiil  nigjird.'T. 


r  not  h"  pinching 


Act  of  retrieving. 


2.  A  gratuity  or  present  given  for  services  in  the 
place  of  a  salary.  Eftajc. 

3.  The  rewards  and  punishments  distributed  at  the 
general  judgment. 

It  is  a  strong  ar^urrenl  for  a  state  of  rtitftbttlion  Itcrenftfr,  that 
ill  this  world  rinuous  persons  are  very  often  mifommate, 
aisd  rtcioiis  persons  prospcroos.  Spectator. 

UE-TRIB'lI-TIVE,     )  a.    Repaying;  rewarding  for 

llE-TRIB'T^-TO-RY,  )  good  deeds,  and  punishing 
for  otfenses  ;  as,  retributirc  justice. 

UE-TRIKV'A-BLE,  a.  [from  retrieve.]  Tliat  may  be 
retrieved  or  recovered.  Ora>r. 

KE-TRIeV'A-BLE-NESS,  ti.  State  of  being  retriev- 
able. 

RE-TRIeV'A-BLY,  adv.    In  a  retrievable  manner. 

RE-TRIeV'AL, 

UE-TRIf.VE'MENT, 

RE-TRIeVE',  v.  t.  [Fr.  retrouver,  to  find  again;  It. 
ritrovare.     See  Troveiu] 

1.  To  recover;  to  restore  from  loss  or  injury  to  a 
former  good  state;  as,  to  retrieve  the  credit  of  a 
nation  ;  to  retrieve  one's  character;  to  retrieves  de- 
cayed fortune. 

2.  To  remedy  the  consequences  of ;  to  repair. 
[Rare.l 

Accept  my  sorrow,  aod  relrieire  my  fall.  Prior. 

3.  To  regain.     [Ktrre.] 

Witli  bte  repentance  row  they  would  retrieve 

The  bodies  ih?y  forsoo!;,  and  wisU  to  live.  Dnjden. 

4.  To  recall ;  to  bring  back  ;  as,  to  retrieve  men 
from  their  co!d,  trivial  conceits.  Berkeleij. 

RE-TRIeVE',  v.  A  seeking  again ;  a  discovery. 
[Aof  in  ».-jr.]  B.  Jortson. 

RE^TRIeV'£U,/7t.  Recovered;  repaired;  regained; 
recalled. 

RE-TRIeV'ING,  ppr.  Recovering  ;  repairing  :  re- 
caliinir. 

RE-TRIM',  V.  t.    To  trim  again. 

RETRO-ACT',  f .  i.  To  act  backward  or  in  return; 
to  act  in  opposition. 

RE-TR0-A€'TI0N,  n.  [L.  rctrOy  backward,  and  ac- 
tion.] 

1.  Action  returned,  or  action  backward. 

2.  Operation  on  something  past  or  preceding. 
RE-TRO-AGT'IVE,  a.     [Fr.  retroactif;  L.  retro,  back- 
ward, and  active,] 

Operating  by  returned  action  ;  affecting  what  is 
past ;  retrospective.  Beddoc^. 

A  retroactive  law,  or  statute,  is  one  which  operates 
to  affect,  make  criminal  or  punishable,  acts  done 
prior  to  the  passJng  of  the  law. 
RE-TRO-AGT'IVE-LY,  adc.     By  relumed  action  or 
operation;  by  operating  on  something  past. 

IVkcaton. 
RET'RO-CeDE,  d.  /.     [L.  retro,  back,  and  cedo,  to 
give ;  Fr.  relroceder.] 

To  cede  or  grant  back  ;  as,  to  rctrocedc  a  territory 
to  a  former  proprietor. 
RET'RO-CeDE,  r.  i.      [L.    retro,  back,  and    ctdo, 
to  go.] 
To  go  back.  Pcrnj. 

RET'RO-CeD-ED,  p;j.    Granted  back. 
RE-TRO-CeD'E.\"T,  a.  An  epithet  applied  to  diseases 
which  move  from  one  part  of  the  body  to  another,  as 
the  gout. 
RET'RO-CeD-ING,  ppr.    Ceding  back  ;  going  back. 
RE-TRO-CE£'SION,  (-sesh'un,)  n.    Aceding  or  grant- 
ing back  to  a  former  proprietr.r. 

.American  State  Prpers. 
2.  The  act  of  going  back.  Mure. 

RE-TRO-DUC'TIOX,  n.     [L.  rctraduco  ;  retro,   back, 
and  dxico,  to  lead.] 
A  leading  or  bringing  back. 
RET'RO-FLEX,  a.     [L.  retro,  bnck,  and/cxM5,  bent.] 

In  botany-,  suddenly  bent  backward.         Lindleij. 
RET'RO-FRACT,         )    a.       [L.    retro,    back,    and 
RET'RO-FRAeT-£D,  \      fractus,  broken.] 

Reduced  to  hang  down  as  it  were  by  force,  so  as 
to  appear  as  if  broken  ;  as,  a  retrofract  peduncle, 

Martyn. 
Bent  back  toward  its  in;:ert:on.  as  if  it  were  broken. 

Lee, 
RE-TRO-GRA-Da'TTON,   lu       [Yr.      See     RETm- 

GRADE.] 

1.  The  act  of  moving  backward  ;  applied  to  the 
apparent  motion  of  the  planets  contrary  to  the  order 
of  the  signs,  i.  e.,  from  east  to  west.  Hvtton. 

2.  A  moving  backward  ;  decline  in  excellence. 

JV.  Chipman. 
RET'RO-GRADE,   a.       [Ft.,   from    L.    retro^adior ; 
retro,  backward,  and  ^radior,  to  go.] 

1.  Going  or  moving  backward.  Bacon. 

2.  In  astronomy,  apparently  moving  backward,  and 
contrary  to  the  succession  of  the  signs,  i.  e.,  from 

j      east  to  west,  as  a  planet.  Hidton. 

3.  Declining  from  a  bi^tter  to  a  worse  slate. 
RET'RO-(;RaDE,   v.    i.     [Fr.   retro^rader;    L.   retro- 

frradior  ;  retro  and  gradior,  to  go.] 
To  go  or  move  backward.  BarJ>n. 


RET 

RE-TRO-GRES'StO?f,  (re-tro-grpsh'un,)  n.  The  act 
of  going  backward  ;  retrogradatiun.  Brown. 

RE-TRO-GRE^.S'IVE,  a.  Going  or  moving  back- 
ward ;  declining  from  a  more  perfect  to  a  less  perfect 
state. 

Geography  is  at  licncs  relrogressioe.  Pinkerton, 

RE-TRO-GRES.S'IVE-LY,  adv.  By  going  or  moving 
backward. 

RE-TRO-MI.N'OEN-CY,  ti.  [L.  rUro,  backward,  and 
viiri^o,  to  discharge  urine.] 

The  act  or  quality  of  discharging  the  contents  of 
the  bladder  backward.  Brown. 

RE-TRO-MIN'OENT,  0.  Discharghig  the  urine  back- 
ward. 

RE-TRO-aiI\'(^ENT,  n.  In  zoology,  an  animal  that 
discharges  its  urine  backward. 

The  retrojuin stents  are  a  division  of  animaTs  whose 
characteristic  is  that  they  discharge  their  urine  back- 
ward, both  male  and  female.  Encve. 

RE-TRO-PUL'SIVE,  a.  [L.  retro,  back,  and  puUu^, 
pello,  to  drive.] 

Driving  back  ;  repelling.  Med.  Repos 

RE-TRORSE'LY,  (re-trors'ly,)  adv.  [L.  rctrors^im, 
backward.] 

Ill  a  backward  direction  ;  as,  a  stem  retrorsely 
aculeate. 

RET'RO-SPECT,  r.  i.  To  look  back  ;  to  affect  what 
is  pa?t. 

RET'RO-SPECT,  H.  [L.  retro,  back,  and  specio,  to 
look.] 

.\  looking  back  on  things  past;  view  or  contem- 
plation of  something  past.  The  retrospect  of  a  life 
well  spent  affords  peace  of  mind  in  old  age. 

EE-TRO-SPEC'TION,  n.  The  act  of  looking  back 
on  things  past. 

2.  The  faculty  of  looking  back  on  past  things. 

Sicift. 
RE-TRO-SPECT'IVE,    a.      Looking    back  on    past 
events ;  as,  a  retrospective  view. 

9.  Having  reference  to  what   is  past;    affecting 
things  past.     A  pennl  statute  can  have  no  retro- 
spective effect  or  operation. 
RE-TRO-SPECT'IVE-LY,  adv.  By  way  of  retrospect. 
RE-TRO-VER'SION,  71.    A  turning  or  falling  back- 
ward ;  as,  the  retroversion  of  Ihe  uterus. 
RET'RO-VERT,  v.  t.     To  turn  back. 
RET'RO-VERT-ED,  a.     [L.  riiro,  back,  and  vcrto,  to 
turn.] 
Turned  back.  Lawrence,  Led.    Med.  Repos. 

RE-TRuDE',    V.    t.      [L.   retnidoj    re   and   trudo,   to 
thrust.] 
'i'o  thrust  back.  More. 

RE-TROD'ED,^;;.    Thrust  back. 
RE-TIiOD'lNG,p/^^.     Thnisting  back. 
RE-TKuSE',a.  [h.  retrasiis.]  Hidden  ;  abstruse.  [Obs.] 
RET'TING,  ?i.     A  corruption  of  the  term  Rotting; 
as,  the  retting  of  tlax. 

This  is  the  term  used  by  Ure  and  other  English 
writers. 
RE-TUND',  V.  t.     [L.  rctundo  ;  re  and  tnndo,  to  beat.] 
To  blunt ;  to  turn,  as  an  edge  ;  to  dull ;  as,  to  re- 
fund the  edge  of  a  weapon.  Ru'j. 
RE-TUi\D'ED.;);).    Blunted  ;  turned,  as  an  edge. 
RE-TURN',  r.'i.      [Fr.  rctourner;   re  and  tourncr,  to 
turn,  L.  torno  i  It.  ritornare;  Sp.  rc^onmr.] 

1.  To  come  or  go  back  to  the  same  place.  The  gen- 
tleman goes  from  the  country  to  London  and  returns, 
or  the  citizen  of  London  rides  into  the  countrj'  and 
returns.  The  blood,  propelled  from  the  heart,  passes 
through  Ihe  arteries  to  the  extremities  of  the  body, 
and  returns  through  the  veins.  Some  servants  are 
good  to  go  on  errands,  but  not  good  to  rct2ir:i. 
'  2.  To  come  back  to  the  same  state,  occupation, 
subject,  &.C. ;  as,  to  return  from  bondage  to  a  state  of 
freedom.  Locke. 

3.  To  answer. 

He  sitid,  and  thus  l!v;  queen  of  heaven  relumed.  Pope. 

4.  Tocome  again;  to  revisit. 

Thou  to  mankind 
Be  good  and  friendly  8till,  and  oft  return.  MUlon. 

5.  To  appear  or  begin  again  after  a  periodical  rev- 
olution. 

Witli  the  y>:ar 
Seasons  relurti ;  but  not  to  me  returns 
Day.  Miilvn. 

G.  To  show  fresh  sign<=  "f  mercy, 

Pelunt,  0  Lord,  deliver  my  soul.  —  Ps.  vi. 
To   rL-u>  -   -J   God;   to  return  from  tcickedness :  to 
repent  of  sin  ur  wandering  from  duty.         Scripture. 
RE-TURN',  V.  t.    To  bring,  carry,  or  send  back  ;  as, 
to  return  a  borrowed  book  ;  to  return  a  hired  horse. 

2.  To  repay  ;  as,  to  return  borrowed  money. 

3.  To  give  in  recompense  or  requital. 

In  any  wise,  return  him  a  trespass  offering.  —  1  Sam.  vi. 
The  Lionl  will  return  thy  wickedness  upon  thy  own  head.  — 
1  Kings  ii. 

4.  To  give  back  in  reply  ;  as,  to  return  an  answer. 

5.  To  tell,  relate,  or  communicate. 

Mosrs  returned  the  words  of  the  people  to  the  I^rd.  —  Ex.  xix. 

G.  To  retort ;  to  recriminate, 

U  you  are  n,  maUcioua  reader,  you  return  ujMn  me,  that  I  afTcct 
[o  be  thought  more  impartial  than  1  am.  Dryden.      1 


REU 

7.  To  render  an  account,  usually  an  official  ac- 
count, to  a  superior.    Olficers  of  the  army  and  imvy 
return  to  the  cuntmander  the  number  of  men  in  com- 
panies, regiment-,  ice. ;   they  return  the  number  of  ^ 
men  sick  ur  ca[)able  of  duty  ;   they  return  the  quan-  : 
tity  of  animiinilion,  provisions,  &c.  [ 

8.  To  render  back  tu  a  tribunal,  or  to  an  office'  ■  ;i-;. 
to  return  a  writ  <  r  an  execution. 

9.  To  report  officially  ;   as,  an  officer  retun  . 
proceedings  on  Ihc  back  of  a  writ  or  precept. 

10.  To  send  ;  to  transmit ;  to  convey. 

lasCead  of  a  ship,  Ir;  ehuuld  Icry  mottey  and  return  ih^  i-une 
to  the  Ip.asurer  fvr  hia  riiajcsly's  use.  Claravloi; 

RE-TURN',  n.  The  act  of  coming  or  going  back  to 
Ihc  same  place. 

Takes  little  journeys  and  mokes  quick  return*.  Drydert. 

2.  The  act  of  sending  back  ;  as,  the  return  of  a 
borrowed  book,  or  of  money  lent. 

3.  'i'he  act  of  putting  in  the  former  place. 

4.  Retrof.Te.s.sion  ;  the  act  of  moving  back. 

5.  The  act  or  process  of  coming  back  to  a  former 
state,  occupation,  subject,  &;c. ;  as,  the  return  of 
health. 

fi.  Revoiulion  ;  a  periodical  coming  to  the  same 
point ;  as,  the  return  of  the  sun  to  the  tropic  of 
Cancer. 

7.  Periodical  renewal;  as,  the  return  of  ibe  sea- 
sons, or  of  the  year. 

8.  Repayment ;  reimbursement  in  kind,  or  in 
something  equivalent,  for  money  expended  or  ad- 
vanced, or  for  labor.  One  occupation  gives  quick 
returns  ;  in  o:hers,  tl;e  returns  are  slow.  I'he  returns 
of  the  cargo  were  in  gold.  The  farmer  has  returns 
in  his  crops. 

9.  Profit ;  advantage. 

Frpm  these  few  hours  we  Sfcad  in  prayer,  the  return  '\*  great. 

Taylor. 

10.  Remittance;  payment  from  a  distant  place. 

>■'. , '  _ 

11.  Re])ayment;  retribution;  requital. 

U  no  return  due  from  a  grateful  breaal?  Dr. 

12.  Act  of  restoring  or  giving  back  ;  r^stiliitioii. 

SouOi. 

13.  In  architecture,  the  continuation  of  a  molding, 
projection,  &c.,  in  a  different  or  opposite  direction  ; 
a  side  or  part  v.Iiich  falls  away  from  the  front  of  a 
straight  work  Gwilt. 

14.  In  law,  the  rendering  back  or  delivery  of  a 
writ,  precept,  or  execution,  to  the  proper  oflicer  or 
court;  or  tlie  certificate  of  the  officer  executing  it, 
indorsed.  W'e  call  the  transmission  of  the  writ  to 
the  proper  oflicer  or  court,  a  return :  and  wc  give 
the  same  name  to  the  certificate  or  official  account  of 
the  olficer's  service  or  proceeding.  The  sheriff,  or 
his  subordinate  ofiicers,  make  return  of  all  writs  and 
precepts.  We  i:se  the  same  language  for  the  send- 
ing back  of  a  commission  witli  the  certificate  of  the 
commissioners. 

15.  A  day  in  bank.  The  day  on  which  the  de- 
fendant is  ordered  to  appear  in  court,  and  the  sheriff 
is  to  bring  in  the  writ  and  report  his  proceedings,  is 
called  the  return  of  the  writ.  Blackslone. 

16.  In  rnilitary  and  7iaval  affairs,  an  official  ac- 
count, report,  or  statement  rendered  to  the  com- 
mander ur  other  superior;  as,  the  rrtwrn  of  men  fit 
fur  duty  ;  the  return  of  the  number  of  the  sick  ;  the 
return  of  provisions,  amnumition,  &c. 

17.  A  report  or  numerical  statement ;  as,  the  re- 
turns of  an  election  ;  the  returns  of  a  marshal. 

RE-TURN'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  returned  or  re- 
stored. ,  ,  ,.  J 
2.  In  law,  that  is  legally  to  be  returned,  delivered, 
given,  or  rendered  ;  as,  a  writ  or  precept  rrtumai/e  at 
a  certain  day  ;  a  verdict  returnable  to  the  court;  an 
attachment  returnable  to  the  King's  Bench. 

RE-TL'RN'-D.\Y,  h.  The  day  when  the  defendant  is 
to  appear  in  court,  and  the  sheriff  is  to  return  the 
writ  and  his  proceedings. 

RE-TURN'£D,  ;j;».  or  a.  Restored  ;  given  or  sent 
back;  repaid;  brought  or  rendered  to  the  proper 
Court  or  officer. 

RE-TURN'ER,  7i.  One  who  returns;  one  that  re- 
pays or  remits  money. 

RE-TURN'ING, ppr.  or  a.  Giving,  carrjing,  or  send- 
in"  back  ;  coming  or  going  back  ;  making  reporL 

RE-TURN'ING-OF'FI-CER,  n.  The  officer  whose 
duty  it  is  to  make  returns  of  writs,  precepts,  ju- 
ries, &c.  r,-, 

RE-TURN'LESS,  a.  Admitting  no  return.  [Littlt 
vsed.]  Chapman. 

RE-TuSE',  a.     [L.  retusus,  retnndo.1 

In  botany  and  conchology,  terminating  in  a  round 
end,  the  center  of  which  is  depressed  ;  as,  a  retust 
It-af.  Lindley.     Hu.able. 

Re-iJn'ION,  (-yun'yun,)  n.  A  second  union  ;  union 
formed  anew  after  SL-paration  or  discord  ;  as,  a  re- 
uaion  of  parts  or  particles  of  matter ;  a  re;:mon  cr 
parties  or  bccIs.  ,  .  , 

G.  In  medicine,  union  of  parU  separated  by  wounds 
or  accidents.  _  Parr. 

Reunion,  from  the  French,  m  ihe  sense  of  meeting 


or  assembly,  is  sometimes  used. 


u. 


TONE,  BJiLL,  IJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS — C  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CII  as  SIl ;  TU  as  in  THIS. 


949 


REV 


REV 


RE-I-I-NITE',  v.  t     Ire  and  unite.]    To  unite  again; 
10  join  afti^r  separation.  Sfiak. 

2.  To  reconcile  after  variance. 

ni:-lJ-NITE',  u.  i.  To  be  united  again  ;  to  join  and 
culicrc  aguin. 

raM|-NIT'ED,  pp.  United  or  joined  again;  recon- 
ciled. 

UK-IJ-NIT'ED-LY,  adv.    In  a  reunited  manner. 

RK-l]-NiT'ING,p7n*.     Uniting  again ;  reconciling. 

11i-:-TJ-NI"TI0N,  (-yu-nish'un,)  «.  A  second  uniting. 
[Rare.] 

RK-VYi<iE'yV.  L    To  urge  again. 

KRuS'SITE,  n.  [from  Reuss,  the  place  where  it  ia 
found.] 

A  salt  of  sulphate  of  soda  and  magnesia,  found 
in  llie  form  of  a  mealy  efflorescence,  sometimes  crys- 
tallized in  (lat,  six-sided  prisms,  and  in  acicular  crys- 
t^ril?.  Ure. 

Rt:-VA€'CIN-ATE,  v.  t  To  vaccinate  a  second 
time. 

KE-VAe'CIN-A-TED,  pp.  Vaccinated  a  second 
time. 

Rk-VAC'CIN-a-TING,  ppr.  Vaccinating  a  second 
time. 

RK-VAe-C[N-A'T[ON,  n.    A  second  vaccination. 

Kk-VAL-I^-a'TION,  71.    A  second  valuation. 

ReVE,  n.     [Sax.  ^crrfa.] 

An  officer,  steward,  or  governor.  It  is  usually 
written  Rekve. 

KE-Ve.'VL',  v.  t.  [Fr.  reveler ;  L.  revelo  ;  re  and  velo^ 
to  veil.] 

1.  To  disclose;  to  show ;  to  make  known  some- 
thing before  unknown  or  concealed  ;  as,  to  reveal 
secrets. 

2.  To  disclose,  or  make  known  from  heaven.  God 
ha3  been  pleased  to  reveal  his  will  to  man. 

Tlie  wralh  of  God  is  revealed  fi-oiri  heaven  ngainst  all  tingoLlli- 
ni-'sa  and  unrightcousiieiis  of  men. —  Rom.  i. 

RE-VeAL',  71.  A  revealing ;  disclosure.  [J^ot  in 
use.]  Brown. 

9.  The  side  of  an  opening  for  a  window,  doorway, 
&c.,  between  the  framework  and  the  outer  surface  of 
the  wall.  Qloss.  ofjirckit. 

RE-VkAL'A-BLE,  a.    That  can  ho  revealed. 

RE-VeAL'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  reveal- 
able. 

RE-VeAL'^D,  pp.  or  a.  Disclosed  ;  made  known  ; 
laid  open. 

RE-VeAL'ER,  ti.  One  that  discloses  or  makes  known. 
9._0ne  that  brings  to  view.  Dnjdsn. 

RE-VeAL'ING,  ppr.  Disclosing  ;  making  known  ; 
discovevinij. 

RE-VeAL'a1eNT,  n.  The  act  of  revealing.  [LiUle 
used/]  South. 

RE-VglL'LE,  (re-val'ya,)  n.  [Fr.  reveiller^  to  awake  ; 
re  and  veiller,  to  watch  ;  contracted  from  L.  vigUo. 
See  Watch.] 

In  military  affairs,  the  beat  of  drum  about  break  of 
day,  to  give  notice  that  it  is  time  for  the  soldiers  to 
rise,  and  for  the  sentinels  to  forbear  challenging. 

Brande. 

REVEL,  V.  i.  [D.  rcvclcrii  to  rave,  from  the  root  of 
L.  rabo,  rabio,  to  rage,  whence  rabies,  rabid i  Dan. 
raabcn,  to  bawl,  to  clamor;  tfw.  ropa  ;  allied  to  rove, 
rapio  ;  Ir.  rioboid,  a  spendthrift ;  rioboidim^  to  riot  or 
revel.] 

1.  To  feast  with  loose  and  clamorous  merriment ; 
to  carouse ;  to  act  the  bacchanalian. 

Antony,  thai  revels  lou^  o'  nig-lits.  Shnk. 

9.  To  move  playfully  or  without  regularity. 
REVEL,  n.    A  feast  with  loose  and  noisy  jollity. 

Shale. 


9.  See  Reveal,  n. 
RE-VEL',  V.  t.     [L.  revcllo ;  re  and  vello,  to  pull.] 
To  draw  back  ;  to  retract;  to  make  a  revulsion. 
Ilarcoj.     Priend. 
REV-E-La'TION,7(.     [Fr.,  from  L.  revclatiis,  revelo. 
See  Reveal.] 

I.  The  act  of  disclosing  or  discovering  to  others 
what  was  before  unknown  to  them ;  appropriately, 
the  disclosure  or  communication  uf  truth  lo  men  by 
God  himself,  or  by  his  authorized  agents,  the  propli- 
ets  and  apostle?^. 

How  that  hy  meltidon  he  made  known  to  me  tlic  mjatery,  as  1 
wroie  Uefore  in  lew  words.  —  E»U.  iii.     2  Cor.  xil. 

9.  That  which  is  revealed  ;  appropriately,  the  sa- 
cred truths  which  God  has  communicated  to  man  for 
hi3  instruction  and  direction.  The  revelations  of  God 
are  contained  in  the  Old  and  New  Testament. 

3.  The  Apocalyp.sc ;  the  last  book  of  the  sacred 
canon,  containing  the  prophecies  of  St.  John. 

RE  VEL-£D,  pp.    Feasted  with  noisy  merriment ;  ca- 
roused. 

REVEL-ER,  71.     [See  Revel.]     One  who  feasts  with 
noisy  merriment.  Pope. 

REV'EL-ING,  ppr.    Feasting  with  noisy  merriment ; 
carousing. 

REV'EL-ING,  n.    A  feasting  with  noisy  merriment ; 
revelrv.     Oal.  v.     1  Pet.  iv. 

RE-VEL'L£D,  pp.    Drawn  back ;  retracted. 

RE-VEL'LENT,  a.     Causing  revulsion. 


REVEL-JIENT,  h.     Act  of  reveling. 
REVEL-ROUT,  lu     [See  Rot'T.j     Tumultuous  fes- 
tivity. Roice. 

2.  A  mob ;  a  rabble  tumultuously  assembled  ;  an 
unlawful  assembly.  .^insworth. 

REV'EL-RY,  n.    Noisy  festivity;  clamorous  jollity. 

Jililton. 
RE-VEN'Dr-€ATE,  v.  t.     [Fr.  revcndvjucr ;  re  nnd 
vendiguer,  to  claim  or  challenge,  L.  cindico.     Seo 
Vindicate.] 

To  reclaim  what  has  been  taken  away;  to  claim 
to  have  restored  what  has  been  seized. 

Should  some  subsequent  forliinnlo  revolution  deliver  it  from  the 
conqueror's  yoke,  it  can  TeoeiuUcate  them.     Vailel,  TVana. 

RE-VEN'DI-€A-TED,;j;>.  Reclaimed;  regained;  re- 
covered. 

RE-VEN'DI-eA-TING,p7Jr.  Reclaiming;  re-demand- 
ing ;  recovering. 

RE-VEN-DI-eA'TION,K.  [Fr.]  The  act  of  reclaim- 
ing or  demanding  the  re.'^luration  of  any  thing  taken 
by  an  enemy  ;  as  by  right  of  postliminium. 

The  endless  dispuk-s  which  woiild  s-^rinj  from  llic  revendication 
of  thorn  have  introduced  a.  contrary  practice.   Vattet,  Trans. 

RE-VENGE',  (re-venj',)  v.  t.  [Fr.  revcncher,  veriger  ; 
Sp.vengar;  Pott,  vingar;  h.  vindczjvindico ;  It.  vcn- 
dicare.     See  Vindicate.] 

1.  To  inflict  pain  ur  injury  in  return  for  an  injury 
received. 

JVote.  —  This  word  and  avmge  were  formerly  used 
as  synonymous,  and  it  is  so  used  in  the  common 
version  of  the  Scripture,  and  applied  to  the  Supreme 
Being.  "  O  Lord,  revenge  me  of  my  persecutors." 
Jcr.  XV.  In  consequence  of  a  distinction  between 
avntge  nnd  revengn,  which  modern  usage  has  inlro- 
duceii,  the  application  of  this  word- to  the  Supreme 
IJeing  aiipears  extremely  harsh,  irreverent,  and  of- 
fensive. Revenge  is  now  used  in  an  ill  sense,  for  the 
infliction  of  pain  maliciously  or  illegally ;  avenge  for 
intlictini^  just  punishment. 

2.  According  to  viodcrn  usage,  to  inflict  pain  delib- 
erately and  maliciously,  contrary  to  the  laws  of  jus- 
tice and  humanity,  in  return  for  injury,  pain,  or  evil, 
received  ;  to  wreak  vengeance  spitefully  on  one  who 
injures  or  otFends.  We  say,  to  revenge  an  injur}'  or 
insult,  or,  with  the  reciprocal  pronoun,  to  revenge 
ourselves  on  an  enemy  or  for  an  injuiy,  that  is,  to 
take  vengeance  or  satisfaction. 

3.  To  vindicate  by  punishment  of  an  enemy. 
The  gods  are  just,  and  will  revenge  our  cause.  Drydcn. 
[According  to  modern  usage,  avenge  should  here 

be  substituted  for  revenge.] 
RE-VENGE',  (re-venj'j)  n.     [Fr.  revenche;  Arm.  re~ 
vanch.] 

1.  Return  of  an  injury ;  infliction  of  punishment, 
[Ots.] 

The  beginning  of  revenges  upon  the  enemy.  —  Deut.  xxsii.  Hi. 

9.  According  to  modem  usage,  a  malicious  or  spite- 
ful inlliction  of  pain  or  injtiry,  contrary  to  tlie  laws 
of  justice  and  Christianity,  in  return  fur  an  injury 
or  oflense.  Revenge  is  dictated  by  passion ;  vengeance 
by  justiee. 

3.  The  passion  which  is  excited  by  an  iujury  done 
or  an  affront  given  ;  ilie  desire  of  inflicting  pain  on 
one  who  has  done  an  injury ;  as,  to  glut  revenge. 

Revenge,  as  the  word  is  now  understood,  is  always 
contrary  to  the  precepts  of  Christ. 

The  indulgence  of  Tevenge  lends  lo  in;ike  men  more  savage  and 
cniel.  Kauiee. 

liE-VEN6'£D,  pp.     Punished  in  return  for  an  injury ; 

spitefully  punished.    The  injurv  is  revenged. 
RE-VENGE'FlJL,(re-venj'ful,)  a.    Ftifl  ot  revenge  or 

a  desire  to  inflict  pain  or  evil  for  injury  received  ; 

spiteful ;  malicious  ;  wreaking  revenge. 

If  thy  revengeful  heart  can  not  forgive.  Shuk. 

2.  Vindictive ;  inflicting  punishment. 

May  my  hands 
Never  brandish  more  reeenge/ui  steel.  Skak. 

RE-VENGE'FIJL-LY,  (re-venj'ful-ly,)  adv.  By  way 
of  revenge;  vindictively;  with  the  spirit  of  revenge. 

Drydcn. 
RE-VENCE'FIJL-NESS,  (rc-venj'fijl-ness,)  n.     Vin- 

dictiveness.  '  J\Iorc. 

RE-VENGE'LESS,  (re-venj'less,)  a.    Unrevenged- 

Marston. 
RE-VENGE'MENT,  fre-venj'ment,)  n.    Revenge  ;  re- 

ttirn  of  an  injury.     [LilLle  u.^ed.]  Spenser. 

RE-VENG'ER,  n.  One  who  revenges  ;  one  who  in- 
flicts pain  on  another  spitefully  in  return  for  an  in- 
jurv. Spenser. 

9".  One  who  inflicts  just  punishment  fur  injuries. 
[Lesi  proper.]  Bentley. 

RE-VENG'ING,  ppr.     Inflicting  pain  or  evil  spitefully 
for  injury  or  affront  received. 
9.  Vindicating;  punishing. 
RE-VENG'ING-LY,  adv.     With  revenge;   with  the 

spirit  of  revenge  ;  vindictively.  Sfiak. 

REV'E-NuE,  n.  [Fr.  rcwc.iu,  from  rcvenir^  to  return, 
L.  revcnio  ;  re  and  venio,  to  come.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  the  annual  rents,  profits,  in- 
terest, or  issues,  of  any  species  of  properly,  real  or 
personal,  belonging  to  an  individual  or  to  the  public. 


REV 

V/hen  used  of  individuals,  it  is  equivalent  lo  incomt: 
In  modern  usage,  income  is  applied  more  generally 
to  the  rents  and  profits  of  individuals,  antl  revenue 
tvj  Ibose  of  the  state.    In  the  latter  case,  revemie  is, 

9.  The  annual  produce  of  taxes,  excise,  customs, 
duties,  rents,  &.C.,  which  a  nation  or  state  collects 
and  receives  into  the  treasury  fur  public  use. 
3.  Return  ;  reward  ;  as,  a  rich  revenue  of  praise. 
RE- VERB',  f.  (.    To  reverberate.     [A'ol  in  «se.] 

Shak. 
RE-VERB'EU-ANT,  a.     [L.  revcrberans.     See  Re- 
verberate.] 
Returning  sound  ;  resounding;  driving  back. 

Shak 
RE-VERB'EU-aTE,  u.  (.     [L.  reverbero ;  re  and  vcr- 
bero,  to  beat.] 

1.  To  return,  as  sound;  to  send  back;  to  eclm  ; 
as,  an  arch  reverberates  the  voice.  Slutk. 

2.  To  send  or  beat  back  ;  to  repel ;  to  reflect ;  as, 
tO'  reverberate  rays  of  light.  Swift. 

3.  To  send  or  drive  back ;  to  repel  from  side  lo 
side  ;  as,  flame  reverberated  in  a  furnace. 

RE-VERB'ER-aTE,  v.  i.  To  be  driven  back  ;  to  be 
repelled,  as  rays  of  light ;  to  echo,  as  sound. 

Hoiccll. 
9.  To  resound. 

And  even  at  band,  a  drum  ia  rcidy  bracfd, 

Thai  shall  reverberate  all  as  well  as  tiiinu.  Slutk. 

RE-VERB'ER-ATE,  a.    Reverberant.  ShaJc. 

RE-VERB'ER-a-TED,  pp.    Driven  back  ;  sent  back  ; 

driven  from  side  to  side. 
RE-VERB'ER-a-TING,    ppr.      Driving    or   sending 

back  ;  reflecting,  as  light ;  echoing,  as  sound. 
RE-VERB-ER-A'']'ION,  n.     [Fr. ;  from  reverberate.] 
Tlie  act  of  driving  or  sending  back  ;  particularlij, 

the  act  of  reflecting  light  and  heat  or  repehiug  sound. 

Tlius  we  speak  of  the  reverberation  of  the  rays  of 

light  from  an  object,  the  reverberation  of  sound  in 

echoes,  or  the  reverberation,  of  heat  or  flame  in  a 

furnace. 
RE-VERB'ER-A-TO-RV,  a.      Returning   or  driving 

back  ;  as,  a  revcrberatory  furnace  or  kiln.     Mozon. 
RE-VERB'ER-A-TO-RY,  n.     A  furnace  witli  a  kind 

of  dome  that  reflects  the  flame  upon  a  vessel  placed 

witliin  it.  so  as  to  surroimd  it.  JVicholson. 

RE-V£11E',  V.  t.     [Fr.  rcvercr ;  It.  rcverirc;  L.  revr- 

rear  ;  re  and  vereor,  to  fear.] 
To  regard  with  fear  mingled  with  respect  and 

affection;  lo  venerate;  to  reverence;  to  honor  in 

estimation. 

Marcus  Aurelius,  uhom  he  rather  revered  as  hn  Jiitljcr,  th:ia 
treated  as  his  partner  in  the  empire.  AdiHson. 

RE-VeR'£D,  pp.  or  a.    Regarded  with  fear  mingled 

with  respect  and  affection. 
REVER-ENCE,  ji.     [Fr.,  from  L.  revcrentia.] 

1.  Fear  mingled  with  respect  and  esteem  ;  vener- 
ation. 

When  quarrels  and  factions  are  carried  openly,  it  is  a  sign  lJi:it 
the  reverence  of  govtrnment  is  lost.  Dazon. 

The  fear  acceptable  to  God,  is  a  filial  fear,  on  awful  reverence  of 
the  divine  nature,  proceeding  from  a  just  f>BU:era  i>f  his  per- 
fections,  which  produces  in  us  an  inclination  to  his  service 
and  an  unwillingness  to  oflend  him.  Rogers. 

Reverence  is  nearly  equivalent  to  veneration,  but 
expresses  something  less  of  the  same  emotion.  It 
differs  from  awe,  which  is  an  emotion  compounded 
of  fear,  dread,  or  terror,  with  admiration  of  some- 
thing great,  but  not  necessarily  implying  love  or 
affection.  We  feel  reverence  for  a  parent,  and  for 
an  upright  magistrate,  but  we  stand  in  awe  of  a  ty- 
lant."    This  distinction  may  not  always  be  observed. 

2.  An  act  of  respect  or  obeisance  ;  a  bow  or  com- 
tesy.    2  Sam.  ix.  Drydcn.     Fairfai. 

3'.  A  title  of  the  clergy.  ^>ff^^^' 

4.  A  poetical  title  of  a  fatlier.  Shah. 

REVER-ENCE,  1'.  r.  To  regard  with  reverence;  lo 
regard  with  fear  mingled  with  respect  and  afl'ection. 
We  reverence  superiors  for  their  age,  their  authority, 
and  their  virtues.  We  ought  to  reverence  ptircnts 
and  upright  judges  and  magistrates.  We  ought  to 
reverence  the  Supreme  Being,  his  word,  and  his  or- 
dinances. 

Those  that  I  reference,  those  I  frar,  the  wise.  Shak. 

They  will  reverence  my  son.  —  Matt.  xxi. 

Irfl  the  wife  see  that  she  reverence  her  hnshanil.  —  Epn.  v. 

REVER-EN-C£;D,  (rev'er-ensl,)  pp.  Regarded  with 
fear  mingled  with  respect  and  affection. 

REVER-EN-CER,  n.  One  that  regards  with  rever- 
ence. ^    ^'^V*-  , 

REVER-EN-CING,  ppr.  Regarding  with  fe:n  mixed 
with  respect  and  affection. 

REV'ER-END,  a.     [Fr.,  from  L.  rrverendiu^.] 

1.  Worthy  of  reverence  ;  entitled  to  respect  nnn- 
gled  witii  fear  and  affection ;  as,  reverend  and  gra- 
cious senators. 


Shafi. 


A  reverend  dre  among  them  came.  Milton. 

2.  A  title  of  respect  given  to  the  clergy  or  ecclesi- 
astics. We  style  a  clergyman  reverend;  a  bishop  is 
styled  ri<rht  reverend;  an  archbishop  most  reverend. 
In  England,  a  dean  is  also  styled  very  revcrcnfL  in 
Roman  Catholic  countries,  the  members  of  the  dilh-r- 
ent  religious  orders  are  styled  reverend.  Brant.r. 
REVER-ENT,  a.    Expressing  reverence,  veneration. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MkTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  COOK.. 


950 


REV 


or  submission  ;  as,  reverent  woriis  or  terms  ;  a  rever- 
ent posture  in  prayer  ;  rererent  behavior. 

2.  Submissive;    bumble;    impressed  with  rever- 
ence. 

They  prosiraie  fell  belbre  Inm  reverent.  Millon. 

REV-ER-EX'TIAL,  a.  [from  reveraice.]  Proceeding 
from  reverence,  or  expressing  it ;  as,  reverential  fear 
or  awe  ;  reccrential  gratitude  or  esteem. 

RelitTon —  comistin*  in  &  rtzereniial  esteem  of  Uung^  sacred. 
=■  "  SouOl. 

REV-ER-EN'TIAL-LY,    adv.      With    reverence,    or 

show  of  reverence.  Brmcn. 

KEV'ER-ENT-LY,  aJu.  With  reverence;  with  re- 
spectful regard. 

Chide  him  for  £»ulls,  and  do  it  revereitilt/.  Shai. 

9.  With  veneration ;  with  fear  of  what  is  great  or 
terrifying. 

So  reverently  men  q?iil  the  open  air, 

Whsm  thuoder  speaks  the  ang-ry  gods  .ibniad. 


thyden. 

One  who  reveres  or  venerates. 
fFr.  reverie,  from  rSver,  to  dream, 


m 


RE-VkR'ER,7i. 
REV'ER-IE,  I  n. 

REV'ER-Y,  i  torave,tobe  light-headed.  In  present 
usage,  this  word  is  more  frequently  WTitten  Rev- 

£R1£.] 

1.  Properly t  a  raving  or  delirium  ;  but  its  sense,  as 
generally  used,  is  aloose  or  irregular  train  of  thoughts, 
occurring  in  musing  or  meditation  ;  wild,  extrava- 
gant conceit  of  the  fancy  or  hnagiuation.  There  are 
reveries  and  extravagancies  which  pass  through  the 
minds  of  wise  men,  as  well  as  fools.  .Addison. 

2.  Achimi-ra;  a  vision. 

3.  In  medicine^  voluntary  inactivity  of  the  whole 
or  the  greater  part  of  the  external  senses  to  the  im- 
pressions of  surrounding  objects,  during  wakeful- 
ness. Oood. 

RE-VfciR'ING,  ppr.  Regarding  with  fear  mixed  with 
respect  and  affection  ;  venerating. 

RE-VERS'AL,  a.  [See  Revebse.]  Intended  to  re- 
verse; implying  reverse.  Burnet. 

RE- VERS' AL,  n.  [from  reverse.]  A  change  or  over- 
throwing; as,  the  reversal  of  a  judgment,  which 
amounts  to  an  official  declaration  that  it  is  false.  So 
we  speak  of  the  reversal  of  an  attainder,  or  of  an 
outla^T^',  by  which  the  sentence  is  rendered  void. 

Blackstone. 

RE-VERSE',  (re-vers',)  p.  f.  [L.  revcrsiiSy  rcverto ;  re 
and  rertd,  t:>  turn.] 

1.  To  turn  upside  down  ;  as,  to  reverse  a  pyramid 
or  cone.  Temple. 

2.  To  overturn ;  to  subvert ;  as,  to  reverse  the  state. 

Pope. 

3.  To  turnback;  as,  with  swift  wheels  reverse. 

Milton. 
•I.  To  turn  lo  the  contrary;    as,  to  reverse  the 
scene. 

Or  fiffecUtJons  quite  reverse  the  soul.  Pope. 

5.  To  put  each  in  the  place  of  the  other;  as,  torc- 
verse  the  di-liuclious  of  good  and  evil.        Rogers. 

6.  In  law,  to  overthrow  by  a  contrary  decision  ;  to 
make  void ;  lo  annul ;  ris,  to  reverse  a  judgment, 
sentence,  or  decroe.  Judgments  are  reversed  by 
writs  of  error ;  and  for  certain  causes,  may  be  re- 
versed without  such  writs. 

7.  T<»  recall.     [JVot  in  u-ic]  Spenser. 
RE- VERSE',  (re-vers',)  r.  i.    To  return.    [jVot  in  use.] 

Spenser. 
RE-VERSE',  (re-vers',)  v.     Change ;  vicissitude  ;  a 
turn  of  affairs  ;  in  a  good  sense. 

By  a  strange  reverse  of  things,  Justinian's  law,  which  for  many 
age*  was  oeglcctcd,  dow  i>!jiaiiw.  ,  Baker. 

2.  Change  for  the  worse  :  misfortune.  By  an  un- 
expected reverse  of  circumstances,  an  affluent  man 
is  reduced  to  poverty. 

3.  A  contrarj- ;  an  opposite. 

The   perf>rm.'»noes  (o  which  God  h.\a  annexed  lb-  promiaes  of 
eti-miiy,  are  iiisl  the  rczerse  of  all  the  purauits  of  sens?. 

Rogers. 

4.  [Fr.  revers.']  The  back  side  ;  as,  the  reverse  of  a 
drum  ;  the  rrci^rse  of  a  medal  cr  coin,  i.e.,  the  side  op- 
posite to  Uiat  on  which  thehjad  or  principal  figure  is 
impressed.  Braiule. 

RE-VEPvSE',  a.  Turned  backward  ;  having  a  con- 
trary or  opposite  direction  ;  as,  the  reverse  order  or 
method. 

EE-VERS'£D,  (re-verst',)  p;).  or  a.  Turned  side  for 
side,  or  end  for  end  ;  chnngcd  to  the  cotUrarj'. 

2.  In  laic,  overthrown  or  annulled. 

3.  a.  In  botanij^  resupinale;  having  the  upper  lip 
larger  and  more  expanded  than  the  lower  ;  as,  a  re- 
versed corol.  Bij^elow. 

4.  In  conefiology,  a  reversed  shell  is  one  whose  vo- 
lutions are  the  reverse  way  of  the  common  cork- 
screw. Humble. 

RE- VERS' ED -LY,  adv.     In  a  reversed  manner. 

South. 

RE-VERSE'LESS,  (re-vers'less,)  a.  Not  to  be  re- 
versed ;  irreversible.  Seicard. 

EE-VERSE'LY,  (re-vers'ly,)  adv.  On  the  other  hand  ; 
on  the  oripf'^iie.  '  Pearson. 

RE-VERS'I-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  reversed  ;  as, arc- 
versible  judgment  or  sentence. 


REV 

RE-VERS'ING,  ppr.  Turning  upside  down  ;  subvert- 
ing ;  turning  the  contrary  way  ;  annulling. 

RE-VER'SION,  (-ver'shun,)  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  rcver- 
sio.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  a.  returning;  appropriately, 
in  laic,  tile  returning  of  au  estate  to  the  grantor  or  his 
heirs,  alter  a  particular  estate  is  ended.     Hence, 

2.  The  residue  of  an  estate  U'fl  in  tlie  grantor,  to 
couimcnce  in  possession  after  the  determination  of 
the  particular  estate  granted.  Thus,  when  there  is  a 
gift  in  tail,  the  reversion  of  the  fee  is,  without  any 
special  reservation,  vested  in  the  donor  by  act  of 
law.  Blaclistone. 

3.  In  annuities,  a  payment  which  is  not  to  be  re- 
ceived, or  a  benefit  which  does  not  begin,  until  the 
happening  of  some  event,  as  the  death  of  a  person 
now  living.  Brande. 

4.  Succession;  right  to  future  possession  or  enjoy- 
ment. 

5.  In  algebra,  reversion  of  series  is  the  metliod  of 
expressing  the  value  of  an  unknown  quantity  which 
is  involved  in  an  infinite  series  of  terms,  by  means 
of  another  series  of  terms  involving  tho  powers  of 
the  quantity  to  which  the  proposed  series  is  equal. 

Brande. 

RE-VER'SIOX-A-RY,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  reversion, 
that  is,  to  be  enjoyed  in  succession,  or  afler  tho  de- 
termination of  a  particular  estate ;  as,  a  reversionary 
interest  or  risht. 

RE-VER'SION-ER,  71.  The  person  who  has  a  rever- 
sion, or  who  is  enlitk'd  to  lands  or  tenemental",  after 
a  particular  estate  granted  is  determined.  Blaclcstone. 

RE-VERT',  V.  t.     [L.  rcverto  ;  re  and  verto,  to  turn.] 

1.  To  turn  back  ;  to  turn  to  the  contrary ;  to  re- 
verse. 

Till  h.-\ppy  chance  revert  the  cruel  scene.  Prior. 

[Instead  of  revert,  in  this  sense,  Reverse  is  gen- 
erally used.] 

2.  To  drive  or  turn  back;  to  reverberate;  as,  a 
stream  reverted.  Thomson. 

RE-VERT',  V.  i.     To  return  ;  to  fall  back. 

2.  In  law,  to  return  to  the  proprietor,  after  the  de- 
termination of  a  particular  estate.  A  feud  granted 
to  a  man  for  life,  or  to  him  and  his  issue  male,  on  his 
death  or  failure  of  issue  male,  reverted  to  the  lord  or 
proprietor. 

RE-VERT',  n.    In  music,  return;  recurrence. 

Peachiim. 

RE-VERT'ED,  pp.    Reversed  ;  turned  back, 

RE-VERT'ENT,  n.  A  medicine  which  restores  the 
natural  order  of  the  inverted  irritative  motions  in  the 
animal  svstcni.  Darwin. 

RE-VERT'I-BLE,  a.    That  may  revert  or  return. 

RE-VERT'Ii\G,  ppr.    Turning  back  ;  returning. 

RE-VERT'IVE,  a.    Changing';  reversing.     Thomson. 

RE-VRRT'IVK-LY,  adc.    By  way  of  reversion. 

REV'ER-Y,  n.     See  Reverie. 

RK-VEST',r.  t.  [Fr.  revStir:  Low  L.  revestio;  re  and 
re^tiitf  to  clothe.] 

1.  To  clothe  again.  TVotton, 

2.  To  reinvest ;  to  vest  again  with  possession  or 
ofiice  ;  as,  to  revest  a  magistrate  with  authority. 

3.  To  lay  out  in  something  less  fleeting  than  mon- 
ey ;  as,  to  revest  money  in  stocks. 

Re-VEST',  v.  i.    To  take  effect  again,  as  a  title  ;  to 

return  to  a  former  owner  ;   as,  the  title  or  right  re- 

rests  in  A,  after  alienation. 
Rk-VEST'ED,  pp.    Clothed  again  :  invested  anew. 
RE-VEST'I-A-RY,   n.      [Fr.   revestiaire,  from    L.  re- 
vestio.] 
The  place  or  apartment  in  a  church  or  temple 

where  the  dresses  are  deposited ;    now  contracted 

into  Ve3TRy.  Camden. 

Re-VEST'ING,    ppr.      Clothing    again;    investing 

anew. 
RE-VET'MENT,  H.    [Fr.   revitment,  the  lining  of  a 

ditch,  from  revHir,  supra.] 
In  fortificaiimt,  a  strong  wall  on  the  outside  of  a 

rampart,  intended  to  support  the  earHi. 
RE-VI'BR.^TE,  V.  i.     [re  and  vibrate.]    To  vibrate 

back  or  in  retuni. 
RE-VT-BRa'TION,  71.    The  act  of  vibrating  back. 
RE-Vie'TIOX,  n.    JL.  re  and  vivo,  victum,  to  live.] 
Return  to  life.     [JVbt  itsed.]  Brown. 

RK-VICT'UAL,  (re-vit'I,)  v.  t.     [re  and  ricfHc/.]    To 

furnish  aaain  with  provisions.  Ralegh, 

Re-VICT'UAL-£D,  ire-vit'ld,J  jpp.    Furnished  with 

victuals  acain. 
Re-V[CT'UAL,-IXG,  (re--\it'I-ing,)  ppr.      Supplying 

again  with  provisions. 
RE-VIE',  V.  t.     [re  and  vie..]    To  accede  to  the  prcv- 

posal  of  a  slake  and  to  overtop  it ;   an  old  phrase  at 

cards.     [Obs.]  B.  .fonson. 

RE- VIE',  v.  i.    To  return  the  challenge  of  a  wager  at 

cards  ;  to  make  a  retort.     [O65.] 

Trial  of  the  Seven  Bishops. 
RE-VIEW',  (re-vG',)  v.  t.    [re  and  view ;  or  Fr.  revoir^ 

revu.] 

1.  To  look  back  on.  Denham. 

2.  To  see  again. 

I  skill  revieio  Siclli  1.  Skak. 

3.  To  view  and  examine  again  ;  to  reconsider ;  to 
revise ;  as,  to  review  a  manuscript.    It  is  said  that 


REV 

Virgil  was  prevented  by  death  from  reviewing  the 

Eneid. 

4.  To  retrace. 

Sliall  I  ihc  lon^,  laborious  aceiM  rewiev  7  Pojt. 

5.  To  survey ;  to  inspect  j  to  examine  the  state  of 
any  thing,  particularly  of  troops ;  as,  to  review  a  regi- 
nunt. 

RE-VlEVV,  (re-vu',)  n.  [Fr.  repae,  from  revoir ;  re 
and  voir,  from  h.  video,  to  see.] 

1.  A  second  or  repeated  view;  a  reexamination  ; 
Tcsurvcy  ;  as,  a  review  of  the  works  of  nature  ;  a  re- 
view of  life. 

2.  Revision ;  a  second  examination  with  a  view  lo 
amendment  or  improvement ;  as,  an  auilior's  reciew 
of  his  works. 

3.  In  military  affairs,  an  examination  or  inspeciit-n 
of  troo[>s  under  arms,  by  a  general  or  commander, 
for  the  purjKise  of  ascertaining  the  stale  of  their  dis- 
cipline, equipments,  &c. 

4.  In  literature,  a  critical  examination  of  a  new 
publication,  with  remarks, 

5.  A  periodical  pamphlet  containing  cxamination-i 
or  analyses  of  new  publications ;  at?,  the  Critical 
Rcrieic. 

Commisgion  of  review;  a  commission  granted  by 
the  British  king  lo  revise  the  sentence  of  the  court 
of  deli-L';:t(*s,  Encye. 

RE-\  lEW'i'rD,  (re-vude',)  pp.  Resurveyed  ;  reexam- 
ined ;  inspected  ;  critically  analysed. 

RE-VIEWER,  71.  One  that  reviews  or  reexamines  ; 
an  inspector;  one  that  critically  examines  a  new 
publication,  and  publishes  his  opinion  upon  its  mer- 
its. 

RE-VIEWIXG,  ppr.  Looking  back  on ;  seeing 
again ;  revising ;  reexamining  ;  inspeding,  as  au 
army  ;  critically  examining  and  remarkhig  on. 

Re-V1G'0R-aTE,  V,  t.  [re  and  vigor.]  To  give  new 
vicor  lo.     [JVwJ  in  use.] 

RE-V7r<E',  V.  t.  [re  and  vile.  RivUant  is  found  in 
the  Norman.] 

To  reproach  ;  to  treat  with  opprobrious  and  con- 
temptuous language. 

She  renitetk  him  to  his  face.  3-J!\fi. 

Thou  shah  not  revUe  the  gods. —Ex.  xx'u. 

Blessed  are  ye  when  men  shall  revile  you.  —  Ma.lt.  t, 

RE- VILE',  71.  Reproach  ;  contumely ;  conlempluous 
lancuage.     [JVot  in  use.]  JiJdton. 

RE-VTL'£D,  pp.  Reproached;  treated  witli  oppro- 
brious or  contemptuous  lansuage. 

RE-ViLE'MENT,  n.  Reproach;  contemptuous  lan- 
guage. More, 

RE-VIL'ER,  71.  One  who  reviles  another;  one  who 
treats  anuther  with  contemptuous  language. 

RE-VIL'ING,  ;>pr.  Reproaching;  treating  with  lau- 
gnaixe  of  contempt. 

RE-VlL'L\G,  n.  The  act  of  revihng  or  treating  with 
reproaciiful  words.     Is.  li. 

RE-VlL'IXG-LY,  adv.  With  reproachful  or  contempt- 
uous languacie  ;  with  opprobrium. 

RE-VIN'DI-CaTE,  r.  (.  To  vindicate  again  ;  lo  re- 
claim i  to  demand  and  take  back  what  has  been  lost. 

JMUford, 

Re-VIN'DI-Ca-TED,  pp.  Vindicated  again;  re- 
claimed. 

RE-VIN'DI-eA-TING,i7pr.    Reclaiming. 

RE-VTS'AL,  7(.  [from  retire.]  Revision;  the  art  of 
reviewihg  and  reexamining  for  correction  and  im- 
provement ;  as,  the  rcvisal  of  a  manuscript ;  the  re- 
visal  of  a  proof-sheet. 

RE- VISE',  V.  t.  [L.  revisus,  reviso,  to  revisit;  re  and 
viso,  to  see,  to  visit.] 

1.  To  review  ;  to  reexamine  ;  lo  look  over  with  care 
for  correction;  as,  lo  revise  a  writing;  lo  revise  a 
proof-sheet.  Pope. 

2.  To  review,  alter,  and  amend ;  as,  to  rcvist  stat- 
utes. 

RE- VISE',  71.    Review  ;  reexamination.  Boyle. 

2.  Among  printers,  a  second  proof-sheet;  a  proof- 
sheet  taken  after  the  first  correction. 

RE- VIS' AD,  pp.  or  a.  Reviewed;  reexamined  for 
correction. 

RE-VI$'ER,  n.  One  that  revises  or  reexamines  for 
correction. 

RE-ViS'Ii\G,  ppr.  Reviewing ;  reexamining  for  cor- 
rection. 

RE-V£"SrON,  (re-vizh'un,)  n,    [Fr.]    The  act  of  re- 
viewing ;    review ;    reexamination   for    correction ; 
as,  the  revision  of  a  book  or  writing,  or  of  a  proof- 
sheet  ;  a  rcri-sio7i  of  statutes. 
2.  Enumeration  of  inhabitants.  Tooke, 

ltyvi\%s'l'^RY,\  "■    Perlainrng  to  revision. 
RE-VIS'IT,  r.  (.      [Fr  rfrisKer;    L.  rcrisito;    re  and 
visito^  from  vi^o^  to  see  or  visit.] 
To  visit  again. 

Lei  the  pale  sire  rnisil  Thebes.  Popt- 

RE-VIS-IT-A'TION,  n.    The  act  of  revisiting 
RE-VIS'IT-ED,  pji.    Visited  again. 
KE-VIS'IT-l.VG,  fpr.    Visiting  again. 
RE-VI'SO-RY,  a.    That  reviews ;    having  power  to 

revise.  Judge  Story 

RE-VI'VAL,  71.    [from  revive.]    Return,  recall,  or  re- 


TCNE,  BJJLL,  UNITE.  — AN"GEB,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K ;  6  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  ia  THIS. 


951 


REV 

covery  to  lilo  from  tlcalli,  or  apiurcnt  dcatli ;  as,  tlic 
revival  of  a  drowncii  person. 

2.  Return  or  recall  in  activity,  from  a  state  of  lan- 
guor ;  ay,  the  rcvivul  of  spirits. 

;j.  Kecall,  return,  or  rixuvcry  from  a  state  of  nc{:- 
lect,  oblivion,  obscurity,  or  depression  j  as,  the  re- 
vival of  lettt-rs  or  Iparnin;;. 

4.  Renewed    and    more    aclivo    iittenlion   to  re- 
lifiion  ;    an  awakening  of  men  to  tlicir  spiritual 
concerns. 
KE-VI'VAL-IST,  n.     A   minister  of  llic  gospel  who 

proniotos  revivals  of  relijjion.     Rccd  mxl  Matlic.ion. 
RK-VIVE',  r.  I.     [Fr.   rvricre;    L.   rccivinco;   re  ami 
vivoj  to  live  ] 

1.  'I'o  return  to  life  ;  to  recover  life. 

Tlic  ■oul  of  the  cliil'i  c;un«  into  him  again,  anil  he  rev'we'l.  —  I 
Kings  xvii.     Rupii.  xiv. 

9.  To  recover  new  lifo  or  vigor  j  to  be  reanimated 
nfter  depression. 

Whr^n  hf  anw  Iho  wagons  which  Jost-ph  h:irl  sfjiil  to  carry  him, 
llic  spiiit  <  f  Jncoli  llifir  father  revii'd.  —  Gen.  xiv. 

3.  To  recover  from  a  state  of  neglect,  oblivion,  ob- 
scurity, or  depression.  Luanuus  rcuivcd  in  Unropo 
after  tlie  middle  ages. 

4.  [n  chcmistnjj  to  recover  its  natural  state,  as  a 
niPtrU. 

Sin  retire.^,  wIk-u  tlic  conscience  is  awakened  by  a 
conviction  of  guilt.    Roiiu  vii. 
RE-VIVE',  v.  t.     To  bring  again  to  life  j  to  reanimate. 

Milton. 
9.  To  raise  from  languor,  depression,  or  discour- 
agement ;  to  rouse  ;  as,  to  revive  the  spirits  or  cour- 
age. 

3.  To  renew  ;  to  bring  into  anion  after  a  suspen- 
sion ;  as,  to  revive  a  project  or  scheme  that  had  been 
laid  aside. 

4.  To  renew  in  the  mind  or  memory ;  to  recall. 

The  mind  has  the  powrr,  in  many  cisea,  to  rvalue  iilvas  or  p''rct>i> 
lions  which  it  lias  once  liatl.  Locke. 

5.  To  recover  from  a  state  of  neglect  or  depres- 
sion;  as,  to  rci'i'ye  letters  or  learning. 

6.  To  recomibrt ;  to  quicken  ;  to  refresh  with  joy 
or  hope. 

Wilt  llioii  nol  rcDivc  us  iijain  ?  —  Pa.  Ixxxv, 

7.  To  bring  again  into  notice. 

Reoive  iXvi  hbels  born  lo  die.  Swift. 

8.  In  ckrmistrij,  to  restore  or  reduce  to  its  natural 
state,  or  lo  its  metallic  state  ;  as,  to  revive  a  metal 
after  ("alcination. 

RE-VTV'£;]J,  pp.  Brought  to  life;  reanimated;  re- 
newed; recovered;  quickened  ;  cheered;  reduced 
to  a  metallic  state. 

RE-VIV'ER,  H.  That  which  revives  ;  .that  which  in- 
vigorates or  refreshes;  one  that  redeems  from  neg- 
lect or  depression. 

RE-VIV'I-F[-e.ATE,  y.  £.  [Fr.  rrvivifin- ;  L.  re  and 
vivijico;  viviL'?,  alive,  and  fncin,  to  make.] 

To  revive;    to  recall  or  restore  to  life.     [Little 

VSftl.] 

RE-VIV-I-FI-Ca'TION,  n.  Renewal  of  life ;  res- 
toration of  life ;  or  the  act  of  recalling  to  life. 

Spectator. 

9.  In  chemistry^  the  reduction  of  a  metal  from  a 
state  of  combination  to  its  metallic  state. 

RE-VIV'[-Fl-KD.  pp.    Recalled  to  life  ;  reanimated. 
RE-VIV'I-FS',  V.  t.     [Fr.  rcmvificr.] 

1.  To  recall  to  life  ;  to  reanimate.        Stackhouse. 

2.  To  give  new  life  or  vigor  lo. 

RE-VI  V'I-F?-ING,  ppr.    Giving  new  life  or  vigor  to. 

RE-VtV'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Bringing  lo  life  again  ;  rean- 
imating; renewing;  recalling  to  the  memory;  re- 
covering fiom  neglect  or  de|)re-ision  :  refreshing  with 
joy  or  hope  ;  reducing  to  a  metallic  state. 

RE-Vi\"'IXG-LY,  adv.    In  a  reviving  manner. 

Coleriihrr. 

REV-I-VrS'CENCE,    in.    Renewal  of  life  ;  ntuiTi  to 

REV-I-VIS'CEN-CY,  \      life.  Burnet. 

REV-1-VIS'CENT,  a.  Reviving  ;  regaining  or  restor- 
ing Ufe  or  action.  Darwin. 

RE-Vi'VOR,  71.  In  law^  the  reviving  of  a  suit  which 
is  abated  by  the  death  of  any  of  the  parties.  Tliis 
is  done  by  a  bill  of  rcricor.  Blar.kstonc. 

REVO-CA-BLE,  a.  [Fr.,  from  L.  revocabilis.  See 
Revoke.] 

That  may  be  recalled  or  revoked  ;  that  may  be  re- 
pealed or  annulled  ;  as,  a  revocable  edict  or  grant. 

REV'0-€A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  rev- 
ocable. 

REV'O-GA-BLY,  adv.     In  a  revocable  manner. 

REV'O-CaTE,  v.  t.     [L.  revocn  ;  re  and  voco,  to  call.] 
To  recall  ;  to  call  back.     [JW>(  in  u.3C.]     [Sre  Re- 
voke.] 

REV-O-Ca'TION,  n.     [Fr.,  from  h.  rt^ocatio.] 

1.  The  act  of  recalling  or  calling  back  ;  a*?,  the  rev- 
ocation of  Calvin.  IlvoLcr. 

2.  State  of  being  recalled.  Ifmcell. 
n.  Repeal  j  reversal ;  as,  the  revocation  of  the  edict 

of  Nantes.  A  law  may  cease  lo  operate  without  an 
express  revocation.  So  we  speak  of  the  revocation  of 
a  will,  of  a  use,  of  a  devise,  &c. 

REVO-CA-TO-RY,  a.     Revoking;  rec.alliag. 

RE'VOICE',  v.  t.    To  refurnish  with  a  voice  ;  to  refit 


REV 

an  organ-pipe,  so  as  to  restore  its  proper  quality  of 

t^one. 
Rf/VOI(-''£D,  (-voist',)  pp.  Refurnished  with  a  voice. 
RE-VoKE',  v.  t.  [Fr.  rcvaqitcr;  L.  rcvocoire  and  voco, 

to  call.] 

1.  To  recall ;  to  repeal ;  to  reverse.  A  law,  decree, 
or  sentence  is  revoked  by  the  samu  authority  which 
enactetl  or  passed  it.  A  charter  or  grant  which  vests 
rights  in  a  corporation  can  nut  be  legally  revoked 
without  the  consent  uf  the  corporation.  A  devise 
may  be  revoked  by  the  devisor,  a  use  by  the  grantor, 
and  a  will  by  the  testator. 

2.  Til  clieck ;  to  repress  ;  as,  to  revoke  rage,  [JVut 
in  use.]  Spciuei: 

3.  To  draw  back. 


StraB  nrc  troubled  whon  Ihcy  do  rcrofre 
Thf'ir  llowin^  waves  into  lliciiisclvca  ajidn. 
[  Una3u(UT\ 


DulUs. 


RE-V6KF/,  I',  i.  In  cardrplaijin<r,  to  \'m\atc  the  laws 
of  ilie  g;imc  by  not  playing  the  cards  according  to 
the  established  scquetice.  Jlinjlc. 

RE-VoKF/,  H.  In  card-pUvjin^,  a  violation  of  rule  by 
not  playing  the  cards  according  to  tlie  established  se- 
quence of  the  game.  Hoyla. 

RE-VoK'A'D,  (re-vokt',)  pp.    Repealed  ;  reversed. 

RE-VoKE'MENT,  n.  Revocation ;  reversal.  [LitUe 
u.^-'vA]  Sliak. 

RE-VoK'I.VG,  /'»r.     Reversing;  repealing. 

ItE-Vdlv'ING-LV,  adv.     By  way  of  revocation. 

RE-VOLT',  t'.  i,  \Vr.  re v alter  ;  It.  rivoltare;  ri  and 
voltarCy  to  turn;  Irom  L.  revolvo }  re  and  volvo^  to 
turn,  En2.  wallow,] 

J.  To  fall  offer  turn  from  one  to  another.     Sluik. 
2.  To  renounce  allegiance  and  subjection  to  one's 
prince  or  state  ;  to  reject  the  authority  of  a  sovereign  ; 
as  a  province  or  a  number  of  people,    /(  is  iiot  ap- 
plied to  individuals. 

The   Edouiiiea   revolted   from   nndcr   the   li.uid  of  Judali.— 2 
Chron.  xxi. 

n.  To  change.     [JVot  in  iisc.]  Sluik. 

4.  In  Scripture,  to  disclaim  allegiance  and  subjec- 
tion lo  God  ;  to  reject  the  government  of  tlie  King  of 
kings.     Is.  xxxi. 
RE- VOLT',  V.  t.     To  turn  ;  to  put  to  flight ;  to  over- 
turn. Burke. 

2.  To  shock  ;  to  do  violence  to;  to  cause  to  shrink 
or  turn  away  with  abhorrence ;  as,  to  revolt  the  miml 
or  the  feelings. 

Tlieir   lioncsl   pride   of  Iheir   purer   religion   hM\   reuuUcd  llie 
B.ibylu  Ilia  lis.  Mt/ord. 

RE- VOLT',  V.     Desertion  ;  change  of  sides  ;  viore  cor- 
rectly, a  ronunciatiun  of  allegianee  and  subjection  to 
one's  prince  or  government;  as,  the  revolt  of  a  prov- 
ince of  the  Roman  empire. 
9.  Gross  departure  from  duly.  Shak. 

3.  In  Scripture,  a  rejection  of  divine  government ; 
departure  from  God  ;  disobedience.    Is.  lix. 

4.  A  reviilter.     [Jfot  in  «.-r.]  Shak. 
RE-VOLT'ED,  pp.  or  a.     Having  swerved  from  alle- 
giance or  duty.                                                Jlilt.on. 

9.  Shocked  ;  grossly  offended. 
RE-VOLT'ER,  n.     One  who  changes  sides  ;   a  de- 
serter. Attcrbury. 

2.  One  who  renounces  allegiance  and  subjection  to 
his  prince  or  slate. 

3.  In  Scripture,  one  who  renounces  the  authority 
and  laws  of  Got!.    Jer.  vi.    //y^.  i.\. 

RE-VOLT'ING,  j//?r.    Changing  sides;  deserting. 
9.  Disclaiming  allegiance  ami  subjection  to  a  prince 
or  state. 

3,  Rejecting  the  authority  of  God. 

4.  a.  Doing  violence,  as  to  the  feelings;  exr.iiiug 
abhorrence. 

RE-VOLT'ING  LY,  adv.    Offensively  ;  abhorrently. 

REV'0-LU-BLE,  a.     That  may  revolve. 

REVO-LUTE,  a.    [L.  rcvolntns,  from  revolvo.] 

In  botany  antl  zodlog-y,  rolled  back  or  downward  ; 
as,  rcvolute  foliation  or  leafing,  wiien  the  sides  of  the 
leaves  in  the  bud  are  rolU-d  spirally  back  or  toward 
tlic  lower  surface  ;  a  rcrolulr.  leaf  or  tendril  ;  a  revo- 
lute  corol  or  valve.  Mart/in.     Lee.     Brandc. 

REV-0-Lu'TION,  71.  [Fr.,  from  L.  rcvolatusj  re- 
volvo.] 

1.  In  physics,  rotation  ;  the  circiilnr  motitm  of  a 
body  on  its  axis;  a  course  or  motion  «  hich  brings 
every  point  of  the  surface  or  periphery  of  a  body 
back  ti>  the  place  at  whicli  it  beyun  to  move  ;  as,  the 
revolution  of  a  wheel ;  the  diurnal  revolution  of  the 
earth. 

9.  The  motion  of  a  body  round  any  fixed  point  or 
center  ;  as,  the  annual  revolution  of  the  earth  or  other 
planet  in  its  orbit  mund  the  center  of  the  system. 

3.  In  geometry,  the  motion  of  a  magnitude  (as  a 
poin,t,  line,  nr  surface)  about  a  jwint  or  line  as  its 
center  or  axis.  A,  D.  Stanley. 

4.  Motion  of  any  tiling  which  brings  it  hack  to 
the  same  point  or  state  ;  as,  the  revolution  of  day  and 
niglit,  or  of  the  seasons. 

5.  Continued  course  marked  by  the  regular  return 
of  years  ;  as,  the  revolntion  of  ages. 

().  Space  measured  by  some  regular  return  of  a  re- 
volving body,  or  of  a  state  of  things  ;  as,  the  revoln- 
tion of  a  day.  Dryden. 


REW 

7.  In  polilica,  a  material  or  entire  change  in  the 
constitution  of  government.  Thus  the  revolution  ui 
England,  in  Ui8B,  was  protluced  by  the  abdication  of 
King  James  11.,  the  establishniout  t;f  the  house  nf 
Oranye  upon  the  throne,  and  the  restoration  of  tlte 
constitution  to  its  primitive  slate.  The  rCT.'o/(t((o«  in 
the  United  States  of  America,  which  began  in  1775, 
effected  the  separatiun  of  the  colonies  from  Great 
Britain.  The  revolution  in  France  is,  distinctively, 
that  which  began  in  1789,  and  which  caused  the  d".-- 
throneinent  and  death  of  Louis  XVI.  'I'he  revolution 
of  the  three  day.^,  in  France,  in  1830,  was  that  which 
placed  llie  family  of  Orleans  on  the  throne. 

8.  Motion  backward.  Jililton. 
This  word  is  used  adjectively,  as  in  the  phrase  rev- 
olution jrrinciple.'.                              Addi-wn.     Smollett. 

REV-O-LC'TION-A-RY,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  revolu- 
tion in  government ;  as,  a  rcoolufionary  war ;  revoln- 
tioiiary  crimes  or  disasters.  Burke. 

2.  Tending  to  produce  a  revolution  ;  as,  rcvolution- 
arif  measures. 
REV-O-LO'TION  ER,  7(.    One  who  is  engaged  in  ef- 
fecting a  revolution  ;  a  reviilutioni?-l.  Ramsay. 

2.  In  England,  one  who  favored  the  revolution  in 
1(588.  Smollett. 

REV-0-Lu'TION-ISM,  ».    State  of  revolutions. 
REV-0-Lu'TION-IST,  n.    One  engaged  in  etlecting 
a  change  of  goivernment ;  the  favorer  of  a  revolution. 
Burke.     S.  S.  Smith. 
REV-0-LO'TION-TZE,  v.  t.    To  effect  a  change  in 
the  form  of  a  political  constimtion  ;  as,  to  revolution- 
ize a  government.  Avic^. 
2.  To  effect  an  entire  change  of  principles  in. 

The  gospel,  if  received  in  truth,  haa  TCoolalianiztd  his  sotil, 

J.  M.  Mason. 

REV-0-Lu'TION-IZ  £D,  ;;;;.  Changed  in  constitu- 
tional form  and  principles. 

REV~0-Lu'T10N-TZ-ING,  ppr.     Changing  the  form 

-  and  principles  of  a  constitution. 

RE-VOLVE',  (re-volv',)  v.  i.  [L.  revolvo ;  re  and 
volvo:  Russ.  valyu,  to  roll.] 

1.  To  turn  or  roll  round ;  as,  the  eartli  revolves  on 
its  axis. 

2.  To  move  round  a  center;  as,  the  planets  reiwlre 
round  the  sun. 

itE-VOLVE',  V.  t.  To  turn  over  and  over  ;  as,  to  re- 
volve tliMiiglits  in  the  mind. 

RE-V0LV'/':D,  pp.  Turned  over  and  over;  seriously 
consid'-red. 

RE-VOLV'Ei\-CV,  7[.  State,  act,  or  principle  of  re- 
volving ;  revuhuion. 

Ik-  own  rcooloency  nj^holds  the  Wiirlil.  Cowjier. 

RE-VOLV'ING, p/fr.  ora.    Turning;  rolling;  moving 

j|ound. 
Rk-VOM'[T,  0.  t.     [re  and  vomit;  Fr,  rcvmnir.] 

To  VI 'ui it  or  pour  forth  again;  to  reject  from  the 

stoiuarii.  JIakcwill. 

RE-V0iM'(T-ED,  pp.     Vomited  again. 
RK-VOM'IT-ING,  ppr.     Vomiting  again. 
UE-VUL'SION,  77.     [Fr.,  from  L.  rcvuhfiis,  rcvello  ;  re 

and  vrf.1,',  to  pull.] 

1.  In  medicine,  the  act  of  turning  or  diverting  any 
disease  from  one  part  of  the  body  to  another. 

I^ncyc. 

9.  The  act  of  holding  or  drawing  back.    Brown. 
RE-VUL'SIVE,  n.     Having  tiic  power  of  revulsion. 
RE-VUL'SIVE,  71.     That  which  has  the  power  of  di- 
verting disease  from  one  part  to  another. 

2.  TJiat  which  has  the  power  of  withdrawing. 

Fell. 

REW,  (ru,)  71.     A  row.     [JVut  in  iisc.]  Spen^ier. 

RE-WARD', -e.  t.  [Norm,  rcirardcr,  to  allow;  re<rar- 
dr.^,  fees,  allowances,  penpiisites,  rewards  ;  rrgardez, 
awarded.  In  these  words  tliere  appears  to  be  an  al- 
liance witli  regard.  But  in  the  Fr.  anil  Norm,  guer- 
don, a  reward,  and  gucrdtmncr,  lo  reward,  this  alM- 
ance  does  not  appear.  So  the  Italian  guidcrdovarc, 
to  reward,  is  evidently  a  compound  of  ihe  L.  dono 
with  anotlier  word,  and  apparently  with  the  Sax. 
icitker,  G.  loider  and  wicder,  D.  wcdcr,  answering  to 
L.  7*c,  denoting  return.  The  Spanish  and  Portuguese 
have  the  Latin  word  with  a  different  prefix  ;  Sp.  ifd- 
lardon,  a  toward  ;  jralarJonar,  to  reward  ;  Pott,  galar- 
dam,  galadoar.  The  Armoric  ha.''  garredon,  n-arrcdo- 
77P7*.  Rnonrd  appears  to  be  from  tlie  Norman  ] 
To  give  in  return,  either  good  or  evil. 

Thou  liasl  rejcardcd  me  good,  whcrcna  I  have  reicarded  ihcc 
evil.  —  1  Sam.  xxiv. 

Hence,  when  good  is  returned  for  good,  reward  sig- 
nifies to  repay,  to  recompense,  to  compensate.  VVlun 
evil  or  suffering  is  returned  for  injury  or  wirk'-dness, 
reward  signifies  to  puni>h  with  just  retribution,  to 
take  vengeance  on,  according  to  the  nature  of  thn 
case. 

I  will  rcn.lcr  veugeance  to  my  enemies,  and  will  reieard  them 

th:»t  hate  me.  —  Dcut.  xxxii. 
The  Son  oC  man  will  come  in  the  glory  of  his  Father,  with  Ilia 

img-elo,  and  then  he  will  rcvxird  every  man  according  to  his 

wurks.  — Matt.  xvi. 

In  the  latter  passage,  reward  signifies  to  render 
botli  good  and  evil. 
RE-WARD',  71.    Recompense,  or  equivalent  return  for 
good  done,  for  kindness,  for  services,  and  the  like. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— MkTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  PdAR'INE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.— 


RHE 

HciDords  nirvy  consist  of  money,  gooils,  or  any  return 
v(  kindnessor  happiness. 

Tfic  i:iix)P2r  is  worlliv  of  liis  reioard.  —  1  Tim.  v. 
(jtc:xt  is  your  retecrd  in  heaven.  —  M:ilt.  v. 

Rctcunls  and  pniiis'nnenls  presuppose  mora!  agen- 
cy, and  sonietliins  voUmtarily  done,  well  or  ill ;  witli- 
niit  which  respect,  tliough  we  may  receive  good,  it 
:ily  a  benefit,  and  not  a  re:card. 

-'.  1'he  fruit  of  men's  labor  or  works. 

.  ;i  ?  dead  know  not  any  thiiij,  neither  have  tlity  riny  more  a  re- 
tiNirti.  —  Ecck's.  ix. 

3.  A  bribe  ;  a  gift  to  per\'ert  justice.    Deut.  xxvii. 

4.  A  sum  of  money  offered  for  taking  or  detecting 
a  criminal,  or  for  recovery  of  any  tiling  lost. 

5.  Punishment  J  a  just  return  of  evil  or  suffering 
for  wickedness. 

Only  wiih  lliinc  eyes  shnit  ihou  behold  ntid  see  ihe  reteard  of  the 
wicked.  —  Ps.  xci. 

6.  Return  in  human  applause.    Jifatt.  vi. 

7.  Return  in  joy  and  comfort.     P.<.  \\x. 
RK-\VARD'A-BLK,n.  That  may  be  rewarded  ;  worthy 

nf  reconipense.  Hooker.     Taylor. 

RK-WARD'A-RLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
worthv  of  reward.  Goodman. 

RE-WARD' A-BLY,  adi\     In  a  rewardable  manner. 

RE-U"ARD'ED, /)p.  Requited;  recompensed  or  pun- 
ished".' 

RE-WARD'ER,  n.  One  who  rewards;  ono  that  re- 
tinites or  recompenses.     Hcb.  xi.    Jlddison.     Sicift. 

RE-WARD'ING,  ppr.  Making  an  equivalent  return 
fur  good  or  evil  ;  requiting;  recompensing  or  linnisli- 

RE-'iVARD'LESS,  a.     Having  no  reward.  [im;. 

Re-\V'6RD',  {rii-wurd',)  v.  t.  [re  and  word.]  To  re- 
peat in  tiie  same  words.     [JVut  in  use.]  Shah. 

Rf.-WRITE',  v.  t.    To  write  a  second  time. 

Re-\VRiT'ING,  ppr.    Writing  again. 

RE-WRIT'Ti^N,  pp.    Written  again.  Kent. 

REX,  n.     [L.]     A  king. 

REY'NARD,  (ra'nard,)  Ti.  An  appellation  given  to  a 
fox ;  renard. 

RHA-BaR'BA-RATE,  a.  [See  Rhubarb.]  Impreg- 
nated or  tinctured  Vv'ith  rimbarb.  Floycr. 

RHA-BAR'BA-RIXE,  n.  [L.  rhabarharam.  Generally 
and  more  correctly  called  Rheix,  which  see.] 

A  proximate  principle  of  rhubarb,  which  appears  to 
possess  the  properties  of  an  acid.  It  has  been  sup- 
posed to  be  the  active  principle  of  rhubarb ;  but  this 
is  not  well  settled. 

RHAB-DOL'O-GY,  (rab-dol'o-je,)  n.  [Gr.  pafJSni,  a 
staffer  wand,  and  Al;  u-,,  discourse.] 

The  act  or  art  of  computing  or  numbering  by 
means  of  certain  little  square  rods,  called  A'apicr^s 
rods  or  J\rapicr''3  bones.  JItdton, 

RIIAB'DO-MAN-CY,  (rah'do-man-se,)  n.     [Gr.  pn0- 
do5,  rod,  and  liavrcia^  divination.] 
Divination  by  a  rod  or  wand.  Ei'oicn. 

RHA-POX'TI-CIN,  n.     [L.  rhapontimin.] 

A  proximate  principle  of  Rheum  rhaponticum ; 
perhaps  Ihe  same  as  Rheix. 

RHAP-!?OD'ie,  (rap-sod'ik,)  )  a.  [from  rhnpsodu.]  Pcr- 

RHAP-SOD'ie-AL,  \     tainin^  to  or  consist- 

ing of  rhapsody  ;  unconnected.     Mu^on.    J)Iartin. 

RIIAP'.SO-DIST,  77.  [from  rkr.psndij.]  One  that  writes 
or  speaks  without  regular  dependence  of  one  part  of 
his  discourse  on  another.  fVatts. 

9.  One  who  recites  or  sings  rhapsodies  for  a  liveli- 
hood ;  or  one  who  makes  and  repeats  verses  extem- 
pore. 

3.  Ancienfhj,  one  whose  profession  v.'jis  to  recite 
the  verses  of  Homer  and  ctiicr  poets. 

RIf  AP'SO-DIZE,  r.  I  To  utter  rhapsodies.   JrpTson, 

RHAP'?0-DY,  (rap'so-de,)  n.  [Gr.  63-(7(oSia  i  ^q-to^j 
to  sew,  or  unite,  and  W(5",  a  song.] 

Orig^inatlij,  a  portion  of  an  epic  poem  fit  for  recita- 
tion at  one  time,  as  a  book  of  Homer  was  rehearsed 
by  a  rf.apsodist.  In  modern  w^fl;j-p,  confusfd  jundiie 
of  sentences  or  statements,  without  dependence  or 
natural  connection  ;  rambling  composiiJcm. 

Locke.     fValt^. 

RHf/IN,  71.     [L.  rheum,  rimbarh.] 

A  proximate  principle  of  the  officinal  rhubarb, 
which  appears  to  be  an  acid,  and,  as  such,  has  been 
called  T}uic  ac'ui.  It  lia^  been  supposed  to  lie  the  ac- 
tive principle  of  rhubarb,  but  thiei  is  doubtful. 

RIIEIN'BER-RY,  (nine-,)  n.    Buckthorn,  a  piant. 

JohnSiitt. 

RHEX'ISH,(rcn'ish,)a-  Pertaining  tothe  River  Rhine, 
or  to  Rheims  in  France ;  as,  Rhenish  wine.  As  a 
noun,  the  wine  produced  on  the  hills  about  Rheims, 
which  is  remarkable  as  a  solvent  of  iron.      Enajc. 

RIIkTIAN,  (rr^'shan,)  a.  Pertaining  to  the  ancient 
Rh:cli,  or  to  Riiretia,  their  countiy  ;  as,  Ihe  Hhciian 
A!f>s,  now  the  country*  of  Tyrol  and  the  Grisons. 

RHe'TOR,  n.     [E.,  from  Gr.  /i/?r;.)/i,  an  orator  or 
speaker.] 
A  rhetorician.     {Ultle  itscJ.]  JJdmmovd. 

RHET'0-Rie,  (ret'o-rik,)  n.    [Gr.  l.nTopiKTi,  from  pro, 

to  speak,  to  flow,  contmcted  from  ^srw  or  ptfJ'.',  Etsg. 

to  read     The  primary  sense  is,  to  drive  or  send.   See 

RbadJ 

1.  The  science  of  oratory  ;  the  art  of  speaking  with 

I  propriety,  elegance,  and  force. 

I I  Locke.     Drydr.n.     Kneyc. 


RUG 

2.  The  power  of  persuasion  or  attraction ;  that 
which  allures  or  charms.  We  speak  nf  the  rhetoric 
of  the  tongue,  and  the  rhetoric  of  the  lieart  or  eyes. 

S^vcft,  slliiil  rhetoric  of  pcreuadinjcycE.  DanUl. 

RlIE-TOR'ie-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  rhetoric;  as,  the 
rhetoriciil  art. 

•2.  Containing  the  rules  of  rhetoric  ;  as,  a  rhetorical 
treatise. 

3.  Oratorical :  as,  a  rhctoriral  flourisli.        Jifore. 
RHE-TOR'i€-AL-LY,  adr.     In  the  manner  of  rheto- 
ric, according  to  the  rules  of  rhetoric;  as,  to  treat  a 
subject  Thctoricalbi  i  a  discourso  rhetorically  delivered. 

RI1E-T0R'I€-.aTE,  v.  i.  To  pby  the  orator.  [J>fot  in 
7WC.1  Decay  vf  Piety. 

RHE-TOR-IC-a'TION,  jt.  Rhetorical  am|)lificalion. 
[JSTot  in  ttse.]  Walcrland. 

RHET-0-RI"CTAN,  (ret-0-rish'aii,)  ti.  [Fr.  rhelori- 
cicn.] 

1.  One  who  teaches  the  art  of  rhetoric,  or  the  prin- 
ciples and  rules  of  correct  and  elegant  speaking. 

T}ie  ancient  sopliisls  niid  rhftoridans,  who  had  youtig  nudilora, 
lived  nil  Wwy  were  a.  hundred  yeira  old.  Bncon. 

2.  One  well  versed  in  the  rules  and  principles  of 
rhetoric. 

3.  An  orator.     {Less  proper.]  Drydcn. 
RHET-0-RI"crAN,  (-risli'-)«.   [See  the  noun.]    Suit- 
ins  a  master  of  rlictoric.     [jYot  in.  use.]      Blackmorc. 

RfiET'O-RT'/E,  r.  i.     To  play  the  orator.     Cotrrrave. 

RHET'0-RlZE,  v.  t.  To  represent  by  a  figure  "of  ora- 
turv.  Milton. 

RHET'O-RTZ-ED.p;).  Represented  by  a  hgure  of  or- 
atory. 

RIIEuM,  77.     [Gr.  I'tevtift-,  from  f.ct-},  to  tlow.] 

1.  An  increased  action  of  the  vessels  of  any  organ  ; 
but  generally  applied  to  the  increased  action  of  mu- 
cous glands,  attended  witli  increased  discharge  and 
an  altered  state  of  their  excreted  fluids. 

9.  A  thin,  serous  fluid,  secreted  by  the  mucous 
glands,  &.C.,  as  in  catarrli.  Shak. 

RiIEU-MAT'I€,  (riJ-mat'ik,)  a.  [h.  rhetimatictts  j  Gr. 
I'iri'/xariA-os,  from  /iivt^a,  rheum,  which  see.] 

Pertaining  to  rheumatism,  or  partaking  of  its  na- 
ture ;  as,  rheumatic  pains  or  affectiims. 

RHEU'MA-TISM,  (rii'ma-tizm,)  )(.  [1..  rhcumatinnus : 
Gr.  i'ji:vpiaTtcrfi'}Ct  from  pivfia,  a  watery  humor,  from 
/^t!ij,  to  flow  ;  the  ancient:^  supposing  tlie  disease  to 
proceed  from  a  defluxion  of  humors.] 

A  painful  disease  affecting  muscles  and  joints  of 
the  human  body,  chiefly  the  larger  joints,  as  the  hip; 
knees,  shoulders,  &c.  Enryc.     Parr. 

RHEtJM'Y,  (ru'me,)fl.  [from  rheum..']  Fullof  rheum 
or  water>'  matter;  consisting  of  rheum  or  partaking 
of  its  nature. 

2.  Affected  with  rheum.  Dnjdcn. 

3.  Abounding  withsharp  moisture;  causiugrheum. 

Shah. 

RIIiME.     See  Rhyme. 

RHI'NO,  n.  A  cant  word  for  gtdd  and  silver,  or  mon- 
ev.  Jt'ag-staffc. 

RH"I-N0-Ce'PJ-AL,  a.  [from  rhhtoceros.]  Pertaining 
tothe  rhinoceros  ;  resembling  the  rhinoceros.  Tatler. 

RHr-NOtJ'E-ROS,  (rJ-nos'e-ros,)  n.  [Fr.  rhinoceros  or 
rhinocerot ;  It.  and  Sp.  rmoccn»;((c ;  1j.  rhinoceros ;  Gr. 
paoKjjJC'K,  nose  horn  ;  /u',  the  nose,  W.  rAj/n,  a  point, 
and  irfV«>)  ^  horn.] 

A  large  pacliydermatous  mammal,  nearly  allied  to 
the  elephant,  the  hippupotamus,  the  tapir,  &c.  Five 
species  are  described  by  naturalists.  Two  of  these 
have  a  single  horn  on  the  nose,  and  three  of  Iheni 
liave  two  horns.  Rhinoceros  Indicus  inhabits  India, 
especially  the  banl;s  of  the  Ganges;  R.  J?fnea7ius 
and  R.  Sinuis  inhabit  Southern  Africa;  and  R.  Sii- 
vjatrcns's  nnd  R.  Sowf/niai^  inhabit  Sumatra. 

RHI-NOC'E-ROS-BIRD,  n.  A  bird  of  the  genus  Bu- 
ceros,  a  species  of  hornbill,  Buceros  Rhinoceros, 
found  in  the  East  Indies  and  Indian  Islands,  having 
a  crooked  horn  on  the  forehead,  joined  to  the  upper 
mandible.  P-  Cyc. 

R!Il-NO-PLAS'Tie,  a.  [Gr.  fnu,  the  nose,  and  rXac- 
C7(.i,  to  form.]     Forming  a  nose. 

The  rhiiwplastic  operation,  in. surgery,  is  one  which 
renews  the  nose,  or  supplies  a  substitute  for  a  natu- 
ral nose. 

RHT-Zo'MA,  71.  [Gr.  /'(^oj/ji,  something  firmly  root- 
ed.] 

In  botaniiyTi  large  and  fleshy  or  woody  part  or  organ 
of  a  root,  analogous  to  a  stem  under  ground,  which 
is  neither  a  tuber  nor  a  bulti.  It  Is  of  very  various 
forms,  and  always  has  radicles,  and  not  unfrequent- 
ly  fibrils,  growing  from  it.  The  esculent  part  of  the 
root  nf  a  beet,  carrot,  or  parsnep,  furnishes  a  good 
example  of  a  rhi/.oma. 

RHI-ZOPH'A-GOUS,  (rl-zof'a-gus,)  a.     [Gr.  ('n^a  and 

Feedmg  on  roots. 
RHo'DI-AN,  a.    Pertaining  to  Rhodes,  an  isle  of  the 

Mediterranean  ;  as,  Rhodian  laws. 
RHO'DI-UM,  n.     A  metal  discovered  by  V.'ollaston, 
in  1803,  among  grains  of  crude  platinum. 

Rhodium  requires  the  strongest  heat  that  can  he 
produced  in  a  wind-furnace,  for  its  fusion.  When 
fused,  it  ha^:  a  white  color  and  a  metallic  luster.  It 
is  extremely  Iiard,  brittle,  and  has  a  sp.  gr.  of  about 


RHY 

11.  It  unites  with  oxygen  at  a  red  heat  Wlien 
pure,  it  is  not  acted  upon  by  any  acid  ;  but  if  in  the 
state  of  an  alloy,  it  is  dissolved  by  aqua  re^ia. 

Turner. 

RIIO-DO-DEN'DRON,  77.  [Gr  po^ov^  a  rose,  and 
c? I  (*')(!(;,  a  tree.] 

The  name  of  a  genus  of  plants,  and  the  type  of 
the  natural  order  Rhododendraceac.  Four  spcciea 
arc  known  to  grow  in  New  England,  viz.,  two  de- 
ciduous leafed,  which  arc  called  upright  or  jnrarnp- 
honeysucldes ;  ami  two  evergreen  ones,  which  can 
hardly  be  saiil  to  have  any  distinctive  popular  names. 
Several  of  the  species  of  this  genus  are  medicinal, 
and  many  of  thein  are  highly  ornamental. 

RHO'DON-ITE,  n.  An  impure  variety  of  manganese 
spar.  Dana. 

RHCET'IZ-TTE, )  (ret-,)  77.     A  variety  of  the  mineral 

RHE'i'IZ-ITE,   j      kyanite.  Dana. 

RHOMB,         (  n.     [Fr.  rhombe;  h.  rhomhu.i  ;  Gr. /.r.//- 

RHOM'BUS,  j  iio^j  from  ^c/i/Jw,  to  turn  or  whirl 
round,  to  wander,  to  roam,  or  rovcf  liter^illy,  a 
deviating  square,] 

In  geometry,  an  obliquc-anglc;!,  equilateral  parallel- 
ogram, or  a  quadrilateral  figure  v.-hose  side-  are  equal 
and  the  opposite  sides  parallel,  but  the  atiglcj*  une- 
qual, two  of  the  angles  being  obtuse  and  two  acute. 

Ilutum. 

RHOM'Bie,  a.     Having  the  figure  of  a  rhomb.    Grete. 

RHOM-BO-HE'DRAL,  (rom-bo-hc'dral,)  a.  [Gr.  pon- 
/>  ;f,  rhomb,  and  -.coa,  side.] 

Related  to  the  rhonibohedron ;  presenting  forms 
derivable  from  a  rhombohcdron.  Dana. 

RHOM-BO-He'DROX,  n.  A  solid  contained  by  six 
equal  rhombic  planes. 

Rn0M'B0rD,7i.  [Gr.  ^j/./Jos,  rhomb,and  f:Jo5,form.] 

1.  In  geometry,  a  figure  having  some  resemblance 
to  a  riiomb  ;  or  a  quadrilateml  figure  whose  opposite 
sides  and  angles  are  equal,  butwhich  is  neither  equi- 
lateral nor  equiangular.  Hntlon. 

2.  a.  In  aiudomy,  the  rhovibuid  muscle  is  a  thin, 
broad,  and  obliquely-square,  fleshy  muscle,  between 
Ilie  basis  of  the  scapula  and  the  spina  dorsi.      F.ncyc. 

RHOM-BOID'AL,  a.  Having  the  shape  of  a  rhom- 
boid. IVoodicard. 

RIIOMG'-SPJsR,  n.  A  mineral  resembling  calc-spar  in 
luster,  and  crystals  consisting  of  the  carbonates  of 
lime  and  magnesia,  with  some  carbonate  of  iron. 
Owing  to  the  latter,  it  usually  turns  brown  on  cxpo- 
siu'e.  Dana, 

RHOM'CUS,  n.      See  RnoMn. 

c 

RHO'BARB,  (ru'b;ub,)7(.    [Pers.  JsJi*\.  rflUJa;iJ.    In 

Syr.  raiborig.  It  Seems  to  be  a  compound  word,  lat- 
inized rluibarbarum.] 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Rheum,  of  several  species  ; 
as  the  rhaponlic,  or  common  rhubarb  ;  the  palma- 
tcd,  or  Chinese  rhubarb  ;  the  ccm-.pact,  or  Tartarian  ; 
the  undulated,  or  wave-leafed  rhubarb  ;  andlheribcs, 
or  currant  rhubarb  of  Mount  Libanus.  The  root  of 
a  hitherto  nondescript  species  is  medicinal  and  much 
used  as  a  moderate  cathartic. 

RHC'B.\RB-Y,  n.     Like  rhubarb. 

RHUMB,  (rum,)  n.  [from  rhomb.]  In  narigation,  ti 
circle  on  the  earth's  surface  making  a  given  angle 
with  the  meridian  of  the  place,  marking  the  direc- 
tion of  any  object  through  which  it  passes. 

Brande. 

RHUMB'-LTNE,  71.  In  navigation,  the  track  of  a  ves- 
sel which  cuts  all  the  meridians  at  the  same  angle; 
also  called  the  loiodromic  curve,  Brande. 

RHUS,  (rus,)  71.  [L. ;  Gr.  ^^i?.]  A  genns  of  plants, 
includmg  the  various  species  of  sumach.     P.  Cyc. 

RH5ME,  (rime,)  71.  [Sax.  rim,  and  gerim,  number; 
riman,  to  number;  gc-rtman,  id.  ;  riman  and  ryman, 
to  give  place,  to  open  a  \iay,  to  make  room  ;  Sw.  and 
Dan.  rim  ;  D.  mm ;  G.  reim  ;  W.  rhic ;  Ir.  rimh  or 
reomh.  The  Welsh  word  is  rendered  also,  tliat  di- 
vides or  separates,  and  the  Sax.  rim  seems  to  be  con- 
nected with  room,  from  opening,  spreading.  The 
deduction  of  this  word  from  the  Greek  pvOpo^  is  a 
palpable  error.  The  true  orthography  is  rime  or  ri/mc : 
but  as  rime  is  hoar-frost,  and  rhyme  gives  the  true 
pronunciation,  it  may  be  convenient  to  continue  the 
present  orthography.] 

1.  In  poetry,  the  correspondence  of  sounds  in  the 
terminating  words  or  syllables  of  two  verses,  one  of 
which  succeeds  the  other  immediately,  or  at  no  great 
distance. 

Por  rhyme  with  reason  may  dispense, 

And  souad  h;ifl  right  to  govern  sense.  Prior. 

To  constitute  this  correspondence  in  single  words, 
or  in  s\llables,  it  is  necessary  that  the  to^ccl  and  the 
fnal  articulations  or  consonants,  should  be  the  same, 
or  have  nearly  the  same  sound.  The  initial  conso- 
nants may  be  diflerent,  as  in  find  and  mind,  ncie  and 
drew,  cause  and  laics. 

2.  A  harmonical  succession  of  sounds. 

The  yon:h  with  fpti^s  !ind  rAyrw*, 

Sorae  dance,  some  h:uil  Uic  rope.  Denham. 


3.  Poetry  ;  a  poem. 


lie  i:iiew 
1  UiiM  the  lofty  rftynw. 


TONE,  BfJLL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VF'CIOUS.  — €  as  K  ;  6  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  C'H  as  SII;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


120 


953 


KIB 


RIC 


RIO 


1 


Spen 


s  well.  Dn/iltn. 


Pope. 
Witstm. 

not  having 
Hall. 


A   A  vKiri  of  sound  lo  answer  to  another  word. 

Young. 

Rhyme  or  reason  ;  number  or  sense. 

But  fnnii  tlinl  ti'n«  ""W  tliia  »^isoii, 
I  had  neither  rkyTtie  lujr  rtaaun. 

ItllV.ME,  (rime,)  ».  i.    To  accord  in  sound. 

Bui  frti^tt'.fl  hia  nations  M  the?  fell, 
And  if^hey  rhynud  imd  rattleti,  all  w 

2.  To  make  verses. 

Thcp^  marehed  the  l»<rd  «nd  blocklieMl  «iac  by  side, 
Who  rhymxd  for  hire,  and  palroniled  for  pndc 

nUVME,  t'.  (.    To  put  into  rliyme. 
RHVM'KD,  (rimd,)  p)).     Pot  intti  rhyme. 
1U19.ME'LESS,  a.     Destitute   of  rhyme  : 

consonance  of  sound. 
RHXJI'.fK',       )   n.    One  who  makes  rhymes;  a  versi- 
?\w-tf'r   S     ''°''  "  poof  P"*^'-  J'>I^T>^'^  Drydtn. 
IIIIYM'IC,  <i.     Pertainins  to  rhyme.      _ 
RHY.N'€llO-LlTE,  frink'o-,)  n.    [Gr.  (,«)',X"S>  »  ''<'^' 

and  XtOoi,  a  stone.] 
The  petrified  beak  of  a  bird. 
RHYTHM,        (riihm,)      I        rGr.flt.9Hos.] 
IIIIYTH'MUS,  (rith'inus,)!         l'"  C     c  >  J 

1.  In  ilie  wiliest  scn.tc,  a  division  of  time  into  snort 
portions  by  a  regular  succession  of  motions,  impulses, 
.sounds,  &c.,  producing  an  agreeable  effect,  as  in  the 
dance,  mtisic.  Sec.  .      .    ^      ^- 

2.  In  grammar,  a  division  of  lines  in  short  portions 
by  a  regular  succession  of  arses  and  tluses,  or  per- 
ctissions  and  remissions  of  voice  on  words  or  sylla- 
bles. It  belongs  peculiarly  to  poetry,  but  is  found 
likewise  in  well-constructed  prose.  P.  Cijc. 

RIlYTH'Mie-AL,  a.     [Gr.  ,n)tl;ii«0( ;  L.  rylhrntcus.] 
Pertaining  to  rhythmus,  which  see. 

WAI.,  11.    A  Spanish  coin.    [See  Real.] 

RI'AL,  M.  [from  royal.]  A  royal ;  a  gold  com  for- 
merly current  in  Britain,  of  the  value  of  ten  shillings 
sterling  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VI.,  and  of  fifteen 
shillmcs  in  the  reign  of  Elizabeth.  Brande. 

Rr-AL'TO,  n.  [It.]  The  name  of  a  famous  bridge 
at  Venice  over  the  grand  canal. 

Rr'AJV'T,  (rS'in!!,)  a.  [Fr.,  from  rirc,  to  laugh.] 
Laughing ;  exciting  gayety  ;  delightful  to  the  view, 
as  a  landscape.     [JVul  anglicized.]  Burke. 

RIB  71.  [Sax.  rib  or  ribb  ;  Ice.  rif;  G.  ripye;  D.  nb,  a 
rib  or  rafter ;  Sw.  refbm,  rib  or  side-bone  .;  Dan.  rib- 
be  or  ribbecn,  rih-bonc ;  Russ.  rcbro,  a  rib  or  side. 
This  word,  like  the  L.  co.ila,  signifies  side,  border, 
extremity,  whence  the  compound  in  Sw.  and  Dan. 
r,b-b«ne,  that  is,  side-bone.  It  may  be  aUied  to  the 
L.  ripa.    The  sense  of  side  is  generally  from  e.xtend- 


RIB'BINO,  ppr.    Furnishing  with  ribs. 

RIB'Bl.VG  71.  Au  assemblage  of  ribs  for  a  vault,  or 
coved  ceiling.  ,  ,       .,      G"""' 

RIB'-GK\SS,  71.     .A.  species  of  plantain,  ribwort. 

RIB'BON,  71.  [W.  rArtia,  a  row  or  streak,  a  dribblet ; 
WiiJ,  id. ;  Ir.  riiiiiii ;  Fr.  ritban  ;  Ann.  rubanott.  I  his 
word  has  no  connection  with  band,  and  the  orthog- 
rapiiy  Kibin  would  be  more  accordant  with  the  ety- 
mology.1  ,        -     .„  A    f  * 

1  A  lillet  of  silk  ;  a  narrow  web  of  silk  used  for 
an  ornament,  as  a  badge,  or  lor  fastening  sonii;  part 
of  female  dress.  7>t;<;c;i. 

2.  In   iwiw;  architecture,  a  long,  narrow,  flexible 

piece  of  timber,  nailed  upon  the  outside  of  the  ribs 

from  the  stem  to  the  stern-post,  so  as  to  encompass 

the  vessel  lengthwise.  '''"'",%, 

RIIi'BO.\,  V.  t.    To  adorn  with  ribbons.  Bcaum.  e,  n. 

RIU'BOX-GRXSS,  n.    Canary  grass;  a  plant  ol  the 

genus  Phalaris.  Qardncr. 

RIB'IBE,  71.    A  sort  of  stringed  instrument. 
RIB'LESS,  a.    Having  no  ribs. 
RIB'RoAST,  0.  (.     {rib  and  roi!^l.]    To  beat  soundly  ; 

a  burlesque  word.  Butler. 

RlB'KoAST-ED,  ff.    Soundly  beaten. 
RIB'ROAST-ING,  ypr.     Beating  soundly. 
RUi'SUP-PoRT'El),  II.    Supported  by  ribs. 
RIB'WORT,  71.    .\  species  of  plantain,  Plantagolan- 
ceolata.  .     .   ,.   ^-  '^J'-  „ 

Rie,  )  as  a  termination,  denotes  jurisdiction,  or  a 
RICK,  (  district  over  which  government  is  exercis- 
ed, as  in  bishopric  ;  Sax.  cync-ric,  kin^-ric.  It  is  the 
Goth.  rcUci,  dominion.  Sax.  rice  or  ric  ;  from  the  same 
root  as  L.  7-*'^o,  lo  rule,  and  region. 
Rie  as  a  lerininnlion  of  names,  denotes  rich  or  pow- 
erful, as  in  Mfric,  FrcdcrUk,  like  the  Greek  Polycra^ 
tes  and  Plutarehus.  It  is  the  first  syllable  of  Richard ; 
Sax.  ric,  rice.     [Sec  Rich.)  .  „    . 

RICE,  a.     [Fr.  rii  or  ris ;  It.  nso;  Sp.  and  Port,  er- 
ror; G.  reii  or  reiss;  D.  rysti   Dan.  rts;  L.  oryza; 
S  li 


1  .\  bone  of  animal  bodies  which  forms  a  part  of 
the  frame  of  the  thorax.  The  ribs  in  the  human 
body  are  twelve  on  each  side,  proceeding  from  the 
spine  to  the  sternum,  or  toward  it,  and  serving  to  in- 
close and  protect  llie  heart  and  lungs. 

9.  In  ship-buiUlin^,  a  piece  of  timber  which  forms 
or  strengthens  the  side  of  a  ship. 

RiJs  of  a  parrel,  are  short  pieces  of  plank,  having 
holes,  through  which  are  reeved  the  two  parts  of  the 
parrel  rope.  ,  •*>''<""•  ^"^ 

3.  An  arch-formed  piece  of  timber  for  supporting 
the  lath  and  plaster  work  of  a  vault.  Owill. 

4.  In  bolany,  the  continuation  of  the  petiole  along 
the  middle  of  a  leaf,  and  from  which  the  veins  take 
their  rise.  ..  Martyn. 

5.  In  clotA,  a  prominent  line  or  rising,  like  a  rib. 

6.  Something  long,  thin,  and  narrow;  a  strip,  [n. 
rhib.] 

7.  A  wife ;  an  allusion  to  Eve,  our  common  moth- 
er, made  out  of  Adam's  rib.    [Vulgar.] 

Orose.    HaumcU. 
RIB,  V.  t.    To  furnish  with  ribs.    In  manvfactures,  to 
form  with  rising  lines  and  channels  ;  as,  to  rii  cloth  ; 
whence  we  say,  ribbed  cloth. 
9.  To  inclose  with  ribs.  ShaJi. 

RIB'Al.D,  71.  [Fr.  rilmud:  It.  ribalio,  a  rogue,  and  as 
a7i  adjective,  poor,  beggarly  ;  Arm.  ribaud,  a  fornica- 
tor, llu.  D.  raboul,  rabaum,  a  rogue  or  rascal.  Ac- 
cording to  the  Italian,  this  word  is  a  compound  of  ri, 
or  re,  'and  bnldo,  bold,  or  Sp.  haldio,  idle,  lazy,  va- 
grant, nntiUed.  But  the  real  comiiosition  of  the 
word  is  not  ascertained.] 

.\  low,  vulgar,  brutal,   foul-mouthed  wretch;   a 
lewil  fellow.  Skak.     Spenser.     Pope. 

RIB'.VLD,  a.    Low  ;  base  ;  mean  ;  filthy  ;  obscure. 

Shah. 
Rir.'ALD-ISH,  a.    Disposed  to  rib.aldry.  Jlall. 

RIli'ALD-ROUS,  a.     Containing  ribaldry. 

J.  M.  Mason. 
RIB'ALD-RY,  71.     [It.  ri6/ii(to-M.l 

Mean,  vulgar  language ;  chietiy,  obscene  language. 
Dryden.     Swift. 
RIB'A.N,  71.    In  lieraldry,  the  eighth  part  of  a  bend. 

Encyc. 
RIB' AND.     SeeRlBBOS. 

RlB'Bfil),  pp.  or  a.    Furnished  with  ribs;  as,  rtiiSM 
with  steel.  *''"f»f- 

2.  Inclosed  as  will-  ribs.  *'«i*. 

3.  Marked  or  formed  with  rising  lines  and  chan- 
nels ;  as,  ribbed  cloth. 


Gr.  opv;a;  Eth.  re:;  Ar.J  j?  aro:o7i;  from  the  verb 

•  ,i  arata,  to  be  contracted,  or  to  be  firmly  fixed. 
The  word  is  common  to  most  of  the  Asiatics,  Per- 
sians, Turks,  .Armenians,  and  Tartars.] 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Oi^za,  and  its  seed.  There 
is  only  one  species.  This  plant  is  cultivated  in  all 
warm  climates,  and  the  grain  forms  a  large  portion 
of  tlie  food  of  the  inhabitants.  In  America,  it  grows 
cliietly  on  low,  moist  land,  which  can  be  overflowed. 
It  is  a  light  and  nutritious  food,  and  very  easy  of  di- 
gestion. Indeed,  it  seems  intended  by  the  wise  and 
benevolent  Creator  to  be  a  common  article  of  food  for 
men  in  warm  climates. 

Several  species  of  aquatic  grasses  of  tlie  genus  Zl- 
zania,  found  in  North  America,  are  called  Wild 
Rice  Mullall. 

RICE'-BIRD,  {-Imid,)  n.  A  beautiful  .\siatic  bird  of 
the  finch  family,  so  named  from  its  depredations  m 
the  rice  fields.  It  is  the  Fringilla  (Loxia,  Linn. ) 
oryzivora,  and  is  ;Uso  called  Paddt  Bihd,  and  Java 
Sparrow.  ,^   ,    ^' p'J'^' 

RtCE'-BIRD,  i  71.  A  bird  of  the  United  Stales, 

RICE'-BUNT-ING,  (  the  Emberiza  oryzivora  ;  so 
named  from  its  feeding  on  rice  in  the  Southern 
States.  In  New  England,  it  is  called  Bobolink,  or 
Boe-Lixcol:.-.  ^    ;  .  ,    n'd.ion. 

RICE'-MILK,  71.    Jlilk  boiled  up  and  thickened  with 

RICE'-Pa-PER,  71.  .\  matcri.-U  brought  from  China, 
and  used  for  painting  upon,  and  for  the  manufacture 
of  fancy  articles.  It  is  obtained  from  a  leguminous 
plant,  the  CEschynomcne  palndosa.    Brande.    Dana. 

RICE'-PUD'DING,  n.    Pudding  made  of  rice. 

RICE'-VVEE-V/L,  71.  An  insect,  the  Calandra  oryza;, 
rcsemblin"  the  common  wheat  weevil,  which  attacks 
rice  and  Indian  corn  in  the  Southern  States.   Ifarris. 

RICH,  a.  [Fr.  richc ;  Sp.  rico ;  It.  ricco ;  Sax.  ric,  rice, 
ricca  t  D.  ryk ;  G.  reieh ;  Sw.  rik ;  Dan.  ri^,  nig. 
This  word  in  Saxon  signifies  great,  noble,  powerlul, 
as  well  as  rich.  It  is  probable,  therefore,  it  is  con- 
nected with  ric,  dominion,  L.  rcgo,  regnim,  Eng. 
reach,  rcmon,  from  extending.] 

1.  Wealthy ;  opulent ;  jjossessing  a  large  portion 
of  land,  goods,  or  money,  or  a  larger  ptirtion  than  is 
common  to  other  men  or  to  men  of  like  rank.  A 
fanner  may  be  rich  with  property  which  would  not 
make  a  nobleman  rith.  An  annual  income  of  £,S00 
sterling  would  make  a  ricA  vicar,  but  not  a  rich  bish- 
op. Men  more  willingly  acknowledge  others  to  be 
7-ic/ier  than  to  be  wiser  than  themselves. 

Abram  was  rich  in  caul-,  in  silver,  and  in  gold.  — Gen.  xiii. 

2.  Splendid;  costly;  valuable;  precious;  sump- 
tuous ;  as,  a  rich  dress ;  a  rich  border ;  a  rich  silk  ; 
rich  furniture  ;  a  rich  present. 

3.  Abundant  in  materials  ;  yielding  great  quanti- 
ties of  any  thing  valuable  ;  as,  a  rich  mine  ;  ric4  ore. 

4.  Abounding  in  valuable  ingredients  or  qualities; 
as,  a  rich  odor  or  flavor ;  rich  spices,     trailer.  Baker. 

So  we  say,  a  rich  description ;  a  discourse  rich  in 
ideas. 


5.  Full  of  valuable  achievements  or  works. 

Each  minute  uliall  be  rich  in  Bome  Krcat  action.  /.'oite. 

C.  Fertile ;  fruitful ;   capable   of  producing   large 
crops  or  tiuantitics ;    as,  a  rich  soil ;  rich  land  ;  nth 

mold.  .  ,,  "•'^'"■ 

7.  .Vbund-ant;  large;  as,  aric*  crop. 

8.  Abundant;  atfording  abundance  ;  plentilul. 

Th-.  worjreous  EaBt.  with  riaiest  hand. 

I'uora  onher  BOne  barbaric  pearl  and  gold.  laillwt. 

9.  Full  of  beautiful  scenery  ;  as,  a  rich  landscape  ; 
a  rich  prospect.  ,  .  ,     ■„ 

10.  Abounding  with  elegant  colors;  as,  a  nirfi  pic- 
ture. ...    rt     1  . 

11.  Pleiitirully  stocked  ;  aa,  pasture  ricA  in  tlocks. 
1"    Strong  ;  viviil ;  perfect ;  as,  a  rich  color. 

13.  Having  something  precious  ;  as,  a  grove  of  rich 
trees  Milton. 

li  .Abounding  with  nutritious  qualities  ;  as,  a  rich 

is.  Highly-seasoned ;  as,  rich  paste  ;  a  rich  dish  of 

"ig!  Ahouilding  with  a  variety  of  delicious  food  ; 
as,  a  rich  table  or  cntertainmenU 

17.  Containing  abundance  beyond  wants;  as,  a 
n'c/i  treasury.  , 

18    In  music,  full  of  sweet  or  harmonious  sounds. 

19.  In  Scripture,  abounding  ;  highly  endowed  with 
spiritual  gifts  ;  as,  ricli  in  faith.     Janies  li. 

20.  Placing  confidence  in  outward  prosperity. 
J\Iatt.  xix. 

21.  Self-righteous  ;  abounding,  in  one's  own  opin- 
ion, with  spiritual  graces.    Rco.  l\i. 

Rick  in  mercy  :  spoken  of  God,  full  of  mercy,  anil 
ready  to  bestow  good  things  on  sinful  men.    Eph.  u. 

^^°The'rich,  used  as  a  noun,  denotes  a  rich  man  or 
person,  or  more  frequently,  in  Ibe  plural,  rich  men  or 
^  persons.  ,,    , 

The  ricA  hath  many  friends.  —  Frov.  xif. 

RICH  I'.  (.    To  enrich.    [Jfotiised.]     [See  Enrich.] 

'  OolDcr. 

RICH'ED,  (richt,)  pp.    Enriched.    [JVot  «-«''^).^^^ 

RICH'ER,  a.  comp.    More  rich. 

KICH'E8, 77.  [Fr.  richesse  ;  It.  ncchciuz  ;  bp.  7-ii;»t"<i- 
This  is  in  the  singular  number  in  fact,  but  treated  as 
the  plural.]  * 

1.  Wealth;  opulence;  affluence;  possessions  ot 
land,  goods,  or  money  in  abundance. 

Riches  do  not  consist  in  havin'  more  gold  and  silver,  b.il  In 
having  mote  in  proportion,  than  our  ueigliborj.       ioae. 

2.  Splendid  sumptuous  appearance. 
The  riches  ot  he.aven's  pavement,  trodden  sold 


Jlffllon. 


In  Scripture,  an  abundance  of  spiritual  blessings. 
Liil's  XVI 

The  riches  of  Qod  :  his  fullness  of  wisdom,  power, 
mercy,  grace,  and  glory,  Eph.  i.  ii. ;  or  the  abundance 
supplied  by  liis  works.    Ps.  civ. 

The  riches  of  Christ ;  his  abundant  fullness  of  spir- 
itual .and  eternal  blessings  for  men.    Eph.  ni- 
ne riches  of  a  stale  or  kingdom,  consist  less  in  a 
full  licasiirv  than  in  the  productiveness  of  its  stjil 
and  manufactures,  and  in  the  industry  of  Ms  inhab- 
itants. 
RICH'EST,  17.  S.1PCT-L    Most  rich. 
RICH'LY,  ado.    With  riches;  with  opulence;  w-ith 
abundance  of  goods  or  estate ;  with  ample  funds ; 
as,  a  hospital  richly  endowed.  , 

In  Belmont  is  a  lady  richly  left.  Shak. 

2.  Gayly  ;  splendidly  ;  magnificently  ;  as,  riddy 
dressed  ;  richly  ornamented. 

3.  Plenteously  ;  abundantly ;  amply  ;  as,  to  be 
ricUij  paid  for  services.  The  reading  of  ancient  au- 
thors will  richly  reward  us  for  the  jwrusal. 

4.  Truly;  really;  abundantly;  fully;  as,  a  chas- 
tisement richlti  deserved.  Mdi.ion. 

RICH'LY-WOOD-ED,  a.    Abounding  with  wot>il. 

•  *  Jrcing. 

RICH'NESS,  n.    Opulence  ;  wealth.  Sidney. 

2.  Finery  ;  splendor.  Johnson. 

3.  Fertility;  fecundity;  fruilfulness;  the  quali- 
ties which  render  productive  ;  .as,  the  rUkne.^-s  uf  a 
soil.  Mdison. 

4.  Fullness ;  abundance ;  as,  the  richness  of  a 
treasury.  .  .  ,     , , 

5.  auality  of  abounding  with  something  valuable  ;_ 
as,  the  richness  of  a  mine  or  an  ore  ;  the  ridiness  ol 
milk  or  of  cane-juice. 

G.  Abundance  of  any  ingredient  or  quality  ;  as, 
the  richness  of  spices  or  of  fragrance.  . 

7.  Abundance  of  beautiful  scenery  ;  as,  the  ricft- 
ness  of  a  landscape  or  prospect.  . 

8.  .Abundance  of  nutritious  qualities  ;  as,  the  ric»- 
ncss  of  diet.  ,       ■  l  .,» 

9.  Abuntlance  of  high  seasoning  ;  as,  the  richness 
of  cake. 

10.  Strength ;  viiidness ;  or  whatever  ctjnstitutes 
perfection  ;  as,  the  riclinejs  of  color  or  coloring. 

11.  Abundance  of  imagery  or  of  striking  ideas ; 
as,  ricAriOM  of  description.  .      ,  ,      ,. 

RI-CIN'ie  ACID,  n.    A  substance  obtained  by  dis- 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.-MeTE,  PREY.- PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD. -NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.- 


954 


RID 


I 


tilling  castor-oil  at  a  high  temperature ;  so  called  from 
Riciitusy  the  generic  name  of  the  castor-oil  plant. 

BraTtde. 

RICK,  7».  [Sas.  hrcac  or  hrig  ;  Ir.  cruach  :  W.  crug^  a 
rick,  an  apostem,  a  heap,  a  stack,  a  hillock  j  crugaiOj 
to  heap  or  pile,  to  swell,  to  grow  into  an  apostem. 
It  coincides  with  the  G.  riicken,  D.  mgy  the  back, 
En?,  ridge.] 

A  heap  or  pile  of  grain  or  hay  in  the  field  or  open 
air,  but  sheltered  with  a  covering  of  some  kind.  In 
America,  we  U5u:illy  give  this  name  to  a  long  pile  ; 
the  round  and  conical  pile  being  called  Stack.  In 
the  north  of  England^  it  is  said,  this  name  is  given  to 
small  piles  of  com  in  the  field.  MoHimer. 

UICK'ETS,  n.  pi.  [In  technical  language,  rocAia,  Gr. 
flax:ir($,  from  ^a\i?,  back  or  spine,  Eng.  roc/:,  ap- 
plied to  the  neck  piece  of  meat  j  Sp.  raquitisy  the 
rickets.     See  Rack  and  Ridge.] 

A  disease  which  affects  children,  and  which  is 
characterized  by  a  bulky  head,  a  crooked  spine,  de- 
pressed ribs,  enlarged  and  spong>'  articular  epiphy- 
ses, tumid  abdomeu,  short  stature,  llabliy  and  wrin- 
kled flesh,  together  with  clear  and  olten  premature 
mental  faculties.  Good. 

EICK'ET-Y,  a.    Affected  with  rickets.      Arbutiinot. 
3.  Weak;  feeble  in  the  joints;  imperfect- 

Rie'O-CHET,  (rik'o-shet  or  rik-o-sha',)  n.  [Fr.,  a  re- 
bounding, as  of  some  dat  substance  striking  on  the 
surface  of  water.] 

In  gunnery,  the  firing  of  guns,  raorlars,  or  howit- 
zers, usually  with  small  charges,  and  elevated  a  few- 
degrees,  so  as  to  carry  the  balls  or  shells  just  over 
the  parapet,  and  cause  them  to  rebound  or  roll  along 
the  opposite  rampart.  I'liis  is  caW^d.  ricochet  firing , 
and  the  batteries  are  called  ricodiet  batterits.  Encyc. 
[The  verb  Ricochet  having  been  naturalized  as 
an  English  word,  it  is  desirable  that  the  noun  should 
likewise  have  the  English  pronunciation.] 

RI€-0-CH£T',  (rik-o-shet'O  v.  t.  To  operate  upon  by 
ricochet  firing.     [See  Ricochet,  n.]  P.  Cyc. 

RI€^0-CliETa'ED,  (-shet'-,)  PP-  Operated  upon  by 
ricochet  firing. 

Rie-O-CHET'tING,  (-shet'-,)  ppr.  or  a.  Operating 
upon  bv  ricochet  firing  ;  as,  ricodieaittg  batteries. 

Rie'TURE,  n.    A  gaping.  [P.  Cyc. 

RID,  pret.  of  Ride. 

RID,  c.  t. ;  pret.  Rid  ;  pp.  id.  [Sas.  ahrcddan  or  hred- 
dan;  D.  redden ;  G.  retten  or  erreUcn  ;  Dan.  redder  ; 
allied,  probably,  to  VV.  rhidiaw,  to  secrete,  to  drain, 
that  is,  to  separate  or  drive  off,  whence  riddle.  See 
Class  Rd,  No.  63,  69.] 

1.  To  free ;  to  deliver;  properly^  to  separate,  and 
thus  to  deliver  or  save. 

Thai  he  mif  hi  nd  liini  out  of  their  hncds.  —  Geo.  iiirii, 
I  ■htU  rid  you  out  of  ihiiir  boodige.  —  Ex.  vL 

2.  To  separate ;  to  drive  away. 

I  ■win  rid  erii  blasts  out  of  the  Iar.J.  —  Ler.  iivL 
[  This  use  is  not  common.] 

3.  To  free ;  to  clear ;  to  disencumber ;  as,  to  rid 
one  cf  his  care.  It  is  not  easy  to  rid  the  sea  of  pi- 
rates. B.  Joitson. 

Reatrived  at  once  to  rid  himself  of  pain.  Dryden. 

4.  To  dispatch. 

For  williogness  nds  away.  Shak. 

5.  To  drive  away  ;  to  remove  by  violence  ;  to  de- 
stroy. 

Ah,  death's  men !  yoa  h.avc  rid  this  sweet  yovaxg  prince.  Shak. 

RID,  pp.  or  a.    Free  ;  clear  ;  as,  to  be  rid  of  trouble. 
To  get  rid  of;  to  free  one's  self.  Addison. 

RID'DANCE,  n.  Deliverance;  a  setting  free;  as, 
riddance  from  all  adversity.  Hooker. 

2.  Disencumbrance.  Shak. 

3.  The  act  of  clearing  away.  Mdton. 

Thoa  shall  not  make  clean  riddance  of  ibe  corners  of  thy  field. 
—  Ler.  xxUi. 

RID.  \PP-°^  Hide. 

RID'DIN'G,  ppr.    Freeing;  clearing;  disencumbering. 

RID'DLE,  (rid'dl,)  n  [Sax.  hriddel ;  VV.  rhidyll,  from 
rhidiaw,  to  secrete,  to  separate  ;  Corn,  ridar  or  krodar  ; 
Ann.  rideil  or  croezr  ;  Ir.  criatAar,  a  riddle  ;  cratham, 
to  shake  ;  G.  n'tzcln^  to  shake,  to  riddle  ;  W.  erydu, 
to  shake ;  allied  to  nd  and  to  cradle^  from  driving. 
See  Cradle.] 

An  instmment  for  cleaning  griin,  being  a  large 
sieve  with  a  perforated  bottom,  which  permits  the 
grain  to  pass  thrua<:h  it,  hut  rt^iains  the  chaff. 

JVo/e.  —  The  machines  now  used  have  nearly  su- 
perceded the  riddle, 

RID'DLE,  V.  e.  To  separate,  as  grain  from  the  chaff 
with  a  riddle  ;  as,  to  riddle  wheat. 

2.  To  perforate  with  balls  ;  to  make  little  holes  in  ; 
as,  a  house  nddled  with  shot. 

RID'DLE,  n.     [3ax.  radeise;  D.  raadzd;  G.  rdthsel 


RID 

RID'DLE,  D.  t.    To  solve  ;  to  explain  ;  but  we  gener- 
ally use  Unriddle,  which  is  more  proper. 

Riddle  tnc  tbn,  and  guea  him  if  you  can.  Dryden. 

RID'DLE,  r,  i.    To  speak  ambiguously,  obscurely,  or 
enigmatically.  Sbiik. 

RID'DLED,  pp.    Separated,  as  ivith  a  riddle ;  perfora- 
ted. 

RTD'DLER, 
scurelv. 

RID'DLIN'G 

RID'DLING-LY,  adc. 
cretly. 


RIF 

of  rekker,  to  reach.    If  connected  with  the  Ijtler 
word,  the  primary  sense  is,  to  draw  or  stretch,  L. 


T.  ih 


One  who  speaks  ambiguously  or  ob- 

ilume. 
That  which  is  deposited  by  riddling. 
In  the  manner  of  a  riddlo ;  se- 
Donne. 
RIDE,  V.  i. ;  pret  Rode  cr  Rid  ;  pp.  Rid,  Riddex. 
[Sai.   T^ffii ;   G.  reiten;  D.  rydfni   Sw.  rida:  Dan. 
rider;  VV.  rhedu,  to  run  ;  L.  rheda,  a  chariot  or  vehi- 
cle ;  Hindoo,  rat/w,  id. ;  Sax.  rarf, a  riding  or  a  road; 
If.  ratAuj  riadh,  a  running  :  reatham,  to  run  ;  ridire,  a 
knight;  allied  to  ready,  G.  bereit;  bere'tsu^  to  ride, 
and  to  get  wudy.    (SceKEAuv.)    Class  Rd,  No.  5,  9.] 

1.  To  be  carried  on  hors;'back,  or  on  any  beast,  or 
in  any  vehicle.  We  ride  on  a  horse,  on  a  camel,  in 
a  coach,  chariot,  wagon,  6^c. 

[In  England,  present  usage  confines  the  verb  rufe 
chietly  to  motion  en  horseback,  and  when  an  excur- 
sion in  a  carria-ie  or  other  vehicle  is  intended,  the  ex- 
pression is  ordinarily  to  take  a  drive.  This  distinction 
has  sprung  up  within  the  last  hundred  year3,aud  is 
not  yet  introduced  into  most  English  dictionaries.  Is'or 
is  ride  wholly  coufiued  to  motion  on  a  horse,  since 
the  English  speak  of  riding  in  a  stage-coach  on  a 
journey,  &lc.  Still,  to  an  English  ear,  the  word 
ride,  without  quaUJiaition,  naturally  suggests  but 
one  idea — that  of  being  home  on  a  horse.  When- 
ever an  excursion  is  spoken  of,  the  expression  is  uni- 
formly to  ride  or  to  tuke  a  drice,  according  to  the  na- 
ture of  the  conveyance.  In  all  other  cases,  as  of  trav- 
eling, &:c.,  whenever  motion  in  a  vehicle  is  intend- 
ed, the  qualifying  clause  is  added,  so  that  ride,  stand- 
ing by  itself,  always  means  motion  on  horseback. 
Thi^  usage,  though  gaining  ground,  does  not  yet  pre- 
vail, to  any  great  extent,  in  America.  —  Ed.] 

2.  To  be  bonie  on  or  in  a  fluid.  A  ship  rides  at 
anchor;  the  ark  rode  on  a  flood;  a  balloon  ride^  in 
the  air. 

lie  rode  on  a  clierub  and  did  fly  ;  yea,  h?  did  fly  oa  the  v.'ing^ 
of  Ih-  wind.  —  Ps.  X7iJL 

3.  To  be  supported  in  motion. 

Strong  03  the  axis-tree 
Ou  which  heav.?n  ridis.  Shak. 

4.  To  practice  riding.  He  rides  often  for  his  health. 

5.  To  manage  a  horse  well. 

He  rode,  hs  fenced,  he  ni07ed  v/ith  graceful  ease.        Dryrten. 

6.  To  be  supported  by  something  subservient ;  to 
sit. 

On  whose  foollah  honesty 
My  pra£tioss  rid  easy.  Shai. 

To  ride  easy,  in  seamen's  language,  is  when  a  ship 
does  not  labor  or  feel  a  great  strain  on  her  cables. 

To  ride  hard,  is  when  a  ship  pilches  violently,  so 
as  to  strain  her  cables,  masts,  and  hull. 

To  ride  out,  as  a  gale,  signifies  that  a  ship  does  not 
drive  during  a  storm. 
RIDE,  V.  t.     To  sit  on,  so  as  to  be  carried  ;  as,  to  ride 
a  horse. 

Th?y  ride  the  air  in  whirlwind.  MUton. 

2.  To  manage  insolently  at  will ;  as  in  priest-rid- 
den. 

The  nobility  could  no  longer  endure  to  be  ridden  by  hikere,  c«b- 
llers,  and  brewcra.  Sioift. 

3.  To  carry.     [Local.] 
RIDE,  n.    An  excursion  on  horseback  or  in  a  vehicle. 

[In  England,  present  usage  confines  a  ride  to  mo- 
tion on  horseback,  and  applies  the  term  drive  to  an 
excursion  in  a  carriage  or  other  vehicle.  See  the 
verb.  — £^/.] 

2.  A  saddle  horse.     [Local.]  Grose. 

3.  A  road  cut  in  a  wood  or  through  a  groimd,  for 
the  amusement  of  riding ;  a  riding. 

Rt-DE.-VU',  (re-do',)  ru    [Fr.]    A   small    mound    of 

earth. 
RID'ER,  n.    One  who  is  borne  on  a  horse  or  other 

beast,  or  m  a  vehicle.    [See  remarks  on  Ride.] 
9.  One  who  breaks  or  manages  a  horse.       SkcJi. 

3.  The  matrix  of  an  ore.  Gregory. 

4.  An  addition  to  a  manuscript  or  other  document, 
inserted  after  its  completion  ;  or  a  separate  piece  of 
paper ;  au  additional  clause,  as  to  a  bill  in  parlia- 
ment. 

5.  In  ship-huilding,  a  sort  of  interior  rib  fixed  occa- 
sionally in  a  ship's  hold,  opposite  to  some  of  the 
timbers,  to  which  they  are  bolted,  and  reaching  from 
the  keelson  to  the  beams  of  the  lower  deck,  to 
strengthen  her  frame.  TvUcn. 

6.  A  name  given  to  the  second  tier  of  casks  in  a 
vessel's  hold.  Totten. 


Worn  SaV  r«<ii7i,b.  rtwrfen^  G.  rarACTi,  to  counsel  or    RID'ER-LESS,  a.    Having  no  rider.  ^    ^     ,. 

advise,  also  to  guess.    Sec  Rkad.]  '  RIDGE,  (rij,)  n.    [Sa%.rig,rtcg,  hnc,  hricg,  the  ba^k  j 

1.  An  enigma;    something  proposed  for  conjee-  "  " 

ture,  or  that  is  to  be  solved  by  conjecture  ;  a  puzzling 


question  ;  an  ambiguous  proposition.    Judges  xiv. 

Jirdton. 
2.  Any  thing  ambiguous  or  puzzling.    Hudibras. 


Sw.  rti-yir;  D.  rug;  G.  riickf^n  ;  Ice.  Iirigsn^r.  The 
Welsh' ''has  rhig°n  notch  or  groove,  and  rAi/f,  a 
trench  or  furrow  between  ridges.  The  Dutch  has 
reeks^  a  ridge,  chain,  or  series,  and  the  Dan.  rekke  is 
a  row,  rank,  range,  a  file,  and  a  ridge^  from  the  root 


I'hc  back  or  top  of  the  back.  Hudibras. 

9.  A  long  or  continued  range  of  hills  or  moan- 
tains  ;  or  the  upper  part  <T  such  a  range.  We  say,3 
long  ridge  of  hills,  or  the  highest  ridge. 

MilUm.    Ray. 

3.  A  steep  elevation,  eminence,  or  protuberance. 

Pan  li^  in  crysLt]  vail,  or  ridge  tlirccL  ilUlon. 

4.  A  long,  rising  land,  or  a  strip  of  ground  thrown 
up  by  a  plow  or  left  between  furrows.    Pt.  Ixv. 

Mortimer. 

5.  The  top  or  upper  angle  of  the  roof  of  a  building. 

mVozon. 

6.  Any  long  elevation  of  land. 

7.  Ridges  of  a  horse's  mouth,  are  wrinkles  or 
risings  of  flesh  in  the  roof  of  the  mouth.    Far.  Diet 

RIDGE,  r.  (,  To  form  a  ridge  ;  as,  bristles  that  ridge 
the  back  of  a  boar.  MUton. 

■2.  In  tillage,  to  form  into  ridge.i  with  the  plow. 
The  fanners  in  Connecticut  ridge   their  land  for 
maize,  leaving  a  balk  between  two  ridges. 
3.  To  wrinkle.  Cotcper. 

RIDG'/^D,  pp.    Formed  into  a  ridge  ;  wrinkled. 

RIDG'IL,        i  n.    The  male  of  any  beast  half  gelt. 

RIDG'LING,  j  Eneye. 

RIDG'LNG,  ppr.    Forming  into  a  ridge  ;  wrinkling. 

RIDG'V,  (rij'c,)  a.  Having  a  ridge  or  ridges  ;  rising 
in  a  ridge.  Dryden.       I 

RID'I-eULE,  w.    [Fr,,  from  L.  ru/icfi/um,  from  rideo,   \ 
to  Iau2h  or  laugh  at;  Fr.  rider,  to  wrinkle,  to  bend 
the  brow  ;  Ann.  rcdcnna.] 

1.  Conternpiuous  laughter,  or  rallier  remarks  de- 
signed to  awaken  laughter  with  ■■■ome  degree  of  con- 
tempt ;  derision.  It  expresses  I'-.-s  than  scorn.  Rid- 
icule is  aimed  at  what  is  not  only  laughable,  but  im- 
proper, al>surd,  cr  despicable.  Sacred  sulijects  should 
never  be  treated  with  ridicule.     [See  Ludiceous.] 

Bidiciiie  is  too  rough  an  cnlsruinm<?nt  for  Uie  polished  and  re- 
tiiied.  It  b  tauuhcd  Irom  Fnuc<,  and  a  loan*  sroond  in 
England,  ICamet. 

2.  That  species  of  writing  which  excites  contempt 
with  laughter.  It  diff^ers  from  burlesque,  which  may 
excite  laughter  without  contempt,  or  it  may  provoke 
derision.  Eames. 

Ridicule  and  derision  arc  not  exactly  the  same,  as 
derision  is  applied  to  persons  only,  and  ridicule  to 
persons  or  things.  We  deride  the  man,  but  riJicu^* 
the  man  or  his  performances. 

RID'I-€ULE,  V.  t.  To  laugh  at  with  expressions  of 
contempt ;  to  deride. 

2.  To  treat  wjth  contemptuous  merriment ,  to  ex- 
pose to  contempt  or  derision  by  writing. 

RID'I-eULE,  a.    Ridiculous.    [JVot  in  use.] 

RiD'I-€uL-£D,  pp.  Treated  with  laughter  and  con- 
tempt ;  derided. 

RID'I-CUL-ER,  n.    One  that  ridicules.    Chcstrrfield, 

RID'I-CCL-ING,  ppr.  Laughing  at  in  contempt ;  ex- 
posing to  contempt  and  derision, 

Rl-Die'lJ-LOUS,  a.     [L.  ridiculus  ;  It.  ridicolvso.] 
That  may  justly  excite  laughter  with  contempt ; 
as,  a  ridiculous  dress;  ridiculous  behavior.    A  fop 
and  a  dandy  are  ridiculous  in  tht-ir  dress. 

RI-DI€'U-LOUS-LV,  adv.  In  a  manner  worthy  of 
contemptuous  merriment;  as,  a  man  ridiculously 
vain. 

RI-DIC'TI-LOUS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
ridiculous;  as,  the  ridiculousness  of  worshiping 
idols. 

RID'IXG,  ppr.     [from  ride,]     Passing  or  travehng  on 
a  beast  or  in  a  vehicle  ;  floating. 
2.  a.    Employed  to  travel  on  any  occasion. 

No  suilrafan  biabop  shall  have  more  than  om  riding  spparitor. 

Ai/Hffe. 

RID'IXG,  71.  A  road  cut  in  a  wood  or  through  a 
ground,  for  the  diversion  of  riding  therein, 

Sidney.  Encyc 
2.  [Corrupted  from  trithing,  third.]  One  of  the 
three  intermediate  jurisdictions  between  a  three  and 
a  hundred,  into  which  the  countj-  of  York,  in  Eng- 
land, is  divided,  anciently  under  the  government  of 
a  reeve.  '  BlacJistone. 

RID'ING-CLERK,  n.  In  England,  one  of  the  six 
clerks  in  chancery.  •*^^* 

RID'ING-COAT,  71.    A  coat  for  riding  on  a  journey. 

Swift, 

RID'ING-HAB-IT,  n.  A  garment  worn  by  females 
when  they  ride  or  travel.  Guardian* 

RID'ING-HOOD,  n.  A  hood  used  by  females  when 
they  ride  ;  *a"kind  of  cloak  with  a  hood. 

RID'iXG-SeHOOL,  (skool,)  ».  .\  school  or  place 
where  the  art  of  riding  is  taught.  It  may,  in  some 
places,  be  called  a  Ridisg-house, 

RI'DOTTO,  n.     Tit,  from  L.  reductus.] 

A  favorite  Italian  public  entertainment  consisting 
of  music  and  dancing  ;  held  generally  on  fast  eves. 

RIE.     See  Rte.  [Brande. 

RIFE,  a.     [Sax.  ryfe.    Qu.  Heb.  na-i,  to  multiply.] 
PrevaUing ;  prevalent.    It  is  used  of  epidemic  dis- 
eases. 

Lhen  rife  in  Hunpuy.  KnoUee. 


Th«  pli?i 


TtNE,  EgiX,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  asK;  GasJ;  SasZ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THia 


955 


r 


RIG 

KIFE'LY,  adv.    Prexaler.ily  ;  frequently. 

riwas  n/t.'y  R- ported  Uiat  iJiC  Turks  wers  corcinj  in  a  great 
fleeL  KnoUes. 

RIFE'NESS,  n.    Frequency  ;  prevalence.     ArbuOtnot. 

RIFFRAFF,  n.     [Ft.  rificr ;  G.  raffertj  lo  sweep ;  Dan. 
Tips,  raps.] 
Sweepings ;  refuse.  ffaU. 

RI'FLE,  V.  u  [Ft.  rifier^  to  ri/lc,  to  sweep  away  ;  al- 
lied probably  to  friper  and  o-nccto-.*  G.  ra^ffim,  to 
sweep  ;  riffeln,  to  Iialchcl.  'J'his  is  one  of  the  family 
of  n'/j,  rivCy  reap,  raffle,  L.  rapio^  W.  rheibiato,  D. 
rijccn,  to  grate,  Eng.  rub,  &c.] 

I.  To  seize  and  bear  away  by  force ;  to  snaich 
away. 

Till  lime  sbnll  rifle  every  yoiitliful  gmee.  Pope. 

9.  To  strip ;  to  rob  ;  to  pillage  ;  to  plunder. 

You  have  rified  my  master.  L'Estrange. 

RI'FLE,  71.    [Dan.  rifie^  or  rij^Cj  the  rifie  of  a  gun ; 

riffdb'dssc,  a  rifle  gun  ;  G.  rr\fdn,  to  chamfer,  to  rijle. 

This  word  belongs  to  the  family  of  r/p,  rive,  L.  ra- 

pio,  &i.c.y  supra.    The  word  means  primarily  a  chan- 
nel or  groove.] 
1.  A  gim  aeout  the  usual  length  and  size  of  a 

musket,  the  inside  of  whose  barrel  is  rijlcd,  that  is, 

grooved,  or  formed  with  spiral  cliannels. 
3.  An  instrument  used    for  sharpening  scythes. 

[.^inrrica.] 
RI'FLE,  V.  t.    To  groove  ;  to  channel. 
RI'FLED,  p;j.    Seised  and  carried  away  hy  violence ; 

pillaged  ;  channeleil. 
RI'FLE-MAN,  n.    A  man  armed  with  a  rifle. 
RI  FLER,  n.    A  robber  j  one  that  seizes  and  bears 

nway  by  violence. 
Rl'FLLVG,  ppr.     Flimdering;    seizing  and  carrying 

away  by  violence  ;  grooving. 
RIFT,  H,     [from  rive]     A  cleft;  a  fissure;  an  open- 

ir)g  made  by  riving  or  splitting.     JilUton.     Dnjdeii. 
raFT,  n.     [D.rif.] 

A  shallow  place  in   a  stream ;  a  fording  place. 

[I^cd.] 
RIFT,  V.  t.    To  clciive  ;  to  rive  ;  to  split ;  as,  to  rifi 

an  oak  or  a  rock.  Milton,    Pope. 

RIFT,  r.  X.    To  burst  open ;  to  split. 

Timber—  not  apt  lo  rifi  vvitlj  ortln.-iiice.  Bacon. 

0.  To  belch  ;  to  break  wind.     [Local.] 
KIFT'ED,  vi>-    Bplit ;  rent ;  cleft. 
RIFT'ING, /»/>r.    Splitting;  cleaving;  bursting. 
RIG,  71.    [Sax.]    A  ridge,  which  see. 

RIG,  V.  U  [Sax.  wrigan,  to  put  on,  to  covrr.  whence 
Sax.  hr<rfflcy  a  garment,  contracted  into  rail,  In  night- 
rail.] 

1.  To  dress  ;  to  put  on  ;  wlien  applied  to  persons, 
not  elegant,  but  rathc-r  a  ludicrous  word,  to  express 
tlic  putting  on  of  a  gay,  flaunting,  or  unusual  dress. 

J.ick  was  rigged  oul  ir.  liis  gold  and  silver  lace,  with  n  feather  io 
his  cvp.  L'Eitrange. 

2.  To  furnish  with  npparalus  or  gear;  to  fit  with 
tackling  ;  as,  to  rijr  a  purchase. 

3.  To  rig  a  skip,  in  scameri's  lanfruagr,  is  to  fit  the 
shrouds,  stays,  braces,  &c.,  to  their  respective  masts 
and  vards.  Jilar.  Diet. 

RIG,  71'.     [See  the  verb.]     Dress. 

2.  The  peculiar  manner  of  fitting  the  masts  and 
rigging  to  the  hull  of  a  vessel ;  as,  schooner  ri^, 
ship  n>,  &C.  J3rande.° 

3.  Bluster.     [JVot  iwed.]  Burke. 
A.  A  romp;  a  wanton  ;  a  strumpet. 

To  run  the  rig  ;  lo  play  a  wanton  trick. 
To  run  the  rig  vpon ;  lo  practice  a  sportive  trick  on. 
RIG,  V.  i.    To  play  the  wanton. 
RJG-A-DOON',  K.     [Fr.  rifrodon.] 

A  gay,  brisk  dance  performed  by  one  couple,  and 
said  lo  have  been  borrowed  from  Provence,  in  France. 

Encyr. 
RI-Ga'TION,  n,      [L.  rigatioy  from  rigo,  Gr.  /3ni:xtJ. 
See  Rain.] 

The  act  of  watering  ;  hut  Irrigation  is  generally 
used. 
RT'GEL,  n.    A  fixed  star  of  the  first  magnitude  in  the 

left  foot  of  Orion. 
RIG'G£D,  pp.     Dressed;    furnished  with -shrouds, 

stays,  &c.,  as  a  ^Iiip. 
RIG'GER,  71.    One  tliat  rigs  or  dresses ;  one  whose  oc- 
cupation is  lo  fit  the  rigging  of  a  ship. 
2.  A  cylindrical  pulley  or  drum  in  machinerj'. 

Hebert. 
RIG'GING,   ppr.      Dressing;    fitting  with    shrouds, 

bmces,  &c. 
EIG'GLXG,  n.  Dress;  tackle;  particularly,  the  ropes 
which  support  the  masts,  extend  and  contract  the 
sails,  &c.,  of  a  ship.  This  is  of  two  kinds  :  standing 
rigging,  as  the  shrouds  and  slays,  and  running  rig- 
ging, comprehending  all  those  ropes  used  in  bracing 
the  yards,  making  and  shortening  sail,  &c.,  such  as 
braces,  sheets,  halliards,  clewlines,  &:c. 

Brartde,     Tottrn. 
RIG'GISH,  a.    Wanton  ;  lewd.    [J^'ot  in  use.]      Shak. 
RIG'GLE,  V.  i.   To  movo  one  way  and  the  other.    [See 

Wriggle.] 
RIGHT,  (rite,)  a.      [Sax.  ri!:t,  rchl ;  D.  rcgt;  G.  recht ; 
Van.  rigtig  ;    Sw.  rickti^ :    It.  retto  ;    Sp.  rect^j;    h. 
rectiw,  from  the  root  of  re  go,  properly  to  strain  or 


RIG 

stretch,  whence  straight;  Sax.  recan.    See  Class  Eg, 
No.  18,  46,  47.] 

Properbjj  strained ;  stretched  to  straightness ; 
hence, 

1.  Straight.  A  ri^ht  line,  in  geometry,  isthesliort- 
est  line  that  can  be  drawn  or  imagined  between  two 
points.  A  right  line  ni.iy  be  horizontal,  perpendic- 
ular, or  inclined  to  the  plime  of  the  horizon. 

2.  Direct  or  upright;  opposed  to  Oblkiue  ;  as, 
right  ascension  ;  a  right  sphere. 

3.  In  morals  nnd  religion,  jnst ;  equitable;  accord- 
ant to  Ihe  standard  of  truth  and  justice,  or  the  will 
of  God.  That  alone  is  right  in  the  siglit  of  God, 
which  is  consonant  to  his  will  or  law  ;  this  beingthe 
only  perfect  standard  of  truth  and  justice.  In  social 
and  political  affairs,  that  is  right  which  is  consonant 
to  the  laws  and  customs  of  a  country,  provided  these 
laws  and  customs  are  not  repugnant  lo  the  laws  of 
God.  .\  man's  Intentions  may  be  right,  though  his 
actions  may  be  wrong  in  consequence  of  a  defect  in 
judgment. 

4.  Fit;  suitable;  proper;  becoming.  In  things  in- 
different, or  which  are  regulated  hy  no  positive  law, 
tliat  is  rigid  which  is  best  suited  to  the  character,  oc- 
casion, or  purpose,  or  which  is  fitted  to  produce  some 
good  effect.  It  is  rigJU  for  a  rich  man  to  dress  him- 
self and  his  family  in  expensive  clothing,  which  it 
would  not  be  right  for  a  poor  man  to  purchase.  It  is 
right  for  every  man  to  choose  his  own  lime  for  eat- 
ing or  exercise. 

Right  is  a  relative  term  ;  what  may  be  right  for 
one  end,  may  be  wrong  for  another. 

5.  Lawful ;  as  tlie  right  heir  of  an  estate. 

G.  True;  not  erroneous  or  wrong;  according  lo 
fact. 

If  tiiere  be  no  prospect  beyond  the  e^nve,  the  inference  Is  c/^rt-iin- 
ly  right,  "  Let  us  eat  and  drinlf,  for  to-morrow  we  die." 

Loc!:e, 

7.  Correct  j  passing  a  trae  judgment ;  net  mistaken 
or  wrong. 

You  njc  rigfit,  justice,  and  you  weijh  tliis  well.  Shak. 

8.  Not  left,  but  its  opposite ;  most  convenient  or 
dextrous;  as,  the  right  hand,  v.'hich  is  generally 
most  strong  or  most  convenient  in  use. 

9.  Slost  favorable  or  convenient. 

The  lady  hM  been  dis-ippoi tiled  on  the  right  side.     SpccUUor, 

10.  Properly  placed,  disposed,  or  adjusted  ;  order- 
ly ;  well-regulated. 

11.  \Vell-performed,  as  an  art  or  act. 

12.  Most  direct;  as,  the  rigltt  way  from  London  to 
Oxford. 

13.  Being  on  the  same  side  as  the  right  hand  ;  as, 
the  rigid  side. 

14.  Being  on  the  right  hand  of  a  person  whose 
face  is  toward  the  mouth  of  a  river;  as,  the  right 
bank  of  the  Hudson. 

15.  Denoting  the  sido  which  was  designed  to  go 
outward,  as  the  right  side  of  a  piece  of  cloth. 

RIGHT,  adv.    In  a  right  or  straight  line  :  directly. 
Lei  thine  eyes  look  right  on.  —  Ficv.  iv. 
9.  According  lo  the  law  or  will  of  God,  cr  to  the 
standard  of  truth  and  justice;  as,  to  judge  rigid. 

3.  According  to  any  rule  of  art. 

You  widi  strict  discipline  inslnicicd  right.  Roscommon. 

4.  According  to  fact  or  truth;  as,  to  tell  a  story 
right. 

5.  In  a  gieat  degree ;  verj' ;  as,  right  humble ; 
rigid  noble;  right  valiant.  [Obsolescent  or  inele- 
gant.] 

6.  It  is  prefi.xed  to  titles,  as  in  right  honorable, 
right  reverend. 

RIGHT  is  used  elliptically  for  it  is  rigbtj  what  you  say 
is  rightf  it  is  true,  Slc. 

Right,  cries  his  lordship.  Pope. 

Oil  tlie  right ;  on  the  side  with  the  right  hand. 
RIGHT,  (rite,)  iu  Conformity  to  the  will  of  God,  or 
to  his  law,  the  perfect  standard  of  truth  and  justice. 
In  ike  literal  sense,  ri^ht  is  a  straight  line  of  conduct, 
and  wrong  a  crookvd  one.  Right,  thert-fore,  is  rec- 
titude or  straightncss,  and  perfect  rectitude  is  found 
only  in  an  infinite  Being  and  his  will. 

2.  Conformity  to  human  laws,  or  to  other  human 
standard  of  truth,  propriety,  or  justice.  When  laws 
are  definite,  right  and  wrong  are  easily  ascertained 
and  understood.  In  arts,  there  are  some  principles 
and  rules  which  determine  what  is  rigid.  In  many 
things  indifferent,  or  left  without  positive  law,  we 
are  to  judge  what  Is  right  by  fitness  or  propriety,  by 
custom,  civility,  or  other  circumstances. 

3.  Justice  ;  that  which  is  due  or  proper;  as,  to  do 
right  to  every  man. 

Long  tove  lo  her  has  lorne  Die  failhfid  knig^hl, 

And  well  deserved,  h.id  forfjuc  done  him  riglil.  Drylen, 

4.  Freedom  from  enorj  conformity  with  truth  or 
fact. 

Seldom  your  opinions  err, 

Your  eyes  are  always  in  ihc  tight.  Prior. 

5.  Just  claim;  legal  title;  ownership;  th?  legal 
power  of  exclusive  possession  ;  enjoyment.  In  he- 
reditary monarchies,  a  right  to  the  throne  vests  in  the 
lieir  on  the  decease  of  the  king.    A  deed  vests  the 


RIG 

right  of  possession  in  the  purchaser  of  land.  Right 
and  possession  are  very  different  things.  We  often 
have  occasion  to  demand  and  sue  for  rights  not  in 
possession. 

6.  Just  claim  hy  courtesy,  customs,  or  the  principles 
of  civility  and  decorum.  Ever>'  man  has  aright  to 
civil  treatment.   The  magistrate  has  a  right  lo  respect. 

7.  Just  claim  by  sovereignly  ;  prerogative.  God, 
as  the  Author  of  all  things,  has  a  right  to  govern  and 
dispose  of  them  at  his  pleasure. 

8.  That  which  justly  belongs  to  one. 

Eorn  free,  he  sought  his  right.  Drxjileix. 

9.  Property ;  interest. 

A  subject  in  his  prince  raay  claim  a  rig'if.  Dryden. 

10.  Just  claim  ;  immunity ;  privilege.  All  men 
have  a  right  to  the  secure  enjoyment  of  life,  personal 
safely,  liberty,  and  property.  W^e  deem  the  Hght  of 
trial  by  jury  invaluable,  particularly  in  the  case  of 
crimes.  Rights  are  natural,  civil,  political,  religious, 
personal,  and  public. 

11.  Authority;  legal  power.  The  sheriff  has  a 
right  to  an"csl  a  disturber  of  the  peace. 

12.  In  the  United  States,  a  tract  of  land  ;  or  a  share 
or  proportion  of  property,  as  in  a  mine  or  manufao- 
tor)'. 

13.  The  side  opposite  to  the  left ;  as,  on  the  right. 
Look  to  the  rigid. 

II.  The  side  which  was  designed  to  go  outward  ; 
as,  the  right  side  of  a  piece  of  cloth. 

To  rights ;   in  a  direct  line  ;  straight.     [Unusual.] 

Woodvsard. 
9.  Directly ;  soon. 

To  set  to  rights ;  )  to  put  into  good  order  ;  to  ad- 
To  put  to  rights;  \     just ;  to  regulate  what  is  out 
of  order. 

mil  of  rights  ;  a  list  of  rights  ;  a  paper  containing 
a  declaration  of  rights,  or  the  declaration  itself. 

Writ  of  right ;  a  writ  which  lies  to  recover  lands 
in  fee-simple,  unjustly  witliheld  from  the  Ivue  owner. 

Blackstone. 
RIGHT,  (rite,)  v.  t.     To  do  justice  to  :  to  relieve  from 
wronj; ;  as,  to  right  an  injured  person.        Taylor. 

2.  In  seameii's  language,  lo  right  a  vessel,  is  to  re- 
store her  to  an  upright  position  after  careening. 

To  rigid  the  helm ;  to  place  it  in  the  middle  of  the 
jhip. 
Right,  v.  i.    To  rise  with  the  masts  erect,  as  a  ship. 
RIGHT  AN"GLE,  (rite'ang'gl,)  n.    In  geometry,  an 

angle  of  ninelv  degrees,  or  one  fovirth  of  a  circle. 
mGHT'-AN"GLED,  (rlt'ang'gld,)  a.    Containing  a 

riybt  angle  or  right  angles. 
RIGHT'ED,  p;*.      Relieved  from   injustice:    setup- 
right. 
RlGHT'£N,  (rlt'n,)  r.  (.     [Sax.  geriktan.] 

To  do  justice  to.     [Obs.] 
RIGHT'EOUS,  (ri'chus,)  a.     [Sax.riJdwise;  rigldand 
wise,  manner,  as  in  othcnoise,  lengUiwisc.] 

1.  Just ;  accordant  to  the  divine  law.  .Applied  io 
persons,  it  denotes  one  who  is  holy  in  heart,  and  ob- 
servant of  the  divine  commands"  In  practice  ;  as,  a 
righteous  man.  Jlpplicd  to  things,  it  dei:otes  conso- 
nant lo  the  divine  will  or  to  jtistice  ;  as,  a  righteous 
act.  It  is  used  chiefly  in  tlieology,  and  applied  to 
God,  to  his  testimonies,  and  lo  his  sainls. 

The  rigldcoj'.Sj  in  Scripture,  denote  the  servants  of 
God,  the  sainls. 

2.  Just;  equitable;  merited. 

And  I  lliy  righteous  doom  will  bless.  Dryden. 

RiGHT'EOUS-/;D,  (ri'chust,)  a.     Made  righteous. 

RiGHT'EOUS-LY,  (ri'chus-ly,)  adv.  Justly ;  in  ac- 
cordance witli  the  laws  of  justice ;  equitably ;  as,  a 
criminal  riglttcously  condemned. 

Thou  sliall  Judge  the  pr.oj'Ie  righteously.  —  Ps.  Isvii. 

RTGHT'EOUS-NESS,  (ri'chus-ness,)  n.  Purity  cf 
heart  and  rectitude  of  life  ;  conformity  of  heart  arul 
life  to  tlie  divine  law.  Righttmisncj:^,  as  used  in 
Scripture  and  theology.  In  which  it  is  chiefly  used,  is 
nearly  equivalent  to  holiness,  comprehending  hi.ly 
principles  and  affections  of  heart,  and  confonnity  of 
life  to  the  divine  law.  It  includes  all  we  call  justice, 
honest}',  and  virtue,  with  holy  affections ;  in  short, 
it  is  true  religion. 

2.  .Applied  to  Ood,  the  perfection  or  holiness  of  his 
naturii ;  exact  rectitude  ;  f;iilh fulness. 

3.  The  active  and  passive  obedience  of  Christ,  hy 
which  the  law  of  God  is  fulfilled.    Dan.  ix. 

4.  The  cause  of  our  justification. 

The  Lonl  our  riglueousness.  ■—  Jer.  xxiii. 

RTGHT'ER,  7;.     One  who  sets  right;  one  who  does 

justice  or  redresses  wrong. 
RTGHT'FUL,  a.    Having  the  right  or  just  claim  at?- 

cording  to  established  laws  ;  as,  the  rightful  heir  to 

a  throne  or  an  estate. 
9.  Being  hy  right,  or  by  jnsl  claim  ;  as,  a  rightful 

lord  ;  rightful  property;  rightful  judge. 
3.  Just ;  consonant  to  justice  ;  as,  a  rightful  cause ; 

a  rightful  war.  Prior. 

RIGHT'FUL-LY,  adv.      According  to  right,  law,  or 

justice  ;  as,  a  title  righifrdlv  vested. 
RiGHT'Fl'L-NESS,  n.    Justice  ;  accordance  with  the 

rules  of  rijiiil ;  as,  the  yightfulness  oT  a  claim  to  lutuis 

or  tenements.' 


FATE,  F.'vR,  FALL,  WH.^T.— MeTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  JiiRD.— NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.- 
_ 


RIG 


RIN 


2.  Moral  rectitude. 

Ev.i  siill,  sllhoc^  we  tul  of  perfect  rtffAl/uJtiMS.         Siditey. 

RIGHT'-HAND,  n.  The  hand  opposite  to  the  left, 
usual'v  the  raost  employed,  the  strongest,  most  con- 
venient, or  dextrous  hand,  and  hence  its  name  in 
other  lansiiaues,  as  well  as  in  ours. 

RlGHT'-HAND'ED,  a.  Using  the  right  hand  more 
easilv  than  the  left. 

RT'nn"-HEART-ED,  a.    Having  right  dispositions. 

RIGHT''IXG,p;/r.    Doing  justice  to;  setting  upright. 

RIG  HT'LESS,  a.    Destitute  of  right. 

RTGHT'LY,  adc.  .According  to  justice  ;  according  to 
tlie  divine  will  or  moral  rectitude;  as,  duty  rightly 
psrfbrmed.  - 

2.  Properly ;  fitly  j  suitably ;  as,  a  person  rightly 
named. 

3.  According  to  truth  or  fact ;  not  erroneously.  He 
has  rishtly  conjectured. 

4.  Honestly;  uprightly.  Shak, 

5.  Exactly. 

Thou  didsl  ao:  rightly  &■«.  Dryden. 

G.  Straightly  ;  directly.    \Xot  in  use.]     Asdiam. 

RIGHT'-MIND-ED,  a.  Having  a  right  orhanest  mind. 

Taylor. 

RIGHT'-MT.ND'ED-NESS,  n.  The  slate  of  hiivhig  a 
lis'ut  mind. 

RIGHT'NES?,  71.  Correctness ;  conformity  to  truth 
or  to  ths  divine  will,  which  is  the  standard  of  moral 
rectitude.  It  is  important  that  a  man  should  have 
such  persuasion  of  the  Tightness  of  his  conscience  as 
to  exclude  rational  doubt.  SoiUk. 

2.  Sirai2htness  ;  as,  the  ritrhtiiess  cf  a  line.  Bacon. 
RTGHT'-RL'X-NING,  a.  Straight  running.  PhUlips. 
RIGHT  WHaLE,  71.      The    common    whale,    from 

whose   mouth    wJialebone    is  obtained,   as    dtstin- 
nuished  from  the  spermaceti  whale. 
UIG'ID,  a.     [Fr.  rigide ;  It.  and  Sp.  rigido  ;  L.  rigidasy 
from  rigeo  ;  Gr.  ^lyow,  to  be  stiff:  piy  (o;,sli3",  whence 

lufrigeo,  frigidity;  Eth.  4  l\J  raga,  Heb.  V^"^.  t;i 
be  still,  to  be  stiff  or  rigid.  Class  Rg,  No.  3,  27. 
The  primary  sense  is  probably  to  strain  or  extend.] 

1.  Stiff;  net  pliaiit ;  not  easily  bent.  It  is  applied 
to  bodies  or  substances  that  are  naturally  sufl  or 
flexible,  but  not  fluid.  We  never  say  a  risld  stone 
Kit  rigid  iron,  nor  do  we  say  rigid  ice  ;  but  we  say 
an  animal  body  or  limb,  when  cold,  is  rigii.  Rigul 
is  then  opposed  to  Fleiiele,  but  expresses  lessthun 
Inflexible. 

9.  Strict  in  opinion,  practice,  or  discipline  ;  severe 
in  temper;  opposed  to  Lax  or  Indulgent;  as,  a 
rigid  father  or  master :  a  rigid  oiHcer. 

3.  Strict ;  exact ;  as,  a  rigid  law  or  rule  ;  rigid  dis- 
cipline i  rigid  criticism. 

4.  Severely  just ;  as,  a  rigid  sentence  or  judg- 
ment. 

5.  Exactly  according  to  the  sentence  or  law  ;  as, 
rigid  execution. 

Rl-6ID'I-Ty,  7!.     [Fr.  ri^iie  ;  L.  rigiditas.] 

1.  Stiffness;  want  ofpliability  ;  the  quality  of  re- 
sistingchangeofform ;  opposed  ioFlexjbilitTjDil'C- 
TiLiTY,  Malleability,  and  Softness.        Hubert, 

2.  Stiffness  of  appearance  or  manner;  want  of 
ease  or  niry  elsgance.  Wotton. 

RIG'ID-LY,  adv.    Slitfiy  ;  unpliantJy. 

2.  Severely  ;  strictly  ;  exactly  ;  without  laxity,  in- 

dulsence,  or  abatement;    as,  to  judge  rigidly;  Xo 

criticize  rio-iJIy ;  to  execute  a  law  rigidly. 
RIG'ID-NESS,  Ti.    Stiffness  of  a  body  ;  the  quality  of 

not  being  easily  bent ;  as,  the  rigidness  of  a  limb,  or 

of  flesh. 

2.  Severity  of  temper ;  strictness  in  opinion  or 
prr.ctice ;  but  expressing  less  than  Inflexibility. 

RIG'LET,  n.    A  flat,  thin  piece  of  wood,  a  reglel, 

which  see. 
RIG'MA-ROLE,  n.    A  succession  of  confused  or  non- 
sensical statements ;  often  used  as  an  adjective  :  as, 
a  r'i(rmarole  storv.  Ooldsmith. 

RIG'OL,  n.    A  circle;  a  diadem.  Shak. 

RIG'OLL,  71.  A  musical  instrument,  consisting  of  sev- 
eral slicks  bound  together,  but  separated  by  beads. 

F.ncijc. 
RIG'OR,  n.     [L.,  from  rigeo,  to  be  stiff;    Fr.  rigaeur.] 
1.  Stiffness;  rigidness;  as,  Gorgonian  n^or. 
!  Milton. 

I  2.  in  medicine^  a  sense  of  chilliness,  with  conlrac- 

I       tionof  the  skin;  a  convulsive  shuddering  or  slight 
I       tremor,  as  in  the  cold  fit  of  a  fever. 
I  Coze.     Eiicyc.     Parr. 

3.  Stiffness  of  opinion  or  temper  j  severity  ;  stern- 
ness. 

AH  his  rigor  u  turued  lo  grief  and  pity,  Denham. 

4.  Severity  of  life;  austerity;  voluntary  submis- 
sion lo  pain,  abstinence,  or  mortification.         Fell. 

5.  Strictness  ;  exactness  without  allowance,  lati- 
tude, or  indulgence;  as,  the  rigor  of  criticism  ;  to 
execute  a  law  with  rigor;  to  enforce  moral  duties 
with  rigor. 

6.  Violence  ;  fury.     [JVo(  in  use.]  Spenser. 

7.  Hardness;  solidity.     [Unusual.]  Dryden. 

8.  Severity ;  asperity ;  as,  the  rigors  of  a  cold 
winter. 


RIG'OR-IST,  n.    One  very  rigorous;  a  name  some- 
times given  to  the  cMreme  Jaiiscnists.         Brande. 
RIG'OR-OUS,  a.     [Fr.  rigoureux.] 

1.  Severe  ;  allowing  no  abatement  or  miligiitiun  ; 
as,  a  rigorotts  officer  of  justice. 

2.  Severe  ;  exact ;  slrict ;  without  abaten'.ent  or 
relaxation;  as,  a  rigorous  execution  of  law;  an  en- 
forcement of  rigorous  discipline. 

3.  Exact ;  slrict ;  scrupulously  accurate  ;  as,  a  rig- 
oroiLs  definition  or  demonstration. 

4.  Severe  ;  very  cold  ;  as,  a  rigorous  v^inter. 
RIG'OR-OUS-LY,  adv.      Severely  ;    without  relaxa- 
tion, abatement,  or  mitigation;  as,  a  sentence  rig- 
orously executed. 

2.  Strictly;  exactly;  with  scrupulous  nicety;  rig- 
idly. 


The  ptop'.e  would  examine  his  works  more  t 


jorousJy  tli.m  liini. 
Dryden. 


RIN 

tillic  body  ;  as,  to  rin^  a  bell.    This  word  expresses 
appropriately  the  sounding  of  metals. 
RING,  r.  t.     [from  the  noun.]    To  encircle.      Sftai. 

2.  In  horticulture^  to  cut  out  a  ring  of  bark  ;  as,  to 
riji^r  brunche.s  or  roots.  Oardner. 

3.  To  fit  with  rings,  as  the  fingers,  or  as  a  swine's 
snout.    Farmers  ring  swine,  to  prevent  their  rooting. 

And  rinff  liiTV.  fiiigrr*  ui^  Uiy  boi..cbuld  wonrj.  SfisJe. 

RING,  V.  i.    To  sound,  as  a  bell  or  other  sonorous 
body,  particularly  a  metallic  one.  Drrttfen. 

2.  To  practice 'the  art  of  making  music  witii  bell!*. 

Holder. 

3.  Tu  sound  ;  to  resound. 

WiUi  «v/<?ctcr  note*  each  minj  trmp'e  run;.  Popt. 

4.  To  utter,  as  a  bell  ;  to  sound. 


Tlic  iihin'born  Ii^ftlr,  wilh  his  dro-.v«y  bumi, 
Hath  rung  :i:gbt't  jaiviiiii^  peal. 


S/.nt. 


RIG'OR-OUS-XESS,  71.  Severity  without  relaxation 
or  mitigation ;  exactness.  .^sh.      f 

2.  Severity. 

RI-LIE' yO,  (,-lii'vo,)  n.  [It.J  In  architecture.  [See 
Relief.] 

RILL,  H.  [In  G.  rillr,  W.  riait,  is  a  groove,  trench, 
channel,  the  root  of  drill.  In  Sw.  strila  is  to  run 
or  glide  :  Dan.  rijtlcr,  to  ranrble.] 

A  small  broolt ;  a  rivulet  -,  a  streamlet.     Milton. 

RILL,  V.  i.  To  run  m  a  small  stream,  or  in  stream- 
lets. Prior. 

RILL'ET,  n.    A  small  stream  ;  a  rivulet.    Drayton. 

RIM,n.  [Sax.  WnM  and  reovia,  a  rim,  a  ream;  W. 
Thim  and  rliimp,  a  rim,  edge,  terminittion ;  hence 
crimp,  a  sharp  ridge  ;  crimfiav:,  to  form  into  a  ridge, 
also  to  pinch,  iii.'n,  like  rantp^  ramble^  is  from  ex- 
tending ;  the  extremitv.  In  Russ.  In-oma  is  a  bor- 
der.] 

1.  The  border,  ;dge,  or  margin  of  a  thing;  as,  the 
rim  of  a  kettle  or  basin ;  usually  applied  to  thmgs 
circular  or  curvins. 

2.  The  lower  part  of  the  belly  or  abdomen. 

Brown, 
Rnl,  V.  t.    To  put  on  a  r:m  or  hoop  at  the  border. 
RI.AIE,  71.  [Sax.  lirim ;  Ice.  hnjm  ;  D.  njm.  The  French 
write  this  frimas^  Arm.  frim;    probably  allied    to 
cream.    In  G.  it  is  reij\  D.  r^ip.] 
Whits  or  hoar  frost;  congealed  dew  or  vapor. 

Bacon. 
RIME,  n.    [L.  W);ia :  Sw.  remna^  whence  remna^  to 
split ;  perhaps  from  the  root  of  rii'c] 

.\  chink  ;  a  fissure  ;  a  rent  or  long  aperture.    [JVu« 
171  vse.] 
RI.ME_,  V.  i.    To  freeze  or  congeal  into  hoar  frost. 

RF JIOul'  S  "•     tL-  rimos::3,  from  riaa.] 

In  natural  history,  chinky  ;  abounding  with  clefts, 
cracks,  or  chinks,  like  those  in  the  bark  of  trees. 
RI-IIOS'I-TV,  71.       The  state  of    being  rimose   ur 

chinky. 
RIM'PLE,  71.    [Sax.  hrympelli.] 

A  fold  or  wrinkle.     [See  Kvmple.] 
RIII'PLE.  V.  t.    To  rumple  ;  to  wrinkle. 
RIM'PLING,  71.     Undulation. 
RI'MY,  a.    [from  rime]  Abounding  with  rime  ;  frosty. 

Ilarceij. 
RIND,  71.     [Sax.  rind  or  krind;  G.  rinde ;  Gr.  I'mo^i 
W.  crocn,  skin.] 

The  skin  or  coat  of  fruit  that  may  be  pared  or 
peeled  off;  also,  the  bark  of  trees. 

Dryden.     .Milton.     Encyc. 
RIND,  V.  t.    To  bark  ;  to  decorticate.    MCut  171  twc] 
RIN'DLE,  71.     [from  the  root  of  run ;  Dan.  rinder,  to 
flow.] 
.\  small  watercourse  or  gutter.  .^slt. 

RIJ^-FOR-Z,i.VDO,  (-fort-san'do,)  11.  [It.]  In  7;iu- 
sic,  a  direction  to  the  performer  denoting  that  the 
sound  is  to  be  increased.  £ml>if. 

RING,  71.  [.Sax.  ring  or  hrino ;  D.  r77i^  or  A'riii^  ;  G. 
D.  and  Sw.  ring,  a  circle  ;  Sw.  kring,  about,  around. 
This  coincides  with  ring,  to  sound,  and  wilh  wring, 
to  twist ;  G.  ringen,  to  ring  or  sound,  and  to  wrestle. 
Tile  sense  is,  to  strain  or  stretch,  and  n  is  probably 
not  radical.    The  root,  then,  belongs  to  Class  Rg.] 

1.  A  circle,  or  a  circular  line,  or  any  thing  in  the 
form  of  a  circular  line  or  hoop.  Thus  we  say  of 
men,  they  formed  themselves  into  a  ring,  to  see  a 
wrestling  match  ;  rings  of  gold  were  made  for  the 
ark.  Ez.  xxv.  Rings  of  gold  or  other  material  are 
worn  on  the  fingers,  and  sometimes  in  the  cars,  as 
ornaments. 

2.  A  circular  cours?. 


Place  me,  0,  pLice  me  in  the  du;ty  rin*, 
Where  youthful  charioteers  contend  for  glory. 


SmiA. 


RIXG,  71.     [from  the  verb.]     A  sound  ;  particularly, 
the  sound  of  metals  ;  .as,  the  ring  of  a  bell. 

2.  Any  loud  sound,  or  the  sounds  of  numerous 
voices ;  or  sound  continued,  repeated,  or  reverber- 
ated ;  as,  the  ring  of  acclamations.  Bacon. 
a.  A  chime,  or  set  of  bells  harmonically  tuned. 

Prior. 
RING,  11.  t. :  prct.  and  pp.  Runc.     [Sax.  ringan,  hrin- 
rran  ;  G.  and  D.  ringen ;  Sw.  ringa  :  Dan.  Wilder.] 
°  To  cause  to  sounit,  particularly  by  striking  a  me- 


5.  To  tinkle  ;  to  bave  the  sensation  of  sound  con- 
tinued. 

My  earn  .lull  ring  with  noise.  DrjpUn. 

6.  To  be  filled  with  report  or  talk.  The  whole 
town  ri7i;r5  with  his  fame. 

RING'-BSLT,  71.  An  iron  bolt,  having  a  ring  in  one 
end  of  it.  Toltn. 

RING'-BoNE,  71.  A  callus  growing  in  the  hollow 
circle  of  the  little  pastern  of  a  horse,  just  above  the 
coronet.  Brande. 

RING'-DI-AL,  :i.  A  pocket  sun-dial  in  form  of  a 
ring. 

RING'DOVE,  (-duv,)  71.     \G.  ringeltauie.] 

A  species  of  pigeon,  the  Columba  palumbus,  the 
cushat,  the  largest  of  the  European  species. 

Jardine. 

RIN'GENT,  a.  [L.  ringor,  to  make  wry  faces,  that 
is,  to  wring  or  twist.] 

In  botany,  a  ringent  corol  is  one  which  is  irregular 
and  monopetalous,  with  the  border  divided  into  two 
parts,  called  the  upper  and  htccr  lip,  the  upper 
arched,  so  that  there  is  a  space  between  the  two  like 
an  open  mouth.  Jilartyn.    SmitJi. 

RINGER,  71.  One  who  rings.  [In  the  sense  of 
tcringer,  not  used.] 

RING'-FENCE,  71.  .\  fence  encircling  an  estate 
within  one  enclosure. 

RING'-FIN"GER,  n  i"he  third  finger  of  the  left 
hand,  on  which  ths  ring  is  placed  in  marriage,  vul- 
garly supposed  to  communicate  by  a  nerve  directly 
with  the  heart.  Balliwell. 

RING'-F0R5I-£D,  a.    Formed  like  a  ring.    IVlicwdl. 

RING'ING,  ppr.  Causing  to  sound,  as  a  bell ;  sound- 
ing ;  cutting  out  a  ring  of  bark  ;  fitting  with  rings. 

RING'ING,  11.  The  act  of  sounding  or  of  causing  to 
sound. 

2.  In  horticulture,  the  cutting  out  of  a  ring  of  b,ark 
down  to  the  new  wood,  for  the  purpose  of  making 
a  branch  fruitful,  fcc.  Gardner. 

RING'LF'-.AD,  v.  t.  To  conduct.  [Little  used.] 
RlNG'Lit.\D-ER,  71.  [ring  and  leader.]  The  leader 
of  any  association  of  men  engaged  in  violation  of 
law  or  an  illegal  enterprise,  as  rioters,  mutineers,  and 
the  like.  This  name  is  derived  from  the  practice 
vvliich  men  associating  to  oppose  law  have  some- 
times adopted,  of  signing  their  names  to  articles  of 
agreement  in  a  Wii^,  that  no  one  of  their  nuuiber 
iiTight  be  distiniuislied  as  the  leader. 
RING'LET,  n.    [dim.  of  riii^.]    .\  small  ring. 

Pope. 

2.  .4  curl ;  particularly,  a  curl  of  hair. 

tier  "nilden  tresses  in  wanton  ringtett  wared.  JUitton. 

3.  .\  circle. 

To  dance  our  Tingltls  in  the  wbialli.ng  wind.  SAai. 

RING'-OU-SEL,  71.  .K  bird  of  the  thrush  family, 
iMerula  tcn|uata,  inhabiting  the  hilly  and  mountain- 
ous parts  of  Groat  Brit.iin.  Jardine. 

RING'-S.\IL,  71.    See  Ringtail. 

RING'-SH.^P-£D,  (-slKipt,)  o.  Uaving  the  shape  of  a 
j-ipo  DecandoUe. 

HING'-STREAK-£D,  f -streekt,) a.  [riiio-  and  streak.] 
Havine  circular  streaks  or  lines  on  the  body ;  as, 
rinir-sireaked  goats.     Gci..  xxi. 

RING'-T.AlL,  71.  [riiio-  and  tail.]  '<.  bird  havmg  a 
white  tail,  the  female  of  the  Hen-Harrier,  Circus 
cvaneus.  Jardine. 

'  2.  .\  light  sail  set  abaft  and  beyond  the  spanker  of 
a  ship  or  hark,  also  called  Ri.vG-siit.  Tolten. 

RING'T.^IL-ED,  a.  Having  a  tail  striped  .as  if  sur- 
rounded by  a  ring  ;  applied  to  a  young  golden  eagle. 

P.  Cyc. 

RING'WOR.M,  (-wurm,)  n.  [rills'  and  worm.]  \ 
vesicular  eruption  of  the  skin,  the  vesicles  being 
small,  with  a  reddish  base,  and  terming  rings,  whose 
area  is  slightly  discolored.  It  is  called  Herpes  cir- 
cinatus  by  Good. 

RINSE  (rms,)  r.  (.  [Sw.  rcitsa  or  rena,  to  cleanse  or 
purilv;  Dan.  misci-,  to  clean,  to  purge,  to  purify,  to 
scour;  Sax.  rrin,  D.  and  G.  rem,  clean  ;  Fr.  rm«r ; 
Arm.  rinsa,  rinsein.  I'his  word  is  probably  from  the 
same  radix  as  the  Gr.  pjut.',  and  ,  (ii-r.Coi,  to  sprin- 
kle. Our  common  people  pronounce  tins  word  rens, 
retaining  tlicir  native  pronunciation.  This  is  one  ot 
inanv  instances  in  which  the  purity  of  our  vernacu- 


TONE,  BULL,  IJNITE.  —  .\N"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K  ;  6  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SlI ;  Til  as  in  THIS. 


957 


RIP 

lar  language  has  beon  corrupted  by  those  wlio  have 
understood  French  better  than  their  mother  tongue.] 
1.  'I'o  c.eanse  by  the  inlrodnction  of  water ;  ap- 
phed  particularly  to  liollow  vessels;  as,  to  rinse  a 
bottle. 

•2.  To  cleanse  with  a  second  or  repeated  application 
of  water  after  washing.  ^Ve  distinguish  tpashiii-j 
from  rhiA'in^.  tVashing  is  performed  by  rubbing,  or 
with  the  use  of  soap  ;  rinsintr  is  performed  with  clean 
water,  without  much  rubbing  or  the  use  of  soap. 
Clothes  are  riiued  by  dipping  and  dashing  ;  and  ves- 
sels are  rhised  by  dashing  water  on  them,  or  by 
slight  rubbing  ;  a  close  barrel  may  be  rinsed^  but  can 
not  well  be  waskerl. 

RINS'£n,  (rinsi,)  pp.    Cleansed  with  a  second  water  j 
cleaned. 

RINS'ER,  n.    One  that  rinses. 

RINS'ING,  ppr.  or  tu    Cleansing  with  a  second  watt-r. 

RI'OT,  71.  [Norm.  rioUi;  It.  riotta;  Fr.  riote,  a  brawl 
or  tumult.  The  \V.  brot/iy  ItncL'ty  cimimolion,  may  ' 
be  from  the  same  root,  with  a  prefix,  which  would 
connect  this  word  with  bnidian,  brydiaw,  to  Iieat,  to 
boil.  The  Spanish  has  atborotOf  and  I'orl.  alvoroto, 
in  a  like  sense.  In  JJanish,  rafter  is  to  drink  hard, 
to  riot.  The  primary  sense  is  probably  noise  or  agi- 
tation.] 

1.  Rioty  at  common  law^  is  a  tumultuous  disturb- 
ance of  tlie  peace  by  tliree  or  more  persons,  mutually 
aiding  and  assisting  each  other,  whether  the  act 
which  they  originally  intended  to  perform  was  in  it- 
self lawful  or  unlawful.  Bauvicr. 

2.  Uproar;  tumult;  wild  and  noisy  festivity. 

Mdton. 

3.  Excessive  and  expensive  feasting.    2  Pet.  ii. 

4.  Luxury. 

The  Iamb  thy  rial  dooms  to  bleed  to-day.  Pope. 

To  run  riot ;  to  act  or  move  without  control  or  re- 
straint. Swift. 
Ri'OT,  V.  i.    [Fr.  rioter ;  It.  riottare.'j 

1.  To  revel  ;  to  run  to  excess  in  feasting,  drinking, 
or  other  sensual  indulgences. 

2.  To  luxuriate  ;  to  be  highly  excited. 

No  pulse  tliitt  riots,  .ind  no  blood  ihM  glows.  Pope. 

3.  To  banquet ;  to  live  in  luxury  ;  to  enjoy. 

How  base  is  the  ingratitude  which  forgets  the  benefactor,  while  it 
is  rioting  ou  die  benefit  1  Dwiglit. 

4.  To  raise  an  uproar  or  sedition.  Johnson. 
UT'OT-ER,  V.     One  who  indulges  in  loose  festivity  or 

excessive  feasting. 

2.  In  law,  one  guilty  of  meeting  with  others  to  do 
an  unlawful  act,  and  declining  to  retire  upon  proc- 
lamation. 

KI'OT-ING,  ppr.     Reveling;   indulging  in  excessive 
feasting. 

Rl'OT-ING,  n.     A  reveling. 

RI'OT-ISE,  (-iss,)  71.    Dissoluteness  ;  luxury.    [JVoJ  in 
vsp.]  Spenser. 

RT'OT-OUS,  a.     [It.  riottoso.] 

1.  Luxurious  ;  wanton  or  licentious  in  festive  in- 
dulgences ;  as,  7-iot.ous  eaters  of  flesh.    Prov.  xxiii. 

2.  Consisting  of  riot;  tumultuous;  partaking  of 
the  nature  of  an  unlawful  assembly  ;  seditious. 

3.  Guilty  of  riot ;  applied  to  persons. 
RI'OT-OU3-LV,  adv.     With  excessive  or  licentious 

luxury.  ^  Ecclua. 

2.  in  the  manner  of  an  unlaw.' !l  assembly ;  lunml- 

tuously ;  seditiously. 
RI'OT-OUS-NESS,  n.    Tlte  stale  or  quality  of  being 

riotous. 
RI'OT-Ry,  n.    Riot ;  practice  of  rioting.         Taylor. 
RIP,  V.  t.     [Sax.   rypan,  rjippan,   knfpnn  ;   Sw.  rifra; 

Dan.  river.    This  belongs  to  ilie  great  family  of  Sax. 

reafian,  L.  rapio,  It.  reabam,  Eng.  nap  nnd  rive  i  allied 

perhaps  to  the  L.  crepo,  Fr.  creccr.] 

1.  To  separate  by  culling  or  tearing  ;  to  tear  or  cut 
op:^n  or  ort";  to  tear  off  or  out  by  violence  ;  as,  to  rip 
open  a  garment  by  cutting  the  stitches  ;  to  rip  off  the 
skin  of  a  beast ;  to  rip  open  a  sack ;  to  rip  off  the 
shingles  or  clapboards  of  a  house  ;  to  rip  up  a  floor. 
VVf  never  use  lacerate  in  these  senses,  but  apply  it  to 
a  partial  tearing  of  the  skin  and  flesh. 

2.  To  take  out  or  away  by  cutting  or  tearing. 

Otway. 
He'll  rip  the  faUO  eecrel  from  her  heart.  Granville. 

3.  To  tear  up  for  search  or  disclosure,  or  for  alter- 
ation ;  to  search  to  the  bottom  ;  with  up. 

\*ou  rip  up  the  original  of  ScoUiind.  S^penser. 

They  ripped  up  all  that  had  been  done  from  the  beginning  of  the 
rebellion.  Clarendon. 

4.  To  rip  out  an  oath,  is  to  swear  hastily  and  vio- 
lently. [This  seems  to  be  the  D.  rocpcn,  3ai.  hrco- 
paiij  to  cry  out ;  allied  to  L.  crcpo,  Fr.  crercr.'] 

RIl',  71.    A  tearing  ;  a  place  torn  ;  laceration. 

.Addison. 

2.  A  wicker  basket  to  carr>'  fish  in.  Coiecl. 

3.  Refuse.     [JVot  in  vse,  or  local.] 
RT-Pa'RI-A\  a.     [h.  ripa.] 

Pertaining  to  the  bank  of  a  river. 
RIPE,  a.     [Sax.  W/»e,  gcrip ;   D.  ryp ;  G.  reif.     The 
Saxon  word   signifies  harvest,  a  reap  or  reaping; 
ripaj  a  handful  of  corn  j   rtpan,  to  reap  ;  ripian,  to 
ripen.] 


RIS 

1.  Brought  to  perfection  in  growth,  or  to  the  best 
state  ;  mature  ;  as,  ripe  fruit ;  ripe  corn. 

2.  Advanced  to  perfection  ;  matured  j  as,  ripe 
judgment,  or  ripe  in  judgaient. 

3.  Finished  ;  consummate  ;  as,  a  ripe  scholar. 

4.  Brought  to  the  point  of  taking  effect ;  matured  ; 
ready;  prejjared;  as,  things  just  rijijc  for  war. 

.Addison. 

5.  Fully  qualified  by  improvement ;  prepared  ;  as, 
a  student  ripe  for  the  university ;  a  saint  ripe  for 
heaven.  Fell,     Dnjden. 

G.  Advanced  to  that  stale  in  which  it  is  fit  fur  use ; 
as,  ripe  cheese, 

7.  Resembling  the  ripeness  of  fruit ;  as,  a  ripe  lip. 

Skaii. 

8.  Complete  ;  proper  for  use. 

When  time  is  ripe.  .SVioi. 

9.  Maturated  ;  suppurated  ;  as  an  abscess  or 
tumor. 

RIPE,  r.  i.    To  ripen;  to  grow  ripe;  to  be  matured. 

[J^vt  used.]     [See  Ripen.]  Shak. 

RlPE,  V.  t.    To  mature  ;  to  ripen.     {J^ot  used.] 

Shah. 
RIPE'LY,  adv.  Maturely  ;  at  the  fit  time.  Shak. 
RIP'£N,   Cri'P"j)  ''^   ^'      [Sax.  ripian ;    D.   rypen ;    G. 

reif  a'.] 

1.  To  grow  ripe ;  to  be  matured  ;  as  giain  or  fruit. 
Grain  ripens  best  in  dry  weather. 

2.  To  approach  or  come  to  perfection  ;  to  lie  fitted 
or  prepared  ;  as,  a  project  is  ripening  for  execution. 

RIP'£N,  (rl'pn,)  u.  t.  To  mature;  to  make  ripe;  as 
grain  or  fiiiit. 

2.  To  mature  ;  to  fit  or  prepare;  as,  to  ripen  one 
for  heaven. 

3.  To  bring  to  perfection  ;  as,  to  ripc7i  the  judg- 
ment. 

RTP'i^N-ED,  pp.  or  a.     Made  ripe  ;  come  to  maturity. 
RIP'/:N-lN(i,  7(.     The  act  or  state  of  beroming  ripe. 
RIPE'NESS,  n.     The  state  of  being  ripe  or  brought  to 

that  state  of  perfection  which  fits  for  use  ;  maturity  ; 

as,  the  ripettcss  of  grain. 

2.  Fuji  growth. 

Time,  which  made  them  their  fame  ontlivc, 

To  Cowley  scarce  did  ripeness  give.  Denhtim. 

3.  Perfection ;  completeness  ;  as,  the  ripeness  of 
virtue,  wisdom,  or  judgment. 

4.  Fitness  ;  qualification.  Shak. 

5.  Complete  maturation  or  suppuration,  as  of  an 
ulcer  or  abscess. 

6.  A  state  of  preparation ;  as,  the  ripeness  of  a 
project  for  execution. 

RTP'jEN-ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Maturing ;  growing  or  mak- 
ing rijie. 

RI-PHe'AN,  a.  An  epithet  given  to  certain  mountains 
in  the  north  of  Asia,  probably  signifying  snowy 
inountains. 

RIP-r-E'J^O,  a.     [It.]     In  imisic,  full. 

RIP'IER,  I  n.    In  old  laws,  one  who  brings  fish   to 

RIP'PER,  i      market  in  the  inland  country.     [Obs.] 

Cowcl. 

RIP'PjED,  Cl■'P^)  PP-  Torn  or  cut  off  ©r  out ;  torn 
open. 

RIP'PER,  n.     One  wlio  tears  or  cuts  open. 

RIP'PING,  ;j;;r.  Cutting  or  tearing  off  or  open  ;  tear- 
ing up. 

RIP'PING,  7/.    A  tearing. 

2.  A  discovery.     [Obs.]  Spenser. 

UIP'PLE,  (rip'pl,)  V.  i.  [In  Dan.  ripper  is  to  stir  or 
agitate  ;  in  G.  riffe  is  a  natciiel ;  and  riffeln,  to  liatch- 
el ;  in  Sax.  ^crijled  is  wrinkled.  Ripple  is  probably 
allied  to  ripT] 

To  fret  on  the  surface  ;  as  water,  when  agitated  or 
running  over  a  rough  bottom,  appears  rough  and 
broken,  or  as  if  ripped  or  torn. 

RIP'PLE,  (rip'pl,)  V.  t.    [G.  rijfcln,  to  hatchel.] 

1.  To  clean,  as  flax.  Ray. 
9.  To  agitate  the  surface  of  water. 

RIP'PLE,  7(.  The  fretting  of  the  surface  of  water  ; 
little,  curling  waves. 

2.  A  large  comb  or  hatchel  for  cleaning  flax. 
RIP'PLE-GRaSS,  7t.    A  species  of  plantain,  rib-grass, 

Plantago  lanceolata.  Farm.  Encyc. 

RIP'PLE-MARK,  n.  A  name  given  to  small  undula- 
tions on  the  surface  of  a  sea-beach,  left  by  the  reced- 
ing waves.  In  geology^  similar  undulations  on  the 
surface  of  many  rocks  are  called  Ripple-marks. 

P.  Cr,c. 

RIP'PLE-MXRK-£D,  C-mdrkt,)  a.  Having  ripple- 
marks.  Lyell. 

RIP'PLING,  p/)r.  Fretting  on  the  surface,  cleaning, 
as  flax. 

RIP'PLING,  7(.  The  breaking  of  ripples  or  the  noise 
of  it.  Pennant. 

2,  The  act  or  method  of  cleaning  flax;  a  liatch- 
tling. 

RIP'PLING-LY,  adv.     In  the  manner  of  ripples. 

RIP'RAP,  71.  In  engineering,  a  foundation  or  parapet 
of  stones  thrown  together  without  order,  as  in  deep 
water  or  on  a  soft  bottom, 

RIPT,  ;>p.  for  RiPfED 

RIP'TOW-ELL,  71.  A  gratuity  given  to  tenants  after 
they  had  reaped  their  lord's  corn.  Bailey. 

RISE,    (rize,)  v.    i.  ;  prct.  Rose,  (roze  ;)    pp.   Risen, 


RIS 

(rixn.)     [Sax.  art.'jaa ;  D.  7-j/icji ;   Golh.  rcisan^in  ur- 
reiiany  to  rise,  and  ur-ralsyan^  to  raise.     See  Raise.] 

1,  To  move  or  pass  upward  in  any  manner  ;  to  as- 
cend ;  as,  a  fog  riies  from  a  river  m  from  low 
ground  ;  a  fish  rises  in  water  ;  birds  rise  in  the  air  ; 
clouds  ri-te  from  the  horizon  toward  the  meridian  ;  a 
balloon  rhes  above  Ilie  clouds. 

2,  To  get  up  ;  to  leave  the  place  of  sleep  or  rest ; 
as,  to  rise  from  bt-d, 

3.  To  get  up  or  move  from  any  recumbent  to  an 
erect  posture  ;  as,  to  rise  after  a  fall, 

4.  To  gel  up  from  a  seat ;  to  le.-ive  a  sitting  pos- 
ture ;  as,  to  rise  from  a  sofa  or  chair. 

.0.  To  spring;  to  grow;  as  a  plant;  hence,  to  be 
hiizh  or  tall.     A  tree  rises  to  the  hight  of  sixty  feet. 

ti.  To  swell  in  quantity  or  extent;  to  be  more  ele- 
vated ;  as,  a  river  7-isM  after  a  rain, 

7.  To  break  forth  ;  to  appear ;  as,  a  boil  riaes  on 
the  skin. 

8.  To  appear  above  the  horizon  ;  to  shine  ;  as,  the 
sun  or  a  star  rises. 

He  niakcth  liis  sun  to  rise  on  the  evil  and  on  the  good.  —  M.ui.  v. 

9.  To  begin  to  exist;  to  originate;  to  rome  into 
being  or  notice.  Great  ovils  sometimes  rise  from 
stnalj  imprudences. 

10.  To  be  excited  ;  to  begin  to  move  or  act ;  as,  the 
wind  rose  at  12  o'clock. 

11.  To  increase  in  violence.  Tlie  wind  continued 
to  T^'^ctill  3  o'clock. 

12.  To  appear  in  view  ;  as,  to  rise  up  to  the  read 
er's  view.  .Addison. 

13.  To  appear  in  sight ;  also,  to  appear  more  ele- 
vated ;  as,  in  sailing  toward  a  shore,  the  land  rises. 

14.  To  change  a  station;  to  leave  a  place;  as,  to 
rise  from  a  siege.  Knollirs. 

15.  To  spring ;  to  be  excited  or  produced.  A 
thought  now  rises  in  my  mind. 

IC.  To  gain  clev.ation  in  rank,  fortune,  or  public 
-  estimation  ;  to  be  |>romoted.     Men  may  rise  by  in- 
dustry, by  merit,  by  favor,  or  by  intrigue. 

Some  rise  by  sin,  and  snme  by  vtrdie  fall.  ShaJc 

Whea  the  wicked  riee,  mm  bide  themselves.  —  Prov.  xxviii, 

17.  To  break  forth  into  public  commotions  ;  to 
make  open  opposition  to  government ;  or  to  assem- 
ble and  oppose  government ;  or  to  assemble  in  arms 
for  attacking  another  nation.  The  Greeks  have  risen 
against  their  oppressors. 

No  mote  shall  nation  against  Datioii  rise.  Pope. 

18.  To  be  excited  or  roused  into  action. 

Hise  up  to  the  baute.  —  Jer.  xlix. 

19.  To  make  a  hostile  attack  ;  as,  wiion  a  man 
riseVi  against  his  neighbor.    Deui.  xxii. 

20.  To  increase  ;  to  swell ;  to  grow  more  or  great- 
er. A  voice,  feeble  at  first,  rises  to  thunder.  The 
price  of  goods  rises.    The  heat  rises  to  intensity. 

21.  To  be  improved  ;  to  recover  from  depression  ; 
as,  a  family  may  rise,  after  misfortune,  to  opulence 
and  splendor. 

22.  To  elevate  the  style  or  manner;  as,  to  rise  in 
force  of  expref^sion  ;  to  rise  in  eloquence. 

23.  To  be  revived  from  death. 

The  dead  in  Christ  slmll  rise  firsL  —  1  Thcss.  iv. 

24.  To  come  by  chance.  Spenser. 

25.  To  ascend*;  to  be  elevated  above  the  level  or 
surface;  as,  the  ground  rises  gradually  one  hundred 
yards.  Some  peaks  of  the  Andes  rise  more  tlian 
20,000  feet  above  the  level  of  the  ocean  ;  a  mountain 
in  Asia  is  said  to  rise  still  higher. 

26.  To  proceed  from. 

A  Eceplcr  shall  rise  out  of  Israel.  —  Num.  xxiv. 

27.  To  have  its  sources  in.  Rivers  ?Tse  in  lakes, 
iwnds,  and  springs. 

28.  To  be  moved,  roused,  excited,  kindled,  or  in- 
flamed, as  passion.    His  wrath  rose  to  rage. 

29.  To  ascend  in  the  diatonic  scale ;  as,  to  rise  a 
tone  or  semitone. 

30.  To  amount.  The  public  debt  7'ises  to  a  hun- 
dred millions. 

31.  To  close  a  session.  ^Ve  say,  congress  will 
rise  on  the  4tli  of  March  ;  the  legislature  or  the  court 
will  rise  on  a  certain  day. 

This  verb  is  written  also  Arise,  which  see.  In 
general,  it  is  indifferent  which  orthography  is  used  ; 
but  custom  has,  in  some  cases,  establislied  one  to  the 
exclusion  of  the  other.  Thus  we  never  say,  the 
price  of  goods  G7ases,  wlien  we  mean  advances,  but 
we  always  say,  the  price*  rises.  We  never  say,  the 
ground  arises  to  a  certain, altitude,  and  rarely,  a 
man  arises  into  an  office  or  station.  It  is  hardly  pos- 
sible to  class  or  define  the  cases  in  which  usage  has 
established  a  difference  in  the  orthography  of  this 
verb.  A  knowledge  of  these  cases  must  b.i  acquired 
by  observation. 
RISE,  (rise,)  7i.  The  act  of  rising,  either  in  a  literal 
or  figurative  sense  ;  ascent ;  as,  the  rise  of  vapor  in 
the  air;  the  rise  of  mercury  in  the  barometer;  the 
rise  of  water  in  a  river. 

2.  The  act  of  springing  or  mounting  from  the 
ground ;  as,  the  rise  of  the  feet  in  leaping. 

3.  Ascent ;  elevation,  or  degree  of  ascent;  as,  the 
rise  of  a  hill  or  mountain. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARfNE,  BIRD.  — NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.— 


RIT 


RIV 


4.  Spring;  source;  origin;  as,  the  rise  of  a  stream 
in  a  mouiuain.    All  sin  has  its  rise  in  the  heart. 

5.  Any  place  elevated  above  the  common  level ; 
as,  a  rtse  of  land. 

6.  AiHw.irance  above  the  horizon;  as,  the  rise  of 
the  sun  or  a  star. 

7.  Increase;  advance;  as,  a  rise  in  the  price  of 
wheat. 

8.  .\dvancc  in  rank,  honor,  property,  or  fame. 
Observe  a  man  after  his  rise  to  office,  or  a  family 
after  its  rise  from  obscurity. 

9.  Increase  of  sound  on  the  same  key ;  a  swcllmg 
of  the  voice.  .      .      ^. 

10.  Elevation  or  ascent  of  the  voice  m  the  diatonic 
scale ;  as,  a  rise  of  a  lone  or  semitone. 

11.  Increase;  augmentation. 

12.  [D.  rijs ;  from  the  verb.]  A  bough  or  branch. 
rjVot  in  use.]  Chaucer. 

RIS'JCN,  pp.    See  KisE. 

RIS'ER,  ;i.    One  that  rises  ;  as,  an  early  riser. 

2.  Among  ju-iners^  the  upright  board  of  a  stair. 

Ou'ilt. 
ras-I-BIL'I-TY  or  EI-SI-BIL'I-TY,       )    n.      (from 
RIS'I-BLE-NESS  or  RI'SI-BLE-NESS,  i         rhiUe.] 
The  quality  of  laughing,  or  of  being  capable  of 
laughter.    RL^bility  is  peculiar  to  the  human  species. 
2.  Proneness  to  Ijiugli. 
RIS'I-BLE  or  KI'SI-BLE,  a.    [Fr.  risible;  li.risiiUis, 
from  ridco,  risi,  to  laugh.     See  Ridiculous.] 

1.  Having  the  faculty  or  power  of  laughing.  Man 
is  a  risible  animal. 

9.  Laughable  ;  capable  of  exciting  laughter.  The 
description  cf  Falstalf,  in  Shakspeare,  exhibits  a 
risible  scene.  Risitile  differs  from  ludicrous,  as  spe- 
cies from  genus  ;  ludicrous  expressing  that  which  is 
playful  and  sportive;  ri«4(e,  that  which  may  excite 
laughter.  Risible  difiers  from  ridiculous,  as  the  latter 
implies  something  mean  or  contemptible,  and  risiWe 
does  not. 

RIS'!-BLY  or  RI'SI-BLY,  mlv.  In  a  risible  manner  ; 
Inughablv. 

RTS'l.N'G,  ppr.  or  o.  Getting  up  ;  ascending ;  mount- 
ing; springing;  proceeding  from  ;  advancing  ;  swell- 
ing ;  increasing;  appearing  above  the  horizon ;  re- 
viving from  death,  &c. 

2.  Increasing  in  wealth,  power,  or  distinction  ;  as, 
a  risiii"  state  :  a  rising  character. 

3.  Growing,  advancing  to  adult  years,  and  to  the 
slate  of  active  life ;  a.s,  the  risino-  generation. 

RiS'LNG,  Ti.  The  act  of  getting  up  from  any  recum- 
bent or  sitting  posture. 

2.  The  act  cf  ascending ;  as,  the  rising  of  vapor. 

3.  The  act  of  closing  a  session,  as  of  a  public 
body  ;  as,  the  rising  of  the  legislature. 

4.  The  appearance  of  the  sun  or  a  star  above  the 
horizon. 

5.  The  act  of  reviving  from  the  dead  ;  resurrec- 
tion.   Mark  ix. 

6.  A  tumor  on  the  body.    Lev.  xiii. 

7.  An  assembling  in  opposition  to  government 
insurrection  ;  sedition,  or  mutiny. 

RISK,  n.  [Fr.  risque:  Arm.  risql:  Sp.  riesoo ;  Port. 
risco  ;  It.  risc/iio,  risk,  danger,  peril  ;  Fr.  risguer. 
Arm.  ristjla,  Sp.  arrie.^gar.  Port,  arriscar^  to  risk. 
The  sense  is,  a  pushing  forward,  a  rushing,  as  in 
rusk.  (la.  Dan.  drisiig,  bold,  rash ;  drister,  to  dare. 
Sw.  drista,  to  <rits(,  to°  be  bold,  hardy,  or  rash.  In 
Portuguese,  risco  signifies  not  only  hazard,  but  a 
stroke",  a  dash,  and  with  painters,  delineation  ;  riscar 
si"nilies  to  dash,  or  strike  out  with  a  pen,  to  erase. 
The  primary  sense,  then,  is,  to  throw  or  dasli,  or  to 
rush,  to  d.'ive  forward.  See  Pebil,  Rash,  and 
EcsH.l 

1.  Hazard;  danger;  peril;  exposure  to  h.arm.  He, 
at  the  riik  of  his  life,  saved  a  drowning  man. 

2.  In  commerce,  the  hazard  of  loss,  either  of  ship, 
goods,  or  other  property.  Hence,  risi  sigiiiBes  also 
the  degree  of  hazard  or  danger  ;  for  the  premiums  of 
insurance  are  calculated  U|>on  the  risk.  The  under- 
writers now  take  rulis  at  a  low  premium. 

To  run  a  risk,  is  to  incur  hazard  ;  to  encounter 

danger. 

•  RISK,  V.  L    To  hazard  ;  to  endanger;  to  expose  to 

1       injury  or  loss  ;  as,  to  risk  goods  on  board  of  a  ship  ; 

to  risk  one's  person  in  battle  ;  to  risk  one's  fame  by 

a  publication  ;  to  risk  life  in  defense  of  rights. 

2.  To  venture  ;  to  dare  to  undertake  ;  as,  to  risk  a 

battle  or  combat. 

EISK'BD,  (riskt,)  pp.    Hazarded  ;  exposed  to  injury 

RISK'ER,  n.    One  who  hazards.  [or  loss. 

RI.-iK'I.'<G,  ppr.    Hazarding;   exposing  to  injury  or 

loss. 
RISSE,  obsolete  preU  of  Rise.  B.  Janson. 

RITE,  n.     [Fr.  rit,  rite:  L.  ritus;   It.  and  Sp.  rito : 
Sails,  rtti,  service.] 

The  manner  of  performing  divine  or  solemn  ser- 
vic*-,  as  established  by  law,  precept,  or  custom  ;  for- 
ni:il  art  nf  religion,  or  other  solemn  duty.  The  rites 
of  the  Israelites  were  numerous  and  expensive  ;  the 
rile.*  of  modem  churches  arc  more  simple.  Funeral 
rit'j  are  very  different  in  different  countries.  Tlie 
sacnimf'nt  is  a  holy  rite.  Hammond. 

RI-TOU  NEL'LO,  n.     [It.,  from  rilorro,  return,  or 
'  t      r:lorn'ire,  to  return.] 


In  music,  a  repeat ;  the  burden  of  a  song,  or  the 
repetition  of  a  verse  or  strain. 
RlT'lJ-AL,  a.     [It.  rituale.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  rites;  consisting  of  rites  ;  as, ritual 
service  or  sacrifices.  Prior. 

2.  PiTScriiting  rites  ;  as,  the  ritual  law. 
RIT'tJ-.\L,  71.    A  book  containing  the  rites  to  be  ob- 
served, or  the  manner  of  performing  divine  service 
in  a  particular  churcii  or  communion.  P.  Cyc. 

RIT'U-AL-ISM,  ?i.     The  .system  of  rituals  or  pre- 
scribed forms  of  religious  worsliip. 
9.  Observance  of  prescribed  forms  in  religion. 
RIT'lJ-AL-IST,  n.     One  skilled  in  the  ritual. 

Orcgonj. 
RIT'U-.41.-LY,  ado.    By  rites  ;  or  by  a  particular  rite. 

Seidell. 
EIV'ACE,  u.     [Fr.,  from  rive,  bank.] 

A  bank,  shore,  or  coast.  [JWt  in  u.^e.]  Spenser. 
RI' VAL,  n.  [L.  rivalis :  Fr.  and  Sp.  rival :  It.  ricale  : 
Ir.  rioblach :  Heb.  3^1,  to  contend,  to  strive ;  Dan. 
rices,  to  strive  ;  Sp.  rifa,  strife,  ralBe ;  rifar,  to  dis- 
pute, quarrel,  or  ruff.e,  and  to  split  a  sail.  Qu.  to  nve 
or  rip.    See  Raffle.] 

1.  One  who  is  in  pursuit  of  the  same  object  as 
another ;  one  striving  to  reach  or  obtain  something 
which  another  is  attempting  to  obtain,  and  which 
one  only  can  possess  ;  a  competitor ;  as,  rivals  in 
love ;  rivals  for  a  crown.  Love  will  not  patiently 
bear  a  rival. 

2.  One  striving  to  equal  or  exceed  another  in  ex- 
cellence ;  as,  two  rivals  in  eloquence. 

3.  An  antagonist ;  a  competitor  in  any  pursuit  or 
strife. 

RI'VAL,  a.  Having  the  same  pretensions  or  claims  ; 
standing  in  competition  for  superiority;  as,  rival 
lovers  ;  rival  claims  or  pretensions. 

Equal  ill  ye.ira  ami  rival  in  renown.  Dn/dcn. 

RI'VAL,  V.  I.    To  stand  in  competition  with  ;  to  strive 
to  gain  the  object  which  another  is  contending  for  ; 
as,  to  rival  one  in  love. 
2.  To  strive  to  equal  or  excel ;  to  emulate. 

To  rital  thunder  in  iu  mpid  couise.  Drtjden. 


RI'V.\L,  V.  i.    To  be  competitors.     {J^ot  in  use.'] 

Shah. 

RI'VAL-£D,  pp.  Having  another  competing  with  ; 
emulated. 

RI'VAI^ING,  R)r.  Striving  to  equal  or  excel ;  emu- 
lating. 

Rl-VAL'I-TY,  71.     Rivalry.     [JVnt  in  use.}  Ska.':. 

RI'V.AL-RY,  71.  [from  rival.]  Competition  ;  a  strife 
or  effort  to  obtain  an  object  which  another  is  pursu- 
ing ;  as,  rivalry  in  love ;  or  an  endeavor  to  equal  or 
surpass  another  in  some  excellence  ;  emulation  ;  as, 
rivalry  for  superiority  at  the  bar  or  in  the  senate. 

Ri'VAL-SHIP,  n.    The  slate  or  character  of  a  rival. 

B.  Jonson. 
S.  Strife  ;  contention  for  superiority  ;  emulation  ; 
rivalry. 

RIVE,  1'.  t.;  pret  Eived;  pp.  Rived  or  Riven.  [Dan. 
rcvncr,  to  split ;  river,  to  pluck  off  or  away,  to  rake  ; 
8w.  rifva,  to  pull  asunder,  to  burst,  or  rend,  to  rake, 
to  lear ;  Ice.  rifa,  Sw.  refca,  a  chink,  or  crevice  ;  Fr. 
crccer,  whence  crevasse,  crevice  ;  Riiss.  rvn ;  allied 
to  L.  rumpo,  rupi.  It  may  be  allied  to  the  family  ot 
L.  rapio,  reap,  rip.] 

To  split ;  to  cleave  ;  to  rend  asunder  by  force  ;  as, 
to  rice  timber,  for  rails  or  shingles  with  wedges  ;  the 


riven  oak  ;  the  riyc7i  clouds. 

Tlio  scoldiiiij  wimis 
^iaed  ill';  knolly  oaks. 


Dniden.    Milton. 


Shak. 


Woodis^.rd. 


IJiive 
RIVE,  V.  i.    To  be  split  or  rent  asunder. 

Frx'ston-;  tints,  aplils,  and  1  rcaks  in  any  diicction, 

RIV'-EI.,  V.  t.  [Sax.  gerijled,  wrinkled  ;  from  the  root 
of  Dan.  river,  to  draw,  to  wrest,  Sw.  rifva.  This 
word  is  obsolete,  but  shrivel,  from  the  same  root,  is 
in  use.    It  may  be  allied  to  riiffie.] 

To  contract  into  wrinkles;  to  shrink  ;  as,  rivelcd 
fruit ;  riveled  flowers.  Drydcn.     Pope. 

RIV'/OL-isD,  pp.  or  a.     Wrinkled, 

UIV'frL-ING,    ppr. 
wrinkles.  .  , 

RIV'£N,  pp.  of  Rive.    Split ;  rent  or  burst  asunder. 

RI'VER,  11.    One  who  rives  or  splits. 

RIVER,  71.  [Vr.riviire:  Arm.  rifijer:  Corn.  ri;rier  ; 
It.  rivicra:  from  L.  ricits,  rivulns :  D.  rimer.  The 
Italian  word  signifies  a  river,  and  a  bank  or  shore, 
L.  ripa,  Sp.  ribera.]  .,       •        ■  ,  , 

1  A  lame  stream  of  water  flowing  in  a  channel 
on  land  toward  the  ocean,  a  lake,  or  another  river. 
It  is  larger  than  a  rivulet  or  brook  ;  but  is  applied  to 


Shrinking ;    contracting    into 


ROA 

RIV'ER-DR.\G'ON,  n.  A  crocodile ;  a  name  given 
by  Milton  to  the  king  of  EgjpU 

RIV'ER-ET,  n.    A  small  river.     [JVo!  m  use.] 

RIVER-GOD,  71.  A  deity  supposed  to  presiae  overs 
river,  as  its  tutelary  divinity  ;  a  naiad.    Lempritrc 

RIVER-HORSE,  n.  The  hippopotamuB,  an  animal 
inhabiting  rivers.  MUUh. 

RI  VEIi-PLSI.N,  71.     A  plain  hy  a  river. 

RIV'EIl-VVA-TliR,  71.  The  water  of  a  river,  as  dis- 
tinguished "from  Rain-wateh. 

RIVET,  ».(.  [_It.  ri4a<in-<;;  Port.  reiiUr.  These  are 
compounds  ot  a  verb  with  re  for  a  prefix.  The 
Spanish  lias  rohlar.  The  French  ricer,  and  Arm. 
riva  or  7-inca,  would  seem  to  he  the  Heb.  3^1,  to 
drivej 

1.  To  fasten  with  a  rivet,  or  with  rivets  ;  as,  to 
rivet  two  pieces  of  iron. 

2.  To  clinch  ;  as,  to  rivet  a  pin  or  bolL      Mozan, 

3.  To  fasten  firmly  ;  to  make  finn,  strong,  or  im- 
movable ;  as,  to  rivet  friendship  or  affection. 

.^tterlnanf. 
Jtioet  and  aiil  me  where  I  sUnd,  ye  powera.  Congrtvt. 

RIVET,  71.  A  pin  of  iron  or  other  metal  with  a  head, 
driven  through  a  piece  of  limber  or  metal,  .and  the 
point  bent  or  spread  and  beat  down  fast,  to  prevent 
its  being  drawn  out;  or  a  pin  or  bolt  clinched  at 
both  ends. 

RIVET-ED,  pji.    Clinched  ;  made  fast. 

RI  VET-ING,  ppr.    Clinching ;  fastening  firmly. 

RlVI.N'G,  ppr.    Splitting  ;  bursting  asunder. 

Rl-VoSE',  a.     [L.  ricus.] 

In  loology,  marked  with  furrows  sinuate  and  ir- 
regular.   "  Brandc 

RIVU-LET,  71.     [1,.  rivulus.] 

Asmall  stream  or  brook ;  a  streamlet. 

By  fouQtun  or  by  shady  riou/il, 

lie  sjughl  ihein.  bnUon. 

RIX-5'TION,  a.  [L.  rizatio,  from  rizor,  to  brawl  or 
quarrel.] 

A  brawl  or  quarrel.     [JVot  in  use.] 
RIX-DOL'L.\R,  71.     [G.  reichstlialer ;  D.  ryksdaalder ; 
Sw.   riksdaler:    Dan.   rigsdalcr ;    the   dollar   of  the 
realm.] 

A  silver  coin  of  Germany,  Holland,  Denmark,  and 
Sweden,  of  different  value  in  different  places  ;  but 
usually  valued  at  from  4s.  to  4s.  8d.  sterling,  or  about 
the  same  as  the  American  dollar.  The  rix  dollars 
now  current  in  Prussia,  Saxe-Gotha,  and  Poland, 
are  valued  at  23.  lid.  sterling,  or  about  70  cents. 

McCuUoeh. 
Ro.'VCH,  71.     [Sax.  reohche,  hreoee;   G.  roche:   Dan. 
rokke  ;  Sw.  rocka  ;  Fr.  rouget,  from  the  root  of  rouge, 
red.] 

I.  .\  fish  of  the  carp  family,  Leuciscus  nitilus, 
found  in  fresh  water,  easily  caught  and  tolerably 
good  for  food. 

3.  The  cur\'e  or  arch  cut  in  the  fool  cf  some  square 
sails.  Brande. 

.lis  sound  as  a  roach,  is  a  phrase  supposed  to  have 
been,  originally,  as  sound  as  a  met.  [Vr  roche.] 
RoAl),  11.  [Sax.  rad,  rade,  a  ride,  a  passing  or  travel- 
in"  on  liorseb.ack,  a  way,  a  road,  corresponding  with 
the  O.  rfisc,  D.  reis,  Dan.  rcjse,  Sw.  resa  :  but  in  llie 
sense  of  a  place  for  anchoring  shiiis,  the  Fr.  has  rade, 
Sp.  rada,  G.  and  D.  rccdr,  Sw.  redd,  Dan.  rede,  reed. 
In  the  sense  of  way,  the  Spanish  ha.s  rauta,  V\ . 
rhawd,  all  connected  with  ride,  W.  rhedu,  to  run,  and 
L.  irradior,  W.  rhodium,  to  walk  or  go.  The  ^la- 
vontc  has  Irrnd,  and  the  Bohemian  brod,  a  way. 
See  Grade.] 

1.  An  open  wav  or  public  pas,sagc  ;  ground  ap- 
proiiriated  for  travel,  forming  a  communication  be- 
tween one  city,  town,  or  place,  and  another.  The 
word  is  generally  applied  in  highways,  and  as  a 
Ecncric  term  it  includes  highway,  street,  and  lane. 
The  military  roads  of  the  Romans  were  paved  wilh 
stone,  or  formed  of  gravel  or  pebbles,  and  some  of 
them  remain  to  this  day  entire. 

o.  Any  place  where  ships  may  ride  at  anchor  at 
some  distance  from  the  shore;  sometimes  called 
Roadstead,  that  is,  a  place  for  riding',  meaning  at 
anchor. 


3.  A  journey. 


MiUon. 


any  slretm  from  the  size  of  a  mill-stream  to  that  of    RoAD'STER,  n.     Amon 
th^Danube,_Amazon,aiidMi^i^Ppi.    Weg^veth.        "^'X  i^i^/S^ffi 


name  to  Large  streams  which  admit  the  tide  and 

mingle  salt  water  with  fresh,  as  the  rivers  Hudson, 

Dela^vare,  and  St.  Lawrence. 
2.  .\  large  slieam  ;  copious  flow  ;  abundance  ;  as, 

rivers  of  blood  ;  rivers  of  oil. 
RI V'ER-BF.D,  71.    The  bod  or  bottom  of  a  river. 
RIVER-CHAN'NEL,  n.     The  channel  of  a  river. 
RI  VER-CoURSB,  ii.    The  course  of  a  river. 
EIVER-DEL'T-ii,  71.    A  delta  formed  by  the  current 

of  a  river. 


[JViit  'used  :  but  we  still  use  ride  as  a  noun  ;  as,  a 
long  ride:  a  short  rirZc;  the  same  word  diBerently 
written.]  ,  r^r .  ■ 

4.  An  inroad  ;  incursion  of  an  enemy.  [.^  ot  in 
vse.]  f'^- 

On  the  road :  passing  ;  traveling.  fjw. 

R6AD'-BED,77.  The  bed  or  foundation  on  which  the 
superstructure  of  a  railroad  rests.  Farnham. 

Among  sf<iii7f7i,  a  vessel  ridmg  at 

Mar.  Dicl. 
2.  A  horse  fitted  for 'traveling.  .  Bell. 

RO  \D'STEAD,  (sled,)  7i.    A  place  where  ships  may 

ride  at  anchor,  at  some  distance  from  the  shore. 
ROAD'WAY,  n.    The  part  of  a  road  traveled  |>'r-'>''- 

E5Am!'i'.  1.  [If  "  is  radical,  this  word  seems  to  be 
connected  with  ramble,  L.  ramus.  In  \\  .rhamu  is 
to  rise  over,  to  soar,  to  vault ;  whence  rhamant,  a 
rising  boldly,  romaiM ;  r/i«ii,  rkum,  something  pro- 
jecting ;  rhim,  rim,  the  exterior  part  of  a  Uung  ;  Ar. 


TCNE,  BULL,  IT.\ITE.-AX"GER,  VI"CIOUS.-€  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  Sll ;  TH  as  : 


THIS 


959 


ROB 


^\j  to  exceed,  to  depart. 


Chiss  Rm,  No.  , 


See 


„._  .  No.  9  nnrt  23.] 

To  waniicr  ;  to  r:imble  ;  to  rove  ;  to  \v:ilk  or  move 
about  from  plnce  to  pUicc  without  atiy  certain  pur- 
pose or  direction.  The  wolf  and  the  savage  roam  in 
tliu  forest. 

Dajiliiie  roaming  through  a  lUorny  wood.  S/uik. 

Ro.ViM,  ''■  '-  To  range  ;  to  wander  over  ;  as,  to  roam 
tiio  woods  ;  l)Ul  the  phrase  is  elliptical.         Milton. 

RO.'\M'i''U,/V'     Itanyed;  wandered  over. 

RoAM'EK,  71.  A  wanderer;  a  rover;  a  raiiiller;  a 
vagrant. 

RoAM'ING,p;;r.    Wandering-  roving. 


The  act  of  wandering. 


IloA.M'ING, 

RoAM, 

KoAN,  n.     [Fr.  rouan.] 

A  roan  horse  is  one  that  is  of  a  hay,  sorrel,  or  diirk 

color,  with  spots  of  gray,  or  while,  thickly  inter- 

sperscil.  ^'"'•-  -'^'ct. 

RuAN'-TREE,  ti.     A  tree  of  the  genua  Sorhus  or 

Pynia  ;  the  ninnntain  ash.  Lcc. 

ROAU,  V.  i.     [Sa.v.  rarian^  to  roar;   W.  rhaior^  the 

roarinK  of  the  sea.] 

1.  To  cry  with  a  full,  lond,  continued  sound  ;  to 
bellow,  as  a  beast ;  as,  a  roaring  bid!  j  a  I'oarhi^  Won. 

2.  To  cry  aloud,  as  in  distrcsis. 

The  siitlerins;  clii<-*f 
Roared  uul  fur  adjjuish.  Dnjifen. 

3.  To  cry  aloud  ;  to  bawl  ;  as  a  child. 

4.  To  cause  a  loud,  conlnnied  sound.  Wc  say, 
ihe  SKU  or  the  wind  ruars ;  a  cuinpanj'  roar  in  accla- 
mation. 

5.  To  make  a  loud  noise. 

The  bnucu  throal  of  War  hatl  ccasoil  lo  roar.  I^JUlon. 

RoAR,  n.     A  full,  loud  sound  of  some  continuance; 
the  cry  of  a  beast ;  as,  the  roar  of  a  lion  or  bull, 
y.  The  hmd  cry  of  a  child  or  person  in  didtnss. 

3.  Clamor;  outcry  of  joy  or  mirth  ;  as,  a  roar  of 
laughter.     He  set  the  company  in  a  roar, 

4.  The  Iond,conlinut*dsou;idof  thesca  in  a  storm, 
or  tht^  Imwling  of  a  tenij)est.  Philips. 

5.  Any  loud  sound  of  some  continuance ;  as,  the 
roar  of  cannon. 

RoAR'ER,  H.    One  tJiat  roars,  man  or  beast. 

2.  A  horse  quite  broken  winded.  Smart. 

RoAR'ING,  jypr.  or  n.  Crying  like  a  bull  or  lion  ;  ut- 
tering a  deep,  loud  sound. 

RoAR'ING,  n.  The  cry  of  a  lion  or  other  beast; 
outcry  of  distress,  Job  iii.  ;  louii,  continued  sound  of 
the  billows  of  the  sea,  or  of  a  tempest.     /.*.  v. 

2.  In  farriery,  a  disease  of  horses,  usually  accom- 
panying or  preceding  broken  wind.     Farm.  Enr.yc. 

RoAR'lNG-LY,  adv.    In  a  roaring  manner. 

RoAlt'V,  a.    Dewy  ;  more  properly  Roby. 

Rd.\ST,  v.  (.  [W.  rhostiavy;  Ir.  rustum  ;  Arm.  rosta; 
Fv.  rotir :  It.  arrostirc,  D.  roostcn;  G.  r'dstcn  ;  Sw 
rosta;  Dan.  rislcr^io  roast,  and  rioY,  a  gridiron,  G, 
TOst.  If  the  verb  is  from  the  noun,  tlie  sense  is,  to 
dress  or  cook  on  a  gridiron,  or  grate,  and  rist,  rust, 
coincide  in  elements  with  L.  rasicllam^  a  rake.  If 
the  verb  is  the  root,  tile  sense  probably  is,  to  contract 
or  cr'isp,  or  to  throw  or  agitate,  hence  to  make  rough. 
The  Welsh  has  also  crasu,  to  roast,  from  crdis.  This 
coincides  with  crisp.] 

1.  To  cook,  dress,  or  prepare  meat  for  the  table,  by 
exposing  it  to  heat,  as  on  a  spit,  in  a  bake-pan,  in  an 
oVfU,  or  the  like.  We  now  say,  to  roast  meat  on  a 
spit,  in  a  pan,  or  in  a  tin  oven,  &c. ;  to  bake  naat  in 
an  oven  ;  lo  broil  meat  on  a  gridiron. 

2.  ')'o  prepare  for  food  by  exposure  to  lieat ;  as,  to 
roust  apples  or  potatoes  ;  to  roast  eggs. 

;!.  To  iieat  to  excess  ;  to  lieat  violently. 

Roaeled  in  wrath  anil  fire.  ShnJc. 

4.  To  dry  and  parch  by  exposure  to  heat;  as,  to 
roa.it  cotfee. 

5.  In  victallurgy,  to  dissijjate  the  volatile  parts  of 
ore  by  heat. 

C.  In  common  discourse,  to  jeer ;  to  banter  severely. 

Scott. 
RoAST,  71.    That  which  is  roasted. 
RoAST,  a.     [For  Roasted.]     Roasted  ;  as,  roast  beef. 
RoAST,  H.    In  the  phrase  to  i-ulc  the  roast,  i.  e.,  to  gov- 
ern the  company,  this  word  is  a  corrupt  pronuncia- 
tion of  the  G.  rath,  counsel,  Dan.  and  D.  raad,  Sw. 

ra/l. 
RoAST'ED,  pp.  or  a.    Dressed  by  exposure  to  heat  on 

a  spit. 
RoAST'ER,7i.    One  that  roasts  meat;  also,  a  contri- 
9.  A  pig  for  roasting.  [vance  for  roasting. 

RoAST'ING,;j;>r.  Preparing  for  the  table  by  exposure 
to  heat  on  a  spit ;  drying  and  parching. 
2.  Rantering  with  severity. 
RoAST'ING,  7t.    The  act  of  roasting,  as  meat. 

2.  In  mctallur^rij,  the  protracted  application  of  heat, 
below  a  fusing  ponit,  to  metallic  ores. 

3.  A  severe  teasing  or  bantering. 


ROB,  7Z.     fSp.  rob  I  Ar. 


^1 ,  rauba,  to  he  thick.] 


ROB 

The  inspissated  juice  of  ripe  fruit,  mixeil  with 
honey  or  sugar  to  the  consistence  of  a  conserve. 

Sp.  Diet. 
ROU,  r.  /.     [G.  raubm ;  D.  roovcri ;  Sw.  ro^a  and  rdfva ; 
Dan.  rorrr ;  It.  rabarej  Sp.  i-vbar  ;  Port,  rottbar  j  Pers. 

•  ^  t^j  .  robodan.  This  word  has  the  elements  of  W. 

rhaibf  a  snatching,  Sax.  rcafian,  L.  raptu,  Fr.  ravir. 
Class  Kb,  No.  213,  27,  29,  31).] 

1.  In  law,  to  take  from  the  person  of  another  felo- 
niously, forcibly,  and  by  putting  him  In  fear  ;  as,  to 
rob  a  p;i-->i?nger  on  the  road.  lilarkstone. 

2.  Tiisci/.e  ;iihI  carry  from  any  tiling  by  vFolence 
and  with  felonious  intent;  as,  to  rob  a  coach  ;  to  rub 
the  mail. 

3.  To  plunder ;  to  strip  unlawfully  ;  a^,  lo  rub  an 
orchard ;  to  rob  a  man  of  hi^  just  praise. 

4.  To  take  away  by  oppression  or  by  violence. 

Hob  nut  1!r'  poor  because  he  i*  pnur.  —  Prov.  xxii. 

5.  To  take  from  ;  lo  deprive.  A  large  tree  robs 
smaller  plants  near  it  of  their  nourisiimcnt. 

G.  In  a  loose  satsf,  to  steal ;  to  take  i)rivately  with- 
out pr-rniissioii  of  the  owner.  Toukc. 
7.  Tu  withhold  what  is  due.    Mnl.  iii. 

ROU'B^D,  (robd,)  pp.  Deprived  n-lonioi:sIy  and  by 
violence;  plundered;  seized  and  carried  away  by 
violence. 

EOB'IIEU,  n.  In  law,  one  that  lakes  goods  or  money 
from  the  person  of  another  by  force  or  menace;!,  and 
with  a  felonioLis  intent.  Blachstonc. 

2.  In  a  looser  sense,  one  who  takes  that  to  which 
he  has  no  right ;  one  who  steals,  plunders,  or  strips 
by  viulcnce  and  wrung. 

ROB'nEPi-Y,  It.  In  laip,  the  forcible  and  felonious 
taking  front  the  person  of  another  any  money  or 
goods,  putting  him  in  fear,  that  is,  by  violence  or  by 
menaces  of  death  or  personal  injury.  liubbcni  differs 
from  th(^t,  as  it  is  a  violent,  felonious  taking  from  the 
person  or  presence  of  auotlier  ;  whereas  theft  is  a  fe- 
lonious taking  of  goods  privately  from  the  person, 
dwelling,  &c.,  of  another.  These  words  should  not 
be  confounded. 

2.  A  plundering;  a  pillaging;  a  taking  away  by 
violence,  wrong,  i»r  oppression. 

ROH'RING,  jjy;;-.  Feloniously  taking  from  the  person 
of  another  ;  putting  him  in  fear  ;  stripping;  plunder- 
ing ;  taking  from  another  unlawfully  or  by  v/rong  or 
o[»[iression. 

UOli'IUNS.  )  n.pl.     [rope  and  bands.]    Short,  flat 

ROPE'-BANDS,  \  plaited  pieces  of  rope,  with  an 
eye  in  one  end,  used  in  pairs  to  tie  the  upper  edges 
of  square  sails  to  their  yards.  J^Jar.  Diet. 

RoBE,  TI.  [Fr.  robe-,  Sp.  ropa;  Port  roupa;  Ir.  roba; 
It.  }-oba,  a  robe,  and  goods  or  estate  ;  far  roba,  lo  get 
money  ;  robonr,  a  bmg  gown  ;  robbiccia,  trilles,  idle 
stuff.  The  Spanish  and  Portuguese  words  signify 
clothing  in  general,  cloth,  stuff",  wearing  apparel,  also 
a  loose  garment  worn  over  the  rest ;  a  gown  ;  Sp. 
i-opage  is  wearing  apparel,  drapery  ;  ropcria,  the  trade 
of  dealers  in  clothes.  In  Sp.  and  Port.,  then,  the 
word  coincides  with  the  Fr.  drap,  Eng.  drapery  and 
frippery.  In  Sax.  reaf  is  clothing  in  general,  and 
spoil,  plunder,  from  7-e(i/?o/i,  to  rob.  From  these  ftcts 
let  the  reader  judge  whethc-r  this  word  had  its  origin 
in  rubbing,  like  wearinir  apparel,  or  from  stripping, 
the  name  being  originally  given  to  skins,  the  primi- 
tive clotiiing  of  rude  natituis.] 

1.  A  kind  of  gown,  or  long,  loose  garment,  worn 
over  other  druss,  particularly  by  persims  in  elevated 
stations.  The  rolu  is  properly  a  dress  of  state  or 
dignity,  as  of  princes,  judges,  priests,  &c.  See  Exod. 
xxix.  55.     1  Sam.  xxiv.  4.     Matt,  xxvii.  28, 

2.  A  splendid  female  gcjwn  or  garment.     2  Sam. 

3.  An  elegant  die^s  ;  splendid  atlire.  [xiii. 

4.  In  Scripture,  the  vesture  of  purity  or  righteous- 
ness, and  of  liappiness.     Job  xxix.     Luke  xv. 

ROBE,  V.  t.  To  i)ut  on  a  robe  ;  or  to  dress  with  mag- 
nificence ;  to  array.  Pope.     Thomson. 

2.  To  d:  ess ;  to  invest,  as  with  beauty  or  elegance  ; 
as,  fields  robed  with  green. 

Such  WMS  his  power  over  the  expression  of  his  countenance,  that 
he  coulii  In  an  iiistaril  6h;tkc  olf  the  steruncss  of  winter,  ami 
role  il  hi  the  hrighteBl  smiles  of  sprin"^.  V/irl. 

Roli'EDypp.  Dressed  with  a  robe;  arrayed  with  ele- 
gance. 

ROB'ERDS-MAN,  }  n.     In  the  old  statutes  of  England, 

ROI!'Ein>"-MAN,  (  a  bold,  stout  robber,  or  night- 
Ihief,  said  to  be  so  called  from  Robinhood,  a  tamous 
robber.  Johnson. 

ROB'ERT,  )  u.    An  annual  plant,  of  ilie  genus 

IIERB-ROC'EUT,  \      Geranium.  Loudav. 

ROB'ERT-INE,  (-in,)  n.  One  cf  an  order  of  monks, 
so  called  from  Robert  Flowery  the  founder,  A.  D. 
1187. 

ROB'IN,  7(.     [L.  rubecula,  from  mbeo,  to  be  red.] 

A  bird  with  a  reddish  breast.  In  England,  the 
robin,  or  rcdbrci:st,  is  the  Erytbaca  (Motacilla,  Linn.) 
rubecula,  a  bird  allied  to  the  nightingale.  In  .Amer- 
ica, a  species  of  thrush,  Turdiis  migratorius,  is  com- 
monly called  robin.  Jardinc.    J^Tnttall. 

RoB'ING, ^r.  Dressing  With  a  robe;  arraying  with 
elegance. 


ROC 

R0B'IN-G0OD'FEL-L5W,    ii.     A  cdebratcd  fairy, 

nlso  cxMci  I'ucn.     [See  I'l'cu.]  Brauic. 

KOU'O-KANT,  a.     [L.  rolioraiis,  robon.] 

Slrengllieniiig. 
ROB'O-KA.N'T,  ii.     A  medicine  tliat  stien^lliens ;  but 

Tonic  is  yeiH;r;illy  used. 
ROU-O-IIA'TIUN,    H.      [fioin    L.  rohoro,  from  Tobnr^ 
strellgtll.] 

A  streiigtlieiiing.     [Liulc  nsciL]  Cules, 

RO-liO'RE-OUS,  a.  [h.  roburcns,  from  rubiir,  slrenglli, 
and  an  uak.] 
Made  of  oak.  Did. 

RO-nUST',  a.     [L.  robastiis,  from  riibar,  strengtll.) 

1.  Strc^ng;  lusty;  sinewy;  muscular  ;  vigorous  ; 
forceful ;  as,  a  robust  body  ;  robust  youth.  It  implies 
full  Hesli  and  sound  health. 

2.  Sound  ;  vigorous  ;  as,  robust  health, 
a.  Violent ;  rough  ;  rude. 

Uuiiip-loviiig  niiu 
Is  hnulcd  about  iji  gHllaitlry  ToboDt,  Thomson. 

•1.  Reqtiiring  strejigtli ;  as,  robust  emiil.iyment. 

Locke. 
jVotc  — This  is  one  of  the  words  in  which  we  nlj- 
scrve  a  stmng  tendency  in  practice  to  accentuate  the 
fust  syllable,  as  in  acca.i ;  and  there  arc  many  silu- 
atiojis  of  the  word  in  which  this  is  the  preferable 
pronunciation.  _ 

RO-IJUST'IOUS,  (ro-bust'yus,) 'a.  Robust;  strong; 
sinewy  ;  vigoriws  ;  forceful.  Milton. 

2.  Uoislerous  ;  violent ;  rude.  Skuk. 

[RoDCsTioua  and  its  derivatives,  Rohustiouscy 
and  RoBusriousNEss,arc  now  e.\tremely  vulgar, and 
in  the  United  States  nearly  obsolete.] 

RO-BUST'LY,  ado.   With  great  strength  ;  nniscularly. 

RO-BUST'NBSS,  n.  Strength  ;  vigor,  or  the  condition 
of  the  body  when  it  lias  full,  linn  tlesli,  and  sound 
health.  Jirbutknot. 

RO€,     (  ".    The  well-known  monstrous  bird  of  Ara- 

ROUK,  \      bian  mythology.  Briuidn. 

ROe'AM-BOMi,  j  n.     [from  the  French.]     A  sort  of 

ROK'A.M-BOLE,  \  wild  garlic,  the  Allium  ophiosco- 
rodon,  growing  naturally  in  Crete. 

Rocambole,  wild,  is  ."Vlliuin  scoruJoiirasum,  which 
grows  in  Denmark,  &c. 

ROe-CEL'Lie  ACID,  II.  An  acid  obtained  from  the 
Roccella  tinctoria,  or  archil  weed.  //efrcii. 

ROCHE'-AL-UM,  II.  [Fr.  rcckc,  a  rock.  It  ought  to 
be  written  and  called  Rock-Alum.] 

Rock-aliiin,  a  purer  kind  of  ahim.  Mortimer 

ROCilELLE'  SALT,  (ro-sher  sawlt,)ii.  Tartrate  of 
pulassa  and  soiia. 

RUCH'ET,  n.  [Fr.  rochet ;  It.  roccctto,  rocchWn  ;  ?ax'. 
rocc  I  G.  rocli ;  D.  rok.  This  coincides  in  origin  with 
frock.] 

A  linen  garment  lesenihling  the  snr|ilice,  but  with 
narrower  sleeves,  worn  under  the  chiniere  by  bislir;ps 
during  the  middle  ages.  Jlook. 

ROCH'ET,  u.    A  Bsh,  the  ritncli,  which  see. 

ROCK,  n.  [Fr.  roc,  or  roche ,  It.  rocca,  a  rock,  and 
a  distatf;  Sp.  roca;  Port,  roca,  rocha:  Arm.  rock; 
Basque,  arroca.  Dropping  the  first  letter  tii crag,  rock 
would  seem  to  be  the  same  word,  and  so  named  from 
breaking  and  tlie  consequent  roughness,  correspond- 
ing with  Or.  imx'c,  as  eras  does  with  crack;  Ar. 

O  Y.=^  garaka,  to  burst,  crack,  tear,  rake.  So  L.  ropes, 

from  the  root  of  rumpo,  to  break  or  burst.  If  this  is 
not  the  origin  of  roc/t,  I  know  not  to  what  root  to  as- 
sign it.    See  Class  Rg,  No.  34.] 

1.  A  large  mass  of  stony  matter  usually  compound- 
ed of  two  or  more  simple  minerals,  either  bedded  in 
the  earth  or  resting  on  its  surface.  Sometimes  rocks 
compose  the  principal  part  of  huge  mountains  ;  some- 
times huge  rocks  lie  on  the  surface  of  the  earth,  in 
detached  blocks  or  masses.  Under  this  term  miner- 
alogists class  all  mineral  substances,  coal,  gypsum, 
salt,  &c. 

9.  In  Scripture,  ft<ruratively,  defense  ;  means  o! 
.■safety  ;  protection  ;  strength  •  asylum. 

Til?  Lord  is  my  rock.  — 2  Sam.  xxii. 

3.  Firmness  ;  a  firm  or  immovable  foundation.  Ps. 
.\-.xvii.    Malt.  vii.  and  xvi. 

4.  A  fabulous  bird  in  the  Eastern  tales.    [See  Roc.] 
ROCK,  II.     [Dan.  rol;  Sw.rock;  D.  rokkeu  ;  G.roek- 

cn  :  It.  roccu :  Sp.  rueca.  The  latter  is  rendered  a 
distaff,  a  winding  or  twisting,  and  the  fish  of  a  mast 
or  yard.    The  sense  is,  probably,  a  rack  or  frame.] 

A  distaff  used  in  spinning  ;  the  staff  or  frame  about 
which  lla.x  is  arranged,  from  which  the  thread  is 
drawn  in  spinning. 
ROCK,  !■.  t.  [Dan.  mkkcr,  to  move,  stir,  wag,  rack, 
advance;  G.  7-ilcAi:ii;  Old  Fr.  roajuer,  or  roquer ;  Hw 
rwrla,  to  reel ;  W.  rkocian,  to  rock  ;  r/wc,  a  shooting 


or  moving  different  ways  ;  Ar.  c^,  rag^a,  to  shake, 

to  tremble,  to  agitate.    This  batter  verb  in  Ch.  and 
Syr.  signifies  to  desire,  to  long  for,  that  is,  to  reach, 
or  stretch,  Gr.  o/itj  u  i   and  it  may  bo  a  dillerent 
word.] 
1.  To  move  backward  and  forward,  as  a  body  rost- 


FaTE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PREY.  — PI.N'E,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WtlLF,  DOQK.— 

960  '      ^  '      ' 


RDC 

ing  on  a  fouiulatinn  ;  as,  to  rock  a  ciaille ;  to  rod:  a 
chair ;  to  roik  a  niouiilaiii.  It  diflers  frutn  Shake,  as 
denoting  a  slower  and  more  uniform  motion,  or  larger 
movements.  It  differs  from  Swing,  which  expresses 
a  vibratory  motion  of  something  suspi;r.ded. 

A  tUriig  eiuthquLUce  rocked  Ihc  ^rouinl.  Dryden. 

2.  To  move  buckward  and  forward  in  a  cradle, 
chnir,  &c.  ;  as,  to  rock  a  child  to  sleep.        Drijden. 

3.  To  lull ;  to  quiet. 

SI'jcp  roc/;  lliy  luiiiii.     [C*«nj«a.'.J  SlmJ:. 

ROCK,  r.  i.  To  be  moved  backward  and  forward  ;  to 
reel. 

Supplaiils  llieir  foutsl^^f  s.  P/n7i;)s. 

ROCK'-AT^U:\I,  n.  The  purest  kind  of  aluin.  [See 
Roche-Alum.] 

ROCK'-Ba-S/a,  (-ba-sn,)  n.  A  cavity  or  artificial  ba- 
sin cut  in  a  ruck,  for  the  piirpD?3,  as  is  supposed,  of 
collecting  the  dt^w  or  rain  for  ablutions  and  purifica- 
tions prescribed  by  the  druidical  Klijiion, 

Grosier.     Fmcijc. 

ROCK'-BOUXD,  <i.     Hemmed  in  by  rocks. 

ROCK'-BUT-TER,  n.  A  supposed  subsuiphite  of  alu- 
mina, ooztnii  from  aluminous  rocks.  Cue 

EOCK'-eORK,  H.  A  variety  of  asbestu?,  rcs;-iiibling 
cork  in  its  texture.  Dava. 

ROCK'-eRESS,  n.  A  plant  of  tiie  genus  Arnbis. 
Also  called  'W.vLL-CaEsg.  F,irui.  Eitcijc. 

ROCK'-CROWN-KD,  a.     Crownrd  i^ith  rocks. 

ROCK-GRYS'TAL,  tu  Limpid  quanz.  When  purest, 
it  is  white  or  colorless,  but  it  is  found  of  a  grayish 
or  yellowish  white,  pale  yellow,  or  citrine.  Its  most 
usual  form  is  that  of  hexagonal  prisms,  surmounted 
by  hexagonal  pyramids.  Kirwua.     Cleuvelanil. 

ROrK'DoE,  /:.    A  species  of  deer.  Orav. 

ROCK'£D,  Crofct,);)^.  [from  rocky  the  verb.]  Moved 
one  way  and  the  other. 

ROCK'ER,  71.  One  who  rocks  the  cradle  ;  also,  the 
curving  piece  of  wood  on  which  a  cradle  or  chair 
rocks. 

ROCK'ET,  7).  [Dan.  raket,  rakette^  a  rocket,  cracker, 
or  squib  ;  G.  rackcte  :  probably  from  tlie  root  of  crack 
and  racket,  Fr.  craqufr,  craqueter.^ 

An  artificial  firework,  consisting  of  a  cylindrical 
case  of  paper,  filled  with  a  composition  of  combusti- 
ble ingredients,  as  niter,  charcoal,  and  sulphur.  This 
being  tied  to  a  stick  and  fired,  the  case  and  stick  are 
projected  through  the  air  by  a  force  arising  fron\  the 
combustion.  P.  Cue 

ROCK'ET,  n.     [L.  eruca.] 

A  popular  name  of  certain  species  of  the  genus 
Brassica,  or  more  probably  Eruca.  The  popular  name 
of  Hesperis  matronalis,  and  other  species  of  Hespe- 
ris.  Tnlli/. 

ROCK'-FISH,  n.  A  salt  water  fish,  a  species  of  Guby, 
Gobius  niger.  Jardlne^s  A'«r.  Lib. 

ROCK'I-NESS,  II.  [from  rocA>]  State  of  abounding 
vjilh  rocks. 

ROCK'IXG,  ppr.  or  a.  Moving  backward  and  for- 
ward. 

ROCK'ING  CIIaIR,  «.    A  chair  mounted  on  rockers. 

UOCK'I.VG  STONE,  7(.  A  stone,  often  of  great  size 
and  weight,  resting  upon  another  stone,  and  so  ex- 
actly pcised  on  some  edge  or  corner,  that  it  can  be 
rocked,  or  sliglitly  moved,  with  but  little  force. 

Jour,  of  Sri. 

ROCK'LESS,  a.    Being  without  rocks.  Dnjden. 

ROCK'-OIL,  ».     Another  name  for  petroleum. 

ROCK'-PIG-EON,  71.  A  species  of  pigeon,  Coluniba 
livia,  found  in  Europe,  Asin,  and  Africa.  It  inhabits 
rocks  and  cai'es,  and  is  considered  to  be  the  original 
of  the  domestic  pigeons.  Jardine. 

ROCK'-PIiANT,  71.  A  plant  distinguisl;ed  by  growing 
on  or  amons  naked  rocks.  p.  Cw. 

R0CK'-RIB-B/;D,  a.     Inclosed  or  ribbed  in  by  rucks. 

R0CK'-RO0F-£D,  (-rooft,)  a.  Having  a  roof  of 
rock. 

ROCK'-RoSE,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Cistus  or  He- 
lianthemum. 

R0CK'-4lu-BY,  n.    A  fine  reddish  variety  of  garnet 

Dana. 

ROCK'-SALT.  71.  Mineral  salt;  salt  dug  from  the 
earth  ;  chlorid  of  sodium.  But  in  .^mrrica^  iliis  name 
is  sometimes  given  to  salt  that  comes  in  large  cr}*s- 
tals  from  the  \Ve=t  Indies,  which  salt  is  formed  by 
evaporation  from  sea-water,  in  large  basins  or  cavi- 
ties, on  the  isles.  Ilexahedral  rock-salt  occurs  foli- 
ated and  fibrous.  Urc. 

ROCK'-VVOOD,  n.    Ligniform  asbestus.  Cvc. 

R0CIv'-W6KK,  (-wurk,)  ».  Stones  fixed  in  mortar 
in  imitation  of  the  asperities  of  rocks,  forming  a 
wall. 

2,  In  gardening,  an  elevation  of  earth  and  other 
loose  materials  covered  with  stones,  &c.,  among 
which  plants  adapted  for  such  a  situation  are  grown. 

P.    C'JC. 

ROCK'Y,  a.    [from  rock.]     Full  of  rocks  ;  as,  a  rocktj 
mountain  ;  a  rochj  shore. 
•2.  Resembling  a  rock  :  as,  the  rochj  orh  of  a  shield. 

JiliUon. 
X  Very  hard;  stony;   obdurate;  insucceptible  of 
i^mpre^sion  ;  as,  a  rocky  bosom.  Shak. 

Ro'CoA,  71.    [A  corruption  of  Urucu.]     A  colored  pul- 


ROG 

py  substance  within  the  legume,  and  surrounding  the 
seeds  of  the  Bixa  Orcllaiia.  In  its  purified  slate  it  is 
called  .^NOTTo. 
ROD,  7t.  [Sax.  rod ;  Dan.  rode ;  I),  rocdc,  roe. ;  G.  ruthe 
and  reis.  In  Danish,  rod  is  a  root ;  and  I  suppose 
rod,  root,  I*,  radiuj,  ray,  radix,  root,  and  Dan.  and  Sw. 
rad,  to  be  of  one  family.  The  sen'-;e  ia  a  short,  from 
extending.  The  Russ.  prut,  a  rod,  is  probably  the 
same  word  with  a  prefix.] 

1.  The  shoot  or  lung  twig  of  any  woody  plant ;  a 
branch,  or  the  stem  of  a  shrub  ;  as,  a  re// of  hazel,  of 
birch,  of  oak,  or  hickory.     Hence, 

2.  An  instrument  of  punishment  or  correction  ; 
chastisement. 

I  will  ciiaston  him  wiili  the  rod  of  m?n.  —  2  Sam.  vii.    Prov.  x. 

3.  Discipline ;  ecclesiastical  censures.     1  Cor.  iv. 

4.  A  kind  of  scepter. 

Tho  rod  aiiil  hli\\  of  pcaiM.  Sfiak, 

5.  A  pole  for  aiiyling;  something  loug  and  sb-nder. 

Ouij. 
G.  An  instrument  fur  measuring  ;  but,  inorc  gener- 
ally, a  measure  of  length  containing  five  yards  or 
sixteen  feet  and  a  half;  a  pole;  a  perch.  In  many 
parts  of  the  United  States,  rod  is  nniversally  used  fJr 
pole-  or  perch. 

7.  In  Scripture,  a  staff  or  wand.     1  Sam.  xiv. 

8.  Support. 

Thy  rod  ami  ihy  stnlT,  they  comfurl  mc.  —  Ps.  xxiii. 

9.  A  shepherd's  crook.    Lev.  xxvil. 

10.  An  instrument  fur  thrcsliing.    Is.  xxviii, 

11.  Power;  authority.    Ps.  cvxv. 

12.  A  tribe  or  race.    Ps.  Ixxiv. 

I\od  of  iron  ;  the  mighty  power  of  Christ.  Rev.  xix. 
Ps.  ii. 

liDC'E,  jn-et.  of  RroE  :  also,  a  cross.     [See  Rood.] 

Ro'DKKT,  a.     [  L.  rodo.] 

Gnawing';  a  term  applied  to  the  rodcntia,  which 
see. 

Ro'DENT,  77.    An  animal  that  gnaws,  as  a  rat. 

RO-DEN'TIA,  71.  ;.'/.     [L.  rodo,  to  gnaw.] 

Gnawers;  an  order  of  mammals  having  two  large 
incisor  teeth  in  each  jaw,  separated  from  the  molar 
teeth  by  an  empty  space.  The  rat  and  mouse,  the 
squirrel,  the  marnmt,  the  musk-rat,  and  the  beaver, 
belong  to  this  order. 

ROD'O-MONT,  77.  [Fr.  id. :  It.  mdomorJe,  a  bully  ;  Ir. 
raidh;'ieis,  silly  stories,  rodomontade  ;  roitkre,  a  bab- 
bler, a  prating  follow  ;  roithreacJit,  silly  talk,  loquaci- 
t}",  rhetoric:  from  radham,  to  say,  tell,  relat-^,  \V.  ad- 
riiirz.  The  Ir.  radh,  radhanu  are  the  Sax.  md,  speech, 
and  r<£dan,  to  read.  (See  Read.)  'i'lie  last  S)  liable 
niay  be  the  Fr.  monter,  to  mount,  and  the  word  then 
signifies  one  that  speaks  loftily.  Hence  the  name  of 
Arioslo's  hero.] 

A  vain  boaster.  Herbert. 

ROD'0-M(->NT,  a.     Bragtiing;  vainly  boasting. 

ROD-O-MONT  aDE',  7(.  [Fr.  <d.  ;  It.  rodomontata. 
See  RoDOMONT.] 

Vain  boasting  ;  empty  bluster  or  vaunting;  rant. 

I  coiilJ  show  ili.it  iho  ro'lowanUuh-s  of  Aln!,iii/.or  arc  nei-.ht^r  no 
irr.iiioiial  nor  iirpossiUe.  Dryden. 

ROD-O-MONT-aDE',   v.   i.      To  boast;   to  brag;    to 

bluster ;  to  rant. 
ROn-O-MON'T-.AD'IST,  )  n.  AbhistcrJngboastcr;  one 
ROD-O-MONT-aD'OR,  \      thai  brags  or  vaunts. 

Terry.      Todd. 
R6E,  I  71.     [Sax.  ra,  or  raa,  ra-ge,  or  hrtFgc ;  G. 

RoE'BUCK,  \      reh  and  rchback;  Dan.  ran,  or  raabuk; 

Sw.  rnboci:.] 

1.  A  species  of  doer,  the  Capreolus  Dorcas,  with 
erect  cylindrical  branched  horns,  forked  at  the  sum- 
mit. This  is  one  (if  the  smallest  of  tlie  deer,  but  of 
elegant  shape  and  remarkably  nimble.  It  prefeis  a 
mountainous  countiy,  and  congregates  in  families. 

P.  Cyc. 

2.  -Roc  ;  the  female  of  tiie  hart.  Sandy:. 
ROE,  (ro,)  71.     [G.  ro<ren;  Dan.  rogn,  r/7U7i;  tiiat  which 

is  ejected.     So  in  Dan.  rogc  is  spittlej 

The  seed  or  spawn  of  fishes.  The  roe  of  the 
male  is  called  soft  roe  or  mill ;  lliat  of  the  female, 
hard  roe  or  tfpawn,  Encyc. 

RdE'-SToNP.!,  n.     Called  also  Oolite,  which  see. 

RO-Ga'TIOX,  71.    [Fr.,  from  L.  rogatio ;  rogo,  to  ask.] 

1.  Litany  ;  supplication. 

lie  periccleth  Uio  rogalions  or  liLinics  bcfoic  in  uss.     Hooker. 

2.  In  Roman  jurisprudence,  the  demand,  by  the 
consuls  or  tribunes,  of  a  law  to  be  passed  by  the 
peojile. 

RO-Ga'TION-WEEK,  n.  The  second  week  before 
Whitsunday,  thus  called  from  the  tliree  fasts  ob- 
served therein ;  viz.,  on  Monday,  Tuesday,  and 
Wednesday,  called  rogation-days,  because  of  the  ex- 
traordinar>'  prayers  then  made  for  the  fruits  of  tiie 
earth,  or  as  a  preparation  for  tlie  devotion  of  the 
Iloly  Thursday.  P.  Cyc.     Hook. 

Rogue,  (rog,)  n.  [Sax.  carg,  org,  iille,  stupid,  mean  ; 
eargian,  to  become  dull  or  torpid  ;  1>.  G.  Sw.  and 
Dan.  arg,  evil,  crafty,  wicked  ;  Gr.  ao)  w?.  Hence 
Cimbric  argur,  and  Eng.  rogue,  by  transposition  of 
letters.  The  word  arga,  in  the  laws  of  the  Lnngo- 
bards,  denotes  a  cuckold.    Spel.  voc.  .^rga.] 


UOL 

1.  In  lair,  a  vagrant;  a  sturdy  beggar;  a  vaga- 
bond. Persons  of  this  character  were,  by  the  an- 
cient laws  of  England,  to  be  p-mished  by  whipping 
and  having  the  ear  bored  with  a  hoi  iron." 

Kacyc.     Spenser. 

2.  A  knave  ;  a  dishonest  pcr.-iun  ;  applied  now,  I 
believe,  exclusively  to  m:iles.  This  word  coii!|ire- 
liends  thieves  and  robbers,  but  is  generally  applied 
to  such  as  cheat  and  defraud  in  mutual  deuiingi,  or 
to  counterfeiters. 

The  ro;ie  aw\  fuol  by  fiti  U  f-Jr  and  wi»-.  Pope. 

3.  A  name  of  slight  tendcrnesa  and  endearment. 

Alas,  poor  TQgue,  I  tliiul;  iutlccd  >!ic  lovM.  Shak. 

A.  A  wag.  Shak, 

RoGCE,  (rog,)  V.  i.  To  wander ;  to  play  the  vaga- 
bond.    [fMtlc  used.]  Speiuer. 

2.  To  play  knavish  tricks.     {LiUle  used.]  Johnson. 
ROGU'ER-V,  7(.     The  life  of  a  vagrant.     [JVVa)  lilUe 

nsed.]  Donne. 

2  Knavish  tricks;  cheating;  fraud;  dishcncst 
pre  -tices. 

'Ti»  r.o  scind-'il  »Town 
Fur  iloht  ami  roguery  to  qiiit  tii'.-  tuwn.  Dryden. 

3.  Waggery;  arch  tricks;  miscliievousness. 
RoGITE'SHIP,  7(.     The  qualities  or  personage  of  a 

roEue.  Dryden. 

RoGUE'S'-YaRN,  77.    Yarn  of  a  ditTercnt  iwist  and 

color  from  the  rest,  and  inserted  into  the  cordage  of 

tli:'  Britislt  navy,  to  identify  it  if  stolen.     Baefianan. 
ROGU'ISH,  (rog'ish,)  a.  Vagrant ;  vagabond.    [J^early 

obsolete.  ]  Spenjer. 

2.  Knavish;  fraudulent;  dishones-t,  Sicijt 
f  This  is  the  present  sense  of  the  ■wo7■d.^ 

3.  Waggish  ;  wanton  ;  slightly  niLscbievous. 

.Addison. 

ROGU'ISH-LY,  ado.  Like  a  rogue  ;  knavishly  ;  wan- 
ton 1  v. 

R6GU'ISII-NESS,  77.  The  qualities  of  a  rogue ; 
knavery  ;  mischie\-ousness. 

2.  Archness;  sly  cunning;  as,  the  roguis?incss  of 
a  look. 

ROGU'Y,  (fog'yO  a-    Knavish  ;  wanton.    [jYot  in  use.} 

L^  Estrange. 

ROIL,  V.  t.  [This  is  the  Ann.  brrVa,  Fr.  brouillcr,  em- 
brouillcr,  It.  brogUare,  imhrogliare,  Sp,  embndlar. 
Port,  einbrulhcr  ;  primarihj,  to  turn  or  stir,  to  make 
intricate,  to  twist,  wrap,  involve,  hence  to  mix,  con- 
found, perplex,  whence  Eng.  broil,  Fr.  bronillard, 
ntist,  fog.  In  English,  the  prefix  or  fii-st  letter  is 
lost.] 

1.  To  render  turbid  by  stirring  up  the  dregs  or  sed- 
iment; as,  toroil  wine,  cider,  or  other  liquor  in  casks 
cr  bottles. 

2.  To  excite  some  degree  of  anger  ;  to  disturb  the 
passion  of  resentment. 

[These  senses  are  in  common  iise  in  JVcw  England, 
and  are  local  in  England.] 

3.  To  perplex.     [Local  in  England.] 
ROIL'JSD,  pp.    Rendered  turbid  or  foul  by  disturbing 

the  lees  or  sediment ;  angered  slightly  ;  disturbed  in 
mind  by  an  offense. 

ROIL'ING,  ppr.  Rendering  turbid,  or  exciting  the 
passion  of  anger. 

JVote. — This  word  is  as  legitimate  as  any  in  the 
language. 

ROINT.     See  Abovnt. 

ROIST,         I  V.  i.     [Arm.  reustla,  to  embroil.     Tiiis 

ROIST'ER,  i  word  belongs  to  the  root  of  rustle, 
brnstie,  Sax.  hrytjau,  to  shake,  to  rush,  W.  Wii/iijir,  to 
rush,  to  straiten,  to  entangle,  rliysu,  id.] 

To  bluster;  to  swagger;  to  bully;  to  be  bob!, 
noisy,  vaunting,  or  turbulent.     [Jv'vt  in  use.] 

Shak.     Siri/>. 

ROTST'ER,         )  n.    A  bold,  blusterins,  turbuleiil  ftl- 

ROrST'RR-ER,  1      low.     [A*.-?  in  use.f 

ROIST'ER-LV,  a.     Blustering;  violent. 

ROIST'ER-LY,  H(/t'.  In  a  bullying,  violent  manner. 
ILiitle  used.] 

ROOr'?"'     ■'^^'^^  !    smoke;   damp.     J^orth  of  Kng- 

RoAK;^     '""''■ 

RoIv'Y,  a.  [See  Reek.]  Misty;  fogg)' ;  cloudy 
\J^ot  in  use.]  Ray. 

Roll,  v.  t.  [D.  and  G.  rollen:  Sw.  mlla;  Dan.  rul- 
Icr ;  W.rholiaio;  Fr.  router,  Arm.  ruilJta  and  rolla; 
It.  rullare ;  Ir.  rolam.  It  is  usual  to  consider  this 
word  as  formed  by  contraction  from  tlie  L.itin  rotula, 
a  little  wheel,  from  rota,  W.  rhod,  a  whe.l.  But  it 
is  against  all  probability  that  all  the  nations  of  Eu- 
rope have  fallen  into  such  a  contraction.  Roll  is  un- 
doubtedly a  primitive  root,  on  which  have  been 
formed  troll  and  stroll.] 

1.  To  move  by  turning  on  llie  surface,  or  with  a 
circular  motion  in  which  all  parts  of  the  surface  are 
successively  applied  to  a  plane ;  as,  to  roU  a  barrel  or 
puncheon  ;  to  roll  a  stone  or  ball.  Sisyphus  was 
condemned  to  roll  a  stone  to  the  top  of  a  hill,  which, 
when  he  had  done  so,  rolled  down  again,  and  thus 
his  punishment  was  eternal. 

2.  To  revolve ;  to  turn  on  its  axis ;  as,  to  roll  a 
wheel  or  a  planet, 

3.  To  move  in  a  circular  direction. 

4.  To  wrap  round  on  itself;  to  furm  into  a  circular 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.— AN"GER,  VF'CIOUS.  — C  as  K ;  G  as  J;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


121 


yei 


ROL 

or  cylindrical  body  ;  as,  to  roll  a  piece  of  cloth  ;  to 
roll  a  sheet  of  paper ;  to  roll  parchment ;  to  roll  to- 
banco. 

5.  To  inwrap  ;  to  bind  or  involve  in  a  bnndage  or 
the  like.  WUcman. 

6.  To  form  by  rolling  into  round  mnsses. 

Peacham. 

7.  To  drive  or  impel  any  body  with  a  circular  mo- 
tion, or  to  drive  forward  with  violence  or  in  a  stream. 
'J'he  ocean  rolls  its  billows  to  the  shore.  A  river  rolls 
its  waters  to  the  ocean. 

8.  To  spread  xvith  a  roller  or  rolling-pin ;  as,  to 
roll  paste. 

9.  To  produce  a  periodical  revolution. 

Heavca  shorte  and  rolled  Iter  miniaiiJi.  I^ftlton. 

10.  To  press  or  level  with  a  roller  j  as,  to  roll  a 
field. 

7'w  roll  ont^^s  self:  to  wallow.    JiFic.  i. 
ROLL,  V.  i.    To  move  by  turning  on  the  surface,  or 
with  the  successive  application  of  all  parts  of  the 
surface  to  a  plane;  as,  a  ball  or  wheel  rods    »n  tlie 
earth  ;  a  body  rolls  on  an  inclint-d  plane. 

2.  To  move,  turn,  or  r»in  on  an  axis  ;  Jis  a  wheel. 
[In  this  sense,  Revolve  is  more  generally  used.] 

3.  To  run  on  wheels. 

Ami  li>  the  rolling  chair  is  bound.  Drydcn. 

4.  To  revolve ;  to  perform  a  periodical  revolution  ; 
as,  the  rolling  year  ;  ages  roll  away. 

5.  To  turn  ;  to  move  circularly. 

And  lii«  red  eyeballs  roll  with  livinjf  fire.  Dryden. 

6.  To  float  in  rough  water;  to  be  tossed  about. 

Twice  ii-i\  tempeslUDUfl  iii^hU  1  rolled.  Pope. 

7.  To  move,  as  ^vaves  or  billows,  with  alternate 
swells  and  depressions.     Waves  roll  on  wavus. 

8.  To  fluctuate  ;  to  move  tumultuously. 

What  (liferent  sorrows  did  within  ihee  roll  I  Prior, 

9.  To  be  moved  with  violence  ;  to  be  hurled. 

Down  they  fell. 
By  thouannda ;   angel  uii  archaugel  rolled.  MUton. 

10.  To  be  formed  into  a  cylinder  or  ball ;  as,  the 
cloth  rolls  well. 

11.  To  spread  under  a  roller  or  rolling-pin.  The 
paste  rolls  well. 

10.  To  wallow  ;  to  tumble  ;  as,  a  horse  rolh. 

13.  To  rock  or  move  from  side  to  side  ;  as,  a  ship 
rolls  in  a  calm. 

14.  To  beat  a  drum  with  strokes  so  rapid  that  they 
can  scarcfly  be  distinguished  by  the  ear. 

ROLL,  71.  The  act  of  rolling,  or  slate  of  being  rolled  ; 
as,  the  roll  of  a  ball  ;  the  roll  of  a  vessel. 

2.  The  thing  rolling.  Tlioinson. 

3.  A  mass  made  round ;  something  like  a  bull  or 
cylinder  ;  as,  a  roll  of  fat ;  a  roll  of  wool. 

Addison.    Mortimer. 

4.  A  roller;  a  cylinder  of  wood,  iron,  or  stone; 
as,  a  roll  to  break  clods.  Mortimer. 

5.  A  quantity  of  cloth  wound  into  a  cylindrical 
form  ;  as,  a  roll  of  woollen  or  satin ;  a  roll  of  lace. 

6.  A  cylindrical  twist  of  tobacco. 

7.  An  official  writing;  a  list;  a  register;  a  cata- 
logue ;  as,  a  muster-r(»W  ;  a  court-ro//. 

8.  The  uniform  beating  of  a  drum  with  strokes  so 
rapid  as  scarcely  to  he  distinguished  by  the  ear. 

9.  Rolls  of  court,  of  parliament,  or  of  any  public 
body,  are  the  parchments  on  which  are  engrossed, 
by  the  proper  officer,  the  acts  and  proceedings  of  that 
body,  and  which,  being  kept  in  rolls,  constitute  the 
records  of  such  public  body. 

10.  In  antiquiiij..  a  volume  ;  a  book  consisting  of 
leaf,  bark,  paper,  skin,  or  other  material,  on  which 
the  ancients  wrote,  and  which,  being  kept  rolled  or 
folded,  was  called  in  Latin  volumeny  from  volvoy  to 
roll.    Ilence, 

11.  A  chronicle  ;  history  ;  annals. 

Nor  names  more  noble  graced  the  roUa  of  fame.       Trumbull. 

12.  Part;  office  ;  that  is,  round  of  duty,  like  turn. 

Rol.i//^),  pp.  or  a.  Moved  by  turning;  formed  into 
a  rniind  or  cylindrical  body;  leveled  with  a  roller, as 
land. 

ROLL'ER,  71.  That  which  rolls  ;  that  which  turns  on 
its  own  axis  ;  partinilarhi,  a  cylinder  of  wood,  stone, 
metal,  &c.,  used  in  husbandry  and  the  arts.  Rollers 
are  of  various  kinds,  and  used  for  various  purposes. 

2.  A  b:.ndage  ;  a  fillet ;  properlijy  a  long  and  broad 
bandage  used  in  surgery. 

3.  An  insessorial  or"  perching  bird  of  the  genus 
Coracias,  fi)und  in  Europe,  Asia,  and  Africa.  The 
colors  of  the  plurnacc  in  adults  are  brilliant  blue 
and  green,  mixed  with  chestnut.  JardiuF.. 

RoLL'ERS,n.  pi.     Heavy  waves  which  set  in  upon  a 

coast  without  wind. 
ROL'LICK,  V.  i.     To  movo  in  a  careless,  swaggering 

manner,  with  a  frolicsome  air.     [CnUoqmal.]    Smart. 
ROL'LICK-I\G,  ppr.  iiT  n.     Moving  in  a  careless  or 

svvasgtring  manner;  frolicsome. 
R0LL'1.N(J.  ppr.    Turning  over;  revolving;  forming 

into  a  cyliinier  or  round  m;iss  ;  lovehns,  as  land. 
2.  a.   Undulating;  havinu  a  regular  succession  of 

regular  elevations  and  depressions  :    as,  a  rollin^r 

prairie.  IVestcrn  States. 


ROM 

ROLL'ING.  «.  The  turning  round  of  a  body  upon 
8o[ne  surface. 

2.  The  motion  of  a  ship  from  aide  to  side. 

ROLL'ING-riN,  n.  A  round  piece  of  wood,  tapering 
at  each  end,  with  which  paste  is  molded  and  reduced 
to  a  pri»per  tliicknrs:?.  fVLscman. 

RoLL'L\(J-rKE.SS,  71.  An  engine  consisting  of  two 
cylinders,  by  which  cloth  is  calendered,  waved,  and 
tabbied  ;  also,  an  engine  for  taking  impressions 
from  copper-plates;  also,  a  like  engine  for  drawing 
plates  of  metal,  &c. 

RCLL'Y-rOOL-Y,  n.  [Said  to  be  roll  and  pool,  or 
roll,  ball,  and  pool.]  A  ganio  in  which  a  hall,  rolling 
into  a  certain  place,  wins.  Arbxithnot. 

ROM'ACE,  (rum'maj,)  n.  Bustle  ;  tumultuous  search. 
[See  Rl-mmaue.]  Shak. 

RO-MA'ie,  a.  or  n.  A  term  applied  to  llic  modern 
Greek  language. 

RO-MAL',  (ro-maui',)  Tt.  A  species  of  silk  handker- 
chief. 

Ro'MAN,  a.  [L.  Romanus,  from  Roma,  the  principal 
city  of  the  Romans  in  Italy.  liuvie  is  the  oriental 
name  Ramah,  elevated,  that  is,  a  hill ;  for  fortresses 
and  towns  were  often  placed  on  hills  for  security  ; 
Meb.  and  Ch.  O^n,  to  be  high,  to  raise.  Class  Rm, 
No.  3.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  Rome,  or  to  the  Roman  people. 

2.  Pertaining  to  or  professing  the  Roman  Catholic 
religion. 

Roman  order:  in  architecture,  the  composite  order. 
[See  Composite.] 

Roman  Catholic;  as  an  atljcUivc,  denoting  the  re- 
ligion professed  by  the  people  of  Rome  and  of  Italy, 
at  the  head  of  which  is  the  pope  or  bishop  of  Rome  ; 
as  a  nouit,  one  who  adheres  to  thii  religion. 
Ro'MAN,  n.     A  native  of  Rome. 

2.  A  citizen  of  Rome ;  one  enjoying  the  privileges 
of  a  Roman  citizen. 

3.  One  of  the  Christian  church  at  Rome  to  which 
Paul  addressed  an  epistle,  consisting  of  converts 
from  Judaism  or  paganism. 

Ro'MAN  CEM'ENT,  n.  An  excellent  water  cement, 
for  building  purposes.  Buchanan. 

RO-M  ANCE',  (ro-mans',)  ti.  [Fr.  romaii ;  It.  romanzo  ; 
Sp.  rojnancc,  the  common  vulgar  language  of  Spain, 
and  romance;  Port,  id.,  any  vulgar  tongue,  and  a 
species  of  poetry  ;  W.  rkani,  a  rising  over ;  rkaviant, 
a  rising  over,  a  vaulting  or  springing,  an  omen,  a 
figurative  expression,  ryma7icf,  as  ait  a(//cc(iU'j,  rising 
boldly,  romantic ;  rhanianta,  to  rise  over,  to  soar,  to 
reach  to  a  distance,  to  divine,  to  romance,  to  alle- 
gorize;  rhamaiiiu,  to  use  figurative  or  high-flown 
language,  &c.  The  Welsh  retains  the  signiffcaticm 
of  the  oriental  word  from  which  Rome  is  derived, 
ami  indeed  the  sense  of  romance  is  evidently  from 
the  primitive  sense  of  the  root,  ratlier  than  from  the 
use  of  the  Roman  language.  The  VVelsIi  use  of  the 
word  proves  also  the  correctness  of  the  foregoing 
derivation  of  Rama,  and  overthrows  the  fabulous  ac- 
count of  the  origin  of  the  word  from  Romulus  or 
Remus.  It  is  probable  that  this  word  is  allied  to 
ramble.'^ 

1.  A  fabulous  relation  or  story  of  adventures  and 
incidents  designed  for  the  entertainment  of  readers  ; 
a  talc  of  extraordinary  adventures,  fictitious  and 
often  extravagant,  usually  a  tale  of  love  or  war,  sub- 
jects interesting  the  sensibilities  of  the  heart,  or  the 
passions  of  wonder  and  curiosity.  Romance  differs 
from  the  novel,  as  it  treats  of  actions  and  adventures 
of  an  unusual  and  wonderful  character  ;  that  is,  ac- 
cording tn  the  Welsh  signification,  it  vaults  or  soars 
beyond  the  limits  of  fact  and  real  life,  and  often  of 
probability. 

The  first  romaneeg  were  a  monstrong  nssembhi^  of  liistories,  In 
which  iruih  and  fiction  were  blended  without  probAliihiy  ;  a 
coin]iosition  of  amorous  adventures  and  ihe  extraviigant 
ideas  of  chivalry.  Encyc. 

2.  A  fiction.  Prior. 
RO-MANCE',  a.  or  7i.     A  term  denoting  the  dialect 

formerly  prevalent  in  some  of  the  southern  districts 
of  France,  which  sprung  directly  from  the  Roman  or 
Latin  language. 

RO-MANCE',  (ro-mans',)  v.  i.  To  forge  and  tell  ficti- 
tious stories  ;  to  deal  in  extravagant  stories. 

Richardson. 

RO-MAN'CER,  n.     One  who  invents  fictitious  stories. 
2.  A  writer  of  romance.  Jiubrey. 

RO-MAN'CL\G,  ppr.  Inventing  and  telling  fictitious 
tales  ;  building  castles  in  the  air. 

RO-MAiV'CY,  a.     Romantic.     [J^ot  proper.] 

RO-MAN-ESUIIE',  (ro-man-esk',)a.or  n.  A  term  ap- 
plied in  paintingto  that  which  appertains  to  romance, 
or  rather  to  fable,  as  connected  with  objects  of  fancy  ; 
in  iiTchitecture,  to  the  debased  stjles  subsequent  to, 
and  imitative  of,  the  Roman  ;  in  literature,  to  the 
common  dialect  in  some  of  the  southern  districts  of 
France,  the  remains  of  the  old  Roman  language. 

Brande.     Gloss,  of  Archit. 

R6'MAN-ISM,  71.    The  tenets  of  the  church  of  Rome. 

Brecint. 

RO'MAN-IST,  n.  An  adherent  to  the  Roman  Catholic 
religion  ;  a  Roman  Catholic.  Brande. 

RO'MAN-IZE,  r.  t.  To  latinize;  to  fill  with  Latin 
words  or  modes  of  speech.  Dryden. 


ROO 

2.  To  convert  to  the  Roman  Catholic  religion  or 
opinions. 

RO'MAN-TZE,  r.  7.  To  conform  to  Roman  Catholic 
opinions,  customs,  or  modes  of  speech. 

Ro'MAi\-I/-KD,  pp.  or  a.  Latinized;  conformed  to 
tho  Roman  Catholic  faith. 

Ro'MAN-I/ING,  ppr.  Latinizing;  conforming  to 
the  Roman  Catholic  faith. 

RO-MANSII',  7J.  The  language  of  the  Grisona  in 
Switzerland,  a  corruption  of  the  Latin. 

RO-MAN'Tie,  a.  Pertaining  to  romance  or  resem- 
bling it;  wild;  fanciful;  extravagant;  as,  a  ro7na;i- 
tic  taste  j  romantic  notions  ;  romantic  expectations  ; 
romantic  zeal. 

2.  Improbable  or  chimerical;  fictitious;  as,  a  ro- 
mantic  talc. 

3.  Fanciful ;  wild  ;  full  of  wild  or  fantastic  scen- 
ery ;  as,  a  romantic  prospect  or  landscape;  a  romantic 
situation. 

RO-MAN'TI€-AL-LY,  adv.    Wildly  ;  extravagantly. 

Pope. 

RO-MAN'TI-CISM,  77.  The  state  of  being  romantic  or 
fantastic;  ap[»lied  cliieffy  to  the  unnatural  produc- 
tions of  the  modern  French  school  of  novelists. 

Brande. 

RO-MAN'Tie-NESS,  n.     Wildncss  ;  extravagance  ; 
fancifulncss. 
2.  Wildness  of  scenery. 

RO-iMAN'ZO-VITE,  77.  A  v.iricty  of  garnet,  of  a 
brown  or  brownish-yellow  color;  named  from  Count 
Romanzoff'.  Cleavrland. 

Rfj'ME-lNE,  f-in,)7i.  [from  tho  minr,  -.U.irist  Romd  de 
Vide.] 

A  mmeral  consisting  of  antlmonious  acid  and  lime, 
presenting  a  hyacinth  or  Iioney-yellow  color,  and 
occurring  in  square  octahedrons.  Duna, 

RoME'PEN-NY,  /  71.      {Rome   and    Sax.   pcnnig   or 

RoME'SeOT,       (       sccat.] 

A  tax  of  a  penny  on  a  house,  formerly  paid  by  the 

-  people  of  England  to  the  churcli  of  Rome.  [See 
Peterpence.1 

RoM'ISII,  rt.  [from  Rome."]  Relonging  or  relating  to 
Rome,  or  to  the  religion  professed  by  the  people  of 
Rome  and  of  the  western  empire,  of  which  Rome 
was  the  metropolis  ;  Roman  Catholic  ;  as,  the  Romish 
church  ;  the  Romish  religion,  ritual,  or  ceremonies. 

Ro:\I'IST,  7i.     A  Roman  Catholic  South. 

ROMP,  n.  [A  different  spelling  of  Ramp  ;  W.  rham, 
a  rising  over  ;  rhamti,  to  reach  over,  to  soar,  to  vault. 
See  Ramp  and  Romance.] 

1.  A  rude  girl  who  indulges  in  boisterous  play. 

Addison. 

2.  Rude  play  or  frolic. 


iiomp-lovin^  miss 
\i  hiuled  :iboul  iu  ^.ilJiintry  rubusC. 


Thomson. 


ROMP,  V.  i.  To  play  rudely  and  boisterously  ;  to  leap 
and  fri^k  about  in  play.  Richardson. 

ROMP'ING,  ppr.  Playing  rudely.  As  anoun,  rude, 
boisterous  play. 

ROMP'ISH,  a.     Given  to  rude  play;  inclined  to  romp. 

Ash. 

ROMP'ISH-LY,  adv.    In  a  rude  or  boisterous  manner. 

ROMP'ISH-NESS,  71.  Dispositiim  to  rude,  boisterous 
play  ;  or  the  practice  of  romping.  Steele. 

rom'pee',  I  "■   t^-  ^'"P"'  ^'^  *"'*'^''-] 

In  heraldry,  an  ordinary  tliat  is  broken,  or  a  chev- 
ron, a  bend,  or  the  like,  whose  upper  points  are  cut 
oft'.  Encyc. 

RON-DEAU',  (ron-do',)  \  n.     [Fr.  rondeau,  from  mnd, 

RON'DO,  j      round. j 

1.  A  kind  of  poetry,  commonly  consisting  of  thir- 
teen verses,  of  which  eight  have  one  rhyme,  and 
five  another.  It  is  divided  into  three  couplets,  and 
at  the  end  of  the  second  and  third,  the  beginning  of 
the  rondeau  is  repeated  in  an  equivocal  sense,  if  pos- 
sible. IVarton.     Trevour. 

2.  In  mi/sic,  the  ro7i</o,  vocal  or  instrumental,  gen- 
erally consists  of  three  strains,  the  first  of  which 
closes  in  the  original  key,  while  each  of  the  others  is 
so  constructc'd  in  modulation  as  to  reconduct  the  ear 
in  an  easy  and  natural  manner  to  the  first  strain. 

Busby. 
RON'DEL,  7).     In  fortification,  a  small,  round  tower, 

erected  at  the  foot  of  a  bastion.  Brande. 

RON'DLE,   (ron'dl,)   u.       [from    round.]      A    round 

mass.     'JVot  in  use.]  Peacham. 

RON'DO,'".    See  Rondeait. 
RON'DURE,  71.     [Fr.  rondcur.] 

A  round  ;  a  circle.     [JVvl  in  use.]  Shak. 

RONG  ;  tho  old  prct.  and  pp.  of  Risq,  now  Ri-no. 

Cfiaiicer. 
RON'ION,  (run'yon,)  v.     [Fr.  rognon,  kidney.] 

A  fat,  bulky  woman.     [JVcf  in  use.]  Shak. 

RONT,  71.    An  animal  stinted  in  its  growth.     [Now 

written  and  pronounced  Ront.]  Spenser. 

ROOD,  71.  [A  different  orthography  of  Rod,  which 
see.] 

1.  Tlie  fourth  part  of  an  acre,  or  forty  square  rods. 
[See  Acre.] 

2-  A  polo;  a  measure  of  five  yards;  a  rod  or 
perch.  [A*o(  used  in  America,  and  probably  local  in 
England.] 


FATE,  F.\U,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MkTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK  ■ 


m 


KOO 

ROOD,  w.    [Sax.  rode  or  rod.] 

A  cross  or  crucifix  ;  a  name  formerly  piven  to  the 
figure  of  Christ  on  the  cross  irecied  in  Roman  Ciith- 
olic  churclies.  When  complet-',  this  was  accom- 
panied hv  the  figures  of  tiie  Virgin  Mary  and  of  St. 
John.       "  Sha!:. 

ROOD'LOFT,  H.  A  loft  or  gallery  in  a  church  on 
which  the  rood  and  its  appendages  were  set  up  to 
view.  Owilt. 

ROOD' Y,  a.    Coarse;  luxurious.        Craven  Dialect. 

ROOF,  M.  [Sax.  ro/,  hrof;  Gr.  opQ<i>ri^  n.'J0,5"j,  from 
EO£0a),  to  cover.  Q.\\.  Russ.  krov^  Slav,  strop.  See 
tiie  Ar.  Class  Rb,  No.  12,  and  Syr.  No.  40.] 

1.  The  cover  or  upper  part  of  a  house  or  other 
building,  consisting  of  rafters  covered  with  boards, 
shingles,  or  tiles,  with  a  side  or  sides  slopini;  from  the 
ridse,  for  the  purpose  of  carrying  off  the  water  that 
falls  in  rain  or  snow.  In  Asia,  \.he  roofs  of  houses 
are  flat  or  horizontal.  The  same  name,  roof  is  given 
to  the  sloping  covers  of  huts,  cabins,  and  ricks  j  to 
the  arches  of  ovens,  furnaces,  &c. 

2.  A  vault ;  an  arch  j  or  the  interior  of  a  vault ;  as, 
the  roof  of  heaven. 

3.  The  vault  of  the  mouth  ;  the  upper  part  of  the 
moutli ;  the  palate. 

!f  I  Jo  not  r^memter  thee,  let  my  tongue  cleave  to  the  roof  at 
my  nioQth.  —  Ps.  csxxvji. 

ROOF,  «.  £.    To  cover  with  a  roof. 

1  have  not  seen  Uie  r?ina,ins  of  any  Rnman  buiMings,  that  h;tve 
not  been  roofed  with  vaults  or  arches.  Addison. 

2.  To  inclose  in  a  house  ;  to  shelter. 

Here  hr-.d  we  now  our  country's  honor  roofed.  Sliak. 

ROOF'SD,  (roofl,)pp.    Furnished  or  covered  with  a 

ronf  or  arch. 
KOOK'IXG,  ppr.    Covering  with  a  roof. 
ROOF'ING,  71.    The  act  of  covering  with  a  roof. 

2.  The  materials  of  which  a  roof  is  composed  ;  or 

materials  for  a  roof.  GwUt. 

ROOF'LESS,  a.     [Snx.  rojlazse.] 

1.  Having  no  roof;  as,  a  roofless  house. 

2.  Having  no  house  or  home;  unsheltered. 
ROOF'Y,  a.     Having  roofs.  Dryden. 
ROOK,  )f.     [Sax.  hruc  ;    G.  roche  ;    Dan.  rugc^  raage,  a 

rooky  and  krage,  a  crow.  This  word  belongs  to  the 
root  of  crowy  or  is  rather  the  same  word  dialectically 
varied;  Dan.  krage ;  Sw.  krukaf  G.  krdkc;  X).kraai; 
L.  graculuji ;  probably  from  its  voice  ;  It.  grag^ 
gragam.     See  Cbow  and  Croak.] 

1.  A  bird  of  the  genus  Corvus,  the  bird  mentioned 
by  Virgil  under  this  name.  Tliis  bird  reseinbies  llie 
crow,  Imt  differs  from  it  in  not  feiding  on  carrion, 
but  on  insects  and  gniin.  In  crows  also  the  nostrils 
and  root  of  the  bill  are  clothed  with  feathers,  but  in 
rooks  the  same  parts  are  naked,  or  have  only  a  few 
bristly  hairs.    The  rook  is  gregarious.  P.  Cijc, 

2.  A  cheat ;  a  trickish,  rapacious  fellow. 

Wychcrley. 
ROOK,  n.     [It.  rocco,  a  bisliop's  staff,  a  crosier,  a  rook 
at  chess,] 

In  cAwj,  a  name  given  to  the  four  pieces  placed  on 
the  corner  squares  of  the  board,  also  called  Castles. 
The  rook  moves  the  whole  extent  of  the  board,  un- 
less impeded  by  some  other  piece.  Hoijlc. 
ROOK,  V.  i.     To  cheat ;  to  defraud.                    Locke. 
R60k,  d,  u    To  cheat ;  to  defraud  by  cheating. 

Aubrey. 
ROOK,  V.  i.    To  squat.     [See  Ruck.] 
ROOK'ED,  (rookt,)p/i.    Cheated;  defrauded. 
r66K'  ER- Y,  n.    A  place  where  rooks  con  grcgate  and 
build  their  nests,  as  a  wood,  occ.  Pope. 

2.  In  Igw  lantrua(Te,  a  brothel. 
ROOK'IXG,  ppr.    Cheating. 
R60K'Y,  a.    Inhabited  by  rooks;  as, the  roohj  wood. 

Shak. 
ROOM,  n.  [Sax.  rum  ;  Dan.  and  Sw.  rum  ;  D.  ruim  ; 
G.  raum ;  Goth,  rumis,  roum,  place  ;  Ir.  rum^  a  floor 
or  room  ;  G.  rdnmrii^  Sax.  rumian,  ryman,  to  give 
place,  to  amplify,  to  enlarge ;  Sax.  rum-gifa,  liberal. 
It  may  be  allit-d  to  roam,  ramble.  Class  Rra,  No. 
4,9.] 

J.  Space;  compass;  extent  of  place,  great  or 
small-  Let  the  words  occupy  as  little  room  as  pos- 
sible. 

2.  Space  or  place  unoccupied. 

Lord,  it  13  done  aa  thou  hast  commanded,  and  yet  there  ia  room. 
—  Luk-  xiv. 

3.  Place  for  reception  or  admission  of  any  thing. 
In  this  case  there  is  no  room  for  doubt  or  for  argu- 
ment. 

4.  Place  of  another  ;  stead ;  aa  in  succession  or 
substitution.  One  magistrate  or  king  comes  in  the 
room  uf  a  former  one.  We  often  place  one  thing  in 
the  room  of  another.     1  Kings  xx. 

5.  Unoccupied  opportunity.  The  eager  pursuit  of 
wealth  leaves  little  room  for  serious  reflection. 

6.  An  apartment  in  a  house ;  any  division  sepa- 
rated from  the  rest  by  a  partition  ;  as  a  parlor,  a 
drawing-room  or  bed  room  ;  also,  an  apartment  in  a 
ship,  as  the  cook-rooTn.,  bread-room,  gun-room,  &c. 

7.  A  seat.     Luke  xiv. 

To  make  room  :  to  Open  a  way  or  passage  ;  to  free 
from  cbsinictions. 


ROO 

To  make  room;  to  op -n  a  space  or  place  for  any 
thing. 

Togiveroom;  tr  *vithiir  •■'/ ;  to  leave  space  unor- 
cupiecl  for  others  to  pass  m  to  be  seated. 

ROOM,  V.  i.  To  occupy  an  apartment ;  to  lodge  ;  an 
academic  use  of  Vie  word.     A  B  rooms  at  No.  7. 

ROOM' AGE,  n.  [from  room.]  Space;  place.  [J^ot 
vsedA  rVotton. 

ROOAFFiJL,  a.    Abounding  with  rooms.       Donne. 

ROOM'I-LY,  adv.     Spaciously. 

ROOM'I-NESS,  It.  Space;  spaciousness;  large  ex- 
tent of  space. 

Roomth,  space,  and  Roomthy,  spacious,  are  ill- 
formed  words,  and  not  used  in  the  United  Stales. 

ROOM'Y,  fl.  Spacious;  wide;  large;  having  ample 
room  ;  as,  a  roomy  mansion  ;  a  roomy  deck.   Dnjdcn. 

ROOP,  n.     Hoarseness.     {Little  used.] 

ROOST,  n.  [.Sax. /(ro5(;  H.roesty  roost;  roesten^  io 
roust.] 

Tlie  pole  or  other  support  on  which  birds  rest  at 
night. 

Jle  clapped  his  wings  upon  liis  roost.  Dryden. 

2.  A  collection  of  fowls  roosting  together. 
.^t  roost ;  in  a  state  for  retst  and  sleep. 
ROOST,  V.  I.    To  sit,  rest,  or  sleep,  as  birds  on  a 
pole,  tree,  or  other  thing  at  night. 
2.  To  lodge,  in  burlesque. 
ROOST'ER,  j(.     [The  head  or  chief  of  the  roost.]    A 
cock,  the  male  of  the  domestic  fowl.         America. 
[RoosT-cocK  is  provincial  in  England.]    HalUwcU. 
ROOST'ING,ppr.    Sitting  for  rest  and  sleep  at  night. 
ROOT,  71.     [Dan.  ro(f,-    Sw.  ro(  ,•    h.  radix ;  IX.  radicc ; 
Sp.  raiz  ;  1  r.  raidis :  W.  rltaii,  a  ray  or  spear,  whence 
gwraiz,  a  root.    A  root  is  a  shoot,  and  only  a  differ- 
ent application  of  rod,  L.  radius.] 

1.  That  part  of  a  plant  which  enters  and  fixes 
itself  in  the  earth,  and  senses  to  support  the  plant  in 
an  erect  position,  while,  by  means  of  its  radicles,  it 
imbibes  nutriment  for  the  stem,  branches,  and  fruit. 
There  are  six  distinct  or<!ans  w'hich  are  capable  of 
entering  into  the  composition  of  a  root,  viz.,  the  rad- 
icle,  the  Jibril^  the  sobule-?,  the  bulb,  the  tubcr^  and  the 
rhizoma. 

2.  The  part  of  any  thing  that  resembles  the  routs 
of  a  plant  in  manner  of  growth  ;  as,  the  roots  of  a 
cancer,  of  teeth,  &.C. 

3.  The  bottom  or  lower  part  of  any  thing. 

Deep  to  the  root*  of  hetl.  Milton. 

Burnet  uses  root  of  a  mountain,  but  we  now  say 
base^foot,  or  bottom.     See  Job  xxviii.  9. 

4.  A  plant  whose  root  is  esculent,  or  the  most  use- 
ful part,  as  beets,  carrots,  &c. 

5.  The  origmal  or  cause  of  any  thing. 

The  love  of  money  b  ihe  root  of  all  evil,  —  1  Tim.  vi. 

6.  The  first  ancestor. 

They  were  the  roots  out  of  wliich  sprung  two  distinct  people, 

Lodie. 

7.  In  arithmetic  and  algebra.,  the  root  of  any  quan- 
tity is  such  a  quantity  as,  when  multiplied  into  itself 
a  certain  number  of  imies,  will  exactly  produce  that 
quantity.  Tims  2  is  a  root  of  4,  because,  when  mul- 
tiplied into  itself,  it  exactly  produces  4.        J.  Day. 

8.  Means  of  gro^vth.  "  lie  hath  no  root  in  iiim- 
self ;  "  that  is,  no  soil  in  which  grace  can  grow  and 
flourish.    Matt.  xiii. 

9.  In  music,  the  fundamental  note  of  any  chord. 

Busby. 
Root  of  bitterness ;  in  Scripture,  any  error,  sin,  or 
evil  that  produces  discord  or  immorality. 

To  take  root ;  to  become  planted  or  fixed  ;  or  to  be 
established  ;  to  increase  and  spread. 

To  take  deep  root;  to  be   fimily  planted  or  estab- 
lished ;  to  be  deeply  impressed.  Dryden. 
ROOT,  V.  i.    To  fix  the  rout;   to  enter  tile  earth,  as 
roots. 

In  deep  grounds,  the  weeds  root  deeper.  HJortinur. 

2.  To  be  firmly  fixed  ;  to  be  established. 

The  multiplying  brood  of  the  ungodly  sbajl  not  lake  deep  root- 
ing. Wisdom, 

3.  To  sink  deep. 

If  any  error  chanced  —  to  cause  misapprehensions,  be  gave  Uiem 
not  leave  to  roo£  and  tisten  by  concealment.  Felt. 

ROOT,  V.  t.  To  plant  and  fix  deep  in  the  earth  ;  used 
chiefly  in  the  participle ;  as,  rooted  trees  or  forests. 

Dnjden. 

2.  To  plant  deeply  ;  to  impress  deeply  and  durably. 
Let  the  leading  truths  of  the  gospel  be  rooted  in  the 
mind  ;  let  holy  affections  be  well  rooted  in  the  heart. 

3.  In  Scripture,\.Q  be  rooted  and  grounded  in  Christ, 
is  to  be  firmly  united  to  him  by  faith  and  love,  and 
well  established  ifi  the  belief  of  his  character  and 
doclrmes.    Eph.  iii. 

ROOT,  r.  i.  or  (.  [Sax.  «jro(,  a  snout  or  proboscis  ; 
■wrotau,  to  dig  or  root ;  D.  wroeten,  G.  reuten,  Dan. 
roder,  Sw.  rota,  to  root.  This  seems  to  be  of  the 
same  family  as  the  former  word  and  rod,  from  the 
use  of  the  snout.] 

To  turn  uji  the  earth  with  the  snout,  as  swine. 
Swine  root  to  find  worms;  they  root  the  ground 
wherever  they  come. 

To  root  rip  or  out;  to  eradicate;  to  extirpate;  to 


ROR 

remove  or  destroy  root  and  branch  ;  to  exterminate. 

Dcut.  xxix.    .Tob  xxxi. 
ROOT'-IKjUND,  a.    Fixed  to  the  earth  ly  roots. 

Milton. 
ROOT'-BUFLT,  (-bilt,)  a.    Built  of  roots.     SJiaistone. 
ROOT'-EAT-ER,  n.    An  animal  that  feeds  on  routs. 

Kirlnj. 

ROOT'ED,  pp.  or  a.      Having  ita  roots  planted  or 

fixed  in  the  earth;    hence,  fixed;    deep;    radical; 

as,  rooted  sorrow;   rooted   aversion;   rooted   preju- 
dices. 
ROOT'ED-LY,  adv.    Deeply  ;  from  the  heart.      Shak. 
ROOT'ED-NESS,  7t.    The  state  or  condition  of  being 

rooted. 
ROOT'ER,  n.    One  that  roots;  or  one  that  tcara  up 

by  the  roots. 
ROOT'-IIOUSE,  n.    A  house  made  of  roots. 

Dodsley. 
2.  A  house  for  keeping  roots. 
ROOT'ING,  ppr.    Striking  or  taking  root ;  turning  up 

with  thejjnuut. 
ROOT'-LeAF,  n.     A  leaf  growing  immediately  from 

the  root.  Mariyn. 

ROOT'LET,  n.    A  radicle  ;  a  little  root.        Martyn. 
ROOT'-STOCK,  n.    In  botany,  a  prostrate  rooting 

stem,  yearly  producing  young  branches ;  the  rhizuma. 

LintUey. 
ROOT'Y,  a.    Full  of  roots  ;  aa,  rooty  ground.  Adaios. 
RO-PAL'ie,  a.    [Gr.  ^ott^iAoc,  a  club.l 

Club-formed;  increasing  or  swelling  toward  the 

end. 
RoPE,  7?.     [Sax.  ra;»;    Sw.  rep  ,•    Dan.  rec6,- W.  rA<^,- 

Ir.  ropa,  ruibin.] 

1.  A  large  string  or  line  composed  of  several 
strands  twisted  together.  It  differs  from  cord,  Inte, 
and  string,  only  in  its  size  ;  being  the  name  given  to 
all  sorts  of  cordage  above  an  inch  in  circumference. 
Indeed  the  smaller  ropes,  when  used  for  certain  pur- 
poses, are  called  lines. 

Ropes  are,  by  seamen,  ranked  under  two  descrip- 
tions, cable-laid  and  hawser-laid;  the  fonner  com- 
posed of  nine  strands,  or  three  great  strands,  each 
consisting  of  three  sn'.all  ones  ;  the  latter  made  with 
three  strands,  each  composed  of  a  certain  number  of 
rope-yams.  Totteii, 

2.  A  row  or  string  consisting  of  a  number  of 
things  united  ;  as,  a  rope  of  onions. 

3.  Ropes,  [Sax.  rappas  ;]  the  intestines  of  birds. 

Lye. 
Rope  of  sand  ;  proverbially,  feeble  union  or  lie  ;  a 
band  easily  broken.  Locke. 

RoPE,  17. 1.  To  draw  out  or  extend  into  a  filament  or 
thread  by  means  of  any  glutinous  or  adhesive  qual- 
ity. Any  glutinous  substance  will  rope  considerably 
before  it  will  part. 

RoPE'-BAND.     See  Robbin. 

R6PE'-DXN-CER,  71.  [rope  and  dancer.']  One  that 
walks  on  a  rope  extended  through  the  air.    Addison. 

RnPE'-LAD-DER,  n.     A  ladder  made  of  ropes. 

RoPE'-MAK-ER,  ».  One  wliose  occupation  is  to  make 
rnpes  or  cordage.  [I  do  not  know  that  Roper  is  ever 
used.] 

RoPE'-MaK-ING,  n.  The  art  or  business  of  manu- 
facturing ropes  or  cordage. 

RoP'ER-Y,  n.    A  place  where  ropes  are  made.     [,Vo( 
used  in  the  United  State,'!.] 
2.  A  trick  that  deserves  the  halter.  Shak. 

ROPE'-TRK'K,  n.    A  trick  that  deserves  the  halter. 

Sha!:. 

R5PE'-WALK,  71.  A  long,  covered  walk,  or  a  long 
building  over  smooth  ground,  where  ropes  are  man- 
ufactured. 

RoPE'-YXRN,  n.  Yarn  for  ropes,  consisting  of  a 
single  thread.  The  threads  are  twisted  into  strands, 
and  the  strands  into  ropes. 

RoP'I-NESS,  n.  [from  ropy.]  Stringiness,  or  apt- 
ness to  draw  out  in  a  string  or  thread  without  break- 
ing, as  of  glutinous  substances ;  viscosity  ;  adhesive- 
ness. 

RoP'Y,  a.  [from  rope.]  Stringy  ;  adhesive  ;  that 
may  be  drawn  into  a  thread;  as  a  glutinous  sub- 
stance ;  viscous;  tenacious ;  glutinous ;  as,  ri'j"j 
wine;  ropy  lees.  Dryden.     Philips. 

ROQ'UE-LAUR,  (rok'e-lor,)?L  [from  Fr. ;  Dan.  r.J.- 
kclor;  G.  rack,  a  coat,  D.  rok.  Sax.  rocc,  whemc 
frock,  Kp.  roclo.  Q.U.  the  last  syllable  ;  or  is  the  word 
derived  from  a  duke  of  this  name  ?]  A  cloak  fur 
men.  Gaij. 

RO'RAL,  a.     [L.  roralis,  from  ros^  dew.] 

Pertaining  to  dew,  or  consisting  of  dew  ;  dewy. 

RO-RA'TION,  n.     [L.  roratio.]  [Orecn. 

A  falling  of  dew.     [JVot  used.]  Diet. 

Ro'RID,  a.     [L.  roridus.] 

Dewy.  Granger. 

RO-HIF'ER-OUS,  a.    [L.  ros,  dew,  and  fero,  to  pro- 
duce.] 
Generating  or  producing  dew.  Diet. 

RO-RIF'LU-ENT,   a.      [L.   ros,   dew,  and  ftuo,   to 
flow.] 
Flowing  with  dew.    [JVot  used.]  Diet. 

ROR'aUAL,  71.  [Norwegian  rorqualus,  a  whale  with 
folds.] 

The  English  name  of  cetaceous  mammals  or  whales 
of  the  genus  Rorqualus,  which  comprises  at  least 


TCNE,  BJJLL,  UNITE.— AN"GER,  VI"CI0U9 €  aa  K  ;  G  aa  J ;  S  aa  Z;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

~  "       963" 


ROS 


three  living  species  of  different  dimensions,  and,  as 
is  supposed,  severil  fossil  species.  The  great  norlii- 
ern  Korqual  is  said  to  be  the  largest  of  the  whale 
tribe,  and  to  have  sometimes  attained  the  length  of 
105  feet.  Jardlne*s  J^at,  Lib, 

RO-SA'CEOUS,  (-za'shus,)  a.  [L.  rosacexis.  See 
Rose.] 

llose-Iike ;  composed  of  several  petals,  arranged 
in  a  circular  form  ;  as,  a  rosaceous  corol.     Marttjn. 

RO-SAC'I€,  C-zas'ik,)  a.  The  rosacic  acid  was  oh- 
lainc'd  from  the  lateritious  sediment  of  the  urine 
which  occurs  in  certain  fevers.  It  is  now  supposed 
to  be  uric  acid,  modified  by  animal  matter  accident- 
ally present. 

RO'SA-RY,  n.     [h.  rosarium.     See  Rose.] 

1.  A  lied  of  roses,  or  place  where  roses  grow. 

2.  In  tJie  Roman  Catholic  church,  a  series  of  pmy- 
ers,  and  a  string  of  beads  by  which  they  are  counted. 
A  rosary  consists  of  fifteen  d'ecades.  Eacli  decade  con- 
tains ten  ^vc  Marias,  mmkcd  by  small  beads,  pre- 
ceded by  a  i=Jicr  JVy5f<*r,  marked  by  a  larger  bead, 
and  concluded  by  a  Gloria  Patri.  Tivo  decades 
ma'rT-  r,  <  haplet,  which  is  a  third  part  of  the  ro- 
gary.  Bp.  Fitzpatrick. 

ROS'CID,  a.     'L.  rosciihis,  from  ros,  dew.] 

Dewv  :  containing  dew,  or  consisting  of  dew. 
[JV't  iu:J.]  Bacon. . 

Rose,  «.  [Fr.  rosa  h.  It.  and  Sp.  rosa;  G.  and  Dan. 
rose ;  D,  roos,  rooze  ;  Sw,  ros :  Ann.  roseri :  Ir.  ros  or 
rosa ;  W.  rhds  ;  Gr.  /toSoi' ;  from  the  root  of  i-ed,  rud- 
dif,  W.  rfti/i.  See  Red.] 
'1.  A  plant  and  flower  of  the  genus  Rosa,  of  many 
species  and  varieties,  as  the  wild,  canine,  or  dog 
rose,  the  white  rose,  the  red  rose,  the  cinnamon 
rose,  the  eglantine  or  sweet  brier,  &c.  There  are 
five  petals ;  the  calyx  is  urceolate,  quinquefid,  and 
corneous  ;  the  seeds  are  numerous,  hispid,  and  fixed 
to  the  inside  of  the  calyx.  P-  Qic. 

2.  A  knot  of  ribbon  in  the  form  of  a  rose,  used  as 
an  ornamental  tie  of  a  shoe. 

3.  In  architecture.    See  Rosette. 

In  English  histonj,  in  llie  feuds  between  tlie  houses 
of  York'and  Lancaster,  the  white  rose  was  tlie  badge 
of  the  former,  and  the  red  rose  of  the  latter.    Skak. 

Under  the  rose,  (sub  rosa;)  in  secret ;  privately  ;  in 
a  manner  that  forbids  disclosure;  the  rose  being 
among  the  ancients  the  synibol  of  secrecy,  and  hung 
up  at  entertainments,  as  a  token  that  nothing  there 
said  was  lo  be  divulged.  Booth. 

Rose  of  Jericho ;  a  plant  growing  on  the  plain  of 
Jericho,  the  Anastatica  hierochuntica. 

Rose,  prpf.  of  Ri3e. 

RO'SE-AL,  (ru'zhe-al,)  a.     [L.  rosnis.] 

Like  a  rose  in  smell  or  color.  Elyot. 

Ro'SE-ATE,  c  [Fr.rosat.]  Rosy;  full  of  roses;  a-", 
roseate  bowers.  Pope. 

2.  Blooming;  of  a  rose  color ;  as, roi-etite  beauty. 

Boyle. 

RoSE'BaY,  71.  A  plant,  the  Nerium  oleander.  The 
dwarf  rosebay  is  a  Rhododendron.  Lee. 

RoSE'-IiUG,  \  n.    A  winged  insect,  a  species  of 

Ro?E'-CIL\F-ER,  i      diurnal  beetle,  which  feeds  on 
the  blossoms  of  the  rose,  and  on  various  other  plants. 
Farnn.  Eneyc. 

RoSE'-€OL-OR-£D  (-kul'lurd,)  \  a.     Having  the  col- 

RoSE'-IIC£D,  (-hade,J  i      or  of  a  rose. 

RoS'£D,  (rozd,)  rt.     Crimsoned;  fiushc-,!.  Shah. 

RoSE'-Dl-.VMOXD,  n.  A  diamond  nearly  hemi- 
spherical, cut  into  24  triangular  planes. 

Encyc.  of  Dovu  Econ. 

RoSE'-FAC-ED,  (-faste,)  a.  Having  a  rosy  or  red 
far.-. 

RoSE'-GALL,  71.    An  excrescence  on  the  dog-rose. 

Diet. 

RoSEXITE,  71.  [from  M.  Rose.]  A  native  arseniate 
of  cobalt,  occurring  in  small,  red  crystals.      Dana. 

RoSE'-MAL-L6VV,  71.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Althfea, 
larger  than  the  common  mallow,  and  commonly 
called   HoLLVHocK.  Miller. 

R0£E'MA-RY,  71.  [L.  rosmnrinus,  sea-rose  ;  rosa  and 
marinus.  So  in  W.  rhos-mari^  and  in  Ir.  bath-ros,  sea- 
rose.] 

A  verticillate  plant  of  the  genus  Rosmarinus, 
growing  naturally  in  the  southern  part  of  France, 
Spain,  and  Italy,  also  in  Asia  Minor  and  in  China.  It 
has  a  fragrant  smell,  and  a  warm,  pungent,  bitterish 
taste.  It  has  been  used  as  an  emblem  of  fidelity  or 
cnnstrtnry.  p.  Cyc. 

Ro*E'-No-BLE,  iu  An  ancient  English  gold  coin, 
stamped  with  the  figure  of  a  rose,  first  struck  in  the 
reign  of  Edward  III.  and  current  at  Gs.  8d. 

Brandc.     P.  Cjjc. 

RO-SE'O-LA,  n.  In  nosolotry,  a  cutaneous  disease, 
consisting  of  a  ro5c-colorcti  efflorescence,  in  circum- 
scribed patches  with  little  or  no  elevation,  oflen  al- 
trrnately  fading  and  reviving,  sometimes  with  a 
colorless  nucleus  ;  chiefly  on  the  cheeks,  neck,  and 
arms.  Roseola  sometimes  occurs  symptnmatically  of 
dentition,  dyspepsia,  and  various  febrile  and  other 
constitutional  afTcctions.  It  is  sometimes  called 
Rose-rash.  Ttilh/. 

R5SE'-CiUARTZ,  71.  A  variety  of  quartz,  which  is 
rose-red. 

RoSE'-ROOT,  n.     A  plant  of  the  genus  Rbodiola. 


ROS 

RO'SET,  7i.     [Fr.  rosette,  from  rose.] 

A  red  color  used  by  painters.  Pcacha)ii. 

RO-SETTE',  71.  [Fr.]  An  imitation  of  a  rose  by 
ribbon,  used  as  an  ornament  or  badye. 

2.  In  architecture,  an  ornament  in  the  form  of  a 
rose,  much  used  in  decorations.  Oioilt. 

ROSE'-VVA-TER,  71.     Water  tinctured  with  roses  by 

distillation.  Encyc. 

ROSE'-WIN-DOW,  71.  In  architecture,  a  circular  win- 
dow. Qloss.  of  ^r chit. 
RoSE'-WOOD,  71.  TJie  wood  of  a  tree  growing  in 
Brazil  and  otlier  warm  climates,  much  used  in  cab- 
inet work.  It  is  of  a  fragrant  smell,  and  from  it  is 
obtained  the  oleu)nrhodii,vn\  agreeable  perfume,  used 
in  scenting  pomatum  and  liniments.  McCuUoch. 
ROS-I-€UU'CIAN,  7>.  [L.  ros,  dew,  and  erur,  cross  ; 
dew,  the  most  powerful  dis>;otvent  of  gold,  according 
to  these  fanatics,  and  cross,  the  emblem  of  light.] 

The  Rosicrucians  were  a  sect  or  cabal  of  hermeti- 
cal  philosophers,  or  rather  fanatics,  who  were  first 
known  in  Germany  in  the  seventeenth  century,  and 
made  great  pretensions  to  science  ;  and  among  other 
tilings,  pretended  to  be  masters  of  the  secret  of  the 
pliilosopher's  stons.  Encyc.  Jimcr. 

R03-I-€ilU'CIAN,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  Rosicrucians,  I 
or  their  arts.  Hudibras.      I 

Ro'SIER,  (ro'zhur,)  n.     [Fr.]     A  rose-bush.     [J^ot  in  ' 

use.]  Spenser. 

ROS'lN,  71.  [This  is  only  a  different  orthography 
of  Resin;  Ir.  roisin ;  Fr.  resine  ;  L.  resina.  See 
Resin.] 

The  resin  left  after  distilling  ofT  the  volatile  oil 
from  the  diflerent  species  of  turpentine  ;   colophony. 

Ure. 
ROS'IN.  V.  t.     To  rub  with  rosin.  Gay. 

Ro'SI-NESS,  V.    The  quality  of  being  rosy,  or  of  re- 
sembling the  color  of  the  rose.  Daticnant. 
ROS'IN-Y,  a.     liike  rosin,  or  partaking  of  its  qualities. 

Temp'.p. 
ROS'LAND,  7i.     [V\*.  rhos,  peat,  or  a  moor.] 

Heathy  land;  land  full  of  ling;   moorish  or  wa- 
tery land. 
ROS'-M.-Y-RtNE,  (-reen,)  n.    Rosemary. 

Spenser.     Sh  ensto  ne. 
ROSS,  71.     [Ciu.  G.  arausy  rubbish.] 

The  rough,  scaly  matter  on  the  surface  of  the 
bark  of  certain  trees,  JVew  Enr^land. 

ROSS'EL,  7(.     Light  land.     [J^ot  itscd  in  .America.] 

Mortimer. 
ROSS'EL-LY,  a.    Loose  ;  light.     [JVvt  in  use."} 

Mortimer. 
ROS'SIG-NOL,  71.     [Fr.  id. ;  It.  rosi^uwlo.] 

The  nightingale.  jSsiat.  Res. 

ROS'TEL,  n.     [L.  rostdliim,  dim.  of  rostricmy  a  beak.] 
In  botany,  the  descending  plane  part  of  the  corcle 
or  heart,  in  the  first  vegetation  of  a  seed.    Martyn. 

That  part  of  the  corcii^nn,  or  corc^f,  of  a  seed  which 
descends  into  the  earth  and  becomes  a  root. 

D.  C.  IVilldenoiD. 
ROS'TEL-LATE,  a.     Having  a  rostel. 
ROS-TEL'LI-FORM,  a.     Having  the  form  of  a  ros- 
tel. 
ROS'TER,  n.     [A  corruption  of  rcg^ister.']    In  military 
affairs,  a  plan  or  table  by  which  the  duty  of  officers 
is  regulated.  Brande. 

In  Massachusetts,  a  list  of  the  officers  of  a  division, 
brigade,  regiment,  or  battalion,  containing,  under  sev- 
eral heads,  their  names,  rank,  the  corps  to  which 
they  belong,  date  of  commission,  and  place  of  abode. 
These  are  called  division  rosters,  brigade  rosters,  reg- 
imental or  battalion  rosters. 

The  word  is  also  used  frequently  instead  of  Regis- 
ter, which  comprehends  a  general  list  of  all  the  offi- 
cers of  the  State,  from  the  commander-in-chief  lo  the 
lowest  in  commission,  under  the  same  apjiropriate 
heads,  with  an  additional  column  for  noting  the  al- 
terations which  take  place.  /F.  IT.  Snmncr. 
ROS'TRAL,  a.     [from  L.  rostrum,  beak.] 

1.  Resembling  the  beak  of  a  ship.  'i'atlrr, 

2.  Pertaining  to  the  beak. 

mITra-ted,!"-   [l- "»-"•'■'-■] 

1.  In  botany  and  concholorpj,  beaked  ;  having  a  pro- 
cess resembling  the  beak  of  a  bird. 

Martyn.     Humble. 
9.  Furnished  or  adorned  with  beaks;  as,  rostrated 
galleys. 
ROS'TRI-FORM,  a.    Having  the  form  of  a  beak. 

Kirby. 
ROS'TRUM,  7(.     [L. ;  W. rhetor,  a  snout,  orrhcthrcn, 
a  pike.] 

1.  The  beak  or  hill  of  a  bird. 

2.  The  beak  or  head  of  a  ship. 

3.  In  ancient  Rome,  a  scaflold  or  elevated  place  in 
the  forum,  where  orations,  pleadings,  funeral  ha- 
rangues, &c.,  were  delivered.    Hence, 

4.  A  platform  or  elevated  spot  from  which  a  speak- 
er addresses  his  audience.  Gwilt. 

5.  The  pipe  which  conveys  the  distilling  liquor 
into  its  receiver,  in  the  common  alembic.    Quincy. 

6.  A  crooked  pair  of  scissors,  used  by  surgeons  for 
dilatingwounds.  Coxe.    Quincy. 

RO'SU-LaTE,  a.  Having  the  leaves  arranged  in  little 
rose-like  clusters.  P.  Cue. 


ROT 

RO'SY,  a.  [from  rose.]  Resembling  a  rose  in  color  j 
or  qualities  ;  blooming;  red;  blushing;  charming. 

Wliile  lilijomiiifr  youth  and  gay  delight 

Sil  oti  tliy  rosy  clienks  confeat.  Prior. 

The  rosy  mjrii  resigns  her  light.  WatUr. 

2.  Made  in  the  form  of  a  rose.  B.  Jonson. 

RO'SY-1JO-SOM-£D,  a.    Embosomed  among  roses. 

Gra  1/. 

RO'SY-CROWN-ED,  a.    Crowned  with  roses.    O'rav. 

RO'SY-TINT-ED,  a.    Having  the  tints  of  the  rose. 

Mrs.  Butler. 

ROT,  V.  t.  [Sax.  rotian ;  D  rotten ;  Sw.  riita ;  Dan. 
raadncr.] 

To  lose  the  natural  cohesion  and  organization  of 
parts,  as  animal  and  vegetable  substances;  to  be  de- 
composed and  resolved  into  its  original  component 
parts  by  the  natural  process,  or  the  gradual  operation 
of  heat  and  air  ;  to  putrefy. 

ROT,  7'.  t.  To  make  j)Utrid  ;  to  cause  to  be,  wholly  or 
partially,  decomposed,  by  the  natural  operation  of 
air  and  heat ;  to  bring  to  corruption. 

ROT,  71.  A  fatal  distemper  incident  to  sheep,  usually 
supposed  lo  be  owing  to  wet  seasons  and  moist  pas- 
tures. The  immediate  cause  of  the  mortality  of 
sheep,  in  this  disease,  is  found  to  be  a  great  number 
of  small  animals,  called  flukes,  (fasciola,)  found  in 
the  gall-bladder  and  adjacent  p:nU.     Farm.    Encyc. 

2.  Putrefaction  ;  putrid  decay.  Philips. 

3.  Dry  rot;  in  timber,  the  decay  of  the  wood  with 
out  the  access  of  water.     [See  Dry  Rot.] 

RO'TA,  71.  [L.  rota,  W.  rhod,  a  wheel ;  allied  to  rhc- 
du,  to  run.  Tlie  name  is  derived  from  the  fact  that 
they  sit  in  a  circle,  {rota.)     See  Rotauv.] 

L  An  ecclesiastical  court  of  Rome,  composed  of 
twelve  prelates,  of  whom  one  must  be  a  German, 
another  a  Frenchman,  and  two  Spaniards  ;  the  other 
eight  are  Italians.  This  is  one  of  the  most  august 
tribunals  in  Rome,  taking  cognizance  of  all  suits  in 
the  territory  of  the  church  by  appeal,  and  of  all  mat- 
ters beneficiary  and  patrimonial.  Encyc. 

2.  In  English  history,  a  club  of  politicians,  who,  in 
the  lime  of  Charles  I.,  contemplated  an  equal  govern- 
ment bv  rotation.  Hudibras. 

Ro'T  A-LITE,  7(.  One  of  a  genus  of  fossil  shells,  which 
arc  spiral,  multilocular,  univalves. 

R6'TA-RY,  a.  [L.  rota,  a  wheel,  W.  rhod,  Sp.  rurda, 
Port,  roda,  Ann.  rod,  Fr.  miff,  G.  and  D.  rarf;  Ma- 
layan, rata,  a  cliariot ;  allied  to  W.  rhedu,  to  run. 
So  car  is  allied  to  L.  curro.j 
Turning,  as  a  wlieel  on  its  axis  ;  as,  roiar?/ motion. 
Rotary  engine  ;  a  steam-engine  worked  by  the  elas- 
tic force  of  the  steam  acting  upon  pistons  fixed  to  an 
axis,  whereby  the  latter  is  put  in  motion.    Buchanan. 

Ro'TATE,  a.  In  botany,  wheei-shaped ;  monopeta- 
lous,  spreading  nearly  flat,  without  any  tube,  or  ex- 
panding into  a  nearly  flat  border,  with  scarcely  any 
tube  ;  as,  a  rotate  corol.  Martyn.     Smith. 

Ro'TATE,  V.  i.  [L.  roto.]  To  revolve  or  move  round 
a  center.  Rcdfcld. 

R6'T.\-TED,  a.     [L.  rotatus.] 
Turned  round,  as  a  wheel. 

RO'TATE-PLAJXE,  a.  In  botany,  wheel-shaped  and 
flat,  without  a  tube  ;  as,  a  rotate-plane  corol.      Lee. 

RO'TA-TING,  ppr.  and  a.  Revolving;  moving  round 
a  center. 

RO-Ta'TION,  n.  [L.rotatio,  from  roto,  to  turn  ;  rota, 
a  wheel.] 

1.  The  act  of  turning,  as  a  wheel  or  solid  body  on 
its  axis,  as  distinguished  from  the  progressive  motion 
of  a  body  revolving  round  another  body  or  a  distant 
point.  Thus  the  daily  turning  of  the  earth  on  its 
axis,  is  a  rotation ;  its  annual  motion  round  the  sun 
is  a  revolutio7i. 

2.  Vicissitude  of  succession  ;  the  course  by  which 
officei's  or  others  leave  their  places  at  certain  limes, 
and  are  succeeded  by  others;  applied  also  to  a 
cliange  of  crops. 

RO'TA-TIVE,  a.  Turning,  as  a  wheel ;  rotary.  [Lit- 
tle used.] 

RO-TA'TOR,  7).  [L.]  That  which  gives  a  circular 
or  rolling  motion  ;  a  muscle  producing  a  rolling  ino- 
tii»n.  Coze. 

RO'TA-TO-RIES,  (-riz,)  n.  pi  Wheel-animalcules; 
rotifers.  Kirby. 

R6'TA-T0-RY,  a.  [from  rotator.]  Turning  on  an 
axis,  as  a  wheel ;  rotary. 

2.  Going  in  a  circle  ;  following  in  succession;  as, 
rotatory  assemblies.  Burke. 

[Tliis  word  is  olten  used,  probably  by  mistake,  for 
rotary.  It  may  be  regularly  formed  from  rotator,  but 
not  with  the  exact  sense  in  which  it  is  used.  With 
rotator  for  its  original,  it  would  signify  causing,  rath- 
er than  being  in  a  circular  motion.  I'he  true  word  is 
rotary.] 

R6TE,  71.  [A  contraction  of  crowd,  W.  crwth,  Ir.  emit.] 
A  musical  instrument  of  former  time^,  probably  sim- 
ilar to  the  hurdy-gurdy.     [06^.]  P.  Cyc. 

RoTE,  71.  [L.  rota,  a  wheel,  whence  Fr.  routine] 
Properly,  a  round  of  words  ;  frequent  repetition  of 
words  or  sounds,  without  attending  to  the  significa- 
tion, or  to  principles  and  rules;  a  practice  tliat  im- 
presses words  in  the  memory,  without  an  efi^ort  of 
the  understanding,  and  without  the  aid  of  rules. 
Thus  cliildron  learn  to  speak  by  rote  :  they  often  re- 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MkTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  —  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.— 


<Jfi4 


ROU 


ROU 


I 


ROU 


peat  what  they  hear,  till  it  becomes  familiar  to  them. 
j  I  So  we  learn  to  sing  by  rjie,  as  we  hear  notes  repeat- 
I  ed,  and  soon  learn  to  repeat  them  ourselves. 
I  RoTE,  r.  t.  To  tix  in  the  memorj' by  means  of  fre- 
ij  quent  repetition  ourselves,  or  by  hearing  the  repeti- 
I '  tion  of  others,  without  an  effort  of  the  understand- 
ing to  comprehend  what  is  repeated,  and  without  l!ie 
aid  of  rules  or  principles.     [Little  used.]  Shak. 

■  RoTE,  F.  i.    To  go  out  by  rotation  or  succession.  [Lit- 
;  I       tie  ussd.]  Otcii. 

I  ROTH'ER-BkASTS,  w.  pL     [Sax.  hryther,3.  quadru- 
1       ped.] 

{  Cattle  of  the  bovine    genus;  called  in  England 

j       Black-Cittle.     [jVo(  used  in  Jlmcrica.]      Ootding, 
I  ROTH'ER-x\.\lLS,  n.  pU     [Corrupted  from  ruddcr- 
\       nails.'] 

1  Among  skipvyrightsj    nails  with  very  full  Ijeads, 

I       used  for  fastening  the  rudder  irons  of  ships.     Bailey. 

j  ROTU'OF-FITE,  n.    A  variety  of  garnet,  brown  or 

bidck,  found  in  Sweden.    It  has  a  resemblance  to 

nielanite,  aiiothtr  variety,  but  differs  from  it  in  hav- 

ins  a  smalt  portion  of  alumina.  Cue. 

RO'TI-FER,  n.     [L.  rota  and  fero.] 

The  rotifers  are  a  class  of  infusorial  animals,  Jtav- 
ins  ciliated  appendages  on  the  fore  part  of  the  body, 
which  seem  lo  move  in  a  rotary-  manner.    Brande. 
ROT'TED,  pp.  or  a.     Made  putrid  ;  decomposed  whol- 
ly or  partiallv. 
ROT'T£X,  (rdt'n,)  a.     [Sw.  ruttcn.] 

1.  Putrid  ;  carious ;  decomposed  by  iho  natural 
process  of  decay  ;  as,  a  roiten  plank. 

2.  Not  firm  or  trusty  ;  unsound  ;  defective  in  prin- 
ciple ;  treacherous ;  deceitful. 

3.  Defective  in  substance  ;  not  sound  or  hard  ;  as 
a  road  or  way.     [Rare.]  KnoUcs. 

4.  Fetid  ;  lU-smellins.     [Rare.]  Shdu 
ROT'Ti:\-LV,  air.    Putridly  ;  defectively  ;  felidlv. 
ROT'T£.\-t\ESS,  n.    State  of  being  decayed  or  pu- 
trid;  cariousness ;  putrefaction;  unsoundness. 

ROT'T^N-STONE,  n.  A  soft  stone,  called  also  Trip- 
oli, terra  TripoliLtna,  from  the  country-  from  which  it 
was  formerly  brought.  It  is  used  in  all  sorts  of  finer 
grinding  and  polishing  in  the  arts,  and  for  cleaning 
furniture  of  metallic  substances.  The  rotten-stone 
of  Derbyshire,  in  England,  is  a  Tripoli  mised  with 
calcareous  earth.  J^ichvUon.    P.  Or- 

ROT'TING,  ppr.  Making  putrid  ;  causing  to  decom- 
pose. 

RO-TUXD',  a.    [L.  rotundus,  probably  formed  on  rota, 
a  wheel,  as  joeundus  on  jociis.] 
1    Round;  circular;  spherical.  Addison. 

2.  In  botany,  orbicular,  a  little  inclining  to  be  ol}- 
long.  Lindlcy. 

RO-TU.\'DA,  /         pT,      .     J  »  1 

RO-TUN'DO  i  "*     ^^^'  ^^^^'^°i  round.] 

A  round  building  ;  any  erection  that  is  round  both 
on  the  outside  and  inside.  The  most  celc-bmted  edi- 
fice of  this  kind  is  the  Pantheon  at  Rome.     Eneyc. 

RO-TUXD-r-Fo'LI-OUS,  a.  [L.  rotiindiis,  round,  and 
folium,  a  leaf.] 

Having  round  leaves. 

RO-TUNDT-TY",  }  n.  Roundness;  sphericity;  circu- 

RO-TUND'?^ESS,  i  larity  ;  as,  the  rotundity  of  a 
e'obe.  Be:itlfy. 

ROU'BLE.    SeeRtTBLE. 

ROU'COU,  (roo'koo,)  n.  [Originally  written  Ukucu.] 
The  dried  pulp  which  invests  the  seeds  within  the 
s^ed-vessel  of  Eixa  orellana,  a  shrub  eight  or  ten 
feet  high,  growing  in  South  America.  A  substance 
used  in  dyeing;  the  same  as  A:<otta. 

ROU-E',{Too-a.',)  71.  [Fr.]  In  '■  fjshionahU  world, 
one  devoted  to  a  life  of  sensual  , .  .^ure,  but  not  ex- 
cluded from  society  for  his  vices  ;  a  debauchee. 

ROUGE,  (roozh,)  a.     [Fr.]     Red.  Davies. 

ROUGE,  (roozh,)  n.  A  species  of  lake  or  red  paint, 
usually  prepared  from  the  dried  flowers  of  the  saf- 
fiower,  Carthamus  tlnctorius.  It  is  used  for  paint- 
ing the  cheeks.  Brande. 

ROUGE,  r.  i.  [Supra.]  To  paint  the  face,  or  rather 
the  cheeks,  with  rouge. 

ROUGE,  (roozh,)  v.  t  [Supra.]  To  paint  or  tinge 
with  rouge. 

R6UGE'-ET-j\'0IR' ,  (roozh'a-nwa'.)  [Fr.,  red  and 
black.]  A  game  at  cards  in  which  persons  play 
against  the  owner  of  the  table  or  bank  ;  so  called  be- 
cause the  table  is  divided  into  small  compartment'?, 
colored  red  and  black.  Hayle. 

ROUG'SD,  (roozhd,)  pp.  Tinged  v.'ith  rouge,  as  the 
face. 

ROUGH,  (ruf.)  a.  [Sax.  hreo^,  hreoh,  krug^  reoh,  mg, 
ruh,  href,  hrcof;  IS.  ruig,  rough,  shaggy,  whence  our 
rug,  rugged;  G.  rauh,  rough,  and  ranch,  hoarse,  L. 
Taucus,\X.  rauco;  Sw.rK^rfj  entangled  hair;  ruggig, 
rugged,  shaggy;  Dan.  rog,  rug,  rye;  W.  crec  and 
cryg,  rough,  rugged,  hoarse,  curling,  and  crecian,  to 
creak,  to  scream,  Eng.  shriek;  creg,  hoarse,  from 
cryg,  or  the  same  word  varied.  Cryg  is  from  rhyir, 
Eng.  rye,  that  is,  rough  ;  (^crtcca,  crooked,  is  probably 
from  the  same  source  ;)  Sax.  raca,  hraca,  a  cough  ; 
L.  ruga,  a  wrinkle  ;  W.  rliogi,  lo  grunt  or  grrjwl ; 
rhwc,  what  is  rough,  irregular,  a  prunt ;  rhwriaw,  to 
grunt ;  rhuwe,  a  rug,  a  rough  garment,  an  exterior 
coat ;  rhur.,  a  coat,  husk,  or  shell ;  rhwvc,  a  snorin;;, 
snorting,  or  rattling  nojae,    I'he  latter  is  probably 


from  the  same  root,  from  roughness,  and  this  is  the 
Gr.  /SejXf'')  to  snore  ;  Arm.  rochat  or  dirochat,  to 
snore;  diroeh,  snoring.  The  V/oIsh  unites  rough 
with  creak,  shriek  ;  and  shrug  is  formed  on  the  root 
of  L.  ruga,  a  wrinkle,  a  ridge.  (See  Ridge.)  The 
primary  sense  is  to  stretch  or  strain  ;  but  applied  to 
roughness  or  wrinkling,  it  is  to  draw  or  contract,  a 
straining  together.] 

J.  Having  inequalities,  small  ridges,  or  points  on 
the  surtace  ;  not  smooth  or  plain  ;  as,  a  rough  board ; 
a  rough  stone ;  rouirh  cloth. 

2.  Stony ;  abounding  with  stones  and  stumps ;  as, 
rough  land  ;  or  simply  with  stones  ;  as,  a  rough  road. 

3.  Not  wrought  or  polished  ;  as,  a  rough  dfamond. 

4.  Thrown  into  huge  waves ;  violently  agitated; 
as,  a  r  .ugh  sea. 

5.  Tempestuous;  stormy;  boisterous;  as,  rou^^h 
weather.  " 

6.  Austere  to  the  taste  ;  harsh  ;  as,  rough  wine. 

7.  Harsh  to  the  ear;  grating;  jarring'  unharino- 
nious  ;  as,  rough  sounds  ;  rough  numbers.       Pope. 

8.  Rugged  of  temper;  severe;  austere;  rude  ;  not 
mild  or  courteous. 

A  fiend,  a  fury,  pitilesa  and  rough.  .'iTiaA. 

9.  Coarse  in  manners ;  rude. 

A  suriy  boalm;tn,  rough  as  Eoaa  and  uiniU.  Prior. 

10.  Harah  ;  violent ;  not  easy ;  as,  a  rough  reme- 
dy- Clarendon. 

11.  Harsh;  severe;  uncivil;  v<3,  rough  usage. 

Lock^. 

12.  Hard  featured;  not  delicate;  as,  a  roHo-A  vis- 
age. Dnjden. 

Vi.  Terrible ;  dreadful. 

Oil  ihe  rough  edge  of  balUe,  ere  It  juiiicJ, 

Sjian  adviaced.  Millon. 

14.  Rugged  ;  disordered  in  appearance  ;  coarse. 

Hough  from  the  tosstnj  surge  TTlysses  moves.  Pope. 

15.  Hair>*;  shaggy;  covered  with  hairs,  bristles, 
and  the  like. 

ROUGH,  (ruf,)  v.  U    To  rough  it,  is  to  have  or  pursue 

a  rough  or  rugged  cnin-se. 
ROUGH'-e.\ST,  (rufkast,)  v.  t.     [rough  aiid  ca^t.] 

1.  To  form  in  its  first  rudiments,  without  revision, 
correction,  and  polish.  Dryden. 

2.  To  moM  without  nicety  or  elegance,  or  to  form 
with  asperities,  Clcaveland, 

3.  To  plaster  with  a  mixture  of  lime  and  shells  or 
pebbles  ;  as,  to  roua-h-cast  a  buildin'^. 

ROUGH'-CaST,  (rufkast,)  n.  A  >ude  model;  the 
form  of  a  thing  in  its  first  rudiments;  unfinished. 

Digby. 
2.  A  kind  of  plastering  made  of  lime,  with  a  mix- 
ture of  shells  or  pebbles,  used  for  covering  buildings. 

ROUGH'-DRaUGHT,  (ruf'drJift,)  «.  A  draught  in 
its  rudiments;  a  draught  not  perfected  ;  a  sketch. 

Dryden. 

ROUGH'-DRAW,  (ruf'draw,)  v.  t  To  draw  or  delin- 
eate coarsely.  Dryden, 

ROUGH'-DRAU'N,  (ruf'drawn,);?;;.  Coarsely  drawn. 

R0UGH'£N,  (ruf'n,)r.  f.  [from  rough.]  To  make 
rough.  Swift. 

R0UGH'£N,  Crufn,)  r.  /.    To  grow  or  become  rough. 

Thomson. 

R0UGH'£N-£D,  (ruf'nd,)  pp.  Made  or  become  rougli. 

ROUGH'JEN-ING,  ppr.    Making  rough. 

ROUGH-FOOT-ED,  (ruffpot-ed,)  a.  Feather-footed  ; 
as,  a  rough-footed  dove.  Sherwood. 

ROUGH'-HEVV,  (ruf'liu,)  v.  t.     [rough  and  hew.] 

1.  To  hew  coarsely,  without  smoothing;  as,  to 
rough-hew  timber. 

2.  To  give  the  first  form  or  shape  to  a  thing. 

There's  a  divinity  Unit  ;!iapps  our  ends, 

£iough-hiw  thviii  how  we  wiJI.  Siirk. 

ROUGH'-HEWN,  (rurhune,)7>p.  or  a.  Hewn  coarse- 
ly, without  smoothing. 

2.  Rugged  ;  unpolished  ;  of  coarse  manners ;  rude. 

A  TOUgh-}ie-xn  eeamaji.  Bacon. 

3.  Unpolished  ;  not  nicely  fi.^iahed.  Howell. 
ROUGH'INGS,  Cruf'ingK,)  h.  pi    Grass  after  mowing 

or  reaping.     [Local.] 
ROUGHTSH,  (ruf'ish,)  a.     In  some  degree  rough. 

Rich.  Diet, 
ROUGH'LeAF-£D,  (rufleeft,)    a.      Having    rough 

leave.^. 
ROUGH'LY,    (niriy,)  adv.    With  uneven    surface; 

with  asperities  on  the  yurfnce. 

2.  Harshly;  uncivilly;  rudely;  as,  to  be  treated 
roughhj. 

3.  Severely  ;  without  tenderness  ;  as,  to  blame  too 
roughly.  Dryden. 

4.  Austerely  to  the  taste. 

5.  Boisterously  ;  tempestuously. 

6.  Harshly  to  the  ear. 

7.  Violently ;  not  gentlv. 

ROUGH'NESS,  (ruf'ness,)  u.  Unevenness  of  sur- 
face, occasioned  by  small  prominences;  asperity  of 
surface  :  as,  the  roughitcsa  of  a  board,  of  a  floor,  or 
of  a  rock. 

2.  ."Vustereness  to  the  taste ;  a?,  the  roughness  of 
sloes  Broicn. 

3.  Taf^le  of  astringency.  Spectator. 


4.  Harshness  to  the  ear;  as,  the  roughness  of 
Bounds.  Swifi. 

5.  Ruggednessof  temper;  harshness;  austerity. 

Jlddison. 
G.  Coarseness  of  manners  or  behavior;  rudeness. 

&Tcrity  breedeth  fecr ;  but  roughntai  breedeth  bate.    Bacon. 

7.  Want  of  delicacy  or  refinement ;  as,  military 

roughness. 

8.  Severity ;  harslmcss  or  violence  of  discipline. 

9.  Violence  of  operation  in  medicines. 

10.  Unpolished  or  unfinished  slate;  as,  the  rough- 
ness of  a  gem  or  a  draught, 

11.  Inelegance  of  dress  or  appearance. 

12.  Tempestuousness ;  boisterousness ;  as  of  winds 
or  weather. 

13.  Violent  agitation  by  wind  ;  as,  the  roughness 
of  the  sea  in  a  storm. 

14.  Coarseness  of  features. 
ROUGH'-RID-ER,  (ruf'rid-er,)  n.    One  who  breaks 

horses;  particularly  a  non-commissioned  officer  in 
the  cavalry,  whose  duty  it  is  to  assist  the  ridina  mas- 
ter. Campbell's  JlTd.  Diet. 

ROUGH'-SHOD,  (ruf'shod,)  a.  Shod  with  shoes  arm- 
ed with  points  ;  as,  a  rough-shod  horse.  [This  v.'ord 
is  not  generally  used  in  America.  In  New  England, 
instead  of  rough-shod,  calked  is  used.] 

To  ride  rough-shod,  in  a  figurative  sense,  is  to  pur- 
sue a  course  regardless  of  the  pain  or  distress  it  may 
cau.^e  ethers. 

ROUGHT,  (rawt,)  for  Raught,  pret.  of  Reach.  [Obs.] 

Shak. 

ROUGIP-WORK,  (rufwurk,)  v.  U     [rough  zJiH  work.] 
To  work  over  coarsely,  without  regard  to  nicety, 
smoothness,  or  finish.  Mozon. 

ROUGH '-WROUGHT,  (ruTrawt,)  pp.  or  a.  Wrought 
or  done  coarsely. 

ROU-LEAU',  (roo-lo',)  n.  [Fr.]  A  little  roll  ;  a  roll 
of  coins  in  paper.  Pope. 

ROU-LETTE',  n.     [Fr.,  a  little  ball  or  roUer.] 

A  game  of  chance,  in  which  a  small  ball  is  made  to 
move  round  rapidly  on  a  circle  divided  off  into  red 
or  black  spaces,  and  as  it  stops  on  the  one  or  the 
other,  the  player  wins  or  loses.         Diet,  de  V.ilcad. 

ROUN,  V.  i.  [G.  raunen  ;  Sax.  runian,itom  run,  runa, 
mystery  ;  whence  runic] 

To  whisper.     [Obs.]  Oower. 

ROUX,  ?•.  t.     To  address  in  a  whisper.     [Obs,]     Bret, 

ROAN'-TREE,  n.     The  roan-tree  or  mountain-ash. 

ROUNCE,  n.     The  handle  of  a  printing-press. 

ROUN'CE-VAL,  71.     [from    Sp.  RoncssvaLles,^  town 
at  II.  •  foot  of  the  Pyrenees.] 
A  variety  of  pea,  so  called,  Tus>er. 

ROUND,  a.  [Fr.  rondf  It.  Sp.  and  Port,  ronda,  a 
round;  Arm.  roundt:  G.  Dan,  and  Sw.  rmtdi  D. 
rond.     0,u.  W.  cricn,  Ir.  cruin.  Arm.  eren.] 

1.  Cylindrical  ;  cuxular ;  spherical  or  globular. 
Round  is  applicable  to  a  cylinder  or  circle  as  well  as 
to  a  globe  or  sphere.  V/e  say,  the  barrel  of  a  musket 
is  round  ;  a  ball  is  round  ;  a  circle  is  round. 

2.  Full ;  large  ;  as,  a  round  sum  or  price.    Addison. 

3.  Full;  smooth:  flowing;  not  defective  or  ab- 
rupt. 

In  his  satiix-3,  Horace  is  quick,  round,  ami  pleasant,     Peacham. 
llis  styl3,  though  round  and  comprehsnsive.  FtlU 

4.  Plain ;  open  ;  candid  ;  fair. 

Round  dealing  15  the  honor  of  rju's  nalurv.  Bacon, 

L'-t  ber  be  roujMi  with  hlra.  Shak. 

5.  Full;  quick;  brisk;  as,  a  rounrf  trot.     ,Sddison. 

6.  Full ;  plump  ;  bold  ;  positive  ;  as,  a  round  as- 
sertion ;  a  round  oath.  Sharp. 

A  rou7td  number,  is  a  number  that  ends  with  a  ci- 
pher, and  may  be  divided  by  10  without  a  remain- 
der ;  a  complete  or  full  number.  It  is  remarkable 
that  the  W.  cant,  a  hundred,  the  L.  centjan,  and  Sax. 
hund,  signify  properly  a  circle,  and  this  use  of  round 
may  have  originated  in  alike  idea. 
ROUND,  71.  A  circle  ;  a  circular  thing,  or  a  circle  in 
motion  ;  also,  an  orb,  globe,  or  sphere. 

With  roupds  of  waicn  tapen  on  their  hi-ads.  S\aA, 

Knit  your  hands,  and  beat  Uie  ground 

l:i  a  tight,  faiiListic  round.  ^Tilton. 

2.  Action  or  performance  in  a  circle,  or  passing 
through  a  series  of  hands  or  things,  and  coming  to 
the  point  of  beginning;  or  the  time  of  such  action. 

\yomen  to  canU  may  be  comptireJ  ;  we  play 

A  round  or  tv.o  ;  when  u!«d,  we  llm)w  away.  Granviilt. 

The  feajt  wa«  served  j  the  bowl  wa«  crowned  ; 

To  (he  king's  ple.isure  went  the  mirthful  round.  Prior. 

So  we  say,  a  rcund  of  labors  or  duties.  ^Ve  run 
the  daily  round.  .Addison, 

3.  Rotation  in  ofiice  ;  succession  in  vicissitude. 

Holyday. 

4.  A  rundle  ;  the  step  of  a  ladder. 

AH  the  rounds  like  Jacob's  ladder  rise.  Zhyien. 

5.  A  walk  performed  by  a  guard  or  an  officer  round 
the  rampart  of  a  garrison,  or  among  sentinels,  to  see 
that  the  sentinels  are  faithful  and  all  things  Eal>. 
Hence  the  officer  and  men  who  perform  this  duly 
are  called  the  rounds.  Encyc. 

6.  .\  short  vocal  composition  in  three  or  more  parts, 
in  performing  which  Ihe  firet  voice  begins  alon?, 
singing  lo  the  end  of  the  first  part,  then  passes  ou 


TONE,  B^LL,  TJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  Kj  G  as  J;  S  oa  Z ;  CH  03  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


965 


ROU 

lo  the  second,  tliird,  &c.,  pans,  the  other  voices  fol- 
lowing sjuccessivety  the  same  routine,  till  all  arc 
jitiried  together,  the  round  ending  ut  the  mark  of  a 
pause,  or  at  a  signal  agreed  on.  P.  Cyc. 

7.  A  general  discharge  of  fire-arms  by  a  body  of 
troops,  ill  which  each  buldier  fires  once.  In  volleys, 
it  IS  usual  for  a  company  or  regiment  to  fire  three 
rounds. 

8.  That  which  goes  round  a  whole  circle  or  com- 
pany ;  as,  a  round  of  applause. 

A  round  of  cartridges  and  balls;  one  cartridge  to 
each  man  ;. OS,  to  supply  a  regiment  with  a  single 
round,  or  witli  twelve  rounds^  of  cartridges. 

A  round  of  beef  i  a  cut  of  the  thigh  through  and 
across  the  biiue. 
ROUND,  adv.    On  all  sides. 

Thiiie  cB^miea  shall  ciul  a  Ireiich  alx)ul  thee,  aiid  compau  ihco 
round.  —  Luke  xix. 

2.  Circularly  ;  in  a  circular  form ;  as,  a  wheel 
lurus  round, 

3.  From  one  side  or  party  to  another  ;  as,  to  come 
or  turn  round.  Hence  these  expressions  signify  to 
change  sides  or  opinions. 

■1.  Not  in  a  direct  linej  by  a  course  longer  than 
the  direct  course.  The  shortest  course  is  not  the 
best ;  let  us  go  round. 

Ail  round,  in  common  sjiccch,  denotes  over  the  whole 
place,  or  in  every  direction. 

Round  about  is  tautological. 
HOUND,  yrcp.  On  evory  side  of;  as,  the  people  stood 
round  him  ;  the  sun  sheds  light  round  the  earth.  In 
this  sense,  around  is  much  used,  and  all  is  often  used 
to  modify  the  word.  They  stood  all  round  or  around 
him. 

2.  About ;  in  a  circular  course,  or  in  all  parts  ;  as, 
to  go  round  the  city.  He  led  his  guest  round  bis 
fields  and  garden.    He  wanders  round  the  world. 

3.  Circularly;  about;  as,  to  wind  a  cable  round 
the  windlass. 

To  come  or  get  round  one,  in  popular  language,  is 
to  gain  advantage  over  one  by  flattery  or  deception  ; 
to  circumvent. 
ROUND,  V.  t  To  make  circular,  spherical,  or  cylin- 
drical ;  as,  to  round  a  silver  coin  ;  to  round  the  edges 
of  any  thing. 

Worms  wilh  many  feci,  lh:it  round  IheiruclwiJs  into   balls,  are 
bred  chiefly  iimior  logs  of  limber.  Bacon. 

2.  To  surround  ;  to  encircle ;  to  encompass. 

Th'  inclusive  vcrfje 
Of  goUIci)  inctui  that  must  rouiul  my  l>roiv.  ^7((ut. 

Our  liuli;  life  is  rounded  with  a  sleep.  iViofc. 

3  To  form  to  the  arch  or  figure  of  the  section  of  a 
circle. 

The  figiirea  on  our  nioderii  medals  are  mised  aud  Toamled  to 
very  grciil  iierfeclioa.  Addizon. 

4.  To  move  about  any  thing  j  as,  the  sun,  in  polar 
regions,  rounds  the  liorizon.  Jlilton. 

5.  To  make  full,  i^mooth,  and  flowing;  as,  to 
round  periods  in  wntiug.  Swiji. 

To  round  in;  amons  seamen,  to  haul  upon  a  rope, 
generally  used  in  hauling  upon  the  weather  braces. 

7'otten. 
To  round  vp;  to  haul  up;  nsualbj,  to  haul   up  the 
slack  of  a  rope  through  its  leading  block,  or  to  haul 
up  a  tackle  which  hangs  loose,  by  its  fall.     Tottcn. 
ROUND,  V.  u    To  grow  or  become  round. 

The  queen,  your  mother,  rounds  apace.  Shak. 

2.  To  go  round,  as  a  guard. 

They  nightly  rounding  widJc.  Miltan. 

To  round   to,  in  sailing,  is  to  turn  the  head  of 
the  ship  toward  the  wind. 
ROUND,  V.  i.     [A  corruption  of  roun;  Sax.  runian; 
G.  rauncn.'\ 
To  whisper  ;  as,  to  round  in  the  ear.     [  Obs.] 

ROUND' A-BOUT,  a,     [round  and  aboxit.']     Indirect  : 
going  round  ;  loose. 

Pttni[ihrase  is  a  roundahQut  way  of  translating.  Fdton. 

2.  Ample  ;  extensive ;  as,  roundabout  sense. 

3-  Encircling  ;  encompassing.  Taller. 

rin  any  sense,  this  word  is  inelegant.] 
ROUND'A-BOUT,  n.    A  horizontal  wheel  on  which 
children  ride.  Smart. 

2,  A  sort  of  surlout.  Smart. 

3.  In  America,  a  short  close  body  garment  without 
skirts. 

ROUND'-CACK-SD,  (-bakt,)  U.      Having    a    round 

5SfiSS;-r?."^^^-^'^^^-E^'    i      back  or  JitoSlders. 

EOU.VD'E-LAY,  i  "■     [^'-rojuidet,  from  ronrf,  round.] 

1.  A  sort  of  ancient  poeni,  consistinK  of  thirteen 
verses,  of  wliicli  ciglit  are  in  one  kinil  of  rliyrae, 
and  fivo  in  ar)otlier.  It  is  divided  into  eoiiplets  ;  at 
the  end  of  tlie  second  and  third  of  which,  the  begin- 
ning of  the  poem  is  repeated,  and  that,  if  jiossible, 
in  an  equivocal  or  punning  sense.    Tmoux.    Brmdc. 

2.  [Fr.  rtmiidk,  a  litllc  shield.]  A  round  form  or 
figure.     [JiTol  lused.]  Bacon. 

3.  [  Roundel^  in  heraklry^  a  circular  spot.  —  K.  H. 
Burlier.] 


ROU 

ROUND'ER,  Ti,  (See  Rohdure.]  Circumference; 
incki-sure.     [JVoi  in  use]  Shak. 

ROUND'HE.VD,  (-hed,)  n.  [round  and  head.]  A 
name  of  contempt  formerly  given  to  a  Furitan,  from 
tiic  practice  which  prevailed  among  the  Puritans  of 
croj'pingthe  hair  round.  They  were  also  called  Pkick- 
EARKD,  in  consequence  of  their  ears  appearing  fully 
exposed  t>om  tiic  scantiness  of  their  hair.  During 
the  time  of  Charles  I.  and  of  the  Commonweallli, 
the  name  Roundhead  was  extended  to  all  the  repub- 
licans. Toone.     P.  Vyc. 

ROUND'HEAD  ED,  a.     Having  a  round  head  or  top. 

Lowth. 

ROUND'HOUSE,  n.  A  constable's  prison  ;  the  prison 
to  secure  persons  taken  up  by  the  night-watch,  till 
they  can  be  examined  by  a  magi>lrate.  Encyc. 

2.  In  a  ship  of  xoar^  a  certain  necessary  near  the 
head,  for  the  use  of  particular  oliicers. 

3.  ii\  large  merchantmen  and  skips  of  war,  a  cabin 
or  apartment  in  the  after  part  of  the  tpiarter-deck, 
having  the  poop  for  its  roof :  sometimes  called  the 
Coach.     It  is  the  master's  lotiging-room. 

Mar.  Diet.     Encyc. 

ROUND'ING,  ppr.     Making  round  or  circular. 
2.  Making  full,  (lowing,  and  smooth. 

ROUND'INt;,  «.     Round  or  roundish;  nearly  round. 

ROUND'INCi,  7t.  Among  seamen,  small  rope  or  spun- 
yarn  wotind  round  a  larger  roi)e  to  keep  it  from  chaf- 
ing ;  also  called  tiznvicE.  Totten. 

ROUND'ISH,  a.  Somewhat  round;  nearly  round; 
as,  a  roumlisk  seed  ;  a  roundish  figure.  Bmdf. 

ROUNIVISll-NErfS,  71.    The  state  of  being  rouiiili>h. 

ROUND'LET,  n.     A  little  circle.  Qrcgonj. 

ROUND'LY,  adv.     In  a  round  form  or  manner. 

2.  Openly;  boldly;  without  reserve;  perempto- 
rily. 

He  ufRrms  every  thin»  roundiy.  Adtliion. 

3.  Plainly  ;  fully.  He  gives  ihcm  roundly  to  un- 
derstand that  their  duty  is  submission. 

4.  Briskly  ;  with  speed. 

When  the  mind  has  hrong'hl  iUelf  lo  attention,  it  will  be  able  to 
i;po  with  difficutiiea  and  maater  tliem,  and  then  it  may  go 
on  roundly.  Locke. 

5.  Completely ;  to  the  purpose ;  vigorously ;  in 
earnest.  Shak.    Davics. 

ROUND'NESS,  ii.  The  quality  of  being  round,  cir- 
cular, spherical,  globular,  or  cylindrical ;  circularity  ; 
sphericity;  cylindrical  form;  rotundity;  as,  the 
roundness  of  the  globe,  of  the  orb  of  the  sun,  of  a 
ball,  of  a  bowl,  &lc.  fVatts. 

2.  Fullness;  smootliness  of  flow;  as,  the  round- 
ness of  a  period. 

3.  Openness;  plainness;  boldness;  positiveness; 
as,  the  roundness  of  an  assertion. 

ROUND^RIDCE,  v.  t.  [round  and  ridge.]  In  tillage, 
to  form  round  ridges,  bv  plowing.    Edwards,  IK  lad. 

ROUND'ROB-IN,  TJ.      [Fr.  rond  and  ruiuH.      Todd.] 
A  written  petition,  memorial,  remonstrance,  or  in- 
strument, signed  by  names  in  a  ring  or  circle,  so  as 
not  lo  show  who  signed  it  first.  Forbea. 

ROUNDS,  71.  pi.     [See  Round,  n.  No.  5.] 
2.  Round-top.     [See  Top.] 

ROUND  Ta'BLE,  n.  Knights  of  the  round  table; 
knights  belonging  to  an  order  established  by  the 
British  king  Arthur,  about  the  sixth  century,  so 
named  from  their  eating  at  a  round  table,  i. .  which 
the  distinction  of  rank  was  avoided.  Toone. 

ROUND  TOWER,  n.  The  name  given  to  certain 
lofty  towers,  lapenug  from  the  base  to  a  conical  cap 
or  roof,  which  crowns  the  summit ;  found  chiefly 
in  Ireland.  They  are  of  great  antiquity,  and  vary  in 
hight  from  thirty-five  to  one  hundred  and  twenty 
feet.  Some  stand  on  circular  bases,  and  some  on 
square  bases.  P.  Cyc. 

ROUP,  (roop,)  V.  t.  To  cry  or  shout;  Iience,  to  ex- 
pose to  sale  by  auction.     [Scottish.]     Jamicson*s  Diet. 

ROUP,  n.    An  outer}';  a  sale  of  goods  by  auction. 

[Scottish.]  Janiie.son'*s  Diet. 

9.  A  disease  in  poultry.  Gardner. 

ROUSE,  (rou7.,)«.  (.  [This  word,  written  also  Arouse, 
seems  to  belong  to  the  family  of  ra'ute  or  rush.  (See 
Raise.)  In  Sax.  hrysan,  to  shake  and  to  rush  ;  Goth. 
hrisyan,  to  shake.] 

1.  To  wake  from  sleep  or  repose.     Gen.  xlix. 

2.  To  excite  to  thought  or  action  from  a  state  of 
idleness,  languor,  stupidity,  or  inattention. 

Addison.     Atlerbury. 

3.  To  put  into  action ;  to  agitate. 

Blustering  wluda  that  roused  the  sea.  MUion. 

4.  To  drive  a  beast  from  his  den  or  place  of  rest. 

Denham.    Pope. 
ROUSE,  V.  i.    To  awake  from  sleep  or  repose. 

Morpheus  rouses  from  his  brd.  Poj>e. 

2.  To  be  cx'citcd  to  thought  or  action  from  a  state 
of  indolence,  sluggishness,  languor,  or  inattention. 

ROUSE,  V.  i.  In  seamen''s  language,  to  pull  together 
upon  a  cable,  Sec,  without  the  assistance  of  tackles 
or  other  mechanical  power.  Mar.  Diet. 

ROUSE,  (rouz,)  n.  [D.  roes,  a  bumper  ;  G.  rausch, 
drunkenness  ;  ratutchen,  to  rush,  to  rustle.] 

1.  A  bumper  in  honor  of  a  health.  [Obs.]    Shak. 

2.  Excess  of  drinking  ;  a  carousal,  Sbalc. 


ROW 

ttOUS'£D,  (rou'/.d,)  pp.  Awakened  fruin  sleep;  ex- 
cited to  tiiought  or  action. 

ROUS'ER,  Ji.     One  that  rouses  or  excites. 

ROUS'ING,  ppr.  Awaking  from  sleep;  exciting; 
calling  into  action. 

2.  a.     Having  power  to  awaken  or  excite. 

3.  Great;  violent;  as,  a  roiwmo- fire.     [ruWar.] 
ROUS'ING-LY,  a(/u.     Violently  ;  excitingly.     " 
ROUS'!',  n.     A  torrent  occasioned  by  a  tide.    Shetland. 
ROUT,  71.     [G.  rotte,  I),  rot,  Dan.  rode,  a  set,  gang, 

rabble  ;  Dan.  rotter^  G.  rotten,  to  combine  together, 
to  plot ;  D.  rotten,  to  assemble  and  to  rot ;  VV.  rhaic- 
ter,  a  crowd  ;  Fr.  rufu,  a  herd.  Uu.  from  the  root  of 
crowd,  or  from  breaking,  bursting,  noise.] 

1.  A  rabble ;  a  clamorous  mtiltitude  ;  a  tumultu- 
ous crowd  ;  as,  a  rout  of  people  assembled. 

The  cnclksj  routs  of  wretched  iIituUb.  Spenser. 

2.  In  law,  a  rout  is  where  three  persons  or  more 
meet  to  do  an  unlawful  act  upon  a  common  quarrel, 
as  forcibly  lo  break  down  fences  on  a  right  claimed 
of  common  or  of  way,  and  make  some  advances  to- 
ward it.  Blackstone. 

3.  A  company  of  select  persons.  [  Obs.]  Spenser. 
Hence, 

4.  A  fashionable  assembly  or  largo  evening  party. 

Smart. 
ROUT,  71.   [Fr.  dcroute;  It.  rotta,  a  breaking,  a  defeat, 

a  rout ;  rotio,  broken,  dufeateil ;  rotlura,  a  rupture; 

Sp.  rota,  roto.    This  is  a  corruption  of  the  L.  ruptus, 

from  rumpo,  to  break.     Class  Rb.] 
The  brcraking  or  defeat  of  an  army  or  band    of 

troops,  or  the  disorder  and  confusion  of  troops  thus 

defeated  and  put  lo  flight.  Milton. 

ROUT,  V.  (.    To  break  the  ranks  of  troops  and  put 

them  to  flight  in  disorder  ;  to  defeat  and  throw  into 

confusion. 


The  king's  horse  - 


■  routed  and  defculed  Uie  whole  army. 

Clarendon. 

llOUT,  V.  i.  To  assemble  in  a  clamorous  and  tumultu- 
ous crowd.     [Jv'ot  in  ^ise.]  Bacon. 

ROUT,  V.  i.     [Sax.  hrutan.] 

To  snore.     [Obs.]  Chaucer. 

ROUT,  V.  t.  [For  Root.]  To  turn  up  the  ground 
with  the  snout ;  to  search.     [JSTot  in  vsc.] 

ROUTE  01- ROUTE,  71.  [Fr.  route;  Sp.  rauta:  Arm. 
roud;  VV.  rhawd,  a  route  or  way  ;  rkodiaw,  to  wall; 
about ;  Eng.  road.  (See  Roao.)  It  belongs  to  the 
family  of  ride,  and  L.  gradior ;  properly  a  going  or 
passing.] 

The  course  or  way  which  is  traveled  or  passed,  or 
to  be  passed  ;  a  passing  ;  a  course  ;  a  march. 

Wide  through  the  furzy  field  their  rout  Ihcy  lake.  Gay. 

Rout  and  road  are  not  synonymous.  \Vc  say, 
to  mend  or  repair  a  road,  but  not  to  mend  a  route. 
We  use  route  for  a  course  of  passing,  and  not  willioul 
reference  to  the  passing  of  some  person  or  body  of 
men  ;  but  route  is  not  the  road  itself. 

ROUT'ED,  pp.  or  a.    Put  to  flight  in  disorder. 

ROU-TINE',  (roo-teen'j)  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  rota,  a 
wheel.] 

1.  A  round  of  business,  amusements,  or  pleasure, 
daily  or  frequently  pursued  ;  particularly,  a  course 
of  business  or  official  duties,  regularly  or  frequently 
returning. 

2.  Any  regular  habit  or  practice  not  accommodated 
to  circumstances. 

ROUT'ING,  ppr.     Putting  to  flight;   defeating   and 

throwing  into  confusion. 
ROUT'OUS-LY,«*/y.  With  that  violation  of  law  called 

a  rout.  Bouvicr. 

RoVE,  V.  i.     [Dan.  rover,  to  rob ;  Sw.  r'dfva.    This 

corresponds  with  the  Sax.  rcafan  and  L.  rapio,  Fr. 

ravir.     In  Sw.  strofca,  to  rove  or  wander,  appears  lo 

be  formed  on  this  root.    In  D.  roovcn,  G.  raubcn, 

signify  to  rob.] 
To  wander;  to  ramble;  to  range;  to  go,  move,  or 

pass  without  certain  direction  in  any  manner,  by 

walking,  riding,  flying,  or  otherwise. 

For  who  has  power  to  walk,  haa  power  lo  race.       Arbutknot. 

RoVE,  V.  t.  To  wander  over ;  as,  roving  a  field  ; 
rooing  t)\Q  town.  This  is  an  elliptical  form  of  ex- 
pression for  roving  over,  through,  or  about,  the  town. 

ROVE,  v.  t.  [Qu.  reeve.]  To  draw  a  thread,  string, 
or  cord,  through  an  eye  or  aperture. 

RoV'ER,  71.     A  wanderer ;  one  who  rambles  about. 

2.  A  fickle  or  inconstant  person. 

3.  A  robber  or  p  irate  ;  afreebooter.  [SoCursairis 
from  L.  cursus,  curro,  to  mn.l  Bacon. 

4.  A  sort  of  arrow.     [  Obs.\  B.  .hnsoiu 
At  rovers;  without  any  particular  aim;    at  ran- 
dom ;  as,  shooting  at  rovers.            South,    Addison. 

[I    never   heard  this    expression  in  the    United 

States.] 
RoV'ING,  ppr.  or  fl.    Rambling;  wandering;  passing 

a  cord  through  an  eye. 
RoV'ING,  71.     The  operation  which    gives  the  first 

twist  to  cotton  thread  by  drawing  it  through  an  cyo 

or  aperture.  I 

RoV'ING-LY,  adv.     In  a  wandering  manner. 
ROV'ING-NESS,  n.     State  of  roving. 
RoW,  71.     [Sax.  raxca  ;  G.  reOic ;  D.  rei.     The  Welsh 

has  rhes.    It  is  a  contracted  word,  and  probably  the 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT,  — MeTE,  PREY — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — N6TE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.- 
""966  "  ' 


ROY 

rleiuenls  are  i2^  :  the  same  as  of  rank.  The  prima- 
rj-  sense  is  probably  to  stretch,  to  reach.  If  the  ele- 
ments are  iW,  it  coiacides  with  roii;  Sw.  rod,  a 
row.] 

1.  A  scries  of  persons  or  things  arranged  in  a  con- 
tinued line;  a  line;  a  rank;  a  filcj  as,  a  roto  of 
trees  ;  a  roio  of  gems  or  pearls ;  a  row  of  houses  or 
cuhimns. 

Wh?re  ihe  bright  senpbiin  io  bunun^  rou.  Milton. 

2.  An  excursion  taken  in  a  boat  with  oars. 
RoW,  I*.  ^     [Sax.  rotcan,  reowan  ;  Sw.  ro;  Dan.  roer; 

D.  raeijca :  the  latter  signifies  to  roic  and  t"  f:aiige  ; 
G.  rudery  an  oar  j  radcrn^  to  row;  Sax.  ruVtcr^  an 
oar;  Gr.  i-:r-rw,  intcuio,  to  row;  rpcrii'-s,  an  oar. 
If  the  noun  is  tlie  primary  word,  ruder  and  roUter, 
an  o;»r.  may  be  from  the  root  of  rod,  L.  radiits^  or 
from  the  root  of  rah,  to  rub,  grate,  sweep.  If  the 
verb  is  the  priman,-  word,  liie  sense  is  to  sweep,  to 
urge,  drive,  impei.'  Chtss  Rd.    See  Rudder.] 

1.  To  impel,  a?  a  boat  or  vessel  along  the  surface  of 
water  by  oars  ;  as,  to  row  a  boat. 

'2.  To  transport  by  rowing;  as,  to  rmc  the  captahi 

ashore  in  his  barge. 
Row,  r.  i.    To  labor  with  the  oar;  as,  to  row  well  j 

to  rtftc  with  oars  muffled. 
ROW,  II.     A  riotous,  noisy  disturbance.    Ld.  Bijron, 
KoW'A-BLE,  a.     Capable  of  being  rowed  or  rowed 

upon,     [JVut  in  use.]  B.  Jtmson. 

RoW'AN-TREE,  n.    The  roan-tree  or  mountain  ash, 

which  see.  p.  Cyc. 

ROWDY,  n.    A  riotous,  turbulent  fellow.    Jimcrica. 
RoW'ED,  (rode.)  pp.     Driven  by  oars. 
ROW'EL,  n.     [Old  Fr.  roudle;  G.  rixdel ;  Sp.  rodaja,  a 

small  wheel,  a  rowel ;  nuda,  a  wheel,  L.   rota^  W. 

rfvjd.     The  French  rouelle  is  a  difninutive  of  roue, 

contracted  from  rota,] 
I    The  little  wheel  of  a  spur,  formed  with  sharp 

points. 

2.  Among  farriers^  a  roll  of  hair  or  silk,  passed 
through  the  flesh  on  horses,  answering  to  a  seton  in 
surgery.  Enajc. 

3.  a'  little  flat  ring  or  wheel  of  plate  or  iron  on 
horses'  bits.  Spenser. 

ROW'EL,  r.  f.  To  insert  a  rowel  in;  to  pierce  the 
skin  and  insert  a  roll  of  hair  or  silk.         Mortimer. 

ROW'EI^£D,  pp.    Pierced  with  a  rowel. 

ROW'ELr-l.\G,  ppr.  Inserting  a  roll  of  hair  or  silk  ; 
piercing  the  skin  to  make  a  rowel. 

ROW'EX,  n.     [Uu.  Heb.  IJJ^,  to  be  green,  to  thrive.] 

Ro-j:en  'is  a  field  kepi  up  till  after  Michael iti;is,  tli^l  tin?  corn  left 

oa  the  gromitl  may  sprout  into  green.    Notes  on  Tusser. 
Tutu  your  cows  Uial  gi»e  milk  into  your  roxeens,  till  snow  comes. 

Mortijner. 

2.  In  JV*«o  England,  the  second  growth  of  grass  in 
a  season.  Haliiwell. 

I  We  never  apply  the  word  to  a  field,  nor  to  a  growth 

I       of  corn,  after  harvest,  nor  is  the  word  ever  used  in 

'      the  plural.     The  first  growth  of  grass  for  mowing  is 

called  the  Jirst  crop,  and  the  second  rowen. 

RoW'ER,  n.    One  thai  rows  or  manages  an  oar  in 

rowing. 
RoW'I.VG,  ppr.    Impelling,  as  a  boat  by  oars. 
I  Rowing,  n.    The  act  of  impelling  a  boat  by  oars. 
I   Rowland.     To  a-lve  a  Rowland  for  an  Oliver,  is  to 
j       give  a  full  equivalent,  as  a  retort,  blow,&c.,  of  equal 
I      force  ;  in  allusion  to  two  knights,  famous  in  romance, 
who  were  considered  as  exactly  matched. 

HaUiweU. 
1  ROWLEV-RAGG.    See  Ragstone. 
RoW-LOCK,  n.    That  part  of  a  boat's  gunwale  on 

which  the  oar  rests  in  rowing.  Totten. 

RoW-PoRT,  n.    A  name  given  to  little  square  holes 

in  the  side  of  small  vessel*  of  war,  parallel  to  the  sur- 

faceof  the  water,  for  tlie  purpose  of  rowing  in  a  calm. 

Mar.  Diet. 
ROY'AL,  a.     [Fr.  royal;  It.  reale  ;  Sp.  and  Port,  real; 
contracted  from  L.  rcgalis,  from  rex,  king.     See  Rick 
and  Right.] 

1.  Kingly  ;  pertaining  to  a  king;  regal ;  as,  royal 
power  or  prerogative  ;  a  royal  garden ;  royal  domains  ; 
the  royai  family. 
9.  Becoming  a  king;  magnificent;  as,  royal  state. 

3.  Noble  ;  iUustrious. 

How  dolh  th.1t  royal  merchant,  good  Antonio  F  SfiaJc. 

ROY'AL,  n.  A  large  kind  of  paper.  It  is  used  as  a 
Doun  or  an  adjective. 

9.  Among  seamen,  a  small  sail  spread  immediately 
above  the  top-gal  I  ant-sail  ;  sometimes  termed  the 
Top-oallant-botal.  Totten. 

3.  One  of  the  shoots  of  a  stag's  head.        Bailey. 

4.  In  artillery,  a  small  mortar. 

5.  In  Enifland,  one  of  the  soldiers  of  the  first 
regiment  of  foot,  called  the  Royals,  and  supposed 
to  be  the  oldest  regular  corps  in  Europe.    James. 

ROY'AL-ISM,  n.  Attachment  to  the  principles  or 
cause  of  royalty,  or  to  a  royal  government. 

Madison. 

ROY'AL-IST,  71.  An  adherent  to  a  king,  or  one  at- 
tached to  a  kingly  government. 

Where  Candish  foujhl,  the  royalUta  prcTailed.  Waller. 

ROY'AL-iZE,  tj.  t.    To  make  royal.  Sfiak. 

R0Y'AI^IZ-£D,  pp.     Made  royal. 


RUB 

ROY'AL-LY,  adv.  In  a  kijijily  munner  j  like  a  king  ; 
as  becomes  a  king. 

His  bciily  shall  bo  royally  interred.  Drydcn. 

ROY'AL-TY,  n,     [Fr.  ro7jauti ;  It.  rcalid.] 

I.  Kingship;  the  character,  state,  or  oflico  of  a 
king. 

Royally  \>y  lirlh  was  tlie  6tt"eetesl  waj  of  majesty.     Uo'.yday. 

9.  The  king  or  sovereign ;  as,  in  the  presence  of 

royalty. 

3.  Rotjalties,  pi. ;  emblems  of  royally  ;  regalia. 

Milton. 

4.  Rights  of  a  king  ;  prerogative.  Encyc. 
ROYNE,\-.  t.     [Fr.  ro^ner.] 

To  bite  ;  to  gnaw.     [JVot  in  vse.]  Spenser. 

ROYN'ISII,  a.  [Fr.  ro^neuz,  mangy;  Sp.  ronoso ;  It. 
roiTtwso.] 

Mean ;  paltry ;  as,  the  roynish  clown.  [J^ot  in 
■use.]  Shak. 

ROY'TEL-ET,  n.    [Fr.  roitelet,  from  roi,  king.] 

A  little  king.     [M)t  in  use]  Hei/Un. 

ROY'TISil,  a.    VVUd;  irregular.    [J^ot  in  use.) 

Beaum.  4*  Fl. 
RUB,  V.  t,  [W.  rkwbiaw;  D.  wrjjvcn;  G.  reiben,  to 
rub,  to  grate,  also  to  upbraid;  rei!tc,a.  grater.  Q,u. 
Ij.  probruvi,  exprobro  ;  Gr.  r/Hjfltj,  to  rub.  We  have 
the  elements  of  the  word  in  serapSy  scntb,  L.  scribo, 
Gr.  ynn'.j,'o.     Class  Rb,  No.  30.] 

1.  To  move  something  along  the  surface  of  a  body 
with  pressure  ;  as,  to  rub  the  face  or  arms  with  the 
hand  ;  to  rub  the  body  with  flannel.  Vessels  are 
scoured  or  cleaned  by  rubbing  them. 

9.  To  wipe ;  to  clean ;  to  scour  ;  but  rub  is  a  ge- 
neric term,  applicable  to  inction  for  every-  purpose. 

3.  To  touch  so  as  to  leave  behind  something 
whicli  touches;  to  spread  over;  as,  to  rub  any 
thing  with  oil. 

4.  To  polish;  to  retouch;  with  over. 

The  whole  husiness  of  our  redemption  is  to  ru6  oner  the  defaced 
copy  of  (lie  creation.  South. 

5.  To  obstruct  by  collision.     [Unusual]       S/ixik. 

In  popular  language,  rub  is  used  for  teasing,  fret- 
ting, upbraiding,  reproaching,  or  vexing,  with'  gibes 
or  sarcasms. 

To  rub  doiDn ;  to  clean  by  rubbing ;  to  comb  or 
curry,  as  a  liorsc.  Dryden. 

To  rub  off:  to  clean  any  thing  by  rubbing  ;  to  sep- 
arate by  friction  ;  as,  to  rub  ojf  rust. 

To  rub  out :  to  erase  ;  to  obliterate  ;  as,  to  rub  out 
marks  or  letters. 

9.  To  remove  or  separate  by  friction ;  as,  to  rub 
out  a  stain. 

To  rub  upon  :  to  touch  hard.  Sidney. 

To  rub  up  ;  to  burnish  ;  to  polish  ;  to  clean. 

2.  To  excite  ;  to  awaken  ;  to  rouse  to  action  ;  as, 
to  rub  up  the  memory. 

RUB,  V.  i.    To  move  along  the  surface  of  a  body 
with  pressure  ;  as,  a  wheel  rubs  against  the  gale- 
post. 
9.  To  fret ;  to  chafe ;  as,  to  rub  upon  a  sore. 

Dryden. 

3.  To  move  or  pass  with  difficulty  ;  as,  to  rub 
through  woods,  as  huntsmen ;  to  rub  through  the 
world.  Chapman.     L^  Estrange. 

RUB,  71,    The  act  of  rubbing  ;  friction. 

2.  That  which  renders  motion  or  progress  difficult ; 
collision;  hinderance;  obstruction. 

Now  every  rtcb  is  snioothi^i  in  our  way.  Shak. 

Upon  tliifi  rub  Ihe  Kngliah  euibitssadois  thought  fit  to  demur. 

Hayieard. 
All  sort  of  rubs  will  t»e  luid  in  the  way.  Davetuint. 

3.  Inequality  of  ground  that  hinders  the  motion  of 
a  bowl.  Shak. 

4.  Difficulty ;  cause  of  uneasiness  ;  pinch. 

To  sleep,  perchance  to  dream;  ay,  there's  llie  ru5.         Shak. 

5.  Sarcasm  ;  joke  j  something  grating  to  the  feel- 
ings. 

RUB,         _  )    n.     [rub  and   rfoHc]     A  stone,  usu- 

RUB'-SToNE,  \      ally  some  kind  of  sandstone,  used 

to  sharpen  instruments  ;  a  whetstone. 
RUB'BAGE,    ) 

RUBT.IDGE,  >  For  Rubbish.    [Vulgar,  and  not  used.] 
RUB'BLE,       > 
RUB'BED,  (rubd,)  pp.    Moved  along  the  surface  with 

a  pressure  ;  cleaned  ;  polished. 
RUB'BER,  n.    One  that  rubs. 

9.  The  instalment  or  thing  used  in  rubbing  or 

cleaning.  Swift. 

3.  A  coarse  file,  or  the  rough  part  of  it.    Moxoii. 

4.  A  whetstone  ;  a  rubstone. 

5.  In  whist  and  some  other  games,  two  games  out  of 
three  ;  or  the  game  that  decides  the  contest ;  or  a 
contest  consisting  of  three  games. 

India  rubber;  caoutchouc,  a  substance  produced 
from  several  plants  of  >Soiith  America  ;  a  substance 
remarkably  pliable  and  elastic.     [See  Caoutchodc] 

RUB'BING,  71.  Act  of  rubbing,  scouring,  or  polish- 
ing. 

RUB'BING,  ppr.  flioving  along  the  surface  with  a 
pressure;  chafing;  scouring;  polishing. 

RUB'BISH,  n.  [from  rub;  jtropcrly,  that  which  is 
rubbed  off;  but  not  now  used  in  this  limited  sense.] 


RUB 

1.  Fragments  of  buildings  ;  broken  or  imperftcl 
piecfji  of  any  structure;  ruins. 

He  taw  the  tuwns  one  half  in  rulMsh  lie.  Dryrien. 

9.  Waste  or  rejected  matter  ;  any  thing  worthlc-^s. 
S.  fliingled  mass  ;  confusion.  JirbuUawt. 

RUIJ'BLE,  i  n.    A  name  given   by  quarrj'- 

RUB'BLE-SToNE,  j  men  lo  the  upper  frdgmenta- 
ry  and  decomposed  portion  of  a  mass  of  ttunc; 
sometimes  applied  to  water-worn  stone.  [See  also 
Ri'HWAGE.]  LyelL 

RUB'BLE-WALL,  J   n.     In  masonry,  coarse  walling 
RUlVBLE-WfiRK,  1       conjftructed  of  rough  stones, 
not  large,  but  irregular  in  size  and  shape. 

Encyc.  Am.      Glvss  of  ArchU, 
RUB'BLY,  a.    Pertaining  lo  or  containing  rubble. 
RU-BE-FA'CIENT,  (-shcnt,)  a.     [L.  ritbefacio,  infra.] 

Making  red. 
RU-BEFa'CIENT,  n.    In  medicine,  a  substance  or 
external  application  which  produces  redness  of  the 
skin. 
RO'BEL-LITE,  n.     [from  L.  rubeus,  red.] 

A  red  variety  of  tourmaline,  varjing  in  color 
from  a  pale  rose-red  to  a  deep  ruby.  Dana. 

RU-Bi^'O-LA,  n.    The  measles. 

RU-BES'CF.NT,  a.     [L.  rubescens,  ruhesco,  from  rubeo, 
to  redden  or  to  be  red.] 
Growing  or  becoming  red  ;  tending  to  a  red  color. 
Ru'BE-ZAliL,  n.     [G.]     A  famous  mountain  spirit  of 
Germany,  sometimes  friendly,  sometimes  mischiev- 
ous, corresponding  to  Puck.     [See  Puck.] 

Encyc.  Am, 
Ru'BI-eAN,  fl.    [Fr.,  from  L.  rubeo,  lo  be  red.] 

Rubican  color  of  a  horse,  is  a  bay,  sorrel,  or  black, 
with  a  light  gray  or  white  upon  the  flanks,  but  the 
pray  or  white  not  predominant  there.       Far.  Diet. 
RU'BI-CEL,  71.     [L.  rubeo,  to  be  red.] 

A  gem  or  mineral,  a  variety  of  ruby  of  a  reddish 
color,  from  Brazil.  JVichotson.     Brande. 

Ru'BI-CON,  n.  A  small  river  which  separated  Italy 
from  Cisalpine  Gaul,  the  province  allotted  lo  Cesar. 
When  Cesar  crossed  that  stream,  he  invaded  Italy, 
with  the  intention  of  reducing  it  to  his  power.  Hence 
the  phrase,  to  pass  the  Rubicon,  signifies,  to  lake  a 
desperate  step  in  an  enterprise,  or  lo  adopt  a  meas- 
ure from  whii-h  one  can  not  recede,  or  from  which  ha 
is  determined  not  to  recede. 
RU'BI-eUXD,  a.     [L.  rubicundus.] 

Inclining  to  redness. 
RU-BI-eUND'I-TY,  n.    An  inclination  lo  redness; 

ruddiness. 
Ru'BI-£D,  (rti'bid,)  pp.  or  a.    Red  as  a  ruby ;  as,  a 

rubied  lip  ;  rubied  nectar.  Miiton. 

RU-BlF'ie,  a.     [L.  ruber,  and  fucio.] 

Making  red  ;  as,  rubijic  rays.  Grew. 

RU-BI-FI-eA'TION,  n.    The  act  of  making  red. 

Howell. 
RtJ'BI-FORM,  a.     [L.  ruber,  red,  and  form.] 

Having  the  form  of  red;  as,  the  rubiform  rays  of 
the  sun  are  least  refrangible.  J\'ewton. 

Ru'BI-F?,  V.  t.     [L.  ruber,  red,  and/aeic,  to  make.] 
To  make  red.     [Little  used.]  Brown, 

RU-BlG'I-NOUS,G.     Rusty. 
RU-Bl'GO,  71.   [L.]    i\Iildew,  a  kind  of  rust  on  plants, 

consisting  of  a  parasitic  fungus  or  mushroom. 
RU'BI-OUS,  a.     [L.  rubeus.] 

Red  ;  ruddv.     [J^ot  in  use.]  Shak. 

RU'BLE,  (nVbi,)  n.     [Russ.,  from  rublrju,  to  cut.] 

1.  A  silver  coin  of  Russia.  The  old  ruble  was 
worth  about  3s.  8d.  sterling,  or  8.i  cents.  The  new 
ruble,  coined  since  1769,  is  worth  nearly  3s.  3d.  ster- 
ling, or  75  cents.  Kelly. 

2.  A  money  of  account  in  Russia.  The  bank  ruble 
of  100  copecks  is  worth  about  lid.  sterling,  or  91 
cents.  McCulloch. 

Ru'BRie,  71.  [Fr.  rubriquci  L.  It.  and  Sp.  rubrica; 
from  L.  rubeu,  lo  be  red.] 

1.  A  title  or  article  in  certain  ancient  law  books; 
so  called  because  written  in  red  Idlers.         P.  Cyc. 

9.  The  name  given  to  the  directions,  printed  in 
prayer-books,  which  were  formerly  put  in  red  letters. 

Th*;  rubric  and  the  rules  n?latiag  to  the  liturgy  axe  eslabfehed  by 
royal  aiuhoriiy,  as  well  as  Xh':  liturgy  itself.  Nelson. 

The  name  has  sometimes  been  given  to  any  writ- 
ing or  printing  in  red  ink  in  old  books  and  manu- 
scripts, especially  the  date  and  place  on  a  title-page. 

Brajtde, 
Ru'BRie,  V.  t.    To  adorn  with  red. 

ru'bric'al,  !  °'    ^^'^* 
RC'BRie-AL,  a.     Placed  in  rubrics. 
RU'BRie-ATE,  V.  t.     [L.  rubric  at  u.<.] 

To  mark  or  distinguish  with  red.  Herbert, 

RCt'BRie-ATE,  a.     Jlarked  with  red.  Spdman. 

RiyBV,  71.  [Fr.  rubi-i;  Sp.  rubi;  Port  rubi,  rubim;  It. 
rubino  ;  D.  robyn ;  G.  Dan.  and  Sw.  rubin  ,■  Ir.  id. ; 
from  L.  rubeo,  to  be  red.] 

1.  A  precious  stone;  a  mineral  of  a  carmine  red 
color,  sometimes  verging  to  violet,  or  intermediate 
between  carmine  and  hyacinth  red  ;  bnt  its  parts 
vary  in  color,  and  hence  it  is  cailed  Sapphire  Ribt 
orOnAKGEREo,  and  by  some  Vermeille  or  Riricel. 

K'irtcoJi. 
Tliere  are  two  kinds  of  runy,  ihe  oriental  or  co- 


TdNE,  BlILL,  qNITE AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS €  as  K ;  6  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

_____  _- 


RUD 


IIUD 


runJum,  and  tlie  spinel.    The  latter  is  distinguish, 
nble  I'roin  tlie  former  by  its  color  and  crystallization. 

Phdhps. 
Tho  Balas  Ruby  is  a  bright  red  variety  of  the 

The  ruby  is  next  In  hardness  and  value  to  the 
diamond,  and  hiijlily  esteemed  in  jewelry. 
^.  Redness ;  red  color.  Altai:. 

3.  Anv  thing  red.  JIttlton. 

4.  A  blain  ;  a  blotch  ;  a  carbuncle. 

[The  ruby  is  said  to  be  the  stone  called  by  Pliny  a 

Carbusci.e.]  , 

RiM  of  arsenic  or  sulphur,  is  the  realsar,  protosul- 

phur:t''.>f  arsenic,  or  red  compound  of  arsenic  and 

sulphur.  Kiicyc.    J^ichoUon. 

Ki;*!/  V  -'"'c,  '3  the  protosuliihuret  of  zinc,  or  red 
blende. 

Rock  ruby  :  a  duo  red  variety  of  garnet,     nana. 
Rnlnj  sih;;\    Sec  Red  Silver. 
KO'BY,  r.  (.     To  make  red.  Pope 

RO'BY,  a.     Of  Iho  color  of  the  ruby ;  red  ;  as,  ruliij 

lips. 
RO'BY-ING,  ppr.    Jlaking  red. 
RUCK,  V.  U     (.L.  Tu;;o,  to  wrinkle,  to  fold ;  ruga,  a 

1.  To  cower ;  lo  bend  and  set  close.    [jVot  m  ■use.] 

Gojoer, 

2.  To  draw  into  wrinkles  or  folds  ;  to  crease 
to  ruck  up  a  carpet. 


SmarL 


mountain 
Tlio  door 


[In  this  sense,  the  word  is  used  by  the  common 
people  of  New  England.] 
RLX'K,  c.  i.    To  squat  or  sit,  as  a  hen  on  eggs. 

Smart. 
2.  To  have  a  folded  or  ridgy  surface,  as  the  sleeve 
of  a  coat.  PV''"J-   . 

RUCK,  It.     A  wrinkle,  fold,  or  plait  in  a  piece  of 

cloth. 
RUCK'ED,  (rukl,);)/).    Wrinkled. 
RUe-T.\'TION,  II.     [[,.  ruchi.  to  belcli.] 

The  act  of  belching  wind  from  the  stomach. 
RUD,  to  make  red,  used  bv  Spenser,  is  a  different 

spellim;  of  Red.     [Ohs.]     [.^ee  Ruoor.] 
RUD,  II.     [^ax.  rude.    See  Red  and  Ruddv.] 
I.  Redness;  blush;  also,  red  oclier. 
9.  The  fish  rudd. 
RUDD,  II.     [Probably  from  n!(;,nirfrf!(.]     A  fresh-water 
European  fish  of  the  carp  family,  Leuciscus  ery- 
throphthalmus,  also  called  Red-eve.     It  differs  from 
the  roach,  to  which  it  is  closely  allied,  in  having  the 
do.sal  fin  placed  in  the  interval  between  the  ventral 
and  anal  fins.    Its  bodv  is  deep,  and  has  the  whole 
surface  tinged  with  a  brilliant  reddish  golden  hue. 
.far'lhic^s  JVat.  Lib. 
RUD'DER,  11.     [Cr.  ruder,  an  oar  and  a  rudder ;  Sax. 
rolhcr,  an  oar  ;  II.  roer,  for  ronler  :  Sw.  roller  ;  Dan. 
roer     (See  Row.)    The  oar  was  the  first  nidder  used 
by  man,  and  is  still  tho  instriiineiit  of  steering  cer- 
tain boats.] 

1.  In  navigation,  the  instrument  by  which  a  ship 
is  steered  ;  that  part  of  the  helm  which  consists  of  a 
piece  of  timber,  broad  at  the  bottom,  which  enters 
Ihe  water  and  is  attached  to  the  stern  post  by  hinges, 
on  which  it  turns.  This  timber  is  managed  by  means 
of  Ihe  tiller  or  wheel.  7'i.Kcii. 

2.  That  which  guides  or  governs  the  course. 
For  rhyme  the  rudder  is  of  verges.  llwUhras. 

3.  A  sieve.     [Ltical.']     [See  Riddle.] 
Rtnldcr  prrch  :  a  small  fish  with  the  upper  part  of 

the  body  brown,  varied  with  large  round  spots  of 
yellow,  the  belly  and  sides  streaked  with  lines  of 
white  and  yellow.  This  fish  is  said  to  follow  the 
rudders  of  ships  in  the  warm  parts  of  the  Atlantic. 
Culr.^lnj.     Pennant, 

RUD'DI--ED,  (rud'did,)  <i.     Made  ruddy  or  red. 

RUD'DI-NESS,  II.  [from  rurfrfi/ ]  The  state  of  being 
ruddy;  redness,  or  rather  a  lively  flesh  color;  that 
degree  of  redness  which  characterises  high  health  ; 
applied  chiefiy  to  the  complexion  or  color  of  the 
human  skin  ;  as,  the  rud/Iiuess  of  the  cheeks  or  lips. 

RUU'DLE,  11.  [\V.  rhuidl;  flora  the  root  of  red, 
ruddy.] 

The  name  of  a  species  of  red  earth,  colored  by 
scsquoxyd  of  iron  ;  red  chalk,  which  see. 

Jl'oodward, 

RUD'DLE-M.\N,  ti.    One  who  digs  niddle. 

RIID'DOCK,  n.    [Sax.  rurfJiM: ;  from  the  root  of  red, 
ruddy.] 
.\  bird,  the  English  robin  or  redbreast. 

Edin.  Eneyc. 

RUD'DY ,  rt.  [Sax.  rude,  l-udu,  read ;  D.  rood ;  G. 
rrtit ;  VV.  rhni ;  Gr,  cpi'Bflo^  ;  Sans,  rudhira,  blood. 
This  seems  to  be  a  dialectical  orthography  of  Red, 
which  see.] 

1.  Of  a  red  color ;  of  a  lively  flesh  color,  or  the 
color  of  the  human  skin  in  high  he.ilth.  Thus  we 
sav,  ruddy  cheeks,  ruddy  lips,  a  ruddy  face  or  skin,  a 
niVd!/  vouth  ;  and  in  poetic  language,  ruddy  fruit. 
Eiil  the  word  is  chiefly  applied  to  the  human  skin. 

Dryden.     Ottcay. 

2.  Of  a  bright  yellow  color;  as,  rii'liiii;  gold.     [!7ii- 
ll       visual.]  Drydn. 
'I    RfDE,  a.     [Fr.  riirfe;  li.ruir,  and  ro-:o;  .-p. 
"       L.  rwli.'t;  D.  rtit»;  G.  reh,  raw,  cnido;  Ann. 

il 
I 


Skak. 


Dnj'lcn. 


The  sense  is  probably  rough,  broken,  and  this  word 
may  be  allied  lo  ram  and  crude.  See  Class  Rd,  No. 
35   3^  1 

1."  Rough  ;  uneven;  rugged;  unformed  by  art ; 
as,  rude  workmanship,  that  is,  roughly  finished  ; 
rude  and  unpolished  stones.  Stdtmfrfteel. 

2.  Hough;  of  coarse  manners;  unpolished;  un- 
civil ;  clownish  ;  rustic ;  as,  a  rude  countryman  ; 
rude  behavior  ;  rude  treatment ;  a  rude  attack. 

Riilliioi,  let  go  Ihil  rude,  uncivil  touch.  .SlioJc. 

3.  Violent ;  tumultuous  ;  boisterous  ;  turbulent ; 
as,  rude  winds  ;  Ihe  rude  agitation  of  the  sea. 

Boyle. 

4.  Violent;  fierce;  impetuous;  as,  tho  ritdc  shock 
of  armies. 

5.  Harsh  ,  inclement ;  as,  the  rude  winter. 

IValler. 

6.  Ignorant;  untaught;  savage;  barb.arous ;  as, 
tho  i-uiic  natives  of  .America  or  of  New  Holland  ; 
the  rude  ancestors  of  the  Greeks. 

7.  Raw  ;  untaught ;  ignorant ;  not  skilled  or  prac- 
ticed ;  as,  rude  in  speech  ;  rude  in  arms.      Il'otton. 

8.  Artless :  inelegant ;  not  polished  ;  as,  a  rude 
translation  of  Virgil.  Vryden. 

RCDE'LY,  adi:    With  roughness;    as, 
ruddy  formed.  . 

2.  Violently  ;  fiercely  ;  tumultuously 
was  rudely  assaulted. 

3.  In  a  rude  or  uncivil  manner  ;  as,  to  be  rudely 
accosted. 

4.  ^VillIout  exactness  or  nicely ;  coarsely  ;  as, 
work  rudely  executed. 

I  th.M  Rin  rudely  BLimpcilj  nn<\  want  love'o  majesty, 
To  etrut  befure  a  waulou,  aiiitiliu*  nymph. 

5.  Unskillfully. 

Mv  nmse,  tIiou:;h  rwlely,  has  rcsi|jiieil 
Soine  faint  reseinhLince  of  hia  godlike  mind. 

e.  Without  elegance. 
RODE'NESS,  II.    A  rough,  broken  stale  ;  unevcnncss  ; 
wildncss;  as,  the  jiii(ciirss  of  a  mountain,  country, 
or  landscape.  .  , 

2.  Coarseness  of  manners;  incivility;  ruslicity; 
vulgarity. 

And  liings  the  rudeness  of  Ih-ir  Joy  nuisl  he.ar.  Drydcn. 

3.  Ignorance  ;  unskillfulness. 

What  he  did  amita  was  rather  thronjjh  riidciicsi-  and  want  ol 
judgmenU  Uayward. 

4.  Artlessness  ;  coarseness ;  inelegance  ;  as,  Ihe 
rudeness  of  a  painting,  or  piece  of  sculpture. 

.=i.  Violence  ;  impetuosity;  as,  the  rudeness  of  an 
attack  or  shock. 

li.  Violence  ;  storminess  ;  as,  the  nirfraesjof  winds 
or  of  the  season. 
RO'DEN-TURE,  ii.     [Fr.,  from  L.  rudens,  a  rope.J 
In  arckiiccture,  the  figure  of  a  rope  or  stafi',  plain 
or  carved,  with  which  the  flillings  of  columns  are 
sometimes  filled.  Brande. 

RO'DE-RA-RY,  a.  [Low  L.  rudcrarius.;  from  the 
root  of  rudis,  and  indicaling  Ihe  primary  sense  of 
rude,  lo  be  broken.] 

Belonging  to  rubbish.     [JVo(  used.]  Diet. 

RU-DE-Ra'TION,  11.  [I.,  rudcralio,  from  rudcro,  to 
pave  with  broken  stones.] 

Among  tke  aneienu,:i  method  of  laying  pavements, 
and  perhaps  of  building  walls,  with  rough  pebbles 
and  mortar.  Owdt. 

RCDES'BY,  (rudz'be,)  ii.  An  uncivil,  turbulent  fel- 
low. [JVo(  in  use.]  SJiak. 
RU'DI-MENT,  II.  [Fr.,  from  L.  n/i/intfiKuin.  If  con- 
nected with  miiiio,  it  denotes  what  is  taught,  and 
erudio  may  be  connected  with  the  Goth,  rodyan,  to 
speak.  Sax.  ra:dan,  to  read.  But  the  real  origin  is 
not  obvious.  It  may  have  been  formed  from  some 
word  in  Rd,  signifving  to  shoot  or  spring.] 

1.  A  first  principle  or  element ;  that  which  is  to 
be  first  learnt ;  as,  the  rudiments  of  learning  or 
science.  Articulate  sounds  are  the  rudiments  of  lan- 
guage ;  letters  or  characters  are  the  rudiments  of 
written  language  ;  the  primary  rules  of  any  art  or 
science  arc  fts  rudiments.  Hence  instruction  in  the 
rudiments  of  any  art  or  science,  constitutes  the  be- 
cinnin"  of  education  in  that  art  or  science. 

2.  The  original  of  any  thing  in  its  first  form.  Thus 
in  botany,  Ihe  germen,  ovary,  or  seed  bud,  is  the  rii- 
dimcnt  of  ihe  fruit  yet  in  embryo  ;  and  the  seed  is  the 
rudiment  of  a  new  plant.  Martyn. 

Rudiment,  in  natural  history,  is  also  an  imperfect 
or''an,  one  which  is  never  fully  formed.  Thus  the 
flovvers  in  the  gciius  Pentstemon  have  four  stamens 
and  a  rudiment  at  a  fifth,  (a  simple  filament  without 
an  anther.) 

G-j  I  l-bolds  die  lirsl  imperfect  rudimcnte  of  virtue  in  the  soul 


RUF 

on  the  observations  of  Tycho  Brahe  ;  so  named  from 
Rudolph  II.,  emperor  of  Bohemia.  Brande. 

ROE,  (rii,)  f.  t.  [Sa-\.  rcowian,  hreowian ;  W.  rliuaw, 
rkuadu;  V.ronwen;  G.reuen,  lo  repent;  Dan.  and 
Sw.  ruche,  contrition.  This  is  the  I-.  rudo,  to  roar, 
lo  bray.    Class  Rd.] 

To  lament ;  lo  regret ;  to  grieve  for  ;  as,  lo  rue  the 
commission  of  a  crime  ;  lo  rue  the  day. 
Thy  will 
Chose  freely  what  it  now  so  justly  rue*.  TStlton. 

RCE,  V.  i.    To  have  compassion.    [JVot  in  use.] 

Chaucer. 

RCE,  II.    Sorrow  ;  repentance.    [JVotinuse.]     Shak. 

ROE  (ru,)  II.  [Sax.  rude:  D.  riiit;  G.  raute :  Dan 
rude)  Gr.  hr,,:  L.  and  lt.rutal  Sp.ruda:  Fr.  rue- 
Arm,  nj;  Ir.  ruith,  raith;  Corn.  ryte.  Rue  is  a  con- 
tracted word.  Qu.,  from  its  bitter  taste,  gratmg, 
roughness.]  ,         ■       n.u 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Riita,  of  several  species    i  he 
common  garden  rue  is  medicinal.    It  has  a  strong. 


un"rateful  oilor,  and  a  bitter  and  penetrating  taste. 
°  Eneitc. 


Lamented  ;  grieved  for ;  rcgrct- 
Woful ;  mourn  - 


RO'i!D,  (rude,)  pp. 

led. 
RuE'FUL,  (ru'-,)  a.     [rue  and  full] 

ful ;  sorrowful ;  to  be  lamented. 

Spur  thcni  to  rueful  work.  Sliak. 

2.  EApressing  sorrow 

l!'-  si^'lied  and  cast  a  rueful  eye.  Dnjdau 

ROE'FUL-LY,  ar/ii.    IMournfulIy  ;  sorrowfully.    More. 
ROE'FUL-.N'E.'i-'S,  v.    Sorrowfulness;  mouriifulness. 
ROE'ING,  n.     Lamentation.  Smitli. 

RU-ELLE',  (ru-el',)  n.  [Fr.,  a  narrow  street,  from  rue, 
a  street.] 

A  circle ;  a  private  circle  or  assembly  at  a  privuto 
house.    (jVu(  in  use.]  Dryden. 

EU-FES'CENT,  a,.     [L.  rufesco,  to  grow  red.] 

Reddish  ;  tinged  with  red.  Ed.  F.r.eye. 

RUFF,  11.     [Arm.  rouffctin,  a  wrinkle;  W.  nVfi'ii,  10 

thicken.]  ^       ,  , 

1.  A  lilece  of  plailed  linen  worn  by  females  around 
the  neck.  Mdison. 

2.  Soiuctliiug  puckered  or  plaited.  /  ope. 

3.  A  European  river  fish,  of  the  perch  family, 
,\rerina  vulgaris,  sometimes  called  the  smaller  rteer 
p^rch.  Jardine's  J^at.  Lib. 

4.  A  bird  of  Europe  and  Asia,  Machetes  piegiiax, 
allied  to  the  woodcock  and  sandpiper.  The  male 
has  a  tul't  of  feathers  around  the  neck  during  the 
brieding  season,  whence  the  name.    The  female  is 

called  Reeve.  ,,    ■"'''I"\''^ 

5.  A  stale  of  roughness.    [Sax. /irco/.J     lt»<.| 

C/iflyi'iiiii. 

6.  Pride ;  elevation  ;  as,  princes  in  the  rujf  of  all 
their  =lorv.  L'Estrange. 

7.  A  particular  species  of  pigeon. 

8.  M  cards,  the  acl  of  winning  the  trick  by  triinip- 
iiig  tho  cards  of  another  suit.     [ D.  trorf,  trocvcn.] 

'  RUFF,  t\  f.     To  ruffle  ;  to  disorder.  Spenser. 

2.  To  trump  any  other  suit  of  cards  at  wlilst.  [.). 
troeren.]  .      ,.       .       , 

RUFF'£D,  (ruft,)  mi.  Rufiled  ;  disordered. 
RUFFIAN,  (ruf 'yan,)  n.  [If  this  word  signihes  pri- 
marily a  robber,  it  is  from  the  root  of  rob,  Sw:  rdjva, 
Dan.  r5i;cr.  In  Scottish,  rufftc  is  a  worthless  fellow. 
In  II.  ni#niio  is  a  pimp,  Sp.  rujian,  Port,  rn^oiii ;  D. 
roffiaan,  id.]  ^  .  ,    . 

A  boisterous,  brutal  fellow  ;  a  fellow  ready  for  any 
desperate  crime  ;  a  robber  ;  a  cutthroat ;  a  murderer. 
'  Addtson. 

RUF'FIAN,  (ruf 'yan,)  a.  Brutal ;  savagely  boisterous ; 

as,  ruffian  rage.  Pope. 

RUF'FIAN,  V.  i.  To  play  the  ruffian  ;  to  rage  ;  to  raise 

Slink. 
Having  the  qualities  or  manners 


tumult. 
RUF'FIAN-ISII,  a. 

of  a  rufiian. 
RUF'FIAN-ISM,  n. 
RUF'FIAN-LIKE,  \ 
RUF'FIAN-LV, 


■  do : 
Tuat. 


SpecUIWr. 

RO'DI-MENT,  E.  !.    To  furnish  with  first  principles 
or  rules  ;  to  ground  ;  to  settle  in  first  principles. 

Oayton. 

RU-DI-MENT'AL,      jo.    Initial ;  pertaining  to  nidi- 

RU-UI-.MENT'.\.RY,  i      mcnts,  or  Consisting  in  first 
principles  ;  as,  rudimcntal  essays.  Spectator. 

RU-DOLPH'INE,  a.    An  epithet  applied  to  a  set  of  as- 
tronomical tables,  computed  by  Kepler,  and  founded 


The  acl  or  conduct  of  a  rultian. 
a.  Like  a  ruflian  ;  bold  in  crimes ; 
violent ;  licentious.  I'\dl.c. 
RUF'FLE,  (ruf 'fi,)  v.  t.  [Belgic,  ruyjctcn,  to  wrin- 
kle. Chaucer  has  rioclins,  wrinkling,  and  i-iiiliii:m 
cites  riffiura  or  ru#iifa  from  Bracton,  as  signilying  in 
law  a  breach  or  laceratitm  of  the  skin,  made  by  llie 
stroke  of  a  stick.]  .      ,  ■   , 

1.  Properly,  to  wrinkle  ;  lo  draw  or  contract  into 
wrinkles,  open  plaits,  or  folds.  Mdison. 

2  To  disorder  by  disturbing  a  smooth  surface ;  to 
make  uneven  by  agitation  ;  as,  to  -tiffie  the  sea  or  a 

She  smoothed  the  n#ed  seas.  Cryden. 

3.  To  discompose  by  disturbing  a  calm  stale  of;  to 
agitate  ;  to  disturb  ;  as,  lo  ruffle  the  mind ;  lo  ri#e 
the  passions  or  the  temper.  It  expresses  less  than 
Fbet  and  Vex.  . 

4.  To  throw  into  disorder  or  confusion. 

Wlicre  o~at 
He  might  Uie  ruJJIei  foe  invest.  J/ud,6ras. 

5.  To  throw  together  in  a  disorderly  manner. 

I  rri/yled  op  fallen  leaves  in  heap.     \Uousuul.']  Clmpmau, 

G.  To  furnish  with  ruffles ;  as,  to  rvjjc  a  shirt. 
RUF'FLE,  (ruf 'fl,)  r.  i.    To  grow  rough  or  'i"'';!;';™ 
as,  the  winds  ri'i^e. 


Shak. 


L. 


FATE,  FaK,  FALL,  WH-AT.- .METE,  PREY. -PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD. -NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOIC 


968 


RUI 

2.  To  play  loosely ;  to  flutter. 

Oil  lib  right  shoulder  his  liiicJt  mane  reclined, 

RuJUa  at  speed,  and  dames  in  Uie  wiad,  Drydtn, 

3.  To  be  rough  j  to  jar ;  to  be  in  contention. 

They  would  ruj!e  '.viih  jurors.     [06ff.]  Bacon. 

RUF'FLE,  n.  A  strip  of  plaited  cambric,  or  otiier  fine 
cloth,  atlaclied  to  some  border  of  a  garment,  as  to  tbe 
wristband  or  bosom.  That  at  the  bosom  is  sometimes 
called  by  the  English  a  Frill. 

2.  Disturbance  ;  agitation  ;  commotion  j  as,  to  put 
tbe  raiod  or  temper  in  a  ru^e. 

RUF'FLE,  /  n.    A  particular  beat  of  the  drum,  being 

RUFF,  (  a  low,  vibrating  sound,  not  so  loud  as 
a  roll,  used  on  certain  occasions  in  military  atiairs 
as  a  mark  of  respect.  Lieutenant-generals  have  three 
ruffies,  as  they  pass  by  the  regiment,  guard,  &c. ;  ma- 
jor-generals have  two;  brigadiers  one,  &:c. 

Cantpbellj  JiltL  Diet.     Encyc. 

RUF'FLE, )  V.  t.    To  beat  the  ruff  or  ruffle  of  the 

UUFF,         i      drum, 

RUF'FLED,  pp.  or  a.  Disturbed  ;  agitated  ;  furnished 
with  ruffles. 

RUFFLE  LESS,  a.    Havins  no  nifflcs. 

RUF'FLE^MENT,  n.     Act  of  ruffling. 

RUF'FLER,  Tt.     A  bully  ;  a  swaggerer.     [.Vbf  in  use.] 

RUF'FLIXG,  ppr.  Disturbing;  agitating:  furnishing 
with  niiSes. 

RUF'FLIXG,  Ti.     Commotion  ;  disturbance  ;  agitation. 

RUF'FING^'  I P^'"*    ^^^''"S  ^  roll  uf  the  drum. 

RUF'FLIXG,  j  ».  Aparticular  beat  crroll  of  tlie  drum, 

R[^F'FIXG,  )  used  on  certain  occasions  as  a  mark 
of  resptict. 

RU'FOUS,  a.  [L.  rji/us  ;  Sp.  rufo  ;  Port,  ruivo;  prob- 
ably from  the  root  of  L.  rulieo.] 

Reddish  ;  of  a  reddish  color,  or  rather  of  a  brown- 
ish red.  Lni'Unj. 

RUF'TER-IIOOD,  n.  In  falconry,  a  hood  to  be  worn 
by  a  hawk  when  she  is  first  drawn.  Bailey. 

RUG,  71.  [D.  rHiV,  G.  ranch,  rough,  hair>-,  shaggy ; 
Svv.  ruo-o-,  entangled  hair;  rugqi^,  rugged,  shaggy. 
This  coincides  with  Dan.  rug,  \V.  rhyg,  rye,  that  i^, 
Touahj  W.  rArt;'-,  something  abounding  with  points. 
In  W.  brycan  is  a  rug,  a  clog,  a  brogue  for  the  feet, 
a  covering.  This  belongs  to  the  great  family  of 
roxigk,  L.  ruga,  raucus.'] 

1.  A  coarse,  nappy  woolen  cloth,  used  for  a  bed- 
cover, and,  in  modern  times,  particularly,  for  cover- 
ing the  carpet  before  a  fireplace.  This  name  was 
formerly  given  to  a  coarse  kind  of  frieze  used  for 
winter  garments,  and  it  may  he  that  the  pt>or  in  some 
countries  still  wear  it.  liut  in  America,  I  believe, 
the  name  is  applied  only  to  a  bed-cover  for  ordinary 
beds,  and  to  a  covering  before  a  fireplace. 

2.  A  rough,  woolly,  or  shagg>'  dog. 
RU'GATE,  a.    Wrinkled ;  having  alternate  ridges  and 

depressions.  Dana. 

RUG'GED,  a.  [from  the  root  of  rug,  rough,  which 
see.] 

1.  Rough  :  full  of  asperities  on  the  surface  :  broken 
into  sharp  or  irregular  points  nr  crags,  or  otherwise 
uneven  ;  as,  a  rugged  mountain  ;  a  rugged  road. 

2.  Uneven  ;  not  neat  or  regular. 

liis  weil-rropoitionrd  beard  made  rougli  and  rugged.     Sfiak, 

3.  Rough  in  temper;  harsh;  hard;  crabbed;  aus- 
tere. South. 

4.  Stormy  ;  turbulent ;  tempestuous ;  a?,  rugged 
weather ;  a  rugged  season. 

5.  Rough  to  the  ear ;  harsh  ;  grating  ;  as,  a  rugged 
verse  in  poetry  ;  rugged  prose.  Dnjden. 

6.  Sour;  surly;  trowning;  WTinkled ;  as,  rugged 
looks. 

7.  Violent ;  nide  ;  boisterous.  Hudibras. 

8.  Rough  ;  shaggj' ;  as,  arugged  bear.     Fairfar. 

9.  In  botany,  j-cabrous ;  rough  with  tubercles  or 
stiff  points  ;  as  a  leaf  or  stem.  Martyn. 

RUG'GED-LY,  adv.     In  a  rough  or  rugged  manner. 
RUG'GED-XESS,  n.     Tiie  quality  or  state  of  being 

nigged  ;  roughness  ;  asperity  of  surface  ;  as,  the  rug- 

grdne.'is  of  land  or  of  ro  ids 

2.  Roughness  of  temper  ;  harshness;  surliness. 

3.  Coarseness  ;  rudeness  of  manners. 

4.  Storminess  ;  bcisterousness  ;  as  of  a  season. 
RUG'-GOWX-£D,  a.    Wearing  a  coarse  gown  or  nig 

Beaum.  fc  Fl. ' 
RUG'IX,  71.  A  nappy  cloth.  [JVot  used.]  WUenuin. 
Ru'GlXE,  (rii'jeen,)?!.  [Fr.]  A  surgeon's  rasp.  Sharp. 

Ru'rofj'^'  (  ''•     t^-  **"5'os'i5,  from  ruga,  a  wrinkle.] 

1.  Wrinkled  ;  full  of  wrinkles.  TViscman. 

2.  In  botany,  a  leaf  is  said  to  be  rugose  when  the 
veins  are  more  contracted  than  the  disk,  so  that  the 
latter  risrs  into  little  inequalities,  as  in  sage,  prim- 
rose, cowslip,  &,c.  Martyn.     Smith. 

RU-GOS'I-TY,  n.  A  state  of  being  wrinkled.  [LitiU 
iLfcd.]  Smith. 

RC'IN,  7t.  [Fr.  mine,  from  L.  and  Sp.  ruina;  It.  ruina 
and  rovina;  from  L.  ruo,  to  fall,  to  rush  down  ;  W. 
rhewin,  a  sudden  glide,  slip,  or  fall,  niin  ;  rhew,  some- 
thing slipper>-  or  smooth,  ice,  frost ;  rheu,  to  move  or 
he  active  ;  r.'iAb,  a  running  off;  rhebyz,  a  destroyer. 
Perhaps  the  latter  words  are  of  a  different  family.] 


RUL 

1.  Destruction  ;  fall ;  overthrow  ;  defeat  ;  that 
change  of  any  thing  which  destroys  it,  or  entirely 
defeats  its  object,  or  unfits  it  for  use  ;  as,  tlie  ruin  of 
a  house  ;  the  ruin  of  a  ship  or  an  army ;  the  ruin  of 
a  constitulion  of  government ;  the  ruin  of  health  ;  the 
ruin  of  commerce;  tlie  rain  of  public  or  private  hap- 
piness ;  the  ruin  of  a  project. 

2.  Jlischief ;  bane  ;  tliat  wJiich  destroys. 

The  errora  of  young  men  are  Uic  ruin  of  business.         Baxon. 

3.  Ruin;  more  generally,  ruins;  the  remains  of  a 
decayed  or  demolished  city,  house,  fortress,  or  any 
work  of  art  or  other  thing  ;  as,  the  ruins  of  Balbec, 
Palmyra,  or  Fersepolis ;  the  ruins  of  a  wall ;  a  castle 
in  ruins. 

Tbe  labor  of  a  day  wUl  not  build  up  n  virtuous  habit  on  the 
ruing  of  an  old  and  Ticious  character.  Btickirnnster, 

4.  The  decayed  or  enfeebled  remains  of  a  natural 
object ;  as,  the  venerable  old  man  presents  a  great 
mind  in  ruins. 

5.  The  cause  of  destruction. 

They  were  the  ruin  of  tiim  and  of  all  lErael.  — 2  Chron,  xxviii. 
Ru'IN,  r.  (.     [Fr.  rjiincr.] 

1.  To  demolish  ;  to  pull  down,  burn,  or  otlierwise 
destroy  ;  as,  to  ruin  a  city  or  an  edifice. 

2.  To  subvert ;  to  destroy ;  as,  to  ruin  a  state  or 
government. 

3.  To  destroy  ;  to  bring  to  an  end  ;  as,  to  ruin  com- 
merce or  manufactures. 

4.  To  destroy  in  any  manner;  as,  to  ruin  health  or 
iiappiness  ;  to  ruin  reputation. 

5.  To  counteract;  to  defeat;  as,  to  ruia  a  plan  or 
project. 

C.  To  depnve  of  felicity  or  fortune. 

By  ihee  raised  I  ruin  all  my  f«9.  Milion. 

Grace  with  d  nod,  and  ruin  widi  a  frown.  Dryefen. 

7.  To  impoverish  ;  as,  to  be  ruined  by  specidation. 

Tlic  eyca  of  oilier  people  are  ihe  eyes  ihat  ruin  ua.   FrankUn. 

8.  To  bring  to  everlasting  misery  ;  as,  to  ruin  the 
soul. 

RO'IN,  V.  i.    To  fall  into  ruins.  Mdton. 

2.  To  run  to  ruin  ;  to  fall  into  decay  or  be  dilapi- 
dated. 

Tlioiigh  he  his  house  of  poIiBhed  marble  build, 

Yet  shall  it  ruin  like  Uio  moth's  frail  cell.  Sandys. 

3.  To  be  reduced ;  to  be  brought  to  poverty  or  mis- 
ery. 

If  we  are  idle,  and  disturb  the  litdustrioua  in  iheir  business,  we 
shall  ruin  the  faster.  Locke. 

JVote.  —  This  intransitive  use  of  the  verb  is  now 
unusual. 

RU'IX-aTE,  r.  t.  To  demolish;  to  subvert;  to  de- 
stroy ;  to  reduce  to  poverty.  [This  word  is  ill-formedy 
and  happily  is  become  ob-rolctc.] 

RU-IN-A'TIOX,  n.  Subversion  ;  overthrow  ;  demoli- 
tion.    [Inelegant  and  obsolete.] 

Ru'IX'^-ED,  pp.  or  a.  Demolished;  destroyed;  sub- 
verted ;  reduced  to  poverty  ;  undone. 

Ru'IN-ER,  V.     Oiiy  that  ruins  or  destroys.     Chapman. 

RO'IN-I-FOR:\I,  a.     [L.  ruina  and  fonn.] 

Having  the  appearance  of  ruins,  or  the  ruins  of 
houses.     Certain  minerals  are  said  to  bo  ruiniform. 

RCIN-ING,  ppr.  Demolishing;  subverting;  destroy- 
ing; reducing  to  poverty;  bringing  to  endless  mis- 
ery. 

RU'IX'-OUS,  a.     [h.  ruinosus  ;  Ft.  ruinetix.] 

1.  Fallen  to  ruin;  t-ntirely  decayed ;  demolished; 
dilapidated  ;  as,  an  edifice,  bridge,  or  wall  in  a  ruin- 
ous state. 

2.  Destructive  ;  baneful  ;  pernicious  ;  bringing  or 
tending  to  bring  certain  ruin.  Who  can  describe  the 
ruiiious  practice  of  intemperance  ? 

3.  Composed  of  ruins;  consisting  in  ruins;  as,  a 
ritiiwus  heap.    />•.  .xvii. 

RU'IX-OUS-LY,  adv.  In  a  ruinous  manner;  destruc- 
tively. 

RC'IN-OUS-NESS,  n.    A  ruinous  state  or  quality. 

RuL'A-BLE,  a.     Subject  to  rule  ;  accordant  to  rule. 

Bacon. 

Rule,  n.  [W.  rhecl;  Arm.  reol;  Sax.  regol,  reogol: 
Sw.  Dan.  G.  and  D.  regel ;  Fr.  regie ;  Sp.  regla  ;  Port. 
regoa,  regra ;  It.  regola ;  L.  regula,  from  rcgo,  to  gov- 
ern, that"  is,  to  stretch,  strain,  or  make  straight.  I 
suppose  the  Welsh  rhcol  to  be  a  contracted  word.] 

1.  Government ;  sway  ;  empire  ;  control;  supreme 
command  or  authority. 

A  wise  servant  shall  have  rule  over  a  con  that  caiii^tli  shams. 

ProT.  x?ii. 
And  his  stem  rule  the  grosning  bnd  obeyed.  Pope, 

2.  That  wliich  is  estnblishc-d  as  a  principle,  stand- 
ard, or  directory  ;  that  by  which  any  thing  is  to  be 
adjusted  or  regulated,  or  to  which  it  is  to  be  con- 
formed ;  that  which  is  settled  by  authority  or  custom 
for  guidance  and  direction.  Thus  a  statute  or  law 
is  a  rule  of  civil  conduct ;  a  canon  is  a  rule  of  eccle- 
siastical government ;  the  precept  or  command  of  a 
father  is  a  rule  of  action  or  obedience  to  children  ; 
precedents  in  law  are  ndes  of  decision  to  judges  ; 
maxims  and  customs  furnish  rides  for  regulating  our 
social  opinions  and  manners.  The  laws  of  God  are 
rules  for  directing  us  in  life  paramount  to  all  others. 

A  rule  w  hich  you  do  nol  apply,  is  no  Tute  at  all.  J.  M.  M<uon. 


RUM 

3.  An  instrument  by  which  lines  are  drawn,  or 

short  lengths  measured. 

A  Judicious  artist  will  us:  his  eye,  but  be  will  trust  only  to  his 
ruie.  Soulh. 

4.  Established  mode  or  course  of  proceeding  pre- 
scribed in  private  life.  Everyman  should  have  some 
fixed  rules  for  managing  his  own  affairs. 

5.  A  maxim,  canon,  or  precept,  to  be  ob3er\'ed  in 
any  ait  or  science.  Encyc. 

6.  In  monasteries,  corporations,  or  societies,  a  law  or 
regulation  to  be  observed  by  the  society  and  its  p:ir- 
ticular  members. 

7.  In  courts,  rules  are  the  determinations  and  or- 
ders of  court,  to  be  observed  by  its  officers  in  con- 
ducting tl^ ''  business  of  the  court. 

8.  In  arithmetic  and  algebra,  a  determinate  mode 
prescribed  for  performing  any  operation  and  produ- 
cing a  certain  result. 

9.  In  gravimar,  an  established  form  of  constmotion 
in  a  particular  class  of  words ;  or  the  expression  of 
that  form  in  words.  Thus  it  is  a  nile,  in  English, 
that  s  or  cs,  added  to  a  noun  in  the  singular  number, 
forms  the  plural  of  that  noun  ;  but  man  forms  its  plu- 
ral men,  and  is  an  exception  to  the  rule. 

Rule  of  three,  is  that  rule  of  arithmetic  which  di- 
rects, when  three  terms  are  given,  how  to  find  a 
fourth,  which  shall  have  the  same  ratio  to  the  third 
term  as  the  second  has  to  the  first. 
Rule,  v.  t.  To  govern ;  to  control  the  will  and  ac- 
tions of  others,  either  by  arbitrary'  power  and  author- 
ity or  by  established  laws.  The  emperors  of  the  East 
rule  their  subjects  without  llie  restraints  of  a  consti- 
tution. In  limited  governments,  men  are  ruled  by 
known  laws. 

If  a  man  know  nol  how  to  rule  his  own  boiwe,  bow  EhaJl  h.-  Like 
care  of  ih:  church  of  God  ?  —  1  Tim.  iii. 

2.  To  govern  the  movements  of  things;  to  con- 
duct; to  manage;  to  control.  That  God  rules  tbe 
world  lie  has  created,  is  a  fundamental  article  of  be- 
lief. 

3.  To  manage;  to  conduct,  in  almost  any  manner. 

4.  To  settle  as  by  a  rule. 

That's  a  ruled  case  with  the  schoolmen.  Alttrbury. 

5.  To  mark  with  lines  by  a  ruler;  as,  to  rule  a 
blank  book. 

(i.  To  establish  by  decree  or  decision;  to  deter- 
mine ;  as  a  court. 
Rule,  v.  l.    To  have  power  or  command  ;  to  exercise 
supreme  authority. 

By  JT.'y  princcE  rule.  —  Prov.  viii. 

It  is  often  followed  by  over. 

They  shall  rule  over  their  opprpssort.  —  Is.  xlr. 

We  subdue  and  rule  oi'er  all  other  creatures.  i?ny. 

2.  In  law,  to  decide ;  to  lay  down  and  settle  as  a 
rule  or  order  of  court. 

3.  Among  vicrchanL^,  to  stand  or  maintain  a  level ; 
as,  prices  rule  lower  than  fonnerly. 

RCL'-ED,  pp.  Governed  ;  controlled ;  conducted  ;  man- 
aged ;  established  by  decision. 

RuL'ER,  n.  One  that  governs,  whether  emperor, 
king,  pope,  or  governor;  any  one  that  exercises  su- 
preme power  over  others. 

2.  One  that  makes  or  executes  laws  in  a  limited 
or  free  government.  Thus  legislators  and  magis- 
trates are  called  rulers. 

3.  A  rule ;  an  instniment  of  wood  or  metal  with 
straight  edges  or  sides,  by  which  lines  ore  drawn  on 
paper,  parchment,  or  other  substance.  When  a  ruler 
has  the  lines  of  chords,  tangents,  sines,  &.c,,  it  is 
called  a  Plank  Scale.  Encyc. 

ROL'ING,  ppr.  Governing  ;  controlling  the  will  and 
actions  of  intelligent  beings,  or  the  movements  of 
other  physical  bodies. 

2.  Marking  by  a  ruler. 

3.  Deciding;  determining. 

4.  a.  Predominant;  chief;  controlling;  as,  a  rul- 
ivr  passion. 

RuL'L\G-LY,  adc.    Controllingly. 

ROL'Y,  a.  [from  rule.]  Orderly;  easily  restrained. 
[JVot  in  use.]     [See  Unruly.] 

RUM,  n.  [Perhaps  from  rheum,  a  flowing.  In  an  old 
author,  it  is  written  rhum.]  Spirit  distilled  from 
cane  juice,  or  from  the  scuramings  of  the  juice  from 
tlie  boihng-house,  or  from  tbe  treacle  or  molasses 
which  drains  from  sugar,  or  from  dunder,  the  lees  of 
former  distillations.  Edwards,  W.  Ind, 

In  the  United  Slates,  rum  is  distilled  from  molasses 
only. 
2.  A  low,  cant  word  for  a  countrj'  parson.    Steifl. 

RUM,  fl.    Old-fashioned  ;  queer  ;  odd.    [.i  cant  icord.] 

Srnarl. 

RUM'BLE,  (mm'bl.)  ;r.  A  scat  for  servants  behind  a 
carriage.  England. 

RUM'BLE,  V.  i.  [D.  rommelen;  G.  rummdn  :  Dan. 
rumlcr;  It.  rombare.  If  Rm  are  the  radical  letters, 
this  word  may  be  referred  to  the  Ch.  Syr.  Heb.  and 
Eth.  Dy->,  roam.  Class  Rm,  No.  II.  With  a  prefix, 
grumble,  Gr.  {iocpoij  h.  frcmo,  It.  cmim,  thunder,  G. 
brummen,  D.  brommcit,  bremmen,  &c. ;  Sw.  rama,  to 
bellow.] 

To  make  a  low,  hea\T,  continued  sound ;  as, 
thunder  rttmbles  at  a  distance,  but  when  near,  its 


ID.XE,  BJJIX,  XJiNITE.  — AN^'GER,  vr'ClOUS G  as  K ;  6  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  aa  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


122 


RUM 


sound  is  sharp  and  rattling;  a  heavy  carriage  rum- 
dlcjf  on  the  pavempnt. 

UUM'UI'lilR,  n.    The  person  or  thing  that  rumbles. 

IIUM'HLING,  ppr.  or  a.  Making  a  low,  heavy,  con- 
tinued sound ;  as,  rumbling  thunder.  A  ruvibling 
noise  is  a  low,  heav}^,  continuod  noise. 

UUAl'DLt-NG,  «.  A'low,  heavy,  continued  sound. 
Jcr.  xlvii. 

UUM'IILING-LY,  ado.     In  a  rumbling  manner. 

ItUM'-BUD,  n.  A  grog  blossom  ;  the  popular  name  of 
a  redness  occasioned  by  the  detestable  practice  of  ex- 
cessive drinking.  Itum-huils  usually  ap[)ear  first  on 
the  nose,  and  gradually  extend  over  llie  face,  'i'his 
term  seems  to  liave  reference  to  the  disease  lochni- 
caDv  defined  to  be  an  unsuppurative  panule,  station- 
ary,' confluent,  rod,  mettled  with  pu.ple,  chiefly 
alt'ectinglhe  face,  sometimes  produced,  and  always 
aggravated,  by  the  use  of  alcoliolic  liijuors,  by  expo- 
sure to  heat,  ir-.  It  is  technically  called  hntlms  co- 
rymbtfcr,  and  popularly  pimpled  face,     [jimcrira.] 

Ruik. 

RO'MKX,  n.  [L.]  Tlic  cud  of  a  ruminant ;  also,  the 
upper  siumach  of  animals  which  chew  the  cud. 

UtJ'.MI-NANT,  a.     [Fr.,  from  L.  runiino.] 

Chewing  the  cud  ;  having  the  property  of  chewing 
again  what  has  been  swallowed  ;  as,  ruminant  ani- 
mals. Ray. 

RO'MI-NANT,  n.    An  animal  that  chews  the  cud. 
Runiiuaiits  are  four-footed,  hairy,  and  viviparous. 
Encyc     Ray.     Dcrkam. 
hn  animal  that  chews  the  cud,  as  the  camel,  deer, 
goat,  and  bovine  kind.  ^ell. 

RU'MI-NANT-LY,  adv.     By  chewing. 

RlJ-iMl-NAN'TIA,  71.  pi.  An  order  of  herbivorous 
animals,  having  four  stomachs,  the  tirst  so  situated 
as  to  receive  a  large  quantity  of  vegetable  matters 
coarsely  bruised  by  a  first  mastication,  wiiich  passes 
into  the  second,  where  it  is  moistened  and  formed 
into  little  pellets,  which  the  animal  has  tlie  power  of 
bringing  again  to  the  mouth  to  be  rechewed,  after 
which  it  is  swallowed  into  the  third  stomach,  from 
which  it  passes  to  the  fourth,  where  it  is  finally  di- 
gested. The  camel,  tlie  deer,  the  bovine  genus,  the 
goat,  and  the  sheep,  are  examples  of  this  order. 

HO'MI-NATE,  V.  i.  [Fr.  ntminer ;  L.  rumino,  from 
rumcHj  the  cud  ;  VV.  rhiwi,  that  swells  out.] 

1.  To  chew  the  cud  ;  to  chew  again  what  has  been 
slightly  chewed  and  swallowed.  Oxen,  sheep,  deer, 
goats,  camels,  hares,  and  squirrels,  ruminate  in  fact; 
other  animals,  as  moles,  bet^s,  crickets,  beetles,  crabs, 
&c.,  oniv  appear  to  ruminate.  Peyrr.     Encyc. 

The  only  animals  endowed  with  tiie  genuine  fac- 
ulty of  rumination,  are  the  Ruminantia,  or  cloven- 
hoofed  quadrupeds,  (Pecora,  Linnaius ;)  but  the 
hare,  althougli  its  stomach  is  differently  organized, 
is  an  occasional  and  partial  ruminant.    Ed.  Encyc. 

2.  To  muse  ;  to  meditate ;  to  think  again  and 
again  ;  to  ponder.  It  is  natural  to  ruminate  on  mis- 
fortunes. 

He  oracliMS  ci  slow  mediUvtioii,  and  i-uminates  on  Ihc  Biibjcct. 
^  Walts. 

RU'MI-NaTE,  v.  t.     To  chew  over  again. 

2.  To  muse  on ;  to  meditate  over  and  over  again. 

Mad  wiih  desire,  ene  mniinales  her  ahi.  Dryden. 

Ru'lMI-NATE,      )  a.     In  botany,  pierced  by  numerous 

RU'MI-Na-TED,  i  narrow  cavities,  full  of  dry,  cel- 
lular matter,  like  th.e  albumen  of  a  nutmeg.    Lindley. 

RO'MI-Na-TED,p/».    Chewed  again  ;  mused  on. 

Ru'MI-Na-TING,  ppr.  or  a.  Chewing  the  cud; 
musing. 

RU-.MI-Na'TION,  n.     [L.  rnmiiiatio.] 

1.  The  act  of  chewmg  the  cud. 

2.  The  power  or  property  of  chewing  the  cud. 

RamiTtadon  \a  given  to  ;iiiiiii:»!5,  lo  enable  them  at  oiice  to  Icty  up 
a  greiil  sn.re  of  food,  mid  uflt-nvanl  lo  chew  it.  Arbulhnot. 

3.  A  musing  or  continued  thinking  on  a  subject; 
deliberate  meditation  or  reflection. 

Retiring  full  of  ruminaiion  aad.  Thomson. 

Ru'MI-Na-TOR,  n.  One  that  ruminates  or  muses  on 
any  siiiiject ;  one  that  pauses  to  deliberate  and  con- 
sider. Cotgravc. 

RUM'MACiE,  71.  A  searching  carefully  by  looking 
Into  every  corner,  and  by  tumbling  over  things. 

RUiM'MAGE,  V.  t.     [Uu.  L.  rimor,  or  Fr.  remner."] 
To  search  narrowly  by  looking  into  every  corner, 
and  turning  over  or  removing  goods  or  other  things. 

Our  greedy  seamen  rvmmage  every  hold.  Dryden. 

RUM'MAOE,  v.  i.  To  search  a  place  narrowly  by 
looking  among  things. 

I  have  often  rummaged  for  old  books  in  Little  Britain  anil  Duck- 
l.:ine.  Stei/t. 

RU.M'MA-<5ED,  pp.    Searched  in  every  comer. 

IUTM'MA-GING,  ppr.     Searching  in  every  cornrr 

RUM'MER,  n.  [D.  rocmCTya  wine  glass, "from  rocmen, 
to  vaunt,  brag,  or  praise.] 

A  glass  or  drinking  cup.     [JSTot  in  use]     Philips. 

RO'MOR,  71.  [L.]  Flying  or  popular  report;  a  cur 
rent  story  passing  from  one  person  to  another,  with- 
out any  known  autliority  for  the  truth  of  it. 

ItuiTWr  next,  and  chrxnc-, 
And  tumult,  and  confii&ion,  nil  embroiled.  MUlon. 

When  ye  shall  hear  of  ware  and  rumora  of  wars,  be  yc  not 
iroubleU.  —  MarJc  xiii. 


RUN 

2.  Report  of  a  fact ;  a  story  well  autliorizcd. 

This  -rumor  of  him  went  forth  throughout  all  Judca.  —  Luke  vii. 

3.  Fame  ;  reported  celebrity. 

Gp-dt  13  the  rumor  of  IhU  dp»adfn!  knight.  Sliak. 

RO'MOR,  V.  L    To  report ;  to  tell  or  circulate  a  report. 

'Twaa  rumored 
My  father  'ecapcd  from  out  the  citadel.  Dryden. 

Rt)'MOR-£D,  pp.  or  a.  Told  among  the  peoj)Ie  ;  re- 
ported. 

RO'MOR-RR,  71.    A  reporter  ;  a  toller  of  news.    Shdk. 

RtJ'ftlOR-ING,  ppr.    Reporting  ;  telling  news. 

RO'MOU-OUS,  a.    Famous;  notorious.    [Obs.]    Bale. 

RUMP,  )(.  [G.  rumpfi  Sw.  rumpa;  Dan.  rumpc  ox 
rompcA 

\.  The  end  of  the  back-bone  of  an  animal,  with 
the  parts  adjacent.  Among  the  Jews,  the  rump 
was  esteemed  the  most  delicate  part  of  the  animal. 

EncTie. 
2.  The  buttocks.  Hudibras. 

Rump  parliament ;  in  EnglUh  history,  a  name  of 
contempt  given  to  the  remnant  of  the  Long  Parlia- 
ment, wliich,  in  IC59,  after  Richard  Cromwell  had 
resigned  the  protectorate,  was  assembled  by  a  coun- 
cil of  officers.  One  who  had  been  a  member  of  this 
parliament,  or  who  favored  it,  was  called  a  rumper. 

Brandc. 

RUM'PLE,  (rum'pl,)  v.  i.  [D.  rompelen,  to  rumple  ; 
Sax.  hrympdlc,  a  fold ;  probably  connected  with 
crumple,  W.  crwm,  crom,  crooked,  crymu,  to  bend.] 

To  wrinkle  ;  to  make  uneven  ;  lo  form  into  irreg- 
ular inequalities  ;  as,  to  rumple  an  apron  or  a  cravat. 

Swifi. 

RUM'PLE,  71.    A  fold  or  plait.  Dryden. 

RUM'PL£b,  pp.  Formed  into  irregular  wrinkles  or 
folds. 

RUMP'LESS,  a.  Destitute  of  a  tail;  as,  a  rumpless 
fowl.  Lawrence. 

RUM'PLING,  pirr.    Making  uneven. 

RUM'PUS,  n.     A  disturbance;  noise  and  confusion. 
[Low,  but  used  cotluquiaUy  in  England  and  America.] 

RUN,  u.  t. ;  prct.  Ran  or  Run,  pp.  Rutr.  [Sax.  rennan ; 
and,  with  a  transposition  of  letters,  <£rnan,  arnian, 
yrnani  Goth.  njjHflH  ;  Vi.rcnncai  G.  rcnnen,  rinncn; 
Dan.  rindcr ;  Sw.  rdnna.  The  Welsli  has  rkin,  a 
running,  a  channel,  hence  the  Rhine.] 

1.  To  move  or  pass  in  almost  any  manner,  as  on 
the  feet  or  on  wheels.  Men  and  other  animals  run 
on  their  feet;  carriages  run  on  wheels,  and  wheels 
run  on  their  axletrees. 

2.  To  move  or  pass  on  the  feet  with  celerity  or 
rapidity,  by  leaps  or  long,  quick  steps  ;  as,  men  and 
quadrupeds  run  when  in  haste. 

3.  To  use  the  legs  in  moving;  to  step;  as,  children 
run  alone  or  run  about.  Locke. 

4.  To  move  in  a  hurry. 

The  priest  and  jieople  run  uIjouI.  B.  Jonson. 

5.  Vo  proceed  along  the  surface;  to  extend;  to 
spread ;  as,  the  fire  runs  over  a  field  or  forest. 

Tiig  fire  ran  along'  upon  the  ground.  —  Exod.  ix. 

6.  To  rush  with  violence  ;  as,  a  ship  runs  against 
a  rock  ;  or  one  sliip  runs  against  another. 

7.  To  perforin  a  passage  by  land  or  water  ;  to  pass 
or  go;  as,  ships,  railroad  cars,  stage-coaches,  fitc, 
rii?i  rttgularly  between  different  places. 

8.  To  contend  in  a  race ;  as,  men  or  horses  run  for 
a  pri/.e. 

9.  To  flee  for  escape.  When  General  Wolfe  was 
dying,  an  officer  standing  by  him  exclaimed,  "  See 
liow  they  rw<i."'  "Who  7'h/i?"  said  the  dying  hero. 
"  Tilt:  enemy,"  said  the  officer.  "  Then  I  die  hap- 
py," said  the  general. 

10.  To  depart  privately ;  to  steal  away. 

My  conecience  will  serve  me  to  run  from  this  Jew,  my  master. 

Sliak. 

11.  To  flow  in  any  manner,  slowly  or  rapidly ;  to 
move  or  pass  ;  as  a  fluid.  Rivers  run  to  the  ocean 
or  to  lakes  ;  the  Connocticnt  runs  on  sand,  and  its 
water  is  remarkably  pure  ;  the  tide  runs  two  or  three 
miles  an  hour  ;  tears  run  down  the  cheeks. 

12.  To  emit ;  to  let  flow. 

1  command  that  the  conduit  run  nothiag  but  cinret.         Shak. 
Rivera  run  potable  gold.  Millon. 

But  tliis  form  of  expression  is  elliptical,  with  being 
omitted  ;  "  rivers  run  with  potable  gold." 

13.  To  be  liquid  or  fluid. 

A3  wax  dissolves,  aa  ice  begins  lo  run,  Addison. 

14.  To  be  fusible  ;  to  melt. 

Sussex  iron  ores  run  freely  in  the  fire.  Woodward. 

15.  To  fuse  ;  to  melt. 

Your  iron  must  not  bum  m  the  fire,  that  is,  run  or  melt,  for  then 
it  will  be  britiJe.  Moxon. 

16.  To  turn  ;  as,  a  wheel  runs  on  an  axis  or  on  a 
pivot. 

17.  To  pass ;  to  proceed  •  as,  to  run  through  a 
course  of  business  ;  to  run  through  life  ;  to  run  in  a 
circle  or  a  line  ;  to  run  through  all  degrees  of  pro- 
motion. 

18.  To  flow,  as  word^-,  language,  or  periods.  The 
lines  run  smoothly. 


RUN 

19.  To  pass,  as  time. 

Ai  fist  aa  our  time  runs,  we  should  bo  glad  in  moil  )>nrt  of  our 
lives  that  it  ran  much  liistcr.  Aildiaon. 

20.  To  have  a  legal  course;  to  be  attached  to;  to 
have  legal  effect. 

Customs  run  oidy  upon  our  ^ootU  imported  orexporfdinndllinl 
but  once  lor  nil  j  wh>Tefts  inleiT«t  run»  as  well  upon  our 
bliti»  lu)  goods,  ttud  iiuisl  be  yearly  p;ud.  Cniid«. 

21.  To  have  a  course  or  direction. 

Where  the  gcncr.illy-.iJlowed  prdcUcc  runs  counter  lo  it. 


Little  ia  the  wisdom,  where  tlic  fligh*. 
So  run«  ngiiiuet  &\l  reason. 


Locke. 
Shak. 


22.  To  pass  in  thought,  speech,  or  practice;  as,  to 
run  through  a  series  of  arguments  ;  to  run  from  one 
topic  to  another. 

Virgil,  in  his  first  Georgic,  haa  run  iutoa  BCt  of  precepts  foreign 
tohiesubjsct.  Additon. 

23.  To  be  mentioned  cursorily  or  in  few  words. 

The  whole  ruis  on  short,  like  articles  in  an  account. 

Arbuthnot. 

24.  To  have  a  continued  tenor  or  course.  'J'he  con 
versation  ran  on  the  affairs  of  the  Greeks. 

Til'!  Idng'a  ordinary  style  runitetii,  "  Our  8overi?ign  lurd  lU- 
Kiiiff."  Handei'ton. 

25.  To  bo  in  motion ;  to  speak  incessantly.  IUj 
tongue  runs  continually. 

2(i.  To  be  busied. 

"When  we  desire  any  diing,  our  miiuls  run  wholly  on  tlic  giv^i 
circumBtani'fs  of  it;  when  it  is  obtained,  our  minds  r  ■* 
wholly  on  the  bad  ones.  Stei/t. 

27.  To  be  popularly  known. 

Men  gave  them  their  own  n;une6,  by  wliich  they  run  a  grtal 
while  in  Rome.  Temiil^. 

28.  To  be  received  ;  to  have  reception,  success,  or 
continuance.  The  pamphlet  rjivs  well  among  a  r.er- 
taiii  class  of  people.  , 

""    29.  To  proceed  in  succession. 

Shi;  SAW  with  ]oy  the  line  immortal  run, 

Each  aire  impressed  and  glaring  in  his  son.  Pope. 

30.  To  pass  from  one  state  or  condition  to  another  ; 
as,  to  run  into  confusion  or  error  ;  to  run  distracleti. 

.Addison. 

31.  To  proceed  in  a  train  of  conduct. 

You  should  run  a  certain  course.  SXale. 

32.  To  be  in  force. 

The  owner  hath  incurred  the  fwrfeitnre  of  eight  years'  profiu  or 
his  lands,  before  he  coraeth  to  the  knowledge  of  tnt.  piocesa 
that  runneUt  against  him.  liacon. 

33.  To  be  generally  received. 

He  was  not  ignorant  what  report  run  of  himself.         Knolles. 

34.  To  be  carried ;  to  extend  ;  to  rise  ;  ao,  debates 
run  high. 

In  popifih  countries,  the  power  of  the  clergy  runa  \\\g\xx, 

AyWJfe. 

35.  To  have  a  track  or  course. 

Searching  Uie  ulcer  with  my  probe,  the  sinus  run  up  above  the 
orifice.  '  Wistmfin. 

3G.  To  extend  ;  to  lie  in  continued  length.  Veins 
of  silver  run  in  different  directions. 

37.  To  have  a  certain  direction.  The  line  runs 
east  and  west. 

38.  To  pass  in  an  orbit  of  any  figure.  The  planets 
run  their  periodical  courses  ;  the  comets  do  not  run 
lawless  through  the  regions  of  space. 

39.  To  tend  in  growth  or  progress.  Pride  is  apt  to 
run  into  a  contempt  of  others. 

40.  To  grow  exuberantly.  Young  persons  of  10  or 
12  years  old  soon  ru.n  up  to  men  and  women. 

If  the  richness  of  the  ground  cause  turnips  to  run  to  Iciv-s, 
treading  down  the  leaves  will  help  their  tooting.   Mortimer. 

41.  To  discharge  pus  or  other  matter ;  as,  an  ulcer 
Tuns. 

42.  To  reach ;  to  extend  to  the  remembrance  of; 
XK9,,  time  out  of  mind,  the  memory  of  wliich  runneth 
not  to  the  contrary. 

43.  To  continue  in  time,  before  it  becomes  due  and 
payable  ;  as,  a  note  runs  thirty  days;  n  note  of  six 
months  has  ninety  days  to  run. 

44.  To  continue  in  effect,  force,  or  operation. 

The  statute  may  be  prevented  from  running  — by  th'?  act  of  the 
creditor.  fiopkinson.     Whtaton'e  Rcji. 

45.  To  press  with  numerous  demands  of  payment ; 
as,  to  run  upon  a  bank. 

46.  To  pass  or  fall  into  fault,  vice,  or  misfortune  ; 
as,  to  run  into  vice  ;  to  run  into  evil  practices  ;  to  run 
into  debt  ;  to  run  into  mistakes. 

47    To  fall  or  pass  by  gradual  changes  ;  to  maka  a 
transition  ;  as,  colors  run  one  into  another. 
49.  To  have  a  general  tendency. 

Temperate  climatL-s  run  into  moderate  governments.       Stci/t. 

49.  To  proceed  as  on  a  ground  or  principle.  Upon 
that  the  apostle'sargument  runs.     [Rare.] 

Altcrhimj. 

50.  To  pass  or  proceed  in  conduct  or  management. 

Taiqnin,  running  into  all  the  methods  of  tyranny,  after  a  cpicI 
reign,  wna  expelled.  Swift. 

51.  To  creep ;  tn  move  by  creeping  or  crawling ; 
as,  serpents  run  on  the  ground. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— MeTE,  PRgY PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — N6TE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOQK. 

■d7rt 


RUN 

52:  To  slide  j  as,  a  sled  or  sleigh  runs  on  the  snow. 

53.  To  dart ;  to  sliout ;  as  a  meteor  in  tbe  sky. 

54.  To  fly  J  to  move  ia  the  air  j  as,  the  clouds  run 
from  N.  E.  to  S.  VV. 

55.  In  Scripture^  to  pursue  or  practice  the  duties  of 
religion. 

Ye  did  run  well ;  wbo  did  binder  you  ?  —  Gal.  t. 

55.  In  elections,  to  have  interest  or  favor;  to  be 
supported  by  votes.  The  candidate  wUl  not  niM,  or 
he  will  run  well. 

To  run  afier ;  to  pursue  or  follow. 

2.  To  search  fur;  to  endeavor  to  find  or  obtain  ; 
as,  to  run  after  similes.  Locke, 

To  run  at :  to  attack  with  the  horns,  as  a  bull. 

To  run  atcay;  to  flee  ;  to  escape. 

To  run  away  witk ;  to  hurry  without  deliberation. 

Locke. 

2.  To  convey  away ;  or  to  assist  in  escape  or  elope- 
ment. 

To  run  in;  to  enter ;  to  step  in. 

To  run  into  ;  to  enter;  as,  to  run  into  danger. 

7b  run  in  tr-ust ;  to  run  in  debt ;  to  get  credit.  [JVot 
in  use.] 

To  run  in  with;  to  close;  to  comply  j  to  agree  with. 
[Unusual.]  Baker. 

9.  To  make  toward  ;  to  near  ;  to  sail  close  to  ;  as, 
to  run  m  with  the  land  ;  a  seaman's  phrase. 

To  run  down  a  coast ;  to  sail  along  it. 

To  run  on;  to  be  continued.  Their  accounts  had 
run  on  for  a  year  or  two  without  a  settlement. 

2.  To  talk  incessantly. 

3.  To  continue  a  course.  Drayton. 

4.  To  press  with  jokes  or  ridicule  ;  to  abuse  with 
sarcasms  ;  to  bear  hard  on. 

To  run  over ;  to  overflow ;  as,  a  cup  runs  over  ;  or 
the  liquor  runs  over. 

To  run  out ;  to  come  to  an  end  ;  to  expire  ;  as,  a 
lease  runs  out  at  Michaelmas. 

2.  To  spread  exuberantly  ;  as,  insectile  animals 
run  out  into  legs.  Hammond. 

3.  To  expatiate ;  as,  to  run  out  into  beautiful  di- 
gressions.   Ue  runs  out  in  praise  of  i^Iilton. 

jiddisoiu 

4.  To  be  wasted  or  exhausted ;  as,  an  estate  man- 
aged without  economy  will  soon  run  out. 

5.  To  become  poor  by  extravagance. 

Aod  b.id  ber  stock  bceo  less,  no  doubt 

She  must  have  long  ago  run  out.  Dryden. 

To  run  riot :  to  go  to  the  utmost  excess. 

To  run  up :  to  rise ;    to  swell  ;  to  amount.    Ac- 
counts of  goods  credited  run  up  very  fast. 
RUN,  p.  ^     To  drive  or  push  ;   in  a  general  sense. 
Hence,  to  run  a  sword  through  the  body,  is  to  stab  or 
pierce  IL, 

2.  To  drive  ;  to  force. 

A  taJkauTe  ppraou  runs  himself  upon  great  inCoQTetiieoces,  by 
blabUng  oui  hia  own  or  otbera'  secrels,  Ray. 

Others,  accoMomed  lo  retired  speculaljoiu,  run  natural  phi loao- 
phy  into  mc  La  physical  nuuoiu.  Locke. 

3.  To  cause  lo  be  driven. 

They  ran  the  ship  agroand.  —  Acta  xxrij. 

4.  To  melt ;  to  fuse. 

The  purest  gold  must  be  run  and  washed.  Felton. 

5.  To  incur;  to  encounter;  to  run  the  risk  or 
hazard  of  losing  one's  property.  To  run  the  danger^ 
is  a  phrase  not  now  in  use. 

6.  To  venture  ;  lo  hazard. 

Hs  wonid  himself  be  in  the  Highlands  lo  receive  them,  and  run 
his  Tontine  with  ihem.  Vlarendon. 

7.  To  smuggle;  to  import  or  export  without  pay- 
ing the  duties  required  by  law  ;  as,  to  run  goods. 

8.  To  pursue  in  thought ;  to  carry  in  contempla- 
tion ;  as,  to  run  the  world  back  to  its  first  original. 

South. 
1  woald  gladly  understand  the  formation  of  a  eool,  and  run  it  up 
to  its  punrtum  aaliena.  Coliier. 

9.  To  push ;  to  thrust ;  as,  to  run  the  hand  into 
the  pocket  or  the  bosom  ;  to  run  a  nail  into  the  foot. 

10.  To  ascertain  and  mark  by  metes  and  bounds; 
as.  to  run  a  line  between  towns  or  states. 

11.  To  cause  to  ply;  to  maintain  in  running  or 
passing;  as,  to  run  a  stage-coach  from  London  lo 
Bristol  ;  to  run  a  line  of  packets  from  New  Haven  to 
New  York. 

12.  To  cause  to  pass  j  aa,  to  run  a  rope  through  a 
block. 

13.  To  found  ;  to  shape,  form,  or  make  in  a  mold  ; 
lo  cast ;  as,  to  run  buttons  or  balls. 

To  run  down;  in  hunting,  to  chase  to  weariness  ; 
15,  to  run  down  a  stag. 

2.  In  navigation^  to  run  down  a  vessel,  is  to  run 
again>=t  her,  end  on,  and  sink  her.  Jlar.  Diet. 

3.  To  crush  ;  to  overthrow  ;  to  overbear. 

R-riigisn  Ss  run  down  by  the  IJcenfe  of  Ibcs;  times.     Ber!:etey. 

To  run  hard ;  to  prese  with  jokes,  sarcasm,  or  ridi- 
;iile. 

9.  To  urge  or  presa  importunately. 

To  run  over;  to  recount  in  a  cursory  manner;  to 
narrate  hastily ;  as,  to  run  over  the  particulars  of  a 
story. 

2.  To  consider  cursorily. 


RUN 

3.  To  pass  the  eye  over  hastily.        "^-^^ 
To  run  out ;  to  thrust  or  push  out ;  to  extend/  -  "^ 
2.  To  waste  ;  to  exhaust ;  as,  to  run  out  an  estate. 
To  1-un  tJirougk ;  to  expend ;  to  waste  ;  as,  to  run 
through  an  estate. 

To  run  up :  to  increase ;  to  enlarge  by  additions. 
A  man  who  tabes  goods  on  credit,  is  apt  to  run  up 
his  account  to  a  large  sum  before  he  is  aware  of  it. 
2.  To  thrust  up,  as  any  thing  long  and  slender. 
RUN,  n.    The  act  of  running. 

2.  Course  ;  motion  ;  as,  the  run  of  humor.  Bacon. 

3.  Flow  J  as,  a  run  of  verses  to  please  the  ear. 

Broome. 

4.  Course;  proce.''s  ;  continued  series;  as,  the  run 
of  events. 

5.  Way  ;  will ;  uncontrolled  course. 

Our  family  must  have  their  run,  Arbulhnol. 

G.  General  reception ;  continued  success. 

it  is  iinpossilite  for  detached  papers  to  have  a  general  run  or  long 
contluuaDc-,  if  iioi  diversifii^d  with  humor.  Addison. 

7.  Modish  or  popular  clamor ;  as,  a  violent  run 
against  university  education.  Swijl. 

8.  A  general  or  uncommon  pressure  on  a  bank  or 
treasury'  for  payment  of  its  notes. 

9.  The  aftmost  part  of  a  sJiip's  bottom.  Mcr.  Diet, 

10.  The  distance  sailed  by  a  ship ;  as,  we  Lad  a 
good  run. 

11.  A  voyage  ;  also,  an  agreement  among  sailors 
to  work  a  passage  from  one  place  to  another. 

JJ/ar.  Vict. 

12.  A  pair  of  mill-stones.  A  mill  has  two,  four, 
or  six  runs  of  stones. 

13.  Prevalence;  as,  a  disease,  opinion,  or  fashion 
has  its  run. 

14.  In  the  Middle  and  Soutliem  States  of  America,  a 
small  stream  ;  a  brook. 

In  the  long  run,  {at  tlie  long  run,  not  so  generally 
used,)  signifies  the  whole  process  or  course  of  things 
taken  together ;  in  the  final  result ;  in  the  conclusion 
or  end. 

The  run  of  mankind;  the  generality  of  people. 
RUN^\-G.^TE,  71.     [Fr.  mnagat.] 

A  fugitive  ;  an  apostate ;  a  rebel ;  a  vagabond. 
Sidney.     Shale. 
RUN'A-WaY,  n.      [run  and  away.]     One  that  flies 
from  danger  or  restraint;  one  that  deserts  lawful 
service  ;  a  fugitive.  Shak. 

RUN-e.\'TION,  n.     [L.  runcatio.] 

A  weediiin.     [JVot  in  use.]  Evel-,/n. 

RUN'CI-NATE,  a.     [L.  rmcina,  a  saw.] 

In  botany,  a  runcinate  leaf  is  a  sort  of  pinnatifid 
leaf,  with  the  lobes  convex  before  and  straight  be- 
hind, like  the  teelh  of  a  double  saw,  as  in  tlie  dan- 
delion. Martyn. 

A  leaf  which  has  sinuses,  and  of  course  lobes, 
that  slope  backward,  is  said  to  be  runcijiate. 

Lion  ioolhed  ;  cut  into  several  transverse,  acute 
segments,  pointing  backward.  SmiVt. 

RUN'DLE,  (run'dl,)  n.    [from  round,  G.  rund.] 

1.  A  round  ;  a  step  of  a  ladder.  Dnppa. 

2.  Something  put  round  an  axis;  a  perilrochium  ; 
as,  a  cylinder  with  a  rundle  about  it.  ff'ilkins. 

RUND'LET,  /  71.     [from  round.]     A  small  barrel  of  no 

RUN'LET,  \  certain  dimensions.  It  may  contain 
from  three  to  twenty  gallons.  Encyc. 

RUiNE,  n.  [See  Ruhic]  The  Runic  letter  or  charac- 
ter. Temple. 

Rfj'NER,  n.  A  bard  or  learned  man  among  the  an- 
cient Goths.     [See  Runic]  Temple. 

RuNES,  n.  pi.    Gothic  characters,  poetiy,  or  rhymes. 

Temple. 

RUNG,  pret.  and  pp.  of  Ring. 

RUNG,  n.  A  floor  timber  in  a  ship,  whence  the  upper 
end  is  called  a  Rung-head  ;  more  properly,  a  Floor- 
head.  Mar.  DicL 

Ru'NfC,  a.  [VV.  rhin,  Ir.  run,  Goth,  runa.  Sax.  run^  a 
secret  or  mystery,  a  letter.] 

An  epithet  applied  to  the  language  and  letters  of 
the  ancient  Goths.  [In  Russ.  chronoyu  is  to  con- 
ceal.] 

RUN'LET,  7(.    A  little  run  or  stream ;  a  brook. 
2.  See  RuNDLET, 

RUN'NEL,  n.  [from  7-un.]  A  rivulet  or  small  brook. 
[J^iit  ill  use]  Fairfax. 

RUN'NER,  n.  [from  run.]  One  that  runs;  tbat 
which  runs. 

2.  A  racer.  Dryden. 

3.  A  messenger.  Swift. 

4.  A  thread-like  stem,  running  along  the  ground, 
as  in  the  strawberry,  and  forming  at  its  extremity 
roots  and  a  young  plant.  Lindley. 

5.  One  of  the  stones  of  a  mill.  Mortimer. 
G,  A  bird.                                                    Ainsjcorth. 

7.  A  rope  used  to  increase  the  mechanical  power 
of  a  tackle.  Totten. 

8.  One  of  the  timbers  on  which  a  sled  or  sleigh 
slides. 

RUN'NET,  71.  [D.  runzel,  from  runnen,  ronnen,  to 
curdle  ;  G.  rinncn,  to  curdle,  and  to  run  or  flow ; 
Sax.  gerunncn,  coagulated.  It  is  also  written  Ren- 
net, which  see.] 

The  prepared  stomach,  or  the  coagulated  milk 
found  in  the  stomachs  of  calves  or  other  sucking 


RUS 

quadrupeds.  The  same  name  is  given  to  a  liquor 
prepared  by  steeping  the  iiuier  membrane  of  a  calpa 
stomach  in  water,  and  lo  the  membrane  itself.  This 
is  used  for  coagulating  milk,  or  converting  it  into 
curd  in  the  making  of  cheese.  Encyc* 

RUN'NING,  jTpr.  Moving  or  going  with  rapidity; 
flowing. 

2.  a.    Kept  for  Ihe  race ;  as,  a  running  horse. 

Law. 

3.  In  succession ;  without  any  inter^'ening  day, 
year,  &c. ;  as,  to  visit  two  days  running;  to  sow 
land  two  years  running. 

4.  Discharging  pus  or  other  matter ;  as,  a  running 
sore. 

RUN'NING,  71.  The  act  of  running,  or  passing  with 
speed. 

2.  That  which  runs  or  flows  ;  as,  the  first  rmming 
of  a  still  or  of  cider  at  the  mill. 

3.  The  discharee  of  an  ulcer  or  other  sore. 
RUN'NING-FIGHt,  (file,)  n.    A  battle  in  which  one 

party  flees  and  Ihe  other  pursues,  but  tlie  party  fleeing 
keeps  up  the  contest. 

RUN'NING-FIRE,  n.  A  term  used  when  troops  fire 
rapidly  in  succession.  Campbell's  Mil.  Diet. 

RUN'NING-RIG'GIXG,  ti.  Tliat  part  of  a  ship's  rig- 
ging or  ropes  which  passes  through  blocks,  &.c. ;  in 
distinction    from    Standi ng-kigging.       [See    Rig- 

GrNG.I 

RUN'NING-TI'TLE,  n.  In  priming,  the  title  of  a 
book  that  is  continued  from  page  to  page  on  the 
upper  margin. 

RUNN'ION,  71.     [Fr.  rogner,  to  cut.  pare,  or  shred.] 
A  paltry,  scurvy  wretch.  Shak, 

RUNT,  n.  [In  D.  rund  is  a  bull  or  cow  ;  in  Scot,  runt 
is  the  trunk  of  a  tree,  a  hardeneil  stern  or  stalk  of  a 
plant,  an  old  withered  woman.  It  may  be  from  D. 
runnen,  to  contract.    Sec  Runnet.] 

Any  animal  small  below  the  natural  or  usual  size 
of  the  species. 

Of  lame  pigeons  are  croppers,  carriers,  and  Tunta.       WaUoti. 

RU-PEE',  n.     [Pers.  ^*j  ropah,  silver,  and  TOpiah, 

is  a  thick,  round  piece  of  money  in  the  Slogul's  do- 
minions, value  24  stivers.     Castcll.] 

A  coin  and  money  of  account  in  the  East  Indies. 
The  current  silver  rupee  is  valued  at  2s.  sterling,  or 
about  40  cents  ;  the  sicca  rupee  of  account  at  2s.  Cd. 
steriing,  or  about  5S  cents  ;  the  gold  rupee  at  99s.  9d. 
pterlins,  or  nearly  seven  dollars.    Kelhj.    McCuUock. 

RUP'TlbN,  71.     [L.  ruptio,  nimpo,  to  break.] 

Breach  ;  a  break  or  bursting  open.  Wiseman. 

RUP'TURE,  (rupt'yiu-,)  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  ruplus,  rum- 
po,  to  break.] 

1.  The  act  of  breaking  or  bursting,  the  state  of 
being  broken  or  violently  parted  ;  as,  the  rupture  of 
the  skin  ;  tlie  rupture  of  a  vessel  or  fiber.   ArbutJinot, 

2.  Hernia ;  a  preternatural  protrusion  of  the  con- 
tents of  the  abdomen. 

3.  Breach  of  peace  or  concord  ;  either  between  in- 
dividuals or  nations  ;  between  nations,  open  hostility 
or  war.  We  say,  the  parties  or  nations  have  come 
to  an  open  rupture. 

He  kiipw  (hat  policy  would  disiucllui;  Napoleon  from  a  rupture 
Willi  his  family.  E.  Everttl. 

RUP'TURE,  V.  t.  To  break  ;  to  burst ;  to  part  by  vio- 
lence ;  as,  to  rupture  a  blood-vessel. 

RUP'TURE,  V.  i.    To  sufler  a  breach  or  disruption. 

RUP'TUR-iD,  pp.  or  a.     Broken  ;  burst, 

RUP'TURE-WORT,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Herni- 
aria,  and  another  of  the  genus  Linum. 

Fam.  of  Plants. 

RUP'TITR-ING,  ppr.    Breaking ;  bursting. 

RU'RAL,  a.  [Fr.,  from  L.  ruralis,  from  rjts,the  coun- 
try.] 

1.  Pertaining  or  belonging  to  the  country,  as  distin- 
guished from  a  city  or  town  ;  suiting  the  countr>-,  or 
resembling  it ;  as,  Vurai  scenes  ;  :i  rural  prospect;  a 
rural  situation  ;  rural  music.        Sidnni.     Thomson. 

2.  Pertaining  to  farming  or  agriculture  ;  as,  rural 
economy.  Gardner. 

RU'RAL  De.\N,  t(.  An  ecclesiastic  who  had  the  care 
and  inspection  of  a  rfcaHcry,  or  subdivision  of  an  arcli- 
deaconr}',  under  the  direction  of  the  bishop.  The 
office  has,  to  a  great  extent,  fallen  into  disuse. 

P.  Cyc. 
RU'RAL-IST,  n.    One  that  leads  a  rural  life. 

Coventry. 

RO'RAL-LY,  adv.    As  in  the  country.        Wakefield. 

Rti'RAI^NESS,  n.    The  quality  of  being  rural.    Diet, 

RU-RIC'O-LIST,  n.     [L.  ruricola;  rus,  the  country, 

and  colo,  to  inhabit.] 

An  inhabitant  of  the  countr)-.     [JVof  in  use.] 

Diet, 
RU-RIG'EN-OUS,  a.    [L.  iiis,  the  countrj-,  and  ^j^- 
nor,  to  be  born.] 
Bom  in  the  countr>%     [Jv'ot  in  use.]  Diet. 

RfiSE,  n.     [Fr.]     Artifice;  trick;   stratagem;  wile; 

fraud;  deceit.  ^V- 

ROSE  DE  GUERRE\  (ruze  de  gRi'.)  [Fr.]   A  strat- 
agem of  war. 
RUSH,  n.     [Sax.  rics  or  rise  ;  probably  L.  ruscus.    1  he 
Swedish  corresponding  word  is  saf,  the  Hebrew  tjia, 


TONE,  BULL,  IJNXTE.  — AN"GER,  VF'CIOUS  —  C  as  K;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z  j  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

^~^   971 


RUS 

usually  rendered  sea-weed,  and  applied  to  the  Ar- 
jinic  Gulf.  Dcut.  i.  I.  A*«m.  xxi.  14.  This  corre- 
spundence  dcsc-n'cs  notice,  as  illustrating  certain 
passages  in  llic  Scriptures.] 

1.  A  plant  uf  the  genus  Juncus,  of  many  species, 
growing  mostly  iu  wet  ground.  Some  species  are 
used  in  botton'nng  chairs  and  plaiting  mats.  The 
pith  of  the  rusli  is  u^ed  in  some  places  for  wicks  to 
lamps  and  rush-lights.  P.  Cyc. 

The  term  rush  is,  however,  applied  to  plants  of  va- 
rious otlier  genera  beside  Juncus,  and  by  no  means 
to  all  of  the  genus  Juncus. 

2.  Any  thing  proverbially  worthless  or  of  trivial 
value. 

John  Bull's  fncntlslup  u  aot  worn,  a  rush.  Arbxiihnoi. 

RUSH,  V.  i.  [Sax.  reosauy  hreosany  or  rtt^an ;  Sw.  msa ; 
G.  rauscfuniy  D.  rttiscketi}  Gr.  puOzta.  The  G.  has  also 
brauscTiy  tlie  Dutch  bruisscJien,  to  rush  or  roar ;  Dan. 
ftrKifrt,  torush.  The  Welsh  h:is  bnjsiawxind  crysiaw,  to 
hurry,  to  hasten  ;  both  from  rhys^  a  rui-hing  ;  rhijsiaw, 
to  rusli.  We  have  nistle  and  brustle  probably  from 
the  same  source.  The  Welsh  bmsiaio  seems  to  be 
the  English  press.    See  Class  Rd,  No.  5,  9,  &.C.] 

1.  To  move  or  drive  forward  with  impetuosity, 
violence,  and  tumultuous  rapidity  j  as,  armies  nwA 
to  brittle  ;  waters  ru^h  down  a  precipice ;  winds  rush 
Ihroush  the  forest.  We  ought  never  to  rush  into 
company,  much  less  into  a  religious  assembly. 

2.  To  enter  with  undue  eagerness,  or  without  due 
deliberation  and  preparation  ;  as,  to  rush  into  busi- 
ness or  speculation  ;  to  rush  into  the  ministry. 

Sprat. 

RUSH,  v.t.  To  push  forward  with  violence.  [A'at 
used.] 

RUSH,  n.  A  driving  forward  with  eagerness  and 
haste;  a  violent  motion  or  course  j  as,  a  rush  of 
troops  ;  a  rush  of  winds. 

RUSI1'-BOT'TOM-£D,  a.  Having  a  bottom  made 
with  nishes.  Irving. 

RUSII'-eAN-DLE,  (-kan-dl,)  n.  A  small,  blinking 
tapir,  made  by  stripping  a  rush,  except  one  small 
strip  of  the  bark  which  Iiolds  the  pith  together,  and 
dipping  it  in  tallow.  Johnson.     JJUton. 

RUSH'£D,  (nisht,)  prct.  of  Rush.     [See  the  verb.] 
2.  a.     Abotuiding  with  rushes.  fVarton. 

RUSH'ER,  V.    One  Vvho  rushes  forward.     Whitlock. 
2.  One  who  formerly  strewed  nishes  on  the  door 
at  dances.  B.  .huson. 

RUSH'I-NESSjTi.  [UomriLshy.]  The  state  of  abound- 
ing with  nishes.  Scott. 

RUSH'ING,  ppr.    Moving  forward  witli  impetuosity. 

RUSH'ING,  n.  A  viulent  driving  of  any  thing;  rapid 
or  tumultuous  course.    Is.  xvii. 

RUSH'-LIGHT,  (-lite,)  n.  The  light  of  a  rush-candle  ; 
a  small,  feeble  hght. 
2.  A  rusli-candle.  Encyc. 

RUSH'-LIKE,  a.     Resembling  a  rush  ;  weak. 

RUSH'Y,  a.    Abounding  with  rushes.        Mortimer. 
2.  Made  of  rushes.  Ticket. 


My  rushy  couch  and  frug::Tl  fare. 


Goldsmith. 


RUSK,  77.    A  kind  of  light  cake. 

2.  Hard  bread  for  stores.  Ralegh. 

RUffi'iMA,  7I-.  A  brown  and  light  iron  substance," vith 
half  as  much  quicklime  steeped  in  water,  of  which 
the  Turkisli  women  make  their  psilothron  to  take  off 
llieir  hair.  Qrexc. 

RuSS,  a.     [Sw.  ryss.] 

Pertainmg  to  the  Russ  cr  Russians. 
[Tlie  native  word  is  Russ.    We  have  Russia  from 
the  south  of  Europe.] 
ROSS,  Tu    The  language  of  the  Russ  or  Russians. 
IIUS'SET,  a.     [Fr.  roux^  roiisse,  red  ;  It.  rosso  ;  Sp. 
rosOj  rozo;  L.  tussus.     See  Red  and  Ruddy.] 

1.  Of  a  reddish-blown  color;  as,  a  russet  mantle. 

Om  Bummer  mch  a  rustcl  livery  wca«.  Drydtn. 

2.  Coarse  ;  homespun  ;  rustic.  Shak. 
[RrssETT  is  but  liule  used.] 

RUS'SET,  Tt,    A  countrj-  dress.  Dryden. 

RUS'SET,  J  71.    A  kind  cf  apple  of  a  russet  color 

RUS'SET-ING,  i      and  rough  skin. 

[I  have  never  known  a  pear  so  called  in  America, 
though  it  seems  that  in  England  pears  have  this 
name.] 

ROS'SlA-LEATH'ER,  (ru'shii  or  rush'i-letri'er,);!.  A 
soft  kind  of  leather,  made  in  Russia.  It  is  curried 
with  the  em pyreu malic  oil  of  the  bark  of  the  birch- 
tree,  and  is  much  used  in  bookbinding,  on  account  of 


RUS 

its  not  being  subject  to  mold,  and  being  proof  against 
insects.  Urc. 

ROS'SIA>',  (ru'shan.  This  has,  till  o?  late,  been  the 
universal  pronunciation ;  bui  in  Iiondon,  rusU'an 
has  now  become  previUent.  Smart.)  a.  Pertaining 
to  Russia. 

RuS 'SI  AN,  (ru'shan  or  rush'an,)  ii.  A  native  of  Russia. 

RUST,  T(.  [Sax.  rust;  D.  roest;  G.  and  Sw.  rost; 
Dan.  rust;  W.  rhtrd;  Gr.  eovat/Sij;  probably  from 
its  color,  and  allied  to  ruddy^  red^  as  L.  rubigo  is  from 
rubco.     See  Ruddy.] 

1.  The  red  or  orange-yellow  coating  on  iron  ex- 
posed to  moist  air;  an  oxyd  of  iron  which  forms  a 
rough  coat  on  its  surface.  This  term  is  sometimes 
applied  to  any  metallic  oxyd.  Ure.    P.  Cyc. 

2.  Loss  of  power  by  inactivity,  as  metals  lose  their 
brightness  and  smoothness  when  not  used. 

3.  Any  foul  matter  cont.-acted  ;  as,  rust  on  corn  or 
salted  meat. 

-I.  Foul  extraneous  matter ;  as,  sacred  truths  cleared 
from  the  rust  of  huninn  mixtures. 

5.  A  disease  in  grain,  a  kind  of  dust  which  gathers 
on  the  stalks  and  leaves  ;  in  reality,  a  parasitic  fun- 
gus or  mushroom.  Ed.  Encyc. 
RUST,  r.  i.     [Sax.  iiistian;  W.  rhydu.'j 

1.  To  contract  rust ;  to  be  osydized  and  contract  a 
roughness  on  the  surface. 


Our  armars  now  may  rust. 


Dnjden. 


2.  To  degenerate  in  idleness ;  to  become  dull  by 
inaction. 

Miisl  1  rust  ill  Egypt  ?  Dryden. 

3.  To  gather  dust  or  extraneous  matter. 
RUST,  V,  t.    To  cause  to  contract  rust. 

Keep  up  your !  ri?ht  swcrda,  for  the  dew  will  rus/  ihem.    SltoJc. 

2.  To  impair  bv  time  and  inactivitv. 
RUST'-€uL-OR-J^"D,  (-kul-Iurd,)  a.    Having  the  color 

of  iron  rust.  De  CandoUc. 

RUST'ED,  pp.    ^Vffected  with  nisi. 
RUS'TIC,  )  a.     [L.  nwiiow,  from  rjw,  the  coun- 

RUS'Tie-AL,  i      try.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  country;  rural;  as,  the  rKsttc 
gods  of  antiquity.  Encyc. 

2.  Rude;  unpolished;  rough;  awkv/ard ;  as,  rus- 
tic manners  or  behavior. 

a.  Coarse;  plain;  simple;  as,  rustic  entertain- 
ment ;  rustic  dress. 

4.  Simple;  artless;  unadorned.  Pape. 

5.  In  architecture,  a  term  denoting  a  species  of  ma- 
sonry, the  joints  of  which  are  worked  with  grooves, 
or  channels,  to  render  them  conspicuous.  The  sur- 
face of  the  work  is  sometimes  left  or  purposely  made 
rough,  and  sometimes  even  or  smcctli. 

OUss.  of  Archit. 
RUS'TIC,  n.    An  inhabitant  of  the  country  ;  a  clown. 
RUS'TI€-AL-LY,  adv.     Rudely  ;   coarse'ly  ;  willfout 

refinement  or  elegance.  Dryden. 

RUS'Tie-AL-NESS,  n.     The  quality  of  being  rus- 
tical;  rudeness;  coarseness;  want  of  refinement. 
RUS'Tie-ATE,  V.  i.     [L.  rustictfr,  from  rus.] 

To  dwell  or  reside  in  the  country.  Pope. 

RUS'TI€-aTE,  r.  i.     To  compel  to  reside  in  the 

country  ;  to  banish  from  a  town  or  college  for  a  lime. 

Spectator. 
RUS'Tie-A-TED,  pp.     Compelled  to  reside  in   the 
counlrj'. 

2.  a.  In  crcftiffcfurc,  having  the  character  of  rustic 
work. 
RUS'TIC^A-TING,  ppr.    Compelling  to  reside  in  the 

country. 
RUS-TI€-a'TION,  77.     Residence  in  the  countrj*. 

2.  In  uniiHrsities  and  colleges,  the  punishment  of  a 
student  for  some  olfense,  by  compelling  him  to  leave 
the  institution,  and  reside  fttr  a  time  in  the  coun- 
try. 
RUS-TIC'I-TY,  n.     [h.  rusticitas  ;  Ft.  nisticiti.] 

The  qualities  of  a  countrj*man;  rustic  manners; 
rudeness  ;  coarseness  ;  simplicity  ;  arllessness. 

Addison.     fFoodward. 
RUS'TI€J-LOOK-ING,  a.     Appearing  to  be  rustic. 
RUST'I-LY,'rtJr.     In  a  rusty  stale.  Sidney. 

RUST'I-NESS,  71.    [from  rusty.]    The  state  of  being 

rusty. 
RUST'ING,  ppr.    Contracting  rust ;  causing  to  rust. 
RUS'TLE,    (rus'l,)   v.   i.      [Sax.  hristlan;  G.  rasseln ; 
Sw.  rossluy  to  rattle.] 

To  make  a  quick  succession  of  small  sounds, 
like  the  rubbing  of  silk  cloth  or  dry  leaves ;  as, 


RYO 

a  rustling  silk  ;  rustling  leaves  or  trees ;  rustling 

wings.  Jililion. 

He  is  coining ;  I  hear  the  s'jaw  rustle.  67uiA. 

RUS'TLER,  j:.    One  who  rustles. 
RUS'TLIiNG,  (rus'ling,)  ppr.  ox  a.    Making  the  sound 

of  silk  cloth  when  rubbed. 
RUS'TLING,  71.    A  quick  succession  of  small  sounds, 

as  a  brushing  among  dry  leaves  or  straw. 
RUST'Y,  a.   <;overed  or  affected  with  rust ;  as,  arjwty 

knife  or  sword. 

2.  Dull ;  impaired  by  inaction  or  neglect  of  use. 

Shak. 

3.  Surly  ;  morose.  Ouardicn 

4.  Covered  with  foul  or  extraneous  matter. 
RUT,  71.     [Fr.  rut ;  Arm.  ruty  tlie  verb,  rudalj  rutein  ; 

probably  aUied  to  G.  retzctij  to  excite,  or  Sw.  rytUj  to 
bellow.} 
The  copulation  of  deer. 
RUT,  V.  i.    To  lust,  as  dvi-r. 
RUT,  7J.     [It.  rotaia,  from  L.  rotUy  a  wheel.] 

The  track  of  a  wheel. 
RUT,  V.  t.    To  cut  or  penetrate  in  ruts,  as  roads. 

9.  To  cut  a  line  on  the  soil  with  a  spade.  Gardner. 
3.  To  cover.  Dryden. 

Ru'TA-BA'GA,  n.    The  Swedish  turnip,  or  Brassica 

campestris. 
RuTH,   71.     [from  rue.]     RIercy ;  pity ;    tenderness  ; 
sorrow  for  llie  misery  of  another.     [Obs.]    Fairfax. 
2.  Misery  ;  sorrow.     [  Obs.]  Spenser. 

RUTH'FUL,  c.     Rueful;  woful ;  sorrowful.     [Obs.] 

2.  Merciful.     \Obs.]  [Carcm. 

RuTH'FllL-LY,  Gi/r.    Wofully  ;  sadly.    [Obs.\ 

Knollcs. 
2.  Sorrowfully;  mournfully.     [Obs.]       Spaiscr. 
ROTH'LESS,  fl.   Cruel;  pitiless;  barbarous;  insensi- 
ble to  the  miseries  of  others. 


Their  riffe  the  hostile  b-inds  rostnin, 

All  but  ilie  ruthless  monarch  of  the  mnin. 


Pope. 


RUTH^ESS-LY,  adi\  Without  pity  ;  cruelly  ;  barbar- 
ously. 

ROTH'LESS-NESS,  n.  Want  of  compassion ;  in- 
sensibility to  the  distresses  of  others. 

Ru'TIL,      }  71.      An  ore  of  titanium  of  a  rcddish- 

Ru'TILE,  \  brown  color,  sometimes  passing  into 
red.  It  occurs  usually  in  prismatic  crystals,  some- 
times massive.  Dana. 

RtJ'TI-LANT,  ft.      [L.  rutilansy  rntiloj  to  shine  ;    per- 
haps from  the  root  of  red,  ruddy.] 
Shining.  Evelyn. 

Ru'TI-LaTE,  v.  i.     [L.  rutilo.] 

'i'o  shine  ;  to  emit  rays  of  light.     [J^'ot  itsed.]  Urc. 

RUT'TED,  pp.  Cut  or  penetrated  in  ruts.  [See  the 
verbj 

RUT'TER,  71.      [G.  rettery  D.  ruitcr,  a  rider.    See 
Ride.] 
.\  horseman  or  trooper.     [JVot  in  use.] 

RUT'TER-KIN%  n.  A  word  of  contempt ;  an  ol.i 
crafty  fox  or  beguilcr.     [JVot  in  use,] 

RUT'TI-ER,  n.     [Fr.  routicr^  from  route.] 

Direction  of  the  road  or  course  at  sea  ;  an  old  trav- 
eler acquainted  with  roads ;  au  old  soldier.  [JV";(  in 
it-sT.]^  Cotgravc. 

RUT'TING,  ppr.  or  a.  Copulating  or  breeding.  [Sec 
the  verb.] 

RUT'TISH,  a.  [from  rut]  Lustful ;  libidinous.    Shah. 

RUT'TISH-NESS,  71.  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
ruttisb. 

KUT'TLE,  for  Rattle,  is  not  much  used.    Sunut. 

ttV-AC  O-UTE,  tu     [Gr.pvai  and  Xi9os.] 

A  species  of  glassy  feldspar.  Dana. 

R^'AL,  7».    A  coin.     [See  Rial.] 

R'V  DER,  71.  A  clause  added  to  a  bill  in  parliament. 
[See  Rider  and  Ride.] 

RyE,  (ri,)  n.  [Sax.  ryge  ;  D.  rogge ;  G.  rocken ;  Dan. 
rag  or  rug ;  Sw.  rag  or  rog ;  W.  rhyg.  This  word 
is  the  English  rougk] 

1.  An  esculent  grain  of  the  genus  Secale,  of  a  qual- 
ity inferior  to  wheat,  but  a  species  of  grain  easily 
cultivated,  and  constituting  a  large  portion  of  bread 
stuff. 

2.  A  disease  in  a  hawk.  Ainsworth. 
RVE'-GRASS,  71.  A  popular  nameof  Lolium  perenne, 

a  grass-like  plant,  which  is  sometimes  cultivated  for 
cattle  in  England  ;  also  of  Hordeum  murinum,  a 
species  of  barley.  Loudon. 

R'^'OT,  n.  In  Nindoostan,  a  peasant ;  a  cultivator  of 
the  soil ;  a  renter  of  land  by  a  lease  which  is  consid- 
ered as  perpetual,  and  at  a  rale  fixed  by  ancient  sur- 
veys and  valuations.  Asiat.  Res.    P.  Cyc. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALI.,  WHAT MeTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  QlARtNE,  BIRD.  — N5TE,  DOVE,  M0\^,  WOLF,  CQOK. - 


l>72 


SAU 


SAB 


SAC 


s. 


Q  THE  nineteenth  letter  of  the  English  alphabet,  is 
O9  a  sibilant  articulation,  and  numbered  among  the 
serni-vowels.  It  represents  the  hissing  made  by 
driving  tiie  breath  between  the  end  of  the  tongue 
and  the  roof  of  the  moutii,  just  above  the  upper 
teeth.  It  lias  two  uses  :  one  to  express  a  n^re  hiss- 
ing, as  ia  SabbdChj  sack,  siity  Litis.  tJius  ;  the  other  a  vo- 
cal hissing,  precisely  like  that  of  r,  as  in  TnitsCy  wise^ 
pronounced  }nuze,  wize.  It  senerally  has  its  hissing 
sound  at  the  beginning  of  all  proper  English  words, 
but  in  the  middle  and  end  of  words,  its  sound  is  to 
be  known  only  by  usage.  In  a  few  words  it  is  si- 
lent, as  ia  i)U  and  riseouitt. 

In  abbreviations,  S.  stands  for  societas,  society,  or 
socius,  fellow  ;  as,  F.  it  &,  Ft- Ilov/  of  the  Royal  So- 
ciety. Ia  medical  prescriptions,  S.  A.  signifies  secunr- 
dum  arte:n,  according  to  the  rules  of  art. 

In  Vie  notes  of  the  ancientSy  S.  stands  for  Ssxtus ;  Sp. 
for^Spurius ;  S.  C.  for  senattis  eonsultum  ;  S.  P.  Q.  R. 
for  senctus  poputti^ue  Romanus ;  S.  S.  S,  for  stratum 
super  striitiim^  one  layer  above  another  alternately ; 
5.  F.  B.  E.  E.  Q.  v.  for  si  valeSy  bene  est,  ego  quojue 
vclto. 

As  a  numeral,  S.  denoted  seven.  In  the  Italian  mu- 
sic, S.  signifies  solo.  In  books  of  7savigation,  and  in 
common  usa^e,  S.  stands  for  south  ;  S.  E.  for  south- 
east ;  &  ?r.Yor  south-west ;  S.  S.  E.  for  south-south- 
east ;  S.  S.  TV.  for  south-south-v.-eet,  &c. 
Sa'BA-IS.M.     See  SiBriNisM. 

SAB'A-OTH,  n.  [Heb.  mKSS,  armies,  from  N2S,  to 
assemble,  to  fight.  The  primary  sense  is,  to  drive,  to 
urge  or  crowd.] 

Araiies  ;  a  word  used,  Roni.  ix.  29,  James  v.  4, 
"  the  Lord  of  SaiaolA." 
SAB-BA-Ta'RI-AX,  n.  [from  Sabbath.]  One  who  re- 
gards the  seventli  day  of  the  week  as  holy,  agreeably 
to  the  letter  of  the  fourth  commandment  in  the  dec- 
alogue. There  were  Christians  in  the  early  church, 
who  held  this  opinion ;  and  one  sect  of  Baptists, 
commonly  called  Seeenth-daij  Baptists,  do  so  now. 

2.  A  strict  obser^'er  of  the  Sibbath.      [.Mi'.rdock. 
SAB-BA-Ta'RI-AN,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  Salibath,  or 

to  the  tenets  of  Sabbatarians.  Jifurdock. 

SAB-B.V-TaTII-AX-ISM,  n.  The  tenets  of  Sabbata- 
rians. Bp.  Ji'ard. 

SAB'BATH,  71.     [Heb.  n2=r,  to  cease,  to  rest  j  as  a 

nonn,  cessation,  rest,  L.  sabbnium ;  Ar  C^kXah  ^'a&- 
ata.] 

1.  The  day  which  God  appointed  to  be  observed  as 
a  day  of  rest  from  all  secular  labor  or  employments, 
and  to  be  kept  holy  and  consecrated  to  his  service 
and  worship.  This  was  originally  tlje  seventh  day 
of  the  week,  the  day  on  which  God  rested  from  the 
work  of  creation  :  and  this  day  is  slill  observed  by 
the  Jews  end  some  Christians  as  the  Sabbath.  But 
the  Christian  church  very  early  began,  and  still  con- 
tinue, to  observe  the  first  day  of  the  week,  in  com- 
memoration of  the  resurrection  of  Christen  that  day, 
by  which  the  work  of  redemption  was  completed. 
Hence  it  is  often  called  the  Lord's  day.  The  heathen 
nations  in  the  north  of  Europe  dedicated  this  day  to 
the  sun,  and  hence  their  Christian  descendants  con- 
tinue ti  call  the  day  Sunday.  But  in  the  United 
Stales,  Christians  have  to  a  great  estent  discarded 
the  heathen  name,  and  adopted  the  Jewish  name 
Sabhatli.  Sabbath  is  not  strictly  synonymous  with 
Sunday.  Sunday  is  the  mere  name  of  the  day  ;  Sab- 
bath is  the  name  of  the  institution.  SunduTf  is  the 
Sabbath  of  Christians  ;  Saturday  is  the  Sabbath  of  the 
Jews. 

9.  Intfrmission  of  pain  or  sorrow  ;  lime  of  rest. 

Pi>ao^:':iI  sleep  oat  ths  SatMi'Ji  cF  the  tomb.  Pope. 

3.  The  sabbatical  year  among  the  Israelites.     Lev. 

XXV. 

SAB'BATII-BREAK-ER,  n.  [Sabbath  and  breal:.] 
One  who  profanes  the  Sabbath  by  violating  the  laws 
of  Gnd  or  man  which  enjoin  the  religious  observance 
of  that  day. 

SAB'BATH-BREaK-IXG,  71.  A  profanation  of  the 
Sabbath  by  violating  the  injunction  of  the  fourth 
commandment,  or  the  municipal  ia^vs  of  a  slate 
which  retjuire  the  observance  of  that  day  as  holy 
lime.  All  unnecessary  secular  labor,  visiting,  trav- 
eling, sports,  amusements,  and  the  like,  are  consid- 
ered as  SabbatJi-brcaking. 

SAB'BATH-LES3,  a.    Without  intermission  of  labor. 

Bacon. 

SAB-GAT'I€,  )a,       [Ft.   sabbatiaue ;    L.   sabbati- 

9AB-BAT'ie-AL,  \      cvs.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  Sabbath. 

2.  Resembling  the  Sabbath  j  enjoying  or  bringing 
an  intermission  of  labor.  Oregory. 


Sabbatical  year,  in  the  Jeiei^k  eronowy,  was  every 
seventh  year,  in  which  the  Israelites  were  commanded 
to  suffer  their  fields  and  vineyards  to  rest,  or  lie 
without  tillage,  and  the  year  n-jxt  following  every 
seventh  sabbatical  year  in  succession,  that  is,  every 
fiftieth  year,  was  the  jubilee,  which  was  also  a  year 
of  rest  to  the  lands,  and  a  yen,r  of  redemption  or  r*;- 
itase.     Lev.  xxv. 

SAB'BA-TISM,7i.     Rest;  intermission  of  labor. 

SA-Be'AN.    See  Sabian. 

Sa'BE-I?.M.  n.    The  same  as  Sabiamsm.    D^JlnviUc. 

SA-BELL'IAX,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  heresy  of  Ha- 
bellius. 

SA-BEI.L'IAN,  n.  A  follower  of  Sabellius,  a  presby- 
ter of  Ptolemais,  in  the  tiiird  centiir\-,  who  main- 
tained that  tliere  is  but  one  person  in  the  Godhead, 
and  that  the  Son  and  the  Holy  Spirit  are  only  differ- 
ent powers,  operations,  or  ofrices  of  the  one  God  the 
Father.  He  was  thouglit  not  to  make  the  distinction 
in  the  Trinity  broad  enough,  while  Arius  was  thought 
to  make  it  too  great.  IJarduck. 

SA-BELL'IAN-ISM,  n.  The  doctrines  or  tenets  of 
Sabellius.     [See  Sabellian.]  Barroie. 

Sa'BER,  /  7i.     [Fr.  sabre;  Arm.  sabrenu,   seiabla;  Sp. 

Sa'BUE,  i      sable ;     D     sabel ;    G.    sdbel.      Qu.    Ar. 


(...^Aw  sabba,  to  cut.] 

A  sword  or  cimctar  with  abroad  and  heavy  blade, 
thick  at  the  back,  and  a  little  curved  toward  the 
point ;  a  falchion.  Encye. 

Saber-tasebey  (tash.)  [G.  tasche,  a  pocket.]  A 
leathern  case  or  pocket  worn  by  a  cavalr>*  officer  at 
the  left  side,  suspended  from  the  sword  bi^lt. 

CampbelVs  J.lil.  Diet. 
Sa'BER,  )  V.  t.    To  strike,  cut,  or  kill  with  a  saber.  A 
Sa'BRE,  \      small  party  was  surprised  at  night,  and 
almost  every  man  sabered. 


SA'BER-^D,  I 


pp. 


Struck  or  killed  with  a  saber. 


Sa'BR^D,      ) 

I  VBR?NG  ^'  I  P^^-   ^^"^'"S  cr  killing  with  a  saber. 

Sa'BIjAX.   \  a.    Pertaining  to  Saba,  in  Arabia,  cel- 

SA-Bk'AX,  s     ebrated  fur  producing  aromatic  plants. 

Sa'BI-AX,  a.    [Heb.  NTs,  an  army  or  host.] 

The  Sabian  worship  or  religion  consisted  in  the 
worship  of  the  sun  and  other  heavenly  bodies. 

Edht.  Ettcyc. 

Sa'BI-AN,  n.    A  worshiper  of  the  sun. 

Sa'BI-AX-ISM,  n.  That  species  of  idolatry  which 
consisted  in  worshiping  liie  sun,  moon,  and  stars. 
This  idolatr>-  existed  in  Chaldea  or  Persia  at  an  early 
period  of  the  world,  and  was  pmpagated  by  the  in- 
habitants who  migrated  westward  into  Europe,  and 
continued  among  our  ancestors  till  they  embraced 
the  Christian  religion. 

SAB'IXE,  Ti.  A  plant ;  usually  written  Savin,  which 
see. 

2.  A  small  fish,  which  is  sometimes  preserved  in 
oil  for  food. 

Sa'BLE,  (sa'bl,)  n.  [Rusg.  sobol;  G.  zobd;  Sw.  Dan. 
and  D.  sabel;  Fr.  zibcline;  It.  zibelliuu  ;  Sp.  cebellina  ; 
L.  zoboia  or  zobola,  an  ermine.  This  word  and  the  an- 
imal were  probably  not  known  to  the  Greeks  and 
Romans  till  a  late  period.  Joniandes  mentions  the 
sending  to  Rome,  in  the  Clh  cenUxiy ,saphilinas  pelles, 
sable  skins  ;  and  Marco  Polo  calls  ihera  zibcUnes  and 
zomboUnes.    Pennant,  I.  93.] 

1.  A  digiligrade  carnivorous  mammal ;  a  small  an- 
imal of  the  weasel  family,  the  Mustela  or  JNIartes 
zibellina,  found  in  the  northern  latitudes  of  America 
and  Asia.  It  resembles  the  marten,  but  has  a  longer 
head  and  ears.  Its  fur,  which  is  exceedingly  valua- 
ble, consists  of  a  downy  under-wool,  with  a  dense 
coat  of  hair  overtopped  by  another  still  longer  ;  this 
upper  covering  will  lie  in  any  direction,  backward  or 
forward  :  and  a  skin  is  valued  in  proportion  as  this 
coat  is  abundant,  black,  and  glossv. 

2.  The  fur  of  the  sable.  [jardine's  J^'at.  Lib. 
Sa'BLE,  a.     [Fr. ;  Qu.  Gr.  ^o^oj,  darkness.    Seethe 

noun.] 

Black  ;  dark  ;  used  chiefly  in  poetry  or  in  heraUhy  ; 
as,  Xight  with  her  sable  mantle;  the  sable  throne  of 
Night. 
Sa'BLE-SToL-£D,  a.    Wearing  a  sable  stole  or  vest- 
ment. _  Milton. 
SAB'LIeRE,  n.     [Fr.,  from  sable,  sand,  L.  sabulum.] 
1.  .A  sand-pit.     [JVot  muck  used.]  BaiUy. 
9.  In  earpcutry,  a  piece  of  timber  as  long,  but  not 
so  thick,  as  a  beam.    [06a\]  Owilt, 
S.S.-B0T',  (^-bo',)  n.     [Pr,  sabot;  Sp,  zapato.] 

A  wooden  shoe.     [.Vot  English.]  Bramhall. 

Sa'BRE.    See  Saber. 


SAB-l^-LOS'I-TV,  n.    [from   Bahulou3.']    SanJinesj, 

grittiness. 
SAB'rj-LOUS,  a.     [L.  sahulosvj^  from  sabulum,  sand.] 

Sandy ;  gritty. 
SA€,  n.    [Sax.  sac,  saca,  save  or  saeuy  Contention.  This 

is  the  English  Sake,  which  see.] 

1.  In  English  laze,  the  privilege  enjoyed  by  the  lord 
of  a  manor,  of  holding  courts,  trjing  causes,  nnd 
imposing  fines.  Cotcel. 

2,  In  natural  kistory,  a  bag  or  receptacle  for  a 
lifjuid,    [See  Sack.] 

Sa'CAR.    See  Saker. 

SAC-CaDE',  n.     [Fr.,  a  jerk.] 

A  sudden,  violent  check  of  a  horse  by  drawing  or 
twitching  the  reins  on  a  sudden  and  with  one  pull ; 
a  correction  used  when  the  horse  bears  heavy  on  the 
hand.    It  should  be  used  discreetlv.  Encifc. 

SACCATE,  a,     [L.  saccus.] 

In  botany,  having  the  form  of  a  bag  or  pouch  ;  fur- 
nished with  a  bag  or  pouch  ;  as  a  petal,  &c. 

SAC-CHAR'IC  ACID,  n.  An  uncrystallizable  acid 
prLiduct,  formed  along  with  o.\alic  acid  duriug  tlie 
action  of  nitric  acid  on  sugar.  Brande. 

SAe-eHA-RIF'ER-OUS,  a.  [L.  saccharum,  sugar, 
and  fero,  to  produce.] 

Producing  sugar ;  as,  sacekariferous  canes.  The 
maple  is  a  saechariferous  tree. 

SAe-CHAR'I-FS^  r.  (.    To  convert  into  sugar.      Ure. 

SAC'CHA-RIXE,  a.  [from  Ar.  Pers.  sakar;  Gr. 
caKxap  :  L.  saeeharum,  sugar.] 

Pertaining  10  sugar;  having  the  qualities  of  sugar ; 
as,  a  saccharine  taste ;  the  saccharine  matter  of  the 
cane  juice. 

SACeHA-ROID,         i  a.      [Gr.    euKxao    and   cUjs, 

SAC-CHA-ROID'AL,  i      likeness.] 

Having  a  texture  resembling  sugar;  most  com- 
monlv,  but  not  always,  loaf-sugar. 

SAeCHA-ROM'E-TER,  n.   [L.  sacckarum,  sugar,and 

perpoi'.] 

An  instrument  for  ascertaining  the  quantity  of  sac- 
charine matter  in  the  juice  of  a  plant,  or  for  deter- 
mining the  specific  gravity  of  brewers' and  distillers' 

W«lt'. 

SAe-€HO-LA€'T.VTE,  ».  In  chemistry,  a  salt  formed 
by  the  union  of  the  s:'ccholactic  acid  with  a  base. 

Foureroy. 
SAe-eHG-LA€'Tie,  a.     [L.  saceharum,  sugar,  and 
lac,  milk.] 

A  term  in  chemistry,  denoting  an  acid  obtain;;d 
from  the  sugar  of  milk ;  now  called  mucic  acid. 

Foureroy.     Ure. 
SACeULE.  n.     A  little  sack. 

SAC-ER-Do'TAL,  a.  [L.  sacerdotalis,  from  sacerdos, 
a  prie;;t.    See  Sacbed.J 

Pertaining  to  priests  or  the  priesthood  ;  priestly ; 
as,   sacerdotal   dignity;    sacerdotal   functions  or  gar- 
ments ;  sacerdotal  character.  StUlingfiect. 
SAC-ER-Do'TAL-ISM,  n.    The  spirit  of  the'  priest- 
hood. 
SAC-ER-DoTAL-LY,  adv.      In  a  sacerdotal  manner. 
SACH'EIj,  n.     [L.  saccutus,  dim.  ofsaccus;  W.  sa^ell; 
Fr.  sachet.] 

A  small  sack  or  bag  ;  a  bag  in  which  lawyers  and 
children  carrj'  pspcrs  and  books. 
Sa'CHEM,  Ti.    In  America,  a  chief  among  some  of  the 

native  Indian  tribes.     [See  Sagamore. J 
Sa'CHEM-DOM,  ti.    The  government  or  jurisdiction 

of  a  sachem.  Dteight, 

SACK,  TI.  [Sax.  sac,  sace ;  D.  zak,  sek  :  G.  sack  ;  Dan. 
s(£k  ;  Sw.  siick:  W.  sag  :  Ir.  sac  {^Com  zah  :  Arm. 
sack  :  Fr.  snc ;  It.  sacco ;  Sp.  saco,  saca  :  Port,  saco, 
sacco :  L.  sacc:is ;  Gr.  oaKKo^  ;  Hungarian,  saak; 
Slav,  shakcl:    Heb.  pr.     See  the  verb' to  Sack,] 

A  bag,  usually  a  large  cloth  bag,  used  forholdmg 
and  conveying  corn,  small  wares,  woo!,  cotton,  hops, 
and  the  like.     Oen.  xlii. 

Sack  of  wool,  in  commerce,  contains  2fi  stone  of  14 
lbs.  each,  or  364  pounds.  McCnlloeh, 

A  sack  of  cotton,  contains  usually  about  300  lbs., 
but  it  may  be  from  150  to  400  pounds. 

Sack  of  earth,  in  fortification,  is  a  canvas  bag  filled 
with  earth,  used  in  making  retrenchments  in  haste. 

Encyc 
2.  The  measure  of  three  bushels.  Jolmson. 

SACK,  TI.     [Fr.  sec,  seehe,  dr>'.] 

1.  A  Spanish  wine  of  the  arj-  kind,  supposed  lobe 
sherry.  Shak.     P.  Ci/c 

2.  The  name  is  now  applied  to  a  kind  of  sweet 
wine.  '*•  CyC' 

SACK,  n.      [L.  sasnim,  whence  Gr.  cayos.    But  the   \ 
word  is  Celtic  or  "Teutonic  ;  \V.  scgaa,  a  covering,  a 
cloak.] 

Among  our  rude  ancestors:,  a  kind  of  cloak  of  a 
square  form,  worn  over  the  shoulders  and  body,  and 


TCNE,  BULL,  t^NITE.— AN^'GER,  Vr'CIOUS.  — C  as  K ;  6  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS.* 


SAC 

fastened  in  front  by  a  clasp  or  ttiorn.  It  was  orig- 
inally made  of  skin,  afterward  of  wool.  [See  yarro, 
StrabOf  Cluver,  Buchart.]  In  modern  (kmm,  this  name 
has  been  given  to  a  woman's  garment,  a  gown  with 
loose  plaits  on  tlie  buck,  and  also  to  a  loose  outer 
garment  worn  by  men. 

SACK,  V.  U    To  put  in  a  sack  or  in   baps. 

Bctlcrton. 

SACK,  V.  U  [Arm.  saeqa  ;  Ir.  sacham^  to  attack  ;  Sp. 
and  Port,  sai/ttear^  to  plunder  or  pillage;  Sp.  to  ran- 
sack ;  Sp.  and  Port,  aacar^  to  pull  out,  extort,  dispos- 
sess J  It.  sacche^rtriare,  to  sack  ;  Pr.  saccii!^fir,  to  pil- 
lage;  saccade,  ajerk,  a  sudden  pull.  From  com- 
paring this  word  and  sack,  a  bag,  in  several  lan- 
guages, it  appears  that  they  are  botii  from  one  root, 
and  that  tlio  primary  sense  is,  to  strain,  pull,  draw  ; 
hence  sack^  a  bug,  is  a  lie,  that  which  is  titid  or  drawn 
together;  and  sucit,  to  pillage, is  to  pull,  to  strip, that 
is,  to  take  away  by  violence.  See  Class  Sg,  No.  5, 
15,  16,  18,  30,  71,  77,  ice] 

To  plunder  or  pillage,  as  a  town  or  city.  Rome  was 
twice  taken  and  sacked  in  the  reign  of  one  pope.  This 
word  is  never,  I  believe,  applied  to  the  robbing  of 
persons,  or  pillaging  of  single  houses,  but  to  the  pil- 
laging of  towns  and  cities  ;  and  aetowns  are  usually 
or  often  sacked,  wiien  taken  by  assnuU,  tlif!  word 
may  sometimes  include  the  sense  of  taking  by 
storm. 


The  Ramans  lay  nntler  llie  appreli 
sacked  iiy  a  Imrbaroua  eiieiny. 


of  seeing  their  city 
AddUon. 


SACK,  71.  The  pillage  or  plunder  of  a  town  or  city  ; 
or  the  storm  and  plunder  of  a  town  ;  as,  the  sack  of 
Troy.  Dryden. 

SACK'AGE,  n.  The  act  of  taking  by  storm  and  pil- 
laging. Roscoe. 

SACK'BUT,  n.  [Sp.  sacabucke,  the  t;ibe  or  pipe  of  a 
pump,  and  a  sackbut ;  Port,  sacabiixa.  or  sacjaebuxo  ; 
Fr.  saquebute.  Tiie  Dutch  call  it  sckuij-trom]}ct,  the 
shove-trumpet^  the  trumpet  tlial  may  be  drawn  out  or 
shortened.  Sack,  then,  is  of  the  same  family  as  the 
preceding  word,  signifying  to  pu'I  or  draw.  The 
last  syllable  is  the  L.  burus.] 

A  wind  instrument  of  music ;  a  kind  of  trumpet, 
so  contrived  that  it  can  be  le^ngthened  or  shortened 
according  to  the  tone  required  ;  said  to  be  the  same 
as  the  trombone.  Brandc. 

SACK'CLOTH,  n.  [sack  and  cloth.]  Cloth  of  which 
sacks  are  made;  coarse  cloth.  This  word  is  chiefly 
used  in  Scripture  to  denote  a  cloth  or  garment  worn 
in  mourning,  distress,  or  mortification. 

Gird  Tou  with  sackcloth  and  mourn  before  Abncr,  —  2  Sam.  iii. 
foth.  IT.    Job  ivi. 

SACK'eLOTU-£D,  (-klothd,)  a.      Clothed  in  sack- 
cloth. Hall. 
SACK'ED,   (sakt,)  pp.     Pillaged  ;  stormed  and  pUin- 

dered. 
SACK'ER,  n.     One  that  takes  a  town  or  plunders  it. 
SACK'FIJL,  jj.     A  full  sack  or  bag.  Sirift. 

SACK'ING,  ppr.    Taking  by  assault  and  plundering 

or  pillaging. 
SACK'ING,  71.    The  act  of  taking  by  storm  and  pil- 
laging. 
SACK'IXG,  71.     [Sax.  sacch^,  from  stpc,  sacc] 
I.  (,'!oth  of  which  sacks  or  bags  are  made. 
Si.  The  coarse  cloth  or  canvas  fastened  to  a  bed- 
stead fur  supporting  the  bed. 
SACK'LESS,  a.     [Sax,  saclcas,  from  sac,  contention, 
and  Icas^  less.] 

Uuict ;    peaceable;  not  quarrelsome;    harmless; 
innocent.     [Local.] 
SACK-POS'f<ET,  n.      [sack  and  posspt.l      A  posset 
made  of  sack,  milk,  and  some  other  ingredients. 

Hwift. 
SAC'RA-MENT,  71.     [Fr.  sacrcmcnt ;  It.  and  Sp.  sac- 
ramento ;  from  L.  sacramentum,  an  oath,  from  saccr, 
sacred.] 

1.  Among  ancient  Oiristian  writers,  a  mysterj-. 
[JVwi  ill  itse.] 

9.  An  oath  ;  a  ceremony  producing  an  obligation  ; 
but  iwt  used  in  this  general  sense. 

3.  In  present  usage,  an  outward  and  visible  sign  of 
inward  and  spiritual  grace  ;  or  more  particnlnrhj,  a 
solemn  religious  ordinance  enjoined  by  Christ,  the 
head  of  the  Ciiristian  church,  to  be  observed  by  his 
followers,  by  whicli  their  special  relation  to  iiim  is 
created,  or  their  obhgations  to  him  renewed  and  rat- 
ified. The  Roman  Catholic  and  Greek  churches 
have  long  held  to  seven  sacraments,  viz.,  baptism, 
confirmation,  the  eucharist,  penance,  extreme  unc- 
tion, holy  orders,  and  matrimony.  The  Protestants 
maintain  that  there  are  only  two  sacraments,  viz., 
baptism  and  the  Lord's  supper.  Thus  baptism  is 
called  a  sacrament,  for  by  it  persona  are  separated 
from  the  world,  brought  into  Christ's  visible  church, 
and  laid  under  particular  obligations  to  obey  his  pre- 
cepts. The  eucharist,  or  communion  of  the  Lord's 
supper,  is  also  a  sacrament,  for  by  commemorating 
the  death  and  dying  love  of  Christ,  Christians  avow 
their  special  relation  to  him,  and  renew  their  obliga- 
tions to  be  faithful  to  their  divine  Master.  When 
we  use  sacrame/it  without  any  qualifying  word,  we 
mean  by  it, 

4.  The  eucharist  or  Lord's  supper.  Addison. 


SAC 

SA€'RA-MENT,  v.  t.  To  bind  by  an  oath.  [J^ot 
■used.]  Laud. 

SAC-RA-MENT'AL,  a.    Constituting  a  sacrament  or 
pertaining  to  it ;  as,  sacramental  riles  or  elements. 
2.  Bound  by  oath  ;  as,  the  sacramental  host. 

SAC-RA-MENT'AL,  a.  That  which  relates  to  a  sac- 
rament.  Morton. 

SAC-RA-MENT'AL-LY,  adv.  After  the  manner  of  a 
sacrament.  Hall. 

SAC-RA-MEN-Ta'RI-AN,  n.  One  who  rejects  either 
Iht-  Roman  Catholic  or  the  Lutheran  doctrine  of  the 
real  presence  of  Christ's  body  and  blood,  in  the  sac- 
rament of  the  eucharist  or  Lord's  supper.      Murdoch. 

SAC-RA-MENT'.VUV,  n.  An  ancient  book  of  the 
Roman  Catholic  church,  written  by  Poi>e  Gclasius, 
and  revised,  corrected,  and  abridged  by  St.  Gregory, 
in  which  were  continued  all  tlie  prayers  and  ceremo- 
nies practiced  in  lliu  celebration  of  the  sacraments. 

Encyc. 
2.  A  sacramcntarian  ;  a  term  of  reproach  formerly 
applied  by  Roman  Catholics  to  Protestants. 

Slapleton. 

SAG-RA-MENT'A-RY,        ;  a.    Pertaining  to  the  sac- 

SAC-RA-MEN-Ta'RI-AN,  i  rament  of  the  Lord's 
supper,  or  to  the  sacramentarians.  Murdoch. 

SA-CRa'RMJM,  n.  [L.]  A  sort  of  family  chapel  in 
the  houses  of  the  Romans,  devoted  to  some  particular 
divinity.  Elmes. 

Sa'CRaTE,  1!.  t.     [L.  sacro.]    To  consecrate.    [Obs.] 

Sa'CRE.    t-ee  Sakeb. 

Sa'CRED,  a.  [Fr.  sacri  ;  Sp.  It.  and  Port,  sacro; 
from  L.  saccr,  sacred,  holy,  cursed,  damnable  ;  W, 
segyr,  that  keeps  apart,  from  sig,  that  is,  without 
access;  segru,  to  secrete,  to  separate.  We  here  see 
the  connection  between  Sacredness  and  Secbect. 
The  sense  is,  removed  or  separated  ffom  tliat  wiiich  is 
common,  vulgar,  polluted,  or  open,  public  ;  and  ac- 
cursed  is,  separated  from  society  or  the  privileges  of 
citizens,  rejected,  banisheil.] 

1.  Holy  ;  pertaining  to  God  or  to  his  worship  ;  sep- 
arated from  common,  secular  uses,  and  consecrated 
to  God  and  his  service ;  as,  a  sacred  place  ;  a  sacred 
day  ;  a  sacred  feast ;  sacred  service  ;  sacred  orders. 

2.  Proceeding  from  God  and  containing  religious 
preee[)ls  ;  as,  the  sacred  books  of  tlie  Old  and  New 
Testament. 

3.  Narrating  or  writing  facts  respecting  God  and 
holy  things  ;  as,  a  sacred  historian. 

4.  Relating  to  religion  or  the  worship  of  God  ;  used 
for  religious  purposes;  as,  sacreti  songs;  sacred  mu- 
sic ;  sacred  historj'. 

5.  Consecrated  ;  dedicated  ;  devoted  ;  with  to. 

A  temple  sacred  to  the  queen  of  lovo.  Dryden. 

6.  Entitled  to  reverence  ;  venerable. 

PoPt  and  saint  to  (hee  alone  were  given, 

The  two  most  sacred  names  of  earth  and  heaven.         Qywleij. 

7.  Inviolable,  as  if  appropriated  to  a  superior  be- 
ing ;  as,  sacred  honor  or  promise. 

Socrels  of  marriage  still  are  sacred  held.  Dryden. 

Sacred  inajrsty.  In  this  title,  sacred  has  no  definite 
meaning,  or  it  is  blasphemy. 

Sacred  place,  in  the  civil  larc,  is  that  where  a  de- 
ceased person  is  buried. 
Sa'CRED-LY,  at/i:.   Religiously;  with  due  reverence, 
as  of  something  holy  or  consecrated  to  God  ;  as,  to 
observe  the  Sabbath  sacredly ;  the  day  is  sacredly  kept. 
2.  Inviolably  ;  strictly  ;  as,  to  observe  one's  word 
sacredly;  a  secret  to  be  sacredly  kept. 
Sa'CRED-NESS,  71.     The  state  of  bemg  sacred,  or 
consecrated  to  God,  to  his  worship,  or  to  religious 
uses  ;  holiness  ;  sanctity  ;  as,  the   sacredness  of  the 
sanctuary  or  its  worship  ;  the  sacredness  of  the  Sab- 
bath ;  the  sacredness  of  the  clerical  office. 

2.  Inviolableness ;   as,  the  sacredness  of  marriage 
vows  or  of  a  trust. 
SA-CRIF'ie,  (    a.      [L.    sacriUcu^.       See    Sachi- 

SA-GRTF'ie-AL,  i        fice.] 

Employed  in  sacrifice.  Johnson. 

SA-CRIF'ie-A-BLE,  a.     Capable  of  being  offered  in 
sacrifice.     [Ill-formed,  harsh,  and  not  used.]     Brown. 
SA-CRIF'IC-ANT,  n.     [h.  sacrijlcans.] 

One  tliat  offers  a  sacrifice.  Hdllytvell, 

S.\e-RI-FI-€A'T01t,  n.     [Fr.  sacrificateur.] 

A  sacrificer;  one  that  offers  a  sacrifice.  [JVo£ 
luipd.]  Brown. 

SA-eRIF'IC-A-TO-RY,  a.    Offering  sacrifice. 

Sherwood. 
SAC'RI-FTCE,  (sak're-fize,)  v.  t.      [L.  sacrijico;  Fr. 
sacrifier ;  Sp.  sacrificar  ;  It.  sacrijicare ;  L.  sacer,  sa- 
cred, and  facio,  to  make.] 

1.  To  immolate  or  consume,  partially  or  wholly, 
on  the  altar  of  God,  either  as  an  atonement  for  sin, 
or  to  procure  favor,  or  to  express  thankfulness  ;  as, 
to  sacrijice  an  ox  or  a  lamb.     2  Sam.  vi. 

2.  To  destroy,  surrender,  or  suffer  to  be  lost,  for 
the  sake  of  obtaining  something;  as,  to  sacrifice  the 
peace  of  the  church  to  a  little  vain  curiosity.  We 
should  never  sacrijice  health  to  pleasure,  nor  integrity 
to  fame. 

3.  To  devote  with  loss. 

Condemned  to  sacrifice  his  childish  years 

To  habbling  ignorance  and  to  empty  feare.  Prior, 

4.  To  destroy  ;  to  kill. 


SAD 

SACRI-FICE,  V.  i.  To  make  offerings  to  God  of 
tliincs  consumed  on  the  altar.    Kxod.  iii. 

SAC'RI-FICE,  (sak're-nze,)  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  sacri- 
Jicium.] 

1.  An  animal  or  any  Other  thing  presented  to  God 
and  burned  on  the  altar,  as  an  acknowledgment  of 
his  power  and  providence,  or  to  make  atonemenl  for 
sin,  appease  his  wrath,  or  conciliate  his  favor,  or  to 
express  thankfulness  for  his  benefits.  Animals 
offered  in  sacrifice  are  called  victims;  sacrifices  in 
which  no  blood  is  shed,  are  called  unbloody  sacrifices. 
Sacrifices  are  expiatory,  impetratory,  and  eueharistical  ; 
that  is,  atoning  for  sin,  seeking  favor,  or  expressing 
thanks.  A  sacrifice  differs  from  an  oblation,  by  being 
consumed  partially  or  wludly  on  tiio  altar  ;  whereas, 
the  oblation  is  only  consecrated  to  God  or  to  a  relig- 
ious use,  as  tithes,  first  fruits,  or  contributions  for 
religious  purposes.  Sacrifices  have  been  common  to 
most  nations,  and  have  been  offered  to  false  gods,  as 
well  as  by  the  Israelites  to  Jehovah. 

Human  saa-tfices,  the  killing  and  offering  of  human 
beings  to  deities,  have  been  practiced  by  some  barba- 
rous nations. 

2.  The  thing  offered  to  God,  or  immolated  by  an 
act  of  religion. 

My  life,  if  thou  preserv'rt  my  life, 

']  hy  sacrifice  shall  be.  Atldison, 

3.  Destruction,  surrender,  or  loss  made  or  incurred 
for  gaining  some  object,  or  for  oldiging  nnotlier ;  as, 
the  sacrifice  of  interest  to  pleasure,  or  of  pleasure  to 
interest. 

4.  Any  thing  destroyed. 

SAC'RI-FIC-ED,  (sak're-fizd,)  pp.  Offered  to  God 
upon  an  altar;  destroyed,  surrendered,  or  suffered 
to  be  lost. 

SA€'RI-FIC-ER,  (sak're-fiz-er,)  it.  One  that  sacri- 
fices or  immolates.  Vriiden. 

SAe-RI-FI"CIAL,  (sak-re-fish'al,)  c.  Pertorming 
sacrifice;  included  in  sacrifice;  consisting  in  sacri* 
"fice.  Shak.      Taylor. 

SAC'RI-FIC-ING,  (sak're-flz-ing,)  ppr.  Offrring  to 
God  upon  an  altar;  surrendering,  or  suffering  to  bo 
lost ;  destroying. 

SAC'RI-LEGE,  (-lej,)  71.  [Fr.,  from  L.  sacrilegium; 
sacer,  sacred,  and  lego,  to  lake  or  steal.] 

The  crime  of  violating  or  profaning  sacred  things  ; 
or  the  alienating  to  laymen  or  to  common  [)urposea 
what  has  been  appropriated  or  consecrated  to  re- 
ligious persons  or  uses. 

And  the  liid  Ireasuirs  In  h^r  sacred  lomb 

Wiih  sacrilege  to  dig.  Spenser, 

SAe-RI-LE'GlOLTS,  fl,     [L.  sacrilegus.] 

1.  Violating  sacred  things ;  pohuted  with  the  crime 
of  sacrilege. 

Above  the  reach  of  sacrilegious  hniids.  Pope. 

9,  Containing  sacrilege;  as,  a  sacrilegious  attempt 

or  act. 
SAC-RI-LE'CIOUS-LY,  adv.    With  sacrilege  ;  in  vio- 

Inlion  of  sacred  things  ;    as,  sacrilegiou^ily  invading 

the  property  of  a  church. 
SAb-Rl-LE'GIOUS-NESS,  7i.    The  quality  of  being 

sacrilegious. 

2.  Disposition  to  sacrilege.  Scott. 
SAC'RI-Lli-OIST,  n.    One  who  is  guilty  of  sacrilege. 

Spelman. 
S.X'CRING,  ppr.    [from  Fr.  sacrer.] 

Consecrating.     [J^ot  in  use.]  Temple.     SIiuJ:. 

Sa'CRING-BELL,  71.  A  small  bell  used  in  tlie  Ro- 
man Catholic  church  to  call  attention  to  the  more 
solemn  parts  of  the  service  of  the  mass;  called  also 
Saints'  Bell,  or  Mass  Bell. 

Shah.     Oloss.  of  Jirchit. 
Sa'CRIST,  k.    A  sacristan  ;  a  person  retained  in  a 
cathedral  to  copy  out  music  for  the  choir,  and  lake 
care  of  the  books.  Busby. 

SAC'RIST-AN,  7J.  [Fr.  sacristain  ;  It.  sacristnno  ;  Sp. 
sacristan  ;  from  L.  sacer,  sacred.] 

An  officer  of  the  church  who  has  the  care  of  the 
utensils  or  nmvables  of  tlie  church.    It  is  now  cor- 
rupted into  Sexion. 
SACRIST- V,  n.     [Fr.  sac ristie ;  Sp.  and   It.  sacristia; 
from  L.  sacer,  sacred.] 

An  apartment  in  a  church  where  the  sacred  uten- 
sils, vestments,  fcc,  are  kept;  now  called  the  Ves- 
Tnv.  Dryden.     .Addison. 

SACRO-SANCTjO.     [L.  sacrosancliis ;  sacer  and  sanc- 
tus,  holy.] 
Sacred  ;  inviolable.     [JVvt  in  use.]  More. 

SAD,  a.  [In  W.  sad  signifies  wise,  prudent,  sober, 
permanent.  It  is  probable  this  word  is  from  the  root 
of  set.  I  have  not  found  the  word,  in  the  English 
sense,  in  any  other  language.] 

1.  Sorrowful ;  affected  with  grief;  cast  down  with 
affliction. 

Th'  anirflic  griards  a£cen<Ied,  mute  and  sad,  Milton. 

Sad  foiUip'ti  loas,  but  joyful  of  our  life.  Pope. 

2.  Habitually  melancholy ;  gloomy ;  not  gay  or 
cheerful. 

Stti  in  her  cell  sad  Eluisa  epread.  Pope. 

2.  Downcast ;   gloomy  ;  having  the  external  ap- 
pearance of  sorrow  ;  as,  a  sad  countenance.  Matf.  vi. 
4.  Serious  ;  grave  ;  not  light,  gay,  or  volatile. 

I*ady  Calherine,  a  sad  and  rclijjious  woman.  Bacon. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  D5VE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK. 


SAF 

5.  Afflictive  ;  calamitous  ;  causing  sorrow  j  as,  a 
gad  accident ;  a  sad  misfortune. 

6.  Dark-colored. 

Woad,  or  wade,  is  used  by  ihc  dyers  to  lay  the  foumUtion  of  aJI 
aad  colon.  '  Mortimer. 

[TTtis  sense  w,  T believe^  entirely  obsolete.^ 

7.  Bad  ;  vexatious  ;  aa,  a  sad  husband.  [CoUoqitiaL] 
S.  Heavy ;  weighty  ;  ponderous.  [.^idisoju 

With  that  his  hand  more  tad  than  lump  of  lead.        Spenser. 

9.  Close  J  firm  J  cohesive;  opposed  to  Light  or 
Friable. 

ChUtry  lands  are  naturally  cold  and  tad.     [Obs.]     Mortimer. 

[The  two  latter  senses  indicate  that  the  primary 
sen?e  is  set^  fixed  ;  VV.  sadiaw,  to  make  firm.] 
SAD'D£N,  (sad'n,)  p.  L    To  make  sad  or  sorrowful  j 
also,  to  make  tnelanchnly  or  jjlooniy.  Pope. 

9.  To  make  dark-colored.     [Obs.] 
3.  To  make  heavy,  firm,  or  cohesive. 

Mar'  is  tindinj,  ami  saddening  of  laiid  b  Ih?  great  prejudic*  it 
doth  to  chy  Hni\a.     [Obs.]  MorlUner. 

SAD'D£X-£T1,  pp.     Made  sad  or  gloomy. 
SAD'D£\-ING,  ppr.    Making  sad  or  gloomy. 
SAD'DER,  n.      An  abridgment  or  summary  of  the 

Zend:iV'_sta  in  the  modern  Persian  language. 
SAD'OER,  a. ;  comp.  of  Sjd.  [Brande. 

SAD'DEST,  a. ;  supcrl.  of  Sad. 
SAD'DLE,  (sad'l,)  it.     [Sax.  sadel,  sadl :  J),  -.add;  G. 

sattel ;  Dan.  and  Sw.  sadel;  W.  sadell;  It.  sadhall; 

Russ.  sed'o  or  siedlo ;  from  the  root  of  sit,  set,  L. 

sedeo,  sedile-l 

1.  A  seat  to  be  placed  on  a  horse's  back  for  the 
rider  to  sit  on.  Saddles  are  variously  made,  as  the 
common  saddle  and  the  hunting-saddle,  and  for  fe- 
males ihe  side-saddle. 

2.  Among  seamen,  a  cleat  or  block  of  wood  nailed 
on  the  lower  yard-arms  to  retain  the  studding-sail- 
booms  in  their  place.  The  name  is  given  afso  to 
other  pieces  of  wood  hollowed  out ;  as,  the  saddle  of 
the  bowsprit.  Totten. 

A  saddle  of  venison,  OT  mutton,  consists  of  the  ribs  on 
both  sides,  not  separated  thronsh  the  back-bone. 
SAD'DLE,  V.  L    To  put  a  saddle' on. 

Abnham  rcse  eaily  iii  the  moruin^  and  toddled  bis  ass.  —Geo. 
xxii. 

9.  To  load  ;  to  fix  a  burden  on  ;  as,  to  be  saddled 

with  the  expense  of  bridaes  and  high\^ay9. 
SAD'DLE-BACK-£D,  (sad'1-bakl,)  a.     Having  a  low 

back  and  an  elevated  neck  and  head,  as  a  horse. 
SAD'DLE-BAGS,  n.  pi.      Bags,  usually  of  father, 

united  by  straps,  for  carriage  on  horseback,  one  bag 

on  earh  side. 
SAD'DLE-BoU%  n.    [Sax.  sadf-bo^a.] 

The  bows  of  a  saddle,  or  the  pieces  which  form 

the  front. 
SAD'DLE-CLOTHj  v.     A  cloth  under  a  saddle,  and 

exiending  out  behind  ;  the  housing. 
SAD'DLf;D,  pp.     Furnished  with  a' saddle;  loaded. 
SAD'DLE-MaK-ER,  I  n.     One  whose  occupation  is 
SAD'DLER,  i     to  make  saddles. 

SAD'DLEU-Y,  n.    The  materials  for  making  saddles 

and  harnesses. 

2.  The  articles  usually  offered  for  sale  in  a  sad- 
dler's shop.  Booth. 

3.  The  trade  or  employment  of  a  saddler. 
SAD'DLE-SHaP-£D,  C-shapt,)  a.    In  geolo^y^  an  epi- 
thet applied  to  strata  when  bent  on  each  side  of  a 
mountain,  without  being  broken  at  top.  Bucftanan. 

SAD'DLE-TREE,  n.    The  frame  of  a  saddle. 

SAD'DLING,  ppr.  Putting  a  saddle  on  ;  fixing  a  bur- 
den on. 

SAD-DU-Ce'AN,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  Sadducees. 

SAD'DU-CEE,  n.  One  of  a  sect  among  the  ancient 
Jews,  who  denied  the  resurrection,  a  future  state, 
and  the  existence  of  angels     j9c(s  xxiii. 

SAD'DU-CIS.M,n.  The  tenets  of  the  Sadducees.  More. 

SAil'DU-CIZ-LXG,  a.  Adopting  the  principles  of  the 
Sadducees;  a3,  Sadduciiinir  Chn^Unn^.    .^itcrbunj. 

SAD'I-RO.V,  (-i'um,)  n.  An  instrument  for  smoothing 
or  ironing  clothes  ;  aflat-iron. 

S/VD'LY,  (wfu.    Sorrowfully  ;  mournfully 

He  tadiy  suiTers  in  their  grit-f.  Dryden. 

9.  In  a  calamitous  or  miserable  manner.  The 
misfortunes  which  others  experience,  we  may  one 
day  sadbj  feel. 

3.  In  a  dark  color.     [OJ^.]  B.  Jonsov, 

SAD'XESS,  n.  Sorrowfulness  ;  moumfulness  ;  dejec- 
tion of  mind;  as,  grief  and  sadness  at  the  memory  of 
sin.  Decay  of  PicUj. 

2.  A  melancholy  look  ;  gloom  of  countenance. 


Dim  sadnett  dkl  not  Bparc 
Olesdal  Tisajes. 


MUton. 

Let  every  thing 


3.  Seriousness;  sedate  gravity 
in-ti  mournful  subject  have  an  air  of  sadness. 
SAFE,  a.     [Fr.  savf,  sanve,  contracted  from  L.  salvits, 
from  salus,  safety,  health.] 

1.  Free  from  danger  of  any  kind  ;  as,  safe  from 
enemies ;  safe  from  disease ;  safe  from  stf;rms ;  safe 
from  the  malice  of  foes. 

2-  Free  from  hurt,  injury,  or  damage  ;  as,  to  walk 
laffi  over  red-hot  plowshares.  We  broti[;ht  the  goods 
safe  to  land. 


SAG 

3.  Conferring  safety;  securing  from  harm;  as,  a 
S(\fe  guide  ;  a  safe  Iiarbor  ;  a  safe  bridge. 

4.  Not  exposing  to  danger.    Phd.  iii. 

5.  No  longer  dangerous ;  placed  beyond  the  power 
of  doing  harm  ;  a  ludicrous  meaning. 

Banqno's  safe. 
Ayi  my  good  lord,  sn/e  in  3.  liiicli.  ShaJc. 

SAFE,  71.  A  place  for  safety ;  a  fire-proof  chest  or 
closet  for  containing  money,  valuable  papers,  &c. ; 
a  chest  or  closet  for  securing  provisions  from  noxious 
animals. 

SAFEfV.t.    To  render  safe.     [M>tinuse.]        S/iak. 

SAFE-eON'DUeT,  n.  [safe  and  conduct  i  Fr  savf- 
conduit.] 

That  which  gives  a  safe  passage,  either  a  convoy 
or  guard  to  protect  a  person  in  an  enemy's  country 
or  in  a  foreign  country,  or  a  writing,  a  pass,  or  war- 
rant of  security,  given  to  a  person  by  the  sovereign 
of  a  country,  to  enable  Iiim  to  travel  with  safety. 

SAFE'CUARD,  C-gii'^O  "-  [safe  and  guard.]  He  or 
that  which  defends  or  protects  ;  defense  ;  protection. 

Tb"!  svvonl,  t!ie  safeguard  of  thy  Lrotlier's  throne.    Granvitle. 

9.  A  convoy  or  guard  to  protect  a  traveler. 

3.  A  passport ;  a  warrant  of  security  given  by  a 
sovereign  to  protect  a  stranger  within  liis  ten-  -ories  ; 
formerly,  a  protection  granted  to  a  stranger  in  prose- 
cuting his  rights  in  due  course  of  law.  Enujc. 

4.  An  outer  petticoat  to  save  women's  clothes  on 
horseback.  Jilaso^. 

SAFE'GUXRD,  v.  L     To  guard;    to  protect.     [LUtle 

vscd.y  Shdk. 

SaFE-KEEP'ING,  77.     [safe  and  Iceep.]    The  act  of 

keeping  or  preserving  in  safety  from  injury  or  from 

escape. 
S.^FE'-LODCl-ED,  a.    Lodged  in  safety.       Carlide. 
SaFE'LI-ER,  adr.  comp.     More  safely. 
SaFE'LLEST,  adv.  super.     Most  safely. 
SaFE'LY,  adv.     In  a  safe  manner  ;  without  incurring 

danger  or  hazard  of  evil  consequences.    Wc  may 

safely  proceed,  or  safely  conclude. 
9.  Without  injury.     We  passed  the  river  safely, 
3.  Without  escape;  in  close  custody;  as,  to  keep 

a  prisoner  safely. 
SaFE'NESS,  71.    Freedom  from  danger;  as,  the  so/c- 

■ness  of  an  experiment. 
2.  The  state  of  being  safe,  or  of  conferring  safety  ; 

as,  the  safeness  of  a  bridge  or  of  a  boat. 
SaFE'TY,  71.    Freedom  from  danger  or  hazard;  as, 

the  safety  of  an  electrical  experiment ;  the  safety  of  a 

voyage. 

I  was  not  in  safety,  nor  had  I  rest.  — Job  iii. 

2.  Exemption  from  hurt,  injury,  or  loss.  We 
crossed  the  Atlantic  in  safety. 

3.  Preservation  from  escape;  close  custody;  as, to 
keep  a  prisoner  in  safety. 

4.  Preservation  from  hurt.  Shak. 
SaFE'TY-LA.MP,  71.      A  lamp    covered   with  wire 

gauz.^,  to  give  light  in  mines,  without  the  danger  of 
setting  fire  to  inflammable  gases.  Invented  by  Sir 
Ilumphrv  Davv. 
SaFK'TV-VALVE,  71.  A  valve  fitted  to  the  boiler  of 
a  st':tiii-'!igine,  which  opens  and  lets  out  the  sleam 
when  the  pressure  within  becomes  too  great  for 
safety.  Frayicis. 

SAF'FLoW,  77.    The  plant  safllower,  which  see. 
SAF'FLOW-ER,  77.      An  annual    plint,  Carthamus 
tinctorius;  also  called  Bastard  Saffron, 

2.  A  deep  red  lecula  separated  from  orange-colored 
flowers,  particularly  those  of  the  Carthamus  tincto- 
rius; called  also  Spanish  Red  and  China  Lake. 
Encyc.     Urc. 
The  dried  flowers  of  the  Carthamus  tinctorius. 

Thomson. 
SAF'FRON,  71.     [  V\'.  so/rwn,  safyr;  Fr.  safran  ;  Arm. 
tafron  ;  It,  zafferano ;  Sp.  azafran ;  Port,  acafram ;  D. 
sajradn;  G.  Sw.  and  Dan.  saffran;  Turk,  zafrani; 


Ar.  yX^a  safra,  to  be  yellow,  to  be  empty ;  the  root 

of  cipher.    The  radical  sense,  then,  is,  to  fall,  or  to 
be  hollow,  or  to  be  exhausteii.] 

1.  A  bulbous  plant  of  the  genus  Crocus,  having 
flowers  of  a  deep  yellow  color.  The  bastard  saffron^ 
or  saffioiDcr,  is  of  the  genus  Carthamus,  and  the 
■meadow  saffron  of  the  genus  Colchicum. 

2.  In  the  materia  mcdica,  saffron  is  formed  of  the 
stigmata  of  the  Crocus  sativus,  dried  on  a  kiln  and 
pressed  into  cakes.  P.  Cyc. 

SAF'FRON,  a.     Having  the  color  of  saffron  flowers ; 
deep  yellow  ;  as,  a  saffron  face  ;  a  saffron  streamer. 
Shak.     Dryden. 

SAE'rUOX,  V.  t.    To  tinge  with  saffron ;   to  make 
yellow  ;  to  gild.  Chaucer. 

SAF'FRON-£D,  pp.    Tinged  with  saffron  ;  made  yel- 
low. 

SAF'FRON-Y,  a.    Having  the  color  of  saffron.    Lord. 

SAG,  V.  i.  [A  difTerent  spelling  of  Swag,  which  see.] 
1.  To  yield  ;  to  give  way  ;  to  lean  or  incline  from 
an  upright  position,  or  to  bend  from  a  horizontal  posi- 
tion, in  con.scqueiice  of  the  weight.  Our  workmen 
say,  a  door  sags;  a  building  sags  to  the  north  or 
south ;  or  a  beam  sags  by  means  of  its  weight. 


SAG 

2.  Figuratively,  to  bend  or  sink  ;  as,  the  mind  shall 
never  sag  with  doubt.  S/iak. 

3.  To  sag  to  Iccicard,  is  applied  to  a  vessel  which 
makes  much  leeway,  by  reason  of  the  sea  or  cur- 
rent. '  Totten. 

SAG,  V.  t.  To  cause  to  bend  or  give  way  ;  to  load  or 
Jiurden. 

Sa'G.A,  n.  The  general  name  of  those  ancient  com- 
positions which  comprise  the  history  and  mythology 
of  the  noi-lhern  European  races.  Brande. 

SA-Ga'CIOUS,  (-shus,)  a.  [L.  sagax,  from  sagus, 
wise,  foreseeing;  saga,  a  wise  woman;  sagio,  to 
perceive  readily  ;  Fr.  sage,  sagcsse ;  Sp.  sa>ra,'gagaz  ; 
It.  saggio.  'i'he  latter  signifies  wise,  pruJent,  sage, 
and  an  essay,  which  unites  this  word  with  seek,  and 
L.  sc/uor.] 

1.  Quick  of  scent ;  as,  a  sagacious  hound  ;  strictly, 
perhaps,  following  by  the  scent,  which  sense  is  con- 
nected witli  L.  sctiuor;  with  of;  as,  sagacious  of  his 
quarry.  MiUon. 

2.  Quick  of  thought;  acute  in  discernment  or 
penetration  ;  as,  a  sagacious  head  ;  a  sagacious  mind. 

Locke, 
I  would  give  more  for  the  critictnns  of  one  earaeiout  enemy, 
than  for  those  of  a  score  of  udmircrs.  //.  Humphrey. 

SA-Ga'CIOUS-LY,  adv.    With  tpiick  scent. 

2.  With  quick  discernment  or  [R-netralion. 
SA-Ga'CIOUS-NESS,  n.     The  quality  of  being  saga- 
cious ;  quickness  of  scent. 

2.  Quickness  or  acuteness  of  discernment. 
SA-GAC'1-TY,  71.     [Fr.  sagacite  ;  L.  sagacitas.l 

1.  Quickness  or  acutenesa  of  scent ;  ajyplied  to  ani- 
jnals. 

2.  Quickness  or  acuteness  of  discernment  or  pen- 
etration ;  readiness  of  apprehension  ;  the  faculty  of 
readily  discerning  and  tiistinguishing  ideas,  and  of 
separating  truth  from  falsehood. 

Saga^ly  finds  out  the  intcrmedisite  idca«,  to  discorcr  what  con- 
n-.-ction  there  is  iu  eacli  Uiik  of  the  chain.  Locke. 

SAG'A-JIORE,  7(.  Among  some  tribes  of  .American  In- 
dians,n  king  or  chief.     [In  Sax.  s(''o?'a  is  a  conqueror.] 

SAG'A-PEX,  i  rn  -, 

SAG-A-Pe'NUM,  i    "■     [Gr.  cajaJTTjioi.] 

In  pharmacy,  an  inspissated  sap  brought  from  Per- 
sia and  the  East  in  granules  or  in  masses.  It  is  a  com- 
pact substance,  heavy,  of  a  dirty  brownish  color,  with 
small  whitish  or  yellowish  specks.  It  has  the  same 
alliaceous  odor  as  asafetida,  but  weaker.      P.  Cyc. 

SAG'A-THY,  7(.  A  kind  of  serge ;  a  slight  woolen 
_stufr.  TaUer. 

SaGE,  71.     [Fr.  saugc  ;  Ar.  saoch.] 

The  popular  name  of  Salvia  officinalis,  (Linnaeus,) 
which  is  a  native  of  various  parts  of  the  south  of 
Europe,  and  is  very  generally  cultivated,  almost 
every  where  in  gardens.  It  is  mostly  employed  in 
cookery  as  a  contiiment  ;  but  it  is  also  used  in  medi- 
cine, in  the  form  of  warm  infusion,  as  a  diaphoretic. 
Salvia  grandiflora,  (EUinger,)  a  native  of  Tnuria, 
is  said  to  possess  the  same  properties  and  powers  aj 
Salvia  officinalis.  The  popular  name  sage,  accom- 
panied with  some  distinguishing  epithet,  is  some- 
times applied  to  all  the  species  of  the  genus  Salvia, 
more  than  a  hundred  and  forty  of  which  arc  recog- 
nized by  botanists. 

The  genus  Salvia  belongs  to  the  natural  order 
Lamiacecp. 

SAtjE,o.  [Fr.  sa^e;  It.  saggio;  L.  saga, sagus, sagio. 
See  Sagacious.] 

1.  Wise;  having  nice  discernment  and  powers  of 
judging;  prudent;  grave;  as,  a  sao-c  counselor. 

9.  AVise  ;  judicious  ;  proceeding  from  wisdom  ; 
well  judged;  well  adapted  to  the  purpose;  ns,  sage 
counsels. 

SAGE,  77.  A  wise  man  ;  a  man  of  gravitj'  and  wis- 
dom ;  particularly,  a  man  venerable  for  years,  and 
known  as  a  man  of  sound  judgment  and  prudence  ; 
a  grave  philosopher. 


At  his  btrlh  a  star  rroclaims  him  conic, 
And  guides  the  eastern  sages. 
Groves  where  immortal  sages  taught. 


Miilon. 
Poi>e. 


SAGE'LY,  adv.  Wisely  ;  with  just  discemnient  and 
prudence. 

SA-GeNE',  71.  A  Russian  measure  of  about  seven 
English  feet.     [See  Sajese.] 

SaGE'NESS,  71.  Wisdom;  sagacity;  prudence;  grav- 
ity. Aschatiu 

SAG'EN-iTE,  71.     Acicular  rulile.  Ure. 

S.\G'Gf:D,  (sagd,)  pp.  Caused  to  bend  or  give  way  ; 
loaded ;  burdened. 

SAG'GER,  }  71.    A  cylindrical  case  of  fine  clay,  in 

SEG'GER,  \     which  fine  stone  ware  Is  inclostd  while 

being  baked  in  the  kiln.  Buchanan. 

Tiie  pots  are  called  SACoEioorSEocERS.  Brai^'S. 

S.'XG'GING,  ppr      Causing  to  bend  ;  burdening. 

SAG'GING,  n.  A  bending  or  sinking  In  consequence 
of  the  weight. 

SA6'IT-TAL,  a.  [L.  sagittalis,  from  sagitta,  an  ar- 
row ;  that  which  is  thrown  or  driven,  probably  from 
the  root  of  say  and  sing.] 

Pertaining  to  an  arrow;  resembling  an  arrow  ;  .^s, 
samtlal  bars  of  yellow.  Pennant. 

In  anatomy,  the  sagittal  suture  is  the  suture  winch 
unites  the  parietal  bones  of  the  skull.  Core 


TtJNE,  BIJLL,  IJNITE AN"GER,  VI"CI0b'S.  — €  as  K ;  6  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  ClI  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


SAl 


SAGIT-Ta'RI  us,  n.  [L.,  an  archer.]  One  of  the 
twelve  sipis  o(  the  zodiac,  which  the  sun  enters 
about  November  iS. 

SAO'IT-TA-RY,  n.  [Supra.]  A  centaur,  an  animal 
half  man,  half  horse,  armed  with  a  bow  and  quiver. 

S/iaJc. 

SACIT-TA-RY,  a.    Pcrlainins  to  an  arrow. 

S.AO'IT-TATE,  a.  In  botarnj  tind  ioy/o«T/,  shaped  like 
the  head  of  an  arrow  ;  triangular,  hollowed  at  the 
base,  with  angles  at  the  hinder  part;  or  with  the 
hinder  angles  acute,  divided  by  a  !«inus. 

Mil  rt  ijn .     Bra  nde. 

S.\'GO,  n.  A  dry,  mealy  substance,  or  gnmulatcd  paste, 
imparted  from  Java,  the  Philippine  and  Molucca 
Isles,  &;c.  It  is  the  prepared  pith  of  several  different 
plant-',  as  the  Sagus  Riimphii  or  Mctroxylum  Sagus, 
a  palm,  and  Cycas  circinalis,  a  plant  inteimediate 
between  palms  and  ferns,  £tc.  It  is  much  used  as 
an  article  of  diet  fur  the  sick. 

SA-GOIN',  n.  The  Sacroiits  form  a  division  of  the 
monkey  family,  inchiding  such  of  the  monkeys  of 
America  as  have  long,  hairy  tails,  not  prehensile. 

P.  Cyc. 

Sa'GUM,  n.  [L.l  Tlie  military-  cloak  of  the  Roman 
magistrates  and  dignitaries.  Brande. 

Sa'GV,  a.  [from  sa^-e.]  Full  of  sage;  seasoned  with 
sage. 

SAH'LTTE,n.  A  massive,  cleavable  variety  of  ausite, 
of  a  dingy  green  color,first  obtained  at  the  mountain 
Sahia  iif  Wesiermania.  Dana. 

SA'ie,  n.  A  Turkish  or  Grecian  vessel,  very  common 
in  the  Levant,  a  kind  of  ketch  which  has  no  top- 
gallanl-sail,  nor  mizzen-top-sail.  JIar.  Diet. 

SAID,  (sed,);^rc^and;•/l.  of  Sav  J  so  written  for  Saved. 
Declared  ;  uttered  ;  r(;ported. 
Q.  Aforesaid  ;  before  mentioned. 

SaIL,  H.  [Sax.  segct;  G.  and  Sw.  se^el;  Dan.  5*^7; 
D.  zcil ;  W.  hwtjly  a  sail,  a  course,  order,  slate,  jour- 
ney ;  hwyliaw^  to  set  in  a  course,  train,  or  order,  to 
direct,  to  proceed,  to  sail,  to  attack,  to  butt.  The 
Welsh  appears  to  be  the  same  word.  [So  hdl  is  the 
L.  sa/,  salt.] 

1.  In  7^nriVn/wn,  a  spread  of  canvas,  or  an  assem- 
blage of  several  breadths  of  canvas,  (or  some  sub- 
stitute for  it,)  sewed  togtthcr  with  a  double  seam  at 
the  borders,  and  edged  with  a  cord  called  the  holt- 
Tope,  to  be  e.\tended  on  the  masts  or  yards,  for  re- 
ceiving the  impulse  of  wind  by  which  a  ship  is 
driven.  Tiie  principal  sails  are  the  courses  or  lower 
sails,  the  top-sails,  and  top-gallant-sails.  .Mar.  Diet. 

9.  In  pojir7/,  wings.  Spenser. 

3.  A  ship  or  otlier  vessel ;  used  in  the  singular  fur 
a  single  ship,  or  as  a  collective  name  for  many.  We 
saw  a  sail  at  the  leeward.  Wc  saw  three  sail  on  our 
starboard  quarter.    The  fleet  consists  of  twenty  sail. 

4.  An  excur^iion  in  some  vessel ;  as,  to  take  a  sail. 
To  loose  sails  ;  to  unfurl  them. 

To  makesaU ;  to  extend  an  additional  quantity  of  sail. 

To  set  sail;  to  expand  or  spread  tlie  sails  j  and 
hence,  to  begin  a  voyage. 

To  slior/eiL  sail ;  to  reduce  the  extent  of  sail,  or 
take  in  a  part. 

To  strike  sail ;  to  lower  the  sails  suddenly,  as  in 
saluting,  or  in  sudden  gusts  of  wind. 

2.  To  abate  show  or  pomp.     [ColloquiaJ.]     Shak. 
SAIL, )'.  i.    To  be  impelled  or  driven  forward  by  the 

action  of  wind  upon  sails,  as  a  ship  on  w-ater.  A 
ship  sails  from  New  York  for  Liverpool.  She  sails 
ten  knots  an  hour.    She  sails  well  close-hauled. 

2.  To  be  conveyed  in  a  vessel  on  water;  to  pass 
by  water.    We  sailed  from  London  to  Canton. 

3.  To  swim. 

Little  dolphins  whrn  they  sail 
In  the  vasl  eliadow  of  (be  British  whale.  Dryden. 

4.  To  set  sail ;  to  begin  a  voyage.  We  sailed  from 
Nrw  York  fur  Havre,  June  15, 1824.  We  sailcdho\i\ 
Cowe^  for  New  York,  May  10,  1825. 

.'».  'i'o  be  carried  in  the  air,  as  a  balloon. 
C.  To  pass  smoothly  along. 

Ai  is  a  win^fd  mess-;ns''r  from  hcivoo, 

Wlica  \m-  b,><tridcs  the  lazy  picing  clouds, 

Ami  trJla  upon  the  bosom  of  the  :ur.  Shak. 

7.  To  fly  without  striking  with  the  wings. 
SAIL,  r.  /.    To  pass  or  move  upon  in  a  ship,  by  means 
of  sails. 


A  thouKLod  ship*  were  matincd  to  sail  the  sea. 


Dnfd£n. 


[This  use  is  elliptical,  on  or  over  being  omitted.]   ' 

2.  To  flv  through. 

Sublime  sh?  saUa 
Th'  aerial  spac4?,  and  monnls  th-:  winjcd  galea.  Pope. 

3.  To  direct  or  manage  the  motion  of  a  vessel ;  as, 
to  sail  one's  own  ship.  Totten. 

SAIL'A-BLE,  a.    Navigable  ;  that  may  be  passed  by 

ships.   _  Cot^avc. 

SaIL'-BoRNE,  a.    Borne  or  conveyed  by  sails. 

J.  Barlow. 
SAIL'-BROAD,  a.     [See  Broad.]     Spreading  like  a 

sail.  '"  JMilion. 

SaIL'-CLOTII,  n.    Duck  or  canvas  used  in  making 

sails. 
SAIL'SD,  pp.    Passed  in  ships  or  other  water  craft. 
SAIL'ER,  71.     One  that  tails;    a  seaman;    usually 

Sailor. 


SAI 

2.  A  ship  or  other  vessel,  with  reference  to  her 
speed  or  manner  of  sailing.  Thus  we  say,  a  heavy 
sailer  :  a  fast  sailer;  a  prime  sailer. 

SAlL'ING,ppr.  or  a.  Movingon  watcror  in  air;  pass- 
ing in  a  ship  or  other  vessel. 

SAIL'ING,  n.  The  act  of  moving  on  water;  or  the 
movement  of  a  ship  or  vessel  impelled  or  wafted 
along  the  surface  of  water  by  the  action  of  wind  on 
her  sails.  Mar.  Diet. 

2.  MoveuK-nt  through  the  air,  as  in  a  balloon. 

3.  'J'ho  act  of  setting  sail  or  beginning  a  voyage. 
SaIL'ING-MAS-TER,  II.    An  olTicer  in  a  ship  of  war 

who  superintends  all  the  details  of  navigating  Uie 
ship. 

SAIL'LESS,  a.    Destitute  of  sails.  Pollok. 

SAIL'-LOFT,  71.  A  loft  or  apartment  wliere  sails  are 
cut  out  and  made. 

SAIL'-MAK-ER,  ji.  One  whose  occupation  is  to 
make  sails. 

2.  An  olficer  on  board  ships  of  war,  whose  busi- 
ness is  to  repair  or  alter  sails.  Mar.  Diet. 

SAIL'-MAK  ING,  7i.  The  art  or  business  of  making 
sails. 

SAIL'OR,  n.  [A  more  common  spelling  than  Saileb.] 
A  mariner;  a  seaman  ;  one  who  follows  the  busi- 
ness of  navigating  ships  or  other  vessels,  or  one  wiio 
understands  the  management  of  ships  in  nax'igation. 
This  word,  however,  does  not  by  itself  express  any 
particular  skill  in  navigation.  It  denotes  any  person 
who  follows  the  seas,  and  is  chiefly  or  wholly  ap- 
plied to  the  common  hands,     [See  Seaman.] 

SAIL'OR-LIKE,  a.     Like  sailors. 

SAIL'-ROOM,  n.  An  apartment  in  a  vessel,  where  the 
sails,  which  are  not  bent,  are  stowed.  Totten. 

SAIL'Y,  a.     Like  a  s;iil.  Drayton. 

SAIL'-YARD,  H.     [Sax.  senl-a-yrd.]  • 

The  yard  or  spar  on  which  sails  are  extended. 

Dryden. 

SAIM,  JI.     [Sax.  seim  ;  W.  saitn  ;  Fr.  saindoiix.     Qu. 
L.  sebum^  contracted.] 
Lard.     ILocal.] 

SAIN,  for  Saven,  pp.  of  Sav.     [Ohs.']  Shak. 

SAIN'FOLV,     (  n.     [Fr.  sainfoin;   saiut^  sacred,  and 

SAINT'FOIN,  \     foin,  hay.] 

A  leguminous  plant  cultivated  for  fodder,  of  the 
genus  Iledysarum. 

SAINT,  71.     [Fr.,  from  L.  sanctus  ;  It.  and  Sp.  sa7ito.] 

1.  A  person  sanctified ;  a  holy  or  godly  person  ; 
one  eminent  for  piety  and  virtue.  It  is  particularly 
applied  to  the  apostles  and  other  holy  persons  men- 
tioned in  Scripture.  A  hypocrite  may  imitate  a  ^ai/ii. 
Ps.  xvi.  .Addison. 

2.  One  of  the  blessed  in  Iieaven.     Rev.  xviii. 

3.  The  hnly  angels  are  called  saints,  Deut.  xxxiii. 
Jude  14. 

4.  One  cano;t//.ed  by  tlie  Roman  Catholic  church. 

Encyc. 
SAINT,  7-.  f:    To  number  or  enroll  among  saints  by  an 
olficial  act  of  tlie  pope  ;  to  canonize. 

Over  against  the  church  stands  a  large  hospiLtl,  erected  hy  a 
ihuemaicr,  whu  haj  been  beaUried,  though  never  s(nn!ed. 

Addison. 

SAINT,  V.  L    To  act  with  a  show  of  piety.       Pope. 

SAINT  AN'THO-NY'S  FIRE,(-an'to-niz-,)  ti.  A  pop- 
ular name  of  the  erj'sipelas,  so  called  because  it  was 
supposed  to  liave  been  cured  by  the  intercession  of 
St.  Anthony.  P.  Cyc. 

SaINT'ED,  pp.  Canonized ;  enrolled  among  the 
saints. 

9..  o.  Holy;  pious;  as,  thy  father  was  a  most 
sainted  king.  Sknk. 

3.  Sacred  ;  as,  the  gods  on  sainted  liills.    Milton. 

SAINT'ESS,  n.     A  female  saint.  Fisher. 

SaINT'ING,  ppr.  Canonizing;  enrolling  among  the 
saints. 

SAINT  JOHN'S  BREAD,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Ceratonia  :  iilso  called  the  CAr.orj-TuEE.      P.  Cyc. 

SAINT  JOHN'S  WORT,  ti.  A  name  common  to 
pbmts  of  the  genus  Hypericum,  most  of  whicli  have 
mellow  flowers. 

SAINT'LIKE,  a.  [saint  and  like.]  Resembling  a 
saint ;  as,  a  saintlike  prince.  Bacon. 

2.  Suiting  a  saint :  becoming  a  sainl. 


tibssed  over  only  with  a  eainilike  bIiow. 


Dry-Sen. 


SaINT'LY,  a.  Like  a  saint ;  becoming  a  holy  person  ; 
as,  wrongs  with  sainthi  patience  borne.         Mdton. 

SAINT  Pe'TER'S  wort,  ti.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Ascvrum,  and  another  of  the  genus  Hypericum. 

SAINT'S  BELL,  71.  A  small  bell  used  in  the  Roman 
Catholic  church  to  call  attention  to  the  more  solemn 
parts  of  the  service  of  the  mass,  as  at  the  conclusion 
of  the  ordinary,  when  the  priest  repeats  tlie  words 
Sancte^  sancte^  sancte^  Deus  sabaotfi,  and  on  the  eleva- 
tion ot^  the  host  and  chalice  after  consecration. 

Oloss.  of  ArckiL 

SAINT'-SEEM-ING,  a.  Having  the  appearance  of  a 
Paint.  Montagu. 

SAINT'SHIP,  71.  The  character  or  qualities  of  a 
samt. 

SAINT  SI-MO'NI-AN,  ti.  A  follower  of  the  Count  de 
St.  Simon,  who  died  in  1825,  and  who  maintained 
that  the  principle  of  joint-elock  property  and  just 
division  of  the  fniits  of  common  labor  amone  the 


SAL 

members  of  society,  is  the  true  remedy  for  the  social 
evils  which  exist.  Brande. 

SAINT  VI'TUS'S  DANCE,  h.  A  disease  affecting 
with  irregular  movements  the  muscles  of  voluntary 
motion,  and  attended  with  a  great  failure  of  tlie 
general  i)hysical  strength,  called  by  physicians 
Chorea  Sascti  Vit:.  The  name  is  said  to  have 
been  borrowed  from  some  devotees  of  St.  Vitus, 
who  exercised  themselves  so  long  in  dancing  that 
their  intellects  b:^came  disordered.    P.  Cyc.     FtrrsuUt. 

SA-JeNE',  71.  [Written  also  Sagene.  Tooke  writts 
it  Sajese.] 

A  Russian  measure  of  length,  equal  to  seven  feet 
English  measure. 

SAKE,  71.  [Sax.  sac,  saca,  sace,  sacu,  contention,  dis- 
cord, a  suit  or  action  at  law,  cause  in  court ;  hence 
the  privilege  which  a  lord  had  vf  taking  cognizance 
of  suits  in  his  own  manor ;  sacan,  to  contend,  to 
Btrive ;  Goth,  sakan,  to  rebuke,  chide,  upbraid;  I>. 
zaakf  cause,  case,  thing,  business,  ail'air ;  G.  saehe,  mat- 
ter, thing ;  eines  sachefithren,  to  plead  one's  cause  ;  ur- 
sache^  cause,  reason,  motive  ;  Sw.  suk  and  orsak,  id. ; 
Dan.  ^flo-,  cause,  thing,  affair,  matter,  case,  suit,  ac- 
tion ;  Cli.  pDp,  to  contend,  to  .strive,  to  seek;  lleb. 
pSfJ?,  to  press  or  oppress  ;  Ch.,  to  accuse,  to  crimi- 
nate. Class  Sg,  No.  46,  92.  'I'he  primary  sense  is 
to  strain,  urge,  press,  or  drive  forward,  and  this  is 
from  the  same  root  as  seek,  essay,  and  L.  segxor, 
whence  we  have  pwrowc  and  prosecute.  We  have 
analogous  words  in  caitse,  thing,  and  the  L.  rra.  Its 
Saxon  sense  is  no  longer  in  use,  that  is,  cause,  ac- 
tion, suit,  a  speAin^  or  demand  in  court;  but  we  u-^e 
it  in  a  sense  nearly  similar,  ihougli  ditlV-rently  ai>- 
plied.J 

1.  Final  cause  ;  end  ;  purpose  ;  or  rather  the  pur- 
pose of  obtaining.  I  ('pei:  the  v/indow  for  the  sake 
of  air,  that  is,  to  obtain  it,  for  the  purpose  of  obtain- 
ing air.    I  read  for  the  sake  of  instruction,  that  is,  to 

_  obtain  it.     Sake  then  signiii-.-s,  primarily,  effort  to  ob- 

'  tain,  and    secondarily,  purpo.^e  of   obtaining.    The 

hero  lights  for  the  sake  of  glory ;  men  labor  for  the 

sake  of  subsistence  or  wealth.  * 

2.  Account ;  regard  to  any  person  or  thing. 


I  wUl   not 
Gen.  1 
Save  me  for  thy  mercy's  sake. 


curse  the  ground  any  more  for  man's  sake. — 
r*.  vi. 


Sa'KER,  h.     [Fr.sacre.] 

1.  A  hawk ;  a  species  of  falcon. 

2.  A  small  piece  of  artillery.    [JVot  in  use.] 

Hudihras. 
SAK'ER-ET,  7(.    The  male  of  the  saker-hawk. 

Bailnj. 
S/VL,  n.     [L.    See  Salt.]    Salt;  a  word  murh  lised 

in  chemistry  and  pharmacy. 
SAL' A-BLE,  o.     [from  sale.]     That  may  be  si.ld  ;  that 

finds  a  ready  market ;  being  in  good  demand. 
SAL'A-BLE-NESS,  n.     'J'lie  state  of  being  salable. 
SAL'A-BLY,  adv.    In  a  salable  manner. 
SA-LA'CIOUS,  (-shus,)  a.     [L.  salax,  from  the  root  of 

sal,  salt ;  the  primary  sense  of  which  is,  sht-oting, 

penetrating,  pungent,  coinciding  probably  w-ith  L. 

saliu,  to  leap.     Salacious,  then,  is  highly  excited,  or 

prompt  to  leap.] 

Lustful;  lecherous.  Dn/dcn. 

SA-LA'CIOL'S-LY,  adv.    Lustfully  ;  with  eager  ani- 
mal appetite. 
SA-LA'CIOUS-NESS,  J  n.  Lust  ;lecherou.=ness;  strong 
SA-LAC'I-TY,  \      propensity  to  venery. 

Bravn. 
SAL'AD,  71.     [Fr.  salade  ;  Arm.  saladcin ;  It.  iasalata  ; 

Sp.  cH5a/a(/a,  that  is,  literally,  sa/rc(i ;  D.  salaadc  ;  G. 

and  Sw.  salat;  Dan.  salad.] 
A  name  given  to  raw  herbs,  usually  dressed  with 

salt,  vinegar,  oil,  or  spices,  and  eaten  for  giving  a 

relish  to  other  food. 

I,'Mvcs  eaten  nw  are  termed  ea.'ad.  M'alls. 

SAL'AD-ING,  TI.     Vegetables  for  salads.         Chetme. 

SA'L.VL-BER'RY,  v.     A  fruit  fr.m  the  valley  of  the 
Columbia  River,  or  Oregon,  about    the  size    of  a 
common  grape,  cf  a  dark  color,  and  of  a  sweet  flavor. 
Farm.  Enci/c. 

SAL  A-LEM'BROTII,  n.  A  compound  of  corrnsive 
sublimate  of  mercury  and  sal  ammoniac,  in  the  pro- 
portions of  two  equivalents  of  the  former  to  one 
of  the  latter. 

SA-LXM',7i.  [Oriental,  peace  or  safety.]  In  the  East^ 
a  salutation  or  compliment  of  ceremony  or  respect. 

Herbert. 

S.\L'AM-ST6NE,  ».  A  kiud  of  blue  sapphire  brought 
from  Ceylon.  Dana. 

SAL'A-MAN-DER,  7i.     [L.  and  Gr.  salamandra.] 

The  popular  name  of  a  genus  of  b.itrachian  rep- 
tiles, having  some  affinities  with  lizards,  but  more 
with  frogs.  Salnmattders  have  an  elongated  body, 
four  feet,  and  a  long  tail,  which  gives  them  the  gen- 
eral form  of  lizards;  but  then  they  have  all  the  char- 
acters of  batrachians.  The  vulgar  story  that  the 
salamander  is  able  to  endure  fire,  is  a  mistake. 

Salamandcr^s  hair  or  icool ;  a  name  given  to  a  spe- 
cies of  asbestos  or  mineral  flax ;  I  believe  no  longer 
used. 

SAL-A-JIAN'DRTNE,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  resemblmg 
a  salamander;  enduring  fire  Spectator. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— MeTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  M.\KINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  .MOVE,  WOLF,  BQOK.— 


SAL 

SAL  AM-Mo'NI-AC,  n.  Chlorid  of  auimoniuin,asoUd 
substaoce  of  a  sharp  and  acrid  taste,  inucb  used  in 
the  Diecbanic  arts  and  in  pliariiiacy.  The  native  sol 
ammoniac  is  of  two  kinds  —  volcanic  and  conclioidal. 

Ure. 
SAL'A  RI-ED,  (sal'a-rid,)  a.    Enjoying  a  salary. 
SAL'A-RY,   71.     [Fr.  *a/ai>e  ;  It.  and  Sp,  salario  ;    L. 
^uritim  i  said  to  be  from  sal,  salt,  which  was  part  of 
the  pay  of  Roman  soldiers.] 

The  recompense  or  consideration  stipulated  to  be 
IKiid  to  a  person  for  services,  usually  a  fixed  sum  to 
be  paid  by  the  year,  as  to  governors,  magistrates, 
settled  clergymen,  instructors  of  seminaries,  or  (ttiier 
officers,  civil  or  ecclesiastical.  When  wages  are 
stated  or  stipulated  by  the  month,  week,  or  day,  we 
do  not  call  the  compensation  salary,  butpuyor  ica^es; 
as  in  the  case  of  military  men  and  laborers. 
SALE,  71.  [W.  stily  a  pass,  a  cast,  or  throw,  a  sale; 
Sax.  so/,  sale  ;  sfllany  sylan,  sytlan,  gesyiloi,  to  give, 
yield,  grant,  impart,  deliver,  also  to  sell.  The  pri- 
marj-  sense  of  sell  is  simply  to  deliver  or  cause  to 
pass  from  one  person  to  another ;  Sw.  siilja^  Dan. 
stsl^ery  to  sell.] 

r.  The  act  of  selling ;  the  exchange  of  a  commod- 
ity for  money  of  equivalent  value."  The  exchange 
of  one  commodit}- for  another  is  barter  or  yn-ntuia- 
tion,  and  sale  differs  from  barter  only  in  the  nature  of 
the  equivalent  given. 

9.  Vent;  power  of  selling;  market.  He  went  to 
market,  but  t'ound  no  sale  for  his  goods. 

3.  ATiciion ;  public  sale  to  the  highest  bidder,  or 
exposure  of  goods  in  market.     [LUtle  itseJ.]    Temple. 

4-  State  of  being  venal,  or  of  being  offered  U\  bri- 
bery' ;  as,  to  set  the  liberty  of  a  state  to  sale.  Atidison. 

5.  A  wicker  basket.    (Qm.  Sax.  sala:t^  to  bind.] 

SpPnscr. 

S.\LE,  (I.    Sold;  bought;  as  opposed  to  Homemadi:. 

[Colloquial.'] 

SAL-E^BROS'I-TY,  n.  [See  Salebrous.]  Rough- 
ness or  mgsedness  of  a  place  or  road.         Fd'.hum. 

SAL'E-BROUS,   a.      [L.   sclcbro.^-iis,   from  Stt'ebrat   a 
rough  place  ;  probably  allied  to  saliOj  to  shoot  o:it.J 
Rough  ;  rugged  ;  uneven.     [LitUe  used.] 

SAL'EP,  H.  fSaid  to  be  a  Turkish  word  ;  written  also 
Salop,  Saloop,  and  Saleb.] 

In  the  Toateria  medica,  the  dried  root  of  a  species  of 
Orchis ;  also,  a  preparation  of  this  root  to  be  used  as 
food.  Fourcruij.     Parr. 

SAL-E-Ra'TUS,  n.  [sal  and  <eratus.]  A  carbonate 
of  potash,  containing  a  greater  quantity  of  caibunic 
acid  than  pearlash,  used  in  cooker.-. 

SaLES'.MAX,  n.  [sale  and  man.]  One  that  sells 
clothes  ready  made.  Sipift. 

2.  One  who  finds  a  market  for  the  goods  of  another 
person. 

SaLE'WORK,  (-wurk,)  n.  Work  or  things  made  for 
sale :  hence,  work  carelessly  done.  This  last  sense 
ij  a  satire  on  man.  S.':aJ:. 

S,\L  GEM,  n.    Common  salt ;  chlorid  of  sodium. 

Brand,\ 

SAL'IG,  a.  [Ecbard  deduces  this  word  from  sula^a 
house,  and  the  law  from  the  circumstance  that  a 
male  only  could  inherit  his  father's  mansion  and  the 
court  or  land  inclosed.    Montcsq.  B.  13.] 

The  Salic  law  of  France  is  a  fundamental  law,  by 
virtue  of  which  males  only  can  inherit  the  throne 

SAL'I-CIN,  71.  A  bitter  febrifuge  substance,  obtained 
in  white,  pearly  crystals,  from  some  specios  of  the 
willow,  and  also  of  the  poplar.  Brandc. 

S.A'LI-E\T,  a.     [L.  saliais,  salio,  to  leap.] 

1.  Leaping;  an  epithet  in  heraldry  applied  to  a 
lion  or  other  beast,  represented  in  a  leapins  posture, 
with  Uis  right  foot  in  the  dexterpoint,  and  iiis  hinder 
left  foot  in  the  sinister  base  of  the  escutcheon,  by 
v/hich  it  is  distinguished  from  RiiiPArtT.    Harris. 

2.  In  fortification y  projecting;  as,  a  salient  angle. 
A  salient  angle  points  outward,  and  is  opposed  to  a 
Te-etUerinir  zn^\e,  which  points  inward.       P.  Cue, 

S.\'LI-ENT,  a.    [L.  siifjen^-,  from  salio,  to  leap  or  shoot 
out.] 
1.  Leaping;  moving  by  leaps,  as  frogs.    Brown. 

3.  Beating;  throbbing,  as  the  heart.    Blackmore. 
3.  Shooting  out  or  up  ;  springing;  darting;  as,  a 

salient  sprout.  Pope. 

.^A'LI-ENT-LY,  ado.    In  a  salient  manner. 

SA-LIF'ER-OUS,  a.     [L.  so/,  salt,  and  /cro,  to  pro- 
duce.] 
Trodncing  or  bearing  salt ;  as,  saliferous  rock. 

EMtO}t. 

SaliferotLs  rocks  ;  the  new  red  sandstone  system  of 

some  geologists  ;  so  called  because,  in  Europe,  th;.^ 

formation  contains  beds  of  salt.  Dana. 

.SAL'I*FI-A-CLE,  a.     [from  salify.]     Capable  of  corn 

bining  with  an  acid  to  form  a  salt.    Salifiable  ba^.::> 

are  metallic  oxyds,  alkaloids,  &c. 
SAL-I-FI-Ca'TION,  n.    The  act  of  salifying. 
SAL'I-FT-£D.  (sal'e-f  ide,)  pp.    Formed  into  a  salt  by 

combination  with  an  acid. 
3.\L'I-F?,  V.  .     [L.  sal,  salt,  and  facio,  to  make.] 
To  form  into  a  salt,  by  combining  an  acid  with  a 

base. 
SAL'I-F^-ING,  -ppr.  or  a.     Fonning  into  a  salt   by 

combination  with  a  base. 
SAL'I-GOT,  n.     [Fr.]    A  plant,  the  water  thistle. 


SAL 

SAL-I-NA'TION,  n.     [L.  sal,  salt;  salinator,  a  salt- 
maker  ;  Fr.  salii',  salt,  brinish.] 
The  act  of  w^i^^hiny  with  saltwater.     OreenliiU, 

g*^_j^^Y'QJ_fg.   >  a.     [Fr.  salin,  from  L.  sal,  salt.] 

1.  Consisting  of  salt,  or  constituting  salt ;  as,  saline 
particles ;  saline  substances. 

2.  Partaking  of  the  qualities  of  salt;  as,  a  saline 
SA-LI\E',  n.     [Sp.  and  It.  saliw ;  Fr.  saline.]     [taste. 

A  salt  spring,  or  a  place  where  saltwater  is  col- 
lected in  the  earth  ;  a  name  given  to  the  salt  springs 
in  tJie  United  States. 
SA-LL\E'XESS,  n.    State  of  being  saline. 
SAL-I-MF'ER-OUS,  a,     [L.  sal,  salinum,  and  fero,  to 
produce.] 
Producing  salt. 
SA-LIN'I-FORM,  a.     [L.  sal,  salinum,  and  fortn.] 

Having  the  form  ot  salt. 
SA-LI'XO-TER-Rk-\E',  a.     [L.  sal,  salinum,  and  tcr- 
renus,  from  terra,  earth.] 

A  term  denoting  a  compound  of  sail  and  earth. 
SAL'iaUE,  (sal'ik")  a.     See  Salic. 
S.lL'lTE,  V.  U     [L.  salio,  from  sal,  salt.] 

To  salt;  to  impregnate  or  season  with  salt.     [Lit- 
tle used.] 
SA-LI'VA,  71.      [h.  saliva  :    Ir.  seile  :    W.  kaliio,  as  if 
connected  with  hhl,  salt.  The  Irish  has  siUm,  to  drop 
or  distill,  and  silcadk,  saliva.] 

The  fluid  which  is  secreted  by  the  salivary  glands, 
and  which  serves  to  moisten  the  mouth  and  tongue. 
It  moistens  our  food  also,  and  by  being  mixed  with 
it  in  raaslicalion,  favors    deglutition.     When  dis- 
charged from  the  mouth,  it  is  called  Spittle. 
SA-LI'VAL,       )  a.     [from  5«/iFa.]     Pertaining  to  sa- 
SAL'I-VA-RV,  I      liva ;  secreting  or  conveying  sali- 
va ;  as,  salioary  glands  ;  salivary  ducts  or  canals. 
Encyc.     Jlrbv.thnot. 
SALT-VANT,  a.    Producing  salivation. 
SAL'LVAXT,  7(.    That  which  produces  salivation. 
S.^LT-VaTE,  v.  U     [from  saliva:  Fr.  salicer.] 

To  produce  an  unusunl  secretion  and  discharge  of 
saliva  in  a  person,  usually  by  mercury  ;   to  produce 
ptyaiism  in  a  persun. 
SAL'I-Va-TED,  ;;/j.     Having  an   increased  secretion 

of  saliva  from  medicine. 
SAL'I-Va-TINO, /»/>r.    Producing  increased  secretion 

of  saliva. 
SAL  I-Va'TION,  n.    The  act  or  process  of  ptyaiism, 

or  of  producing  an  increased  secretion  of  saliva. 
SA-LI'VOUS,  o.     Pertaining  to  saliva;  partaking  of 

the  nature  of  saliva.  IVi-eman. 

SAL'LET,  7t.     [Ft.  salauc] 

A  head-piece  or  helmet.  Chaucer. 

SAL'LET,  in.     [Corrupted  from  5a/ad.]     [JVotin 

SAL'LET-IXG,  \      usr.] 
SAL'LI-AX'CE,  n.     [i-.K-.n  salty.]     An  issuing  forth. 

[JVyi  171  nse.]  Spcitser. 

SAL'LI-JED,  pp.    Rushed  out ;  issued  suddenly. 
SAL'LoW,  H.      [Sax.  salh,  salitr  ;    U.  sail;    Fr.  saule  ; 
iLsalcio;   Sp.salce;   L.  salix;  \V.  helig.     Qu.  from 
its  color,  resembling  brine.] 

A  name  applied  to  certain  trees  or  low  shrubs  of 
the  wjllow  kind,  or  genus  Salix.  P.  Cyc. 

SAL'LoW,  a.     [Sax.   saloieig,   sealwe,  from   salhy  L. 
salix,  the  tree,  supra.] 

Having  a  yellowish  color  ;  of  a  pale,  sickly  color, 
tinged  with  a  dark  yellow  ;  as,  a  sallow  skin. 
SAL'LoW-XESS,  7/.  A  yellowish  color;  paleness, 
tinged  with  a  dark  yellow;  as,  sallowness  of  com- 
plexion. 
SAI/LoW-THORN,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Ilip- 
pophae. 

The  common  sallow-thorn  or  sea  buckthorn,  is  a 
thorny  shrub,  about  four  or  five  feet  high. 

Partington. 
SAL'LY,  77.     [Fr.saiUic;   It.  salita;    Sp.  salidu  ;    Port. 
sahida.    See  the  verb.] 

In  a  general  sense,  a  spring ;  a  darting  or  sliooting. 
Hence, 

1.  An  issue  or  rushing  of  troops  from  a  besieged 
place  to  attack  the  besiegers.  Bacon. 

•2.  A  spring  or  darting  of  intellect,  fancy,  or  imag- 
ination ;  flight ;  sprightly  exertion.  We  say,  sallies 
of  wit,  sallies  of  imagination. 

3.  Excursion  from  the  usual  track  ;  range. 

I!;wbo  often  makes  sc^iifs  into  ucouutry,  and  traverses  it  up  anJ 
iiown,  will  know  H  better  than  cue  tkit  goes  alwcvs  round 
to  the  same  trade.  Locke. 

4.  Act  of  levity  or  extravagance  ;  wild  gayetj* ; 
frolic;  a  bounding  or  darting  beyond  ordinary  rules; 
as,  a  sally  of  youth  ;  a  sally  of  levitv. 

Wotton      Swijt 
SAL'LY,  V.  1.     [Fr.  saillir ;  Arm.  sailha;  It. satire;  Sp. 
salir  ;  Port,  sahir,  [I  lost ;]  L.  salio.  Q,u.  Gr.  aXXofiat, 

which  is  allied  to  the  Ar.  J)  alia,  or     V^  holla, 

both  of  which  signify  to  impel,  to  shoot.   See  Solar, 
from  L.  sol,  W.  haul,  Gr.  tjXios.] 

1.  To  issue  or  rush  out,  as  a  body  of  troops  from  a 
fortified  place,  to  attack  besiegers. 

They  breidi  the  truce,  and  sally  out  by  nigliL  Dryden. 

2.  To  issue  suddenly  ;  to  make  a  sudden  eruption. 


SAL 

SAL'LY-IXG,  par.     Issuing  or  rushing  out. 

SAL'LY-PoRT,  77.  In  fortjficatiyn,  a  postern  gate,  or 
a  passage  under  ground  from  the  inner  to  the  outer 
works,  such  as  from  the  higher  flank  to  the  lower, 
or  to  the  tenailles,  or  to  the  communication  from  the 
middle  of  the  curtain  to  the  ravelin.  Encyc. 

2.  A  large  port  on  each  quarter  of  a  fireship,  for  the 
escape  of  the  men  into  boats  when  the  train  is  fired. 

.Mar.  Diet. 

SAL-MA-GUX'Or,  (-gun'de,)  n.  [Sp.  salpicon,  cor- 
rupted.    See  Salphon.] 

1.  A  mixture  of  chopped  meat  and  pickled  herring 
with  oil,  vinegar,  pepper,  and  onions.        Johnson. 

2.  A  mixture  of  various  ingredients  ;  an  olio  or 
medley.  fy.  Irrivg, 

S.1L  MAR'TIS,  n.  [L.,  salt  of  J\Iars.]  Green  sulphr.le 
of  iron.  Ure. 

SAL'.MI-AC  ;  a  contraction  of  Sal-ammoniac. 

SAL.M'OX,  (sam'niun,)  n.  [L.  salmo  ;  Fr.  snumoa.] 
A  fish  of  a  yeI!owish-red  color,  of  the  genus  Sidnio, 
found  in  all  the  northern  climates  of  Americaj  Ku- 
xopi-,  and  Asia,  ascending  the  rivers  for  spawning  in 
spring,  and  penetrating  to  their  head  streams.  It  is 
a  rernarkably  strong  fish,  and  will  even  leap  over 
cejnsiderable  falls  which  lie  in  the  way  of  its  prog- 
ress. It  has  been  known  to  grow  to  the  weight  of 
75  pounds  ;  more  generally  it  is  from  15  to  25  pounds. 
It  furnishes  a  delicious  dish  for  the  table,  and  is  an 
article  of  commerce. 

S.VL.M'ON-TROUT,  (sam'mun-trout,)  n.  A  small 
species  of  Salmo,  resembling  the  common  salmon  in 
color.  It  is  also  called  the  sr.a-trout,  and  is  highly 
valued  as  an  article  of  food.  Walton. 

SAL'.MO\-OID,  a.  or  n.  A  term  applied  to  fishes  be- 
longing to  the  family  of  whi  h  the  salmon  is  the 
type.  Brande. 

SA-LOOX',  n.  [It.  salone,  from  sola,  hall  ;  Sp.  and 
Fr.  salon.     See  Hall.] 

In  architecture,  a  spacious  and  elegant  apartment 
for  the  reception  of  company,  or  for  works  of  art. 
It  is  often  vaulted  at  the  top,  and  frequently  compre- 
hends two  stories,  with  two  ranges  of  windows.  It 
is  a  state  room  much  used  in  palaces  for  the  recep- 
tion of  embassadors  and  other  visitors.  The  term  is 
also  applied  to  a  large  room  in  a  steamboat,  &c. 

GiciU.     P.  Ctje. 

SAL'OP,       i  n.     The  dried  root  of  a  species  of  orchis  ; 

SA-LOOP', )  alfio,  a  decoction  of  this  root,  used  in 
some  parts  of  England  as  a  beverage  by  the  poorer 
classes.     The  word  is  properly  Salep.  Smart. 

SAL'PI-€ON,  71.  [Sp.,  from  salpicar,  to  besprinkle; 
Port,  to  com,  to  powder,  to  spot ;  from  sal,  salt.] 

Slufiing  ;  farce  ;  chopped  meat  or  bread,  tc.,us€d 
to  stuff  less  of  veal.     [I  believe  not  u.<ed.]      Bacon. 

SAL'PIXX,"n.     [Gr.  cn\-t;.l,  a  trumpet.] 

The  Eustachian  tube.  Brande. 

SAL  PRU-XEL'LA,  t!.  Fused  niter  cast  into  cakes 
or  balls. 

SAL-SA-.A1EX-T.\'RI-0US,  a.     [L.  salsamentarius.] 
Pertaiiiinir  tn  >a!t  tilings.     [JVot  in  use.]        Diet. 

SAL  SEIGX-ETTE',  (-sin-yet',)  Ti.  Rochelle  salt ;  tar- 
trate of  potassa  and  soda.  Brande. 

SAL'SI-FY,  (sal'se-fe,)  7j.    [Fr.  salsifi.s.] 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Tragopogon,  liaving  a  long, 
tapering  root,  of  a  mild,  sweetish  taste,  like  the  pars- 
nep,  often  called  the  Oyster-plast,  from  its  tusls 
when  fried.  Gardner. 

SAL-SIL'L.A,,  71.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Alstrtemena, 
with  tuberous  roots,  which  are  eaten  like  the  potato. 
It  is  a  native  of  Peru.  Farm.  Enoic. 

SAL-SO-.AC'ID,  a.     [L.  salsus,  salt,  and  acidus,  acid.] 
Having  a  taste  compounded  of  saltness  and  acid- 
ness.     [Little  used.  ]  Floycr. 

SAL-Su'GI-NOUS,  a.  [from  L.  salsugo,  from  sal, 
salt.] 

Saltish  ;  somewhat  salt.  Bmde. 

SALT,  n.  [Sax.  salt,  sealt ;  Goth.  Sw.  and  H^nu  salt ; 
G.  salz;  D.  sout ;  Russ.  sol;  It  sale:  Fr.  scl;  L.  Sp. 
and  Port,  sal :  Gr.  a\^  :  W.  liclcn  ;  Corn,  and  Arm. 
halinn,  from  \V.  h&l,  salt,  a  pervading  substance. 
The  radical  sense  is,  probably,  pungent,  and  if  s  is 
radical,  the  word  belongs  to  the  root  of  L.  salio :  but 
this  is  uncertain.] 

1.  Common  salt  is  the  chlorid  of  sodium,  a  sul>- 
sLance  used  for  seasoning  certain  kinds  of  food,  and 
for  the  preservation  of  meat,  ice.  It  is  found  native 
in  the  earth,  or  it  is  produced,  by  evajwration  and 
crystallization,  from  water  impregnated  with  saline 
particles. 

2.  In  chemistry,  a  body  composed  of  an  acid  and  a 
base,  which  may  be  either  a  metallic  o.\yd  or  an  al- 
kaloid. Thus  nitrate  of  potassa,  commonly  called 
Niter,  or  Saltpeter,  is  a  salt  composed  of  nitric 
acid  and  potassa,  the  potassa,  which  is  an  oxyd  of 
the  metal  potassium,  being  the  base. 

3.  Taste  ;  sapor  ;  smack. 

We  have  Eome  ealt  of  our  youth  in  u?.  Shak, 

4.  Wit ;  poignancy  ;  as,  Attic  salt. 

SALT,  a.  Having  the  taste  of  salt ;  impregnated  with 
"salt ;  as,  salt  beef;  salt  water. 

2.  Abounding  with  salt ;  as,  a  salt  land.    Jer.  xvii. 

3.  Overflowed  with  salt  water,  or  impregnated  with 
it ;  as,  a  salt  marsh. 


TONE,  BIJLL,  UNITE.  —  AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  —  GasK;  OasJ;  SaaZ;  CUasSH;  THasin  THIS. 


123 


977 


SAL 


SAL 


■1.  Crowing  on  salt  inarsli  or  meadows,  and  having 
tlie  tasle  of  salt ;  as,  salt  grass  or  hay. 
5.  Producing  salt  water;  as,  a  salt  spring, 
fi.  lA'tiierous  ;  salacious.  Shak. 

7.  Pungent  or  bitter ;  as,  salt  scorn.  Shak. 

SALT,  H.    'I'he  part  itf  a  river  near  the  sea,  where  the 
'water  is*  salt.  Beverly. 

2.  A  vessel  for  holding  salt. 
PALT,  V.  t..    To  sjirinkle,  impregnate,  or  season  with 
"salt ;  as,  to  salt  fish,  beef,  or  pork. 

2.  To  fill  with  salt  belv.een  llie  limbers  and  planks, 
as  a  ship,  for  the  preservation  of  the  timber. 
SAIiT,  V.  i.    'I'o  deposit  salt  from  a  saline  substance  ; 
'as,  the  brine  beijins  to  salt.    [  Used  by  mam{faclurers.] 
SALT,  n.     [Fr.  saiU^  I'roui  saillir^  to  leap.] 

A  lea|i ;  the  act  of  jumping.  [JVot  m  7isr..]  B.Jonson. 
SAL'TANT,  a.     [L.  saltans,  from  salto,  tu  leap.] 

Leaping;  jumping;  dancing.  Diet. 

SAT^Ta'TION,  n.     [L.  saltatioj  from  salto,  to  leap.] 
L  A  le;iping  or  jumping.  Broioii. 

2.  Itealing  or  palpitation ;  as,  the  saltation  cjf  the 
great  artery.  fViseman. 

HAL'TA-TO-RY,  }  a.     I^eaping  or  dancing;    or 

SAL-TA-TO'RI-OUS,  !     having  the  power  of  leaping 

or  danring  ;  used  in  leaping  or  dancing. 
SALT'-liOX,  Ti.    A  small  box  with  a  lid,  used  for 
'holding  t-alt. 

In  bnrlesqHC  viiisic^  tlie  salt-box  has  been  used  like 

the  marrow-bones  and  cleaver,  tongs  and  poker,  &c. 

SALT'-€AT,  n.     A  lump  of  salt,  made  at  the  salt- 

'works,  which  attracts  pigeons.  Mortimer. 

SALT'-CF.I^LAR,  v.    [salt  and  cellar.]    A  small  ves- 

'sel  used  for  holding  salt  on  tlie  table.  Swifi. 

SALT'ED,  pp.  or  (t     Sprinkled,  seasoned,  or  impreg- 
nated with  salt. 
SALT'ER,  11.    One  who  salts;  one  who  gives  or  ap- 
plies salt. 
9.  One  that  sells  salt.  Camden. 

SALT'ERN,  n.    A  salt-work  ;  a  building  in  which 

'salt  is  made  by  boiling  or  evaporation.  Encyc. 

SALT'-FISH,  n.    A  fish  that  has  been  salted. 

"  2.  A  fish  from  salt  water.  Sliak. 

SALT'-GREEN,  a.    Green  like  the  salt  sea.     Sliak. 
SAL'TtER,  (sal'teer,)  n.     [Fr.  sautoir,  from  saiUer,  L. 
sclto,  to  leap.] 

In  heraldry^  [one  of  tlie  eight  greater  ordinaries  ;  a 
St.  Andrew's  cross,  or  cross  in  the  form  of  an  X. — 
E.  II.  Barker.] 
SAL'TI-GRADE,  o.     [L.  5aZ(u5  and  ffradior.] 

Leaping  ;  formed  for  leaping. 
SAL'TI-GRADE,  n.    The  name  of  a  family  of  spiders 

who  leap  to  seize  their  prey. 
SAL-TIN-BAN'eO,  (-bank'o,)  n.     [Ft.  saltimhanijnc  ; 
It.  saltare  in  banco,  to  leap  on  the  bench,  to  monnt  on 
the  bench.] 
A  mountebank  ;  a  quack.     [J\!'ot  in  use."]      Broion. 
SAT<T'ING,  ppr.    Sprinkling,  seasoning,  or  impregnat- 
ing with  salt. 
SALT'ING,  71.    The  act  of  sprinkling  or  impregnatmg 

'with  salt. 
SALT'ISH,  a.    Somewhat  salt;  tinctured  or  impreg- 

'nated  m 'dcrately  with  salt. 
SALT'ISH-LY,  adv.    With  a  moderate  degree  of  salt- 

ness. 
SALT'ISH-NESS,  n.    A  moderate  degree  of  saltness. 
SALT'LESS,  a.    Destitute  of  salt ;  insipid. 
SALT'LY,  adv.    With  taste  of  salt ;  in  a  salt  manner. 
SALT'-MARSH,  n.    Grass-land  subject  to  the  over- 
flow of  salt  or  sea-water. 
SALT'-MTNE,  n.  A  mine  where  rock-salt  is  obtained. 
SALT'NEJ^S,  n.    The  quality  of  being  impregnated 
'ivith  salt ;  as,  the  saltness  of  sea-water  or  of  pro- 
9.  Taste  of  salt.  [visions. 

SALT'-PAN,  )  7(.     A  pan,  basin,  or  pit,  where  salt  is 
SALT'-PIT,    \      obtained  or  made.  Bacon.  Woodward. 

Salt  pk'ter  ) 

S'\LT-Pf'TRf'  1  "■  1^^°'*  ^"**  ^^'  "^^'"/'"Sj  a  stone.] 
A  salt  consisting  of  nitric  acid  and  potassa,  and 
hence  denominated  Nitrate  of  Potassa  ;  also  called 
Niter.  It  is  found  native  in  many  countries.  It  is 
also  found  on  walls  sheltered  from  rain,  and  is  ex- 
tracted by  lixivialion  from  the  earths  under  cellars, 
stables j_h a ms,  &,c.  Hooper.     Lavoisier. 

SALT-Pe'TROUS,  a.  Pertaining  to  saltpeter,  or  par- 
taking of  its  qualities  ;  impregnated  with  saltpeter. 

Med.  Ri^pos. 

SALT'-RHEt'M,  (-rume,)  n.  A  vague  and  indifinile 
'popular  name,  applied  to  almost  all  the  nonfcbrile  cu- 
taneous eruptions  which  are  common  among  adults, 
except  ringworm  and  itch. 

SALTS,  n.  pi.    The  popular  name  of  various  chemical 
'salts  used  in  medicine,  as  Glauber's  salt,  Epsom  salt, 
&;c. 
9.  The  salt  water  of  rivers  entering  from  the  ocean. 
S.  Carolina. 

SALT'-SPRING,  ?i.    A  spring  of  ialt  water. 

SALT'-WA-TER,  iu  Water  impregnated  with  salt  ; 
sea-water. 

SALT'-WORK,  (-wurk,)  n.  A  house  or  place  where 
salt  is  made. 

S^LT'-WORT,  n.  A  plant ;  a  vagtie  and  indefinite 
popular  name  applied  to  most  of  the  numerous  spe- 
cies of  .Salsola,  and  also  to  some  species  of  Salicor- 
nia  and  Glaux.    They  are  chicily  found  on  the  sea- 


[L.  salnhrUas.'] 


shore  and  other  places  where  the  ground  is  moist 
anil  saline. 
SALT'Y,  a.    Somewhat  salt. 

SA-LP'BRIOUS,  a.  [L.  saluber,  salubris,  from  salits. 
See  SAyE.l 

Favorable  to  health  ;  healthful ;  promoting  health  ; 
as,  salubrious  air  or  water  ;  a  saliiln-iou.^  climate. 
SA-LO'BRLOUS-LY,  adv.    So  as  to  promote  health. 

Burke 
SA-LCi'BRLOUS-NESS, 
SA-LO'HRI  TY, 

Wholesomeness  ;  hcalthfulness  ;  favorablcness  to 
the  preservation  of  health  ;  as,  the  salubrity  of  air,  of 
a  country,  or  climate. 
S.-^L'U-TA-RI-LY,  ado.     Favorably  to  health. 
SAL'l|-TA-RI-NESS,  ti.     [See  Salutary.]    Whole- 
someness ;  the  quality  of  contributing  to  health  or 
safety. 
9,  The  quality  of  promoting  good  or  prosperity. 
SAL'lJ-TA-RY,  a.     [Fr.  salutairci    L.  salat-aris,  from 
salus^  health.] 

1.  Wholesome  ;  healthful ;  promoting  henllh.  Diet 
and  exercise  are  salntarii  to  men  of  sedentary  habits. 
9.  Promotive  of  public  safety  ;  conlrilmtitig  to  some 
beneficial  pur[iosc.  'i'he  strit't  discipline  of  youth  has 
a  salutarv  effect  on  society. 
SAL-U-TX'TION,  n.  [Fr.",  from  L.  salutatio.  See  Sa- 
lute.] 

The  act  of  saluting;  a  greeting;  the  act  of  paying 
respect  or  reverence  by  the  customary  words  or  ac- 
tions;  as  in  inquiring  of  persons  their  welfare,  ex- 
pressing to  them  kind  wislies,  bowing,  &.c.  Luke  i. 
Mark  xii. 

Ill  all  public  inpctings  iinJ  private  aildrcsses,  use  Ui''  Ibnni  of  sal- 
utation, reverence,  miu  decency,  usual  iiinoiig  the  most  eoIk  r 
peopk-.  -  Tuy'.or. 

SA-LU-TA-To'RI-AN,  w.  The  student  of  a  college 
who  pronounces  the  salutatory  oration  at  the  annual 
commencement. 

SA-LU'TA-TO-RI-LY,  adv.     By  way  of  salutation. 

SA-LO'TA-TO-RY,  a.  Greeting;  containing  saluta- 
tions ;  an  epithet  applied  to  the  ovation  which  intro- 
duces the  exercises  of  the  commencements  in  Amer- 
ican colleges. 

SA-LuTE',  V.  t.  [L.  saluto  ;  It.  salutare  i  Sp.  saludar ; 
Fr.  salver;  from  L.  snlits,  or  sahm^.] 

1.  To  greet ;  to  hail ;  to  address  with  expressions 
of  kind  wishes. 

II  ye  saliile  your  brellireu  only,  what  do  yc  inorc  Uiau  others  ? 
—  Matt.  V. 

9.  To  please  ;  to  gratify.     [Unusual.]  Shak. 

3.  To  kiss. 

4.  Ill  military  and  naval  o£airs,  to  honor  some  per- 
son or  nation  by  a  discharge  of  cannon  or  small  arras, 
by  striking  colors,  by  shouts,  &c. 

SA-LijTE',  71.  TIk'  act  of  expressing  kind  wishes  or 
respect ;  salutation  ;  greeting.        South.    Addison. 

2.  A  kiss.  Roscommon. 

3.  In  Tni7ito7-ya^a)V>',adischarge  of  cannon  or  small 
arms  in  lionor  of  some  distinguished  personage.  A 
salute  is  sometimes  pLrformed  by  lowering  the  colors 
or  beating  the  drums.  The  officers'also  salute  tach 
other  by  bowing  their  half  pikes  or  dropping  their 
swords.  Eucyc. 

4.  In  Vic  nami,  a  testimony  of  respect  or  deference 
to  the  rank  of  a  person,  or  on  the  anniversary  of 
some  festival ;  rendered  also  by  the  vessels  of  one 
nation  to  those  of  another,  or  to  foreign  ports.  This 
is  performed  by  a  discharge  of  cannon,  volleys  of 
small  arms,  striking  the  colors  or  top-sails,  or  by 
shouts  of  the  seamen  mounted  on  the  masts  or  rig- 
ging. Totten.     Encyc. 

SA-LuT'ED,  pp.     Hailed  ;  greeted. 
SA-LuT'ER,  V.     One  who  salutes. 
SAL-IT-TJF'ER-OUS,  a.     [L.  salutifer  ;  salus,  health, 
and  fcroy  to  bring.] 
Bringing  health  ;  healthy  ;  as,  salutifcrous  air. 

Dennis. 
SAL-VA-BIL'I-TY,  n.    [from  salmble.]     The  possi- 
bility of  being  saved  or  admitted  to  everlasting  life. 

Saunderson. 
SAL'VA-BLE,  a.     [L.  salvas,  safe  ;  salvo,  to  save.] 
Th;tt  may  he  saved,  or  received  to  everlasting  hap- 
piness ;  admitting  of  salvation  ;  as,  a  solvable  state. 
SAL'VA-BLE-NESS,  ».    SUate  of  being  salvable. 
SAL'VA-BLY,  adv.    In  a  salvable  manner. 
SAL'VAGE,  71.     [Fr.  salvage,  sauvagc,  from  L.  saluiw, 
salvo.] 

In  commerce,  a  reward  or  recompense  allowed  by 
law  for  the  saving  of  a  ship  or  goods  from  loss  at 
sea,  either  by  shipwreck,  fire,  &c.,  or  by  enemies  or 
pirates.  Park, 

SAL'VAOE.  for  Savage,  is  not  used.     [See  Savage.] 
SAI^Va'TION,  n.    [It.  salvazione;  Sp.  salvacion ;  from 
L.  salvo,  to  save.] 

I.  The  act  of  saving ;  preservation  from  destruc- 
tion, danger,  or  great  calamity. 

9.  Jlppropriatehj,  in  (Aeo/o^/,  the  redemption  of  man 
from  the  bondage  of  sin  and  liability  to  eternal  death, 
and  the  conferring  on  him  everlasting  happiness. 
This  is  the  great  salvation. 

GikWv  60IT0W  workpth  rr  J>ent^nce  to  saloalion.  —  2  Cor.  vli, 

3.  Deliverance  from  enemies;  victory.    Ez.  xiv. 


SAM 

4.  Remission  of  sins,  or  saving  graces.    Luke  xix. 

5.  The  Author  of  man's  salvation.    Ps.  xxvii. 

6.  A  term  of  praise  or  benediction.    Rev.  xix. 
SAL'VA-TO-RY,  n.     [Fr.  salvatoirc.] 

A  place  where  things  are  prcser\'ed  ;  a  rcpositoiy. 

Ifale. 
SALVE,  (siiv,)  n.     [Sax.  sealfe  ;  from  L.  s«/rTf.s-.] 

1.  An  adhesive  composition  or  substance  to  be  ap- 
plied to  wounds  or  sores;  when  t-pread  on  leather 
or  cloth,  it  is  called  a  Plaster. 

9.  Help  ;  remedy.  Hammond. 

SXLVE,  (eiiv,)  V.  t.    To  heal  by  applications  or  med 
iraments.     [Little  used.]  Spenser.     Ilnolcsr. 

9.  To  help  ;  to  remedy.     [Little  used.]       Sidney. 

3.  To  help  or  remedy  by  a  salvo,  excuse,  or  res- 
ervation.    [Little  used.]  Hooker.     Bacon. 

4.  To  salute.     [J^oi  tn  itsc]  Spenser. 
SAL'VER,  TI.    A  piece  of  plate  with  a  foot;  or  a 

waiter  on  which  any  thing  is  presented. 

Addison.     Pope. 
SAL-VIF'ie,  o.     [L.  satous  and/acio.] 

Tending  to  save  or  secure  safety.  [.0  bad  mord, 
and  not  used.]  Ck.  Rcliff.  Appeal. 

SAL'VO,  n.     [from  the  L.  salvo  jure,  an  expression 
used  in  reserving  rights.] 
An  exception  ;  reservation ;  an  excuse. 

Tlicy  admit  many  soiuos,  cautions,  and  renorvaUoiiB. 

K.  Charlet. 

2.  A  military  or  naval  salute. 

SAL  VO-LAT'I-LE,  [L.]  Volatile  salt.  [See  Vol- 
atile.] 

SAL'VO  PU-DO'RE,  [L.]  Without  ofT-nding  mod- 
esty. 

SAL'VO  SEJ^'SU,  [L.]    rrcscrving  the  sense. 

SAL'VOR,  n.    One  who  saves  a  ship  or  goods  at  sea. 
JVhcaton^s  Rqi. 

SA-Ma'-RA,w.  [L.]  An  indehiscent,  superior  fruit, 
containing  two  or  more  few-seeded,  indehiscent,  dry 

-  cells,  and  elongated  into  wing-like  expansions ;  as 
in  the  ash,  maple,  and  elm.  Lindlry. 

SA-MAR'I-TAN,  a.  Pertaining  to  Samaria,  the  ])rin- 
cipal  city  of  the  ten  tribes  of  Israel,  belonging  to  the 
tribe  of  Ephraim,  and,  after  the  captivity  of  those 
tribes,  repeopled  by  Cuthites  from  Assyria  or  Chal- 
dea. 

2.  A  term  denoting  the  ancient  characters  and 
alphabet  used  liy  the  Hebrews  before  the  Babylonish 
captivity,  and  retained  by  the  Samaritans. 

SA-MAR'1-TAN,  7i.  An  inhabitant  of  Samaria,  t>r 
one  that  belonged  to  the  sect  which  derived  their 
appellation  from  that  city.  The  Jews  had  no  deal- 
ings with  the  Samaritans. 

9.  The  language  of  Samaria,  a  dialect  of  the 
Chaldean. 

SAM'BO,  n.  The  offspring  of  a  black  person  and  a 
mulatto.  W.  Indies. 

SAME,  a.  [Sax.  same ;  Goth,  sama,  samo  ;  Dan.  sa7H)nr, 
same,  and  samyncuj  together ;  Sw.  samme,  same  ; 
Dan.  samlcr,  forsamler,  to  collect,  to  assemble;  Sw. 
samla,  forsmala,  id. ;  D.  zaam,  lameii,  together ;  ;n- 
vielen,  to  assemble;  G.  sammeln,  id. ;  Sax.  samod,  L. 
simul,  together  ;  Sax.  samnian,  semniaii,  to  assemble, 
to  sum  ;  VV.  sum,  sum,  amplitude  ;  sicm,  the  state  of 
being  together  ;  swmcr,  that  supports  or  keeps  togeth- 
er, a  beam,  Eng.  su?nmcr,  in  building.  We  observe 
that  the  Greek  apa  agrees  in  signification  with  the  L. 
simul,  and  Sax.  samod,  Sans,  sam,  together.  Sliall 
we  suppose,  then,  that  s  has  passed  into  an  aspirate 
in  this  word,  as  in  salt,  Gr.  /lAs,  or  has  the  Greek 
word  lost  s  ?  The  word  same  may  be  the  L.  idem  or 
ilem,  dialectically  varied.    The  primar>  sense  is  to 


set)  to  place,  to  put  together.    See  Ar. 


r 


dhamnm, 


to  draw  together,  to  set  together,  to  join,  to  collect. 
Class  Sm,  No.  33,  and  see  No.  43,  44.] 

1.  Identical ;  not  different  or  other. 

Tliou  art  the  same,  nnd  thy  years  shall  have  no  end.  —  Ps.  cii. 
The  Lord  Jesus,  tlie  eame  night  in  which  he  was  betrayed    Viok 
bread. —  I  Cor.  x\. 

9.  Of  the  identical  kind  or  species,  though  noi  the 
specific  thing.  Wc  say,  the  horse  of  one  country  is 
the  same  animal  as  the  horse  of  another  country. 
The  same  plants  and  fruits  are  jiroduced  in  the  same 
latitudes.  We  see  in  men,  in  all  countries,  the  same 
passions  and  the  same  vices. 

Til'  etliereaJ  vigor  is  in  all  the  same.  DryUn. 

3.  Tliat  was  mentioned  before. 

Do  but  think  how  well  the  aame  he  spends, 

Who  apende  liis  Uood  liis  country  to  relieve,  Datue!. 

4.  Equal ;  exactly  similar.  One  ship  will  not  run 
the  same  distance  as  another  in  the  same  time,  and 
with  the  same  wind.  Two  halls  of  the  same  size 
have  not  always  the  same  weight  Two  instruments 
will  not  always  make  the  same  sound. 

SAME,  adv.     [Sax.  sam.] 

Together.     [Obs.]  Sprtstr. 

SaME'NESS,  71.  Identity  ;  the  state  of  being  not  dif- 
ferent or  other;  as,  the  sameness  of  an  unchangeable 
being. 

2.  The  state  of  being  perfectly  alike  ;  near  resem- 
blance; correspondence;  similarity;  as,  a  samaicss 


FATE,  FaR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MeTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.— 
— 


SAN 

of  muniit-r  ;  a  sameness  of  sound  ;   the  sameness  of 

objects  in  a  !andsc:i]i8. 
SA'MI-AN  EARTH.   [Gr.  Xj/hc*.  the  isle.]   The  name 

of  a  marl  of  tv.'o  species,  ftuiiiLi iy  used  in  medicine 

as  an  astringent. 
SA'M1-A.\    ^ToNE,  n.     A  sort  of  polishing  stone 

from  the  Island  of  Samo3,  used  by  guldsiniths. 


SAN 


SS'MI-EL,  ) 
Sl-MOOM',  ) 


Ar.  fyt./M  samom.  The  Ar.  (t-AMt 

sahama^  signifies  to  be  thin,  or  to  become  thin  or 
jxile,  and  to  sulTer  the  heat  of  the  simoom,  and 


r* 


som7«a,  signifies  to  jtoison.    This  word  signi- 


fies, probably,  that  whicli  is  deleterious  or  destruc- 
tive.! 

A  not  and  destructive  wind  that  sometimes  blows 
in  Anibiu  and  the    adjacent   countries,  from  the 
desert. 
Sa'MTTE,  n.     [Old  Fr.]      A  species   of  silU  stufl'. 

\_Obs.]  Chancer. 

SA^'LET,  71.     A  little  salmon.  Walton. 

SAiMP,  H.  A  species  of  food  composed  of  maize 
broken  or  bruised,  boiled,  and  eaten  with  milk;  a 
dish  borrowed  from  the  natives  of  America. 

JVtfjr  En^lanih 
SAMTAX,  ».    A  Chinese  boat  from  12  to  15  feet  long, 
in  which  a   Chinese  family  lives  on   tlie  Canton 
Kiver,  where  there  are  said  to  be  40,000  such  boats. 

Smart. 
SAM'PIIiUE,  (sam'firc,)  n.     [Said  to  be  a  corruption 
of  Sahtt  Pierre.] 

An  Iierb  of  the  genus  Crilhinum.  The  golden 
samphire  is  of  tile  genu=:  Inula.  Fam.  of  Plants. 

Samphire  grows  on  rucks  near  the  sea-sliore,  where 
it  is  washed  by  the  salt  water.  It  is  used  for  pick- 
ling. MUer. 

In  Uic  United  States,  this  name  is  applied  to  Sali- 
cornia  herbacea,  which  is  called  glass-wort  in  Eng- 
land. 
SAM'PLE,  n.  [L  rjcmplum;  Sp.  and  Port,  excirplo ; 
It.  esnnpio ;  Fr.  exemple;  Arm.  eczempl;  Ir.  somplar, 
samJditchas,  from  sanUiml,  similar.] 

1.  A  specimen  ;  a  part  of  any  thing  presented  for 
inspection  or  intended  to  be  shown,  as  evidence  of 
the  quality  of  the  whole ;  as,  a  sample  of  cloth  or  of 
wheat.  Goods  are  often  purchased  in  market  by 
samples. 

I  dt-BSQ  this  Rs  a  sample  of  what  I  hope  wore  fully  to  JiscuEs. 

Woodtoard, 

2.  Example ;  instance.  .Addison. 
S.\JM'PLE,  V.  t.    To  show  something  similar. 

^^inswortJi, 
S.\M'PLER,  H.     [L.  exemplar,  supni.] 

A  pattern  of  work  ;  a  specimen  ;  particularly^  a 
piece  of  needle-work  by  young  girls  for  improvement. 
ShaJi.  Pope. 
SAM'SON'S-PoST,  n.  In  ships,  a  strong  por:t  re:-ting 
on  the  keelson,  and  supporting  a  beam  of  Ihs  duck 
over  the  held  j  also,  a  temporary  or  movable  pillar 
carrying  a  leading  block  or  pulley  for  various  pur- 
poses. Brandc. 

SAX'A-BLE,  a.      [L.  sanabilis,  from   sano^  to   heal; 
-  sanus,  sound.     See  Sound.] 

That  may  be  healed  or  cured  ;  susceptible  of  rem- 
edy, jifore. 
SA-X.\'TION,  n.     [h.  sanatio,  from  sano,  to  heal.] 
The  act  of  Iiealmg  or  curing.     [J^ot  used.] 

TVisema7i. 
SAN'A-TIVE,  a.     [L.  sano,  to  heal.] 

Having  the  power  to  cure  or  heal ;  healing  ;  tend- 
ing to  heal.  Bacon. 
SAN'A-TIVE-NESS,  n.    The  power  of  healing. 
SAN'A-TO-RY,  a.     Healing. 

2.  Tending    or  adaptL-d    to  guard  public  health. 
Sanitary  is  more  common. 
S.^JV  BEjX-PTO,  71.    A  robe  painted   with   hideous 
figures,  worn  by  persons  condemned  by  the  Inquisi- 
tion. 
SA.N'CK'-BELL,     i  7i.     The  same  as  SaintVbell, 
SAXCTE'-BELI,,  (      which  see.       Gloss.  ofJlrchit. 
SAXe'Tl  FI-CATE,  v.  t.    To  sanctify.    [JVut  in  use.] 

Barrow. 
SAN'e^TI-Fl-€A'TION,n.    rFr.,from  Low  L.  smictifi- 
catioy  from  sanctifico.     See  Sanctify.] 

1.  The  act  of  making  holy.  In  an  evangelical 
sense,  the  act  of  God's  grace  by  which  the  affections 
of  men  are  purified  or  alienated  from  sin  and  the 
world,  and  exalted  to  a  supreme  love  to  God;  also, 
the  state  of  being  thus  purified  or  sanctified. 

God  hath  from  the  beginning  chosen  you  to  s.-ilv:ition,  through 
tanoijkauon  of  the  Spini  and  belief  of  the  truth.  — 2  Thces. 
ii.     1  Pcu  i. 

9.  The  act  of  conserratinR  or  of  setting  apart  for 
a  sacred  purjwse;  consecration.  SiilUuirJlccf. 

8.\N'e'TI-FI-KD,  pp.  or  a.  Made  holy  ;  consecrated  ; 
set  apart  for  sacred  services. 

2.  Affectedly  holy.  Hume. 


at  sanctifies  or  makes  holy, 
ii  is,  by  wa>  of  cmiiKuce, 


,  to  render  pro- 


SAN€'TI-FI-ER,7i.    Ih  .. 

In  thcoloipj^  the  IIolv  J'j, 
denominaicd  the  ^^..^tifii 
SAXC'l'l-F?,  V.  t.  [Fr.  sauctijier;  It.  santificare ;  Sp. 
saiitijicar;  Low  I^.  sanctifico;  from  sanclus,  holy,  and 
facio,  to  make.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  to  cleanse,  purify,  or  make 
holy.  .Addison. 

2.  To  separate,  set  apart,  or  appoint,  to  a  holy,  sa- 
cred, or  religious  use. 

God  blessed  the  seventh  day  and  sanctified  it.  — Gcii.  ii. 

So  under  the  Jewish  dispensation,  to  sanctify  the 
altar,  the  temple,  the  priests,  &c. 

3.  To  purify,  to  prepare  for  divine  service,  and  for 
partaking  of  holy  things.    Ezod.  six. 

4.  To  separate,  ordam,  and  appoint  to  the  work 
of  redemption  and  the  government  of  the  church. 
John  s. 

5.  To  cleanse  from  corruption  ;  to  purify  from  sin  ; 
to  make  holy  by  detaching  the  affections  from  the 
world  and  its  defilements,  and  exalting  them  to  a 
supreme  love  to  God. 

Sa7tctiJ'^  them  Uirongh  tliy  truth;  thy  word  is  truth. —  John 
xvii.     Eph,  V. 

6.  To  make  the  means  of  holiness 
ductive  of  holiness  or  piety. 

Tlin'se  judsmenls  of  Gotl  are  the  more  welcome,  as  a  means 
which  his  mercy  hath  eanctijied  eo  tu  me,  aa  to  make  me 
rcpcut  of  that  unjust  act.  K.  Charles. 

7.  To  make  free  from  guilt. 

Thnl  holy  man,  amazed  at  what  lie  sxw, 

Made  hiisle  to  sanctt/y  llie  lliaa  by  Jaw,  Dryihn. 

8.  To  secure  from  violation. 

Trulli  guards  llie  post,  sanctifies  the  line.  Popt, 

To  sanctify  God;  to  praise  and  celebrate  him  as 
a  holy  being;  to  acknowledge  and  honor  his  Jioly 
majesty,  and  to  reverence  his  cliaractor  and  laws. 
Isa.  viii. 

Ood  saJictifes  himself,  or  his  name,  by  vindicating 
his  honor  from  the  reproaches  of  the  wicked,  and 
manifesting  his  glory.  Ezck.  xxxvi. 
SANe'TI-FS-ING,  ppr.  Making  holy;  purifying 
from  the  defilements  of  sin;  separating  to  a  holy 
use. 

2.  a.    Tending  to  sanctify ;  adapted  to  increase 
holiness. 
SANC'TI-FT-ING-LY,  adv.    In  a  manner  or  degree 

tending  to  sanctify  or  make  holv. 
SANC-TIL'O-aUENT,    a.      [iS.  sanetiis,  holy,  and 
loqitor,  to  speak.] 

Discoursins  on  heavenly  things. 
SANC-TLMo'iVi-OUS,  a.  "[L.  sanctivwnia^  from  sane- 
tu.-*,  holy.] 

Saintly  ;  having  the  appearance  of  sanctity  ;  as,  a 
sanctimonious  pretense.  UEstran  tc. 

S.ANC-TI-Mo'NI-OUS-LY,  adv.    With  sanctimony. 
SANC-TI-Mo'iM-OUS-NESS,  n.    State  of  being  sanc- 
timonious; sanctity,  or  the  appearance  of  it;   de- 
voutncsi. 
SAi\€'TI-!\IO-NY,  77.     [L.  sanethnonia.] 

Holiness  ;  devoutness  ;  scrupulous  austerity  ;  sanc- 
tity, or  the  appearance  of  it.     {^Little  used.] 

Shak.     Ralegh. 
S.ANe'TION,  (sank'shun,)  77.     [Fr.,  from  L.  sanctio, 
from  sanctns,  holy,  solemn,  established.] 

1.  Ratification  ;  an  official  act  of  a  superior  by 
which  he  ratifies  and  gives  validity  to  the  act  of 
some  other  person  or  body.  A  treaty  is  not  valid 
without  the  sanction  of  the  president  and  senate. 

2.  Authority  ;  confirmation  derived  from  testi- 
mony, character,  influence,  or  custom. 

The  slricteEt  professors  of  reason  have  added  the  sanction  of 
their  tesliraony.  Watts. 

3.  A  law  or  decree.    [Improper.]  Dciiliam. 
SANCTION,  (sank'shun,)  v.  t.    To  ratify ;  to  con- 
firm ;  to  give  validity  or  authority  to.  Burke. 

SANe'TION->:D,   (sank'shund,)  pp.    Ratified ;  con- 
firmed ;  authorized. 
SAN€'TION-ING,pjj/-.     Kalifving;  autiiorizing. 
SANG'TI-TUDE,  n.     [L.  sanc'tus,  sanctitiido.] 

Holiness  ;  sacredness.  Milton. 

SANC'TI-TY,  H.     [L.  sanctitas.] 

1.  Holiness;  state  of  being  sacred  or  holy.  God 
attributes  no  saiicttty  to  place.  Milton. 

2.  Goodness;  purity;  godliness;  as,  the  sanctity 
of  love  ;  sanctity  of  manners.  S/w/:.    Mdison. 

3.  Sacredness ;  solemnity  ;  as,  llie  sanctity  of  an 
oath. 

4.  A  saint  or  holy  being. 

About  him  all  tlic  sanclilics  of  ht-'aven.     [Unusual.]     Milton. 

SANe'TU-A-RIZE,  v.  t.     [from  sanctuanj.]    To  shel- 
ter by  means  of  a  sanctuary  or  sacred  privileges. 

Shak. 
[Jl  bad  word,  and  not  used.] 
SANCTU-A-RY,  (sankt'yu-a  re,)  7i.     [Fr.  sanctuaire ; 
It.  and  Sp.  santuario ;  L.  sanctuarium,  from  sanctus, 
sacred.] 

I.  A  sacred  place ;  particularly,  among  Me /A-racZi/M, 
the  most  retired  part  of  the  temple  at  Jerusalem, 
called  the  Hoi.y  of  Holies,  in  which  was  kept  the 
ark  of  llie  covenant,  and  into  which  no  ptrson  was 


SAN 

permitted  to  enter  except  the  high  priest,  and  that 
only  once  a  year,  to  intercede  for  the  people.  The 
same  name  was  given  to  the  most  sacred  part  of  the 
tabernacle.    Lev.  i.    Ilcb.  ii. 

2.  The  temple  at  Jerusalem.    2  Chron.  xx. 

3.  A  house  consecrated  to  the  worship  of  God  ;  a 
place  where  divine  service  is  performed.     Ps.  Ixxiii. 

Hence  sanctuary  is  used  for  a  churcli. 

4.  In  Roman  Catiiolic  cAurfA&j,  that  part  of  a  church 
where  the  altar  is  placed,  encompassed  with  a  bal- 
ustrade. Brandr. 

5.  A  placeof  protectiim  ;  a  sacred  asylum.  Hence, 
a  sancluary-man  is  one  that  resorts  to  a  sanctuary  for 
protection.  Bacon.     Skak. 

6.  Shelter  ;  protection. 

Sonte  relica  of  painting  took  tanctattry  under  ground.  Dryden. 
SAJ\'-€'TUM  SAJ^€-TO> RUM,  [L.]    Most  holy  place. 
SAND,  77.      [Sax.  5077^,-   G.  Sw.  and  Dan.  sand:  D. 
land.] 

1.  Any  mass  or  collection  oi"  fine  particles  of  stone, 
particularly  of  fine  particles  of  silicious  stone,  but 
not  strictly  reduced  to  powder  or  dust. 

That  finer  matter,  c-dlcii  sanJ,  b  no  other  than  ten  vtaW  prt>- 
bh'8.  Woodward. 

2.  Sands  ;  in  tlic  plural,  tracts  of  land  consisting  of 
sand,  like  the  deserts  of  Arabia  and  Africa  ;  as,  the 
Libyan  sands.  Milton. 

SAND,  i\  t.    To  sprinkle  with  sand.    It  is  customary 
among  the  common  people,  in  America,  to  sand  their 
floors  with  white  sand. 
2.  To  drive  upon  the  sand.  Burton. 

SAN'DAL,  77.  [Fr.  sandalc;  U.  sandalo  ;  Sp.  sandalia; 
h.  sandaliujn ;  Gr.  caioaXiop.  Q,u.  Syr.  jju  5dR,  to 
shoot.    Class  Sn,  No.  9.]  VT^ 

1.  A  kind  of  shoe,  consisting  of  a  sole  fastened 
to  tlie  foot.  The  Greek  and  Roman  ladies  wore 
sandals  of  a  rich  stuff,  ornamented  with  gold  or 
silver.  Pope.    Encyc. 

2.  A  shoe  or  slipper  worn  by  the  pope  and  other 
Roman  Catholic  prelates  when  they  officiate.  A 
like  sandal  is  worn  by  several  congregations  of  monks. 

Encyc. 
5      ^  y 
SAN'DAL,  )  -.        x^i. 

S.^"DAL-WOOD,  i    "■       [A^-    J^'-'^^    sonaddm; 
o  .3  O  J 
Pers.   JcX/m2»  jondol.] 

The  wood  of  the  Santalum  album,  which  is  a  low 
tree,  having  a  general  resemblance  to  the  Privet  or 
Prim.  Wlien  the  sandal-tree  becomes  old,  the 
harder  central  wood  acquires  a  yellow  color  and 
great  fragrance,  while  the  softer  exterior  wood  re- 
mains white  and  destitute  of  fragrance.  The 
former  is  what  is  called  yellow  sandal  wood,  and  the 
latter  likite  sandal-wood.  It  is  the  yellow  wood 
only  which  is  highly  esteemed  for  its  perfume,  and 
which  is  considered  so  valuable  for  nmsical  instru- 
ments, boxes,  cabinets,  ifcc.  This  article  grows 
chiefly  on  the  coast  of  Malabar  and  in  tlie  Indian 
Archipelago.     [See  also  SA^■DER^.] 

SAN'DAL-i^D,  a.     Wearing  sandals. 

SAN'DAL-I-FORM,  a.  Shapf-d  like  a  sandal  or 
slijiper. 

SAN'DA-RAG,      ^        ,,  .  .  ^  • 

BAN'DA-RACH,  \  "'  t^"  -'^"'^"^'''^^ ■  Ar.  (j.-_^,Na^ 
sandros.] 

1.  A  resin  in  white  tears,  more  transparent  than 
those  of  mastic.  There  is  re:tson  to  think  that  the 
produce  of  different  plants  takes  this  nante  when  it 
has  the  same  external  charactcis ;  but  what  may 
more  properly  be  called  sandarach  is  believed  to 
be  the  produce  of  Callilris  quadrivaivis  of  Roxburgh, 
and  Thyia  articulata  of  ^'aIJI.  It  is  used  in  powder, 
and  mingled  with  a  little  chalk,  l  >  prevent  ink  from 
sinking  or  spreading  on  paper,  i'his  is  t!ie  sub- 
stance denoted  by  the  Arabic  word,  and  it  is  also 
called  Varnish,  as  it  enters  into  the  preparations  of 
varnish. 

2.  The  combination  of  arsenic  and  sulphur,  called 
Realgar,  which  is  the  prolnsulphurtt  of  arsenic. 

SAND'-BAG,  n.  A  bag  filled  with  sand  or  earth, 
used  in  fortification. 

SAND'-BATH,  ji.  A  bath  made  by  warm  or  hot  sand, 
with  which  something  is  envelo[)ed. 

SAND'-BLTND,  a.  Having  a  defect  of  sight,  by 
means  of  which  small  particles  appear  to  fly  be- 
fore the  eyes.  S/uik. 

SAND'-BOX,  71.  A  box  with  a  perforated  top  or 
cover,  for  sprinkling  paper  with  sand. 

2.  An  evergreen  South  American  tree  of  the  genus 
Hura.  It  is  said  that  the  pericarp  of  the  fruit  will 
burst,  when  ripe,  witli  a  loud  report,  and  throw  the 
seeds  to  a  distance.  Loudon. 

SAND'-DRIFT,  n.     Drifting  sand. 

SAND'ED,  pp.  Sprinkled  with  sand;  as,  a  sanded 
floor. 

2.  a.     Covered  with  sand  ;  barren.        Mortimer. 

3.  Marked  with  small  spoU  ;  variegated  with 
spots  ;  speckled  ;  of  a  sandy  color,  as  a  hound. 

4.  Short-sighted.  ^''o^- 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.  — AN-'GER,  VI"CIOUS.— €  a-s  K  ,  Ci  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


SAP 


ivvn'-EF.I.  71.  A  li'^ti  of  ""■  S"^""  Ammodylis, 
"  h;.lon"in"  to  the  ccl  family.  Its  head  is  elonguted, 
?l  '  um"r  ^"w  br«or  tlm.,  the  under  one,  the  body 
c  lind  ic-d  with  scales  hardly  pL-rcept.ble  a.td  he 
n  deeply  forked,  l:  usually  buries  itself  in  the 
,oist4iid  after  the  retiringofthet.de.  Two  spe- 
cies of  ™nd-cel  arc  „oivrecognized,the  larger  usu- 
"lly  measuring  from  ten  to  filVeen  inches,  the  smaller 
sca'rcely  over  exceeding  seven  "r^«|>.t  ■»'=h?-  ^,.,. 

«  \N-DE-M."\'NI-AN,  ii.    A  follower  of  Robert  Sande- 

"man  who  held  to  Antinoraian  principles.  1  he  real 
fminder  of  the  sect  was  John  Glass,  whose  adherents 
lire  culled  Glassites.  n-  j  . . 

SANU'ER-LING,  „.    A  small  wading  bird,  allied  to 

the  dotlerel  an(f  to  the  sandpiper;  Arenaria  cahdns 

f  IVIt'vfr  jaranic. 

SAND'EUS,  n.  The  rod  Sanders  wood  sometimes 
called  "*'..<.«<W  vood,  is  the  produce  of  a  lofty  tree, 
the  Pterocm-pus  Santalinus,  a  native  of  India.  I  nis 
wood  has  a  bright  garnet-red  color,  and  ts  used  for 

its  coloring  matter.  .  /  ;  '''J'^^ , 

S\\'""  VEU   )n.    [Fr.sainrfeucrw,  or  saint  i/cverrc, 
<s'a\'1ii  '.   ■'X.  i      dross  or  recrement  of  glass.] 

Glass-ga'l  a  whitish  salt  which  is  cast  up  from 
the  mat-rials  of  glass  in  fusion,  and.floatuig  on  the 
to  U  kimmed  ofl'.  It  is  used  by  gliders  ot  iron, 
and  in  the  fusion  of  several  ores.  It  is  said  to  be 
good  for  cleansing  the  skin,  and,  taken  eternally,  is 

'iAND'^Fl'boD,  n.    A  vast  body  of  sand  moving  or 
"  borne  alon'g'lhe  deserts  of  Arabia.  lirnce. 

SAND'-UE.VT,  n.    The  heat  of  warm  sand  m  chemi- 

S.rNDTNE°S^'«.     [fromsaW!,.]     The  state  of  being 

sandy  ;  as,  the  sandincss  of  a  road. 
'  n  The  state  of  being  of  a  sandy  color. 
S  \n'd'ING,  vpr-    Sprinkling  or  covering  wit.)  sa:-.d. 
S  AND'ISH,  a.    [from  sand.]    Approaching  the  nature 

of  sand  ;  loose  ;  not  compact.  ,        i"' ,  r 

S.JnD'IX  n.     A  kind  of  minium  or  red  lead,  made  of 

"ceruse,  but  inferior  to  the  true  minium.  £»cjc. 

S  \ND'Pa-PEU,  11.    Paper  covered  on  one  side  w.th  a 

'line  "rittv  substance,  for  smoothing  and  pollsUmi;. 
=;  \N DTI  PER  ".    A  name  common  to  several  species 
"'of  wading  birds  of  the  woodcock  and  snipe  family, 

belonging  to  the  genera  Tetanus  and  I^'''"S|^^^^j.^^^_ 

S'VND'STONE,  v.  [mttl  and  slonc]  Sandstone  is, 
in  most  cases,  composed  chiefly  of  grains  of  quartz 
united  by  a  cement,  calcareous,  marly,  argi  laceous, 
o  even  silicious.  The  texture  of  some  kinds  is 
Lse,  of  others  close;  the  fracture  is  grannl.ar  or 

^"sai'idstones  usually  consist  of  the  materials  of 
older  rocks,  as  granite,  broken  up  and  conimiimted, 
and  afterward  deposited  again.  °i"'f  ,7  , 

^\ND'WrCH,  M.  Two  pieces  of  bread  and  butter, 
with  a  thin  slice  of  ham  or  other  salt  n.eat  between 
them  ■  said  to  have  been  a  favorite  dish  of  the  Earl 
of  Sandwich.  ,  „     ,     ^''f';.,, 

S\ND'VV(5KT,  r-wurt,)  n.  A  small  plant  of  the 
genus  ArenaJia.  ^  i°"''°"- 

SAND'Y,  a.     rSax.  sflTifZiff.] 

1  Abounding  with  sand;  full  of  sand;  covered 
or  sprinkled  with  sand  ;  as,  a  smdy  desert  or  plain  ; 
a  sandy  road  or  soil.  ,.j       „    „ 

2.  Consisting  of  sand ;  not  firm  or  solid  ;  as,  a 
.9rt?i(/7/ foundation. 

3.  Of  the  color  of  sand  ;  of  a  ycllowish-red  ctdor  ; 
as,  sa7idtj  hair.  >     ri 

S\XE  a.  TL.  sanus,  Eng.  sound;  D.  gnoni;  G.  p- 
'snnd.     This  is  the   Eng.  sound,  Sax.  snnd.      See 

''°i!''solind  ;  not  disordered  or  shattered;   healthy; 
as,  a  sane  body.  . 

o.  Pound  ;  not  disordered  ;  having  the  regular  ex- 
ercise of  reason  and  other  faculties  of  the  mind  ;  as, 
a  sane  person  ;  a  person  of  a  sane  mind. 

SaNE'NESS,  n.     State  of  bchig  sane  or  of  sound 
mind. 

P.^NG,  prct.  of  Sing. 

SAN"GA-REE',  n.    Wine  and  water  sweetened  and 

SAM-Q  FROID,  (sing-frwi,)  n.     [Fr.,  cold  Mood.] 

Coolness  ;  freedom  from  ajtitation  or  excitement  ol 

mind. 
9.  ludilTercnce. 
SAN'GI-.\e,  II.     A  Turkish  gov.Miior  of  a  sangiacatc, 

or  district  forming  part  of  a  pa-hawlic.  ISrandc. 
'SAN'GI-.'Ve.xTE,  ij.     A  division   of  a  Turkish  pa- 

shawlic.  .„  ^       Ilrandc. 

S\N"GUIF'ER-OUS,  (sang-gwifcr-ns,)  a.    [L.  san- 

nuifer  :  sanmiis,  blood,  and  fcn>,  to  carry.] 

Conveying  blood.     The  san^ruiferous  vessels  are 

the  arteries  and  veins. 
S.^N^'GUI-FI-Cx'TION,   n.     [Fr.,   from   I>.   sanguis, 
'  blood,  and /iicio,  to  make.]  ,,,     , 

In  tJie  animal  economy,  the  production   ol    blood  ; 

the  conversion  of  chyle  into  blond.  Arbnthnat. 

S  \N"GIJI-FI-ER,  71.  -'V  producer  of  blood.  Flaijcr. 
SAN"<5UIF'I.U-0US,  a.    [L.  sanguis,  blood,  and^uo, 

to  flow.]  , 

Floating  or  running  with  blood 


SAN"GUI-F7,  (sang'gwe-ft,)  v.  i.    To  produce  blood. 
S.\N"GUI-FS-ING,  ;ij>r.    Producing  blood. 
SAN"GUIN-A-RI-LY,  ado.    In  a  bloodthirsty  mau- 

SAN"GUIN-A-Ry,  (sang'gwin-a-re,)  a.    [Fr.  sanrui- 
nalre;  I.,  sanifuinarius,  from  sanguis,  blood. J 

1    liloody;' attended  with  much  bloodshed;  mur- 
derous ;  as,  a  sanguiuanj  war,  contest,  or  battle. 
2.  Bloodthirsty  ;  cruel ;  eager  to  shed  blood. 
Passion  —  mAcs  OS  ImiUl  ami  sangmnary.  Broome. 

S.\N"GUIN-.\-RY,  11.    A  plant  of  the  genus  Sangui- 

naria;  hloodwort.  ■*"''• 

SAN"GUINE,  (sang'gwin,)  a.     [Fr.  sangain  ;  L.  san- 
miincuJ,  from  sanffuU,  blood.] 

"  I    Red  ■  liavili"  the  cidor  of  blood  ;  as,  a  sangjunc 
color  or  countenance.  Dnjdcn.    Milton. 

2.    Abounding  with  blood  ;   plethoric ;  as,  a.  .lan- 
■Tuine  habit  of  bodv.     (  Technical.] 
"  3    VVarm  ;  ardent ;  as,  a  sanguine  temper. 

4.  Confident.    He  is  sani'uiiie  in  his  expectations 
of  success.  r ,-  .  ■  ^ 

S  \N"GUINE,  n.     Blood  color.    [JVb(  m  use.] 

Spenser. 
SAN"GUINE,  V.  I.    To  stain  with  blood.     [But  Es- 
SANGOiNi:  is  generally  used.] 
o    To  stain  or  varnish  wrth  a  blood  color. 
SAN"GUINE-LESS,  a.     Destitute  of  blood  ;  pale. 

r^  bad  icon/,  miii  Utile  used.] 
SAN"GUINE-LY,  (sang'gwin-le,)    a*'.      Ardently  ; 

with  confidence  of  success.  Chesterfield. 

SAN"GUINE-NESS,  ?i.    Redness ;  color  of  blood  m 
the  skill ;  as,  saniruineuess  of  countenance. 

2.  Fullness  of  blood;  plethory ;   as,  saii£-imicnKS 
of  habit. 

3.  Ardor;  heat  of  temper ;  conhdence. 
Decay  of  Piety. 

SA  N"GUIN'E-OUS,  a.     [L.  sangumciis.] 

1.  Abounding  with  blood  ;  plethoric.  Ariutlinot. 

2.  Constituting  blood.  .  Brown. 
SAN"GUIN'I-TY,  for  .Sasouinekess,  is  not  m  use. 

aioiji. 
SAN"GUIN-IV'OR-OUS,  a.     [L.  sanguis,  blood,  and 
voro,  to  eat.] 

Eatiii"  or  subsisting  on  blood. 
SAN-GUlN'0-LENT,  a.    Eloody. 
SAN"GUI-SUOE,  II.     [L.  sangu'miga ;  sanguis,  bloou, 
and  sugo,  to  suck.]  ,      ,       „ 

The  blood-sucker  ;  a  leech,  or  horse-leech.  Kncyc. 
SAN'HE-DRISI,  11.  [Low  L.  sijnedrium  ;  Gr.  cruiitiJ/n- 
oi',-  (7DIS  with,  togetlier,  and  i<!pa,  seat.]  .... 
The  great  council  of  the  Jews,  which  consisted  of 
seventy-one  or  seveiitv-two  members,  and  decided 
the  most  important  causes,  both  ecclesiastical  and 
civil.  •^'^' 

SAN'I-CLE,  n.     [from  L.  sann,  to  heal.] 

Self-heal  ;  the  popular  name  of  several  species  ol 
the  cenus  Sanicula  ;  and  it  is  said  also  of  some  spe- 
cies of  Saxifraga  and  Certora.  It  has  likewise  the 
popular  name  Herchera  Americana,  m  some  parts 
of  the  United  .States.  The  American  Bastard  bani- 
cle  is  a  species  of  Mitella.  ,     ..    ,  ,. 

Sa'NI-FS  n.  [L.]  A  thin,  reddish  discharge  froni 
wounds  or  sores  ;  a  serous  matter,  less  thick  and 
white  than  pus,  and  having  a  slight  tinge  of  red. 
S.^'NI-OUS,  a.  [from  sanies.]  Pertaining  to  sanies 
'or  partaking  of  its  nature  and  appearance  ;  thin  and 
serous,  with  a  slight  bloody  tinge ;  as,  the  sanious 
matter  of  an  ulcer.  . 

n  Excreting  or  effusing  a  thin,  serous,  reddish 
matter  ;  as,  a  sanious  ulcer.  .      'jf'"""'.' 

SAN'I-TA-RY,  a.     Pertaining  to  or  designed  to  secure 

health  ;  as,  sanitary  regulations. 
SAN'I-TY,  II.     [L.  saiiitu.5.     See  Sane.] 

Soundness ;  particularly,  a  sound  slate  ot  mind ; 
the  state  of  a  mind  in  the  perfect  exercise  of  reason. 

ahak. 
SAN'JAK,  Ti.    See  Sanciiac. 
SANK,  vret.  of  Sink,  but  nearly  obsolete. 
SAN'N.'{h,'i.    The  name  of  certain  kinds  of  India 

muslin.  CI   I- 

.StJJVS   nren.     fFr.l    Without.  Shah. 

s'AN'^eRIT  II.     According  to  II.  T.  Colchrooke,  San- 

"  scrit  signifies  the  polished  dialect.    It  is  sometimes 

written  Shanscbit,  and  in  other  ways.    Asiat.  Res. 

'tIi"  ancient  language  of  Ilindoostan,  from  which 
are  formed  all  the  modern  languages  or  dialects  of 
the  great  peninsula  of  India.  It  is  the  language  of 
the  Bramins,  and  in  this  are  written  the  ancient 
books  of  the  country  ;  but  it  is  now  obsolete.  It  is 
from  the  same  stock  as  the  ancient  Persic,  Greek, 
and  Latin,  and  all  the  present  languages  of  Europe. 

SAJ^  €U-LOTTES',  (s.ing  ku-lot',)  [Fr  without 
breeches.]  Ragged  fellows;  a  name  of  reproach 
given  in  the  first  French  revolution  to  the  extreme 
republican  party, 

SANS-eO'LOT-TISM,  ii.    Extreme  republican  prin- 

SAJ\rs''saa-Ci'',Csllng-soo-see',)  [Fr.]  Without  care  ; 
free  and  easy.  , 

S\N'T\-L[.N,  11.  The  coloring  matter  of  r.;d  samlel^ 
wood,  obtained  by  digesting  the  rasped  wood  in  al- 
coliid,  and  adding  water.  Brande. 


SA.M'THR.    See  Sauhteh.  .  .    .     ,  , 

.SAX'TO.N',  II.    A  Turkish  priest;  a  kind  of  deivis, 

regarded  liv  the  vulgar  as  a  saint.  Herbert. 

SAiN'TO-XIN,  11.  A  proximate  vegetable  principle 
'obtained  from  the  seed  of  the  Artemisia  santonua, 
or  soutiiernwood,  white,  crystallizable,and  bitterish. 

P  Cyc. 
SAP  Jl.     [Sax.  swp  ;  D.  zap  ;  G.  safl ;  Sw.  saft,  safer  : 
Dan.  siiyi,  same;  Fr.  seve;  .\rm.  sabr;  probably  lioin 


(low- 


softness  or  flowing,    au.  Pcrs.  X>j  •-alaJi.,  a 

'"!'  The  juice  of  plants  of  any  kind.  The  ascending 
sap  llows  in  the  vessels  of  the  alburnum  or  sap-wood, 
and  is  colorless,  while  the  descending  sap  llows  in 
tlie  vessels  of  the  hber  or  inner  bark,  and  is  olleii 
colored.  This  remark,  however,  is  applicable  to  ex- 
O'leuous  ]daiit«  only.  From  the  sap  of  a  species  ol 
inaple  is  made  sugar  of  a  good  quality  by  evapora- 

"a'The  alburnum  of  a  tree;  the  exterior  part  of 
the  wood,  next  to  the  bark. 

f  1  sense  in  <rciteral  use  m  JVcw  England.  ] 
«\P    V    I       [F'r.  super;  It.  zappare;  Arm.  sa;iya ;  It. 
''oiliia    a  spade  :  zappone,  a  mattock.     The  primary 
sriHC  is,  probably,  to  dig  or  to  thrust.] 

1.  To  undermine  ;  to  subvert  by  digging  or  wear- 
ing away ;  to  mine. 

Their  awdliiigs  were  sapped  by  flogtln.  Dn/rftii. 

n  To  iindormine  ;  to  subvert  by  removing  the 
foundation  of.  Discontent  s(i;is  the  foundation  ol 
happiness.  Intrigue  and  corruption  sap  the  constitu- 
tion of  a  free  government. 
SAP,  11.  i.  To  proceed  by  mining,  or  by  secretly  un- 
dermining. 

BoUi  iisiaiilu  arc  carried  on  by  sapping.  Taller. 

SAP  II.  In  siecres,  a  trench  for  undermining ;  or  an 
-  approach  made  to  a  fortified  place  by  digging  under 
cover  of  gabions,  &c.  The  single  sap  has  only  a  sin- 
cle  parapet ;  the  double  has  one  on  each  side,  and 
the  flying  is  made  with  gabions,  &c.  In  all  saps, 
tr.averscs  are  left  to  cover  the  men.  .  M"-''';. 

S\P'\-I(5U,  )  11.    The  sapajous  form  a  division  ot  the 
SAP'A-JO      i      monkey  family,  including  such  of  the 
monkeys  of  America  as  have  prehensile  tads.  ^^  ^ 

SA-PAN'-WOOD,  n.  A  dye-wood  yielded  by  a  spe- 
cies of  Caisal-pii.ia,  a  thorny  tree  of  Southern  -Asia 
and  the  neighboring  islands.  It  resembles  Bia/.il 
wood  in  color  and  properties.  P-  ^ij'- 

SAP'-eOL'OR,  (-kul'lur,)  n.  An  expressed  veget.ibh 
juice  inspissated  by  slow  evaporation,  for  Ihe^use  ol 
painters,  as  sap-green,  &c.  ParUe. 

SAP'-GREEN,  n.  A  light-green  pigment  iireparcd 
from  the  juice  of  the  ripe  berries  ol  the  Rliamnus 
catliarticus  or  buckthorn.  i'raiicis. 

SAP'ID,  a.     [L.  sapidus,  from  sttpw,  to  taste.J 

Tasteful ;  tastable  ;  having  the  power  of  affecting 
the  organs  of  taste;  as,  sajiW  water. 

"  Brown.     Arhuthnot. 

s  \  PID'I-TY     )  11.     Taste  ;  tastefulness  ;  savor  ;  the 
s'aP'ID  KESS,  i      quality  of  aflecting  the  organs  ol 

taste  •  as  the  sapidness  of  water  or  Iruit.       Boyle. 
SA'PI-ENCE,  II.     I  Fr.,  from  L.  sapicnlia,  from  sapio,  to 
taste,  to  know.] 
Wisdom  ;  sageness ;  knowledge. 

SliU  liM  grulilnde  and  eapienee 
To  spare  the  folks  dial  gi»e  l»ra  iia'iwnce.  !^trij!. 

Sa'PI-ENT,  a.    Wise  ;  sage  ;  discerning. 

TlKic  the  sapUnt  Uinj  held  ilalliince.  Milum. 

Sa-PI-EX'TI  AL,  (-shal,)  a.     Aflbrding  wisdom  or  in- 
structions for  wisdom.     [JVot  iiiiicA  ii.i«'.j 

Bp.  Richardson. 
St'PI-ENT-LY,  aiii.    Wisely  ;  sagaciously. 
s'^P'LESf^,  a.     [from  sap.]     Destitute  of  sap ;  as,  a 
saoless  liee  or  branch.  Swift.     Sliak. 

'.)    Drv  ;  old  ;  husky  ;  as,  a  .5a;i/css  usurer. 

^  '  Drij'un. 

SAP'LING,  11.     [from  sap.J     A  young  tree. 

Norse  U.C  saplings  Ull.  '«''»"• 

SAP-0-DIL'LA,  )7i.  In  iiitaiit/,  the  distinctive  term 
ZAP-O-TIL'LA,  for  one  of  tb.c  two  varieties  of 
Sapota  Achras,  (Miller.)  Also,  the  popular  name  of 
the  same  variety  ;  but  it  is  likewise  applied,  by 
many,  to  both  varieties.  Sapota  Achras  is  a  lar?.,, 
tall  and  straight  tree,  without  branches  for  ineie 
than  sixty  or  seventy  feet.  It  belongs  to  the  natural 
order  Sapotaceo!,  (Lindley,)  and  is  a  native  of  Me- 
ridional America.    Its  bark  is  used  m  medicine  as 

'"C^'piii.  ;  the  fruit  of  Sapota  Achras,  which 
is  variable  in  size  and  form,  being  globose,  oval,  or 
ovate,  and  about  the  size  of  an  ordinary  quince.  Is 
rind  is  rough,  brittle,  and  of  a  'l""-''"^''"  '=°'°,' ,  " 
flesh  is  a  dirty  yellowish-white,  very  soft,  and  ut- 
ile ouslv  sweet.  It  is  eatable  only  when  it  begins  to 
'hes  ol'^ed  and  then  it  is  much  used  i"  desser^- 
The  seeds  are  dark-colored  and  shining,  and  are  used 
in  medicine  .as  a  diuretic. 
«iAP  O-Na'CEOUS,  a.     [from  L.  sapo,  soap.J 

Soapy;  resembling  soap  ;  having  the  qu^Wres^f 


F.^TE.  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT. -METE,  PREY. -PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD. -NOTE.  DOVE,  MOVE^WOLF,  BOOK^ 


'.)>•() 


SAR 

soitp.     Saponaceous  bodies  are  compounds  of  an  acid 

nnii  a  bci^e,  and  are  in  reality  a  kind  of  sail. 
I   S.\r'0-NA-UV,  a.     Saponnceous. 
SA-Pe>.N-I-FI-eA'TIO-\,  n.    Conversion  into  soap. 
SvVroN  'I-FI-£D,  pp     Converted  into  soap. 
SA-PON'I-F1r,   r.  ^       [L.  sapoj   soap,  and  facio,    to 

make.] 
To  convert  into  soap.  Vre. 

SAP'O-NIX,  u.    \  peculiar  substance  from  the  root  of 

Saponaria  otficinalis  or  suapwort.    It  is  the  cause  of 

tlie  latiicr  which  the  root  forms  with  water.  Brande. 
SAP'O-XULE,  H.    An  imperfect  soap  formed  by  the 

action  of  an  alkali  upon  an  essential  oil. 
Sa'POR,  n.     [L,]    Taste;   savor;  relish ;  the  power 

of  affecting  the  organs  of  taste. 

There  is  some  sapor  in  aJl  aUmenlj.  Broxn. 

SAP-0-RIF'IG,  a.  [Fr.  saporifique ;  from  L.  saporzui^ 
fiicioy  to  make.] 

Having  the  power  to  produce  taste  ;  producing 
taste.  Bailey.     Johnson. 

SAP-0-ROS' I-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  a  body  by  which 
it  excites  the  sensation  of  taste. 

SAP'O-ROUS,  a.  Having  tJiste;  yielding  some  kind 
cf  taste.  Bailey. 

SA-Po'TA,  n.  In  botany^  the  name  of  a  tree  or  plant 
of  the  senus  Achras. 

SAP-P.\-D1L'L0-TREE,  n.  The  popular  name  of  a 
tree  of  the  genus  Sloanea.       Fam.  of  Plants.    Lee. 

SAP'PARE,  Tt.  A  mineral  or  species  of  earth,  the 
kyanite,;  called  by  Haiiy,  disthcne.  TJre. 

SAP'P£D,  (sapt,)  pp.    Undermined;  subverted. 

SAP  PER,  n.  One  who  saps.  In  an  armii,  sappers 
and  miners  are  employed  in  working  at  saps,  build- 
ing and  repairing  fortifications,  &c.  P.  Cue. 

S.\PTHIC,  (sarifc.)  a.  Pertaining  to  Sappho,  a  Gre- 
cian poetess;  as,  Sapphic  odes  ;  Sapphic  verse.  The 
Sapphic  verse  consists  of  eleven  syllables  in  five  feet, 
of  which  the  first,  fourth,  and  fifth  are  trochees,  the 
second  a  spondee,  and  the  third  a  dactyl.  The  Sap- 
phic strophe  consists  of  three  Sapphic  verses  followed 
bv  an  Adonic.  Brande. 

SAP'PHIRE,  (saTftre  or  saffer,)  n.      fL.  sapphirus; 

Gr.  c(i7r<pztpog  ;  from  the  Ar.  yX^M  ^ofara,  to  scrape, 

to  shine,  to  be  fair,  open,  beautiful ;  Ch.  Syr.  and 
Sam.  to  scrape,  to  shave.] 

Pure,  cr)'stallized  alumina.  It  occurs  in  hexagonal 
crjstals,  and  also  in  grains  and  massive.  The  name 
sapphire  is  usually  restricted  to  the  blue  crj-stals, 
while  the  bright  red  are  called  oriental  ruby  ;  the 
amethystine,  oriental  amethyst ;  the  dull,  massive  va- 
rieties, corundum  or  emery. 

Sapphire  is  nest  in  hardness  to  the  diamond.  Dana. 

SAP'PHIR-IXE.  a.    Resembling  sapphire ;    made  of 
sapphire  ;  having  the  qualities  of  sapphire.     Boyle. 
n-  A  mineral  of  a  pale-blue  or  green  color,  somewhat 
resembling  sapphire;  considered  by  some  as  a  vari- 
etv  of  spinel.  Dana. 

SAP''PI-XESS,  n,  [from  sappy.]  The  slate  or  quality 
of  being  full  of  sap  ;  succulence  :  juiciness. 

S.\P'PiXG,  ppr.    Undermining;  subverting. 

SAP'PV,  a.     rSax.  sarpia.] 

1.  Abounding  with  sap;  juicy  ;  succulent. 

2.  Young;  not  firm  ;  weak.  [Jilorthncr. 

^^'bcn  he  had  passed  this  weak  and  sapjy  .i»e.        Ilaywanl. 

3.  Weak  in  intellect. 

SAP'py,  a.    [Qr.  Gr.  crrro},  to  putrefy.] 
Mustv  ;  tainted.     [JVot  in  use.] 

SA-PROPH'A-G.\XS,  n.  pi.  A  tribe  nf  coleopterous 
insects  which  feed  on  animal  and  ■-.".stable  sub- 
stances in  a  state  of  decomposition.  Brande. 

SAP^-Sa'GO,  n.    A  kind  of  cheese  made  in  Switzer- 
land, having  a  dark-green  color  and  agreeable  flavor. 
Farm.  Eneyc. 

S AP'-TuEE,  n.  A  vessel  that  conveys  sap.  De  Candolle. 

SAP'-WOOD,  n.  The  alburnum.'or  exterior  part  of 
the  wood  of  a  tree,  next  to  the  bark. 

SAR'A-BA-ITE,  n.  One  of  a  sect  of  oriental  monks 
who  secede  from  ordinary  monastic  life. 

SAR'A-BAXD,  n.  [Sp.  zarabanda;  Port,  and  It.  sara- 
banda  ;  Fr.  sarabande.] 

A  grave,  Spanish  dance  to  an  air  in  triple  time  ; 
also,  the  air  itself.  Diet,  de  VAcad. 

SAR'A-CEX',  n.  An  Arabian;  so  called  from  sora,  a 
desert. 

SAR-.^-CEX'ie,         )  a.    Pertaining  to  the  Saracens, 

SAR-A-CEX'ie-AL,  j      inhabitants  of  Arabia. 

2.  Denoting  the  architecture  of  the  Saracens,  the 
modem  Gothic.  Johnson. 

SAR'eASM,  n.  [L.  sareasmus ;  Gr.  capKOUfio^^  from 
caoKci^o},  to  deride  or  sneer  at ;  primarily,  to  flay  or 
pluck  off  the  skin.] 

A  keen,  reproachful  expression  ;  a  satirical  remark 
or  expression,  uttered  with  some  degree  of  scorn  or 
contempt ;  a  taunt ;  a  gibe.  Of  this  we  have  an  ex- 
ample in  the  remark  of  the  Jews  respecting  Christ, 
on  the  cross,  "  He  saved  others,  himself  he  can  not 
save." 

SAR-€AS'Tie,         )  a.    Bitterly  satirical ;  scornfully 

SAR-eAS'Tie-.\L,  i      severe  ;  tauntmg. 

Whal  a  Qera  and  sarcatHc  reprehension  would  tItLt  liave  drawn 
from  the  frientlihip  of  the  world  !  .^oulh. 


SAR 

SXR-CAS'Tie-AL-LY,  ode.     In  a  sarcastic  wanner ; 

with  scornt'ul  satire.  Sontlt. 

SXRCE'XET,  n.     [Uu.  saracenicum  OTsaraccn^  silk.] 
A  species  of  fine,  thin,  woven  silk.         Drydcn. 
SAR'€0-€aRP,  n.     [Gr.  capl  and  icaoTo?.] 

In  botany,  the  fleshy  part  of  a  drupaceous  pericarp, 
situated  between  the  integument,  or  skin,  and  the 
pntamen,  endocarp,  or  stone.  Lindtey. 

SAR'€0-CELE,  n.  [Gr.  cao^,  flesh,  and  Kt}Xf},  tu- 
mor.] 

A  fleshy  and  firm  tumor  of  a  testicle,  with  a  sim- 
ple vascular  texture,  not  inflammatory.    It  is  the 
Sarcoma  vasculosum  of  Good. 
SXR'eO-€OL,         i  n.      [Gr.,  compounded  of  cao^, 
SAR'€0-€OL-LA,  j      flesh,  and  xoXXa,  glue.] 

A  semi-transparent,  solid  substance,  imported  from 
Arabia  and  Persia  in  grains  of  a  light-yellow  or  red 
color.  It  is  an  inspissated  sap,  supposed  to  be  pro- 
duced by  a  species  of  Pentea.  It  has  its  name  from 
its  supposed  use  in  healmg  wounds  and  ulcers. 

Encyc. 
SAR'eO-LIXE,  a.     [Gr.  cap^,  flesh.] 

In  mineralogiiy  flesh-colored.  Shepard, 

SAR'eO-LITE,  n.  [flesh-stone.]  A  name  of  a  variety 
of  analcime  from  Vesuvius.  It  has  been  also  applied 
to  a  variety  of  chabasite,  and  to  the  mineral  Hum- 
boldtite.  Dana. 

SAR-€0-L06'ie-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  sarcology. 
SAR-eOL'O-GY,  H.     [Gr.  capf,  flesh,  and  Xo>os,  dis- 
course.] 

Tliat  part  of  anatomy  which  treats  of  the  soft 
parts  of  the  body,  as  the  muscles,  fat,  intestines, 
vessels,  &c.  Encyc. 

SaR-Co'MA,  7(.     [Gr.,  from  c-qo^,  flesh.] 

Any  fleshy  and  fiim  tumor  not  inflammatory,  at- 
tended with  dull  sensations  and  sluggish  growth. 
There  are  numerous  varieties  of  sarcoma. 
SAR-eOPIl'A-GOUS,  (-kof  a-gus,)  a.    [Sec  Sabcofh- 

AGU3.]     Feeding  on  tlesh  ;  flesh-eating.  Diet. 

SAR-eOPH^\-GUS,  (-koPa-gus,)  n.  [L.,  from  Gr. 
cai}KOii)iiyo^ ;  aa^^,  flesh,  and  -^a)  cj,  to  eat.] 

i.  A  species  of  stone  used  among  the  Greeks  for 
making  coflins,  which  was  so  called  because  it  con- 
sumed the  flesh  of  bodies  deposited  in  it  within  a 
few  weeks.  It  is  otherwise  called  lapis  .^ssitu  or 
.^^sian  stune,  and  said  to  be  found  at  .\ssos,  a  city 
of  Lycia.     Hence, 

2.  A  stone  coflin,  or  tomb,  in  whicli  the  ancients 
deposited  bodies  which  they  chose  not  to  bum. 

Plinif.     Smith\<  Diet. 
SAR-€OPn'A-CV,(-kof'a-je,)n.    [Supra.]    The  prac- 
tice of  eating  flesh.  Brown. 
SAR-eOT'ie,  a.     [Gr.  <7.z/.f,  flesh.] 

In  surgery,  producing  or  generating  flesh. 
SAR-COT'ie,  n.    A  medicine  or  application  which 

promotes  the  growth  of  flesh  ;  an  incaraative.  Coxe. 
SAR-eU-LA'TiON",  n.     [L.  sarculatio,  a  raking.] 

A  raking  or  weeding  with  a  rake. 
SAR'DA-CHATE,  n.      A  sort  of  agate  containing 

sard.  Dana. 

SARD,  )  n.    A  mineral,  a  variety  of  chalcedony, 

SAR'DOIX^,  \       which  has  a  rich  brownish-red  color, 

but  when  held  bet  wepn  the  eye  and  the  light,  appears 

of  a  deep  blood  red  ;  camelian.  Ure. 


[L.  sardtjis  ;    Gr.   aaoSiOf  :    from 
Sardis,  in  Asia  Minor,  now  Sort.] 


SAR'DEL.     ) 
SAR'DIXE,  }    "• 
SAR'DI-US,  ) 

A  precious  stone.  One  of  this  kind  was  set  in 
Aaron's  breastplate.     Ezod.  xxviii. 

SAR'DIXE,  n.  A  Mediterrant;an  fish  of  the  herring 
family,  Engraulis  melett.^.  It  is  often  prepared  like 
the  anchov\',  as  a  delicacv.  P.  Cyc. 

SAR-DIX'I-AX,  a.  Pertai'ning  to  the  island,  king- 
dom, or  pcoi)le  of  Sardinia. 

SAR-DOX'ie,  a.  An  epithet  applied  to  tJiat  forced, 
heartless,  or  hitter  laugh,  or  grin,  which  but 
ill  conceals  a  person's  real  feelings.  It  is  derived 
from  the  Sardonicus  risiis^  (Sardonic  or  Sardonian 
laugh,)  a  spasmodic  affection  of  the  muscles  of  the 
face,  giving  it  a  horrible  appearance  of  laughter,  and 
said  to  be  produced  by  eating  the  Herba  sardonica,  a 
species  of  ranunculus,  that  grows  in  Sardinia.  It 
often  occurs  in  tetanus  or  locked-jaw  and  other  con- 
\'ulsive  affections.  P.  Cyc. 

SAR-DON'ie,  a.  Denoting  a  kind  of  linen  made  at 
Colchis.  Bryant. 

SAR'DO-NYX,  n.  [L.  sardonyckes^  from  Gr.  capf^^nw^, 
from  Sardis,  a  city  of  Asia  "Minor,  and  ovtif,  a  nail ; 
so  named,  according  to  Pliny,  from  the  resemblance 
of  iti  color  to  the  flesh  under  the  nail.  Plin.  Lib. 
37,0.] 

A  silicious  stone  or  gem,  nearly  allied  to  onyx.  Its 
color  is  a  reddish  yellow,  or  nearly  orange.  We  are 
informed  that  the  yellow  or  orange-colored  agate, 
with  an  undulating  surface,  is  now  often  called  sar- 
donir.  Encyc.     Cleaveland. 

SAR^I-GCE,  It.  The  popular  name  of  Didelphis  opos- 
sum, a  marsupial  mammal  of  Cayenne,  nearly  allied 
to  the  Vireinian  opossum. 

SaRK,  v.     [Sax.  syrc.] 
1.  (n  Scotland,  a  shirt, 
y.  A  shark.     [JVo«  vsed.] 

S.AR^LAG,  h.  The  Bos  Pcephagus  or  grunniens,  the 
grunting  ox  of  Turtary. 


SAT 

SAU-Ma'TIAN,  )  a.    Pertaining  to  Sarmatia  and  its 
SAR-MAT'I€,     S       inhabitants,  the  ancestors  uf  the 

Russians  and  Poles. 

SAR'.MEXT,  n.  A  prostrate  filiform  stem,  or  runner, 
as  of  tlie  strawberr)'.  Lindlry. 

.SAR-ME.\-'J'OSE',  i   a.    [L.  sarmentosus,  from  sarmen- 

SAR-.MEX'TOUS,  i        turn,  a  twig.] 

A  sarmcntose  stem,  in  botany,  is  one  that  is  long 
and  filifurm,and  almost  naked,  or  having  only  leaves 
in  bunches  at  the  joints  or  knots,  v/iiere  it  strikes 
root ;  a  runner.  Martyn. 

SARX,  II.  A  British  word  for  pavement  or  stepping- 
stones. 

SA-ROX'I€,  a.  Denoting  a  gulf  of  Greece  between 
Attica  and  Sparta.  D^j9ncUtr, 

SAR'PLAR,  ;i.  A  sarplar  of  wool  is  a  sack  contain- 
ing 80  tod ;  a  tod  contains  two  stone  of  14  iwunds 
each.  Eneyc. 

SAR'PLI-ER,  71.     [Fr.  serpiUi^re.] 

Canvas,  or  a  packing  cloth.  Bailey. 

SAR'A-SIN,       i   n.    A  plant,  a  kind  of  birthwort. 

SAR'RA-SIXE,  i  Badey. 

2.  A  portcullis  or  herse. 

SAR-SA-PA-RIL'LA,  i  n.    A  plant,  a  species  of  Smi- 

SaR'S.A.,  \      lax,  whose  root  is  valued  in 

medicine  fur  its  mucilaginous  and  farinaceous  or 
demulcent  qualities.  Encyc. 

SARSE,  n.     [Qu.  sarcenet,  or  Fr.  son.] 

A  fine  sieve  ;  usually  written  Seabce  or  Seabse. 
[Little  used.] 

S.KRSE,  V.  t.  [from  the  noun.]  To  siiY  through  a 
sarse.     [Little  used.] 

SART,  71.  A  piece  of  woodland  turned  into  arable. 
[JVot  used  in  Jimerica.]  BaUey. 

SAR-To'RI-US,  71.     [L.  sartor,  a  tailor.] 

Tlie  muscle  which  throwsone  leg  across  the  other, 
called  the  Tailor's  Muscle. 

SASH,  H.  [An  Arabic  word  signifying  a  band.  But 
this  word,  when  it  signifies  a  frame,  is  referred  by 
Ash  and  Bailey  to  the  French  chassis,  a  frame  for 
a  window,  which  is  the  chase  of  a  printing  press 
also.  Johnson  and  his  followers  mistake  the  mean- 
ing of  the  word.] 

1.  A  belt  worn  for  ornament.  Sashes  are  worn 
by  military  oflicers,  as  badges  of  distinction,  round 
the  waist  or  over  the  shoulders.  They  are  usually 
of  silk,  variously  made  and  ornamented. 

2.  The  frame  of  a  window  in  which  the  lights  or 
panes  of  glass  are  set. 

SASH'-FRaME,  71.  The  frame  in  which  sashes  are 
set  for  Eitass. 

SASH'Ou?.',  7(.  A  kind  of  leather  stuffing  put  into  a 
boot  fur  the  wearer's  ease.  JUnsworth. 

SAS'SA-FRAS,7i.  [L.  saxifraga;  sazwm,  a  stone,  and 
franco,  to  break.] 

A  tree,  the  Laurus  sassafras  of  Linn.TUS,  whose 
bark  has  an  aromatic  smell  and  taste. 

SASSE,  (sas,)  n.     [D.  sas.] 

A  sluice,  canal,  or  lock,  on  a  navigable  river  ;  a 
word  found  in  old  British  statutes.  Todd. 

SAS'SO-LIX^,     )   n.    Native    boracic  acid,  found  in 

SAS'SO-LI.VE,  (  saline  incrustations  on  the  bor- 
ders of  hot  springs  near  Sasso,  in  the  territor>'  <y' 
Florence.  Klaproth.    Brande. 

SAS'TR.A,  n.  Among  the  Hindoos,  a  law  or  institute>; 
applicd  particularly  to  institutes  of  religion,  consid- 
ered as  of  divine  authority.  The  w^ord  is  also  ap- 
plied, in  a  wider  sense,  to  treatises  containing  the  laws 
or  institutes  of  the  various  arts  and  sciences,  as 
rhetoric,  4tc.     [See  Shastra  and  Shaster.] 

Wilson's  Sanscrit  Dictionary. 

SAT,  prrt.  of  Sit. 

Sa'TAX,  h.  [Heb.,  an  adversary.]  The  grand  ad- 
versarj'  of  man  ;  the  devil  or  pnnce  of  darkness ; 
the  chief  of  the  fallen  angels. 

S.VTAX'ie,         }  a.    Having  the  qualities  of  Satan  ; 

SA-TAX'I€-AL,  (  resembling  Satan  ;  extremely  ma- 
licious or  wicked  ;  de>'ilish  ;  infernal. 

Dclest  die  slander  which,  with  a  satanic  sw.ile,  exulla  over  the 
ch:imcter  it  ba£  ruined.  Dicighl. 

SA-TAN'ie-AU-LY,  ode.    With  the  wicked  and  ma- 
licious spirit  of  Satan  ;  diabolically.         Hammond. 
Sa'TAX-ISM,  71.    The  evil  and  malicious  disposition 

of  Satan  ;  a  diabolical  spirit. 
Sa'T.'\X-IST,    h.      a  very  wicked  person.      [Little 

used.] 
SATCH'EL,  n.     [See  Sachel.]     A  little  sack  or  bag. 
S.\TE,   1-.   /.      [L.  satio  i    It.   saziarc ;    Port,   and   Sp. 
saciar ;    Fr.  rassasier;   allied    to  set.     The   primarj' 
sense  is,  to  stuff,  to  fill, from  crowding,  driving.] 

To  satiate ;  to  satisfy  appetite ;  to  glut ;  to  feed 
beyond  natural  desire. 

While  the  mlturp's  sou 
Th-;ir  maws  with  full  reiv^st.  PhUipt. 

SATE,  (sat,)  old  prci.  of  Sit,  for  Sat.  Shak.  Milton, 

SAT'ED,  pp.    Filled  ;  glutted  :  satiated. 

SaTE'LESS,  a.  Insatiable  ;  not  capable  of  being  sat- 
isfied. 

SAT'EL-LTTE,  77.  [Fr.  and  It.  satellite;  L.  sateUcs. 
Qu.  its  alliance  to  sit  or  side.] 

I.  A  secondarj-  planet  or  moon  ;  a  small  planet  re- 
volving round  another.  In  Uie  solar  system,  eighteen 
satellites  have  been  discovered.    The  earth  has  one. 


Tune,  bull,  unite.  — AN"GER,  VI"CI0US.  — e  as  K;  G  as  J;  S  as  Z;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

981 


SAT 

called  the  Tnoon,  Jupiter /our,  Saturn  5evm,  and  Her- 
schel  six.  Morse. 

'2.  A  follower;   an    obsequious  attendant  or  de- 
pendent. 
SAT-KL-Lt"TIOUS,  (-lish'ua,)  a.     Consisting  of  sat- 
ellites. Cheyne. 
Sa''J"IaTE,  (sa'shate,)  v.  t.     [L.  satiaiusj  from  satio. 
Sec  Sate.] 

1.  To  till ;  to  satisfy  appetite  or  desire  ;  to  feed  to 
tlio  full,  or  to  furnish  enjoyment  to  the  extent  of  de- 
sire ;  as,  to  satiate  appetite  or  sense. 

^3.  To  till  to  the  extent  of  want ;  as,  to  satiate  tlie 
earth  or  plants  with  water. 

3.  To  clut;  to  till  beyond  natural  desire. 

lit-  uvvy  be  satiated,  but  nol  aatL»ticd.  Nonia. 

4.  To  gmtify  desire  to  the  utmost. 


I  may  yd  survive  llic  inalic^^  of  my 
be  $adated  witii  my  bluud. 


alUioiigli  tlii^y  should 
K.  Charles. 


5.  To  saturate.    [JVoio  unusual.]    [See  Saturate.] 

JVeiotoii- 
SA'TIATE,  a.     Filled  to  satiety  ;   glutted  ;    followed 
by  witJi  or  of.    The  former  is  most  common  ;  as,  sa- 
tiate o/applausc.     [  (Jnusual.]  Pope. 
Sa-TI-a'TION,  (sa-shc-a'shunO  n.     The  stale  of  be- 
ing tilled.                                                       Whitaktr. 
SA-TI'E-TY,  n.     [Fr.  satlete  ;  L.  satietas.    See  Sate.] 
Properly^  fullness  of  gratification,  either  of  the  ap- 
petite or  any  sensual  desire  ;  but  it  usually  implies 
fullness  beyond  desire;   an  excess  of  gratification 
which  excites  wearisomeuess  or  loathing  i  state  of  be- 
ing glutted. 

In  all  pleasures  Ibure  la  saUely.  Hakcmll. 

Bill  thy  wonJs,  with  grace  diciiie 
Imbued,  bring  to  their  swcctuesa  no  aatietij.  Milton. 

SAT'IN,  n.     [Fr.  satin;  W.  sidan,  satin  or  silk  ;  Sw. 
siden ;  Port,  and  Sp.  scda  ;  It.  seta  ;  Gr.  and  L.  sindon  j 

Ch.  and  Heb.  p^D  ;  Ar.  aJ1<Xw  sidanah.] 

A  species  of  glossy  silk  cloth,  of  a  thick,  close 
texture. 
SAT-I-NET',  n.     A  thin  species  of  satin. 

2.  A  particular  kind  of  cloth  made  of  cotton  warp 
and  woolen  filling. 

SAT'IN-FLOVV-ER,  n.     A  plant  of  the  genus  Luna- 
ria. 

SAT'IN-SPaR,  71.     A  fine  fibrous  variety  of  carbonate 
of  lime,  having  a  pearly  luster.  Dana. 

SAT'IN-VVOOl),   n.      A  hard,   lemon-colored    wood 
from  India, "of  a  fragrant  odor,  used  in  cabinet-work. 

Francis. 

SaT'ING,  ppr.     Filling;  glutting;  satiating. 

SAT'tRE,  PL     [Fr.  satire;  Sp.and  L.satira;  so  named 
from  sharpness,  pungency.     See  Satyriasis.] 

1.  A  discourse  or  poem  in  which  wickedness  or 
folly  is  exposed  with  severity.  It  ditTers  from  Lam- 
poon and  PAsquiNADE,  in  being  general  rather  than 
personal.  Johjison. 

y.  Keenness  and  severity  of  remark.  It  ditfers 
from  Sarcasm  in  not  expressing  contempt  or  scorn- 

SA-TIR'ie,         ;         ri       ,■  V        ,■  ■       ^ 

SA-TUl'IC-AL  I         l'^' satiricus ;  Ft.  satinqac] 

I.  Belonging  to  satire ;  conveying  satire ;  as,  a  sa- 
tiric style. 

3.  Censorious  ;  severe  in  language.  Bacon. 
SA-TIR'ie-AL-LY,  adu.     With  severity  of  remark  ; 

with  invective ;  with  intention  to  censure. 
SAT'IR-IST,  n.    One  who  writes  satire. 

Wycherley,  in  his  wriling^,  is  the  sharjiest  saUricl  of  his  limp. 
_  . „ (JTanviUe. 

SAT'IR-iZE,  I',  t.     [Fr.  satiriser.] 

To  censure  with  keenness  or  severity. 

It  IB  as  hard  to  satirize  well  a  man  of  difitinguished  vica,  na  to 
praise  well  a  man  of  dislinjuished  virtues.  Swift. 

SAT'IR-IZ-ED,  fif.    Severely  censured, 
SAT'IR-IZ-I.\0,  ppr.    Censuring  with  sevcritv. 
SAT-IS-FAC'TION,  «.     [Fr.,  from  U  satisfictio  ;  It. 
soddisfaiionc.     See  Satisfy.] 

1.  Tliat  state  of  the  mind  which  results  from  ihs 
full  gratificatiun  of  desire ;  repose  of  mind  or  con- 
tentment with  present   possession  and   enioyment. 
Sensual  pleasure  arturds  no  permanent  sati^action. 
9,  The  act  of  pleasing  or  gratifying. 

Th<^  rciml  having  a  pvvcr  to  suspemt  the  execution  and  satis- 
faction or  Its  dfsires.  Locke. 

X  Repose  of  the  mind  on  the  certainty  of  any 
thing ;  that  sUile  which  results  from  relief,  from  sus- 
pense, doubt,  or  uncertainty ;  conviction. 

What  satie/aclioTi  Cj»n  you  have  i  Shak. 

A.  Gratification;  that  wliich  pleases. 

Kvchanjfing  solid  (|uicl  to  oblaia 

The  windy  tajisfaclion  of  the  brain.  Drydeu. 

5.  That  which  satisfies ;  araenda  ;  recompense ; 
compensation  ;  indemnification  ;  atonement.  Satis- 
faction for  damages  must  be  an  equivalent ;  but  satis- 
faction, in  many  cases,  may  consist  in  concession  or 
apology. 

6.  Payment ;  discharge  ;  as,  to  receive  a  sum  in 
full  satisfaction  of  a  debt;  to  enter  satisfaction  on 
rt-cord. 


SAT 

SAT-IS-FA€'TIVE,  a.  Giving  satisfaction.  [Lxitlc 
uscdf  or  not  at  aU.\  Brotcni. 

SAT-IS-FA€'TO-RI-LY,  adv.  In  a  manner  to  give 
satisfaction  or  content. 

2.  In  a  manner  to  impress  conviction  or  belief. 
The  crime  was  satisfactorily  proved. 

SAT-IS-FAC'TO-RI-NESS,  7t.  The  power  of  satisfy- 
ing or  giving  content ;  as,  the  satv^actorincus  of  pleas- 
ure or  enjoyment.  Boiile. 

SAT-IS-FA€'TO-RY,  a.  [Fr.  satifactoirc ;  Sp.  'satis- 
factorio.'\ 

1.  Giving  or  producing  satisfaction  ;  yielding  con- 
tent ;  particularly,  relieving  tlie  mind  from  doubt  or 
uncertainty,  and  enabling  it  to  rest  with  confidence  j 
as,  to  give  a  sati-factary  account  of  any  remarkable 
transaction.  A  judge  seeks  for  sfl(i,-i/tfcIori/ eviiicnce 
of  guilt  before  he  condeiuns. 

2.  Making  amends,  indemnification,  or  recom- 
pense ;  causing  to  cease  from  claims  and  to  rest  con- 
lent  ;  atoning;  as,  to  make  satisfactory  compensa- 
tion, or  a  satisfactory  apology  for  an  otTense. 

A  most  wi^  and  autlicient  iniMns  of  eulvalion  by  the  sali$f(Lctory 
and  meritorions  death  aul  obedience  of  Uie  incurnalo  Son  of 
God,  Jesus  Christ.  Satideraon. 

SAT'IS-FI-A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  satisfiod. 

SAT'IS-FI-i5D,  (fide,)  yp.  Having  the  desires  fully 
gratified  ;  made  content. 

SAT'IS-FI-ER,  n.    One  that  gives  satisfaction. 

SAT'IS-FV,  V.  t.  [L.  sathifacio ;  satis^  enough,  and 
/ac(o,  to  make;  Fr.  satisf aire ;  It.  soddisfarc;  Sp.  5a- 
tisfacer  ;  G.  satt^  D.  zat,  Dan.  sat,  filled,  satisfied.] 

1.  To  gratify  wants,  wishes,  or  desires  to  the  full 
extent;  to  supply  possession  or  enjoyment  till  no 
more  is  desired.  The  demands  of  hunger  may  be 
easily  ifai(.s;^e(Z  ,■  but  who  can  satisfy  the  passion  for 
money  or  honor? 

2.  To  supply  fully  what  is  necessary  and  demanded 
by  natural  law  ;  as,  to  satisfy  with  rain  the  desolate 
and  waste  ground.    Job  xxxviii. 

'3.  To  pay  to  content;  to  recompense  or  indemnify 
to  the  full  extent  of  clauns  ;  as,  to  suti-fy  demands. 

He  is  well  paid  that  is  well  satisjied.  Skak. 

4   To  appease  by  punishment ;  as,  to  satisfy  rigor, 

Jililton. 

5.  To  free  from  doubt,  suspense,  or  uncertainty  ; 
to  cause  the  miiul  to  rest  in  confidence  by  ascertain- 
ing the  truth  ;  as,  to  satisfy  one's  self  by  inquiry. 

G.  To  convince.  A  jury  must  be  satisfied  of  the 
guilt  of  a  man  before  they  can  justly  condemn  him. 

The  standing  evidcnC4?s  of  the  truth  of  the  gospel  arc  in  tliein- 
selves  moat  firm,  aoliii,  and  satisfying.  AUerbury. 

7.  To  pay ;  to  discharge ;  as,  to  satisfy  an  execu- 
tion. 

Debts  due  to  tlie  United  Stales  are  to  Ik  first  satisfied.      Wirt. 

SAT'IS-FV,  V.  i.  To  give  content.  Earthly  good 
never  salisfes. 

2.  To  feeil  or  supply  to  the  full. 

3.  To  make  payment. 

[But  the  intransitive  use  of  this  verb  is  generally 

ellipticalj 
SAT'IS-Fy-ING,  ppr.     Giving  content;   feeding  or 

supplying  to  the  full  extent  of  desire  ;  convincing ; 

paying. 
SAT'1S-F?-ING-Ly,  adv.     In  a  manner  tending  to 

satisfy. 
Sa'TIVE,  a.     [L.  satinusy  from  scro,  satum,  to  sow.] 
Sown  in  gardens,  Evelyn. 

Sa'TRAP  oK  SAT'RAP,  n.    In  Persia,  the  governor 

of  a  province.  P.  Cyc. 

SAT'RA-PAL,  a.     Pertaining  to  a  satrap  or  n  satrapy. 

Mitford. 
SAT'RA-PESS,  n.     A  female  satrap.  Mitford. 

SAT'RA-PY,  n.    The  government  or  jurisdiction  of  a 

satrap.  D'  Anvilh.     Milton. 

SAT'l|-RA-BLE,  a.     [See  Saturate.]     Tliat  may  be 

saturated  ;  capable  of  saturation.  Grew. 

SAT'U-RANT,  a.     [L.  saturans.] 

Saturating  ;  impregnating  to  the  full. 
S.\T'li-RANT,  71.     In  vicdicinc,  a  substance  which 

neutralizes  the  acid  in  the  stomach.  Coxe. 

SAT'U-RaTE,   (sat'yu-mte,)  v.  t.      [L.  saturo,  from 

satur,  filled  ;  satio,  to  feed  to  the  full.    Seo  Satk.] 

1.  To  impregnate  or  unite  with  till  no  more  can  be 
received.  Thus  an  hcUi  saturates  nn  alkali,  and  an 
alkali  saturates  an  acid,  when  the  solvent  can  con- 
tain no  more  of  the  dissolving  body. 

2.  To  supply  or  fill  to  fullness.  Thomson. 
SAT'U-Ra-TED,  pp.  or  a.     Supplied  to  fullness. 
SAT'Ij-RA-TING,  ppr.     Supplying  to  fullness. 
SAT-U-Ra'TION,  u.    In  a  general  sense,  a  filling  or 

supply  to  fullness.  In  cficmutnj,  the  union,  combi- 
nation, or  impregnation  of  one  body  with  another  by 
natural  attraction  or  atlinity,  till  the  rect-iving  body 
can  contain  no  more  ;  nr  solution  continued  till  the 
solvent  can  contain  no  more.  The  saturation  of  an 
alkali  by  an  acid  is  by  one  sort  of  afiinity ;  the  satu- 
ration of  water  by  salt,  is  by  anotiier  sort  of  allini- 
tv,  called  solution. 
SAT'UR-DAY,  w.  [Sax.  Smtcr-dtag ;  D,  Saturdag ; 
Saturn's  day.] 

The  seventh  or  last  day  of  the  week  ;  the  day  of 
the  Jewish  Sabbath. 


SAU 

SA-Tu'RI-TY,  71.     [L.  saturitas.    See  Saturate.] 
Fullness  of  supply  ;  the  state  of  being  saturated. 
[Littlr  used.] 
SAT'URN,  71.     [L.  Saturnus.] 

1.  In  mythology,  one  of  the  oldest  and  principal 
deities,  the  stuf  of  Ccclus  and  Terra,  (heaven  and 
earth,)  and  the  father  of  Jupiter.  The  name  in 
Greek  was  K/joi'ui;,  which  at  a  later  period  was  made 
equivalent  to  Xpoi'jff,  Time. 

2.  In  astronomy,  one  of  the  planets  of  the  solar 
.system,  next  in  magnitude  to  Jupiter,  but  more  re- 
mote from  the  sun.  Its  diameter  is  seventy-nine 
thousand  miles,  its  mean  distance  from  the  sun 
nearly  nine  hundred  millions  of  miles,  and  its  year, 
or  periodical  revolution  round  the  sun,  nearly  twen- 
ty*nine  years  and  a  half. 

3.  In  tko  old  chemistry,  an  appellation  given  to 
lead. 

4.  In  heraldry,  the  black  color  in  blazoning  the 
arms  of  sovereign  princes. 

SAT-URN-a'LI-A,  7t.  pi.  [L.]  Among  the  Romans, 
the  festival  of  Satuni,  celebrated  in  December  as  a 
period  of  unrestrained  license  and  merriment  for  all 
classes,  extending  even  to  the  slaves.      Smith''s  Diet. 

SAT-URN-a'LI-AN,  a.     [from  h.  saturnalia.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  saturnalia.     Hence, 

2.  Loose;  dissolute;  sportive.  Burke. 
SA-TURN'I-AN,  a.     In  fabulous  history,  pertaining  lo 

Saturn,  whose  age  or  reign,  from  the  mildness  and 
wisdom  of  his  government,  is  called  the  golden  age  ; 
hence,  golden  ;  happy  ;  distinguished  for  purity,  in- 
tegrity, and  simplicity. 

Th'  Aiigustua,  born  to  bring  Satumian  times.  Pope, 

SAT'URN-INE,  a.     [Fr.  satumicn,  from  L.  Saturnus.] 

1.  Supposed  to  be  under  the  influence  of  Saturn. 
Hence, 

2.  Dull;  heavy  ;  grave;  not  readily  susceptible  of 
excitement;  phlegmatic;  as,  a  saturnine  person  or 

-  temper.  Addison. 

3.  In  old  chemistry,  pertaining  to  lead  ;  as,  saturn- 
ine compounds.  SiUiman. 

SAT'URN-IST,  n.  A  person  of  a  dull,  grave,  gloomy 
temperament.  Browne. 

SA'J''URN-ITE,  77.  A  metallic  substance,  separated 
from  lead  in  torrefaction,  resembling  lead  in  its  color, 
weight,  solubility  in  acids,  &c.,  but  more  fusible  and 
brittle  ;  easily  scorified  and  volatilized.    \Obs.] 

KxTwan.     JVicholson.     Encyc. 

Sa'TYR,  (sa'tur,)  n.  [L.  satyrus ;  Gr.  aarvposi  a 
monkey,  a  fawn.] 

In  mythology,  a  sylvan  deity  or  demi-god,  repre- 
sented as  a  monster,  part  man  and  part  goat,  usually 
having  horns  on  his  head,  a  hairy  body,  with  the 
feet  and  tail  of  a  goat.  Satyrs  are  usually  found  in 
the  train  of  Bacchus,  and  have  been  distinguished 
for  lasciviousness  and  riot.  They  have  been  repre- 
sented as  remarkable  for  their  piercing  eyes  and 
keen  raillery.  Encyc.     P.  Cyc. 

S.-VT-Y-RI'A-'SIS,  n.     [Gr.  caTvpiaai^.     We  observe 
in  this  word  a  connection  with  satire,  in  the  sense  of 
excitement,  pungency.] 
Immoderate  venereal  appetite.  Coxe. 

SA-TYR'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  satyrs  ;  as,  satyric  trag- 
edy. P.  Cyc. 

SA-TYR'1-ON,  n.  A  plant,  supposed  lo  excite  salaci- 
ty. Pope. 

SAUCE,  n.  [Fr.  sauce  or  sau^se,  from  L.  salsus,  salt, 
trom  sal ;  Arm.  saus;  It.  and  Sp.  so^a'c] 

1.  A  mixture  or  composition  to  be  eaten  with  food 
fi»r  improving  its  relish. 

High  sauces  and  rich  spices  are  brought  from  the  Indies.  Baker. 

2.  In  JWic  England,  culinary  vegetables  and  roots 
eaten  with  tlesh.  This  application  of  the  ward  falls 
in  nearly  with  the  definition. 

Roots,  herbs,  vine-fnuts,  and  siil  ad -flowers  —  tlicy  dirb  up 
various  ways,  and  fuid  them  very  delicious  sauce  to  their 
mealb,  both  ro;isl';d  and  boiled,  fresh  and  salt. 

Beusrly,  Hist.  Virginia. 

Sance,  consisting  of  stewed  apples,  is  a  great  arti- 
cle in  some  parts  of  New  England  ;  but  cranberries 
make  tlie  most  delicious  sauce. 

To  serve  one  the  satue  sauce,  is  to  retaliate  one  injury 
with  another.     [  Vulgar.] 
SAUCE,  V,  t.    To  accompany  meat  with  something  to 
give  it  a  higher  relish. 

9.  To  gratify  with  rich  tastes ;  as,  to  sauce  the 
palate.  Shak. 

3.  To  intermix  or  accompany  with  any  thing  good, 
or,  ironically,  with  any  thing  bad. 

Then  fell  she  to  sauce  her  desires  with  thrciitcDings.     Sidney. 
Thou  saycBt  his  meal  was  sauced  with  thy  upbnutTmgs.    .S7iiMr. 

4.  To  treat  with  bitter,  pert,  or  tart  language. 
[Fulgar.] 

SAUCE'BOX,  n.     [trom  saucy.]     A  saucy,  impudent 

fellow.  Spectator. 

SAUCE'PAN,  71.     A  small  pan  for  sauce,  or  a  small 

skillet  with  a  long  handle,  in  which  sauce  or  small 

things  are  boiled.  Sw'ft. 

SAU'CER,  n.     [Fr.  saucicre  or  saussicrc] 

I.  A  small  pan  in  which  sauce  is  s  t  on  a  taLIe. 

Bacon, 
9.  A  piece  of  china  or  other  ware,  in  which  a  tea- 
cup or  cofiee-cup  is  set. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PREY. -PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.  - 

982  "^  ~~ 


SAV 

SAU'CI-LY»  adv.  [from  sauct/.]  Impudently;  with 
impertinent  bolduess ;  i>etula»tly.  Addison. 

SAU'CI-NESS,  n.  Impudence;  iinpcrtiueat  boldness; 
petulance ;  contempt  of  superiors. 

BranthaiL     Dryden. 

SAUC^IXG.  ppr.    Accompinying  meats  witli  some- 
"ihing  to  give  them  a  higher  relish. 
2.  Grarifying  with  rich  tastes. 

SAr'CISSE*       (  n.     [Fr.  sattcisse,  a  sausage,  from 

SAU'CI:^-t'OX,  S      sauce] 

In  mifCrtjT  or  gunnery,  a  long  pipe  or  bag,  made  of 
cloth  well  pitched,  or  uf  leather,  filJed  with  powder, 
and  extending  from  the  chamber  of  the  mine  to  the 
entrance  uf  the  gallery.  To  presen'e  the  powder 
from  dampness,  it  is  generally  placed  in  a  wooden 
pipe.  It  serves  to  communicate  fire  to  mines,  cais- 
sons, bomb-chests,  &c.  Saucisson  is  also  a  Ion? 
bundle  of  fagots  or  fascuQOs,  for  raising  batteries  and 
other  purposes.  Kncxic.     Srande. 

S.VL''CV,  a.  [from  sauce;  L.  salsu^s^  salt  or  salted. 
The  use  of  this  word  leads  to  the  primary  sense  of 
salt,  which  must  be  shooting  forward,  penetrating, 
pungent,  for  boldness  is  a  shooting  forwaid.] 

1.  Impudent;  bold  to  excess  ;  rude,  transgressing 
the  rules  of  decorum  ;  treating  superiors  with  con- 
tempt. It  expresses  more  than  Pert  j  as,  a  oaucy 
boy ;  a  saucy  fellow. 

2.  Expressive  of  impudence ;  as,  a  saucy  eye ; 
sauai  looks. 

S.iUER'KR.iUT,  (sour'krout,)  n.     [Ger.]    Cabbage 

preserved  in  brine  ;  a  favorite  German  dish. 

Buchanan. 
SAUL ;  an  old  spelling  of  Soul. 
SXUX'CIXG-BELL.    See  Sance-Bell. 
SaUN'DERS.    See  Sanders. 
SAUN'TER,  (san'ler,)  v.  L    To  wander  about  idly; 

as,  sauntering  from  place  to  place.  Dryden. 

2.  To  loiter;  to  linger. 
SaUN'TER,  n.    A  sauntering  or  place  for  sauntering. 

Young. 

Sa  L*\'TER-ER,  n.    One  that  wanders  about  idly. 
S.^CN'TEK-IXG,  ppr.  at  a,    Wandering  about  lazily 

or  idly ;  loitering. 
SaU.X'TER-IXG,  n.     The  act  of  wandering  lazily 

about  or  loitering. 

This  mast  not  nm  il  into  a  Uijr  sauntering  about  onlinair  things. 

Locke, 

SAUR,  n.    Soil ;  dirt  Grose. 

SXU'RI-A,  Tu  pi.    An  order  of  reptiles,  comprehend- 

ins  the  lizards,  alligators,  &c.     [See  Sacrias.I 
SAU'RI-AN,  a.    [Gr.  cavoog,  a  lizard.] 

Designating  an  order  of  reptiles,  the  sauria  or  sau- 

rians.  Ed.  Encyc. 

SAU'RT-AXS,  H.  pi.    An  order  of  reptiles,  including 

all  that  are  covered  with  scales,  and  have  four  legs, 

as  the  lizard. 
SAU'ROID,  a.    Resembling  the  lizards;  us,  sauroid 

hsh. 
SAU'SAGE.  n.     [Fr.  saucisse;  from  sauce,  L.  salsus.] 
The  intestine  of  an  animal  stuffed  with  minced 

meat  seasoned. 
SAUS'SITR-TTE,  n.     A  massive,  cle.ivable  mineral, 

so  named  from  M.  Saussure,  of  a  white,  greenish, 

or  grayish  color,  consisting  of  silica,  alumina,  lime, 

oxT.d  of  iron,  and  soda.    It  is  extremely  tough.  Dana. 
SaV'A-BLE,    a.      [from    save.]      Capable    of  being 

saved.  Chillingworth. 

SaV'A-BLE-NESS,  71,    Capability  of  being  saved. 

Chillingioorth, 
SAV'A6E,  a.     [Fr.  sauvage;  Arm.  sataich;  It.  sclvag- 

gio :  Sp.  salvage  ;  from  L.  sUvOy  a  wood,  or  silnicola, 

an  inhabitant  of  a  wood,  or  sUcaiicus.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  forest;  wild;  remote  from 
human  residence  and  improvements;  uncultivated; 
as,  a  savage  wilderness. 

ComeU  anJ  *ava^c  berries  of  tlie  wood.  Dryden. 

2.  Wild  ;  untamed  ;  as,  savage  beasts  of  prey. 

3.  Unctiilized ;  untaught;  unpolished;  rude;  as, 
savage  life ;  savage  manners.  Ralegh. 

What  nation,  since  ihe  commcnMnienl  of  the  Cbriitian  era,  ev<;r 
rose  from  sacage  to  crrilecti  wilbout  Christianity  r 

£.'.  D.  Grigin. 

4.  Cruel  ;  barbarous  ;  fierce ;  ferocious  ;  inhu- 
man :  brutal ;  as,  a  savage  spirit. 

SAVAGE,  n.  A  human  being  in  his  native  state  of 
rudeness ;  one  who  is  untaught,  uncivilized,  or 
withniit  cultivation  of  mind  or  manners.  The  sao- 
Gifes  of  America,  when  uncomipted  by  the  \ices  of 
civilized  men,  are  remarkable  for  their  hospitality  to 
strangers,  and  for  their  truth,  fidelity,  and  gratitude 
to  their  friends,  but  implacably  cruel  and  revengeful 
tov/ard  their  enemies.  From  this  last  trait  of  the 
savage  character,  the  word  came  to  signify, 

2,  A  man  of  extreme,  unfeeling,  brutal  cruelty ;  a 
barbarian. 

3.  The  name  of  a  genus  of  fierce,  voracious  flies. 

Diet.  jVoL  HhU 
SAVAGE,  V,  U    To  make  wild,  barbarous,  or  cmel. 

[JVot  icfU  authorized,  and  little  used,]  Tlwmsou, 

SAVAGE-LY,  adv.     In  the  manner  of  a  savage  ;  cru- 
elly :  inhumanly.  Shak. 
SAV'AGE-XESS,  n,    Wildness  ;  an  untamed,  uncul- 
tivated, or  uncivilized  state  ;  barbarism.    Hence, 


SAV 

2.  Cruelty ;  barbarousness. 

Wolves  and  bears,  Uiey  say, 
Casting  their  tavagcnies  a^ide,  luve  dono 
Like  oiaccs  of  pity.  SliaJc, 

SAVAGE  RY,  n.    Wild  growth,  as  of  plants.    Sliak. 
2.  Cruelty;  barbarity.  SliaJ:. 

SAVAG-IS.M,  n.  Tho  state  of  rude,  uncivilized  men  ; 
the  state  of  men  in  their  native  wildness  and  rude- 
ness. S.  S.  Smith,     IValsk, 

The  fficnfr  prtrt  of  modem  philosophers  ha.vc  decLired  for  die 
ori^ttal  savagism  of  men.  Er,cyc. 

SA-VAN'NA,  71.  [In  Spanish,  sabana  is  a  sheet  for  a 
bed,  or  a  large  plain  covered  with  snow.] 

An  extensive  open  plain  or  meadow,  or  a  plain 
destitute  of  trees,  and  covered  with  grass.    Locke. 

SA-VAjSTT',  (£d-v;ing',)  n.;  pi.  Savans.     [Fr.] 
A  man  of  Iciu-nihg ;  in  the  plural,  literary  men. 

SaVE,  c.  (.  [Fr.  sauvcr,  from  L.  salvo,  It.  salvare,  Sp. 
salvar.  As  salve  is  used  in  Latin  for  salutation  or 
wishing  hL'altl),  as  hail  is  in  English,  I  suspect  this 
word  to  be  from  the  root  of  heal  or  hail,  the  first  let- 
ter being  changed,  as  in  Gr.  aAj,  W.  luden,  salt.  See 
SaltJ 

1.  To  preserve  from  injur>',  destruction,  or  evil  of 
any  kind ;  to  rescue  from  danger ;  as,  to  save  a 
house  from  the  flames;  to  s-ace  a  man  from  drown- 
ing ;  to  save  a  family  from  ruin  ;  to  save  a  state  from 
war. 

He  ciied,  saying-.  Lord,  save  rae.  —  Matt.  xiv.    Gen.  xlv. 

2.  To  preserve  from  final  and  everlasting  destruc- 
tion ;  to  rescue  from  eternal  death. 

Christ  Jcsii3  came  into  tb:;  world  to  save  sinners.  —  I  Tim.  i. 

3.  To  deliver  ;  to  rescue  from  the  power  and  pol- 
lution of  sin. 

He  shall  save  his  people  from  their  sins.  —  Malt.  i. 

4.  To  hinder  from  being  spent  or  lost ;  as,  to  save 
the  expense  of  a  new  garment.  Order  in  all  affairs 
save.''  time. 

5.  To  prevent.  Method  in  affairs  saves  much  per- 
plexity. 

6.  To  reserve  or  lay  by  for  preservation. 

Now  save  a  natiou,  and  now  save  a  groat.  Pope. 

7.  To  spare ;  to  prevent ;  to  hinder  from  occur- 
rence. 

Wai  you  not  sneak  to  saoe  a  lady's  Uliish  ?  Dryden. 

Silent  and  unobserved,  to  save  his  tears.  Dryden. 

S.  To  salve  ;  as,  to  save  appearances.        Milton. 

9.  To  take  or  use  opportunely,  so  as  not  to  lose. 
The  ship  sailed  in  time  to  save  the  tide. 

10.  To  except ;  to  reserve  from  a  general  admis- 
sion or  account. 

Israel  burned  none  of  Uiem,  save  Haz-i^r  ouly.  —  Josh.  xi. 

Of  the  Jews  five  thtios  received  I  forty  stripes,  save  one.  —  2 

Cor.  xi. 
\_Save  is  here  a  verb  followed  by  an  object.    It  is 
the  imperative  used  without  a  specific  nominative ; 
but  it  is  now  less  frequenlly  used  than  except.] 
SAVE,  V.  i.    To  hinder  expense. 

Br<£9  orlnaiiw  saoe'Ji  in  UiC  quantity  of  the  malerLiI,     Bacon. 

SAVE' ALL,  n.  [save  and  aU.]  A  small  pan  inserted 
in  a  candlestick  to  save  the  ends  of  candles. 

Johnson. 
a.  Among  seamen,  a  small  sail  sometimes  set  under 
the  foot  of  anotJier  sad  to  catch  the  wind  that  would 
pass  under  it.  Totten. 

SAV£D,  pp.  Preserved  from  evil,  injury,  or  de- 
struction ;  kept  frugally  ;  prevented  ;  spared  ;  taken 
in  time. 

SAVER,  n.  One  that  saves,  preserves,  or  rescues 
from  evil  or  destruction  ;  as,  the  saver  of  tlie  coun- 
tr>'.  Swifu 

2.  One  that  escapes  loss,  but  without  gain. 

Dnjdcn. 

3.  One  that  is  frugal  in  expenses;  an  economist. 

Wottun. 
SAVIN,  n.     [Fr.  savinicr  ;  L.  and  Sp.  sabina.] 

An  evergreen  tree  or  shrub  of  the  genus  Juniperns. 
The  savin  of  Euro|»e  resembles  tlie  red  cedar  of 
.\inerica,  and  the  latter  is  sometimes  called  savin. 

Sigehiw. 
SAVING,  ppr.     Preserving  from  evil  or  deitruclion  ; 
hindering  from  waste  or  loss;  sparing;  taking  or 
using  in  time. 
2.  Excepting. 

'3.  a.  Frugal ;  not  lavish ;  avoiding  unnecessarj' 
expenses ;  economical ;  parsimonious.  But  it  im- 
plies less  rigorous  economy  than  Parsimonious;  as, 
a  saving  husbandman  or  housekeeper. 

4.  That  saves  in  returns  or  receipts  the  principal 
or  sura  employed  or  expended  ;  that  incurs  no  loss, 
though  not  gainful ;  as,  a  saving  bargain.  The  ship 
has  made  a  saving  voyage. 

5.  That  secure;^  everlasting  salvation ;  as,  saving 
grace. 

SAVING,  n.  Something  kept  from  being  expended  or 
lost. 

By  reducing  ihc  interest  of  ihe  debt,  the  natioQ  makes  a  saving. 

Anon. 

2,  Exception;  reservation. 

Contend  not  with  tliosc  that  are  too  Btrong  for  us,  hut  ttill  with  a 
saving  to  hom-ety.  Li'Estrtinge. 


SAW 

Sa  VING-LY,  adc.    With  frugality  or  parsimony. 
2   So  as  to  be  finally  saved  from  eternal  death; 
as,  savingly  converted. 
SAVING-NESS,  n.    Frugality;   parsimony ;  caution 
not  to  expend  money  without  necessity  or  use. 
2.  Tendency  to  promote  eternal  salvation. 

Johnson. 
SAVINGS-BANK,  n.    A  bank  in  which  the  savings 
or  earnings  of  the  poor  are  deposited  and  put  to  in- 
Jerest  for  their  benefit. 

IaVIOUR,  i  C-^^^'yur,)  n.     [Fr.  sauveur.] 

1.  One  who  saves,  preservss,  or  delivers  from  de- 
struction, or  danger.    2  Kings  xiii.  5.    Is.  six.  20. 

2.  Properly  and  appropriately^  ie^vi^  C\iusl,\he  Re- 
deemer, v.ho  has  opened  the  way  to  everlasting  sal- 
vation by  liis  obedience  and  death,  and  who  is 
therefore  called  the  Savior,  by  way  of  distinction, 
the  Savior  of  men,  the  Saciirr  of  the  world.  Gen- 
eral Wasliington  may  be  called  the  saver,  but  not 
the  savior,  of  his  country. 

SA'VOR,  n.  [Fr.  saveur^  L.  sapor;  W.  sawyr;  Arm. 
saour ;  from  L.  sapio^  to  taste.] 

1.  Taste  or  odor;  something  that  perceptibly  af- 
fects the  organs  of  taste  and  smell  ;  as,  the  savor  of 
an  orange  or  rose ;  an  ill  savor ;  a  sweet  savor. 

I  smell  sweet  saeors,  Sbak. 

In  Scripture,  it  usually  denotes  smell,  scent,  odor. 
Lev.  xxvi.     Ecclcs.  x. 

2.  The  quality  which  renders  a  thing  valuable  ; 
thy  quality  which  renders  other  bodies  agreeable  to 
the  taste. 

If  Uie  salt  haUi  lost  it^  savor.  —  MatL  r. 

3.  In  Scripture,  character  ;  reputation.    Ezod.  v. 

4.  Cause  ;  occasion.    2  Cor.  ii. 

Siseet  savor,  in  Scripture,  denotes  that  which  ren- 
ders a  thing  acceptable  to  God,  or  his  acceptance. 
Hence,  to  smell  a  siceet  savor,  is  to  accept  the  offering 
or  service.     Gen.  \iii. 
SA'VOR,  V.  i.    To  have  a  particular  smell  or  taste. 

2.  To  partake  of  the  quality  or  nature  of;  or  to 
have  the  appearance  of.  The  answers  savor  of  a 
himible  spirit ;  or  they  savor  of  pride. 

TTotton,    Milton. 

I  have  rejected  every  thin^  that  savors  of  party.         Addison. 

SA'VOR,  V.  t.    To  like  ;  to  taste  or  smell  with  pleas- 
ure. Shak. 
•2.  To  like  ;  to  delight  in  ;  to  favor.    Matt.  xvi. 

SA'VOR--ED,  pp.     Tasted  or  smelt  with  pleasure. 

SA'VOR-i-LY,  adtr.     [from  savonj.]    With  gust  or  ap- 
petite. Dryden. 
2.  VV^ith  a  pleasing  relish.                          Dryden. 

SA'VOR-I-NESS,  71.  Pleasing  taste  or  smell ;  as,  the 
savorincss  of  a  pine-apple  or  a  peach. 

SA'VOR-LESS,  a.  Destitute  of  smell  or  taste;  in- 
sipid. italL 

SA'VOR-LY,  a.    Vv^ell-seasoned  ;  of  good  taste. 

Sa'VOR-LY,  adv.     With  a  pleasing  relish.   Barrow, 

Sa'V011-V,  a.  [from  savor.]  Pleasing  to  the  organs 
of  smell  or  taste  ;  as,  a  sacury  odor.  Miltan. 

Make  me  savory  meat.  —  Gen.  xivii. 

SA'VOR-Y,  n.  [Fr.  savorcc]  An  aromatic  plant  of 
the  ct-nus  Satureia,  much  u:^cd  in  cooking. 

SA-VOY'',  n.  A  variety  of  the  common  cabbage, 
(Brassica  oleracea,)  much  cultivated  for  winter  use. 

Ed.  Encyc 

SAW,pre£.of  See. 

SAW,  7(.  [Sax.  saga;  G.  siige;  D.  zaag:  Sw.  saga  ; 
Dan.  sang  ;  Fr.  scie;  It.  scga.    See  the  verb.] 

1.  A  cutting  instrument  consisting  of  a  blade  or 
thin  jiiate  of  iron  or  steel,  with  one  edge  dent.ated  or 
toothed. 

2.  A  saying;  proverb j  maxim;  decree.  [Obs.] 
[See  Say.]  ShaJi. 

SAW,  v.  U  ;  pret.  Sawed  ;  pp.  Sawed  or  Sawic.  [G. 
sdgcn ;  D.  zaagen  ;  Sw.  saga ;  Dan.  saucer ;  Norm. 
seguar;  It.  segare,  to  saw,  cut,  reap;  L.  seco;  Fr. 
scicr  ;  allied  to  sickle.] 

1.  To  cut  with  a  saw  ;  to  separate  with  a  saw  ;  as, 
to  Sfia;  limber  or  marble. 

2.  To  form  by  cutting  with  a  saw ;  as,  to  saw 
boards  or  planks  ;  that  is,  to  saw  timber  into  boards 
or  planks. 

SAW,  V.  i.  To  use  a  saw;  to  practice  sawing  ;  as,  a 
man  saws  well. 

2.  To  cut  with  a  saw  ;  as,  the  mill  saws  fast  or 
well. 

3.  To  be  cut  with  a  saw  ;  as,  the  timber  saws 
smooth. 

SAW'DUST,7i.  Dust  or  small  fragmenU-J  of  wood  or 
'stone  made  by  the  attrition  of  a  saw.       Mortimer, 

SAW'KD,  pp.  or  a.  Cut,  divided,  or  formed  with  a 
saw. 

SAW'ER,  71.     One  tiiat  saws ;   corrupted  into  Saw- 

SAW'-FISH,  n.  A  fish  of  the  genus  Pri^tis,  of  sev- 
'eral  species,  closely  allied  to  the  sharks.  It  has  Uie 
upper  jaw  prolonged  into  a  long  beak  or  snout,  with 
spines  growing  like  teeth  on  both  edges.  The  saw- 
Ji,^h  is  said  to  be  one  of  the  most  formidable  enemies 
of  the  whale  tribe.  Jardinc's  JVaU  Lib. 

SAW'-FLT,  n.    One  of  a  genus  of  flies,  (Tenlhredo 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.— AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.— C  as  K;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH ;  TU  as  in  THIS. 


SAY 


SCA 


SCA 


Linn.)  liaving  ovipositors   somewliat  resembling  a 

handsaw.  ,  Pttrlmeloii. 

SAW-MILL,  n.    A  mill  for  sawing  logs  and  large 

■pieces  of  timber,  driven  by  water,  steam,  or  other 

power. 
SAWNEY,  n.    A  nickname  for  a  Scotchman,  cor- 

'runtcd  from  Sandii,  i.  e.  Alexander.  [Vulgar.] 

Oro.^c, 

PAW'-PIT,  Ti.  A  pit  over  which  timber  is  sawed  by 
two  men,  one  standinu  below  the  timber  and  the 
other  above.  .Mortimer. 

S!AW-S^ET,         j  n.    An  instrument  used  to  wrest  or 
SAW-WREST,  (      turn   tlio  teeth  of  saws  a  little 
outward,  that  they   may  make  a  kerf   somewhat 
wider  tlian  the  thickness  of  the  blade. 
SAW-WOR'r,  (-wurt,)   n.     A  plant   of  the   genus 
Scrratula,  so  named  from  its  serrated  leaves.    It  has 
the  habits  and  qualities  of  the  thistles. 
S.'VWYER,  n.    One  whose  occupation  is  to  saw  tnn- 
'ber  into  planks  or  boards,  or  to  saw  wood  for  fuel. 

«  In  Jmcrica,  a  tree  which,  being  undermined  by 
a  current  of  water,  and  falling  into  the  stream, 
lies  with  its  branches  above  water,  which  are  con- 
tinually raised  and  depressed  by  the  force  of  the 
current,  from  which  circumstance  the  name  is  de- 
rived. The  simvrrs  in  the  Mississippi  render  the 
navigation  dangerous,  and  frequently  sink  boats 
which  run  against  them. 
S.iX'A-TILE,  a.     [L.  saxatilis,  from  .Mxiim,  a  rock.] 

Pertaining  to  rocks  ;  living  among  rocks.  Hunter. 
S.\X-I-e.\'VOUS,  a.    [L.  saxum,  rock,  and  cava,  to 
hollow.]  .     ,    ,      . 

.\  term  applied  to  moUusks  which  live  in  holes  in 
rocks  made  either  by  boring  or  otherwise.      Dana. 
S.\X'I-FK.46E,  n.     [h.  saxifraga;    composed  of  iox- 
wm,  a  stone,  and  frango^  to  break.] 

A  medicine  that  has  the  property  of  breaking  or 
dissolving  the  stone  in  the  bladder.  But  in  botany,  a 
plant  of  the  genus  Saxifraga,  which  embraces  many 
species,  mostly  hardy  lierbs  growing  naturally  on  or 
among  rocks.  The  burnel  sarifrage  is  of  the  genus 
Pimpinella  ;  the  golden  aazifrase  is  of  the  genus 
Chrvsoplenium  ;  the  meadow  saiifrage  is  of  the  genus 
geg^li.  Encyc.     London. 

S.\X-IF'RA-GOUS,  a.    Dissolving  the  stone.    Brotm. 
SAX'ON,  n.     [Sa.\.  seaz,  a  knife,  sword,  or  dagger,  a 

Sa.^°"-]  .     .-         ,    J      ,. 

1.  One  of  the  nation  or  people  who  formerly  dwelt 
in  the  nortliern  part  of  Germany,  and  who  invaded 
and  conquered  England  in  the  fifth  and  sixth  cen- 
turies    The  Welsh  still  call  the  English  Sesoiw. 

2.  The  language  of  the  Saxons. 

S.AX'ON,  o.  Pertaining  to  the  Saxons,  to  their  coun- 
try, or  to  tlieir  language. 

P.\X'0.\-1!LUE,  n.  A  deep-blue  liipiid  used  in  dye- 
ing, and  obtained  by  dissolving  indigo  in  concen- 
tr.aed  sulphuric  acid.  Brande. 

SAX'ON-ISM,  71.    Au  idiom  of  the  Saxon  language. 

IVotton. 

SAX'ON-IST,  n.    One  versed  in  the  Saxon  language. 

S.aY,  v.  t. ;  prct.  and  pp.  Saio, contracted  from  Sayi;d. 
[Sax.  sircan,  saegan  t  G.  sagcnl  V.  zeggcni  Sw. 
sii<'a;   Dan.  sigcr ;   Ch.  riiD  or  nc,  to  speak  or  say. 


10.  To  argue  ;  to  allege  by  way  of  argument. 
.\fter  all  ihal  cin  bo  said  .ijninal  a  thins.  Til!.jlson. 

11.  To  repeat ;  to  rehearse ;  to  recite  ;  as,  to  saj 
a  lesson.  .     .        ,„, 

13.  To  pronounce  i  to  recite  without  singmg.   1  lien 
shall  be  said  or  sung  as  follows. 

13.  To  report ;  as  in  the  phrases,  it  is  said,  they 

14.  To  answer ;  to  utter  by  way  of  reply ;  to  tell. 

Say.  Stella,  frcl  you  no  content,  ^ 

Rtrlecling  on  a  life  well  spent  i  A'ici/(. 

JVote.  —  This  verb  is  not  properly  intr.ansitivc.  In 
the  phrase,  "  as  when  we  .vay,  Plato  is  no  ft>ol,"  the 
last  clause  is  the  object  after  the  verb  ;  that  is,  "  we 
saij  what  follows."  If  this  verb  is  properly  intran- 
sitive in  any  case,  it  is  in  the  phrase, "  that  is  to  say," 
hut  in  sucli  cases,  the  subsequent  clause  is  the  ob- 
ject of  the  verb,  being  that  which  is  said,  uttered,  or 
related. 
SAY,  ».     [Sax.  saga,  sagn.] 

A  speech  ;  somctliing  said,    [fn  popular  use,  but  not 
elegant.] 

■~      •  -     A  sample.     [Olis.]     Sidney. 

[Obs.]  Baijle. 


^l.AM    < 


,  signifies  to 


The  same  verb  in  .Arabic, 

sink,  Goth,  sigcan.  The  sense  of  the  root  is,  to  throw 
or  thrust.  Class  Sg,  No.  28.  Pers.  sacfom  a  word, 
speech.]  . 

1.  To  speak  ;  to  utter  in  words  ;  as,  he  said  noth- 
ing 1  he  said  many  things  ;  he  says  not  a  word.  Say 
a  good  word  for  me. 

It  is  observable  that,  although  this  word  is  radically 
synonvnious  with  Speak  and  Teli.,  yet  the  uses  or 
applications  of  these  words  are  different.  Thus  we 
say,  to  speali  an  oration,  to  tell  a  slory  ;  but  in  these 
phrases,  say  can  not  be  used.  Yet  to  say  a  lesson  is 
good  English,  though  not  very  elegant.  We  never 
use  the  phrases,  to  say  a  sermon  or  discourse,  to  say 
an  argument,  to  say  a  speech,  to  say  testimony. 

A  very  general  use  of  say  is  to  introduce  a  relation, 
narration,  or  recital,  either  of  the  speaker  himself,  or 
of  something  said  or  done,  or  to  be  done,  by  another. 
Thus  Adam  ynit/.  This  is  bone  of  my  bone;  Noah  said, 
Blessed  be  the  Lord  God  of  Shem.  If  we; say.  Vie 
have  no  sin,  we  deceive  ourselves.  Say  to  the  cities 
of  Judah,  Behold  your  God.  I  can  not  say  what  I 
should  do  in  a  similar  case.  Say  thus  precedes  a 
sentence.  But  it  is  perhaps  impracticable  to  reduce 
the  peculiar  and  appropriate  uses  of  say,  speak,  and 
ull  to  general  rules.  They  can  be  learnt  only  by  oh- 
servatitm. 

2.  To  declare.     Gen.  xixvii. 

3.  To  utter;  to  pronounce. 

Say  now  Shibboleth.  —Judges  xii. 

4.  To  utter,  as  a  command. 

GoJ  aai<l,  Let  there  be  light.  —Gen.  i. 

5.  To  utter,  as  a  promise.    Lnkc  xxiii. 

6.  To  utter,  as  a  question  or  answer.    Mark  \\. 

7.  To  affinn  ;  to  teach.    Matt.  xvii. 

8.  To  confess.    Luke  xvii. 
To  testify.    Aets  xxiv. 


9. 


S.\Y,H.     [ForAssAT. 

2.  Trial  by  sampl 
SaY,  71.     [Fr.  soie.] 

A  thin  silk.     {Otis.] 
SAY,     j  71.    In  commerce,  a  kind  of  serge  used  for  lin- 
SaYE,  (      ings,  shirts,  aprons,  &c.  Kiieyc. 

S.^Y'ING,   ppr.      Uttering    in    articulate    sounds  or 

words  ;  speaking  ;  telling  ;  relating  ;  reciting. 
SAY'ING,  71.     An  expression  ;  a  sentence  uttered  ;  a 
declaration. 

Moses  Hell  at  Ibia  saying.  —  Ads  vii. 

Ciwro  tre.isareil  up  the  sat/ings  of  Sctvola.        Middlelon. 

2.  A  proverbial  expression.    Mal>y  are  the  .<;ayings 
of  the  wise.  Milton. 

S€A1),  71.  [Sax.  sorb,  seeb ;  G.  schabe ;  Sw.  .ikabb  ; 
Dan.  skab ;  L.  scabie.^ ;  It.  seabbia.  It  seems  to  be 
connected  with  L.  scabo,  to  rub  or  scratch,  G.  schaben, 
to  shave,  W.  ysgubaw,  to  sweep,  L.  scabcr,  rough, 
D.  schob,  a  scale.] 

1.  An  iucrusted  substance,  dry  and  rough,  formed 
over  a  sore  in  healing. 

2.  .\  contagious  disease  of  sheep,  resembling  the 
mange  in  horses,  &c.  Farm.  Encyc. 

3.  A  mean,  tlirty,  paltry  fellow.     [Low.]     Shnk. 
SCAB'BARD,  71.    The  slicalh  of  a  sword.    Dnjdcn. 
Se.\n'l!ARD,  7..  (.    To  put  in  a  sheath. 
Se.-\1!'1!AIID-El),;i;i.     Put  into  a  sheath. 
SeAIi'BARD-ING,  ppr.     Sheathing. 
SeAB'BED,    (scabd   or  skab'bed,)  a.      [from  scab.] 

Abounding  with  scabs  ;  diseased  with  sctibs.  Bacon. 
2.  Mean  ;  paltry  ;  vile  ;  wortllless.  Dryderi. 

Se;\B'nED-NESS,  77.    Tlie  state  of  being  scabbed. 
S€.\B'BI-.NESS,  71.     [from    scabby.]     The  quality  of 

being  scabby. 
SBAB'BY,  a.     [from  scab.]     Affected  with  scabs  ;  full 
of  scabs.  Dryilcn. 

2.  Diseased  with  the  scab  or  mange  ;  mangy. 

Swift. 
Se.\'BI-OUS,  a.     [L.  sealiiosus,  from  scabies,  scab.] 
Consisting  of  scabs  ;  rough  ;   itchy  ;  leprous  ;  as, 
scabious  eruptions.  Arbutknot. 

SeA'BI-OUS,  71.     A  plant  of  the  genus  Scabiosa,  said 

to  be  useful  in  cutaneous  diseases.  Loudon. 

SCA-BRED'I-TY,  7i.     [L.  scabredo,  scabrities.] 

Rougliness  ;  ruggedness.     [Mot  in  use.]    Burton. 
SGa'BROUS,  a.     [L.  seabrosus,  scaher,  from  scabies, 
scab.]  . 

1.  Rough ;  rugged  ;  having  hard,  short,  rigid 
points.  Arbudmttt. 

2.  iiarsh  ;  unmusical.  B.  Jonson. 
S€a'BROUS-NESS,  71.     Roughness;  niggedness 
SCAR'WORT,  7(.    A  plant,  a  species  of  Helenium. 
Se.'\D,  71.     A  fish  of  the   genus  Caran.x,  (^Scomber 

trachiirus,  Linn.;)  also  called  HonsE  Mackerel. 

Jardmc^s  Mat.  Lib. 
se.AF'FOLD,  77.  [Fr.  echafaud ;  Arm.  chafod;  Ir. 
Kcafal;  It.  scaffalc;  D.  schamt ;  G.  scliafot;  Dan. 
skafot ;  perhaps  from  the  root  of  sliape,  as  form  is 
used  for  bencli.  The  last  syllable  is  the  h.fala.  In 
Cornish,  skaval  is  a  bench  or  stool,  and  this  word, 
sriiarot,  in  Dutch,  signifies  a  tailor's  bench,  xs  well 
as  a  scaffold.] 

1.  .\moug  builders,  all  assemblage  or  structure  of 
timbers,  boards,  or  planks,  erected  by  the  wall  of  a 
buililing  to  support  the  workmen. 

2.  A  temporary  gallery  or  stage  raised  either  for 
shows  or  spectators.  Milton. 

3.  A  stage  or  elevated  platform  for  the  execution 
of  a  criminal.  Sidney. 

Se/VF'FOLD,  V.  t.    To  furnish  with  a  scaffold  ;  to  sus- 
tain ;  to  uphold. 

SeAF'FOLD-.\GE,  7i.     .\  gallery;  a  hollow  floor. 

Shale. 

Se.\F'FOLD-ED,  pp.    Furnished  with  a  scaffold. 

Se7\F'FOLD-ING, ppr.     Furnishing  with  a  scaffold. 

Se.\F'FOLD-ING,  71.    A  frame  or  structure  for  sup- 
port in  an  elevated  place  ;  a  scaffold. 

2.  That  which  sustains  ;  a  frame  ;  as,  the  scaffolil- 
ing  of  the  body.  Pope- 

3.  Temporary  structure  for  support.  Prior. 
■1.  Materials  for  scaffolds. 


SeAG'LI-A,  (skal'ye-a,)  it.  [It.]  A  reddish  variety 
of  chalk.  ,  ,     .     Dana. 

SGAG-LI-O'LA,  (skal-ye-o'la,)  ti.  [It.]  A  species  of 
plaster  or  stucco  made  of  pure  gyp.sum,  with  varie- 
gated colors  in  imitation  of  marble.  Owitl. 

SCAL'A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  scaled. 

SeA-LADE',    71.     [Fr.  scalade;  Sp.  scalado ;  from  L. 

SCA-La'DO,  i     scd/a,  a  ladder.    See  Scale.J 

.\  storm  or  assault  on  a  fortified  place,  in  which 
the  soldiers  enter  the  place  by  means  of  ladders.  It 
is  written  also  Escalade. 

se.\-LAR'I-FORM,  a.  [L.  scalaris,  a  ladder,  and 
forma,  form.] 

Having  transverse  bars  and  spaces  like  a  ladder. 

Vana. 

SeA'LA-RY,  a.  Resembling  a  ladder ;  formed  with 
steps.     [Litllenscd.]  Brown. 

SCALD,  (skawld,)  ti.  (.  [It.  scaldare :  Sp.  and  Port. 
ei'caldan  Fr.  eeliauder,  for  eselialdcr ;  Sw.  skalla; 
Dan.  skaaUer;  U.sgallaim;  from  the  root  of  L.  cujro, 
catda,  calidiis.  I  suppose  the  primary  sense  of  calco 
is,  to  contract,  to  draw,  to  make  hard.] 

1.  To  burn  or  painfully  aflect  and  injure  by  im- 
mersion in,  (ir  contact  with,  a  liquor  of  a  boiling 
heat,  or  a  heat  approaching  it ;  as,  to  scald  the  lianil 
or  foot.  \Ve  scald  the  part,  when  the  heat  of  the 
liquor  aiiplicd  is  so  violent  as  to  injure  the  skin  and 
flesh.  Scald  is  sometimes  used  to  express  the  elicct 
of  the  heat  of  other  substances  than  liquids. 

Here  the  Uue  flames  of  ectUilins  hnmstone  fall.  Comlcij. 

2.  To  expose  to  a  boiling  or  violent  heat  over  a 
fire  or  in  w.ater  or  other  liquor ;  as,  to  scald  meat 
or  milk.  ,       ,  ■ 

Se.-\LI),  n.  [Supra.]  A  burn,  or  injury  to  the  skm 
and  flcsli  by  hot  liquor. 

SCALD,  71.     [tlu.  Sax.  scyll,  a  shell.] 

"Scab  ;  scurf  on  the  head.  Spenser. 

SCALD,  a.  Scurvy  ;  paltry  ;  poor  ;  as,  scald  rliymers. 
-  '"  .Sliak. 

SCAU),  77.  [Dan.  skialdrcr,  to  make  verses  ;  also,  a 
poet.  The  primary  sense  is,  probably,  to  make  or  to 
sing.  If  the  latter,  we  And  its  aflinities  in  G.  sekal- 
kn°X).  sckellen,  Sw.  skalla.] 

Among  the  ancient  Scandinarians,  a  poet ;  one  whijsc 
occupation  was  to  compose  poems  in  honor  of  distni- 
guished  men  and  their  achievements,  and  to  recite 
and  sing  tllem  on  public  occasions.  The  scalds  ot 
Denmark  and  Sweden  answered  to  the  bards  of  tlie 
Britons  or  Celts.  .  Mullet. 

SCALD'ED,  ii;7.  or  <7.  Injured  by  a  hot  liquor  ;  ex- 
posed to  boiling  heat.  . 

Scalded  cream ;  clotted  cream ;  cream  raised  from 
milk  by  heating.  Gardner. 

SCALD' ER,  71.    A  scald  ;  a  Scandinavian  poet. 

SCALD'-IIEAD,  (skawld'hed,)  7i  [See  Scald.]  A 
pustular  eruption,  niosllv  of  the  hiiiry  scalp,  m  winch 
the  pustules  are  indistinct,  often  distant  patches, 
gradually  spreading  till  the  whole  head  is  covered  as 
with  a  helmet;  skin  below  the  scabs  red,  shining, 
dotted  with  papillotis  apertures,  excreting  fresh  mat- 
ter ;  roots  of  the  hair  often  destroyed.  It  is  the  Por- 
rigo  galeata  of  Good. 

SCALD'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  scalds  or  poets  ol  an- 
titiuity  ;  composed  by  scalds.  fVarton. 

SCALD'ING,  ppr.  or  <i.  Burning  or  injuring  by  hot 
liquor.  , 

2.  Exposing  to  a  boiling  heat  in  liquor. 

SCALD'ING-HOT,  a.    So  hot  as  to  scald  the  skin. 

SCXLE  71.  [Sax.  scale,  sceale;  D.  scliaal,  a  -icide,  a 
bowl,  saucer,  or  dish,  and  a  shell,  uniting  the  Sax. 
scale  and  seell ;  G.  schale,  a  scale  or  balance,  a  dish, 
bowl,  skell,  peel,  or  paring ;  Dan.  sical,  a  shell ;  sUlcr, 
to  shell,  peel,  or  pare  ;  skid,  a  fish  scale  ;  Sw.  skal, 
a  shell  ;  Fr.  eeailtc ;  ecaiUcr,  to  scale  or  peel ;  ecale,:i 
shell :  ecaler,  to  shell ;  echelte,  a  scale  or  ladder  ;  It. 
scairlia,  Ihe  scale  of  a  fish;  seala,  a  ladder  ;  L.irf., 
Sp°f«a;<i.  Scale,  a  shell  and  a  dish,  is  probably  from 
peeling  or  paring,  that  is,  separating ;  but  whether  a 
simple  or  compound  word,  (cs-ca!,  ex-cal,)  1  do  nut 
know.  If  the  sense  is,  to  strip,  it  coincides  with  the 
Gr.  iT\iiAa'.i,  to  spoil.]  .,      ■    i      , 

1  The  dish  of  a  balance  ;  and  hence,  the  balance 
itself,  or  whole  instrument ;  as,  to  turn  the  scale. 

Long  lime  in  even  scaJe 
The  battle  hung.  Milan. 

But,  in  general,  we  use  the  plural,  scaii^s,  for  the 
W'hole  instrument. 

The  eenlfs  arc  turned ;  her  kintlncss  weighs  no  tnoi-e 

Now  Uian  my  vows.  yyaller.  ^ 

2.  The  Sceiles,p!.. ;  the  sign  of  the  Balance,  or  Li- 
bra, in  the  zodiac.  Creech. 

3.  The  small,  thin  plate,  shell,  or  crust,  which 
composes  a  part  of  the  covering  of  a  fish  ;  and  hence, 
any  thin  layer  or  leaf  exfoliated  or  separated  ;  a  tliin 
lamina  ;  as,  scales  of  iron  or  of  brne.  Sharp. 

The  scales  of  fish  consist  of  alternate  layers  ot 
membrane  and  phosphate  of  lime.  The  scales  of  ser- 
pents are  composed  of  a  horny  membrane,  without 
the  calcareous  phosphate.  Ure. 

4.  A  ladder  ;  series  of  steps  ;  means  of  ascending. 
[h.  seala.] 


Addison. 
:>    The  art  of  storming  a  place  by  mounting  the 
walls  on  ladders  ;  an  escalade,  or  scidade.  MiUon. 


F.ATE,  FXR,  fall,  WIIAT.-MeTE,  PREY.-PINE,  marine,  BIRb  -  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK. 


i)84 


SCA 

6.  A  malJieraatical  instrument,  of  wood  or  metal, 
on  which  are  marked  lines  and  figures,  for  iho  pur- 
pose of  measuring  distances  or  extent;  as,  a  plain 
scale;  a  diagonal  scale. 

7.  Regular  gradation ;  a  series  rising  by  steps  or 
degree?,  like  those  of  a  ladder.  Thus  we  speak  of 
the  scale  of  being,  in  which  man  occupies  a  higher 
rank  than  brutes,  and  angels  a  higher  rank  than 
man. 

S.  Any  instniment,  figure,  or  scheme,  graduated 
for  the  purpose  of  measuring  extent  or  proportions; 
as,  a  map  drawn  by  a  scale  of  half  an  inch  to  a 
league. 

9.  In  music,  a  gamut ;  or  a  series  of  lines  and 
spaces  rising  one  above  another,  or  falling  one  below 
another,  on  which  notes  are  placed  ;  or  a  scale  con- 
sists of  the  regiilrtr  gradations  of  sounds.  A  scale 
may  be  limited  to  an  octave,  or  it  may  extend  to  the 
compass  of  any  voice  or  instrument.  Encyc. 

10.  Any  thing  graduated  or  marked  with  degrees 
at^  equal  distances. 

SCaLE,  r.  (.     [It.  scalare,  from  scala,  a  ladder.] 

1.  To  climb,  as  by  a  ladder;  to  ascend  by  steps  ; 
applied  to  t^c  walls  of  a  furtijied  place,  to  mount  in 
assault  or  storm.   ■ 

Oft  have  I  scaled  the  craai^y  oak.  Spenser. 

9.  [from  scale,  a  balance.]  To  measure  j  to  com- 
pare ;  to  weigh. 

Seeling  his  present  beariug  with  his  past.  Shr.'i. 

3.  [from  scale,  the  covering  of  a  fish.]  To  strip  or 
clear  of  scales  ;  as,  to  scale  a  fish. 

4.  To  take  off  in  thin  lamens  or  scales. 

5.  To  pare  off  a  surface. 

It  all  Uie  mountaics  wcis  scaled,  and  the  e:txtli  mad^  even. 

Burnel. 

G.  In  tJie  north  of  Englaiid,  to  spread,  as  manure  or 
loose  substances  ;  also,  to  disperse  ;  to  waste, 

7.  In  gunnery,  to  clean  the  inside  of  a  cannon  by 
the  explosion  of  a  small  quantity  of  powder.  Totten. 
SCALE,  r.  (.  To  separate  and  come  off  in  thin  layers 
or  lamiuEC. 

The  old  sh'.lU  of  iJie  lofcstcr  scale  cIT.  Bacon. 

SCaIj'ED,  pp.  Ascended  by  ladders  or  steps  ;  cleared 
of  scales  ;  pared  ;  scattered. 

2.  Having  scales  like  a  fish  ;  squamous  ;  as,  a  scahd 
snake. 

SeALE^LES^,  c    Destitute  of  scales.      S.  L.  MitchilL 

SCA-LeNE',       \  a,    [Gr.  CKaXrivozy  oblique,  unequal, 

SeA-LK'XOUS,  i  allied  probably  to  gk^Sioh  G. 
schel,  schiel,  D.  scheel,  squinting  ;  Dan.  skielcr,  to 
squint.] 

Ascalaie  triangle,  is  one  whose  sides  and  angles 
are  unequal. 

S€A-LkXE',  n.    A  scalene  triangle. 

S€aL'ER.  n.     One  who  scales. 

SeA'LI-.\E.-?S,  7J.  [from  scaly.]  The  state  of  being 
scaly  :  roughness. 

SCaL'IXG, /ipr.  Ascending  by  ladders  or  steps  ;  storm- 
ing. 

2.  Stripping  of  scales. 

3.  Peelini! ;  parins. 
SeAL'LXG-L.AJXDER,  H.  A  ladder  made  for  enabling 

troops  to  scale  a  wall. 
S€AI^T-6'LA.    See  Scacliola. 
SGALL,  n,     [See  Scald  and  Scald-Head.]     Scab ; 

scabbines5 ;  leprosy. 

It  is  .1  (Iry  scall,  even  a  leprosy  on  Uje  liertd.  —  I,-_v.  siii. 

2.  ,\  mean,  scabby  fellow.  ShaJ:. 

SCAL'LIOX,  (skal'yun,)  ti.  [It.  scalogno  ,  L,.  ascalo- 
nia ;  Fr.  echalote,  whence  our  skalot ;  so  named,  prob- 
ably, from  its  coats,  shell,  scale.} 

A  plant,  the  Allium  Ascalonicum,  which  grows 

about  Ascalon  in  Palestine.     It  is  the  wildest  of  all 

the  cultivated  species  of  the  parlic  and  onion  genus. 

It  is  propagated  by  means  of  the  cloves  of  its  bulbs. 

S€AL'LOP,  (skoriup,)  H.     [This  is  from  the  root  of 

shell,  scale :  coinciding  with  scalp,  D.  schulp,  a  shell.] 

1.  A  shell-fish,  or  testaceous  mollusk,  of  the  genus 

I       Pecten  of  Lamarck.  The  shell  is  bivalvular,thc  hinge 

!       toothless,  having  a  small  ovatcd  hollow,  from  which 

alternate  ribs  and  furrows  usually  run  diverging  to 

the  margin  of  the  shell.    There  are  numerous  species 

used  for  food,  some  of  which  are  found  in  the  seas 

of  most  climates.    The  shell  occurs  in  abundance  on 

I       the  coast  of  Palestine,  and  was  formerly  worn  by 

i       pilgrims  as  a  mark  that  they  had  been  to  the  Holy 

I       Land. 

!  2.  A  recess  or  cur^'ing  of  the  edge  of  any  thing, 

I  like  the  segment  of  a  circle.  Written  also  Scollop, 
I  SCAL'LOP,  r.  t.  To  mark  or  cut  the  edge  or  border 
I      of  any  thing  into  segments  of  circleg.  Orat/. 

SeAL'LOP-£D,  (skoi'lupt,)  pp.  or  a.    Cut  at  the  c"dge 

or  border  into  sc^.ncnis  of  circles. 
S€AL'LOP-ING,iv>r,   Cutting  the  edge  into  segments 

of  circles. 
SCALP,  71,   [D.  sc>elp,  or  sektdp,  a  shell.    The  German 
has  himschale,  brain-shell.    (See  Scale.)    But  qii. 
the  Ch.  Syr,  and  Ar.  t)Sp,  to  peel,  to  bark,  and  L. 
acalpoA 

1.  The  skin  of  the  top  of  the  head  ;  as,  a  hairless 
seaJp.  Shak. 

2,  The  skin  of  the  lop  of  the  head  cut  or  lorn  off. 


SCA 

A  scalp,  among  the  Indians  of  America,  is  a  trophy 
of  victory. 

SCALP,  V.  t.    To  ileprive  z{  tbc  sc^ilp  or  integuments 
of  the  head.  Sharp. 

SCALP'£D;  (skilrt,)  pp.    Deprived  of  the  skin  of  the 
head. 

SCALP'EL,  n.     [L.  scatpeUum,  from  scalpo,  to  scrape.] 
In  surircnj,  a  knife  used  in  anatomical  dissections 
and  surgical  operations.  Brandc. 

SCALP'EK,  /  n.    An  instrument  of  surgery 

SCALP'ING-I-RON,  \      used  in  scraping  foul  and  ca- 
rious bones  ;  a  raspatory.  Encyc.    Parr. 

SC.VLP'IXG,  ppr.    Depriving  of  the  skin  of  the  top  of 
the  head. 

SCALP'ING-KNIFE,  (-nTfe,)7i.   A  knife  used  by  sav- 
ages in  scalping  their  prisoners.  Cooper. 

SCAL'Y,  (I.    [from  scale.]    Covered  or  abounding  with 
scales  ;  rough  ;  as,  a  scaly  fish  j  the  scaly  crocodile. 

jMilton. 

2.  Resembling  scales,  lamin.'B,  or  layers. 

3.  Mean  ;  scabby  ;  as,  a  scaly  fellow.  [See  Scall.] 
[f'arious  dialects  in  England.]  Hallowell. 

4.  In  botany,  compared  of  scales  lying  over  each 
other  ;  as,  a  scaly  bulb  ;  having  scales  scattered  over 
it  ;  as,  a  scaly  stem.  Jiftirtyn. 

SeAL'V-\VL\G-£D,  a.     Having  wings  with  scales, 

Klrbij. 
SCAM'BLE,  I'.  I.    [D.  schommden,  to  stir,  to  shake.] 

1.  To  stir  quick;  to  be  busy;  to  scramble;  to  be 
bold  or  turbulent.  Shak. 

2.  To  shift  awkwardly.  J\Iore. 
SCA^I'IILE, )?.  t.  To  mangle;  to  maul.  Silortivitr. 
SCA-AI'IILER,  n.     A  bold  intruder  upon  the  generosity 

or  hospitality  of  others.  Stcevens. 

SCA M'BLIN'G,  ppr.    Stirring  ;  scrambling  ;  intruding. 
SCA.^l'BLING-LV,  adv.    With  turbulence  and  noise  ; 

\\\i\\  bold  intrusiveness. 
SC  VM-Mo'NI-ATE,  a.    [from  scammony.]    Rlade  witli 

scamniony.  Wiseman. 

SCA.M'.MO-NY,  71.     [L.  scamvionia,  from  the  Persian.] 

1.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Convohnilus, 

2.  An  inspissated  sap  obtained  from  the  plant  Con- 
volvulus Scammonia,  of  a  blackish-gray  color,  a 
nauseous  smell,  and  a  bitter  and  acrid  taste.  It  is 
used  in  medicine  as  a  cathartic.  The  best  scammony 
comes  from  Aleppo,  in  light,  spongy  masses,  easily 
friable.  That  of  Smyrna  is  black,  ponderous,  and 
mixed  with  extraneous  matter,     Fourcroy.    Encyc. 

SCAMP,  n.     [See  Scamper.]     A  great  rascal. 

Halliwell. 
[Used  in  various  dialects  in  England,  and  vulgarly 
u,^ed  in  jimerica.] 
SCAM'PER,  V.  i.     [D.  schampcn,  to  slip  aside ;  Fr.  r,^- 
campcr;  li.  scampare,  io  escape,  to  save  one's  self; 
.tram;jo,  safety ;  campare,  to  preserve,  to  fly,  to  escape  , 
Sp.  cscampar,  to  clear  out  a  place.] 
To  run  with  speed  ;  to  hasten  escape,    jidilison. 
SGAM'PER-ING,  ppr.    Running  with  speed  ;  hasten- 
ing in  fiight. 
SCAN,  r.  (.     [Fr.  scander  ;  Sp.   cscandcr  ;  It.  scandirc, 
scandcrc,  to  cHmb,  to  scan.    The  Italian  is  the  L.  as- 
cendo.     See  Ascend.] 

1.  To  examine  with  critical  care  ;  to  scrutinize. 

The  actions  of  men  in  iiigli  sUili(iiis  are  all  conspicuous,  and 
liable  to  be  scanned  and  siricd.  AUerbury. 

2.  To  examine  a  verse  by  counting  the  feet ;  or, 
according  to  modern  usage,  to  recite  or  measure 
verse  by  distinguishing  the  feet  in  pronunciation. 
Thus  in  Latin  and  Greek,  a  iiexameter  verso  is  re- 
solved into  six  feet  by  scanning,  and  tlie  true  quanti- 
ties are  determined. 

SCAN'DAL,  71.  [Fr.  scandale;  It.  scandalo  ;  Sp.  cscaii- 
dfdo  {  L.  scandal  tun  ;  Gr.  uKui'^aXop  ;  Ir.  scannail, 
slander.  In  Greek,  this  word  signifies  a  stumbling- 
block,  something  against  which  a  person  impinges, 
or  which  causes  him  to  fall.  In  Sax.  scaiule,  sronde, 
signifies  shame,  confusion,  dishonor,  infamy;  D. 
sciiande,  id.  ;  scJutndaal,  reproach,  scandal ;  G.  sckande, 
shame;  schduden,  to  mar,  disfigure,  spoil,  violate; 
Dan.  skicndcr,  to  abuse,  dcfr.me,  tc. ;  Sans,  .ichinnde 
iir  isliianda,  scanilal.  In  Arm.  scandal  is  a  quarrel. 
The  primary  sense  of  the  root  must  be,  to  drive,  to 
thrust,  or  to  strike  or  cast  down.] 

1.  Offense  given  by  the  faults  of  another. 

His  lustful  orgies  he  cnlnrgrd 
Even  lo  the  hill  of  scandal.  MiUon. 

[In  this  sense  we  now  generally  use  Offense.] 

2.  Reproachful  aspersion  ;  opprobrious  censure  ; 
defamatory  speech  or.  report;  something  uttered 
which  is  false  and  injurious  to  reputation. 

My  known  virtue  is  from  scntvlal  free.  DiifUn. 

3.  Shame ;  reproach  ;  disgrace.  Such  is  the  per- 
verted state  of  the  human  mind,  that  some  of  the 
most  heinous  crimes  bring  little  scandal  upon  the  of- 

[      fender. 


SCAN'D.'Mi,  V.  t.    To  treat  opprobriously  ;  to  defame  j 
\      to  asperse;  to  traduce;  to  blacken  character. 

j  I  dn  f\wn  on  men,  and  hug  tliem  hard, 

(  And  aOt-r  .icamiat  them.     [LiUle  ttsed.]  Shai. 

\         2.  To  scandalize ;  to  offend.     [JV*o£  iiscd.] 
I  Bp.  Story. 

SCAN^DAL-IZE,  v.  t.      [Gr.   cKaiSah^un    L.  scan- 


SCA 

didizo;  Sp.  c^cojidaliiar ;   It.  scandalezzare ;  Fr.  scan- 
daliscr.] 

1.  To  offend  by  somo  action  supposed  criminal. 

I  demand  who  ihcy  arc  wboni  we  ijandahse  by  utbff  h.irml'^ 
tiling.  Hooker. 

2.  To  reproach  :  to  dlsgrac* ;  to  defame ;  as,  a 
scandalizinT  libeler.  Addison. 

SeAX'DAUT/ i^D,   pp.      Offended;   defamed;   dir> 

grac'Hi. 
SCAN'DAL  TZ  ING,  ppr.      Giving  offense  lo  ;    di.-^- 

gracing. 
SCAJV'DAL-OUS,  a.    [It.  scandaloso }  Sp.  escandahso  ; 

Fr.  scandaleaz  ;  Sw.  skdnddig.'\ 

1.  Giving  offense. 

Notbing  scojujaious  or  offensive  to  any.  Hooker. 

2.  Opprobrious ;  dispmccful  to  reputation ;  that 
brings  shame  or  infamy;  :\.^,dL,  scandalous  crime  or 
vice.  How  perverted  must  be  the  mind,  that  con- 
siders seduction  or  dueling  less  scandalous  than  lar- 
ceny ! 

3.  Defamatory. 
SCAN'DAL-OUS-LYjCtZu.    Shamefully  ;  in  a  manner 

to  give  offense. 

His  lUscouree  at  table  was  $candaiotiily  untecoming  the  dij:iilT 
of  his  elation.  Sicift. 

2.  Censoriously  ;  with  a  disposition  to  find  fault ; 

a<5,  a  critic  scandaloushi  nice.  Pope. 

SCAN'DAL-GUS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
scandalous  ;  the  quality  of  giving  offense,  or  of  being 
disgraceful. 

S€AJ\'' DA-LUM  MAO-J<rA'TUM,  [L.]  In  Icr,  a 
dcfamatorj'  speech  or  writing  made  or  published  to 
the  injurv  of  a  person  of  dignity.  Encyc. 

Se.'VN'DENT,  a.     [L.  scandms,  scnndo,  to  climb.] 
Climbing,  either  with  spiral  tendrils  for  its  sup 
port,  or  by  adhesive  fibers,  as  a  stalk  ;  climbing  ;  per- 
forming the  office  of  a  tendril,  as  a  petiole. 

Smith.     Bigclotc. 

SCAN'NED,  (skand,)  pp.  Critically  siAed  or  exam- 
ined ;  resolved  into  feet  in  recital, 

SCAN'iNLXG,  ppr.  Critically  examining;  resolving 
into  feet,  as  verse. 

SCAN'SION,  (-shun,)  lu    The  act  of  scanning. 

i*crc7;, 

SCAN-So'ReS,  }i.  pi.     [L.  scando,  to  climb.] 

An  order  of  birds  whose  external  toe  is  directed 
backward  like  a  thumb,  by  which  they  are  enabk-d 
to  cling  to  and  climb  upon  trees.  The  whole  of  this 
order  are  not  actually  climbers  ;  and  there  arc  climb- 
ing birds  that  do  not  belong  to  this  order.  The 
woodpeckers  and   parrots  are  an  example  of  this 

'^^^^^^  ,        J         ,-    , 

SCAN-SO'RI-AL,  a.  Climbmg  or  adapted  to  clmib- 
in"  ;  a  term  applied  to  the  order  of  birds  called  scan- 
sores.  [See  SCANS0RE3.]  Stcainson. 
SCANT,  V.  U  [Dan.  skaanet,  from  skaancr,  to  spare.] 
To  limit;  to  straiten;  as,  lo  scant  one  in  provis- 
ions ;  to  scant  ourselves  in  the  use  of  necessaries  ;  to 
scant  a  garment  in  cloth. 

1  am  scanted  iii  the  pleasure  of  dwelling  on  your  actions. 

Dryden. 

SCANT,  V.  i.  To  fail  or  become  less  ;  as,  the  wind 
scants. 

Se.\NT,  a.  Not  full,  large,  or  plentiful ;  scarcely  suf- 
ficient; rather  less  than  is  wanted  for  the  purpose; 
as,  a  scant  allowance  of  provisions  or  water ;  a  scant 
pattern  of  cloth  for  a  garment. 

2.  Sparing;  parsimonious  j  cautiously  affordmg. 

Be  somewhat  scanler  of  jour  maiden  presence.     [Not  in  ute.\ 

Shak. 

3.  Not  entirely  favorable  for  a  ship's  course  ;  as,  a 
.■icant  wind  ;  also,  a  light  wind.  TotUn. 

SCANT,  adv.    Scarcely  ;  hardly ;  not  quite. 

The  people  —  received  of  the  hankers  seatti  twenty  shillings  for 
lliirij-.     lObsolete  or  uuf^r.]  Qunden. 

SC  \NT'ED,  pp.    Limited  ;  straitened. 
t^CANT'I-LY,  ajlv.     [from  scaMy.]     Not  fully  ;  not 

plentifully.    The  troops  were  scantily  supplied  with 

flour. 
2.  i^paringlv;  niggardly;  as,  to  speak  savttihj  ot 

one.     [aHH.-.-»iiZ.]  Shak. 

SCANT'I-NESS,  ?(.    Narrowness;  want  of  space  or 

compass  ;  as,  the  scantiness  of  our  heroic  verse. 

Drudfn. 

2.  Want  of  amplitude,  greatness,  or  abundame  ,. 
limited  extent. 

Alexander  wi^s  much  troubled  at  the  scantiness  ot  ii;»tiire  it^'If- 

3.  Want  of  ftilness;  want  of  sufficiency;  as,  the 
jrcan^mcvf.s- of  supplies. 

SCAN'TLE,  r.  f.    To  be  deficient ;  to  fail.     Drayton. 

SCAN'TLE,  r.  (".  To  divide  into  thin  or  small  pieces ; 
to  shiver.  CAe?(n:/VW. 

SCANT'LET,  ji.  [See  Scantlin<:.]  A  small  pat- 
tern ;  a  small  qnanlitv.     [JVo^  in  vsr.]  JIalc, 

SCANT'LING,  n.  [Fr.  fchantiUon,  a  pattern  ;  t?p.  es- 
eantillon;  Port,  escanlilhatn.]  .-     ,  ,  ^-.^ 

1.  A  Dattcrn  ;  a  qnanlitv  cut  for  a  particular  pnr- 


I 


pose, 


VEstrange. 


ll.' \  small  qiiautitj- ;  as,  a  scantling  of  wit. 

Pnjden.     Iuk1:c 


TONE,  BpLL,  UNITE.  —  A?;"CErv,  VI"CIOUS.— C  as  K ;  <5 
\-2i  ' 


as  J ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS 


985 


I 


SCA 


SCA 


SCA 


X  A  certain  proportion  or  quantity.  Shak. 

4.  Timber  sawed  or  cut  into  pieces  of  a  small 
size,  as  for  studs,  rails,  &,c.  This  seems  to  bo  allied 
to  the  L.  scamlulGy  and  it  is  llie  sense  in  which  I 
have  ever  heard  it  used  in  the  United  Slates. 

5.  The  dimensions  of  a  piece  of  limber,  with  re- 
gard to  its  breadth  and  thickness,  Brandc. 

SCANT'LING,  a.    Not  plentiful ;  small.    [A'*o(  in  tise.] 

Taylor. 
SGANT'LY,  ado.    Scarcely;  hardly.    {Obs.} 

Camden. 
9.  Not  fully  or  sufficiently  ;    narrowly  ;    pcnuri- 
misly  ;  without  amplitude.  hnjden. 

SCANT'NESS,7i.     [from ^can(.]    Narrowness;  small- 
ness  ;  as,  the  scantncjfs  of  our  capacities.     OlanviUc. 
SGANT'Y,  a.    [from  scant,  and  having  tho  same  sig- 
nification.] 

1.  Narrow  ;  small ;  wanting  amplitude  or  extent. 
His  dominions  were  very  narrow  nnii  scanty,  L/ocke. 
Now  scauiier  limits  Ihe  proud  arch  confuKi.  Pope. 

2.  Poor ;  not  copious  or  full  ;  not  ample  ;  hardly 
t^uflicient ;  as,  a  scanty  iansuage  ;  a  scanty  supply  of 
words  ;  a  scanty  supply  of  bread. 

3.  Sparing;  niggardly;  parsimonious. 

Ill  illustnitiiig  a  point  of  dillicuUy,  be  not  too  scanty  of  words. 

Watts. 

SGaPE,  b.  t.  or  i.  To  escape  ;  a  contracted  word,  not 
now  used,  except  in  poetry,  and  with  a  mark  of 
elision.     [See  Escapk.] 

SGAPE,  n.     An  escape.     [See  Escape.] 

2.  .Means  of  escape  ;  evasion.  Domic. 

3.  Freak  ;  aberration  ;  deviation.  Skah. 

4.  Loose  act  of  vice  or  lewdness.  Shak. 
[Obsolete  in  all  its  senses.] 

SGAPE,;!.  [L.  scapus;  probably  allied  to  5ciy)m,  and 
the  Gr.  cKiiiTTpoi-y  scepter.]  ^ 

1.  In  botany,  a  radical  stem  bearing  the  fructifica- 
tion without  leaves,  as  in  the  narcissus  and  hyacinth. 

Jilartijn. 
9.  In  architecture,  the  shaft  of  a  column  ;  also,  the 
apophyge  of  a  shaft.  Oloss.  ofJirchit. 

SeAPE'-G.-VL-LOWt',  n.  One  who  has  narrowly  es- 
caped the  sallows  fnr  his  crimes. 

SCaPE'-IJoAT,  n.  [cvMpcand  goat.}  In  the  Jewish 
ritaiil,  a  soat  whifli  was  brought  to  tho  door  of  the 
tabernacle,  where  tho  high  pricijl  laid  his  hands  upon 
liim,  confessing  the  sins  of  the  peoph;,  and  putting 
them  on  the  head  of  the  goat ;  after  which  the  goat 
was  sent  into  the  wilderness,  bearing  the  iniquities 
of  the  people.    Leo.  xvi. 

S€aPE'-GRACE,  n.    A  graceless,  hair-brained  fellow. 

JlalliwdL 

SGAPE'LESS,  a.  [from  scape.]  In  botany,  destitute 
of  a  scape. 

SGaPE'MENT,  n.  The  method  of  commiiiiicating 
the  impulse  of  the  wheels  to  the  pendulum  of  a  clock, 
or  balance  of  a  watch.    [See  Escapement.] 

SGAPH'IS-M,  n.  [Gr.  c/caTrTO),  to  dig  or  make  hol- 
low.] 

Among  tJie  Persians,  a  barbarous  punishment  in- 
flicted on  criminal;:  by  confining  them  in  a  hollow 
tree  till  tliey  died  a  miserable  death.  .^sh. 

SeAPH'lTE,  n.     [L.  .^capha.] 

Fossil  remains  of  a  genus  of  Cephalopods,  of  a  boat- 
shaped  form,  allied  to  the  ammonite.  Srande. 

SeAPH'0ID,7i.  [Gr.  <7va</)os,a  boat,  and  ctSos.]  Re- 
sembling a  boat  in  form. 

SGAP'O-UTE,  71.  [Gr.  cxaTroi,  a  rod,  and  XiOuj,  a 
stone.] 

A  grayish-white  mineral,  occurring  in  four  or  eight- 
sided  prisms,  terminated  by  low  pyramids,  and  in 
cleavable  masses,  with  a  somewhat  pearly  luster. 
It  sometimes  presents  pale,  bluish,  greenish,  and 
reddish  shades  of  color.  It  consists  of  silica,  alu- 
mina, and  lime.    It  is  the  Wernerite  of  Haiiy. 

Dana. 

SGAP'PLE,  v.  t.  To  reduce  a  stone  to  a  straight  sur- 
face without  working  it  smooth.     Oloss.  of  Archit. 

SeAP'U-LA,  n.    [L.l    The  shoulder-blade.        Coxc. 

S€AP'U-LAR,  a.     [L.  scupidaris.] 

Pertaining  to  tlic  shoulder,  or  to  the  scapula  ;  as, 
the  scapular  arteries. 

Scapular  fcatfters.     See  Scapular,  n.  No.  2. 

SeAP'U-LAR,7i.  [Supra.]  in  anatomy,  the  name  of 
two  pair  of  arteries,  and  as  many  veins,  near  the 
shoulder-blade.  Encyc. 

2.  In  07-nitholo-ry,  a  feather  which  springs  from  the 
shoulder  of  the  wing,  and  lies  along  the  side  of  the 
back.  Brande. 

SGAP'U-LAR,      )  n.    A  part  of  the  habit  of  certain 

SGAP'U-LA-RY,  j  religious  orders  in  the  Roman 
Catholic  church,  consisting  of  two  bands  of  woolen 
stuff  worn  over  the  gown,  of  which  one  crosses  the 
back  or  shoulder;-,  and  the  other  the  stomach.  This 
is  worn  as  a  badge  of  peculiar  veneration  for  the 
Virgin  Mary.  Brande. 

S€AP'IT-LA-RY,  a.  The  same  as  Scapular,  which 
see. 

S€A'PUS,  n.  [L.]  In  ornHhology^  the  stem  or  trunk 
of  a  feather.  Brandc. 

9.  In  architecture,  a  scape,  which  sec. 

SGXR,  n.  [Fr.  c.^carrc ;  Arm.  scarr  or  yscar ;  It.  cscara ; 
Gr.  £(7\flpa,-  Dan.  shar;   probably  from  the  root  of 


shear,  share,  to  cut.  Sax.  sciran,  sccaran,  whence 
Dan.  skaar,  a  notch.] 

1.  A  mark  in  the  skin  or  flesh  of  an  animal,  ni.ade 
by  a  wound  or  an  ulcer,  and  remaining  after  the 
wound  or  ulcer  is  healed.  Tlie  soldier  is  proud  of 
his  scars. 

2.  Any  mark  or  injury ;  a  blemish. 

Tbc  earth  had  the  b»aiity  of  youth  —  and  not  a  wrinkle,  sear,  or 
fncturi)  on  its  body,  Bumel. 

3.  [L.  scams;  Gr.  nKapo^.]  A  fish  of  the  genus 
Scaru^,  commonly  called  pAnROT-nsH. 

Did.  JVat.  Ili^t. 

SeXR,  r.  t.    To  mark  with  a  scar.  ShaJc. 

SGAR'AIJ,  )   n.     [L.   scarabcens,  Uom   Gr.   cKUHi; 

SCAR'A-BEE,  (       Sax.  scearn,  fimus.] 

A  beetle  ;  an  insectof  the  genus  Scarabaius,  whose 
wings  are  cased.     [See  Beetle.] 

SGAR'A-MOUCII,  71.  [Fr.  escannouche;  It.  scaramuc- 
do  ;  Sp.  cscaramuza,  a  skirmish.] 

A  buflbon  in  llie  old  comedy  so  called  from  the 
skirmishing  unties  which  he  performed.   Rich.  Diet. 

SCARCE,  a.  [It.  scarso;  D.  schaursch.  In  Arm.  scan 
is  short,  and  perhaps  the  word  is  from  the  rout  of 
shear,  to  cut.  The  Spanish  equivalent  vvord  is  escaso, 
and  it  is  observable  that  some  of  our  common  peo- 
ple pronounce  this  word  Actsc] 

1.  Not  plentiful  or  abundant ;  being  iu  small  quan- 
tity in  proportion  to  the  demand.  We  say,  water  is 
scarce,  wheal,  rj'e,  barley  is  scarce,  money  is  scarce, 
when  the  quantity  is  not  fully  adcqnate'to  the  de- 
mand. 

2.  Being  few  in  number  and  scattered  ;  rare  ;  un- 
common.   Good  horses  are  scarce. 

The  scarcest  of  all  ia  a  Pesceniiius  Nigrr  on  (i  medallion  well 
preserved.  Addiaon. 

SCARCE'LY,  \  "'''>■     "•■'""y  i  ^""1y- 

Wc  scarcely  thiiik  our  miseries  our  foea.  Sftak. 

2.  Hardly  ;  with  difficulty. 

Slowly  he  aails,  itinl  scarcely  slcms  tlie  tides.  Dryden, 

SCaRCE'NESS,  I  n.  Smallness  of  quantity,  or  sraall- 

SGAR'CI-TY,      \       ness  in  proportion  to  the  wants 

or  demands  ;  deficiency  ;  defect  of  plenty  ;  penury  ; 

as,  a  scarcity  of  grain  ;  a  great  scarcity  of  beauties  j 

a  scarcity  of  lovely  women,  Dryden. 

Pniise,  like  jold  and  dJamoiKts,  owes  iU  value  (y  its  scarcity, 

liamhler. 
A  scarcity  of  snow  would  raise  a  mu'Jiiy  at  Naples.    Addison. 

2.  Rareness ;  infrequcncy. 

Tlie  value  of  au  advcxnln^c  is  enh:\ncrcl  by  its  scarceness. 

Collier. 

Root  of  scarcity,  or  Scarcity  root ;  the  mangold- 
wurzel,  a  variety  of  the  Beta  Cycia,  or  white  beet ; 
G,  mangoM-zcurzel,  beet-root,  corrupted  into  mangel- 
wiiricl  i  Fr.  racine  de  discttc,  root  of  want  or  scarcity. 

Ed.  Encyc. 
SCARE,  V.  i.     [In  W.  cs^ar  is  to  separate ;   in  It. 
scorare  is  to  dishearten,  irom  L.  ez  and  cor,  heart ; 
but  qu.j 

To  fright ;  to  terrify  suddenly  j  to  strike  with  sud- 
den terror. 

The  noLse  of  thy  cross-bow 
Will  scare  tlie  herd,  and  so  my  shot  is  lost.  Shak. 

To  scare  away;  to  drive  away  by  frightening. 
SCARE'CRoVV,  ti,     [scare  and  crow.]     Any  frightful 
thing  set  up  to  frigiiten  crows  or  other  fowls  from 
cornfieUis  ;  hence,  any  thing  terrifying  without  dan- 
ger;  a  vain  terror. 

A  scarecrow  set  to  ftighten  fools  away.  Dryden. 

2.  A  provincial  name  of  the  sea-fowl  called  tho 

Black  Tern,  Sterna  nigra.  Edin.  Encijc. 

SCaR'^D,  ))}}.     Frightened  ;  suddenly  terrified. 
SC.\RE'FlRE, ;(.    Afire  breaking  out  so  as  to  frighten 

people.     [JV"o(  tiscd.]  Holder, 

SCARF,  ;i. ;  pi.  Scarfs.     [Fr.  echarjie  ;  It.  ciarpa  ;  Sax. 

scearf,  a  fragment  or  piece ;  G.  scharpc ;  from  the 

root  of  shear.] 

1.  Something  that  liangs  loose  upon  the  shoulders; 
as  a  piece  of  cloth. 

Put  oil  your  hood  and  scarf.  Stci/l. 

2.  A  water-fowl,  the  cormorant.     [Proviyicial.] 

Edin.  Encyc. 
SCARFj  V,  t.    To  throw  loosely  on.  Shak. 

2.  To  dress  in  a  loose  vesture.  Shah. 

SCARF,  1?.  t.     [Sw.  skarfca;  Sp.  escarpar.] 

To  join  ;  to  piece ;  to  unite  two  pieces  of  timber 
at  the  ends,  so  that  they  appear  to  be  one.  This  is 
usually  done  by  letting  the'  end  of  one  into  the  end 
of  the  other,  sometimes  by  laying  the  two  ends  tt)- 
gether  and  fastening  a  third  piece  to  both. 

Totten.     Gicili. 
SCARF'SD,  (skirfi,)  2>p     Dressed  in  a  loose  vesture. 

2.  Joined ;  pieced. 
SCARF'ING,  ppr.     Uniting  two  pieces  of  timber  at 

the  ends,  so  as  to  appear  but  one. 
SCaRF'ING,  71.    The  joining  of  two  pieces  of  timber 

end  to  end,  so  that  thev  appear  but  one.       P.  Cye. 

SCARF'SKIN,7i.     [scar/and  skin.]     The  cuticle;  the 

ei)iderniis  ,  tho  outer  thin  integument  of  the  body. 

Chcyne, 
SeAR-I-FI-eA'TlON,n.  [h.  scarijicatio.  See  Scarify.]  , 


In  surgery,  the  operation  of  making  several  in- 
cisions in  the  skin  with  a  lancet  or  oiher  cutting 
instrument,  particularly  the  capping  iniiirumcnt. 

Encyc. 
SCAU-I-FI-CA'TOR,  n.     An  instntmeut  used  in  cup- 
ping, containing  10  or  ii  lancets  for  making  a  num- 
ber of  incisions  at  onco.  Brande. 
S€AR'I-Fi-EU,  7j.     [from  scarifij.]    The  person  wlio 
scarifies. 

2.  Tho  instrument  used  for  scarifying. 

3.  In  agriculture,  .m  implement  fur  stirring  and 
loosening  the  soil,  v«ilho"*t  bringing  up  a  fresh  sur- 
face. Farm.  Encyc. 

SCAU'I-F5, 1',  £.  [Fr  scarifier;  h.  scarijjco  Qu.scar, 
Gr.  t{j\<ipti,and  Li.facio,  to  make.  But  the  Greek  is 
cKiipt'ljaQfiat,  from  (7^■t^/">l'/iji•,  a  pointed  instrunjeiil, 
or  a  sharp-pointed  piece  of  wood,] 

To  scratch  or  cut  the  skin  of  an  animal,  or  to 
make  small  incisions  by  means  of  a  lancet  or  cup- 
ping instrument,  so  as  to  draw  blood  from  the 
smaller  vessels  v/ithout  opening  a  large  vein. 

Encyc. 

SCAR'I  FY-ING,  ppr.  Making  small  incisions  in  the 
skin  with  an  inutrument. 

SCaR'ING, /y>r.    Frightening;  suddenly  terrifying. 

SCa'RI-OSE,  /  rr  t  it 

SCA'RI-Oas^  \   ^-     t^°^^  ^*  ^'^'^'"'^•■'"^')  rough.] 

In  botany,  tough,  thin,  and  semi-transparent,  dry 

and  sonorous  to  the  touch  ;  aa  a  perianth.  Mnrtyn. 
SCAR-LAT'I-NA  or  SCAR-LA-Ti'NA,  n.     [It.  scar- 

lattino  and  scarlatto,  scarlet.] 
A  barbarous  Italian  term  with  a  Latin  termination, 

employed  to  designate  what  is  commonly  called  in 

English  ScABLLT  Fever,  and  in  nosology  Rosalia. 
SCAR-LAT'I-NOUS,  a.   Of  a  scarlet  color;  pertaining 

to  the  scarlet  fever. 
SCAR'LET,  71.     [Fr.  ecarlate;  Arm.  scarladd;  It.  scar- 

latto  ;  Sp,  escarlata  ,■  Ir.  scarloid ;  W.  ysgarlad,  the  ef- 
^fusiun  of  a  wound,  scarlet,  from  ysgar,  to  separate  ; 

(see  Shear  ;)  D.  scharlakcn;  G.  scharlackj  Dan.  shar- 

lagen.    Q,u.  Ch.  npo,  to  color,  as  a  derivative,  min- 


ium; Ar,  %JtXi  5Aa/(ara,  to  be  red.] 

1.  .\  beautiful  bright-red  color,  brighter  than  crim- 
stm.  Encyc. 

2.  Cloth  of  a  scarlet  color. 

All  her  household  are  clothed  with  scarlet.  —  Prov,  xxxi. 

SCAR'LET,  a.  Of  the  color  called  scarlet ;  of  n  brighl- 
red  color  ;  as^^a  t^carlct  cloth  or  thread  ;  a  scarlet  lip. 

SCaR'LET-BeAN,  7L    A  plant ;  a  red  bean. 

SCaR'LET-Fk'VER,  71.  A  febrile  exanthema,  called 
in  nosology  Rosalia,  and  also  Scarlatina,  It  is 
characterii'.ed  by  fever,  attended,  about  the  third  day, 
with  an  eruption  of  level,  or  nearly  level,  crimson- 
red  patches,  first  apiiearing  in  the  fauces  and  on  the 
face,  neck,  and  breasts,  and  progressively  on  the 
wliole  surface,  often  confluent  and  terminating  about 
the  seventh  day,  in  cuticular  e.\foliations. 

SCaR'LET-oAK,  n.  A  species  of  oak,  the  Uuercus 
coccifera,  or  kcrmos  oak,  producing  small  insects, 
the  Coccus  Ilicis,  called  kcnnes,  or  scarlet  grain. 
More  properly,  the  Q.uercu3  coccinea  of  the  United 
States. 

SCAR'M.A.OE,  )  peculiar  modes  ttf  spelling  Skirmish. 

SCAR'MOOE  ;  i      [JVot  in  use.]  Spenser. 

SCaRN,  n.     [Sax.  scearn.] 

Dung.     [J^ot  in  iise,  or  locaL]  Jlaii. 

SCARN'-BEE,  n.    A  beetle.     [JSTot  in  rise,  or  local.] 

Ray. 

SCARP,  n.  [Fr.  cscaiye;  It.  scarpa,  a  scarp,  a  shoe,  a 
slope  ;  Sp.  escai-pa.] 

In  fortification,  tho  interior  slope  of  the  ditch  next 
the  place,  at  the  foot  of  the  rampait.     [See  Escahf.] 

Brandc. 

SCARPjTi,  In  heraldry,  tlie  scarf  which  military  com- 
mandei'S  wear  for  ornament ;  borne  somewhat  like  a 
batoon  sinister,  but  broader,  and  continued  to  the 
edges  of  the  field.  Encyc. 

SCARP'SD,  (skUrpt,)  a.  Cut  down  like  the  scarp  of  a 
fortification. 

SCAR'R£D,  (skiird,)  pp.     Marked  with  a  scar. 

SGAR'RING,  p/jr.    Marking  with  a  scar. 

SCA'RUS,  71.  A  genus  of  fishes,  the  species  of  which 
are  called  Pakuut-Fishes.  P.  Cyc. 

SCa'RV,  31.  Barren  land  having  only  a  thin  coat  of 
grass  upon  it.     [Local.] 

SCAT,  71.  A  shower  of  rain  j  and  hence,  scatty, 
showery.  Orosc. 


SCATCH,  7i,     [Fr.  escache.] 
'   ■ "     bri 


Bailey. 


i\  kind  of  horsebit  for  bridles. 
SCATCH'ES,  71.  pL     [Fr,  cchasse^,] 

Stilts  to  put  the  feet  in  for  walking  in  dirty  places. 
SCATE.     See  Skate.  [Bailey. 

SCAT'E-BROUS,  cu    [L.  seatebra,  a  spring  ;  scatco,  to 
overflow.] 
Abounding  with  springs.  Diet. 

SCATII,  -v.  t.'   [Sax,  scathian,  sccalhian,  to  injure,  to 
damage,  to  steal ;  D.  schaaden  ;  G.  schadcn  ;  Sw.  ska- 
da  ;  Dan.  skadcr.] 
To  damage  ;  to  waste  ;  to  destroy.  Milton. 

SCATII,  71.    Damage  ;  injurv  ;  waste ;  harm.    Spniscr. 
SGAT.IVEO,  (skatht,)  pp.    Damaged  ;  destroyed. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WII^T,— METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD,  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOQK.— 


SCK    - 

SeATH'FlJL,  a,    lojurious  ;  harmful  3  destruclive. 

Shak. 
Se.VTH'FllL-NESS,  n.      Injuriousncss ;  destructivc- 
SeATH'ING,  ppr.    Injuring;  destroying.  [ness. 

SCATH'LESS,  a.    Without  waste  or  damage. 

Chancer. 
SeAT'TER,  r.  (.     [Sas.  saiteran,  to  pour  otit,  to  dis- 
perse ;  L.  scatt4>;  Gr.  cKsSaiOt  to  scatter,  to  discuss, 
L.  discutio.    This  word  may  be  formed  on  tlie  root  of 
dijcutio.    The  primarj'  sense  is,  to  drive  or  throw.] 

1.  To  disperse  j  to  dissipate ;  to  separate  or  remove 
tilings  to  a  distance  from  each  other. 

From  Ibeuo?  Jid  llie  Lord  scaUer  ihem  iil)n»J  upon  the  face  of 

all  ilie  eartli.  — Gen.  xj. 
I  will  saUter  you  among'  the  beathea.  —  Lev.  xxtL 

3.  To  throw  loosely  about :  to  sprinkle ;  as,  to  scat- 
ter seed  in  sowing. 


Teach  Uie  glad  hours  to  scajler,  na  they  Ry, 
Soft  quiet,  geiille  lore,  aiul  eudJcss  joy. 

3.  To  spread  or  set  thinly. 

Why  should  my  miiso  eiilar^  on  Lit^yan  s-.viuns, 
Their  scattered  cottag^/s,  anu  ample  plains  ? 


PrUir. 


Dry  den, 

SGAT'TER,  V.  i.    To  be  dispersed  or  dissipated.   The 

clouds  scatter  after  a  storm. 
2.  To  be  liberal  to  the  poor;   to  be  charitable. 

Prov.  li. 
SeAT'TER-BRAIN-£D,  a.    Giddy.  ndliioeU. 

SeAT'TER-£D,  pp.  or  a.  Dispersed  ;  dissipated  ;  thin- 
ly spread  ;  sprinkled  or  thinly  spread  over. 
a.  In  botanij,  irregular  in  position  ;   without  any 

apparent  regular  order  j  as,  scattered  branches. 
SCAT'TEK-ED-LY,  (skat'turd-le,)  adt\  In  a  dispersed 

manner;  separatelv.     [JVot  much  used.]        Clarice. 
S€AT'TER-rNG,pp'r.    Dispersing;  spreading  thinly  ; 

sprinkling. 
2.  a.  Not  united  ;  di\ided  among  many  ;  as,  scat- 

terino-  votes. 
ECAT'TER-IXG-LY,  adv.     Loosely;   in  a  dispersed 

manner,  thinly;  as,  habitations  scaUeringty  placed 

over  the  cniintrv. 
SGAT'TEK-INGS,  n.  pi.    Things  scattered. 
SGAT'TER-LIXG,  n.    A  vagabond  ;  one  that  has  no 

fixed  hTthitition  or  residence.     [Little  used.] 
:fA  T.--of  T7V'P    .       ^L^  scaturien.-^:' 


SeA-TC'KI-ENT, 


Springinsr,  as  the  water  of  a  fountain.     [JVot  tised.] 
SeAT-t:-RI(i'IX-OUS,  c.    [L.  scaturigo.)         [Diet. 
Abounding  with  springs.     [JVof  used.}  Diet. 

SCAUP,  n.  A  species  of  pochard  or  diving-duck, 
found  in  Europe  and  North  America.  It  is  the  Fu- 
ligula  marila  of  Stephens.  Jardine. 

SGAV'AGE,  n.     [Sax.  sceaxcian^  to  show.] 

In  ancient  customs^  a  toll  or  duty  exacted  of  mer- 
chant-strangers by  mayors,  sheriffs,  &c.,  for  goods 
shown  or  offered  for  sale  within  their  precincts. 

Cowel. 
SGAV'EN-6ER,  n.    [Sax.  scafan,  to  scrape,  10  shave, 
G.  schabeny  S\v.  skafva,  Dan.  skater^  L.  scabio.] 

A  person  whose  employment  is  to  clean  the  streets 
of  a  city,  by  scraping  or  sweeping  and  carrying  off 
the  tilth. 
SCEL'ER-AT,  (sel'-,)  n.     [Fr.,  from  L.  sccleratus.] 

A  villain  ;  a  criminal.     [JVot  in  use.]        Chcyne. 
SCeXE,  n.     [Fr.  id.,-  h.scma;  Gr.  CKnvni  Ileb.  par, 
to  dwell ;  Ch.  to  subside,  to  settle;  Syr.  to  come  or 

fall  on  ;  Ar.     ,  *^-*^ ...  sakana^  to  be  firm,  stable,  quiet, 

to  set  or  establish,  to  quiet,  or  cause  to  rest.  Class 
On,  No.  43,  44.  Tlie  Greek  word  signifies  a  tent, 
liut,  or  cottage.  In  L.  it  is  an  arbor  or  stage.  The 
primary  sense  is,  to  set  or  throw  down.] 

1.  A  stage ;  the  theater  or  place  where  dramatic 
pieces  and  other  shows  are  exhibited.  It  does  not 
appear  that  the  ancients  changed  the  scenes  in  differ- 
ent parts  of  the  play.  Indeed,  the  original  scene  for 
acting  was  an  open  plat  of  ground,  shaded  or  slightly 
covered.  F.iicyc. 

2.  The  whole  series  of  actions  and  events  connect- 
ed and  exhibited  ;  or  the  whole  assemblage  of  objects 
displayed  at  one  view.  Thus  we  say,  the  execution 
of  a  malefactor  is  a  melancholy  scene.  The  crucifix- 
ion of  our  Savior  was  the  roost  solemn  scene  ever 
prei^ented  to  the  view  of  man.  We  say,  also,  a  scene 
of  sorrow  or  of  rejoicing j  a  noble  scene;  a  sylvan 
scene. 

A  chamuD^  scene  of  nature  is  displ-iyed.  Dryden. 

3.  A  part  of  a  play  ;  a  division  of  an  act.  A  play 
is  divided  into  arts,  and  acts  are  divided  into  scenes. 

A.  So  much  of  an  act  of  a  play  as  represents  what 
passes  between  (he  same  persons  in  the  same  place. 

Dryden. 

5.  The  imaginary  place  in  which  the  action  of  a 
play  is  auppo-jcd  to  occur.  The  scene  was  laid  in  the 
king's  palace.  Brande. 

6.  The  curtam  0/  hanging  of  a  theater  adapted  to 
the  play. 

7.  The  place  where  afiy  thing  :3  exhibited. 

Tlw;  worM  b  a  vu;  ct'.r^  of  atrlfc.  J.  M.  Mason. 

8.  An  exhibition  of  strong  feeling  between  two  or 
m- le  persons,  usually  of  a  pathetic  or  passionate 
kind.     [Recent.]  IValtcr  Scott. 


SCH 

9.  Any  remarkable  exhibition. 

The  shc-phenls,  whik*  watching'  their  flocks  upon  tlio  plains  of 
Eel!ileh':ni,  were  siiddcniy  Inttrrnpcd  by  one  cf  the  most 
suhliin'^anu  Burprieing'ecenej  which  b^ivecver  Ix^acxhiliitcd 
on  CKi»U.  W.  B.  Sprague. 

SC£NE'-PaINT-ER,  «.  One  who  makes  it  his  em- 
ployment to  paint  scenes  for  theaters. 

SCkNE'-PaINT-ING,  n.  The  act  or  employment  of 
painting  scenes  for  a  theater.  Brande. 

SCeN'ER-Y,  ».  The  appearance  of  a  place,  or  of  the 
various  objects  presented  to  view :  or  the  various  ob- 
jects themselves  as  seen  togotiier.  Thus  wp  may  say, 
the  scenery  of  the  landscape  presented  to  the  view 
from  Mount  llolyoke,  in  Ilampshire  county,  Massa- 
chusetts, is  highly  picturesque,  and  exceeded  only  by 
the  scenery  of  Boston  and  its  vicinity,  as  seen  from 
the  Slate  House. 

Never  need  an  American  look  beyond  hia  own  conntryfor  the 
eubiime  and  beautiful  of  natural  scenery.  Irmng. 

2.  The  representation  of  the  place  in  which  an  ac- 
tion is  performed.  Pope. 

3.  The  disposition  and  consecution  of  the  scenes 
of  a  play.  Dryden. 

4.  The  paintings  representing  the  scenerj'  of  a  play. 
SCEN'ie,         /  „      rr  ■       i 

Pertaining  to  scenery  ;  dramatic  ;  theatrical. 
SCEiV-O-GRAPII'ie,         )  a.      [See  Scenoobaphy.] 
SCEN-O-GRAPH'ie-AL,  (      Pertaining  to  scenogra- 

pliv  ;  drawn  in  perspective. 
St'EN-0-GRAPH'ie-AL-LY,  adv.    In  perspective. 

Mortimer. 
SCE-NOG'RA-PIIY,  (se-nog'ra-fe,)  n.      [Gr.  ctktivi,, 
scene,  and  >  i-Uiliti,  to  describe.] 

The  representation  of  a  body  on  a  perspective 
plane  ;  or  a  description  of  it  in  all  its  dimensions  as 
it  appears  to  tlie  eye.  Barlow. 

SCENT,  7;.  [Fr.  scnteuTj  from  scntir,  L.  scntio,  to  per- 
ceive.] 

1.  Odor;  smell;  that  substance  which,  issuing 
from  a  body,  affects  the  olfactory  organs  of  animals ; 
as,  the  .•'cent  of  an  orange  or  an  apple;  the  scent  of 
musk.  Tlie  word  is  applicable  to  ar.y  odor,  agreeable 
or  offensive. 

2.  Tile  power  of  smelling ;  the  smell ;  as,  a  hound 
of  nice  scent. 

3.  Chase  followed  by  the  scent;  course  of  pursuit ; 
track. 

He  [raveled  upon  Uie  same  scejii  into  Ethiopia.  Temple. 

SCENT,  V.  t.  To  smell ;  to  perceive  by  tlie  olfactory 
organs  ;  as,  to  scent  game,  as  a  hound. 

2.  To  perfume ;  to  imbue  or  fill  with  odor,  good  or 
had.    Aromatic  plants  scent  the  room.    Some  per- 
sons scent  garments  with  musk  ;  otiiers  scent  their 
snuff. 
SCENT'ED,  pp.    Smelt;  perceived   by  the  olfactory 
organs:. 
9.  Perfumed  ;  imbued  with  odor. 
SCENT'FUL,  a.    Odorous;  yielding  much  sincli. 

Di-ayton. 
9.  Of  quick  smell.  Browne. 

SCENT'ING,  ppr.    Smelling ;  perceiving  by  the  olfac- 
tory organs. 
2.  Perfuming;  filling  with  odor. 
SCEXT'LESS,  a.    Inodorous  ;  destitute  of  smell. 
SCEP'TER,  )  n.     [Fr.'sccptrc ;  L.  sceptrum;  Gr.  ckt}-- 
SCEP'TRE,  i      rr.tn',  from  aw»)-rw,  to  send  or  thrust ; 
coinciding  with  L.  scipio^  that  is,  a  shoot  or  rod.] 

1.  A  staffer  baton  borne  by  kings  on  solemn  occa- 
sions, as  a  badge  of  authority.    Hence, 

2.  The  appropriate  ensign  of  royalty  ;  an  ensign  of 
higher  antiquity  than  the  crown     Hence, 

3.  Royal  power  or  authority ;  as,  to  assume  the 
scepter. 

The  scepter  shall  not  depart  from  Judah,  iior  a  lawgiver  from 
between  his  feet,  until  Shiloh  come.  —  Gen.  xlix. 

4.  A  constellation. 

SCEP'TER,  (  V.  r.    To  invest  with  royal  authority,  or 
SCEP'TRE,  (      with  the  ensign  of  authority.    Hall. 
SCEP'TER-^:!),  )  fl.    Invested  with  a  scepter;  bcar- 
SCEP'TR£D,      J       ing  a    scepter;   as,  a    sccpicred 
prince. 

To  EriUiin's  nueeii  the  scepUred  suppliant  b:iids.  Ticket. 

GoWeceplerea  Juno.  Parnell. 

Icep^TrS:!:!!!;  \  -  "--^^'"^s  "<>  ^''p'''- 

SCEP'Tte.     SeeSKErric. 

SCHAAL'STEIN,  (shal'stine,)  I  n.     The  same  with 

SCALE'-SToNE,  \        Tabulae      Spar, 

which  see.  Dana. 

SCIIE'DI-ASM,  (ska'de-azm,)  n.     [Gr.  axi^iacpa.] 
Cursorv  writing  on  a  loose  sheet. 

S€HED'ULE,  v.  [L,  schedula,  from  sc/icda,  a  sheet  or 
loaf  of  paper ;  Gr.  (T\£(5fj,  from  cr^iv''),  to  cut  or  di- 
vide ;  L.  scimlo,  for  scido.  The  pronunciation  ought 
to  follow  the  analog}'  of  scheme,  &c.] 

1.  A  small  scroll  or  piece  of  paper  or  parchment, 
containing  some  writing.  Hooker. 

2.  A  piece  of  paper  or  parchment  annexed  to  a 
larger  writing,  as  to  a  will,  a  deed,  a  lease,  &.c.  Encyc. 

3.  A  piece  of  pajier  or  parchment  containing  an  in- 
ventory of  goods.  Encyc. 

SCIIEE'IJN,  n.     [So  called  from  Scheele,  a  di'stin- 


SCH 

guished  chemist.]  A  calcareous  ore  of  tungsten  jt 
tungstate  of  lime,  of  a  white  or  palc-yellowish  color. 

Dana. 

SCHk'LMJM,  n.  A  different  name  of  tungsten,  a 
Iiard,  brittle  metal,  of  a  grayish-white  color,  and 
brilhant.  Diet. 

SCHkIK,  (shcek  or  shuke,)  n.    See  Sheik. 

SCHf/MA-TISM,  (ske'ma-tizm,)7(.  [Gr.  (TxnttcTtCftr,;, 
from  TXi!'''-     See  Scheme.] 

1.  Combination  of  the  aspects  of  heavenly  bodies. 

2.  Parlirular  fonn  or  disposition  of  a  thing.  [^ 
7eord  not  much  used.]  Creech. 

seilE'MA-TIST,  71.    A  projector ;  one  given  to  form- 
ing schemes. 
[Schemer  is  more  generally  used.] 

SeHF,'MA-TIZE,7?.  i.    To  form  a  scheme  or  schemes. 

SeilKME,  (skeme,)  n.  [I.,  schema;  Gr.  ox'y/ia,  from 
ff\i:6.>,  a  contracted  word,  probably  from  axcQuj^  to 
liavc  or  hold.] 

1.  A  plan  ;  a  combination  of  thing.^^  connected  and 
adjusted  by  design  ;  a  system. 

Wc  nh;itl  never  he  able  to  dve  ourselves  a  aalisfaclory  account  ot 
Ih'3  divine  conduct,  without  forming  isuch  a  scheme  of  things 
as  ehaJI  lake  in  time  aiid  eternity.  AUerbury. 

2.  A  project;  a  contrivance  ;  a  plan  of  something 
to  he  tione ;  a  design.  Thus  we  say,  to  form  a 
sckemCj  to  lay  a  scheme^  to  contrive  a  scheme. 

The  Gtuicnl  scheme  of  supplying  our  wants  by  lopptog  off  our 
d<.-sires,  ia  like  cutting  olt  our  fed  whea  we  want  tboe*. 

3.  A  representation  <?f  the  aspects  of  the  cele»;tial 
bodies  ;  any  lineal  or  mathematical  diagram.  [Little 
used.]  Broitn.     HudUn-as. 

SCHEME,  (skeme,)  v.  t.    To  plan  ;  to  contrive. 

SCHEME,  V.  i.    To  form  a  plan  ;  to  contrive. 

SCHe.M'ER,  n.  One  that  contrives;  a  projector;  a 
contriver. 

SCHeM'ING,  ppr.     Planning;  contriving. 

2.  a.  Given  to  forming  sciiemcs ;  artful ;  in- 
fricuing. 

SCIIK.M'ING,  n.    The  act  of  forming  a  plan. 

SeiIt:M'iXG-LY,  adv.    By  scheming  or  contriving. 

SCHkM'IST,  TJ.     A  schemer  ;  a  projector.     Coventry. 

SCHf^NE,  (Skene,)  t(.     [L.  scftanus  ;  Gr.  erxotv.^.] 
An   Egyptian  measure  of  length,  equal  to  sixty 
stadia,  or  about  seven  and  a  half  miles.    Herodotus. 

SCHER'IF,  7t.  [Ar.,  lord  or  master.]  A  title  given  in 
tlie  East  to  those  wlio  descend  from  .Mohammed 
t^i^ough  his  son-in-law,  Ali,  and  daughter,  Fatiiua  ; 
an  emir ;  applied  to  the  chiefs  of  Mecca  and  Medina. 

Brande. 

SCHE-RO'MA,  n.    In  medicine,  a  dr3-ness  of  the  eye. 
_  Brands. 

SCHe'SIS,  (skc'sis,)  n.  [Gr.  cxeerig,  from  cxeo), 
CTX£0(.>,  to  have  or  hold.] 

Habitude  ;  general  state  or  disposition  of  the  body 
or  mind,  or  of  one  thing  with  regard  to  other  things. 

Jv'orris. 

SCHIL'LER-SPAR,  (shil-,)  n.  A  massive,  lamellar 
mineral,  of  a  daik-green  color,  occurring  in  serpen- 
tine, and  consisting  of  silica,  magnesia,  and  oxyd  of 
iron,  with  10  or  12  per  cent,  of  water.  The  name 
has  also  included  bronzitej  which  is  a  foliated  variety 
of  augite.  Dana. 

SCHIR'RHUS.    See  Sctkrhus. 

SCHIS.M,  (sizm,)  n.  [L.  schisma;  Gi.  cxi<^ pa ^  from 
o-\i^ai,  to  divide,  L.  scindo.  Sax.  sceadan,  D.  sdticitf 
schciden,  G.  schcidcn,  to  separate,  to  part.] 

1.  In  a  gaieral  sense,  division  or  separation  ;  but 
appropriately,  a  division  or  separation  in  a  church  or 
denomination  of  Christians,  occasioned  by  diversity 
of  opinions  ;  breach  of  unity  among  people  of  the 
same  religious  faith. 

Set  bonndi  to  our  passions  by  reason,  to  our  errors  by  truth,  and 
to  our  scltisJiis  by  charily.  K.  Charles. 

In  Scripture,  the  word  seems  to  denote  a  breach  ol 
charity,  rather  than  a  difference  of  doctrine. 

2.  Separation  ;  division  among  tribes  or  classes  of 
people. 

SCHlffi'MA,  (skiz'mii,)  n.  [L. ;  Gr.  cr\;io-/ia.]  In  7/m- 
sic,  an  interval  equal  to  half  a  comma.        Brande. 

SCHIS-MAT'ie,  (siz-mat'ik,)  )  a.      Pertaining 

SCHIS-MAT'IC-AL,  (siz-mat'ik-al,)  )  to  schism; 
implying  schism  ;  partaking  of  the  nature  of  schism  ; 
tending  to  schism  ;  3.s,  schismatical  opinions  or  pro- 
posals. JT.  Charles.     SouUi. 

SCHlS-MAT'ie,  (siz-,)  n.  One  who  separates  from 
an  established  church  or  religious  faith,  on  account 
of  a  diversity  of  opinions.  Blackstonc.     Swi/L 

SCHIS-MAT'IC-AI^LY,  (siz-,)  adv.  In  a  schisuiat- 
ical  manner ;  by  separation  from  a  church  on  account 
of  a  diversity  of  opinions. 

SCHIS-MAT'I€-AL-NESS,  n.  The  stale  of  being 
schisinatical. 

SCHIS'MA-TTZE,  v.  i.  To  commit  or  practice 
schism ;  to  make  a  breach  of  communion  in  the 
church.  Johnson. 

SCHISM'LESS,  (sizm'-,)  a.  Free  from  schism  ;  not 
affected  by  schism.     [Little  used.]  MtUon. 

SCHIST,  (shist,)n.     [Gr.  ax"^roi,  dinded  or  divisi- 
ble.] 
In  rreolofry,  a  Tock  having  a  slaty  structure.  Dana. 

SCHIST'OSE,  \a.     In  geology,  slaty  or  imperfectly 

SCHIST'OUS,  !     slaty  m  structure.  Dana. 


TOiVE,  BULL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CI0US.  — G  as  K  ;  tJ  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

987 


sen 


sen 


sei 


seHOL'AR,  (skol'ar,)  «.  [Low  L.  sdtcluris,  from 
,cArf<-,  a  school ;  Ur.  <rx"X'),  >='?""'. .^J  school;  tr. 
fcolicr,-  D.  scluiolier;  G.  Mtefcr;  Dan.  skolclaird. 
The    Danish    word    signifies    sclioal-hanicd.       faee 

'"''""ono  who  learns  of  a  teacher  ;  one  who  is  un- 
der the  tuition  of  a  preceptor  ;  a  pupd  ;  a  disciple  ; 
hence,  any  member  of  a  college,  academy,  or  school ; 
iipplicable  to  the  learner  of  any  an,  science,  or 
blanch  of  literature. 

•).  \  man  of  letters.  I^clce. 

3.  Emvhaticallij  nsul,  a  man  eminent  for  erudi- 
tion ;  a  iierson  of  high  attainments  m  science  or  lit- 

A.  One  that  learns  any  thing ;  as,  an  apt  scholaT  in 
the  school  of  vice. 
.5.  \  pedant ;  a  man  of  books.  Bacm. 

[lint  the  wold  scholar  seldom  conveys  the  idea  01 
a  pcdanl.l  , 

C.    \ii  undi'tirraduate  in  Englisli  universities,  who 
belongs  to  the  foundation  of  a  college,  and  receives 
siMiport  in  pari  from  its  revenues. 
seiIO-LVll'I-T\,  Ji.    Scholarship.     [J\rot  iwcil.j 

B.  Jonson. 
SenOL'AR-LIKE,  j  a.    Like  a  scholar  ;  becoming  a 
SeilOI/AK-LY,       i      scholar.  Bacon. 

seHOL'All-SHIP,  n.     Lcaniins  ;  attainmenls  in  sci- 
ence or  literature ;  as,  a  man  of  great  scholarship. 

Pope. 
"   Literary  education ;   as,  any  other    house  of 
scholarship.  ■  [Unvsnal]  ■^''"r',',' 

3  Exhibition  or  maintenance  for  a  scholar  ;  loun 
dation  for  the  support  of  a  student.         .^msmrth. 

seHO-LAS'Tie-AL,  i  "•    '-  /    ,  , 

1.  Pertaining  to  a  scholar,  to  a  school,  or  to 
schools ;  as,  scholastic  manners  or  pride ;  scholastic 
learning.  ,    ,  -.  , ,     , 

■i.  Scliolar-like  ;  becoming  a  scholar;  suiUible  to 
schools  ;  as,  scholastic  precision. 

3  Pertaining  to  the  schoolmen,  or  philosophers 
and  divines,  of  the  middle  ages,  who  adopted  the 
system  of  Aristotle,  and  spent  much  time  on  points 
of  nice  and  abstract  speculation  ;  as,  scholastic  divin- 
ity or  theology  ;  scholastic  philosophy. 

Amon»  the  most  distinguished  of  the  schoolmen 
were  Alexander  of  Hales,  Thomas  Aquinas,  Dun- 
Scotus,  and  William  Occam.    They  took  their  name 
from  being  teachers  in  schools  of  divinity  established 
chiefly  by  Charlemagne.    Some  of  their  fiercest  con- 
I        tests  related  to  the  question  of  Ksalism  and  Nomi- 
nalism. Encijc.  Amer. 
4.  Pedantic  :  formal. 
PCHO-LAS'Tie,  II.    One  who  adheres  to  the  metnod 

or  subtilties  of  the  schools.  .1/i((o7i. 

SeHO-LAS'Tie-.\L-LV,   ailv.     In   the   manner   of 

schools  ;  according  lo  the  niceties  or  method  of  the 

schools.  ,     ^  _.,.,        ^ 

SeHO-LAS'TI-CISM,  n.    Tlie  method  or  subtilties  of 

the  schools.  Ifarton. 

The  spirit  of  Iho  old  scho'-anticitm,  which  spiimcil  Ubomus  in- 

vesti;:.iUon  .\nd  slow  iniluctioo.  J.  P-  SmiUi. 


seHo'LI-AST,  (sko'le-ast,)  u.  [Gr.  irxoXmrif.  See 
Scholium-]  ,     . 

,\  commentator  or  annotator ;  a  name  given  to  the 
old  grammarians  or  critics,  wlio  wrote  on  tlie  m.ar- 
"ins  of  tile  manuscripts  of  the  Greek  and  Latin 
classics,  annotations  called  scholia,  from  being,  as  it 
were,  the  fruits  of  their  leisure.  Brande. 

seHO-LI-AST'ie,  a.  That  pertains  to  a  sclioliast  or 
his  pursuits.  *"'/'• , 

seUo'LI-SZE,  V.  i.  'J'o  write  notes  on  an  autlior's 
works.    [jVot  used.]  MiWm. 

S€illlL'ie-AL,  n.    Scholastic.     [JiTot  in  vsc]    Hales. 

SeHo'LI-UM,  71.  ;  pi.  SeHoLlA  or  Scholiums.  [L. 
scholion;  Gr.  cX'>>.wi',  from  c\oXn,  leisure,  lucubra- 
tion.] 

1.  Annotation. 

2.  In  matheiiiatici,  a  remark  or  observation  sub- 
joined to  a  demonstration. 

PCHO'LY,  n.     A  scholium.     [JV«(  i;i «.«.]      Hooker. 

SeHo'LY,  r. !.    To  write  com mciits.     [jVui  in  jm.] 

Hooker. 

SeHOOL,  (skool,)  iL  [L.  schola;  Gr.  crxnXl.leisure, 
vacation  from  business,  hicubration  at  leisure,  a 
place  where  leisure  is  enjoyed,  a  school.  Tlic  ad- 
verb signifies  at  eas  ■,  leisurely,  slowly,  hardly,  with 
labor  or  difiiculty.  In  Sax.  .iccol  is  a  crowd,  a  multi- 
tude, a  school,  (shoal,)  as  of  fishes,  and  a  school  lor 
instruction.  So,  also,  seal,  scolu,  a  school ;  but  the 
latter  sense,  I  think,  must  have  been  derived  from 
the  Latin.  D.  school,  an  academy  and  a  crowd  ; 
schooleii,  to  flock  together  ;  G.  .idmlc,  a  school  for  in- 
struction; D.skole;  Sw.skola;  W.ysgol;  Ana.  scot : 
Fr.  «o(c;  lUscuoht:  Sp.  csciiela:  Vof..  escola ;  Sans. 
icliala.  This  word  seems  originally  to  have  denoted 
leisure,  freedom  from  business,  a  time  given  to 
sports,  games,  or  exercises,  and  afterward,  time 
given  to  literary  studies.  The  sense  of  a  crowd, 
collection,  or  slual,  seems  to  be  derivative.] 

1  A  place  or  establishment  in  which  persons  are  in- 
structed in  arts,  science,  languages,  or  any  species  of 
learning  ;  or  the  pupils  assembled  for  instruction.    In 


American  usage,  .lehool  more  generally  denotes  the 
collective  bodv  of  pupils  in  any  place  of  instruction, 
and  under  tlie  direction  and  discipline  of  one  or 
more  teachers.  Thus  we  say,  a  .icliool  consists  of 
fifty  pupils  ;  the  preceptor  has  a  largo  school,  or  a 
small  .sc/uio/;  his  discipline  keeps  the  school  well 
regulated  and  quiet.  .  „     .  c 

o  The  instruction  or  exercises  of  a  collection  oi 
pupils  or  students,  or  the  collective  body  of  pupils 
wlnlo  engaged  in  their  studies.  Thus  we  say,  the 
.school  begins  or  opens  at  eight  o'clock,  that  is,  the 
pupils  at  that  hour  begin  their  studies.  So  we  say, 
the  teacher  is  now  in  school;  the  school  hours  are 
from  nine  to  twelve,  and  from  two  to  five. 

3.  'I'he  state  of  instruction. 

Sol  him  betimes  to  echoot.  Drydcn. 

■1  A  place  of  education,  or  collection  of  pupils,  of 
any  kind  ;  as,  the  schools  of  the  propliets.  In  moilcrn 
tisatc,  the  word  school  comprehends  every  place  ol 
education,  as  university,  college,  academy,  common 
or  primarv  schools,  dancing-schools,  riding-schools, 
&c. ;  but  ordinarily  the  word  is  applied  to  seminaries 
inferior  to  universities  and  colleges. 

What  is  the  rrem  commmiily  of  Chrislians,  hut  one  uf  iho  imm- 

mcrable  Khoals  in  the  vast  plan,  which  Oo.l  Iws  iiishlnl"!  tor 

tlic  educatiou  of  various  inlelligencics  f         BuckiiniisUr. 

5   Separate  denomination  or  sect ;  or  a  system  of 

doctrine  taught  by  particular  teachers,  or  peculiar  to 

any  denomination  of  Christians  or  philosophers. 

Let  no  man  be  less  confident  in  his  faith—  liy  reason  of  any  dif- 
ference in  the  severed  tchools  of  Christians.  rayior. 

Thus  WO  say,  the  Socratic  school,  the  Platonic 
ii-JiiiiJ,  Itic  Peripatetic  or  Ionic  school:  by  which  we 
understand  all  those  who  adopted  and  adhered  to  a 
piirlieiilar  system  of  opinions. 

(i  'Hie  schools,  pi !  the  seminaries  for  teaching 
lo"ic  metaphysics,  and  theology,  which  were  formed 
iirthe  middle  a-cs,  and  which  were  characterized  by 
academical  disputations  and  subtilties  of  reasoning  ; 
or  the  learned  men  who  were  engaged  m  discussing 
nice  points  in  metaphysics  or  theology. 

The  supreme  anthority  of  Aristotle  in  the  ichoola  of  theologT  as 
WfU  aa  of  philosophy.  Henry. 

7.  .\ny  place  of  improvement  or  le.arning.  The 
world  is  an  excellent  school  to  wise  men,  but  a  sclioot 
of  vice  to  fools. 

8.  Formerly,  a  shoal  or  compact  body  ;  as,  a  school 
of  fishes  ;  spelt,  .also.  Scull.  Halliwcll. 

In  this  sense,  the  word  is  still  sometimes  used  m 
America.  .  ,  ., , 

Primonj  school :  a  school  for  instructing  children  in 
the  first  rudiments  of  language  and  literature  ;  called, 
also,  eommnii  school,  because  it  is  open  to  the  children 
of  all  the  inhabitants  in  a  town  or  district. 
SCHOOL,  v.  t.    To  instruct ;  to  train  ;  to  educate. 

He's  g-:ntle,  never  schooled,  yet  learned.  ,^hak. 

2.  To  teach  with  superiority;  to  tutor;  to  chide 
ani  admonisli ;  to  reprove. 

Scltool  your  child, 
And  .ask  why  God's  Auoinled  he  reviled.  -     Di-yden. 

S€IIOOL'-DOY,  n.     [See  Bo  v.]     A  boy  belonging  to 

a  school,  or  one  who  is  learning  rudiments.  Swift. 
SCHOOL'-DaME,    71.      [See    Dame.]      The    female 

teacher  of  a  school.  . 

SeHOOL'-D.\Y,  71.     [See  Dav.]     The  age  m  which 

youth  are  sent  to  school.     [JVo£  now  used.]       Shak. 
SeUOOL'-DlS-TEieT,  71.    A  division  of  a  town  or 
city  for  establishing  and  conducting  schools.    [  i7;ii(cii 
States.]  ^ 

seilOOL'-DI-VINE',   77.      One    who    espouses    the 

scholastic  theology  ;  one  of  tlie  schoolmen. 
S€1I00L'-Di-VIN'I-TY,  71.     Scholastic  divinity. 
SeilOOL'£D,  (skoold,)  pii.    Instructed ;  trained  ;  til- 

tored ;  reproved. 
seHOOL'ER-Y,    71.      Something    taught  j    precepts. 

[jXotnsed.]  ,    Spen.ser. 

seilOOL'-FEL-LoW,  71.     [See  Fellow.]     One  bred 

at  the  same  school ;  an  associate  in  school.    Locke. 
seilOOL'-GiRL,  77.    A  girl  belonging  to  a  school. 
sellOOL'-HOUSE,  77.     [See  House.]    A  house  ap- 
propriated for  the  use  of  schools,  or  for  instruction  ; 
but  apiilied  only  to  luiildings  for  subordinate  schools, 
not  to  colleges.     In   Connecticut  and  some  other 
Slates,  every  town  is  divided  into  school-districts, 
and  each  district  erects  its  own  schocl-honsc  by  a  tax 
on  the  inh.abitaiits. 
seilOOL'ING,;);ir.   Instructing  ;  teaching  ;  reproving. 
seilOOL'ING,  71.     Instruction  in  school ;  tuition, 
a.  Compensation  for  instruction ;  price  or  reward 
paid  to  an  instructor  for  teaching  pupils. 

3.  Reproof;  reprimand.    He  gave  ins  son  a  good 
.schooling.  Walter  Scott. 

SellOOL'-alAlD,  71.     [Sec  Maid.]     A  girl  at  school. 

Shak. 
SellOOL'JIAN,  71.  A  man  versed  in  Ihe  niceties  of 
academical  disputation  or  of  school  divinity.  The 
schoolmen,  were  philosophers  and  divines  of  the  mid- 
dle ages  who  adopted  the  principles  of  Aristotle,  and 
spent  much  time  on  points  of  nice  and  abstract  spec- 
ulation. They  were  so  called  because  they  taught  in 
the  schools  of  divinity  established  by  Charlemagn- 

Eocije.  JJni 


SGHOOL'MaS-TER,  77.  [See  BIasteu.]  The  man 
who  presides  over  and  teaches  a  school ;  a  teacher, 
instructor,  or  preceptor,  of  a  school. 

Adrian  VI.  was  sometime  tchoolmfiBter  to  Charlca  V.    Kiiotlee. 

2.  He  or  that  which  disciplines,  instructs,  and 
leads. 

The  law  was  our  ac7iool77i«8ler  lo  bring  us  to  Chiast.  —  Gal.  iii. 

SGHOOL'MaTE,  n.     Ono  who  attends   the   same 

school.  .,  -     , 

seilOOL'MIS-TRESS,  n.     (See  Misibes.!.]     A  wo- 
man who  governs  and  teaches  a  school.  Ooij. 
seilOOL'-TEACII-ER,  7!.    One  who  teaches  or  in- 
structs a  school.                                  .           ,  •     ,      , 
SeilOOL'-TEACH-ING,  71.   The  business  of  instruct- 
ing a  school. 
SellOON'EE,  (skooll'er,)  71.     [<..  sehoncr.] 

A  vessel  with  two  masts,  whose    mainsail  and 
foresail  are  suspended  by  gaffs,  like  a  sloop's  main- 
sail, and  stretched  below  by  booms.         Mar.  Viet. 
SCHORL,  (short,)  7!.     [Sw,  skOrl,  from  skUr,  brittle; 
Dan.  skiijr.] 

A  mineral,  black  tourmaline.  uaiii. 

SOHOR-L.^'CEOUS,  (-shus,)  a.     Like  shorl  ;  piiilak- 

ing  of  the  nature  and  characters  of  shorl.  Kmean. 
SO  HORL'ITE,  (shorl'ite,)  71.    A  mineral  of  a  greeiiisli- 
wllito  color,  sometimes  yellowish,  a  variety  of  topav. ; 
mostly  found  in  irregular,  oblong  masses  or  columns, 
inserted  in  a  mixture  of  quartz  and  mica  or  granite. 
Klaproth.     Kineno. 
Schorlite,  or  schorious  topaz,  the  pycuite  of  Wer- 
ner, is  of  a  straw-yellow  color.  Urc. 
SCI-A-GRAPH'ie-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  sciagraphy. 
SCI-A-GRAP1I'I€-AL-LY,  adv.     In  a  sciagraphical 

manner. 
SCI-AG'RA-PHY,  (si-ag'ra-fe,)  71.     [Gr.  cKiaypafia  ; 
ana,  a  shadoiv,  and  )pa0w,  to  describe.] 

1.  The  art  or  science  of  projecting  or  delineating 
.shadows  as  they  fall  in  nature.  <'"''"•, 

2.  In  architeclure,  the  profile  or  vertical  section  ol 
a  building  to  exhibit  its  interior  structure.    Hiitton. 

3.  In  astronoimi,  the  art  of  finding  the  hour  of  the 
day  or  night  by'the  shadows  of  objects,  caused  by 
the  sun,  moon,  or  stars  ;  the  art  of  dialing.  [Little 
used.]  ,     f^""""-  , 

SCr-A-THER'ie,         \  a.     [Gr.  a^ia,  a  shadow,  and 
SCI-A-THER'ie-AL,  (     inflo,  a  catching.] 

Belonging  to  a  sun-dial.     [Little  used.]      Brown. 
SCI-A-TIlER'ie-AL-LY,  ado.    After  the  manner  of 

a  sun-dial.  .      ,    Gregory. 

SCI-AT'I€,  (sl-at'ik,)  j  71.    [L.  sciatica,  from  Or.  iii\i- 
SCI-AT'IC-A,  1      aiifos,  from  wxiai,  a  pain 

in  the  hips,  from  loxiav,  the  hip,  from  taxn,  "le 

°'a  peculiar  and  specific  painful  affection,  princi- 
pally seated  in  the  sciatic  nerve,  which,  if  protract- 
ed, produces  emaciation  of  the  limb  affected,  with 
weakness,  and  a  more  or  less  permanent  flexion.    II 
it  is  not  a  true  neuralgia,  it  is  nearly  allied  to  it. 
SCI-AT'ie,         j  a.     Pertaining  to  the  hip ;  as,  the 
SCI-.\T'ie-AL,  (     sciatic  artery  or  nerve. 
3.  Affecting  the  hip  ;  as,  sciatic  pains 


'J.   /ineciiiig  iiie  iiiij  ,  «3,  01,1......  p -.  _ 

SCI'ENCE,  (si'cns,)  71.  [Fr.,  from  L.  scientia,  from 
scio,  to  know  ;  Sp.  ciencia  ;  It.  sciema.  Scio  is  prob- 
ably a  contracted  word.]  , 

1.  In  a  ireneral  sense,  knowledge,  or  certain  know  - 
edse  ;  the"  comprehension  or  understanding  of  truth 
or  facts  by  the  mind.    The  science  of  God  must  be 

^l  *In  philosophy,  a  collection  of  (he  general  princi- 
ples or  leading  truths  relating  to  any  subject,  ar- 
ran'ed  in  systematic  order.  Pure  science,  as  tlie 
mathematics,  is  built  on  self-evident  truths  ;  hut  Ilic 
term  science  is  also  applied  to  other  subjects,  founded 
on  generally  acknowledged  truths,  as  metaphysics; 
or  on  experiment  and  observation,  as  chemistry  um\ 
natural  philosoptnj ;  or  even  to  an  assemblage  of  the 
general  principles  of  an  art,  .as  the  science  of  <i^ri- 
iulturc,  the  science  of  nnuigation.  -Srts  relate  to 
practice,  as  painting  and  sculpture. 

A  principle  in  science  is  u  rule  in  art.  Playfair. 

3.  Art  derived  from  precepts  or  built  on  principles. 

Science  perfects  genius.  Dnjden. 

4.  Any  art  or  species  of  knowledge. 

No  science  doth  malie  known  the  first  principles  on  wliicli  it 
bvnidrdi.  Uaour. 

5.  One  of  Ihe  seven  liberal  branches  of  knowl- 
edge, viz.,  grammar,  loiiic,  rhetoric,  arithmetic,  ge- 
oinetry,  astronomy,  and  music.  Johnson. 

Me.  —  Authors  have  not  always  been  careful  to 
use  the  terms  art  anil  science  witll  due  discrimmatioii 
and  precision.  Music  is  an  art  as  well  as  a  scieiice. 
In  irineral,  an  art  is  that  whirh  depends  on  practice 
or  performance,  and  science  that  which  depends  on 
abstract  or  speculative  principles.  The  theory  ol 
music  is  a  science  ;  the  practice  of  it  an  art. 
SCI'ENT,  (si'eiit,)  a.     [L.  scifii.'!.] 

Skillful.     [JVot  used.]                             Cockeram. 
SCI-EN-'TF.R,  [L.]    Knowingly.                    .'tV,"'' 
SCI-EN'TLM-i,  '1.     Producing  science.           Milton. 
SCI-EN-TIF'ie,         >a.     [Fr.  scientifigue ;   It.  scieii;- 
SCI-EN-TIF'IC-AL,  i      tijieo  ;   Sp.    cicntijico  ;    L.    sci- 
cntia  and  facio,  to  make.] _^_ 


F,:iTE,  PAR,  FALL,  WHAT.- I\ID:TE,  PREY. -PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD— NOTE,  DOVE^VE,  WOLF,  BOOK^-_ 


938 


SCI 

1.  Prortucing  cortnin  knowledge  or  demonstration  j 
as,  sctentijic  evidence.  Sojitli, 

2.  According  to  tlie  rules  or  principles  of  science  ; 
as,  a  scinitijic  arrangement  of  fossils. 

I  ;*,  Well  versed  in  science ;  as,  a  scie7itific  physi- 

cian. 
SCI-EN  TIF'ie-AL-LY,  adv.    In  such  a  manner  a^: 
to  produce  knowledge. 

U  is  easier  to  believe,  UiAn  t&  be  scienliJicaUy  inslnictcd.     Locke. 

9.  According  to  the  rules  or  principles  of  science. 

SCiL'I-CET,  C^il'e-.<el,)  [L.]    To  wit ;  namely. 

SCIL'LI-TI.V,  7(,  [See  Squill-J^  A  while,  transpa- 
rent, acrid  substance,  extracted  Irom  squills  by  Vosel. 

SCIMI-TAR.     Pee  Cimeteb.  [Ure. 

SCLN'eOID,  (sink'oid,)  h.  The  sehicoids  are  a  fauiilv 
of  saurian  reptiles,  having  short  feet,  a  non-extensile 
tniigue,  the  body  and  tail  covered  with  equal  scales, 
hke  tiles,  and  llie  toes  margined.  Bramk, 

SGIN'eOID,  a.  Resembling  the  animal  called  sdncus, 
a  saurian  reptile  of  Egj-pt. 

SCINK,  (sink,)  it.    A  cast  calf.     [J^ot  in  use,  or  local] 

^insworth. 
a.  A  saurian  reptile.     [See  Skink.]  P.  Cue. 

SCIN'TIL-LANT,  <3.  [See  Scintillate.]  Emittin, 
sparks  or  fine  igneous  panicles  ;  sparkling. 

SCIN'TIL-LaTE,  v.  I.  [L.  sshitilh.  This  wonl 
seems  to  be  a  diminutive  formed  on  the  Teutonic 
schuin.  Eng.  to  shine] 

1.  To  emit  sparks  or  fine  igneous  particles. 

M,-i[tIe3  do  not  sdnli!la:e  wicli  stec!.  ^Xntrcoy. 

2.  To  spaj-kle,  as  tlie  fixed  stars. 
SCIX'TIL-La-TING,  ppr.    Emitting  sparks  j   spark- 
ling. 

SCLV-TIL-La'TIOX,  n.  The  act  of  emitting  sparks 
or  igneous  particles  j  the  act  of  sparkling. 

Brown.     OlanviUe. 

SCl-OG'RA-PHY.    See  Sciagraphv. 

SCl'0-LISM,  H.  [See  Sciolist.]  Superficial  knowl- 
edge. Brit.  Critic. 

SCl'0-LIST,  fsi'c-list,)  n.  [L.  sciolas^  a  diminutive, 
fonned  on  scio,  to  know.] 

One  who  knows  little,  or  who  knows  many  things 
superficially;  a  smatterer. 

These  p-TSsages  in  Ihnt  book  were  enough  to  humble  the  presump- 
tion of  our  modem  sdotists,  if  tlieir  priJe  were  not  as  grt-.u 
ai  their  Ignorajice.  Temple, 

SCI'0-LOUS,  a.  Superficially  or  imperfectly  know- 
ing. 

SCi-OM'A-eHY,(sI-om'a-ke,)  n.  [Gr.  OKta,  a  shadow, 
and  /ta\7?,  a  battle.] 

A  battle  with  a  shadow.  C&wlcij. 

SCi'O-MAiX-CY,  n.     [Gr.  (jKia  and  nai>T£ia.] 
Divination  bv  shadows. 

SCl'ON.    See  Ci'os. 

SCl-OP'Tie,     (  a.   [Gr.  CKia,  a  shadow,  and  OKzouai. 

SCI-OP'TRl€,  i      to  see.] 

Sciopti':  ball;  an  optical  instrument,  consisting  of 
a  convex  lens  fixed  to  an  opening  in  the  window- 
shutter  fur  forming  images  in  the  camera  obscura. 
and  c;ipable  of  being  turned,  like  tlje  eye,  to  different 
parts  of  the  landscape.  Olmsted. 

SCl-OP'Tie,  n.  A  sphere  or  globe  with  a  lens  made 
to  turn  like  the  eye ;  used  in  experiments  with  the 
camera  obscura  ;  a  scioptic  ball.  ..Ssk. 

SCI-OP'TI€S,  71.  The  science  of  exhibiting  images 
of  external  objects,  received  on  some  extended  sur- 
face through  a  double  convex  glass  into  a  darkened 
room. 

SCi'RK  FA'Cr-^S,  (si^re-fa'she-as,)  n.  [L.]  In  law, 
a  judicial  writ  summoning  a  person  to  show  cause  to 
the  court  why  something  should  not  be  done,  as  to 
require  sureties  to  show  cause  why  the  plaintifl" 
should  not  have  execution  against  them  for  debt  and 
damages,  or  to  require  a  third  person  to  show  cause 
why  goods  in  his  hands  by  replevin,  should  not  be 
delivered  to  satisfy  the  execution,  <Slc.     Blackstone, 

SeiR-RHOS'l-TY,  (skir-ros'e-le,)  n.    [See  Scirrhl's.] 

An  induration  of  the  glands.  .^rbutknot. 

[The  spelling  SKiHRHosiTy  would  be  preferable. 

SeiR'RHOUS,  a.  Indurated;  hard  j  knotty j  as  a 
gland. 

2.  Proceeding  from  scirrhus  j  ay,  scirrhous  affec- 
tions ;  scirrhous  disease. 

SeiR'RHUS,  (skir'rus,)  a.  [It.  scirro ;  Sp.  escirro  :  L. 
scirrhus  ;  Gr.  CKipf/oi.] 

[The  spelhng  Skibrcs  would  be  preferable.] 
In  medicine,  hard,  rigid,  vascular    infarction    of 
glandular  fdllicles  ;   indolent,  insentient,  glabrous; 
sometimes  shrinking  and  becoming  more  indurated  ; 
when  irritated,  tending  to  a  cancerous  ulcer. 

Oood. 

SCIS-CI-Ta'TION,  n.  [L.  scisdtor,  to  inquire  or  de- 
mand.] 

The  act  of  inquiring;  inquiry;  demand.  [Little 
^t^e>f.l  Hall. 

SCIS'ST 

cut. 


SCO 


SCO 


-RLE,   (sis'se-bl,)   a.      [L.    scissus^  scindo,  to 

Capable  of  being  cut  or  divided  by  a  sharp  inslru- 
nic-nt ;  as,  .'^eii.tihJc  mnltor  or  bodies.  Bacon. 

SCiS'SILE,  (sis'sil,)  a.     [I..  scissiliSf  from  scindo.  to 
cut.] 
That  may  be  rut  or  divided  by  a  sharp  instrument. 

.^rhUlmot. 


SCIS'SILE,  n.    The  clippings  of  metals  in  various 
mechanical  optnUicms,  and  also  in  coining. 

Brunde. 
SCIS'SION,  (sizh'un,)  7u    [Fr.,  from  L.  scissio,  scindo, 
to  cut.] 

The  act  of  cutting  or  dividing  by  an  edged  instru- 
"'ci»'.  JViiCwan. 

SCIS'SORS,  (siz'zors,)  h.  pi.     [L.  scissor^  from  scindo^ 
to  cut,  Gr.  fr\(i;ai.  Sax.  scc^tdan.] 

A    cutting    instrument    resembling    shears,    but 
smaller,  consisting  of  two  cutting  blades  movable 
on  a  pin  in  the  center,  by  \vhich  tlicy  are  fastejied. 
Hence,  we  usually  say,  iipair  of  scissors. 
SCTS'SURE,  ?).     [L.  .<:c.iss-nra,  from  scindo,  to  cut.] 
A  longitudinal  opening  in  a  budy,  made  by  cutting. 
[This  can  not  legitimately  be  a  crack,  rent,  or  fis- 
sure.   In  this  use  it  may  be  an  error  of  the  press  for 
Fissure.     Decaij  of  Picti/.] 
SCIT-A-MIN'E-dUS,  a.    '[L  scitamentum,  a  delicacy.] 
Belonging  to  the  Scilaminea^,  one  of  Linuicus's 
natural  orders  of  plants,  which  arc  mostlv  tropical 
herbs,  as  ginger,  turmeric,  &c.  Asiat,  Res. 

SCr'Q-RINES,  (-rinz,)  n.  pi.     [L.  sciurus,  a  squirrel.] 

Rodent  animals  of  the  squirrel  tribe.         Brande. 
SCLA-Vo'NI-AN,  I  a.     [from  SrMvi,  a  people  of  the 
SLA-VON'ie,  i      north  of  Europe.] 

Pertaining  to  the  Sclavi,  a  people  that  inhabited 
the  countiT  between  tlie  rivers  Save  and  Drave,  or 
to  their  language.  Hence  the  word  came  to  denote 
the  language  which  is  now  spoken,  in  its  various 
dialects,  in  Poland,  Russia,  Hungary,  Bohemia,  &:c. 
SCLER'O-DERMS,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  <jK\npoi,  hard,  and 
i^ifna^  skin.] 

A  family  of  picctognathic  fishes,  having  a  skin 
covered  with  hard  scales.  Brande. 

SeLE-ROT'ie,  a.  [Gr.  OK^ijpos,  hard;  ckXijijot/is, 
hardness.] 

Hard  ;  firm ;  as,  the  sclerotic  coat,  membrane,  or 
tunic  of  the  eye,  which  is  the  firm,  white,  outer  coat. 

Rail. 
seLE-ROT'ie,  n.    The  firm,  white,  outer  coat  of'the 
eye.  Coxe. 

2.  A  medicine  which  hardens  and  consolidates  the 
parts  to  which  it  is  applied.  Quincij.     Cure. 

SeoAT.     See  Scot. 
SeOB'I-FORM,  a.     [L.  scobs,  sawdust,  and  form.] 

Having  the  form  of  sau'dust  or  raspings. 
SeOBS,  n.     [L.,  from  .^cabo,  to  scrajie.] 

Raspings  of  ivory,  hartshorn,  metals,  or  other  hard 
substance  ;  dross  of  metals,  Sec.  Cbambers. 

SeOFF,  V.  i.  [Gr.  oKi^Tmo.  The  primary  sense  is 
probably  to  throw,  i:;  wliich  sense  it  coincides  with 
the  D.  sc^.-uiipcn,  G.  sfhuppen,  to  push,  to  shove.  Bm 
I  do  nut  find  the  word  in  tlio  Engli.-h  and  Greek 
sense,  in  any  modern  language  except  the  English.] 
To  treat  with  insolent  ridicule,  mockery,  or  con- 
tumelious language ;  to  manitest  contempt  by  de- 
rision ;  with  at.  'J'o  scoj^  at  religion  and  sacred 
things,  is  evidence  of  extreme  weakness  and  folly, 
as  well  as  of  wickedness. 

Tliey  6lmll  sct^fat  Uie  km^i.  — Ilab.  i. 

SCOFF,  v.  t.  To  treat  with  dciision  or  scorn  ;  to  ad- 
dress with  contumelious  language.  Fothcrbij. 

SGOFF,  n.  Derision,  ridicule,  mockery,  or  reproach, 
expressed  in  language  of  contempt;  expression  of 
scorn  or  contempt. 

With  scojfs,  and  scorus,  and  CJiilunielioua  t.iiin(s.  Shak. 

SeOFF'£D,  (skoft,)  pp.  Treated  with  derision  or 
scorn. 

SeOFF'ER,  n.  One  who  scoffs  ;  one  that  mocks,  de- 
rides, or  reproaches  in  the  language  of  contempt;  a 
s  corner. 

There  shal!  come  in  the  last  days  scoffers,  walking  after  their 
own  lusts,  and  saying",  Where  is  the  piomise  of  his  com- 
xn^'i  —  2  Pet.  iii. 

S€OFF'ING,  ppr.  ox  a.  Deriding  or  mocking;  treat- 
ing wit!i  reproachful  language. 

SeOFF^ING,  «.    The  act  of  treating  with  scorn.  j9.v/t. 

SeOFF'ING-LY,  adv.  In  mockery  or  contempt ;  by 
way  of  derision. 

Aristotle  applied  this  hCMiiisticb  ffojRng/y  (o  tli-?  sycophaiils  at 
Athene.  Broome. 

SeoLD,  V.  i.  [D.  schcldcn;  G.  schclten;  Dan.  skielda; 
to  rail,  to  scold  ;  Sw.  skalla,  to  sound  or  ring  ;  skallra, 
to  snap  or  crack  ;  skalla,  to  bark,  to  scold.  It  seems 
to  be  formed  on  the  rort  of  G.  schcUe,  a  bell,  a  jingle, 
a  box  on  the  ear;  sckcUat,  schallcn,  to  ring;  D.  schel, 
sckellcn.  If  5  is  a  prefix,  this  word  coincides  with 
call,  and  Sax.  gal/in,  to  sing,  g'ijllan,  giclan,  to 
yell.] 

To  find  tault  or  rail  with  rude  clamor;  to  brawl ; 
to  utter  railing,  or  harsh,  rude,  boisterous  rebuke; 
with  at ;  as,  to  scold  at  a  servant.  A  scolding  tongue, 
a  scolding  wife,  a  .'icnUUug  husband,  a  scolding  mas- 
ter, who  can  endure.'' 


P.\rdon  nic  ;  'tia  the  fir^t  lime  tliat  ever 

I'm  luiccd  to  scold.  ShaJc. 

SGoLD,  V.  t.    To  chide  v.'ith  rudeness  and  boisterous 
clamor ;  to  rate.  BoswcK'. 

[The  transitive  us:o  of  this  word  is  of  recent  ori- 
gin, at  least  within  my  knowledge.] 


SeoLD,7i.    A  rude,  clamorous,  foul-mouthed  woman. 

Sco!!i  answer  roul-n:outlied  ecoidg,  Stsi/t. 

9.  .\  scolding  ;  a  brawl. 

SGoLD'ER,  71.    One  that  scolds  or  rails. 

se6I-D'IXG,pp7-.    Raihng  with  clamor;  uttering  re- 
buke in  rude  and  boisterous  language. 
2.  n.  Given  to  scolding. 

se(iLD'I.\(;,  71.  Tlie  uttering  of  rude,  clamorous 
langunge  by  way  of  rebuke  or  railing;  railing  Inn- 
guase. 

SeoLD'L\G-LY,  adv.    With  rude  clamor  or  railing. 

SeOL'E-CITE,  H,    |Gr.  <T*-r,>A7,f,  a  worm.] 

One  division  of  the  old  spL-cics  Mesotype,  occur- 
ring in  radiiited  crystalhzations  of  a  white  color,  or 
transparent,  and  consisting  of  silica,  alumina,  and 
lime,  with  13^  per  cent,  of  \valer.  When  a  small 
portion  of  it  is  placed  in  the  exterior  flame  of  a  blow- 
pipe, it  twists  hke  a  worm,  becomes  opaque,  and  is 
converted  into  a  hiebby,  colorless  glass. 

Dana.     Phillips. 

SeOI/LOP,  Ji.  A  shell-fish  with  a  pectinated  shell. 
[See  Scallop.] 

2.  An  indenting  or  cut  like  those  of  a  scollop 
shell. 

S€OL'L0P,  r.  t.  To  form  or  cut  with  scollops.  [Sec 
Scallop.! 

SeOL-0-PEN'DRA,  n.     [Gr.  CKoXovcvSpa.] 

1.  .V  venomous  serpent.  Johnson. 

2.  .\  genus  of  venomous  insects  of  the  order  Mvr- 
iapoda,  destitute  of  wings.  These  insects  have 'as 
many  feel  on  each  side  as  there  are  segments  in  the 
body.    The  species  are  usually  called  Centipeds. 

P.  Cue.     Partinirton. 

SeOM'BER-OID,  71.  The  scomberoids  (or  mackcnl 
tribe)  are  a  family  of  fishes,  of  which  the  Scomber 
is  the  type  Brand.-. 

SGOM.M,  n.  [L.  scomnia  ;  Gr.  aKdifipny  from  cKuyrrto. 
See  ScQPF.] 

1.  A  buffoon.    [JVot  in  use.]  L'Estrange. 

2.  A  flout ;  a  jeer.     [J^Tot  in  itse.] 

SCONCE,  71.     [D.  schans;  G.  chanze;   D.  skands  ;  Sw. 
skans,  a  fort  or  castle,  a  fortification.] 
1.  A  fort  or  bulwark  ;  a  work  for  defense.    [Obs.] 

Shak. 
9.  A  hanging  or  projecting  candlestick,  generallv 
with  a  mirror  to  reflect  the  light. 

GoMen  sconces  hang  uprjn  the  walls.  Drylen. 

3.  The  circular  tube,  with  a  brim  in  a  candlestick, 
into  which  the  candle  is  inserted,  that  is,  the  s\\\y- 
port,  the  holder  of  the  candle  ;  and  from  this  sen-e 
til"  candlestick,  in  tlie  preceding  definition,  has  its 
name. 

4.  A  fixed  seat  or  sheif.    [Local.] 

SCONCE,  n.  [p.  ski'onncr,  to  judge,  to  discern; 
skiiinsom,  judicious.] 

1.  Sense;  judgment;  discretion  or underslandinir. 
This  sense  has  been  in  vulgar  use  in  New  Eiiglaiul 
within  my  memory. 
9.  The  head  ;  a  low  word.  ShaJ:. 

3.  A  mulct  or  fine.     [Q.\i.  poll-tax.] 
SCONCE,  V.  t.    To  mulct ;  to  fine.  TTarton. 

[Ji  low  word,  and  not  in  iise.] 
SCOOP,  n.  [D.  schop,  a  scoop,  and  a  shovel ;  G. 
sckiippe :  schupp,  a  shove;  schu^fpcn,  to  push  or 
shove;  Sw.  skujf\  a  shove;  Dan.  skuffc,  a  scoop,  a 
shovel,  a  box  or  drawer  ;  D.  schtff,  schuiven,  lo  shore  ; 
Fr.  ecopc  ;  Arm.  esgop  or  scop.] 

1.  A  large  ladle ;  a  vessel  with  a  long  handle 
fastened  to  a  dish,  used  for  dipping  liquors  ;  also,  a 
little  hollow  piece  of  wood  for  bailing  boats. 

2.  An  instrument  of  surgerj-.  Sharp. 

3.  A  sweep  ;  a  stroke  ;  a  swoop.  Shak. 
SCOOP,  V.  t.    To  lade  out ;  properly,  to  take  out  with 

a  scoop,  or  with  a  sweeping  motion. 

lie  scooped  tlie  water  from  the  crvBtal  flood.  Dryden. 

2.  To  empty  by  lading ;  as,  he  scooped  it  dr>'. 

.Addison. 

3.  To  make  hollow,  as  a  scoop  or  dish ;  to  ex- 
cavate ;  as,  the  Indians  scoop  the  trunk  of  a  tree 
into  a  canoe. 

Those  carbuncles  the  IndiAiis  mU  tcoop,  so  as  to  hoM  nbovf  a 
pint-  Ar6«(/inof. 

4.  To  remove,  so  as  to  leave  a  place  hollow. 

A  s'xci;itor  would  thuik  diis  circulur  mount  h.%d  been  actuilly    > 
scooped  out  of  that  hollow  space.  SpecUUur. 

SGOOP'£D,  (skoopt,)  pp.  Taken  out  as  with  a  scoop 
or  ladle  ;  hollowed  ;  excavated ;  removed  so  as  to 
leave  a  hollow. 

SCOOP'ER,  Tj.    One  that  scoops  ;  :dso,  a  water-fowl. 

SeOOP'ING,ppr.  Lading  out;  making  hollow;  ex- 
cavating ;  n-moving  so  as  to  leave  a  hollow. 

SeoOP'-NET,  ;;.  A  hand-net,  so  formed  as  to  sweep 
the  bottom  of  a  river. 

SCoPE,  n.  [h.  Scopus;  Gr.  c-a:(>t(?j,  from  cxotc/u,  to 
see  or  view;  Heb.  npU',  to  see,  to  behold;  Ch.  to 
drive  or  strike.  Class  Gb,  No.  65.  The  primar>- 
sense  is,  to  stretch  or  extend,  to  reach  ;  properly,  the 
whole  extent,  space,  or  reach,  Iience  the  whole 
space  viewed,  and  lience  the  limit  or  ultimate  end.] 
1.  Space;  room;  amplitude  of  inlollectuat  view; 
as,  a  free  scope  for  inquiry  ;  full  .scope  for  the  fancy 
or  imagination  ;  ample  scupc  for  genius. 


TONE,  B^LL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CI0US.-e  as  K ;  6  as  J ;  S  as  Z  :  CH  as  Sil ;  'fH  as  in  THIS. 


SCO 

2.  The  liiiiit  of  intellectual  view  j  the  uiid  or  thing 
lo  which  the  iiun»i  directs  its  view  ;  that  whicli  is 
purposed  lo  be  reached  or  accomplished  ;  h^nce,  ul- 
timate design,  aim,  or  p.irposc  ;  intention  ;  drift.  It 
expresses  both  the  purpose  and  thing  purposed.* 

Your  tcojyt  U  as  ir.uif)  o«'ii, 
So  to  cnlurce  and  (iii:iliry  the  lnw«, 
As  to  joiir  »oul  &L-cins  gootl.  Shak. 

The  scope  of  all  ih^-ir  pleading  a^iial  man's  nnthorilj',  u  to 
oTcrthrow  such  Ikws  and  constiluliuiis  of  Uic  church. 

Hooter. 

3.  Liberty  J  freedom  from  restraint ;  room  to  move 
in.  Jfooker. 

4.  Liberty  beyond  just  limits ;  license. 

Give  him  line  and  tcope.  Sha.'^. 

5.  Act  of  riot ;  sally  ;  excess.     [Obs.]  Shah. 

6.  Extended  quantity ;  as,  a  scc^e  of  land.    [Obs.] 

Davies. 

7.  Length;  extent ;  sweep  j  as,  scope  of  cable. 

Jilar.  iMn^uagc. 
Seo'PI-FORM,  a.     [L.  scopa^  a  broom,  and  Jorin.] 
Having  the  form  of  a  broom  or  be--;om. 

Zeolite,  Bl^llifonn  or  Bcoiiifonn.  Kirioan. 

SGo'PI-PED,  n.     [L.  scoptr,  a  broom,  and  pes^,  a  foot.] 
One  of  a  tribe  of  mcHifcrous  insects,  which  have  a 
brush  of  hairs  on  the  po^slt-rior  feet. 
peOP'PET,  r.  L    To  lade  out.     [Ati(  in  iwe.] 

SeOP'Tie,  J  rrr    ^.v,--,.-rrl  {Hp-SlU. 

seop'Tie-AL.  l  '*■   ^^'-  ''''^" '  "^'^■■' 

Scoffinc,     [.Yot  in  7ise.]  Hammond. 

SeOP'U-LbUS,  a.     [L.  scopuh.'nis.] 

Full  of  rocks  ;  rocky,     [Mit  in  use]  Diet. 

SeOR'BUTK,  71.     [h.  .scorbutus.] 

Scurvy.     [Aof  in  use,]  PnrcJias. 

SeOR-B0''Tie,         ]  a.      [Fr.   scorbutiquc^    from    L. 
SeOR-BO'TIG-AL,  \     scorbutaSf    the  scurvy.       See 
Scurf,  Scurvy.] 

1.  Afi'ected  or  diseased  with  scurvy ;  as,  a  scor- 
butic person. 

9.  Pertaining  to  scurv>',  or  partakingof  its  nature ; 
as,  scorbutic  complaints  or  symptoms. 
3.  Subject  to  scur\T  ;  as,  a  scorbutic  habit. 
SeOU-DO'Tie-AL-LY',  adv.      \Vith    the    scurvy,  or 
with  a  tendency  to  it ;    as,  a  woman   scorbuticalhj 
affected.  fViscman. 

SeORCE.    St-e  ScoBSE. 

SeORCH,  V.  t.  [D.  sckrocijcii,  schrooken^  to  scorch.  If 
this  is  the  same  word,  there  has  been  a  transposition 
of  the  vowel.  The  Saxon  has  scLtrcjied^  the  participle. 
But  it  is  probable  the  Dutch  i^  the  true  orthography, 
and  the  word  is  lo  be  referred  to  the  Ch.  I^n,  Ar. 


o^ 


haraka  or  charaka,  to  bum,  singe,  or  roast. 


Class  Rg,  No.  33,  34.] 

1.  To  burn  superficially  ;  to  subject  to  a  degree  of 
lieat  tliat  changes  the  color  of  a  thing,  or  both  the 
color  and  texture  of  the  surf.ice.  Fire  will  scorch 
linen  or  cotton  very  speedily  ia  extremely  cold 
weather. 

2.  To  burn ;  to  affect  painfully  with  lieat. 
Scorched  with  the  burning  sun  or  burning  sands 
of  Africa. 

S€ORCII,c.  i.    To  be  burnt  on   the  surface;  to  be 
parched  ;  to  he  dried  up. 

Scalier  a  litile  mun*y  sinw  and  fi-m  among  j-onr  e-edlings,  to 
prevent  the  roots  fruin  scorciiing.  Mortimtr. 

SeORCH'ED,  (skorcht,)  pp.      Bu nit  on  the  surface; 

pained  by  heal. 
SeORCH'ING,  Pin-,  or  a.    Burning  on  the  surface; 

paining  by  ln;at. 
SeORCH'ING-FFN'^'EL,  n.    A  plant  of  tlie  penus 

Thapsia  ;  deadly  carrot.  her. 

SeORCH'I\G-LY,  adv.    So  as  to  parch  or  burn  the 

surtacp. 
SeOKCH'ING-NESS,  n.    The  (quality  of  scorching. 
SeOR'DI-UM,  w.     [L.]     A  plant,  the  water-german- 
der, a  species  of  Teucrium.  Encyr.. 
SGoUE,   n.     [Ir.   scor^   a   notch  ;    sgoram^   to   cut  in 

piectJs  ;  .Sax.  scor,  a  score,  twenty  ;   Ice.  skora^  from 

tho  root  of  shear.,  share,  shire.] 

1.  A  notch  or  incijiinn  ;  hetice,  the  number  twenty. 
Our  ancestors,  before  the  knowledge  of  writing, 
numbered  and  kept  acmnnts  of  numbers  by  cutting 
notches  on  a  stick  or  tally,  and  making  one  notch  the 
representative  of  twtnty.  A  simple  mark  answered 
the  same  purpose. 

2.  A  line  drawn. 

3.  An  account  or  reckoning  ;  tls,  he  paid  his  score. 

Sliak. 

4.  An  account  kept  of  something  past ;  an  epoch ; 
an  era.  TilloLwn. 

5.  Debt,  or  account  of  debt.  Shak. 
G.  Account ;  reason  ;  motive. 

But  I'-ft  ibc  Ir.xd'',  as  many  more 

Have  lately  done  on  the  same  $core.  Huflihras. 

7.  Account ;  sake. 

'/    1  act  your  kindness  on  Cydaria's  tcoTe.  Dryden. 

-.  Ill  music^  the  original  and  entire  draught  of  any 
cimipiiBition,  or  its  transcript.  Bu^bij. 

To  quit  scores;  to  pay  fully  ;  lo  make  even  by  giv- 
ing an  equivalent. 


SCO 

^  son^  in  score;  the  words  with  the  musical  notes 
of  a  song  annexed.  Johnson. 

SCORE,  1?,  (.  To  notch  ;  lo  cut  and  chip  for  Iho  pur- 
po.'je  of  preparing  for  hewing  ;  as,  to  score  timber. 

2.  To  cut ;  to  engrave.  Spenser. 

3.  To  mark  by  a  line.  Sandijs. 

4.  To  iicl  down  as  a  debt. 

Madam,  I  know  vrlicn, 
In&tcad  of  five,  you  ecortd  inc  icn.  Siei/L 

6.  To  set  dov/n  or  lake  as  an  account ;  to  charge  ; 

as,  to  score  follies.  Dnjden. 

t).  To  form  a  score  in  music.  Busby. 

SCoR'/'.'D,  (sktird,)  pp.  or  a.  Notched;  set  down; 
marked  ;  [irepared  for  hewing. 

In  botmiijy  a  scored  stem  is  marked  with  parallel 
lines  or  grooves.  J\Jart}jn. 

SGo'RI-A,  71. ;  pi.  SconiJE.  [L.,  from  the  Gr.  rjK(^ynta, 
c-jf-':',  rejected  matter,  that  which  is  thrown  off. 
Class  Gr.] 

1.  Drojs ;  the  recrement  cf  niclals  in  fusion,  or 
the  slag  rejected  after  the  reduction  of  njutallic 
ores.  J\'>.wton.    Kvcyc. 

2.  The  cellular,  slaggj'  lavas  of  a  volcano.      Vana. 
S€0-RI-a'CEOUS,  a.    Pertaining  to  dross  ;  like  dross 

or  the  recrement  of  metals  ;  partaking  of  the  nature 
of  scoria. 

S€O-Rt-Ff-€A'TI0N,  ».  In  metallur^iy,  the  act  or 
operation  of  reducing  a  body,  either  wholly  or  in 
part,  into  scoria.  Encye. 

Seo'RI-FI-£D,  pp.  or  a.    Reduced  to  scoria. 

SCo'RI-FORM,  a.     [L.  scoria  and  form.] 

_Like  scflria  ;  in  the  form  of  dross.  Klrtean. 

SGo'RI-Fv,  1-.  t.  To  reduce  to  scoria  or  drossy  mat- 
ter. 

S€o'RI-F?-ING,  ppr.    Reducing  to  scoria. 

SCoR'ING,  ppr.  Notching;  marking;  setting  down 
as  an  account  or  debt ;  forming  a  score. 

Seo'RI-OUS,  a.    Drossy  ;  cindery  ;  vecrementitious. 

Brown. 

SeORN,  71.  [Sp.  escarnic^  scorn  ;  escarnccerj  to  mock  ; 
Port,  escarnco,  escarnccer;  It.  scherno,  sckcmirc;  \V. 
ysgorii,  y'''ir(iriiiaw.] 

1.  Extreme  contempt ;  that  disdain  which  springs 
from  a  person's  opinion  of  the  meanness  of  an  ob- 
ject, and  a  consciousness  or  belief  of  his  own  Bupe- 
rionty  or  worth. 

He  thought  scorn  to  lay  hands  on  Mordecai  alone.  —  Estli.  iii. 

Every  sultcn  Trown  and  blUer  scorn. 

But  fanned  th-j  fuel  that  loo  fast  did  turn.  Dnjden. 

2.  A  subject  of  extreme  contempt,  disdain,  or  de- 
rision ;  that  w&ich  is  treated  with  contempt. 

Thoo  niakcst  us  a  reproach  to  our  neighbors,  a  scorn  and  a  de- 
rision to  ihoni  that  are  around  us,  —  Ps.  xliv. 

To  tliink  scorn;  to  disdain  ;  to  despise.     [Obs.] 

Sidney. 
To  laush  to  scorn  ;  to  deride  ;  to  make  a  mock  of; 
to  ridicule  as  contemptible. 

Tlicy  laughed  us  io  scorn.  —  Neh.  li. 

SGORN,  V.  t.  To  hold  in  extreme  contempt ;  to  de- 
spise ;  lo  contemn  ;  to  disdain.    Job  xvi. 

Snrely  he  scorneOi  the  Bconier ;  but  he  givelh  grace  to  the  lowly. 
—  Prov.  iii. 

2.  To  think  unworthy;  to  disdain. 

Fame,  that  delights  around  the  world  to  sti-ny, 

Scorns  not  10  U-dce  onr  Argos  in  her  way.  Pope. 

3.  To  slight ;  to  disregard;  to  neglect. 

This  my  long  siiSerance  and  my  day  of  grace, 

TboiiC  who  neglect  and  scorn,  shall  never  last^.        Milton. 

SCORN,  V.  1.  To  scorn  at ;  to  scoff  at ;  to  treat  with 
contumely,  derision,  or  reproach.     [O&s.]        Shak. 

SeOK.\'£D,  (skornd,)  pp.  Extremely  contemned  or 
despised  ;  disdained. 

SeORN'ER,  n.  One  that  scorns;  a  contemner;  a 
despiser. 

They  are  great  econiere  of  death.  A'penser, 

2.  A  scoffer;  a  derider ;  in  Scriptiirej  one  who 
scoffs  at  religion,  its  ordinances,  and  teachers,  and 
who  makes  a  mock  of  sin  and  the  judgments  and 
throatenings  of  God  against  sinners.  Prov.  i.  xix. 
seORN'FUL,  a.  Contemptuous;  disdainful;  enter- 
taining scorn  ;  insolent. 

Th'  enamored  deity 
The  scornful  daniscl  shuns.  Drj/den. 

2.  Acting  in  defiance  or  disregard. 

Scorv/al  of  winter's  fr^jst  and  BUimners  Bun.  Prior. 

3.  In  Scripture,  holding  religion  in  contempt; 
treating  with  disdain  religion  and  the  dispensations 
of  God. 

SeoRN'FlJL-LY,  adv.  With  extreme  contempt; 
contemptuously  ;  insolently. 

The  s;icrcd  rights  of  the  ChrisdoD  church  arc  seoT-nfully  tram- 
pled on  in  print.  AUerhury. 

SeORN'FUL-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  scorn- 
ful. 

SCORN'ING,  Tfpr.  Holding  in  great  contempt;  de- 
spising ;  disdaining. 

seORN'ING,  71.  The  act  of  contemning;  a  treating 
with  contempt,  slight,  or  disdain. 

How  long  will  ihc  econiers  delight  in  their  scorning?  — Prov.  i. 
Ps.  cxxiii. 


SCO 

SeOR'O-DITE,  71.  [Gr.  oKopoiov^  garlic;  from  its 
smcl!  under  llie  Wowpijie.] 

A  native  compound  of  arsenic  acid  and  oxyd  of 
iron,  having  a  leek-green  or  brownish  coU)r.  Dana. 

SeOR'PI-O,  K.     [L.l     The  scorpion. 

SeOR'PI-ON,  71.  f  Fr.,  from  L.  scorpio  ;  Gr.  (Tifo/in-ms  ; 
probably  altered  irom  the  Oriental  2*ipj?.  The  Ara- 
bic verb  to  which  this  word  belongs,  signilies  to 
wound,  to  strike,  &:c.] 

1.  'J'lie  popular  Englisli  name  of  any  species  of 
scorpioy  wliich  is  a  genus  of  pedipalpous,  pulmonary 
:irachnidJB.  Scorpions  have  an  elongated  body,  sutf- 
denly  terminated  by  a  long,  slendm- tail,  formed  of  six 
joints,  the  last  of  which  terminates  in  an  arcuated 
and  verj'  acute  sting,  which  effuses  a  venomous  li- 
quid. This  sling  gives  rise  to  excruciating  pain,  but 
is  unattended  ciiher  with  redness  or  swelling,  ex- 
cept in  the  axillary  or  inguinal  glands,  when  au 
extremity  is  alTecteU.  It  is  very  seldom,  if  ever,  dL-- 
fitructive  of  life.  Scorpions  are  found  in  the  south 
of  Europe,  in  Africa,  in  the  East  Indies,  and  in 
South  America.  The  number  of  species  is  not  accu- 
rately determined. 

2.  In  Scripture,  a  painful  scourge;  a  kind  of  whip 
armed  with  p"ints  like  a  scorpion's  tail.     I  Kiiifss  xii. 

Alaliciour  .ind  crafty  men,  who  delight  in  injuring 
others,  are  compared  lo  scoj-pions.    Ezek.  ii. 

3.  In  astrviwmy,  the  eighth  sign  of  the  zodiac, 
which  the  sun  ciJlers  about  Oct.  ^. 

4  A  sea-fish.  [L.  scorpius.]  [See  Sea-Scor.- 
PiiiN.]  AinsworUi. 

JVateT'SCorpion ;  an  aquatic  insect.     [See  Waticu- 

ScORPlON.] 

S€OR'PI-ON-FLY,  n.  A  neuropterous  insect  of  the 
genus  Panorpa,  Linn.,  having  a  tail  which  resembles 
that  of  a  scorpion. 

SeOR'IT-ON-GR.\SS,  v.  A  name  given  to  certain 
annual  and  perennial  plants  of  the  genus  Myosolis, 
one  of  which  is  commonly  called  Fobi;et-ue-kot. 

Loudon. 

SeOR'PI-ON'S-TAIL,  7i.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Scor- 
piurus,  with  trailing,  herbaceous  stalks,  and  pio- 
ducing  a  pod  resembling  a  caterpillar,  whence  it  is 
called  caterpillars.  Partington. 

SeOR'PI-ON-SEN'NA,  n.  A  shrub  of  the  genus  Cor- 
onilla. 

SeOR'PI-ON'S-TUORN,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Ulex. 

SeOR'PI-ON-WORT,  (-wurl,)  n.  A  plant,  the  Or 
nithopus  scorpioides.  Parr. 

SCoRSE,  71.     [It,  scorsa,  a  course  ;  L.  ex  and  c?<r.vH.s.] 
A  course  or  dealing  ;  barter.     [Obs.]        Spenser. 

SCORSE,  V.  t.    To  chase.     [Obs.l  Spenser. 

2.  To  baiter  or  exchange.     [Cos.]  Spenstr. 

SeORSE,  V.  i.  To  deal  for  the  jiurchase  of  a  horse. 
[065.1  B.  Jonsim. 

SeOR'TA-TO-RY,  a.     [L.  scortator,  from  scortor.] 
Pertaining  to  or  consisting  in  lewdness. 

SeOR'ZA,  71.    [Q,u.  It.  scorzuy  bark  ;  L.  ex  and  corter.] 
In  mineralogy,  a.  variety  of  epidote.  Ure. 

SCOT,  71.  [Sax.  sccat,  a  part,  portion,  angle,  or  bay,  a 
garment  or  vest,  a  towel,  cloth,  or  sheet;  sccat,  scetita, 
sceatt,  money,  tax,  tribute,  toll,  price,  gift.;  scetn, 
scytdf  a  sheet.  This  is  tiie  English  shot,  in  the 
phrase,  lie  paid  his  slwt;  and  scot,  in  scot  and  let. 
Ice.  shot,  D.  scliot,  a  wainscot,  shot,  scot ;  school,  a 
sheet,  a  shoot,  a  shot,  a  sprig,  a  bolt,  the  lap,  iho 
womb ;  G.  sckoss,  scot,  a  shoot,  and  schooss,  hip, 
womb  ;  Sw.  akatl,  tax,  tribute,  rent,  Eng,  scot;  Dau. 
skot,  skat,  id. ;  skiiid,  the  lap,  the  bosom,  the  waist  t)f  a 
coat;  Fr.  ecat,  shot,  reckoning,  It.  scofto,  Sp,  cvcor*, 
shot,  reckoning,  a  tucker,  or  small  piece  of  linen 
that  sJiades  a  woman's  breast,  also  the  sloping  of  a 
garment ;  escota,  a  sheet,  in  seamen's  language ;  Port. 
escota;  cscote^  shot,  club.  This  word  coincides  in  el- 
ements with  shade,  scud,  shoot,  shed,  and  sheet,  all  of 
which  convey  the  sense  of  driving,  or  of  sepjirating, 
cutting  off".] 

In  la7D  and  Engli.ih  his:tory,  a  portion  of  mtmey  as- 
sessed or  paid;  a  customary  tax  t»r  contribution' I:iid 
on  subjects  according  to  their  ability  ;  also,  a  lax  or 
custom  paid  for  tlie  use  of  a  sheriff  or  bailifl'.  Hence 
our  modern  shot;  as,  to  jmy  one's  shot. 

Scot  and  lot ;  parish  payments.     AVhen  persons 
were  taxed  not  to  the  same  amount,  but  according 
to  their  ability,  they  were  said  to  pay  scot  and  lot. 
Encyc.     P.  Cyc. 

SCOT,  n.  [Sax.  *co«a,  scotte;  W.  ysgotiad,^  woods- 
man, a  Scot,  from  ysgaiod,  a  shade  ;  ysgodi,lo  shade, 
to  shelter,  Eng.  shade,  which  see.  This  word  signi- 
fies, according  to  the  \Vcl5h,  an  inhabitant  of  the 
woods,  and  from  the  same  root  probably  as  ScytJiiaiif 
Scytliia,] 
A  native  of  Scotland  or  North  Britain. 

SCOT'AL,     I  n.     [scot  and  ale]     In  tare,  the  keeping 

SCOT'.aLE,  i  of  an  alehouse  by  tlie  olhcer  of  a  for- 
est, and  drawing  peojde  to  spend  their  money  for 
liquor,  for  fear  of  his  displeasure. 

SCOTCH,  a.  Pertaining  to  Scotland  or  its  inhabitants. 
[See  Scottish.] 

SCOTCH,  )  V.  U     [Arm.  scoaz,  the  shoulder,  whence 

SCOT,  i  scoazya,  to  sliculder  up,  lo  i)rop,  to  sup- 
port ;  VV.  ysmojz,  a  shoulder  ;  ysgwyzaa,  to  shoulder, 
which  is  said  lo  be  from  cieyi,  a  fall.] 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT,— MeTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  &L\RINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  WOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK  ■ 


SCO 

To  support,  as  a  wheel,  by  placing  some  obstacle 
to  prevL-m  its  rulling.  Our  wagoners  and  cartmen 
se4>t£Jt  or  scot  the  wheels  of  their  wagons  and  carts, 
when,  in  ascending  a  hill,  they  stop  to  give  their  team 
res!,  or  Tc^  other  puriiose.  [Scotch  is  local  in  Eng- 
land ;  both  words  are  sometimes  us^d  in  America.] 
SCOTCH,  r.  L  [Uu.  Arirf.  sgei^etty  or  Sas.  sceadan. 
This  can  not  be  from  Fr.  ecorc/icr,  to  flay  or  peel ; 
ecorccy  bark.l 

To  cut  with  shallow  incisions.  Hence,  to  wound 
slightly. 

W'c  bare  xcoUA^d  tbe  saakc.  Dot  kQJed  it.  Shak, 

SCOTCH,  n.  A  slight  cut  or  shallow  incision  ;  a  line 
drawn  on  the  ground,  as  in  hop-scotch. 

SeOTCH'-eOL'LOPS,  \  n.    pi.      Vcal 

SeOTCH'SD-eOL^LOPS,  (skotclit'-,>  i  cut  into  smaU 

pieces. 
SeOTCH'£D,  (skotchl,)  pp.    Cut  with  shallow  incis- 
ions. 
2.  Supported,  as  a  wheel. 
seOTCH'-FID'DLE,  n,    A  cant  name  for  the  itch. 
Gross.     W.  Scott. 
SeOTCH'-HOP'PER,  ??.     A  play  in  which  boys  hop 
over  scotches  or  lines  in  the  ground  ;  hop-scotch. 

Locke. 
SGOTCIV ING,ppr.    Cutting  with  shallow  incisions. 

9.  Supporting,  as  a  wheel.     [See  the  verb.] 
SCO'TER,  n.  The  black  diver  or  durk,  a  in;!rinp  fowl 

of  the  genus  Oideuiia  of  Fleming.  P.  die. 

SeOT'FUEE,  a.    Free  from  payment  or  scot;' un- 
taxed. 
2.  Unhurt;  clear;  safe. 
SCo'TI-A,  (sko'5he-:i,)  «.    [Gr.  rKortn,  darknef^s.] 
In  nrcfiitecinrtj  a  hr*llow  molding  in  the  base  of  a 
column  between  the  fillets  of  the  tnri.  Oirilt. 

SCO'TIST,  n.  [from  Dans  Su^tu-^',  a  Scott-^h  corde- 
lier.] 

One  of  the  followers  of  Scotus,  a  sect  of  school 
divines,  who  maintained  the  immaculate  conception 
of  the  Virgin,  or  that  she  was  bom  without  original 
sin  ,  in  opposition  to  the  Thomist^,  or  followers  of 
Thomas  Aquinas. 
SeOT-O-DXN'I-A,  n.  [Gr.  eKor^Sivta,  from  ckotoc, 
darkness,  and  Sivog^  giddiness.] 
In  medicine,  giddiness  with  imperfect  vision. 

Brande. 
SeOT'O-GRAPH,   n.      [Gr.    gxotosj    darkness,  and 
ypci'^'-',  to  write.] 

An  instrument  for  writing  in  the  dark,  or  v/ilhout 
seeing. 
SeOT'0-SIY,  n.     [Gr.  ff«or(j^a,verligo,from  ckjtow, 
to  darken.] 

Dizziness  or  swimming  of  the  head,  with  dimness 
of  sisht. 
SeOT'TER-rXG,  71.    A  provincial  word  in  Hereford- 
shire, England,  denoting  the  burning  of  a  wad  of 
pease  straw  at  the  end  of  harvest. 

Bailey.    Johnson. 
PCOT'TI-CISM,  »u    An  idiom  or  peculiar  expression 

of  the  natives  of  Scotland.  BeaUie. 

SeOT'TISH,a.  Pertaining  to  the  inhabitants  of  Scot- 
land, or  to  their  countrj'  or  language ;  as,  Seotti-ik 
industry  or  economy ;  a  Scottish  chief  j  the  Sccttish 
dialect. 
SeOUX'DREL,  n.  [Said  to  be  from  It.  scondaruole^  a 
lurker,  one  that  skulks  from  the  roll  or  muster,  from 
L.  ah^condo.  The  Italian  signifies  properly  the  play 
hoodman-blind,  or  fox  in  the  hole.] 

A  mean,  worthless  fellow  ;  a  rascal  ;  a  low,  petty 
villain  ;  a  man  without  honor  or  virtue. 
Go,  if  your  ancl?nt  bat  ig^noble  blood 
Has  crept  ihroogh  gcoundreU  ever  since  the  flood.  Pope. 

SCOUN'DREL,  a.    Low ;  base  ;  mean ;  unprincipled. 

SeOUN'DREL-ISM,  ti.  Baseness  ;  turpitude;  rascal- 
ity. Cot^avc. 

SCOUR,  r.  (,  [Goth,  skauron^  to  scour;  Sax.  srj/r,  a 
scouring;  D.  schuuren  ;  G.  scheuern ;  Dan.  skurcr; 
Sw.  ^kura,-  Arm.  scarhein,  scurkcin  or  scuiya;  Fr. 
eatrer,  to  scour  ;  Sp.  escurar.  See  the  roots  i^J  and 
p^J.    Class  Gr,  Xo.  5,  8.] 

1.  To  rub  hard  with  something  rough,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  cleaning;  as,  to  scour  a  kettle  j  to  scour  a 
mnsket ;  to  scour  armor. 

2.  To  clean  by  friction  ;  to  make  clean  or  bright. 

3.  To  cleanse  from  grease",  dirt,  &c.,  as  articles  of 
dress ;  to  restore. 

4.  To  purge  violently. 

5.  To  remove  by  scouring. 

Never  came  reformation  in  a  flood 

Vf\\h  Bucb  a  heady  curreal,  ecouring  f.iulta.  Shak, 

6.  To  range  or  search  for  the  purpose  of  taking ; 
as,  to  jrcour  the  sea  for  pirates. 

7.  To  pass  swiftly  over;  to  brush  along;  as,  to 
seour  the  coast.  JSIillon. 

HoL  to  when  swift  &uuIU  tcourt  the  pL-uD.  Pope. 

SCOUR,  V.  i.  To  perform  the  business  of  cleaning 
vessel?  by  rubbing.  Shak. 

2.  To  clean. 

W»iTn  wat^r  u  softer  th-^n  coIJ,  for  it  scounO.  l-.-'.l/^r.    Bacon. 

3.  To  be  purged  to  excess.        Bacon.    JiTortimer. 


SCO 

4.  To  rove  or  range  for  sweeping  or  taking  eome- 
thing. 

Baitanwsa,  thua  scouring  along  the  coaft  of  Italy.      KnoUet. 

5.  To  run  with  celerity ;  to  scamper. 

So  four  fierce  coursers,  sLartinj  to  lii?  nee, 

Scour  through  th?  plain,  aud  lon^hcii  every  pace,     th^ien. 

SeOUR'^D,  pp.    Rubbed  with  something  roiistt,  or 

made  clean  by  rubbing;  cleansed  from  greasp,  dirt, 

&c.  ;  severely  purged  ;  brushed  along. 
SGOUR'ER,  n.    One  tliat  scours  or  cleans  by  rubbing  ; 

one  who  cleanses  clothes  from  grease,  dirt,  &c. 
9.  A  drastic  cathartic. 
3.  One  that  nins  with  speed. 
SCOURGE,  (skurj,)  n.     [Pr.  escourg-ie:  It,  scoretrgia, 

a  leather  thong;  from  L.  corrl^ia,  Hvom.  corrigo,  to 

straighten.] 

1.  A  whip;  a  lash  consisting  of  a  strap  or  cord  ; 
an  instrument  of  punishment  or  discipline. 

A  ecourge  of  smalf  cords. — John  ii. 

2.  A  punishment ;  vindictive  affliction. 

Famine  and  plague  are  S'-'nt  as  scourges  for  ameiiilment.  — 2 
Eedras. 

3.  He  or  that  v.'hich  greatly  afflicts,  harasses,  or 
destroys;  pa rtkularhj,  any  continued  evil  or  calam- 
ity. Attila  was  called  the  scourge  of  God,  for  tlie 
miseries  he  indicted  in  iiis  conquests.  Slavery  is  a 
terrible  scourire. 

4.  A  whip  for  a  lop.  Locke. 
SCOURGE,  (skurj,)  v.  t.     [It.  sroreggiare.l 

I.  To  whip  severely;  to  lash. 

Is  it  lawful  for  you  to  ecourge  a  man  thnt  is  a  Roimo  ?  —  Acts 
xxii, 

9.  To  punish  with  severity  ;  to  chastise  ;  to  afflict 
for  sins  or  (hults,  and  with  the  purjwse  of  correction. 

He  will  scourge  us  for  o;tr  iniqjiL-B,  n-.i'J  will  have  mercy  a^Jin. 

Tbfif. 
Whom  llie  Lord  loveth  he  ch:isteiiet!:,  ami  seourgeth  every  son 
whom  he  receiveiii.  —  Hcb.  xii. 

3.  To  afflict  greatlv  ;  to  harass,  torment,  or  injure. 

SeOURG'iCD,  (skurjd,)  jyp.  Whipped  ;  lashed  ;  pun- 
islied  severely  ;  harassed. 

SCOURG'ER,  (skurj'er,)?!.  Onethat  scourgcsor  pun- 
ishes ;  one  tliut  afflicts  severely. 

SCOURG'IXG, ppr.  Whipping;  lashing  with  severi- 
ty ;  punishing  or  afflicting  severely. 

SCOUR'ING,  ppr.  Rubbing  hard  with  something 
rough;  cleaning  by  rubbing;  cleansing  from  grease, 
dirt,  &LC. ;  cleansing  with  a  drastic  cathartic;  rang- 
ing over  for  clearing. 

SCOUR'ING,  n.  A  rubbing  hard  for  cleaning;  a 
cleansing  from  grease,  dirt.  Sec. ;  a  cleansing  by  a 
drastic  purge;  looseness;  flux.  Bacon. 

SCOURSE.    See  Scorse. 

SCOUT,  n.  [Fr.  ecout;  ecouter^  to  hear,  to  listen; 
Norm,  escoult,  a  hearing  ;  It.  scolta,  a  watch  ;  scoltare, 
to  listen  ;  L.  auscuUo;  Gr.  ouj,  the  ear,  and  L.  culto^ 
colo.] 

1.  In  military  affairs^  a  person  sent  before  an  array, 
or  to  a  distance,  for  tbe  purpose  of  observing  tlie  mo- 
tions of  an  enemy  or  discovering  any  danger,  and 
giving  notice  to  the  commanding  officer.  Horsemeu 
are  generally  employed  as  scouts.  Eiicyc. 

9.  A  cant  term  at  Oxford  for  a  college  servant  or 
waiter.  Oxford  Guide. 

3.  .\  high  rock.     [Ji^ot  in  use.] 

SCOUT,  r.  i.  To  go  on  the  business  of  watching  the 
motions  of  an  enemy ;  to  act  as  a  scout. 

With  obscure  wing 
Scout  fir  and  wide  into  the  realm  of  Di^ht.  MilCon. 

SCOUT,  V.  t.     [Perhaps  Sw.  skiiita,to  shoot,  to  thrust, 

that  is,  to  reject.] 
To  sneer  at ;  to  treat  with  disdain  and  contempt. 

[  This  word  is  in  /food  use  in  .America.] 
SCOUT' EH, pp.    feneered  at;  treated  with  contempt. 
SeOUT'ING,  ppr.    Treating  with  contempt. 
SeOV'ZTL,  (skuv'I,)  n.     [W.  ysgu,belij  from  ysgub,  a 

broom,  L.  scopa.] 
A  mop  for  sweeping  ovens ;  a  maulkin. 

.Ainswortk.     Bailey. 
SCOW,  n.     [D.  schouw  ;  Dan.  skude  ;  Sw.  sknta.] 

A  large,  flat-bottomed  boat,  used  as  a  ferry-boat, 

or  for  loading  and  unloading  vessels.     [-?  icord  in 

good  use  ill  JVeiD  England.} 
SCOW,  V.  t.    To  trniisport  m  a  scow. 
SeOW'£D,  (skowd,)  pp.    Transported  in  a  scow. 
SCOWL,  V.  I.     [Sax.  scul,  in  sciil-eaged,  scowl-eyed  ; 

probably  from  the  root  cf  G.  scliel,  schiel,  D.  scheet^ 

distorted  ;  schirhn,  Dan.  skieler,  to  squint;  Gr.  cko- 

Kt,io>,  to  twist.     See  Class  Gl,  No.  59.] 

1.  To  wrinkle  the  brows,  as  in  frowning  or  dis- 
pleasure ;  to  put  on  a  frowning  look ;  to  look  sour, 
sullen,  severe,  or  angry. 

She  ecowted  and  frowned  with  froward  counteoance.   Spenser. 

2.  To  look  gloomy,  frowning,  dark,  or  tempes- 
tuous ;  as,  the  scowling  heavens.  Thomson. 

SCOWL,  V.  t.    To  drive  with  a  scowl  or  frowns. 

Milton. 
SCOWL,  n.    The  wrinkling  of  the  brows  in  frown- 
ing ;  the  expression  of  displeasure,  suUenness,  or 
discontent  in  the  countenance. 
9.  Gloom  ;  dark  or  rude  aspect ;  as  of  the  heavens. 

Crasliaw. 


SCR 

SeOWL'£D,  pp.    Frowned  at. 

SCOWL'ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Contracting  the  brows  into 

wrinkles;  frowning;  expressing  displeasure  or  tul- 

leniii's?. 

seoWL'IXG-LY,  flrfr.  With  a  wrinkled,  frowning 
aspire t ;  with  a  sullen  look. 

SCRAB  IJLE,  (skrab'bl,)r.  i.  [D.  krabbelen,  to  scrape, 
to  scribble :  krahbai^  to  scrape  ;  G.  krabbdn,  grabc}!. 
Thifi  word  belongs  to  the  root  of  ecrape,  L.  icribu^ 
Eiig.  grave,  engrave,  &c.     See  Scrape.] 

J.  To.scra[)f",  paw,  or  scratch  with  the  hands  ;  to 
move  along  on  the  hands  and  knees  by  clawing  with 
the  hands  ;  to  scramble  ;  as,  to  scrabble  up  a  cliff  or 
a  tree.  [^  word  in  common,  popular  use  in  A'ete  Eng- 
land, but  not  elegant.] 

9.  'Jo  n)akc  irregular  or  crooked  marks  ;  as,  chil- 
dren scrabble  when  they  begin  to  write  ;  bence,  to 
make  irregular  and  unmeaning  marks;  to  scribble. 

David  —  scrabbled  on  the  doors  of  Uie  gate.  —  I  Sam.  xxl. 

SCRAB'ELE,  r.  (,  To  mark  with  irregular  lines  or 
letters;  nsi,  to  scrabble  paper. 

SCRAB'BLE,  n.  Amotion  on  the  hands  or  knees; 
a  ?cm:nble.  Ilolloway. 

SeRAH'i;Li\G,;)pr.  Scraping;  scratching;  scram- 
blius ;  making  irregular  marks. 

SCRAF'FLE,  r.  7.     To  scramble;  to  be  industrious. 

[O&s-.J  Broekett. 

9.  Toslmffle;  to  use  evasion.     [Obs.]       Grose. 

SCRAG,  n.  [This  word  is  formed  from  the  root  of 
Ta;Ty  erair,  Gr.  3«\t  J,  paxi?,  rack.    Class  Ilg,] 

b'otueiliing  tliin  or  lean  with  roughness.  A  raw- 
boned  person  is  called  a  scrag ;  but  the  word  is  vul- 
gar. 

SCRAG'GED,  |fl.     ^Supra.]     Rough  with  irregular 

SCRAG'GY,    \      points,  or  a  broken  surface  ;  as,  a 

ecriigfry  hill ;  a  scragged  back-bone.  Bentley. 

9.  Li-an  with  roughness.  Arb-jtlinot. 

SCRAG'GED  NESS,  )    n.      Leanness,    or    leanness 

SGRA-G'GI-NESS,  (  with  roughness ;  rugged- 
ness ;  roughness  occasioned  by  broken,  irregular 
points. 

SCRAG'GI-LY,  adr.    With  leanness  and  roughness. 

SCRAM'BLE,  V.  i.  [D.  schrammen,  to  scratch.  It  is 
not  improbable  that  this  word  is  corrupted  frora  tlic 
root  of  scrape,  scrabble.] 

1.  To  move  or  climb  by  seizing  objects  with  the 
hand,  and  drawing  the  body  forward  ;  as,  to  scram- 
ble up  a  clifl". 

9.  To  seize  or  catch  eagerly  at  any  thing  that  is  de- 
sired ;  to  catch  vv'ith  haste  preventive  of  another  ;  to 
catch  at  without  ceremony.  Man  originally  was 
obliged  to  scramble  with  wild  beasts  for  nuts  and 
acorns. 


Of  other  care  tliey  lifJe  reckoning  mate, 
Than  how  to  scramble  at  the  fihearer's  feast. 


ATiIton. 


SCRAM'BLE,  n.  An  eager  contest  for  something,  in 
wiiich  one  endeavors  to  get  the  thing  before  an- 
other. 

The  scarcity  of  money  enhaoces  ih^  price  and   increases  the 
scramble.  Lode. 

9.  The  act  of  climbing  by  the  help  of  the  hands. 
SCRAM'BLER,  n.      One  who  scrambles;  one  who 

climbs  by  tlie  help  of  the  hands. 
SCRAM'BLI.NG,  ppr.      Climbing  by  the  help  of  the 
hands. 
9.  Catching  at  eagerly  and  without  ceremony. 
SCRAM'BLING,  n.  The  act  of  climbing  by  the  help  of 
the  hands. 

9.  The  act  of  seizing  or  catching  at  with  eager 
haste  and  without  ceremonv. 
SCRAM'BLING-LY,  adv.    By  seizing  or  catching  at 

eagerly. 
SCRANCH,  V.  U  [D.  schranssen  ;  from  cranck^crauneh, 
by  prefixing  s.] 

To  grind  with  the  teeth,  and  with  a  crackling 
sound;  to  craunch.    [litis  is  in  vulgar  use  in  Amer- 
ica.] 
SCRAN'NEL,  a.     [Qu.  broken,  split  j  from  the  rout 
of  cranny.]     Slight ;  poor. 

Grate  on  their  acranitel  pipes  of  wretched  straw.  Hilton. 

[Not  m  use.] 

SCRAP,  n.     [from  scrape.]     A  small  piece  ;  properly, 
sometliing  scraped  off,  but  used  for  any  thing  cut 
off;  a  fragment;  a  crumb  ;  as,  sera,:?*- of  meal.  S.'iak. 
9.  A  part ;  a  detached  piece  ;  as,  scraps  of  his[ory 
or  poetrj' ;  scraps  of  antiquity  ;  scraps  of  authors. 
Locke.     Pipe. 
3.  A  small  piece  of  paper.  Pope. 

[If  used  for  script,  it  is  improper.] 
SCRAP'-BOOK,  n.  A  blank  book  for  the  preserva- 
tion of  short  pieces  of  poetn.'  or  other  extracts  from 
books  and  papers. 
SCRAPE,  V.  t.  [Sax.  screopan  ;  D.  schraapen^  schrah- 
ben;  G.  schrapen ;  Sw.  scrapa;  Dan.  skraba-;  fr. 
scriobam,  sgrabam ;  Rii?s.  sk-rebu  and  vgrcbatni:  L. 
scrifto,  Gr.  )./)<i0M,  to  write;  W.ysgraru,  to  scrape, 
from  cravn,  to  scrape,  from  crac,  claws.  Oteeit.  But 
probably  from  the  general  root  of  grave.  In  Ch.  and 
Syr.  aiD  signifies  to  plow  ;  in  .^r.  to  strain,  di=tre«:;, 
gripe.     See  Grave.] 

1.  To  rub  the  snrlnce  of  any  thing  with  a  sharp  or 
rough  instrument,  or  with  something  hard ;  as,  to 


TONE,  BUhhf  UNITE.  —  AN"GER,  VI"CI0US.  — C  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SFI;  TU  as  in  THIS. 


SCR 

scrape  the  floor ;  lo  scrape  a  vessel  for  cleaning  it ;  to 
scrape  the  earth  ;  to  scrape  tlie  body.    Job  ii. 

2.  To  clean  by  scraping.    Lci\  xiv. 

3.  To  remove  or  take  ort*  by  rubbing. 

1  will  also  tcrape  ti«r  dust  frum  ber,»uil  make  her  Vikc  tlie  top  of 
It  rock.  —  Eivk.  xxvi. 

4.  To  act  upon  the  surface  with  a  grating  noise. 

Tilt;  chimin?  ctoctLS  to  dinner  call ; 

A  iiuiidnril  fvotsU'iK  nsmpe  the  iiuirblc  hall.  Po}>c. 

5.  To  insult  by  drawing  tlie  feet  over  the  floor. 
[Used  in  the  Enalish  universities.'}  [Orose. 
To  scrape  i>ff;  to  remove  by  seraping ;  to  clear 

away  by  rubbing. 

7'ti  scrape-  together ;  to  gather  by  close  industry  or 
small  gains  or  savings  ;   as,  lo  scrape  together  a  good 
estate. 
SCRAPE,  i\  I.    To  make  a  harsh  noise. 

2.  To  play  awkwardly  on  a  violin. 

3.  To  make  an  awkward  bow. 

y'o  scrape    aapiainlancc ;    lo  make  one's  self  ac- 
quainted ;   to  curry  favor.      [A  low  phrase  intro- 
duced from  the  practice  of  scraping  in  bowing.] 
SeUAPK,  «.     [Dan.  scrab  ;  Svv.  skrap.] 

1.  A  nibbing. 

:?.  The  sound  of  the  foot  drawn  over  the  floor. 

3.  A  bow. 

4.  Difficulty;  perplexity;  distress;  that  which 
harasses.     [^  low  tconl.]  T.  B.  Jifacaiday. 

SeR.AP'£D,  (skrapt,)  pp.  Rubbed  on  the  surface  with 
a  sharp  or  rouaih  itiairumcnt,  cleaned  by  rubbing; 
cleared  a«ay  by  scraping. 

SCRaP'ER,  h.  An  instrument  with  which  anything 
is  scraped  ;  as,  a  scraper  for  slioes. 

2.  An  instrument  drawn  by  iixen  or  horses,  and 
used  for  scraping  earth  in  making  or  repairing  roads, 
digging  cellars,  canals,  Sec. 

3.  An  instrument  having  two  or  three  sharp  sides 
or  edges,  for  cleaning  the  planks,  masts,  or  decks  of 
a  ship,  inc. 

4.  A  miser  ;  one  who  gathers  property  by  penuri- 
ous diligence  and  small  savings  ;  a  scrape-penny. 

5.  An  awkward  fiddler. 

SGK.\P'1NG,  ppr.  Rubbing  the  surface  with  some 
thing  sharp  or  hard  ;  cleaning  by  a  scraper  ;  remov- 
ing by  rubbing;  playing  awkwardly  on  a  violin. 

SGRAP'ING,  n.  Tkit  which  is  separated  from  a  sub- 
stance, or  is  collected  by  scraping,  raking,  or  rub- 
bing ;  as,  the  scrapings  of  the  street. 

2.  A  drawing  of  the  feet  over  the  floor,  as  an  in- 
sult to  some  one.  Grose. 
[Used  in  the  Eu'rlish  unioersitic:;.] 

SeRAT,  I*.  L     [Formed  on  llie  root  of  L.  radu.] 

To  scratch.     [.Xut  in  use.]  Burton. 

SeRAT,  V.  J.    To  rake  ;  to  search.    [Ao(  in  lisc] 

SGRAT,  n.     A  hermaphrodite.     [JV*o(  in  use]  Skuuier. 

SCRATCH,  V.  t.  [G.  kratzen^  ritzen,  kritzeln;  D. 
kratsen;  Sw.kratsa;  Dnn.  kradser ;  probably  from 
the  root  of  grate,  and  L.  rado.  See  Class  Rd,  No. 
46,  49,  56,  53,  59.] 

1.  To  rub  and  tear  the  surface  of  any  thing  with 
something  sharp  or  ragged  ;  as,  to  scratch  the  cheeb:i 
with  the  nails;  to  scratch  the  earth  with  a  ralce  ;  to 
scratch  the  hands  or  face  by  riding  or  running  among 
briers. 

A  sort  of  small  sand-colored  stones,  so  hard  as  to  ecralfh  glass. 

Grea, 

2.  To  wound  slightly. 

3.  To  rub  with  the  nails. 

Be  mindful,  when  ioTcntion  foils, 

To  scrtUch  your  head  and  bile  your  nails.  Swi/l. 

\.  To  HTite  or  draw  awkwardly  ;  as,  to  scratckout 
a  pamphlet.     [JVot  in  use.]  Swift. 

5.  To  dig  or  excavate  with  the  claws.  Some  ani- 
mals scratch  holes  in  which  lliey  burrow. 

To  scratch  out ;  to  erase  ;  to  rub  out ;  to  obliterate. 
SCRATCH,  V.  i.    To  use  the  claws  in  tearing  the  sur- 
face.   Tlie  gallinaceous  hen  scratches  for  her  chick- 
ens. 

Dull,  tame  tiuags,  thai  will  neither  bite  nor  scratch.      More. 
SGR.VTCH,  71,    A  break  in  the  surface  of  a  thing  made 
by  scratching,  or  by  rubbing  with  any  thing  pointed 
or  ragged  ;  as,  a  scratch  on  timber  or  glass. 

The  eoara<?  file  —  makes  deep  scratches  in  tlio  work.     Moron, 
llxas  nr.il3  with  tcratchei  shall  dcfurra  my  breast.  Prior. 

2.  A  Slight  wound. 

Iloaven  forbid  a  shallow  ecraick  should  drive 

The  Prince  of  Wale«  from  such  a  field  as  tliis.  Shak. 

3  A  kind  of  wig  worn  for  covering  baldness  or 
gray  hairs,  or  for  other  purpose.  Smollett. 

4.  Among  boxers^  a  line  across  the  prize  ring,  up  to 
which  boxers  are  brought  when  thev  join  fi"ht 
t-^-^'^O  '        Orofe. 

o.  Scratclies  are  a  disease  in  horses  consistin'^  of 
dry  chaps,  rifts,  or  scabs,  between  the  heel  and 
piistern  joint.  Buchanan. 

SCR.A-TCH'ED,  (skratcht,)  pp.  Torn  by  the  rubbing 
of  something  lough  or  pointed. 

SCRATCH'ER,  n.     He  or  that  which  scratches. 

2.  .\  bird  which  scratches  for  food,  as  tlie  connnon 
hrn  and  cock. 

SCKATCII'ES,  n.  pi.  Cracked  ulcers  on  a  horse's 
foot,  just  above  the  hoof. 


SCR 

SGRATCH'IXfi,p;)r.  Rubbing  with  something  pointed 
or  rough  ;  rubbing  and  tearing  the  surface. 

SGRATCH'ING-LY,  adv.  With  the  action  of  scratch- 
ing. Sidnnj. 

SCRAVV,  71.  [Irish  and  Erse.]  Surface;  cut  tin-f. 
[J\i'iit  in  use.]  Swift. 

SGRAWE,  r.  (.  [Ciu.  from  crawl,  or  its  root,  or  from 
the  D.  sehraveltHj  to  stratch  or  scrape.  Both  may  be 
frum  one  root.] 

1.  To  draw  or  mark  awkwardly  and  irresiilarly. 

2.  To  write  awkwardly.  '[Swift. 
SCRAWL, r.  t.    To  write  unskitlfully  and  inelegantly. 

Though  with  a  gulden  pen  you  scraal.  Siei/l. 

2.  To  creep  ;  to  crawl.  [This  is  from  crawl,  but  I 
know  not  that  it  is  in  use.]  Jlinsworth. 

SGRAWE,  71.  Unskillful  or  inelegant  writing;  or  a 
piece  of  hasty,  bad  writing.  Pope 

2.  In  JVVw  Knglandy  a  ragged,  I)roken  branch  of  a 
tree,  or  olher  brush-wood  ;  brush. 

SCRAVVL'£D,  pp.    Written  uuskillfully. 

SGRA  WL'ER,  n.  One  who  scrawls  ;  a  hasty  or  awk- 
ward writer. 

SCRAWL'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Writing  hastily  or  inele- 
gantly. 

SCRAWNY,  a.  Meager;  wasted.  [This  word  is 
used  colloquially  in  America,  and  is,  undoubtedly,  the 
same  as  Scbannv,  which  Halliwell  mentions  as  be- 
ingused  in  various  dialects  in  England.] 

SCUaY,  n.  A  bird,  called  the  Sea  Swallow  orTERN, 
(Sterna  Hirundo.) 

SGIlF.'A-BEEja.    [L.  scrcabilis,  (voni  screoj  to  spit  out.] 
That  may  be  spit  out.     [06*-.] 

SCRkAK,  (skreek,)  v.  i.  [Sw,  skrika;!:).  skri^cr; 
W.  ysgregian,  from  crcgian,  lo  creaky  to  shriek,  from 
cref ,  enjg,  rough,  roughness,  or  its  root.  This  word 
is  only  a  diflerent  orthography  of  screech  and  shriek, 
but  is  not  elegant.] 

To  ulter  suddenly  a  sharp,  shrill  sound  or  outcry  ; 
to  scream  ;  as  in  a  sudden  friiiht;  also,  to  creak,  as 
a  door  or  wheel.     [See  ScREteH.] 

[When  applied  to  things,  we  use  creak,  and  when 
to  (jersons,  shriek,  both  of  which  are  elegant.] 

SCREAK,  V.     A  creaking  ;  a  screech. 

SCRkAM,  v.  i.  [Sax.  rcomian,  hrtsman,  or  hrcman  ; 
W.  ysgarmu,  to  set  up  a  scream  or  shout.  It  appears 
from  llie  Welsh  that  this  is  also  the  English  skirmish, 
Sp.  escararnuzar,  which  in  D.  is  sc/terniut''elcn,  from 
scherm,  a  fence  or  skreen ;  scJtcrmcn,  to  fence.  The 
primary  sense  is,  to  thrust,  drive,  or  force  out,  or 
away,  to  separate.     See  Class  Rm,  No.  11.] 

1.  To  cry  out  with  a  slirill  voice  ;  to  utter  a  sud- 
den, sharp  outcrj',  as  in  a  fright  or  in  extreme  pain  ; 
to  shriek. 

The  foarful  It;  ,ux>ns  raise  a  screaming  cry.  Dryden. 

2.  To  Utter  a  shrill,  hareh  cry ;  as,  the  screaming 
owL 

SGRICAM,  71.  A  shriek,  or  sharp,  shrill  cry,  uttered 
suddenly,  as  in  terror  or  in  pain  ;  or  the  shrill  cry  of 
a  fowl ;  as,  screams  of  horror.  Pope. 

SCUeAAI'ER,  n.  A  name  given  to  two  species  of 
South  American  birds  of  the  genus  Palamedea, 
(Linnteus,)  usually  ranked  with  the  p-allatorial  or 
wading  birds;  so  called  from  their  loud,  shrill  cry. 

P.  Oje. 

SCReAM'ING,  ppr.  Uttering  suddenly  a  sharp,  shrill 
cry  ;  crying  with  a  shrill  voice. 

SGReAM'ING,  Ti.  The  actof  crying  out  with  a  shriek 
of  terror  or  agony. 

SCREECH,  V.  i.  [Sw.  skrilia ;  Dan.  skrigcr ;  G. 
schreien  ;  W.  ysgre^ian,  from  cregian,  to  creak  ;  Ir. 
scrcadiaim.  See  Screak  and  SHUtKK,  and  Class  Rg, 
No.  1,4,49,50.] 

1.  To  cry  out  with  a  sharp,  shrill  voice ;  lo  utter  a 
sudden,  shrill  cry,  as  in  terror  or  acute  pain;  to 
scream  ;  to  shriek.  Bacon. 

9.  To  ulter  a  sharp  cry,  as  an  owl ;  thence  called 
Screech-Owl. 
SCREECH,  n.    A  sharp,  shrill  cry,  uttered   in  acute 
pain,  or  in  a  sudden  fright. 

2.  A  harsh,  shrill  cry,  as  of  a  fowl.  Pope. 

SCKEECH'ING,  ppr.     Uttering  a  shrill  or  harsh  cry. 

SGREECH'-0WL,7(.  An  owl  that  uttersa  harsh,  dis- 
agreeable cry  at  night,  often  considered  ill-boding, 
but  really  no  more  ominous  of  evil  than  the  notes  of 
the  nightingale. 

2.  a.    Like  a  screech-owl.  Carlisle. 

SCREED,  71.  In  architecture,  a  name  given  lo  wooden 
rules  for  running  moldings ;  also,  to  the  extreme 
guides  on  the  margins  of  walls  and  ceilings  for 
floating  to,  by  the  aid  of  the  rules.  Brande. 

SCREEN,  71.  [Fr.  ecran.  This  word  is  evidently  from 
the  root  of  L.  ccrno,  excerno,  Gr.  Kpivo>,  to  separate, 
to  sift,  to  judge,  to  fight,  contend,  skirmish  ;  Sp. 
harnero,  a  sieve.  The  primary  sense  of  the  root 
is,  to  separate,  to  drive  or  force  asunder,  Iience  to 
sift,  to  discern,  to  judge,  to  separate,  or  cut  ofl* 
danger.] 

1.  Any  thing  that  separates  or  cuts  off  incon- 
venience, injury,  or  danger  ;  and  hence,  that  which 
shelters  or  protects  from  danger,  or  prevents  incon- 
venience. 

Some  ambitious  men  Bcem  as  screens  to  princea  in  m^ltcre  of 
dau^ranil  envy.  Bacon. 


SCR 

2.  In  architecture,  a  parl-'Un  in  churches,  &.c., car- 
ried up  to  a  certain  high  fur  separatiou  and  pro- 
tection ;  as,  an  altar  screen,  &c.  p.  Cijc. 

3.  Something  movable,  used  for  separaliori,  shel- 
ter, orconce;Umeut,or  to  exclude  heat,  cold,  or  light. 

Smart. 

4.  A  long,  coarse  riddle  or  sieve,  used  to  sep- 
arate the  coarser  from  the  finer  parts,  as  of  coal, 
sand,  &LC.  I        >  , 

SCREEN,  V.  t.  To  sci)arate  or  cut  ofl'  from  inconve- 
nience, injury,  or  danger;  to  shelter,  to  protect;  to 
protect  by  hiding;  to  conceal;  as,  fruits  screened 
from  cold  winds  by  a  forest  or  hill.  Our  houses  and 
garments  screen  us  from  cold;  an  umbrella  scrc^njt 
us  from  rain  and  the  sun's  rays.  Neither  rank  nor 
money  should  screen  from  pun'isliment  the  man  wlio 
violates  the  laws. 

2.  To  pass  through  a  screen  ;  to  separate  the  coarse 
part  of  any  thing  from  the  fine,  or  the  worthless 
from  the  valuable.  Kveli/n. 

SCREEN'£D,  pp.  Protected  or  slu  Itered  from  injury 
or  danger;  sifted. 

SGREEN'ING,  ppr.    Protecting  from  injury  or  danger. 

SCREW,  (skru,)  71.  [D.  schroef;  G.  schraubc;  Dan. 
sknive  or  skruc ;  Sw.  skruf.  The  primary  sense  is, 
probably,  to  turn,  or  nither  to  strain.   Class  Rb.] 

\.  A  cylinder  of  wood  or  metal,  grooved  spirally ; 
or  a  cylinder  with  a  spiral  channel  or  thread  cut  in 
such  amanuer  that  it  is  eiiuallv  inclined  to  the  base  of 
the  cylinder,  throughout  the  whole  lengih.  A  screw 
is  male  or  female.  In  the  male  screw,  the  thread 
rises  from  the  surface  of  the  cyhnler;  in  the  female, 
the  groove  or  channel  is  sunk  below  the  surtace  to 
receive  the  thread  of  the  male  screw. 

2.  One  of  the  six  mechanical  powers. 

3.  A  grooved  piece  of  iron,  used  for  fastening  t;)- 
gether  pieces  of  wood  or  metal  j  usually  called  Wood- 
screw,  p.  Cijc. 

-SCREW,  (skru,)  v.  t.  To  turn  or  apply  a  screw  toj  to 
press,  fasten,  or  make  firm,  by  a  screw  j  as,  to  screw 
a  lock  on  a  door;  to  screw  a  press. 

2.  To  force  ;  to  squeeze  ;  to  press. 

3.  To  op|)rcss  by  exactions.  Landlords  sometimes 
screic  and  rack  their  tenants  without  mercy. 

4.  To  deform  by  contortions  ;  lo  distort. 

He  screwed  his  face  into  a  h:irdtiicd  smile.  Dr-ilen. 

To  screw  out ;  to  press  out ;  to  extort. 
'To  screw  up  i  to  force;  to  bring  by  violent  pres- 
sure ;  as,  to  screw  up  the  pins  of  power  too  hi^h. 

IlinccU. 
To  screw  in  ;  to  force  in  by  turning  or  twisiitiij. 

SCREWED,  (skrude,)  ;»p.  Fastened  with  screws; 
pressed  with  screws  ;  forced. 

SCREW'ER,  71.     He  or  that  which  screws. 

SCREWING,  ppr.  Turning  a  screw;  fastening  or 
pressing  with  a  screw. 

SCREW-PINE,  ».  [Malay,  P<indang,i.e.,mmcthluz 
lo  be  regarded.]  The  popular  name  of  the  several 
species  of  the  genus  Pandanus,  trees  which  grow  in 
the  East  Indies,  the  Isle  of  Bourbon,  Mauritius,  New 
South  Wales,  and  Guinea.  The  trees  have  great 
beauty,  and  some  of  them  an  exquisite  odor;  and 
their  roots,  leaves,  and  fruit  are  all  iound  useful  for 
various  purposes. 

SGREW-TREE,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Helicleres, 
of  several  species,  natives  of  warm  climates.  They 
are  evergreen,  shrubby  plants,  witli  purple,  brown, 
or  yellow  flowers,  and  capsules  intorled  or  twisted 

inward.  Loudon. 

SCRT-Ba'TIOUS,  a.    Skillful  in  or  fond  of  writing. 
SGRIB'BLE,  V.  t.     [L.  scribUh,  dim.  of  ^chbo,  to 
write,  W.  ysgrivajc.     See  Scribe.] 

1.  To  write  with  haste,  or  without  care  or  regard 
lo  correctness  or  elegance  ;  as,  to  scribble  a  letter  or 
pamphlet. 

2.  To  fill  with  artless  or  worthless  v.-riting. 

jMilion. 
SGRIB'BLE,  V.  i.    To  write  without  care  or  beauty. 
If  Mffivius  so-ilble  in  Apollo's  spit*.  Pope. 

SGRIB'BLE,  7i.  Hasty  or  careless  writing;  a  writing 
of  little  value  ;  as,  a  hasty  scribble^  Bovle. 

SGRIB'BLED, /ip.     Written  hastily  and  witbout'care. 

SCRIB'BLER,  n.  A  petty  author;  a  writer  of  no 
reputation. 

The  Ecrihb'.er,  pinclicil  v.iUi  hunger,  writes  to  dine.   Gram-i'.le. 

SCRlB'BLING.n.    Actof  scribblingor  writing  hastily. 

SCRIB'BLING,  ppr.  or  a.  Writing  hastily  and  with- 
out care. 

SCRin'!JLlNG-LY,  adv.    In  a  scribbling  way. 

SCRIBE,  7!.  [Fr.,  from  L.  scriba,  fripm  scribo,  to 
\vrite  ;  fmmed  probably  on  the  root  of  grave,  scrape, 
scrub  ;  D.  schryvcn  ;  G.  sehreibcn  ;  Sw.  skrifva  ;  D;in. 
skriocr ;  W.  ysgyicaw,  y:igrivenu,  whence  sericencr; 
It.  scrinerc ;  Sp.  eseribir;  Port,  cscrevcr;  Fr.  ecrire, 
ccrivant;  Arm.  scrivc,  serif  an  ;  Gr.  ypa^co;  It.  gra- 
fadh,  to  write,  and  sgriobam,  sgraham,  to  scrape,  i-n- 
grave,  or  write  ;  Russ.  shrebu,  sgrebayu,  to  scrape, 
scrub,  rake.  Class  Rb.  The  first  writing  was  prob- 
ably engraving  on  wood  or  stone.] 

1.  In  a  , (TCHcrai  sfH5e,  a  writer.    Hence, 

2.  .\  notary;  a  public  writer. 

3.  In  ecclesiastical  meetings  and  associations  in  Amer- 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.-  METE,  PREY.-PINE,  MAEiM:,  BIED.-NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  Vv-QLF,  BOOK.. 


998 


SCR 

wij  a  secretary  or  clerk  ;  one  who  records  the  trans- 
actions of  an  ecclesiastical  body. 

4.  In  Scripture  ami  the  Jewish  history,  a  clerk  or 
secretar>-  to  tlie  king.  Seraiah  was  scribe  to  King 
David.     2  Sam.  viii. 

5.  An  ollicer  who  enrolled  or  kept  the  rolls  of  the 
army,  and  calU-d  over  the  names  and  reviewed  them. 
2  C/i.  xxvi.     '2  Kin^s  xxv. 

6.  A  writer  and  a  doctor  of  Ihe  law ;  a  man  of 
.feamnig;  one  skilled  in  the  law  j  one  who  read  and 
explained  the  law  to  the  [leople.    JEzra  vii. 

PGRIBE,  V.  t.    To  mark  or  tit  by  a  rule  or  compasses; 

lo  tit  the  edge  of  a  board,  &c.,  to  another  i-urface. 
SCRTI5'£D,  pp.     Marked  or  fitted  to  another  surface. 
SeRlB'ING,/;/^r.    Markiiiiror  fitting  lo  another  surface. 
SeRTB'ING,  n.     The  fitting  of  the  edge  of  a  board  to 

another  surface.    In  joinery,  the  fitting  of  one  piece 

to  another,  so  tliat  Uieir  fibers  may  be  perpendicular 

to  each  other.  Gicilt. 

S€RI'MER,  71.     [Fr.  escrimetir.    Sec  SmnMisH.] 

A  fencing-master.     [06s.]  ShuJi. 

S€RIMP,  V.  L     [Sw.  skriwipcn,  shriveled  ;  D.  krimpcHj 

to  shrink,  crimp,  shrivel ;  G.  schnimpfeii ;  W.  crimpiaw, 

to  pinch.] 
To  contract ;  to  shorten  ;   to  make  too  small  or 

short ;  to  limit  or  straiten  ;  as,  to  scrimp  the  jiattern 

of  a  coat.  .W'lD  Kn<rland. 

[Various  dialects  in  England.^  IlaUiwcU. 

S€R1.MP,  a.    Short ;  scanty. 
S€RIMP,  n.    A  pinching  miser ;  a  niggard  ;  a  close- 

tisted  person.  JVew  England. 

SeRIMP'ING-LV,  adv.      In  a  scrimping  or  scanty 

manner. 
SCRlNE,   n.      [L.  scrinium;    Norm,  escrin ;   probably 

from  L.  cento,  secerno.] 
A  shrine  ;  a  chest,  book-case,  or  other  place,  where 

writings  or  curiosities  are  deposited.     [See  Shbi.ve, 

which  is  generally  used.]  Spenser. 

SCRIXGE,  V.  i.    To  cringe,  of  which  this  word  is  a 

corruption. 
SCRIP,  H.     [W.  ysgrab^  T/.s5TCpaH,  something  puckered 

or  drawn  together,  a  wallet,  a  scrip;  ^w.  skrdppa. 

This  belongs  to  the  root  of  gripe,  our  vulgar  grab, 

that  is,  to  seize  or  press.] 
A  small  bag  ;  a  wallet ;  a  satcliel.    David  put  five 

smooth  stones  in  a  scrip.     1  Sam.  svii.    MatL  x. 
SCRIP,  ».    [L.  scriptum,  scriptio,  from  scribo,  to  write.] 
A  small  writing,  certificate,  or  schedule;  a  piece 

of  paper  containing  a  writing. 

Bills  of  exchange  oao  not  pay  our  debts  aLroad,  (ill  scrips  of 
piiper  caai  be  made  current  coLu.  Locks. 

A  certificate  of  stock  subscribed  to  a  bank  or  other 
company,  or  of  a  share  of  other  joint  property,  is 
called  in  America  a  scrip. 

SGRIP'PAGE,  n.  That  which  is  contained  in  a  scrip. 
[A't?£  in  use.]  Diet. 

SCRIPT,  71.     A  scrip.     [JVot  in  use.]  Chaucer. 

2.  Among  printers,  a  kind  of  type  made  in  imita- 
tion of  hand-writing.  P.  Cijc. 

SCRIP'TO-RY,  a.     [L.  scriptorius.     See  Scbiue.] 
Expressed  inwruing;  not  verbal.     [Little  used.] 

SeRIP''i'UR-AL,  a.  [from  Scripture.]  Contained  in 
the  Scriptures,  so  called  by  way  of  eminence,  that  is, 
in  the  Bible  ;  as,  a  scriptural  word,  expression,  or 
phrase. 

2.  According  to  the  Scriptures  or  sacred  oracles ; 
as,  a  scriptural  doctrine. 

SCRIP'TUR-AL-IST,  n.  One  who  adheres  literally 
to  the  Scriptures,  and  makes  them  the  foundation  of 
all  philosophy. 

S€RIP'TUR-AL-LY,  adv.     In  a  scriptural  manner. 

SCRIP'TCRE,  (skript'yur,)  n.  [L.  scriptura,  from 
scribo,  to  write.] 

1.  In  its  primary  sense,  a  writing;  any  thing  writ- 
ten. Ralegh. 

2.  Appropriately,  and  by  way  of  distinction,  the  books 
of  the  Old  and  New  Testament ;  the  Bible.  The 
word  is  used  either  in  the  singular  or  plural  number 
to  denote  the  sacred  writings,  or  divine  oracles,  called 
sacred  or  holy,  as  proceeding  from  God,  and  contain- 
ing sacred  doctrines  and  precepts. 

There  is  Dot  any  action  that  a  man  ought  to  do  or  forbe;ir,  but 
the  SeriptuTB  will  give  hiin  a  clejx  precept  or  prolubuiou 
for  it.  SouUi. 

Compared  with  tlie  knowledge  whicli  th?  Scriptures  contain, 
every  other  subject  of  human  inquiry  is  vanity  and  empti- 
ncsa.  Buckminsler. 

SCRIP'TUR-IST,  71.  One  well  versed  in  the  Scrip- 
tures. JVeiPcombe. 

.^CRIVE'NER,  (skriv'ner,)  n.  [W.  ysg-ricenwr,  from 
ijsgrivcnu,  to  write,  It.  scrivano ;  Fr.  ecrivain.  See 
Scribe.] 

1.  A  writer  ;  one  whose  occuitation  is  to  draw  con- 
tracts or  other  writings.  Encyc. 

2.  One  whose  business  is  to  place  money  at  inter- 
est, lyryden. 

SCRO-BIC'IT-LATE,      )  „      rr  iv     ;      i 

3eRO-Bie'4-LA-TED,  \  ""•     t^-  scrobicuUs.] 

Pitted ;   having  nuniL-rous  small,  shallow  depres- 
sions or  hollows.  Lindley. 
SCROF'U-LA,  n.     [L.    In"G.  kropf\s  crop,  craw,  and 
scrofula.     In  D.  it  is  hropzcer,  neck-sore.] 

.\  disease  capable  of  affecting  various  parts,  but 
which,  when  seated  in  glands,  is  manifested  by  in- 


SCR 

dolent  enlargement,  sometimes  suppurating  imper- 
fectly or  ulcerating;  ulcer  healing  with  difficulty. 
It  is  more  properly  called  Struma,  'I'he  popular 
name,  King's-Evil,  is  applied  to  tliis  disease  only 
when  it  is  sealed  in  glands. 
SCROF'tl-LOUS,  a.  Pertaining  to  scrofula,  or  partak- 
ing of  its  nature  ;  as,  scrofulous  tumors  ;  a  scrofulous 
habit  of  body. 
2.  Diseased  or  afffcled  with  scrofula. 

Scrofulous  persona  cm  never  be  duly  notirislicd.     Arbulhnot. 

SCROF'IT-LOTIS-LY,  adc.     In  a  scrofulous  manner. 
SCROG,  n.     A  stunted  shrub,  bush,  or  branch. 
SCROLL,  71.     [Probably  ((jriiied  from  roll,  or  its  root; 
Fr.  ccrouc,  a  c<'ntracted  wonl,  whence  escrow.] 

1.  A  rull  of  papLT  or  parchment;  or  a  writing 
formed  into  a  roll. 

Ilei-o  16  the  scroll  of  every  man's  nnmc.  AVinit. 

Tiie  heavens  shall  be  rolled  together  as  a  taotl.  —  Is.  xxxiv. 

2.  In  architecture,  a  name  given  to  convolved  or 
spiral  ornaments  variously  introduced  ;  also,  to  the 
volutes  of  the  Ionic  and  Corinthian  capital.     Gwilt. 

'3.  A  rounded  mark  added  to  a  person's  name,  in 
signing  a  pap;T.  On  some  estates  il  has  tlie  elfect  df 
a  si-al,  though  not  generally.  Bouvicr. 

SCRO'TI-FORM,  a.     [L.  scrotum.] 
Piirsi-shaptil. 

SCR6'TO-CELE,7i.  A  rupture  or  hernia  in  the  scrotum. 

SCRCVTUM,  7/.  [L]  The  bag  which  contains  the 
testicles. 

SGROYLE,  77.  [In  Fr.  ccroucUes,  Ihc  king's  evil;  or 
D.  schraal,  thin,  lean,  meager.] 

A  mean  fellow  ;  a  wretch.     [JVot  in  use.]     Sliuk. 

SCRUB,  V.  t.  [Sw.  skrubbn,  to  scrub,  to  rebuke  ;  Dan. 
skrubber;  D.  schrubbcn  :  G.  schnibbcn.  'i'liis  word  is 
probably  formed  on  rub,  or  its  root,  ami  pnhaps 
scrape,  h.  scribo,  \uny  he  from  the  s;unc  radix;  Ir. 
scriobam.] 

To  rub  hard,  either  with  the  hanii  or  with  a  cloth 
or  an  instrument ;  usually,  to  rub  hard  with  a  brush, 
or  with  something  coarse  or  rough,  for  the  purpose 
of  cleaning,  scouring,  or  making  bright ;  as,  to  scrub 
a  floor  ;  to  scrub  a  deck  ;  to  scrub  vessels  of  bi'ass  or 
other  metal. 

SCRUB,  V.  i.  To  be  diligent  and  penurious  ;  as,  to 
scrub  hard  for  a  living. 

SCRT'B,  71.  A  mean  fellow;  one  that  labors  liard  and 
lives  meanly. 

2.  Something  small  and  mean. 

No  little  tcrub  joint  shall  come  on  my  IwarJ.  Sioi/l. 

3.  A  worn*out  brush.  Minsworth. 
S€RUB'-RaCE,  n.     A  race  between  low  and  con- 
temptible animals,  got  up  for  amusement. 

SCRUB'BioD,  (skrubd,)  pp.     Rubbed  hard. 

SeRUIi'BED,  I  a.  Small  ?.:id  nu*an  ;  stunted  in  growth  ; 

SCRUB'BY,  )  as,  a  scrubbed  boy  ;  a  scrubby  cur;  a 
scrubbv  tree.  Shah.     Sicft. 

SCRUB'BING,  ppr.    Rubbing  hard. 

SCRUF,  for  Scunr,  is  not  in  use. 

SCRO'PLE,  j(.  [Fr,  scrupule,  from  L.  serupulns,  a 
doubt;  scriipulum,  the  third  part  of  a  dram,  from 
scrupus,  a  chessman  ;  probably,  a  piece,  a  small 
thing,  from  scraping,  like  scrap.  Scrupulus  was,  pri- 
marily, a  little  stone  or  piece  of  gravel  ;  anil  as  one 
of  such  in  a  shoe  hurts  the  foot,  it  is  su|)posed  that 
this,  like  a  short  stop  or  tiinching,  gave  rise  to  the 
sense  of  doubting,  which  gives  pain.     Kncyc.J 

1.  Doubt ;  liesitation  from  the  difficulty  or  deter- 
mining what  is  right  or  expedient;  backwardness; 
reluctance  to  decide  or  to  act.  A  man  of  fashionable 
honor  makes  no  scruple  to  take  another's  life,  or  ex- 
pose his  own.  He  has  no  scruples  of  conscience,  or 
he  despises  them. 

2.  A  weight  of  twenty  grains,  the  tliird  part  of  a 
dram, 

3.  Proverbially,  a  very  small  quantity. 

4.  In  Eastern  chronology,  the  one  thousand  and 
eightieth  part  uf  an  hour ;  a  division  of  lime  used 
by  the  Chaldeans,  Jews,  Arabs,  &c.  Mutton. 

Scruple  of  half  duration  ;  an  arc  of  the  moon's  or- 
bit, which  the  moon's  center  describes  from  the  be- 
ginning of  an  eclipse  to  the  middle.     [Hare.] 

Scruples  of  immersion,  vT  incidence;  an  arc  of  the 
moon's  orbit,  which  her  center  describes  from  the 
beginning  of  the  eclipse  to  the  time  when  its  center 
falls  into  the  shadow.     [Rare.] 

Scruples  of  emersion;  an  arc  of  the  moon's  orbit, 
which  her  center  describes  in  the  time  from  the  first 
emersion  of  the  moon's  limb  to  the  end  of  the  i-clipse. 
[Rare.]  Huttoii. 

SCRU'PLE,  V.  i.    To  doubt ;  to  hesitate. 


self 


—  I 


lie  scrupled  not  to  eat, 
\inEl  hU  better  knowled^. 


Milton. 


SCRO'PLE,  V.  t.  To  doubt ;  to  hesitate  to  believe  ;  to 
question ;  as,  to  scruple  the  truth  or  accuracy  of  an 
account  or  calculation. 

SGRt'VhEU,  pp.     Doubted  ;  questioned. 

SCRC'PLER,  71.    A  doubter  ;  one  who  hesitates. 

SCRO'PLING,  ppr.  Doubling;  hesitating;  question- 
ing. 

SCRu'PU-LTZE,  (skrup'yu-lize,)u.  (,  To  perplex  with 
scruples  of  conscience. 

SCRU-PU-LOS'I-TY,  n.     [I,,  scrupjdositas.] 


1.  The  quality  or  stale  of  being  scrupulous  ;  doubt ; 
doubtfulness  respecting  some  difficult  point,  or  pro- 
ceeding from  the  difficulty  or  delicacy  of  determin- 
ing how  to  act;  hence,  tiie  caution  or  tenderness 
arising  from  the  fear  of  doing  wrong  or  offending. 

The  first  a^kcrilr-ge  in  looked  upon  with  aoin^r  horror ;  but  when 
they  have  once  iiloilc  Uie  breacli,  their  scrupulotitu  loou 
nnircs.  Decai/  o/  Putt/. 

9.  Nicely  of  doubt ;  or  nice  regard  to  exactness 
and  propriety. 

So  careful,  even  to  scrupulonty,  were  they  to  keep  their  Rab- 
bath.  South. 

3.  Niceness  ;  preciseness.  Johnson. 

SCRU'PU-LOUS,  a.     [L.  scrupulosm;  Fr.  scrupultur.] 

1.  Nicely  doubtful  ;  hesitating  to  determine  nr  lo 
net ;  cautious  in  decision  from  a  fear  of  offending  or 
doing  wrong.  He  careful,  in  moral  conduct,  not  to 
oflcnd  scrupulous  brethren, 

2.  Given  to  making  objections;  captious. 

Eijuality  of  two  domestic  powers 

Breeds  scrupulous  faction.  Shak. 

3.  Nice;  doubtful. 

The  Justice  of  tliat  canec  oaght  to  be  evident ;  not  oUeuir,  not 
scrupulous.     [Not  in  uae.\  Baccn, 

4.  Careful;  cautious;  exact  in  regarding  facts. 

Woodward. 
').  Nice ;  exact ;  as,  a  scrupulous  abstinence  from 
htbor.  Foley. 

SCRO'PU-LOUS-LY,  adc.  With  a  nice  regard  to 
minute  particulars  or  to  exact  propriety. 

Tlic  duty  consists  nut  scrupulouely  in  minutes  and  lialf  houra. 

Taylor. 
Henry  was  scrupulously  careful  not  to  ascribe  the  suco'u  to 
himself.  Aildison. 

SCRu'PU-LOUS-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of 
being  scrupulous  ;  niceness,  exactness,  or  caution  in 
determining  or  in  acting,  from  aregard  to  truth,  pro- 
priety, or  expedience. 

SCRu'TA-BLE,  a.  [See  Scrutiny.]  Discoverable 
bv  inquiry  or  critical  examination.    Decay  of  Piety. 

SCRU-Ta'TION,  7(.    Search  ;  scrutinv.    [J^Tot  used.] 

SCRU-Ta'TOR,  71.     [L,,  from  scnUor.) 

One  tliat  scrutinizes  ;  aclose  exammer  or  inquirer. 
[Little  used.]  -Ayliffc. 

SCKU-TI-NEER',  71.     One  who  scrutinizes. 

SCRu'TT-NiZE,  v.  t.  [from  scrutiny.)  To  search 
closely  ;  to  examine  or  inquire  into  critically  ;  as,  lo 
scrutinize  the  measures  of  administration  ;  to  sauti- 
7?(:c  the  private  conduct  or  nmiives  of  individuals. 

SCRu'TI-NiZ-/:n,  pp.     Examined  closely. 

SCRU'TI-NiZ-ER,  j(.  One  who  examines  with  criti- 
cal care. 

SCRu'TI-NTZ-ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Inquiring  into  with 
critical  minuteness  or  exactness  ;  searching  closely. 

SCRU'TLNOUS,  a.  Closely  inquiring  or  examining; 
captious.  Denham. 

SCRU'TI-NY,  77.  [Fr.  scrutin  ;  It.  scrutinio ;  Sp.  es- 
crutinio  ;  Low  L.  scrutinium,  from  scrutor,  to  search 
closely,  to  pr\'  into;  Sax.  scrudnian;  Ir.  scntdam.] 

1.  Close  search ;  minute  inquirj- ;  critical  exami- 
nation ;  as,  a  scrutiny  of  votes  ;  narrower  scrutiny. 
In  the  heal  of  debate,  observations  may  escape  a 
prudent  man,  whicli  will  not  bear  the  test  of  scrutimj. 

2.  In  tJic  primiiive  church,  an  examination  of  cate- 
chumens in  the  last  week  of  Lent,  who  were  to  re- 
ceive baptism  on  Easier-day.  This  was  performed 
with  prayers,  exorcisms,  and  many  other  ceremonies. 

Encyc. 

3.  In  the  canon  law,  a  ticket  or  little  paper  billet  on 
which  a  vote  is  written.  Encyc. 

4.  In  parliamentary  language,  an  examination  of 
the  votes  given  at  an'eleclion  by  a  committee  for  the 
purpose  of  correcting  the  poll.  Brande. 

SCRU'TI-NY,  r.  t.     The  same  as  Scrutinize.  [Obs.] 

SCRU-TOIR',  (skru-twor',)  7i.  [Fr.  ecritoire,  from 
ecrire,  to  write.     See  Scribe.] 

A  kind  of  desk,  case  of  drawers,  or  cabinet,  with 
a  lid  opening  downward  for  the  convenience  of 
writing  on  it.  Prior. 

SCROZE,  r.  t.  To  crowd  ;  to  squeeze.  [A  low  word, 
of  heal  use.]  Spenser. 

SCUD,  r.  i.  [This  is  shoot,  or  from  Ihe  same  roof; 
Dun.  skyder,  to  shoot;  skud,  a  shot;  Sw.  skudda,  to 
throw  or  pour  out ;  Sax.  sceotan,  to  shoot,  to  flee  or 
haste  away  ;  W.  ijsgicdu,  to  push  or  thrust  ysgudair, 
ysgutkaw,  to  whisk,  to  scud,  to  whirl  about.  See 
Shoot.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  to  be  driven  or  lo  flee  or  fly 
Willi  haste.  In  seamen^s  language,  to  be  driven  u  ith 
precipitation  before  a  tempest.  This  is  done  with 
just  sufficient  sail  to  keep  the  vessel  aliead  of  tiie 
sea,  or  when  ihe  wind  is  too  violent,  wiUujul  any 
sail  set,  which  is  called  scudding  under  hare  poles. 

Totten. 

2.  To  run  with  precipitation  ;  to  fly.  Dnjden. 
SCUD,  r.  /.  To  pass  over  quickly.  Shenstonr. 
SCUD,  n.      The  seamen's  name    for    loose,  vapory 

clouds  driven  swiftly  by  the  wind.  BranJe. 

2.  A  driving  along  ;  a  rushing  with  precipitation. 

Qay. 
SeUD'DING,  ppr.    Driving  or  being  driven  before  a 

tempest  ;  running  with  fleetness.  -     -. 

SCUD'DLE,  r.  i.    To  run  with  a  kind  of  affected 


TONE,  BULL,  ItNlTE.  — AN"GER,  VI"C10US  — €  as  K;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CII  as  SII ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


135 


993 


sou 


scu 


haste ;    commonly    pronounced    sctUtle.      [^    low 

iDi>rd>  1 

S€V'DO,  (skoo'do,)  n.;  pi  Scudi,  (skoo'dce,)  [It.] 
An  Italian  silvtr  coin  and  money  of  account.  The 
Kcudo  of  K(une  is  worth  4s.  4d.  sterling,  or  one  dollar. 

P.  Cyc. 

SeUF'FLE,  (skurn,)?!.  [This  is  a  different  orthogra- 
phy of  Shitfle  ;  froni^/foue,  or  its  root ;  Sw.  .^kuf,  a 
push ;  sknffa,  to  push,  thrust,  shove ;  Dan.  skuje,  a 
drawer,  a  scoop,  a  ahovel;  skvffcr,  to  shuffle,  to  cheat; 
V.  schiiivcii,  lo  shove,  push,  or  draw  ;  G.  scJiicbcn.] 

1.  A  contention  or  trial  of  slrcneih  between  two 
persons,  who  emhraee  each  other's  bodies  ;  astruRtile 
with  close  embrace,  to  decide  which  shall  throw  the 
other;  in  distinction  from  VVukstlim;,  which  is  a 
trial  of  strength  and  dexterity  at  arms  length. 
Among  our  common  people,  it  is  not  unusual  for  two 
persons  to  conimence  a  contest  by  wrestling,  and  at 
last  close  in,  as  it  is  called,  and  decide  the  contest  by 
a  scuffle. 

2.  A  confused  contest;  a  tumultuous  strugglo  for 
victory  or  superiority  ;  a  fight. 

Tb«  tlcin-  lenps  upon  the  BCrpcnt  nnd  tears  It  to  pieces  ;  but  in  the 
satfflf,  the  cradle  happened  to  be  ovcminiod.    L'Eatrange. 

SeUF'FLE,  V.  7.  To  strive  or  struggle  with  close  em- 
brace, as  two  men  or  boys. 

2.  To  strive  or  contend  tumultuously,  as  small 
parties. 

A  gallant  man  prefers  to  fight  lo  gre.-it  disadvantages  in  Hie  field, 
in  an  order^  way,  mlhcr  lliiUi  to  scuffle  with  an  undisciplined 
rablile.  ^'  Charles. 

SeUF'FLER,  w.    One  who  scuffles. 

2.  An  ngncultural  implement  resembling  the  scari- 
fier, btit  usually  lijihter.  Farm.  Encijc. 

SeUF'FLlNG,  ppr.  Striving  for  superiority  with 
close  embrace  ;  struggling  or  contending  without 
order. 

SeUG,  V.  t.     [Dan.  skyg^cr,  lo  shade ;  Sw.  skugga,  a 
shade.] 
To  hide.     [Local]  Grose. 

SeULK,  V.  u  [See  Skulk.]  To  retire  into  a  close  or 
covered  place  for  concealment ;  to  lurk  ;  to  lie  close 
from  shame,  fear  of  injury,  or  detection. 

SeULK'ER,  H.  A  hnker ;  one  that  lies  close  for 
hidin<i.     [See  Skclkeb.] 

SeULK'lNG,  ppr.     Withdrawing  into  a  close  or  cov- 


S€UP'PER-NaIL,7(. 
for  covering  a  large  s 


SeUP'PER-PLUG, 


ered  place  for  coneralment ;  lying  close. 
SeULL,  ?i.    The  brain-pan.     [See  Skull.] 
C.  A  boat ;  a  cock-boat.     [See  Sculler.] 

3.  One  who  sculls  a  boat.     But  properly, 

4.  An  oar,  so  sliort  tliat  one  man  can  work  a  pair  ; 
jtsuallv-,  an  oar  placed  over  the  stern  of  a  boat,  and 
worked  from  side  to  side.  Braade. 

5.  A  shoal  or  multitude  of  fish.  [Sax.  sccole.] 
[JVwi  in  7t5C.] 

SeULL,  V.  t.    To  impel  a  boat  by  movingiind  turning 

an  oar  over  the  stern.  Totten. 

SeULL'-€AP.     See  Skull-Cap. 
SeULL'ED,  (skuld,)  pp.    Impelled  by  turning  an  oar 

over  the  stern. 
S€(JT^L'ER,  n.    A  boat  rowed  by  one  man  with  two 
sculls  or  short  oars. 

2.  One  tliat  sculls,  or  rows  with  sculls ;  one  that 
im[)('!s  a  boat  by  an  oar  over  the  stern. 
SeiJLL'ER-Y,  w.  [Probably  from  the  root  of  sJicV, 
scale,  Fr.  ecuellc  ;  Scot,  skul,  skoU,  a  bowl ;  Dan.  skaal, 
a  drinking-cup  ;  skal,  a  shfll,  skull;  G.  sckalc,  scale; 
a  shell,  a  dish,  or  cup ;  D.  scliall,  schil.  Skulls  and 
shells  were  the  cups,  bowls,  and  dishes  of  rude 
men.] 

A  place  where  dishes,  kettles,  and  other  culinary 
utensils  are  kept. 
SeULL'ING,  ppr.     Impelling  a  boat  by  an  oar. 
seULL'ION,  (skul'ynn,)  n.     [Ir.  squillc,  from  the  root 
of  the  preceding.] 

A  servant  that  cleans  pots  and  kettles,  and  does 
other  menial  services  in  the  kitchen. 
SeULL'ION-LY,  a.     Like  a  scullion;   base;   low; 

mean.     [JVut  used.] 
seiILP,  V.  t     [L.  sculpo,  sealpo.    Q,u.  Gr.   }Xv<f>io; 
root  t\h>.  Class  Lb,  No.  27  ;  or  gall,  L.  catvus,  Class 
Gl,  No.  8.] 
To  carve  ;  to  engrave.     [JVo(  in  use.]        Sandys. 
SeULP'TILE,  (-til,)  a.     [L.  aculptUis.] 

Formed  by  carving  ;  as,  scul^nilc  images.  Brown. 
SCULP'TOR,  n.     [L.    See  Sculp.]     One  who«e  oc- 
cupation is  to  carve  wood  or  stone  into  images  ;  a 
carver.  Encyc. 

seULP'TUR-AL,  a.     Pertaining  to  sculpture  or  en- 
graving. 
SCULP'TURE,  (skulpt'yur,)  n.     [f  r-  ;  I--  sculptura.] 

1.  The  art  of  carvhig,  cutting,  or  hewing  wood  or 
stone  into  images  of  men,  beasts,  or  other  things  ; 
applied  particularly  to  carving  images  or  statues  in 

2.  Canxd  work.  [stone. 

Thore,  too,  in  livin»  sculpture,  might  be  B-cn 

TJie  mad  tifleciion  of  Ibc  Cretan  queen.  Drydcn, 

X  The  art  of  engraving  on  copper. 
SCI'^LP'TURE,  V.  (.    To  carve;  to  engrave  ;  to  form 

images  or  figures  with  the  chisel  on  wood,  stone,  or 

m^-tal. 
SCri.P'TlTR -ED,  pp,  or  a.    Carved  ;  engraved ;  as,  a 

^.•.ulpiiired  vase  ;  sculptured  marble. 


SCULP'TITR-ING,  ppr.    Carving  ;  engraving. 
SCUM,  H.     [Fr.  ccumci  It.  schiuma ;  Sw.  and  Dan. 

sknnt;  D.schvim;  G.  sckaivm.] 

1.  The  extraneous  matter  or  impurities  which  rise 
to  the  surface  of  liiniors  in  boiling  or  fermentaticm. 
or  which  form  on  the  surface  by  other  means.  The 
word  is  also  applied  lo  the  scoria  of  metals.  Enojc. 

2.  The  refuse;  the  recrement;  that  which  is  vile 
or  worthless. 

Tilt"  s^at  and  the  innoconl  arc  insulu*d  by  Uic  tcum  and  rcriis^ 
of  the  people.  Addison. 

seUftr,  V.  t.  To  take  the  scum  from  ;  to  clear  off  the 
impure  matter  from  the  surface  ;  to  skim. 

Yon  that  scum  die  moHcn  load.  Dnj-ten. 

SeiTM'BER,  71.    The  dung  of  the  fox.      AinsiDcrth. 
seUM'OLE,  V.  t.    In  oil  paintui'r,  thinly  to  aprcad  or 
rub  fipaque  or  semi-opaque  colors  over  other  colors, 
to  modify  the  effect.  Jocchin. 

SeUM'liLING,  ?(.  !n  oil  painting,  i\\c  act  of  thinly 
spreading  or  rubbing  opauu*)  or  semi-opaque  colors 
over  other  colors,  to  modify  the  effect;  also  the 
colors  thus  spicad  over  others.  Jocclyn. 

SGUM'MKD,  pp.    Cleared  of  .scum  ;  skimmed. 
SCUAI'MER,  H.     [Fr.  ceamoirc.] 

An  instrument  used  for  taking  off  the  scum  of 
liquors ;  a  skimmer. 
SeUM'ftlING,  ;>pr.    Clearing  of  scum  ;  skimming. 
seUM'MlNGS,  n,  pi      Tlie  matter  skimmed  from 
boiling  liquors ;   as,  the  scammings  of  the  boiling- 
house.  Edwards,  IVc-st  Indies. 
SeUP'PER,  H.     [Sp.  cscupir,  to  spit,  lo  eject,  to  dis- 
charge.] 

The  scuppers  or  scupper-holes  of  a  ship  are  chan- 
nels cut  through  the  watrr-ways  and  sides  of  a  ship 
at  proper  distances,  for  carrying  tiff  the  \iater  from 
tlie  deck.  Tvttcn. 

SeUP'PER-IJoSE,  71.  A  pipe  of  leather,  canvas,  &c., 
attached  to  the  mouth  of  the  scuppers,  on  the  outside 
of  a  vessel,  lo  prevent  the  water  from  entering. 

Tuttcn. 
A  nail  with  a  very  broad  head, 
urfacc  of  the  hose. 

Mar.  Did. 
A  plug  to  stop  a  scupper. 

Totten. 
SeURF,  71.  [Sax.  scurf  i  G.  sclwrf;  D.schurft;  Dan. 
skurv  i  Sw.ffkorf;  Ice.  skarfa;  h.  scorbutus.  In  D. 
scheurcn  is  to  rend  or  crack,  and  schearbuUi.  is  si-urvy, 
Dan.  .^kiorbug,  from  skiiir,  brittle.  In  Ir.  gcarbh  is 
rough.     It  is  named  from  breaking  or  roughness.] 

\.  A  dry,  miliary  scab  or  mealy  crust  formed  on 
the  skin  of  an  animal. 

2  The  soil  or  foul  remains  of  aiij-  thing  adherent ; 
as,  the  scurf  of  crimes.     [JVot  common  nor  elegant.] 

Dnjdcn. 
3.  Any  thing  adliering  to  the  .surface. 

There  Biood  a  bill,  wboae  grisly  top 

Shone  with  a  glussy  scurf.  UrUton. 

SeUUF'I-NESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  scmfy. 
SCURF' Y,  a.     Having  scurf;  covered  with  scurf. 

2.  Resembling  sctnf. 
SeUR'RILE,  (skur'ril,)  a.     [L.  scuiTili.^,  from  scurra, 
a  buffoon  ;  G.  schercn,  D.  schceren,  to  jeer.] 

Sucli  as  befits  a  buffoon  or  vulgar  jester  ;   low  ; 
mean  ;  grossly  opprobrious  in  language  ;  scuirilous  ; 
as,  .9C)WTt/e  jests  ;  scurrile  scoffing;  scitrrilc  taunts. 
t>liak.     JJnidcii. 
SGUR-RIL'I-TY,  n.     [L.  scurrilitas  ;  Fr.  scumlite.] 
Such  low,  vulgar,  indecent,  or  abusive  language 
as  is  used  by  mean  fellows,  bullbons,  jesters,  and 
the  like ;   grossuess  of  reproach  or  invective  ;  ob- 
scene jests,  &.C. 

Baniah  scurriUty  and  profaticness.  Dnjcfen. 

S€UR'RIL-OUS,  a.  Using  the  low  and  indecent  lan- 
guage of  the  meaner  sort  of  people,  or  such  as  only 
the  license  of  buffoons  can  warrant ;  as,  a  scu7-rilons 
fellow. 

2.  Containing  low  indecency  or  abuse ;  mean ; 
foul;  vile;  obscenely  jocular;  as,  scurrilous  lan- 
guage. 

SCUR'RIL-OUS-IjY,  adv.  With  gross  reproach ; 
with  low,  indecent  language. 

It  is  barbiirous  incivility,  scurriioiisly  to  sport  with  what  others 
count  religion.  1\Uotsor\. 

SeUR'RIL-OUS-NESS,  n.    Indecency  of  language  ; 

vulgarity  ;  baseness  of  manners. 
SeUR' VI-LY,  adv.     [from  scurvij.]     Basely  ;  meanly ; 

with  coarse  and  vulgar  incivility. 

Tlie  clergy  were  never  more  learned 


SCY 

tritious  food,  and  hard  labor,  in  conjunction,  but 
more  especially  by  confinement,  for  a  long  jieriod  of 
lime,  lo  a  limited  range  of  fjod,  which  is  incapable 
of  supplying  the  elements  necessary  to  repair  the 
waste  of  tlic  system.  This  diseast;  has  luren  called 
purpura  by  some  nosologists,  but  by  Good  it  is  mure 
appropriately  styled  porphyra. 
SeUR'VY,  a.  Scurfy;  covered  or  affected  by  scurf 
or  scabs  ;  scabby  ;  diseased  with  scurvy,    f.rciticus. 

3.  Vile;   mean;   low;  vulgar;    worthless;    con- 
temptible; as,  a  scurvy  fellow. 


lie  epokc  scitrvy  and  provoking  terms. 
That  scurvy  custom  ol  taking  tubacco. 


57wilt. 


0  scurcily  Ircalcd. 
Swi/l. 


seUR'Vl-NESS,  n.     [from  scurvy.]     The  state  of  be- 
ins  scurvy. 

SeUR'VY,  n.     [from  scurf;  scurvy  for  scurfy;  Low  L. 
scorbutiLS.] 

A  disease  characteriztid  by  livid  spots  of  '/arious 
siz.os,  sometimes  minute  and  sometimes  large,  and 
occasioned  by  extravasation  of  blood  under  the  cuti- 
cle, paleness",  languor,  lassitude,  and  depression  of 
spirits,  general  exhaustion,  pains  in  the  limbs,  occa 
eionahy  with  fetid  breath,  spongy  and  bleeding 
gums,  and  bleeding  from  almost  all  the  mucous 
membranes.    It  is  occasioned  by  confinement,  innu- 


SeUR'VY-GRASS,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Cochle- 
nria  ;  also  called  SpooNwonr.  It  grows  on  rocks  near 
the  sea,  has  an  acrid,  bitter  taste,  and  has  its  name 
from  having  been  often  used  as  a  remedy  for  the 
scurvy.    It  was  formerly  eaten  raw  as  a  salad. 

Partington.     London. 

'SeOS'ES,  for  Excuses.  Shak. 

&€UT,  n.  [Ice.  skoti;  W^  cwt,  a  tail  or  rump;  cxcla, 
ehort.] 

The  tail  of  a  hare  or  other  animal  whose  tail  is 
ehort.  Brown.     Swift. 

SCu'TAGE,  71.  [Law  L.  sculagium,  from  scutum,  a 
shiehl.] 

In  English  historii,  a  tax  or  contributioti  levied 
upon  those  who  heltl  lauds  by  knight  service  ;  origi- 
■nalln,  a  composition  for  personal  service  which  the 
tenant  owed  to  liis  lord,  but  afterward  levied  as  an 
assessment.  WacJistone. 

SCO'TATE,  a.     [L.  scyUvrvt,  a  buckler.j 

1.  In  botany,  having  Ihi  form  of  an  ancient  round 
buckler.  Loudon. 

2.  In  zo'dlogyj  prolecl«-i  by  Urge  scales,  as  a  sur- 
face. -  Brandc. 

SeUTCH,  V.  t.    [Same  as  Sroxci,  to  cut  slightly.]    To 

beat  or  whip  slightly.  IlalliwcU. 

SCUTCH,  ('.  (.     In  /'f;/7j.'--)/Z  Janiu,  to  dress  Hax  with  a 

scutching  knife,  In  NewEngland  called  a  Swingle 

or  Swingling  Knife. 
SeUTCH'EON,  a  contraction  of  Escutcheon,  which 

see. 
The  ornamental  bit  of  brass  plate  perforated  with 

a  key-hole,  and  placed  over  the  key-ljole  of  a  piece 

of  furniture. 
SeOTE,  n.     [L.  scutum,  a  buckler.] 

1.  A  small  shield.     [J^ot  used.]  Skclton. 

2.  A  Frencii  gold  coin  of  3s.  4d.  sterling.  [JVoi 
used.]  Encyc. 

Seu'TEL-LA-TED,   a.      [L.  scutclla,  a    dish.      See 

Scuttle.] 
Formeiflikea  pan;  divided  into  small  surfaces; 

as,  the  scuiellated  bone  of  a  sturgeon.      fVoodwnrd. 
SeU-TI-BRANCH'I-ATE,  n.     A  term  applied  to  a 

molluscous  animal  covered  by  a  shell,  in  the  manner 

of  a  shield. 
SCU'TI-FORM,  a.     [L.  scutum,  a  buckler,  and  form.] 

Having  the  form  of  a  buckler  or  shield. 
SCU'TI-PED,  n.     [L.  scutum  liuH  pes.] 

One  of  a  family  of  birds  which  have  the  anterior 

part  of  the  legs  covered  with  segments  of  horny 

rings,  terminating  on  each  side  in  a  groove.-  Bravde. 
SeUT'TLE,  n.     [L.  scutella,  a  pan  or  saucer;   VV. 

ysgudell ;  Sax.  scutel,  scuttel,  a  dish.] 

A  broad,  shallow  basket;  so  called  from  its  resem- 
blance to  a  dish. 
SeUT'TLE,  n.      [Fr.  ecoutillc ;   Ann.  scnutiUi;   Sp. 

cscotilla  f  Sax.  scijttel,  a  bolt  or  bar ;  scijttan,  lo  bolt, 

to  shut.    See  Shut.] 

1.  In  ships,  a  small  hatchway  or  opening  in  the 
deck,  large  enough  to  admit  a  man,  and  with  a  lid 
for  covering  it ;  also,  a  like  hole  in  the  side  or  bottom 
of  a  ship,  and  through  the  coverings  of  her  hatcli- 
ways,  &c. 

2.  A  square  hole  in  the  r<;of  of  a  house,  with  a 
lid. 

3.  [from  scud,  and  properly  scuddlc.]  A  quick 
pace  ;  a  short  run.  Spectator. 

SeUT'TLE,  V.  i.    To  run  with  affected  precipitation. 

.^rbtUknot. 

SeUT'TLE,  V.  t.  [from  the  noun.]  To  cut  large 
holes  through  tlie  bottom,  deck,  or  sides,  of  a  ship 
for  any  purpose. 

2.  To  sink  by  making  holes  through  the  bottom ; 
as,  to  scuttle  a  ship. 

SeUT'TLE-HUTT,  )  n.     A  butt  or  cask  with  a  large 

S€UT'TLE-€ASK,  (  hob;  in  it,  used  to  contain  tfie 
fresli  water  for  daily  use  iu  a  -Mup.  Mar.  Diet. 

S€UT'TL£D,  pp.  Having  holes  made  in  the  bottom 
or  sides  ;  sunk  by  means  of  cutting  holes  in  the  bot- 
tom or  sides. 

SeUT'TLE-FISH,77.    The  cuttle-fish,  so  called.    [See 

CUTTLE-Fl9H.] 

SeUT'TLING,  ppr.    Cutting  holes  in  the  bottom  or 

sides  ;  sinking  by  such  holes, 
SC-^THE,  n.     [Sax.  sitke;  D.  scisscn;  Ch.  ixn,  Syr. 


I-.A.,  Ar.  jKATi*    hatiada,   to    reap 


sickle;  Sam.  ^-OIV  to  reap;   Eth.  UuA 
lo  reap,  and  deriv.  a  sickle;  Ileb.  and  Ch. 


deriv.   Ar.  a 


atiad, 
IXJTD, 


Fate,  FXR,  fall,  what.  — MkTE,  prey.  — pine,  MARmE,  BIRD.— Note,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.- 


904 


SEA 

from  tbe  same  root,  an  ax.  These  verbs  seem  to  be 
the  same,  with  difiVr^^nt  prefixes,  and  from  this  evi- 
dently is  derived  st/tAe^  which  would  be  a  better 
spellius  than  ^cij?te.] 

1.  An  iii'^lrument  for  mowing  grass,  or  cutting 
grain  or  other  vegetables.  It  coiisista  of  a  long 
curving  blade,  with  a  sharp  edge,  made  fast  to  a  han- 
dle, which,  in  New  England,  is  called  a  snaUi,  and 
which  is  bent  into  a  convenient  form  for  swinging 
the  blade  to  advantage.  The  blade  is  hung  to  the 
snath  at  an  acute  angle. 

In  mythology,  Saturn  or  Time  is  represented  with 
a  scythe,  the  emblem  of  destruction. 

2.' The  curved,  sharp  blade  used  anciently  in  war 
chariots. 

SCYTHE,  r.  L    To  mow.     {Xot  in  use.'\  Shak. 

SCVTU'^D,  a.    Armed  with  scythes,  as  a  chariot. 

SC  YTH  E'3I  AX,  n.    0:ie  who  uses  a  scythe ;  a  mower. 

SCYTiri-AN,  (sith'e-an,)  a.  Pertaining  to  Scythia,  a 
name  given  to  the  northern  part  of  Asia,  and  Europe 
adjoining  to  Asia. 

SGVTH'I-AN,  n.    [See  Scot.]    A  native  of  Scythia. 

SDaIX,  for  Disdain.     [It.  sdegnareJ]     [J\'(j(  in  useJ] 

Speiiscr. 

SDeIX'FUL,  (sdine'-j)  for  Disdaixful.        Spenser. 

SeA,  (see,)  n,  [Sax.  5(E,  sec^;  G.  see;  D.  see;  Sw. 
5IO,  the  sea,  a  lake,  or  pool ;  Basque,  sah ;  contracted 
from  sa-gy  sceg.  Hence  Sax,  garsege,  garsec^e^  gar- 
scggy  the  ocean.  This  word,  like  lakc^  signifies,  pri- 
marily, a  seal,  set,  or  lay,  a  repository,  a  basin.] 

1.  A  large  ijasin,  cistern,  or  laver  which  Solomon 
made  in  the  temple,  so  large  as  to  contain  more  than 
six  thousand  gallons.  This  was  called  the  brazen 
SiQy  and  used  to  hold  water  for  the  priests  to  wash 
tiiemselves.     1  Kings  vii.    2  CJiron.  iv. 

2.  A  large  body  of  water,  nearly  inclosed  by  laud, 
as  the  Baltic  or  the  Mediterranean ;  as,  the  Sea  of 
Azof.  Sea-?  are  properly  branches  of  the  ocean,  and 
upon  the  same  level.  Large  bodies  of  water  inland, 
and  situated  above  the  level  of  the  ocean,  are  lakes. 
The  appellation  of  sea,  given  to  the  Caspian  Lake, 
is  an  exception,  and  not  very  correct.  So  the  Lake 
of  Galilee  is  called  a  seuy  from  the  Greek. 

3.  The  ocean  ;  as,  to  go  to  sea.  The  lleet  is  at  ^cc, 
or  on  the  high  seas. 

4.  ,\  wave  J  a  billow ;  a  surge.  The  vessel  shipped 
a  sea. 

5.  The  swell  of  the  ocean  in  a  tempest,  or  the  di- 
rection of  the  waves  ;  as,  we  head  the  sea. 

6.  Prorerbialltj,  a  large  quantity  of  liquor ;  as,  a 
sea  of  blood. 

T.  A  rough  or  agitated  place  or  element. 

!□  a  trouUcd  sea  ot  passion  t^isl.  Milton. 

Half  seas  over;  half  drunk.    [-^  low  phrase.] 

Spectator. 
On  Vie  hiah  seas;  in  the  open  sea,  tbe  common 
highwav  of  nations. 
SeA''-A-NEM'0-XE,  n.     A  popular  name  of  the  Ac- 
tinia. Dcna. 
SeA'-aPE,  71.     \^sea  and  ape.']    The  name  given  to  a 
marine  animal  which  plays  tricks  like  an  ape.    The 
name  is  applied  by  some  to  the  sea-otter. 

Jardine^s  J^at.  Lib. 
SeA'-DAXK,  n.     [sea  and  hank,]    The  sea-shore. 

Shak. 
2.  A  bank  or  mole  to  defend  against  the  sea. 
SeA'-BAR,  n.     [sea  and  bar.]    The  sea-swallow. 

Johnso n. 
SeA'-BAT,  71.    [sea  and  baL]    A  sort  of  flying  fisli. 

Cotgravc. 
SeA'-BaTH-£D,  a.     [seaand  bathe.]     Bathed,  dipped, 

or  washed  in  the  sea.  Sandi/s. 

SeA'-BEaK,  n.  [sea  and  bear.]  An  animal  of  the 
bear  kind  that  frequents  the  sea  ;  the  white  or  polar 
bear. 

2.  A  name  of  several  species  of  the  seal  family,  as 
the  ursine  seal^,  of  tlie  genus  Arctoceplmlus  of  F. 
Cuvier.  Jardine's  J^at.  Lib. 

SeA'-BeARD,  n.     [sea  and  beard.]     A  marine  plant, 

J^onfer^a  nipeslris,  growing  in  dense  tufts.       Lee. 
SeA'-BeAST,  7?.     [sea  and  beast.]     A  beast  or  raon- 

jtroiis  animal  of  the  sea.  Jililton. 

PeA'-BeAT,         i  a.    [sea  and  beaL]    Beaten  by  the 
SeA'-BeAT-£N,  S     sea  ;  lashed  by  the  waves. 

Along  th^  tci>bt(U  shore.  Pope. 

SkA'-EoARD,  >  7(.    [sea  and   Fr.  fiorrf,  side.]     The 

SkA'-BoRD,     \      sea-shore. 

Sk,  \'-BoARD,  adv.    Toward  the  sea. 

SeA'-BoAT,  n.  [sea  and  boau]  A  lenu  applied  by 
seamen  to  a  vessel  with  respect  to  her  qualities  in 
had  we^iiher  ;  as,  a  good  sea-boat,  Brande. 

Sf:A'-BoRD,  (  a.     [sea  and  Fr.  bord^  border.] 

SEA'-BORD'ER-ING,  j  Bordering  on  the  sea  or 
ocean. 

SeA'-BORX,  o.  [sea  and  bom.]  Born  of  tlie  sea  ; 
product;d  by  tite  sea;  as,  Xeptune  and  \i\s  sea-born 
niece.  Waller. 

•2.  Bom  at  sea. 

SeA'-BOCXD,         )  a.    [sea   and  bound.]    Bounded 

SkA'-GOL'ND-ED,  1     by  the  sea. 

Sr.A'-BOV,  n,  [sea  and  boy.]  A  boy  employed  on 
shipboard 


SEA 

SE.V-BReACH, /i,  [sf^i  ;ind  breack.]  Irruption  of  i 
Jhe  sea  by  breakinir  the  h  nk^.  /.V'Niraj</r. 

SeA'-BReAM,  n,     L^t**  aiiu    orearn.]      A  sia-fish   vX\ 
the  genus  Pagellus,  (Spatus,  Linn.,)  gii^wing  to  the 
length  of  from  16  to  20  inches,  aud  used  for  food. 
_  Jardine^s  JVu/.  Lib. 

SeA'-EREEZE.  71.  [sea  and  breeze.]  A  wind  or  cur- 
rent of  air  blowing  Ironi  the  sea  upon  land  :  for  the 
most  part  blowing  during  the  day  only,  and  subsid- 
ing at  night. 

SEA'-BUILT,  (sS'bilt,)  a.  [sea  and  MiUt.]  Built  for 
the  sea  ;  as,  sea-btUlt  forts,  (ships.)  Dryden. 

SEA'-CAB-BAfiE,  n.  [sea  and  cabbage.]  A  name  of 
various  plants  of  the  cabbage  tribe,  as  Brassica  ole- 
ntCL-a  and  Crambe  maritima.  Encyc.    Jiltller. 

SeA'-€ALF,  iu  [sea  and  calf.]  A  marine  animal, 
tfie  common  seal. 

SeA'-CAP,  n.  [sea  and  cap.]  A  cap  made  to  be 
worn  at  sea.  Shak. 

SeA'-€AP-TAIX,  n.    Tiie  captain  of  a  ship.    Shak. 

SeA'-CARD,  7(.  [sea  and  card.]  The  mariner's  card 
or  compass. 

SeA'-GaRP,  n.  [sea  and  carp.]  Aspotted  fish  living 
among  rocks  and  stones.  Johnson. 

SeA'-CHaXGE,  n.  [sea  and  change.]  A  change 
wrought  by  the  sea. 

SeA'-CHART,  rt.  [sea  and  chart.]  A  chart  or  map 
on  which  the  lines  of  the  shore,  isles,  shoals,  har- 
bors, &c.,  are  delineated. 

JVote.  —  This  word  has  become  useless,  as  we  now 
use  c/uir(  for  a  representation  of  the  sea-coast,  and 
map  for  a  representation  of  the  land. 

SEA'-CTR-eL£D,  (s-j'sur-kld,)  a.  [sea  and  circle.] 
_Surrounded  by  the  sea.  Sandys. 

SeA'-€oAL,  71.  [sea  and  coal.]  Coal  brought  by 
sea  ;  a  vulgar  name  for  mineral  coal,  in  distinction 
_from  Charcoal.  Johnson. 

SeA'-CoAST,  71.  [sea  and  coast.]  The  shore  or  bor- 
der of  the  laud  adjacent  to  the  sea  or  ocean. 

SeA'-GOB,  r;.     [sea  and  cob.]    A  sea-fowl,  called  also 

SEA-GtLL. 

SeA'-€oLE'\VORT,  7t.    Sea-cabbage,  which  see. 

SeA'~G<5.M-PASS,  (-kum-pass,)  n.  [sea  and  compass.] 
The  mariner's  card  and  needle  ;  the  compass  con- 
structed for  use  at  sua.  Camden. 

SeA'-GOOT,  71,  [sea  and  coot.]  A  sea  fowl,  Fulica 
marina. 

SeA'-GOR'MO-RAXT,  «.  [sea  and  cormorant.]  Tlie 
sea-crow  or  sea-drake,  Corvus  marinus. 

SeA'-GOW,  n.     [sea  and  cow.]     The  manatee,  a  ceta- 
ceous herbivorous  mammal  of  the  genus  Manatus. 
[See  SIaxatze  and  Manatls.]  Brande.     Partington. 
2.  Also,  the  name  sometimes  given  to  the  sea- 
horse, w^rus,  or  morse,  which  see. 

JardiJie^s  Aat.  Lib.     Partington. 

SeA'-GRoW,  71.  [sea  and  crow.]  A  sea-fowl  of  the 
gull  kind  ;  tlie  mire-crow  or  pewet-gull.       P.  Cijc. 

SeA'-DEV-/L,  71.  [sea  and  devil.]  A  large,  cartilagi- 
nous fish,  of  the  genus  Cycloptera,  belonging  to  the 
Ray  family,  Brande. 

2.  The  fishing-frog,  or  frog-fish,  of  the  genus  Loplii- 
us  J  a  fish  in  shape  somewhat  resembling  a  tadpole, 
growing  to  a  large  size,  with  a  head  very  large  in 
_proportion  to  the  rest  of  the  body.  Partington. 

SeA'-DOG,  71,  [sea  and  dog.]  A  fish,  perhaps  the 
shark.  Pope.     Roscommon. 

2.  The  sea-calf  or  common  seal. 

SeA'-DRAG-OX,  71.  [sea  and  drason.]  A  marine 
monster  caught  in  England  in  1749,  resembling,  in 
some  degree,  an  alligator,  but  having  two  large  fins 
which  served  for  swimming  or  dying.  It  had  two 
legs  terminating  in  hoofs,  like  those  of  an  ass.  Its 
body  was  covered  with  impenetrable  scales,  and  it 
Jiad  five  rows  of  teeth.     [Uu.j  Oent.  JMag. 

SeA'-E.A-GLE,  ti.  [sea  and  eagle.]  A  bird  uf  the 
eagle  kind,  so  named  from  being  often  found  on  the 
sea-coast;  also  called  the  White-tailed  or  Cine- 
reous Eagle,  Falco  or  Aquila  albicilla.      Jardine. 

SeA'-eAR,  h.  [sea  and  ear.]  A  sculibranchiate 
gastropodous  mollusk  with  a  univalve  shell,  belong- 
ing to  the  genus  Haliotis,  remarkable  for  the  splendid 
colors  (principally  green  and  violet)  of  the  interior, 
and  a  row  of  small  holes  pierced  throngh  one  side  ; 
so  named  from  resembling  in  form  the  cartilage  of 
tlie  human  ear.  Haldcman. 

SeA'-EEL.  7t,  [ica  and  cc?. '  .'Vn  eel  caught  in  salt 
_\^■atcr ;  tlie  conger. 

SeA'-EGG,  n.  [sea  and  egg.]  A  name  given  to  sea- 
urchins  or  sea-hedgehogs,  when  stripped  of  their 
spines.  Dana. 

SeA'-EL'E-PHANT,  71.  [sea  and  elephant.]  An  ani- 
mal of  the  seal  family,  Macrorhinus  proboscideus  of 
F.  Cuvicr,also  called  Elephant  Seal.  It  attains  to 
the  length  of  20,25,  and  even  30  feet,  with  a  eircum- 
hirence  of  from  15  to  lA  feet.  The  nose  of  the  adult 
male  is  capable  of  being  elongated  into  a  proboscis 
of  about  a  foot  in  length.  This  species  is  found  in 
the  soulliern  hemisphere,  and  is  considered  an  object 
of  great  commercial  importance. 

Jardine^s  JVat.  Lib, 

SEA'-EX-CiR'GL£D,  (-sur'kld,)  a.  [sea  and  encir- 
eled.]     Encompassed  by  the  sea.  TTiomson. 

SeA'-F.aR-ER,  n.  [sea  and  fare.]  One  that  follows 
the  seas  ;  a  mariner.  Pope. 


SEA 

SeA'-FaR-£XG,  a.  [Supra.]  Following  the  business 
uf  a  seaman  ;  customarily  employed  in  navigation. 

.^rbut/inot. 
SeA'-FEN-NEL,  n.    [sea  and  fennel]    The  same  as 

Samphire. 
SeA'-FIGIII',  (-file,)  n.   [sea  and  JighL]    An  engage- 

nient  birtwccn  ships  at  sea  ;  a  naval  action.  Bacon. 
SE;\'-FISH,  ti.     [sea  and  ^A.]     Any   marine  fishj 

any  fish  that  lives  usually  in  salt  water. 
SeA'-FOWL,  n,     [sea  and  fvtcl.]    A  marine  fowl ; 
any  bird  that  lives  by  the  eea,  and  procures  its  food 
Jrom  salt  water.  Pope. 

SeA'-FOX,  71.  A  fish  of  the  shark  family,  Alopias 
Vulpes,  also  called  Fox-Shabk.  It  is  named  from 
the  form  of  its  tail,  the  niider  lobe  being  ver>'  small, 
and  the  upper  long  and  slightly  curved  upward  like 
a  scythe.  It  frequently  measures  13  feet  in  length, 
including  the  tail,  which  is  then  more  than  G  feet  long 
_  Jardine''s  J^aL  Lib. 

SeA'-GaGE,  ti.     [sea  and  gage.]    The  depth  that  a 

^'essel  sinks  in  the  water.  Encyc. 

SeA'-GaR-LAXD,  n.     [sea  and  garland.]     A  plant. 
SeA'-GIR-DLES,   (se'gur-d!z,)  ti.     [sea  and  girdle.] 

A  sort  of  sea-plant.  Johknon. 

SeA'-GIRT,  (-gurt,)  a.  [seaaud  girU]  Surrounded 
by  the  water  of  the  sea  or  ocean  ;  as,  a  sea-girt  isle. 

Milton. 
SeA'-GOD,  n.     [sea  and  god.]     A  marine  deity;  a 
fabulous  being  supposed  to  preside  over  the  ocean  or 
sea ;  as  Neptune. 
SeA'-GOWX,  71.    [sea  and  gown.]    A  gown  or  gar- 
ment with  short  sleeves,  worn  by  mariners.   Shak. 
SEA'-GRAi^S,  71.    [sea  and  gra.<6.]     A  plant  growing 
on  the   Si;a-shore ;  an   aquatic  plant  of  the  genus 
Jluppia.  Lee. 

SeA'-GREEX,  a.  [sea  and  green.]  Having  the  color 
of  sea-water  ;  being  of  a  faint  green  color. 

Locke.    Pope. 
Se.V'-GREEN,  ti.    The  color  of  sea-water. 

_  2.  A  plant,  the  saxifrage. 
SeA'-GULL,  n.  [sea  and  gidl.]  A  sea-fowl  of  the 
genus  Larus ;  a  sjiecies  of  gull ;  called  also  Sea- 
Ckow. 
SeA'-HaRE,  n.  [sea  and  hare.]  A  marine  tecli- 
branchiate,  gastropodous  mollusk,  having  the  edges 
of  tlie  foot  surrounding  the  back  and  capable  of  be- 
ing reflected  upon  it.  It  has  four  tentacles,  the  upper 
pair  of  which  are  hollowed  out  like  the  ears  of  a 
hare,wlience  the  name.  The  shell  is  null  or  incom- 
plete, and  internal.  The  animal  secretes  an  acrid 
humor.  It  is  of  the  genus  Aplysia  or  Laplysia  of 
Jjinnreus.  Kirby.    P.  Ctjc. 

SeA'-HEDGE'HOG,  71.  The  sea-urchin  ;  a  species  of 
Echinus,  so  called  from  its  prickles,  which  resemble 
in  some  measure  those  of  the  hedgehog  or  urchin. 

Careir. 
SeA'-HEX,  n.     [sea  and  hen.]    A  name  of  the  Fool- 
ish or  Lesser  Guillemot,  Uria  Troile.       Ed,  Encyc. 
SeA'-HOG,  77.    [sea  and  kog.]    The  porpoise,  which 

see. 
S£A'-HOL-LY,  7(.     [sea  and  lioUy.]    A  plant  of  the 

genus  Eryngium.  Lee. 

SeA'-HoLM,  71.     [sea  and  Dan.  Iiohnj  an  isle.] 

1.  A  small,  uninhabited  isle. 

2.  Sea-holly.  Caretr. 
SeA'-HORSE,  71.     [sea  and  horse.]    In  zoUlogy,  Uie 

morse  or  walrus,  a  species  of  Trichechus. 

Jardine^s  J\'at.  Lib. 

2.  The  hippopotamus,  or  river-horse.       Dryden. 

3.  A  fish  of  the  genus  Hippocampus,  (Syngnathus, 
Linn.,)  allied  to  the  needle-fish  or  pipe-fish,  and  hav- 
jog  a  prehensile  tail.  Jardinc*s  J^'aU  Lib. 

SeA'-KaLE,  n.  A  name  of  several  plants  of  the  nat- 
ural order  Brassica;,  or  cabbage  tribe,  as  the  Bras- 
sica oieracea,  and  Crambo  maritima  j  sea-cabliage  ; 
sea-cole  wort.  T\dhj. 

SeA'-LARK,  n.  A  bird  of  the  sandpiper  kind  ;  the 
purr. 

2.  A  bird  of  the  dotterel  kind  ;  the  ringed  dotterel 
or  plover. 

SeA'-LEGS,  n.  pi.  [sea  and  le^.]  The  ability  to 
walk  on  a  ship^s  deck  v.'hen  pitcliing  or  rollinj 


SeA'-LEM-OX,  n.    [sea  and  lemon.]    A 

"Ay        of 


ToUen. 


marine,  nu- 
dibranchiate,  gastropodous  molluslt,  of  the  genris 
Doris,  having  an  oval  body,  convex,  marked  u  itli 
numerous  punctures,  and  of  a  lemon  color. 

P.  Cyc.     Encyc. 

SeA'-LEOP-ARD,  (-lep-erd,)  ti.  [sea  and  leopard.] 
An  aniinalof  the  sea!  family,  of  the  genus  Stenorhyn- 
chus  of  F,  Cuvier,  found  in  the  South  Shetland  and 
South  Orkney  Islands,  near  the  antarctic  circle  ;  sj 
named  from  being  spotted  like  Uie  leopard. 

Jardinc^s  jVoi,  Lib. 

SeA'-LET-TER,  71.  A  paper  from  the  custom-house, 
specifying  the  nature  and  quantity  of  the  cargo  on 
board  of  ships  on  a  foreign  voyage,  their  deslnia- 
tion,  &c.  Bouctcr. 

SeA'-LTKE,  a.     [sea  and  I'tke.]    Resembling  the  sea. 
'         *-  Thomson. 

Se.A'-LT-OX,  n.  [sea  and  lion.]  .\  name  given  by 
voyagers  to  various  seals  of  large  dimensio.  ',  as  the 
sea-elephant.  The  name  is  particularly  ap.  hed  to 
certain  large,  earless  seals,  with  manes  somewhat 


TuNE,  BJJLL,  UNITE.  — AX"GER,  VI"CT0US.  — €  as  K  j  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 
"      '  "  •  ~~'  1)05 


SEA 

like  those  of  the  lion,  and  hdoiiyiiig  to  the  genus 
I'latyrhynchus  of  F.  Cuvier. 

Jardinc's  JVat.  Lib.     P.  Cye. 
S£A'-MaID,  ji.    [sea  and  maid.]    'Vho  niennaitl.    [See 
ftlKBMAiD.]  Shak. 

2.  A  sea-nympli. 
KkA'-MALL,  (sii'mal,)  J  n.    A  sea-fowl,  a  species  of 
SioA'-MEW,  (sCmu,)    \      gull  or  Lams. 
SiiA'MAN,  71.     [sea  and  man.]     A  sailor;  a  inaviiier; 
a  man  whose  occupation  is  to  assist  in  the  nianage- 
inent  of  ships  at  saa. 

2.  Bii  way  of  dUtinction^  a  skillful  mariner;  al-^o,  a 
man  who  is  well  versed  in  llio  art  of  navigating 
ships.  In  this  sense,  it  ia  applied  hoth  to  officers  and 
common  mariners. 

:i.  iMennan,  the  male  of  the  mermaid.  [Little 
«>rf/.]  Loche. 

pr:A'MAN-LIKK,  a.  Like  a  skillful  seaman. 
SicA'iMAN-rfHIP,  n.  Tlie  skill  of  a  good  seaman  ;  an 
acipiaintance  with  tlie  art  of  managing  and  navigat- 
ing a  ship  ;  applicable  both  to  officers  and  to  mr.-t. 
J^ai-al  Mil  is  the  art  of  nuina-iing  a  lleet,  particulariy 
in  an  engagement ;  a  very  difleit-nt  thing  from  sca- 
irtanship. 
:  :~:A'->L^Ri^E,  n.    The  shore  or  border  on  the  sea. 

Skak. 
S£A'-M.\RK,  71.  [sra  and  7nark.'\  Any  elevated  ob- 
ject on  land  whicli  serves  for  a  direction  to  mariners 
in  entering  a  harbor,  or  in  sailing  along  or  approach- 
ing a  coast  J  a  beacon  j  as  a  light-house,  a  moun- 
tain, &c.  Enajc. 
SEA'-.MEW,  C-mu,)  ti.  A  sea-fowl,  a  species  of  guU  or 

Larus. 
SeA'-MON-STER,  71.     [sea  and  monster.]     A  hu^'e 

marine  anitiial.    Lam.  iv. 
SeA'-MOSS,  n.     [sea  and  moss.]     A  name  given  to 

coral.     [See  Coral.] 
SeA'-MOUSE,  n.     [sea  and  mouse.]     A  dorsibran- 
chiate  annelid,  of  the  genus  Aphrodita  of  Linnanis. 

P.  Cijc. 
SKA'-NA'Vi=:L4V5UT,7i.    [sea,  Jtavcl,  and  wort.]    An 
herb  growing  in  Syria,  which  is  said  to  effect  great 
cures  of  diseases.     [L.  audrosace.]  Johnson. 

SEA'-NEE-DLE,  ?(.  [sea  and  needle.]  A  name  of 
the  gar  or  garfish,  of  the  genus  Esox.  This  fish  has 
a  slender  body,  with  long,  pointed  jaws,  and  a  forked 
tail.  Its  back  is  of  a  fine  green  color,  and  when  in 
the  water,  its  colors  are  extremely  beautiful. 
SeA'-NET-TLE,  n.  [sea  and  ixdile.]  A  popular  name 
of  certain  Mcdus:e,  which  have  the  property  of  sting- 
ing when  touched.  Dana. 
SEA'--\lfKS--ED,  (se'nurst,)  a.      [sea  and    iiursed.] 

Nursed  by  the  sea.  J.  BarJoic. 

SEA'-NYiMPII,  (se'nimf,)  n.     [sea   and   nymph.]     A 

jiyniph  or  goddess  of  the  sea.  Broome. 

SeA'-ON'ION,  (se'un-yun,)  n.     [sea  and  onion.]     A 

j>lant,  squill,  Scilla  maritima.  P.  Cyc. 

SeA'-OOZE,  71.     [sea  and  ooze.]     The  soft  mud  on  or 

near  the  sea~sliore.  Mortimer. 

An  aquatic,  car- 
belonging  to  the 
sub-genus  Enhydra  of  Fleming.  It  is  found  in  the 
Northern  Pacific,  sometimes  tliiee  hundred  miles 
from  land,  and  is  highly  valued  for  its  skin,  which 
_lias  a  fine,  close  fur.  .Tardiness  JV'af.  Lib. 

SeA'-OWL,  n.     [sea  and  owl.]     /.uother  name  of  the 

Iump-fi,=f].  Booth. 

SeA'-PAD,  n.     The  star-fish.  Johitson. 

SeA'-PAN-THER,  n.     [sea  and  panther.]     A  fish  like 

a  lamprey.  Johnson. 

SeA'-PHEAS-ANT,  C-fez-ant,)  ii.    [sea  and  pheasant.] 

The  pm-lail  duck,  Dafila  caudacuta.  P.  Cyc. 

SeA'-PIE,  j  71.     [sea  and  ;»i>,  pica.]     A  sea-fowl  of 
SEA'-P'fE,  \      the  genus  HEematopus,  and  giallic  or- 
der;   called,  also,   the   OvsTEtt-CixcHEB,  from   its 
thrusting  its  beak  into  oysters  when  ojien,  and  tak- 
ing out  the  animal. 
SeA'-PIE,  (se'pl,) ;(.    [sea  and  pie.]    A  dish  of  food 
consisting  of  paste  and  meat  boiled  together  ;    so 
named  because  common  at  sea. 
SeA'-PIeCJ^.  71.     Uca  and  piece.]     A  picture  repre- 
senting a  scene  at'sea.  Addison. 
SeA'-PIKE,  71.     {sea  and  pike.]     A   sia-fish   of  the 
genus  llelone  of  Cuvier,  allied  to  the  pike,  and  so 
named  from  its  resemblance  to  that  fish  ;  commonly 
galled  Garfish.                              Jardinc's  J^Tat.  Lib. 
SeA'-PLANT,  71.   Uea  and  plant.]    A  plant  that  grows 

in  salt  water,  as  irie/uriw,  &c. 
SeA'-POOL,  n.     [sea  and  pool.]     A  lake  of  salt  water. 

_  Spenser. 

SeA'PoRT,  n.    [sea  and  port.]     A  harbor  near  the 
sea,  formed  by  an  arm  of  the  sea  or  by  a  bay. 

2.  A  city  or  towT  situated  on  a  harbor,  on  or  near 
tlie  sea.     We  call  a  town  a  seaport,  instead  of  a  :>-ca- 
purl  town. 
SEA'-RE-SEM'BLING,  a.    Like  the  sea  ;  sea-like. 

Sandys. 
SeA'-RISK,  n.   [sea  and  rish.]    Hazard  or  risk  at  sea  j 

danger  of  injury  or  destruction  by  the  sea. 
SeA'-ROB-BER,  71,     [sea  and  robber.]    A  pirate;  one 

that  robs  on  the  high  seas. 
SEA'-R0CK-ET,7i.    A  cruciferous  plant  of  the  genus 
Cakile  or  Bunias,  growing  on  the  sea-shore. 

Loadon. 


SeA'-OT-TER,  71.     [sea  and  oUer.] 
nivorous  animal  of  the  otter  kind. 


SEA 

Se  A'KOOM,  77.  {sea  and  room.]  Ample  space  or  dis- 
tance from  land,  sho-'.ls,  or  rocks,  sulficicnt  fur  a 
ship  to  drive  or  scud  without  danger  of  shipwreck. 

Totten. 

SeA'-RoV-ER,  71.  [sea  and  rover.]  A  pirate;  one 
lliat  cruisi-s  for  plunder. 

2.  A  ship  or  vessel  that  is  employed  in  cruising  for 
plunder. 

Si".A'-RoV-ING,  a.    Wandering  on  the  ocean. 

SeA'-RUFF,  Ji.    A  kind  of  sea  fisli.      [L.  orpluis.] 

Johnson. 

SeA'-S€OR'PI-ON,  n.  [sea  and  scorpion.]  A  salt- 
water fish,  Cottus  scorpius,  allied  to  the  River  Bull- 
head, and  having  the  head  armed  with  spines. 
It  is  very  voracious,  and  sometimes  exceeds  a  foot 
in  length.  Jardine^s  JVat.  Lib. 

SeA'-SER-PENT,  7i.  [sea  and  serpent.]  A  huge  an- 
imal like  a  serpent,  inhabiting  tlie  sea.        GuUirie. 

SeA'-SERV-ICE,  n.  [sra  and  service.]  Naval  ser- 
_yice  ;  service  in  the  nuvy  or  in  ships  of  war. 

SeA'-SHXRK,  77.  [sea  and  sha7-k.]  A  ravenous  sea- 
fish  ;  the  shark.  Shah. 

SeA'-SHELL,  h-  [sea  and  shell.]  A  marine  shell ; 
a  shell  that  grows  in  the  sea.  Mortimer. 

SeA'-SHoRE,  n.     [sea  and  shore.]     The  coast  of  the 
sea;  the  land  that  lies  adjacent  to  the  sea  or  ocean. 
_  Locke. 

SeA'SICK,  n.  [.s-m  and  i^/c/r,]  Afiectcd  v.'ith  sickness 
or  nausea  by  means  of  the  pitching  or  rolling  of  a 
_yessel.  Dryden.     Swift. 

SeA'SICK-NESS,  71.  The  sickness  or  nausea  occa- 
sioned by  the  pitching  and  rolling  of  a  ship  in  an 
agitated  sea. 

SeA'SIDE,  71.  [sea  and  side.]  The  land  bordering 
on  tlie  sea;  the  country  adjacent  to  the  sea,  or  near 
ii.  'Si^iptnre.     Pope. 

SeA'-STAR,  77.  [sea  and  star.]  The  star-fish,  a  ma- 
rine, radiate  animal,  called  technically  jSstcrias. 

SEA'-SUR-GEON,  ».  [sea  and  surgeon.]  A  surgeon 
emploved  on  shipboard.  Tfiscrr.uti. 

SeA'-SUR-ROUND'ED,  a.  [sea  and  surroitnd.]  En- 
compassed by  the  sea. 

Sic A'-SWAL-'LoW,  71.  [sea  and  swallow.]  The  com- 
mon tern*,  Sterna  Hirundo.  P.  Cyc. 

2.  Also,  a  provincial  name  of  the  storm  petrel, 
Tlialassidroma  (Procellaria,  Linn.)  pelagica. 

P.  Cyc. 

SeA'-TERM,  77.  [sea  and  term."]  .\  word  or  term 
used  appropriately  by  seamen,  or  peculiar  to  the  art 
of  navigation, 

SeA'-THIeF,  (sO'theef,)  n.  [sea  and  thief.]  A  pi- 
jate.    _  Bp.  of  Chichester. 

SeA'-ToAD,  n.  [sea  and  toad.]  An  ugly  fish,  so 
called.  Cotg-rai'c. 

SeA'-TORN,  a.     [sea  and  torn.]     Torn  by  or  at  sea. 

Browne. 

SEA'-TOSS-ED,(sG'tost,)a.  [sea  and  (o.^serf.]  Tossed 
by  the  sea.  Shak. 

SeA'-TRAV'EL-ING,  71.    Traveling  by  sea  voyages. 

SEA'-q'NI-CORN,  71.    A  name  of  the'narwhal. 

Brande. 

SeA'-UR-CHIN,  71.  [sea  and  7irchin.]  One  of  a  ge- 
nus of  marine  animals,  the  Echinus,  of  many  s;ie- 
cies.  The  body  is  roundish,  covered  with  a  bony 
crust,  and  often  set  with  movable  prickles.  The  sea- 
urchins  belong  to  the  fourth  division  of  animals,  the 
Radiata.  Sea-hedgehog  is  another  of  these  animals, 
and,  wlan  stripped  of  the  spines,  they  are  often 
called  Sea-Eggs.     [See  also  Echinus.]  Dana. 

SeA'-WALL--£;D,  a.  [sea  and  walled.]  Surrounded 
or  defended  by  tlic  sea.  Shak. 

SeA'WARD,  a.  [sea  and  ward.]  Directed  toward 
the  sea.  Donne. 

SeA'WARD,  adv.    Toward  the  sea.  Draifton. 

SeA'-WA-TER,  7i.  [sea  and  water.]  Water  "of  the 
^ea  or  ocean,  which  is  salt.  Bacon. 

SeA'-WEED,  77.  [sea  and  weed.]  A  marine  plant  of 
the  genus  Fucus,  used  as  manure,  and  for  making 
glass  and  soap.  A  common  name  for  tiie  marine 
alga;,  and  some  otlier  plants  growing  in  salt  water. 

SicA'-WITH'WIND,  It.     Bindweed. 

SeA'-WOLF,  77.  [sea  and  wolf.  See  Wolf.]  A  fish 
of  the  genus  .\narrliicas,  also  called  \Volf-1"ish  and 
Cat-Fi3h,  found  in  noitiiern  seas,  about  Greenland, 
Iceland,  Norway,  Scotland,  England,  &cc.  This  fish 
is  so  named  from  its  fierceness  and  ravenousncss.  It 
grows  sometimes  to  the  length  of  four  and  even 
seven  feet,  and  feeds  on  crustaceous  animals  and 
shell  fish,  as  well  as  on  common  fish.     Partin^non. 

9.  The  name  sea-wolf  has  also  been  given  to  a  spe- 
cies of  seal,  the  sea-elephant.      Jardine^s  J^at.  Lib. 

SeA'-WORM'WOOD,  71.  A  sort  of  wormwood 
growing  by  the 'sea,  the  Artemisia  maritima. 

Johnson.     Lee. 

SeA'-WoRN,  a.    Worn  or  abraded  by  the  sea. 

SeA'-WOR-TIII-NESS,  71,  The  state  of  being  able  to 
resist  the  ordinary  violence  of  wind  and  weather, 
jis  that  of  a  ship.  Kent. 

SEA'-A\'OR-TfIY,  a.  [sea  and  leorthy.]  Fit  for  a 
voyage;  worthy  of  being  trusted  to  transport  a 
cargo  with  safety  ;  as,  a  sca-7corthy  ship. 

Seal.  (st;c!,)  n.     [Sax.  seol,  sclc,  sylc ;  Sw.  sidl.] 

The  co[nmun  name  for  the  aquatic  carnivorous 
mammals  of  the  family  Pbocida;,  corresponding  to 


SEA 

the  genus  Phoca  of  Linnaius.  Seals  mostly  inhabit 
sea-coast>  and  islands,  jiarticularly  in  the  higher  lat- 
itudes of  both  hemispheres.  They  pass  much  of 
tlu'ir  time  in  the  watur,  but  have  warm  blood,  and 
breathe  only  air.  Their  hind  feet  are  placed  at  the 
extremity  of  the  body,  in  the  same  direction  with  it, 
and  serve  the  purpose  of  a  caudal  fin  ;  the  fore  feet 
are  also  adapted  for  swimming,  and  furnished  each 
with  five  claws.  Some  seals  have  external  ears, 
while  others  arc  destitute  of  them  ;  and  this  difter- 
enco  is  the  ground  of  M.  Peron's  distribution  of  them 
into  tv/o  divisions,  viz.,  the  earless  seals  or  true 
seals,  and  the  eared  seals  or  otaries.  There  are  nu- 
merous species,  bearing  the  popular  names  of  the 
sea-lion,  the  sea-bear  or  ursine-seal,  the  sca-clrphant, 
elcpkant-scal  or  boUJe-7iosc,  the  bearded  or  great  seal, 
the  monk  seal,  the  crested  seal.  Sec.  The  common 
seal,  Caloccphalus  vitulinus  of  F.  Cuvier,  (Phoca  vi- 
tnlina,  Liun.,)  is  found  in  the  northern  seas  gener- 
ally, on  the  British  and  French  coasts,  &:c.  It  is 
covered  with  short,  slitf,  thickset  hair,  has  no  exter- 
nal cars,  and  is  usually  from  three  to  five  or  six  feet 
in  length.  Seals  are  much  sought  at^er  for  their  skins 
and  fur,  and  also  for  their  oil,  which  in  some  species 
is  very  abundant.  P.  Cye.    Jardine^s  J^at.  Lib. 

Seal,  C::eel,)  jt.  [Sax.  sigel,  sigle;  G.  siegel;  D. 
zcgcl ;  Dan.  seigl,  se^l;  Fr.  sccau;  Arm.syell;  L. 
sigillian;  ll.  sigillo  ;  Sp.si^ilo.  It  is  uncertain  what 
was  the  original  signification  of  seal,  whether  an  im- 
age, or  some  ornament.  In  Saxon,  the  word  signi 
fies  a  necklace,  or  ornament  for  the  neck,  a  stud  or 
boss,  a  clasp,  and  a  sea!.] 

1.  A  piece  of  metal  or  other  hard  substance,  usu- 
ally round  or  elliptical,  on  which  is  engraved  some 
image  or  device,  and  sometimes  a  legend  or  inscrip- 
tion. This  is  used  by  individuals,  corporate  bodies, 
and  states,  for  making  impressions  on  wax  upon  in- 
struments of  writing,  as  an  evidence  of  their  authcn- 

'  ticity.  The  king  of  England  has  bis  great  seal  and 
his  privy  seal.  Seals  are  sometimes  worn  in  rings. 
[See  also  Pnivv  Seal  and  Great  Seal.] 

2.  The  wax  set  to  an  instrument,  and  impressed  or 
stamped  with  a  seal.  Thus  we  give  a  deed  under 
hand  and  seal.  Wax  is  generally  used  in  sealing  in- 
struments, but  other  substances  may  be  used. 

?.  The  wax  or  wafer  that  makes  fast  a  letter  or 
other  paper. 

4.  Any  act  of  confirmation.  Milto7i. 

5.  That  which  confirms,  ratifies,  or  makes  stiiblc  ; 
assurance.    2  Tim.  ii. 

G.  That  which  effectually  shuts,  confines,  or  se- 
cures ;  that  which  makes  fast.  Rev.  xx. 
SE.'iL,  (seel,)  v.  t.  [Sw.  bcscgla,  forsc^la  ,■  Dan.  be- 
scgler,  forseglcr  ;  G.  siegeln  ;  D.  zcgrlen.  The  root 
signifies,  probably,  to  set,  to  fix,  to  impress,  or  to  cut 
or  engrave.] 

1.  To  fasten  with  a  seal  ;  to  attach  together  with  a 
wafer,  or  with  wax  ;  as,  to  seal  a  letter. 

2.  To  set  or  affix  a  seal  as  a  mark  of  authenticity  ; 
as,  to  seal  a  deed.    Hence, 

3.  To  confirm  ;  to  ratify  ;  to  establish. 

Anil  with  my  liand  I  seal  our  true  heartfi'  love.  ,'^linJc. 

When,  therefore,  I  have  perrornietl  (his,  and  hnve  acak'l  tu  tlicm 

this  fruit,  I  will  come  tiy  you  into  Spain.  —  Rom.  xv. 

4.  To  shut  or  keep  close  ;  sometimes  with  up.  Seal 
your  lips  ;  seal  tip  your  lips.  Shak. 

open  your  ears,  and  seal  your  bosom  upon  Uie  secrt'l  concerns 
of  a  friend.  Dioight. 

5.  To  make  fast. 

So  tliey  went  aud  made  the  BCpulcher  sure,  staling  the  stone  and 
setthig  a  watch.  —  Matt,  ixvii, 

G.  To  mark  with  a  stamp,  as  an  evidence  of  stand- 
ard exactness,  legal  size,  or  merchantable  quality. 
By  our  laws,  weights  and  measures  are  to  be  sca/ed 
by  an  officer  appointed  and  sworn  for  that  purpose  ; 
and  leather  is  to  be  sealed  by  a  like  otTicer,  as  evi- 
dence that  it  has  been  inspected  and  found  to  be  of 
good  quality.  Laws  of  Co7m. 

7.  To  keep  secret. 

Shut  up  the  worda,  aud  seal  the  book.  —  Dan.  xU.    Is.  viii. 

8.  To  mark,  as  one's  property,  and  secure  from  j 
danger.     Cant.  iv. 

9.  To  close ;  to  fulfill ;  to  complete ;  witli  up. 
Dan.  is. 

10.  To  hnprint  on  the  mind;  a.s,  to  seal  instruc- 
tion.   .Tob  xxxiii.  j 

11.  To  incbtsc  ;  to  hide;  to  conceal.    Job  xiv.       t 
ID.  To  confine  ;  to  restrain.    Job  xxxvii. 

13.  In  architecture,  to  fix  a  piece  of  wood  ur  iron  in 
a  wall  with  cement,  plaster,  or  other  bindii't'  ''*^""  ^f^" 
pies,  hinges,  &c.  t^teilt. 

SEAL,  (seel,)  r.  t".    To  fix  a  seal. 

I  will  seal  unto  this  bond.     [Unusual.]  .Vhak. 

SeAL'ED,  (seeld,)  pp.  or  a.  Furnished  with  a  seal; 
fastened  with  a  seal ;  confirmed  ;  closed. 

SeAL'ER,  n.  One  who  seals  ;  an  officer  in  chancery, 
who  seals  writs  and  instruments. 

9.  In  JVew  Engla7id,  an  officer  appointed  by  the 
town  or  other  proper  authority,  to  examine  and  try 
weights  and  measures,  and  set  a  stamp  on  such  as 
are  according  to  llie  standards  established  by  the 
Slate ;    also,  an  officer  who  inspects  leather,  and 


FATE,  FJ\R,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MeTE,  PREY.  — PTNE,  MARKNE,  BIRD.— NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.— 


996 


SEA 

Stamps  such  as  is  good.  These  are  called  sealers  of 
weights  and  measures,  and  sealers  of  leather. 

SeaL'ING,  pjtr.  Fixing  a  seal ;  fastening  with  a 
seal;  confirming;  closing;  keeping  secret;  fixing 
ji  pioce  of  wood  or  iron  in  a  wall  with  cement. 

SkAL- ING,  m    The  act  of  athxing  a  seal. 

2.  In  archiUctiirej  the  fixing  of  a  piece  of  wood  or 
iron  on  a  wall  with  plaster,  cement,  or  oilier  binding, 
friT  staples,  hinges,  &c.  OicilL 

3.  [from  stoi,  the  animal.]  The  operation  of 
^afcin;;  seals  and  curing  their  skins. 

SF.AL'ti\G-VOY-ACE,  h.  A  voyage  for  the  purpose 
of  killing  seals  and  obtaining  their  skins. 

SeAL'ING-\V.\X,  n.  [seal  and  tsax.]  A  compound 
of  the  resin  lac,  with  some  less  brittle  resin,  and  va- 
rious coloring  matters,  used  for  fastening  a  folded 
letter,  aud  thus  concealing  Ihe  writing,  and  for  re- 
ceiving impressions  of  seals  set  to"  instruments. 
Sealing-wax  is  hard  or  soft,  and  may  be  of  any 
color. 

SeAM,  (seem,)  n.  [Sax.  seavi ;  D.  zoom  ;  G.  saum ;  Dan. 
som;  Sw.  50i«,ase3m,asuture;  so'mn,  to  sew.  TheG, 
saui:i  signifies  a  hem  or  border.  The  word  probably 
signifies  the  uniting  by  sewing.  In  Danish,  sommer 
signifies  to  hem,  and  to  beseem,  to  be  seemly,  to  be- 
come, to  be  suitable.  We  see  then  that  seam  and 
seem  are  from  one  root.  The  primary  sense  is,  to 
meet,  to  come  or  put  together.  See  Same  and  As 
3EM8LE.     Class  Sm,  No.  33,  40.] 

I.  The  suture  or  uniting  of  two  edges  of  cloth  by 
the  needle.  Thyden. 

Tlie  coat  w-os  without  seam,  woven  fn>ni  the  top  ihrooghout.  — 
Jol'.n  T.\x. 

9.  The  joint  or  juncture  of  planks  in  a  ship's  side 
or  deck;  or  rather  the  intervals  between  the  edges 
of  boards  or  planks  in  a  floor,  &c.  The  seatns  of 
ships  are  filled  with  oakum,  and  covered  with  pilch. 

3.  In  77it7i&j,  a  vein  or  stratum  of  metal,  oar,  coal, 
and  the  like.  Encyc.     Kirwan. 

In  geology,  a  thin  layer  v/hich  separates  strata  of 
greater  magnitude. 

4.  A  cicatrix  or  scar. 

5.  A  measure  of  eight  bushels  of  corn  ;  or  the  ves- 
sel that  contains  it.     [JSTot  used  in  jSmerica.] 

Ji  scam  of  glass  i  the  quantity  of  120  pounds,  or  94 

stt  ne  of  five  pounds  each.     [JVot  mal  in  J3mej-ica.] 
Seam,  h.     [Sax.  seim;  W.  saim.]  [Enntc. 

Tallow  ;  grease  ;  lard.     [Local.]      Skdc.    Dryden, 
Se.\M,  v.  t.    To  form  a  seam ;    to  sew  or  otherwise 

unite. 
9.  To  mark  with  a  cicatrix;  to  scar;  as,  seamed 

with  wounds.  Pope. 

SeA'MAN".    See  under  Sea. 
SeAM'£D,  (seemd,)  pp.   Marked  with  seams  j  having 

jearas  or  scars. 
SeAM'IXG,   ppr.       Marking    with    scars;    making 

seams. 
SeAM'LESS,  a.     Having  no  seam  ;   as,  the  seamless 

garment  of  Christ. 
SeAM'-REXT,  71.     [seam  and  renU]    The  rent  of  a 

jeam  ;  the  separation  of  a  suture. 
SeAM'STER,  n.   One  that  sews  well,  or  whose  occu- 
pation is  to  sew. 
SeAM'STRESS,  n.    [that  is,  seamstcress  ;  Sax.  scam- 

estre.] 

_  A  woman  whose  occupation  is  sewing. 
SeAM'STRESS-Y,  n.    The  business  of  a  seamstress, 
SeAM'Y,  a.     Having  a  seam;   containing  seams  or 

showing  them.  Shale. 

Sean,  (sene,)  71.    A  net.     [See  Seine.] 
SE'AJ^CE,  (si'ins,)  n.     [Fr.]     Session,  as  of  some 

public  body. 

Sili'POY    M   "*     [Pers.  5jpa/a' ,-  Hindoo,  .*;/;jtzAai.] 

A  native  of  India,  in  the  military  service  of  a 

European  power,  and  disciplined  after  the  European 

manner. 
SeAR,  r.  t.    [Sax.  searan  ;  Gr.  a^npcci),  to  dry ;  Irjpaii/ia, 

to  drj',  to  parch  ;  ^nfl'Ji,  dry  ;  czij',  Ihe  sun  ;  c£(/j:m, 

to  dry.    Q,u.  L.  torrco,  in  a  diifercnt  dialect.] 
1.  To  burn  to  dr>-ness  and  hardness  the  surface  of 

any  thing;  to  cauterize;  to  expose  to  a  degree  of 

beat  that  changes  the  color  of  the  surface,  or  makes 

it  hard  ;  as,  to  scar  the  skin  or  flesh. 


I'm  seared  with  burning  Btecl. 


Howe, 


Sear  is  allied  to  scorch  in  signification ;  but  it  is 
applied  primarily  to  animal  flesh,  anil  has  special 
reference  to  the  efiect  of  heat  in  making  the  surface 
hard.  Scorch  is  applied  to  Ilesh,  cloth,  or  any  other 
substance,  and  has  no  reference  to  the  effect  of  hard- 


2.  To  wither;  to  dry. 

3.  To  make  callous  or  insensible. 


Shak. 


i  laving  their  conflcicnce  geared  n-ilh  a.  hot  iron.  —  I  Tim.  W. 

To  scar  up  ;  to  close  by  searing  or  cauterizing;  to 

step. 

Cherish  veins  of  good  humor,  and  tear  up  Oios^  of  ill.    Temple. 

Sear,  a.     Dry  ;  withered.  Milton.     Ray. 

SEARCE,  (sera,)  v.  L    To  sift  ;  to  bolt ;  to  separate 
tlie  fine  part  of  meal  from  the  coarse.     [Little  vscd.] 

Mortimer. 


SEA 

SEARCE,  (sers,)  Tf.     A  sieve  ;  a  bolter.    [Little  used.] 
SEAR'CER,  (sers'er,)  w.      One   that   sills  or  bolts. 

f Little  iised.) 
SEARCH,   (serch,)   v.   t.     [Fr.  chercher  ;    It.  ccrcare; 

Arm.  lerchat,  to  seek,  to  ramble.] 

1.  To  look  over  or  through,  for  tfio  purpose  of  find- 
ing something;  to  explore;  to  examine  by  inspec- 
tion ;  as,  to  starch  the  house  for  a  book  ;  to  search  the 
wood  for  a  thief. 

Send  thou  men,  that  they  may  search  the  land  of  C;"iaan.  — 

Num  xiii, 

2.  To  inquire  ;  to  seek  for. 

Enougti  is  left  besides  to  search  anil  kiiow.  TifiHoTi. 

3.  To  probe  ;  to  seek  the  knowledge  of,  by  feel- 
ing with  an  instrument ;  as,  to  search  a  wound 

Shak 

4.  To  examine  ;  to  try  or  put  to  the  test.  Ps. 
cxxxix. 

To  search  out;  to  seek  till  found,  or  to  find  by 
seeking  ;  as,  to  search  out  truth.  If'atls. 

SEARCH,  (serch,)  D.i".  To  seek;  to  look  for;  to  make 
search. 

Once  more  eearcJt  with  me.  Shak. 

2.  To  make  inquiry  ;  to  inquire. 

It  siifEcPs  ihil  they  h^ve  once  with  cire  fiiftcd  tlic  matter,  and 
searcJud  into  all  tlie  pnrticulai3.  Loeke. 

To  search  for ;  to  look  for;  to  seek  ;  to  try  to  find  ; 
as,  to  search  for  a  gcntlfmaii  now  in  tlie  house. 

S/iak. 
SEARCH,  (serch,)  ?i.  A  seeking  or  looking  for  some- 
thing that  is  lost,  or  the  place  of  wiiich  is  unknown, 
with  for  or  after ;  as,  a  search  for  lost  money ;  a 
search  for  mines  of  gold  and  silver;  a  search  after 
happiness  or  knowledge. 

2.  Inquiry  ;  a  seeking.  He  spent  his  life  in  search 
of  tnith. 

3.  ducst;  pursuit  for  finding. 

Nor  did  my  search  of  lihorty  bc^in, 

Till  ray  bl.iclt  h;iire  woro  clriiig'.'d  upon  my  cl;in.         Dryden. 

Right  of  search  ;  in  naval  a,^airs,  the  right  claimed 
by  one  nation  to  authorize  the  commanders  of  their 
ships  to  enter  vessels  of  other  nations,  and  examine 
their  papers  and  cargo,  to  ascertain  the  character  of 
the  vessels  and  the  destination  of  their  cargoes. 

SEARCH'A-BLE,  (sorch'a-bi,)  a.  That  may  be 
searched  or  explored.  Cntirravc. 

SEARCH' A-BLE-XESS,?i.  The  state  of  being  search- 
able. 

SEARCH'ED,  (sercht,)  pp.  Looked  over  carefully  ; 
explored  ;  examined. 

SEARCH'ER,  (serch'er,)  n.  One  who  searches,  ex- 
plores, or  examines,  for  the  purpose  of  findnig  some- 
thing. 

2.  A  seeker  ;  an  inquirer.  tl''atts. 

3.  An  examiner;  a  trier;  as,  the  Searcher  of 
hearts. 

4.  An  officer  in  London,  appointed  to  examine  Hie 
bodies  of  the  dead,  and  report  the  cause  of  their 
death.  Gratmt. 

5.  An  officer  of  the  customs,  whose  business  is  to 
search  and  examine  ships  outward  bound,  to  ascer- 
tain whether  they  have  prohibited  goods  on  board, 
also  baggage,  goods,  &c. 

(>.  An  inspector  of  leather.     [Local.] 

7.  In  military  affairs,  an  instrument  for  examining 
ordnance,  to  ascertain  whether  guns  Iiave  any  cav- 
ities in  them.  Enajc. 

8.  An  instrument  used  in  the  inspection  of  Imtter, 
&.C.,  to  ascertain  the  quality  of  that  which  ia  con- 
tained in  firkins.     [Local.]  Mass. 

SEARCH'ING,  (serch'ing,)  pjrr.  Looking  into  or 
over ;  exploring ;  examining;  inquiring;  seeking; 
investigating. 

2.  a.  Penetrating  ;  trying ;  close  ;  as,  a  searching 
discourse. 

SEARCH'ING,  (serch'ing,)  n.  Examination  ;  severe 
inquisition.    Judges  v. 

SEARCH'ING-LY,  adv.    In  a  searching  manner. 

SEARCH'ING-NESS,  (serch'ing-ness,)  ti.  The  qual- 
ity of  severe  inquiry  or  examination. 

SEARCH'LESS,(sercIi'les8,)G.  Inscrutable;  chiding 
search  or  investigation. 

SEARCH'-WAR-ilANT,  (serch'-,)  "■  In  law,  a  war- 
rant issued  by  a  justice  of  the  peace,  autiiorizing 
persons  to  search  houso'j,  or  otiier  places,  for  stolen 
goods. 

SeAR'-CLOTH,  ji.     [Sax.  sar-clath,  sore-cloth.] 
A  clolh  to  cover  a  sore  ;  a  plaster.         Mortimer. 

SeAR'£D,  7>p.  or  a.  [from  scar.]  Burnt  on  the  sur- 
face ;  cauterized  ;  hardened. 

SeAR'ED-NESS,  71.  The  state  of  being  seared,  cau- 
terized, or  hardened  ;  hardness;  hence, insensibility. 

Bp.  Hall. 

SeA'SON,  (sC'zn,)  n.  [Fr.  saison;  Arm.  sa-sonn, 
sa^zun  ;  Port,  sazam,  sezam,  season,  proper  time, 
state  of  being  seasoned  ;  sazonar,  to  season,  ripen, 
temper,  sweeten,  bring  to  maturity  ;  Sp.  sazon,  sea- 
son, maturity,  taste,  relish  ;  saionar,  to  season.  The 
primary  sense,  like  that  of  time  and  opportunity,  is 
to  fall,  to  come,  to  arrive,  and  thi.^  word  seems  to  be 
allied  to  seize  and  assess  ;  to  fall  on,  to  set  on.] 
Season  literally  signifies  that  which  comes  or  ar- 


SEA 

rives ;  and  in  this  general  sense,  is  synonymous  with 
time.     Hence, 

1.  A  fit  or  .'luitable  time;  the  convenient  time; 
the  usual  or  appointed  time  ;  as,  the  messenger  ar- 
rived in  season ;  in  good  season.  This  fruit  is  out  of 
sca.son. 

2.  Any  time,  as  distinguished  from  others. 

Th^i  season  prime  for  sweetest  scent*  and  airs.  MiUan. 

.3.  A  lime  of  some  continuance,  but  not  long. 

Thou  thalt  be  Llicd,  not  seeing  tho  sun  for  a  season.  —  Act*  xiii. 

4.  One  of  the  four  divisions  of  the  year,  spring, 
summer,  autumn,  winter.  The  season  is  mild  ;  it  is 
cold  for  the  season. 

■\Vc  saw,  in  six  days'  traveling,  the  sercral  aeatont  of  the  year 
in  their  beauty.  Addtton. 

We  distinguish  the  season  by  prefixing  iu  ai)- 
propriatc  name,  as  the  ifprin^-season ,  jummer-sea- 
son,  &c. 

To  be  in  season;  to  be  in  good  time,  or  sufficiently 
early  for  the  purpose. 

To  be  out  of  season;  to  be  too  late,  beyond  the 
proper  time,  or  beyond  the  usual  or  appointed  time. 

From  the  sense  of  convenience  is  derived  the 
following. 

5.  That  which  matures  or  prepares  for  the  taste; 
that  which  gives  a  relish. 

Vou  lack  the  season  of  all  nature,  ck-cp.  SiJik. 

But  in  this  sense,  we  now  use  Seasosikc. 
SeA'SOX,  (se'zn,)  V.  t.     [Fr.  assaisonner;  Sp.  and 
l*ort.  sazonar.] 

1.  To  render  palatable,  or  to  give  a  higher  relish 
to,  by  the  addition  or  mixture  of  another  substance 
more  pungent  or  pleasant;  as,  to  season  meat  with 
salt ;  to  sea.-<on  any  thing  with  spices.    Lev.  ii. 

2.  To  render  more  agreeable,  pleasant,  or  delight- 
ful ;  to  give  a  relish  or  zest  to  by  something  that  ex- 
cites, animates,  or  exhilarates. 

You  neason  still  with  sports  your  serious  hours.  Diyden. 

'i'he  ptoi>er  use  of  wit  la  to  season  conversation.         TUioUon. 

3.  To  render  more  agreeable,  or  less  rigorous  and 
severe;  to  temper;  to  moderate;  to  qualify  by  ad- 
mixture. 

When  mercy  seasons  justice.  Shak. 

4.  To  imbue ;  to  tinge  or  taint. 

Season  their  yoniiger  years  with  prudent  aud  pious  priticiplfs. 

Taylor. 

5.  To  fit  for  any  use  by  time  or  habit ;  to  mature  ; 
to  prepaiv. 

Vvho  in  want  a  hollow  li-iend  doth  try, 

Di.'cctly  seasons  him  an  enemy.  Shai:. 

6.  To  prepare  for  use  by  dr>'ing  or  hardening;  to 
lake  out  or  suffer  to  escape  the  natural  juices  ;  as,  to 
season  limber. 

7.  To  prepare  or  mature  for  a  climate  ;  to  accus- 
tom to  and  enable  to  endure  ;  as,  lo  season  the  body 
to  a  particular^limate.  Long  residence  in  the  West 
Jndios,  or  a  fever,  may  season  strangers. 

SkA'SON,  (se'zn,)  v.  i.  To  become  mature;  to  grow 
fit  for  use  ;  to  become  adapted  to  a  chmate,  as  the 
human  body. 

2.  To  become  dry  and  hard,  by  the  escape  of  the 
natural  juices,  or  by  being  penetrated  with  other 
substance.  Timber  seasons  well  under  cover  in  the 
air,  and  ship  timber  seasons  in  palt  water. 

3.  To  betoken  ;  to  savor.     [Obs.]    Beaum.  4"  FL 
SeA'SON-A-BLE,  a.    Opportune  ;  that  comes,  hap- 
pens, or  is  done  in  gootl  time,  in  due  season,  or  in 
proper  time  for  the  purpose  ;  as,  a  seasonable  supply 
of  rain. 

Mercy  is  seasonable  ia  the  time  of  afilic'Joa.  Ecclus. 

SeA'SON-A-BLE-NESS,  II.  Opportuneness  of  time  ; 
the  state  of  being  in  good  time,  or  in  time  conveni- 
ent fur  the  purpose,  or  sufiicienlly  early.    .Addison. 

SeA'SOA'^-A-BLY,  adv.  In  due  time  ;  in  time  conve- 
nient ;  sufficiently  early  ;  as,  to  sow  or  plant  season- 
ably. 

Se.\'SON-AOE,  7i.    Seasoning;  sauce.    [JVo(  T/^frf.] 

So  nth. 

SeA'SON-AL,  o.    Pertaining  to  the  seasons, 

Partington. 

SeA'SOX-£D,  (se'znd,)  pp.  or  a.  Mixed  or  sprinkled 
with  something  that  gives  a  relish  ;  tempered;  mod- 
erated; qualified;  matured;  dried  and  hardened. 

SeA'SON-ER,  w.  He  that  seasons;  that  which  sea- 
sons, matures,  or  gives  a  relish. 

Sii:A'SON-ING,  ppr.  Giving  a  relish  by  something 
added  ;  moderating;  qualifying;  maturing;  drying 
and  hardening  ;  fitting  by  habit. 

SeA'SON-ING,  n.  That  which  is  added  lo  any  sf>e- 
cies  of  food,  to  give  it  a  higher  relish  ;  usually,  some- 
thing pungent  or  aromatic,  as  salt,  spices,  or  other 
aromatic  herbs,  acids,  sugar,  or  a  mixture  of  sev- 
eral things.  .irbut.'inot. 

2.  Something  added  or  mixed  to  enhance  the 
pleasure  of  enjoyment ;  as,  wit  or  himior  may  serve 
as  a  seasoning  lo  eloquence. 

Political  eppcuiations  are  of  so  dry  and  .luslcre  a  nature,  thai 
(hi-y  w  ill  not  go  down  with  Uic  public  without  frequrnt  ««i- 
sonings.  Addifon. 


TONE,  BTJLL,  UNITE.— AN^GER,  VI"CIOUS.— C  as  K ;  0  as  J  ;  S  us  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


SEC 

SeA'SON-LESS,  a.  Without  succession  of  the  sea- 
sons. 

Seat,  (sod,)  71.  [FL  sctiia;  Sp.  setle^  sitio,  from  L. 
j(v/m,  sUh$  i  S\v.  siite ;  Dan.  sade ;  G.  sUz ;  D.  lete/, 
litplaats;  V/.siz;  Ir.saidh;  VV.,  with  a  prefix,  ir**- 
sod,  whence  gosodi,  to  set.  (See  Pet  and  Sit  )  The 
English  seat  retains  the  Roman  pronunciation  of 
situs^  that  is,  sccius.^ 

1.  Thai  on  which  one  sits;  a  chair,  bench,  alool, 
or  any  other  thing  on  which  a  person  sita 

Christ  —  overthrew   the   tnMcs  of  [he  money-changers,  and  ihe 
seala  o(  tlicm  ibat  kolii  (lovi.'s.  —  M.^tt.  xxL 

0.  The  place  of  sitting  ;  thrcme ;  chair  of  state ; 
trihiinal;  post  of  authority  ;  as,  tlie  seat  of  justice; 
judgment-seat. 

3.  Mansion ;  residence,  dwelling;  abode;  as, 
Italy  the  seat  of  empire.  The  Greeks  sent  colonies 
to  seek  a  new  seat  in  Gaul 

!□  Alba  he  eh^ll  tix  bis  royal  seal.  Dryden. 

4.  Site;  situation.  The  seat  of  Eden  has  never 
been  incontroverlibly  ascertained. 

5.  That  part  of  a  saddle  on  whicli  a  person  sils. 

6.  In  horsemanship,  the  posture  or  situation  of  a 
person  on  horseback.  Encijc. 

7.  A  pew  or  slip  in  a  church  ;  a  place  to  sit  in. 

8.  The  place  where  a  thing  is  settled  or  estab- 
lished. London  is  ihe  seat  of  business  and  opulence. 
So  we  say,  ilie  seat  of  the  muses,  the  seat  of  arts,  the 
scat  of  commerce. 

Seat,  v.  U  To  place  on  a  scat ;  to  cause  to  sit  down. 
We  seat  ourselves  ;  we  seat  our  guests. 

The  Kucsta  were  no  Gooner  seated  but  ihcy  entered  into  a  warm 
achate.  Arbuthnol. 

2.  To  palace  in  a  post  of  authority,  in  office,  or  a 
place  of  distinction.  He  seated  his  son  in  the  profes- 
sor's chair. 

Then  high  was  King  Richard  seated.  ShaA. 

3.  To  settle  ;  to  fix  in  a  particular  place  or  coun- 
try. A  colony  of  Greeks  seated  themselves  in  the 
south  of  Italy  ;  another  at  Massilia  in  Gaul. 

4.  To  fix ;  to  set  firm. 

From  their  fuundations,  loosening  to  and  fro, 

They  plucked  tlie  seated  liiila.  MUton. 

5.  To  place  in  a  church  ;  to  assign  seats  to.  In 
New  England,  where  the  pews  in  churches  are  not 
private  property,  it  is  customary  to  sr.it  families  for  a 
year  or  longer  time  ;  that  is,  assign  and  appropriate 
seats  to  their  use. 

6.  To  appropriate  the  pews  in,  to  particular  fami- 
lies ;  as,  to  srat  a  church. 

7.  To  repair  by  making  the  seat  new ;  as,  to  seat  a 
garment. 

8.  To  settle  ;  to  plant  with  inhabitants  ;  as,  to  seat 
a  country.     [JVot  much  used-l  Stith,  Virg. 

Seat,  v.  i.    To  rest ;  to  lie  down.     [J^ot  in  iisc.] 
_  Spenser. 

SeAT'ED,  pp.  Placed  in  a  chair  or  on  a  bench,  <Scc, ; 
set;  fixed;  settled;  established;  furnished  with  a 
seat.  *■ 

SeAT^ING,  ppr.  Placing  on  a  seat;  setting;  set- 
tling ;  furnishing  with  a  seat ;  having  its  seats  as- 
^ipiied  to  individuals,  as  a  church. 

SeAVES,  n.  pi.     [Sw.  sdf;  Dan.  siv ;  Heb.  t|''D,  suf.] 
Rushes.     [Local.] 

SeAV'Y,  a.    Overgrown  with  rushes.     [Locaf] 

SE-BA'CEOUS,  (-shus,)  a.  [Low  L.  sebacetis,  from 
scbunij  secum,  tallow,  W.  saim.  Q,u.  Elh.  sebach, 
fat.l 
aiade  of  tallow  or  fat ;  pertaining  to  fat. 
Sebaceous  humor;  a  suet-like  or  glutinous  matter 
secreted  by  the  sebaceous  glands,  which  serves  to 
defend  the  skin  and  keep  it  soft.  Coxc.    Parr. 

Sf.bacious  (rtands ;  small  glands  seated  in  the  cellu- 
lar membrane  under  the  skin,  which  secrete  the  se- 
baceous humor.  Parr. 

SE-BAC'ie,  (-bas'ik,)  a.  [Supra.]  In  chemistry,  per- 
taining to  fat;  obtained  from  fat;  as,  the  sebacic 
^cid.  Lavoisier, 

Se'BATE,  71.  [Supra.]  In  chemistry,  a  salt  formed 
by  the  sebacic  acid  and  a  base. 

Hooper.     Lavoisier. 

SE-BES'TEN,  n.  A  tropical  tree  ami  its  fruit,  of  the 
genus  Cordia  ;  called  SciiEsTEN  Pllm.  P.  Cyc. 

SEB'UN-DY,      )  H.      In  Indm,  an  irregular    native 

SEB-UN-DEE',  (  soldier,  employed  chiefly  on  reve- 
nue and  police  service.  jMalcoiu. 

SE-Ca'LE,  71.    fL.]    The  ergot  of  rye.  Brande. 

Se'GANT,  a.     [L.  secaus,  scco,  to  cut  or  cut  off,  coin- 
ciding with  Eng.  saw.] 
_  Cutting  ;  dividing  into  two  parts. 

SE'eAXT,  n.     [It.  Fr.  and  Sp.  secante,  supra.] 

1.  In  geometry,  a  line  that  cuts  another,  or  divides 
it  into  parts.  The  secant  of  a  circle  is  a  line  drawn 
from  the  circumference  on  one  side  to  a  point  with- 
out the  circumference  on  the  other.  Hutton. 

2.  In  trigonometry^  the  secant  of  an  arc  is  a  risht 
line  drawn  from  the  center  through  one  end  of  ihe 
nrc,  and  terminated  by  a  tangent  drawn  Uirougli  the 
other  end  Hutton. 

SE-CeDE',  d.  i.  '  I*  seeedo;  se,  from,  and  crdo,  to 
move.  Se  is  an  inseparable  preposition  or  prefix  in 
Latin,  but  denoting  departure  or  separation.] 


SEC 

To  withdraw  from  fellowship,  communion,  or  as- 
sociation i  10  separate  one's  self;  as,  certain  minis- 
ters seceded  from  the  church  of  Scotland  about  the 
year  1733. 

SE-ClcU'ER,  71.  One  who  secedes.  In  Scotland,  the 
seceders  are  a  numerous  body  of  Presbyterians  who 
seceded  from  the  comnmnion  of  the  established 
church,  about  the  year  1733. 

SE-CeD'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Withdrawing  from  fellow- 
ship or  commnniun. 

SE-CERN',  V.  t.  [L.  secern 0  i  sc  and  cenio,  to  sepa- 
rate.] 

In  the  animal  economy,  to  secrete. 

The  nuicus  secerned  in  tlic  nose  —  is  a  laudaUe  humor. 

Arbu  di  not. 

.=;E-('ERN'^:0,  pp.    Separated  ;  secreted. 

SE-('ERN'ENT,  j(.  Tliat  which  promotes  secretion; 
that  wliich  increases  the  motions  which  constitute 
secretion.  Darwin. 

SE-CERN'ING,  ppr.  Separating;  secreting;  aa,  se- 
cerning vessels. 

SE-rERN'MENT,  ti.    The  process  or  act  of  secreting. 

SE-('i:SS',  n.     [L.  sfcesj-WA-.]     Retirement;  retreat. 

SE-CES'.SinN,  (-sesh'un,)  n.  [L.  secessio.  See  Se- 
cede.] 

1.  The  act  of  withdrawing,  particularly  from  fel- 
lowship and  communion.  Encyc. 

2.  The  act  of  departing  ;  departure.  Brown. 
Secession  church,  in  Scotland.    See  Secedeb. 

SE'em-UM,  7'.  A  South  American  vegetable,  Seclii- 
um  edulis  or  Siegos  edulis.  The  fruit,  in  size  and 
form,  resembles  a  large  bell-pear,  and  is  eaten  like 
the  squash.  Farm.  Encyc. 

Se'CLE,  (se'kl,)  ti.     [Fr.  siiclef  L.  scculum.] 

A  ceulur}'.     [J^ot  in  use.]  Hammond. 

SE-GLuDE',  v.  t.  [L.  secludo  /  sc  arid  claudo,  cludo,  to 
shut.] 

1.  To  separate,  as  from  company  or  society,  and 
usually  to  keep  apart  for  some  length  of  lime,  or  to 
confine  in  a  separate  state ;  as,  persons  in  low  spirits 
scchide  themselves  from  society. 


Let  E[islern  lymuta  from  the  light  of  heaven 
Seclude  their  bosom  slaves. 


Thomson. 


2.  To  shut  out ;  to  prevent  from  entering  ;  to  pre- 
clude. 

Inclose  your  tender  phn'j  in  your  conservatory,  secluding  all 
entrance  of  cold.  Euelyn. 

SE-€LUD'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Separated  from  others;  liv- 
ing in  retirement ;  shut  out. 

SE-GLuD'ED-LY,  adv.    In  a  secluded  manner. 

SE-GLuD'ING,  ppr.  Separating  from  others  ;  confin- 
ing in  solitude  or  in  a  separate  state  ;  preventing  en- 
trance. 

SE-GLdSE'NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  secluded 
from  society. 

SE-GLU'SION,  (-zhun,)  n.  The  act  of  separating 
from  society  or  connection  ;  tlie  state  of  being  sepa- 
rate or  apart ;  separation  ;  a  shutting  out ;  as,  to  live 
in  .■seclusion. 

SE-CLC'SIVE,  a.  That  secludes  or  sequesters ;  that 
keeps  separate  or  in  retirement. 

SEG'OND,  a.  [Fr.,  from  L.  sccundas ;  It.  secondo ; 
Sp.  and  Port,  segiindo ;  from  L.  scquor,  to  follow. 
See  Seek.] 

1.  'I'hat  immediately  follows  the  first :  the  next 
following  the  first  in  order  of  place  or  time  ;  the  or- 
dinal of  two.  Take  the  second  book  from  the  shelf. 
Enter  the  second  house. 

And  be  slept  and  dreamed  the  second  time.  ~-  Geo.  xli. 

2.  Next  in  value,  power,  excellence,  dignity,  or 
rank ;  inferior.  The  silks  of  China  are  second  to 
none  in  quality.  Lord  Chatham  was  second  to  none 
in  eloquence.  Dr.  Johnson  was  second  to  none  in 
intellectual  powers,  but  second  to  many  in  research 
and  erudition. 

jS(  second  hand  ;  in  the  second  place  of  order  ;  not 
in  the  first  place,  or  by  or  from  the  first;  by  trans- 
mission; not  primaaily ;  not  originally;  as,  a  report 
received  at  second  Itand. 

In  unilation  of  preachers  at  secojvl  hand,  1  shall  tranecribe  from 
Bruyere  a  piece  of  raillery.  Tatlcr, 

SECOND,  71.  One  who  attends  another  in  a  duel,  to 
aid  him,  mark  out  the  ground  or  distance,  and  see 
that  all  proceedings  between  the  parties  are  fair. 

Watts.     Jlddison. 

2.  One  that  supports  or  maintains  another;  that 
which  supports. 

Being  sure  enough  of  seconds  after  the  first  onset.       Wotton. 

3.  The  sixtieth  part  of  a  minute  of  time  or  of  a  de- 
gree, that  is,  the  second  minute  or  small  division  next 
to  the  hour  or  degree.  Sound  moves  above  1140 
English  feet  in  a  second. 

4.  In  mujic,  an  interval  of  a  conjoint  degree,  be- 
ing the  difference  between  any  sound  and  the  next 
nearest  sound  above  or  below  it. 

Busby.     Brande. 
SECOND,  V.   t.     [L.  secundo;  Fr.  seconder  j  It.  se- 
condare.] 

1.  To  follow  in  the  next  place. 

Sin  is  seconded  with  sin.     [LilUe  uaed.]  SoutJi. 

2.  To  support ;    to  lend    aid    to   the  attempt  of 


SEC 

another ;  to  assist ;  to  forward  ;  to  promote  ;  to  en- 
courage ;  to  act  as  the  maintainer. 

Wc  have  snpplra  to  second  onr  nttemnt.  SJtak. 

The  atlcmptt  (>f  Austria  to  circumKriue  the  conqneala  uf  Bona- 
parte wrrc  seconded  by  Riiasia.  Anon, 
111  God,  one  single  can  iis  ends  produce, 
Yt't  servfs  to  accottd  loo  £orne  oiher  use.  Pope. 

3.  In  deliberative  assemblies,  to  unite  with  a  person, 
or  act  as  his  second,  in  proposing  some  measure ; 
as,  to  second  a  motion  or  proposition. 

SECOND-A-RI-LY,  adv.  [from  secondary.]  In  the 
second  degree  or  second  order;  not  primarily  or 
originally  ;  not  in  the  first  intention.  Duties  on  im- 
ports serve  primarily  to  raise  a  revenue,  and  seconda- 
rily toencourage  domestic  manufactures  and  industry. 

SE€'OND-A-RI-NESS,  7J.  The  state  of  being  sec- 
ondary. J^orris. 

SECON'D-A-RY,  a.     [L.  secundaHus,  from  sccundus.] 

1.  Succeeding  next  in  order  to  the  first ;  subor- 
dinate. 

Where  th'W  \s  moral  right  on  the  one  hand,  no  secondary  right 
can  discharge  it.  L^Estrange. 

2.  Not  primary  ;  not  of  the  first  intention. 

Two  are  the  radiciU  diirercncea ;  Uic  secondary  differences  nre  as 
four.  Bacon. 

3.  Not  of  the  first  order  or  rate  ;  revolving  about  a 
primary  planet.  Primary  planets  revolve  about  the 
sun  ;  secondary  planets  or  satellites  revolve  about  the 
primary. 

4.  Acting  by  deputatitui  or  delegated  authority  ;  as, 
the  work  o^  secondary  hands.  Jililton. 

5.  Acting  in  subortlination,  or  as  second  to  another; 
as,  a  secondary  ofiicer.  Encyc. 

G.  In  mineralogy,  a  term  denoting  a  modified  crys- 
tal derived  from  one  of  the  primary  forms,  or  any 
plane  on  a  crystal  which  is  not  one  of  the  primary 
planes.  Dana. 

Secondary  rocks  or  strata,    in    geologif,  are   tliose 
"  which  are  situated  over  or  above  the  primary  and 
below  the  tertiary.    They  usually  abound  in  organic 
remains  or  petrifactions.  Cleavclund. 

Secondary  formation;  in  geology,  the  formation 
which  includes  the  secondary  strata. 

^  secondary  fever,  is  that  which  arises  after  a 
crisis,  or  a  cnt;c;il  effort,  as  after  the  declension  of 
the  sniall-pos  or  measles.  Quincy. 

Secondary  circles.     See  SEcoNDAnT,n.  No.2. 

Secondary  qualities,  are  the  qualities  of  bodies 
which  are  not  inseparable  from  them,  but  which 
proceed  from  casual  circumstances,  such  as  lor, 
taste,  odor,  &.c. 

Secondary  r/nills.    See  SEcoNOARy,  71.  No.  3. 
SECOND-A-RY,  7(.    A  delegate  or  deputy;  one  who 
acts  in  subordination  to  another  ;  as,  the  secondaries 
of  the  Court  of  King's  Bench  and  of  Common  Pleas. 

Encyc. 

2.  In  astronomy,  a  great  circle  of  the  sphere  passing 
through  the  poles  of  another  great  circle,  perpendic- 
ular to  its  plane  ;  as,  secondaries  to  the  ecliptic. 

Brande. 

3.  In  ornithology,  a  quill  or  large  feather  growing 
on  the  second  bone  of  a  bird's  wing.  Brande. 

SECOND-eOUS'7N,  (-kuz'n,)7i.  The  name  given  to 
the  children  of  cousins. 

SECOND-ED,  pp.     Supported  ;  aided. 

SECOND-ER,n.  One  that  supports  what  another  at- 
tempts, or  what  he  affirms,  or  what  he  moves  or  pro- 
poses ;  as,  the  seconder  of  an  enterprise  or  of  a  motion. 

SECOND-HAND,  7*.  Possession  received  from  the 
first  possessor.  Johnson. 

SECOND-HAND,  a.  Not  original  or  primary;  re- 
ceived from  another. 

They  h.tvc  bnt  a  second-hand  or  implicit  knowledge.      Locke. 

2.  Not  new ;  that  has  been  used  by  another ;  as,  a 

second-hand  book. 
SECOND-ING,p;)r.    Supporting;  aiding. 
SEC'OND-LY,  adc.    In  the  second  place.       Bacon. 
SE--eOJ^DO,  [It.]     In  music,  the  .■second  part. 
SECOND-RATE,  n.     [second  anti  rate.]    The  second 

order  in  size,  dignity,  or  value. 

They  call  il  thunder  of  the  second-rate.  Addison. 

So  we  say,  a  ship  of  the  second-rate. 

SECOND-RATE,  a.  Of  the  second  size,  rank,  qual- 
ity, or  value;  aa,  a  second-rate  sliip;  a  second-rate 
cloth;  a.  seco/id-ratc  chvLinpkm.  Dryden. 

SECOND-SlGIIT,  (-site,)  n.  The  power  of  seeing 
things  future  or  distant;  a  power  claimed  by  some 
of  the  Highlanders  in  Scotland.  Addison. 

Kor  i<?ss  availed  his  optic  slt'l^ht, 

And  Scottish  gift  of  second  eight.  Trumbull's  M'Fi'ngal. 

SECOND-SIGHT-ED,  (-si'ted,)  a.  Having  the  power 
_of  second-sight.  Addison. 

Se'CRE-CY,  71.  [from  secret.]  Properly,  a  slate  of 
separation  ;  hence,  concealment  from  the  observa- 
tion of  others,  or  from  the  notice  of  any  persons  not 
concerned  ;  privacy  ;  a  state  of  being  hid  from  view. 
When  used  of  an  individual,  sccre-cy  implies  con- 
cealment from  all  others  ;  when  used  of  two  or  more, 
it  implies  concealment  from  all  persons  except  Ihoss 
concerned.  Thus  a  company  of  counterfeiters  carry 
on  their  villainy  in  secrecy. 

The  lady  Anne, 
Whom  the  Idng  hath  in  secrecy  long  married.  ShaJ:. 


Fate,  far,  FALL,  WHAT.— MeTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD N6TE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOQK.— 


SEC 

9.  SoUiade;  retirement;  seclusion  from  tlie  view 
q{  others.  JUUton. 

3.  Forbearance  of  disclosure  or  discovery. 

h  ia  not  with  public  as  with  private  prayer  j  in  tliis.ralher  «cr«y 
is  conuiujidetl  ihaa  ou(\iMnI  show.  Hooker. 

4.  Fidelity  to  a  secret ;  the  act  or  habit  of  keeping 
sec-ets. 

For  tecrtcy  do  hily  closer.  ShaJ:. 

SE'tAET,  a.  [Fr.  secret;  It.  Sp.  and  Port,  sccrcto ; 
L.  seeretits.  This  is  given  as  the  prirticiple  of  secemw^ 
bm  it  is  radicaJIy  a  diiierent  word  ;  \V.  scgijTj  that 
is,  apart,  inclosed,  or  sacred  ;  segruy  to  sfc.rele  or  put 
apart;  seg-^  that  is,  without  access.  Tiie  radical 
sense  of  sdg-  is,  to  separate,  as  in  L.  seco^  to  cut  off; 
and  not  improbably  this  word  is  contracted  into  llie 
Latin  ie,  a  prefix  in  se^rciro,  scparo^  &c.j 

1.  Properly^  separate  ;  Jience,  hid  ;  concealed  from 
the  notice  or  kiiou'!;;di;e  of  a!!  persons  except  the 
individual  or  individuals  concerned. 

I  hare  a  secret  emnil  lo  ihec,  0  king.  —  Jiitlgos  iii. 

3.  Unseen ;  private ;  secluded  ;  being  in  retire- 
ment. 

There,  secret  isi  her  Ktnphire  cell, 

He  wiOi  Ibe  N.ua  wool" lo dwell.  Ftnton. 

3.  Removed  from  sight;  private;  unknown. 

Alide  in  a  secret  phce,  and  hide  ihyself.  —  I  Sum.  xix. 

4.  Keeping  secrets ;  faithful  to  secrets  intrusted ; 
as,  secret  Romans.     [Unu.^-ual]  Shak. 

5.  Private  ;  affording  privacy  ;  as,  the  secret  top  of 
Sinai.  Milton, 

6.  Occult ;  not  seen  ;  not  apparent ;  as,  the  secret 
operations  of  physical  causes. 

7.  Known  to  God  only. 

Secret  tlungs  lioloug  to  the  Lord  our  God.  — Dcut.  xsix. 

8.  Not  proper  to  be  seen  ;  kept,  or  such  as  ought  to 
he  kept,  from  observation. 

SECRET,  n.     [Fr.,  fr(.in  L.  secretum.l 

1.  Something  studiously  concealed.  A  man  who 
can  not  keep  his  own  secrets^  will  hardly  keep  the 
secrets  of  others. 

To  tell  our  own  secreu  is  often  folly  j  to  commuuiCTte  those  of 

others  is  treachery.  Rambler, 

A  talebearer  reirealcih  secrets.  — Prov.  xi. 

2.  A  thing  not  discovered,  and  therefore  unknown, 

All  secrets  of  the  deep,  all  iialnrf's  works.  MiUon. 

Hast  thou  hcaid  the  secret  of  God  ?  —  Job  xv. 

3.  Secrets,  pi. ;  the  parts  which  modesty  and  pro- 
priety require  to  be  concealed. 

Ill  scc-ret ;  in  a  private  place  ;  in  privacy  or  secrecy  ; 
in  a  state  or  place  not  seen  ;  privately. 

Bread  ealeu  in  secret  is  pk'iLsaot.  —  Prov.  is. 

Se'CRET,!?.  (.    To  keep  private.    [Jyotused.]   Bacon. 
SEG-RE-Ta'RI-AL,  a.     Pertaining  to  a  secretary. 

Brit.  Spy. 
SEC'RE-TA-RI-SHIP,  71.    The  office  of  a  secretary. 

Swift. 
SSe'RE-TA-RY,  n,     [Fr.  secretaire;  Sp.  and  It.  sco-e~ 
tario  :  from  L.  sccretusy  secret ;  originailly  a  confidant, 
one  intrusted  with  secrets.] 

1.  A  person  enipk'Vf  d  by  a  public  body,  by  a  com- 
pany, or  by  an  individual,  to  write  orders,  letters, 
dispatches,  public  or  private  papers,  records,  and  the 
like.  Thus  legislative  bodies  have  secretaries,  whose 
business  is  to  record  all  their  laws  and  resolves. 
Embassadors  have  secretarit.^. 

9.  An  olRcer  whose  business  is  lo  superintend  and 
manage  the  affairs  of  a  particular  department  of  gov- 
ernment; as,  the  secretary  of  state,  who  conducts  the 
correspondence  of  a  state  with  foreign  courts  j  the 
secretary  of  the  treasury,  who  manages  the  depart- 
ment of  finance  ;  the  secretary  of  war,  of  the  navy, 
&c. 
SE-CReTE',  v.  t.  To  Iiide ;  lo  conceal ;  to  remove 
from  observation  or  the  knowledge  of  others ;  as,  to 
secrete  stolen  goods. 

9.  To  secrete  one's  self;  to  retire  from  notice  into 
a  private  place ;  to  abscond. 

3-  in  the  animal  economy^  lo  secern ;  to  produce  from 
the  blood  substances  dilfercnt  from  the  blood  itself, 
or  from  any  of  its  constituents  ;  as  the  i-Iinids.  Thp 
liver  secretes  bile  ;  the  salivarj'  glands  secrct■^  saliva. 

Ed.  En  eye. 

4.  In  vescLable  physiology,  to  separate  substances 
from  ^he  sap. 

HE-CRr.T'ED,  pp,  or  a.    Concealed  :  secerned. 

SE-€Rf,T'INO,  irpr.     Hiding  ;  secerning. 

SE-CRe'TION,  n  The  act  of  secerning  ;  the  actor 
process  of  producing  from  the  blood  substances  dif- 
ferent from  the  blood  itself  or  from  any  of  its  con- 
stituents, as  bile,  saliva,  mucus,  urine,  &c.  This 
was  considered  by  the  older  physiolugii-.ts  as  merely 
a  separation  from  the  blood  of  certain  ytihstances  pre- 
viously contained  in  it;  the  literal  meaning  of  .secrt?- 
tion.  But  tills  opinion  is  now  generally  exploded. 
The  organs  of  secretion  areof  very  varinns  firm  and 
structure,  but  the  most  general  are  those  called 
glands.  Ed.  Ettcyc. 

2.  In  ve<Tetables,  the  corresponding  process  of  sep- 
arating substances  from  the  sap. 

3.  The  matter  secreted;  as  mucus,  perspirable 
matter,  &c. 


SEC 


SEC 


Se'CRET-IST,  n.    A  dealer  in  secrets.     [A''vt  in  use.] 

Boyle. 
SE-€RE-TI"TIonS,  (ae-Ure-tish'us,)  a.     Parted  by 

animal  secretion.  Floycr. 

SE-CRe'TIVE-NESS,  «      Among  phrenologists,  the 

LTgan  which  induces  secrecy  or  concealment. 

_  ^  Brande. 

Se'€RET-LV,  adv.    Privately;  privily;  not  opeidy ; 

without  the  knowledge  of  others  j  as,  to  dispatch  a 

messenger  secretly. 
2.  Inwardly;  not  apparently  or  visibly  ;  latently. 

Now  secretly  wiih  iuw.ird  grief  ehc  puied.  Addison. 

Se'CRET-NESS,  k.    The  state  of  being  hid  or  con- 
cealed. 
2.  The  quality  of  keeping  a  secret.  Donne. 

Se'€RE-TO-RY,  a.    Performing  the  office  of  secre- 
tion ;  as,  secretory  vessels.  Buy. 

SECT,  n.     [Fr.  seetc;  It.  sctta;  L.  and  Sp.  sccta:  from 
L.  seco,  to  cut  off,  to  separate.] 

1.  A  body  or  number  of  persons  united  in  tenets, 
chiefly  in  philosophy  or  religinn,  but  constituting  a 
distinct  party  by  holding  sentiments  diffeienl  from 
those  (if  other  men.  Most  sects  have  originated  in  a 
particular  person,  who  taught  and  piopagaK-d  some 
peculiar  notions  in  philosopliy  or  religion,  and  who 
is  considered  to  have  been  its  founder.  Among  the 
Jews,  the  principal  sects  were  the  Pharisees,  Saddu- 
cees,  and  Essenes ;  in  Greece  were  the  Cynic  sect, 
founded  by  Antisihenes,  and  the  Academio  sect,  by 
Plato.  The  Academic  sect  gave  birth  to  the  Peri- 
patetic, and  the  Cynic  to  the  Stoic.  Enfield. 

2.  A  denomination  which  dissents  from  an  estab- 
lished cluuch. 

3.  A  cutting  or  cion.     [J^ot  used.]  SJiak. 
SECT-a'RI-AN,  a.     [L.  sectarius.] 

Pertaining  to  a  sect  or  to  sects  ;  peculiar  to  a  sect ; 

as,  secUtriuii  princi|iles  or  prejudices. 
SE€T-a'RI-AN,  n.    One  of  a  sect ;  one  of  a  party  in 

religion  which  has  separated  itself  from  the  estab- 

lislied  church,  or  which  holds  tenets  different  from 

those  of  the  prevailing  denomination  in  a  kingtlom 

or  state. 
SECT-a'RI-AN-ISM,  11.    The  disposition  lo  dissent 

from  the  estabiislied  church  or  predominant  religion, 

and  to  form  new  sects. 
SECT-A'RI-AN-IZE,  v.  t.    To  imbue  with  sectarian 

feelings. 
SECT'A-RISM,  n.    Sectarianism.     [Little  used.] 
SECT'A-RIST,  ?i.    A  sectary.     [J^oi  much  used.l 
SECT'A-RY,  7(.     [Fr.  scctaire.]  [WaHoiu 

1.  A  person  who  separates  from  an  established 
church,  or  from  the  prevailing  denomination  of 
Christians  ;  one  that  belongs  to  a  sect ;  a  dissenter. 

2.  A  follower  ;  a  pupil.     [JVot  in  -use.]      Spenser. 
SECT-A'TOR,  V.     [Fr.  sectateur.]  , 

A  follower ;  a  disciple  ;  an  adherent  to  a  sect.  [J^ut 
_  now  iu<ed.]  Ralegh. 

SEGT'ILE,  a.     [h.  scctilis,  from  seco,  to  cut.] 

Capable  of  being  cut  in  slices  with  a  knife.  Dana. 
In  minrraloi^u,  applied  to  minerals  when,  being  cut 
witJi  a  knife,  the  separated  particles  do  not  tly  away, 
but  remain  on  the  mass.  Humble. 

SECTION,  ;i.     [Fr.,  from  L.  sectio  ;  seco,  to  cut  off.] 

1.  The  act  ot  cutting,  or  of  separating  by  cutting  ; 
as,  the  section  of  bodies.  f^otton. 

2.  A  part  separated  from  the  rest ;  a  division-. 

3.  In  boflk.^  and  writings,  a  distinct  part  or  portion  ; 
the  subdivision  of  a  chapter  ;  the  division  of  a  law 
or  other  writing  or  instrument.  In  laics,  a  section  is 
sometimes  called  a  Paragraph  or  Ahticle. 

Boyle.     Locke. 

4.  A  distinct  part  of  a  city,  town,  country,  or  peo- 
ple ;  a  part  of  territory  separated  by  geographical  lines, 
or  of  a  people  consitiered  as  distinct.  Thus  we  say, 
the  northern  or  eastern  section  of  the  United  States, 
the  middle  section,  the  southern  or  western  section. 

5.  In  geometry,  the  intersection  of  two  superficies, 
or  of  a  superficies  and  a  solid.  In  the  ftirnier  case, 
it  is  a  line  ;  in  the  latter,  a  surlace.    ji.  D.  Stanlai. 

G.  The  representation  of  an  object,  as  a  building, 
machine,  &c.,  cut  asunder  vertically,  so  as  to  show 
the  interior  or  profile.  Qloss.  ofArchit. 

7.  In  the  public  lands  of  the  United  Suites,  a  tract  of 
(iiO  acres. 
SEC'TION-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  section  or  distinct 
part  of  a  larger  body  or  territory. 

All  ncciwnal  inleresla  and  pnny  feelings,  ii  is  liupeJ,  will  here- 
afser  yield  to  schemes  of  ambition. 

J.  Stonj.    Hosack,  Mem.  of  Clinton. 

PEC'TION-AL-LY,  adv.    In  a  sectional  manner. 
SiXT'OR,  7f.     [Fr.  sccteur,  from  L.  seco,  to  cut.] 

1.  In^i-f^oHietryjaparttifacircle comprehended  be- 
tween two  radii  and  the  inclined  arc ;  or  a  mixed 
triangle,  formed  by  two  radii  and  the  arc  of  a  circle. 

IfutUin. 
Tlie  srctorofa  sphere,  is  tlic  solid  generated  by  the 
revolution  of  the  sector  of  a  circle  about  one  of  its 
radii. 

9.  A  mathematical  instrument  so  marked  with 
lines  of  sines,  tangents,  secants,  chords,  &c.,  as 
to  fit  all  radii  and  scales,  and  useful  in  finding  the 
proportiim  between  ijuantities  of  the  samo  kind. 
The  sector  is  founded  on  the  fourth  proposition  of 


the  sixth  book  of  Euclid,  where  il  is  prov>d  that 
similar  triangles  have  their  homologous  BJdef  piopnr- 
lional.  ir-Vici/c. 

3.  in  astronomy,  nn  instrument  furuicasuring  ze- 
nith distances.     [See  Zemth  Sector.]       Brande. 

Dip  sector;  an  instrument  used  fur  measuring  the 
dip  of  the  horizon.  Olmsicd. 

SEC'U-IjAR,  a.     [Fr.  scculaire ;  It.  secolare  ;  i?\t.  secu- 
lar:  ]j.  sfcularU,  from  scculurny  the  world  or  an  rg,-.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  this  present  worid,  or  lo  things  not 
spiritual  or  holy;  relating  to  things  not  imniediutdv 
or  primarily  respecting  the  soul,  but  the  body  ;  woild'- 
ly.  The  secular  concerns  of  life  respect  making  pr^i- 
vision  for  the  support  of  life,  the  preservation  of 
health,  the  temporal  prosperity  tjf  men,  of  states,  fcc. 
Secular  power  is  that  which  superintends  and  gov- 
erns the  temporal  affairs  of  men,  the  civil  or  political 
power;  and  is  contradistinguished  from  spiritual  or 
ecelesiostical  powt-r. 

2.  Among  Roman  Cutkolie^<i,  not  regular;  not  bound 
by  monastic  vows  or  rules  ;  not  confined  to  a  monas- 
tery, or  subject  to  the  rules  of  a  religious  coninm- 
nily.  Thus  we  say,  the  secular  clergy,  and  the  reg- 
ular clergy.  Temple. 

Secular  equation ;  in  astronomy,  the  numerical  ex- 
pression of  the  magnitude  and  period  of  a  secular 
inequality. 

Secular  inequality ;  a  deviation  from  the  mean  mo- 
tion or  mean  orbit  of  a  celestial  body,  which  pro- 
ceeds so  slowly  as  to  become  sensible  only  after  the 
lapse  of  centuries.  Brande. 

3.  Coming  or  observed  once  in  a  cenlurj';  as,  a 
secular  year. 

Secular  games,  in  Rome,  were  games  celebrated 
once  in  an  age  or  century,  which  lasted  three  days 
and  nights,  with  sacrifices,  theatrical  shows,  com- 
bats, sports, ^cc.  Valerius  Jllaximus. 

Secular  music;  any  music  or  songs  not  adapted  to 
sacred  uses. 

Secular  refrigeration  :  in  geology,  the  periodical 
coaling,  and  consequent  consolidation,  of  the  crust 
of  the  globe.  Brande. 

Secular  song,  or  poem;  a  song  or  poem  composed 
for  the  secular  games,  or  sung  or  rehearsed  at  those 
games. 
SEC'lJ-LAR,  7(.  A  church  oflicer  or  officiate,  whose 
functions  are  confined  to  the  vocal  tlepartment  of  the 
flioir.  Busbn. 

SEC-y-LAR'I-TY,  n.  Worldliness ;  supreme  atten- 
tion to  the  tilings  of  the  present  life.  Buchanan. 
SEC-U-LAR-I-ZA'TION,  n.  [from  secularize.]  The 
act  of  converting  a  regular  person,  place,  or  benefice, 
into  a  secular  one.  Most  cathedral  churches  were 
formerly  regular,  that  is,  the  canons  were  of  religious 
or  monastic  orders;  but  they  have  since  been  secu- 
larized. For  the  secularization  of  a  regular  churcii, 
there  is  wanted  the  authority  of  the  pope,  that  of  the 
prince,  the  bishop  of  the  place,  the  i»atron,  and  even 
the  consent  of  the  people.  Encyc. 

2.  In  politics,  the  ajiproprialion  of  churrh  property 
to  secular  or  common  uses  ;   also,  transferring  the 
civil  jurisdiction  of  a  district  or  countrj'  from  eccle- 
siastics to  laymen.  Murdock. 
SEC'IT-LAR-IZE,  V.  t.    [Fr.  secularL^er ;  from  secular.] 

To  convert  tliat  which  is  regular  or  monastic  into 
secular ;  as,  the  ancient  regular  cathedral  churches 
were  secularized. 

A I  the  n.rormalion,  Uie  abbey  was  secularized,      Coxe,  Sails, 

2.  To  convert  from  spiritual  appropriation  to  secu- 
lar or  common  use. 

3.  To  Inmsffr  the  civil  government  of  a  bishopric 
(ir  country  from  a  prince  bishop  to  a  layman. 

4.  To  make  worldly  or  unspiritnal.  "    [.Murdoch. 
SEC'U-LAR-lZ-£D,  pp.     Converted  from  regular  to 

secular,  or  from  ecclesiastical  to  laical  or  to  worldly 
uses. 

SEC'lJ-LAR-IZ-ING,  ppr.  Converting  from  regular 
01  monastic  to  secular,  or  from  ecclesiastical  lo  laical 
or  to  worldly  uses. 

SECII-LAR-LY,  adi\    In  a  worldly  manner. 

SEC'tl-LAR-NESS,  n.  A  secular  tjisposition  :  world- 
liness ;  world !y-niindedness. 

Se'CUND,  a.     In  botany,  arransed  on  one  side  onlv. 

SEC-UN-Da'TION,  v.     Prosperity.     iXot  used,] 

SEC'UN-DiNE,  H.  [Fr.  secondines ;  from  second,  L. 
secundus,  from  sequor,  to  follow.] 

1.  In  botany,  the  second  coat  or  integument  of  an 
ovule,  reckoning  the  outer  as  the  first.       Lindlnj. 

9.  Secundines,  in  Vie  plural,  us  generally  used,  are 
the  several  coats  or  membranes  in  which  the  fetus  is 
wrapped  in  the  womb  ;  the  afterbirth. 

Core.     Brandt. 

SE-COJSi-fDUM .aR'TEM,  [L.]  According  to  art  or 
professional  rule;  skillfuriy' 

SE-CuRE',  (I.  [Ij.  scciirus ;  M.sicuro;  S\t.segtiro.  It 
coincides  in  elements  with  the  oriental  nao  and  "tiJS, 
to  shut  or  inclose,  to  make  fast ;  but  it  may  be  frtun 
se,  or  sine y  and  eura,  rare,  free  from  anxiety.] 

1.  Free  from  danger  of  being  taken  by  an  enemy  ; 
that  may  resist  assault  or  attack.  The  place  is  well 
fortified  anil  verj-  secure  Gibraltar  is  a  se-cure  for- 
tress. In  this  sense,  secure  is  followed  by  against  or 
from ;  as,  secure  against  attack,  or  from  an  enemy. 


TONE,  BIJLL.  tJNITE — AN"GER.  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K;  G  as  J  :  S  as  Z;  CH  as  SII;  TH  as  in  'J'HIS. 

™  ^^ 


r" 


SED 


SED 


I  sprcmt  a  cloud  before  the  viclor's 
Siiajiii'.'il  tliL'  Viinquiahfd,  and  sect 


2.  Free  from  danger  j  safe;  applied  to  persons  i 
with  from, 

3.  Frt'e  from  fear  or  apprehension  of  danper  ;  not 
alarmed  ;  iiol  disturbed  by  fear  ;  confident  of  safi^ly  ; 
jK-nce,  careless  of  the  nie:ms  of  dt'ft-nst;.  Men  are 
often  most  in  danger  when  they  feel  ntost  secure. 

Conridence  thru  bore  ihec  od,  scnire 

To  moec  no  daiiy-r.  AJitton. 

4.  Confident ;  not  distnistful;  with  of. 

But  thou,  tecure  o/si-ul,  utibPiU  wiih  wom.  Drydcn. 

It  conccrni  itic  most  *ecur<  it/hb  sucii^li  lo  pmy  to  Ood  not  to 
cxpoii'"  him  lo  mi  memy.  Jtogers. 

:">.  Careless;  wanting  caution.     [Sec  No.  3.] 
G.  Certain  ;  very  confident.     He  is  secure  of  a  wel- 
come reception. 
SE-eOKK',  r.  (.    To  guard  effectually  from  danger ;  to 
make  safe      Fortifications  may  secure  a  city  ;  sliiprf 
of  war  may  secure  a  harbor. 

Right, 

ired  Ilia  (lijiil.        Vryden. 

0.  To  ttiakc  certain  ;  lo  put  beyond  hazard.  Lib- 
erty and  fixed  laws  A-«curc  to  every  citizen  due  pro- 
tection of  person  and  property.  The  first  duty  and 
the  highest  interest  of  men  is,  to  secure  the  favor  of 
(Jod  by  repentance  and  faith,  and  thus  to  secure  to 
tlii^inselvcs  future  felicity. 

3.  To  inclose  or  confine  effectually  ;  to  guard  ef- 
fectually from  escape  ;  sometimes,  to  seize  and  con- 
fine ;  as,  to  secure  a  prisoner.  The  sheriff'  pursued 
the  thief  with  a  warrant,  and  secured  him. 

4.  To  make  certain  of  payment;  as,  to  secure  a 
dnbt  bv  mortgage. 

5.  To  make  certain  of  receiving  a  precarious  debt 
by  giving  bond,  bail,  surely,  or  otherwise  ;  as,  to  sc- 
cure  a  creditor. 

G.  To  insure,  as  property. 

7.  To  make  fast ;  as,  to  secure  a  door  ;  to  secure  a 
rafter  to  a  plate  ;  to  secure  the  hatches  of  a  ship. 
SE-eOR'KD,  pp.  Efl'ectually  guarded  or  protected  ; 
made  certain;  put  beyond  hazard;  effbctually  con 
fined  ;  made  fast. 
SE-eORE'LY,  adc.  Without  danger;  safely;  as,  to 
pass  a  river  on  ice  sccurebj.  But  Safely  is  generally 
used. 

2.  Without  fear  or  apprehension;  carelessly;  in 
an  unguarded  state  ;  in  confidence  of  safety. 

Ills  d>innj  fo*?  aectirely  him  d^fi.;d.  Milton. 

Ucvisj  iiwl  evil  against  thy  ncighlwr,  seeing  he  dwcUeth  secttrety 
by  Uioc.  —  Prov.  Ui. 

SE-€ORE'MENT,    n.      Security;    protection.      [J^ot 

jised.]  Brown. 

SE-eCRE'NEPP,  71.    Confidence  of  safety  ;  exeni|i- 
tion  from  fear ;  hence,  want  of  vigilance  or  caution. 

Bacon. 
SE-CC'R'ER,  n.     He  or  that  which  secures  or  protects. 
SE-eO'RI-FORM,  fl.     [L.  securis,  an  ax  or  hatchet, 
and  ft'rm.] 
In  botaiui,  having  the  form  of  an  ax  or  hatchet. 

Lee. 
SE-eCTJ-TY,  71.     [Fr.  sccurite  ;  L.  securita.^.] 

1.  Protection;  effectual  defense  or  safety  from 
danger  of  any  kind  ;  as,  a  chain  of  forts  erected  for 
the  security  of  the  frontiers. 

2.  That  which  protects  or  guards  from  danger.  A 
navy  constitutes  the  security  of  Great  Britain  from 
invasion, 

3.  Freedom  from  fear  or  apprehension;  confi- 
dence of  safety  ;  whence,  negligence  in  providing 
means  of  defense.  Security  is  dangerous,  for  it  ex- 
poses men  to  attack  when  unprepared.  Sccurttij  in 
sin  is  the  worst  condition  of  the  sinner. 

4.  Safety  ;  certainty.  We  have  no  security  for 
peace  with  the  enemy,  but  the  dread  of  our  navy. 

5.  Any  tiling  given  or  deposited,  to  secure  the  pay- 
ment of  a  debt,  or  the  pcvfovmance  of  a  contract; 
as  a  bond  with  surety,  a  mortgage,  the  indorsement  of 
a  responsible  man,  a  pledge,  &c.  Blackstonc. 

C.  Something  given  or  done  to  secure  peace  or 
good  behavior.  Viulent  and  dangerous  men  are 
obliged  to  give  security  for  their  good  behavior,  or  for 
keeping  the  peace.  This  .security  consists  in  being 
bound  with  one  or  more  sureties  in  a  recognizance 
to  the  king  or  stale.  Blackstone. 

SE-D.VN',  71.     [Fr.,  frt>m  the  I.,  scdeo  ;  like  I*,  e.^-seda.] 
A  portable  chair  or  covered  vehicle  for  carrying  a 
single  perst-  n.    It  is  borne  on  poles  by  two  men. 

Dnjden.     Encyc. 
SE-DaTE',  a.    [L.  sedatius,  from  sedo,  to  calm  or  ap- 
pciise,  that  is,  to  set,  to  cause  to  subside.] 

Settled  ;  composed  ;  calm  ;  quiet ;  tranquil ;  still ; 
serene  ;  unruffled  by  passion  ;  undisturbed  ;  contem- 
plative ;  sober  ;  serious  ;  as,   a  sedate  soul,  mind,  or 
temper.    So  we  say,  a  sedate  look  or  countenance. 
Vryden.      Watts. 
;   SE-DaTE'LY,  adv.      Calmly ;  without  agitation  of 
i        mind.  Locke. 

SE-DaTE'NESS,  v.  Calmnesa  of  mind,  manner,  or 
countenance  ;  freedom  from  agitation  ;  a  settled 
state;  comiwsurc;  serenity;  tranquillity;  zis^  sedatc- 
vess  of  temper  or  soul ;  sedateness  of  countenance  ; 
setlatenc^s  of  conversation.  .Addison. 

SE-DA'TION,  71.    The  act  of  calming.     [JVot  in  use.] 

Cvlcs. 


SED'A-TIVE,  n.     [Fr.  sedatif,  from  I*,  scdo,  to  calm.] 
In  medicine,  moderating  ;  allaying  irritability  and 
irritation;  diminisliing  irritative  activity;  assuaging 
pain. 

SED'A-TIVE,  «.  A  medicine  which  allays  irritability 
and  irritation,  and  irritative  activity,  and  which  as- 
suages pain. 

SE  DK-FEJV-DEjV DO,  [L.]  In  defending  himself; 
the  ph-aof  a  person  charged  with  murder,  who  al- 
1',-ges  that  he  committed  the  act  in  his  own  defense. 

Sf:'l)ENT,  a.     Silling;  inactive;  (iuiet. 

SEIVEN-TA-RI-LY,  ade.  [from  sedentary.]  In  a 
sedentarv  manner. 

SED'EN-TA-KI-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  seden- 
tary. 

SED'EN-TA-RV,  ".  One  of  a  tribe  of  spiders,  which 
rest  motionless  until  their  prey  is  entangled  in  their 
web.  Brandc. 

SEI)'EN-TA-RY,  a.  [Fr.  sedcntairc;  It.  and  Sp.  se- 
dcntario  ;  L.  scdcntarins,  from  sedensy  scdeo,  to  sit.] 

1,  Accustomed  to  sit  much,  or  lo  pass  most  of  the 
time  in  a  silling  posture  ;  as,  a  scdentanj  man.  Stu- 
dents, tailors,  and  wonu-n,  arc  sedentary  persons. 

2,  Requiring  mucli  silling  ;  as,  a  sedentary  occupa- 
tion or  employment, 

3.  Passed  for  the  most  part  in  silting;  as,  a  seden- 
tary life.  Arbuthnot. 

4.  Inactive;  motionless;  sluggish;  as,  the  seden- 
tary earth.  Milton. 

The  sold,  cmisider'd  alstnclly  from  il»  pawions,  ia  of  a  remiss, 
etdentary  nature.  Spectator. 

SEDOE,  (sej,)  Ti.  [Sax.  seeg  i  perhaps  from  the  root 
of  L.  seco,  to  cut;  that  is,  sword  grass,  like  L. 
gladiiiliLS.] 

1.  A  narrow  Hag,  or  growth  of  such  flags  ;  called, 
in  the  north  of  England,  Seo  or  Sxg. 

Johnson.     Barret. 
9.  In  J^ew  England,  a  species  of  very  coarse  grass 
growing  in  swamps,  and  fiirming  bogs  or  clumps. 

SED(5E'-l!iRD,  (   ".     [sedge  and  bird,  or  war- 

SEDOE'-WAR'liLER,  (  blcr.]  A  small  European 
singling  bird,  of  the  family  Sylviada:,  the  Salicaria 
pbragmitis  of  Selby.  It  often  builds  its  nest  among 
reeds  or  tall  aquatic  plants.  Jardine. 

SEDG'-ED,  a.    Composed  of  flags  or  sedge.        S/uiJc. 

SEDG'Y,  a.     Overgrown  wiih  sedge. 

On  the  penile  Sovcrn'a  sedgy  kinlt.  -SVioA. 

SED'I-IMENT,  71.  [Fr.,  from  L.  sedimcntum,  from 
scdeo,  to  settle.] 

The  matter  which  subsides  to  the  bottom  of  liquors  ; 
settlings;  lees;  dregs.  Bacon. 

SED-I-MENT'A-RY,  a.  Pertaining  to  sediment ; 
formed  by  sediment;  consisting  of  matter  that  has 
subsided.  Bnckland. 

Sedimentary  rocks,  are  those  which  have  been 
formed  by  niaterials  deposited  from  a  st.ite  of  sus- 
pension in  water. 

SE-DI"TION,  (se-dish'un,)  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  seditio. 
The  sense  of  this  word  is  the  contrary  of  Ihat  which 
is  naturally  deducible  from  scdo  or  scdeo,  denoling  a 
rising  or  raging,  rather  than  an  appeasing.  LUil  to 
set  is  really  to  throw  down,  to  drive,  and  sedition 
may  be  a  setting  or  nishing  together.] 

A  factious  commotion  of  the  people,  or  a  tumultu- 
ous assembly  of  men  rising  in  op|)osilion  to  law  or 
the  administration  of  justice,  and  in  disturbance  of 
the  public  peace.  Sedition  is  a  rising  or  commotion 
of  less  extent  than  an  insurrection,  and  both  are  less 
than  rebellion  ;  but  some  kinds  of  sedition,  in  Great 
Britain,  amount  to  high  treason.  In  general,  sedition 
is  a  local  or  limited  insurrection  in  opposition  to  civil 
authority,  as  mutiny  is  to  military.  Ezra  iv.  Luke 
xxiii.    ^cts  xxiv.  Encyc. 

SE-DI"T10N-A-RY,  n.  An  inciter  or  promoter  of  se- 
dition. ^P-  ^a^'- 

SE-DI"TIOUS,  (se-dish'us,)  a.  [Fr.  seditieiix;  L.  scdi- 
tiosus.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  sedition  ;  partaking  of  the  nature 
of  sedition  ;  as,  seditions  behavior  ;  seditious  strife. 

2.  Tending  to  excite  sedition  ;  as,  seditious  words. 

3.  Disposed  to  cxcile  violent  or  irregular  opposition 
to  law  or  lawful  aulhorily ;  turbulent;  factious,  or 
guilty  of  sedition  ;  as,  scdi'ttous  citizens. 

SE-DI"TIOUS-LY,  adv.   With  tumultuous  opposition 

to  law  ;  in  a  manner  to  violate  the  pidtlic  peace, 
SE-DI"TIOUS-NESS,  n.      The  disposition  to  excite 

popular  commolitm  in  opposition  to  law  ;  or  the  act 

of  exciting  such  commotion. 
SED'LITZ  WA'TER.     See  Seidlitz  Water, 
SE-DuCE',  v.'t.     [L,  seduco;  sc,  from,  and  dmo,  to 

lead  ;  Fr.  sednirc;  It.  sedurrc;  Sp.  seducir.] 

1.  To  (haw  aside  or  entice  from  the  path  of  recti- 
tude and  duty  in  any  manner,  by  flattery,  promises, 
bribes,  or  otherwise  ;  to  tempt  and  lead  to  iniquity  ; 
to  corrupt ;  to  deprave. 

Mc  the  noM  of  Fmncc  did  not  seduce.  Sliak. 

Ill  tht*  liittT  limes,  some  will  depart  from  the  f^iilh,  ^vinj  heed 
lo  scducins  spirils.  —  1  Tim.  iv. 

2.  To  entice  to  a  surrender  of  chastity.  He  that 
can  seduce  a  female  is  base  enough  to  betray  her. 

SE-DOC'jED,  (se-dust',)  pp.  Drawn  or  enticed  from 
virtue;  corrupted;  depraved. 


SEE 

SE-DOCE'MENT,  n.  The  act  of  seducing;  seduc- 
tion, 

2.  The  means  employed  to  seduce ;  the  arts  of 
flattery,  fiilsehood,  and  deception.  Pope. 

SE-DOCKR,  n.  One  that  seduces;  one  that  by 
temptation  or  aria  entices  another  to  depart  Irtuii  ilif 
path  of  rectitude  and  duty;  preeminently,  cme  tli.il 
bv  flattery,  jiromises,  or  falsehood,  persuades  a  fe 
male  to  surrender  her  rliastity.  The  seducer  of  u 
female  is  liltle  less  criminal  than  the  murderer. 

2.  That  which  leads  astray  ;  that  winch  entices  to 
evil. 

Hi"  whoso  firm  fidlh  no  rciison  coulil  remove, 

Will  melt  U'lbrc  ihiU  soft  seducer,  love.  Dnjdcn. 

SE-DO'CI-BEE,  a.  Capable  of  being  drawn  aside 
from  the  path  of  rectitude  ;  corruptible.        Broicn. 

SE-DCiC'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Enticing  from  tho  path  of 
virtue  or  chastity. 

SE-DuC'ING-LV,  adv.    In  a  seducing  manner. 

SE-1)UC'T10N,  71.     [Fr.,  from  L.  seductio.] 

1.  The  act  of  seducing,  or  of  enticing  from  the 
path  of  duty  ;  in  a  general  sense.  Hammond. 

2.  JJppropriatcly,  the  act  or  crime  of  persuading  a 
female,  by  flattery  or  deception,  to  surreuder  h.  i 
chastity.  A  woman  who  is  above  flattery  is  lea>i. 
liable  lo  .vr(/wc(io»  ;  but  the  best  safeguard  is  princi- 
ple, the  lovu  of  purity  and  holiness,  the  fear  of  God, 
and  reverence  fur  his  commands. 

SE-DUC'TIVE,  a.  Tending  to  lead  astray;  apt  to 
mislead  by  Ilattering  apjicarances.  Stephens. 

SE-DUC'TIVE-LY,  adv.     In  a  seductive  manner. 

SE-Du'LI-TY,  7t.  [h.  sedulitasi  It.  scdulitd.  Sec 
Sedulol'9.] 

Diligent  and  assiduous  application  to  business ; 
constant  attention ;  unremilling  industry  in  any 
pursuit.  It  denotes  constancy  and  perseverance,  ralii- 
er  than  intoiscncss  of  application. 

Lcl  thrrc  be  but  the  eame  proiwnsity  mid  bent  of  will  lo  religion, 
aiid  there  will  !«  liio  s.iir.e  aeduUty  nnd  indefatigable  iiidiio- 
try  ill  mi'ii's  iiiquiriea  into  iL.  South. 

SED'lI-LOUS,  a.  [L.  sedalus,  from  the  root  of  scdeo, 
to  sit,  its  assiduous  from  assidco.] 

Literally,  sittmg  close  to  an  employment ;  hence, 
assiduous;  diligent  in  application  or  pursuit;  con- 
stant, steady,  and  persevering  in  business,  or  in  en- 
deavors to  effect  an  object;  steadily  industrious  ;  as, 
the  sedulous  bee.  Prior. 


What  si^nillr-a  llic  sound  of  wonlein  prayer,  without  llic  iUb.clion 
of  the  heart,  and  ii  sedulous  application  of  tlr;  proixT  means 
Uiiil  may  lead  lo  such  an  eud  *  L'Eslrange. 

SED'tJ-EOUS-LY,  adv.    Assiduously;  industriously; 

diligently  ;  with  constant  or  continued  applicalion. 
SED'U-LOUS-NESS,  n.      Assiduity;  assiduousness; 

steady  diligence  ;  continued  industry  or  effort. 
SEE,  n.     [Fr.  siege  ;  Scot,  sc're;  Arm.  sick.] 

1.  The  seat  of  episcopal  power :  a  diocese ;  the 
jurisdiction  of  a  bishop.  Swift. 

2.  The  seat  of  an  archbishop  ;  a  province  or  juris- 
diction of  an  archbishop;  as  an  archiepiscopal  see. 

Shak. 

3.  The  seat,  place,  or  offico  of  the  pope  or  Roman 
pontiff";  as,  the  papal  see. 

4.  The  authority  of  the  pope  or  court  of  Rome ; 
ns,  to  appeal  to  the  see  of  Rome.  .Addison. 

SEE,  I',  t.i  pret.  Saw  ;  pp.  Seen.  [Sax.  seon^  seogan, 
ge.^con;  G.  schen;  D.  zicn,  pret.  zag,  saw  ;  Dan.  scpr; 
Sw.  sc.  This  verb  is  contracted,  as  we  know  by  the 
Eng.  sight,  Dan.  sigt,  G.  gcsicht,  D.  liL't,  gezigL 
Ch.  N3D,  nSD,  or  ''3D  to  see.  Class  Sg,  No.  34.  In  G. 
besnchen  is  to  visit,  to  i-ec,  and  this  is  from  suehen, 
which  is  the  Eng.  lo  seek,  and  to  seek  is  to  look  for. 
In  G.  gesuch  is  a  suit,  a  seeking,  demand,  petition; 
and  versuchen  is  to  try,  Eng.  essay.  We  have,  then, 
decisive  evidence  tliat  see,  seek,  L.  scfjnor,  and  Eng. 
essay,  are  all  from  tho  same  radix.  Tlie  primary 
sense  of  the  root  is,  lo  strain,  stretch,  extend  ;  and  as 
applied  lo  see,  the  sense  is,  to  extend  lo,  to  reach,  to 
strike  with  tlie  eye  or  sight.] 

1.  To  perceive  by  the  eye  ;  to  have  knowledge  of 
the  existence  and  apparent  qualities  of  objects  by  tho 
organs  of  sight ;  to  behold. 

I  will  now  turn  aside  nnd  see  this  great  sight.  —  Ex.  iii. 
VVe  li:iv*'  seen  the  land,  and  Udiold,  it  Is  very  good.  —  Judges 
xviil. 

2.  To  observe  ;  to  note  or  notice ;  to  know  ;  to 
regard  or  look  to  ;  lo  lake  care  ;  to  attend,  as  to  the 
execution  of  some  order,  or  to  the  performance  of 
something. 

Give  them  fint  one  simple  idea,  and  see  thai  they  fully  compre- 
hend it  U-fore  you  to  any  further.  Locke. 
See  that  ye  fvill  not  out  by  ihc  way.  —Gen.  xlv. 

3.  To  discover;  to  descry;  to  understand.  Who 
so  dull  as  not  to  see  the  device  or  stratagem  .'  Very 
noble  actions  often  lose  much  of  their  exceUence 
when  the  motives  are  seen. 

4.  To  converse  or  have  intercourse  with.  We  im- 
prove by  seeinn  men  of  different  habits  and  tempers. 

5.  To  visit ;"  as,  lo  call  and  5ce  a  friend.  The  phy- 
sician sees  his  patient  twice  a  day.  1  Sam.  xv.  1 
Cor.  xvi. 

C.  To  attend  ;  to  remark  or  notice. 

I  had  R  mind  to  see  him  oal,  and  therefore  did  not  cor*  to  (on 
Uadict  him.  jidduon. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WII^T.— aiRTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARtlST.,  BIRD.  — NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.— 

________  - 


SEE 

7.  Vo  bcIioM  with  patience  or  sufferance ;  to  en- 
(Iiirt; 

It  was  nol  infci  for  us  to  see  Ibc  king's  dishonor.  —  Eira  iv. 

8.  In  ScrtptuTCy  to  hear  or  ntiend  to. 

1  tum«i  10  see  Ihe  voice  lli.i(  sjiyke  wiih  tne.  — Rev.  i. 

9.  To  feel ;  to  sutTer  ;  to  experience. 

Make  us  gift'!  acccrding  to  tho  iiays  wherein  Uiou  hast  tiRlictciI 
113,  ami  ihe  ycara  in  which  we  h:ive  seen  evil.  —  Ps.  xc. 

If  a  man  ahaU  iccop  my  saying,  he  shall  never  see  death. — 
John  viii.     Luke  ii. 

10.  To  know  ;  to  learn. 

t^'-',  I  pray  ih'.'C,  see  whelhor  il  be  well  with  ihy  brciUrco.  —  tieu. 

SXXTIJ. 

U.  To  perceive ;  to  understand;  to  compreliend. 
I  .^ce  the  train  of  argument ;  I  see  liis  motive?. 
1-2.  To  perceive;  to  understand  experimentally. 

I  see  another  law  iu  my  members.  —  Rom.  vii. 

13.  To  beware. 

See  thou  do  il  net.  —Rev.  six. 

1 !.  To  know  by  revelation. 

The  word  tlial  Isoiuh,  the  son  of  Amoz,  san  concerning  Jmlali 
and  Jerusalem. —  Is.  ii.  xiiL 

15.  To  have  f;iilh  in  and  reliance  on. 

Seeing  him  who  is  iiivisitile.  — TIcl).  xi. 

IG.  To  enjoy  ;  to  have  fruition  of. 

Blessed  are  thi?  pure  iu  hfan,  for  (hc'y  shall  see  God.  —  INIalt.  v. 

SEE,  r.  i.  To  have  the  power  of  perceiving  by  the 
proper  orgiinsjor  the  power  of  sight.  Some  animals, 
it  is  said,  are  able  to  see  best  in  ibe  iiiglit. 

2.  To  disc?m  j  to  have  intellectual  sight  j  to  pene- 
trate ;  to  understand  ;  with  through  or  into  ;  as,  to 
sec  ikron^k  Ihs  plans  or  policy  of  another ;  to  see 
into  artful  schemes  and  pretensions.  Tillutson. 

3.  To  examine  or  inquire.  See  whether  the  esti- 
mate is  correct. 

4.  To  be  attentive.  Shdu 

5.  To  have  full  understanding. 

But  now  ye  say.  We  ««;  therefore  your  sui  remainelh.  —  John 
xix. 

See  to  Hi  look  well  to  it;  attend  j  consider;  tiilte 
care. 

Let  me  sec,  let  us  see,  are  used  to  express  consider- 
ation, or  to  introduce  the  particular  consideration  of 
a  subject,  or  some  scheme  or  calculation. 

See  is  used  imperatively,  to  call  the  attention  of 
others  to  an  object  or  a  subject.  Sec^  see,  how  the 
balloon  ascends  ! 

See  wh?t  il  is  to  have  a  poet  in  yoi:r  house.  Pope. 

SEED,  71.  [Sax.  sa:d;  G.  scat;  D.  zaad ;  Dan.  strd ; 
Sw.  sad:  from  the  verb  sow.  Q,u.  W.  held.  Arm. 
ftad.] 

1.  The  substance,  annual  or  vegetable,  which  na- 
ture prepares  forthe  reproduction  and  conservation  of 
the  species.  The  seeds  of  plants  are  a  deciduous 
part,  containing  the  rudiments  of  a  new  vcsftable. 
In  some  cases,  the  seeds  constitute  thu  fruit  or  valu- 
able part  of  plants,  as  in  the  case  of  wheat  and  other 
esculent  grain  ;  sometimes  the  seeds  are  inclosed  in 
the  fruit,  as  in  apples  and  melons.  Wlu-n  ajiplied  to 
animal  matter,  it  has  no  plural. 

n.  Thit  from  which  any  thing  springs;  first  prin- 
c'ple ;  original ;  as,  the  seeds  of  virtue  or  vice. 

Ilnokcr. 
3   I'r'jiciple  of  production. 

Praise  of  2Teal  acis  he  scitter^  as  a  eeed.  Waller. 

A  Progeny  ;  olfspring  ;  children  :  descendants  ;  as, 
ifj  seed  of  Abraham;  the  seed  of  David.  In  tliis 
f€Lse,  the  wor.l  is  applied  to  one  person,  or  to  any 
number  collectively,  and  admits  of  the  plural  form  ; 
lut  rarely  used  in  the  plural. 

5.  Race  ;  ccneralion  ;  birth. 

Of  morud  s-nd  they  were  uol  lield.  Waller. 

SEED,  F.  I.  To  f.Tow  to  maturity,  so  as  to  produce 
seed.    Maize  wi/l  not  seed  in  a  cool  clim:iie.  S)D)ft. 

2.  To  shed  the  f-ced.  J\Iorlimcr. 
SEED,  r.  /.     To  sow;  to  sprinkle  with  .^ecd,  which 

cerminates,  and  t.iKcs  root.  Belknap. 

SEED'-BUD,  n.     [.-(ed  and  bud.]    The  germ,  germen, 

or  rudiment  of  ihy  fruit  in  embryo. 
SEED'-eAKE,  n.     [seed   and   cake.]      A  sweet   cako 

containing  aromatic  seeds.  7'n.iscr. 

SEED'-€oAT,  71.     In  botany,  the  aril  of  a  seed. 

Martyn. 

!!  SEED'-GRaIN   ("■    ^^^^JTi  or  grain  for  seed. 
'    SEED'-DOWN,  71.    The  down  on  vegetable  seeds. 

SmWi. 
;    SEBD'ED,  pp.  or  a.    Sown  ;  sprinkled  with  seed. 
j  2.  Bearing  seed  ;  covered  thick  with  seeds. 

FleUher. 
\  3.  Interspersed  as  with  seeds.  B.  Jonson. 

5EED'ER,  n.     One  who  sows. 

SEED'-FIeLD,  71.    A  field  for  raising  seed.     Carlisle, 
SEED'ING,  ppr.     Sowing  with  seeds. 
SEED'-LAe,  71.    The  resin  lac  dried,  after  most  of  the 
coloring  matter  has  been  dissolved  out  by  water. 
!  ,  _  Ure. 

SEED'-LeAF,  71.    In  botany,  the  primary  leaf.    The 


SEE 

seed-leaves  are  the  cotyledons  or  lobes  of  a  seed  ex- 
panded and  in  vegetation.  Jilartyn. 

SEED'LING,  ?t.  A  plant  reared  from  the  seed,  as  dis- 
tinguislied  from  one  propagated  by  layers,  buds,  &.C. 

Tidly. 

SEED'-LIP,  I  n,    A  vessel  in  wiiich  a  sower  carries 

SEED'-LOP,  \      the  seed  to  be  dispersed.    England. 

SEED'-LoBE,  71.  The  lobe  of  a  seed  ;  a  cotyledon, 
which  ^ee. 

SEED'NE.SS,  71.     Seed-lime.     [JVol  in  use] 

SEED'-PEARL,  C-i)crl,)  n.  [seed  and  pearl]  Small 
grains  of  pearl.  Boyle. 

SEED'-PL.\T,  )  n.     [seed  and  plat.]     The  ground  on 

SEED'-PLOT,  j  which  seeds  are  sown  to  produce 
plants  for  transplanting;  hence, 

9.  A  nursery  ;  a  jilacc  where  any  thing  is  sown  or 
planted  for  cultivation.  Hammond, 

SEEDS'M.\N,  71.  [seed  and  man.]  A  person  who 
deals  iu  seeds  ;  also,  a  sower.  Diet. 

SEED'-'l'lMEj  n.  [seed  and  tune.]  TJie  season  proper 
fur  sowing. 

While  Ihe  earth  remaincth,  seed-lime  and  harvest,  and  cold  and 
heat,  and  summer  and  winter,  and  day  and  night,  shall  uot 
cease. — Gen.  viii. 

SEED'-VES-SEL,  77.    In  botany,  the  pericarp  which 

contains  the  seeds. 
SEED'Y,  a.    [from  seed,]     Abounding  with  seeds. 

Diet. 
9.  Having  a  peculiar  flavor,  .supposed  to  be  derived 
from  the  weeds  growing  among  the  vines;  applied 
to  French  brandy.  Encyc. 

3.  Running  to  seed. 

4.  Exhausted ;  worn  out ;  poor  and  miserable 
looking;  as,  he  looked  scc</y ;  a  seedy  coat.  [CoUo- 
(jvinJ  or  loic]  Halliwcll.     Goldsmith. 

SEE'ING,  ppr.  [from  see.]  Perceiving  by  the  eye ; 
knowing;  understanding;  cbsening;  beholding. 

.Yotc.  —  This  participle  appears  to  be  used  indefi- 
nitely, or  without  direct  reference  to  a  person  or  per- 
sons. "Wherefore  come  ye  to  me,  ^rcinir  ye  hate 
me  ?  "  Oen.  xxvi.  That  is,  since,  or  the  fact  being 
that  or  thus;  because  that.  In  this  form  of  phrase- 
ologj',  that  is  understood  or  implied  after  seeing; 
why  come  ye  to  me,  scci/io-  that  ye  hale  me.'  Tlie 
resolution  of  the  phrase  or  sentence  is,  ye  hate  me  ; 
lliat  fact  being  seen  or  known  by  you,  why  come  ye 
to  me  .•■  or,  why  come  ye  to  me,  ye  seeing  (knowing) 
that  fact  whicli  follows,  viz.,  ye  hate  mc.  In  this  case, 
seeing  retains  its  participial  character,  although  its  re- 
lation to  the  pronoun  is  somev.'hat  obscured.  Origi- 
Tally,  seeing,  in  this  use,  had  direct  relation  to  the 
speaker  or  to  some  other  person.  "  Now  I  know 
that  thou  tearest  God,  seeing  thou  hast  not  withlield 
thy  son."  Oen.  xxii.  Here  seeing  refers  to  /,  or,  ac- 
cording to  the  language  of  syntax,  agrees  or  accords 
with  /.  I  know  thou  fearestGod,for  I^cethou  hast  not 
withheld  thine  only  son  ;  I  kimw  thou  fearest  God  by 
seeing,  in  consequence  uf  seeing  this  fact,  thou  liast 
not  withheld  tliine  only  son.  But  Ihe  use  of  seeing 
is  extended  to  cases  in  which  it  can  not  be  referred  to 
a  specific  person  or  persons,  in  which  cases  it  ex- 
presses the  notoriety  or  admission  of  a  fact  in  gen- 
eral, and  is  left,  like  the  French  ott,  in  the  phrases 
on  dit,  onvoitjSvUhout  application  to  any  particular 
person. 

SEE'ING,  71.  The  act  of  perceiving  objects  by  the 
organ  of  sight,  or  the  sense  wliich  we  have  of  exter- 
nal objects  by  mrans  of  tlie  eye.  Hutton. 

SEEK,  V.  t. ;  prcL  and  pp.  Sought,  (sawt.)  [Sax. 
secan,  sacan,  to  seek,  to  come  to ;  asccan,  to  re- 
(juire  ;  gesecan,  to  seek,  to  t-onie  to  ;  fursaean,  forsji- 
can,  to  forsake ;  G.  sucheu,  tn  seek ;  absuchen,  to 
pick  off";  bcsuchcn,  to  visit,  to  see;  gesucli,  suit,  peti- 
liim  ;  gesnche,  a  continue<l  seeking  ;  versitcken,  to 
try,  prove,  tempt,  essay,  strive;  versiich,  trial,  essay; 
v.  zocken,  to  seek,  to  look  for,  to  iry  or  endea\^r; 
bezocken,  to  visit,  to  try  ;  gczuck,  a  seeking ;  opzocken, 
to  seek ;  verzoeken,  to  request,  desire,  invite,  trj', 
t^iuipt,  to  visit;  Da.u.  soger,  to  seek,  to  endeavor; 
besbgcr,  to  visit ;  forsbger,  to  try,  to  essay,  to  experi- 
ment, to  tempt ;  upsbgcr,  to  seek  or  search  after  ; 
Sw.  sbk'i,  to  seek,  to  sue,  to  court ;  .'••oAra  en  lagUgm, 
to  sue  one  at  law  ;  besVka,  to  visit ;  fbrsoka,  to  try, 
to  essay,  to  teniitt..  These  words  all  accord  with  L. 
set]iior,'lr.  scichitn,  to  follow  ;  for  to  seek  is  to  go  after, 
and  the  primary  sense  is  to  advance,  tn  press,  to 
drive  forward,  as  in  the  L.  peto.  (See  Essay,  from 
the  same  root,  through  the  Italian  and  French.)  Now, 
in  Sax.  forsacan,  forscDcan,  is  to  forsake ;  stican  is  to 
strive,  contend,  wlicnce  English  sake,  and  sa;can,  se- 
can, is  to  seek.  But  in  Swedish, /drW.'a,  to  forsake, 
to  renounce,  is  from  5(r/.',lhing,  cause,  suit,  Sax.  saca, 
English  sake;  in  Danish,  forsugcr,  to  renounce,  is 
fiom  siger,  to  say  ;  sag,  a  thing,  cause,  matter,  suit ; 
sagd,  a  saying ;  G.  versagen,  to  deny,  to  renounce, 
from  sagen,  to  say,  to  tell ;  D.  verzauken,  to  deny,  to 
forsafie,  to  revoke,  from  zaak,  thing,  cause,  and  leg- 
gen  is  to  say  or  tell,  which  is  the  Sav.  scegan,  to  say. 
These  close  affinities  prove  that  seek,  essay,  say,  and 
L.  sequor,  are  all  from  one  radix,  coinciding  with  Ch. 
pDy,  to  seek,  to  strive.  Class  Sg,  No.  4ti,  and  see 
No.  30,  Ar.  The  English  verb  see  seems  to  be  from 
the  same  root.] 


SEE 

1.  To  go  in  search  or  quest  of;  to  look  for,  to 
search  for  by  going  from  place  to  place. 

Tiie  man  oiked  )tim,  savin;.',  What  sttketl  thou  I    Aod  he  laid, 
1  seek  my  brethren.  —  Lien,  xxxvii, 

2.  To  inquire  for;  to  ask  for;  to  solicit;  to  en- 
deavor to  find  or  gain  by  any  means. 

The  young  liona  roar  iifxr  Uicir  prpy,  and  teek  their  meal  from 

God.  —  p9.  civ. 
He  found  no  plice  for  rejicnlance,  though  he  mntgfU  il  carefully 

with  I'.rs,  — H''t>.  xii. 
Othen,  templing  liim,  eou^hl  of  him  a  lign.  —  LuKe  li. 

3.  Seek  is  followed  sometimes  by  out  or  ajler  To 
seek  out,  pmpcrly  implies  to  look  for  a  specific  thing 
among  a  number.  But  in  gtneral,  the  use  of  out. 
and  after  with  seeli,  is  unnecessar}'  and  inelegant. 

To  seek  Ood,  his  name,  or  bis  face  ;  in  Scripture,  to 
nsk  for  his  favor,  direction,  and  assistance.  Ps. 
Ixiii.  Ixxxiii. 

Ood  seeLit  men,  when  he  fixes  his  love  on  ihem, 
and  by  his  word  and  Spirit,  and  the  righteousness  of 
Christ,  reclaims  and  recovers  them  from  their  miser- 
able condition  as  sinners.  Ezek.  zxxiv.  Ps.  cxix. 
Luke  XV. 

To  seek  after  the  life,  or  soul ;  to  attempt  by  arts  nr 
machinations ;  or  to  attempt  to  destroy  or  ruin.    P.". 

XXXV. 

To  seek  pear.e,  or  judgment ;  to  endeavor  to  promote 
it ;  or  to  practice  it.     Ps.  xxxiv.     Is.  i. 

I'o  seek  an  altar,  temple,  or  habitation ;  to  frequent 
it,  to  resort  to  it  often.      2  Chron.  i.     Amas  v. 

To  seek  nut  Ood's  worlis;  to  endeavor  to  understand 
them.    Ps.  ckL 
SEEK,  V,  i.    To  make  search  or  inquirj' ;  to  endeavor 
to  make  discover}-. 

Seek  ye  out  of  the  Look  of  the  Lord,  and  re.id.  —  Is.  xxxiv, 

2.  To  endeavor. 


Ask  not  what  pains,  nor  further  seek  to  know 
Their  proc«ss,  or  the  forma  of  law  beluw. 


Dryden. 


To  seek  after;  to  make  pursuit;  to  attempt  to  find 
or  take,     [tree  No.  3,  supra.] 

To  seek  for;  to  endeavor  to  find.  KnoUes. 

To  seek  to  ;  to  apply  to  ;  to  resort  to.     1  Kings  x. 

To  seek,  was  formerly  used  in  an  adverbial  man- 
ner, for  at  searching,  or  under  the  necessity  of  search^ 
ing,  as  the  result  of  ignorance  or  inexperience. 

UnpraciicevI,  uuprcpared,  and  still  to  seek.  MilU)n. 

[This  phrase,  I  believe,  is  wholly  obsolete.] 
SEEK'ER,  7f.     One  that  seeks;   an   inquirer;  as,  a 
seeker  of  truth. 

2.  One  of  a  sect  that  profess  no  determinate  re- 
ligion. Johtson. 
SEEK'ING,  7(.     Act  of  attempting  to  find  or  procure. 

Baxter. 
SEEK'-SOR-RoW,  n.     [seek  and  sorroic]     One  that 
contrives  to  give  himself  vexation.     [Little  used.] 

Sidney. 
SEEL,  V.  t.     [Fr.  sceller,  to  seal.] 

To  close  the  eyes ;  a  term  of  falconry,  from  the 
practice  of  closing  the  eyes  of  a  wild  hawk. 

Bacon, 
SEEL,  V.  i.     [Sax.  sylan,  to  give.     See  Sell.] 

To  lean  ;  to  incline  to  one  side.    [Obs.]    Bacon, 
SEEL,  *  71.    The  rolling  or  agitation  of  a  ship  in 

SEEL'ING,  i      a  storm.     [Obs,]  Ainsioorth, 

SEEL,  n.     [Sax.  sal] 

Time;  opportunity;  season:  in  respect  to  crops; 
as,  IvAy-seel.     [Local  in  England.]         Farm.  Encyc 
SEEL'I-LY,  adv.     In  a  sUIv  manner.     [Obs.] 
SEEL'V,  a.    [from  seel]    Lucky;  fortunate.     [Obs.] 

Spenser. 
2.  Silly;  foolish;  simple.     [Obs.]     [See  Silly.] 

Tusser. 
SEEJI,  V.  i.  [G.  zicmen,  to  become,  to  be  fit  or  suita- 
ble ;  gezicmen,  to  become,  to  beseem,  to  be  meet,  de- 
cent, seemly.  In  D.  zwccmni  is  to  be  like,  to  resem- 
ble, and  ta'amcn  is  to  fit  or  suit,  to  become.  In  Dan. 
sUm  is  ajfinn,  and  slimmer  signifies  to  hem,  and  also 
to  become,  to  beseem,  to  be  suitable,  decent,  or  seemly. 
This  is  certainly  the  G.  ziemcn ;  hence  we  see  that 
seam  and  seem  are  radically  the  same  word  ;  It.  sem- 
brare,  to  seem  ;  scmbia7Ue',  like,  similar,  resembling  ; 
rassembrare,  to  resemble  ;  Sp.  se!nejar,lo  be  like  ;  Fr. 
sembler,  to  seem,  to  appear.  These  words  seem  to  be 
of  one  family,  having  for  their  radical  sense,  to  ex- 
tend to,  to  meet,  to  unite,  to  come  together,  or  to 
press  together.  If  so,  the  Dutch  taamen  lea-Is  us  to 
the  oriental  roots,  Heb.  Ch.  and  Syr.  noT,  damah,  to 


be  like ;  Eth. 


l\^<^ 


adam,  to  please,  to  suit ;  Ar. 


e 


I  aJniim,  to  iidd,  lo  unite,  to  ngiie,  to  suit,  to 

conciliate,  to  conlirin  conconi.  Cbss  Pra,  Xo.  5 
and  7.  These  verbs  are  radically  one,  and  in  tliese 
we  find  the  primary  sense  of  Mam  ;  likeness,  or 
form.] 

1.  To  appear ;  to  make  or  liavc  a  show  or  sem- 
blance. 

T)iou  art  not  what  lliou  Kcm*it.  ?^?'^' 

All  seemed  well  pleased  ;  all  seemed,  but  were  not  (01.   Aiijftjn. 

S.  To  have  the  appearance  of  tnilh  or  fact ;  lo  be 


TONE,  BJJLL,  UNITE.  — A.N"GBR,  VI"CIOUS.  — e  as  K  ;  <S  aa  J  j  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


126 


1001 


SEG 

understood  as  true.   It  scam  that  the  Turkish  power 
IS  on  the  decline. 

A  prince  of  Italy,  U  tetmt,  ciilcrUincd  hii  mutrcn  on  &  great 
laXc.  Addiaon, 

SEEM.  p.  U    To  become  ;  to  befit.     [O65.]     Spenser. 
SEEM'£D,  pp     Appeared;  befitted. 
SEEM'ER,  n.    One  tliat  carries  an  appearance  or  sem- 
blance. 

Hence  we  &hall  n-o, 
I.'  powf  r  chango  purpose,  what  our  seenurs  be,  Slidk. 

SEEM'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Appearing;  having  the  appear- 
ance or  semblance,  whether  real  or  not. 

3.  a.    Specious  ;  as,  seeming  friendship. 
SEE.M'ING,  n.     Appearance;  show;  semblance. 

i*.  Fair  appearance. 

Th'.-»e  Itecp, 
Seeming  aud  savor  all  iha  winter  long.  Shak. 

3.  Cplnion  or  liking  ;  favorable  opinion. 

NoUiiiig  ir.orc  dear  to  tlietr  eecmin^.  Hooker. 

IIU  persuastrc  words  im^i^g^eil 

Wail  re^on  (0  her  seeimng.    [Of>s.\  RTdton. 

SEEM'ING-LY,  adv.  In  appearance;  in  show;  in 
semblance. 

This  the  father  eeemingly  coiiiplied  with.  Addiion. 

Tliey  dr.'peiid  ollen  ou  remote  and  xeemingU/  disproportioncd 
c-iiiEra.  AtUrbury, 

SEEiM'ING-NESS,  M-    Fair  appearance;  plausibility. 

Diffbtj. 
SEEM'LESS, fl.  Unseemly  ;  unfit ;  indecorous.  [Obs.'] 

Spenser. 
SEEM'LI-NESS,    n.      [from    seemly.]      Comeliness ; 
grace  ;  fitness ;  proprii;ty  ;  decency  ;  decorum. 
When  seemiineet  combines  with  poitlinesa.  Camden. 

SEEM'LY,  a.  [G.  ziemlicfi;  D.  taametyk;  Dan.  sS/w- 
vielig.] 

Becoming ;  fit ;  suited  to  the  object,  occasion,  pur- 
pose, or  character ;  suitable. 

Suspense  of  judgment  -lud  exercise  of  charity  were  sifer  and 
geemlier  for  Christlaa  nien,  thau  the  hot  pursuit  of  these 
controversies.  Hooker. 

Honor  is  not  seemly  for  a  fool.  —  Pror.  ixvi. 

SEEM'LY,  adv.    In  a  decent  or  suitable  manner. 

Pope. 
SEEM'LY-HED,  it.    [See  Head  and  Hood.}    Comely 

or  decent  appearance.     [Obs.]  Cltaucer. 

SEEN, pp.  of  fcEE.    Beheld;  obsei'vedj  understood. 
2.  a.     Versed  ;  skilled. 
Noble  Boyle,  not  less  in  nature  seen.     [Ois.]  Drydtn. 

SEER,  71.  [from  see.]  One  who  seesj  as,  a  *ffler  of 
visions.  Spectator. 

2.  A  prophet ;  a  person  who  foresees  futiue  events. 
1  Sam.  ix. 

SEER'WOQD.  See  Sear,  and  Sear-Wood,  drj- 
wood. 

SEE'SAW,  71.    [du.  saw  and  saio^  or  sea  and  saw.] 

1.  A  vibratory  or  reciprocating  motion.        Pope. 

2.  A  play  among  children,  in  which  tliey  sit  on 
each  end  of  a  board  and  move  alternately  up  and 
down  ;  a  board  atljusted  for  this  purpose.     Hallmell. 

3.  A  term  in  whist  for  a  certain  mutual  action  of 
partners  in  support  of  each  other.  Hvyle. 

SEE'SAW,  V.  i.  To  move  with  a  reciprocating  mo- 
tion ;  to  move  backward  and  forA\'ard,  or  upward 
and  downward.  .^rbuthiiot. 

SEETHE,  r.  f.  ,■  pret.  Seethed,  Sod;  pp.  Seethed, 
Sodden.  \^vlx.  scathan,  scothan,  sytJtan ;  D.  zicden; 
G.  sieden;  few.  shtda;  Dan.sijdcr;  Gr.  ^tco,  contract- 
ed from  CjSco  ,•  Heb.  Tit,  to  seethe,  to  boil,  to  swell,  to 
be  inflated.    Class  Sd,  No.  4.] 

To  boil ;  to  decoct  or  prepare  for  food  in  hot  liquor ; 
as,  to  seethe  fiesh. 

Thou  shall  not  seethe  a  Lid  in  its  mother's  iniJk.  — Ex.  xxiii. 

SEETHE,  V.  u  To  be  in  a  state  of  ebullition  ;  to  be 
hot.  %}cnser. 

[This  word  is  rarely  used  in  the  common  concerns  of 
life^ 

SEETH'ED,  pp.    Boiled  ;  decocted. 

SEET H'ER,  n.     A  boiler  ;  a  pot  for  boiling  things. 

SEETH'ING,  ppr.    Boiling  ;  decocting.        [DnjUcn. 

SEG,  71.     Sedge.     [jVot  in  jise.] 

SEG,  n.     A  castrated  bull.  J^Torth  of  Entrland. 

SE-GAR',  71.     See  Cigar. 

SEG'GAR,  71.  A  cylindrical  case  of  fire  clay  in  which 
fine  stoneware  is  baked.     [See  Sac;<;ek.]  Urc. 

SEG-HoL',  (seg-ol',)  n.  A  Hebrew  vowel-point,  or 
short  vowel,  thus :  •.*,  indicating  the  sound  of  the 
English  e  in  men.  M.  Stuart. 

SEG'HOLATE,  a.     Marked  with  a  seghol. 

SEG'MENT,  Tf.  [Fr.,  from  h.  scfrjacntum,  from  scco, 
to  cut  off.  We  observe  here  the  Latin  has  sr «■,  for 
sec,  like  the  It.  segare,  Sp.  segar,  and  like  the'Teu- 
tonic  sagen,  laagcn,  to  saw;  properly,  a  piece  cut 
off.] 

1.  In  geometry,  a  part  cut  olT  from  a  figure  by  a  line 
or  plane  ;  particularly,  that  part  of  the  circle  contained 
between  a  chord  and  an  arc  of  that  circle,  or  so  much 
of  the  circle  as  is  cut  off  by  the  chord.  The  segment 
of  a  sphere,  is  a  part  cut  off  by  a  plane. 

JSTcwton.     HiiUon. 
Q.  In  general,  a  part  cut  off  or  divided  ;  as,  the 
segments  of  a  calyx. 


SEI 


[from  L.  scgnis.] 


SEG'NI-TPDE, 

SEG'NI-TY, 

Sluggishness ;  dullness  ;  inactivity.     [Aot  \ised.] 

Diet 

SEG'RE-GaTE,©.  (.    [L.  segrego;  5C,  from, and  n-rct, 
flock.] 
To  separate  from  others  ;  to  set  apart.     Sherwood. 

SEG'RE-GATE,  a.    Separate  ;  selecu     [Little  used.] 

PVotton. 
Segregate  polygamy,  (Polygnmia  segregata,  Linn. ;) 
a  mode  of  infiorescence,  when  several  liorcts  com- 
prehende<l  within  ananthodinm,  or  a  common  calyx, 
are  furnished  also  with  proper  ptTJanths.     Martyn, 

SKG'RB-GA-TlU>,7r/».    Separated  ;  parted  from  others. 

SEG'RE-Ga-TIXG,  ppr.     Separating, 

SEG-iU'i-GA'TION,  n.  [Fr.]  Separation  from  others; 
a  parting.  ShaJc. 

SEID'LITZ  POWDERS,  n.p^.  Powder.s  intended  to 
produce  the  same  efii-ct  with  Seidliiz  water.  They 
are  composed  of  the  tarlraTu  of  potassa  and  soda, 
(Rochelle  salt,)  with  bicarbonate  of  soda,  usually  in 
a  paper  of  one  color,  and  tartaric  acid  in  a  paper  of 
another.  These  are  dissolved  separately  in  water, 
then  mixed,  and  taken  while  effervescing. 

Brande. 

SEID'LITZ  WA'TER,  n.  A  saline,  mineral  water 
from  Seidlitz,  in  Bohemia,  often  taken  as  an  agreea- 
ble aperient.  It  contains  the  sulphates  of  magnesia 
^nd  soda  with  carbonic  acid.  Brande. 

SeIGN-Eu'RI-AL,  Cse-nu're-a],)a.  [Fr.  See  Seign- 
ior.] 

1.  I'ert.iining  to  the  lord  of  a  manor  ;  manorial. 

2.  Vested  with  large  powers;  indepeudi-nt. 

Temple. 
SeIGN'IOR,  (seen'yur,)  K.  [Tr.  seigneur i  It.  signore; 

Sp.  senur;  Port,  scnltor  ;  from  L.  satior,  elder  ;  senez, 

old  ;  Ir.  scan.] 
A  lord  ;  the  lord  of  a  manor ;  but  used  also  in  the 

south  of  Europe  as  a  title  of  honor.    The  sultan  of 

Turkey  is  called  the  grand  sci-mior. 
SeIGN'IOR-AGE,  (seen'jur-ajo,)  71.     .\  royal  right  or 

prerogative  of  tha  king  of  England,  by  which  he 

claims  an  allowance  of  gold  and  silver  brought  in 

the  mass  to  be  exchanged  for  coin.  Brande. 

Seigniorage  is  used  in  common  language  to  signify 

jtrofit. 
SElGN-ro'RI-AL,  a.    The  same  as  Seigneurial. 
SeIGN'IOR-IZE,  (seen'yur-Ize,)  v.  t.    To  lord  it  over. 

[Little  icsed.]  Halifax. 

SeIGN'IOR-Y,  (seen'yo-rj',)  n.     [Fr.  seignearie.] 

1.  A  lordship  ;  a  manor.  Davies.    Eucyc. 

2.  Tlie  power  or  authority  of  a  lord  ;  dominion. 

O'Neal  never  h.nl  any  seigmory  over  that  country,  but  what  he 
got  by  eucroachnieul  upon  the  Eiig>ish.  Upenser. 

Seine,  (seen,)  n.  [Sax,  segne;  Fr.  seine;  Arm. 
seigne ;  L.  sagcna;  Gr.  cayr}i'r}.] 

A  large  net  for  catching  fish.  Tlie  seines  used  for 
taking  shad  in  the  Connecticut,  sometimes  sweep 
jiearly  the  whole  breadth  of  the  river. 

SEiN'ER,  n.  A  fisher  with  a  seine  or  net.  [J^otmuch 
tmed.  ]  Carcw. 

SElS-AIOiM'E-TER,  n.     [Gr.  actcuo?.] 

An  instrument  for  measuring  the  shock  of  an  earth- 
quake, and  other  concussions.    Edin.  Phil.  Trans. 

Se'I-TY,  77.     [L.  sc,  ewe's  self.] 

Something  peculiar  to  a  man's  self.  [J^otwcll  au- 
thorized.] Taller. 

SeIZ'A-BLE,  fl.  Tiiat  may  be  seized;  liable  to  he 
taken. 

Seize,  (seeze,)  v.  t.  [Fr.  saistr  ;  Arm.  seisza  or  sesya ; 
l)robably  allied  to  assess,  and  to  sit^  set.  The  sense  is, 
to  fall  on,  to  throw  one's  self  on,  which  is  nearly  the 
primary  sense  of  set.  It  must  be  noticed  tliat  this 
word,  in  writers  on  law,  is  usually  written  seise: 
as  al:50  in  conipcsilinn,  disseise,  disseisin,  redisseize. 
But  except  in  law,  it  is  usually  or  always  written 
sehc.  It  is  desirable  that  tlie  ortJiography  should  be 
uniform.] 

1.  To  tall  or  rush  upon  suddenly  and  lay  hold  on ; 
or  to  gripe  or  grasp  suddenly.  The  tiger  rushes  I'rom 
the  thicket  and  seizes  his  prej'.  A  dog  seizes  an  ani- 
mal by  the  throat.  The  hawk  seizes  a  chicken  with 
his  claws.    The  officer  seizes  a  thief. 

2.  To  take  possession  by  force,  with  or  without 
right. 

At  last  Oi?y  ceize 
Tlie  scepter,  and  r'-gard  not  Daviii'sson.  lUUton. 

.*).  To  invade  suddenly  ;  to  take  hold  of;  to  come 
upon  suddenly  ;  as,  a  fever  seizes  a  patient. 

And  hope  and  doult  alternate  seize  her  soul.  Pope. 

4.  To  take  possession  by  virtue  of  a  warrant  or  le- 
gal authority.  The  sheriff  *"CiiEd  the  debtor's  goods  ; 
the  whole  estate  was  seized  and  confiscated.  We 
say,  to  arrest  a  person,  to  seize  goods. 

5.  To  fasten ;  to  fix.  In  scamcn^s  languuge,  to 
fasten  two  ropes,  or  different  parts  of  one  rope,  to- 
gether with  a  cord.  Mar.  Diet. 

To  be  seized  of;  to  have  possession  ;  as,  a  griffin 
seized  of  liis  prey.  A  B  was  seized  and  possessed  of 
the  manor  of  Dale.  Spenser. 

To  seize  on,  or  upon,  is  to  fall  on  and  grasp  ;  to  take 
hold  on  ;  to  take  possession.    Jitatt.  xxi. 
SeIZ'£D,  (seezd,);)p.    Suddenly  caught  or  grasped; 


SEL 

taken  by  force  ;  invaded  suddenly  ;  taken  possession 
of:  fasteni;d  with  a  cord  ;  having  possession. 

SeIZ'ER,  77.     One  that  seizes. 

SeIZTN,  71.     [Fr.  saisine.] 

1.  In  law,  possession.  Seizin  is  of  two  sorts,  seizin 
in  deed  or  fact,  and  seizin  in  law.  Seizin  in  fact  or 
deed,  is  actual  or  corporal  possession  ;  seizin  in  lair^ 
is  wlien  something  is  done  which  the  law  accounts 
possession  or  seizin,  as  enrollment,  or  when  lands 
descend  to  an  heir,  but  he  has  not  yet  entered  on 
them.  In  this  cjise,  the  law  considers  the  heir  as 
seized  of  the  estate,  and  the  person  who  wrongfully 
enters  on  tlie  land  is  accounted  a  dissciior. 

Cowcl.     Encyc. 

2,  The  act  of  taking  possession.    [JSTot  used  except 


I  law.] 
3.  The  thing  possessed  ;  possession. 


Hale. 


Livery  of  seizin.     See  Literv. 
Primer  seizin.     See  Primer. 
SeIZ'ING,  ppi:     Falling  on  and   grasping  suddenly; 
laying  hold  on  suddenly  ;  taking  possession  by  force, 
or  taking  by  warrant ;  fastening. 
SeIZ'ING,  71.    The  ait  of  taking  or  grasping  sud- 
denly. 

2.  In  seamen''s  language,  the  operation  of  fastenmg 
together  ropes  with  a  cord  ;  also,  the  cord  or  cords 
used  for  such  fastening.  Mar.  Did. 

SeIZ'OR,  71.     One  who  seizes.  Wheaton. 

SeIZ'URE,  (seez'yur,)  77.  The  act  of  seizing ;  the 
act  of  laying  hold  on  suddenly  ;  as,  the  seizure  of  a 
thief. 

2.  Tho  act  of  taking  possession  by  force  ;  as,  the 
seizure  of  lands  or  goods  ;  the  seizure  of  a  town  by 
an  enemy  ;  the  seizure  of  a  throne  by  a  usurper. 

3.  The  act  of  taking  by  warrant ;  as,  the  seizure  of 
contraband  goods. 

4.  The  state  of  being  seized,  as  with  disease. 

fVilbcrfitree. 
_     5.  The  thing  taken  or  seized.  Jililton. 

G.  Gripe  ;  grasp  ;  possession. 

And  give  mc  seizure  of  the  mighty  wealth.  Dryden. 

7.  Catch  ;  a  catching. 

Let  there  be  no  sudden  seizure  of  a  lapsed  syllable,  to  plav  upon 
it.  Walts. 

Se'JANT,  a.  In  lieraldry,  sitting,  like  a  cat  with  the 
fore  feet  straight ;  applied  to  a  lion  or  other  beast. 

Kncyc. 

SEJOIN',  v.  t.    To  separate.     [J^ot  English.] 

SE-Ju'GOUS,  a,  [h.  sejugis;  sex,  sis,  ana  jugum, 
yoke.] 

In  botany,  a  sejugous  leaf  is  a  pinnate  leaf  having 
six  pairs  of  leaflets.  Martyn. 

SE-JUN€'TI0N,  n.  [L.  sejunctio ;  se,  from,  and 
juvgo,  to  join.] 

The  act  of  disjointing;  a  disuniting;  separation. 
[Little  used.]^  Pearson. 

SE-JUNG'I-IJLE,  a.  [Supra.]  That  may  be  dis- 
jointed.    [ZAttie  u^cd.]  Pearson. 

SeKE,  for  Sick.     [Obs.]     [See  Sick.]  Chaucer. 

Se'KOS,  n.  [Gr.]  A  place  in  a  temple  in  which  pa- 
jans  inclosed  the  images  of  their  deities. 

SE'LAH,  71.  [Heb.  nSo.]  In  tlie  Psalms,  a  word  sup- 
posed to  signify  silence  or  a  pause  in  the  musical  per- 
formance of  the  song.  Qcscnius. 

SEL'eOUTH,  (-kooth,)  a.     [Sax.  set,  seld.  rare,  and 
couth,  known.] 
Rarely  known  ;  unusual ;  uncommon.     [Obs.] 

i^pcnser. 

SEL'DOM,  (sel'dum,)  adv.  [Sax.  sclden,  sildon;  D. 
zelden :  G.  selten  ;  Dan.  sclsom,  seldsom;  Sw,  sdllxiji, 
sdliaan.  In  Danish,  sclshab  [sd  and  shape)  is  a 
company,  fellowship,  or  club.  Sd  probably  signifies 
separate,  distinct,  coinciding  with  L.  solits.] 
Rarely  j  not  often  ;  not  frequently. 

Wi.-Iom  and  yovilh  are  seldor^  jaincd  in  one.  Hooker, 

[Seld  was  formerly  used,  but  is  now  obsolete.] 

SEL'DOM,  (7.    Rare;  unfrequent.     [LitUcmed.] 

Milton. 

SEL'DOM-NESS,  77.  Rareness;  infrequency ;  uii- 
comnionness.  Hooker. 

SELD'-SHoWN,  (-shone,)  a.     [Sax.  seld  and  shown.] 
Rarely  shown  or  exhibited.     [JVot  in  use.]     Shak. 

SE-LECT',  7'.  (.  [L.  selectus,  from  sdigo ;  i-e,  from, 
and  Icgo^  to  pi'k,  cull,  or  gather.] 

To  choose  and  lake  from  a  number;  to  take  by 
preference  from  among  others ;  to  pick  out ;  to  cull ; 
as,  to  select  the  best  authors  for  perusal ;  to  select  the 
most  interesting  and  virtuous  men  for  associates. 

SE-LEeT',  a.  Nicely  chosen  ;  taken  from  a  number 
by  preference;  choice;  whence,  prcferalile  ;  more 
valuable  or  excellent  than  others  ;  as,  a  body  of  se- 
lect troops ;  a  select  company  or  society ;  a  library 
consisting  of  selcU  authors. 

SE-LECT'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Chosen  and  taken  by  prefer- 
ence from  among  a  number;  picked  ;  culled. 

SE-LEOT'ED-LY,  ado.    With  care  and  selection. 

Haywood. 

SE-LECT'ING,  ppr.  Choosing  and  taking  from  a 
number  ;  picking  out ;  culling. 

SE-LEC'TION,  (-shun,)  tj.     [L.  selectio.] 

1.  The  act  of  choosing  and  taking  from  among  a 
number:  a  takin?  from  another  by  preference. 

2.  A  number  oi"  things  selected  or  taken  from  oth- 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT — MeTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  M.^fiXNE,  BIRD.— NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.- 


SEL 

ers  by  preference.    I  have  a  small  but  valuable  se- 
lection of  books. 

SE-LECT'IVE,  a.  Selecting;  tending  to  select.  [Un- 
usual,] Fleming. 

SE-LECT'MAN,  ti.  [select  and  ma«  ]  In  JVew  Eng- 
iand^  a  town  officer  chosen  annually  to  manage  the 
concerns  of  the  town,  provide  for  the  poor,  &c. 
The  number  is  usually  from  three  to  seven  in  each 
town,  and  these  constitute  a  kind  of  executive  au- 
thor iu-. 

SE-LEeT'NESS,  «.  The  state  of  being  select  or  well 
chosen. 

SE-LECT'OR,  n.  [L.]  One  that  selects  or  chooses 
froni  among  a  number. 

SE-Le'.\I-ATEj  ;i.  a  compound  of  selenic  acid  with 
a  base. 

SE-LEXTC,  a.  Pertaining  to  selenium;  as,  selenic 
acid,  which  is  composed  of  one  equivalent  of  sele- 
nium and  three  of  oxygen. 

SEL-E\-IF'ER-OUS,  a.      [selenium    and  L.  fero,  to 
produce.] 
Containing  selenium  j  as^  seleniferous  ores. 

Graliam. 

SE-Le'NI-OUS-AC'ID,  n.  An  acid  composed  of  one 
equivalent  of  selenium  and  two  of  oivgen. 

SEL'EN-ITE,  n.  [Gr.  crtAjjrtr/j?,  from  ceXrivn,  the 
moon  ;  so  called  from  a  resemblance  in  luster  or  ap- 
pearance to  the  moon.] 

1.  The  i-ariety  of  sulphate  of  lime  or  gj'psum,  oc- 
curring in  transparent  crystals,  or  crj'slalline  masses. 

Dana. 

2.  A  compound  of  selenious  acid  with  a  base. 
SEL-E  NIT'ie,        la.     Pertaining  to  selenite ;  re- 
SEL-E-NIT'I€^AL,  \     sembling  it,  or  partaking  of  its 

nature  and  properties. 

SE-Le'IVI-U.AI,  71.  [Supra.]  An  elementary  sub- 
stance, allied  to  sulpnur,  having  a  dark-brown  color, 
with  a  brilliant  metallic  luster.  It  passes  into  vapor 
at  650^  Fahrenheit,  producing  tlie  odor  of  decaying 
horseradish.  Oraham.     Brande. 

SE-LEN'IU-RET, )  .  „  i^„i^..  ,„.  ^S^^■    A  compound 

SE-LEX'IMIET,  i  (se-len'yu-ret,)  j  ^^  selenium 
with  some  other  element  Dana. 

2.  A  mineral,  of  a  shining  lead-gray  color,  with  a 
granular  texture.  It  is  composed  chiefly  of  seleni- 
um, silver,  and  copper. 

Cleavcland.     Phillips. 

SEL-E-XO-GRAPH'ie,         )a.     [Infra.]     Belonging 

SEL-E-XO-GRAPH'ie-AL,  ]      to  selenography. 

SEL-E-NOG'RA-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  ut\r,-^r„  the  moon,  and 
jp(i0(<j,  to  describe.] 

A  description  of  the  surface  of  the  moon  j  corre- 
sponding to  geographij  in  respect  to  the  earth. 

Brande. 

SELF,  a.  or  pron. ;  pi.  Selves  ;  used  chiefly  in  compo- 
sition. [Sax.  self,  sylf;  Goth,  silba  ;  S\v.  siclf;  Dan. 
selo ;  G.  selbst ;  D.  zelf.  I  know  not  the  primary 
sense  of  this  word  ;  most  probably  it  is  to  set  or 
unite,  or  to  separate  from  others.  See  Selvedge.] 
1.  In  old  authorSj  this  word  sometimes  signifies 
particular,  very,  or  same,  ".^nd  on  Otam  sylfan  geare ;  " 
in  that  same  year,  that  very  year.  Sax,  Citron.  A.  X>. 
1052, 1061. 


Shoot  another  arrow  Uial  self  way. 

On  these  self  hills. 

At  that  se!/  moment  entera  Palamon. 


Shak. 
Ralegh. 
Dryden. 


In  this  sense,  self  is  an  adjective,  and  is  now  ob- 
solete, except  when  followed  by  same;  as,  on  the 
self-same  day ;  the  self-same  hour ;  the  self-same 
thing ;  which  is  tautology'.    Matt.  viii. 

2.  In  present  U5a"-c,  self  is  united  to  certain  per- 
sonal pronouD3  and  pronominal  adjectives,  to  ex- 
press emphasis  or  distinction  j  also  when  the  pro- 
noun is  used  reciprocally.  Thus,  for  emphasis,  I  my- 
self will  write  ;  I  will  examine  for  myself.  Thou 
thyself  shaJt  go ;  Ihou  shalt  see  for  thyself.  You 
yourself  sbaM  write;  you  shall  see  for  yourself.  He 
himself  shall  write  j  he  shall  examine  for  himself.  She 
herself  shall  write;  she  shall  examine  for  herself. 
The  child  itself  shall  be  carried  ;  it  shall  be  present 
Itself. 

Reciprocally,  I  abhor  myself;  thou  enrichest  th7j- 
self;-  he  loves  himself;  she  admires  herself;  it  pleases 
itself;  we  value  ourselves:  ye  hurry  yourselves;  they 
see  themselves.  I  did  not  hurt  him,  he  hurt  himself; 
he  did  not  hurt  me,  I  hurt  myself. 

Except  when  added  to  pronouns  used  reciprocally, 
self  serves  to  give  emphasis  to  the  pronoun,  or  to 
render  the  distinction  expressed  by  it  more  empbat- 
ical.  ^^  I  myself  will  decide,"  not  only  expresses  my 
determination  to  decide,  but  the  determination  that 
no  other  shall  decide. 

Himself,  herself  themselvesy  are  used  in  the  nomi- 
native case,  as  well  as  in  the  objective. 

Jesaa  himself  baptized  not,   but  idi  disciples. — John  iv.     See 
Malt.  xdii.  4. 

3.  Self  is  sometimes  used  as  a  noun,  noting  the 
individual  subject  to  bis  own  cntemplation  or  ac- 
tion, or  noting  identity  of  person.  Consciousness 
makes  every  one  to  be  what  he  calls  sdf. 

A  Eoan's  self  may  be  ihe  wont  feUovr  to  coiiverc^  wiiii  ia  Ci  • 
wo  rid.  Pope. 


SEL 

4.  It  also  signifies  personal  interest,  or  love  of  pri- 
vate interest ;  selfishness. 

The  fondness  we  have  for  sey  — furnishes  another  loo?  nnit  of 
prejudices.  'Watti. 

Seif  is  nmcil  used  in  composition. 

SELF-.\-BAS'£D,  (-a-baste',)  a.  [sc(f  and  ahae.] 
Humbled  by  conscious  guilt  or  shame. 

SELF-.^-B.lSE'JIENT,>i.  Humiliation  or  abasement 
proceeding  from  consciousness  of  inferiority,  guilt, 
or  shame.  Miner. 

SELF-.\-l!.\S'ING,  a.  Humbling  by  the  conscious- 
ness of  guilt  or  by  sliame. 

SELF-AB-HOR'EE.N'CE,  ii.  The  abhoiTeuce  of  one's 
self. 

SELF-AB-HOR'RLNG,  a.     Abhorring  one's  self. 

SELF-A-BCSE',ji.  [sri/ and  aJi«c.]  The  abuse  of 
one's  own  person  or  powers.  Sliafc. 

SELF-.\€^eCS'£D,  a.  Accused  by  one's  own  con- 
science. 

SELF-.\e-euS'ING,  a.  [self  and  accuse]  Accusing 
one's  self ;  as,  a  sc/z-accu-tin  "  look.  Sitlncij. 

SELF'- ACT' ING,  a.    Acting  of  or  bv  itself. 

SELF'-AGT'IVE,  a.     Acting  of  itself. 

SELF-Ae-TIV'I-TV,  n.  [sdf  and  activiui.]  Self- 
motion,  or  the  power  of  moving  one's  self  without 
foreign  aid.  Beiitiey, 

SELF-AD-JUSTTNG,  a.  Adjusting  by  one's  self  or 
by  itself 

SELF-.\D-MI-Ra'TION,?!.    Admiration  of  one's  self. 

ScoU. 

SELF-AD-MIR'ING,  a.   Admiring  one's  self.  Scatt. 

SELF-AF-FaIRS',  n.  pt.  [srf/  and  affair.]  One's 
own  private  business.  Shak. 

SELF-AF-FRIGHT'ED,  (-frite'-,)  a.  [self  and  af- 
fright.]    Fi'ightened  at  one's  self.  Skak. 

SELF-AG-GRAND'IZE-MENT  or  I  n.   Tlie  aggrand- 

SELF-AG'GRAND-iZE-:.IE.\T,  j  izement  or  ei- 
altalion  of  one's  self. 

SELF-AN-NI'UI-L.I-TED,  a.  Annihilated  by  one's 
self. 

SELF-.AN-NI-HI-La'TIOM,  r..  Annihilation  by  one's 
own  acts. 

SELF-AP-PLAUSE',  (self-ap-plaaz',)  n.  Applause  of 
one's  self. 

SELF-AP-PLt'ING,  a.    Applying  to  or  by  one's  self. 

SELF-AP-PROV'ING,  (-proov'ing,)  o.  Tliat  approves 
of  one's  own  conduct.  Pope. 

SELF-.\S-Su5I'£D,  a.  Assumed  by  one's  own  act 
or  without  authority.  Mitford. 

SELF-AS-SuR'£D,  (-ash-shurd',)  o.  Assured  by 
one's  self.  E.  Everett. 

SELF-AT-TRAGT'IVE,  a.    Allractive  by  one's  self. 

SELF-BAN'ISI[-£D,  (-ban'isht,)  a.  [srf/and  banish.] 
Exiled  voluntarily. 

SELF-BE-G0T'T£N,  a.  [self  and  heget.]  Begotten 
by  one's  powers. 

SELF-BE-GUiL'£D,  a.    Deceived  bv  one's  self. 

SELF'-BORN,  a.  [self  and  horn.]  Born  or  produced 
bv  one's  self. 

SELF-CE.\''TER-£D,  )  a.     [self  and  center.]     Cen- 

SELF-CEN'TR£D,      i     tered  in  itself. 

The  earlh  self-centered  and  unmoved.  Dryjen, 

iL^lSlN^TmNGy'  I  -    Centering  in  one's  self. 
SELF-CilARa-TY,  n.     [self  and  charity.]    Love  of 

one's  self.  Shah. 

SELF-€OM-Mu'NI-€A-TIVE,  a.     [self  and  comviu- 

nicativc.1 
Imparted  or  communicated  by  its  own  powers. 

JV(77V7>, 

SELF-CON-CeIT',  (-kon-sect',)  n.  [self  and  con- 
ceit.]    A  higli  opinion  of  one's  self;  vanity. 

SELF-€ON-CkIT'ED,  a.  Vain  ;  having  a  high  or 
overweening  opinion  of  one's  own  person  or  merits. 

L^Estranire. 

SELF-CON-CeIT'ED-NESS,  n.  Vanity  ;  an  over- 
weening opinion  of  one's  own  person  or  accomplish- 
ments. Locke. 

SELF-eON-DEM-NA'TION',  n.  Coudumnation  by 
one's  own  conscience. 

SELF-€ON-DEM'NING,  a.    Condemning  one's  self. 

SELF-eON'FI-DENCE,  71.  [self  and  confdcncc.]  Con- 
fidence in  one's  own  judgment  or  ability  ;  reliance 
on  one's  own  opinion  or  powers,  without  other  aid. 

SELF-eON'FI-DENT,  a.  Confident  of  one's  own 
strength  or  powers;  relying  on  the  correctness  of 
one's  own  judgment,  or  the  competence  of  one's 
own  powers,  without  other  aid. 

SELF-eON'PI-DENT-LY,  ada.  With  self-confidence. 

SELF-eON-FID'ING,  a.  Confiding  in  one's  own 
judgment  or  powers,  v.'ithout  the  aid  of  others. 

Pope. 

SELF-CON'SCIOUS,  (-shus,)  a.  [sc{/" and  conscious.] 
Conscious  in  one's  self.  Dryden. 

SELF-€ON'3CIO0S-NESS,  n.  Consciousness  within 
one's  self.  Locke. 

SELF-CON-SID'ER-ING,  a.  [self  and  consider.] 
Considering  in  one's  own  mind  j  deliberating. 

Pope. 

SELF-eON-Su:\i'ii:D,  a.    Consumed  by  one's  self. 

SELF-CON-SUM'ING,  a.     [self  and  consume.]     That 

cnn?umcr^  itself.  Pope. 

i  PELF-CON-TRA-DIC'TION,  H.    [se// and  contradic- 


SEL 

tron.]  The  act  of  contradicting  itself  j  repugnan<^ 
in  tcmis.  To  be  and  not  to  be  at  the  same  time,  is 
a  self  contradiction ;  a  proposition  consisting  of  two 
members,  one  of  which  contradicts  the  other. 

SELF-eON-TRA-DieT'O-KY,  a.  Contradicting  it- 
self. Spectator. 

SELF-eON-VieX'ED,  a.  [se^  and  convict.]  Con- 
victed by  one's  own  consciousness,  knowledge,  or 
avowal. 

SELF-€0.\-Vie'TION,  n.  Conviction  proceeding 
from  one's  own  consciousness,  knowledge,  or  con- 
fession. Surift. 

SELF-CRE-aT'ED,  a.  Created  by  one's  self;  not 
formed  or  constituted  by  another.  Milner. 

SELF-DE-CEIT',  (-seet',)  n.  [self  mi  deceit.]  De- 
ception respecting  one's  self,  or  that  originates  from 
one's  own  mistake  ;  self-deception.  Spectator. 

SELF-DE-CElV'iD,  a.  [self  and  decme.]  De- 
ceived of  misled  respecting  one's  self  by  one's  own 
mistake  or  error. 

SELF-UE-Ce:IV'IXG,  a.    Deceiving  one's  self. 

SELF-DE-CEP'TION,  n.  [Supra.]  Deception  con- 
cerning one's  self,  proceedmg  from  one's  own  mis- 
take. 

SELF-DE-FENSE',  (self-de-fens',)  ;;.  [sdf  mi  dt- 
feiise.]  The  act  of  defending  one's  own  person, 
property,  or  reputation.  A  man  in.ay  be  justifiable  in 
killing  another  in  self-defense. 

SELF-DE-FENS'IVE,  a.  Tending  to  defend  one'a 
self. 

SELF-DE-LO'SION,  (-zlmn,)  n.  [self  and  delasion.] 
The  delusion  of  one's  self,  or  respecting  one's  self. 

South. 

SELF-DE-NI'AL,  n.  [self  and  denial.]  The  denial 
of  one's  self;  the  forbearing  to  gratify  one's  own 
appetites  or  desires.  Souttt. 

SELF-DE-N?'ING,  a.  Denying  one's  self;  forbear- 
ing to  indulge  one's  own  appetites  or  desires. 

SELF-DE-N5'ING-LV,  adv.  In  a  self-denying  man- 
ner. 

SELF-DE-PEND'EXT,  I  a.    Depending  on  one's  self. 

SELF-DE-PEND'ING,   (  Scott. 

SELF-DER-E-LIC'TION,  n.    Desertion  of  one's  self. 

SELF-DE-STROY'ED,  a.     Destroyed  bv  one's  self. 

SELF-DE-STROY'ER,  ii.  One  who  destroys  him- 
self. 

SELF-DE-STROY'ING,  a.     Destroving  one's  self. 

SELF-DE-STRUe'TION,  n.  [self  and  destruction.] 
The  destruction  of  one's  seif;  voluntary  destruc- 
tion. 

SELF-DE-STRUe'TIVE,  a.  Tending  to  the  destruc- 
tion of  one's  self. 

SELF-DE-TER.y-IN-.\'TIOX,  n.  [self  and  determ- 
ination.] Determination  by  one's  own  mind  ;  or  de- 
termination by  its  own  powers,  without  extraneous 
impulse  or  influence. 

SELF-DE-TEEM'IN-ING,  a.  Determining  by  or  of 
itself;  determining  or  deciding  without  extraneous 
power  or  influence  ;  as,  the  self-determining  power  of 
I  he  will. 

SELF-DE-\1S'£D,  a.    Devised  by  one's  self. 

Baxter. 

SELF-DE-VoT'ED,  a.  [sdf  and  devote]  Devoted 
in  person,  or  voluntarily  devoted  in  person. 

SELF-DE-VoTE'MENT,  n.  The  devoting  of  one's 
person  and  services  voluntarily  to  any  dithcult  or 
liazardous  employment.         ..Memoirs  qf  Buchanan. 

SELF-DE-VoT'ING,  a.    DevoUng  one's  self. 

E.  Everett. 

SELF-DE-VOUE'ING,  a.  [^elf  and  devour.]  De- 
vouring one's  self  or  itself  Denham. 

SELF-DIF-FO'SIVE,  a.  [sdf  and  diffusive.]  Hav- 
ing power  to  difluse  itself;  that  diffuses  itself. 

SELF-DO  OM'£D,  a.    Doomed  by  one's  self.  More. 

SELF-DUB'BED,  a.    Dubbed  by  one's  self.  Irving. 

SELF-EO'IT-Ca-TED,  a.  Educated  by  one's  own 
efforts. 

SELF-E-LECT'ED,  a.    Elected  by  himself. 

SELF-E-LECT'I  VE,  a.  Having  the  right  to  elect  one's 
sell",  or,  as  a  bodv,  of  electing  its  own  members. 

Jefferson. 

SELF-EN-JOY'.MENT,  n.  [self  mi  enjoyment.]  In- 
ternal satisfaction  or  pleasure. 

SELF-ES-TEE.M',  71.  [self  mi  esteem.]  The  esteem 
01  good  opinion  of  one's  self  Jilitton. 

SELF-ES-TI-Ma'TION,  n.  The  esteem  or  good 
opinion  of  one's  self.  JiTiIncr. 

SELF-EV'I-DEXCE,  71.  [self  and  evidence.]  Evi- 
dence or  certainty  resulting  from  a  proposition  with- 
out proof ;  evidence  that  ideas  offer  to  the  mind  upon 
bale  statement.  LccJic. 

SELF-EV'I-DENT,  a.  Evident  without  proof  or  rca- 
souing  i  that  produces  certainty  or  clear  conviction 
upon  a  bare  presentation  to  the  mind  ;  as,  a  self-er:- 
dent  proposition  or  truth.  That  two  and  three  make 
five,  is  self-evident, 

SELF-EV'I-DENT-LY,  adv.  By  means  of  self-evi- 
dence. 

SELF-EX-ALT-A'TION,  {-egz-,)ri.  The  exaltation  of 
one's  self."  '  Scott. 

SELF-EX-ALT'IXG,  (-egz-,)  a.    Exalting  one's  self. 

SELF-EX-AM-IN-A'TION,  (-egz-,)  «.  [.idf  and  cr- 
a/nination.]     .\n  examination  or  scrutiny  into  one's 


TONE,  BJJLL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VfCIOUS €  as  K;  Ci  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


looS" 


SEL 


SEL 


own  state,  conduct,  and  motives,  particularly  in  ro-  | 
gard  to  relisious  afl'octioni  and  duties.  Suulli. 

SELl'-EX-CUS'ING,  a.     Exciisiiis  one's  self.  Scotl.      I 

SELF-EX-IST'Ei\CE,  v.  [self  and  ezisUncc]  In- 
herent existence ;  tlie  existence  possessed  by  virtue 
of  a  being's  own  nature,  and  independent  of  any 
otiier  being  or  cause;  an  attribute  peculiar  to  God. 

Blachttore. 

SEl-P-EX-IST'F.NT,  (-eg-/.-,)  a.  Existing  by  its  own 
nature  or  essence,  independent  of  any  other  cause. 
God  is  the  only  se(f-exhtciit  being. 

SELF-EX-ULT'ING,(-egz-,)a.  Exulting  in  one's  self. 

Baxter, 

SELF'-FED,  a.    Fed  by  one's  self. 

SELF-FLAT'TER-ING,  a.  [self  and  fiatter.]  Flat- 
tering one's  self. 

SELF-FL.\T'TER-Y,  n.     Flattery  of  one's  self. 

SELF-GLO'RI-OUS,  a.  [self  and  glorious.]  Spring- 
ing from  vain-glory  or  vanity  ;  vain  ;  boastful. 

Dryilm. 

SELF-GOV'ERN'-ED,  (-guv'emd,)  a.  Governed  by 
one's  self.  Cvkriilge. 

SELF-GOV'ERN-MENT,  n.  The  government  of 
one's  self. 

PELF-GR.\T-IJ-La'TION,  n.  Gratulatiiin  of  one's 
splf,  E.  Everett, 

SELF-IIXRM'ING,  a.  [srif  and  harm,]  Injuring  or 
hurtinj  one's  self  or  itself.  Sliarp, 

SELF'-HkAL,  71.     [self  and  heal]    A  plant  of  the 
genus  Prunella,  and  another  of  the  genus  Sanicula. 
Fam   of  Planti, 

SELF-HeAL'ING,  a.  Having  the  power  or  property 
of  healing  itself.  The  self-healing  power  of  living 
animals  and  vegetables  is  a  property  as  v.'onderful 
as  it  is  indicntive  of  divine  goodness. 

SEI.F-HOM'I-CIDE,  n,  [self  and  homidde.]  The 
killing  one's  self ;  suicide.  Hakewill, 

SELF-I'DOL-IZ-£D,  a.    Idolized  by  one's  self. 

Corcper, 

SELF-IG'NO-RANCE,  v.  Ignorance  of  one's  own 
character.  Ch,  Spectator. 

SELF-IG'NO-RANT,  a.    Ignorant  of  one's  self. 

SSLF-IM'.\IO-La-TING,  u.    Immolating  one's  self. 

Fraser. 

SELF-IM-PaRT'ING,  a.  [self  ^nd  impart.]  Impart- 
ing by  its  own  powers  and  will.  JV'orris. 

SELF-IM-POS'Tl[RE,  ?i.  [sc//cnd  imposture.]  Im- 
posture practiced  on  one's  self.  South. 

SELF-IN-FLIGT'ED,  a.     Inllicted  by  one's  self. 

SELF-IN-SUF-FI"CIEN-CV,  (-lisli'cn-se,)  n.  Insuf- 
ficiency of  one's  self. 

SELF-IN'TER-EST,  ?i.  [self  and  interest.]  Private 
interest;  the  interest  or  advantage  of  one's  self. 

SELF-IN'TEIi-EST-EL),  a.  Having  self-interest  ; 
particularly  concerned  for  one's  self. 

SELF-hV-V'lT'ED,  n.     Invited  by  one's  self. 

SELF-JUDG'ING,  n.    Judging  one's  self. 

SELF-JUST'I-FI-ER,  71.  One  who  excuses  or  justi- 
fies himself.  J.  M,  Mason. 

SELF-KIN'OLED,  a.  [sclfanii  kimlted.]  Kindled  of 
itself,  or  without  extraneous  aid  or  pov.'er. 

Drridcn. 

SELP-KNoWING,a.  [self  sini  kmm.]  Knowing  of 
itself,  or  without  communication  from  another. 

SELF-KNOVVL'EDGE,  11.  The  knowledge  of  one's 
own  real  character,  abilities,  worth,  or  demerit. 

SELF'-LO.^TlI-I^!G,  a.     Loathing  one's  self. 

SELF-LOVE',  (-luv',)  71.  [self  and  love.]  The  love 
of  one's  own  person  or  happiness. 

■Sflf-love,  Ihe  sprinj  of  motion,  ncls  the  soul.  Pope. 

SSLF-LOV'IXG,  a.    Loving  one's  self.         TTalton, 
SELF-Lu'iMIN'-OUS,  a.      Possessing    in    itself  the 

property  of  emitting  light.  Brewster. 

>' ''.LF'-MaUE,  a.    Made  bv  one's  self. 
SEi.F'MET-jJL,  71.    [self  and  metal.]    The  same  metal. 
SELF-.Mo'TION,  71.    [.sf//and  inotiim.]     Motion  given 

by  inherent  powers,  without  external  impulse  ;  sjion- 

tancous  motion. 

Matter  ia  not  cndncJ  w  ilh  self-inotion.  Clieyiie. 

SELF-JIOV'ED,  (inoovil',)  a.  Moved  by  inherent 
power  without  the  aid  i>f  external  impulse.     Pope. 

SELF-MOVING,  a.  Moving  or  exciting  to  action  by 
inherent  power,  without  the  impulse  of  another  body 
or  extraneous  influence.  Pope. 

SELF-MUR'DER,  7i.  [se'f  and  murder.]  The  mur- 
der of  one's  self;  suicide. 

SELF-JIUR'DER-EU,  ir.  One  v.Iio  voluntarily  de- 
stroys his  own  life. 

SELF-NEG-LECT'ING,  71  [tclf  and  7ico-;cc(.]  A 
neglecting  of  one's  self. 

S.If-lovc  is  not  ao  great  ft  sin  ai  eel/negtectiitg.  Shak. 

SELF-0-PIN'ION,  (-o-pin'yun,)  ;i.  [.«(/and  oiiiuiun.] 
One's  own  opinion.  Collier.     Prior. 

SELF-0-PlN'ION-£D,  a.  Valuing  one's  own  opinion 
highly. 

S£LF-PXR-TI.\L'I-TY,  71.  [.^elf  and  partiality.]  That 
partiality  by  which  a  uian'overratcs  his  own  worth 
when  compared  with  others.  Karnes. 

SELF-PLeAS'ING,  71.  [self  and  please.]  Pleasing 
one's  self;  gratifying  one's  own  wishes.      Bacon. 

SELF-POS-SES'SiON,  71.  The  possession  of  one's 
powers  ;  calmness  ;  self-command. 


SELF-PRAISE',  (praze',)  »i.    [.lelf  and  prai-c.J    The 

praise  of  one's  self:  self-applause.  Broome. 

SELF-PREF'EU-ENCE,  71.  [self  and  preference.]   The 

preference  of  one's  self  to  others. 
SELF-PRES-KU  V.^'TION,  71.  [sfVand  urc.«r!,-o(io7l.] 
The   preservation  of  one's  self  from  ilestruction  or 
injury.  Milton. 

SELF-PRE-SER  V'ING,  a.    Preserving  one's  self. 
SELF-PROP'A-Ga-TING,  a.    Propagating  by  itself 

or  himself.  E.  Everett. 

SELF-RE(5'IS-TER-ING,  a.    That  registers  itself,  as 

a  thermometer  which  marks  the  extreme  points  of 

its  range  within  a  given  time.  Francis. 

SELF-REG'IJ-La-TEU,  (7.     Regulated  by  one's  self. 

SELF-RE-LI'ANCE,    n.      Reliance  on    one's    own 

powers. 
PELF-UE-L?'IXG,  a.    Depending  on  one's  self. 
SELF-RE-PEL'LEN-CY,  71.  [self  and  repellencij.]  Tile 
inherent  power  of  repulsion  in  a  body.  Black. 

SELF-UE-PEL'LING,  a.  [sf//and  repel.]  Repelling 
by  its  own  inherent  power. 

SELF-RE-PRoACir£n,(-rc-procht',)  a.  Reproached 
bv  one's  own  c^mscience. 

SELF-RE-PRo.\CII'ING,  a.    Reproaching  one's  self. 

SELF-UE-PRO.'\CFI'ING-LY,  adv.  By  reproaching 
one's  self. 

SELF-RE-PROV'£D,  a.  [self  and  reprove.]  Re- 
proved by  consciousness  or  one's  own  sense  of  guilt. 

SELF-RE-PROV'Ii\G,  a.  Reproving  by  conscious- 
ness. 

SELF-RE-PRO  V'ING,  71.  The  act  of  reproving  by  a 
conscious  sense  of  guilt.  Sliah. 

SELF-RE-PULS'IVE,  a.    Repulsive  by  one's  self. 

SELF-RE-STR.aIN'ED,  a.  [self  and  re.-irain.]  Re- 
strained by  itself,  or  by  one's  own  power  or  will  ; 
not  controlled  by  external  force  or  authority. 

Vrjjdcn. 

SELF-RE-STRaIN'ING,  a.  Restraining  or  controll- 
ing itself. 

SELF-RE-STRaINT',  71.    .\  restraint  over  one's  self. 

SELF-RIGHT'EOUS,  a.  Rigliteous  in  one's  own 
esteem. 

SELF-RIGUT'EOUS-NESS,  71.  Reliance  on  one's 
own  righteousness. 

SELF-Ru'IN-£D,  a.     Ruined  by  one's  own  conduct. 

SELF-SA€'R1-FIC-ING,  (-sak're-fiz-,)  a.  Yielding 
up  one's  own  interest,  feelings,  Uc.  ;  sacrificing 
one's  self.  CItanning. 

SELF'-SaME,  a.  [.self  mid  same.]  Numerically  the 
snme  ;  the  very  same  ;  identical.  Scripture. 

SELF-SAT'IS-FI-ED,  a.     Satisfied  with  one's  self. 

Irving. 

SELF-SAT'IS-FS-INO,  a.  Giving  satisfaction  to 
one's  self. 

SELF'-SEEK-ER,  7!.  One  who  seeks  only  his  own 
interest. 

SELF'-SEEK-ING,  (7.  [sc// and  seek.]  Seeking  one's 
own  interest  or  iiapjiiness  ;  selfish.  Jlrhuthmit. 

SELF-SLAUGH'TER,  (self-slaw'ter,)  77.  [self  and 
slaughter'.]     The  slaughter  of  one's  self.  Shah, 

SELF-SOU.N'D'IXG,  a.     Sounding  by  one's  self. 

SELF-SPUR'RING,  a.     Inciting  one's  self; 

SELF-SUfi-DU'i'D,  a.  [self  and  subdue.]  Subdued 
by  one's  own  power  or  means.  Slwk. 

SELF-SUn-VERS'IVE,  a.  Overturning  or  subvert- 
ing its(  If.  J.  P.  Smith. 

SELF-SUF-FI"CIEN-CY,  (-suf-fish'cn-se,)  71.  [self 
and  sujjiciencij.]  An  overweening  opinion  of  one's 
own  strength  or  worth ;  excessive  confidence  in 
one's  own  competence  or  sulflciencv.  Dryden. 

SELF-SUF-FI"CIENT,  (-fish'ent,)  a.  Having  full 
confidence  in  one's  own  strength,  abilities,  or  en- 
dowments ;  whence,  haughty  ;  overbearing.    Ti'atts. 

SELF-SUS-PEND'ED,  a.  Su'spendcd  by  one's  self; 
balanced.  Southcy. 

SELF-SUS-PI"CIOUS,  (-sus-pish'ns,)  a.  Suspicious 
of  one's  self.  Baxter. 

SELF-SUS-TaIX'£D,  a.    Sustained  by  one's  self. 

PELF'-TAUGHT,  a.    Taught  by  one's  self. 

E.  EvereU. 

SELF-TOR-MENT'ING,  a.  [,sJ/and  torment.]  Tor- 
menting one's  self;  as,  self-tormenting  sin. 

CrasliaiB. 

SELF-TOR-MENT'OR,  n.  One  who  torments  him- 
self. 

SELF-TOR'TUR-TNG,  a.    Torturing  one's  self. 

SELF-TROUC'LING,  (-trub'bling,)  a.  Troubling 
one's  self. 

SELF-UP-BR.\in'L\G,  a.     Reproaching  one's  self. 

SELF-V.'VL'II-ING,  a.    Esteeming  one's  self. 

Parnell. 

SELF-VI'0-LENCE,  71.    Violence  to  one's  self. 

SELF-WILL',  71.  [self  and  aill.]  One's  own  will  : 
obstinacy. 

SELF-WILL'ED,  a.  Governed  by  one's  own  w  ill ; 
not  yielding  to  the  will  or  wishes  of  others;  not  ac- 
commodating or  compliant ;  obstinate. 

PELF-WOR'SHIP,  71.    The  idolizing  of  one's  self. 

SELF-WOR'SHIP-ER,  71.    One  who  idolizes  himself. 

SELF-\V5R'S1IIP-ING,  a.    Worshiping  one's  self. 

Coleridge. 

SELF-WRONG',  (self-rong',)  71.  [self  and  wrong.] 
Wrong  done  by  a  person  to  himself.  SItuk. 

SELF'iSIl,  a.    Regarding  tme's  own  interest  chiefly 


SEM 

or  solely  ;  influenced  in  actions  by  a  view  to  private 
ml  vantage.  Spectator. 

SELF'ISII-LY,  adv.  In  a  selfish  manner;  with  regard 
to  private  interest  only  or  chiefly.  Pope. 

SELF'ISH-NESS,  n.  The  exclusive  regard  of  a  per- 
son to  his  own  interest  or  happiness ;  or  that  supreme 
self-love  or  self-preference  which  leads  a  person,  in 
his  actions,  to  direct  hia  purposes  to  the  advancement 
of  his  own  interest,  power,  or  happiness,  without 
regarding  the  interest  of  others.  Selfishness,  in  its 
worst  or  unqualified  sense,  ia  the  very  essence  of 
human  depravity,  and  stands  in  direct  opposition  to 
Benevolence,  which  is  the  essence  of  the  divine 
character.  As  God  is  love,  so  roan,  in  his  natural 
state,  is  selfishness. 

Selfish  neat  —  a  vice  utterly  at  variance  wiUi  (lie  happincsa  of  liirii 
who  hiirbQn  it,  and,  as  such,  condemned  by  self  love. 

Mackintosh. 

SELF'LESS,  a.     Having  no  regard  to  self.    Coleridge. 
SELF'NESS,  n.     Self-love  ;  selfishness.     [JVot  m  use.] 

Siiliinj. 
SEL'ION,  (sel'yun,)  n-  A  ridge  of  land,  [Loc«/.t 
SELL,  for  Self  ;  and  SELLS,  for  Selves.  [Scot.] 
SELL,  n.     [Fr.  sellc;  L.  sella.]  [B.  Jonson. 

A  saddle,  and  a  throne.    {  Obs.]  Spciisrr. 

SELL,  V.  t. ;  pret.  mid  pp.  Sold.  [Sax.  sclan,  scUaii, 
sylaii,  or  syllan,  to  give,  grant,  yield,  assign,  or  sell  ; 
sijllan  to  bote,  to  give  in  compensation,  to  g-ice  to  boot ; 
Rvv.  salia ;  Ice.  sella ;  Dan.  sirlger ;  Basque,  saldu. 
The  primary  sense  is,  to  deliver,  send,  or  transt'er,  or 
to  put  off.  Tlie  sense  of  sell,  as  we  now  undtrslaiid 
the  word,  is  wholly  derivative;  as  we  see  by  ihe 
Saxon  phrases  sijUan  to  ageiine,  to  give  for  one':;  uwn  ; 
.^jllan  to  gyfcj  to  bestow  for  a  gilt ;  to  bestow  or  con- 
fer gratis.] 

1.  To  transfer  property  or  the  exclusive  right  of 
possession  to  anotlier,  for  an  equivalent  in  money. 
It  is  correlative  to  Buy,  as  one  party  buys  what  the 

^ther  sclU.  It  is  distinguished  from  Exchange  or 
Barter,  in  which  one  commodity  is  given  for  an- 
other ;  whereas  in  selling  the  consideration  is  money, 
or  its  representative  in  current  notes.  To  this  dis 
tinction  there  may  be  exceptions.  "  Esau  sold  liis 
birthright  to  Jacob  for  a  mess  of  pottage."  But  this 
is  unusual.  '■  Let  us  sell  Joseph  to  the  Ishmaelites  ; 
and  tiiey  sold  him  for  twenty  pieces  of  silver."  Oen. 
xxxvii.  Among  tlie  Hebrews,  parents  had  power  to 
sell  their  children. 

2.  To  betray  ;  to  deliver  or  surrender  for  money  or 
a  reward  ;  as,  to  sell  one's  country. 

3.  To  yield  or  give  for  a  consideration.  The  troops 
fought  like  lions,  and  sold  their  lives  dearly  ;  that  is, 
they  yielded  their  livci;,  but  first  destroyed  many, 
which  made  it  a  dear  purchase  for  their  enemies 

A.  In  Scripture,  to  give  up  to  be  harassed  and  made 
fclaves. 

He  sold  tlioin  into  ihe  hanja  of  their  enemies.  —  Judges  ii. 
5.  To  part  with ;  to  renounce  or  forsake. 

Eiiy  the  tnilh  and  seU  it  not.  — Prov.  xxiii. 

To  sell  one's  self  to  do  evil ;  to  give  up  one's  self  lo 
be  the  slave  of  sin,  and  to  work  wickedness  without 
restraint.     1  Kings  x-\i.    9  Icings  vii, 

SELL,  V.  i.    I'o  have  commerce  ;  to  practice  selling. 
2.  To  be  sold.    Corn  sells  at  a  good  price.     [S/ialu 

SEL'LEN-DER,  )  7i.  Askin  disease  in  a  horse'shough 

SEL'LAN-DER,  j  or  pastern,  owing  to  a  want  of 
cleanliness.  Oardncr. 

SELL'Eil,  n.    The  person  tliat  sells  ;  a  vender. 

SELL'INO,  ppr.    Transferring  the  property  of  a  thinji 
for  a  price  or  eijuivalent  in  money. 
2.  Betraying'  for  money. 

SELT'ZER  VVA'TER,  7i.  A  mineral  water,  from 
Seltzer,  in  Germany,  containing  much  free  carbonic 
acid.  Brtmde. 

SEL'VA6E,  71.    The  same  as  Selvedge, 

SEL-VA-GEE',  71.  A  kind  of  skein  of  rope-yarns, 
wound  rountt  with  yarns  or  marline,  used  for  stop- 
pers, ptraps,  &,c.  TotUn. 

SELVEDGE,  n.  [D.  -.clf-kant,  self-border;  G.  sald- 
leiste,  hall-list.  The  first  syllable  appears  to  be  6elf, 
and  the  last  is  edge.] 

The  edge  of  cloth,  where  it  is  closed  by  complicat- 
ing tlie  threads  ;  a  woven  border,  or  border  of  close 
work.     Exod.  wfw. 

SELV'EDG-£D,  a.     Having  a  selvedge. 

SELVES,  pi.  of  Self. 

SEM'A-PHORE,  n.     [Gr.  cr]i>n,  a  sign,  and  (>>iipto>,  to 
bear.] 
A  telegraph. 

PEM-A-rHOR'I€,  a.    Telegraphic. 

SEM-A-rHOR'ie-AL-LY,  adr.  By  means  of  a  tiie- 
graph. 

SEM'BLA-BLE,  a.  [Fr.]  Like  ;  similar ;  resembling. 
[J^ot  in  nse.]  S/mk. 

SEM'BLA-BLY,  adv.     In  like  manner.     [JVot  in  use] 

SEM'BLANCE,  n.  [Fr.  id. ;  It.  scmbiama;  Sp.  scmcja 
and  semcjanza  ;  from  the  root  of  similar.] 

1.  Likeness  ;  resemblance  ;  actual  similitude  ;  as, 
the  semblance  of  worth  ;  semblance  of  virtue. 

Tlic  semblartces  and  imiuUons  of  sheila.  Wiiadtcnrd. 

2.  Appear.incc;  shmv ;  figure;  form. 

Their  semblance  Idnil,  and  niiM  their  gestures  wore.    Pair/ax. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— MeTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MAJimE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.— 
1004 


SEM 

SEM'BLAN'T,  n.  Show  j  figure;  resemblance.  [J<fot 
in  ttsc]  Spc:iser. 

SKM'BLANT,  a.    Like  ;  rcsciubliug.     [J\rot  171  use.] 

Prior. 

SEM'BLA-TI\T:,  a.  Resembling;  fit;  suitable;  ac- 
cording to. 

Aud  iill  Li  fdiibUUiM  a  v.-oiiiaii'«  part.     [iVoI  in  use.]      Shak. 

SEM'BLE,  (sein'bl,)  c.  (-     [Fr.  scmbter.] 

To  imitate  ;  to  represent  or  to  make  similar. 

Where  semblins  »rl  may  caive  llie  liiir  eSecl.     [Not  in  use.] 

Prior. 

SE-MEi-OT'I€,  n.     [Gr.  crifieioi/y  a  sign.] 

ilelating  to  Ihe  signs  or  symptoms  of  diseases.  [See 
Si:s:iOTic.j  Brande. 

SK'MEJV,  ;;.     [L.]    Seed,  particularly  of  animals. 

SE-MES'TER,  k.  [L.  semestris^  sex,  six,  and  meiuisy 
month.] 

A  period  or  term  of  six  months.     Ocr.  Universities. 

SEM'I,  [L.  semi,  Gr.  uui,]  in  composition,  signifies 
half. 

SEM'I-A-CID'I-FI-ED,  a.  orj/^.  Half  acidified.  [See 
Acidify.] 

SE.M'l-AM-PLEX'I-CAUL,  a.  [L.  scirU,  ampiexus,  or 
ampU'ctor,  to  embrace,  and  eaulis,  stem.] 

Partially  araplexicaul.     In  butanij,  embracing  the 
stem  half  around,  as  a  leaf.  JMartijn. 

SE^ri-AX'NU'-ALj  (-au'yu-al,)  a.  [semi  and  amnud.] 
Half  yearly. 

SE-M'I-AN'NU-AL-LY,  adv.    Every  half  year.  , 

SEM'I-A\'NU-LAR,  a.  [L.  semi  and  annulus,  a  ring.] 
Having  the  figure  of  a  half  circle  ;  that  is,  half  round. 

Orew. 

SEM'I-AP'ER-T^RE,  n.  [semi  aud  aperture.]  The 
half  of  an  aperture. 

SEM'I-a'RI-AN,  71.  [See  Arian.]  In  ecclesiastical 
histurij,  the  Semi-Brians  were  a  branch  of  the  Ariaus, 
who  in  appearance  condemned  the  errors  of  Arius, 
but  acquiesced  in  some  of  his  principles,  disguising 
tiiem  under  more  moderate  terms.  Tlie^'  did  not  ac- 
knowledge the  Son  to  be  consubstantial  wiih  the 
Father,  that  is,  of  the  same  substance,  but  admitted 
him  to  be  of  a  like  substance  with  the  Father,  not 
by  nature,  but  by  a  peculiar  privilege.  Encyc. 

SEM'I-a'RI-AN,  a.    Pertaining  to  Semi-Arianism. 

SE-M'I-A'RI-AX-rS3I,  71.  The  doctrines  or  tenets  of 
the  Semi-Arians.  Enaie. 

SEM'I-liXR-B.\'Ur-AX,  a.  [semi  and  barbarian.]  Half 
sava-ie  ;  partially  civilized.  Mitfurd. 

SEM'I-BKEVE,  n.  [j-emi  and  breve;  formerly  written 
Semibref.]  In  music,  a  note  of  half  tlie  duration  or 
timu  of  the  breve,  a  note  now  rarely  used.  The  sem- 
ibreve  is  tlie  longest  note  now  in  genera!  use,  and 
the  measure-note  by  which  all  otiiers  are  regulated. 
It  contains  the  time  of  two  minims,  four  crutchets, 
eight  quavers,  sixteen  semiquavers,  or  thirty-two 
demisemiquavers. 

SEM'I-eAL-CTN'£D  or_  SEM'I-CAL'CIN-ED,  a. 
[sciui  and  calcine.]  Half  calcined  ;  as,  semi-calcined 
iron.  Kirican. 

SE.M'I-CAS'TRaTE,  v.  L  To  deprive  of  one  testi- 
cle. 

SE.M'I-eAS-TRA'TIOX,  n.  Half  castration  ;  depri- 
vation of  one  testicle.  Brown. 

SEM'I-CHA-OT'I€,  a.     Partially  chaotic 

Hitchcock. 

SEM'I-CHo'RUS,  ji.  A  short  chorus  performed  by  a 
few  singers. 

SEM'I-€HRrs'TIAX-l2-£D,  a.     Half  Christianized. 

SEM'i-ClR-€LE,  (-sur-kl,)  n.  [sani  and  circle.]  The 
half  of  a  circle  ;  the  part  of  a  circle  comprehended 
bijtween  its  diameter  and  half  of  its  circumference. 

Ilutton. 
3.  Aiiv  body  in  the  form  of  a  half  circle. 
:    SEMT-eiR-t'LED,  C-sur-kld,)  M-    Having  the  form  of 

SEM-I-CIR'eU-LAR,  \      a  half  circle. 

[Semicirci-lar  is  generally  used.]         [.Addison. 

SEM'I-CIR-eUM'FER-ENCE',  n.  Half  tlie  circum- 
ference^ 

SEM'I  Co-LON,  n.  [semi  and  colon.]  In  grammar 
and  punctuation,  the  point  [  ;  ]  the  mark  of  a  pause 
to  be  observed  in  reading  or  speaking,  of  less  dura- 
tion than  the  colon,  double  the  duration  of  the  com- 
ma, or  iialf  the  duration  of  the  period.  It  is  used  to 
distinguish  the  conjunct  members  of  a  sentence. 

Encyc. 

SEM'I-€0L-U:MN,  (kol-lum,)  n.    A  half  column. 

SEM'I-€0-LUM'NAR,  a.  [semi  and  columnar.]  Like 
a  lialf  column  ;  fiat  on  one  side  and  round  on  the 
other ;  a  term  of  botany,  applied  to  a  stem,  leaf,  or  peti- 
ole, JSIartijn. 

SE.M'I-eo.M-PAeT',  a.  [semi  and  compact.]  Half 
compact;  imperfectly  indurated.  Kirwan. 

SEM'I-CRUS-TA'CEOUS,(-shus,)a.  [^emi  and  cnw- 
tacetnis.]     Half  crustaceous.  J^at.  Hist. 

SEM'I-e*RVS'TAI,-LTNE,  a.  Imperfectly  crystal- 
lized. Hitchcock. 

SE.M'I-eu'Bie-AL,  a.  The  semi-cubiail  parabola,  in 
geometry,  is  a  curve  of  such  a  nature  that  the  cubes 
nf  the  ordinates  are  proportional  to  the  squares  of 
ih^  abscissas.  Hatton. 

SEM-I-eC"PI-UM,  71.    fGr.  y,niKf!,n\iov.] 

A  half  bath,  or  one  that  covers  only  the  lower  ex- 
tremities and  hips. 


SEM 

SEM'I-CyL-L\'DRie,         ia.    [semi  and  cttUndric] 

SEM'I-CYL-IN'DRie  AL,  (      Half  cylindrical.     Lee. 

SEM'I-DE-IST'ie-Al,,  a.  Half  deistical ;  bordeiing 
on  deism.  .S.  Miller. 

SEMa-DI-AM'E-TER,  v.  [semi  and  diameter.]  Half 
the  diameter  ;  a  right  line,  or  the  length  of  a  right 
line,  drawn  from  the  center  of  a  circle,  sphere,  or 
other  curved  figure,  to  its  circumference  or  periphery  ; 
a  radius.  '  Enojc. 

SEM'I-DI-A-Pa'SON,  n.  [semi  and  diapason.]  In 
music,  an  imperfect  octave,  or  an  octave  diminished 
by  a  lesser  semitone.  Hutton. 

SEM'I-DI-A-PEN'TE,  71.  In  77ih^'c,  an  imperfect  fiftli. 

Busby. 

SEMT-DI-APII-A  X£'I-TY,  n.  [Pec  Semi-diaph^- 
Mous.]  Half  or  imperfect  transparency.  [Little 
used.]  Boyle. 

[Instead  nf  tliis,  Tran3luce:*cy  is  now  used.] 

SEM'I-DI-APH'A-NO(;s,  a.      [semi  and  diaphanous.] 

Half  or  imperfectly  transparent.  Woodtcard. 

[Instead  of  this,  Trax5lucent  is  nnw  used.] 

SEMT-DI-A-TES'SA-RON,  n.  [semi  and  diatcssa- 
ron.]     In  music,  an  imperfect  or  defective  fourth. 

Hutton. 

SEJM-Dl'ToNE,  71.     [semi  and  It.  ditono.] 

Ill  music,  a  lesser  tiiird,  having  its  terms  as  6  to  5  ; 
a  hen:iJitone.  Hudon. 

SEM'I-DOUB-LE,  (-dub'I,)  71.  [^-cmi  and  double.]  In 
the  Rojnish  breviary,  an  otiice  or  feast  celebrated  with 
less  solemnity  than  the  double  ones,  but  with  more 
than  the  single  ones.  Badcu. 

SEM'I-FLo-RET,  71.  [semi  aud ^orct.]  [Obs.]  [t^ee 
Pemifloscule.] 

SEM-I-FL0S'€ULE,  71.  [semi  nn^  jloscidc.]  A  flos- 
cule  whose  corul  consists  of  a  single  ligule,  i.  e.,  a 
single  strap-shaped  petal ;  as  the  fiorets  of  Leontodon 
Taraxacum,  or  dandelion. 

SEM'I-FLOS'eLf-LOUS,  a.  [semi  and  L.  Jlosculns,  a 
little  flower.  Semifloscular  is  also  used,  but  is  less 
analogical.] 

Composed  of  semiflorets  or  ligulate  florets;  as,  a 
semifloscidous  flower.  Martyn. 

SE.M'I-FLf'ID,  a.  [semi  and  fiiud.]  Imperfectly 
fluid.  Arbiithnot. 

SEM'I-FOR.M-£D,  a.  [semi  and  formed.]  Half 
formed;  imperfectly  formed;  as,  scmi-formcd  crys- 
tals. Edwards,  fVest  Indies. 

SE.M'I-Ho'RAL,  a.     Half-hourly. 

PEM'I-IN'DU-Ra-TED,  a.  [semi  and  induratuL]  Im- 
perfectlv  indurated  or  iiardened. 

SEM'I-LA-PID'1-Fr-£D,  (-fide,)  a.  [semi  and  lapid- 
ified.]    Imperfec:ly  changed  into  stone.      Kinn::!. 

SEM'I-LEN-TIC'U-LAR,  a.      [semi   and   lenticular.] 
Half  lenticular  or  convex  ;  imperfectly  resembling 
a  lens.  Kirwan. 

PE.M-I-LU'NAR,       /  a.     [Fr.  semilunaire ;  h.scmi  and 

SEM-I-Lu'x\A-RV,  i      Una,  moon.] 

Resembling  in  form  a  half  moon.  Grew. 

SEM'I-I\lET-./fL,  71.  [semi  and  metal.]  A  metal  that 
is  not  malleable,  as  bisjimtli,  arsenic,  nickel,  cobalt, 
zinc,  antimony,  manganese,  tungsten,  molybdenum, 
and  uranite.     [J^'ot  now  itsed.]  JV'icholson. 

SEM'I-ME-TAL'LI€,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  senii-nietal, 
or  partaking  of  its  nature  and  qualities.      Kirwan. 

SEM'IN-AL,  a.  [Fr.,  from  seminalis,  from  scme^t,  seed  ; 
from  the  root  of  sow.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  seed,  or  to  the  elements  of  produc- 
tion. 

2.  Contained  in  seed  ;  radical ;  rudimental ;  origin- 
al ;  as,  seminal  principles  of  generation  ;  seminal  vir- 
tue. OtanvUle.     Sioijl. 

Soiiinal  leaf;  the  same  as  seed-leaf. 

SEM'EV-AL,  n.     Seminal  state.  Brown. 

SEM-IN-AL'I-TY,  71.  1'lie  nature  of  seed  ;  or  the 
power  of  being  produced.  Brown. 

SEM'IN-A-RIST,  ?(.  [from  scmmar//.]  A  Roman  Cath- 
olic priest  educated  in  a  foreign  seminary.    Sheldon. 

SEM'IN-A-RY,  71.  [Fr.  seminaire ;  L.  scminarium, 
from  semen,  seed  ;  scmino,  to  sow.] 

1.  A  seed-plat;  ground  where  seed  is  sown  for 
producing  plants  for  transplantation  ;  a  nursery;  as, 
to  transplant  trees  from  a  seminary.  Mortimer. 

[In  this  sense,"the  word  is  not  used  in  America  ; 
being  superseded  by  Nuuserv.] 

2.  The  place  or  original  stock  whence  any  thing 
is  brought. 

This  stratum,  being  tlie  seminary  or  promptanry,  runi'ishing 
mnttrr  for  Ihe  tbrmalion  of  animal  mid  vegetable  bodies. 
[NoC  in  use.]  Woodward. 

3.  Seminal  state.     [J^ot  in  use.]  Brown. 

4.  Source  of  propagation.  Harvey. 

5.  A  place  of  education  ;  any  school,  academy, 
college,  or  university,  in  which  young  persons  are  in- 
structed in  the  several  brandies  of  learning  which 
may  qualify  them  for  their  future  employments. 
[This  is  tlie  only  signijication  of  Vie  word  in  the  United 
States,  at  least  as  far  as  my  knowledge  extends.] 

6.  Seminary  priest;  a  Roman  Catholic  priest  edu- 
cated in  a  foreign  seminary  ;  a  seminarist. 

B.  Jonson. 
SEM'IN-A-RY,  a.    Seminal ;  belonging  to  seed. 

Smith. 
SE.M'IN-.\TE,  V.  t.     [L.  semino.] 

To  sow  ;  to  spread  ;  to  propagate.      Waterkouse. 


SEM 

SEiM-IN-.-1'TION,  n.     [L.  seminalio.]  ' 

1.  The  act  of  sowing.  WuUon. 

2.  Ill  botany,  the  natural  dispersion  of  seeds. 

Martyn. 
SEM'Ii\-£D,  a.    Thick  covered,  as  with  seeds.  [Obs.] 

B.  Jonson, 
SEM-LN'-IF'ER-Ot'S,  a.     [L.  semen,  seed,  and  firo, 

to  produce.] 

Seed-bearing  ;  producing  seed.  Darwin. 

SEM-IN-IF'IC,         I  a.     [L.  semen,  seed,  and  facio.  to 
SEM-L\-IF'1C-AL,  \      make.] 

Forming  or  producing  seed.  Brown. 

SEM-I.N  IF-iC-A'TIOX, Ti.   Propagation  fromtheseed 

or  seminal  parts.  HuU. 

SEM'I-NYMPH,  (-nimf,)  7i.  In  e:tU>moIo^,  the  nymph 

of  insects  wliich  undergo  a  slight  change  only  in 

[)assing  to  a  perfect  slate.  LyonncL 

SE-MI-d-LOG'I€-AL,  a.     Relating  to  the  doctrine  of 

signs  or  symptoms  of  diseases. 
SE-MI-OL'O-GY,  71.     [Gr.  iripctov  and  Aoj  of.l    That 

part  of  medicine  which  treatsof  the  signs  of  diseases. 

It  IS  now  merged  in  Svmptomatology. 
SEM'I-O-pAaUE'  (-pake' )  J       rr  ■      ^  1 

SEM'1-O-PA'eOUS;  '^  j  a.  [L.  semt  and  opacus.] 

Half  transparent  only.  Boyle. 

SEM'I-OTAL,  71.     A  variety  of  opal.  Jamtson. 

SEM'I-OR-BI€'U-LAR,  a.  [semi  and  orbUular.] 
Having  the  shape  of  a  half  orb  or  sphere. 

Martyn 

SEM'I-OR'DI-NATE,  a.  [semi  and  ordinate,]  in 
conic  sections,  a  line  drawn  parallel  to  one  axis,  and 
bisected  by  the  other,  and  reaching  from  one  side  of 
the  section  to  the  other  ;  the  half  of  which  is  pro|»- 
erly  the  semi-ordinate,  but  is  now  called  the  ordi- 
nate. 

SEM'I-OS'SE-OUS,  a.  [semi  and  osseous.]  Of  a 
bony  nature,  but  only  half  as  hard  as  bone. 

Med.  and  Phys.  Journ, 

SE-MI-OT'I€,  a.  [Gr.  o-t/^ciov.]  Relating  to  the  signs 
or  symptoms  of  diseases.  Brande. 

SEM'I-O'VATE,  a.     [semi  and  ovate.]     Half  ovate. 

Lee. 

SEM'I-OX'Y-OEN-A-TED,  a.  Combined  with  oxy- 
gen onlv  in  part.  Kirwan. 

SEM'I-PX'GAN,  a.     Half  pagan. 

SEM'I-PAL'MATE,      )  a.      [semi  and  palmate.]    In 

SEM'I-PAL'Ma-TED,  (  zoologij,  half  palnKit-d  ..r 
webbed;  denoting  that  the  toes  are  connertnl  i.i 
gether  by  a  web  extending  along  only  their  ptuxinKil 
half.  Brande. 

PE:M'LPED,  n.     [semi  and  L.  pes,  a  foot.] 
A  half  foul  ;n  pi  1  try. 

SE-MIP'E-DAL,  a.    Containing  a  half  foot 

SEM'I-PE-La'GI-.W,  n.  In  ecclesiastical  history,  3. 
follower  of  John  Cassianus,  a  French  monk,  who, 
in  430,  modified  tlie  doctrines  of  Pelagins,  by  deny-  I 
ing  human  merit,  and  maintaining  the  necessity  of 
the  Spirit's  influences,  while  he  rejected  the  doctrine 
of  unconditional  election,  the  inability  of  man  to  do 
good,  irresistible  grace,  and  the  certain  perseverance 
of  the  saints.  Murdock. 

SEM'I-PE-La'GI-AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Semi- 
pelagians,  or  their  tenets. 

SEM'I-PE-La'GI-AN-ISM,  71.  The  doctrines  orteneta 
of  the  Semi-pelagians,  supra. 

SE.M'I-PEL-LU'CID,  a.  [semi  and  peUacid.]  Half 
clear,  or  imperfectly  transparent ;  lis,  a,  semi-pellueid 
gem.  Woodward. 

SE.-d'I-PEL-LU-CID'I-TY,  71.  The  quality  or  state 
of  being  imperfectly  transparent. 

SE.M'I-PER-SPie'l^-OUS,  a.  [semi  a.uA  perspicuous.] 
Half  tran.^parent ;  imperfectly  clear.  Grew. 

SEM'I-PHL0-(5lS'Tie-A-TED,  a.    [semi  and  phhgis- 
ticated.] 
Partially  impregnated  with  phlogiston.     [Obs.] 

SEiM'I-PRl-MIG'EN-OUS,  o.  [smiand  primigenous.] 
In  geology,  of  a  middle  nature  between  substances 
of  primary  and  secondary  formation.     [Obs.] 

Kirwan, 

SEM'I-PROOF,  71.  [semi  and  proof.]  Half  proof; 
evidence  from  the  testimony  of  a  single  witness. 
[Little  used.]  Bailey. 

SEM'I-PRO'TO-LITE,  n.  [semt  and  Gr.  rrpwros, 
first,  and  XtOo;,  stone.] 

A  species  of  fossil  of  a  middle  nature  between 
substances  of  primary  and  those  of  secondare'  forma- 
tion.    [  Obs.]  Kirwa/i. 

SEM'I-aUAD'RATE, ;  71.     [L.   semi  and   quaitratus, 

SEM'I-aUAR'TILE,   \      or  quartus,  fourth.] 

.■\n  aspect  of  the  planets,  when  distant  i'rom  each 
(ither  the  half  of  a  quadrant,  or  forty-five  degrees, 
one  sign  and  a  half.  Hutton. 

SEM'I-UUa-VER,  71.  [semi  and  quaver.]  In  music, 
a  note  of  half  the  duration  of  the  quaver;  the  si.v 
teenlh  of  the  seniibreve. 

SE.M'I-aUA-VER,  V.  t.  To  sound  or  sing  in  semiqua- 
vers. Cowpcr. 

SEM'I^aUIN'TILE,  71.  [L.  ^-mji"  and  quintilL^.]  .\n 
asptict  of  the  planets,  when  distant  from  each  other 
half  of  the  quintile,  or  tlnrtv-six  degrees.    HnUon. 

SEM'l-SAV'ACE,  a.  [semi  and  savage.]  Half  sav- 
age ;  half  barbarian. 

SEM'I-SAV'AGE,  71.  One  who  is  half  savage  or  im- 
perfectly civilized.  J.  Barlow. 


TONE,  BJjLL,  UNITE.  — AN"(:r:R,  Vl'CIOUS.  — C  as  K;  Oi  as  J ;  S  as  Z;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

„  __  .  1005 


SEN 

SEM'I-SEX'TILE,  n.  [semi  and  scxtilc]  An  aspect 
of  the  planets,  when  tfiey  are  distant  from  each  oth- 
er the  twelfth  part  of  a  circle,  or  tliirty  degrees. 

HiUton. 

SEM'I-PPIIER'ie,         )  a.      [semi    and    .tpkcriail] 

SEM'I-S1*HEU'I€-AL,  \  Having  the  figure  of  a  half 
sphere.  Kirwan. 

SEM'I-prilE-ROID'AL,  a.     [snni  and  spheroidal.] 
Ffirined  like  a  half  spheroid. 

SEM-l-'rER''l'IAN,  (shan,)  a,  [semi  and  tertian.] 
Conipoimdfd  of  a  tertian  and  quotidian  ague. 

SEM-1-TEIl'TIA.V,  It.  .\n  intermittent  compounded 
of  a  tertian  and  a  quotidian.  Bailey. 

SEM-IT'ie.    See  Shemitic. 

SEM'I-ToNE,  71.  [semi  and  tonr.]  In  music,  half  a 
tone  ;  an  interval  of  sound,  as  between  mi  and  fa  in 
the  diatonic  scale,  which  is  only  half  tlie  distance  of 
tile  interval  between  do  or  ut  and  re,  or  hclvvecn  sul 
and  la,  IlttUon.     Btulnj. 

SEM-I-TON'IC,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  semitone  j  con- 
sisting of  a  semitone  or  of  semilones. 

SEM'I-TRAN'SEPT,  n.    [semi  and  transept;  I*,  tra/is 
and  septum.] 
The  half  of  a  transept  or  cross  aisle. 

SEM'I-TRA\S-PaR'EN-CY,  «.  Imperfect  transpar- 
ency; partial  opaqueness. 

SEM'I-TR.VNS  PaR'ENT,  a.  [semi  :ind  transparejiL] 
Half  or  imperfectly  transparent. 

SEM'I-VER-TIC'IL-LATE,  a.    Partially  verticilatc. 

SmitJt. 

SEM-I-VIT'KE-OUSs  a.    Partially  vitreous. 

Bigclow. 

SEM'I-VIT-RI-FI-eA'TION,  w.  [semi  and  vitrijica- 
tioTu] 

1.  The  state  of  heing  imperfectly  vitrified. 

2.  A  substance  imperfectly  vitrified. 
SEM'I-VIT'RI-FI-ED,  a.     [See  Vitb-fv.j     Half  or 

imperfectly  vitrified  ;  partially  converted  into  glas?. 

SEM'I-V'O'GAL,  a.  [semi  and  voaiL]  Pertainnig  to 
a  semi-vowel ;  half  vocal;  imperfectly  sounding. 

SEM' I- VOW-EL,  n.  [semi  and  vawcl.]  In  grammar, 
a  half  vowel,  or  an  articulation  which  is  accompa- 
nied with  an  imperfect  sound,  which  may  he  con- 
tinued at  pleasure.  Thus  el^  em,  eii,  though  uttered 
with  close  organs,  do  not  wholly  interrupt  ilie  sound  j 
and  they  are  called  scmi-vowcls. 

S£MfOf7Z.£',  (sa-mool",)  n.  [Fr.]  A  name  given  to 
the  large,  hard  grains  retained  in  the  bolting  ma- 
chine after  the  fine  flour  has  been  passed  through  it: 
also  written  Skmolin.\,  from  the  Italian  I7rc. 

SEM-PER-VI'RENT,  a.  [L.  semper,  always,  and  vi- 
rcns^  flourishing.] 

Always  fresh  ;  evergreen.  Lee. 

SEM'PER-VIVE,  71.  [L.  semper,  always,  and  vivus, 
alive.] 

A  plant.  Bacon. 

SEM-PI-TERN'AL,  a.  [Fr.  scmpderncl ;  L.  sempitcr- 
iius ;  semper,  always,  and  eteritus,  eternal.] 

1.  Eternal  in  futurity  ;  everlasting  ;  endless  ;  hav- 
ing beginning,  but  no  end. 

2.  Eternal  ;  everlasting.  Blackmore. 
SEM-PI-TERN'I-TY,  n.     [L.  scmpitcrnitas.'\ 

Future  duration  witiioutend.  Hah. 

SFM' PRE,  [It.]     In  7nusic,  throughout. 

SEMP'?>TRE^S       \  ^^^  Seamster,  SEiMsTREss,  and 

SEMP'STREPS-V.  >      ^^e^mstbessv. 

SEN,  (ultt.  This  word  is  used  by  some  of  our  common 
people  for  Since.  It  seems  to  be  a  contraction  of 
since,  or  it  is  the  Sw.  sen,  Dan.  scon,  slow,  late. 

SEN'A-RY,  a.     [L.  seni,  seiiariiL^.] 

Of  six  i  belonging  to  six  ;  containing  six. 

SEN'ATE,  7i.     [Fr.  senat;  It.  senato;  Sp.  senndv ;  L. 


senaluSf  from  senex,  old,  Ir.  sean^  W.  hen  ;  Ar. 


tj- 


sanna,oT  ^aw  sanak,  to  be  advanced  in  year^.  Un- 
der the  former  verb  is  the  Arabic  word  signifying  a 
tootli,  showing  that  this  is  only  a  dialectical  variation 
of  the  Hob.  j::^.  The  primary  sense  is,  to  extend,  to 
advance,  or  to  wear.  A  senate  was  originally  a 
council  of  tld^r.-.] 

1.  An  assembly  or  council  of  senators  ;  a  body  of 
the  principal  inhabitants  of  a  city  or  state,  invested 
with  a  share  in  iht*  government.  Tlic  seimtc  of  an- 
cient Rome  was  one  of  the  most  illustrious  bodies  of 
men  that  ever  bore  this  name.  Some  of  the  Swiss 
cantons  have  a  senate,  either  k-gislative  or  executive. 

2.  In  the  United  States^  senate  denotes  the  higher 
branch  or  house  of  a  legislature.  Such  i^  the  senate 
of  the  United  Slates,  or  upper  house  of  the  congress; 
and  in  most  of  the  States,  the  higher  and  least  nu- 
merous branch  of  the  legislature  is  calU-d  the  senate. 
In  the  United  Slates,  the  senate  is  an  elective  body. 

3.  In  the  universitjj  of  Cambrid<re,  Kmrland,  the 
governing  body  of  the  university.  It  is  drvitlod  into 
two  houses,  denominated  reircnts^  (rc/rcntes,)  and 
non-re.'reTds,  {non-rcgcnte^.)  The  former  consists  of 
masters  of  arts  of  less  than  five  years'  standing,  and 
doctors  of  less  than  two,  and  is  called  the  upprr 
kouse,  or  whitehnod  house,  from  its  members  wearing 
hoods  lined  with  white  silk.    All  other  masters  and 


SEN 

doctors  who  keep  their  names  on  the  college  books 
are  non-regents,  and  compose  the  lower  house,  or 
black-kood  huase^  its  members  wearing  black  silk 
iioods.  Cam.  Cat. 

A.  In  a  /oo.vcr  ,?£77.sc,  any  legislative  or  deliberative 
hodv  of  men  ;  as,  the  eloquence  of  the  senate. 

SEN'ATE-HOUSE,  7J.  A  house  in  which  a  senate 
nu:ets,  or  a  place  of  public  council.  S/ioA. 

SEiV'A-TOR,  n.     A  member  of  a  senate.     In  Scot- 
laud,  the  lords  of  session  are  called  a-C7Ui(07-*  of  the 
colkge  of  justice. 
2.  A  ccuuisclor;  a  judge  or  magistrate.      Ps.  cv. 

SEN-A-To'RI-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  n  senate  ;  hecom- 
iHg  a  senator;  as,  senatorial  robes;  senatorial  elo- 
quence. 

2.  Entitled  to  elect  a  senator;  as,  a  senatorial  dis- 
trict. United  States. 

SEN-A-To'RI-AL-LY,  ado.  In  the  manner  of  a  sen- 
ate ;  with  dignity  or  solemnity. 

SEN-A-T5'RI-Ai\.    The  same  as  Senatorial.  [Obs.] 

SEN'A-TOR-SHIP,  n.  The  ofrice  or  dignity  of  a  sen- 
ator. Carew. 

SEJVA'TUS  COJ^-SUL'TUM,  [L.]  A  decree  of  the 
senate. 

SEND,  V.  t. :  prct.  and  pp.  Sbnt.  [Sax.  scndan  ;  Goth. 
sandyan;  D.  zendeui  G.  scndeiii  Sw.  sdnda;  Dan. 
sender.] 

1.  In  rt  jTcneral  sense,  to  throw,  cast,  or  thrust ;  to 
impel  or  drive  by  force  to  a  distance,  either  v/ith  the 
hand  or  with  an  instrument,  or  by  other  means. 
We  send  a  ball  with  the  hand  or  with  a  bat  j  a  bow 
sends  an  arrow  ;  a  cannon  sends  a  shot ;  a  trumpet 
sends  the  voice  much  farther  than  the  unassisted 
organs  of  speech. 

2.  To  cause  to  be  conveyed  or  transmitted  ;  as,  to 
send  letters  or  dispatches  from  one  country  to 
anotlier. 

3.  To  cause  to  go  or  pass  from  place  to  place  ;  as, 
to  send  a  messenger  from  London  to  Madrid. 

4.  To  commission,  authorize,  or  direct  to  go  and 
act. 

I  h.ivc  not  sent  ihcse  prophets,  yet  they  ran.  —  Jcr.  xxiii. 

5.  To  cause  to  come  or  fall ;  to  bestow. 

He  sendeVi  rain  on  tli?  just  mid  on  llie  unjust.  —  Mali,  v. 

G.  To  cause  to  come  or  fall ;  to  inflict. 

Tlie  I-onl  shall  send  upoo  Ihee  tnrsio^,  vexation,  and  rebuke.  — 

Dciil.  xxviii. 
If  I  sejul  pcslilfiice  amoujr  my  people.  — 2  Chron.  vii. 

7.  To  propagate ;  to  diffuse. 

Cherubic  Eonga  hy  night  from  neighboring  hills 

A'--ri  tl  music  rerui.  ^Ttlton. 

To  send  away  ;  to  dismiss  ;  to  cause  to  depart. 

To  send  forth  or  out ;  to  produce  ;  to  put  or  bring 
forth  ;  as,  a  tree  sends  forth  branches. 

2.  To  emit ;  as,  flowers  send  forth  their  fragrance. 
James  iii. 
SEND,  V.  i.    To  dispatch  an  agent  or  messenger  for 
some  purpose. 

See  ye  how  this  son  of  a  murtlerer  liath  tent  to  take  away  my 
head  i  —  2  Kings  vi. 

So  we  say,  we  sent  to  invite  guests ;  we  .icnt  to  in- 
quire into  the  facts. 

2,  Among  6'ca/Hf»,  to  pitch  ;  as,  the  ship  sciids  for- 
ward so  violently  as  to  endanger  her  masts. 

Tottcn. 
To  send  for;  to  request  or  require  by  message  to 
come  or  be  brought ;  as,  to  send  for  a  physician  ;  to 
send  fur  a.  coach.    But  these  expressions  are  elliptical. 
SEN'DAL,  H.     [Sp.  ccndal.] 

A  liglit,  thin  stuff  of  silk  or  thread.     [JVot  in  vse.] 

Chaucer. 
SEND'ER,  n.    One  that  sends.  Shak. 

SEN'E-GA,  )  7[.    A  plant  called  Rattlesnake-Root, 
SEN'E-KA,  j      the  Polygala  senega. 
SEN'E-GAL.     See  Gl-m-Sexegal. 
SEN'E-GIN,  H.    The  bitter,  acrid  principle  of  polygala 
senega.     It  is  now  known  to  be  an  acid,  and  has 
been  called  PoLyG^ijc  Acid. 
SE-NES'CENCE,  n.      [L.  sencsco,  from  senci,  old. 
See  Senate.] 
The  state  of  growing  old  ;  ilccay  by  time. 

JVoodward. 
SEN'ES-CHAL,  (scn'e-shal,)  n.  [Fr.  sendchal ;  It. 
sinj-vcaico ;  Sp.  senescal ;  G.  sencschall.  The  origin 
and  signification  of  the  first  part  of  tlie  word  are  not 
ascertained.  The  latter  part  is  the  Teutonic  sehaik 
or  scealc,  a  servant,  as  in  marshal.'] 

A  steward  ;  an  officer  in  the  houses  of  princes  and 
dignitaries,  who  has  the  superintendence  of  feasts 
and  domestic  ceremonies.  In  some  instances,  the 
seneschal  is  an  oflicer  who  has  the  dispensing  of  jus  - 
tice  ;  as,  the  high  senesehalof  England.  Enajc. 
SEN'GREEN,  71.  A  plant,  the  houseleek,  of  the  ge- 
nus Sempcrvivum.  Fam.  of  Plants. 
Se'NILE,  a.     [L.  senilis.] 

Pertaining  to  old  age  ;  proceeding  from  age. 

Boyle. 
SE-NIL'I-TY,  71.    Old  age.     [J^ot  much  used.] 

Boswell- 
SkN'IOR,  (seen'yur,)  a.     [L.  senior,  comp.  of  sckc^j 
old.     See  Senate.] 
1.  Elder  or  older ;  but  as  an  adjective,  it  usually  sig- 


SEN 

nifies  older  in  oflice  ;  as,  the  ^att'or  pastor  of  a  church, 
where  there  arc  colleagues  ;  a  saiior  counselor.  In 
such  nso,  senior  has  no  reference  to  age,  for  a  senior 
counselor  may  be,  and  often  is,  the  younger  man. 

H.  Noting  the  fourth  year  of  the  collegiate  course 
in  the  American  colleges,  or  the  third  year  in  the- 
ological seminaries. 
SkN'IUR,  (seen'yur,)  n.    A  person  who  is  older  than 
another;  one  more  advanced  in  life. 

2.  One  that  is  ohlcr  in  office,  or  one  whose  first 
entrance  upon  an  office  was  anterior  to  that  of  an- 
other. Tlius  a  senator  or  counselor  of  sixty  years 
of  age  often  has  a  senior  who  is  not  fifty  years  of 
age. 

3.  Aji  aged  person  ;  one  of  the  oldest  inhabitants. 

A  senior  of  the  place  replica,  Dryden. 

4.  One  in  the  fourth  year  of  his  collegiate  course 
at  an  American  college ;  originally  calleil  senurr 
sQphistcr.  [See  Sophister.]  Also,  one  in  the  third 
year  of  his  course  at  a  theological  seminary. 

SeN-IOR'I-TY,  (sen-yor'e-le,)  n.  Eldership  ;  supe- 
rior age  ;  priority  of  birtii.  He  is  Iho  elder  brother, 
and  entitled  to  the  place  by  seniority. 

2.  Priority  in  office  ;  as,  the  seniority  of  a  ])astor  or 
counselor. 

SeN'IOR-Y,  71.    The  same  as  SENioniTV.         Shiik. 

SEN'NA,  71.  [Pers.  and  Ar.  ULw  sana.  Qu.  from 
Ch.  and  Syr.  tSD,  to  strain,  purge,  purify.  The  com- 
mon pronunciation,  scena,  is  incorrect] 

The  leaves  of  various  species  of  Cassia,  the  best 
of  which  are  natives  of  tiie  East  ;  used  as  a  cathar- 
tic. 
SEN'NIGHT,  (sen'nit,)  n.      [Contracted  from  scocn- 
ni^Jit,  as  furtni'jht  from  fouricennighi.] 

The  space  of  seven  nights  and  days ;   a  week. 

The  conrt  will  be  held  this  day  sennight,  that  is,  a 

_week  from  this  day  ;  or  the  court  will  be  held  next 

Tuesday  sennight,  a  week  from  next  Tuesday. 
SEN'NIT,  n.    A  fiat,  braided  cord,  formed  byplailing 

rope-yarns  together.  Tottcn. 

SE-NOe'U-LAR,  a.  [L.  seni,  six,  and  oculus,  the 
eye.] 

Having  six  eyes. 

Most  animala  arc  buiocular,  epiders  octooocidar,  and  Bome  te- 
nocular.  Derham. 

SENS'aTE,      \  a.     [See  Sense.]     Perceived  hy  the 
SENS'a-TED,  j      senses.  llooke. 

SEN-Sa'TION,  n.     [Fr. ;   It.  smsazione;   Sp.  sensa- 

cion ;   from   L.    se7isiis,    scntio,    to    perceive.      See 

Sense.] 

1.  In  mental  philo-tophy,  an  impression  made  upon 
the  mind  through  the  medium  of  the  senses.  It  dif- 
fers from  perception,  which  is  the  knowledge  of  ex- 
ternal objects  consequent  on  sensation. 

2.  Feeling  ;iwakened  by  external  objects,  or  by 
some  change  in  the  internal  stale  of  tlie  body  ;  as,  a 
sensation  of  heaviness,  &c. 

3.  Feeling  awakened  by  immaterial  objects ;  as, 
seyisatioTUi  of  awe  in  the  divine  presence. 

4.  A  state  of  excited  interest  or  feeling;  as,  "the 
seyisatioii  caused  by  the  appearance  of  thai  work  is 
still  remembered  by  many."  Brouglianu 

SENSE,  (sens,)  n.  [Fr.  sens;  It.  senso:  Sp.  sentido  ; 
from  L.  ."icnsus,  from  sentio,  to  feel  or  perceive  ;  W. 
syndaw,  id. ;  syn,  sense,  feeling,  perception  ;  G.  .<{inn, 
sense,  mind,  intention;  D.  zvi;  Sw.  sinne;  Dan. 
sindj  .*:ands.] 

1.  The  faculty  by  which  animals  perceive  external 
objects  by  means  of  impressions  made  on  certain  or- 
gans of  the  body.  Encyc. 

Sense  is  a  branch  of  perception.  The  five  sciL^es 
of  animals  are,  1,  special,  as  smell,  sight,  hearing, 
tasting;  2,  comTnon,  as  feeling. 

2.  Sensation  ;  perception  by  the  senses.    Bacon. 

3.  Perception  by  the  intellect;  apprehension;  dis- 
cernment. 

Thid  Eaailius,  having  the  qnick  sensa  of  a  lover.  Svlnt\j. 

4.  Sensibility  ;  quickness  or  acutenesa  of  percep- 
tion. Shak, 

5.  Understanding;  soundness  of  faculties;  strength 
of  natural  reason. 

Oppressod  na  i;r*  sleeps ; 
This  rest  mi^hlyct  have  lj;ilincd  thy  ^.tokva  senses.         Sliok. 

6.  Reason  ;  reasonable  or  rational  meaning. 

lie  raves  ;  bis  words  are  loose 
As  heaps  of  sand,  and  scattering  wide  from  sense.      Dnjilcn. 

7.  Opinion  ;  notion  ;  judgment. 

I  Hpi;ak  tny  piivulc  but  imp'irUal  eenee 

Wiih  rrcedom.  Roscommon. 

8.  Consciousness ;  conviction  ;  as,  a  due  sense  of 
our  weakness  or  sinfulness. 

9.  Moral  perception. 

Some  are  so  hank'ned  in  wickedness,  as  to  liave  no  sense  of  the 
most  friendly  wHiccs.  L'Eatrange. 

10.  Meaning;  import;  signification;  as,  the  Inie 
sense  of  words  or  phrases.  In  interpretation,  we  are 
to  examine  whether  words  are  to  be  understood  in  a 
literal  or  figurative  sense.  So  we  (^i-eak  of  a  legal 
sense,  a  grammatical  sense,  an  historical  sense,  &c. 

Common  sen.^e ;  that  power  of  the  mind  which,  by 


"1 


Fate,  far,  fall,  what.  — mete,  pre  v.  — fine,  marine,  bird.  — note,  dove,  move,  wolf,  book.- 

"     J00§  "  


SEN 

a  kind  or  instinct,  orasliort  process  of  reasoning,  per- 
ceives irnth,  the  Filiation  of  things,  cause  and  effect, 
&c.,  anJ  hence  ciuibk-s  the  possessor  to  discern  what 
is  righl,  useful,  expedient,  or  proper,  and  adopt  the 
best  nieai.s  to  accomplish  his  purpose.  This  power 
seems  to  be  the  gift  of  nature,  improved  by  experi- 
ence snd  observation. 

Moral  sense:  a  determination  of  the  mind  to  be 
pleased  witli  the  contemplation  of  those  aflections, 
actions,  or  characters  of  rational  agents,  which  are 
called  good  or  virtuous.  Enajc. 

SENS'EO,  (senst,)  pp.  Perceived  by  the  senses. 
[JX'Vf  in  use.]  Olatirille. 

SL-XSETUL,  a.    Reasonable;  judicious.  [J\'ot  in  vse.] 

JVorris. 

SEXSE'LESS,  a.  Wanting  the  faculty  of  perception. 
The  body,  when  dead,  is  scitsele^s ;  but  a  limb  or 
other  part  of  the  body  may  be  someics.^^  when  the 
rest  of  the  body  enjoys  its  usual  sensibility. 

2.  Unfeeling;  wanting  sympathy. 

The  sinseUss  grave  fi.*els  not  your  pious  aortows,  liotoe. 

3.  Unreasonable;  foolish;  stupid. 

They  would  repent  Ihis  their  senseiess  pcrverscness,  when  it 
would  be  LOO  late.  Clarendon. 

4.  Unreasonable ;  stupid ;  acting  without  sense  or 
judgment. 

Tl-.i?y  were  a  senseless,  stupid  race.  Sm/l. 

5.  Control^'  to  reason  or  sound  judgment  ;  as,  to 
destroy  by  a  senseless  f()ndness  the  happiness  of 
children. 

6.  Wanting  knowledge  ;  unconscious  ;  with  ofj 
as,  libertines  senseless  of  any  charm  in  love. 

Soutlieryi. 

7.  Wanting  sensibility  or  quick  perception. 

Pcadtam. 
SEXSE'LESS-LY,  adti.     In  a  senseless  manner  ;  stu- 
pidly ;  unreasonably  ;  as,  a  man  satsetesshj  arrogant. 

Locke, 
SEXSE'LES?-XESS,   n.      Unreasonableness;   folly; 

stupiditv  ;  absurdity.  Qreio. 

SEXS-I-BIL'I-TV,  7t.     [Fr.  sensibilite  ;  fiom  sensible.] 

1.  Susceptibility  of  impressions  upon  the  organs 
of  sense  ;  the  capacity  of  feeling  or  perceiving  the 
impressions  of  external  objects  ;  applied  to  animal 
bodies ;  as  when  we  say  a  frozen  limb  has  lost  its 
sensilfility. 

2.  Acuteness  of  sensation ;  applied  to  the  hody. 

3.  Capacity  or  acuteness  of  jierception  ;  that  qual- 
ity which  renders  us  susceptible  of  impressions ; 
delicacy  of  feeling;  as,  sensibility  to  pleasure  or 
pain  ;  sensibility  to  shame  or  praise  ;  exquisite  seiisi- 
billty. 

4.  Actual  feeling. 

This  adds  greatly  to  my  aensU^Hty.  Burke. 

[This  word  is  often  used  in  this  manner  for 
Sensation.] 

5.  It  is  sometimes  used  in  the  plural. 

}3is  sensibilitus  seem  mthcr  to  hare  been   those  of  n:itriolism, 

than  of  wounded  pnde.  A^rshdU. 

Sensiidlides  uoiriendJy  to  happiness  may  b?  acquired.      Eticyc. 

6.  Nice  perception,  so  to  speak,  of  a  balance ;  that 
quality  of  a  balance  which  renders  it  movable  with 
the  smallest  weight,  or  the  qtiality  or  state  of  any 
instrument  that  renders  it  easily  affected  ;  as,  the 
sensib'dity  of  a  balance  or  of  a  thermometer. 

Lavoisier. 
SEXS'I-BLE,  a.     [Fr.  and  Sp    id.;  It.  sensibile.] 

1.  Having  the  capacity  of  receiving  impressions 
from  external  objects;  capable  of  perceiving  by  the 
instrumentality  of  the  proper  organs.  We  say,  the 
body  or  the  flesh  is  sensible,  when  it  feels  tlie  im- 
pulse of  an  external  body.  It  may  be  more  ur  less 
sensible.  Darwin. 

2.  Perceptible  by  the  senses.  The  light  of  the 
moon  furnishes  no  sensible  heat. 

Ajr  is  tetisible  lo  the  touch  by  'tis  motion.  ArbuCfinol. 

3.  Perceptible  or  perceived  by  the  mind. 

The  dii^Tttt  was  more  tensibte  Uian  the  pain.  Temple, 

4.  Perceiving  or  having  perception,  either  by  the 
mind  or  the  senses. 

A  rrMx  cAonot  think  at  any  lime,  ^-aJdng  or  slecpioj,  without 
being  sensible  of  n.  Locke. 

.■i.  Having  moral  perception;  capable  of  being  af- 
f'^ct^d  by  moral  good  or  evil. 

If  thou  wert  sensihle  of  cotirtpsy, 

1  should  not  make  so  great  a  show  of  zeal.  S^ak. 

C.  Having  acute  intellectual  feeling;  being  easily 
or  strongly  affected  ;  as,  to  be  sensible  of  wrong. 

Dryden. 

7.  Perceiving  so  clearly  as  to  be  convinced  ;  satis- 
fied ;  persuaded.  Boswcll. 

Tbcj-  are  n-jw  sensStle  il  would  have  been  better  to  comply,  than 
to  reluK.  AadUon. 

8.  rmelligcnt;  discerning;  as,  a.  scnsii>le  tnctn. 

9.  llovable  by  a  very  small  weight  or  impulse  ;  as, 
a  srn^Uile  balance  is  necessary  lo  ascertain  exact 
Weight,  Lavoisier. 

iO.  Affected  by  a  slight  degree  of  heat  or  cold  ;  as, 
a  sen.nl/le  thermometer.  Thomson. 


SEN 

n.  Containing  good  sense  or  sound  reason. 

lie  addressed  Cl.tiiOius  in  thu  following'  sena^le  and  noble 
»pP«li-  Henry. 

Sensible  note;  in  music,  that  which  constitutes  a 
third  major  above  the  dominant,  and  a  semitone  be- 
neath the  tonic.  Encyc. 

SENS'I-BLE,  «.  Sensation  ;  also,  whatever  may  be 
perceived.     [Little  used.] 

SEXS't-BLE-NESS,  n.  rossibiiity  of  being  perceived 
by  the  senses  ;  as,  the  sensibUness  of  odor  or  sound. 

2.  Actual  perception  by  the  mind  or  body  ;  as,  the 
seiisibleiicss  of  an  intpression  on  the  organs.  [But 
qu.] 

3.  Sensibility  ;  quickness  or  acuteness  of  percep- 
tion ;  as,  the  sensiblencss  of  the  eye.  Sfiaip. 

4.  Susceptibility  ;  capacity  of  being  strongly  af- 
fected, or  actual  feeling ;  consciousness  ;  as,  the  sen- 
siblencss of  the  soul  and  sorrow  fur  sin.     Hammond. 

5.  Jiitelligence  ;  reasonableness  ;  good  sense. 

6.  Susceptibility  of  slight  impressions.  [See 
Sensible,  X^o.  9,  10.] 

SEXS'I-BLV,  adv.  In  a  manner  to  be  perceived  by 
the  senses  ;  perceptibly  lo  the  senses  ;  as,  pain  sens- 
ibly increased  ;  motion  sensibly  accelerated. 

2.  With  perception,  either  of  mind  or  body.  He 
ftels  his  loss  very  sensibly. 

3.  Externally;  by  affecting  the  senses,    lloolicr. 

4.  With  quick  intellectual  perception. 

5.  With  intelligence  or  good  sense ;  judiciously. 
The  man  converses  very  sensibly  on  all  coiniuon 
topics. 

SENS-IF'F.H-OUS.  a.    Producing  sense.         Kirby. 
SEXS-IF'ie,  a.     [L.  scnsus  and  facio.] 

Producing  sensation.  Good. 

SENS'I-TIVE,  a.  [It.  and  Sp.  sensitivo ;  Fr.  seji.tUif; 
L.  sensiticusj  from  scn.'ius,  sentio.] 

1.  Having  sense  or  feeling,  or  having  the  capacity 
of  perceiving  impressions  from  external  objects  ;  as, 
sensitive  soul ;  seiisitioe  appetite ;  sen.i:itive  faculty. 

Ray.     Dnjden. 

2.  Having  quick  and  acute  sensibility,  either  to 
the  action  of  external  objects,  or  to  impressions  upon 
the  mind  and  feelings. 

3.  That  affuctsthe  senses  ;  a.s,  sensitive  objects. 

Hammond. 

4.  Pertaining  to  the  senses,  or  to  sensation;  de- 
pending on  sensation;  as,  sensitive  motions;  sensi- 
tive muscular  motions  excited  by  irritation.    Darwin. 

SENS'I-TIVE-LY,  adv.     In  a  sensitive  manner. 

Hammond. 

SEXS'I-TIVE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  having  quick 
and  acute  sensibility,  either  to  the  action  of  external 
objects,  or  to  impressions  upon  the  mind  and  feel- 
ings. 

SEXS'I-TIVE-PLAXT,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Mi- 
mosa, so  called  because  its  leaves  and  footstalks 
shrink,  contract  and  fall,  on  being  slightly  touched. 

Brandc. 

SENS-o'RI-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  sensory  or  sen- 
sorium  ;  as,  sensorial  faculties  ;  sensorial  motions  or 
powers.  Darwin. 

SENS-o'RI-UM,  )         rr        J  ,■   i 

1.  The  seat  of  sense  and  perception,  commonly 
supposed  to  be  seated  in  some  part  of  the  contents  of 
th;*  cranium. 

2.  Organ  of  sense;  as,  double  sensoriesy  two  eyes, 
two  ears,  &c.  Hentley. 

SENS'l^AL,  a.  [It.  sensuale ;  Sp.  sensual;  Fr.  sen- 
suel ;  from  L.  scnsns.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  senses,  as  distinct  from  the 
mind  or  soul. 


SEN 


Far  as  creaiiun's  ample  range  extends, 
The  6C;\le  of  sensual,  mental  powers  ascends. 


Pope, 


2.  Consisting  in  sense, ordependingon  it ;  as,5t7J5- 
ual  appetites,  hunger,  lust,  &.C. 

3.  Affecting  tlie  senses,  or  derived  from  them  ;  as, 
sensual  pleasure  or  gratification.    Hence, 

4.  In  theology,  carnal ;  pertaining  to  the  flesh  or 
body,  in  opposition  to  the  spirit;  not  spiritual  or  ho- 
ly ;  evil.     James  iii.    Jude  19. 

'  5.  Devoteil  to  the  gratitication  of  sense  ;  given  to 
the  indulgence  of  the  appetites;  lewd  ;  luxurious. 

No  small  part  of  virtue  consists  in  alistainin*  from  that  in  which 
sensual  men  place  their  felicity.  Auei-bury. 

SENS'^-AL-ISM,n.  The  doctrine  that  all  our  ideas, 
or  the  operations  of  the  understanding,  not  only 
originate  in  sensation,  but  are  transformed  sensations^ 
copies,  or  relics  of  sensations.  Condillac, 

9.  A  state  of  subjection  to  sensual  feelings  and  ap- 
petite. 

SENS'TJ-AL-IST,  n,  A  person  given  to  the  indulgence 
of  the  appetites  or  senses  ;  one  who  places  his  chief 
happiness  in  carnal  pleasures.  South. 

SEXS-U-AL'I-TY,    )  n.     [It.  sensualitd  ;  Sp.  scnsuali- 

SEXS'U-AL-XESS,  \      dad;  Fr.  sensualite,] 

Devolcdnoss  to  the  gratification  of  the  bodily  ap- 
petites ;  free  indulgence  in  carnal  or  sensual  pleas- 
ures. 

Thoso  pnmpered  animals 
That  rJ^-  in  sarufe  sensuality,  Shak. 

They  avoi<i  rlr:»6  k-rt  they  should  hare  aOectioiui  tainted  by  niiy 
sensuality.  Addison, 


SENS-U-AL-I-Za'TION,  n.  The  act  of  sensualizing; 
the  state  of  being  sensualized. 

SENS'U-AL-IZE,  T). /.  'Jo  make  sensual;  to  subject 
to  the  love  of  sensual  pleasure  ;  to  debase  by  carnal 
gratifications  ;  as,  sensualized  by  pleasure.       Pffpe. 

By  th-:  nrgktA  '4  prayer,  th-.-  tlioughu  are  lenstiaUztd. 

T.  H.  Skinner. 

SEXS'fJ-AL-IZ-EI),  pp.    Made  sensual. 

SENS'U-AL-IZ-I.St;,  ppr.  Subjecting  lo  the  love  of 
sensu;d  pleasure. 

SENS' LJ-AL-LV,  ndv.     In  a  sensual  manner. 

SEXS'U-OUS,  o.  Pertaining  to  sense  ;  feeling;  con- 
nected with  sensible  objects;  as,  poetry  is  more 
simple,  sensuous^  and  passionate.  J^ilton. 

SENT,  pret,  and  pp.  of  Sesd. 

SEN'TENCE,  71.  [Fr. ;  It.  sentejiza  ;  Sp.  sentencia; 
from  L.  acnfentia,  tVom  sentio,  to  think.] 

1.  Inlaw,  a  judgment  pronounced  by  a  court  or 
jiulge  upon  a  criminal;  a  judicial  decision  publicly 
and  officially  declared  in  a  criminal  prosecution.  In 
technical  language,  sentence  is  used  only  for  the  dec- 
laration of  judgment  against  one  convicted  of  a 
crime.  In  civil  cases,  the  decision  of  a  court  is 
called  aJuDcaiEST.  In  criminal  c^i^a,  sentence  is  a 
judgment  pronounced  ;  doom. 

2.  In  language  not  technical,  tx  determination  or  de- 
cision given,  particularly  a  decision  tliat  condemns, 
or  an  unfavorable  determination. 

L*-t  him  set  out  some  of  Lullirr'a  woits,  iliat  by  them  we  may 
pass  senUnce  upon  hia  doctiines.  Atberbury. 

3.  An  opinion  ;  judgment  concerning  a  contro- 
verted point.    JScts  XV. 

4.  A  maxim  ;  an  axiom  ;  a  short  saying  containing 
moral  instruction.  Broome. 

5.  Vindication  of  one's  innocence.    Ps.  ivii. 

('}.  In  grammar,  a  period  ;  a  number  of  words  con- 
taining complete  sense  or  a  sentiment,  and  followed 
by  a  full  pause.  Sentences  are  simple  or  compound. 
A  simple  sentence  consists  of  one  subject  and  one 
finite  verb;  as,  "the  Lord  reigns."  A  compound 
sentence  contains  two  or  more  subjects  and  finite 
verbs,  as  in  this  verse  : 

Ue  fills,  he  bounds,  connects,  and  equals  all.  Pope, 

A  dark  sentence ;  a  saying  not  easily  explained. 

Dan.  viii. 
SEN'TEXCE,  V,  t.    To  pass  or  pronounce  the  judg- 
ment of  a  court  on  ;  to  doom  ;  as,  to  sentence  a  con- 
vict to  death,  to  transportation,  or  to  imprisonment. 
2.  To  condemn  ;  to  doom  to  punishment. 

Nature  herself  ia  sentenced  in  your  doom.  Dr-   '■'■  r.. 

SEN'TENC-ED,    (sen'tenst,)    pp.       Doomed;    con- 
demned. 
SEN'TEX-CER,n.    One  who  pronounces  a  sentence. 

SEN'TEN-CIXG,  p;>r.    Pronouncing  the  judg:u  •■•  : 

a  court  on. 
SEN-TEN'TIAL,  a.    Comprising  sentences. 

^''etccomc. 
2.  Pertaining  to  a  sentence  or  full  period  ;   as,  a 
sentential  pause.  Slieridan. 

SEX-TEX'TIA-RY,  n.  Formerly,  one  who  read  lec- 
tures, or  conmiented  on  the  sentences  of  Peter  Lor- 
ribard,  .Archbishop  of  Paris,  a  school  divine. 

Hc7try,  Brit. 
SEN-TEX'TIOUS,  (-shus,)  a.     [Fr.  seiitattieux ;    It. 
sentcnzioso.] 

1.  Abounding  with  sentences,  axioms,  and  max- 
ims; short  and  energetic;  as,  ;i  sententious  style  or 
discourse ;  sententious  Inilh.  Waller. 

How  he  apes  his  &ire, 
Ambitiously  sentendous  I  Addison. 

2.  Comprising  sentences ;  as,  sententious  marks. 

Grew. 
[This  should  be  Sentential.] 
SEN-TEN'TIOUS-LY,  adv.    In  short,  expressive  p 
riods;  with  striking  brevity. 

Nausicaa  delivers  her  Judgment  senlentiously,  to  give  it  ;  . 
weight-  iirao:rie. 

SEX-TEX'TIOUS-NESS,  7i.  Pithiness  of  sentences  ; 
brevity  with  strength. 

The  Medea  I  esteem  for  its  gravity  and  aenUntiousnesi. 

Dryden. 

SEN'TER-Y  and  SEN'TRY  arc  corrupted  from  Ses- 

TIXEL. 

SEN'TIENT,  (sen'shent,)  a.     [L.  senticns,  sentio.] 
That  perceives  ;  having  the  faculty  of  perception 
Man  is  a  sentient  being;  he  possesses  a  sentient  prin- 
ciple. 

SEX'TIEXT,  (sen'shent,)  a.    A  being  or  person  that 
has  the  faculty  of  perception. 
2.  He  tliat  perceives.  OlaHvUle. 

SEN'TIENT-LY,  ado.  In  a  sentient  or  perceptive 
manner. 

SEN'TI-MENT,  n.  [Fr.  id.;  It.  sentimento;  Sp.  sen- 
timicntoi  from  L.  sentio,  to  feel,  pensive,  or  think.] 

1.  Properly,  a  thought  prompted  by  passion  or  feel- 
ing, '  Karnes. 

2.  In  a  pojndar  ^ctiotc,  thought ;  opinion;  notion; 
judgment;  the  decision  of  the  mind  formed  by  de- 
liberation or  reasoning.  Th-is,  in  deliberative  bodies, 
every  man  has  the  privilc;;e  <if  delivering  his  scJiti- 
incnts  upon  questions,  motions,  and  bUls- 


TONE,  BULL,  IJNITE.  — AN"GER,  V^'CIOUS.— e  as  K;  G  as  J;  S  as  Z ;  CII  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

'  ^  iooT 


SEP 


SEP 


.     To  aflcct  ex(iuisite 
Will]  iiit.lUcliiiil  fiil- 


3.  The  sense,  thought,  or  opinion,  contained  in 
words,  but  considered  as  distinct  t'roin  tliem.  We 
may  like  the  sentiment,  wlien  we   dislike  the   lau- 

4.  Sensibility  ;  feeling  Slicridan. 
SEN-TI-MENT'AL,  a.    Abounding  with  sinlinient, 

or  Just  opinions  or  reHcctions;  as,  a  sentimental  dis- 
course. 

2.  Expressing  quick  intellectual  feeling. 

3.  Allecting  sensibility  ;  in  ii  coiUcmptmn.':  sense. 

Sheridan. 

SEN-TI-MENT'AL-ISM,7i.    Sentimentality;  aHecta- 
tion  of  exquisite  feeling  or  sensibility.    Wilhington. 

SEN-TI-MENT'AL-IST,  n.     One  that  afl'ects  sciiti- 
inciit,  fine  ftelinj,  or  exquisite  sensibility. 

SEN-TI-ME^T-AI/I-TY,  n.    Atfectali.'n  of  fine  feel- 
in"  or  exqnisitr  >.riisibilily.  H'arton. 

SEN-TI-MENT'AI,  IZE,   v. 
sensibility. 

SEN-TI-MENT'AlrLY,  adv. 
ing  or  sensibility. 

SEN'TI-NEL,  II.     [Fr.  sciOinellc;  It.  and  Port,  scnti- 
nella  :  Sp.  eentincla  ;  from  L.  setitiii,  to  perceive.] 

In  military  affairs,  a  soldier  set  to  watch  or  guard 
an  army,  camp,  or  other  place,  from  surprise,  to  ob- 
serve the  approach  of  danger  and  give  notice  of  it. 
In  jiopular  asc,  the  word  is  contracted  into  Seniuv. 

SEN'TI-NEL-KD,  «.    Furnished  with  a  sentinel. 

SEN'TRY,  71.     [See  Skntinei..] 

1.  A  sentinel  ;  a  soldier  placed  on  guard. 

2.  Guard  ;  watch  ;  the  duty  of  a  sentinel. 

O'er  my  sluiiibere  eentry  keep.  Broian. 

SEN'TRY-BOX,  n.     A  box  to  cover  a  sentinel  at  his 
post,  and  shelter  hini  from  the  weather. 

SEJfZJi,  [It.  i  Fr.  sans.]     Without. 

SEP'AL,  11.     [from  L.  sepia.] 

In  botany,  a  distinct  part  of  that  sort  of  calyr 
which  is  called  a  Perianth.  When  a  perianth 
consists  of  but  one  part,  it  is  said  to  be  mmosepa. 
(oik,  when  of  two  or  more  parts,  it  is  said  to  be 
di,  tri,  Mrs,  peatasepalous,  etc.  When  of  a  variable 
and  indefinite  number  of  parts,  it  is  said  to  be  poly- 
sepalous. 

SEP'.VLOID,  a.    Like  a  sepal,  or  distinct  part  of  a 

perianth. 
SEP-.\-R.\-BIL'I-TY,ti.    [(wm  separable]    The  qual- 
ity of  being  separable,  or  of  admitting  separation  or 
disunion. 

Sfparahilitij  ia  tlie  {Treatest  argument  ol  real  tllsliiiclion. 
'^  '  Clanuilte. 

SEP'A-EA-BLE,  a.     [Fr.,  from  L.  separabilis.     See 
Separate.] 

That  may  be  separated,  disjoined,  disunited,  or 
rent ;  as,  the  separable  parts  of  plants  ;  qualities  not 
.'separable  from  the  substance  in  wliicli  they  exist. 

SEP'A-RA-BLE-NESS,  v.    The  quality  of  being  ca- 
pable of  separation  or  disunion. 

Trials  permit   me  not  to  doubt  of  the  ssjiarablcncsB  of  a  yellow 
Uiicluro  from  gold.  Boyle. 


pp. 


Divided  ;    parted  ;    disunited  ; 


SEP'A-RA-BI.Y,  arte.     In  a  separable  manner. 

SEP'A-RaTE,  !'.  (.  [L.  separo  :  Fr.  separcr  ;  It.  sepa- 
rare;  Sp.srparar;  Kuss.  razberayjt.  The  Latin  word 
is  compounded  of  se,  a  prefix,  and  paro,  evidently 
coinciding  with  the  oriental  N-i3  or  -n3,the  sense  of 
which  is,  to  tilrow  or  drive  olT.  Class  Br,  No.  7, 8,  9, 
10.    See  Pare  and  Parry.] 

1.  To  disunite;  to  divide;  to  sever;  to  part,  in 
almost  any  manner,  either  things  naturally  or  cas- 
ually joined.  The  parts  of  a  solid  substance  may  be 
separated  by  breaking,  cutting,  or  splitting,  or  by 
fusion,  decomposition,  or  natural  dissolution.  A 
compound  body  may  be  separated  into  its  cunstituent 
parts.  Friends  may  be  separated  by  necessity,  and 
must  be  separated  by  death.  Tlie  prism  separates  the 
several  kinds  of  colored  rays.  A  riddle  separates  the 
chair  from  the  grain. 

3.  To  set  apart  from  a  number  for  a  paiticular 
service. 

Separate  me  Barnabas  and  Saul.  —  Acts  xiii. 

3.  To  disconnect ;  as,  to  separate  man  and  wife  by 
divorce. 

4.  To  m.ake  a  space  between.  The  .Atlantic  sep- 
arates Europe  from  America.  A  narrow  strait  sep- 
arates Europe  from  Africa.  To  separate^^  onc^s  self; 
to  withdraw  ;  to  depart. 

Separate  thyself,  I  pr.\y  tboe,  from  Inc.  —  Gen.  xiii. 
SEP'.\-RATE,  II.  i.     To  part ;  to  be  disunited  ;  to  be 
disconnected  ;  to  withdraw  from  each  other.    The 
parties  separated,  and  each  retired. 

2.  To  cleave;  to  open  ;  as,  the  parts  of  a  substance 
.separate  bv  drying  or  freezing. 
SEP'.'V-EATE,  a.     (L.  separatns.) 

1.  Divided  from  the  rest  ;  being  parted  from 
another  ;  disjointed  ;  disconnected  ;  itsed  of  things 
that  have  been  united  or  connected.  Oen.  xlix.  2 
Cor.  vi. 

2.  Unconnected  ;  not  united  ;  distinct  ;  used  of 
things  that  have  not  been  conneeted. 

ChriBl  waj*  holy,  harmleBs,  uudefiled,  and  separate  from  einnere. 
—  Ileb.  vii. 

.1.  Disunited  from  tlie  body  ;  as,  a  separate  spirit ; 
the  separate  state  of  souls.  Loeke. 


SEP'A-R.\-'1'KD, 

disroniierted. 
SEP'.A-RA'i'E-LY,  adr.     In  a  separate  or  unconnected 

state  ;   apart ;   distinctly  ;  singly.    The  opinions  of 

the  council  were  separatelij  taken. 
SEP'A-llATE-NESS,  ji.    The  state  of  being  separate. 
SEP-A-RAT'ie-.AL,  a.     Pertaining  to  separation  in 

religion.  Dwight. 

SF.P'A-ll.\-TlNG,ppr.    Dividing;  disjoining;  putting 

or  driving  asunder  ;  disconnecting  ;  decomposing. 
SKP-A-Ra'TION,  71.     [Fr.,  from  L.  scparatio  ;  It.  sepa- 

raiione;  Sp.  separaeiun.] 

1.  The  act  of  separating,  severing,  or  disconnect- 
ing ;  disjunction  ;  as,  the  separation  of  the  soul  from 
the  body.  , 

2.  The  state  of  being  separate ;  disunion  ;  dis- 
coniieclion. 

All  die  days  of  liis  eejiaralion  lie  \h  holy  to  Oio  Lord.  —  Num.  vi. 

3.  The  operation  of  disuniting  or  decomposing 
substances  ;  chemical  analysis.  Bticon. 

4.  Divorce;  disuiiioii  of  miirried  persons.    Shalt. 
SEP'A-RA-TlSiM,  71.    'I'lie  act  of  separating  ;  dispo- 
sition   to  withdraw  from  a  cliurtli,  or  practice  of 
withdrawing. 

SEP'A-K.V-TIST,  11.     [Fr.  sdparatistc.] 

One  that  withdravvs  from  a  church,  or  rather  fmiii 
an  established  church,  to  which  he  has  belonged  ;  a 
dissenter  ;  a  seceder  ;  a  schismatic  ;  a  sectary. 

Bacoti. 

SEP'A-R.l-TOR,  II.  One  that  divides  or  disjoins  ;  a 
divider. 

SEP'A-R.\-TO-RY',  a.  That  separates  ;  as,  separatary 
ducts.     [JMtle  used.]  Chajne. 

SEP'A-RA-TO-RY,  71.  A  chemical  vessel  for  separa- 
ting liquors  ;  and  a  surgical  ill^trumelIt  for  separating 
the  pericranium  from  the  cranium.  ^i?'"''- 

SE-PAWN',  )   71.    A  speciisol  lood  consistingof  meal 

SE  PON',  i  of  mai/.e  lioihil  in  water.  It  is  in  New 
York  and  Pennsylvania  what  liasty-pudding  is  in 
New  England. 

SEP'E-LI-BLE,  a.     [L.  sepelio.]    That  may  be  buried. 

S£'PI-A,  ?i.     [Gr.  aijvia  and  oiircr;,  a  bag.] 

1.  This  term  comprehends  several  genera  of  ceph- 
alopodous  mollusca  ;  as  the  Octopus,  Loligo,  etc. 
This  term  is  also  the  name  of  an  individual  genus 
of  this  group.  Most  of  these  animals  have  an  inter- 
nal sac  containing  a  natural  ink,  that  is,  a  carbona- 
ceous matter  suspended  in  water  by  the  intervention 
of  gelatine.  This  they  emit,  when  pursued  by  ene- 
mies, by  which  the  water  is  so  discolored,  that  they 
are  often  enabled  to  elTect  their  escape.  These  ani- 
mals are  called  Cuttle-Fish,  though  they  are  not 
true  fishes.  _  , 

2.  A  pigment  prepared  from  the  ink  of  the  sepia  or 
cuttle-fisli.  .    U"-  ., 

SEP'I-!\!  --NT,  v.  [L.  sephncntam,  from  septa,  to  inclose.  J 
A  hedge  ;  a  fence ;  something  that  separates  or 
defends.  , 

SE-POSE',  (se-poze',)  v.  I.     [L.  sepono,  sepositus.] 

To  set  apart.     [JVo(  in  use.]  Donne. 

SEP-0-SI"TION,   (-zish'nn,)  71.    The  act  of  setting 

apart ;  segregation.     [JVo(  in  iMt.]  Taylor. 

SE'POY,  71.     [Pers.  sipald;  Hindoo,  sepahai.]     A  na- 
tive of  India,  employed  as  a  soldier  in  the  service  of 
European  powers. 
SEP'PI-A.     See  Sepia. 
SEPS,  71.     [L.,  from  Gr.  cutoj.     Cuvier.] 

The  name  of  a  genus  of  scincoid  saurian  reptiles, 
sometimes  called  Serpent-Lizards.  They  are  found 
in  the  East  Indies,  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  and  on 
the  coasts  of  the  Mediterranean.  These  animals 
have  elongated  bodies,  short  and  indistinct  feet,  non- 
extensile  tongues,  and  scales  covering  their  bodies 
like  tiles. 
SEPT,  71.  [Uu.  sapia,  in  the  L.  prosapia  ;  or  Heb.  !D3Bi. 
Sec  Class  Sb,  No.  23.] 

A  clan,  race,  or  family,  proceeding  from  a  common 
progenitor  ;  used  of  the  races  or  families  in  Ireland. 
Spenser.     Davies. 
SEP'TA,  II.    ;W.  of  Septum,  which  see. 
SEPT-AN"GU-LAR,    (-ang'gu-lar,)    a.      [L.  scptem, 
seven,  and  angulus,  angle.] 
Having  seven  angles. 
SEP-Ta'RI-UM,  71. ;  pi.  Septaria.     [I...  septa,  partl- 

A  name  given  to  fl.attened  imbedded  nodules  of 
clay  or  marl ;  also,  to  similar  nodules  intersected  by 
scams.  -gano. 

SEP-TEJI'BER,  71.     [L.,  from  scptem,  seven  ;  Fr.  Sep- 
tembre;  It.  Settembre;  Sp.  Septiembre.] 

The  seventh  month  from  March,  which  was  for- 
merly the  first  month  of  the  year.  September  is 
now'the  ninth  month  of  the  year. 
SEP-TEM'BRIST,  71.  A  name  given  to  the  agents  in 
the  massacre  in  Paris,  September  2,  1792;  hence,  r. 
term  proverbial  throughout  Europe  fur  one  who  is 
hloodthirstv  and  nviligiiant.  Brande. 

SEP-TEM'P'AR-TITE,  a.    Divided  nearly  to  the  base 

into  seven  jiarts. 
SEP'TEN-A-RY,(7.    [Fr.scp(i!iiOiVc:  It.  scKciwi-io  ;  Sp. 
septcnario;  L.  septcnarius,  from  scptem,  seven.] 
Consisting  of  seven  ;  as,  a  septenary  number. 

Watts. 


S  E  P 

SEP'TEN-A-UV,  11.     Tho  numher  seven.       Burnet. 
SEP-TEN'NI-AL,  a.    [L.  septennis  ;  septcm,  seven,  and 
annas,  year.] 

1.  Lasting  or  continuing  seven  years;  sm, septennial 
parliaments. 

2.  Happening  or  returning  once  in   every  seven 
years  ;  its,  septennial  elections  in  England. 

SEP-TEX'NI-.\L-LY,  ailr.    Once  in  seven  years. 
SEP-TEN'TU1-(1N,  11.     [Fr.,  from  L.  sejitentrio.] 
The  north  or  nurthern  regions.  Shak. 

Northern  ;  iiertaining  to  tlie  north. 

From  cold  eeptenlrion  blaalfl.  Milton. 

SEP-TEN-TRI-ON-AL'I-TY,  ?i.     Nortlierliness.     [A 


bad  word.] 
SEP-TEN'T 


RI-ON-AL-LY,  adc. 


the  north.     [Ji  bad  word.] 
SEP-TEN'TKI-ON-ATE,  i 


Northerly  ;  toward 
Brown. 
To  tend  northerly. 
Brown. 
[This  word  septcntrion  nnd  its  derivatives  are  hard- 
ly  anglicized ;    they  are    harsh,    unnecessary,  and 
little  used,  and  may  well  bo  sulTered  to  pass  into 
disuse.]  ,     ^  ,  , 

SEPT'-FOIL,  II.  [L.  ,.i;)(raiand/o(ium;  seven-leafed.] 

A  plant,  the  Tormeutilla  or  Tormentil. 
.lEP'Tie,  j  a.     [t;r.   r>|nT<«"f,  from   m/irc.i,  to  pu- 

SEP'Tie  AL,  i      trefy.] 

Having  power  to  jironiute  putrefaction.     Many  ex- 
periments were  made  by  Sir  John  Pringlc  to  ascer- 
tain the  .icptic  and  antueptic  virtues  of  natural  bodies. 
Encijc.     Brande. 
SEP'Tie,  71.    A  substance  that  promotes  the  putrefac- 
tion of  bodies.  £/ici;c 
SEP-TI-CI'DAL,  a.     [L.  septum,  a  partition,  and  c^edo, 
to  cut  or  divide.] 

.\  septicidal  dehiscence  of  a  pericarp,  is  tllat  which 
takes  place  between  the  laininic  of  the  disse|iiiiieul. 

LlniHeiJ. 

SEP-TIC'I-TY,  (sep-tis'e-to,)  71.    Tendency  to  putre- 
faction. Fonrcroii. 
SEP-TI-Fa'R[-OUS,  (I.    Having  seven  dillerent  ways. 
SEP-TIF'ER-OUS,  a.     [L.  sr;it«ni  and  fero.] 

Bearing  septa.     [Sec  Septum.] 
SEP-TIF'LU-OUS,  a.     Flowing  in  seven  streams. 
SEP-TI-FO'LI-OUS,  a.     Having  seven  leaves. 
.«EP'TI-FORM,  <i.    Having  seven  forms. 
SEP-TIF'RyV-GAL,  a.     [L.  sr;i(ii7/i,  a  partition,  and 
frango,  to  break.] 

A  septifra<Tal  dehi.iccnce  of  a  pericarp,  occurs  when 
the  dissepiments  adhere  to  the  axis,  and  sepaiate 
from  the  valves. 
SEP-TI-LAT'ER-.\L,  (1.     [L.  sqjlcm,  seven,  and  (»/»', 
side.] 

Having  seven  sides  ;  as,  a  septilateral  figure.  Lrwnt. 
SEP-TIL'LION,  (sep-til'yun,)  71.  According  to  llie 
English  natation,lh<:  product  of  a  million  invidved  to 
tlie''seventh  power,  or  a  unit  with  forty-two  ciphers 
annexed ;  according  to  the  French  notation,  a  unit 
witli  twenty-four  ciphers  annexed. 
SEP-TIN'SU-LAB,  a.  [L.  septcm,  seven,  and  insula, 
isle.]  ,  .      , 

Consisting  of  seven  isles ;  as,  the  scptmsnlar  re- 
public of  the  Ionian  Isles.  Qn.  Rer. 
SEP'TON,  II.     [Gr.  ait'^ta,  to  putrefy.] 
That  which  promotes  putrefaction. 
SEF-TU-AG'EN-iV-RV,    o.      [Fr.    srpluagcnai 
septuagenarius,  from  scptnaginta,  seventy.] 

Conlisting  of  seventy.  Broa>n. 

SEP-TU-A-iiEN-A'Rl-AN,  J  71.      A    person    seventy 
SEP-TU-A(5'EN-A-RY,       i     years  of  age. 
SEP-TU-A-lSES'I-.MA,  71.     [L.  septuagesimns,  seven- 
tieth.] .    ,       „      , 

The  third  Sunday  before  Lent,  or  before  auadra- 
gesiina  Sunday,  supposed  to  be  so  called  because  It 
is  about  seventy  days  before  Easter.  P.  Cije. 

SEP-TU-A-GES'I-WAL,  u.     [Supra.]     Consisting  of 
seventy. 

Our  abridged  and  geptuagenmal  age.  Bruitin. 

SEP'TU-A-GINT,  71.     [L.  scptnaginta,  seventy  ;  scji- 
(f/ii,  seven,  and  some  word  signifying  ten.] 

A  Greek  version  of  the  Old  Testament,  so  called 
because  it  was  said  to  be  the  work  of  .vririijii,  or 
rather  of  seventy-two,  interpreters.  This  tran-bilion 
from  the  Hebrew  is  reported  to  have  been  iiiail-  111 
the  reign  and  by  the  order  of  Ptolemy  Philadrlplius, 
king  of  Egypt,  about  two  hundred  and  seventy  or 
two  hundred  and  eighty  years  before  the  birth  ol 
Christ.  But  this  is  very  doubtful.  From  interiuil 
evidence  it  is  clear  that  it  was  not  all  the  work  ol 
one  man,  nor  of  one  company  of  men  ;  for  the  trans- 
lators of  different  books  were  of  very  diflerent  ilc- 
grees  of  competency,  and  were  governed  by  viiy 
different  rules  of  interpretation.  It  was  probnbly 
not  all  the  work  of  one  ago.  Mnrdocl.. 

SEP'TU-A-(5INT,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  Septuagint ; 
contained  in  the  Greek  copy  of  the  Old  Testament. 

The  .5iv.luneiiil  chronolosy  makes  fiflecn  liundrcd  yean  mole 
from  llie  crealion  to  Ah?al,am,  Ihan  Ulc  ptesenl  Hebrew  copies 
of  Ihc  Bible.  ^^'■ 

SEP'TU-A-RY,  71.     [L.  stptem,  seven.] 

Something  composed  of  seven ;  a  week. 


L. 


serf.] 


Ash. 


[Little 
Cole. 


PATE,  FAR,  PALL,  WHAT.-MilTE,  PRBY.-PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.-NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQOK.  - 


1008 


SEU 

f^KF'TUM,  71.;  pi.  Sz?ta.  In  botany,  a  partition  that 
separates  the  cells  of  the  fruit. 

9.  la  anatomtj,  a  partition  which  separates  two 
cavities. 

SEP'TL'-PI.E,  a,    [Low  L.  septuplex ;  sq>tcmy  seven, 
and  pl'tcoy  to  fold.] 
Sevenfolil ;  seven  times  as  much. 

SEPa'L-CHKRJ  It.     [Fr.  sepulchre;   Sp.  and  Port. 

SEP't'L-eHRE,  i  sepulcro ;  It-  sepolcro  ;  from  L. 
scpulchrum,  from  srpelio,  to  bury,  which  seems  to  be 
formed  witli  a  prefix  on  the  Goth.^/Aa;i,  to  buvj'.] 

A  grave;  a  tomb;  tlic  place  in  wliich  the  dead 
body  of  a  human  being  is  interred,  or  a  place  des- 
tined for  that  purpose.  Among  the  Jews,  scpulchcrs 
were  often  excavations  in  rocks.  Is.  sxii.  Matt. 
xxvii. 

SEP'UL-eHER,  )v.t    To  bur>';  lo  inter  ;  to  entomb  ; 

SEP'L'L-CriRE,  i      as,  obscurely  sepnlcherefl.  Prior. 

iSEP'l'L-€  HER- ED  J  I  pp.  or  a.    Deposited  in  a  sepul- 
SEFTL-eHRED,      i      Cher. 

SE-PUL'eHRAL,  a.  [L.  sepukhralis,  from  sepul- 
c/iriaii.] 

Pertaining  to  burial,  to  the  grave,  or  to  monuments 
erected  to  the  memory  of  the  dead ;  as,  a  t:cpulchral 
stone;  a  sepulchral  stalue  ;  a  .-jrpK^c/irrt/inscription. 

Jililton. 

SEP'UL-TI;RE,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  scpultura,  from 
scpelio.] 

Burial ;  interment ;  tlie  act  of  depositing  the  dead 
body  of  a  human  being  in  the  grave. 

Where  we  may  rayiU  sepulture  prepare.  Diyden. 

SE-aU.\'C10US,  (se-fcwa'shus,)  a.  [L.  .?.^;Hrtz,  from 
si'-]iior.  to  follo^v.    See  Seek.] 

1.  Following;  attendant. 

Trees  iiprooieii  left  llieir  pUc«, 

Sefptadous  of  ihe  tyre.  Dryden. 

The  load,  seqModous  herd.  T^onxson. 

2.  Ductile;  pliant. 

The  fiir^e  was  easy,  tind  ih-^  matter  ductile  and  se'iuacsoits. 
[LilUe  ustd.] '  Ray. 

SE-aU.A'CIOUS-XESS,  H.  State  of  being  sequacious  ; 
di>posiiion  to  follow.  Taylor. 

SE-aUAC'I-TY,  (se-kwas'e-te,)  n.  [Supra.]  A  fol- 
lowing, or  disposition  to  follow. 

3.  Ductilitv  ;  pliableness.     [Little  used.]     Bacon. 
SE'aUEL,  (se'kwel,)  n.     [Fr.  sequdle;   L.   It.  and 

Sp.  sequda:  from  L.  sequor^  to  follow.] 

1.  That  which  follows ;  a  succeeding  part ;  as,  the 
sequel  of  a  man's  adventures  or  history. 

2.  Consequence ;  event.  Let  the  sun  or  moon 
cease,  fail,  or  swer\'e,  and  the  sequel  would  be  ruin. 

Hooker. 

3.  Consequence  inferred  ;  consequeniialnes?.  [Lit- 
tle UJ«/.]  IVhitiriftc. 

Sk'Q.UENCE,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  aequcus,  sequor ;  It. 
segucnza.'] 

1.  A  fuHowing,  or  that  which  follows;  a  conse- 
quent. Brown. 

2.  Order  of  succession. 

How  art  thou  a  Jrin» 
E'Jt  by  fair  sequence  and  succ«suoii  ?  ^ak. 

3.  Series  ;  arrangement ;  method.  Bacon. 

4.  In  musicy  a  regular  alternate  succession  of  simi- 
lar chords.  Bu^bjj. 

5.  In  the  Roman  Catholic  church,  a  hymn  intro- 
duced in  the  mass  on  certain  festival  days,  and  re- 
cited or  sung  immediately  before  the  gospel,  and 
after  the  gradual  or  introit,  whence  the  name. 

Bp.  FitzpatricU. 

Se'UUEXT,  a.     [Supra.]     Following;  succeeding. 
•2.  Consequential.     [Little  used.]  [Shal:. 

SE'aUEXT,  n.     A  follower.     [J^ot  in  xu<c.'\       Shah. 

SE-ai'EX'TIAL-LY,  adv.    In  succession. 

SP^aUES'TER,  V.  t.  [Fr.  seque^^trer  ;  It.  scquestrare  ; 
Sp.  scquestrar ;  Low  L.  sequestra,  to  sever  or  separate, 
to  put  into  the  hands  of  an  indiflerent  person,  as  a 
deposit ;  sequester,  belonging  to  mediation  or  umpir- 
age, and  as  a  noun,  an  umpire,  referee,  mediator. 
This  word  is  probably  a  compound  of  5C  and  the  root 
of  qucEstus,  quizsilus,  sought.     See  Question,] 

1.  To  separate  from  the  owner  for  a  time ;  to 
seize  or  take  possession  of  some  property  which  be- 
longs to  another,  and  hold  it  till  the  profits  have  paid 
the  demand  for  which  it  is  taken. 

Ponrw-dy,  the  goods  of  a  defendant  in  chancery  were,  in  the  lost 
r'-'sort,  aeipieitered  and  dcLiinM  to  enforce  llic  dcciv(.*s  of  the 
court.  Ami  now  the  profile  of  a  lx;nefice  arc  seqitestered  to 
pay  the  debts  of  cccl-si.isticj.  Blackstone. 

2.  To  take  from  parties  in  controversy  and  put  into 
the  possession  of  an  indifferent  person.         Fncyc. 

3.  To  put  aside  ;  to  remove ;  to  separate  from 
other  things. 

I  had  wholly  sequestered  my  civil  affaira.  B<icon. 

4.  To  sequester  one's  self;  to  separate  one's  self  from 
society  ;  to  withdraw  or  retire  ;  to  seclude  one's  self 
for  the  sake  of  privacy  or  solitude  ;  as,  to  sequester 
one^s  self  from  action.  Hooh-cr. 

5.  To  cause  to  retire  or  withdraw  into  obscurity, 

II  was  his  tailor  and  hi«  cook,  his  fine  fashions  and  his  French 
ngoua,  which  tequestercd  him,  SouOi. 

SE-ULTES'TER,  v.  t.  To  decline,  aa  a  widow,  any 
concern  with  the  estate  of  her  husband. 


SER 

SE-aUES'TER-£D,  pp.  or  a.  Seized  and  detained  for 
a  time,  to  satisfy  a  demand  ;  separated ;  also,  being 
in  retirement;  secluded;  private;  as,  a  sequestered 
situation. 

SE-CiUES'TER-ING,  y*/>r.  Seizing  or  taking  posses- 
sion of  the  property  of  another  for  a  time,  to  satisfy 
a  claim  ;  removing;  separating;  secluding. 

SE-aUES'TRA-BLE,  a.  That  may  he  sequestered 
or  separated  ;  subject  or  liable  to  sequestration. 

SE-aUES'TRATE,  v.  t.  To  sequester.  [It  is  less 
used  than  SequESTtR,  but  exactly  synonymous.] 

SE-aUES-TRA'TlON,  h.  The  act  of  taking  a  thing 
from  parties  contending  for  it,  and  intrusting  it  to  an 
indifferent  person.  Enojc. 

2.  In  Vie  civil  law,  Ihe  act  of  the  ordinarj',  disposing 
of  the  goods  and  chattels  of  one  deceased,  whose  es- 
tate no  one  will  meddle  with.  Enci/c. 

3.  The  act  of  taking  property  from  the  owner  for  a 
time,  till  the  rents,  issues,  and  prolits  satisfy  a  de- 
mand. 

4.  The  act  of  seizing  the  estate  of  a  delinquent  for 
the  use  of  the  state. 

5.  Separation  ;  retirement ;  seclusion  from  society. 

South. 

6.  Slate  of  being  separated  or  set  aside.       ^kak. 

7.  Disunion;  disjunction.     [J^'ot  in  use.]    Boyh: 
SE-aUES-TR.\'TOK,  n.    One  that  sequesters  proper- 
ty, or  takes  the  possession  of  it  for  a  time,  to  .-alisfy 
a  demand  out  of  its  rents  or  profits.  Taylor. 

2.  One  to  whom  the  keeping  of  sequestered  prop- 
erty is  committed.  Bailey. 

SE'aUIN,  f!.  A  gold  coin  of  Italy  and  Turkey.  The 
average  value  at  Venice,  and  in  other  parts  of  Italy, 
is  93.  5d.  sterling,  or  about  $2.20.  In  Turkey,  the 
sequin  fr-ntvrU  is  valued  at  7s.  7d.  sterling,  or  about 
$1.75.  I:  IK  sometimes  written  CHEciuiNantiZECHi.-v. 
[See  Zechin.]  Kclli/. 

SE-RAGL'IO,  fse-ral'yo,)  n.  [Fr.  sdratl:  Sp.  serruUo; 
It.  serra^lio,  from  scrrare,  to  shut  or  make  fast,  Fr. 
serrer;  perhaps  from  IS''  or  i"is.   Castell  deduces  the 

word  from  the  Persian  t^\  wai  sarai,  serai,  a  great 

house,  a  palace.  Tlie  Portuguese  write  the  word 
ccrratho,  and  Fr.  serrer,  to  lock,  they  write  cerrar^  as 
do  the  Spaniards.] 

The  palace  of  the  grand  seignior,  or  Turkish  sul- 
tan, or  the  p-.Uace  of  a  prince.  The  seraalio  of  the 
sultan  is  a  long  range  of  buildings  inhabited  by  the 
grand  seignior  and  all  the  otticers  and  dependents 
of  his  court ;  and  in  it  is  transacted  all  the  business 
of  government.  In  lliis  also  are  confined  the  females 
of  Ihe  harem.  Eton. 

Hence,  scra-rlio  has  been  often,  though  improperly, 
confounded  with  harem,  and  is  sometimes  used  to 
signify  a  house  of  women  kept  for  debauchery. 

SmaH. 

SE-U.^I',  H.  In  India  and  Tartary,  a  place  for  the  ac- 
commod;ition  of  travelers ;  a  Mohammedan  name  of 
the  choItr>',  or  rest-house.  Jlalcom. 

SER'APH,  t=er'af.)  n. ;  pt.  Sehaphs  ;  but  sometimes 
the  Hebrew  plural.  Seraphim,  is  used,  [from  Heb. 
tl"i3%  to  bum.] 
An  an^el  Oi  the  highest  order. 

As  full,  as  perftrt,  in  vile  man  that  moiirns. 
As  the  rapt  eerapk  that  adorca  and  burns. 


SER 


Pope. 

Pertaining  to  a  sera|)h  ;  angel- 
ic ;  sublime  ;  as,  seraphic  purity  ; 


SE-RAPH'ie, 

SE-RAPH'ie-AL, 
seraphic  fervor. 

2.  Pure  ;  refined  from  sensuality.  Swift. 

3.  Burning  or  inflamed  with  love  or  zeal.  Thus 
St.  Bonaventure  was  called  the  seraphic  doctor. 

Encijc. 
SE-RAPH'ie-AL^LY,  adv.    In  the  innnner  of  a  ser- 
aph. 
SER'A-PHIM,  C-fim,)  n.    [the  Heb.  phiral  of  Seraph.] 
Angels  of  the  highest  order  in  the  celestial  hierarchy. 

Com.  Prayer. 
[It  is  sometimes  improperly  written  Seraphims.] 
SER'A-PHINE,    I  H.     [from  seraph.]     A  keyed  wind- 
SER-A-PHt'NA,  S      instrument,  the  tones  of  which 
are  generated  by  the  play  of  wind  upon  metallic 
reeds,  as  in  the  accordion.     It  consists,  like  the  or- 
gan, of  a  key-board,  wind-chest,  and  bellows.     By 
means  of  a  pedal,  the  stress  of  the  wind  upon  the 
reeds  may  be  so  regulated  as  to  give,  \vith  fine  effect, 
the  expression  of  accent,  crescendo,  and  diminuendo. 

E.  T.  Fitch. 
SE-Ra'PIS,  II.     [L.  and  Gr,]     An  Egyptian  deity, 

Braitde. 
SE-RAS'KKER,  (se-ras'keer,)  ji.    A  Turkish  general 

or  commander  of  land  forces. 
SeRE,  a.     Dry  ;  withered.      Usually  written  Sear, 

^'hich  see, 
SeRE,  n.     [Q,u.  Fr.  scrj-er,  to  lock  or  make  fast.] 

A  claw  or  talon.     [JVoi  in  jise.]  Chapman. 

SER-E-NaDE',  n.  [Fr.,  fn.m  It.  and  Sp.  serenata,  from 
L.  screnus,  clear,  serene.] 

1.  Properly,  music  performed  in  the  open  air  on  a 
clear  night;' hence  it  is  usually  applied  to  musical 
entertainments  given  in  the  night,  especially  by  gen- 
tlemen, in  a  spirit  of  gallantry,  under  the  windows 
of  ladies.  Brande. 


2.  Also,  a  song  composed  for  such  an  occasion. 

Enaje. 
SER-ENaDE',  v.  t.    To  entertain  with  nocturnal  mu- 
sic. Spectator. 
SER-E-NaDE',  v.  i.    To  perform  nocturnal  music. 

TaUer 
SE-Re'NA  GUT'TA.    SeeGuTTASEBEJTA. 
SER-E-Na'TA,  71.    A  piece  of  vocal  music  on  an  am- 

orotis  subject.  Busby. 

SE-ReNE',  a.  [Fr.  serein ;  It.  and  Sp.  sereno  ;  L.  .vc- 
rcnus ;  Russ.  ozarinyu,  Heb.  Ch.  Syr.  and  Ar.  "inr,  to 
shine.    Class  Sr,  No.  2,  23,  47.] 

1.  Clear  or  fair,  and  calm  ;  as,  a.  serene  ^Viy  ;  serene 
air.    Serene  imports  great  purity. 

2.  Bright. 

The  moon,  tercnt  in  glory,  motuils  the  sky.  Pope. 

3.  Calm  ;  unruffled  ;  undisturbed  ;  as,  a  serene  as- 
pect ;  a  serene  soul.  Milton. 

4.  A  title  given  to  several  princes  and  magistrates 
in  Europe  ;  as,  serene  liighness  ;  most  serene. 

SE-ReNE',  71.     A  cold,  damp  evening.    [JVot  in  use.] 

_  B.  Jonson. 

SE-ReXE',  v.  t.    To  make  clear  and  calm;  to  quiet. 
2._To  clear  ;  to  brighten.  Philips. 

SE-ReNE'LY,  adv.    Calndy  ;  quietly. 

The  setting  sun  now  shone  serenely  bright.  Pop*. 

2._With  unruffled  temper;  coolly.  Prior. 

SE-ReNE'NESS,  71.    Tlie  state  of  being  serene;  se- 
renity, 
SE-REN'I-TUDE,  7^.    Calmness.    [JVotinuse.] 

JVotton. 
SE-REN'LTY,  71.     [Fr,  serenite  ;  h.  sereniias.] 

1.  Clearness  ana  calmness  ;  as,  the  serenity  of  the 
air  or  sky. 

2.  Calmness ;  quietness  ;  stillness  ;  peace. 

X  genera]  pcaco  and  serenity  newly  succeeded  general  u^ublc. 

Temple. 

3.  Cahnness  of  mind ;  evenness  «f  temper;  undis- 
turbed state ;  coolness. 

I  can  not  see  how  any  men  should  transgress  those  mor^  nilcs 
with  confidence  and  eercnily.  Locke. 

4.  A  title  of  respect  or  courtesy.  JIUtoTU 
SERF,  ?i.     [Fr.  serf;  L.  scrvus.     See  Serve.] 

A  servant  or  slave  employed  in  husbandrj-,  and,  in 
some  countries,  attached  to  the  soil,  and  transferred 
with  it.     The  serfs  in  Poland  are  slaves.  Coze, 

SERF'DOM,  n.    The  state  or  condition  of  serfs.  LyelL 

[Serfage  is  less  proper.] 
SEROE,  n.     [Fr.  serge ;  Sp.  xerga,  coarse  frieze,  and 
jargon  ;  It.  sargia,  a  coverlet ;  D.  sergie.] 

A  woolen  twilled  stuff  manufactiTrea  in  a  loom 
with  four  treddles,  after  the  manner  of  ratteens. 

Silk  serge  is  a  twilled,  silk  fabric,  ust-d  mostly  by 
the  tailors  for  lining  parts  of  gentlemen's  coats. 

Encyc.  vf  Di>m.  Eicon. 
SER'CjEAN-CY,  (sUr'jen-se,)  n.    The  office  of  a  ser- 
geant at  law.  Haeket. 
SER'CEANT,  (sar'jent,)  n.     [Fr.  sergent ;  It.  scrgente ; 
Sp.  and  Port,  sargcnto  ;  from  L.  srrviens,  ser\'ing,  for 
so  was  this  word  written  in  Latin.    But  Castell  de- 


duces the  word  from  the  Persian 


i^<Sj=> 


t^ 


sar- 


chank,  or  sarjank,  a  prefect,  a  subaltern  militar>'  offi- 
cer. (See  Cast.  Col.  336.)  If  this  is  correct,  two  dif- 
ferent words  are  blended."' 

1.  Formerly,  an  officer  in  England,  nearly  answer- 
ing to  the  more  modern  bailiff  of  the  hundred  ;  also, 
an  officer  whose  duly  was  to  attend  on  the  kinc,  and 
on  the  lord  high  steward  in  court,  to  arrest  traitors 
and  other  offenders.  This  olhcer  is  now  called  Ser- 
geant-at-Arms,  or  Mace.  There  are,  at  present, 
other  officers  of  an  inferior  kind,  who  attend  mayors 
and  magistrates  to  execute  their  orders. 

2.  In  military  affairs,  a  non-commissioned  officer 
in  a  company  of  infantrj-  or  troop  of  c^-ivalr)',  whose 
duly  is  to  instruct  recruits  in  discipline,  lo  form  the 
ranks,  &c. 

3.  In  England,  a  lawyer  of  tlie  highest  rank,  and 
answering  lo  the  doctor  of  the  civil  law.      Blackstone. 

4.  .-V  title  sometimes  given  to  the  king's  ser\'ants; 
as,  sn-'ri'iiJit-AUT^eon,  servant-surgeon.         Johnson. 

SER'OEANT-AT-ARMS,  n.  In  legislative  bodies,  an 
officer  who  executes  the  commands  of  the  body  in 
preservint:  order  and  punishing  offenses.     Brande. 

SER'c";EANT-M.^'J0R.  n.  [sergeant  and  major.]  \ 
non-commissioned  officer  who  acts  as  assistant  lo 
the  adjutant.  Brande. 

SEK  GEANT-Y,  (sar'jent-e,)  n.  In  England,  sergeanty 
is  of  two  kinds,  grand  sertreanty  and  pftit  ser<jranty. 
Grand  sergeanty  is  a  particular  kind  (>f  knight-ser- 
vice, a  tenure  by  which  the  tenant  was  bound  lo  do 
some  special  honorarj"  service  to  the  king  in  person, 
as  to  carrj'  his  banner,  his  sword,  or  the  like,  or  to  be 
his  butler,  his  champion,  or  other  offict-r,  at  his  coro- 
nation, to  lead  his  host,  to  be  his  marshal,  to  blow  a 
horn  when  an  enemy  approaches,  &c. 

Cowel.     Blackstone. 
Petit  sergeanty  was  a  tenure  by  which  the  tenant 
was  bound  to  render  to  the  king  annually  some  small 
implement  of  war,  as  a  bow,  a  pair  of  spurs,  a  sword, 
a  lance,  or  the  like  Littleton. 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.  —  AN"GER,  VF'CIOUS.  — C  as  K ;  6  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


127 


1009 


SKR 

SKR'OEANT-SHIP,  (ailr'jeut  ship,)  n.    The  office  of 

a  sertii'iint. 
HEUOl-V-iMAK-FR,  n.    A  manufacturer  of  serges. 
SE'RI-AL,  o.    rortaining  to  a  series;  consisting  of  a 

^crics. 
SE'  RI-A  LS,  n.  pi.  Talcs,  or  other  writings,  comnieiiccd 

in  orir  number  of  a  periodical  work,  and  continued 

ni  succi'ssive  nuruliers. 
SK'RI-ATt;,  a.   Arranged  in  a  series  or  succession. 
Sk'RI-ATE-LY,  ado.    In  a  regular  series. 
SK-RI-A'TIMy  [L.]     In  regular  order. 
!5E-RI"CKOUS,  (se-rish'us,)  a.     [I.,  serkits,  from  scr- 

icumy  silk.] 
Pertaining  to  silk;  conflicting  of  silk  ;  silky     In 

botaiitjj  covered  with  very  sotTt  iiairs  pressed  close  to 

^he  surface  ;  ns,  a  sericeous  leaf.  Jfartijn. 

SK'RIeS,  n.    [Ij.    This  word  belongs  probably  tu  the 

Shemitic  "^if,  niar,  i:y>,  tlm  primary  sense  of  which 

is,  to  stretch,  or  strain.] 

1.  A  continued  succession  of  things  in  the  same 
order,  and  bearing  the  same  relation  to  each  other ; 
as,  a  scries  of  kings  ;  a  series  of  successors. 

2.  Setiuence;  order  ;  course  ;  succession  of  things  ; 
as,  a  series  of  calamitous  events. 

3.  In  natural  histortj^  an  order  or  subdivision  of 
some  class  of  natural  bodies.  Encijc. 

4.  In  arithmetic  and  alfrcbra,  a  number  of  terms  in 
succession,  increiising  or  diminishing  according  to  a 
certain  law  ;  as,  arithmetical  series  and  geomclrical 
series.     [i>ee  PKotiittsaiyN.] 

SER'IiV,  Ti.  [Fr.]  A  song  bird  of  the  finch  family, 
found  in  the  central  i)arls  of  Eurofie.  It  has  a  small, 
lioriiy,  and  short  bill,  anil  its  habits  are  mostly  similar 
Jo  those  ttf  the  canary  bird.  Partiitfrttm. 

SE'RI-O-eOM'ie,         )a.     Having  a  mixture  of  se- 

SE'RI-0-ei)M'ie-AL,  !      riousness  and  sport. 

Se'RI-OU.S,  a.  [Fr,  scrie^l.z ;  Sp.  serio ;  It.  scrio, 
serioso ;  h.  sertus.] 

1.  Grave  in  manner  or  disposition  ;  solemn ;  not 
light,  gay,  or  volatile  ;  as,  a  serious  man ;  a  serious 
habit  or  disiK>siiion, 

9.  Really  intending  what  is  said  ;  being  in  earnest ; 
not  jesting  or  making  u  false  pretense.  Are  you 
serious,  or  in  jest? 

3.  Important;  weighty;  not  trifling. 

The  Holy  Scripiurca  bring  to  our  eura  the  most  acrUjus  lliings  in 
the  world.  Young. 

4.  Particularly  attentive  to  religious  concerns  or 
one's  own  religious  state.  JVilber/orce. 

SE'RI-OUS-LY,  a(i(!.  Gravely;  solemnly;  in  earnest; 
without  levity  ;  in  an  important  degree.  One  of  the 
first  duties  of  a  rational  b:"ing  is  to  inquire  seriously 
why  he  was  created,  and  wliat  he  is  to  do  to  answer 
the  purpose  of  his  creation. 

SE'RI-OUS-NESS,  71.  Gravity  of  manner  or  of  mind  ; 
solemnity.  He  spoke  with  great  seriousness,  or  with 
an  air  of  seriotisness. 

2.  Earnest  attention,  particularly  to  religious  con- 
cerns. 

That  Bpirit  of  religion  nutl  seriouanets  vanished  all  nt  once. 

AUerbury. 

SER'JEANT,  71.    See  Sergeant. 
SER-MOC-IN-A'TION,    n.      Speech-making.      [JVo£ 

used.]  Pcacliam. 

SER-M0C-IN-A'TOR,n.     One  that  makes  sermons  or 

speeches.     [J^ot  in  use.] 
SER'MON,  n.     [Fr.,  from   L.  smwo,  from  the  root  of 

5(?ro,  the  priniar>'  sense  of  wliich  is,  to  Virow  or  thrust. 

See  Assert,  Insert.] 

1.  A  discourse  delivered  in  public  by  a  licensed 
clergj'man  for  the  purpose  of  religious  instruction, 
and  usually  grounded  on  some  text  or  passage  of 
Scripture.  Sermons  are  extemporary  addresses  or 
written  discourses. 

His  prciicliing  much,  but  more  his  practice,  wrought 

A  living  sermon  ol  the  trullis  lie  tiuglit,  Dryden. 

2.  A  printed  discourse. 

SER'MON,  V.  t.    To  discourse  as  in  a  sermon,     [/.it- 

Ue  used.] 
2.  To  tutor;  to  lesson  ;  to  teach.     [Litde  used.] 

Shall. 
SER'MON,  0.  i.    To  compose  or  deliver  a  sermon. 

[Little  used.]  Milton. 

SER'MON-ING,  a.    Discourse;   instruction;   advice. 

[ Arof  in  use.  ]  Chaucer. 

SER'MON-ISH,  a.     Resembling  a  sermon, 
SER'MON-TZE,  v.  i.     To  preach.        Bp.  J\nckolson. 

2.  To  inculcate  rigid  rules.  Ckestcrjield. 

3.  To  make  sermons ;  to  compose  or  write  a  ser- 
mon or  sernmns.  [  77a>  ;.*  the  sen.ic  in  ichich  this  verb 
is  rrenerrallt/  used  in  tJie  United  States.] 

SER'MO.\-I'/-ER,  n.    One  that  composes  sermons. 

SER'MON-IZ-L\'0,;j;)r.  Preaching;  inculcating  rigid 
precepts  ;  composing  sermons, 

SER'MON-IZ-INf;,  n.  The  act  of  coinposing  ser- 
mons ^  the  act  of  preaching  sermons  ;  the  act  of  in- 
structing in  a  formal  manner.  .^sh. 

SER'MOUNT-AIN,  n,     A  plant  of  the  genus  Laser- 
pitium,  or  laserwort  kind,  sometimes  called  Seseh. 
Lee.    Fcrsijth. 

SE-ROON'  \  "■     LP*  ^^°^i  ^  "'*"  *"*  casket.] 

I.  A  seroon  of  almonds  is  the  quantity  of  two 


SER 

Imndred  pounds;  of  anise  seed,  from  tlirce  to  four 
humlred  weight ;  of  Castile  soap,  from  two  hun- 
dred and  a  lialf  to  three  hundred  and  tlirce  ([uar- 
lers.  Enojc. 

2.  A  bale  or  package  made  of  skin  or  leather  for 
holding  drugs,  &,c.     [Sec  Ceroon.] 

SE-RUS'I-TY,  TI.     [Fr.  serosite.    See  Serum.] 

A  fluid  obtained  from  the  coagulated  serum  of  tlic 
blood.  Urc. 

SER'O-TINE,  71.  A  species  of  bat  found  in  Europe, 
Scotopliilus  serotinus  of  Gniy.     Jardint's  .Xat.  Lib. 

Se'ROUS,  a.     [Fr.  sircux.    See  Serum.] 

1.  Thin;  watery;  like  whey;  used  of  that  part 
of  the  blood  which  separates  in  coagulation  from  the 
grumous  or  red  part. 

2.  Pertaining  to  scrum.  Arlnthnot, 
SER'PENT, ;(.     [L.  scrpotSy  creeping  ;  scrpu,  to  creep. 

Q,u.  Gr.  E-JT7CJ ;  or  from  a  root  in  Sr.  In  Welsh, 
sarf,  a  serpent,  seems  to  ho  from  s&r.  The  Sanscrit 
has  the  word  sarpa,  seipent.] 

1.  A  snake  ;  a  popular  name  of  Ophidian  reptiles 
wilhout  feet.  Ttieir  Itodies  are  extremely  elongated, 
and  move  by  means  of  the  folds  they  form  wiien  in 
contact  with  the  grou?ul.  Their  liearts  have  two 
auricles.  This  is  tlie  widest  use  of  tiie  term  serpent. 
This  term  is  likewise  applied  to  n  family  of  ophidian 
reptiles,  which  comprises  all  the  genera  without  a 
sternum,  and  without  any  vestige  of  a  shoulder,  &c. 

2.  In  astronorny,  a  constellation  represented  as  a 
serpent  held  by  Uphiucus  or  Serpenlarius.   P.  Cyc. 

3.  A  wind  instrument  of  nuisic,  serving  a^s  a  base 
to  the  horns  or  cornets.  It  is  so  called  from  ils  folds 
or  wreaths.  Brande. 

4.  FifTiirativehj^  a  subtle  or  malicious  person. 

5.  In  mytholoa-ii,  a  syiiibul  of  the  sun. 
SER'PENT-eO'e'U.M-IJER,  n.    A  plant  of  the  genus 

Trichosanthes. 

SER'PENT-eAT'ER,  )(.  A  bird  of  Africa  that  de- 
vours serpents. 

SER'PENT-FISH,  n.  A  fish  with  a  body  of  a  ribbon- 
like  aiid  compressed  form,  and  a  band  of  red  running 
lengthwise.  It  is  the  Cepola  tienia  or  rubescen^, 
(Linna'us,)  tin?  red-band-fisli.  [Fr.  rubari.]   P.  Cye. 

SER'PENT'S-TONGUE,  f-tung,)  n.  A  plant  of  the 
genus  Opliiuglossiim  ;  adder's-tongue. 

2.  A  name  given  to  the  fossil  teeth  of  a  species  of 
shark,  because  they  resemble  tongues  with  tlieir  roots. 

BiiotJi. 

SER-PEN-Ta'RI-.^,  71.  The  trivial  or  specific  name 
of  Tiumerous  plants  that  have  been  reputed  to  be 
remedial  of  snake-biles  ;  as,  AristolochiaSerpentaria, 
Prenanthes  Serpentaria,  &c. 

SER-PEN-Ta'RI-US,  ji.  [L.]  A  constellation  in  the 
nurthern  hemisphere,  also  called  Opiinrcus.  Jfutton. 

SER-PENT'1-FORM,  a.  Having  the  form  of  a  ser- 
pent. Kirhy. 

SER-PEN-TIG'E-NOUS,  a.     llred  of  a  serpent. 

yER'PF.N-TTNE,  a.     [L.  serpentinus^  from  serpens.] 

1.  Resembling  a  serpent  ;  usually,  winding  or 
turning  one  way  and  the  other,  like  a  moving  ser- 
pent ;  anfractuous ;  as,  a  serpentine  road  or  course. 

2.  Spiral ;  twisted  ;  as,  a  serpentine  worm  of  a  still. 

3.  Like  a  serpent ;  having  the  color  or  properties 
of  a  serpent. 

Serpentine  tongue^  in  tlie  manege.  A  horse  is  said 
to  have  a  serpentine  tongue,  when  he  is  constantly 
moving  it,  and  sometimes  passing  it  over  tlie  bit. 

Encyc.. 
Serpentine  I'cr^e ;  a  verse  which  begins  and  ends 
with  the  same  word. 
SER'PEN-TTNG,  )  n.      A  species  of  mag- 

SER'PEN-TiNE-SToNE,  \  nesian  stone,  usually 
of  an  obscure  green  color,  with  shades  and  spots, 
resembling  a  serpent's  skin.  Diet.  J^at.  Hist. 

A  rock, generally  unstralified,  which  is  principally 
composed  of  hydrated  silicate  of  magnesia. 

Serpentine  is  often  nearly  allied  to  the  harder 
varieties  of  steatite  and  polstone.  It  presents  two 
varieties;  precious  serpentine  and  common  serpen- 
tine. Cleaveland. 
SER'PEN-TTNE-LY,  adv.  In  a  serpentine  manner. 
SER'PENT-IZE,  v.  t.  To  wind  ;  to  turn  or  bend, 
first  in  one  direction  and  tlien  in  the  opposite ;  to 
meander. 

Tbe  road  aerpenthed  llirough  a  tall  Bhrulibery. 

Barrow,  Travels  in  Affica. 

SER'PENT-LTKE,  a.    Like  a  serpent. 
SER'PE\T-RY,  «.     A  winding  like  that  of  a  ser- 
pent. 
SER'PET,  H.     A  basket.     [J^ot  in  use.\     Jlvi.vcorth. 
SER-Pl6'iN-0US,  a,     [from  L.  serpigo,  from  serpo,  to 

creep.]     Affected  with  serpigo. 
SER-PI'GO,  n.     [L..  from  serpo,  to  creep.] 

An  exploded  name  of  Herpes  cucinatua  or  ring- 
worm. 
SER-PU'LI-DANS,  )  n.  pi.    Animals  of  tlie  order  An- 
SER-PO'LE-ANS,    j    nelida,  forming  calcareous  tubes 
which  twine  round  and  cover  stones,  shells,  &.c. 

Eirbij. 
SER'PU-LITE,  71.    A  petrified  shell  or  fossil  of  the 

genus  Serpula.  Jameson. 

SERR,  V.  t.     [Fr,  serrer;  Sp.  and  Port,  cerrar.] 

To  crowd,  press,  or  drive  together.     [JVci  in  use.] 

Bacon. 


SKR 

SER'RATE,      \   a.     \l^.  serrutus^^Uom  serro^lo  s^\x  ; 
SEIl'RA-TED, !       scrra,  a  saw.J 

Notched  on  the  edge  like  a  saw.  In  botany,  hav- 
ing sharp  notches  about  the  edge,  pointing  toward 
the  extremity  ;  as,  a  serrate  leaf. 

VViien  a  serrate  leaf  has  small  scrratures  upon  the 

large  ones,  it  is  said  to  be  doubly  serrate,  as  in  the 

elm,    \Ve  say  also,  a  serrate  calyx,  corol,  or  stipule. 

A  scrrate-c'iliate  leaf,  is  one  having  fine  hairs,  like 

the  eyelashes,  on  the  serraturcs. 

A  serrate-dentate  leaf,  has  the  serratures  toothed. 

SER-Ra'TION,  n.     Formation  in  the  shape  of  a  saw. 

SER'RA-TIJRE,  n.    A  notching  in  tlie  edge  of  any 

thing,  like  a  saw.  Muriyn. 

SER'KI--ED,  (ser'rid,)p;).  ora.    Crowded  ;  compacted; 

as,  .s-crried  files. 
SER'ROUS,  a.    Like  the  teeth  of  a  saw ;  irregular. 

[Little  used.]  Brown. 

SER'RU-LATE,      )  a.    Finely  serrate  ;   having  very 
SER'RU-La-TED,  i      minute  notches.  Martyn. 

SER'RY,  7\  t.     [Fr.  serrer.] 

'i'o  crowd  ;  to  press  together.     [Ao(  used.] 

Milton. 
SE'RUM,  n.     [L.l     The  thin,  transparent  part  of  the 
blood.     It  is  analogous  to  albumen.  SitUman. 

2.  The  thin  part  of  milk  ;  whey. 
SER'VAL,  jf.  A  digitigrade,  carnivorous  mammal,  of 
the  cat  genus-,  the  Felis  Serval  of  Southern  Africa. 
It  is  a  middle-sized  species,  with  a  long  tail  and 
black  siH)ts. 
SERV'AN'J',  71.  [Fr.,  from  L.  serra».^._  from  servo,  to 
keep  or  hold  ;  properly,  <  ne  that  wait  ,  !l::i[  is,  stoj)s, 
holds,  attends,  or  one  that  is  bound.] 

1.  A  person,  male  or  female,  lint  altentls  another, 
for  the  purpose  of  performing  menial  ulfices  fi)r  him, 
or  who  is  employed  by  another  for  such  offices  or  fur 
other  labor,  and  is  subject  to  his  command.  'I'lie 
word  is  correlative  to  master.     Servant  difiers  from 

^  slaee,  as  the  servant^s  subjection  to  a  master  is  volun- 
tary, the  i/flfcV  is  not.  Every  slave  is  a  servant,  but 
every  servant  is  not  a  slave. 

Servants  are  of  various  kinds  ;  us,  household  or  do- 
mestic screants,  menial  servants  ;  laborers,  who  are 
hired  by  the  day,  week,  or  other  term,  and  do  not 
reside  with  their  employers,  or,  if  ibcy  board  in  tbe 
same  house,  are  employed  abroad,  and  nut  in  donn^-i- 
tic  services  ;  apprentices,  who  are  bound  for  a  term  df 
years  to  serve  a  master,  (ox  the  purpose  of  learning 
his  trade  or  occupation. 

In  a  legal  sense,  stewards,  factors,  bailifl!s,  and 
other  agents,  are  servants  for  tlie  time  they  are  em- 
ployed in  such  character,  as  they  act  in  subordina- 
tion to  others. 

2.  One  in  a  state  of  subjection. 

3.  In  Scripture,  a  slave  ;  a  bondman  ;  one  pur- 
chased fir  money,  and  wiio  was  compelled  to  serve 
till  the  year  of  jubilee;  also,  one  purchased  for  a 
term  of  years.    Exod.  xxi. 

4.  The  subject  of  a  king  ;  as,  the  servants  of  David 
or  of  Saul. 

The  SyriaTis  became  aervants  lo  David.  — 2  Sam.  viii. 

5.  A  person  who  voluntarily  serves  another,  or 
acts  as  his  minister  ;  as,  Joshua  was  the  scn^ant  of 
Moses,  and  the  apostles  the  servants  of  Christ.  So 
Christ  himself  is  called  a  sercant.  Is.  xlii.  Moses  is 
called  the  servant  of  the  Lord.    Deut.  xxxiv. 

(J.  A  person  employed  or  used  as  an  instrument  in 
accomplishing  God's  purposes  of  mercy  or  wratli. 
So  Nebuchadnezzar  is  called  the  servant  of  God. 
Jcr.  XXV. 

7.  One  who  yields  obedience  to  another.  The 
saints  are  called  the  servants  of  God  or  of  righteous- 
ness; and  the  wicked  are  called  the  servants  of  sin. 
Rom.  vi. 

8.  That  which  yields  obedience,  or  acts  in  subor- 
dination as  an  instrument.     Ps.  cxix. 

9.  One  tJiat  makes  painful  sacrifices,  in  compli- 
ance with  the  weakness  or  wants  of  others.  1 
Cor.  ix. 

10.  A  person  of  base  condition  or  ignoble  spirit. 
Eceles.  x. 

11.  A  word  of  civility.  I  am,  sir,  your  humble  or 
obedient  servant. 

Our  l^ltiTS  lell  ns  they  are  our  humble  servants,  but  undersLind 
us  lo  be  iheir  slaves.  SvJft. 

Servant  of  scrvajits ;  one  debased  to  the  lowest  con- 
dition of  servitude.     Oen.  ix. 

SERVANT,  V.  t.     To  subject.     [JVot  in  use.]     Skak. 

SERVE,  (serv,)  v.  t.  [Fr.  serein  It,  servire;  Sp.  ser- 
vir;  from  L.  servio.  This  verb  is  supposed  to  he 
from  the  noun  serous,  a  servant  or  slave,  and  tins 
from  servo,  to  keep,  if  sercus  originally  was  a  slave, 
he  was  probably  so  named  from  heins  preserved  and 
taken  prisoner  in  war,  or  more  probably  from  being 
bound,  and  perhaps  from  the  Shemitic  i^s,  "iix,  to 
bind.  But  the  sense  of  scnmnt  is  generally  a  waiter, 
one  who  attends  or  waits,  and  from  tJie  sense  of  stop- 
ping, holding,  remaining.] 

1.  To  work  for ;  to  bestow  the  labor  of  body  and 
mind  in  the  employment  of  another. 

Jacob  loved  Rachel,  and  saiil,  1  will  terve  ihec  eeren  years  for 

Rachel  thy  yoim^r  daughter.  — Cien.  xxix. 
No  man  can  seroe  two  mosici-s.  —  Matt.  vi. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  VrllAT.— METE,  PREy.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.- 

lOIO  - 


SER 

2.  To  act  as  tlie  minister  of;  to  perform  ofKciat  du- 
ties to  ;  as,  a  minister  srrvcs  his  prince. 

Hud  I  ierved  God  ea  diltg«ully  as   I  U.we  ect-ef^  lUe  king',  Ue 
would  not  b-ive  given  me  over  in  my  gnxy  hairs. 

Oir,U»ai  Wo'sey. 

3.  To  attend  at  commanil ;  to  wait  on. 

A  joddess  amonj  gotU,  mlored  und  served 

Uy  aii^U  iiuiuberk'ss,  ihy  daily  train.  MUton. 

■9  To  obey  servilely  or  meanly  ;  as,  to  serve  mam- 
mou. 

When  wealUiy,  show  ihy  wisdom  not  lo  be 

To  weallh  a  serwant,  but  moke  wealth  serve  thee.      Denham. 

5.  To  supply  with  food  ;  as,  to  be  strved  in  plate. 

Ih-yden. 
C.  To  be  subsemcnt  or  subordinate  lo. 

Bodies  bright  and  greater  should  not  seree 

'I'he  less  Qut  brig^ht.  Millon. 

7.  To  perform  the  duties  required  in;  as,  the  cu- 
rate serred  two  churches. 

8.  To  obey;  to  perform  duties  in  the  employment 
of;  as,  to  serve  the  king  or  the  country  in  the  army 
or  navy. 

9.  To  be  sufficient  to,  or  to  promote  ;  as,  to  serve 
one's  turn,  end,  or  purpose.  Locke. 

10.  To  help  by  good  offices;  as,  to  serve  one's 
country.  Tate. 

11.  To  comply  with  ;  to  submit  to. 

They  think  herein  we  seroe  the  Ume,  because  thereby  we  eitlier 
lioid  or  seek  pfirfonnLiil.  Hooker. 

12.  To  be  sufficient  for ;  to  satisfy  ;  to  content. 

Ou?  half-pint  botde  aen>e$  them  loth  to  dine, 

And  is  at  oiwe  tliu'ir  vinegar  and  wine.  Pope. 

13.  To  be  in  tlie  place  of  any  thing  to  one.  A  sofa 
serves  the  Turks  for  a  seat  and  a  couch. 

H.  To  treat ;  to  requite  ;  as,  lie  served  me  ungrate- 
fully ;  he  served  me  very  ill.  We  say  also,  he  served 
me  a  trick,  that  is,  he  deceived  me,  or  practiced  an 
artifice  upon  me. 

15.  In  Scripture  and  theology,  to  obey  and  worship  ; 
to  act  in  conformity  to  Ihelawof  a  superior,  and  treat 
him  with  due  reverence. 

Pe.Tf  the  Lord,  nnd  serve  him  in  sincerity  an!  tnilh.  As  fur  me 
and  my  house,  we  v.iil  scree  tlie  LonI,  — Jo»)i.  xxiv. 

16.  In  a  bad  sense^  to  obey ;  to  yield  compliance,  or 
act  according  to. 

Serving  divers  lusla  aiid  pleasures.  —Tit.  iii. 

17.  To  worship;  to  render  homage  to;  as,  to  serve 
idols  or  false  gods.    Ezek.  xx. 

IS.  To  be  a  slave  to ;  to  be  in  bondage  to.     Gen. 

XV. 

19.  To  serve  one^s  self  of;  to  use ;  to  make  use  of; 
a  GaUicLun^  [se  servir  d€.\ 

I  i\iil  serve  myte!/ of  Oua  concession.  Chilling icorih. 

20.  To  use ;  to  manage ;  to  apply.  The  guns  were 
well  served. 

21.  To  place  on  the  table  in  dishes,  (for  serve  up  ;) 
as,  to  serve  dinner. 

22.  Iti  scainen'^s  language,  to  serve  a  rope  is  to  wind 
something,  as  spun  yarn,  Slc,  tight  round  it,  to  pre- 
vent friction.  Totten. 

To  serve  up  ;  to  prepare  and  present  in  a  dish  ;  as, 
to  serve  up  a  sirloin  of  beef  in  plate  ;  figuratively,  to 
prepare. 

To  serve  in^  as  used  by  Shokspeare^  for  to  Irring-  m, 
as  meat  by  an  attendant,  I  have  never  known  to  be 
used  in  America. 

To  serve  out.  ;  to  distribute  in  portions ;  as,  to  scree 
out  provisions  to  soldiers. 

To  serve  a  writ ;  to  read  it  to  the  defendant ;  or  to 
leave  an  attested  copy  at  his  usual  place  of  abode. 

To  serce  an  attachment,  or  writ  of  attachment ;  to 
levy  it  on  the  person  or  goods  by  seizure  ;  or  to  seize. 

To  serve  an  execution  ;  to  levy  it  on  lands,  goods,  or 
person,  by  seizure  or  taking  possession. 

To  serve  a  warrant ;  to  read  it,  and  to  seixc  the  per- 
son against  whom  it  is  issued. 

In  rreneraly  to  serve  a  proees.^,  is  to  read  it,  so  as  to 
give  due  notice  lo  the  p:irty  concerned,  or  lo  leave 
an  attested  copy  with  him  or  his  attorney,  or  at  his 
usual  place  of  abode. 

'J'o  serve  an  o_ffi£e;  to  disdiarge  a  public  duty.  [This 
phrase,  I  believe,  is  not  used  in  America.    \Vc  say, 
a  man  serves  in  an  office,  that  is,  serves  the  public  in 
an  office.] 
SERVE,  (serv,)  v.  i.    To  be  a  servant  or  slave. 

The  lAird  aluJl  pve  thee  n'st  froin  tiiy  sorrow,  .iiitl  from  thy  fear, 
and  from  die  hard  iMndag.:  wbcrcin  Uiou  w;ul  made  to 
ierve.~-  la.  I'lv. 

9.  To  be  employed  in  laborer  other  business  for 
another.     Oen.  xx'ix. 

3.  To  be  in  subjection.    Is.  xliii. 

4.  To  wait ;  lo  attend  ;  to  perform  domestic  offices 
to  another.     Luke  x. 

5.  To  perform  duties,  as  in  the  army,  navy,  or  in 
any  office.  An  officer  serve.i  five  years  in  India,  or 
under  a  particular  commander.  The  late  secretary 
of  the  colony,  and  afterward  stale,  of  Conncclicuf, 
was  annually  appointed,  and  served  in  the  office  six- 
ty yfrars. 

6.  To  answer;  to  accomplish  the  end. 

She  feared  that  all  would  sot  strve.  Sidney. 


SER 


SES 


7.  To  be  sufficient  fui  .i  purpose. 

This  liule  brand  W'H  leroe  i  >  'i"-'ii  your  fire.  DryiUn. 

8.  To  suit;  to  be  convenient.  Take  tliis,  and  usi 
it  as  occasion  serves. 

9.  To  conduce  ;  to  be  of  use. 

Our  victory  only  served  to  lead  us  on  to  further  visionary  pros 
V^<^^-  sJ/i. 

10.  To  officiate  or  minister;  to  do  the  lionors  of; 
as,  to  serve  at  a  public  dinner. 

SERV'iJD,  pp.      Attended  ;  waited  on  ;  worshiped  ; 

levied. 
SERVICE,  (serv'is,)  n.     [Fr. ;  lU  servizio  ;  Rp.  ^rerui- 

CIO  ;  from  L.  servitium.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  labor  of  body,  or  of  body  and 
mind,  performed  at  the  command  of  a  superior,  or 
in  pursuance  of  duty,  or  for  the  benefit  of  unulher. 
Service  '\s  voluntary  or  involuntary.  Voluntary  serv- 
ice is  that  of  hired  servants  or  of  contract,  or  of 
persons  who  spontaneously  perform  something  for 
another's  benefit.  Involuntary  service  is  that  of 
slaves  wlio  work  by  compulsion. 

2.  The  business  of  a  servant;  menial  office. 

«     .  ,  -SAoA-. 

3.  Attendance  of  a  servant,  Shnk. 

4.  Place  of  a  servant ;  actual  employment  of  a  serv- 
ant ;  as,  to  be  out  of  service.  ShaJc. 

5.  Any  thing  done  by  way  of  duty  to  a  superior. 

This  poem  was  Uie  last  piece  of  service  I  did  for  my  raasler  Kin"- 
Charles.  Dryden.  ° 

o.  Attendance  on  a  superior. 

Madam,  I  entreat  true  peace  of  you, 

Which  I  wUl  purchase  with  my  duteous  service.  ShaJc. 

7.  Profession  of  respect  uttered  or  sent. 

Pray  do  my  service  to  hia  majesty.  Shak. 

8.  Actual  duty  ;  thai  which  is  required  to  be  done 
in  an  office  ;  as,  to  perform  the  services  of  a  clerk,  a 
sheriff,  or  judge. 

9.  That  wliich  God  requires  of  man ;  worship ; 
obedience. 

God  requires  no  man's  service  upon  Imnl  and  unreasonable  temis. 

TiUotsou. 

10.  Employment;  business;  office;  as,  to  qualify 
a  man  fur  public  service. 

11.  Use  ;  purpose.  The  guns  are  not  fit  for  public 
scrric: 

12.  Military  duty  by  "land  or  sea  ;  as,  military  or 
naval  service  ;  also,  the  period  of  such  duty. 

Campbell's  Mil.  Diet. 

13.  A  military  achievement.  Shak. 

14.  Useful  office  ;  advantage  conferred  ;  that  which 
promotes  interest  or  happiness.  Medicine  often  does 
no  service  to  the  sick  ;  calumny  is  sometimes  ot serv- 
ice to  an  autiior. 

15.  Favor. 

To  thee  a  woman's  services  are  due.  SltaJc. 

10.  The  duty  which  a  tenant  owes  to  his  lord  for 
his  fee.  Personal  service  consists  in  homage  and 
fealty,  &;c. 

17.  Public  worship,  or  office  of  devotion.  Divine 
service  was  interrupted. 

18.  A  musical  church  composition,  consisting  of 
choruses,  trios,  duets,  solos,  &,c. 

19.  The  official  duties  of  a  minister  of  the  gospel, 
as  in  church,  at  a  funeral,  marriage,  &c. 

20.  Course  ;  order  of  dishes  at  table. 
There  was  no  eztraordinaiy  service  seen  on  the  board. 

HaJeewiU. 

21.  A  set  or  number  of  vessels  ordinarily  used  at 
table ;  as,  a  service  of  plate  or  glass, 

22.  In  seamen's  language,  the  materials  used  for 
ser\*ing  a  rope,  as  spun  yarn,  small  lines.  &;c. 

23.  A  tree  and  its  fruit,  of  the  geims  Pyrus  or  Mor- 
bus.    The  wild  service  is  of  the  genus  Crata!gus. 

Service  of  a  writ,  process.  Sec.  ;  the  reading  of  it  to 
the  person  to  whom  notice  is  intended  to  be  given, 
or  the  leaving  of  an  attested  copy  with  the  person  or 
his  attorney,  or  at  his  usual  place  of  abode. 

Service  of  an  attachment ;  the  seiiiing  of  the  person 
or  poods  according  to  the  direction. 

The  service  of  an  execution  ;  the  levying  of  it  upon 
the  goods,  estate,  or  person  of  the  defendant. 

To  see  service,  in  mditanj  language,  implies  to  come 
into  actual  contact  with  the  enemy. 

Campbell's  Mil.  DicL 
SERVaCE-A-BLE,  a.  That  does  service;  that  pro- 
motes happiness,  interest,  advantage,  or  any  good  ; 
useful ;  beneficial ;  advantageous.  Rulers  may  be 
very  serviceable  to  religion  by  their  example.  The 
attentions  of  my  friends  were  very  serviceable  to  me 
when  abroad.  Rain  and  manure  are  serviceable  to 
land. 

2.  Capable  of  or  fit  for  military  duty. 

Campbell's  Mil.  Diet. 

3.  Active  ;  diligent ;  officious. 

I  know  lliee  well,  n  serviceaHe  villain.     [Unusual.]        Shale. 

SER  V'ICE-A-BLE  NESS,  n.    Usefulness  in  promoting 
good  of  any  kind  ;  beneficialness. 

All  action  bein^  for  some  end,  ils  aptness  to  be  commanded  or 
Ibrhidden  must  be  founded  upon  its  servicec^ienesa  or  dis- 
serviccablencBS  lo  some  eud.  Iforris. 

9.  Officiousness ;  readiness  to  do  service.     Sidney. 


SERV'ICE-A-BLY,  adv.    In  a  serviceable  manner. 
SERVICE-BOOK,  n.    A  prayer-book  or  missal. 
SERVI-ENT,a.    [L.  serciens.] 

Subordinate.    [J^Tot  in  uje.j  Dyer. 

SERVILE,  (serv'il,)  a.  [Fr.,  from  L.  senUis,  from 
servio,  to  serve.] 

1.  Such  as  pertains  to  a  servant  or  slave ;  slavish  ; 
mean  ;  such  as  proceeds  from  dependence  ;  as,  servile 
fear;  aeruiV*  obedience. 

2.  Held  in  subjection  ;  dependent. 

Even  fortune  rules  no  more  a  servile  land.  Pope. 

3.  Cringing;  fawniijg;  meanly  submissive;  as, 
servile  flattery. 

She  muat  bend  the  servile  knee.  Thomson. 

4.  In  grammar^  not  belonging  to  the  original  root; 
as,  a  servile  letter. 

SERVILE,/!.  In  ^ammar,  a  letter  which  forms  no 
part  of  the  original  rout ;  opposed  lo  Radical. 

SERVILE-LY,  adv.  Meanly;  slavishly;  with  base 
submission  or  obsequiousness. 

2.  With  base  deference  to  another;  as,  to  copy 
servilely  ;  to  adopt  opinions  servilely. 

SERVILE-NESS,  i  n.    Slavery  ;   the  condition  of  a 
SER-VIL'I-TY,      i     filave  or  bondman. 

To  be  a  queen  in  lioudagp,  is  man  TJle 

Than  is  a  slave  in  base  eeroUily.  Sink. 

Q.  Mean  submission  ;  baseness  ;  slavishness. 

3.  Mean  obsequiousness;  slavish  deference,  », 
the  common  servility  to  custom  ;  to  copy  raaiin'<rs  or 
opinions  with  servility. 

SERVING,  ppr.  Working  for;  acting  in  subordina- 
tion lo ;  yielding  obedience  to;  worshiping;  also, 
performing  duties  ;  as,  serving  in  the  armv. 

SERVING-MAID,  n.    A  female  serv.anl ;  a  menial. 

SERVING-MAN,  n.    A  male  servant ;  a  menial. 

SERVI-TOR,  n.  [It.  eervitore;  Sp.  servidori  Fr. 
servitcur ;  from  L.  servio,  to  serve.] 

1.  A  servant ;  an  attendant.  Hooker. 

2.  One  that  acts  under  another;  a  follower  or  ad- 
herent. Davies. 

3.  One  that  professes  duly  and  obedience.  Shak. 

4.  In  the  university  of  Oxford,  an  under  graduate, 
who  is  partly  Gupporlt^d  by  the  collegr-  funds  ;  such 
as  is  called  in  Ca;i!biidge  a  sizar.  They  fttrmerly 
waited  at  table,  but  this  is  now  dispensed  with. 

Brande. 
SER  VI-TOR-SHIP,  n.    The  office  of  a  servitor, 

Bosweil. 
SER VI-TUDE,  w.     [Fr.,  from  L.  servUudo  or  servitws ; 
It.  scrvitu.    See  Serve,] 

1.  The  condition  of  a  slave;  the  state  of  involun- 
tary subjection  to  a  master  ;  slavery  ;  bondage.  Such 
is  the  state  of  the  slaves  in  America.  A  large  por- 
tion of  the  human  race  are  in  servitude, 

2.  The  slate  of  a  servant.  [Less  common  and  less 
proper.] 

3.  The  condition  of  a  conquered  country. 

4.  A  state  of  slavish  dependence.  Some  persons 
may  be  in  love  with  splendid  servitude.  South. 

5.  Servants  collectively.     [Jv^ot  in  use.]        Shak. 
SES'A-ME,     )n.    [Fr.  sesame;  It.  scsaino ;  L.  sesa- 
SES'A-MUM,  \      ma;  Gr.  antrapn,  oricanov.^ 

Oily  grain  ;  names  given  to  annual  herbaceous 
plants  of  the  genus  Sesamuni,  from  the  seeds  of 
which  an  nil  is  expressed.  One  species  ofit  is  culti- 
vated in  Carolina,  and  the  blacks  use  the  seeds  for 
food.    It  is  called  there  Bene.  Eneyc.    Beloe. 

SES'A-MOin,         {a.      [Gr.    pij.Trtu//,    sesame,    and 

SES-A-MOID'AL,  \      eiio^,  form.] 

A  term  applied  to  the  small  bones  found  at  Hj-  lI- 
tlcutations  of  the  great  toes,  and  sometimes  at  ti.c 
joints  of  the  thumbs  and  in  other  parts. 

Brande.     Forsyth. 

SES'BAN,  n.  [Ar.]  A  leguminous  plant,  a  species 
of  Sesbania  or  ^schynomene.  Loudon. 

SES'E-LI,  n.     [L.  Gr.  scseli.] 

A  genus  of  plants ;  meadow  saxifrage  ;  hartwort. 

Eneyc. 

SES'aUT,  n.  [L.,  one  and  a  half.]  In  chemistry,  this 
is  much  used  as  a  prefix  lo  the  names  of  compounds 
of  an  acidifying  and  basifying  principle  with  aiu)lI:L'r 
element,  to  form  a  salifiable  base  ;  or  of  an  acid  with 
a  salifiable  base,  to  form  a  salt.  It  always  dtriotes 
that  the  elementary  or  proximate  principles  <if  the 
compound  are  in  the  proportions  of  one  and  a  half  of 
the  acidifying  and  basifying  principle,  or  of  the  arid, 
to  one  of  the  other  clement  or  proximate  princip!:- ; 
but  as  there  can  be  no  such  thing  as  half  of  an  equiv- 
alent, such  compounds  are  always  to  be  und«-r>tiHid 
as  consisting  of  three  equivalents  of  the  acidifying 
and  basifying  principle,  or  of  the  acid,  to  two  equiv- 
alents of  the  other  element  or  proximate  principle. 

SesquidiipU    (L.    sesquiduplns)    is    sometimes  ust-d 
in  the  same  iiiannt;r,  lo  denote  the  proptiriioBs  cf  , 
two  and  a  half  lo  one,  or  railn-r  of  five  to  two. 

SES-aUl-AL'TER,  n.  The  name  of  a  stop  on  the  | 
organ,  containing  three  ranks  of  pipes.         P.  Cvc.       i 

SES-aUI-AL'TER,  {a.       [L.,    from    scsqui,' \\\e    , 

SES-aUI-AL'TER-AL,  i  whole  and  half  as  m  ich  ! 
more,  and  alter,  other.] 

1.  In  geometry,  designating  a  ratio  where  one 
quantity  or  number  contains  another  once  and  half 
as  much  mure  ;  as  9  contains  G  and  its  half.    Bentley 


TONE,  BI;LL,  IIN1TE.-AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.-€  as  K;  G  as  J;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  Til  as  in  THIS. 


SES 

2  A  sesqaiaite-ral  Jioret,  is  when  a  large,  ferlilo 
floret  is  accompanied  with  a  small,  abortive  one. 

Jifartyn. 

SRS-QUI-AL'TER-ATE,  a.  In  arithmetic  and  fffome- 
irtj,  designating  a  ratio  between  two  nnnibcrs,  line?, 
A;r..  in  which  the  greater  is  equal  to  oiico  and  a  half 
of  the  le>is.  Jluttun. 

SES-CiUI-lJItO'MID,  n.  A  basic  compound  of  bro- 
mine witii  anoiticr  element,  in  the  proportions  of 
three  equivalents  of  bromine  to  two  of  the  other  cle- 
ment. 

SES-dUI-exR'nO-NATE,  n.  A  salt  composed  of 
three  equivalent?  of  carhimic  acid,  with  two  equiva- 
lents of  any  base  ;  as,  llie  scsqidcarbonate  of  ammo- 
nia, i.  e.,  the  common  volatile  ?a!t  of  hartshorn. 

SES-tii;i-€IIL.6'Kli>,  n.  A  basic  compound  of  cliln- 
rine  with  another  eiemeiit,  in  tlie  proportions  t.f 
three  equivalents  of  chlorine  to  X\\v>  of  the  otlicr  ele- 
ment. 

SES-tiUI-C^'A-NID,  n.  A  basic  compound  of  cyan- 
Of;eu  with  some  clement,  in  the  proportions  of 
three  equivalents  of  cyanogen  to  two  of  tlie  other 
element. 

SES-UUI-Du'PLI-€.4TE,  a.  [L.  sesqui^  supra,  and 
dit}ilicatusy  double.] 

De-sitinatiny  the  ratio  of  two  and  a  half  to  one,  or 
where  the  greater  tenn  contains  the  lesser  twice  and 
a  half,  as  tliat  of  50  to  20. 

SK^-UUI'O-DlO,  n.  A  basic  compound  of  iodine 
with  another  element,  in  the  proportions  of  three 
equivaknts  of  iodine  to  two  of  the  other  element. 

SES-(i,i;[P'E-l)AL,  >  a.     [L.  scsqai,  one  and  a 

SES-UUIP-E-DA'LI-AN,  j  Iialf,  and  pcdali^,  from 
pes,  a  foot.] 

(Jontainmg  a  foot  and  a  half;  as,  a  se<ruipedalian 
pigmy.  Jirbuthnoi. 

Addison  uses  sesquipedal  as  a  noun. 

SES-aUIF'LI-CATE,  a.  [L.  se^qui,  one  and  a  half, 
and  plicatus,  plico,  to  fold.] 

Designating;  the  ratio  of  one  and  a  half  to  one  ; 
as,  the  se.-iqn: plicate  proportion  of  the  periodical  times 
of  the  planets.  Chcyi-e. 

SES-aUl-SUL'PliU),  n.  A  basic  compound  of  sul- 
phur with  some  other  element,  in  the  proportions  of 
three  equivalents  of  sulphur  to  two  of  the  other  ele- 
ment. 

SES-QUI-TER'TIAX,         \  a.     I L.  scsqui,  one  and  a 

SES-aUI-TEU'TION-AL,  i      half,  and  tcrtius,  third.] 
Designating  the  ratio  of  cnc  and  one  third  to  one. 

Johnson. 

SES'aUI-T5XE,  11.  In  miwic,  a  minor  third,  or  in- 
terval of  three  semitones.  Busbij. 

SES-QUOX'YD,  n.  A  basic  compound  of  oxygen 
with  some  other  element,  in  the  proportions  of  three 
equivalents  of  the  oxygen  to  two  of  the  other  ele- 

SESS,  Ti.    [L.  scssio.]  [ment. 

A  tax.  [Little  usedj  or  7tot  at  all.]  [See  Assess- 
ment.] 

SES'SILE,  (ses'sil,)  a.     [L.  sessilis.    See  Set.] 

In  natural  fiis(.or>j,  Sitting  close  upon  the  body  to 
which  it  belongs,  without  any  sensible  projecting 
support.  Thus,  in  botumj,  a  sessile  leaf  issues  di- 
rectly from  the  main  stem  or  branch,  without  a 
petiole  or  footstalk.  A  sessile  flower  has  no  pedun- 
cle. A  sessile  pappus  has  no  stipe,  but  is  placed  im- 
mediately on  the  ovarj'.  J)Iartyn. 

SES'SION,  (sesh'un,)  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  sessiOj  from 
scdeo.    See  Set.] 

1.  A  sitting  or  being  placed;  as,  the  ascension  of 
Christ,  and  his  session  at  the  right  hand  of  God. 

Hooker. 
9.  The  actual  sitting  of  a  court,  council,  legisla- 
ture, &c. ;  or  the  actual  assembly  of  the  members  of 
these  or  any  similar  body  for  the  transaction  of  busi- 
ness. Tims  we  say,  the  court  is  now  in  session, 
meaning  that  the  members  are  assembled  for  busi- 
ness. 

3.  The  time,  space,  or  term  during  which  a  court, 
council,  legislature,  and  the  like,  meet  daily  for 
business  ;  or  the  space  of  time  between  the  first 
meeting  and  the  prorogation  or  adjournment.  Thus 
a  session  of  parliament  is  opened  with  a  speech  from 
the  throne,  and  closed  by  prorogation.  The  session 
of  a  judicial  court  is  called  a  term.  Thus  a  court 
may  have  two  sessions  or  four  sessions  anntially. 
The  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States  has  one  an- 
nual session.  The  legislatures  of  most  of  the  States 
have  one  annual  session  only  ;  some  have  more. 
The  congress  of  the  United  States  has  one  only. 

4.  Sessions,  in  some  of  the  Siate^<:,  is  particularly  used 
for  a  court  of  justices,  held  for  granting  licenses  to 
innkeepers  or  taverners,  for  laying  out  new  high- 
ways, or  altering  old  ones,  and  the  like. 

Quarter  Sessions,  in  England,  is  a  court  held  once 
in  every  quarter,  by  two  justices  of  the  peace,  one 
of  whom  13  of  the  quorum,  for  the  trial  of  small  fel- 
onies and  misdemeanors. 

Sessions  of  the  Peace  ;  a  court  consisting  of  justices 
of  the  peace,  held  in  each  county,  for  inquiring  into 
trespasses,  larcenies,  forestalling,  &c.,  and  in  gen- 
eral, for  tlie  conservation  of  the  peace. 

Laws  ofJk'cw  YorJc 

Court  of  Session ;  the  supreme  civil  court  of  Scot- 
land, Brande. 


SET 

SES'SION-AL,  a.     Pertaining  to  n  church  session. 

SESS'-POOL,  n.  [.vm^-  anil  pool.]  A  cavity  sunk  in 
the  earth  to  receive  and  retain  the  sedinicnt  of  water 
conveyed  in  drams.  Scss-pooh  should  be  placed  at 
proper  distances  in  all  drains,  and  particularly  should 
one  be  placed  at  the  entrance.  Kncyc. 

SES'TERCE,  n.     [Fr.,  from  li.  sestertius.] 

A  Roman  coin  or  denomination  ol  money,  in 
value  the  fourth  part  of  a  denarius,  and  oritiiiially 
containing  two  asses  and  a  half,  afterward  four 
asses ;  etpial  to  about  two  pence  sterling,  or  four 
cents.  'I'he  sesterlium,  that  is,  sestcrtinm  pondus, 
was  two  pounds  and  a  liiilf,  or  one  thousand  ses- 
terces, equal  to  £S  17s.  Id.  sterling,  or  about  S'lO, 
before  the  reign  of  Augustus.  After  his  reign  it 
was  valued  at  £7  16s.  'Jd.  sterling.  It  was  original- 
ly coined  only  in  silver,  but  afterward  both  in  silver 
and  brass.  Smitlt^s  Diet. 

SE'i',  V.  t. !  prct.  and  pp.  Set.  [Sax.  setan,  sctan,  set- 
tun,  to  set  or  place,  to  seat  or  fix,  to  appease,  to  calm, 
L.  sedo;  to  compose,  as  a  book,  to  dispose  or  put  in 
order,  to  establish,  found,  or  institute,  to  possess,  to 
cease  ;  G.  sctzcn,  to  set,  to  risk  or  lay,  as  a  wager,  to 
plant,  to  appoint,  to  leap  or  make  an  onset  ;  I),  zet- 
ten  ;  Svv.  sdtta;  Dan.  .setter;  \V.  sodi.,  to  fix,  to  con- 
stitute ;  ffosodi,  to  set,  to  lay,  to  put,  to  establish,  to 
ordain  ;  gosod,  a  setting  or  placing,  3.  site,  a  statute, 
an  onset  or  assault ;  L.  sedo,  sedeo,  and  stdo,  coin- 
ciding witli  sit,  but  all  of  one  family.  From  the  Nor- 
man orthograpliy  of  this  word,  wo  have  assess,  as- 
sise. (See  Assess.)  Heb.  and  Ch.  "iDi  and  nitt^,  to 
set,  to  place;  Syr.  /.AiO  ■^efi,  to  found,  to  establish. 
Class  Sd,  No.  31, 56.  The  primaiy  sense  is,  to  throw, 
to  drive,  or  intransitivelj',  to  rush.] 

I.  To  put  or  place  ;  to  fix  or  cause  to  rest  in  a 
standing  posture.  Wc  set  a  house  on  a  wall  of 
stone ;  v/e  set  a  book  ou  a  shelf.  In  this  use,  set 
dilTers  from  lay  ;  we  set  a  thing  on  its  end  or  basis  ; 
we  lay  it  on  its  side. 

9.  To  put  or  place  in  its  proper  or  natural  posture. 
We  set  a  chest  or  trunk  on  its  bottom,  not  on  its 
end  ;  we  set  a  bedstead  or  a  table  on  its  feet  or  legs. 

3.  To  put,  place,  or  fix  in  any  situation.  God  set 
the  sun,  moon,  and  stars  in  the  firmament. 

1  do  tct  my  boa'  in  lliC  cloud.  —  Gen.  ix. 

4.  To  put  into  any  condition  or  state. 

Tlic  Lonl  Ihy  ijod  will  tit  lliee  oa  liigh.  —  Deu(.  xxviii. 

1  am  Come  to  est  a  nniti  Rt  variance  a^uinst  bis  falln-T.  —  Mntt.  i. 

So  we  say,  to  set  i»  order,  to  set  at  ease,  to  set  to 
Kiyrkj  or  at  work. 

5.  To  put ;  to  fix  ;  to  attach  to. 

Tlie  Lord  set  a  mark  upon  Caiu.  —  Gen.  W, 

So  we  say,  to  set  a  label  on  a  vial  or  a  bale. 

6.  To  fix ;  to  render  motionless ;  as,  the  eyes  are 
set ;  the  jaws  are  set. 

7.  To  put  or  fix,  as  a  price.  Wc  set  a  price  on  a 
house,  farm,  or  horse. 

8.  To  fix  ;  to  state  by  some  rule. 

The  genllcman  spoke  with  a  eet  ^tBture  and  couotcaaoce. 

Carea. 
The  lown  of  Berne  has  handEomc  foimtains  rilantcd  at  eel  dis- 
tances from  Ltiu:  end  of  the  street  to  Hie  otii?r.       Addison. 

0.  To  regulate  or  adjust ;  aa,  to  set  a  timepiece  by 
the  sun. 

lie  sets  hia  judgment  ly  bis  p.ission.  Prior. 

10.  To  fit  to  music ;  to  adapt  with  notes ;  as,  to 
set  tlie  words  of  a  psalm  to  music. 

Set  (by  own  songe,  and  e'lag  tliem  to  Uiy  lulc.  Dryden. 

II.  To  pitch  ;  to  begin  to  sing  in  public. 

He  set  the  hvmdredth  p'salm.  Spectator. 

19.  To  plant,  as  a  shrub,  tree,  or  vegetable. 

Prior. 

13.  To  variegate,  intersperse,  or  adorn  with  some- 
thing fixed;  to  stud;  as,  to  set  any  thing  with  dia- 
monds or  pearls. 

High  on  their  licadd,  witlj  jewels  richly  eel, 

Each  l-^dy  wore  a  radiant  coronet.  Dryden. 

14.  To  returil  to  its  proper  place  or  stale  ;  to  re- 
place ;  to  reduce  from  a  dislocated  or  fractured  state  ; 
as,  to  set  a  bone  or  a  leg. 

15.  To  fix;  to  place  ;  as  the  heart  or  aflfections. 

Setyowt  affcciJona  on  things  above.  —  Col.  iii. 

Minds  a][>]gethcr  eel  on  trade  and  profit.  Addison, 

16.  To  fix  firmly  ;  to  predetermine. 

The  heart  of  the  eons  of  men  is  fully  set  in  them  lo  do  cvi!. — 
Eccles.  viii. 

Hence  we  say,  a  thing  is  done  of  set  purpose  ;  a 
man  is  set,  that  is,  firm  or  obstinate  in  his  opinion  or 
way. 

17.  To  fix  by  appointment ;  to  appoint ;  to  assign  ; 
as,  to  set  a  time  for  meeting  ;  to  set  an  hour  or  a  day. 

Bacon.     Sout/u 

18.  To  place  or  station  ;  to  appoint  to  a  particular 
duty. 

Am  I  a  sea,  or  a  wlialc,  that  tnou  Btliett  a  watch  over  mc  i  —  Job 
vii. 

19.  To  Slake  at  play.    [Little  vsed,]  Prior. 

20.  To  ofier  a  wager  at  dice  to  another.  [lAUlc 
tised.]  ShaJ:. 


SET 

91.  To  fix  in  metal. 

And  him  too  rich  a  jewel  to  be  tit 

In  vulgar  metal  for  a  vulgar  u«c.  Dryden. 

99.  To  fix;  to  cause  to  stop;  to  obstruct;  as,  lo 
set  aconch  in  the  mire.  The  wagon  or  the  ti'am  was 
set  at  the  hill.  In  some  of  the  slates.  Stall,  is  used  in 

93.  To  embarrass  ;  to  perplex.  [a  like  sense. 

Tlipy  ar*^  hai  J  set  to  r'prcsrnt  tlic  bill  as  a  grievance.    A'idifan. 

21.  To  put  in  good  order ;  to  fix  for  use ;  to  bring 
to  a  fine  edge  ;  as,  to  set  a  razor. 

95.  To  loose  and  extend  ;  to  spread  ;  as,  to  set  the 
sails  of  a  ship. 

96.  To  point  out  without  noise  or  disturbance  ;  as, 
a  dog  sets  birds.  Johnson. 

97.  To  oppose. 

Will  you  set  your  wit  to  a  fool's  t  ShaJt. 

98.  To  prepare  witii  runnel  for  cheese  ;  as,  to  set 
milk. 

'29.  To  dim  ;  lo  darken  or  extinguish. 

Ahijah  could  not  sec ;  for  bis  eyes  were  eet  by  ri*ason  of  bis  :igc, 
—  1  Kings  xiv. 

T'cj  set  by  the  compass;  among  seamen,  to  observe 
the  bearing  or  situation  of  a  distant  object  by  the 
compass. 

To  set  about;  to  begin,  as  an  action  or  enterprise  ; 
lo  apply  lo.  He  has  planned  his  enterprise,  and  will 
soon  set  about  it. 

To  set  one's  self  against;  to  place  one's  self  in  a 
state  of  enmity  or  opposition. 

Tbc  king  of  Babylon  set  Utmttlf  against  Jerusalem  the  s-imc 
day. — Ezek.  xxiv. 

To  set  against ,-  to  oppose  ;  to  set  in  c»^mparison,  or 
to  oppose  as  an  equivalent  in  exchange  ;  as,  to  sti 
one  thing  agai}ist  another;  or  to  set  off  one  thing 
against  another. 

To  set  apart ;  to  separate  to  a  particular  use  ;  to  sep- 
arate from  the  rest. 

2.  To  neglect  for  a  time.     [A''ot  in  use.]    Kjwlles. 
To  set  aside ;  to  omit  for  the  present ;  to  lay  out  of 

the  question. 

StlUng  ns'ule  all  other  considerations,  1  will  endeavor  lo  know  the 
triilh  and  yield  to  that.  TUloUon. 

9.  To  reject. 

1  ciiibnicc  that  of  tlie  deluge,  aiid  set  aside  all  the  rfsl. 

iVooduMrd. 

3.  Tu  annul ;  lo  vacate.  The  court  set  aside  the 
verdici  or  the  judj^ment. 

To  Sit  abroach  ;  to  spread.  Shak. 

To  set  a-going:  to  cause  lo  begin  to  move. 
To  set  by  ;  to  set  apart  or  on  one  sidi: ;  lo  reject. 
[In  this  sense,  by  is  cmpliatical.]  [Baeon. 

2.  To  esteem  ;  to  regard  ;  to  value.        JlalliwcU. 
[In  this  sense,  set  is  pronounced  with  more  em- 
phasis tiian  bij.] 

To  set  down  ;  to  place  upon  the  ground  or  floor. 

2.  To  enter  in  writing ;  to  register. 

Some  rules  were  to  be  set  down  for  the  government  of  the  :.nny. 

Ciarendon. 

3.  To  explain  or  relate  in  writing. 

4.  To  fix  on  a  resolve.     [Little  nscd,]        KnoUcs. 

5.  To  fix  ;  to  establish  ;  to  ordain. 

Tli;s  law  we  may  nam?  eternal,  being  tliat  order  ■      ch  God  h:ilh 
set  down  witli  luiUGCif,  fur  himscEr  to  do  all  tlung?  hy. 

Hooker. 

To  set  forth;  lo  manifest;  to  offer  or  present  lo 
view.    Rom.  iii. 
9.  To  publish ;  to  promulgate ;  to  make  appear. 

Ji'aller. 

3.  To  send  out ;  to  prepare  and  send. 

The  Venetian  admiral  had  a  fleet  of  sixty  galleys,  set   fort!t  ly 
the  Veneiiaiu.    [Obs.]  KnoUee. 

4.  To  display  ;  lo  exhibit ;  to  present  to  view ;  to 
sliow.  Dryden.     Milton. 

To  set  forward ;  to  advance  ;  to  m"vc  on  ;  also,  to 
promote.  Hooker, 

To  set  in ;  to  put  in  the  way  ;  to  begin. 

If  vou  please  lo  assist  and  set  mc  in,  I  will  recollect  myself. 

Collier. 

To  set  off;  to  adorn  ;  to  decorate;  to  embellish. 

They  eel  off  the  worst  fuccs  with  the  test  ain.  Addison, 

2.  To  give  a  pompous  or  flattering  description  of; 
to  eulogize  ;  to  recommend  ;  as,  lo  set  off  a  charac- 
ter. 

3.  To  place  against  as  an  equivalent ;  as,  to  set  off 
om;  mnn's  services  against  another's. 

4.  To  separate  or  assign  for  a  particular  purpose ; 
as,  to  set  off  a  portion  of  an  estate. 

To  set  on  or  upon  j  to  incite  ;  to  instigate  ;  to  any- 
mate  lo  action. 

Thou,  Iriiitor,  hast  eet  on  iby  wife  to  this.  Shak. 

2.  To  assault  or  attack  ;  seldom  used  transitively,  but 

tlte  passive  fomi  is  often  used. 

Alphoasus  —  was  eet  upon  by  a  Turkish  pirite  and  taken. 

Knolles. 

3.  To  employ,  as  in  a  task. 

SlI  on  thy  wifc  to  observe.  Shak. 

4.  To  fix  the  atteniion  ;  lo  determine  to  any  thing 
with  settled  purpose. 

It  becomes  a  true  lover  to  have  your  heart  more  set  upon  her 
goo^l  than  your  own.  Sidney. 


FaTE,  far,  F^LL,  what — I\IeTE,  prey.— pine,  marine,  bird.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK. 


^ 


SET 

To  set  out ;  to  assign ;  to  allot ;  as,  to  set  out  the 
sliare  of  each  proprietor  or  heir  of  an  eslalej  to  set 
out  the  widow's  liiird?. 

2.  To  publisli,  oa  a  proclamation.  PVoi  elegant^  ntfr 
common.]  jSacon.     SwifL 

3.  To  mark  by  boundaries  or  distinctions  of  sj^ce. 

Detcrmiiiaie  porticns  of  those  infinite  abysses  of  sfoce  .in.i  Jura- 
lion,  set  out,  or  supposed  (o  be  diaiinguishwi  from  all  the 
rest  by  kuovn  bouaiianes.  Locke. 

-^  To  adoni ;  to  embeUisti. 

An,  u^y  womau  in  &  hch  habit,  set  out  with  jewels,  notliin^  can 
become.  Dryden. 

5.  To  raise,  equip,  and  send  forth  ;  to  furnish. 

The  Teoetians  preientl  they  could  set  out,  in  case  of  ffreat  ne- 
cessity, thirty  mea-of^wi-ar.  AJdison, 
{S^ot  eiegant,  and  Uit'.e  used,] 

6.  To  show ;  to  displaj-  j  to  recouimend  j  to  set  off. 

1  could  set  out  that  best  side  of  Lutlier.  .-itterbury. 

7.  To  show  ;  to  prove. 

Those  Tery  reasons  set  out  how  heincus  his  sin  vr^is.  [Little 
vsed,  and  not  elegant.}  Atterbury. 

8.  In  laWj  to  recite  j  to  state  at  large. 

Judge  Sedgioick. 
To  set  up ;  to  erect ;  as,  to  set  up  a  building ;  to  set 
vp  a  post,  a  wall,  a  pillar. 

2.  To  begin  a  new  institution  ;  to  institute  ;  to  es- 
tablish ;  to  found  ;  as,  to  set  up  a  manufactoiy;  to 
set  up  a  school. 

3.  To  enable  to  commence  a  new  business  j  as,  to 
set  vp  a  son  in  trade. 

4.  To  raise ;  to  esalt  j  to  put  in  power ;  as,  to  set 
vp  the  throne  of  David  over  Israel.    9  Sam.  iii. 

5.  To  place  in  view  ;  as,  to  set  vp  a  mark. 

6.  To  raise ;  to  utter  loudly ;  as,  to  set  up  the 
voice. 

I'll  set  up  such  a.  DoUr  as  she  shall  hear.  Di^jden. 

7.  To  advance  ;  to  propose  as  truth  or  I'ur  recep- 
tion ;  as,  to  set  up  a  new  opinion  or  doctrine.  Burnet. 

8.  To  raise  from  depression  or  to  a  sufficient  for- 
tune.   This  good  fortune  quite  set  him  up. 

9.  In  seameTi's  language,  to  eitend,  as  the  shrouds, 
stays,  &c. 

To  set  at  -naught ;  to  undervalue  ;  to  contemn  ;  to 
despise. 

Ye  UiTC  set  at  r.aughl  all  my  coiiosel.  —  Prov.  i. 

To  set  m  order ;  to  adjust  or  arrange  ;  to  reduce  to 

method. 

The  rest  will  I  set  in  order  when  1  come.  —  I  Cor.  li. 

To  set  eyes  on ;  to  see  ;  to  behold  ;  or  to  fix  the  eyes 
in  looking  on  ;  to  fasten  the  eyes  on. 

To  set  the  teeth  on  edge;  to  affect  the  teeth  with  a 
painful  sensation. 

To  set  over ;  to  appoint  or  constitute  as  supervisor, 
inspector,  ruler,  or  commander. 

9.  To  assign  ;  to  transfer;  to  convey. 

To  set  right ;  to  correct ;  to  put  in  order. 

To  set  saii;  to  make  sail,  or  to  commence  sailing. 

To  set  at  case :  to  quiet ;  to  tranquilize  ;  as,  to  set 
the  heart  al  ease. 

To  set  free  :  to  release  from  confinement,  imprison- 
ment, or  bondage  ;  to  liberate  j  to  emancipate. 

To  set  at  work ;  to  cause  to  enter  on  work  or  ac- 
tion ;  or  to  direct  how  to  enter  on  work.        Locke, 

To  set  on  fire;  to  communicate  fire  to  ;  to  inflame  ; 
and,  Jtguratieeltj^  to  enkindle  the  passions  ;  to  make 
to  rage  ;  to  irritate  ;  to  fill  with  disorder.    James  iii. 

To  set  before ;  to  offer  3  to  propose  :  to  present  to 
view.     Deut.  xi.  sxx. 

To  set  a  trap,  snare,  or  gin ;  to  place  in  a  situation 
to  catch  prey  ;  to  spread  ;  figuratively^  to  lay  a  plan 
to  deceive  and  draw  into  the  power  of  another. 
SET,  V.  L    To  decline  ;  to  go  down  ;  to  pass  b^low  the 
horizon  ;  as,  the  sun  sets;  the  stars  seL 

2.  To  be  fixed  hard  ;  to  be  close  or  firm.     Bacon. 

3.  To  fit  music  to  words.  Shak. 

4.  To  congeal  or  concrete. 

That  fluid  substance  in  a  k-x  minutes  b«fius  to  set.         Borjle. 

5.  To  begin  a  journey.  The  king  is  set  from  Lon- 
don. 

[This  is  obsolete.    We  now  say,  to  set  ojit.] 

6.  To  plant;  as,  "to  sow  dry,  and  to  set  wet." 

Old  Proverb. 

7.  To  flow ;  to  have  a  certain  direction  in  motion  ; 
as,  the  tide  sets  to  the  east  or  norlh  ;  the  current  sets 
westward. 

8.  To  catch  birds  with  a  dog  that  sets  them,  that 
is,  one  that  lic-s  down  and  points  them  out,  and  with 
a  large  net.  Boyle. 

To  set  one^s  self  about ;  to  begin  j  to  enter  upon  ;  to 
take  the  first  steps. 

To  set  one^s  self;  to  apply  one's  self. 
To  set  about ;  to  fall  on  ;  to  begin  ;  to  take  the  first 
: :>■  in  a  business  or  enterprise.  .itterbury. 

To  set  in;  to  begin.    Winter,  in  New  England, 
'lly  sets  in  in  December. 
To  become  settled  in  a  particular  state. 

Whu  iLe  wnliiT  \VM  *et  in  ta  be  vrry  bad.  AddisotJ. 

To  set  forward  i  to  move  or  march;  to  begin  to 
march ;  to  advance. 

The  sons  of  Aaron  acd  toe  tons  of  Alerari  set  forzeard.  — 
Nam.  X. 


SET 

7*0  set  on,  or  upon  ;  to  begin  a  journey  or  an  enter- 
prise. 

He  thai  would  seriously  set  upon  the  eeaxch  of  (mih.     £«dt«. 

2.  To  assault ,  to  make  an  attack,  Skak. 

To  set  out:  to  begin  a  journey  or  course  ;  as,  to 
set  out  for  London  or  from  London ;  to  set  out  in 
business;  to  set  out  in  life  or  the  world. 

2.  To  have  a  beginning.  Brown. 

To  set  to ;  to  apply  one's  self  to. 

Gov.  of  the  Tonnie. 

To  set  up ;  to  begin  business  or  a  scheme  of  hfe ; 
as,  to  set  up  in  trade  ;  to  set  vp  for  one's  self. 

2.  To  profess  openly ;  to  make  pretensions.  He 
sets  up  for  a  man  of  wit ;  he  sets  up  to  teach  moral- 
ity. Dryden, 
SET,  pp.  Placed;  put;  located;  fixed,  adjusted; 
composed  ;  studded  or  adorni-d  ;  reduced,  as  a  dislo- 
cated or  broken  bone. 

2.  a.  Regular;  uniform;  formal;  as,a  srt  speech 
or  phrase  ;  a  set  discourse  ;  a  set  battle. 

3.  Fixeti  in  opinion  :  determined;  firm  ;  obstinate  ; 
as,  a  man  set  in  his  opinions  or  way. 

4.  Established;  prescribed  :  as,  srt  forms  of  prayer. 
SET,  71.    A  number  or  collection  of  things  of  the  same 

kind  and  of  similar  f<irm,  which  are  ordinarily  used 
together ;  as,  a  set  of  chairs  ;  a  set  of  tea-cups ;  a  set 
of  China  or  other  ware. 

2.  A  number  of  things  fitted  to  be  used  together, 
though  different  in  form  ;  as,  a  set  of  dining-tables. 

A  set  implies  more  than  two,  which  are  called  a 
pair. 

3.  A  number  of  persons  customarily  or  officially 
associated  ;  as,  a  set  of  men,  a  set  of  officers ;  or  a 
number  of  persons  having  a  similitude  of  character, 
or  of  things  which  have  some  resemblance  or  rela- 
tion to  each  other.  Uei:cc  our  conunon  phrase,  a  set 
of  opinions. 

This  f:i!!s  into  difeiciit  dirUions  or  sets  ct  HaIIous  connected 
under  parlicutir  reli^on^,  tc.     Ward's  Lata  of  Nations. 

4.  A  number  of  particular  things  that  are  united  in 
the  formation  of  a  whole  ;  as,  a  set  of  features. 

.Addison. 

5.  A  young  plant  for  growth ;  as,  sets  of  white 
thorn  or  other  siirub.  Eitcijc. 

G.  The  descent  of  the  sun  or  other  luminary  below 
the  horizon  ;  as,  the  set  of  the  sun.  Atterbury. 

7.  A  wager  at  dice. 

That  was  but  civil  war,  an  equal  set.  Dryden. 

8.  A  game. 

We  will,  in  France,  play  a  set 

Shill  strike  his  falhi^r's  croWi'n  into  tlie  hazard.  Skdk. 

A  dead  set ;  the  act  of  a  setter  dog  when  it  discov- 
ers the  game,  and  remains  intently  fixed  in  pointing 
it  out ;  said  also  by  Grose  to  be  a  concerted  scheme 
to  defraud  a  person  by  gaming. 

To  be  at  a  dead  set,  is  to  be  in  a  fixed  state  or  con- 
dition which  preclutles  further  progress. 

To  make  a  dead  set  upon ;  to  make  a  determined 
onset. 
SE-Ta'CEOUS,  (-shiis,)  a.     [L.  seta,  a  bristle.] 

1.  Bristly;  set  with  bristles;  consisting  of  bris- 
tles ;  as,  a  stiff,  sPlaceoits  tail.  Derham. 

2.  In  natural  history,  bristle-shaped ;  having  the 
thickness  and  length  of  a  bristle  ;  as,  a  setaceous  leaf 
or  leaflet.  Martyn. 

Setaceous  worm ;  a  name  given  to  a  water  worm 
that  resembles  a  horse  hair,  vulgarly  supposed  to  be 
an  animated  hair.    But  this  is  a  mistake.    Encyc. 
SET'-DOWN,  n.    A  powerful  rebuke  or  reprehen- 
sion. 
SET'-FOIL.    H;'e  SErx-FoiL. 
SE-TIF'ER-Oi;s,  a.     [L.  sfta  and  fero.] 

Producing  or  having  bristles. 
SE'TI-FORM,a.     [h.  seta,  a.  bristle,  and /or;n.] 

Having  the  form  of  a  bristle.     Journ.  of  Science 
Se'TI-REME,  n.     [h.  seta  and  remits.] 

A  name  given  to  the  jointed  legs,  whoso  innerside 
has  a  dense  fringe  of  haiR,  by  means  of  wJiich  cer- 
tain animals,  as  the  diving-beetles,  move  in  the  wa- 
ter. Kirby. 
SET'NESS,  n.    Regulation;  adjustnient;  obsimacy. 

~*Iasters. 
SET'-OFF,  n.  [set  and  oj.]  The  act  of  admitting 
one  claim  to  counterbalance  another.  In  a  set-off, 
the  defendant  acknowledges  the  justice  of  tiie  plain- 
tiff's demand,  but  sct^  up  a  demand  of  his  own  to 
counterbalance  it  in  whole  or  in  part. 

The  right  of  pleading  a  set-o^  depends  on  statute.    Blackitone. 

J^ote.  —  In  J^'Vw  Entrland,  offset  is  sometimes  used 
for  ^rt-ojf.  But  q^^ft  lias  a  different  sense,  and  it  is 
desirable  that  the  practice  should  be  uniform,  wher- 
ever the  English  language  is  spoken. 

2.  The  part  of  a  wail,  &:c.,  which  is  exposed  hori- 
zontally when  l!ie  portion  above  it  is  reduced  in 
Jhickness  ;  also  called  Offset.       Gloss,  of  .Orckit, 
Se'TON,  n.     [Fr.,  from  L.  seta,  a  bristle.] 

In  surgery,  a  few  horse  hairs  or  small  threads,  or  a 
twist  of  silk,  drawn  through  the  skin  by  a  large  nee- 
dle, by  whicli  a  small  opening  is  made  and  contin- 
ued. Eneyc.     Q_uincy. 
Se'ToSE,  }  a.     [It.  setoso ;  L.  setosus,  from  seta,  a 


Se'TOUS 


bristle. 


SET 

In  natural  history,  hrisl]}' ;  having  the  surface  set 
with  bristles  ;  as,  a  setous  leaf  or  receptacle.  Martyn. 

SET'-SFEECH,  n.  A  speech  carefully  prepan-d  be- 
fore it  is  delivered  in  public.  Halliwell. 

SET-TEE',  Ti.  [from  set.]  A  long  seat  with  a  back 
to  it. 

2.  A  vessel  witli  one  deck  and  a  very  long,  sharp 
prow,  carrjing  two  or  three  masts  with  lateen  sails  ; 
used  in  the  ilediterranean.        Mar.  Diet.    Er.cyc. 

SET'TER,  n.  One  that  sets;  as,  a  setter  oti,  or  in- 
citer ;  a  setter  up ;  a  setter  fortli,  &c. 

9.  A  dog  that  beats  the  field  and  starts  birds  for 
sportsmen.  It  partakes  of  the  characters  of  the 
pointer  and  spaniel.  P.  Cyc 

3.  A  man  that  performs  the  office  of  a  setting  dog, 
or  finds  persons  to  be  plundered.  South. 

4.  One  that  adapts  words  to  music  in  compo- 
sition. 

5.  Whatever  sets  off,  adorns,  or  recommends.  [-Vot 
^■^ed]  Whiilodi. 

SET'TER-WORT,  (-wurt,)  «.  A  plant,  a  species  of 
hellebore,  Helleborus  fcetidus,  also  called  Stiskisg 
HzLLEBonE  or  Bear's  Foot.  Forsyth. 

SET'TING,  ppr.  Placing;  putting;  fixing;  stud- 
ding ;  appointins  ;  sinking  below  the  horizon,  &c. 

SET'TIKG,  n.  The  act  of  "putting,  placing,  fixing,  or 
establishinET. 

9.  The  act  of  sinking  below  the  horizon.  The 
setting  of  stars  is  of  three  kinds,  cosmical,  acronical, 
and  heliacal.     [See  these  words.] 

3.  The  act  or  manner  of  taking  birds  by  a  setting- 
dog. 

4.  Inclosure ;  as,  settings  of  stones.    Ezod.  xanriii. 

5.  The  direction  of  a  current,  sea,  or  wind. 

Button. 
G.  The  hardening  of  plaster  or  cement."      Gwilt. 
SET'TIXG-€oAT,  n.    In  archUccture,  the  best  sort  of 

plastering  on  walls  or  ceilings.  Brande. 

SET'TI.\G-DOG,  n.    A  setter;  a  dog  trained  to  find 

and  start  birds  for  sportsmen. 
SET'TLE,  (set'tl,)  n.     [Sax.  sea,  setll;  G.  sessel;  D. 
zetel ;  L.  sedile.     See  Set.] 
A  bench  with  a  high,  wooden  back.        Dryden, 
SET'TLE,  r.  t,    [from  set.]    Toplace  in  apermanent 
condition  after  wandering  or  fluctuation. 

I  will  seaXe  you  after  your  o'.d  estates.  — Ezek.  xxivL 

2.  To  fix ;  to  establish ;  to  make  permanent  in  any 

place. 

I  will  settle  !iim  in  my  hcuse  and  in  my  kicgdco  forsTer.  —  1 
Chroo.  xvii, 

3.  To  establish  in  business  or  way  of  life ;  as,  to 

settle  a  son  in  trade. 

4.  To  mr4rr5' ;  as,  to  settle  a  daughter. 

5.  To  establish;  to  con  Arm. 

Her  will  alo.T;  could  selUe  or  revofce.  Pricr. 

C.  To  determine  what  is  uncertain  ;  to  establish  ; 

to  free  fiom  doubt;  -ia^io  settle  questions  or  points 
of  law.  TheSuprenrj  v.'i.urt  have  5ftt/c<i  the  question. 

7.  To  fix  ;  to  establish  ;  to  make  certain  or  perma- 
nent ;  as,  to  settle  the  succession  to  a  throne  in  a  par- 
ticular family  So  we  speak  of  settled  habits  and  set- 
tled opinions. 

8.  To  fix  or  establish ;  not  to  suffer  to  doubt  or 
waver. 

It  will  settle  the  v.-aTeriag  and  conarm  the  douttful.        Steift. 

9.  To  make  close  or  compact. 

Cover  .iTit-Uills  up,  that  the  nin  may  tet£e  the  turf  before  the 
sfi  ri  i!  J,  Morttzner. 

10.  To  cause  to  subside  after  being  heaved  and 
loosened  by  frost;  or  to  dry  and  harden  after  rain- 
Thus  clear  weather  settles  the  roads- 

11.  To  lower  or  cause  to  smk.  Totten, 

12.  To  fix  or  establish  by  gift,  grant,  or  any  legal 
act ;  as,  to  settle  a  pension  on  an  officer,  or  an  annu- 
ity on  a  child. 

13.  To  fix  firady.  Settle  your  mind  on  valuable 
objects. 

14.  To  cause  to  sink  or  subside,  as  extraneous 
matter  in  liquors.  In  fining  wine,  we  add  something 
to  settle  the  lees. 

15.  To  compose ;  to  traaquilize  what  is  dis- 
turbed ;  as,  to  settle  the  thoughts  or  mind  when 
agitated. 

IG.  To  establish  in  the  pastoral  office;  to  ordain 
over  a  church  and  society,  or  parish  ;  as,  to  settle  a 
minister.  United  States.     Bos:ccU. 

17.  To  plant  with  inhabitants  ;  to  colonize.  The 
French  first  settled  Canada  ;  the  Puritans  sfW/crf  Xew 
England;  Plymouth  was  settled  in  1620.  Hartford 
was  settled  in  1636.  Wethersfield  was  the  first  settled 
town  in  Connecticut. 

Provinces  first  settledsSier  the  flood.  MH/brd, 

I^-ind  whkh  they  ai«  un-ible  to  settie  and  cultirate. 

Yattel,  Tmns. 

13.  To  adjust ;  to  close  by  amicable  agreement  or 
otherwise  ;  as,  to  settle  a  controversy  or  dispute  by 
agreement,  treaty,  or  by  force. 

19.  To  adjust ;  to  liquidate ;  to  balance,  or  to  pay  ; 
as,  to  settle  accounts. 

To  settle  the  lund :  among  seamen,  to  cause  it  to 
sink  or  appear  lower  by  receding  from  it. 
SET'TLE,  V.  i.     To  fall  to  the  bottom  of  liquor;  to 


TCNE,  BJJLL,  UNITE.— AN"GER,  VI"C10US.  — C  as  K  ;  6  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THI?. 

1013" 


SET 

subside ;  to  sink  and  rest  on  the  bottom  ;  as,  lees  or 
drcfjs  settle,  Siiuiy  particles  in  water  settle  and  form 
uiiiil  at  the  boltoui  of  rivers. 

'i'his  word  i3  used  of  the  extraneous  matter  of 
liquors,  when  it  subsides  spontaneously.  Hut  in 
chemical  operations,  when  substances  mixed  or  in 
solution  are  decomposed,  and  one  component  part 
subsides,  il  is  said  to  be  precipitated.  But  it  may  also 
bu  said  to  settle. 

2.  To  lose  motion  or  fermentation  ;  tu  deposit,  as 
feces. 

A  government,  od  auch  Oceanians,  is  alwaya  thick  befare  it  settles. 

Addison . 

3.  To  fix  one's  habitation  or  residence.  Belgians 
had  set/led  on  the  southern  coast  of  Britain,  before 
tlie  Romans  invaded  the  isle. 

Ki)glish  Puritans  who  first  eeltled  iii  New  England. 

ValUl,  Tratts. 

4.  To  marry  and  establish  a  domestic  state. 
Where  subsistence  is  easily  obtained,  children  settle 
at  an  early  period  of  life. 

0.  To  become  fixed  after  change  or  fluctuation  ;  as, 
the  wind  came  about  and  settled  in  the  west. 

Bacon. 

C.  To  become  stationary  ;  to  quit  a  rambling  or  ir- 
regular course  for  n.  permanent  or  methodical  one. 

7.  To  become  fixed  or  permanent ;  to  lake  a  lasting 
form  or  state  ;  as,  a  scttletl  conviction. 

Chyle  —  runs  through  Uie  intermediate  colore  UU  it  settles  in  an 
intense  red.  A.rbulAnot. 

8.  To  rest ;  to  repose. 

When  lime  hath  worn  out  their  oatunil  vanity,  and  taught  them 
discretion,  their  Tondtiess  settles  on  Ita  proper  object. 

Spectator. 

9.  To  become  calm  ;  to  cease  from  agitation. 

Till  (he  fury  of  lu's  highness  settle, 
Come  not  before  liiin.  iSha/i. 

10.  To  make  a  jointure  for  a  wife. 

He  siglia  wilh  most  success  that  selUes  well.  Garlh. 

11.  To  sink  by  its  weight ;  and  in  loose  bodies,  to 
become  more  compact.  We  say,  a  wall  settles;  a. 
house  settles  upon  its  foundation  j  a  moss  of  sand 
settles  and  becomes  more  firm. 

13.  To  sink  after  being;  heaved,  and  to  dry;  as, 
roads  settle  in  spring  after  frost  and  rain. 

13.  To  bs  ordained  or  installed  over  a  parish, 
church,  or  congregation.  A.  B.  was  invited  to  settle 
in  the  first  society  in  New  Haven.  N.  D.  settled  in 
the  ministry  very  young. 

14.  To  adjust  differences  or  accounts;  to  come  to 
an  acreement.     Us  has  settled  with  his  creditors. 

SET'TLED,  (set'tid,)  pp.  or  a.  Placed  ;  established; 
fixed  ;  determined  ;  composed  ;  adjusted. 

SET'TL£:n-:sE::?S,  n.  The  state  of  being  settled; 
confirmed  stale.     [Little  used.]  K,  Charles. 

SET'TLE-MENT,  (set'll-nient,)  «.  The  act  of  set- 
tling, or  slate  of  being  settled. 

2.  Thefallingof  the  foul  or  foreign  matter  of  liquors 
to  the  bottom  ;  subsidence. 

3.  The  matter  that  subsides ;  lees ;  dregs.  [JVoi 
xised,  ]  JUortimcr. 

[For  this  we  use  Settlings.] 

4.  The  act  of  giving  possession  by  legal  sanction. 

M_y  flocks,  my  fields,  my  wciotis,  my  pastures  lake, 

W  iih  seulement  na  good  us  l.tw  can  make.  Dryden. 

5.  A  jointure  granted  to  a  wife,  or  the  act  of  grant- 
ing it.  We  say,  the  wife  has  a  com|)etent  settlement 
for  her  maintenance  ;  or  she  has  provision  made  for 
her  by  the  sciXlement  of  a  jointure. 

6.  The  act  of  taking  a  domestic  state ;  the  act  of 
marrj-ing  and  going  to  housekeeping. 

7.  A  becoming  stationary,  or  taking  a  permanent 
residence  after  a  roving  course  of  life.  V Estrange. 

8.  The  act  of  planting  or  establishing,  as  a  colony  ; 
also,  the  place,  or  the  colony  established  ;  as,  the 
British  settlements  in  America  or  India. 

9.  Adjustment ;  liquidation  ;  the  ascertainment  of 
just  claims,  or  payment  of  the  balance  of  an  ac- 
count. 

10.  Adjustment  of  differences  ;  pacification  ;  rec- 
onciliation; -ds,  Ihe  settlement  of  disputes  or  contro- 
versies. 

11.  The  ordaining  or  installment  of  a  clerg:>-man 
over  a  parish  or  con^jregation. 

12.  A  sum  of  money  or  other  propertv  cranted  to  a 
minister  on  his  ordination,  exclusive  of  his  sulaiy. 

13.  Legal  residence  or  establishment  of  a  person 
in  a  particular  parish  or  town,  which  entitles  him  to 
maintenance  if  a  pauper,  and  subjects  the  parish  or 
town  to  his  support.  In  Englanil,  the  poor  are  sup- 
ported by  the  parish  where  they  have  a  settlement. 
In  New  England,  they  are  supported  by  the  town. 
In  England,  the  staliites  19  Richard  II.  and  !9  Henry 
VII.  seem  to  be  the  first  rudiments  of  parish  5e«?e- 
ments.  By  statutes  13  and  14  Clmrles  II.  a  legal  set" 
tlrmmt  is  declared  to  be  gained  by  birth,  by  inhab- 
itanry,  by  apprenticeship,  or  by  service  for  forty 
days.  But  the  gaining  of  a  settlement  by  so  short  a 
residence  produced  great  evils,  which  were  remedied 
by  statute  1  James  II.  Elachstone. 

14.  Jlct  of  settlement ;  in  British  history^  tlie  statute 
of  12  and  13  William  III.,  by  which  the  crown  was 


SEV 

limited  to  his  present  majesty's  house,  or  the  house 
of  Hanover.  Blacli^tme. 

SET'TLING,  ppr.  Placing;  fixing;  establishing; 
regulating;  adjusting;  planting  or  colonizing;  sub- 
siding; rnmposing  ;  ordaining  or  installing;  beconi- 
ins  the  pastor  of  a  parish  or  church. 

SET'TLiiNU,  n.  The  act  of  making  a  settlement;  a 
planting  or  cotoni/Jng. 

2.  The  act  of  subsiding,  as  Ices. 

3.  The  adjustment  of  differences. 

4.  SettlingSy  pi. ;  lees;  dregs;  sediment. 
SET'-TO,  n,    A  conflict  In  boxing,  argument,  <kc. 

Hallitccll. 
SET'WALL,  71.     [set  and  wall]     A  plant.    The  ^ar- 

den  sciioall  is  a  species  of  Valeriana. 
SEV'£N,  (sev'n,)  a.     [Sax.  scofa,  se.vfan  ;  Goth,  sibun  ; 
D.  zeeven;  G.siebcn?  3w.  siu;  Dan.  syv  ;  L.  scptem, 
whence  Fr.  sept,  It.  settc^  Sp.  sietc,  (or  tlie  two  latter 
are  the  W.  saith,  Arm.  saith  or  sciz;)  Pans,  sapta; 

o 
Pers.  Cl^Ji^  haft;   Zend,  liapte,  Pehlavi,  haft;  Gr. 


cara;    Ar.    !tA*vj  sabaa;   Heb.  Ch.  Syr    and  Elh. 

VZTff.    In  Ch.  and  Syr.  j;aD  signifies  to  fill,  to  satisfy  ; 
in  Ar.  seven,  and  to  make  the  number  seven.    In 


5t' 


shdbia,  to 


Heb.  and  Ch.  yan?  is  seven ;  Ar. 


fill.  With  this  orthography  coincides  the  spelling  of 
the  Teutonic  and  Gothic  words,  whose  elements  are 
Sby  or  their  cognates.  But  the  Latin  and  Sanscrit 
have  a  third  radical  letter,  as  has  the  Persic,  viz.,  (, 

and  these  coincide  with  the  Ar.  {^x^t  sabata,  to 
observe  the  Sabbath,  to  rest,  Heb.   Ch.   and   Syr. 

It  IS  obvious,  then,  that  seveii  iiad  its  origin  in 
these  verbs,  and  if  the  Persic  and  Greek  words  are 
from  the  same  source,  which  is  very  probable,  we 
iiave  satisfactory  evidence  that  the  sibilant  letter  s 
has  been  changed  into  an  aspirate.  And  this  con- 
firms my  opinion  that  a  similar  change  has  taken 
place  in  the  Gr.  aAf,  salt,  W.  halen,  and  in  many 
other  words.] 

Four  and  three  ;  one  more  than  six  or  less  than 
eight.  Seven  days  constitute  a  week.  We  read  in 
Scripture  of  seven  years  of  plenty,  and  seven  years  of 
famine,  seven  trumpets,  seven  seals,  seven  vials,  &,c. 

Seven  stars;  a  common  name  for  the  cluster  of 
stars  in  the  neck  of  Taurus,  called  Pleiades. 

Hutton. 
SEV'£N-FoLD,  a.    [seven  nnd/o?r/.]    Repeated  seven 
times;   doubled  seven    times;  increased   to  seven 
times  the  size  or  amount ;  as,  the  scvcvfold  shield  of 
Ajax  ;  sevenfold  rage.  Milton. 

SEV'ii:N-FoLD,  adv.    Seven  times  as  much  or  often. 

Whosoever  slayeth  Cain,  vengeance  shall  l>e  taken  on  him  seveit' 
fold.  —  Geo.  iv. 

SEV'£N-HILL-J:D,  o.     Having  seven  hills.    More. 

SEV'£N-NTGHT,  (sen'nit,)  n.  [seven  and  night.]  A 
week  ;  the  period  of  seven  days  and  nights  ;  or  the 
time  from  one  day  of  tlie  week  to  the  next  day  of 
the  same  denomination  preceding  or  following.  Our 
ancestors  numbered  the  diurnal  revolutions  of  the 
earth  by  nights^  as  they  reckoned  the  anntial  revolu- 
tions by  iciutcrs.  Sevenmght  is  now  contracted 
into  Sennic.ht,  which  see. 

SEV'£N-SCoRE,  t(.  [^treji  and  5C0 re,  twenty  notches 
or  marks.]  Seven  times  twenty,  that  is,  a  hundred 
and  forty. 

The  old  Countesa  of  Desmond,  who  lived  seuenscore  years, 
deiilized  twice  or  Uirioe.  Bacon, 

SEV'£:N-TEEN,    a.      [Sax.    scofont7j7ie ;    seven-ten.] 

Seven  and  ten. 
SEV'^N-TEENTH,  a.     [from  tcrcnteen.    The  Saxon 

seofon-tcotha  or  seofon-teogetha  is  differently  formed.] 
The  ordinal  of  seventeen  ;  tne  seventh  after  the 

tenth. 

On  the  ssventeenth  day  of  the  second  month  —  idl  the  foutilftius 
of  the  great  deep  were  broken  up,  —  Gen,  vii, 

SEVENTH,  a.     [Sax.  seofctJia.] 

1.  The  ordinal  of  seven  ;  the  first  after  the  sixth. 

On  th°  seventh  day  God  ended  his  work  which  he  htul  made  ;  and 
he  rtstcd  on  the  sevetuh  day  from  all  hia  work  which  he  had 
made.  — Gen.  ii. 

2.  Containing  or  being  one  part  in  seven  ;  as,  the 
spvejuh  part. 

BEV'£NTU,7t.  The  seventh  part;  one  part  in  seven. 
9.  In  mii.sic,  a  dissonant  interval  or  heptachonl. 
An  interval  consisting  of  four  tones  and  two  major 
semitones,  is  called  a  seventh  minor.  An  interval 
composed  of  five  tones  and  a  major  semitotie,  is 
called  a  seventJi  major,  being  a  major  semitone  less 
than  an  octave.  Busbij.     Braude. 

SEV'£NTII-LY,  adv.     In  the  seventh  place.      Bacon. 

SEV'£N-TI-ETH,  a.  [from  seventy.]  The  ordinal  of 
seventy  ;  as,  a  man  in  the  seventieth  year  of  his  age. 


SEV 

The  seventieth  year  begins  immediately  after  the 
close  of  the  sixly-ninih. 
SEV'i^N-TY,  a.  [D.  zevcntig;  Sax.  scofa,  seven,  and 
tig,  ten  ;  Goth,  tig,  Gr.  (kx-n,  ten,  but  the  Saxon 
writers  prefixed  hund,  as  hund-seofontig.  Sec  Lye,  ad 
voc,  and  Sax.  Cliron.  A.  I).  1083.] 
Seven  times  ten. 

That  he  would  accomplish  seventy  yeai^  in  the  desolations  of 
Jerusalem. —  Dan.  ix. 

SEV'/:N-TY,  n.  The  Septuagint  or  seventy  trans- 
lators of  the  Old  Testament  into  the  Greek  lan- 
guage. 

SEVER,  V.  t.  [Fr.  srvrer  ;  It.  sevrare.  There  may  be 
a  doubt  whether  sever  is  derived  from  the  Latin 
scparo.  The  French  has  seirrcr,  as  well  as  sepa- 
rer ;  and  the  ItnMau  sevrare,  scevrare  and  seeverarc, 
as  well  as  separare.  The  It.  scevrare  coincides  well 
in  orthography  with  Eng.  shiver,  and  this  with  Heb. 
•^216',  Ch.  Syr.  and  Ar.  lan,  lo  break.  The  latter 
are  the  same  word  with  different  prefixes.  See  Class 
Br,  No.  26,  97.] 

1.  To  part  or  divide  by  violence  ;  to  separate  by 
cutting  or  rending  ;  as,  to  sever  the  body  or  the  arm 
at  a  single  stroke. 

2.  To  part  from  the  rest  by  violence ;  as,  to  sever 
the  head  from  the  body. 

3.  To  separate  ;  to  disjoin,  as  distinct  things,  but 
united  ;  as,  the  dearest  friends  severed  by  cruel  ne- 
cessity. 

4.  To  separate  and  put  in  different  orders  or 
places. 

The  angels  shall  come  forth  and  sever  the  wicked  from  among 
the  Just.  —  Miitl.  xiii. 

5.  To  disjoin  ;  to  disunite  ;  in  a  general  sense;  but 
usually  implying  violence. 

6.  To  keep  distinct  or  apart.    Exod.  viii. 

7.  In  law,  to  disunite  ;  to  disconnect ;  to  part  pos- 
session ;  as,  to  sever  an  estate  in  joint-tenancy. 

Blackstonc, 
SEVER,  V.  i.    To  make  a  separation  or  disiinction  ; 
to  distinguish. 

The  Lord  will  scoer  between  the  caUle  of  Israel  ajid  the  cattle  of 
Egypt.  — Kx.  ix. 

2.  To  suffer  disjunction ;  to  be  parted  or  rent  asun- 
der. Shak. 
SEVER-AL,  a.  [from  sever.}  Separate;  distinct; 
not  common  to  two  or  more  ;  as,  a  several  fishery  ;  a 
several  estate.  A  several  fishery  is  one  held  by  the 
owner  of  the  soil,  or  by  title  derived  from  the  owner. 
A  several  estate  is  one  held  by  a  tenant  in  his  own 
right,  or  a  distinct  estate  unconnected  with  any  other 
person.                                                            Blaclistone. 

2.  Separate  ;  different ;  distinct. 

IJivera  sorts  of  beasts  camf  from  eeueral  pails  lo  drink.     Bacon. 
Four  seoeral  arinieB  to  the  field  are  led.  Dryden. 

3.  Divers;  consisting  of  a  number;  more  than 
two,  but  not  very  many.  Several  persons  were  pres- 
ent when  the  event  took  place. 

4.  Separate;  single;  particular. 

F.ach  several  ship  a  victory  did  gain.  Dryden, 

5.  Distinct ;  appropriate. 


Each  might  his  several  province  well  command, 
Would  m  but  stoop  to  what  Ihey  uudensUnd. 


Pope. 


A  joint  and  sevo-al  note  or  bond,  is  one  executed  by 
two  or  more  persons,  each  of  whom  is  bound  to  pay 
the  whole,  in  case  the  others  prove  to  be  insolvent. 
SEVER-AL,  n.    Each  particular,  or  a  small  number, 
singly  taken. 

Several  of  them  neither  rose  from  any  conspicuous  family,  nor 

left  any  behind  lliem.  Addison, 

There  was  not  liinc  enough  lo  hear 

The  severals,  Shak 

[This  latter  use,  in  the  plural,  is  tkjio  infrequent  or 
obsolete.] 

9.  An  inclosed  or  separate  place  ;  inclosed  ground  ; 
as,  they  had  their  several  for  the  heathen,  their  sev- 
eral for  their  own  people  ;  put  a  beasl  into  n  several. 
Hooker.     Bacon. 

[These  applications  are  nearly  or  wholUj  obsolete.] 

In  several;  in  a  state  of  separation. 

Where  pastures  in  several  be.     [Little  used.]  Tusser. 

SEV-ER-AL'I-TV,  7t.    Each  particular  singly  taken; 

distinction.     [.Yot  in  use.]  Bp.  Hall. 

SE  VER-AL-IZE,  v.  i.     To  distinguish.     [J^ot  in  use] 

Bp.  Hall. 
SEV'ER-AL-LY,  atZc.    Separately;    distinctly  ;  apart 

from  others.    Call  the  men  severally  by  name. 

I  could  not  keep  my  eye  steady  on  ihcm  severally  so  as  to  num- 
ber them.  Newton. 

To  be  jointly  and  severally  bound  in  a  contract,  is 
for  each  obligorto  he  liable  to  pay  the  whole  demand, 
in  case  the  other  or  others  arc  nul  able. 

SEVER-AL-TY,  7(.  A  state  of  separation  from  the 
rest,  or  from  all  others.  An  estate  in  severalty,  is  lliat 
which  the  tenant  holds  in  his  own  right,  without  be- 
ing joined  in  interest  with  any  ether  person.  It  is 
distinguished  from  joint-tenancy,  coparcenery,  and 
common.  Blackstone. 

SEVER-ANCE,  n.  Separation;  tha  -xct  of  dividing 
or  disuniting.  The  severance  of  a  jointure  is  made 
by  destroying  the  unity  of  interest.     Thus,  when 


Fate,  far,  fall,  what — mete,  prey.  — pine,  markne,  bird.  — note,  dove,  move,  wolf,  book.- 


1014 


SEW 


SEX 


SHA 


lliere  are  two  joint-lenaTits  for  life,  and  the  inherit- 
ance is  purchased  by  or  iii:scends  upon  either,  it  is  a 
sereraiice. 

So  also  when  two  per>-iins  are  joined  in  a  writ,  nnd 
one  is  nonsuited  ;  in  thi:*  case  severance  ispennitted, 
and  the  other  plain  till"  ni;!y  proceed  in  the  suit.  So 
also  in  assize,  when  twc)  or  more  disseizees  appear 
upon  the  writ,  and  not  t!;e  other ^ severance  is  permit- 
ted._  Blackstoiie.  Encyc, 
SE-VeRE',  a,      [Fr.,  from  L.  sevtrm;    It.  and  Sj). 

1.  Ri^d  j  harsh;  not  mild  or  indulgent  j  ^^^  severe 
words  ;  sererc  treatment  j  severe  wrath. 

Jlillon,    Pope. 
a.  Sharp ;  hard  ;  rigorous. 

I<ct  your  zeal  —  be  more  severe  a.g-iiast  thyself  than   ii^iinst 
oiiiers.  ThyJor. 

3.  Very  strict ;  or  sometimes,  perhaps,  unreasona- 
bly strict  or  exact i  giving  no  indulgence  to  faults 
or  errors  ;  as,  severe  government ;  severe  criticism. 

4.  Rigorous,  perhaps  cruel  j  as,  severe  punishment  j 
severe  justice. 

5.  Grave ;  sober ;  sedate  to  an  extreme ;  opposed 
to  Cheerful,  Gat,  Light,  Lively. 

Yt»ur  looks  must  alter,  a»  yout  subject  does, 

From  kind  to  fierw,  from  wanton  lo  teoere.  WalUr. 

6.  Rigidly  exact ;  strictly  methodical  j  not  lax  or 
airy.  1  will  not  venture  on  so  nice  a  subject  with 
my  severe  style. 

7.  Sharp;  afflictive;  distressing;  violent;  as,  se- 
vere pain,  anguish,  torture,  &.c. 

8.  Sharp:  biting;  extreme;  as,  seyere  cold. 

9.  Close ;  concise  ;  not  luxuriant. 

Tlie  Latin,  a  most  severe  and  compendious  langua^.    Drydcn. 

10.  Difficult  to  be  endured  ;  exact j  critical;  nice; 
as,  a  severe  test. 

SEV''EK-£D,  pp.    Parted  by  violence  ;  disjoined. 
SE-V'EltE'LY,  ado.    Harshly;  sharply;  as,  to  chide 
one  sccercly. 

2.  Strictly ;  rigorously  ;  as,  to  judge  one  severely. 

To  be  or  fondly  or  secerely  kind.  Saaage. 

3.  With  extreme  rigor  ;  as,  t_  punish  severely. 

4.  Painfully;  affliclively;  greatly;  as,  to  be  se- 
verely atilicted  with  the  gout. 

5.  Fiercely ;  ferociously. 

More  formiilabte  Hytir.i  »t;inJs  within, 

Wbo«  jaws  «.iib  iron  teeUi  aeoerely  grin.  Drylen. 

SEV'ER-ING,  ppr.    Parting  by  violence  ;  disuniting. 

SEV'ER-ITE,  lu  A  mineral  found  near  St.  Sever,  in 
France,  occurring  in  small  masses,  white  williout 
luster,  a  little  harder  than  lithomarge.  It  is  com- 
posed of  silica,  alumina,  and  water. 

P.  Cue.    Phillips. 

SE-VER'I-TY,  n.     [h.  severiUis.] 

1.  Harshness;  rigor;  austerity;  want  of  mildness 
or  indulgence  ;  as,  the  severity  of  a  reprimand  or  re- 
proof. 

2.  Rigor;  extreme  strictness  ;  as,  severity  of  disci- 
pline or  government. 

3.  Excessive  rigor;  extreme  degree  or  amount.  Se- 
verity of  penalties  or  punishments  often  defeats  the 
object  by  exciting  pity. 

4.  Extremity;  quality  or  power  of  distressing  ;  as, 
the  severity  of  pain  or  anguish. 

5.  Extreme  degree ;  as,  the  severity  of  cold  or 
heat. 

6.  Extreme  coldness  or  inclemency  ;  as,  the  sever- 
iiij  of  the  winter. 

7.  Harshness;  cruel  treatment ;  sharpness  of  piin- 
l^^hntent;  as,  severity  practiced  on   prisoners  of  war. 

8.  Exactness;  rigor;  niceness;  as.  ihe  severity  of 
a  test. 

9.  Strictness  ;  rigid  accuracy. 

Confining  myself  to  tlie  severily  of  truth.  Dryden, 

SEV-0-e.A'TfOX,  71.     [L.  sevoco.'] 

A  calling  aside. 
SEV-RC'GA,  n.    A   fish  of  the  sturgeon  kind,  the 
Acipenser  stellatus,  of  the  Caspian  Sea 

Tooke.     Pallas. 
SEW,  (sQ.)    To  follow. '  [Ab(twc(f.]     [See  Sue.] 

Speiiser. 

SEW,  (so,)  V.   t.      Better  written  Soe.     [Sax.  siwi- 

auy  sutnian;    Golh.  siuyaii;   Sw.  sy ;  Dan.  syer',    L. 

mo.     This  id  probably  a  contracted  word,  and  if 

ita  elements  are   Sb  or  .s/,  it  coincides   willi   the 


h.rtdiP 


ahafai,  to  sew  ;  and  the  Ar.  has     J^\ 


Wi/ai,  an  awl.  See  Clasa  Sb,  No.  85,  100.  The 
Hindoo  has  tiwawa^  and  the  Gipsy  siwena.  But  the 
elements  are  not  obvious.] 

To  unite  or  fasten  together  with  a  needle  and 
thread. 

Thry  tewed  fig-leaTe»  togeUier,  and  made  tlieinaclvea  nprona.  — 
Gen.  iii. 

To  sew  up ;  to  inclose  by  sewing ;  to  inclose  in  any 
thing  sewed. 

Tlioii  iOMtl  lip  mine  inii^uity.  —  Job  xir. 

Sev>  me  up  the  skirta  of  Uic  gown,  iftat. 


SEW,  (so,)  v.  i.    To  practice  sewing ;  to  join  things 

with  stitclies. 
SEW,  (su,)  V.  (.     [L.  sicca,  to  drj'.] 

To  drain  a  pond  for  taking  the  fish,     [Obs.] 
SEW'EI),  (sode,)  pp.     United  by  stitches. 
SEW'EL,   (sii'ul,)  H.      Among  hunt'uncii^  something 

hung  up  to  prevent  deer  from  entering  a  place. 
SEW'ER,  (su'er,)  n.     [G.  aiizucM ;  perhaps  from  the 

ruot  of  suck,  or  L.  sicca.    liut  Elines  deduces  the 

word  from  the  old  French  asscour.] 
A  drain  or  passage  to  convey  olf  water  and  filth 

under  ground  ;  a  subterraneous  canal,  particularly  in 

cities  ;  corruptly  pronounced  shoer  or  soer. 
SEW'ER,  (so'er,)  ii.     [D.  sclia_ffcrj   from  sclutjen,  to 

provide,  to  dish  up  ;  G.  sc/iaffner;  Dan.  skajfcr;  Sw. 

skaffare.     See  Shai-e.] 
An  officer  who  serves  up  a  feast  and  arranges  the 

dishes.     [Obs.]  Milton. 

SEW'ER,  (so'er,)  n.      One  v,\\q  sews  or  uses  the 

needle. 
SEW'ER-ACE,  (su'er-ajc,)  n.      The    making    of  a 

sewer;  the  discharging  of  water,  &c.,  by  a  sewer. 
SEW'ING»  (s5'ing,);»/jr.    Joining  with  the  needle  or 

with  stitches. 
SEWING,  (so'ing,)  n.    The  act  or  occupation  of  sew- 
ing or  using  the  needle ;  that  which  is  sewed  %vith 

the  needle.  jjuh. 

SEW'I-TUDE,  (su'e-lude,)  n.     A  term  from  the  civil 

law,  equivalent  to  Easement. 
SEW'STER,  (so'ster,)  n.      A  woman   that  sews  or 

spins,     [pbs.]  ^  B.  Jonson. 

SEX,  n.     [Fr.  scxc  ;  Sp.  srto;  It.  sc^sa  ;  L.  sexus;  qu. 

G.  sieke,  she,  female  ;  from  L.  seco,  to  divide.] 

1.  The  distinction  between  male  and  female ;  or 
that  property  or  cliaracter  by  which  an  animal  is  male 
or  female.  The  male  sex  is  usually  cluiracterized 
by  muscular  strength,  boldness,  and  'firmness.  The 
female  sex  is  characterized  by  softness,  senaibiUly, 
and  modesty. 

In  botany,  tlie  structure  of  plants  which  corre- 
sponds to  sex  in  animals.  The  Linna;an  method  of 
botany  is  formed  on  the  se^es  iu  plants.  JMilne. 

2.  By  way  of  emphasis yWom^nkm^;  females. 


Unhappy  sex  I   whose  beauty  is  yovir  snare. 
The  ses  whose  presence  civilizes  ours. 


Dryden. 

Co'.oper. 

SEX-A-OE-xNa'RLAN,  n.  [Infra.]  A  person  who 
has  arrived  at  the  age  of  sixty  years.  Cotcper. 

SEX'A-GEN-A-RY  or  SEX-AG'EN-A-RY,  a.  [Fr. 
sezagenairc :  L.  sc£a>^aiarnLs,  from  sex,  six,  and  a 
word  signifying  ten,  seen  in  viginti,  b'vs!re}iti.'\ 

Designating  tlie  number  sixty  ;  as  a  noun,  a  person 
sixty  years  of  age;  also,  something  composed  of 
sixty. 

SEX-A-GES'I-MA,  n.     [L.  sexa^esimns,  sixtieth.] 

The  second  Sunday  before  Lent,  the  next  to 
Shrove-Tuesday,  so  called  as  being  about  tiie  GOth 
day  before  Easter. 

SEX-A-GES'I-MAL,  a.  Sixtieth;  pertaining  lo  the 
number  sixty.  Sexuiresimal  or  sexagenary  arithmetic, 
is  a  method  of  computation  by  sixties,  as  that  which 
is  used  in  dividing  degrees  into  minutes,  minutes 
into  seconds,  &,c. 

Sexagesimals,  or  sexagesimal  fractions,  are  those 
whose  denominators  proceed  in  the  ratio  of  sixty  ; 

^''  Vo'  3600'  2Tb00a-  "^"^  denominator  is 
sixty,  or  its  power.  These  fractions  are  called,  also, 
astronomical  fractions,  because  formerly  there  were  no 
others  used  in  astronomical  calculations.  Hntton. 
SEX'AN"GLE,  (sex'ang-gl,)  n.  In  ircomrtry,  a  figure 
having  six  angles,  and  consequently  six  sides. 

Ifatton. 
SEX'AN"GLED,  (-ang'gid,)  )  a.      [L.  sex,   six, 

SEX-AN"GU-LAR,  (-ang'gu-lar,)  j     and  aM^-u/H^,  an- 
gle-] 
Having  six  angles  ;  hexagonal.  Dryden. 

SEX-AN"GU-LAR-LY,  adv.    With  six  angles;  hex- 

agoiialiy. 
SEX-DEC'I-MAL,  a.     [L.  sex,  six,  and  decern,  ten.] 
In  crystallography,  when    a  prism  or  the   middle 
part  of  a  crystal  has  six  faces  and  the  two  siimtnits, 
taken  together,  ten  faces.     [JVot  used.]  Haiiy. 

SEX-Oa-O-DEC'I-iMAL,  a.  [L.  sex,  six,  and  duode- 
ciw,  twelve.] 

In  crystallagraphy,  designating  a  crystal  when  the 
prism  or  middlu  part  lias  six  faces  and  the  two  sum- 
mits, taken  together,  twelve  faces.     [JWi  used.] 

Haihj. 
SEX-EN'NI-AL,  a.     [L.  sex,  six,  and  annas,  year.] 

Lxstins  six  years,  or  happening  once  in  six  years. 
SEX-EN'i\I-AL-LY,  adv.     Once  in  six  years. 
SEX'FID,  a.     [L.  sez,  six,  and  fndo,  to  divide.] 
In  botany,  six-cleft, ;  as,  a  sc^d  calyx  or  ntctary. 

Marty  n. 
SEX'LESS,  a.     Having  no  sex.  Shclli/. 

SEX-LOC'U-LAR,  a.     [L.  sex,  six,  and  locidas,  a  cell.] 
In  baiany,  six-celled;  having  six  cells  for  seeds; 
ns,  a  sexlocular  pericarp. 
SKX'TAIN,  n.     [L.  sextans,  a  sixth,  from  sex,  six.] 

A  stanza  of  six  lines. 
SEX'TANT,  71.     [L.  ?eTtans,ti  sixth.    Tlie  Romans 
divided  the  as  into    12  ounces;   a  sixth,  or  two 
ounces,  was  the  seztans.\ 


\.  In  mut/tfr/trtftc^,  the  sixth  part  of  a  circle.   Hence, 
'Z.  An  instrument  for  measuring  the  angular  dis- 
tances of  objects  by  reflection.     It  is  formed  like  a 
quadrant,  exccjiting  that  its  limb  comprehends  6U 
degrees,  or  the  sixth  part  of  a  circle.  Brandc. 

3.  In  astronomy,  a  constellation  situated  across  the 
equator  and  south  of  tlie  ecliptic.  BratiUc. 

SEX'TA-RY,n.     {h.  sexUrius.] 

An  ancient  Roman  measure,  about  equal  to  nn 
English  pint.    It  was  double  the  hcmina. 

Smith's  Diet. 

SEX'TA-RY, )  n.     The  same  as  Sacbistan.     [-Vor 

SEX'TRY,      j     xLstd.]  Did. 

SEX'TILE,  (-til,)  71.     [L.  sextUis^  from  sex,  six.] 

Denoting  the  aspect  or  position  of  two  planets, 
when  distant  from  each  other  60  degrees  or  two 
signs.     This  position  is  marked  thus  *.      JluUtm. 

SEX-TIIX'ION,  (seks-til'yun,)  «.  According  to  lAe 
English  notation,  the  product  of  a  million  involved  to 
the  sixth  power,  or  a  unit  with  thirty -six  ciphers  an- 
nexed ;  according  to  Vie  French  nutalit/ti,  a  unit  with 
twenty-one  ciphers  annexed.  Barloie. 

SEX'TO.\,  rt.  [Contracted  from  Sacristas,  which 
see.] 

An  under  officer  of  the  church,  whose  business  is 
to  lake  care  of  the  vessels,  vestments,  fitc,  belonging 
lo  the  church,  to  attend  on  the  officiating  clergyman, 
and  perform  other  duties  pertaining  lo  tiie  church,  to 
dig  graves,  &c.  Encyc 

SEX'TON-SHII',  71.    The  office  of  a  &exlon.    StoifL 

SEX'TU-I'LE,  a.     [Low  L.  sextuplus  f  sex,  six,  and 
duphui,  double.] 
J.  Sixfold  ;  SIX  limes  as  much.  Brmon, 

9.  In  miLtix,  denoting  a  mixed  sort  of  triple,  beaten 
in  double  lime,  or  a  measure  of  two  times  composed 
of  six  equal  notes,  three  for  each  time. 

Busby.     Encyc. 

SEX'U-.\L,  fl.  [from  sex.]  Pertaining  to  sex  or  the 
sexes;  distinguishing  the  sex;  denoting  what  is  pe- 
culiar to  the  distinction  and  office  of  male  and 
female  ;  as,  sexual  characteristics  ;  sexual  intercourse, 
connection,  or  commerce. 

9.  Sexual  meUiod ;  'n\  botany,  \.\\e  method  which  is 
founded  on  the  distinction  of  sexes  in  plants,  as 
male  and  female,  each  sex  being  furnished  with  ap- 
propriate organs  or  parts;  the  male  producing  a  pol- 
len or  dust,  witich  fecundates  the  stigma  of  the  pistil 
or  female  organ,  and  is  necessary  to  render  it  prolific. 
It  is  found  that  most  plants  are  licrmajdirodite,  the 
male  and  female  organs  being  containetl  in  the  same 
flower.  This  doctrine  was  laughl  to  a  certain  ex- 
tent by  Thei'plirasius,  Dioscondcs,  and  Pliny,  among 
the  ancients,  but  has  been  more  fully  illustrated  by 
Ca;salpinus,  Grew,  Camerarius,  Linn.-eus,  and  many 
others  iimong  the  moderns.  JMilne.     Eneye. 

SEX'lJ-AL-IST,  n.  One  who  believes  and  maintains 
the  doctrine  of  sexes  in  plants;  or  one  wlm  classi- 
fies plants  by  the  differences  of  the  sexes  and  parts 
of  fructification.  Milne.     Encije. 

SEX-IT-AL'1-TY,  n.  The  state  of  being  distinguished 
by  sex. 

SEX'lJ-AL-LY,  adv.     In  a  sexual  manner. 

SFOR-ZA'TO,  a.  [ItJ  In  music,  a  direction  placed 
over  a  note,  lo  signilj-  to  the  performer  that  it  must 
be  struck  vvilh  peculiar  force.  Brande. 

SHAB,  v.  i.  To  play  mean  tricks.  In  some  parts  of 
New  England,  it  signifies  to  reject  or  dismiss  ;  ;is,  a 
woman  shabs  her  suitor.  It  is,  however,  very  vul- 
gar anil  nearly  obsolete. 

SHAB'HED,  a.     Mean;  shabbv.  jJ.  Wooi. 

SHAB'BI-LY,  adc.     [from  shabby.]     Raggedly:  with 
rent  or  ragged  clothes  ;  as,  to  be  clothed  shabbily. 
2.  Meanly  ;  in  a  despicable  manner. 

SHAn'BI-NESS,  H.  Rnggpdness;  as,  Uie  shabbiitess 
of  a  garment. 

2.  Meannt'Ss  ;  paltriness. 

SHAB'BY,  a.  [D.  schabbig:  G.  sehdhig,  from  schaben, 
to  rub,  lo  shave,  to  scratch  ;  sebabc,  a  molh,  a  shavini: 
tool,  a  scab.      This  is  a  different  orthography  of 

ScABRV.] 

1.  Ragged  ;  torn  or  worn  to  rags ;  as,  a  shabby 
coal ;  shabby  clothes. 

2   Clothed  wilii  ragged  garments. 

The  dean  was  so  shabby.  Saiji. 

3.  Mean  ;  paltry  ;  despicable  ;  as,  a  shabby  fellow  ; 
shabby  treatment.  Clarendon. 

[For  the  idea  expressed  by  sh^tbby,  there  is  not  a 
better  word  in  the  language.] 

SHAB'R.\('K,  H.  [Hungarian.]  The  cloth  furniture 
or  housing  of  a  troop  horse  or  charger.  Smart. 

SHACK,  H.  In  ancient  eu.-itatiLs  of  En  gland,  :i  liberty  of 
winter  pasturage.  In  Norfolk  and  Suflolk,  the  lord 
of  a  manor  has  shack,  that  is,  liberty  of  feeding  his 
sheep  at  pleasure  on  his  tenant's  lands  during  the 
six  winter  months.  In  Norfolk,  shack  extends  lo  the 
common  for  hogs,  in  ail  men's  grounds,  from  harvest 
to  seed-time  ;  whence  to  go  a-shack  is  to  feed  at 
large.  Cotrcl.     Encyc. 

In  JVew  England,  shack  is  used  in  a  somewhat  sim- 
ilar sense  for  mast  or  the  food  of  swine,  and  for  feed- 
ing at  larce  or  in  the  foresl,  [for  we  have  no  manors.] 

2.  A  shiftless  fellow;  a  low,  itinerant  beggar;  a 
vagabond.  Forby. 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.  —  AN"GER,  AT'CIOUS.— C  as  K ;  6  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  Til  as  in  THIS. 


1015 


SHA 

SHACK,  V.  i.    To  shed,  as  corn  at  liarvesl.     [Local.] 

Grose. 

2.  To  feed  in  stubble,  or  upon  the  waste  corn  of 
the  field.     [Local  ]  ^f^i^c. 

SUACK'LE,  (shak  'I,)  «■    Stubble. 

[In  Scotti;?h,  s/iasf  is  the  refuse  of  barlej',  or  that 
which  is  not  well  filled,  and  is  given  to  horses.  The 
word  sfuicJit  then,  is  probably  from  a  root  which  signi- 
fies to  break,  to  reject,  or  to  waFte,  or  it  may  be  al- 
lied lo  skag  and  ^lialie.] 

SHACK'LE,  V.  t.  [.Sax.  sceacxd;  D.  schaliel^  a  link  or 
mesh;  Sa^x.  sceaclitic,  a.  nipe  to  fasten  the  fool  of  a 
sail.    Qu.  the  roi-t  lie.  Class  Sg,  No.  74.    But  we 

find  llie  word,  perhaps,  in  the  Ar.  ^l  *=— t  ^-,  from 

V,^3^  skakala,  to  tie  the  feet  of  a  beast  or  bird.] 

1.  To  chain  ;  to  fetter  ;  to  tic  or  confine  the  limbs 
so  as  to  prevent  free  motion. 

So  ihf  Blrctciied  wnl  llic  shacJded  dancer  tiics, 

As  prone  to  fall  as  impotent  to  riae.  Smith. 

2.  To  bind  or  confine  so  as  to  obstruct  or  embarrass 
action. 

You  must  not  shackle  him  with  rules  abcml  intiillcroiil  mailers. 

Locke. 

SHACK'LE,  7(.  )      [Generally  used    in 

SHACK'L£S,  (shak'lz,)  n.  pi.  S  the  plural.]  Fetters, 
gyves,  handcufl's,  cords,  or  sonietliing  else  that  con- 
fines tlie  limbs  so  as  to  restrain  the  use  of  them,  or 
prevent  free  motion.  Dnjilen. 

2.  That  which  obstructs  or  embarrasses  free  ac- 
tion 

Hi3  veiy  will  seems  to  be  in  boiiJs  ami  sliacklee.  South, 

SHACK'LED,  pp.    Tied;  confined  ;  embarrassed. 

SHA(-K'LING,  ;>;jr.     Fettering;  binding;  confining. 

SHAD,  7t.  It  has  no  plural  termination.  Shad  is  sin- 
gular or  plural,  [i!.  schade.  In  VV.  ijsgadan,  Ir. 
agadaa  is  a  herring.] 

A  fisb  of  the  genus  Alosa,  (Clupea,  Linn.,)  Iiiphly 
prized  for  food.  Shad  enter  the  rivers  in  England 
and  America  in  the  spring  in  immense  numbers. 

SHAD'DDCK,  H.     [The  name  of  the  man  who  first 
canii'd  this  fruit  from  the  East  to  the  We.^t  Indies.] 
A  large  species  of  orange.  Citrus  decumana. 

Ed.  Enaje. 

SHaDE,  71.  [Snx.  scad,  scead^  seed,  shade  ;  sccudan,  lo 
separate,  divide,  or  .Iiade;  G.  scftattcn,  shadow,  and 
to  shade;  l\  schadinoj  .-■•ckaduweii;  Dan.  skattcrer,  to 
shade  a  picture  ;  W.  ysiramd,  a  shade  ;  n^godi,  to 
shade  or  shelter;  cy-tgodi^  id.  ;  Corn,  shod  or  skcz; 
Ir.  sgaVi  and  s<rtitJiam,  to  cut  oil*,  to  shade.  The  Gr. 
GKia  is  probably  the  same  word  contracted,  and  per- 
haps cTKOToiy  darkness.  In  the  sense  of  cutting  off 
or  separating,  this  wi'rd  coincides  exactly,  a-;  it  does 
in  elements,  with  the  G.  schciilcii,h.  sci/ido,  for  scido, 
which  is  formed  on  c^sdo,  to  strike  off.  Hence  Sax. 
cesccad^  distinction,  L.  scutum^  a  shield,  Sp.  cscudo, 
that  which  cuts  off  or  intercepts.  Owen  deduces 
tlie  Welsh  word  from  caiod^  something  that  incloses  ; 
but  probably  the  sense  is,  that  which  cuts  ofl'  or  de- 
fends.] 

1.  Literally,  the  interception,  cutting  off,  or  inter- 
ruption of  the  rays  of  light ;  hence,  the  obscurity 
which  is  caused  by  such  interception.  Shade  differs 
from  .skadoiD^  as  it  implies  no  particular  form  or  defi- 
nite limit ;  whereas  a  shadow  represents  in  form  the 
object  which  intercepts  the  light.  Hence,  when  we 
say,  let  us  resort  to  the  shade  of  a  tree,  we  have  no 
reference  to  its  form  ;  but  when  we  speak  of  meas- 
uring a  pyramid  or  other  object  by  its  shadow,  we 
have  reference  to  its  extent. 

9.  Darkness;  obscurity;  as,  the  shades  of  night. 
The  shade  of  the  earth  constitutes  the  darkness  of 
night. 

3.  An  obscure  place,  properly  in  a  grove  or  close 
wood,  which  precludes  the  sun's  raysj  and  hence, 
a  secluded  retreat. 

I^l  113  acek  out  Boiric  tiesolalc  shndf,  and  there 

Weep  our  sad  bosoms  cm|ity.  Shak. 

4.  A  screen;  something  that  intercepts  light  or 
heat. 

5.  Protection  ;  shelter.    [.See  Shadow.] 

6.  In  painting,  the  dark  part  of  a  picture.  Dnjden. 

7.  Degree  or  gradation  of  light. 

White,  red,  yellow,  llu'>,  wiih  their  seTcrnl  (V'jreea,  or  sJiOiles 
and  mixtures,  as  ffrccn,  cci.i  ■  only  in  by  the  eyes.    Locke. 

8.  A  very  minute  difference  ;  as,  coffee  is  a  sliade 
higher.  Mercantile. 

9.  A  shadow.     [See  Shadow.] 

Envy  will  merit,  aa  its  shade,  pur»ue.  Pope. 

[This  is  allowable  in  poetry.] 

10.  The  soul,  afler  its  separation  from  the  body  ; 
so  called  because  the  ancients  supposed  it  to  be  per- 
ceptible to  the  sight,  not  to  the  touch  ;  a  spirit ;  a 
ghost ;  as,  the  sJiade^  of  departed  heroes. 

Swifl  as  thought  iLe  flitting  shade.  Dnjden. 

SHADE,  V.  t.  [Sax.  sceadan,  gesceadan,  to  separate,  to 
divide,  to  shade.] 

I.  To  shelter  or  screen  fiom  light  by  intercepting 


SUA 

its  rays  ;  und  when  ap|)lied  to  the  rays  of  the  sun,  It 
signifies  to  shelter  from  light  and  heat;  as,  a  large 
tree  shades  the  plants  under  its  brandies ;  sltaded 
vegetables  rarely  come  lo  perfection. 

I  went  to  crop  the  sylvan  scenea. 

And  shade  our  allan  with  their  leafy  ^reciiB.  Vi-y<!en. 

2.  To  overspread  with  darkness  or  obscurity ;  to 
obscure. 

Tliou  shaiVsi 
The  full  blaze  of  thy  beams.  MiUon, 

3.  To  shelter  j  to  hide. 

Ere  in  our  own  Iiouse  I  do  shade  my  head.  Siidlc. 

4.  To  cover  from  injury  ;  to  protect;  to  screen. 

Milton. 

5.  To  paint  in  obscure  colors  ;  to  darkeiv 

6.  To  mark  with  gradations  of  color;  as,  the  .^had- 
ing pencil.  Milton. 

7.  To  darken  ;  to  obscure. 

SHaD'ED,  pp.  or  a.    Defended  from  the  rays  of  the 

sini  ;  darkened. 
SIIaD'ER,  n.     He  or  that  which  shades. 
SHADES,  11.  pi.    The  lower  region   or  place  of  the 

dead.     Hence, 
a.  Deep  tibscurity  ;  total  darkness. 
SHaD'I-LY,  adv.     Uinbrageously. 
SHaD'I-NESW,  w.     [from  shady.]     The  state  of  being 

shady ;   umbrageousness  ;  as,  the  sfiadincss  of  the 

forest. 
SHaD'ING,  ppr.    Sheltering  from  the  sun's  rays. 
SHaD'ING,  n.    The  act  or  process  of  making  a  shade. 

Scott. 
SHAD'oW,  7?.     fPax.  scadu,  sccadu.    See  Shade.] 

1.  Shade  within  d.^fined  limits  ;  obscurity  or  dep- 
rivation of  light,  a;>parent  on  a  plane,  and  repre- 
senting the  form  nf  the  body  which  intercepts  the 
rays  of  light ;  :is,  the  shadow  of  a  man,  of  a  tree,  or 
a  tower.  The  shadow  of  the  earth  in  an  eclipse  of 
llic  moon  is  proof  of  its  sphericity. 

2.  Darkness  ;  shade  ;  obscurity. 

Niglit's  sable  shaiioios  from  the  ocean  rise.  DerOiam. 

3.  Shelter  made  by  any  thing  that  intercepts  the 
light,  heat,  or  influence  of  the  air. 

Iti  srcret  sliadoio  from  the  sunny  ray, 

On  a  sweet  bed  of  lilies  siifily  hud.  Spenser. 

4.  Obscure  place  ;  secluded  retreat. 

To  secret  ehadotoa  I  retire.     [0!)V.]  Dryden. 

.'>.  Dark  part  of  a  picture.     [Obs.]  Peacham. 

[In  the  two  last  senses.  Shade  is  now  used.] 
(i.  A  spirit ;  a  ghost.     [Obs.] 
[In  this  sense,  Shade  is  now  used.] 

7.  In  painting,  the  representation  of  a  real 
shadow. 

8.  An  imperfect  and  faint  representation  ;  opposed 

to  SUCSTANCC. 

The  law  having  a  shndoto  of  good  things  to  come.  — Hcl;.  x. 

9.  Inseparable  companion. 

Sin  and  her  sha/lo'e,  Death.  Milton. 

10.  Type ;  mystical  representation. 

Types  and  shadoics  of  that  destined  seetl.  Milton. 

11.  Protection;  shelter;  favor.     Lam.  iv.     P^-.  .\ci. 

12.  Slight  or  faint  appearance.    James  i. 

ShadojD  of  death ;  terrible  darkness,  trouble,  or  death. 
Job  iii, 
SIIAD'oVV,  V.  t.    To  overspread  with  obscurity. 

The  warlilie  elf  much  wondered  at  this  tree, 

So  fair  and  great,  th^it  shadowedai]  the  ground.  Spenser. 

[Shade  is  more  generally  used.] 

2.  To  cloud  ;  to  darken. 

Tiie  shadowed  livery  of  the  burniug  sun.  SfiaJc. 

3.  To  make  cool ;  to  refresh  by  shade ;  or  to  shade. 

Fiow«7  fields  and  shadowed  waters.  Sidney. 

4.  To  conceal ;  to  hide  ;  to  screen. 

Let  every  soldier  hew  him  down  a  bongh, 

And  bear't  before  him  ;  UKrehy  sliall  we  shadow 

The  number  of  our  host-     [Unusual.^  Shak. 

5.  To  protect ;  to  screen  from  danger ;  to  shroud. 

Shadoicing  diPir  right  nndcr  youi'-wings  of  war.  Shak. 

G.  To  mark  with  slight  gradations  of  color  or  light. 

Locke. 
[In  this  sense,  Shade  is  chiefly  used.] 

7.  To  paint  in  obscure  colors ;  as,  void  spaces 
deeply  .shadowed.  Dryden. 

8.  To  represent  faintly  or  imperfectly. 

Ane;u6tns  is  shatlotoed  in  the  pj/iTion  of  ^noas.  Dryden, 

9.  To  represent  typically.  The  healing  power  of 
the  brazen  serpent  shadowetk  the  efficacy  of  Christ's 
righteousness. 

[The  two  last  senses  are  in  use.  In  place  of  the 
others,  Shade  is  now  more  generally  used.] 

SHAD'gW-exST-ING,  a.    Casting  a  shadow. 

snAD'oVV-£D,  pp.    Represented  imperfectly  or  typi- 
cally. 

SHAD'oW-GRASS,  n.    A  kind  of  grass  so  called. 

Johnson, 

Sli AD'oW-ING,  ppr.    Representing  by  faint  or  imper- 
fect resemblance. 

SHAD'5W-ING,  n.    Shade  or  gradation  of  light  and 
color.     [This  .should  be  Shading.] 


SHA 

SHAD'OW-LESS,  a.     Having  no  shadow. 
SHAD'OW-Y,  a.     [Sax.  sccadwig.] 

1.  Full  of  shade;  dark;  gloomy. 

This  shadowy  desert,  unfrequented  woods.  Shak. 

2.  Not  brightly  luminous  ;  faintly  light. 

More  pleaKint  light, 
Shadowy  sets  off  the  lacc  of  things.  MilCOJi. 

3.  Faintly  representative;  typical;  as,  .thadowy 
expiations.  Milton. 

4.  Unsubstantial ;  unieal. 

Milton  has  brought  Into  his  poems  two  actors  of  n  shado^mj  and 
fictitious  nature,  in  the  ix-isona  of  Sin  and  DeaUt.    Addison. 

5.  Dark  ;  obscure ;  o(«ique. 

Uy  command  ere  yet  dim  Nlghl 

Her  sfiodowy  cloud  withdmws.  Milton. 

SHAD'oW-Y-NESS,  n.    State  of  being  shadowy  or 

unsubstantial. 
SHa'DRACH,  (-drak,)  n.    In  the  smelting  of  iron,  a 

mass  of  iron  on  which  the  operatitui  of  smelting  ban 

failed  of  its  intended  effect.      [Local.] 
SHa'DY,  a.     [from  shade.]     Aboundmg  with  sliado  "•: 

shades ;  overspread  with  shade. 

And  Amaryllis  filli  the  siiady  groves,  Dnjil-'i'. 

2.  Sheltered  from  the  glare  of  light  or  .^.uU?y  heat. 

Cast  it  also  that  you  may  have  rooina  shady  for  sumniLT  and 
wann  for  winter.  Bacon. 

SHAF'FLE,   V.  i.     [See   Shuffle.]     To   Jiobblc    or 

limp.     LV«£  in  useV] 
SHAF'FLER,  n.    A  hobblcr;  one  that  limps.     [A'o^ 

in  ?(.>t.] 
SHAFT,  n.     [Sax.  sceaft;  D.  and  G.  schoft;  Sw.  and 

Dan.  shaft;  h.scaptts;  from  tlie  root  of  fi)(apc,  fiom 

setting,  or  shooting,  extending.] 

1.  An  arrow;  a  missile  weapon;  tis,  the  archer 
and  the  shaft.  More. 

So  lofty  was  the  pile,  a  Piulhian  bow, 

VVilh  vigor  drawn,  muhtsend  the  «/m/t  Ik:1ow.  Dryden. 

2.  In  mining,  a  pit  or  long,  narrow  opening  or  en- 
trance into  a  mine.  It  i<^  perpendicular  or  slightly 
inclined.  [This  may  possibly  be  a  different  word, 
as  in  German  it  is  written  schaclil,  Dan.  skicgt^.] 

3.  In  architecture,  the  shaft  of  a  column  ia  tha  muly 
of  it,  lii;tween  the  base  and  the  capital. 

4.  The  shaft  of  a  chimney  is  that  part  of  it  which 
rises  above  the  roof.  Gwilt, 

5.  Any  thing  straight;  as,  tlie  shaft  of  a  steiple 
and  many  other  things.  Peacham. 

6.  The  stem  or  stock  of  a  feather  or  quill. 

7.  The  pole  of  a  carriage,  sometimes  called 
ToNr.uE  or  Neap.  The  thills  of  a  chaise  or  gig  are 
also  called  Shafts. 

8.  The  handle  of  a  weapon. 

Sh/ift,  or  white-shaft;  a  species  of  Trochilus  or  hum- 
ming-bird, having  a  bill  twenty  lines  in  length,  and 
two  long  white  feathers  in  the  middle  of  its  tail. 

Encyc, 
SHXFT'ED,  a.     Having  a  handle ;  a  term  in  heraldn,', 

ap|ilied  to  a  spear-head. 
SHaFT'MENT,  n.     [Sax.  saspmund,] 

A  span,  a  measure  of  about  six  inches.  [JVoJ  in, 
nse.]  Ray. 

SHAG,  71.     [Sax.  sccacga,  hair,  shag  ;  Dan.  skitrg;  S»'. 

skdg^^,  the  beard,  a  brusli,  &.c.   In  Eth.  UJt  shaky, 
a  hair  cloth.] 

1.  Coarse  hair  or  nap,  or  rough,  woolly  hair. 

Tnie  Wiln''y  broadclotli,  with  ita  shas  unshorn.  Cay. 

9.  A  kind  of  cloth  having  a  long,  coarse  nap. 

3.  In  oniithologij,  an  aquatic  fowl,  the  green  cor- 
morant or  crested  cormorant,  Phalacrocorax  crislatiis. 

P.  Cyc. 
SHAG,  o.     Hairy;  shaggy.  SItak. 

SHAG,  V.  t.    To  make  rough  or  hairy. 

Sha«  the  green  zone  that  bounds  the  bon?al  skies.    J.  BaTlow. 

2.  To  make  rough  or  shagg}-;  to  deform. 

Thomson. 
SH.\G'BARK,  71.      The  popular  name  of  a  kind  of 

hickory,  the  caria  squamosa,  from  its  shacgy  bark  ; 

also  called  Shellbark.  Sylv.  Am. 

SHAG'GED 
SHAG'GY, 


Rough  with  long  hair  or  wool. 

Drydn 


About  his  shoulders  hangs  the  shaggy  skiu. 

2.  Rough;  rugged  ;  as,  the  sliaggy  tops  of  hill^. 

Milton. 
And  thi-ow  the  ehaggy  spoils  about  your  Bhoulders.    Addison. 
SHAG'GI-NESS,      )  71.    The  state  of  being  shaggy, 
SHAG'GED-NESS,  j       roughness,    with  long,  loose 
hair  or  wool. 


SHA-GREEN', 


[Pers.  iSjSLfM 


saftri,  the  skin  of  a 


horse  or  an  ass,  &c.,  dressed.] 

A  kind  of  leather,  prepared  skins  of  horses,  asses, 
mules,  &c.,  and  grained  so  as  to  be  covered  with 
small  round  pimples  or  granulations.  The  skin  is 
steeped  in  water,  scraped,  and  stretched  on  a  frame  ; 
small  seeds  are  forced  into  it:  it  is  then  dried,  and 
the  seeds  are  shaken  out,  leaving  the  surface  in- 
dented. The  skin  is  afterward  polished,  soaked, 
and   dyed.     Shagreen  is  prepared  at  Astrachan  in 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.-MkTE,  PREY.-PTNE,  MARINE,  BIRD.^NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.- 
1016  "  "  ~  ■ 


SUA 


SUA 


SHA 


Kussia,  in  various  parts  of  the  Levant,  &c.,  and  is 
murh  used  for  covering  small  cases  and  boxes. 

P.  Cyc.     Ure. 

gHA-GREEN',        )  a.    Made  of  the  leather  called 

SH.VGREEN'KD,  \       Shagreen. 

SUA  GREEN',  for  CHAcniN.     [See  Chagrin.] 

SHAH,  n.  The  titie  ?ivcn  by  European  writers  to  the 
king  or  niorijirch  of  Persia.  Brande. 

SHaIK,  n.     See  Sheik. 

SHaIL,  tj.  t.  To  u'alK  side-.visc.    [Lijw.  and  not  in  use.'] 

L'EstraTtge. 
[This  word  is  probably  the  G.  sdiielcn,  Dan.  skic- 
levy  to  squinL] 

SHaKE,  v.  t.;  prct.  Shook;  pp.  Shaken.  [Sax. 
seeacan^  tosliake,  aUo  to  flee,  to  Uojiart,  to  withdraw  ; 
Sw.  ^hifia;  I).  .i:chakkc:i,  to  shake,  to  jolt,  to  lisap  ; 
scfiok,  a  shock,  jiiSt,  or  bounce  j  W.  iisgcgiaw,  to 
shake  by  seizing  one  by  the  throat;  cco-;dip,torhokf, 
from  c£g,  a  choking,  the  n:ouUi,  an  entrance.  If  the 
Welsh  gives  the  true  origin  of  this  word,  it  is  re- 
markably expressive,  and  clmractt-ristic  of  ro*jgh 
manners.  I  am  not  conlidont  that  the  Welsh  and 
Saxon  are  from  a  common  stock.] 

1.  To  cause  to  move  with  quick  vibrations;  to 
more  rapidly  one  way  and  tiie  other ;  to  agitate  ;  as, 
the  wind  sltakes  a  tree;  an  earthquake  shakes  the 
hills  or  the  earth. 

I  shook  my  !ao,  ami  saiJ,  So  God  sitake  out  crt-ry  man  fro;u  his 

house.  — Svti.  V, 
He  shook  the  sacred  houors  of  faia  head.  Dryden. 

As  a  65-tree  cistetii  her  utiiiniely  Iruit,  wh'-ii  it  is  W/"VeH  liy  a 

mighty  wio'l.  —  R?v.  vi. 

2.  To  make  to  totter  or  tremble. 

The  rapiil  wheels  sAaie  heaven's  basis.  Ttliiton, 

3.  To  cause  to  shiver;  as,  an  ague  shakes  tlic 
whole  frame. 

4.  To  throw  down  by  a  violent  motion. 

MacLotli  is  riiie  for  shaking.  Sliok, 

[But  see  Shake  off,  which  is  generally  used.] 

5.  To  throw  away  ;  to  drive  off. 

'Tis  our  first  iulent 
To  shake  all  carea  aud  bustaeas  from  our  age.  Sfiak. 

(See  Shake  of.\ 

G.  To  move  from  firmness  ;  to  weaken  the  stability 
of;  to  endanger;  to  threaten  to  overthrow.  Nothing 
shniild  !;hakc  our  belief  in  the  being  and  perfections 
of  God,  and  in  our  own  accountabIenes«. 

7.  To  cause  to  waver  or  doubt;  to  impair  the  res- 
olution of  J  to  depress  the  courage  of. 

That  ye  be  cot  sood  shaken  in  mind.  —  2  Tlicss.  li. 

8.  To  trill  ;  as,  to  shake  a  note  in  music. 

Tu  s/iake  handj  ;  soittctime^^  to  unite  with  ;  to  agree 
or  contract  with  ;  more  seneralhj^  to  t:ike  leave  of, 
from  the  practice  of  shaking  hands  at  meeting  and 
parting.  Shak.     K.  Cliarlcs. 

To  shake  qff";  to  drive  off;  to  throw  oft" or  down  by 
violence  ;  as,  to  sitake  off  the  dust  of  tlie  feet ;  also, 
to  rid  one's  self;  to  free  from;  to  dive.st  of;  as,  to 
shake  oj7"disease  or  grief;  to  ;.7«[/.:e(y?'troublcsome  de- 
pendents. ./Addison. 
SHAKE,  r.  i.  To  be  agitated  with  a  waving  or  vibra- 
tory motion;  as,  a  tree  shakc.1  with  tiie  winti ;  tlic 
house  shakes  in  a  tempest. 

The  foundations  of  the  earth  do  shake.  —  Is.  xxiv. 

2.  To  tremble  ;  to  shiver;  to  quake;  as,  a  man 
s?ia/ies  in  an  ague;  or  he  sliakes  •with  cold,  or  with 
terror. 

3.  To  totter. 

Under  his  hiiniing  wlieela 
Th:;  stesdfost  empyrean  thook  ihroughoiU, 
All  but  the  Ihroiio'iucif  of  God.  MUlan. 

SHaKE,  ii.  Concussion;  a  vacillating  or  wavering 
motion;  a  rapid  motion  one  way  and  the  other; 
agitation. 

The  great  Boldicr's  honor  was  composed  of  thicker  stitfT,  which 
could  eodun:  a  shake.  Herbert. 

2.  A  trembling  or  shivering  ;  agitation. 

3.  A  motion  of  hands  clasped. 

Our  snliit^itions  were  very  hearty  ' 
many  kind  shakes  of  the  hand. 

4.  In  musiCj  a  trill ;  a  rapid  reiteration  of  two  notes 
comprehending  an  interval  not  greater  than  one  whole 
tone,  nor  less  than  a  semitone.  Bti^bij. 

5.  A  fissure  or  rent  in  timber  caused  by  its  being 
dried  loo  suddenly.  Owilt. 

SH.aKE'DOWN,  n.  A  temporary  substitute  for  a  bed, 
as  on  chairs,  or  on  the  floor  ;  derrvt-d,  perhaps,  orig- 
inally from  the  shaking  down  of  straw  for  this  pur- 
pose. England. 

SHaK'£Xj  (shak'n,)  pp  Impelled  with  a  vacillating 
motion ;  agitated. 

2.  a.  Cracked  or  split ;  as,  skalccn  timber.  [Sec 
Shakt.] 

Nor  is  the  wood  tJ^ak^n  or  twisted,  as  those  about  Capetown. 

Barrow. 

SH,\K'ER,  n.  A  person  or  thing  that  shakes  or  agi- 
tates ;  as,  the  slutker  of  the  earth.  Pope. 

a.  In  Uie  United  StatcSy  Sfiakers  is  the  name  given 
to  a  very  singular  sect  of  Christians^  so  called  from 
the  agitations  or  movements  in  dancing  which  char- 
acterize their  worship. 


both  silk's,  C^JHsistii.^  of 
Addtaon. 


SU.\IC'ING,  i>pr.     Impelling  to  a  wavoring  motion  ; 

causing  to  vacillate  or  waver  ;  agitating. 
2.  Trembling;  shivering;  quaking. 
SHARPING,  7(.      The  act  of  shaking  or  agitating; 

brandishing.    Job  .\li. 

2.  Concussion.  Hnrmar. 

3.  A  trembling  or  shivering.  IValler. 
SUAK'O,  Tf.     A  military  cap. 

SIIa'KY,  a.    A  term  applied  to  timber  wlicu  naturally 

full  of  slits  or  clefts.  GidiU. 

SHALE,  V.  t.    To  peel.     [JVu(  in  use.]     [See  Shell.] 
SHaLE,  11,     [G.  sehalc;    a  different  orthography  of 
ScHELL,  but  not  in  use.    See  Schell.] 

1.  A  shell  or  husk.  Sliak. 

•2.  In  gcologijy  a  fine-graimd  rock,  having  a  slaty 
structure.  Dana. 

SHALL,  V.  i.  verb  anriUarij.  pret.  Should.  [Sax. 
.••■rcfl/aH,  scylan,  to  be  obliged.  Ilcoincides  in  signifi- 
rntion  nearly  with  ought,  it  is  a  duty,  it  is  necessary  ; 
i),zaf,iuli  G.soU;  Sw.  skula^prct.i^kullii ;  Van.  skal, 
skiiUCy  sktddc.  The  German  and  Dutch  have  lost  the 
p^d.-it.-il  letter  of  the  verb  ;  but  it  appears  in  the  deriv- 
ative G.  schnldj  guilt,  fault,  culpability,  debt;  D. 
schuld,  id. ;  Sw.  .yftitW,  Dan.  skyhl^  debt,  fault,  guilt, 
skijldcr.  to  owe  ;  Sax.  scyld,  debt,  otfinse,  L.  sce- 
tiis.  The  literal  srnse  is,  to  hold  or  b:;  held,  hence 
to  owe,  and  hence  the  sense  of  guilt,  a  being  held, 
b  -und,  or  liable  to  justice  and  punishment.  In  the 
Teutonic  dialects,  schuldcn,  skyldy  are  used  in  the 
Lord's  IVayer,  as  "  forgive  us  our  debts,"  hut  neither 
drlt  ni^'t  tre.-pass  expresses  ihe  exact  idea,  which  in- 
chuLs  sin  or  crime,  and  liability  to  piinisimieiit. 
The  word  seL-nis  to  be  allied  in  origin  to  skUl,  ]j.  cal- 
ico, to  be  able,  to  know.  (See  SkiIl.)  Shnll  is  de- 
fective, having  IK)  infinitive,  impcvativc,  or  partici- 
ple. It  ought  to  be  written  shal,  as  the  orijiinal  has 
one  I  only,  and  it  lias  one  only  in  shall  and  should.] 

1.  Shall  is  primarily  in  the  present  tense,  and  in 
our  mother  tongue  was  followed  by  a  verb  in  the  in- 
finitive, like  other  verbs,  "/c  sccal  fram  the  beun 
crfullod,"  I  have  need  to  be  baptized  of  thee.  Jilait.  iii. 
"/c  ?tn  sceal  singan  sarcwidasj^^  I  must  now  sing 
mournful  songs.  Boetkius. 

We  still  use  shall  and  should  before  another  verb  in 
the  infinitive,  without  the  sign  to;  but  the  significa- 
tion of  shall  is  considerably  detleclcd  from  its  primi- 
tive sense.  It  is  now  treated  as  a  mere  auxiliary  to 
other  verbs,  serving  to  form  some  of  the  tenses.  In 
the  present  tense,  siudl,  before  a  verb  in  the  infinitive, 
forms  the  future  tense  ;  but  its  force  and  elTect  are 
different  with  the  different  persons  or  personal  pro- 
nouns. Thus,  in  the  firel  person,  shall  simply  fore- 
tells or  declares  what  will  take  place  ;  as,  I  or  we 
shall  ride  to  town  on  Monday.  This  declaration  sim- 
ply informs  another  of  a  fact  that  is  to  take  place. 
The  sense  of  shall  liere  is  changed  from  an  expres- 
sion of  need  or  duty,  to  that  of  previous  statement  or 
information,  grounded  on  intention  or  resolution. 
When  uttered  with  emphasis,  "  I  -^hall  go,"  it  ex- 
presses firm  determination,  but  not  a  promise. 

9.  In  the  second  and  third  persons,  shall  implies  a 
promise,  coniman<l,  or  determination.  "You  shall 
receive  j'our  wages,"  "  he  shnll  receive  his  wages," 
imply  that  you  or  he  ought  to  receive  them  ;  but 
usnge  gives  to  these  phrases  the  force  oT  a  promise  in 
the  person  uttering  them. 

When  shall  is  uttered  with  emphasis  in  such 
plirases,  it  expres.^cs  detennination  in  the  s[)eaker, 
and  implies  an  authority  to  enforce  the  act.  "  Do 
yon  refuse  to  go  .-'  Does  he  refuse  to  go  ?  But  you 
or  he  shall  go." 

3.  Shall  I  go,  shall  he  go,  interrogatively,  asks  for 
permission  or  direction.  Uut  shall  you  go,  risks  for 
inforrantion  of  another's  intention. 

4.  Bui  after  another  verb,  sAaW,in  the  third  person, 
simply  foretells.  He  says  that  he  shall  leave  town 
to-morrow.  So  also  in  the  second  person ;  you  say 
that  ynu  shall  ride  to-morrow. 

5.  After  if,  and  some  verbs  which  express  condi- 
tion or  supposition,  */m//,  in  all  tlio  persons,  simply 
foretells ;  as, 

t  I  shall  say,  or  we  sltall  say, 
If  )  Thou  shuU  say,  ye  or  you  shall  s:iy, 
(  He  shnll  say,  they  shall  say. 
(i.  Should,  iu  t!:;!  first  person,  implies  a  conditional 
event.    "  I  s/wulU  have  written  a  letter  yesterday, 
had  I  not  been  inhrrnptcd."    Or  it  expresses  obliga- 
tion, and  that  in  all  the  persons. 
I  should,  ^  have  paid  the  bill  on  demand  ;  it 

Thou  shoutdst,  f  was  my  duty,  your  cluty,  his  duly 
He  should,  f  to  pay  the  bill  on  demand,  but  it 
You  should,       J  was  not  paid. 

7.  Should,  though  properiy  the  past  tense  of  shall, 
is  often  used  to  express  a  contingent  future  event ; 
as,  if  it  should  rain  to-morrow  ;  if  you  should  go  to 
London  next  week;  if  he  should  arrive  within  a 
month.  In  like  manner  after  though,  grant,  admit, 
alloio. 
SK  AL-LOON',  71.  [Said  to  be  from  Chalons,  in  France  ; 
Sp.  chaleon  ;  Ft.  ras  dc  Chalons.] 

A  slight,  woolen  stuff.  Stcift. 

SHAL'LOP,  71.  [Fr.  chaloujie;  Sp.  and  Fort,  chalupa: 
G.  schaiuppe.  1  his  word  is  changed  into  sloop  ;  but 
the  two  words  have  now  different  significations.] 


A  sort  of  large  boat  with  two  majts,  and  usually 
rigged  like  a  schooner.  Mar.  Diet. 

SHAL-LOT',  7(.  An  c-ichalot.  Allium  ascalonicum.  a 
bulbous    plant  resembling  liic  garlic     fSee  Ksch- 

ALOT.J 

SHALLOW,  a.  [from  ^hual,  Sax.  sccol,  a  crowd,  or 
rather  -^cylf,  a  shelf.] 

1.  Not  deep;  havmg  little  depth  ;  shoal;  as,  shal- 
low water  :  a  shallnx  stream  ;  a  shallow  brook. 

Drijden. 

2.  Not  deep  ;  not  entering  far  into  the  earth  ;  as,  a 
shalloiD  furrow  :  a  .-diallow  trench.  Dryden. 

3.  Not  iiitrncctually  deep  ;  not  profound  ;  not  pen- 
etrating deeply  into  ab.ilruse  subjects;  superficial; 
as,  a  slialhnp  mind  or  understanding ;  shallow  skill. 

Deep  versed  in  looki,  and  tfLoL'oio  in  liinuf^If.  Milton. 

4.  Sli-iht ;  not  deep  ;  as,  a  sliaUow  sound.    Bacon. 
SIIAL'LoW,  n.    A  shoal ;   a  shelf;  a  Hat ;  a  sand- 
bank ;  any  place  where  the  water  ia  not  deep. 

A  swift  elream  b  nut  heard  in  itic  chann-jJ,  but  upon  ihaUoat  of 

gravel.  lincjn. 

Dasiied  on  the  eliaitovi-s  of  the  movin*  nnd.  Dryfen. 

SHAL'LoW,  V.  t.    To  make  shallow.     [Little  used.] 

Herbert. 

SHAL'LoW-BU.^IN -SD,  a.  Weak  in  intellect ;  fool- 
ish ;  empty-headed.  South.       I 

SHAL'LOVV-LY,  adv.     With  little  depth.        Carcw. 
2.  Superficially;  simply  ;  without  depthof  thought 
or  judcment;  not  wisely.  Shak. 

SHAL'LoW-NESS,  71.    Want  of  depth  ;  small  depth  ; 
as,  the  shallowness  of  water,  of  a  river,  of  a  stream. 
2.  Superficialncss  of  intellect;  want  of  power  to 
enter  deeply  into  subjects  ;  emptiness  ;  silliness. 

SHAL'LoW-SEARCH'ING,  (serch'ing,)  a.  Search- 
ing superficially.  MiUon. 

PHALM,    }  ,,i.^„.„  \  \  n.     [Gr.  schalmcie,  from  scJial- 

SH A WM,  i  ^^"^^  "^'^  i      ten,  to  sound.] 

A  wind  instrument  of  music,  much  like  the  clar- 
ionet in  form.      U^Totuscd.]         Knollci\     Fosbrokr. 

SHA-LoTE',  71,  The  French  echalote  anglicised ;  a 
bulbous  plant  resembling  the  garlic.  [See  EscMiLOT-] 

SHAL'SToNE,  71.  [G.  schale,  a  scale,  and  stonc^  G. 
stein.]     See  Tabular  Spar. 

SHAL'r,  the  second  person  singular  of  Shall  ;  as,  thou 
shall  not  steal. 

SHa'LY,  a.     Partaking  of  the  qualities  of  sh^!f. 

SHAM,  71.  [W.  *iom,  vacuity,  void,  balk,  di^ap;  .■ 
ment.] 

That  which  deceives  expectation  ;  any  trick,  iVuid, 
or  device  that  deludes  and  disappoints;  delusion; 
imposture.     [JV'wI  an  elegant  word.] 

E.  iieve  who  will  the  solemn  sham,  uot  I.  Addison. 

SHAM,  a.    False;  counterfeit;  pretended;  as, a  sham 

figbt. 
SHAM,  V.  t.     [W.  siomi,  to  balk  or  disappoint.] 

1.  To  deceive  expectation;  to  trick ;  to  cheat;  to 
delude  with  false  pretenses. 

They  find  IheniS'Ivcs  fooled  and  shammed  into  ccnvlfljnn. 

[Not  eJegaut.l  L'Ettrc»se. 

2.  To  obtrude  by  fraud  or  imposition.  VKstrange. 
To  sham  Abraham ;  to  feign  sickness  or  iiifinnity. 

[See  Abraham  Men.]  Goldsmith. 

SHAM,  V.  i.    To  make  false  pretenses.  Prior. 

SIIAM'AN,  71.  A  priest,  wizard,  or  conjurer,  nmong 
the  Ostlaks  or  other  idolatrous  tribes  of  the  Finiiisli 
race.  Brande. 

SHAM'AN-ISM,  71.  The  idolatrous  worship  or  re- 
ligion of  the  Ostiaks,  Samoyedes,  and  otlier  Fin- 
nish tribes. 

SHAM'IJLE,f.  (.  To  walk  awkwardly  and  unsteadily, 
as  if  tlu^  knees  were  weak.  Forbij. 

SHAJI'BLES,  (-biz,)  ».  pi.  [Sax.seamel,  L.scamnuut,a, 
bench,  It.  scanno,  Sp.  escano  :  from  L.  saindo.] 

1.  The  place  where  butchri's  meal  is  sold  ;  a  flesh- 
markcl.     1  Cor.  x. 

2.  In  minin^^  a  niche  or  shelf  left  at  suitable  dis- 
tances to  receive  the  ore  which  is  thrown  from  one 
to  another,  and  thus  raised  to  the  top. 

SHAM'BLING,  ppr.  or  a.  [from  seamble,  scambling.] 
Moving  with  an  awkward,  irregular,  clumsy  pace  ; 
ns,  a  shambling  trot ;  shambling  legs.  Smith. 

SHAI^l'BUNG,  71.  An  awkward,  clumsy,  irregular 
pace  or  gait. 

SHAME,  71.     [Sax.  scauui,  sceam,  sccom;  G.  scham;  D. 

scliaamcn;  Sw.  and   Dan.  sham.     Qu.  Ar.  a./.^.^* 

chashama,  with  a  prefix,  to  cause  shame,  to  blush,  to 
reverence.    Class  Sm,  No.  48.] 

1.  A  painful  sensation  excited  by  a  consciottsness 
of  guilt,  or  of  having  done  something  which  injures 
reputation  ;  or  by  the  exposure  of  that  which  nature  or 
modesty  prompts  us  to  conceal.  Shame  is  particu- 
larly excited  by  the  disclosure  of  actions  which,  in 
theview  of  men,  are  mean  and  degrading.  Hence, 
it  is  ot^en.or  always  manifested  by  a  downciL-:^!  look 
or  by  blushes,  called  confusion  efface. 

Hide,  for  xha.T.e, 
Hornans,  your  ffmOkbiivs'  iinajw. 

That  bhish  at  Uicir  tlfg.-n  -rate  ivy^cnv.  L  ~uden. 

Shame  prevails  when  Ras»n  is  «!cU-al«l.  H.inuJtr. 

2.  The  cause  or  n^ason  of  shame  ;  that  which 
brings  reproach,  and  degrades  a  pcrstin  in  the  esti- 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE AN''GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K ;  G  as  J;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  i 


— !! 


SHA 

matioii  of  others.    Thus  an  idol  is  called  a  uiunne. 
IIo^.  ii. 

(iuiJcs,  wlio  are  the  thame  of  rcli^un.  South. 

3.  Reproach;  ij;;noniiny  ;  derision;  contempt. 

Yc  have  borne  the  thame  of  Uic  hciilheii.  —  Eiek.  xxzvi. 

■1.  The  parts  which  modesty  requires  to  be  cov- 
ered. 

.•i.  Dishonor  ;  disgrace.     Prov.  ix. 
SHAMK,  V.  /-    To  make  ashamed;  to  excite  a  con- 
sciousness of  guilt  or  of  doing  something  derogatory 
to  reputation  ;  to  cause  to  blush. 

Who  tkani£t  a  tcribbler,  breaka  a  cobweb  tliroiigh.  Pope. 

1  write  lint  thcBC  iliing«  to  shame  you. —  I  Cor.  iv. 

2.  To  disgrace. 

And  with  foul  cowardice  his  carcass  shame.  Spenser. 

3.  To  mock  at. 

Ye  have  shamed  the  counsel  of  (ho  pn*<:,  —  Pa.  xiv. 
SHAME,  V.  i.    To  be  ashamed. 

To  ita  tiviiik  nuthoL-a  give  such  a.  magnilude  as  i  shame  (o  repent. 

Roiegh. 

[This  verb,  I  believe,  is  no  longer  used  intransi- 
tivt'ly.] 
SIIaM'KD,  pp.     Made  ashamed. 
SHAME'FaC-£D,  (-(aste,)  n.     [Lye  supposes  this  to 
he  a  corruption  of  Sax.  6cam-/(iv;,  shame-fast,  held 
or  rct^trained  by  sliauie.J 

Ilashful ;  easily  confused  or  put  out  of  counte- 
nance.    A  man  may  be  s/itiitn/aced  to  excess. 

Conscience  is  a  bhishin^,  akat7tefaeed  spirit.  SJtak. 

Your  shtime/aced  virtue  bhuniieU  the  people's  praise.    Dryden. 

SHAME'FaC-SD-LY,  (-faste-,)  ado.  Bashfully  ;  with 
excessive  modesty.  JVoolton. 

SIIaME'FaC-£D-NESS,  (-faste-,)  n.  Bnshfnlness  ; 
excess  of  modesty.  Dnjden. 

SHA.ME'Fyii,  a.  [skame  and  full.]  Tbat  brings 
sbatne  or  disgrace ;  scandalous;  disgraceful  ;  injuri- 
ous to  reputation.  It  expresses  less  than  Inkamous 
and   Ignominious. 

His  naval  preimrationa  were  not  more  surprising  than  liia  quick 
and  »hame/ul  r.'Creiit.  ArbuOinol. 

2.  Indecent ;  raising  shame  in  others. 

Plia-lma  flying  no  musi  shaim/ul  sifjlit.  Spenser. 

SHaME'FI]L-LY,  adv.  Disgracefully;  in  a  manner 
to  bring  reproach.  He  shavtcfully  deserted  his 
friend. 

2.  VV'itli  indignity  or  indecency;  in  a  manner  that 
may  cause  shame. 

IIow  shamffuUij  thai  in;uii  he  did  lormeiU  I  Speiiser. 

SHaME'FIJL-NESS,  71.    Disgracefulness.    Johnson. 
SHaME'LESS,  a.      [shame  and   less.]      Destitute  of 

shnine;  wanthig  modesty  ;  impudent;  brazen-faced  ; 

immodest;  audacious;  insensible  to  disgrace. 

Such  shameless  bards  we  have.  Pope. 

9.  Done  without  shame ;  indicating  want  of  shame ; 
as,  a  shameless  denial  of  truth. 

SIIAME'LESS-LY,  adv.  Without  shame  ;  impudent- 
ly ;  as,  a  man  skamdessly  wicked.  Hale. 

SHaME'LESS-NES9,  n.  Destitution  of  sbame  ; 
want  of  sensibility  to  disgrace  or  dishonor;  impu- 
dence. 

He  thai  blushes  not  at  hia  crim^,  but  adds  sha7nelessttea3   to 
sliaiue,  has  nothing  left  to  restore  liim  to  virtue.     Taylor. 

SHAM'ER,  n.    One  who  makes  ashamed  ;  that  which 

confounds. 
SIIAM'-FIGHT,  n.      A   pretended  fight  or  engage- 

niRut. 
SIIaM'ING,    ppr.      Making    ashamed;    causing    to 

iiliisli  ;  nmfounding. 
SIIAM'MKR,  H.     [fromsAum.]     One  that  shams;  an 

impostor.     [Lmo.] 
SHAM'MY,  Ti.     [Fr.  chamois;  It.  camozza;  Sp.  gamu- 

za ;  Port,  ffamo  ,■  from  Sp.  gaina,  a  doe,  or  its  root ; 

W.  gavyr,  a  goat ;  Corn,  and  Ir.  gavar.] 

1.  A  species  of  Antelope,  the  Anlilope  Itupicapra. 
[See  Chamoes.] 

2.  A  kind  of  leather  prepared  from  the  skin  of  ihis 
animal.  It  is  dressiid  jn  oU  or  tanned,  and  much  es- 
teemed for  its  softness,  pliancy,  and  the  qualitv  of 
bearing  soap  witbnut  damage.  A  great  part  of 'the 
leather  which  bears  this  name  is  counterfeit,  being 
made  of  the  skin  of  the  common  goat,  the  kid,  or 
even  of  sheep.  Eiictic. 

This  word  has  also  been  written  SHAMoynnd 
Shamois.     [See  Chamois.] 

SHAM-POO',  ;  r.(.     [Oh.mtal?]    To  rub  and  percuss 

CHAM-POO',  \  the  whole  surface  of  the  body,  and 
at  the  same  time,  to  flex  and  extend  the  limbs  and 
rack  the  joints,  in  connection  with  the  hot  bath. 

SHAM-POO'KD,  pp.  Rultbed,  percussed,  &c.,  in  con- 
nection with  Hie  hot  baili. 

SHAM-POO'ING,  ppr.  Rubbing  and  percussing  the 
whole  surface  of  the  body,  at  (ho  same  time  flexing 
and  extending  the  limbs,  and  racking  the  joints,  in 
connection  with  the  hot  bath. 

SHAM-POO'ING,  ;!.  The  act  or  practice  of  kr.oad- 
ing,  rubbing,  and  working  any  part  of  the  !>ody,  as 
after  bathing.  What  is  now  popularly  called  sham- 
pooinn.,  was  anciently  called  tripsis^  and  il  is  still  so 
called  technically. 


SHA 

SHAM'ROCK,  n.  The  Irish  name  for  a  three-leafed 
plant,  the  Oxalis  Acetosella,  or  common  Wood- 
Sorrt-'l.  It  has  been  often  supposed  to  be  the  Trjfoli- 
um  repcns,  white  trefoil  or  white  clover. 

Journal  of  Royal  Institute.     P.  Cijc.     Brande. 

SHANK,  n.  \^^x.  scanc^  sceanc ;  G.  and  D.  schcnkdi 
Sw.  skank.] 

1.  The  whole  joint  from  the  knee  to  the  ankle. 
In  a  hoTsty  the  part  of  the  fore  leg  between  the  knee 
and  the  footlock. 

2.  The  tibia  or  largo  bone  of  tho  leg  ;  as,  crooked 
sJianhs, 

3.  The  long  part  of  an  instrument;  as,  the  sAait/c 
of  a  key.  J\Urxon. 

'I'he  beam  or  shaft  of  an  anchor,  having  tho  ring 
at  one  end  ami  the  arms  at  the  other.  Totten. 

4.  The  space  between  two  channels  of  the  Doric 
tiiglyph.  Owilt. 

5.  A  plant,  (Rryonia.)  .luhnson. 
SHANK'EI),  (shanlit,)  a.     Having  a  shank. 
SIIANK'ER,  H.     [from  Fr.  chancre.] 

A  primary,  syphilitic  ulcer,  alw.ays  occasioned  by 
the  application  of  tiie  specific  secretion  from  another 
primary  syphilitic  ulcer.  It  is  always  the  lirst  mani- 
festation of  true  ami  regular  sypliilis.  [See  Chan- 
cre.! 

SHANK'LIN  SAND,  n.  A  sandstone  with  other  as- 
sociated deposits,  constituting  the  lower  part  of  the 
cretaceous  formation.  Mantcll. 

SHANK'-PAINT-ER,  Ji.  With  seamen,  a  short  rope 
and  chain  which  sustains  the  shank  and  llukes  of  an 
anchor  against  the  ship's  side,  as  tlie  stopper  fastens 
the  ring  and  stuck  to  the  cat-head.  Totten. 

SHAN'SeUIT,  ;i.  The  Sanscrit,  or  ancient  language 
of  Hindoostan.     [See  Sanscrit.] 

SriAN'TY,  for  Janty.  Gay  ;  showy.  [JVo(  in  \isc,  or 
local.] 

SHAN'TY,  n.     [Said  to  be  from  Ir.  acan,  old,  and  tig, 
a  houie.] 
A  hut,  or  mean  dwelling. 

SHAPE,  V.  t ;  pret.  Shaped  ;  pp.  Shaped  or  Shaped. 
[Sax.  sceapiaii,  sccppan,  scipan,  or  scypjpau,  to  form,  to 
create  ;  Sw.  skapa;  Dan.  skabcr;  G.  schaff'cuj  to  cre- 
ate, to  mako  or  get,  to  procure,  furnish,  or  supply  ; 
D.  scheppen^  schaffai;  Kans.  shafana.  The  Sw.  has 
skaffa,  to  provide,  and  the  Dan.  skajfcr.] 

1.  To  form  or  create. 

I  wns  sJiapen  i:i  iuiqiiitjr.  —  Pa.  li. 

9.  To  mold  or  make  into  a  particular  form  ;  to  give 
form  or  figure  to  ;  as,  to  shape  a  garment. 

Gnico  shaped  hor  tiinbs,  and  t>cauty  decked  her  fuce.       Prior, 

3.  To  mold ;  to  cast ;  to  regulate  ;  to  adjust ;  to 
adapt  to  a  purpose.  He  shapes  his  plans  or  designs 
to  the  temper  of  the  times. 

4.  To  direct ;  as,  to  shape  a  course.         Denham. 

5.  To  image ;  to  conceive. 

Oft  my  jealousy 
Shapes  faults  that  ak  not.  Shak. 

SHA,PE,  V.  i.    To  stptare  ;  to  suit ;  to  bo  adjusted. 

Sliak. 
SHaPE,  n.     Form  or  figure  as  constituted  by  lines  and 

angles  :  as,  the  shape  of  a  horse  or  a  tree  ;  the  shape 

of  the  head,  hand,  or  foot. 

2.  External  .appearance. 

He  heat  mc  ^icvously  in  the  shape  cf  a  woman.  Shak. 

n.  The  form  of  the  trunk  of  the  human  body ;  as, 
a  clumsy  shape;  an  elegant  shape. 

4.  A  being  as  endowed  with  form. 

Before  the  g^tf.a  there  sat, 
On  either  sJile,  a  foriuidable  shape.  Milton. 

5.  Idea  ;  pattern.  Milton. 
G.  Form.     This  application  comes  before  the  legis- 
lature in  the  shape  of  a  memorial. 

7.  Manner. 
SHaP'£D,  (shapt,)     j  pp.      Formed  ;    molded  ;    cast ; 
SHAP'/i:N,  (shap'n,)  (      conceiveti. 
SHAPE'LEbS,  a.    Destitute  of  regular  form  ;  wanting 
synmietry  of  dimensions ;  as,  dt;formed  and  shape- 
less. Shak. 
The  shapeless  rock  or  hanging  precipice.  Pope. 

SHAPE'LESS-NESS,  n.    Destitution  of  regular  form. 

SHAPE'LI-NESS,  n.  [from  sliapehj.]  Beauty  or  pro- 
portion of  form.     [Liltlc  nscd.] 

SHaPE'LY,  a.  [from  shape]  Well-formed  ;  having 
a  rejTular  shape  ;  symmetrical.  IVurton. 

SHAPE'SMITH,  n.  [shape  and  smith.]  Ono  that  un- 
dertakes to  improve  the  form  of  the  body.  [In  bur- 
lesque-] Uarih, 

SHA'P'ING,  ppr.  Forming;  molding;  casting;  con- 
ceiving ;  giving  form. 

SHAP'ING,  n.    The  act  of  forming  a  shape. 

Coleridge. 

SHARD,  n.  [Sax.  sceard,  from  sccaran^  to  shear,  to 
separate.] 

1.  A  piece  or  fragment  of  an  earthen  vessel,  or  of 
any  biilMc  substance.     [Obs.]  Shak. 

2.  The  shell  of  an  egg  or  of  a  snail.  Qower, 
;i.  A  plant,  {chard.)                                       Dnjden. 

4.  A  frith  or  strait;  as,  a  perilous  sJiard.  Spenser. 

5.  A  gap. 
0.  A  fish. 


SHA 

SHAUD'BoRNE,  a.  [^sliard  and  borne.]  Borne  on 
sharded  wings,  like  the  beetle.  Shak. 

[Some,  says  Halliwell,  are  of  opinion,  that  Shak- 
spcare  wrote  tho  woid  shard-born ,  i.  e.,  born  anmng 
shards  ;  but  neither  lie  nor  any  i>l'  the  later  lexicog- 
raphers adiipts  this   oiiinion.  —  Kd.] 

SHAKD'ED,  0.  Having  wings  sheathed  with  a  hard 
case  ;  as,  the  ^/tan/i*/ beetle.        Todd,  from  Goircr. 

SHARE,  n.  [Sax.  sccar,  sccara,  from  scearan,  to  shear; 
W.  ysjrar,  which  is  a  compound.] 

1.  Ap.art ;  a  portion  ;  aipiantity  ;  as,  a  small  share 
of  prudence  or  good  sense. 

2.  A  part  or  portion  of  a  thingowned  by  a  number 
in  common ;  that  part  of  un  umlivided  interest 
which  belongs  to  each  proprietor;  as,  a  ship  owned 
in  ten  .sAarw,- a  Tontine  buildijig  owned  m  a  hun- 
dred shares. 

3.  Tho  part  of  a  thing  allotted  or  distributed  to 
each  individual  of  a  number;  dividend;  separate 
jiortion.  Each  lieir  has  received  his  share  of  the 
estate. 

4.  A  part  belonging  to  one ;  portion  possessed. 

Nor  I  witiiiml  my  share  «i  fiimo.  Dryden. 

5.  A  part  contributed.  He  bears  liis  share  of  the 
burden. 

(J.  Tlie  broad  iron  or  blade  of  a  plow  which  cuts 
the  ground,  or  furrow-slice.  Mortimer. 

To  go  sltares ;  to  partake  ;  to  be  equally  concertied. 
L^EstranfTc. 
SHARE,   0.  t.     [Sax.   sccaran,  scijran  ;    but   we   have 
shtar  directly  from  this  verb,  and  share  seems  to  be 
fnun  tho  noun  ;  W.  ysgariaw.] 

1.  To  divide  ;  to  pari  among  two  or  more. 

Suppose  I  share  my  fortune  equally  between  my  cliildrpn  nnd  a 

stranger.  Swift. 

And  share  his  l*urden  where  he  shares  his  heart.  Dryden. 

2.  To  partake  or  enjoy  with  others  ;  to  seize  and 
possess  jointly  or  in  common. 

(jreat  Jove  with  Cesar  sliares  Ins  sovcrciga  Bw.ay.  Milton. 

While  avarice  and  rapine  aliare  the  land.  AlUtuii, 

3.  To  cut ;  to  shear.    [JVw(  now  in  use.] 

Anil  the  shared  visage  hangs  on  equal  aides.  Dryden. 

SHARE,  V.  i.    To  have  part. 

A  right  of  inheritance  gave  every  one  a  title  to  share  in  the  guoila 
of  liis  father.  Locke. 

SHARE'-BoNE,  n.  The  os  pubis,  a  bone  placed  at 
the  upper  and  fore  part  of  the  pelvis.  For.vyth. 

SHAR'iiiD, /jp  Held  or  enjoyed  with  another  or  oth- 
ers ;  divided  ;  distributed  in  shanis. 

SHARE'HoLD-ER,  n.  [share  and  holder.]  One  that 
holds  or  owns  a  share  in  a  joint  fund  or  property. 

One  of  the  proprietors  of  the  mine,  wlio  was  a  rri>i;iri>!  share- 
holder in  lh(?  company,  died.  Med,  Itepos, 

SHAU'ER,  71.  A  partaker  ;  one  that  participates  any 
tiling  with  another;  one  who  enjoys  or  suffers  in 
common  with  another  or  others  ;  as,  a  sharer  in 
another's  good  fortune  ;  a.. sharer  in  tlic  toils  of  n'ar; 
a  .sharer  in  a  latly's  affections. 

SHaR'ING,  ppr.  Partaking;  having  a  part  with 
another ;  enjoying  or  suflering  ^vith  others. 

SHAR'ING,  11.    Participation. 

SHARK,  n.  [L.  carcharias;  Gr.  /ca,o\(ip:af,  from 
Kapxao-ii,  sharp  ;  Corn,  skarkias.] 

1.  The  name  conunonly  given  to  many,  and  some- 
times indiscriminately  to  all  the  voracious  cartilai;m- 
ous  fishes  of  tho  family  Squalidaj,  (gemis  Sqiialus, 
Linn.,)  comprehending  numerous  genera,  as  Carcha- 
rias, Scyliium,  &c.  Tlie  body  is  oblong  and  taper- 
ing; the  skin  rough  and  destitute  of  scales;  the 
teeth  are  arranged  in  several  rows,  one  within 
another,  and  are  usually  long,  sharp,  and  triangnlar, 
with  projections  or  serratures  on  the  sides.  TJie 
white  shark,  Carcharias  vulgaris,  one  of  the  largest 
species,  attains  the  length  of  twenty-five  feet. 

P.  Cyc.     Jardine^s  J^Tiit.  Lib. 
9.  A  greedy,  artful  fellow  ;  one  who  fills  his  pnrk- 
cts  by  sly  tricks.     [Low,]  Smith. 

3.  Trick;  fraud;  potty  rapino  ;  as,  to  liv;'  upon 
the  s'nirk.     [Little  used.]  South, 

4.  In  J^ew  England,  one  that  lives  by  shifts,  con- 
trivance, or  stratagem. 

SHARK,  V.  t.  To  pick  up  hastily,  slily,  or  in  small 
quantities.     [Low.]  Shak. 

SHARK,!',  i.  To  play  the  petty  thief;  or  rather,  to 
live  by  shifts  and  petty  stratagems.  [In  JV'cuj  Eng- 
land, the  connncui  pronunciation  is  shark,  .but  the 
word  rarely  implies  fraud.] 

2.  To  cheat ;  to  trick.     yLow,]  Ainstcorth. 

3.  To  fawn  upon  for  a  dmner  ;  to  btg.    Johnson. 
To  shark  out ;  to  slip  out  or  escape  by  low  artifices. 

i  Vulgar.] 
ARK'ER,  n.    One  that  lives  by  sharking ;  an  artful 
fellow.  Wottan. 

SHARK'ING,  ppr.    Picking  up  in  haste;  living  by 

petty  rapine,  or  by  shifts  and  devices. 
SHARK'ING,  a.     Petty  rapine  ;  trick.         Wcstficld. 
2,  The  seeking  of  a  livelihood  by  shifts  and  de- 
vices. 
SHARP,  a.     [Sax.  sccarp;  D.  scherp  ;  G.  scharf;  Dan. 
and  Sw.  sharp  ;  Turk,  scerp  ;  probably  from  the  root 
of  shear,  shire,  short;  the  radical  letters  being  Cr  or 
Or.] 


FATE,  FAR,  FAI.L,  WHAT.— MeTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.— 


SHA 

1.  Having  a  very  thin  edge  or  fine  point ;  keen  j 
acute  ;  not  blunt.  Thus  we  say,  a  sharp  knife,  or  a 
sharp  needle.  A  sharp  edge  easily  severs  a  snh- 
siance ;  a  sharp  point  is  easily  made  to  penetrate  it. 

2.  Terminating  in  a  point  or  edge  ;  not  obtuse ; 
as,  a  hill  terminates  in  a  sJiarp  peak,  or  a  sharp  ridge. 

3.  Forming  an  acute  or  too  small  angle  at  the  ridge  j 
as,  a  ^harp  ruof. 

4.  Acute  of  mind  ;  quick  to  discern  ordisEingnish  ; 
penetrating;  ready  at  invention  ;  witty;  ingenious. 

NoUiiQ*  makes  men  sharper  than  waat.  Additon. 

M;iuy  other  ihJn^  belou^  lo  the  material  worlJ,  wherein  the 
tharpesi  pbifosopliers  bare  not  yet  obLiiiied  clear  itleaa. 

Walls. 

5.  Being  of  quick  or  nice  perception ;  applied  to 
the  senses  or  organs  of  perception  ;  as,  a  sharp  eye  ; 
sharp  siijiit. 

To  sharp-ejed  reason  this  would  seem  Uiitrac.  Dnjden. 

6.  Affecting  the  organa  of  taste  like  fine  points; 
sour  ;  acid  ;  aa,  sharp  vinegar  ;  dAarp-tasted  citrons. 

Dnjdcn. 

7.  Aflecting  the  organs  of  hearing  like  sharp 
points;  piercing;  penetrating;  shrill;  as,  a  sharp 
sound  or  voice  ;  a,  sharp  note  or  tone  ;  opposed  to  a 
JiiU  note  or  sound. 

8.  Severe;  harsh;  biting;  sarcastic;  as,  sharp 
words;  iAarp  rebuke. 

Be  ihy  wonis  sever*?, 
Sharp  US  he  merits;  but  tlie  swonl  lorbear.  Dryden. 

9.  Severely  rigid ;  quick  or  severe  in  punishing ; 
cruel. 

To  that  place  the  sharp  Athcoian  law 

Can  iiui  pursue  us.  SJiak. 

10.  Eager  for  food  ;  keen  ;  as,  a  sharp  appetite. 

11.  Eager  in  pursuit ;  keen  in  quest. 

My  f-ilclucin  now  is  sharp  and  pasaJii^  empty.  ShaJc. 

13.  Fierce;  ardent;  fiery;  violent;  us,  a  sharp 
contest. 

A  sharp  assault  already  ia  be^un.  Dryden. 

13.  Keen  ;  severe;  pungent;  as,  sharp  pain. 

14.  Very  painful  or  distressing  ;  ^s,  sharp  tribula- 
tion ;  a  sharp  fit  of  tlie  gout. 

15.  Ver>-  attentive  or  vigilant. 

Sharp  at  lier  ulinoal  ken  she  cast  her  eyes.  Dryden. 

16.  Making  nice  calculations  of  profit ;  or  close 
and  exact  in  making  bargains  or  demanding  dues. 

Swift. 

17.  Biting;  pinching;  piercing;  as,  sharp  air; 
sharp  wind  or  weather.  Raij. 

18.  Subtile  ,  nice  ■  witty  ;  actite  ;  used  of  things ;  as, 
a  sharp  discourse.     [Rare.]  Hooker. 

111.  Among  workmenj  hard  ;  as,  sharp  sand. 

Moxon. 
2?.  Emaciated  ;  Iran ;  thin  ;  as,  a  sharp  visage. 

Mdloji. 
To  brace  sharp;  in  seamanship^  to  turn  the  yards  to 
the  most  oblique  position  possible,  that  the  ship  may 
lay  well  up  to  the  wind.  Mar.  Diet. 

SHARP,  It.    In  miisic,  an  acute  sound.  Shak. 

2.  A  note  artificially  raised  a  semitone  ;  or, 

3.  The  character  ^if,  which  directs  the  note  to  be 
thus  elevated  ;  opposed  to  a  JUtt,  which  depresses  a 
note  a  semitone.  Brande. 

4.  A  pointed  weapon.     [JV*o(  in  tuse.}  Collier. 
SHARP,  V.  t.    To  make  keen  or  acute.      B.  Jonson. 

•2.  To  render  quick.  Spenser. 

3.  To  mark  with  a  sharp,  in  musical  composition  ; 
or  to  raise  a  note  a  semitone. 
SHARP,  V.  u    To  play  tricks  in  bargaining  ;  to  act  the 

sharper.  V  Estrange. 

SHaRP'£D,  (shirpt,) pp.    Made  keen. 

■2-  .Marked  with  a  sharp  in  musical  composition. 
SHaRP'-EDG-£D,  (-ejd,)  a.      Having  a  fine,  keen 

edge, 
SHaRP'EN,  (shirp'n,)  v.  t.  [G.  schdrfmi  D.  scherpen  ; 
Ew.  skdrpa.] 

1.  To  make  sharp;  to  give  a  keen  edge  or  fine 
point  to  a  thing ;  to  eiige  ;  to  point ;  as,  to  sharpen  a 
knife,  an  as,  or  the  teeth  of  a  saw;  to  sharpen  a 
sword. 

All  the  Icraeiites  went  down  lo  the  Philistines  lo  sliarpen  every 
man  his  share  and  his  coller,  and  his  ax  and  his  mullock.  — 
I  Sam.  xiii. 

2.  To  make  more  eager  or  active ;  as,  to  shaiycn 
the  edge  of  industry.  Hooker. 

3.  To  make  more  pungent  and  painful.  The  abuse 
of  wealth  and  greatness  may  hereafter  sharpen  the 
sting  of  conscience. 

4.  To  make  more  quick,  acute,  or  ingenious.  The 
wit  or  the  intellect  is  sharpened  by  study. 

5.  To  render  perception  more  quick  or  acute. 

The  air  sharpened  bis  visual  ray 

To  objecis  dutani  tu.  Mitlort. 

G.  To  render  more  keen  ;  to  make  more  eager  for 
food,  or  for  any  gratification ;  as,  to  sharpen  the  ap- 
petite ;  to  sliarpert  a  desire.  Shak.     Tillvt;svn. 

7.  To  make  biting,  sarcastic,  or  severe. 

Sharpen  each  word.  SmitJi. 

8.  To  render  less  fiat,  or  more  shrill  or  piercing. 

(nclosures  not  only  preserve  sound,  but  lacxeoMi  and  sharpen  il, 

Bacon. 


SHA 

9.  To  make  more  tart  or  acid;  to  make  sour;  aa, 
the  rays  of  the  sun  sharpen  vinegar. 

10.  To  make  more  distressing ;  as,  to  sharpen  grief 
or  other  evil. 

11.  In  vnufic,  to  raise  a  sound  by  means  of  a  sharp. 

Prof.  Fi-^hcr. 

SHARP' f:N,  V.  i.    To  grow  or  become  sharp.     Shak. 

SHARP'£N-£;D,  pp.  or  a.  Made  sharp  ;  edged  ;  point- 
ed ;  rendered  more  active,  acute,  keen,  ficc. 

SHARP'£N-IN(i,  ppr.    See  tlie  verb. 

SHARP'ER,  7^.  A  shrewd  man  in  making  bargains; 
a  tricking  fellow  ;  a  cheat  in  bargaining  or  gaining. 

Sharpers,  as  jiikes,  prey  upon  llieir  own  kind.      L'Eitrange. 

SHaRP'ING,  ppi\    Making  keen  or  acute. 

2.  Marking  with  a  sharp,  in  musical  composition. 
SHaRP'LV,  adv.    With  a  keen  edge  or  a  fine  point. 

2.  Severely  ;  rigorously  ;  roughly.     Tit.  i. 

They  are  lo  bo  more  sharply  chastised  and  refonned  than  the  rude 
Irish.  Spenser. 

3.  Keenly  ;  acutely  ;  vigorously  ;  as  the  mind  and 
memory  sharply  exercised.  B.  Jonson. 

4.  Violently;  vehemently. 

Al  Ihe  arrival  of  llie  English  cnibasaadora,  the  soldiers  were 
sharply  assailed  with  wants.  Hayward. 

,'*).  With  keen  perception ;  exactly ;  minutely'. 

You  ccnlnict  your  eye  when  you  would  see  sharply.     Bacon. 

Ci.  Acutely;  wittily;  with  nice  discernment. 
SHARP'NESS,  j(.    Keenness  of  an  edge  or  point ;  its, 
the  sharpness  of  a  razor  or  a  dart. 

2.  Not  obtuseness.  TVotion, 

3.  Pungency;  acidity;  as,  the  sharpness  of  vin- 
egnr.  JVatts. 

4.  Pungency  of  pain  ;  keenness;  severity  of  pain 
or  afiliclion ;  as,  the  sharpness  of  pain,  grief,  or  an- 
guish. 

5.  Painfulness;  afilictiveness  ;  iis,  the  sharpness  of 
death  or  calamity. 

And  the  best  T^uarrela  in  the  heat  are  cursl 

By  ihoic  iliat  Jeel  their  sJuirpnesa.  Shak. 

6.  Severity  of  language  ;  pungency  ;  satirical  sar- 
casm ;  as,  the  sharpness  of  satire  or  rebuke. 

Some  did  :d!  fully  with  just  sltarpness  blame.  Dryden. 

7.  Acuteness  of  intellect;  the  power  of  nice  dis- 
cernment; quickness  of  understanding;  ingenuity; 
as,  sharpness  of  wit  or  understanding. 

Drijden.    Jiddison. 

8.  Quickness  of  sense  or  perception;  as,  the  sAarp- 
ncss  of  sight. 

9.  Keenness;  severity;  as,  the  sharpness  of  the 
air  or  weatlier. 

SHAUP'-POINT-ED,  a.     Having  a  sharp  point. 

SIIARP'-SET,  a,  [sharp  and  set]  Eager  in  appetite  ; 
affected  by  keen  hunger;  ravenous;  as,  an  eagle  or 
a  lion  sha7-p-set.  Brown. 

2.  Eager  in  desire  of  gratification. 

Tlie  lijwu  is  sharp-set  on  new  plays.  Pujie. 

SHARP'-SHOOT'ER,  n.  [sharp  and  shoot.]  One 
skilled  in  shooting  at  an  object  with  exactness  ;  one 
skilled  in  the  use  of  the  rifle. 

3HARP'-SHOOT-Ii\G,7i.  A  shooting  with  great  pre- 
cision and  effect. 

SHARP'-STGHT'ED,  (-sTt'ed,)a.  [shaJTJ  and  .mrA(.] 
Having  quick  or  acute  sight;  a?,  a  s/tarp-s^V/t/ed  ea- 
gle or  hawk. 

2.  Having  quick  discernment  or  acute  understand- 
ing; as,  n  sharp-sighted oitpon<^nl;  sharp-sighted  jndQ- 
nient. 

SHARP'~S?GHT'ED-NESg,  (-sit'ed-,)  n.  The  state 
of  having  acute  sight. 

SHARP'-VIS-AG-KI),  a.  [sharji  and  visage.]  Htiving 
a  sharp  or  thin  face.  °        Hale. 

SHARP'-WIT-TED,  a.  Having  an  acute  or  nicely 
discerning  mind.  V/vlton. 

SHAS'TER,  j  n.     Among  the  Hindoos,  a  law  or  insti- 

SHAS'TRA,  \  tutes;  applied  particularly  to  a  book 
containing  the  institutes  of  their  religion,  considered 
of  divine  authority.  The  term  is  applied,  in  a  wider 
sense,  to  treatises  containing  the  laws  or  institutes  of 
the  various  arts  and  sciences,  as  rhetoric. 

TVilson\-i  Sanscrit  Diet. 
[Sastra  is  the  original  word. J 

SHAT'TER,  V.  t.  [D.  schateren,  to  crack,  to  make  a 
great  noise.  This  word  seems  to  be  allied  to  scatter 
ami  to  scatlt,  waste.  The  sense  is,  to  force  or  drive 
a  part  J 

1.  To  break  at  once  into  many  pieces ;  to  dash, 
burst,  rend,  or  part  by  violence  into  fragments  ;  as, 
explosion  shatters  a  rock  or  a  bomb  ;  lightning  shat- 
ters the  sturdy  oak  ;  steam  shaUcrs  a  boiler  ;  a"  mon- 
archy is  shattered  by  revolt.  Locke. 

2.  To  rend  ;  to  crack  ;  to  split ;  to  rive  into  splin- 
ters. 

3.  To  dissipate ;  to  make  incapable  of  close  and 
continued  application  ;  as,  a  man  of  sliattcrrd  humor. 

JVorris. 

4.  To  disorder;  tn  derange;  to  render  delirious; 
as,  to  shatter  the  brain.  The  man  seems  to  be  shat- 
tered in  his  intellect. 

SHAT'TER,  w.  i.  To  be  broken  into  fragments;  to 
fall  or  crumble  to  pieces  by  any  force  applied. 

Some  ehalier  and  fly  in  many  places.  Bacon. 


SHE 


SHAT'TER-BRaIN-£0,  ^a.      [shaUer  and  brain  or 

SHAT'TEU-PaT-ED,      j    pate.]  Disordered  or  wan- 
dering in  intellect. 
2.  HcedU^ss  i  wild  ;  not  cons;stt;?it.       Goodman. 

SlIAT'TER-£;D,pp.  or  a.  Broken  or  dashed  to  pieces; 
rent ;  disordered. 

SHAT'TEK-LVG,  ppr  Pashing  or  breaking  to  pieces  : 
rending;  disordering. 

SHAT'TERS,  n.  pi.  [\  believe  used  only  in  the  plu- 
ral.1  The  fragments  of  any  thing  forcibly  rent  or 
broken  ;  used  chielly  or  solely  in  the  phrases,  to 
break  or  rend  into  shatters.  Swift. 

SHAT'TER-Y,  a.  Brittle  ;  easily  falling  into  many 
pieces ;  not  compact ;  loose  of  texture  ;  as,  shauery 
^V^t-  Woodward. 

SHaVEj  v.  t.;  pret.  Shaved  ;  >p  Shaved  or  Shaves. 
[Sax.  eceafan,  scafan;  D.  schaaccn ;  G.  schaben;  Dan. 
skaver;  S\v.  skafva.] 

1.  To  cut  or  pare  off  something  from  the  surface  of 
a  body  by  a  razor  or  other  edged  instrument,  by  rnb- 
bin»,  scraping,  or  drawing  the  instrument  along  the 
surface;  as,  to  shave  the  chin  and  cheeks;  to  shace 
the  liead  of  its  hair. 

He  shall  shave  hb  hu-id  In  the  day  of  his  clcanaing.  —  Num.  vi. 

2.  To  shaoe  off;  to  cut  off. 

Neither  shall  Uicy  shaoe  ojfiha  Corner  of  UK-lr  beard.  —  Lev.  xxi. 

3.  To  pare  close. 

The  bendinr  »ythe 
Shaves  all  the  surface  of  ilu  wavmj  green.        ,         Gay. 

4.  To  cut  off  thin  slices ;  or  to  cut  in  thin  elices. 

Bacoit. 

5.  To  skim  along  the  surface  or  near  it ;  to  sweep 
along. 

IIi;  shaves  with  level  win;  Ihc  deep.  MUton. 

G.  To  strip  ;  to  oppress  by  extortion  ;  lo  fleece. 
7.  To  make  smooth  by  paring  or  cutting  off  slices; 
as,  tn  shave  hoops  or  staves. 

To  shave  a  note  ;  to  purchase  it  at  a  great  discount, 
or  to  take  interest  upon  it  much  beyond  the  legal 
rate,     [ji  low  phrase.] 
SHaVE,  71.     [S\v.  skaf;  G.  schabe ;  &ax.  scafa,  sceafa ; 
D.  sehaaf,  a  plane.] 

An  instrument  with  a  long  blade  and  a  handle  at 
each  end  for  shaving  hoops,  (Sic;  called  also  a  Draw- 
iNo  Knife. 
SUAVED^pp.    Pared;  made  smooth  with  a  razor  or 

other  cutting  instrument ;  fleeced. 
SHaVE'-GRASS,)(.    a  plant  of  the  genus  Equisetum  ; 

the  Dutch  rush  or  scouring  rush.  Booth. 

SHAVE'LING,7i.    A  man  shaved  ;  a  friar  or  religious  ; 

iii_  contempt.  Spenser. 

SHaV'ER,  71.  One  that  shaves,  or  whose  occupation 
is  to  shave. 

2.  One  that  is  close  in  bargains,  or  a  sharp  dealer. 

This  Lewis  is  a  cuimiog  shacer.  Sts\fl, 

3.  One  that  fleeces ;  a  pillager ;  a  plunderer. 
By  these  shavers  the  Turks  were  Btripped  of  all  they  had, 

SjioVes. 
SHAVER,  71.     [Gipsy,  tschabc,  or   tichaicOj  a  boy; 

schawo  or  tschawo,  a  son  ;  Ar.  ujLw  a  youth,  from 


fc_A>^  sliabbaj  to  grow  up,  to  excite.] 
A  boy  or  young  man.  HalUtcell. 

[This  word  is  slill  in  common  use  in  New  England.] 
SHaV'ING,  ;j/)r.    Paring  the  surface  with  a  razor  or 
other  sharp  instrument ;  making  smooth  by  paring; 
fleeting. 
SHAVING,  71.    The  act  of  paring  the  surface. 

2.  A  thin  slice  pared  off  with  a  shave,  a  knife,  a 
plane,  or  otlier  cutting  instrument.  Mortimer. 

SHAW,  iu      [Sax.  A'CMfl,  scuwa;  Sw.   skugga;    Dan. 
skove,  a  thicket,  and  skygge^  a  shade.] 
A  thicket ;  a  small  wood  or  grove.         HaUiwelt. 
[Local  in  England,     In  America  not  vsed.] 
SUA  W'-FOWE,  71.     [shaw  and  fowl]     The  represen- 
tation or  image  of  a  lowl  made  by  fowlers  to  shoot  at. 

Johnson. 
SHAWL,  71.'  A  cloth  of  wool,  cotton,  silk,  or  hair, 
used  by  females  as  a  loose  covering  for  the  neck  and 
shoulders.  Shawls  are  of  various  sizes,  from  that  of 
a  handkerchief  to  that  of  a  counterpane.  Shawls 
were  originally  manufactured  in  the  heart  of  India 
from  the  soft,  woolly,  inner  hair  of  a  variety  of  the 
common  goal  reared  in  Thibet,  and  tlie  best  shawls 
now  come  from  Cashmere  ;  but  they  are  also  manu- 
factured in  Europe.  The  largest  kinds  are  used  in 
train  dresses  and  for  long  scarfs. 

Enctjc.    Jtfc  Culloch. 
SHAWM,  71.     [G.  sdiahneie,  from  schallen,  to  sound.] 
A  wind  instrument  of  music,  having  much  the 
form  of  the  clarionet ;  now  superseded  by  the  haut- 
boy and  bassoon  ;  written  also  Shalm. 

Com.  Prayer.  Foshrole. 
SHE,  pronoun  personal,  of  the  feminine  gender.  [Sax. 
seo;  Goth,  s/;  D.  zif :  G.sic.  The  Danes  and  Swedes 
use  for  Ac  and  shr,\hc  word  from  which  the  English 
has  hen  ;  Dan.  han,  he,  the  male  ;  hun,  she,  the  fe- 
male ;  hane,  a  cock;  Sw.  Aa»,  he;  hannc^a  cock; 


TONE,  B^JLL,  IJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K;  G  as  J;  9  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


1019 


SHK 


SHE 


\  - 


hon,  hemes,  hennr,  she.  This  is  tlie  root  of  Henry. 
SAc  is  perlmps  llio  Ileb.  nrN,  a  woman  or  wifo.  n 
llie  Saxon,  sra  is  used  as  an  adjccuve,  and  may  be 
rendered  titc  or  a.  It  is  also  used  as  a  relative, 
answering  to  ir/in,  L.  qu<r.  It  is  also  used  for  he 
and  that.  In  English,  .-'is  lias  no  variation,  and  is 
used  only  in  the  nominative  case.  In  the  oblique 
cases  we  use  hers  and  her,  a  distinct  word.] 

I  A  pronoun  which  is  the  substitute  for  the  name 
if  a  f.  male,  and  of  the  feminine  gender  i  the  word 
V,  Imli  r(  fers  to  a  female  mentioned  in  the  preceding 
or  following  part  of  a  sentence  or  discourse. 

Tbca  Sarah  iknied,  laying,  I  laujlied  not ;  for  iht  was  afraij. 
—  Gcii.  xviii. 

2.  She  is  sometimes  used  as  a  noun  for  woman  or 
female,  and  in  the  plural ;  but  in  contempt  or  in 
ludicrous  language. 

Latly,  you  are  the  cruellest  she  alive.  Shak. 

The  sJiee  of  Italy  shall  not  betray 

My  Interest.  Stel:. 

3.  She  is  used  also  in  composition  for  female,  rep- 
resenting sex  ;  as,  a  5/tc-bear  ;  a  she-coX. 

SHE.'VD'ING,  w.  [«.  scheiden,  Sai.  seeadan,  to  di- 
vide.] . 

In  the  Me  of  Man,  riding,  a  tithing,  or  division, 
in  which  there  is  a  coroner,  or  chief  constable. 
The  isle  is  divided  into  six  sheadings.         Eneijc. 

SIIeAP,  (shecf,)  n. ;  pi.  Sheaves.  [Sax.  sceaf;  D. 
sehoof.  It  appears  to  be  connected  with  the  D. 
sehumeni,  sehoof,  to  shove.  Sax.  seufau.  The  sense 
then  is,  a  mass  or  cttlteclion  driven  or  pressed  to- 
gether. But  the  Welsh  has  ijsgnb,  a  sheaf  and  o 
besom,  whence  ysgnbam,  to  sweep,  L.  seopa,  seopo, 
and  said  to  bo  from  cub,  what  is  put  together,  a 
cube.  If  these  are  of  one  family,  as  I  suspect,  the 
root  is  in  Class  Gb,  and  the  sense,  to  collect  or  press 
together.] 

1.  A  quantity  of  the  stalks  of  wheat,  rye,  oats,  or 
badey  bound  together ;  a  bundle  of  stalks  or  straw. 

The  reaper  (ills  hia  ^ree'ly  hands. 

And  hinds  tile  goUkn  sheaoes  in  brittle  bauds.  Dryden. 

2.  Any  bundle  or  collection  ;  as,  a  sheaf  o{  arrows. 

Drijden, 

3.  Tn  mechanics.     Pee  Sheave. 
SHeAF,  v.  t.    To  collect  and  bind  ;  to  make  sheaves. 

Shak. 

SHEAF'Y,  a.    Pertaining  to  or  consisting  of  sheafs. 

SHe.\L.    SeeSHEELiNO.  [Qay. 

SHeAL,  to  slull,  is  not  u^cd.  Sliak. 

SHEAR,  ti.t. ;  Ttret.  Sheared  ;  pp.  Sheabf.d  orSHOR:<. 
The  old  pret.  Shoiie  is  entirely  obsolete.  [Sax. 
scearan,  scijran,  sciran,  to  shear,  to  divide,  whence 
.iluire  and  shire !  G.scheren,lo  shear,  or  shave,  and 
to  ve.x,  to  rail,  to  jeer  ;  scVtcr  dich  we^',  get  you  gone  ; 
schier  dich  aus  dtni  'rfge,  move  out  of  the  way  ;  D. 
scheeren,  to  shave,  shear,  banter,  stretch,  warp;  de 
gek  sclieercn,  to  iilay  the  fool ;  zig  weg  scheeren,  to 
'shear  off;  Dan.  sickrer,  to  cut,  carve,  saw,  hew; 
skierls,  a  jest,  jscr,  banter  ;  skicrtser,  to  sport,  mock, 
jeer ;  Sw.  skidra,  to  reap,  to  mow,  to  cut  off,  to 
cleanse,  to  rinse  ;  Sans,  schaura  or  chaura,  to  shave  ; 
W.  ysgar,  a  part,  a  share :  iisgariaw,  to  separate. 
TheGr'cek  has  Jtiontn,  to  shave",  and  Kcioto,to  shave, 
shear,  cut  off,  or  lay  waste.  The  primary  sense  is,  to 
separate  or  force  off  in  general ;  but  a  prominent 
signification  is,  to  separate  by  rubbing,  as  in  scour- 
inn,  or  as  in  shaving,  cutting  clo.^e  to  the  surface. 
Hence  the  sense  of  jeering,  as  we  say,  to  give  one 
the  rub.    See  Scoun,  and  Class  Gr,  No.  5,  8.] 

1.  To  cut  or  clip  something  from  the  surface  with 
an  instrument  of  two  blades ;  to  separate  any  thing 
from  the  surface  by  shears,  scissors,  or  a  like  instru- 
ment ;  as,  to  shear  sheep ;  to  shear  cloth.  It  is  ap- 
propriately used  for  the  cutting  of  wool  from  sheep 
or  their  skins,  and  for  clipping  the  nap  from  cloth, 
but  may  be  applied  to  other  things ;  as,  a  horse 
shears  the  ground  in  feeding  much  closer  than 
an  ox. 

2.  To  separ.ate  by  shears  ;  as,  to  shear  a  fleece. 

3.  To  reap.     [A'ot  m  use]     [Scollish.~\       Oower. 
SHEAR,  r.  i.     To  deviate.     [See  Sheeb.] 
SlIEAR'BILL,n.     [i/icar  and  iiH.l     A  water-fowl,  the 

black-skimmer  or  cut-water  (Khyncops  nigra)  of 
the  .Antilles.  Encyc. 

SHF,.\RD,  (sherd,)  n.  A  shard  or  fragment.  [See 
Shard.] 

SHE.\R'£D,  pp.  Clipped  ;  deprived  of  wool,  hair,  or 
nap,  by  means  of  shears. 

SHE.AR'ER,  71.  One  that  shears;  as,  a  shearer  of 
sheep.  Milton. 

SHEAR'ING,  ppr.  Clipping ;  depriving  of  wool,  hair, 
or  nap,  by  means  of  shears. 

SHe.-VR'ING,  n.    The  act  of  shearing. 

SHE.\R'I.ING,  n.  A  sheep  that  has  been  but  once 
sheared. 

SHEAR'M.\N,  71.  One  whose  occupation  is  to  shear 
cloth. 

SHE.\RS,  (shcerz,)  ti.  pi.  [from  the  verb.]  An  in- 
strument consisting  of  two  blades  with  a  bevel  edge, 
movable  on  a  pin,  used  for  cutting  cloth  and  other 
substances.  Shears  difler  from  scissors  chiefly  in 
being  larger. 

Rate  urged  the  shtari,  and  cut  Uic  sylph  in  twalu.  Pope. 


i  of  the 
to  the 
.  Cyc. 


Tlie  shears  used  by  farriers,  sheep-shearers,  &c., 
are  made  of  a  single  piece  of  steel,  bent  round  until 
the  blades  meet,  which  open  of  themselves,  by  the 
elasticity  of  the  metal. 

2.  Wings.    [JVo(  in  use.]  Spenser^ 

3.  An  engine  for  raising  heavy  weights,  [bee 
Sheers.] 

4.  The  denomination  of  the  age  of  sheep  from  the 
cuttiii"  of  the  teeth  ;  as,  sheep  of  one  shear,  two 
sliear,\c.     [Local.]  Mortimer. 

SlIEAR'-STEEL,  n.  Steel  prepared  by  a  peculiar 
process  for  making  clothiers'  shears,  scythes,  &c. 

Franet.';. 

SHEAR'WA-TER,  ii.  A  web-footed  water-fowl  of  the 
"eiius  Ryiicops,  also  called  Cut-water  and  Blaok- 
SKiMMEn.  It  ttikes  its  food  by  skimming  along  the 
surface  of  the  water  with  its  sharp  and  ihin  lower 
mandible  plunged  beneath  the  water.         /'.  Cijc. 

2.  A  name  of  certain  web-footed  seafowl 
genus  Putfinus,  (I'rocellaria,  Linn.,)  allieil 
petrels  ;  also  called  Popfi.ns.  /' 

SHeAT.    See  Sheet. 

SHEAT'-FISH,  71.     [O.  selieide,  Cuvier.] 

A  flsh,  a  species  of  Silurus,  having  a  long,  slimy 
body,  destitute  cf  scales,  and  the  back  dusky,  like 
that  of  the  eel.     It  is  the  largest  fresh-water  lish  of 
Europe,  being  sometimes  six  feet  or  more  in  length. 
Jardine's  JVat.  Lib.     P.  Cjic. 

SHEATH,  77.  [Sax.  scealli,  scathe ;  G.  seheide  ;^  D. 
schcede  ;  from  separating,  G.  scheiden,  D.  schcien,  Sax. 
sceadan.     See  Shade.] 

1.  A  case  for  the  reception  of  a  sword  or  other 
long  and  slender  instrument ;  a  scabbard.  A  sheath 
is  that  which  separates,  and  hence  a  defense. 

2.  In  botany,  a  membrane  investing  a  stem  or 
branch,  as  in  grasses.  '  Martyn. 

3.  .Any  thin  covering  for  defense ;  the  wing-case 
of  an  insect. 

SHE-ATHE,  1).  (.    To  put  into  a  case  or  scabbard  ;  as, 
to  sheathe  a  sword  or  dagger. 
2.  To  inclose  or  cover  with  a  sheath  or  case. 

The  leopard  —  keeps  the  claws  of  his  fore  feet  lunicd  up  from  the 

o-round,  and  sheathed  m  the  sltin  of  his  toes.         ^^^"'• 
'TisTn  my  breast  she  aheathea  her  dagger  now.  Dnjden. 

a.  To  cover  or  line ;  as,  to  sheathe  the  bowels  with 
demulcent  or  mucilaginous  substances. 

4.  To  obtund  or  blunt,  as  acrimonious  or  siiarp 
particles.  .arbuthnot. 

5.  To  fit  with  a  sheath.  Shak. 
U.  To  case  or  cover  with  boards  or  with  sheets  of 

copper  ;  as,  to  sheathe  a  ship,  to  preserve  it  from  the 
worms. 

To  sheaUe  the  sward;  a  figurative  phrase  ;  to  put 
an  end  to  war  or  enmity  ;  to  make  poace.  It  corre- 
sponds to  the  Indian  phrase,  to  bury  the  hatchet. 
SllE.Vf  H'iSD,  pp.  Put  ill  a  sheath  ;  inclosed  or  cov- 
ered with  a  case ;  covered ;  lined ;  invested  with  a 
membrane. 

2.  a.  Ill  botauv,  vaginate  ;  invested  by  a  sheath  or 
cylindrical,  meiiibranacoous  tube,  which  is  the  base 
of  the  leaf,  as  the  stalk  or  culm  in  grasses.  Martyn. 
SIIEA'f  H'ER,  71.    One  that  sheathes. 
SHEAT H'ING,  ppr.    Putting  in  a  sheath  ;   inclosing 
in  a  case  ;  covering  ;  lining  ;  investing  with  a  mem- 
brane. .        ^      ,  .  , 
SHE.VTH'ING,  71.    The  casing  or  covering  of  a  ship's 
bottom  and  sides ;  or  tlio  materials  for  such  cov- 
ering. 
SIIEATH'LESS,  (I.    Without  a  sheath   or  case  for 

covering;  unsheathed.  Percy's  Masijue. 

SnEATH'WING-£D,  a.  [.,/inilA  and  ici7io-.]  Having 
cases  for  covering  the  wings ;  as,  a  shealli-mnged 
insect.  Brovin. 

SIIE.VTH'Y,  a.    Forming  a  sheath  or  case.    Brown. 
SHEAVE,  71.     [In  D.  sehitf\s  a  slice,  a  truckle,  a  quoit, 
a  fillet,  a  draughtsman,  a  pane.    In  G.  scheibe  is  a 
mark,  a  pane,  a  wheel,  the  knee-pan,  a  slice.] 

In  seamen's  language,  a  wheel  in  a  block,  rail, 
mast,  yard,  &c.,  on  which  llie  rope  works.  It  is 
made  of  hard  wood  or  of  metal.  Totleu. 

SHEAVE,  V.  t.    To  bring  togctlicr  ;  to  collect.     [JVot 

in  use.]  Ashmole. 

SHEAV'ED,  a.     Mailc  of  straw.     [JVet  in  use.] 

Shalu 
SHE.WE'-IIoLE,  II.     A  channel  cut  in  a  mast,  yard, 
or  other  timber,  in  which  to  fix  a  sheave. 

Jlfar.  Diet. 
SHE-€HI'NAH.    See  Shekinah. 
SilECK'LA-TON,  71.     [Vl.  cielaion.     Chalmers.] 

A  kind  of  gilt  leather.  [JVuf  in.  iiscj  Spenser. 
SHED,  ti.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  Sued.  [Sax.  scedan,  to 
pour  out.  If  s  is  a  prefix,  this  word  coincides  in  ele- 
ments with  D.  gieten,  to  pour,  to  cast,  G.  gicssrn, 
Eng.  gush.  It  coincides,  also,  in  elements  v.iih 
shiml.  "  See  the  noun.] 

1.  To  cause  or  sulfur  to  flow  out ;  as,  to  shed 
tears ;  to  shed  blood.  Tho  sun  sheds  light  on  the 
earth  ;  the  stars  shed  a  more  feeble  light. 

Tliis  is  my  blood  of  tllc  New  Testaineul,  which  is  ihei!  fur  many 
lor  tlie  remission  of  sins.  —  Matt.  xxvi. 

2.  To  let  fall ;  to  cast ;  as,  the  trees  shed  their 
leaves  in  autumn  ;  fowls  shed  their  feathers  ;  and 
serpents  shed  their  skin. 


SHE 

3.  To  scatter ;  to  emit ;  to  throw  oflf;  to  difl'use  ; 
as,  flowers  shed  their  sweets  or  fragrance. 

[The  peculiar  senso  of  this  word  is,  to  cast  off 
Eonietliing  that  belongs  to  the  body,  cither  a  sub- 
stance or  a  quality.  Applied  to  animals  and  plants, 
it  expresses  a  periodical  casting  off  of  a  natural  cov- 
ering.] 
SUED,  V.  i.    To  let  fall  its  parts. 

White  oals  are  apt  to  shed  most  n»  Uioy  lie,  and  black  as  they 
sund.  iWorliiiisr. 

SHED,  71.  f  Sax.  seed,  a  shade  ;  Sw.  skydd,  a  defense  ; 
skydda,  to  protect,  to  defend,  or  shelter ;  Dan.  skyttcr, 
id. ;  skytler,  a  shooter  ;  skyl.i,  a  defense  ;  skyt,  a  gun  ; 
shjder,  to  shoot ;  G.  schritzen,  to  defend  ;  sctivtze,  a 
shooter ;  D.  schutten,  to  defend,  to  parry,  or  stop ; 
schuUcr,  a  .ihooter.  It  appears  that  shed,  the  nomi 
and  verb,  and  .ihoot,  are  from  one  source,  and  shade, 
send,  scath,  and  several  other  words,  when  traced, 
all  terminate  in  the  same  radical  sense,  to  thrust, 
rush,  or  drive.]  ,    ■    .  . 

1.  A  slight  building ;  a  covering  of  timber  and 
boards,  &c.,  for  shelter  against  rain  and  the  inclem- 
encies of  weather ;  a  poor  house  or  hovel ;  as,  a 
horse-shed. 

The  first  Alctesborn  in  lowly  s/Mnf.  Fair/ax, 

.S7(c</J  of  reeds  which  summer's  heal  repel.  ^nflys. 

2.  In  composition,  efl"usion ;  as  in  blood-s/icd.  [Sco 
the  verb.  1  ^  ^    . 

SHED,  ti.  t.    To  keep  off;  to  prevent  from  entering  ; 

as  a  hut,  umbrella,  or  garment  that  sheds  rain. 
SUED'DER,  71.     One  that  sheds  or  causes  to  flow  out ; 

as,  a  shrddcr  of  blood. 
SHED'DING,  ppr.    Effusing;   causing  to  flow  out; 

letting  fall;  casting;   throwing  off;   sending  out; 

diffusing ;  keeping  oft". 
SHED'DING,  71.    That  which  is  cast  off. 

2.  The  act  of  casting  off  or  out. 
SHEEL'IKG,  11.     SeeSHiELiNO.  . 

SHEEN,      /  a.     [Sax.  ^-cciic,  seen,  bright.    This  is  the 
SHEIWY,  \      old  orthography  of  shine,  which  see.] 
Bright ;  glittering  ;  showy. 


Up  rose  ( 
Olistcninj 


ach  warrior  bold  and  brave, 
■  in  filed  steel  and  armor  tlieen. 


Feirfax. 


[  Thh  word  is  used  only  in  poetry.] 
SHEEN,  71.    Brightness  ;  splendor.  Milton. 

SHEEP,  71.  sing,  and  pi.  [Sax.  secap,  seep ;  G.schaf; 
D.  schaap  ;  Bohemian,  shope,  a  wether.] 

1.  An  animal  of  the  genus  Ovis,  which  is  anions 
the  most  useful  species  that  the  Creator  has  bestowed 
on  man,  as  its  wool  constitutes  a  principal  material 
of  warm  clothing,  and  its  flesh  is  a  great  article  of 
food.  The  sheep  is  remarkable  for  its  harmless  tem- 
per and  its  timidity.  The  varieties  arc  numerous. 
9.  In  contempt,  a  silly  fellow.  .Smsicorth. 

3,  Fimraliveln,  God's  people  aio  called  sheep,  as 
being  ulider  the'govcrnment  and  protection  of  Christ, 
the  great  Slieiihcrd.    John  x. 
SIIEEP'-BITE,  71.  !.    [sheep  and  bite.]    To  practice 

pettv  tlicl'ts.     [JVui  ill  u.se.]  Shak. 

SIIEEP'-BIT-ER,  71.    One  who  practices  petty  Ihrfts. 

[jXot  in  use.]  .  Shall. 

SHEEP'eOT,  71.     [sheep  and  cot.]     A  small  inclosiire 

for  sheep  ;  a  pen.  Milton. 

SHEEP'FoLD,  71.     [sheep  and  fold.]     A  place  where 

sheep  are  collected  or  confined.  Prior. 

SHEEP'HOQK,  n.  [sheep  and  hook.]  A  hook  fast- 
ened to  a"  pole,  by  which  shepherds  lay  hold  on  the 
legs  of  their  sheep.  Bacon.    Dryden. 

SHEEP'ISH,  a.    Like  a  sheep  ;   bashful  ;   timorous 
to  excess;  over-modest;  meanly  diflident.    Leeke. 
2.  Pertaining  to  sheep. 
SHEEP'ISH-LY,(n;ji.    Bashfully;  with  mean  tunuhty 

or  diffidence. 
SHEEP'ISH-NESS,  71.    Bashfulness  ;  excessive  m  :d- 

csty  or  dirtideiice  ;  mean  timorousncss.       Herbert. 
SHEEP'-MAR-KET,  71.     A  place  where  sheep  are 

sold.  A  i-    I 

SHEEP'-.MaS-TER,  71.     [.ihcep^nilmailcr.]    A  feeder 

of  sheep  ;  one  that  has  the  care  of  sheep. 
SHEEP'S'-E?E,  (-1,)  71.     [sheep  and  eye.\    A  mode;-!, 

diflident  look,  such  as  lovers  cast  at  their  mistresses. 

Dryilcn. 
SHEEP'-S!I.\NK,   71.      [sheep  and  shank.]      Among 

seamen,  a  pL-culiar  kind  of  knot  in  a  rope,  made  tu 

shorten  it  temporarily.  Totlcn. 

SHEEP'S'-HE.\D,  (-hed,)  n.     [sheep  and  head.]     A 

fish  caught  on  the  shores  of  Connecticut  ami  el 

Long  Island,  so  called  from  the  resemblance  of  its 

head  to  that  of  a  sheep.     It  is  Ihe  Sargus  Ovis  ol 

Mitchell,  and   is  allied  to  the  Gilt-head  and  bea- 

brcain.     It  is  esteemed  delicious  food. 
SHEEP'-SHEAR-ER,  71.      [sheep  and  shear.]      One 

that  shears  or  cuts  off  the  wool  from  sheep.     Otii. 

xxxviii.  , 

SHEEP'-SHE.\R-ING,  ti.    The  act  of  shearing  sheep. 
2.  The  time  of  shearing  sheep  ;  also,  a  feast  made 

on  that  occasion.  Soul  1. 

SHEEP'-SKIN,  71.    The  skin  of  a  sheep;  or  leather 

prepared  fiom  it. 
SHEEP'S'-SOR'REL,  71.  An  herb.Ruinex  .'icctosella, 

Erowing  naturally  on  poor,  dry,  gravelly  soil. 

London. 


FATE,  FAR.  FALL,  WHAT.-METE,  PREY.-PINE,  MARINE,  BiHD.-NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.- 


1020 


SHE 


SHE 


SI1EEP'STkAL-ER,  .;.    [s/i«p  aniUteal]    Ons  that 

=tea!.^  sheep. 


SHE 


?fi!';S};;'^,T,"-i^-'-'^"°'  "■     '''■'<'  ■■":'  <""  stealing  sheep. 

fcllLtl  '-\\  ALK,  (-wawk,)  JU  [.-.hccp  and  walk.]  P.is- 
ture  lur  slucp  ;  a  place  where  sliecp  lecci.    MiUoii. 

SHiSER,  a.  [Sax.  scir,  scijr :  G.  sM,-r;  Dau.  Mer; 
tans.  cAaru,  Isckaru :  t'roin  the  root  of  i^litar,  to  sepa- 
rate ;  whence  slua-  is  clear,  pure.  It  might  he  ile- 
(iucoj  from  the  Sheniilic  -int,  to  be  clear;    Kth. 

' '^'  ,  to  be  clean  or  pure.    But  the  Danish  and 
Saxon  orthography  coincides  with  that  of  shear.] 

1.  I'uro  1  clear  ;  separate  from  anv  thin>;  foreign  ; 
unmingled  ;  as,  sheer  alo.  But  this  application  is  uu- 
"^"•Jl-  ,,  Sh«k. 

We  say,  sheer  argument,  sheer  wit,  sluer  taUc- 
hood,  &c, 
•3.  Clear;  thin;  as,  ,«A«t  muslin. 
SHEEli,  iiifi'.     Clean  ;  quite  ;  at  ones.    [Ois.l     Milton 
SHEER,  1..  t.    To  shear.     [J^ot  in.  use]  Dnideii. 

SHEER,  f.  i.  [See  Sheak,  the  sr-nse  of  which  is,  to 
separate.] 

J.  In  seamen's  lang-ua^e,  to  decline  or  deviate  from 
the  line  of  tile  proper  course,  as  a  ship  when  not 
steered  with  steadiness.  Mar.  Diet. 

2.   lo  slip  or  move  aside. 

To  sheer  off;  to  turn  or  move  aside  to  a  distance. 
To  sheer  up;  to  turn  and  approach  to  a  place  or 
ship. 

SHEER,  n.  The  longiliulinal  curve  or  bend  of  a  ship's 
deck  or  sides. 

a.  The  position  in  which  a  ship  is  sometimes  kept 
at  single  anchor,  to  keep  her  clear  of  it. 

To  Orcak  sheer;  to  deviate  fro;n  that  position,  and 
rt>k  foulinir  the  anchor.  Mar.  Diet. 

SIIEER'-HULK,  n.  An  old  ship  of  war  cut  down  to 
the  lower  deck,  and  fitted  with  sheers  or  apparatus 
to  h\  or  take  out  the  masts  of  other  ships.     ToUm. 

SIIEER'LY,  (ii/c.    At  once;  quite;  absolutelv.    [Olis.] 

-.„.-r.n  Bcaain.  ^-  Fl. 

blli-ERS,  jt.-pl.  An  engine  consisting  of  two  or  more 
pieces  of  timber  or  poles,  fastened  together  near  the 
top  ;  used  for  raising  heavy  weights,  p:irticiilarlv  for 
hoisting  the  lower  masts  of  ships.  HeberU 

SHEET,  7!.  [Sax.  sccat,  seela,  scyta:  L.  scheila ;  (Jr. 
exeoii.  The  Sa.Kon  scc<2(  signifies,  a  garment,  a  clolli, 
towel,  or  napkin  ;  sceta  is  rendered  a  sheet,  and  the 
Greek  and  Latin  words  signify  a  table  or  plate  for 
writing  on  ;  from  the  root  of  Sai.  sceailaii,  to  sepa- 
rate, L.  seiiido,  Gr.  o-yisw.] 

1.  .\  broad  piece  of  cloth  used  as  a  part  of  bed-fur- 
nitiirc,  ne.vt  to  the  body. 

a.  A  broad  piece  of'  paper,  ,-is  it  comes  from  the 
manufacturer.  Sheets  of  paper  are  of  different  sizes 
as  royal,  demi,  foolscap,  pot,  and  post-paper. 

3.  A  piece  of  paper,  printed,  folded,  and  liound,  or 
fiirmed  into  a  book  in  blank,  and  making  four,  eight 
sixteen,  or  twenty-four  pages,  &;c. 

4.  Any  thing  expanded  :  as,  a  sheet  of  water  or  of 
fire  ;  a  sheet  of  copper,  lead,  or  iron. 

5.  SA«t.-,p;.;  a  book  or  pamphlet.  The  following 
sheets  contain  a  full  answer  to  my  opponent. 

P.  A  sail. 

SIIEET,  n.  [Fr.  eeoate ;  Sp.  and  Port,  eseota ;  It.  scotte. 
Ihis  word  seems  to  be  connected  with  seat  oi  shot ; 
Sp.  cseotar,  to  cut  out  clotlies,  to  pay  one's  seat  or 
share  of  taxes,  and,  in  nautical  language,  to  free  a 
ship  of  water  by  pumping.  The  word  is  probably 
from  that  root,  or  from  shoot.} 

In  nautical  language,  s.  rope  fastened  to  one  or  both 
the  lower  corners  of  a  sail,  to  extend  and  retain  it  in 
a  particular  situation.  When  a  ship  sails  with  a  side- 
winrl,  liie  lower  corners  of  the  m.ain  and  fore-sails 
are  laslened  with  a  tack  and  a  sheet. 

„„  Mar.  DicL     Totten. 

SHEET,  V.  U     To  furnish  with  sheets.     ILitUe  vsed.] 

2.  To  fold  in  a  sheet.    [Little  jesed.]  Shak. 

3.  To  cover  as  with  a  sheet ;  to  cover  with  some- 
thing broad  and  thin. 

When  snow  the  pasltir(;  sheets.  .Sftajfc. 

To  sheet  home,  is  to  haul  home  a  sheet,  or  extend 
the  sad  till  the  clew  is  close  to  the  sheet-block. 

SHEET'-ANeH-OR,  71.    The  largest  anchor  of  a  ship, 
which  in  stress  of  weather  is  sometimes  the  seaman's 
last  refuge  to  prevent  the  ship  from  going  ashore. 
Hence, 
a.  The  chief  support;  the  last  refuge  for  safety. 

f  J  SH'-®'^^"''^^'  "•    ^"VV"  in  iToad,  thin  plates. 

SHEET'ING,  It.    Cloth  for  sheets. 

SHEET'-I-RO.'<,  (I-um,)  n.  Iron  in  sheets,  or  broad, 
thin  plates. 

SHEET'-LEAD,  (-led,)  n.    Lead  in  sheets. 

SHkIK,  (sheek  or  shake.  Tlie  latter  is  more  nearly 
the  pronunciation  of -Vrahic  scholars.)  n.  Amon" 
ths  Arabians  and  Moors,  an  old  man  ;  hence,  a  chiel' 

o,?^','r?'?  ■"""  of  eminence.    Also  written  Sheikh. 

SHEk'£L,  (shek'l,)  n.  [Heb.  Sps^,  to  weigh;  Ch. 
Syr.  Ar.  and  Eth.  id. ;  Eth.,  to  append  or  suspend  ; 
Low  L.  siclus ;  Fr.  side.  From  this  root  we  have 
shilling.  Payments  were  originally  made  by  wei"ht 
as  they  still  are  in  some  countries.  See  Poond.J  ' 
An  ancient  weight  and  coin  among  the  Jews,  and 
other  nations  of  the  same  stock,  equal  to  twenty  "e- 


lahs.  Dr.  Arbuthnot  makes  the  weight  lo  have  been 
equal  to  9  pennyweights,  a  1-7  grains,  'I'loy  wei-ht, 
or  about  half  an  ounce,  avoirdupois  ;  and  the  value 
as.  J  J-8d.  sterling,  or  about  half  a  dollar.  Lat-r 
writers  make  its  value  nearly  2s.  7;d.  sterling   or 

«n^"i'-'-,'^^T^'L""-      .  •^"'"'-     ^-Ci"^-     "^"^"■■ 

Slifc-I^I'INAH,  n.  inJewis-l  historii,  that  miraculous 
light  or  visible  glory  which  was  a  symbol  of  the  di- 
vine presence.  Fttcue  Jim 

SHELU'A-FLE,  C-a-fl,)  )  .  '■■"cyc.  Jim. 

SHELD'..\-PLE,  (-a-pl,)  j  "•     ■■'  chaniiah.    Johnson. 

This  word  is  also  written  Shell- .■\rpi.K. 

c-ucT  »rvr, -i-r,         .  Ed.  Eiicve. 

u      .'■'''•*'"5,  ji.  An  aquatic  fowl,  a  species  of  duck, 

the  Anas  tadorna  of  Linnaus.     It  has  a  given  or 

greenish-black  head,  and  its  body  is  varie"aled  with 
ou^V',""     "  '^  ""'-'''  esteemed  for  food.  Eiicie. 

^.HEL'DUCK,  »!.     A  s|iocies  of  wild  duck.      [See 

Sheldiuke.]  Mortimer. 

SHELF  n. ;  pi.  Shelves.   [Sax.  seylf,  whence  sciilfon, 

to  shelve  ;  Fr.  ectiril,  a  sand-bank.] 

1.  A  board  or  plall'urm  of  boards  or  planks,  elevat- 
ed above  the  floor,  and  fi.\cd  or  set  horizontally  on  a 
frame,  or  contiguous  to  a  wall,  for  liolding  vessels 
utensils,  hooks,  and  llie  like. 

2.  A  sand-bank  in  the  sea,  or  a  rock,  or  led -e  of 
rocks,  rendering  the  water  shallow  and  dangerous 
to  ships. 

3.  In  mining,  a  stratum  lying  in  a  very  even  iiian- 
uui^'r',  ^,?^''  P™J'?':''"K  l-'yer  of  rock.  Hebert. 
bHLU'\  ,  a.    Full  of  shelves  ;  abonndnig  with  sand- 
banks or  rocks  lying  near  the  surfiice  of  the  water 
and  rendering  navigation  dangerous  ;   as,  a  sketfu 
"•;s'-       ,      _                                                         Drydeu. 

a.  Hard;  firm.   [Sec  Shelf,  No.  3.]   [A'ot  in  use.] 
^„„^^  CarciD. 

SRtl^L,  ?i.  [Sax.  scyl,  scyll,  scell,  a  shell,  and  sccule,  a 
scale  ;  D.  sehil,  schaal ;  G.  sehale ;  Dan.  and  S\v.  skal ; 
Fr.  eeaiUe.  The  word  primarily  signifies,  that  which 
is  peeled  or  separated,  as  rind,  or  the  outer  coat  of 
plants,  or  their  fruit ;  and  as  shells  were  used  for 
dishes,  the  word  came  to  signifv  a  dish.  See  Scale.] 

1.  The  hard  or  stony  covering  of  certain  fruits  and 
of  certain  animals;  as,  the  shell  of  a  nut ;  the  shell  of 
an  oyster  or  lobster.  The  shells  of  animals  are  crus- 
taceous  or  testaceous;  crustaceous,  as  that  of  the 
lobster,  and  testaceous,  as  that  of  the  oyster  and 
clam. 

2.  The  outer  coat  of  an  egg. 

3.  The  outer  part  of  a  house  unfinished.  We  sav 
ol  a  building  that  wants  the  interior  timbers  or  fin- 
ishing, that  it  is  a  mere  shell. 

4.  A  coarser  kind  of  coffin. 

5.  An  instrument  of  music,  lil*  te.-itudo  in  Latin  ; 
the  first  lyre  being  made,  it  is  said,  by  drawing  stiu  ■» 
over  a  tortoise-shell.  Dryilrn.  ^ 

G.  The  outer  frame  or  case  of  a  block.       Totten. 

7.  Outer  or  superficial  part;  as,  the  shell  of  le- 
I'gn"'-  Jiyliffe. 

8.  ,\  hollow  sphere  of  iron,  which,  being  filled 
with  gunpowder,  and  fired  from  a  mortar  or  how- 
itzer, bursts  into  pieces  ;  a  bomb.  Brande. 

Fossil  shells;  shells  dug  from  the  earth. 

SHELL,  ti.  (.    To  strip  or  break  off  the  shell ;  cr  to 

take  out  of  the  shell ;  as,  to  shell  nuts  or  alnion.ls. 

a.  To  separate  from  the  ear  ;  as,  to  shell  maize. 

SHELL,  V.  i.    To  fall  off,  as  a  shell,  crust,  or  exterior 

coat. 

2.  To  cast  the  she 
shell  in  falling. 

3.  To  bo  disengaged  from  the  husk  ;  as,  wheat  or 
rye  shelU  in  reaping. 

i2Sr''r';'\*'.'^  !  "•    "''"'  '■'"''"  '•■"^  ^P'''^'"'   '"'"  'liin 
feHLLL  -LAC,  1       plates,    after    being   melted    and 

strained.  ^^c_ 

SHELL'-BARK,  ;i.      A  species  of  hickory,  (CarVa 

squamosa,)  whose  bark  is  loose  and  peeling;  shag- 

bark.    Tliis  species  produces  the  most  palatable  nut. 
SHELL'ijn,  pp.  or  a.     Deprived  of  the  shell ;   also, 

separated  from  the  car ;  as,  shelled  corn  or  maize 
SHEI.L'-FISH,  11.     A  testaceous  mnllusk,  whose  e.x- 

ternal    covering    consists   of  a  shell  ;    as  oysters 

clams,  &;c. 
SHELL'ING,  ppr.    Taking  ofl'  the  shell ;  casting  the 

external  hard  covering;  separating  from  the  husk 

and  falling, 
a.  Separating  from  the  car,  as  maize. 
SHELL'-.MARL,  n.     A  deposit  of  shells,  which  have 

been  disintegrated  into  a  gray  or  white  pulverulent 

mass. 
SIIELL'-Me.\T,  n.    Food  consisting  of  shell-fish,  or 

testaceous  mollusca.  Fuller. 

SHELLS,  n.  pi.    The  husks  or  envelopes  of  the  cocoa- 
nut,  a  decoction  of  which  in  boiling  water  is  used  as 


annoyance.    A  house  is  a  shelter  from  rain  and  other 

inclemencies  of  the  weather  ;  the  foliage  of  a  tree  is 

a  shelter  from  the  rays  of  the  sun.  ' 

The  ht;.Uii)g  pLim  tlull  aid, 

t  Torn  6lr,nn5  a  ehelur,  and  inn.-i  heat  a  tliailc.  Pope. 

2.  The  slate  of  being  covered  and  protected  ;  pro 
teclion  ;  security. 

Who  iuto  sltelur  laVcs  their  lender  tloom.  Youn^. 

3.  He  that  defends  or  guards  from  danger:  a  pro 
tector.     Ps.  Ixi.  ' 

SHEL'TER,  V.  t.  To  cover  from  violence,  injury,  an- 
noyance, or  attack  ;  as,  a  valley  sheltered  from  llic 
north  wind  by  a  monnuiiii. 

Those  ruins  theliertd  once  hit  Mcivtl  head 

We  bcsaoght  the  decji  [o  thettcr  lia. 

To  defend 


Dryden. 


.  to  protect  from  danger;  lo  secure 
or  render  safe  ;  to  harbor. 

Whrxt  endk-as  honor  shall  you  jfain, 

To  save  and  ahelLer  'iVoy's  unhappy  train  ?  DrytUn. 

3.  To  betake  lo  cover  or  a  safe  place. 

They  sheltered  theni*'lvea  under  a  rock.  Ati^t. 


to  disguise  for  protcc- 


jheal. 


Prior. 


MUton. 


Destitute  of  shelter  or  protcc- 
wilhout  home  or  refuge. 


or  exterior  covering.    Nuts 


4.  To  cover  from  notice 
lion. 

In  Tahi  I  strove  to  check  my  ^own»  Himc, 
Or  shelter  passion  under  rriendthip'a  name. 

SHEL'TER,  II. ».    To  take  shelter. 

Then>  the  Indian  henlsman,  siiunuini 
SlielUrs  m  cool. 

SIIEL'TER-ED,  pp.  or  a.  Covered  from  injury  or  an- 
noyance ;  defended  ;  protected. 

SHEL'TER-ING,  ppr.  Covering  from  injury  or  an- 
noyance ;  protecting. 

SIIEL'TER-LESS, 
lion 

Now  sad  and  shelterless  perhaps  she  lies.  Rove. 

SHEL'TEE-Y,  a.     Affording  shelter.    [LitOe  lued.] 

SHEL'TIE,  (shel'te,)  n.    A  Shetland  pony ;  a  small 
hrit  strong  horse  in  Scotland ;  so  called  from  Shet- 
land, where  it  is  produced.  Encyc 
SHELVE,  (shelv,)  !>.  t.    To  place  on  a  shelf  or  on 

shelves.    [JVo(  ill  itsc]  Chancer. 

SHELVE,  (shelv,)  1.1.  i.     [Sax.  scylfan,  to  reel.] 
To  incline  ;  to  be  sloping. 
HELVING,  piir.  or  a.     Inclining  ;  sloping  ;  having 
declivity.  e    = ,  b 

Willi  rocks  and  stiehing  arehes  vaulted  round.  AtlMson. 

SHELV Y,  a.  Full  of  rocks  or  sand-banks  ;  shallow ; 
as,  a  slteloy  shore.     [See  Shelff.]  skak. 

SHEM'l'I'E,  71.    .\  desccnd.ant  of  Shem. 

SllE.M-IT'le,  a.  Pertaining  to  Shem,  the  son  of 
Noah.  Tiie  Shemitic  languages  are  the  Chaldec, 
Syriac,  Arabic,  Hebrew,  Samaritan,  Ethiopic,  and 
Old  Plienician. 

l:;?,1I'IT-IS.M,  71.  The  system  or  peculiar  forms  of 
Ilie  Sliemitic  languages. 

S II  END,  V.  U;pret.  and  pp.  She.vt.    \Sax.  seendan  ; 
II.  sehenden,   lo  violate,  spoil,  slander,   revile ;  G. 
sehdnden,  to  mar,  spoil,  disfigure,  violate,  abuse,  de- 
bauch.   This  is  from  tlie  root  of  scandal.] 
1.  To  injure,  mar,  or  spoil.    \_Obs.] 

That  much  1  tear  ijiy  body  will  be  shera.  Dryden. 

•3.  To  blame,  reproach,  revile,  degrade,  disgrace. 

Tin:  f.iinous  name  of  knighUiood  foully  shertd.     [Obi.] 

.-.    tT,  Spenser. 

3.  To  ox'erpower  or  surpass.    [Obs.] 

she  pajsscd  die  rest  as  Cynthia  doth  ehend 
Tlic  Iciser  shirs. 


SHENT,  pp.     Injured. 

etjyj 
SHic'oL,  71.     [Heb.] 


Spenser. 

[Obsolete,    unless    in    po- 


a  substitute  for  chocolate,  cocoa,  &c.      McCulloch. 
SHELL'-WORK,  (-wiirk,)    71.      Work  composed   of 
^  shells,  or  adorned  with  them.  Cotgraoe. 

SHELL' Y,  a.    Abounding  with  shells;  .as,  the  shelly 

shore.  Prior. 

2.  Consisting  of  shells. 
SHEL'TER,  71.     [Sw.  skyla,  to  cover;  Dan.  skiul,  a 

shed  or  cover,  a  shelter;  siduler,  to  hide,  conceal, 

cloak  ;  L.  eelo.] 
I.  That  which  covers  or  defends  from  injury  or  I 


.,     '^^^^  place  of  departed  spirits  ; 
Hades. 
SHEP'HERD,    (shep'perd,)    71.      [Sai.   seeap-heard  or 
hyrd:  sheep  and  herd.] 

1.  A  man  employed  in  tending,  feeding,  and  guard- 
ing sheep  in  the  pasture.  Milton. 
a.  A  swain  ;  a  rural  lover.                          Ralegh. 
3.  The  pastor  of  a  parish,  church,  or  con^ega- 
tinn  ;  a  minister  of  the  gospel,  who  superintends  a 
church  or  parish,  and  gives  instruction  in  spiritual 
things.     God  and  Christ  are  in  Scripture  denomi- 
nated Shepherds,  as  they  lead,  protect,  and  govern 
their  people,  and  provide  for  their  welfare.  Ps'.  xxiii. 
Ixxx.    John  X. 
SHEP'HERD-ESS,  11.     A  woman  that  tends  sheep; 
hence,  a  rural  lass. 

She  put  herself  into  the  jajb  01"  a  shepherdess.  Sidney. 

SHEP'HERD-ISH,  n.     Resembhng  a  shepherd;  suit- 

iiJi;  a  she[ilierd  ;  pastoral  ;  rustic.  Sidnen. 

SIHU"lli:i!D.lS.M,  7j.     Pastor.al  life  or  occup.ation. " 
SIIEP'HERD-LY,  a.     Pastoral  ;  rustic.  Taylor. 

SHEP'HERD'S    NEE'DLE,  n.     An  annual   plant  of 

the  genus  Scandix  ;  Venus's  comb. 
SllEP'llERU'S  POUCH,  1 71.    .\n  .annual  crucil'srous 
SHEP'HEKD'S  PURSE,  j      plant  of  the  genus  Cap- 

sclla,  (Thlaspi,  Linn.) 
SHEP'IIERD'S  ROD,  71.    A  plant  of  the  genus  Dip- 

acus ;  teasel. 

SHEP'HERD'S  ST.iiFF,  71.     .-1  plant  of  tho  genus  Dip- 
sacus  or  teasel  kind. 


TONE,  B{JLL,  IffllTE.-AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.-e  as  K ;  G  as  J ;  s  as  Z;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


1081 


;R'IFF-^^HI^,     (      lliese  wuidj  are  now  in  use. 
;K'IFF-\VICK,  J      See  SHRtEVALTv. 


SHI 

•SHER'BET,  n.    [Pcrs.  tIX»j.-w  sharbat.    This  word, 
OS  well  as  simp  and  shntbj  and  L.  sorheo^  is  from  tlie 


Ar.  k.^*Jm  sharaba,  to  drink,  to  imbibe] 

A  drink  composed  of  water,  lemon-juice,  nnd 
sucnr,  sometimes  with  perfumed  cnkra  dissolved  in 
it,  with  an  infusion  of  some  drops  of  rose-water  or 
other  ingredient,  to  give  it  an  agreeable  taete. 

P.  Cyc. 
S  HERD,  7?.    A  fragment;  &s,  potskerd  ;  usually  writ- 
ten Shard,  which  see. 
SHER'IF,       )  n.    An  Arabic  word  which  means  7ioblc, 
SIIER'EEF,  \      illiLstrivus,    given,  in   Arabia,   Egypt, 
and  Barbary,  as  a  title  to  the  descendants  of  Mo- 
hammed.   The  chief  magistrate  of  Mecca,  &c.,  has 
this  title.  P.  Cijc. 

This  word  is  also  written  Scherif  and  Sher- 

RIFFE. 

SHER'IFF,  n.  [&:ix.  scir-gerefa  ;  scijrcj  scirCj  a  shire 
or  division,  and  gerrfa^  a  reeve^  a  count,  prefect, 
bailiff,  provost,  or  steward  ;  G.  ^af,  D.^aqf.  Thi^i 
word,  from  its  derivation,  would  more  properly  be 
written  Sherif  ] 

An  officer  in  each  county,  to  whom  is  intrusted 
the  execution  of  the  laws.  In  England,  sheriffs  are 
appointed  by  the  king.  In  the  L'nited  States,  sher- 
iffs are  elected  by  the  legislature,  or  by  the  citizens, 
or  appointed  and  commissioned  by  the  executive  of 
the  Stale.  The  office  of  sheriff  in  England  is  judi- 
cial and  ministerial.  In  the  ITnited  Slates  it  is 
mostly  or  wholly  ministerial.  The  sheriff,  by  him- 
self or  his  deputifs.  executes  civil  ami  criminal  pro- 
cess throughout  the  county,  has  charge  of  the  jail 
and  prisoners,  attends  courts,  and  keeps  the  peace. 

SHKR'IFF-AL-TV,")  n.      The  office    or   jurisdiction 

SHER'IFF  DOM,      (      of  sheriff.     [I  believe  none  of 

SHER'IFF-^:H1^       '      "'  -  ""         ^-   ■" 

SHEK 

SHER'RY,  n.  [rionietimes  written  Sherris.]  A 
strong  wino  of  a  dee|»  amber  color,  and  having, 
when  good,  an  aromatic  odor  ;  so  called  from  Xeres, 
near  Cadi/,  in  Spain,  where  it  is  made.  McCuHoch. 

SHEW,  (sho,)  ) 

SHEW'£D,  (shodc,)  \     See  Show,  Showed,  Shown 

SHEWN,  (siione.)      > 

SHEW'-IJREAI),  (sho'bred.)    Sec  Show-Bread. 

SiiEW'ER,  (slio'er,)  «.  One  that  shows.  [See 
Shower.] 

SHEW'I.Nt;,  (sho'ing.)    See  Showing. 

SHl'AH.     See  Shiites. 

SHIB'BO-LETH,  n.  [Heb.,  an  ear  of  corn,  or  a 
stream  of  water.] 

\.  A  word  wliich  was  made  the  criterion  by  which 
to  distinguish  the  Ephraimites  from  the  Gilcadites. 
The  Ephraimites,  not  lieing  able  to  pronounce  the 
letter  V  Wi,  pronounced  the  word  sibbolcth.  See 
Judges  xii.    Hence, 

2.  The  criterion  of  a  party  ;  or  that  which  distin- 
guishes one  parly  from  another ;  and  usually ^  some 
peculiarity  in  things  of  Utile  importance.        Sotitlt. 

SHIDE,  71.     [Sax.  sceadan^  to  divide.] 

A  piece  split  off;  a  cleft;  a  piece;  a  billet  of 
wood  ;  a  splinlcr. 

[JVtJi  iLsed  in  JVete  England,  and  local  in  England.} 

SHTE,  (shi,)  V.  t.  To  throw  ;  as,tDsAiea  stone  ;  often 
spelled  Shv.     [P^arioiis  dialccts.\  HalUwell. 

SHIELD,  (sheeld,)  n.  [Sax.  sctjld ;  Sw.  skiS Id  ;  Dan. 
skiold,  nkddt. :  D.  and  G.  .fchild.  This  word  is  from 
covering,  defending,  Sw.  .••■.'.y/a,  to  cover;  or  from 
separating,  Sax.  sajlan,  Dan.  skUler,  to  separate. 
Protection  is  deduced  from  either,  and  indeed  both 
may  be  radically  one.  (See  Shelter.)  The  L.  scu- 
tum coincides  in  elements  with  the  tfax.  sccadan^  to 
separate,  and  chjpeus  with  the  Gr.  xaAuTrroi,  to 
cover.] 

1.  A  broad  piece  of  defensive  armor;  a  buckler; 
used  in  war  for  the  protection  of  the  body.  The 
Bhields  of  the  ancients  were  of  different  shapes  and 
sizes,  triangular,  square,  oval,  &:c.,  made  of  leather, 
or  wood  covered  with  leather,  and  borne  on  the  left 
arm.  This  species  of  arniur  was  ,a  good  defense 
against  arrows,  darts,  spears,  ^c,  but  would  be  no 
protection  against  bullets. 

9.  Defense ;  shelter ;  protection ;  or  the  person 
that  defends  or  protects ;  as,  a  chief,  the  ornament 
and  shield  of  the  nation. 

FcAr  not,  Abntm ;  1  tim  iky  skidd,  ami  thy  oxceiliii"  tn^al  re- 
wanl.  —  Gen.  XV.  °  ^ 

3.  In  heraldry^  the  escutcheon  or  field  on  which 
are  placed  the  bearings  in  coals  of  arms. 

4.  In  botany^  a  name  given  to  the  little  colored 
cups  or  lines  with  a  hard  disk,  surrotmded  by  a  rim, 
and  containing  the  fructification  of  lichens.' 

_  /Andlcij. 

SHIELD,  V.  t.  To  cover  as  with  a  shield  ;  to  cover 
from  danger;  to  defend ;  to  protect;  to  secure  from 
assault  or  injury. 


To  R?p  the  son  the  vaiiqiiislv:cl  (nihet  thield. 
Hear  one  that  y^mca  to  gfiield  hU  injun^d  honor. 


Smith. 


SHI 

9.  To  ward  off;  to  defend  against;  as,  clothes  to 
shidd  one  from  cold. 

SHIkLD'ED,  -pp.  Covered,  ns  with  a  shield;  de- 
femled ;  protected. 

SHIeLD'ING,  ppr.  Covering,  as  with  a  shield;  de- 
fciiding  from  attack  or  injury  ;  protecting. 

SHIKLD'LESS,  a.  Destitute  of  a  shield  or  of  protec- 
tion. 

SHIKLO'LESS-LY,  adv.    Without  protection 

SHIkLD'I.KSS-NESS,  71.  Destitution  of  a  shield  or 
of  ]>ruteclion. 

SHIFT,  V.  i.  fSax.  scyftan^  to  order  or  appoint,  to  di- 
vide or  distribute,  also  to  verge  or  decline,  also  to 
drive  ;  D.  schiften,  to  divide,  distinguish,  part,  turn, 
discuss  ;  Dan.  skijlc^  a  parting,  sharing,  division,  lot, 
share;  .skiftrrjto  part,  share,  divide;  Sw.  skiftOj  to 
shift,  to  dislribtite.  This  verb  ia  apparently  from  the 
same  root  as  skivn' ;  Dan.  .%7.v/cr  *■(«■,  to  shiver  ;  Sw. 
skifi.it  only  to  change.  The  primary  sense  is,  to  move, 
to  depart :  hence,  to  separate.  We  observe  by  the 
Swedish  that  sk'fi*i  nm  (orn^  about,  or  round)  was 
originally  the  true  phrdse,  to  move  about  or  round  ; 
and  we  still  say,  to  skifi  aOouL] 

1.  To  move;  to  change  place  or  position.  Vegeta- 
bles arc  not  able  to  shift  and  seek  nutriment. 

JVoodicard. 
9.  To  change  its  direction  ;  to  vary  ;  as,  the  wind 
shifted  from  south  to  west. 
ij.  To  change  ;  to  give  place  to  other  things.  Locke. 

4.  To  change  clothes,  particularly  the  under  gar- 
ment or  chemise.  Young. 

5.  To  resort  to  expedients  for  a  livelihood,  or  for 
act;omplishing  a  purpose  ;  to  move  from  one  thing  to 
another,  and  seize  one  expedient  when  another  fails. 

Men  in  (llatn-s*  will  look  to  ihcmselpea  and  leavft  tlieir  cotiipau- 
ions  to  thifl  i\s  well  :i3  ihey  can.  .  L'Estrange. 

0.  To  practice  indirect  methods.  Ralegh. 

7.  To  seek  methods  of  safety. 

KaUin;  toadies  every  crealiira  how  to  shift  for  itself  in  cases  of 
(Uin^r.  VEtlrange. 

8.  To  change  place  ;  as,  a  cargo  shifts  from  one 
side  to  the  other. 

SHIFT,  f.  t.  To  change;  to  alter;  as,  to  shift  the 
scenes. 

9.  To  transfer  from  one  place  or  position  to  anoth- 
er ;  as,  shift  the  helm  ;  sh\fl  the  sails. 

3.  To  put  out  of  the  way  by  some  expedient. 

I  shifted  hini  away.  Siick. 

4.  To  change,  as  clothes  ;  as,  to  shift  a  coat. 

5.  To  dress  in  fresh  clothes.  Let  him  have  time  to 
shift  himself. 

To  shift  about;  to  turn  quite  round  to  a  contrary 
side  or  opposite  point. 

To  shift  off;  to  delay ;  to  defer ;  as,  to  shift  off  the 
duties  of  religion.  Rogers. 

2.  To  ]mt  away  ;  to  disengage  or  disencumber  one's 
self,  as  of  a  burden  or  inconvenience. 

SHIFT,  n.  A  change;  a  turning  fVom  one  thing  to 
another  ;  hence,  an  expedient  tried  in  difficulty ;  one 
thing  tiietl  v.iien  another  fails. 

I'll  liinl  a  ihDiisaniJ  sht/U  to  get  away.  SJioJi. 

2.  In  a  bad  sense,  mean  refuge ;  last  resource. 

Kor  little  bouU  on  little  tki/ts  rely.  Dryden. 

3.  Fraud  ;  artifice ;  expedient  to  effect  a  bad  pur- 
pose ;  or  an  evasion ;  a  trick  to  escape  detection  or 
evil.  Hooker.     South. 

•I.  A  woman's  under  garment ;  a  chemise. 

SHIFT'ED,  pp.  Changed  from  one  place  or  position 
to  another. 

SHIFT'ER,  V.  One  that  shifts ;  the  person  that  plays 
tricks  tir  practices  artifice. 

2.  In  ships,  a  person  employed  to  assist  the  ship's 
cook  in  washing,  steeping,  and  shifting  the  salt  pro- 
visions. 

SIIlFT'iNG,  ppr.  or  a.  Changing  place  or  position; 
resorting  from  one  expedient  to  another. 

SHIFT'ING,  n.     Act  of  shifting. 

SHIFT'ING-LY,  adc.  liy  shi  lis  and  changes;  deceit- 
full  v. 

SIIIFTa-.ESS,  a.  Destitute  of  expedients,  or  not  re- 
sorting,' to  successful  expedients  ;  wanting  means  to 
act  or  live  ;  as,  a  shiftless  fellow. 

SHIFT'LESS-LY,  adv.    In  a  shiftless  manner. 

SHIFT'LESS-NESS,  it.    A  state  of  being  shiftless. 

Sm'XTES, 71. pL  [Heretics;  from  sAiaA,  heresy.]  That 
bninch  of  the  Mohammedans  to  which  the  Persians 
belong.  They  reject  the  first  three  caliphs,  and  con- 
sider Ali  as  being  the  first  and  only  rightful  succes- 
sor of  Mohammed.  They  do  not  acknowledge  the 
Sunna  or  body  of  traditions  respecting  Mohammed  as 
any  part  of  the  law,  and  on  these  accounts  are  treat- 
ed as  licretics  by  the  Sunnites,  or  orthodox  Moham- 
medans. P.  Cyc. 

SIIILF,  71.     [G.  schdf,  sedge.] 

Straw.  Tooke. 

SHILL,  to  shell,  is  not  in  use. 

SHILL,  r.  (.  To  put  under  cover;  to  sheal.  [JVot  in 
■use,  or  local.] 

SHIL-La'LY,     }  H.    An  oaken  sapling  or  cudgel, said 

SHIL-La'LAII,  \  to  be  from  a  wood  in  Ireland  of 
that  name,  famous  for  itsoaks.  [Irish.]  Also  spelled 
Shillely,  Shillelah.  Qrosc. 


SHI 

SHIL'LING,  71.  {^^^-a.  scilly  scilling  ;  G.  schdlinsr;  D. 
schdlingi  Sw.  and  Dan.  skiiling;  Fr.  escalin  :  W.scfI- 
Uno  ;  Sp.  chelin  :  Port,  xelim ;  from  tiie  Oriental  Spc*, 
shakal,  to  weigh.     See  Shekel.] 

An  English  silver  coin,  and  money  of  account, 
equal  to  twelve  pence,  or  the  twentieth  part  of  a 
pound.  The  English  shilling,  or  shilling  sterling,  ia 
equivalent  nearly  to  twenty-three  cents,  money  of 
tlie  United  States.  Our  ancestors  introduced  the 
name  witli  Ihe  coin  into  this  country  ;  but  by  depre- 
ciation the  value  of  the  shilling  sunk  in  New  P^np- 
land  and  Virginia  one  fourth,  or  to  sixteen  cents  and 
two  thirds,  and  in  New  York  and  North  Carolina  to 
twelve  and  a  half  cents. 

'i'his  denomination  of  money  still  subsists  in  the 
United  States,  although  there  is  no  coin  of  that  value 
current,  except  the  Spanish  coin  of  twelve  and  a  half 
cents,  which  is  a  shilling  in  the  money  of  the  State 
of  New  York.  Since  the  adoption  of  the  present 
coins  of  the  United  States,  eagles,  dollar^^,  dimes, 
cents,  4cc.,  the  n?c  of  shilling  ia  continued  onlv  by 
habit. 

SHIL'LY-SHAL'LY,  71.     [Kuss.  .ihabju,  to  be  foolish, 
to  play  the  fool,  to  play  wanton  tricks.] 
Foolish  trifling  ;  irresolution.     [Vulgar.] 
[Tliis  word  has  probably  been  written  Shii.l-I- 
9HALL-I  from  an  ignorance  of  its  origin.] 

SHI'LoH,  71.  [Heb.]  The  name  given  to  the  Mes- 
siah by  Jacob.     Oen.  xlix.  10. 

SHT'LY.    See  Shtlv. 

SHIM,  n.  A  tool  used  in  tillage  to  break  down  the 
land,  or  to  cut  it  up  and  clear  it  of  weeds. 

Farm.  Enaic. 

SHIM'.MER,  V.  i.     [Sax.  scymrian;  G.  schimmcrn;  D. 
schemcreii ;  Dan.  skiinter.] 
To  gleam  ;  to  glisten.     [A'bt  in  vse.]        Cliaucer. 

SHIN,  71.  [Sax.  scina,  sryne,  shin,  and  scin-ban,  shin- 
bone;  G.  scldcnc,  .ichicne-bein. ;  D.  scheen,  schccn-hcxii ; 

^  Sw.  skenben.] 

The  tore  part  of  the  leg,  particularly  of  the  human 
leg;  the  fore  part  of  the  crural  hone  called  tibia.  'J'Irs 
bone,  being  covered  only  with  skin,  may  be  naii  i 
from  that  circumstance  —  skin-bone;  or  it  may  l  ■ 
formed  from  the  root  of  chine,  edge. 

SHINE,  V.  i. ;  pret  Shined  or  Shone  ;  pp.  Shined  or 
Shone.  [Sax.  scinan  ;  D.  schurf7icn ;  G.  schcinen  ;  Sw. 
s/Li7(a.  If  s  is  a  prefix,  this  word  accords  with  ilie 
root  of  L.  canus,  caneo  ;  W.  edn,  wliite,  briglit.  i^r:- 
Cant.] 

1.  To  emit  rays  of  light ;  to  give  light;  to  ]ir:,ni 
with  steady  radiance  ;  to  exhibit  brightness  or  >iil'  j- 
dor ;  as,  the  sun  shines  by  day  ;  the  moon  shim  .•■  i 
night.    Shining  differs  from  sparkling,  gliitening,  ; 
tering,as  it  usually  implies  a  steady  ratfiation  or :  i.  . 
sion  of  light,  whereas  the  latter  words  usually  irn,  . 
irregular  or  interrupted  radiation.    This  distincL.ii 
is  not  always  observed  ;  and  we  may  say,  the  lixtd 
stars  shine,  as  well  as  that  they  sparkle.     But  \ve 
never  say,  the  sun  or  the  moon  sparkles. 

2.  To  be  bright ;  to  be  lively  and  animated ;  to  be 
brilliant. 


Lei  tliine  eyes  shine  forth  in  iheir  full  Uislcr. 

3.  To  be  unclouded ;  as,  the  moon  s 


lines. 

Bacon. 


4.  To  be  glossy  or  bright,  ns  silk. 

Fisli  with  Uieir  fins  an  J  shining  scales.  Ail/'on. 

5.  To  he  gay  or  splendid. 

So  proud  she  shined  in  her  princely  slate.  Spemcr. 

6.  To  be  beautiful. 

Once  brightest  shined  IhU  child  of  heal  and  air.  Pope, 

7.  To  be  eminent,  conspicuous,  or  distinguished  ; 
as,  to  shine  in  courts.     PhU.  ii. 

Few  lire  qualifietl  to  shine  in  company.  Sw\fl, 

8.  To  give  light,  real  or  figurative. 

The  light  of  righlcousncss  lialli  not  shined  to  us.  Wisdoir.. 

9.  To  manifest  glorious  excellencies.    Ps.  Ixxx. 

10.  To  be  clearly  published.    Is.  ix. 

11.  To  be  conspicuously  displayed  ;  to  be  manifest. 

Let  your  light  so  shine  before  men.  —  Mntl.  t. 
To  cause  the  face  to  shine;  to  be  propitious.    A'wm. 
vi.     Ps.  Ixvii. 
SHINE,  n.    Fair  weather. 

Be  it  fair  or  foul,  raiii  or  shine.  Dryden. 

2.  Brightness  ;  splendor ;  luster ;  gloss. 

The  gliapiing  shine  of  gold.  Decay  of  Piety. 

Fair  opening  (o  some  court's  propitious  shine.  Pope. 

[Not  elegant,] 

SHTN'ER,  7(.    A  small  fresh-water  fish,  of  the  minnow 
kind,  so  called  from  its  shiny  appearance.     Storrr. 

2.  A  cant  name  for  bright  pieces  of  money.  [Vul- 
gay.] 

SHI'NESS.    Sec  Shvnes9. 

SHIN"GLE,  (shing'gl,)  n.     [G.  fchindel;  Gr.  (i\iv^a\- 
Hus  :  L.  scindula,  from  .scindo,  lo  divide,  G.  seheidrn.] 

1.  A  thin  board  sawed  or  rived  for  covering  build- 
ings. Shingles  are  of  dilierent  lengths,  with  one  end 
made  much  thinner  than  Ihe  other,  for  lapping. 
They  are  used  for  covering  roofs,  ind  sometimes 
the  body  of  the  building. 

2.  Round,  water-worn,  and  loose  gravel  and  peb- 


FaTE,  far,  FALL,  WIL\T.  — MeTE,  PREY.— PLVE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK. 


SHI 

bles,  vr  a  collection  of  roundish  stones,  on  shores 
and  coasts. 

The  pink)  of  La  Ciau,  in  Fiacce,  u  compceed  of  shingle. 

Pinterton. 

Shingle-baiiast  is  ballast  composed  of  gravel. 

SHIX"GLE,  r.  (.  To  cover  with  shingles ;  as,  to  sMit- 
ale  a  roof. 

SHIX'*GLED,  pp.  or  a.    Covered  with  shingles. 

SHIN"GLE-ROOF-£D,  (shing'sl-roofl,)  a.  Having  a 
roof  covered  with  shingles.  Blackirood. 

3Hl.\"GL£:s,  Cshing'glz,)  n.     [L.  cingidam.] 

A  kind  of  herpes,  viz..  Herpes  Zoster,  which 
spreads  around  the  body  like  a  girdle  j  an  eruptive 
d  iseas  e.  Arbutk  n  ot. 

SBlN"GLIXG,ppr.    Covering  with  shingles. 

smX"GLI>G,  H.  The  act  of  covering  with  shin- 
gles ;  a  covering  of  shingles. 

SHI\"GLr,  a.    Abounding  with  gravel  or  ebingle. 

SHiN'LNG,  ppr.    Emitting  light ;  beaming ;  gleaming. 
3.  a.  Bright;  splendid;  radiant 
3.  Illustrious;  distinguished;  conspicuous;  as,  a 
shmin^  example  of  charity. 

SHIX'IXG,  71.  Effusion  or  clearness  of  light ;  bright- 
ness.    2  Sam.  ixiii. 

SHTX'ING-NESS,  n.    Brightness  ;  splendor.    Spenser. 

SHiN'Y,  a.    Bright;  luminous;  clear;  unclouded. 

Like  disluit  ihunder  on  a  sJiiny  day.  Dryden. 

SHIP,  as  a  termination,  denotes  state  or  office;  as  in 
loriiahip.  Stetcard. 

SHIP.    See  Shape. 

SHIP,  n.  [Sai.  scip^  scyp;  D.  schip  ;  G.  schiff^  Sxv. 
skcpp :  Dan.  skib  :  L.  scapka ;  from  the  root  of  shape ; 
Sax.  —eapiaiiy  seippan^  scyppan,  to  create,  form,  or 
build.] 

In  a  general  sense,  a  lat^e  vessel  or  building  of  a 
peculiar  structure,  adapted  to  navigation,  or  fltating 
on  water  hy  means  of  sails.  In  an  appropriate  sense, 
a  bnildins  nf  a  structure  or  form  titled  for  navigation, 
furnished  with  a  bowsprit  and  three  masts,  a  main- 
mast, a  fore-masi,  and  a  mizzen-mast,  each  of  which 
is  composed  of  a  lower  mast,  a  top-mast,  and  lop- 
gallant-mast.  and  square  rigged.  Ships  are  of  vari- 
ous sizes  and  titted  fur  various  uses  ;  most  of  them, 
Ikiwever,  tall  under  the  denomination  either  of  ships 
^tcar  or  of  mtrchant-ships. 

.i  ship  of  the  line:  usually  a  vessel  of  war  of  the 
rate  of  seventy-four  guns  or  more.  Totten. 

j3rmed  ship;  in  English  usaa-es  ofvar.a.  private 
ship  taken  into  the  service  of  the  government  in 
time  of  war,  and  armed  and  equipped  like  a  ^hip  of 
war.  Brande, 

SHIP,  V.  L     [Sax.  sc'rpian.] 

1 .  To  put  on  board  of  a  ship  or  vessel  of  any  kind  ; 
as,  to  ship  goois  at  Liverpool  for  New  York. 

■2.  To  transport  in  a  ship;  to  convey  by  water. 

TIte  siin  no  eooiier  shall  tbs  monntAins  touch, 

Bui  we  t.-iil  thip  liim  bence.  Shak. 

X  To  engage  for  service  on  board  of  a  ship ;  as,  to 
skip  seamen. 

4-  To  receive  into  a  ship  or  vessel ;  as,  to  ship  a 
sea.  Mar.  Did. 

5.  To  fix  any  thing  in  its  place ;  as,  to  ship  the 
tiller.  Tuttcn. 

To  skip  of;  to  seed  away  by  water ;  as,  to  ship  of 
convicts. 
SHIP,  p.  i.    To  engage  for  service  on  board  of  a  ship. 

Totten. 
SHIP'BoARD,  adt.  [ship  and  board.]  To  go  on  ship- 
board or  a  shipboard,  is  to  go  aboard  ;  to  enter  a  ship  ; 
to  embark  :  literally^  to  go  over  the  side.  It  is  a  pecu- 
liar phrase,  and  not  much  used.  Seamen  say,  to  go 
aboard  or  on  board. 

To  be  on  shtpbnard  ;  to  be  in  a  ship ;  but  seamen 
generally  say,  aboard  or  on  board. 

2.  B.  The  plank  of  a  ship.  Ezfk.  sxvii.  [Ab£ 
note  used.] 

SHI P'-BOY,  n.  [ship  and  Joy,]  A  boy  that  serves  on 
b<>ard  of  a  ship. 

SHIP'-BRo-KER,  n.  A  broker  who  procures  insur- 
ance on  ships. 

SHIP'-BUILD-ER,  (-bild-er,)Ti.  {ship  ^t\ A  builder.]  A 
man  whose  occu[>aiion  is  to  construct  sliips  and 
other  vessels  ;  a  naval  architect ;  a  shipwright. 

SHIP'-BUILD-IXG,  (-biid-ing,)  n.  [ship  and  &m"W.] 
Naval  architecture;  the  art  of  constructing  vessels 
for  navigation,  particularly  ships  and  other  vessels  of 
a  lar-ie   kind,  bearing  masts;   in  distinction  from 

B04T-BUILDISC. 

SHiP'-e.^R'PEX-TER,  n.  A  shipwright;  a  carpen- 
ter that  works  at  ship-building. 

SHIP'-CH.WD-LER,  n.  [^Aip  and  chandler,  G.  hand- 
ler,  a  trader  or  dealer.] 

One  wlio  deals  in  cordage,  canvas,  and  other  fur- 
niture of  shir»- 

SHIP'-HoLD-ER,  n.  [ship  and  hold,]  The  owner  of 
a  ship  or  of  shipping. 

SHIP'I.ESS,  a.     Destitute  of  ships.  Oraij. 

SHir'MAX,  n.  [ghip  and  man.]  A  seaman  or  sailor. 
[Obs.]     I  ffin^.f  ii.     .^cC*  xxviii. 

SIllP'-MXS-TER,  n.  [ship  and  master.]  The  captain, 
master,  or  commander,  of  a  ship.    Jonah  i. 

SHIP'MaTE,  n.  [ship  and  mate.]  A  Ic-rm  applied  to 
sailors  who  serve  in  the  same  snip. 


SHI 

SHIP'MEXT,  n.  Tlic  act  of  putting  any  thing  on 
board  of  a  ship  or  other  vessel ;  embarkation  ;  as,  he 
was  engaged  in  the  shijnnent  of  coal  for  London. 

S.  The  goods  or  things  shipped,  or  put  on  board  of 
a  ship  or  other  vessel.  We  s;iy,  the  merchants  have 
made  large  shipments  to  the  United  States. 

The  question  b  wheiliAr  tli?  ibare  of  M  in  Uie  thipmeru  is  ex- 
eiyiiwl  frcTt  comI):iui]Miim  by  pfiuoii  of  has  ncuiml  domlciJ. 
J,  Story. 

SHtP'-MON-EY,  (-mun-no,)  n.  [ship  and  money.]  In 
En^li^k  history,  an  imposition  formerly  charged  on 
the  ports,  towns,  cities,  boroughs,  and  counties,  of 
England,  for  providing  and  furnishing  certain  ships 
for  the  king's  service.  The  attempt  made  by  Charles 
I.  to  revive  and  enforce  this  imposition  was  resisted 
by  John  Hampden,  and  was  one  of  the  causes  which 
led  to  the  death  of  Charles.  It  was  finally  abolished 
by  Stat.  17  (^ar.  II.  Brande. 

SHIP'-oWX-ER,  n.    The  owner  of  a  ship  or  ships. 

SHIP'P£D,  (shipt,)  pp.  Put  on  board  of  a  ship  or  ves- 
sel ;  received  on  board. 

SHIP'PEN,  n.     [Sax.  sdpon.] 

A  stable  ;  a  cow-hnuse.     [J^ot  in  use.]    Chaucer. 

SHIP'PER,  71.  One  who  places  goods  on  board  a  ship 
for  transportation. 

SHIPPING,  pp-.     Pulling  on  board  of  a  ship  or  ves- 
sel ;  receiving  on  board. 
2.  a.  Relating  to  ships  ;  as,  shipping  concerns. 

Kent. 

SHIPTIXG,  n.  Ships  in  general ;  ships  or  vessels  of 
any  kind  for  navigation.  The  shipping  of  the  Eng- 
lish nation  exceeds  that  of  any  other;  the  tonnage 
of  the  shipping  belonging  to  the  United  States  is 
second  only  to  tiiat  of  Great  Britain. 

To  take  shipping ;  to  embark  ;  to  enter  on  board  a 
ship  or  vessel  for  conveyance  or  passage.    John  vi. 

Shipping  articles :  articles  of  agreement  between 
the  captain  of  a  vessel  and  the  seamen  on  board,  in 
respect  to  the  amount  of  wages,  length  of  time  for 
which  they  are  shipped,  &:c.  Bouoier, 

SHIP'-SHaPE,  adc.  In  a  seamanlike  manner  ;  hence, 
properlv  ;  according  to  usaee.  Totten. 

SHIP'S-HUS'BAND,  n.  One  who  attends  to  the 
requisite  repairs  of  a  ship  while  in  port,  and  does  all 
the  other  necessary  acts  preparatory  to  a  voyage. 

Bouvier. 

SHIP'WRECK,  (-rek,)  n.  [ship  and  wreck.]  The  de- 
struction of  a  ship  or  other  vessel  by  being  cast 
ashore  or  broken  to  pieces  by  striking  against  rocks, 
shoals,  and  tlie  like.  Jilar.  Diet. 

2.  The  parts  of  a  shattered  ship.     [Unusual] 

3.  Destruction.  [Dnjden. 
To  make  shipwreck  concerning  faith,  is  to  apimtatize 

from  the  love,  profession,  and  practice,  of  divine 
tnilh  which  had  been  embraced.    1  Tim.  i. 

SHIP'WRECK,  V.  u  To  destroy  by  running  ashore 
or  on  rocks  or  sand-banks.  How  many  vessels  are 
annually  shipwrecked  on  the  Bahama  rocks  I 

2.  To  suffer  the  perils  of  being  cast  away  ;  to  be 
cast  ashore  with  the  loss  of  the  ship.  The  ship- 
itreckcd  mariners  were  saved.  Addison,     Shak. 

SHIP  \VRECK-£D,  (rekt,)  pp.  or  a.  Cast  ashore; 
dashed  upon  the  rocks  or  banks  ;  destroyed. 

SHIP'WRiGHT,  (-rite,)  n.  [ship  and  wrigkU  See 
Work.] 

One  whose  occupation  is  to  construct  ships  ;  a 
builder  of  ships  or  ctlier  vessels.  Swift 

SHlRE  or  SniRE,  n.  [Sax.  scir,  scire,  scyrc,  a  divis- 
ion, from  sciran,  to  divide.  (See  Share  and  Shear.) 
It  is  pronounced,  in  coni|iound  words,  skir,  as  in 
Hampshire,  BTkshire.] 

In  England,  a  division  of  territory,  otherwise 
called  a  coitntij.  The  ?hire  was  originally  a  division 
of  tlie  kingdom  under  the  jurisdiction  of  an  earl  or 
count,  whose  authority  was  intrusted  to  the  sherif, 
[shire-reeve.]  On  this  officer  the  government  ulti- 
mately devolved,  in  tfte  United  States,  the  corre- 
sponding division  of  a  Stale  is  called  a  county,  but 
we  retain  shire  in  the  compound  half  shire  ;  as  when 
the  county  court  is  held  in  two  towns  in  the  same 
cour.ty  alternately,  we  call  one  of  the  divisions  a 
half-shire. 

In  some  Slates, aAfrc  is  used  as  the  constituent  part 
of  the  name  of  a  counlj',  as  Berkshire,  H-impshire,  in 
Massachusetts.  These  being  tlie  names  established 
by  law,  we  say,  the  county  of  Berkshire,  and  we  can 
not  with  propriety  say,  the  co^unty  of  Berks,  for  there 
is  no  county  in  Massachusetts  thus  named. 

SHIRE'-MOTE  or  SHIRE'-.MoTE,  n.  [Sax.  scyr- 
gemote,  shire-meeting.] 

Anciently,  in  England,  the  countj'  court :  sheriff's 
turn  or  court.  Cowd.     Bhickslone. 

SHIRK,  V.  t.  or  i.  To  avoid  or  get  off  from  ;  to  slink 
awav.     Smart.     [Fulgar.]     See  also  Shark- 

SHIRIC,  n.  One  who  seeks  to  avoid  duty;  one  who 
lives  bv  sliifts  and  tricks.     [See  Shark.] 

SHIRK'iNG,  n.  .\  living  by  shifts  and  tricks.  [See 
Shark.] 

SHIRL  ;  a  different  spelling  of  Shorl.     [See  Shoru] 

SHIR'LEY,  H.  A  bird,  by  some  called  the  Greater 
Bl-lfinch  ;  having  the  upper  part  of  the  body  of  a 
dark  brnwn,  and  tlie  throat  and  breast  red.      VieL 

SHIR'REI),  (shurd.)  a.  A  term  applied  to  articles 
having  lints  or  cords  inserted  beiw  een  two  pieces 


sue 

of  cloth,  as  the  lines  of  India  rubber  in  shirred  sus- 
penders. 
SHIRT,  (shurt,)  7t.  [Dan.  skiarle,  Sw.  skiorta^  a  shirt ; 
Dan.  skiort,  a  petticoat ;  Ice.  seyrta.  This  word 
seems  to  be  named  from  its  shortness  or  cutting  oil', 
and  might  have  signified  originally  a  somewhat 
different  garment  shortened;  Sax.  scyrt,  short,  L. 
curtus.] 

A  loose  garment  of  linen,  cotton,  or  other  material, 
worn  by  men  and  boys  next  the  body. 

It  isfolty  for  a  nation  to  exjwrt  brrranil  lirifii,  while  a  ctscU  pan 
c  obliged  to  luUiat  vu  puUtocs,  axw  tuvc  nu 


of  the  people  an:  a 
thirU  to  wc-ar. 


A.M. 


SHIRT,  (shurt,)  r.  t    To  cover  or  clothe,  as  with  a 

shirt.  Dryden. 

2-  To  change  the  shirt,  and  put  on  a  clean  on'^'. 

SHIRT'I.VG,  ppr.    Covering  with  a  shirt. 

SHiRT'lXG,  n.     Cloth  for  shirts. 

SHIRT'LESS,  (shurt'less,)  a.    Wanting  a  shirt. 

Pope. 

SHIST.    See  Schist. 

SHIT'TAH,  }  n.     [Heb.]     In  Scripture,  a  sort  of  pre- 

SHIT'TIM,  ]  ciouswoodof  which  the  tables,  altar.i, 
and  boards,  of  the  Uibemaclc  were  made  among  the 
Jews.  It  is  supposed  to  have  been  the  wood  of  a 
species  of  Acacia,  which  is  hard,  lough,  and  smooth, 
and  ver>'  beautiful.  Gcseniu^i. 

SHIT'TLE,  a.     [See  Shoot.]     Wavering;  unsettled. 

5«\w(  used,  or  local.] 
IT'TLE-COCK.    See  Shuttlecock. 
SHIT'TLE^XESS,  n.      Unsettlednes-^ ;    inconstancy. 

r.Vo;  in  use,  or  local.] 
SHxVE,  71.    [D.  schyf;  G.  schcibe.    If  5  is  a  prefix,  this 
word  agrees  radically  with  chip.] 

1.  A  slice ;  a  thin  cut ;  as,  a  s'livc  of  bread.  [JVot 
in  use.]  Shak. 

2.  A  thin,  dexible  piece  cut  off.    [JVbe  in  use.] 

BoyU. 

3.  A  little  piece  or  fragment ;  as,  the  skives  of  dax 
made  by  breaking. 

SHIVER,  n,  [G.  scmcfer,  a  splinter,  elate  ;  sehiefem, 
to  shiver,  to  scale  ;  Dan.  skice,  Sw.  skifva,  a  slice ; 
Dan.  skifer,  skiver,  a  state ;  skifer  sig,  to  shiver,  peel, 
or  split,  Sw.  skifca  sig.] 

1.  In  mineralogy,  a  variety  of  blue  slate. 

2.  In  scamcn*s  language,  a  little  wheel ;  a  sheave. 
SHIVER,  V.  t.     [Supra.    Uu.  Heb.  n^or,  to  break  into 

pieces.     Class  Br,  No.  26.] 

1.  To  break  into  many  small  pieces  or  splinters  ;  to 
shatter  ;  to  dash  to  pieces  by  a  blow. 

Tbe  grouu-i  witb  shiuered  armar  siroft'n.  hBlion. 

9.  Among  seamen,  to  shake  in  the  wind  ;  applied 
to  sails  :  as,  "^Aiccr  the  mizzen  topsail."     Totten. 
SHIVER,  tJ,  i.    To  fall  at  once  into  many  small  pieces 
or  parts. 

The  natural  world,  Ghould  wmvity  once  cease,  wouM  instanU; 
shioer  iato  miliioas  of  atoms.  H'oodteard. 

2.  To  quake  ;  to  tremble ;  to  shudder ;  to  shake, 
as  with  cold,  ague,  fear,  or  horror. 

The  raan  that  shivered  on  the  brioi;  cf  eo.  Drydai, 

Prometheus  is  laid 
On  icy  Caucasus  to  ehicsr.  Sai/L 

3.  To  be  affected  with  a  thrilling  Sier!--''->".  ilk-- 
that  of  chilliness. 

Any  very  harsh  noise  will  set  the  teeth  on  edge, 

bo^y  ehiver.  i-,— :or.. 

SHIVER,  n.  A  small  piece  or  fragment  into  which  a 
thing  breaks  by  any  sudden  violence. 

He  tt-au'.d  pound  thee  into  ehicers  'A-itb  his  tH,  as  a  sailor  tre^Lki 
a  bUcuiF,  Shak. 

SHIVER-£D,  pp.  Broken  or  dashed  into  small 
pieces. 

SHIVER-ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Breaking  or  dashing  into 
small  pieces. 

2.  Quaking  ;  trembling ;  shaking,  as  with  cold  or 
fear. 

SHIVERING,  H.    The  act  of  breaking  or  dashing  to 
pieces  ;  division  ;  severance. 
2.  A  treniblins  ;  a  shaking  with  cold  or  fear. 

SHIVER-I.VG-LY,  adv.  AVith  shivering,  or  slight 
trembling. 

SHIVER-SPAR,  n.     [G.  sehiffer-spatA,] 

A  carbonate  of  lime,  so  called  from  its  slaty  struc- 
ture ;  called  also  Slate-Spar.  Phillips. 

SHIVER-Y,  a.  Easily  falling  into  many  pieces;  not 
firmly  cohering  ;  incomjwct ;  as,  a'Airfry  stone. 

SUoAD,  71.  Among  miners,  a  train  of  metallic  stones 
mixed  with  rubbish,  which  ser\*es  to  direct  tht-ni  in 
the  discovery-  of  mines.  Encyc. 

SHoAD'-SToNE,  n.  A  small  stone  or  fragmt-ni  of 
ore  made  smooth  by  th'j  action  of  the  water  pas^^ing 
over  it.  ffallnrell. 

SH6AL,  n.  [Sax.  seed,  a  crov/d.  It  should  rather  be 
written  Shole.] 

1.  A  great  multitude  assembled  ;  a  crowd  ;  a  throng; 
as,  shoals  of  people.  Immense  shoals  of  herring  ap- 
pear on  the  cc»ast  in  the  spring. 

Til?  vices  of  a  pHnce  draw  shoals  of  f..IIowerx.  Dtau/  of  Pi£ty. 

2.  A  place  where  the  water  of  a  river,  lake,  or  sea 
is  shallow  or  of  little  depth  ;  a  sand-bank  or  bar  :  a 
shallow.  The  enlranci.- of  rivers  is  often  rcinitr-l 
difficult  or  dangerous  by  shoals. 


TtXE,  BJJLL,  TJxMTE.  — AN"GER,  Vi"CI0US €  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  8  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


SH6AL,  V.  i.    To  crowd ;  to  throng ;  to  assemble  in  a 
multitucle.    The  lishes  skvalcd  about  tlie  place. 

Chapman. 
2.  To  become  more  shallow.     The  water  skoals  as 
wo  approacli  the  town. 
SHoAL,  a.      Shallow;   of  little    depth;    as,   shoal 

water. 
SH6AL'[-NESS,  n.      [from  shoahj.'\      Shallowness  ; 
lillle  depth  of  water. 
•2.  The  slate  of  abounding  with  shoals. 
SUdAL'Y,  a.    Full  of  shoals  or  shallow  places. 

The  tossing  vesAcI  sailed  on  shoalyj  grouuii.  DiyJcn. 

SHoAR,  71.    A  prop.     [See  Shore.] 
SHoAT,  «.    A  young  hog.     [Pee  Shote.] 
SHOCK,  n.     [D.  sckok,  a  bounce,  jolt,  or  leap;    Fr. 
cho:-,  a  striking  or  dashing  against.    See  Shake.] 

1.  A  violent  collision  of  bodies,  or  the  concussion 
which  it  occasions;  a  violent  striking  or  dashing 
against. 

The  strong,  unshaken  mounds  resist  the  shocks 

Of  lilies  and  seas.  Blackmore. 

2.  Violent  onset ;  conflict  of  contending  armies  or 
foes. 

He  stood  the  shock  of  a  wliolc  host  of  foes.  Arldiaon. 

3.  External  violence  ;  as,  the  shocks  of  fortune. 

Addison. 

4.  Oftenso;  impression  of  disgust. 

I'ewer  sliocks  %  Btafismiio  gives  his  frieiKl.  Young. 

5.  In  clcclricitijy  the  effect  on  the  animal  system  of 
a  discharge  of  the  fluid  from  a  charged  body. 

6.  A  pile  or  assemblage  of  sheaves  of  wheat,  rye, 
Sec.  The  number  of  sheaves  varies  from  twelve  to 
sixteen.    The  latter  is  the  number  in  New  England. 

Farm.  Encyc. 
Tusser, 
Thomson. 


Antl  c.iuse  it  on  shocks  to  be  by  and  by  set. 
Behind  the  master  walks,  builds  up  the  shocks. 


7.  A  dog  with  long  hair  or  shag,     [from  shai^.] 
SHOCK,  V.  t.     [D.  schokken  :  Fr.  choguer.] 

1.  To  shake  by  the  sudden  collision  of  a  body. 

2.  To  meet  force  with  force  ;  to  encounter.     Shali. 

3.  To  strike,  as  with  horror  or  disgust ;  to  cause  to 
recoil,  as  from  sometliing  odious  or  horrible  ;  to  of- 
fend extremely  ;  to  disgust.  I  was  shocked  at  the 
sight  of  so  much  misery.  Avoid  every  thing  that 
can  shock  the  feelings  of  delicacy. 

AdvLse  him  not  to  shock  a  Titlu^r'a  will.  DnjcUn. 

SHOCK,  V.  i.  To  collect  sheaves  into  a  pile  ;  to  pile 
sheaves.  Tusser. 

SHOCK'£D,   (shokt,)  j^P-      Struck,  as  with  horrcr ; 
offended ;  disgusted. 
2.  Piled,  as  sheaves. 

SHOCK'HEAD-ED,  a.  Having  a  thick  anJ  bushy 
head  of  hair. 

SHOCK'ING,  ppr.    Shaking  with  sudden  violence. 

2.  Meeting  in  onset  or  violent  encounter. 

And  now  with  slmiits  the  shocking  armies  closed.  Pope. 

3.  a.  Striking,  as  with  horror;  causing  to  recoil 
with  horror  or  disgust ;  extremely  offensive  or  dis- 
gusting. 

The  French  humor —  is  very  shocking  to  the  Italians.    Addison. 

SHOCK'ING-LY,  adv.  In  a  manner  to  strike  with 
horror  or  disgust.  Chestcrjleld. 

SHOCK'ING-NESS,  n.     The  state  of  being  shocking. 

SHOD,  for  Shoed,  pret.  and  pp.  of  Shoe. 

^HCE,  (shoo,)  71. ;  pi.  Shoes.  [Sax.  sceo^  sceog ;  G. 
schuh  :  D.  schoen  ;  Sw.  sko  ,■  Dan.  skoe,  a  shoe  ;  skocr, 
to  bind  with  iron,  to  shoe.  It  is  uncertain  to  what 
this  word  was  originnlly  applied,  whether  to  a  band 
of  iron,  or  to  something  worn  on  the  human  foot. 
It  is  a  contracted  word.  In  G.  handschuhy  hand-shoe, 
is  a  glove.  The  sense  is  probably  a  cover,  or  that 
which  is  put  on.] 

1.  .A.  covering  for  the  foot,  usually  of  leather,  com- 
piised  of  a  thick  species  for  the  sole,  and  a  tliinner 
kind  for  the  vamp  and  quarters.  Shoes  for  ladies 
often  have  some  species  of  cloth  for  the  vamp  and 
quarters. 

2.  A  plate  or  rim  of  iron  nailed  to  the  hoof  of  a 
horse  to  defend  it  from  injury;  also,  a  plate  of  iron 
for  an  ox's  hoof,  one  for  each  division  of  the  hoof. 
Oxen  are  shod  in  New  England,  sometimes  to  defend 
the  hoof  from  iiijurj-  in  stony  places,  more  generally 
to  enable  them  to  walk  on  ice,  in  which  case  the 
shoes  are  armed  with  sharp  points.  This  is  called 
calhiitff. 

3.  The  plate  of  iron  which  is  nailed  to  the  bottom 
of  the  runner  of  a  sleigh,  or  any  vehicle  that  slides 
on  the  snow  in  winter. 

4.  A  piece  of  timber  fastened  with  pins  to  the  bot- 
tom of  the  runners  of  a  sled,  to  prevent  them  from 
wearing. 

5.  The  inclined  piece  at  the  bottom  of  a  water 
trunk  or  lead  pipe,  for  turning  the  course  of  the  water, 
and  discharging  it  from  a  building.  Owilt. 

e.  Something  in  form  of  a  shoe,  or  answering  the 
purpose  of  a  shoe. 

7.  A  cover  for  defense. 

Shoe  of  an  anchor;  a  small  block  of  wood,  convex 
on  the  back,  with  a  hole  to  receive  the  point  of  the 
anchor  fluke  ;  used  to  prevent  the  anchor  from  tear- 


SHO 

ing  Iho  planks  of  the  vessel  when  raised  or  low- 
ered. Tolten. 
SHOE,  (shoOj)  V.  t. ;  jn-ct.  and  pp.  Shod.    To  funiish 

with  shoes ;  to  put  shoes  on ;  as,  to  shoe  a  horse  or 

an  ox ;  to  shoe  a  sled  or  sleigh. 
2.  To  cover  at  the  bottom.  Draiiton. 

To  shoe  an  anchor;  to  cover  the  flukes  witli  broad, 

triangular  pieces  of  plank.    This  is  intended  to  give 

the  anchor  a  stronger  hold  in  soft  grounds.  'J'ottcn. 
SHOE'lJLACK,   (shoo'blak,)  lu     [shoe  and  black.]     A 

person  that  cleans  shoes. 
SHOE'BOY,  n.     [shoe  and  hoy.]     A  hoy  that  cleans 

shoes. 
SHOE'BUCK-LE,  (shoo'buk-1,)  n.     [shoe  and  buckle] 

A  buckle  for  fastening  a  shoe  to  the  foot. 
SHOE'ING,  (shoo'ing,)  ppr.    Putting  on  shoes. 
SHOE'ING-HOKN,  Ti.     [*Aoc  and  horn.]     A  horn  used 

to  facilitate  tlie  entrance  of  the  foot  into  a  narrow 

shoe. 
2.  Any  thing  by  which  a  transaction  is  facilitated  ; 

any  thing  used  as  a  medium  ;  in  contempt.  SpccUitor. 
SHOE'-LEATH-ER,    (shoo'leth-er,)    n.      [shoe    and 

leaUier.]     Leather  for  shoes. 
SHOE'LESS,  a.    Destitute  of  shoes. 

Caltrops  very  mucli  incommoded  the  shoeless  Mooi-a. 

Dr.  Addison. 

SIIOE'MaK-ER.,  71.  [shoe  and  7naker.]  One  whose 
occupation  or  trade  is  to  make  slioea  and  boots. 

SHO'ER,  71.  One  that  fits  shoes  to  the  feet ;  one  that 
fmnishes  or  puts  on  shoes  ;  as  a  farrier. 

SIIOE'STRING,  71.  [shoe  and  string.]  A  string  used 
to  fasten  a  shoe  to  the  foot. 

SIIoE'T?E,  (shoo'tl,)  7(.  [shoe  and  iyc.]  A  ribbon 
used  for  fastening  a  shoe  to  the  foot.         Hudibras. 

SHOG,  for  Shock  ;  a  violent  concussion.     [J^ot  inuse.] 

Dnjdai. 

SHOG,  V.  t.    To  shake  ;  to  agitate.     [JVot  in  use.] 

Carcie. 

SHOG,  V.  7,  To  move  off;  to  be  gone  ;  to  jog.  [J^ot 
in  use.]     [Sec  Joe]  Hall. 

SHOG'GING,  n.    Concussion.    [JVot  in  use]    Harmar. 

SHOG'GLE,  u.  f.  Toshake;  to  joggle.  [jYot  in.  use.] 
[See  Joggle.]  Pfgge. 

SHoLE,  n.     [Sax.  sceol^  a  crowd.] 

A  throng  ;  a  crowd  ;  a  great  multitude  assembled. 
[This  is  the  better  orthography.    See  Shoal.] 

SHoNE,  ji/».  of  Shine. 

SHOO,  V.  t.     [G.  sc-hetichcn,  to  scare.] 

To  scare ;  to  drive  away  by  frightening;    lience, 
be  gone. 

[M  word  used  in  scaring  mcay  fotcls,  hit  used  in  the 
impcrntioe  oiih-.] 

SHOOK,  p/i.  of  "Shake. 

SHOOK,  n.  In  commerce,  shooks  are  casks  of  hogs- 
head staves  prepared  for  use.  Boards  for  boxes  of 
sugar,  prepared  or  fitted  for  use,  bear  the  same  name. 

SHOOK,  V.  t.    To  pack  staves  in  casks. 

SH06N,  old.  pi.  of  Shoe.     [Obs.] 

SHOOT,  V.  t. ;  prct.  and  pp.  Shot..  The  old  participle 
Shotten  isubsolete.  [Sax.  scrotan,  scytan,  to  shoot,  to 
dart,  to  rush,  to  lay  out  or  bestow,  to  transfer,  to 
point  with  tlie  finger,  whence  to  lead  or  direct ;  G. 
schossen,  to  shoot,  and  to  pay  scot,  also  sckiessaiy 
to  shoot,  to  dart;  D.  schictcn;  Sw.  skiuta;  Dan. 
skydcr ;  Ir.  scettJiim,  to  vomit ;  sciotj  an  arrow  or 
dart ;  It.  scattarc,  to  slioot  an  arrow  -,  L.  scateo^  to 
shoot  out  water  ;  VV.  ysguViaw^  ysgudaw^  to  scud  ; 
ysgwdu,  to  thrust ;  ysgijthu,  to  spout.  It  is  formed 
with  a  prefix  on  Od.] 

1.  To  let  fly  and  drive  with  force  ;  as,  to  shoot  an 
arrow. 

2.  To  discharge  and  cause  to  be  driven  with  vio- 
lence ;  as,  to  shoot  a  ball. 

3.  To  send  off  with  force ;  to  dart. 

And  ftom  about  her  shot  darts  of  desire.  Miiton. 

4.  To  let  off;  used  of  the  instrument. 

The  two  ends  of  a  bow  shot  off,  fly  from  one  another.     Boyle. 

5.  To  strike  with  any  thing  shot;  as,  to  shoot  one 
with  an  arrow  or  a  bullet. 

G.  To  send  out ;  to  pusli  forth  ;  as,  a  plant  shoots  a 
branch. 

7.  To  push  out ;  to  emit ;  to  dart ;  to  thrust  forth, 

Beware  the  secret  snake  that  shoots  a  sting.  Dryden. 

8.  To  push  forward  ;  to  drive ;  to  propel ;  as,  to 
shoot  a  bolt. 

9.  To  push  out ;  to  thrust  forward. 

Tliey  shoot  out  the  lip.  —  Ps.  ixii. 

The  phrase  to  slioot  out  the  lip,  signifies  to  treat 
with  derision  or  contempt. 

10.  To  pass  through  with  swiftness;  as,  to  shoot 
the  Stygian  flood.  Dryden. 

11.  To  plane  straight,  or  fit  by  planing ;  a  work- 
■man^s  term. 

Two  pi 

12.  To  kill  by  a  ball,  aiTow,  or  other  thing  shot; 
as,  to  shoot  a  duck. 

13.  To  pass  rapidly  under  by  the  force  of  a  cur- 
rent ;  as,  to  shoot  a  bridge.  Totten. 

SHOOT,  V.  L  To  perform  the  act  of  discharging, 
sending  with  force,  or  driving  any  thing  by  means  of 


pieces  of  wood  that  are  shot,  Uiat  is,  [ilancd  or  pared  with  : 

Moxon. 


SllO 

an  engine  or  instrument ;  as,  to  shoot  at  a  target  or 
mark. 


When  you  shoot  and  shut  one  eye. 
The  archera  have  sorely  grieved  him 
xlix. 


luid  shot  at  liim.- 


2.  To  germinate;  to  bud;  to  sprout;  to  send  forth 
branches. 


Onions,  as  thev  bnn^,  will  shoot  forth. 

But  the  wild  olive  shoots  and  shades  the  ungmtt;ful  plain. 

Delightful  la^tf, 
To  tench  the  young  idea  Uow  to  shoot. 


lincon. 
,  jiin. 
Dnjden. 

Thomson. 

3.  To  form  by  shooting,  or  by  an  arrangement  of 
particles  into  spiculie.  Metals  shoot  into  crystals. 
Every  salt  shoots  into  crystals  of  a  detcrminatt:  form. 

4.  To  be  emitted,  sent  forth,  or  driven  along. 

ThrT*?  shot  a  streaming  lamp  along  the  sky.  Dryden. 

5.  To  protubcrate  ;  to  be  pushed  out;  to  jut;  to 
pr(tject.    The  land  shouts  into  a  promontory. 

t).  To  pass,  as  an  arrow  or  pointed  instrument ;  to 
penetrate. 

Thy  words  shoot  through  my  heart.  Addison. 

1.  To  grow  rapidly  ;  to  become  by  rapid  growth. 
The  boy  soon  shoots  up  to  a  man. 

Ile'l!  soon  shoot  up  a  hero.  Dryden. 

8.  To  move  with  velocity  ;  as,  a  shooting  star. 

9.  To  feel  a  quick,  darting  pain.    My  temples  shoot. 
To  shoot  ahead;  to  outstrip  in  running,  flying,  or 

sailing. 
SHOOT,  71.    The  act  of  propelling  or  driving  any  tiling 
with  violence  ;  the  discharge  of  a  fire-arm  or  bow  1 ; 
as,  a  good  shoot. 

The  Turlush  bow  glveth  a  very  forcible  shoot.  Uacon. 

2.  The  act  of  striking,  or  endeavorhig  to  strike 
with  a  missive  weapon.  Shnk. 

3.  A  young  branch. 

Prune  off  superfluous  branches  and  shoots  of  this  second  spring. 

Evelyn. 

4.  A  young  swine  which  is  shooting  or  growing  up. 

JMloway. 
[In  JVcw  England,  pronounced  shotc.] 

SHOOT'ER,  7(.  One  that  shoots;  an  archer ;  a  gun- 
ner. Herbert. 

SHOOT'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Discharging,  as  fire-arms ; 
driving  or  sending  with  violence  ;  pushing  out  ;  pro- 
liiberating ;  germinating;  branching ;  glancing,  as 
pain. 

SHOOT'ING,  n.  The  act  of  discharging  fire-arms,  or 
of  sending  an  arrow  with  force  ;  a  firing. 

2.  Sensation  of  a  quick,  glancing  pain. 

3.  In  sportsmanship,  the  act  or  practice  of  killing 
game  with  guns  or  fire-arms. 

SHOOT'ING-STAR,  7i.  A  fire  ball  or  meteor  which 
darts  across  the  sky  with  a  transient  light.  Shooting- 
stars  have  been  foimd  to  be  more  abundant  at  partic- 
ular periods,  the  most  remarkable  of  which  aic  the 
13th  of  November  and  the  9th  or  10th  of  August. 

Olmsted. 
SHOOT'Y,  a.    Of  equal  growth  or  size.  O7-0.sc 

SHOP,  71.  [Norm,  schopc;  Sax.  sccoppa,  0.  depository, 
from  sceapian,  to  form  or  shape  ;  Sw.  skap,  a  reposi- 
tory ;  Dan.  skab,  a  cupboard  or  chest  of  drawers, 
tin.  Fr.  echoppe.] 

1.  A  budding  in  which  goods,  wares,  drugs,  &,c., 
are  sold  by  retail. 

2.  A  building  in  which  mechanics  work,  and 
where  tliey  keep  iheir  manufactures  for  sale. 

Keep  your  shop,  and  your  shop  will  keep  you,  Franklin. 

SHOP,  V.  i.  To  visit  shops  for  purchasing  goods; 
used  chiefly  in  the  participle;  as,  the  lady  is  shop- 
ping. 

SHOP'BoARD,  71.  [shop  and  hoard.]  A  bench  on 
which  work  is  performed ;  as,  a  doctor  or  divine 
taken  from  the  shupboard.  South. 

SHOP'BOOK,  71.  [tihop  and  600/*.]  A  book  in  which 
a  tradesman  keeps  his  accounts.  Locke. 

SHOP'KEEP-ER,  n.  [shop  and  keep.]  A  trader  who 
sells  goods  in  a  shop  or  by  retail ;  in  distinction  from 
a  Merchant,  or  one  who  sells  bv  wholesale.  Jlddi.^on, 

SHOP'LIFT-ER,  7i.  [shop  a.n^  lift.  See  Eikt.]  One 
wJto  steals  any  thing  in  a  shop,  or  takes  goods  pri- 
vately from  a  shop  ;  one  ^^'ho,  under  pretense  of  buy- 
ing goods,  takes  occasion  to  steal.  Encyc. 

SHOP'LIFT-IXG, /I.  Larceny  committed  in  a  shop; 
the  stealing  of  anv  thing  from  a  shop. 

SHOP'LIKE,  a.    Low  ;  vulgar.  B.  Jonson. 

SHOP'MAN,  n.     [shop  and  man.]     A  petty  trader. 

Dryden. 
2.  One  who  serves  in  a  shop.  Johnson. 

SHOP'PING,  pjtr.  Visiting  shops  for  the  purchase  of 
goods. 

SliOP'PING,  77.  The  act  of  visiting  shops  for  the  pur- 
chase of  goods. 

SMoRE,  the  old  prct.  of  Shear.     [Obs.] 

SHORE,  71.     [Sax.  srnre  ] 

The  coast  or  land  atljacent  to  the  ocean  or  sea,  or 
to  a  large  lake  or  river.  This  word  is  applied  prima 
rily  to  the  land  contiguous  to  water  ;  1ml  it  extends 
also  to  the  ground  near  the  border  of  the  sea  or  of  a 
lake,  which  is  covered  with  water.  We  also  use 
the  word  to  express  the  land  near  the  border  of  the 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  VVH-AT M£TE,  PRgY.  — PINE,  MARLNE,  BIRD.  — NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQQK — 


t  SHO 

>ea  or  of  a  great  lake,  to  an  indefiuite  extent;  as 
when  we  say,  a  town  stands  on  the  More.  We  do 
not  apply  the  word  to  the  land  contiguous  to  a  small 
?trL';iin.    This  we  call  a  Uask. 

SHoitE, «.  TJie  popular  but  corrupt  pronunciation  of 
6:u)(T.  a  pronunciation  that  should  be  carefully 
uro^ded. 

SHo.HE,  ».    [Sp.  and  Port,  e^cora;  D.  sc^wor.] 

A  prop  or  timber  placed  as  a  brace  or  support  on 
lli8  s'de  of  a  building  or  other  thing.    fVatts.     Gicilu 

SHoRE,  r.  t.    To  prop;  to  support  by  a  post  or  but- 
tress ;  usually  with  upi  as,  to  shore  up  a  building. 
3.  To  set  on  shore.     [JVot  in  u^e.]  Shak. 

STIoR'^n,  pp.     Propped  ;  supported  by  a  prop. 

SUoU'ING,  ppr.     Propping;  supporliug. 

SlioRE'LESS,  a.  Having  no  shore  or  coast;  of  in- 
definite cr  unlimited  extent  j  as,  a  shoreless  ocean. 

Uoyle, 

SHoRE'LIXG,  \  71.    In  England,  the  skin  of  a  living 

i^IIOR'HNG,  \  sheep  shorn,  as  di>;tinct  from  the 
tnorloig^  or  skin  taken  from  the  dead  slieep.  Hence, 
in  some  partsof  England, a  j-Aor/JH^'  is  a  sheepshorn, 
and  a  morVm^  is  one  that  dies.       ,  Encyc. 

SHORL,  n.  [Sw.  skiirl^  from  skor,  brittle;  Dan. 
ski'dr.] 

A  mineral,  black  tourmaline.  Dana. 

SilOR-LA'CEOUS,  a.  Like  sliorl ;  partakinL'  of  the 
nature  and  character  of  sUorl.  Kirwan. 

SHORL'ITE,  n.  A  mineral  of  a  greenish-white  color, 
sometimes  yellowish,  a  variety  of  topaz ;  mostly 
found  in  irregular,  oblong  masses  or  coluuuis,  in- 
serted in  a  mixture  of  quartz  and  mica  or  granite. 
KlaprotJi.  Kirwan. 
Shorlite  or  shorlous  topaz,  tlie  pycnitc  oi  Werner, 
is  of  a  straw-vellow  color.  Ure. 

SHORN,  p;?.  of  "Sheae.  Cut  ofl";  as,  a  lock  of  wool 
shorn. 

2.  Having  the  hair  or  wool  cut  off  or  sheared  ;  a-s, 
a  shorn  lamb. 

3.  Deprived  ;  as,  a  prince  shorn  of  his  honors. 
SHORT,  a.     rSax.  sceort^  scijrt:  G.  kurz  ;    D.  Sw.  and 

Dan.  kort ;  Fr.  court ;  It.  eorto  ;  L.  cur(u.-i :  Ir.  i^ar ; 
Rxiss,  kortayuy  to  shorten.  It  is  froui  cutting  off  or 
separating.    Qu.  Dan.  ski'dr^  Sw.  skor^  brittle.] 

1.  Not  long  ;  not  having  great  length  or  extension  ; 
as,  a  short  distance  ;  a  s^rt  ferry  ;  a  short  flight  j  a 
short  piece  of  timber. 

The  !jed  is  sAorter  than  that  a  man  can  stretch  ULmself  on  it.  — 
Is.  xxviii. 

2.  Not  extended  in  time ;  not  of  long  duration. 

The  triumphin*  of  die  wicked  is  skor:.  — Job  xx.     I  Thess.  ii. 

3.  Not  of  usual  or  sufficient  length,  reach,  or  ex- 
tent. 

■\V«at  though  I  am  of  limb,  and  short  of  siffht.  Pope. 

4.  Not  of  long  duration  ;  repeated  at  small  inter- 
vals of  time  ;  as,  short  breath.       Dryden.     Sidney. 

5.  Not  of  adequate  extent  or  quantity  ;  not  reach- 
ing the  point  demanded,  desired,  or  expected  ;  as,  a 
quantity  short  of  our  expectations. 


Not  therefore  am  I  short 
Of  knowiii'  what  I  ou^ht. 


^'i-.Uon. 


6.  Deficient ;  defective  j  imperfect.  This  account 
is  short  of  the  truth. 

7.  Not  adequate ;  insufficient ;  scanty ;  as,  pro- 
visions are  short ;  a  short  allowance  of  water  for  the 
voyage. 

8.  Not  sufficiently  supplied  ;  scantily  furnished. 

The  English  were  interior  iu  Dumber,  and  grew  short  in  their 
pron^ons.  HayiEard. 

9.  Not  far  distant  in  time  \  future. 

H5  commanded  those  who  were  appointed  to  attend  him,  to  be 
ready  by  a  short  day.  Clarendon. 

We  now  say,  at  short  notice.  In  mercantile  lan~ 
^age,  a  note  or  bill  is  made  payable  at  short  sight, 
that  is,  in  a  little  time  after  being  presented  to  the 
payer. 

iO.  Not  fetching  a  compass ;  as  in  the  phrase,  to 
turn  sltorL 

11.  Not  going  to  the  point  intended  j  as,  to  stop 
short. 

12.  Defective  in  quantity ;  as,  sheep  short  of  their 
wool.  Dryden. 

13.  Narrow ;  limited ;  not  extended  ;  not  large  or 
comprehensive. 

Their  own  short  'indetstandin^  reach 

"So  further  than  the  present.  Roice. 

14.  Brittle;  friable;  breaking  all  at  once  without 
^  splinters  or  shatters  ;  as,  marl  so  short  that  it  can  not 

be  wrought  into  a  ball.  Mortimer. 

15.  Not  bending. 

The  lance  broke  short.  Lhyden. 

16.  Abrupt;  brief;  pointed;  petulant;  severe.  I 
asked  him  a  question,  to  which  he  gave  a  short  an- 
swer. 

To  be  short:  to  be  scantily  supplied  ;  as,  to  be  short 
of  bread  or  water 

To  come  short ;  to  fail  ;  not  to  do  what  is  demanded 
,  or  expected,  or  what  is  necessary  for  the  purpose  ; 
cp;i'.cd  to  persons-  We  all  come  short  of  perfect 
obedience  to  God's  will. 

2.  Not  to  reach  or  obtain,     Rom.  iii. 


SHO 

3.  To  fail ;  to  be  insufficient.  Provisions  co7ne 
sitort. 

To  cut  sho7-t ;  to  abridge ;  to  contract  j  to  make 
too  small  or  defective  ;  also,  to  destroy  or  consume. 
2  Kings  X. 

To  ftdl  s/iort ;  to  fail ;  to  be  inadequate  or  scanty  ; 
as,  provisions  fall  short :  money  falU  short. 

2.  To  fail ;  not  to  do  or  accomplish  ;  as,  to  fall 
sfiort  in  duty. 

3.  To  be  less.  The  measure  falls  short  of  the  es- 
timate. 

To  stop  short ;  to  stop  at  once  j  also,  to  stop  with- 
out reaching  the  point  intended. 

7*1*  turn  sJtort ;  to  turn  on  the  spot  occupied  ;  to 
turn  without  making  a  compass. 

For  turning  short  he  struch  with  all  bis  mi^hC.  Dryden. 

To  be  taken  short;  to  be  seized  with  urgent  neces- 
sit>-.  Swift. 

in  short ;  in  few  words  ;   briefly  j  to  sum  up  or 
close  in  a  few  words. 
SHORT,  71.    A  summary  account ;  as,  the  short  of  the 
matter. 

The  short  and  long  in  our  play  is  preferred.  Shak. 

SHORT,  adv.  Not  long;  as,  .^Aor(-enduring  joy ;  a 
A-Aorf-brealiied  man.  Dryden.    Arbutlmot. 

In   connection    with   verbs,  short  is  a  modifying 
word,  or  used  adverbially  ;  as,  to  come  short,  &,c. 
SHORT,  V.  t.    To  shorten. 

2.  r.  i.  To  fail ;  to  decrease.     [JVot  vi  nse.'l 
SHORT'-BREATH-£D,  (-bretht,)  a.     Having  short 

breath  or  (juic k  resuiration. 
SHORT'-eAKE,  H.  "A  soft  and  friable  cake,  in  which 
butter  ur  lard  lias  been  mixed  with  the  flour.    Forby. 
SHORT'eOM-ING,  (-kuni'ing,)  71.    A  failing  of  the 
usual  produce,  quantity,  or  amount,  as  of  a  crop. 

Chalmers, 
2.  A  failure  of  full  performance,  as  of  duty. 
SHORT'-DaT-EO,  a.     [short  im&  dats.^     Having  lit- 
tle time  to  run.  Sandys. 
SHORT'-DRAWN,  a.    Being  of  short  breathing  ;  im- 

p^-rfc'ctly  inspired,  as  breatli. 
SHORT'-EN,  (short'n,)  v.  t.     [Sax.  scyrtan.] 

1.  To  make  sliort  in  measure,  extent,  or  lime  ;  as, 
to  shorten  distance ;  to  shorten  a  road  j  to  shorten 
days  of  calainiiy.    JIatt.  xxiv. 

2.  To  abridge  ;  to  lessen  ;  as,  to  shorten  labor  or 
work. 

3.  To  curtail ;  as,  to  shorten  the  hair  by  clipping. 

4.  To  contract;  to  lessen;  to  reduce  or  diminish 
in  extent  or  amount ;  as,  to  shorten  sail ;  to  shorten 
an  allowance  of  provisions. 

5.  To  confine;  to  restrain. 

Here,  where  the  subject  is  so  fruitful,  I  am   shorUned  by  my 
chain.  Drydtn. 

6.  To  lop  ;  to  deprive. 

The  youth  —  shortened  of  his  ears.  Dryden. 

7.  To  make  paste  short  or  friable,  with  butter  or 
lard. 

SHORT'i^N,  (short'n,)  v.  i.  To  become  short  or 
shorter.  The  day  shortens  in  northern  latitudes  from 
June  to  December. 

2.  To  contract ;  as,  a  cord  shortens  by  being  wet  ; 
a  metallic  rod  shortens  by  cold. 

SHORT'i=:N-£D,  pp.  or  a.  Made  short  or  shorter; 
abridaed  ;  contracted. 

SHORt'/:N-lNG,  ppr.  Making  short  or  shorter;  con- 
tracting. 

SHORT'£N-IXG,  n.    A  making  short  or  shorter. 

2.  Something  used  in  cookery  to  make  paste  short 
or  friable,  as  butter  or  lard.  halliwell. 

SHORT'-HAND,  H.  [short  and  hand.]  Short  writing  ; 
a  compendious  method  of  writing  by  substituting 
characters,  abbreviations,  or  symbols  for  words  ;  oth- 
erwise called  STExoGRiPHY.  Locke. 

SHORT'-JOINT-ED,  a.  [short  and  jotH^.]  A  horse 
is  said  to  be  short-jointed,  when  the  pastern  is  too 
short.  JCncuc. 

SHORT'-LiV-£D,  a.  [short  and  live.]  Not  living  or 
lasting  long  ;  beingof  short  continuance  ;  as,  a.*At»r(- 
livcd  race  of  beings  ;  short-liocd  pleasure  j  short-lived 
passion.  Dryden.     .Addison. 

SHORT'liY,  adv.    Quickly  ;  soon  ;  in  a  little  time. 

The  armies  came  shorV.y  in  view  of  e;ich  other.       Clarendon. 

9.  In  few  words ;  briefij- ;  as,  to  express  ideas 
more  shortly  in  verse  than  in  prose.  Pope. 

SHORT'NER,  n.     He  or  that  which  shortens.  Swift. 

SHORT'NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  short  in  space 
or  time  ;  little  length  or  little  duration  ;  as,  the  sliort- 
ness  of  a  journey  or  of  distance;  the  shortness  of 
the  days  in  winter  ;  the  shortness  of  life. 

2.  Fewness  of  words ;  brevity ;  conciseness  ;  as, 
the  s/ior(7ies5of  an  essay.  The  prayers  of  the  church, 
by  reason  of  their  shortness,  are  easy  for  the  memor>'. 

3.  Want  of  reach  or  the  power  of  retention  ;  as, 
the  shortness  of  the  memory.  Bacon. 

4.  Deficiency  ;  imperfection  ;  limited  extent ;  as, 
the  shortness  of  our  reason.  Qlanville. 

SHORT'-RIB,  71.  [short  and  rib.]  Oneof  the  lower 
ribs ;  a  rib  shorter  than  the  others,  below  the  sternum  ; 
a  false  rib.  IVisenian. 

SHORTS,  n.  pi.  The  bran  and  coarse  part  of  meal,  in 
mixture.  Halliiccll. 


SHO 

SHORT'-SIGHT,  (-site,)  n.  Short-sightedness;  m>- 
opy  ;  vision  accurate  only  when  the  object  is  near. 

Good. 

SHOIIT'-SIGHT'ED,  (-site'-,)  a.  Not  able  toscc  far  ; 
haviuK  lifuited  vision  ;  in  a  literal  sense. 

2.  Not  able  to  look  far  into  futurity  ;  not  able  to 
understand  things  deep  or  remote ;  of  limited  in- 
tellect. 

SHORT'-STGHT'ED-NESS,  n.  A  defect  in  vision, 
consisting  in  the  inability  to  see  things  at  a  distance, 
or  at  the  distance  to  which  the  sight  ordinarily  ex- 
tends. 

2.  Defective  or  limited  intellectual  sight ;  inability 
to  see  far  into  futurity  or  into  things  deep  or  abstruse. 

.Sddi.-'on. 

SHORT'-W.AlST-ED,  a.  [short  Jind  waidL]  Having 
a  short  waist  or  body.  Drtideu. 

SHORT'-\VIND-ED,  a.  [.^hoH  and  wind.}  .Vifected 
with  shortness  of  breath  ;  having  a  quick  respira- 
tion ;  as,  dyspntBic  and  asthmatic  persons.       May. 

SH0RT'-VV1NG-£D,  a.  [short  and  wing.]  Having 
short  winus  ;  as,  a  sliort-win vrd  hawk.  Drydrn. 

SHORT'-WIT-TED,  o.  HavingliUle  wit;  not  wise; 
of  scanty  intellect  or  judgment.  Halts. 

SHoR'Yjrt.  [from  shore.]  Lying  near  the  shore  or 
coast.     [Liale  used.]  Burnet. 

SHOTjprtf.  VLWiipp.  of  Shoot. 

SHOT,?!.  [Sax.  scijti  D.  scJtoot,  scJtoL  See  Shoot 
and  Scot.] 

1.  The  act  of  shooting;  discharge  of  a  missile 
weapon. 

He  caused  twenty  shot  of  his  greatest  cannon  to  be  made  al  the 
king's  array.  Clurendon. 

JVote.  — The  plural,  shots,  may  be  used,  but  sliot  is 
used  in  both  numbers. 

2.  A  missile  weapon,  particularly  a  ball  or  bullet. 
Shot  is  properly  whatever  is  dif-charged  from  fire- 
arms or  cannon  by  the  force  of  gunpowder.  Shot 
used  in  war  is  of  various  kinds ;  as,  round  shot, 
balls,  or  buUcts  :  those  for  cannon  made  of  iron,  those 
for  muskets  and  pistols,  of  lead.  Secondly,  double- 
headed  shot,  or  bar  :>hot,  consisting  of  a  bar  with  a 
round  head  at  each  end.  Thirdly,  cAcin  *-Attt,  con- 
sisting of  two  balls  chained  together.  Fourthly, 
grape  shot,  consisting  of  a  number  of  balls  bound 
together  with  a  cord  in  canvas  on  an  iron  bottom, 
so  as  to  form  a  cylindrical  figure.  Fiflhly,  rase  shu 
or  cani.^ter  shot,  consisting  of  a  great  number  of  small 
bullets  in  a  cylindrical  tin  box.  Sixthly,  langrd  vr 
langrage,  which  consists  of  pieces  of  iron  <'t  .;. 
kind  or  shape.    SmaU  sitot,  denotes  musket  ba^i-. 

Mar.  Diet.     H  h,    : 

3.  Small  globular  masses  of  lead,  used  for  killing 
birds  and  other  small  animals.  These  are  not  called 
balls  or  bullets. 

4.  The  flight  of  a  missile  weapon,  or  the  distance 
which  it  passes  from  the  engine ;  as,  a  cannon  shot : 
a  musket  sfiot ;  a  pistol  shot :  a  bow  skoL 

5.  A  marksman  ;  one  who  practices  shooting;  as, 
an  excellent  shot.  fV.  Irving. 

(3.  A  reckoning;  charge  or  proportional  share  of 
expense  at  a  tavern,  &c.     [See  Scot.] 

Shot  of  a  cable  ;  in  seamen's  language,  the  splicing 
of  two  cables  together;  or  the  whole  length  of  two 
cables  thus  united.  A  ship  will  ride  easier  in  deep 
water  willi  one  shot  of  cable  thus  lengthened,  than 
with  tliree  short  cables.  Encyc 

SHOT,  V.  t.    To  load  with  shot  ovi;r  a  cartridge  ;  as, 

to  shut  the  suns.  TutUn, 

SIIOT'-BELT-ED,  a.    Wearing  a  belt  carrying  shoL 
SH6TE,  n.     [Sax.  sceota  ;  from  shooting,  darting,] 

1.  A  fish  resembling  the  trout.  Careio. 

2.  A  young  hog,  or  a  half-grown  unfatted  hog. 
[See  Shoot.]  Ainsworth. 

SHOT'-FREE,  a.  [shot  and/rec]  Free  from  charge  ; 
exempted  from  any  share  of  expense  ;  scot-free. 

2.  Not  to  be  injured  by  shot.    [Aot  used.] 

FelUtam. 

3.  Unpunished.     [Aot  uif(/,] 
SHOT'-GaUGE,  71.     [shot  and  gauge.]     An  instru- 
ment for  measuring  the  iliameter  of  round  shot. 

ToUcn. 

SHOT'-HoLE,  7t.  A  hole  made  by  a  bullet  dis- 
charged. 

SHOT'TED,  pp.  Loaded  with  shot  over  a  cartridge, 
as  suns. 

SH0T'T£N,  (shot'n,)  a.  [from shoot]  Havingejected 
the  spawn.  Shak. 

2.  Shooting  into  angles. 

3.  Shot  out  of  its  socket ;  dislocated  ;  as  a  bone. 
Shotten  herring;  a  gutted  herring  dried  for  keep- 
ing ;  hence,  a  mean,  meager  fellow. 

Shak.     HalliwcU. 

SHOUGH,  (shok,)  7J,  A  kind  of  shaggy  dog.  [JVot 
in  use.]     [See  Shock.] 

SHOULD,  (shwd.)  The  preterit  of  Shall,  but  now 
used  as  an  auxiliarj'  verb,  either  in  the  past  time  or 
conditional  present.  "  He  should  have  paid  the  debt 
at  the  time  the  note  became  due."  Should  here  de- 
notes past  time.  "  I  should  ride  to  town  lliis  day  if 
the  weather  would  permit."  He  should  expresses 
present  or  future  time  conditionally.  In  the  second 
and  third  persons,  it  denotes  obligation  or  duty,  as 
in  the  first  example  above. 


TONE,  BULL,  IJNITE.  — AN"GER,  V1"CI0US.  — €  as  K;  <5  as  J ;  S  as  Z;  CU  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


\2'J 


1025 


SHO 


1.  /  should  go.  When  slumld  in  this  person  is  ut- 
tered without  emphasis,  it  declares  simply  that  an 
event  would  take  place,  on  some  condition  or  under 
other  circumstances. 

But  when  expressed  with  emphasis,  should  in  this 
person  denotes  obligation,  duty,  or  detcrniination. 

2.  Tftou  sfwuldst  I  Without  emphasis,  a-.'iokW, 
Yoa  should       ]  ^°'       in  the  second  person,  is 

nearly  ic|uivalent  to  ou^hl;  you  ought  to  go,  it  is 
your  duly,  you  are  bound  to  go.     [See  Shall.J 

With  emphasis,  should  expresses  determination  in 
the  speaker  conditionally  to  compel  the  person  to 
act.  "  If  I  had  the  care  of  yon,  you  should  go, 
whether  willing  or  not." 

3.  He  should  go.  Slmuld,  in  the  third  person,  has 
the  same  force  a^  in  the  second. 

4.  If  /  should,  if  you  should,  if  he  should,  Sec,  de- 
note a  future  contingent  event. 

5.  After  should,  the  principal  verb  is  sometimes 
omitted,  without  obscuring  the  sense. 

So  subjects  love  jusl  kings,  or  so  Ihcy  should.  Dryilen. 

That  is,  so  they  should  love  them. 

e.  Should  be;  ought  to  be  ;  a  proverbial  phrase, 
conveying  some  censure,  contempt,  or  irony.  Things 
are  not  as  tliey  should  be. 

The  bovs  think  Uif?ir  mother  no  bottprtlian  she  should  be. 

Adtiinon. 

7.  "We  think  it  strange  that  stones  should  fall 
from  the  aerial  regions."  In  this  use,  slwuU  implies 
that  stones  do  fall.  In  all  similar  phrases,  should 
implies  the  actual  existence  of  tlie  fact,  without  a 
condition  or  supposition. 
SHoUL'DER.  M.  [Sax.  scuUre,  sculdor,  setdder;  G. 
sehulter:  D.  selwuder :  S\v .  .'kuUra :  Dan.  skulikr.] 

1.  The  joint  bv  which  the  arm  of  a  liuman  being 
or  the  fore  leg  of  a  quadruped  is  connected  with  the 
body  ;  or  in  man,  the  projection  formed  by  the  bones 
called  ScAPUL.E  or  SHouLDER-Ci.ADEs,  which  extend 
from  the  basis  of  the  neck  in  a  horizontal  direction. 

2.  The  upper  joint  of  the  fore  leg  of  an  animal  cut 
for  the  market ;  as.  a  shoulder  of  mutton. 

3.  Shoulders,  in  the  plural ;  the  upper  part  of  the 
back. 

Ailown  her  shoulders  fell  her  Icn^  of  hair.  Dryden. 

4.  Figuraticely,  support ;  sustaining  power  ;  or 
that  which  elevates  and  sustains. 

For  OH  Uiy  shoulders  do  I  build  my  seat.  SJude. 

5.  Among  artificers,  something  like  the  human 
shoulder ;  a  horizontal  or  rectangular  projection  from 
the  body  of  a  thing.  Mozoa. 

6.  In  fortijicution,  the  angle  of  a  bastion  included 
between  the  face  and  flank.  Brunde. 

SHoUL'DER,  V.  t.  To  push  or  thrust  with  the  shoul- 
der ;  to  push  with  violence. 

Around  her  mimherless  the  rabble  flowed, 
Shoulderitts  e;ich  other,  crowding  for  a  view.  Roiae. 

As  they  the  earUi  would  shoulder  fnuu  her  seat.  Spenser. 

2.  To  take  upon  the  shoulder ;  as,  to  slumlder  a 
basket. 
SHoUL'DER-BELT,  n.     [shoulder  and  belt.']     A  belt 

that  passes  across  the  shoulder.  JJnjdeii. 

SHoUL'DER-BL.iDE,  11.  [stuiulder  mi  blade.]  The 
bone  of  the  shoulder,  or  blade-bone,  broad  and  tri- 
angular, covering  the  hind  part  of  the  ribs  ;  called 
by  anatomists  Scapula  and  Omoplata.  Bnetjc, 
SHoUL'DER-€LAP-PER,  n.  [shoulder  and  clap.] 
One  that  claps  another  on  the  shoulder,  or  that 
uses  great  familiarity.     [JVot  in  use]  Shak. 

SHoQL'DER-£D,   pp.      Pushed   or  thrust  with  the 
shoulder. 
2.  Supported  on  the  shoulder. 
SHoUL'DER-ING,  ppr.    Pusliing  with  the  shoulder. 

9.  Taking  upon  the  shoulder. 
SHoUL'DER-KNOT,  (shol'dei-not,)Ti.     [shoulder  and 
knot.]     An  ornamental  knot  of  ribbon  or  lace  worn 
on  the  shoulder  ;  an  epaulet. 
SHoUL'DER-SHOT-TBN,    a.     [shoulder   and    shot.] 

Strained  in  the  shoulder,  as  a  horse.  Shak. 

SHoUL'DER-SLIP,  n.     [shoulder  and  slip.]    Disloca- 
tion of  the  shoulder  or  of  the  humerus.  Saift. 
SHOUT,  V.  i.     [This  word  coincides  with  shoot,  W. 
ys^jViu,  to  jet,  to  spout.] 

To  utter  a  sudden  and  loud  outcry,  usually  in  joy, 
triumph,  or  exultation,  or  to  animate  soldiers  in  an 
onset. 

Tt  is  not  the  voice  of  them  that  shout  for  mastery.  — Ex.  xixii. 
Wlivn  ye  hear  the  stmnd  of  the  trumpet,  all  the  peoi>!e  slwll 
shout  with  a  great  shout Josh.  vi. 

SHOUT,  n.  A  loud  burst  of  voice  or  voices  ;  a  vehe- 
ment and  sudden  outcry,  particularly  of  a  multitude 
of  men,  expressing  joy,  trimnpli,  exultation,  or  .ini- 
mated  courage.  It  is  sometimes  intended  in  derision. 
Josh.  vi.     Ezra  iii. 

The  Bhodians,  seeing  the  enemy  turn  tirir  backs,  gave  a  gT*?at 
shout  iQ  derision.  Knol&s, 


SHOUT,  V.  e.    To  treat  with  shouts  or  clamor.  Hall. 
SlIOUT'ED,  pp.    Treated  with  shouts. 
SHOUT'EU,  n.     One  that  shouts.  Drydcn. 

SHOUT'ING,  ppr.    Uttering  a  sudden  and  loud  outcry 

in  jiiv  or  exultation. 
SHOUT'ING,  II.    The  act  of  shouting ;  a  loud  outcry 

expressive  of  joy  or  animation.    2  Sam.  vi. 


SHO 

SHOVE,  (shuv,)  V.  t.  [Pax.sc»/cn,  to  push  or  thrust ; 
sc'tfan,  to  suggest,  to  hint;  D.  schuivev ;  G.  sckkheii, 
schuppen  ,■  S\v.  skufa  f  Dan.  ^ku^'cr.  The  more  cor- 
rect ortlingraphy  would  he  Shuv.] 

1.  To  jiush ;  to  propel;  to  drive  along  by  the  di- 
rect ajiplication  of  strength  without  a  sudden  im- 
pulse ;  p/irticularbjj  to  push  a  body  by  shding  or 
causing  it  to  move  along  the  suiface  of  anolhorbody, 
either  by  the  hand  or  by  an  instrument;  as,  to  skove 
a  bottle  along  a  tuble ;  to  shot^e  a  table  along  the 
floor ;  to  shove  a  boat  on  the  water. 

And  shove  away  Uie  worthy  bi<lJcu  g-iiest.  Milton, 

Shoving  back  Uiia  earth  on  which  1  ell.  Drydrn. 

9.  To  push  J  to  press  against. 

He  uscl  to  show  and  elbow  his  fellow-servants  tt>  »el  iipar  his 
misiri.'B9.  ArbulhnoU 

To  shove,  aioay y  to  push  to  a  distance;  to  tlirust 

To  shove  hy ;  to  push  away  ;  to  delay,  or  to  reject ; 
as,  to  sJurve  by  the  hearing  of  a  cause  ;  or  to  shove  by 
justice.     [JVot  clc^anU]  SJiak. 

To  shove  off;  to  llirust  or  push  away. 
To  shooe  down:  to  overthrow  by  pushing. 

ArbutJinot. 
SHOVE,  (shuv,)  V.  J.    To  push  or  drive  forward  ;  to 
urge  a  course.  Swift. 

2.  To  push  off;  to  move  in  a  boat  or  with  a  pol 
as,  he  shored  from  shore.  Qarth. 

To  shove  off:  to  njove  from  shore  by  pushing  with 
poles  or  oars. 

SHOVE,  7t.  The  act  of  pushing  or  pressing  against  by 
strength,  without  a  sudden  impulse.  Swift. 

SHOV'KD,  (shuvd,)  pp.     Pushed  ;  propelled. 

SHOVEL,  (shuv'l,)  n.  [Sax.  scojl;  G.  schavfel;  D. 
scfioffel,  schop ;  Dan.  skuffe^  a  scoop  or  shovel;  from 
shovinsr.'] 

An  instnmient  consisting  of  a  broad  scoop  or  blade, 
more  or  less  Jiollow,  witli  a  handle  ;  used  for  throw- 
ing eartjj  or  other  lo(>se  substances. 

SHO  V'£L,  V.  t.    To  take  up  and  throw  with  a  shovel  ; 
as,  to  shovel  earth  into  a  heap  or  into  a  cart,  or  out  of 
a  pit. . 
9.  To  gather  in  great  quantities.  Derkam. 

SHOV'i^L-PoARD,  n.  A  board  on  which  they  play 
by  sliding  metal  pieces  at  a  mark.  Dryih'n. 

SHOV'£L-£Dj  (shuv'ld,)  pp.     Thrown  with  a  shovel. 

SHOV'£L-ER,  w.  [from  sk,srch]  A  spt;cies  of  duck, 
Anas  clypeata  of  LinuEBUs,  remarkable  for  the  length 
and  terminal  expansion  of  the  bill.  Brandc. 

SHOV'EL-ING,  ppr.    Throwing  with  a  shovel. 

SHoW,  (sho,)  V.  t.;preU  Showed;  pp.  Shoivn  or 
Showed.  It  is  sometimes  written  Shew,  Shewed 
Shewn.  [Sax.  sceawian;  D.  schouwcn;  G.  schaueit 
Dan.  skuer.  Tliis  word,  in  most  of  the  Teutonic  di- 
alects, signifies  merely  to  look,  see,  view,  behold. 
In  Saxon,  it  signifies  to  show,  look,  view,  explore, 
regard.  This  is  doubtless  a  contracted  word.  If  the 
radical  letter  lost  was  a  labial,  shorn  coincides  with 
the  Gr.  cko-zcco,  GKcrrrofiai.  If  a  dental  has  been 
lost,  this  word  accords  with  the  Sw.  skmlaj  to  view- 
er behold.] 

I.  To  exhibit  or  present  to  the  view  of  others. 
Go  thy  way,  show  lhys';If  to  the  priest.  —  Matt,  viii, 

9.  To  afford  to  the  eye  or  to  notice;  to  contain  in 
a  visible  form. 

Nor  want  we  skill  or  art,  from  whence  to  raise 

Magnificence; ;  and  what  can  heaven  shoio  more  ?         iUii'fon. 

3.  To  make  or  enable  to  see.  Milton. 

4.  To  make  or  enable  to  perceive.  Jililton. 

5.  To  make  to  know;  to  cause  to  understand  ;  to 
make  known  to  ;  to  teach  or  inform.    Job  x. 

Know,  1  am  eent 
To  show  thee  what  ehait  come  In  future  days.  AWton. 

6.  To  prove ;  to  manifest. 

I'll  shov>  my  duty  by  my  timely  cire,  Dryden. 

7.  To  inform  ;  to  teach  ;  with  of. 

The  tune  comelh  when  I  shall  no  more  epeak  unto  you  to  proverbs, 
but  I  fihall  show  you  plainly  of  the  Father.  — John  xvi. 

8.  To  point  out,  as  a  guide. 
Thou  ehalt  shoio  them  the  way  id  which  they  must  walk.  — Ex. 

xviii. 

9.  To  bestow  ;  to  confer ;  to  afford  ;  as,  to  shoxo 
favor  or  mercy  on  any  person.     Ps.  csii.  5. 

10.  To  prove  by  evidence,  testimony,  or  authentic 
registers  or  documents. 

They  could  not  chow  their  father's  house.  — Ezra  ii. 

II.  To  disclose  ;  to  make  known. 
I  durst  not  show  you  mine  opinion.  —  Job  xxxii. 

19.  To  discover ;  to  explain  ;  as,  to  shoio  a  dream 
or  interpretation.    Dan.  ii. 

To  show  forth ;  to  manifest ;  to  publish ;  to  pro- 
claim.    1  Pet.  ii. 

To  shoio  off;  to  exhibit  in  an  ostentatious  manner. 

To  show  up  ;  to  expose.     [Colloquial.] 
SHOW,  v.  i.    To  appear ;  to  look  ;  to  be  in  appearance. 
Just  such  she  shows  before  a  rising  storm.  Dryden. 

9.  To  have  appearance  ;  to  become  or  suit  well  or 
ill. 

My  lord  of  York,  it  better  showed  with  you.     [Obs.]       SJiale. 


SHU 

SHOW,  n.    Superficial  appearance  ;  not  reality. 

Miiil  Heaven 
Disapprove*  that  care,  Uiough  wise  in  shoia.  Milton. 

9.  A  Spectacle  ;   something  offered  to  view   for 
money.  .Addison. 

3.  Ostentatious  display  or  parade. 

1  envy  none  their  pageantry  and  ahoio.  Youn^. 

4.  Appearance  as  an  object  of  notice. 

The  city  itself  mnlcm  the  noblcti  show  9f  any  In  the  world. 

Atbiison. 

5.  Public  appearance,  in  distinction  from  conceal- 
ment ;  as,  an  open  show. 

C).  Semblance ;  likeness. 

In  sitow  plebeian  angel  militant.  Rfilton, 

7.  Speciousness  ;  plausibility. 

Bui  ft  short  exile  must  for  show  precedr.  Dryden. 

8.  E.xternal  appearance. 

And  forcwl,  at  least  in  show,  to  prlie  it  more.  Dryden. 

9.  Exhibition  to  view.;  as,  a  show  of  cattle,  or  cat- 
\\c-show.  Agricult.  Societies. 

JO.  Pomp  ;  magnificent  spectacle. 

As  for  triumphs,  miuk«|  feasts,  nnil  such  shows.  Bacon. 

11,  A  phantom  ;  as,  a  fairy-sAoM.  Drydeiu 

]'J.  Representative  action ;  as,  a  dumb  show. 

JJdUison. 
13.  External  appearance  ;  hypocritical  pretense. 

Who  devour  widows'  houses,  and  for  a  show  make  long  prayers. 

—  Liukc  XX. 
Show  of  hands;  a  raising  of  hand?,  t=  a  vote  in  a 
public  meeting.  Kn<rland. 

SHoW'-BILL,  ;r.  A  broad  sheet  containing  an  ad- 
vertisement, in  large  letters,  of  books,  goods,  &c., 
placed  at  shop-doors,  windows,  &c.  Peck. 

SHoW'~EOX,  71.  A  box  containing  some  object  of  cu- 
riosity, carried  round  as  a  show. 

SHOW'-BREAD,  )  ,.,,=,,,...,  x  \  "•     [show  and  bread.] 

SHEVV'-BKEAD,  (  t*"°  "'^''""' I  Among  the  Jms, 
bread  of  exhibition  ;  the  loaves  of  bread  which  the 
priest  of  the  week  placed  before  the  Lord,  on  the 
golden  tabic  in  the  sjinctuary.  Tlu-y  were  made  of 
fine  flour  unleavened,  and  changed  every  Sabbath, 
The  loaves  were  twelve  in  number,  and  represented 
the  twelve  tribes  of  Israel.  They  were  to  be  eaten 
by  the  priests  only,  and  that  in  the  holy  place. 


Leviticus.     Kitto. 
SIIoW'-GaSE,  v.     a  case  or  box  in  shops,   with 
plates  or  glass  on  the  top  or  in  front,  within  which 
delicate  or  valuable  articles  are  placed  for  exhibi- 
tion. 
SHOWER,  n.    One  who  shows  or  exhibits. 
SHOWER,  n.     [Sax.  scur;  G.  sdtaucr,  a  shower,  hor- 
ror ;  schaucni^  to  shower,  to  shiver,  shudder,  quake. 
Uu.  Heb.  Ch.  and  Ar.  "^/'S',  to  be  rough,  to  shud- 
der.] 

1.  A  fall  of  rain  or  hail,  of  short  duration.  It  may 
be  applied  to  a  like  fall  of  snow,  hut  this  seldom  oc- 
curs. It  is  applied  to  a  fall  of  rain  or  hail  of  short 
continuance,  of  nmre  or  less  violence,  but  never  to  a 
storm  of  long  continuance. 

9.  Afall  of  things  from  the  air  in  thick  succession; 
as,  a  shower  of  darts  or  arrows  ;  a  sliower  of  stones. 

Pope. 
3.  A  copious  supply  bestowed  ;  liberal  distribu- 
tion ;  as,  a  great  shower  of  gifts.  SkaJc. 
SHOWER,  V.  t.    To  water  with  a  shower ;  to  wet 
copiously  with  rain  ;  as,  to  shower  the  earth. 

Milton. 
9.  To  bestow  liberally ;  to  distribute  or  scatter  in 
abundance. 

Cesar's  favor 
That  shoieers  down  greatness  oo  his  friends.  Addison. 

3.  To  wet  with  falling  water,  as  in  the  shower- 
bath. 

SHOWER,  V.  i.    To  rain  in  showers. 

SHOWER-BATH,  lu  [shower  and  bath.]  Water 
showered  upon  a  person  by  some  contrivance  from 
above  ;  also,  a  contrivance  for  effecting  this. 

SHOWER-SD,  pp.  Wet  with  a  shower  or  with  fall- 
ing water  ;  watered  abundantly  ;  bestowed  or  distrib- 
uted libcrallv. 

SHOW'ER-ING,  ppr.  Wetting  with  a  shower  or  with 
falling  water  ;  bestowing  or  distributing  liberally. 

SHOWER-LESS,  a.     Without  showers.    Armstrong. 

SHOWER-Y,  a.  Raining  in  showers;  abounding 
with  t^tquent  falls  of  rain, 

SHOWI-LY,  adv.  In  a  showy  manner  ;  pompously  ; 
with  parade. 

SHOW'I-NESS,  w.  Stale  of  being  showy  ;  pompous- 
ness  ;  great  parade. 

SHOWING,  ppr.  Presenting  to  view  ;  exhibiting; 
proving. 

SHOWING,  7(,    A  presentation  to  \iew  ;  exhibition. 

SHoWISH,  a.    Splendid  ;  gaudy.     [Little  used.] 

Swift. 
9.  Ostentatious. 

SHOWN,  pp.  of  Show.  Exhibited;  manifested; 
proved. 

SHOWY,  a.  Splendid  ;  gay  ;  gaudy  ;  makinga  great 
show  ;  fine.  Addison. 

9.  Ostentatious. 

SHRAG,  V.  U     To  lop.     [J^ot  in  use.] 


FATE,  FXR,  FALL,  WH.\T.— MiiTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.- 
1036       " 


SHR 

SHKAO,  a.    A  t\vi«  of  a  tree  cut  off.    [J^iTot  in  use.] 
SHRAil'GER,  n.    One  lliat  lops;  one  that  trims  trees. 

{A",;!  in  me.} 
SIIRAXK,  prei.  of  Shrink,  is  nenrlv  obsolete. 
SHKAP,    Mt.     A  place  baitoil  with  c haft"  to  invite 
SHRaPK,  i^     birds.     [JVot  m  use.] 
SUKAP'NELL  SHELL,  n.   In  n-unnw?/,  a  name  given 

to  shells  filled  with  aqnantitj'of  musketballs,  which, 

when  the  shell  explodes,  are  projected  still  farther. 

Brande. 
SHRED,  r.  t. :  pret.  and  pp.  Shred.     [Sax.  screadan,  to 

cut  off:  Sw.  skraddarc,  a  tailor.] 
To  cut  into  small  pieces,  particularly  narrow  and 

lung  pieces,  as  of  cloth  or  leather.    It  differs  from 

MiscE,  which  signifies  to  chop  into  pieces  fine  and 

short. 
SHRED,  71.    A  long,  narrow  piece  cut  off;  as,  sitreds 

of  cl:hth.  Bacon. 

3.  A  frasraent ;  a  piece  ;  as,  shred.^  of  wit     Swi/L 
SHTIED'DIXG,  ppr.    Cutting  into  shreds. 
SHRED'DIN'G,n,    A  cutting  into  shreds  ;  that  which 

is  cut  off;  a  piece.  Hooker. 

SHRED'LESS,  a.     Having  no  shreds.  Bip-aiu 

SUnCW,  (shru,)  n.     [I  know  not  the  original  sense  of 

this  wonl.    If  it  signifies  a  brawler,  it  may  be  from 

D.  schreemoen,  to    brawl,  G.  schreierty   Dan.  skrirrer. 

Hut  AAsArcw,  in  Chaucer,  is  interpreted  to  curse.]  ' 

1.  A  peevish,  brawling,  turbulent,  vexatious 
woman.  It  appears  originally  to  have  been  ap- 
yVii-A  to  males  as  well  as  females  :  but  it  is  now  re- 
f-Lricted  to  the  latter. 

TUe  mat!  iad  got  a  shrtto  for  his  Aife,  and  tJisre  could  be  no 
quiet  ill  [he  tiou33  witli  Iier.  L'Estrange. 

2.  A  shrew-mouse. 

SHREW,  V.  L    To  bsshrew ;  to  curse.     [Obs.] 

Chaucer. 
SHREWD,  (shriide,)  a.    Having   the   qualities  of  a 
shrew ;      vexatious ;     troublesome  j     mischievous 
[Obs.]  Skak. 

•2.  i<ly  ;  cunning ;  arch ;  subtle  ;  artful ;  astute 
as,  a  ^.'■.rncd  man. 

3.  Sagacious;  of  nice  discernment;  as,  a  shrewd 
observer  of  men. 

4.  Proceeding  irorci  cunning  or  sagacity,  or  con- 
taining it ;  as,  a  shrewd  saying  ;  a  shrewd  conjecture. 

5.  I'aiDful ;  vexatious ;  troublesome 

ETerr  of  tliis  number 
Ti».it  have  eiidared  shreted  nigiils  aud  days  tritii  us.       Shak. 

No  eoemy  Is  90  desfncabte  but  he  TOiy  do  one  a  shTced  lum. 
[Obs.]  L'Estrange. 

SKRE\VD'LY,  (shrude'le,)  adv.  Mischievously ;  de- 
structively. 

TiiLs  pHxaicc  halh  meet  «ftreL3cCy  passed  iipon  thee.  [06s.]  STiak. 

2.  Vesatiously  ;  lused  of  slight  miscMef. 

Tbe  cbslin.ite  and  BchKmatical  are  like  to  (hjnk  themselves 
ahreudttf  hort  by  bein^  cut  from  ilat  body  ihay  chose  not 
to  be  ot:     [OU.]  South. 

Yet  seemed  she  not  to  wince,  through  ehrej£d!y  pained. 

[06*.]  Dryden. 

3.  Archly ;  sagaciously ;  with  good  guess ;  as,  I 
shrrtrdlv  suspect;  he  shrewdly  observed.      Locke. 

SHREVVD'NESS,  n.    Sly  cunning;  archness. 

Th:;  ocigubois  round  tuinilie  his  threadness.  Siol/l. 

2.  Sagaciot!snes3 :  sagacity ;  the  quality  of  nice 
discernment, 

3.  Mischievousness ;  vexatiousness.    [JVot  in  use.] 

Chaucer. 
SHREWISH,  (shrii'-,)  a.    Having  the  qualities  of  a 
shrew  ;  froward  ;  peevish  ;  petulantly  clamorous. 

My  wife  is  shrevn£h  Trben  I  fcp'ep  not  honrs.  Shak. 

SHREW'ISH-LY,  ado.  Peevishly  ;  clamorously ;  tur- 
buleDtly. 

He  epeakB  very  shremishli/.  57tcJt. 

SHREWISH- XESS,  n.  Th-  qualities  of  a  shrew; 
frowardness ;  petulance;  turbulent  cl  amorousness. 

I  have  no  gift  in  shrc^shness.  5'Aai-. 

SHREW-MOUSE,  n.     [Sax.  screawa.) 

An  insecti\'oroU3  mammal  resemblitiganiouse^but 
belonging  to  the  genus  Porex ;  an  animal  that  bur- 
rows in  the  ground,  feediiig  on  the  larves  of  insects, 
(ice,  _  It  is  a  harmless  animal. 

SHRIkK,  (shreek,)  r.  t.  [Dan.  skriger;  Sw.  skrir.-n; 
G.  -':c.''reien:  D.  schreijcni  the  two  latter  contracted  ; 
W.  yf-gre^ian^  from  creg^  a  scream  or  shriek,  al?o 
rough,  rugged,  Eng.  to  creak,  whence  screechy  and 
vulgarly  screak;  hence  W.  ys^reg,  ^  jay»  from  its 
scream  ;  creg,  hoarse,  crygi^  hoarseness,  roughness, 
from  the  root  of  rugged^  and  L.  ruo-a,  wrinkled,  ruso^ 
to  bmy;  all  from  straining,  and  hence  breaking, 
bursting,  cracking ;  allied  to  crack  and  crackle;  It. 
scricci'tiolare.] 

To  utter  a  sharp,  shrill  cr>' ;  to  scream ;  as  in  a 
sudden  fright,  in  horror  or  anguish. 

At  this  she  thrieied  aloud.  Dn/Jeti. 

U  wa*  the  owl  that  ihriekcd.  .-^liSL'i. 

SHRIeK,  71.  A  sharp,  shrill  outcry  or  scream,  such 
as  is  produced  by  sudden  terror  or  extreme  angiiish. 

Shruks,  cUmou,  D-.DrT..nn,  fui  rU'  affrighted  lov.:i.     IJnHen. 

SHRTf.K'ER,  n.    One  who  utters  a  shriek.  Crabbc. 
SUEIeK'ING,  ppf.  ce  2.     Crying  out  with  a  ?hrin 
voice. 


SHR 


SHR 


SHRIeK'ING,  n.    A  cry, ng  out  with  a  shrill  voire. 

/?;■).  Ta-ji.r. 
SHRIeVAL,  o.      r  itainu..;  to  a  slierill.      [JVV:   in 

use.] 
SHRIEV'AL-TY,  71.     [from  sheriS]  Sheriffalty ;  the 

office  of  a  sheriff. 

It  was  orJaJneJ  by  23  Edward  I.  that  the  people  stuiU  have 
elecuon  of  sheriff  in  every  ehire,  where  the  ahrimiaHy  is 
iiol  of  inberilance.  BtacXslove. 

SHIllEVE,7u    Sheriff,     [^''ot  ia  use.] 

SliRIFT,  71.     [Sax.  scrifi.] 

Confession  made  to  a  priest.     (Obs.]  Hhak. 

SIIRTGHT,  for  Shrieked.  Chaucer. 

SHRiGHT,  ji.     A  shriek.     [JVot  in  vse.]         Spenser. 

SHRIKE,  7t.  [See  Shriek.]  The  butcher-bird;  a 
common  name  of  the  birds  belonging  to  the  genus 
Lauius.  The  shrikes  breed  on  trees  and  seize  living 
prey.  Jardinc. 

SHRILL,  a.  [W.  ^(7/,  a  sharp  noise  ;  Arm.  scrilh^  a 
cricket,  L.  gryllus,  Fr.  g-rillon,  Sp.  and  It.  grillo ;  It. 
striUare,  to  scream.] 

1.  Sharp  ;  acute  ;  piercing  ;  as  sound  ;  as,  a  shrill 
voice  ;  shrill  echoes.  Shak. 

9.  Uttering  an  acute  sound  ;  as,  the  cock's  shrill 
sounding  throat ;  a  shrill  trumpet. 

JVute.  —  A  shrill  sound  may  be  tremulous  or  trill- 
ing ;  but  this  circumstance  is  not  essential  to  it,  al- 
though it  seems  to  be  from  the  rucl  of  trill. 
SHRILL,  V.  i.    To  utter  an  acute,  piercing  sound. 

Break  we  OLir  pipes,  Uiat  ehrilUd  as  loud  as  lark.       Spenser. 
SHRILL,  V.  t.    To  cause  to  make  a  shrill  sound. 

Spenser. 
SHRILL'NESS,  n.    Acuteness  of  sound ;  sharpness 

or  fineness  of  voice.  Smith-. 

SHRIL'LY,  adv.    Acutely,  as  sound;   with  a  sharp 

sound  or  voice.  More. 

SHRLMP,  r.  t.  [D.  h-impen :  Dan.  slcrumper,  to  crum- 
ple, to  shrink  ;  G.  schrumpfen  ;  W.  croin,  crwm^  bend- 
ing or  shrinking  in.] 

To  contract.     [JVot  hi  use.]  EcliarJ. 

SHRmiP,  n.  [Supra.]  A  long-tailed,  decapod,  cnis- 
taceous  animal,  allied  to  the  lobster.  It  has  long, 
slender  feelers,  claws  with  a  single,  hooked  fang, 
and  three  pair  of  legs.  There  are  numerous  species, 
some  of  which  are  esteemed  delicious  food. 

2.  A  little,  wrinkled  man;  a  dwarf ;  in  contemiit 

Shal: 
SHRlNE,  n.     [Sax.  serin. ;  G.  schrein ;  Sw.  skrin  ,•   L. 
scrinium  ;  It.  scri^nio ;  Fr.  ccrin.     See  Skreen.] 

A  case  or  box ;  particularly  applied  to  a  case  in 
which  sacred  things  are  deposited.  Hence,  a  reliqua- 
rj',  tomb,  or  altar.  We  hear  much  of  shrines  for 
relics. 

Come,  o£er  at  rsy  skrine,  nod  I  will  help  thee.  SJiak. 

SHRINK,  V.  i.jipret.  and  pp.  Shrunk.  The  old  pret. 
Shrank,  and  pp.  Shrunken,  are  nearly  obsolete. 
[Sax.  scrincan.    If  7i  is  not  radical,  the  root  is  rig  or 

1.  To  contract  spontaneously ;  to  draw  or  he  drawn 
into  less  length,  breadtli,  or  compass  b;.'  an  inlierent 
power;  as,  woolen  cloth  shrinks  in  hot  water;  a 
Haxen  or  hempen  line  shrin';s  in  a  htimid  atmos- 
phere.   Many  substances  shrink  by  drying. 

9.  To  slirivel ;  to  become  wrinkled  by  contraction  ; 
as  the  skill. 

3.  To  withdraw  or  retire,  as  from  danger;  to  de- 
cline action  from  fear.  A  bra%'e  man  never  shriitks 
from  danger  ;  a  good  man  doss  not  shrink  from  duty. 

4.  To  recoil,  as  in  fear,  horror,  or  distress.  My 
mind  shrinks  from  the  recital  of  our  woes. 


"What  happier  natures  shrink  at  with  affright, 
The  hard  inhabitant  contends  is  right. 


Pope. 


5.  To  express  fear,  horror,  or  pain  by  shrugging  or 
contracting  tiie  body.  Shak. 

SHRINK,  V.  t.  To  cause  to  contract ;  as,  to  shrink 
flannel  by  immersing  it  in  boiling  water. 

O  mighty  Oj.'u-  (  dost  thou  lie  bo  low  1 

An  ail  tiiy  conquesle,  glories,  triumphs,  spoils, 

.57irujit  to  this  lilOe  measure  1  Shak. 

SHRIXK,  n.  Contraction ;  a  spontaneous  drawing 
into  less  compass  ;  corrugation.  Woodward. 

2.  Contraction ;  a  withdrawing  from  fear  or  liorror. 

Daniel. 

SHRINK' AGE,  t!.  A  shrinking  or  contraction  into  a 
less  compass.  Make  an  allowance  for  the  shrinking 
of  grain  in  drj'ing. 

SHRtXK'ER,  n.  One  that  shrinks;  one  that  with- 
draws from  danger. 

SHRIXK'ING,  ppr.  Contracting  ;  drawing  together  ; 
withdrawing  from  danger;  declining  to  act  from 
fear;  causing  to  contract. 

SHRINK'ING,  H.    A  contraction  or  spontaneous  draw- 
ing into  less  compass. 
•2.  The  act  of  drawing  back  through  fear. 

SHRINK'ING-LY,  adc.    By  shrinking. 

SHRIV'AL^TY.     See  Shrievalty. 

SHRIVE,  7'.  (,  [Sax.  scrifan,  to  take  a  confession. 
Itiit  the  sense  seems  to  be,  to  enjoin  or  impose  pen- 
ance, or  simply  to  enjoin.] 

'J'o  hear  or  receive  the  confession  of;  to  administer 
confession  ;  as  a  priest. 

He  Mrioe*  this  woman.     [Obs.]  Sliak. 


SHRIV'/CL,  (shriv'],)r.i.    [from  the  root  of  rirei,  Sax. 

gerifted.] 

To  contract ;  to  draw  or  be  drawn  into  wrinkles ; 

to  shrink  and  form  corrugations  ;  as,  a  leaf  shrivels 

in  Ihr  hot  sun  ;  the  skiri  shrivels  with  age. 
SHRIV'/CL,  r.  t.    To  contract  into  wrinkles  ;  tocausc 

to  shrink  into  corrugations.    Aecorcliing  sun  ahrirfU 

the  blades  of  corn. 

And  thriceled  h;rb«  on  wltlierbg  Menu  decky.  Drydeu. 

SHRlV'£Ij-JvD,  pp.  or  a.    Contracted  into  wrinkl-a. 
SHR1V'/;L-IXG,  ppr.    Contracting  into  wrinkU;-. 
SHRA'^'ER,  7i.    [from  shrice.]    A  confessor.     [Obs.] 

Shak. 
SHRIVING,  71.    Shrift ;  confession  taken.    [  Obs.] 

Spenser. 
SHROFF,  n.    In  tlit  East  Indies,  a  banker. 
SHROUD,  n.    [Sax.  senid,  clothing.] 

1.  A  shelter;  a  cover;  that  which  covers,  con- 
ceals, or  protects. 

Swaddled,  as  new  born,  in  sable  $hroudt.  Sanflyj. 

9.  The  dress  of  the  dead  ;  a  winding-sheet. 

Younfj. 

3.  Shroud  or  shrouds  of  a  ship;  a  range  oil  :>■;■■ 
ropes  extending  from  the  head  of  a  mast  to  • 

and  left  sides  of  the  ship,  to  support  the  ni: 
enable  them  tn  carry  sail;  as,  the  main 
fore  .shrouds ;  mi/.zcn  shrouds.    There  are  aj»o  lut- 
tock  shroudsj  bowsprit  shrouds^  Sec. 

Jilar.  Diet,     Jlebert. 

4.  A  branch  of  a  tree.    [JVot  proper.]       Warton. 
SHROUD,  B.  L    To  cover;  to  shelter  from  danger  or 

annoyance. 

Under  your  beams  I  will  nie  safely  throud. 
One  of  these   trees,  with  all   its  young  0.1  . , 
hundred  horsemen. 

5.  To  dress  for  the  grave ;  to  cover ;  as  a  dead 

body. 

The  ancient  EgrpUao  mummies  were  ehrotided  iu  •crrra!  folds 
of  linen  besmeared  with  gvms.  Baccn. 

3.  To    cover;    to    conceal;    to   hide;   as,  to    be 

shrouded  in  darkness. 

Some  tempest  rise, 
And  blow  out  r!I  (he  ettrs  that  light  the  sliii  5,  ' 

'J'o  ehroitd  ny  ^u-tine.  Drydtn.        \ 

A.  To  defend  ;  to  protect  by  hiding. 

So  Tentis  from  prevailing  Greeks  did  shroud 

The  hope  of  Koine,  and  saved  him  in  a  cioud.  Waller. 

5.  To  overwhelm  ;  as,  to  be  shrouded  in  despair. 
G.  To  lop  the  branches  of  a  tree,     [dniisual  or  im- 
proper.] Cfiambers. 
SHROUD,  V.  i.    To  take  shelter  or  harbor. 

!f  your  stray  attendants  be  yet  lodged 

Or  shroud  within  these  limits.  AlVton. 

SHROUD'ED,   pp.     Dressed;    covered;   concealed; 

sheltered  ;  overwhelmed. 

SHROUD'ING,  ppr.    Dressing ;  covering ;  concealing  ; 
sheltering;  overwhelming. 

SHROUD'Y,  a.    Affording  slieller.  Jifdlon. 

SfHloVE,  7'.  i.    To  join  in  the  festivities  of  Shrove- 
tide.   [Obs.]  Beaum. 

SHRoVE'-TiDE,  )  77.    [Uom  shrove. 

SHRoVE'-TuES-DAY,  (-tuz-de,)  \     pret.  of  shrive, 
to  take  a  confession.    See  Tide  and  Tl-esdat.] 

Confession-time;  confession-Tuesday;  the  Tues- 
day after  Quinquagesima  Sunday,  or  the  day  imme- 
diately preceding  the  tirst  of  Lent,  or  Ash  \Vcdnes- 
day  ;  on  which  day,  all  the  people  of  England,  when 
Roman  Catholics,  were  obliged  to  confers  their  sins 
one  by  one  to  their  parish  priests  ;  after  which  they 
dined  on  pancakes  or  fritters.  Th.*  latter  practice 
still  continues.  'J'he  bell  mng  on  tliis  day  is  vul- 
garly called  pAN'CiKE-BEi.L,  and  the  day  itself  Pan- 
cake-Tuesday. P.  Cye.    Brande. 

SHRoV'ING,  n.    The  festivity  of  Shrove-tide. 

SHRUB,  n.     [Sax.  scrob,  G.  sero_f,  rugged;  Ir.  sgra- 
bacft,  rough.    See  ScKun.] 

A  low,  dwarf  tree ;  a  woody  plant  of  a  size  less 
than  a  tree ;  or,  more  striethj,  a  plant  with  several 
permanent  woody  stems,  dividing  from  the  bottom, 
more  slender  and  lower  than  in  trees  ;  a  pl;mt  with 
several  woody  stems  from  the  same  root. 

Rncyc.    Jilartyn. 
Gooseberries  and  currants  arc  shrvis;  osks  and  chcrrits  are 
trees.  Locke. 


SHRUB,  71.     [Ar.  4 


-^. 


M  shurbon,  drink,  and  from  the 


same  source,  sirup.  The  Arabic  verb  signifies  to 
drink,  to  imbibe,  whence  L.  sorbeo.  See  Shebret 
and  Absorb.] 

A  liquor  composed  of  acid  and  sugar,  with  spirit 
to  preserve  it :  usiiallv  the  acid  of  lemons. 
SHRUB,  V.  t.     To  clear  of  shrubs.  .dadcrsoru 

SHRUB'BER-Y,  77.    Shrubs  in  general. 

2,  A  plantation  of  shrubs. 
SHRUB'BI-NESS,  ::.    The  state  or  quality  of  being 

sbrubhv. 
SHKUB'BING,  ppr.    Clearing  of  shrubs. 
SHRUB'B  Y,  a.     Full  of  shrubs ;  as,  a  shrubby  plain. 
2.  Resembling  a  shrub  ;  as,  plants  shrubby  and 
curled.  JHortimcr. 


TONE,  BULL,  liNITE.— AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS €  as  K  ;  6  as  J ;  S  as  Z;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


SHU 


SHY 


with    several 

Mavtijii. 


3   Consisting   of  shrub3  or  brush;    as,    shrubbij 
lirnwBC.  .  fl"l'P^- 

4.  A    sirubbij    plant    is    peronnui 
woodv  steins. 
SIIRUli'I-ESS,  a.     Ilavins  no  shrubs. 
SIIRUFF,  n.     [G.  ic/iro#;  rugged.] 

Dross  ;  recrement  of  inetais.     [JVut  in  use.]     Diet. 

SHRUG,  V.  t.   [This  word  is  probably  formed  from  the 

root  of  G.  nlkeii,  the  back,  D.  run-.  Sax.  hric  or  hrij^, 

Ihc  back,  a  rid^e,  W.  crug,  a  heap,  cnsg,  a  crook, 

li.  ruga,  a  wrinkle,  Eng.  rough.] 

To  dmw  up  ;  lo  contract ;  a-s,  to  :<hrug  the  shoul- 
ders. The  word  seems  to  be  limited  in  its  use  to  the 
shoulders,  and  to  denote  a  particular  motion  which 
raises  the  shoulders  and  rounds  the  back. 
SIlKLKi,  ii.  i.  To  raise  or  draw  up  the  shoulders,  as 
in  expressing  horror  or  dissatisfaction. 

Tlicy  ?riii,  they  shrns,  , 

They  bow,  they  sii.-ul,  Ihcy  scratch,  iIk-j  hug.  Stirt/!. 

SimUG,  ?i.     A  drawiufT  up  of  the  shoulders;  a  motion 
usually  expressing  dislike  or  slight  contempt. 


'i'he  Spmiianls  talk  in  dialopnea 

Of  Ii'SuU  .iiid  BhouIdcR,  noils  luid  ehruse.  lludthras. 

SHUUG'GING,  ppr.    Drawing  up,  as  tlie  shoulders. 
S11RL'.\K,  jirrt.  and  pp.  of  Shuin'k. 
SHRUNK' iKN,  pp.  of  SiintNK.     [jVairhj  obsolete.] 
SHUCK,  n.    A  shell  or  covering;  a  husk  or  pod. 

HalliweU. 
SnUD'DER,  I',  i.     [G.  sriiauilcm,  .vc/mHcitt  ;  I),  schud- 

dcn.    'I'liis  word  contains  the  same  elements  as  the 

L.  ijiudio.] 
To  (juake ;  to  tremble  or  shake  with  fear,  liorror, 

or  aversion  ;  to  shiver. 

I  I.JVC  —  «Ias  I  I  shudder  i\t  the  name.  Sinilli. 

SHUD'DER,  n.  A  tremor ;  a  shaking  witli  f.ar  or 
horror.  S/tafc 

iJlIUD'DER-ING,  ;ijir.  or  a.  Trembling  or  shakmg 
Willi  fearer  horror;  quaking. 

SHUU'DER-IXG,  ii.  A  trembling  or  shaking  with 
fear  or  horiur. 

SHUD'DER-ING-LY,  adv.    With  tremor. 

SHUfFLE,  ».  (.  [U.  sclwffden,  to  shove,  to  shovel, 
to  shuffle;  dim.  of  Shove.  See  Shove  and  Scuf- 
fle.] 

1.  Propei-ly,  to  shove  one  way  and  the  other ;  to 
push  from  one  to  another ;  as,  tij  shuffle  money  from 
hand  to  hand.  Loeh-e. 

2.  To  mix  by  pushing  or  shoving  ;  to  confuse;  to 
throw  into  disorder  ;  espeeialhj,  to  change  the  relative 
positions  of  cards  in  the  pack. 

A  man  may  fi/i»/?^c  canis  or  rattle  ilice  from  noon  to  midnight, 
without  traCJiig  .a  new  idea  in  liis  mhid.  liajjibler. 

.1.  To  remove  or  introduce  by  artificial  confusion. 

It  was  contrived  hy  your  enemies,  and  ehtijlcd  into  tlie  papera 
thai  wea-  seij.;d.  Dn/,lf,i. 

To  shuSJie  off;  to  push  off;  to  rid  one's  self  of. 
When  vou  lay  blame  to  a  child,  he  will  attempt  to 
shuffle  it  off. 

To  shuffle  up  ;  to  throw  together  in  haste ;  to 
makeup  or  form  in  confusion  or  with  fraudulent  dis- 
order ;  as,  he  shuffled  up  a  peace.  HawelL 
SHUF'FLE,  t'.  i.  To  chtinge  the  relative  position  of 
cards  in  a  pack  by  little  shoves ;  as,  to  shuffle  and 
cut. 

2.  To  change  the  position ;  to  shift  ground  ;  to 
prevaricate ;  to  evade  fair  questions ;  to  practice 
shifts  to  elude  detection. 

Hiding  my  lionor  in  my  necessity,  I  am  fain  to  shujjle.    ShaJc. 

3.  To  struggle  ;  to  shift. 

Your  life,  good  master, 
Must  shtiju  for  itself.  Sliak. 

4.  To  move  with  an  irregular  gait ;  as,  a  shuffling 
nag. 

.').  To  shove  the  feet;  to  scrape  the  floor  in  dan- 
cing,    r  f^ulgar.]  Shali. 
SHUF'FLE,  II.    A  shoving,  pushing,  or  jostling;  the 
act  of  mixing  and  throwing  into  confusion  by  change 
of  places. 

The  un^iided  a^t-ation  and  rude  shitjfles  of  matter.    BettUey. 
9.  An  evasion  ;  a  trick  ;  an  artifice.    UEstraiige. 
SIIUF'FLE-BoARD  ;    the  old  spelling  of   Shovel- 

IIOAltD. 

SHUF'FLE-CAP,  7!.  A  play  performed  by  shaking 
money  in  a  hat  or  cap.  Arbutknot. 

SHUF'FLED,  pp.     Moved  by  little  shoves  ;  mixed. 

SHUF'FLER,  «.  One  that  shuffles  or  prevaricates; 
one  that  iihiys  tricks  :  one  that  sjiufflcs  cards. 

SHUF'FIjIXG,  ppr.     .Moving  by  little  shoves  one  way 
and  the  other ;  changing  the  places  of  cards ;  pre- 
varicating ;  evading;  playing  trick.s. 
2.  a.     Evasive  ;  as,  a  shuffling  excuse. 

SnUF'FLING,  71.  The  act  of  throwing  into  confti- 
sion,  or  of  changing  the  relative  position  of  things 
by  shoving  or  motion. 

2.  Trick  ;  artifice  ;  evasion. 

3.  An  irregular  gait. 
SIIUF'FLING-LY,  adv.    With  shuffling  ;  with  an  ir- 

rt'trular  gait  or  pace.  Drrtden. 

SIlO'MAe, 71.  Sumach,  which  see.  JUcCulloeh. 
SHUN.  V.  i.    [Sak.  scuuian,  ascunian ;  allietl,  perhaps, 

to  D.  sehuincUy  to  slope.] 


1.  'I'o  avoid  ;  to  keep  clear  of;  not  lo  fall  on  or 
come  in  contact  with  ;  as,  to  shun  rocks  iind  shoal.s 
in  navigation.  In  shuuning  Scylla,  take  care  to  avoid 
Charybdis. 

2.  To  avoid ;  not  to  mix  or  ;issociate  with  ;  as,  to 
shun  evil  company. 

3.  To  avoid  ;  not  to  practice  ;  as,  to  shun  vice. 

4.  To  avoid  ;  to  escape  ;  as,  to  shun  a  blow. 

5.  To  avoid  ;  to  decline  ;  to  neglect. 

i  have  not  iliUniud  to  ilcclato  l!ic  whole  counsel  of  Ciotl.  —  Act* 
XX. 

SHUN'LESS,  a.  Not  to  he  avoided  ;  inevitable  ;  un- 
avoidable ;  as,  shuulcss  destiny.    [Little  used.) 

ShuL 

SHUN'NBD,  (slmnd,)  pp.    Avoided. 

SHUN'NING,  ;v)r.  Avoiding;  kct;ping  clear  frinn ; 
declining. 

SHUNT,  71.  [Contraction  of  .v.'iioi  if.]  In  rua»(ii/.v,  a 
turning  off  to  a  short  rail,  that  the  principal  rail  may 
be  left  free.     [Kngland.]  Smart, 

SHURK.    See  Sniiiit. 

SHUT,  2\  t.  ;  pret.  and  pp.  Smvt.  [Sax.  s^attan,  sajt- 
ten,  to  bolt  or  make  fast,  to  shut  in.  Tins  seems  to 
lie  derived  from  or  connected  with  i:cyttcl,  a  bolt  or 
bar,  a  .leutllc,  sajUa,  a  shooter,  an  arclier,  scytan,  sceo- 
tan,  stolimi,  to  shoot,  D.  schutten,  to  sto;!,  defend,  pttr- 
ry,  pound,  cmiftiie,  which  seems  to  bo  allied  to  schut- 
tcr,  a  shooter.  So  in  G.  sch^liicn,  to  defend,  anil 
schntze,  a  shooter  ;  Dan.  skijttcr,  to  defend  ;  skyttc,  a 
shooter  ;  Sw.  skydda,  to  defend  ;  skyU,  a  marksman. 
The  sense  of  these  words  is  expressed  by  slwot,  and 
this  is  the  primary  sense  of  a  bolt  that  fastens,  from 
thrusting,  driving.] 

1.  To  close  so  as  to  hinder  ingress  or  egress ;  as, 
to  .■.•/17I1  a  door  or  gale  ;  to  shut  the  eyes  or  the  mouth. 

2.  'Po  prohibit  ;  to  bar  ;  to  forbid  entrance  into ;  as, 
to  shut  the  ports  of  a  kingdom  by  a  blockade. 

Sliall  diat  he  shutlu  miiu,  which  lo  tlie  Ijcasl 

Is  open  I  Milum. 

3.  To  preclude  ;  to  e.wlude. 

But  s/mt  from  every  shore.  Dryden. 

•1.  To  close,  as  the  fingers ;  to  contract ;  as,  to  shut 
the  hand. 

To  shut  in;  to  inclose  ;  to  confine. 

And  the  Loni  shut  him  in.  —  ticn.  vii. 

2.  Spoken  of  points  if  land,  when  by  the  progress 
of  a  ship  one  point  is  brought  to  cover  or  intercept  the 
view  of  another.  It  is  then  said,  we  shut  in  such  a 
point,  wc  .!,'<iit  iTi  tho  land  ;  or  one  point  shuts  in  an- 
other. 

To  t^hnt  out:  to  preclude  from  entering;  to  deny 
admission  to ;  to  exclude ;  as,  to  .ihut  out  rain  by  a 
tight  roof.  An  interesting  subject  ocripying  the 
mind,  shuLi  out  all  other  thoughts. 

To  shut  up  ,-  to  close ;  to  make  fast  the  entrances 
into;  as,  to  shut  up  a  house. 

2.  To  obstruct. 

JJ.iiigenjtis  rocits  c/iul  up  Uj.  pas.^.igc.  Ralesh. 

3.  To  confine ;  to  imprison  ;  to  lock  or  fasten  in ; 
as,  to  shut  up  a  prisoner. 

4.  'I'o  confine  hy  legal  or  moral  restraint. 

Before  f.iilli  came,  we  were   kept  under  the  law,  slluf  up  lo  the 
faith,  wliich  should  itlterward  he  revealed.  —Gal.  iii. 

5.  To  end  ;  to  terminate ;  to  conclude. 

When  the  sc-*ne  of  life  is  shut  up,  the  slave  wiU  lie  above  his 
master,  if  he  has  acted  better.  Collier, 

SHUT,  I'.  7.    To  close  itself ;  to  be  closed.    The  door 
shuts  of  itself;  it  shuts  hard.    Certain  flowers  shut  at 
night,  and  open  in  the  day. 
SHUT,  pp.    Closed  ;  having  the  entrance  barred. 

9.  a.     Rid  ;  clear ;  free.  L^Estrange. 

SHUT,  71.    Close  ;  the  act  of  closing  ;  as,  the  shut  of  a 

door;  the. ■■■/lat  of  evening.    [Little  used,]     Dnjden. 

2.  .\  small  door  or  cover.    But  Shutter  is  more 
generally  used. 
SHUT'TER,  71.    A  person  that  shuts  or  closes. 

2.  A  close  cover  for  a  winilow  or  other  aperture. 
SHUT'TING,  ppr.      Closing  ;   prohibiting  entrance  ; 

confining. 
SHUT'TLE,  71.     [from  the  root  of  shoot :  Ice.  .ikutul.] 
An  instrument  used  by  weavers  for  passing  or 
shooting  the  thread  of  the  woof  in  weaving  from  one 
side  of  the  cloth  to  the  other,  between  the  threads  of 
the  warp. 

IIlu?:?LE:€ORK;i"'     [^^'"''-"'>"^*'] 

A  cork  stuck  with  feathers,  used  to  be  struck  by  a 
battledore  in  play  ;  also,  the  phiy. 

SHV,  a.  [G.  !!ckeii,  shy  ;  skeuckcn,  to  scare, and  schciien^ 
to  shun  ;  D.  schuw,  shy  ;  sckuwen^  to  shun  ;  Sw.  skyggj 
shy,  and  shj,  to  shun  ;  Dan.  .-ikij,  shy,  and  slcycr^  to 
shun,  to  esclicw.  In  Sp.  cj^guivo  is  sliyj  and  csquivar, 
to  shun  ;  It.  sckifo,  shy,  and  achifare,  to  shun.  Tiie 
two  last-mentioned  languages  have  a  labial  for  the 
last  radical ;  but  possibly  tlie  words  may  be  of  the 
same  family.  The  G.  sc'lteuchcn,  to  scare,  is  our  skoo, 
a  word  used  for  scaring  away  fowls.] 

1.  Fearful  of  near  approach  ;  keeping  at  a  distance 
through  caution  or  timidity  ;  shunning  approach  ;  as, 
a  sky  bird. 

She  ia  represented  In  a  eAy,  reliriiig  posture.  Addison. 


SIC 

2.  Reserved  ;  not  familiar ;  coy ;  avoiding  freedom 
of  iiitcrcourse. 

What  makes  you  so  shy,  my  gooil  friend  ?  ArhutJirot. 

3.  Cautious  ;  wary ;  careful  to  avoid  ctimmitting 
one's  self  or  adopting  measures. 

I  urn  very  shy  of  ustnj 
medicines. 

4.  Suspicious ;  jealous. 

Piinccs  arc,  by  wisdom  of  slate,  aomewliat  s/iy  of  their  snccetaors 


corrosive  liquon  In  the  preparation  o* 
Bojk. 


IKoltor 

SII7, 1).  i.    To  start  suddenly  aside,  as  a  horse 

llaW.wcU. 
SHt,  71.    In  horsemanship,  the  starting  suddenly  aside 

of  a  horse.  farm,  Em-.yc. 

SHS'LY,  adv.    In  a  shy  or  timid  ina.iner;  not  famil- 

iarlv  ;  with  reserve. 
SIIS^'NESS,  71     Fear  of  near  approach  or  of  familiar- 
ity ;  reserve ;  coyness. 
ST  t'the  seventh  note  in  the  mufficcl  scale,  do  or  ii(  be- 
ing the  first     It  was  added  to  Guide's  scale  by  Lo 
Maire,  about  the  end  of  tho  sevenleenth  century. 

Brande. 
SI-AL'0-GOGUE,  (si-al'o  gog,)  ?i.    [Gr.  uiaAo;',  sali- 
va, and  (1)  loytii,  leading.] 
A  medicine  that  promotes  the  flow  of  saliva. 

Brande. 
SIB  ;  a  relation,  in  Saxon,  but  not  in  use  in  English. 
SI-I!e'RI-.\N,  a.  [Russ.  siver,  north.  Siberia  is  frirmed 
by  annexing  the  Greek  i«,  country,  from  the  Celtic, 
to  .siiiei*,  north.] 

Pertaining  to  Siberia,  a  name  given  to  a  great  and 
indefinite  extent  of  territory  in  the  nortli  of  Asia;  as, 
a  Siberian  winter. 
SIB'ER-ITE,  n.     Red  tourmaline.  Ure. 

SIB'|.Ii.\NT,  a.     [iLsibilo,  to  hiss,  I't.sifflcri  Russ. 
sopliiu,  supyu,  id.] 

Hissing;  making  a  hissing  sound.    S  and  :  are 
called  sibilant  letters. 
"SIli'I-LANT,  71.  A  letter  that  is  uttered  with  a  hissing 

of  the  voice  ;  as  s  and  z. 
SII!-I-La'TION,  71.     A  hissing  sound.  Ilaeon. 

SIB'VL,  71.  [from  the  L.]  In  pagan  antiquity,  the 
sibyls  were  certain  women  said  to  be  endowed  with 
a  iirophetic  spirit.  Their  number  is  variously  stated  ; 
but  the  opinion  of  Varro,  who  states  them  to  have 
bteii  ten,  is  generally  adopted.  They  resided  in  va- 
rious parts  of  Persia,  Greece,  and  Italy.  It  is  pre- 
tended that  thcv  wrote  certain  prophecies  on  leaves 
in  verse,  which'are  called  sibtilline  vcries,  or  sUiylline 
oraeles.  Hence  the  term  is  applied  to  a  gipsy,  or  for- 
tune-teller. Lempriere. 
SIB'VL-LINE,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  sibyls;  uttered, 
M-rilten,  or  composed  by  sibyls  ;  like  the  productions 
of  sibyls. 
SI1!'YL-LINE  BQOKS,  71.  y(.  Books  or  documi?nls  of 
prophecies  in  verse,  supposed  to  contain  the  fate  of 
tlie  Roman  empire,  and  said  to  have  been  purchased 
bv  I'arnuin  the  Frond  from  a  sibyl.  Brande. 
SI€  TJljljY'SIT  OLO'Rr-jl  MUJ^T'DI,   [L.]    Thus 

passes  away  the  glory  of  the  world. 
SIC'A-MORE,  71.      More  usually  written  Svcamobe, 

which  see. 
SICeSTE,  r.  (.    To  dry.     [J^otinuse.] 
Sie-€.i'TION,  71.    The  actor  process  of  drying.  [^Tot 

in  use.] 
Sie'CA-TI  VE,  a.    [from  L.  sicca,  to  dry,  Fr.  secher.  It. 
seeeare,  Sp.  seear,  W.  sy^u.] 

Drying  ;  causing  to  dry.  E-neye. 

SIC'CA-TIVE,  71.    'I'hat  which  promotes  the  process 

of  drving. 
SIC-ClF'ie,  (sik-sif 'ik,)  a.    Causing  dryness. 
Sie'CI-TY,  (sik'se-te,)  7i.     [L.  siccilas.] 

Dryness  ;  aridity  ;  destitution  of  moisture  ;  as,  the 
siceity  of  tho  flesh  or  of  the  air.  Brown. 

SICE,  (size,)  n.     [Fr.  siz.] 

The  number  six  at  dice. 
SICH,  for  Such.     [See  Such.]  Chaucer. 

SIC-IL-I-S'NO  ;  in  music,  a.  composition  in  measures 
of  i;-4  or  C-8,  to  be  performed  in  a  slow  and  graceful 
manner. 
SIC-IL'IAN  VES'PERS,7i.  pi.  lt\  history,  the  name 
of  the  great  massacre  of  the  French  in  Sicily,  in  the 
year  1282,  on  the  evening  of  Easter  Tuesday.  Brande. 
SICK,  a.  [Sax.  seoc:  D.  liek;  Sw.  siuJc :  Ice.  siike. 
Clu.  Gr.  crtKXoi,  squeamish,  loathing.] 

1.  Alfected  with  nausea;  inclined  to  vomit;  as, 
sick  at  the  stomach.  [  This  is  probably  the  primary 
sru-icvfthcword.]     Hence, 

2.  Disgusted  ;  having  a  strong  dislike  to;  with  of: 
as,  to  be  sick  o/flattery  ;  to  be  siek  of  a.  country  lifa 

lie  w.as  not  so  stot  o/his  master  as  o/his  worn.     L'Estrar.gi. 

3.  .'.ffccted  with  disease  of  any  kind  ;  not  in 
heallli  ;  followed  by  of;  as,  lo  be  inck  o/a  fever,  fin 
Enirlund,  ill  is  now  more  commonly  used  when  dis- 
ease is  spoken  of,  and  sick,  when  nausea  or  disgust 
is  intentled.  —  Ed.] 

4.  Corrupted.    [JVot  in  use,  nor  proper.]       Shalt. 
:>.  The  sick ;  the  person  or  persons  affected  with 

disease.     7'Ae  sick  are  healed. 
SICK,   I'.  (.     To   make  sick.      [J^'ot  ijt  use.]      [bee 

SICK'-BERTH,  v.    In  a  ship  of  tear,  an  apartment  for 
the  sick. 


FaTE,  far,  PALL,  WHAT.  — .METE,  PRgY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.— NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.— 


109.3 


SID 

SlCK'-BItAlN-£D,  a.    Disordered  in  the  brain. 
SICK'£N,  (sik'n,)  v.  t.    To  inuke  sick  ;  to  disease. 

Raise  tills  lo  sirength,  and  sicken  that  to  drnih.  Prior. 

2.  Tit  make  squeamish.     It  sickens  the  stomach. 
'3.  To  disgust.    It  sickens  one  to  hear  the  fawning 
sycophant. 

4.  To  impair.     [JVot  in  use.]  Shak. 

SICK'£N.  r.  i.    To  become  sick  ;  to  fall  into  disease. 
The  judges  that  stI  upoa  the  jafl,  iiutl  those  that  attended, 
sidened  upou  it,  and  died.  Bacon. 

2.  To  be  satiated  ;  to  be  filled  to  disgust.    Sfiak. 

3.  To  become  disgusting  or  tedious. 

The  toi]io^  pleasure  sickens  into  pain.  Goldsjmth. 

4.  To  be  disgusted  ;  to  be  filled  with  aversion  or 
abhorrence.  He  sickaied  at  the  sight  of  so  much 
human  misery. 

5.  To  become  weak ;  to  decay ;  to  languish. 
Plants  often  sicken  and  die. 

All  rlffiS'-ires  sicken,  aud  all  glcrie*  sink.  Pope. 

SICK^£N-ED,  (sik'nd,)  pp.    Made  sick. 
SICK'£\-ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Becoming  sick  ;  making 

sick. 
2.  Disgusting. 
SICK'ER,  a.    [£.  securusi  Dan.  sikker ;  G.  sicker i  D. 

zcker.] 
Sure  ;  certain  ;  firm.    [Obs.]  Spenser. 

SICK'ER,  adv.    Surely ;  certainlv.     [06^-.]    Spenser. 
SICK'ER-LY,  arfo.     Surely.     [Obs.] 
SrCK'ER-NESS, «.     Security.     [Obs.]  Spenser. 

SICK'ISH,  a,    [from  sick.]     Somewhat  sick  or  dis- 
eased. IlakeiciU. 
•2.  Exciting    disgu::i  ;    nauseating ;    as,   a    sickisk 

taste. 
SICK'ISIi-Ly,  adv.    In  a  sickish  manner. 
SICK'ISH-XESS,  ju    The  quality  of  exciting  disgust. 
SICK'LE,  (sik'l,)  n.     [Sas.  steely  sicol;  G.  sichcl ;  D. 

ziJJiel;  Gr.  (^uixA^,  CayKX-Ji- ;  L.  sicula^  from  the  root 

of  sceoy  to  cut] 
A  reaping-hook ;  a  hooked  instrument  with  tCL-tli ; 

used  for  cutting  grain. 

Thou  shall  not  move  a  sickle  to  thy  neighbor's  sL-iiidiug  com.  — 
Deut.  xxiii. 

SICK'LED,  a.    Furnished  with  a  sickle.     Tlmr^on, 
SICK'LE-MAN, )  n.    One  that  uses  a  sickle  ;  a  reap- 
SICK'LER,  i      er.     [JVot  used  in  M'ew  England.] 

Shak. 
SICK'L&-SH.4P-ED,  (sik'l-shapt,)  a.    Shaped  like  a 

sickle. 
SICK'LE-WORT,  n.     A  plant  of  the  genus  Coronilla. 
SICK'LI-NESS,  n.     [from  sickly.]     The  state  of  being 
sickly;  the  state  of  being  habitually  diseased;  ap- 
plied to  persons. 

2.  The  state  of  producing  sickness  extensively ; 
as,  the  sickliness  of  a  season. 

3.  The  disposition  to  generate  disease  extensively ; 
as,  the  sickliness  of  a  climate. 

SICK'-LIST,  n.  A  list  containing  the  names  of  the 
sick. 

SICK'LY,  a.  Not  healthy;  somewhat  affected  with 
disease ;  or  habitually  indisposed ;  as,  a  slctdij  per- 
son, or  a  sickly  constitution  ;  a  sickly  plant. 

2.  Producing  disease  extensively;  marked  with 
sickness ;  as,  a  sickly  lime  ;  a  sickly  autumn. 

3.  Tending  to  produce  disease  ;  as,  a  sickly  climate. 

4.  Faint;  weak;  languid. 

The  moon  jroors  sickly  at  the  aig^ht  of  day.  Dnjdtrt, 

SICK'LY,  V.  ^    To  make  diseased.     [Xot  in  use.] 

Shak. 
SICK'XESS,  n.     [G.  sudit.] 

1.  Xausea ;  squeamishness ;  a?,  sickness  of  the 
stomach. 

2.  Slate  of  being  diseased. 

I  do  lainent  ihe  sickner^a  of  the  king-.  Shck. 

3.  Disease ;  malady ;  a  morbid  state  of  the  body 
of  an  animal  or  plant,  in  which  the  organs  do  ]iot 
perfectly  perform  their  natural  functions. 

Tnist  not  too  much  your  now  resistless  charms  j 

Those,  age  of  gickneaa  soon  or  late  distrms.  Popr. 

iliraself  look  our  iorirraiUes,  and  bore  our  sicknesses.  —  Matt. 

viii. 

[In  England,  present  usage  inclines  to  illness  as 
the  word  for  expressing  disease,  confining  sickness 
chiefly  to  nausea  and  disgust.  —  Ed.] 
SIDE,  n.  [Sax.  sw/,  side^  sida,  a  side,  also  wide,  like 
L.  laius  ,■  D.  zyde,  side,  flank,  page ;  zid^  far ;  G. 
.^eite  ;  Sw.  sida  ;  Dan.  side,  a  side  ;  sid  or  slid,  lonjr, 
trailing  ;  sidit,  last ;  Scot,  side,  long.  These  words 
indicate  the  radical  sense  to  be,  to  extend,  dilate,  or 
draw  out.] 

1.  The  broad  and  long  part  or  surface  of  a  thing, 
as  distinguished  from  the  end,  which  is  of  less  ex- 
tent, and  may  be  a  point ;  as,  the  side  of  a  plank  ; 
the  side  of  a  chest ;  the  side  of  a  house  or  of  a  ship. 
One  side  of  a  lens  may  be  concave,  the  other  convex. 

Side  is  distinguished  from  edn-e ;  as,  Ihe  side  of  a 
knife  or  sword. 

2.  Margin;  edge;  verge;  border;  the  exterior 
line  of  any  thing,  considered  in  h^nglh  ;  as,  the  side 
nf  a  Iran  of  land  or  a  field,  as  distinct  from  the  end. 
Hence  we  say,  the  side  of  a  river  ;  the  side  of  a  road  ; 
the  easi  and  west  side  of  the  American  continent. 


SID 

3.  The  part  of  an  animal  between  the  back  and 
the  face  and  belly ;  the  part  on  which  the  ribs  are 
situated;  as,  the 'right  side;  the  left  side.  This,  in 
quadrupeds,  is  usually  the  broadest  part. 

4.  The  part  between  the  top  and  bottom  ;  the 
slope,  declivity,  or  ascent,  as  of  a  hill  or  mountain  ; 
as,  the  side  of  Mount  Etna. 

5.  Ojie  part  of  a  thing,  or  its  superficies;  as,  the 
side  of  a  ball  or  sphere. 

6.  Any  part  considered  in  respect  to  its  direction 
or  point  of  compass  ;  as,  to  whichever  side  we  direct 
our  view  ;  we  see  dilhculties  on  every  side. 

7.  Party  ;  faction  ;  sect ;  any  man  or  body  of  men 
considered  as  in  opposition  to  another.  One  man 
enlists  on  the  side  of  the  lories  ;  another  on  the  side 
of  the  Whigs.  Some  persons  change  sides  for  the 
sake  of  popularity  and  office,  and  sink  themselves  in 
public  estimation. 

And  sots  the  passioue  on  tlie  siile  of  truth.  Pope. 

8.  Interest ;  favor. 

The  Lord  i;s  on  my  side.  —  Ps.  cxviii. 

9.  Any  part  being  in  opposition  or  contradistinc- 
tion to  anniher  ;  used  of  peisons  or  propositions.  In 
ti:at  battle,  the  slaughter  was  great  on  both  sides. 
Paasion  invites  on  one  side ;  reason  restrains  on  the 
other. 

Open  justice  bcjnds  on  either  side.  Dnjden. 

10.  Branch  of  a  family  ;  separate  line  of  descent ; 
as,  by  t!je  father's  side,  ho  is  descended  from  a  noble 
family  ;  by  tiie  mother's  side,  his  birth  is  respectable. 

11.  Quarter;  region;  part;  as,  from  one  side  of 
heaven  to  the  other. 

To  take  sides;  to  embrace  the  opinions  or  attach 
one's  self  to  the  interest  of  a  party  when  in  opposi- 
tion to  another. 

To  choose  sides ;  to  select  parties  for  competition  in 
exercises  of  any  kind. 
SIDE,  a.    Lateral ;  as,  a  side  post ;   but  perhaps  it 
would  be  better  to  consider  the  word  as  compoutid. 

2.  Being  on  ihc  side,  or  toward  the  side  ;  oblique  ; 
indirect 


Th-"  law  hath  no  side  respect  to  Uicir  persona. 
Oiii-  mighty  squadron  with  a  side  wind  sped. 


Hooker. 
Drr/den. 


So  we  say,  a  side  view,  a  side  blow. 

Bcntlcy.     Pope. 
3.  Long;  large;  extensive.     [Obs.]  Shak. 

SIDE,  V.  i.    To  lean  on  one  side.  [Little  7ised.]  Bacon. 
2.  To  embrace  the  opinions  of  one  party,  or  engage 
in  its  interest,  when  opposed  to  another  party  ;  as, 
to  side  with  the  ministerial  party. 

All  side  in  parties  and  begin  the  attack.  Pope. 

SIDE,  V.  t.    To  stand  at  the  side  of.     [jVoI  in  use.] 

Spenser. 
2.  To  suit ;  to  pair.    [JVot  in  use.]        Clarendon. 

SiDE'BoARD,  71.  [side  and  board.]  A  piece  of  fur- 
niture or  cabinet  work,  consisting  of  a  table  or  box 
with  drawers  or  cells,  placed  at  the  side  of  a  room 
or  in  a  recess,  and  used  to  hold  dining  utensils,  &c. 

SiDE'-BOX,  n.  [side  and  box.]  A  box  or  inclosed 
seat  on  the  side  of  a  theater,  distinct  from  the  seats 
in  the  pit. 

SiDE'-eUT,  w.  A  canal  branching  out  from  the  main 
one.  America. 

SiD'ED,  a.  Having  a  side  ;  used  in  composition;  as, 
one-sided.,  xw^^wy-sidcd,  &c. 

SiDE'-FLy,  n.     An  insect  Dcrkam. 

SIDE'LTNG,  adv.     [from  sidle ;  D.  zydelings.] 

1.  Sidewise  ;  with  the  side  foremost;  as,  to  go 
sideling  through  a  crowd. 

9.  Sloping. 

SlDE'LONG,  a.  [side  and  long.]  Lateral ;  oblique ; 
not  directly  in  front ;  as,  a  sidelong  glance.    I>rtiden, 

SlDE'LONG,  adv.  Laterally  ;  obliquely  ;  in  the  direc- 
tion of  the  side.  JWiUon. 

2.  On  the  side  ;  as,  to  lay  a  thing  sidelong.  Evehjn. 
SID'ER,  n.    One  that  takes  a  side  or  joins  a  pavtv.' 

9.  Cider.     [J\V'£  in  use.] 
SID'ER-A-TED,  a.     [L.  sideratus.] 

Blasted ;  planet-struck.  Broicn, 

SID-ER-A'TION,  7(.  [L.  sidcratio ;  sidcro,  to  blast, 
from  sid^is,  a  star.] 

A  blasting  or  blast  in  plants  ;  a  sudden  deprivation 
of  sense;  an  apoplexy;  a  slight  erysipelas.  [JW 
U5fd.]  Rny-    Coze. 

A  sphacelus,  or  a  species  of  erysipelas,  vulgarly 
called  a  Blast.  Parr. 

SID'ER- A,L     '  \  ^'     t^*  ^"^^^"'^)  froni  sidus,  a  star.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  a  star  or  stars  ;  astral  j  as,  sidereal 
light 

2.  Containing  stars  ;  starry;  as,  *-«/ercai  regions. 
Sidereal  day;  in  astronomy,  the  period  in  which  a 

star  apparently  completes  a  revolution  in  the  heav- 
ens, being  the  exact  period  in  which  the  earth  re- 
volves on  its  axis. 

Sidereal  year ;  the  period  in  which  the  earth  makes 
one  revolution  in  its  orbit  with  respect  to  the  stars, 
or  tiie  apparent  period  in  which  the  sun  completes 
one  revohilion  round  the  earth.  Olwslcd. 

SID'ER-ITE,  71.  [L.  sideritis;  Gr.  lU,  from  ctcnpos, 
iron.] 


SIE 

1.  The  lodestone  ;  also,  iron-worl,  a  plane  ;  also, 
the  common  ground  pine,  (Tcucrium  chaina'pitys, 
Linn.)  Coze.     Encyc.     Parr. 

2.  In  mineralogy,  a  phosphate  of  iron. 

Lavoisier.     Fourcroy. 

SID-ER-O-eAL'ClTE,  n.  Brown  spar,  composed  of 
the  carbonates  of  iron  and  lime  or  magnesia.    C'ro. 

SID-ER-0-€LEP'TE,  n.  A  mineral  of  a  yeUowisb- 
green  color,  soft  and  translucid,  occurring  in  renifonn 
or  botryoidal  masses,  supposed  to  be  a  variety  of 
olivine  or  chrj-solite.  Sattssure. 

SID-ER-O-GRAPH'ie,        )a.    fSec  Siderocrapht.] 

SID-ER-O-GRAPine-AL,  i  Pertainmg  to  siderog- 
raphy, or  performed  by  engraved  plates  of  steel  j  as, 
siderographic  an  ;  sidrro graphic  impressions. 

SID-ER-OG'RA-PHIST,  n.  One  who  engraves  steel 
plates,  or  performs  work  by  means  of  such  plates. 

SID-ER-OG'RA-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  cicripo^,  steel,  or  iron, 
and  yfintpoi,  to  engrave.] 

The  art  or  practice  of  engraving  on  steel,  by  means 
of  which,  impressions  may  be  transferred  from  a 
steel  plate  to  a  steel  cylinder  in  a  rolling  press  of  a 
particular  construction.  Perkins. 

SID'ER-0-SeOPE,n.  [Gr.  ct^Voof,  iron,  and  CAwrtw, 
to  view  or  explore.] 

An  instrument  lately  invented  in  France,  for  de- 
tecting small  quantities  of  iron  in  any  Eubstance, 
mineral,  vegetable,  or  animal.     Ferassac's  BuL  18S7. 

SIDE'-SAD-DLE,  (-sad'dl,)  71.  [side  and  saddle.]  A 
saddle  for  a  woman's  seat  on  horseback. 

SIDE'-SAD-DLE-ELOW-EIi,  n.  A  species  of  Sar- 
racenia,  or  Sarrazinia,  an  aquatic  plant,  so  called  be- 
cause the  stigma  of  the  flower  resembles  a  woman's 
pillion.  Loudon. 

SIDES'MAN,  71.     [side  and  man.]     An  assistant  to  the 
churchwarden. 
2.  A  party  man.  .Milton. 

SiDE'-Ta-BLE,  71.  A  table  placed  either  against  the 
wall  or  aside  from  the  principal  table. 

SiDE'TaK-ING,  71.  A  taking  sides,  or  engaging  in  a 
party.  BaU, 

SiDE'VVaYS,  )  adv.     [side   and   may:    but  sidewise  is 

SlDE'WlSE,   J      the  proper  combination.] 

1.  Toward  one  side ;  inclining ;  as,  to  hold  the 
head  sidewise. 

2.  Laterally ;  on  one  side ;  as,  the  refraction  of 
light  sidewise.  JSTewton. 

SiD'ING,  ppr.     Joining  one's  .side  or  party. 

SlD'ING,  n.    The  attaching  of  one's  self  to  a  party. 
2.  The  turn-out  of  a  railroad.  England. 

SI'DLE,  V.  i.    To  go  or  move  side  foremost ;   as,  to 
sidle  through  a  crowd. 
_2.  To  lie  on  the  side  Swift. 

SIkGE,  (seej,)  n.  [Fr.  siige.  a  seat,  a  siege,  the  see  of 
a  bishop;  Norm,  sage,  a  seat;  It.  seggia,  scggio; 
Arm.  sich,  ^^icka,  sicA  enn.  The  radical  sense  is,  to 
set,  to  fall,  or  to  throw  down ;  Sax.  sigan,  to  fall, 
set,  or  rush  down.  These  words  seem  to  be  con- 
nected with  sink,  and  with  the  root  of  seal,  L.  sigU- 
lum.] 

1.  The  setting  of  an  army  around  or  before  a  for- 
tified place  for  the  purpose  of  compelling  the  garri- 
son to  surrender;  or  the  surrounding  or  investing  of 
a  place  by  an  army,  and  approaching  it  by  passages 
and  advanced  works,  h  hich  cover  the  besiegers  from 
the  enemy's  fire.  A  siege  differs  from  a  blockade, 
as  in  a  siege  the  investing  army  approaches  the  for- 
tified place  to  attack  and  reduce  it  by  force  ;  but  in  a 
blockade,  the  army  secures  all  the  avenues  to  the 
place  to  intercept  all  supplies,  and  waits  rill  famine 
compels  the  garrison  to  surrender. 

2.  Any  continued  endeavor  to  gain  possession. 

Love  stood  the  siege,  and  would  not  yield  his  breast. 

Dryden, 

3.  Seat  ;  throne.     [Obs.]  Spenser. 

4.  Rank;  place;  class.     [OJ5.]  Shale 
_5.  Stool.     [JVot  in  use.]                                 Broicn. 

SIkGE,  r.  t.    To  besiege.     [JV'of  in  use.]         Speiiser. 

SI'EN-TTE,  )  n.    A  compound    granular  rock  com- 

S^'EN-TTE,  \  posed  of  quartz,  hornblende,  and  feld- 
spar, of  a  grayish  color  ;  so  called  because  there  are 
many  ancient  monuments,  consisting  of  this  rock, 
brought  from  Syene,  in  Upper  Egypt  It  ditfers  from 
granite  only  in  containing  hornblende  instead  of 
mica.  [As  this  word  is  from  Sijene,  the  proper  spell- 
ing is  SvEMTE.]  Lunier.     Dana. 

SI-EN-IT'ie,  la.      Containing  svenite;   having  the 

S?-EN-IT'ie,  )      character  of  syenite.  HmrMr. 

SX-ER'RA,  71.  ^p.]  A  word  meaning  saw,  intro- 
duced into  geography  by  the  Spaniards,  to  designate 
a  ridge  of  mountains  and  crag?}'  rocks. 

SI-ES'TA,  n.  [Sp.]  A  short  sleep  taken  about  the 
middle  of  the  day,  or  after  dinner. 

SIk'CR,  (s5'ur,)  n'.  [Fr.]  A  title  of  respect  used  by 
the  French. 

SIEVE,  (siv,)  n.  [Sax.  sife,  syfe;  G.  sicb ;  D.  ze^, 
lift ;  the  sifter.    See  Sift.] 

A  utensil  for  separating  flour  from  bran,  cr  the 
fine  part  of  any  pulverized  or  fine  substance  from 
the  coarse,  by  the  hand;  as,  a  fine  sieve  ;  a  coarse 
sieve.  It  consists  of  a  hoop  with  a  bottom  of  hair, 
canvas,  wire,  &:c.,  and  performs  in  the  family  tlie 
service  of  a  bolter  in  a  mill. 


TCNE,  BJJLL,  tiNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"C10US.— C  as  K  ;  G  as  J;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  m  THIS. 

'  losiT 


SIG 


SIG 


SIFT  »  (.     [Sax.  sifum  ;  G.  sieien  i  D.  ziften.] 

I '  To  separate  by  u  sieve,  as  the  line  part  of  a  sub- 
stance from  tlie  cuarsc  ;  as,  to  sijl  meal ;  to  sift  pow- 
der ;  to  sift  sand  or  lime. 
2.  To  separate  ;  to  part.  DryiUn. 

3  To  examine  minulsly  or  criticilly ;  to  scruti- 
niw.     Let  tbc  principles  of  the  paxty  be  thoroughly 

We  liavc  t\fud  ywit  objeflUoiii.  Hooker. 

.:,.  .  i.J,  pp.  or  a.  Separated  by  a  sieve;  purified 
from  the  coarser  parts  :  critically  examined. 

SIFTER,  n.  One  tlial  sifts ;  that  which  sifts  ;  a 
sieve. 

SIFT'ING,  jrpr.  !3epar.iting  the  finer  from  the  coarser 
part  by  a  sieve  ;  critically  examining. 

SIG,  a  Saion  word  siijnifyinK  victory,  is  used  m 
names,  as  in  Sisbert,  bright  victory.  It  answers  to 
the  Greek  vlk  in  Meander,  tad  the  L.  vie  in  Victo- 
rinus.  .  . 

SIGH,  (si,)  V.  i.  [Sai.  stcert,  to  sijh  ;  D.  zugt,  a  sigh  ; 
lu^rten,  to  sigh  ;  Dan.  suikrr  :  Sw.  sutlca ;  allied  per- 
haps to  suck,  a  drawing  in  of  the  breath.] 

To  inhale  a  larger  quantity  of  air  than  nsual,  and 
immediately  expel  it;  to  suffer  a  deep  single  respira- 
tion. „  ,    .. 

He  nglttd  ilccply  in  his  spmu  —  JMaik  win. 

SIGH,  (si,)  V.  t.    To  lament ;  to  mourn. 

Age*  to  come,  nnd  men  imborn,  . 

Slioll  tjiess  her  name  and  eigf^  her  file.  rnor. 


Hoate. 
;  breath; 


2.  To  express  by  sighs, 

The  gentle  swiiin  —  sighs  buck  her  grief. 

SIGH,  n.    A  single  deep  respiration;  a  lon„  

the  inhaling  of  a  larger  quantity  of  air  than  usual, 
and  the  .sudden  (mission  of  it.  Tliis  is  an  effort  of 
nature  to  dilate  the  lunga  and  give  vigor  to  the  circu- 
lation of  the  blood,  when  the  action  of  the  heart 
and  arteries  is  languid  from  grief,  depression  of  spirits, 
weakness,  or  want  of  e.xercise.  Hence  siglis  are 
indications  of  grief  or  debility. 

SIGIi'EH,  (si'er,)  n.    One  that  sighs. 

STGH'lSG.ppr.    Suffering  a  deep  respiration ;  taking 
a  long  breath.  . 

SIGH'I.NG,  n.    The  act  of  suffering  a  deep  respiration, 
or  taking  a  long  breath. 

SIGH'ING-LY,  ado.    With  sighing. 

SIGHT,  (site,)  II.     [Sa.v.  gesilit,  with  a  prefi.ic ;   D. 
iTcu''t ;  G.  siclu  ;  D-M.sigt ;  Sw.  sickt,  from  the  root 


SIGHT'LY,  (site'le,)  a.    Pleasing  to  the  eye ;  striking 
to  the  view. 

M.iny  brave,  tiihatj  horae«.  VEsmngc. 

"   Open  to  the  view ;  that  may  be  seen  from  a  dis- 
tance.    We  sav,  a  house  stands  in  a  sigktlij  place. 
SIGMTS'M.\N,)i.    Among  miuriciaiij,  one  wlio  reads 

music  readily  at  first  sight.  Busbi/. 

SIG'IL,  (sij'U,')  71.    [L.  sigillum.]  n    j  . 

A  seal ;  signature.  unjaen. 

SI6-IL-La'RI-A,  n.    A  name  given  to  certain  large 

plants  found  in  the  coal  formation.        Brongmart. 
SI-<51L'LA-TtVE,  a.     [Ft.  sigilhlif;  L.  sigHlum.] 
Fit  to  seal ;  belonging  to  a  seal ;  composed  ol  wax. 

Cotgravr. 

SIG'M  A,  n.  The  name  of  the  Greek  letter  £,  s,  (^Eug- 
li«h  .S.)  The  Greeks  originally  used  for  this  letter 
the  form  of  the  English  C,  and  the  Romans  adopted 
this  form  for  their  tables.  The  most  honorable 
places  at  the  table  were  the  extremities.  Etmcs. 
IISISSS^AL,!-    [G-i.;,aand..oo,.] 

Curved  like  the  Greek  !,  (Sigma.)  Smtlu  Bigdmc. 
The  sigmoid  flexure,  in  miatomy,  is  the  last  curve 
of  the  colon,  before  it  terminates  in  the  rectum.  Parr. 
SIGN,  (sine,)  r..  [Fr.  signe ;  It.  segiio  ;  bp.  scna ;  h. 
si":mm;  i-as.scgm:  Arm.  s!jgn,syr.;  Ir.sighin;  l,. 
zcichem  Sans.  zaga.  From  the  last  three  words  it 
appears  that  n  is  not  radical ;  the  elements  being  Sg. 
If  so,  and  the  G.  zeichcn  is  of  this  family,  then  we 
learn  that  sifu  is  only  a  dialectical  orthography  of 
token,  for  zcickcn  is  the  D.  teckm,  Dan.  tcgu,  Sw.  (co 
Acre,  coinciding  perhaps  with  Gr.cjuvfju.J 

1  \  token  ;  something  by  which  another  thing  is 
shown  or  represented  ;  any  visible  thing,  any  mo- 
tion, appearance,  or  event,  which  indicates  the  ex- 
istence or  approach  of  somotliing  else.  Thus  we 
sp"ak  of  si<ms  of  fair  weather  or  of  a  storm,  and 
of  extcrnal'marks,  which  are  signs  of  a  good  con- 
stitution. ■  1-  ,■  „  „ 
2.  A  motion,  action,  nod,  or  gesture,  indicating  a 
wish  or  command. 

They  imde  signs  to  bi»  faUier,  how  be  would  bave  him  called. 
Luke  ■ 


of  sec] 
1.  Th 


i.  -  .le  act  of  seeing ;  perception  of  ob>ecl3  by  the 
eye  ;  view ;  as,  to  gain  siglu  of  land  ;  to  have  a 
sig)it  of  a  landscape ;  to  lose  sight  of  a  ship  at  sea. 

A  cloud  received  bira  out  of  tbeir  sight.  —  Acta  i. 

"  The  faculty  of  vision,  or  of  perceiving  objects 
by  the  instruinonlality  of  the  eyes.  It  has  been 
doubted  whether  moles  have  sight.  Milton  lost  his 
sight.  The  sigU  usually  fails  at  or  before  fifty  years 
of  age. 

0  loss  of  sigPiI,  of  thee  I  most  compb-un.  Aitfton. 

3.  Open  view;  the  state  of  admitting  unobstructed 
vision-  a  bein-  within  the  limits  of  vision.  The 
harbor  is  in  sight  of  the  town.  The  shore  of  Long 
Wand  is  in  si'-ht  of  iVew  Haven.  The  White  Moun- 
tain is  in  plain  sight  at  Portland,  in  Maine  ;  a  moun- 
tain is  or  is  not  within  sight;  an  engagement  at  sea 
is  within  sight  of  land. 

4.  Notice  from  seeing  ;  knowledge ;  as,  a  letter  in- 
tended for  the  sight  of  one  person  only. 

5.  Eye  ;  the  instrument  of  seeing. 

From  the  depth  of  hell  they  lift  their  sigta.  Drydcn. 

\  small  aperture  through  which  objects  are  to 
I      -  fn  ;  as,  the  sight  of  a  quadrant. 

7.  ill  at  which  is  beheld;  a  spectacle;  a  show; 
jmrtieulurbj,  something  novel  and  remarkable ;  some- 
thing wonderful. 

They  nev.-r  n,tw  a  sight  BO  fair.  S^eneer, 

Mo>iCa  aaid,  I  will  now  turn  anide  and  see  thin  ^cat  sight,  why 

the  busli  a  not  burned.  —  Kx.  iii. 
Fearful  sights  aud  great  signs  shall  there  be  from  he-iven.  — 

Ltjkc  X7.\. 

8.  .\  small  piece  of  metal  fixed  on  the  muzzle  of  a 
musket,  &c.,  to  aid  the  eve  in  taking  aim. 

Catnpb.  jVa.  Diet. 
To  take  sight ;  to  take  aim  :  to  look  for  the  pur- 
p.ise  of  directing  a  piece  of  artillery,  &.C. 
SIGHT'ED,  a.  In  composition  only,  having  sight,  or 
ff-ins  ill  a  particular  manner  ;  as,  long-sighted,  see- 
inj  at  a  great  distance  ;  short-.iightcd,  able  to  see  only 
iitlt  small  distance  ;  i^iiicJi-sighted,  readily  seeing,  dis- 
rt-rnins,  or  uiitiorstanding;  sharp-siglued,  having  a 
!,■    -I  I  ye  or  anitf!  di*>:riiinent. 

i'ULNESS,  »     Clearness  of  sight.     [JViit  in 
Sidnaj. 
.    r,ESS,  (site'less.)  a.    Wanting  sight ;  blind. 
Of  ;dl  who  blindly  creep,  or  sightless  soar.  Pope. 

a.  Offensive  or  unpleasing  to  the  eye  ;  as,  sightless 
sia:ns.     rjvot  tcdf  aKtAorircrf.]  Shak. 

rr  iilT'LESS-LV,  adv.    In  a  sightless  manner. 
t^rOHT'LESS-iVESS,  n.    Want  of  sight. 
SiOHT'I.I-NESS,   n.     Comeliness;   an    appearance 
pleasing  to  the  sight 


a.  A  wonder ;  a  miracle  ;  a  prodigy ;  a  remarkable 
transaction,  event,  or  phenomenon. 

Through  mighty  signs  and  wonderB.  —  Rom.  xv. 

4.  Some  visible  transaction,  event,  or  appearance, 
intended  as  proof  or  evidence  of  something  else; 
hence,  proof;  evidence  by  sight. 

Show  me  a  sign  Uiat  thou  lalkest  with  me.  —  Judges  vi. 

5.  Something  hung  or  set  near  a  house  or  over  a 
door,  to  give  notice  of  the  tenant's  occupation,  or 
what  is  made  or  sold  within  ;  as,  a  trader's  sign  ;  a 
tailor's  sio^n  ;  the  sign  of  the  Eagle. 

0.  A  inemovial  or  monument;  something  to  pre- 
serve the  memory  of  a  thing. 

What  time  the  fire  devoured  two  hundred  and  fifty  men,  and 
they  became  a  *tgn.  —  Num.  xxvi. 

7.  Visible  mark  or  representation ;  as,  an  outward 
sin  of  an  inward  and  spiritual  grace. 
'8.  .\  mark  of  distinction. 

9.  Typical  representation. 
The  holy  cymbols  or  signs  are  not  barely  significative. 

'    ^  BrcretDOod. 

10.  In  astrommn,  the  twelfth  part  of  the  ecliptic 
or  zodiac.  The  signs  are  reckoned  from  the  point 
of  intersection  of  tlie  ecliptic  and  equator  at  the 
vernal  equinox,  and  are  named,  respectively,  Aries, 
Taurus,  Gemini,  Cancer,  Leo,  Virgo,  Libra,  Scorpio, 
Sa"ittarius,  Capricornus,  Aquarius,  Pisces.  These 
names  are  borrowed  from  the  constellations  of  the 
zodiac  of  the  same  denomination,  which  were  re- 
spectively comprehended  within  the  foregoing  equal 
divisions  of  the  ecliptic,  at  the  lime  when  those 
divisions  were  first  made ;  but,  on  account  of  the 
precession  of  the  equinoxes,  tlie  positions  of  these 
constellations  in  the  heavens  no  longer  correspond 
with  the  divisions  of  the  ecliptic  of  the  same  name, 
but  are  considerably  in  advance  of  them.  Thus  the 
constellation  Aries  is  now  in  that  part  of  the  ecliptic 
called  Taurus.  . 

11.  In  algebra,  a  character  indicating  the  relation 
of  quantities,  or  an  operatitm  performed  upon  them  ; 
as  the  sign  -V,  [plus,]  prefixed  to  a  quantity,  indicates 
that  the  quantity  is  to  be  added ;  the  sign  — 
rminusl  denotes  that  the  quantity  to  which  it  is 
prefixed  is  to  be  subtracted.  The  former  is  prefixed 
to  quantities  called  affirmative  or  positii:e ;  the  latter 
to  quantities  called  negative. 

12.  The  subscription  of  one's  name ;  signature ; 
as,  a  sign  manual. 

13.  .\mong  physicians,  au  appearance  orsymptom  in 
the  human  body,  which  indicates  its  condition  as  to 
health  or  disease. 

14.  In  music,  any  character,  as  a  flat,  sharp, 
dot,  &c.  ^        .  , 

SIGN,  (sine,)  v.  u  To  mark  with  characters  or  one's 
name.  To  5iV«  a  paper,  note,  deed,  &c.,  is  to  write 
one's  name  at'the  foot,  or  underneath  the  (Icclara- 
tion,  promise,  covenant,  grant,  &c.,  by  which  the 
person  makes  it  his  own  act.    To  sign  one's  name,  is 


to  write  or  subscribe  it  on  paper.    Signing  does  not 
now  include  sealing.  r »,.    ■  i 

2.  To  signify;  to  represent  typically.    {JVotmuse.\ 

Taylor. 

3.  To  mark.  ,      .  , 

4.  To  signify  by  the  hand  ;  to  move  the  hand  lor 
intimating  something  to  another. 

SIGN  V.  i.    To  be  a  sign  or  omen.    [Jfot  in  ttse.l 

'  Snak. 

SIG'NAL,  71.  [Pr.  signal ;  Sp.  serial :  from  L.  si^iutb.] 
\  sign  that  gives  or  is  intended  to  give  notice  ;  or 
the  notice  given.  Signals  are  used  to  communicate 
notice,  information,  orders,  and  the  like,  to  persons 
at  a  distance,  and  bv  any  persons  and  for  any  pur- 
pose A  signal  may  he  a  motion  of  the  hand,  the 
raising  of  a  (lag,  the  firing  of  a  gun,  or  any  thing 
which,  being  understood  by  persons  at  a  distance, 
niay  communicate  notice.  . 

Si"nal3  are  particularly  useful  in  the  navigation  of 
(lee^  and  in  naval  engagements.  There  arij  day- 
si'rmh,  which  are  usually  made  by  the  sails,  by 
flags  and  pend.mts.  or  guns  ;  nightsignak,  winch 
are  lanterns  disposed  in  certain  figures,  or  false  hrcs, 
rockets,  or  the  firing  of  guns  ;  fog-signals,  "'hich  are 
made  bv  sounds,  as  firing  of  guns,  bt;ating  of  drums, 
riii'ing'of  bells,  &c.  There  are  signals  of  evolution, 
adikrssed  to  a  whole  fleet,  to  a  division,  or  to  a 
squadron  ;  signals  of  movements  to  particular  ships ; 
and  signals  of  service,  general  or  particular.  Signals 
used  in  an  army  are  mostly  made  by  a  particular 
beat  of  the  drum,  or  by  the  bugle. 

Mar.  Diet.     Enetjc. 
SIG'N.\L,  a.      Eminent;    remarkable;    memorable; 
distinguished  from  what  is  ordinary  ;  as,  a  signal  ex- 
ploit i  a  simial  service  ;  a  signal  act  of  benevolence. 
It  is  generally,  but  not  always,  usrd  in  a  good  sense. 
SIG'i>f  AL-FIRE,  II.    A  fire  intended  for  a  signal. 
SIG-NAL'I-TY,  71.    auality  of  being  signal  or  remark- 

jlble.     [J^ot  in -use.]  Brown. 

SI0'NAL-1ZE,)J.  t.  [{mm  .lignal.]  To  make  remark- 
able or  eminent ;  to  render  distinguished  from  what 
is  common.  The  soldier  who  sianalizrs  himself  in 
battle  merits  his  countr>''s  gratitude.  Jlen  may  sig- 
nalize  themselves,  their  valor,  or  their  talents. 

2.  Among  seamen,  to  make  signals  to,  by  means  of 
flags,  »SiC. 
SIG'NAL-1Z-/!D,  pp.    Made  eminent. 
SIG'NAL-IZ-ING,  jipr.     Making  remarkable. 
SIG'NAL-LY,  ado.    Eminently  ;  remarkably  ;  mem- 
orably ;  in  a  distinguished  manner. 
SIG-NA'TION,  71.     Sign  given ;  act  of  betokening. 
rjVot  in  use.]  ,  ,  .  , 

SIG'NA-TO-RY,  a.    Relating  to  a  seal ;  used  in  seal- 
in".  ^"'■ 
SIG'NA-TQRE,  n.     [Fr.,  from  L.  sigm,  to  sign.] 
1.  A  sign,  stamp,  or  mark  impressed. 

The  brain,  being  well  furnished  with  various  traces,  aignalures, 
aud  images.  _  „    ,  ]         ],. 

The  niilural  and  mdclihle  agnalare  of  God,  sbimped  on  the 
human  sold.  Bentley. 

'>.  In  old  medical  writers,  an  external  mark  or 
character  on  a  plant,  which  was  supposed  to  indicate 
its  suitableness  to  cure  particular  disease,  or  diseases 
of  particular  parts.  Thus  plants  with  yellow  flow- 
ers were  supposed  to  be  adapted  to  the  cure  of  jaun- 
dice, &c. 

Some  ntants  L«.ar  a  very  evident  signature  of  Uicir  nature  and 
us.'.  ■'"»'■'■ 

3.  A  mark  for  proof,  or  proof  from  marks. 

4.  Sign-manual ;  the  name  of  a  person  written  or 
subscribed  by  himself.  ,     ,    . 

5  ,\mong  printers,  a  letter  or  figure  at  the  bottom 
of  the  first  page  of  a  sheet  or  half  sheet,  by  winch 
the  sheets  are  distinguished  and  their  order  desig- 
nated, as  a  direction  to  the  binder.  Every  successive 
sheet  has  a  different  letter  or  figure,  and  if  the  sheets 
arc  more  numerous  than  the  letters  of  the  alphabet, 
then  a  small  letter  is  added  to  the  capital  one  ;  thus, 
Aa  Bh.  In  largevoliiines,  the  signatures  arc  some- 
times composed  of  letters  and  figures  ;  thus,  5  A,  5  B. 
But  some  printers  now  use  figures  only  for  signa- 
tures. ,        ,       ..    .       , 

6.  In  physiognomt:,  an  external  mark  or  feature  by 
which  some  persons  pretend  to  discover  the  nature 
and  qualities  of  a  thing,  particularly  the  temper  and 
g'iuius  of  persons.  .     ,.     -      . 

7  In  music,  the  flats  and  sharps  at  the  beginning 
of  each  staff,  to  mark  the  key  of  the  movement. 

SIG'NA-TUKE,  v.  t.  To  mark  ;  to  distinguish.  [JVot 
in  use.]  Chryne. 

SIG'NA-TtJR-IST,  7!.  One  who  holds  to  the  doctrine 
of  signatures  impressed  upon  objects,  indicative  of 
character  or  qualities.    [Little  nscd.]  Brown. 

SIGN'Bo.\IlD,  II.  h  bMi  1  on  which  a  man  sets  a  no- 
tice of  his  occupation,  or  id'  articles  for  sale. 

SIGN'£D,  T^.     Marked  ;  subscribed. 

SIGN'ER,  71.  One  that  signs  or  subscribes  his  name  ; 
as,  a  memorial  with  a  hundred  signers. 

SIG'NET,  71.  A  seal  :  particularly  in  Oreat  Bntam, 
the  seal  'used  hy  the  king  in  sealing  his  private  let- 
ters, and  grants  that  pass  by  bill  under  his  majesty's 

SIg'-NIF'I-€ANCE,  j  71.    [from  L.  signifiams.     See 
SIG-NIF'I.€AN-CY,  j      Sigkifi.1 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T-METE,  PR£Y-rlKE.  MAUmE,  EIRD.-KoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.- 


1030 


SIG 

1.  Meaning;  import;  Itiat  which  is  intended  to  be 
expressed  ;  as,  the  sig^nijicance  of  a  nod,  or  of  a  ino- 
liou  of  tile  hand,  or  of  a  word  or  expression. 

Stillingjiret. 

2.  Force;  energy  j  power  of  impressing  the  mind; 
as,  a  duty  enjoined  with  particular  sigTiiJicance. 

jitterbiLry. 

3.  Importance;  moment;  weight;  consequence. 

Muiy  a  circumstance  of  k-ss  Bisnificancy  lins  been  cyiietruod  inlo 
ail  overt  act  of  high  trensoa.  Addison, 

SIG-NIF'I-€ANT,  a.     [L.  si^iificans.  ] 

1.  Expressive  of  somethmg  beyond  the  c:itemal 
mark. 

2.  Bearing  a  meaning;  expressing  or  containing 
signification  or  sense;  as,  a  significant  word  or 
sound  ;  a  sig7tijicant  look. 

3.  Betokening  something;  standing  as  a  sign  of 
something. 

It  vraa  well  said  of  PlotJnus,  thai  the  stais  wrire  sigmjicxint,  but 
□ot  efficient.  Rtilegk. 

4.  Expressive  or  representative  t>f  some  fact  or 
event.  The  passover  among  the  Jews  w;is  sis^i\ji~ 
cant  of  the  escape  of  the  Israelites  from  the  destruc- 
tion which  fell  on  the  Egj-ptians.  The  bread  and 
wine  in  the  sacrament  are  significant  of  the  body  and 
blood  of  Christ. 

5-  Important;  momentous.     [J>fot  in  use.'] 
SIG-NIF'I-CANT-LY,  adv.    With  meaning. 

2.  With  force  of  expression.  South. 

SIG-M-FI-€A'TION,  n,      [Fr.,  from  L.  significatio. 
See  Signify.] 

1.  The  act  of  making  known,  or  of  communicating 
ideas  to  another  by  signs  or  by  words,  by  any  thing 
that  is  understood,  particularly  by  words. 

All  speaking  or  si^ification  of  one's  miad  implies  an  acl  or 
address  uf  one  m;ui  to  another.  South. 

9.  .Meaning;  that  which  is  understood  to  be  in- 
tended by  a  sign,  character,  mark,  or  word  ;  that 
idea  or  sense  of  a  sign,  mark,  word,  or  expression 
which  the  person  using  it  intends  to  convey,  or  that 
which  men  in  general,  who  use  it.  understand  it  to 
convey.  The  sii^nijication  of  words  was  originally  ar- 
bitrary, and  is  dependent  on  usage.  But  when  cus- 
tom has  annexed  a  certain  sense  to  a  letter  or  sound, 
or  to  a  combination  of  letters  or  sounds,  this  sense  is 
always  to  be  considered  the  sigiiificatioji  which  the 
person  using  the  word  intends  to  communicate. 

So^  by  custom,  certain  signs  or  gestures  liave  a  de- 
termined signification.     Such  is  the  fact  also  with 
fisures,  alsebraic  characters,  &:c. 
SIG-.MF'I-CA-TIVE,  a.     [Fr.  significatif.] 

1.  Betokening  or  representing  by  an  external  sign  ; 
as,  the  significatioe  symbols  of  the  eucharist. 

Brcrcicooil. 

2.  Having  signification  or  meaning;  expressive  of 
a  certain  idea  or  thing. 

:  they  destitute  of  signifi- 
Camden. 


Neiliier  in  the  do^.'cs  of  kindrcd  v 
calioe  words. 


SIG-NIF'I-€A-TIVE-LY,  adv.     So  as  to  represent  or 

express  by  an  external  sign.  Usher. 

SIG-MF'I-€A-TIVE-NESS,  n.     The  quality  of  being 

significative. 
SIG-\1-F1-€a'T0R,  iu    That  which  signifies. 

Surton. 
SIG-XIF'I-€A-TO-RY,    n.      That  which    betokens, 

signifies,  or  represents.  Taylor. 

SIG'\I-FI-£D,  pp.    JMade  known  by  signs  or  words. 
SIG'XI-FS',  r. /.     [Fr.  signifier ;  L.  significo;  signum^ 

a  sign,  and  /acio,  to  make.] 

1.  To  maKe  known  something,  either  bj' signs  or 
words;  to  evpress  or  communicate  to  another  any 
idea,  thought,  wish,  purpose,  or  command,  either  by 
words,  by  a  nod,  wink,  gesture,  signal,  or  other  sign. 
A  man  signifies-  his  mind  by  Iiis  voice,  or  by  written 
characters  ;  lie  may  signifif  his  mind  by  a  nod  or 
other  motion,  provided  tlie  person  to  whom  he  di- 
rects it,  understands  what  is  intended  by  it.  A  gen- 
eral, or  an  admiral,  signifies  his  commands  by  signals 
to  ofiicers  at  a  di^tance. 

2.  To  mean  ;  to  have  or  contain  a  certain  sense. 
The  word  Sabbath  signifies  rest.  Less,  in  compo- 
sition, as  in  faitkless^  sigiufies  destitution  or  want. 
The  prefix  r«,  in  recommend,  seldom  signifies  any 
thing. 

3.  To  import;  to  weigh  ;  to  have  consequence; 
used  in  particular  yhrases ;  as,  it  signifies  mucli  or  lit- 
tle ;  it  signifies  nothing.  What  does  it  sig7iifij? 
What  signify  ihe  splendors  of  a  court.''  Confession 
of  sin,  wilhout  reformation  of  life,  can  signify  noth- 
ing in  the  view  of  God. 

4.  To  make  known ;  to  declare. 

The  goremment  should  sigra/y  to  the  Piotestants  of  Ireland, 
that  want  of  alver  is  not  to  be  remedied.  Sim/l. 

SIG'NF-F^,  V.  i.     To  express  meaning  with  force. 

[LUtle  used  ] 

SIG'NI-F?-1NG,  ppr.  Making  known  by  signs  or 
words. 

SIGN'ING, /jpr.  Marking;  subscribing;  signifying 
by  the  hand. 

SIGN'IOR,  (seen'yur,)  n.  A  title  of  respect  among 
the  Italians.    [See  Seiomor.] 

SIGN'IOR-IZE,  (seen'yur-ize,)  v.  i.  To  exercise  do- 
minion ;  or  to  have  dominion.    [Little  used.] 


SIL 

SIGN'IOR-Y,  (seen'yur-y,)  «.  A  different,  but  less 
common  spelling  of  Seig.njorv,  which  see.  It  sig- 
nifies lordship,  dominion,  and  in  Shakspearc,  senior- 
ity. 

SIGN'-MAN'IT-AL,  T(.  One's  own  name  written  by 
himself;  applied  particularly  to  tlio  signature  of  a 
sovereign  or  [irinre. 

SIGN'-PoS'I',  71.  [sign  and  jwst.]  A  jiost  on  which 
a  sign  hangs,  or  on  which  papers  are  placed  to  give 
public  notice  of  any  thing.  By  the  laws  of  some  of 
the  New  England  Stales,  a  sign-post  is  to  be  erected 
neai'  the  center  of  racli  town. 

^TKE    I  °'    ^'"^''-     [Obs.]  Spciiser. 

SIK'ER,  a.  or  adv.     Sure;    surely.      [Obs.]      [See 

Sicker.] 
SIK'ER-NESS,  7i.    Surenessj  safety.     [Obs.] 

Cltaueer. 
SiLE,  V.  t.    To  strain,  as  fresh  milk   from  the  cow. 

[Local.] 
SIL'£D,  pp.     Strained. 
Si'LENCE,  71.     [Fr.,  from  L.  silcntium,  from  sileo,  to 

be  still;    It.  .^titeniio  ;    Sp.  silencio.     The  sense  is,  to 

stop  or  hold  ;  but  this  may  proceed  from  setting, 

throwing  down.     See  Sill.] 

1.  In  a  general  senscy  stillness,  or  entire  absence  of 
sound  or  noise  ;  as,  the  silence  of  midnight. 

2.  In  animals,  the  state  of  holding  the  peace  ;  for- 
bearance of  speech  in  man,  or  of  noise  in  other  an- 
imals. 

I  was  dumb  with  sitertce  ;  1  held  my  peace,  ctbu  from  good.  — 

Fs.  XXJUK. 

3.  Habitual  taciturnity;  opposed  to  Loquacity. 

Skak. 

4.  Secrecy.  Tliese  things  were  transacted  in  si- 
lence. 

5.  Stillness;  calmness;  quiet;  cessation  of  rage, 
agitation,  or  tumult;  as,  the  elements  reduced  to 
siifuce. 

G.  Absence  of  mention ;  oblivion. 

Eternal  silence  be  their  doom.  filiiton. 

And  what  most  merits  fame,  in  silence  Iiid.  MUlon. 

7.  Silence  is  used  elliptically  for /e£  (Acre  6c  ^i/ence, 
an  injunction  to  keep  silence. 
SI'LENCE,  V.  t.    To  oblige  to  hold  the  peace  ;  to  re- 
strain from  noise  or  speaking. 

2.  To  still ;  to  quiet ;  to  restrain  ;  to  appease. 

This  wonld  silence  all  further  opposition.  Clarendon. 

These  would  h.\vc  silenced  ihcir  scruples.  Jiogers. 

3.  To  stop  ;  as,  to  silence  complaints  or  clamor. 

4.  To  cause  to  cease  firing  by  a  vigorous  cannon- 
ading ;  as,  to  silence  guns  or  a  battery.  Totlen. 

5.  To  restrain  from  preaching  by  revoking  a  license 
to  preach;  as,  to  silence  a  minister  of  the  gospel. 

United  States. 
The  Rev.  Thomas  Uooker,  of  Chelmsford  in  Easex,  was  silenced 
for  Non-conformity.  B.  Trumbull. 

G.  To  put  an  end  to ;  to  cause  to  cease. 

The  question  between  ajricultiire  and  commerce  h^a  Deceived  a 


Sl'LE.\C-M>,  (si'lenst,)  pp.    Stilled  ;  hushed. 

Si'LENC-ING,  ppr.    Stilling. 

Sl'LENT,  a.     Not  speaking  ;  mute.     Ps.  xxii. 

2.  Habitually  taciturn;  speaking  little;  not  in 
clined  to  much  talking  ;  not  loquacious. 

Ulysses,  he  adds,  was  ihe  most  eloquent  and  the  most  s'dent  of 
men.  Broome. 

3.  Still ;  having  no  noise  ;  as,  the  silent  watches  of 
the  night ;  the  silent  groves  ;  all  was  silent 

4.  Not  operative  ;  wanting  efficacy.  Ralegh. 

5.  Not  mentioning  ;  not  proclaiming. 

This  new-created  world,  of  wliicb  in  h-U 

Fam*?  is  not  silent.  Milton. 

t!.  Calm  ;  as,  the  winds  were  silent.  Parnclt. 

7.  Not  acting  ;  not  transacting  business  in  person  ; 
as,  a  silent  partner  in  a  commercial  house. 

8.  Not  pronounced  ;  having  no  sound  ;  as,  e  is  si- 
lent in  fable. 

SI-LEN'TIA-RY,  n.  One  appointed  to  keep  silence 
and  order  in  court ;  one  sworn  not  to  divulge  secrets 
of  state.  Barrow. 

SI'LENT-LY,  adv.    Without  speech  or  words. 

Each  Gently 
DcmancU  thy  grace,  and  seems  to  watch  thy  eye.        Dryden. 

2.  Without  noise  ;  as,  to  march  silently. 

3.  Without  mention.  He  mentioned  other  difficul- 
ties, but  this  he  sUcntly  passed  over.  Locke. 

SI'LENT-NESS,  7(.  State  of  being  silent;  stillness; 
silt^ice.  ^sA. 

SI-Le'SIA,  n.  A  duchy  or  country  now  chiefly  be- 
longing to  Prussia;  hence,  a  species  of  linen  cloth 
so  cp'Vd  ;  thin,  coarse  linen. 

SI-Le'SIAN,  (-shan,)a.  Pertaining  to  Silesia;  made 
in  Silesia;  as,  SileManVmen. 

SI'LEX,  71.     [L.  silcz,  flint.] 

Silicic  acid,  generally  impure,  as  it  is  found  in  na- 
ture, constituting  (lint,  quartz,  and  most  sands,  and 
sandstones.     [See  Silica  and  Silicic  Acid.] 

SIL'HOU-ETTE,  (sil'oo-et,)  n.  [Fr.,  from  the  name 
of  the  improver.] 


SIL 

A  profile ;  a  representation  of  the  outlines  of  an 
object  filled  in  with  a  black  color.  Brande. 

SIL'I-CA,  n.    [L.  silcz,  a  flint.] 

One  of  the  names  of  silicic  acid  in  a  state  of  pu- 
rity.    It  was  considered  to  be  one  of  the  primilivt; 
earths.     [See  Silicic  .^cid.] 
SIL'I-€.'\TE,  71.    A  salt  composed  of  silicic  acid  and 

a  base. 
SIL'I-eA-TED,a.  Combined  with  silicic  acid.  [Hare.] 

SiUtman. 
SI-LIC'I€  ACID,  n.  An  acid,  according  to  Thom- 
son, composed  of  one  equivalent  of  silicon  and  one 
of  oxygen,  or,  according  to  Berzelius,  one  of  silicon 
and  three  of  oxygen.  When  pure,  it  is  a  light, 
white  powder,  which  feels  rough  when  rubbed  be- 
tween the  fingers.  It  is  both  inodorous  and  insipid. 
It  combines  with  bases,  forming  salts,  which  are 
called  silicates.  Rock  crj-stal,  flint,  and  other  varic 
ties  of  quartz,  are  nearlv  pure  silicic  acid. 
SIL-IC'I-€AL-eA'RE-OUS,  a.     [silez  and  calcareous.] 

Consisting  of  silex  and  calcareous  matter. 
SfL-IC'I-CALCE,  n.    [L.  silez  or  silica  and  calz.] 
A  silicious  rock  containing  carbonate  of  lime. 

SaiLs.ture. 
SIL-I-CIF'ER-OUS,  a.      [L.  sUez  and  fero,  to  pro 
duce.] 
Producing  silex  ;  or  united  with  a  portion  of  silex 
SII^IC-I-FI-eA'TION,  n.      Petrifaction   by  flint   » 

silex.  MantdL 

SIL-IC'T-FT-£D,  pp.  or  a.    Petrified  by  flint. 
SIL-IC'LFY,  (sil-is'e-fl,)  v.  t.      [L.  silex,  flint,   am' 
facio,  to  make.] 

To  convert  into  silex,  or  petrify  by  flint. 

The  specimens  found  near  Pbiladelphis,  aic  completely  tiUdficd 

i>uy. 

SIL-IC'I-FV,  V.  i.    To  become  silex. 

SIL-IC'I-F-f-ING,  ppr.     Pctrifving  by  silex. 

SlL-IC-I-Mu'RITE,  n.    [sUez'and  muria,  brine.] 
An  earth  composed  oi  silex  and  magnesia. 

SI-LI"CIOUS,  (se-lish'us,)  a.  Pertaining  to  silex,  or 
partaking  of  its  nature  and  qualities. 

SI-LIC'I-TED,  a.    Impregnated  with  silex. 

Kirican^  Otol. 

SI-LI"CIUM,  n.  Silicon,  which  see.  The  name  si- 
licium  was  given  by  those  who  supposed  it  to  be  a 
metal  like  sodium.  Silliman. 

A  pericarp  or  seed-vessel  as  broad  as  it  is  long, 
consisting  of  two  valves,  two  sutures,  and  a  dissepi 
ment,  with  the  seeds  attached  to  both  edges  of  the 
dissepiment,  and  alternately  upon  each  side  of  it. 

SIL'I-CON,  n.  A  dark,  nut-brown,  elementary  sub- 
stance, destitute  of  a  metallic  luster,  and  a  nun-con- 
ductor ofelectricity.  It  is  incombustible  in  atmospheric 
air,  and  in  o.\j  gen  gas,  but  burns  in  certain  salts  con- 
taining oxygen.  It  is  neither  dissolved  nor  oxydized 
by  sulphuric  or  nitric  acids  ;  but  a  mixture  of  the  nitric 
and  fluohydric  acids  dissolves  it  readily.  Its  exter- 
nal characters  are  much  altered  after  exposure  to  a 
high  temperature. 

SI-LIC'U-LoSE,  a.  Having  silicles,  or  pertaining  to 
them. 

SI-LlG'I-NoSE,  a.    [L.  siligo.] 

Made  of  fine  wheat.  Bailey. 

SIL'ING,  ppr.    Straining. 

SIL'ING-DISn,  n.     [Dan.  .-iilcr,  to  strain.] 

A  colander.     [JVo£  in  use.]  Barrett. 

SIL'I-Q,UA,  71.  [L.]  With  ^'oW-jJ/iers,  a  carat,  six  of 
which  make  a  scruple.  Johnsotu 

An  elongated  pericarp  or  seed-vessel,  consisting 
of    two   valves,  two   sutures,  and  a  dissepiment, 
with  the  seeds  attached  tu  both  edges  of  the  dissepi- 
ment, and  alternately  upon  each  side  of  it. 
SIL'I-aiir-FORM,  a.    Having  the  form  of  a  siliqua. 

H^vinj;  that  species  of  pericarp  called  stli^ue;  as, 
silifiuose  plants.  Martyn. 

SILK,  Jt.     [Sax.  seoU ;   Sw.  sUke ;   Dan.  id. ;  Kuss. 


schitk :   Ar.  and   Pcrs. 


.jSJum 


silk;  properly  any 


thread,  from  Ar.  lysXw  sataka^  to  send  or  thrust 

in,  to  insert,  to  pass  or  go.] 

1.  Tlie  fine,  soft  tllread  prodnced  by  various  spe- 
cies of  caterpillars,  particularly  by  the  Iar\-e  of  the 
insect  called  siik-worm  or  Bomityz  Jllvri.  'I  *Ml  which 
we  ordinarily  call  sWc,  is  a  thread  composed  of  sev- 
eral liner  threads,  which  the  worm  draws  from  iu 
bowels,  like  the  web  of  a  spider,  and  with  which 
the  silk-worm  envelops  itself,  forming  what  is  called 
a  Cocoon.  JCiievc. 

a.  Cloth  made  of  silk.  In  this  sense,  the  word 
has  a  plural,  silks,  denoting  different  sorts  and  varie- 
ties, as  black  silk,  white  silk,  colored  silks. 

3.  The  filiform  slvle  of  tlie  female  flower  of 
maize,  which  resembles  real  silk  in  fineness  and 
softness. 


TONE,  BJJLL,  TINITE AN""GEE,  VI"CIOUS C  as  K;  6  as  J ;  S  as  Z;  CH  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

"  iosT 


SIL 


SIM 


yir-rinia  silk :  a  pliint  of  the  genus  Penploca, 
which  climbs  anil  winds  about  otiier  plants,  trees, 
&c.  No  species  of  Periploca  grows  in  Virginia,  or 
any  part  of  the  United  States. 

SILK,  a.     Pertainina  to  silk  ;  consisting  of  silk. 

SILK-eOT'TON-TREE,  ii.  A  tree  of  tlie  genus 
Uonibax,  growing  to  an  immense  size,  and  having 
its  seeds  enveloped  in  a  cottony  substance  ;  a  native 
of  both  the  Indies.  Loudon. 

SILK'£N,  (silk'n,)  a.     [Sax.  sealccn.] 

1.  Made  of  silk  ;  as,  silkm  cloth  ;  a  silken  vail. 

2.  Like  silk ;  soft  to  the  touch.  Dnjilcn. 

3.  Soft;  delicate;  tender;  smooth;  as,  mild  and 
siiksn  lansuage. 

4.  Dressed  in  silk  ;  as,  a  silken  wanton.       Shak. 
SILK'fiN,  (silk'n,)  r.  t.    To  render  soft  or  smooth. 

Dtjcr. 
SILK'E.V-EU,  pp.    Rendered  soft  or  smootli. 
SILK'-GRXSS,  vu    A  lilamentous  plant  of  the  genus 

Yucca.  F'lrm.  Kiicyc. 

SILK'I-NESS,  n.  [from  silkij.]  The  qualities  of  silk; 
softness  and  smoothness  to  the  feel. 

2.  Softness;  effeminacy;  pusillanimity.  [Little 
,„r,;.l  B.  Jonsoii. 

S1LK'M.\N,  n.    [sitt  and  mmi.]    A  dealer  in  silks. 


Slial!. 
[silk  and  mercer.]    A  dealer  in 

and 


spmning, 


SILK'-MER-CER 

silks. 

SILK'-JIILL,  ji.    A  mill  for  reelin: 
manufarturinp  silk. 

SILK'-VVE.\V-ER,;t.  [silk  and  wcaser.]  Oneivhose 
ocnipation  is  to  weave  silk  stuffs.  IVatts. 

SILK'VVEED,  Ji.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Asclepias,  also 
called  Wild  Cotton,  whose  seed-vessels  contain  a 
long,  silkv  down.  Farm.  Enajc. 

SILK'-WOR.M,  (-worm,)  n.  [silk  and  loom.]  The 
worm  which  produces  silk,  the  larve  of  a  lepidop- 
terous  insect  called  the  homhyz  muri.  Silk-worms 
are  said  to  have  been  first  introduced  into  the  Roman 
empire  from  China,  in  the  reign  of  Justinian. 

SILK'-WOR.M  GUT,  n.  A  substance  prepared  from 
the  entrails  of  silk-worms,  used  in  making  lines  for 
annling.  Ore. 

SILK'Y,  a.    Made  of  silk ;  consisting  of  silk. 

2.  Like  silk  ;  soft  and  smooth  to  the  toucli. 

3.  riiant  ;  yielding.  Shak. 
SILL,  II.    [Sax.  sijl,  sijle,svU.  Ft.  seuil :  G.  sclimellc; 

W.  sail,  syl,  or  seller,  fouiidation  ;  seiliaw,  to  found  ; 
L.  solum,  allied  to  nolid.  The  primary  sense  is,  prob- 
ably, to  lay,  set,  or  throw  down.] 

1.  Properly,  the  basis  or  foundation  of  a  thing  ;  o;)- 
propriaiely,  a  I'^ee  of  timber  on  which  a  building 
rests;  the  lowest  timber  of  any  structure;  a.s,  the 
sills  of  a  house,  of  a  bridge,  of  a  loom,  and  the 
hke. 

2.  The  timber  or  stone  at  the  foot  of  a  door ;  the 
threshold. 

3.  The  timber  or  stone  on  which  a  window-frame 
stands  ;  or  the  lowest  piece  in  a  window-frame. 

4.  The  shaft  or  tliill  of  a  carriage.     [Loeal.]  Orose. 
S1L'L.\-BUB,  n.    A  liquor  made  by  mixing  wine  or 

cider  with  milk,  and  thus  forming  a  soft  curd.  King. 

SIL'LI-LY,  ade.  [from  silly.]  In  a  silly  manner  ; 
foolishly  ;  without  the  exercise  of  good  sense  or  jiidg- 
menl.  Dnjden. 

SIL'LI-MAN-ITE,  n.  A  mineral  found  at  S.iybrook, 
in  Connecticut,  so  named  in  honor  of  Prof.  Silliman, 
of  Yale  College.  It  occurs  in  long,  slender,  rhombic 
prisms,  engaged  in  gneiss.  Its  color  is  dark  gray  and 
hair  brown  ;  luster  shining  upon  the  external  planes, 
but  brilliant  and  sub-metallic  upon  those  produced 
by  clcavace  in  a  direction  parallel  with  the  longer  di- 
agonal of^tlie  prism  ;  hardness  about  the  same  with 
quartz  ;  specific  gravity,  3.410.  It  is  composed  of  sil- 
ica and  alumina,  with  some  oxyd  of  iron. 

SIL'LI-NESS,  J!.  Weakness  of  understanding;  want 
of  sound  sense  or  judgment;  simplicity  ;  harmless 
folly.  V  K^tran<re. 

SIL'LOCK,  n.  The  name  given  in  the  Orkney  Isles 
to  the  fry  of  the  coal-flsh,  which  is  allied  to  the  cod- 
fish ;  also  spelled  Sillik  and  Sellok. 

Jamieson's  Diet. 

SIL'LY,  a.  [I  have  not  found  this  word  in  any  other 
language ;  but  the  Sa.x.  asealcan  signifies  to  be  dull, 

inert,  lazy.  This  corresponds  with  the  .\t.  ^^■-'^*-^ 

kasela,  to  be  sliipiil,  Heb.  Sdd.  This  may  be  radically 
the  same  word,  with  a  prefix.    Class  SI,  No.  2fj.] 

1.  Weak  in  intellect ;  foolish ;  witless ;  destitute 
of  ordinary  strength  of  mind  ;  simple  ;  as,  a  silly 
man  ;  a  silly  child. 

2.  Proceeding  from  want  of  understanding  or  com- 
mon judgment ;  characterized  by  weakness  er  fol- 
ly ;  unwise  ;  as,  silly  thoughts  ;  silly  actions  ;  a  silly 
sehewe  :  writings  stupid  or  silly.  Watts. 

3.  Weak ;  helpless. 

After  long stonr.s  — 
Wi(h  which  my  silli/  bark  was  tosst-d.     [06c. I  b'penecr. 

SIL'LY-HOW,  II.      The  membrane  that  covers  the 

head  of  the  fetus.     [/  believe  not  used.]         Brown. 
SILT,  71.    [Sw.  sijlta,  to  pickle.] 

1.  Saltness,  or  salt  marsh  or  mud. 


2.  .\  deposit  of  mud  or  line  earth  from  running  or 
standing  water.  Viuta. 

SILT,  e.  (.    To  choice,  fill,  or  obstruct  with  mud. 
SILT'INC,  ppr.    Choking,  filling,  or  obstructing  with 

iilLS'lfus,!"-   [i----;Fr..au«.]  L"'"^- 

A  fish  of  the  genus  SHurus,  as  the  shcat-fisli. 

D'tcL  A''at.  Hist. 
SI-IjU'KI-AN,  a.    [from  tlip  SUnrcs,  who  anciently  in- 
habited a  part  of  Kncland  and  Wales.] 

lugeolo^ij,  a  term  apphed  to  the  fossiliferous  strata 
heUnv  the  old  red  sand.-stone.  Jilurchhon. 

SI-LU'RI-DA.XS,  «.  jd.  The  family  of  fishes  of  which 

the  siluru.s  is  the  type.  Brandc. 

SIL'VA,  71.     [L.]     A  collection  of  poems. 

2.  The  natural  history  of  the  forest-trc'cs  of  a  coun- 
try.    ['I  his  wurd  ia  more  commonly  spelled  Svi.v\.] 
SIL'VAN,  a.     [L.  st7ra,  a  wood  or  grove.    It  is  also 
written  Sylvan.] 

1.  Ptirtaining  to    a  wood    or  grove  ;    inliabiting 

2.  Woody;  abounding  with  woods.  [woods. 

Eoiwixt  Iwo  rows  of  rocks,  a  siloan  scent.-.  Dryden. 

SIL'VATE.    See  Sylvate. 

SIL' VAN,  71.     Another  name  of  TELLuniuM.  Werner. 

SIL'VEU,  71.     [Sax.  seulfcr^  ailucr  ;   Goth,  silubr ;   G. 

silber;  D.  lilvcr ;  Sw.  silfocr ;  Uan.  ,«o7y ;  Lapponic, 

sdlowpe.     Ciu.  Russ.  sercbro ;  r  for  L] 

1.  A  metal  of  a  white  color  and  lively  brilliancy. 
It  lias  neither  taste  nor  smell ;  its  specific  gravity  is 
10.552,  according  to  Bercman,  but  according  to  Kir- 
wan,  it  is  less.  A  cubic  foot  weighs  about  GtiO  lbs.  It 
is  exceedingly  malleable,  and  its  ductilUy  is  little  in- 
ferior to  that  of  gold.  It  is  harder  and  more  elastic 
than  tin  or  gold,  but  less  so  than  copper,  platinum,  or 
iron.  It  is  found  native  in  thin- plates  or  leaves,  or 
in  line  threads,  or  it  is  found  mineralized  by  various 
substances.  Great  quantities  of  this  metal  are  fur- 
nished by  the  mines  of  South  America  and  of  Mexi- 
co ;  and  it  is  found  in  small  quantities  in  Norway, 

I      Germany,  Spain,  the  United  States,  &c. 

Kinoan.     Encyc. 

2.  Money  ;  coin  made  of  silver. 

3.  Any  thing  of  soft  splendor. 


Pullas  —  piteous  of  her  pl;untivc  cries, 

III  slumber  closed  her  si (»er-Btreaiiiing  eyes. 


Pope. 


SIL'VER,  a.    Made  of  silver ;  as,  a  silver  cup. 

AVhite  like  silver  j  as,  silver  hair.  Shak. 

Odu'rs  OH  silver  I;ikes  and  rivers  Uithed 

Tlifir  downy  breast.  Millon. 

.1.  White  or  pale;  of  a  pale  luster;  as,  the  silver 
moon. 

A.  Soft  and  clear;  as,  6-i^ucr  tones  or  sound.     [It. 
suono  argevtino.'\  Spenser.     Shak. 

SIL'VER,  V.  t.    To  cover  superficially  with  a  coat  of 
silver  ;  as,  to  xilcer  a  pin  or  a  dial-plate. 

2.  To  foliate  ;  to  cover  with  tinfoil  amalgamated 
with  quicksilver  ;  as,  to  silver  glass. 

3.  To  adorn  with  mild  luster :  to  make  smootli  and 
bright. 

And  Brniling^  cnlmness  sUvtrtd  o'er  the  deep.  Pope. 

4.  To  make  hoary. 

His  head  was  sUucred  o'er  with  oge.  Gay. 

SIL'VER-BeAT-ER,  7!.   [silver  and  beater.']   One  that 

fuliates  silver,  or  forms  it  into  a  leaf. 
SIL'VER-CUSH,  71.    A  plant,  a  species  of  .Anthyllis. 
SIL'VER-BUS'IvIN-jED,  a.    Buskined  with  sdver. 

MdUin. 
SIL'VER-£;D,  7;/).    Covered  with  a  thin  coat  of  silver; 

rendered  smooth  and  lustrous  ;  made  wliite  or  Jioary. 
SIL'VER-FiR,  (-fur,)  n.  A  species  of  '^i.  Berkeley. 
SIL'VER-FISH,  71.    A  fish  of  the  size  i,i  a  small  carp, 

havimr  a  white  color,  striped  with  silvery  lines. 
SIL'VER-HaIR-ED,  a.     Having  hair  of  the  color  of 

silver.  South. 

SIL'VER-ING,  ppr.     Covering  the  surface  with  a  thin 

coat  of  silver  ;  foliating  ;  rendering  mildly  lustrous  ; 

renderins  white. 
SIL'VER-ING,  71.    The  art,  operation,  or  practice  of 

covering  the  surface  of  any  thing  with  silver  ;  as,  the 

silvering  of  copper  or  brass.  Encyc. 

9.  The  sMver  thus  laid  on. 
SIL'VER-  LkAF,  n.    Silver  beaten  into  a  thin  leaf. 
PIL'VER-LING,  71.    A  silver  coin.    /,■.  vii. 
SIL'VER-LV,  adv.    With  the  appearance  of  silver. 

S/mk. 
SIL'VER-SMITH,  7i.    [silver  and  smitk.]     One  whose 

occupation  is  to  work  in  silver,  or  in  manufactures 

of  which  the  precious  metals  form  a  part. 
SIL'VER-THIS-TLE,  (-this'l,)  v..    [silver  and  thistle.] 

A  plant. 
SIL'V'^ER-TREE,  71.      An  evergreen  shrub,  or  small 

tree,  of  the  genus  Leucadendron,  a  native  ol  South 

Africa.  London. 

SIL'VER-WEED,  n.    A  perennial  plant,  of  the  genus 

Pole  nil  I  la. 
SIL'VER-Y,  a.     [from  silver.]     Like  silver  ;  having 

the  appearance  of  silver;  white  ;  of  a  mild  luster. 

Of  (ill  thJ  pnamcled  rvc<;  whosp  silvery  wiag 

Waves  to  thp  tepid  K-phyrs  of  di?  spring.  Pope. 

2.  Besprinkled  or  covered  with  silver. 
SI'MA.     See  Cvma. 


SIM 

SIftl'A-GRE,  71.    [Fr.  simagr^e,] 

Grimace.     [J^ot  tjt  useT]  I}rydeiu 

illMSuk',!"-     [F^- -•'"'"•'•'•] 

A  woman's  robe.     [J^otinusc,]  Dryden. 

SIM'I-.\,  71.  [L.,  an  ape.]  A  general  name  of  the  va- 
rious tribes  of  monkeys. 
SI&I'I-L.Ml,  0.  [Vr.  similaire  ;  It.  simile  i  S\>.  similar ; 
h.  similis  j  W.  lieval,  hcimlyz;  from  inal,  like,  Gr. 
bfiaX'j^.  The  Welsh  vial  signifies,  small,  light, 
ground,  bruised,  smooth,  allied  to  mill,  VV.  main,  to 
grind.  Kut  I  am  not  confident  that  these  words  are 
of  one  family.] 

Like  ;  resemblii'g  ;  having  a  like  form  or  appear- 
ance. Similar  ina\  si^itily,  exactly  alike,  or  haying 
a  general  likeness,  a  likeness  in  the  principal  points. 
Things  perfectly  similar  in  their  nature  must  be  of 
the  same  essence,  or  homogeneous  ;  but  we  generally 
understand  similar  to  denote  a  likeness  that  is  n-.t 
perfect.  Many  of  the  statutes  of  Connecticut  arc 
similar  to  the  statutes  of  Massachusetts  on  the  sniiio 
subjects.  The  manners  of  the  several  States  of  New 
England  are  similar,  the  people  being  derived  from 
common  ancestors. 

In  geometni,  .similar  reettlincal  furieres  arc  such  as 
have  their  several  angles  respectively  equal  each  to 
each,  and  their  sides  about  the  equal  angles  propor- 
tional. Similar  solids  arc  such  as  are  contained  by 
the  same  number  of  similar  planes,  similarly  situat- 
ed, and  having  like  inclination  to  one  another. 

Brandc. 
SIM-I-LAR'I-TY,  71.    Likeness  ;  resemblance  ;  as,  a 
similarity  of  features.    There  is  a  great  sbiiilurity  in 
the  features  of  the  Laplanders  and  Samoicdes,  but 
little  similarity  between  the  features  of  Europeans 
and  the  woolly-haired  Africans. 
SIJl'I-L.-^U-LY,  adv.    In  like  manner;  with  resem- 
blance. Rcid. 
■SI.M'I-LAR-Y.    The  same  as  Similah. 
SIM'I-LE,  n.     [L.1     In  rhetoric,  similitude ;    a  com- 
parison of  two  things,  which,  however  dilTerent  in 
other  respects,  have  some  strong  point  or  points  of 
resemblance  ;  by  which  comparison  tlio  character  <ir 
qualities  of  a  thing  are  illustrated,  or  presented  in  an 
impressive  light.    Tims  the  eloquence  of  Demosthe- 
nes was  like  a  rapid  torrent ;  that  of  Cicero  like  a 
large  stieain  iliat  glides  smoothly  along  with  majes- 
tic tranquillity. 
SI-MIL' I-Ti:R,n.     [L.,  in  like  manner.]     In /am,  the 
technical  designation  of  the  form  by  which  either 
party,  in  pleading,  accepts  the  issue  tendered  by  his 
opponent.                                                        Brande. 
SI-MIL'ITUDE,  n.     [Fr.,  from  L.  similitudo.] 

I.  Likeness  ;    resemblance  ;    likeness  in  nature, 
qualities,  or  appearance  ;  as,  similitude  of  substance. 

Baeoit. 

Millon. 
Pope. 


!.':t  UH  make  man  in  our  iiiiagff,  man 
III  our  siimlilade. 
Falc  some  t'lUurc  bard  sliall  Join 
In  Bad  simiiilude  of  gri'.fs  lo  miue. 

a.  Comparison  ;  simile.     [See  SiMtLE.] 

Tasso, 


liU  simiUttides,  never  deparled  from  the  woods. 

Dryilen. 


Denoting  resemblance  or 
Coke. 


SI-MIL-t-TO'DIJ.  V-RY 
comparison. 

SI.M'I-LOR,  n.  An  u  -y  of  copper  and  zmc  resem- 
bling bniss,  but  of  a  golden  color.  Urc. 

SIM'I-OUS,  a.     [L.  simio.] 

Pertaining  to  or  like  a  monkey. 

SIM'I-TAR.    See  Cimetek. 

SIM'MER,  II.  t.  [au.  Gr.  ^n/jij,  pijiou,  to  ferment.] 
To  boil  gently,  or  with  a  gentle  hissing.  Simmer- 
inir  is  incipient  ebullition,  when  little  bubbles  are 
formed  on  the  edge  of  the  liquor  next  to  the  vessel. 
These  are  occasioned  by  the  escape  of  heat  and 
vapor. 

SIM'MER-TNG,;i;)i-.    Boiling  gently. 

SIM'NEL,  71.     [Dan.  simlc:  Sw.  simlai  G.  semmcl] 
A  kind  of  sweet  cake  ;  a  bun. 

SI-JI6'KI-Ae,  II.     [Fr.  simoniaijue.    See  Simony.] 
One  who  buys  or  sells  proferment  in  the  church. 

Jlyliffe. 

SIM-O-NI'AC-AL,  a.     Guilty  of  simony.     Spectator. 
2.  Consisting  in  simony,  or  the  crime  of  buying  or 
selling    ecclesiastical  preferment;    as,  a  simoniacal 
presentation. 

SIM-0-NI'Ae-.'\L-LY%  adc.  With  the  guilt  or  offense 
of  simonv.  ^  ,, 

SI-M6'NI-ANS,  n.  pi.    The  followers  of  Simon  Ma- 
Saint  Simoiiiaas.     See  Saint  Simonians.  [gus. 

SI-MO'NI-OUS,  a.  Partaking  of  simony  ;  given  to 
simony.  •'?''""?•. 

SUrON-Y',  n.  rfrom  Simon  Magus,  who  wished  to 
purchase  the  power  of  conferring  the  Holy  Spirit. 
.dels  viii.]  .      . 

The  crime  of  buying  or  selling  ecclesiastical  pre- 
ferment;  or  the  corrupt  presentation  of  any  one  to 
an  ecclesiastical  benefice  for  money  or  reward.  li.v 
Stat.  31  Elizabeth,  c.  vi.,  severe  penalties  are  enacted 
against  this  crime. 

SI-MOOM',  (  n.    A  hot,  drj'  wind,  that  blows  occa- 

SI-MOON',  i  sionally  in  Arabia,  Syria,  and  the 
neighboring  countries,  generated  by  the  extreme  heat 
of  the  parched  deserts  or  sandy  plains.    Its  approach 


FaTE,  far,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  M.'^Ri.XE,  BIRD.  — N6TE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  EOOK.- 


Lrr 


in?.2 


SIM 

13  indieaied  by  a  redness  in  the  air,  and  iis  fatal  ; 
effects  were  ft>rnierly  supposed  to  be  avoided  by  fall- 
ing OD  ttie  face  and  holding  tbe  brt-nth. 

Enaic.     P.  Cijc. 
SVMOUS,  a.    [L.  simoj  one  with  a  flat  nose,  Gr. 

1.  Having  a  very  fiat  or  snub  nose,  with  the  end 
turned  up. 

2.  Concave ;  as,  the  simoit^  part  of  the  liver. 

Brown. 
SIM'PER,  c.  I.  To  smile  in  a  silly  manner.  Shak. 
SIMTER,  n.    A  smile  with  an  air  of  silliness. 

,4ddi^on, 
srM'PER-IXG,  ppr.  or  a.     Smiling  foolishly. 
SIM'PER-I^'G,  n.    The  act  of  smiling  with  an  air  of 

silliness. 
SI.M'PER-IXG-LY,  adv.    With  a  silly  smile. 
Sni'PLE,  a.      ^Fr.,  from  L.  simp'cz:   sine^  without, 

and  plej^  pliiCy  doubling,  fold  ;  It.  scmptice.] 

1.  Single  ;  consisting  of  one  thins: ,:  uncoin- 
pounded  ;  unmin^led  ;  uncnmbined  Willi  ani?  thin« 
else  :  as,  a  simple  substance  ;  a  simple  idea  ;  a  ahnpte 
sound.  fVatt<. 

2.  Plain ;  artless  ;  not  given  to  design,  stratagem, 
or  duplicit}- ;  undesigning;  sincere;  liarraless. 

A  timpte  hustand.iiao  in  gunnetils  ^^ay.  Hubbard. 

X  Artless;  unaffected;  uuconstraincd ;  inartifi- 
cial ;  plain. 

la  simple  maaoeis  all  the  secret  lies.  Youn^. 

4.  Unadorned;  plain;  as^  o.  sir.rple  style  or  narra- 
tion ;  a  simple  dress. 

5.  Xot  complex  or  complicated  ;  as,  a  machine  of 
simple  construction. 

6.  Weak  in  intellect ;  not  wise  or  sagacious  ;  silly. 

The  simple  belisvelh  eTeir  ivord ;  but  the  pnidsnt  lookcth  uell 
to  ha  goic*.  —  Pror.  xlv. 

7.  In  botany,  undivided,  as  a  root,  stem,  or  spike  ; 
only  one  on  a  petiole,  as  a  simple  leaf:  only  one  on  a 
peduncle,  as  a  simple  flower  :  liaving  only  one  set  of 
rays,  as  an  umbel ;  having  only  one  series  of  leaflets, 
as,  a  simple  calyx;  not  plumose  or  feathered,  as  a 
pappus.  .Martyn. 

Simple^  when  applied  to  minerab  and  rocks,  has 
reffirence  to  their  lion'ogeneousness,  and  not  to  the 
number  of  eleniests  vrliich  enter  into  their  composi- 
tion. Kncyc.     Dryden. 

A  simple  bcdi/y  in  chnj^nsiry.  in  one  t!tat  lias  not 
been  decomposed,  cr  separated  into  two  or  more  ele- 
/nentar>'  bodies. 
SI.M'PLE,  n.  Something  not  mixed  or  compounded. 
In  the  materia  mgdicSy  the  general  denoiaination  of 
an  herb  or  plant,  as  each  vegetable  is  supposed  to 
possess  iu  particular  virtae,  and  therefore  to  consti- 
tute a  simple  remedy. 
SIM'PLE,  V.  i.    To  gather  simples  or  plants. 

As  sirr.pHng  on  the  Bowery  hH!s  he  su^jed.  Garth. 

glMTLE-HEART'ED,  a.    Having  a  simple  heart. 

ScotL 

SIM'PLE-^nXD'ED,  a.  Artless;  undesigning;  un- 
suspecting. Blackstone. 

SIMTLE-MIXD'ED-XESS,  «.     Artlessness. 

SDI'PLE  .MIN'ER-AL,  tu  A  mineral  composed  of  a 
single  substance.  Rocks  are  generally  a<igrcgates  of 
several  simple  minerals  cemented  together. 

rJIM'PLE-.N'ESS,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
>  Tnple,  single,  or  uncompounded  ;  as,  the  simplentss 
of  the  elements.  JOigby. 

2.  Artlessness  :  simplicity. 

3.  Weakness  of  intellect. 

SiM'PLER,  n.    One  that  collects  simples  ;  an  herbal- 
ist ;  a  simpIisL 
SIM'PLESS,  for  Simplicity  or  Silliness,  is  not  in 

use.  Spenser. 

SIM'PLE-TON,  (-pl-tun,)  tu  A  silly  person;  a  per- 
son of  weak  intellect;  a  trifler;  a  foolish  person. 

Pope. 
SIM-PLT'^CIAX,  (sim-plish'an,)  n.     An  artless,  un- 
skilled, or  nndesigning  person.  Amway. 
f-'I>I-PLrC'I-TY,   n.     [L.   simplicitas ;    Fr.   sitnplieite ; 
I*.  sh!t;f'icitd  ;  Sp.  simplicidadS\ 

1.  Singleness;  the  state  of  being  unmixed  or  un- 
coin  pounded  ;  as,  the  simplicity  of  metals  or  of 
eartiis. 

a.  The  state  of  being  not  complex,  or  of  consisting 
of  few  parts  ;  as,  the  simplicity  of  a  machine. 

3.  Artlessness  of  mind  ;  freedom  from  a  propensity 
to  cunning  or  stratagem  ;  freedom  from  duplicity; 
sincerity. 

M.-"jT)ii-8  Donet,  a  man  for  his  bancless  aimplidty  neither  ir.is' 
iikfil  nor  much  rtgarded.  HcyicGrd. 

'I.  Plainness:  freedom  from  artificial  ornament; 
a.3,  thi  simplicity  of  dress,  of  style,  of  language,  ik.c. 
Shnplicity  in  writing  is  the  first  of  excellences. 

5,  Plainness ;  freedom  from  subtilty  or  abstnise- 
nr:ss ;  as,  the  simpUeity  of  scriptural  doctrines  or 
tni:h. 

1^.  Weakness  of  intellect ;  silliness.         Hooker. 

Gfilbj  simplicity,  in   Scripture,  is  a  fair,  open  pro- 

I'tssron   and   practice  of  evangelical  truth,  with   a 

s;:it:l:"  view  to  obedience  and  to  the  gIor>'  of  God. 

.■I.M-PI,r-FI-eA'TIOX,n.     [See  Simplifv.]    The  act 


SIN 

of  making  simple ;  the  act  of  reducing  to  simplicity, 

or  to  a  state  not  complex.  Ch.  Obs. 

SIM'PLI-FI-£D,  pp.     Made  simple  or  not  complex. 
SliM'PLI-FY,  V.  t.     [I,,  simplex  J  simple,  nnd  facto,  to 

make ;  Fr.  simplifier.] 
To  make  simple;  to  reduce  what  is  complex  to 

greater  simplicity  ;  to  malte  plain  or  easy. 

The  collection  of  duties  is  drawn  to  a  point,  :»nil  so  f:vr  simpU- 
Jied.  HarnUlon. 

It  is  important,  In  scientific  pimuite,  to  be  cautious  in  rimptifying 
our  deductions.  Nickolson. 

This  ii  the  true  way  to  simpli/y  the  study  of  science. 

Lavoisier,  TVons. 

SIM'PLI-FV-IXG,  ppr.    Making  simple ;    rendering 

less  complex. 
SIMTLIST,  11,    One  skilled  in  simples  or  medical 

plants.  Broton. 

SUI'PLO-CE.    See  Symploce. 
Sm'PLY,  adv.    Without  art;  without  subtilty;  art- 

It'ssiy ;  plainly. 

Subverting  worldly  strong  and  woriilly  »iie 

By  simply  meek.  Milton. 

2.  Of  itself;  without  addition  ;  alone. 

'rii?y  make  that  ^od  or  ciil,  which  otherwise  of  iuelf  were  not 
simpltj  tlic  one  nor  tlie  other.  Hooker. 

3.  Merely ;  solely. 

Simply  the  Uiing  !  am 
Siiall  m;ike  me  live.  S?m!;. 

4.  Weakly ;  foolishly. 
SLM'U-L.\-eHRE,  7t.     [L.  simitlacrum.] 

An  image,     [JVbt  in  use.]  Elyot. 

SIM'U-1..\R,  n.  [See  Simulate.]  One  who  sim- 
ulates or  counterfeits  sometliing.     \J\'ut  in  use.'] 

Shak. 

SIM'U-LaTE,  p.  L     [L.  simvlo,  from  similh,  like.;; 
To  feign  ;  to  counterfeit ;  to  assume  the  mere  ap- 
pearance of  somethin2,  without  the  reality.    The 
wicked  often  simulate  the  virtuous  and  good. 

SIM'U-LATE,  a.     [L.  simulatus.] 

Feigned  ;  pretended.  Bale. 

SIM'U-La-TED,  pp.  ox  a.  Feigned;  pretended;  as- 
sunied  artificially.  Cfir.sterjteld. 

SIM'U-La-TING,  ppr.  Feigning ;  pretending;  as- 
suming the  appearance  of  wliat  is  not  real. 

SIM-U-La'TIOX,  71.     [Fr.  from  L.  simulalia.] 

The  act  of  feigning  to  b!^  that  wiiich  one  is  not; 
the  assumption  of  a  deceitful  appearance  or  charac- 
ter. Simulation  difiersfr»im  dissimulation.  The  for- 
mer denotes  the  assuming  of  a  false  character;  the 
hitter  denotes  the  concealment  of  the  true  character. 
Both  are  comprehended  in  the  word  Hypocrisv. 

SI-MUL-Ta'NE-OUS,  a.  [Fr.  simuUanie  ;  iSp.  simul- 
taneo ;  from  L.  simul,  at  the  same  time.] 

Existing  or  happening  at  the  same  time  ;  as,  simuT- 
(aneoiis  events.  The  exchange  of  ratifications  may 
be  simultaneous. 

SI-MUL-Ta'NE-OUS-LY,  adv.    At  the  same  time. 

Si-MUL-TA'NE-OUS-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  quality 
of  being  or  happening  at  the  same  time  ;  as,  the  si- 
my/(a?ieoit^weso  of  transactions  in  two  diflerent  places. 

SIM'UL-TY,  ».     [L.  simuUas.] 

Private  grudge  or  quarrel.    [J\'"w{  in  use.] 

B  Jonson. 

SIN,  n.  [Sax.  sin  and  syn :  G.  sitnde  ;  D.  imide  ,■  Sxv. 
and  Dan.  sijnd  j  Lapponic,  Finnish,  iindia ;  allied 
perhaps  to  Ir.  satnim,  to  alter,  to  var}',  to  sunder. 
The  primary  scusu  is,  probably,  to  depart,  to  wan- 
dt>r.] 

1.  Tho  voluntary  departure  of  a  moral  agent  from 
a  known  rule  of  rectitude  or  duty,  prescribed  by 
God  ;  any  vohintar>'  transgression  of  the  divine  law, 
or  violation  (if  a  divine  command;  a  wicked  act; 
iniquity.  Sin  is  eitlier  a  positive  act  in  which  a 
known'  divine  law  is  violated,  or  it  is  the  voluntary 
ni^slect  to  obey  a  positive  divine  command,  or  a  rule 
of  (luty  cl:;arlt^  implied  in  such  command.  Sin  com- 
prehends not  actions  only,  but  neglect  of  known  duty, 
all  evil  thoughts,  purposes,  ^v■ords,  and  desires,  what- 
ever is  contrary  to  God's  commands  or  law.  1  Jolm 
iii.     JIatt.  XV.    James  iv. 

Sinners  ncitUor  enjov  the  pleasures  of  sin,  nor  the  peace  of  piety, 

Rob.  Hal!. 

Among  divines,  sin  is  original  or  actual.  .Aetual 
sin,  above  defined,  is  the  act  of  a  moral  agent  in  vi- 
olating a  known  rule  of  duty.  Ori^nal  sin,  as  gen- 
erally under-Tnod,  is  native  depravity  of  heart ;  that 
want  of  conformity  of  heart  to  the  divine  will,  that 
corniption  of  nature  or  deterioration  of  the  moral 
character  of  man,  which  is  stipposed  to  be  the  effect 
of  Adam's  apostasy,  am!  which  manifests  itself  in 
moral  agents  by  positive  acts  of  disobedience  to  the 
divine  will,  or  by  the  vnluntary  neglect  to  comply  with 
the  express  commands  of  God,  which  require  that 
we  should  love  God  with  all  the  heart,  and  soul,  and 
strength,  and  mind,  and  our  neighbor  as  ourselves. 
This  native  depravity,  or  alienation  of  affections 
from  God  and  his  law,  is  supposed  to  be  what  the 
apostle  calls  the  carnal  mind  or  mindedncss,  which  is 
enmity  against  God,  and  is  therefore  denominated 
sin  or  sir^fulness. 

Unpardonable  sin,  or  blasphemy  against  the  Holy 
Spinl,  is  supposed  to  be  a  malicious  and  obstinate  re- 
jection of  Christ  and  the  gospel  plan  of  salvation,  or 


SIN 

a  contemptuous  resistance  made  to  the  influences 
and  convictions  of  the  Holy  SpiriL    .Vatt.  xii. 

2,  A  sin-offering ;  an  offering  made  to  atone  for 

sin. 

He  linih  n-.atle  him  to  U:.-tnfur  i:*,  who  knew  no  bo.  —  2Cor.T, 

3.  A  man  enormously  wicked.     [AVI  in  rue.] 

Shak. 
Sin  differs  from  crime,  not  in  nature,  but  in  appli- 
cation.   Thai  whicii  is  a  crime  against  society,  is  sin 
against  God. 
SIN,  r.  i.     [Sax.  simpOTi,  syn:^ian.] 

1.  To  d»'!"irt  voluntarily  from  the  path  of  duty  pre- 
scribed by  God  to  man  ;  to  violate  the  divine  law  in 
any  particular,  by  actual  ;nmsKression,or  by  the  neg- 
lect or  non-observance  of  its  injunctions ;  to  violate 
any  known  rule  of  duty. 

All  have  tinned  and  lomr  ^  '  God.  —  Rom.  in. 

It  is  followed  by  agan'  -. 

Against  ihec,  ihec  oiily,  li j^e  I  tinned.  —  P*.  G. 

2.  To  offend  against  right,  against  men  or  society ; 

to  trespass. 

I  am  a  man 
More  sinned  against  th:\n  tinring.  SJtak. 

And  who  but  WBh'»  to  inrert  Ih*;  laws 
Of  ordL-r,  sinj  aguiiirt  th'  etcrual  CAiOfi.  Pope. 

SIN,  for  Since,  [Scot,  syne,]  is  obsolete  or  vulgar. 

SI-XA-IT'ie,  a.  [from  Sinai,  the  mountain.]  Per- 
taining to  Mount  Sinai ;  given  or  made  at  Sinai. 

JiJackniirht, 

SIN'A-PIS-IN,  n.  A  principle  extracted  from  mustard 
seed,  Sinapis  alba.  It  is  white,  cr>'?taUizable,  inodor- 
ous, and  bitter. 

SIN'A-PISM,  n.  [L.  sinapis,  s'tnapc,  mustard,  G.  senf, 
Sax.  senep,] 

In  pharmacy,  a  cataplasm  composed  of  mustard 
seed  pulverized,  with  some  other  ingredients^  and 
used  as  an  external  application.  It  is  a  powerful  ir- 
ritant. Encyc. 

SIN'-BORN,  a.    Derived  from  sin. 

SINCE,  prep,  or  adv.  [Sw.  sedan  ;  Dan.  siden  ;  D.  sint ; 
supposed  to  be  contracted  from  Sax.  siththan,  wbicb 
is  from  sithian,  to  pass,  to  go  ;  and  siththan  may  be 
tbe  participle,  and  denote  past,  gone,  and  hence  after, 
afterward.  S'dh,  in  Saxon,  has  a  like  sense.  Our 
early  writers  used  sif/t,  sithen,  sithence  ;  the  latter  is 
evidently  a  corruption  oi  sitJiVian.  It  may  be  doubted 
whether  Sw.  sen,  Dan.  seen,  siow,  late,  is  a  contrac- 
tion of  this  word  ;  more  probably  it  is  not.] 

1.  After:  from  the  time  that.  The  proper  signifi- 
cation of  since  is  after,  and  its  appropriate  sense  in- 
cludes the  whole  period  between  an  event  and  the 
present  time.  I  have  not  seen  my  brother  since  Jan- 
uary. 

The  Lord  haih  blesKd  thee,  since  my  coming:.  —  Gen.  xii. 
Huly  prophPtSj  who  have  Ijeen  »ince  the  »ond  bcjan.  —  Lukei. 
John  ix. 

SiM«,then,  denotes,  during  the  whole  time  after  an 
event ;  or  at  any  particular  time  during  that  jK.'riod. 

2.  Ago;  pa?t;  before  this.  "About  two  years 
since,  an  event  happened,"  that  is,  two  years  iiaving 


3.  Because  that;  this  being  the  fact  that. 

Since  truth  and  constancy  are  vain. 

Since  neJtlicr  love  nor  sense  of  pain 

Nur  fjrce  of  reason  can  pcrsoad'^, 

Then  let  exariple  be  obeyed.  ClanciUe. 

Since,  when  it  precedes  a  noun,  is  called  a  prepo- 
sition, butwlien  it  precedes  a  sentence,  it  is  called  an 
adverb.  The  truth  is,  the  character  of  the  wont  is 
the  same  in  both  cases.  It  is  probably  an  obsolete 
participle,  and  according  to  the  usual  classification  of 
words,  maybe  properly  ranked  with  tlie  prcposilions. 
In  strictness,  the  last  claii>-^  of  the  jKissage  above 
cited  is  the  case  absolute.  ••  The  Lord  hath  blessed 
thee,  since  jny  comina-,"  Uiat  is,  my  arrival  being  pasU 
So,  since  Vieicorld  besf"^-,  is  strictly,  past  the  world 
began,  the  beginning  of  tbe  world  being  pa.^t.  inlhe 
first  case,  ^-tHcc,  considered  as  a  preposition,  hits  com- 
ing, a  noun,  for  its  object,  and  in  the  latter  case,  the 
clause  of  a  sentence.  So  we  say,  against  your  ar- 
rival, or  against  vou  come. 
SIN-CeRJS'^  a.  [Fr.,  from  L.  sineeras,  which  is  said 
to  be  composed  of  sine,  without,  and  cera,  wax;  as 
if  applied  originally  to  pure  honey.] 
1.  Pure ;  unmixed. 

.\s  rnw-bom  babea,  desire  the  sincere  milk  of  the  ivonl.  —  1 


.,  ^ _  Dn^iei 

Tber':  is  no  sincere  acid  in  any  animal  }u'.ie.  Arhitxnot. 


A  'y>y  which  never  was  sincere  till  now. 

'"'    F'-  is  no  sincere  acid  in  anv  animal  j . 

luia  have  oil  ^.xllicisms  avoided,  that  our  lonpie  m-iT  Iw  sm- 
cere.  Pef.on. 

[This  sense  i«,  for  the  most  part,  obsolete.  V.'e  use 
the  phrases  sincere  joy,  sincere  pleasure,  but  we  mean 
by  them,  unfeigned,  real  joy  or  pleasure.] 

2.  Unhurt ;  uninjured. 

Tbe  inviolable  body  s:oo:l  sincere.     [Obs.]  Drydett. 

3.  Being  in  realitv  v.hat  it  appears  to  be;  not 
feigned  ;  not  simulated  ;  not  assumed  or  sard  for  the 
sake  of  appearance ;  rc;il ;  not  hypocritical  or  pre- 
tended. This  is  tfie present  use.  ofVte  Tcord.  Letyour 
intentions  be  pure,  and  your  declarations  sincere. 
Let  love  and  friendship  be  sir,eere.  No  prayer  can 
avail  with  a  heart-searching  God,  unless  it  is  sincere. 


iL 


TONE,  BULL,  TJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K ;  «3  as  J;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  TigS. 


JOSS 


SIN 

SIN-CEKE'LY,  ado.  Hoiifstly  ;  with  reiii  purity  of 
licart ;  without  siruulalicn  or  disguise  ;  unfeigneiily  ; 
:l3,  to  speak  one's  miiici  sincerely ;  to  love  virtue  sin- 
ccrelv. 

SIN-CicRE'NESS,  n.    Sincerity. 

SIN-CEU'I-TY,  re.     [Fr.  slnceriU  ;  I..  shtccriUis.] 

1.  Hiinesty  of  iniiid  or  intention  ;  freedom  from 
simulation  or  Iiypocrisy.  We  may  question  :i  man's 
prudence,  when  we  can  not  (luestion  his  sincr.rity. 

9.  Freedom  from  Iiypocrisy,  disguise,  or  false  pre- 
tense ;  as,  the  siiiceritv  of  a  declaration  of  love. 

SIN'CI-rUT,  71.  I  L.]  "The  fore  part  of  the  heaii  from 
the  fort'head  to  the  coronal  suture.  Ennjc. 

SiN'DON,  n.  [L.,  fine  linen.]  A  wrapper.  [JVo£  in. 
use.]  Bacon. 

SINE,  n.     [L,  sinus>.'] 

In  sreovictnj^  llie  sine  or  right  sine  of  an  arc  is  a 
line  drawn  from  one  end  of  that  arc,  perpendicular 
to  the  radius  drawn  Ihroush  the  oilier  end,  and  is 
always  eipial  to  half  the  chord  of  double  the  arc. 

Vc-rscd  sine ;  that  part  of  the  diameter  between  the 
sine  and  the  arc.  Hutton. 

SI'NE-CURE,  n,  [L.  sine,  without,  and  cura^  cure, 
care.  J 

An  office  which  has  revenue  without  employment ; 
in  ckurck  affairs^  a  benefice  without  cure  of  -souls. 
[  77((.>.-  i,s'  the  original  and  proper  setv.c  of  the  word.] 

Sri\E-euR-I.S.\f,  71.    The  state  of  havinj;  a  sinecure. 

SI'NE-euK-IST,  n.    One  who  has  a  .sinecure. 

SI'J\rK  DTE,  [L.,  withniit  day.]  An  adjournment 
dnc  die  is  an  adjounimenl  without  fixing  the  time  of 
resuming  business  or  reassembling.  When  a  defend- 
ant is  suffered  to  go  i:inc  die,  he  is  dismissed  the 
court. 

SIN'E-PITE,  11.     [L.  sinape,  mustard.] 

Something  resembling  niu;:t;ird  seed.    Ds  Cosla. 

SI'ME  QUA  J^OJV,  [I..]  Without  which  a  thing 
can  not  be;  hence,  an  indispensable  condition. 

SIN'EW,  (sin'nu,)  n.  [Sax.  sinuj  .N-mw,  sinwc :  ii. 
fiehne;  D.  zcnuw;  Sw.sena;  Da.n.  sene  or  seenc.  The 
primary  sense  is,  stretched,  strained,  whence  the 
sense  of  strong j  G.  sehnen,  to  long;  Ir.  siniiim,  to 
strain.] 

1.  In  anatomy  J  a  tendon ;  that  which  unites  a  mus- 
cle to  a  bone. 

9.  In  the  plural^  strength  \  or  rather  that  which 
supplies  strength.    Money  is  the  sinews  of  war. 

Unjden. 
3.  Muscle;  ner\'e.  Davws. 

SIN'EW,  V.  t.    To  knit  as  by  sinews.  Skais. 

SIN'EW-£D,  (sin'nude,)  a.    Furnished  with  a.news; 
as,  a  sixon^-sinewed  youtli. 
9.  Strong  J  firm;  vigorou-s. 

Wbcn  he  sees 
Ourselves  well  aineused  to  our  defeuac.  ,    Shak. 

SIN'EW-LESS,  a.    Having  no  strength  or  vigor. 
SIN'EW-SHRUNK,  a.      Gaunt-bellied;    having  the 
sinews  under  the  belly  shrunk  by  excess  of  fatigue, 
as  a  iiorse.  Far.  Diet. 

SIN'EW-Y,  a.    Consisting  of  a  sinew  or  nerve. 

Tlie  iineioy  thread  my  brain  lets  f-.ll.  Donne. 

.'.  \yrvous;  strong;  well  braced  with  sinews; 
V ,  Ml ,  iii.s ;  firm ;  as,  the  sinewy  Ajax.  Shak. 

j'li'j  nonhcrn  people  aro  large,  Tiiir  complcxioncd,  stroii',  aiii- 
ewij,  and  couragcoHS.  Hale. 

SIN'FIJL,a.  [from.vm.]  Tainted  with  s?in ;  wicked; 
iniquitous ;  criminal ;  unholy ;  as,  sinful  men. 

Ah,  sinful  iialion,  a  people  laden  with  iniquity  1  — Is.  i. 

2.  Containing  sin,  or  consisting  in  sin ;  contrary 
to  the  laws  of  God  ;  as,  sinful  actions ;  szn/tfi  thoughts ; 
sinful  words. 

SIN'FJJL-IjY,  adv.  In  a  manner  which  the  laws  of 
God  do  not  permit ;  wickedly ;  iniquitously  ;  crim- 
inally. 

SIN'FgL-NESS,  71.  The  quality  of  being  sinful  or 
contrary  to  the  divine  will ;  wickedness  ;  iniquity  ; 
criminality  ;  as,  the  sinfulness  of  an  action  ;  the  sin- 
//f/rt(W,«  of  thoughts  or  purposes. 

2.  Wickedness  ;  corruption;  depravity;  as,  the 
sinfidness  of  men  or  of  the  human  race. 

SING,  V.  i.  ,■  prct.  Sung,  Sano  ;  pp.  Strrfo.  [Sax.  ain- 
ffan,  synrran  ;  Goth,  si^gwan  ;  G.  singcii ;  D.  zingcn  ; 
Sw.  siunffa;  Dan.  stpigcr.  It  would  seem  from"  the 
Gothic  that  n  is  casual,  and  the  elements  Sg.  If  so, 
it  coincides  with  say  and  seek,  all  signifying'to  strain, 
urge,  press,  or  drive.] 

1.  To  utter  sounds  with  various  inflections  or  me- 
lodious modulations  of  voice,  as  fancy  may  dictate, 
or  according  to  the  notes  of  a  song  or  tune. 

The  nois;  of  Ihcm  Ih,^t  ^ing  do  I  hciir.  —  Ex.  y^xii, 

2.  To  Utter  sweet  or  melodious  sounds,  as  birds. 
It  is  remarkable  that  the  female  of  no  speciea  of 
birds  ever  sings. 

And  singing  bwds  in  silver  tugea  huug.  Drydcn. 

3.  To  make  a  small,  shrill  sound ;  as,  the  air  ^n^s 
in  passing  through  a  crevice. 

O'er  bis  head  Ihe  flying  spear 

&ing  innocent,  and  spent  its  force  in  fiir.  Pope, 

4.  To  tell  or  relate  something  in  numbers  or  verse. 

Sine 
Of  human  hope  by  crosa  event*  destroyed.  Pi-ior: 


SIN 

SING,  r.  t.     To  utter  with  musical  modulations  of 
voice. 

And  Ihi'y  sing  (be  song  of  Moses,  ilie  servant  of  God,  and  the 
song  of  the  Lamb.  —  Rev.  xv, 

2.  To  celebrate  in  song ;  to  give  praises  to  in 
verse. 

The  litBt,  the  happiest  British  king, 

'Whom  thou  ahalt  paint  or  1  shall  sing.  Addison. 

3.  To  relate  or  rehearse  in  numbers,  verse,  or 
poetry. 

Arnift  and  the  m.in  1  »in^.  Dryden. 

While  stwtchcd  al  ca«o  you  ging  your  bappy  loves.     Dryden. 

SINOE,  (sinj,)  V.  t.     [Say.  sa^ngan;  G.  sengcn;  D. 
zcngen.] 

To  bum  slightly  or  superficially  ;  to  burn  the  sur- 
face of  a  thing,  as  the  nap  of  cloth,  or  the  hair  of 
the  skin  ;  as,  to  singe  off  the  beard.  Shak. 

Thus  riding  on  lib  curls,  he  si-f-nied  to  pass 

A  rolling  lire  alon?,  and  eingc  die  gr.iKs.  Diylen. 

SINGE,  7i.     A  burning  of  the  surface  ;  a  slight  burn. 
SING'£D,  (sinjd,)  j>p.    Burnt  superfit:ially. 
SINGE'ING,  ppr.     Uurning  the  surface. 
SING'ER,  71.     [from  sing.)     One  that  sings. 

2.  One  versed  in  music,  or  one  whose  occupation 
is  to  sing  ;  as,  a  chorus  of  singers.  Dryden. 

3.  A  bird  tliat  sings.  Baco7i. 
SING'ING,  ppr.  or  a.     Uttering  melodious  or  musical 

notes;  making  a  shrill  sound;  celebrating  in  song ; 

reciting  in  verse. 
SING'ING,  7/.    The  act  of  uttering  sounds  with  musi- 
cal intonations  ;  musical  articulation;  the  utterance 

of  melodio;.'s  tones.     Cant.  ii. 
SING'ING-DpOK,  w.    A  music-bock,  as  it  ought  to  be 

called  :  a  book  containing  tunes. 
SING'ING-LY,  adv.    With  sounds  like  singing ;  with 

a  kind  of  tune.  3forth. 

SING'ING-M  AN,  n.     [singing  and  7nan.]     A  man  who 

sings,  or  is  cmploved  to  sing  ;  as  in  cathedrals. 
SING'ING-MAS-TER,  71,    A  music-master;  one  that 

teaches  vocal  music.  .Addison. 

SING'ING-WOM-AN,  n.      A  woman    emi.loyed    to 

sing. 
SIN"GLE,  (sing'gl,)  a.     [h.singulus;  probably  from 

a  root  that  signifies  to  separate.] 

1.  Separate ;  one  ;  only  ;  individual ;  consisting 
of  one  only  ;  as,  a  single  star ;  a  snigle  city  ;  a  single 
act. 

2.  Particular;  individual. 

No  single  man  is  Ixirn  widi  a  right  of  controlling  (he  opinions  of 
all  the  resU  Pope. 

3.  Un  com  pounded. 

Simple  ideas  are  opposed  lo  complex,  and  single  to  coinpound. 

WaUs. 

4.  Alone ;  having  no  companion  or  assistant. 

M'ho  single  h.isl  maintained, 
Against  revolted  mnltitudcs,  the  cause  of  truth.  Milton, 

.').  Unmarried  ;  as,  a  single  man  ;  a  single  woman. 

6.  Not  double ;  not  complicated;  as,  a  single 
thread  ;  a  single  strand  of  a  rupe. 

7.  Performed  witli  one  person  or  antagonist  on  a 
side,  or  with  one  person  only  opposed  to  another; 
as,  a  single  fight ;  a  single  combat. 

8.  Purt:  J  simple  ;  incorrupt ;  unbiased  ;  having 
clear  vision  of  divine  truth.    Jilatt.  vi. 

9.  Small ;  weak  ;  silly.     [Obs,] 

Baium.  4-  Fl,     Sh/ilc. 

10.  In  botany^  ii  single  flower  is  when  there  is  only 
one  ou  a  stem,  and  in  common  usage,  one  not  double. 

Martioi. 
srN"GI.E,  (sing'gL)  v.  t.    To  select,  as  an  individual 
person  or  thing  from  among  a  number ;  to  choose 
one  from  others. 

A  dog  who  can  single  out  hi^  master  in  tlii?  dark.  Bacon. 

2.  To  sequester ;  to  withdraw  ;  to  retire ;  as,  an 
agent  singlhig  itself  from  coniforts,     [JSTot  used.] 

Hooker. 

3.  To  lake  alone ;  as,  men  commendable  when 
singled  from  society.     [JVo£  in  use.]  Hooker, 

4.  To  separate.  SidTieij. 
SIN"GLED,  pp.    Selected  from  among  a  number. 
SIN"GLE-IIAND-ED,  a.     Having  one  hand  or  work- 
man only. 

SIN"GLE-IIEART-ED,  a.    Having  no  duplicity. 

J\Iorc. 
SIN"GLE-MIND-ED,  a.    Having  a  single  purpose. 

Sedgwick. 
SIN"GLI>-NESS,  TU    The  state  of  being  one  only  or 
separate  from  all  others  ;  the  opposite  of  doubleness, 
complication,  or  multiplicity. 

2.  Simplicity;  sincerity;  purity  of  mind  or  pur- 
pose; freedom  from  duplicity;  as,  singleness  of  be- 
lief;  singleness  of  heait.  Huokcr.     Law. 
SIN"GL£S,  (sing'glz,)  71.  pi    The  reeled  filaments  of 

silk,  twisted  to  give  them  firmness. 
SIN"GLE-SEED-ED,  a.     Containing  one  seed  only.^ 
SIN"GLE-ST1CK,  71.    A  cudgel. 

2.  A  game  at    cudgels,  in  which  he  who  first 
brings    blood  from    his    adversary's    head    is    pro- 
nounced victor.  Halliwell. 
SIN"GLE-TREE,      )  lu    The  cross  piece  to  which 
SWIN"GLE-TREE,  (       the  traces  of  a  harnessed 


SIN 

horse  are  fixsd.    A  single-tree  is  fixed  upon  each  end 

of  the  double-tree  when  two  horses  draw  abreast. 

llaidanan. 
SIN"GLE-VALV-£D,  a.     Having  one  valve  unlv. 
SIN"GLIN,   n.    A    single    gleaning;    a    handful    of 

gleaned  grain.     [Ij)cal.] 
SIN"GLING,  ppr.    Selecting  from  among  a  number. 
SIN"GLY,  ado.     Individually;   particularly;   as,  to 

make  men  ■•singly  and  personally  good.       Tiilotson. 

2.  Only  ;  by  himself. 

Look  Ui'-f,  'tia  ao,  tbou  singly  bonost  mr.a.  ShaJe, 

3.  Without  partners,  companions,  or  associates  ; 
as,  to  attack  another  singly. 

At  omhm  singly  lo  decide  ihoir  doom.  Dryilen. 

4.  Honestly ;  sincerely. 

SING'-SONG,"  71.     A  term  for   bad   singing  or  for 

drawling. 
SIN"GU-LAR,    (sing'gu-lar,)    a.     [Fr.  singulier ;  h. 

singuloi-is,  from  singulus,  single.] 

1.  Single;  not  complex  or  compound. 

That  ideawbicii  reprcaonls  one  determinate  thing,  is  Culled  a  sin. 
gular'uk-n,  whedier  siniplf ,  compli-x,  or  coinjwund.   Walts, 

2.  In  gramwar^  expressing  one  person  or  thing; 
as,  the  singnlar  number.  The  .singular  number 
staiids  opposed  to  dual  and  plural. 

3.  Particular;  existing  by  itself ;  uncxani|)led  ;  as, 
a  singular  phenomenon.  Your  case  is  hard,  but  not 
singular, 

4.  Remarkable;  eminent;  unusual;  rare;  as,  a 
man  of  singular  gravity,  or  siit^alar  attainments. 

r*.  Not  connnon  ;  odd;  implying  something  censu- 
rable or  not  approved. 

Ilia  zeal 
None  seconded,  as  singular  and  rash.  Milton. 

G.  Being  alone ;  that  of  which  there  is  but  one. 

These  boats  of  the  emperors  and  empresses  an  scarce,  itnd  some 
of  Ihcin  almost  singular  in  tbeir  kind.  Addison. 

S1N"GU-LAR,  71.    A  particular  instance.     [Vnnsual.] 

Jlore. 
SIN"GU-LAR-IST,  w.    One  who  affects  singularity. 
SIN"GU-LAR'I-TY,  n.     [Fr.  sijigularU^.] 

1.  Peculiarity  ;  some  character  or  quality  of  a 
thing  by  which  it  is  distinguished  from  all,  or 
from  most  others. 

Pliny  addeth  this  singularity  to  that  soil,  that  tJie  second  year  the 
very  falling  of  the  st'cds  yieldelh  corn,  Atldison. 

2.  An  uncommon  character  or  form  ;  something 
curious  or  remarkable. 

I  took  notice  of  tiiis  little  figure  for  the  singubuity  of  tho  iriilru- 
mcnt.  Arltiisov.. 

3.  Particular  privilege,  prerogative,  or  distinction. 

No  bishop  of  Rome  ever  took  upou  him  this  name  orsingitlaritij, 
(umv(.Ts;d  bishop.)  Hooker, 

Catholicism  —  mud  be  undi^rntood  in  opposition  to  thi-  ]p^.\\  sin- 
gularity of  ibe  Jcwtflli  nation.  Pcarxon, 

4.  Character  or  trait  of  character  different  from 
that  of  others.  Tlie  singularity  of  living  according 
to  the  strict  prccepis  of  the  gospel  is  highly  to  be 
commended. 

5.  Oddity. 

6.  Celibacy.    \J^ot  in  jisc]  J.  Taylor. 
SIN"GU-LAR-IZE,  v.  t.    To  make  single.    [J^ot  in 

7tsr..] 
SIN"GU-LAR-LV,  adv.    Peculiarly  ;  in  a  manner  or 
degree  not  common  to  others.    It  is  no  disgrace  to 
be  singularly  good. 

2.  Oddly ;  strangely. 

3.  So  as  to  express  one,  or  the  singular  number. 
SIN"GUET,  n.     [L.  sing-uUus.]  [JHortoiu 

A  sigh.     [Ji'vt  in  iise.] 
SIN'I-€AL,  a.     [from  sine.]     Pertaining  to  a  sine. 
SIN'IS-TER,  a.     [L.     Probably  the  primary  sense  is, 
weak,  defective.] 

1.  Left;  on  the  left  hand,  or  the  side  of  the  left 
hand  ;  opposed  to  Dexter  or  Right  ;  as,  the  sinister 
cheek  ;  or  the  miistcr  side  of  an  escutcheon. 

2.  Evil;  bad;  corrupt;  perverse;  dishonest;  as, 
sinister  means  ;  sinister  purpose. 

He  scorns  lo  undermine  another's  interest  by  any  sinister  or  iu- 
forior  arts,  Soutli, 

3.  Unlucky  ;  inauspicious.  B.  Jonson. 
Sinister  a^^ect;  in  nstrology,  an  appearance  of  two 

planets  happening  according  to  the  succession  of  the 
signs  ;  as,  Saturn  in  Aries,  and  Mars  in  the  same  de- 
gree of  Gemini.  Encijc. 

[This  word,  among  the  poets,  is  usually  accented 
si-7iis'ter.] 

SIN'IS-TER-HAND'ED,  a.     Left-handed.      [JVut  in 
■use.] 

SIN'IS-TER-LY,  adv.  Absurdly  ;  perversely  ;  imfairlv. 

SIN'IS-TRAL.rt.     To  the  left ;  sinistroiis. 

In  conchology,  a  term  applied  to  shells  which  have 
the  turns  of  the  spiral  made  to  the  left ;  the  same  as 
Reversed.  Humble. 

SIN'IS-TRAt^LY,  adv.    Toward  the  left. 
SIN-IS-TROR'SAL,  a.      [sinister  and  Gr.  oocco,  to 
rise.] 
Rising  from  left  to  right,  as  a  spiral  line  or  helix. 

Henr>i. 
SIN'IS-TROUS,  a.    Being  on  the  left  side;  inchned 
to  the  left.  Brown. 


FaTE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— MeTE,  PREY — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.- 
J034  ~~~ 


SiN 

9.  Wrong ;  absurd  ;  perverse. 

A  knare  or  fool  on  do  tio  harm,  evea  by  the  most  sirKStrom 
aiid  atciuiil  choice.  Bentl^. 

SIN'IS-TROUS-LY,  adc.    Pen.-ersely  ;  wrongly. 

2.  With  a  tendeucy  to  use  the  left  as  the  stronger 

hand. 
SINK,  p.  t. ;  pret.  Sunk  ;  pp.  id.    The  old  prrf-  Sank 
is  nearly  obsolete.     [Sax.  sMctin,  sincan;  Goth,  si g- 
acan :  G.  sinkai :  D.  ztttken  ;  Sw.  siu]iJ;a ;  Dan.  stpikerf 
coinciding  with  sic^c.    Class  Sg.] 

1.  To  fall  by  the  force  of  greater  gra\'ily,  in  a  me- 
dium or  substance  of  less  specific  gravity  ;  to  sub- 
side ;  opposed  to  Swim  or  Float.  .Some  species  of 
wood  or  timber  will  siitk  in  water.  Oil  will  not  sink 
in  water  and  many  other  liquids,  for  it  is  specifically 
lighter. 

I  sinJi  ID  d!?ep  mire.  —  Pa,  liix. 

2.  To  fall  gradually. 

He  surJc  down  in  his  cbariy'..  — 2  Kings  is. 

3.  To  enter  or  penetrate  Into  any  body. 

The  slone  sunk  into  his  forehead.  —  1  Sam.  xvii. 

4.  To  fall ;  to  become  lower ;  to  subside  or  settle 
to  a  level. 

The  Alps  and  Pjreoeea  tink  before  him.  Addison. 

5.  To  be  overwhelmed  or  depressed. 

Our  country  sinks  beneath  the  yoke.  iShai. 

G.  To  enter  deeply ;  to  be  impressed. 

Let  Ih^se  savings  sink  down  into  your  ears.  —  Luke  ix. 

7.  To  become  deep ;  to  retire  or  fall  within  the  sur- 
face of  any  thing  ;  as,  the  eyes  :>ink  into  the  head. 

8.  To  fail ;  to  decline  ;  to  decay ;  to  decrease.  A 
free  state  gradually  sinks  into  ruin.  It  is  the  duty  of 
goveromeut  to  revive  a  siitking  commerce. 

Let  not  ihc  fire  sink  or  sUckeu.  Mordiner. 

9.  To  fall  into  rest  or  indolence ;  as,  to  shOi  away 
in  pleasing  dreams.  Addison. 

10.  To  be  lower;  to  fall ;  as,  the  price  of  land  will 
sink  in  time  of  peace. 

SINK,  V.  t.    To  cause  to  sink  ;  to  put  under  water  ;  to 
immerse  in  a  tluid  ;  as,  to  sink  a  ship. 

2.  To  make  by  digging  or  delving ;  as,  to  sink  a  pit 
or  a  well. 

3.  To  depress ;  to  degrade.  'His  vices  siiik  him  in 
infamy  or  in  public  estimation. 

4.  To  plunge  into  destruction. 

If  1  have  a  consdeuce,  let  it  sii^  rae.  Shak, 

5.  To  cause  to  fal!  or  to  be  plunged.     Woodward, 

6.  To  bring  low  ;  to  reduce  in  quantity. 

Vou  tutik  the  river  with  repeated  draughts.  Addison. 

7.  To  depress ;  to  overbear;  to  crush.  This  would 
sink  the  spirit  of  a  hero. 

8.  To  diminish ;  to  lower  or  lessen ;  to  degrade. 

I  mean  not  that  we  should  eink  our  figtire  out  of  covetousness. 

Rogers. 

9.  To  cause  to  decline  or  fail. 

Thy  cme!  and  unnatural  lost  of  power 

Has  sunk  thy  father  more  than  aQ  bis  years.  Rotee. 

10.  To  suppress ;  to  conceal ;  to  intervert. 

If  cent  with  ready  money  to  buy  any  thing,  and  you  happen  to 
be  out  of  pocket,  sink  the  money,  ajad  lake  up  the  ^oods 
on  account,     [t/nujuoi.]  Swi/L 

11.  To  depress  ;  to  lower  in  value  or  amount. 
Great  importations  may  sink  the  price  of  goods. 

12.  To  reduce  ;  to  pay  ;  to  diminish  or  anniliilate 
by  payment ;  aa,  to  sink  the  national  debt. 

13.  To  waste ;  to  dissipate  ;  as,  to  sink  an  estate. 
SINK,  n.     [Sax.  sine] 

1.  A  drain  to  cany  off  filthy  water  ;  a  jakes. 

Shak.     ffaijward, 
9.  A  kind  of  basin  of  stone  or  wood  to  receive 
filthy  water. 
SINK'ER,  71.     A  weight  on  something,  as  on  a  fish- 
line,  to  sink  it. 
SI>'K'-HoLE,  n.      A  hole    for  dirty  water   to  run 

throush. 
SINK'IXG, ppr.  or  a-    Falling;  subsiding;  depressing; 
declining. 

Sin.';in^  fund;  in  finance^  a  fund  created  for  sinJiin^ 
or  paying  a  public  debt,  or  purchasing  the  stock  for 
the  Eovemment. 
SIN'LESS,  a.     [from  siii.'j^    Free  from  sin  ;  pure  ;  per- 
fect.   Christ  yielded  a  sinless  obedience. 

2.  Free  from  sin  ;  innocent ;  as,  a  sinless  soul. 

JDnjde]i, 
SIN'XESS-LY,  adv.    In  a  sinless  manner;  innocently. 
SfN'LESS-NESS,  it.    Freedom  from  sin  and  guilt- 

Baijlc. 
STN'NER,  n.     One  that  has  voluntarily  violated  the 
divine  law  ;  a  moral  agent  who  has  voluntarily  diso- 
beyed any  divine  precept,  or  neglected  any  known 
duty. 

2.  It  is  used  in  contradistinction  to  .^aint,  to  de- 
note an  unregenerate  person  ;  one  who  has  not  re- 
ceived the  pardon  of  his  sins. 

3.  An  offender;  a  criminal.  Dryden. 
SIX'NER,  V,  u    To  act  aa  a  sinner ;  m  ludicrous  lanr- 

g^ttage. 

Whether  the  charmer  sinrtr  it  or  saint  iL  P<^. 

SIX'~OF-FER-ING,  n.   [sin  and  offering.]    A  sacrifice 


SIP 

for  sin ;  something  offered  as  an  expiation  for  sin. 
Ezod.  xxix. 

SIN'0-PER,  J  rr  -       ^. 

SIN'0-PLE,  \  "•     l-^*  ^"'op'^r^'r-  ctv'^-ii.] 

Red  ferruginous  quartz,  of  a  blood  or  brownish-red 
color,  sometimes  with  a  tinge  of  yellow.  It  occurs 
in  small,  but  very  pcrlect  crystals,  and  in  masses  that 
resemble  some  varieties  of  jasper.  Cleavdand. 

SIN'O-PLE,  n.  In  tkc  heraldry  of  Continental  Europe, 
green  ;  vert.  Brandr. 

SI\'-OP-PRES.S'£D,  (-op-prest',)  a.  Oppressed  with 
a  sense  of  sin. 

SIN'-STUNG,  a.    Stung  with  remorse  for  sin.  Baxter. 

SIN'TER,  n.  In  viincralog-y^  calcareous  sinter  is  a 
loose  variety  of  carbonate  of  lime,  composed  of  a  se- 
ries of  successive  layers,  concentric,  plain  or  undu- 
lated, and  nearly  or  quite  parallel.  It  appears  under 
various  forms.  Cleaceland. 

SUicious  sillier  is  a  light  cellular  or  fibrous  quartz ; 
also,  a  similar  variety  of  opal. 

Pearl  sinter  is  a  variety  uf  opal,  of  a  pearly  luster, 
occurring  in  globular  and  hotrj-oidal  masses.     Dana, 

SIN'U-aTE,  v.  t.     [L.  sinuo.] 

To  wind  ;  to  turn  ;  to  bend  in  and  out.  IVoodward. 

SIN'tJ-ATE,      i  a.     In  botany,  a  sinuate  leaf  is  one 

SIN'U-A-TED,  S  that  has  large  curved  breaks  in  the 
margin,  resembling  bays,  as  in  the  oak.      .Martijn. 

SIN't^-A-TLNG,  ji/;r.  Winding;  turning;  bending  in 
and  out. 

SIN-U-A'TIOX,  lu  A  winding  or  bending  in  and 
out.  Hale. 

SIN-U-OS'I-TY,  ;;.     [L.  sinuosus,  sinus.] 

The  quality  of  bending  or  cur\ing  in  and  out ;  or 
a  series  of  bends  and  turns  in  arches  or  other  irregu- 
lar figures. 

SIN'TT-OUS,  J  rr-        ■  ^  r       ■         1 

"^IN'U-OSE    \  ^'     L     •  *'"'"'^'*^'  "^^  ^-  sdiuj.J 

Winding;  crooked;  bending  in  and  out;  of  a  ser- 
pentine or  undulating  form  ;  as,  a  sinuotbs  pipe. 

Sirtating  (he  ground  wi'Ji  sinuous  Irace.  Milcon. 

SIN'I^-OUS-I.Y,  adv.    Windingly  ;  crookedly. 
Si'NUS,  n.     [L.,  a  bay.]     A  bay  of  the  sea  ;  a  recess 
in  the  shore,  or  an  opening  into  the  land.    Burnet. 

2.  In  anatomy,  a  cavity  in  a  bone  or  other  part, 
wider  at  the  bottom  than  at  the  entrance.     Encyc. 

3.  In  surgei-y,  a  little  elongated  cavity,  in  which 
pus  is  collected ;  an  elongated  abscess  with  only  a 
small  orifice.  Encyc.     Parr, 

4.  In  conchology,  a  groove  or  cavity.         Hawhle. 

5.  An  opening  ;  a  hollow. 

SIP,  V.  L  [Sax.  sipan,  to  sip,  to  drink  in,  to  macerate  ; 
D.  sippcn ;  G.  saufen  ;  Dan.  siibcr ;  Sw.  supa  ;  Ir.  sub- 
havi ;  W.  sipiajc,  to  draw  the  lips  ;  sipiau,  to  sip  ;  Fr. 
snupr,  souper ;  Eng.  sop,  sup,  supper.  See  Class  Sb, 
No.  79.] 

1.  To  take  a  fluid  into  the  mouth  in  small  quanti- 
ties by  the  lips ;  as,  to  sip  wine  ;  to  sip  tea  or  coftee. 

Pope. 

2.  To  drink  or  imbibe  in  small  quantities. 

Every  herb  that  sips  tlie  dew.  IMiiton. 

3.  To  draw  lulo  the  mcutli ;  to  extract;  as,  a  bee 
sips  nectar  from  the  flowers. 

4.  To  drink  out  of. 

They  ekiui  the  fiooda,  and  sip  the  purple  iloweis.         Dryden. 

SIP,  V.  i.  To  drink  a  small  quantity  ;  to  take  a  fluid 
with  the  lips.  Dnjdcn. 

SIP,".  The  taking  of  a  liquor  with  the  lips;  or  a 
small  draught  taken  with  the  lips. 

One  sip  of  this 
Will  bathe  tlie  drooping  spirits  in  delight, 
Beyond  the  blisS  of  drcana.  M'dian, 

SIPE,  V.  u    Tu  ooze ;   to  issue  slowly ;  as  a  fluid. 

[Local.]  Grose. 

SI'PHON,  n.     [L.  sipho,  sipo;  Gr.  a-Kptov ;  It.  sifmtc ; 

Fr.  siphon ,-  Sp.  sifon.    Q.u.  from  tlie  root  of  ;>-^.] 

1.  A  bent  pipe  or  tube  whose  arms  are  of  unequal 
length.  It  is  chiefly  used  for  drawing  liquids,  as 
from  a  cask,  well,  &.c.  The  tube  being  in  some 
way  filled  with  a  liquid,  and  the  shorter  arm  be- 
ing immersed  in  the  fluid,  the  pressure  of  the  at- 
mosphere forces  the  fluid  to  rise  in  the  lube  above 
the  level  of  its  surface,  and  it  is  then  discharged 
through  the  longer  arm,  the  end  of  which  must  be 
kept  lower  than  the  level  of  the  liquid. 

2.  The  pipe  by  which  the  chambers  of  a  shell 
communicate;  a  siphuncle.  Ed.  Encyc. 

SI-PHON'ie,  a.     Pertaininc  to  a  sinlion. 

sr-PHO\-0-BRAiN"€H'I-ATE,  a,  'in  malacology,  pro- 
vided with  a  siphon  or  tube,  by  which  the  water  to 
be  inhaled  is  carried  to  the  gills,  as  in  the  moilusks 
of  the  Older  siphonobranchiata.  The  inolluscans 
v.'hich  have  no  siphons  are  called  Asiphonobran- 

SI'PHUN-€LE,  (si^funk-!,)    n.      In    coneholo^j,  the 
opening  which  nins  through  the  partitions  of  cham- 
bered or  nautiloid  shells. 
SrPHUX-eLSD,  a.    Having  a  siphuncle.    Buckland. 
SI-PHUiN'^eiJ-LAK,  a.    PcrtJiiuing  to  a  siphuncle. 

Buckland. 
SI-PHUN'eU-LA-TED,  a.     [L.  siphunculus,  a  little 
siphon.] 
Having  a  little  siphon  or  spout,  as  a  valve.    Say. 


SIR 

STP'ING,  J?.    The  act  of  oozing.  Granger. 

SIP'PSD,  (sipt,);^.  Drawn  in  with  the  lips;  imbibed 
in  small  quantities. 

SIP'PER,  n.     One  that  sips. 

SIPTET,  7t.    A  small  sop.    [jVot  in  use]       MiUon, 

SIP'PI^sG,  ppr.  Drawing  in  with  the  nps;  imbibing 
in  ?mall  quantities. 

SI  QUIS,  [h.,  if  any  one.]  TJie^e  words  give  name 
to  a  notification  by  a  candidate  for  orders  of  his  in- 
tention to  inquire  whether  any  impediment  may  be 
aMeged  against  him. 

SIR,  (sur,)  71.  [Fr.  sire,  and  sieur,  in  monsieur;  Xorm. 
sire,  lord  ;  Corn,  sira,  father  ;  Hcb.  113^,  .thur,to  sing, 
to  look,  observe,  watch,  also  to  rule.  The  primary 
sense  is,  to  stretch,  strain,  hold,  tc,  whence  the 
sense  of  a  ruler  or  chief.] 

1.  A  word  of  respect  used  in  addresses  to  men,  as 
mmiam  is  in  addresses  to  women.  It  signific-s  prop- 
erly lordy  corresponding  to  dvminu-t  in  Latin,  dm  in 
Spanish,  and  /terr  in  German.  It  is  used  in  the  sin- 
gular or  plural. 

SpeaV  on,  sir.  Shak. 

But,  sirs,  Le  inudden  in  the  execution.  SJiak. 

9.  The  title  of  a  knight  or  barouet;  as,  Sir  Horace 
Vere.  Bacon. 

3.  It  is  used  by  Shakspeare  for  nuzn. 

In  the  election  of  a  sir  co  rare.    [Not  in  use.}  ^    -  ■■ 

4.  Formerly,  in  American  colleges^  the  title  of  a 
master  of  arts. 

5.  It  is  prefixed  to  loin,  in  sirloin ;  as.  a  sirloin  of 
beef.  This  practice  is  said  lo  have  originated  tu  the 
knighting  of  a  loin  of  bt;cf  by  one  of  the  English 
kings  in  a  fit  of  good  humor.  Addison. 

6.  Formerly,  the  title  of  a  priest.  Spenser. 
SIR-CAR',  n.  A  Hindoo  clerk  or  writer.  Malcom. 
SIR-DXR',  n.    A  native  chief  in  Hindoostan. 

Jifalcom. 
SIRE,  71.    [Supra.]    A  father;  used  in  poetry. 

And  riise  lus  issue  like  a  lovinv  eirt.  Shak. 

2.  The  male  parent  of  a  beast ;  particularly  used 
of  horses  ;  as,  the  horse  had  a  good  sire,  but  a  bad 
dam.  Joh:ison. 

3.  It  is  used  in  composition  ;  as,  in  granthire,  for 
giandfalher;  great- crarif/sirc,  great-grandfather. 

SIRE,  0.  U     To  beget ;  to  procreate  ;  iiscd  of  beasts. 

SJiali. 

SIR'£D,  (sird,)  pp.    Begotten. 

Si'REN,  n.  [L. ;  Fr.  sirinc;  It.  sirena;  from  Heb. 
'vtvr,  shur,  to  sing.] 

1.  A  mermaid.  In  ancicjit  mythology,  a  goddess 
who  enticed  men  into  her  power  by  the  charma  of 
music,  and  devoured  thciu.  Hence,  in  modern  use, 
an  enticing  woinan ;  a  female  rendered  dangerous 
by  her  enticements. 

Sing,  siren,  to  thys^if,  and  I  will  dote.  Skak. 

9.  A  batrachifin  reptile  of  Carolina,  constituting  a 
peculiar  genus,  destitute  of  posterior  extremities  and 
pelvis.  The  siren  is  a  true  amphibian,  which  re- 
spires at  will  throughout  its  life,  either  in  the  water 
by  means  of  branchia;,  or  in  the  air  by  means  of 
lung:-.  Curier. 

SI'REN,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  siren,  or  to  the  dangerous 
enticements  of  music;  bewitching;  fascinating;  as, 
a  siren  song. 

SI-ReNE',  n.  An  instrument  used  for  ascertaining 
the  velocity  of  aerial  vibnition,  corresponding  lo  the 
diflerenl  pitches  of  musical  sounds.  Brands. 

Sl'KEN-IZE,  V.  i.  To  use  the  enliccmcnla  of  a  siren  ; 
to  charm. 

Sr'REN-lZ-EI>,  pp.    Charmed. 

Si'RE\-lZ-iNG,  ppr.    Charming. 

SI-Rl'A-SIS,  n.     [Gr.  aiptaci^.  ^See  Sikiui.J 

A  disease  occasioned  by  the  excessive  heat  of  tlie 
sun  ;  almost  peculiar  to  children.    JohTvron.     Coze. 

SIR'I-US,  71.     [L.,  from  the  Gr.  cup,  the  sun.] 

The  large  and  bright  star  called  the  dog-star,  in 
the  mouth  of  the  constellalioti  Cunis  major. 

SIR'LOIN,  (sur'lnin,)  n,  [Fr.  .^-iirhmsr,]  A  lorn  of 
beef,  said  to  have  been  knighted  by  one  of  the  Eng- 
lish kings  in  a  fit  of  good  humor;  but  probably  ii^r- 
loin,  the  upper  part  of  the  loin,  like  sir~7tame,  which 
is  properly  sur-name,  i.  e.,  an  additional  name. 

Smart. 

SIR'NaME  is  more  correctly  written  Sdhname. 

Si'RO,  n.     A  mite.  Encyc, 

SI-R0e'€O,  71.  [lU  id.;  Sp.  siroco  or  Toloque.]  An 
oppressive,  relaxing  wind  from  the  Libyan  deserts, 
chiefly  experienced  in  Italy,  Malta,  and  Sicily. 

Brandc. 

SIR'RAH,  71.  A  word  of  reproach  and  contempt; 
used  in  addressing  vile  characters. 

Go,  sirraJi,  to  my  cell.  Shak. 

[I  know  not  whence  wo  have  tliis  word.    The 
common  derivation  of  it  from  sir,  ha,  is  ridiculous.] 
SIRT,  (surt,)  n.     [L.  syrtis.] 

A  quicksand.     [JVo(  in  use.] 
SIR'UP,  71.     [Oriental.     See  Sherbet  and  Absord.] 
The  sweet  juice  of  vegetables  or  fniits,  or  other 
juice  sweetened  ;  or  sugar  boiled  with  vegeUible  in- 
fusions. CcTC. 

[^Smart  and  later  writers  prefer  the  pronunciation 
siPup ;  Walker  and  others,  sur^vp.] 


TUNE,  CULL,  XJNITE.— AN"GER,  VI"CI0US.  — C  as  K  ;  0  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


J03o 


SIT 

SIR'ITP-£D,  (sir'npt,)  a.    Moistened  or  tinged  with 

srnin  or  sweet  juice.  Draiitoiu 

S[R'UP-Y,tf.    Like  simp,  or  parlaking  of  its  qualities. 

Mortimer. 
Sl'K-VEJrrE',  (sccr-vilngt'O  n.   [Fr.l  A  peculiar  spe- 
cies uf  poetry,  usually  satirical,  often  used  by  the 
trouliadours  of  the  middle  ages.  Brando. 

SI-SAL'  HKMI*,    )  lu      Tlie   prepared    fiber    of   the 
SI-SAL'  GRAS.S,  \      Agave  Americana,  or  American 
aloe,  used  for  cordage  ;  so  called  from  Si^al,  a  port 
in  Yucatan. 
SrsK,  for  Assize. 
SISE,  11.    Six,  a  Iprui  in  pames. 

SIS'KJN,7t.    A  bird  ;  anutht-r  name  of  tlie  abcrdavinc. 
Johnson.     Diet.  JVat.  Hist. 
Tlie  siskin  or  abordavinu  is  the  E'ringilla  spinus. 
Kd.  Kncyc. 
SlSSjV.  i.     [D.  sisscn;  Dan.  suiiscri  G.  sauscn;  Sw. 
sasii,  to  buzz,  rush,  hiss,  whistle.] 

To  hiss  j  a  Icirithnatc  word,  local  in  England,  but  in 
universal  popular  rise  in  JVcw  Kntrland.        HalUiodl. 
SIS'TER,  11.     [Sax.  i!7rcoster;  D.  zuster;  G.  .•^clnDc^tcr ; 
Sw.  syster;  Dan.  sifstcr ;  Russ.  i>estra;  Pol.  siostra} 
Dalmatian,  sze^ztrc:  Pans,  swasi-c] 

1.  A  female  horn  of  the  same  parents;  correlative 

to  BnOTHEIl. 

2.  A  woman  of  tlie  same  faith ;  a  female  fellow- 
CJiristian. 

If  a  brother  or  sister  be  naked  and  d^sdHite  of  daily  food.— 

3.  A  female  of  the  same  kind.  ShaJc. 

4.  One  of  tlie  same  kind,  or  of  the  same  condi- 
tion ;  as,  sister  fruits.  Pope. 

5.  A  female  of  tlie  same  society,  as  the  nuns  of  a 
convent. 

SIS'TER,  V.  t.    To  resemble  closely.    [Little  jt^cd.] 

SkaJc. 

SIS'TER,  V.  i.  To  be  akin  j  to  be  near  to.  [LiUle 
used.]  Shah. 

SIS'TER-HOOD,  n.     [sister  and  hood.]    Sisters  col- 
lectively, or  a  society  of  sisters;  or  a  society  of  fe- 
males united  in  one  faith  or  order.  Addison. 
3.  The  ollice  or  duly  of  a  sister.    [Lit-le  used.] 

SIS'TER-IN-LAW,  n.    A  husband's  or  wife's  sister. 

Ruth. 

SIS'TER-LY,  a.  Like  a  sister;  becoming  a  sister; 
affectionate  ;  as,  sistcrbi  kindness. 

SIS'TRUP.I,  n.     [Gr.  cciorpof,  from  ctioj,  to  shake.] 
A  kind  of  timbrel  which  the  Eg^yptran  priests  of 
Isis  used  to  shake  at  liie  ffslivals  of  tljut  godde>^s. 

Brandc, 

SIS'Y-PHUS,  V.  [L.,  from  Gr.l  Infabulons  history,  a 
robber  or  traitor  notorious  for  his  cunning,  and  wiiose 
crimes  were  puni;:ihcd  by  his  being  cuinpsUed  to  roll 
to  the  top  of  a  hill  a  huge  stone,  which  constantly 
recoiled,  and  made  iiis  task  incessant.         Brandc, 

SIT,  V.  i. ;  jiTct.  Sat  ;  old  jqu  Sitten.  [Goth,  sitan  ; 
Sax.  sitan  or  siltan ;  D.  ziiten ;  G.  siticn ;  Sw,  sitta  ; 
Dan.  sidderi  L.  sedco ;  It.  scdere;  Fr.  seoir,  whence 
asscoir,  to  set  or  place,  to  lay,  to  assess,  from  the 
participle  of  which  we  have  assise.,  assize,  a  sitting, 
a  session,  whence  size,  by  contraction  ;  W.  seza,  to 
sit  habitually  ;  sezu^  to  seat ;  gorsez^  a  supreme  seat ; 
gorsczu,  to  preside ;  Arm.  aseza,  diascza,  sizhca,  to 
sit ;  Ir.  suidkim,  eisidhim,  and  seisim  ;  Corn,  scadha,  to 
sit.  It  coincides  with  the  CIi.  and  Ileb.  "iD""  and 
Ueb.  iT^tr,  to  set,  place,  or  found,  and  perhaps  with 


the  Ar.  ^Xw  sadda^  to  stop,  close,  or  make  firm. 
See  Class  Sd,  No.  31,  56.  (See  Set.)  The  Sp. 
siiiarj  to  besiege,  is  the  same  word  differently  ap- 
plied.] 

1.  To  rest  upon  the  buttocks,  as  animals ;  as,  to 
sit  on  a  sofa  or  on  the  ground. 

2.  To  perch  ;  to  rest  on  the  feet ;  as  fowls. 

3.  To  occupy  a  seat  or  place  in  an  official  capacity. 

The  scribes  and  the  Pharisooa  sit  in  Mosi^a'a  seat.  —  Matt,  xxiti. 

4.  To  be  in  a  state  of  rest  or  idleness. 


5.  To  rest,  lie,  or  bear  on,  as  a  weight  or  burden  ; 
as,  grief  sits  heavy  on  his  heart. 

6.  To  settle  ;  to  rest ;  to  abide. 

Pale  horror  sal  on  eacd  Aa-Jidian  face.  Dnjden. 

7.  To  incubate ;  to  cover  and  warm  eggs  for  hatch- 
ing; as  a  fowl. 

Aatlic  partridge  5i«e:A  on  cg^c  and  .i.ilchcih  tliem  not.  — Jer. 
xvu, 

8.  To  be  adjusted ;  to  be,  with  respect  to  fitness 
or  unfitness  ;  as,  a  coat  sits  well  or  ill. 

Tills  new  and  gor^ous  ^rment,  niiijc^ty, 

Siis  not  so  easy  on  nie  iia  you  think.  Sftak. 

0.  To  be  placed  in  order  to  be  painted ;  as,  to  sit 
for  one's  picture. 

10.  To  be  in  any  situation  or  condition. 

Suppose  all  the  church  lands  to  be  thrown  up  to  ihc  l.uty ;  would 
the  teiianta  tit  easier  in  their  reuia  ih;\n  iiuw  i  Siei/t. 

11.  To  hold  a  session;  to  he  officially  engaged  in 
public  business  j  as  judgrs,  legislator.-^,  or  officers  of 
any  kind.    The  House  of  Commons  sometimes  sits 


SIT 

till  late  at  night.  The  judges  or  the  courts  sit  in 
Westminster  Ilall.  The  commissioners  sit  every 
day. 

12.  To  exercise  authority;  a^,  to  5ii  in  judgment. 
One  council  .-iits  upon  life  and  death. 

13.  To  be  in  any  assembly  or  council  as  a  member; 
to  have  u  seat.     1  Jifacc. 

11.  To  be  in  a  local  position.  Tlio  wind  sits  fair. 
[Untisaal.] 

To  sit  at  meat ;  to  be  at  table  for  eatinp. 

'J'o  sit  dotcn ;  to  place  one's  self  on  a  cliair  or  other 
seat ;  as,  to  sit  down  at  a  meal. 

2.  To  begin  a  siege.  The  enemy  sat  down  before 
the  town. 

3.  To  settle  ;  to  fix  a  permanent  abode.   Sptmser. 

4.  To  rest;  to  cease  as  satisfied. 

Here  we  wn  not  sit  down,  but  still  proceed  in  our  sc;irch. 

Hogers. 

To  sit  out ;  to  be  without  engagement  or  employ- 
ment.    [IMtte  used.]  Saunderson. 

To  sit  up ;  to  rise  or  be  raised  from  a  recumbent 
posture. 

lie  tliat  wof  di:ad  sat  up,  and  Ix-^n  to  spLVik.  —  Luke  vii. 

2.  Not  to  go  to  bed ;  as,  to  sit  vp  late  at  night ; 
also,  to  watch  ;  as,  to  sit  up  with  a  sick  person. 
SIT,  V.  t.     To  keep  the  seat  upon.    lie  sits  a  horse 
well. 

[  This  pJtrase  is  elliptical.] 

2.  To  sit  me  down,  to  «(/iimdown,  Ui  sit  them  down, 
equivalent  to  I  seated  myself,  &c.,  are  familiar  phrases 
used  by  good  writers,  though  deviations  from  strict 
propriety. 

'i'hey  sat  tfiem  down  to  weep.  MiUon. 

3.  "  The  court  was  satj"  an  expression  of  Addison, 
is  a  gross  impropriety. 

SITE,  71.     [L.  sitiLs,  Eng.  seat  i  from  the  root  of  L. 
sedcOf  to  sit.    The  Roman  pronunciation  was  scctus.] 

1.  Situation;  local  position;  as,  the  site  of  a  city 
or  of  a  house. 

2.  A  seat  or  ground-plot ;  as,  a  mill  .si(c.  But  wc 
usually  say,  niill-^-ccaf,  by  which  we  understand  the 
place  where  a  mill  stands,  or  a  place  convenient  for 
a  mill. 

[i    The  posture  of  a  thing  with  respect  to  itself. 

The  senihlance  of  a  lover  fixed 
In  melancholy  site.  Thomson. 

[This  is  improper.] 
SIT'ED,  a.    Placed  ;  situated.     [JVot  in  vsc]    Spcjiscr. 
SIT'FAST,  71.     In  farriery,  an  ulcerated  horny  sore 


siz 


^^ 


growing  on  a  horse's  back,  under  the 


-saddlt:. 
Farm.  Kncyc. 


Spenser. 
Spenser. 


Spcnsei: 
The  Turks 

Bacon, 
JiJortimcr. 


SITH,  adv.     [Sax.  sith,  siththan.} 
Since;  in  later  times.     [Obs.] 
STTHE,  71.    Time.     [Obs.] 
SiTHE.    See  Scythe. 

ilTK'ES  *^^'  I  "'^"*     1^^^^*  ^^*^'^^'"«-J 

Since;  in  later  times.     [O&i-.] 
SIT'TER,  n.     [from  sit.]     One  that  sit; 
are  great  sitters. 
2.  A  bird  that  sits  or  incubates. 
SIT'TING,  ppr.  or  a.    Resting  on  the  buttocks,  or  on 
the  feet,  as  fowls;  mcubaliug;  brooding;  being  in 
the  actual  exercise  of  authority,  or  being  assembled 
for  that  purpose. 

2.  a.  In  botany,  sessile,  i.  e.,  without  petiole,  pe- 
duncle, or  pedict;!,  &c. 

SIT'TING,  71.    The  posture  of  being  on  a  seat. 

9.  Tiie  act  of  placing  one's  self  on  a  seat ;  as,  a 
sitthig  i\own. 

3.  A  seat,  or  the  space  occupied  by  a  person  in  a 
church.  England. 

•1.  The  act  or  time  of  resting  in  a  posture  for  a 
painter  to  take  the  likeness.  For  a  portrait,  six  or 
seven  sittings  may  be  required. 

5.  A  session  ;  the  actual  presence  or  meeting  of 
any  body  of  men  in  their  seats,  clothed  with  author- 
ity to  transact  business;  as,  a  sitting  of  the  judges 
of  the  King's  Bunch  ;  a  sitting  of  the  House  of  Com- 
mons ;  during  the  sitting  of  the  Supreme  Court. 

G.  An  uninterrupted  application  to  business  or 
study  for  a  time  ;  course  of  study  unintermitted. 

For  the  iini!ci?LT.ndiri^  of  any  erne  of  Paul 
through  at  tine  ettUng. 

7.  A  time  for  whicli  one  sils,  as  at  play,  at  work, 
or  on  a  visit.  Drydcn. 

8.  Incubatiim;  a  resting  on  eggs  for  hatching ;  as 
fowls. 

The  male  bird  nmuses  tlie  female  wiili  his  songe,  dnrinj  the  whole 
time  of  her  sitting.  Tlddisan. 

SIT'U-ATE,  a.    [Fr.  situeri  It.  sitaarCy  sitiiato;  Sp. 
sitiiar;  from  L.  sitns,  scdco.] 

1.  Placed,  with  respect  to  any  other  object ;  as,  a 
town  situate  on  a  hill  or  on  the  sea-shore. 

2.  Placed  ;  consisting. 

Pleasure  situate  in  hill  and  daL-.  Milton. 

JVoie. — In  the  United  States,  thi;»  word   is  le^s 

used  than  Situated,  hut  both  are  well  authorized. 

SIT'IM-TED,  a.      [See  Situate.]     Seated,   placed, 

or  standing  with  respect  to  any  other  object :  a.-^,  a 

city  situated  on  a  declivity,  or  in  front  of  a  lakt; ;  a 


epistles,  1  Tt^(\ 
Locke. 


town  well  situated  for  trade  or  manufactures ;  aa 
observatory  well  situated  for  observation  of  the  stars. 
New  York  is  situated  in  the  forty-lirst  degree  of 
north  latitude. 

2.  Placed  or  being  in  any  state  or  condition  with 
regard  to  men  or  things.    Observe  how  the  execu:or 
is  sitiuttcd  with  respect  to  tho  heirs. 
SIT-IJ-A'TION,  71.    [Fr. ;  It.  situaztone.] 

1.  Position;  seat;  location  in  rcspccttosoinethiuK 
else.  The  situation  of  London  is  more  favorable  fur 
foreign  coinnierce  than  that  of  Paris.  The  situation 
of  a  stranger  auiong  people  of  habits  differing  from 
his  own,  can  not  be  pleasant. 

2.  State;  condition.  lie  enjoys  a  5itua(to»  of  ease 
and  tranquillity. 

3.  Circumstances;  temporary  state;  iuied  of  per- 
sons in  a  dramatic  scene.  Johnson. 

4.  Place  ;  ollice.  lie  has  a  situation  in  the  war 
department,  or  under  government. 

ST' VA,  n.    In  Indian  mythology,  a  title  of  the  Supreme 

Being,  in  the  character  of  tlie  avenger  or  destroyer. 
SIV'AN,7i.    The  third  month  of  the  Jewish  ecclesias- 
tical year,  answering  to  part  of  our  -May  and  part  of 
June. 
SIV-A-TIIE'RT-UM,  n.    [Siva,  an  Indian  deity  ami 
Gr.  Oiipiifj,  a  wild  animal.] 

An  extinct  animal,  wliose  skull  and  other  bnnis 
were  recently  discovered  in  India.  It  had  four 
horns  and  a  proboscis;  was  larger  than  the  rhinoce- 
ros, and  must  have  resembled  an  immense  anti.loj)?;. 

Mantel!. 
SIX,  a.     ri''r.  six ;  L.  sex  ;  It.  .■;(■/ ;  Sp.  scis  ;  D.  zcs :  <;. 
sechs ;   Dan.  and  Sw.  sex;  Sax.  six;  Gr.  tf.     tlu. 
Sans,  sltashta,  Heb,  tt'tt?  shish.] 
Twice  three;  one  more  than  five. 
SIX,  71.    The  number  of  six,  or  twice  three. 

To  be  at  six  and  seven,  or,  as  more  generally  used, 
at  sizes  and  sevens,  is  to  be  in  disorder. 

Bacon.     Swi/L     Shah. 
■SiX'FoLD,  a.    [siz  and  fold  ;  Sax.  six  and  feald.] 

Six  times    repeated ;     six  double ;    six  limes  ns 

nmch. 

SIX'PENCE.,  71.     [*-ia:and  pence.]     An  English  silver 

coin  of  the  vahie  of  six  pennies  ;  half  a  slnlling. 

2.  The  value  of  six  pennies  or  half  a  shilling. 

SIX'-PEN-NY,  a.    Worth  sixpence ;  as,  a  six-pcntni 

lo:if. 
SIX'-PET-AL-ED,  a.    In  botany,  having  six  distinct 

petals  or  flower  leaves.  Martyn. 

SIX'SeORE,  a.     [six  and  score.]     Six  times  twenty  ; 

one  hundred  and  twenty.  Sandys. 

SIX'TEEN,  a.     [Sax.  sirteiie,  sixtyne.'] 

Six  and  ten  ;  noting  the  sum  of  six  and  ten. 
SIX'TEENTH,  a.    [Sax.  sixteotlia.] 

The  sixth  after  the  lentil ;  the  ordinal  cf  sixtc!-n. 
SIXTH,  a.     [Sax.  sixta.l 

Tile  first  after  the  fiUh  ;  the  ordinal  of  six. 
SIXTH,  n.    The  sixth  part. 

2.  In  musie,  a  hfixachord,  an  interval  of  two  kiml-i ; 
the  minor  sixth,  consisting  of  three  tones  and  two 
semitones  major,  and  the  major  sixth,  composed  of 
four  tones  and  a  major  semitone.  Roiisseau. 

SIXTH'LY,  adv.    In  the  sixth  place.  Baco7i. 

SIX'TI-ETII,  a.     [Sax.  sixtcogotha.] 

The  ordinal  of  sixty. 
SIX'TY,  a.     [Sax.  sUtig.] 

Ten  times  six. 
SIX'TY,  71.    The  number  of  six  times  ten. 
SIZ'A-BLE,  a.     [from  size.]     Of  considerable  bulk. 

Hard. 
9.  Being  of  reasonable  or  suitable  size;  as,  sizable 
timber. 
Sr'Z.A.R,  71.  In  the  university  of  Cambridge,  England, 
the  name  of  a  body  of  students  nest  below  the  j)  ri- 
sioners,  who  eat  at  the  public  table,  after  the  fellows, 
free  of  expense.  They  formerly  waited  on  tlie  tahlj 
at  meals,  but  this  is  done  away  with.  Tht^y  were 
probably  so  called  from  being  thus  employed  in  dis- 
tributing the  size  or  provisions.     [See  Size,  No.  'X] 

Huber. 
SIZE,  7!.     [Either  contracted  from  aspire,  or  from  ilic 
L.  scissus,    I  take  it  to  be  from  the  former,  and  friiru 
the  sense  of  setting,  as  we  apply  the  word  to  the  a-,- 
size  of  bread. 1 

1.  Bulk;  b"ign;^ss ;  magnitude;  extent  of  super- 
ficies. Size  particularly  expresses  thickness  ;  as,llic 
size  of  a  tree  or  of  a  mast ;  the  size  of  a  ship  or  of 
a  rock.     A  man  may  be  tall,  with  little  size  of  bady. 

2.  A  settled  quantity  or  allowance.  [Contracted 
from  o-«st:?.] 

3.  At  the  unimr.'iif.y  of  Camlridgc,  England,  food 
and  drink  from  the  buttery,  aside  from  the  ri'gidar 
dinner  at  commons,  corresponding  to  Battel  at  Ox- 
ford. Qrad.  ad  Cantab. 

4.  Figurative  bulk ;  condition  as  to  rank  and  char- 
acter; as,  men  of  less  si:e  and  quality.  [J^ot  much 
used.  1  /-'  Estrange. 

5.  Willi  shocmaJ:crs,  a  measure  of  length. 
SIZE,  n.     [W.  .■••ijth,  stiff,  rigid,  and  size  i  Sp.  sisa; 

from  the  root  of'o.vivzr,  tliat  which  sets  or  fixes.] 

1.  A  kind  of  weak  glue,  us.-d  in  manufaclurus. 

2.  An  instrument  consisting  of  thin  leaves  fasJencd 
together  at  one  end  hy  a  rivet ;  used  for  ascertaining 
the  size  of  pearls.  Encyc. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MeTE,  PREY FINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  aiOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.- 


103f 


SKE 

SIZE,  t'.  t.  To  adjust  or  arrange  according  to  size  or 
bulk.  JJudibras. 

2.  'I'o  settle ;  to  fix  the  standard  of ;  as,  to  size 
wcighis  and  measures.     [JV*<?w  little  used.\ 

3.  To  cover  with  size ;  to  prepare  with  size. 

4.  To  swell ;  to  increase  the  bulk  of.  Beauvt.  ^-  Fl. 

5.  Among  Cornish  mincr.'^y  to  scpanile  the  finer  from 
the  coarser  parts  of  a  metaJ  by  sitting  tiiem  through 
a  wire  sieve.  Encijc. 

SIZE,  r.  /'.  At  the  university  of  Catnbridgty  England^ 
to  ortlcr  f(K)d  or  drink  from  tlic  buttery  ;  a  word  cor- 
rv'spondin^j  to  BiTTZL  at  Oxford.   Orad,  ad  Ca/ttab. 

SiZ' ED,  pp.    Adjusted   according  to  size;    prepared 
with  size. 
2.  a.     Having  a  particular  ma^itude.  Shak. 

JSTote. — This  word  is  used  in  compounds  j  as, 
liT<^e-sizcdy  common-6-i:e</,  middle-sj:ed,  &.c. 

SI'ZEL,  71.  Ill  coiitinff^j  tiie  residue  of  plates  of  silver, 
after  pieces  are  cut  out  for  roin.<. 

SrZ'ER,  ;(.  In  tj:e  unicersiiTf  of  Cambridge^  a  student 
of  the  rank  next  below  that  of  a  pensioner.     [See 

SIZE-STICK,  w.     With    shocmaJicrs^   a    measuring 

stick, 
SiZ'I-NESS,  71.     [from  siztj.']     Glutinousnoss  j    vis- 

cousness  j   the   quality  of  size ;    as,  the  siziness  of 

l>Iood. 
STZ'IXG,  ppr.    Arranging  according  to  size. 
SiZ'ING,  n.    A  kind  of  weak  glue  used  in  manufac 

tures.     [See  Size.] 
SIZ' Y,  a.    [from  size.]   Glutinous  ;  tliick  and  viscous  ^ 

ropy  J   having  the  adhesiveness  of  size;  as,  sizy 

blood.  Jirhuthnot. 

SKAD'DLE,  (skad'dl.)  n.    [Sax.  scafA,  secatlu] 

Hurt ;  damage.    {.Xot  in  usejj 
SK-AD'DLE,  a.    Hurtful  j  mischievous.    \_Xot  in  MseJ] 

Ray. 
SKAD'DOXS,  71.  pL    The  embryos  of  bees.     [jV^;  in 

itsc,  ]  Bailey. 

SKaIX,  71.     [Fr.  cscaigne.'] 

A  knot  of  thread,  yam,  or  silk,  or  a  number  of 

knot^  collected.  Eitctjc.y  art.  Rope. 

SKaINS'MaTE,   n.     A    messmate  j    a    cunipanion, 

[-V.i(  in  use.]  ShaL 

SK.\LD,  71.    [au.  Sw.  scaUaj  to  sing.] 

An  ancient  Scandinavian  poet  or  bard. 

SKARE,  I  °-     ^^"**  i  *'™''*  '  ^^'y-  ^^^«- 

SKATE,  n.  [D.  schaats;  probably  from  the  rout  of 
shoot ;  It.  scatto,  a  slip  or  slide.] 

A  frame  of  wood  AiniLshed  with  a  smooth  iron  and 
fastened  under  the  fool,  for  moving  rapidly  on  iCe. 

SKaTE,  v.  L    To  slide  or  move  on  skates. 

SKaTE,  71.  [Sax.  sccadda  ;  L.  squatiis,  squatina  ;  W. 
caih  vor  or  morgatit,  that  is,  scacat.  This  shows  that 
skate  is  formed  on  cat.  The  primary  sense  of  cat  I 
do  not  know ;  but  in  W.  diih  eithc.i  is  a  hare  j  that 
is,  farze  or  gorse-cci.] 

.A  popular  name  ot  numerous  cartilaginous  fishes 
of  the  genus  Raia,  having  the  body  much  depressed, 
and  more  or  less  of  a  rhomboidal  form.  The  Raia 
Ratis,  called  the  SkaU^  Gray  Skate,  or  Blue  Skate,  is 
the  most  common,  weighing  sometimes  200  pounds, 
and  is  much  used  for  the  table. 

P.  Cijc.     Jurdine*s  JVat.  Lib. 

SKaT'ER,  71,    One  that  skates  on  ice.  Johnson. 

SKaT'ING,  ti.    The  act  or  art  of  moving  on  skates. 

SK.aT'IXG,  ppr.    Sliding  or  moving  on  skates. 

SKeAN,  71.    [Sax.  smgcn.] 

A  short  sword,  or  a  knife.     [J^''iit  in  usc] 

SKUCD.     See  Skid.  [Bacon,     Spenser. 

SKEEL,  TI.     [G.  schale,  Eng.  shell.} 

A  shallow,  wooden  vessel  for  holding  milk  or 
cream.     [Local.]  Grose. 

SKEET,  71.  A  long  scoop  used  to  wet  the  sides  of 
ships  or  the  sails  of  small  vessels.  Mar.  Diet. 

SKEG,  n.     A  sort  of  wild  plum.  Johnson. 

SKEG'GER^  n,     A  little  salmon.  fValton. 

SKEIN,  (skane,)  n.  A  knot  or  a  number  of  knots  of 
thread,  silk,  or  yarn. 

SKEL'DER,  71.    A  cant  term  for  a  vagrant. 

B.  Jo/ison. 

SKEE'E-TON,  71.  [Fr.  squelette;  It.  scheletro :  Sp. 
e-'-quekto ;  Gr.  cKt'ks.Toq^  drj',  from  oitWtiy,  to  dry, 
that  is,  to  contract;  allied  perhaps  to  V.  calico^  cal- 
lus.] 

1.  The  bones  of  an  animal  body,  separated  from 
the  tleshand  retained  in  their  natural  position  or  con- 
nections. Whe.n  the  bones  are  connected  by  the  nat- 
ural li^amenrs,  it  is  called  a  natural  skeleton  ;  when 
by  wires,  or  any  foreign  substance,  an  artificial  skel- 
eton. Encyc,     tVistar. 

2.  The  compages,  general  structure,  or  frame  of 
anything;  the  principal  parts  that  support  the  rest, 
hut  without  the  appendages. 

3.  The  heads  and  outline  of  a  literary  perform- 
ance, particularly  of  a  sermon. 

'I.  A  verv  thin  or  lean  person. 
SKEL'E-TO.V-KeY,  71.  A  thin,  liffht  key,  with  nearly 
the  whole  substance  of  the  bits  filed  away,  so  that  it 
may  be  less  obstructed  by  the  wards  of  a  lock. 
SKEL'LUM,  77.     |G.  schelm.]  [Hcbcrt. 

A  scoundrel.    iJVot  in  use.] 
SKEL'LY,  r.  i.    To  squint.  SrockeU. 


SKI 


SKI 


Doubt ;   pretense  or  pro- 


SKELP,  77.    A  blow  ;  a  smart  stroke.  Brockett, 

SKEP,  V.    A  coiu^e,  round  farm-basket.     [JVot  used  in 

,^merica.]^  Tusscr.     Farm.  Encyc. 

2.  lu  Scotland,  the  repository  in  which  bees  lay 

their  honey.  Johnson. 

SKEP'Tie,  7:.      [Gr.  c-^cfxru-os,  from  (rvr7rr«,,u,,  to 

look  about,  to  consider,  to  speculate  ;  Sax.  sceawian, 

to  look  about,  to  see,  also  to  show.    See  Show.] 

1.  One  who  doubts  the  truth  and  reality  of  any 
principle  or  system  of  principles  or  doctrines.  In 
philosophy,  XI  Pyrrhonist  or  follower  .of  Pvrrho,  the 
founder  of  a  sect  of  skeptical  philosopiirrs,  who 
maintained  that  no  certain  inferences  can  be  drawn 
from  the  reports  of  the  senses,  and  who  therefore 
doubted  of  every  thing.  Enfield. 

2.  In  theolog-y,  a  person  who  doubts  the  existence 
and  perfections  of  God,  or  the  truth  of  revelation  ; 
one  who  disbelieves  the  divine  original  of  the  Chris- 
tian religion. 

Sufler  not  your  fniili  lo  be  Bliakcn  hy  the  sophistries  of  skepticn. 

Clarke, 
SKEP'Tie,         \a.      Doubting;  hesitating  to  admit 
SKEP'TI€-AL,  \      the  certainty  of  doctrines  or  prin- 
ciples ;  doubting  of  every  thing. 
2.  Doubting  or  denying  the  truth  of  revelation. 

The  skeptical  syetem  subverts  the  whole  fouadiitiou  of  morals. 

Hob.  Halt. 

SKEP'Tie-AL-LY,  adv.     With  doubt ;  in  a  doubting 

manner. 
SKEP'TI€-AL-NESS 

fession  of  doubt. 
SKEP'TI-CISM,  71.     [Fr.  scepticisme.] 

1.  The  doctrines  and  opinions  of  the  Pyrrhonists 
or  skeptical  philosophers ;  universal  doubt ;  the 
sclieme  of  philosophy  which  denies  the  certainty  of 
any  knowledge  respecting  the  phenomena  of  na- 
ture. 

2.  In  thcologij,  a  doubting  of  the  truth  of  revela- 
tion, or  a  denial  of  the  divine  origin  of  tlie  Chris- 
tian religion,  or  of  the  being,  perfections,  or  truth  of 
God. 

Let  no  despondency,  or  timidity,  or  sccre;  skepticism,  l';;ul  any  one 
to  doutit  whether  this  blc&scii  prospect  will  he  realized. 

,S'.  MU!er. 

SKEP'TI-CIZE,  V.  i.  To  doubt ;  to  pretend  to  doubt 
of  eveiy  thing.     [Little  used.]  Shaftesbury. 

SKER'RY,  n.     A  rocky  isle. 

SKETCH,  n.  [D.  schets;  G.  skizzc;  Fr.esquissci  Sp. 
csqiiicio  ;  It.  schizzo,  a  sketch,  a  squiiting,  a  spurt,  a 
gushing,  a  leap,  hop,  or  frisking  ;  schizzare,io  squirt, 
lo  spin,  stream,  or  spout.  We  seethe  primary  sense 
of  the  verb  is,  to  throw,  the  sense  of  shvof.  It.  scat- 
tare,  h.  scatCO.] 

An  outline  or  general  delineation  of  any  thin;; .  a 
first  rough  or  incomplete  draught  of  a  plan  or  any  de- 
sign ;  as,  the  sketch  of  a  building;  the  sketch  of  an 
essay. 

SKETCH,  7'.  (.  To  draw  the  outline  or  general  figure 
of  a  thing ;  lo  make  a  rough  draught.  Jf'atts. 

2.  To  plan  by  giving  the  principal  points  or  ideas. 

Dryden. 

SKETCH'£D,    (skecht,)   pp.      Having   the    outline 

SKETCH'ER.  n.    One  who  sketches.  [drawn. 

SKETCH'I-NESS,  n.    State  of  being  sketchy. 

SKETCH'ING,  ppr.    Drawing  the  outline. 

SKETCIi'Y,  c.  Containing  only  an  outline  ;  incom- 
plete. 

SKEW,  (sku,)  adv.     [G.  scliief;  Dan.  skian}.] 
Awry  ;  obliquely.     [See  Askew.] 

SKEW,  V.  t.     [Dan.  skutvcr,  to  twist  or  distort.] 

1.  To  look  obliquely  upon;  to  notice  slightly. 
[jSTot  in  use.]  Beaum. 

2.  To  shape  or  form  in  an  oblique  way.  [JVoi  in 
use.] 

SKEVV,  V.  i.    To  walk  obliquely.    [Local.] 

SKEW'BACK,  (sku'bak,)  ti.  In  brickwork  and  ma^ 
sonnj,  the  abutment  which  slopes  to  receive  the  end 
of  an  arch.  Brande. 

SKEW'BRIDGE,  71.  A  kind  of  bridge  upon  a  railroad, 
when  it  intersects  any  existing  communication  at 
risht  angles.  Brande. 

SKEW'ER,  (sku'er,)  n.  A  pin  of  wood  or  iron  for 
fastening  meat  to  a  spit,  or  for  keeping  it  in  form 
while  roasting.  I>njdeju 

SKEW'ER,  V.  t.    To  fasten  with  skewers. 

SKEW'ER-ING,  ppr.    Fastening  with  skewers, 

SKIM,  7(.  A  piece  of  timber  placed  up  and  down  the 
side  of  a  vessel,  to  preserve  it  from  injury  by  heavj' 
bodies  hoisted  or  lowered  against  it.  Tottcn, 

2.  A  chain  used  for  fastening  the  wheels  of  a  wag- 
on, to  prevent  its  turning  when  descending  a  steep 
hill.  Farm.  Encyc, 

3.  A  name  given  to  pieces  of  timber  used  for  sup- 
ports, as  of  a  row  of  barrels,  &c.  .America. 

SKIFF,   V.      [Fr.  esqaif;    It.  schifo ;    Sp.  esquifo;   L. 
scapha  ;  G.  schiff;  from  the  same  root  as  skip.] 
A  small,  light  boat,  resembling  a  yawl.  Jilar.  Diet. 

SKIFF,  V.  t.    To  pass  over  in  a  light  boat. 

SKILL,  71.  [Sax.  seylan,  to  separate,  to  distinguish; 
Ice.  and  Sw.  skilia,  Dan.  skiller,  to  divide,  sever, 
part;  whence  sAiVW,  that  which  separates, and  hence 
that  which  protect^i  ur  defends  ;  D.  scheelen,  to  differ ; 
schiHen,lo  peel  or  pare.  Scale  is  from  the  root  of  these 


%vordit,  as  in  slteU^  Sax.  scyl,  secal.  In  Ucb.  hsD  is, 
foolish,  perverse,  and  as  a  verb,  to  pcn'ert,  to  be  fool- 
ish or  perverse  ;  in  Ch.  to  understand  or  consider,  to 
look,  to  regard,  to  cause  to  know,  whence  knowl- 
edge, knowing,  wise,  wisdom,  understanding;  Rab. 
to  be  ignorant  or  foolish  ;  Syr.  to  he  foolish,  to  wan- 
der in  mind,  also,  lo  cause  to  understand,  to  know, 
to  perceive,  to  discern,  al.^,  to  err,  to  do  wrong,  lo 
sin,  to  fail  in  duly  ;  whence,  foolish,  folly,  ignorance, 
error,  sin,  and  understanding;  Sam.  to  be  wont  or 
accustomed,  to  Icok  or  behold.  The  same  verb  with 
C,  Heb.  h^V,  signifies,  to  understand,  to  be  wis:", 
whence  wisdom,  understanding,  also,  to  waste,  to 
ticatter,  or  destroy,  to  bereave,  also,  to  prosper;  Ch. 
to  understand;  VS^tt?  to  complete,  to  perfect;  hh^ 
with  a  prefix.  This  signifies,  also,  to  found,  to  lay  a 
foundation ;  Syr.  to  found,  also,  to  finish,  complete, 

adorn,  from  the  same  root ;  At.  V^s^  sliakala,  to 

hind  or  lie,  whence  Va\^.  sfiackles ;  also,  to  be  dark, 
obscure,  intricate,  ditPcuIt,  to  form,  to  make  like,  to 
be  of  a  beautiful  furm,  to  know,  to  be  ignorant,  to 
agree,  suit,  or  become.  These  verbs  app<;ar  to  he 
formed  on  the  root  ^D,  h^1  to  hold,  or  restrain,  which 
coincides  in  signification  with  the  Ch.  and  Elh.  "yna, 
to  be  able,  h.  calico,  that  is,  to  strain,  stretch,  reach, 
and  with  SS^,  to  perfect,  that  is,  lo  make  sound,  or 
to  reach  the  utmost  limit.  The  sense  of  fully,  error, 
sin,  perverseness,  is  from  wandering,  devialiun,  Cr. 
CTAoAios'f  the  sense  of  sAiY/and  unde^^tanding  is  from 
separation,  discernment,  or  from  taking,  holding,  or 
reaching  to,  for  strength  and  knowledge  are  allied, 
and  often  from  tension.  The  sense  of  ignorance 
and  error  is  from  wandering  or  deviation,  or  per- 
haps it  proceeds  from  a  negative  sense  given  to  the 
primary  verb  by  the  prefi-x,  like  ex  in  Latin  and  s  in 
Italian.  The  Arabic  sense  of  binding  and  shackles 
is  from  straining.  The  Eng.  sludl  and  should  belong 
to  this  family.] 

1.  The  familiar  knowledge  of  any  art  or  science, 
united  with  readiness  and  dexterity  in  execution  or 
performance,  or  in  the  application  of  the  art  or  sci- 
ence to  practical  purposes.  Thus  we  speak  of  the 
skill  of  a  mathematician,  of  a  surveyor,  of  a  phy- 
sician or  surgeon,  of  a  mechanic  or  seaman.  So  wc 
speak  of  skill  in  management  or  negotiation. 

Dryden.     Sirtft. 

2.  Any  particular  art.    [J^ot  in  use.]         Hooker. 
SKILL,  r.  t.    To  know  ;  to  underslanti.    [Oi^-.j 
SKILL,  V.  i.    To  be  knowing  in ;  to  be  dextrous  in 

performance.     [Obs.]  Spenser. 

2.  To  difler ;  to  make  difference ;  to  matter  or  b- 
of  interest.     [Obs.]  Hooker.     Baevn. 

LThis  is  the  Teutonic  and  Gothic  sense  of  the  word.] 
h'ED,  a.  Having  familiar  knowledge  uniltd  with 
rr-adiness  and  dexterity  in  the  application  of  it;  la- 
Kiiliarly  acquainted  with  ;  expert;  skillful;  lullowcd 
by  171 ;  as,  a  professor  skilled  in  logic  or  geometry ; 
one  skilled  in  the  art  of  engraving. 

SKILL'ESS,     a.    Wanting  skiU ;  artless.         Skak. 

yKIL'LET,  n.     [Uu.  Fr.  ecuelle,  ccuellcUe.] 

A  small  vessel  of  iron,  copper,  or  other  metal,  with 
a  long  handle,  used  for  heating  and  boiling  water  and 
other  culinary  purposes. 

SKILL'FIJL,  a.  Knowing;  well  versed  in  any  art ; 
hence,  dextrous;  able  in  management;  able  to  per- 
form nicely  any  manual  operation  in  the  arts  or  pro- 
fessions; as,  :i  skillful  mechanic;  a  skillful  operator 
in  surgery. 
2.  Well  versed  in  practice ;  as,  a  skillful  physician. 
It  is  followed  by  at  or  in  ;  as,  skillful  at  the  organ  ; 
skillful  in  drawing. 

SKILL'FUL-LY,  adv.  With  skiU  ;  with  nice  art  ;  dex- 
trously  ;  as,  a  machine  skillfully  made  ;  a  ship  skill- 
fitllv  managed. 

SKILL'FUL-NESS,  7t.  The  quality  of  possessingskill ; 
dextrousness  ;  ability  lo  perform' well  in  any  part  or 
business,  or  to  manage  affairs  with  judgment  and 
exactness,  or  according  to  good  taste  or  just  rules  ; 
knowledge  and  ability  derived  from  experience. 

SKIL'LING,  n.  A  bay  of  a  barn  ;  also,  a  slight  addi- 
tion to  a  cottage.     [Local.]^ 

SKILT,  7t.     [See  Skill.]     Diflference.    [Obs.] 

Cleaveland. 

SKIM,  71.  [A  different  orthography  of  Sctsi.  Fr. 
icume ;  It.  schiuma ;  G.  sehaum  ;  D.  schaim  ;  Dan.  and 
Sw.  skum  ;  Ir.  sgeimhim^  to  skim.] 

Scum ;  the  iliicfc  matter  that  forms  on  the  surt'ace 
of  a  liquor.     [Little  itsed.] 

SKIM,  V.  t.  To  take  off  the  thick,  gross  matter  which 
separates  from  any  liquid  substance,  and  collect?  on 
the  surface  ;  as,  to  skim  milk  by  taking  off  the  cream. 

2.  To  lake  off  by  skimming ;  as,  to  skim  cream. 

Dj-yden. 

3.  To  pass  near  the  surface ;  to  brush  the  surface 
slightly. 

The  swnJtow  skims  xhe  river's  wateiy  uw.  Dryden. 

SKIM,  V.  I.  To  pass  lightly ;  to  glide  along  in  an  e»«:, 
smooth  coui-se,  or  without  flapping  ;  as,  an  eag.e  or 
hawk  skims  along  the  ethereal  resions. 
2.  To  glide  along  near  the  surface  ;  to  pass  lightly. 

Pope. 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.— AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K ;  6  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


SKI 

3.  To  hasten  over  superficially  or  wiUi  slight  at- 
tention. 

Thfy  skim  over  a  scionc;  in  a  8Ui)er6d*l  survey.         WaiU. 

SKIM'BLE-SGAM'BLE,  a.  [A  duplication  of  satm- 
btc]     Wandering ;  disorderly.  Shak, 

[j?  /ow,  unauthorized  tcord.] 

SKIM'-CoLT'ER,     I  n.     A  colter  for  parinq  off  the 

SKIM'-eoULT'ER,  (      surfaci-  of  Innd. 

SKIM'.MSn,  pp.  or  It.  Taken  from  the  surface  ;  hav- 
ing the  thick  matter  taken  frum  the  surface  :  brushed 
alone. 

SKIM'MER,  n.  A  utensil  in  the  form  of  a  scoop, 
usi^d  for  skimming  liquors. 

2.  One  that  skims  over  a  subject.     [LiUleused.] 

3.  A  web-fooled  water-fowl,  of  the  genus  Rhyn- 
chnps.  The  black  skimmer,  Rhynchops  nicra,  is  also 
called  Cutwater  and  Sheabwater,  which  see. 

J^uttaU.     P.  Cyc. 

PKIM'-MILK,  )  n.    Milk  from  which  the  cream 

SIvIM'M£D-MILK,  \      has  been  L-iken. 

SKIM'MING,  ppr.    Taking  from  the  surface,  as  cream 
from  milk. 
2.  Gliding  llchtlv  along  near  the  surface. 

SKIM'MING-LV,  a'dc.     Bv  gliiling  along  the  surface. 

SKIM'.MING-TON,  rn.      A  vulgar  word,   [from  the 

SKI.M'I-TRY,  i      Danish  sliiejntfr,  to  jest,]  used 

ia  the  phmse  to  ride  skimmington,  or  skimitry,  which 
consisted  in  making  a  man  who  haa  been  beaten  by 
his  wife  ride  behind  a  woman  on  a  horse,  with  his 
face  to  the  liorse's  tail,  followed  by  a  procession  of 
rough  music,  as  frying-pans,  bulls'-horns,  niarrow- 
boni's,  cleavers,  &.c.  ffaUiiceU. 

SKIM'MINGS,  n.  pL  Matters  skimmed  from  the  sur- 
face of  liquors.  Edwards,  WeM.  Indies. 

SKIN,  71.  [Sa.x.  scin;  Sw.  skinn;  Uaii.  skind^  a  skin  ; 
G.  sdiinden^  to  flay  ;  Ir.  scann,  a  membrane  ;  W.  ys- 
o-in,  a  robe  made  of  skin,  a  pelisse,  said  to  be  from 
«n,  a  spread  or  covering.  But  in  \VelBh  Un  is  skin, 
peel,  or  rind.  This  may  signify,  a  covering,  or  a  peel, 
from  stripping.] 

1.  The  natural  covering  of  animal  bodies,  consist- 
ing of  the  cuticle,  or  scarf-skin,  the  rete  mucosum, 
and  the  cutis,  or  hide.  The  cuticle  is  very  thiu  and 
insensible  ;  the  cutis  is  thicker  and  very  sensible. 

Harvey. 

2.  A  hide  ;  a  pelt ;  the  skin  of  an  animal  separated 
from  the  body,  whether  green,  dr\',  or  tanned. 

3.  Tile  body  ;  the  person  ;  m  ludicroiLs  lang-uage. 

UEstrangc. 

4.  The  bark  or  husk  of  a  plant ;  the  exterior  coat 
of  fruits  and  plants. 

SKIN,  I'.  L  To  strip  off  the  skin  or  hide  ;  to  flay  ;  to 
peel.  ^03. 

2.  To  cover  with  skin.  Dryden. 

3.  To  cover  sui»crficially.  .Addison. 
SKIN,  V.  u    To  be  covered  with  skin  ;  as,  a  wound 

skins  over. 
SKIX'-DEEP,  a.    Superficial ;  not  deep  ;  slight. 

Fdtliam. 
SKIN-FLINT,  n.     [skm  and  JlinL]    A  very  niggardly 

person. 
SKINK,  71.     [Sax.  scc/jc] 

1.  Drink;  pottage.     [Obs.']  Bacon. 
9.    [L.  scincns.]     A  small  species  of  lizard,  found 

in  Northern  and  Western  Africa,  and  considered  by 
the  ancients  a  sort  of  universal  medicine  ;  also,  the 
common  name  of  a  genus  of  lizards,  or  saurian  rep- 
tiles, to  which  the  oflicinal  skink  belongs.  They 
have  a  long  body,  entirely  covered  with  rounded  im- 
bricate scales,  and  are  all  natives  of  warm  climates. 
E<L  Encyc.     P.  Cyc. 

SKINK,  r.  i.     [Sax.  secncan  ?  G.  and  D.  schenkcn  ;  Dan. 
skicnktT ;  S w.  skdiika ;  Ice.  skenkia^  to  bestow,  to  mak  e 
a  present.] 
To  serve  drink.     [OJ5.] 

SKINK'ER,  n.     One  that  serves  liquors.      [Obs.] 

SImk. 

SKIN'LESS,  a.  [from  skin.]  Having  a  thin  skin ;  as, 
skinless  fruit. 

SICIN'NiCD,  pp.    Stripped  of  the  skin;  flayed. 

2.  Covered  with  skin. 
SKIN'NER,  71.    One  that  skins. 

9.  One  that  dtials  in  skins,  pelts,  or  hides. 
SKIN'NI-NESS,  n.    The  quality  of  being  skinny. 
SKIN'NTNG,  ppr.    Stripping  of  the  skin  ;  flaving. 
SKIN'NY,  a.    Consisting  of  skin,  or  of  skin  only ; 

wanting  flesh.  Ray.    .Bddison. 

SKIP,  V.  i.    [Dan.  kipper,  to  leap ;  Ice.  skopa.] 

To  leap  ;  to  bound  ;  to  spring ;  as  a  goat  or  lamb. 

The  Inmb  Ihy  riot  dooms  to  Uefr;!  lod:iy, 

Had  he  Uiy  reason,  would  he  skip  uiid  pUiy  ?  Pope. 

To  skip  over  ,■  to  pass  without  notice  ;  to  omit. 

Bacon. 
6KIP,  V.  U    To  pass  over  or  by  ;  to  omit ;  to  miss  ;  to 
leap  over. 

They  who  hare  a  raind  to  sec  the  iaaue,  may  skip  tlir^se  two 
chapters.  Burtiet. 

SKIP,  Ti.    A  leap  ;  a  bound  ;  a  spring.  Sidney. 

2.  In  mttsie,  a  passage  from  one  sound  to  another, 
by  more  than  a  degree  at  once.  Biisby. 

SKIP'-JACK,  n.     An  upstart.  VEstrange. 

SKIP'-KEN-NEL,  n.    A  lackey  ;  a  foolboy. 


SKO 

SKIP'PER,  n.  [Dan.  skipper;  D.  sckipper.  See 
Ship.1 

1.  The  mailer  of  a  small  trading  or  merchant  vcs- 

2.  [from  skip.]     A  dancer.  [sel. 

3.  A  youngling;  a  young,  thoughtless  person. 

Shak. 

4.  'J"ho  hornflsh,  so  called. 

5.  The  cheese  maggot. 

SKIP'PET,  «.  [See  Ship  and  Skiff.]  A  small  boat. 
i.Xot  in  use,]  Spenser. 

SklP'PING,  ppr.  or  a.  Li\aping  ;  bounding.  Skipping 
notes,  in  mitsic,  are  notes  that  are  not  in  regular 
course,  but  separate. 

SKIP'PING-LV,  adv.     By  leaps. 

SICIP'PING-RoPE,  7(.  A  small  rope  used  by  young 
persons  in  skipping,  or  leaping  up  and, down. 

SKIRM'ISH,  (skur'mish,)  h.  [Fr.  escarnionche ;  It. 
scaramnecia;  Sp.  escaramina ;  Port,  ese^ramu^a ;  G. 
scimrmutzel :  D.  sdternttttscling ;  Sw.  skdrmytsel ; 
Dan.  skiermydsci ;  W.  ysgarm,  outcry  ;  ysgarmu,  to 
sliout ;  ysgitrmej,  a  shouting,  a  skirmish  ;  from  garm, 
a  shout.  The  primary*  sense  is,  toUirow  ordrive.  In 
some  of  tjie  languages,  skirmKh  appears  tn  bo  con- 
nected with  a  word  signifynig  defense;  but  defense 
is  from  driving,  repelling.] 

1.  A  slight  fight  in  war;  a  light  combat  by  armies 
at  a  great  distance  from  each  other,  or  between  de- 
tachments and  small  parties. 

2.  A  contest ;  a  contention. 

Tliey  ne\-er  meet  but  there's  a  ekirmUh  of  vfil.  Stiok. 

SKIRM'ISH,  V.  i.  To  fight  slightly  or  in  smaU  par- 
ties. 

SKIRM'ISIT-ER,  n.     One  that  skirmishes. 

SKIRM'ISH-ING,  (skur'-,)  iV---  Fighting  slightly  or 
in  detached  parties. 

SKIRM'ISH-ING,  (skur'-,)  n.  The  act  of  fighting  in  a 
loose  or  slight  encounter. 

SKIRR,  v.  t.  To  scour;  to  ramble  over  in  order  to 
clear.     [JSTot  in  use.]  Shak. 

SKIRR,  V.  1.  To  scour  ;  to  scud  ;  to  run  hastily.  [Aot 
in  use.]  SliaL 

SKIR'RET,n.  A  plant,  the  Sium  Sisarum,a  native  of 
China,  Cochinchina,  Corea,  Japan,  Sec.  It  has  been 
cultivated  in  Europe,  time  immemorial,  for  the  sake 
of  its  esculent  root,  which  somewhat  resembles  the 
parsnep  in  flavor.  It  is  eaten  boiled,  with  butter, 
pepper,  &:c.,  or  haif-boiled,  and  subsequently  fried. 
It  is  a  valuable  culinaiy  vegetable. 

SKIR'RHUS.  See  Scirbhus.  [The  spelling  Skie- 
BHU3  would  be  preferable.] 

SKIRT,  (skurt,)  n.  [Sv/.  sftiorfa,  a  shift  or  close  gar- 
ment; Dan.  skiort,  a  petticoat;  skiorte,  a  shirt,  a 
shift.  These  words  seem  to  be  from  the  root  of  sh&rtj 
from  cutting  off.] 

1.  The  lower  and  loose  part  of  a  coat  or  other  gar- 
ment ;  the  part  below  the  waist ;  as,  the  skirt  of  a 
coat  or  mantle.     1  Sam.  xv. 

2.  The  edge  of  any  part  of  dress.  .Addison. 

3.  Border ;  edge  ;  margin  ;  extreme  part ;  as,  the 
skirt  of  a  forest ;  the  skirt  of  a  town.  Dryden. 

4.  A  woman's  garment  like  a  petticoat. 

5.  The  diaphragm  or  midriff  in  animals. 

To  spread  the  skirt  over :  in  ScripturCy  to  take  under 
one's  ciue  and  protection.     Ruth  iii. 
SKIRT,  V.  t.     To  border  ;  to  form  the  border  or  edge  ; 
or  to  rim  along  the  edge  ;  as,  a  plain  skirted  by  rows 
of  trees  ;  a  circuit  sfcirtcd  round  with  wood. 

SKIRT,  1-.  i.  To  be  on  the  border;  to  live  near  the 
extremity. 

Savaj-es  —  who  skirt  along  our  western  fronliTS.    5.  S".  Smit}i. 

SKIRT'ING,  \  71.       The     narrow,    vertical 

SKIRT'ING-BoARD,  !        board,  placed    round    the 

margin  of  a  floor.  Owilt. 

SKIRT'ED,  pp.    Bordered. 
SKiRT'lNG,  ppr.    Bordering  ;  forming  a  border. 
SKIT,  71.    A  wanton  giri ;  a  reflection  ;  a  jeer  or  gibe  ; 

a  whim.    [OA5.] 
SKIT,  V.  t.      [Sax.  scit<ut:    primarily  to  throw,  to 


To  cast  reflections.    [Loeal.]  Grose. 

SKIT'T'SH,  a.     [Qu.  Fr.  ccoztteux.     See  Scud.J 

1.  Shy;  easily  frightened  ;  slmnning  familiarity; 
timorous  ;  as,  a  restiff,  skittish  jade.     L^Estrange. 

2.  Wanton  ;  volatile  ;  hasty.  S/wJt. 

3.  Changeable  ;  fickle  ;  as,  skittish  fortune.     Sftak. 
SKIT'TISH-LY,    adc.     Shyly;  wantonly;    chanse- 

ably. 

SKIT'TISH-NESS,  n.    Shyness ;  aptness  to  fear  ap- 
proach ;  timidity. 
9.  Fickleness  ;  wantonness. 

SKIT'TLES,  (skit'tl-/.,)  n.    Ninepins.  Warton. 

SKI'VEKS,  w.^  pL  [G.  schiefcm,  to  shiver,  to  scale  ; 
D.  schijf,  a  slice  ;  Dan.  skiiic,  a  slice,  skifer,  skiver,  a 
slate.] 

Sheepskins  split  or  divided  for  the  purpose  of  book- 
binding. 

SKOL'M-ZiTE,  }n.  [S::olecite  is,etymologically,the 

SeOL'E-CITE,  \  proper  spelling.]  One  division  of 
the  old  species  Mesotype,  occurring  in  radiated  crj's 
tallizations  of  a  white  color  or  transparent,  and  con- 
sisting of  silica,  alumina,  and  lime,  with  13;  per 
cent,  of  water.    When  a  small  portion  of  it  is  placed 


SKY 

in  the  exterior  flame  of  the  blowpipe,  it  twists  like  a 

worm,  [cK'tiA/jf,]  becomes  opaque,  and  is  converted 

into  a  blebby,  colorless  glass,  Dana.     Phillips. 

SKONCE.    See  Scosce. 

SKOR'O-DTTE,  )  n,     [Gr.   CK'>po5ov,  garlic  ;   from  itq 
SCOR'ODITE,  (     smell  under  the  blowpipe.    Scor- 

odite  is,  etymologically,  Ihr;  proper  spelling.] 

A  native  compound  "of  ar^^enic  acid  aiiti  oxyd  of 

iron,  having  a  leck-grcen  or  brownish  color.    Dana. 
SKOR'ZITE,  H.     [from  Skorta.]    A  variety  of  epidote. 

[See  ScoRZA.] 
SKREEN.    Sec  Screen*. 
SKRINGE,  properly  Scbi.vge;  a  vulgar  corruption  of 

Cringe. 
SKtJE.    Sec  Skew. 

SKUG,  V.  L    To  hide.     [Local,]  JfaUiweU. 

SKULK,  V.  i,     [Dan.  skiultr;   Sw.  skyla  ;    D.  srhuilen^ 

to  hide,  shelter,  sculk  ;  the  Eng.  skelter:] 
To  lurk  ;  lo  withdraw  into  a  corner,  or  intoa  close 

place  for  concealment. 

No  news  of  Phyl !   the  bridegroom  came, 

And  UioM2ht  his  britli;  h  id  Flctttked  for  shaine.  Sm/L 

And  skulk  ttchiiid  tlie  BiiLlcrfu^  of  art.  Prior. 

SKULK,         \  n.    A  person   who  skulks ;   one  who 
SKULK'ER,  \      avoids  duty.  Totten. 

SKULK'i'D,  (skulkt,)pp.    Lurked;  conceak-d. 
SKULK'ING,  ppr.  ur  a.     Lurking;  withdrawing  into 

a  close  place  fur  concealment. 
SKULK'ING-LY,  adv.    In  a  skulking  manner. 
SKULL,  71.     [Sw.  skaHc,  skull ;   skat,  a  shell ;    Dan. 

skal,  a  shell,  the  sktill,  and  skoll,  the  skull ;    D. 

schcel ;   G.  kimschalc,   brain-shell ;   Sp.  choila.    Sec 

Shell,.] 

1.  The  bone  that  forms  tlie  exterior  of  the  head, 
and  incloses  the  brain.  It  is  composed  of  several 
parts  united  at  the  sutures. 

2.  A  person. 

Skulls  thai  cnii  not  teach  and  will  not  team.  Cotoper. 

3.  Skull,  foT, shoal  or  school,  of  fish.     [J^ot  used,] 
SKULL'-€AP,  n.    A  head-piece. 

2.  A  herbaceous  plant  of  the  genus  Scutellaria,  the 
calyx  of  whose  flower,  when  inverted,  appears  like 
a  helmet  with  the  vizor  raised.  Loudon. 

SKUNK,  TI.  A  digitigmde,  carnivorous  mammal,  the 
iMephitis  Americana,  found  over  a  very  wide  extent 
of  country,  both  in  North  and  South  America.  It  is 
nearly  allied  to  the  weasel  on  the  one  hand,  and  to 
the  otter  on  the  other.  This  animal  has  two  glands 
near  the  inferior  extremity  of  the  alimentary  canal, 
which  secrete  an  extremely  fetid  liquor,  and  which 
the  animal  has  the  power  of  emitting  at  pleasure  as 
a  means  of  defense.  This  liqnor  possesses  valuable 
medicinal  powers,  but  its  extreme  offensiveness  in- 
terferes with  its  use. 

SKUNK'-CAB'B.'VGE,  {  n.      A  herbaceous  plant,  the 

SKUNK'-WEED,  ]      Ictodes  foetidus  or  Pothos 

foetida,  so  named  from  its  smell.    It  has  large  leaves, 
and  grows  in  low,  wet  grounds  in  America. 

Bigclow.     Dewey. 

SKUR'RY,  71.     Haste;  impetuosity.  Brockctt. 

SKuTE,  71.     A  boat.     [See  Scow.] 

SKY,  71.  [Sw.  sky,  Dan.  s/:i/c,  a  cloud ;  Dan.  sky- 
himmcl,  tlie  vault  of  heaven.] 

1.  The  aerial  region  which  surrounds  the  earth ; 
the  apparent  arch  or  vault  of  heaven,  which  in  a  clear 
day  is  of  a  blue  color.  Mdton. 

2.  The  heavens.  Dryden. 

3.  The  weather;  the  climate.  Johnson. 
A.  A  cloud  ;  a  shadow.     [06^.]  Qmor.r. 

SKY'-BLuE,  a.     Of  the  blue  color  of  the  skj-. 
SKV'-BORN,  a.    Born  or  produced  in  the  sky. 

Collins. 
SKY'-BUILT,  (-bilt,)  a.    Built  in  the  sky. 

FTordsworth, 
SKY'-eOL-OR,  C-kul-Iur,)  n.    The  color  of  the  sky ; 

a  particular  species  of  bhie  color;  azure.      Boid''. 
SKt'-e{3L-0R-£D,  (kul-lurd,)  a.    Like  the  sky  in 

color:  blue;  azure.  .  AdtUson. 

SK5'-DSr-£:D,  (-dide,)  a.     Colored  like  the  slty. 

Pope. 
SKY^ED,  (skldc,)  a.    Surrounded  by  sky.     [Poetic] 

Tlioin^on. 
SKT'EY,  a.     Like  the  sky  ;  ethereal. 
SKY'-IIIGU,  adi7.     High  as  the  sky  ;  very  high. 
SKY'lSn,  o.    IJke  the  sky,  or  approaching  the  sky. 

The  skjlsh  bcrad 
Of  blue  Olympua.  [.4  bad  word.]  &7ia.^. 

SKY'-L.\RK,  7!.    A  specieis  of  lark  that  mounts  and 

sings  as  it  flie?,  the  .-Mauda  arvensis.    It  is  common 

in  Europe  and  in  some  parts  of  .Asia. 

Spectator.     Jardinr. 
SK5'-LARK-ING,  n.    Among  seamcfi,  running  about 

the  rigging  of  a  vessel  in  sport ;  frolicking.     Totten. 
SKf'-LlGHT,  (-lite.)  n.    A  window  placed  in  the  roof 

of  a  building,  or  ceiling  of  a  room,  for  the  admission 

of  lishl.  Pope. 

SK?'-POtNT-ING,  a.    Pointing  to  the  sky. 
SKY'ROCK-E'J',  n.     A  rocket  that  ascends  high  and 

burns  as  it  flies  ;  a  species  of  fireworks.     Addison. 
SKS'-ROOF-£D,  (-rooft,)  a.    Having  the  sky  for  a 

roof.  WordswortJi. 

SK^^'SaIL,  n.    The  sail  set  next  above  the  roval. 

Totten. 


FaTE,  far,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MeTE,  PRgY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK — 


10;*r3 


SLA 

SKir'-S€RAP-ER,  n,    A  skv-saii  of  a  triangular  form. 

TottCTU 

SKT'W.\RD,  a.    Toward  the  sky. 

SLAB,  a.     Thick ;  viscous.     [jYot  used.]  Shak. 

SLAB,  «.     ;^W.  Uab,  tjslab,  a  thin  strip.] 

1.  A  ihm  piece  of  marlile  or  other  stc  ne,  having 
risht  angles  and  plane  surfaces.  QvnU. 

2.  An  outside  piece  taken  from  a  log  or  timber  in 
sawing  it  into  boards,  planks,  &c. 

3.  A  puddle.     I  See  .Slop.]  Evelyn, 
Slabm  of  tin  :  the  lesser  masses  which  the  workers 

cast  the  metal  into.    These  are  run  into  molds  of 
stone. 
SLAB'BER,  t;.   i.      [D.  slabben;   G.  schlabbcn,  sckla- 
bem.] 

To  let  the  sali\-a  or  other  liquid  fall  from  the  mouth 
carelessly  ;  lo  drivel.    It  is  also  written  Slaver  and 
Slobbcb,  and  often  pronounced  slob'ber. 
SLAB'BER,  r.  L    To  sup  up  hastilv,  as  liquid  food. 

Barret, 

2.  To  wet  and  foul  by  liquids  suffered  to  fall  care- 
lessly irom  the  mouth. 

3.  'To  shed  ;  lo  spill. 
SLAB'BER-ER.  ;i.    One  that  slabbers;  an  idiot. 
SLAB  RER-tNG,  ppr.     Driveling. 
SLAB'GI-XESS,  n.     Tlie  stale  of  being   thick    or 

slabby. 
SLAB'BY,  o.     Thick  ;  viscous.     [JVo(  muck  vsetL] 

Wiseman, 
9.  WeL     [See  Sloppy.] 
SLAB'-LTNE,  n.    A  line  or  small  rope  by  which  sea- 
men haul  up  ihe  foot  of  the  main-sail  or  fore-sail. 

Totten. 
SLACK,  a.    [Sax.  slac  ;  Sw.  slak  :  W.  Ilac,  yslac    See 
the  verb.] 

1.  Not  tense;  not  hard  drawn;  not  firmly  ex- 
tended ;  as,  a  slacJi  rope  ;  slack  rigging. 

3.  Weak ;  remiss ;  not  holding  fast ;  as,  a  slack 
band. 

3.  Remiss;  backward;  not  using  due  diligence; 
not  earnest  or  eager;  as,  slack  in  duty  or  service ; 
slack  In  business. 

4.  Not  viulent ;  not  rapid  ;  slow  ;  as,  a  slack  pace. 

Drydai. 
Slack  in  stays ;  in  seamen's  language,  slow  in  going 
about,  as  a  ship.  Mar.  DicL 

SLACK'-WA'TER,  ii.  In  s^eamen's  language,  the 
time  when  llie  tide  ntns  slowly,  or  the  water  is  at 
rest ;  or  the  interval  between  tile  flux  and  reflux  of 
the  tide.  JIar.  Diet. 

SLACK,  ado.  Partially  ;  insufficiently  ;  not  in- 
tensely ;  as,  slack  dried'bops ;  bread  slack  baked. 

,^Ior  timer. 

FLACK,  n.  The  part  of  a  rope  that  hangs  loose,  hav- 
Tii^  no  strain  upon  il.  Totten. 

>I,ACK,  )  r.  I.      [Sax.  slacian;   D.  slaaken;   Sw. 

Si.ACK'EN',  j  ghikna;  W.  yslac&u  and  yslaciaio,  to 
slacken,  to  loosen,  from  Z/oc, /ia^-,  slack,  loose,  lax, 

1.  To  become  leas  tense,  firm,  or  rigid  ;  to  de- 
« ri'ase  in  tension  ;  as,  a  wet  cord  slackens  in  dry 
weather. 

•2.  To  be  remiss  or  backward ;  to  neglect.  Deut. 
i-viii. 

3.  To  lose  cohesion  or  the  quality  of  adhesion ; 
ri.-i,  lime  slacks  and  crumbles  into  powder.    jMoxon, 

■I.  To  abate  ;  to  become  less  violent. 

Whence  iheae  la^in^  fires 
Will  slacien,  if  his  brealii  sdr  not  Uitii  flames.  MUion. 

5.  To  lose  rapidity ;  to  become  more  slow  ;  as, 
a  current  of  water  slackens ;  the  tide  slackens. 

Jilar.  Diet, 

6.  To  languish;  to  fail ;  lo  flag.  ^inswortii. 
SLACK,         (  V.  t.    To  lessen  tension  ;  to  make  less 
SLACK'£N, )      tense  or  tight ;  as,  lo  slacken  a  rope  or 

a  bandage. 

2.  To  relax ;  to  remit ;  as,  to  slacken  exertion  or 
labor. 

3.  To  mitigate;  to  diminish  in  severity;  a^,  to 
slacken  pain. 

4.  To  become  more  slow;  to  lessen  rapidity;  as, 
to  slacken  one's  pace. 

5.  To  abate  ;  to  lower ;  as,  to  slaclcen  the  heat  of  a 
fire. 

6.  To  relieve  ;  lo  unbend  ;  to  remit ;  as,  to  slacken 
cares.  Dcnham. 

7.  To  withhold  ;  to  use  less  liberally.  Sfiak. 
6.  To  deprive  of  cohesion ;  as,  to  slack  lime. 

Mortimer. 

9.  To  repress  ;  to  check. 

I  shouM  be  »rieve<l,  ynun^  prii;w,  lo  Ihinfc  my  pr's^tiw 
Unbent  your  ihoughla  and  tlackened  'cm  to  ariin.     Addison. 

10.  To  neglect. 

S-aek  not  the  gocxl  presnj?,  Xhylm. 

11.  lo  repress,  or  make  less  quick  or  active. 

.Addison. 
SLACK,  n.    Small  coal ;  coal  broken  into  small  pieces. 

'  Cfl^.  I 
slack;  n.    A  valley,  or  small,  shallow  dell.   [Local] 

G^rose. 
SLACK'frD,  (slakt,)  pp.  or  a.    Relaxed  ;  deprived  of 
cohesion;  as,  slacked  lime.     [Slak};i>  is  more  cor- 
»ect.] 


SLA 

SLACK'£X,  n.  Among  miners^  a  spongy,  semi-vitri- 
fied substance  which  they  mix  with  the  ores  of 
metals  lo  prevent  tlieir  fusion.     [See  Slakin.] 

Enajc. 

SLACK'EX-ED,  pp.  or  a.    Relaxed  or  remitted. 

SLACK'£\-I\G,  ppr.     Relaxing  or  rcmilting. 

SL.\CK'I\G,  ppr.  Relaxing;  depriving  of  cohesion; 
as,  tilackinff  time.    [Slaking  is  more  correct.] 

SLACK'LY,  adv.    Not  tightly;  loosely. 
2.  Negligently;  remissly. 

SL.ACK'NESS,  n.  Looseness;  the  stale  opposite  to 
tension  ;  not  tightness  or  rigidness  ;  as,  the  slackitess 
of  a  cord  or  rope. 

2.  Remissness;  negligence;  inattention;  as,  the 
slackness  ol'men  in  busines.^  or  duty  ;  slackness  in  Ihe 
performance  of  engagement'^.  Hooker. 

3.  Slowness;  tardiness;  want  of  tendency;  as, 
the  slackness  of  llcsh  to  heal.  S/icry. 

4.  AA'eakness  ;  want  of  inlenseness.   Brercwood. 
SLaDE,  h.     rSax.  sited.] 

A  little  dell  or  valley ;  also,  a  flat  piece  of  low, 
moist  ground.     [Local.]  Drayton. 

SLAG,  n.     [Dan.  slags;  G.  nehlacke,] 

1.  The  dross  or  recrement  of  a  metal ;  also,  vitri- 
fied cinders.  Boyle.    Kirwan. 

9.  The  scoria  of  a  volcano.  Dana. 

SLAG'GY,  a.    Pertaining  lo  or  resembling  slag. 
SLAIE,  (sl5,)  n,     [Sax.  sU.] 

A  weaver's  reed. 
SLAIN,  pp.  of  Slav  ;  so  written  for  Slatrn.    Killed. 
SLaKE,  v.  t.    [^Sw.  slacka.  Ice.  sl^Ecka^  to  quench.    It 
seems  to  be  alhed  to  laij.] 

To  quench  ;  to  extinguish ;  as,  to  slake  thirst. 

And  slake  the  heavenly  fire.  i^penser. 

SLAKE,  r.  t.  To  mix  -with  water  so  that  a  tnie 
chemical  combination  shall  take  place ;  as,  to  sUi/ce 
lime. 

SLAKE,  V.  i.    To  go  out ;  to  become  extinct. 

Brown. 

2.  To  grow  less  tense.    [A  mistake  for  Slack.] 
SLAK'£D,  (slakt,)  pp.  or  a.     Quenched;  mixod  with 

wnter  so  that  a  combination  lakes  place. 

SLAK'IN,  7(.  Among  smelters,  a  spongj',  semi-vitri- 
fieil  substance,  which  they  mix  with  metallic  ores, 
to  prevent  their  fusion.  It  is  the  scoria  or  scum 
from  a  former  fusion  of  metals.  Hebert. 

SLaK'JNG,  ppr.    Extinguishing,  as  thirst. 

2.  Mixing  with  water  so  as  to  produce  combina- 
tion, as  with  lime. 

SLAM,  TJ.  (.  [Ice.  lema^  to  strike,  Old  Eng.  lam ;  Sax. 
lilemman,  to  sound.] 

1.  To  strike  with  force  and  noise ;  to  shut  with 
violence ;  as,  to  slam  a  door. 

2.  To  beat ;  lo  cuff.     [Locals]  Grose. 

3.  To  strike  down  ;  to  slaughter.     [Local.] 

4.  To  win  all  the  tricks  in  a  hand ;  as  we  say,  to 
take  all  at  a  stroke  or  dash. 

SL.\M,  71.  A  violent  driving  and  dashing  against ;  a 
violent  shutting  of  a  door. 

2.  Defeat  at  cards,  or  the  winning  of  all  the  tricks. 

3.  The  refuse  of  alum-works ;  used  in  Yorkshire  as 
a  manure,  witli  sea-weed  and  lime.     [Luca!.] 

Hebert. 

SLAM'MER-KIN,  \  "'     t*^'  ^cWa?^^P«.] 

A  slut ;  a  slatternly  woman.     [.Xot  used,  or  local.] 

SLAM'MING,  ppr.  Striking  or  shutting  wiUi  vio- 
lence. 

SLAN'DER,  n.  [Norm,  esclaunder ;  Fr.  esclandre  ; 
Rnss.  Idenuj  klianu,  lo  slander;  Sw.  fc/uju/ro,  to  ac- 
cuse or  blame.] 

1.  A  false  tale  or  report  maliciously  uttered,  and 
tending  to  injure  the  r<-pul.ition  of  another,  by  les- 
sening bim  in  the  esteem  of  his  fellow-citizens,  by 
exposing  him  to  impeachment  and  punishment,  or 
by  impairing  his  means  of  living  ;  defamation. 

Btackstone. 
Slatuler,  that  worst  of  poisons,  ever  finils 
An  ensy  entrance  to  ignoble  miatls.  Heroty. 

2.  Disgrace ;  reproach  ;  disreputation ;  ill  name. 

Sliak. 

SLAN'DER,  V.  t.  To  defame ;  to  injure  by  mali- 
ciimsly  uttering  a  false  report  respecting  one  ;  to  tar- 
nish or  impair  the  reputation  of  one  by  false  tales 
maliciously  told  or  propagated. 

SLA\'i)ER-ED,  pp.  Defamed  ;  injured  in  good  name 
by  false  and  malicious  reports. 

SLAX'DER-ER,  n.  A  defamer  ;  one  who  injures  an- 
other by  maliciously  reporting  something  to  his  preju- 
dice. 

SLAN'DER-ING,  ppr.     Defaming. 

SLAN'DER-OUS,  a.  That  utters  defamatory  words 
or  tale:> ;  as,  a  slanderous  tongue.  Pope, 

2.  Containing  slander  or  defamation  ;  calumnious ; 
pji,  slanderous  words,  speeches,  or  reports,  false  and 
maliciously  uttered. 

3.  Scandalous  ;  reproachful. 
SLAN'DER-OUS-LY,  adv.     With  slander  ;  calumni- 

ou<Iy  ;  with  filsc  and  malicious  reproach. 
SLAN'DER-OUS-NESS,  n.    The  stale  or  quality  of 

h'jin?  >:!anderou5  or  defamatory. 
SL.ANG,  old  prct.  of  SLl^G.     [We  now  use  SLt.'No.] 
SL.'VXG,n.  Low,  vulgar, unmeaning  language.  [Lo-j:. 


SLA 

SLANC-WHAXG-ER,  n.  A  noisy  demagogue;  a 
turbulent  partisan.  Irving. 

{A  cant  word,  of  recent  origin  in  America,  used 
colloquially  or  in  works  uf  humor.] 

SLAN'K,  n.    A  plant,  an  Alga.  Ainswortk, 

SLX.NT,  a.  [^w.  dinUy  slant,  to  slip;  perhaps  allied 
to  W.  ysglent,  a  slide,  and  if  Ln  are  the  rddical  lel^ 
ters,  this  coincides  with  lean,  ineiine,] 

Sloping;  oblique:  inclined  from  a  direct  line, 
whether  hurizuulal  or  perpendicular ;  a?,  the  sUaU 
lightning.  Milton. 

SLANT,  p.  L  To  turn  from  a  direct  line  ;  lo  give  .nn 
oblique  or  sloping  direction  to.  Fuller. 

SLANT,  in.     An  oblique  reflection  or  gibe;   a 

SLANT'ING,  \     sarcastic  remark.    [In  vulgar  use.] 
2.  Slant;  a  copper  coin  uf  Sweden,  of  which  196 
pass  for  one  rix-dollar. 

Slant  of  wind ;  among  seamen,  a  tran  si  toiy  breeze 
of  wind,  or  the  period  of  its  duration. 

SLANT'ING,  ;»;ir.  or  a.  Giving  or  having  an  oblique 
direction;  inclining  from  a  right  line;  slant;  as,  a 
slantiytg  ray  of  light ;  a  slanting  direction. 

SLANT'ING-LY,  ade.  With  a  slope  or  inclination; 
also,  with  an  oblique  hint  or  remark. 

SLANT'LY.       (  adc.    Obliquely  ;  in  an  inclined  di- 

SLANT'WISE,  i     rcction.  Tusser. 

SLAP,  R.  [G.  schUippe,  a.  slap  ;  scA/a;7peB,  to  lap;  W. 
yslajiia^B,  to  slap,  from  yslab,that  is  lengthened,  from 
Hub,  a  stroke  or  slap ;  Uabiaw,  to  slap,  lo  strap.  The 
D.  has  jiop  and  klap:  iL  schiajfo,  U->t  .-chlajja  ;  L.  alapa 
and  sciiluppas;  Ch.  and  Syr.  nVs.  Class  Lb,  No. 
3G.] 

.\  blow  given  with  the  open  band,  or  with  some- 
thing broad. 

SL.AP,  r.  U  To  strike  witli  the  open  hand,  or  with 
eomething  broad. 

SLAP,  adv.    With  a  sudden  and  violent  blow. 

.Srbuthnot. 

SLAP'DASH,  adv.  [slap  and  dasfi.]  AH  at  once. 
[Loic] 

SLAPE,  a.     Slippery  ;  smooth.     [Local]  Orose. 

SLAP'J  ACK,  n.    A  sort  of  pancake. 

IlAP'pFnG,!''-    Ver>- large.    [Vulgar,] 

SLASH,  r.  (.'     [Ice.  dasa,  to  strike,  to  lask;  \V.  Utth, 

au.] 

1.  To  cut  by  striking  violently  and  at  random ;  to 
cut  in  long  cuts. 

2.  To  lash. 

SLASH,  r.  i.  To  strike  violently  and  at  random  with 
a  sword,  hanger,  or  other  edged  instniment ;  to  lay 
about  one  with  blows. 


He'.viiig  and  sIoiAing-  at  their  idle  shadra. 


Spenser. 


SLASH,  71.    A  long  cut ;  a  cut  made  at  random. 

ClarcTulon. 

2.  A  large  slit  in  the  thighs  and  arm-:  of  the  oM 
costumes,  made  to  show  a  brilliant  color  inruujjh  the 
openings. 

SLASH'£D,  (slasht,)  pp.    Cut  at  random ;  cut  in  long 

strips  or  slits. 
SLASH'ING,  ppr.  or  a.   Striking  violently,  and  cutting 

at  random. 
SLAT,  n.    A  nanow  piece  of  board  or  timber  used  to 

fasten  together  larger  pieces ;  as,  the  slats  of  a  cart 

or  a  chair. 
SLATCH,  H.    In  seamen'' s  language^  the  period  of  a 

transitory  breeze.  -Vor.  Diet. 

3.  An'interval  of  fair  weather.  BmUy. 
3.  Slack.     [See  Slack.] 

SLATE,  n.  [Fr.  eclater,  to  split,  Sw.  sliia ;  Ir.  sglata^ 
a  tile.    Class  Ld.] 

1.  An  arsillaceous  stone  which  readily  splits  into 
plates;  argillite;  argillaceous  schist.  The  name  is 
also  given  to  other  rocks  or  stones  having  a  simi- 
lar structure. 

2.  A  piece  of  smooth,  argillaceous  stone,  used  for 
covering  buildings. 

3.  A  piece  of  smooth  stone,  of  the  above  species, 
used  for  writing  on. 

SLATE,  V.  t.  To  cover  with  slate  or  plates  of  stone  ; 
as,  to  slate  a  roof.     [It  does  not  signify  to  tile.] 

SLATE,  )v.t.    To  set  a  dog  loose  at  any  thing.     [Lo- 

SLeTE,  i      col.]  ,      ■R*'?-. 

SLATE'-.\X,  n.  A  mattock  with  an  ax-end ;  used  m 
slatinff.  Eiicyc. 

SLAT'fiD,  pp.  or  a.    Covered  with  slate. 

SLAT'ER,  7j,  One  that  lays  slates,  or  whose  occupa- 
tion is  to  slate  buildings. 

SLAT'ING,  n.    The  act  of  covering  with  slates. 
2.  The  cover  thus  put  on. 

SLAT'ING,  ppr.    Covering  with  slates. 

SLAT'TER,  V.  i.  [G.  sdilottem,  to  hang  Icosely  ; 
sckloUerig,  negligenL    Seo  Slct.1 

1.  To  be  careless  of  dress,  and  dirty.  iwv, 

2.  To  be  careless,  negligent,  or  awkward  ;  to  spni 
eareles^lv.  ,.       .     r  > 

SLAT'TERN,  71.  A  woman  who  is  neshgent  ct  .i^r 
dres.^,  or  who  suffers  Iier  clothes  and  furnuure  to  be 
in  disorder  ;  one  who  is  not  neat  and  nice. 

SLAT'TERN,  r.  t.  To  slattern  aieay ;  to  .-o't-^-Mr." 
carelessly  or  waslefully  ;  lo  waste.  [Hare,]  C:.< 

SLAT'TERX-Ll-NESS,  n.    Slate  ot  bemg  s.  - 


IL_ 


TONE,  B5.TLL,  UXITE.— .\N"GER,  VI"CIOUS.— €  as  K;  6  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH;  TH  asin^TIIIS^ 

^^^^^ •— —  1039' 


SLA 


SLE 


SLAT'TERN-LY,  adv.    Negligently ;  awkwardly. 

Chestcrjield. 

SLST'V,  a.  [from  slate]  Resembling  slnte  ;  Imving 
the  nalme  or  properties  of  slate  ;  comoosed  of  thin, 
paral!;;!  plates,  capable  of  being  separated  by  split- 
line  ;  as,  a  slaty  colur  or  texture. 

SLALTG H'TER,  (slaw'ter,)  n.  [Sax.  sl<rge  ; D.  slagting ; 
q'.  sdilac/den^  to  kill;  lr,slaighei  slaighim,  to  slay. 
See  Pi.AY.] 

1.  In  a  general  sen^iCy  a  killing.  Applied  to  men, 
slaufjhtLf  usually  denotes  great  destruclinn  of  life 
by  violent  means  ;  as,  the  slaugHcr  of  men  in  battle. 

2.  Apiilied  to  beasts,  butchery  ;  a  killing  of  oxen  or 
otlicr  beasts  for  market. 

SLAUGH'']'ER,  (slaw'ter,)  v.  t.    To  kill ;  to  slay  ;  to 

niake  great  destruction  of  life  ;  as,  to  slaughter  men 

in  haltlc. 
2.  To  butcher;  to  kill  for  the  market ;  as  beasts. 
SLAUGU'TER-£D,  (slaw'tcrd,)   jtp.  or  a.      Slain; 

butchered. 
SIjAIj'(J[I'TER-EE,  «.    A  person  employed  in  slaugh- 

tciiu^'. 
SLAl.'GH'TER-HOUSE,(slaw'ter-house,)7i.  A  house 

^\  iij're  bnasts  are  butchered  for  the  market. 
SLAL'GH'TER-ING,    (slaw'ter-ing,)   pp''-      Killing  J 

destrovini.'  human  life;  butchering. 
SLAUGlK'rER-MAN,  (slaw'ter-man,)  n.      One  em- 

piuved  in  killing.  Shak, 

SLAUGH'TER-OUS,  (slaw'tcr-us,)  a.    Destructive; 

murderoujj.  Shak. 

SLAUGH'TER-OUS-LY,(Blaw-',)a(/u.  Destructively; 

murderously. 
SLaVE,  7/.     [D.  slaaf;  G.  sclavc;  Bun.  slave,  sclave  ; 

Svv.  slaf;  Fr.  esclave ;  Arm.  sclaff;  It.  schiavo  ;   Sp. 

csclavo  i    Port,  escravo ;    \x.  sclahhadh.     This  word  is 

commonly  deduced  from  Sclavi,  Sclavonians^  the  name 

of  a  people  who  were  made  slaves  by  the  Venetians. 

ilut  this  is  not  certain.] 

1.  A  pei-son  who  is  wliolly  subject  to  the  will  of 
another;  one  who  has  no  freedom  of  action,  but 
whose  person  and  services  are  wholly  under  the  con- 
trol of  another.  In  the  early  state  of  the  world, 
and  to  this  day,  among  some  barbarous  nations,  pris- 
oners of  war  are  considered  and  treated  as  slaves. 
The  slaves  of  modern  times  are  more  generally  pur- 
chased, like  horses  and  oxen. 

2.  One  who  has  lost  the  power  of  resistance  ;  or 
one  who  surrenders  himself  to  any  power  whatev- 
er ;  as,  a  slave  to  passion,  to  lust,  to  ambition. 

JVallcr. 

3.  A  mean  person  ;  one  in  the  lowest  state  of  life 

4.  A  drudge  ;  one  who  labors  like  a  slavr, 
SL..\VE,  v.  I.     To  drudge  ;  to  toil ;  to  labor  ;;:  a  slave, 
SLaVE'BORN,  a.    Born  in  slavery. 

SLa  VE'HoLD-ER,  ».    One  who  holds  slaves. 

SLa  VE'MoIjD-ING,  a.     Holding  persons  in  slavery. 

SLaVE^LiKE,  a.    Like  or  becoming  a  slave. 

KLaV'ER,  n.     A  vessel  engaged  in  the  slave-trade. 

SIjAV'ER,  71.  [The  same  as  Slabber.]  Saliva  drivel- 
ing from  the  mouth.  Pope. 

SJjAV'ERj  V.  i.    To  suffer  the  spittle  to  issue  from  the 
mouth. 
2.  To  be  besmeared  with  saliva.  Shak. 

SLAVER,  V.  t.  To  smear  with  saliva  issuing  from 
the  mouth  ;  to  defile  with  driv!;l. 

SLAV'ER-ED,  pp.    Defiled  with  drivel. 

SLA  V'ER-ER,  n.    A  driveler  ;  an  idiot. 

SLAV'ER-ING,  ppr.    Letting  fall  saliva. 

SLaV'ER-Y,  71.  [See  Slave.]  Bondage;  the  state 
of  entire  subjection  of  one  person  to  the  will  of  an 
other. 

Slavery  Is  the  obligation  to  labor  for  the  benefit  of 
the  master,  without  the  contract  or  consent  of  tlic 
servant.  Paleii. 

Slavery  may  proceed  from  crimes,  from  captivity, 
or  from  debt.  Slavery  is  also  voU/ntani  or  involunta- 
ry ;  voluntary,  when  a  person  sells  or  yields  his  own 
person  to  the  absolute  command  of  another ;  invol- 
untary, when  he  is  placed  under  the  absolute  power 
of  another  without  his  own  consent.  Slavery  no 
longer  exists  in  Great  Britain,  nor  in  the  Kortheru 
States  of  America. 
2.  The  offices  of  a  slave  ;  drudgery. 

SLaVE'-TRaDE,  n.  [slave  and  trade.]  The  bar- 
barous and  wicked  business  of  purchasing  men  and 
women,  transporting  them  to  a  distant  country,  and 
selling  them  for  slaves. 

SLAVISH,  a.  Pertaining  to  slaves  ;  servile  ;  mean 
base ;  such  as  becomes  a  slave ;  as,  a  slavish  de 
pendence  on  the  great. 

2.  Servile  ;  laborious ;  consisting  in  drudgery  ;  as, 
a  slavish  life. 

SLa  VISH-LY,  adv.    Servilely  ;  meanly  ;  basely. 
2.  In  the  manner  of  a  slave  or  drudge. 

SLa  VISH-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
slavish;  servility;  meanness. 

SLA-VON'I€,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Slavons,  or  an- 
cient inhabitants  of  Russia. 

SLA-VON'I€,  /(.    The  Slavonic  language. 

SLAW,  71.     [D.  sUia.] 

'Cole-slaw  is  sliced  cabbage,  with  or  without  vin- 
egar. 

SLaY,  r.  (. ,'  prcL  Slew;  pp.  Slain.  [Sax.  slagan, 
slagan;  Goth,  slafian;  G.  scfUagen;  D.  slaaca ;  Sw. 


sla ;  Dan.  slaaer,  to  strike,  to  kill.  The  proper  sense 
is,  to  strike,  and  as  healing  was  an  early  mode  of 
killing,  this  word,  like  smite,  came  to  signify  to  kill. 
It  seems  to  be  formed  on  the  root  of  lay;  as  we  say, 
to  tail  on.] 

1.  "To  kill ;  to  put  to  death  by  a  weapon  or  by  vi- 
olence. We  say,  he  slew  a  man  with  a  sword,  with  a 
stone,  or  with  a  club,  or  witli  other  arms  ;  but  we  never 
say,  the  sheriff  s?a7/5  a  malefactor  with  a  halter,  or  a 
man  is  ^/aiH  on  the  gallows  or  by  poison.  SolhatA^tiy 
retains  something  of  its  primitive  sense  o{ striking  or 
heating.  It  is  particularly  applied  to  killing  in  battle, 
bJt  is  properly  applied  also  to  the  killing  of  an  indi- 

2   To  destroy.  [vidual  man  or  beast. 

I  t»t.iig!i  h'."  tlay  me,  yet  will  I  tuial  in  him. — JoIj  xiii.  15. 

SLa Y'lCR,  ;/.  One  that  slays  ;  a  killer  ;  a  murderer ; 
an  assassin  ;  a  deslrovcr  of  life. 

SLaY'ING,  ppr.    Killing;  destroying  life. 

SLkAVE,;i.     [Ice.^-;r/«.] 

The  knotted  or  entangled  part  of  silk  or  thread  ; 
silk  or  thread  untwisted.  Drayton, 

SLkAVE,  v.  t  To  separate  threads ;  or  to  divide  a 
collettiuu  of  threads;  to  sley ;  n^cd  by  wr.avers. 

SLl-:AVKD,  a.     Raw  ;  not  spun  or  wrought. 

SLkAV'ING,  prr.  Separating  threads.     [Ilolinshcd. 

SLkAZ'I-NESS,ti.  The  stale  or  quality  of  being  sleazy. 

SLkAZ'Y,  J  a.     [Probalilyfroai  the  rootof/ooc.c;  Sax. 

SLEEZ'Y,  i       lysan^  abpan,  to  loose.] 

Thin ;  flimsy  ;  wanting  firmness  of  texture  or 
substance  ;  as,  sleezy  silk  or  musUn. 

SLED,  71.  [D.  sleede;  G.  schlitten;  Sw.  slHde;  Dan. 
sltEde;  W.  yslcd;  probably  from  sliding  or  draw- 
ing.] 

A  carriage  or  vehicle  moved  on  runnei-s,  much 
used  in  America  fur  conveying  heavy  weights  in 
winter,  as  limber,  wood,  stone,  and  the  like. 

Halliwdl.     J^ortk  of  England. 

SLED,  V.  t.  To  convey  or  transport  on  a  sled  :  as,  to 
skd  wood  or  timber. 

SLED'DED,  pp.    Conveyed  on  a  sled. 

2.  Mounted  on  a  sled.  Shak. 
SLED'DING,  ppr.    Conveying  on  a  sled. 
SLED'DING,  n.    The  act  of  transporting  on  a  sled. 

2.  The  means  of  conveying  on  sleds  ;  snnw  suffi- 
cient for  the  running  of  sleds.  Thus  we  say  in 
America,  when  there  is  snow  sufficient  to  run  a 
sled,  it  is  good  sledding ;  the  sledding  is  good. 
Sometimes,  in  Now  England,  there  is  little  or  no 
good  sledding  during  the  winter. 

SLEDGE,  (slej,)  n.     [Sax.  slccge,  siege;  D.  sley:  Dan. 
sleggc ;  Sw.  slri^ga;  from  the  root  of  slay,  to  lirike.] 
r.^A  large,  heavy  hammer ;  used  chiefly  by  iron- 
smiths,  called  al:^o  a  Sledge  Hammer. 

2.  In  England,  a  sled;  a  vehicle  moved  on  run- 
ners or  on  low  wheels.  In  this  sense,  the  word  is 
not  used  in  America  ;  but  the  same  word  is  used  in 
a  somewhat  different  sense,  and  written  Sleigh. 

SLEEK,  a.  [D.  Irkken,  to  leak,  to  smooth,  or  sleek  ; 
gclekt,  made  smooth  ;  G.  scklicht;  allied  to  Uck,  or  G. 
gleick,  even,  equal,  like.    See  Like.] 

1.  Smooth ;  having  an  even,  smooth  surface  ; 
whence,  glossy  ;  as,  sleek  hair. 

So  sleek  iicr  skin,  so  faukless  was  lier  make.  Dryden. 

2.  Not  rough  or  harsh. 

Those  rugged  names  to  our  like  nioulhs  grow  sleek.    MUion. 
SLEEK,    71.    That  which    makes  smooth ;   varnisli. 

[Little  used.] 
SLEEK,  r.  t.    To  make  even  and  smooth  ;  as,  to  sleek 
the  hair.  B.  Jonson. 

2.  To  render  smooth,  soft,  and  glossy. 
Gejille  my  lord,  sleek  o'er  your  rugged  looks.  Shak. 

SLEEK,  adv.  With  ease  and  dexterity  ;  with  exact- 
ness.    [Vulgar.] 

SLEEK'LY,  adv.    Smoothly;  nicely. 

SLEEK'XESS,  71.     Smoothness  of  surface.  Feltham. 

SLEEK'-SToNE,7i.     A  smoothing  stone.  Peacham. 

SLEEK'Y,  a.  Of  a  sleek  or  smooth  appearance. 
[J>rot  in  zisc]  Thomson. 

SLEEP,  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  Slept.  [Sax.  slcpan, 
slitpan  ;  Goth,  slcpan  ;  G.  schlafen ;  D.  slaapen.  This 
word  seems  to  be  allied  to  words  which  signify  to 
rest  or  to  relax  ;  G.  schla_f.] 

}.  To  take  rest  by  a  suspension  of  the  vohmtary 
exercise  of  the  powers  of  the  body  and  mind.  The 
proper  time  to  sleep  is  during  the  darkness  of  night. 

2.  To  rest;  to  be  unemployed  ;  to  be  inactive  or 
motionless  ;  as,  the  sword  sleeps  in  its  sheath. 

3.  To  rest ;  to  lie  or  be  still  ;  not  to  be  noticed  or 
agitated.    The  question  slecjis  for  the  present. 

4.  To  live  thoughtlessly. 

We  sleep  over  oui-  liappincss.  AUcrbury. 

5.  To  be  dead ;  to  rest  in  the  grave  for  a  time. 
1  Thess.  iv. 

G.  To  be  careless,  inattentive,  or  unconcerned  ; 
not  to  be  vigilant.  Shak. 

,  SLEEP,  71.  A  natural  and  healthy,  but  temporary  and 
periodical  suspension  of  the  functions  of  the  hemi- 
spheres of  the  cerebrum,  or,  in  other  words,  of  the 
intellectual  powers.  Sleep  may  be  complete  or  in- 
complete. 

That  state  of  an  animal  in  which  the  vohmtary 


SLE 

exertion  of  his  mental  and  corporeal  powers  is  sus- 
pended, and  ho  rests  unconscious  of  what  passes 
around  him,  and  not  afl'ected  by  the  ordinary  im- 
pressions of  external  objects.  Sleep  is  generally 
attended  witli  a  relaxation  of  the  muscles,  but  the 
involuntary  motions,  as  respiration  and  the  circula- 
tion of  the  blood,  are  continued.  The  mind  is  ollen 
very  active  in  imperfect  sleep,  but  ils  powers  not 
being  under  the  control  of  reason,  ils  exercises  are 
very  irregular.  Sleep  is  the  natural  rest  or  repose 
intended  by  the  Creator  to  restore  the  powers  of  the 
body  and  mind,  when  exhausted  or  fatiirued. 

Sleep  of  plants;  a  state  of  plants,  usually  at  night, 

when  their  leaflets  approach  each  oilier,  and  conceal 

the  flowers,  as  if  in  repose.  Linna:as. 

SLEEP'-CHXRG-ED,  a.    Heavy  with  sleep.    Lamb. 

SLEEP'ER,7i.    A  person  that  sleeps;  also,  a  drone  or 

lazy  person.  Grew. 

2'.  That  which  lies  dormant,  as  a  law  not  executed. 
[JVot  in  use.]  Bacon. 

3.  An  animal  that  lies  dormant  in  winter,  as  the 
bear,  the  marmot.  Sec.  Encyc. 

-1.  A  piece  of  timber  on  or  near  the  level  of  the 
ground  for  the  support  of  some  superstructure,  as 
joists,  &.C.,  or  to  steady  rails  or  framework.  The 
sleepers  on  railways  are  sometimes  blocks  of  stone. 

Ilebcrt. 

r).  A  rafter  lying  in  the  valley  of  a  roof.     [  Obs.] 

Owilt. 

G.  A  term  applied  to  the  knees  which  connect  the 
transoms  to  the  after-timbers  on  tlie  ship's  quarter. 

Tottcn. 

7.  In  Ote  glass  trade,  a  large  iron  bar  crossing  the 
smaller  ones,  hindering  the  passage  of  coals,  but 
leaving  room  for  the  ashes.  Encyc. 

8.  A  platform. 

9.  A  fish,  Exocaitus.  Ainsworth. 
SLEEP'FUL,  a.  Strongly  inclined  to  sleep.  [Rare] 
SLEEP'FUL-NESS,  n.     Strong  inclination  to  slo(|). 

[Little  used.] 
SLEEP'I-LY,  o(/w.    Drowsily;  with  desire  to  sleep. 

2.  Dully;  in  a  lazy  manner;  heavily.       Ralegh. 

3.  Stupidly.  AUcrbury. 
SLEEP'I-NESS,  n.    Drowsiness ;  inclination  to  sleep. 

Arbullmot. 
SLEEP'ING,  j»pr.  or o.    Resting;  reposjng  in  sleep. 
2.  a.    Occupied  with  sleep  ;  as,  sleeping  \\o\i\-u 
Sleeping  partner.     See  Dohmant. 
SLEEP'ING,  7u    The  slate  of  resting  in  sleep. 

2.  The  state  of  being  al  rest,  or  not  stirred  or 
agitated.  Shak. 

SLEEP'LESS,  a.    Having  no  sleep;  without  skip; 
i\  :ikeful. 

9.  Having  no  rest;  perpetually  agitated;  as,  Bis- 
cay's sleepless  bay.  Bijron. 
SLEEP'LESS-LY,  adv.     In  a  sleepless  manner. 
SLEEP'LESS-NESS,7t.     Want  or  destitution  of  sletp. 
SLEEP'-WaK-ER,  71.    One  under  the  influence  of 

magnetic  sleep. 
SLEEP'-WaK-ING,  n.  Tlie  slate  of  one  mesmerized, 

who  is  asleep  and  awake  at  the  same  time. 
SLEEP'-WALK-ER,  (-wawk-,)  n.    A  somnambulist ; 

one  who  walks  in  his  sleep. 
SLEEP'-WALK-ING,  (-wawk-,)  n.     Somnambulism  ; 

walking  in  one's  sleep. 
SLEEF'V,  a.     Drowsy  ;  inclined  to  sleep. 

2.  Not  awake. 

She  wnfccd  her  slerjry  crew.  Dryden. 

3.  Tending  to  induce  sleep;  soporiferous ;  som- 
niferous ;  as,  a  sleepy  drink  or  potion.       Milt<>r. 

4.  Dull  ;  lazv  ;  Iicavy  ;  sluggish.  ShtJ;. 
SLEEP'Y-LOOk-ING,  a.  Appearing  to  be  sleepy. 
SLEET,  71.     [Dan.  slud,  loose  weather,  rain  and  snow 

together ;  Ice.  sletta.] 

1.  A  f:ill  of  hail  or  snow  mingled  with  rain, 
usually  in  fine  particles.  Drylm. 

2.  In  gunnery,  tlie  part  of  a  mortar  passing  from 
the  chanfber  to  the  trunnions  for  strengthening  that 
pan.  Enajc. 

SLEET,  V.  i.    To  snow  or  hail  with  a  mixture  ot  rain. 
SLEET'I-NESS,  n.     A  state  of  weather  in  which  rain 

falls  mixed  with  snow. 
SLEET'Y,  a.    Bringing  sleet.  Wartvn. 

2.  Consisting  of  sleet. 
SLEEVE,  7(.     [Sax.  slrf,  shjf;  W.llawes;  said  to  be 

from  lla7o,  Ihc  hand.] 

1.  The  part  of  a  garment  that  is  fitted  to  cover  the 
arm  ;  as,  the  sleeve  of  a  coat  or  gown. 

2.  The  raveled  sleeve  of  care,  in  Shakspeare.  See 
Sleave. 

To  laugh  in  tlie  sleeve  :  to  laugh  privately  or  unper- 
ceived  ;  that  is,  perhaps,  originally,  by  hiding  the 
face  in  the  wide  sleeves  of  former  times.  ArbuUmot. 

To  hang  on  tJie  sleeve ;  to  be  or  make  dependent  on 
others.  Jiinsworth. 

SLEEVE,  V.  L    To  furnish  with  sleeves ;  to  put  in 
sleeves. 

SLEEVE'-BUTTON,  Ji.     A  button  to  fasten   the 
sleeve  or  wristband. 

ShEE\' ED, PILOT  a.    Furnished  with  sleeves;  hav- 
ing sleeves. 

SLEEVE'LESS,  a.    Having  no  sleeves  ;  as,  a  sleeve- 
less coat.  Sandys. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  M.-UWNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.— 


SLI 

9.  Wanting  a  cover,  pretext,  or  palliation  ;  unrea- 
sonable ;  as,  a  sieeveless  tale  of  Iransubstantiation  ; 
a  sleeveless  errand,    [/.inie  used.]     Mall.     Spectator. 

SLEEVING,  ppr.    Furnishing  with  sleeves. 

SLEID,  (sidde  )  r.  (.  To  sley  or  prepare  for  use  in 
tlie  weaver's  sley  or  slaie. 

SLESD'ED,  C^lSd'ed,)  pp.  Prepared  for  use  in  the 
weaver's  sley. 

SLELD'ING,  (slad'ing,)  ppr.  Preparing  for  use  in  the 
weaver's  slev. 

SLEIGH,  (slaO  n.  [Probably  allied  to  slei-l:]  A  vehi- 
cle moved  on  runners,  and  greatly  used  iu  America 
fi-'r  transporting  persons  or  goods  on  snow  or  ice. 

[This  word  the  English  write  and  pronounce 
Sledge,  and  apply  it  to  what  is  called  in  America  a 
Sled.] 

SLEIGHTN'G,  (sla'ing,)  n.  The  state  of  the  snow 
or  ice  in  winter  which  admits  of  running  sleighs. 

^^merica. 
3.  The  act  of  riding  in  a  sleigh.  JimeTica. 

SLEIGHT,  (slite,)  n.  [G.  schhck,  trick,  cunning; 
schlicht,  plain,  sleek  ;  i^w.  slog^  dextrous  ;  D.  slaik, 
underhand  ;  slaiken^  to  smuggle  ;  Ir.  sUo-htJieach,  sly.] 
1.  An  artful  trick  ;  sly  artifice  ;  a  trick  or  fat  so 
dextrously  performed  that  the  manner  of  perform- 
ance escapes  obsen'ation ;  as,  sUiglit  of  hand ;  Fr. 
Ici^erdemain,  Not  improbably  steigfu  and  Fr.  leger^ 
light,  may  have  a  common  origin. 
'2    Dextrous  practice  ;  dexterilv. 

SLETGHT'FJj'L,  /  ,..,.   .    n.  Ar'tful ;  cunningly  dex- 

SLEIGHT'y,       i  C^"^^  -'J  \      trous. 

SLEX'DER,  a.  [Old  D.  slinder.  This  word  is  proba- 
bly furmed  on  the  root  of  lean.  Tent,  kleitt.] 

1.  Thin  ;  small  in  circumference  compared  with 
the  length  ;  not  thick  ;  as,  a  slatder  stem  or  stalk  of 
a  plant. 

2.  Small  in  the  waist ;  not  thick  or  gross.  A  slen- 
der waist  is  considered  as  a  beauty. 

3.  Not  strong;  small:  slight. 

Mighty  heirls  are  h^M  in  tUnder  ch.'xius.  Pope. 

4.  Weak  ;  feeble ;  as,  slender  hope  ;  slender  i>roba- 
bilities ;  a  ^/tfTwfw  consiiiuiion. 

5.  Small ;  inconsiderable  ;  as,  a  man  of  slender 
parts. 

(J.  Small ;  inadetiuate ;  as,  slender  means  of  sup- 
port ;  a  slender  pittance.  Hhak. 

7.  Not  amply  supplied. 

Tbe  joo'i  Ostoriiis  often  ilet^netl 

To  gr.ux  mj  slender  Libl-.  Philips. 

8.  Spare ;  abstemious ;  as,  a  slender  diet. 

.^rbuthnot. 
SLEX'DER-LT,  adc.    Without  bulk. 

2.  Slightly  ;  meanly  ;  as,  a  debt  to  be  sUnderly  re- 
garded, Hayward. 

3.  InsutTiciently  ;  as,  a  table  ^'ZeirfeWy  supplied. 
SLEN'DER-NESS.  n.    Thinness  ;  smailness  cf  uiam- 

eter  in  proportion  to  the  length ;  as,  the  slcndemess 
of  a  hair.  JVewton. 

2.  ^V.ont  of  bulk  or  strength  j  as,  the  slendemess  of 
a  cord  or  chain. 

3.  Weakness  ;  slightness  ;  as,  the  slendemess  of  a 
reason.  Whitgifie. 

4.  Wt-aknessj  feebleness;  ixs^lhe  slendemess  of  a 
constitiiticm. 

.">.  Want  of  plenty  ;  as,  the  slendemess  of  a  supply. 
H.  Spareness  ;  as,  slendemess  of  diet. 
SLENT,  r.  i.    To  make  an  oblique  remark.     [JVot 

used.]     [See  Slant.] 
SLEP'l ,  pret,  and  pp.  of  Sleep. 
SLEW,prrt.of  Slat. 
SLEV,  (3l5,)  n.     [Sax.  sir.] 

A  weaver's  reed.     [See  Sleave  and  Sleid.J 
SLEY,  t^'5,)  r.  t.    To  separate  ;  to  part  threads  and 

arrange  them  in  a  reed  ;  as  weavers. 
SLICE,  c.  t.     [G.  sc/deisseny  to  slit ;  Sa.\.  slitan.] 

\.  To  cut  into  thin  pieces,  or  to  cut  off  a  thin, 
broad  piece.  Sandys. 

2.  To  cut  into  parts.  Cleaveland. 

3.  To  cut ;  to  divide.  Burnet. 
SLICE,  n.    A  thin,  broad  piece  cut  off;  as,  a  slice  of 

bacon  ;  a  slice  of  cheese ;  a  slice  of  bread. 

2.  A  broad  piece  ;  as,  a  slice  of  plaster.        Pope. 

3.  A  peel,  or  fire-shovel.  HdUiweU. 

4.  A  spatula;  an  instrument  consisting  of  a  broad 
plate  with  a  handle,  used  by  apothecaries  for  spread- 
ing plaster-;,  &r. 

5.  In  shrp-buihlinfr,  a  tapering  piece  of  plank  to  be 
driven  between  the  timbers  before  planking.    Encijc 

SLIC'£D,  (slist.)  pp.  or  a.  Cut  into  broad,  thin  pieces. 
SLICH,  /  n.  The  ore  of  a  metal,  particularly  of  gold, 
SLICK,  (    pounded  and  prepared  for  further  working. 

Hebert,     Encyc. 
SLICING,  ppr.    Cutting  into  broad,  thin  pieces. 
SLICK;  the  popular  pronunciation  of  Sleek,  and  so 

written  by  some  authors.  Halliwell. 

SLICK'EN-SIDES,  n.    A  name  which  workmen  give 

to  a  variety  of  galena  in  Derbyshire.  Ure. 

BLW,pret  of  Slide. 
SLID,  i  - ., 

SLID'DEN,  (  P^-  ^^  ^^'^^ 

SL'O'DER,  B.  i.    [Sax.  sliderian,  slidrian.    See  Slide.] 
To  slide  with  inteniiption.     [JVot  in  use.] 

Lhyden. 


SLl 

SLID'DER,  I  a.    [See  Slide.]     Shppoiy.     M>1  in 

SLID'DER-LY,  )      u-^c.]  CfJucer. 

SLIDE,  r.  (.;  pret.  Slid;  pp.  Slid,  Sliddes.     [Sax. 

slidan;  probably  glide^  with  a  different  prefix;  G. 

gleiten.] 

1.  To  move  along  the  surface  of  any  body  by  slip- 
ping, or  without  hounding  or  rolling;  to  slip;  tu 
glide  ;  as,  a  sled  slides  on  snow  or  ice  ;  a  snow-slip 
slides  down  the  mountain's  side. 

2.  To  move  along  the  surface  without  stepping ; 
as,  a  man  slides  on  ice. 

3.  To  pass  inadvertently. 

r^l.ik''  a  door  and  a  bar  for  thy  mouth;  beware  ihon  slide  not 
ty  it.  Eccluj. 

4.  To  pass  smoothly  along  without  jerks  or  agita- 
tion ;  as,  a  sliip  or  boat  slides  through  the  water. 

5.  To  pass  in  silent,  unobserved  progression. 

Ages  shall  slide  away  without  p?rceivin».  Dryden. 

6.  To  pass  silently  and  gradually  from  one  state  to 
another;  as,  to  slide  insensibly  into  vicious  practices, 
or  into  tlie  customs  of  others. 

7.  To  pass  without  difficulty  or  obstruction. 

Parts  ansiiVtriii^  parte  shall  tlidt  into  a  wholi^,  Pow. 

8.  To  practice  sliding  or  moving  on  ice. 

They  bathe  in  summer,  and  in  winter  sUde.  WnUer. 

9.  To  slip ;  to  fall. 

10.  To  pass  with  an  easy,  smooth,  uninterrupted 
course  or  flow. 

SLIDE,  V.  t.  To  slip;  to  pass  or  put  in  imperceptibly  ; 
as,  to  slide  in  a  word  to  varv  the  sense  of  a  question. 

fVatts. 
3.  To  thrust  along  ;  or  to  thrust  by  slipping ;  as,  to 
slide  along  a  piece  of  timber. 
SLIDE,  TU    A  smooth  and  easy  passage ;  also,  a  slider. 

Bacirit. 

2.  Flow  ;  even  course.  Baarn. 

3.  The  descent  of  a  detached  mass  of  earth  or  rock 
down  a  declivity.  Dana. 

4.  A  place  on  tlie  side  of  a  hill  or  mountain  for 
timber  to  descend;  as,  the  ^7i£/e of  Alpnach,  in  Switz- 
erland. 

5.  In  7nusic,  a  gracii  consisting  of  two  small  notes 
moving  by  degrees. 

SLID'ER,  71.     One  that  slides. 

2.  The  part  of  an  instrument  or  machine  that 
slides. 

SLID'ING,  ppr.  Moving  along  the  siuface  by  slip- 
pung ;  gliding ;  passing  smoothly,  easily,  or  impercep- 
tibly. 

SLID'ING,  n.    The  act  of  sliding  ;  lapse  ;  falling. 

SJjID'ING-KEEL,  71.  A  narrow  frame  or  platform  let 
down  through  tlie  bottom  of  a  small  vessel,  like  a 
deepening  of  the  keel.  It  serves,  like  a  lee-board,  to 
sustTin  the  vessel  against  the  lateral  force  of  the 
^vind.  Brande. 

SLID'ING-RuLE,  n.  A  mathematical  instrument  for 
the  mechanical  perfurniance  of  addition  and  subtrac- 
tion, and,  by  means  of  logariihniic  scales,  of  muUi- 
plication  and  division  The  nperalions  are  performed 
by  sliding  one  of  the  parts  along  another.     P.  Ciic 

SLiD'ING-SCaLE,  71.  In  Oie  English  corn-laiSs,  a 
scale  for  raising  or  lowering  the  duties  in  proportion 
to  the  fall  or  ri;se  of  prices. 

SLIGHT,  (slue,)  a.  [D.  slegt;  G.  schleckt^  plain,  sim- 
ple, mean  ;  D.  slegten,  to  level ;  G.  .tchleckeuy  to  lick. 
It  seems  that  slight  belongs  to  the  family  of  sleeky 
smooth.    Uu.  Dan.  slet,  by  contraction.] 

1.  Weak  ;  inconsiderable  ;  not  forcible ;  as,  a  slight 
impulse  ;  a  slight  effort. 

2.  Not  strong  or  firm  ;  not  calculated  to  endure  ;  as, 
a  slight  structure. 

3.  Not  deep  ;  as,  a  slight  impression. 

4.  Not  violent ;  as,  a  slight  disease,  illness,  or  in- 
disposition, 

5.  Trifling;  of  no  great  importance. 

SlighX  ia  the  subject,  but  not  so  the  praise.  Pope, 

G.  Not  strong  ;  not  cogent. 

Some  firmly  embrace  doctrines  upon  slight  grounds.       Locke. 

7.  Cursory ;  superficial ;  not  thorough  ;  as,  slight 
examination. 

8.  Negligent;  not  vehement;  not  done  with  ef- 
fort. 

The  8h,TJviiig  of  tbe  bead  U  a  gesture  of  sUghl  refusal.     Bacon. 

9.  Foolish  ;  silly  ;  weak  in  intellect.      Hadibras. 
SLIGHT,  (sllte,)  n.    Ne;,iect;  disregard;  n  moderate 

degree  of  contempt  manifested  negatively  by  neg- 
lect. It  expresses  less  than  Contempt,  Disdain,  and 
Scorn. 

2.  Artifice;  dexterity.     [See  Sleight.] 
SLIGHT,  (slite,)  v.  u    To  neglect ;  to  disregard  Irom 
the  consideration  that  a  thing  is  of  little  value  and 
unworthy  of  notice ;  as,  to  slight  the  divine  com- 
mands, or  the  offers  of  mercy.  Milton.     Locke. 

2.  To  overthrow  ;  to  demolish.     [JVof  used.] 

Clarendon. 

"The  rogues  slighted  me  into  the  river,"  in  Shak- 
speare,  is  not  used.     [D.  slegten.] 

To  slight  over ;  to  run  over  in  haste ;  to  perform 
superficially;  to  treat  carelessly  ;  as,  to  sUglU  over  a 
theme.  Dnjden. 


SLI 

SLIGHT'ED,  (.-^lit'ed,)  pp.  ox  a.    Nedecled. 

SLIGIIT'iCN,  (slit'n,)  r.  U  To  slight  or  disregard. 
[JSTotin  iLsc]  Speruser. 

SLIGHT'ER,  71.    One  who  neglects. 

^LJGUT'i^ily  ppr.    Neglecting;  disregarding. 

SLIGHT'ING-LY,  adv.  Willi  neglect;  without  re- 
spt;ct.  Boyle. 

SLIGHT'LV,  (slite'ly,)  adv.  Weakly  ;  euperficiaHy  ; 
with  inconsiderable  force  or  effect;  in  a  small  de- 
gree ;  as,  a  man  sUifhtiy  wounded  ;  an  audience 
slightly  affected  with  preaching. 

2.  Negligently;   without  regard;  with  moderate 
contempt.  Hooker.     Shak. 

SLIGHT'NESS,  (slltc'-,)  n.  Weakness;  want  of 
force  or  strength  ;  snperficialnes:);  as,  the  slightncss 
of  a  wound  of  an  impression. 

2.  Negligence;  want  of  attention ;  want  of  vehe- 
mence. 

How  does  it  reproach  tbe  tUghtmta  of  our  ilftm,  b^ni'^*  r.cl- 
daseiis  •  Decayo/Pitlif. 

SLIGHT'Y,  (sllte'-,)  a.    Superficial ;  slight. 

9.  Trifling  ;  inconsiderable.  Echard. 

SLI'LY,  ad\}.      [from  sly.]     With  artful  or  dextrous 

secrecy. 

Satan  aUiy  roba  ua  of  our  grand  treaaure.         Decay  of  Pitbj. 

SUM, a,  [Ice.]  Slender;  of  small  diameter  or  thick- 
ness in  proportion  to  the  hight ;  as,  a  sUm  pennon ; 
a  slim  tree.  Grose. 

2,  Weak  ;  slight ;  unsubstantial. 

3.  Worthless. 

SLIME,  Ti.  [Sax.  slim;  Sw.  stem;  D.  stym j  Dan. 
sliim;  G.  schlamvt;  L.  Umus.] 

Soft,  moi.st  earth,  having  an  adhesive  quality; 
viscous  mud. 

They  had  brick  for  stone,  and  slime  had  they  for  mortar.  —  Gen, 
xi. 

SLIME'-PIT,  71.    A  pit  of  slime  or  adhesive  mire. 
SLIM'I-NESS,  n.    The  quality  of  slime  ;  viscosity. 

Floyer. 
SLIM'NESS,  71.    State  of  being  slim.  i 

SLiM'Y,  a.     Abounding  with  slime ;  consisting  of  ' 
slime. 

2.  Overspread  with  slime  ;  as,  a  slimy  eel. 

3.  Viscous  ;  glutinous  ;  as,  a  slimy  soil.  ! 
SLI'NESS,  71.     [from  sly.]     Dextrous  artifice  to  con- 
ceal any  thing  ;  artful  secrecy.                   .Addison. 

SLING,  n,     [D.  sUn^er.] 

1.  An  instrument  for  throwing  stones,  consisting 
of  a  strap  and  two  strings  ;  the  stone,  being  lodged 
in  the  strap,  is  thrown  by  loosing  one  of  the  strings 
With  a  sling  and  a  stone  David  killed  Goliah. 

2.  A  throw  ;  a  stroke.  .Milton. 

3.  A  kind  of  hanging  bandage  put  round  the  neck, 
in  which  a  wounded  limb  is  sustained. 

4.  A  rope  by  which  a  cask  or  bale  is  suspended 
and  swung  in  or  out  of  a  ship. 

SLING,  71.     [G.  scJdingen^  to  sw'allow.J 

A  drink  composed  of  equal  parts  of  rum  or  spirit 
and  water  sweetened.  Rush. 

SLING,  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  Slung.  [Sax.  slingan  :  D 
slingeren  ;  Sw.  a/inAa,  to  dangle  ;  Dan.  slingrer^  lo 
reel.    The  primary  sense  seems  to  be,  to  swing.] 

1.  To  throw  with  a  sling. 

2.  To  throw  ;  lo  hurl.  Jiddison. 

3.  To  hang  so  as  to  swing  ;  a^^,  to  sling  a  pack. 

4.  To  move  or  swing  by  a  rope  which  suspends  the 
thing. 

SLING'ER,  71.    One  who  slings  or  uses  the  sling. 
SLING'ING,  ppr.    Throwmg  with  a  sling;  hanging 

so  as  to  swing  ;  moving  by  a  sling. 
SLINK,  t'.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  Sluss.    [Sax.  sUiican;  G. 

schlcichen.] 

1.  To  sneak ;  to  creep  away  meanly ;  lo  steal 
away. 

He  would  pinch  tlie  children  in  the  dark,  and  then  tlinJt  into  a 
comer.  ArbuOinoi. 

2.  To  miscarry,  as  a  beast. 

SLINK,  V.  t.  To  cast  prematurely;  to  abort  or  mis- 
carry of;  as  the  female  of  a  beast. 

SLINK,  a.  Produced  prematurely,  as  the  young  of  a 
beast. 

SLIP,  V.  i.  [Sax.  slepan  ;  D.  sleppen  :  Sw.sUppa  :  Dan. 
sliipper ;  G.  schiiipfen^  schlicfen  ;  W.  ysltbj  smooth, 
glib,  from  llib  ;  L.  labor^  to  slide.] 

1.  Toslide;  to  glide;  to  move  along  the  surface  of 
a  thing  without  bounding,  rolling,  or  stepping. 

2.  To  slide  ;  not  lo  tread  firmly.  Walk  carefully, 
lest  your  foot  should  slip. 

3.  To  move  or  fly  out  of  place  ;  usually  with  out ; 
as,  a  bone  may  slip  out  of  its  jilace.  ff'isunan. 

4.  To  sneak  ;  to  slink  ;  to  depart  or  withdraw  se- 
cretly ;  with  away. 


Thus  one  tradesmaQ  slips  memf. 
To  give  his  partner  iairer  play. 


Prior. 


5.  To  err  ;  to  fall  into  error  or  fault. 

One  stippeth  in  his  speech,  but  not  from  his  heart.        Ecdu*. 

6.  To  glide ;  to  pass  unexpectedly  or  impercei>- 
tibly. 

And  thrice  the  flitting  shadow  slipped  away,  Lhyien. 

7.  To  enter  by  overi;ight.    An  error  may  slip  into 
a  copy,  notwithstanding  all  possible  care. 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI^CIOUS €  as  K ;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SII ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

l3i  *~  io4r 


SLI 

8.  To  escape  insensibly ;  to  be  lost. 

Dm  the  most  proper  methods  to  retain  the  ideu  you  have  ac- 
quired, for  the  mind  is  ready  to  let  many  of  Ihein  sUp. 

WatU. 

SLIP,  V,  L    To  convey  secretly. 

He  tried  to  tlip  a  powder  into  her  drink.  Arimthnot. 

2.  To  omit ;  to  lose  by  negligence.  Let  us  not  slip 
the  occasion. 

And  9lip  no  advantage 
That  may  secure  you.  B.  Jonton. 

3.  To  part  twigs  from  the  branches  or  atem  of  a 
tree. 

The  branches  also  may  be  slipped  aud  planted.        MorSmtr. 

4.  To  escape  from  ;  to  leave  shly. 

Lucenlio  slipped  me  like  his  greyhouud.  Shak. 

From  is  here  untlerstood. 

5.  To  let  loose  ;  as,  to  slip  the  hounds.     Dnjden. 

6.  To  throw  off;  to  disengage  one's  self  from  ;  as, 
a  horse  slips  his  bridle. 

7.  To  pass  over  or  omit  negligently ;  as,  to  slip  over 
the  main  points  of  a  subject. 

8.  To  tear  off ;  as,  to  dip  off  a  twig. 

9.  To  suffer  abortion  ;  to  miscarry  ;  as  a  beast. 
To  slip  a  cable ;  to  veer  out,  and  let  go  the  end. 

Mar.  Diet. 
To  slip  on ;  to  put  on  in  haste  or  loosely ;  as,  to  slip 
on  a  gown  or  coal. 
SLIP,  71.    A  sliding  ;  act  of  slipping. 

2.  An  unintentional  error  or  fault.  Drydeii. 

3.  A  twig  separated  from  the  main  stock  ;  as,  the 
slip  of  a  vine. 

4.  A  leash  or  string  by  which  a  dog  is  held  ;  so 
called  from  its  being  so  made  as  to  slip  or  become 
loose  by  relaxation  of  the  hand.  SbaJc. 

5.  An  escape  ;  a  secret  or  unexpected  desertion. 

6.  A  long,  narrow  piece ;  as,  a  slip  of  paper. 

Jiddison. 
Hence, 

7.  Among  priiiters^  a  portion  of  the  columns  of  a 
newspaper  struck  off  by  itself. 

8.  A  counterfeit  piece  of  money,  being  brass  cov- 
ered Willi  silver.     [JVot  in  use.]  Shale, 

9.  Matter  found  in  troughs  of  grindstones  after  the 
grinding  of  edge-tools.     [Local.]  Petty. 

10.  A  particular  quantity  of  yarn.     [Local] 

Barret. 

11.  An  opening  between  wharves  or  in  a  dock. 

JVew  York. 
19.  A  place  having  a  gradual  descent  on  the  bank 
of  a  river  or  harbor,  convenient  for  ship-hiiiUling. 

Jilar.  Did. 

13.  A  long  seat  or  narrow  pew  in  churches. 

United  States. 

14.  In  geology^  a  mass  of  strata  separated  vertically 
or  aslant. 

SLlP'-BoARD,  n.    A  board  sliding  in  grooves. 

Sioift. 

SLIP'-KNOT,  (-not,)  n.  A  knot  which  will  not  bear 
a  strain,  but  slips  along  the  rope  or  ijne  around 
which  It  is  made.  Totten. 

SLIP'P£D,  (slipl,)7;p.  of  Slip. 

SLIP'PER,  n.  [.Sax.]  A  kind  of  light  shoe,  which 
may  be  slipptjd  on  with  ease,  and  worn  in  undress  j 
a  slip-shoe.  Pope. 

2.  A  kind  of  apron  for  children,  to  be  slipped  over 
their  other  clolht-s  to  keep  them  clean. 


3.  A  plant     [L.  crcpis.] 
■  of  jr 
heavy  wagon. 


4.  A  kmd  of  iron  slide  or  lock  for  the  use  of  a 


SLIP'PER,  a.     [Sax.  slipnr.] 

Slipprrv.    [J^ut  in  use.]  Spenser. 

SLIP'PER-/;D,  a.    Wearing  slippers.  Warton. 

SLIP'PER-I-LY,  orfo.     [from  s/ippcM/.]    In  a  slippery 

manner. 
SLIP'PER-I-NESS,  n.     The  state  or  quality  of  being 
slippery;  lubricity;  smoothness;  glibness  ;  as,  the 
sUpperiness  of  ice  or  snow  ;    the  slipperiness  of  the 
tongue. 
9.  Uncertaintv;  want  of  firm  footing.    Johnson. 
3.  Lubricity  oi  character. 
SLIP'PER-Y,  a.    Smooth ;   glib  ;  having  the  quality 
opposite  to  adhesiveness  ;  as,  oily  substances  render 
things  slippery. 

9.  Not  affording  firm  footing  or  confidence;  as,  a 
slippery  promise.  Titsser. 

The  8l\p}>ery  tops  of  human  state.  Comley. 

3.  Not  easily  held  ;  liable  or  apt  to  slip  away. 

The  t!ip]>ery  gw\  wil!  try  to  )oo3C  hia  bold.  DryUn. 

4.  Not  standing  iirm  ;  as,  s/tpp(;rj/ slanders.     Sha}c. 

5.  Unstable  ;   cliangeiiblo  ;   mutable  ;    uncertain  ; 
as,  the  slippery  stall'  of  kings.  Denhauu 

6.  Not  crrt^ain  in  it«  effort ;  as,  a  slippery  trick. 

7.  Lubricous  ;  wanton  ;  unchaste.  Shak. 
SLIP'PY,  a.     Slippery.     [J^ot  in  nse^  though,  regular. 

Pax.  slipciT.] 

SLIP'SHOL),  a.  [slip  and  shod.]  Wearing  shoes  like 
slippers,  without  pulling  up  the  quarters.        SwifU 

SLIP'SLOP,  n.     Bad  liquor. 

SLIP'STRING,  n.  [slip  and  string.]  One  that  has 
shaken  off  restraint;  a  prodigal  ;  called  also  Slip- 
thrift,  but  I  believe  seldom  or  nevt-r  used. 

Cotgrave. 


SLO 

SLISH,  n.  A  cut;  a  low  word,  formed  by  reduplicat- 
ing Slash  ;  as,  slish  and  slash,  Shftk. 

SLIT,  V.  t. ;  prct.  Slit  ;  pp.  Slit  or  Slittrd.  [Sax. 
slitan ;  Sw.  slita;  G.  schlcissen;  D.  slyten  ;  IJati. 
slider.  The  two  latler  signify,  to  wear  out  or  waste. 
The  German  has  the  signification  of  splitting  and  of 
wearing  out.] 

1.  To  cut  lengthwise ;  to  cut  into  long  pieces  or 
strips  ;  :is,  to  slit  iron  bars  into  nail  rods. 

2.  To  cut  or  make  a  long  fissure  ;  as,  to  slit  the  car 
or  tongue,  or  the  nose.  Temple.    JVcuitcn. 

3.  To  cut  in  general.  JtHltoji. 

4.  To  rend  ;  lo  split. 

SLIT,  n.    A  long  cut ;  or  a  narrow  opening  j  as,  a  slit 
in  the  ear. 
9.  A  cleft  or  crack  in  the  breast  of  cattle.  Eneye. 
SLITH'ER,  V.  i.     To  slide.     [  Various  dialects.) 

HaUiwell. 
SLIT'TER,  n.    One  that  slits. 
SLIT'TING,  ppr.    Culling  lengthwise. 
SLIT'TING-MILL,  n.   A  mill  where  iron  bars  are  slit 

into  nail  rods,  Sec. 
SLIVE,  V.  i.    To  sneak.     [AVr(A  of  England.] 

HalUwcll. 
SLIVER,  V.  t,    [Sax.  slifan  ;  \V.  ysleii'iaie,  from  yslaiv^ 
a  slash  or  slice,  from  glaiv^  a  sword  or  cirneter ;  Uaiv, 
shears  or  a  shave  ;  but  all  probably  from  the  sense 
of  cutting  or  separating.    Cla^s  Lb.] 

To  cut  or  divido  into  long,  thin  pieces,  or  into  very 
small  pieces  ;  to  cut  or  rend  lengthwise  ;  as,  to  sliver 
wood. 
SLIVER,  n.     A  long  piece  cut  or  rent  off,  or  a  piece 

cut  or  rent  lengthwise. 
SLIVER-JCD,  pp.    Divided  into  long,  thin  pieces ;  cut 

or  rent  lengthwise. 
SLIV'ER-ING,  ppr.    Cutting  or  rending   lengthwise 

into  long,  thin  pieces,  or  very  small  pieces. 
SLoAiM,  n.    Layers  of  earth  between  those  of  coal. 
SLoAT,  (slote,)  jj.     [from  the  root  of  Dan.  s/aWer,  to. 
fasten,  D.  sluitcn,  Sw.  shita,  G.  scJdiesscn;  from  the 
root  of  L.  claudo.] 

A  narrow  piece  of  timber  whicli  holds  L-jgetlicr 
large  pieces  ;  as,  the  gloats  of  a  cart. 
SLOB'BER,  and  its  derivatives,  are  a  different  or- 
tliograpliy  of  SLABBBn,  the  original  pronunciation  of 
wfiich  was  probably  slobber.  [See  Slabber  and 
Slaver.] 
SLOCK,  to    quench,  is    a  different  orttiography  of 

Slake,  but  not  used. 
SLOE,  n.     [Sax.  slag,  sla;  G.  schlcke  ;  D.  she,  in  sice- 
pruim^  and  slee  signifies  sour ;   slcc-boani^  the  sloe- 
tree  ;  Dan.  slaacy  slaaen,  or  slaaen-tome.] 

A  small,  bitter,  wild  plum,  the  fruit  of  the  black 
thorn,  Prunus  spinosa.  Mortimer. 

SLo'GAN,  7(,    Tile  war-cry  or  gathering  word  of  a 

Highland  clan  in  Scotland.  W.  Scott. 

SLOOM,  7t.     Slumber.     [J'J'orth  o/Eiig.]      ILdliwdl. 
SLOOM'Y,  a.    Sluggish  ;  slow.     [Jforth  of  Eng.] 

Halliwell. 
SLOOP,  n.     [D.  sloepj  sloepsehlp  ;  G.  sehalnppc ;  Dan. 
sluppe;  Fr.  chaloupc.     It  is  written  also  Shallop.] 

A  vessel  with  one  mast,  tiie  main-sail  of  which  is 
attached  to  a  gaff  ai)ovc,  to  a  boom  below,  and  to 
the  mast  on  its  foremost  edge.  It  differs  from  a  Gut- 
ter by  having  a  fixed  sleeving  bowsprit  and  a  jib- 
stay.  Sloops  are  of  various  si/.es,  from  the  size  of  a 
boat  to  that  of  more  than  100  tons'  burlhen. 

Mar.  Diet. 
Sloop  of  war ;  a  vessel  of  war  ri{rged  either  as  a 
ship,  brig,  or  schooner,  and  mounting  between  18 
and  39  guns.  ToUcn. 

SLOP,  V.  t,    [Probably  allied  to  lap.]     To  drink  greed- 
ily and  grossly.     [LittJe  used.] 
SLOP,  n.     [Probably  allied  to  slabber.]    Water  care- 
lessly thrown  about  on  a  table  or  floor  ;  a  puddle;  a 
soiled  spot. 
9.  31ean  liquor  ;  mean  liquid  food. 
3.  Slops,  pt.i   ready-made    clothes,  bedding,   &:c. 
[See  Slops.) 
SLoPE,  a.     [This  word  contains  the  elements  of  L. 
labor,  lapsus,  and  Eng.  slip  ;  also  of  L.  leva,  Eng.  lift. 
I  know  not  whether  it  originally  signified  ascending 
or  descending,  probably  the  laller.] 

Inclined  or  inclining  from  a  horizontal  direction; 
forming  an  angle  witJi  the  plane  of  the  horizon  ;  as, 
slope  hills.     [Little  used.]  Milton. 

SLOPE,  n.  .\n  oblique  direction  ;  a  line  or  direction 
inclining  from  a  horizontal  line  ;  properly,  adirection 
downward. 

9.  An  oblique  direction  in  general;  a  direction 
forming  an  angle  with  a  perpendicular  or  otht-r  right 
line. 

3.  A  declivity ;  any  ground  who=e  surface  forms 
an  angle  with  the  plane  of  the  horizon  ;  also,  an  ac- 
clivity, as  every  declivity  must  be  also  an  acclivity. 
SLOPE,  V.  t.    To  form  with  a  slope  ;  to  form  to  decliv- 
ity or  obliquity  ;  to  direct  obliquely  ;  to  incline ;  as, 
to  slope  the  ground  in  a  garden  ;  to  slope  a  piece  of 
cloth  in  culling  a  garment. 
SLoPE,  V.  i.     To  take  an  oblique  direction  ;  to  be  de- 
clivous or  inclined. 
SLOPE'NESS,  n.    Declivity;   obliquity.     [JVoi  ■much 

vsed.]  TVctlon. 

SLOPE'WiSE,  adv.    Obliquely.  Carew. 


SLO 

SLoP'ING,  p/>r.    Taking  an  inclined  direction. 

2.  a.  Oblique;  declivous;  inclining  or  inclined 
from  a  horizontal  or  other  right  line. 

SLOP'ING-LY,  ado.     Obliquely  ;  with  a  slone 
SLOP'PI-NESS,  71.     [from  sloppy.]      Wetness  of  I  he 

caith  ;  muddiness. 
SLOP'PY,  a.     [from  slop.]    Wet,  aa  the  ground  ;  mud- 
dy ;  plashy. 
SLOPS,  n.  pi.     [Qu.  D.  slu^f,  a  case  or  cover,  or  slof, 
an  old  slipper,  or  Sax.  slopcn,  lax,  loose;  toslupany  lo 
loosen.] 

Trowscrs ;    a    loose    lower    garment ;    drawers ; 
hence,  ready-made  clothes,  bedding,  &c.         SluOc. 
SLOP'SELL-ER,    n.      One    who    sells    ready-made 

clothes. 
SLOP'SHOP,  71.    A  shop  where  ready-made  clothes 

are  sold. 
SLOSH,  n.    See  Slush. 
SLOSH'Y,  a.     See  Slushy. 

SLOT,  V.  t.  [D.  sluitcn,  to  shut;  G.  scklicssen;  Dan, 
slvttcr;  Sw.  sluta;  from  the  root  of  L.  claudo.] 

To  shut  with  violence;  to  slam,  that  is,  to  drive. 
[JVo(  in  use,  or  local.]  Hay. 

SLOT,  7?.    A  broad,  flat,  wooden  bar. 
SLOT,  7(.     [The  Saxon  has  shrtinge,  tracks.] 

The  track  of  a  deer.  jDraijton. 

SLOTH  or  SLoTH,  n.     [Sax.  sUwOi,  from  slaw,  slow. 
See  Slow.] 
1.  Slowness ;  tardiness. 

I  nohor 
This  dilatory  sloOi  and  tricks  of  Rome  Shak. 

9.  Disinclination  to  action  or  labor ,  sluggishness; 
laziness  ;  idleness. 

They  chang;e  their  course  to  pleasure,  ense,  and  aloth.   Millan. 
Sloth,  like  rust,  consumes  fuller  than  hbor  wears.     Franklin. 

3.  The  popular  name  of  a  genus  of  tardigi-ade 
edentate  mammals,  a  genus  wliich  comprises  only 
two  species,  viz.,  Bradypus  Iridactylus  or  Ai,  about 
the  size  of  a  common  cat,  and  Bradypus  didactylus 
or  Unau,  about  half  the  size  of  tin;  former,  both  of 
South  America.  These  animals  are  so  called  from 
the  remarkable  slowness  of  their  motions.  It  is 
said  that  their  greatest  speed  seldom  exceeds  three 
yards  an  hour.     They  feed  on  vegetables. 

SLOTH  or  SLoTH,  v.  i.    To  be  idle.     [JVot  in  use.] 

Oower. 
SLOTH'FJJL  or  SLoTH'FlJL,  a.    Inactive  ;  sluggish  ; 
lazy  j  indolent ;  idle. 

He  that  is  sloVi/ul  in  his  work,  is  brother  to  him  that  ia  a  great 
waster.  —  Prov.  xviii. 

SLOTH'FUL-LY  or  SLoTU'FTJL-LY,  ado.    Lazily; 

sluggishly  ;  idly. 
SLOTH' FIJL-NESS  or  SLoTH'FllL-NESS,  n.    The 
indulgeniie  of  sloth;  inactivity ;  "the  habit  of  idle- 
ness ;  laziness. 

SloOifulness  castelh  into  a  deep  sleep.  —  Prov.  xix. 

SLOT'TED,  pp.  or  a.    Shut  with  violence.     [Local] 

SLOT'TER  Y,  a.  [G.  schlottcrig,  negligent;  schlot- 
tnn,  to  iiang  loosely,  to  wabble.     See  Slut.] 

1.  Squalid;  dirty;  sluttish;  untrirnmed.  [J^otin 
use.]  Chaucer. 

9.  Foul ;  wet.     [JVot  in  use.]  Pryce. 

SLOT'TING,  ppr.  Shutting  with  violence;  slam- 
ming. 

SLOUCH,  n.  [This  word  probably  belongs  to  the  root 
of  lag^  sing.] 

1.  A  hanging  down  ;  a  depression  of  the  head  or 
of  some  olher  part  of  the  body  ;  an  ungainly,  clown- 
ish gait.  Sirijl. 
9.  An  awkward,  heavy,  clownish  fellow.     Oay. 

SLOUCH,  It.  i.  To  hang  down  ;  lo  have  a  downcast, 
clownish  look,  gait,  or  manner.  Chestcrfrld. 

SLOUCH,  V.  t.  To  depress  ;  to  cause  to  hang  down ; 
as,  to  slouch  the  haL 

SLOUCH'-ED,  (sloucht,)  pp.  Made  to  hang  down; 
depressed. 

SLOUCH'IXG,  pi>r.    Causing  to  hang  down. 

9.  a.  Hanging  down  ;  walking  tieavily  and  awk- 
wardly. 

SLOUGH,  (slou,)  V.  [Sax.  .s?oo-,*  W.  yslws,ii  gutter 
or  slough,  from  llwg,  a  lake.] 

1.  A  place  of  deep  mud  or  mire ;  a  hole  full  of 
mire.  Mi/tan. 

2.  (pron.  slufT.)  The  skin  or  cast  skin  of  a  ser- 
pent. [Its  use  for  the  skin  in  general,  in  Shak- 
spcare,  is  not  authorized.] 

3.  (proji.  slutr.)  The  part  that  separates  from  a 
foul  sore.  lVh*eman. 

The  dead  part  which  separates  from  the  living  in 
mortification.  Cooper. 

SLOUGH,  (slutf,)  u.  i.  To  separate  from  the  sound 
flesh  ;  to  come  ofl^;  as  the  matter  formed  over  a 
sore  ;  a  term  in  surgery. 

To  slough  off;  to  separate  from  the  living  parts,  aa 
the  dead  part  in  mortification. 
SLOUGII'Y,  (slou'e,)  a.    Full  of  sloughs  ;  miry. 

Swift, 

SLOVEN,  7(.  [D.  slof,  careless;  sloffen,  to  neglect} 
W.  jjslabi,  !*rom  yslab,  extended  ;  Ir.  slapnirc.] 

A  man  careless  of  his  dress,  or  negligent  oi'  clean-  , 
liness  ;  a  man  habitually  negligent  of  neatnesH  and 
order.  Pope.      \ 


FaTE,  FaR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MkTE,  PREY.— PIXE,  MARJNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK  — 
WaTi  - ^ 


or  dre>s ;  babiiual  «:.„t  „r  cleanliness.  lyo&n 
<!T  A v-p V?',",'.  °^  ""■''"  ^"d  nearness.  Xi 

SLO\  'E.VLV,  a.    .Negligenl  of  .Ir.ss  or  nea'nes^    a. 

a  sloven^:/  man.  "eavuess  ,  a^, 

_j^3.  We;  disorderly;    not   neat;  a.,    a  ,lo>enly 

SLOV'i'-J  ry'  "/"■  x'","  '•''"""*"'  i"«legant  manner. 
dirtuS     ?;■  ■■  ■^"^-'^™'^e  of  order  or  ne.itness ; 

SLOU,..     rWv..W,fclr.fo.,Dan.rfar  dulltlfnf 
contracted  from  the  root  of  .'lack,  .</i,.™;rf  "1  I,  1        ' 

snift;  not  quick  m  motion;  not  rapid'  as  i\l\Z 
stream ;  a  shu,  motion.  "^     '      '     ''""' 

S.  Late  ;  not  happening  in  a  short  time. 

Ja.f.k'™^  "■  ""=  l'^""'".  though  s(»„,  praluccd 


3.  Aot  ready ;  not  prompt  or  quick  :  as   simn  nf 
speech,  and  sW  of  tongue.    Exod  iv  ' 

4.  Dull ;  inactive  ;  tardy. 

T. I.I    -     .   "^'^  I'rejaiis  are  not  s/oui 

To  giiaid  Uicir  shore  from  «„  eipeced  foe.  Orjrfm 

atitn?*"'  '''^'*' '  °°'  P^^^'P'"'^  i  acting  >vitl,  del.ber- 

The  Lord  a  tncrciful,  stoie  to  an^^r  n n 

He  urn  is  ^„  u>  Wu,  iro('^'„-„aors.™d;„.?!L-^!;-V. 

C.  Dull ;  heavy  in  ivit.  p 

7.  Behind  in  lime ;  indicating  a  time  later  than  the 
true  t.me  ;  as,  the  clock  or  wat?h  is  slow. 
•.  -"Vh.  ';  =<'*■»"':"',?.  srowing,  or  improving  rapidly  ; 
„  =1-,  !'?  "'""  growtli  of  arts  and  science^.  ^  ' 

a^,  a  21'ptS1;"r""""'  "'  """"''"^  ""'"  "•"'<■= ' 

Ilsw;  r.  "[S:  Iv^lf ^^ " ""'  *"  "^^-      «"•'- 

A  moth.     [Jvot  ill  iMf.l  Pin,,,.,, 

SLoW-BACkJ  „.    A  lubier;  an  idle  felloS*ra"ioi- 

SLoU-'LY,  ah.     With  moderate  motion  :  not  ranid 

ly  ;  not  u-,lh  velocity  or  celerity;  as,  ta^Tllolt 

3.  -Sot  sooii ;  not  early;  not  in  a  little  time     not 

asf  hf  Se,^;^;;;ies  "^lT'  '• ""' " '"  ''"^"'''="'™  ■> 

4   Xot  promptly ;  not  readily ;  as,  he  learns  .lav^ty. 

c^I:^/  """  ""-'■  ^"'^''''-  The  building  pr^ 

^  vdociiy^*^'  "■    ^'"^'^^^  '"°"'"' ;  "-ant  of  speed  or 

Smftness  aad  tlomai  are  relalive  ideas.  Walts, 


or'str!!.™. '  "="■'""  ""'*=  ■"""»"  '  ^.  «  "".'^4  river 
^^3.  Inert;  inactive ;  having  „„  p„„,e,to  „,„^e  it 

idly  ;  s!o  "iv     '      °'     ^=""'' '  '""'"■""J- ;  "rowsily ; 
or.a.mesI;^,i;','^„,i:^';'^,^^^n^.ence 

Which  any''thin"|^ow:.™''='  °'  ^"""'^  '  '"=«  '"^-S"  I 


SMA 


3.  Tardy  advance ;  moderate  progression  •  as  the 
pZlZl  ""  """'"""' '  ^''^"'^^  "f  S'o^'^  -'  ta 

.!^.°«"fTean. "'"'''  "'""'=''°"  "  '^''^^^V  ^. 
intdleS"'  *""  """^'""'^  or  promptness;  dulufesTof 

5.  Deliberation  ;  coolness ;  caution  in  deciding. 

6.  Dilatormess  ;  tardiness.  *■ 
Ilo" '1v?v/f ,?•  "■    l/o.^-fliscern.          More. 
SLO  V  -■«  ORJI,  „.     rSai.VaS-«>yrm:i 

A  reptile,  the  blindworm,  not  venomous.    It  is  the 
Annuls  fragdis  of  LinnKus.  P  rV 

K^'"'^','-  '■    '''°  ""  ""^^i'  i-nporfecUy,  orco,a  se- 

SH-ME,  „.     [D.  V,  Sax.  ,,„.,  a  slongh.I  "^""'• 

Mud  ;  mire  ;  sofl  mud.  aVw;.^ 

SLL-DG'Y,a.    .Miry.  P^T^  j, 

or  T- p    ,.1-  .       .  ^;  rartmirton. 

thing  conical  or  cylindrical,  &c.,  aboul  its  a.vis,  with^ 
out  removing  it  from  its  place  ;  to  turn. 
«Tfi'c-n    ^  i-j    >  ™  Mar.  Diet.     ToUen. 

^n'i^n.iZti  ""•    '^"™^'  """""  ""  "^  '^^'^  -'"■- 
^^wi'a'snlitf'^  "  "'"*•  •''»="-"'»•''  '■  W.  ties ;  D.  sfai, 
].  .\  drone  ;  a  slow,  heavy,  lazy  fellow.      Shak. 
3.  A  hmderance  ;  obstruction.  Baco,,. 

.1.  A  Kind  of  snail,  very  destructive  to  rilant-;  of 
wTtS'a  'Sr    ^'"^^  "^  "='^'^''  »na,.s,'o;"nii"r 

orU'':^."ate^ge.r°'"''''"' '  "•  *'"*'  ^  ^-^"'- ' 

cl«rSo?a  guL."''""^''"''  °'  "'"^''  "^^O  f"'  ""^ 
SLUG,c.i.     To  move  slowly;  to  lie  idle.     [ObJ!^'' 

(A-!J^tf/l  '         °"^  ""''  ""iu'ees  in  lying  abed. 
SLLG'GAHn,  „.     [from  ../u,.  and  ard  slow  kinTf  A 
person  habitually  lazy,  idle,  and  ina«T™I  a  d'oL 

g;:UG:GARD,.    Sluggish;  lazy.  ^tl 


fcLUICE,..(.    To  emit  by  floodgates.     [Liule  used.] 

SLfl'CV,  «.    Falling  i„  streams,  as  from  a  slS""' 

sr  ,inX'n°"  ""°"  """^  """•"'  "''""^  ""•  ■Dt'*". 

srnMm^/'"'-    fuming  on  its  axis. 

I.  To  sleep  lightly ;  to  doze.  ' 

«c  L]^k.xpetl,  Israel  shall  „eiU,er  ,lunj,,r  nor  sleep.  _Ps. 

^^'SS.I^^I^^^^-^-S-with 

or  inaaivft;?  ="  ^""^  "f-^^Sence,  sloth,  siipS'fness, 

Why  s/u7n5er«  Pope  ?  y 

SH/M'BER,„.e.    To  lay  to  sleep. 

^TJI] '""  '  "•  '"'^'^-    l^'^'^-sed,  and  Hardly  fc. 
SLUM'BEil,  ..    Light  sleep;  sleeptTd^ep  oTtu-Ild 


jng-  sleep. 


Smith. 


It  shAjl  seuie  mio  a  deep  and  I 
2.  Sleep ;  repose. 

Rest  to  iny  aoul,  and  s^umfin- {0  my  e>-es  ^    ^ 

lEil^-  - -^^ers.  '^     ' 

SLUMPS?,""'*  "-p'oSul"^  causing  Sleep;  so- 
WhUe  pensive  in  the  tlumbcnas  shade.  p„, 

3.  Sleepy ;  not  waking.  ci.  >  ' 

^^!^:efa£S^rS'i^-i^----"^ap 

wSi  T  :u^'a"'=ha?l^^fara:r  S^^e^ V^z'^S 
ground,  not  strong  enough  to  bear  the  peL„  \tZ 
le^Umatei..rdls  ,n  common  and  respectable  u"c  hljC, 

^}'}i^"'P'-"-  ''"'>  PP-  oe  Si.,!,a.' 

feL  JNK,  pr«.  and  pp.  of  Slink. 

^  ,  ',n'-  '■    [D.  slordi^,  sluttish.] 

I.  I "  soil ;  to  sully  1  to  contaminate ;  to  disgrace 
3.  To  pass  lightly  ;  to  conceal.  "-fcnice. 

Will,  periotl.,  p„i„u,  ami  trop-s,  he  ,(..«  his  crimes.    Dryd^ 

3.  To  cheat ;  to  trick.     [Unusual.]  prior 

style      '""^"' '°  ""°  °^P"1'"™  in  a  smooth,  gliding 

SLIJR,  „.    Pro,,erly,  a  black  mark  ;  hence,  sh^'t^'re 

s'Sd  Z^'TT;,  '^™^'  "'"'""■'  »f  iioral  duty 
snotild  be  a  Aur  to  the  reputation. 

a.  In  rmijic,  a  mark  connecting  notes  that  are  to  he 

sung  0  the  same  syllable,  or  made  in  one  continued 

stri^ng'ed  in^stTu'ilfei'i';.^'"'™'"''  "'  '^"''  "^  -™'=<'  "d 
SLUR'R£p,  (skird,)  pp.    Contaminated  ;  soiled 

-.  a.    In  mu.nc,  marked  with  a  slur ;  performed  in 

^lu'r     ri;°i"''"«  ''^^'''  i'';'  "°'"  marked  wfthS 
Slur.     [.See  bi.uR,  n.  No.  2.] 

I,!;'*";-""    *""  '!""'•    ■'^'""' '"  -'"nie  places,  a  mii- 
ture  ol  .snow  and  water  ;  snow  broth.      Jamieson. 

a.  A  soft  mixture  of  grease,  &c 
cate.  * 


water,  of  of  soft"gti7  "'"""  '"'"''  "'  "'""'^  ^^ 

3.  A  name  of  slight  contempt  for  a  tl^^^an     * ' 
^'^"77;^ «-Y.  -    The  qualitiesof  a  .ml^Tf^ 

'"g^nTl7;'^d!Ji!;y^-  -'"•     "-!^"'-  -- 't/gli- 

^s;i:|^^i;."dr-rss°^8--?-r 
sL^f"[^"^r^j;;:x-r'u^s-;.3i- 

hand,  privately  ;  sluiken,  to  smuggle ;  whTcl.  ieem 
to  be  allied  to  sUek  and  sleight.]  '  " 

-.nd  .i'l.''""^' ''«;"'"'"'  in  Performing  things  sccrellv 
a  Id  escaping  observation  or  detection  ;  usually  ii,: 
plying  some  degree  of  meanness  ;  artfully  cuunin"- 
appl,cd  to  persons ;  as,  a  dy  man  or  boy    *  '  ' 

I     sly'lridl'^  """  ""'''"  ""''  ''"''"US  secrecy;  as,  a 

I     ^.^3.  Marked  with  artful  secrecy ;  as,  ,ly  circumspec- 

4.  Secret;  concealed.  ^""^ 

Envy  norta  in  a  ,ly,  impercepliUe  manner.  Walu 

™.^'   ^  ™'^''''''    «•   i-i^taMtra,  scAma/-.e„;    Sw 

Tim-^      "•  """''"'  •  "■  '^'  "  ^^■'<-  «'  "TOW    The 

tCch1rta"te  ■'<■>"'  """"•  k'"  ?"'"'•  "'"ence  tS 
touch  or  ta»te,  Or.  ^.aj;,,  a  battle;  as,  bauU  from 

1.  To  kiss  with  a  close  compression  of  the  lins  i^o 
with    "ot'ce"  ""■"  "'''^"  ""'  separate;  J'ki-;° 

afi?:r  ust"nfany  ^  ''  ""=  ^">^'^"»''  ■"•  "P^ 

ticulJtas?e"  '  '"'''  '"  "=  """"''''  "■""  ""^"^ 
4.  To  ijuve  a  tincture  or  quality  infused 

All  sects,  all  a»es,  STJiack  of  this  vice. 


Shak, 
Donne, 


SM.^CK,  ,-.  t     To  kiss  with  a  sharp  noise. 

J.  In  make  a  sharp  noise  with  the  lips. 

3.  lo  make  a  sharp  noise  by  striking;  to  crack  • 

as,  to  smack  a  whip.  5  J  »"  t-i.s»,R  , 

SM.teK,  „.     A  loud  kiss.  c;.^ 

wl%:^  """"''  '""''  ''°'^'  ="  "f  "">  "P'  "Of  a 

I  SeSfiAgS  ""='""•         """"-     °-»- 

5.  .-l  quick,  smart  blow.  J'^^er. 

6.  A  small  quantity  ;  a  taste.  Dryden. 
'.  iu.smnkscliip.     Lye  supposes  it  to  be  the  Sai 

.^nacca,  from  snaca,  snake,  and  so  named  front  IS 
form.  Qii  ]  A  small  vessel,  commonly  r  4d  as  a 
sloop,  used  chiefly  ,n  the  coasting  and  fishing  imd,? 

^•\'t,f,f' ■''■"'  ""'■  I'^r',""  '^''h  ^^harp  noise  f  miStn. 
a  sharp  noise  with  the  lips  or  by  striking.  ° 

mtle  'r"Z^^°n  t^af  •-""''.  ^-"x".  Thin,  slender 
mile,  i,.schmal,  D.  smal,  narrow;  Dan  smal  mr 
row  strait;  .^nalcr,  to  narrow,  to  diminish  ;  Sw 
smal:  Russ.  mala,  small,  little,  few  ;  matuil  and 
«m^,»y„,  to  diminish;  Slav,  to  abai; :  iv"  Zt 
small,  trivial,  light,  vain,  like,  sini^^Tr  ilV,^ 
grind  ana  malau,  to  make  simUar;  Gr.  ouaAoc 
!^ee  .Mill,  Mold,  .Meal.]  "/"lAoj. 

.  '•  Slender .  thin  ;  line;  of  littlediameter;  hence 
171  general,  little  m  size  or  quantity  ;  not  TeLt  ■  a"    -,' 

Sv  »'  ^''r"  """^S  a»-".iVifarmi  a'.w< 

body ;  small  particles.  »"»<w* 

a.  Minute ;  slender ;  fine ;  as,  a  small  voice. 

d.  LitUe  in  degree ;  as,  small  improvement ;  smaU 
acquuements ;  the  trouble  is  small. 

There  arose  no  small  stir  about  that  way.  —  Acla  ii. 
4.  Being  of  little  moment,  weight,  or  importance : 

!;    nMr,'!"    """"''■  "'■  ""'"5  i  »  «"""  subject. 
.").  Of  little  genius  or  ability;  petty;  as,  a  jna// 
poet  or  musician. 

e.  Short;  containing  little  ;  as,  a  smo?;  essay. 
..  Little  m  amount;   as,  a  smaU  sum;   a  smaU 

price. 

8.  Containing  little  of  the  principal  qualitv,  or  lit- 
tle strength  ;  weak  ;  as,  smaU  beer. 

9.  Gentle  ;  soft  ;  not  loud.     I  Kinirs  xix 
■■o.j~.' — ."L"  •     „      10.  Wean  ;  base;  unworthv.     rc'thauian 
used  to  lubn-  |  SMALL,  n.    The  small  or  slender  part  oTa  thin.  •  as 

the  small  of  the  leg  or  of  the  back.  SiJncu.   ' 


Tune,  BFjLL,  unite  —  AVCFR    vtnr^rnTTc        /^        7.      T  ' 

____^^_2_ f:U^^^B.  V I  'clOUS. - e  as  K  ;  fi  as  J;  s  as  Z;  CH  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


J043 


SMA 


SJIE 


SMALL,  B.  (.    To  make  little  or  less.    [Jfot  m  use.] 

K.MALL'AGE,  II.    A  plimt.Apium  giaveolens.    In  its 
iiiViiroved  state  under  cultivation,  it  is  called  Celebv. 
Ennjc.  itf  Dujn.  Econ. 

P.MALL'-XRMS,  n.  ;i/.  A  general  name  of  nniskets, 
carbines,  rifles,  pistols,  Ike,  m  distinction  from  tlio 
Cieal  suns.  . 

SMALL'-BEER,  «.  {sniail  and  hecr.]  A  species  of 
weak  beer. 

S.MALL'-CLoTHES,  71.  )).'.     Dreeches.  Booth. 

S.MALL'-eOAL,  >i.  f.™ia«  and  coal]  Little  wood 
coals  used  to  li;ht  fires.  ^'n;'- 

SMALL'-€RaFT,  n.  [small  mi  craft.]  A  vessel,  or 
vessels  in  general,  of  a  small  si/,e,  or  below  the  sue 
iif  ships  and  brigs  intended  for  foreign  trade. 

S.MALL'-GK.^IN-ED,  a.     Having  small  grams. 

Thompson. 

PMALL'ISII,  n.     Somewhat  small.  Chancer. 

S.M  ALL'NESfi,  „.  Littleness  of  size  or  extent ;  little- 
ness of  quantity  ;  as,  the  .^mallncss  of  a  tly  or  ot  a 
liorse  ;  the  smatlucss  of  a  hill. 

9.  Littleness  in  degree  ;  as,  the  smalliiess  of  trouble 
or  pain. 

S.  Littleness  in  force  or  strength  ;  weakness ;  as, 
.':mallncss  of  mind  or  intellectual  powers. 

4.  rineness;    softness;    melodiousness;    as,    the 
smallncs.'!  of  a  female  voice. 

5.  Littleness  in  amount  or  value  ;  as,  the  snaUncss 
of  the  sum.  . ,      , , 

6.  Littleness  of  importance  ;    niconsiderableness  ; 
as,  the  .^matljie^s  of  an  aflair. 

SMALLPOX',  71.  [snia/i  and  poi,  pocks.]  An  exan- 
tliematic  disease,  consisting  of  a  constitutional  febrile 
affection,  and  a  cutaneous  eruption.  The  cutaneous 
eruption  is  first  a  papule,  the  top  of  which  becomes 
a  vesicle,  and  then  a  pustule,  and  finally  forms  a  thick 
crust  which  sloughs  after  a  certain  time,  often  leav- 
in"  a  pit  or  scar.  This  disease  is  propagated  exclu- 
sively by  contagion  or  infection,  and  is  very  danger- 
MUs  when  it  occurs  casually.  It  is  called,  technically, 
ViRioLi.     It  has  several  quite  distinct  varieties. 

SMALL'- WARES,  7i.  pi.  The  name  given,  in  co;7i- 
m'crce,  to  various  small,  textile  articles,  as  tapes, 
braid,  sash-cord,  fringe,  &c.  McCullock. 

SMAL'LY,  (smawl'ly,)  ado.  In  a  little  quantity  or  de- 
"fee  ;  with  minuteness.     \LMc  used.]        Jlschavi. 

S.MALT,  71.  [D.  smrhcii,  Dan.  smelter,  to  melt;  G. 
.'ciimel:,  from  schmcheii,  to  melt,  to  smelt ;  Sw.  .s-nia(t, 
id. ;  a  word  formed  on  iitel:.] 

Common  glass  tinged  of  a  fine  deep  blue,  by  the 
p  -otoxyd  of  cobalt. 

SMALT'INE,  71.  Gray  cobalt;  tin-white  cobi-'t,  con- 
sisting of  arsenic  and  cobalt. 

SMAR'.\GD,  71.     [Gr.  opapayios.] 
The  emerald. 

SMA-RAG'DINE,  (-din,)  a.  [L.  .fmaragdmiis,  from 
the  Greek.] 

Pertaining  to  emerald;  consisting  ol  emerald,  or 
resembling  it ;  of  an  emerald-green. 

S.M.\-R.'iG'Dn'E,  71.     A  mineral;  called  also  Gbeen 

DiALLAGE.  ^  ^'"^* 

SJIXRT,  71.  [D.  smcrt:  G.  schnerz ;  Dan.  .S7iier(e. 
This  word  is  probably  formed  on  the  root  of  L.  a77ia- 
7-us,  bitter,  that  ia,  sharp,  like  Fr.  piquant.     See  the 


Class  Mr,  No.  7.1 


SMSR'TLE,  (smlr'tl,)  v.  ..    To  waste  away. 
With    keen    pain ;    as. 


[M'ot  til  I 
Bay. 
to   ache 


use.\ 
S.M.^RT'LY,  ado. 
smartUj. 
■2.  U'riskly  ;  sharply ;  wittily. 

3.  Vigorously;  actively.  Clarendon. 

4.  Showily;    in    a    showy   manner;   as,  sviarlly 
dressed. 

S.MXRT'-MON-EY,  7i.  Money  jiaid  by  a  person  to 
buy  himself  off  from  some  unpleasant  engagement 
or  some  painful  situation. 

2.  Money    allowed  to  soldiers  or  sailors  in   the 
English  service,  for  wounds  and  injuries  received. 

Orosc. 
SMaRT'NESS,  71.      The   quality   of  being   smart   or 
pungent ;  poignancy  ;  lus,  the  smartness  of  pain, 
a.  (iuickness ;  vigor ;  as,  the  smartness  of  a  blow. 

Botjle. 

3.  Liveliness  ;  briskness  ;  vivacity  ;  wiltiuess  ;  as, 
the  .s-i7iiirtii6ss  of  a  reply  or  of  a  phrase.  Swtfl. 

SMART'-TICK-ET,  11.  A  certifiKite  given  to  wound- 
ed seamen,  entitling  them  to  slnart-mouey. 

Brande. 

SMXRT'-WEED,  ii.  .\  name  given  to  the  arse-smart, 
or  Polygonum  punctatiim,  on  account  of  its  acri- 
mony, which  produces  smarting  if  applied  where 
the  skin  is  tender. 

SM.'iSH,  71.  (.  [Probably  mash,  with  a  prefix.]  To 
break  in  pieces  by  violence ;  to  dash  to  pieces ;  to 
crush. 

is  broken  and  smashed  O  pieces. 


Here  every  Ihin 


root  l-iO,  Ar.  y^    marra. 

1.  auiek,  pungent,  lively  pain  ;  a  pricking,  local 
pain,  as  the  jiain  from  puncture  by  nettles  ;  as,  the 
smart  of  bodily  punishment. 

a.  Severe,  pungent  pain  of  mind  ;  pungent  griel ; 
as,  the  .sTiifli-t  of  affliction. 
SM.^RT,  t'.  i.     [Sax.  smcortan  ;  D.  smcrten ;  tr.  schmer- 
leni  Dan.  snicrter.]  . 

1.  To  feel  a  lively,  pungent  pain,  particularly  a 
pungent,  local  pain  from  some  piercing  or  irritating 
application.  Thus  Cayenne  pepper,  applied  to  the 
tongue,  makes  it  smart. 

a.  To  feel  a  pungent  pain  of  mind ;  to  feel  sharp 
jiain  ;  as,  to  smart  under  sufferings. 

3.  To  be  punished  ;  to  bear  penalties  or  the  evil 
consequences  of  any  thing. 

He  Oiiil  is  surely  for  a  slranger  sh.ill  siiiaiT  for  il.  — Prov.  xi. 
SMaRT,  a.    Pungent;   pricking;   causing  a  keen,  lo- 
cal pain  ;  as,  a  smart  lash  or  stroke  ;  a  smart  quality 
or  taste.  Shak.     Granvdle. 

2.  Keen  ;  severe  ;  poignant ;  as,  smart  pain  or  suf- 
ferinss. 

3.  (luick  ;  vigorous  ;  sharp  ;  severe  ;  as,  a  .iiiiiii-( 
skirmish. 

■I.  Brisk  ;  fresh  ;  .as,  a  smart  breeze. 
:,.  Acute  and  pertinent ;  witty  ;  as,  a  smart  reply  ; 
a  smart  saving. 
Li.  Brisk  ;  vivacious  ;  as,  a  smart  rhetorician. 

Who,  for  Ihe  poor  renown  of  Ijeing  emart, 

Would  leave  a  sting  within  a  brolher'a  lie;\rl !  Youtt^. 

7.  Dressed  in  a  shov\'y  manner. 
SMaRT,  71.     A    cant  word  for  a  fellow  that  affects 

briskness  and  vivacity. 
SM.HRT'KV,  1).  t.    To  make  smart.     [.r\/ot  in  use.] 
SMSRT'ER,  a.  ernip.     More  smart. 
SMXRT'EST,  a.  su/Jcri.     Most  smart. 


{Vidgar.] 
Burke. 
SMASH'£D,  (smasht,)  jip.  or  o.    Dashed  to  pieces. 
SMASH'ING,  ppr.     Dashing  to  pieces. 
SMASH'ING,  71.    State  of  being  smashed. 
SMATCIl,  71.     [CoiTiiptcd  from  smack.] 

1.  Taste;  tincture.     [JVo(  in  ii^s-e,  or  vii^^-c.a] 
a.  A  bird. 
SMAT'TER,  71.  !.     [Qu.  Dan.  smauer,  to  smack,  to 
make  a  noise  in  chewing  ;  Sw.  smatlra,  to  crackle  ; 
Ice.  sma^dr.     It  contains  the  elements  of  iiiiiMer.] 
I.  To  talk  superficially  or  ignorantly. 

Of  slate  aflairs  you  cannot  suuiUer.  ^icift. 

a.  To  have  a  slight  taste,  or  a  slight,  superficial 
knowledge. 
SMAT'TER,  11.    Slight,  superficial  knowledge. 

Temple. 
SM.\T'TER-ER,  7i.    One  who  has  only  a  slight,  su- 
perficial knowledge.  Swift. 
SMAT'TEK-ING,  ii.    A  slight,  superficial  knowledge. 

[  This  is  the  word  commonhj  nsed.] 
SMEAR,  7'.  (.  [Sax.  smm'an,  smirian;  D.  smeeren  ;  G. 
schmieren;  Dan.  smiirer !  Sw.  smorja  ;  Sr.smcaram; 
Riiss.  viarayu  ,•  D.  smeer ;  G.  schmier,  gre.ise,  tallow  ; 
Ir.  sincar,  id. ;  Sw.  and  Dan.  .wior,  butter,  ftu.  its 
alliance  with  marrow,  marl,  mire,  from  its  softness. 
See  Class  Mr,  No.  II),  21.] 

1.  To  overspread  with  any  tiling  unctuous,  vis- 
cous, or  adhesive  ;  to  besmear  ;  to  daub  ;  as,  to  smear 
any  thing  with  oil,  butter,  pitch,  &c.     . 

Milton.     Dryden. 
3.  To  soil ;  to  contaminate  ;  to  pollute ;  as,  smeared 
with  infamy.  S/ia/;. 

SMeAR,ii.    A  fat,  oily  substance ;  ointment.     [Little 

vsed.] 
SMeAR'ED,  pp.     Overspread  with  soft  or  oily  mat- 
ter ;  soiled. 
SMeAR'ING,  m""-     Overspreading  with   any  thing 

soft  and  oleaginous  ;  soiling. 
SMEAR'Y,  a.    That  smears  or  soils;  adhesive.     [Lit- 
tle used.]  RoiC'- 
SMeATH,  71.    A  sea-fowl. 
SMECTITE,  71.     [Gr.  (t;ii/icti{,  deterging.] 

An  argillaceous  earth  ;  fuller's  earth  ;  so  called 
from  its  property  of  taking  grease  out  of  cloth,  &c. 

Pinkerton. 
SMEETH,  u.  (.     To  smoke.     [JVoe  in  use.] 
SMEETH,  71.  (.     To  smooth.     [JVort/i  of  Enshmd.] 

lialliwell. 
S.MEG-MAT'ie,  n.     [Gr.  o;ii))  /la,  soap.] 

Being  of  the  nature  of  soap ;  soapy ;  cleansing  ; 
detersive. 
SMELL,  V.  t. ;   pret.   and   pp.  Smelled,  Smelt.      [I 
have  not  found  this  word  in  any  other  language.] 

To  perceive  by  the  nose,  or  by  the  olfactory  nerves  ; 
to  have  a  sensation  excited  in  certain  organs  of  the 
nose  by  particular  qualities  of  a  body,  which  are 
transmitted  in  fine  particles,  often  from  a  distance  ; 
as,  to  smell  a  rose ;  to  smell  perfumes. 

To  smell  out,  is  a  low  [ilirase  signifying  to  find  out 


by  sagacity. 


L'Estrange. 


To' smell  a  rat,  is  a  low  phrase  signifying  to  sus- 
pect strongly. 
SMELL,  V.  i.    To  affect  the  olfactory  nerves  ;  to  have 
an  odor  or  particular  scent;  followed  bye/;  as,  to 
smell  of  smoke  ;  to  .smell  of  musk. 

9.  To  have  a  particular  tincture  or  smack  of  any 
quality  ;  as,  a  report  smells  of  calumny.  [JWit  ele- 
gant.] Sliak. 

3.  To  practice  smelling.    Ezod.  xxi.  Sliak. 

4.  To  exercise  sagacily. 

SMELL,  71.    The  sense  or  faculty  by  which  certain 
qualities  of  bodies  are  perceived  through  the  instru- 


SMI 

inentiilily  til'  the  olfactoiy  nerves  ;  or  llic  farulty  of 
percciviiij:;  by  the  organs  of  the  nose  ;  one  of  the  five 
senSns.  In  some  species  of  beasts,  the  snu-il  is  re- 
markably acute,  particularly  in  the  canine  aperies. 

0.  Scent ;  oiior  ;  t!ie  quality  of  bodies  wlneh  af- 
fects the  olfactory  organs ;  as,  the  sjnell  of  mint ;  the 
tmicll  of  geranium. 

The  BW'.-clc*t  nmeU,  in  the  uir  In  lliat  of  Ihe  white  tloubte  violet. 

JBacoti. 

SJISPJI".'"^^'  \  F'c«-  and  })]>.  of  Smell. 

bM  EjU  t  ,  ) 

SMELL'EIi,  II.    One  that  smells. 
SMELL  FkAST,  7(.     [siiiell  and  feasl.'\     One  that  is 
apt  to  iiud  and  frequent  good  tables;  an  epicure  ;  a 
parasite.  VEstraii're. 

SMELL'ING,  rpr.  Perceiving  by  the  olfactory 
nervoy. 

SMELLTNG,  n.  The  sense  by  which  odors  are  pt-r- 
ceivijd. 

SMELL'ING-BOT-TLE,  w.  A  small  bottle  fill.it 
with  something  suited  to  stimulate  the  nose  and  ir 
vive  the  s|)irits.  ►4''"''- 

SMELT.     See  Smelled, 

SMELT,  n.  [Sax.]  A  small  fish  that  is  very  delirali; 
food.  It  is  of  the  genus  Osmerus,  belonging  to  Ihr 
salmon  family.  It  emits  a  peculiar  odor,  which  has 
been  compared  to  tlic  smell  of  cucumbers,  green 
rushes,  or  violets.  The  sand-smelt  is  the  same  as  the 
alherine,  which  see.  Jardinc^s  J^at.  Lib. 

SMELT,  V.  t.  [D.  smdten;  G.  schmehen;  Dan.  smel- 
ter ;  Sw.  smUlta,  to  melt.  This  is  melty  with  s  jire- 
fixed.j 

To  melt  or  fuse,  as  ore,  for  the  purpose  of  separating 
the  metal  from  extraneous  substances. 

SMELT'ED,  2>p.  or  a.  Melted  for  the  extraction  of 
the  metul. 

SMELT'EU,  71.     One  that  melts  ore. 

SMELT'ER-Y,   n.      A  house  or  place  for  smelting 

-  ores. 

SMELT'ING,  ppr.     Melting,  as  ore. 

SMELT'ING,  H.  The  operation  of  melting  or  fusing 
ores  fur  the  purpose  of  extracting  the  metal. 

SMEIIK,  V.  i.     [Sax.  !>mcrcta}i.] 

1.  To  smile  affectedly  or  wantonly.  Sioift. 

2.  To  look  alTectedly  soft  or  kind  ;  as,  a  .^laerkiiig 
countenance  ;  a  sim-rkin^  grace.  Young. 

SMEllK,  n.     An  affected  smile. 

Imerk'y,  \  ^-    ^^^°  '  ^"^^''^  '  •'^"^•'' 

So  siwrk,  so  smooth,  be  pricked  bts  cars.  Spetiser. 

SMER'LIN.n.     A  fish.  MnsjcorVi. 

SMEW,  (smu,)  n.  A  migratory  aquatic  fowl,  the 
Mcrgus  albellus  ;  also  called  White  Nun. 

Ed.  Enajc. 
SMICK'ER,  V.   i.      [Sw.  sinickra,    to    flatter,   Dan. 
smiirer.] 
To  smerk  ;  to  look  amorously  or  wantonly. 

Kersey. 
SMICK'ER-ING,    ppr.      Smerking;    smiling   aflect- 

edly. 
SMICK'ER-ING,  n.     An  affected  smile  or  amorous 

look. 
SMICK'ET,  71. ;  dim.  of  Smock.     [JSTot  used.] 
SMID'DY,  7i.     [Sax.  smitlitha.] 

A  smithery  or  smith's  woi  Kshop.     [JVot  in  use.] 
SMTGHT,  for  Smite,  in  Spenser,  is  a  mistake. 
SMIL'A-CIN,  n.     [Gr.  o-^iXuf ;  L.  svtilaz,  the  modern 
name  of  a  genus  of  plants.] 

A  white  crystallizable  compound,  considered  to  be 
the  active  principle  of  the  officinal  species  of  srniiaz, 
or  sarsapaidla.  It  is  tasteless  when  solid,  but  bitter 
in  solution.  It  is  now  ascertained  to  be  an  acid,  and 
is  called  Parillinic  Acid.  Tulbj. 

SMILE,  V.  i.     [Sw.  smila  :  Dan.  smiler.] 

1.  To  contract  the  features  of  the  face  in  such  a 
manner  as  to  express  pleasure,  moderate  joy,  or  love 
and  kindness  ;  the  contrary  to  Frown. 

The  aniiling  infant  in  his  hand  shall  t^ike 

The  crested  basilisk  and  apecliled  miake.  Pope. 

She  Biniled  to  see  the  doughty  liero  Elain.  rope. 

2.  To  express  slight  contempt  by  a  smiling  look, 
implying  sarcasm  or  pity  ;  to  sneer. 

'Tw.is  wliat  1  sixirt  to  Cragffs  and  Child, 

Who  praised  my  inwdesiy  and  amiled.  Pope. 

:i.  To  look  gav  and  joyous  ;  or  to  have  an  appear- 
ance to  excite  jo'y  j  as,smiling  spring ;  smiling  plL-n(y. 

The  di-'wrt  tmiled, 
And  iMiailioL-  wm  op..-iiMl  in  the  wild.  Pope. 

4.  To  be  propitious    or   favorable;  to  favor;  to 
countenance.    May  Heaven  smile  on  our  labors. 
SMILE,  V.  f.    To  awe  with  a  contemptuous  smile 

Young. 
SMILE,  n.    A  peculiar  contraction  of  the  features  of 
tho  face,  which  naturally  expresses  pleasure,  nioil- 
erate   joy,    approbation,  or   kindness;   opposed  lo 
Fitowx. 

Sweet  jjacrcoiiRe  of  looks  and  smiles.  MilU>'>. 

the  smiles  of 


2.  Gay  or  joyous  appearance ; 

propitiousness  ; 


spline. 

3.  Favor ;  countenance 
sinilcs  of  Providence. 

4.  An  expression  of  countenance,  resembling 


the 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.-MeTE,  PREY.-PTNE,  MARINE,  BIRD.-NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQQK.- J 


1044 


SMO 

smile,  but  indicative  of  opposite  feelings,  as  con- 
ttruipt,  scorn,  &c. ;  as,  a  scornful  ^mi/e. 

S.MiLE  LESS,  a.    Not  having  a  smile.  * 

SMIL'ER,  n.     One  who  smiles. 

SMTL'IXG,  ppr.  or  a.  Having  a  smile  on  Iho  coun- 
tenance ;  looking  jovous  or  gay  ;  looking  propitious. 

SMiL'ING-LY,  adv.    'U'ith  a  look  of  pleasure. 

S-MrL'IXG-NESS,  n.    Slate  of  being  smiling.    Byr(m. 

SMILT,  for  Smelt.     [Ay£  in  ?tse.] 

SMIRCH,  (smurch,)  v.  t.  [from  nmri,  murky.'\  To 
cloud ;  to  dusk ;  to  soil ;  as,  to  smirch  the  face,  [iow.] 

Hhak. 

SMIRK,  (smurk,)  v.  i.  To  look  aflectedly  soft  or 
kind.     [See  Smerk.I  Young. 

SMIT,  sometimes  used  for  Smitten.     [See  Smite.] 

SMiTE,  r.  U  ;  preU  Smote  ;  pp.  Smitten,  Smit.  [Sax. 
sniitan,  to  strike  j  smitaii  ofer  or  on,  to  put  or  place, 
that  is,  to  throw  j  D.  smutciiy  to  smite,  to  cast  or 
throw  ;  G.  schmeisseTt^  to  smite,  to  fling,  to  kick,  to 
cast  or  throw,  to  fall  down,  that  is,  to  throw  one's 
self  down  ;  Sw.  smida,  to  hanmier  or  forge  ;  Dan. 
sinidrr,  to  forge,  to  Strike,  to  coin,  to  invent,  devise, 
counterfeit ;  D.  sineeden^  to  forge ;  G.  Schmieden,  to 
coin,  forge,  invent,  fabricate.  The  latter  verb  seems 
tc  be  formed  on  thenoun^cAmierf,  asmith,or.-;c/im!c(ie, 
a  forge,  which  is  from  the  root  of  smite.  This  verb 
is  the  L.  Tnitto,  Fr.  mcttre,  with  5  prefixed.  Class 
ild  or  Ms.  It  is  no  longer  in  common  use,  though 
not  entirely  obsolete.] 

1.  To  strike  ;  to  throw,  drive,  or  force  against,  as 
the  fist  or  hand,  a  stone  or  a  weapon  ;  to  reach  with 
a  blow  or  a  weapon  ;  as,  to  smite  one  v/ith  the  fist ; 
to  smite  with  a  rod  or  with  a  stone. 


Whosoever  shiU  smi^s  thee  on  Ihy  r 
other  also. —  Malt.  v. 


;ht  check,  turn  to  lum  liie 


2.  To  kill ;  to  destroy  the  life  of  by  beating,  or  by 
weapons  of  any  kind ;  as,  to  smite  one  with  the 
sword,  or  with  an  arrow  or  other  engine.  David 
smots  Goliath  with  a  sling  and  a  stone.  The  Philis- 
tines were  often  smitten  with  great  slaughter. 

[This  word,  like  Slay,  usually  or  always  carries 
with  it  something  of  its  original  signification,  that 
of  beating,  striking,  the  primitive  mode  of  killing. 
We  never  apply  it  to  the  destruction  of  life  by  poison, 
by  accident,  or  by  legal  execution. 

3.  To  blast ;  to  destroy  hfe  j  as  by  a  stroke  or  by 
something  sent. 

The  flax  and  the  barley  were  smitten.^  Elx.  ix. 

4.  To  afflict ;  to  chasten  ;  to  punish. 

Let  ns   not  mistake  God's  ^oodness,  uor  imagine,  because  he 
tmiUs  as,  that  we  are  lorsaken  by  him.  Wake, 

5.  To  strike  or  affect  with  passion. 

See  what  the  charms  that  emite  the  simple  heart-  Pope. 

Smil  with  the  love  of  sister  arts  we  came.  Pope. 

To  smite  with  the  tongue ;   to  reproach  or  upbraid. 
Jer.  xviii. 
SMITE,  V.  i.    To  strike  ;  to  collide. 

The  heart  melteih,  and  the  knees  smite  lojeUier.  —  Neh,  ii. 
SMITE,  n.     A  blow.     [Local] 
SMIT'ER,  71.    One  who  smites  or  strikes. 

I  gaTe  hjj  back  to  th^  smilera.  — Is.  1. 

SMITJf ,  71.    [Sax.  smith ;  Dan.  and  Sw.  smcd  ;  D.  smit ; 
G.  sckmied:  from  smiting.] 

1.  Literally,  the  striker,  the  beater  ;  hence,  one  who 
Torges  with  the  hammer  ;  one  who  works  in  metals  ; 
as,  an  iion-smith:  gold-smtth,  silvei-smitfi ,  &c. 

Xor  yet  the  STnUh  halb  learned  Va  fonn  a  sword.  Tale. 

•2.  He  that  makes  or  effects  any  thing.     Dryden. 
Hence  the  name  Smith,  which,  from  the  number 
of  workmen  employed  in  working  melals  in  early 
ages,  is  supposed  to  be  more  common  than  any  other. 
SMITH,  V.  t.     [Sax.  smithian,  to  fabricate  out  of  metal 
by  hammering.] 
To  beat  into  shape  ;  to  forge.     [jVoi  in  use.] 

Chaucer. 
i=:MITII'€RAFT,  n.      [smitJi  and  craft.]     The  art  or 

occupation  of  a  smith.     [Little  used.]  Rale'rh. 

SMITH'ER-Y,  71.    The  workshop  of  a  smith. 

£!.  Work  done  by  a  smith.  Burke. 

SMITH'IXG,  71.    The  act  or  art  of  working  a  mass  of 

iron  into  the  intended  shape.  .Moxon. 

SMITH-So'NI-AX,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  derived  from 
Smithson,  an  Engli.sh  gentleman  who  has  given  by 
legacy  a  large  sum  of  money  to  the  United  States,  for 
the  foundation  and  support  of  an  institution  for  the 
diffusion  of  learning. 
SMITH-T,  n.     [Sax.  smithtlia.] 

The  shop  of  a  smith.     [Selilom  used.] 
SJUT'IXG,  p;>r.    Sinking j  killing;   afflicting;  pun- 
ishing. 
SMITT,  71.    The  finest  of  the  clayey  ore  made  up  into 
balls,  used  for  marking  sheep.  Woodicard. 

,  SMIT'T.EX,  (smit'n,)p;7.  of  Smite.    Struck;    killed. 

2.  Affected  with  some  passion  ;  excited  by  beauty 
or  something  impressive. 

;    SMIT'TLE,  r.  U     [from  smUe.]     To  infect.     [Local] 

SMl?'?USHi-     I^f-'^''^*"-  ^'''"'"'"• 

SMOCK,  n,     fSax.  i-moc.] 

1.  A  shift;  a  chemise;  a  woman's  under  gar- 
ment. 


SMO 

2.  In  composition,  it  is  used  for  female,  or  what  re- 
lates to  women  ;  as,  i-mocA-treason.  B.  Jonson. 

3.  A  smock-frock,  which  see.         Ji!.  F.  Tupper. 
SMOCK'-FAC-i:D,   C-Histe,)   a.       [smock    and   face.] 

Pale-faced ;  maidenly ;  having  a  feminine  coun- 
tenance or  complexion.  Fcnton. 

SMOCK'-FROCK,  n,  [smocU  and  frock.]  A  coarse, 
linen  frock  or  shirt  worn  over  the  coat  by  farm-labor- 
ers. HaUiwell 

SMOCK'-MILL,  71.  A  wind-mill  whose  top  is  the 
only  part  which  turns  to  meet  the  wind.     Francis. 

SMOCK'-RaCE,  7^.  A  race  run  by  women  for  the 
prize  of  a  fine  smock.  J^orth  of  Ewrland. 

SMOCK'LESS,  a.    Wanting  a  smock.  Chaucer. 

SMoKE,  71.  [Sax.  smoca,  smec,  smic;  G.  schmauch;  D. 
smook  ;  W.  ysmwg,  from  mwg,  smoke ;  Ir.  much  ;  al- 
lied to  muggy,  and  I  think  it  allied  to  the  Gr.  (rpvxiOi 
to  consume  slowly,  to  waste.] 

1.  The  exhalation,  visible  vapor,  or  substance  that 
escapes  or  is  expelled  in  combustion  from  the  sub- 
stance burning.  It  is  particularly  applied  to  the  vol- 
atile matter  expelled  from  vegetable  matter,  or  wood, 
coal,  peat,  <fec.  The  matter  expelled  from  metallic 
substances  is  more  generally  called  Fume,  Fumes. 

2.  Vapor ;  water}'  exhalations. 

SMoIvE,  V.  i.  [Sax.  smocian,  smecan,  smican;  Dan. 
sm'ogcr  ;  D.  smoaken :  G.  schmauchen.] 

1.  To  emit  smoke  ;  to  throw  off  volatile  matter  in 
the  form  of  vapor  or  exhalation.  Wood  and  other 
fuel  smokes  when  burning;  and  smokd-  most  when 
there  is  the  least  flame. 

2.  To  burn  ;  to  be  kindled  ;  to  rage  ;  in  Scripture. 

Tlic  angler  of  the  Lord  and  hU  jealousy  shall  smoke  a^inst  tliat 
man.  — Dcut,  ixut. 

3.  To  raise  a  dust  or  smoke  by  rapid  motion. 

Proud  of  Ilia  steeds,  he  sinokes  along  the  field.  Dnjtlen. 

4.  To  smell  or  hunt  out ;  to  suspect. 

I  began  to  smoke  that  tliey  were  a  parcel  of  mummers.     [Liltie 
used.\  Addison. 

5.  To  use  tobacco  in  a  pipe  or  cigar,  by  kindling 
the  tobacco,  drawing  the  smoke  into  the  mouth,  and 
puffing  it  out. 

6.  To  suffer  ;  to  be  punished. 

Some  of  you  shatl  smclte  for  it  in  Rome.  ShaJc. 

SMoICE,  7;.  t.  To  apply  smoke  to  ;  to  hang  in  smoke  ; 
to  scent,  medicate,  or  dry  by  smoke  ;  as,  to  smuke  in- 
fected clothing  ;  to  sinoke  beef  or  hams  for  preser- 
vation. 

2.  To  smell  out ;  to  find  out. 

He  was  first  smoked  by  llie  old  Lonl  La/eu.  [Noio  little  tised.] 

S.\ak. 

3.  To  sneer  at;  to  ridicule  to  the  face.     Concn-eve. 
SMoKE'-CLOUD,  n.     A  cloud  of  smoke.     Hemans. 
SMoKE'-€OX-SuM'ING,  a.    Consuming  smoke. 
SMoK'ZTD,  (smokt,)  pp.  or  a.    Cured,  cleansed,  or 

dried  in  smoke. 

SMoKE'-DRl-£D,  (-drlde,)  a.   Dried  in  smoke.  Irving. 

SMoKE'-DRY,  V.  t.    To  dry  by  smoke.     MoHimer. 

SMoKE^-JACk,  7?.  An  engine  for  turning  a  spit  by 
means  of  a  fly  or  wheel  turned  by  the  current  of  as- 
cending air  in  a  chimnej-. 

SMoKE'LESS,  a.  Having  no  smoke ;  as,  smokeless 
towers.  Pope. 

SMoK'ER,  Ti.    One  that  dries  by  smoke. 

9.  One  that  uses  tobacco  by  inhaling  its  smoke 
from  a  pipe  or  cigar. 

SMoKE'-SaIL,  71.  A  small  sail  hoisted  before  the 
funnel  of  a  vessel's  galley,  to  allow  the  smoke  to  rise 
before  it  is  blown  aft  by  the  wind,  Totien. 

SMOK'I-LY,  adv.     So  as  to  be  full  of  smoke. 

SMoK'I-NESS,  ji.     The  state  of  being  smoky.  ,^sh. 

SMoK'ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Emitting  smoke,  as  fuel,  &c. 
2.  Applying  smoke  for  cleansing,  drj'ing,  &c. 
JJ.  Using  tobacco  in  a  pipe  or  cigar. 

SMoK'ING,  n.    The  act  of  emitting  smoke. 

2.  The  act  of  applying  smoke  to. 

3.  The  act  or  practice  of  inhaling  tobacco  smoke 
from  a  pipe  or  cigar. 

SMoK'Y,  a.  Emitting  smoke  ;  fumid ;  as,  smoky 
fires.  Dryden. 

2.  Having  the  appearance  or  nature  of  smoke  ;  as, 
a  smoky  fog.  Harvey. 

3.  Filled  with  smoke,  or  with  a  vapor  resembling 
it ;  thick.  New  England,  in  autumn,  frequently  has 
a  smoky  atmosphere. 

4.  Subject  to  be  filled  with  smoke  from  the  cliim- 
neys  or  fireplaces  ;  as,  a  smoky  house 

5.  Tarnished  with  smoke;  noisome  with  smoke; 
OS,  smokif  rafters  ;  smoky  cells.      J\[ilto7i.     Denkam. 

SMoL'DER-ING ;  the  more  desirable  orthography  of 
Smouldering,  which  see. 

To  suffocate  or  smother.     [jVof.  in  u^c.]       JUore. 

SMOOTH,  a.     [Sax.  smetJic,  smocth ;  W.  esmtcyth,  from 

mwytlt ;  allied  to  L.  viitis,  Ir.  myth,  TTiaotA,  soft,  tender.] 

1.  Having  an  even  surface,  or  a  surface  so  even 
that  no  roughness  or  points  are  perceptible  to  the 
touch;  not  rough;  as,  .smooth  glass;  smooth  por- 
celain. 

The  ontllnes  iimst  be  smooth,  imperceptible  to  tlie  touch. 

Dryden. 


SMO 

2.  Evenly  spread ;  glossy ;  as,  a  mnootJt-h^Te^ 
horse.  Pope^ 

3.  Gently  flowing;  moving  equably;  not  rtifHed 
or  undulating ;  as,  a  smooth  stream  ;  smootJi  Adonis. 

Milton. 

4.  That  flows  or  is  tittered  without  stops,  ob^ruc- 
tion,  or  hesitation  ;  voluble ;  even  ;  not  harsh  ;  as, 
smooUi  verse ;  smooth  eloquence. 

Whr:i  aa*e  .Mincrra  ro*e, 
From  tier  sweet  lipi  tmaoih  elocution  flows.  «7ay. 

5.  Bland;  mild;  soothing;  flattering. 

This  emoosh  discourse  and  mild  behavior  oil 

Conc&it  a  traitor.  Adduon, 

6.  In  botany,  glabrous ;  having  a  slippery  surface 
void  of  roughness. 

SMOOTH,  71.     That  which  is  Rmooth:  the  smoolb 
part  of  any  thing  ;  as,  the  smooth  of  the  neck.     Qen. 
xxvii. 
SMOOTH,  V.  t.     [Sax.  smeViian.] 

3.  To  make  smooth  ;  to  make  even  on  the  surface 
by  any  means  ;  as,  to  smooth  a  board  with  a  plane  ; 
to  smooth  cloth  with  an  iron. 

And  smoothed  the  ruffled  sea.  Dryden. 

2.  To  free  from  obstruction  ;  to  make  easj*. 

Thon,  Abelard,  the  last  sad  office  pay, 

And  smooth  my  passage  to  the  realties  of  day.  Psf€. 

3.  To  free  from  harshness ;  to  make  flowing. 

In  llieir  moiiona  h-trmony  divine 

So  smooths  her  ch.irrning  tone*.  Milion. 

4.  To  palliate  ;  to  soften  ;  as,  to  smootli  a  faulL 

Shak. 

5.  To  calm;  to  mollify;  to  allay. 

Ench  pertnrbatioa  smoothed  with  oulward  cairn.  I^tUlon. 

6.  To  ease. 

The  difficulty  sjnoothed,  Xhydsn. 

7.  To  flatter  ;  to  soften  with  blandishments. 


EecauE'?  1  c;tn  not  flatter  and  loylt  fair, 

Smile  in  m'.'u's  fjces,  smootli,  dcc;;ve,  and  coy. 


Shek. 


SMOOTH'-CHIN-NED,  a.    Beardless. 

SMOOTH'£D,  pp.     Made  smooth. 

SMOOTH'^N.  for  Smooth,  is  used  by  mechanics  j 
though  not,  I  beUeve,  in  the  L'nited  States. 

SMOOTH'ER,  n.    One  who  smooths. 

SMOOTH'ER,  a.;  comp.  of  Smooth. 

Sx\IOOTH'-FaC-£D,  C-f  aste,)  a.  Having  a  mild,  soft 
look  I  as,  smooth-faced  wooers.  S/ioA". 

SMOOTHING,  ppr.    Makinc  smooth. 

SMOOTH'ING-I-RON,  7i.  An  iron  instrument  with 
a  polished  face  for  smoothing  clothes  ;  a  sad-iron. 

SMOOTH'ING-PLaNE,  n.  \  small,  fine  plane,  used 
for  smootljing  and  finishing  work.  Gw'Ut, 

SMOOTH'LY,  adv.    Evenly  ;  not  roughly  or  harshly. 
2.  With  even  flow  or  motion  ;  as,  to  flow  or  glide 
smootJdy. 

Z.  Without  obstruction  or  difliculty ;  readily ;  ea- 
sily. Hooker. 
<!.  With  soft,  bland,  insinuating  language. 

SMOOTK'NESS,  n.  Evenness  of  surface ;  freedom 
from  roughness  or  asperity  ;  as,  the  smoothness  of  a 
floor  or  wall ;  smooUmess  of  the  skin  ;  sinoothncss  of 
the  water. 

2.  Softness  or  mildness  to  the  palate;  as,  tlie 
smooOmess  of  wine. 

3.  Softness  and  sweetness  of  numbers ;  easy  flow 
of  words. 

Vifffil,  though  sraDoth  where  smoothness  U  required,  is  farfrom 
"affeciJii*  it.  Drydtn. 

4.  Mildness  or  gentleness  of  speech  ;  blaudness  of 
address.  Shak. 

SMOOTH'-PaC-£Z>,  (-paste,)  a.  Having  a  smooth 
pace.  Scott. 

SM00TH'-Tt5NGU£D,  (-lungd,)<7.  Having  a  smooth 
tongue;  plausible;  flattering. 

SMoTE,  prcL  of  Smite. 

SMOTH'ER,  (smuth'er,)  v.  t.  [Allied  perhaps  to  Ir. 
smuid,  smoke;  Sax.  methgian,  to  smoke.] 

1.  To  suflbcate  or  extinguish  life  by  causing  snmke 
or  dust  to  enter  the  lungs';  to  stifle. 

2.  To  suflbcate  or  extinguish  by  closely  covering, 
and  by  the  exclusion  of  air ;  a?,  to  smotJier  a  child 
in  bed. 

3.  To  suppress  ;  to  stifle  ;  as,  to  smotJicr  the  light 
of  the  understanding.  Hooker. 

SMOTH'ER,  (smuth'er,)  v.  L    To  be  suflbcatcd. 

2.  To  be  suppressed  or  concealed. 

3.  To  smoke  without  vent.  Bacifn, 
SMOTH'ER,  (smuth'er,)  n.    Smoke  ;  thick  dust. 

SJtaJi.     Dryden. 
2.  A  state  of  suppression.     [JsTot  in  itsf.]    Bacon. 
SMOTH'ER-£D,  pp.  or  a.     Suffociled  ;  stifled;  sup- 
pressed. 
SJIOTH'ER-1-NESS,  n.    State  of  being  smother}-. 
SMOTU'ER-ING,  (smuth'-,)  "•    -^^^  of  smothering. 

.More 
SMOTH'ER-IXG,  ppr.    Suffocating :  suppressing. 
SMOTII'ER-ING-LV,  adv.     Suflocalingly  ;  suppress- 
in  gly. 
SMOTH'ER-Y,  (smuth'-,)  a.    Tending  to  smother. 
SMOUCH,  r.  (.     To  salute.     [JVot  in  use.]     Stubbes. 
SMoUL'DER,i-.  i.    To  burn  and  smoke  without  vent. 
[See  the  next  word.] 


TGNE,  BULL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CI0US.— e  as  K;  6  as  J ;  S  as  Z;  CH  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


1045 


SNA 


SNA 


SMoUL'DER-ING.wr.ora.  j[A  word  formed  from 

HMoUL'DKY,  a.  I   mcW,  nioWf r,  and  ther&- 

forpilou'^him  bcwriunn  Smcldehiko.  Perhaps  we 
have  the  word  directly  from  the  Dan.  smuler,  smuller, 
Sw.  j;iiii/a,  smata,  to  crumble  or  fall  to  dust;  Dan. 
smiM,  dust  J  which  is  from  tbe  same  root  as  mold, 
vietd,  &.C.  1 

Duriiing  and  smoking  without  vent.        Drydeii. 

SMUDGE,  ?i.     A  sulTocating  smoke.  Grose. 

S.ML'G,  a.  [D.an.  simtk,  neat,  fine;  G.  smucki  Sa.J. 
smic€rc.'\ 

^■ice  ;  neat ;  affectedly  nice  in  dress.  [JWfA  of 
Enaland.]  nallmdl. 

SMUG,  V.  t.  To  make  spruce;  to  dress  with  affected 
neatness.     [JVoi  in  iwp.]  Chaucer. 

S.MUG'GLE,  V.  t.  [Sw.  smy^a  ;  D.  smolckelm,  which 
seems  to  bo  nlllcd  to  smiag,  under  liand  ;  simiigm, 
to  eat  in  secret ;  G.  scluimgfrdn  ;  Oan.  smug,  clan- 
destinely. Wo  probably  have  the  root  iim^-  in 
hiig'rer  mugger.]  . 

1.  To  import  or  e.tport  secretly  goods  which  are 
forbidden  by  the  government  to  lie  imported  or  ex- 
ported ;  or  secretly  to  im|>ort  or  export  dutiable 
goods  without  paying  the  duties  imposed  by  law  ; 
to  run. 

2.  To  convey  clandestinely. 
SMUG'GLED,  pp.  or  a.    Imported  or  exported  clan- 
destinely and  contrary  to  law. 

SMUG'GLEK,  11.     One  that  imports  or  exports  goods 
privately  and  contrary  to  law,  either  contrabanil 
goods  or  dutiable   goods,  without  paying  the  cus- 
toms. 
2.  .\  vessel  employed  in  running  goods. 

SMUG'GLING,  ppr.  Importing  or  exporting  goods 
contrary  to  law. 

SMUG'Gl.l.N'G,  n.  The  offense  of  clandestinely  im- 
poiting  or  exporting  prohibited  goods,  or  other  goods 
without  paying  the  customs.  Blaclcslonc, 

SMUG'LY,  ado.    Neatly ;    sprucely.     [.Vol  in  use.] 

Gay. 

SMUG'NESS,  ?i.  Neatness ;  spruceness  without  ele- 
gance.    [A-ot  in  Tlse.]  Slierwood. 

S.MO'LV,    a.      Looking  smoothly  ;    demure.      [JVot 

SMUT,  n.  [Dan.  strmdss  .Sax.  smiua;  D.  smct,  a  spot 
or  stain ;  Sw.  jmitta,  to  taint ;  U.  smoddig,  dirty, 
smodderen,  to  smut;  G.  schmutt.] 

1.  A  spot  made  with  soot  or  coal ;  or  the  foul  mat- 
ter itself. 

2.  .*  parasitic  fungus,  which  forms  on  grain. 
Sometimes  the  whole  ear  is  blastid  and  converted 
into  smiu.  'I'his  is  often  the  fact  with  maize. 
Smut  lessens  the  value  of  wheat. 

3.  Obscene  language. 
SMUT,  t".  (.    To  stain  or  mark  with  smut ;  to  blacken 

with  coal,  soot,  or  other  dirty  substance.    Addison. 

2.  To  taint  with  mildew.  Bacon. 

3.  To  blacken  ;  to  tarnish. 
SMUT,  ».  i.    To  gather  smut ;  to  be  converted  into 

smut. 
SMUT'-MILL,  71.    A  machine  for  cleansing  gram  from 

smut.  Farm.  Encyc. 

SMUTCH,  ».  t    [from  smolcc  s  Dan.  smUger.    Qu.] 
To  blacken  with  smoke, soot, or  coal.  B.Jonson. 
j^ote.  —  We  have  a  common  word  in  New  Eng- 
land, pronounced  smooch,  which  I  take  to  he  smutch. 
It  signifies  to  foul  or  blacken  with  something  pro- 
duced by  combustion  or  other  like  substance. 
SMUTCH'£D,  (smucllt,)  a.     Blackened  with  smoke, 

sfiot,  or  coal. 
SMUT'TI-LY,  arfo.    Blackly;  smokily;  foully. 

2.  With  obscene  language. 
SJIUT'Tl-NESS,  n.    Soil  from  smoke,  soot,  coal,  or 
smut. 
1  2.  Obscencness  of  language. 

SMUT'TY,  o.    Soiled  with  smut,  coal,  soot,  or  tlie  like. 

2.  Tainted  with  mildew  ;  as,  smutty  corn. 

3.  Obscene  ;  not  modest  or  pure  ;  as,  smutty  lan- 
guage. 

SNACK,  n.    [Uu.  from  the  root  of  snatch.] 

1.  A  share.  It  is  now  cIiicHy  or  wholly  used  in 
the  phrase,  to  go  snacks  with  one,  that  is,  to  have  a 
share.  Pope. 

-X  A  slight,  hasty  repast. 
SN.'VCK'ET,  (  n.    Tlie  hasp  of  a  casement.     [Local.] 
SNECK'ET,  (  Sherwood.     GloHt. 

SN.^iC'OT,  n.     A  fish.     [L.  aeus.]  .iinsicorth. 

SN.-\F'1"LE,  11.     [D.  sncb,  snard,  bill,  beak,  snout  ;  G. 

Dan.  and  Sw.  snabd  ,■  from  the  root  of  nib,  neb.] 
A  bridle  consisting  of  a  slender  bit-mouth,  without 

branches.  Encye. 

SNAF'FLE,  V.  L    To  bridle  ;  to  hold  or  manage  with 

a  bridle. 
SNAG,  n.     A  short  branch,  or  a  sharp  or  rough  branch  ; 

a  shoot ;  a  knot. 

Tlie  coat  of  amis 
Now  on  a  naked  tnag  m  Iriumph  ijornc.  Dryden. 

2.  A  tooth,  in  contempt ;  or  a  tooth  projecting  be- 
yond the  rest.  Pnor. 

3.  In  the  western  rivers  of  the  United  States,  the 
trunk  of  a  large  tree  firmly  fixed  to  the  bottom  atone 
end,  and  rising  nearly  or  quite  to  the  surface  at  the 
other  end,  by  which  steamboats,  &c.,  are  """•■ 
pierced  and  sunk. 


often 


SNAG,  t>.  (.    To  run  against  the  branches  of  a  sunken 

tree,  as  in  American  rivers. 
S.NAG'GED,  (snagd,)  pp.     Run  against  a  snag,  or 

brancli  of  a  sunken  tree. 
SNAG'GKU,  >  a.     Full  of  snags  ;  full  of  short,  rough 
SNAG'*:Y,    (      branches  or  sharp  points  ;  abounding 

with  knots;  as,  a  snaggy  tree;  a  snaggy  stick;  a 

snaggy  oak.  Spenser.    More. 

SNaIIi,  II.     [Sax.  sniigel,  snegel:  Sw.  snigd;    Dan. 

.•iurgeli  G.  sclmecke;  dim.  from  the  root  of  snalce, 

sncalt.] 

1.  .'V  slimy,  slow-creeping  animal,  of  the  gtinus 
Helix,  and  order  of  Mollusca.  The  eyes  of  liiis  in- 
sect are  in  the  horns,  one  at  the  end  of  each,  which 
it  can  retract  at  pleasure.  Besides  these  shell-snails, 
there  are  also  snails  without  shells,  commonly  called 
Slugs,  which  see.  Encye. 

2.  ,\  drone  ;  a  slow-inoving  person.  Shaft. 
SNaIL'-€La-VER,    )  k.     a  plant  of  the  genus  Med- 
SN.^IL'-TRg'FOIL,  )      icago. 
SNAIL'-FLOW-Ell,  n.    A  plant  of  the  genus  Phase- 

olus,  allied  to  the  kidney-bean.  Loudon. 

SNAIL'-LIKE,  a.     Resembling  a  snail ;  moving  very 

slowly. 
SNAIL'-LiKE,  ado.     In   the  manner  of  a    snail ; 

slowly. 
SNAKE,  11.      [Sax.  snaea;   Dan.   snog;  G.  schnake; 
(Sans.  naga.    Uu.)    In  G.  sclmecke,  Dan.  siiekke,  is 
a  snail,  from  the  root  of  Dan.  sniger,  Ir.  snaighim. 
Sax.  snican,  to  creep,  to  sneak.] 

A  serpent  of  the  oviparous  kind,  distinguished 
from  a  viper,  says  Johnson.  But  in  America,  the 
common  and  general  name  of  serpents,  .and  so  the 
word  is  used  by  the  poets.  Dryden.     Shak. 

SNAKE,  II.  (.  In  seamen's  language,  to  wind  a  small 
rope  round  a  large  one  spirally,  the  small  ropes  lymg 
in  the  spaces  between  the  strands  of  the  large  one. 
This  operation  is  called,  also.  Worming. 
SNAKE'ROOT,  71.  [siw/icand  roo!.]  A  popularname 
applied  to  a  great  number  of  different  plants,  proba- 
bly to  50  or  100.  It  is  a  literal  translation  of  Ophior- 
rliiza,  the  name  of  a  genus  of  plants.  Some  of  the 
principal  plants  called  by  this  name  in  America  are 
the  Virginia  snakeroot,  (Aristolochia  serpenlaria,) 
black  snakeroot,  (Sanicula  Marylandica,)  seneka 
snakeroot,  (Polygala  senega,)  &c. 
SNaKE'S'-HEAD,  71.  In  railroads  constructed  by  nail- 
ing bars  of  iron  on  to  stretchers,  a  snake's-hcad  is  one 
of°the  bars  which  becomes  loose,  and,  rising  at  one 
end,  forces  its  way  into  the  cars.  America. 

SNaKE'3'-HEAD  I'RIS,  7!.     .\  bulbous  plant,  Iris 

tuberosa,  of  Arabia. 
SNAKE'WEED,  71.  [snaice  and  weed.]  .\  plant,  bis- 
tort, of  the  genus  Polygonum. 
SNAKE'WOdD,  1/.  [snake  and  wood.]  The  smaller 
branches  of' a  tree,  growing  in  the  Isle  of  Timor  and 
other  parts  of  the  East,  having  a  bitter  taste,  and 
supposed  to  be  a  certain  remedy  for  the  bite  of  the 
hooded  serpent.  f^dl. 

It  is  the  wood  of  the  Stiychnos  colubrina.    Parr. 
SNAK'ING,  ppr.     ^Vinding  small  ropes  spirally  round 

a  large  one. 
SNAK'ISH,  a.     Having  the  qualities  of  a  snake. 
SNAK'Y,  a.     Pertaining  to  a  snake  or  to  snakes ;  re- 
sembling a  snake  ;  serpentine  ;  winding. 

2.  Sly;  cunning;  insinuating;  deceitful. 

So  to  the  coast  of  Jordan  he  directs 

His  'i:\sy  swps,  ginled  wiUi  mtaky  wiles.  Milton. 

3.  Having  serpents ;  as,  a  snaky  rod  or  wand. 

Dryden. 

That  finafry-headcd  gorgon  shield.  Miitor.. 

SN.'iP,  V.  t.  [D.  snappen,  snaawen  :  G.  schmppen,  to 
snap,  to  snatch,  to  gasp  or  catch  for  breath  ;  Dan. 
snapper ;  Sw.  snappa ;  from  the  root  of  knap  and  D. 
knippen.] 

1.  To  break  at  once ;  to  break  short ;  as  sub- 
stances that  are  brittle. 

Breaks  the  doors  open,  enaps  the  locks.  Prior. 

2.  To  strike  with  a  sharp  sound.  Pope. 

3.  To  bite  or  seize  suddenly  with  the  teeth. 
AddUon.     Gay. 

4.  To  break  upon   suddenly  with  sharp,  angry 

5.  To  crack  ;  as,  to  ^71071  a  whip.  [words. 
To  snap  off;  to  break  suddenly. 

2.  To  bite  off  suddenly.  Wiseman. 
To  snap  one  up,  to  snap  one  up  sltort ;  to  treat  with 

sharp  words. 
SNAP,  V.  i.    To  break  short;   to  part  asunder  sud- 
denly ;  as,  a  mast  or  spar  snaps  ;  a  needle  snaps. 
If  sleel  is  too  hard,  that  is,  too  britUe,  with  the  least  hcnding  it 
will  «nop.  Moxon. 

a.  To  make  an  effort  to  bite  ;  to  aim  to  seize  with 
the  teeth  ;  as,  a  dog  snaps  at  a  passenger ;  a  fish 
snaps  at  the  bait. 

3.  To  utter  sharp,  harsh,  angry  words. 
SNAP,  71.    A  sudden  breaking  or  rupture  of  any  sub- 
stance. 

2.  K  sudden,  eager  bite 
to  seize,  with  the  teeth. 

3.  A  crack  of  a  whip. 

4.  A  greedy  fellow. 

5.  A  catch  ;  a  theft. 


SNA 

SNAP'DKAG-ON,  11.  A  plant.  The  popular  name 
of  several  different  plants  ;  as,  for  example,  of  a  spe- 
cies of  Antirrhinum,  of  Ruellia,  of  Barleria,  &c. 

2.  A   play  in   which  raisins  are   snatched  from 
burning  brandy,  and  put  into  the  mouth.      Taller. 

3.  The  thing  eaten  at  snapdragon.  SwifU 
SNAP'IIANCK,  71.  A  kind  of  firelock  Shelton. 
SN.VP'rWD,  (snapt,)  }■;).     Broken  abruptly;  seized  or 

bitten  suddenly;  cracked,  as  a  whip. 

SN.\I"PE1(,  n.    One  that  snaps.  Shak. 

SN.AP'PlSll,  a.  Eager  to  bite;  apt  to  snap;  as,  a 
snappish  cur. 

2.  Peevish ;  sharp  in  reply ;  apt  to  speak  angrily  or 
tartly. 

SNAP'PISII-LY,  adv.    Peevishly  ;  angrily  ;  tartly. 

SNAP'PISH-NESS,  71.  The  ql'iality  of  being  snap- 
pish ;  peevishness ;  tartness. 

SNAP'SACK,  71.    A  knapsack.    [Fnlgar.] 

SNAR,  u.  i.    To  snarl.    ( JVot  iii  use.  ]  Spenser. 

SNARE,  71.  [Dan.  S7wre ;  Sw.  syiara ;  Dan.  snore,  a 
string  or  cord,  D.  siior;  Sw.  s7iiirc,  a  line  ;  snSra,  to 
lace.] 


i  a  sudden  seizing,  or  effort 


UEstrange. 
Johnson. 


1.  An  instrument  for  catching  animals,  particularly 
birds,  by  the  leg.  It  consists  of  a  cord  or  string  with 
sli|>-knots,  in  which  the  leg  is  entangled.  A  snare  is 
not  a  net. 

2.  Any  thing  by  %vhich  one  is  entangled  and 
brought  into  trouble.    1  Coi'.  vii. 

A  fool's  lips  are  the  snare  of  his  soul.  —  Prov.  xviil. 
SNARE,  V.  t.    [Dan.  snarer.] 

To  catch  with  a  snare  ;  to  insnare  ;  to  entangle ; 
to  bring  into  unexpected  evil,  perplexity,  or  danger. 
The  wicked  is  snared  in  the  work  of  his  own  hands.  —  Ps.  [x. 
SNAR'£D, pp.    Entangled;  unexpectedly  involved  in 

difficulty. 
SNAR'ER,  71.    One  who  lays  snares  or  entangles. 
SNAR'ING,  W7-.    Entangling;  insnaring. 
SNARL,  11.  i.     [a.  schnarren,  to  snarl,  to  speak  in  the 
throat ;  D.  snar,  snappish.    This  word  seems  to  be 
allied  to  tnarl,  and  to  proceed  from  some  root  signi- 
fying to  twist,  bind,  or  fasten,  or  to  involve,  entan- 
g'le,  and  thus  to  be  allied  to  snare.] 

1.  To  growl,  as  an  angry  or  surly  dog;  to  gnatl ; 
to  utter  grumbling  sounds ;  but  it  expresses  more  vio- 
lence tiian  Grumble. 

Thai  I  should  Bmrl  and  lile,  and  play  the  dog,  Slioic. 

3.  To  speak  roughly ;  to  talk  in  rude,  murmuring 
terms. 

ll  is  malicious  and  unmanly  to  snort  at  the  iillle  lapses  of  a  pen, 
from  w  hich  Virgil  himself  stands  not  exempted.     Dryden. 

SNARL,  V.  L  To  entangle  ;  to  complicate  ;  to  involve 
in  knots ;  as,  to  snarl  the  hair ;  to  snarl  a  skein  of 
thread. 

[This  word  is  in  wiiocrsal  popular  use  m  Jrcu: 
England.] 

2.  To  embarrass. 
SNARL,  71.    Entanglement ;  a  knot  or  complicatioi,  of 

hair,  thread,  &c.,  which  it  is  difficult  to  disentangle ; 
hence,  a  contention  or  quarrel.  Haliiweli. 

[Local  in   England,  and  still   a.feii  occasionally  in 
.^mcricfl.l 
SNXRL'ER,  71.    One  who  snarls;  a  surly,  growling 

animal ;  a  grumbling,  quarrelsome  fellow.      Swijt* 
SNARL'ING,  ppr.  or  a.     Growling ;   grumbling  an- 
grily. 
2.  Entangling. 
SNAR'Y,  a.     [from  siuzi-e.]    Entangling  ;  insidious. 
Spiders  in  the  vault  Iheir  enary  webs  have  spread.      Dryden. 

SNAST,  71.     [G.  sehnaulze,  a  snout.] 

The  snuff  of  a  candle.    [JVot  in  use.]       Bacon. 
SNATCH,  c.  (. ;  pret.  and  pp.  Snatched  or  Snatcht 
[D.  snakken,  to  grasp,  to  catch  for  breath.] 

1.  To  seize  hastily  or  abruptly. 
When  half  our  knowledge  we  must  snatch,  nol  lake.      Pope. 

2.  To  seize  without  permission  or  ceremony ;  as, 
to  snatch  a  kiss. 

3.  To  seize  and  transport  away  ;  as,  snatch  me  to 
heaven.  Thomson. 

SNATCH,  11.  i.  To  catch  at ;  to  attempt  to  seize  sud- 
denly. 

Nav,  the  ladies  loo  will  be  mucking.  Sfiak. 

He'shall  tnalcll  on  the  right  hiind,  and  be  hungry.  —  la.  ix. 

SNATCH,  71.    A  hasty  catch  or  seizing. 

2.  A  catching  at  or  attempt  to  seize  suddenly. 

3.  A  short  fit  of  vigorous  action ;  as,  a  snatch  at 
weeding  after  a  shower.  Tnsser. 

4.  A  broken  or  interrupted  action ;  a  short  fit  or 
turn. 

Wilkins. 
Spectator. 

5.  A  shufllinc  answer.     [Little  used.]  Sliak. 
SNATCH'-BLOCK,  71.    A   particular  kind  of  block 

used  in  ships,  having  an  opening  in  one  side  to  re- 
ceive the  bight  of  a  rope.  J^ar.  DicL 

SNATCH'JED,  (snacht,)j7p.  Seized  suddenly  and  vi- 
olently. , 

SNATCH'ER,  71.  One  that  snatches  or  liUtes  abruptly. 

Shak. 

SNATCH'ING,  ppr.  Seizing  histUy  or  abruptly ; 
catching  at. ^ 


They  move  by  fits  and  snatches. 

We  have  ofieo  lilUe  snajchcs  of  aunsliiue 


U 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT. -METE,  PREY PINE,  MARiNE,  BIRD. -NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOQK. 


1046 


SNI 

SXATCinXG-LY,  adc.    By  snatching  ;  hastily;  ab- 
S.VX'rit,  M.    [Sax.  siurd ;  En;;,  snathe,  sneath.]      [ruplly. 

'J'he  handle  of  a  scythe.  Jv'eio  En-rland. 

[AUn  spelled  Snathe  nnd  Sneathe.]  * 

SNAf  HE,  V.  t.     [Sax.  sniddH,  snitkan.^ 

To  lop  :  t()  prune.     [JVy/  in  use.l 
SXAT'TOCK,  II.     [Suprj.]     A  chipj  a  slice.     [J^t  in 

H.vf,  or  loccL]  Qayton. 

SXr.AD,  71.    The  handle  of  a  scythe  ;  snath.     Ji^lu 
S.N'eAK,  (sneek,)  v.  i.     [Sax.  ^Kicaw  ,-  Dan.  .s^Hi^Tr,  to 
creep,  or  move  softly.    See  Snake.] 

1.  To  creep  or  steal  away  privately  ;  to  withdraw 
meanly,  as  a  i>erson  afraid  or  ashamed  to  be  seen  ; 
as,  to  sneak  away  from  company  j  to  sneak  into  a 
corner,  or  behind  a  screen. 

Yyu  skulked  Ix'hiiul  1I15  fence,  ftnd  sneaked  away.       Drydcn, 

2.  To  behave  with  meanness  and  servility ;  to 
crouch ;  to  truckle. 

WiU  stieaks  j.  schvcuer,  an  exceeding  knave.  Pope, 

PNkAK,  r.  (.     To  bide.     [JVvt  in  use.]  Wa\e. 

SNf.AK,  n.    A  mean  fellow. 

SXeAK'ER,  ;(.     A  small  vessel  of  drink.     [LocaL] 

Spectator. 
S.VeAK'IXG,  ppr.      Creeping  away  slily  ;    stealing 
away. 
a.  a.    Mean;  servile;  crouching.  Rowe. 

3.  Meanly  parsimonious ;  covetous;  niggardly. 
SXeAK'ING^LV,  adv.   In  a  sneaking  manner ;  mean- 

lv\  Herbert. 

SNeAK'ING-NESS,  n.    IMeanness;  niggardliness. 

Boyle. 

PXeAKS'BY,  71,    A  paltry  fellow.  Barrow. 

SXkAK'UP,  n.  A  sneaking,  cowardly,  insidious  fel- 
Imv.     [JVut  used.]  Shak. 

SXkAP,  (sneep,)  v.  t.  [Dan.  snibbe,  reproach,  repri- 
mand :  snip,  the  end  or  point  of  a  thing  ;  D.  snip,  a 
S7iipe,  from  its  bill ;  snippen,  to  snip  or  7iip ;  G.  schitep- 
pe,  a  peak  ;  from  the  rout  of  neb,  nib^  nip,  with  the 
sense  of  shooting  out,  tlirusting,  like  a  sharp  point.] 

1.  To  check;  to  reprove  abruptly;  to  reprimand. 
[  Obs.]  Chancer. 

'2.  To  nip.    [0*5.1  Shale. 

SXEB,  V.  L    To  check ;   to  reprimand  j  the  same  as 

SvEAP.  Spenser. 

S.NED,     i         c  .c 
SXEAD,  i  "*    ^^^  t?--'EAi'. 

PXEEk'  11.    The  latch  of  a  door.     [JVot  in  use,  or  local] 
SXEER,  r.  (".    [from  the  root  of  L.  naris,  nose  ;  to  turn 
up  the  nose.] 

J.  To  show  contempt  by  turning  up  the  nose,  or 
by  a  particular  cast  of  countenance  ;  "  naso  snspen- 
dere  adunco." 
9.  To  insinuate  contempt  by  a  covert  expression. 
I  couJd  be  content  lo  be  a  JiiUe  sneered  at.  Pope. 

3.  To  utter  with  grimace.  Conirrcve. 

4.  To  show  mirth  awkwardly.  Tatter. 
SXEER,  n.    A  look  of  contempt ;  or  a  turning  up  of 

the  nose  to  manifest  contempt;  a  look  of  disdain, 
derision,  or  ridicule.  Pope. 

2.  An  expression  of  ludicrous  scorn.  Walts 
SXEERER,  n.    One  that  sneers. 
SXEER'FJJL,  a.    Given  to  sneering.     \jXot  in  use.] 

SheiLStone. 

SXEER'IX^G,  ppr.  or  a.  Manifesting  contempt  or  scorn 
by  turning  up  tlie  nose,  or  by  some  grimace  or  signif- 
ir:int  look. 

SXEER'ING-Ly,  adv.  With  a  look  of  contempt  or 
scorn. 

SXEEZE,  V.  i.  [Sax.  niesan;  D.  niezen;  G.  niesen; 
S\\\  mjsa ;  from  the  root  of  nose,  G.  nose,  Dan.  n^Ese, 
D.  TJCU5,  L.  nasus  ;  the  primarj*  sense  of  which  is,  to 
project.] 

To  emit  air,  chiefly  through  the  nose,  audibly  and 
violently,  by  a  kind  of  involuntary  convulsive  force, 
occasioned  by  irritation  of  the  inner  membrane  of 
the  nose.  Thus  snuff,  or  any  thing  that  tickles  the 
nc^e,  makes  one  sneeze.  SicifL 

SXEEZE,  71.  A  sudden  and  violent  ejection  of  air, 
chiefly  through  the  nose,  with  an  audible  sound. 

MtUon. 

SXEEZE'U'ORT,  (-wurt,)  n.  A  plant.  The  popular 
name  of  several  ditTerent  plants;  as  of  a  species  of 
Arliillea,  of  Xeranthemum,  ic. 

SXEEZ'IXG,ppr.    Emitting  air  from  the  nose  audibly. 

SNEEZ'IxXG,  71.  The  act  of  ejecting  air  violently  and 
audibly,  chiefly  through  the  nose  ;  sternutation. 

SNELL,  a.     [Sax.  snel.] 

Active;  brisk;  nimble.     [JVotmuse.] 

SXET,  71.  The  fat  of  a  deer.  [Local  among  sports- 
men.] 

SNEW,  old  pret.  of  S.tow.     [Obs.]  Chaucer. 

SXIB,  lo  nip  or  reprimand,  is  only  a  difllerent  spelling 
of  SsEB,  Sneap.  Hubberd's  Tale. 

SNICK,  71.  A  small  cut  or  mark;  a  latch.  [JVot  in 
use.] 

Snick  and  snee ;  a  combat  ivith  knives.     [J^ot  in 
use.] 
[Snee  is  a  Dutch  contraction  of  snyden,  lo  cut,] 

SXICK'ER, )  V.  i.     [Sw.  niit/j-g',  close.    This  can  have 

SXIG'GER,  (      no  connection  with  sneer.     The  ele- 
ments and  the  sense  are  different.] 
To  laugh  sliJy  ;  or  to  laugh  in  one's  sleeve. 

HalliweU. 


SNO 

[Ft  is  a  word  in  common  use  in  JVcw  En^lundf  not 
easily  dtjined.  It  si<rnijic^',  to  laugh  with  small,  audible 
catches  of  voice,  as  when  persons  attempt  to  suppress 
loud  laughter.] 

SNIFF,  V.  i.  To  draw  air  audibly  up  the  nose.  [See 
Sni^ff.]  SwiJ't. 

SNIFF,  V.  t.  To  draw  in  with  the  breath  Ihrouch  the 
nose.     [J\rot  in  itse.]  Todd. 

SNIFF,  71.    Perception  by  the  noso.     [JV*o£  in  use.] 

SNIFT,  V.  i.     To  snort.     [JV«(  in  use.]  [  Wartan. 

SNIFT'ING-VALVE,  71.  A  valve  in  the  cylinder  of 
a  steam  engine,  for  the  escape  of  airj  so  called  from 
the  noise  it  makes.  Francis. 

SNIG,  w.     [See  Snake.]     A  kind  of  eel.     [Local] 

SNIG'GLE,  V.  i.  [Supra.]  To  fish  for  eels,  by  thrust- 
ing the  bait  into  their  holes.     [Local]  IValton. 

SNIG'GLE,  V.  t.    To  snare  ;  to  catch.  Bcaum.  S(  Ft. 

SNIP,  V.  t.  [D.  saippen,  to  nip  ;  hnippm,  to  clip.  See 
Sneap.] 

To  clip ;  to  cut  off  tlie  nip  or  neb,  or  to  cut  off  at 
once  with  shears  or  scissors. 

SNIP,  71.     A  clip ;  a  single  cut  with  shears  or  scissors. 
Shak.     IViseman. 

2.  A  small  shred.  Wiseman. 

3.  Share;  a  snack.     [.^  low  word.]     L'Kstrangc. 
SNiPE,  n.     [D.  snip;  G.  schnepfe ;  from  neb,  nib;  so 

named  from  its  bill.] 

1.  A  bird  of  the  genus  Scolopax,  that  frequents  the 
hanks  of  rivers  and  the  borders  of  fens,  distinguished 
by  its  long,  strai^lit,  slender  bill.  The  several  species 
of  this  bird  are  highly  prized  for  food. 

2.  A  fool  ;  a  blockhead.  Shak. 
SNIP'PER,  7(.    One  that  snips  or  clips. 
SNIP'PET,  n.    A  small  part  or  share.    [JVot  in  use.] 

JIudibras. 
SNIP'PING,  ppr.    Clipping;  cutting  off  with  shears 

or  scissors. 
SNIP'SNAP;  a  cant  word,  formed  by  repeating  s/io;?, 
and  signifying  a  tart  dialogue  with  quick  replies. 

Pope. 
SNiTE,  71.  [Sax.]  A  snipe.  [JVot  in  use.]  Carew. 
SNITE,  V.  t.     [Sax.  smjian.] 

To  blow  the  nose.     [JVof  in  use.] 
In  Scotland,  suite  the  caudle  ;  snuff  it.  Orcw. 

SNITHE,  I  a.    Sharp;  piercing;  cutting;   applied  to 
SXITH'Y,  i      the  wind. 

SNIV'/;L,  (sniv'l,)  n.     [Sax.  snofel,  snyjling.    Q.u.7ie&, 
nib,  snnjf.] 
Snot ;  nmcus  running  from  the  nose. 
SNIV'£L,  v.  i.     To  run  at  the  nose. 

2.  To  cry  as  children,  with  snufling  or  sniveling. 
SNIV'£L-EU,  71.     One  that  cries  with  sniveling. 

2.  One  tliat  weeps  for  slight  causes,  or  manifests 
weakness  by  weeping. 
SNIV'£L-ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Running  at  the  nose;  cry- 
ing as  children. 
SNIV'£L-Y,(i.  Running  at  the  nose  ;  pitiful;  whining. 
SNOB,  71.    A  vulgar  person,  particularly  one  who  apes 
gentility.  Halliwelt. 

[  Used  in  England  in  various  dialects,  and  recently  in- 
troduced into  books  as  a  term  of  derision.] 

2.  In  the  Engli.sh  universities,  a  townsman,  as  op- 
posed to  a  gownsman. 

3.  A  journeyman  shoemaker  IlalUwcU. 
SNOB'BISH,  a.     Belonging  to  or  resembling  a  snob. 
SNOD,  71.     [Sax.]     A  fillet.     [JSTot  in  use,  or  local] 
SNOD,  a.     Trimmed  ;  smooth.     [Local.] 

SNOOD,  H.     In  Scotland,  the  fillet  which  binds  tlie 

hair  of  a  young  unmarried  woman.      tVultcr  Scott. 
SNOOK,  V.  i.     [Sw.  snoka.     Qu.  nook.] 

1*0  lurk  ;  to  lie  in  ambush.     [JVut  in  use.]     Scott. 
SNOOZE,  7u     A  nap.  Holloway. 

[A  low  word,  provincial  in  England,  and  sometimes 
heard  in  America.] 
SNoRE,  V.  i.     [Sax.  snorn,  a  snoring  ;  D.  snorken  ;  G. 
schnarchen ;  Sw.  snarka ;   from  the  root  of  L.  naris, 
the  nose  or  nostrils.] 
To  breathe  with  a  rougli,  hoarse  voice  in  sleep. 
Roscommon. 
SNoRE,  71.     A  breathing  with  a  harsh  noise  in  sleep. 
SNoK'ER,  71.     One  that  snores. 
SNoR'ING,  ppr.    Respiring  with  a  harsh  noise. 
SNORT,  V.  i.     [G.  schuarchen.     See  S:«ore.] 

1.  To  force  the  air  with  violence  through  the  nose, 
so  as  to  make  a  noise,  as  high-spirit^  horses  in 

2.  To  snore.  [JVot  com/non.]        [prancing  and  play. 
SNORT,  V.  t.     To  turn  up  in  anger,  scorn,  or  derision, 

as  the  nose.     [Unusual]  Chaucer. 

SNORT'ER,  n.    One  that  snorts ;  a  snorer. 
SNORT'ING,  ppr.    Forcing  the  air  violently  through 

the  nose. 
SNORT'ING,  71.    The  act  of  forcing  the  air  through 
the  nose  with  violence  and  noise.    Jer.  viii. 
2.  Act  of  snoring.     [Unusual] 
SNOT,  n.     [Sax.  snotc:  D.snot;  Dan.  id.] 

Mr^us  discharged  from  the  nose.  Swift. 

SNOT,  7!.  t.     [Sax.  snylan.] 

To  blow  the  nose.  Sherwood. 

SNOT'TER,  V.  i.     To  snivel ;  to  sob.     [Local] 
SNOT'TY,  a.     Foul  with  snot.  [O. 

9.  Mean  ;  dirty. 
SNOUT,  7/.     [W.  ysnid;  D.  siiuit;  G.  schnautie,  snoat; 
schniiutzen,  to  snuff,  to  blow  the  nose,  Sax.  snytan; 
Sw.  snyte ;  Dan.  snudc,  snout ;  snydcr,  to  snuff.] 


[  Orose. 


SNU 

1.  The  long,  projecting  nose  of  a  beast,  as  that  of 
su'ine. 

2.  The  nose  of  a  man  ;  in  contempt.     Hudibraa. 

3.  The  nozzle  or  end  of  a  hollow  pipe. 
SNOUT,  V.  t.    To  furnish  w)lt^a  noz/.lc  01  point. 

Camden. 

SNOUT'ED,  a     Having  a  snout.  I/eylm. 

SNOUT'Y,  a.    Resembling  a  beast's  snouL     Otway. 

SN6VV,  n.  [A  contracted  word;  Sax.  snaw ;  Goth. 
mtaiws ;  D.  sneeuw ;  G.  schnee  ;  Dan.  snee ;  Sw.  571^  ; 
Sclav,  sncg ;  Bohem.  snik ;  It.  tencacfu ;  Fr.  neige  ;  L. 
niz,  nivis ;  It.  and  Port,  neve  ;  Sp.  nierc.  The  Latin 
niois  is  contracted  from  7nyw,  like  Eng.  bow  from 
Sax.  bugan.  The  prefix  s  is  common  in  the  other 
languages.] 

1.  Crystallized  vapor  ;  particularly,  watcrj-  particles 
congealed  into  white  crystals  in  the  air,  and  falling 
lo  the  earth.  Meteorologists  distingiiish,  by  mr:ans 
of  the  mi.scroscope,  GOD  varieties  of  crystals  of  snow, 
some  of  which  are  extremely  beautiful,      Olmsted. 

Red  snow  ;  snow  of  a  red  color,  formerly  supposed 
to  be  tinged  by  minute  plants,  but  by  more  recent  in- 
vestigators considered  as  owing  its  color  to  the  pres- 
ence of  certain  animalcule. 

Snow  line ;  the  lowest  limil  of  perpetual  snow. 

Brande. 

2.  A  vessel  equipped  with  two  masts,  rescriihling 
the  main  and  fore-masts  of  a  ship,  and  a  third 
small  mast  just  abaft  the  main-masl,  carrying  a  try* 
sail.  Jilar.  Diet. 

SNoW,  V.  i.     [Sax.  snawan.] 

To  fall  in  snow  ;  as,  it  snows ;  it  snowed  yesterday. 

SNoW,  r,  t.    To  scatter  like  snow,  Donne. 

SNoVVBALL,  n.  [snow  and  bull]  A  round  mass  of 
snow,  pressed  or  rolled  together.     Locke.     Dryden. 

SNoVV'B.MiL,  I  n.     A  shrub  or  small  tree  of 

SNoVV'BALL-TREE,  \  the  genus  Viburnum,  bear- 
ins  large  l)aIlH  of  white  flowers  ;  gelder  rose. 

SNoW'-BlRD,  (sno'burd,)7i.  A  bird  which  appears 
in  the  time  of  snow.  The  popular  name  of  Embe- 
riza  nivalis,  which  is  found  bulh  in  Europe  and 
America;  of  Fringilla  nivalis,  (Linn.,)  found  only  in 
Europe  ;  of  Fringilla  hiemalis,  (Linn.,)  found  only  in 
America  ;  and  of  various  other  birds. 

SNoVV'-BROTH,  7i.  [snow  and  broth.]  Snow  and 
wetter  mixed  ;  very  cold  liquor.  Shak. 

SNoW'-eAP-P£D,  J  a.      Capped  or  crowned   with 

SNOW-CAPT,  (      snow. 

SNoU"-eRO\VN-£D,  (I.  [snoio  and  crown.]  Crowned 
or  having  the  top  covered  with  snow.         Drayton, 

SNoW'DEEP,  n.     [snow  and  deep.]     A  plant. 

SNoW-DRlFT,  n.  [stiow  and  drift.]  A  bank  of 
snow  driven  together  by  the  wind. 

SNoVV'-DROP,  71.  [s7iow  and  drop.]  A  bulbous  plant 
bearing  a  white  flower,  cultivated  in  gardens  for  its 
beauty  ;  the  Galanthus  nivalis. 

SNoVV'-FED,  a.    Fed  witli  snow.  SheUey. 

SNoW'-FLOOD,  7/.    A  flood  from  melted  snow. 

Jifoore. 

SNoWLESS,  a.    Destitute  of  snow.  Tooke, 

SNoVV'LiKE,  a.     Resembling  snow. 

SXoW'-PLOW,       J  jt.    A  machine  operating  like  a 

SNoVV'-PLOUGH,  I  plow,  but  on  a  larger  ?cate,  for 
clearing  away  the  snow  from  roads,  railways,  &.c. 

lieiterU 

SNoW'-SIIOE,  (sno'shoo,)  71.  [snow  and  shoe.]  A 
shoe  or  racket  worn  by  men  Imveling  on  snow,  lo 
prevent  their  feet  from  sinking  into  ihe  snow. 

SNoW'-SLIP,  71.  [^viPir  and  ,M'fp.]  A  large  mass  of 
snow  which  slips  down  the  side  of  a  mountain,  and 
sometimes  buries  houses.  QoldsinttJt. 

SNOW-STORM,  71.    A  storm  with  falling  snow. 

SNoW'-VVHITE,  0.  [snow  and  whiu.]  White  as 
snow ;  vcrv  white. 

SNoW'-WReATH,  71.    A  wreath  of  snow.      TVUson. 

SNOVV'Y,  a.     White  like  snow.  Shak. 

2.  Abounding  witli  snow ;  covered  with  snow. 

The  snoioy  top  of  cold  Olympiu.  MUlon. 

3.  WHiite  ;  pure;  unblemished.  IfalL 
SNUB,  71.     [D.  sneb  ;  a  different  orthography  of  snip, 

sneap,  neb,  nib,  nip.] 

1.  A  knot  or  protuberance  in  wood  ;  a  snag.  [JVot 
in  use.]  Spenser. 

9.  A  check  or  rebuke.  J.  Foster. 

SNUB,  r.  (.  [Supra.]  To  nip;  to  clip  or  break  off 
Ihe  end.     Hence, 

9.  To  check  ;  lo  reprimand  ;  to  check,  stop,  or  re- 
buke with  a  tart,  sarcastic  reply  or  remark. 

J.  Foster. 
[This  is  the  same  word  radically  as  Sneap,  Sneb, 
and  is  the  word  chiefly  used.] 

To  snub  a  cable  or  rope,  among  seamen,  is  lo  check 
it  suddenly  in  running  out.  ToUen. 

SNUB,  V.  i.     [G.  seJinauben,  lo  snub,  to  snort,  lo  pant 
for,  to  puff.] 
To  sob  with  convulsions.   J-Voi  used.] 
SNUB'-NoSE,  71.    A  short  or  flat  nose. 
SNUB'-NoS-£D,  a.    Having  a  short,  fial  nose. 
SNUDGE,  V.  i.     [Dan.  sniger.    See  Snuc] 

To  lie  close  :  to  snuc     [J^'ot  in  use,  or  vulgar.] 

IlerberL 
SNUDGE,  n.    A  miser,  or  a  sneaking  fellow.    [Wot  tn 
use.] 


TtNE,  BULL,  tINITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K;  6  as  J ;  »  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS 


104? 


so 


SOA 


SNUFF,  n.      [D.  snuf,  whence  snujj'cn,  lo   snuff,  to 
scent ;  G.  schnuppe ;  allied  to  snub,  neb,  nib.] 

1.  The  burning  part  of  a  candle-wick,  or  that 
wliich  has  been  charred  by  the  Ilame,  whether  burn- 
ing or  not.  Jiddison. 

2.  A  cnndle  aUnost  burnt  out.  S/iafi. 
'3.  Piiivt-rized  tobacco  and  various  other  powders, 

taken,  or  prepared  to  be  taken,  into  the  nose. 

4.  Resentment  i  huff,  expressed  by  a  snuffing  of 
the  nose.  Bacon. 

SNUFF,  V.  t.  [D.  stutffen ;  G.  scknupfen^  to  take  snuff; 
schnuppcn,  to  snuff  a  candle.] 

1.  To  draw  in  with  the  breath  ;  to  inhale  ;  as,  to 
snuf  the  wind.  Dnjdeiu 

2.  To  scent ;  to  smell  j  to  perceive  by  the  nose. 

Dry  den. 

3.  To  crop  the  smiff,  as  of  a  candle';  to  take  off 
the  end  of  the  snulf.  Swift. 

SNUFF,  V.  i.  To  snort ;  to  inhale  air  with  violence 
or  vvitli  noi^e  ;  as  dogs  and  horses.  Drijdcn. 

3.  To    turn  up  the  iiosc  and  inhale  air  in  con- 
tempt.   Mai.  ii. 
3.  To  take  offense. 

SNUFF'BOX,  71.  A  box  for  carrying  snuff  about  the 
person. 

SNUFF'ER,  V.    One  that  snuffs. 

SNUFF'ERS,  n.  pi.  An  instrument  for  cropping  the 
snuff  of  a  candle. 

SNUFF'ING,  ppr.      Drawing  in  with  the  breath  ; 
scenting. 
2.  Cropping  the  snuff,  as  of  a  candle. 

SNUFF'ING,  H.    The  act  of  snutling.  Byron. 

SNUF'FLE,  (snuffl,)  v.  i.  [D.  snuffclen  ;  G.  nvffcln 
and  schmiffein  ;  Dan.  .snou/cr,  to  snuffie,  to  give  a 
crabbed  answer,  to  sJiui.] 

To  speak  through  the  nose ;  to  breathe  hard 
through  the  nose,  or  through  the  nose  when  ob- 
structed. 

Some  senseless  Phillis,  ia  a  brokeu  note, 

SnujUns  nt  nose.  Dryden. 

SNUF'FLER,  n.  One  that  snuffles  or  speaks  through 
the  nose  when  obstructed. 

SNUF'FL£S,  (snuf'Ilz,)  n.  Obstruction  of  the  nose 
by  mucus. 

SNUF'FLING,  n.     A  speaking  through  the  nose. 

Sicift. 

SNUFF'TaK-ER,  iu  One  that  takes  snuff,  or  in- 
hales it  into  the  nose. 

SNUFF'Y,  a.    Soiled  with  snuff. 

SNUG,  V.  u  [Dan.  sniger,  lo  sneak ;  Sax.  snican,  to 
creep;  probably  allied  to  nigltj  close,  Svv.  niugg. 
See  Snake.] 

To  lie  close ;  as,  a  child  snugs  to  its  mother  or 
nurse.  Sidney. 

SNUG,  a.     [Sw.  snygg,  neat.] 

1.  Lying  close  ;  closely  pressed  ;  as,  an  infant  lies 
snug. 

2.  Close;  concealed;  not  exposed  to  notice. 

At  Will's 
Lie  snug,  and  hear  what  critics  eay.  S:oi/i. 

3.  Being  in  good  order  ;  all  convenient ;  neat ;  as, 
a  snuir  little  farm. 

4.  C'lose  ;  neat:  convenient;  as,  a  ^nw^g- house. 

5.  Slily  or  insidiously  close. 

WhTi  you  lay  anug,  to  snap  young  Damon's  goat.     Dryden. 

SNUG'GER-Y,  n.  A  snug,  comfortable  place.  [Fa- 
miliar.] Warrm. 

SNUG'GLE,  V.  i.  [from  snug.]  To  move  oneway 
and  the  oiher  to  get  a  close  place;  to  lie  close  for 
convenience  or  warmth. 

SNUG'LV,  adv.     Closely  ;  safely. 

SNUG'NESt?,  n.  Closeness;  the  state  of  being  neat 
or  convenient.  Hai/hy's  Cowper.      I 

So^v.t.    Stand  still;  a  word  used  in'the  imperative  j 
only,  by  milkmaids.     [See  the  next  word.] 

So,  (K^u.  [Goih.  swa;  Sax.  sica;  G.  so;  D.  :o ;  Dan. 
saa;  Sw.  »d;  perhaps  L.  .svc,  contracted,  or  Heb. 
niiy,  to  compose,  to  set.  In  Ir.  so  is  this  or  that.  It 
is  the  same  in  Scots.  It  is  from  some  root  signifying 
to  set^  to  stilly  and  this  sense  is  retained  in  the  use  of 
the  word  by  m!lkaiaids,who  say  to  cows,  so^so,  that 
is,  stand  stdl,  remain  as  you  are;  and  in  this  use, 
the  word  may  be  the  original  verb.] 

1.  In  like  manner,  answering  to  as,  and  noting 
comparison  or  resemblance;  o/with  the  people,  *« 
with  the  priest. 

2.  In  such  a  degree ;  to  thai  degree. 

Why  '\s  his  chnriot  so  long  in  coming  ?  —  Jutlgfra  v. 

3.  In  such  a  manner ;  sometimes  repeated,  so  and 
so  ;  as,  certain  colors  mingled  so  and  so.    Sucldinff. 

4.  It  is  followed  by  as. 

There  is  something  rqni^alfnt  iu  Prince  and  Scotland  ;  eo  at  it 
is  a  hard  calumny  upon  our  soil  lo  aliinn  that  so  excJlent  n 
fruit  will  not  grow  here.  Tenipie. 

But  in  like  phrasi^s,  we  now  use  that;  "so  that  it 
is  a  hard  calumny  ; "  and  this  may  be  considered  as 
the  established  usage. 

5.  In  the  same  manner. 

Use  your  tutor  with  jreat  respect,  and  cause  all  your  family  (o  do 
to  loo.  l,odce. 

6.  Thus  ;  in  this  manner  ;  as,  New  York,  so  called 


from  the  Duke  of  York. 
so  it  is. 


I  know  not  why  it  is,  but 


It  concerns  every  man,  with  the  greatest  seriousneM,  t«  inquire 
whether  Uitse  things  are  »0  or  not.  TUhUon. 

7.  Therefore  ;  thus  ;  for  this  reason ;  in  conse- 
quence of  this  or  thai. 

It  leaves  instniclion,  and  so  iiibtructors,  to  the  sobriety  of  the 
srrtlled  articles  ul  the  church.  Jlolylay. 

God  makes  hnn  iu  his  own  image  an  inlelleclual  creature,  and 
eo  capable  of  dominion.  Locke. 

Thia  BUitme  made  the  clipping  of  coin  high  treason,  which  it  was 

not  at  common  law  ;  so  ttiai  Ihia  was  an  cnlorffinj  statutii. 

BUKkalone, 

8.  On  these  terms,  noting  a  conditional  petition. 

Here,  then,  exchange  we  muUially  forgiveness ; 

So  may  Ihe  guilt  of  nil  my  broken  vows, 

My  purjurifs  to  ihee,  Iw  all  lorgotlcn.  liowe. 

So  here  might  be  expressed  l)y  (/«w,  that  is,  in  this 
manner,  by  this  mutual  forgiveness. 

9.  Provided  that ;  on  condition  that.     [Ij.  viodo.] 

;?y  the  doctrine  hr>  tut  wholesome  and  edifying  — though  there 
should  be  a  want  of  exactness  in  the  manner  of  speaking  and 
reasoning,  it  may  Ik-  overlooked.  Anerbury. 

I  care  not  who  furuishcs  the  means,  so  they  arc  fumislii;d. 

,inon. 

10.  In  like  manner,  noting  the  concession  of  one 
proposition  or  fact,  and  the  assumption  of  another; 
answering  to  as. 

As  a  war  should  be  undertaken  upon  a  Just  motive,  so  a  prince 
oufht  lo  consider  the  condition  he  is  m  when  he  enters  on  it. 
==  Smi/t. 

11.  So  often  expresses  the  sense  of  a  word  or  sen- 
tence going  before.  In  this  case  it  prevents  a  repeti- 
tion, and  mav  be  considered  as  a  substitute  for  the 
word  or  pi)rasc.  "  France  is  highly  cultivated,  but 
England  is  more  so,"  that  is,  more  highly  cultivated. 

'  Arthur  Young. 
To  make  men  Jtappy,  and  to  keep  them  so.  Creech. 

12.  Thus ;  thus  it  is ;  this  is  the  state. 

How  sorrow  shakps  him  ! 
i'o  now  the  tempest  tears  him  up  by  Ih'  roots.  Dryden. 

13.  Well ;  the  fact  being  such.  And  so  the  work 
is  done,  is  it.'  , 

14.  It  is  sometimes  used  lo  express  a  cerlam  de- 
gree, implying  compaiison,  and  yet  without  the  cor- 
responding word  fl5,  to  render  the  degree  definite. 

An  astringent  is  not  quite  so  prosier,  where  relaxing  the  urinary 
p;iss.ige3  is  necessary.  Arbulhrtol. 

That  is,  not  perfectly  proper,  or  not  so  proper  as 
something  else  not  specified. 

15.  It  is  sometimes  equivalent  to  be  it  so,  let  it  be 
so,  let  it  be  as  it  is,  or  in  that  manner. 

There  is  Fercv  ;  if  your  father  will  do  me  any  honor,  so  ;  if  not, 
let  him  kill  the  next  Percy  himself.  Shak. 

16.  It  expresses  a  wish,  desire,  or  petition. 

Ready  are  the  appellant  and  defendant  — 

So  please  yuur  highness  to  behold  the  fight.  Shak. 

17.  So  much  as ;  however  much.  Instead  of  so,  we 
now  generally  use  as  ;  as  much  as  ;  that  much  ;  what- 
ever the  quantity  may  be. 

18.  So  so,  or  so  repeated,  used  as  a  kihd  of  excla- 
mation ;  equivalent  to  well,  well;  or  it  is  so,  the 
thing  is  done. 

So,  so,  il  works  ;  now,  mistress,  si',  you  last.  Dryden. 

19.  So  so  ;  much  as  it  was  ;  indifferently  ;  not  well 
nor  much  amiss. 

His  leg  is  but  BO  eo.  Shak. 

20.  5(1  tJien;  thus  then  it  is;  therefore  ;  the  conse- 
quence is. 

So  then  the  Volscians  stand  ;  but  as  at  first 

Keaiiv,  when  time  shall  prompt  them,  to  raali.'      "J 

Upon'  'b  again.  Shak. 

SOAK,  r.  t.     [Sax.  5ocia;i;  W.  sjogiaw^  to  soak,  and 
swraw,  to  suck.     To  soak  is  to  suck  in;  D.  zuigcn,  G. 


SOB 

SoAK'ING,  ppr.    Steeping;  macerating;  drenching; 

imbibing. 
2.  a.    That  wets  thoroughly  ;  as,  a  sodidng  rain. 
S6AL,  of  a  shoe.    See  Sole. 
SoAP,  (sopc,)  H.     fSax.  sapc;  D.  iecp\  G.  seife;  Sw. 

sapa;  Dan.  soBbe;  Fr.  savonj  It.  sapono;  Sp.  za&o» ; 

li.sapo;  Gr.  cruroji',*  Arm.  savann;  W.scbon;   Ilin- 


doo,  saloon,  savin  ,•  Gipsy, 
sabun ;  Ar. 


u^ 


sapuna;  Pcrs,    *  ^L 


Lm,  saiumx.    Class  Sb,  No.  29.] 


A  compound  of  one  or  more  of  llie  oil-acitU^  more 
especially  Willi  the  jnetallic  allLilies  potassa  or  sada, 
but  also  with  some  other  salifiable  bases.  The  most 
couimon  soaps  are  either  mar^^arnlcs  or  olcateii  of 
potassa  or  soda,  made  by  boiling  some  common  oil 
with  the  lye  of  wood-ashes ;  used  in  washing  and 
cleansing,  in  medicine,  &c.  Common  soap  is  an 
unctuous  substance. 
S6AP,  V.  t.     [.''a.v.  sapan;  T).  zecpen;  G.  sc\feii.] 

To  rub  or  wash  over  with  soap. 
SoAP'BER  RV-TREE,   n.      An   evergreen,   tropical 
tree  of  several  species,  belonging  to  the  genus  .Sapin- 
dus,  bearing   red,  saponaceous  berries,  which  arc 
used  as  a  substitute  for  soap  in  washing  clothes. 

P.  Ctjc.     Loudon. 
SoAP'-BOIL-ER,  11.     [soap  and  boiler.]     One  whose 

occupation  is  to  make  soap. 
SO.'VP'-BOIL-ING,  n.      The  occupation  of   making 

soap. 
SoAP'ED,  (sopt,)  pp.    Rubbed  or  washed  with  soap. 
SoAP'ING,  ppr.     Rubbing  or  washing  with  soap. 
SoAP'SToNE,  ?i.      iSteatito  ;    a  magnesian  mimral, 

usually  gray,  white,  or  yellow  ;  the  Lapis  ollaris. 
SoAP'SUDS,  n.  pi.    Suds;  water  well  impregnated 

with  soap. 
SoAP'VVORT,  n.    A  plant  of  the  genus  Saponaria ; 
so  called  from  its  bruised  leaves  producing  a  lather 
like  soap,  on  being  agitated  in  water. 

Farm.  Encyc. 
So.^P'Y,  o.     Resembling  soap;  having  the  qualities 
of  soap  ;  soft  and  smooth. 
2.  Smeared  with  soap. 
Soar,  (sore,)  v.  l.     [Fr.  essorcr,  to  .soar  ;  essor,  flight ; 

It.  sorare:    Eth.  UJ^A  sarar,  to  fly,  to  be  lofty. 
Lud.  Col.  109.    Class  Sr,  No.  SO.] 

1.  To  fly  aloft;  to  mount  upon  the  wing;  as  an 
easle.     Hence, 

2.  To  rise  high  ;  to  mount ;  to  tower  in  thought  or 
imagination  ;  to  be  sublime  ;  as  the  poet  or  orator. 

3.  To  rise  high  in  ambition  or  heroism. 

Vnlor  Boars  rib.ivc 
What  the  world  ciUs  mislorluiie.  Addison. 

4.  In  general,  to  rise  aloft  ;  to  be  lofty. 
SoAR,  n.     A  towering  flight.  M'dton. 
SoAR'ING,  ppr.  or  a.     Mounting  on  the  wing;  rising 

aloft ;  towering  in  thought  or  mind. 
SoAR'ING,  n.     The  act  of  mounting  on  the  wing,  or 

of  towering  in  thought  or  mind  ;  intellectual  flight. 
SOA'  VE,  I  [It.]     In  music,  sweet,  or  with 

SOA-VE-J'tIEM''rE,\      sweetness.  Brandc. 

SOB,  V.  i.     [Sa,x.  seobgend,  complaining.    Qu.] 

To  sigh  with  a  sudden  heaving  of  the  breast,  or  a 
kind  of'convulsive  motion  ;  to  sigh  with  deep  sorrow 
or  with  tears. 

She  siffhcd,  she  sobbed,  and,  furious  with  despair. 

She  rent  her  garments,  and  she  tore  her  hair.  DiyUn. 

SOB,  n.  A  convulsive  sigh  or  catching  of  the  breath 
in  sorrow  ;  a  convulsive  act  of  respiration  obstructed 
by  sorrow.  Johnson. 

Break,  heart,  or  choice  widi  sobs  iny  lilted  breath.      Dryden. 
To  soak.     [JVot  in  iwf.]  Morlimer 


saugcn,  Ar.       a<«  sakai,  to  imbibe,  that  is,  to  draw  ; 

Ir  suo-ZK/iac/i,  soaking;  perhaps  hence  Svv.  .<(irte,  D. 
za-rr,  soft.  Class  Sg,  No.  36.  Heb.  Ch.  and  .Syr.  npif . 
1^0.  S2.] 

1.  To  steep  ;  to  cause  or  sutfer  to  lie  in  a  fluid  till 
the  suli.stancc  has  imbibed  what  it  can  contain  ;  to 
macerate  in  water  or  other  fluid  ;  as,  to  soak  cloth  ; 
10  .soak  bread. 

a.  To  drench ;  to  wet  thoroughly.  Tlie  earth  is 
soalicd  with  heavy  rains. 

Tlicir  li\nd  Eliall  lie  soaJied  with  blood.  —  Is,  xxxiv. 

3.  To  draw  in  by  the  pores  ;  as  the  skin.    Dryden. 
A.  To  drain.     [A^ct  authorized.] 
So.\K,  (soke,)  II.  i.    To  lie  steeped  in  water  or  other 
fluid.    Let  the  cloth  lie  and  soak. 

2.  To  enter  into  pores  or  interstices.  Water  soaks 
into  the  earth  or  other  porous  matter. 

3.  To  drink  intemperately  or  gluttonously ;  to 
drench  ;  as,  a  soakimr  club.     [Loie.]  Locke. 

SOAK' ED,  (5okt,);)/j.  .'^teepcd  or  macerated  in  a  fluid; 

drenched. 
SOAK'ER,  71.      One  that  soaks  or  macerates  in  a 

liquid, 
a.  A  hard  drinker.    [Low.] 


Sighing   with  a  heaving  of  the 


,  ha- 


SOB, 
SOB'BING,    ppr. 

breast. 

SOli'IUNG,  71.    Lamentation. 

So'ISER,  0.  [Fr.  sobre!  It.  sobria ;  L.  sobrtus;  U. 
.sober,  poor,  mean,  spare,  sober ;  Sax.  sifer,  sober, 
pure,  chaste.    See  Soft.] 

1.  Temperate  in  the  use  of  spiritous  liquor: 
bitually  temperate ;  as,  a  sober  man. 

Live  a  60&er,  righteous,  and  godly  lite.  Com.  Prayer. 

9.  Not  into.xicated  or  overpowered  by  spiritous 
liquors ;  not  drunken.  The  sot  may  at  times  be 
sober.  .  . 

3.  Not  mad  or  insane ;  not  wild,  visionary,  or 
heated  with  passion  ;  having  the  regular  e.vercise 
of  cool,  dispassionate  reason. 

There  w.is  not  a  fio6«r  person  lo  he  h.ad  ;  all  was  tempestuous 
and  Uusterius.  ,      ,      "7        „r 

No  softer  man  would  put  himself  in  danger  for  the  ""IIP'-JI^^  •*' 
eacapius  without  breaking  his  neck.  Dryden. 

i.  Reguhir;  calm;  not  under  the  influence  of 
passion;  as,  softer  judgment;  a  man  in  his  sober 
senses.  - 

5.  Serious  ;  solemn ;  grave  ;  as,  the  sober  livery  oi 
autumn. 

What  pattagav  France  from  Mter  Spain?  ^^^' 

5^c  her  soier  over  a  sampler,  or  g..y  over  a  ji.tnted  baby,  i'ope. 


TaTB,  r.^R,  FALL,  WH.\T._M£TE,  PEEV.-Pns'E,  MARINE,  BlRD.-NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOQK.- 


104S 


soc 

So'BER,  c.  (.  To  make  sober ;  to  cure  of  intosica- 
tioi). 

There  ehallow  draughts  intoxicate  the  brain, 

AuJ  driukia^  largely  sobera  us  ag^.  Pope. 

So'BER-£D,  pp.    Made  sober. 
SO'BEIR-LY,  adv.    Without  intemperance. 

2.  Without  enthusiasm. 

3.  Without  intemperate  passion  j  coolly ;  calmly  ; 
moiieraiely.  Bacon.     Locke. 

4.  Gravely;  seriously. 
So'BER-MIXD'ED,  a.   Having  a  disposition  or  temper 

habitually  solier,  calm,  and  temperate. 
?0'BER-MiXD'ED-NESS,    n.      Calmness;    freedom 
from  inordinate  passions;  habitual  sobriety. 

Porteus, 
SO'BER-XESS,  7J.    Freedom  from  intoxication  ;  tera- 
i  Gravity  ;  Sfjriousness.  [perance. 

3.  Freedom  from  heat  and  passion ;  calmness  ; 
coolness. 

Tl»e  sobtmsss  of  Vii^Ll  mighl  l»a»e  shoum  hiiii  Ibe  liiffer^nce. 

Dryden. 
SO-BRI'E-TY,  K,     [Fr.  sobrietc  ;  L.  solrrietas,  from  so- 

1.  Habitual  soberness  or  temperance  in  the  use  of 
spiritous  liquors  ;  as  when  we  say,  a  man  of  sobriety. 

Hooker.     Taylor. 

2.  Freedom  from  intoxication. 

Public  sohrUry  is  a  rcJative  diitv.  BUtckslone. 

3.  Habitual  freedom  from  enthusiasm,  inordinate 
passion,  or  overheated  imagination  ;  calmness  ;  cool- 
ness ;  as,  the  sobriety  of  riper  years  ;  the  sabrUtij  of 
age.  Dryden. 

4.  Seriousness  ;  gravity  without  sadness  or  melan- 
choly. 

Mirth  maJies  them  not  mad, 

Xor  sobriety  sad.  Denhcm, 

SOB-Rl-aUET',  (sob-re-ka',)  n.     [Fr.]    A  nickname. 

SOe,  n,  [Sax.  soc,  from  socan^  sccan^  to  seek,  to  follow, 
L.  seffujjr.'\ 

1.  Properly,  the  sequela,  secta,  or  suit,  or  the  body 
of  suitors  ;  hence,  the  power  or  privilege  of  holding 
a  court  in  a  district,  as  in  a  manor;  jurisdiction  of 
causes,  and  the  limits  of  that  jurisdiction. 

English  Law.     fVUkins.     Lye. 
•2.  Liberty  or  pri\ilege  of  tenants  excused  from 
customary  burdens.  Cowd. 

3.  An  exclusive  privilege  claimed  by  millers  of 
grinding  all  the  corn  used  within  the  manor  or  town- 
ship in  which  the  rail!  stands.  Grose. 

S0C'A6E,  n.  [from  soc,  supra,  a  privilege.]  In  Eng- 
lish law,  a  tenure  of  lands  and  tenements  by  a  cer- 
tain or  determinate  ser\'ice;  a  tenure  distinct  from 
chivalr>-  or  knight's  service,  in  which  the  render  was 
uncertain.  The  service  must  be  certain,  in  order  to 
be  denominated  socage;  as  to  hold  bv  fealty  and 
twenty  shillings  rent,  Black^tonc. 

Socage  is  of  two  kinds  ;  free  soca<re,  where  the 
services  are  not  only  certain,  but  honorable  ;  and  oil- 
lein  socage^  where  the  services,  though  certain,  are 
of  a  baser  nature-  BlccJistone. 

SOCA-GER,  n.    A  tenant  bv  socage;  a  socman. 

So'-CALL-i;D,  a.    So  nam^'d. 

SO-CIA-BFL'r-TY,  h.     [Fr.  sociabUite.] 

Sociableness  ;  disiwsition  to  associate  and  converse 
jpilh  others ;  or  the  practice  of  familiar  converse. 

So'CIA-BLE,  (s6'sha-bl,)c.  [Fr.  sociable  ;  L.  sociabi- 
Us,  from  sociiu,  a  companion,  probably  from  sequor^ 
to  follow.     See  Seek.] 

1.  That  may  be  conjoined  ;  fit  to  be  united  in  one 
body  or  company ;  as,  sociable  parts  united  in  one 
body.  Hooker. 

2.  Ready  or  disposed  to  unite  in  a  general  in- 
terest. 

To  ciobe  man  milti,  and  soaable  to  mail.  Addison. 

3.  Ready  and  inclined  to  join  in  company  or  socie- 
ty ;  or  frequenfly  meeting  for  conversation  ;  as,  so- 
ciable neighbors. 

4.  Inclined  to  converse  when  in  company ;  dis- 
posed to  freedom  in  conversation ;  opposed  to  Re- 
szBVED  and  TiciTCB?r. 

5.  Free  in  conversation  ;  conversing  much  or  fa- 
miliarly.   The  miests  v-ere  ver\-  sociable. 

So'CIA-BLE-NESS,  n.  Disposition  to  associate  ;  in- 
clination to  company  and  converse;  or  actual  fre- 
quent union  in  society  or  free  converse.  This  word 
may  signify  cither  the  disposition  to  associate,  or  the 
disposition  to  enter  into  familiar  conversation,  or  the 
actual  practice  of  associating  and  conversing. 

S6'CIA-nLY,^c.  In  a  sociable  manner;  with  free 
intercourse;  conversibly  ;  familiarly;  as  a  compan- 
ion. 

So'CIAL,  (-shal,)  a.  [L.  sociaJis,  from  socius,  compan- 
ion.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  society ;  relating  to  men  living  in 
eociety,  or  to  the  public  as  an  aggregate  body ;  as, 
90cuz/ interests  or  concerns;  social  pleasures;  social 
benefits  ;  social  happiness  ;  social  duties. 

Trae  sslf-!ore  and  sociai  are  the  same.  Pope. 

9.  Ready  or  disposed  to  mix  in  friendly  converse; 
companionable. 


Withers,  adien  !   ye*,  not  with  lUee  Rmcve 
Thy  martial  spirit  or  ihy  sodal  love. 


Pope. 


SOC 

3.  Consisting  in  union  or  mutual  converse.  MiUon. 

4.  Disposed  to  unite  in  society.  Man  isasocianieing. 
So'CLU-.-ISM,  n     A  social  state  in  which  tliere  is  a 

community  of  property  among  all  the  citizens;  a 
new  term  for  Acrariamsm.     [See  Communism.] 

So'CLAL-IST,  n.  One  who  advocates  a  community 
of  property  among  all  the  citizens  of  a  state. 

SO-CIAL'I-TY,  n.  Socialness;  the  quality  of  being 
jocial.  Sterne. 

So'CIAL-LY,  adv.    In  a  social  manner  or  way. 

So'CIAL-NESS,  n.    The  quality  of  being  social. 

So'CIaTE,  C-shaie,)  r.  i.  To  associate;  to  mix  with 
company.     [  Obs.]  Sful/ord. 

SO-CI'E-TY,  n.  [Fr.  socidte  ;  Sp.  sociedad ;  It.  sod- 
etd :  L.  societas,  from  soeius,  a  companion.  See  So- 
ciable.] 

1.  The  union  of  a  number  of  rational  beings  ;  or 
a  number  of  persons  united,  either  for  a  temporary 
vT  permanent  purpose.  Thus  the  inhabitants  of  a 
state  or  of  a  city  constitute  a  society,  havinj;  common 
interests  ;  and  hence  it  is  called  a  community.  In  a 
more  enlarged  sense,  the  whole  race  or  family  of 
man  is  a  society,  and  called  hwman  society. 

The  trae  aud  natural   foundations  of  eociety  are  the  wants  and 
tears  of  individoAla.  BUukstone. 

2.  Any  number  of  persons  associated  for  a  particu- 
lar purpose,  whether  incorporated  by  law,  or  only 
united  by  articles  of  agreement ;  a  fraternity.  Thus 
we  have  Bible  societies,  missionary  soci^ies,  and 
charitable  societies  for  various  objects ;  societies  of 
mechanics,  and  learned  societies ;  societies  fox  encour- 
aging arts,  &c. 

3.  Company ;  a  temporary  association  of  persons 
for  profit  or  pleasure.  In  this  sense,  Compant  is 
more  generally  used. 

4.  Company  ;  fellowship.  We  frequent  the  society 
of  those  we  love  and  esteem, 

5.  Partnership ;  fellowship  ;  union  on  equal  terms. 

Among  unequals  what  aocieli/ can  sort  f  Milton.      , 

Heaven's  jrealccss  no  sociefy  can  bear.  Dryden.      ' 

6.  Persons  living  in  the  same  neighborhood,  who 
frequently  meet  in  company  and  have  fellowship. 
Literarj"  society  renders  a  place  interesting  and  agree- 
able. 

7.  In  Connecticut,  a  number  of  families  united  and 
incorporated  lor  the  purpose  of  supporting  public 
worship,  is  called  an  ecclesiastical  society.  This  is  a 
parish,  except  that  it  has  not  territorial  limits.  In 
Massachusetts,  such  an  incorporated  society  is  usually 
called  a  parish,  though  consisting  of  persons  only, 
without  regard  to  territory. 

SO-CIN'I-AN,  a.    [from  Socimis,  a  native  of  Sienna, 
in  Tuscany,  the  founder  of  the  sect  of  Socinians  in 
the  16th  ccuturj-.] 
Pertaining  to  Socinus,  or  his  religious  creed. 

SO-CIN'I-AN,  n.    One  of  the  followers  of  Socinus. 

Encyc. 

SO-CIN'I-AN-ISM,  Ti.  The  tenets  or  doctrines  of  So- 
cinus, who  held  Christ  to  iiave  been  a  mere  man  in- 
spired, denied  his  divinity  and  atonement, the  doctrine 
of  original  depravity,  and  kindred  doctrines,    Encyc. 

SOCK,  n.  [Sax.  socc  ;  L.  soccus ;  Hw.  socka  ;  G.  socke  ; 
D.  2ok ;  Dan,  sok ;  Fr.  socque ;  It.  socco :  Sp.  zoco,  zu- 
eco,  a  wooden  shoe,  a  plinth,  whence  zocalo,  Fr. 
socie.    Q.U.  L.  sicco,  to  dry,  Gr.  aaKK"i,  a  bag.] 

1.  The  shoe  of  the  ancient  actors  of  comedy. 
Hence  the  word  is  used  for  comedy,  and  opposed  to 
Buskin,  or  tragedy. 

Great  Fietcher  never  treads  iu  buskin  here, 

Nor  greaier  JonsoQ  dares  in  socks  appear,  Dn/den. 

2.  A  garment  for  the  foot,  like  the  foot  of  a  stock- 
ing, 

3.  A  plowshare.  Ed.  Encyc. 
SOCK'ET,  n.     [It.  soicead.] 

1.  The  little  hollow  tube  or  place  in  which  a  can- 
dle is  fixed  in  the  candlestick. 


And  Li  Uie  socX-cts  oily  bubbles  danc?. 


Dryden. 


2.  Any  hollow  thing  or  place  which  receives  and 
holds  something  else  ;  as,  the  sockets  of  the  teeth  or 
of  the  eyes. 

His  eyebaJh  in  their  hoUow  socket  sink.  Dnjden, 

tiomihoeis  is  Lbe  connection  of  a  tooth  to  its  socket.     Wvietruin. 

30CK'ET-CHT5-EL,  n.  A  strong  chisel  used  by  car- 
penters for  nidnising.  Gtcilt, 

SOCK'ET-PoLE,  n.  A  pole  armed  with  an  iron 
sccket,  and  used  to  propel  boats,  &c. 

SOCK'LESS,  a.    Destitute  of  socks  or  shoes, 

Beaum.  4'  Fl. 

So'C^-E,  (so'k]y)  n.  In  architecture,  a  plain  block  or 
plinm,  forming  a  low  pedestal  to  a  statue,  column, 
&.C. ;  also,  a  plain  face  or  plinth  at  the  lower  part  of 
a  wall.  Gloss,  of  Jirchit. 

SOCMAN,  u.  [See  Socage.]  One  who  holds  lands 
or  tenements  by  socage.  CoweL 

SO€'MAN-RY,  n.    Tenure  by  soeage.     [Ao(  in  use.] 

Cowtl. 

SOCOME,  n.  A  custom  of  tenants  to  grind  com  at 
the  lord's  mill,     [Aoi  used.]  Cowel. 

SOC'O-TO-RINE,  (-rin,)  )  a.      Socotorine  or  socotHne 

SOC'O-TRINE,  t      aloes ;   a  kind  of  aloes 

from  Socotra,  an  isle  in  the  Indian  Ocean.    Encyc, 


SOF 

SO-€RAT'ie,         )  a.     Pertaining    to    Socrjles,  Oli 

SO-eR.\T'I€-AL,  i  Grecian  sage,  or  to  his  langiiaga 
or  manner  of  teacliing  and  phnosophizin^  The 
Socratic  method  of  reasoning  and  instniction  was  by 
a  series  of  questions  leading  to  the  desired  result, 

SO-€RAT'ie-AL-LY,  a/lc.    In  the  Socratic  method. 

Goodman. 

SOC'RA-TISM,  n.  The  doctrines  or  philosophy  of 
Socratej^. 

SOe'RA-TIST,  n.    A  disciple  of  Socrates.    Marttm. 

SOD,  n.  [D.  loodc ;  G.  sode.  I  suspect  the  radical 
sense  is  set,  fixed ;  W.  sodi,  to  set.] 

Turf;  svvani ;  that  stratum  of  earth  on  the  surface 
which  is  filled  with  the  roots  of  grass,  or  any  por- 
tion of  that  surface.  It  differs  from  Ci,od,  which 
may  be  a  compact  mass  of  earth  without  roots ;  but 
sod  is  formed  by  earth  held  together  by  roots. 

SOD,  a.    Made  or  consisting  of  sod. 

SOD,  V.  L    To  cover  with  sod ;  to  turf. 

SOD,  pret.  of  Seethe;  also  llie  passive  parti'  {'I'. 
_[See  Sodden,] 

So'DA,  71.  [G.  soda;  D.  souda;  It.  $oda:  Sjt.  jfi> ; :  ■  r 
sosa,  glass  wort,  barilla.] 

1.  The  proioxyd  of  the  metal  sodium,  formerly 
called,  though  not  appropriately,  mineral  alkali.  It 
has  likewise  besn  called  a  fixed  alkali,  in  contra- 
distinction from  ammonia,  which  ia  a  ToIatUe  al- 
kali, 

9.  The  carbonate  of  soda,  formerly  called  Natron, 
obtained  by  lixiviating  Die  ashes  of  marine  plants,  or 
decomposing  the  salts  of  soda.  In  this  state,  how- 
ever, it  is  never  pure. 

So'DA-ASH,  n.    Impure  carbonate  of  soda. 

So'DA-LITE,  n.  A  mineral  occurring  usually  in 
small,  bluish  dodecahedrons,  and  containing  a  large 
proportion  of  soda,  along  with  silica,  alumina,  and 
muriatic  acid.  Dana. 

SO-DAL'I-TY,  ]u  [L.  sodalitas,  from  sodalis,  a  com- 
panion.] 

A  fellowship  or  fraternity.  StiUini^cL 

So'DA-SALTS,  n.  pi.  In  chemistry^  salts  which  have 
soda  for  their  base.  SiUiman. 

So'DA-\VA-TER,  n.  A  very  weak  solution  of  soda 
in  water  highly  charged  with  carbonic  acid.  The 
popular  beverage  sold  under  this  name  in  the  shops 
is  ordinarily  nothing  but  common  water  highly 
charged  with  caibonic  acid. 

SOD'DED,;?/*.    Covered  with  snd  ;  turfed. 

SOD'D£N,  j7p.  of  Seethe.     Boiled  ;  seethed. 

SOD'DY,  (I.  [from  sod.]  Turty  ;  consisting  of  sod; 
covered  wifJi  sod. 

SOD'ER,  r.  (.  [W.  sawd,  juncture ;  sawdriaw,  to 
join,  to  soder;  Fr,  soiidcr;  Arm.  souda  or  soudta;  It. 
sodare,  to  make  firm.  It  has  been  taken  for  granted 
that  this  is  a  contracted  word,  from  L,  solfdo,  and 
hence  written  Solder.  The  fact  may  be  doubted; 
but  if  true,  the  stilled  pronunciation  seems  to  render 
it  expedient  to  let  the  contracted  orthography  remain 
undisturbed.  So  Parkhurst  writes  it,  'Le\  ;■. 
p:3n,] 

To  unite  and  make  solid,  as  metallic  subs^a:  t'5  , 
to  unite  the  surfaces  of  metals  by  the  inler^'ention 
of  a  metal  or  metallic  cement  in  a  stale  of  fusion, 
which  hardens  in  cooling,  and  renders  the  joint 
solid. 

SOD'ER,  ».  Metallic  cement;  a  metal  or  metallic 
composition  used  in  uniting  other  metallic  sub- 
stances. 

SOD'ER-£D,  pp.    United  by  a  metallic  cement. 

SOD'ER-L\G,  ppr.  Uniting  and  making  solid  by 
means  of  a  metallic  substance  in  a  slate  of  fusion. 

SOD'ER-ING,  n.  The  process  of  uniting  the  surfaces 
of  metals  by  the  inter^'ention  of  a  more  fusible  metal 
or  metallic  cement. 

So'DI-UM,  n.  The  metall-r  L..ise  of  soda.  It  is  soft, 
white,  and  opaque,  and  ver>'  malleable.  It  is  lighter 
than  water.  Common  culinary  salt  is  chlorid  of  so- 
dium, Dary. 

SOD'OM-ITE,  7(.    An  inhabitant  of  Sodom. 

2.  One  guilty  of  sodomy. 
SOD-OM-IT'I€>-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  sodomy 
SOD'OM-Y,  n.    A  crime  against  nature. 
SoE,  n.     [Scot,  sae  ;  perhaps  sea.] 

-\  large  wooden  vessel  for  holding  water ;  a  cowl. 
[Local.]  JMcve. 

SO-EV'ER  ;  so  and  ever,  found  in  compounds,  as  in 
whosoever,  whatsoever,  wheresoever.  [See  these 
words.]  It  is  sometimes  used  separate  from  the 
pronoun  ;  as,  in  what  things  soever  you  undertake, 
use  diligence  and  fidelitj'. 

So'FA,  71.  [Probably  an  Oriental  word.  Cln.  Sw 
sofca,  to  lull  to  sleep.] 

An  elegant  long  seat,  usually  witli  a  stufied  bot- 
tom. Sofas  are  variously  made.'  In  the  United  Stales, 
the  frame  is  of  mahogany,  and  the  bottom  formed  of 
stufied  cloth,  with  a  covering  of  silk,  chintz,  calico, 
or  hair-cloth  ;  sometimes  on  springs.  The  sofa  of 
the  Orientals  is  a  kind  of  alcove  raised  half  a  foot 
above  the  floor,  where  visitors  of  dislinctinn  are  re- 
ceived. It  is  also  a  seat  by  the  side  of  the  room 
covered  with  a  carpet. 

So'FA-BED,  u.  A  bed  within  a  frame  beneath  a 
sofa,  whicli  can  be  used  for  lodging  by  night 

So'FETT,  n.    A  small  sofa. 


TONE,  EIJLL,  UNITE,  — AN"GER,  VI"GIOUS.  — €  as  K ;  6  aa  J;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


13?. 


]04i7 


SOF 

SoTI,     )  ,  -If   \  S  n.  In  Persia,  a  religious  person  :  a 

SO'PHI,  iC^°'^'^  j     dervis. 

So'FiSM,  n.  The  mystical  doctrines  of  the  Sofia,  or 
dcrvises  of  Persia.  Brandc. 

S()F'F[T,  n.  [U.  soffata.}  In  architecture^  a  ceiling  j 
a  term  seldom  used  except  in  reference  to  the  under 
sides  of  the  subordlnrite  parts  and  members  of  build- 
ings, such  as  staircases,  entablatures,  archways,  cor- 
nices, &,c.  G10.-.-S.  ofJlrchiL 

SOFT,  a.  [Sax.  softe^  softa.  The  D.  has  lagt^  Sw. 
sackta,  I),  sagtc,  and  the  G.  sanft^  in  a  like  sense,  but 
whether  allied  to  so/it,  may  be  quet^tioned.] 

1.  Easily  yielding  to  pressure  ;  the  contrary  of 
IIakd  ;  as,  a  »oft  bed  ;  a  soft  peach  ;  AoJ't  earth. 

ii.  Nut  hard ;  easily  separated  by  an  ed/jed  instru- 
ment; as,  .sqft  wood.  The  chestnut  is^n  softwood, 
but  more  durable  than  hickory,  which  is  a  very 
hard  wood.  So  we  say,  a  soft  stone,  when  it  breaks 
or  is  hewed  with  ease. 

3.  Easily  worked  ;  malleable  ;  as,  soft  iron, 

4.  Not  roUKh,  rugged,  or  harsh ;  smooth  to  the 
touch  i  delicate ;  as,  soft  sillc  ;  soft  raiment ;  a  soft 
skin. 

5.  Delicate;  feminine;  as,  the  scj/^er  sex. 

G.  Easily  yielding  to  persuasion  or  motives  ;  flexi- 
ble ;  susceptible  of  inlluence  or  passion.  In  botii 
these  senses,  soft  is  applied  to  females,  and  some- 
times to  males;  as,  a  divine  of  a  soft  and  servile 
temper.  K.  Charles. 

One  king  is  too  tc^ft  and  easy.  L'Sstrange. 

7.  Tender ;  timorous. 

However  eofl  within  ihvmselves  thoy  are, 

To  you  ihey  will  be  vdliniit  by  dc3|xiir.  Dryrlen. 

8.  Mild  ;  gentle ;  kind  ;  not  severe  or  unfeeling ; 
as,  a  person  of  a  soft  nature. 

9.  Civil;  complaisant;  courteous;  as,  a  person  of 
soft  manners.    He  has  a  soft  way  of  asking  favors. 

10.  Placid  ;  still ;  easy. 

Oil  lier  ecift  axle  while  she  pacea  even, 

She  bejj8  thee  soft  with  the  smooth  air  along.  MiUon, 

U.  Effeminate  ;  viciously  nice. 

Ao  idle  aod  soft  course  of  life  is  the  boutcc  of  criuiinal  plcMures. 

Broome. 

12.  Delicate ;  elegantly  tender. 

Her  form  more  sojl  and  feminine.  Milton. 

13.  Weak ;  impressible. 

The  deceiver  hood  found  this  soft  place  of  Adam's.      \Not 
eleganl.\  Gtaiiville. 

14.  Gentle;  smooth  or  melodious  to  the  ef;  not 
loud,  rough,  or  harsh;  as,  a  soft  voice  or  note;  a 
scft  sound ;  soft  accents  ;  sofl  wliispers. 

Dnjden.     Pope. 

15.  Smooth  ;  flowing  ;  not  rough  or  veliement. 

The  solemn  nightingale  tuned  her  sofl  lays,  Urtlton. 

Svift  were  my  numbers,  who  could  take  olTciise  ?  Pope. 

16.  Easy  J  quiet;  undisturbed;  as,  so/j;  slumbers. 

17.  Mild  to  the  eye  ;  not  strong  or  glaring;  as,  soft 
colors  ;  the  sofl  coloring  of  a  picture. 

The  sun,  sliinin;  on  the  upper  part  of  the  clouds,  made  the  sofl- 
eal  lights  iniaginrible.  Broion. 

18.  Mild  ;  warm  ;  pleasant  to  the  feelings;  as,5o/£ 
air. 

19.  Not  tinged  with  salts  ;  not  liard  ;  so  as  to  decom- 
pose soap  ;  as,  soft  water  is  t!ie  be^t  for  washing. 

20.  Mild  ;  gentle  j  not  rough,  rude,  or  irritating. 
A  soft  aTiswer  liu'nelh  away  wralb.  —  Prov.  xv, 

91.  Weak ;  foolish. 
SOFT,  adv.    Softly  ;  gently  ;  quietly. 
SOFT,  exclam.    For  be  soft;  hold  ;  stop  ;  not  so  fast. 
But,  soft,  my  muse  ;  the  world  is  wide.  Sitckling. 

SOFT'£N,  (soPn,)  ??.  (.  To  make  soft  or  more  soft; 
to  make  less  hard. 

Their  arrow's  point  they  soften  In  the  flame.  Gay. 

2.  To  mollify  ;  to  make  less  fierce  or  intractable  ; 
to  make  more  susceptible  of  Imniane  or  fine  feel- 
ings ;  as,  to  snftcn  a  hard  heart ;  to  softm  savage  na- 
tures.   The  heart  is  softened  by  pity. 

DitSdcnce  condliatcs  die  proud,  aiid  softens  the  severe. 

3.  To  make  less  harsh  or  severe  ;  as,  to  soften  an 
expression. 

4.  To  palliate  ;  to  represent  as  less  enormous  ;  as, 
to  soften  a  fault. 

5.  To  make  easy ;  to  compose  ;  to  mitigate ;  to 
alleviate. 

Music  can  soften  pain  to  eaae.  Pope. 

6.  To  make  calm  and  placid. 

Bid  her  be  all  that  cheers  or  softens  life.  Pope. 

7.  To  make  less  harsh,  less  rude,  less  offensive,  or 
violent. 

But  sweetly  tempered  awe,  and  softened  all  he  epoke.     Drydxn. 

8.  To  make  less  glaring  ;  as,  to  soften  the  coloring 
of  a  picture. 

9.  To  make  tender;  to  make  effeminate;  to  en- 
ervate ;  as,  troops  softened  by  luxury. 

10.  To  make  less  harsh  or  grating ;  a^,  to  soften  the 
voice 

S(  >FT'jEN,  (sof 'n,)  u.  /.    To  become  less  hard ;  to  be- 


SOI 

come  more  pliable  and  yielding  to  pressure  ;  as,  iron 
or  wax  softens  in  heat ;  fruits  soften  as  they  ripen. 

2.  To  become  less  rude,  harsh,  or  cruel ;  as,  savage 
natures  softcnhy  civilization. 

3.  To  become  less  obstinate  or  obdurate;  to  be- 
come more  susceptible  of  humane  feelings  and  ten- 
derness ;  to  relent.  Tlie  heart  sojlena  at  the  sight  of 
woe. 

4.  To  become  nmre  mild  ;  as,  the  air  softens. 
r>.  To  become  less  harsh,  severe,  or  rigorous. 

SOFT'£N-An),  (snf 'nd,)  pp.  or  a.     Made  less  hard  or 

less  harsh  ;  made  le.ss  obdurate  or  cruel,  or  less  glar- 
ing. 
SOF'r'i^N-fNG,  ppr.  or  a.    Making  more  soft ;  making 

less  rough  or  cruel,  Jtc. 
SOFT'EN-ING,  n.     'J'he  act  of  making  less  hard,  less 

i-rtiel  Of  obdurate,  less  violent,  less  glaring,  &c. 
SOFT'£N-ING,  n.    In  painting,  the  blending  of  colors 

into  each  other. 
SOFT'-HEART-ED,  a.     Having  tenderness  of  heart ; 

susceptible  of  pity  or  oUier  kindly  affection  ;  gentle  ; 

meek. 
SOFT'ISH,  a.    Somewhat  soft.  D.  Clinton. 

SOFT'LI-NG,  71.    An  effeminate  person ;  one  viciously 

nice.     [Little  used.]  fVdolton. 

SOFT'LV,  adv.     Without  hardness. 

2.  Not  witii  force  or  violence  ;  gently  ;  as,  he  soft- 

hj  i>res3ed  my  hand. 
',i.  Not  loudly;  without  noise;  as,  speak  softly; 

walk  softly. 

In  tliis  dark  silence  sqftly  leave  Uie  town.  Drydcn. 

4.  Gently  ;  placidly. 

She  softly  lays  him  on  a  flowery  bed.  Diyden. 

5.  Mildly  ;  tenderly. 

The  king  must  die  : 
Though  jiity  softly  pleads  within  my  soul.  Dn/den. 

SOFT'NER,  7u    He  or  that  which  softens. 

2.  One  tiiat  palliates.  Swtfi. 

SOFT'NE?::S,  7*.  The  quality  of  bodies  which  renders 
them  capable  of  yielding  to  pressure,  or  of  easily  re- 
ceiving impressions  from  other  bodies;  opposed  to 
Hardness. 

2.  Susceptibility  of  feeling  or  passion  ;  as,  the  soft- 
ness of  the  heart,  or  of  our  natures. 

3.  Mildness;  kindness;  as,  softness  of  words  or 
expressions.  ff^atzs. 

4.  Mildness ;  civility ;  gentleness ;  as,  sofincss  of 
manners.  Dryden 

5.  Effeminacy ;  vicious  delicacy. 

He  was  not  delighted  with  the  softness  of  the  court, 

Qarendon, 

G.  Timorousness ;  pusillanimity ;  excessive  suscep- 
tibility of  fear  or  alarm. 

Tills  vinnc  could  not  proceed  out  of  fear  or  softness.    Bacon, 

7.  Smoothness  to  the  ear ;  as,  the  softness  of  sound, 
which  is  distinct  from  Exilitt  or  Fineness. 

Bacon. 

8.  Facility  ;  gentleness;  candor;  easiness  to  be  af- 
fected ;  as,  softness  of  spirit.  Jlooker. 

9.  Gentleness,  as  contrary  to  vehemence. 

With  strength  and  softness,  energy  and  ease.  Harle. 

10.  Mildness  of  temper ;  meekness. 

For  c  ^511  tern  pi  alio  n  he  and  valor  formed, 

!\r  KofCness  ehe,  and  sweet  attractive  grace.  Milton. 

11.  vVoaknesa  ;  simplicity. 

lij.  Mild  temperature;  as,  the  sojtness  of  a  climate. 

Jilitford. 
SOFT'-VOIC-ED,  r-voist,)  a.    Having  a  soft  voice. 
SOG'GY,  a.    [Allied  probably  to  soak,  which  see;  W. 
soeg-,  and  soeiri,  to  sleep.] 

r.  Wet ;  filled  with  water ;  soft  with  moisture ;  as, 
soirg-ij  land.    Timber  that  has  imbibed  water  is  said 
to  be  .-ioggy. 
2.  Steaming  with  damp.  B.  Jonson. 

SO-Ho',  exclam.  A  word  used  in  calling  from  a  distant 

place  ;  a  sportsman's  Imlluo.  S/iak. 

SOI'  DI-^AJ^T',  (swVi'de-ziing',)  [Fr.l    Calling  him- 
self;  self-styled  ;  pretended  ;  would  oe. 
SO  I L,  V.  t.    [Sax.  setari,  sylian  :  Dan.  s'dler ;  Sw.  s'6la ; 
Fr.  salir,  souOler  ;  Arm.  salicza ;  Ir.  salaighim.    Class 
SI,  No.  .-JS,  Syr.] 

1.  To  make  dirty  on  the  surface ;  to  foul ;  to  dirt ; 
to  stain  ;  to  defile ;  to  tarnish ;  to  sully ;  as,  to  soil  a 
garment  with  dust. 

Our  wonted  ornaments  uow  soiled  nnd  stained.  MUton, 

2.  To  cover  or  tinge  with  any  thing  extraneous; 
as,  to  soil  the  earth  with  blood.  l^ate. 

3.  To  dung  ;  to  manure.  South. 
To  .^oil  a  horse,  is  to  purge  him  hy  giving  him  fresh 

grass.  Johnson. 

To  soil  cattle,  in  hushandrij,  is  to  feed  them  with 
grass  or  green  food  daily  ciit  for  them,  instead  of 
pasturing  them.  Farm.  Enaie. 

SOIL,  n.     [G.  side.    See  the  verb.] 

1.  Diit;  any  foul  matter  upon  anotlier  substance; 
foulness ;  spot 

2.  Stain  ;  tarnish. 

A  lady's  honor—  will  not  bear  a  soil.  Dryden. 

3.  The  upper  stratum  of  the  earth;  the  mold,  or 
that  compound  substance  which  furnishes  nutriment 


SOL 

to  plants,  or  which  is  particularly  atlapted  to  support 
and  nourish  them.     [L.  solum;  W.  s-xl.] 

4.  Land  ;  country.    We  love  our  native  soil. 

5.  Dung ;  compost. 

Improve  land  by  dun^  and  other  sort  of  soils.  MorAmer. 

To  take  soil;  to  run  into  the  water,  as  a  deer  when 
pursued.  B.  Jonson. 

SOIL'ED,  p;».  or  a.    Fouled;  stained;  tarnished;  ma- 
nured ;  fed  with  grass  or  green  food. 
SOIL'I-NESS,  H.    Slain;  foulness.     [Little  used.] 

Bacon. 
SOIL'ING,  ppr.    Defiling;  fouling;  tarnishing;  feed- 
ing with  fresh  grass  or  green  food  ;  manuring. 
SOIL'ING,  n.    The  act  or  practice  of  feeding  cattle 
or  horses  with  fresh  grass  or  green  food,  cut  daily  for 
them,  instead  of  pasturing  lliem. 
SOIL'LESS,  (I.    Destitute  of  soil.  Bigshy. 

SOIL'UKE,  71.     [Fr,  souHlure.'] 

Slain:  pollution.     [J^ot  in  use.]  Shak. 

SOIR-EE',  (swilr-a',)  7(.     [Fr.  soir,  evening.] 

An  evening  parly. 
SQ'JOURN,  (sfl'jurn  or  so-jurn',)  v.  i.     [Fr.  sejoumer; 
It.  saggiornarc,  which  seems  to  be  formed  from  the 
noun  soggiorno  ;  sub  and  giorno,  a  day.] 

To  dwell  for  a  time  ;  to  dwell  or  live  in  a  place  as 
a  temporary  resident,  or  as  a  slranger,  not  consider- 
ing the  place  as  his  permanent  liabitation.  So  Abram 
sojourned  in  Egypt.     Ocn.  xii. 

The  soldiers  assembled  at  Newcastle,  and  tliore  sojourned  three 
days.  Hayieard. 

So'JOURN,  (so'jurn,)  n.  A  temporary  residence,  as 
that  of  a  traveler  in  a  foreign  land.  Milton. 

So'JOURN-EH,  n.  A  temporary  resident ;  a  stranger 
or  traveler  who  dwells  in  a  place  for  a  time. 

We  iire  strangers  before  thee  and  sojourners,  a»  all  our  father* 
were.  —  1  Chron.  xxix. 

ScTJOURN-ING,  ppr.    Dwelling  for  a  time. 
SO'JOURN-ING,  If.    The  act  of  dwelling  in  a  place 

for  a  time  ;  also,  tlie  time  of  abode.    Eiod.  xii 
SO'J0URN-*MENT,  (so'jurn-,)    n.     Temporary  resi 

dence,  as  that  of  a  stranger  or  traveler.         Walsh 
SOKE,  71.    A  district  in  which  a  paiticular  privilege  or 

power  is  exercised.  England. 

SOL,  n.    [L.]    The  sun. 
SOL,  n.     [Norm.  sonhe,soulds,souz^  from  L.  solidus 

1.  In  France,  a  small  copper  coin  ;  a  penny  ;  usu- 
ally Sou,  or  Sous.  Knojc. 

2.  A  copper  coin  and  money  of  account  in  Switz- 
erland. 

SoL,  ».  [It.]  Tlie  name  of  a  note  in  music.  It  is  the 
fifth  in  the  gamut,  do  or  ut  being  the  first. 

SOL' ACE,  V.  t.  [It.  sollazzare,  from  L.  solatium ;  solor, 
to  comfort,  assuage,  relieve.    See  Console.] 

1.  To  cheer  in  grief  or  under  calamity  ;  to  comfort ; 
to  relieve  in  afllictirn  ;  to  console;  ajipUed  to  persons ; 
as,  to  solace  one's  self  with  the  hope  of  future  re- 
ward. 

2.  To  allay  ;  to  assuage  ;  as,  to  solace  grief. 
SOL'ACE,  V.  i.    To  take  comfort;  to  be  cheered  or 

relieved  in  grief.     [  Obs.]  Shak. 

SOL'ACE,  71.     [It.  .^ollazio  ;  L.  solatinm.'] 

Comfort  in  grief;  alleviation  of  grief  or  anxiety ; 
also,  that  which  relieves  in  distress;  recreation. 

The  proiKT  solaces  of  age  are  not  music  and  comptinienio,  but 
wisdom  and  devotion.  Jiainblcr. 

SOV AC-ED,  (soVaat,) pp.  Comforted;  cheered  in  af- 
fliction. 

SOL'ACE-MENT,  7i.  Act  of  comforting;  state  of  be- 
ing solaced. 

SOL'A-CING,  ppr.  Relieving  grief  j  cheering  in  af- 
fliction. 

SO-La'CIOUS,  (so-la'shus,)  a.  Affording  comfort  or 
amusement.     [JVot  in  use.] 

SO-LAN'DER,  n.     [Fr.  soulandrcs.] 

A  disease  in  horses.  Diet. 

So'LAN-GOOSE,  it.    The  gannet,  Sula  Cassana,  a 
web-footed  sea-fowl,  found  on  the  coasts  of  Great 
Britain  and  Ireland,  Labrador,  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence, 
&c.     It  is  nearly  of  the  size  of  the  domestic  goose. 
Jardinc.     J^'^uttall, 

A  vegetable  alkaloid,  obtained  from  various  spe- 
cies of  Solanum,  as  S.  dulcamara,  S.  nigrum,  S. 
tvheroFUm,  fcc. 

SO-LX'NO,  n.  A  hot,  oppressive  wind  in  the  Medi- 
terranean, particularly  on  the  eastern  coast  of  Spain. 
It  is  a  modification  of  the  sirocco.  Brandc. 

SO-La'NUM,  n.  [L.]  A  genus  of  plants  comprehend- 
ing the  potato,  (&'.  tubcrositm,)  egg  plant,  {S.  Mdon- 
gena.)  love  apple  or  tomato,  (S.  Ly coper sicnm,)  night- 
shade, &lc. 

So'LAIl,       )   a.     [Fr.  solaire  ;  h.  solaH-^;  from  sol,  the 

SO'LA-RY,  \       sun,  W.  s-iil,  Fr.  soleil,  It.  sole,  Sp.  sol.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  sun  ;  as^  the  solar  system  ;  or 
proceeding  from  it ;  as,  solar  light ;  solar  rays  ;  solar 
influence. 

2.  fu  astrology,  bom  under  the  predominant  in- 
fluence of  the  sun  ;  as,  a  solar  people.     [Obs.] 

Dryden. 

3.  Measured  by  the  progress  of  the  sun,  or  by  its 
revolution  ;  as,  the  solar  year. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— MeTE,  PREY,  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQOK.- 


'050 


SOL 

Solar  cycle.     See  Ctcle,  No.  3. 
Solar  fiuwers,  are  ihose  which  open  and  shut  daily, 
at  certain  dclermiiiale  hours.  IAnnau$. 

Suiar  microscope ;  a  microscope  in  which  the  object 
is  illuminated  by  tJie  light  of  the  sun  concentrated 
upon  it.  It  consistsof  two  parts;  Gist,  of  a.  ma  g-nifier^ 
by  which  the  object  placed  behind  it  is  made  to  form 
a  highly-magnitied  image  on  a  wall  or  screen  in  a 
dark  room  ;  and,  secondly,  of  an  iUantiinitinf  appa- 
ratus, composed  of  a  mirror  tlirust  through  an  open- 
ing in  the  window  sliutter  to  reHect  the  light  of  the 
sun  into  the  tube  which  carries  the  magnitier,  and  of 
several  lenses  called  conilen^iersj  which  receive  the 
light  from  the  mirror  and  concentrate  it  upon  the  ob- 
ject in  the  focus,  the  enlarged  image  of  which  is 
thus  rendered  luminous  and  distinct.  Olmsted. 

Soiar  spots ;  dark  spots  that  appear  on  the  sun's 
disk,  usually  visible  only  by  the  telescope,  but  some- 
limes  so  large  as  to  be  seen  by  the  naked  eye.  They 
adhere  to  the  body  of  the  ?un  ;  indicate  its  revolu- 
tions on  its  axis  ;  are  very  changeable  in  their  figure 
and  dimensions  ;  and  varj-  in  size  from  mere  points 
to  spacaB  of  50,000  miles  in  diameter. 

Sutar  system  ;  the  group  of  celestial  bodies  compre- 
hending the  sun,  planets,  and  comets. 

SO'LAR,  ru    A  sollar  ;  a  lofl  or  upper  chamber. 

SoLlJ,  pret.  and  pp.  of  Sell.  IQloss.  ofArckit. 

Sold,  n,     [from  the  root  oi  soldier ;  Norm,  sonde.'] 
Salar>' ;  mihtar)-  pay.     [JVot  in  use.^         Spenser, 

SOL'DAX,  for  Sultax,  is  not  in  use.  JUilton. 

SOL'DA-NEL,  n.     [L.  convolvulus  soUIandla.] 
A  plant. 

SOL'DER,  r.  /.  [from  1..  soUdOj  solidus.]  To  unite 
the  surfaces  of  metals  by  the  intervention  of  a  more 
fusible  metal  or  metallic  cement.     [See  Soder.] 

SOL'DER,  71.  A  metal  or  metallic  composition  for 
unilins  the  surface  of  metals  ;  a  metallic  cement, 

SOL'DER-£D,  pp.  United  as  metals  by  a  metallic 
cement. 

SOL'DER-IXGjPjjr.  L^niting,  as  metals,  by  a  metallic 
cement. 

SOL'DER-IXGi  n-  The  process  of  uniting  the  sur- 
faces of  metals  by  means  of  a  more  fusible  metal  or 
a  metallic  cement. 

SoL'DlER,  (sol'jur,)  Tu  [Fr.  soldat;  Norm,  soadeyer, 
souiiiers ;  It.  soldaio  ;  Sp.  soldado ;  from  L.  solidus,  a 
piece  of  money  ;  the  pay  of  a  soldier ;  Norm,  soud, 
contracted  from  sould,  pay,  wages;  soudotjeryto  keep 
in  pay  ;  Sw.  besolda,  to  count  out  money  to,  to  pay  ; 
Dan.  besoldeTj  to  give  a  salary  or  wages.] 

1.  A  man  engaged  in  military  service  ;  one  whose 
occupation  is  military  ;  a  man  enlisted  for  service  in 
an  anny ;  a  private  or  one  in  the  ranks. 

There  onght  lo  be  some  time  for  sober  reBectioQ  belweca  the  life 
of  £  solder  and  his  death.  Rambler. 

2.  A  man  enrolled  for  service,  when  on  duty  or 
embodied  for  military  discipline;  a  private;  as,  a 
mititia  soldier. 

3.  £m;jAaficaiij/,  a  brave  warrior ;  a  man  of  military 
experience  and  skill,  or  a  man  of  distinguished  valor. 
In  this  sense,  an  officer  of  any  grade  may  be  denom- 
inated a  soldier.  Shaft. 

S0L'D1£R-ESS,  n.    .\  female  soldier.     [JVot  in  use.] 

Beaum.  Sf  Ft. 
SoL'DIER-LTKE,  )  a.     Like  or  becoming  a  real  sol- 
SoL'DIER-LY,       )       dier;  brave;  martial ;  heroic ; 

honorable. 
SoL'DIER-SHTP,    (sol'jur-,)   n.      Military  qualities; 

military'  character  or  state;  martial  skill;  behavior 

becoming  a  soldier.  Sltak, 

SoL'DIER-Y,  (sol'jur-y,)    n.      Soldiers  collectively; 

the  body  of  military  men. 

I  chai^  not  th°  go!diery  with  i^orance  Emd  contempt  of  learn- 
ing, without  excepuoa.  Sisifl. 

2.  Soldiership;  military' service.   [Obs.]    Sidnaj. 
Sole,  n.     [Sax.  sol ;  D.  zool,-  G.sokle;  Dan.  sole;  Fr. 

u/. ;  It.  sa  lo,  soil  and  sole ;  Sp.  suela^  the  sole  of  the 
foot,  and  suolo,  soil ;  L.  solea,  solum ;  that  which 
sets  or  is  set  or  laid.  The  radical  sense  coincides 
with  that  of  siV,] 

I.  The  bottom  of  the  foot;  and  by  a  figure,  the 
foot  it.self.  Skak.     Spenser. 

9.  The  bottom  of  a  shoe ;  or  the  piece  of  leather 
which  constitutes  the  bottom. 

Tbe  dli^  was  a  militai;  ehoe  wiib  a  vcrf  thick  sole,  tied  above 
the  mstep.  ArbuthnoU 

3.  The  part  of  any  thing  that  forms  the  bottom, 
and  on  which  it  stands  upon  the  ground. 

Bm  is  proper  for  mills,  toUt  ai  whceU,  and  pipes,   Mortimer, 

4.  A  marine  flat  fish  of  the  genus  Solea  of  Cuvier, 
(Pleuronectes,  Linnsus,)  so  called,  probably,  because 
It  keeps  on  or  near  the  bottom  of  tlie  sea.  These 
fish  abound  on  the  British  coast,  and  hence  the  name 
of  .<ole  bank,  to  the  southward  of  Ireland.  This  fish 
sometimes  grows  to  the  weight  of  six  or  seven 
p*junds  or  more.  £>iet  JVat,  Hist. 

The  name  sole  is  also  given  to  certain  other  flat 
fishes  of  the  genera  Monochirus  and  Achirus,  sub- 
divisions of  the  old  genus  Pleuronectes. 

P.  Cyc.     Storer. 

5.  In  ship'buildinff,  a  sort  of  lining,  used  to  pre- 
vent the  wearing  of  any  thing. 

6.  A  sort  of  horn  under  a  horse's  hoof.      Ejtcyc. 


SOL 

SOLE,  r.  i.    To  furnish  with  a  sole ;  as,  to  sole  a  shoe. 

Sole,  a.  [h.  solus ;  Fr.  seal ;  It,  and  Sp.  solo ;  prob- 
ably from  separating;  Ar.  jK  zaula.  Class  SI, 
No.  3.} 

1.  Smgle  ;  being  or  acting  without  another;  indi- 
vidual ;  only.  God  is  the  sole  Creator  and  Sover- 
eign of  the  world. 

2.  In  law,  single  ;  unmarried;  as,  afemme  sole. 
SOL'E-CISM,  71.    [Gr.  cftXutKicii<>s,  said  to  be  derived 

from  Soli, a.  peopleof  Attica,  who, being  transplanted 
to  Cilicia,  lost  the  purity  of  their  language.] 

1.  Impropriety  in  language,  or  a  gross  deviation 
from  the  rules  of  syntax;  incongruity  of  words; 
want  of  correspondence  or  consistency. 

A  barbarism  may  be  in  one  word ;  a  aoUcisrn  must  be  of  mop-. 
Jokneon,  from  Cicero. 

2.  Any  unfitness,  absurdity,  or  impropriety. 

B.  Jonson. 

Cesar,  by  dismissing  his  guards  and  retaining  lus  power,  coin- 
miued  a  dangerous  solecism  in  polilica.  Mxddlelon. 

SOL'E-CIST,  71.     [Gr.  goXoikito?.] 

One  who  is  guilty  of  impropriety  in  language. 
Blackwall. 
SOL-E-CISTTC,         )  a.    Incorrect ;  incongruous. 
S0L-E-CIST'1€-AL,  j  Juhmon. 

SOL-E-CIST'ie-AL-LY,  adv.    In  a  solecistic  manner. 

Blackwall, 
SOL'E-CIZE,  V.  i.    [Gr.  coUtKt^o}.] 

To  commit  solecism.  More. 

SoL'ED,  pp.    Furnished  with  a  sole. 
SoLE'-LEATH-ER,  (-lelh-er,)  n.  Thick,  strong  leath- 
er, used  for  the  soles  of  shoes. 
SoLE'LY,arft?.  Singly  ;  alone;  only  ;  without  another; 
as,  to  rest  a  cause  solely  on  one  argument;  to  rely 
solelv  on  one's  own  strength. 
SOL'EMN,  (sol'era,)  a.     {Ft.  solmnd  i  W..  solenne ;  Sp. 
solemne  i  L.  solemiis,  from  soleo, to  be  accustomed,  to 
use,  that  is,  lo  hold  on  or  continue,  as  we  have  loont, 
from  G.  wohneny  to  dwell.] 

1.  Anniversary;  observed  once  a  year  with  re- 
ligious ceremonies. 

The  worsiiip  cf  this  iraa^  was  advanced,  and  a  solemn  suppli- 
caiiou  obsei-ved  every  year.  SliUingfieet. 

[i  doubt  the  correctness  of  this  definition  of  John- 
son ;  or  whether  solemn,  in  our  language,  ever  in- 
cludes the  sense  of  anniversary.  In  the  passage 
cited,  the  sense  of  anniveisary  is  expressed  by  every 
year,  and  if  it  is  included  in  solemn  also,  the  sentence 
is  tautological.  I  should  say  then,  that  solemn,  in  this 
passage  of  Stillingfleet,  has  the  sense  given  in  the 
second  definition  below.] 

2.  Religiously  grave ;  marked  with  pomp  and 
sanctity ;  attended  with  religious  rites. 

His  holy  riles  and  solemn  feasts  profaned,  Milton. 

3.  Religiously  serious  ;  piously  grave  ;  devout ; 
marked  by  reverence  to  God  ;  as,  solemn  prayer ;  the 
solemn  duties  of  the  sanctuary. 

4.  Affecting  with  seriousness ;  impressing  or  adapt- 
ed to  impress  seriousness,  gravity,  or  reverence; 
sober;  serious. 

There  reiguod  a  solemn  silence  over  all.  Spenser. 

To  'swa^  \vilh  solemn  touches  troubled  Uioughts.        MUton. 

5.  Grave ;  serious ;  or  affectedly  grave ;  as,  a 
solemn  face. 

6.  Sacred  ;  enjoined  by  religion  ;  or  attended  with 
a  serious  appeal  to  God  ;  as,  a  solemn  oath. 

7.  RIarked  with  solemnities;  as,  a  solemn  day. 
SOL'EMN-CREATH-ING,  a.    Diffusing  or  inspiring 

solemnity.  Gray. 

SOL'EM-NESS,  n.      The  state  or  quality  of  being 

solemn  ;  reverential  manner  ;  gravity  ;  as,  the  sol- 

emncss  of  public  worship. 
2.  Solemnity  ;  gravity  of  manner,  WoUon. 

SO-LEM'NI-TY,  n.     [Fr.  solcmmte.] 

1.  A  rite  or  ceremony  annually  performed  with 
religious  reverence, 

Gn?at  waa  the  cause ;  our  old  solemnidee 

Prom  no  blind  zeal  or  fond  tradilion  rise, 

Kit  saved  from  deaih,  our  Argivea  yearly  pay 

These  grateful  honors  lo  the  god  of  day.  Pope. 

[Solejnnitics  seems  here  to  include  the  sense  of 
anniversary.  See  the  fourth  line.  But  in  modern 
usage,  that  sense  is  rarely  or  never  attached  to  the 
word.] 

2.  A  religious  ceremony  ;  a  ritual  performance  at- 
tended with  religious  reverence; ;  as,  the  solemnity  of 
a  funeral  or  of  a  sacrament. 

3.  A  ceremony  adapted  to  impress  awe ;  as,  tho 
solemnities  of  tlie  last  day. 

4.  Manner  of  acting  awfully  serious. 

With  horrible  solemnity  he  caus-jd  every  thing  to  be  prepared  for 
his  triumph  of  victory.  Sidney. 

5.  Gravity ;  steady  seriousrtess ;  as,  the  solemnity 
of  the  Spanish  language.  Spectator. 

C.  Affected  gravity. 

Solemnily  'a  a  cover  for  a.  sot.  Young. 

SOL-EM-NI-ZA'TION,  -n.  The  act  of  solemnizing ; 
celebration  ;  as,  the  solemnization  of  a  marriage. 

Bacon. 


SOL 

SOL'EM-NTZE,  r.  t.    [Fr.  soleimiser;  It.  eolennizuiTe. 

1.  To  dignify  or  honor  by  ceremonies;  to  cele- 
brate ;  as,  to  solemnize  the  birth  of  Christ.     Boyle. 

Their  choic*  nobility  and  flower 

M>3l  frodi  all  yailA  to  saUmruzc  'Jds  feajt.  Millon. 

2.  To  perform  with  ritual  ceremonies  and  respect, 
or  according  to  legal  forms  ;  as,  to  soUmnize  a  mar- 
ijage.  Z.  Swift. 

3.  To  perform  reJigioasly  once  a  year.    [Qu.] 

Hooker. 

4.  To  make  grave,  serious,  and  reverential ;  as,  to 
solemnize  the  mind  for  the  duties  of  the  sanctuary. 

IVilberfarce. 
[In  this  sense  the  word  is  occasionally  used  in 
England,  and  is  well  authorized  in  the  United  States. 
—  Ed.] 

SOL'EM-NTZ-£D,  pp.  Celebrated  religiously  ;  made 
grave. 

SOL'EM-NiZ-ER,  n.  One  who  performs  a  solemn 
rite. 

SOL'EM-NIZ-ING,  ppr.     Honoring  with  sacred  rites. 

SOL'EiMN-LY,  ado.  With  gravity  and  religious  rev- 
erence. Let  us  solemnly  address  the  throne  of 
grace. 

2.  With  official  formalities  and  by  due  authority. 
This  question  of  law  has  been  4otfnn/i/ decided  in 
the  highest  court. 

3.  With  formal  state.  Shalu 

4.  With  formal  gravity  and  atateliness,  or  with  af- 
fected gravity. 

There  in  deaf  murmurs  solemnly  ai?  wije.  Dryden, 

5.  With  religious  seriousness;  as,  I  solemnly  de- 
clare myself  innocent. 

I  do  solemnly  anure  the  reukr.  Sj^/1. 

SoLE'NESS,  n.  [from  sole.]  Singleness;  a  slate  of 
being  unconnected  with  others.  D/-rin^. 

So'LEN-ITE,  71.  A  petrified  razor-shell,  or  bivalve 
of  the  genus  Solen. 

SoL-FX',  V.  i.  To  pronounce  the  notes  of  the  gamut, 
ascending  or  descending,  do,  {ox  ut,)  re,  mij  fa,  sol^ 
la,  si,  do,  and  vice  versa, 

SnL.-FA'ING,  ppr.  Pronouncing  the  notes  of  the  gamut, 

sbL-FA-TA'R.a,n.  [from  the  Italian  volcano  near 
Naples.]  A  volcanic  vent  or  area,  from  which  sul- 
phur, sulphureous,  watery,  and  acid  vapors  and  gases 
are  emitted.  LytU.       ^ 

SOL-FEG' &I-0,  n.    [It.]    In  musicy  the  system  of  ar-  j 
ranging  the  scale  by  the  names  rfo,  re,  mi,fa,  sol,  la, 
si,  by  v/hich  singing  is  taught. 

So'LI  ;  in  music,  pi.  of  Solo. 

SO-LICIT,  (so-lis'it,)  v.  t.  [L.  solicito:  Fr.  soUicittr: 
It.  solkcitare.  I  know  not  whether  this  word  is 
simple  or  compound ;  probably  the  latter.  Uu.  L. 
lacio.] 

1.  To  ask  with  some  degree  of  earnestness  ;  to 
make  petition  to  ;  to  apply  to  for  obtaining  some- 
thing. This  word  imphes  earnestness  in  seeking, 
but  1  think  less  earnestness  than  Beo,  Implore.  En- 
treat, and  Importune,  and  more  tlian  AsRorRz- 
quEsT  ;  as  when  we  say,  a  man  solicits  the  minister 
for  an  office  ;  he  solicits  his  father  for  a  favor. 

Did  1  sotidt  ihce 
From  darkness  to  promote  ffie  ?  JUHton. 

9.  To  ask  for  with  some  degree  of  earnestness ;  to 
seek  by  petition  ;  as,  to  solicit  an  ofiice ;  to  solicit  a 
favor. 

3.  To  awake  or  excite  to  action  ;  to  summon  ;  to 
invite. 

That  fniil  soUdUd  her  longing  eve.  Milion. 

Soimds  and  some  tangible  qualities  SoUdl  their  proper  »^"«*» 
and  force  an  entrance  to  the  miod.  Latxe. 

4.  To  attempt ;  to  try  to  obtain. 

!  view  my  crime,  but  kind!?  at  tbc  view, 

Repeat  old  ple;i5ures  and  social  new.  Pope. 

5.  To  disturb;    to  disquiet;   a   Latinism   rarely 

used. 

But  anxious  feaw  soUdl  my  wca*  brea*L  Drydtn. 

SO-LIC'IT-ANT,  n.    One  who  solicits. 

SO-LIC-IT-A'TION,  71.  Earnest  request ;  a  seeking 
to  obtain  something  from  another  with  some  degree 
of  zeal  and  eantcstness ;  sometimes,  perhaps,  im- 
portunity. He  obtained  a  grant  by  repeated  solicita- 
tions. 

2.  Excitement;  ijivitation  ;  as,  the  solicitation  of 
tbe  senses.  Locke. 

SO-LIC'IT-ED,  pp.    Earnestly  requested. 
SO-LIC'IT-ING,  ppr.    Requesting  with  earnestness; 
asking  for;  attempting  to  obtain. 

This  way  and  that  soUdtit^  the  dart.  Dryign. 

SO-LIC'IT-OR,  n,     [  Fr.  soUiciteur.] 

1.  One  who  asks  with  earnestness ;  one  tliat  asks 
for  another.  ^-^^ 

9.  An  attorney,  advocate,  or  counselor  at  law, 
who  is  authorized  to  practice  in  the  English  court  of 
chancer^'.  In  Jimcrica,  an  advocate  or  counselor  at 
law,  who,  like  the  attorney-general  or  State  s  attor- 
ney, prosecutes  actions  for  the  State. 

SO-LIC'IT-OR-GEN'ER-AL,  n  In  Great  Bntain,&n 
officer  of  the  crown,  who  is  associated  with  the  at- 
torney-general in  managing  the  legal  busmess  of  the 
crown  and  public  offices.  Brande. 


TONE,  ByLL,  XJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K  ;  O  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


X051 


SOL 

SO-LIC'IT-OUS,  (-lis'iMis,)  a.     [L.  5oZici(«5.] 

1.  Careful ;  anxious ;  very  desirous^  as  to  nhlain 
something.  Men  are  often  more  solicitous  to  oblain 
the  favor  of  Iheir  king,  or  of  the  people,  than  of  their 
Maker. 

S.  Careful;,  anxious;  concerned;  as  respecting  an 
unknown  but  interesting  evt-nt;  followed  usually  hy 
about  or  for.  We  say,  a  man  is  sulicitoiLs  about  the 
fate  of  his  petition,  or  abmit  the  result  of  the  nt-go- 
liation.    He  is  solicUoiis  for  the  safety  of  his  sliip. 

3.  Anxious  ;  concerned  ;  followed  by/w,  as  when 
something  is  to  be  obtained.  Be  not  ^oiicitous  for 
the  future. 

SO-LIC'IT-OUS-LY,  adv.  Anxiously  ;  with  care  and 
concern.  Errors  in  religion,  or  in  science,  are  to  be 
solicitously  avoided.  A  wise  prince  solicitously  pro- 
motes the  prosperity  of  his  subjects. 

SO-LIC'IT-OUS-NESS,  n.    Solicitude. 

SO-LIC'IT-RESS,  71.  A  female  who  solicits  or  peti- 
tions. 

SO-LIC'I-TUDE,  71.     [L.  solicitudo.] 

Carefulness  ;  concern  ;  anxiety  ;  uneasiness  of 
mind  occasioned  by  the  fear  of  evil  or  the  desire 
of  good.  A  man  feels  solicitude  when  his  friend  is 
sick.  We  feel  solicitude  for  the  success  of  an  enter- 
prise. With  what  solicitude  should  men  seek  to  se- 
cure future  happiness ! 

SOL'ID,  a.  [L.  solidus;  Fr.  solidc  ;  It.  and  Sp.  soUdo  ; 
from  the  sense  o^  setting  ox  -pressure,  and  hence  allied 
to  L.  soluviy  Eng.  sill.] 

1.  Hard;  firm;  compact;  having  its  constituent 
particles  so  close  or  dense  as  to  resist  the  impression 
or  penetration  of  other  bodies.  Hence,  solid  bodies 
are  not  penetrable,  nur  are  the  parts  movable  and 
easily  displaced,  like  those  of  lluids.  Solid  is  opposed 
lojiuid  and  liquid. 

2.  Not  hollow  ;  full  of  matter ;  as,  a  solid  globe  or 
cone,  as  disiincuished  from  a  kollow  one. 

3.  Having  all  the  geometrical  dimensions  ;  cubic  ; 
as,  a  solid  foot  contains  1728  solid  inches.    JirbuiJinot. 

[In  this  sense,  Cubic  is  now  generally  used.] 

4.  Firm;  compact;  strong;  as,aso/ii/ pier ;  aso/j'd 
pile  ;  a  solid  wall.  j^ddison. 

5.  Sound  ;  not  weakly  ;  as,  a  solid  constitution  of 
body.     [Sound  is  more  generally  used.]         Watts. 

6.  Real ;  sound  ;  valid  ;  true ;  just ;  not  empty  or 
fallacious.  Wise  men  seek  solid  reasons  for  their 
opinions. 

7.  Grave;  profound;  not  light,  trifling,  or  su- 
perficial. 

These,  wanting  wit,  Rfit-ct  graviiy,  and  g;o  liy  the  name  of  solid 
men.  Dryden. 

8.  In  botany,  of  a  fleshy,  uniform,  undivided  sub- 
stance, as  a  bulb  or  root ;  not  spongy  or  hollow  with- 
in, as  a  stem.  Martyn. 

A  solid  foot  contains  1728  solid  inches,  weighing 
1000  ounces  of  rain  water. 

Solid  anffle ;  an  angle  formed  by  three  or  more  plane 
angles,  which  are  not  in  the  same  plane,  meeting  in 
a  point. 

Soliil  problem ;  one  which  can  be  construed  geo- 
melrically  only  by  the  intersection  of  a  circle  and  a 
conic  section,  or  of  two  conic  sections.        Hutton. 

Solid  square,  in  military  language,  is  a  square  body 
of  troops ;  a  body  in  which  the  ranks  and  files  are 
equal. 
SOL'ID,  71.  A  firm,  compact  body.  In  atiatmuy  and 
medical  science^  tlie  bones,  flesh,  and  vessels  of  animal 
bodies  are  called  solids,  in  distinction  from  the  blood, 
chyle,  and  other  fluids. 

in  geometry,  a  solid  is  a  magnitude  which   has 
length,  breadth,  and  thickness. 
SOL'  I-D ATE,  V.  t.     [  L.  soUdo.] 

To  make  solid  or  firm.     \Liitlc  used.]        Cowley. 
SO-LID-I-FI-CA'TION,  n.     The  act  of  making  solid. 
SO-LlD'I-Fl-i'JD,  pp.     Made  solid. 
S0-LID'I-F5,  V.  t.     [L.  solidus,  solid,  and  facio,  to 
make.] 
To  make  solid  or  compact.  Kirwaii. 

SO-LID'I-F?-ING,  ppr.    Making  solid. 
SO-LID'I-TY,  n.     [Fr.  soUdite  :  L.  soliditas.] 

1.  Firmness;  hardness;  density;  compactness; 
that  quality  of  bodies  which  resists  impression  and 
penetration;  opposed  to  Fluidity. 

That  which  hinders  the   approach  ol  two  bodies  moving  oue 
toward  another,  1  cull  soUditij.  t^cke. 

9.  Fullness  of  matter  ;  opposed  to  Hollowness. 
3.  Moral  firmness ;  soundness  ;  strength  ;  validity  ; 

truth;  certainty;  as  opposed  to  Weakness  or  Fal- 
LAcioL'sNEss  ;  as,  the  6p/((fiiy  of  arguments  or  reason- 
ing ;  the  solidity  of  principles,  truths,  or  opinions. 
Jiddisov.     Prior. 
In  geometry,  the  solid  contents  of  a  body. 
SOL'ID-I.Y,  adv.     Firmly;  densely;  compactly;  as, 
the  parts  of  a  pier  solidly  united. 

2.  P'irmly  ;  truly;  on  firm  grounds. 

A  connil^le  bra^e  man  ou^ht  lo  know  solidli/ i\\>:  main  ^nd  of  his 
being  in  the  world,  U'S^y. 

SOL'ID-NESS,  V.  The  quality  of  being  firm,  dense, 
or  compact;  firmness;  compactness;  solidity;  as 
of  material  bodies. 

2.  Soundness;  strength;  tnith  ;  validity;  as  of 
arguments,  reasons,  principles,  ice. 


SOL 

SOL-ID-UN"GU-LATE,  n.     [h.  soUdns  and  ungula.) 
One  of  a  tribe  of  mammals  having  a  .single  or  solid 
hoof  on  each  foot :  a  soliped. 
SOL.-n>-UN"GU-LOUS,  a.      [L.  solidus,  solid,    and 

tiiiguhi,  llOOf.] 

Having  hoofs  ihat  are  whole  or  net  cloven.    A 

horse  is  a  solidungulous  animal.      Bacon.     Barrow. 

SOL-I-FID'I-AN,  n.    [h.  solus,  alone,  and.Mc.v,  faith.] 

One  who  maintains  that  faith  alone,  without  works, 

is  necessary  to  justitlcation.  Hnmmnnd. 

SOL-I-FID'I-AN,  a.   Holding  the  tenets  of  Solifidians. 

Fclthant. 
SOL-I-FID'I-AN-ISM,  71.    The  tenets  of  Solifidians. 
SO-LIL'0-aUIZE,  V.  I.     To  utter  a  soliloquy. 
SO-LIL'O-aUIZ-ING,  ppr.     Uttering  a  soliloquy. 
SO'LIL'0-aUY,  ».     [ly.soliloffuc;  It.  and  Sp.  solilo- 
quio  i  L.  solus,  alone,  and  loquor,  to  speak.] 

3.  A  talking  to  one's  self;  a  talking  or  discourse  of 
a  person  alone,  or  not  addressed  to  another  person, 
even  when  others  are  present. 

Lovers  are  always  allowed  the  comfort  of  soliloquy.    Spectator. 

2.  A  written  composition,  reciting  what  it  is  suiv 
posed  a  person  speaks  to  himself. 

The  whole  poem  is  a  solUoquy.  Prior, 

SOL'I-PED,  n.     [L.  solus,  alone,  or  solidus,  and  pes, 
foot.    But  the  word  is  ill  formed.] 
An  animal  wlioso  hoof  is  not  cloven.        Brown. 
The  solined,^  constitute  a  group  of  quadrupeds  with 
undivided' hoofs,  as,  for  example,  the  Linnwan  genus 
Equus.  Ed.  Encyc. 

SO-LIP'ED-OUS,  a.      Having  hoofs  which  are  not 

cloven. 
S0L-1~TaIRE',  71.     [Fr.  solitaire,  from  L.  solitarius. 
See  Solitary.] 

1.  A  person  who  lives  in  solitude;  a  recluse;  a 
hermit.  Pope. 

9.  An  ornament  for  the  neck.  Shenstone. 

3.  A  game  which  one  person  can  plav  alone. 
SOL-t-TA'Rl-AN,  71.     A  hermit.  '     Twisden. 
SOL'[-TA-RI-LY,  adv.     [from  solitary.]    In  solitude; 

alone ;  without  company. 

Feed  thy  people  with  Uiyrod,  the  (loci;  of  tliy  hcrilagc,  thatdwell 

solitarily  in  the  wood.  — ■  Mic;ih  xvi. 

SOL'I-TA-RI-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  alone ; 
forbearance  of  company ;  retirement,  or  habitual  re- 
tirement. 

At  home,  in  wholesome  solitariness.  Doniie. 

9.  Solitude:  loneliness  ;  desthulion  of  company  or 
of  animated  beings  ;  applied  to  place :  as,  the  solitari- 
iicss  of  the  country,  or  of  a  wood. 
SOL'I-TA-RY,  a.    [Fr.  solitaire;  h.  solitarius,  from  so- 
lus, alone.] 

1.  Living  alone  ;  not  having  company.  Some  of 
the  more  ferocious  animals  are  solitanu  seldom  or 
never  being  found  in  flocks  or  herds.  Thus  the  Hon 
is  called  a  solitary  animal. 

Those  rare  and  soliUiry,  these  in  flocks.  Milton. 

2.  Retired;  remote  from  society ;  not  having  com- 
pany, or  not  much  frequented ;  as,  a  solitary  resi- 
dence or  place. 

3.  Lonely;  destitute  of  company  ;  as,  a  solitary 
life. 

4.  Gloomy  ;  still ;  dismal. 

Lot  Ihnt  night  besoWary;  let  no  joylul  voice  come  therein. — 
Job  iii. 

r>.  Single  ;  as,  a  solitary  instance  of  vengeance  ;  a 
solitary  example. 

6.  In  botany,  separate  :  one  only  in  a  place  ;  as,  a 
solitary  stipule. 

A  solitary  fiowcr  is  when  there  is  only  one  to  each 
peduncle;  a  so/i(arj/ seficZ,  when  there  is  only  one  in 
a  pericarp.  jyiartyn. 

SOL'I-TA-RY,  71.    One  that  lives  alone  or  in  solitude; 

a  hermit  ;  a  recluse.  Pope. 

SOL'I-TUDE,  w.  [Fr.,  from  L.  solitudo ;  from  solus, 
alone.] 

1.  Loneliness;  a  state  of  being  alone;  a  lonely 
life. 

Whoever  is  delighted  with  solitude,  in  either  a  wild  beast  or  a 
god.  BiKvn. 

2.  Loneliness ;  remoteness  from  society  ;  destitu- 
tion of  company  ;  applied  to  place ;  as,  the  solitxide  of 
a  wood  or  a  valley ;  the  solitude  of  the  country. 

The  solititde  of  liis  little  parish  is  become  matter  of  great  com- 
fort to  him.  Law. 

:J.  A  lonely  place ;  a  desert. 

Ill  these  deep  EolUitdesnnd  awful  cells, 

Where  heavenly,  pensive  Contemplation  iLvvclU.  Pope. 

SO-LIV^A-GANT,  a.  [L.  soUvagus;  soltis,  alone,  and 
vagor,  to  wander.] 

Wandering  alone.  Granger. 

SOL'LAR,  7(.     [Low  L.  solurimn.] 

A  garret  or  upper  room.     [JVut  ui  use]      Tusser. 
SOL-MI-ZA'TION,  n.     [from  sol,  vii,  musical  notes.] 
A  sol-faing ;  a  repetition  or  recital  of  the  notes  of 
the  gamut.  liunuy. 

So'LO,  n.    [It.,  from  L.  solus,  alone.] 

A  tune,  air,  or  strain,  to  be  played  by  a  single  in- 
strument, or  sung  by  a  single  voicts 
SOL'O-MON'S-Lr.AF,  n.    A  plant. 


SOL 

S0L'O-M0N'S-S£AL,  n.  The  popvilar  name  of  sev- 
eral plants  belonging  to  the  genera  Polygonatuin, 
Smilacina,  Streptopus,  iStc. 

SOL'STICE,  71.  [Fr.,  from  L.  solstitium ;  sol,  the  sun, 
and  sto,  to  stand  ;  It.  solstizio  ;  Sp.  solsticio.] 

In  astronomy,  tlie  time  when  the  sun,  in  its  annual 
revolution,  arrives  at  that  point  in  the  ecliptic  fur- 
thest north  or  south  of  the  equator,  or  reaches  its 
greatest  northern  or  southern  declination.  When 
near  these  points,  which  are  called  the  solstitial 
points,  the  sun  scarcely  changes  its  declination  for 
several  days,  and  hence  is  said  to  stand  still,  whence 
the  name  solstice.  The  summer  solstice  occurs  about 
the  22d  of  June  ;  the  w'tntev  solstice  about  the22d  of 
December.  Olmsted. 

SOL-STI"TIAL,  (sol-stish'al,)  a.  Pertaining  to  a  sol- 
stice ;  as,  a  solstitial  point.  Brown. 

2.  Happening  at  a  solstice ;  usually,  with  us,  at 
thft  summer  solstice,  or  midsummer  ;  as,  solstitial 
heat.  Milton. 

SOL-U-BIL'I-TY,  71.  [from  soluble.]  The  quality  of 
a  body  which  renders  it  susceptible  of  solution  ;  sus- 
ceptibility of  being  dissolved  in  a  fluid.  The  solubil- 
ity of  resins  is  chiefly  confined  to  spirits  or  alcoliol. 

SOL'U-BLE,  a.     [L.  solubilis,  from  solvo,  to  melt.] 
Susceptible  of  being  dissolved  in  a  fluid  ;  capable 
of  solution.     Sugar  is  soluble  in  water  ;  salt  is  soluble 
only  to  a  certain  extent,  that  is,  till  the  water  is  sat- 
urated. 

SOL'U-BLE-NESS,  n.    Solubilitv. 

So'LUS,  a.     [L.J    Alone. 

SO-LuTE',  a.     [L.  solutns,  soli'o.] 

2.  In  a  general  sense,  loose  ;  free  ;  as,  a  solute  inter- 
pretation.    [J^ot  in  use.]  Bacon. 

3.  In  botany,  loose  ;  not  adliering  ;  opposed  to  Ad- 
NATE  ;  as,  a  solute  stipule.  Martyn. 

SO-LtJTE',  r.  t.     To  dissolve.     [jVot  in  use.]     Bacon. 
SO-LtJ'TION,   71.     [Fr. ;   It.  soluzionci    Sp.  solucion; 
^  from  L.  solutio,  from  solvo,  to  loosen,  melt,  dissolve. 
See  Solve.] 

1.  The  act  of  separating  the  parts  of  any  body  ; 
disruption  ;  breach. 

In  all  bodies  lliere  is  an  apprtite  of  uoion  and  evitation  of  sahi- 
lion  of  coritinnity.  Bacon. 

2  A  feeble  combination,  in  which,  with  a  mere 
mechanical  change  of  properties,  and  without  regard 
to  definite  proportions,  one  or  more  solids  are  equally 
diff"used  through  some  liquid.  This  mode  of  combi- 
nation is  so  weak,  that  the  liquid  may  be  evaporated 
from  the  solid  or  solids,  leaving  tliem  unchanged  ex- 
cept in  texture  or  aggregation.  There  is  usually,  and 
jjrobably  always,  a  limit  to  the  quantity  of  the  solid  or 
solids  which  can  be  di.ss(ilved  by  a  given  liquid,  and 
this  is  called  sat.u}-ation.  The  liquid  in  which  the  so- 
lution is  eflected  is  called  the  solvent  or  menstruum. 

JSTotc.  —  This  word  is  not  used,  in  chemistry  or 
mineralogy,  for  the  melting  of  bodies  by  the  heat  of 
lire. 

The  term  solution  is  applied  lo  a  very  extensive 
<lass  of  phenomena.  When  a  solid  disappears  in  a 
liquid,  if  the  compound  exhibits  perfect  transparency, 
we  have  an  example  of  solution.  The  word  is  ap- 
plied both  to  the  act  of  combination  and  to  the  result 
of  the  process.  Thus  common  salt  disappears  in 
water,  that  is,  its  solution  takes  place,  and  the  liquiil 
obtained  is  called  a  solutio7i  of  salt  in  water.  Solution 
is  the  result  of  attractitui,  or  affinity,  between  tlie 
fluid  and  the  solid.  This  aflinity  continues  to  oper- 
ate to  a  certain  point,  where  it  is  overbalanced  by 
the  cohesion  of  the  solid  ;  it  then  ceases,  the  fluid  is 
said  to  be  saturated,  the  point  where  the  operiiticm 
ceases  is  called  saturation,  and  the  fluid  is  called  a 
saturated  solution.  Brande. 

Solution  is  a  Irue  chemical  union.  .Mixture  is  a 
mere  mechanical  union  of  bodies. 

3.  Resolution  ;  explanation  ;  the  act  of  explaining 
or  removing  difiiculty  or  doubt ;  as,  the  solution  of  a 
difficult  question  in  morality;  the  solution  of  a  doubt 
in  casuistry. 

4.  Release;  deliverance;  discharge.        Barrow. 

5.  In  algebra  and  geometry,  the  answering  of  a 
question,  or  the  resolving  of  a  problem  proposed. 

Solution  of  continuity ;  the  separation  of  connection, 
or  connected  substances  fir  parts  ;  applied,  in  surgei-y, 
to  a  fracture,  laceration,  ^'c. 
SOL'U-TIVE,  a.  Tending  to  dissolve  ;  loosening ;  lax- 
ative. Enciic. 
SOLV-A-BIL'I-TY,  n.    Ability  to  pay  all  just  debt^. 

Encyc. 
SOLV'A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  solved,  resolved,  or 
explained. 

2.  That  can  be  paid.  TooUe. 
SOLV'A-IILE-NESS,  n.    Solvability. 

SOLVE,  r.  t.     [L.  soloo ;  Fr.  sondre  ;  It.  solvere.    Class 
SI.    Several  roots  give  the  sense.] 

1.  Properly,  to  loosen  or  separate  the  parts  of  "iiy 
thing:  hence,  to  explain;  to  resolve;  to  eclaircise ; 
to  unfold  ;  to  clear  up,  as  what  is  obscure,  or  diflindt 
to  be  understood  ;  as,  to  solve  questions  ;  to  solve  dif- 
ficulties or  a  problem. 

When  t1od  shall  solve  th.'  d.irk  decrees  of  fate.  Ticket. 

2.  To  remove  ;  to  dissipate  ;  as,  lo  solve  doubl:^?. 
SOLV'J^D,  ;jp.     Explained;  resolved. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MeTE,  TREY.  -  !'T\E,  MAUiNl':,  BIRa  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOQK.- 


10^2 


SOM 

SOLV'EN-CY,  n.     [L.  soZpfH,>\] 

Ability  to  pay  all  debts  or  just  claims ;  as,  the 
soIveKni  of  a  merchant  is  undoubted.    The  credit  of 
a  nation's  notes  depends  on  a  favorable  opinion  of 
its  soh^ency. 
SOLV-END',  ru    A  substance  to  be  dissolved. 

Klrwaji. 
SOLVENT,  a.    Having  the  power  of  dissolving  ;  as, 
a  solvent  body.  Boyle, 

2.  Able  to  pay  all  just  debts.  The  merchant  is 
solvent. 

3.  Sufficient  to  pay  all  just  debts.  The  estate  is 
f:olveuL 

SOLVENT,  71.    A  fluid  that  dissolves  any  substance 

is  called  the  solvent,  or  menstruum. 
SOLVER,  n.    One  who  solves  or  explains. 
SOLVi-BLE,  a.    Solvable,  which  see. 
SO-MAT'I€,         ;  a.      [Gr.  auJuariKos,  from   cona, 
SO-MAT'ie-AL,  S      liody.] 

Corporeal ;  pertaining  to  a  body.     [JVoi  in  use] 

Scott. 
So'MA-TIST,  71.    [Supra.]     One  who  admits  the  ex- 
istence of  corporeal  or  material  beings  only ;   one 
who  denies  the  existence  of  spiritual  substances. 

Glancille. 
S0-MA-T0L'0-6Y,  ti.    [Gr.  CT(^vi«,  body,  and  A-j;  05, 
discourse.] 
The  doctrine  of  bodies  or  material  substances. 
SOM'BER,  ic.       [Fr.    sombre,    from    Sp.    sombra,  a 
SOM'BRE,  (     shade.] 

Dull;  dusky;  cloudy;  gloomy. 

SOM'BRE-NESS,  j  ""    darkness  j  gloominess. 
SO.M'BROUS,  a.     Gloomy.  Stephens. 

SO>rBROUS-Ly,  adv.     Gloorailv. 
SOxM'BROUS-NESt>,  n.    State  oi"  being  sombrous. 
SOME,  (sum,)  a.     [Sa.r.  sum,  suma  D.  sommi^e;  Sw. 
soTtdise  ;  Sw.  and  Dan.  sojii,  who.] 

1.  Koting  a  certain  quantity  of  a  thing,  but  inde- 
terminate ;  a  portion  greater  or  less.  Give  me  some 
bread  ;  drink  some  wine  ;  bring  some  water. 

•2.  Noting  a  number  of  persons  or  things,  greater  or 
less,  but  indeterminate. 

Some  theoretical  writers  alleo^e  lliat  thcr^i  wa3  a  time  when  (here 
was  no  such  Uiin*  as  socriy.  Biackstone. 

3.  Noting  a  person  or  thing,  but  not  known,  or  not 
specific  and  definite.  Some  p^'rson,  I  know  not  who, 
gave  me  the  inlorraation.  Enter  the  city,  and  some 
man  will  direct  you  to  the  house. 

Most  geallenieo  of  property,  at  soma  period  or  other  of  their 
Uvi'3,  are  ambitious  of  represenliu^  llieir  comuv  in  parlia- 
ment. Blackstane. 

4.  Noting  indeterminately  that  a  thing  is  not  very 
great ;  moderate  j  as,  the  censure  was  to  some  extent 
just. 

5.  It  sometimes  precedes  a  word  of  number  or 
quantity,  with  the  sense  of  about  or  near,  noting 
want  of  certainty  as  to  the  specific  number  or 
amount,  but  something  near  it ;  as,  a  village  of  some 
eighty  houses  ;  some  two  or  three  persona  ;  some  sev- 
enty miles  distant ;  an  object  at  some  good  distance. 

Bacon. 

6.  Some  is  often  opposed  to  others.  Some  men  be- 
lieve one  thing,  and  others  another. 

7.  Some  is  otlen  used  without  a  noun,  and  then, 
like  other  adjectives,  is  a  substitute  for  a  noun.  We 
consumed  some  of  our  provisions,  and  tlie  rest  was 
given  to  the  poor. 

Some  lo  the  shores  tlo  fly, 

Soma  to  the  woods.  Darnel. 

Your  edicu  some  r^'claim  from  s.me. 

But  most  your  life  aiiil  biMt  exampi';  wins.  Dryden. 

8.  SOTnfl  is  used  as  a  termination  of  certain  adjec- 
tives, as  in  iMTidsome,  mcttlesumr^  blit/iesome,  fulsome, 
lonesome,  gladsome,  gamesome.  In  these  words,  some 
has  primarily  the  sense  of  lillle,  or  a  certain  degree  ; 
a  little  blithe  or  glad.  But  in  usage,  it  rather  indi- 
cates a  considerable  degree  of  the  thing  or  quantity  ; 
as,  mettlesome,  full  cf  mettle  or  spirit ;  gladsome,  very 
clad  or  joyous. 

-SOME'BOD-Y,  (sum'-,)  n.    [some  and  bodtj.]    A  person 
unknown  or  uncertain ;  a  person  indeterminate. 
Jpsu3  said,  Somebody  hsth  touched  me.  —  Luke  viii. 
We  inus;  draw  in  aoTnebody  that  may  stand 
'TwLxt  us  and  danger.  Denhum. 

2.  X  person  of  coDsideration. 

iVifore  these  days  rose  op  Thendaa,  boasl-ng  himacif  to  be  some- 
body. —  ACU  V. 

SO^IE'DeAL,  (sum'-,)  adv.  [some  and  deal.]  In  some 
degree.     [  Obs,']  Spenser. 

SQV. E.' HOW ,  adv.  [some  and  how.]  One  way  or 
other ;  in  some  way  not  yet  known.  The  thing 
niiisit  have  happened  somehow  or  other. 

S6M'ER-SAULT,  I  ,,„„,^,   ■.  i  n.     fSp.  sobresalir,  to 

SOM'ER-SET,  \  ^^""^  ^^''^  (  exceed  in  hight,  to 
leap  over;  subresaltar,to  surprise  ;  It.  soprassalire,  to 
attack  unexpectedly ;  soprassalto,  an  overleap ;  L. 
super  and  salio,  to  leap.] 

A  leap  in  which  a  person  turns  with  his  heels  over 
I)i-<  head,  and  lights  upon  his  feet.  Donne. 

SOM'ER-VILL-ITE,  71.  A  Vosuvian  mineral,  occur- 
ring in  pale,  dull,  yellow  crystals,  and  related  to 
Gehlenite.  Dana. 


SON 

SOME'THING,  (sum'-,)  n.  [some  and  thing.]  An  in- 
determinate or  unknown  event.  Something  nmst 
have  happened  to  prevent  the  arrival  of  our  friends 
at  the  time  fixed.  I  shall  call  at  two  o'clock,  unless 
something  should  prevent.     [See  Thing.] 

Q.  A  substance  or  material  thing,  unknown,  inde- 
terminate, or  not  specified.     A  machine  stops  be- 
cause something  obstructs  its  motion  ;  there  nmst  be 
something  to  support  a  wall  or  an  arch. 
J   A  part ;  a  portion  more  or  less. 

Something  yet  of  douht  remains.  MUton. 
Still  from  his  litti'j  he  could  someddng  sp:ii'i^, 

To  feed  the  hungry  and  to  clothe  the  bar*.  Ifnrle. 

Something  of  ii'ariscs  from  our  infant  sute.  Walli. 

4.  A  little  ;  an  indefinite  quantity  or  degree.  The 
man  asked  me  for  a  dollar,  but  I  gave  him  something 

5.  Distance  not  great.  [more. 

It  must  he  done  *o-night,  and  something  from  the  palace.  Shak. 

6.  Something  has  been  used  adverbially  for  in  some 
degree  j  as,  he  was  something  discouraged  ;  but  the 
use  is  not  elegant.  Temple. 

SOME'TIiME,  (sum'-,)  adv.    Once  ;  formerly. 

That  fair  and  warlike  form 
In  wliich  the  majesty  of  buried  Denmark 
Did  sometime  marcli.  ShaH. 

2.  At  one  time  or  other  hereafter. 
[Sometime  is  really  a  compound  noun,  and  at  is  un- 
derstood before  it ;  at  some  time.] 
SOME'TIMES,  (7(^1'.  At  times;  at  intervals;  not  al- 
ways ;  now  and  then.  We  are  sometimes  indisposed, 
sometimes  occupied,  sometimes  at  leisure;  that  is,  a( 
some  times. 

It  is  good  that  we  be  sometimes  contradicted.  Taylor. 

2.  At  one  time  ;  opposed  to  another  time. 
SOME'VVHAT,    (sum'hvvot,)    n.      [some    and    what.] 
Something,  though  uncertain  what.         Atterbanj. 

2.  More  or  less  j  a  certain  quantity  or  degree,  in- 
determinate. 

These  salts  have  iomeuikat  of  a  nitrous  tB£te.  Gyeat. 

3.  A  part,  greater  or  less. 

SojncTchut  of  Iiis  good  sense  will  suffer  in  this  transfusion,  and 
much  of  the  beauty  of  his  thoughts  wiil  be  lost.      Dryden. 

SOME'WHAT,  adv.  In  some  degree  or  quantity. 
This  is  somewhat  more  or  less  than  was  cxpecleti  ; 
he  is  sometohat  aged  ;  he  is  somewhat  disappointed  ; 
somewhat  disturbed. 

SOME'WHERE,  adv.  [some  and  where.]  In  some 
])lace,  unknown  or  not  specified ;  in  one  place  or 
another.  He  lives  somewhere  in  obscurity;  Dryden 
somewhere  says,  "  Peace  to  the  manes  of  the  dead." 

SOME'WHiLE,  adv.  [some  and  while,]  Once  ;  for  a 
time.     [Obs.]  SptiKcr. 

SOiME'VVHITII-ER,  adv.  To  some  indetermii,.iie 
place.  Johnson. 

SOM'MITE,  71.  Nepheline ;  a  mineral  which  occurs 
in  small  crystals  and  ciystalline  grains  in  the  lava  of 
Mount  Somma  on  Vesuvius.  Ilauij. 

SOM-NA.M-BU-La'TION,  71.     [L.  somnus,  sleep,  and 
ambulo,  to  walk.] 
The  act  of  walking  in  sleep.  Bcddoes. 

SOM-NAM'BU-Lie,  a.  Walking  in  sleep ;  pertaining 
to  somnambulism. 

SOM-NAM'BU-LISM,  n.  [Supra.]  The  act  or  prac- 
tice of  walking  in  sleep.  Beddoes.     Darwin. 

SOM-NAM'BU-LIST,  ».  A  person  who  walks  in  his 
sleep.  Beddoes.     Porteus. 

SOM'NER,  for  Summoneb.     [J^ot  in  use.] 

SOM-NIF'ER-OUS,  a.  [L.  somnifcr;  somniis,  sleep, 
and  fero,  to  bring  ;  Fr.  somnifere  ;  It.  and  Sp.  som- 
nifero.] 

Causing  or  inducing  sleep;  soporific  ;  as,  a  som- 
niferous potion.  Walton. 

SOM-NIF'ie,  a.      [L.  somnus,  sleep,  and  faeio,  to 
make.] 
Causing  sleep  ;  tending  to  induce  sleep. 

SOM-NIL'O-UUIST,  n.    One  who  talks  in  his  sleep. 

SOM-NIL'0-aUOUS,  a.     Apt  to  talk  in  sleep. 

:sml:N{L'8"-§ms'M,  I  «■  fi"  -'""- »""  "'?"'"•■] 

A  talking  or  speaking  in  sleep.  Coleridge. 

SOM-NIL'O-aUY,  n.    The  talking  of  one  in  a  state 

of  soninii)alhv. 
SO.M-NIP'A-THIST,  n.    A  person  in  a  state  of  som- 

nipathv. 
SOM-NIP'A-THY,  n.     [L.  somnus  and  Gr.  iiaiios.] 
Sleep  from  sympathy,  or  by  the  process  of  mesmer- 
ism. 
SO.M'NO-LENCE,    )n.     [Low   L.  somnolentia;   from 
SOiM'NO-LEN-CY,  j      smnnus,  sleep.] 

Sleepiness;  drowsiness;  inclination  to  sleep. 

Oower. 
SOM'NO-LENT,  a.      Sleepy;    drowsy;    inclined  to 

sleep.  BuUolMr. 

SOM'NO-LENT-LY,  adv.    Drowsily. 
SON,  (sun,)  71.    [Sax.  i-unu;  Goth.  su7«w;  G.sohm  D. 
zoon;  Sw.  son;  Dan.  sd'/i;  Sans,  sunn;  Russ.  syn  or 
sin.] 

1.  A  male  child  ;  the  male  issue  of  a  parent, 
father  or  mother.  Jacob  had  twelve  sons.  Ishmael 
was  the  son  of  Hagar  by  Abraham. 

2.  A  male  descenii.'int,  however  distant ;  hence,  in 
the  plural,  sons  signifies  descendants  in  general,  a 


SON 

sense  much  used  in  the  Scriptures.    The  whole  hu- 
man race  are  styled  sons  of  Adam. 

3.  The  compellation  of  an  old  man  to  a  young  one, 
or  of  a  confessor  to  his  penitent ;  a  term  of  affection. 
Eli  called  Samuel  his  son. 

Ee  plain,  ^ood  ton,  and  homely  io  thy  drift.  Shek. 

4.  A  native  or  inhabitant  of  a  country ;  as,  tho 
sons  of  Britain.  Let  our  country  never  be  ashamed 
of  her  sons. 

.5.  The  produce  of  any  thing. 

Earth's  tall  sons,  the  cedar,  oak,  and  pine.  Blaekmore. 

JVote.  —  The  primary  sense    of  child  is  produce, 
C  One  adopted  into  a  family.         [issue ;  a  shoot. 

Moses  was  the  ton  of  Pharaoh's  daughter-  —  Ex,  ii. 

7.  One  wiio  is  converted  by  another's  instrumen- 
tality, is  called  his  son ;  also,  one  educated  by  anoth- 
er ;  as,  the  sons  of  the  prophets. 

8.  Christ  is  called  the  Son  of  God,  as  being  con- 
ceived by  the  power  of  the  Holy  Spirit,  or  in  conse- 
quence of  his  relation  to  the  Father. 

9.  Son  of  pride,  sons  of  light,  son  o\  Belial. 
These  are  Heb/aisms,  which  denote  that  persons 
possess  the  qualities  of  pride,  of  light,  or  of  Belial, 
as  children  inherit  the  qualities  of  their  ancestors. 

SO-NA'TA,  Ti.  [It.  See  Sousd.]  A  tune  intended 
for  an  instrument  only,  as  cantata  is  for  the  voice. 

SONG,  7(.  [Sax.  song;  D.  zang;  G.  sang,  gesang; 
Sw.  sibng  ;  Dan.  sang.     See  Sing.] 

1.  In  general,  that  wiilch  is  sung  or  uttered  with 
musical  modulations  of  the  voice,  whether  of  the 
human  voice  or  that  of  a  bird. 

2.  A  little  poem  to  be  sung  or  uttered  with  music- 
al modulations;  a  ballad.  The  5(?n»^5  of  a  cou^tr>- 
are  characteristic  of  its  manners.  Every  country- 
has  its  love  songs,  its  war  songs,  and  its  patriotic 
so  71 0-5. 

3.  A  hymn  ;  a  sacred  poem  or  hymn  to  be  sung 
either  in  joy  or  thanksgiving,  as  that  sung  by  Moses 
and  the  Israelites  after  escaping  the  dangers  of  the 
Arabian  Gulf  and  of  Pharaoh  ;  or  of  lamentation,  as 
tliat  of  David  over  the  death  of  Saul  and  Jonathan. 
Songs  of  joy  are  represented  as  constituting  a  part  of 

4.  A  lay  ;  a  strain  ;  a  poem.         [heavenly  felicity. 

The  bard  Uiat  first  adorned  our  native  tongue 

Tuned  to  his  British  lyre  this  ancient  fcoog.  Dryden, 

5.  Poetry  j  poesy  ;  verse. 

This  subject  for  heroic  song 
Pleased  me. 

6.  Notes  of  birds.     [See  Def.  1.] 

7.  A  mere  trifle. 

The  soldier's  pay  is  a  tong. 

Old  song;  a  trifle. 

I  do  not  intend  to  be  thus  put  off  with  an  old  song. 

'"<' '  V'Sy'  (  "*    ^"*^''y  '  fortunate ;  thriving 
SONG-EN-No'BL£D,  a.    Ennobled  in  song. 


Milton. 


Man. 
Orose. 


Consisting  of  songs, 


Coleridge. 
[Low,  and  not  in 
ZhydcR. 
and   Sax.  steora,  one  tbat 


SONG'ISH,  o 

nse.] 
SONG'STER, 
steers.] 

1.  One  that  sings;  one  skilled  in  singing;  not 
often  applied  to  human  beings,  or  only  in  slight  con- 
tempt. Hotcd. 

2.  .\  bird  that  sings;  as,  the  little  songster  in  his 
cage.     [In  this  use  the  word  is  elegant] 

SONG'STRESS,  71.     A  female  singer.  Thomson. 

SO-NIF'ER-OUS,  a.    [L.  sonus,  sound,  and  fero,  lo 

bear.] 
Sounding;  producing  sound. 
SON'-IN-LAW,  71.    A  man  married  to  one's  daughter. 
SON'NET,  if.    [Fr.,  from  It.  sonctta ;  Sp.  sotieta.    See 

Sound.] 

1.  A  short  poem  of  fourteen  lines,  two  stanzas  of 
four  verses  each  and  two  of  three  each,  the  rhymes 
being  adjusted  by  a  particular  rule. 

2.  A  short  poem.         [.Milton,    ./ohnson.     Busbi/. 

I  have  a  sonnet  that  will  serve  the  turn.  Shot, 

SON'NET,  r.  i.    To  compose  sonnets.         Bp.  BaU. 
SON-NET-EER',  7t.     [Fr.  sonnetier.] 

A  composer  of  sonnets  or  small  poems;  a  small 
poet ;  usuallv  in  contempt.  Pope. 

S0-N0M'E-TER,7i.  [L.  jojiu^,  sound,  and  Gr.  iiirc^ij, 
to  measure.] 

An  instrument  for  measuring  sounds  or  the  inter- 
vals of  sounds.  Ed.  Kua/e. 
S0N-0-RIF'I€,  a.     [L.  sonus,  sound,  and  facio,  to 
make.] 

Producing  sound ;  as,  the  sonorific  quality  of  a 
body.  ^♦'att^'- 

SO-NO'ROUS,  a.     [L.  sonorns,  from  sonus,  sound.] 

1.  Giving  sound  when  struck.  Metals  are  sono- 
rous bodies. 

2.  Loud  sounding;  giving  a  clear  or  loud  sound; 
as,  a  sonorous  voice. 

3.  Yielding  sound  :  as,  the  vowels  are  soru 

Dr       -  . , 

4.  High-sounding;  magnificent  of  sound. 

The  Julian  opera,  amidst  all  ili"  mrann'rw  aod  funili.-..- .  v  '  -;.- 
tliou'hu,  lias  suractbinj  U-auiiful  and  tonorou*  -.n  0.-  .:i. 
presMcn.  Adauon. 


TONE,  BULL,  IJNITE.  —  AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — G  as  K;  6  as  J ;  S  us  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

■  1053^ 


^ 


soo 


SOP 


SO-NO'ROUS-LY,  ode.  With  sound ;  Willi  a  high 
sound.  ..         _      .  , ,. 

SO-NO'ROUS-NRSS,  n.  The  qiiahty  of  yielding 
sound  when  slnick,  or  coming  in  collision  with 
another  body  ;  a.s,  the  simorotisne.^^  of  metals. 

2.  Having  or  giving  a  loud  or  clear  sound  ;  as,  the 
sonorousness  of  a  voice  or  an  instrument. 

3.  Magnificence  of  sound.  Johnson. 
SON'SUir,  (sun'-,)  Ti.     [from  son.]    The  state  of  be- 
ing a  son,  or  of  having  tlic  relation  of  a  son. 

2.  Filiation  ;  the  character  of  a  son.        Johnson. 
POO'DKA,  )  n.    The  lowest  of  the  four  great  castes 
SOO'DER,  i     among  the   Hindoos.    More  properly, 

SUDRA. 

SOO' FEE,  n.  Among  Jilohammeaans,  a  believer  in 
Soofeeism. 

SOO'FEE-ISM,  n.  .\  refined  mysticism  among  certain 
classes  of  Mohammedans,  particularly  in  Persia,  who 
reject  the  Koran  and  hold  to  a  kind  of  pantheism. 

SouUiirate. 

SOON,  ado.     [Sax.  .wna;  Goth.  siJiii'.] 

1.  In  a  short  time  ;  shortly  after  any  time  specified 
or  supposed  ;  as,  soon  after  sunrise  ;  soon  alter  din- 
ner ;  I  shall  soon  return ;  we  shall  soon  have  clear 
weather. 

2.  Early  ;  without  the  usual  delay ;  before  any 
time  supposed. 

How  ia  it  tlirvt  ye  h-ive  come  so  *oon  to-J.iy  I  —  Ex.  li. 

3.  Readily;  willingly.  But  in  this  sense  it  accom- 
panies MouW,  or  some  other  word  expressing  iciU. 

I  trould  as  ioon  see  a  river  winding  among  wootU  or  in  mead- 
ows, US  when  il  is  losscd  up  in  so  many  winmsical  figures  at 
Vereaiiles.  Adjaon. 

jis  soon  as,  so  soon  as ;  immediately  at  or  after 
another  event.  Jls  soon  as  the  mail  arrives,  I  will 
inform  you. 

At  soon  as  Moses  cime  nigh  10  Ihe  cr.mp,  he  saw  Uio  calf  and 
the  dancing.  —  Ex.  xxxii. 

SOON,  a.    Speedy  ;  quick.    [JVot  in  use.] 
SOON'LY,  ailv.    Quickly  ;  speedily.     [JVot  m  use.] 

Igg-.l^^d-    A. ind  of  black  tea. 

SOO'SOO,  I?.  .Iimong  the  Bengaksr,  the  name  of  a 
cetaceous  mammal  with  a  long  slender  beak,  the  Soo- 
soo  Gangeticus,  of  Lesson,  found  in  the  Ganges. 

jjjiot.  Res. 

SOOT  n.  [Sax.  sot;  Sw.  sot;  Dan.  sod,  sood :  It. 
'suth ;  W.  sicta,  soot,  that  which  is  volatUe  or  sudden. 


But  qu. ;  for  the  word  is  from  the  Ar.  i  Lw  sauda,  to 
be  black.] 

A  black  substance  formed  by  combustion,  or  dis- 
engaged from  fuel  in  the  process  of  combustion,  ris- 
ing in  fine  particles  and  adhering  to  the  sides  of  the 
chimney  or  pipe  conveying  the  smoke.  .Sool  consists 
of  more  than  sixtc'on  different  substances,  of  which 
carbon,  nlmin,  asboin,  creosote,  capnomor,  &c.,  are 
perhaps  the  principal.  The  soot  of  burnt  pine  forms 
lampblack. 

SOOT,  V.  t     To  cover  or  foul  with  soot. 

S06T'ED  pp.     (Covered  or  soiled  witll  soot.  Mortimer. 

S66T'ER-KIN,  n.  A  kind  of  false  birth  fabled  to  be 
produced  by  the  Dutch  women  from  sitting  over 
thfrir  stoves.  Swift. 

SOOTH,  71.    (Sa.\.  solh  :  Tr.  seadk.] 

1.  Truth  i  reality.     [Obs.]  Shak. 

2.  Prognostication.     [Obs.]  Spenser. 

3.  Sweetness  ;  kindness.    [Ofts.l  Shak. 
SOOTH,  a.    Pleasing ;  delightful.     [Obs.]      Milton. 

2.  True  ;  faithful.    [Obs.]  Skak. 

SOOTHE,  II.  (.  (Sax.  gesoUiian,  to  flatter.  There 
seems  to  be  a  connection  between  this  verb  and  the 
preceding  sooth.  The  sense  of  setting,  allay  or  soft- 
ening, would  give  that  of  truth,  and  of  sieeet,  that 
is,  smooth.] 

1.  To  flatter ;  to  please  with  blandishments  or  sou 
words. 

Can  1  sootAs  (vranny  f  Drtjden. 

I've  tried  ihe  force  oi'  every  reason  oo  him. 

Soothed  and  caressed,  liecn  angry,  toothed  again.      Addtson. 

2.  To  soften  ;  to  assuage  ;  to  mollify  ;  to  calm  ; 
as.  to  sootJie  one  in  pain  or  passion  ;  or  to  sootlie  pain. 
It  is  applied  both  to  persons  and  things. 

3.  To  gratify  ;  to  please. 

Soothed  wilh  his  fnlure  fame.  Dryden. 

SOOTH'jED,    pp.     Flattered ;    softened ;     calmed ; 

pleased. 
SOOTH'ER,  n.    A  flatterer  ;  he  or  that  which  softens 

or  assuages. 
SOOTH'ING,  ppr.ot  a.    Flattering;  softening;    as- 

sua2ing. 
SOOTH'ING-LY,  adv.    With  flattery  or  soft  words. 
SOOTH'LY,  oiJc.    In  truth ;  really.    [Obs.]    Hales. 
SOOTH'SaY,  v.  i.     [sooth  and  satj.]     To  foretell ;  to 

predict.     Acts  xvi.     [Little  used.] 
SOOTH'SaY-ER,  n.    A  foreteller;  a  prognosticator  ; 

one  who  undertakes  to  foretell  future  events  without 
.  I       inspiration. 
'   SOOTH'SaY-ING,  n.  The  foretelling  of  future  events 

by  persons  without  divine  aid  or  authority,  and  thus 

ilistinguished  from  Prophecy. 
Il  2.  A  true  saying  ;  truth.     [Obs.]  Chauerr. 


SOOT'l-NESS,  n.     [(torn  sooty.]   The  quality  of  being 

sooty  or  foul  with  soot ;  fuliginousness. 
SOO'P'ISH,  0.    Partaking  of  soot;  like  soot.     Brown. 
Srtt^T'Y,  a.     [Sa-x.  sotig.] 

'  *1.  Producing  soot ;  as,  soottj  coal.  Milton. 

2.  Consisting  of  soot ;  fuliginous ;  as,  sooty  niat- 
IPf^  Wilkins. 

3.  Foul  with  soot. 

4.  lilack  like  soot ;  dusky ;  dark  ;  as,  the  snoty  (lag 
of  Acheron.  MiUou. 

SOOT'Y,  ij.  t.  To  black  or  foul  with  soot  [JVoi  an- 
thorited.]  Chapman. 

SOP,  71.  f  D.  sop ;  Sax.  sop ;  G.  suppe,  soup ;  Dan. 
suppe  ;  Sw.  soppa  ;  Sp.  sopa ;  It.  zuppa  :  Pr.  soupe. 
Sec  Class  Sb,  No.  2,  30,  &c.    Qu.  soap.] 

1.  Any  thing  steeped  or  dipped  anJ  softened  in 
liquor,  but  chiefly  something  thus  dipped  in  broth  or 
liquid  food,  and  intended  to  be  eaten. 

Sana  in  wine,  quanllty  for  quantily,  inebriate  mon;  than  wine 
ils4-lt.  Ba""- 

2.  Any  thing  given  to  pacify  ;  so  called  from  the 
sop  given  to  Cerberus,  in  mytholog}'.  Hence  the 
phrase,  to  give  a  sop  to  Cerberus. 

Sop-in-wine  ;  a  kind  of  pink.  Spenser. 

SOP,  V.  (.    To  steep  or  dip  in  liquor. 
SOPE.     See  Soap. 

SOPH,  71.  In  the  university  of  Cambridge,  England,  an 
abbreviation  of  Sophister. 

2.  In  the  .American,  colleges,  an  abbreviation  of 
Sophomore.  . «      .        re 

So'PHI,  (so'fe,)  71.  A  title  of  the  kingof  Persi.a.    [See 

also  SOKI.]  .  , 

SOPH'ie-AL,  a.    [Gr.  ertuboc,  wise  ;  coipta,  wisdom.J 

Teaching  wisdom.     [Jvot  iTi  use.]  Harris. 

SOPIl'lSM,    K.      [Fr.    sophisme;    L.    soplusma ;    Gr. 

cothiofta.]  ■  ,.  ■»      • 

A  specious  but  fallacious  argument ;  a  subtilty  in 
reasoning;  an  argument  that  is  not  supported  by 
sound  reasoning,  or  in  which  the  inference  is  not 
justly  deduced  from  the  premises. 

When  a  fals;  ar-rnmenl  pills  on  Ihe  appe.itonce  of  a  true  one, 
then  il  is  propjrly  caltctl  a  «o;Aisjn  or  f.Jlacy.  WaUi. 

SOPH'IST,  71.    [h.  sophista  ;  V!.  sophiste ;  It.  sojkta.] 

1.  The  name  of  a  class  of  men  who  taught  elo- 
quence, philosophy,  and  politics  in  ancient  Greece, 
and  who,  bv  their  use  of  vain  subtleties  and  false 
axioms,  drew  upon  themselves  general  hatred  and 
contempt. 

2.  A  captious  or  fallacious  reasoner. 
SOPH'IST-ER,  71.     [Gr.  <To«i<rri)s.]     The  same  as 

Sophist,  which  see.     [Obs.] 

2.  In  tlie  university  of  Cambridge,  England,  the 
title  of  students  who  are  advanced  beyond  the  first 
year  of  their  residence.  The  entire  course  at  the 
university  consists  of  three  years  and  one  term,  dur- 
in-  which  the  students  have  the  titles  of  First- Year 
Men,  or  Freshmen  ;  Second-Year  Men,  or  Junior 
Sophs  or  Sophisters ;  Third-Year  Men,  or  Senior 
Sophs  or  Sophisters  ;  and,  in  the  last  term,  Question- 
ists,  with  reference  to  the  approaching  examination. 
In  the  oilier  .American  colleges,  the  junior  .and  senior 
classes  were  originally  called  Junior  Sophisters  and 
Senior  Sophisters.  I'he  term  is  also  used  at  Oxford 
and  Dublin. 
SOPH'IST-ER,  V.  t.  To  maintain  by  a  fallacious  ar- 
gument.    [Aot  in  use.]  Cobham. 

SoIpHIST'le-AL,  I  "•    t'""'-  ^''Mi''*?"^  ;  It-  I'Mico.] 
Fallaciously  subtile  ;    not  sound  ;  as,  sophistical 
reasoning  or  argument. 
SO-PHlST'ie-AL-LY,  adv.    With  fallacious  subtilty. 

Swifl. 
SO-PHIST'ie-iTE,  t;.  (.     [Fr.  sophistiquer ;    Sp.  sofis- 
ticar.] 

1.  "To  adulterate  ;  to  corrupt  by  something  spurious 
or  foreign  ;  to  per\'ert ;  as,  to  sophisticate  nature,  phi- 
losophy, or  the  understanding.        Hooker.     South. 

2.  To  adulterate  ;  to  render  spurious  ;  as  merchan- 
dise ;  as,  to  sophisticate  wares  or  liquors. 

They  purchase  but  sophuticaled  ware.  Dryrlen. 

SO-PHIST'ie-ATE,      j  a.      Adulterated  ;    not  pure  ; 
SO-PllIST'ie-A-TED,  i      not  genuine. 


So  milh,  when  only  one  supplied  the  st-ate, 

Grew  scarce  and  dear,  and  yet  sophistiaue.  DryJen. 

SO-PHIST'ie-A-TED,  pp.  Adulterated  ;  corrupted 
bv  something  spurious  or  foreign. 

SO-PHIST'ie-A-TING,  i>pr.  Corrupting;  adulter- 
ating. 

SO-PIIIST-ie-A'TIOX,  n.  The  act  of  adulterating  ; 
a  counterfeiting  or  debasing  the  purity  of  something 
by  a  foreisn  admixture  ;  adulteration. 

Boyle.     Quincy. 

SO-PHIST'ie-A-TOR,  71.  One  that  adulterates  ;  one 
who  injures  the  purity  and  genuinenessof  any  thing 
bv  foreign  admixture.  Whilaker. 

SOPH'IST-RY,  71.  Fallacious  reasoning ;  reasoning 
sound  in  appearance  only. 

These  men  have  obscured  and  confounded  the  nature  of  things 
by  their  false  principles  and  wrelched  sophistry.      South. 

SOPH'O-MORE,  71.  One  belonging  to  the  second  of 
the  four  classes  in  an  .American  college. 


SOR 

[This  word  has  generally  been  considered  as  an 
*'  -\merican  barbarism,"  but  was  probably  iulrodtired 
into  oiir  country, at  aver\-  early  period,  from  the  iiiii- 
x'ersity  of  Cuinbridge,   En^^lantl.     Among  the  cant 
terms  at  that  university,  as  given  in  the  Gradiis  aU 
Caiitabrigiani,  we  find  Soph-Mor  as  "  the  next  dis- 
tinctive appellation  to  Freshman."    It  is  added,  that 
"  a  writer  in  the  Genllemaii's  Magazine  thinks  jimt 
an  abbreviation  of  the  Greek  /t'opin,  introduced  at  a 
time  when  the  Encomium  Mtiriic,  the  Praise  of  Folly, 
by  Erasmu.s,  was  so  generally  used."    The  ordinary 
derivation  of  the  word,  from  cy^iof  and  ;if.i,'>(J?,  would 
seem,  therefore,  to  be  incorrect.    The  ytainger  Sniihs 
at  Cambridge  appear,  formerly,  to  have  received  the 
adjunct  vior  (jioipo?)  to  their  names,  either  as  one 
which  they  courted  for  the  reason  mentioned  above, 
or  as  one  given  them  in  sport,  for  the  sii|i|iosed  ex- 
hibitiim  of  inflated  feeling  in  entering  on  their  new 
honors.      The  term,  thus  .applied,  seems  to  have 
passed,  at  a  very  early  period,  from  Cambriilge  in 
England    to  Cambridge  in  America,  as  "the  next 
distinctive  appellation  to  Freshman,"  and   thus  to 
have  been  attached  to  the  second  of  the  four  classes 
in  our  American  colleges ;  while  it  has  now  almost 
ceased  to  be  known,  even  as  a  cant  word,  at  the  pa- 
rent Institution  in  iEngland,  from  whence  it  came. 
This  derivation  of  the  word  is  rendered  more  proba- 
ble by  the  fact,  that  the  early  spelling  was,  to  a  great 
extent  at  least,  Sophimore,  as  appears  from  the  man- 
uscripts of  President  Stiles,  of  Y.ale  College,  and  the 
records  of  Harvard  College  down  to  the  period  of 
the  American  revolution.    This  would  be  perfectly 
natural  if  Soph  or  Sophister  was  considered  as  the 
basis  of  the  word,  but  can  hardly  be  explained  if  Ihe 
ordinarj'  derivation  bad  then  been  regarded  as  the 
true  one.  —  Ed.] 
SOPH-O-MOR'ie-AL,  a.    Inflated  in  style  or  manner. 

[.America.]  J-  C-  CuUttmn. 

SO'PITE,  V.  t.     To  lay  asleep.     [JYol  in  use.]     Chetjnc. 
Se-P1"TI0N,  (-pish'un,)  n.    [h.  sopio,  to  lay  asleep.] 

Sleep.     [JVot  in  use.]  Brown. 

SOP'0-RaTE,  v.  t.     [L.  sojjoi-o.l 
To  lay  asleep.     [.Vol  iii  use.] 
SOP-0-RIF'ER-OUS,  a.    [h.  soporifer ;  sopor,  sleep, 
and  fcro,  to  bring;    from  so;>io,  to  lull  to  sleep; 
Sans,  swapa,  sleep.    Si>;iio  agrees  in  elements  with 
sober.]  .  . 

Causing  sleep,  or  tending  to  produce  it;  somniler- 
ous.    The  poppy  possesses  soporifcrous  qualities. 
SOP-O-RIF'F.R-OUS-LY,  adv.  So  .as  to  produce  sleep. 
SOP-O-RIF'ER-OUS-NESS,  7i.    The  quaUty  of  caus- 
ing sleep.  J    y.   •     . 
SOP-0-RlF'ie,  a.      [L.  sopor,  sleep,  and  faao,  to 
make.] 

Causing  sleep;  tending  to  cause  sleep;  as,  the 
soporific  virtues  of  opium.  Z.<ic/.f. 

SOP-0-UIF'ie,  n.     A  medicine,  drug,  plant,  or  other 

thing  that  has  the  quality  of  inducuig  sleep. 
So'PO-RoUS,  a.    [L.  soparus,  from  sopor,  sleep.] 

Causing  sleep;  sleepy.  OreenhtU. 

SOP'PED,  (soft,)  pp.     Dipped  in  liquid  food. 
SOP'PER,  7!.     [from  sop.]     One  that  sops  or  dips  in 

liquor  something  to  be  eaten.  Julinsan. 

SOP'PING,  ppr.    Steeping  in  liquid  food. 
SO-PRX'NIST,  n.    A  treble  singer. 
SO-PR.t'NO,  [It.]    In  miijiic,  the  treble;  tlie  highest 

female  voice. 
SORB,  77.     [Fr.  sorbe;    It.  serin,  sorbo ;    L.  sorbum, 
sorbns.] 
The  service-tree  or  its  fruit. 
SOR'BATE,  71.    A  compound  of  malic  or  sorbic  acid 

with  a  base.  ^^^' 

SOR-BE-Fa'CIENT,  (-f  sl'shent,)  n.   [L.  sorbeo,  to  ab- 
sorb, and  facio,  to  make.] 

In  medicine,  that  which  produces  absorption. 
SOR-BE-FA'CIENT,  a.    In   medicine,  producing  ab- 
sorption. 
SORB'ENT.     See  Aiisorbent. 

SOR'Bie,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  sorbus  or  service-tree  ; 
as,  sorbic  acid.     Sorbic  acid  is  only  another  name  for 
the  malic  acid,  or  a  name  not  at  all  in  use. 
SOR'BILE,  (sor'bil,)  a.    [h.  sorbeo.) 

That  mav  be  drank  or  sipped.    [JVot  in  use.] 
S0R-BI"TI6N,  (-bish'un,)  ii.     [L.  sorbitio.] 

The  act  of  drinking  or  sipping.     [JVot  in  use.] 
SOR-BON'ie-AL,  a.    Belonging  to  a  Sorbonist.   Bale. 
SOR'BON-IST,  7!.    A  doctor  of  the  Sorbonne,  or  theo- 
logical college,  in  the  university  of  Paris,  founded 
bv  Robert  de  Sorbonne,  A.  D.  1250.     Sorbonne  is 
properly  the  name  of  the  building,  from  which  the 
theological  faculty  are  called  the  doctors  of  IJie  Sor- 
bonne. Murdoch. 
SOR' 


R'CER-ER,  71.    [Fr.  sorcicr;  Arm.  sorea  :  supposed 
)  be  from  L.  sors,  lot.    But  see  Class  Sr,  No.  24, 
Eth.] 
A  conjurer ;  an  enchanter ;  a  magician. 

The  Egyptian  sorcerers  contended  wilh  Moses.  Watts. 

SOR'CER-ESS,  n.   A  female  magician  or  enchantress. 

Milton.     Shak. 
SOR'CER-OUS,  a.    Containing  enchantments. 

Chapman. 
SOR'CE-RY,  71.     Magic  ;  enchantment ;    witchcraft ; 
divination  by  the  assistance  or  supposed  assistance 


FATE,  FXR,  FALL,  WHAT. -METE,  PREY. -PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.-N6TE,  DOVE,  MO\TS,  WOLF,  BCJOK.- 


1054 


SOR 

of  evil  spirits,  or  the  power  of  commanding  evil 
spirits.  Enqfc, 

Adder's  wisdom  I  hive  kam«!, 

To  fence  my  eara  a^oiusl  l!i/  sorcerie*.  AAJftm. 

S6RD,  for  i-WABD,  is  now  vulgar.     [See  Swabd.] 
SORD'A-WAL-lTE,  n.    A  mineral  so  named  ftom 

Soriiawala,  in  Wibourg,  Finland.  It  is  nearly  black, 

rarely  gray  or  green,  and  contains  silica,  alumina, 

magnesia,  and  peroxyd  of  iron.  Phillips. 

SOR'De?,  n.    [ll]    Foui  matter  ;  excretions  :  dregs  j 

filthy,  useless,  or  rejected  matter  of  any  kind. 

Coze.     Woodward. 
SOR'DET.    \  n.      [Fr.  sourdine;  It.  sordinaf  from  Fr. 
SOR'DINE,  i      sourd,  L.  surdus^  deaf.] 

A  small  instrument  or  damper  in  the  mouth  of  a 

triimpet,  or  on  ihe  bridge  of  a  violin  or  violoncello, 

to  make  it  sound  lower  or  fainter. 

Encyc.  J3rn.    Bailey. 
SOR'DID,  a.     [Ft.  sordide;    It.  sordido ;    L..  sordidus^ 

&om  sordes,  nith.] 

1.  Filthy ;  foul ;  dirtj' ;  gross. 

There  Charon  Etonds, 
A  tordid  god.  Dryden. 

[This  literal  sense  is  nearly  obsolete.} 

2.  Vile;  base;  mean;  as,  vulgar,  fordia  mortals. 

Coicley. 

3.  Meanly  avaricious ;  covetous ;  niggardly. 

Ue  nay  be  old, 
And  yet  not  eordid,  who  reiuses  gold.  Dettham. 

SORDIDLY,  a(i9.    Jleanly  ;  baselv  ;  covetously. 
SOR  D(D-XE:?S,  n.    Filthiness;  dirtiness.        Ray. 

2.  Meanness ;  baseness  ;  as,  the  execrable  sordid- 
ness  uf  the  delights  of  Tiberius.  Cowley, 

3.  ^'iggardliness. 

S5KE,  It.  [Dan.  saarj  a  sore,  a  wound,  or  an  ulcer ; 
D.  zteeer;  G.  geschwur;  Sw.  sar.  See  the  next 
word.] 

1.  A  place  in  an  animal  body  where  the  skin  and 
flesh  are  ruptured  or  bruised,  so  as  to  be  pained  with 
the  slightest  pressure. 
9.  ATn  ulcer;  a  boil. 

3.  In  Scripture,  grief;  affliction.  9  Citron,  vi. 
SoRE,  a.  [Sax.  sar,  pain,  also  grievous,  painful ;  D, 
zeer;  G.  sehr;  also  Sax.  jTCizr,  swarf  or  sirer,  heav\', 
grievous;  Dan.  svar:  G.  scAieer;  D.  ztoaar.  This 
seems  to  be  radically  the  same  word  as  tlie  former. 
See  Sorrow.] 

1.  Tender  and  susceptible  of  pain  from  pressure  ; 
as,  a  boil,  nicer,  or  abscess,  is  very  sore;  a  wounded 
place  is  sore ;  inflammation  renders  a  part  sore. 

a.  Tender,  as  the  mind  ;  easily  pained,  grieved,  or 
vexed  ;  very  susceptible  of  irritation  from  any  thing 
that  crosses  the  inclination. 

Malice  and  hatred  are  T^■Iy  fnUiDg,  and  apt  to  malce  onr  raiads 

sore  aiid  uneasy.  T^otion. 

3.  Affected  with  inflammation ;  as,  sore  eyes. 

4.  Violent  with  pain  ;  severe  ;  afflictive  ;  distress- 
ing ;  as,  a  sore  disease  ;  sore  evil  or  calamity  ;  a  sore 
night.  Com.  Prayer.     Shak. 

5.  Severe  ;  violent ;  as,  a  sore  conflict. 

6.  Criminal;  evil.     [Obs.]  Shak. 
SORE,  adv.    With  painful  violence  ;  intensely ;  se- 
verely ;  grievously. 

Thy  oand  preseeLb  roe  tore.  Com.  Prayer. 

2.  Greatly ;  violently ;  deeply.  He  was  sorely 
afflicted  at  the  loss  of  his  son. 

Sore  sig-hed  the  knighl,  who  this  long'  sennon  heard.     Dryden. 

SoRE,  r.  t.    To  wound ;  to  make  sore.     [Ofrs.] 

Spenser. 
SoRE,  n.     [Fr.  sor-falcon.     Todd.] 

1.  A  hawk  of  the  first  year.  Spenser. 

2.  [Fr.  saur.]     A  buck  of  the  fourth  year.   S'lnk. 
SORE'HON,  (  n.     [Irish  and   Scottish.]    A  kind   of 
SORN,  )      servile  tenure  which  subjected  the 

tenant  to  maintain  his  chieftain  fjratuitously,  when- 
ever he  wished  to  indulge  himself  in  a  debauch.    So 
that,  when  a  person  obtrudes  himself  on  another  for 
bed  and  board,  he  is  said  to  som,  or  be  a  surncr. 
Spensfr.    Jilacbean. 

SOR'EL,  n,    [dim.  of  sore.]     A  buck  of  the  third  year. 

Shak. 

SORE'LY,  adu.  [from  sore.]  With  violent  pain  and 
distress  ;  grievously  ;  greatly  ;  as,  to  be  sorely  pained 
or  afflicted. 

2.  Greatly ;  violently ;  severely ;  as,  to  be  sorely 
pres-^ed  with  want ;  to  be  soreltf  wounded. 

SoRE'.XESS,  n,  [from  sore.]  The  tenderness  of  any 
part  of  an  animal  body,  which  renders  it  extremely 
susceptible  of  pain  from  pressure  ;  as,  the  soreness  of 
a  boil,  an  abscess,  or  wound. 

2.  Fi^ratittly,  tenderness  of  mind,  or  suscepti- 
bility of  mental  pain. 

SOR'GO,  n.    A  plant  of  the  genus  Sorghum. 

So'Rt.  n.pl.    See  Sobus. 

S0-RI'Tk3,  71.    [L.,  from  Gr.  coj.nctrrjf,  a  heap.] 

In  logic,  an  abridged  form  of  stating  a  senes  of 
syllogisms,  of  which  the  conclusion  of  each  is  a 
premise  of  the  succeeding  one.  Thus,  A=B, 
B  =  C,  C  =  D  ;  therefore,  A  =  D.  Brands. 

SOE.V'£D,  pp.  Obtruded  upon  a  friend  for  bed  and 
board. 


SOR 

SORN'ER,  n.  One  who  obtrudes  himself  on  another 
for  bed  and  board. 

SO-ROR'I-CIUE,  H.     [L.  sffror,  sister,  and  cado,  lo 
strike,  to  kill.] 
The  murder  or  murderer  of  a  sister. 
[Little  used,  and  obviously  because  the  crime  is 
verj'  infrequentj 

SOR'RAGE,  n.  The  blades  of  green  wheat  or  barley. 
[A"'^  itsed.]  Diet. 

SOR'RANCE,  71.  In  farriery^  any  disease  or  sore  in 
horses. 

SOR'REL,  a.     [Fr.  satire^  yellowish  brown  ;  saurer,  to 
dr>*  in  the  smoke ;  It.  sauro.] 
Of  a  reddish  color ;  as,  a  sorrel  horse. 

SOR'REL,  n.     A  reddish  color ;  a  faint  red. 

SOR'REL,  71.  [Sax.  sur^  sour  ;  Dan.  syre,  sorrel ;  W. 
suran.] 

The  popular  name  of  certain  species  of  Rumex,  as 
Ruraei  acetosa,  Rumex  acetosella,  &.C.,  so  named 
from  its  acid  taste.  The  wood  sorrel  is  of  the  genus 
Oxalis  ;  the  Indian  red  and  Indian  white  sorrels  are  of 
the  genus  Hibiscus. 

Sail  of  sorrel:  binoxal.:te  of  potassa.         Brande. 

SOR'REL-TREE,  n.  .\  species  of  Andromeda,  whose 
leaves  are  sometimes  used  as  a  substitute  for  sumach 
in  dyeing.  Farm.  Encyc. 

SOR'RI-LY,  adr.  [from  sorry.]  Meaniy;  despica- 
bly; pitiably;  in  a  wretched  manner. 

Thy  pipe,  0  Pdn,  shall  help,  though  I  iiag  sorrily.      Sidney. 

S(»il'UI-NESS,  n.  Meanness;  poorness;  dcspicable- 
ness, 

SORROW,  7i.  [Sax.  sorg-;  Goth,  saurga;  Sw.  and 
lian.  sory,  care,  solicitude,  sorrow;  D.  torg ;  G. 
surfft.,  caiv.  concern,  uneasiness;  from  the  same 
rout  as  »y'?,  heavy.] 

The  uneasiness  or  pain  of  mind  which  is  produced 
by  the  loss  of  any  good,  real  or  supposed,  or  by  dis- 
appointment in  the  expectation  of  good ;  grief;  re- 
gret. The  loss  of  a  friend  we  love  occasions  sorrow  : 
tlie  loss  of  property,  of  health,  or  any  source  of  hap- 
piness, causes  snrroie.  We  feel  sorrow  for  ourselves 
in  niistortunes  ;  we  fee)  sorrow  for  the  calamities  of 
onr  friends  and  our  country. 

.1  world  of  wo<^  and  sorrotff.  Milton. 

'I'he  sj/e  and  General  antidoce  agaiiial  sorroa  is  employment. 

SOR'UoW,  V,  i.  [Sax.  sarian^  sargian,  sorgian^  Goth. 
saurgan,  to  be  anxious,  to  sorrow.] 

To  feel  p;iin  of  mind  in  consequence  of  the  actual 
loss  of  good,  or  of  frustated  hopes  of  good,  or  of  ex- 
pected loss  of  happiness ;  to  grieve ;  to  be  sad. 

I  rejoice,  not  that  ye  were  made  aony,  but  that  ye  sorroited  to 

repmiiatice.  —  1  Cor.  vii. 
I  desire  no  m:»n  to  sorroia  forme.  Hdyvard. 

Sorrowing  in-ist  of  ;<I1  for  (he  words  which  he  epaJie,  that  they 

should  tix  his  Lue  no  more.  —  Acts  xi. 

SOR'R6W-BLIGHT-ED,  (-bllt-ed,)  a.    Blighted  with 

sorrow.  Moore. 

SOR'RoVV-£D,  pp.    Accompanied  with  sorrow.    [JWf 

in  use.]  Shnk, 

SOR'RoW-FUL,  a.  Sad ;  grieving  for  the  loss  of 
some  good,  or  on  account  of  some  expected  evil. 

2.  Deeply  serious  ;  depressed;  dejected.     \Sam.\. 

3.  Producing  sorrow;  exciting  grief;  mournful; 
as,  a  sorrowful  accident. 

4.  Expressing  grief;  accompanied  with  grief;  as, 
sorrowful  meat.     Job  vi. 

S0R'RoW-F(jL-LY,  adv.  In  a  sorrowful  manner;  in 
a  manner  to  produce  grief. 

SOR'ROW-F^'L-NESS,  It.  State  of  being  sorrowful ; 
grief. 

SOR'RoW-iNG,  ppr.  or  a.  Feeling  sorrow,  grief,  or 
regret. 

SOR'RoW-IXG,  ».    Expression  of  sorrow.   Browne. 

SOR'RoW-LESS,  a.    Free  from  sorrow, 

SOR'RoW-STRICK-EN,  a.  Struck  with  sorrow  ;  de- 
pressed. 

SOR'RY,  a.    [Sa.T.  sarig,  sari^  from  sar,  sore.] 

1.  Grieveil  for  the  loss  of  some  good  ;  pained  for 
some  evil  that  has  happened  to  one's  self,  or  friends, 
or  countr)'.  It  does  not  ordinarily  imply  severe 
grief,  but  rather  slight  or  transient  regret.  It  mav 
be,  however,  and  often  is,  used  to  express  deep  grief. 
We  are  sorry  lo  lose  the  company  of  those  we  love  ; 
we  are  sorry  to  lose  friends  or  property  ;  we  are  sorry 
for  the  misfortunes  of  our  friends  or  of  our  country'. 

And  the  king  was  sorry.  —  Matt.  sir. 

2.  Melancholy  ;  dismal.  Spenser. 

3.  Poor ;  mean ;  vile  ;  worthless ;  as,  a  sorry 
slave  ;  a  sorry  excuse.  UEstrange.    Dryden. 

Coarse  complexions, 
And  cheeks  of  sorry  grain.  Milton. 

SORT,  7t.  [Fr.  sorte  ;  It.  sorta ;  Sp.  suerte ;  Port,  sorte  ; 
G.  id.;  D.  soort;  Sw.  and  Dan.  sort;  L.  sors,  lot, 
chance,  state,  way,  sort.  This  word  is  from  the 
root  of  Fr.  sortir.  It.  sortire,  L.  sortior ;  the  radical 
sense  of  which  is,  to  start  or  shoot,  to  throw  or  to 
fall,  to  come  sutldenly.  Hejice,  sors  is  lot,  chance, 
that  which  comes  or  falls.  The  sense  of  *ort  is  prob- 
ably derivative,  signifying  that  which  is  thrown  out, 
separated,  or  selected.] 

1.  .\  kind  or  species  ;  any  number  or  collection  of 
individual  persons  or  things  characterized  by  the 


SOT 

same  or  like  qualities  ;  as,  a  sort  of  men  ;  a  sort  of 
horses  ;  a  sort  of  trees  ;  a  sort  of  poems  or  writings. 
Sort  is  not  a  technical  word,  and  therefore  is  used 
with  less  precision  or  more  latitude  than  genus  or 
species  in  the  sciences. 

2.  Manner;  form  of  being  or  acting.  j 

Flowers,  in  inch  $ort  woni,&)Ui  oti^btatt  nnel:  nor  leenwel)  t?    | 

thott^  that  wear  ihi^m.  Hooktr.        ' 

To  AdaiQ  in  wtot  tori  *QaIi  I  apprar  ?  AEilon.         I 

3.  Class  or  order ;  as,  men  of  the  wiser  sort,  or  the  ! 
better  sort ;  all  sortt  of  people.     [See  def.  I.l  I 

4.  Rank ;  condition  above  the  vulgar.    \j^ot  in  i 
vse.]                                                                         Shak.  I 

5.  A  company  or  knot  of  people.    [JVoC  in  use.]  1 

Shak.     IValUr.       J 
G.  Degree  of  any  quality.  j 

I  shall  not  he  wholly  witfaoot  jmiM,  if  in  loine  forf  1  bsTe  copied 
Ilia  6tyl-.  Dryden. 

1.  Lot.    iObs.]  Shok,       , 

8.  A  pair ;  a  set ;  a  suiL 

Out  of  sorts  i  out  of  order;  hence,  unwell.    [Low.]   ' 

HalliwelL 
SORT,  V.  t.  To  separate,  as  things  having  like  quali- 
ties from  otiier  things,  and  place  them  in  distmct 
classes  or  divisions ;  as,  to  sort  cloths  according  to 
their  colors;  to  sort  wool  or  thread  according  lo  its 
fineness. 

Shell  lUh  baTc  been,  t>y  some  of  ihc  uieimtJ,  compued  and 
torted  wiiit  iosecu.  Bacon. 

Rays  Tk-liich  Uil3"er  in  refnngibiljiy  may  he  parted  aod  aorled  from 
one  aaci'Jier.  tieteton. 

2.  To  reduce  to  order  from  a  slate  of  confusion. 
[See  supra.] 

3.  To  conjoin  ;  to  put  together  in  distribution. 

The  swaia  perceiving,  by  her  wonU  ill  torted. 

Thai  she  was  wholly  from  herself  iraiuportwl.  Broitn. 

4.  To  cull ;  to  choose  from  a  number ;  to  select. 

That  he  may  sort  h?r  out  a  worlhy  ipuu&c.  Ch^yman. 

SORT,  V.  i.      To  be  joined  with  others  of  the  same 

specie-s. 

Nor  do  metals  only  sort  with  metals  In  the  esinb,  and  mtoanli 
with  minerals.  Woodttard. 

2.  To  consort ;  to  associate. 

The  ilUberality  of  parents  ton-anl  childitn  makes  tfccm  baae  and 
tort  wiih  any  company.  Bacon. 

3.  To  suit ;  to  fit. 

They  are  happy  whose  natures  sort  with  their  vocations.  Bacon. 

4.  To  terminate ;  to  issue ;  to  have  success.    [Fr. 
sortirA      [J\'ot  in  use.]  Bacon. 

5.  To  fall  out.     [JVot  in  use.]  Shak, 
SORT'A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  sorted. 

9.  Suitable;  befitting.  Bacon. 
SORT'.VBLY,aJL'.     Suftably;  fitly. 

SORT'AL,  a.  Pertaming  to  or  designating  a  sort. 
lJ\''ot  in  iL?e.]  Locke. 

SORT'ANCE, 71.  Suitableness;  agreement.  [A'ot  in 
use.]  Shak. 

SORT'ED,  pp.  Separated  and  reduced  to  order  from 
a  state  of  confusion. 

SOR'TIE,  (sor'te,)  n.     [Fr.,  from  sortir,  to  issue.] 

A  sally  ;  the  issuing  of  a  body  of  troops  from  a  be- 
sieged place  to  attack  the  besiegers. 

SORT'I-LEGE,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  sortilegiumi  sffrs, 
lot,  and  lego,  lo  selecL] 

The  act  or  practice  of  drawing  lots ;  divination  by 
drawing  lots.  J-  -V.  Mason. 

[SORTILEGY  is  UOt  USCd.] 

SORT-I-Le'GIOUS,  a.    Pertaining  to  sortilege. 

Daubuz. 

SORT'IXG,  ppr.  Separating,  as  things  having  like 
qualities  from  other  things,  and  reducing  lo  order. 

S0R-TI"TI0N,  (-tish'un,)  n.     [L.  sortitio.] 

Selection  or  appointment  bv  I- 1.  Bp.  Halt 

SORT'MENT,  n.  The  act  of  sorting;  distribution 
into  classes  or  kinds. 

2.  A  parcel  sorted.     [This  word  is  superseded  by 
AssoBTUE>'T,  which  see.] 

So'RUS,  n. ;  pi.  Sobi.  [Gr.  <7Cjpof,  a  heap.]  In  bota- 
ny, a  name  given  to  small  clusters  of  minute  cap- 
sules on  the  back  of  the  fronds  of  ferns. 

So'RV,  n.    The  ancient  name  of  sulphate  of  iron. 

SOSS,  r.  i.     [G.  sauseu.     See  Souse.]  [ITre. 

To  fall  at  once  into  a  chair  or  seal ;  to  sit  lazily. 
[J\'ot  in  use.]  Smji. 

SOSS,  71.  A  lazy  fellow.  [Not  in  use  ;  but  some  of 
the  common  people  in  New  England  call  a  lazy,  slut- 
tish woman  a  sozzle.] 

SOS-TE-.\'irTO,  [It.]  In  music,  sustaining  the 
sounds  to  the  utmost  of  the  nominal  value  of  the 
time. 

SOT,  71.     [Fr.  sot;  Arm.  sodt:    Sp.  tote,  iota;    Port. 
zote;  D.  zoL    The  sense  is  stupi<l ;  Ch.  "iCSf.    Class  | 
Sd,  No.  61.]  I 

1.  A  stupid  person  ;  a  blockhead  ;  a  dull  fellow  ;  a 
dolt.  Shak.     South.       j 

2.  A  person  stupefied  by  excessive  drinking;  an 
habitual  drunkard. 

What  can  eniiohl':  loU  ?  Pope. 

SOT,  V.  L    To  stupefy  ;  to  infatuate  ;  lo  besot. 

I  hale  lo  see  a  brave,  boM  fellow  aotud.  Dr^^lin. 

[JSi'ot  much  used.]     [See  Besot.] 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.  — AN "GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K  ;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

"""        1055^ 


sou 


To  tipple  10  stupidity. 
SO-T£-E[-0L'0-GY, 


SOT,r. 


[LiUle  used.] 

^  [Gr.   ocorr;pio5,  salubriou^•, 

and  Xjjos,  discourse.] 

A  discourse  on  health,  or  the  science  of  promoting 
and  preservinp  health. 
SOTII'ie  Year,  n.    The  E^ptian  year  of  365  days, 

G  hours,  BO  called  from  Sothls^  the  dog-star. 
SOT'TISH,  a.      Dull ;    stupid  ;    senseless  ;    doltish  ; 
verj'  foolish. 

How  ignorant  are  sotHfh  pretcnJers  to  OBlrology  !  Swift. 

0.  Dull  with  intemperance. 

SOT''J'rSH-LY,  adv.  Stupidly  ;  Benselessly  ;  without 
reason.  Bcntley. 

SOT'TISH-NESS,  n.  Dullness  in  the  e.T:erci:se  of  rea- 
son ;  stupidity. 

Few  consider  into  what  degree  of  sotHshness  and  confirmed  Ig- 

nomiice  men  may  sink  tlieiiisclvei.  SouVi. 

5.  Stupidity  from  intoxication.  South. 

SOT' TO  yO'CEy(_-vb'cha.,)  [It.]     In  music,  with  a  re- 
strained voice  or  moderate  tone. 
SOU,  (soo,)  n.  -■  pi.  Sous.     [Fr.  sou,  sol.] 

A  French  money  of  account,  and  a  copper  coin,  in 
value  the  20th  part  of  a  livre,  or  of  a  franc. 
SOC'BAH.     See  Subah. 
&6V~C'H0NG',  I  .  .  -    ,    J- .  J     .  . 

POO-CHONG',  !  "•    ^  '^""'^  "'  ^^^^'^  ^ 
SOUGH,   (sntr,)   V.   i.     [Teut.   soeffcn.]     To  whistle, 

applied  to  Vie  wind.  Hist,  of  the  Royal  Society. 

ROUGH,  (suf,)  71.    A  small  drain  ;  an  adit. 

Bu.chanan. 
2.   (proji.  sow.)    A  hollow  murmur  or  roaring;  a 
buzzing;  as,  a  sough  in  the  ears. 

Ben  Jonson.     HaUiwell. 
SOUGH,  (suf,)  71.    [Scotch.!    To  whistle,  as  the  wind. 
SOUGHT,  (sawt,)  pret.  and  pp.  of  Seek. 

I  am  found  of  tlmm  who  sought  me  not.  —  U.  \xv. 
SoUL,  (sole,)  n.     [Sax.  saroel,  sawl,  or  sauli  G.  scclc ; 
D.  :;>/,•  Dan.  steZ;  Sw.  s(c(^] 

1.  The  spiritual,  rational,  and  immortal  substance 
in  man,  which  distinguishes  him  from  brutes  ;  that 
part  of  man  which  enables  him  to  think  and  reason, 
and  which  renders  him  a  subject  of  moral  govern- 
ment. The  immortality  of  the  soul  is  a  fundamental 
article  of  the  Christian  system. 

Sucli  is  the  nature  of  the  human  soul,  that  il  must  have  a  God, 
an  object  of  supreme  affcciion.  J.  Edwards. 

2.  The  understanding  ;  the  intellectual  principle. 

The  eyes  df  our  souls  then  only  bfgin  to  eee,  when  our  bodily 
eyes  are  cioaing.  Laio. 

3.  Vital  principle. 

Thou  611Q,  of  ihia  great  world  both  eye  and  soul.  MUtun. 

4.  Spirit;  essence;  chief  part;  as,  charity,  the 
soul  of  all  the  virtues. 

Emotion  is  ihr  sou!,  of  eloquence.  E.  Porter, 

5.  Life;  animating  principle  or  part;  as,  an  able 
commander  is  the  soul  of  an  army. 

6.  Internal  power. 

There  is  some  soul  of  goodness  in  things  evil.  S7niA. 

7.  A  human  being;  a  person.  There  was  not  a 
soul  present.  In  Paris  there  are  more  than  seven 
hundred  thousand  so-ui^.  London,  Westminster, 
Souttuvark,  and  the  suburbs,  are  said  to  contain 
twelve  hundred  thousand  souls. 

8.  Animal  life. 

To  deliver  their  soul  from  death,  and   to  k«ep  them  alive  in 
lamine.  — Ps.  xxxiil. 

9.  Active  power. 

And  heaven  would  fly  before  the  driving  soul.        Dryden. 

10.  spirit ;  courage  ;  fire  ;  grandeur  of  mind. 

That  he  wants  caution  he  must  needs  confess, 

But  not  a  soul  to  give  our  arms  succtss.  Young. 

11.  Generosity;  nobleness  of  mind;  a  colloquial 
nsc, 

12.  An  intelligent  being. 

Every  soul  in  heaven  sbaJI  bend  the  knee.  lifilton. 

13.  Heart ;  affection. 
The  soul  of  Jonathan  was  knit  with  the  soul  of  David.  —  1  Sain. 

):viij. 

14.  In  Scriptnrcy  appetite;  as,  the  full  soul;  the 
hungry  soul.    Prov.  xxvii.    Job  xxxiii. 

15.  A  familiar  compellation  of  a  person,  but  often 
expressing  some  qualities  of  the  mind  ;  as,  alas  ! 
piior  soul ;  he  was  a  good  .^oul. 

S5UL,  V.  t.    To  endue  with  a  soul.     [J^ot.  used  ] 

Chaucer. 

«5W^  i  *'*  ^    ^^^'  ^^^  ^^^^  broth,  pottage.] 
To  afford  suitable  sustenance.     [JVot  in  use.] 

Warner. 
SoUL'-BELL,  71.    The  passing  bell.  HaU. 

SOUL'-BE-TRaY'ING,  a.      Tending   to   betray  the 

SUllI. 

S6UL'-€ALM'ING,  (-kiim'ing,)  a.   Tranquilizing  the 

soul.  Lee. 

SoUL'-DE-STROY'ING,  a.    Pernicious  to  the  soul. 

Procrastination  of  repentance   and  faith  is  a  soul- 

destroying  evil. 
SoUL'-DrS-EAS'£D,  a.     Diseased  in  soul  or  mind. 

[.Vo£  used.]  Spenser. 


SOU 

SoUL'-DIS-SOLV'ING,  a.  Melting  or  tending  to 
Bofttn  the  soul.  Beattic. 

SoUL'JlD,  o.  Instinct  witli  soul  or  feeling  ;  as,  Gre- 
cian cliiefs  largely  soulcd.  Dnjden. 

SoUL'-EN-TRANC'ING,  a.    Enrapturing  the  soul. 

Coleridire. 

S6UL'-FELT,  a.     Deeply  felt. 

SoUL'-HARD'£N-£D,a.     Having  an  obdurate  heart. 

Coleridge. 

SoUL'LESS,  a.  Without  a  soul,  or  without  greatness 
or  nobleness  of  mind  ;  mean  ;  spiritless. 

Slave,  soulless  viliidn,  S'hak. 

SoUL'-SeOT,  \  n.     [soul  and  scot.]     A  funeral  duty, 

SoUL'-SHOT,  i  or  money  paid  by  the  Roman  Cath- 
olics, in  former  times,  for  a  retiuiem  for  the  soul. 

.^yl'ffe. 

SoUL'-SEARCH-ING,  (s5lc'scrch-ing,)  a.  Searching 
the  soul  or  heart. 

SoUL'-SELL-ING,  a.  [soul  and  sell]  Selling  per- 
sons; dealing  in  the  purchase  and  sale  of  human  be- 
ings. J.  Barlow. 

SoUL'-SICK,  a.  [soul  and  sick.]  Diseased  in  mind 
or  soul :  morally  Jliseased.  Hall. 

SoUL'-STTR-RING,  a.  Exciting  the  soul.  E.  Everett. 

SoUL'-SUB-Du'lNG,  a.    Subduing  the  soul. 

SOUND,  a.  [Sax.  sund;  D.  gczond;  G.  gesund;  Dan. 
and  Sw.  sund;  Btisqae,  sendoa;  L.  sanus ;  Fr.  sain ; 
Sp.  and  It.  sa7io;  Ch.  and  Syr.  ]vn.  Class  Sn,  No. 
18,  24,  35.  It  is  from  driving  or  straining,  stretch- 
ing.] 

1.  Entire;  unbroken;  not  shaky,  split,  rr  tl  ~\.ct- 
ivc  ;  as,  sound  timber. 

2.  Undecayed  ;  whuie  ;  perfect,  or  nof  >  iective; 
as,  sound  fruit ;  a  sound  apple  or  melon 

3.  Unbroken  ;  not  bruised  or  defective  ;  not  lacer- 
ated or  decayed  ;  as,  a  sound  limb. 

4.  Not  carious  ;  not  decaying  ;  as,  a  sound  tooth. 

5.  Not  broken  or  decayed ;  not  defective ;  as,  a 
sound  ship. 

6.  Whole;  entire;  unhurt;  unnmtilated  ;  as,  a 
soimd  body. 

7.  Healthy;  not  diseased ;  not  being  in  a  morbid 
state  ;  haviiig  all  the  organs  complete  and  in  perfect 
action  ;  as,  a  sound  body  ;  sound  health  ;  a  sound  con- 
stitution ;  a  sound  man  ;  a  sound  horse. 

8.  Founded  in  truth;  firm;  strong;  valid;  solid; 
that  can  not  be  overthrown  or  refuted  ;  as,  sound 
reasoning;  a  sound  argument;  a  sound  objection; 
sound  doctrine;  soujid  principles. 

9.  Right ;  correct ;  well  founded  ;  free  from  error; 
orthodux.    2  Tm.  i. 

Let  my  heart  be  sound  in  thy  statutes.  —  Ps.  cxix, 

10.  Heavy  ;  laid  on  with  force  ;  as,  sound  strokes  ; 
a  sound  beating. 

11.  Founded  in  right  and  law  ;  legal ;  valid  ;  not 
defective  ;  that  can  not  be  overthrown;  as,  a  sound 
title  to  land  ;  .-iound  justice. 

12.  Fast;  profound;  unbroken;  undisturbed;  as, 
sound  sleep. 

13.  Perfect,  as  intellect ;  not  broken  or  defective  : 
not  enfeebled  by  age  or  accident;  not  wild  or  wan 
dering ;  not  deranged  ;  as,  a  sound  mind ;  a  sound 
understanding  or  reason. 

.Sound  currency  ;  in  cotnuierce,  a  currency  whose  ac- 
tual value  is  the  same  as  its  nominal  value  ;  and,  if 
in  bank  notes  or  other  substitute  for  silver  and  gold, 
a  currency  which  is  so  sustained  by  funds  that  it  is 
at  any  time  convertible  into  gold  and  silver,  and  of 
course  of  equal  value. 
SOUND,  adv.    Soundly  ;  heartily. 

So  nQund  he  slept  that  nought  might  lum  awake.        Spenser. 

SOUND,  71.    The  air-bladder  of  a  fish. 

SOUND,  n.  [Sax.  sund,  a  narrow  sea  or  strait,  a  swim- 
ming ;  Sw.  and  Dan.  sund ;  Pcrs.  IjLXi  shana,  a  swim- 
ming, L.  7iatatio.  Q.u.  can  this  name  be  given  to  a 
nanow  sea,  because  wild  beasts  were  accustomed  to 
pass  it  by  swimming,  like  Bosporus:  or  is  the  word 
from  the  root  of  sound,  whole,  denoting  a  stretch,  or 
narrowness,  from  stretching,  like  straight;  or  from 
its  sounding?] 

A  narrow  passage  of  water,  or  a  strait  between  the 
m-in  land  and  an  isle;  or  a  strait  connecting  two 
seas,  or  connecting  a  sea  or  lake  with  tho  ocean  ;  as, 
the  sound  which  connects  the  Baltic  with  tho  ocean, 
between  Denmark  and  Sweden  ;  the  sound  that  sep- 
arates Long  Island  from  the  main  land  of  New  York 
and  Connecticut. 

SOUND,  71.  [Fr.  sonde;  Sp.  sonda.  See  the  following 
verb.] 

An  instrument  which  surgeons  introduce  into  the 
bladder,  in  order  to  discover  whether  there  is  a  stone 
in  that  viscus  or  not.  Cooper,     Sharp. 

SOUND,  V.  t,  [Sp.  sondar  or  sondear  ;  Fr.  sondcr. 
This  word  is  probably  connected  with  the  L.  sonus, 
Eng.  sound,  the  primary  sense  of  which  is,  to  stretch, 
or  reach.] 

1.  To  try,  as  the  depth  of  water  and  the  quality  of 
the  ground,  by  sinking  a  plummet  or  lead  attached 
to  a  line  on  which  are  marked  the  number  of  fath- 
oms, to  ascertain  the  depth  of  water.     The  lower 


sou 

end  of  the  lead  is  covered  with  tallow,  by  means  of 
which  some  portion  of  the  earlii,  sand,  gravel,  shells, 
&c.,  of  the  bottom,  adhere  to  it,  and  are  drawn  np. 
By  these  means,  and  the  depth  of  water,  and  tlic  na- 
ture of  the  bottom,  which  arc  carefully  marked  on 
good  charts,  seamen  may  know  how  far  a  ship  is 
from  land  in  the  night,  or  in  tliick  weather,  antl  in 
many  cases  when  the  land  is  too  remote  to  be  visi- 
ble. 

2.  To  introduce  a  sound  into  the  bladder  of  a  pa- 
tient, in  order  to  ascertain  whether  a  stone  is  there 
or  not. 

When  a  patient  is  to  be  sounded.  Cooper. 

3.  To  try ;  to  examine  ;  to  discover,  or  endeavor 
to  discover,  that  which  lies  concealed  in  another's 
breast ;  to  search  out  the  intention,  opinion,  will,  or 
desires. 

1  was  in  jest, 
And  by  that  offer  meant  to  sourut  vour  hrcisl.  Druden. 

I've  sounded  my  Numidians  man  by  m.in.  Addison. 

SOUND,  V,  i.  To  use  the  line  and  lead  in  searching 
the  depth  of  water. 

The  shipmen  soun/led,  and  found   it   twenty  fathoms. —  Acts 
xxvij. 

SOUND,  71.    The  cuttle-fish.  JlinswoHh, 

SOUND,  71.  [Sax.  son;  W.  swn;  Ir.  soin:  Fr.  son  ;  It. 
suono;  Sp.  son  ;  L.  sonus,  from  so/w,  to  suimd,  sing, 
rattle,  beat,  &c.  This  may  be  a  dialectical  variation 
of  L.  tonus,  (0710,  which  seems  to  be  allied  to  Gr.  rn- 
j'w,  to  stretch,  or  strain,  L.  tcneo.] 

1.  Noise;  report ;  the  object  of  iiearing  ;  that  which 
strikes  the  ear:  or,  nmre  philosophically,  an  impres- 
sion, or  the  effect  of  an  impression,  made  on  tlie  or- 
gans of  Iiearing  by  an  impulse  or  vibration  of  tiie  air 
caused  by  a  collision  of  btidies,  or  by  other  means; 
as,  the  sound  of  a  trumpet  or  drum  ;  the  sound  of  the 
human  voice;  a  horrid  sound;  a  charming  sound;  a 
sharp  soiind ;  a  high  sound. 

2.  A  vibration  of  air  caused  by  a  collision  of  bod- 
ies, or  other  means,  sufficient  to  affect  the  auditory 
nerves  when  perfect.  Some  persons  are  so  entirely 
deaf  that  they  can  not  hear  the  loudest  sounds.  Aud- 
ible sounds  are  such  as  are  perceptible  by  the  organs 
of  hearing.  Sounds,  not  audible  to  men,  may  be 
audible  to  animals  of  more  sensible  organs. 

3.  Noise  without  signification  ;  empty  noise  ;  noise 
and  nothing  else. 

It  is  the  sense,  and  not  the  aoujid,  that  muBt  be  the  princijile. 

Locke . 

SOUND,  V.  i,  To  make  a  noise ;  to  utter  a  voice  ;  to 
make  an  impulse  of  the  air  that  shall  strike  the  or- 
gans of  hearing  with  a  particular  effect.  We  say,  an 
instrument  sounds  well  or  ill;  it  somuls  shrill  ;  the 
voice  sounds  harsh. 

And  firal  taught  speaking  trumpets  how  to  souiid.      Dryhu. 

2.  To  exhibit  by  sound,  or  likeness  of  souml.  Tliis 
relation  sounds  rather  like  a  fiction  than  a  truth. 

3.  To  be  conveyed  in  sound  ;  to  be  spread  or  pub- 
lished. 

Prom  you  sounded  out  tlie  word  of  the  Lord.  —  1  Thess.  i. 

To  sound  in  damages,  in  law,  is  when  there  is  no 
specific  value  of  property  in  demand  to  serve  as  a  rule 
of  damages,  as  in  actions  of  tort  or  trespass,  as  distin- 
guished from  actions  of  debt,  &c.  Ellsimrfh. 
SOUND,  V.  t.  To  cause  to  make  a  noise  ;  as,  to  sound 
a  trumpet  or  a  horn. 

2.  To  utter  audibly;  as,  to  sound  a  note  with  the 
voice. 

3.  To  play  on  ;  as,  to  sound  en  instrumenl. 

4.  To  order  or  direct  by  a  sound  ;  to  give  a  signal 
for,  by  a  certain  sound  ;  as,  to  sound  a  retreat. 

5.  To  celebrate  or  honor  by  sounds  ;  to  cause  to  be 
reported  ;  as,  to  sound  one's  praise. 

6.  To  spread  by  sound  or  report ;  to  pnblisli  or  pro- 
claim ;  as,  to  sound  the  praises  or  fame  of  a  great 
man,  or  a  great  exploit.  We  sometimes  say,  lo  .soinici 
abroad. 

SOUND'-BoARD,         )  v.    A  thin  board  which  prop- 
SOUND'ING-BOARD,  \      agates  the  sound  in  an  or- 
gan, violin,  or  other  musical  instrument. 

To  many  a  row  of  pipes  tho  sound-board  breathcu.        MiUop. 

2.  A  board,  or  structure  with  a  flat  surface,  sus- 
pended over  a  pulpit,  to  prevent  the  soutid  of  the 
preacher's  voice  from  ascending,  and  thus  propaga- 
ting it  farther  in  a  horizontal  direction. 

SOUND'ED,  2i/>.    Caused  to  make  a  noise;   uttered 
audibly. 
2.  Explored  ;  examined. 

SOUND'-HEAD-ED,  a.    Having  sound  principles. 

SOUND'-HEaRT-ED,  (-hart-ed,)  a.  Having  a  sound 
heart  or  affections. 

SOUND'ING,  ppr.  Causing  to  sound  ;  utterijig  andi- 
blv. 

2.  Trying  the  depth  of  water  by  the  plummet ;  ex- 
amining the  intention  or  will. 

3.  a.    Sono;ous  ;  making  a  noise. 

4.  Having  a  magnificent  sound;  as,  words  more 
soundintT  or  significant.  Drydcn, 

SOUND'ING,  7t.    The  act  of  littering  noise ;  the  act 
of  endeavoring  to  discover  the  opinion  or  desires;  the 
act  of  throwing  the  lead. 
2.  In  surgery,  the  operation  of  introducing   the 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— M£TE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARtNE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.— 


sou 

sound  into  tbe  bladder;  called  Sii^bcuing  for  the 

stone.  Cooper. 

SOUXD'IXG-BoARD     See  Sound-Board. 
SOUND'lNG-PeST,  n.    A  small  post  in  a  violin  and 

violuneello,  set  under  the  bridge  for  a  support,  for 

prop;igaiing  the  sounds  to  the  back  of  the  instru- 

lii^tit. 
SOr.\D'IXG-ROD,  n.    A  rod  or  piece  of  iron  used  to 

ascertain  the  depth  of  water  in  a  ship's  hold.    It  is 

let  down  in  a  gruove  by  a  pump.  JMar,  Diet. 

SOUXD'IXGS,  n.  pi.    Any  place  or  part  of  the  ocean, 

where  a  deep  soundiu£;-line  will  reach  the  bottom  ; 

also,  the  kind  of  ground  or  bottom  where  the  lead 

reaches. 
2.  The  quality  of  the  ground  brought  up  by  the 

sounding-lead,  and  the  depth  of  water.         Tottcn. 
SOUND'LESS,  a.    That  can  not  be  fathomed  j  having 

no  sound. 
SOUXD'LV,  adv.    [from  sounds  entire.]     Healthily  j 

heartily. 

2.  Severely  ;  lustily  ;  with  hea^Y  blows ;  smartly  ; 
as,  to  beat  one  soundttj. 

3.  Truly;  without  fallacy  or  error ;  as,  to  judge  or 
reason  ^oundttj. 

4.  Firmly;  as,  a  doctrine  ^ouTMfiy  settled.  Bacon. 

5.  Fast ;  closely  ;  so  as  not  to  ba  easily  awakened ; 
as,  to  sleep  soundly.  Locke. 

SOUXD'XESS,  n.  Wholeness;  entireness;  an  un- 
broken, unimpaired,  or  undecayed  state ;  as,  the 
soujtdne^s  of  timber,  of  fruit,  of  the  teeth,  of  a 
limb,  &c.     [See  Sound.] 

•2.  An  unimpaired  state  of  an  animal  or  vegetable 
body  ;  a  state  in  which  the  organs  are  entire,  and 
regularly  perform  llieir  functions.  We  say,  the 
somtdnesJ!  of  the  body,  the  simndness  of  the  constitu- 
tion ;  the  soundness  ot  health. 

3.  Firmness  ;  strength  ;  solidity  ;  truth  ;  as,  sound- 
ness of  reasoning  or  argument,  of  doctrine  or  princi- 
ples. 

4.  Truth  ;  rectitude  ;  firmness  ;  freedom  from  error 
or  fallacy  ;  orthodoxy  ;  as,  soundness  of  faith. 

SOUP,  (soop,)  n.     [Fr.  soupe ;  IL  zuppa^  sop ;  Sp.  sopa, 

sop,  or  sjup;  G.  sappe;  D.  soep;  Ice.  saup.     [See 

Sep  and  Sop.] 
Strong  broth;  a  decoction  of  flesh  for  food,  highly 

seasoned. 
SOUP,  (soop,)  V.  t.    To  sup ;  to  breathe  out.     [JVot  in 

use,]  IViclif. 

SOUP,  (soop,)  V.  t.    To  sv."eep.     [At)(  m  use.]     [See 

Sweep  and  Swoop.]  Hall. 

SOUR,  a.     [Sax.  siir,  snrig ;  G.  saner;  D.  zuur;  Sw. 

szir  ;  Dan.  suur ;  W.  sf/r  ,*  Arm.  sur  ;  Fr.  swr,  sure  ; 

Heb.  "iiD,  to  depart,  to  decline,  to  turn,  as  liquors,  to 

become  sour.    See  Class  Sr,  Xo.  16,  and  X^o.  11.] 

1.  Acid;  having  a  pungent  taste;  sharp  to  the 
taste;  tart;  as,  vinegar  is  souri  sour  cider;  sour 
beer. 

2.  Acid  and  austere,  or  astringent ;  as,  sun-ripe 
fmits  are  often  sour. 

3.  Uarsh  of  temper ;  crabbed  ;  peevish  ;  austere ; 
morose  ;  as,  a  man  of  a  sour  temper. 

4.  Afflictive  j  as,  sour  adversities.     [jVot  in  use] 

S/iak. 

5.  Expressing  discontent  or  peevishness.  He 
never  uttered  a  sour  word. 

The  lord  ueasurer  oflon  looked  on  m;  vi'Ji  a  £our  countenAiice. 

Stei/t. 

G.  Harsh  to  the  feelings  ;  cold  and  damp  ;  as,  sour 
weather. 

7.  Rancid  ;  musty. 

8.  Turned,  as  milk  ;  coagulated. 

SOUR,  71.    A  sour  or  acid  substance.  Spenser. 

SOUR,  V.  L  To  make  acid  ;  to  cause  to  have  a  sharp 
taste. 

So  the  sun's  heat,  with  diSerent  powers, 

Rlpeos  the  grape,  tut;  Iiq'jor  sours.  Stsi/l, 

S.  To  make  harsh,  cold,  or  unkindly. 

Tofts  of  gnss  sour  land.  MortxTMr. 

3.  To  make  harsh  in  temper ;  to  make  cross,  crab- 
bed, peevish,  or  discontented.  Misfortunes  often 
sour  the  temper- 

FriJs  had  not  iourtd,  nor  a-rath  debased  my  heart.       Hr.rte. 

4-  To  make  uneasy  or  less  agreeable. 

Hail,  great  kia^ ! 
To  tour  your  happiness  I  must  report 
The  queen  i^  deaH.  Shak, 

5,  In  rural  economy,  to  macerate,  as  lime,  and  ren- 
der fit  for  plaster  or  mortar.  Ennjc. 
SOUR,  V.  i.    To  become  acid  ;  to  acquire  the  quality 
of  tartness  or  pungency  to  the  taste.    Cider  sours 
rapidly  in  the  rays  of  the  sun.    When  food  sours  in 
the  stomach,  it  is  evidence  of  imperfect  digestion. 
2.  To  become  peevish  or  crabocd. 
They  hinder  ths  hatred  of  i\ot  from  louring  into  severity. 

Adkison. 

Source,  -n.  [Fr.  source ;  Arm.  sourccnn ;  cither  from 
sourdre  or  sorlir,  or  the  L.  surgo.  The  Italian  sor- 
gente  is  from  surgo.] 

1.  Properly^  the  spring  or  fountain  from  which  a 
stream  of  water  proceeds,  or  any  collection  of  water 
within  the  earth  or  upon  its  surface,  in  which  a 
stream  originates.     This  is  called  also  the  head  of 


SOU 

the  stream.  We  call  tlie  water  of  a  spring,  where  it 
issues  from  the  earth,  the  source  of  the  stream  or 
rivulet  proceeding  from  it.  We  say  also,  iliat 
springs  have  their  sources  in  subterranean  ponds, 
lakes,  or  collections  of  water.  We  say  also,  that  a 
large  river  has  \ls  source  in  a  lake.  For  example,  the 
St.  Lawrence  has  its  source  in  the  great  lakes  of 
America. 

2.  First  cause  ;  original ;  that  which  gives  rise  to 
any  thing.  Thus  ambition,  the  love  of  power,  and 
of  fame,  have  been  the  sources  of  half  the  calami- 
ties of  nations.  Intemperance  is  the  source  of  innu- 
merable evils  to  individuals. 

3.  Tlie  first  producer  ;  he  or  that  which  oriirinates  ; 
as  Greece,  the  source  of  arts.  Haulier. 

SOUR'-CROUT,  I  n.     [G.  sauer-kraut,  i.  e.,  sour-cab- 

SOUR'-KROUT,  !     bage.] 

Cabbage  cut  fine,  pressed  into  a  cask,  and  suffered 
to  ferment  till  it  becomes  sour. 

SOUR'DET,  71.     [Fr.  sourdine,  frcm  sourd,  deaf.] 
The  litllL-  pipe  of  a  trumpet. 

SOUR'-DOCK,  7(.    Sorrel,  so  called. 

SOUR'£D,  pp.     iMade  sour;  made  peevish. 

SOUR'-GoURD,  71.  An  evergreen  tree  of  the  genus 
Adansonia,  which  yields  a  fruit  resembling  a  gourd. 
[See  AoANsosii.] 

SOUR'ING,7j;7r.  Making  acid;  becoming  sour;  mak- 
ing peevish. 

SOUR'ING,  H.    That  which  makes  acid. 

SOUR'ISH,  a.  Somewhat  sour ;  moderately  acid  ;  as, 
sourish  fruit ;  a  sourish  taste. 

SOUR'LY,  adv.    With  acidity. 

2.  With  peevishness  ;  with  acrimony. 

The  slero  Athenian  prince 
Then  suurly  smiled.  Dryilen. 

3.  Discontentedly.  Brmnn. 
SOUR'NESS,  n.     Acidity j   sharpness  to  the  taste; 

tartness ;  as,  the  sourness  of  vinegar  or  of  fruit. 

Sourness  being  one  of  lho£e  simple  ideas  which  oii<;  can  cot 
describe.  Arbuthnot. 

9.  Asperity ;  harshness  of  temper. 

Take  care  Unl  no  sottmess  and  morosenees  mingle  with  on 
&?rioiJsn«8  ot"  inind.  Nelson. 

SOUR'-SOP,  n.     A  small  evergreen  tr.-s  of  the  West 
Indies,  the  Anona  muvicata,  which  hears  a  large  su. 
culent  fruit.    It  is  closely  allied  to  the  custard  app! 
London.     P.  Cyc. 

SOUS,  (soo,)  71. ;  pi.  of  Sou  or  Sol.     [See  Sou.] 

SOUSE,  71.     [Ir.  sous^fach,  watery.] 

1.  Pickle  made  with  salt. 

9.  Something  kept  or  steeped  in  pickle. 
3.  The  ears,  feet,  Aic,  of  swine  pickled. 
SOUSE,  V.  t.    To  steep  in  pickle. 

But  souse  Ihi  cabbage  with  a  bouiiieoua  heart.  Pope. 

2.  To  plunge  into  water. 

They  soused  nie  into  the  Thames,  with  aa  little  remorse  as  thfy 
druwu  blind  lAippica.  S/iak. 

SOUSE,  V.  i.    [Ger.  sausen,  to  rush.] 

To  fall  suddenly  on;  to  rush  with  speed;  as  a 
hawk  on  its  prey. 

Jove's  bird  wiil  souse  upon  the  timorous  hare.  Dnjilen. 

SOUSE,  V.  U    To  strike  with  sudden  violence.     Shak. 
SOUSE,  a(/if.    With  sudden  violence.     {This  -word  is 

low  and  rndtrar.] 
SOUS'^D,  (soust,)  pp.    Steeped  in  pickle. 

2.  Plunged  into  water. 
SOUT'ER,  (soot'er,)  ti.     [Sax.  sutere;  L.  sxitor.] 

A  shoemaker  ;  a  cobbler.     [JVb£  in  use.]      Chaucer. 
SOUT'ER-LY,  ado.    Like  a  cobbler.     [JVoi  in  nse.] 
SOUT'ER-RAIN,  n.     [Fr. ;  that  is,  sub-terrain,  under 
ground.] 
A  grotto  or  cavern  under  ground.     [J^Tot  Ens-lish.] 

JirbiLthnot. 
SOUTH,  n.     [Sax.  sath  ;  G.  sud ;  D.  zuid ;  Dan .  sud  ; 
Sw.  sodcr ;  Fr.  sud  ;  Arm.  su.] 

1.  The  north  and  south  are  opposite  points  in  the 
horizon  ;  each  ninety  degrees,  or  the  quarter  of  a 
great  circle,  di.-;tant  from  the  east  and  west.  A  man 
standing  v/ith  his  face  toward  the  east  or  rising  sun, 
has  the  soutJt  on  his  right  hand.  The  meridian  of 
every  jilacc  is  a  great  circle  passing  through  the 
north  and  south  points.  Strictly,  soutit  is  the  hori- 
zontal point  in  tlic  meridian  of  a  place,  on  the  right 
hand  of  a  person  standing  witli  his  face  toward  ijie 
east.  But  tbo  word  is  applied  to  any  pntnt  in  liie 
m*iridian,  between  the  horizon  and  the  zenitli. 

2.  In  a  less  exact  sense,  any  point  or  place  on  the 
earth  or  in  the  heavens,  which  is  near  the  meridian 
toward  the  right  liand  as  one  faces  the  east. 

3.  A  southern  region,  country,  or  place;  as,  the 
queen  of  the  south,  in  Scripture.  So,  in  Europe,  the 
people  of  Spain  and  Italy  are  spoken  of  as  livhig  in 
the  soitUi.  In  the  United  States,  we  speak  of  the 
Slates  of  the  soutli,  and  of  the  north. 

4.  The  wind  that  blows  from  the  south.  [JVot 
■used,]  Shak. 

SOUTH,  a.     In  any  place  north  of  the  tropic  of  Cancer, 
pertaining  to  or  lying  in  the  meridian  toward  the 
sun  ;  as,  a  souVi  wind. 
2-  Being  in  a  southern  direction  ;  as,  the  sotUh  sea. 

SOUTH,  ado.  Toward  the  south.  A  ship  sails  south; 
the  wind  blows  south. 


SOW 

SOUTH-€OT'TI-AN,  n.  A  folJower  of  Joanna  Soutb- 

cott,  a  fanatical  female^  wlio  made  a  great  noise  in 

England  at  the  close  of  the  last  and  beginning  of  Che 

presenE_century. 
SOUTH-EAST',  n.    The  point  of  the  compass  equally 

distant  (Voni  the  south  and  east.  Bacon. 

SOUTH-EAST',  a.    In  the  direction  of  south-east,  or 

coining  from  the  south-east ;  as,  a  south-east  wind. 
SOUTH-EAST'ER-LY,  a.    In  the  direction  of  souLh- 

east  or  nearly  so. 
2.  From  the  south-cast,  as  v/ind. 
SOUTU-eAST'ER.X,  a.    Toward  the  south-east. 
SOUTH'ER-LY,  (suth'cr-Iy,)  a.    Eying  at  the  south, 

or  in  a  direction  nearly  south  ;  ai,  a  southerly  point. 
2.  Coming  from  the  south  or  a  point  nearly  south  ; 

as,  a  southniij  wind. 
SOUTH'ERN,  (siith'cm,)    a.    [Sax.    suth    and    em, 

placeJ 

1.  Belonging  to  the  south;  meridional;  as,  the 
southern  hemisphere. 

2.  Lying  toward  the  south  ;  as,  a  southern  country 
or  climate. 

'.i.  Coming  from  the  south  ;  as,  a  southern  breeze. 
SOUTH'ERN-ER,  Csulh'eni-cr,)  ti.     An  inhabitant  or 

native  of  the  south  or  Suiiihern  States. 
SOb"FH'ER.\"-LY,     (suth'ern-Iy,)  adv.    Toward   the 

south.  HakewiU. 

SOUTH'ERN-MoST,    (suth'em-most,)  a.      Furthest 

toward  the  south. 
SOUTH'ER.VWpOD,  (suth'cm-wp^d,)  ti.    A  plant 

nearly  allied  to  the  wormwood.  Jifdler. 

The  soutliemwood  is  the  Artemisia  abrotanum,  a 

congener  of  the  wormwood. 
SOUTH'ING,  a.    Going  toward  the  south  ;  as,  the 

soutliinir  sun.  Dryden. 

SOUTH'IXG,  n.    TtJiidency  or  motion  to  (he  south. 

Dryden. 

2.  The  southing  of  llie  moon,  the  time  at  which 
the  moon  passes  the  meridian.  Mar.  Diet. 

3.  Course  or  distance  si)ulh  ;  the  difference  of  lati- 
tude made  bv  a  vessel  to  tlie  southward. 

SOUTH'MoST,  a.    Furthest  toward  the  south. 

MUton. 
SOUTH'ROX,  (suth^-,)  ti.    An  inhabitant  of  the  more 

southern  part  of  a  countrv.  W.  Scott. 

SOUTH'SaY,         )      o      c 

SOUTH'SaY-ER.  i        ^^^  S00TH3XT. 

SOUTH'WARD,  (suth'ard,)  ado.  Toward  the  south  ; 
ns,  to  an  sonthcard.  Locke. 

SOUTH'WARD,  (suth'ard,)  n.  The  southern  regions 
or  countries.  Raletrh. 

SOUTH-WEST',  71.  [snufh  and  tew/.]  Tlie  |»oint 
of  the  compass  equally  distant  from  the  south  and 
west.  Bacon. 

SOUTH-WEST',  a.  Lying  in  the  direction  of  the 
south-west ;  as,  a  soutJt-west  country. 

2.  Coming  from  the  south-west ;  as,  a  souLh-west 
wind. 

SOUTH- WEST' ER-LY,  a.  In  the  direction  of  south- 
west, or  nearly  so. 

2.  Coming  irom  the  south-west,  or  a  point  near  it ; 
as,  a  sou'Ji-Wfst£rlji  wind. 

SOUTH-WEST'ERX,  a.  In  the  direction  of  south- 
west, or  nearly  so ;  as,  to  sail  a  souih-icrstem  course. 

SOUV'E-iXAXCE,  (soov'e-nance,)  ».  [Fr.]  Remem- 
brance.    [j\i'ot  English,  nor  is  it  used,]  Spenser, 

SOUV'E-NIR,  (soov'e-neer,)  n.  [Fr.]  A  remem- 
brancer. 

SOV'ER-EIGN,  (suv'er-in,)  a.  [We  retain  this  bar- 
barous orthography  from  the  Norman  sourercign, 
which  doubtless  was  adopted  through  a  mistake  of 
its  origin.  The  true  spelling  would  be  Suveuan,  from 
the  li.  supernus,  supcrus  i  Fr.  soucerain ;  It,  socrano ; 
Sp.  and  Port,  sobcrano. 

1.  Supreme  in  power;  possessing  supreme  domin- 
ion ;  as,  a  sovereign  prince.  God  is  the  sooereign 
Ruler  of  the  universe. 

2.  Supreme  ;  superior  to  all  others  ;  chief.  God  is 
the  sovereign  good  of  all  wiio  love  and  obey  him. 

3.  Supremely  efficacious  ;  superior  to  all  others; 
predominant ;  effectual ;  as,  a  soccreig7i  remedy. 

4.  Supreme  ;  pertaining  to  the  first  magistrate  of  a 
nation  ;  as,  sovereign  authority. 

SOVER-EIGN,  (suv'er-in,)  n.  A  supreme  lord  or 
ruler;  one  who  possesses  the  highest  authority  wii]?- 
out  control.  Some  earthly  princes,  kings,  aii-i  i  : 
perors  are  sovereigns  in  their  dominions. 

2,  A  supreme  magistrate  ;  a  king. 

3.  A  gold  coin  of  England,  value  20s.  or  £1  ster- 
ling. 

SOV'ER-EIGN-IZE,  (suv'er-in-Ize,)  v.  L  To  exercise 

supreme  authority.     [JVot  in  use.]  Herbert. 

SoV'ER-EIGN-LY,  (suv'er-in-le,)  ode.  Supremely; 
in  the  highest  degree. 

He  was  sovereignly  lovely  ia  himself.    [Lilde  used.]     Boyle. 

SOV'ER-EIGN-TY,  (suv'er-in-te,)  ti.  Supreme  pow- 
er; supremacy;  the  possession  of  the  highest  power, 
or  of  uncontrollable  power.  Absolute  sovereignty 
belongs  to  God  only. 

SOW,  71.     [Sax.  suga :  Sw.  sugga ;  D.  zeug ;  G.  sau.] 

1.  The  female  of  the  hog  kind  or  of  swine. 

2.  An  oblong  piece  of  lead.  .9insu-orth. 

3.  An  insect ;  a  milleped.  jiinsicorth. 


TCNE,  BIJLL,  UNITE.— AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


13:5 


J  057 


SPA 

SOVV'-BREAD,  (bced,),  n.  A.  tuberous-rooted  plant 
of  tlie  genus  Cyclamen,  on  which  wild  swine  in 
Ilalv  feed.  Loudon, 

SOW'-BUG,  n.  An  isopodous  crustacoous  animal  j  a 
millfped. 

SOW'-TillS-TLE,  (-tliis'l,)  n,  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Sonchus,  said  lo  be  eaten  by  swine  and  some  other 
animals.  The  downy  sow-thistle  is  of  the  genua  An- 
dryahu 

SoW,  V.  L  ;  pret.  Sowed  ;  pp.  Sowed  or  Sown.     [Sax. 

saican  ;  G.  sdcn ;  D.  laajcn  ;  Svv.  sa ;  Dan.  saaer  ; 
Kuss.  sifjtt  i  perhaps  L.  seoU  This  word  is  probably 
contr.'icted.] 

1.  To  scatter  un  ground,  for  the  purpose  of  growth 
and  the  production  of  a  crop;  as,  to  sojo  good  seed  ; 
to  I'oio  a  bushel  of  wheat  or  rye  to  the  acre  ;  to  so70 
oats,  clover,  or  barley ;  lo  sojo  seed  in  drills,  or  to 
sow  it  broad-cast.  Oats  and  flax  should  be  sown 
early  in  the  spring. 

2.  To  scatter  seed  over  for  growth ;  as,  lo  sow 
ground  or  land  j  to  sow  ten  or  a  hundred  acres  in  a 
year. 

3.  To  spread,  or  to  originate  ;  to  propagate  j  as,  to 
sow  discord. 

Born  to  afflict  my  Marcia'e  family, 

And  (01^  dLiseiision  in  Uie  heaits  of  broUit  "b.  Addison, 


MUlon. 


4.  To  supply  or  stock  with  seed. 

The  iiiwlleciual  fuculty  is  a  goodly  field,  ana  it  is  tbe  worst  hus- 
l»udry  ill  the  wotid  to  soa  it  wiih  trifles.  Hale. 

5.  To  scatter  over  ;  to  besprinkle. 

He  sowed  with  stars  the  heaven. 

Mom  now  sowed  the  carih  with  onu-iit  pc:irl. 

Sow,  V.  L  To  scatter  seed  for  growth  at  d  the  pro- 
duction of  a  crop.  In  New  England,  farmers  begin 
to  sow  in  April. 

They  Uial  sote  in  tears  shall  reap  in  joy.  —  Ps.  cxxvi, 
SOW,  for  Sew,  is  not  in  use.     [See  Sew.] 
SOW'ANS,  i  n.    pi.     [Scottish.!     A   nutritious    arti- 
SOW'ENS,  \      c!e  of  food  made  from  the   husk   of 
the  oat,  by  a  process  not  unlike  that  by  which  com- 
mon starch  is  made.    In  England  it  is  called  Fx,um- 

MEKY. 

SOWCE,  for  Souse.     [See  Souse.] 

Sowed,  pp.    Scattered  on  ground,  as  seed  ;  sprinkled 

with  seed,  as  ground.     VVe  say,  seed  is  sowed;  or 

land  is  sawed. 
SOWER,  71.     He  that  scatters  seed  for  propagation. 

E'-hoUl,  a  sower  went  forth  to  sow.  —  MatU  xui. 

2.  One  who  scatters  or  spreads ;  as,  a  soiocr  of 
words.  HakewUl. 

3.  A  breeder  j  a  promoter ;  as,  a  sower  of  suits. 

Bacon. 

SOWING,  ppr.  Scattering,  as  seed:  sprinkling  with 
seed,  as  ground  ;  stocking  with  seed. 

SOWING,  71.  The  act  of  scattering  seed  for  propaga- 
tion. 

SOWINS,  71.  pi    See  Sowans. 

SOWL,  r.  (.     To  pull  by  the  ears.  Sliak. 

[JVyi  -used  in  America.] 

SOWN,  pp.  Scattered,  as  seed  ;  sprinkled  with  seed, 
as  ground. 

SOY,  «.  A  kind  of  sauce  for  fish,  brought  chiefly 
from  Japan,  prepared  principally  from  the  seeds  of  a 
legnminose  plant  called  SojA,or  rather  Soya,  which 
is  the  Soja  hispida.  TuUy. 

SOZ'ZLE,  n.  [See  Soss.]  A  sluttish  woman,  or  one 
that  spills  water  and  other  liquids  carelessly. 

JSTew  England. 

SPA,  H.  A  general  name  for  a  spring  of  mineral  water, 
from  a  place  of  this  name  in  Germany. 

SPXAD.  (spad,)  n.  A  kind  of  mineral ;  spar.  [Sp. 
e-TJOfo.]     [  Obs.'\  Woodward. 

SPACE,  71.  [Fr.  espace  ;  Sp.  espacio ;  It.  spatio;  L. 
spatium,  space  ;  spafinr,  to  wander.  This  word  is 
probably  formed  on  the  root  of  pateo.     Class  Bd.] 

1.  Room ;  extension.  Space,  in  the  abstract,  is 
mere  extension. 

PuFP  space  is  capable  neither  of  resistance  nor  motion.     Locke. 

U.  Any  quantity  of  extension.  In  relation  to 
bodies,  space  is  the  interval  between  any  two  or 
more  objects ;  as,  the  space  between  two  stars  or  two 
bills.  The  quantity  of  space  or  extent  between 
bodies,  constittiied  their  distance  from  each  other. 

3.  The  distance  or  interval  between  lines ;  as  in 
books.  The  spaces  in  music  are  named  as  well  as 
the  lines. 

4.  Quantity  of  time ;  also,  the  interval  between 
two  points  of  time. 

Nine  times  tlie  space  that  m(!aaure3  day  ami  night.        Mi!lon, 
God  may  defer  hia  juitginenia  for  a  tunc,  uid^ve  a  people  a 
longer  spac*  for  reiieounce.  Tiilolson. 

5    A  short  time  j  a  while. 

To  Btay  your  dc.idly  strife  a  S}:<Ke.  Spenser. 

[Tfus  sense  m  nearly  obsolete.l 
SPACE,  V.  i.    To  rove.     [JV*o(  in  use.]  Spenser. 

SPACE,  V.  t.     Among  priiilers,  to  make  spaces  or 

wider  intervals  between  lines. 
SPAC'£D,  (spast,)  pp.    Divided  into  wider  intervals 

between  lines. 
SPACE'FUL,  a.    Wide  j  extensive.    [JVot  used.} 

Sand-ji 


SPA 

SPACING,  ppr     Making  wider   intervals   between 

lines. 
SPa'CIOUS,  a.     [Fr.  spacieux;  Sp.  spaHoso ;  It.  spa- 

zioso ;  L.  spatiosiis.} 

1,  Wide  ;  roomy  ;  having  large  or  ample  room  ; 
not  narrow  :  as,  a  spacious  churcll  j  a  sjiacious  Iiall 
or  drawing-room. 

2.  Extensive;  vast  in  extent;  as,  the  spacious 
earth ;  the  spaciotLi  ocean. 

SPa'CIOUS-LY,  adc.     Widely  ;  extensively. 

SPA'CIOUS-NESS,  71.  Widcness ;  largeness  of  ex 
tent;  roominess;  as,  tlie  spaciousness  of  the  rooms 
in  a  building. 

2.  Extcn^iveness ;  vastness  of  extent ;  as,  the  spa- 
ciousnfiss  of  the  ocean. 

SPAD'DLE,  71.    [dim.  of  spade,]    A  little  spade. 

Jifortimer. 

SPADE,  71.  [Sax.  spoil,  spada;  G.  spaten;  D.sjxade; 
Dan.  and  Sw.  .spof/c  ;  probably  from  breadth,  exten- 
sion, coinciding  with  L.  spatula^  frnm  the  root  of 
patca,] 

1.  An  instrument  for  digging  or  cutting  the  ground, 
consisting  of  a  broad  and  nearly  rL'ctanguIar  blade 
of  iron  with  a  handle. 

2.  A  suit  of  cards. 

3.  A  deer  tliree  years  old  ;  written  also  Spaid. 

4.  A  gelded  beast.     [L.  spado.] 

SPaDE,  v.  t.  To  dig  with  a  spade  ;  or  to  pare  olT  the 
sward  of  land  with  a  spade. 

SPADE'-HoNE,  71.  [spade  and  bone.]  The  shoulder- 
blade,     [f  believe  tittle  used.] 

SPADE'FyL,  71.  [.^pade  and  fidl]  As  much  as  a 
spade  will  hold. 

SPA-DI"CEOLTS,fspa-dish'us,)rt.  [h.  spadiceusy  from 
spadix^  a  light  rea  color.] 

1.  Of  a  light  red  color,  usually  denominated  Bay. 

Brown. 

2.  In  botany,  a  spadiceoiis  flower,  is  a  sort  of  ag- 
gregate flower,  having  a  receptacle  common  to  many 
florets,  within  a  spalha,  as  in  palms,  dracontium, 
arum,  &c.  Jilartyjt. 

SPA-DILLE',  (spa-dil'j)  n.  [Fr.]  The  ace  of  spades 
at  omber. 

SPAD'ING,  ppr.    Digging  with  a  spade. 

SPA'DIX,  7J.  [L.]  In  Ootamj,  the  receptacle  in  palms 
and  some  other  plants,  proceeding  from  a  spatha. 

Jilartyn. 

SPA 'DO,  71.    [L.]    A  gelding.  Bmwji,. 

SPA-DROON',  n.  A  cut  and  thrust  sword,  lighter 
than  a  broadsword.  Smart. 

SPA-OYR'ie,  a.     [L.  spagyricus.] 
Chemical.     [JVat  in  >ise.] 

SPA-6YR'ie,  n.    A  chemist.     [JVot  in  use.]      Hall. 

SPAG'YR-IST,  71.    A  chemist.    [JVy£  ("h  twc]   Boyle. 

SPA'HEE,  /  n.      [Turk,  sipaliii   Pers.  sipaJiee.      See 

SP.\'HI,      i       Seapoy.] 

One  of  the  Turkish  cavalry.  The  5770^7*- were  dis- 
banded with  the  janizaries. 

SPAKE,  prct.  of  Speak  ;  nearly  obsolete.  We  now  use 
Spoke. 

SPALL,  (spawl,)  n.     [Fr.  cpaule  :  It.  spalla.] 

'1.  The  shoulder.     [A^it  F.mflish.]  _    Fairfax. 

•3.  A  chip.     [JVo(  in  tise.] 

SPALT,  i  71.     A  whitish,  scaly  mineral,  used  to  pro- 

SPELT,  \      mote  the  fusion  of  metals.    Bailcif.   ^.«A. 

SPALT,  a.     [Dan.  spatt,  a  split ;  G.  spalten,  to  spliu] 
Brittle ;  liable  to  break  or  split.  HalUwelL 

SP.\N,  77.  [Sax.  span;  D.  span;  G.  .'rpanne;  Dan. 
spand,  a  span  in  measure ;  Sw,  span^  a  span  in  meas- 
ure, and  a  set  of  coach  horses,  G.  gespami ;  verbs. 
Sax.  spannan,  to  span,  to  unite  ;  ffcspanian,  to  join  ; 
D.  and  G.  sjianyien;  Dan.  spander,  to  strain,  stretch, 
bend,  yoke.  This  word  is  formed  on  the  root  of 
bend,  ij.  pando.  The  primary  sense  is,  to  strain, 
stretch,  extend,  hence  to  join  a  team,  V>n.\i,  forspand, 
D.  gespan.] 

1.  'i'he  space  from  the  end  of  the  thumb  to  the 
end  of  the  little  finger  wlien  extended  ;  nine  inches ; 
the  eighth  of  a  fathom.  Holder. 

2.  A  short  space  of  time. 

Life  '8  but  a  span ;  I'll  every  inch  enjoy.  Farqukar. 

3.  In  architecture,  the  spread  or  extent  of  an  arch 
between  its  abutments. 

4.  A  span  of  horses,  consists  of  two,  usually  of 
about  the  same  color,  and  otherwise  nearly  alike, 
which  are  usually  harnessed  side  by  side.  The  word 
signifies  pr<njcr!y  llie  same  as  Yoke,  when  applied  to 
iiorned  cattle,  from  buckling  or  fastening  together. 
Uut  in  America,  span  always  implies  resemblance  in 
color  at  le.'ist ;  it  being  an  object  of  ambition  witli 
gentlemen  and  with  teamsters  to  unite  two  horses 
abreast  that  are  alike. 

5.  In  seamcn^s  language,  a  rope  secured  at  both 
ends  to  any  object,  the  purchase  being  hooked  to  the 
bight.  Totteii. 

SPAN,  V.  t.    To  measure  by  the  liand  with  the  fin- 
gers extended,  or  with  the  fingers  encompassing  the 
object ;  as,  to  span  a  space  or  distance ;  to  span  a 
cylinder. 
2.  To  measure  or  reach  from  one  side  of  to  the 
!      other  ;  as,  to  span  the  heavens. 
SP.\N,  V.  i.    To  agree  in  color,  or  in  color  and  size  ; 
I      as,  ihe  horses  span  well.  J^ew  England. 


SPA 

SPAN,  prct.  of  Spin.     [Ohs.]    We  now  use  Spun. 

SPAN'CEL,  n.  A  rope  to  tie  a  cow's  hind  legs.  [Lo- 
ca?-]  Qrosc. 

SPAN'CEL,  V.  t.  To  tie  the  lega  of  a  horse  or  cow 
with  a  rope.     [Local.]  Malone. 

SPAN'CEL-ING,  ppr.    Tying  a  cow»s  hind  legs. 

SPAN'COUN-TER,  )  71.     A  plav  at  which  money  is 

SPAN'FAR-THING,  j  thrown  within  a  span  or  cir- 
cuit marked  Sw^t. 

SPAN'DREL,  7(.  The  irregular  triangular  space  be- 
tween the  curve  of  an  arcli  and  the  rectangle  inclos- 
ing it.  Gwilt, 

SPaNE,  v.  t.     [D.  speenen.] 
To  wean.     [JVo(  in  use.] 

SPANG,  n.     [D.  sponge,  a  spangle  ;  Gr.  <pc}  yto.] 

A  spangle  or  shining  ornameut ;  a  thin  piece  of 
metal  or  other  shining  material.     [J^'ot  in  use.] 

Bacon, 

SPAN"GLE,  (spang'gl,)  7i.  [Supra.]  A  small  plate 
or  boss  of  shining  metal ;  something  brilliant  used 
as  an  ornament. 

9.  Any  little  thing  sparkling  and  brilliant,  like 
pieces  of  metal ;  as  crystals  of  ice. 

For  the  rich  spangles  that  adorn  the  sky.  Waller. 

SPAN"GLE,  (spang'g!,)  v.  t.  To  set  or  sprinkle  with 
spangles;  to  adorn  with  small,  distinct,  brilliant 
bodies  ;  as,  a  spangled  breastplate.  Donne, 

What  stars  do  spangle  heaven  with  such  bctiuty.  Shal:. 

SPAN"GLED,  (span'gld,)  pp.  or  a.    Set  with  spangles. 

SPAN"GLER,  n.     One  that  spangles.  Kealcs. 

SPAN"GLING,pi»r,     Adorning  with  i-r-i\^<>. 
SPAN'IEL,  (span'yel,)  71.     [Fr.  epagiteul;  .'-^iid  to  be 
from  Hispaniola,  now  Hayti.] 

1.  A  dog  used  in  sports  of  the  field,  remarkable 
for  Jiis  sagacity  and  obedience.  Dnjdcn. 

2.  A  mean,  cringing,  fawning  person.         S/iak. 
SPAN'IEL,  a.      Like  a  spaniel ;  mean  ;  fawning. 

S/ial:. 

Sf*AN'IEL,  V.  i.  To  fawn ;  to  cringe  ;  to  be  obse- 
quious. 

SPAN'IEL,  V.  L    To  follow  like  a  spaniel. 

SPAN'IEL-ING,  ppr.     Following  like  a  spaniel. 

SPAN'ISH,  a.    Pertaining  lo  Spain. 

SPAN'ISH,  n.    The  language  of  Spain. 

SPAN'ISH-BROOM,  n.  A  shrub  of  the  genus  spar- 
tiuni,  thickly  set  with  verdant,  flexible,  rush-like 
twigs.  London. 

SPAN'ISH-BROWN,  n.  A  species  of  earth  used  in 
paints.  Its  color  depends  upon  the  sesquoxyd  of 
iron. 

SPAN'ISH-FLY,  n.  A  coleopterous  insect,  the  Can- 
tliaris  vesicatoria,  used  in  vesicatories,  or  composi- 
tions fur  raising  blisters. 

SPAN'ISH-NUT,  71.  A  bulbous  plant,  the  Mo.'-.i  a 
Sisvrinchium  of  the  south  of  Europe.  Miller. 

SPAN'ISH-WHITE,  n.  A  white  earth  from  Spain, 
used  in  paints.  What  is  so  called  in  New  England, 
is  soft  carbonate  of  calcia,  or  chalk,  in  fine  powder. 

SPANK,  V.  t.  [W.  pan^e^  a  blow  ;  allied  perhaps  to 
the  vulgar  hang,  and  fiiuntl  in  the  Persic] 

1.  To  strike  on  the  breech  with  the  open  hand  :  to 
slap. 

2.  1'.  i.  To  move  n  ith  a  quick,  lively  step  between 
a  trot  and  gallop.  Qrusr. 

SP.A^'K'ER,  77.     A  small  coin.  Dcrham. 

2.  In  seamen's  language,  the  after-sail  of  a  ship  01 
bark,  being  a  fore-and-ali  sail,  attached  to  a  gaff"; 
formerly  called  Driver.  Totten. 

3.  One  that  takes  long  strides  in  walking  ;  also,  a 
stout  person.  HalUwell. 

SPANK'ING,   ppr.     Striking  with  the  open  Land ; 
moving  witii  a  quick,  livtOy  pace. 
2.  a.     Large;  stout,     [i^'uigar.]  Halliwcll. 

SPAN'-LONG,  a.     Of  the  length  of  a  span. 

B.  Jonson. 
SPAN'NED,  (spand,)  pp.  Measured  with  the  hand. 
SPAN'NER,  77.     One  that  spans. 

2.  The  lock  of  a  fusee  or  carbine ;  or  the  fusee 
itself.  Bailey.     Botrrring. 

3.  .An  iron  instrument  used  in  the  manner  of  a 
lever  to  tighten  the  nuts  upon  screws.         Bramle. 

SPAN'-NEVV,  (-nu,)  a.    [G.  spanncn  ;  allied  perhaps  to 
spangle.] 
Unite  new  ;  probably  Bhight-kew. 

SPAN'NING,  ppr.  Measuring  with  the  hand :  en- 
compassing with  the  fingers. 

SPAN'-ROOF,  7(.  A  common  roof,  having  eaves  on 
two  sides.  Gwilr. 

SPAN'-WORM,  n.  Another  name  for  the  canker- 
worm,  of  various  species,  (which  see ;)  so  called  from 
its  peculiar  mode  of  progression. 

SPAR,  71.  [D.  spar,  a  rafter,  a  shingle  ;  G.  ^parrcn,  a 
spar,  a  ratter ;  Dan.  ^T^ar,  a  spar,  a  small  lieam,  the 
bar  of  a  gate  ;  Sw.  sparre,  a  rafter ;  Fr.  bnrre ;  It. 
sbarra,  a  bar;  Sp.  csparr,  a  fossil;  espar,  a  drug.  If 
this  word  is  connected  with  spare,  the  primary  sense 
is  probably  thin.  The  sense  of  6ar  and  spar  is,  how- 
ever, more  generally  derived  from  thrusting,  sliuot- 
ing  in  length  ;  so  spear  likewise.    See  Bab.] 

I.  Any  earthy  mineral  that  breaks  wilJi  regular 
surfaces,  and  has  some  degree  of  luster  ;  a  cry.stal- 
lized  earthy  mineral  of  a  shining  luster.  It  is  the 
German  sp'atli.  Dana. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— MeTE,  PnEY.-PIXE,  JLARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.- 


1053 


SPA 

2.  Among  seamaiy^  general  tenu  for  masts,  yards, 
booms,  and  gaffs.  ToUen. 

3.  Among  old  architects^  a  piece  of  timber  of  vari- 
ous kinds  ;  still  used  locally  for  rafters. 

Oloss.  of^rchiL 

4.  The  bar  of  a  gate  or  door.     [Obs.]     Ckauccr. 
SPAR,  p.  L.     [Sax.  sparran  ;  G.  sperreii :  from  spar.] 

To  bar  i  to  shut  close,  or  fasten  witli  a  bar.    [  Obs.] 

Chaitcer, 
SPAR,  r.  i.  [Sax.  spirianj  to  argue,  or  dispute,  to  as- 
pire ;  B.i\ss.  sporyu^  to  dispute,  to  contend;  li  spar- 
luim.  The  Saxon  word  signifies,  to  dispute,  jtso  to 
investigate,  to  inquire,  or  explore,  to  fullow  after. 
This  is  another  form  of  the  L.  spiro,  Gr.  (nrat^w, 
cTTiipoj.  The  primary  sense  is,  to  urge,  drive,  throw, 
propel.] 

1.  To  dispute  j  to  quarrel  in  words ;  to  wrangle. 
[7T4i?  tj  tJte  sense  of  Vie  word  in  America.] 

2.  To  ficht  with  prelusive  strokes.  Johnson. 
SPAR'A-BLE,  n.    [sparrow-bill,  from  the  shape.]    The 

name  of  shoemakers'  nails. 
SPAU'A-DRAP,  tu     [Fr.]     A  cere-cloth.     [jXot  Eng- 
lish.] 
SPAR'AGE,     )  o^^  A  r,.  ,       -, 

SP\R'V-GUS  (  °6^  AsPARA^rs.     lyulgar.j 

SPaRE,  r.  L  [Sax.  sparian:  U-  spaarcn:  G.  sparen  ; 
Dan,  sparer;  Sw.  spara  ;  Fr.  cparagiier.  It  seems  to 
bs  from  the  same  root  as  L.  parco:  It.  sparagnare.^ 

1.  To  use  frugally  ;  not  to  be  profuse ;  not  to 
waste. 

Tliou  iby  FaUjsr's  Uiuncier  diJat  not  spare.  Milton. 

2.  To  save  or  withhold  from  any  particular  use  or 
occupation.  He  has  no  bread  to  sparc^  that  is,  to 
withliold  from  his  necessary  uses. 

AU  Ihe  time  hs  could  epcre  from  the  necessary  cftre^  of  his 
weirfity  charge,  be  bestowed  on  pr.iyer  and  serving  of 
Gix£  Knoiles. 

3.  To  part  witli  without  much  inconvenience  j  to 
do  without. 


I  could  have  better  spared  a  belter  man. 
Nor  call  we  spare  you  Ion*. 


Dryden 

4.  To  omit ;  to  forbear.    We  might  have  spared 
this  toil  and  expense. 

Be  pleased  your  politics  to  spare.  Dryden. 

5.  To  use  tenderly ;  to  treat  with  pity  and  forbear- 
ance ;  to  forbear  to  afflict,  punish,  or  destroy. 

Com.  Prayer, 


Spare  us,  gt>od  Loni. 

Dim  s-idness  did  not  spare 
Celestial  Tisagi/s. 
But  man  aluiie  can  whom  he  conquers  spare. 

6.  Not  to  take  when  in  one's  power  ;  to  forbear  to 
destroy  ;  as,  to  spare  the  life  of  a  prisoner. 
T.  To  grant ;  to  allow  ;  to  indulge. 

Where  angry  Jove  did  never  spare 

One  brenib  of  land  and  temperate  aJr.  Hoscommon. 

S.  To  forbear  to  inflict  or  impose. 

Spare  my  sight  the  pain 
Of  seeing  whut  a  world  of  teare  it  cost  you.  Dryden. 

SPARE,  V.  i.    To  live  frugally  ;  to  be  parsimonious. 


MUton. 
Waller. 


Who  at  some  times  spend,  at  others  spare. 
Divided  between  carelessness  and  care. 


Pope. 


2.  To  forbear ;  to  be  scrupulous. 

To  pluck  and  eat  my  fill  I  spared  not.  Milton. 

3.  To  be  frugal ;  not  to  be  profuse. 

4.  To  use  mercy  or  forbearance ;  to  forgive ;  to  be 
tender. 

The  king  —  was  sparing  and  compassionate  toward  Ma  subjects. 

Bacon. 

SPaRE,  a.    [Sax.  ffpttr.] 

1.  Scanty  ;   parsimonious  j   not  abundant ;  as,  a 
sfpare  diet. 

He  was  spare,  but  discreet  of  speech.  Carew, 

[We  more  generally  use,  in  the  latter  application, 
Spabisg  ;  as,  he  was  sparing  of  words.] 

2.  That  can  be  dispensed  with  ;  not  wanted  ;  su- 
perfluous.   I  have  no  spare  time  on  my  hands. 

If  that  no  spare  clothes  be  had  to  give.  Spenaer. 

3.  Held  in  reserve,  to  be  used  in  an  emergency ; 
as,  a  spare  anchor. 

4.  Lean  ;  wanting  flesh  ;  meager  ;  thin. 

O,  give  me  your  spare  men,  and  spare  me  the  great  ones. 

Sltak. 

.5.  Slow.     [JVoe  in  »we,  or  local.]  Grose. 

SPARE,  n.    Parsimony  ;  frugal  use.    [JVot  in  iise.] 

Baeojt. 

SF.\R'ED,pp.    Dispensed  with;  saved;  forborne. 

epAREXY,  ado.     Sparinglv.  MUton. 

i  SPARE'T^'ESS,  n.    State  of  being  lean  or  thin  ;  iean- 

I       nes^.  Hammoiid. 

I  BPAR'ER,  Tu    One  thai  avoids  unnecessary  expL-nse. 

lVvtU}u. 
I   iSPARE'-RIB,  71.     [D.  spicTy  a  muscle,  and  rib.] 
!  The  piece  of  a  hog  taken  from  the  side,  consisting 

cf  the  ribs  with  httle  flesh  on  them. 
1  BPAR-GE-FA€'TION,  n.     [h.  spargo,  to  sprinkle.] 
The  act  of  sprinkling.     [JVot  iL^ed.]  Diet 

8PAR'-HUXG,  a.     Hung  with  spar,  as  a  cave. 

Holmes 
,  BPaR'IXG,  ppr.    Using  frugally ;  forbearing ;  omitting 
to  punish  or  destroy. 


SPA 

2.  a.    Scarce  ;  little. 

Of  tills  there  is  with  v"i  ^^ni?  memory,  or  uooe.       Bacon. 

3.  Scanty;  not  plentiful;  not  abundant;  as,  a 
sjiaring  diet. 

4.  Saving;  parsimonious. 

Virgil,  being  so  very  sparing  of  his  words,  and  leaving  to  much 
to  be  imagined  by  ibc  p-ader,  can  never  be  tranal»red  aa  he 
ought  in  any  muderu  tongue.  Dryden. 

SPAR'^^G-LY,  adv.    Not  abundantly.  Shah. 

2.  Frugally  ;  parsimoniously  ;  not  lavishly. 

High   titles   of  honor  were,  in  tlie   king's   ininority,  sparingly 
ET-^nied,  because  dignity  then  waited  on  desert.    Hayward. 
ComnKMid  but  sparingly  wlium  thuu  dost  iovo.  Denham. 

3.  Abstinently ;  moderately. 

Christians  are  obliged  to  taste  even  the  InnoceuC  pleasures  of  life 
but  sparingly.  AuerbuTy. 

4.  Seldom  ;  not  frequently. 

The  morality  of  a  mve  sentence,  aflected  by  Lucan,  la  more 
sparingly  used  by  Virgil.  Dryden. 

5.  Cautiously  ;  tenderly.  Bacon. 
SPaR'ING-NESS,  71.    Parsimony  ;  want  of  liberality. 

2.  Caution.  Barrow. 

SPARK,  n.     [Sax.  spearc;  D.  spartclen^  to  flutter,  to 

sparkle  ;  Dan.  sparktv,to  wince,  or  kick.    The  sense 

is,  that  which  shoots,  darts  off,  or  scatters  ;  probably 

allied  to  L,  spargo  and  Russ.  sverkai/u.] 

1.  A  small  particle  of  fire  or  ignited  substance  which 
is  emitted  from  bodies  in  combustion,  and  which  ei- 
ther ascends  with  the  s.moke,  or  is  darted  in  another 
direction.  Pope. 

2.  A  small,  shining  body  or  transient  light. 

We  have  here  and  there  a  lillle  clear  light,  and  some  sparks  of 
bright  knowledge.  Locke. 

3.  A  small  portion  of  any  thing  active.  If  any 
spflT-A-  of  life  is  yet  remaining. 

4.  A  ver>-  small  portion.  If  you  have  a  spark  of 
generosity. 

5.  A  brisk,  showy,  gay  man. 

The  finest  sparks  and  cleanest  beaux.  Prior. 

6.  A  lover. 

SPARK,  V.  i.    To  emit  particles  of  fire:  to  sparkle. 

[J^ot  in  use.]  '     Spenser. 

SPARK'FIJL,  a.    Lively;  brisk;  gay.  Camden. 

SPARK'ISH,  a.     Airy  ;  gay.  Walsh. 

2.  Showy;  well  dressed  ;  fine.  VEsiramre. 

SPARK'LE,  Cspark'l,)  n.     A  spark.  Dryden. 

2.  A  luminous  particle. 
SPARK'LE,  (spark'K)  v.  i.     [D.  spartclen.] 

1.  To  emit  sparks  ;  to  send  off  small  ignited  parti- 
cles ;  as  burning  fuel,  Slc. 

2.  To  glitter ;  to  glisten  ;  as,  a  brilliant  sparkles ; 
.sparkling  colors.  Locke. 

3.  To  twinkle  ;  to  glitter  ;  as,  sparkling  stars. 

4.  To  glisten  ;  to  e.^ibit  an  appearance  of  anima- 
tion ;  as,  ths  eyes  sparkle  with  joy.  Jlliltoii. 

5.  To  emit  little  bubbles,  as  spirituous  liquors  ;  as, 
sparkling  wine. 

SPARK'LE,  V.  t.  To  throw  about;  to  scatter.  [J^ot 
in  K-vc]  Sackville. 

SPARK'LER,  ju  He  or  that  which  sparkles;  one 
wliuse  eyes  sparkle.  jiddison. 

SPARK'LET,  n.     A  small  spark.  Cotton. 

SPaRK'LI-NES:?,  jj.  Vivacity.  [JVotinuse.]     .Aubrey. 

SPARK'LING,  ppr.  or  a.  Emitting  sp;irks  ;  glittering; 
lively  ;  as,  sparhlinir  wine  ;  sparklin/r  eyes. 

SPARK'LING-LY,  adv.  With  twinkling  or  vivid  bril- 
liancv. 

SPARK'LING-NESS,  «.     Vivid  and  twinkling  luster. 

SPAR'LING,  7£.     A  smelt.  Cotgrave. 

SPa'ROID,  a.     [L.  sparus  and  Gr.  tic'oc] 

Like  the  gilt-head  ;  belonging  to  that  family  of  spi- 
nous-finned  fishes  which  includes  the  gilt-head  and 
sea-bream.  Brande. 

SPAR'RING,  n.    Prelusive  contention,  as  among  box- 
2.  Dispute;  slight  debate.  [ers. 

SPAR'RoW,  71.  [Sa.x.  speara  i  Goth,  sparwa  ;  G.  and 
Dan.  Sperling ;  Sw.  sparf;  probably  allied  to  spear  or 
spare,  and  so  named  from  its  smallness.] 

The  popular  name  of  several  small  conic-billed 
birds  which  feed  on  insects  and  seeds.  The  com- 
mon sparrow,  or  house-sparrow,  of  Europe,  Pyrgita 
domestica  of  Cuvier,  (Fringilla  doniestica,  Linn.,)  is 
nottd  for  its  fiimiliarity  antl  even  impudence,  its  vo- 
racity and  fecundity.  P.  Cyc.    Jardine. 

SPAR'R6\V-BILL,  n.  Small  nails  ;  cast-iron  shoe- 
nails. 

SPAR'RoW-GRASS;  a  corruption  of  Aspabagus. 

SPAR'RoW-HAWK,  \  n.      [Sax.    spcarhafoc,    spear- 

SPaR'IIAWK,  '  S      hawk.] 

A  small  species  of  short-winged  hawk.  A  popular 
name  of  all  those  falcons  whose  tarsi  are  high  and 
scutellaled.  The  Faico  Nisus  is  called  sparrow-hawk 
by  way  of  eminence. 

SPaR'HV,  a,     [from  spar.]    Resembling  spar,  or  con- 
sisting of  spar ;  having  a  confused  cr>-stalline  struc- 
ture ;  spathose. 
Sparry  iron ;  carbonate  of  iron,  or  spathic  iron. 

Dana. 

SPARSE,  (spiirs,)  a.  [L.  sparsus,  scattered,  from 
spargo.)  ^ 

1.  Thinly  scattered  ;  set  or  planted  here  and  there ; 
as,  a  sparse  population.  Story. 


SPA 


2.  In  botany^not  opposite,  nor  alternate,  nor  in  any 
apparent  regular  order  ;  applied  to  brunchc«.  leaves, 
peduncles,  &.c.  Martyn. 

SPARSE,  (spirs,)  v.  L    To  disperse.     [JVut  hi  use.] 

Spenser. 

SPARS'ED,  (spirst,)  a.    Scattered.  Im. 

SPARS'ED-LV,  adv.    In  a  scattered  manner. 

Evelinu 

SPARSE'NESS,  n.  Thinness;  scattered  state;  as, 
sparseness  of  population.  Skfi/,  vol.  ii.  70. 

SPAR'TAN,  a.  Pertaining  to  ancient  .Sparta;  hence, 
hardy ;  undaunted ;  as,  Sparian  souls ;  Spartan 
braver}'. 

SPASM,  n.  [L.  spasmus;  Gr.  cTraepat  from  crraw,  to 
draw.] 

An  abnormal,  sudden,  and  more  or  less  violent 
but  brief  contraction  of  one  or  more  muscles,  or 
muscular  fibers.  Spasm  is  either  c/o«(>  or  tonic.  In 
clonic  sjtasrn,  the  umscles  or  muscular  fibers  contract 
and  relax  alternately  in  ver}' quick  succession,  pro- 
ducing the  appearance  of  agitation,  as  in  eptltp-nj. 
In  tonic  spasm,  the  nmscles  or  muscular  fibers  con- 
tract in  a  steady  and  uniform  manner,  and  remain 
contracted  for  a  comparatively  long  time,  as  in  teta- 
nus. Some  cases  of  spasm  appear  to  be  intenncdiate 
between  these  two  varieties. 

SPAS-MOD'ie,  a.  [Gr.  crrutr/io?,  spasm,  and  cuost 
likeni-ss;  implying  something  which  is  like  spasnt^ 
without  being  such;  Fr.  spasmodique ;  iL  gpasmo- 
dico.] 

Relating  to  spasm;  consisting  in  spasm;  as,  a 
spasmodic  affection. 

SPAS-MOD'I€,  71.  A  medicine  good  for  removing 
spasm  ;  but  I  believe  the  word  generally  employed  is 
Anti-Spasmodic. 

SPAS'Tie,  a.     [Gr.  c^racTiKo^.] 

Relating  to  spasm.  [^  tcrvi  preferable  to  Spas- 
modic] 

SPAS-TIC'I-TY,  (-tis'e-te,)  n.    A  st-ite  of  spasm. 
2.  The    tendency  to,  or  capability    of  suffering 
spasm. 

SPAT,  pret.  of  Spit,  but  neariy  obsolete. 

SPAT,  71.  [from  the  root  of  spit ;  that  which  is 
ejected.] 

1.  The  young  of  shell-fish.  Woodicard. 

2.  A  blow.  HiiUitccll. 

3.  Hence,  a  petty  combat ;  a  little  quarrel  or  dis- 
sension. [A  vulgar  use  of  the  word  in  J^cto  Eng- 
land.] 

SPA-TAN"GUS,  7(.      A  genus  of  pedicellate  cchino- 

dermatous  animals. 
SPATCH'-eoCK,  n.     [dispatch.]    A  fowl  killed  and 

imniediatelv  broiled  fur  some  sudden  occasion. 

HalltwclL 

SPa'THA,  )  rr  .1.  r       i 

"^PATHE    I  ''^'     t      ^o^fif^t  a  slice.j 

In  botany y  the  calyxof  a  spadix  opening  or  bursting 
longitudiuallv,  in  form  of  a  sheath.  Jlartyn. 

SPA-THa'CEOUS,  (-shus,)  a.     Having  that  sort  of 

calyx  called  a  spatba. 
SPATH'ie,  a.     [G.  spatlt.] 

Foliated  or  lamellar.  SpatJiic  iron  is  carbonate  of 
iron,  an  ore  of  iron  having  a  foliated  structure,  antl 
a  \elIoi.vish  or  brownish  color.  SiJtiraan. 

SPATH'I-FORM,  a.  [spath  and  form.]  Resembhng 
spar  in  form. 

The  ocberous,  spaOtiform,  and  miuemliied  forms  o(  unuiit^. 

Lavoisier, 

SPATH'oSE,  I  a.     In  botany,  having  that  sort  of  ca- 
SPATH'OUS,  (     lyx  called  spa(Aa. 

2.  In  viincrcdogy,  havmg  the  characters  of  spar ; 
spanj.  Dana. 

SPATH'U-LATE     See  Spatulate. 
SPa'TIaT E,  (-shateO  r.  i.     [L.  .^potior.] 

To  rove  ;  to  ramble.     [A'ot  in  use.]  Baron, 

SPAT'TER,  v.L     [This  root  is  a  derivnlive  .r 
family  of  spit,  or  L.  pateo.    See  Splttkr.] 

1.  To  scatter  a  liquid  substance  on;  to  sp:::ik.j 
with  water  or  any  fluid,  or  with  any  nuiist  and  dirtj' 
matter  ;  as,  to  spatter  a  coat ;  to  spatter  llie  flw^r  -.  to 
spatter  the  boots  with  nnid.  [This  woni,  I  hclii-ve, 
is  applied  always  to  Huid  or  moist  substances.  We 
say,  to  spatter  with  water,  mud,  blood,  or  gra\'\' ;  but 
never  to  spatter  with  dust  or  nieal.] 

2.  Figuratively,  to  asperse  ;  to  defame.  [In  this 
sense.  Asperse  is  generally  used.] 

3.  To  throw  out  any  thing  offensive;  as,  to  spatter 
foul  .speeches.     [JVot  in  use.]  Shuk. 

4.  To  scatter  about ;  as,  to  spatter  water  here  and 
there. 

SPAT'TER,  V.  i.  To  throw  out  of  the  mouth  in  a 
scattered  manne** ;  to  sputter.    [See  Sfuttkr.1 

JtiUon. 
SPAT'TER-DASH-ES,  n.  pi.     [spatter  and  d.ish.] 

Coverings  for  the  legs,  to  keep  them  clean  from 
water  and  mud.     [Since  bouts  are  generally  worn, 
these  things  and  their  name  are  little  used.] 
SPAT'TER-£D,  pp.      Sprinkled  or  fouled  by  so!ie 
liquid  or  dirty  substance. 
2.  Aspersed. 
SPAT'TER-ING,  ppr.    Sprinkling  with  moisv  or  foul 
matter. 
9.  Aspersing. 
SPAT'TLE,  H.    Spittle.    [JVoi  in  use.]  BdU. 


TCNE,  BULL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K  .  O  as  J  ;  »  as  Z ;  CH  as  3H  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


1U5D 


SPK 

SPAT'TLING-POP'I'V,  n.    A  plant,  Silenc  inlhUa. 
SPAT'l^-LA,  1 71.     [L.   spatlitilc,  spatftaj  a  slice;    VV 
SPAT'TLE,    \     yspodol ;  from  the  root  of  L.  pateo ;  so 
named  from  its  breadllj,  or  from  its  iiso  in  spreading 
things.] 

A  slice  ;  an  apothecary's  instrument  for  spreading 
plasters,  &c.  Quincij. 

SPAT'U-LaTE,  a.    [from  Tj.  .^paUmla.] 

Jn  natural  history^  sliapcd  like  a  spatula  or  battle- 
dore, beinc  roimdisli,  with  a  long,  narrow,  linear 
base ;  as,  the  leaf  of  Cistus  incanus.  JSlartyn. 

SPAV'IN,  71.  [It.  spatenio^  spavano^  spavin,  a  cramp  ; 
Fr.  qiarvin  ;  bp.  esparavan  ;  Port,  c.-^parnvam.'} 

A  sweUing  in  or  near  some  of  the  joints  of  a 
Iiorse,  by  which  lameness  is  produced. 

Far7ti.  Encijc. 
PPAV'IN-KD,  a.  Aftectcd  with  spavin.  Gohbmitk. 
SPAVV,  71.     See  Spa. 

SPAWL,  r.  i.  [G.  speicJid,  spawl ;  speien,  to  spa\vl,to 
spew.     Spew  is  a  contracted  word.] 

To  throw  saliva  from  the  mouth  in  a  scattering 
form  ;  to  disperse  spittle  in  a  careless,  <iirty  manner. 
Why  muEi  he  sputter,  sjjaiil,  and  Klavtr  i'.  i  Sxi/t, 

SPAWL,  71.    Saliva  or  spittle  thrown  out  carelessly, 

Dnjdeii. 
2.  A  fragment  of  stone. 

SPAWL'ING,  ppr.  Throwing  spittle  carelessly  from 
the  mouth. 

SPAWL'ING,  n.    Saliva  thrown  out  carelessly. 

SPAWN,  7(.  [It  has  no  phiial.  If  tbn  word  is  not 
contracted,  it  belongs  to  the  root  of  L.  pono,  Sp. 
poner,  Fr.  pondre,  to  lay  eggs.  If  contracted,  it 
probably  belongs  to  the  root  of  speta  or  spawt.  The 
radical  sense  is,  that  which  is  ejected  or  thrown 
out.] 

1.  The  eggs  of  fish  or  frogs  when  ejected.    Ray. 

2.  Any  product  or  offspring;  an  expression  of  con- 
tempt.  Roscommov. 

3.  In  EnffUsk  gardenin^fthe  buds  or  branches  pro- 
duced from  underground  stems  ;  also,  the  white  fi- 
brous matter  forming  the  matrix  from  which  fungi 
are  produced.  -P.  Cyc. 

SPAWN,  V.  t.    To  produce  or  deposit,  as  fishes  do 
their  eggs. 
2.  To  brin»'  forth  ;  to  generate ;  in  contempt. 

Swift. 
SPAWN,  r.  i.    To  deposit  eggs,  as  fish  or  frogs. 

"2.  To  issue,  as  oflspring  ;  in  contempt.         Lockf. 
SPAWN'£D,  pp.    Produced  or  deposited,  as  the  eggs 

of  fish  cr  frogs. 
SPAWN'ER,  71.    The  female  fish. 

The  epatener  aaA  the  meller  of  Iho  barl^el  cover  ihcir  sp-ixv-n  with 
sand.  Walton. 

SPaY,  (spa,)  V.  t.     [VV.  yspaiu^  to  exhaust;  dijsjjazu, 

to  geld  ;  Arm.  spaza  or  spahcin,  to  geld  j  L.  simdu,  a 

gelding;  Gr.  crruoi,  to  draw  out.] 
To  extirpate  the  ovaries  of  a  female. 
PPAViCD,  pp.     Having  the  ovaries  extirpated. 
SPaY'ING,  ppr.    Extirpating  the  ovaries. 
SPeAK,  (speek,)  v.  i.;pr~t.  Spoke,  (Spake,  nearly 

ohs. ;)  pp.  Spoke,  Spoken.     [Sax.  .<!pircan,  spccan ;  It. 

spiccar  le  parole^  to  speak  distinctly ;    spiccarc,  to 

shine,  that  is,  to  shoot  or  thrust  forth ;  Eth.  fll  111 
sabiU:,  to  preach,  to  teach,  to  proclaim.  The  Sw.  has 
.fpa,  Dan.  spaer^  to  foretell.  It  is  easy  to  see  that 
the  root  of  this  word  is  allied  to  that  of  Beak,  Peak, 

PZCK.T 

1.  To  utter  words  or  articulate  sounds,  as  human 
beings  ;  to  express  thoughts  by  words.  Children 
learn  to  speak  :it  an  early  age.  The  organs  may  be 
so  obstructed,  tliat  a  man  may  not  be  able  to  speak. 

Speak,  Lord,  Tor  thy  eers-ant  heanili.  —  1  Sam.  iii. 

2.  To  uiter  a  speech,  discourse,  or  harangue ;  to 
utter  thoughts  in  a  public  assembly.  A  man  may  be 
well  informed  on  a  subject,  and  yet  too  diflident  to 
speal:  in  public. 

Many  of  lli«  nobilU^  nmdp  Ih^mselfes  popular  by  speaking  in 
p:trliament  ag:unst  ihose  things  which  were  iiiosi  grateful  to 
fiia  niKjeaty.  Clarendon, 

3.  To  talk  ;  to  express  opinions ;  to  dispute. 

An  honest  man,  Gir,  U  uble  to  tpsak  for  htinsell',  when  Ui*^  knave 
is  not.  ShaJc. 

A.  To  discourse ;  to  make  mention  of. 

Lucan  speaks  of  a  pari  of  Cesar'a  army  tli;U  came  to  him  from 

the  Lenian  I..ikc.  Axiditou. 

The  Scriptun;  eptaks  only  of  'Jiosc  to  whom  it  spealo. 

Hammond. 
5.  To  give  sound. 

Make  all  your  tnimpcLs  fpcak.  Shafc. 

To  speak  with;  to  converse  with.    Let  mc  speak 
with  ray  son. 
SPkAK,  v.  t.   To  utter  with  the  mouth  ;  to  pronounce  ; 
to  utter  articulately  ;  as  human  beings. 

They  eat  down  with  him  on  the  ground  sr:ven  day«  and  Bcvcn 

ni'hls,  and  none  epake  a  word  nnto  him.  — Job  ii. 
Speak^ihe  word  only,  and  my  sou  shall  Ix:  healed. —  Matt.  viii. 

2.  To  declare ;  to  proclaim ;  to  celebrate. 

It  is  my  father's  music 
To  speak  your  d'.cds.  Shak. 

3.  To  talk  or  converse  in  ;  to  utter  or  pronounce, 


SPE 

as  in  conversation.  A  man  may  know  how  to  read 
and  to  understand  a  language  which  lio  can  not 
sj)eaJ:. 

4.  To  address  ;  to  accost. 

He  \vu\  smile  upon  thue,  put  tlicc  in  hopo,  and  speak  thcc  fair. 

JUcclus. 

5.  To  exhibit ;  to  make  known. 

Let  hoavcn'r,  wide  circuit  speak 
The  Maker's  hijh  inagnific-nce.  Milton. 

V>.  To  express  silently,  or  by  signs.  The  lady's 
looks  or  eyes  .spca/;  the  moaning  or  wishes  of  her 
heart. 

7.  To  communicate  :  as,  to  spcaJi  peace  to  the  soul. 

I'o  speak  a  ship ;  to  hail  and  speak  to  her  captain 
or  commander. 

J^ote.  —  AVe  say,  to  speak  a  word  or  syllable,  to 
spcaii  a  sentence,  an  oration,  piece,  composition,  or  a 
dialogue,  to  speali  a  man's  praise,  ice. ;  but  we  never 
say,  to  s])caJi  an  argument,  a  nermon,  or  a  story. 
SPeAK'A-BLE,  a.    That  can  be  spoken. 

2.  Having  the  power  of  spL-ech.  JiHtfon. 

SPeAK'ER,  n.  One  that  speaks,  in  whatever  manner. 

2.  One  that  proclaims  or  celebrates. 

No  oilier  speaker  of  my  living  actions.  Shak. 

3.  One  that  utters  or  pronounces  a  discourse ;  usu- 
ally, one  thai  utters  a  speech  in  public.  We  say,  a 
man  is  a  good  speaker,  or  a  bad  speaker. 

4.  The  person  who  presides  in  a  deliberative  as- 
sembly, preserving  order  and  regulating  the  debates  ; 
as,  the  speaJccr  of  the  house  of  commons ;  the  speaker 
of  a  house  of  representatives. 

SPkAK'ER-SHIP,  n.    The  office  of  speaker. 

SPeAK'ING, f /*r.  Uttering  words;  discoursing;  talk- 
ing. 

SPeAK'ING,  71.     Tlic  act  of  uttering  words  ;  dis- 
course. 
2.  In  coZZerrc*,  public  tleclamation. 

SPeAK'IXG-TRUMP'ET,  v.  a  tnimpet  by  which 
liir  sound  of  the  Iiumau  voice  may  be  propagated  to 
a  great  distance. 

SPeAII,  v.  [Sax,  ifpcarejSpcrc;  D.  and  G.  speer;  Dan. 
S]}a'r;  W.  yspar,  from  phr,  a  spear.  So  W.  ber  is  a 
spear,  and  a  spit,  that  which  shoots  to  a  point. 
Class  Br.] 

1.  A  long,  pointed  weapon,  used  in  war  and  hunt- 
ing, by  thrusting  or  throwing ;  a  Innce, 

Millov.    Pope. 

2.  A  sharp-pointed  instrument  with  baibs,  used  for 
slabbing  fish  and  other  animals.  Carcw. 

3.  A  shoot,  us  of  grass  ;  usually,  Spiok. 
SPeAR,  t'.  t.    To  pierce  with  a  spear;  to  kil!  with  a 

spear  ;  as,  to  spe<ir  a  fish. 

SPeAR,  v.  i.    To  shoot  into  a  long  stem.  [See  Spike.] 

Mortimer. 

RPeAR'SD,  pp.    f  lefced  or  killed  with  a  spear. 

SPeAR'-FOOT,  71.  [spear  and  fout.\  The  far  foot  be- 
hind ;  nsc'd  vf  a  horse.  Encijc. 

SPeAR'-GRASS,  n,     [spear  and  grass.']     A  long,  stiff 


grass. 


Shak. 


2.  In  New  England,  this  name  is  given  to  a  spe- 
cies of  Poa,  a  large,  smooth-stalked  meadow  grass. 

SPeAR'ING,  ppr.    Piercing  or  killing  witli  a  spear. 
2,  Shooting  into  a  long  .^tcm. 

SPeAR' .MAN,  n.  [spear  and  ir.an.]  One  wlio  is  armed 
witli  a  spear.     Ps.  Ixviii. 

SPeAR'MINT,  71.  [spear  and  mint.]  A  plant,  Men- 
tha viridis  ;  a  species  of  mint. 

SPicAR'-THIS-TLE,  (-this-1,)  v.    A  plant. 

SPeAR'WORT,  (-wurt,)  n.  A  plant ;  the  popular 
name  of  the  Ranunculus  flammula. 

SPE€HT,    /  n.    A  woodpecker,     [JVot  in  iwe,  or  local.] 

SPEIGHT,  i  Sherwood. 

SPE"CIAL,  (spesh'al,)  a.  [Fr.  ;  It.  speziale;  Sp.  es~ 
pccial;  from  L.  specialise  from  species,  form,  figure, 
sort,  from  spccio,  to  see.  Hence  species,  primarily,  is 
appearance,  that  which  is  presented  to  the  eye.  This 
word  and  Especial  are  the  same.] 

1.  Designating  a  species  or  soil. 

A  special  idea  is  called  by  the  Bchools  a  species,  Walts. 

2.  Particular;  peculiar;  noting  something  more 
than  ordinary.    She  smiles  with  a  special  grace. 

Our  S.ivior  is  represented  every  where  in  Scripture  as  ihe  special 
p;iirou  of  the  iwor  and  aflUcIed.  Atleriury. 

3.  Appropriate ;  designed  for  a  particular  purpose. 
A  private  grant  is  made  by  a  special  act  of  parliament 
or  of  congress. 

4.  Confined  to  some  paiticular  class  of  subjects ; 
as,  a  special  dictionary,  as  one  of  medicine  or  law, 

5.  Extraordinary;  tincommou.  Our  charities  should 
be  universal,  but  chiefly  exercised  on  sjiccial  oppor- 
tunities. Sprat. 

G.  Chief  in  excellence. 

The  kin^  h;Uh  drawn 
The  special  head  i^f  all  thv  Kind  tygelher.  Shak. 

Special  admiitistration,  in  law,  is  one  in  which  the 
power  of  an  administrator  is  limited  to  the  adminis- 
tration of  certain  specific  effects,  and  not  the  effects 
in  general,  of  the  deceased.  Blackstonc. 

Special  bail  consists  of  actual  sureties  recognized 
to  answer  for  the  appearance  of  a  person  in  court,  as 
distinguished  from  cornmon  bail,  which  is  nominal. 

Blackstoue. 


SPE 

Special  bailiff'  i^  ^  bailiff  ap[)ointcd  by  tho  sheriff, 
for  making  arrests  and  serviug  processes. 

Special  contract.     See  SpEciALxy. 

Special  demmrer  is  one  in  which  the  cause  of  de- 
murrer is  particularly  stated. 

Special  grace  ;  the  renewing  and  sanctifying  influ- 
ences of  iho  Holy  Spirit,  as  distinguished  from  com- 
mon grace^  which  only  awakens  and  convicts. 

Edwards. 

Special  imparlance  is  one  in  which  there  is  a  saving 
of  all  exceptions  to  the  writ  or  count,  or  of  all  cxcoi>- 
tious  whatsoever.  Blaclistonc. 

Special  jury  is  one  which  is  called  upon  motion  of 
eithi-T  party,  when  the  cause  is  supposed  to  require 
it.  Blackstonc. 

Special  matter  in  evidence ;  the  particular  facts  in 
the  case  on  wliich  the  defendant  relies. 

Special  pica,  in  bar,  is  a  plea  which  sets  forth  the 
particular  facts  or  reasons  why  the  plaintifl''s  de- 
mand should  be  barred,  as  a  release,  accord,  &c. 

Blaclistonc. 

Special  pleading;  the  allegation  of  special  or  new 
matter,  as  distinguished  from  a  direct  denial  of  the 
matter  alleged  on  the  opposite  side.  Bouvier. 

Special  property  ;  a  qualified  or  limited  property,  as 
the  property  which  a  man  acquires  in  wild  animals 
by  reclaiming  tliem  from  wildncss. 

Special  session  of  a  court;  an  extraordinary  session  ; 
a  session  beyond  the  regular  stated  sessions  ;  or,  in 
corporations  and  counties  in  England,  a  petty  session 
hold  by  a  few  justices  for  dispatching  small  business, 

Blackstonc. 

Special  statute  is  a  private  act  of  the  legislature, 
such  as  respects  a  private  person  or  individual. 

Special  tail  is  where  a  gift  is  restrained  to  certain 
heirs  of  the  donee's  body,  and  does  not  descend  to 
the  heirs  in  general.  BlacJcstonr. 

Special  verdict  is  a  verdict  in  which  the  jury  find 
the  facts,  and  state  them  as  proved,  but  leave  the 
*  \a.\v  arising  from  the  facts  to  be  determined  by  the 
court.  Another  method  of  finding  a  special  verdict 
is  when  the  jury  find  a  verdict  generally  for  the 
plaintiff,  but  subject  to  the  opinion  of  the  court  on  a 
special  case  stated  by  the  counsel  on  both  sides,  wiiii 
regard  to  a  matter  of  law,  Blackstonc. 

Special  warrant;  a  warrant  to  take  a  person  and 

bring  him  before  a  particular  justice  who  granted  the 

warrant. 

SPE"CIAL,  77.    A  particular.    [JN'ot  used.]    Hammond. 

SPE"CIAL-IZE,  (spesh'al-ize,)  v.  t.      To  mention 

specially,     [J\'ot  in  -use.]  Sheldon. 

SPE"CI/iL-LY,  (spesh'aMe,)  adv.  Particularly;  in  a 
manner  beyond  what  is  common,  or  out  of  the  ordi- 
nary course.  Every  signal  deliverance  from  danger 
ought  to  be  speciai/.w  noticed  as  a  divine  interposition. 

2.  For  a  particular  purpose,  A  meeting  of  tlie  h-;- 
islature  is  specially  summoned. 

3,  Chiefly ;  especially. 
SPE"CIAL-TY,  (spesh'aRy,)  n.    Particularity. 

Specialli/  of  rule  hath  been  neglected.  Shak. 

2.  A  particular  or  peculiar  case. 

jiTctc.  —  'I'his  word  is  now  little  used  in  the  senses 
above.    Its  common  acceptation  is, 

3,  A  special  contract;  an  obligation  or  bond  ;  the 
evidence  of  a  debt  by  deed  or  instrument  under  seui. 
Such  a  debt  is  called  a  debt  by  specialty,  in  distinc- 
tion from  simple  contract.  Blackstonc. 

SPe'CIE,  (spt^'shy,)  71.  Coin  ;  copper,  silver,  or  gold 
coined,  and  used  as  a  circulating  medium  of  com- 
merce^   [See  Special.] 

SPe'CIeS,  (spe'sbC-z,)  71.  [L.,  from  sj>ecio,  to  sec. 
See  Special.] 

1.  In  scientific  classification,  a  group  of  such  indi- 
viduals as  have  an  essential  ideality  in  all  qualities 
jjroceeding  from  their  ultimate  constitution  or  na- 
ture. 

In  zoology  and  botany,  all  individuals  that  are  pre- 
cisely alike  in  every  character  not  capable  of  change 
by  any  accidental  circuni?lances,  and  capable  of  uni- 
form, invariable,  and  permanent  continuance  by  nat- 
ural propagation. 

All  changes  produced  by  accidental  causes,  in  in- 
dividuals of  a  species,  and  which  are  not  capable  of 
uniform,  invariable,  and  permanent  continuance  by 
natural  propagation,  indicate  and  mark  what  arc 
called  Vaeieties. 

Thcr^  arc  ag  many  species  as  there  are  different  invariable  fL-rins 
ci  structures  of  vegetables.  A'artijn. 

2.  In  logic,  a  special  idea,  corresponding  to  the 
specific  distinctions  of  things  in  nature.        JVatts\ 

3.  Sort;  kind;  in  a  loose  sense ;  as,  a. specif  a- of  low 
cunning  in  the  world;  a  species  of  generosity;  a 
species  of  cloth. 

4.  Ap[iearance  to  the  senses;  visible  or  sensible 
representation. 

An  apparent  dtverally  between  the  species  visible  and  RBdible,  i» 
Unit  ihe  visible  doth  not  mingle  in  the  medium,  but  the  au- 
dible doth.  Barwi. 

The  species  of  Irttera  illuminated  with  indigo  and  violet.  [Lutle 
used.]  *Ve«:wn, 

.5.  Representation  to  the  mind. 

Wit  — the  faculty  of  imagination  in  the  writer,  which  senrehes 
over  all  the  memory  for  the  species  or  ideas  of  those  things 
which  it  designs  to  represent.     [Little  used.]        Drydeit. 


Fate,  far,  fall,  what.  — MeTE,  prey PL\E,  M.-UllfNE,  BIRD — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.- 


SPE 

6.  Show ;  visible  exhibition. 

Shows  nnd  specks  serre  best  with  the  common  people.  [Not  in 
use.]  Bacon, 

7.  Coin,  or  coined  silver  and  gold,  used  ias  a  circu- 
lating medium  j  as,  the  current  .ijjectcs  of  Europe. 

jirbiithnoL 
In  modem  practice^  this  word  is  contracted  into 
Specie.  %Vliat  quantity  of  specie  has  tlie  bank  in 
its  vault?  What  is  the  amount  of  all  the  current 
.•Tiecit;  in  the  country?  What  is  the  value  in  specie 
of  a  bill  of  exchange  ?  Wo  receive  payment  for 
goods  in  specie^  not  in  bank  notes. 

S.  In  pharmacy,  a  simple  j  a  component  part  of  a 
compound  medicine.  Johnson.     Q^idncy. 

9.  The  old  pharmaceutical  term  for  powdei-s.  Parr. 
SPE-CIF'I€,  )         r-n,  -.  r,  ^     1 

SPE-CIF'IC-AL   i         l^T.  spectfique ;  ll.  speciftco.\ 

1.  That  makes  a  thing  of  the  Species  of  wliich  it 
is;  desijmating  the  peculiar  property  or  properties  of 
a  thing,  which  constitute  its  species,  and  distinguish 
it  from  olher  things.  Thus  we  say,  the  spccijic  form 
of  an  animal  or  a  plant ;  the  specific  form  of  a  cube 
or  square ;  the  specijic  qualities  of  a  plant  or  a  drug  ; 
the  specific  difference  between  an  acid  and  an  alkali ; 
the  specific  distinction  between  virtue  and  vice. 

Specific  cUffcrence  ts  ihat  primary  attrilutc  which  dislinjuisbes 
each  species  from  one  auolh^r.  WaUs. 

2.  That  specifies  or  particularizes ;  as,  a  specijic 
statement. 

3.  In  medicine,  curing  disease  upon  some  principle 
peculiar  to  the  supposed  specilic,  a  principle  not  com- 
mon to  two  or  more  remedies ;  or  infallibly  curing 
all  cases  of  certain  diseases,  to  which  the  specific  is 
deemed  appropriate. 

Specific  character;  in  botany,  a  circumstance  or  cir- 
cumstances distinguishing  one  species  from  every 
other  species  of  the  same  genus.  Martyiu 

Specific  gravity  ;  in  philosophy,  the  weiglit  that  be- 
longs to  an  equal  bulk  of  each  body.     [See  Geav- 

ITY.] 

Specific  name,  in  botart-jy  is  the  trivial  name,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  the  generic  name.  Jifartyn. 

Specific  name  is  now  used  for  the  name  which,  ap- 
pended to  the  name  of  the  genus,  constitutes  the 
distinctive  name  of  the  species  ;  but  it  was  originally 
applied  by  Linnceus  to  the  essential  character  of  tiie 
species,  or  the  essential  difference.  The  present  spe- 
cific name  he  at  first  called  the  trivial  name. 

Smitli. 
SPE-CIF'IG,  n.    In  medicine,  a  remedy  that  cures  dis- 
eases upon  some  principle  peculiar  to  itself,  and  not 
common  to  any  two  or  more  remedies. 

2.  A  remedy  which  infallibly  cures  all  cases  of 
certain  diseases,  to  which  it  is  deemed  appropriate. 
No  such  tiling  as  a  specific,  in  either  of  these  senses, 
exists. 
SPE-CIF'I€-AL-LY,  adv.  In  such  a  manner  as  to 
constitute  a  species  ;  according  to  the  nature  of  the 
species.  A  body  is  specifically  lighter  than  another, 
when  it  has  less  weight  in  the  same  bulk  than  the 
other. 

Human  v^aaon  —  diSeis  apedfically  from  the  tinLas'Jc  reason  of 
bratra.  Grea. 

Thoae  scTcra!  virtnes  thai  are  tpedficaUy  rtquiste  to  a  diip  per- 
form^uce  of  duty.  SuuOi. 

9.  Definitelv;  particularly. 
SPE-CIF'ie-ATE,?!.  t.     [L.  spceics,  form,  and /ocio,  to 
make.] 

To  show,  mark,  or  designate  the  species,  or  the 
distinguishing  particulars  of  a  thing  ;  to  specifj'. 
SPEC-I-FI-Ca'TION,  n.    The  act  of  determining  by 
a  mark  or  limit;  notation  of  limits. 

This  apecificaiion  or  limitation  of  Ih?  question  hiaders  the  dispu- 
lers  from  wantlcring  away  from  tiie  precise  point  of  inqniry. 

Waas. 

2.  The  act  of  specifying  ;  designation  of  particu- 
lars ;  particular  mention ;  as,  the  specification  of  a 
charge  against  a  militarj-'  or  naval  officer. 

3.  A  written  statement  containing  a  minute  de- 
scription or  enomeration  of  particulars,  as  of  charges 
against  a  public  officer,  or  the  terras  of  a  con- 
tract, &c. 

4.  Article  or  thing  srpccified. 
SPE-CIF'ie-NESS,n.    Particular  mark  of  distinction. 

.dmivt.  on  Olanville. 
£PEC'I-FT-£D,  pp.  or  a.     Particularized ;   specially 

named. 
SPEC'I-FY,  V.  t.    [Fr.  specifier ;  It.  specificare.] 

To  mention  or  name,  as  a  particular  thing ;  to  des- 
ignate in  word?,  so  as  to  distinguish  a  thing  from 
every  other  j  as,  to  specify  the  uses  of  a  plant ;  to 
specify  the  articles  one  wants  to  purchase. 

lie  has  tbore  grrcn  us  ao  exact  geography  of  Greec*?,  wljere  liic 
countries  and  the  nsea  of  their  s-jils  are  epeafied.       Pope. 

SPEC'I-F'?-IXG,  ppr.  Naming  or  designating  partic- 
ularly, 

SPEC'I-MEN,  n.  [L.,  from  species,  with  the  termina- 
tion men,  which  corresponds  in  sense  to  the  English 
kaod  or  ne,'j.] 

.■\  sample;  a  part  or  small  portion  of  any  thing, 
intended  to  exhibit  the  kind  and  quality  of  the 
whole,  or  of  something  not  exhibited  ;  as,  a  specimen 


SPE 

of  a  man's  handwriting;  a  specimen  of  painting  or 
composition  ;  a  specimen  of  one's  art  or  skill. 
SPli'CIOUS,  (spS'shuy,)  a.     [Fr.  spccicuz ;  It.  spccioso ; 
Sp.  espccioso;  L.  spcciosiLf.] 

1.  Showy ;  pleasing  to  the  view. 

The  rest,  fir  greater  part, 
Will  deem  in  oulwaiU  rites  ami  tpecious  Ibrma 
Rclijion  satisfied.  ][Jilton. 

2.  Apparently  right;  superficially  fair,  just,  or 
correct ;  plausible  ;  appearing  well  at  first  view  ;  as, 
s/jtci0](5  reasoning ;  a  spcciojts  argument;  a  specious 
objection  ;  specious  deeds.  Temptation  is  of  greater 
danger,  because  it  is  covered  with  the  specious  names 
of  good  nature,  good  manners,  nobleness  of  mind,  &:c. 

SPe'CIOUS-LY,  (spe'shus-,)  adv.  With  a  fair  ap- 
pearance; with  show  of  right;  as,  to  reason  spe- 
ciously. 

SPe'CIOUS-NESS,  n.  Plausible  appearance;  fair 
external  show  ;  as,  the  spcciousness  of  an  argument. 

SPECK,  71.  [Sax.  specca ;  D.  spi/:kcl.  In  Sp.  peca  is  a 
freckle  or  spot  raised  in  the  skin  by  the  sun.  Tliis 
word  may  be  farmed  from  pech,  for  pecklcd  has  been 
used  for  speckled,  spotted  as  though  pecked,     Qu. 


Ar.  r5-I  bakaa,  to  be  spotted. 


Class  Bg,  No.  31.; 


1.  A  spot ;  a  stain  ;  a  small  place  in  any  thing  that 
is  discolored  by  foreign  matter,  or  is  of  a  color  iJifi'er- 
ent  from  that  of  the  main  substance ;  as,  a  speck  on 
paper  or  cloth. 

2.  A  very  small  thing. 

SPECK,  V.  t.     To  spot ;  to  stain  in  spots  or  dropf. 

SPECK'LE,  (spek'l,)  n.  A  little  spot  in  any  thing,  of 
a  different  substance  or  color  from  that  of  the  thing 
itself. 

SPECK'LE,  V.  t.  To  mark  with  small  spots  of  a  dif- 
ferent color;  used  chiefly  in  the  participle  passive, 
which  see. 

SPECK'LED,  (spek'Id,)  pp.  or  a.  Marked  v.-ith  specks  ; 
variegated  with  spots  of  a  different  color  from  the 
ground  or  surface  of  the  object;  as,  the  speckled 
breast  of  a  bird  ;  a  speckled  serpent. 

Speckled  bird ;  a  denomination  given  to  a  person 
who  diflers  so  much  from  the  company  he  is  in  as  to 
be  an  object  of  suspicion  or  distrust. 

SPECK'LED-NESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  speckled. 

SPECK'LING,  2>pr.    Marking  with  small  spots. 

^PECKT     ) 

SPEIGHT  1  "•    -A.  ^^00^^ Packer.     [See  Sfecht.] 

SPE€'TA-'eLE,  (  kl,)  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  speetaculum, 
from  specto,  to  behold  ;  specio,  to  see  ;  It.  spcttacolo.] 

1.  A  show  ;  something  exhibited  to  view  ;  usually, 
something  presented  to  view  as  extraordinary,  or 
something  that  is  beheld  as  unusual  and  worthy  of 
special  notice.  Thus  we  call  things  exhibited  for 
amusement,  public  spectacles,  as  the  combats  of  glad- 
iators in  ancient  Rome. 

We  are  made  a  spectacle  unto  the  world,  and  to  angels,  and  to 
liien.— ICor.  17. 

2.  Any  thing  seen  ;  a  sight.  A  drunkard  is  a 
shocking  spectacle. 

3.  Spectacles,  in  the  plural :  an  optical  instrument 
consisting  of  two  lenses  set  in  a  light  frame,  and 
used  to  assist  or  correct  some  defect  in  the  organs  of 
vision. 

4.  FtTurativehj,  something  that  aids  the  intellectual 
sight. 

Shakspeare  —  needed  not  th?  speclacks  of  books  to  read  nntiire. 

Dr^jdrn. 

SPE€'TA-€LED,  a.  Furnished  with  spectacles.  Shak. 
SPEe-TA€'U-LAR,  a.  Pertaining  to  shows.  Hickcs. 
SPEC-Ta'TION,  n.     [L.  spcctatio.] 

Regard  ;  respect.    [Little  usc<h\  Jfaroey. 

SPE€-Ta'TOR,  n.  [L.,  whence  Fr.  spectateur ;  It. 
spaiature.] 

1.  One  that  looks  on  ;  one  that  sees  or  beholds  ;  a 
beholder  ;  as,  the  spectators  of  a  show. 

2.  One  personally  present.  The  spectators  were 
numerous. 

SPEC-TA-To'RI-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  Spectator. 

.il/l'Uson. 
SPEC-Ta'TOR-SHIP,  Ji.    The  act  of  beholding. 

Shak. 
2,  The  office  or  quality  of  a  spectator.    Addison. 
SPEC-Ta'TRESS,  )  ^     rr    ^r-^,nt,-ir  ^ 
SPEC-TA'TRIX,     i  "•     l-^-  ■'^"'«^^«-] 

A  female  beholder  or  looker  on.  Roice. 

SPECTER,  )  n.  [Fr.  spectre;  from  L.  spectrum,  from 
SPECTRE,  i      specto,  to  behold.] 

1.  An  apparition  ;  tlie  appearance  of  a  person  who 
is  dead  ;  a  ghost. 

The  gbcsla  of  trailora  from  the  bridge  descend, 

With  bold  fanatic  specters  to  rejoice.  DrytJcn. 

9.  Something  made  preternaturally  visible. 
SPECTER-Pf,0-PL/^1),  )  .  „..  , .  x  (  a.  Peopled  with 
SPECTRE-PEO-PLA-D,  S  ^'^"^  P''^"'  i     ghosts. 

Bomring. 
SPECTRAL,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  spectre ;  ghostlv. 
SPECTRUM,  71.     [L.]    A  visible  form  ;  an  image  of 
something  seen,  continuing  after  the  eyes  are  closed, 
covered,  <'r  turned  away.    This  is  called  an  Octlab 
Si'ECTBUM.  Daririn. 


SPE 

2.  The  elongated  figure,  formed  in  a  dark  chamber, 
of  the  sevttn  prismatic  colors,  into  which  a  beam  of 
the  sun's  light  is  decomposed,  by  ndmilting  it  through 
an  opening  in  the  window-shutter,  and  letting  it 
fall  on  a  prism.  Olmsted, 

SPECU-LAK,  a,  [L.  speeularis,  from  speculum,  a 
mirror,  from  specio,  to  see.] 

1,  Having  the  qualities  of  a  speculum  or  mirror; 
having  a  smooth,  reflecting  surface ;  as,  a  specular 
metal  j  a  specular  surface.  Newton. 

2,  Assisting  sight,    [Improper,  and  not  used.] 

Philips. 

3,  Affording  view.  Milton. 
Specular  iron  ;  an  ore  of  iron  occurring  frequently 

in  crystals  of  a  brilliant  metallic  luster;  the  peroxyd 
of  iron ;  also  called  oUgist  iron  or  rhomboftcdral  iron 
ore.  Dana. 

SPECU-LaTE,  v.  i.  [L.  specular,  to  view,  to  con- 
template, from  specio,  to  sec  ;  Fr.  spcculcr;  It.  spua- 
lare.  ] 

1.  To  meditate;  to  contemplate;  Xo  consider  a 
subject  by  turning  it  in  the  mind  and  viewing  it  in 
its  different  aspects  and  relations;  as,  to  speculate 
on  political  events ;  to  speculate  on  the  probable  re- 
sults of  a  discovery.  .Addison. 

2.  In  commerce,  to  purchase  land,  goods,  stock,  or 
other  things,  with  the  expectation  of  an  advance  in 
price,  and  of  selling  the  articles  with  a  profit  by 
means  of  such  advance ;  as,  to  speculate  in  cotTce,  or 
in  sucar,  or  in  six  per  cent,  stock,  or  in  bank  stock. 

SPEC'U-LaTE,  v.  t.  To  consider  attentively  ;  as,  to 
speculate  the  nature  of  a  thing.     [jYvt  in  uscj 

Brown. 
SPECr-L.^-TIXG,  ppr.    ]ilcditating. 

2,  Purchasing  with  the  expectation  of  an  advance 
in  price. 
SPEC-U-La'TION,   n.      Examination    by    the    eye; 
view.     [Little  used."] 

2.  Mental  view  of  any  thing  in  its  various  aspects 
and  relations  ;  contemplation  ;  intellectual  examina- 
tion. The  events  of  the  day  afford  mailer  of  serious 
speculation  to  the  friends  of  Christianity. 

Thenceforth  to  speculadons  high  or  deep 

1  turned  ray  thoughts.  A^'Ion. 

3.  Train  of  thoughts  formed  by  meditation. 

From  him  Socrates  derived  the  principles  of  morality  and  motl 
part  of  hb  natural  speculations.  Temple. 

4.  Mental  scheme  ;  theory ;  views  of  a  subject  not 
verified  by  fact  or  practice.  This  globe,  wlucli  was 
formerly  round  only  in  speculation^  has  been  circum- 
navigated. Tiie  application  of  steam  to  n3vi-j?.lr:i 
is  no  longer  a  matter  of  mere  speculation. 

SpeoilalioTis  which  originate  in  guiU,  ratisl  end  in  rJin. 

a.  ilii-i. 

5.  Power  of  sight. 

Tbou  hast  no  speculation  in  those  eye*.    [Xct  in  use.]    Stoi. 

6.  In  commerce,  the  act  or  pracrice  of  buying  land 
or  goods,  itc,  in  expectation  of  a  rise  of  price  and  of 
selling  them  at  an  advance,  as  distinguished  from  a 
regular  trade,  in  which  the  profit  expected  is  the 
difference  between  the  retail  and  wholesale  prices, 
or  the  difference  of  price  in  the  place  where  the 
goods  are  purchased  and  the  place  to  which  they 
are  to  be  carried  fur  market.  In  England,  France, 
and  America,  public  stock  is  the  subject  of  continual 
speciUation.  In  the  United  States,  a  few  men  have 
been  enriched,  but  many  have  been  ruined,  by  specu- 
lation. 

SPECLl-LA-T[ST,  n.    One  who  speculates  or  f.-rms 

theories  ;  a  speculator.  .Vilner. 

SPECU-LA-TIVE,!!.     [Fr.  specidatif;  lUspuulatico.] 

1.  Given  to  speculation ;  contemplative ;  applied  to 
persons. 

Toe  iiiiod  of  niao  bein»  by  nalare  specula&se.  Hcoier. 

2.  Formed  by  speculation  ;  theoretical ;  ideal  ;  not 
verified  by  tact,  experiment,  or  practice ;  as,  a  scheme 
merciv  speculative. 

3.  Pertaining  to  view  ;  also,  pr>-ing.  Bacon. 

4.  Pertaininc  to  speculation  in  land,  goods,  &c. 
SPECU-LA-TIVE-LY,iMiL-.    In  contemplation  ;  wiUi 

meditation. 

2.  Ideally;  theoretically;  in  theory  only,  not  in 
practice.  Propositions  seem  often  to  be  speculatively 
true,  which  experience  does  not  verify. 

3.  In  the  way  of  speculation  in  lands,  goods,  &c. 
SPECII-LA-TIVE-NESS,    n.     The   stale   of  being 

speculative,  or  of  consisting  in  speculation  only. 

SPECU-La-TOR,  h.    One  who  speculates  or  forms 

theories.  .More. 

2.  An  observer ;  a  contemplator.  Broteu. 

3.  A  spy  ;  a  watcher.  Broome. 

4.  In  commerce,  one  who  buys  goods,  land,  or  other 
things,  with  the  expectation  of  a  rise  of  price,  and  of 
deriving  profit  from  such  advance. 

SPEe'U-L.\-TO-Rr,  a.    Exercising  speculation. 

JohnsOJt. 
2.  Intended  or  adapted  for  viewing  or  espying. 

JVartt/n 
SPEe'Ti-LUM,  n.    [L.;  G.  and  D.spiegcl:  Sw.  spc- 
gel;  Dan.  sjtrjL] 

1.  A  mirror  or  looking-glass. 

■'*.  A  mirror  employed  in  optical  instruments,  '.n 


TONE,  BULL,  IJNITE.  —  AN"GER,  VI"CI0US.  — 6  aa  K ;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH;  TFI  as  in  THIS. 


1061 


SPE 


which  the  reflecting  surface  is  formed  of  a  metallic 
alloy,  instead  of  glass  coated  with  quicksilver. 

Olmsted. 
3.  In  suTifenf^  an  instrument  for  diluting  and  keep- 
ins  open  certain  parts  of  the  body.  Coxe. 
SPED,  preL  and  pp.  of  Speed. 
SPEECH,  n.     [Pax.  spa^c.    See  Speak.] 

1.  The  faculty  of  uttering  articulate  sounds^  or 
words,  as  in  human  beings  ;  the  faculty  of  express- 
ing thoughts  by  words  or  articulate  souatls.  Speech 
was  given  to  man  by  his  Creator  for  the  noblest  pur- 
poses. 

2.  Language;  words  as  expressing  ideas. 

The  acts  of  God  (o  huninii  rnrs 
Can  not  wiltiout  proct-as  of  speech  be  tokl.  Milton. 

3.  A  particular  language,  as  distinct  from  others. 
Ps.  xix. 

4.  That  which  is  spoken ;  words  uttered  in  con- 
nection and  expressing  thoughts.     You  smile  at  my 

5.  Talk;  mention;  common  saying.  [speech. 

The  duke  did  of  mc  demand 
Whit  w.'ia  the  speech  among  the  London^ra 
Concerning  the  Krcnch  Journey.  SJtak. 

6.  Formal  discourse  in  public  ;  oration  ;  harangue. 
The  member  has  made  his  first  speech  in  the  legis- 
•atiire. 

7.  Any  declaration  of  thoughts. 

I,  with  leave  of  speech  implored,  replied.  Milton. 

SPEECH,  r.  i.    To  make  a  speech  ;    to  harangue. 

[LUtle  iiscd."] 
SPEECH'[-FI-ED,  (-fiJe,)  pp.    Harangued. 
SPEECH'I-F?,  r.  i.    To  make  a  speech  ;  to  harangue. 
The  noun  speechification  is  som-timcs  used,  but  like 
spexch'fyy  rather  as  a  Term  of  sport  or  derision. 
SPEECH'I-F5--1NG,  ppr.     Haranguing. 
SPEECH'ING,  71.    The  act  of  making  a  speech. 

Moore. 
SPEECH'LESS,  a.    Destitute  or  deprived  of  the  fac- 
ulty of  speech.     More  generally, 
2.  Mute;  silent;  not  speaking  for  a  time. 

speechless  wilh  wonder,  and  half  dead  wilh  fear.      Addiaojt. 

SPEECH'LESS-NESS,  7i.  The  state  of  being  speech- 
less ;  iimteness.  Bacon 

SPEECH'-MaK-ER,  71.  One  who  makes  speeches; 
one  who  speaks  much  in  a  public  assembly. 

SPEED,  V.  i.;  prct.  and  pp.  Sped,  Speeded.  [Sax. 
spedian^  spa:dan  ,*  D.  spoedcn ;  G.  spediren^  to  send  ; 
Gr.  cTrev6fy.  The  L.  cxpedio  may  be  from  the  same 
root,  which  signifies  to  drive,  to  hurry,  of  the  fam- 
ily of  L.  peto.     Class  Bd.] 

1.  To  make  has!e  ;  to  move  with  celerity.   Skali. 

2.  To  have  success  ;  to  prosptr ;  to  succeed  ;  that 
is,  to  advance  in  one's  enterprise. 

lit  that's  onco  denied  will  hardly  speed.  ShaJt. 

Thos'::  that  profaned  niid  abused  the  second  temple,  njted  no 
belter.  South. 

3.  To  have  any  condition,  good  or  ill ;  to  fare. 

Ships  heretofore  in  seas  like  fishes  sped; 

The  mightiest  still  upon  the  Bmatlesi  fed.  Waller. 

SPEED,  V.  t.    To  dispatch  ;  to  send  away  in  haste. 

He  sped  him  tliencc  home  to  his  habitnlion.  Pair/ax. 

2.  To  hasten  ;  to  hurry  ;  to  put  in  quick  motion. 

Em  sped  his  stt'ps  along  the  hoarse-r?sonnding  shore.    Dryden. 

3.  To  hasten  to  a  conclusion  ;  to  execute ;  to  dis- 
patch ;  as,  to  spud  judicial  acts.  Jiylife. 

4.  To  assist ;  to  help  forward  ;  to  hasten. 

With  rising  gpiles  that  sped  their  happy  flight.  Dryden. 

5.  To  prospfr ;  to  cause  to  succeed.  May  Heaven 
speed  this  undertaking. 

6.  To  furnish  in  haste. 

7.  To  dispatch  ;  to  kill ;  to  ruin  ;  to  destroy. 

With  a  apceiting  ihriist  his  heart  he  foujid.  Dryden. 

A  itire  ilili-imiia  !   cither  way  I'm  sped ! 

If  fofs,  they  write,  il  friends,  th'.y  read  me  dead.  Pope. 
JVote..— In  the  phrase  "God  speed,"  there  is 
probably  a  gross  mistake  in  considering  it  as  equiva- 
lent to  "  may  God  give  you  success."  The  true 
phrase  is  prnbably  ^' ^ood  speed;''  g-ood,  in  Saxon, 
being  written  god.  I  bid  you  or  wish  you  good 
sppcd,  that  is,  good  success. 
SPEED,  n.  Rw'irtnt-ss  ;  quickness  ;  celerity  ;  applied 
to  animah.  We  say,  a  man  or  a  horse  runs  or  trav- 
els with  speed  :  n  fowl  flies  with  speed.  We  speak  of 
the  speed  of  a  fish  in  thi;  water,  but  we  do  not  sp(>ak 
of  the  .^peed  of  a  river,  or  of  wind,  or  of  a  fallmg 
boily.  I  think,  howt-ver,  I  have  seen  the  word  ap- 
plied to  the  lapse  of  time  and  the  motion  of  light- 
ning, but  in  poetry  only. 

2.  Haste  ;  dispatch  ;  as,  to  perform  a  journey  with 
speed  :  ti»  pxrciite  an  order  with  speed. 

3.  Rapid  pace;  as,  a  horse  o(  speed.  We  say,  also, 
high  ypeedy  full  jqired. 

4.  Success;  prosperity  in  an  undertaking;  favora- 
ble issue  ;  that  is,  advance  to  the  desired  end. 

0  Lonl  Got!  of  my  mailer  Abraham,  I  pray  thee,  Bond  me  good 
speed  this  day.  — Gen.  xxiv. 

This  use  is  retained  in  the  proverb,  "to  make 
more  haste  than  good  speedy"  and  in  the  scriptural 
phrase,  "  to  bid  one  good  speedy"  [not  Ood  speed,  as 
erroneously  written.] 


SPE 

SPEED'FIJL,  a.    Full  of  speed  ;  hasty. 

SPEED'1-LY,  adv.  Quickly;  with  haste;  in  a  short 
time. 

SPEED'I-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  speedy  ; 
quickness  ;  celerity  ;  haste  ;  despatch 

SPEED'WELL,  v.  A  plant  of  tlif  gmius  Veronica, 
one  species  of  which  has  been  much  recommended 
in  Sweden  and  Germany  as  a  substitute  for  tea. 

Loudon. 

SPEED%  a.    Quick;  swia;   nimble;  hasty;  rapid 
in  motion  ;  as,  a  speedy  flight ;  on  speedy  foot.    S/ta/c. 
9.  Q.uit:k  in  performance  ;  not  dilatory  or  slow ; 
as,  a  speedy  dispatch  of  business. 

SPEER,  u.  (.     See  Spere. 

SPEET,  V.  t.     [G.  specten ;  from  the  root  of  spit.] 
To  stab.     [J\rot  in  ime.] 

SPEIGHT,  (spate,)  n.  A  woodpecker.  [JVot  in  use, 
or  local.] 

SPEISS,  (splse,)  n.  The  mineral  copper  nickel,  con- 
sisting of  nickel  and  arsenic.  Ure. 

SPELK,  n.     [Sax.  spek.] 

A  splinter;  a  small  slick  or  rod  used  in  thatching. 
[Local.]  Orose. 

SPELL,  7t.  [Sax.  spel  or  spell,  a  story,  narration,  fable, 
speech,  saying,  fame,  report,  sudden  rumor,  a  magic 
charm  or  song.  Hence  gospel.  Sax.  god-spell.  In  G. 
spiel  is  play,  sport;  spielen,  to  play,  D.  speelcii,  Sw. 
spela,  Dan.  spiller.  But  this  is  a  dilTerent  application 
of  the  same  action.  The  verb  primarily  signifies  to 
throw  or  drive,  and  is  probably  formed  on  the  root  of 
L.  pelloy  Gr.  pa\\o}.  (See  Peal  and  Appeal,  and 
Class  Bl,  No.  1,  Eth.)  In  some  of  the  applications 
of  spell,  we  observe  the  sense  of  turn.  We  observe 
the  same  in  throw,  warp,  cant,  &.C.] 

1.  A  story  ;  a  tale.     [Obs.]  Chaucer. 

2.  A  charm  consisting  oi  some"  words  of  occult 
power. 

Start  not;  her  actions  shall  be  holy  ; 

You  hear  my  spell  ia  lawful.  Shak. 

Begin,  begin,  the  mystic  sped  prepare.  Prlillon. 

3.  Among  seamen,  a  turn  of  work  ;  relief;  turn  of 
duty  ;  as,  take  a  spell  at  the  pump. 

4.  In  jiTeiD  England,  a  short  time  ;  a  lillle  lime ; 
the  continuance  of  any  kind  r.f  weather.  [Csed 
among  seamen  ;  not  elegant.]  JVew  England. 

Their  toil  is  so  exircmr,  that  Ihcy  can  not  endure  it  above  four 
hoiira  in  a  day,  but  are  siicceedcd  by  sj^ells.  Carew. 

5.  A  turn  of  gratuitous  labor,  sometimes  accompa- 
nied with  presents.  People  give  their  neighbors  a 
spell.  J^e70  England. 

SPELL,  V.  t. :  pret.  and  pp.  Spelled  or  Spelt.  [Sax. 
speUian,  speUigan,  to  tell,  to  narrate,  to  discourse, 
which  gives  our  sense  of  spell  in  reading  letters ; 
.spc/ffl/',  ypc^/iraH,  to  take  another's  turn  in  labor;  D. 
speUen,  to  spell,  as  words  ;  Fr.  epelcr.] 

1.  To  tell  or  name  the  letters  of  a  word,  with  a 
proper  division  of  syllables,  for  the  purpose  of  learn- 
ing the  pronunciation.  In  this  manner  children  learn 
to  read  by  first  spelling  the  words. 

2.  To  write  or  print  with  the  proper  letters ;  to 
form  words  by  correct  orthography. 

The  word  satire  o»ghL  to  be  spelled  wilh  t,  and  not  with  y. 

Dryden. 

3.  To  take  another's  place  or  turn  temporarily  in 
any  labor  or  service;  to  relieve.  [Used  by  seamen, 
and  in  JVcip  England.] 

4.  To  cJiarm  ;  as,  spelled  with  words  of  power. 

JDryden. 

5.  To  read  ;  to  discover  by  characters  or  marks  ; 
with  out ;  as,  to  spell  out  the  sense  of  an  author. 

Jililton. 

We  are  not  left  to  spell  out  a  God  in  the  works  of  creation. 

South. 

6.  To  tell ;  to  relate ;  to  teach.     [JVot  m  use.] 

fVotton. 
SPELL,  TJ.  I.    To  form  words  with  the  proper  letters, 
either  in  reading  or  writing.     He  knows  not  how  to 
spell.    Our  ortliography  is  so  irregular  that  most  per- 
sons never  learn  to  spell. 
2.  To  read.  Mlton. 

SPELL^BOUND,  a.      Arrested  or   locked   up  by   a 

spnil. 
SPELL'ED, 


SPELT, 


[  pret.  and  pp.  of  Spell. 


SPELL'ER,  n.     One  that  spells;  one  skilled  in  spell- 
ing. 
SPELL'ING,  ppr.     Naming  the  letters  of  a  word,  or 
writing  them  ;  forming  words  with  their  proper  let- 
ters. 
2.  Taking  another's  turn. 
SPELL'ING,  n.    The  act  of  naming  the  letters  of  a 
word,  or  tiie  act  of  writing  or  printing  words  with 
their  proper  letters. 

2.  Orthography  ;    the  manner  of  forming  words 
with  letters.    Bad  spelling  is  disreputable  to  a  gen- 
tleman. 
SPELL'ING-BOOK,  v.    A  book  for  teaching  children 

to  spell  and  read. 
SPELL'-LAND,  n.    A  land  of  spells  or  charms. 

Mrs.  Butler. 
SPELT,  n.    [Sax.  spelte  ;  D.  spdtc ;  G.  speh ;  It.  spclda, 
spelta.] 
A  species  of  grain,  the  Triticum  Spelta,  much  cul- 


SPE 

tivated  for  food  inGetmtLUy;  called,  also,  German 
Wheat.  Encyc. 

SPELT,  V.  t.     \G.  spalten;  Dan.  spildcr.] 

To  split.     [JVot  in  use.]  Mortimer. 

SPEL'TER,  71.     [G.  and  D.  spiautcr.] 

Natural,  impure  zinc,  which  contains  a  portion  of 
lead,  copper,  iron,  a  little  arsenic,  manganese,  and 
plu  mbago.  Webster's  Manual. 

SPENCE,  (spena,)  n.     [Old  Fr.  dispense.] 

A  buttery;  a  larder;  a  place  where  provisions  aie 
kept.     [Obs.]  Chaucer, 

SPEN'CER,  71.  One  who  has  the  care  of  the  spence 
or  buttery.     [Ohs."^ 

2.  A  short  over-jacket  worn  by  men  or  women. 

3.  Among  seamen,  a  fore-and-aft  sail  set  abaft  the 
fore  and  mainmasts  ;  a  trysail. 

SPEND,  u.(.;  pret.  and  pp.  Spent.  [Sax.  spnidan; 
Sw.  spendcra  ;  Van.  spandercr ;  It.  .'•pen dere  ;  L.  ez- 
pendo,  from  the  fiarticiplu  of  which  is  Fr.  depenser ; 
from  the  root  of  L.  pando,  pandeo,  the  primary  sense 
of  which  is,  to  strain,  to  open  or  spread  ;  allied  to 
span,  pane,  &.C.,  and  probably  to  Gr.  a-svSr-.^,  to  pour 
out.] 

1.  To  lay  out;  to  dispose  of;  to  part  with  ;  as,  to 
spend  money  for  clothing. 

Why  do  ye  Bperul  money  for  that  which  ia  not  bread  ?  —  Is.  |v. 

2.  To  consume;  to  waste;  to  squander;  as,  to 
spend  an  estate  in  gaming  or  other  vices. 

3.  To  consume ;  to  exhaust.  The  provisions  were 
sprut,  and  tJie  troops  were  in  want. 

4.  To  bestow  for  any  purpose;  often  with  on  or 
upon.    It  is  foUv  to  spend  words  in  debate  on  triHes. 

5.  Toeft'use."   [Little  used.]  Shak. 
G.  To  pass,  as  time  ;  to  suffer  to  pass  away. 

They  spend  dieir  days  in  wealth,  and  in  a  moment  go  down  to 
the  grave. — Job  xiii. 

7.  To  lay  out ;  to  exert  or  to  waste ;  as,  to  spend 
..one's  stiength. 

8.  To  exhaust  of  force  ;  to  waste  ;  to  wear  away  ; 
as,  a  ball  had  spent  its  force.  The  violence  of  the 
waves  was  spent. 

Heaps  of  spent  arrows  fall  and  strew  the  ground.        Dryden. 

9.  To  exhaust  of  strength ;  to  harass  ;  to  fatigue. 

Thoir  bodies  spent  with  long  labor  and  thirst.  Knolles. 

SPEND,  V.  i.  To  make  expense ;  to  make  disposition 

of  money.  He  spends  like  a  prudent  man. 

2.  To  be  lost  or  wasted ;  to  vanish;  to  be  dissi- 
pated. 

The  sound  spendslh  and  is  dissipated  in  the  open  air.     Bacon. 

3.  To  prove  in  the  use. 

But'cr  spent  as  if  it  came  from  the  richer  soil.  Temple. 

4.  Tj  be  consumed.  Candles  spend  fast  in  a  cm- 
rent  of  air.    Our  provisions  spend  rapidly. 

5.  '1  o  be  employed  to  any  use. 

The  viups  tliry  usl-  for  wine  are  so  often  cut,  that  their  sap  spend- 
eth  inlo  the  grapes.     [Unusual.]  Bacon. 

SPEND'ER,  n.  One  that  spends ;  also,  a  prodigal ;  a 
lavisher.  Taylor.     Bacon. 

SPEND'ING,  ppr.  Laying  out;  consuming;  wast- 
ing ;  exhausting. 

SPEND'ING,  71.  The  act  of  laying  out,  expending, 
consuming,  or  wasting.  Whitlock. 

SPEND'THRIFT,  71.  [spc^^d  and  thrift.]  One  who 
spends  money  profusely  or  improvidently ;  a  prodi- 
gnl  ;  one  who  lavishes  his  estate.    Dryden.     Swift. 

SPENT,  pret.  and  pp.  or  a.  from  Spend.  Exhausted  ; 
deprivcil  of  its  original  force  or  peculiar  qualities  ;  as, 
spent  hops;  a  spent  ball,  i.  e.,  one  which  may  still 
injure,  but  can  not  penetrate  any  hard  object. 

SPER,  V.  t.  To  shut  in,  support,  enclose.  Spelled  also 
Sperr.  Shak. 

SPk'RA-BLE,  a.     [L.  spcrahilis,  from  spcro,  to  hope.] 
_That  may  be  hoped.     [JW(  in  usc.l  Bacon. 

SPkRE,  v.  t.  To  ask  ;  to  mquire.  [Used  in  Scotland 
and  the  north  of  Ireland.]  Halliwell 

SPeR'jED,  pp.     Asked  ;  inquired. 

SPERM,  j;.     [Fr.  sperme;  L.  ifperma  ;  Gr.  cirtf^pa.] 

1.  Animal  seed  ;  that  by  which  tiie  species  is  prop- 
agated. Bacon.     Ray. 

2.  Spermaceti,  which  see. 

3.  Spawn_of  fishes  or  frogs. 
SPERM-A-Ce'TI,  (-se'le,)  n.     [L.  spcrma,  sperm, and 

eetns,  a  whale.     It  is  pronounced  as  it  is  written.] 

A  fatty  matter  obtained  chiefly  from  the  head  of 
the  cachalot,  or  spermaceti  whale.  When  separated 
from  the  oil  and  purified,  it  becomes  a  white,  semi- 
transparent,  brittle,  lamellar,  crystalline  mass,  much 
used  for  making  candles.  Ure.     P.  Oic. 

SPERM-A-CK'TI-WHaLE,  I  71.      The    cacJialoi,  or 
SPERM'-WHALE,  S       species  of   whale  of 

the  genus  Physeter,  (Linn.,)  from  which  spermaceti 
is  obtained. 
SPERM'A-PHORE,  n.    In  botany,  thnt  part  of  the  ova- 
ry from  which  the  ovules  arise;   it  is  synonymous 
uith  Placenta. 
SPERM-AT'lC,  a.    Consisting  of  seed  ;  seminal. 

More, 
2.  Pertaining  to  the  semen,  ur  conveying  it;  as, 
spermatic  vessels.  Pay.     Coxe. 

SPERM'A-TIZE,  v.  i.    To  yield  seed.     [JVot  in  use.] 

Brown, 


FaTE,  far,  FALL,  WHAT.— MeTE,  PREY.— PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.- 

1062  "  ~^ 


SPU 

SPERM-AT'O-CELE,  n.   [Gr.  <TTrrp/ia,  seed,  and  kt}\ti, 

luraor.] 
A  swelling  of  Uie  spermatic  vessels,  or  vessels  of 

tlie  lesticles.  Coxc 

SPERM-A-TO-Zo'A,  n.  pi     [Gr.  upepfta  and  0-y>t:] 

Minute  particles  in  the  spermatic  fluid  of  animals 

resemblina  certain  infusoria.         Jounu  of  Sciaice. 
SPERM'O-DERM,  n.     [Gr.  arreofia  and  6epfia.] 

In  botany^  the  wliole  integuments  of  a  seed  in  tlie 

assre^ate.  LinJlnj. 

SPER.M'-OIL,  n.    Oil  obtained  from  the  cachalot  or 

spermaceti  whale. 
SPER.M-OL'O-GIST,  n.      [Gr.    (nrepftoXoyos.']      One 

who  treats  of  seeds. 
SPERSE,  c.  /.     To  disperse.     [JVo£  in  iLte.]    Speruscr. 
SPET,  V.  t.    To  spit ;  to  throw  out.     [JVot  jtsed.] 
SPET,  iu     Spittle,  or  a  flow.     [JSt'ot  in  use.] 
SPEW,  (spu,)  0.  t.     [Sax.  spiwan  ;  D.  spnioen,  sputum ; 

G.  speien^  contracted  from  speichenf  Sw,  spy;  Dan. 

spyer  :  L.  spao.] 

1.  To  vomit ;  to  puke  ;  to  eject  from  the  stomach. 

2.  To  eject  j  to  cast  forth. 

3.  To  cast  out  with  abhorrence.    Lev.  xviii. 
SPEW,  (spu,)  r.  t.    To  vomit;  to  discharge  the  con- 
tents of  the  stomach.  B.  Jonson. 

SPEWED,  (spude,)  pp.     Vomited;  ejected. 
SPEW'ER,  n.     One  who  spews. 
SPEWING,  ppr.     Vomiting;  ejecting  from  the  stom- 
ach. 
SPEAV'ING,  n.    The  act  of  vomiting. 
SPEWy,  (spu'e,)  a.    Wet;  fogey.  [Local.]  Mortimer. 
SPHAC'E-LaTE,  (sfas'e-Iite,)  v.  i.  [See  Sphacelus.] 

1.  To  mortify  ;  to  become  gangrenous  ;  as  flesh. 

2.  To  decay  or  become  carious,  as  a  bone. 
SPHAC'E-LaTE,  v.  U    To  affect  with  gangrene. 

Sharp. 
SPHACE-La-TED,  pp.  or  a.      Affected  witli  gan- 
grene ;  mortified. 
SPHAC-E-La'TIOX,  n.    The  process  of  becoming  or 

making  gangrenous;  mortification.        Jiled.  Repos. 
SPHAC'E-LUS,  (sfas'e-lus,)  n.     [Gr.  c:;>aKt\oi,  from 
cij^UsfJ,  to  kill.] 

1.  In  medicine  and  surgery,  gangrene  ;  mortification 
of  the  flesh  of  a  living  animal. 

3.  Death  of  a  bone.  Coxe. 
SPHAG'NOUS,  (sfag'nus,)  a.     [sphagnum,  bog-moss. 

Linnants.] 
Pertaining  to  bog-moss;  mossy.  BigdoxD. 

SPHeXE,  (sflne,)  iu    [Gr.  o-^fir,  a  wedge.] 

A  mineral  composed  of  silicic  acid,  titanic  acid, 
and  lime.    Its  colors  are  dull  yellow,  green,  gray, 
brown,  and  black.    It  is  found  amorphous  and  in 
cr>-stals.    The  primary  form  of  its  crystal  is  an  ob- 
lique, rhombic  prism. 
SPHe'.VOID,         /(sfe-Oo.    [Gr.  cAjjr,  a  wedge,  and 
SPHE-NOID'AL,  j      a^oj,  form.] 
Resembling  a  wedge. 

Tile  sphenoid  bonCj  19  the  pterygoid  bone  of  the 
basis  of  the  skull.  Coxe. 

SPHERE,  (sfere,)  n.    [Fr.,from  L.  sph^era,  Gr.  ciatpa, 
whence  IL  sfera,  Sp.  esfera,  G.  sphUre.] 

1.  In  geometry,  a  solid  body  contamed  under  a 
single  surface,  which,  in  ever)-  part,  is  equally  dis- 
tant from  a  pomt  called  its  center.  The  earth  is  not 
an  exact  sphere.    The  sun  appears  to  be  a  sphere. 

2.  An  orb  or  globe  of  the  mundane  system. 

Fiisl  the  sun,  a  miffEily  sphere,  he  framed.  MUton. 

Ttien  mortal  ears 
Had  heaxd  the  music  of  the  spheres.  Dryden. 

3.  An  orbicular  body,  or  a  circular  figure  repre- 
senting the  earth  or  apparent  heavens.         Dryden. 

4.  Circuit  of  motion ;  revolution  ;  orbit ;  as,  the 
diurnal  sphere.  Milton. 

5.  The  concave  or  vast  orbicular  expanse  in  which 
tne  heavenly  orbs  appear. 

6.  Cu-cuit  of  action,  knowledge,  or  influence  ; 
compass  ;  province  ;  emplnyraent.  Every  man  has 
his  particular  sphere  of  action,  in  which  it  shorild  be 
his  ambition  to  excel.  Events  of  this  kind  have  re- 
peatedly fallen  within  the  sphere  of  my  knowledge. 
This  man  treats  of  matters  not  within  his  sphere. 

7.  Rank  ;  order  of  society.  Persons  moving  in  a 
higher  sphere  claim  more  deference. 

Sphere  of  activity  of  a  body  ;  the  whole  space  or 
extent  reached  by  the  influence  it  exerts. 

Enajc, 

A  right  sphere ;  that  aspect  of  the  heavens  in 
which  the  circles  of  daily  motion  of  the  heavenly 
bodies  are  perpendicular  to  the  horizon.  A  spec- 
tator at  the  equator  views  a  right  sphere, 

Ji  parallel  sphere  :  that  in  which  the  circles  of 
daily  motion  are  parallel  to  the  horizon.  A  spec- 
tator at  either  of  the  poles  would  view  a  parallel 
sphere. 

jJn  obli/pte  sphere ;  that  in  which  the  circles  of 
daily  motion  are  oblique  to  the  horizon,  as  is  the 
case  to  a  spectator  at  any  point  between  the  equator 
and  either  pole. 

Armillary  sphere;  an  artificial  representation  of 
the_circ!e3  of  the  sphere,  by  means  of  brass  rings. 
SPHERE,  (sfere,)  r.  (.    To  place  in  a  sphere. 

The  glorious  planet  Sol 
In  nob!?  emineno;  enthroned,  ana  sphered 
Amidst  the  rrst.     [Unusual.]  SJiok. 


SPI 

2.  To  form  into  roundness;  as,  light  spheral  in  a 
radiant  cloud.  Milton. 

SPHeRE'-BOUN,  a.    Born  among  the  spheres. 

Millon. 
SPHeR'ED.  pp.    Placed  in  a  sphere. 
SPHeRE'-DE-SCEND'ED,  a.      Descended  from  the 

spheres. 
SPHeRE'-MEL'O-DY,  b.    Melody  of  the  spheres. 

Carlylc. 
SPHERE'-MO'Sie,  n.    The  music  or  harmony  of  the 

spheres.  Ed.  Rev. 

SPHER'ie,  (sfer'ik,)  i  a.     [It.  sferico ;  Fr.  spheriquc  ; 
SPHER'ie-AL,  i      L.  sph(ericus.] 

1.  Globular;  orbicular;  having  a  surface  in  every 
part  equally  distant  !>om  the  center ;  as,  a  spherical 
body.    Drops  of  water  take  a  sjthericat  form. 

2.  Planetary ;  relating  to  the  orbs  of  the  plan- 
ets. 

We  make  guilty  of  otirilisasters  thesun,the  moon,  and  thesttre, 
as  if  W'f  were  villains  by  spherical  pr.;i!uminaiii:e.      Sfiak, 

Spherical  geometry  :  that  branch  of  geometry  which 
treats  of  spherical  magnitudes;  the  doctrine  of  the 
sphere  ;  particularly ^  of  the  circles  describetl  on  its 
surface. 

Spherical  angle ;  the  angle  formed  on  the  surface 
of  a  sphere  by  the  arcs  of  two  great  circles. 

Spherical  excess ;  in  trigonometry,  the  sum  by 
which  the  three  angles  of  any  triangle  on  the  sur- 
face of  a  sphere  or  spheroid,  exceed  two  right  an- 
gles. Brande. 

Spherical  triangle;  a  figure  on  the  surface  of  a 
sphere,  bounded  by  the  arcs  of  three  great  circles 
which  intersect  eacJi  other. 

Spherical  trigonometry ;  that  branch  of  trigonoine- 
tr>'  which  teaches  to  compute  the  sides  and  angles  of 
spherical  triangles. 

SPHER'ie-AL-LY,  o-fr.    In  the  form  of  a  sphere. 

SPHER'I€-AL-NESS,  )  u.      The  state  or  quality  of 

SPHE-RIC'I-TY,  i      being    orbicular   or   spher- 

ical;   roundness;    as,  the  sphericity  of  a  drop    of 
water. 

SPHER'I-CLE,  (sfer'e-kl,)  n.    A  small  sphere. 

SPHER'ies,  n.  The  doctrine  of  the  sphere  ;  spher- 
ical^ geometry. 

SPHe'ROID,  7(.  [Gr.  opatoa,  a  sphere,  and  fi^i.j, 
form.] 

A  body  or  figure  approaching  to  a  sphere,  but  not 
perfectly  s]iherical.  A  splieroid  is  oblate  or  prolate. 
The  earth  is  found  to  be  an  oblate  sph'ioid,  that  is, 
flatted  at  the  poles,  whereas  some  asLn  iiomers  for- 
merly supposed  it  to  be  prolate  or  oblong. 

IpSlR^m'fJ;'      I  «•    «^^'"g  '^'  ^'l.f  ^f  ^ 

SPHE-ROID'ie-AL,  )      spheroid.  Chcyne. 

2.  In  crystallography,  bounded  by  several  convex 

SPHE-ROID'I-TY,  71.  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
spheroidal. 

SPHE-RO.M'E-TER,  n.  [Gr.  a.^aipa,  and  iterp'^i:] 
An  instnmient  for  measuring  the  thickness  of  small 
bodies,  the  curvature  of  optical  glasses,  &,c. 

Brande, 

SPHER-0-SID'ER-TTE,  v.  Carbonate  of  iron  in 
spheroidal  masses,  occurring  in  trap.  Dana. 

SPHER'ULE,  (sfer'ul,)  n.     [L.  spha^mla.] 

A  little  sphere  or  spherical  body.  Mercury  or 
quicksilver,  when  poured  upon  a  plane,  divides  it- 
self into  agreat  number  of  minute  spherules. 

SPHER'U-LiTE,  n.  A  variety  of  obsidian  or  pearl- 
stone,  found  in  rounded  grains.        Diet.  JVat.  Hist^ 

SPHeR'Y,  a.     Belonging  to  the  spheres.         Milton. 

3,  Round  ;  spherical.  Shak. 
SPHIXG'TER,  (sfink'ter,)  n.     [from  Gr.  otptyyu,  to 

constrain,  to  draw  close.] 

In  anatomy,  a  muscle  that  contracts  or  shuts  an  or- 
ifice or  aperture  round  which  it  is  placed ;  as,  the 
sphincter  labiorum  ;  sphincter  vesicie.  Coxe. 

SPHINX,  (sfinx,)  71.     [Gr.  c<piy^:  L.  sphinx.] 

1.  In  mythology,  a  monster  usually  represented  as 
having  the  body  of  a  lion  and  the  face  of  a  young 
woman  ;  also,  in  various  other  forms.  The  Grecian 
sphinx  is  said  to  have  proposed  a  mysterious  rid- 
dle to  every  one  who  passed  by  her  dwelling  near 
Thebes,  and  to  have  killed  all  who  could  not  solve  it. 

2.  In  entomology,  a  genus  of  lepidopterous  insects, 
the  species  of  which  are  commonly  called  Hawk- 
Moths. 

SPHRAG'IDE,  C-id,)  n.  A  species  of  ocherous  clay 
which  falls  to  pieces  in  w'ater  with  the  emission  of 
many  bubbles  ;  called  also  Eakth  of  Lemkos. 

SFHRA-GlS'TieS,  ».     [Gr.  c<l>payis,  a  seal.] 

The  science  of  seals,  their  history,  age,  distinc- 
tions ;  a  branch  of  diplomatics,  Brande. 

SPHYG-M03I'E-TER,  n.     [Gr.  o<pvypo5,  pulse,  and 

pCTOW.] 

An  instrument  for  exposing  to  the  eye  the  action 
of  the  pulse,  the  strength  of  which  it  measures. 
SPT'AL,  71.     A  spy  ;  a  scout.     [J'fot  in  use.]      Bacon. 
SPt'CATE,  a.     [h,  spicatas,  from  spica,  a  spike.] 

Having  a  spiKe  or  ear.  Lee. 

SPI€-€A'TO,  [It.]  In  mitsic,  a  term  indicating  that 
every  note  is  to  have  its  distinct  sound  ;  much  like 
staccato.  Brande, 

SPICE,  n.     [Fr.  epicc;  It.  spezie;  Sp.  espeda^] 


SPI 

1.  A  vegetable  productiun,  fragrant  or  aromatic  to 
the  smell  and  pungent  to  the  taste  ;  used  in  sauces 
and  in  cookery. 

a.  A  pmall  quantity;  something  that  enriches  or 
allers  the  quality  uf  a  thing  in  a  umall  degree,  as 
spice  alters  the  taste  of  a  thing. 

3.  A  sample.     \Vt.espicc] 
SPiCE,  V.  L    To  season  with  spice  ;  to  mix  aromatic 
substances  with  ;  as,  to  spice  wine. 

2.  To  tincture  ;  as,  tlie  spiced  Indian  air.    Sliak. 

3.  To  render  nice  ;  to  season  with  scruples. 

Chaucer. 
SPICED,  (spist,)  pp.  or  o.    Seasoned  with  spice. 
SPi'CER,  n.    One  that  seasons  with  spice. 

2.  One  that  deals  in  spice.  Camden. 

SPI'CER-Y,  71.     [Ft.  epiceHe.] 

1.  Spices  in  general ;  fragrant  and  aromatic  vege- 
table substances  used  in  seasoning. 

2.  .\  repository  of  spices.  .Addison. 
SPICE'-WpOI),  71.    The  Laurus  benzoin,  an  Ameri- 
can shrub,  called  also  WiLD-ALLsPi'CE  and  BertjA- 
min-Tbek.                                                     Farm.  Encyc. 

SPI'CI-XESS,  ji.     Quality  of  being  spicy. 

SPIC'INCi,  pjrr.    Seasoning  with  spice. 

SPICK  AND  SPAN,  bright;   shining;   as,  a  garment 

spiclc  aiut  span  new,  or  span-new.    Spick  is  from  the 

root  of  the  It.  sjiicco,  brightness;  spiccare,  to  shine  ; 

spiccar  le  parole,  to  speak  distinctly  ;  spicciare,  to  rush 

out,  the  radical  sense  of  which  is,  to  shoot  or  dart. 

Span  is  probably  from  the  xooi  of  spangle,  Gr.  •;'C)'>  w, 

G.  Spiegel,  a  mirror. 
SPICK'NEL,  y  n.    The  herb  maldmonv  or  bear-wort, 
SPIG'NEL,     )       (Diet.,)   the   Meum  Aihamanlicnm, 

which,  wlien   eaten  by  cows,  gives  the  same  flavor 

to  their  milk  and  butter,  as  that  of  schab-ziege 

cheese. 
SPl-€OS'l-TY,  71.     [L.  spica.] 

The  state  of  having  or  being  full  of  ears,  like 

corn.     [J^ot  in  use.]  DicL 

SPIG'tl-LAR,  a.     [L.  spicuium,  a  dart.] 

Resembling  a  aart ;  having  sharp  points. 
SPIC'U-L.^TE,  V.  t.      [L.  spiculo,  to  sharpen,  from 

spicidum,  a  dart,  from  spica,  or  its  root.    See  Spike.] 
To  sharpen  to  a  |K)int.  Mason. 

SPIC'TJLE,  77.     A  minute,  slender  granule  or  point. 
SPIC't'-LI-FORM,  a.     Having  the  form  of  a  spicule. 
sriC-U-LlG'EN-OUS,  a.     ConUining  spicules. 
SPT'CY,  a.    [from  spice.]    Producing  spice  ;  abounding 

with  spices  ;  as,  the  spicy  shore  of  jVrabia.  Mdton. 

2.  Having  the  qualities  of  spice;  fragrant;  aro- 
matic ;  as,  spicy  plants. 

Led  by  uew  stars,  and  borne  by  spiey  g-ales.  Pope. 

SPf'DER,  7(.    [I  know  not  from  what  source  this  word 
is  derived.] 

1.  The  common  name  of  the  animals  of  the  family 
AraneidiB,of  the  class  Arachnida,  some  of  which  are 
remarkable  for  spinning  webs  for  taking  their  prey 
and  forming  a  convenient  habitation,  and  for  the  de- 
posit of  their  food. 

Tlie  spider's  inuch,  how  exquisitely  fine  I  Pope. 

9.  A  kitchen  utensil,  somewhat  resembling  a 
spider. 

3.  A  trevet  to  support  vessels  over  a  fire. 
SPT'DER-CATCH-ER,  n.    A  bird  so  called. 
SPI'DEK-LlKE,  a.    Resembling  a  spider.         Shak. 
SPl'DER-WORT,  (-wurt,)  n.    A  plant  of  the  genus 

Antherictiin,or  of  the  genus  Tradescantia. 
SPIG'NEL.     See  Spicknel. 
SPIG'OT,  77.     [W.   yspi gawd,  from  j'^piV,  Eng.  spike; 

from  pig,  Eng.  piJic :  Dan.  spiger^  a  nail.     See  Spike 

and  Pike.] 
A  pin  or  peg  used  to  stop  a  faucet,  or  to  stop  a 

small  hole  in  a  cask  of  liquor.  Siri/i. 

SPIKE,  71.      [\V.  yspig,  supra;   D,  spyk,  sppker:    G. 

speiche  :  Dan.  sj)iger,  Sw.  spik,  a  nail ;  L.  spica,  an 

ear  of  corn.    It  signifies  a  shoot  or  point.    Class  Bg. 

See  Pike.] 

1.  A  large  nail ;  always  in  America  applied  to  a 
nail  orpin  of  metal.  A  similar  thing  made  of  wood 
is  called  a  Peg  or  Pin.  In  England,  it  is  soinetiines 
used  for  a  sharp  point  of  wood. 

9.  An  ear  of  com  or  grain.  It  is  applied  to  the 
ears  of  maize. 

3.  A  shoot.  Jfddison. 

4.  [L.  spica.]  In  Jofa/iy,  a  species  of  inflorescence, 
in  which  sessile  flowers  are  alternate  on  a  common 
simple  peduncle,  as  lavender,  &c.  Marti/n. 

SPIKE,  71.     A  species  of  lavender.  itdL 

SPIKE,  r.  t.    To  fasten  with  spikes  or  long  and  targe 

nails  ;  as,  to  spike  down  the  planks  of  a  fioor  or 

bridge. 

2.  To  set  with  spikes. 

A  youth  leaping  over  the  ff/iUrcd  pales — was  caught  by  thff  jpikrt. 
[(/nusual.\  mscmnn. 

3.  To  Slop  the  vent  with  a  spike,  nail,  &.c. ;  as,  to 
spike  cannon. 

SPIK'ED,  (spikt,)  pp.    Furnished  with  spikes,  as  com  ; 

fastened  with  spikes;  stopped  with  spikts. 
SPIKE'-LAV'EN-DER,  n.    Common   lavender,  the 

Lavandula  spica. 
SPIKE'LET,  n.    In  bottzny,  a  small  spike  making  a 

part  of  a  large  one ;  or  a  subdivision  of  a  spike. 

Bartim. 


TtNE,  BULL,  IINITE AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K;  6  as  J;  S  as  Z;  CH  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


1063 


SPI 


SPI 


fiPIKE'NAUD,  (spik'n.trtl,)  n.    [L.  spica  nardi.] 

1.  A  vajiuc  popular  name  applied  lo  mimeroua 
widely  different  plants.  In  the  United  Slates  it  is 
applied  to  Aralia  raceinosaj  in  England,  to  Andro- 
pogon  nardus  of  India;  to  Valeriana  spicaj  and  to 
several  species  of  Baccharis,  Conyza,  ice. 
9.  A  name  of  vaiions  fragrant  essential  oils. 

SPIK'ING,  I'jtr.  Fastening  with  spikes;  stopping 
with  large  nails. 

SPIK'Y,  a.     Having  a  sharp  point.  Dyer. 

SPILE,  n.  [D.  spity  a  pivot,  a  spindle;  G.  spiUe;  Ir. 
spile ;  U^  fit//,  fronj  the  root  of  L.  pUaSj  pitum.,  &.C.] 

1,  A  small  peg  or  wooden  pin,  used  to  stop  a 
bole. 

2.  A  stake  driven  into  the  ground  to  protect  a  bank, 
form  wharfs,  abutments,  &c. 

SPILL,  Tt.     [A  different  orthography  of  Spile,  supra.] 
).  A  small  peg  or  pin  for  stopping  a  cask ;  as,  a 
vent-liole  slopped  with  a  spill.  JlFortimer. 

2.  A  little  bar  or  pin  of  iron.  Carcw. 

3.  A  little  sum  of  money.    [JVotimtsc]    AyU{fc. 
SPILL,  V.  t, ;  jirz-t.  Spilled  or  Spilt;  pp.  id.    [Sax. 

spillan;  D.  and  G.  spUlcn;  Sw.  spilla;  Dan.  spihlcr.] 

1.  To  suffer  to  fall  or  run  out  of  a  vessel ;  to  lose 
or  suffer  to  be  scattered  ;  applied  only  to  fluids  and 
to  substances  whose  particles  are  small  and  loose. 
Thus  we  spilt  water  from  a  pail;  v.-e  iTiW  spirit  cr 
oil  from  a  bottle ;  wc  spill  quicksilver  or  powders 
from  a  vessel  or  a  paper ;  we  spill  sand  or  (lour. 
S;)i7i  differs  from  pour  in  expressing  accidental  loss; 
a  loss  or  waste  not  designed,  or  contrary  to  purpose. 

2.  To  suffer  to  be  shed ;  as,  a  man  spills  his  own 
blood. 

a.  To  cause  to  flow  out  or  lose  ;  to  shed  ;  as,  a 
man  spills  another's  blood. 

[Tins  is  applied  to  cases  of  murder  or  other  homi- 
cide, but  not  to  venesection.  In  the  latter  case  we 
say,  to  let  or  take  blood.] 

And  to  rcvcii^  hb  IjIooiI  so  jiislly  spU(.  Dryden. 

4.  To  mischief;  to  destroy;  as,  to  sjyill  the  mind 
or  soul ;  to  spill  glory  ;  to  spill  form«,  &c. 

[This  application  is  obsolete,  and  Jtoio  impropcr.1 

5.  To  throw  away.  Ticket. 

6.  In  seaincn'*s  Inngua^re^  to  dislodge  the  wind  out 
of  the  cavity  or  belly  of  a  sail  in  order  to  reef  or  furl 
it.  Tottcn. 

SPII*L,  r.  i.    To  waste ;  to  be  prodigal.     [.Vot  in  use.'] 
2.  To  be  shed ;  to  be  suffered  to  fall,  be  lost,  or 
wasted. 

He  wiis  80  topfull  of  liiinself,  lh;U  he  kt  it  ay/iii  oii  all  l\m  com- 
pany. WaUa. 

BVllAJEQyPp.    Suffered  to  fall,  as  liquids;  shed. 

SPILL'ER,  71.    One  that  spills  or  sheds. 

2.  A  kind  of  fishini^-line.  Carcw. 

SPILL'ING,  ppr.  Suffering  to  f;Ul  or  nin  out,  as 
liquids  ;  shedding. 

SpillmiT-lines^'maslupyXiTC  ropcs  for  furling  more 
conveniently  the  square-sails.  Mar.  Diet. 

SPILT,  prct.  and  pp.  of  Spill. 

SPILTil,  71.  [from  spill]  Any  thing  spilt.  [J^ot  in 
use.]  ShaJc. 

SPIN,  r.  t. ;  prct.  and  pp.  Si-vy,  Span  is  not  used. 
[Sax.  spinnan ;  Goth,  spinnan  ,•  D.  and  G.  spi/rvcn : 
Ba.n.  spittder ;  Sw,  spiiina.  If  the  sense  is  to  draw 
out  or  extfiul,  this  coincides  in  origin  with  span.] 

1.  To  draw  out  and  twist  into  threads,  either  by 
the  hand  or  machinery  ;  as,  to  spin  wool,  cotton,  or 
flax  ;  to  spin  goats'  hair. 

All  Ihc:  yarn  which  Penelope  spun  in  Ulysses'  absence,  iliil  but 
li;i  iUiau  with  moths.  £haJi. 

2.  To  draw  out  tediously ;  to  form  by  a  slow  pro- 
cess or  by  degrees  ;  with  out ;  as,  to  sjnn  out  large 
volumes  on  a  subject. 

o.  To  extend  to  a  great  length  ;  as,  to  spin  out  a 
subject. 

4.  To  draw  out ;  to  protract ;  to  spend  by  delays; 
as,  to  spin  out  the  day  in  idleness. 

By  one  dohy  afi;r  another,  they  spin  out  their  whol?  lives. 

L'Estrange. 

5.  To  Whirl  with  a  thread ;  to  turn  or  cause  to 
whirl ;  as,  to  sjiin  a  lop. 

6.  To  draw  out  from  tlic  stomach  in  a  filament ; 
as,  a  spider  spins  a  web. 

To  1-pin  half,  in  iiiilitarij  Inn^ua^e^  is  to  twist  it  into 
ropes  fur  convenient  carriage  on  an  expedition. 
SPIX,  u.  I.    To  practice  spinning;  to  work  at  draw- 
ing and  twisting  threads;  as,  the  woman  knows 
how  to  spin. 

Tliey  neither  liiiow  to  spin,  iior  care  lo  toil.  Prior. 

9.  To  perform  the  act  of  drawing  and  twisting 
threads  ;  as,  a  machine  or  jenny  spins  with  great  ex- 
actness. 

3.  To  move  round  rapidly ;  to  whirl ;  as  a  top  or 
a  spindle. 

4.  To  stream  or  issue  in  a  thread  or  small  current; 
as,  bk;od  spins  from  a  vein.  Drayton. 

SPI-N.^'CEOUS,  a.    Denoting  the  plant  spinach  and 

the  class  of  plants  to  which  it  belongs. 

Encyc.  of  Dom.  Econ. 
SPIN'ACfl,  ?  (spin'aje,)  n.     [L.  spinacia;  lUspinace; 
SPIN'AGE,  i      Sp.   espinaca;  Fr.  cpinards;  D.  spina- 

gie;  G.  spinat;  Pers.  spanack.] 


A  plant  of  the  genus  Sphiacia,  whose  leaves  are 
boiled  for  greens  and  used  for  other  culinary  pur- 
poses. 
SPI'NAL,  a.     [See  SrixE.]     Pertaining  to  the  spine 
or  back-bone  of  an  animal;    as,  the  spinal  cord;  i 
spinal  muscles ;  spinal  arteries. 

JirbittJinot.    Encye. 
SPIN'DLE,  71.     [from  spin ;  Sax.  and  Dan.  spindcl.'] 

1.  The  pin  used  in  spinning  wheels  for  twistmg 
tlio  thread,  and  ou  which  the  tliread  when  twisted 
is  wound.  Bacon. 

2.  A  slender,  pointed  rod,  or  pin,  on  which  any 
thing  turns;  an  axis  or  small  axis;  as,  the  spindle 

3.  The  fusee  of  a  watch.  [of  a  vane, 

4.  A  long,  slender  stalk.  Mortimer. 

5.  The  iron  pin  or  pivot  on  which  a  capstan  turns. 

Tctten, 

6.  In  geometry^  a  solid  generated  by  the  revolution 
of  a  cur\'o  line  about  its  base  or  double  ordinate. 

Brando. 

SPIN'DLE,  V.  i.  To  shoot  or  grow  in  a  long,  slender 
stalk  or  body.  Bacon.    Mortimer, 

SPINDLE-LEGS,        )  ji.    A  tall,  slender  person  ;  in 

SPIX'DLE-SHA.NKS,  (      conte?npt. 

SPIN'OLE-SHA.\K-£D,  (spin'dl-shankt,)  a.  Having 
long,  slender  le<;s. 

SPIN'DLE-SHaP-£D,  (spin'dl-shipt,)  a.  Having  the 
shape  of  a  spindle  ;  fusiform.  Martyn, 

SPIN'DLE-TREE,  71.  A  shrub  of  the  genus  Euony- 
nms,  whose  fine,  hard-grained  wood  was  used  for 
spindles  and  skewers.  Loudon. 

SPJi\'DLE-^VORM,  n.  The  popular  name  of  the  cat- 
erpillar of  a  lepidopterous  insect,  wliich  injures  the 
maize  in  New  England.  Harris. 

SPIN'DLING,  p;tr.  orrt.  Tall  and  slender;  shooting 
into  a  small,  tall  sialk.  ./ish. 

SPINE,  71.  [L.  and  It.  spina ;  Fr.  cp'ine ;  Sp.  espinazo  ; 
W.  yspin,  Iroiii  pin.] 

1.  The  back-bone  of  an  animal.  Coxc. 

2.  The  shin  of  the  leg.  Coxe. 

3.  .\  thorn  ;  a  sharp  process  from  the  woody  part 
of  a  plant.  It  differs  from  a  prickle,  which  proceeds 
from  the  bark.  A  spine  sometimes  terminates  a 
branch,  and  sometimes  is  axillar\',  growing  at  the 
angle  furnitd  by  the  branch  or  leaf  with  the  stem. 
The  wild  apple  and  pear  are  armed  with  spines  ;  the 
rose,  bramble,  goosebeny,  &;c.,  are  armed  with  prick- 
les. Martyn. 

4.  In  zoology^  a  thin,  pointed  spike,  as  in  fishes. 

5.  Sometimes,  a  ridge. 
SPi'NEL. 


SPLNKLLE', 


71.     [It.  spinella.] 


A  mineral  occurring  in  octohedrons,  of  great  hard- 
ness, consisting  of  alumina  and  magnesia.  When 
of  a  red  or  ruby  color,  it  constitutes  the  gem  Spinel- 
ruby,  or  the  common  ruby  of  jewelry.  It  occurs  also 
of  green,  blue,  brown,  and  black  colors.        Dana. 

SPI-NELL'ANE,  Ti,  The  same  with  the  mineral 
Hauyne.  Dana. 

SPI-NES'CENT,a.  [from  spine.]  Becoming  hard  and 
thorny.  Martyn. 

SPIN'ET,  11.      [Tt.  sptnctta;  Fr.  cpinette;  Sp.  cspinctn.] 
An  instrument  of  music  resembling  a  harpsichord, 
but  smaller  ;  a  virginal ;  a  clavichord. 

SFFNET,  n.     [L.  spinct^m.] 

A  small  xvood  or  place  where  briers  and  tiiorns 
grow.     [JVot  in  use.]  B.  JoTison. 

SPI-NIF'ER-OUS,  a.    [L.  spina,  spine,  and  fero,  to 
bear.] 
Producing  spines  ;  bearing  thorns. 

SPINK,  7/.    A  bird  ;  a  finch.  Ilartc. 

SPIN'NER,  7i.     One  that  spina;  one  skilled  in  spin- 
ning. 
2.  A  Fpider.  Shali. 

SPIN'NER,         ;  Tt.     In  cntomolomjj  an  organ  with 

SPIN'NER-ET,  i  which  insects  form  their  silk  or 
webs.  Brande, 

SPIN'NING,  ppr.  Drawing  out  and  twisting  into 
threads;  drawing  out;  delaving. 

SPIN'NING,  n.    The  act,  practice,  or  art  of  drawing 
out  and  twisting  into  threads,  as  wool,  flax,  and  cot- 
ton. 
2.  The  act  or  practice  of  forming  webs,  as  spiders. 

SPIN'NING-JEN-NY,  ti.  An  engine  or  complicated 
macliine  for  spinning  wool  or  cotton,  in  the  manu- 
facture of  cloth. 

SPIN'NIXG-WHEEL,  v.  Awheel  for  spinningwool, 
cotton,  or  flax  into  threads.  Oay. 

SPi-NOS'I-TY,  71.  The  state  of  being  spiny  or  thorny ; 
crabbedness.  OlanvUle. 

SPl'NoSE  (  ^'     L      ^^^^'^^^^j  ■''ora  spina.} 

Full  of  spines  ;  armed  with  thorns ;  thorny. 

Martyn. 
SPI'NO-ZrsM,  71.  The  form  of  Pantheism  taught  by 
Benedict  Spinoza,  a  Jew  of  Amsterdam,  who  main- 
tained that  God  is  not  only  the  maker,  but  also  the 
original  matter,  of  the  universe,  so  that  creation  was 
only  a  development  of  himself  by  the  Deity. 

Miirdock. 
SPI'NO-ZIST,  n.    A  believer  in  the  doctrines  of  Spi- 

no/.a. 
,  SPIN'STER,  77.      [spin  and  stcr.]      A  woman  who 
spin;;,  or  whose  occupation  is  to  spin.    Hence, 


SPI 

2.  Ill  law,  the  common  title  by  which  a  «om;m 
willlout  rank  or  distinction  is  designated  ;  an  tmmar- 
ried  woman. 

If  a  gentlewoman  Is  lenned  a  tpinsttr,  she  may  abate  llie  writ. 

Coke. 

SPIN'STRY,  71.    The  business  of  spinning.    MiUm. 
SPIN'TH  ERE,  n.    A  mineral  of  a  greenish-gray  color. 

It  is  a  variety  of  spkene.  Urc. 

SPIN'ULE,  71.    A  minute  spine.  Dana. 

SPIN'U-LOUS,  a.    Covered  witll  minute  spines. 
SPI'NY,  a.     [from  spine]     Full  of  spines ;  thorny ; 

as,  a  spiny  tree. 
2.  Pcrple-xed  ;  difficult;  troublesome.        Diirl'it. 
SPIR'A-CLE,  (spir'a-kl  or  spl'ra-kl,)  n.     [L.  spiraut- 

lum,  from  ypira,  to  breathe.] 

1.  A  small  aiicrture  in  animal  and  vegetable  bod- 
ies, by  which  air  or  otiier  fluid  is  exhaled  or  inhaled  ; 
a  small  hole,  orilicc,  or  vent ;  a  pore  ;  a  minute  pas- 
sage ;  as,  the  ainracU^  of  the  human  skin. 

2.  Any  siiial!  aperture,  hole,  or  vent.  IVoodicard. 
SPI'RAL,  a.    [It.  spirale;  Fr.  spiral;  from  L.  spira,  a 

spire.] 

Winding  round  a  cylinder  or  other  round  body,  or 
in  a  circular  form,  and  at  the  same  time  rising  or  ad- 
vancing forward  ;  winding  like  a  screw.  The  mag- 
nificent column  in  the  PI.ice  Vendome,  at  Paris,  is 
divided  by  a  spii-al.  line  into  compartments.  It  is 
formed  with  spiral  compattnienis,  on  which  are  en- 
graved figures  emblematical  of  the  victories  of  the 
French  armies.  A  whirlwind  is  so  named  from  the 
spiral  motion  of  the  air. 

SPI'RAL,  71.  In  geometry,  the  name  given  to  a  class 
of  curves  which  continually  recede  from  a  center  or 
pole,  while  they  continue  to  revolve  about  it. 

Brande. 

SPI'RAL,-€oAT-ED,  a.    Coated  spirally.        SniitJi. 

SPI'RAL-LY,  adv.  In  a  spiral  form  or  direaion  ;  in 
the  manner  of  a  screw.  Ray 

SPI-Ra'TION,  71.     [L.  spirafio.]     A  breathing.     [Kot 

-  used.]  Barrow. 

SPIKE,  71.  [L.  spira  ;  Gr.  ffiriipn  ;  Sp.  cspira  ;  from  tne 
root  of  L.  spiro,  to  breathe.  The  primary  sense  of 
the  root  is,  to  throw,  to  drive,  to  send,  hut  it  imii:i>  ; 
a  winding  motion,  like  tJirom,  j;;rp,  and  many  ot)i- 
crs.] 

1.  A  winding  line  lilie  the  threads  of  a  screw  ;  any 
thing  wreathed  or  contorted ;  a  curl ;  a  twist ;  a 
wreath. 

His  neck  erect  amidst  his  circling  rpires.  MlUjn. 

A  (Irigon's  fiery  form  lelied  the  god  ; 

Sublime  on  tadiatu  epires  he  rod^-.  Dryden. 

2.  A  body  that  shoots  up  to  a  point ;  a  tapering 
body ;  a  round  pyramid  or  pyramidical  body ;  a  stee- 
ple. 

With  glistering  spires  and  pinn-icles  adorned.  MiUon. 

3.  A  Stalk  or  blade  of  grass  or  other  plant.  Hov.' 
liiimble  ought  man  to  be,  who  can  not  make  a  single 
spire  of  grass ! 

4.  The  top  or  uppermost  point  of  a  thing.    Slialc. 
SPIRE,  V.  i.    To  shoot ;  to  shoot  up  pyramidically. 

2.  To  breathe.     [JV'uf  in  itsc]  IMartimcr. 

3.  To  sprout,  as  grain  in  malting. 
SPIR'£D,  a.     Having  a  spire.  Mason. 
SPl'RI-FER,  71.   [L.  spira,  a  spiro,  and  fero,  to  hear.] 

The  name  of  an  e.ttinct  genus  of  mollusks,  having 
a  sliell  witll  two  internal,  calcareous,  spiral  apiieiul- 
a"es.  Brande. 

SPiTR'IT,  71.     [Vt.  esprit;   It.  spirits;   Sp.espirUii;  L. 
spintuj,  from  spira,  to  breathe,  to  blow.    The  piiuia- 
ry  sense  is,  to  rush  or  drive.] 
1.  Primarihj,  wind  ;  air  in  motion ;  lience,  breath. 

All  bodies  have  spirits  and  pceunwucal  pans  within  Uiem. 

Bacon, 

[  Thi'i  sense  is  note  utiiisuaWl 

a.  Animal  excitement,  or  the  effect  of  it ;  life ;  ar- 
dor ;  fire  ;  courage  ;  elevation  or  vehemence  of  niintl. 
The  troops  attacked  the  enemy  witll  great  .ipiril. 
The  young  man  has  the  spirit  of  youth.  He  speaks 
or  acts  with  spirit.  Spirits,  in  Die  plural,  is  used  in 
nearly  a  like  sense.  The  troops  began  to  recover 
their  spirits.  Stoft. 

3.  Vigor  of  intellect ;  genitta. 

His  wit,  his  beauty,  and  his  spirit.  Butler. 

The  nobl-it  spirit  or  genius  tin  not  deserve  enough  of  in^iukind 
to  pretend  to  die  esleclil  of  heroic  virtue.  Tcmpie. 

4.  Temper;  disposition  of  mind,  habitual  or  tem- 
porary ;  as,  a  man  of  a  generous  spirit,  or  of  a  re- 
vengeful spirit ;  the  ornament  of  a  meek  and  quiet 
spirit. 

Let  ns  go  to  tlie  house  of  God  in  the  spirit  of  prayer.  BiclccrsUlh. 

5.  The  soul  of  man  ;  the  intelligent,  immaterial, 
and  immortal  part  of  human  beings.     [See  Soul.] 

The  spirit  shiiU  return  to  God  th:\t  gave  it.  —  Ecclea.  xii. 

G.  An  immaterial,  intelligent  substance. 

Spirit  is  a  substance  in  which  tlliniiing,  knowing,  doubu'ng,  and 
a  power  of  moving,  do  subsist.  Locke. 

Hence, 

7.  An  immaterial,  intelligent  being. 

By  which  he  weut  and  pre.icbcd  to  the  spirits  in  prison.  —  1 

Pet.  iii. 
God  is  a  spiriL  —  John  iv. 


FATE,  FUR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PREY.  — TiXn,  IiLVRVNE,  BIED.  — X6TE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK. 


SPl 

S.  Tura  of  mind ;  temper;  occasional  state  of  the  | 
mind. 

A  perfect  judge  will  rc:;d  ench  Teork  of  wit 

Wiib  the  same  sjvrU  that  ils  author  writ.  Pope. 

9.  Powers  of  mind  distinct  from  the  body. 

la  spirit  perhara  h«  also  snw 
Rich  Myjcko,  "is  S'^t  ot'  Morttejuinc.  Miilon. 

10.  Sentiment ;  perception. 

Your  sjiirit  is  loo  true,  yrar  fca^s  loo  eertun.  S?tali. 

11.  Eager  desire  ;  disposition  of  mind  excited  and 
directed  to  a  particular  object. 

God  has  made  a  «p>i{  of  buildin*  eucccwi  a  spirit  of  pulling 
down.  Sdusli. 

1-2.  A  person  of  activitj' ;  a  man  of  life,  vigor,  or 
enterprise. 

The  w-aif  rr  iins^Iom  is  no  oar 

To  stop  the  foreign  spiriti,  but  they  come.  ^.aX: 

13-  Tersons  distin^uisiicd  by  qualities  of  the  mind. 

Such  sviriii  as  hs  dc^red  to  please,  such  would  I  choose  for  •.uy 

jiKljes.  Drydcn. 

14.  Excitement  of  mind;  animation;  cheert'ul- 
ness  ;  tisuaUii  in  the  phtraL  We  found  our  friend  in 
very  good  spirits.    He  has  a  great  flow  of  spirits. 

To  siogthy  praise.  wonlJ  Heaven  ir.j  breaih  prolong', 
Infusing  spirits  worthy  such  a  song.  Dry-Jen. 

15.  Life  or  strength  of  resemblance  ;  essential 
qualities;  as,  to  set  off  the  face  in  its  true  spirit. 
The  copy  has  not  the  spirit  of  the  original.     IVotton. 

1(>.  Something  eminently  pure  ai;d  refined. 

Nor  doth  the  eye  il&'lf, 
That  most  pure  spirit  of  sense,  behcM  itself.  S?iS':. 

17.  That  which  hath  power  or  energy ;  the  quality 
of  any  substance  whicli  manifests  life,  activit}',  or 
the  power  of  strongly  affecting  other  bodies ;  as,  the 
spirit  of  wine,  or  of  any  liquor. 

IS.  A  strong,  pungent  liquor,  usually  obtained  by 
distillation,  as  rum,  brandy,  gin,  whisky.  In  Aaier- 
ica,  spirit,  used  without  other  words  explanatory  of 
ils  meaning,  signifies  the  liquor  distilled  from  cane- 
juice  or  rum.    We  saj',  new  sp^irit,  or  eld  spirit,  Ja- 

19.  An  apparition  ;  a  ghost.  [raaica  spirit.,  eijc. 

2).  The  renewed  nature  of  man.  jiiatt.  xxvi. 
Gal.  V. 

21.  The  influences  of  the  Holy  Spirit,    J'Jatt.  xxii. 

Jlohj  Spirit;  the  third  person  in  the  Trinity. 

Spirit  of  icine ;  pure  alcohol,  so  called  because  for- 
merly obtained  only  from  wine. 
SPIR'IT,  r.  C    To  animate  ;  to  acluaie  ;  as  a  spirit. 

So  talked  the  gpzriled  sly  sniJce.     IImU  used.]  MUUin. 

2.  To  animate  with  vigor;  to  eicite  ;  to  encour- 
age;  as,  civil  dissensions  iyt>j£  the  ambition  of  pri- 
vate men-  Siriji, 

It  is  sometimes  followed  by  vp;  as,  to  spirit  up. 

JilhlfUttou. 

3.  To  convey  away  rapidly  and  secretly,  as  if  by 
the  agency  of  a  spirit ;  as,  "  I  felt  as  if  I  had  been 
spirited  into  some  castle  of  antiquity."  il'iUis. 

4.  To  kidnap.  BIcckstane. 
To  spirit  away  ;  to  entics  or  seduce. 

SVlK'lT-AJ^hY,cdv.  By  means  of  the  breath.  [J^ot 
in  use.]  Holder. 

SPIR'IT-ED,  pp.  Animated  ;  encouraged  :  incited. 
2.  a.  Animated  ;  full  of  life  ;  lively  ;  fuli  of  spirit 
or  fire ;  as,  a  spirited  address  or  oration  ;  a  spirited 
answer.  It  is  used  in  composiiion,  noting  the  stale 
of  the  mind ;  as  in  bigh-spiritedf  \ow-spirttcdj  mcan- 
svirited. 

SPIR'IT-ED-LY,  adv.  In  a  lively  manner;  with  spir- 
it;  with  strength  ;  with  animation. 

SPIR'IT-ED-NESS,  n.    Life  ;  animation. 

2.  Disposition  or  make  of  mind  ;  used  in  com- 
pounds: as,  hi^h-spiriUdue.ss,  \o\v-spirilcdiicsSj  mean- 
sptriU'lness,  nahow-.^nritcdness. 

SPIR'IT-FUL,  a.    Lively  ;  full  of  spirit.    [J^Tot  used.] 

.ash. 

SPIR'IT-FUL-LY,  ativ.  In  a  lively  manner.  [JVoC 
u.'^edA 

SPIR'IT-FUL-NESS,  n.  Liveliness;  sprightliness. 
[wVot  used.]  Harcey. 

SPIR'IT-I^'G,  ppr  Animating;  actuating;  bearing 
awav. 

SPIR'IT-LE??,  c.  Destitute  of  spirits  ;  wanting  ani- 
mation ;  wanting  cheerfulness  ;  dejected ;  depressed. 

2.  Destitute  of  vigor;  wanting  life,  courage,  or 
fire  ;  as,  a  spiritless  slave. 

A  man  $o  laint,  so  sptriUea, 
So  dull,  so  dead  in  look.  ShcH. 

3.  Having  no  breath  ;  extinct ;  dead.     GrcenhiU. 
SPIR'IT-LESS-LY,  ode.    Without  spirit ;  without  ex- 
ertion. Jifore. 

SPIR'IT-LESS-^'E3S,  tu  Dullness;  want  of  life  or 
vigor. 

SPIRIT-LEVEL,  n.  An  instrument  for  obtaining 
an  ciact  h()ri7x>ntal  line,  by  means  of  a  bubble  of  air 
on  the  surface  of  spirits  of  wine  inclosed  in  a  glass 
tube.  Buchanan. 

SPIR-I-TO'SOj  [IL]    In  Kiwic,  with  spirit. 

SPIR'IT-OUS,  a.  Like  spirit;  refined;  defecated; 
pure. 

More  refined,  more  »j.iriioui  ;  n]  pom.  i'^'  ■.■"■j. 

2.  Fine;  ardent;  active.  Snuth. 


SPl 

SPIR'IT-OUS-XESS,  n.  A  refined  st;Ue ;  fineness 
and  activity  of  parts  ;  as,  the  thiiiucsa  and  spiritous- 
vcs-^  of  liquor.  Boyle. 

SPIR'IT-Pf  KltC'IXG,  a.    Piercing  the  spirit 

SPIR'IT-SEAilCH'rXG,  a.    Searching  the  spirit. 

SPIR'IT-STiU'RI-XG,  i  a.    Exciting  the  spirit. 

SPIR'IT-ROUS'IXG,    \  Scott. 

SPIR' IT-IT- AL,  a.  [Fr.  spirituel ;  It.  spirituale;  L. 
spiritiialis.] 

1.  Consisting  of  spirit ;  not  materia! ;  incorporeal; 
as,  a  spiritual  substance  or  being.  The  soul  of  man 
is  spiritual. 

2.  Mental ;  intellectual ;  as,  spiritml  armor. 

JillltOTU 

3.  Not  gross;  refined  from  external  things;  not 
sensual ;  relating  to  mind  only ;  a?,  a  spiritual  and 
refiued  religion.  Calamy. 

4.  Not  lay  or  temporal ;  relating  to  sacred  things; 
ecclesiastical ;  as,  the  spiritual  functions  of  the  cler- 
gy ;  the  lords  spiritual  and  temporal ;  a  spiritual  cor- 
poration. 

5.  Pertaining  to  spirit  or  to  the  affections ;  pure ; 
holy. 

God's  law  is  sfariOMl ;  it  is  a  tonsa-ip*.  of  the  divine  natuT?,  and 
exicntLi  ils  authority  to  the  acts  ot  the  soul  of  man.  Brotm, 

G.  Pertaining  to  the  renewed  nature  of  man ;  as, 
spiritttal  life. 

7.  Xot  lleshlv ;  not  material ;  as,  spiri::ial  sacrifices. 
1  Pet.  ii. 

8.  Pertaining  to  divine  things ;  asy  spirilital  songs. 
Eph.  V. 

Spiritual  court ;  an  ecclesiastical  court ;  a  court 
held  hv  a  bishop  or  other  ecclesiastic. 
SPIR'IT-U-AL-ISM,  11.  The  doctrine,  in  opposition 
to  the  materialists,  that  all  which  exists  is  spirit  or 
soul  —  that  what  is  called  the  external  world  is  either 
a  succession  of  notions  impressed  on  the  mind  by  the 
Dnity,  as  maintained  by  Berkeley,  or  else  the  mere 
cduct  of  the  mind  itself,  as  taught  by  Fichie. 

Brande, 
2.  State  of  being  spiritual. 
SI'IR'IT-U-AI/-IST,  n.    One  who  professes  a  regard 
for  spiritual  things  only ;  one  whose  employment  is 
spiritual.  JialliwelL 

2.  One  who  maintains  the  doctrine  of  spiritual- 
ism. 
SPIR-IT-L3-AL'I-TY,  n.    Essence  distinct  from  mat- 
ter ;  immateriality'. 

If  iJsLs  li^lit  be  not  snirit-jal,  it  approacheth  nearest  to  a.-iin'fua-'ify. 

Ralesh. 

2.  Intellectual  nature;  as,  the  spiritualit^j  of  the 
soul.  SoutJt. 

3.  Spiritual  nature;  tlie  quality  wliich  respects  the 
spirit  or  afieclions  of  the  heart  only,  and  the  essence 
of  true  religion  ;  as,  the  s})irituality  of  God's  law. 

4.  Spiritual  exercises  and  holy  affections. 

Much  of  our  gfirUiutiiiy  and  comfwrt  in  puUic  woreliip,  depend 
on  the  stale  of  mini  in  whicb  we  couio.  Bickersleih. 

5.  That  which  belongs  to  the  church,  or  to  a  per- 
son as  an  ecclesiastic,  or  to  religion,  as  distinct  from 
temporalities. 

Duriii":  llie  vacancy  of  a  see,  tiie  archbishop  i#  guardian  of  the 
epiri!uaiit!£s  Uifp^uf.  B!ackslone. 

6.  An  ecclesiastical  bodv.     [JVofi  in  lise.]      Skak. 
SPIR-IT-IT-AL-I-Za'TION",  v.    The  act  of  spiritual- 
izing. 

In  cIiemLttr!/,  the  operation  of  extracting  spirit  from 
natural  bodies.  Enajc. 

SPIR'lT-U-AL-iZE,  V.  i.  [F.-.  spiritualisery  to  extract 
spirit  from  mixed  boiiies.] 

1.  To  refine  the  intellect ;  to  purify  from  the  fecu- 
lences of  the  world ;  as,  to  spiritualize  the  soul. 

JTammund. 

2.  To  imbue  with  spirituality,  or  life. 

3.  In  chemistry^  to  extract  spirit  from  natural  bod- 
ies. 

4.  To  convert  to  a  spiritual  meaning. 
SPIR'IT-tT-AI^IZ-ER,  n.    One  who  spiritualizes. 

/( arhurtfrn. 

SPIRaT-XI-AL-LY,  adv.  Without  corporeal  grossness 
or  sensuality  ;  in  a  manner  confornuHJ  to  the  spirit  of 
true  reIi';ion  ;  with  purity  of  spirit  or  lienrt. 

Snirituallif  viindcd ;  under  the  influence  of  the  Holy 
Spirit,  or  of  holy  principles;  having  the  affections 
refined  and  elevated  above  sensual  objects,  and 
placed  on  God  and  his  lav.*.    Rom.  viii. 

Spiritiiall'j  discerned;  knov.n,  not  by  carnal  reason, 
but  by  the  peculiar  illumination  of  the  Holy  Spirit. 
1  Or.  ii. 

SPIR'IT-U-AI^JHXD'ED-XESS,  n.  The  state  of 
baling  spiritual  exercises  and  holy  affections  ;  spirit- 
uality. CywcTu 

SPIR'IT-Ii-AL-TY,  71.  Ecclesiastical  body.  [J\'*oi  in 
use.] 

SPIR'IT-II-OUS,  a.    [Fr.  spirituatx.] 

1.  Containing  spirit ;  consisting  of  refined  spirit ; 
ardent ;  as,  spirituous  liquors.  [This  might  v.ell  bo 
written  Spiritous.] 

2.  Havin  g  the  quality  of  spirit ;  fine ;  pure  ;  active  ; 
as,  the  spirituous  part  of  a  plant.  jlrbitthnot. 

3.  Lively  ;  gay  ;  vivid  ;  airv.     l^ot  in  use] 

WoUoju 


SPl 

SPIil'IT-U-OUS-NESS,  71.    The  quality  of  being  spir- 
ituoi:s;  ardor;  heat;  stimulating  quality;   as,  the 
spirituoiisness  of  liquors. 
2.  Life  ;  tenuity ;  activitj'. 

SPIRT     See  Scurt,  the  more  correct  orthography. 

SPIR'TLE,  V.  t.    To  spirt  in  a  pcatiering  manner. 

SPIR'TL£D,  (spur'tld,)^;;.     SpirU-d  scaticriiigly. 

SPIR'U-LA,  n.  [L.]  A  pemis  of  cephalopods,  having 
a  discoid,  snullilocular  shell.  P.  Cyc. 

SPIR^Y,  a.    [from  syire.]    Of  a  spiral  form  ;  wreathed  , 
curled  ;  as,  the  spiru  volumes  cf  a  serpent.    Dnjden. 
2.  Having  the  form  of  a  pyramid ;  pyramidical ;  as, 
spiry  turrcL=.  Pope. 

SPISS,  a.     [L.  spissus.] 

Thick  ;  close  ;  dense.    fJVdt  in  use.] 

SPISS'I-TUDE,  n.  [Supra.]  Thickness  of  soft  sab- 
stances  ;  the  denscness  or  compactness  which  belongs 
to  substances  not  perfectly  liquid  nor  perfectly  solid  ; 
as,  the  spissitude  of  coagulatird  blood  or  of  any  coag- 
ulum. 

SPIT,  n.  [Sax.  jpj;a;  D.  spit;  G.  spiess;  Sw.  gpetti 
Dan.  spid;  It.  sptido  ;  Ice.  rjnet^  a  sp^ar.  It  belongs 
to  Class  Ed,  and  is  from  tbnisiing,  [^hooting.] 

1.  An  iron  prong  or  bar  pointed,  on  which  meat  is 
roasted. 

2.  [D.  spit,  a  spade.]  Such  a  depth  of  earth  as  is 
pierced  by  the  spade  at  once  ;  a  spadeful.  [Various 
dialects.]  Ilalliwell. 

3.  A  small  point  of  land  running  into  the  sea,  or  a 
long,  narrow  hhoal  extending  from  the  shore  into  the 
sea  ;  as,  a  spit  of  sand. 

SPIT,  77,    ];Dan.  spijt.] 

^Vhat  is  ejected  from  the  mouth  ;  saliva. 
SPIT,  V.  t.  [from  the  noun,]  To  thrust  a  spit  through ; 
to  put  upon  a  spit ;  as,  to  spit  a  loin  of  vcal- 

2.  To  thrust  through  ;  to  pierce.  Drydau 

3.  To  spade  ;  to  dig. 

SPIT,  V.  U ;  pret.  and  pp.  Spit.  Spat  is  obsolete. 
[Sa.x.  spittan  ;  Sw.  spotta;  Dan.  spytttr;  G.  spiitzen. 
The  sense  is,  to  throw,  or  drive.    Class  Bd.] 

1.  To  eject  from  the  mouth  ;  to  thrust  out,  as  sali- 
va or  other  matter,  from  the  mouth. 

2.  To  eject  or  throw  out  with  violence. 

SPIT,  V.  i.    To  tlirow  out  saliva  from  the  mouth.    It 

is  a  dirtv  trick  to  spit  on  the  floor  or  carpet. 
SPIT'ALJ  71.     [Corrupted  from  hospital.]    "  Rob  not 
the  s/j(M?,'*  or  charitable  foundation.  Johtison. 

[Vulfftirj  and  not  in  use] 
SPIT'-BOX,  71.    A  vessel  to  receive  discharges  of  sjiit- 

lle. 
SPITCH'eOCK,  r.  L    To  split  an  eel  lengthwise  and 

broil  it.  Kin!^. 

SPITCH'€0CK,  71.    An  eel  split  and  broUed. 

Z)-f'.    . 
SPITE,  n.     [D.  spyt,  spite,  vexation  ;  Ir.  sp'.::.     I  i 
Fr.  has  drptt,  Norm,  despite.    The  It.dispctto  anl  >;>. 
despecho  seem  to  be  from  the  L.  despcctus :  lui    .     ■ 
seems  to  be  from  a  different  root.] 
Hatred  ;  rancor  ;  malice ;  malignity  ;  malevdencc. 

Joh:tson. 
Spite,  however,  is  not  always  sT,'nonymous  with 
these  words.  It  often  denotes  a  less  deliberate  and 
fixed  hatred  tlian  iiiulico  and  malignity,  and  is  often 
a  sudden  fit  of  ill  will  excited  by  temponir>'  vexa- 
tion. It  is  the  effect  of  extreme  irritation,  and  is  ac- 
companied with  a  desire  of  revenge,  or  at  least  a  de- 
sire to  vex  the  object  of  ill  will. 


Ee?oiie,  ye  critics,  and  r^sir-dn  yonrtpiU; 
Codrus  writes  on,  and  will  for  erer  wniie. 


Pope. 


In  spite  of;  in  opposition  to  all  efforts ;  in  defiance 
or  contempt  of.  Sometimes  spite  of  is  used  without 
7H,  but  not  elegantly.  It  is  ol\en  used  without  ex- 
pressing any  malignity  of  meaning. 

Whom  God  n-..nle  use  of  to  speak  a  wo^l  in  season,  and  s»»ed 

mc  in  spile  of  the  world,  the  lienl,  and  myself.      South. 
In  spile  o/ali  ai^-lij^iions,  the  piticot  ^kk  worse  erery  day. 

ArtntJhKOt. 

To  owe  one  a  spite ;  to  entertain  a  temporarj-  hatred 
fur  something. 
SPITE,  V.  t.    To  be  angry  or  vexed  at. 

2.  To  mischief;  to  vex;  to  treat  maliciously;  to 
thwart.  Shak. 

3.  To  fill  with  spite  or  vexation ;  to  offend  ;  to 
vex. 

Darius,  spited  at  the  Magi,  endeaToreii  to  abolish  not  only  their 
Uvvniing,  but  their  laiiguage.     [^0'.  used-l  Ter7ip:e. 

SPIT'ED,  pp.    Hated  ;  vexed. 

SPITETfjL,  a.    Filled  with  spite  ;  having  a  desire  to 
vex,  annoy,  or  injure  ;  malignant ;  malicious. 

A  wavward  son, 
SpiUftilaxid  wrathlVj.  S\ct. 

SPrPE'FyL-LY,  adv.    With  a  desire  to  vex,  annoy, 

or  injure  :  malignantiv ;  maliciouslv.  Strift. 

SPITE'FUL-\ES3,  Ji.  'The  desire  to  vex,  annoy,  or 

do    mischief,  proceeding  from  irritation  ;    malice 
malignity.  [ 

It    looks  more  lite  tfiir/uTncja  and  Hl-natore,  than  a  <^i^ot 
search  ailcr  truth.  ■*^^- 

SPIT'FIRE,   iu      A   violent  or  passionate    person. 

[Lmn.]  Grose. 

SPIT'-FULL,  71.    A  spadeful. 
SPIT'TED,  pp.     [from  spU.]    Put  upon  a  spit. 

2.  Shot  out  into  length.  Bacon. 


TONE,  BULL,  ITNITE.  —  .'V.V'GER,  VI"CI0US._€  as  K;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH;  TH  as  I 
'l34 


1065 


SPL 


SPL 


SFIT'TER,  71,    One  that  puts  meat  on  a  spit. 
ii.  One  wlio  ejects  saliva  from  his  mouth, 
a.  A  young  deer  whose  horns  begin  to  ahoot  or 
become  sharp  ;  a  brocket  or  pricket.  Encyc. 

SPIT'TING,  ppr.     Putting  on  a  spit. 

2.  Ejectmg  saliva  from  the  mouth. 
SPIT'TLE,  (spil'tl,)  n.      [from  spit.]      Saliva  ;    the 
thick,  moist  matter  which  ia  secreted  by  the  salivary 
glands  ami  ejected  from  the  mouth. 
2.  A  sniall  sort  of  spade,     [.^paddle] 
SPIT'TLE.     See  Spital. 
SPIT'TLE,  V.  U    To  dig  or  stir  with  a  small  spade. 

[Local] 
SPIT-TOON',  n.    A  more  fashionable  name  for  Spit- 
Box. 
SPIT'VEN-OM,  n.    [spit  znd  venom.]     Poison  ejected 

from  the  mouth.  Hooker. 

SPLANeH-NOL'0-GY,  n.     [Gr.  airXayxvaj  bowels, 
and  Ao;  <>5,  discourse.] 

1.  The  doctrine  of  the  viscera ;  or  a  treatise  or  de- 
scription of  the  viscera.  Hooper. 

2.  The  doctrine  of  diseases  of  the  internal  parts 
of  the  body.  Coz^- 

SPLASH,  V.  t.     [formed  on  plojlu]    To  spatter  with 

water,  or  with  water  and  mud. 
SPLASH,  r.  i.    To  :;trike  and  dasli  about  water. 
SPLASH,  7t.    Water  or  v.atcr  and  dirt  thrown  upon 

any  tiling,  or  thrown  fnnn  a  puddle  and  the  like. 
SPLAJ^H'-BoARD,  n.    A  guard  in  front  of  a  vehicle, 

to  prevent  its  being  splashed  by   mud    from    the 

horse's  heels. 
SPLASH'KD,  (splasht,)  pp.    Spattered  with  water  or 

mud. 
SPLASH'ING,  ppr.    Spattering  with  water  or  mud. 

2.  Striking  and  dasliing  about  water. 
SPLASH'Y,  a.    Full  of  dirty  water ;  wet ;  wet  and 

muddy. 
SPLAY,  w.e.     [See  DiarLAY.]     To  dislocate  or  break 

a  horse's  shoulder-bone.  Johnson. 

2.  To  spread,    [Little  used.]  Mease, 

SPLAY,  for  Display.     [JVo(  in  use.] 
SPLAY,  a.    Displayed  ;  spread  j  turned  outward. 

Sidney. 
SPLAY,  n.    A  slanted  or  sloped  surface  ;  particularly^ 

the  expansion  "iven  to  doors,  windows,  &c.,  by 

slanting  their  sides.  Gloss,  of  Arckit. 

SPLaY'ED,    pp.    or    a.      Dislocated,    as    a    horse's 

shoulder-bone. 
2.0.     In    flrc/ti£pcture,  oblique; 'having  one   side 

which  makes  an  oblique  anglo  with  the  other. 
SPLAY'FOOT,         \a.    Having  the  foot  turned  out- 
SPLaY'F66T-ED,  i      ward  ;  having  a  wide  foot. 

Pope. 
SPLAY'MOUTH,    n.      A    wide   mouth  ;    a    mouth 

stretched  by  design. 
SPLEEN,  7(.     [L.  splen.]  Gr.  fTir\r,v.] 

1.  The  milt ;  a  spongy  viscus  situated  in  the  left 
hypochondrium,  near  the  fundus  of  the  stomach, 
and  under  the  ribs.  It  has  an  oval  figure.  Its  use 
is  not  known.  The  ancients  supposed  this  to  be  the 
seat  of  melancholy,  anger,  or  vexation.     Hence, 

2.  Anger ;  latent  spite }  ill  humor.  Thus  we  say, 
to  vent  one's  splem. 

Id  noble  minds  some  dreffs  rcnuUn, 

Not  yet  purged  otF,  of  sputn  and  sour  disdain.  Pope. 

3.  A  fit  of  anger,  Shah 

4.  A  fit ;  a  sudden  motion.     [J^ai  used.]      Shak 

5.  Melancholy  j  hypochondriacal  affections. 
Bodies  chan^d  to  iv'Wut  forms  by  spleen,  Pojie. 

6.  Immoderate  merrimenL     {J<fot  in  use.]     Shak. 
SPLEEN'ED,  a.    Deprived  of  the  spleen. 

.Arbuiknot. 
SPLEEN'FUL, 
SPLEEN'ISH, 

Myself  have  calmed  their  spUenfitl  mutiny.  Shak. 

2.  Melancholy  ;  hypochondriacal.  Pope. 

SPLEEN'lriH,  a.    Spleeny  ;  affected  with  spleen. 
SPLEEN'ISH-LY,  adv.    In  a  splecnish  manner. 
SPLEEN'ISK-NESS,  n.    State  of  being  splecnish. 
SPLEEN'LESS,  n.    Kind  j  gentle  j  mild.     [Obs.] 

Chapman. 
SPLEEN'VVORT,  (-wurt,)  n.     [h.  fplenium.] 
A  plant  of  the  genus  Aypleniura  ;  miltwort. 

London. 
SPLEEN'Y,  a.    Angry  j  peevish ;  fretful. 

A  spleeny  Tjiitherao,  and  not  wholesome  to 

Our  cause.  Shak. 

2.  Melancholy  ;  affected  with  nervous  complaints. 
SPLEN'DENT,  a.     [L,  sptendens,  splnidro^  to  shine.] 

1.  Shining  ;  glossy  ;  beaming  with  light ;  as, 
splendent  planets  ;  splendent  inctal,^.  J^eteton. 

2.  Very  conspicuous  ;  illustrious.  Wottan. 
SPLEN'DID,  a.  [h.splendidus^  from  splendeo.to  sliine  ; 

Fr.  splcndide ;  It.  sjdcndido  ;  W.  yspUm,  from  plan^ 
clear.     See  Plain.] 

I.  Properly^  shining;  very  bright;  as,  a  splendid 
sun.     Hence, 

a.  Showy  i  magnificent;  sumptuous;  pompous; 
as,  a  splendid  palace  ;  a  splendid  procession  ;  a  splen- 
did equipage  ;  a  splendid  feast  or  entertajnmen^ 

3.  Illustrious ;  heroic ;  brilliant ;  as,  a  splendid  vic- 
tory.   ^^ 


famous  J  celebrated ;  as,  a  splendid 
With  great  brightness  or  bril- 
richly ;    as,    a 


,  adc. 


\  a.    Angry  ;  peevish  ;  fretful. 


4   Illustrious 
reputation. 
SPLEN'DID-LY 
liant  light. 

2.  Magnificently  ;    sumptuously 
iumse  splendidly  furnished. 

3.  \vith  great  nomp  or  show.  The  king  was 
splendidly  attendetl. 

SPLEN'DOR,  n.  [L.,  from  the  Celtic  ;  W.  ysplander, 
from  plciniaw^  dysplciniaw^  to  cast  rays,  from  plan,  a 
ray,  a  cion  or  shoot,  a  plane;  whence  plant.  See 
I'lant  and  Planet.] 

1.  Great  brightness;  biitliant  luster  j  as,  the 
splendor  of  the  sun. 

2.  Great  show  of  richness  and  elegance ;  mag- 
nificence ;  as,  the  splendor  of  equipage  or  of  royal 
robes. 

3.  Pomp  ;  parade  ;  as,  the  splendor  of  a  procession 
or  of  ceremonies. 

4.  Brilliance:  eminence;  as,  the  5/»icrtrfor  of  a  vic- 
tory. 

SPLEN'DROUS,  a.    Having  splendor.     [J^ot  in  use.] 

Drayton. 

SPLEN'E-Tie,  \         fL  ^„leneiicus^ 

SPLE-NET'ie-AL,  S  '^'     ^^'  ^enencus.^ 
AJTected  with  spleen  ;  peevish  ;  fretful. 

You  humor  mc  whou  I  iim  fiick  ; 

Why  not  when  I  am  splenttk  ?  Pope. 

SPLEN'E-TI€,  n.     A  person  nflected  with  spleen. 

TaUer. 

SPLE-NET'I€-AL-LY,  adv.  In  a  morose  or  spleeny 
manner. 

SPLEN'ie,  a.     [Fr.  splcnique.] 

Belonging  to  the  spleen  ;  as,  the  splenic  vein. 

Kay. 

SPLEN'ISH,  a.  Affected  with  spleen  ;  peevish  ;  fret- 
ful. Drayton. 

SPLE-NT'TIS,  n.     Inflammation  of  the  spleen. 

SPLEN'I-TIVE,  a.  Hot;  fiery;  passionate;  irrita- 
ble.    yVot  in  use.]  Shak. 

SPLENT,  V.    See  Splist. 

SPLENT'-€oAL,  ti.  An  inferior  kind  of  cannel  coal 
from  Scotch  collieries. 

SPLICE,  V.  t.  [Sw.  splissa  ;  D.  splisscn  :  G  spleissen  ; 
Dan.  splidser  ;  from  splider^  splUter,  to  split^  to  divide. 
It  should  be  written  Splise.J 

To  separate  the  strands  of  the  two  ends  of  a  rope, 
and  unite  them  by  a  particular  manner  of  interweav- 
ing them ;  or  to  unite  the  end  of  a  rojH;  to  any  part 
of  another  by  a  like  interweaving  of  the  strands. 
There  are  different  modes  of  splicing,  as  the  short 
si)lice,  long  splice,  eye  splice,  &c.  Mar.  Diet. 

Splice  the  main  brace ;  among  seamen,  a  phrase  that 
signifies  an  extra  allowance  of  spirits  in  cases  of  cold 
or  wet. 

SPLICE,  71.  The  union  of  ropes  by  interweaving  the 
strands.  Mar.  Diet. 

SPLICED,  (spllste,)  pp.  United,  as  a  rope,  by  a  par- 
ticular manner  of  interweaving  the  two  ends. 

SPLt'CING,  ppr.  Separating  the  strands  of  two  ends 
of  a  rope,  and  uniting  them  by  interweaving. 

SPLFCING,  K.    The  .act  or  process  of  splicing. 

SPLINT,      •  )  n.     [D.  splinter;   G.  splint,  or  splitter; 

SPLINT'ER,  S      Dan.  splindt.     Qu.  is  n  radical  i] 

1.  A  piece  of  wood  split  off;  a  thin  piece  {in  pro- 
portion to  its  thickness)  of  wood,  or  other  solid  sub- 
stance, rent  from  the  main  body ;  as,  splintt  of  a 
ship's  side  or  mast  rent  off  by  a  shot. 

2.  In  surgeryy  a  thin  piece  of  wood,  or  other  sub- 
stance, used  to  hold  or  confine  a  broken  bone  when 
set. 

3.  A  piece  of  bone  rent  off  in  a  fracture. 

4.  Splint;  in  farriery,  a  hard  excrescence  growing 
on  the  shank-bones  of  horses.  Fartn.  Encye. 

SPLINT,         I  V.  t.     To  split  or  rend  into  long,  thin 

SPLINT'ER,  i      pieces;  to  shiver;  as,  the  lightning 
splinters  a  tree. 
2.  To  confine  with  tfplinters,  as  a  broken  limb. 

SPLINT'ER,  V.  i.    To  be  split  or  rent  into  long  pieces. 

SPLINT'ER-EAR,  n.  A  cross-bar  in  a  coach,  which 
supports  the  springs. 

SPLINT'ER-£D,  pp.  ora.  Split  into  splinters ;  secured 
by  splints. 

SPLINT'ER-ING,  ppr.  Splitting  into  splinters  j  se- 
curing by  splints. 

SPLINT'ER- Y,  a.  Consisting  of  splinters,  or  resem- 
bling splinters  ;  as,  the  splintery  fracture  of  a  miner- 
al, which  discovers  scales  arising  from  splits  or  fis- 
sures, parallel  to  the  line  of  fracture.  Kirican, 

SPLIT,  V.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  Split.     [D.  splittcn;  Dan. 

.splitter  ,■  G.  spHttern,  or  splcissen  ;  Eth.  0^(\\  1 1  faltj 
to  separate,  to  divide,  the  same  verb  which  in  other 
Shemitic  languages,  Heb.  Ch.  and  Syr.  a'?s,  signifies, 
to  escape.    See  Sfalt.I 

1.  To  divide  longitudiinally  or  lengthwise  ;  to  sep- 
arate a  thing  from  end  to  end  by  force ;  to  rive  ;  to 
cleave  ;  as,  to  split  a  piece  of  timber ;  to  split  a  board. 
It  differs  from  Crack.  To  crack  is  to  open,  or  par- 
tially separate  ;  to  split  is  to  separate  entirely. 

2.  To  rend  ;  to  tear  asunder  by  violence ;  to  burst ; 
as,  to  .split  a  rock  or  a  sail. 


Cold  winter  splits  tlie  rocks  hi  Iwai 


Dryder 


SPO 

3.  To  divide;  to  part;  as,  to  split  a  hair.  The 
phrases,  to  split  the  heart,  to  split  a  ray  of  light,  are 
now  inelegant  and  obsolete,  especially  the  former. 
The  phrase,  to  split  the  earth,  is  not  strictly  correct. 

4.  To  dash  and  break  on  a  rock  ;  as,  a  ship  strand- 
ed and  split.  Mar.  Diet. 

5.  To  divide  ;  to  break  into  discord  ;  as,  a  peojjle 
split  into  parties. 

G.  To  strain  and  pain  with  laughter;  as,  to  split 
the  sides. 
SPLIT,  V.  i.  To  burst ;  to  part  asunder;  to  suffer  dis- 
ruption ;  as,  vessels  split  by  the  free/.ing  of  water  in 
them.  Glass  vessels  often  split  when  heated  too 
suddenly. 
2-  To  burst  with  laughter. 

Each  had  a  jravity  would  make  you  split.  Pope. 

3.  To  be  broken;  to  be  dashed  to  pieces.  ^Ve 
were  driven  upon  a  rock,  and  the  ship  immediately 
split.  Sicift. 

To  .tplit  on  a  rock ;  to  fail ;  to  err  fatally  ;  to  have 
the  hopes  and  designs  frustrated.  Spectator. 

SPLIT.  71.    A  crack,  rent,  or  longitudinal  fissure. 

Tottcn. 
2.  A  breach  or  separation  as  in  a  political  party. 
[Colloquial.] 
SPLIT'TER,  n.     One  who  splits.  Swift. 

SPLIT'TING,  ppr.    Rursting;  riving;  rending. 
SPLUT'TER,  n.    A  bustle  ;  a  stir.     [A  low  word,  and 

little  itscd.]^ 
SPLUT'TER,  V.  i.    To  speak  hastily  and  confusedly. 

[Lojo.]  Cnrlfiin. 

SPOD'IT-MENE,  71.  [Gr.  irrroS^tM,  to  reduce  U>  ashes.] 
A  mineral,  called  by  Haiiv  TntPiiANE.  It  occurs 
in  laminated  masses,  easily  divisible  into  prisms  with 
rhomboidal  bases  ;  the  lateral  faces  smooth,  shining, 
and  pearly  ;  the  cross  fracture  uneven  and  splintery, 
llefore  the  blowpipe  it  exfoliates  into  little  yellowish 
or  grayish  scales,  whence  its  name.        Cleavcland. 

It  contains  the  rare  earth  lithia,  combined  wiih  sil- 
ica and  alumina.  Dana. 
SPOIL,  V.  U  [Fr.  spolier;  It.  spogliare  :  L.  spnlio  ;  VV. 
ijspciliau).  The  sense  is,  probably,  to  pull  .asunder,  to 
tear,  to  strip  ;  coinciding  with  L.  velh,  or  with  peel, 
or  with  both.     See  Class  111,  No.  7,  8,  15,  32.1 

1.  To  plunder  ;  to  strip  by  violence  ;  to  rob  ;  with 
of;  as,  to  spoil  one  of  his  goods  or  possessions. 

My  sons  their  old  unhappy  sire  deapieo, 

Spoiled  of  his  kingdom,  iind  deprived  of  cyi.  Pope. 

2.  To  seize  by  violence ;  to  take  by  force ;  a>^,  to 
spoil  one's  goods. 

This  mount 
With  all  ilB  verdure  spoHtd,  MiU'in. 

3.  [Sax.  spillan.]  To  corrupt;  to  cause  to  di-ray 
and  perish.  Heat  and  moisture  will  soon  spoU  vege- 
table and  animal  substances. 

4.  To  corrupt;  to  vitiate  ;  to  mar. 

Spiritual  pride  spoils  many  gracos.  Taylor. 

5.  To  ruin  ;  to  destroy.  Our  crops  arc  sometimes 
spoiled  by  insects. 

G,  To  render  useless  by  injury ;  as,  to  spoil  paper 
by  wetting  it. 

7.  To  injure  fatally  ;  as,  to  spoil  the  eyes  l>y  read- 
ing. 
SPOIL,  V.  i.    To  practice  plunder  or  robbery. 

Outlaws,  which,  lurkiog  io  woods,  used  lo  break  forth  to  rol>  nml 
spoil,  Spenser. 

9.  To  decay;  to  lose  the  valuable  qualities;  to  be 
corrupted ;  as,  fruit  will  soon  .^pod  in  warm  weather. 
Grain  will  spoil,  if  gathered  when  wet  or  moist. 
SPOIL,  n.     [L.  spolium.] 

1.  That  which  is  taken  from  others  by  violence  ; 
particularly,  in  war,  the  plunder  taken  from  an  tne- 
mv  ;  pillage  ;  booty. 

'%  That  which  is  gained  by  strength  or  effort. 

E\ch  science  and  each  art  his  spoil.  Benlley. 

3.  That  which  is  taken  from  another  without  li- 
cense. 

Gentle  gales, 
Fanning  their  odoriferous  wiuga,  dispense 
Nalive  pfrfumcs,  and  wliisper  whence  they  stoic 
Their  halmy  spoils.  ArUlon. 

4.  The  act  or  practice  of  plundering  ;  rohbery ; 
waste. 

Tlie  man  (hat  hath  not  music  in  himsHf, 

Nor  is  not  moved  with  concord  of  sweet  sounds, 

Is  fit  for  treason,  stniUi^ms,  and  spoils.  Shck. 

5.  Corruption;  cause  of  corruption. 

Villainous  company  hath  been  the  spoU  of  me.  Shak. 

6.  The  slough  or  cast  akin  of  a  serpent  or  other 
animal.  Bacon. 

SPOIL'£D,  pp.  or  a.    Plundered  ;  pillaged  ;  corrupted  ; 

rendered  useless. 
SPOIL'ER,  71.    A  plunderer ;  a  pillager ;  a  robber. 

2.  One  that  corrupts,  mars,  or  renders  useless. 
SPOIL'FUL,  a.    Wasteful ;  rapacious,     [Little  used.] 

Spenser. 
SPOIL'ING,  ppr.    Plundering;  pillaging;  corrupting; 
rendering  useless. 
2.  Wasting;  decaying. 
SPOIL'ING,  n.    Plunder;  waste. 
SPoKE,  pret.  of  Speak. 
SPOKE,  71.     [Sax.  spaca;  D.  spaalc:  G.  speickc.    This 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MeTE,  PRgY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQOK,— 


SPO 

word,  wliose  radical  sense  is,  to  shoot;  or  thrust,  co- 
incides with  spikcy  spig^otj  pike,  and  G.  speien,  con- 
tracled  from  speichen^  to  ^ynr.  I 

1.  Tiie  rtidms  or  ray  of  a  wnee! ;  one  of  the  small 
bar*  which  are  in="erted  in  the  hub  or  nave,  and 
Rhioh  ser\-c  to  support  the  rim  or  felly.  Smft. 

2-  The  spar  or  round  of  a  ladder.  [J\*cl  in  use  in 
*  ■-  r-jtrsd  States.] 

'F.S,  (spuk'u,)  pp.  of  Speak. 
CE'SHAVE,  H.    A  kind  of  plane  for  dressing  the 
k;;5  of  wheels,  tlie  sheila  of  blocks,  and  other 
ciirv?t!  work.  Buc^nan. 

SroKES'MAX,  n.  [speak,  spoke,  and  man.]  One  who 
speaks  for  another. 

He  shall  be  thy  spokesman  to  the  people.  —  Ex.  iv. 

SPo'LI-aTE,  r.  e.     [L.  spctio.} 

To  plunder ;  to  pillage.  Diet. 

SPo'U-aTE,  r.  i.  To  practice  plunder;  to  commit 
roltberr.  In  time  of  war,  rapacious  men  are  let 
lro;e  to  spoliate  ou  commerce. 

STo'Ll-X-r ED,  pp.    I'lundered  ;  rt.bbed. 

SPO-Lf -a'TION,  n.  Tlie  act  of  plundering,  particu- 
larly of  plundering  an  enemy  in  time  of  war. 

2.  The  act  or  practice  of  plundering  neutrals  at  sea 
under  authority. 

3.  In  eccleMa,',-ticrJ  affairs,  the  act  of  an  incumbent 
in  taking  the  fruits  of  his  benefice  without  right,  but 
under  a  pretended  title.  BlncJc^tvite. 

SPO.N-Da'I€,         i  a.      [See  Spoxdee.]      Pertaining 
SPON-DA'ie-.A,L, )     to  a  spondee;  denoting  two  long 

feet  in  poetrj'. 
SPOX'DEE,  n.     [Fr.  spondee;  It.  spondeo ;  L.  gpon- 

dlFltS.] 

A  po.  tic  foot  of  two  long  syllables.  Broome. 

SPOX'DVLE,  I  n.     [L.  spondylus ;  Gr.  cttovSi'Uh  It. 
SPON'DVL,     S      spondtdo.] 

A  joint  of  the  back-bone  ;  a  vertebra.  Coze. 

SPONGE,  n.  [L.  spon^ia;  Gt.  c-oyyta;  Fr.  epon^e ; 
It.  spii^Tia  :  Sp.  r^-ponja  ;  Sax.  spanjca  :  D.  spans.] 

1.  A  porous,  marine  substance,  found  adhering  to 
rocks,  shell;?,  &c.,  under  water,  and  on  rocks  about 
the  shore  at  low  water.  It  is  generally  supposed  to 
be  of  animal  origin,  and  it  consists  nf  a  fibrous,  retic- 
ulated substance,  covered  by  a  sort,  gelatinous  mat- 
ter, but  in  which  no  polypes  have  hitherto  been  ob- 
served. It  is  so  porous  as  to  imbibe  a  great  quantity 
of  water,  and  is  used  for  various  purposes  in  the 
arts  and  in  surserj-.  Encyc.     Cncier. 

2.  In  gTxnrierj,',  an  instrument  for  cleaning  cannon 
after  a  discharge.  It  consists  of  a  cylinder  of  wood, 
covered  with  Iamb-skin  or  wool,  and  ha\ing  a  han- 
dle or  staff.  For  small  guns,  it  is  commonly  fixed  to 
one  end  of  the  handle  of  the  rammer. 

3.  In  the  mane^re,  the  extremity  or  point  of  a  horse- 
shoe, answering  to  the  heel. 

Pyrotechnieal  spon^e^  is  made  of  mushrooms  or 
fungi,  growing  on  old  oaks,  ash,  fir,  &c.,  which  are 
boiled  in  water,  dried,  and  beaten,  then  put  in  a  strong 
lye  prepared  with  saltpeter,  and  again  dried  in  an 
oven.  This  makes  the  black  match,  or  tinder, 
brousht  from  Germany.  Enajc. 

SPONGE,  V.  L  To  wipe  with  a  wet  sponge ;  as,  to 
sponge  a  slate. 

2.  To  wipe  out  with  a  sponge,  as  letters  or  writing. 

3.  To  cleanse  with  a  sponge ;  as,  to  sponge  a  can- 
non. 

4.  To  wipe  cut  completely  ;  to  extinguish  or  destroy. 
SPONGE,  V.  i     To  suck  in  or  imbibe,  as  a  sponge. 

2.  To  gain  by  m^an  arts,  by  intrusion,  or  hanging 
on  ;  as,  an  idler  who  sponges  on  his  neighbor. 

3P0XGE'-€.^KE,  n.  A  kind  of  sweet  cake  which  is 
ver>'  light  and  spongy. 

SP0NG'1:D,  tspunjd,)  pp.  Wiped  with  a  sponge; 
wip-'d  out:  extinguished. 

SPOXG'ER,  71.    One  who  uses  a  sponge  ;  a  hanger  on. 

SPONG'I-FORM,  a.  [sponge  and  form.]  Resembling 
a  sptjnse  ;  soft  and  porous  ;  porous. 

SPO.Vd'l-XESS,  n.  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
spongy,  or  porous  like  sponge.  Harvey. 

SPOXG'IXG,  ppr.  Wiping  with  a  wet  sponge ;  cleans- 
ing with  a  sponge. 

2.  Gaining  by  mean  arts,  by  intrusion,  or  hang- 
ing on. 

SPOXG'IXG-HOUSE,  n.      A  bailiff's  house  to  put 

debtors  in  before  being  taken  to  jail. 
SPOX'GI-OLE,  n.     [See  Sponge.]     In  botamj,  a  sup- 
posed expansion  ot  minute  parts  at  the  terminatiun 
of  radicles,  resembling  a  sponge,  for  absorbing  the 
nutriment  nf  plants. 
I  SPOXG'I-OUS,  a      Full  of  small  cavities,  like    a 

sponce  ;  as,  spongiosis  bones.  C'icunc. 

I  SPOXG'Y,  a.    Soft  and  full  of  cavities  ;  of  an  open, 
loose,  pliable  texture ;    as,  a  spongy  excrescence ; 
spongy  earth  ;  spongy  cake ;  the  spongy  substance  of 
the  lunzs, 
2-  F'jII  of  small  cavities  ;  as,  spongy  bones. 

3.  Wet;  drenched;  soaked  and  soft,  like  *pa:i^f. 

4.  Having  the  quality  of  imbibing  fluids. 
SPO.NK,  (spunk,)  n.     [A  word  probably  formed  on 

pujdi.] 

Touchwood.  In  Scotlandy  a  match;  something 
dipped  in  sulphur  for  readily  taking  fire.  [See 
Spu:*k.1 


SPO 

SPOX'SAL,  a.    [L.  spojisaliSffcfim  spondeo,  to  betroth.] 
Relating  to  marriage  or  to  a  spouse. 

SPOX'SI-BLE,  a.     Worthy  of  credit.     [Local.] 

SPOX'SIO.X,  n.     [L.  sponsio, from  spondeo,to  engage.] 
The  act  of  becoming  surety  for  another. 

SPOX'SIOX,  (-shun,)  n.  In  intrmationat  law,  an  act 
or  engagement  on  behalf  of  a  state,  by  an  agent  not 
specially  autliorized  for  the  purpose,  or  one  who  ex- 
ceeds the  limits  of  authority.  Brande. 

SPON'SOR,  n.  [L.,  supra.]  A  surely :  one  who 
binds  himself  to  answer  for  another,  and  is  respon- 
sible for  his  default.  Scott. 

2.  In  some  Chrijitian  communions,  the  name  given 
to  those  who,  at  the  baptism  of  infants,  profess  the 
Christian  faith  in  their  name,  and  guaninty  their  re- 
ligious education  ;  a  godfather  or  godmother. 

Brande. 

SPOX-So'RI-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  sponsor. 

SPOX'SOR-SHIP,  n.    State  of  being  a  sponsor. 

SPO.V-T.\-Xe'I-TY,  Ml.    [L.  sponu,  wilU 

SPOX-Ta'XE-OUS-XESS,  i  The  quality  of  pro- 
ceeding or  acting  from  native  feeling,  proneness, 
or  temperament,  without  constraint  or  external 
force. 

SPOX-Ta'XE-OUS,  a.  [L.  spontaneus,  from  spontc, 
of  free  will.] 

1.  Proceeding  from  natural  feeling,  temperament, 
or  disposition,  or  from  a  native  internal  proneness, 
readiness,  or  tendency,  without  compuision  or  con- 
straint ;  as,  a  spontaneous  gift  or  proposition. 

[Sponta.neocs  is  not  perfectly  synonymous  with 
VoLUNTABT  ;  thc  latter  implies  an  act  of  the  will, 
which  may  proceed  from  reason,  or  argument,  with- 
out any  natural  feeling  or  affection.  VoUivtary  is 
applicable  to  rational  beings  ;  spontaneous  is  applica- 
ble to  animals  destitute  of  reason.] 

2.  Acting  by  its  own  impulse,  energy,  or  natural 
law,  without  external  force  ;  as,  spontaneous  motion  j 
spontaneous  groivth  ;  spontaneous  combustion. 

3.  Produced  without  being  planted,  or  without 
human  labor  ;  as,  a  spontaneous  growth  of  wood. 

Spoutanevus  combustion ;  a  taking  fire  of  itself. 
Thus  oiled  canvas,  oiled  wool,  and  many  other  com- 
bustible substances,  when  suffered  to  remain  for 
some  time  in  a  confined  state,  suddenly  take  fire,  or 
undergo  spontaneous  combustion. 
SPOX-Ta'XE-OUS-LY,  ode.  Of  one's  own  internal 
or  native  feeling  ;  of  one's  own  accord  ;  as,  he  acts 
spontaneoiisly. 

2.  By  its  own  force  or  energy :  without  the  im- 
pulse of  a  foreign  cause  ;  used  of  things. 

Whpy  turns  spoiiCaneously  add.  ArbuUmot. 

SPOX-Ta'XE-OUS-XESS,  n.    See  Spoxtaneity. 

SPOX-TOOX',  n.  [Fr.  and  Sp.  esponton;  It.  sponia- 
neo.] 

A  kind  of  half  pike  ;  a  miUtary  weapon  borne  by 
inferior  otncers  of  infantrj*. 

SPOOK,  (  n.     [Ger.  spuk.]    A  spirit;  a  ghost ;  a  hub- 

SPCKE,  j      goblin.  Bulwer. 

SPOOL,  n.  [G.  spule;  D.  spod  t  Dan.  and  Sw  spole.] 
A  piece  of  cane  or  reed,  or  a  hollow  cylindt-r  of 
wood  with  a  ridge  at  each  end,  used  by  weavers  to 
wind  their  yam  upon  in  order  to  slaie  it  and  wind  it 
on  the  beaai.  The  spool  is  larger  than  the  quill,  on 
which  yam  is  wound  for  the  shuttle.  But  in  manu- 
factories, the  word  may  be  differently  applied. 

SPOOL,  V.  t.    To  wind  on  spools. 

SPOOL'£D,  pp.    Wound  on  a  spool. 

SPOOLING,  ppr.    Winding  on  spools. 

SPOOL'-STAXD,  71.  An  article  holding  spools  of 
fine  thread,  turning  on  pins,  used  by  ladies  at  their 
work. 

SPOO.M,  V.  i.  To  be  driven  swiftly  ;  probably  a  mis- 
take for  Spoon.     [See  Spoon,  the  verb.] 

SPOON,  n.     [Ir.  spoitog.] 

1.  A  small  domestic  utensil,  with  a  bowl  or  con- 
cave part  and  a  handle,  for  dipping  liquliis  ;  as,  a 
tea-spoon ;  a  table-^poon. 

2.  An  instrument  consisting  of  a  bowl  or  hollow 
iron  and  a  long  handle,  used  for  taking  earth  out  of 
holes  dug  for  setting  posts. 

SPOON,  V.  i.  To  put  before  the  wind  in  a  gale.  [/ 
believe  not  now  itsed.] 

SPOON-BILL,  n.  [spoon  and  Ml.]  The  popular 
name  of  certain  wading  birds  of  the  grallic  order, 
and  genus  Platalea,  so  named  from  the  shape  of  their 
bill,  which  is  long,  large,  much  flattened,  dilated  and 
rounded  at  the  extremity  into  the  form  of  a  spoon  or 
spatula.  The  spoonbills  in  form  and  habits  are  allied 
to  the  herons.  JVuttalL    P.  Cyc. 

SPOON'-DRIFT,  71.    In  seamen^s  lanpiage,  a  show- 
ery sprinkling  of  sea-water,  swept  from  the  surface  , 
in"a  tempest.  Totttn. 

SPOON'FJJL,  7!.  [spoon  and  full]  As  much  as  a 
spoon  contains  or  is  able  to  contain ;  as,  a  tea-.--po<?n- 
ful :  a  X:x\i\e'Spoonful, 

2.  A  small  quantity  of  a  liquid.  JirhviJinot. 

SPOON'-ME.AT,  n.  [spopn  and  men/.]  Food  that  is 
or  must  be  taken  wiin  a  spoon ;  liquid  food. 


nict  most  upon  spoon-meats. 


Harsey. 


SPOON'WORT,  (-wurt,)  n.    A  plant  of  the  genus 

Cochlearia ;  scurvj'-grass. 


SPO 

SPO-RAD'ie,        )  a.    [Fr.  sporadique  ;  Gr.  crr-pai 
SPO-RAD'IC^AL,  \    u",-, separate,  scattered  ;  whence 
certain  isles  of  Greece  were  called  Sporades.] 

Separate ;  single  ,  scattered  ;  used  only  in  refer- 
ence to  diseases.  A  sporadic  disease  is  one  which 
occurs  in  single  and  scattered  ca>es,  in  distinction 
from  an  epidemic  and  endemic,  which  affects  many 
persons  at  the  same  time. 

Sporadic  diseases  are  opposed  to  rpidemies  and  en- 
demicjt,  as  accidental,  scattered  complaints.     Parr. 

SPORE,  )  rr.  ■  , 

SPOR'LLE,  S  "•    t-*^""-  '^"^.'-"S,  a  sowing.] 

In  botany,  that  part  of  flowcrless  plants  which  per- 
forms the  function  of  seeds. 

SPO'RID,  n.  In  botany,  a  naked  corclc,  destitute  of 
radicle,  cot>it;don,  and  hUum.  LhtdUy. 

SPoRT,  71.  [D.  boeH,  jest ;  boerten,  to  jest ;  boertig, 
merry,  facetious.  Jocular.] 

J.  That  which  diverts  and  makes  merry;  play; 
game  ;  diversion  ;  alst),  mirth.  'I'he  word  signifies 
both  tile  cause  and  the  effect ;  that  which  produces 
mirth,  and  the  mirth  or  merriment  produced. 

Ht.r  rports  were  anch  as  carried  hctta  cT  jiaowl'jdge  iipoo  the 
Gli^am  of  dcIJgbL  Sidney.        \ 

Here  the  word  denotes  the  eamc  of  ainu^retnent.        ' 

Tt.'-.j  called  for  Samson  out  of  the  \r. 
Uiem  sport.  —  Judges  xvL 

Here  sport  is  the  effi:ct. 

2.  Mock ;  mockery ;  contemptuous  mirih. 

Then  nuke  export  at  me,  then  let  me  be  yoar  J*»t. 

Tbey  made  a,  sport  of  his  proplyiu.  '  Et-^  ■  -^ . 

3.  That  with  which  one  plays,  or  which  is  driven  I 
about. 

To  fliuin;  leaves,  the  sport  of  every  wind.  Dr-.  ■'  - 

Nerer  do-'S  man  appear  to  greater  clspulinntagc  than  v, ;  -. 

the  sporl  ot  bii  own  uiigoveranl  paaaotu.         J.  t'.-    . 

4.  Play ;  idle  jingle. 

An  author  who  shautd  introduce  such  n  sport  ot  vonli  upoa  oar 
su»e,  would  nt«t  with  eiuill  applau*;.  Broome. 

5.  Diversion  of  the  field, as  fowling,  buntinc, fish- 
ing. Clarendon. 

In  sport.  To  do  a  thing  in  sport,  is  to  do  it  in  jest, 
for  play  or  diversion. 

So  is  the  man  that  deceireth  bJS  ceighhor,  and  nith.  Am  oat.  I  in 
sport?  —  PfQT,  xxri, 

SPoRT,  r.  (.  To  divert ;  to  make  merry  ;  used  vitX 
the  reciprocal  pronoun. 

Agsinst  whom  do  ye  sport  yourseleea  ?  —  b,  Irn. 

2.  To  represent  by  any  kind  of  play. 

Now  sporting  oc  thy  Irre  the  lov;  of  youlh.  Dtyien. 

3.  To  exhibit  or  brin^  out  in  public ;  as,  to  sport  a 
new  equipage.     [FayniUar.]  Grose. 

SPoRT,  V.  L    To  play  ;  to  frolic  ;  to  wanton- 
See  (he  brisk  Iambs  thai  sport  along  the  rocuj.  Anon. 

5.  To  practice  the  diversions  of  the  field. 
3.  To  trifle.    The  man  that  laughs  at  religion  spt/rts 
with  his  own  salvation. 
SPORT'ER.  71.    One  who  sports. 
SPoRT'FUL,  a.    Merry;  frolicsome;  full  of  jesting; 
indulging  in  mirth  or  play  ;  as,  a  sportful  companion. 

Down  he  ali^^hta  .iraoD*  the  sportful  herd.  Allium. 

2.  Ludicrous  ;  done  in  jest  or  for  mere  play. 

Tliese  are  oo  sportful  pioducUons  of  ihc  soil.         BetiUey. 

SPORT 'FUL-LY,  adv.    In    mirth;  in  jest;  for  the 

sake  of  diversion  ;  plajTulIy. 
SPORT'FIJL-NESS,  n.    Play  ;  merriment ;    frolic  ;  a 

playlul  disposition  ;  playfulness  ;  as,  iJie  sportfulness 

of  kids  and  lambs. 
SPoRT'ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Indulging  sport;  practicing 

the  diversions  of  the  field. 
SPoRT'IVE,  a.    Gay;  merr>-;  wanton;  &x>licsome.* 

Isitl 
That  drive  ihee  from  the  sporlht  court  ?  SJick. 

9.  Inclined  to  mirth;  playful;  as,  a  sportive  hu- 
mor. 
PPORT'IVE-LF.  adv.    Gavlv  ;  merrily  :  playfully. 
SPoRT'IVE-N'ESS,w.  Playfulness  ;  mirth  ;  merriment. 

3.  Disposition  to  mirth.  [Walton. 

SPoRT'LESS,  a.    Without  sport  or  mirth  ;  joyless. 

SPoRTS'MAN,  71.  [sport  and  Tnan.]  One  who  pur- 
sues the  sports  of  the  field  ;  one  W'no  hunts,  fishes, 
and  fowls. 

3.  One  skilled  in  the  sports  of  the  fields.   .Addison. 
SPoRTS'MAN-SHlP,  n.    The  practice  of  sportsmen. 
Si'ORT'U-LA-RY,  a.     [from  h.  .^-porta,  a.  basket,  an 
aims-basket.] 

Subsisting  on  alms  or  charitable  contributions. 
[Little  used.]  Hall. 

SPORT'ULE,  n.    [L.  sportida,  a  little  basket.] 

An  alms  ;  a  dole  ;  a  charitable  gill  or  contribution. 
[JVot  in  use.]  Jlylife. 

SPOR'ULE,  «.    A  diminutive  of  Spoke,  which  see. 
SPOT,  71.     [D.  spat,  a  spot,  ^pann,  a  pop-gun  ;  spatten, 
to  spot,  to  spatter .  Dan.  spetu,  a  spot,  and  sprt,  a  I 
pecker;  svnrt,  sp^t^  a  wtxjdpecker.     We  see  this 
word  is  of  the  family  of  spatter,  and  that  the  radical 
sense  is,  to  throw  or  thrust,    A  spot  is  made  by  spat-  i 
tering  or  sprinkling.] 
1.  A  mark  on  a  substance  made  by  foreign  matter ; 


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TONE,  BJJLL,  IJjnTE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS — €  as  K;  6  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SlI  j  TH  as  in  THIS. 


1067 


1 


The  epot  to  which  I  poiot  ia  p-Mailisc. 
Ktxca  to  one  apoU 


sro 

n  speck  ;  a  blot ;  :i  jtl.ice  discolored.    The  least  spot 
is  visible  on  while  paper. 

i}.  A  stain  on  xhantcter  or  reputation;  somethinj^ 
t'.iat  soila  purity  j  disgrace  ;  reproacii ;  fault  j  blein- 
isii.    See  1  Peu  i.  17.    EpL  v.  27. 

Yet  Chios  wre  \v;u  formed  without  a  apot.  Pope, 

3.  A  small  extent  of  space ;  a  place  ;  any  particu- 
lar place. 

Milton, 
Ottoatf, 

So  we  say,  a  spot  of  ground,  a  spot  of  grass  or 
flowers  ;  meanin.<T  a  place  of  snial!  extent. 

4.  A  place  of  a  diliVrent  color  from  the  ground  j  a-^, 
the  spots  of  a  leopard. 

5.  A  variety  of  the  rommon  domestic  piueon,  so 
called  from  a  spot  on  its  head  just  above  its  beak. 

0.  A  dark  place  on  the  disk  or  face  of  the  sun  or 
of  a  planet.    See  Solar  Spots,  under  Solar. 

7.  A  lucid  place  in  the  heavens. 

Upon  tJie  spot ;  immediately;  before  moving ;  with- 
out changing  place.  [So  the  French  say,  sur  le 
champ,  j 

It  was  determitictl  upon  the  spot.  Swift. 

SPOT,  I!.  /.  To  make  a  visible  mark  with  some 
foreign  matter;  to  discolor;  to  stain;  as,  to  spot  a 
garment ;  to  spot  paper. 

2,  To  patch  by  way  of  ornament.  Jlddison. 

3.  To  stain  ;  to  blemish ;  to  taint ;  to  disgrace ;  to 
tarnish ;  as  reputation. 

My  virgin  life  uo  spotted  tbouglita  shut!  stain.  Sidney. 

To  spot  timber,  is  to  cut  or  chip  it,  in  preparation 
for  hewing. 
SPOT' LESS,  a.    Free  from  spots,  foul  matter,  or  dis- 
coloration. 

2.  Free  from  reproach  or  impurity ;  pure ;  un- 
tainted ;  innocent;  as,  a  spotless  mind  ;  S2wtlcss  be- 
havior. 

A  spotless  virgin  and  a  fanliless  wife.  Walter. 

SPOT'LESS-NESS,  n.  Freedom  from  spot  or  stain ; 
tVeedom  from  feproach.  Vonnc. 

SPOT'TED,  pp.  or  a.  Marked  with  spots  or  places  of 
a  different  color  from  the  ground  ;  as,  a  spotted  beast 
or  garment. 

SPOT'TED-NESS,  ii.  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
spotted. 

SPOT'TER,  V.     One  that  makes  spots. 

SPOT'TI-i\ESS,  71.  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
spotty. 

SPOT'TING,  ppr.    Marking  with  spot.s ;  staining. 

SPOT'TV,  a.  FuU  of  spots;  marked  wilh  discolored 
places. 

SPOUS'AOE,  n,  [See  Spouse.]  The  act  of  espous- 
ing.    [JVoi  vsed.] 

SPOUS'AL,  a.  [from  spouse]  Pertaining  to  mar- 
riage ;  nuptial;  matrimonial;  conjugal;  connubial; 
bridal;  as^  spirj^al  Yites -y  s]>oiisal  om3.me\its.  Pope. 

SPOUS'AL,  7(.  [Fr.  epoiu^nilles  i  Sp.  cspoiisales  i  L. 
sponsalia.     See  fepousE.] 

Marriage  ;  nuptials,  it  is  now  generally  used  in 
the  plural ;  as,  the  spozisals  cf  Hippolita.      Dryden. 

SPOUSE,  (spouz,)  n.  [Fr.  cpouse;  Sp.  csposo,  csposa; 
It.  sposo,  sposa  ;  L.  sponsus^  sponsa,  from  spotideoj  to 
engage  ;  Ir.  posam,  id.  It  appeara  that  n,  in  spniidco, 
is  not  radical,  or  that  it  has  been  lost  in  other  lan- 
guages. The  sense  of  the  root  is,  to  put  together,  to 
bind.    In  Sp.  csposas  signifies  manacles.] 

One  engaged  or  joined  in  wedlock ;  a  married 
person,  husband  or  wife.  We  say  of  a  man,  that 
he  is  the  spouse  of  such  a  woman";  or  of  a  woman, 
she  is  the  spoii^c  of  such  a  man.  Dryden. 

SPOUSE,  (spouz,)  V.  t.  To  wed  ;  to  espouse.  [Little 
used.']     [See  Espouse.]  Chaucer. 

SPOUS'£D,  pp.  Wedded  ;  joined  in  maiTiage  ;  mar- 
ried ;  but  seldom  used.  The  word  used  in  lieu  of  it 
is  Espoused.  Jililtoti. 

SPOUSE'LESS,  (spouz'less,)  a.  Destitute  of  a  hus- 
band or  of  a  wife ;  as,  a  spouseless  king  or  queen. 

Pope. 

SPOUT,  71.  [D.  spuit,  a  spout,  iqmiten^  to  spout.  In 
G.  sputzen  is  to  spit,  and  spotten  is  to  mock,  banter, 
sport.  These  are  of  ons  family ;  spout  retaining 
nearly  the  primary  and  literal  meaning.  Class  Bd. 
See  UuD  and  Pout.] 

1.  A  pipe,  or  a  projecting  mouth  of  a  vessel,  use- 
ful in  directing  the  stream  of  a  liquid  poured  out ; 
as,  the  spout  of  a  pitcher,  of  a  tea-pot  or  water- 
pot. 

2.  A  pipe  conducting  water  from  another  pipe  or 
from  a  trough  on  a  house. 

3.  A  violent  discharge  of  water  raised  in  a  column 
at  sea,  like  a  whirlwind,  or  by  a  whirlwind.     [See 

WaTEH3P0Ut/] 

SPOUT,  V.  L  To  throw  out,  as  I'quids  through  a  nar- 
row orifice  or  pipe ;  as,  an  elephant  spouts  water 
from  his  trunk. 

Next  on  his  belly  floats  Ihc  mijbty  whiile  — 

He  spouta  the  tide.  Creech. 

2.  To  throw  out  words  v.*ith  affected  gravity,  to 
mouth.  Beaiun.  .^ '/*'/. 

SPOUT,  V.  i.  To  issue  with  violence,  as  n  liijuid 
through  a  narrow  orifice,  or  from  a  spout ;  as,  water 


SPR 

spotits  from  a  cask  or  a  spring;  blood  spouts  from  a 
vein. 

All  the  gliderin^  liill 
Is  bright  with  gpouUng  rill>.  ^Tiomson. 

SPOUT'ED,  pp.  Thrown  in  a  stream  from  a  pipe  or 
narrow  orifice. 

SPOUT'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Throwing  in  a  stream  from  a 
pipe  or  narrow  opening;  pouring  out  words  violently 
or  afiectedly. 

SPOUT'ING,  71.  The  act  of  throwing  out,  as  a  liquid 
from  a  narrow  opening ;  a.  violent  or  aflccted  speech  ; 
a  harangue. 

SPRAG,  a.      Vigorous;    sprightly.     [Local] 

JialliwcU. 
JVb(c.  —  In  America,  this  word  is,  in  popular  lan- 
guage, pronounced  sjmjy  whicli  is  a  contraction  of 
spri^h,  in  sjtri^'^htl}/. 

SPJIAG,  71.    A  young  salmon.     [Local.]  Grose. 

SPRAIN,  V.  t.  [Probably  Sw.  spran^a,  to  break  or 
loosen  ;  Dan.  sprcnarer,  to  sprmg-,  to  burst  or  crack  ; 
or  from  the  same  root.j 

To  weaken  the  motive  power  of  a  part  by  sudden 
and  excessive  exertion  ;  to  overstrain  the  muscles  or 
ligaments  of  a  joint ;  to  stretch  the  muscles  or  liga- 
ments so  as  to  injure  them,  but  without  luxation  or 
dislocation.  Qmj.    Encye. 

SPllAiN,  71.  The  weakening  of  the  motiVe  power  of 
a  part,  by  sudden  and  excessive  exertion  ;  an  exces- 
sive strain  of  the  muscles  or  ligaments  of  a  joint, 
without  dislocation.  Temple, 

SPRaIN'£D,  pp.  or  a.     Injured  by  excessive  straining. 

SPRaIN'ING,  jip)-.     Injuring  by  excessive  extension. 

SPRaINTS,  7i.pl.    Tlie  dung  of  an  otter.       Bailey. 

SPRANG,  j'r(;(.  of  Spring  ;  but  Spkung  is  more  gen- 
erally used. 

SPRAT,  71.     [D.  sprot ;  G.  sprottc  ;  If.  sprotJi.} 

A  small  fish  closely  allied  to  the  Jierring  and  pil- 
chard. 

SPRAWL,  V.  i.  [The  origin  and  affinities  of  this 
word  are  uncertain.     It  may  be  a  contracted  word.] 

1.  To  spread  and  stretch  the  body  carelessly  in  a 
horizontal  position ;  to  lie  v.'ith  the  limbs  stretched 
out  or  struggling.  We  say,  a  person  lies  f^prawUng; 
or  he  sprawls  on  the  bed  or  on  the  ground. 

JIudibTOS. 

2.  To  move,  when  lying  down,  with  awkward 
extension  and  motions  of  the  limbs ;  to  scrabble  or 
scramble  in  creeping. 

The  birds  were  not  fledged  ;  hut  in  sprawling  and  etniireliiig-  to 
g^t  dear  of  the  tUjiic,  down  they  Inmbled.     L^Eelranse. 

3.  To  widen  or  open  irregularly,  as  a  body  of 
horse. 

SPRAWL'ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Lying  with  the  limbs  awk- 
wardly stretched  ;  creeping  with  awkward  motions  ; 
struggling  with  contortion  of  ihe  limbs. 
2.  Widening  or  opening  irregularly,  as  cavalry. 

SPRaY,  71.  [Probably  allied  to  sprig  Tiie  radical 
sense  is  a  shoot.    Class  Kg.] 

1.  A  small  shoct  or  brancJi ;  or  branch  of  a  tree  ; 
a  twig,  Eiicyc. 

2.  A  collective  body  of  small  branches ;  as,  the 
tree  has  a  beautiful  spraij.  Dottning. 

3.  Among  seamen,  the  water  that  is  driven  from 
tile  top  of  a  wave  by  wind,  and  wliicii  spreads  and 
flies  in  small  particles.  It  diifersfrom  Spoon-Dhift  ; 
as  spray  is  only  occasional,  whereas  spoon-drift  Hies 
continually  along  the  surface  of  the  sea. 

SPREAD,  (spred,)u.  t.  ;prct.  and p;).  Spread  or  Spbed  ; 
[Sax.  sprccdaiiy  spredan ;  Dan.  spredcr  ,•  Sw.  sprida  ; 
D.  sprciden ;  G.  sprciten.  This  is  probably  formed  on 
the  root  of  broad,  G.  breit;  hreiten,  to  spread.  The 
more  correct  orthography  is  Speed.] 

1.  To  extend  in  length  and  breadth,  or  in  breadth 
only ;  to  stretch  or  expand  to  a  broader  surface  ;  as, 
to  spread  a  carpet  or  a  table-clotli ;  to  spread  a  sheet 
on  the  ground. 

2.  To  extend  ;  to  form  into  a  plate  ;  as,  to  spread 
silver.    Jcr.  x. 

3.  To  set ;  to  place  ;  to  pitch  ;  as,  to  spread  a  tent. 
Ge7i.  xxxiii. 

4.  To  cover  by  extending  something;  to  reach 
every  part. 

And  an  umisual  palcneis  spreads  hcr  face.  CrativiUe. 

5.  To  extend ;  to  shoot  to  a  greater  Icngtli  in 
every  direction,  so  as  to  fill  or  cover  a  wider  space. 

Tlie  stately  trees  fast  spread  tlieir  branches.  Rl'dton, 

6.  To  divulge  ;  to  propagate  ;  to  publisii ;  as  news 
or  fame;  to  cause  to  be  more  extensively  known  ; 
as,  to  spread  a  report. 

In  this  use,  the  word  is  often  accompanied  witli 
abroad. 

They,  when  they  had  <l:parled,  spread  abroad  liis  fame  in  all 
thai  country.  —  Mult.  ix. 

7.  To  propagate  ;  to  cause  to  affect  great  numbers  ; 
as,  to  spread  a  disease. 

8.  To  emit;  to  diffuse  ;  as  emanations  or  effluvia  ; 
as,  odoriferous  plants  spread  their  fragrance. 

9.  To  disperse  ;  to  scatter  over  a  larger  surface  ;  as, 
to  s}} read  manure;  to  spread  plaster  or  lime  on  thi: 
ground. 

10.  To  prepare ;    to  set  and  furnish   wifli    jjro- 


SPR 

visions  ;  an,  to  spj-cad  a  table.    God  sjtread  a  table  for 
the  Israelites  in  the  wilderness. 

11,  To  open  ;  to  unfold  ;  to  unfurl ;  to  stretch  ;  as, 
to  spread  the  sails  of  a  ship. 
SPREAD,  (sprcd,)  v.  i.  To  extend  itself  in  length  and 
breadth,  in  all  directions,  or  in  breadlli  only  ;  to  be 
extended  or  stretched.  The  larger  elms  sjtread  over 
a  space  of  forty  or  fifty  yards  in  diameter ;  or  the 
shade  of  the  larger  elms  sprrads  over  that  space. 
I'he  larger  lakes  in  America  i/jrcad  over  more  than 
fifteen  hundred  square  miles. 

PliiiitA,  if  they  spread  much,  are  seldom  tall.  Bacon. 

2.  To  be  extended  by  drawing  or  beating;  as,  a 
metal  spreads  with  dilliculty. 

3.  To  bo  propagated  or  made  known  more  exten- 
sively. Ill  reports  sometimes  spread  with  wonderful 
rapidity. 

4.  To  be  propagated  from  one  to  nnother ;  as,  a 
disease  spreads  into  all  parts  of  a  city.  The  yellow 
fever  of  American  cities  has  not  been  found  to  spread 
in  the  country. 

SPREAD, (spred,)  ji.    Extent;  compass. 

I  have  a  fine  .-jn-cad  of  improvable  land,  Addison. 

2.  Expansion  of  parts. 

No  flower  has  that  spread  of  the  woodbine.  Bacon. 

3.  A  cloth  used  as  a  cover;  a  table,  as  spread  oi 
furnishedjvith  a  meal.     [Colloquial.] 

SPREAD'-eA'GLE,  71.      In  armorial  bearings,  the  fig 

urc  of  an  eagle,  with  its  wings  elevated  and  its  legrf 

extended.  Booth. 

SPREAD'ER,  (spred'-,)  "■    One  that  spreads,  extends. 

expands,  or  propagates  ;  as,  a  spreader  of  disease. 

Hooher, 
2.  One  that  divulges  ;  one  that  causes  to  be  more 
generally  known;    a  publisher;  as,  a  spreader  of 
news  or  reports.  Swift. 

SPREAD^ING, /(/Jr.    Extending;  expanding;  propa- 
-gating;  divulging;  dispersing;  diffusing. 

2.  a.  Extending  or  extended  over  a  large  space; 
wide  ;  as,  the  spreading  oak. 

Govcnior  Wiiuhrop,  and  hia  associatCB  at  ChnrleElown,  had  for  a 
chtirvh  a  lar^'-  sprtading  tree.  B.  Trumbull. 

SPREAD'ING,  71.  The  act  of  extending,  dispersing, 
or  propagating. 

SPREE,  71.  A  merry  frolic ;  often  with  drinking. 
[Low.]  HaUiucll. 

SPRENT,  pp.    Sprinkled.     [Obs.]     [See  Sprinkle.] 

Spenser. 

SPREW,  (sprfi,)  71.  [\).  spreeuw  ox  sprcuuio,  the  dis- 
ease called  thrush.] 

A  dijiease  of  the  mucous  membrane,  consisting  in 
a  specific  inflammation  of  the  muciparotis  glands, 
with  an  elevation  of  the  epithelium,  (or  cuticle  on 
the  red  part  of  the  lips,)  in  round,  oval,  or  irregular 
whitish  or  ash-colored  vesicles.  It  is  confined  to  the 
mouth  and  alimentary  canal,  and  terminates  in  curd- 
like  sloughs. 

SPRIG,  71.  [W.  yshrig;  ys,  a  prefix,  and  brig^  top, 
summit ;  that  is,  a  shoot,  or  shooting  to  a  point. 
Class  Erg.] 

1.  A  small  shoot  or  twig  of  a  tree  or  other  plant ;  a 
spray  ;  as,  a  sprig  of  laurel  or  of  parsley. 

2.  A  brad,  or  nail  without  a  head.    [Local.] 

3.  The  representation  of  a  small  branch  in  cm- 
broidery. 

4.  A  small  eye-bolt  ragged  at  the  point.     Encye. 
SPRIG,  V.  t.    Tu  mark  or  adorn  with  the  representa- 
tion of  small  branches  ;  to  work  with  sprigs;  as,  to 
spritr  muslin, 

SPRIG'-CRYS'TAL,  77.  A  cluster  of  pointed,  pris- 
matic crystals  of  quartz,  adhering  by  one  extremity 
to  the  rock.  Woodward. 

SPPJG'GED,  pp.  Wrought  wilh  representations  of 
small  twigs. 

SPRIG'GING,  ppr.    Working  with  sprigs. 

SPRIG'GY,  a.    Full  of  sprigs  or  small  branches. 

SPRIGHT,  ;  71.     [G.  spriet,  spirit.    It  sliould  be  writ- 

SPRITE,     j      ten  Sprite.] 

1.  A  spirit;  a  shade;  a  soul;  an  incorportal 
agent. 

Forth  he  called,  out  of  deep  darkness  dread, 

LegiQiis  of  sprishts.  Spenser. 

And  gaping  graves  received  Ihe  gnilly  sprigkt.  Drydrn. 

2.  A  walking  spirit ;  an  apparition.  Lochc. 

3.  Power  which  gives  cheerfulness  or  courage. 

Hold  thou  iny  jieart,  establish  Ihou  my  sprights,     {Not  in  ust.] 

Sidney. 

A.  An  arrow.     [JVot  in  iiae.]  Bacon. 

SPRIGHT,  V.  t.    To  haunt,  as  a  spright.     [JVot  used.] 

Slialc. 
SPRTGHT'FUL,  a.    [This  word  seems  to  be  lormed 
on  tiie  root  of  sprag,  a  local  word,  pronounced  in 
America  5:p7*y.     It  belongs  to  the  family  ol' sprir^g 
and  sprig.] 
Lively  ;  brisk  ;  nimble  ;  vigorous ;  gay. 

spoke  like  a  sprighlful  iiohli^  gen'Jeman.  Sliak. 

Kiecds  spri^ht/al  as  the  hght.  Cowtsy. 

[This  word  is  little  used  in  America.  We  use 
Sprightly  in  the  same  sense.] 

RPRIGHT'FUL-LY,  adv.    Uriskly ;  vigorously.    Shak. 

SPRTGIIT'Fl)L-NESS,  71.  Briskness;  liveliness;  vi- 
vacity. Hammond. 


FaTE,  far,  fall,  WHAT.— ^'-TE,  PRgV.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD KoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.. 

X068  -  —        ■ 


S?R 

SPRIGHT'LESS,  (sprite'-,)  fl.  Uestitiitcof  life  j  dull ; 
slujrirish  ;  as,  virtue's  spriirlititss  cold.  Orwley. 

SPKlGHT'LI-NESS,  71.  Ifwm  spn^hUy.]  Liveli- 
ness;  life  J  briskness  j  vigor  j  activity  j  gaycly;  vi- 
vacity. 

1:1  dreanis,  with  n-hat  tprigkt^ntts  and  alacrity  dtya  tliP  soul 
exert  berselfl  Addison. 

SPRIGHT'LY,  (sprTtele,)  a.  Lively;  brisk;  ani- 
mated ;  vigoroas  ;  airy  ;  gay  ;  a^,  a  sprii^.'ttbj  youth  ; 
a  sprightly  air ;  a  sprigJahj  dauce. 

The  sprightly  Sylvia.  ui|s  along  ihs  green.  ^o^ie. 

AnJ  sprightly  wit  aod  lore  inspires.  DrycUrtt. 

SfRIXG,  V.  i.;  prcU  Sprung,  [Spra>-g,  not  wholly  ob- 
solete ;J  pp.  SpauNG.  [Sax.  sprin^an:  D.  and  G. 
springen  ;  Dan.  springer  ;  S\v.  springa :  from  the  rocit 
Brg  or  Rg  ;  n  probably  being  casual.  The  primary 
sense  is,  to  leap,  to  shool,] 

1.  To  vegetate  and  rise  out  of  the  ground  ;  to  be- 
gin to  appear ;  as  vegetables. 

To  satiafv  the  desolate  ground,  and  caus;  the  bud  of  the  Klinler 
herb  to  spring  foidi.  —  Job  sxxTiii. 

In  this  sense,  sprtHo-  is  often  or  usually  followed  by 

2.  To  begin  to  grow.  [up^  forth,  or  out. 

Th-?  teeth  of  the  young  not  sprung.  i2ay. 

3.  To  proceed,  as  from  the  seed  or  cause. 

Much  more  good  of  sia  shaQ  sprwg.  MiUon. 

4.  To  arise;    to  appear;    to  begin   to  appear  or 
eiist. 


SPR 


SPli 


Wliso  the  day  b^^o  to  spring,  they  let  her  go.  - 
Do  not  blasl  my  springing  hopes. 


-Judges  xxi. 
Jioise. 


5.  To  break  forth ;  to  issue  into  sight  or  notice. 

O,  sprir.g  to  light !   auifpidous  babe,  be  bom.  Pope. 

6.  To  issue  or  proceed,  as  from  ancestors,  or  from 
a  countn'.    Aaron  and  Moses  spning  from  Levi. 

7.  To  proceed,  as  from  a  cause,  reason,  principle, 
or  other  original.  The  noblest  title  sprtji^s  from 
virtue. 

They  found  oew  hope  to  tprirg 
Oat  of  despair.  Milton. 

8.  To  grow;  to  thrive. 

What  mates  ait  this  but  Jupiter  the  king  ? 

At  whoso  command  we  perJh  and  we  spring.        Dryd£n. 

9.  To  proceed  or  issue,  as  from  a  fountiin  or 
source.  Water  springs  from  reser\'oirs  in  the  earth. 
Rivers  spring  from  lakes  or  ponds. 

10.  To  leap;  to  bound;  tu  jump. 

The  mouoUin  stag  that  springs 
From  bight  to  liight,  and  bouuds  along  the  plains.        PhUips. 

11.  To  flyback;  to  start;  as,  a  bow,  when  bent, 
springs  back  by  its  elastic  power. 

12.  To  start  or  rise  suddenly  from  a  covert. 

Watchful  as  fowlers  when  their  game  will  spring,         Oticay. 

13.  To  shoot ;  to  issue  witli  speed  and  violence. 

And  sudden  light 
Sprung  through  th^  vaulted  roof.  Diyden. 

14.  To  bend  or  wind  from  a  straight  direction  or 
plane  surface.  Our  mechanics  say,  a  piece  of  timber, 
or  a  plank,  springs  in  seasoning. 

To  spring  at ;  to  leap  toward ;  to  attempt  to  reach 
by  a  leap. 

To  spring  in ;  to  rush  in  ;  to  enter  with  a  leap  or 
m  liaste. 

To  spring  forth  :  to  leap  out ;  to  rush  out. 

To  spring  on  or  upon  ;  to  leap  on  ;  to  rush  on  with 
haste  or  violence  ;  to  assault. 
SPRING,  V.  u    To  start  or  rouse,  as  game ;  to  cause  to 
rise  from  the  earth,  or  from  a  covert;  as,  to  spring  a 
pheasant. 

2.  To  produce  quickly  or  unexpectedly. 

The  nurs?,  surprised  with  friglit, 
Starts  up  and  leaves  her  bed,  and  springs  a  hght.      Dryden. 

[I  haze  never  heard  such  an.  expression.] 

3.  To  start ;  to  contrive,  or  to  produce,  or  propose 
on  a  sudden ;  to  produce  unexpectedly. 

The  friends  to  the  cans?  sprang  a  ncv  project.  Sioift. 

[In  lieu  of  spring,  the  people  in  the  United  States 
generally  use  start;  to  start  a  new  project.] 

4.  To  cause  to  explode  j  as,  to  spring  a  mine. 

.Addison, 

f).  To  burst ;  to  cause  to  open  ;  as,  to  spring  a 
leak.  WTien  it  is  said,  a  vessel  has  sprung  a  leak, 
t.'ie  meaning  is,  the  leak  has  then  commenced. 

C.  To  crack  ;  as,  to  spring  a  mast  or  a  yard. 

7.  To  cause  to  rise  from  a  given  spot ;  as,  to  sprin  t 
an  ::rch. 

B.  To  cau?e  to  close  suddenly,  as  the  parts  of  a 
trap ;  as,  to  spring  a  trap. 

To  spring  a  butt;  in  seamen's  iangucrre,  to  loosen 
the  end  of  a  plank  in  a  ship's  bottom. 

To  spring  a  leak ;  to  commence  leaking ;  to  begin 
to  leak. 

To  spring  the  luff;  when  a  vessel  yields  to  the 
helm,  and  sails  nearer  to  the  wind  than'before. 

JIar.  Diet. 

To  spring  a  fence,  for  to  leap  a  fence,  is  not  a 
phrase  u^eil  in  this  country.  lliomson. 

To  spring  an  arch ;  to  set  off,  begin,  or  commence 
an  arch  from  an  abutment  or  pier. 

To  spring  a  rattle.     See  Watchman 


SPRING,  n.  A  leap ;  a  hound ;  a  jump ;  aa  of  an  au- 
imaL 

'!>.'  prisoner  with  a  spring  from  prison  bn>k«.  Dryden. 

2.  A  '^ing  back  ;  the  resilience  of  a  bodv  recov- 
ering its.  mer  state  by  its  elasticity  ;  us,  the  sprint 
of  a  bow.  ° 

3.  Elastic  power  or  force.  The  soul  or  the  mind 
requires  relaxation,  that  it  may  recover  its  natural 
spring. 

Ueavens  !  what  a  sjmng  was  in  Lis  arm  !  Dryden. 

4.  An  elastic  body;  a  botiv  which,  when  bent  or 
forced  from  its  natural  state,  has  the  power  of  recov- 
ering it ;  as,  the  spriiig  of  a  watch  or  clock. 

5.  Any  active  power  ;  that  by  which  action  or  mo- 
tion is  produced  or  propagated. 

Like  nature  letting  down  the  springs  of  life.  Dryden. 

Our  author  Bhuns  by  vulgar  springs  to  move 

The  hero's  glory.  Pcpc, 

G.  A  fountain  of  water ;  an  issue  of  water  from 
the  earth,  or  the  basin  of  water  at  the  place  of  its 
issue.  Spri7igs  are  temporary  or  perennial.  From 
springs  proceed  rivulets,  and  rivulets  united  form 
rivers.    Lakes  and  ponds  are  usually  fed  by  spHngs. 

7.  The  place  where  water  usually  issues  from  The 
earth,  though  no  water  is  there.  Thus  we  say,  a 
spring  is  dry. 

8.  A  source ;  that  from  v/hich  supplies  are  drawn. 
The  real  Christian  has  in  his  own  breast  a  perpetual 
and  inexhaustible  spring  of  joy. 

The  s-icrcd  spring  whence  right  and  honor  stream.     Daoies. 

9.  Rise;  original;  as,  the  spring  of  the  day.  1 
Sam.  ix. 

10.  Cause ;  original.  The  springs  of  great  events 
are  often  concealed  from  common  observation. 

11.  The  season  of  the  year  when  plants  begin  to 
vegetate  and  rise ;  the  vernal  season.  This  season 
comprehends  the  months  of  March,  April,  and  May, 
in  the  middle  latitudes  north  of  the  equator. 

12.  In  seamen''s  language,  a  crack  or  fissure  in  a 
mast  or  yard,  running  obliquely  or  transversely.  [In 
the  sense  of  leak,  I  believe,  it  is  not  used.] 

13.  A  rope  or  hawser  by  which  a  ship  is  held  at 
one  part,  as  the  bow  or  quarter,  in  order  to  keep  her 
in  a  particular  position,  or  to  turn  her  in  a  short  com- 
pass. Brande. 

14.  A  plant ;  a  shoot ;  a  young  tree.     [J\rot  in  use.] 

Spenser. 

15.  A  youth.     [JVoi  in  use.]  Spenser. 
IG.  A  hand ;  a  shoulder  of  pork.     [J^ot  in  use.] 

Beamn.  &•  Fl. 

SPRING'AL,      ;  n.    A  youth.    [JV'ot  in  use.] 

SPRIN"GALL,  i  Spenser. 

2.  An  ancient  military  engine  for  casting  stones 
and  arrows.     [O65.I  Halliieell. 

SPRING'-BACK,  n.  lu  thchiudery,lhQ  cover  of  xihaoVi 
which  is  not  made  fast  to  the  back,  but  which 
springs  bark  when  the  book  is  opened. 

SPKINiG'-BOK,  n.  [D.  spring  and  bok,  a  buck  or  he- 
goat.] 

A  ruminant  mammal  of  the  caprid  tribe,  the  Ante- 
lope Eucliore  or  Springer  Antelope,  which  inhabits 
the  plains  of  South  Africa. 

SPRINGE,  (sprinj,)  71.  [fromsprmir.]  Agin;  a  noose, 
which,  being  fastened  to  an  elastic  body,  is  drawn 
close  with  a  sudden  spring,  by  which  means  it 
catches  a  bird. 

SPRINGE,  r.  (.     To  catch  in  a  springe  ;  to  insnare. 

Bcattm.  ^  Fl. 

SPRING'ER,  n.  One  who  springs;  one  that  rouses 
game. 

2.  A  name  given  to  the  grampus. 

3.  In  architecture,  the  impost,  or  point  at  which  an 
arch  unites  with  its  support ;  also,  the  bottom  stone 
of  an  arch,  which  lies  on  the  impost ;  also,  the  rib  of 
a  groined  roof. 

4.  Springer,  or  springer  antelope  ;  a  species  of  ante- 
lope in  Southern  Africa;  the  spring-bok. 

SPRING'-HALT,  n.  [spring  and  Jialt.]  A  kind  of 
lameness  iri  which  a  horse  suddenly  twitches  up  his 
legs.  Shak. 

SPRING'-HE.VD,  (-hed,)  ju  A  fountain  or  source. 
[  U.-^eless.]  Herbert, 

SPRING'I-NESS,  n.  Jfrom  springy.]  Elasticity ;  also, 
the  power  of  springing. 

2.  The  state  of  abounding  with  springs ;  wetness  ; 
sponginess  ;  as  of  land. 

SPRING'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Arising;  shooting  up;  leap- 
ing; proceeding;  rousing. 

Springing  use  ;  in  estates,  a  contingent  use ;  a  use 
which  may  arise  upon  a  contingency.    BlacJ:stanc. 

SPRING'ING,  71.  The  act  or  process  of  leaping, 
arising,  issuing,  or  proceeding. 

2.  Growth  ;  increase.     Ps.  Ixv. 

3.  In  building,  tiie  side  of  an  arch  contiguous  to 
the  part  on  which  it  rests. 

SPRIN^'GLE,  71.    A  springe ;  a  noose.    [JVot  in  use.] 

CareiD. 
SPRING'-TIDE,  71.      [spring   and   tide.]      The  tide 
which  happens  at  or  soon  after  tlie  new  and  full 
moon,  which  rises  higher  than  common  tide?=. 

Mar.  Diet.     Dryden. 
SPRING'-TIME,  71.    The  season  of  spring. 


SPRING'-WIIkAT,  m.  [spring  and  toheat,]  A  spe- 
cies of  tvht;at  to  be  sown  in  tho  si)ringj  so  called  in 
di*4lincti(^n  from  winter  wheat 

SPKING'V,  a.  [from  spring.]  Elastic;  possessing 
the  power  of  recovering  itseJt  when  bent  or  twisted. 

2.  Having  great  elastic  power.  ^rbutJtnot. 

3.  Having  the  power  to  leap  ;  able  to  leap  far. 

4.  Abounding  with  springs  or  fountains;  wet; 
spongy  ;  as,  springif  land. 

SPRINK'LE,  (sphnk'l,)  c.  (.  [Sax  sprengan;  D. 
sprcnhclcn,  sjrrcngen  ;  G.  sprengen  ;  Dan.  /qrrinJcler  ; 
Ir.  sprcighim.  The  L.  spar^o  may  be  the  same  word 
witli  the  letters  transposed,  n  being  casual.  Class 
^rs.] 

1.  To  scatter;  to  disperse;  as  a  liquid  or  a  dry 
substance  composed  of  fine  separable  iMrticles  ;  as, 
Mosos  sprnUUed  liandfuls  of  ashes  toward  heaven. 
Exod.  ix. 

2.  To  scatter  on ;  to  disperse  on  in  small  drops  or 
panicles ;  to  besprinkle ;  as,  to  sprinkle  tho  earth 
witii  water ;  to  sprinkle  a  floor  witii  sand  ;  to  sprinkle 
paper  with  iron  filings. 

3.  To  wash  ;  to  cleanse  ;  to  purify. 

Having  our  hearts  spriniUd  {com  an  evil  caaaaenee.  — Heb.  x. 

SPRINK'LE,  V.  i.  To  perform  the  act  of  scattering  a 
liquid  or  any  fine  substance,  so  that  it  may  fall  in 
smail  particles. 

The  priest  shall  sprinkle  of  the  oil  with  his  fingers.  —  Ler.  xir. 
Eaptum  may  well  enough  be  ptrfonccd  by  sprinScUng  or  effu- 
sion of  water.  Aylifft. 
2.  To  rain  moderately  ;  as,  it  sprinkles. 
SPRINK'LE,  7t.    A  small  quantity  scattered  ;  also,  a 

titenail  for  sprinkling.  Spenser, 

SPRINK'L^D,  (sprink'ld,)  pp.  Disi)ersed  in  small 
particles,  as  a  hquid  or  as  dust. 

2.  Having  a  liquid  or  a  line  substance  scattered 
over. 
SPRINIv'LER,  n.    One  that  sprinkles. 
SPRINK'LING,  ppr.     Dispersing,  as  a  liquid  or  as 
dust. 
9.  Scattering  on,  in  fine  drops  or  particles. 
SPRINK'LING,  71.     The  act  of  scattering  in  small 
drops  or  parcels.  jfalL 

2.  A  small  quantity  falling  in  distinct  drops  or 
parts,  or  coming  moderately ;  as,  a  sprinkling  of  rain 
or  snov/. 
SPRIT,  77.  t.  [S;ix.  spryttan,  to  sprout;  D.  spruitcn; 
G.spricssen;  Dan.  spruder,  sproyter,  to  spurt;  Sw. 
spritta,  to  start.  It  is  of  the  same  family  as  sprout. 
Class  Hrd.] 

To  throw  out  with  force  from  a  narrow  orifice  ;  to 
eject ;  to  spilt.     [J^Tot  in  7ise.]     [See  Spurt.] 
SPRIT,  V.  i.    To  sprout ;  to  bud ;  to  germinate  ;  as 

barley  steeped  for  malt. 
SPRIT,  n.     A  shoot ;  a  sprout.  Mortimer. 

2.  [D.  spriet.]  A  small  boom,  pole,  or  spar,  which 
crosses  the  sail  of  a  boat  diagonally  from  the  mast  to 
the  upper  aftmost  comer,  which  it  is  used  to  extend 
and  elevate.  Toticn, 

SPRITE,  71.     [If  from  G.  spriet,  this  is  the  most  cor- 
rect orthography.    The  Welsh  has  ysbrid,  a  spirit.] 
A  spirit. 
SPRTTE'FUL.    See  Sprightfcil, 
SPRITE'FrL-LY.     See  Sprjghtfcllt. 
SPRTTE'Ll-NESS.     See  Spkightliness 
SPRiTE'LY.     See  Sprightly. 

SPRIT'-SaIL,  n.  [sprit  and  sad.]  The  sail  extended 
by  a  sprit. 

2.  A  sail  attached  to  a  yard  which  hangs  under 
the  bowsprit.     [JVot  in  use.]  Totttn. 

SPROD,  71.    A  salmon  in  its  second  year.  Chambers. 
SPRONG,  oldpreL  of  Spring.    [Dutch.]     [^Tot  in  use.] 
SPROUT,  V.  i.     [D.  spruiten  ;  G.  sprossen  ;  Sa.x.  spryt- 
tan;  Sp.  brotar,  the  same  word  without  5.     S'es 
Sprit.] 

1.  To  shoot,  as  the  seed  of  a  plant ;  to  germinate  ; 
to  push  out  new  shoots.  A  grain  that  sprouts  in  ordi- 
nary temperature  in  ten  days,  may,  by  an  angment:i- 
lion  of  heat,  be  made  to  sprout  in  forty-eight  hours. 
The  stumps  of  trees  often  sprout,  and  produce  a  new 
forest. 

2.  To  shoot  into  ramifications. 

Vitriol  is  apt  to  sprout  with  moieture.  Beeon. 

3.  To  grow,  like  shoots  of  plants. 

And  on  the  a^hcs  sprouting  plumes  appear.  T^v.'. 

SPROUT,  71.  The  shoot  of  a  plant ;  a  shoot  from  the 
seed,  or  Irom  the  stump,  or  from  the  root  of  a  plant 
or  tree.  The  sprotUs  cf  the  can?,  in  Jamaica,  are 
called  ratoons.  Fdu:ards,  W.  hid. 

2.  A  shoot  from  the  end  of  a  branch.  The  young 
shoots  of  shrubs  are  called  sprouts,  and  in  the  forest 
often  furnish  browse  for  cattle. 

SPROUT'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Shcoting  in  vegetation ;  ger- 
minating. 

SPROUTS,  71.  pJ.    Young  coleworts.  Johttsoiu 

SPRuCE,  a.  Nice;  trim;  neat  withoBt  elegance  or 
dignity ;  tbrmerly  applied  to  things  with  a  serious 
meaning ;  now  applied  to  persons  only. 

lie  is  so  spruce,  that  he  never  can  be  geoti'^1.  Tatler. 

SPROCE,  V.  t.  To  trim ;  to  dress  with  affected  neat- 
ness. 


TONE,  BULL,  qNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K ;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


1069 


SPU 


SPU 


SPRUCE,  v.  i.    To  dress  one's  self  with  affected  neat- 
ness. ..    ,         ,,    ^ 
SPRvCE,  n.    The  6r-tree  ;  a  name  applied  to  all  the 
species  of  that  section  of  the  Linnxan  genus  Pinus 
which  are  comprehended  under  Abies,  and  likewise 
to  some  that  are  comprehended  under  Pence.     This 
term,   however,  belongs  more  especially  to  Pinus 
Abies  or  Norway  spruce,  a  native  of  the  north  of 
Europe.    In  tlie.  United  Statts,  it  is  applied  to  Pinus 
nigra,  Pinus  alba,  and  Pinus  rubra,  wliich  are  used  in 
faniilios  to  give  flavor  to  beer.    Tliey  are  used  by 
way  of  decoction,  or  in  the  form  of  extract. 
SPROCE'-ISEER,  71.    A  kind  of  beer  which  is  tinc- 
tured with  spruce,  either  by  means  of  the  extract  or 
bv  decoction. 
SPEOCE'LY,  adv.      With  extreme  or  affected  neat- 
ness. 
SPRUCE'NESS,  n.      Neatness  without  taste   or  ele- 
gance ;  triinness  ;  tineness  ;  quaintness. 
SPRUE,  n.     In  ScoKani,  that  which  is  thrown  off  in 
casting  metals  ;  dross  or  scoria.     [This  is  sometimes 
a  vicious  orthography  of  Sprew,  the  name  ot  the 
disease  otherwise  called  thrush.    See  Sprew.] 
SPRIIG,  B.  t.    To  make  smart.    [JVoi  in  use.] 
SPRUNG,  prct,  and  pp.  of  Spring.     The  man  sprung 
over  the  ditch;  the  mast  is  sprung ;  a  hero  sprung 
from  a  race  of  kings. 
SPEUNT,  tj.  i.    To  spring  up ;  to  germinate  ;  to  spring 

forward.     [JVot  in  use.] 
SPEUNT,  n.    Any  thing  short  and   not  easily  bent. 
[J^ot  in  use] 
9.  A  leap  ;  a  spring.     [JVot  in  use] 
3.  A  steep  ascent  in  a  road.     [Loco!.] 
SPEUNT,  a.     Active;    vigorous;    strong 

strong.    [JVot  in  use.] 
SPEUNT'LY,  adi:.     Vigorously;    youthfully;  like  a 

young  man.     [A"oJ  in  use.]  B.  Jonson. 

SPR?,  a.    Having  great  power  of  leaping  or  running ; 
nimble ;  active ;  vigorous.    [Local.] 

HalUwell.    Forby. 
[This  word  is  in  common  use  in  New  England, 
and  is  doubtless  a  contraction  of  spri^.  SeeSpaiGHT- 
I.V.] 
SPUD,  n.     [Dan.  spyd,  a  spear  ;  Ice.  spwoU     It  coin- 
cides with  spiL] 

1.  An  implement  somewhat  like  a  chisel,  with  a 
long  handle,  used  by  farmers  for  destroying  weeds. 
Farm.  Encyc. 
9.  Any  short  thing ;  in  contempt.  Suyift. 

SPUL'LER,  «.    One  employed  to  inspect  yarn,  to  see 

that  it  is  well  spun,  and  fit  for  the  loom.     [Local.] 
SPuME,  n.    [L.  and  It.  spuma:  Sp.  espuma.] 

Froth ;    foam  ;    scum  ;    frothy  matter  raised  on 
liquors  or  fluid  substances  by  boiling,  effervescence, 
or  agitation. 
SPuJIE,  i>.  i.    To  froth  ;  to  foam. 
SPU-MES'CENCE,  71.    Frothiness;  the  state  of  foam- 
ing, Kirwan. 
SPu'mIF'ER-OUS,  a.    Producing  foam. 
SPu.M'OUS,j„      [L.q7U,«e«.-.] 

foamy. 


becoming 


SPUlI'Y, 

Consisting  of  froth  or  scum  ; 


The  tpuTny  wavea  proclaim  the  wMery  war. 
The  spumoui  and  florid  fitatfi  of  Ihe  blood. 


Drydtn, 
Arbuthnot. 


SPUN,  pret.  and  pp.  of  Spin. 
SPUNGE,  71.    See  Sponge. 

SPUN'-HaY,  n.     Hay  twisted  into  ropes  for  conven- 
ient carriage  on  a  military  expedition. 
SPUNK,  71.      [Probably  from  pujJc]      Touchwood; 
wood  that  readily  takes  fire.     Hence, 

9.  Vvlanrhi,  an  inflammable  temper  ;  spirit ;  as,  a 
man  of  spunk.     Ill-natured  observations  touched  his 
spunk.     [/.WW.] 
SPUN'-YARN,  71.      Among  seamen,  a  line  or  cord 

formed  of  two  or  three  rope-yarns  twisted. 
SPUE,  71.     [Sax.  spur ;  D.  spoor ;  G.  sporn ;  Dan.  spore  ; 
Ir.  spar ;  W.  yspardun ;  Fr.  eperon  ;  It.  sprone ;  coin- 
ciding in  elements  with  spear.    Class  Br.] 

1.  An  instrument  having  a  rowel  or  little  wheel, 
with  sharp  points,  worn  on  horsemen's  heels,  to 
prick  the  horses  for  hastening  their  pace. 

Girl  with  maty  sword  and  spur.  HudHyrat. 

Hence,  to  set  spurs  to  a  horse,  is  to  prick  him  and 
put  him  upon  a  run. 

9.  Incitement ;  instigation.  The  love  of  glory  is 
the  spur  to  heroic  deeds. 

3.  The  largest  or  principal  root  of  a  tree ;  hence, 
perhaiis,  the  short,  wooden  buttress  of  a  post ;  [that 
is,  in  both  cases,  a  shoot.] 

4.  The  hard,  pointed  projection  on  a  cock's  leg, 
which  serves  as  an  instrument  of  defense  and  an- 
noyance, fitly- 

5.  Something  that  projects  ;  a  snag.  Shak. 

6.  In  America,  a  mountain  that  shoots  from  any 
other  mountain,  or  range  of  mountains,  and  extends 
to  some  distance  in  a  lateral  direction,  or  at  riglit  an- 
gles. 

7.  That  which  excites.  We  say,  upon  the  spur  of 
the  occasion  ;  that  is,  the  circumstances  or  emergen- 
cy which  calls  for  immediate  action. 

8.  A  spurre  or  sea-swallow.  Ray. 

9.  The  hinder  part  of  the  nectaiy  in  certain  flow- 
ers, shaped  like  a  cock's  spur.  Martyn. 


10.  A  fungus  (Spermojdia  Clavus)  growing  within 
the  glumes  of  rye,  wheat,  couch-grass,  lierd^s-grass, 
&.C.     [Fr.  crcrot.] 

11.  In  old  forlifiaitions,  a  wall  that  crosses  a  part 
of  the  rampart  and  joins  to  the  town  wall. 

SPUR,  f.  t.     [Ir.  sjioram.] 

1.  To  prick  with  spurs  ;  to  incite  to  a  more  hasty 
pace  ;  as,  to  s/tiii-  a  horse. 

2.  To  incite  ;  to  instigate  ;  to  urge  or  encourage  to 
action,  or  to  a  more  vigorous  pursuit  of  an  object. 
Some  men  are  spurred  to  action  by  the  love  of  glory, 
others  by  the  love  of  power.  Let  affection  spur  us  to 
social  and  domestic  duties.  Locke. 

3.  To  impel ;  to  drive. 
Love  will  not  t)e  tpurred  to  what  it  ioathee.  Shak. 

4.  To  put  spurs  on. 
SPUR,  i".  1.    To  travel  with  great  expedition. 

The  Parthinns  shall  be  there, 
And,  spurdng  from  llie  fight,  confess  their  fear.         Dryden. 
lUnusmt.} 

9.  ^I'o  press  forward. 

Some  bold  meo  —  by  spurring  on,  refine  ihemselvca.      Grew. 
SPUR'-CLAD,  a.    Wearing  spurs. 
SPUR'GALL,  V.  t.      [s}mr  and  gall.]      To    gall    or 

wound'with  a  spur.  shak. 

SPUR'GALL,  71.    A  place  galled  or  excoriated  by  much 

using  of  the  spur. 
SPUR'GALL-.ED,  pp.    Galled  or  hurt  by  a  spur ;  as, 

a  spur/rallcd  hackney.  Pope, 

SPURGE,  71.     [Fi.cpurgc:  It.  spurgo,  a  purge;  from 
L.  purgo,  erpurgo,] 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Euphorbia.    This  name  is 

applied  to  various  species    of   Euphorbia,  and  hy 

some,  to  the  whole  genus,  which  is  very  numerous. 

SPURGE'-FL;VX.  7i.    An  evergreen  shrub.  Daphne 

Gnidium,  a  native  of  Spain. 
SPURGE'-LAU-REL,  71.    Tlio  Daphne  Laureola,  an 

evergreen  shrub,  a  native  of  Europe. 
SPUEGE'-OL-IVE,    71.      An    evergreen    shrub,    the 

Daphne  Oleoides,  a  native  of  Crete.  Loudon. 

SPURGE'-WORT,  (-wurt,)  n.     A  plant. 
SPURG'IXG,  for  Purging,  is  not  in  use.    B.  Jonson, 
SPO'RI-OUS,  a.     [L.  spuriw:,] 

I.  Not  genuine  ;  not  proceeding  from  the  true  source, 
or  from  the  source  pretended ;  counterfeit ;  false  ; 
adulterate.  Spurious  writings  are  such  as  are  not 
composed  by  the  authors  to  whom  they  are  ascribed. 
Spurious  drugs  are  cominon.  The  refiirmed  churches 
reject  spurious  ceremonies  and  traditions. 

9.  Not  legitimate  ;  bastard  ;  as,  spurious  issue. 
By  the  laws  of  England,  one  begotten  and  t-ora  oac 
of  lawful  matrimony  is  a  spurious  child. 

Spurious  disease:  a  disease  coilimonly  mistaken 
for  and  called  by  the  name  of,  something  which  it  is 
not ;  as  spurious  pleurisy,  i.  e.,  rlwumatism  of  the  in- 
tercostal muscles. 
SPO'RI-OU.S-LY,  ai;o.  Counterfeitly;  falsely. 
SPO'EI-OUS-NESS,  71.  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
counterfeit,  false,  or  not  genuine;  as,  the  spurious- 
jtess  of  drugs,  of  coin,  or  of  writings. 

9.  Illegitimacy ;  the  state  of  being  bastard  or  not 
of  "legitimate  birth  ;  as,  the  spuriousness  of  issue. 
SPUR'LING,  71.    .\  small  sea-fish.  Tusser. 

SPUE'LING-LINE,    7i.      Among    seamen,    the    line 
which  forma  the  communication  between  the  wheel 
and  the  telltale. 
SPURN,  71.  t.     [Sax.  lipurnan ;  Ir.  sporam ;  L.  spemo, 
aspernor:  from  the  rout  of  .^ur,  or  from  kicking.] 
1.  To  kick  ;  to  drive  back  or  away,  as  with  the  loot. 

Sliok. 
9.  To  reject  with  disdain  ;  to  scorn  to  receive  or 
accept.    What  multitudes  of  rational  beings  spurn 
the  offers  of  eternal  happiness  ! 
3.  To  treat  with  contempt.  Locke, 

SPURN,  V.  i.    To  manifest  disdain  in  rejecting  any 
thing ;  as,  to  spurn  at  the  gracious  offers  of  pardon. 

9.  To  make  contemptuous  opposition  ;  to  manifest 
disdain  in  resistance. 

Nay.  more,  to  spurn  at  your  most  royal  hn-ige.  Sluik. 

3.  To  kick  or  toss  up  the  heels. 

The  drunken  chairman  in  the  kennel  tpurns. 


SPY 

SPUR-ROY'AL,  II.  A  gold  coin,  first  niailc  in  the 
reign  of  Edward  IV.  In  the  reign  of  James  I.,  it-, 
value  was  fifteen  shillings.  Sometimes  written 
Spun-Ei*i.  or  llvAU  Bcaum.  S;  Fl. 

SPUR'RY,  71.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Spergiila,  which 
is  sometimes  cultivated  in  Europe  for  fodder.  Qardnrr. 

SPURT,  73.  t.  [Sw.  spruta  ;  Dan.  spruder  and  sproyler, 
to  spout,  to  squirt,  to  syringe.  The  English  word  has 
sufl'ered  a  transposition  of  letters.  It  is  from  the 
root  of  sprout,  which  see.] 

To  throw  out,  as  a  liquid  in  a  stream  ;  to  drive  or 
force  out  with  violence,  as  a  liquid  from  a  pipe  or 
small  orifice  ;  as,  to  spurt  water  from  the  mouth,  or 
other  liquid  from  a  tube.  l 

SPURT,  V,  i.    To  gush  or  issue  out  in  a  stream,  as  li-  I 
quor  from  a  cask  ;  to  rush  from  a  confined  place  in  a 
small  stream. 

Then  the  small  Jet,  which  hasty  hands  unlock, 

Spurts  in  the  gardener's  eyes  w-|io  turns  the  cock.        Pope, 

SPURT,  71.  A  sudden  or  violent  ejection  or  gushing 
of  a  liquid  substance  from  a  tube,  orifice,  or  other 

confined  place  ;  a  jet. 

9.  A  sudden  or  short  occasion  or  exigency  ;  sud- 
den effort.     [Vulgar.] 
SPURT'ING,  ppr.    Forcing  out  a  liquid  from  a  pijie 

nr  small  orifice. 
SPUR'TLE,  (spurt'l,)  ii.  t.    [from  spurt.]    To  shoot 

in  a  scattering  manner.     [Little  used.]       Drayton. 
SPUR'WAY,  71.     [spur  and  way.]     A  horse   path  ;  a 

narrow  way ;  a  bridle  road  ;  a  way  for  a  single  beast. 

[JVot  used  in  the  United  States.] 
SPUR'-WHEEL,  71.     A  wlieel  with  cogs  around  the 

edge  pointing  to  the  center. 
SPU-Ta'TION,  71.     [L.  sputo,  to  spit.] 

The  act  of  spitting.     [JVot  used.]  Harvey. 

SPu'TA-TIVE,  a.    [Supra.]    Spitting  much  ;  inclined 

to  spit.     [JVot  used/]  IVotton. 

SPUT'TEll,  73.  i.     [D.  spuiten,  to  spout;  Sw.  spotta  : 
-  L.  spido,  to  spit.    It  belongs  to  the  root  of  spout  anil 

spit;  of  the  latter  it  seems  to  he  a  diminutive.] 

1.  To  spit,  or  to  emit  saliva  from  the  mouth  in 
small  or  scattered  portions,  as  in  rapid  speaking. 

2.  Tothrow  out  moisture  in  small,  detached  parts  ; 
as  green  wood  sputtering  in  the  flame.         Dryden. 

3.  To  fly  off  in  small  particles  with  some  crack 
ling  or  noise. 

When  sparkling  lamps  their  sputtering  lights  advance. 

Dryaen. 

4.  To  utter  words  hastily  and  indistinctly  ;  literally, 
-  to  spout  small  i  to  speak  so  rapidly  as  to  emit  saliva. 

They  could  neither  of  them  speak  their  rage,  and  so   they  lell  a 
sintuering  at  one  another,  hke  two  roasting  apples. 

Congrece. 

haste   and 


SPUT'TER,  73.  t.     To  throw  out  with 
noise  ;  to  utter  with  indistinctness. 

In  the  riiidsl  of  caresses 


Cay. 

SPURN,  71.    Disdainful  rejection  ;  contemptuous  treat- 
ment. 

The  insolence  of  clUce.  and  the  spurns 

That  patient  merit  of  the  unworthy  takes.  Sluik, 

SPURN'ED,  (spurnd,)  pp.     Rejected  with   disdain; 

treated  with  contempt. 
SPURN'ER,  71.    One  who  spurns. 
SPUEN'EY,  71.    A  plant.  Du:t., 

SPURN'ING,  ppr.     Rejecting  with  contempt. 
SPURN'-WA-TER,  71.     In  ships,  a  channel  at  the  end 

of  a  deck  to  restrain  the  water. 
SPURRE,  n.    A  name  of  the  sea-swallow  or  common 

tern.     [Provincial,]  Edin.  Encyc. 

SPUR'R£D,  (spurd,)  pp.    Furnished  with  spurs. 

2.  Incited ;  instigated. 

3.  a.  Wearing  spurs,  or  having  shoots  like  spurs. 
SPUR'RER,  71.    One  who  uses  spurs. 
SPUE'EI-EE,  71.    One  whose  occupation  is  to  make 

spurs. 
SPUE'EING, 


ppr.      Pricking  with  spurs;    inciting 


to  sputter  out  the  basest  accusations. 
Sm/t. 

SPUT'TER,  71.  Moist  matter  thrown  out  in  small  par- 
ticles. 

SPUT'TER-£D,  pp.  Thrown  out  in  small  portions, 
as  liquids ;  uttered  with  haste  and  indistinctness,  as 

SPUT'TER-ER,  n.    One  that  sputters.  [words. 

SPOT'TER-I.\G,  ppr.  or  a.  Emitting  in  small  pani- 
cles ;  uttering  rapidly  and  indistinctly;  speaking 
hastily  ;  spouting. 

SPO'TUiM,  11.  [L.]  Spittle  ;  salival  discharges  from 
the  mouth.  -Wi". 

9.  In  medicine,  that  which  is  expectorated,  or 
ejected  from  the  lungs. 

spy,  71.  [It.  spin ;  Fr.  espion  ;  Sp.  espia ;  D.  spiede  :  G, 
speUier  i  Dan,  spejder ;  W.  yspeiaw,  to  espy,  to  ex- 
plore ;  yspeitliiaw,  to  look  about ;  yspaith,  that  is 
open,  visible ;  yiait/i,  an  opening,  a  prospect,  a  glance. 
Class  Bd  ;  unless  the  word  is  a  contraction,  and  of 
Class  Sg.] 

1.  A  person  sent  into  an  enemy's  camp  to  inspect 
their  works,  ascertain  their  strength  and  their  inten- 
tions, to  watch  their  movements,  and  secretly  com- 
municate intelligence  to  the  proper  officer.  By  tlie 
laws  of  war  among  all  civilized  nations,  a  spy  is 
subjected  to  capital  punishment. 

9.  A  person  deputed  to  watch  the  conduct  of  oth- 
ers. Dryden. 
3.  One  who  watches  the  conduct  of  others. 

These  wretched  spies  of  wit.  Dryden. 

SPY,  V,  t.  To  see  ;  to  gain  sight  of ;  to  discover  at  a 
distance,  or  in  a  state  of  concealment.  It  is  the 
same  as  Espv  ;  as,  to  spy  land  from  the  mast-head  of 
a  ship. 

As  tiger  spied  two  gentle  fawns.  Milton. 

One,  in  re.ading,  skipped  over  all  sentences  where  he  spied  a  note 
of  admiration.  Sicijl. 

9.  To  discover  by  close  search  or  examination  ;  as, 
a  lawyer,  in  examining  the  pleadings  in  a  case,  spies 
a  defect. 

3.  To  explore ;  to  view,  inspect,  and  examine  se- 
c  etiy  ;  as  a  country  ;  usually  with  oat. 

Moses  sent  to  sw/  out  Jnazer,  and  they  took  the  villages  thercot 
—  Num.  xxi. 

SPY,  73.  i.    To  search  narrowly  ;  to  scrutinize. 

It  is  my  nature's  plague 
To  spy  into  abuse. 


ShaJt. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T— METE,  PREY PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD — N6TE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.— 


1070 


SQU 

gp^'-BOAT,  n.    [spy  and  boat.]    A  boat  sent  to  make 

discoveries  and  bring  intelligence.  Arbuthnot. 

SPV-GLASS,  M.    Tbe  popular  name  of  a  small  tele- 
i      scope,  useful  iu  viewiug  distant  objects. 

SPVISM,  n.  Tbe  ac*  or  business  of  spying. 
;  SQUAB,  (skwob,)  a.  [In  G.  quappc  is  a  quab,  an  eel- 
pout  j  quabbetia^y  plump,  sleek  ;  guabbeln,  to  be  plump 
or  sleek,  and  to  vibrate,  Eng.  to  wabble ;  Dan.  quahbCy 
an  eelpout ;  quopped,  fat,  plump,  jolly,  our  vulgar 
whopping ;  quupper,  to  shake.] 

1.  Fat;  thick;  plump  j  bulky. 

Nor  tlie  squab  daog'hter,  oor  the  WTfe  were  nice.        BetUrtun. 

2.  Unfledged  ;  unfeathered  ;  as,  a  squab  pigeon. 

King. 
SQUAB,  n.    A  young  pigeon  or  dove. 

[This  word  is  in  common  or  general  use  in  Amer- 
ica, and  almost  the  only  sense  in  which  it  is  used  is 
the  oJie  here  given.] 

2.  A  kind  of  sola  or  couch ;  a  stuffed  cushion. 
[.\'ot  used  ill  j^mcric^.] 
SQUAB,  adv.    Striking  at  once;  with  a  hea^^j'fall; 
plump. 

The  ea^Ie  dropped  the  tortoise  squab  upon  a  rock.     [Low  and 
not  used.]  L'Estrunse. 

[The  vulgar  word  Awhap,  or  Whop,  is  used  in  a 
like  sense  in  America.     It  is  found  in  Chaucer.] 

SQUAB,  p.  i.  To  fall  plump;  to  strike  at  one  dash, 
or  with  a  hea\'v  stroke.     fJX'ot  used.] 

SQUAB'BISH,  L      TK-  t     f  ,     I 

SQUAB'BT        i         Thick ;  fat;  heavy.        Harvey. 

SQUAB'BLE,  (skwob'bl,)  r.  i.  [I  know  not  the 
origin  of  this  word,  but  it  seems  t...  lie  from  the  root 
of  icabble:  G.  quabbcln,  to  vibrate,  to  quake,  to  be 
sleek.    See  Sjuab.] 

1.  To  contend  for  superiority ;  to  scuffle  ;  to  strug- 
gle ;  as,  two  persons  squabble  in  sport.  Shab. 

2.  To  contend  ;  to  wrangle  ;  to  quarrel.  [Inele- 
gant or  low.]  Otanville. 

3.  To  debate  peevishly  ;  to  dispute.  If  there  must 
be  disputes,  it  is  less  criminal  to  squabble  than  to 
murder.     [Inelegant  or  low.] 

4.  Among  printers,  a  page  is  said  to  be  sqjtabbled 
when  the  letters  stand  awry  or  out  of  their  regular 
uprisht  position.  Jidams. 

SQUAB'BLE,  n.  A  scuffle;  a  wrangle  ;  a  brawl;  a 
petty  quarrel.  jSrbitthnot. 

SQUAB'BLER,  n.    A  contentious  person  ;  a  brawler. 

SQUAB'BLING, ffpr.  Scuffling;  contending;  wrang- 
ling. 

SQUAB'-PIE,  fskwob'pi,)  n.  [squab  and  pie.]  A  pie 
made  of  squabs  or  young  pigeons. 

SQUAD,  (skwod,)  n.     [Fr.  escouade.] 

1.  In  militanj  language,  a  small  party  of  men  as- 
sembled for  drill  or  inspection.     Campbell's  Mil.  Diet 
9.  Any  small  party. 

SQU.\D'ROX,  n.  [Fr.  escadron;  It.  squadra,  a  squad- 
ron, a  square  ;  Sp.  esquadron;  from  L.  quadratus, 
square  ;  quadro,  lo  square  ;  allied  to  quatuor,  four.] 

1.  In  its  primary  sen^e,  a  square  or  square  form  ; 
and  hence,  a  square  body  of  troops :  a  body  drawn 
up  in  a  square.    So  Milton  has  used  the  word. 

Those  halfroucding  "Tiards 
Just  met,  and  ciogin^  stood  in  squaS-on  joined. 

[This  sense  is  probably  obsolete,  unless  in  poetry.] 
Hence,  also, 

9.  A  body  of  troops  in  any  form. 
3.  In  militarij  tactics,  the  principal  division  of  a 
regiment  of  cavalry,  usually  from  JOO  to  200  men. 

P.  Cyc. 
SQUAD'RO.\-CT),  (skwod'rund,)  a.      Formed    into 

squadrons  or  squares.  Milton. 

SQUAL'ID,  (skwol'id,)  a.     [L.  squaJiduSy  from  squa- 
leo,  lo  be  fiml,     Qu.  \V.  qiial,  vile.] 
Foul  ;  filthy  ;  extremely  dirty. 

L'licoijibed  )iis  locks,  and  squalid  his  attire.  Dryden. 

SQUAL-ID'I-TY,    /         „     ,  ^„^. 

SQUAL'ID-NESS,  \  "'  foulness  ;  filthiness. 
SQUAL'ID-LY,  adv.  In  a  squalid,  filthy  manner. 
SQUALL,  v.  i.  [Sw.  sqodJa  ;  Dan.  squaldrer,  to  prate. 
These  words  are  probably  of  one  family  ;  but  squally 
like  squealy  is  prohably  from  the  root  of  Sax.  gytlan, 
to  creak,  or  Ueb.  Sip,  D.  giUen,  to  yell;  or  is  formed 
from  icaU.] 

To  cry  out ;  to  scream  or  cry  violently  ;  as  a 
woman  frightened,  or  a  child  in  anger  or  digress; 
as,  the  infant  .'^quailed.  Arbuthnot,     Pupr. 

SQUALL,  n.    A  loud  scream  ;  a  harsh  cr\-.       Pope. 
9.  [Sw.  sqval.]    A  sudden  and  violent  gu.-t  of 
wind. 

A  black  squallj  is  one  attended  with  dark,  heavy 
clouds. 

A  ichite  squall,  is  one  which  comes  unexpectedly, 
without  bping  marked  in  its  approach  by  the  clouds. 

Totten. 
SQUALL'ER,  n.    A  screamer  ;  one  that  cries  aloud. 
SQUALL'ING,  ppr.oro.  Crying  out  harshly  ;  scream- 
ins. 
SQUALL'Y,  a.    Abounding  with  squalls ;  disturbed 
often  with  sudden  and  violent  gusts  of  wind  ;  as, 
squally  wejither. 

2.  In  agriculture,  broken  into  detached  pieces ; 
interrupted  by  unproductive  spots.     [Local.] 


SQU 

SQUS'LOID,  a.    [L.  squalusy  a  shark,  and  Gr.  etdoi, 
likeness.] 

Like  a  shark,  or  resembling  a  shark. 
SQUa'LOR,  h.     [L.]     Foulness ;  filthiness ;   coarse- 
ness. BurtoTU 
SQUa'MI-FORM,  a.     [L.  squama,  a  scale,  and  form.] 

Having  the  form  or  shape  of  scales. 
SQUA-JMIG'ER-OUS,   a.      [L.   squamigcr ;  squamay  a 
scale,  and  gcro,  lo  bear.] 
Bearing  or  having  scales. 
SQUAM'I-PEN,  71.     [L.  squama,  a  scale,  and  venna, 
a  fin.] 

A  fish  whose  dorsal  and  anal  fins  are  covered  with 
scales. 

SQUa'MOUS,  i  "'     L*^'  ^9"amo^»«-] 

Scaly ;    covered  with  scales ;    as,  the    squamous 

cones  of  the  pine.  IVoodtcard. 

SQUAN'DER,  (skwon'der,)  v.  t.    [G.  vcrschwenden. 

probably  from  locnden,  lo  turn.] 

1.  To  spend  lavishly  or  profusely  ;  to  spend  prodi- 
gally ;  to  dissipate  ;  to  waste  without  economy  or 
judgment ;  as,  lo  squander  an  estate. 

They  often  squandered^  but  they  never  gave.  Savage. 

The  crime  of  syuandcriTtg  health  is  equal  to  the  folly,   liamlfer. 

2.  To  scatter  ;  to  disperse. 

Oiir  squaruUred  troops  he  rallies.  Dnjden, 

[Iji  this  application  not  now  7tsed.] 
SQUAN'DER-£D,/f;7.orfl.  Spent  lavishly  and  without 

necessity  or  use  ;  wasted  ;  dissipated,  as  property. 

SQUAN'DER-ER,  n.    One   who  spends  his    money 

prodigally,  without  necessity  or  use  ;  a  spendllirifl; 

a  prodigal ;  a  waster  ;  a  lavisher.  Locke. 

SQUAN'DER-ING,;»/»r.   Spending  lavishingly  ;  wast- 


suu 


SQU^N'DER-ING-LY,  adi\    By  squandering. 
SQUaRE,  a.     [W.  cwd.r ;  Fr.  carre^  quarr& ;  perhaps 

Gr.  u/jw,  contracted  from  jcupco.    This  is  probably 

not  a  contraction  of  L.  quadratus.] 

1.  Having  four  equal  sides  and  four  right  angles ; 
as,  a  square  room  ;  a  square  ligure. 

2.  Forming  a  right  angle;  as,  an  instrument  for 
striking  lines  square.  Moxon. 

3.  Parallel ;  exactly  suitable  ;  true. 


She's  11  most  triunipliaut  lady,  if  report  t 
usual.'\ 


I  square  to  ber.     \Un. 
Shak. 


4.  Having  a  straight  front,  or  a  frame  formed  with 
straight  lines;  not  curving;  as,  a  man  of  a  square 
frame  ;  a  square  built  man. 

5.  That  does  equal  justice;  e.\act ;  fair;  honest; 
as,  square  dealing. 

6.  Even  ;  leaving  no  balance.  Let  us  make  or 
leave  the  accounts  square. 

Three  square.  Jive  square  ;  having  three  or  five 
equal  sides,  &.c. ;  an  abusive  use  of  square. 

Square  root :  in  geometry  and  arithmetic.  The 
square  root  of  a  quantity  or  number  is  that  which, 
multiplied  bv  itself,  produces  the  quantitv  or  num- 
ber.    Thus  7  is  the  square  root  of  49,  for  7X7  =  49. 

Square  measure ;  the  square  of  a  lineal  measure ; 
the  measure  of  a  superficies  or  surface,  which  de- 
pends on  the  lenglli  and  breadth  taken  conjointly. 

Square  number.     See  Square,  n.  No.  5. 

In  seamen^s  language,  the  yards  are  square,  when 
they  are  aiTangea  at  right  angles  with  the  mast  or 
the  keel,  and  parallel  to  the  horizon.  The  yards  and 
sails  are  said  also  to  be  square,  when  they  are  of 
greater  length  than  usual.  Tottai. 

SQUARE,  71.    A  figure  having  four  equal  sides  and 
four  right  angles. 

2.  An  area  of  four  sides,  with  houses  on  each  side. 

The  Etaiue  of  Alexander  VII.  stamis  in  the  large  square  o(  the 
town.  .Addison. 

3.  The  content  of  the  side  of  a  figure  squared. 

4.  A  mathematical  instrument,  which  consists 
essentially  in  having  at  least  one  straight  edge  at 
right  angles  to  another.  It  is  of  several  forms,  as 
the  T  square,  the  carpenter's  square,  &c. 

5.  In  geometry  and  arithmetic,  a  sijuare  or  square 
number  is  the  product  of  a  number  multiplied  by 
itself.     Thus  64  is  the  square  of  8,  for  8  X  8  =  t>4- 

G.  Rule  ;  regularity  ;  exact  proportion  ;  justness  of 
workmanship  and  conduct. 

Tliey  of  Galittia  much  mure  out  of  square.  Hooker. 

I  have  not  kept  my  equan.     [Not  in  use.]  Shak. 

7.  A  square  body  of  troops  ;  as,  the  brave  squares 
of  war.  SAoA. 

8.  A  quaternion  ;  four.     [JV'ci  m  use.]  Shak. 

9.  Level ;  equality. 

We  live  not  on  the  square  with  such  as  these.  Dryden. 

10.  In  astrology,  quartile  ;  the  position  of  planets 
distant  ninety  degrees  from  each  other.     [Obs.] 

Miflon. 

n.  Rule;  conformity;  accord.  I  shall  break  no 
squares  with  another  for  a  trifle. 

Squares  go.  Let  US  see  how  the  squares  gOy  that 
is,  how  the  game  proceeds  ;  a  phrase  taken  from  the 
game  of  chu^s,  the  chess-board  being  formed  with 
squares.  L^  Estrange. 

SQU.4RE,  ?'.  t.     [Fr.  equarrir  and  carrer.] 

I.  To  form  with  four  equal  sides  and  four  right 
angles. 


2.  To  reduce  to  a  s^iuare ;  lo  form  to  right  angles ; 
as,  \o  square  mason's  work. 

3.  To  reduce  lo  any  given  measure  or  standard. 

Skak, 

4.  To  adjust ;  to  regulate  ;  to  mold  ;  to  shape  ;  as, 
to  square  our  actions  by  the  opinions  of  otherai  to 
square  our  lives  by  the  precepts  of  the  gospel. 

5.  'I'o  accommodate; ;  to  fit ;  as,  square  my  trial  lo 
my  strength.  MUton. 

G.  I'o  respect  in  quartile.  Creech. 

7.  To  make  even,  so  as  to  leave  no  difiercnco  or 
balance;  as,  to  s//uare  accounts  ;  a  popular  phrase. 

8.  In  ariOimetlc,  to  multiply  a  number  by  itself;  as, 
to  square  the  number. 

9.  In  seamaids  language,  to  square  the  yards  is  to 
place  them  at  right  angles  with  the  mast  or  keel. 

To  square,  the  circle;  u>  detcrntine  the  exact  con- 
tents of  a  circle  in  square  measure. 
SQUARE,  c.  i.    To  suit ;  to  fit;  to  quadrate  ;  to  accord 
or  agree.    His  opinions  do  not  square  with  the  doc- 
trines of  philosophers. 

2.  To  quarrel ;  to  go  lo  opposite  sides;  to  take  an 
attitude  of  offunso  or  defense,  or  of  defiance, 

Arv?  yuu  Bucli  fcoU 
To  square  for  tiiia  ?  Shai. 

SQUaR'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Made  in  the  form  of  a  square, 
or  with  right  angles  ;  adjusted  ;  regulated ;  multiplied 

SQUaRE'LY,  adv.     In  a  square  form.  [by  itself. 

SQUaRE'NESS,  71.  The  state  of  being  square  ;  as, 
an  instrument  to  try  the  squareness  of  work.    Mozcn. 

SQUaR'EU,  n.  Johnson  thinks  that  this  word,  in 
Shakspeare,  denotes  a  hot-headed,  contentious  fel- 
low.    [See  SiiUABE,  ».] 

SQUaRE'-RIG-GEU,  a.  In  seamen's  language,  aves- 
sel  is  square-rigged  when  her  principal  saifs  are  ex- 
tended by  yards  suspended  by  the  middle,  and  not 
by  stays,  gaifs,  booms,  and  lateen  yards.  Thus  a 
ship  and  a  brig  are  square-rigged  vessels.   Mar,  DicL 

SQUaRE'-SaIL,  Ti.  In  seamen^s  language^  a  four- 
sided  sail  extended  lo  a  yard  suspended  by  the  mid 
die.  Mar.  Diet. 

SQUaR'ING,  ppr.  Making  in  the  form  of  a  square, 
or  with  right  angles;  adjusting;  regulating;  multi- 
plying by  itself. 

SQUaR'ISH.  a.    Nearly  square.  Pennant. 

SQUAR'RoSE,  }        t^     ^  -ri 

SQUAR'ROUS,  1  '^^    t^"-  ^^-  ^'^'^■'"*»  scurf.] 

In  natural  histonj,  ragged,  or  full  of  loose  scales ; 
rough  ;  jagged  ;  composed  of  parts  which  diverge  at 
right  angles,  and  are  irregular  in  size  and  direclion. 

P.  Cyc. 
A  squarrous  calyx  consists  of  scales  ver>-  widely 
divaricating;  a  5^uarrou5  leaf  is  divided  into  shreds 
or  jags,  raised  above  the  plane  of  the  leaf,  and  not 
parallel  lo  it.  Martyn. 

SQUASH,  (skwosh,)  v.  t.    [from  the  root  of  quask^  L. 
quasso,  Fr.  casser.] 
To  crush  ;  lo  beat  or  press  into  pulp,  or  a  fiat  mas^. 

SQUASH,  H.  Something  soft  and  easily  cnisheii.  Shak. 

2.  [Qu.  Gr.  ccKVQi.]     A  plant  of  the  genus  Cucur- 

bita,  or  gourd  kind,  and  its  fruit ;  a  culinar}'  vepela- 

8.  Something  unripe  or  sott ;  in  contempt.         [ble. 

This  squash,  Uita  g^nileman.  Shot. 

4.  A  sudden  fall  of  a  lioavy,  soft  body,  .^biithnot. 

5.  A  shock  of  soft  bodies. " 

My  fall  was  stopped  by  a,  terrible  squash.     [Vu'sar.]     Siaft. 

SQUASH'-BUG,  n.  The  common  name  of  a  bug  in- 
jurious to  squashes;  the  more  usual  one,  in  New 
England,  belongs  lo  the  order  Hemiptera. 

SQUASH'Y,  adv.     Like  a  squash  ;  also,  muddy. 

SQL^AT,  (skwot,)  v.  i.  [W.  yswatiaw^  from  yswad,  a 
falling,  or  throw;  It.  guatto,  squat,  close;  quattare, 
to  squat,  to  cower,  lo  lurk.  It  may,  perhaps,  be  al- 
lied to  It.  gnatare,  to  watch,  Fr.  guetlerj  to  icait,  lo 
watch.] 

1.  To  sit  down  upon  the  hams  or  heels;  as  a  hu- 
man being. 

2.  To  sit  close  to  the  ground  ;  to  cower;  as  an  an- 
imal. 

3.  In  the  United  States,  to  settle  on  another's  land 
without  pretense  of  title,  a  practice  very  common  in 
the  wilderness. 

•1.  To  stoop  or  lie  close  lo  escape  obserralion  ;  as  a 

partridge  or  rabbit. 
SQUAT,  V.  t.    To  bruise  or  make  flat  by  a  fall.     [,Yot 

in  use.]  Barrel, 

SQUAT,  a.    Sitting  on  the  hams  or  heels;  silling  close 

to  the  ground  ;  cowering. 

Him  there  they  found, 
Squat  like  a  toad,  cloBe  at  the  car  of  Eve.  A/L'ton. 

2.  Short  and  thick,  like  the  figure  of  an  animal 
squatting. 

Tlie  head  of  the  squill  insect  is  broad  and  squat,  Crfs, 

SQUAT,  n.  The  posture  of  one  that  sits  on  his  hams, 
or  close  to  the  ground.  Dryden. 

2.  A  sudden  or  crushing  fall-    [^"Vot  in  use.] 

Herbert. 

3.  A  small,  separate  vein  of  ore  ;  a  mineral  con- 
sisting of  tin  ore  and  sjiar.     HaUttccU.     fyoo.::eard. 

SQUAT'TER,  n.     One  that  squats  or  sits  close. 

9.'  In  the  United  States,  one  that  settles  on  new  land 
without  a  title. 


TONE,  BJJLL,  UNITE AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K ;  0  as  J;  S  as  Z;  CH  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


SQU 

StiUAW,  «.    Among  some  trU/cs  of  Amei'ican  Indians^ 

a  feinale,  or  wife. 
SQUeAK,  (skweck,)  v.  i".    [Sw.  sqviUca^  to  cry  like  a 

frow  ;   G.  quicken  ;   W.  g^ci^ian,  to  squeak.      This 

word  probubly  belongs  to  the  family  of  quack.    Class 

Gk.] 

1.  To  utter  a  sharp,  shrill  cr>\  usually  of  short  du- 
ration ;  to  cry  with  an  acuto  tone,  as  an  animal ;  or 
to  make  a  sharp  noise,  as  a  pipe  or  quill,  a  wheel,  a 
door,  and  the  like.  Wheels  squeak  only  when  the 
axletree  is  dr}'. 

Who  wii  ciidure  lo  hear  one  of  the  rou^h  olJ  Roiiiuns,  squeak- 
ing through  Ihe  iikoutii  of  n  eunuch?  Addison. 

Zuilus  ctlls  the  coiopauioos  of  Ulysses  the  squeaking  riiga  of 
Uuni'.T.  Pope. 

2.  To  break  silence  or  secrecy  for  fear  or  pain  ;  to 
speak.  Driidai. 

SQ,UicAK,  71.  A  sharp,  shrill  sound  suddenly  uttered, 
either  of  the  Iniraan  voice  or  of  any  animal  or  instru- 
ment, such  as  a  child  utters  in  acute  |)ain,  or  as  pigs 
utter,  or  as  is  made  by  carriage-wheels  when  dry,  or 
by  a  pipe  or  reed. 

SQUkAK'ER,  n.  One  that  utters  a  sharp,  shrill 
sound. 

SQ,Ufc:AK'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Ciying  with  a  sharp  voice  ; 
making  a  sharp  sound  ;  as,  a  squeaking  wlieel. 

SUUkAL,  (skweel,)  v.  i.  [This  is  only  a  different 
orthography  of  squall;  Ir.  sgalj  a  squealing.  See 
Squall.] 

To  cry  wit!)  a  sharp,  shrill  voice.  It  is  used  of  an- 
imals only,  and  cliii-Ily  of  swine.  It  agi-ees  in  sense 
with  Squeak,  except  that  squeal  denotes  a  wore  con- 
tinued cry  than  squeaky  and  the  latter  is  not  limited 
to  animals.  We  say,  a  squealing  hog  or  pig,  a  squeal' 
ingchWd^  but  more  generally  a  squalling  child. 

SQ,1JeAL'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  UltL-ring  a  sharp,  shrill 
sound  or  voice  ;  as,  a  squealing  pig. 

SaUliAM'ISH,  a.  [Probably  iVum  the  root  of  wam- 
ble.] 

Literally,  having  a  stomach  that  is  easily  turned, 
or  that  readily  nauseates  anything;  hence,  nice  to 
excess  in  taste  ;  fastidious  ;  easily  disgusted  ;  apt  to 
be  offended  at  trifling  improprieties ;  scrupulous. 

dnoth  ho,  that  hoiior  '6  very  squeamish 

I'tiat  takes  a  basllog  for  a.  bicini&h.  Hudibrae. 

His  muse  is  rustic,  and  perliaps  too  plain 

The  men  of  squeamish  u&is  to  ealertain.  Soulhem. 

SCitJi5AM'ISH-LY,  adv.      In  a  fastidious  manner; 

with  too  much  niccness. 
SQ,Ut:AM'ISH-NESS,  n.    Excessive  niceiiess;  vicious 
delicacy  of  taste  j  fastidiousness ;  excessive  scrupu- 
lousness. 

The  thorough-paced  polilician  must  presently  Iaun;h  at  the 
squeamt^hjtess  of  uis  conscience.  South, 

SaUKAS'I-NESS,  n.      Nausea.     [JVot  used.]      [See 

Q,UKA3INE3S.] 

SQUkAS'Y,  a.      Clueasy  ;  nice  ;  squeamish  j  scrupu- 
lous.    [JVoi  used.]     [See  GLueasy.] 
SCiUEEZE,  V.  L     [Arm.  quasqUy  goasca ;  W.  gwasgu.] 

1.  To  press  between  two  bodies  ;  to  press  closely  ; 
as,  to  squeeze  an  orange  v/ith  the  fingers  or  with  an 
instrument ;  to  squeeze  the  jiaud  in  friendsliip. 

9.  To  oppress  with  hardships,  burdens,  and  taxes; 
to  harass  ;  to  crush. 

lu  a  civil  war,  people  must  expect  to  be  sgueesed  with  Die  burden. 

L'EBtrange. 

3.  To  hug  ;  to  embrace  closely. 

4.  To  force  between  close  bodies  ;  to  compel  or 
cause  to  pass  ;  as,  to  squeeze  water  through  felt. 

To  squeeze  out;   to  force  out  by  pressure,  as  a 
liquid. 
SUUEEZE,  V.  {.    To  press ;  to  urge  one's  way ;  to 
pass  by  pressing ;  as,  to  squeeze  hard  to  get  through 
a  crowd. 

2.  To  crowd. 

To  squeeze  through;  to  pass  through  by  pressing 
and  urging  forward. 

SUUEEZE,  n.    Pressure;  comf^ession  between  bod- 
ies. Philips. 
2.  A  close  Img  or  embrace. 

SaUEEZ'^D,  pp.  or  a.  Pressed  between  bodies; 
compre^^sed  ;  oppressed. 

SQ.UEEZ'ING,  ppr.  Pressing;  compressing;  crowd- 
ing ;  oppressing. 

SmJEEZ'ING,  71.  The  act  of  pressing ;  compression ; 
oppression. 

2.  That  which  is  forced  out  by  pressure  ;  dregs. 

The  dregs  and  sgueerings  of  (he  brain.  Poi>e. 

SQTJELCH,  )v.t.    To  crush.     [.4  low  word,  and  not 
SaUELSH,  i      used.] 

SaUELCH,  71.    A  heavy  fall.     [Loic,  and  not  used.] 

Hadibras. 
SQUIB,  n.     [This  word  probably  belongs  to  the  family 
of  whip  ;  denoting,  that  which  is  thrown.} 

1.  A  little  pipe  or  hollow  cylinder  of  paper,  filled 
with  powder,  or  combustible  matter,  and  sent  into 
the  air  burning,  and  bursting  with  a  crack  ;  a  cracker. 

Lampoons,  like  squiba,  may  make  a  present  blaze.         Waller. 
The  making  and  selling  cf  squibs  is  punishable.     BlacksUmc. 

9.  A  sarcastic  speech,  or  little  censorious  writing 
published  ;  a  petty  lampnon. 

3.  A  pretty  fellow.     [JVot  in  use.] 

The  squibs,  in  (he  common  phrase,  ane  called  libclera.   Tadcr. 


SQU 

SQ.UIB,  V.  i.  To  throw  squibs ;  to  utter  sarcastic  or 
severe  reflections ;  to  contend  in  petty  dispute ;  as, 
two  members  of  a  society  squib  a  little  in  debate. 
[CulloquiaL] 

SQ,UIB'BING,  ppr.  Throwing  squibs  or  severe  re- 
flections, 

SaUIB'BING,  n.  The  act  of  throwing  sciuibs  or  se- 
vere reflections. 

SCiUIG'GLE,  (skwig'gl,)  i-.  i.  To  shake  and  wash  a 
fluid  about  the  mouth  with  tho  lips  closed,    [Lucal] 

Forby. 

SQ,UILL,  n.  [Fr.  squitle,  L.  squilla^  a  squill,  a  lob- 
ster or  prawn  ;  it.  squilla,  a  squill,  a  sea-onion,  a 
little  bell ;  s'juHUirCj  to  ring  ;  Sp.  csquiluj  a  small  bell, 
a  shrimp.] 

1.  A  bulbous  plant  of  the  genus  Scilla. 

2.  Ornitiiogalum  squilla^  or  Scilla  maritima ;  oflicinal 
squUl.  It  has  a  large,  acrid,  bulbous  root,  like  an 
onion,  which  is  used  in  medicine. 

3.  A  stomapodous,  crustaceous  animal,  of  the  ge- 
nus Squilla.  Encyc. 

4.  An  insect,  called  squill  insect,  from  its  resem- 
blance to  the  preceding,  having  a  long  body  covered 
with  a  crust,  the  head  broad  and  squat.  Grew. 

SQ,U1N'AN-CY,  n.      [It.  squinanziai   Fr.  sqiUnancic ; 
L.  cijnanchc;  Gr.  KwayxH'] 
The  quinsy,  which  see.     [Squinancv  is  not  used.] 
SQ,U1NT,  a.     [D.  schuin,  sloping,  obli(^ue  ;  schuintc,  a 
slope  ;  W.  ysgeiniaw,  to  spread,  to  sprinkle,  to  squint, 
from  ysgain,  to  spread,  to  sprinkle.    We  see  tho 
sense  is,  to  deviate  from  a  direct  line,  to  wander  or 
shoot  offi] 
3.  Looking  obliquely. 

2.  Not  having  the  optic  axes  of  both  eyes  coinci- 
dent; occasioned  by  a  permanent  shortening  of  one 
of  tho  lateral,  straight  muscles,  and  a  permanent 
elongation  of  its  antagonist. 

3.  Looking  vi'ith  suspicion.  Spenser. 
SaUINT,  V.  i.    To  see  obliquely. 

Some  can  s^uijitwhen  they  will.  Eacon. 

2.  To  have  the  axes  of  the  eyes  not  coincident. 

3.  To  slope;  to  deviate  from  a  true  line;  to  run 
obliquely.  Kiiioau. 

SCiUINT,  V.  t.  To  turn  tlie  eye  to  an  oblique  position ; 
as,  to  squint  an  eye.  Bacon. 

2.  To  look  with  non-coincident  optic  axes. 

He  gives  the  web  and  the  pin,  squints  the  eye,  aud  makes  (lie 
liare-lip.  Shak. 

SaUINT,  71.    The  act  or  habit  of  squinting, 
saUINT'-E^'E,  (-1,)  n.    An  eye  that  squints. 
SaUINT'-ES'-i;D,  (-ide,)  a.    Having  eyes  that  squint ; 
having  eyes  with  non-coincident  axes.        Knolles. 

2.  Oblique  ;  indirect ;  malignant ;  as,  squint-eyed 
praise.  Denham. 

3.  Looking  obliquely  or  by  side  glances;  XLSjSquint- 
fyf(i  jealousy  or  envy. 

SaaiNT-I-FK'GO,  n.    Squinting.  Drydeiu 

JJi  cant  ward,  and  not  to  be  used.] 
INT'ING,  ppr.    Seeing  or  looking  with  non-coin- 
cident axes  of  the  eyes  ;  looking  by  side  glances. 
SaUINT'ING,  71.    The  act  or  habit  of  looking  squint. 
SQUINT'ING-LY,  adv.    With  squint  look ;  by  side 

glances:. 
SaUIN'Y,  V.  i.    To  look  squint.  Sliak. 

[ji  cant  word,  not  to  be  usa!.] 
SQUIR,  (skwur,)  v.  t.    To  throw  with  a  jerk.    Spelt 

also  StiuiRH.     [Obs.]  Addison. 

SQUIRE,  n.  [A  popular  contraction  of  Esquire.  See 
EsijuinEj 

1.  In  Great  Britain,  the  titio  of  a  gentleman,  next 
in  rank  to  a  knight.  Shak. 

2.  In  Great  Britain,  an  attendant  on  a  noble  war- 
rior. Dryden.     Pope. 

3.  An  attendant  at  court.  Shali. 

4.  In  the  United  States,  the  title  of  magistrates  and 
lawyers.  In  New  England,  it  is  particularly  given 
to  justices  of  the  peace  and  judges ;  and  in  Pennsyl- 
vania, to  justices  of  the  peace  only. 

5.  The  title  customarily  given  to  gentlemen. 
SQUIRE,  V.  t.    To  attend  as  a  squire.  Chaucer. 

2.  in  colloquial  language,  to  attend  as  a  beau  or 
gallant  for  aid  and  protection  ;  as,  to  squire  a  lady  to 
tlie  gardens. 
SQUIUE'HOOD,  71.    The  rank  and  state  of  a  squire. 

Shclton. 
SQUIRE'LY,  a.    Becoming  a  squire.  Shelton. 

SaUIRE'SHIP,  71.    Ofiice  of  a  squire.  Swift. 

SQUIRM,  (skwurm,)  v.  t.  or  i.  To  move  like  a  worm 
or  eel,  with  writhing  or  contortions. 

2.  To  climb  by  embracing  and  clinging  with  tho 
hands  and  feet,  as  to  a  tree  without  branches. 

[Johnson  writes  this  word  Swarm,  and  this   is 
probably  the  original  word.  Bailey  writes  it  Squirm.] 
SQUIRM'ING,  ppr.  Moving  like  a  worm  or  eel ;  climb- 
ing by  embracing. 
SQUIRR.    See  Squir. 

SQUIR'REL,  (skwer'rel  or  skwur'rel,)  n.  [Fr.  ccu- 
rcuil ;  L.  sciurus  ;  Gr.  cKiovpos^O.  compounti  of  OKia, 
shade,  and  ovflu,  tail.] 

A  small  rodent  mammal.  The  squirrel  has  two  cut- 
ting teeth  in  each  jaw,  a  long,  tufted  tail,  four  long 
toes  on  the  fore  feet,  and  a  tubercle  instead  of  a 
thumb,  and  five  on  the  hind  feet.    Many  species  are 


STA 

enumerated.  These  animals  are  remarkably  nimble, 
running  up  trees,  and  leaping  from  branch  to  branch 
with  surprising  agility.  They  subsist  on  nuts,  of 
which  they  lay  up  a  store  for  winter,  some  of  Ihein 
in  holluw  trees,  otiiers  in  the  earth.  TheJr  flesh  is 
delicate  lood. 

[See  also  FLTi:^G-S:iuiRnEL.] 

SQUIR'REL-HUNT,w.  In  ^//icrira,  the  hunting  and 
shooting  of  squirrels  by  a  company  of  men. 

SQUIRT,  (skwurt,)  v.  t.  [from  some  root  in  Class 
Gr,  or  Wr,  signifying  to  throw  or  drive.] 

To  eject  or  drive  out  of  a  narrow  pipe  or  orifice,  in 
a  stream  ;  as,  to  squirt  water. 

SQUIRT,  V.  i.  To  throw  out  words ;  to  let  fly.  [JVot 
in  use.]  V Estrange. 

SQUIRT,  n.    An  instrument  with  which  a  liquid  is 
ejected  in  a  stream  with  force. 
9.  A  small,  quick  siieam. 

SQUIRT'ED,  pp.  Ejected  in  a  stream  from  a  narrow 
orifice. 

SQUIRT'ER,  (skwurt'er,)  n.     One  that  squirts. 
[This  word,  in  all  its  forms,  is  vulgar.] 

SQXJiRT'ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Ejecting  from  a  narrow 

'orifice  in  a  stream. 

Squirting  cucumber;  the  fruit  of  the  plant  Ecba- 
lium  Elaterium,  or  Momordica  Elaterium,  which, 
when  nearly  ripe,  sepanites  suddenly  from  its  pe- 
duncle, at  the  same  time  ejecting  its  juice  and  seeds. 

STAB,  V.  t.  [This  v/ord  contains  the  eKnients,  and  is 
pr^ibably  from  the  primary  sense,  of  the  L.  siabdisy 
stahilio,  stipo,  D.  stippcn,  to  point  or  prick,  Eng.  stiff, 
and  a  multitude  of  others  in  many  languages.  The 
radical  sense  is,  to  thrust;  but  I  know  not  to  wliat 
Oriental  roots  they  are  allied,  unless  to  the  Heb.  asi, 


Ar.  CiitAi?*  leatsaha.    Class  Sb,  No.  35,  37,  or  Class 

Db,  No.  A^,  53,  44.] 

1.  To  pierce  with  a  pointed  weapon  ;  as,  to  bo 
stabbed  by  a  dagger  or  a  spear ;  to  stab  lish  or  acU. 

9.  To  wound  mischievously  or  mortally ;  to  kill  by 
the  thrust  of  a  pointed  instrument.  Philips. 

3.  To  injure  secretly  or  by  malicious  falsehood  or 
slander;  as,  to  stab  reputation. 
STAB,  V.  i.    To  give  a  wound  with  a  pointed  weapon. 

None  shall  dare 
With  shortened  sword  to  sUib  in  closer  war.  Dryden. 

2.  To  give  a  mortal  wound. 

He  speaks  poniards,  and  every  word  stabs,  Shr.'^. 

To  Stab  at{   to  ofler  a  stab;   to  thrust  a  pointed 
weapon  at. 
STAB,  n.    The  tlirust  of  a  pointed  weapon. 

2.  A  wound  with  a  sliarp-pointed  weapon ;  a;^,  to 
fall  by  the  stub  of  an  assassin. 

3.  An  injury  given  in  the  dark  ;  a  sly  mischief;  as, 
a  stab  2iven  to  character. 

STA' BAT  MA'TER,  n.  [L.]  A  celebrated  Latin 
hymn,  beginning  with  these  words,  set  to  music  by 
most  of  the  great  composers,  and  performed  in  iIil- 
church  service  of  the  Roman  Catholics. 

STAB'B£D,  pp.  Pierced  with  a  pointed  weapon  ; 
killed  with  a  spear  or  other  pointed  instrument. 

STAB'IiER,  n.    One  that  stabs  ;  a  privy  murderer. 

STAB'BING,  ppr.  Piercing  with  a  pointed  weapon  ; 
killing  with  a  pointed  instrument  by  piercing  the 
body. 

STAB'BING,  n.  The  act  of  piercing  with  a  pointed 
weapon  ;  the  act  of  wounding  or  killing  with  a 
pointed  instrument. 

This  Etiliite  was  made  on  account  of  the  frequent  qiKirrcla  and 

slabbings  wilb  short  daggers.  B^aclcstuiu: 

STAB'BING-LY,  adv.  With  intent  to  a  secrLt  act 
maliciously.  Bp.  Parker. 

STA-BIL'I-MENT,  71.    [h.stabilimentuviyfvomstabilio, 
to  make  firm.    See  Stab.] 
Act  of  making  firm  ;  firm  support. 

Tjiey  serve  for  siablUincnl,  propagation,  and  shade.  Derham, 

STA-BIL'1-TaTE,  v.  t.  To  make  stable;  to  estab- 
lish.    [J^ot  used.]  More. 

STA-BIL'I-TY,  n.  [L.  stabilitas,  from  stabilis.  See 
StaeJ 

1.  Steadiness;  stableness ;  firmness;  strength  to 
stand  without  being  moved  or  overthrown  ;  as,  tlie 
stability  of  a  throne  ;  the  stability  of  a  constitution  of 
government. 

2.  Steadiness  or  firmness  of  character;  firmness  of 
resolution  or  purpose  ;  the  qualities  opposite  to  fickle- 
uess,  irresolutio7t,  or  inconstancy.  We  say,  a  man  of 
little  stability,  or  of  luiusual  stability. 

3.  Fixedness;  as  opposed  to  Fluiditf.  [/  believe 
not  now  used.] 

Since  fluidoesa  and  stability  are  contrary  qualities.  Bcyls. 

STA'BLE,  a.  [L.  stabilis ;  Fr.  stable ;  It.  stabile.  The 
primary  sense  is  set,  fixed.    See  Stab.] 

1.  Fixed;  firmly  established;  not  to  be  easily 
moved,  shaken,  or  overthrown;  as,  a  stable  govern- 
ment. 

2.  Steady  in  purpose  ;  constant ;  firm  in  resolution ; 
not  easily  diverted  from  a  purpose  ;  not  fickle  or  wa- 
vering ;  as,  a  stable  man  ;  a  stable  character. 

3.  Fixed ;  steady ;  firm  ;  not  easily  surrendered 
or  abandoned  ;  as,  a  man  of  stable  principles. 


FaTE,  far,  fall,  what.  — MicTE,  PREY.— pine,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK. — 
5073 


ST  A. 


STA 


4.  Durable:    not   subject   to   be   overthroivn    or 
cfaaQged. 


Iq  this  regicD  of  chance  and  Tanitj,  where  nothin-  is  stable. 

Rogers. 

STa'BLE,  ».  i    To  Ci ;  to  establish.    [J^otused.] 
STa'BLE,  71.    1^1,.  stabulum,  that  is,  a  stand,  a  fixed 
place,   hke   enul    (See  the   latter.)    These    words 
do  not  primarily  imply  a  covering  fur  horses  or  cattle.] 
A  house  or  shed  for  beasts  to  lodge  and  feed  in.   In 
large  towns,  a  stable  is  usually  a  building  for  horses 
only,  or  horses  and  cows,  and  otten  connected  with 
a  coach-house.  In  the  country  towns  in  tlie  Northern 
States  of  .Vmerica,  a  stable  is  usually  an  apartment  in 
a_bam  in  which  hay  and  grain  are  deposited. 
ST-\'BLE,  i:.  (.    To  put  or  keep  in  a  stable.    Our  farm- 
ers generally  stable  not  only  horses,  but  o.\en  and 
cows,  in  winter,  and  sometimes  voung  cattle. 
ST.^'BLE,  r.  L     To  dwell  or  lodge  in  a  stable:  to 

dwell  in  an  inclosed  place  ;  to  kennel.  Milton. 

ST.5'BLE-B0Y,  )  n.    .^  boy  or  man  who  attends  at  a 
ST.5'BI.E-M.-VN,  (      stable.  Swift. 

>T.\'BLED,  pp.    Put  or  kept  in  a  stable. 
ST.a'BLE-NESS,  n.    Fi.\edness;  firmness  of  position 
or  establishment;   strength  to  stand;  slability;  as, 
the  stableaess  of  a  throne,  or  of  a  svstem  of  laws. 

2.  Steadiness;  constancy;  firniness  of  purpose; 
stability  ;  as,  stableness  of  character,  of  mind,  of 
principles,  or  opinions. 
STa'BLE-ST.AND,  n.  [.liable  and  stand.]  In  lam, 
when  a  man  is  found  at  his  standing  in  the  forest 
with  a  cross-bow  bent,  ready  to  shoot  at  a  deer,  or 
with  a  long  bow;  or  standing  close  by  a  tree  with 
greyhounds  in  a  leash  ready  lo  slip.  This  is  one  of 
the  four  presumptions  that  a  man  intends  stealin"  the 
lung's  deer.  Englislt  Law. 

Si  .\  BLIN'G,  ppr.    Putting  or  keeping  in  a  stable. 
STa'BLI.VG,  n.    The  act  or  practice  of  keepin"  cattle 
in  a  stable. 

2.  .Chouse,  shed,  or  room  for  keeping  horses  and 
cattle. 

ST.tB'LISH,  V.  L  [L.  slaiUio  ;  Fr.  etaUir  ;  It.  stxtbitire ; 
csp.  establecer.     See  Stab.] 

To  6x;  to  settle  in  a  state  for  permanence;  to 
make  firm. 

[In  lieu  of  this.  Establish  is  now  always  used  ] 

ST.A'BLY,  mir.  Firmly  ;  fixedly  ;  steadily  ;  as,  a  goy- 
emment  stably  settled. 

STAB-D-LS'TiO.X,  n.    Act  of  housing  beasts.    [04s.] 

.,  Cockcram. 

&T.i€--eA'TO,[lt.]  In  OTMsic,  denoting  a  short,  dis- 
tinct,  articulate  style  ;  the  opposite  to  Legato. 

ST.\CK,  n.  [W.  ijstac,  a  stack  ;  ysUica,  a  standard, 
from  ta»,  a  state  of  being  stuffed  ;  Dan.  stak,  a  pile 
of  hay;  Sw.  stack:  Ir.  "stacadh.  It  signifies  that 
which  is  set,  and  coincides  with  Sax.  stac,  D.  staak, 
a  stake.  Slock,  sta^r,  stage,  are  of  the  same  family, 
or  at  least  have  the  same  radical  sense.] 

1.  .\  large,  conical  pile  of  hay,  grain,  or  straw, 
sometimes  covered  with  thatch.  In  Anerica,  the 
stack  differs  from  the  cocJi  only  in  size,  both  being 
conical.  A  long  pile  of  bay  or  grain  is  called  a  rick. 
In  England,  this  distinction  is  not  always  observed. 
This  word,  in  Great  Britain,  is  sometimes  applied  lo 
a  pile  of  wood  containing  408  cubic  feet,  and  also  to 
a  pde  of  poles ;  but  I  believe  never  in  America. 

A^nst  every  pillar  w.^  a  slack  of  billets  above  a  man's  high*- 

Bacon. 

2.  A  number  of  funnels  or  chimneys  standing  to- 
gether. We  say,  a  stack  of  chimneys  ;  which  is  cor- 
rect, as  a  chimney  is  a  passage.  But  we  also  call  the 
whole  stack  a  chimney.  Thus  we  say,  the  cMmnev 
rises  ten  feet  above  the  roof. 

A  st^ck  of  arms,  is  a  number  of  muskets  set  up  to- 
gether, with  the  bayonets  crossing  one  another,  form- 
ing a  sort  of  conical  pile. 
ST.ACK,  f.  (.    To  lay  in  a  conical  or  other  pile ;  to 
make  into  a  large  pile  ;  as,  to  stack  h.iy  or  grain. 
9.  In  England,  to  pile  wood,  poles,  &c. 
To  stack  arms:    to  set  up  muskets  together,  with 
the  bayonets  crossing  one  another,  and  forming  a  sort 
of  conical  pile. 
i^''^R!?,'f '  f^'^*'')  ??■    Piled  in  a  large,  conical  heap. 
S4,  .„„£■'''  fJ^-     Laying  in  a  large,  conical  heap. 
i.p-^r.&  I-i""^'*^'°'  i  "■     A  band   or  rope  used  in 
STACK'ING-BELT,  i       binding    thatch    or   straw 

upon  a  stack. 
STACK'IXG-STaGE,  n.    A  stage  used  in  building 
stacks.  ^ 

S'TACK'-YAED,  n.    A  yard  or  inclosure  for  stacks  of 

nay  or  grain. 
STAe'TE,  n.     [L.  stacte ;  Gr.  rutr/j.] 

A  fatty,  resinous,  liquid  matter,  of  the  nature  of 
nquid  myrrh,  very  odoriferous,  and  highly  valued 
But  It  IS  said  we  have  none  but  what  is  adulterated, 
and  what  is  so  called  is  liquid  storax.  Ciic 

STAD'DLE,  (stad'dl,)  n.  [D.  stutzcl,  from  slat,  a  prop  ; 
stuUen,  to  prop  ;  Eng.  stud ;  G.  stiltzc.  It  belon"s  to 
the  root  of  stead,  steady.] 

1.  Any  thing  whicQ  serves  for  support ;  a  staff;  a 
crutch ;  the  frame  or  support  of  a  stack  of  hay  or 
P?'"'  .■  England. 

ll'^tJus seme  not  used  in  Jfem  England.] 

2.  In  jVew  England,  a  small  tree  of  any  kind,  par- 


H'v'Jl''^/  ^"'"f-  '""'■  'n  America,  trees  are  called 
staddles  fruiii  three  or  four  years  old  till  they  are  six 
or  eight  inches  in  diameter  or  more  ;  but  in  this  re- 
spect the  word  is  indefinite.  This  is  also  the  sense 
m  which  It  IS  used  by  Bacon  and  Tu=ser 
STAD'DLE,  V.  t.    To  leave  staddles  when  a  wood  is 

»i  AD  ULliNG,  ppr.    Leaving  staddles  when  a  wood 
ST.ADE,  71.     [L.  stadium.}    A  stadium  or  furlong. 
«Tl/nTrTif  TT       „  ,  Smith's  Diet. 

?  ,,=     '*''  "•    C^- '  ^'-  5-ci.fioi'.]     A  Greek  measure 
ot  125  geometrical  p.aces ;  a  furlong. 
3.  The  course  or  career  of  a  race. 
STADT'HOLD-ER,  (slat'-,)  „.      [D.  stadt,  a  city,  and 
hundrr,  holder.] 

Formerly,  the  chief  magistrate  of  the  United  Prov- 
inces of  Holland  ;  or  the  governor  or  lieutenant-gov- 
ernor of  a  province. 
STAIlT'lloLU-ER-ATE,  /  ,  ,  .,    ,  (  „.     The  office  of 

,:.""''  ''  ''■f*''"  or  Staves.  [Sax.  stj'/,  a  stick 
or  club,  a  pole,  a  crook,  a  prop  or  support,  a  letter,  an 
epistle  ;  sUrfii,  stefn,  the  voice  ;  D.  staf,  a  staff,  sceo- 
'er,  or  crook  ;  stanf,  a  bar  ;  G.  .<,tab,  a  stafl;  a  bar,  a 
rod  ;  Dan.  sljib,  stai;  id.  ;  stann,  stxtn,  the  prow  of  a 
ship,  that  IS,  a  projection,  th;it  which  shoots  out ;  Fr 
(iouoe.  The  primary  sense  is,  to  thrust,  to  shoot, 
bee  Stab.] 

LA  stick  carried  in  the  hand  for  support  or  de- 
fense by  a  person  w:ilking  ;  hence,  a  sujiport ;  that 
\yhlch  props  or  upholds.  Bread  is  proverbially  called 
the  staff  of  life. 

Tbeboyw:ulhevMy  stejformyage.  stiuk 

1  hy  rod  and  ihy  sta^,  ihey  comfort  me.  —  Ps.  xxiii. 

9.  A  stick  or  club  used  .as  a  weapon.       Dmden 

3.  .^  long  piece  of  wood  ;  a  stick  ;  the  long  handle 
■  of  an  instrument ;  a  pole  or  slick,  used  for  many 

purposes.  ^ 

4.  The  five  lines  and  the  spaces  on  which  music  is 
wrillen. 

5.  An  ensign  of  authority ;  a  badge  of  office  ;  as  a 
constable's  st^ff.  Siiak     Hai/ward. 

b.  The  round  of  a  ladder.  Brown. 

~.  A  pole  erected  in  a  ship  lo  hoist  and  display  a 
flag;  called  a  Utig-staff.  There  is  also  a  ack-staff: 
and  an  ensign-stu^. 

8.  [Fr.  csto/clte,  a  courier  or  express;  Dan.  stofettc; 
It.  staffetta,  an  express  ;  stagicre,  a  gloom  or  servant ; 
staffa,  a  stirrup;  Sp.  estafita,  a  courier,  a  general 
post-office ;  estafero,  a  foot-boy,  a  stable-boy,  an  er- 
rand-boy ;  Port,  estafita,  an  express.  Tiiis  word 
seems  to  be  formed  from  It.  staffa,  a  stirrup,  whence 
stafferc,  a  stirrup-holder  or  groom,  whence  a  servant 
or  horseman  sent  express.]  In  military  affairs,  an  es- 
tablishment of  officers  in  various  departments,  at- 
tached lo  an  army,  or  to  the  commander  of  an  army. 
The  general's  staff  consists  of  those  olficers  about  his 
person  who  are  employed  in  caiTying  his  commands 
into  execution. 

9.  [Ice.  st^.]  A  stanza  ;  a  series  of  verses  so  dis- 
posed that,  when  it  is  concluded,  the  same  order  be- 
gins again. 

Coivle;  found  out  that  no  kjiid  of  staff  is  proper  for  a  heroic 
fKWm,  aa  bemg  all  too  lyrical.  Dryden. 

ST.KFP'-.\N"GLE,  71.  In  architecture,  a  square  rod 
of  wood  standing  flush  with  the  wall  on  each  of  its 
sides,  at  the  external  angles  of  plastering,  to  prevent 

-, 'heir  being  damaged.  Brande. 

stAi'i'I-ER,  71.    An  attendant  bearing  a  slat!'. 

ST.jiFF'ISH,  a.    Stiff;  harsh.     [Obs.]        "^'ctaZ. 

ST.^FF'-TREB,  71.  The  popular  name  of  the  several 
species  of  the  genus  Celastrus,  but  not  used  except 
with  some  epithet  prefixed,  to  distinguish  the  species 
or  variety.  Thus,  Celastrus  scandens  of  the  United 
States,  is  called  Climbing  Staff-Tree. 

STAG,  71.  [This  word  belongs  to  the  root  of  stick, 
stage,  stack.  The  primaiy  sense  is,  to  thrust,  hence, 
to  fix,  to  stay,  tc] 

1.  The  male  red  deer;  the  male  of  the  hind. 

2.  .\  colt  or  filly  ;  also,  a  romping  girl.     [Local.] 
mu  Grose. 

J.  T.  he  taurine  male,  castrated  at  such  an  age  that 
he  never  gains  the  full  size  of  a  bull. 

ST.\G'-BEE-TLE,  77.  A  lamellicorn,  coleopterous  in- 
sect of  the  family  Lucanida?. 

STAGE,  77.  [Fr.  etagc,  a  story,  a  degree  ;  Arm.  estaich  ; 
Sax.  stigan,  to  go,  to  ascend  ;  Dan.  stigcr,  10  step  up, 
to  ascend  ;  Sw.  stiga,  to  step  ;  steg,  a^step;  stcre,  a 
ladder  ;  D.  stygen,  to  mount,  G.  steigen.]  ° 

1.  Properly,  one  degree  of  elevation  ;  a  step,  floor, 
or  story.  Chaucer. 

2.  A  floor  or  platform  of  any  kind  elevated  above 
the  ground  or  common  surface,  as  for  an  exhibition 
of  something  to  public  view;  as,  a  stage  for  a  moun- 
tebank ;  a  stage  for  speakers  in  public  ;  a  stage  for 
mechanics.  Seamen  use  floating  stages  and  'staa-es 
suspended  by  the  side  of  a  ship,  for  calking  and  °re- 
n<airin?. 


STA 


4.  The  theater;  the  phice  of  scenic  cotenain- 
ments. 

Knign-J,  Btjuirti,  ami  Btecd*,  muat  enter  on  the  siege.     Pops. 

5.  Theatrical  representations.  It  is  contended 
that  the  stage  is  a  school  of  moralitv.  Let  it  be  in- 
quired where  is  the  person  whom  the  stage  has  re- 
formed .•"  s  ^ 

0.  A  place  where  any  thing  is  publicly  exhibited. 

Wh-o  «'e  are  bora,  we  cr7  ha;  «e  an;  come 

1 0  this  great  stags  of  foolj  59^^, 

Place  of  action  or  performance;  as,  the  stage  of 


7, 
life. 


pairing. 

3.  The  floor  on  which  theatrical  performances  are 
exhibited,  as  distinct  from  the  pit,  &c.    Hence 


8.  A  place  of  rest  on  a  journey,  or  where  a  relay 
of  horses  is  taken.  When  we  arrive  at  the  next 
^ge,we  will  take  some  refreshment.     Hence, 

9.  The  distance  between  two  places  of  rest  on  a 
road  ;  as,  a  stage  of  firteen  miles. 

10.  A  single  step ;  degree  of  advance ;  degree  of 
progre-sion,  either  in  increase  or  decrease,  in  risine 
or  falling,  or  in  any  change  of  state  ;  as,  the  several 
stag.s  of  a  war;  the  stage,  of  civilization  or  im- 
provement ;  stages  of  growth  in  an  animal  or  pi  nil ; 
stages  of  a  disease,  of  decline,  or  recovery  ;  thuscv- 
eral  stages  of  human  life.  i  ,      •.oi.y 

11.  [Instead  of  Stage-Coach  or  .Stage- Wagoh.I 
A  coach  or  other  carriage  running  regularly  from  one 
place  lo  another,  for  the  conveyance  of  passengers. 

1  went  in  the  Bix-neiitjy  slags.  Sai/t 

A  parcel  sent  by  the  stags.  Coieptr'. 
[.American  ujtage.] 

ST.iGE,  ».  (.    To  exhibit  publicly.  [JVot  in  use.] 

^''^^^'^^'-^OACH,  71.  [stage  and  coach.]  A  coach 
that  runs  by  stages  ;  or  a  coach  that  runs  regularly 
ever)-  day  or  on  slated  days,  for  the  convev.ance  of 

,1     .         ;,"•  .P**"-""'"?  to  a  stage;  becoming  the 

SI  aoE'-PLa\  ,  n.  [stage  and  play.]  Theatrical  en- 
tertainment. ry„idn 

ST.mSE'-PLaY-EE,  „.  An  actor  on  the  su^Tone 
whose  occupation  is  to  represent  characters  on  the 
stage.    Garri^ck  was  a  celebrated  stai^e-player. 

STaG'ER,  (staj'er,)  71.     A  player.     [LitUe  used.] 

2.  One  that  has  long  acted  on  the  stage  of  life  •  a 
practitioner ;  a  person  of  cunning  ;  .as,  an  old,  cun- 
ning stager  i  an  experienced  stager ;  a  staoer  of  the 
"^■ff/ott.  'Dryden. 

[/  do  not  recollect  to  have  ever  heard  this  vmrd  used 
171  .America.] 

ST.aG'ER-Y,  71.    E.vhibition  on  the  stage,    [^•ot  m 

on^'fj,   -„„  ■"*<'«- 

to  i  AG'-E-v/L,  71.     A  disease  in  horses.  Diet. 

STAG^GAED,  71.     [from  stag.]    A  slag  of  four  years 

STAG'GER,  V.  i.     [D.  slaggeren.    Kiliaan.] 

1.  To  reel ;  lo  vacillate  ;  to  move  to  one  side  and 
the  other  in  standing  or  walking ;  not  lo  stand  or 
walk  with  steadiness.  Boule. 

Deep  was  tlie  wound ;  he  slaggsred  with  the  blow.    Drydssx. 

2.  To  fail ;  lo  cease  lo  stand  firm ;  to  begin  to  give 
way.  " 

The  enemy  staggers.  Addison. 

3.  To  hesitate ;  to  begin  lo  doubt  and  waver  in 
purpose  i  to  become  less  confident  or  determined. 

Shot. 

Abraham  staggered  not  at  die  promise  of  God  through  unl<cL^. 
—  Rom.  iv. 

STAG'GER,  V.  t.    To  cause  lo  reel.  SiaJfc. 

2.  To  cause  to  doubt  and  waver ;  to  make  to  hesi- 
tate ;  lo  make  less  steady  or  confident ;  to  sho-  k. 

Whoever  will  r^;ad  the  story  of  this  war,  will  find  biroseb  cuch 
staggered.  Bos^t- 

Wheri  a  prince  fails  in  honor  and  justice,  it  is  enough  Lo  slaggsr 
his  people  in  tlieir  allegiance.  l/Estrangs.' 

ST.\G'GER-£D,  pp.     Made  to  reel;  made  to  doubt 

and  waver. 
STACGER-IXG,  ppr.  or  a.  Causing  to  reel,  to  waver, 

or  lo  doubt ;  reeling  ;  vacillating. 
STAG'GER-I.N'G,  it.  '  The  act  of  reeling,  .irbutknau 

2.  The  cause  of  staggering. 
STAG'GER-I,\G-LY,  adv      In  a  reeling  manner. 

2.  ^Vith  hesitation  or  doubt. 
ST.AG'GERS,  77.  pi.   .\  disease  of  horses  and  other  ani- 
mals, by  which  Ihey  fall  down  suddenly  wilhout 
sense  or  motion  ;  apople.xy.  Farm.  Encyc. 

2.  Madness ;  wild,  irregular  conduct.  [J\rot  in  use.] 

Shak. 
STAG'GER-VVORT,  n.    A  plant ;  ragwort. 
STaG'ING,  71.    A  structure  of  posts  and  boards  for 

support,  as  for  building. 
S'TAG'IR-lTE,  n.     An  appellation  given  to  .Aristotle, 

troni  the  place  of  his  birth,  Stagira,  in  Macedonia. 
STAG'NAN-CY,  71.  [See  Stag.va.m.]  The  slate  of 
being  without  motion,  flo%v,  or  circulation,  as  in  a 
fluid. 
ST.^G'.^J.'i.NT,  a.  [L.  stagnans,  from  stagna,  to  be 
wilhout  a  flowing  motion,  ll.  stagnare.  (ju.  W. 
tao-ii,  to  stop.] 

1.  Not  flowing ;  not  running  in  a  current  or 
stream  ;  as,  a  stagnant  lake  or  pond  ;  stagnant  blood 
in  the  veins. 


TONE,  BKLL,  UNITE. -AJ;"GER,  VF'CIOUS.  -e  as  K  :  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


inr> 


STA 


2.  Motionless ;  still ;  not  agitated  ;  aa,  water  quiet 
and  sCag'ianL  Woodward. 

The  g\oomj  ilumber  of  the  ilagnant  toul.  Johnson. 

3.  Not  active  j  dull ;  not  brisk  ;  as,  business  is 
starmant. 

STAG'\ANT-LY,  adv.    In  a  still,  motionless,  inact- 
ive mnnncr. 
STAG'NaTB,  V,  i,     [h.  stagno,  stadium;  It.  stag- 

1.  To  ceasB  to  flow  ;  to  be  motionless ;  as,  blood 
siasnaies  in  the  veins  of  an  animal  \  air  stagiiaits  in 
a  close  room. 

9.  To  cease  to  move ;  not  to  be  agitated.  Water 
that  siafnaies  in  a  pond  or  rescn'oir  soon  becomes 
foul. 

3.  To  cease  to  be  brisk  or  active  ;  to  become  dul  ; 
as,  commerce  sta^tatcs ;  business  stag^iates. 
STA(t-Na'T!ON,  n.  The  cessation  of  (lowing  or  cir- 
culation of  a  tluid ;  or  the  state  of  being  without 
i\o',v  or  circulation  ;  the  slate  of  being  molionh;ss  ; 
as,  the  stagnation  of  the  blood  ;  the  stagnation  of 
water  or  air ;  the  litn/t-nation  of  vapors.        Addison. 

2.  Tlie  cessation  of  action  or  of  brisk  action  ;  the 
slate  of  being  dull  ;  ;is,  the  stafrnaiion  of  business. 

STAG'-WORM,  (-vvurm,)  7i.  An  insect  tliat  is  trouble- 
some to  deer. 
STAID,   prct.    and   p;i.    of    Stay  ;    so    written    for 

SxiYED. 

9.  a.  [from  .''(aj/,  to  stop.]  ?ober  ;  grave;  steady; 
composed;  reguhir ;  not  wild,  volatile,  flighty,  or 
fanciful ;  as,  staid  wisdom. 

To  rule  out  with  slaid  guides.  ftTillon. 

STAID'NnSS,  n.  Sobriety;  gravity;  steadiness  ; 
regularity  ;  tlie  opposite  of  Wildkes3. 

If  he  Eomptinies  :\pp^iirs  too  f.i.v,  yel  «  secret  gn^icfuloess  of 
youth  ncconipunits  his  wnlings,  though  the  sUiidittss  and 
sobriety  of  uge  be  w;(iiuiig.  Dryden, 

STaIN,  (stiine,)  v.  t.  [W.  ystaeniawj  to  spread  over, 
to  stain  ;  ystaeniu^  to  cover  with  tin  ;  ystacn,  that  is 
spread  out,  or  that  is  sprinkled,  a  stain^  tin,  L.  i^ta.i- 
nuni :  taen,  a  spread,  a  sprinkle,  a  layer;  fue;m,  to 
spread,  expand,  sprinkle,  or  be  scattered.  This  co- 
incides in  elements  with  Gr.  TEifU).  The  French 
icinflrr,  S|).  tchir,  It.  ttngcre,  Port,  tin^r,  to  slain,  are 
from  the  L.  tiiigo,  Gr.  r^yyto.  Sax.  tleagan,  Eng.  dye  ; 
a  word  formed  by  different  elements.  Stain  seems 
to  hi"  from  the  Welsh,  and  if  f/ien  is  not  a  contracted 
word,  it  has  no  connection  with  the  Fr.  teindrc] 

1.  To  discolor  by  the  application  of  foreign  mat- 
ter ;  to  make  foul";  to  spot  ;  as,  to  stain  the  hand 
with  dye  ;  to  .•'tain  clothes  with  vegetable  juice ;  to 
stain  p:i[)t*r  ;  ariaor  stained  with  blood. 

2.  To  dye  ;  to  tinge  with  a  different  color;  as,  to 
stain  clolh. 

3.  To  impress  with  figures,  in  colors  different 
from  the  ground  ;  as,  to  stain  paper  for  hangings. 

4.  To  blot;  to  soil;  to  spot  with  guilt  or  infamy; 
to  tarnish ;  to  bring  reproach  on ;  an,  to  stain  the 
character. 

Of  honor  void,  of  innocencp,  of  faith,  of  pnrily, 

Our  wonted  onianK-uls  now  soiled  and  slcincl.  MUton. 

STAIN,  n.  A  spot  ;  discoloration  from  foreign  mat- 
ter ;  as,  a  stain  on  a  garment  or  cloth. 

2.  A  natural  spot  of  a  color  different  from  the 
ground. 

Swift  troiita,  diversified  with  crimson  slains.  Pone. 

3.  Taint  of  guilt;  tarnish;  disgrace;  reproach; 
as,  the  stain  of  sin. 

Nor  donth  itself  ovu  wholly  wnfih  their  sfains.  Drydtn. 

Our  opinion  is,  I  hope,  without  luiy  blemish  ci"  sUiin  of  hmtsy. 

Uooker. 

4   Cause  of  reproach  ;  shame. 

Hcr>-hy  1  will  lettd  her  that  is  ttic  praisw  and  yet  the  stain  of  all 
womankind.  Sidney. 

STSIN'KD,  pp.  or  a.  Discolored;  spotted;  dyed; 
blotted  ;  tarnished. 

Stainrd  fflass ;  glass  colored  or  stitined  by  certain 
metallic  pigments  fused  into  its  substance  ;  often 
used  for  making  durable  pictures  in  windows. 

(Ire, 
STaIN'ER,  7(.     One  who  stains,  blots,  or  tarnishes. 

9.  A  dyer. 
STAIX'IiNG,  ppr.    Discoloring;  spotting;  tarnishing; 

dyeing. 
STAIN'LEl^S,  a.     Free  from  stains  or  spots.  Sidnetj. 
2.  Free  from  the  reproach  of  guilt ;  free  from  sin. 

Shak. 
STAIR,  71,     [D.steirrcr;  S^x.stager;  from  Sax.  stigan, 
D.  and  G.  steigen,  Goth,  steigan,  to  step,  to  go ;  Dan. 
stia-evj  to   ri.-;e,  to   step   up;    Sw.  steg,  a  step;    Ir. 
staifflire.     See  Stage.] 

1.  A  step  ;  a  stone  or  a  frame  of  boards  or  planks 
by  which  a  person  rises  one  stej).  A  stair,  to  m;ike 
the  ascent  easy,  should  not  exceed  six  or  seven 
inches  in  elevation.  When  the  riser  is  eight,  nine, 
or  ten  inches  in  breadlh,  the  ascent  by  stairs  is 
laborious. 

2,  Stairsy  in  the  plural ;  a  series  of  steps  by  which 
persons  ascend  to  a  higher  room  in  a  building. 
[Siair^  in  this  sense,  is  not  in  use.] 

Fliirttt  of  stairs,  may  signify  the  stairs  which  make 
the  whole  ascent  of  a  story;  or  in  winding  stairs, 


STA 

the  phrase  may  signify  the  stairs  from  the  floor  to  a 
turn,  or  from  one  turn  to  another. 
STaIU'CaSE,  n.  [stair  and  case]  The  part  of  a 
building  which  contains  the  stairs.  Staircases  are 
straiifkt  or  winding.  The  straight  are  called  Fliers, 
or  DiKECT  Fmers.  Winding  stairs,  called  Spihal, 
or  Cockle,  are  squarr,  circular,  or  elliptical. 

To  make  a  complete  ttaircaxe,  U  a  cnrlous  piece  of  architecture. 

Wotlon. 

STaIR'-UOD,  n.  The  name  of  metallic  rods  for  hold- 
ing a  stair-carpet  to  its  place. 

STAITH,  71.  Tlie  line  of  rails  forming  the  extremity 
of  a  railway,  and  generally  occurring  next  to  naviga- 
ble waters,  being  laid  on  platforms  for  discharging 
coals,  &c.,  into  vessels.  Buchanan. 

2.  A  repository  and  mart  for  coals.     [Locat] 

STAKE,  n.  [Sax.  .ttac;  D.  staaJi ;  Sw.  stake  ;  Ir.  star. ; 
It.  stcccone,  a  stake ;  stecca,  a  stick  ;  stmcare,  to 
fence  with  stakes;  Sp.  cstaca,  a  stake.t  a  stick.  This 
coincides  with  stick,  noun  and  verb,  with  stock,  stage, 
&c.  The  primary  sense  is,  to  shoot,  to  thrust,  hence, 
to  set,  or  fix.] 

1.  A  small  piece  of  wood  or  timber,  sharpened  at 
one  end  and  set  in  the  ground,  or  prepared  for  setting, 
as  a  support  to  something.  Thus  stakes  arc  used  to 
support  vines,  to  support  fences,  hedges,  and  the 
like.  A  staJcc  is  not  to  be  confounded  with  apost, 
wiiich  is  a  larger  piece  of  timber. 

2.  A  piece  of  long,  rough  wood. 

A  sharpened  slake  strong  Dryas  found.  Dryden. 

3.  A  palisade,  or  something  resembling  it. 

Milton. 

4.  The  piece  of  limber  to  which  a  martyr  is  fast- 
ened when  he  is  to  he  burnt.  Hence,  to  perhh  at 
tJie  stake,  is  to  die  a  martyr,  or  to  die  in  torment, 
Hence, 

5.  Figuratively,  martyrdom.  The  stalce  was  pre- 
nared  for  those  who  were  convicted  of  heresy. 

G.  That  wliich  is  pledged  or  wagered  ;  that  which 
is  set,  tfii-ojcn  down,  or  laid,  to  abide  the  issue  of  :t 
contest,  to  be  gained  by  victory  or  lost  by  defeat. 

7.  The  state  of  being  laid  or  pledged  as  a  wager. 
His  honor  is  at  stalcc. 

8.  A  small  anvil  to  straighten  cold  work,  or  to  cut 
and  punch  upon.  Maxon. 

STAKE,  V.  t.  To  fasten,  support,  or  defend  with 
stakes  ;  ;is,  to  staJie  vines  or  plants. 

2.  To  mark  the  limits  by  stakes  ;  witii  ont ;  as,  to 
staiie  out  land  ;  to  stake  out  a  new  road,  or  the  ground 
for  a  canal. 

3.  To  wager;  to  pledge;  to  put  at  hazard  upon 
the  issue  of  competition,  or  upon  a  future  contin- 
gency. 

I'll  slake  yon  liunb  that  near  tli*  fountain  plays.  Pope. 

4.  To  point  or  sharpen  stakes.  [JVut  used  in 
Mmerica.'l 

5.  To  pierce  with  a  stake.  Spectator. 
STaK'J^D,   (stakt,)  pp.      Fastened  or  supjKUled  by 

slakes;  set  or  marked  with  stakes;  wagered;  put 
at  hazard. 

STaKK'-HEAD,  C-hed,)  n.  In  rope-making,  o.  stake 
with  wooden  pins  in  the  upper  side  to  keep  the 
strands  apart. 

STAKE'MoIiD-ER,  7[.  One  with  whom  the  bets  are 
deposited  when  a  wager  is  laiil. 

STaK'ING,  ppr.     Supporting  with  stakes;   marking 
with  stakes  ;  wagering;  putting  at  hazard. 
2.  Sharpening ;  [lointing. 

STA-LAC'I'ie,         (  a.   \imm  stalactite.]    Pertaining 

STA-EAC'Tie-AL,  (  to  stalactite;  resembling  an 
icicle  ;  stalactitic,  Kirwan. 

STA-I.A€'TI-F0R^I,        \  a.      Like    stalactite;    re- 

STAL-AC-TIT'I-FORM,  i       sembling  an  icicle. 

Phillips. 

STA-LAC'TTTE,  71.  [Gr.  5-(tA««r«s,  T'l^afrts,  front 
j-aXii.^'.',  to  drop,  from  ?-aX/i'j,  L.  .-ytillo.] 

A  pendent  cone  or  cylinder  of  carbonate  of  lime, 
attached,  like  an  icicle,  to  the  roof  or  side  of  a  cav- 
ern, produced  by  the  percolation  through  the  rock 
above  of  water  holding  carbonate  of  lime  in  solution. 
Any  mineral  of  similar  form  is  also  called  a  Stalac- 
tite. Dana. 

STAL-AC-TIT'ie,  a.  Having  the  form  of  an  icicle  ; 
having  the  characters  of  a  stalactite.  Dana. 

STA-LAG'MTTE,  n.  [L.  stalagmium,  a  drop;  Gr. 
raAiu  /iof,  supra.] 

A  deposit  of  earthy  or  calcareous  matter,  made  by 
water  dropping  on  the  floors  of  caverns. 

Enct/c.     Woodward. 

STAT^AG-MIT'ie,  a.    Having  the  form  of  stalagmite. 

STAL-AG-iMlT'ie-AL-LY,  ado.  In  the  form  or  man- 
ner of  stalagmite.  Bvckland. 

STAL'DER,  ;i.  A  wooden  frame  to  set  casks  on. 
[JVV>(  iLsed  in  the  United  States.] 

STALE,  a.  [I  do  not  find  this  word  in  the  otherTeu- 
tonic  dialects.  It  is  probably  from  the  root  of  still, 
G.  stcllcn,  to  set,  and  equivalent  to  stagnant.] 

1.  Vapid  or  tasteless  from  age  ;  having  lost  its  ife, 
spirit,  and  flavor,  from  being  long  kept ;  as,  stale 
iici-r. 

2.  Having  lost  the  life  or  graces  of  youth  ;  worn 
out ;  decayed  ;  as,  a  stale  virgin.  Spectator, 


STA. 

3.  Worn  out  by  use  ;  trite ;  common  ;  having  lost 
its  novelty  and  power  of  pleasing ;  as,  a  stale  re- 
mark. 
STALE,  Ti.     [Probably  that  which  is  set ;  G.  stcUen. 
See  Stall.] 

1.  Something  set  or  offered  to  view  aa  an  allure- 
ment to  draw  others  to  any  place  or  purpose;  a  de- 
coy ;  a  stool-fowl. 

Slill,  as  ho  went,  he  crafty  etaiei  did  lay.  Spenter. 

A  pretenao  of  kiuduess  i»  the  uuiversitl  stale  to  all  b;«c  projccU 
Gob.  of  the  Tongue. 
[In  tJtis  sense  obsolete.] 

2.  A  prostitute.     [Obs.]  Shak. 

3.  Old  vapid  beer.     [Obs.] 

4.  A  long  handle  ;  as,  the  stale  of  a  rake.  [Sax. 
stel,  stele;  1>.  steel i  G.  stid.]  Mortimer. 

5.  A  word  applied  to  the  king  in  chess  vviicn  stMllrd 
or  set ;  that  is,  when  so  situated  that  he  can  not  be 
moved  without  going  into  check,  by  which  the  game 
is  ended.  Bacon. 

STALE,  r.  (.    To  make  vapid  or  useless ;  to  destroy 
the  life,  beauty,  or  use  of;  to  wear  out. 

Agf^  can  not  wither  her,  nor  cu^itoin  etaie 

Htr  infinite  variety.  Shak. 

STALE,  V.  i.     [G.  stallen  ;  Dan.  sfaller;  Sw.  stallo.] 
To  make  water;  to  discharge  urine;  as  horses 

and  rattle. 
STALE^  n.     Urine  ;  used  of  horses  and  cattle. 
STALE'LY,  adv.    Of  old  ;  of  a  long  time.     [Obs.] 

B.  Jonson. 
STALE'MATE,  n.    In  the  game  of  chest,  the  position 

of  the  king,  when,  though  not  in  cht-. ..,  Ii^  ran  nnt 

move  without  being  placed  in  check.  Hoyle. 

STALE'NESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  stale ;  vapid- 

ness ;  the  state  of  having  lost  tjie  life  or  flavor; 

oldness ;  as,  the  stalcness  of  beer  or  other  liquors; 

the  stateness  of  provisions.  Bacon.     Jiddi^on. 

9.  The  state  t>f  being  worn  out ;  triteness  ;  com- 
_  monness  ;  as,  the  stale7ie.ss  of  an  oEiservation. 
STALK,  (stawk,)  n.     [Sw.  stielk;    D.  steel;  G.  stirl, 

a'handle,  and  a  stalk  or  stem  ;  Sax.  st^tg,  a  cobiuin  ; 

Gr.  TiXi-iioi ;  from  the  root  of  stall  and  G.  stellen,  to 

set.] 

1.  The  stem  or  main  axis  of  a  plant.  Thus  we 
speak  of  a  stalk  of  wheat,  rye,  or  oats,  the  stalh--^  of 
mai?^  or  hemp.  The  stalk  denotes  that  which  is 
set,  the  fixed  part  of  a  plutit,  its  support ;  or  it  is 
a  shoot. 

2.  The  pedicle  of  a  flower,  or  the  peduncle  that 
supports  the  fructification  of  a  plant. 

3.  The  stem  of  a  quill.  Grew. 
STALK,  (stav/k,)  v.  i.     [Sax.  stalcan.] 

1.  To  walk  with  high  and  proud,  steps;  usually 
implying  the  affectation  of  dignity,  and  hence  the 
word  usually  expresses  dislike.  The  poets,  how- 
ever, use  the  word  to  express  dignity  of  step. 

Witli  manly  mien  he  stalked  along  the  grotmd.  Dryifrn. 

Then  stalking  Lhrougli  the  Jeep 
lie  fonis  the  ocean.  Addison. 

9.  It  is  used  with  some  insinuation  of  contempt  or 


abhorrence. 

Bcrtmn 
Stalks  doso  behind  her,  liko  a  witch's  fiend, 
Pn.'ssing  to  bf  emnloyed 


Johnson . 


'Ti3  not  to  stalk  aoout  and  draw  fresh  air 
Prom  lime  to  time. 

3.  To  walk  behind  a  stalkin 
cover. 


Drij'frn. 
Addison. 

horse  or  behind  a 


Th»  Icing  crept  under  the  shoulder  of  hia  led  horse,  and  b.M, 
inu&i  slave.  Bacon. 


STALK,  n.    A  high,  proud,  stately  step,  or  walk. 

Spenser. 
STALK'ED,  (stawkt.)  a.     Having  a  stalk. 
STALK'ER,  (stawk'er,)  n.     One  who  walks  witli  a 

proud  step  ;  also,  a  kind  of  fishing-net. 
STALK'ING,  ppr.    Walking  with  proud  or  lofty  steps. 
STALK'ING-HORSE,  n.     A  horse,  real  or  factitious, 

behind  which  a  fowler  conctNals  Iiiniscif  from  the 

sight  of  the  game  wliich  he  is  aiming  to  kill ;  hence, 

a  mask  ;  a  pretense. 

Hyiwcrisy  is  the  devil's  stalking.horee,  under  an  affectation  of 
simplicity  and  religion.  L'Estrange. 

STALK'LESS,  a.     Having  no  stalk. 

STALK'Y,(slawk'e,)a.  Hard  as  a  stalk  ;  resembling 
a  stalk.  Mortimer. 

STALL,  (stawl,)  n,  [Sax.  stal,  sial,  stall,  a  place,  a 
seat,  or  station,  a  stalds,  state,  condition  ;  D.  stalt 
G.  stall,  a  stable,  a  stye;  Dan.  staid;  Sw.  stall;  Fr. 
stalle  and  ctal ;  It.  stalta  ;  W.  ystal :  from  the  root  of 
G.  stellen,  to  set,  that  is,  to  throw  down,  to  thrust 
down  ;  Sans,  stala.  a  place.     See  Still.] 

1.  Primardij^  a  stand;  a  station;  a  fixed  spot; 
hence,  the  stand  or  place  where  a  horse  or  an  ox  ia 
kept  and  fed  ;  the  division  of  a  stable,  or  the  apart- 
ment for  one  horse  or  ox.  The  stable  contains  eight 
or  ten  stalls. 

2.  A  stable ;  a  place  for  cattle. 

At  last  he  found  a  stall  where  oxen  stood.  Dryden. 

3.  In  1  Kings  iv.  26,  stall  is  used  for  horse.  "  Sol- 
omon had  fort"y  thousand  stalls  of  horses  for  his  char- 
iots." In  2  Ckron.  ix.  2.i,  stall  means  stable.  "  Solo- 
mon had  four  thousand  A(/i//.v  for  horses  and  chari- 
ots."   These  piL^sageaare  reconciled  by  the  dcfmi- 


FATE,  far,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PREY.  — PIXE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.  - 
1074  ■       ~  ' 


ST  A 

tion  given  above ;  Solomon  had  four  thousand  eta- 
bles,  each  containin::  ten  stalls  ;  forty  thousand  stalls. 

4.  A  bench,  form,  or  frame  of  shelves  in  the  open 
air,  where  any  thing  is  exposed  to  sale.  It  is  curi- 
ous to  ob>-erve  the  stalls  of  books  in  the  boulevards 
and  other  public  places  in  Paris. 

5.  A  small  house  or  shed  in  which  an  occupation 
is  carried  on  ;  as,  a  butcher's  stall.  Speascr. 

It  is  partially  inclosed  at  the  back  and  sides. 

6.  The  seat  of  a  dignified  clergj-man  in  the  choir. 

TTie  divided  clergy,  oul  of  huniilitv,  have  called  their  thrones 
bj  the  aame  or  ttaiis.     [Prob^biy  a  mistake  of  Uie  reason.] 
Warburton. 

STALL,  p.  (.  To  put  into  a  stable ;  or  to  keep  in  a 
stable  ;  as,  to  stall  an  ox. 

Where  Kioj  Latiiius  then  his  oxen  stolid.  Dryden. 

9.  To  install ;  to  place  in  an  office  with  the  cus- 
tomar>-  formalities.    [For  this.  Install  is  now  used.] 
3,  To  set ;  to  fix  ;  to  plunge  into  mire  so  as  not  to 
be  able  to  proceed  j  as,  to  stall  horses  or  a  carriage. 

HalliweU. 
[This  phrase  I  have  heard  in  Virginia.    In  New 
Ensland,  set  is  used  in  a  like  sense.] 
STALL,  r.  i.    To  dwell ;  to  inhabit. 

We  could  not  stall  together  in  the  world.  Skak. 

[Solimtse.] 

2.  To  kennel. 

3.  To  be  set,  as  in  mire. 

4.  To  be  tired  of  eating,  as  cattle. 

ST  ALL' AGE,  (stawl'aje.)  n.    The  right  of  erecting 
stalls  in  fairs  j  or  rent  paid  for  a  stall. 
2.  In  old  booksy  laystall ;  dung;  compost. 

STAI^La'TION,  11.    Installation.     [JSTot  used.'] 

Cavendish. 

STALL'£D,  (stawld,)  pp.  or  a.  Put  or  kept  in  a  sta- 
ble. 

STALL'-FED,  pp.  or  a.  Fed  on  dry  fodder,  or  fat- 
tened in  a  stall  or  stable.     [See  Stall-Feed.] 

STALL'-FEED,  r.  U  [stall  and  feed.]  To  feed  and 
fatten  in  a  stable  or  on  dry  fodder;  as,  to  stall-feed 
an  ox.  [This  word  is  used  in  America  to  distinguish 
this  mode  of  feeding  from  grass-feeding.^ 

STALL'-FEED-I.\G,;>;;r.  Feeding  and  fattening  in 
the  stable. 

STALL'-FEED-ING,  n.  The  act  of  feeding  cattle 
iii  the  stable. 

STALL'ION,  (stal'yun,)  n.  [G.  hengst;  Xitin.  stald- 
hingst ;  Fr.  etalon  ;  It.  Stallone;  from  stalls  or  its  root, 
as  v/e  now  use  stud  Iwrse^  from  the  root  of  stud^ 
stead:  W.  ijstaly  a  still,  stock,  produce;  ystalu,  to 
form  a  ?tock  ;  ystalwijn,  a  stallion.] 

A  stone  horse;  a  seed  horse  ;  or  any  male  horse 
not  castrated,  whether  kept  for  mares  or  not.  Ac- 
cording to  the  Welsh,  the  word  signifies  a  stock 
horse,  a  horse  intended  for  raising  stock. 

STALL'-WoRN,  in  Shakspeare,  Johnson  thinks  a 
mistake  for  Stalwast,  stout. 

Ws  ataU-ieom  ite«d  the  cUampion  stout  bestrode.  SkaJi. 

[TTtis  tcord  is  not  in  use.] 

STAL'AVART,     J  a.      [Scottish ;     Sax.     staUweorth, 

STAL'WORTH,  i      worth  takinp.] 

Brave;  hold;  strong;  redoubted;  daring ;  vehe- 
ment ;  violent. 

STa'MEX,  71. ;  pi.  Stame:*s  or  Stam^-sa.  [L,  This 
word  belongs  to  the  root  of  sto,  stabilise  or  of  stage.'] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  usually  in  the  plural,  the 
fixed,  firm  part  of  a  body,  which  supports  it  or  gives 
it  its  strength  and  solidity.  Thus  we  say,  the  bones 
are  the  stamina  of  animal  bodies  ;  the  ligneous  parts 
of  trees  are  the  stamina  which  constitute  their 
strength.     Hence, 

2.  Whatever  constitutes  the  principal  strength  or 
support  of  any  thing:  as,  the  stamina  of  a  constitu- 
tion or  of  life  ;  the  stamina  of  a  state. 

3.  In  botany,  an  organ  of  flowers  for  the  prepara- 
tion of  the  pollen  or  fecundating  dust.  It  consists 
of  the  filament  and  the  anther.  It  is  considered  as 
the  rnale  organ  of  fructification.  Martin. 

8Ta'ME\-£D,  a.     Furnished  with  stamens. 
STa'ML\,  n.     A  slight  woolen  h-tufl:  Chaucer, 

STAM'I  \A,  n. ;  pi.  of  Stamen. 
STAM'IN-AL,  a.     Pertaining  to  stamens  or  stamina; 

consisting  in  Ptamens  or  stamina.  Med.  Repos, 

STAM'IN-ATE,  a.    Furnished  with  stamens. 
STAM'IX  ATE,  r.  L    To  endue  with  stamina 
TA-.MIN'E-OUS,  a,     [L.  stamijiciu.] 

1.  Consisting  of  stamtns. 

2.  Possessing  stamens.  Sfamineous  flowers  have 
no  corol ;  they  want  the  colored  leaves  called  pe  s, 
and  consist  only  of  the  style  and  stamina,  Linnwus 
calls  them  apetalous ;  others ^  imperfect  or  incomplete. 

Martyn. 

3.  Pertaining  to  the  stamen,  or  attached  to  it ;  as, 
a  stamine/ms  nectary.  Lee. 

8TAM-iN-IF'ER-OUS,  a.  [L.  stamen  and  fcro,  to 
bear.] 

A  staminiferous  flower  is  one  which  has  stamens 
W'ithout  a  pistil.  A  staminiferous  nectary  is  one  that 
has  stamens  growing  on  it.  Marty". 

STAM'MKL,  n.     A  pale  red  color.  JS.  Jons'on. 

•2.  A  kind  of  woolen  cloth.     [See  Stami:*.] 

_  Com.  on  Chaucer. 

STAM'MER,  v.  L    [Sax.  stamer,  one  who  stammers  ; 


STA 

Goth,  stamins^  stamni<.-.iiig  ;  Sw.  stamma;  G.  ffam- 
vieln;  D.  slameren :  l>iu,.  stammer;  from  the  root 
stain  or  stem.  Tlk  i»iimiir\  sense  is,  to  slop,  to  set, 
to  I'lx.     So  stuUcr  is  from  the  root  of  stead,  stud.] 

Literally,  to  stop  in  uttering  syllables  or  words  ;  to 
stutter  ;  to  hesitate  or  falter  in  speaking  ;  and  hence, 
to  speak  with  stops  and  diflkulty.  Demosthenes  is 
said  to  have  staimncred  in  speaking,  and  to  have 
overcome  the  dilficulty  by  persevering  efforts. 

STAAI'MEIt,  V.  t.  To  utter  or  pronounce  with  hesita- 
tion or  imperfectly.  Beaum.  if  Fl. 

STAiM'.AIER-Elt,  n.  One  that  stutters  or  hesitates  in 
speaking. 

STAM'MER-I.VG,  ppr.    Stopping  or  hesitating  in  the 
uttering  of  syllables  and  words  ;  stuttering. 
2.  a.     Apt  to  stammer. 

STAM'MER-ING.  n.  The  act  of  stopping  or  hesita- 
ting in  speaking  ;  impediment  in  speech  ;  articula- 
tion disturbed  by  irregular  intermissions  or  snatches. 

STAM'MER-ING-LY,  adv.  With  stops  or  hesitation 
in  speaking. 

STAMP,  r.  (.  [D.  stampen;  G.  stampfen ;  Dan.  stam- 
per ;  Sw.  stavtpa ;  Fr.  estamper ;  It.  stampare  ;  Sp. 
estampar.  I  know  not  which  is  the  radical  letter,  m 
or  p.] 

In  a  general  sejtsc,  to  strike;  to  beat;  to  press. 
Hence, 

1.  To  strike  or  beat  forcibly  with  the  bottom  of 
the  foot  or  by  thrusting  the  foot  downward ;  as,  to 
stamp  the  giound. 

He  frets,  he  fumes,  he  staroa,  he  stamps  the  ^outid.     Dryden. 

[In  this  sense,  the  popular  pronunciation  is  stomp.] 

2.  To  impress  with  some  mark  or  figure  ;  as,  to 
starnp  a  plate  with  arms  or  initials. 

3.  To  impress;  to  imprint;  to  fix  deeply;  as,  to 
stamp  virtuous  principles  on  the  heart     [See  Ek- 

3TAUI'.] 

4.  To  fix  a  mark  by  impressing  it ;  as,  a  notion  of 
the  Deity  stamped  on  the  mind. 

God  has  stamped  no  original  chaructera  oa  our  minds,  wherein 
we  may  read  hia  beinj.  Lodce. 

5.  To  make  by  impressing  a  mark;  as,  to  stamp 
pieces  of  silver. 

6.  To  coin  ;  to  mint ;  to  form.  SkaJ:. 

7.  To  cut  out  into  various  forms  witli  a  stamp. 

8.  To  crush  by  the  downward  action  of  a  kind  of 
pestle,  as  ore  in  a  stamping-mill. 

STAMP,  V,  i.    To  strike  the  foot  forcibly  downward. 

Bm  starts,  exclaims,  and  stamps,  and  ravos,  and  dies.   Dennis. 

STAMP,  71.  Any  instrument  for  making  impressions 
on  other  bodies. 

'Tia  gold  so  pure, 
It  can  not  bear  the  stamp  without  alloy.  Dryden. 

2.  A  mark  imprinted  ;  an  impression. 

That  sacred  name  gives  ornament  and  erace, 

And,  like  his  stamp,  makes  basest  ineLus  pass.  Dryden. 

3.  That  which  is  marked  ;  a  thing  stamped. 

Hao^in^  a  golden  slamp  about  their  necks.  Shak. 

4.  A  picture  cut  in  wood  or  metal,  or  made  by  in> 
pression  ;  a  cut ;  a  plate. 

At  VcDicJ?  lliey  put  out  very  curious  stamps  of  the  severnl  edifiMs 
which  are  most  famous  for  their  beauiy  and  msgiiiticenci>. 
Addison. 

5.  A  mark  set  upon  things  chargeable  with  duty  to 
government,  as  evidence  that  the  duty  is  paid.  We 
see  such  stamps  on  English  newspapers. 

6.  An  instrument  for  cutting  out  materials  (as  pa- 
per, leather,  &c.)  into  various  forms  by  a  downward 
pressure. 

7.  A  character  of  reputation,  good  or  bad,  fixed  on 
any  thing.  These  persons  have  the  stamp  of  im- 
pie'ty.  The  Scriptures  bear  the  stamp  of  a  divine 
origin. 

8.  Authority  j  current  value  derived  from  suffrage 
or  attestation. 

Of  the  same  Stamp  ia  that  which  la  obtruded  on  ua,  that  aa 
adamant  suspends  the  attraction  of  the  lodcstoue.    Brown. 

9.  Make  ;  cast ;  form  ;  character  ;  as  a  man  of  the 
same  stamp,  or  of  a  different  stamp.  Addison, 

10.  In  metallurgy^  a  kind  of  pestle  raised  by  water 
or  steam  power,  for  beating  ores  to  powder;  any 
thing  like  a  pestle  used  for  pounding  or  beating. 

STAMP'-A€T,  n.  An  act  of  the  British  parliament, 
imposing  a  duty  on  all  paper,  vellum,  and  parchment 
used  in  her  American  colonies,  and  declaring  all 
writings  on  unstamped  materials  to  be  null  and  void. 
This  act  roused  a  general  opposition  in  the  colonies, 
and  was  one  cause  of  the  revolution. 

STAMP'-DU-TY,  n.  [stamp  and  duty.]  A  duty  or 
tax  imposed  on  paper  and  parchment,  the  evidence  of 
the  payment  of  which  is  a  stamp. 

STAMP'£D,  (starapt,)  pp.  or  a.  Impressed  with  a 
mark  or  figure;  coined  ;  imprinted  ;  deeply  fixed. 

STAM-PeDE',  n.  In  the  fVestem  State^^,  a  sudden 
fright  seizing  upon  large  bodies  of  cattle  or  horses  in 
droves  or  encampments  on  the  prairies,  and  leading 
them  to  run  for  many  miles,  until  they  often  sink 
down  or  die  under  their  terrors.  Kendall. 

STAMP'ER,  71.  An  instrument  for  pounding  or  stamp- 
ing. 

STAMP'ING,  ppr.  Impressing  with  a  mark  or  figure ; 
coining;  imprinting. 


STA 


STAMP'ING-MILL,  n.    An  engine  consisting  of  (itH- 

tles,  moved  by  water  or  titeam  power,  for  breakin" 

or  brui.sing  ore.  " 

STAN,  as  a  trrminarion,  Is  said  to  have  expressed  the 

superiative   degree;    as  in   MtheUtan,    most    noble; 

Dunstxin,  the  hignest.    But  qu.    Stau^  in  Saxun,  U 

stone. 
STANCH,  V.  t.    [Fr.  etandier;  Arm.  stan^oa;  Sp.  and 

Port,  estanear,  to  stop,  to  stanch,  to  be  overtired  ;  It. 

stancarc,  to  wear>- ;  .Sp.  and  Port,  e^^ancia,  a  stay  or  i 

dwelling  for  a  time,  an  abode,  and  a  aianza:  Sp. 

estanco,  a  stop  ;  lience,  Fr.  etang,  a  ponti,  and  Ene. 

tank.]  e>      r        ,  6 

In  a  general  sense,  to  stop ;  to  ser  or  fix ;  but  ap- 
plied only  to  the  blood  ;  to  stop  the  lowing  of  bUKnl. 
Cold  applications  to  the  neck  will  often  jdajuh  the 
bleeding  of  the  nose.  Bacon. 

STANCH,  V.  i.     To  stop,  as  blood  ;  to  cease  to  flow. 
Immediately  the  Iwue  ot  her  blood  stanched.  —  Luke  riS. 

STANCH,  a.  [This  is  the  same  word  as  the  forego- 
ing, the  primary  sense  of  which  is  to  set ;  henc«  the 
sense  of  firmness.] 

1.  Sound;  firm;  strong  and  tight;  as,  a  stcjich 
ship. 

2.  Firm  in  principle  ;  steady  ;  constant  and  zeal- 
ous ;  hearty ;  as,  a  stanch  churchman ;  a  standi  re- 
publican ;  a  stanch  friend  or  adherent. 

In  politics  I  hear  you're  sfcncft. 


3.  Strong  ;  not  to  be  broken. 

4.  Firm ;  close. 

This  is  to  be  kept  ttancft. 


Prior. 

S/iak, 


A  stanch  hound,  is  one  that  follows  the  scent  close- 
Iv  without  error  or  remissness. 

STANCH'jED,  (stancht,)  pp.  Slopped  or  restrained 
from  flowing. 

STilNCH'ER,  n.  He  or  that  which  stops  the  flowing 
of  blood. 

STANCH'ING,  ppr.    Stopping  tho  flowing  of  blood. 

STAN'CHION,  (sian'shun,)  n.  [Ft.  etangon:  Arm. 
stanconnu  and  stanconiti,  lo  prop.     Sec  Stanch.] 

A'prop  or  support ;  a  piece  of  timber  in  the  f«.rm  of 
a  stake  or  post,  used  fur  a  support.  In  shin-building, 
stanchions  of  v.'ood  or  iron  are  of  diffcri-nt  forms, 
and  are  used  to  support  the  deck,  the  quaner-rntls, 
the  nettings,  awnings,  and  the  like.        Mar.  Did. 

STANCH'LESS,  a.  That  can  not  be  sianclied  or 
stopped.  Shaf:. 

STANCH'NESS,  n.  Soundness;  firmness  in  princi- 
ple ;  closeness  of  adherence- 

STAND,  r.  L  ;  pret.  and  pp.  Stood.  [Sax.  standan : 
Goth,  stand-in.  This  verb,  if  from  the  root  of  G. 
stehen,  D.  staaen,  Dan.  staaer,  Sw,  sta.  Sans,  sta,  L. 
sta,  is  a  derivative  from  the  noun,  which  is  formed 
from  the  participle  of  the  original  verb.  In  this  case, 
tha  noun  should  properly  precede  the  verb.  It  may 
be  here  remarked,  that  if  stan  is  the  radical  word, 
stand  and  L.  sto  can  not  be  from  the  same  stock. 
But  stand  in  the  pret.  is  stood,  and  sto  forms  stctu 
This  induces  a  suspicion  that  stan  is  not  the  root  of 
stand,  but  that  n  is  casual.  I  am  inclhicd,  however, 
to  believe  these  words  to  be  from  different  rtx)ts.  Tlio 
Russ.  stoyu,to  stand,  is  the  L.  sto,  but  it  signifies  also 
to  be,  to  exist,  being  the  substantive  verb.  So  in  It. 
stare,  Sp.  and  Port,  estar,] 

1.  To  be  upon  tlie  feet,  as  an  animal  ;  not  to  sit, 
kneel,  or  lie. 

The  absolution  to  he  pronounced  by  the  priest  alone,  sbinHng. 
Com.  /Veyrr. 
And  the  kinJT  turned  his  face  about  and  tIeKsed  all  lii-  c^Hs^r^^v 
tion  of  Tsrael  ;  and  idl  tlie  cougrwgfition  of  lamcl  flood.  — 
1  Kings  viii. 

9.  To  be  erect,  supported  by  the  roots,  as  a  tree  or 
other  plant.  Notwithstanding  the  violence  cf  the 
wind,  the  tree  yet  stands. 

3.  To  be  on  its  foundation  ;  not  to  be  overthrown 
or  demolished  ;  as,  an  old  castle  is  yet  standing. 

4.  To  be  placed  or  situated ;  to  have  a  certain  po- 
sition or  location.  Paris  stands  on  Uie  Seine.  Lou- 
don stands  on  the  Thames. 

5.  To  remain  upright,  in  a  moral  sense;  not  to   I 
fall. 

To  stand  or  fall, 
Free  hi  thy  own  artMtnimeiit  il  lies.  Miiion. 

6.  To  become  erect. 

Mute  and  tunaied,  my  hair  with  horror  stood.  Du/^ifn. 

7.  To  stop;  to  halt ;  not  to  proceed. 

I  charge  thee,  elatid. 
And  tell  thy  name.  Dn^n. 

8.  To  Stop ;  to  be  at  a  stationary  point. 

Say,  at  what  part  of  nature  will  Oiey  statid  7  Pope. 

9.  To  be  in  a  state  of  fixedness;  hence,  to  con- 
tinue; to  endure.  Our  constitution  has  nood  more 
than  fifty  years.    It  is  hoped  it  will  stana  for  ages. 

Conmion  weal  tha  by  virtUL?  ever  tlood.  Dryden. 

10.  To  be  fixed  or  steaily;  not  to  vacillate.  His 
mind  stands  unmoved. 

11.  To  be  in  or  to  maintain  a  posture  of  resistance 
or  defense.  Approach  with  charged  bayonets  ;the 
enemy  will  not  stand. 

Th(;  king  granted  the  Jews  lo  rtsnd  for  their  life.  —  EbUi.  tbI. 


TtNE,  BI:LL,  unite.  — AN"CER,  vr'CIOUS.  — €  as  K  :  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SII  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


J  075 


STA 

'Z  Tn  h»>  pliicnn  with  rt-^arti  rn  order  or  ranic  j 
Nolo  the  letter  that  stands  first  in  order.    Gen.  Wash- 
ington stood  hi$rhest  in  public  estimation.     Chris- 
'lau  cliarity  stands  first  in  the  ranK  of  gracious  afl'ec- 
tkins. 

13.  To  ho  in  any  particular  state;  to  6f,  empliat- 
ically  expressed,  that  is,  to  be  fi.i:ed  or?et;  the  prima- 
ry sense  of  the  substuntive  verb.  How  docs  the  value 
of  wheat  stand  1  Ood  stands  in  no  ncej  of  our  ser- 
vices, hut  we  always  staitU  in  need  c(  liis  aid  and 
mercy. 

Aecompliali  wh^it  your  sijns  foresliow  ; 

I  itatvi  resicneii.  Dryden. 

14.  To  continue  unchanged  or  valid;  not  to  fail  or 
become  void. 

No  conditions  of  our  pence  cm  stand.  Sluik. 

My  niTcy  will  1  keep  for  him,  and  my  coven-inl  shall  stand  liist 
wilh  hiin.  —  Pa.  Ixxxix. 

15.  To  consist  j  to  have  its  being  and  essence. 

Sacrifices  —  which  elood  only  iii  mcaU  and  dni>I.s,  —  \\<b.  \x, 

16.  To  have  a  place. 

This   excellent  niAii,  who  tloo'l  not  on  Uio  a<lvantii?e-;rTound 
before,  provoked  men  of  all  qicililies.  Clarendon, 

17.  To  be  ill  any  state.  Let  \\s  see  how  our  matters 
stamL 

As  thin^  now  ttand  wiih  us.  Culnmy. 

18.  To  be  in  a  particular  respect  or  relation  ;  as,  to 
stand  godfather  to  one.  We  ought  to  act  according 
to  the  relation  we  stand  in  toward  each  otiier. 

19.  To  be,  with  regaid  to  state  of  mind. 

Stand  in  awe,  and  sin  not.  —  Fa.  ic. 

20.  To  succeed  ;  to  maintain  one's  ground  ;  not  to 
fail ;  to  be  acquitted  ;  to  be  safe. 

Rcadera  by  whose  judgment  I  would  star\d  or  fall.     Spectator. 

21.  To  hold  a  course  at  sea  ;  as,  to  stand  from  the 
shore  ;  to  stand  for  the  harbor. 

From  the  tume  p;trts  of  heaveu  his  navy  stands.  Dryden. 

23,  To  have  a  direction. 

The  wand  <lid  not  really  stand  tM  lh>  metJ,  when  placed  under  it. 

Boyle. 

23.  To  offer  one's  self  as  a  candidate. 

He  ttood  to  be  elected  one  of  Ibe  proctors  of  the  university. 

SaundcTson, 

24.  To  place  one's  self;  to  be  placed. 

1  *Iood  between  tlie  Lord  and  you  at  that  time.  —  Deul.  v. 

25.  To  Stagnate  ;  not  to  flow. 

Or  the  blacfc  water  of  Pomptina  stands.  Dryilen. 

26.  To  be  satisfied  or  convinced. 

Though  Page  be  a  secure  fool,  and  sJand  so  firmly  on  hia  wife's 
lr\ilty.  Shak: 

27.  To  make  delay.  I  can  not  stand  to  examine 
every  particular. 

28.  To  persist  j  to  persevere. 

Never  stand  in  a  lie  when  ihou  art  accused.  Thylor. 

29.  To  adhere  ;  to  abide. 

Despair  would  stand  to  the  ewonl.  DanteL 

30.  To  be  permanent ;  to  endure  ;  not  to  vanisli  or 
fade  ;  as,  the  color  will  stand. 

To  stand  by  ;  to  be  near  ;  to  be  a  spectator  ;  to  be 
present.  I  stood  by  when  the  operation  was  per- 
formed. This  phrase  generally  implies  that  the  per- 
son is  inactive,  or  lakes  no  part  in  what  is  done.  In 
seamen^s  lanirmirre^  to  stand  by  is  to  attend  and  be 
ready.     Stand  by  the  halliards. 

2.  To  be  aside  j  to  be  placed  aside  with  disre- 
gard. 

In  the  mean  time,  we  let  the  commands  stand  by  nf^glectod. 
Decay  of  Fitly. 

3.  To  maintain;  to  defend*  to  support;  not  to 
desert.  I  will  stand  by  my  friend  to  the  last.  Let 
us  stand  by  our  country.  "To  stand  by  the  Arun- 
di-lian  marbles,"  in  Pope,  is  to  defend"  or  support 
their  genuineness. 

•1.  To  rest  on  for  support ;  to  be  supported. 

This  reply  Handelh  by  conjecture.  Mliilgi/te. 

To  stand  for ;  to  ofler  one's  self  as  a  candidate. 

How  many  «(ajwJ/or  tocEtilsliips? — Three.  SJiak. 

2.  To  side  with  ;  to  support ;  to  maintain,  or  to 
profess  or  attempt  to  maintain.  We  all  stand  for 
freedom,  for  our  rights  or  claims. 

3.  To  be  in  the  place  of;  to  be  the  substitute  or 
representaiivo  of.  A  cipher  at  the  left  hand  of  a 
figure  staniLt  for  nothing. 

I  will  not  trouble  myself,  whether  these  names«!and  for  (he  time 
thing,  or  really  incKide  one  another.  Locke. 

4.  In  seamen's  language^  to  direct  the  course 
toward. 

To  stand  from  :  to  direct  the  course  from. 

To  stand  one  in  ;  to  cost.  The  coat  stands  him  in 
twenty  dollars. 

To  stand  in,  OT  stand  in  for,  in  seamen's  languafre, 
is  to  direct  a  course  toward  land  or  a  harbor. 

To  stand  off;  to  ket'p  at  a  distance.  Dnidcn. 

2.  Not  to  comply.  Shak. 

3.  To  keep  at  a  distance  in  friendship  or  social 
intert^ourse ;  to  forbear  intimacy. 

We  stajul  offttom  tn  acquaintance  with  God.  Atterhury. 


STA 

4.  To  appear  prominent ;  to  have  relief. 

Picture  is  best  when  it  atandetJi  q^,  as  if  it  were  carved. 

H'oHon. 

To  Stand  off,  or  off  from,  in  seamen's  language,  is 
to  direct  the  course  from  land. 

To  stand  off  and  07i,  is  to  remain  near  a  coast  by 
sailing  toward  land  and  then  from  it. 

I'o  stand  on;  to  continue  on  the  same  tack  or 
course.  Tottai. 

To  stand  out ;  to  project ;  to  be  prominent. 

Their  eyes  Stand  out  whh  fatness.  —  Ps.  Ixxiii. 

2.  To  persist  in  opposition  or  resistance ;  not  to 
yield  or  comply;  not  to  give  way  or  recede. 

Uis  spirit  is  come  in, 
Th&t  fio  sUJod  out  sgaii.M  the  holy  church.  S7>a}:. 

3.  With  scameiij  tv>  direct  the  course  from  land  or  a 

h-rbor. 

To  stand  to ;  to  ply ;  to  urge  effoi's  ;  to  persevere. 
Stand  to  your  lacklea,  mates,  ami  stretcli  your  oars.    Dryden. 

2.  To  remain  fi.ied  in  a  purpose  or  opinion. 

1  will  stand  to  it,  that  this  is  his  sense.  StiUin^ett. 

3.  To  abide  by  ;  to  adhere ;  as  to  a  contract,  asser- 
tion, promisie,  &c. ;  as,  to  stand  to  an  award  ;  to  stand 
to  one's  word. 

4.  Not  to  yield;  not  to  fly;  to  maintain  the 
ground. 

Their  li»es  and  fortunes  were  put  in  safely,  whether  they  stood  to 
it  or  ran  uway.  Sacon. 

To  Stand  to  sea  ;  to  direct  the  course  from  land. 
To  stajid  under ;  to  undergo ;  to  sustain.      S/uik. 
To  stand  vp  ;  to  rise  from  sitting;  to  be  oil  the 
feet 

2.  To  arise  in  order  to  gain  notice. 

Against  whom,  when  the  acciisera  stood  up,  tiiey  brought  no 
accusation  of  such  things  as  I  sujijwsed. —  Acts  xxv. 

3.  To  make  a  party. 

When  we  stood  up  about  the  com.  iS7ia.V. 

To  stand  np  for  :  to  defend  ;  to  justify  ;  to  support, 
or  attempt  to  support ;  as,  to  stand  up  for  the  admin- 
istration. 

To  stand  tipon ;  to  concern  ;  to  interest.  Does  it 
not  stand  upon  them  to  examine  tlie  grounds  of  their 
opinion?  This  phrase  is,  I  believe,  obsolete;  but 
we  say,  it  stands  us  in  fiartdythat  is,  it  is  our  concern, 
it  is  for  our  interest. 

2.  To  value  ;  to  pride. 

We  higlily  esteem  and  et/ind  much  upon  our  birth.  Bay. 

3.  To  insist ;  as,  to  stand  upon  security.        Shak. 
To   stand   with;   to    be   consistent.      The   faithful 

servants  of  God  will  receive  what  they  pray  for,  so 
far  as  stands  with  h\s  purposes  and  glorj'. 

It  stands  with  reason  thnt  they  shoidd  be  rewarded  Ubemlly. 

Davies, 

To  stand  togctlier,  is  used,  but  the  last  two  plirases 
are  not  in  very  general  use,  and  are  perliaps  growing 
obsolete. 

To  stand  arrainst ;  to  oppose  ;  to  resist. 

To  stand  fa^t ;  to  be  fixed  ;  to  be  unshaken  or  im- 
movable. 

To  stand  in  hand;  to  be  important  to  one's  inter- 
est ;  to  be  necessary  or  advantageous.  It  stands  us 
in  hand  to  be  on  good  terms  with  our  neiuhhui's. 

To  stand  fire ;  to  receive  the  fire  of  an  enemy 
without  giving  way. 
STAND,  V.  t.    To  endure  ;  to  sustain ;  to  bear.    I  can 
not  sta?id  the  cold  or  the  heat. 

2.  To  endure ;  to  resist  witliout  yielding  or  re- 
ceding. 


So  hud  I  sU)od  the  shock  of  angry  fote. 
He  elood  the  furious  foe. 


Sinith. 
Pope. 


3.  To  await ;  to  suffer;  to  abide  by. 

Bid  him  disband  the  legions  — 
And  stand  the  judgment  of  a  Roman  senate.  Addison. 

To  stand  one's  ground  ;  to  keep  the  ground  or  sta- 
tion one  has  taken  ;  to  maintain  one's  position  ;  in  a 
literal  or  figurative  sense ;  as,  an  army  stands  its 
ground,  when  it  is  not  compelled  to  retreat.  A  man 
stands  his  ground  in  an  argument,  when  he  is  able  to 
maintain  it,  or  is  not  refuted. 

To  stand  it;  to  bear ;  to  be  able  to  endure  trials  ; 
or  to  maintain  one's  ground  or  state  ;  a  popular 
phrase. 

To  stand  fire;  to  receive  the  fire  of  arms  from  an 
enemy  without  giving  way. 

To  stand  triad,  is  to  sustain  the  trial  or  examination 
of  a  cause  ;  not  to  give  up  without  trial. 
STAND,  n.    [Sans,  stana,  a  place,  a  mansion,  state, 

&.C.] 

1.  A  stop ;  a  halt ;  as,  to  make  a  starid;  to  come 
lo  a  stand;  either  in  walking  or  in  any  progressive 
business. 

The  horre  made  a  tlarul,  when  he  charged  Ihem  and  routed 
them.  Clarendon. 

2.  A  station ;  a  place  or  post  where  one  stands; 
or  a  place  convenient  for  persons  to  remain  for  any 
purpose.  The  sellers  of  fruit  liave  their  several 
stands  in  the  market. 

I  took  my  stand  upon  an  emioeuce.  Spectator. 


STA 

3.  An  erection,  or  raised  station  for  spectators,  as 

at  a  horse-race.  TflUis. 

4.  Rank ;  post ;  station. 

l-'alher,  since  ynor  fortune  did  atL-xln 

So  high  n  stand,  I  incaii  not  to  descend.  Danitl. 

[In  I;eu  of  this,  Standing  is  now  used.  He  is  a 
man  of  high  standing  in  his  own  countr>'.l 

5.  The  act  of  opposing. 

Wc  have  come  off 
TiiVe  Romans :  Dcitlier  foolish  in  our  slajids, 
Nur  covranily  iu  retire.  Shak. 

G.  TJie  highest  point ;  or  the  ultimate  point  of  pro- 
gression, wiiere  a  stop  is  made,  and  regressive  nm- 
lion  commences.  The  population  of  the  world  will 
not  come  to  a  stand,  while  the  means  of  subsistence 
can  be  obtained.  The  prosperity  of  the  Roman  em- 
pire rame  to  a  stand  in  the  reign  of  Augustus  ;  after 
which  it  declined. 

Vice  is  at  stand,  and  al  the  highest  flow.  Dryden. 

7,  A  young  tree,  usually  reserved  when  the  other 
trees  are  cut.     [Englisft.1 

S.  A  small  tat)le  ;  as,  a  candle-sfanrf ;  or  any  frame 
on  which  vessels  and  utensils  may  be  laid. 

9.  In  commerce,  a  weight  of  from  two  hundred 
and  a  half  to  three  hundred  of  pitch.  Encyc. 

IU.  Something  on  which  a  thing  rests  or  is  laid  ; 
cs,  a  \\:iy-staud. 

11.  The  place  where  a  witness  stands  to  testify  in 
court. 

Stand  of  arms  ;  in  military  affairs,  a  musket  with 
its  usual  appendages,  as  a  bayonet,  cartridge-bos, 
Ace.  Marshidl. 

To  be  at  a  stand;  to  stop  on  account  of  some  doubt 
or  difficulty;  hence,  to  be  perplexed;  to  be  em- 
barrassed ;  to  hesitate  what  to  determine,  or  what 
to  do. 
STAND' ARD,  ti.  [It.  stendardo  ;  Fr.  etendard;  Sp.  cs- 
tandarte:  D.  standaard;  G.  standarte;  stand  and  ardy 
sort,  kind.] 

1.  An  ensign  of  war :  a  staff  with  a  flag  or  colors. 
The  troops  repair  to  their  standard.  The  royal 
standard  of  Great  Britain  is  a  flag,  in  which  the  im- 
perial ensigns  of  England,  Scotland,  and  Ireland 
are  quartered  with  the  armorial  bearings  of  Han- 
over. 

His  armies,  in  the  followirj  d^y, 
On  those  fi»ir  plains  their  standards  proud  display.     Fiiirfax. 

2.  That  which  is  established  by  sovereign  power 
as  a  rule  or  measure  by  which  others  are  to  be  ad- 
justed. Thus  the  Winchester  bushel  was  formerly 
the  standard  of  measures  in  Great  Britain,  and  li;ts 
been  adopted  in  the  United  States  as  tlieir  statidard. 
So  of  weights  and  of  lineal  measure. 

3.  That  which  is  established  as  a  rule  or  model, 
by  the  authority  of  public  opinion,  or  by  respectable 
opinions,  or  by  custom  or  general  consent ;  as,  wri- 
tings which  are  admitted  to  be  the  standard  of  style 
and  taste.  Homer's  Iliad  is  the  standard  of  heroic 
poetry.  Demosthenes  and  Cicero  are  the  standards 
of  oratory.  Of  modern  eloquence,  we  have  an  ex- 
cellent standard  in  the  speeches  of  Lord  Cliatliam. 
Addison's  writings  furnish  a  good  standard  of  pure, 
chaste,  and  elegant  English  style.  It  is  not  an  easy 
thing  to  erect  a  standard  of  taste. 

4.  In  coinage,  the  proportion  of  weight  of  fine 
metal  and  alloy  established  by  authority.  The  coins 
of  England,  and  of  the  United  States,  are  of  nearly 
the  same  standard. 

By  the  present  standard  of  the  coinage,  sixty-two  shillinffs  is 
coined  out  of  one  pound  weight  of  silver.  Arbulhnol. 

5.  A  standing  tree  or  stem ;  a  tree  not  supported  or 
attached  to  a  wall. 

Phnt  fruit  of  all  sorts  and  standard,  mural,  or  shrubs  which  lose 
their  leaf.  Ecelyn. 

C.  In  carpentry,  an  upright  support,  as  the  poles  of 
a  scaffold.  Qloss.  ofArchit, 

7.  In  ship-buihling,  an  inverted  knee  placed  upon 
the  deck  instead  of  hencat*i  it,  wilh  its  vertical 
branch  turned  upward  from  that  wliich  lies  horizon- 
tally. Mar.  Diet. 

8.  In  botany,  the  upper  petal  or  banner  of  a  papil- 
ionaceous corol.  Jilartyn. 

STAND'ARD-BEaR'ER,  ju     [standard  and  bear.] 
An  officer  of  an  army,  company,  or  troop,  that 
bears  a  standard ;  an  ensign  of  infantry,  or  a  cornet 
of  horse. 
STAND'-CROP,  71.    A  plant.  Ainsworth. 

STAND'EL,  n.    A  tree  of  long  standing.     [AV  used,"] 

Howell. 
STAND'ER,  77.    One  who  stands. 

2.  A  tree  that  has  stood  long.     [J^ot  used.'] 

Ascham. 

STAND'ER-B'?,n.     One  that  stands  near;  one  that 

is  present ;  a  mere  spectator.         Hooker.    Addison. 

[We  now  more  generally  use  By-Standeh.] 

STAND'ER-GRaSS,  n.     A  plant.  AinstcorOi. 

STAND'ING,  ppr.    Being  on  the  feet;  being  erecL 

[See  Stand.] 

2.  Moving  m  a  certain  direction  to  or  from  an  ob- 
ject. 

3.  a.  Settled;  established,  either  by  law  or  by 
custom,  &;c. ;  continually  existing;  permanent;  not 
temporary  ;  as,  a  standiJig  army.     Money  is  the  :^tand' 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT — MeTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MAR:(NE,  BIRD.  — NoTE,  DQVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQOK,- 

JnfG  ""  — ~ — 


STA 

m^  measure  of  the  value  of  all  other  commodities. 
Legislative  bodies  have  ccrtaia  standing  rules  of  pro- 
ceedini;.  Courts  cf  law  are,  or  ought  to  be,  gov- 
erned by  standing  rules.  There  are  standing  rules  of 
pleadin^:.  The  gospel  furnishes  us  with" standing 
rules  of  morality.  The  Jews,  by  their  dispersion  anS 
their  present  condition,  are  a  standing  evidence  of 
the  truth  of  revelation  and  of  the  prediction  of  Mo- 
ses. Many  fashionable  vices  and  follies  ought  to  be 
the  standing  objects  of  ridicule. 

4.  Lasting;  not  transitory j  not  liable  to  fade  or 
vanish  ;  as,  a  standing  color. 

5.  Stagnant ;  not  flowing  ;  as,  standing  water. 

6.  Fixed  ;  not  movable;  as,  a  standing  bed  ;  dis- 
tinguished from  a  truelde-htd.  S/tak. 

7.  Remaining  erect j  not  cut  down;  as,  standimr 
com.  " 

Standing  rigging,  of  a  ship.  This  consists  of  the 
cordage  or  ropes  which  sustain  the  masts  and  remain 
fised  in  their  position.  Such  are  the  shrouds  and 
stays.  [See  Riggixg.] 
STAND^IXG,  n.  Continuance ;  duration  or  exist- 
ence ;  as,  a  custom  of  long  standing. 

2.  Possession  of  an  office,  character,  or  place ;  as, 
a  patron  or  officer  of  long  standing. 

3.  Station  j  place  to  stand  in. 

I  win  proTJde  vcu  wiUi  a  ^ood  sianding  lo  see  his  entry.  Bacon. 

4.  Power  to  stand. 

I  aak  ia  deep  mire,  where  there  is  no  tlanUns.  —  Ps.  hdx. 

5.  Rank  ;  condition  in  society  j  as,  a  man  of  good 
standing^  or  of  high  standijig,  among  his  friends. 

Standing  of;  sailing  from  the  land. 
StaTiding  07i ;  sailing  to  land. 

[Irving  uses  the  nouns  standings  off  and  standings 
on.] 
STAXD'-POLN'T,  n.  A  fixed  point  or  station  j  a  basis 
or  fundamental  principle;  a  position  from  which 
things  are  viewed.  [From  the  German.] 
ST.VND'ISH,  R.  [stand  and  dish,]  A  case  for  pen 
and  ink. 

I  bequeath  to  Dean  Swift  my  lar;ge  silver  sUindish.  Sid/l. 

STAXD'-STILL,  n,    A  standing  without  moving  for- 

"■ard.  Blackicood. 

STaXE,  n.    [Sai-ston.] 

A  stone.     [Local,'\     [SeeSroi^E.] 
ST.VN'G,  n.    [Sas.  stipng,  steng,  a  pole  or  stick  ;  Dan. 

siang  ;   G.  stange ;  Sw.  slang ;  It.  stanga,  a  bar  ;  ^V. 

ystang,  a  pole  or  perch ;  allied  to  sting  "and  stanchion  : 

irom  shooting.] 

1.  A  pole,  rod,  or  perch ;  a  measure  of  land.    [jXot 
t!i  use.]  Swift. 

2.  A  long  bar  ;  a  pole  ;  a  shaft. 

To  ride  the  stang.  is  lo  be  carried  on  a  pole  on 
men's  shoulders,  in  derision.     [Local.]  Todd, 

^TAXG,  r.  i^    To  shoot  with  pain.     [Local.]       Orose. 
STAX'HOPE.ti.  a  light,  two-wheeled  carriage,  with- 
out a  top,  so  called  from  Lord  Stanhope,  for  whom  it 
was  contrived.  Enci/c.  of  Do  in.  Econ. 

STAXK,  a.    Weak ;  worn  out.     [Ao£  in  use.] 
^™ .  .-„  Spenser. 

STAXK,  r.  I.    To  sigh.     [A'ot  used.] 
STAXK,  old  preU  of  Stiss.     SrurfK  is  now  used. 
STANK,  Ti.     [\V.  ystane.     See  Sta:^ch.] 

A  dam  or  mound  to  stop  water.    [Local.] 
crj,    ,.,  HalUiceU. 

STAX'NA-RY,  a.     [from  1*.  staixnum,  tin:    Ir.stan; 
W.  ystaen.     See  Tix.] 
Relating  to  the  tin  works;  as,  stannary  courts. 
Blackstone. 
STAX'XA-RY,  n.    A  tin  mine.  Hall. 

STAN^VATE,  n.     [L.  stannum,  tin.] 

A  salt  formed  of  stannic  acid  united  with  a  base. 
STAX'XEL,  ^».  TTie  kestrel,  a  species  of  hawk; 
ST.AX'YEL,  S     called  also  Stose-Gall  and  Wisd- 

HoTER.     [Local.]  Ed.  Encue. 

STAX'Xie,  c     [L.  stanmim,  tin.]    Pertaining  to'tin  ; 
procured  from  tin  ;  as,  the  stannic  acid.       Lavoisier. 
STAX'Xie  ACID,  71.     The  deutoxvd  of  tin,  which 
performs  the  functions  of  an  acid,  uniting  with  bases, 
and  forming  salts  called  Stansates. 
STAN-XIF'ER-OUS,  a.    [L.  5M«num  and /cro.]    Con- 
taining or  affording  tin.  Jjre. 
STAX'ZA,  n.      [IL  stanza^  an  abode  or  lodging,  a 
stanza,  that  is,  a  stop ;  Sp.  and  Port,  estancia,  from 
cstanc42r,  U}  stop -y  Fr.  stance.     See  St^nch.j 

1.  In  poetrtj,  a  number  of  lines  or  verses  connected 
with  each  other,  and  ending  in  a  full  pointer  pause; 
a  part  of  a  poem,  ordinarily  containing  every  varia- 
tion of  measure  in  that  poem.  A  stanza  mav  con- 
tain verses  of  a  different  length  or  number  of  sylla- 
bles, and  a  different  number  of  verses;  or  it  may 
consist  of  verses  of  equal  length.  Stanzas  are  said 
to  have  been  first  introduced'  from  the  Italian  into 
French  poetry  about  the  vear  15S0,  and  thence  they 
were  introduced  into  England.  The  versions  of  the 
Psalms  present  examples  of  various  kinds  of  stan- 
zas. 
Horace  con6a«  hinaetf  lo  oite  sort  &f  ysnz  or  fSanxa  in  ^very 
ode.  Dryden. 

9.  In  ardiiucture,  an  apartment  or  division  in  a 
building. 
STAX-Z.\'ie,a.    Consisting  in  stanzas. 


STA 


STA 


STAPH' Y-LINE,  (staf-,)a.  [Gr.  otcv^vAtj,  a  bunch  of 
grapes.]  In  mineralogy,  having  the  form  of  a  bunch 
of  grapes;  botryoidal.  Skepanl. 

STAPH-Y-LO'JIA,  n.  [Gr.  <rra.^vAT7,  a  grape,  and 
ojfia,  a  terminatiou  in  nosology  denoting  external 
protuberance.] 

The  name  ot  a  disease  of  the  eye,  characterized 
by  enlargement  of  the  eyeball,  protuberance  of  the 
cornea,  and  dimness  or  entire  abolition  of  sight. 
Xosologists  reckon  three  varieties  of  this  disease  : 

1.  with  a  preternatural  quantity  of  come  one  or 
more  of  the  Iiumors,  the  pupil  being  transparent, 
sometimes  called  H  y  deophth  alm  i  a  ;  2,  wi  th  au  effu- 
sion of  pus.  the  pupil  being  cloudy,  sometimes  called 
OxTX ;  and  3,  with  a  ruptureofthe  iris,  and  its  pro- 
trusion agjinst  the  cornea,  constitutiiigagr^pe-like 
tumor,  the  sight  being  destroyed,  sometimes  a-illed 

HypOPRIDH.  /.  J/.  ffooJ. 

STAPH-Y-LOR'A-PHT.  (staf-e-Ior'a-fe.)  -n.  [Gr. 
S-a'PvM  and  p'l-;-'?,  a  suture,  from  ^aTrrw.] 

A  surgical  suture  of  the  palate,  for  the  purpose  of 
uniting  the  edges  of  a  fissure. 
STa'PLE,  (sta'pl,)  n.  [Sax.  stapel,  stapul,  a  stake; 
D.  stapd,  a  pde,  stocks,  staple  ;  stapden^  to  pile  ;  G. 
stapel,  a  stake,  a  pile  or  heap,  a  staple,  stocks,  a 
mart;  Sv,:  stapel;  Dan.  rfafief,  a  staple;  stabler^  to 
pile ;  stabbs^  a  block  or  log ;  stab,  a  staff.  We  see 
this  word  is  from  the  root  of  staff.  The  primary 
sense  of  the  root  is,  to  set,  to  fix.  Staple  is  that 
which  is  fixed,  or  a  fixed  place,  or  it  is  a  pile  or 
store.] 

1.  X  settled  mart  or  market ;  an  emporium.  In 
England,  formerly,  the  king's  staple  was  established 
in  certain  ports  or  towns,  and  certain  goods  could 
not  be  exported,  without  being  first  brought  to  these 
ports,  to  be  rated  and  charged  v/ith  the  duty  payable 
to  the  king  or  public.  The  principal  commodities  on 
which  customs  were  levied,  were  icool,  skins,  and 
teathcTj  and  these  were  originally  the  staple  commod- 
ities. Hence,  the  words  staple  commodities  came  in 
time  to  signify  the  principal  commodities  produced 
by  a  countrj-  for  exportation  or  use.  Thus,  cotton  is 
the  staple  commodity  of  South  Carolina,  Georgia,  and 
other  Southern  States  of  America.  Wheat  is  the  sta- 
ple of  Pennsylvania  and  Xew  York. 

9.  A  city  or  town  where  merchants  agree  to  carry 
certain  commodities. 

3.  A  principal  commodity  or  production  of  a  coun- 
try or  district. 

4.  The  thread  or  pile  of  wool,  cotton,  or  flax. 
Thus  v.e  say,  this  is  wool  of  a  coarse  staple,  or  fine 
staple.  In  America,  cotton  is  of  a  short  staph,  long 
staple,  fine  staple,  Alc.  The  cotton  of  short  staple  is 
raised  on  the  upland ;  the  sea-island  cotton  is  of  a 
fine,  long  staple. 

5.  Figuratively,  the  material  or  substance  of  a 
thing;  as,  the  staple  of  a  literar}'  production. 

6.  [  W.  ystjrfwL]  A  loop  of  iron,  or  a  bar  or  wire 
bent  and  formed  with  two  points,  to  be  driven  into 
wood,  to  hold  a  hook,  pin,  &c.  Pope. 

Staple  of  land,-  the  particular  nature  and  quality  of 
land. 
STa'PLE,  a.     Settled;  established  in  commerce;  as, 
a  staple  trade. 

2.  According  to  the  Jaws  of  commerce;  marketa- 
ble ;  fit  to  be  sold.     [JiTot  muck  used.]  Swij% 

3.  Chief;  principal ;  regularly  produced  or  made 
for  market ;  as,  staple  commodities. 

[This  is  new  the  most  general  acceptation  of  the 
word.] 

STa'PLER,  7t.    A  dealer;  as,  a  woo!  stapler. 

STAR,  Tt.  [Sax.  stcorra;  Dan.  and  Sw.  stiema;  G. 
stem  :  D.  star ;  Arm.  and  Corn,  steren  :  Basque,  zar- 
ra;  Gr.  acrnp  ;  Sans,  tara;  Bengal,  stara;  Pehlavi, 
setaram  ;  Pers.  setareh  or  stara  ;  W.  scren.] 

1.  .-Vn  apparently  small,  luminous  body  in  the 
heavens,  that  shines  in  the  night,  or  when  its  light  is 
not  obscured  by  clouds,  or  lost  in  the  brighter  efful- 
gence of  the  sun.  Stars  are  fixed  or  planetary.  The 
fixed  stars  are  known  by  their  perpetual  twinkling, 
and  by  their  being  always  in  the  same  position  in  rela- 
tion to  each  other.  The  planets,  or  wandering  stars,, 
do  not  twinkle,  and  they  revolve  about  the  sun.  The 
fixed  stars  are  considered  by  astronomers  to  be  suns, 
and  their  immense  numbers  exhibit  the  astonishing 
extent  of  creation  and  of  divine  power. 

9.  The  pole-star.  A  bright  star  in  the  tail  of  Ursa 
Minor,  so  called  from  its  being  very  near  the  north 
pole.     [A  particular  application,  not  in  use.]      S/tal:. 

3.  In  astrology,  a  configuration  of  the  planets,  sup- 
posed to  influence  fortune.  Hence  the  expression, 
"You  may  thank  youi  stars  for  such  and  such  an 
event." 

A  pair  of  ilar-crosaed  lonn.  Shci. 


4.  The  figure  of  a  star ;  a  radiated  mark  in  writ- 
ing or  printing ;  an  asterisk  ;  thus  *  ;  used  as  a  ref- 
erence to  a  note  in  the  margin,  or  to  fill  a  blank,  in 
writing  or  printing,  where  letters  are  omitted. 

5.  In  Scripture,  Christ  is  called  the  bright  and  morn- 
ing star,  the  star  that  ushers  in  the  light  of  an  eter- 
nal day  to  his  people.    Rec.  ixii. 

Ministers  are  also  called  stars  in  Christ^s  right  hand, 
as,  being  supported  and  directed  by  Christ,  fhey  con- 


vey light  and  knowledge  to  the  followers  of  Chriat. 
lU^K  i. 

The  twelve  stars  which  form  the  crown  of  the 
church,  are  the  twelve  apostles.    Rev,  xii. 

C.  A  person  of  brilliant  and  attractive  qualides 
on  some  public  occasion:  a  theatrical  perform- 
er, &c. 

7.  The  figure  of  a  star;  a  badge  of  rank ;  Z3,ttaT$ 
and  garters. 

8.  A  distinguiahcd  and  brilliant  theatrical  per- 
former. 

Star  of  BithUlieiii ;  a  flower  and  bulbous  plant  of 
the  genus  Omithogalum.  There  is  also  the  stir  of 
Alexandria.  andofNapIes,  audof  CoiistantiDopIe,of 
the  same  genus.  Cye.   Im. 

STA  R,  V.  t.  To  set  or  adorn  with  stars,  or  bright,  ra- 
diating bodies;  to  bespangle;  as,  a  robe  «(a  rroi  with 
gems. 
STAR'-AP-PLE,  (-ap'pl,)  v.  The  popular  name  ol 
several  species  of  Chrysophyllum,  evergreen  trees 
whose  fruit  is  esculent.  Chrysophyllum  Cainito  is 
the  most  important  species.  They  grow  in  inter- 
tropical climates. 
STAR'-CHAil-BEK,  n.  Fomirrhf,  a  court  of  crim- 
inal jurisdiction  in  England,  which  excrcis<>d  extcn- 
sive  powers  during  the  reigns  of  IIenr\-  VlU.and  his 
successors.  This  court  was  abolished  by  staL  16 
Charies  I.  See  Blackstone,  B.  iv.  ch.  xix. 
STAR'-CROWX-£D,  a.  Crowned  with  stars. 
STAR'-EX-CIR'€L/;D,  a.  Encircled  with  stars, 
STAR'-FISH,  n.  [^arand  fsh.]  A  marine  animal; 
the  sea-star  or  .A,sterias,  a  genus  of  pedicellate  ech- 
inoderms  or  zoophytes,  so  named  because  their  body 
is  divided  into  rays,  generally  five  in  number,  in  the 
center  of  which  and  below  is  the  mouth,  which  is 
the  only  orifice  of  the  alimentar>-  canal.  They  are 
covered  with  a  coriaceous  skin,  armed  with  points 
and  spines,  and  pierced  with  numerous  small  boles, 
arranged  in  regular  series,  through  which  pass  mem- 
branaceous tentacula  or  feelers,  terminated  each  by  a 
little  disk  or  cup,  by  means  of  which  they  execute 
their  progressive  motions.  Cuvier. 

STAR'-FLOW-ER,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Omi- 
thogalum.  Cyc. 

9.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Stellaria.  Lee, 

STAR'-FoRT,  n.    A  fori  surrounded  on  the  exterior 

with  projecting  angles  ;  hence  the  name. 
ST.\R'-GaZ-ER,  71.     [star  and  gaier.  \  One  who  gazes 
at  the  stars  ;  a  term  of  contempt  for  an  astrologer, 
sometimes  used  ludicrously  for  an  astronomer. 
STAR'-GaZ-IXG,7I.    The  act  or  practice  of  obser\-ing 

the  stars  with  attention  ;  astrology.  Swift 

STAR'-GRASS,  n.  [star  and  gra^j.]  Starry  duck 
meat,  a  plant  of  the  genus  Callitriche,  and  one  also 
of  the  genus  Aietris.  Lee. 

STaR'-HAWK,  n.    A  species  of  hawk  so  called. 

Ainsworih. 
STAR'-Ht'A-CIXTH,  n.    A  bulbous  plant  of  the  ge- 
nus Scilla. 
STAR'-JEL-LY,  n.    A  plant,  the  Tremella,  one  of  the 
Fungi ;  also,  star-shoot,  a  gelatinous  substance  whicb 
is  also  a  Tremella. 
STAR'-LED,  a.    Guided  by  the  stars. 
STAR'-LiKE,  a.    [star  and  like.]     Resembling  a  star ; 
stellated  ;  radiated  like  a  star;  as,  starlike  flowers. 

Mortimer. 
9.  Bright;  illustrious. 

The  hAving  turned  maoy  to  righteousness  dull  confer  a  ttarUit 
asd  iiumorLil  bri^hincss.  Boyte. 

STAR'-PaV-£D,  a.     [star  and  paved.]    Studded  with 

stars. 

The  road  of  heaven,  star-paved.  MUtcn. 

STAR'-PROOF,  a.  [star  and  proof.]  Impervious  to 
the  lighl_of  (he  stars  ;  as,  a  star-proof  elm.     Milton. 

STAR'-ReAD,  ti.  [star  and  read.]  Doctrine  of  the 
stars;  astronomv.     [A'ot  m  a^cj  Spcrucr. 

STAR'-R00F-Z:D,  (-rooft,)  a.    Roofed  mth  stars. 

STAR'-SHOOT,  n.  [star  and  sfujot.]  A  gelatinous 
substance  often  found  in  wet  meadows,  and  formerly 
by  some  supposed  to  be  the  extinguished  residuum  of 
a  shooting  star.  It  is,  however,  not  of  meteoric,  but 
of  vegetable  origin;  being  a  fungus  of  the  genus 
Tremella. 


I  have  seen  a  good  quantity  of  thtt  ]?l],v,  by  (be  Tnlgar  called  a 
slar-thool,  aj  il~  it  remained  upon  the  exLlnciion  of  a  Ul'.iag 
siAT.  Baron. 

STAR'-SP.\X"GLED,  (-spang-gld,)  a.  Spansled  with 
stars.         _  E.  Ectrctt. 

STaR'-SToXE,  n.  A  variety  of  sapphire,  which,  in 
a  certain  direction,  presents'a  reflection  of  light  in 
the  form  of  a  star.  Brandc. 

STAR'-THIS-TLE,  (-Ihisa,)  n.  An  annual  plant  of 
the  cenus  Centaurea. 

STAR'- WORT,  71.  A  plant  of  the  genus  A^cr.  The 
species  are  shrubby  or  herbaceous,  and  their  flowers 
resemble  small  stars.  Loudon. 

The  ydlow  starwort  is  of  the    genus    Inula  or 
Elecampane. 

STAR'EoARD,  n.  [Sax.  stcor-board;  G.  sUucrbort,  as 
if  from  steuer,  the  rudder  or  helm  :  D.  stuur-bord,iL3 
as  if  from  stuur,  heira  ;  Sw.  and  Dan.  siyr-bord.  But 
in  Fr.  stribord,  Sp.  estribcr,  Ann.  strybour^  or  stri- 
bourh,  are  said  to  be  contracted  from  dextcr-hord. 


TONE,  BI;LL,  ^NITE — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.-e  as  K:  6  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


1077 


If" 

I 


ST  A 


riglit-side.    Star-bord  is  from  steer-bordj  the  tiller  be- 
ing on  the  right  hand  of  the  steersman.] 

The  right  hand  side  of  a  ship  or  boat,  when  a  spec- 
tator stands  with  his  lace  toward  tlie  liead,  stem,  or 
prow, 

STAR'UoARD,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  right-hand  side  of 
a  ship  ;  being  or  lying  on  tiie  riglit  side  ;  as»  the  sfar- 
fr(7U)vi  shrouds  ;  starboard  (lu-arler  ;  starboard  lack.  In 
seamaii^iUiji,  starboardy  uttered  by  the  master  of  a  ship, 
is  an  order  to  the  hehnsmun  to  put  tlie  behn  to  tbe 
starbourd  side.  Mar.  Diet. 

STARCH,  n,  [Sax.  stcarc^  rigid,  stiff;  G.  stUrkej 
strength,  starch,  5(art,  strong;  B.  stcrk.  Dun.  sUtrk, 
Sw.  stark,  strong.    £?ee  Stare  and  Stekr.] 

A  substance  used  to  stiffen  linen  and  other  cloth. 
It  is  the  farina  or  fecula  of  various  vegetables,  a  sub- 
stance which  is  a  white  solid  with  no  smell,  and 
with  very  little  taste,  and  which,  when  squeezed  be- 
tween the  fingers,  gives  a  very  peculiar  sound.  It  is 
insohible  in  cold  water,  but  with  boiling  w.iter  it 
forms  a  jelly  very  nearly  transparent.  Iodine  tbrms, 
with  t;larch,  a  blue  compound,  and  hence  is  the  best 
test  of  its  presence.  Starch  torms  the  greatest  por- 
tion of  all  farinaceous  substances,  particularly  of 
wheat  flour,  and  it  is  the  chief  ingredient  of  liread. 

STARCH,  a.     Stiff;  precise;  rigid.  Killingbeck. 

STARCH,  V.  t.    To  stiffen  with  starch.  Qay. 

STARCH'£D,  (stUrcht,)   pp.  or  a.      Stiffened    with 
starch. 
2.  a.    Stiff;  precise;  formal.  Swift. 

STARCH'£D-NESS,  n.  Stiffness  in  manners;  for- 
mality. Addisini. 

STARCH'ER,  n.  One  who  starclies,  or  whose  occu- 
paticm  is  to  starch.  Johnson. 

STARCH'-HV'A-CINTH,  n  A  plant,  the  Muscari 
racemosum,  of  the  same  natural  order  with  the  hy- 
acintli,  and  named  from  the  smell  of  the  flower.  It 
is  a  native  of  Uritain,  and  a  garden  plant  in  the 
United  States.  Loudon. 

STARCH'ING,  ppr.    Stiffening  with  starch. 

STARCH'LV,  adv.  With  stiffuess  of  manner;  for- 
mally. 

STARCII'NESS,  n.  StilTness  of  manner;  precise- 
ness. 

STARCH'Y,  a.  Consisting  of  starch  ;  resembling 
starch ;  stift";  precise. 

STARE,  n.     [Sax.  st4ET  :  G.  staJin  Sw.  stare.l 
A  bird,  the  starling,  or  Slurnus. 

STARE,  V.  i.  [Sax.  starian  ;  Dan.  stirrer ;  Sw.  stirra ; 
G.  starren  ;  D.  stnaren.  In  Sw.  stirra  ut  fingren  is  to 
spread  one*s  tingers.  The  sense,  then,  is,  to  open, 
or  extend,  and  it  seems  to  be  closely  allied  toG.  stoTT, 
stiff,  and  to  starchy  sterUj  wiiich  imply  straining,  ten- 
sion.] 

1.  To  gaze ;  to  look  with  fixed  eyes  wide  open ; 
to  fasten  an  earnest  look  on  some  object.  Staring 
is  produced  by  wonder,  surprise,  stupidity,  horror, 
fright,  and  someiimes  by  eagerness  to  hear  or  learn 
something,  sometimes  by  impudence.  We  say,  he 
stared  with  astonishment. 

Look  not  big,  nor  stare,  nor  fret.  ShaJc. 

2.  To  Stand  out ;  to  be  prominent 

Take  oft"  all  the  staring  sUaws  and  jaggs  in  the  Iiive.      [Not 


twerf.] 


Mortimer. 


To  stare  in  Vie  face ;  to  be  before  the  eyes,  or  un- 
deniably evident. 

The  law  stares  (Jir'm  in  the  face,  while  they  are  breaking  it. 

Locke. 

STARE,  71.    A  fixed  look  with  eyes  wide  open. 

I}rijden. 
STAK'ER,  11.    One  wiio  stares  or  gazes. 
STAR'IjVG,  ppr.  or  a.    Gazing;   looking  with  fixed 

eyes. 
STAR'ING-LY,  adv.    Gazingly. 
STARK,  a.     [Sax.  sterc,  stearc;  D.  sterk;  G.  5(ar/(, stiff, 

strong  ;  formed  on  the  root  of  the  G.  starr,  stiff,  rigid, 

Eng.  sffer;  from  strainings  stretching.    See  Stakch 

and  Steeb.] 

1.  Stiff;  strong;  rugged. 

Many  a  nobl^ninn  lies  aiark  and  stiH' 

Under  the  hoof«  «f  vaunting  en(.'mies.  STiak. 

The  north  is  not  so  stark  und  cold.     [Oba.]  B.  Jonson. 

2.  Deep  ;  full  ;  profound  ;  absolute. 

Consider  the  stark  a^'ciirily 

The  commonwc.-vlth  la  in  now.     [Obe.]  B.  Jonson. 

3.  Mere  ;  gross  ;  absolute. 

He  pronounces  the  cilauon  stark  nonaenae.  Collier. 

STARK,  adv.  Wholly  ;  entirely  ;  absolutely  ;  as,  stark 
mad  ;  stark  blind  ;  stark  naked.  These  are  the  prin- 
cipal applications  of  this  word  now  in  use.  The 
word  is  in  popular  use,  but  not  an  elegant  word  in 
anv  of  its  applications. 

STARK'LY,  adv.    Stiftiy ;  strongly.     [Obs.]     Shak. 

STAR'IjESS,  a.  Having  no  stars  visible,  or  no  star- 
light ;  as,  a  starless  night.  Milton.     Dryden. 

STAR'UGHT,  (-lite,)  n.  [star  and  light.]  The  light 
proceeding  from  the  stars. 

Nor  walk  by  noon, 
Or  jlillcring  slarlight,  without  thee  is  sweet.  Afi/ion. 

STAR'UGHT,  C-lIte,)  a.  Lighted  by  the  stars,  or  by 
the  slr.rs  only  ;  as,  a  starlight  evening.         Dryden. 


STA 

STAR'LING,  71.     [Sax.  sto'.r :  Sw.  stare.] 

1.  A  bird  of  the  genus  Sturnus,  Linn.,  also  called 
Stabe.  The  American  starling  is  better  known  by 
the  name  of  IVIeadow-Lark.  Peabodij. 

a.  A  name  given  to  piles  driven  round  the  piers  of 
a  tiridge  fur  defense  and  support. 

STAR'OST,  7i.  In  Poland,  a  nobleman  who  possessed 
a  slarosty. 

STAR'OS-TY,  71.  In  Poland,  a  name  given  to  castles 
and  domains  conferred  on  nobkuicn  for  life  by  the 
crown.  lirande. 

STAR'R£D,  (slUrd,)  pp.  or  a.  [from  star.]  Adorned 
or  studded  with  stars  ;  as,  the  starred  tjUDon  of  Ethi- 
opia. Jiliiton. 

2.  Influenced  in  fortune  by  the  stars. 


My  third  comfort 
HUirrsd  muat  uuluckjy, 


Shak. 


STAR'RING,  ppr.  or  a.    Adorning  with  stars. 

2.  Shining;  bright;  sparkling;  as,  sturring  com- 
ets.    [JVol  in  use.] 
STAR'RY,  a,     [from  star.]    Abounding  with  stars; 
adorned  with  stars. 

Above  the  clouds,  above  tho  starry  sky.  Pope. 

2.  Consisting  of  stars ;  stellar;  stellary;  proceed- 
ing from  the  stars  ;  as,  starry  light ;  starry  flame. 

Spenser.     Dryden. 

3.  Shining  like  stars;  resembling  stars;  iv^^  starry 
eyes.  SkaJi. 

START,  V.  i.  [D.  stoi-ten,  to  pour,  to  spill,  to  fall,  to 
rush,  to  tumble ;  Sw.  stbrta,  to  roll  upon  the  liead,  to 
pitch  headlong  ;  qii.  G.  stvrzen.  In  Sax.  steort  is  a 
tail,  that  is,  a  shoot  or  projection;  hence  the  prom- 
ontory so  called  in  Devonshire.  The  word  seems 
to  be  a  derivative  from  the  root  of  star,  steer.  The 
primary  sense  is,  to  shoot,  to  dart  suddenly,  or  to 
spring.] 

L  To  move  suddenly,  as  if  by  a  twitch ;  as,  to  start 
in  sleep,  or  by  a  sudden  spasm. 

2.  To  move  suddenly,  as  by  an  involuntary  shrink- 
ing from  sudden  fear  or  alarm. 

I  start  as  from  some  dreadful  dream.  Dryden. 

'3.  To  move  with  sudden  quickness,  as  with   a 
spring  or  leap. 


A  spirit  fit  to  start  into  an  empire, 
And  look  the  world  to  law. 


Dryden. 


4.  To  shrink  ;  to  wince. 

But  if  he  start, 
It  b  the  flesh  of  a  corrupted  licart.  Shak. 

5.  To  move  suddenly  aside ;  to  deviate  ;  generally 
with  from,  out  of,  or  aside. 

The  old  drudging  sun,  from  Ills  long  beaten  way, 

Shall  at  thy  voice  start  and  miaguide  the  day.  Cowley. 

Keep  your  soul  to  the  work  when  ready  to  start  aside.     WaOs. 

6.  To  set  out ;  to  commence  s  race,  as  from  a  bar- 
rier or  goal.    The  horses  started  at  the  word  "go.' 

At  once  ihey  slarl,  advancing  in  a  line.  Drytien. 

1.  To  set  out;  to  commence  a  journey  or  enter- 
prise.    The  public  coaches  start  at  six  o'clock. 

When  two  start  into  the  world  together.  Collier. 

To  start  up;  to  rise  suddenly,  as  from  a  seat  or 
couch ;  or  to  come  suddenly  into  notice  or  impor- 
tance. 
START,  V.  t.    To  alarm ;  to  disturb  suddenly ;  to  star- 
tle ;  to  rouse. 

Upon  malicious  liravery  dost  thou  come 

To  start  my  quiet  i  Shak. 

2.  To  rouse  suddenly  from  concealment ;  to  cause 
to  flee  or  fly ;  as,  to  start  a  hare  or  a  woodcock  ;  to 
start  game.  Pope. 

3.  To  bring  into  motion  ;  to  produce  suddenly  to 
view  or  notice. 

Sfiak. 
Lesley. 

So  we  say,  to  start  a  question,  to  start  an  objection ; 
that  is,  to  suggest  or  propose  anew. 

4.  To  invent  or  discover  ;  to  bring  within  pursuit. 

Sensual   men  agree  in  the   pursuit  of  every  pleasure  they  can 
Blart.  Temple. 

5.  To  move  suddenly  from  its  place  ;  to  dislocate  ; 
as,  to  start  a  bone. 

One  started  the  end  of  the  clavicle  from  the  aternum.   Hlscmon- 

6.  To  empty,  as  liquor  from  a  cask  ;  to  pour  otit ; 
as,  to  start  wine  into  another  cask.  Mar.  Diet. 

START,  n.    A  sudden  motion  of  the  body  ;  a  sudden 
twitch  ;  a  spastic  affection  ;  as,  a  start  in  sleep. 

2.  A  sudden  motion  from  alarm. 

The  fright  awakened  Arcitc  with  a  start.  Dryden, 

3.  A  sudden  rousing  to  action ;  a  spring ;  excite- 
ment. 

Now  fear  I  this  will  give  it  atari  again.  ShaJi. 

A.  Sally;  sudden  motion  or  effusion;  a  bursting 
forth  ;  as,  starts  of  fancy. 

To  check  the  starts  and  sallies  of  the  soul.  Addison. 

5.  Sudden  fit;  sudden  motion  followed  by  inter- 
mission. 

For  she  did  speak  in  starts  distractedly,  Shak. 

Nature  does  nothing  by  starts  and  leaps,  or  m  a  hurry. 

VEstTonge. 


Brutus  will  start  a  spirit  as  soon  as  Cesar. 

The  present  occasion  has  slrirtcd  the  dispute  among 


STA 

6.  A  quick  spring ;  a  darting ;  a  shoot ;  a  push ;  as, 

to  give  a  start. 

Both  cau*,'  the  siring  to  give  a  quicker  start.  Bacon. 

7.  First  motion  from  a  place;  act  of  setting  out. 

The  Starr  of  first  performance  is  all.  Baecn. 

You  stand  like  greyhounds  in  the  slips, 

Stmining  upon  the  start.  Shak. 

To  get  the  start ;  to  begin  before  another ;  to  gain 
the  advantage  in  a  similar  tindcrtaking. 

Get  Oie  start  of  tlio  majestic  world.  Shak. 

Bhc  might  have  fun-iken  hirn,  if  he  had  not  got  the  start  of  her. 

Dtyden. 

START,  n,     A  projection  ;  a  push  ;  a  horn  ;  a  tail.    In 

the  latter  sense  it  occurs  in  the  name  vf  tlie  bird  red- 

.'itart.     Ilence,  the  start,  in  Devonshire. 
START'ED,  pp.    Suddenly  roused  or  alarmed  ;  poured 

out,  as  a  liquid  ;  discovered  ;  proposed  ;  produced  to 

view. 
START'ER,  71.  One  that  starts ;  one  that  shrinks  from 

his  purpose.  Jludibras. 

2.  One  tliat  suddenly  moves  or  suggests  a  question 
or  an  objection. 

3.  A  dog  that  rouses  game.  Delany. 
START'Fl)L,  a.     Apt  to  start ;  skittish. 
START'FIJL-NESS,  ti.    Aptness  to  start. 
S'J'ART'ING,   ppr.      Moving   suddenly  ;    shrinking  ; 

rousing;  comtuencing,  as  a  journev,  tfec. 
STARTING,  n.    The  act  of  moving  suddenly. 
START'ING-HoLE,  71.  A  looniiole  ;  evasion.  jl/«r«i«. 
STaRT'ING-LY,  adv.    Uy  sudden  fits  or  starts.  Shak. 
START'ING-PoST,  ii.      [start  and  post.]      A  post, 

stake,  barrier,  or  place,  ftom  which  competitors  in  a 

race  start,  or  begin  the  race. 
START'ISH,  a.    Apt  to  start ;  skittish  ;  shv. 
START'LE,fstart'l,)tJ.  i.   [dim.  of  .-jforf.]   to  shrink  ; 

to  move  suddenly,  or  be  excited,  on  feeling  a  sudden 

alarm. 

Why  slirinks  the  soul 
Back  on  herself,  and  startles  at  d'^structinu  t  Addison. 

START'LE,  r.  t.  To  impress  with  fear  ;  to  excite  by 
sudden  alarm,  surprise,  or  apprehension  ;  to  shock  ; 
to  alarm ;  to  fright.  We  were  startled  at  the  cry  of 
distress.  Any  great  and  unexpected  event  is  apt  to 
startle  us. 

The  s'jpposilion  that  angels  assume  bodies,  need  not  startle  us. 

Locke. 

2.  To  deter ;  to  cause  to  deviate.     [Little  w-s-crf.  | 

Clarendon. 
START'LE,  71,    A  sudden  motion  or  shock  occasioned 
by  an  unexpected  alarm,  surprise,  or  apprehension  of 
danger;  sudden  impression  of  terror. 

After  having  recovered  from  my  first  startle,  I  was  well  pleased 
with  the  accident.  Spectator. 

START'LED,  pp.  Suddenly  moved  or  shocked  by  an 
impression  of  ftar  or  surprise. 

STAHT'LING,  pitr.  or  a.  Suddenly  impressing  with 
fear  or  surprise. 

START'LING-LY,  adv.    In  a  startling  manner. 

START'-UP,  n.    [start  and  up.]    One  that  comes  sud- 

derdy  into  notice.  [JVof  used.  We  u^^e  Upstart.]  Shak. 

2.  A  kind  of  high  shoe.  Hall. 

START'-UP,  a.  Suddenly  coming  into  notice.  [JV*o£ 
used,]  War  b  urton . 

STARV-A'TION,  7f.  The  act  of  starving  or  state  of 
being  starved. 

STARVE,  V.  i.  [Sax.  stcarfan,  to  perish  with  huntrer 
or  cold  ;  G.  sterbcn,  to  die,  either  by  disease  or  hun- 
ger, or  by  a  wound  ;  D.  sterven,  to  die.  Qu.  is  this 
from  the  root  of  Dan.  Uirv,  Sw.  tarf  necessity, 
want  ?  ] 

1.  To  perish  ;  to  be  destroyed.  Fairfax. 
[In  this  general  seTise,  obsolete,] 

2.  To  perish  or  die  with  cold;  as,  to  5(a7TC  with 
cold. 

[This  sense  is  retained  in  England,  but  not  in  the 
United  States.} 

3.  To  perish  with  hunger. 

[This  seiLse  is  retained  in  England  and  Oie  United 
States.] 

A.  To  suffer  extreme  hunger  or  want;  to  be  very 
indigent. 

Sometimes  virtue  starves,  while  vice  is  fed.  Pope, 

STARVE,  V,  t.  To  kill  with  hunger.  Maliciously  to 
starve  a  man  is,  in  law,  muRier. 

2.  To  distress  or  subdue  by  famine  ;  as,  to  starve 
a  garrison  into  a  surrender. 

3.  To  destroy  by  want ;  as,  to  starve  plants  by  the 
want  of  nutriment. 

4.  To  kill  with  cold.  [JVot  in  use  in  the  United 
States.] 

From  beds  of  mcring  fire,  to  starre  in  ice 

Their  soil  ethereal  Avarmlh.  Milton. 

5.  To  deprive  of  force  or  vigor. 

The  powers  of  thcif  minds  arc  starved  by  disuse.      [Unusual.] 

Locke. 

STAll\'ED,pp.OT  a.     Killed  with  hunger;  subdued 

by  Imnger;  rendered  poor  by  want. 

2.  Killed  by  cold.     [JVoi  in  use  in  the  United  States.] 
STARVE'LING,    (stlrv'ling,)     a.      Hungry ;    lean ; 

pining  with  want.  Philips. 

STARVE'LING,  (sfarv'ling,)  n.    An  animal  or  plant 


:'aTE,  far,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MkTE,  PRgY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DO\'E,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.— 
1076 


STA 

that  13  made  ibiii,  lean,  and  weak  tbrough  want  of 

uutriment. 

Actd  iby  poor  starotling  boaatiltUIy  led.  Donne. 

STAR  V'lXG,  ppr.  or  a.    Perishing  with  hunger  ;  kill- 
ing with  hunger ;  rendering  lean  and  poor  by  want 
of  nourishment. 
9.  Perishing  with  cold  ;  killing  with  cold.    [Eng~ 

ST^^T  PRO  RA-TI-0'jXE  V0-LUjyT.9S,    (ra-she- 

6'ne-,)  [L.]    The  will  stands  for  reason. 
ST.\'TA-RY,  a.     [from  state.]     Fixed  ;  settled.     [JVot 

ill  vse.]  Brown. 

STATE,  71.    [L.  statiis,  from  sto^  to  stand,  to  be  fixed  ; 

It.  stato  ;  Sp.  e^tado ;  Fr.  itctt.     Hence  G.  stdt^  fixed  ; 

statt^  place,  abode,  stead  ;  staatj  stale  j  stadt,  a  town 

or  city  ;  D.  staat^  condition,  state  ;  stad,  a  city,  Dan. 

and  Sw.  stad :  Sans,  stidaha,  to  stand  ;  Pere.  istaden, 

id.     State  is  fixedness  or  standing.] 

1.  Condition  ;  the  circumstances  of  a  being  or 
thing  at  any  given  time.  These  circumstances  may 
be  internal,  constitutional,  or  peculiar  to  the  being,  or 
they  may  have  relation  to  other  beings.  We  say, 
the  body  is  in  a  sound  state,  or  it  is  in  a  weak  state ; 
or  it  has  just  recovered  from  a  feeble  state.  The 
state  of  his  health  is  good.  The  state  of  his  mind  is 
favorable  for  study.  So  we  say,  the  state  of  public 
affairs  calls  for  the  exercise  of  talents  and  wisdom. 
In  regard  to  foreign  nations,  our  affairs  are  in  a  good 
stale.    So  we  say,  single  state^  and  married  state. 

Declare  the  past  and  preseul  etaU  of  dungs.  Dryden. 

9.  Modification  of  any  thing. 

Keep  ihe  atote  oi  the  queslion  in  your  eye.  Boyle. 

3.  Crisis ;  stationary  point ;  hight ;  pniuc  from 
which  the  next  movement  is  regression. 

Tumors  have  their  severaJ  degrees  and  times,  as  beginning',  au^- 
menl,  eUUe,  and  decUnation .     [Not  in  use.]      M'uejiian. 

4.  Estate;  possession.     [Oft*.]     [See  Estate.] 

DaiiieL 

5.  A  political  body,  or  body  politic  ;  the  whole 
body  of  people  united  under  one  government,  wliat- 
ever  may  be  the  form  of  the  government. 

^lunicipal  law  is  a  rule  of  conduct  prescribed  by  the  supreme 
power  in  a  state.  Blacksione. 

'Sloze  usually  the  word  si^ifies  a  political  body 
governed  by  representatives ;  a  commonwealth;  as, 
the  states  of  Greece  ;  the  States  of  America. 

In  this  sense,  state  has  sometimes  more  immediate 
reference  to  the  government,  sometimes  to  the  peo- 
ple or  community.  Thus,  when  we  say,  the  state 
has  made  provision  for  the  paupers,  the  word  has 
reference  to  the  government  or  legislature  ;  but  when 
we  say,  the  state  is  taxed  to  suppoit  paupers,  the 
word  refers  to  the  whole  people  or  community. 

6.  Any  body  of  men  united  by  profession,  or  con- 
stituting a  community  of  a  particular  ch.^racter  ;  as, 
the  civil  and  ecclesiastical  states  in  Great  Britain. 
But  these  are  sometimes  distinguished  by  tlie  terms 
church  and  state.  In  this  ca^e,  state signx'LiQS,  the  civil 
community  or  government  only. 

7.  Rank ;  condition ;  quality  ;  as,  the  stale  of 
honor.  Shak. 

8.  Pomp  ;  appearance  of  greatness. 

In  alale  Ibe  monarchs  maicli'^d.  Dryden. 

Where  least  of  sUVj!,  (here  meet  of  love  is  shown.        Dryden, 

9.  Dignity ;  grandeur. 

She  instructed  him  how  he  should  keep  stale,  yet  with  a  modest 
sense  of  his  mislbrtuiiea.  Bacon. 

10.  A  seat  of  dignity. 

This  chair  shall  be  n:y  alale.  Shak. 

11.  A  canopy ;  a  covering  of  dignity. 

His  high  tlirone,  under  stale 
Of  richest  texture  spread.     [Unusiiai.']  Milam. 

12.  A  person  of  high  rank.    [J^ot  in  use.]  Latimer. 
13   The  principal  persons  in  a  government. 

The  boM  design 
Pleised  higUy  those  infernal  slaiee,  Milton. 

14.  The  bodies  that  constitute  the  legislature  of  a 
country  ;  as,  the  states  general. 

15.  Joined  with  another  word,  it  denotes  public,  or 
what  belongs  to  the  community  or  body  politic  j  as, 
state  affairs  ;  state  policy. 

STaTE,  v.  l    To  set ;  to'  settle.     [See  Stated.] 

2.  To  express  the  particulars  of  any  thing  in  wri- 
ting ;  to  set  down  in  detail  or  in  gross  ;  as,  to  state 
an  account;  to  sUae  debt  and  credit;  to  state  the 
amount  due. 

3.  To  express  the  particulars  of  any  thing  verbal- 
ly ;  to  represent  fully  in  words  ;  to  narrate  ;  to  recite. 
The  witnesses  stated  ail  the  circumstances  of  the 
transaction.  They  are  enjoined  to  state  all  the  par- 
ticulars. It  is  the  business  of  the  advocate  to  state 
the  whole  case.    Let  the  queslion  be  fairly  stated. 

ISTAT'ED,  pp.    Expressed  or  represented ;   told ;  re- 
cited. 

2.  a.  Settled;  established  ;  regular;  occurring  at 
regular  timea ;  not  occasional;  as,  stated  hours  of 
business. 

3.  Fixed  ;  established  ;  as,  a  stated  salary. 
|STaT'ED-LY,  adv.    Regularly  ;  at  cerlam  limes  ;  not 

occasiona..y.    It  is  one  of  the  distinguishing  marks 


STA 

of  a  good  man,  that  he  statedly  attends  public  wor- 
ship. 

STaTE'LESS,  a.    Without  pomp.  J.  Barlow. 

STaTE'LI-ER,  a.  conip.    More  lofty  or  majestic, 

STaTE'LI-NESS,  n.  [froia  stately.]  Grandeur;  lof- 
tiness of  mien  or  manner;  majestic  appearance; 
dignity. 

For  SiCleliness  and  majesty,  what  i&  comparable  to  a  horse  ? 

More. 

2.  Appearance  of  pride  ;  affected  dignity. 

Beaum.  !f  Ft. 
STaTE'LY,  c.    Lofty  ;  dignified  ;  majestic ;  as,  state- 
ly manners  ;  a  stately  gait. 

2.  iVlagniticent ;  gr.ind  ;  as,  a  stately  edifice;  a 
stately  dome  ;  a  stately  pyramid. 

3.  Elt;vated  in  sentiment.  Dryden. 
STaTE'LY,  adv.  Majestically  ;  loftily.  JiliUon. 
STaTE':\IEi\T,  n.    The  act  of  slating,  reciting,  or 

presenting  verbally  or  on  paper. 

2.  A  series  of  facts  or  particulars  expressed  on  pa- 
per ;  as,  a  written  statement. 

3.  A  series  of  facts  verbally  recited  ;  recital  of  the 
circumstances  of  a  transaction;  as,  a  verbal  state- 
ment. 

STaTE'-MON"GER,  (-mung-ger,)  n.  [state  and  mon- 
ger.] One  versed  in  politics,  or  one  that  dabbles  in 
state  affairs. 

STaTE'-Pa'PER,  n.  A  paper  relating  to  the  political 
interests  or  government  of  a  state.  Jay. 

STaTE'-PRIS'ON,  71.  A  public  prison  or  peniten- 
tiary. 

STaTE'-PRIS'OIV-ER.  n.  One  in  confinement  for 
political  offenses. 

STa'TER,  n.      The  principal   gold  coin  of  ancient 
Greece.    It  varied  much  in  value,  but  was  usually 
worth  about  £1  3s.  sterling,  or  S5.U    The  Attic  sil- 
ver tetradrachm  was,  in  later  times,  called  stater. 
Smith's  Diet. 

STaTE'-ROOM,  n.     [state  and  room.]    A  magnificent 

room  in  a  palace  or  great  house.  Johnson. 

2.  An  apartment  for  lodging  in  a  ship's  cabin. 

STATES,  H.  pi.      NobUity.     [See  also   State.] 

Shak. 

STATES-t5EX'ER-AL,  v.  pi.  In  France^  before  the 
revolution,  the  assembly  of  the  tlnee  orders  of  the 
kingdom,  viz.,  the  clergj',  the  nobility,  and  the  third 
estaV,  or  commonalty.  In  JsTethcrlands  and  Holland^ 
the  legislative  body,  composed  of  two  chambers. 

P.  Cye. 

STATES'Af.^N,  n.  [state  and  man.]  A  man  versed 
in  the  arts  nf  government ;  usually,  one  eminent  for 
political  abilities  ;  a  poUtician. 

2.  A  small  landholder.     [JVorth  of  Englajid.] 

Halliwell. 

3.  One  emploved  in  public  affairs.   Pope.     Swift. 
STaTES':\IAN-LTKE,  fl.     Having  the  manner  or  wis- 
dom of  statesmen. 

STaTES'MAN-SHIP,  n.  The  qualifications  or  em- 
ployments of  a  statesman.  Churchill. 

STATES' WOM- AN,  n.  A  woman  who  meddles  in 
public  alTairs  ;  in  contempt.  Jiddison. 

STaTE'-TRI'AL,  n.  A  trial  of  persons  for  political 
offenses. 

STAT'ie,         )  a.    [See  Statics.]    Pertaining  to  bod- 

STAT'IG-AL,  \     ies  at  rest  or  in  equilibrium. 

Olmsted 
2.  Resting ;  acting  by  mere  weight ;  as,  statical 
pressure. 

STAT'ieS,  n.    [Fr.  statique;  It.  statica  ;  L.  statice;  Gr. 

Grr.rtKr,.] 

1.  That  branch  of  mechanics  which  treats  of  the 
forces  that  keep  bodies  at  rest  or  in  equilibrium. 
Dynamics  treats  of  bodies  in  motion. 

2.  In  medicine,  a  kind  of  epileptics,  or  persons 
seized  with  epilepsies.  Cye. 

STaT'ING,  ppr.  Setting  forth  ;  expressing  in  particu- 
lar. 

STaT'ING,  71.  An  act  of  making  a  statement ;  a 
statement.  Taylor. 

STa'TION,  (-shun,)  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  statio,  from  sto, 
status  ;  It.  stazione ;  Sp.  estacion.] 

1.  The  act  of  standing. 

Th^ir  manner  was  to  stand  at  prayer —  on  which  their  meetings 
for  that  purpose  received  the  name  of  staUons.     [Obs.] 

Hooker. 

2.  A  State  of  rest. 

All  progression  is  performed  by  drawing  on  or  impelline  forward 
what  wa«  before  m  stadon,  or  at  quiet.     [Rare.]    Brown. 

3.  The  spot  or  place  where  one  stands,  particularly 
where  a  person  habitually  stands,  or  is  appointed  to 
remain  for  a  time  ;  as,  the  station  of  a  sentinel.  Each 
detachment  of  troops  had  its  station. 

4.  Post  assigned  ;  ofiice  ;  the  part  or  department  of 
public  duty  which  a  person  is  appointed  to  perform. 
The  chief  magistrate  occupies  the  first  political  sta~ 
tion  in  a  nation.  Other  officers  fill  subordinate  star 
tions.  The  office  of  bishop  is  an  ecclesiastical  sta- 
tion of  great  importance.  It  is  the  duty  of  the  exec- 
utive to  fill  all  civil  and  military  stations  with  men 
of  worth. 

o.  Situation  ;  position. 

The  fi*  and  d-ite,  why  loTe  they  to  remain 

Id  middle  etation?  Prior. 


STA 

G.  Employment ;  occupation ;  buiiine^s. 

Cj  spending  the  SnLbatli  In  rruntnenl  and  religioos  exertues, 
we  g-iiti  ntw  sirrngUi  and  rcaoludon  to  pcrtona  God'a  will 
iu  our  BCTcral  aladon*  Hk  week  fullowiu;.  NeUon, 

7.  Character ;  slate. 

I'he  gnsiter  part  have  kept  th«lr  staoon.  Miton. 

e.  Rank  ;  condition  of  life.  He  can  be  contented 
with  a  humble  station. 

9.  In  church  history,  the  fast  of  the  fourth  and  sixth 
days  of  the  week,  \Vednesday  and  Friday,  in  m?m- 
(iry  of  the  council  which  condemned  Christ,  and  of 
his  passion. 

10.  .^niong  Roman  Catholics,  a  church  where  in- 
dulgences are  to  be  had  on  certain  days.       Encijc 

STa'TION,  v.  t.  To  place  ;  to  set ;  or  to  appoint  to 
the  occupation  of  a  post,  place,  or  office  ;  as,  lo  sta- 
tion troops  on  the  right  or  k-ft  of  an  army  ;  lo  station 
a  sentinel  on  a  rampart ;  to  .ftaiion  j-hips  on  the  coast 
of  Africa,  or  in  the  West  Indie?  ;  to  .Nation  a  man  at 
the  head  of  the  department  of  finance. 
STa'TION,  )  n.    A  resting-place  on  a  rail- 

STa'TION-HOUSE,  i  way,  at  which  a  halt  is  made 
lo  receive  or  let  down  passengers  or  goods. 

Brande. 
STa'TIO.V-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  station.  Encvc 
STa'TION-A-RY,  a.  Fixed ;  not  moving,  progres- 
sive, or  regressive ;  not  ajipearing  to  move.  The  sun 
becomes  stationary  in  (.'aiictr,  in  its  advance  into  the 
northern  signs.  The  court,  in  England,  which  was 
formerly  itinerary,  is  now  stationary. 

2.  Not  advancing, in  a  moral  sense:  not  improving; 
not  growing  wiser,  greater,  or  better;  not  becoming 
greater  or  more  excellent.  S.  S.  Smith. 

3.  Respecting  place. 

The  same  harmony  and  slcUw/uiry  conxtittilton.  Drovn. 

Stationary  cn;rinc ;  on  a  railway,  a  steam-engine  in 
a  fixed  position,  which  draws  a  load  by  a  rope  or 
other  means  of  communication  extended  along  the 
road. 

Stationary  fever;  a  fever  depending  on  peculiar 
seasons.  Coze. 

STa'TION-BILL,  71.  In  seamen'^s  language,  a  list 
containing  Ihe  a[)pointed  posts  of  the  ship's  compa- 
nv,  when  navigating  the  ship.  Mar.  Diet. 

STa'TION-ER,  71.  Originally,  a  bookseller,  from  his 
occupying  a  stand  or  station  ;  but  at  present,  one  who 
sells  paper,  quills,  inkstands,  pencils,  and  other  fiu"- 
niture  for  writing. 

STa'TION-ER-Y,  71.  The  articles  usually  sold  by  sta- 
tioners, as  paper,  ink,  quills,  &.c. 

STa'TION-ER-Y,  a.    Belonging  to  a  stalioner- 

STA'TISM,Ti.     Policy. 

STa'TIST,  ti.  [from  staU.]  A  statesman  ;  a  politi- 
cian ;  one  skilled  in  government 

Statists  iadeed, 
And  lovers  of  their  country.     [Not  iwa  iwcd.J  Milton. 

STA-TIST'ie,  }a.     [from   state  or  statist.^     V-r- 

STA-TIST'IC-AL,  i  laining  lo  the  stale  (*f  ?( •  :.  . 
the  condition  of  the  people,  their  economy,  th- ;r 
property,  and  resources.  1 1 

STAT-IS-TI"CIAN,  (tlsh'an,)  n,  A  person  who  is 
familiar  with  the  science  of  slatistici*. 

STA-TIST'I€S,  Ti.  A  collection  of  facts  respecting 
the  slate  of  society,  the  condition  of  the  jjeople  in  a 
nation  or  country,  their  ht-alth,  longevity,  domestic 
economy,  arts,  property,  and  political  strengtii,  the 
state  of  the  countrj-,  &c.  Sinclair. 

2.  The  science  which  treats  t-f  these  subjects. 

STa'TIVE,  a.     Pertaining  lo  a  fixed  camp. 

STAT'lI-A-RY,  71.  [It.  sfatuaria ;  Sp.  estatuaria ;  from 
L.  statuarius,  from  statiiay  a  statue  ;  statuo,  to  set.] 

1.  The  art  of  carving  statues  or  images,  as  repre- 
sentatives of  real  persons  or  things;  a  branch  of 
sculpture.  Temple. 

[Jn  this  sense  tlie  tcord  has  no  plural.] 

2.  [it.  statuario;  Sp.  estatuario.]  One  that  pro- 
fesses or  practices  the  art  of  carving  images  or  mak- 
ing statues. 

On  olher  occasions  the  statuaries  took  their  subjects  from  the 
poets.  Adaison. 

STAT'UE,  (stat'yu,)  n.  [L.  statua;  statuo,  to  set ;  that 
which  is  set  or  fixed.] 

An  image ;  a  solid  substance  formed  by  carving 
into  ihe  likeness  of  a  whole  living  being;  as,  a.statue 
of  Hercules,  or  of  a  lion. 
ST.\T'UE,  r.  (.    To  place,  as  a  suilue;  to  form  a 

statue  of.  Shak, 

STA-Tu'MI-NSTE,  v.  t.     [L.  statimino.\ 

To  prop  or  support.     [Aol  in  itsc-J        B.  Jonstnu 
STAT'iiRE,  (stat'yur.)  n.     [L.  and  It.  sUlura ;  Sp.  «s- 
tatura  ;  Fr.  stature  ;  from  L.  statiWy  to  set.] 

Tile  natural  liieht  of  an  animal  body.  It  is  nore 
generally  used  of  the  human  body. 

Foreigu  men  of  mighty  statuTt  came.  Driven, 

STAT'UE -ED,  a.  Axmei  at  fuU  stature.  !LUiU 
used.]  '  HaU. 

STA'TUS  QUO,  [L.]  A  treaty  between  belligerents, 
which  leaves  each  parly  in  stati;  qua  ante  bellum,  i.  e., 
in  tile  state  in  which  it  was  before  the  war. 

Brande. 

STAT'tJ-TA-BIJ;,  II.    [(mm  statute.]    Made  or  intro- 


TC.NE,  BJJLL,  tJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS €  a3  K ;  O  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


STA 

tluccd  by  statute  ;  proceeding  from  nn  act  of  the  legis- 
lature ;  us,  a  statutable  provision  or  remedy. 

2.  Made  or  being  in  conformity  to  statute  ;  as,  stat- 
utable measures.  j^dtHson. 

STAT'lT.'l'A-liLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  agreeable  to 
statute. 

STAT'IJTE,  n.  [Fr.  statut;  It.  statuto ;  Sp.  estatuto  i 
L.  statutum ;  from  statuo^  to  set.] 

1.  An  act  of  the  legislature  of  a  state,  tliat  extends 
its  binding  fttrce  to  all  the  citi/.(;ns  or  subjects  of  tliat 
slate,  as  distinguislic<l  from  an  act  which  extends 
only  to  an  individual  or  company  ;  an  act  of  the  legis- 
lature comnuindiiif;  or  prohibiting  something  ;  a  pos- 
itive taw.  Statutes  are  distinguished  from  common 
laiP.  The  latter  owes  its  binding  force  to  the  princi 
pics  of  justice,  to  long  use,  and  the  consent  of  a  na- 
tion, 'ihe  former  owe  their  binding  force  to  a  posi- 
tive connnand  or  dechiration  of  the  supreme  power. 

Statute  is  commonly  applied  to  the  acts  of  a  legis- 
lative body  consisting  of  representatives.  In  mon- 
archies, the  laws  of  the  sovereign  are  called  edicts, 
decrees,  ordinances,  rescripts,  &:c. 

2.  A  special  act  of  the  supreme  power,  of  a  pri- 
vate nature,  or  intended  to  operate  only  on  an  indi- 
vidual or  company. 

3.  The  act  of  a  corporation,  or  of  its  founder,  in- 
tended as  a  permanent  rule  or  law  ;  as,  the  statutes 
of  a  university. 

STAT'UTE-I\1ER'CIIANT,  w.  In  Enirlisk  laic,  a  bond 
of  record  pursuant  to  the  stat.  13  Edw.  I.,  acknowl- 
edged before  one  of  the  clerks  of  the  statutes-mer- 
chant and  the  mayor  or  chief  warden  of  Lond<m,  or 
before  certain  persons  appointed  for  the  purpose  ;  on 
which,  if  not  paid  at  the  day,  an  execution  may  be 
awarded  against  the  body,  lands,  and  goods  of  the 
obligor.  Blackstone. 

STAT'tiTE-STA'PLE,  n.  A  bond  of  record  acknowl- 
edged before  the  mayor  of  the  staple,  by  virtue  of 
which  the  creditor  may  forthwith  have  execution 
against  the  body,  lands,  and  goods  of  tlie  debtor,  on 
non-payment.  Blackstone. 

STAT'U-TO-IIY,  a.  Enacted  by  statute;  depending 
on  statute  for  its  authority  j  as,  a  statutory  provision. 

STAUNCH.     See  Stanch. 

STAU'RO-LTTE,  \  n.     [Gr.  aravpos,  a  cross,  and  >t- 

STAU'RO-TIDE,  i      0/$,  stone,  or  n^n^,  form.] 

The  granatit  of  Werner,  or  grenatite  of  Jameson  ; 
a  mineral  crystallized  in  prisms,  either  single  or  inter- 
secting each  other  at  right  angles.  Its  color  is  white 
or  gray,  reddish  or  brown.  It  is  often  opaijue,  some- 
limts  translucent.  Its  form  and  infusibility  distin- 
guish it  from  the  garnet.  It  is  composed  essentially 
of  silica,  alumina,  and  oxyd  of  iron.  The  name  staii- 
rolitc  has  also  been  applied  to  the  mineral  Harmo- 
tom",  one  of  the  Zeolites.  Cleaveland,     Dana. 

STAU'RO-TY-POUSj  a.  [Gr.  orau.owf,  a  cross,  and 
TvTTits,  form.] 

In  mineralogy,  having  its  macles  or  spots  in  the 
form  of  a  cross.  J\Io/is. 

STaVE,  n.  [from  sta^ff";  Fr.  douvc,  douvain.  It  has 
the  first  sound  of  a,  as  in  save] 

1.  A  thin,  narrow  piece  of  timl)er,  of  which  casks 
are  made.  Stace.''-  makr  a  considerable  article  of  ex- 
port from  New  England  to  the  West  Indies. 

2.  A  staff;  a  metrical  portion  ;  a  part  of  a  psalm 
appointed  to  be  sune  in  churches. 

3.  In  music,  the  five  horizonlai  and  parallel  lines, 
and  the  spaces  on  which  the  notes  of  tunes  are  writ- 
ten or  printed  ;  the  stu_f,  as  it  is  now  more  generally 
written. 

STAVE,  V.  t. ;  pret.  Stove  or  Staved  ;  pp.  id. 

1.  To  break  a  hole  in  ;  to  break  :  to  burst ;  prima- 
rily, to  thrust  through  with  a  staff;  as,  to  stave  a 
cask.  Mar.  Diet. 

2.  To  push,  as  with  a  staff;  with  off. 

Thp  couiiilion  of  a  pervant  eVmea  hiin  offlo  a  distance.     South. 

3.  To  delay ;  as,  to  stave  off  the  execution  of  a 
project. 

4.  To  pour  out ;  to  suffer  to  be  lost  by  breaking 
the  cask. 

All  the  wine  In  Ihe  cily  haa  been  staved.  Sandys. 

5.  To  furnisli  with  staves  or  rundles.  [J\''ot  in 
use.]  Knolles. 

To  stave  and  tail:  to  part  dogs  by  interposing  a 
staff  and  by  pulling  the  tail. 

STAVE,  V.  i.    To  fight  with  slaves.     [J^ot  in  use.] 

liudibras. 

STAVES,  (stavz  or  stAvz,) ;,.  An  old  plural  of  Staff. 
Also,  the  regular  plural  of  Stave. 

STAW,  V.  I.  To  be  fixed  or  set.  [JVot.  in  use,  or 
h>cal.] 

STaY,  v.  t. ;  pret.  Staid,  for  Stated.  [Ir.  stadam  ; 
6p.  estay,R  stay  of  a  sh-p  ;  cstada,  stay,  a  remaininjr ; 
estiar,  to  stop  ;  Port,  estada,  abode  ;  estues,  slays  of  a 
ship  ;  estear,  to  stay,  to  prop ;  W.  ystad^  state  ;  ysta- 
du,  to  stay  or  remain  ;  Fr.  etai,  etaycr  ;  D.  stut,  stut- 
ten.  This  word  seems  to  be  connected  with  state, 
and  if  so,  is  a  derivative  from  the  root  of  L.  sto,  to 
stand.  But  from  the  orthography  of  this  word  in 
the  Irish,  Spanish,  and  Portucuese,  and  of  steti,  the 
preterit  of  sto,  in  Latin,  I  am  led  to  believe  the  ele- 
mentary word  was  stad  or  stat.  The  sense  is,  to  set, 
stop,  or  hold.    It  is  to  be  observed  further,  that  stay 


STA 

may  bo  easily  deduced  from  the  G.  and  D.  stag,  a 
stay;  atag-sefid,  stay-sail ;  W.  tafin,  to  stop.] 

1 .  To  reniain  ;  to  coutinue  in  a  place  ;  to  abide  for 
any  indcfiuito  time.  Do  you  stay  here,  "whilo  I  go 
to  the  next  house ;  stay  hero  a  week ;  we  staid  at 
the  Hotel  Monimorcncit  iu  Paris. 

stay,  I  conunnnd  you  ;  stay  and  heai'  me  Ili'st.    Vryden. 

'2.  To  continue  in  a  state. 
TUe  flanifis  augment,  nnd  ataj/ 
At  their  full  higlit,  then  languish  to  decay.    Diydcn. 

3.  To  wait ;  to  attend ;  to  forbear  to  act. 

I  stay  for  TiiniHS.  Drydcn. 

Would  ye  atay  for  them  from  having  husbands  V— ituth  1. 

4.  To  stop ;  to  stand  still. 

Slic  would  command  the  liasty  Eun  to  stay.   Sjxnser. 

5.  To  dwell. 

I  must  stay  a  little  on  one  action,  Dryden. 

6.  To  rest ;  to  rely ;  to  confide  iu  ;  to  tiaist. 

Eecausoye  despise  this  word,  and  trust  m  oppression, ami 
stay  tUer(?on. — Is.xxx. 

STAY,  V.  t.  ,-prtt.  9.ad  pp.  Staid,  for  Stated. 

1.  To  stop;  to  hold  from  proceeding;  to  with- 
hold; to  restrain. 

All  thnt  niiiy  staij  the  mind  from  thinldog  that  true  whidi  they 

heartily  wisli  were  falie.  Hooker. 

To  stay  lliese  eudden  gusta  of  passion.  Rowe. 

9.  To  delay  J  to  obstruct;  to  hinder  from  pro- 
ceeding. 

Your  shins  are  staid  at  Venice.  A^hak. 

I  was  willing  to  stay  my  reader  ou  no  argument  that  njjpearcd 


to  me  l«  be  new. 


Loi 


'3.  To  keep  from  departure;  as,  you  might  have 
staid  me  here.  Dryden, 

4.  To  stop  from  motion  or  falling  ;  to  prop;  to  hold 
up;  to  support. 

Aaron  and  Hiir  stayed  up  his  hands.  —  Ex.  xvii. 

Sallows  and  reeds  for  viueyjuds  found  useful 

To  stay  tliy  vines-  Dryden. 

5.  To  support    from    sinking ;    to    sustain    with 
strength  ;  as,  to  take  a  luncheon  to  stay  the  stomach. 

STAY,  n.     Continuance  in  a  place  ;  abode  for  a  time 
indefinite  ;  as,  you  make  a  short  stay  in  this  city. 

Embrace  the  hero,  and  liia  stay  implore.  Waller. 

9.  Stand ;   stop ;   cessation  of  motion  or  progres- 
sion. 

AfTitirs  of  state  seemed  rather  to  stand  at  a  stay.        Hayicard. 

[But  in  this  sense  we  now  use  stand;  to  be  at  a 
stand.} 

3.  Stop;  obstruction;  hinderance  from  progress. 
Grieved  wiih  each  siep,  tormented  with  each  stay.      Fairfax. 

4.  Restraint  of  passion  ;    moderation  ;    caution  ; 
steadiness ;  sobriety. 


With  prudent  stay,  he  lon^  deferred 
The  rough  contention.     {Obs.] 


Philips. 
Dryden. 


5.  A  fixed  state. 

Alas  !  whiit  sUiy  is  there  In  human  state  ! 

6.  Prop ;  support. 

Treps  serve  aa  so  many  stays  for  their  vines.  Addison, 

My  only  strength  mid  stay  I  Milton. 

The  I^oni  is  my  stay.  —  l^s,  xviii. 

T/ic  stay  and  the  staff;  tlie  means  of  supporting  and 
preserving  life.    />-.  iii. 

7.  Steadiness  of  conduct.  Torfrf. 

8.  In  the  rin-jrinir  of  a  sJiip,  a  large,  strong  rope, 
employed  to  support  the  mast,  by  being  extended 
from  its  upper  end  toward  the  stem  of  the  ship. 
The  fore-stay  reaches  from  the  fore-mast  head  toward 
the  bowsprit  end  ;  the  mainstay  extends  to  the  ship's 
stem  ;  the  mizzen-stny  is  stretched  to  a  collar  on  the 
main-mast,  above  tlie  quarter-deck,  &:c.     Mar.  Did. 

Stays,  in  seamanship,  implies  the  openition  of  going 
about  or  changing  the  course  of  a  ship,  with  a 
shifting  of  the  sails. 

To  be  in  st/tys,  is  to  lie  with  the  head  to  the  wind, 
and  the  sails  so  arranged  as  to  check  her  progress. 
To  miss  stays;  to  fail  in  the  attempt  to  go  about. 

Srajide. 
STAY'i=:D,  (stade,)  pp.  or  a.     Staid  ;  fixed  ;  settled  ; 

sober.     It  is  now  written  Staid,  which  see. 
STAY';^D-Ly,(stride'le,)arfy.   Composedly;  gravely; 

moderately  ;  prudently  ;  soberly.     [Little  used.] 
STaY'£D-NESS,  (stade'ness,)  n.     Moderation  ;  grav- 
ity ;  sobriety;  prudence.     [See  Staidness.] 
9..  Solidity;  weight.     [Little  used,]  Camden. 

STaY'ER,  n.     One  tliat  stops  or  restrains;  one  who 

upholds  or  supports  ;  that  which  props. 
STaY'-L.\CE,  n.    A  lace  for  fastening  the  bodice  in 

female  dress.  Swift. 

STA  V'LESS,  a.    Without  stop  or  delay.    [Little  used.'] 
STaY'-MaK-EU,  n.  One  whose  occupation  is  to  make 

stays.  Spenser. 

STaVS,  n.  pi.  A  bodice  ;  a  kind  of  waistcoat  stiff- 
ened with  whalebone  or  other  thing,  worn  by  fe- 
males. Oay. 

9.  Stays,  of  a  ship.     [Sec  Stat.] 

3.  Station  ;  fixed  anchorage.  Sidney, 

4.  Any  support ;  that  which  keeps  another  ex- 
tended. 

Weavers,  atretch  your  ttayi  upoa  the  weft.  Dryden. 


STE 

STAY'-SAIL,  n.  [sia]/  and  sail.]  Any  sail  extended 
on  a  stay.  Mar.  JJa-t. 

STAY'-TACK-LE,  (-tak'l.)  n.  [stay  and  tac/de.'}  A 
large  tackle  attached  to  the  main-st;i.y  by  means  of 
a  pendant,  and  used  to  hoist  heavy  bodies,  as  boats, 
butts  of  water,  and  the  like.  Mar.  Diet. 

STEAD,  71.  [Goth,  stads ;  Sax.  and  Dan.  stal;  G. 
statt ;  D.  stede.     Seo  Stay.] 

1,  Placo,  in  general. 

Fly  this  fearful  stead.  Spenser. 

[In  this  se/i^e  7wt  uscd."^ 

2.  Place  or  room  which  anothor  had  or  might 
have,  noting  substitution,  replacing,  or  filling  the 
place  of  another ;  as,  David  died,  and  Solomon 
reigned  iu  his  Ktead. 

God  hath  appointed  inc  another  Eeetl  ia  stead  of  Abel, 
whom  Ciuu  slew.— ticn.  iv. 

G.  The  frame  on  which  a  bed  is  laid. 
Swallow  the  feet,  tho  borders,  and  the  stead.      Dryden. 
[But  wo  never  use  thisw^ord  by  itself  iu  this  sense. 
"We  always  nse  Bkdstkad.] 

To  stand  in  stead  ;  to  bo  of  use  or  great  advantage. 

The  smallest  act  of  charity  shall  stand  us  in  great  siend. 

Aiterbary. 

STEAD,  STBD,  in  ««7nes  of  places  distant  from  a  river 
or  (he  sea.  signifies  place,  as  above;  hut  in  navi'^s  of 
places  situated  on  a  river  or  harbor,  it  is  from  Sax. 
stathe,  border,  bank,  shore.  Both  words,  perhaps, 
are  from  ono  root. 

STEAD,  (sted, )?'.(.  To  help ;  to  support;  to  assist  ; 
as,  it  nothing  steads  us.    \0'>s.\  SUat. 

2.  To  fill  the  place  of  another.    [Obs.]       ShaL 

STEAD'FAST,  a.  [sfmd  and  fast.]  Fast  fixed; 
firm;  firmly  fixed  or  established;  as,  the  steadfast 
globe  of  earth.  Spenser. 

2.  Constant ;  firm ;  resolute  ;  not  fickle-or  wav- 
-  ering. 

Abide  steadfast  to  thy  neiglibor  in  the  time  of  hb  trouble. 

Scclus. 
Him  resist,  steadfast  iu  ihe  faith.  —  1  Pet.  v. 

3.  Steady  ;  as,  steadfast  sight.  Drydni. 
STEAD'FAST-LY,  (sted'fast-le,)  adv.    Firmly  ;  with 

constancy  or  steadiness  of  mind. 

Stecidfastlij  believe  lliat  whalcver  God  bos  revealed  la  inf^illibly 
true.  Wake. 

STEAD'FAST-NESS,  (sted'fast-,)  n.  Firmness  of 
standing;  fixedness  in  place. 

2.  Firmne-ss  of  mind  or  purpose  ;  fixedness  in 
principle  ;  constancy :  resolution  ;  as,  the  slcadfast- 
ncss  of  faith.  He  adhered  to  his  opinions  with  stead- 
fastness, 

STEAD'I-LY,  (sted'de-le,)  adv.  With  firmness  of 
standing  or  position;  without  loitering,  shaking,  or 
Iraning.  He  kept  his  arm  stcaiily  directed  to  the 
abject. 

'•2.  Without  wavering,  inconstancy,  or  irregularity ; 
without  deviating.     He  steadibf  pursues  his  studies. 

STEAD'I-NESS,  (sted'dc-ness,)  n.    Firmness  of  stand- 
ing or  position  ;  a  state  of  being  not  tottering  or  easi-  , 
ly  moved  or  shaken.     A  man  stands  with  steadiness; 
he  walks  witli  .steadiness. 

2.  Firmness  of  mind  or  purpose;  constancy;  res- 
olution. We  say,  a  man  has  steadiness  of  mind, 
steadiness  in  opinion,  steadiness  in  the  pursuit  of 
objects. 

3.  Consistent,  uniform  conduct. 

Sleadiness  is  a  point  of  prudence  as  well  aa  of  conra^e. 

L'Eslrznge. 

STEAD'Y,  (sted'de,)  a.     [Sax.  stedi^.] 

1.  Finn  in  standing  or  position  ;  fixed  ;  not  totter- 
ing or  shaking  ;  applicable  to  any  object. 

2.  Constant  in  mind,  purpose,  or  pursuit  ;  not 
fickle,  changeable,  or  wavering;  nut  easily  moved 
or  persuadeti  to  alter  a  purpose  ;  as,  a  man  steady  in 
his  principles,  steady  in  his  purpose,  .-iteady  in  the 
pursuit  of  an  object,  steady  in  his  application  to  1 
business. 

3.  Regular;  constant ;  undeviating  ;  uniform;  as, 
the  steady  course  of  the  sun.  Steer  the  siiip  a  .•itcady 
course.     A  large  river  runs  with  a  steady  stream. 

4.  Regular  ;  not  fluctuating ;  as,  a  steady  breeze  of 
wind. 

STEAD'Y,  (sted'de,)  v.  t.  To  hold  or  keep  from 
shaking,  reeling,  or  falling;  to  support  ;  to  make  or 
keep  firm.     Steady  mv  hand. 

STEAK,  (stake.)  n,  [Dan.  .•itee^,  ste^,  a  piece  of  roast 
meat ;  stegcr,  to  roast  or  dress  by  the  fire,  to  broil,  to 
fiy  ;  Sw.  stch.  a  steak ;  steka,  to  roast  or  broil ;  G. 
stuck,  a  piece,] 

A  slice  of  beef,  pork,  venison,  &,c.,  broiled  or  cut 
for  broiling. 

STeAL,i'. /. ,'  ;irf/.  Stole;  pp.  Stolen,  Stole.  [Sax. 
sUnlan,  st.clan  ;  G.  stehlen  ;  D.  stc.elcn;  Dan.  stieler; 
Sw.  stidla  ;  Ir.  tiullam  ;  probably  from  the  root  of  L. 
tollo,  to  take,  to  lift.] 

1.  To  take  and  carry  away  feloniously,  as  the  per- 
sonal goods  of  another.  To  constitute  stealing  or 
theft,  the  taking  must  be  felonious,  that  is,  with  an 
intent  to  take  what  belongs  to  another,  and  without 
liis  consent.  Blackstone. 

I  ,cl  him  that  «to&,  steal  no  more.  —  Eph.  iv. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  IJIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  M0\T3,  WOLF,  BOOK.— 


STE 

a.  To  withdraw  or  convey  without  notice,  or  clan- 
destinely. 

Tfce_T  could  insinuate  and  sttai  themselves  under  the  same  by 
aucrnisdoii.  Spenser. 

3.  To  gain  or  win  by  address  or  gradual  and  im- 
perceptible means. 

V,\ri<ty  of  objects  h^s  n  tendcncr  w  steal  away  the  mind  from  its 

steady  puretiii  of  any  suli^'CL  V/aits. 

So  AlJijiom  stole  the  he^iru  ol  (he  men  of  Js;ael.  —  "2  Sam.  xv. 

STEAL,  V.  i.    To  withdraw  or  pj^as  r"V-y;  to  slip 
in,  along,  or  away,  unperceived 

Filed  of  mind  to  fly  all  comp-iny,  one  ai^Iit  she  fttote  riway. 

From  whom  you  now  must  sleal  and  lake  uo  leA*c.        Shak. 

A  sell  -ind  solemn  Lrcaihiii^  sovuid 

Kose  like  a  steam  of  rictt  distilled  perfumes, 

And  stole  upon  the  air.  RJi'ton. 

2.  To  practice  theft ;  to  take  felcniousiy    He  steals 
for  a  livelihood. 


Thou  shalt  not  areof.  —  Ex.  xx. 
A  handle.    [See  Stele.] 


STkAL, 

STkAL'ER,  n.    One  that  steals  ;  a  thief. 

STeAL'ING,  ppr.  Takin?  the  goods  of  another  fe- 
loniously; withdrawing  imperceptibly  ;  gaining  gr;id- 
uallv. 

STeAL'ING-LY,  ado.  Slily  ;  privately,  or  hy  an  in- 
visible motion.     [Littis  itscd,]  Sidne:/. 

STEALTH,  (stelth,)  it.    The  act  of  stealing ;  theft. 

The  ornjer  proveth  iheslealOi  lo  have  been  committed  on  him  by- 
such  an  outlaw.  Spenser. 

9.  The  thing  stolen  ;  as,  cabins  that  are  dens  to 
cover  stealth,     [JVy/  i/i  it^r.]  Raleish. 

3.  Secret  act;  clandestine  practice  ;  means  unper- 
ceived employed  to  gain  an  object ;  way  or  manner 
not  perceived  ;  itscd  in  a  good  or  bad  sense. 

Do  p3od  by  stealth,  and  Uush  to  find  it  fame.  Pope. 

The  raonarcJi,  blinded  wi(h  desire  of  wealth, 

WiUi  steel  iuvarfps  the  brother's  ll'e  by  stecUOt.  Pope. 

?TEALTH'F!7L,  (stelth'-,)  a.    Given  to  stealth. 
i-TE  ALTH'FlJL-l.Y,  ado.    In  a  stealthful  manner. 
i-TF.ALTIJTUL-NESS,  n.    State  of  being  steaithful. 
i-TEALTH'I-LY,  ado.    Bv  ste.ilth. 
fTEALTH'Y,  (siWth'e,) 'a.    Done  by  stealth;  clan 
destinely ;  unpeTeived. 


Now  withered  Murder,  with  his  sUatOiy  pace. 
Mores  like  a  gliost. 


Shak. 


5-TeAM,  (steem,)  n.    [Sax.  steam^  stem  ;  D.  stoom.] 

1.  The  vapor  of  water ;  or  the  elastic,  acrifurm 
fluid  generated  by  heating  water  to  the  boiling  point. 
When  produced  under  the  common  atmospheric 
pressure,  its  elasticity  is  equivalent  to  the  pressure 
of  the  atmosphere,  and  it  is  called  Low  Steam  ;  but 
when  heated  in  a  confined  state,  its  elastic  force  is 
rapidly  augmented,  and  it  is  then  called  High 
Steam.  On  the  application  of  cold,  steam  instantly 
returns  to  the  state  of  water,  and  thus  forms  a  sud- 
den vacuum.  From  this  property,  and  from  tlie 
facility  with  which  an  elastic  force  is  generated  by 
means  of  steam,  this  constitutes  a  mechanical  asent 
at  once  the  most  powerful  and  the  most  manageable, 
as  is  seen  in  the  vast  and  multiplied  uses  of  the  steam 
encine. 

Steam  is  invisible,  and  is  to  be  distinguished  from 
the  cloud  or  mist  which  it  forms  in  "the  air,  that 
being  water  in  a  minute  state  of  division,  resulting 
from  the  condensation  of  steam.  Ohiutrd. 

■2.  In  popular  use,  the  mist  formed  by  condensed 
vapor. 
STii.\.M,  V.  i.    To  rise  or  pass  off  in  vapor  by  means 
of  heat ;  to  fume. 

L?t  Ihi"  crude  humors  dance 
In  healed  brass,  steaming  mtii  tirt- intense.  Philips. 

2.  To  send  off  visible  vapor. 

Ye  mists  tiiat  rise  from  steaming  lake.  TflUlon. 

3.  To  pass  off  in  visible  vapor. 

The  dissolFed  amber  — sfcorwd  away  into  the  air,  Boyle. 

STeAM,  r.  t.  To  exhale;  to  evaporate.  [JVot  much 
used.]  SpcTiser, 

2.  To  expose  to  steam  ;  to  apply  steam  to  for  soft- 
ening, dressing,  or  preparina;  as,  to  steam  clotli ;  to 
steam  potatoes  instead  of  boihng  them  ;  to  ^tcam  food 
f«T  cattle. 

STeAM'-BoAT,        )  n.    A  vessel  propelled  through 

STK  \  M'-VES-SEL,  j       the  water  by  steam. 

STeAM'-BOIL-ER,  71.  A  boiler  for  steaming  food 
ffir  cattle.  Encijir. 

STeAM'-GAR,  n.  A  locomotive  car  used  on  "rail- 
roads. 

STEA.M'-eAR  RLAOE,  n.  A  carriage  upon  wh.-els 
moved  by  steam  on  common  roads.  Brandc 

STkAM' Eh  J  pp.  Exposed  to  eteam  ;  cooked  or  dressed 
by  steam 

STeAM'-EN-GINE,  77.  An  engine  worked  by  steam. 
A  steam-engine  is  high-pressure^  which  uses  high 
steam,  and  low-pressure,  which  uses  low  steam.  [See 
Steam.] 

STeAM'ER,  n.  A  vessel  propelled  by  steam ;  a  steam- 
ship. 

2.  A  vessel  in  which  articles  are  subjected  to  the 
act'on  of  steam,  as  in  washing  or  cookery. 

STeAM'-GUN,   n.      A  machine  or  contrivance  by 


STE 

which  balls,  or  other  projectiles,  may  be  driven  by 
tile  force  of  steam 

STeAiM'ING,  ppr.  Exposing  to  steam;  cooking  or 
dressing  by  steam  ;  preparing  for  cattle  by  steam,  as 
roots. 

STEAM'-PACK-ET,  n.  A  packet  or  vessel  propelled 
by  steam. 

STeAM'-PIPE,  n.  The  pipe  communicating  with 
the  upper  part  of  the  boiler,  through  which  the 
steam  passes  in  its  way  to  the  cylinder. 

STeAM'-SHIP,  7i.    A  ship  propelled  by  steam. 

STeAM'-TUG,  n.  A  steam-vessel  used  in  towing 
sllip?.  England. 

STeAM'-vVHIS-TLE,  ^  ."iwis-l,)  n.  A  pipe  Attached 
to  a  steam-engine  or  locomotive,  through  which 
steam  is  rapidly  discharged,  producing  a  loud,  shrill 
^^;_bistle,  which  serves  as  a  warning  or  caution. 

STeAN,  for  Stone.     [J^Tot  in  use.]  [Buchanan. 

STE-AR'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  stearin.  The  stearic 
arid  is  produced  by  the  action  of  alkalies  on  stearin. 

STe'AR-IN,  71.     [Gr.  oTtaii,  suet.] 

One  of  the  proximate  principles  of  animal  fat,  as 
lard,  tallow,  &c.  The  various  kinds  of  animal  fat 
commonly  consist  of  two  substances  principally, 
viz.,  stearin  and  clain;  of  which  the  former  is  solid 
and  the  latter  liquid.  In  particular  instances,  several 
other  different  and  distinct  proximate  principles  are 
ftuind  in  animal  fals.  Olmsted. 

STe'A-TITE,  n.     [Gr.  g-^.o,  r^arof,  fat.] 

A  compact  rock  of  a  granular  texture  and  very 
soapy  fed,  presenting  grayish-green  and  brown 
sliarie^.  It  is  a  variety  of  talc,  and  consists  of  silica 
and  magnesia.  Itfonns  extensive  beds,  and  is  quar- 
ried for  fireplaces  and  for  coarse  utensils.  Pot- 
stone,  Lardstone,  Soafstone,  are  other  names  of 
the  species. 

Another  allied  mineral  called  by  this  name,  and 
also  Sapokite,  has  a  white  or  grayish  color,  imnal- 
palile  texture,  and  the  consistence  of  butter.  It  con- 
tains 12  To  13  per  cent,  of  water.  It  occurs  at  Lizard 
Point,  Cornwall,  and  elsewhere.  Dana. 

STE-A-TIT'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  soapstone ;  of  the 
nature  of  steatite,  or  resembling  it. 

STE-AT'0-CELE,  7i.     [Gr.  reap,  fat,  and   Ki]\r],  a 
tumor.] 
A  tumor  of  the  scrotum,  containing  fat.        Cue. 

STE-A-To^MA,  n,  [Gr.]  A  lupia  or  wen,  i,  e., 
an  encysted  tumor,  containing  matter  like  suet. 

Coxe. 

STE-A-To'MA-TOUS,  a.  Of  the  nature  of  a  ste- 
atoma.  Ilosack. 

STED,  STED'FAST.    See  Stead. 

STEE,  n.     A  ladder.     [J\'of  in  use.] 

STEED,  71.    [Sax.  stcdc.     Qu.  stud,  a  stone-horse.] 
A  horse,  or  a  iiorse  for  state  or  war.     [This  word 
is  not  much  used  in  common  discourse.    It  is  used 
in  poetry  and  descriptive  prose,  and  is  elegant.] 

Stout  are  our  men,  and  warJike  are  our  sited*.  Waller. 

STEEK'AN,  n.    In  Holland,  a  wine  measure  of  about 

five  gallons.  WikoekePs  Diet. 

STEEL.  71.     [Sax.  style ;  D.  staal ;  G.  staid ;  Dan.  staal ; 

S\v.  stai ;  probably  from  setting,  fixing,  hardness  ;  G. 
stellen.] 

1.  Iron  combined  with  a  small  but  definite  portion  of 
carbon.  It  is  called  in  chemistry  Cabbuuet  of  Inow. 
It  is  used  in  making  instruments,  and  particularly 
useful  as  the  material  of  edged  tools.  Dr.  Thomas 
Thomson  considers  that  steel  is  most  probablv  com- 
posed of  20  equivalents  of  iron  and  1  equivalent  of 
carbon. 

After  rela^in*,  steel  strcn^thena  the  solids.  ArbuOiTiot. 

5.  Figuratively,  weapons  ;  particidarhj,  offensive 
weapons,  swords,  spears,  and  the  like. 

Brave  Macbeth  with  his  brantiished  sleel.  SficX: 

While  doubling  thus  he  stpo'l. 
Received  the  steel  bathed  in  his  brother's  blood.         Dryden. 

3.  Extrenie  hardness ;  as,  heads  or  hearts  of  steel. 
STEEL,    a.      Mads  cf  steel;   as,    a   steel   plate  or 

buckle. 
STEEL,  V.  t.    To  overlay,  po'.nt,  or  edge  with  steel ; 

as,  to  steel  the  point  of  a  sword ;  lo  steel  a  razor  ;  to 

steel  an  ax. 

2.  To  make  hard  or  extremely  hard. 

O  Gor!  of  britili-s,  steel  my  eolili-irs*  hearts.  Sl-.n^c. 

Lica  well  steeled  with  weighty  arguments.  Shak. 

3.  To  make  hard  ;  to  make  insensible  or  obdurate  ; 
as,  to  steel  the  heart  against  pity  ;  to  steel  tlie  mind  or 
heart  against  reproof  or  admonition. 

STEEL'-CLAD,  a.    Clad  or  armed  with  steel. 

STEEL^ED,  pp.  Pointed  or  edged  with  steel ;  hard- 
ened; made  insensible. 

STEEL'-GIRT,  a.    Girded  with  steel.  IJtmans. 

STEEL'-HEART-ED,  a.  Having  the  heart  hard  as 
steel. 

RTEEL'I-NESS,  n.     [from  steely,]     Great  hardness. 

STEEL'ING,  ji/jr.  Pointing  or  edging  with  steel; 
hardening;  making  insensible  or  unfeeling. 

Ch.  Relig.  Appeal. 

STEEL'-PLaT-ED,  a.    Plated  with  steel. 

STEEL'Y,  a.    Made  of  steel ;  consisting  of  steel. 

ShcJ:. 


STE 


Broached  with  the  steely  point  of  CliiTord'a  lance. 
Around  hi«  shop  the  sUely  sparkles  flew. 


Gay. 


2.  Hard ;  firm. 

Tliat  the  would  unarm  Iisr  noble  heart  of  that  aieely  resistance 
a^Tunat  the  aweel  blows  of  love,  Sidney. 

STEEL'YARD,  iu  [steel  and  yard.]  The  Roman 
balance  ;  an  inst/onient  for  weighing  bodies,  usually 
consisting  of  a  rod  or  bar  marked  with  notches, 
designating  the  number  of  pounds  and  ounces,  and 
a  weight  which  is  movable  along  this  bar,  and 
which  is  made  to  balance  the  weight  of  the  body  by 
being  removed  at  a  proper  distance  from  the  fulcrum. 
The  principle  of  the  steelyard  is  that  of  the  lever ; 
where  an  equilibrium  is  produced,  when  th;r  producU 
of  the  weights  on  opposite  sides  mto  their  respecti%'e 
distances  from  the  fulcrum,  arc  equal  to  one  an- 
other. Hence  a  less  weight  is  made  to  indicate  a 
greater,  by  being  removed  to  a  greater  distance  from 
the  fulcrum.  Sometimes  the  purpose  is  effected  by 
means  of  a  coiled  spiral  spring. 
STEEN,  )  Ti.  A  vessel  of  clay  or  stone.  [JTot  m 
STEAN,  \      use.]  ^ 

STEEN'ING,  )  71.    In  architecture,  the  brick  or  stone 
STeAN'L\G,  (     wall,  or  lining  of  a  wall.  Brande. 
STEEN'KIRK,  (-kurk,)H.    A  cant  terra  for  a  neck- 
cloth.    [J^ot  now  in  use.] 
STEEP,  a.     [Sax.  steap ;  allied  to  stoop  and  dip.] 

Making  a  large  angle  with  the  plane  of  the  hori- 
zon ;  ascending  or  descending  with  great  inclina- 
tion ;  precipitous ;  as,  a  steep  hill  or  mountain  ;  a 
steep  roof;  a  steep  ascent ;  a  steep  declivity. 
STEEP,  V.  A  precipitous  place,  hill,  mountain,  rock, 
or  ascent;  any  elevated  object  which  slopes  with  a 
large  angle  to  the  plane  of  the  horizon ;  a  precipice. 

We  had  on  each  side  rocka  and  mountains  brokea  into  a  thou. 
sand  UTP^lar  Sleeps  and  precipices.  AtidUon. 

STEEP,  V.  t.  [Probably  formed  on  the  root  of  dip.] 
To  soak  in  a  liquid  ;  to  macerate  ;  to  imbue  ;  lo  keep 
any  thing  in  a  liquid  till  it  has  thorouchly  imbibed 
it,  or  till  the  liquor  has  extracted  the  essential  quali- 
ties of  the  substance.  Thus  cloth  is  steeped  in  lye  or 
other  liquid  in  bleaching  or  dyeing.  But  plants  and 
drugs  are  steeped  in  water,  wine,  and  the  like,  for 
the  purpose  of  tincturing  the  liquid  with  their  qualities. 

STEEP,  n.   Something  that  is  steeped  or  used  in  steep- 
ing ;  a  fertilizing  liquid  for  hastening  the  germina- 
2.  A  runnel-bag.     [Local.]  [lion  of  seeds. 

STEEP'£D,  (steept,)  pp.  Soaked  ;  macerated  ;  im- 
bued. 

STEEP'ER,  n.  A  vessel,  vat,  or  cistern  in  which 
things  are  steeped.  Ethrards,  IV.  Indies. 

STEEP'I-NESS,  71.  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
steep.  Howell. 

STEEP'LXG,  ppr.    Soaking;  macerating. 

STEE'PLE,  (stee'pl,)  7i.     [Sax.  stepel,  stypel.] 

A  turret  of  a  church,  ending  in  a  point ;  a  spire. 
It  differs  from  a  tower,  which  usually  ends  in  a 
square  form,  though  the  name  is  sometimes  given  to 
a  tower.  The  bell  of  a  church  is  usually  hung  in 
the  steeple. 

They,  far  from  steeples  and  their  sacred  sound.  Dry^len, 

STEE'PLE-CHaSE,  n,  A  race  between  a  number  of 
horsemen,  to  see  which  can  first  reach  some  distant 
object  (as  a  church  steeple)  in  a  straight  course,  or 
one  marked  out  within  narrow  limits 

STEE'PLED,  (stee'pid,)  a.  Furnishe-l  with  a  stee- 
ple ;  adorned  with  steeples  or  towers.  Fairfax, 

STEE'PLE-HOUSE,  7i,    A  church,     [.Vof  m  use.} 

STEEP'LY,  adv.  With  steepness  ;  with  precipitous 
decliviiv. 

STEEP'NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  steep;  preerpi- 
tous  dtclivity  ;  as,  the  steepness  of  a  hill,  a  bank,  or 
a  roof.  Bacon. 

STEEP'Y,  a.  Having  a  steep  or  precipitous  declivity ; 
as,  steepy  crags  ;  a  poetical  iconU 

No  more,  my  foats,  shall  I  behold  yon  clitub 

The  sleepy  ciiiis.  Dryden, 

STEER,  71.    [Sax,  stcor,  s^rre  ;  D.  sticr.] 

A  young  male  of  the  ox  kind  or  common  ox.  It 
is  rendered  in  Dutch,  a  bull  ;  but  in  the  United 
States,  this  name  is  generally  given  to  a  castrated 
taurine  male  from  two  to  four  years  old. 

With  solemn  pomp  then  sicrificcd  a  steer.  Dryden. 

STEER,  V.  t,  [Sax.  stcoran,  to  steer,  to  correct  or 
chide,  to  discipline;  G.  steucrn,  to  hinder,  restrain, 
repress,  to  curb,  to  steer,  to  pilot,  to  aid,  help,  sup- 
port. The  verb  is  connected  with,  or  derived  from, 
steiter,  a  rudder,  a  helm,  aid,  help,  subsidy,  impost, 
tax,  contribution.  D.  sticren,  to  steer,  to  send,  and 
stuur,  a  helm  ;  stuuren,  to  steer,  to  send  ;  Dan.  styrrr, 
to  govern,  direct,  manage,  steer,  restrain,  mo-ieratc, 
curb,  stem,  hinder;  styre,  a  helm,  mdd^r,  or  iller; 
styr,  moderation,  a  tax  cr  assessment ;  .Sw.  styi  t,  lo 
steer,  to  restrain ;  styre,  a  rudder  or  hclrn  :  Arm. 
stur,  id. ;  Ir.  stiuram.  We  see  the  radical  sense  is,  to 
strain,  variously  applied,  and  this  coincides  with  llie 
root  of  starch  aiid  stark;  stiffness  being  from  stretch- 
ing:.] 

1.  To  direct ;  to  govern  :  partieularhj,  to  direct  an*! 
govern  the  course  of  a  ship  by  Die  movements  of  Uie  j 
helm.     Hence, 

2.  To  direct  ;  to  guide  ;  to  show  the  way  or 
course  lo. 

That  with  a  »l&f  hi>  feeble  Mepa  did  eUer.  SptmT. 


TONE,  ByLL,  T;XITE AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K;  G  as  J;  S  as  Z;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


]3(} 


lOSl 


STE 

ti'EER,  r.  i.  To  direct  and  govern  a  ship  or  other 
virssel  in  lis  course.  Formerly  seamen  steered  by  tlie 
stars  ;  Ihey  now  steer  by  llie  compass. 

A  ship — wliirre  t^e  •wind 
Veen  ofl,  u  oft  to  steers  aud  ati:I!^  Iicr  uil.  Aliilon. 

2.  To  be  directed  and  governed  j  as,  a  sliip  steers 
witli  ease. 

3.  To  conduct  one's  self;  to  take  or  pursue  a 
course  or  way. 

STEER,  ;i.     A  rudder  or  helm.     [jVo£  in  use.] 
STKER'AGE,  n.    The  act  or  practice  of  directing  and 
governing  in  a  course ;  as,  the  steerage  of  a  siiip. 

[Tn  OiLt  sense,  I  believe  tke  word  h  noio  littic  used.] 

2.  In  scamen-s  tanguaae^  the  effort  of  a  helm,  or  its 
effect  on  the  ship  ;  or  the  peculiar  manner  in  which 
an  individual  ship  is  affected  by  the  htlin. 

Mar.  Diet 

3.  In  a  ship,  an  apartment  forward  of  the  great 
cabin,  from  wJiich  it  is  seimratcd  by  a  bulk-head  or 
partition,  or  an  apartmcut  in  the  fore  part  i>f  a  ship 
for  an  inferior  class  of  passengers.  In  ships  of  war 
it  serves  as  a  ball  or  antechamber  to  the  great  cabin. 

Jilar.  Diet. 

4.  The  part  of  a  sliip  where  tlie  tiller  traverses. 

Encyc. 

5.  Direction ;  regulation. 

Be  (ba.t  liaUi  the  ateeraga  of  my  countf.    [Little  U£€<L]    Sliak. 
C.  Regulation  or  management. 

Voii  raise  the  lienor  of  Ihe  p-.-crag?, 

Proini  to  uUeiid  }x»u  p.t  llie  tteerage,  Swi/l. 

7.  That  by  which  a  course  is  directed. 

Here  bt.*  hun?  on  hijh, 
The  steerage  of  Ms  wi»^.  Dryden. 

[Steerage,  in  the  general  sense  of  direction  or  man- 
agement, is  in  popuhir  nse,  but  by  no  means  an  ele- 
gant word.  It  is  said,  a  young  man,  when  he  sets 
out  in  life,  makes  bad  sten-age^  but  no  good  writer 
would  introduce  the  word  into  elegant  writing.] 
STEER' AGE-WAV,  n.  In  searaeii's  language,  that 
dapec  of  pro£?vessive  movement  of  a  ship,  which 
renders  her  governable  by  the  helm. 
STEEa'*:D,  pp.    Directed  and  governed  in  a  course  ; 

guided ;  conducted. 
STEER'ER,  Tt.     One  that  steers;  a   pilot.      [Little 

xtscdA 
STEEU'ING,   ppr.      Directing  and  governing  in  a 

course,  as  a  ship;  guiding;  conducting. 
STEER'ING,  n.    The  act  or  art  of  directing  and  gov- 
erning a  ship  or  other  vessel  in  her  course  ;  the  act 
of  guiding  or  managing. 
STEER'ING-VVHEEL-  n.    The  wheel  by  which  the 

rudder  of  a  ship  is  turned  and  the  ship  is  steered. 
STEER'LESS,  a.    Having  no  steer  or  rudder.     [J^ot 

in  w.>e.]  Oower. 

STEERS'MAN,  n.    [sUer  and  man.]    One  that  steers  ; 

the  hL-Imsnian  of  a  ship.  Mar.  Diet. 

STEERS'MaTE,7j.  [steer  and  mcU.]  One  who  steers; 

a  pilot.     [J^ot  in  use]  Milton. 

STEEVE,  v.  i.  To  make  an  angle  with  the  horizon, 
or  with  the  line  of  a  vessel's  keel ;  applied  to  the  bov>- 
sprit.  TottCTt. 

STEEV'ING,  n.  In  secmen^s  language,  the  angle  of 
elevation  wtjich  a  ship's  bowsprit  makes  with  the 
horizon.  Mar.  Diet. 

STEG,  n.     [Ice.  stcggc] 

A  gander.    [Local.]  HaUiwell. 

STEG-A-NOG'RA-PHrST,  n.     [Gr.  c7tyavo%,  secret, 
and  j',oii(,'i(o,  to  write.] 
One  who  practices  the  art  of  writing  in  cipher. 

Bailey. 
STEG-A-NOG'RA-PHV,  n.    [Supra.]    The  art  of  wri- 
ting in  ciphers,  or  characters  which  are  not  intelligi- 
ble except  to  the  persons  who  correspond  with  each 
other.  Bailey. 

STEG'AN-O-PODS,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  criyavj^,  covered, 
and  TT'ius,  foot.] 

A  family  of  swimming  birds  with  the  four  toes 
connected  bv  the  same  web. 
STEG-NOT'ie,  a.     [Gr.  oTfyrwrt^oj.] 

Tending  to  render  costive,  or  to  diminish  excre- 
tions or  discharges  generally. 
STEG-NOT'I€,  ti.    A  medicine  which  tends  to  pro- 
duce cosliveness  ;  one  that  diminishes  excretions  or 
discharges  generallw 
STElN'nEIL-!TE,  ;i.    \  blue  mineral;  a  variety  of 

iolite.  Clcavcland. 

STk'LA,  n.     [Gr.  cTfjXf?.] 

In  architecture,  a  small  column  without  base  or 
capital. 
P-TeLE,  7f.    A  stale  or  handle  ;  a  stalk.     [Obs.] 
STEL'E-eHTTE,  ti.    A  fine  kind  of  slorax,  in  larger 

pitces  than  the  calamite.  Cyc. 

STEL'ENE,  a.     [Gr.  cr/jA;;,  a  column.] 

Columnar. 
STEL'LAR,      I  a.    [It.  stellare;  L.  steUaris,  from  stel- 
STEL'LA-RV,  \      li,  a  star.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  stars;  astral;  as,  sttUar  virtue; 
stellar  figure.  Milton.     GlanvUU. 

2.  Starry  ;  full  of  stars ;  set  with  stars  ;  as,  steUor 
ry  regions. 

STEL'LATE,      )  „      „    ^rUnu,^  1 

btel'La-ted,  \  °-   t^-  ^"^"^-i 


STE 

1.  Resembling  a  star  ;  radiated. 
-2.  lu  botany,  arranged  in  the  form  of  a  star;  o  term 
lu^cd  when  several  narrow,  acute  parts  are  in  opposition 
round  a  cnmimm  axis.  Lindley. 

STEL-La'TION,  71.    [L.  Stella,  a  star.] 

Radiation  of  light.     [JSTot  in  use.] 
STEL'LKI),  (steld,)  a.    Starr}'.     [A'ot  in  use.]     S!uzk. 
STEL-LER'I-DAN,  v.    a  name  of  that  family  of  echi- 
nodcrms  of  which  the  asterias  or  star-fish  is  the  type. 

Brande. 
STEL-LJr'ER-OUS,  a.     [L.  Stella,  a  star,  and  fcroy  to 
produce.] 

Having  or  abounding  with  stars. 
STEL'LI-FORM,  a.     [L,  Stella,  star,  and  form.] 

Like  a  star  ;  radiated. 
STEL'LI-Ft,  V.  t.    To  turn  into  a  star.     [JVot  in  itsc] 
STELL'ION,  (stel'yun,)  n.     [L.  steUio.]     [Cimucer. 
A  newt.  J3insworUi. 

STELL'IOiN-ATE,  n.  [Fi. steUionat,  a  cheating ;  Low 
L.  stellionatus.] 

In  law,  the  crime  of  selling  a  thing  deceitfully  for 
what  it  is  not ;  as  to  sell  thai  for  one's  own  which 
belongs  to  another.     [JVot  in  use.]  Bacon. 

STEL'LITE,  n.     [L.  stcUa,  a  star.] 

1.  A  fossil  asterias,  or  star-fish.     [06s.] 

2.  A  zeolitic  mineral  occurring  in  radiated  acicular 
crystals  or  fibei-s.  Daiia. 

STEL'LU-LAR,  a.    Having  the  shape  of  little  stars. 

Humble. 

STEL'O-CHITE,  n.    A  name  given  to  the  osteocolla. 

STE  LOG'RA-PHY,  n.  \Gi.  aTuXoypa^ia;  aTj)\oi,  a 
pillar,  and  ypapotj  to  write.] 

The  art  of  writing  or  inscribing  characters  on  pil- 
lars. Siackltouse. 

STEM,  n.  [Sax.  stemn  ;  G.  stamm,  slock,  btcm,  race  ; 
D.  and  Sw.  stam  ;  Dan.  sturnme ;  Sgns.  stavnna.  The 
Latin  has  stanma,  in  the  sense  of  the  stock  of  a  fam- 
ily or  race.    The  primary  sense  is,  to  set,  to  fix.] 

1.  The  principal  body  of  a  tree,  shrub,  or  plant,  of 
ojiy  kind  -,  the  main  stock  ;  the  firm  part  which  sup- 
ports Uie  branches. 

Alter  tiiey  are  s!iot  up  lliuiy  fcet  in  length,  they  spread  n.  very 

large  lop,  having  no  bough  or  twig  on  tUt;  slem.    Kaiegk. 
The  lowering-  spring,  with  lavish  n^in, 
Beats  down  the  slender  stein  and  bearded  grain.  Dryden. 

2.  The  peduncle  of  the  fructification,  or  the  pedi- 
cle of  a  flower ;  that  which  supports  the  flower  or 
the  fruit  of  a  plant ;  the  petiole,  or  leaf-stem. 

3.  The  stock  of  a  family  ;  a  race  or  generation  of 
progenitors  ;  as,  a  noble  stem.  Milton. 

LearD  well  their  lineaD;e  and  their  ancient  tlsm.  7'kkel. 

4.  Progeny ;  branch  of  a  family. 

This  is  Q  stem 
Of  that  victorious  stock.  Shak. 

5.  In  a  ship,  a  circular  piece  of  timber  to  which  the 
two  sides  of  a  ship  are  united  at  the  fore  end.  The 
lower  end  of  it  is  scarfed  to  the  keel,  and  the  bow- 
sprit rests  upon  its  upper  end.    [D.  steven.] 

Mar.  Diet. 

6.  In  music,  the  short,  perpendicular  line  added  to 
tiio  body  of  a  note. 

From  stem  to  steirn,  is  from  one  end  of  the  ship  to 
the  other,  or  through  the  whole  length. 
STEM,  V.  U    To  oppose,  or  resist,  as  n  current ;  or  to 
make  progress  against  a  current.    We  say,  the  ship 
was  not  able  with  all  her  sails  to  stem  the  tide. 


They  ftem  the  flood  with  their  ctecied  breas'j. 


Denham. 


9.  To  Stop ;  to  check ;  as  a  stream  or  moving 
force. 

At  length  Erasmus,  that  gre.it  injured  name, 
Sletnmed  ihe  wild  torrent  of  a  borliaroua  age. 
And  dnive  those  holy  Vandals  off  the  eiage.  Pops. 

STEM'-CLASP-ING,  a.  Embracing  the  stem  with  its 
base  ;  amplexicaul ;  as  a  leaf  or  petiole.     Jilartyn. 

STEM'-LeAF,  Ti.    A  leaf  growing  from  the  stem. 

STEM'LESS,  a.     Having  no  stem.  [Martiju. 

STEM'.MED,  pp.    Opijosed,  as  a  current ;  stopped. 

STEM'MING,  ppr.    Opposing,  as  a  stream  ;  stopping. 

STEM'PLE,  (stem'pl,)  n.  In  mining,  a  cross-bar  of 
wood  in  a  shaft.  Encyc. 

STENCH,  n.    [Sax,  stoic,  stencg.    See  Sti.nk.I 

An  ill  smell ;  offensive  odor.  Bacon. 

STENCH,  V.  L  To  cause  to  emit  a  hateful  smell.  [JSTot 

in  tisr.]  M'lrtimer. 

2.  To  stanch  ;  to  stop.     [JVot  in  use.]       ITarnaj. 

STENCH'Y,  a.  Having  an  offensive  smell.  [JVot  in 
■use.]  Dyer. 

STEN'CIL,  n.  A  piece  of  thin  Icnther  or  oi!-cloth, 
used  in  painting  on  walls,  to  imitate  paper.  The 
pattern  is  cut  out  of  the  leather,  &c.,  which  is  then 
laid  flat  on  the  wall,  and  the  color  brushL'd  over  it. 

Buchanan. 

STEN'CIL,  V.  t.  To  paint  or  color  in  figures  with 
stencils.  Enrye. 

2.  To  paint  by  having  the  pattern  cut  out  of  a  thin 
material,  and  applied  to  the  surface  to  be  painted; 
the  brush  being  applied  to  the  stencil  permits  the  in- 
terstices alone  to  he  painted. 

STEN-E-O-SAU'RUS,  n.  [Gf.  arivj^,  narrow,  strait, 
and  tjavpa,  a  lizard.] 

A  genus  of  saurians,  whose  fossil  remains  only  are 
found. 


STE 

STE-NOG'RA-PHEU,  ii.    [Gr.  arcvoi,  close,  narrow, 

and  yfjaipio,  to  write.] 

One  who  is  skilled  in  the  art  of  short-hand  wri- 
ting. 
STEN-0-GRAPH'IC,         \  a.   [Supra,]    Pertaining  to 
STEN-0-GRAPH'I€-AL,  J    theartofwritingin  short- 
hand ;  expressing  in  characters  or  short-hand. 
STE-NOG'RA-PHY,  n.    [Supra.]    The  art  of  writing 
in  short-hand,  by  using  abbreviations  or  characters 
for  whole  words.  Eneyc. 

STENT,  n.    An  allotted  portion  ;  same  as  Stist. 

HaUiwell. 
[Used  in  various  dialects  in  England,  and  still  heard 
in  .America.] 
STEN'TOR,  Tt,     [Gr.  Srn/rw^.j 

A  herald,  in  Homer,  having  a  very  loud  voice; 
hence,  any  person  having  a  powerful  voice. 
STEN-To'Rl-AN,  a.  [from  Stc«(or.]   Extremely  loud  ; 
as,  a  stentorian  voice. 

2.  Able  to  utter  a  very  loud  sound  ;  as,  stentorian 
lung-!. 
STEN-TO-RO  PHOX'ie,  a.     [From  Stentar,a.  herald 
in  Homer,  whose  voice  was  as  loud  as  that  of  fifty 
other  men,  and  Gr.  <;>w!'i7,  voice.] 
Speaking  or  sounding  very  loud. 

Of  lhi.«  sleiitorophonic  horn  of  Alexander  there  is  a  figure  pre- 
served  in  the  Vatican.  Derham. 

STEP,  V.  i.  [.Sax.  sttrppan,  stqtpan ;  D.  stappen  ;  Gr. 
crct/Jai.  Qu.  Russ.  stopa,  the  foot.  The  sense  is,  to 
set,  as  the  foot,  or  more  probably  to  open  or  part,  to 
stretch  or  extend.] 

1.  To  move  the  foot;  to  advance  or  recede  by  a 
movement  of  the  foot  or  feet ;  as,  to  step  forward,  or 
to  s(cp  backward. 

2.  To  go  ;  to  walk  a  little  distance ;  as,  to  step  to 
one  of  the  neighbors. 

3.  To  walk  gravely,  slowly,  or  resolutely. 

Home  tlie  swain  retreats, 
His  flocit  before  luin  stepping  to  the  fold.  Tliomson. 

To  step  forth ;  to  move  or  come  forth.       Cowley. 

To  step  aside  ;  to  walk  to  a  little  distance;  to  retire 
from  company. 

To  step  in,  or  into  ;  to  walk  or  advnnc*>  into  a  place 
or  state  ;  or  to  advance  suddenly  In     John  v. 

2.  To  enter  fur  a  short  time  1  just  stepped  into 
the  house. 

3.  To  obtain  possession  without  trouble;  to  enter 
upon  suddenly  ;  as,  to  step  into  an  estate. 

To  step  back ;  to  move  mentally ;  to  cany  the  mind 
back. 

They  are  stepping  almost  three  thousand  yeara  bad  into  the 
remotest  nutiquity.  Pojk. 

STEP,  V.  t.    To  set,  as  the  foot. 

2.  To  fix  the  foot  of  a  mast  in  its  step ;  to  erect. 

Tottcn. 
STEP,  7^.     [Sax.  sta^p:   D.  stap ;    G.  stufe;  W.  tap,  a 
ledge  ;  tapiaw,  to  form  a  step  or  ledge.] 

1.  A  pace  ;  an  advance  or  movement  made  by  one 
removal  of  the  foot. 

2.  One  remove  in  ascending  or  descending ;  a 
stair. 

The  breadth  of  every  single  step  or  blair  should  be  never  less 
than  one  foot.  WolUnt. 

3.  The  space  passed  by  the  foot  in  walking  or  run- 
ning. The  step  of  one  foot  is  generally  about  three 
feet ;  it  may  be  more  or  less. 

4.  A  small  space  or  distance.  Let  us  goto  the  gar- 
dens ;  it  is  but  a  step. 

5.  The  distance  between  the  feet  in  walking  or 
running. 

6.  Gradation  ;  degree.  We  advance  in  improve- 
ment step  by  step,  or  by  steps. 

7.  Progression ;  act  of  advancing. 

To  derive  two  or  three  general  principles  of  motion  from  phe- 
nomena, and  afterward  tell  us  how  the  proporUcs  anil  uciiona 
of  all  corporeal  things  follow  from  tho9<^  manifest  rrincii^ks, 
would  be  a  great  step  in  philosophy.  Nealon. 

8.  Footstep;  printorimpressionof  the  foot ;  track. 

Drij'len. 
Q.  Gait ;  manner  of  walking.    The  approacii  of  a 
raan  is  often  known  by  his  step. 
10.  Proceeding;  measure  ;  action. 

The  reputation  of  a  man  depends  on  the  fii3t  eleps  he  makes  in 
the  world.  Pope. 

IL  The  round  of  a  ladder. 

12.  Steps,  in  the  plural ;  walk  ;  passage. 

Conduct  my  ste-pa  to  find  the  fatal  tree 

In  this  deep  forest.  Dryden. 

13.  The  bottom  support  on  which  the  lower  end 
of  a  mast,  or  of  an  upright  shaft  or  wheel,  rests, 

Haldeman. 
STEP  [Sax.  steop,  from  stepan,  to  deprive]  is  prefixed 

to  certain  words  to  express  a  relation  by  marriage. 

Home  Tooke  supposes  step,  in  step-father,  to  be  a 

corrupt  spelling  for  stcd-fathcr,  a  father  instead  of  the 

true  father.     Certain  it  is  that,  in  Danish,  sted  is  the 

word  used  instead  of  step. 
STEP'-BROTH-ER,  (-bruth-er,)  n.    A  brother-in-law, 

or  by  marriage. 
STEP'-CHTLD,  n.     [step  and  child.]    A  son-in-law  or 

daughter-in-law,  (a  child  deprivetf  of  its  parent.) 
STEP'-D  A  ME,  n.    A  mother  by  marriage,  (the  mother 

of  an  orphan  or  one  deprived.) 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  —  MeTE,  PREY PINE,  MAKINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  DOOK.— 


1082 


STE 

STEP'-DAUGH-TER,  (-daw-ier,)  it.  A  daughter  by 
maniace,  (an  orphan  daughter.) 

STEP'-FX-TnEK,  «.  A  father-in-law ;  a  father  by 
marriage  only  ;  (the  father  of  an  orphan.) 

STEP'-MOTH-ER,  (muth-er,)  n.  A  mother  by  mar- 
riage only  ;  a  molher-in-Iaw  j  (the  mother  of  an  or- 
phan.) 

STE?'-SIS-TER,  n.  A  sister-in-law,  or  by  marriage, 
(an  orithan  sister.) 

STEP'-SOX,  (-sun,)  n.  A  suu-in-law ;  an  orphan  son, 
[In  the  foregoing  explication  of  step,  I  have  fol- 
lowed Lye.  The  D.  and  G.  write  sticf^  and  the 
Swedes  stt^f,  before  the  name  ;  a  word  which  docs 
not  appear  to  be  connected  with  any  verb  signifying 
to  bereave,  anil  the  word  is  not  without  some  diffi- 
culties. 1  have  given  the  explanation  which  appears 
to  be  most  probably  correct.  If  the  radical  sense  of 
step,  a  pace,  is  to  part  or  open,  ihs  word  coincides 
with  Sax.  stepauj  to  deprive,  and  in  the  compounds 
above,  step  may  imply  removal  or  distance.] 

STEPPE,  (step,)  n.  The  Russian  name  given  to  the 
vast  plains  of  .-Vsiaj  corresponding  to  the  prairies  in 
North  America.  Brands. 

[This  sense  of  tlie  Russian  word  is  naturally 
deducible  from  Sai.  stepan,  to  deprive.    See  Step.] 

STEP  Pi;D,  (stept,)  pp.  Set;  placed;  erected;  fixed 
in  Its  step,  as  a  mast. 

STEP  PIXG,  ppr.  Moving,  or  advancing  by  a  move- 
ment of  the  foot  or  feet ;  placing ;  fixing  or  erect- 
ing, as  a  mast. 

STEP'PIXG,  n.  The  act  of  walking  or  running  by 
steps. 

STEP'PIXG-SToXE,  n.  A  stone  to  raise  the  feet 
above  the  dirt  and  mud  in  walking.  SxifL 

2.  Hence,  a  means  of  progress  or  further  advance- 
ment. SmarL 

STEP'-SToNE,  n,  A  stone  laid  before  a  door  as  a 
stair  to  rise  on  in  entering  the  house. 

STER,  in  cmnpo^itiun,  is  from  the  Sax.  steora^  a  di- 
rector. (See  .Steer.)  It  seems  primarily  lo  have  sig- 
nified chief,  principal,  or  director,  as  in  the  L.  Tntn- 
Ljf^r,  chief  servant ;  but  in  other  words,  as  in  ;^;Ji7Lstfr, 
we  do  not  recognize  the  sense  of  chic/,  but  merely 
that  of  a  person  who  carries  on  the  business  of  spin- 
ning. 

STER-CO-Ra'CEOUS,  (-shu3,)a.    [h.  stercoreusy  sier- 
c&TosuSy  from  stercuSy  dung.] 
Pertaining  lo  dung,  or  partaking  of  its  nature. 
^rbuthnoU 

In  cecUMaitical  At^fory,  a  nickname  used  in  the 
fiHh  and  sixth  centuries,  and  denoting  one  who  held 
that  the  consecrated  elements  in  the  eucharist  un- 
dergo the  process  of  digestion,  so  that  the  divine 
body,  if  materially  present,  must  be  changed  into 
the  fiscal  substance.  Jllurdoek. 

STER'€0-RA-Ry,  n.  A  place  properly  secured  from 
the  weather  for  containing  dung. 

STER-eO-UA'TIO.\,  n.     [L.  stercaraiio,] 

The  act  nf  manuring  with  dung.    Bacon.     Ray. 

STER-eo'RI-AX-ISM,  n.  In  church  histanfy  the  doc- 
trine that  tlj2  host  is  liable  to  digestion. 

STeRE,  n.  In  the  new  French  system  of  measuresy  the 
unit  for  solid  measure,  equal  to  a  cubic  meter. 

Lunier. 

STE-RE-O-GRAPH'ie,         ;  a.     [from  stereography.] 

STE-RE-0  GRAPH  le-AL,  i      Made  or  done  accord- 
ing lo  the  rules  of  stereography ;  delineated  on  a 
plane  ;  as,  a  stertographic  cliarl  of  the  earth. 
Stereo sTiiphic  projection.     See  Peojectios. 

STE-RE-0-GRAPHle-AL-LY,  adi:.  By  delineation 
on  a  plane. 

STE-RE-OG'RA-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  rfpcoj,  firm,  and 
jpii'Po},  to  write.] 

The  art  of  delineating  the  forms  of  solid  bodies 
on  a  plane ;  a  branch  of  solid  geometry  which  shows 
the  construction  of  all  solids  which  are  regularly  de- 
fined. £nevc. 

STE-RE-OM'E-TER,  n.     [Gr.  crcpeos,  solid,  and'^sT- 

puv.] 

An  instrument  for  determining  the  specific  gravity 
of  liquid  bodies,  porous  bodiesj  and  powders,  as  well 
as  solids.  Kncyc  Brit, 

STE-RE-0->tET'RI€^.AL,  c.  [See  Stereomztrt.] 
Pertaininz  to  or  performed  by  slereometrv. 

STE-RE-O.M'E-TRY,  n.  [Gr.  r^.-^os,  firm',  fixed,  and 
H-roKiiy  to  measure.] 

The  art  of  measuring  solid  bodies,  and  find'ng 
their  solid  contents.  Harru 

STE-R&-0-TOM'I€-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  per- 
formed by  stereotomy. 

STE-RE-OT'0-aiY,  «.  [Gr.  rtpeos,  fixed,  and  mivi^y 
lo  cut.] 

The  science  or  art  of  cutting  solids  into  certain 
fisnires  or  sections,  as  arches,  &;c.  Encyc. 

STe'RE  G-TtPE,  n.  [Gr.  T^oeog,  fixed,  and  rvraj, 
type,  form.] 

1.  lAteraUy,  a  fixed  metal  type  ;  hence,  a  plate  of 
fi\ed  or  solid  metallic  types  for  printing  books. 
TJius,  we  say,  a  book  is  printed  on  stereotype,  or 
in  stereotype.  In  the  latter  use,  the  word  seems 
rather  to  signify  the  workmansliip  or  manner  of 
printing,  than  the  plate. 


STE 

2.  The  art  of  making  plates  of  fixed  metallic  types,  ; 

or  of  executing  work  on  such  plates. 
STe'RE-0-T5PE,  a.     Pertaining  to  fixed  metallic 

types. 
2.  Done  on  fixed  metallic  tj-pes,  or  plates  of  fixed 

types ;  as,  stereotype  work ;  stereotype  printing ;   a 

stereotype  copy  of  the  Kible. 
STE'RE-0-TtPE,  V,  f.    To  make  fixed  metallic  types 

or  plates  of  type  metal,  corresponding  with    the 

words  and  letters  of  a  book ;  to  compose  a  book  in 

fixed  types;    as,  to  stereotype  the  New  Testament ; 

certain  societies  have  stereotyped  the  Riblc. 
STe'RE-0-TVP-ED,  C-tipl,)  pp.  or  a.    Formed  on  fixed 

metallic  types,  or  plates  of  fixed  types. 
2.  a.    Formed  in  a  fixed,  unchangeable  manner; 

a?,  stcreoti^ed  opinions. 
STf.^RE-0-TTP-ER,  n.    One  who  makes  stereotype. 
STe'RE-O-TyP-IN'G,  ppr.    I^taking  stereotype  plates 

tor  any  work ;  or  impressing  copies  on  stereotype 

plates. 
STE-RE-0-TY-POG'RA-PHER,    n.       A    stereotype 

printer. 
STE-RE-O-TyPOG'RA-PIIY,  n.    The  art  or  practice 

of  printing  on  stereotype.  Entick. 

STER'ILE,  (ster'il,)  a.     [L.  sterilis;  It.  and  Fr.  sterile ; 

Sp.  ester  it.] 

1.  Barren;  unfruitful;  notfertile;  producing  little 
or  no  crop  ;  as,  sterile  land  ;  a  sterile  desert ;  a  sterile 
year.  Bacon. 

2.  Barren;  producing  no  young.  Jilore, 

3.  Barren  of  ideas  ;  destitute  of  sentiment ;  as,  a 
sterile  production  or  author. 

Stei-ile  fiotcery  in  botany,  is  a  term  given  by  Toume- 
fort  to  the  male  flower,  or  that  which  bears  only 
stamens.  Marttjn. 

STE-RIL'I-TY,  n.  [L.  sterilHas ;  Fr.  stcrilite;  It. 
sterUiixi.] 

1.  Barrenness;  mipruductiveness;  unfruilfulness  ; 
the  quality  or  siale  of  producing  little  or  nothing; 
as,  the  ^ft^rilUy  of  land  or  soil.  Bacon. 

2.  Barrenness;  unfruitfulness;  the  state  of  not 
producing  yo'in^;  as  of  animals. 

3.  Barrenness  cf  ideas  or  sentiments,  as  in  writ- 
ings. 

4.  Want  of  feriili;y  or  the  power  of  pioducing 
sentiment ;  as,  the  stej-UUy  of  an  author  or  of  his 
mind. 

STER'IL-IZE,t7.  L  To  make  barren  ;  to  impoverish, 
as  land ;  to  exhaust  of  fertility ;  as,  to  sterilize  soil 
or  land,     [Little  used,]  JVoodward. 

2.  To  deprive  of  fecundity,  or  the  power  of  pro- 
ducing voung.     [Little  used.] 

STER'LET,  71.  A  fish  of  the  Caspian  and  of  the 
rivers  in  Russia,  the  Acipenser  ruthenus  of  Lin- 
nsus,  highly  esteemed  for  its  flavor,  and  from 
whose  roe  is  made  the  finest  caviare. 

Tooke,     Cote. 

STER'LING,  a.  [Probably  from  Eastsrling,  once  the 
popular  name  of  German  traders  in  England,  \\liO:ie 
money  was  of  the  purest  quality.  Camdeii.j  An 
epithet  by  which  English  money  of  account  is  dis- 
tinguished ;  as,  a  pound  sterling;  a  shilling  sterling  ; 
a  pennv  sterling.  It  is  not  now  applied  to  the  coins 
of  England  ;  but  sterling  cost,  sterling  value  are  used. 
2.  Genuine;  pure;  of  excellent  quality;  as,  a 
work  o(  sterling  merit;  a  roan  of  sterling  wit  or 
good  sense. 

STER'LING,  n.    English  money. 

And  Roman  wealth  in  EngliaU  aterling  view.  Arh:i'Jir.Ql. 

[In  this  use,  sterling  may  signify  English  coins.] 

2.  Standard  ;  rate.     [Little  used  in  either  sense.] 
STERN,   a.     [Sax.   stymy    stem ;    G.   starry   starfng ; 

stJirrigy  stubborn.  (See  Stare,  Starch,  Stark, 
with  which  this  word  is  probably  connected.)  Gr. 
S-rfifo5.] 

1.  Severe ;  austere ;  fixed  with  an  aspect  of  sever- 
ity and  authority  ;  as,  a  stemi  look  ;  a  stem  counte- 
nance ;  a  stsm.  frown. 

I  would  outiUre  the  elemest  eyea  that  look.  Shci. 

9.  Severe  of  manner ;  rigid ;  harsh  ;  cruel. 

Stem  as  tutora,  and  as  uncles  hard.  Drtfden. 

Ambition  shouIJ  be  made  of  sterner  atuff.  ShaA. 

3.  Hard  ;  afflictive. 

If  woWes  h.-id  at  ihy  gate  howled  that  stem  time.  Sha.':. 

4.  Rigidly  steadfast;  immovable. 

Stem  virtue  is  the  growth  of  few  soila.  Samillon. 

STERX,  n.  [Sax.  steor  and  cm,  place ;  the  steer-place, 
that  is,  helm-place.] 

1.  The  hind  part  of  a  ship  or  other  vessel,  or  of  a 
boat ;  the  part  opposite  to  the  stem  or  prow.  This 
part  of  a  ship  is  terminated  by  the  tafferel  above,  and 
by  the  counters  below.  JVtar.  Diet. 

2.  Post  of  management ;  direction. 

And  sit  at  chiefesl  stem  of  public  weal.  Shale. 

[JVb(  m  use.    We  now  say,  to  sit  at  the  hdnu] 
a.  The  hinder  part^of  any  thing.    [-Xoi  elegant.] 

Spenser. 
By  the  srtrm,  is  a  phrase  which  denotes  that  a  ship 
is  more  deeply  laden  abaft  than  forward. 
STERN'ACjE,  7J.     Steerage  or  stem.  SJiak. 


STE 

STER'N.-\L,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  sternum  or  brcau 
bone.  Humble. 

STERN'BEEG-ITE,  n.  [from  Count  Casper  Stem- 
berg.] 

A  foliated  ore  of  silver,  consisting  of  silver,  iron, 
and  sulphur.  Dana. 

STCRX'-IIOARD,  n.  [stem  and  board.]  In  seaMeii*$ 
language,  the  backward  motion  of  a  vessel ;  bence, 
a  loss  of  way  in  making  a.  tack.  'Vomake  astern^ 
board,  is  when  by  a  current  or  other  cause,  a  vessel 
lias  fallen  back  from  the  point  she  had  gained  in  the 
last  tack.  Mar.  Diet. 

STERX'-CIIaSE,      )n.    [stem  and  chase.]    A  can- 

STERN'-CIIaS-ER,  \  non  placed  in  a  ship's  stem, 
pointing  backward,  and  intended  to  annoy  a  ship 
that  is  in  pursuit  of  her.  .Mar.  Diet. 

A  item  chase  sometimes  denotes  one  far  behind  or 
Ion<^  continued. 

STERX'A'D,  a.  In  compounds,  having  a  stem  of  a 
particular  shape;   as,  square-jt/rnrof ;   pinksrtATUtf, 

STERX'ER,  71.     [Sax.  sta/ran,  to  steer.]  [tc 

A  director.     [A'ot  in  rtse.]  Clarke. 

STERX'-FAST,  n.  [stem  and  fa-it]  A  rope  used  to 
confine  the  stern  of  a  ship  or  other  vessel. 

STERX'-FRaME,  n.  [stem  and  frame.]  The  sev- 
eral pieces  of  timber  which  form  the  stem  of  a  ship. 

.Mar.  Diet. 

STERN'LY,  adv.  [See  Stebx.]  In  a  stem  manner; 
with  an  austere  or  stem  countenance ;  with  an  air 
of  authority. 

Sternly  h-  pronounced 

The  xi^A  iuurnnctioa.  ££lUm. 

STERN'-MoST,  a.  [stem  and  most]  Farthest  in  the 
rear ;  furthest  astern ;  as,  the  stemmostshlp  in  a  con- 
voy. JUar.  Diet 

STERX'NESS,  n.  Severity  of  look  ;  a  look  of  aus- 
terity, rigor,  or  severe  authority  ;  as,  tbc  sternness  of 
one's  presence.  r ':^.'.. 

2.  Severity  or  harshness  of  manner ;  rigor. 

I  hiTe  stemne*s  in  my  soul  enoyjh 

To  hear  of  sotdi^-ra  work-  DryU^i. 

STER'XOX,  n.  [Gr.]  The  breast-bone.  But  Ster- 
num is  chjeflv  or  wholly  used. 

STERX'-PoRT,  71.  {stem  and  port.]  A  port  or  open- 
ing  in  thestem  of  a  ship.  Jt/ar.  Diet. 

STERX'-PoST,  n.  [stem  and  post]  A  straight  piece 
of  timber,  erected  on  the  extremity  of  the  keel  to 
support  the  rudder  and  terminate  the  ship  behmd. 

Mar.  Diet 

STERX'-SHEETS,  n.  pi  [stem  and  sheet.]  That 
part  of  a  boat  which  is  between  the  stern  and  the 
aftmo.'t  seat  of  the  rowers ;  usually  furnished  with 
seals  for  passengers.  Mar.  Diet 

STER'XUM,  71.  [Gr.  sspvoy ;  from  filing  j  setting. 
See  Starch,  Stark.] 

The  breast-bone  ;  the  bone  which  forms  the  front 
of  the  human  chest  from  the  neck  to  the  stomach. 

STER-XU-Ta'TIOX,  n.     [L.  stcmutxuio.] 

The  act  of  sneezing.  Qnincy. 

STER-XU'TA-TIVE,  a.     [L.  stemuo,  to  sneeze.] 
Havine  the  quality  of  provoking  to  sneeze. 

STER-XU*TA-TO-RY,  a,  [Fr.  stemutatoircy  from  L. 
sternuo,  to  sneeze.] 

Having  the  quality  of  exciting  to  sneeze. 

STER-Xu'TA-TO-RY,  n.  A  substance  that  provokes 
sneezing. 

STERX'-WaY,  n.  [stem  and  tray.]  The  movement 
of  a  ship  backward,  or  with  her  stem  foremost. 

Mar.  Diet. 

STER-aUIL'I-XOUS,  a.     [L.  sterquUiniumy  a  dung- 
hill.] 
Pertaining  to  a  dunghill ;  mean  ;  dirty  ;  paltry. 

STER-TO'RI-OUS, )  „     „    ^^^  -,  [HoiceU. 

STER'TO-ROUS,     j  '^    C^  ^^^^'^ 

Snoring.  The  last  is  the  term  almost  invariably 
used. 

STER'VEX',  to  starvey  is  not  in  use.  Spenser. 

STETH'O-SeOPE,  n.  [Gr.  credos,  the  breast,  and 
c«:-caj,  to  examine,] 

Asimplecylinder  of  some  fine-grained,  light  wood, 
as  cedar  or  maple,  perforated  longitudinally  in  the 
middle,  with  one  extremity  funnel-shaped  and  fur- 
nished with  a  conical  plug;  the  other  with  a  com- 
paratively large  orbicular  ivory  plate  fastened  by  a 
screw.  This  instrument  is  used  for  distinguishing 
sounds  within  the  thorax,  and  other  cavities  of  the 
body,  the  funnel-shaped  extremity,  either  with  or 
without  the  plug,  being  placed  upon  the  body,  and 
the  ivor>-  plate  to  the  ear  of  the  listener.  It  is  mere- 
ly a  substitute  for  the  direct  application  of  the  ear, 
in  cases  in  which  this  would  be  forbidden  by  deli- 
cacy. 

Stethoscope  is  an  ill-chosen  term,  since  its  applica- 
tion is  not  confined  to  tlie  breast,  and  the  termination 
scope  does  not  welt  express  its  use.  Phonophorus  or 
sound-conductor^  would  be  preferable. 

STETH-0-S€OP'I€,  c.    Pertainmg  to  a  stethoscope. 

STeVE,  c.  t  [from  the  root  of  store.]  To  stow,  as 
cotton  or  wool  in  a  shrp*s  hold.    [LocoL] 

STe'VE-DoRE,  »!.  One  whose  occupation  is  to  load 
or  unload  vessels  in  port.  jYcw  Tork. 

STe'VEX,  v.     [Sax.  stefiiicny  to  call.] 

An  outcry  ;  a  iuud  call;  a  clamor.    [JVot  in  use,] 

Spenser. 


TuXE,  BJJLL,  i;NITE.  — AN"GER,  VI'^CIOUS — €  as  K ;  0  as  J ;  S  as  Z;  CH  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


10S3 


STI 

STEW,  (stu,)  V.  t.  [Fr.  etuver^  to  stew;  ctuve,  a 
Ktuvej  It.  stufurCf  to  slew  J  stufd,  a  stove;  ^stu/o, 
weary,  surfeited  ;  ?p.  estufay  a  siovc  ;  cstofa,  stuff 
iiuilled;  e.itoj'ary  to  quilt  and  to  stew;  D.  stoof^  a 
stove;  stoovcriy  to  stew;  Dan.  stuc,  a  room,  (see 
t^Tow,)  and  stucovn,  a  stove ;  Sw.  stt{fcaj  to  stew 
and  to  stow.] 

1.  To  seethe  or  Rcntly  boil ;  to  boil  slowly  in  a 
moderate  manner,  or  with  a  simmerinf;  heal ;  as,  to 
stcjo  meat ;  to  stew  apples  ;  to  stew  prunes.      Shak. 
i!.  To  boil  in  heat. 
STEW,  (stu,)  V.  I.     To  be  seetlied  in  a  slow,  gentle 

manner,  or  in  heat  and  moisture. 
STEW,  (stu,)  n.    A  hot-house  ;  a  bagnio. 

The  Lytliana  wen-  iithilitetl  by  Cyrus  lo  use  any  armor, "and  give 
thcmatilvca  lo  kitiis  and  sSetoa.  Abbot. 

9.  A  brothel ;  a  house  of  prostitution  ;  but  gener- 
ally or  always  used  :n  the  jiiural,  Stlws. 

3.  A  prostitute.  [A'ot  in  use]        [Bacon.     South. 

4.  (See  Stow.)  A.'^tore  pond  ;  a  small  pond  where 
fish  are  kept  for  the  table.     [JVot  used.] 

5.  Meat  stewed  ;  as,  a  stao  of  plpfons. 

6.  Confusion,  as  when  tlie  air  is  full  of  dust.  [D. 
stuioen,  to  raise  a  dust;  allied  to  s^fjc,  and  proving 
that  the  primaiy  sense  of  stao  is  to  drive  or  agitate, 
to  stir  or  excite.]     [A'u(  in  use  or  local.]  Grose. 

STEAV'ARD,  (stu'-,)  n.  [isax.  stiward.  Ward  is  a 
keeper ;  but  the  meaniuf;  of  the  first  syllable  is  not 
evident.  It  is  prol>ably  a  contraction  of  G.  stube^  a 
room,  Eng.  stow.  Sax.  stow^  place,  or  stcd^  place,  or 
of  Dan.  stiiby  a  cup.  The  steward  was,  then,  origi- 
nally a  chamberlain  or  a  butler.] 

1.  A  man  employed  in  great  families  to  manage 
the  domestic  concerns,  superintend  the  other  ser- 
vants, collect  the  rents  or  income,  keep  accounts,  &c. 

2.  A  fiscal  agent  of  certain  bodies ;  as,  the  steward 
of  a  congregation  in  the  Methodist  church,  ifec. 

3.  An  otficer  of  slate  ;  as,  lord  high  steward  ;  steie- 
ard  of  the  household,  &.c.  England. 

4.  In  coUcffc^f  an  officer  who  provides  food  for  the 
students,  and  superintends  the  kitchen. 

5.  In  ve^'sctsy  one  wlio  has  the  cliarge  of  distribu- 
ting food  and  drink,  or  of  waiting  on  Ihc  officers, 
passengers,  fcc. 

6.  In  Scripture  and  theology^  a  minister  of  Christ, 
whose  duty  is  to  dispense  the  provisions  of  the  gos- 
pel, to  preach  its  doctrines  and  administer  its  ordi- 
nances. 

Il  is  required  in  stewards,  that  n  iimi  Ix:  found  faiihful.  —  1 
Cor.  iv. 

STEWARD,  (stu'-,)  v.  t.    To  manage  as  a  steward. 

[JVot  in  luc.]^  Fuller. 

STEW'AKD-EPP,  n.    A  female  who  wails  on  ladies 

in  steamboats,  &c. 
STEW'ARD-LY,  mh:    With  the  cave  of  a  steward. 

[Little  used.]  Tookcr. 

STEW'AKD-SIIIP,  n.     The  office  of  a  steward. 

Calamy. 
STEW'ART-RY,  n.    An  overseer  or  superintendent. 

The  ateaartry  of  proviaiona,  Tooke. 

STEW'ED,  pp.  or  a.    Gently  boiled  ;  boiled  in  heat. 
STEWING,  ppr.    Boiling  in  a  moderate  heat. 
STEWING,  n.    The  act  of  seething  slowly. 
STEWISH,  a.     Suiting  a  brothel.  Jfall. 

STEW'PAN,  71.    A  pan  in  which  things  are  stewed. 
STHEN'IC,  a.     [Gr.  clJsvo<:.] 

In  medicine^  attended  with  a  preternatural  and  mor- 
bid increase  of  vital  energy,  and  strength  of  action 
in  the  heart  and  arteries  ;  phlogistic. 
STIB'I-AL,  a.     [L.  .'^tibium^  antimony.] 

Like  or  having  the  qualities  of  antimony  ;  antimo- 
nial. 
STIB-I-A'RI-AN,  n.     [from  L.  stibium.] 

A  violent  man.  JVldtc. 

[.in  improper  wordy  and  not  in  H^r.] 
STIB'I-A-TED,  a.     Impregnated  with  antimony. 
STIB'I-UM,7i.    [L.]     Antimony 
STIG'A-DOS,  n.    A  plant.  Mnswortk. 

STieil,  (stik,)7t.     [Gr.cTixo^.] 

1.  In  poetryy  a  verse,  of  whatever  measure  or 
number  of  feel. 

[Stick  is  used  in  numbering  the  books  of  Scrip- 
ture.] 

2.  In  rural  affair.^,  an  order  or  rank  of  tree?. 

[In  New  England,  as  much  land  as  lies  between 
double  furrows,  is  called  stick,  or  a  land.] 
STieil'O-.MAN-CY,  (stik'o-man-se,)  n.     [Gr.  crixoi 
and  ^ij/mo.] 

Divination  by  lines  or  passages  of  books  taken  at 

hazard.  lirande. 

STICH-OM'E-TRY,  n.    [Gr.  cn.x-f,  a  line  of  a  book, 

and  /jcrpoi',  measure.] 

An  account  of  the  magnitude  or  length  of  books, 

^     as  ascertained  by  the  number  of  Hnes  which  they 

contain.  .Murdor.k. 

STICH'WORT,     )    .  ^„  -  V  ^  71.      A  grassy-looking 
STITCH'WORT,  (    C-"^*"^)^  \      phtnt  of  the  genus 

Stoilnria.  Loudon. 

STICK,  71.  [Sax.  sticca;  G.  Mccken;  D.  stoh;  Dan. 
stikkc  ;  Sw.  slake,  sti(^;a  i  It.  .^tiam.  This  word  is 
connected  with  the  verb  to  stick,  with  stock,  stack, 
and  other  words  having  the  like  cleioenls.    The  pri- 


STI 

marv  sense  of  the  root  is,  to  thrust,  to  shoot,  and  to 
set;  Fr.  (j>c,  a  stalk.] 

1.  'I"he  small  shoot  or  branch  of  a  tree  or  shrub, 
cut  otl'j  a  rod  ;  also,  a  staff;  as,  lo  strike  one  with  a 
stick. 

2.  Any  stem  of  a  tree,  of  any  size,  cut  for  fuel  or 
timber.  It  is  applied  in  America  to  any  long  and 
slender  piece  of  timber,  round  or  square,  from  the 
smallest  size  to  the  largest,  used  in  the  frames  ctf 
buildings ;  as,  a  stick  of  timber  for  a  post,  a  beam,  or 
a  rafter. 

3.  Many  instruments,  long  and  slender,  are  called 
sticks;  as,  the  composing  stick  of  printers. 

4.  A  thrust  with  a  pointed  instrument  that  pene- 
trates a  body  ;  a  stab. 

Stick  of  eels  ;  the  number  of  twcntj'-five  eels. 
Halliwell.    A  bind  contains  ten  sticks.  Encyc. 

STICK,  7!.  (.  ,■  pret.  and  pp.  Stuck.  [Sax.  stican,  sti- 
cian ;  G.  stctckcn,  to  sting  or  prick,  and  sleeken,  to 
(■tick,  to  adhere  ;  D.  stccken,  to  prick  or  stab  ;  stikken, 
to  stitch  ;  Dan.  stikker,  to  sting,  to  prick  ;  Sw.  sticka  ; 
Gr.  artyo,  ariviia;  W.  ysti<raw ;  Ir.  steacham.  If 
formed  on  the  elements  /J^r,  Tg^  this  family  of  words 
coincides  in  elements  with  tack,  attack,  attach.] 

1.  To  pierce ;  to  stab  ;  to  cause  to  enter,  as  a 
pointed  instrument;  hence,  to  kill  by  piercing ;  as, 
to  stick  a  beast  in  slaughter.  [j3  common  use  of  the 
word.y^ 

2.  To  thrust  in  ;  to  fasten  or  cause  to  remain  by 
piercing  ;  as,  to  stick  a  pin  on  the  sleeve. 

Tlie  points  of  spoars  are  stuck  within  the  shield.  Dryden. 

3.  To  fasten;  to  attach  by  causing  to  adhere 
to  the  surface  ;  as,  to  stick  ou  a  patch  or  plaster ;  to 
stick  on  a  thing  with  paste  or  glue. 

4.  To  set ;  to  fix  in  ;  as,  to  stick  card  teeth. 

5.  To  set  with  something  pointed;  as,  to  stick 
cards. 

6.  To  fix  on  Q  pointed  instrument ;  as,  to  stick  an 
apple  on  a  fork. 

To  stick  out :  to  project,  or  cause  to  be  prominent. 
STICK,  i\  i.     To  adhere  ;  to  hold  to  by  cleaving  to 
the  surface,  as  by  tenacity  or  attraction  ;  as,  glue 
sticks  to  tlie  fingers ;   paste  sticks  to  the  wall,  and 
causes  paper  to  stick. 

I  \vi!l  cause  the  fish  of  lliy  rivers  to  click  to  thy  ecalea.  —  Eick. 
xxix. 

2.  To  be  united  ;  to  be  inseparable  ;  to  cling  fast 
to,  as  something  reproachful. 

If  pn  your  fame  our  sex  a  blot  Una  thrown, 

'Twill  ever  slick,  Ihtoiigh  malice  ol"  your  own.  I'oun*. 

3.  To  rest  with  the  memorj' ;  to  abide.      Bacon. 

4.  To  stop  ;  lo  be  impeded  by  adhesion  or  obstruc- 
tion; as,  the  carriage  sticks  in  the  mire. 

5.  To  stop  ;  to  be  arrested  in  a  course. 

My  iViliering  lonf  le 
Sicka  at  the  sound.  Smilh. 

G.  To  stop ;  to  hesitate.  He  sticks  at  no  difficulty  ; 
lie  sticks  at  the  commission  of  no  crime  ;  he  sticks  at 
nothing. 

7.  To  adhere ;  to  remain  ;  to  resist  efforts  to  re- 
move. 

I  had  most  need  of  blessing,  and  amea 

Niuck  in  mj  thro.iI.  Shak. 

8.  To  cause  difficulties  or  scruples ;  to  cause  to 
hesitate. 

Thia  is  liie  difficulty  thatslictc  wiUi  the  most  rrMooable.    S'd/t. 

9.  To  be  stopped  or  hindered  from  proceeding;  ns, 
a  bill  passed  the  senate,  but  stuck  in  liie  house  of  rep- 
resentatives. 

Thoy  never  doubted   llie  commons,  but  heard  all  atuck  in  the 
lorde'  house.  Clarendon. 

10.  To  be  embarrassed  or  puzzled. 

i'hcy  will  stick  lonj  at  p:\rt  of  a  di-nioriBlration,  tor   want    cif 
perceiving  (lie  connection  between  two  ideas.  Lod:e. 

11.  To  adhere  closely  in  friendship  and  affection. 

'i'here  is  a  friend  lh:\t  stickelh  closer  tlian  a  brother.  —  Pi  uv. 

xviii. 
To  stick  to  ;  to  adhere  closely  ;  to  be  constant ;  lo 
be  firm  ;  to  be  persevering ;  as,  lo  stick  to  a  party  or 
cause. 

The  advantage  will  be  on  our  ciJe,  if  we  alick  Iq  its  css^nii-il^. 

Addison. 

To  stick  by ;  to  adiicre  closely  ;  to  be  constant  ;  to 
be  firm  in  supporting. 

\Vc  are  your  0[ily  fiiends  ;  stick  by  us,  and  we  will  elicli  by  yuti. 

Davenant. 
2.  To  be  troublesome  by  adhering. 

I  am  B.iliBfiod  to  trifle  away  my  time,  rather  tlmn  let  it  aUck  ly  me. 

To  sticJi  upon ;  to  dwell  upon  ;  not  to  forsake. 

If  the  matter  be  knotty,  the  mind  must  stop  and  buckle  to  it,  nnd 
stick  ujfon  it  wiih  labor  and  Ihoug;h[.     [Not  elesartl.] 

Lucke. 
To  stick  out ;  to  project ;  to  be  prominent, 
lis  l;oiir-a  tlial  wcrc  nttt  seen,  stick  out.  — Job  xxniiii. 
STICK'I-NESS,  n.     [from  stick.]     The  quality  of  a 
thing  which  makes  it  adherato  a  plane  surface  ;  ad- 
hesiveness :  viscousness  ;   glutinousness  ;   tenacity  ; 
as.  the  stickiness  of  glue  or  paste. 
STICK'-LA€,7i.    Lac  in  its  natural  state,  incrustiug 
small  twigs. 


STI 

STICK'LE,  (stiK'l,)  7-.  i.  [from  the  practice  of  prize- 
fighters, who  placed  seconds  with  8t;ifls  or  sUrks,  lo 
interpose  occasionally.    Joknsan.] 

1.  To  take  part  with  one  side  or  other. 

Forlunc,  as  s]ie  wool,  luntcd  fickle. 

And  for  the  foe  began  to  stickle.  Hud^as. 

2.  To  contend ;  to  contest ;  to  altercate.  Let  the 
parties  stickle  each  for  Iiis  favorite  doctrine. 

3.  To  trim ;  to  play  fast  and  loose ;  to  pass  from 
one  side  to  the  other.  Drydtiu 

STICK'LE,  V.  t.     To  arbitrate.     [JVo(  in  ust.\ 

Draylfin. 
STICK'LE-BACK,  n.    The  popular  name  of  certain 
small  fishes,  of  the  genus  Gastcrostcus.    They  iiave 
their  Euglisli  name  from  the  spines  which  arm  their 
back,  vuntml  fins,  and  other  parts, 

Jardine*s  JVat.  Lib. 
STICK'LER,  ji.    A  sidesman  to  feathers  ;  a  second  to 
a  duelist ;  one  who  stands  to  judge  a  combat. 

Basiilua,  the  jnd"''.  appointed  sticklers  and  trumpets  whom  the 
others  should  uLvy.  iiidney, 

2.  An  obstinate  contender  about  any  thing  ;  as,  a 
stickler  for  the  rliurch  or  for  liberty. 

The  tory  or  hiL''i  church  cler|3^y  were  the  matest  sticklers  ai^aiuEt 
the  exorbii.mt  proceedings  of  liiag  James.  Swi/L 

3.  Formerly,  an  officer  who  cut  wood  for  the  pri- 
ory of  Ederose,  within  the  king's  parks  of  Claren- 
don. Cowel. 

STICK'LING,  ppr.  Trimming;  contending  obsti- 
nately or  eagerly. 

STfCK'Y,  a.  Having  the  quality  of  adhering  to  a  sur- 
face ;  adhesive ;  gluey  ;  viscous  ;  viscid  ;  gluii- 
nous  ;  lenacioiis.    Gunis  and  resins  are  sticky  sub- 

STID'DY,  77.     [Ice.  stcdia.]  [stances. 

An  anvil ;  also,  a  smith's  shop.    [Various  dialects.] 

Halliwell. 

STIFF,  a.     [Sax.  stif;  G.  steif;  D.  and  Sw.  stuf;  Dan. 

-  sl.iv  ;  allied  to  L.  stipo,  stabHis,  Eng.  staple,  Gr.  art- 
(Ppo^,  ari/Smto,  rrrei/iiiy.] 

1.  Not  easily  bent ;  not  flexible  or  pliant;  not  flac- 
cid ;  rigid  ;  applicable  to  any  substance  ;  as,  stiff  wovd  ; 
stiff  paper ;  cloth  stiff  with  starch  ;  a  limb  stiff  with 
frost. 

They,  rising  on  «Ii^ pinions,  lower 
The  mid  aerial  aky.  Milton. 

2.  Not  liquid  or  fluid ;  thick  and  tenacious  ;  inspis- 
sated ;  not  soft  nor  hard.  Thus  melted  metals  giuw 
stiff  as  they  cool ;  tliey  are  stiff  before  they  are  hard. 
The  paste  is  too  stiff,  or  not  stiff  enough. 

3.  Strong ;  violent  ;  impetuous  in  motion  ;  as  in 
seamen's  langiiage,  a  stiff  gale  or  bree:',e. 

4.  Hardy;  stubborn;  not  easily  subdued. 

Hiw  stiff  is  my  vile  tense  I  Sha.'!, 

5.  Obstinate ;  pertinacious ;  firm  in  perseverance 
or  resistance. 

It  is  a  sbame  lo  stand  stiff  in  «.  fooliah  arg'umcut.  'Ihylcr. 

A  wni  rnsiies  ;  the  CrcUins  own  their  causi.', 

Stiff  to  defend  their  hospitable  laws.  Dryden. 

ft.  Harsh ;  formal ;  constrained ;  not  natural  and 
easy  ;  as,  a  a^j^ formal  style. 

7.  Formal  in  manner ;  constrained  ;  afiected  ; 
starched  ;  not  easy  or  natural ;  us,  i-/i^  behavior. 

The  French  are  open,  familiar,  and  talltative  ;  the  Italinns  stiff, 
CJ7remonious,  and  reserved.  A'tdison. 

8.  Strongly  maintained,  or  asserted  willi  good  evi- 
dence. 

Tliis  is  stiff  news.  Sfid. 

9.  In  seamen\'!  language,  a  .<itiff  vessel  is  one  that 
will  bear  a  press  of  canvas  without  careening  much. 

To!  ten. 
STIFF'EN,  (slim,)  V.  t.     [Snx.  stifan ;  Sw.  .-^tifna; 
D.  styvcn;  G.  stcifcn;  Dan.  stivncr,  to  stiffen,  to 
starch.] 

1.  To  make  stiff;  to  make  less  pliant  or  flexible, 
as,  to  stiffen  clolii  with  starch. 

He  stiffened  his  iifcV  and  hardened  his  heart  from  turning  to  the 

Lord  God  ol  iBrat-l.  —  'J  Chinn.  sxxvi. 
Stiffen  the  sinews;  s.i.-iimon  up  thr^  blood.  Sluik. 

2.  To  make  torpid  ;  as,  stiffening  grief.    Dryden. 

3.  To  inspissate  ;  to  make  more  thick  or  viscous; 
as,  to  stiffen  paste. 

STIFF'jEN,  (stifn,;  v.  i.  To  become  stiff;  to  become 
more  rigid  or  less  flexible. 

Like  bristles  rose  my  stiffening  hair.  Dryden. 

2.  To  become  more  thick,  or  less  soft ;  to  be  in- 
spissated; to  approach  to  hardness;  as,  melted  sub- 
stances stiffen  as  they  cool. 

The  lender  eoil  thon  st'ffening  by  decrees.  Drydtn. 

3.  To  become  less  susceptible  of  impression  ;  to 
become  less  tender  or  yielding ;  to  grow  more  obsti- 
nate. 

Some  enuls,  wc  see, 
Grow  hard  and  tt\ff'en  with  advcraity.  Dryden. 

STIFF^iSN-ED,  pp.  or  a.     Made  stiff  or  less  pliant, 
STIFF'/u\-lNG,7'/;r.  oro.    I^Iaking  or  becoming  less 

pliable,  or  more  thick,  or  more  obstinate. 
STIFF'i':N-tNG,  n.    Something  that  is  used  to  make 

a  suhi^tance  more  stiff  or  less  soft. 
STIFF'-HEaRT'ED,  (-hUrt'ed.)  a.     [stiff  and  heart  ] 

Obstinate;  stubborn;  contumacious. 

They  are  impudent  children  and  stiff-heart£d.  —  VmV.  U. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— MrTE,  PUgY.— PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.- 


STl 

STIFF'LY,  ado.  Firu»Iy  ;  strongly  ;  as,  the  boughs  of 
a  tree  stijiy  upheld.  Bacon. 

2.  Rigiiily ;  obstinately  ;  with  stubbornness.  Tiie 
doctrine  of  the  infallibility  of  ihe  Roiuan  Catholic 
church  is  stilly  maintained  bv  its  adherents. 
STIFF'-NECK-£D,  (-nekt,)  a'.  [stirr-Aud  necJu]  Stub- 
born ;  inflexibly  obstinate ;  contumacious  j  as,  a 
sti_rF-necked  people  ;  stiff-ntched  pride.  Denham. 

STIFF'XESS,  n.  Rigidnessj  want  of  pliableness  or 
ileAibiUty  ;  ibe  firm  texture  or  state  of  a  substance 
which  renders  it  difficult  to  bend  it;  as,  the  stiffness 
of  iron  or  wood;  the  stiffness  of  a  frozen  limb. 

Bacon. 
2.  Thickness;  spissitude  ;  a  state  between  softness 
an  (t  hardness ;  as,  the  stij^ness  of  sirup,  paste,  or  starch. 
J.  Torpidness ;  inaptitude  to  motion. 
Aa  icy  sCiffttess 
Eeaumbs  qit  blood.  Dciiham. 

4.  Tension  ;  as,  the  sti^css  of  a  cord.    Drydcn. 

5.  Obstinacy  ;  stubbornness;  contumaciousness. 

The  Tic-fs  of  oiti  a^  have  the  atifnesa  of  it  loo.  ^oulA. 

Stfrteis  o!  miad  a  uol  from  adherence  to  truih,  but  eubniU^oii 
lo  prrjodiK.  Locke. 

6.  Formality  of  manner;  constraint;  affected  pre- 
cision. 

All  this  rdi^oa  sat  eoany  upon  him,  vithout  stiffnese  and  con- 
EtrainU  Al'.rrhitry. 

7.  Rigorousness ;  harshness. 

But  epeafc  no  woM  lo  her  of  lh»se  sad  plights, 

Which  her  wo  consiaot  ttiff'nesa  dolh  cousirain.         Sjienser, 

8.  Affected  or  constrained  manner  of  expression 
or  writing  ;  want  of  natural  simplicity  and  ease  ;  as, 
sti^fne^s  of  stvle. 

STrFLE,  (sti'fi,)  u.  t.  [The  French  ctouffcr^  to  stifle, 
is  nearly  allied  to  etoffe^  Eng.  stuffs  L.  stupa.  But 
stijle  seems  lo  be  more  nearly  allied  to  L.  stipo^  and 
Eng.  5&^and  stop  ;  all,  however,  of  one  family.   Q.u. 

Gr.  rr0c.'.] 

1.  To  suffocate  ;  to  stop  the  breath  or  action  of  the 
lungs  by  crowding  something  into  the  windpipe,  or 
by  infusing  a  substance  into  the  lungs,  or  by  other 
means  ;  lo  choke  ;  as,  to  ^ijle  one  witli  smoke  or  dust. 

2.  To  stop  ;  as,  to  sttjU  the  breath ;  to  stifie  respira- 
tion. 

3.  To  oppress  ;  to  stop  the  breath  temporarily  ;  as, 
lo  stiJU  one  with  kisses  ;  to  be  stified  in  a  close  room 
or  with  bad  air. 

4.  To  extinguish ;  to  deaden  :  to  quench  ;  as,  to 
stifle  flame  ;  lo  stifie  a  fire  by  smoke  or  by  ashes. 

5.  To  suppress ;  to  hinder  from  transpiring  or 
spreading  ;  as,  to  stifi.e  a  report. 

6.  To  extinguish  ;  to  check  or  restrain  and  destroy  ; 
to  suppress  ;  as,  to  stifie  a  civil  war  in  its  birth. 

Addison. 

7.  To  suppress  or  repress  ;  to  conceal ;  to  withhold 
from  escaping  or  manifestation  ;  as,  to  stifie  passion  ; 
to  siific  grief;  to  stifie  resentment. 

8.  To  suppress ;  to  destroy ;  as,  to  stifie  convic- 
tion?. 

STi'FLE,  n.  The  joint  of  a  horse  next  to  the  but- 
tock, and  corresponding  to  the  knee  in  man  ;  called 
also  the  Stifle  Joint. 

2.  A  disease  in  the  knee-pan  of  a  horse  or  other 
animal.  Cyc. 

STI'FLED,pp.  or  a.    Suffocated;  suppressed. 

STI'FLIXG,  -ppr.    Suffocating  ;  suppressing. 

STTGH,  n.    See  Stt. 

STIG'MA,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  Tiyua,  from  ti^o,  to 
[jrirk  or  stick.} 

1.  A  brand  ;  a  mark  made  with  a  burning  iron. 

2.  Any  mark  of  infamy  ;  any  reproachful  conduct 
which  stains  the  purity  or  darkens  the  luster  of  rep- 
utation. 

3.  In  botanifyihe  top  of  the  pistil,  which  always 
has  a  peculiar  structure  different  from  that  of  the 
style,  and  is  moist  and  pube^^ccnt,  to  detain  and  burst 
the  pollen  or  prolific  powder.  Martirn. 

STIG-MA'RI-A,Ti.  A  fossil  coal  plant,  having  a  large 
dome  shaped  trunk  or  stem.  Buckland. 

STIGOIA-TA,  n.  pL  The  apertures  in  the  bodies  of 
insects  communicating  with  the  trachefe  or  air- 
vessels  ;  the  spiracles.  Ertcyc. 

2.  In  the  Roman  Catholic  churchy  marks  said  to  have 
been  snpernalurally  impressed  upon  the  bodies  of 
certain  persons,  in  imitation  of  the  wounds  on  the 
crucified  body  of  Christ  The  stifjinata  of  St.  Fran- 
cis were  much  blazoned  by  his  followers.    Jiloskeim. 

STIG-MAT'ie,         {a.     Marked  with  a  stigma,  or 

STIG-MAT'I€^AL,  \  with  something  reproachful  to 
character.  S/iak. 

2.  Impressing  with  infamy  or  reproach. 

STIG-MAT'I€,  n.  A  notorious  profligate,  or  criminal 
who  has  been  branded.    [Little  used.] 

2.  One  who  bears  about  him  the  marks  of  infamy 
or  punishment.     [Li'tle  used.]  BuUohar. 

3.  One  on  whom  nature  has  set  a  mark  of  deform- 
ity.    [LitUe  used.]  S.'iaJi. 

STIG-MAT'ie  AL-LY,  ado.    With  a  mark  of  infamy 

or  deformitv. 
STIG'.MA-TIZE.  r.  (.     [Fr.  stiamatiser.] 

1.  To  mark  with  a  brand,  in  a  literal  senj;e;  as, 

the  ancients  stigmatized  their  slaves  and  soldiers. 


STI 

2,  To  set  a  mark  of  disgrace  on  ;  to  disgrace  with 
some  note  of  reproach  or  infamy. 

To  find  virtue  extolled  and  vice  fti^mctized,  AddUtn. 

Siour  enthuiilLUis  .uT^t  to  s'jgmadze  the  fiin?st  and  most  clc^^nt 

auUion,  ancient  and  modem,  .is  daiig?roii«  (u  rtlidon. 

Ad'Iieon, 

STIG'MA-TIZ-ED,  pp.    Marked  v/ith  disgrace. 
STtG':>IA-TlZ-ING,  ppr.    Branding  with  infamy. 
STIG'O-NO-MAN-CY,  v.     [Gr.  a-iyt-jv,  from  c'n^w, 

to  mark  wilh  points,  fiavrtia.'] 
Divination  by  writing  on  the  bark  of  a  tree.    .^sh. 
STI'LAR,  a.    [from  stile.]    Pertaining  lo  the  stylo  of 

a  dial. 

Draw  a  line  Tor  tlio  stilar  line.  Moxon. 

STIL'BITE,  n,     [Gr.  ri^/?a',  to  shine.] 

A  mineral  of  the  zeolite  family,  occurring  in  white 
or  yellowish,  semi-pellucid,  recUingular  ciTst^ils, 
pearly  and  highly  foliated  in  one  direction  ;  also  in 
sheaf-like  aggregations  and  foliated  masses.  It  con- 
sists of  silica,  aluuiina,  and  lime,  wilh  17  or  18  per 
cent,  of  water-  Mo?t  commonly  found  in  amygda- 
loid wilh  other  zeolitic  minerals  Dana. 

STILE,  71.     [Thi^  is  another  spelling  of  Stvlk.    Sec 
Sttle  and  Stili..] 
A  pin  set  on  the  face  of  a  dial  lo  form  a  shadow. 

Erect  t!ic  siilt  perpendicuhrly  over  the  6ub-stilar  line,  so  aa  to 
make  an  angle  with  the  dial-plane  equal  lo  the  elevation  of 
the  pok  of  your  pLtce.  Aloron. 

STILE,  II.  [Sax.  stigcl,  a  step,  ladder,  from  stirran,  to 
step,  lo  walk,  to  ascend  ;  G.  ste^el ;  Dan.  steil,  from 
stitrer^  to  rise,  lo  step  up  ;  Sw.  steg,  a  step,  sti^ra,  to 
step.     See  Stair.] 

A  step  or  set  of  steps  for  ascending  and  descend- 
ing, in  passing  a  fence  or  wall.  Swift. 

In  architecture^  the  upright  piece  in  framing  or 
paneling.  Brande. 

STI-LET'TO,  71.  [It.,  dim.  from  stilo :  Fr.  st>jlct.  See 
Style.] 

1.  A  small  dagger  with  a  round,  pointed  blade 

2.  A  pointed  instrument  for  making  eyelet  holes  in 
working  muslin. 

STI-LET'TO,  I'.  (.    To  stab  or  pierce  with  a  stiletto. 

Bacon. 

STI-hET'To-ED J  pp.  or  a.  Stabbed  or  pricked  wilh 
a  stiletto.  Cltcstcrfield. 

STILL,  V.  t.  [Sax.  stillan ;  G.  and  B.  stillcn  ;  Dan. 
stiller ;  Sw.  stilla,  to  still,  lo  quiet  or  appease,  that  is, 
lo  set,  to  repress;  coinciding  witli  G.  stelleitylo  put, 
sel.  p:acc,  Gi'.  s"£'\Aaj,  to  send,  and  with  style,  stool, 
stciL] 

1.  To  stop,  as  motion  or  agitation  ;  to  check  or  re- 
strain ;  to  make  quiet;  as,  lo  still  the  raging  sea. 

2.  To  stop,  as  noise  ;  to  silence. 

With  his  nanic  tlic  mothers  bHU  their  babea.  ShaJc, 

3.  To  appease  :  lo  calm  ;  to  quiet ;  as  tumult,  agi- 
tation or  excitement ;  as,  to  stUl  the  passions. 

STILL,  a.  Silent;  uttering  no  sound;  applicable  to 
animals  or  to  tftin^s.  The  company  or  the  man  is 
still ;  the  air  is  stiU  i  tlie  sea  is  still. 

2.  Uuiet ;  calm  ;  not  disturbed  by  noise  ;  as,  a  still 
evening. 

3.  ^Motionless  ;  as,  to  stand  still;  to  lie  or  sit  still. 

4.  Quiet;  calm;  not  agitated;  as,  a  still  atmos- 
phere. 

STILL,  n.    Calm  ;  silence  ;  freedom  from  noise  ;  as, 

the  still  of  midnight.     [j3  poetic  word.]  Shak. 

STILL,  adv.    To  this  time  ;  till  now. 

It  hath  t-^en  ancieuUy  reported,  and  is  edll  received.     Baron. 

[Still  here  denotes  this  time ;  set  or  fixed. 

2.  Nevertheless ;  notwithstanding. 

The  desire  of  fame  betrays  an  ambitious  man  iuto  indecencies  that 
lessen  hi3  repalation  ;  he  is  sdU  aliaid  lest  uiiy  of  his  actions 
should  be  thrown  away  iu  private.  Addison. 

[StiU  here  signifies  set,  given,  and  refers  to  the 
whole  of  the  first  clause  of  the  sentence.  The  de- 
sire of  fame  betrays  an  ambitious  man  intn  indecen- 
cies that  lessen  his  reputation  ;  Vict  fact  being  given 
or  set,  or  notwitlistanding,  he  is  afraid,  Sec] 

3.  It  precedes  or  accompanies  words  denoting  in- 
crease of  degree  ;  as,  a  still  further  advancement  of 
prices  may  be  expected. 

4.  Always  ;  ever ;  continually. 

Trade  beg"et*  trade,  and  people  50  much  where  many  people 
have  olready  gone;  so  mea  run  s&l  10  a  crowi'd  in  the 
streets,  though  only  to  see.  Temple. 

The  fewer  siill  you  n:ime,  you  wound  tlie  more.  Pope. 

5.  After  that ;  after  what  is  stated. 

Indie  primitive  church,  such  as  Ly  fear  were  compelled  to  sicriCce 
to  Btningo  gods,  .-ifu-r  repeated,  and  kept  still  the  office  of 
preaching  the  gospel.  Whitpfte. 

C.  In  continuation. 


And,  like  the  watchfiil  minul).-s  to  the  hour, 
Utiil  and  anon  cheered  up  the  h'.'avy  time. 


Shak. 


STILL,  n.     [L.  stiUo,  to  drop.     See  Distill.] 

A  vessel,  boiler,  or  copper,  used  in  the  distillation  of 

liquors  ;  as,  vapor  ascending  out  of  the  stili.  J^Tewton. 

[The  word  is  used  in  a  more  general  sense  for  the 

vessel  and  apparatus.    A  still  house  is  also  called  a 

stV.L] 

STILL,  r.(.     [l,.stillo.] 

To  expel  spirit  from  liquor  by  heat,  and  condense 
it  in  a  refrigeratory  ;  to  distill.     [See  Distill.] 


STI 

STILL,  ».i.    To  drop.    [XotinuseA     [See  Diatilu] 
STILr-LA-TI"T10US,  (-ti-sh'us,)  a.    [L.  etiUati^xis.] 

Fallint!  in  drops;  drawn  by  a  still. 
STIL'LA-TO-RY,  ji.    An  alembic;  a  vessel  for  nis- 
lillation.     [Liltle  med,  or  noi  at  all.]  Bacon. 

2.  A  laboratory ;  a  jjlare  or  room  in  which  distil- 
lation is  [MirfurniCil.     {Little  used.]'    Wotton.    More, 
STHjL'IIOUX,  a.    [siitl  and  bom.]    Dead  at  the  binh ; 
as,  a  still-borit  child. 
2.  Aboi-tive;  :iSj  a.  stUUborn  ^gux.  Smift. 

STILL'BURX,  r.  f.  [stUl  and  bam.]  To  bum  in  the 
process  of  distillation ;  as,  to  sUllbum  brandy. 

SmoUeU, 
STILL'ED.pp.     [See  Still,  the  verb.]    Calmed  ;  ap- 

pea%d  ;  quietca;  silenced. 
STILL'ER,  n.    One  who  stills  or  quiets. 
STIL'LI-CIDE,  n,    [L-  stilUcidium  ;  stiUaj  a  drop,  and 
cadd,  to  fall.] 

A  continual  falling  or  succession  of  drops.  [.Vot 
much  used.]  Bacon. 

STIL-LI-CID'I-OL'S,  a.    Falling  in  drops.    Brtnni. 
SI'ILL'IXG,  j*pr.    Calming;  silencing;  quieting. 
STILL'ING,  IU    The  act  of  calming;   tiilencing  or 
quieting. 

2.  A  stand  for  casks.     [JVut  used  in  .America.] 
STILL'-LIFE,  n.     In  painting,  a  picture  of  dead  game, 
vegetables,  and  other  things  destitute  uf  life. 

Mason. 
2.  Dead    animals  or  paintings    representing   the 
dead.  Gray. 

STILL'NESS,  K.  Freedom  from  noise  or  motion ; 
calmness;  quiet;  silence;  as,  the  sullness  of  the 
night,  the  air,  or  the  sea. 

2.  Freedom  from  agitation  or  excitement  j  as,  the 
stillness  of  the  passions, 

3.  Habitual  silence  ;  taciturnity. 

The  gravity  and  sdUnesa  of  your  youth 

The  world  haUi  hou^lI.  SJtcJt. 

STILL'-ROOM,  n.    An  apartment  for  distilling. 
STILL' -STAND,  n.     Absence   of  motion.      [LUae 

used.] 
STILL'Y,  a.    Still ;  quiet ;  calm.  More. 

[jin  old  word,  used  chiefiv  in  poetni.] 
STILL'V,  adv.    Silently  ;  without  none. 
2.  Calmly;  quietly;  without  tumult. 
STILP-NO-SlD'E-RlTE,  Ti.    [Gr.  trnAirfoc,  shining, 
and  cfirjooi,  iron.] 

An  ore  of  iron,  called  also  Pitcht  Iros  Ore, 
occurring  massive,  in  curving  concretions,  with  a 
splendent  resinous  luster.  It  is  a  hydrated  peroxj'd 
of  iron.  Dana. 

STILT,  71.     [Gr.  stehe ;  D.  stett,  stelten  ;  Dan.  stylter.] 
A  stilt  is  a  piece  of  wood,  often  with  a  shoulder, 
to  raise  tfie  foot  above  the  ground  in  walking.    Boys 
sometimes  use  stilts  lor  raising  their  feet  above  the 
mud  in  walking,  but  they  are  rarely  seen. 

Men  must  not  walk  upon  stilix.  L'Etlrange. 

STILT.  V.  L    To  raise  on  stilu  ;  to  elevate.    Young. 
2.  To  raise  by  unnatural  means. 

STILT'-BiRD,  71.  A  long-legged  bird  ;  particularly 
applied  to  a  bird  called  the  Lo.ng-legged  Plover,  of 
the  genus  Himaiitopus.  Brande. 

STILT'ED,  pp.     Raised  on  stilts, 
2.  Unreasonablv  elevated. 

STILT'IXG,  ppr.    Raising  on  stilts. 

STIME,  n.     A  glimpse.     [AVriA  of  England.] 

STIM'l^-LANT,  a.     [L.  stimulans.]  [HalliwelL 

In  medicine,  producing  a  quickly-<liffused  and 
transient  increase  of  vital  energy  and  strength  of 
action  in  the  heart  and  arteries. 

STliM'lJ-L.ANT,  71.  In  medicine,  an  article  which  pro- 
duces a  quickly-diffused  and  transient  increase  of 
vital  energy  and  strength  of  action  iu  the  heart  and 
arterial  system. 

STIiM'U-LaTE,  r.  t.  [L.  stimuloy  to  prick,  to  goad,  to 
excite  ;  stimulus,  a  goad.] 

1.  Literally,  lo  prick  or  goad.    Hence, 

2.  To  excite,  rouse,  or  animate,  to  action  or  more 
vigorous  exertion  by  some  pungent  motive  or  by  per- 
suasion ;  ad,  lo  stimulate  one  by  the  hope  of  reward, 
or  by  the  prospect  of  glor>'. 

3.  In  medicine,  to  produce  a  quickly-diffused  and 
transient  increase  of  vital  energy  and  strength  of 
action  in  the  heart  and  arteries. 

STIM'lT-L.^-TED,p;).  Goaded;  roused  or  excited  to 
more  vigorous  exertion. 

STIM'TJ-La-TING,  ppr.  or  a.  Goading;  exciting  to 
more  vigorous  exertion. 

STIM-IT-La'TION,  71.  The  act  of  goading  or  ex- 
citing. 

2.  In  medicine,  a  quickly-ditfused  and  transient  in- 
crease of  vital  energj'  at;d  strength  of  action  in  the 
heart  and  arteries. 

STIM'U-LA-TIVE,  a.  Ila\  ing  the  quality  of  stimu- 
lating. 

STIM'U-L.V-TIVE,  n.  Thai  which  stimulates  ;  that 
which  rouses  into  more  vigorous  action. 

STIiM'U-LA-TOR,  n.    One  that  stimulates. 

STIM'I.'-LUS,  n.  [I^  This  word  may  be  formed  on 
the  root  of  stem,  a  shoot.] 

1.  Literally,  a  goad  ;  hence,  something  that  rouses 
the  mind  or  spirits  ;  as.  the  hope  of  gain  is  a  power- 
ful stimulus  to  labor  and  action. 


TtiNE,  BULL,  IGNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CI0US.  — C  as  K;  6  as  J ;  S  as  Z;  CH  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


STl 

2.  In  medicine^  that  whicli  produces  a  quickly-dif- 
fused or  transient  increase  of  vital  energy  and 
strength  of  action  in  the  circulating  system. 
STING,  v.L;  pret.andpp.  Stunc.  Stang  is  obsolete. 
[Goth,  stigcwati ;  Sax.  stinffaiiy  styngan,  to  rush  or 
thrust,  hence  to  sting  ;  G.  stecken^  to  slick,  to  sting  j 
stackcly  a  prick,  goad,  sting  ;  D.  stccJten^  steckel;  Dan. 
stikkfT,  to  stick,  to  sting  ;  stin^,  n  thrust,  a  stitch,  a 
sting;  Sw.  aticka.  The  Dutch  has  stcn^^a  pole  or 
perch ;  S\v.  stan^,  id. ;  and  stanga,  to  pusli  with  the 
horns,  to  gore.  vVe  see  that  sting  is  stick  altered  in 
orthography  and  pronunciation.] 

1.  To  pierce  with  the  sharp-pointed  instrument 
with  which  certain  animals  are  furnished,  such  as 
hees,  wasp3,  scorpions,  and  the  like.  Bees  will  sel- 
dom sting  persons  unless  they  are  lirst  provoked. 

9.  To  pain  acutely;  as,  the  conscience  is  stung 
with  remorse. 

Slander  ttinga  ihe  brave.  Pope. 

STING,  71.    [Sax.  stingy  stincg ;  Ice.  staungy  a  spear ; 
W.  ystang  ;  D.  sUng^  a  pole  or  percii ;  Sw.  stang  ;  It. 
stangay  a  bar.    The.se  words  are  all  of  one  family.] 
1.  A  sharp-pointed  weapon    or  instrument  wiiii 


STI 


STl 


which  certain  animals  arc  armed  by  nature  for  their 
defense,  and  wliicli  thi^y  thrust  from  the  hinder  part 
of  the  body,  to  pierce  any  animal  that  annoys  or  pro- 
vokes them.  In  most  instance-^,  this  instrument  is 
a  tube,  through  which  a  poisonous  matter  is  dis- 
charged, which  inflames  the  flesh,  and,  in  some  in- 
stances, proves  fatal  to  life. 

2.  The  t?irust  of  a  sting  into  the  flesh.  The  sting 
of  most  insects  produces  acute  pain. 

3.  Any  thing  that  gives  acute  pain.  Thus  we 
speak  of  the  slings  of  remorse;  the  stings  of  re- 
proach. 

4.  The  point  in  the  last  verse ;  as,  the  sting  of  an 
epigram.  Dryden. 

5.  That  which  gives  the  principal  paiii  or  consti- 
tutes the  principal  terror. 

TLe  sling  of  death  ia  ein.  —  1  Cor.  xv. 

STING'ER,  71,  That  which  stings,  vexes,  or  gives 
acute  pain. 

STIN'GI-LY,  ado.  [from  stingy.]  With  mean  cov- 
etousness  :  in  a  niggardly  manner. 

STIN'Gl-NESS,  71.  [from  stingy.]  Extreme  avarice  ; 
mean  covetousness  ;  niggardliness. 

STING'ING-LY,  adv.    With  stinging. 

STING'LESS,  a.     [from  sting.]     Having  no  sting. 

STIN"GO,  n.  [from  tlie  sharpness  of  the  taste.]  Old 
beer.     [^  cant  loord.]  Addison. 

STIN'GY,  a.  [from  straitness  ;  W.  ystoing,  something 
strait ;  ystangu,  to  straiten,  to  limit.] 

Extremely  close  and  covetous  tneanly  avaricious  ; 
nig^zardly;  narrow-hearted;  au  a  stingy  chnil.  [./? 
word  in  popular  jwc,  but  loio,  and  not  admissible  into  el- 
efrant  2Driti7ig.] 

STINK,  I?.  1. ;  pret.  Stank  or  Stunk.  [Sax.  stincan  ;  G. 
and  D.  stinken;  Dan.  stinker  i  Sw.  stinka.] 
To  emit  a  strong,  offensive  smell.  Locke. 

STINK,  71.    A  strong,  offensive  smell.  Dnjdcn, 

STINK'ARD,  7i.    A  mean,  stinking,  paltry  follow. 
2.  A  mephitic,  burrowing  quadruped,  the  Mi/daus 
mdiccps  of  Cuvier,  about  18  inches  in  length,  tbund 
in  Java  and  Sumatra.  C.  H.  Smith. 

STINK'ER,  n.  Something  intended  to  ofiend  by  the 
smell.  Haronj, 

STINK'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Emitting  a  strong,  offensive 
smell. 

STINK'ING-LY,  adv.     With  an  offensive  smell. 

S/uik. 

STINK'-POT,  n.  An  earthen  jar,  charged  with  pow- 
der, grenades,  and  other  materials  of  an  offensive 
and  suffocating  smell ;  sometimes  used  in  boarding 
an  enemy's  vessel.  Mar.  Diet. 

STINK'-SToNE,  n.  Swine-stone,  a  variety  of  car- 
bonate of  lime,  which  emits  a  fetid  odor  on  bein'^ 
struck.  £,ana. 

STINT,  V.  t.  [Sax.  stintan,  to  stints  or  stunt;  Ice. 
stunta;  Gr.  ?-.')"'?,  narrow.] 

1.  To  restniin  within  certain  Ihnits  ;  to  bound  ;  to 
confine  ;  to  limit;  as,  to  stint  the  body  in  growth  ; 
to  stint  the  mind  in  knowledge  ;  to  stint  a  person  in 
bis  meals. 

Nature  wiarly  slinls  our  appelit".  Dryden. 

9.  To  assign  a  certain  task  in  labor,  which  being 
performed,  the  person  is  excused  from  further  labt.r 
for  the  day,  or  for  a  certain  time  ;  a  common,  popular 
itse  o/tlic  word  in  .America. 

STINT,  71.  A  small,  grallatory  bird,  the  Tringa  cin- 
clus. 

STINT,  7(.     Limit;  bound;  restraint.  Dnjdcn. 

2.  Quantity  assigned;  proportion  allotted.  The 
workmen  have  their  stint. 

Our  ttint  of  woe 
le  common. 


Shak. 

Restraint;  stoppage     [JSTat  userf, 
Restrained  to  a  certain  limit  or 


STINT'ANCE 

or  local.  ] 
STINT'ED,  pp.  or  a. 

quantity ;  limited. 
STINT'ED-NESS,  n.    Stale  of  being  stinted, 
STINT'ER,  71.    He  or  that  which  stints. 


STINT'ING,  ppr.    Restraining  within  certain  limits; 

as.signing  a  certain  quantity  to;  limiting. 
STIPL},  n.     [L.  stipes  ,-  Gr.  criurof,  a  slake.] 

In  botany^  the  base  of  a  frond  ;  or  aspecies  of  stem 
passing  into  leaves,  or  not  distinct  from  the  loaf. 
The  stem  of  a  fungus  is  also  called  stipe.  The  word 
is  also  used  for  the  filament  or  slender  stalk  which 
pupports  the  pappus,  and  connects  it  with  the  seed. 

Jilarliin. 
STI'PEND,  71.    [h.  stipaidium  i  stips^  a  piece  of  money, 
and  pendo,  to  pay.] 

Settled  pay  or  compensation  for  services,  whether 
daily  or  monthly  wages;  or  an  annual  salary. 
STI'PEND,  V.  I.    To  pav  by  settled  wages.     Hkclton, 
STI-PEND'I-A-RY,  a.     [L.  stipcndiarlu.-i.] 

Receiving  wages  or  salary  ;  performmg  services 
for  a  stated  price  or  compensation. 

His  "n?3t  stipendiary  prvlate  ciime  with  troops  of  evil-:tppointed 
horBemen  not  half  full.  KnoUet. 

STI-PEND'I-A-RY,  n.  [Supra.]  One  who  performs 
services  for  a  settled  compensation,  either  by  the 
day,  month,  or  year. 

If  thou  art  become 
A  tynm's  vile  stipendiary.  Glover. 

STIP'I-TATE,  a.  [See  Stm'E.]  In  Jotent/,  support- 
eJ  by  a  stipe  ;  elevated  on  a  stipe ;  as  pappus. 

Martijjt. 

STIP'PLK,  (stip'pl,)  V.  t.  To  ennrave  by  means  of 
dots,  in  distinction  from  engraving  in  lines.     Toiid. 

STIP'PLjEI),  pp.     Formed  or  executed  with  dots. 

STIP'PLrNG,  ppr.    ForniinR  or  executing  v.'illi  dots. 

STIP'PLING,  71.  In  enirraving  and  miniature  paintings 
a  mode  of  execution  whicli  produces  tlie  etfect  hy'a 
succession  of  dots  or  small  points  instead  of  lines. 

Joceltin. 

STIP'Tie.    SeeSTvpTic. 

STIP'II-LA,  )  rr      .■      ,  ,,,     , 

STIP'ULE     \^     *-     3''7""^)  ^  straw  or  stubble.] 

In  bolany,  an  appendage  at  the  base  of  petioles. 
Stipules  are  in  pairs,  or  solitaiv;  they  are  lateral, 
extrafoliaceous,  intrafoliaceous,  '&.z.  Martijn. 

A  leafy  appendage  to  the  proper  leaves,  or  to  their 
footstalks  ;  commonly  situated  at  the  base  of  the  lat- 
ter, in  pairs.  Smitli. 
STIP-T^-La'CEOUS,  )  a.     [from   L.  stiptdit,  stipuiaris. 
STIP'U-LAR,              i      See  Stipula.] 

1.  Resembling  stipules  ;  consisting  of  stipules. 

2.  Growing  on  stipules,  or  close  to  them  ;  as,  stip- 
ular  rrlands.  Mnrttjn.     Let. 

STIP'Q-LaTE,  v.  i.  [L.  stipulor,  from  stipes,  or  from 
the  primary  sense  of  the  root,  as  in  stipn,  to  crowd  ; 
whence  the  sense  of  agreement,  binding,  niakin" 
fast.] 

1.  To  make  an  agreement  or  covenant  with  any 
person  or  company  to  do  or  forbear  any  thing ;  to 
contract;  to  settle  terms;  as,  certain  princi:s  stipu- 
lated to  assist  each  other  in  resisting  the  armies  of 
France.  Great  Britain  and  the  United  .States  .ttipu- 
lau  to  oppose  and  restrain  the  African  slave  trade. 
.■\  has  stipulated  to  build  a  bridge  within  a  given 
time.  E  has  stipulated  not  to  annoy  or  interdict  our 
trade. 

2.  To  bargain.  A  lias  stipulated  to  deliver  me  his 
horse  for  tifty  guineas. 

STIP'lI-LATE,  a.  [from  stipule.]  Having  stipules 
on  it ;  as,  a  stipulate  stalk. 

STIP'I^-La-TED,  pp.  or  a.  Agreed ;  contracted ; 
covenanted.  It  was  stipulated  'that  Great  Britain 
should  retain  Gibraltar. 

STIP'lJ-LA-TING,  jrpr.  Agreeing  ;  contracting  ;  bar- 
gaining. 

STIP-U-La'TION,  n.    [Fr.,  from  L.  stip,Jxuic.] 

1.  The  act  of  agreeing  and  covenanting ;  a  con- 
tracting or  bargaining. 

3.  An  agieement  or  covenant  made  by  one  person 
with  another  for  the  performance  or  fiirbearance  of 
some  act ;  a  contract  or  bargain  ;  as,  Ihe  stiimlations 
of  the  allied  powers  to  furnish  each  his  contingent  of 
troops. 

3.  In  botanij^thc  situation  and  structure  of  thestip- 

"les.        _  Martyn. 

STIP'lJ-L.\-TOR,  71.     One  who  stipulates,  contracts, 

or  covenants. 
STIP'tJLE,  n.     See  SripULA. 
STIP'IJL-£D,  a.    Furnished   with  etipulcs  or  leafy 

appendages.  SmitK 

bl  IK,  (stur,)  II.  (.     [Sax.  stirian,  stynan  ;  D.  stooreii  ; 

(J.  stOrcn,  to  stir,  to  disturb ;  W.  ystm-iaw.    This 

word  gives  storm  ;  Ice.  stir^  war.] 

1.  To  move  ;  to  change  jilace  m  any  manner. 

My  fuot  I  Imd  never  yet  in  five  (Uya  been  able  to  stir.     Temple. 

2.  To  agitate  ;  to  bring  into  debate. 

Stir  not  qneslions  of  Jnn'sdicUon. 

3.  To  incite  to  action 


2.  To  excite  ;  to  put  into  action  ;  to  begin  ;  as,  to 
stir  up  a  mutiny  or  insurrection  ;  to  stir  up  strife. 

3.  To  quicken ;  to  enliven  ;  to  make  more  lively 
or  vigorous  ;  as,  to  stir  up  the  mind. 

4.  To    disturb;    as,   to   stir   up  the  sediment  of 
liquor. 

STIR,  (stur,)  11.  i.    To  move  one's  self    He  is  not  able 
to  stir. 

a.  To  go  or  be  carried  in  any  manner.    He  is  not 
able  to  stir  from  linine,  or  to  .sfir  abroad. 

3.  To  be  in  motion  ;  not  to  be  still.     He  is  contin- 
ually stirring, 

4.  To  become  the  object  of  notice  or  conversation. 

They  ftuicy  Uiey  have  a  right  to  talk  freely  upon  every  lliin»  thiit 
slir*  or  tppeur..  Waua. 

5.  To  rise  in  the  morning.    [Colloquial.]      Shak. 
STIR,  (stur,)  n.     [W.ystwr.] 

1.  .Agitation;    tumult;    bustle;    noise  or  various 
movements. 

Why  nil  these  wonis,  this  clamor,  find  this  stir?         Dntham. 
nfler  so  much  stir  atxiut  the  genus  unil  sjiecies,  how 


Btuoti. 

to  instigate ;  to  prompt. 

An  Ale  stirring  him  to  blood  and  strife.  Shnl:. 

4.  To  excite  ;  to  raise  ;  to  put  into  motion. 

And  for  her  sake  some  muuny  will  tdr.  Dnjilcn. 

To  stir  up;  to  incite;  to  animate;  to  instigate  by 
inflaming  passions;  as,  to  stir  up  n  nation  to  rebel- 


lion. 

The  words  of  Jud.15  were  good,  and 
valor.  ~  2  Mace. 


to  edr  Uiem  up  to 


Considi 

few  words  have  yet  seldca  deflniljonB.  '   Loclce. 

a.  Public  disturbance  or  commotion;  tumultuous 
disorder;  seditious  uproar. 

Being  advertised  of  some  stir  rais'-Hl  hy  his  unnatural  sons  In 
Knglaod,  he  departed  from  Irelaud,  without  a  blow. 

Damxa. 

3.  Agitation  of  thoughts  ;  conflicting  passions. 

STIR'A-BOUT,  (stur'-,)  71.  A  Yorkshire  dish  formed 
of  oatmeal  boiled  In  water  to  a  certain  consistency. 

„  Malone, 

STIR'I-A-TED,  a.     [L.  stiria,  an  icicle.] 
Adorned  wif'  pendants  like  icicles. 

STIR'I-OUS,  a.  iSupra.]  Resembling  icicles.  [JVoJ 
much  used.]  Brown. 

STIRK,  (stiirk,)  H.    A  young  ox  or  heifer,     fiocai.l 

STIR'LESS,  a.    Still  without  stirring. 

STIRP,  (sturp,)  n.     [h.  stirps.] 

Stock  ;  race  ;  family.     (JVot  English.]         Bacon. 

STIR'RBD,  pp.    Aloved  ;  agitated  i  put  in  action. 

STIR'RER,  n.    One  who  is  in  motion. 

2.  One  who  puts  in  motion. 

3.  A  riser  in  the  morning.  Shak. 

4.  An  inciter  or  exciter  ;  an  instigator. 

5.  .\  stirrer  up ;  an  exciter  ;  an  instigalcr. 
STIR'RING,  ppr.    Jloving ;  agitating ;  putting  in  mo- 
tion. 

2.  a.  Active  ;  active  in  business  ;  habituallv  em- 
ployed in  some  kind  of  business ;  accusto.-nei  to  a 
busy  life. 

STIR'RING,  ji.  [Supra.]  The  act  of  moving  or  put- 
ting in  motion. 

STIR'RUP,  (stur'riip,)  ji.  [Sax.  stigc-rapa,  step-rope  ; 
stigan,  to  step,  or  ascend,  and  rap,  rope ;  G.  stei»-«l- 
gel,  step-bow,  or  mounting-bnw  ;  f>.  styg-beugd  TSw. 
Heg-biigel ;  Dan.  stigbisjle.  The  lirst  stirrups  appear 
to  have  been  ropes.] 

1.  A  kind  of  ring,  or  bending  piece  of  metal,  hori- 
zontal on  one  side  for  receiving  the  foot  of  the  rider, 
and  attached  to  a  strap  which  is  fastened  to  the  sad- 
dle ;  used  to  assist  persons  in  mounting  a  horse,  and 
to  enable  them  to  sit  steadily  in  riding,  as  well  as  to 
relieve  them  by  supporting  a  part  of  the  weight  of 
the  body. 

2.  Among  seamen,  a  rope  secured  to  a  yard,  with  a 
thimble  in  its  lower  end,  for  reeving  a  foot-ropo. 

Tottcn. 

STIR'RUP-eUP,  71.  A  parting  cup  taken  on  horse- 
back. Scott 

STIR'RUP-LE.\TH-ER,  (stur'rup-leth-er,)  71.  A  strap 
that  supports  a  stirrup. 

STITCH,  II.  t.  [G.  stieken  ;  U.  stiklten ;  Dan.  stikker  ; 
Sw.  sticka.    This  is  another  form  of  stick.] 

1.  To  sew  witli  a  back  puncture  of  the  needle,  so 
as  to  double  the  thread  ;  as,  to  stitch  a  wristband  ;  to 
sew  or  unite  together ;  as,  to  stitch  the  leaves  of  a 
book  and  form  a  pamphlet. 

2.  To  form  land  into  ridges.  J^ew  England. 
To  stiteh  up  ;  to  mend  or  unite  with  a  nee^dle  and 

thread  ;  as,  to  stitch  up  a  rent ;  to  stitch  up  an  artery. 

fViscman, 
STITCH,  71. 7'.    To  practice  stitching. 
STITCH,  71.    A  single  pass  of  a  needle  in  sewing. 

2.  A  single  turn  of  the  thread  round  a  needle  in 
knitting  ;  a  link  of  yarn  ;  as,  to  let  down  a  stitch;  to 
take  up  a  stitch. 

3.  A  land  ;  the  space  between  two  double  furrows 
in  plowed  ground.  Hallmcll. 

4.  A  local,  sharp  pain  ;  an  acute  lancinating  pain, 
like  the  piercing  of  a  needle  ;  as,  a  stitch  in  the  side. 

STITCI1'>;D,  (sticht,)  pp.  or  a.  .Sewed  with  a  back 
puncture  of  the  needle  ;  sewed  together. 

STITCH'EL,  77.    A  kind  of  hairy  wool.     [Local] 

STITCH'ER,  71.    One  that  stitches. 

STITCH'ER-Y,  n.     Needlework  ;  in  contempt.      Shak. 

STITCII'-FALL-EN,  a.  Fallen,  as  a  stitch  in  knitting. 
[.Vo(  in  use.]  Dryden. 

STITCH'ING,  jipr.  Sewing  in  a  particular  manner  ; 
uniting  with  a  needle  and  thread. 

STITCICING,  71.    The  act  of  stitching. 

2.  AVork  done  by  sewing  in  a  particular  manner. 

3.  The  forming  of  land  into  ridges  or  divisions. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.-MeTE,  PREY.-PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.-N6TE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.- 


hm 


STO 

STITCH'WORT,  n.    A  plant,  chamomile,    .^hisjcorth. 
2.  A  grassy-looking  plant,  of  the  genus  Stellarin. 

Loudon. 
STITH,  a.     [Sax.]     Strong ;  rigid.     [JVot  in  itsc] 
STITH'V,  Tt.     [Supra.    Ice.  stedia.] 

1.  An  anvil.     [Local]  Skak. 

2.  A  disejtse  in  oxen,' 

STITH'V,  V.  t.    To  forge  on  an  anvU.    [Local] 

IldlliweU. 
STTTH'Y-IXG,  ppr.    Forging  on  an  anvil. 
STIVE,  r.  t.    [See  Stufp  and  Stew.]    To  stuff  up 
clo^e.     [JVyJ  r;t  use.]  Sandtjs. 

■2.  Tn  make  hot,  snltr\%  and  close.     [JVV)(  in  -use.] 
STI' VER,  n.     [Sw.  stifce'r ;  D.  staivcr.]         [  tVotton. 
A  Dutch  com  and  money  of  account,  of  the  value 
of  two  cents,  or  about  one  penny  sterling. 
SToAK,  r.  (.     To  stop;   to  choke;  in  seamen's  tan- 

ST6AT,  n.  An  animal,  the  ermine.  This  animal  is 
called  stoat  when  of  a  reddish  color,  and  ermine  when 
white,  as  in  winter.  It  is  a  digitigrade,  carnivorous 
rnammnl,  the  Putorius  Erminea'.  Ed.  Kncyc. 

STo'€AU,  n.  [Ir.  and  Erse.]  An  attendant ;  a  wal- 
let boy.     [jVyf  Englvih^  nor  used.]  Sjienscr. 

STO€VeADE^  )  iu    [It.  stoecato,  a  thrust,  from  stocco^ 

STOe-ei'DO,  i  a  Slock  or  race,  a  rapier  or  long- 
sword  ;  Sp.  estoccuia ;  Ft.  estocadc.  This  jiives  the 
sense  of  thrusL  But  we  give  the  word  another  sig- 
n-tication,  from  st/id:,  a  post,  or  fixed  piece  of  timber. 
The  It,  stcceo  and  Eng.  stock  are  the  same  wonl.] 
1.  A  stab  ;  a  thrust  with  a  rapier.  Shak. 

9.  A  fence  or  barrier  made  with  stakes  or  posts 
planted  in  the  earth ;  a  slight  fortification.  [See 
StockadeJ 

STOC-CaDE',  v.  t.    To  fortify  with  sharpened  poslj. 

STOe-eAn'ED,p/>.    Fortified  with  posts. 

STOe-€AD'Ii\G,  ppr.    Fortifying  with  posts. 

STO-GHAS'Tie,  (sto-kas'iik,)  a.    [Gr.  fTTtix^avTiso^.] 
Conjectural ;  able  to  conjecture.     [J^ot  in  jue.] 

Bra  ten. 

STOCK,  n.  [Sax.  stoc^  a  place,  the  stem  of  a  tree  ;  G. 
stocky  a  stem,  a  staff,  a  s(K.t,  a  block  ;  D.  and  Dan. 
stok^  id. ;  Sw.  stock;  Fr.  estoe;  It.  stocco.  This  word 
coincides  with  stake,  stick,  stack;  that  wliich  is  set  or 
5xedJ 

1.  The  stem  or  main  body  of  a  tree  or  other  plant ; 
the  fixed,  strong,  firm  part;  the  origin  and  support  of 
the  branches.    Job  xiv. 

2.  The  stem  in  which  a  graft  is  inserted,  and  which 
is  its  support. 

The  cioQ  oTernil«lh  the  ttock  quite.  Bacon, 

3.  A  post ;  something  fixed,  solid,  and  senseless. 

When  all  our  f.uhets  worshiped  slocks  and  stonea.         Millon. 

4.  A  person  very  stupid,  dull,  and  senseless. 

Let's  t>?  no  stoica,  nor  no  stocks.  Skak. 

5.  The  part  of  a  tool  for  boring  wood  with  a  crank 
whose  end  rests  against  the  breast  of  the  workman. 

Otrin. 

6.  The  wood  in  which  the  barrel  of  a  musket  or 
other  firearm  is  fixed. 

7.  A  thrust  with  a  rapier.     [J^Tot  in  use.] 

8.  A  cravat  or  band  for  the  neck. 

9.  A  cover  for  the  leg.     [Obs.]     [Now  Stocking.] 

10.  The  original  progenitor;  also,  the  ract- or  line 
of  a  family  ;  tiie  progenitors  of  a  family  and  their  di- 
rect descendants  ;  lineage  ;  family.  From  what  stock 
did  he  spring .' 

Thy  mother  waa  no  godviess,  nor  thy  stock 
From  Dantanus.  Venham. 

Men  and   breUireo,  cbUdren  of  the  slock  of  Abraham.  —  Acts 
ziii, 

11.  A  fund  ;  capital ;  the  money  or  goods  employed 
in  trade,  manufactures,  insurance,  banking?,  (tc. ;  a?!, 
the  stock  of  a  banking  company  ;  the  stock  employi-d 
in  the  manufacture  of  cotton,  in  making  insurance, 
and  the  like.     Stock  may  be  individual  or  joint. 

1-2.  Money  lent  to  government,  or  property  in  a 
public  debt ;  a  share  or  shares  of  a  national  or  other 
public  debt,  or  in  a  company  debt.  The  United 
States  borrow  of  the  bank  or  of  individuals,  and  s;'ll 
stock  bearing  an  interest  of  five,  six,  or  seven  p^'r 
cent.  British  stocks  are  the  objects  of  perpetual  spec- 
ulation. 

13.  Supply  provided  ;  store.  Every  one  may  be 
charitable  out  of  his  own  stock.  So  wc  say,  a  stock 
of  honor,  a  stock  of  fame. 

Add  10  that  stock  w  hich  justly  we  bestow.  2>ryt!en. 

14.  In  agrieuttiirey  the  domestic  animals  or  beasts 
belonging  to  the  owner  of  a  farm  ;  as,  a  stodt  of  cat- 
tle or  of  j^heep.  It  is  also  used  for  the  crop  or  olhcr 
property  beloniring  to  the  farm.  Encijc. 

15.  Living  beasts  shipped  to  a  foreign  country  ;  as, 

a  brig  sailed  yesterday  with  stock  on  deck.    Tiie  cat-  {^ 
tie  are  called  also  live  stock.  .America. 

Ifi.  In  the  West  Indies,  the  slaves  of  a  plantation. 

17.  Stocks,  pi. ;  a  machine  consisting  of  two  pieces 
of  timber,  in  which  the  legs  of  criminals  ore  con- 
fined by  way  of  punishment. 

18.  The  frame  or  timbers  on  which  a  ship  rests 
while  building. 

19.  The  stock  of  an  anchor  is  the  pieco  of  limber 
into  which  the  shank  is  inserted.  Mar.  Diet. 


STO 

20.  In  book-keeping,  the  owner  or  owners  of  the 
Iifflis-  Eineyc. 

STOCK,  r.  (.  To  store  j  to  supply  ;  to  fill ;  as,  to  stock 
the  mind  with  ideas.  Asia  and  Europe  are  well 
stocked  with  inhabitants. 

2.  To  lay  up  in  store ;  as,  he  stocks  what  he  can 
not  use.  Johnson. 

3.  To  put  in  the  stocks.    [Little  used.]         Shale. 

4.  To  pack  ;  to  put  into  a  pack  ;  as,  to  stock  cards. 

5.  To  supply  with  domestic  animals ;  as,  to  stock  a 
farm. 

G.  To  supply  with  seed ;  as,  to  stock  land  with 
clover  or  herdsgrass.  .American  Farmers. 

7.  To  suffer  cows  to  retain  their  milk  for  twenty- 
four  hours  or  more  previous  to  sale. 
To  stock  up ;  to  extirpate  ;  to  dig  up. 

Edwards's  TV.  Indies. 

STOCK-ADE^  71.  [See  Stoccade.]  In  fortification 
a  sharpened  post  or  stake  set  in  the  earth. 

2.  A  line  of  posts  or  stakes  set  in  the  earth  as  a 
fence  or  barrier. 

STOCK-aDE',  v.  t.  To  surround  or  fortify  with  sharp- 
ened posts  fixed  in  the  ground. 

STOCK-aD'ED,  pp.    Fortified  with  stockades. 

STOCK-aD'ING,  ppr.  Fortifying  with  sharpened 
posts  or  stakes. 

STOCK'-BRoK-ER,  71,  [ stock  iind  broker.]  A  broker 
who  deals  in  the  purchase  and  sale  of  stocks  or 
shares  in  the  public  ftmds. 

STOCK'-DOVE,  C-duv,)  n.  [stock  and  dove.]  The 
wild  pigeon  of  Europe,  (Columba  cenas,)  long  con- 
sidered as  the  stock  of  the  domestic  pigeon,  but  now 
regarded  as  a  distinct  species.  Ed.  Enajc. 

STOCK'-FISH,  n.  [stock  and  Jish.]  Cod  dried  hard 
and  without  salt. 

STOCK-GIL'LY-FLOVV-ER,  71.  A  plant,  a  species 
of  Cheiranthus  j  sometimes  written  Stock  Julv 
Flower.  Encyc.     Fam.  of  Plants. 

STOCK'HOLD-ER,  n.  [stock  and  hold.]  One  who  is 
a  proprietor  of  stock  in  the  public  funds,  or  in  the 
funds  of  a  bank  or  other  company. 

STOCK'ING,  71.     [from  stock;  Ir.stoca;  supposed  by 
Johnson  to  be  a  corruption  of  stocken,  plural  of  stock. 
But  qu.] 
A  garment  made  to  cover  the  foot  and  Ic*g. 

STOCK'ING,  V.  (.    To  dress  in  stockings.    Dnjdcn. 

STOCK'ISH,  a.  Hard  ;  stupid  ;  blockish.  [Litde 
used.]  Shale. 

STOCK'-JOB-BER,  n.  [stock  and  job.]  One  who 
speculates  in  the  public  funds  for  gain;  one  whose 
occupation  is  to  buy  and  sell  stocks. 

STOCK'^OB-BING,  n.  The  act  or  art  of  dealing  in 
the  public  funds.  Encyc. 

STOCK'-LOCK,  n.  [stock  and  lock.]  A  lock  fixed  in 
a  wooden  case  or  frame.  Buclianan. 

STOCKS.     See  under  Stock. 

STOCK'-STILL,  a.  [stock  and  stUl]  SUll  as  a  fixed 
post  i  perfectly  still. 

Oar  preachers  stand  stock-shU  in  the  pulpit.  Anon. 

STOCK'Y,  a.  [from  stock.]  Thick  and  firm;  stout. 
A  stocky  person  is  one  rather  thick  than  tall  or  cor- 
pulent ;  one  whose  bones  are  covered  well  with  flesh, 
but  without  a  prominent  belly. 
STo'ie,  n.  [Gr.  s"w'xo(,  from  rfa,a  porch  in  Athens, 
where  the  philosopher  Zeno  taught.] 

A  disciple  of  the  philosopher  Zeno,  who  founded 
a  sect.  He  taught  that  men  should  be  free  from  pas- 
sion, unmoved  by  joy  or  grief,  and  submit  without 
complaint  to  the  unavoidable  necessity  by  which  all 
tilings  are  governed.  Enfield. 

STo'ie,         \  a.    Pertaining  to  the  Stoics  or  to  their 
STO'I€-AL,  S      doctrines. 

9.  Not  affected  by  passion ;  unfeeling;  manifest- 
ing indifference  to  pleasure  or  pain. 
STo'IG-AL-LY,  adv.    In  the  manner  of  the  Stciics  ; 
v^■ithout  apparent  feeling  or  sensibility;  with  indif- 
ffTence  to  pleasure  or  pain.  Chesterfield. 

STO'IC-AI^NESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  stoical ;  in- 

d|ffei*ence  to  pleasure  or  pain. 
STo'i-CIS.M,  n.    The  opinions  and  ma.\inis  of  tlie 
Stoics. 

2.  A  re.al  or  pretended  indifference  to  pleasure  or 
pain  :  insensibility. 
SToKE  [Sax.  stocce,  stoc,  place]  is  the  same  word  as 
Stock,  differently  applied.    It  is  found  in  many  Eng- 
lish names  of  town^. 
STC'KER,  n.    One  who  looks  after  the  fire  of  a  brew- 

Jifu-e,  or  of  a  steam-engine.  Green. 

STo'lv.A,  n.     [Gr.  ittuXt).] 

.\  long  garment,  descending  to  the  ankles,  worn 
hv  n<iii.'an  women. 
?Ti]I-E,  73rc^  of  Steal. 
SToIiE,  n.     [It.  and  It.  stola  ;  Sp.  estola.] 

I.  In  t^ie  Roman  Catholic  church,  a  long  and  narrow 
scarf,  with  fringed  extremities,  worn  by  a  priest 
arniind  the  neck,  and  crossed  over  the  breast  in  front. 

Hook. 
•r?.  [L.  stolo.]  A  sucker  ;  a  shoot  from  the  root  of  a 
[»I::!it,  by  which  some  plants   may  be  propagated. 
^Written  also  Stool.] 

Oronm  of  the  stole ;  the  first  lord  of  the  bed-cham- 
btr,  in  the  household  of  the  king  of  England, 

Brandc. 


STO 

STOL'EN,  (siai'n,)  pp,  or  a.       [from  stMl,  which 

see.] 

SCoten  wAlgn  are  sweet. — Prov.  ii, 

STOL'ID,  a.  [h.  stolidus ;  from  the  root  of  still,  gtaU 
to  set.] 

Dull ;  foolish  ;  stupid.     [jVo(  used.] 
STO-Lin'l-TY,  n.    [Supra.]     Dullnees  of  intellect; 

stupidity.     [Little  used.)  Bentley, 

STO'LON,  71.     [y,.stolo.] 

In  botany,  a  runner  or  shoot  proceeding  horizon- 
tally fnim  a  plant,  as  in  the  strawberr)'. 
STOl^O-MF'ER-OUS,  a.      [L.  stolo,  a  sucker,  and 
fero,  to  produce.] 

Producing  suckers;  putting  forth  suckers;  as,  a 
stoIoTtiffTOUS  stem.  Martyn. 

STo'MA,  V.  )  [Gr.]     In  botany,  oval  spaces  be- 

STOM',^-TA,  n.  pi.  S  twccn  the  J'ides  of  celh.  open- 
ing into  inter-celhilar  cavities  in  the  subjacent  ti>sue, 
and  bordered  by  a  rim.  Lindleu. 

STO-MAC'A-CE,  n.     [Gr.  Trof^-i  and  ravoy.J     A  fetor 

of  breath,  arising  from  ulcerated  gums.      Brande. 
STCM'Aeil,  (slum'ak,)  n.    [L.  stomachus ;   Sp,  erto- 
mago  ;  It.  stomacko  ;  Fr.  estoir.ae.] 

1.  In  animal  bodies,  a  membraneous  receptacle,  the 
principal  organ  of  digestion,  in  which  food  is  pre- 
;vired  for  entering  into  the  several  parts  of  the  body 
for  its  nourishment. 

•2.  Appetite  ;  the  <lesire  of  food  caTised  by  hunger; 
as,  a  good  slomacJi  for  roast  beef. 
[A  popular  use  oftlit  teord.] 
li.  Inclination  ;  liking.  Baanu 

He  wliich  hath  no  stomach  to  ibis  fight, 
Let  him  ilcpait.  Shak. 

4.  Anger ;  violence  of  temper. 

Stem  was  hid  loolf,  and  foil  of  stoTnach  vain.  Spen*er. 

5.  Sullenness ;    resentment;    willful    obstinacy; 

stubbornness. 

Til  is  Eorl  of  crying  proceedini:  from  pride,  obstinA^,  and  HomoA, 
the  will,  \vh(-re  the  &iuk  lies,  must  be  bent.  Lockt. 

G.  Pride ;  haughtiness. 

He  voa  a  nun 
Of  an  unbouniird  stomach,  ever  laoHng 
Hitnself  wiOi  prina-s.  Shak. 

JVote.  —  This  word,  in  all  the  foregoing  senses  ex- 
cept the  first,  is  nearly  obsolete  or  inelegant. 
STO-M'.\CH,  (stum'ak,)  r.  t.     [L.  stcmachor.] 
1.  To  resent ;  to  remember  with  anger. 
The  lion  b?gnn  to  show  his  teeth,  and  to  ttomadt  the  affrrmt. 
L'Estrange. 

Tltis  sense  is  not  used  in  .America,  as  far  as  mij  ob- 
servation eztC7ids.  In  America^  at  least  in  JWio  Eng- 
land, tJie  sense  is, 

9.  To  brook;  to  bear  without  open  resentment  or 
without  opposition.    [A"t»(  cleirant,] 

STOM'ACn,  V.  i.     To  be  angry.     [Mt  in  use.] 

Hooker. 

ST5-M'A€H-AL,  a.    [Fr.  stomacal] 

Cordial ;  helping  the  stomach.  Cotgrace, 

STOM'ACH-^D,  a.    Filled  with  resentment,     Shak. 

STOM'A-CHER,  n.  An  oni.iment  or  support  to  the 
breast,  worn  by  females.     Is.  iii.  Shak. 

STOM'AeH-FITL,  (stum'ak-,)  a.  Willfully  obstinate  ; 
stubborn;  perverse;  as,  n  stomachful  boy. 

L'Estran^e^ 

STOM'ACH-FUL-NESS,  n.  Stubbornness;  sullen- 
ness ;  p?rver=e  obstinacy. 

STO-MACH'ie,         (a.    Pertaining  to  the  stomach; 

STO-.MACH'ie-AL,  \     as,  stomachic  vessels.  Harvey. 
5.  Strengthening  to  the  stomach  ;  exciting  the  ac- 
tion of  the  stomach.  Coxe. 

STO-MACH'ie,  (sto-mak'ik,)  ti.  A  medicine  that 
strengthens  the  stomach  and  excites  its  action. 

STO.M'ACH-rXG,  p/>r.  Brooking;  bearing  without 
open  resentment. 

STOM'ACIMNG,  n.    Resentment.    yVot  in  use.] 

STO.Al'ACn-LESS,  (stum'ak-,)  a.  Being  without  a 
stomach  or  appetite.  IfalL 

STOM'ACH-OUS,  (7.  Stout;  snllen ;  obstinate.  [A'ot 
iti  nsc.]  Spenser. 

STOM'Aeil-PUMP,  n.  .A  small  pump  orsyringe  with 
a  flexible  tube,  for  drawing  liquids  from  the  stom- 
ach, or  for  injecting  ihem  into  it. 

STO.M'A€il-V,  a.    Obstinate;  sullen.        Jennings. 

STO'MA-POD,  7t.  [Gr.  trrojut,  a  mouUl,  and  .T^-ts,  a 
foot.] 

One  of  an  order  of  crustaccous  animals,  including 
the  squilla,  in  which  several  of  the  organs  of  the 
mouth  have  the  form  of  feet.  Dana. 

STOiMP;  a  vulgar  pronunciation  of  Stamp,  which 
see. 

STOXD,  n.     [forSxAKD.]    A  stop;  a  post;  a  station. 


[Obs:]     [See  Stand.] 
;T6NE,«.    -        ■       ' 


ST6N£,  n.  [Sax.  stan  ;  Goth,  staina ;  G.  stein ;  D  and 
Dan.  steen;  Sw.sten;  Dalmatian,  sztina;  Croatian, 
stine.  This  word  may  be  a  derivative  from  the  root 
of  stand,  or  it  may  belong  to  some  root  in  CIas3  Dn, 
The  primary  sense  is,  to  set,  to  fix  ;  Gr  r-i "s-] 

1.  .\  mass  of  concreted,  earthy,  or  mineral  matter. 
In  popular  lan<ruaiTe,  von.'  large  masses  of  slone  are 
called  rocks  i  small  mass^'s  are  c;dled  stones ;  and  liie 
finer  kinds,  rrravel  or  sand,  or  ffrair.s  of  sa:id.  Siojic? 
is  of  great  and  extensive  usy  in  the  construction  of 


TONE,  BflLL,  UmTE.  — AX"GER,  VI'^CIOUS.  — C  as  K ;  6  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


10S7 


KTO 

buildings  of  all  kinds,  for  walls,  fences,  piers,  abut- 
ments, arcliea,  monuments,  sculpture,  and  tlie  like. 

When  we  speak  of  the  substance  generally,  we 
use  stone  in  the  singular;  as,  a  house  or  wall  of 
stone.  But  when  we  speak  of  particular,  separate 
masses,  we  say,  a  stone,  or  tJie  stones. 

a.  A  gem  ;  a  precious  stone. 

Inestimable  «Ionej,  unvalued  Jewels.  ShaJc. 

3.  Any  thing  made  of  stone  ;  a  mirror.        Shale. 

4.  A  calculous  concretion  in  the  kidneys  or  blad- 
der; the  disease  arising  from  a  calculus. 

5.  A  testicle. 

6.  The  nut  of  a  drupe  or  stone  fruit ;  or  tlie  hard 
covoriug  inclosing  the  kernel,  and  itself  inclosed  by 
the  pulpy  pericarp.  Martyn. 

7.  In  Qrcat  Britain^  the  weight  of  fourteen  pounds. 
[8,  12,  14,  or  16.] 

[J^ot  used  in  tlie  Uifited  States,  except  in  reference  to 
Vie  riders  ofkorse<i  in  racefi.] 

8.  A  monument  erected  to  preserve  the  memory  of 
the  dead. 

Should  some  relentU'S3  0ye 
Glance;  on  Ihe  stone  whcii;  our  colil  rclicj  lie.  Pope. 

9.  It  )3  used  to  express  torpidncss  and  insensibil- 
ity ;  as,  a  heart  of  stone. 

I  have  not  yet  forgot  myself  to  stone.  Pope. 

10.  Stone  is  prefixed  to  some  words  to  qualify  their 
signification.  Thus  stone-dead  is  [lerfectly  dead,  as 
lifeiess  as  a  stone  ;  stone-still,  still  as  a  stone,  per- 
fectly still ;  stone-blind,  blind  as  a  stone,  perfectly 
blind. 

To  leave  no  stone  unturned:  a  proverbial  expres- 
sion which  signifies  to  do  eve.y  tiling  tliat  can  be 
done ;  to  use  all  practicable  means  to  effect  an  ob- 
ject. 

Meteoric  stones;  stones  which  full  from  the  atmos- 
phere, as  after  the  displosion  oi  a  meteor. 

Philosopher's  stone;  a  pretended  substance  that  was 
formerly  supposed  to  have  tlie  property  of  turning 
any  other  substance  into  gold. 
SToNE,  a.    Made  of  stone,  or  like  stone ;  as,  a  stoJie 

ji'?. 
STONE,  V.  t.     [Sax.  st^rman.] 

1,  To  pelt,  beat,  or  kill  with  stones. 

And  thpy  stoned  Stephen,  tilUnar  on  God,  and  saying,  Lonl  Jesus, 
receive  iny  apirit.  —  Acta  vli. 

9.  To  harden. 

0  perjured  woman,  thou  dost  stone  my  heart.     [Little  used.} 

Sliak. 

3.  To  free  from  stones  ;  as,  to  stone  raisins. 

4.  To  wall  or  face  witli  stones ;  to  line  or  fortify 
with  stones  ;  as,  to  stone  a  well ;  to  stojie  a  cellar. 

STo.VE'-BLrXD,  a.  [.^tone  and  blind.]  Blind  as  a 
st^iie  ;  perfectly  blind. 

SToNE'-BoR-ER,  a.  An  animal  that  bores  stones  ; 
applied  to  certain  bivalve  raollusks  whicii  form  holes 
in  rocks.  Kirby. 

ST6NE'-BoW,  71.  [stone  and  bow.]  A  cross-bow  for 
shooting  stones. 

SToNE'-BREaK,  n.  [stone  and  break;  L.  saz'if- 
raga.] 

A  plant.  Ainsworth. 

SToNE'-CHAT,  )  n.      [stone  and    chatter.]      A 

SToNE'-CHAT-TER,  i  small  bird  of  the  eastern 
continent,  the  Saxicola  rnbicola  of  Bechstein,  (Mota- 
cilla  rubicola,  Linn.)  it  is  allied  to  the  English 
robin  redbreast,  and  its  note  often  resembles  the 
knocking  together  of  two  stones. 

Jardine.     EJ.  Encyc. 

SToXE'-CoAL,  71.     Hard  coal ;  mineral  coal, 

SToNE'-CRA  V,  n.    A  distemper  in  hawks. 

SToNE'-CROP,  71.     [Sax.  stan-crop.] 

1.  A  sort  of  tree.  Mortimer. 

9.  A  low,  succulent  plant  of  the  genus  Seduni, 

growing  on  rocks  and  dry,  arid  places;  wall-pepper. 

The  stone-crop  tree  or  shrubby  grass-wort  is  of  the 

genus  Clienopodium.  Loudon.    Lee. 

STc3NE'-€UR-LEVV,  n.  A  large  species  of  the  plover 
family,  CEdicnemus  crepitans  of  Temminck.  It  fre- 
quents stony  places,  and  is  also  called  Thick-kneed 
Plover  or  Bustard,  and  Thick-Knee.      Jardine. 

SToNE'-eUT-TER,  n.  [stone  and  cut.]  One  whose 
occupation  is  to  hew  stones.  Swift. 

SToNE'-eUT-TING,  n.  The  business  of  hewing 
stones  for  walls,  steps,  cornices,  monuments,  &:c. 

SToNE'-eAT-ER,  7i.  An  animal  that  eats  stone  ; 
applied  to  certain  bivalve  mollusks  which  form  holes 
in  rocks.  Kirby. 

SToN'ED,  pp.  Pelted  or  killed  with  stones;  freed 
from  stones  ;  walled  with  stones. 

SToXE'-DEAD,  (-ded,)  a.    As  lifeless  as  a  stone. 

PToXE'-eAT-ER,  71.    An  animal  that  eats  stone. 

SToXE'-FERN,  n.     [stone  and  fern.]     A  plant. 

■Ainsworth. 

SToNE'-FLY,  n.    [stone  and  pj.]     An  insect. 

.^in-'iiDorth. 

SToNE'-FRCIT,  ti.  \.<;tone  and/ria(.]  Fruits  whose 
seeds  are  covered  H'jin  a  hard  shell  enveloped  in  the 
pulp,  as  peaches,  cherries,  plums,  iStc. ;  a  drupe. 

Boiile. 

SToXE'-HAVVK,  n.  [stone  and  hawk.^  A  kind  of 
hawk.       "  'Ainsieortli. 


STO 

S'l'dXE'-HEXUT-lOD,  )  o.     [stone  and  heart.]     Hnrd- 

STON'Y-HEART-ED,  j  hearted  ;  cruel ;  pitiless  ; 
unfeeling.  Skak. 

SToNE'HEXfiE,  71.  An  assemblage  of  upright  and 
horizontal  stones  on  Salisbury  Plain,  Eii-jlaiid  ;  gen- 
erally siipjiosed  to  be  the  remains  of  an  anci<^nt  Dru- 
idical  temple.  p.  Cyc. 

SToXE'-HORSE,  n.  [stone  and  horse.]  A  horse 
not  castrated.  Mortimer. 

SToXE'-HOUSE,  n.  [stone  and  house.]  A  house 
built  of  stone. 

SToNE'-PARS-LEY,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Bubon. 
Fam.  of  Plants. 

SToNE'-PIT,  71.  [.-^07*6  and  pit.]  A  pit  or  quarry 
where  stones  are  dug.  IVvodwurd. 

SToXE'-PITCH,  7(.  [stone  and  pitch.]  Hard,  inspis- 
sated pilch.  Bacon. 

SToXE'-PLOV-ER,  (-pluv-er,)  n.  [stone  and  plover.] 
A  bird.  Ainsjcorth. 

SToX'ER,  71.  One  who  beats  or  kills  with  stones  ; 
one  who  walls  with  stones. 

SToXE'S'-GaST,        )  H.     [stone  and  cast  or  throw.] 

SToNE'S'-THRoW,  (  The  distance  which  a  stone 
niav  \n'.  thrown  bv  the  hand. 

SToXE'.S'-MlCK-LE,  n.     A  bird.  Ainsworth. 

SToXE'-SOUaR-ER,  n.  [stone  and  square.]  One 
wjio  forms  stones  into  squares.     1  Kvis^s  v. 

SToXE'-STILL,a.  [stone  d^nd  still]  Still  as  a  stone  ; 
perfectly  still  or  motionless. 

SToNE'-WALL,  n.  [stone  and  wall]  A  wall  built 
f>r  stones. 

SToXE'-^VaRE,  n.  A  species  of  potter's  ware  of  a 
coarse  kind,  glazed  and  baked. 

SToXE'-WEED,  n.  A  troublesome  weed,  of  the 
genus  Lithospermum,  having  spear-shaped  flowers 
with  yellowish  or  milk-white  corols.  Farm.  Encyc. 

SToNE'-WORK,  (-wurk,)  n.  Work  or  wall  consist- 
ing of  stone  ;  mason's  work  of  stone.       Mortimer. 

SToX'l  NESS,  n.  [from  stony.]  The  quality  of 
abounding  with  stones;  as,  the  stonincss  of  ground 
renders  it  diiiicult  to  till. 

2.  Hardness  of  heart.  Hammond. 
SToN'IXG,  ppr.     Pelting  with  stones  ;  walling  with 

stones. 
SToX'Y,  a.     [D.  stccnig;  G.  steinig;  Sw.  steneg.] 
1.  Made  of  stone  ;  as,  a  stony  tower.  Shak. 

"    Consisting  of  stone  ;  as,  a  i^tony  cave.  Milton. 

3.  Full  of  stones;  abounding  witli  stones;  as, 
stony  ground. 

4.  Petrifying;  as,  the  6(tJH?/ dait  of  senseless  cold. 

Spenser. 

5.  Hard  ;  cruel ;  unrelenting  ;  pitiless  ;  as,  a  stony 
lieart.  Milton. 

6.  Insensible;  obdurate;  perverse;  morally  hard. 
SToX'Y-HEaRT-ED,  a.    Hard-hearted.  Scott. 
STOOD,  pret.  of  Stand. 

ST66k,  h.     [Scotch  ;  W.  ystwc,  a  sliock  of  grain.] 
A  small  collection  of  sheaves  set  up  in  the  field. 
[In  England,  a  stook  is  twelve  sheaves.] 

STOOK,  v.  t.  To  set  up  sheaves  of  grain  in  stooks. 
[Local.] 

STOOK'ING,  71.  The  act  of  setting  up  sheaves  of 
grain  in  stooks  or  shocks. 

STOOL,  n.  [Sax.  stol^  Goth,  stols,  a  seat,  a  throne  ; 
G.  stnld,  a  stool,  a  stock,  a  pew,  a  chair,  the  see  of  a 
bishop;  D.  and  Dan.  stoel,  id.;  Sw.  stol;  W.  ystaL 
This  coincides  with  stall  and  still.  A  stool  is  that 
which  is  set,  or  a  seat ;  Russ.  prestol,  a  throne.] 

1.  A  seat  without  a  back  ;  a  little  form  consisting 
of  a  board  with  three  or  four  legs,  intended  as  a  seat 
for  one  person.  Watts. 

2.  The  seat  used  in  evacuating  the  contents  of  the 
bowels;  hence,  an  evacuation;  a  discharge  from 
the  bowels. 

3.  [L.  stoh.]  The  root  or  stem  of  a  tree  or  plant 
cut  on  near  the  ground,  from  which  shoots  springup. 

Brail  de. 

Stool  of  repentance ;  in  Scotland,  an  elevated  seat  in 

the  church,  on  which  persons  sit,  as  a  punishment 

for  fornication  and  adultery ;  the  cutty-stool,  which 

see.  Johnson. 

STOOL,  V.  i.    In  agriculture,  to  ramify  ;  to  tiller,  as 

grain  ;  to  shoot  out  suckers. 
STOOL'-BALL,  n.      [stool  and   ball.]      A    play    in 

which  ball's  are  driven  from  stool  to  stool.      Prior. 
STOOiM,  V.  t.    To  put  bags  of  herbs  or  other  ingredi- 
ents into  wine,  to  prevent  fermentation.     [Local.] 

Chambers. 
STOOP,  V.  i.     [Sax.  stupian  ;  D.  stnipcn.] 

1.  To  bend  the  body  downward  and  forward  ;  as, 
to  stoop  to  pick  up  a  book. 

2.  To  bend  or  lean  forward  ;  to  incline  forward  in 
standing  or  walking.  We  often  see  men  stoop  in 
standing  or  walking,  either  from  habit  or  from  age. 

3.  To  yield  ;  to  submit ;  to  bend  by  compulsion  ; 
as,  Carthage  at  length  stooped  to  Rome.       Dryden. 

4.  To  descend  from  rank  or  dignity;  to  conde- 
scend. In  modern  days,  attention  to  agriculture  is 
not  called  stooping,  in  men  of  property. 

Where  men  of  gretil  wealth  stoop  to  husbandry,  it  muUiplielh 
riches  exceedingly.  Bacon. 

5.  To  yield  ;  to  be  inferior. 

These  are  arta,  my  prince, 
Jn  which  our  Zima  does  not  stoop  to  Rome.  Addison. 


STO 

G.  To  com'3  down  on  prey,  as  a  hawk 

Tlie  bird  uf  Jove  titooprd  froTi  hia  airy  tour, 

Two  hir'Uf  of  gaycttl  plume  Lwlorc  liitu  drove.  MUlon. 

7.  To  alii^ht  from  the  wing. 

And  etoop  witli  closing  pkiiuns  from  aboTc.  Dryden, 

8.  To  sink  to  a  lower  place. 

Coweriuff  low 
With  blandi*'ainei!ts,  each  bird  stocked  ou  hia  wing.      Milton. 

STOOP,  V.  t.   To  cause  to  incline  downward  ;  to  sink  ; 
as,  to  stoop  a  cask  of  liquor. 
2.  To  cause  to  submit.     [Little  iised.] 

STOOP,  77.  The  act  of  bending  the  body  forward  ;  in- 
clination forward. 

2.  Descent  from  dignity  or  superiority  ;  condescen- 
sion. 

C;ui  nny  loval  subject  spp 
With  patience  sikIi  a  stoop  IVorii  soveit;iguty  ?  Drydtn. 

3.  Fall  of  a  bird  on  his  prey. 
STOOP,  71.      [0.  storp,  a  step.] 

Tlio  steps  of  a  door.     In  J^eio  England,  a  stoop 
has  a  balustrade  anil  seats  on  the  sides. 
STOOP,  K.     [Sax.   stoppa;    D.  stoop,   a  measure   of 
about  two  quarts  ;  Sw.  stop,  a  measure  of  about  three 
pints.] 

1.  A  vessel  of  liquor;  a  flagon  ;  3.3,  a  stoop  of  wine 
or  ale.  Denham.     King.     Shak. 

2.  A  post  fixed  in  the  earth.  [Local.] 
STOOP' ED,  (stoopt,)  pp.  Caused  to  lean. 
STOOP'ER,  w.     One  that  bends  the  body  forward. 

Sherwood. 

STOOP'IXG,  ppr.  or  a.  Bending  the  body  forward  ; 
yielding;  submitting;  condescending;  inclining. 

STOOP'IiXG-LY,  adv.  With  a  bending  of  the  body 
forward. 

STOOR,  V.  i.  To  rise  in  clouds,  as  dust  or  smoke ; 
from  the  Welsli  vstwr,  a  stir.     [Locaf.]      HalUwell. 

STOOT'ER,  n.  A  small  silver  coin  in  Holland,  value 
2  1-2  stivers.  p.  Cyc. 

STOP,  V.  t.  [D.  stoppen;  G.  stopfen,  to  stop,  to  clieck, 
to  pose,  to  till,  to  cram,  to  st.vj}\  to  quilt,  to  darn,  to 
mend  ;  Dan.  stopper,  to  sl(pp,  to  puzzle,  to  darn,  to 
cram,  to  stuff;  Sw,  stoppa,  to  stop,  to  stuff;  It.  stop- 
pare,  to  sto])  with  tow;  stoppa,  tow,  L.  stupa;  Sp. 
estopa,  tov/  ;  estofa,  quilted  stulf ;  estofar,  to  quilt,  lo 
stew  meat  with  wine,  spice,  or  vinegar  j  Port. 
estofa,  stuff;  estofar,  to  quilt,  to  stuff;  Fr.  etuupe, 
tow  ;  etoupcr,  to  stop  witli  tow ;  etouffcr,  to  choke, 
to  stife,  (see  Stifle  ;)  L.  .•^tupa,  tow  ;  stipo,  to  stuff, 
to  crowd,  and  sfupeo,  to  be  stupefied,  whence  stupid, 
stupor,  (that  is,  to  stop,  or  a  stop  ;)  Ir.  stopam,  to  slop, 
to  shut.  The  primary  sense  is  eitlier  to  ceast-  to 
move,  or  to  staff,  to  press,  to  thrust  in,  to  craw: ;  i)rob- 
ably  the  latter.] 

1.  To  close;  as  an  aperture,  by  filling  or  by  ob- 
structing ;  as,  to  stop  a  vent ;  to  stop  the  ears  ;  to  stop 
wells  of  water.    2  Kings  iii. 

2.  To  obstruct ;  to  render  impassable  ;  as,  to  stup  a 
way,  road,  or  passage. 

3.  To  hinder;  to  impede;  to  arrest  progress;  as, 
to  stop  a  passenger  in  the  road  ;  lo  stop  the  course  of 
a  stream. 

4.  To  restrain  ;  to  hinder;  to  suspend  ;  as,  to  stop 
the  execution  of  a  decree. 

5.  To  repress;  to  suppress;  to  restrain;  as,  to  stop 
the  progress  of  vice. 

6.  To  hinder ;  lo  check  ;  as,  to  stop  the  approaclies 
of  old  age  or  infirmity. 

7.  To  Jiinder  from  action  or  practice. 

Whose  disposition,  all  the  world  well  linoWB, 

Will  not  bo  rubbed  uur  sloj-pcd.  Sfic'c. 

8.  To  put  an  end  to  any  motion  or  action  ;  to  in- 
tercept ;  as,  to  stop  the  breath  ;  to  stop  proceedings. 

9.  To  regulate  the  sounds  of  musical  strings;  as, 
to  stop  a  string.  Bacon. 

10.  In  seamanship,  to  make  fast. 

11.  To  point;  as  a  written  composition.  [JVut  in 
use.] 

STOP,  V,  i.    To  cease  to  go  forward. 

Some  strange  commotion 
Is  in  his  brain  ;  h»  Inlvn  his  lip,  and  starts  ; 
Stops  ou  a  sudden,  looks  upon  the  ground.  ShaJc. 

2.  To  cease  from  any  motion  or  course  of  action. 
When  you  are  accustomed  to  a  course  of  vice,  it  is 
very  difficult  to  stop. 

T!ie  best  time  to  stop  is  at  the  beginning.  Lesley. 

STOP,  71.  Cessation  of  progressive  motion ;  as,  to 
make  a  stop.  L'Estrange. 

2.  Hinderancc  of  progress;  obstmction j  act  of 
stopping. 

Occult  qualities  put  a  stop  to  the  improvement  of  nfitural  phi- 
losophy. Newlon. 

3.  Repression  ;  Iiinderance  of  operation  or  action. 

It  is  a  great  step  towanl  tb"  iTiatlory  of  our  desires,  lo  give  this 
stop  to  lliein.  Locke. 

4.  Interruption. 

These  stops  of  Ltins  .r.ght  me  the  more.  Shai. 

5.  Prohibition  of  pale  ■,  as,  the  stop  of  wine  and 
salt.  Temple. 

6.  That  which  i/lbtructs  ;  obstacle;  impediment. 

A  Talal  stop  iravcrsfrf  Iheir  he&dlon*  cours.?.  Daniel. 

So  melancholy  a  prospect  should  inspire  ua  with  zeal  lo  oppose 
some  stop  to  the  nsing  torrent.  Rogers. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— Ml.TE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MAKINE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.— 


STO 

7.  The  insininient  by  which  the  sounds  of  wind 
music  are  regulated  j  as,  the  stops  of  a  flute  or  an 
crapin. 

d.  Regulation  of  musical  chords  by  the  fingers. 

In  *he  (fop*  of  lutes,  the  higher  they  go,  the  less  ilistance  is 
between  the  frets.  ~  Bacon. 

9.  Th^  act  of  applying  the  slops  in  music. 

Tije  or^au-sound  s  ti^iis  surrivea  ibe  s'jyp.  Daniet, 

iO.  A  point  or  mark  in  writing,  intended  to  dis- 
tiuguish  the  sentences,  parts  of  a  sentence,  or 
clauses,  and  to  show  the  proper  pauses  in  reading. 
The  stops  generally  used  are  the  comma,  semicolon, 
colon,  and  period.  To  these  may  be  added  the 
marks  of  interrogation  and  exclamation. 

STOP'-eOCK,  n.  [stop  and  coef:.]  A  pipe  for  letting 
out  a  fluid,  stopped  by  a  turaing-cock.  Grew, 

STOP'-GAP,  n.  [stop  and  ^ap.]  A  temporary  expe- 
dient.    [JVot  used.] 

STOP'LESS,  a.    Not  to  be  stopped.     [J\V(  in  use.] 

Davenant. 

STOPPAGE,  n.  The  act  of  stopping  or  arresting 
progress  or  motion  ;  or  the  state  of  being  slopped  ;  as, 
the  stoppage  of  the  circulation  of  the  blood  ;  the  ^top- 
pa're  of  commerce. 

STOP'PED,  (stopt,)  pp.  Closed;  obstructed;  hin- 
dered from  proceeding;  impeded;  intercepted. 

STOP'PER,  M.  One  who  slops,  closes,  shuts,  or  hin- 
ders ;  that  which  stops  or  obstructs  ;  that  which 
closes  or  fills  a  vent  or  hole  in  a  vessel. 

2.  In  seameii^s  lantrua^e,  a  short  piece  of  rope  used 
for  making  something  fast,  as  the  anchor  or  cables. 
Stoppers  are  also  used  to  prevent  the  running  rigging 
from  coming  up  whilst  the  men  are  belaying  it. 

STOP'PER,  V.  t.    To  close  or  secure  with  a  stopper. 

STOPTER-£D,  pp.  or  a.  Closed  or  secured  with  a 
siop[ter  ;  as,  a  stoppered  retort.  Henry, 

PTOP'PER-IXG,  ppr.    Closing  with  a  stopper. 

STOP  PI.VG,  ppr.  Closing;  shutting;  obstructing; 
hindering  from  proceeding  ;  ceasing  to  go  or  move  ; 
puttme  an  end  to  ;  regulating  the  sounds  of. 

STOP'PLE,  (stop'pl,)  n.     [Sw.  stopp.] 

That  which  stops  or  closes  the  mouth  of  a  vessel; 
as,  a  slass  stopple :  a  cork  stopple. 

SToR'AGE,  n.  [from  store.]  The  act  of  depositing 
in  a  store  or  warehouse  for  safe  keeping;  or  the  safe 
keeping  of  goods  in  a  warehouse. 

9.  The  price  charged  or  paid  for  keeping  goods  in 
a  store. 

STo'RAX,  n.     [The  English  corruption  of  L.  stijraxj 
Gr.  crrpnj.] 
A  fragrant  resin  exuding  from  Pt>Tax  olncinalis, 

_  (Linn.,)  in  the  form  of  small,  reddisli  globules,  but 
usually  brought  to  market  in  large,  flat  masses,  of  a 
reddish-brown  color,  sof .  and  unctuous  to  the  touch, 
but  pliable  and  brittle.  Like  other  resins,  it  is  solu- 
ble ill  alcohol,  and  insduble  in  water.  When  dis- 
lilled  with  alcohol  or  water,  it  scarcely  affords  any 
oil.    In  medicine  it  is  used  as  an  expectorant. 

TuUij. 
Uqitid  storax  is  a  fragrant,  bitterish,  honey-like 
substance,  which  exudes  from  various  plants,  differ- 
ing from  storax.    It  is  used  in  medicine  as  an  expec- 
toranL 

SToRE,  71.  [\V.  yntor^  that  forms  a  bulk,  a  store  ;  Sax. 
slur;  Dan.  star;  Sw.  id.,  great,  ample,  spacious, 
main ;  Ir.  stor^  storas:  Heb.  Ch.  Eth.  and  Ar.  'iXM, 
at>(ir.     Class  Sr,  No.  39.] 

1.  A  large  number;  as,  a  store  of  years.     [Obs.] 

Ih-yden. 

2.  A  large  quantity  ;  great  plenty;  abundance;  as, 
a  stvre  of  wheat  or  provi;^iuns.  Bacon. 

3.  A  stock  provided  ;  a  large  quantity  for  supply; 
ample  abundance.  The  troops  have  great  stores  of 
provisions  and  ammunition ;  the  ships  have  stores 
for  a  long  voyage. 

[This  is  the  present  usual  acceptation  of  the  word, 
and  in  this  sense,  the  plural,  Stores,  is  commonly 
used.  When  applied  to  a  single  article  of  supply, 
it  is  still  sometimes  used  in  the  singular ;  as,  a  good 
store  of  wine  or  of  bread.] 

4.  Uuantity  accumulated;  fund;  abundance;  as, 
store.i  of  knowledge. 

5.  A  norf^house  ;  a  magazine :  a  warehouse.  Noth- 
ing can  be  more  convenient  than  the  stores  on  Cen- 
tral \Vbarf  in  Boston. 

6.  In  the  United  Slates^  shops  for  the  sale  of  goods 
of  any  kind,  by  wholesale  or  retail,  are  often  called 
stores. 

fa  store;   \n  a  state  of  accumulation,  in  a  literal 

sense;  hence,  in  a  state  of  preparation  fiir  supply;  in 

a  state  of  readiness.    Happiness  is  laid  up  m  store 

for  the  righteous ;  misery  is  ia  store  for  the  wicked. 

[See  also  Stores.] 

SToRE,  a.     Hoarded ;  laid  up ;   as,  store  treasure. 

[A*o/  m  use,] 
STORE,  r.  u    To  fumi?h ;  to  supply;  to  replenisli. 

Wae  Pliin  kiu!  ;h"  tr-jri  l  vriLh  mt-n  wa/  Stored.        Denham, 
Her  tniiA  with  thoutind  ruioes  amred.  Prior. 

2.  To  stock  against  a  future  time  ;  as  a  garrison 
well  stored  with  provisions. 

Oo2  ha^inj  mtored  s  ponj  of  ftmr  c«r*»  -yith  carp,  icftch.  and 
other  rish.  Hale. 


STO 

3.  To  reposit  in  a  store  or  warehouse  fa  preserva- 
tion ;  to  warehouse  ;  as,  to  store  goods.         Bacon, 
SToR'-ED,  pp.    Furnished;  supplied. 
2.  Laid  up  in  store  ;  warehoused. 
SToRE'HOUSE,  n.     [store  and  house.]     A  building 
for  keeping  grain  or  goods  of  any  kind ;  a  magazine ; 
a  repository  ;  a  warehouse. 

Joseph  opened  all  the  slorehomtt  and  sold  to  the  Egyptians.  — 
lieu.  xli. 

2.  A  repository. 

The  Scnplure  of  God  is  a  ttorehoute  sbountlin^  with  ioeidma.. 
ble  (rea&uresof  wisdom  ind  knowledge.  Hooker. 

3.  A  great  mass  reposited.    [JVot  in  use.]    Spenser. 
SToRE'-KEEP-ER,  7i.     [store  and  keeper.]     A  man 

who  has  the  care  of  a  store. 

SToR'ER,  n.    One  w  ho  lays  up  or  forms  a  store. 

SToRE'-ROOM,  71.  Room  in  a  storehouse  or  reposi- 
ton,-  ;  a  room  in  which  articles  are  stored. 

STORES,  71.  pi.  MUitarij  and  naval  stores  are  arms, 
ammunition,  provisions,  clothing,  &:c. 

9.  In  commercial  navigation,  the  supplies  of  differ- 
ent articles  provided  for  the  subsistence  and  accom- 
modation of  the  ship's  crew  and  passengers. 

McCulloch. 

STOR'  i?E,  71.  [Gr.]  Parental  affection  ;  tender  love ; 
that  strong,  instinctive  affection  which  animals  have 
for  their  young. 

STo'RI-AL,  a.  [from  story.]  Historical.  [JVot  in 
use.]  Chaucer. 

STo'RI-£D,  (sto'rid,)  pp.  or  a.  [from  st&rjj.]  Fur- 
nished with  stories ;  adorned  with  historical  paint- 
ings. 

Some  greedy  tninioo,  or  unperiouB  wife, 

'i'he  trophied  arches,  storied  hiiUs,  tovtuie.  Pope. 

2.  Related  or  referred  to  in  story ;  told  or  recited 
in^  history. 

STo'RI-ER,  n.  A  relater  of  stories ;  a  historian.  [JVot 
in  use.]^ 

STo'RI-Ff,  V.  t.  To  form  or  tell  stories.  [JVot  in 
use.]  Ch.  Reltg.  Jippeal. 

SToR'ING,  ppr.    Laving  up  in  a  store  or  warehouse. 

STORK,  H.     [Sax.  store  ;  Dan.  Sw.  stork.] 

A  large  bird  with  a  long,  straight,  conical  bill,  al- 
lied to  the  heron.  Tliere  are  several  species,  which  be- 
long  to  the  genus  Ciconia  of  Brisson,  (.Ardea,  Linn.) 
The  stork  is  fumed  for  its  great  affection  toward  its 
young  ;  and  the  various  species  render  important  ser- 
vices to  man  in  clearing  away  noxious  animals  and 
filth.  P.  Cm. 

STORK'S'-BILL,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Pelarguni- 
UHi.  which  see.  Ltrndon. 

STORM,  71.  [Sax.  stonn  ;  D.  Dan.  and  Sw.  storm  ;  G. 
Sturm;  W.  ysiorm ;  D.  stooren^  to  disturb  ;  W.  j/stio- 
riaw,  Eng.  to  stir.  In  Italian,  stormo  is  a  fight,  com- 
bat, a  hand,  or  troop  ;  stormire,  to  make  a  noise  :  stor- 
meggiare,  to  throng  together,  to  ring  the  alarm  bell. 
The  Italian  seems  t»»  be  from  Latin  turina.  The  pri- 
mary sense  of  storm  is,  a  rushing,  raging  or  violent 
agitation.] 

1.  The  violent  action  of  one  or  more  of  the  meteor- 
ological elements,  wind,  rain,  snow,  hail,  or  thunder 
and  lightning.  Accordinu  to  the  etymology,  the  proper 
sense  of  the  word  is,  rushmg,  violence.  It  has,  pri- 
marily, no  reference  to  a  fall  of  rain  or  snow.  But, 
asa  violent  wind  is  often  attended  with  rain  or  snow, 
the  word  stortn  has  come  to  be  used  fur  a  fall  of  rain 
or  snow  without  wind. 

O,  beat  those  storms,  and  roll  the  se-ii  in  vain.  Pop^. 

2.  A  violent  assault  on  a  fortified  place  :  a  furious 
attempt  of  troops  to  enter  and  take  a  fortified  place 
by  scaling  the  walls,  forcing  the  gates,  and  iht?  like. 

Dr7tden. 

3.  Violent  civil  or  political  commotion  ;  sedition  ; 
insurrection;  also,  clamor;  tumult;  disturbance  of 
the  peace. 

I  will  stir  up  in  England  some  Wuck  storTJts.  Skai. 

Her  sister 
Be^an  to  scold  and  m>e  up  such  a  storm,  Sfiak. 

4.  Affliction  ;  calamity  ;  distress  ;  adversity. 

A  br-tve  man  saTj'gUu*  with  the  ttonr.M  oi  fiite.  Pope. 

5.  Violence  ;  vehemence  ;  tumultuous  force. 

Hooker, 
STORM,  T.  U    To  assault ;  to  attack  and  atti-nipt  to 
take  by  scaling  the  wall:^,  forcing  eates  or  breaches, 
and  the  like  ;  as,  to  storm  a  fortified  town. 
STORM,  V.  i.     To  raise  a  tempesL  Spenser. 

2.  To  blow  with  violence ;  vnpersonally ;  as,  i£ 
stortns. 

3.  To  rase  ;  to  be  in  a  violent  agitation  of  passion  ; 
to  fume.    The  master  storms. 

STOKM'-BeAT,  a.  [storm  and  heat.]  Beaten  or  im- 
paired by  storms.  Spenser. 

STORM'T^D. pp.     Assaulted  by  violence. 

STORM'FUL,  a.     Abounding  with  storms. 

STORM'FJv'L-NESS,  ti.    Abundance  of  storms. 

Coleridtre. 

STORM'I-NESS,  ti.  Tempestuousness ;  the  state  of 
being  agitated  by  violent  winds. 

STORM'hVG,  ppr.  Attacking  with  violent  force; 
rasrins. 

STORM'-MEN'A-CING,  a.    Threatening  a  storm. 

STORM'-PET'REL,  ti.      A  name  of  certain  small. 


STO 

black  sea-birds,  often  seen,  during  storms,  flying 
swiP'y,  or  seeming  to  run  upon  the  waves.  They 
constitute  tbf  gfinus  Thala.=pidroma  o(  Vigors,  a  sub* 
division  of  the  Lmnzan  geniu  Piocdiaria. 

JVuttalL     P.  Cyc 
ST0RM'-PRE-S.5G'!NG,  a.    Frfsagmg  a  storm. 

Ilemans. 
STORM'-SaIL,  n.    A  co&rse  cr  strong  sail  used  in 

Kales  of  wind.  Qlynn. 

STOR.M'-TOSS-£D,  ( toat,)  o.    Tossed  by  slorma  or 

high  winds. 
STOR.M'-VEX-£D,  (-veit.)  a.   Harassed  with  fitorms. 

Coleridge. 
STORM'V,  a.    TempestuoiK;   agitated  with  furious 

winds;  boisterous;  as,  a  stormy  scaion;  a  etormij 

day  or  week. 

2.  Proceeding  from  violent  agitation  cr  fury;  as,  a 
stormy  sound  ;  stormy  shocks.  Addison* 

3.  Violent  ;  passionate.     [Unusual.] 
STORTH'IXG,  (ston'ing,)  ti.     [Dan.  star,  great,  and 

tinis^  court.] 

The  parliament  of  Xofway,  elected  once  in  three 
years. 
STo'RY,  TI.     [Sax.  5tor,  ster ;  It.  storia ;  L.  ktJtoria  : 
Gr.  'tcTopia.i 

1.  A  verbal  narration  or  recital  of  a  scries  of  facts 
or  incidents.  We  observe  in  children  a  strong  pas- 
sion for  hearing  starie^t. 

2.  A  written  narrative  of  a  series  of  facts  or  events. 
There  is  probably  on  record  no  story  more  interesting 
than  that  of  Joseph,  in  Genesis. 

3.  History  ;  a  written  narrative  or  account  of  past 
transactions,  whether  relating  to  nations  or  individ- 
uals. 

The  four  great  looaorchies  nuike  the  lubject  of  andent  slon/. 

Temple. 

4.  Petty  tale  ;  relation  of  a  single  incident,  or  of 
trifling  incidents.  Addison. 

5.  A  trifling  tale  ;  a  fiction  ;  a  fable ;  as,  the  story 
of  a  fairj'.  In  popular  usage,  story  is  sometimes  a 
softer  term  for  a  lie. 

6.  A  loft  ;  a  floor ;  or  a  set  of  rooms  on  the  same 
floor  or  level.  A  story  comprehends  the  distance 
from  one  floor  to  another  ;  as,  a  story  of  nine  or  ten 
feet  elevation.  Hence,  each  floor  terminating  the 
space  is  called  a  story;  as,  a  house  of  one  story,  nf 
two  stories,  of  five  stories.  The  farm-h(»uses  In  New 
England  have  usually  two  stories:  the  hou>t;s  m 
Pans  have  usually  five  stories,  a  fi-.w  have  more  ; 
those  in  London  four.  But,  in  the  United  Slates,  the 
floor  next  tlie  ground  is  the  first  story:  in  FraiH-t;  an.1 
England,  the  first  floor  or  story  is  the  second  from 
the  ground. 

_7.  A  falsehood.     [  Various  di/Uccts.]        naUiteelL 
STo'RY,  V.  u    To  tell  in  historical  relation  j  to  nar- 
rate. 

How  worthy  he  is,  I  wiU  leave  to  appear  bereailcr,  rat>,-r  'Jnn 
«tory  him  in  lufi  owo  heajia|f.  >"  -■■ 

It  is  sUmed  of  the  biaien  coluesiu  in  Rhodes,  iha:  U  ^.i- 
c'ltits  hig'h.  11'. 

[This  verb  is  ckiefiu  used  in  the  passive  partic-j.^..~, 
2.  To  range  under  one  ancther.    [Liale  usaL] 

Bentlar. 
STo'RY-IXG.  }ipr.  Telling  in  historical  relation.  ' 
STo'RY-PoST,  n.    A  vertical  post  used  to  supjwrt  a 

floor  or  superincumbent  wall. 
STo'RY-TELL-ER,  ».    [story  and  telL\    One  who 
tells  stories  ;  a  narrator  of  a  series  of  incidents  ;  aj, 
an  amusing  story-ttUer. 

2.  A  historian  ;  in  contempt.  Swift. 

3.  One  who  tells  fictitious  stories, 
STOT,  H.     [Sax.  stotte,  a  poor  horse.] 

1.  A  hor^e.     [JVot  in  ttse.]  Chaujur. 

2.  A  young  bullock  or  steer.    [SwJftsA.] 

sy.Scotu 

SToTE.     See  Stoat. 
STOU-ND,  r.  i,     [Ice.  stunde.] 

1.  To  be  in  pain  or  sorrow.     [JVot  in  use.] 

2.  Stunned.     [JVot  in  use.]     [See  .Astound.] 
STOUND,  71.    Sorrruw ;  grief.     [JVot  tn  use.] 

Speuser. 

2.  A  shooting  pain.     [JVot  in  use.]  Spenser. 

3.  Noise.     [J\'*ot  in  use,]  Spenser. 

4.  Astonishment ;  amazen»''nt.    [JVot  m  use.  i 

Gay. 

5.  Uour ;  tune ,  season.  .  Lan.  :>tu7u2.]  fAVr  in 
use,]  day. 

6.  A  vessel  to  put  smaK  beer  in.    [LoeaL] 

Hallnoeit. 
STtfUP,  (stoop,.'  n      A  fl.igun  ,  i  v<iiitl  or  lueJisurelor 

liquids.     [.S'^-rn^  '  Jamicson. 

STOUR,  n.     [Sax.  stvnan,  to  ^r.j 

A  battle  or  luumll      f  Obs.  |  Spenser, 

[Stour  signifies  a  river  :  as  in  .*'VjirVu//e. ] 
STOUT,  a.     [D.  stout,  bold,  stoUt,  stouten,  U>  push  ; 
Dan.  stbdcr,  to  push  ,  jf«(i»w,  lo  strut.    The  pranarj" 
sense  is,  to  shoot  fonvonl,  or  lu  swell.] 

1.  Strong  ;  lusty. 

A.  ttotiirr  champion  i  «Ter  handi*!  iword.  5*£*. 

2.  Bold  ;  intrepid  ;  mliaitt ;  brave- 


3.  Large  ;  bulky.    [A  popular  use  of  t\e  toonL] 


TCNR,  BiJLL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"C10US.  — €  a3  K ;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


STR 


4   Proud  ;  resolute  ;  obstinate. 

'JTie  lor:8  all  sunt!  to  clear  ibeir  cause, 

Most  r*-BoIiiwly  s!out,  Daniel. 

S.  Strong  ;  firm  ;  as,  a  stout  vessel.  Dnjden. 

PTOUT,  H.     A  cant  name  for  strong  beer.         Swifi. 

Itout^mTue''  ^'^''^'^  i  ''*    "'''''"s  '^  ^^'•"^  *""'°^- 

STOUT'-HEART-ED,  a.    Having  a  stout  heart. 

Scott. 
STOUT'LY,  adv.     Lustily ;  boldly ;  obstinately.     He 

gtotitlij  defended  himself. 
STOUT'NESS,  71,    Strength  ;  bulk. 

2.  Boldness  ;  fortitude.  Ascham. 

3.  Obstinacy  ;  stubbornness.  Skah. 
SToVE,  n.     [Sax.  stofa  ;  Sw.  Mufca  ;  D.  stoof;  It.  stu- 

fa  ;  Sp.  estiifa,  a  warm,  close  room,  a  batli,  a  rotim 
where  pilcli  and  tar  are  heated ;  estofar^  to  slew 
meat,  and  to  quilt ;  Fr.  etnve ;  G.  bailstube^  a  bagnio, 
or  hothouse  ;  stube,  a  room  ;  stuben-ofen,  a  stove  ; 
Dan.  ^tovery  to  stew  ;  stue,  a  room  ;  stue-ovn,  a  stove. 
This,  primarily,  is  merely  a  room,  a  place.  See 
Stow.] 

1.  A  hothou^se ;  a  house  or  room  artificially  warmed. 

Bacon.     Woodioard. 

2.  A  small  box  with  an  iron  pan,  used  for  holding 
coals  to  warm  the  feet.  It  is  a  bad  practice  for  young 
persons  to  accustom  themselves  to  sit  with  a  warm 
stove  under  the  feet. 

3.  An  iron  box,  cylinder,  or  fireplace,  in  which  fire 
is  made  to  warm  an  apartment.  Stoves  for  this  pur- 
pose are  of  various  forms. 

4.  An  iron  box  with  various  apartments  in  it  for 
cooking  ;  a  culinary  utensil,  of  various  forms. 

SToVE,  V.  t.  To  keen  warm  in  a  house  or  room  by 
artificial  heat ;  as,  lo' stoee  orange-trees  and  myrtles. 

Bacon. 
2.  To  heat  as  in  a  stove ;  as,  to  stove  feathers. 

ST6VE,  -pret.  of  Stave. 

STo'VER,  n.  [A  contraction  of  estover.']  Fodder 
for  cattle  ;  primarily,  fodder  from  threshed  grain  ; 
but  in  New  England,  any  kind  of  fodder  from  the 
barn  or  stack. 

SToV'IXG,  ppr.  Keeping  warm  by  the  heat  of  a 
stove,  or  by  artificial  heat ;  healing,  as  in  a  stove. 

STOW,  r.  t.  [Sax.  stow,  a  place,  a  fixed  place  or  man- 
sion ;  G.  stauen,  D.  stuwen,  Dan.  stuver^  to  stow,  to 
place;  Sp.  and  Port.  Ci^fuar,  id.,  coinciding  with  L. 
stipo,  to  crowd,  to  sti/j?";  Sp.  estiva,  a  rammer;  L. 
stiva,  the  handle  of  a  plow.  The  sense  is,  lo  set  or 
throw  down,  from  the  more  general  sense  of  throw- 
ing, driving.] 

1,  To  place  ;  to  put  in  a  suitable  place  or  position  ; 

stow  bags,  bales,  or  casks  in   a  ship's  hold  ;  to 
ly  in  a  mow  ;  to  stow  sheaves.    The  word  has 
reference  lo  the  placing  of  many  things,  or  of  one 
thing  ainiiiig  many,  or  of  a  mass  of  things. 

2.  To  lay  up  ;  to  reposit. 

StuWy  in  names,  signifies  place,  as  in  Barstow. 

To  stow  the  hold  of  a  vessel ;  to  stow  or  arrange  ar- 
ticles in  the  hold.  Totten. 
STOWAGE,  n.  The  actor  operation  of  placing  in  a 
suitable  position  ;  or  the  suitable  disposition  of  sev- 
eral ihlncs  tosether.  The  stoicairc  of  a  ship's  cargo 
to  advanlage,  requires  no  little  skill.  It  is  of  great 
consequence  to  make  good  stoica^e. 

[  TiiUi  if  the  principal  iise  of  ike  7V07'd.] 

2.  Room  for  the  reception  of  things  to  be  reposited. 

In  ^vpry  vfssel  there  is  stoioage  for  immense  IreuEures.  Addison. 

3.  The  stale  of  being  laid  up.  I  am  curious  to 
have  the  plate  and  jewels  in  safe  stowase. 

4.  Monev  paid  for  stowing  goods.     [Little  used.'] 
ST5W£D,  (stode,)  pp.     Placed  in  due  position  or  or- 
der ;  reposited. 

STOVV'ING,  ppr.     Placing  in  due  position;  disposing 

in  2(io(l  order. 
STRa'BISM,  \n.       [L.   strabismus^   from    straha^ 

STRA-BIS'MUS,  (      strabn^  a  squint-eyed  person.] 
A  nf>n-coincidence  of  the  opiic  axes  of  the  eyes 

upoTi  an  object,  occasioned  by  a  permanent  lenglh- 

enins  of  one  of  the  lateral  muscles  of  the  ball  of  the 

eye,  and  a  permanent  shortening  of  its  antagonist. 
A  squinting  ;  the  act  or  habit  of  looking  asquint. 
STRAD'DLE,  p.  i.      [from  the  root  of  stride;  Sax. 

stredaii,  to  scatter.] 
To  part  the  legs'wide  ;  to  stand  or  walk  with  the 

legs  far  a[tart. 
STRAD'DLE,  v.  t.    To  place  one  leg  on  one  side  and 

the  tittier  un  the  other  of  any  thing  ;  as,  to  straddle  a 

fence  or  a  horse. 
STRAD'DLING,  ppr.    Standing  or  walking  with  the 

less  far  apart ;  placing  one  leg  on  one  side  and  the 

other  on  the  other. 
STRAG'GLE,  (strag'l,)  v.  i.     [This  word  seems  to  be 

f.irmed  on   the  root  of  stray.     In  Sax.  stra:gan  is  to 

strew,  to  spread  ;  D.  strekken,  to  stretch;  G.  streickcn, 

to  pass,  lo  migrate;  W.  treiglaw,  to  turn,  revolve, 

wander.] 

1.  To  wander  from  the  direct  course  or  way  ;  to 
rove.  When  troops  are  on  the  march,  let  not  the 
men  stragfrle. 

2.  To  wander  at  large  without  any  certain  direc- 
tion or  object ;  to  ramble. 

Tlie  wolf  spieu  a  straggling  kid.  L'Eslrange, 


STR 

3.  To  exuberate  ;  to  shoot  too  far  in  growth. 
Prune  tlie  stragg-lin^  branches  of  the  hedge. 

JMurtimer. 

4.  To  be  dispersed ;  to  be  apart  from  the  main 
body. 

They  came  between  Scylla  and  Charybdis  and  the  elraggling 
rocks.  Ralegh. 

STRAG'GLER,  n.  A  wanderer ;  a  rover ;  one  that 
departs  from  the  direct  or  proper  course ;  one  that 
rambles  without  any  settled  direction.  Swift. 

2.  A  vagabond  ;  a  wandering,  shiftless  fellow. 

3.  Something  that  shoots  beyond  the  rest,  or  too 
far. 

4.  Something  that  stands  by  itself. 
STRAG'GLING,   ppr.  or  a.      Wandering;    roving; 

rambling  ;  being  in  a  separate  position. 

STRAHL'STEm,  n.     [G    straM,  a  beam  or  gleam, 
and  stciiiy  stone.] 
Another  name  of  actinolite.  Ure. 

STRAIGHT,  (strate,)  a.  [L.  strlctus,  from  stria  go ; 
Sax.  strac ;  formed  from  the  root  of  reach,  stretch, 
right,  L.  rectus^  G.  recht^  Fr,  ctroit,  It.  strctto,  in 
which  the  palatal  letter  is  lost ;  but  the  Spanish  re- 
tains it  in  estrecko,  estrechar.  It  is  lost  in  the  Port. 
estreito.  It  is  customary  to  write  straight  for  direct 
or  right,  and  strait  for  narrow,  but  this  is  a  practice 
wholly  arbitrary,  both  being  the  same  word.  Strait 
we  use  in  the  sense  in  which  it  is  used  in  the  south 
of  Europe.  Both  senses  proceed  from  stretching, 
straining.] 

1.  Right,  in  a  mathematical  sense;  direct;  pass- 
ing from  one  point  to  another  by  the  nearest  course  : 
not  deviating  or  crooked;  as,  a  straight  line;  a 
straight  course  ;  a  straight  piece  of  timber. 

2.  Narrow  ;  close  ;  tight ;  as,  a  straight  garment. 
[See  Strait,  as  it  is  generally  written.] 

3.  Upright ;  according  with  justice  and  rectitude  ; 
not  deviating  from  truth  or  fairness. 

STRAIGHT,  (strate,)  adv.  Immediately  ;  du-ectly ;  in 
the  shortest  time. 

I  know  thy  generous  temper  woll ; 
riing  but  th'  appeantnce  of  dishonor  on  il, 
It  slraighl  takes  fire,  and  mounts  into  a  blaze.  Addison, 

STRaIGHT'-EDGE,  n.  A  small  board  or  piece  of 
metal  having  one  edge  perfectly  straight;  used  to 
ascertain  whether  a  surface  is  perfectly  plain. 

STRAIGHT'EN,  (strat'n,)  v.  t.  To  make  straight ;  to 
reduce  from  a  crooked  to  a  straight  form.    Hooker. 

2.  To  make  narrow,  tense,  or  close  ;  to  lighten. 

3.  To  reduce  to  difficulties  or  distress. 
STRaIGHT'£N-£D,  -pp.     Made  straight ;  made  nar- 
row. 

STRaIGHT'£N-ER,  71.  He  or  that  which  straight- 
ens. 

STRAIGHT'£N-ING,  jypr.  Making  straight  or  nar- 
row. 

STRAIGHT'FoRTH,  adv.    Directly  ;  henceforth. 

STRaIGHT-FOR'WARDjQ.  Proceeding  in  a  straight 
course  ;  not  deviating. 

STRAIGHT-FOR'WARD-NESS,  71.  Direction  in  a 
straight  course  ;  undeviating  rectitude. 

STRAIGHT' LIN-ED,  a.     Having  straight  lines. 

STRAIGHT'LY,  ado.    In  a  right  line ;  not  crookedly. 
2.  Tichtiv  ;  closely. 

STRaIGHT'NESS,  n.  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
straight ;  rectitude.  Bacon. 

2.  Narrowness  ;  tension  ;  tightness. 

STRAIGHT'-PIGHT,  (strate'pUe,)  a.  Literally, 
straight-fixed  ;  erect.  Shak. 

STRAIGHT'WAY,  adv.  [straight  and  way.]  Imme- 
diately ;  without  loss  of  time ;  without  delay. 

He  took  Uie  damsel  by  the  hand,  and  said  lo  her,  Talitlia  cumi. 
And  slraighlimy  the  damsel  arose.  —  Mark  v. 

[Str^iohtways  is  obsolete.] 

STRAIKS,  H.  pi.  Strong  plates  of  iron  on  the  circum- 
ference of  a  cannon  wheel,  over  the  joints  of  the 
fellies. 

STRAIN,  V.  U  [Fr,  etreindre  ;  It.  strignere ;  Sp.  es- 
trcnir :  L.  stringo.  This  word  retains  its  original 
signification,  to  stretch.  Strain  is  the  L.  stringoj  as 
straight  is  strictits,  in  different  dialects.] 

1.  To  stretch  ;  to  draw  with  force  ;  to  extend  with 
great  effort;  as,  lo  strain  a  rope;  to  strain  the 
shrouds  of  a  ship;  to  strain  the  cords  of  an  instru- 
ment. 

2.  To  cause  to  draw  with  force,  or  with  excess  of 
exertion  ;  to  injure  by  pressing  with  too  much  ef- 
fort. He  strained  his  horses  or  his  oxen  by  overload- 
ing them. 

3.  To  stretch  violently  or  by  violent  exertion  ;  as, 
to  strain  the  arm  or  the  muscles. 

4.  To  put  lo  the  utmost  strength.  Men  in  desper- 
ate cases  will  strain  themselves  for  relief. 

5.  To  press  or  cause  to  pass  through  some  porous 
substance  ;  to  purify  or  separate  from  extraneous 
matter  by  filtration;  to  filler;  as,  to  strain  milk. 
Water  may  be  strained  through  sand. 

Bacon.     Jirhuthnot. 
C.  To  sprain  ;  to  injure  by  drawing  or  stretching. 

PrudeB  decayed  about  may  track, 

Strain  their  necks  with  looking  back.  Swift. 

7.  To  make  tighter ;  to  cause  to  bind  closer. 

To  elrain  his  fellers  with  a  stricter  care.  Dryden. 


STR 

8.  To  force ;  to  constrain ;  to  make  uneasy  or  un- 
natural. 

Ills  mirtli  it  forced  acd  strained.  DenbJiTn. 

STRAIN,  V.  i.    To  make  violent  efforts. 


To  build  his  fortune  I  will  drain  a  litUc. 
Strairiitig  wiih  too  weak  a  win". 


Shak. 
Pope. 


2.  To  be  filtered.  Water  straining  through  sand 
becomes  pure. 
STRAIN,  71.  A  violent  effort ;  a  stretching  or  exertion 
of  the  limbs  or  muscles;  the  force  exerted  on  any 
material  tending  to  disarrange  or  destroy  the  cohe- 
sion of  its  parts. 

2.  An  injury  by  excessive  exertion,  drawing  or 
stretching.  Grew. 

3.  Style  ;  continued  manner  of  speaking  or  wri- 
ting; as,  the  genius  and  strain  of  tlie  book  of  Prov- 
erbs. Tillot^on. 

So  we  say,  poetic  strains,  lofty  strains. 

4.  Song ;  note ;  sound  ;  or  a  particular  part  of  a 
tune. 

Their  heavenly  harps  a  lowi-r  strain  be^n.  Dryden, 

5.  Turn ;  tendency  ;  inborn  disposition. 

Because  heretics  have  a  etr<un  of  madness,  he  applied  Iirr  with 
some  corporal  chaitisemeiits.  Hayieard, 

6.  Manner  of  speech  or  action. 

Such  take  too  high  a  strain  al  first.  Bacon. 

7.  Race ;  generation ;  descent. 

He  is  of  a  noble  strain.    [Not  in  use.]  Shak, 

8.  Hereditary  disposition. 

lutemperfince  and  lost  breed  diseases,  which,  propaffatcd,  spoi' 
the  strain  of  a  nalion.     [Not  in  use.]  TUlolBon, 

9.  Rank;  character.     [JVotin  use.]         Dryden. 
STRAIN'A-BLE,  a.    Capable  of  being  strained.  [JVot 

m  use.]  Bacon, 

STRaTN'jEHD,  pp.  or  a.      Stretched  ;  violently  exerts 

ed ;  filtered. 
■  STRaIN'ER,  71.  That  through  which  any  liquid  passes 

for  purification;  an  instrument  for  filtration. 
STRAIN'ING,  ppr.     Stretching;    exerting  with  vio- 
lence; making  great  efforts;  filtering. 
STRAIN'ING,  n.    The  act  of  stretching;  the  act  of 

filtering ;  filtration. 
STRaINT,  71.    A  violent  stretching  or  tension.    [J^ot 

in  iLse,]  Spenser. 

STRAIT,   (strate,)  a.      [See   Stbs.ight.]      Narrow  ; 

close ;  not  broad. 

Strait  is  Ihe  g^le,  and  narrow  is  the  way  tliat  leadeth  to  life,  and 
few  there  be  that  find  it.  —  Matt.  vii. 

2.  Close  ;  intimate ;  as,  a  strait  degree  of  favor. 

Sidney. 

3.  Strict ;  rigorous. 

He  now,  forsooth,  lakes  on  him  lo  reform 

Some  certain  edicts,  and  some  strait  decrees.  SliaJ:. 

4.  Difficult;  distressful. 

5.  Straight ;  not  crooked. 

STRAIT,  71,  [See  Straight.]  A  narrow  pass  or 
passage,  either  in  a  mt»untam  or  in  Ihe  ocean,  be- 
tween continents  or  other  portions  uf  land  ;  as,  tlie 
straits  of  Gibraltar;  Ihe  straits  of  Magellan;  the 
straits  of  Dover.  [In  this  seju<e,  the  plural  is  rnore  gen- 
erally 7tscd  than  the  singular,  and  often  without  any  ap- 
parent reason  or  propriety.] 

2.  Distress;  difficulty;  distressing  necessity;  for- 
merly written  Stueight.  [Used  either  in  Die  singu- 
lar or  plural.] 

Let  no  man,  who  owns  a  Providence,  become  deqjcnile  ntidcr 

any  calamity  or  strait  whu(soev(.'r.  South. 

tJlysSf-s  madi"  use  of  tbp  preicnsf  of  natural  infirmity  to  conceal 
the  straits  he  was  in  al  that  time  in  hia  thoughts,     Broome. 

STRAIT,  V.  t.    To  put  to  difficulties.     [JVot  in  use.] 

Shak. 
STRaIT'£N,  (strSt'n,)  i\  (.    To  make  narrow. 

In  narrow  circuit,  straitened  by  a  foe.  Milton. 

2.  To  contract ;  to  confine  ;  as,  to  straiten  the  Brit- 
ish commerce.  .Bdthsim. 

3.  To  make  tense  or  tight ;  as,  to  straiten  a  cord. 

Dunciad. 

4.  To  distress  ;  to  perplex ;  to  press  with  poverty 
or  other  necessity  ;  as,  a  man  straitened  in  his  cir- 
cumstances. 

5.  To  press  by  want  of  sufficient  room. 

Waters,  when  straitened,  as  al  the  falls  of  bridge*,  give  a.  roar- 
ing' noise.  Jiacon. 

STRAIT'£N-£D,  pp.  Made  narrow;  contracted; 
perplexed. 

STRAIT'-HAND-ED,  a.  [strait  and  hand.]  Parsi* 
monious  ;  sparing  ;  niggardly.     [JVoi  much  vsrd.] 

STRAIT'-HAND'ED-NESS,  71.  Niggardliness  ;  par- 
simony. IlaU. 

STRAIT'-LaC-£D,  (-laste,)  a.    Griped  with  slays. 

Wc  have  few  weJi-shaped  tint  are  strait-laced,  Locke, 

2.  Stiff;  constrained.    Hence, 

3.  Rigid  in  opinion  ;  strict. 
STRaIT'I.Y,  adv.    Narrowly  ;  closely. 

2.  Strictly ;  rigorously.  [For  this,  Strictly  is  now 
used.] 

3.  Closely  ;  intimately. 

STRAIT'NESS,  7i.  Narrowness;  as,  the  straUncss  o^ 
a  place ;  straitness  of  mind  ;  strakness  of  circum- 
stances. Bacon. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MeTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARYNE,  BIRD.  — NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.- 


STR 

2.  Strictness;  rigor;  as,  the  straitness of  a  man's 

proceedings.  Shak. 

3.  Distress ;  ditnculty ;  pressure  from  necessity  of 
any  kind,  particularly  from  poverty. 

4.  Want;  scarcity;  or  rathernarrowneas ;  as,  the 
strai'nc~s:s  of  the  conveniences  of  life.  Locke 

STRaIT'-\VaIST-€oAT,  )  n.    An  apparatus  to  con- 
STRaIT'^ACK-ET,  j      fine  the  limbs  of  a  dis- 

tracted person. 
STKaKE,  pret.  of  Strike.     [Obs.]     [See  Strike-] 
STRaKE,  «.     [Sp.  straca.] 

1.  A  streak.     [Not  used,  unless  in  reference  to  the 
range  of  planks  m  a  ship's  side.]     [See  Streak.] 
3.  A  narrow  board.     [JVot  used.] 
3.  Tlie  iron  band  of  a  wheel.     [In  the  United 
States,  this  is  called  a  band^  or  the  tire  of  a  wheel.] 
STRAM,  c.  L      [Dan.  stranuaer,  to  stretch,  to  spread.! 
To  spread  out  the  limbs ;  to  sprawl.     [Local  and 
vulgar.] 
STR  AM'ASH,  r.  U     [It.  stramazzare.] 

To  strike,  bt-at,  or  hang;  to  break;  to  destroy. 
[Local  and  Bulbar.]  Orose. 

STRA-MIN'E-OXTS,  a.    [L.  stratnineusj  from  strameiij 
straw.] 

1.  Strawy;  consisting  of  straw.  Robinson. 

2.  Chaffv  ;  like  straw  ;  lisht.  Burton. 
STRA-Mo'NI-U-M,  I  tu       The    thorn-apple,    Datura 
STRAM'0-NV,        J      Stramonium,  whose  seeds  and 

leaves  are  used  in  medicine. 
STRAXD,  n.      [Sax.  strand;    G.  D.   Dan.  and  Sw. 
strand.] 

1.  The  shore  or  beach  of  the  sea  or  ocean,  or  of  a 
large  lake,  and  perhaps  of  a  navigable  river.  It  is 
never  used  of  the  bank  of  a  small  river  or  pond.  The 
Dutch  on  the  Hudson  apply  it  tea  landing-place;  as, 
the  strand  at  Kingston. 

2.  One  of  the  twists  or  parts  of  which  a  rope  is 
composed.    [Russ.  strunaj  a  cord  or  string.] 

Xlar.  Diet. 
STRAXD,  V.  i.    To  drive  or  run  aground  on  ashore 
or  strand,  as  a  ship. 
2.  To  break  one  of  the  strands  of  a  rope. 

Jilar.  Diet. 
STRAXD,  V.  L    To  drift  or  be  driven  on  shore;  to  run 

aground  :  as,  a  ship  strands  at  high  water. 
STRAXD'ED,  pp.   or  a.    Run  ashore. 

2.  Having  a  strand  broken. 
STR.AND'IXG,  j?pr.      Running  ashore;    breaking  a 

strand. 
STRAXG,  a.  Strong.  [JWriA  of  England,]  HallimdL 
STRaXCE,  a.  [Yt.  etrange;  It.  stra:io,  strange,  for- 
eign, pale,  wan,  rude,  unpolite  ;  stramire^  to  alien- 
ate, to  remove,  to  abuse ;  straniare^  to  separate  ;  Sp. 
fiiraiio,  foreign,  extraneous,  rare,  wild  ;  L.  extraneus  ; 
\X.  estroneiz,  strange  ;  estrawn,  a  stranger.  The  pri- 
mary sense  of  the  root  tran^  is  to  depart,  to  proceed  ; 
\V.  traicn,  over;  traw^  an  advance  or  distance.] 

1.  Foreign  ;  belonging  to  another  country. 

1  do  not  contemn  the  knowledge  of  atrange  and  divere  tongTiea. 
[Thii  serue  ia  nearly  obsoUu.]  Ascham. 

9.  Not  domestic;  belonging  to  others. 

So  she,  impatient  her  own  faulLs  to  see, 

Tumc  from  herself,  and  ia  strange  Ihinjs  delighU.      Davies. 
f.Yfan'y  obsolete.] 

3.  New  ;  not  before  known,  heard,  or  seen.  The 
former  custom  was  familiar  ;  the  latter  was  strange 
to  them.     Hence, 

4.  Wonderful;  causing  surprise;  exciting  curios- 
ity. It  is  strange  that  men  will  not  receive  improve- 
ment, when  it  is  shown  to  be  improvement. 

Sated  at  length,  erelong  I  ml^ht  perceive 

Slrange  alieiaxioa  in  mc.  AtUion. 

5.  Odd;  unusual;  irregular;  not  according  to  the 
common  way. 

He'«  slrange  and  pecTish.  Shab, 

6.  Remote.    [Little  used.]  Skak. 

7.  Uncommon ;  unusual. 

Thii  made  Da?id  to  admire  the  law  of  God  at  tluit  strange  nite. 

TilloUon. 

8.  Unacquainted. 

Thcj  wen;  now  at  a  gage,  looldn*  strange  at  one  another. 

Bacon, 

9.  Strange  ia  sometimes  uttered  by  way  of  excla- 
mation. 

Slrange  I  what  extrrmes  aboold  thas  preserve  the  snow 
Uigh  on  the  Alps,  or  in  deep  caves  below.  Waaler. 

This  is  an  elliptical  expression  for  it  is  strange. 
A  strange  sail ;  among  seamen^  an  unknown  ves- 
sel. 
STR.\NGE,r.  U    To  alienate;  to  estrange.     [JVoi  in 

use,] 
STEaNGE,  v.  L    To  wonder;  to  bo  astonished.    [JWi 
in  itse.]  Qlanv'dle. 

2.  To  be  estranged  or  alienated.    [JV'o(  ia  use.] 
STRAX0E'-LgOK-ING,a.    Having  an  odd  or  unu- 

ser-l  Ifx.li. 
STRANG E'LY,a<f».    With  some  relation  to  foreign- 
ers.    \^Obs.]  Slide. 

2.  Wonderfully  ;  in  a  manner  or  degree  to  excite 
surprise  or  wonder. 

How  atrangety  active  are  th?  arts  of  peac«  !  Dnjden. 

It  woulJ  $:rc.ngely  delight  you  to  tee  with  what  spirit  Tie  con. 
vera^s.  Lav>. 


STR 


STR 


STRaN6E'NESS,  n,    Foreignnesa;   the  state  of  be- 
longing to  another  countr>'. 

If  I  will  ob^^y  the  gospel,  no  distance  of  place,  no  atrangeneta  of 
couolry,  can  malie  any  man  a  sinuigcr  to  me.  Sjrrat. 

9.  Distance  in  behavior ;  reserve ;  coldnesa ;  for- 
bidding manner. 

Will  you  not  observe 
The  strangenets  of  his  altered  countenaDce  ?  i 

3.  Remoteness  from  common  manners  or  notions ; 
uncouthness. 

Men  wordiicr  than  hiinself 
Here  tend  the  savage  strangeness  he  puta  on.  Shak, 

4.  Alienation  of  mind;  estrangement;  mutual 
dislike 

This  raigh:  seem  a  meaus  to  cotitinue  a  strangeneia  between  the 

two  nations.  Bacon. 

[  This  sense  is  obsolete  or  little  used.] 

5.  Wonderfulness;  the  power  of  exciting  surprise 
and  wonder;  uncommonness  that  raises  wonder  by 
novelty. 

This  raised  greater  tumults  in  the  hcarU  of  men,  than  the 
strangeness  and  seeming  unrcaaouablenesa  of  oU  the  former 
articles.  ^outh. 

STRaN'OER,  n.     [Fr.  etranger.] 

1.  A  foreigner;  one  who  belongs  to  another  coun- 
try. Paris  and  London  are  visited  by  strangers  from 
all  the  countries  of  Europe. 

2.  One  of  another  town,  city,  state,  or  province,  in 
the  same  country.  The  Commencements  in  Amer- 
ican colleges  are  frequented  by  multitudes  o£  stran- 
gers from  tJie  neighboring  towns  and  states. 

3.  One  unknown  The  gentleman  is  a  stranger 
to  me. 

4   One  unacquainted. 

My  child  is  yet  a  stranger  to  the  world.  Shak. 

I  was  no  stranger  to  Oil-  originaj.  Dryden. 

5.  A  guest ;  a  visitor.  JilUton. 

6.  One  not  admitted  to  any  communication  or  fel- 
lowship. 

^lelona  on  beds  of  ice  are  taught  to  bear, 

And  strangers  to  the  Bun  yet  ripen  here.  Granville. 

l._  In  laic,  one  not  privy  or  party  to  an  act. 
STRaN'GER,  v.  U    To  estrange ;  to  alienate.     [JVoi 

in  use.  ]  Shale. 

STRAN^'GLE,  (strang'gl,)  v,  U     [Fr.  etrangleri   It. 

stranarolare ;  L.  strangulo.] 

1.  To  choke  ;  to  simbcate  ;  to  destroy  life  by  stop- 
ping respiration. 

Our  Saioo  ancestors  compelled  the  adultereaa  to  strangle  her- 
self. Ayli^e. 

2.  To  suppress ;  to  hinder  from  birth  or  appear- 
ance. Shak. 

STRAN"GLE-A-BLE,  (strang'gl-a-bl,)  a.  That  may 
be  strangled.  Chesterfield. 

STRAN"GLED,  pp.  or  a.  Choked ;  suffocated ;  sup- 
pressed. 

PTRAN^GLER,  71.    One  who  strangles. 

STRAN"GLES,  C-glz,)  n.  Swellings  in  a  horse's 
throat. 

STRAN"GLING,  jJiir.  Choking;  suffocating;  sup- 
pressing. 

STRAN"GLrNG,  n.  The  act  of  destroying  life  by 
stopping  respiration. 

STRAN"GU-La-TED,  (strang'gu-lS-ted,)  a.  In  A-ar- 
^en/,  ha\'ing  the  circulation  stopped  in  any  part  by 
compression.  A  hernia  is  said  to  be  strangulated^ 
when  it  is  so  compressed  as  to  obstruct  the  circula- 
tion in  the  part,  and  cause  dangerous  symptoms. 

Cijc. 

STRAN"GU-La'TION,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  strangu. 
latio.] 

1.  The  act  of  strangling  ;  the  act  of  destroying 
life   by   stopping  respiration ;    suffocation. 

Wiseman. 

2.  That  kind  of  suffocation  which  is  common  to 
women  in  hysterics  ;  also,  the  compression  of  the  in- 
testines in  hernia,  so  as  to  suspend  the  circulation  in 
the  part.  Cyc. 

STRAN-Gu'RI-OUS,  (z.  Laboring  under  Etrangur>-; 
of  the  nature  of  strangury;  denoting  the  pain  of 
strangury.  Chcyne. 

STRAN"GU-RY,  71.    [L.  stramg^iria;  Gv.crpayyovpia; 
crpay^^  a  drop,  and  ovooi't  urine.] 
A  painful  and  slillatitious  discharge  of  urine. 

STRAP,  Ti.  [D.  strop  J  a  rope  or  halter;  Dan.  and  Sw. 
strop;  Sa.x.  stropp  i  h.  strupns.  Strap  and  strop  ap- 
pear to  be  from  stripping^  and  perhaps  stripe  also ;  all 
having  resemblance  to  a  strip  of  bark  peeled  from  a 
tree.] 

1.  A  long,  narrow  slip  of  cloth  or  leather,  of  vari- 
ous forms  and  for  various  uses ;  as,  the  strap  of  a 
shoe  or  boot ;  straps  for  fastening  trunks  or  other 
baggage,  for  stretching  limbs  in  surgery,  &c. 

2.  A  piece  of  leather  prepared  for  sharpening  a 
razor ;  a  strop. 

3.  In  botany,  the  flat  part  of  the  corollet  in  ligulate 
florets;  also,  the  leaf  exclusive  of  its  sheath  in  some 
grasses,  Martyn. 

4.  An  iron  plate  for  connecting  two  or  more  tim- 
bers, into  which  it  is  screwed  by  bolts.  Oicili. 

5.  A  piece  of  rope  formed  into  a  circle,  used  to  re- 
tain a  block  in  its  position.  Totten. 


I  STRAP,  V.  t.    To  beat  or  chastise  with  a  strap. 
9.  To  fasten  or  bind  with  a  strap. 
3.  To  rub  on  a  strap  for  sharpening,  as  a  razor. 
STRAP-Pa'DO,  n.    [It.  straiipata^  a  pull,  strappado, 
strappare,  to  pull.] 

A  military  punishment  formerly  practiced.  It  con- 
sisted in  drawing  an  offL-nder  to  the  top  of  a  beam, 
and  letting  him  fall,  by  which  means  a  limb  waa 
sometimes  dislocated.  Shak. 

STRAP-Pa'DO,  c.  f.    To  torture.  Milt^m. 

STR.\P'p£D,  (strapt,)  pp.     Drawn  or  rubbed  on  a 

strap  ;  beaten  with  a  strap  ;  fastened  with  a  strap. 
oTRAP'PING,  ppr.    Drawing  on  a  strap,  as  a  razor. 

2.  Binding  with  a  strap. 

3.  a.  Tall  ;  lusty  ;  as,  a  strappin-r  fellow. 
STRAP'-SHaP-£D,  (-9hipt,)a.    Shaped  like  a  strap. 

In  botany,  ligulate. 
STR  ASS,  n.    A  colorless  glass,  which  is  the  base  of  all 

artificial  gems,  and  consists  chiefly  of  silex,  potash, 

borax,  and  oxyd  of  lead.  Ure, 

STRA'TA,n.  pi.     [See  Stratum.]     Beds;  layers;  as, 

strata  of  sand,  clay,  or  coal. 
STRAT'A-GEM,  71.    [L.  stratagema:  Fr.  stratagenu; 

It.  stratagemma  ;  Gr.  aToar7)yj}fia,  from  CToari)yeti}f 

to  lead  an  army.] 

1.  An  artifice,  particularly  in  war;  a  plan  or 
scheme  for  deceiving  an  enemy.  Shak. 

2.  Any  artifice ;  a  trick  by  which  some  advantage 
is  intended  to  be  obtained. 

Those  ofl  are  alratagemt  which  errors  seem.  Pope. 

STRAT-A-6EJI'ie-AL,  a.    Containing  slratagcm  or 

artifice.     [Little  used.] 
STRAT'E-GUS,  n.     [Gr.  fTToarrjyos.] 

An  Athenian  general  offict-r.  Jifitford. 

STRA-TE'Gie,         ia.     Pertainins  to  etrateg' ;  ef- 
STRA-TK'Gie-AL,  i      fected  bv  artifice. 
STRAT'E-GIST,  tf.    One  skilled   in  strategy  or  the 

science  of  directing  gr«*at  military  uiovcmenls. 
STRAT'E-GV,  n.     Generalship  ;  the  science  of  mili- 

tary  command,  or  the  science  of  directing  great  mil- 
itary movements. 
STRATH,  n.    [W.  vstrad.]     A  valley  of  considerablo 

size,  through  which  a  river  runs.    [Scottisli,] 

Jamitson. 
STRATH'SPEY,  n.    A  lively  dance  of  the  Scotch. 
STRAT-I-FI-e.\'TIO\,    n.      [from   stratify.]      The 

process  by  winch  substances  in  the  earth  have  been 

forired  into  strata  or  layers. 

2.  The  state  of  being  formed  into  layers  in  the 
eaith. 

3.  The  act  of  laying  in  strata. 
STRAT'I-FI-£D,  (-fide,)  pp.  or  a.    Formed   into  a 

layer,  as  a  terrene  substance ;  arranged  in  strata  or 

layers. 
STRAT'I-FORM,  a.    In  the  form  of  strata.   PhiUips. 
STRAT'I-F?,  r.  t.     [Fr.  stratijier,  from  L.  stratum.] 

1.  To  form  into  a  layer,  as  substances  in  the  earth. 
Thus  clay,  sand,  and  other  species  of  earth,  are  oAen 
found  stratified. 

2.  To  lay  in  strata. 

STRAT'I-F?--LVG,  ppr.  Arranging  in  a  layer,  as 
terrene  substancps. 

STRAT-I-GR.-U*H'ie-AL,  a.  Belonging  to  stratog- 
raphy.  Sed<ru:icJi. 

STRAT-I-GRAPH'ie-AL-LY,  adv.  In  a  strtitigraph- 
ical  manner.  SedgujicL. 

STR.\-TOe'RA-CY,  n.  [Gr.  cToaro;,  an  army,  and 
^:oa^£'.■^,  to  hold.] 

A  military  government;  govemmect  by  military 
chiefs  and  an  armv.  OtUkrie. 

STRA-TOG'R.VPHY,  w.    [Gr.  <rrparos,an  army,  and 
jpT^o),  to  describe.] 
Description  of  armies,  or  what  belongs  to  an  army. 

STRA-TON'ie,  a.    Pertaining  to  an  army. 

STRA-TOT'ie,  a.     Warlike  ;  military 

STRA'TUftl,  n.  pi.  Strati-ms  or  Strata.  The  latter 
is  most  common.  [Ij.,  from  steniOy  to  spread  or  lay ; 
Sax.  streone.] 

1.  In  geology  and  mineralogy,  a  layer ;  any  species 
of  earth,  sand,  coal,  and  the  like,  arranged  in  a  fiat 
form,  distinct  from  the  adjacent  matter.  The  thick- 
er strata  are  called  Beds  ;  and  these  beds  are  some- 
times stratified. 
2^  A  bed  or  laver  artificially  made. 

STRa'TUS,  71.    [L.,  from  stemo.,  to  spread  or  lay.] 
In  meteorology,  a  name  given  to  one  of  the  four  fun- 
damental clouds,  from  its  being  spread  over  tl>e  face 
of  the  skv,  either  unilormly  or  in  horizonuU  layers. 

Olsnsled. 

STRAUGHT,pp.  for  Stretched.    [Obs.]    Chancer. 

STRAW,  n.  [Sax.  streow,  straw,  and  a  stratum  or  bed  ; 
G.  stroh;  D.  stroo ;  Dan.  straae;  Sw.  strai  L.  stra- 
mejitum^  from  stcrno,  stravi,  stratum.     See  Stbew.] 

1.  The  stalk  or  stem  of  certain  species  of  gnun, 
pulse,  &c.,  chielly  of  wheat,  rj-e,  oats,  barley,  buck- 
wheat, and  peas.  When  used  of  single  stalks,  it  ad- 
mits of  a  plural.  Straws.  Strands  may  show  which 
way  the  wind  blows.  We  say  of  grain  while  grow- 
ing, the  strata  is  large,  or  it  is  rusty. 

2.  A  mass  of  the  stalks  of  certain  species  of  grain 
when  cut,  and  alter  being  thrashed  ;  as,  a  bundle  or 
a  load  of  strarr.  In  this  sense,  the  word  admits  not 
the  plural  number. 


TuXE,  BULL.  TJNITE.  — AN"GER,  V1"CI0US.  — C  as  K ;  6  as  J;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

To9r 


STR 

3    Any  thing  proverbially  worlliks.-*.    I  care  not  a 

straw  Tor  tiie  play  ;  I  will  not  abate  a  straw. 

Jfudibras. 
STRAW,  V,  t.    To  spread  or  scatter.    [Sec  Stiiew  and 

St  now.] 
STUAW'BFn-RY,  n.     [straw  and  btrry ;  Sax.  strajih 

bcric.  I 
A  plant  '.u\A  its  frui:  of  the  genus  Fracaria.    Straw- 

bt-rrit-'s  nnr  jf  various  kinds,  all  delicious  I'ruit. 
SrUAW'l!F,R-IlY-TRKE,  n.     An  evergreen  siinih  of 

tJie'genus  Arluitus  ;  III;:  fruit  is  of  a  llestiy  substance, 

like  a  strawberry.  Lee     jMUler. 

ciTRAW-IUJILT,  (-bilt,)  a.    Constructed  of  straw  ; 

aSj'tlie  suburbs  of  a  straw-built  citadel.  Milton. 

STRAVV'-eOL-OR,  (-kuMur,)  n.    Tlio  color  of  dry 

straw  ;  a  btaiitiful  vullowish  color. 
STRAW'-eOL-OR-^l),  (-kul-lurd,)  a.     Of  a    light 

yellow,  tlie  color  of  dry  straw. 
StRAVV'-eilOVVN-ED,  a.     Covered  with  straw. 
STiiXW'-eUT-TER,  n.    An  instrument  to  cut  straw 

for  ibdder. 
STRAW-DRaIX,  n.    A  drain  filled  with  straw. 
STRAW-HAT,  n.     A  hat  made  of  braided  straw. 
STRA\V'-ROOF-£D,  (-rooft,)  a.    Having  a  roof  of 

straw.  Hemans. 

fc;TRA^V'-STUFF-i=:D,     C-stuft,)    a.      Stuffed    with 

straw.  JfuU. 

STR  AW- WORM,  (-wurm,)  n.     [straw  and  7ronn.] 

A  worm  bred  in  straw. 
STRAWY,  a.    Made  of  straw  -j  consisting  of  straw. 

Boyle. 

2.  I^iko  straw  ;  light. 

STRAY,  V.  i.  [The  elements  of  this  word  are  not 
certainly  known.  If  they  are  Strsf^  the  word  coin- 
cides with  Sixx. striE^an^stregan^to  scatter,  to  spread, 
tiie  L.  stravi,  Kn^.  to  straw,  .Hrrw,  or  straw,  also  with 
G.  streir.hen,  to  wander,  to  strike;  both  probably 
from  the  root  of  reach,  atretch.  Possibly  stray  is 
from  the  It.  .-itraviarc,  from  L.  extra  and  viti.  I  am 
inclined,  however,  to  refer  it  lo  a  Teutonic  origin. 
See  Straogle.] 

1.  To  wander,  as  from  a  direct  course  ;  to  deviate 
or  go  out  of  the  way.  We  say,  to  stray  from  tlie 
path  or  road  into  the  forest  or  wood. 

9.  To  wander  from  company,  or  from  the  proper 
limits;  as,  a  sheep  strays  from  the  flock;  a  liorsc 
strays  from  an  inclosiire. 

3.  To  rove;  to  wander  from  the  path  of  duty  or 
rectitude  ;  to  err ;  to  deviate. 

^V  c  hive  erred  and  strayed.  Com.  Prayer. 

4.  To  wander  j  to  rove  at  large ;  to  play  free  and 
unco  n  fined. 


IiO,  Ihe  glad  galr-s  o'er  aU  her  br>:nitie3  stray, 
Erealhe  on  htr  lips  and  la  hit  bosom  pl.iy- 


Pope. 


5.  To  wander;  to  run  a  serpentine  course. 

WIktc  Thames  among  the  wanton  v.tU^ys  strays,     DetOtam. 

STRAY,  r.  U    To  mislead.     [JV«r  in  vse.]  Shak. 

STRAY,  n.  Any  domestic  animal  that  lias  left  an  in- 
closure  or  its  projjcr  place  and  company,  and  wan- 
ders at  large  or  is  lost.  The  laws  provide  that  strays 
shall  be  taken  up,  impounded,  and  advertised. 

Seeing  him  wander  about,  I  look  him  up  for  a  stray.    Dryden. 

9.  The  act  of  wandering.     [Little  used.]      Shak. 

STRAY'ER,  n.     A  wanderer, 

STRAY'ING,  ppr.  Wandering;  roving;  departing 
from  the  direct  course,  from  the  proper  inclosure,  or 
frum  the  path  of  duty. 

STRaY'ING,  71.    The' act  of  wandering  away. 

STREAK,  (streek,)  n.  [Sax.  strica,  a  line,  direction, 
course  ;  strican,  to  go ;  stric,  a  stroke,  a  plague,  and 
strccj  a  stretch ;  G.  streich,  a  stroke  or  stripe,  and 
strick,  id. ;  D.  streek,  a  course  ;  Dan.  strcg,  a  stroke 
or  line ;  strUchc,  a  cord ;  stivff,  a  stroke,  a  tract,  a 
row  ;  Sw.  strak  ;  Ir.  strioc.  Tliese  have  all  the  same 
elements,  and  Iheh.  stria  is  probably  a  contraction 
of  the  same  word  ;  Sp.  traca,  without  a  prefix.] 

1.  A  line  or  long  mark,  of  a  different  color  from 
tlie  ground  ;  a  stripe. 

What  reran  those  colored  streaks  in  heaven  ?  Rrdlon, 

2.  In  a  ship,  a  uniform  range  of  planks  on  the  side 
or  bottom,  reaching  from  tlie  stem  to  the  stern. 

Mar.  Diet. 
[Sometimes  pronounced  strukc.] 

3.  In  mineralogy,  the  color  and  appearance  which 
the  surface  of  a  mmeral  presents  when  scratched. 

Dana. 
STRiiAK,  V.  t.      To  form  streaks  or  stripi^s  in;  to 
stripe  ;  to  variegate  with  lines  of  a  different  color, 
or  of  diiferent  colors. 

A  nuili,'  uilininibly  alrcdkcd  and  (iuppled  with  white  ami  blnck. 

Saiiiiys. 
Now  streaked  and  glowing  witli  (h"  moniing  red.  Prior. 

2^  To  Stretch.     [A"ot  cleiran*.]  IlaUiirtll. 

STRkAK,  v.  L    To  run  swillly.    Hence,  perhaps,  the 

vulgar  cx[tre5sioa,  to  streak  ii,  i.  e.,  lo  stretch  ii,  for 

run  swiflly. 
STReAK'j:D,    (strceUt    or    streek'ed,)    pp.    or    a. 

Marked    or    variegated   with   stripes   of  a   difftrent 
STRf.AK'ING,  ppr.     Making  streaks  in.  [color. 

STReAK'Y,  a.     Having  stripes;  striped;  variegated 

with  lines  of  a  different  color. 


STR 

STRkAM,  n.  [Sax.  stream :  G.  ^-trom  ;  D.  stroom ; 
Dan.  Strom;  Sw.  str'dm;  W.  ystrym;  Ir.  sreainh  or 
sreav.  If  m  is  radical,  this  word  belongs  to  Class 
Rm.] 

1.  A  current  of  water  or  other  fluid  ;  a  lifjuid  sub* 
stance  flowing  in  a  lino  or  course,  either  on  the 
earth,  as  a  river  or  brook,  or  from  a  vessel  or  other 
reservoir  or  fountain.     Hence, 

2.  A  river,  brook,  or  rivulet. 

3.  A  current  of  water  in  the  ocean  ;  as,  the  Gulf 
Stream. 

4.  A  current  of  melted  metal  or  other  substance ; 
as,  a  stream  of  lead  or  iron  flowing  from  a  furnace ; 
a  ."Stream  of  lava  from  a  volcano. 

5.  Any  thing  issuing  from  a  source  and  moving 
with  a  continued  succession  of  parts  ;  as,  a  stream  of 
words  ;  a  stream  of  sand. 

A  strer.m  of  Ix^nolcencc.  Atterbury. 

6.  A  continued  current  or  course  ;  as,  a  stream  of 
weather.     [JSfot  used.]  Ralegh. 

The  dream  of  hU  life.  Shak. 

7.  A  current  of  air  or  gas,  or  of  light. 

8.  Current;  drift;  as  of  opinions  or  manners.  It 
is  difricult  to  oppose  the  stream  of  public  opinion. 

9^  Water. 
STREAM,  V.  i.    To  flow  ;  to  move  or  run  in  a  con- 
tinuous current.    IJloud  streavis  from  a  vein. 

B''tientli  die  banks  where  riveis  stream,  Milton. 

9.  To  emit ;  to  pour  out  in  abundance.  His  eyes 
streamed  with  tears. 

3.  To  issue  with  continuance,  not  by  fits. 

Pfom  opening  skioa  my  streaming  ■jloric^i  shine.  Pope. 

4.  To  issue  or  shoot  in  streaks  ;  as,  light  streaming 
from  the  east. 

5.  To  extend  ;  to  stretch  in  a  long  line ;  as,  a  flag 
streaming  in  the  wind. 

STRkAM,  v.  t.  To  mark  with  colors  or  embroidery 
in  long  tracts. 

Tlio  herald's  mantle  is  streamed  with  gold.  Cacoii. 

STRicAM'ER,  n.  An  ensign  or  flag;  a  pennon  ex- 
tended or  flowing  in  the  wind  ;  a  poetic  use  of  the 
word. 

Brave  Rupert  from  afar  appears, 
WhOBt;  wnviu*  streamers  the  ghtd  generdi  knows.      Dryilen. 

2.  A  luminous  beam  or  column,  sometimes  called 
auroral  streamer ;  ono  of  the  forms  of  the  Aurora  Co- 
roaljs. 
STReAM'ING,  ppr.  or  a.     Flowing;   running  in  a 
current. 

2.  Emitting  ;  pouring  out  in  abundance  ;  as,  stream- 
ing eyes. 
3^  Flowinir ;  floating  loosely  ;  as  a  flag. 
S'vReA?.I'LET,  n.    A  small  stream  ;  :\  rivulet ;  a  rill. 

_  Thomj^on. 

STReAM'-TIN,  71.     Particles  or  masses  of  tin-ore 

found  in  alluvial  ground.  Brandc. 

STReAM'Y,  a.    Abounding  with  running  water. 


Prior, 


Howi^vcr  streamy  now,  adust  and  dry, 
Denied  the  goddess  water. 

2.  Flowing  with  a  current  or  streak. 

IliB  nodding  helm  cinita  r  streamy  ray.  Pope. 

STReAM'-WORKS,  71.  pi.  Among  Cornish  miners, 
alluvial  deposits  of  tin-ore,  usually  worked  in  the 
open  air.  Ure. 

STllEEK,  V.  t.     [Sax.  strccean,  to  stretch.] 
To  lay  out,  as  a  dead  body.    [J^ot  in  use.'] 

Brandc. 

STREET,  71.  [Sax.  strmte,  stretc;  G.  strasse ;  D. 
straat ;  Sw.  strdt  j  Dan.  strmde ;  Ir.  sraid ;  W.  ystnjd ; 
It.  strada ;  Sp.  estrada;  L.  stratum,  from  stratas, 
strewed  or  spread.    See  Sthew.] 

1.  Properly,  a  paved  way  or  road  ;  but  in  usage, 
any  way  or  road  in  a  city,  chicjly  a  main  way,  in 
distinction  from  a  lane  or  alley. 

2.  Among  the  people  (>f  JtTcio  England,  any  public 
highway. 

3.  Streets,  pi. ;  any  public  way,  road,  or  place. 

That  there  be  no  complaining  in  our  streets,  —  Pa.  cxliv. 

STREET'-WALK-ER,  (-wawk-,)  n.  [street  and  walk.] 
A  common  prostitute  that  olfers  herself  to  sale  in  the 
streets 

STREF.T'-WARD,  n.  [street  and  ward.]  Formerly, 
an  ofiicer  who  had  the  caro  of  the  streets.      Cowcl. 

STREIGHT,  (strSte,)  n.  A  narrow.  [Obs.]  [See 
Strmt.I 

STREIGHT,  adv.    Strictly.     [Obs.]     [See  Strait.] 

STREL'ITZ,  71.  [Uuss.]  A  soldier  of  the  ancient 
Muj;covite  militia.  Brandc. 

STReNE,  71.     Race ;  offspring.     [Obs.]         Chaucer. 

STRENGTH,  n.  [Sax.  strength,  from  strcng,  strong. 
See  Strong.] 

1.  That  propeity  or  quality  of  an  animal  body  by 
which  it  is  enabled  lo  move  itself  or  other  bodies. 
V\*e  say,  a  sick  man  has  not  strength  to  walk,  or  to 
raise  liis  head  or  his  arm.  We  say,  a  man  has 
strcn^tli  to  lift  a  weight,  or  lo  draw  it.  This  quality 
is  called  also  Powkh  and  Force.  But  force  is  also 
used  to  denote  the  effect  of  strength  exerted,  or  the 
quantity  of  motion.     StrcngOi,,  in  this  sense,  is  posi- 


STR 

tivt,  or  the  po\ver  of  producing  positive  motion  or 
action,  and  is  opposed  to  Weakmess. 

2.  Firmness;  solidity  or  toughness  ;  the  quality  of 
bodies  by  which  they  sustain  the  application  of  fon-e 
without  breaking  or  yielding.  Thus  we  speak  of 
the  strength  of  a  bone,  the  strength  of  a  beatn,  the 
strength  of  a  wall,  the  strengUi  of  a  rope.  In  this 
sensf ,  strength  is  a  passive  quality,  and  is  opposed  to 
Weaknk3s  or  Fkankioilitv. 

3.  Power  or  vigor  of  any  kind. 


Till*  net 
Sh;ill  cnibh  the  strengl/i  of  S.itari. 
^i'lrenglii  tliere  must  be  either  ot  love  or  war. 


Milton. 
Holydny, 

4,  Power  of  resisting  attacks;  fastness;  as,  the 
strength  of  a  castle  or  fort. 

r>.  Support;  that  which  supports;  that  wliith  sup- 
plies strength ;  security. 

God  is  our  refuge  and  slrenglh.  —  Va.  xM. 

G.  Power  of  mind  ;  intellectual  force ;  the  power  of 
any  faculty  ;  as,  strength  of  menKny  ;  strength  of  rea- 
son ;  .ttrcngth  of  judgment. 

7.  Spirit;  animation. 

Mcthinks  I  foel  new  strenglJi  within  me  rise.  Milton, 

8.  Force  of  writing  ;  vigor  ;  nervous  diction.  The 
strength  of  words,  of  style,  of  expression,  and  the 
like,  consists  in  the  full  and  forcible  exhibition  of 
ideas,  by  whicli  a  sensible  or  deep  impressiuu  is 
made  on  the  mind  of  a  liearer  or  reader.  It  is  dis- 
tinguished from  SoFTNE33  or  Sweetness.  Strength 
of  language  enforces  an  argument,  produces  convic- 
tion, or  excites  wonder  or  other  strong  emotion  ;  soft- 
ness and  siccetness  give  pleasure. 

And  praise  the  easy  vigor  of  a  line, 

Where  Denham's  strength  and  Waller's  eweetness  join.    Pope, 

9.  Vividness  ;  as,  strength  of  colors  or  coloring. 

10.  Spirit ;  the  quality  of  any  liquor  which  has  the 
power  of  affecting  the  taste,  or  of  producing  sensible 

-    eliects  on  other  bodies;  as,  the  strength  of  v/ine  or 
sjiint ;  the  strength  of  an  acid. 

11.  Tlie  virtue  or  spirit  of  any  vegetable,  or  of  its 
jr.ices  or  qualities. 

12.  Legal  or  moral  force;  validity;  the  quality  of 
binding,  uniting,  or  securing  ;  as,  the  strengtii  of  so- 
cial or  legal  obligations;  the  straigth  of  law;  the 
strength  of  public  opinion  or  custom. 

13.  Vigor  ;  natural  force  ;  as,  the  strength  of  natu- 
ral afiection. 

14.  That  wliich  supports ;  confidence. 

The  altiea,  after  a  fiiiccessful  snmmer,  are  loo  apt,  upon  tlie 
strength  of  it,  to  neglect  preparation  for  the  ensuiu'^  cam- 
paign. Addison. 

15.  Amount  of  force,  military  or  naval ;  an  army 
or  navy;  number  of  troops  or  ships  well  appointt'J. 
AVhat  is  the  strength  of  the  enemy  by  land,  or  by 
sea? 

IG.  Soundness  ;  force  ;  the  quality  that  convinces, 
persuades,  or  commands  assent;  as,  the  s/rcji^f /i  of  an 
argument  or  of  reasoning  ;  the  strength  of  evidence. 

17.  Vehemence  ;  force  proceeding  from  motion, 
and  proportioned  to  it ;  as,  the  strengUi  of  wind,  or  a 
current  of  water. 

18.  Degree  of  brightness  or  vividness  ;  as,  the 
strength  of  light. 

19.  Fortification  ;  fortress  ;  as,  an  inaccessible 
strengtlu     [JVot  in  use.]  Milton. 

20.  Support ;  maintenance  of  power. 

What  they  boded  would  be  a  miachief  lo  us,  you  are  providing 
shall  be  one  of  our  principal  strengths,  [^ol  used,]    Sprat. 

STRENGTH,  v,  t.    To  strengthen.     [J^ot  in  use.] 
STRENGTH'£N,  fstrength'n,)  v.  t.    To  make  strong 
or  stronger  ;  to  add  strength  to,  either  physical,  legal, 
or  moral ;  as,  to  strengthen  a  limb  ;  to  strengthen  an 
obligation. 

2.  To  confirm;  to  establish  ;  as,  to  strengthen  au- 
ttioriiy. 

3.  'i'o  animate  ;  to  encourage  ;  to  fix  in  resolution. 

Charge  Joshua,  and  encourage  him,  and  strengthen  him. — 
De.it.  iii. 

4.  To  cause  to  increase  in  power  or  security. 

Let  noble  Warwick,  Cobham,  and  the  res'. 

With  powi.-rl'ul  policy  strengtiicn  themselves.  SlioJc. 

STRENGTH'JSN,  v,  i.    To  grow  strcng  or  stronger. 

The  disease  tliat  shall  destroy  n(  lennh, 

Cirows  with  bis  growth,  and  slrengmens  with  hit:  strength. 

Popr. 

STRENGTH'£N-ED,  pp.     Made  strong  or  stronger; 
confirmed. 

STRENGTH'£N-ER,    ji.       That    v/hich    increases 
strength,  physical  or  moral. 

2.  In  medicine,  something  whicli,  taken  into  the 
system,  increases  vital  energy  and  streiiglh  of  ac- 
tion. 

STRENGTH'iCiV-lNG,  ppr.  or  a.   Increasing  strength, 
physical  or  moral ;  confirming;  animating. 

STRENGTH'LESS,  a.    Wanting  strength;  destitute 
of  puwer. 
2.  Wanting  spirit.     [Little  used.]  Boyle 

STREN'U-OUS,  (stren'yu-us,)  a.     [L,  stremiu.i ;  It 
strcniioi  W.  trcn,  force,  also,  impeluovis.    The  sense 
is,  pressing,  strainin-^,  or  rushing  forward.] 
1.  Eagerly  piessinj;  or  urgent ;  zealous ;  ardent ; 


FATE,  FAR,  FALI.,  WHAT.— MeTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  WOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.- 


STR 

as,  a  stremtous  advocate  for  national  rights  j  a  stren- 
uous opposer  of  African  :^laven^ 

2.  Bold  and  active  ;  vnliant/intrcpid,  and  ardent; 
as,  a  strenuous  defender  of  his  country. 
STRrlN'U-OUS-LY,  adc.    With  eager  and  pressing 
zeal :  ardently. 

2.  BoMlv  :  vigorously  J  activelv. 
STREN'U-OUS-NESS,  h.      Eagerness;  earnestness; 

active  zeal ;  ardor  in  pursuit  of  an  object,  or  in  oppo- 
sition to  a  measure. 
STREP'EXT,  a.     [L.  streperis,  strepo.] 

Noisv  ;  loud.     [Little  jtsw/.l  Shenstonc. 

S7'REP'ER-0US,  a.     [L.  strepo.] 

T.oud  ;  boisterous.    [Little  used,] 
STRESS,  n.     f  \V,  trais,  force,  violence,  oppression ; 
treissaw,  to  lorce  or  drive ;  Ir.  treise,  force ;  Arm. 
trc^zen,  a  tnrist ;  trozeza,  trouezal^  to  trtissy  Fr.  trous- 
ser.     Hence,  distress,  trestle,  &c.] 

1.  Force  :  urgency ;  pressure  ;  importance  ;  that 
which  beare  with  most  weight ;  as,  the  stress  of  a  le- 
gal question.  Consider  how  much  stress  is  laid  on 
the  exercise  of  charity  in  the  iXew  Testament. 

Tfcl^,  oti  which  ihe  great  el-ess  of  the  Imsiness  depends.    Liocke. 

3.  Force,  or  violence  ;  as,  stress  of  weather. 
3.  Force  ;  violence  ;  strain. 

Though  the  faculties  of  tbs  mind  are  improved  by  exercise,  yet 
tbcy  must  not  te  put  to  a  stress  bejoiid  iheir  strength. 

Locke. 

STRESS,  r.  t.  To  press  ;  to  urge  ;  to  distress  ;  to  put 
to  difficulties.     [Little  used.)  Spenser. 

STRETCH,  V.  L  [Sax.  strcccmi ;  D.  strchkcn  :  G.  strcrk- 
eii ;  Dan.  strekker  ;  Sw,  strdd:a ;  probably  formed  on 
the  root  of  reachj  right,  L.  re^Oj  &c.] 

1.  To  draw  out  to  greater  length  ;  to  extend  in  a 
line;  as,  to  stretch  a  cord  or  a  rope. 

2.  To  extend  in  breadth  ;  as,  to  stretch  cloth. 

3.  To  spread  ;  to  expand  ;  as,  to  stretch  the  wings. 

4.  To  reach  ;  to  extend. 

Syeicfi  thine  hand  to  the  poor.  —  Ecclus. 

5.  To  Spread ;  to  display ;  as,  to  stretch  forth  the 
heavens.  TiUutson, 

6.  To  draw  or  pull  out  in  length  ;  to  strain ;  as,  to 
stretch  a  tendon  or  muscle. 

7.  To  make  tense  ;  to  strain. 

So  the  tlTtidied  coni  the  shackled  daucer  tries.  Smith. 

8.  To  extend  mentally  ;  as,  to  stretch  the  mind  or 
thoughts. 

9.  To  exaggerate  ;  to  extend  too  far ;  as,  to  stretch 
the  truth  ;  to  stretch  one's  credit. 

STRETCH,  r.  i.  To  be  extended;  to  be  dra^vn  out 
in  length  or  in  breadth,  or  both.  A  wet  hempen  cord 
or  cloih  contracts  ;  in  drying,  it  stretches. 

2.  To  be  extended  ;  to  spread  ;  as,  a  lake  stretches 
over  a  hundred  miles  of  earth.  Lake  Erie  stretches 
from  Niagara  nearly  to  Huron.    Hence, 

3.  To  stretch  to,  is  to  reach. 

4.  To  be  extended,  or  to  bear  extension,  without 
breaking,  as  elastic  substances. 

The  inner  merobrane — because  it  would  stretch  and  yield,  re- 
niaioed  unbrokeo.  Boyle, 

5.  To  strain  beyond  the  truth  ;  to  exaggerate.  A 
man  who  is  apt  to  stretch  has  less  credit  than  others. 

6.  In  Tiavigalion,  to  sail ;  to  direct  a  course.  It  is 
often  understood  to  signify  to  sail  undera  creat  spread 
of  canvas  close  hauled.  In  this  it  differs  from  Siand, 
which  implies  no  press  of  snil.  We  were  standinrr  to 
the  east,  when  we  saw  a  ship  stretching  to  the  south- 
ward. 

7.  To  make  violent  efforts  in  running. 
[STRETCH,  n.     Extension  in  length  or  in  breadth; 

reach  ;  as,  a  great  stretch  of  wings.  Ray. 

2.  Effort;  struggle;  strain. 

Those  put  lawful  authority  upon  the  s&etdi  to  the  abuse  of  power, 
cndrr  color  of  prerogtttiTe.  L'Etlrange. 

3.  Force  of  body  ;  straining. 

By  stretcft  of  amis  th?  ilistant  shore  to  »ain.  Drydfn. 

4.  Utmost  extent  of  meaning. 

Q,notalion3,  in  their  utmost  strtU^.  can  signify  no  more  than  that 
Luih;r  lay  under  severe  agoaies  of  intnu.  AU/erbury. 

5.  Utmost  reach  of  power. 

This  is  the  utinost  strelch  that  nrilure  can.  Cranmlle. 

6.  In  sailing,  a  tack ;  the  reach  or  extent  of  prog- 
ress on  one  tack.  Mar.  Diet, 

7.  Course ;  direction  ;  as,  the  stretch  of  seams  of 
coal.  Kirvan. 

ISTRETCH'ED,  (strecht,)  jrp.  or  a.    Drawn  out  in 

lentrth  ;  extended  ;'  exerted  to  the  utmost. 
I  STRETCH'ER,  n.    He  or  that  which  stretches. 

2.  A  brick  or  stone  laid  with  its  longer  face  in  the 
surface  of  the  wall.  OirUt. 

3.  A  piece  of  timber  in  building. 

4.  A  narrow  piece  of  plank  placed  across  a  boat 
for  the  rowers  to  set  their  feet  against. 

Jilar.  Diet. 

E  STRETCHING,  ppr.    Drawing  out  in  length;  ex- 

[     tending;  spreading;  exerting  force. 

6  STREW,  (stru  or  strO,)  r.  t.  [Goth,  gtrawani  Sax. 
streaiDian,  stremrian  ;  G.  streuen  :  D.  strooijen ;  Dan. 
etroer ;  3w.  str'6  :  contracted  from  strwgan,  which  is 
retained  in  the  Saxon.    The  Latin  has  stcnio,  stravi ; 


STll 

the  latter  is  our  strew^  strew.  This  verb  is  written 
s'.i-aw,  streir,  or  stroio ;  straw  is  nearly  obsolete,  and 
strow  is  obsolescent.     Strao  is  generally  used.] 

1.  To  scatter  ;  to  spread  by  scattering  ;  always  a[i- 
plied  to  dry  substances  separable  into  parts  or  parti- 
cles ;  as,  to  streio  seed  in  beds  ;  to  strew  sand  on  or 
over  a  floor  ;  to  strew  (iowers  over  a  grave. 

2.  To  spread  by  being  scattered  over. 

The  snow  wliich  does  the  top  of  Pindua  strets.  Spenter. 

Is  thine  aloue  iJie  seed  thai  atreai  the  plain  ?  Pope. 

3.  To  scatter  loosely. 

And  streioed  his  mangled  liroba  about  the  field.  Dryden, 

STREW'£D,  (strude,)  pp.    Scattered  ;  spread  by  scat- 
tering ;  as,  sand  strciccd  on  paper. 

2.  Covered  or  sprinkled  with  something  scattered  ; 
as,  a  floor  strewed  with  sand. 
STREWING,  p;»r.     Scattering  ;  spreading  over. 
STRE\V'ING,  71.    The  act  of  scattering  or  spreading 
over. 
2.  Anv  thing  fit  to  be  strewed.  Sliak. 

STREW^^IENT,  71,    Any  thing  scattered  in  decora- 
tion.    [J^ot  used.]  '  Shal:. 
STRI'iE,  Ti.  pi.    [L.    See  Streak.]     In  natural  history, 
small  channels  or  thread-like  lines  in  the  shells  of 
cockles  and  in  other  substances. 

2.  The  fillets  bftween  the  flutes  of  columns,  pilas- 
ters, &c.  Oloss.  ofArchit. 
STRt'ATE,      (  a.     Formed    with    smaU    channels; 
STRi'a-TED,  S       channeled. 

2.  In  natural  history,  streaked  ;  marked  or  scored 
with  superficial  or  very  slender  lines  ;  marked  with 
fine  parallel  lines.  jMartyn.     Smitli. 

Striated  fracture,  in  mineralogy,  consists  of  long, 
narrow,  separable  parts,  laid  on  or  beside  each  other. 

KiTncan. 
STRT-a'TION,  n.     The  state  of  being  striated   or 

marked  with  fine  parallel  lines. 
STRI'A-TURE,  n.     See  Stbiatiox.  Woodward. 

STRICK,  It.     [Gr.  rr^t^,  L.  strit,  a  screech-owl.] 

A  bird  of  ill  omen.     [JVot  in  jtse.]  Spenser. 

STRICK'i^:N,  pp.  of  Strike.    Struck;  smitten;  as, 
the  stricken  deer.     [See  Strike.]  Spenser. 

2,  Advanced  ;  worn  ;  far  gone. 

Abrv(h:im  w:ib  old  aod  well  stricken  in  nge.  ~  Gen.  xxxiv, 
[Obs.] 

STRICK'LE,  (strik'I,)  n.    A  strike  ;  an  instrument  to 
strike  grain  to  a  level  with  the  measure.     [In  the 
United  States  the  word  Sthike  is  used.] 
2.  An  insinnnent  for  whetting  scythes. 

STRICT,  a.     [L.   strictus,   from  stringo ;   Sax.  strcsc. 
See  Strai.v.] 

1.  Strained;  drawn  close;  tiglit;  as,  a  strict  era- 
brace;  a  5tWc(  ligature.  ArbvLtlinot.    Dryden. 

2.  Tense ;  not  relaxed  ;  as,  a  strict  or  lax  fiber. 

Arhxithnot. 

3.  Exact ;  accurate  ;  rigorously  nice  :  as,  to  keep 
strict  v.'atch.  Observe  the  strictest  rules  of  virtue 
and  decorum. 

4.  Severe;  rigorous;  governed  or  governing  by 
exact  rules  ;  observing  exact  rules  ;  as,  the  father  is 
very  strict  in  observing  the  Sabbath.  The  master  is 
very  strict  with  his  apprentices. 

5.  Rigorous  ;  not  mild  or  indulgent  ;  as,  strict 
laws. 

6.  Confined;  limited;  not  with  latitude;  as,  to 
understand  words  in  a  strict  sense. 

STRICT'LY,  aic.     Closely  ;  tightly. 

2.  Exactly;  with  nice  accuracy;  as,  patriotism, 
strictly  so  called,  is  a  noble  virtue. 

3.  Positively.  He  commanded  his  son  strictly  to 
proceed  no  furtlier. 

4.  Rigorously;  severely;  without  remission  or  in- 
dulgence. 

Examine  ihyeelf  atrtctly,  whether  tliou  didst  not  ccat  at  first. 

Bacon. 

STRI€T'NESS,  n.    Closeness  ;  tightness  ;  opposed  to 
Laxity. 

2.  Exactness  in  the  observance  of  rules,  laws, 
rites,  and  the  like ;  rigorous  accuracy ;  nice  regu- 
larity or  precision. 

I  could  not  grant  too  m\^<^^\  or  di^triisi  too  tittle,  to  men  thrtt  pre- 
tended singular  piety  and  n.ligioiis  strictnteB.    K.  CharUs. 

3.  Rigor;  severity. 

These  commissioner?  proreeded  with  such  ttrictuees  and  severity 
as  did  much  obscure  liie  king's  mercy.  Bacon. 

STRICT'TIRE,    (strikfynr,)    n.      [L.  strictura.     See 
Strike  and  Stroke,  which  unite  with  L.  stringo.] 

1.  A  stroke  ,  a  glance  ;  a  touch.  Hale. 

2.  A  touch  of  criticism ;  critical  remark  ;  censure. 

1  have  givQo  myself  the  liberty  of  these  etrictures   by  woy  of 
refleclion  on  every  naisage.  Hammond. 

3.  A  drawing;  a  spastic  or  other  morbid  contrac- 
tion of  any  passage  of  the  body.  ArbuUinct. 

STRIDE,  n.     [Sax.  stride,  a  step  ;  gcstridan,  to  stride  ; 
bestridan,  to  bestride ;  probably  formed  on  the  root 
of  L.  gradUm-,   Shemitic  7n*>,  in  Syr.  to  go,  Ch.  to 
spread,  Sax.  stredan,  id.] 
A  long  i^tep. 

Jlf-r  voic!  thesilriftnliy  loud, 

And  masculine  hcralrirfe.  Sui/l. 

STRIDE,  V.  f-;   pret.  Striu,    Strode;   pp.    Strid, 
Stridden. 


STR 

1.  To  walk  with  long  steps. 

Mart  in  the  middle  of  the  shitiinr  ■hieitt 

la  gmtcd,  and  strides  along  the  Leid.  Dryden, 

2.  To  straddle. 

STRIDE,  c.  t.    To  pass  over  at  a  step 

See  him  »(ri<fe 

Valleyi  wide.  ArbuUinot. 

STRID'ING,  ;x;w.    Walking  with  long  steps  ;  passing 

over  at  a  step. 
STRI'DOR,  n.    [L.]    A  har^h,  creaking  noise,  or  a 

crack.  Dryden, 

STRID'U-LOUS,o.     [U  stridulus.] 

Making  a  small,  harsh  sound,  or  a  creaking. 

Broan. 
STRIFE,  71.     [Norm,  cstrif.    See  Stritx.] 

1.  Exertion  or  contention  for  superiority;  contest 
of  emulation,  either  by  intellectual  or  physical  ef- 
forts. Strife  may  be  carried  on  between  students  or 
between  mechanics. 

Doting  about  qnrj'iona  itA  Strifes  of  worda.  —  1  Tan.  tL 

Thiia  gtds  confndcd  —  noUe  strife — 

Who  mo5t  should  ea*e  Um  waiit*  of  life.  Congrere, 

2.  Contention  in  angrr  or  enmity  ;  contest ,  strug- 
gle for  victorj' ;  quarrel  or  \var. 

I  and  my  people  were  at  great  strife  with  the  chUdrtn  of  Amnwa. 

— Juu^eb  xii, 
Tlifw  vowf,  thiu  granted,  nued  a  strife  ahore. 
Betwixt  the  god  oC  war  and  queen  of  lore.  Dryien, 

3.  Opposition  ;  contrariety ;  contrast. 

Artiflci.-*]  strife 
Lives io  these  touches  livelier  :!iju  iilv.  Shak. 

4.  The  agitation  produced  by  different  qualities; 
as,  the  strife  of  acid  and  alkali.     [IMUe  used.] 

Johnson. 
STRIFE'FL'L,  a-    Contentious;  discordant 

The  ape  was  strife/ut  and  aml-itioim, 

And  Ihu  fox  ^ilcful  and  moK  coveinus.  Sptnier. 

STRIG'IL,  n.  [I..]  Among  the  ancients^  an  instru- 
ment of  metal,  ivorv,  or  horn,  used  for  scraping  the 
skin  at  the  bath.      '  Smith's  Diet. 

STRIG'MENT,  n.     [L.  strigmentum,  from  stringo.] 
Scraping ;  that  which  is  scraped  off.    [JVot  m  use] 

Broipn, 

STRi'GOU^  *  \  °"    l-I''  strigosns,  from  strigo.] 

In  botany.,  a  strigous  leaf  is  one  set  with  stiff 
lanceolate  bristles.  Martyn. 

STRIKE,  V.  t. ;  pret.  Strugs  ;  pp.  Stbuck  and  Strick- 
en ;  but  struck  is  in  the  most  common  use.  Sthoos 
is  wholly  obsolete.  [Sax.  astrican,  to  strike,  V. 
stryken,  to  strike,  and  to  stroke,  to  smooth,  to  anoint 
or  rub  over,  to  slide  ;  G.  streicher.,  to  pass,  move,  or 
ramble,  to  depart,  to  touch,  to  stroke,  to  glide  or 
glance  over,  to  lower  or  strike,  as  sails,  to  curry,  {L. 
stringo,  strigil,)  to  sweep  together,  to  spread,  as  a 
plaster,  to  play  on  a  violin,  to  card,  as  wool,  to  strike 
or  whip,  as  with  a  rod  ;  strcich,  strich,  a  stroke, 
stripe,  or  lash,  Eng.  strcali:  Dan.  streg,  a  stroke; 
strygcr,  to  rub,  to  stroke,  to  :>trike,  to  trim,  to  iron,  or 
smooth,  to  strike,  as  sails,  to  whip,  to  play  on  a  violin, 
to  glide  along,  to  plane;  Sw.  stryka,  id.  We  see 
that  strU:e^  stroke,  and  streak,  and  the  L.  stringo, 
whence  strain,  strict,  stricture.  Sac,  are  all  radically 
one  word.  Strong  is  of  the  same  family.  Hence 
we  see  the  sense  is,  to  rub,  to  scrape  ;  but  it  includes 
often  the  sense  of  thrusting.  It  is"  to  touch  or  graze 
with  a  sweeping  or  stroke.  Hence  our  sense  of 
striking  a  measure  of  grain,  and  strike,  strickle,  and 
a  stroke  of  the  pencil  in  painting.  Hence  the  use  of 
stricken,  applied  to  age,  worn  with  age,  as  in  the  L. 
strigo,  the  same  word  differently  applied.  Hence 
also  we  see  the  propriety  of  the  use  of  stricture,  ap- 
plied to  criticism.  It  seems  to  be  formed  on  the  root 
of  rake  and  stretch.] 

1.  To  touch  or  hit  with  some  force,  either  with  the 
hand  or  an  instrument ;  to  iiive  a  blow  to,  either  with 
the  open  hand,  the  fist,  a  stick,  club,  or  whip,  or 
with  a  pointed  instrument,  or  with  a  ball  or  an 
arrow  discharged.  An  arrow  struck  the  shield ;  a 
ball  s:ri':cs  a  ship  between  wind  and  water. 

He  at  Philippi  kept 
His  sword  e'en  like  a  dancer,  wbfc  I  sirudt 
The  lean  and  whukled  Caasiua.  Sftak, 

2.  To  dash ;  to  throw  with  a  tpiick  motion. 

They  shall  take  of  the  blood,  and  s:rJ:e  it  on  tl;e  two  side-posts, 
Ex.  xu. 

3.  To  stamp;  to  impress;  to  cesin  ;  as,  to  strike 
coin  at  the  mint;  to  strike  dolk'.rs  or  fovcreigns, 
or  copper  coin. 

4.  To  thrust  in  ;  to  cause  to  enur  or  penetrate  j 
as,  a  tree  .strikes  its  root  deep. 

5.  To  punish ;  to  afflict ;  as  Smite  is  also  used. 

'I"o  poiiii'i  the  just  is  not  good,  nor  to  striki  princes  for  e^uliy.  — 
PrOT.  xW:. 

6.  To  cause  to  sound  ;  to  notify  by  found  ;  as,  the 
clock  strikes  twelve ;  the  drums  *(r.v,-  up  a  march. 

.^'/i.-it.     Knolles. 

7.  In  seamanship,  to  lower;  to  lU  down;  cs,  to 
strike  sail ;  to  strike  a  flag  or  ensign  ;  to  strike  a  yard 
or  a  top-mast  in  a  gale  ;  [thatis,toriinorslipdown.] 

.War.  DiCt. 

8.  To  impress  strongly  ;  to  affect  sensibly  with 


TC\\E,  BITLL,  UNITE.— AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  £3  K ;  G  as  J ;  a  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 
■"""  """""^  1093" 


STR 

sirong  emotion ;  as,  to  strike  the  mind  with  sur- 
prise:  to  strike  v/iik  wouiier,  alarm,  dread,  or  lior- 
rur. 

Nice  works  of  art  atrUce  and  Burprise  us  most  on  the  first  view. 

Atterbury. 

There  pleaje  as  beauties,  here  m  wouders  strike.  Pope. 

9.  To  make  nnd  ratify  ;  as,  to  strike  a  bargain,  h. 
firdiis  fcrcre.  This  expression  probably  arose  from 
the  practice  of  the  parties  strikiny  a  victim  when 
they  concluded  a  bargain. 

10.  To  produce  by  a  sudden  action. 

Wixvicg  wide  bcr  myrtle  wniid, 
She  str&ea  &  univenXl  pence  through  cca  and  land.     Miilon. 

11.  To  affect  in  some  particular  manner  by  a  sud- 
den impression  or  impulse;  as,  the  plan  proposed 
strikes  me  favorably  ;  to  strike  one  duad  ;  to  .-strike 
one  blind  ;  to  strike  one  dumb.         Skak.    Vrmlcn. 

1'2.  To  lf?vel  a  measure  of  grain,  salt,  or  the  like, 
by  scraping  off  with  a  straight  instrument  what  is 
above  the  level  of  the  lop. 

13.  To  lade  into  a  cooler.       Edwards^  TV.  Indies, 

14.  To  be  advanced  or  worn  with  age  ;  u^cd  in  the 
participle  ;  as,  he  was  stricken  in  years  or  age  ;  well 
struck  in  years.  SAoA. 

15.  To  run  on  ;  to  ground  ;  as  a  ship. 

To  strike  up  ;  to  cause  to  sound  j  to  begin  to  beat. 
Strike  up  the  drums.  S?uik, 

2.  To  begin  to  aing  or  play ;  as,  to  strike  iip  a 
tune. 

To  strike  off;  to  erase  from  an  account ;  to  deduct ; 
as,  to  strike  off  the  interest  of  a  debt. 

2.  To  impress  j  to  print  j  as,  to  striAcojf  a  thousand 
copies  of  a  book. 

3.  To  separate  by  a  blow  or  any  sudden  action  ; 
as,  to  strike  off  ^  man's  head  with  a  cimeter;  to 
strike  off  what  is  superfluous  or  corrupt. 

'To  strike  out ;  to  produce  by  collision  j  to  force  out ; 
as,  to  strike  out  sparks  with  steel. 

2.  To  blot  out ;  to  efface  ;  to  erase. 

To  nn;thodiie  is  as  necf-ssary  as  to  strike  out.  PojJe. 

3.  To  form  something  new  by  a  quick  effort ;  to 
devise ;  to  mvent ;  to  contrive  ;  as,  to  strnJie  out  a 
new  plan  of  finance. 

STKiK!e,  v.  i.    To  make  a  quick  blow  or  thrust. 

It  pleased  the  king 
To  strike  .it  me  upon  liia  misconstruction,  Shak. 

G.  To  hit ;  to  collide;  to  dash  against;  to  clash; 
as,  a  hammer  strikes  against  the  bell  of  a  clock. 

3.  To  sound  by  percussion ;  to  be  struck.  The 
clock  strikes. 

4.  To  make  an  attack. 

A  puny  subject  striJies 
At  thy  great  glory.  Shak. 

5.  To  hit ;  to  touch  ;  to  act  on  by  appulse. 

Hinder  light  from  sinking  on  it,  and  its  colors  vanish.      Locke. 

6.  To  sound  with  blows. 

Whilst  any  trump  did  sound,  or  drum  slrudc  up.  S^aJc. 

7.  To  run  npon  ;  to  be  stranded.  The  ship  struck 
at  twelve,  and  remained  fast. 

8.  To  pass  with  a  quick  or  strong  effect ;  to  dart ; 
to  penetrate. 

Now  and  then  :i  beam  of  wJt  or  passion  etrikes  through  the 
obBciirity  of  the  poem.  Dryden. 

9.  To  lower  a  flag  or  colors  in  token  of  respect, 
or  to  signify  a  surrender  of  the  ship  to  an  enemy. 

10.  To  break  forth ;  as,  to  strike  into  reputation. 
[JVy£  in  U3e.'] 

To  strike  in ;  to  enter  suddenly ;  also,  to  recede 
from  the  surface,  as  an  eruption  ;  to  disappear. 

To  strike  in  with  ;  to  conform  to  ;  to  suit  itself  to  ; 
to  join  with  at  once.  South. 

To  strike  out ;  to  wander ;  to  make  a  sudden  ex- 
cursion; as,  to  s(ri/«  ou(  into  an  irregular  course  of 
"fo.  Colhcr. 

To  strike;  among  workmen  in  manufactories,  in 
England,  is  to  quit  work  in  a  bodv,  or  by  combina- 
tion, in  order  to  compel  their  employers  to  raise  their 
wages. 
STRIKE,  n.  An  instrument  with  a  straight  edge  for 
leveling  a  measure  of  grain,  salt,  and  the  like,  for 
scraping  off  what  is  above  the  level  of  the  top. 

America. 

2.  A  bushel ;  four  pecks.    {Local.}  Tusscr. 

3.  A  measure  of  four  bushels  or  half  a  quarter. 
l^ocal.]  Encyc. 

4.  The  act  of  combining  and  demanding  higher 
wages  for  work.     [Modem  Englisfi.] 

5.  In  geology,  the  direction  m  which  the  edge  of  a 
stratum  appears  at  the  surface. 

Strike  offiax ;  a  handful  that  may  be  hackled  at 
once.     [Local.] 
STKIKE^'-DLOCK,   n.     [strike  and   block.]     A  plane 
shorter  than  a  jointer,  used  for  shooting  a  aliort  joint. 

jyfoxon, 
STRTK'ER,    n.      One    that    strikes,  or    that  which 
strikes. 
2_.  In  Scripture,  a  quarrelsome  man.     Tit.  i. 
STRIK'ING,  ppr.     Hitting  with  a  blow  ;   impressing  ; 
imprinting;     punishing;     lowering,  as  sads,   or  a 
mast,  Slc. 
2.  a.    Affe';ting  with  strong  emotions;  surprising; 


STR 

forcible  ;  impressive ;  as,  a  strilcing  representation  or 

image. 
3.  Strong ;   exact ;   adapted  to  make  impression ; 

as,  a  striking  resemblance  of  features. 
STRIK'ING-LY,  ado.    In  such  a  manner  as  to  affect 

or  surprise  ;  forcibly  ;  strongly  ;  impressively. 
STUIK'ING-NESS,  n.    The  quality  of  affecting  or 

sur[)rising. 
STRING,  71.    [Sax.  string;    D.  and  Dan.  stren^ ;  G. 

strajig;  also  Dan.  strikke;  G.strick;  connected  with 

st}-ong,  L.  stringo,   from  drawing,  stretching;    Ir. 

srang,  a  siring  ;  sreangaim,  to  draw.] 

1.  A  small  rope,  line,  or  cord,  or  a  sl^indcr  strip  of 
leather  or  other  like  substance,  used  for  fastening  or 
tying  tliinga. 

2.  A  ribbon. 

Round  Omioiid'a  knee  thou  tyeat  Oie  mystic  string.        Prior. 

3.  A  thread  on  which  any  thing  is  filed  ;  and 
hence,  a  line  of  things;  as,  a  string  of  shells  or 
beads.  Jiddison. 

4.  The  cord  of  a  musical  instniment,  as  of  a  harp- 
sichord, harp,  or  violin;  as,  an  instrument  of  ten 
strings.  Scripture. 

5.  A  fiber,  as  of  a  plant. 

Duckweed  putteth  forth  a  little  string  into  the  water,  from  the 
bottom.  Bacon. 

6.  A  nerve  or  tendon  of  an  animal  body. 

The  string  of  liia  tongue  was  loosed,  —  Mark  vii. 
[litis  is  not  a  technical  word.] 

7.  The  line  or  cord  of  a  bow. 

He  twangs  tlie  quivering  string.  Pope. 

8.  A  aeries  of  things  connected  or  following  in 
succession;  any  concatenation  of  things  ;  tis,tistring 
of  arguments  ;  a  string  of  propositions. 

9.  In  skip-building,  tlie  hiirhest  range  of  planks  in 
a  ship's  ceiling,  or  that  between  the  gunwale  and  the 
upper  edge  of  the  upper  deck  ports.        Jlar.  Diet. 

it).  The  tough  substance  that  unites  tlie  two  parts 
of  the  pericarp  of  leguminous  plants  ;  as,  the  strings 
of  beans. 

11.  Among  Cornish  miners,  the  name  of  small, 
filamentous  ramifications  of  a  metallic  vein.    Urc. 

To  have  two  strings  to  the  bow  ;  to  have  two  expedi- 
ents for  executing  a  project  or  gaining  a  purpose  ;  to 
have  a  double  advantage,  or  to  have  two  views.  [In 
the  latter  sctisc,  unu.sual.] 
STRING,  V.  t. ;  prct.  and  pp.  Strung.  To  furnish 
with  strings. 

Has  not  wise  nature  strung  the  legs  and  feet  ?  Gay. 

9.  To  put  in  tune  a  stringed  instrument. 

For  here  the  Muse  bo  oH  her  harp  haa  strung.  Addison. 

3.  To  file  ;  to  put  on  a  line ;  as,  to  strtjig  beads  or 
pearls.  Spectator. 

4.  To  make  tense;  to  strengthen. 

Toil  strung  the  nerves  and  purified  the  blood.  Dryden. 

5.  To  deprive  of  strings  ;  as,  to  string  beans. 
STRING'-BOARD,  n.    A  board  with  its  face  next  the 

well-bole,  in  a  wooden  staircase,  whicii  jeceives  the 
end  of  the  steps.  Brandc. 

STRING'-€oURSE,  n.  A  projecting,  horizontal 
band  or  line  of  moldings  in  a  buihiing. 

Gloss.  ofjSrchit. 

STRING'SD,  a.     Having  strings ;  as,  a  stringed  in- 
strument. 
2.  Produced  by  strings;  as,  stringed  noise. 

J^lilton. 

STRIN'CENT,  n.    Binding  strondy;  urgent. 

STRING'HAT/r,  ii.  [string  and  lialt.]  A  sudden 
twitching  of  the  hinder  leg  of  a  horse,  or  an  invol- 
untary or  convulsive  motion  of  tlie  muscles  that  ex- 
tend or  bend  the  hough.  Far.  Diet. 

[This  word,  in  some  of  llie  United  States,  is  cor- 
rupted into  Springhalt.] 

STRING'I-NESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  stringy. 

STRING'ING,  p;)r.  Furnishing  with  strings  ;  putting 
in  tune;  filing;  making  tense;  depriving  of  strings. 

STRING'LESS,  a.     Having  no  strings. 

His  tongue  is  now  a  stringlees  instrument.  Sliak. 

STRING'-PIeCE,  n.    A  piece  of  timber  in  bridges. 

STRING'Y,  a.  Consisting  of  strings  or  small  threads  ; 
fibrous  ;  filamentous  ;  as,  a  stringy  root.         Ch-eto. 

2.  Ropy  ;  viscid  ;  gluey  ;  that  may  be  drawn  into 
a  thread. 

STRIP,  u.  t,  [G.  streifen,  to  strip,  to  flay,  to  stripe  or 
streak,  to  graze  upon,  to  swerve,  ramble,  or  stroll  ; 
D.  strccpen,  to  stripe,  to  reprimand  ;  Dan.  striber,  to 
stripe  or  streak,  and  stripper,  to  strip,  to  skin  or  flay, 
to  ramble  ;  Sax.  bcstnjpan.  Some  of  the  senses  of 
these  verbs  seem  to  be  derived  from  the  noun  stripe, 
which  is  probably  from  stripping.  Regularly,  this 
verb  should  be  referred  to  the  root  of  rip,  L.  rapio."] 

\.  To  pull  or  tear  off,  as  a  covering ;  as,  to  strip 
the  skin  from  a  beast ;  to  strip  the  bark  from  a  tree  ; 
to  strip  the  clothes  from  a  man's  back. 

2.  To  deprive  of  a  covering ;  to  skin  ;  to  peel ;  as, 
to  strip  a  beast  of  his  skin  ;  to  strip  a  tree  of  its 
bark  ;  to  strip  a  man  of  his  clothes. 

3.  To  deprive  ;  to  bereave  ;  to  make  destitute  ;  as, 
to  strip  a  man  of  his  possctsions. 

4.  To  divest;  as,  to  ^i.rip  one  of  his   rights  and 


STR 

privileges.  Let  us  atrip  this  subject  of  all  its  adven- 
titious glare, 

5.  To  rob  ;  to  plunder  ;  as,  robbers  strip  a  house. 

G.  To  bereave;  to  deprive;  to  impoverish;  as,  a 
man  stripped  of  his  fortune. 

7.  To  deprive  ;  to  make  bare  by  cutting,  grazing, 
or  other  means;  as,  cattle  strip  the  ground  of  its 
herbage. 

8.  To  pull  off  husks  ;  to  husk  ;  as,  to  strip  maize, 
or  the  cars  of  maize.  America. 

9.  To  press  out  the  last  milk  at  a  milking, 

Halliwell. 

10.  To  unrig  ;  as,  to  strip  a  ship.  Locke. 

11.  To  pare  off  the  surface  of  land  in  strips,  and 
turn  over  the  strips  upon  the  adjoining  surface. 

To  strip  off;  to  pull  or  take  off;  as,  to  strip  off  a 
covering  ;  to  strip  off  a  mask  or  disguise. 

2.  To  cast  off.     [J^ot  in  Uic]  Shak. 

3.  To  separate  from  something  connected.  [JVot 
in  71SC.] 

[We  may  observe  the  primary  sense  of  this  word 
is  to  peel  or  skin,  hence  to  pull  off  in  a  long,  narrow 
piece  ;  hence  stripe.] 
STRIP,  71.     [G.  strcij,  a  stripe,  a  streak ;  D.  streep,  a 
stroke,  a  line,  a  stripe  ;  Dan.  stribe.] 

1.  A  narrow  piece,  comparatively  long;  as,  a  strip 
of  cloth. 

2.  Waste,  in  a  legal  sense  ;  destruction  of  fences, 
buildings,  timber,  ficc.     [Norm,  cstrippc.] 

Jllassachusetti. 
STRIPE,  71.   [See  Strip.   It  is  probable  that  this  word 
is  taken  from  stripping,] 

1.  A  line,  or  long,  narrow  division  of  any  thing,  of 
a  different  color  from  the  ground  ;  as,  a  stripe  of  red 
on  a  green  ground  ;  hence,  any  linear  variation  of 
color.  Bacon. 

2.  A  strip,  or  long,  narrow  piece  attached  to  some- 
thing of  a  different  color;  as,  a  long  stripe  sewed 

-  upon  a  garment. 

3.  The  wale,  or  long,  narrow  mark  discolored  by  a 
lash  or  rod. 

4.  A  stroke  made  with  a  lash,  whip,  rod,  strap,  or 
scourge. 

I'orty  stripes  may  he  give  him,  and  not  exceed.  —  Dcut.  xx7. 
[A  blow  with  a  club  is  not  a  stripe.] 

5.  Affliction;  punishment;  sufferings. 

By  his  stripes  we  are  healed.  —  Is,  !iii. 
STRIPE,  V.  t.    To  make  stripes  ;  to  form  with  lines  of 
different  colors  ;  to  variegate  with  stripes. 
2.  To  strike ;  to  lash.     [Little  2ised.] 
srRTP'£D,  (strlpt,)pp.     Formed  with  lines  of  differ- 
ent colors. 
2.  a.     Having  stripes  of  different  colors. 
STRIP'ING,  ppr.     Forming  with  stripes. 
STRIP'LING,  71.     [from  strip,stripc ;  primarily,  a  tall, 
slender  youth,  one  that  shoots  up  suddenly.] 

A  youth  in  the  state  of  adolescence,  or  just  pass- 
ing from  boyhood  to  manhood ;  a  lad. 

And  tlie  king  eaid,  Inquire  thou  whose  son  the  stripling  is.—  1 
Sam,  xviii. 

STRIP'P£D,  (;=tript,)  pp.  Pulled  or  torn  off;  peeled  ; 
skinned  ;  deprived  ;  divested  ;  made  naked  ;  im- 
poverished ;  husked,  as  maize. 

STRIP'PER,  n.    One  that  strips, 

STRiP'PING,  ppr.  Pulling  off;  peeling;  skinning; 
Having;  depriving;  divesting;  huskinc 

STRIP'PINGS,  K.  ;*/.  The  last  milk  drWn  from  a 
cow  at  a  milking.     Halliioell.     [Varioiui  dialects,] 

J^ew  England. 

STRIVE,  V.  i. ;  pret.  Strove  ;  pp.  Striven.  [G.  strc- 
ben  ;  D.  strccven  ;  Sw.  strUfva ;  Dan.  stneber ;  formed 
perhaps  on  the  Heb.  3ti.  This  word  coincides  in  el- 
cment.s  with  drive,  and  the  primary  sense  is  nearly 
tiie  same.    See  Rival.] 

1.  To  make  efforts  ;  to  use  exertions  ;  to  endeavor 
with  earnestness ;  to  labor  hard  ;  applicable  to  exer- 
tions of  body  or  mind.  A  workmn.n  strives  to  per- 
form his  task  before  another;  a  student  strives  to 
excel  his  fellows  in  improvement. 

W;i3  it  for  this  that  his  ambition  ntrove 

To  equ^l  Cesiir  firet,  and  after  Juvf  ?  Cowley. 

.Strive  with  me  in  your  prayera  to  Gnd  for  me.  — Rom.  xv. 
Slrioe^  to  cnler  in  at  the  strait  gate.  —  Luke  xiii. 

2.  To  contend  ;  to  contest ;  to  struggle  in  opposi- 
tion to  another  ;  to  be  in  contention  or  dispute  ;  fol- 
lowed by  ai^iiinst  or  with  before  the  person  or  thing 
opposed  j  as,  strive  against  temptation  ;  strive  for  the 
truth. 

My  spirit  shall  not  aIw,T,ys  strive  tolVi  man.  — Gen.  vi. 

3.  To  oppose  by  contrariety  of  qualities. 

Now  priviile  pity  strove  with  public  hate, 

Reason  v.ilh  nige,  and  eloquence  with  fate.  Derluim. 

4.  'J'o  vie ;  to  be  comparable  to ;  to  emulate  j  to 
contend  in  excellence. 

Not  that  sweet  grove 
Of  Daphne  by  Orontes,  and  Ihe  mspired 
Caslaliau  sprin?,  might  with  this  paradise 
Of  Kden  strive".  Jl/Uton. 

STRIV'ER,  n.  One  that  strives  or  contends ;  one 
who  makes  efforts  of  body  or  mind. 

STRIVING,  ppr.  Making  efforts  ;  exerting  the  pow- 
ers of  body  or  mind  with  earnestness  ;  contending. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHj\T.  — JIeTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  i^IARiNE,  BIRD,  — NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOQK.- 
1094        '  ' 


STR 

STRIVING,  n.    The  act  of  making  efforts j  contest; 

couteudon. 

Aroiil  foolish  questions,  and  genealo^es,  and  coDteotlooa,  and 
strieiiis'  about  the  Uw.  —  Tit.  ui. 

STRIV'ING-LY,  adv.  With  earnest  efforts;  with 
struggles. 

STIIIX,  n.  [L.,  an  owL]  A  channel  in  a  fluted  col- 
(inm  or  pillar. 

STRoAM,  r.  i.    To  wander  about  idly  and  vacantlj-. 

STIiOB'IL,  n.     [L.  strvbilus.] 

In  botamji  an  anient,  the  carpels  of  which  are 
scale-like,  and  spread  open  and  bear  naked  seeds ; 
sometimes  the  scales  are  thin,  with  little  cohesion  ; 
but  tliey  are  often  woody,  and  cohere  into  a  single 
lubercuiated  mass.    Example,  the  fruit  of  the  pines. 

Liiulley. 

STRO-BIL'I-FORM,  a.     [L.  stroiUun  and  /yma,  su- 
pra.] 
^liaped  like  a  strobil. 

STRo'GAL,  }  n.    An  instrument  used  by  glass-makers 

STRo'KAL,  (  to  empty  the  metal  from  one  pot  to 
another.  Eiicyc. 

STROKE,  11,  [from  stril:e.]  A  blow  ;  the  striking  of 
one  body  against  another ;  applicable  to  a  club  or  to 
any  heacij  body.,  or  to  a  rod,  whip^  or  task.  A  piece  of 
timber  falling  may  kill  a  man  by  \ls  stroke;  a  man, 
when  whipped,  can  hardly  fail  to  tlinch  or  wince  at 
every  stroke. 

The  o.Tjs  were  silver, 
"Which  to  the  time  of  fluies  kept  stroke.  Shak. 

2.  A  hostile  blow  or  attack. 

He  entered  and  won  Uie  whole  kin^om  of  Naples  without 
striking  a  stroke.  Bacon. 

3.  A  sudden  attack  of  disease  or  affliction ;  calam- 
ity. 

At  this  one  stroke  the  man  looked  dead  in  hw.  Harte. 

4.  Fatal  attack  ;  as,  the  stroke  of  death. 

5.  The  sound  of  the  clock. 

Wh-it  is 'I  o'clock  f 
Upon  the  stroke  of  four.  Sfiak. 

6.  The  touch  of  a  pencil. 

0,  lastin*  as  those  colois  may  they  shine, 

Free  as  Uiy  stroke,  yet  faultless  as  thy  line.  Pope. 

Some  p;irts  of  my  work  have  been  brightened  by  the  strokes  of 
your  lordship's  pencil.  Middleton. 

7.  A  touch  ;  a  masterly  effort ;  as,  the  boldest 
strokes  of  poetry.  Dryden. 

He  will  give  one  of  the  finishing  strokes  to  it.  Addison. 

8.  An  effort  suddenly  or  unexpectedly  produced. 

9.  Power  ;  efficacy. 

He  has  a  great  stroke  with  the  reader,  when  he  condemns  any 
of  my  poema,  to  make  the  world  have  a  belter  opinion  of 
them.  Dnjden. 

[Ibelirre  this  sense  is  obsolete.] 

iO.  Series  of  operations;  as,  to  carry  on  a  great 
stroke  in  business.     [A  common  Jise  of  the  loord.] 

11.  A  dash  in  writing  or  printing;  aline;  a  touch 
of  the  pen  ;  as,  a  hair-stroke, 

13.  In  seamen^s  language,  the  sweep  of  an  oar  in 
rowing  ;  as,  to  row  with  a  long  stroke. 
STROKE,  e.  L     [Sax.  stracan  ;  Sw.  stryka ;  Russ.  stro- 
gayii,  struaayu,  to  plane.     See  Strike  and  Strict.] 

1.  To  rub  gently  with  the  hand,  by  way  of  express- 
ing kindness  or  tenderness;  to  soothe. 

He  dried  the  falling  drops,  and,  jet  more  kind, 

Ue  stroked  bet  cheeks.  Dryden. 

2,  To  rub  gently  in  one  du-ection.  Oay. 

3.  To  make  smooth. 

STRoK'£D,  (strokt,)  pp.  Rubbed  gently  with  the 
hand. 

STROK'ER,  n.  One  who  strokes ;  one  who  pretends 
to  cure  by  stroking. 

STRoKES'MAN,  n.  In  rowing,  the  man  wlio  rows 
the  aftmost  oar,  and  whose  stroke  is  to  be  followed 
by  the  rest.  Totten. 

STRoK'ING,  ppr.    Rubbing  gently  with  the  hand. 

STRoLL,  V.  i.     [Formed  probably  on  troll,  roll.] 

To  rove ;  to  wander  on  foot ;  to  ramble  idly  or  leis- 
urely. 

These  molheia  sWoU  to  beg  sustenance  for  their  helpless  infants, 

STR6LL,  n.  A  wandering  on  foot;  a  walking  idly 
and  leisurely. 

STRoLL'ER,  n.  One  who  strolls;  a  vagabond;  a 
vagrant.    ^  Swift. 

STRoLL'IXG,  ppr.    Roving  idly  ;  rambling  on  foot. 

STRO-MAT'ie,  a.     [Gr.  cTow^a.] 

Miscellaneous  ;  composed  of  different  kinds. 

STROM'BlTE,  n.  A  petrified  shell,  of  the  genus 
Strombtis.     [Obs.]  Jameson. 

STROM-Bu'Ll-FORM,  a.  In  geology,  formed  like  a 
top. 

STROM'BL'9,  n.  [L.]  A  genus  of  marine  ga^tropo- 
dous  mollusks,  having  tlie  external  border  or  lip  dila- 
ted into  a  wing.  Cucicr. 

STROM'EY-ER-ITE,  n.     [from  M.  Stromeyer.] 

Asteel-gray  ore  of  silver,  consisting  of  sulphur,  sil- 
ver, and  copper.  Dana. 

STROND,  n.  The  beach.  [JVo(  muck  vsed.]  [See 
Stba.-vd.]  I 


STR 

STRONG,  a.  [Sax.  stronir,  strong,  or  strcng;  from  the 
latter  is  formed  strengtfi;  G.  strcngc ;  D.  and  Dan. 
streiig;  Sw.strdng,  strict,  severe,  rigid.  As  t*  is  cas- 
ual in  this  word,  the  original  orthography  was  strag, 
streg,  or  strog,  coinciding  with  L.  strictns,  stringo. 
The  sense  of  the  radical  word  is,  to  stretch,  strain, 
draw,  and  probably  tVoiii  the  root  of  stretch  und  reach. 
We  obsi-rve  in  all  the  kindred  dialects  on  the  con- 
tinent the  sense  of  the  word  is  somewhat  different 
from  that  of  the  English.  The  Russ.  strogci,  strict, 
rigid,  severe,  retains  the  original  orthography  with- 
out n.] 

1.  Having  physical  active  power,  or  great  physical 
power;  having  the  power  of  exerting  great  bodily 
force  ;  vigorous.  A  patient  is  recovering  from  sick- 
ness, but  is  not  yet  strong  enough  to  walk.  A  strong 
man  will  lift  twice  his  own  weight. 

That  our  oxen  may  be  strong  to  labor.  —  Pb.  cxliv. 

Orses  the  strong  to  greater  strength  must  yield.  Dryden. 

2.  Having  physical  passive  power;  having  ability 
to  bear  or  endure;  firm;  solid;  as,  a  constitution 
strong  enough  to  bear  the  fatigues  of  a  campaign. 

3.  Well  fortilied  ;  able  to  sustain  attacks ;  not 
easily  subdued  or  taken ;  as,  a  strong  fortress  or 
town. 

4.  Having  great  military  or  naval  force ;  powerful ; 
as,  a  strong  army  or  fleet ;  a  strong  nation  ;  a  nation 
strong  at  sea. 

5.  Having  great  wealth,  means,  or  resources  ;  as, 
a  strong  house  or  company  of  merchants. 

G.  Moving  with  rapidity  ;  violent ;  forcible  ;  impet- 
uous ;  as,  a  strong  current  of  water  or  wind;  the 
wind  was  strong  from  the  north-east;  we  had  a  ^fronw- 
tide  against  us. 

7.  Hale;  sound;  robust;  as,  a  sfro/in^  constitution. 

8.  Powerful ;  forcible  ;  cogent ;  adapted  to  make  a 
deep  or  effectual  impression  on  the  mind  or  imagina- 
tion ;  as,  a  strong  argument ;  strong  reasons  ;  strung 
evidence ;  a  strong  example  or  instance.  He  used 
strong  language. 

9.  Ardent ;  eager ;  zealous ;  earnestly  engaged ;  as, 
a  strong  partisan  ;  a  strong  whig  or  tory. 

Her  mother,  ever  strong  against  that  match.  Shai. 

10.  Having  virtues  of  great  efficacy  ;  or  having  a 
particular  quality  in  a  great  degree ;  as,  a  strong 
powder  or  tincture  ;  a  strong  decoction  ;  strong  tea  ; 
strong  coffee. 

11.  Full  of  spirit;  intoxicating;  as,  5(ro7i^  liquors. 

12.  Affecting  the  sight  forcibly  ;  as,  strong  colors. 

13.  Affecting  the  taste  forcibly  ;  as,  the  strong  fla- 
vor of  onions. 

14.  Affecting  the  smell  powerfully  ;  as,  a  strong 
scent. 

15.  Not  of  easy  digestion ;  solid ;  as,  strong  meat. 
Hcb.  V. 

16.  Well  established  ;  firm  ;  not  easily  overthrown 
or  altered  ;  as,  a  custom  grown  strong  by  time. 

17.  Violent;  vehement;  earnest. 

Who,  in  the  days  of  his  flesh,  when  he  offered  up  prayers  with 
slroTtg  crying  and  tears.  —  Heb.  v. 

18.  Able  ;  furnished  with  abilities. 

1  was  stronger  in  prophecy  than  in  criticism.        Dryden. 

19.  Having  great  force  of  mind,  of  intellect,  or  of 
any  faculty  ;  as,  a  man  of  strong  powers  of  mind  ;  a 
man  of  a  strung  mind  or  intellect ;  a  man  of  strojig 
memor>',  judgment,  or  imagination. 

20.  Having  great  force ;  comprising  much  in  few 
words. 

Like  her  sweet  voice  is  thy  harmonious  song, 

As  high,  as  sweet,  as  easy,  and  as  strong.  SmiOi. 

21.  Bright;  glaring;  vivid;  as,  a  strong  W^hU 

22.  Powerful  to  the  extent  of  force  named  ;  as,  an 
armv  ten  thousand  strong* 

STRONG'-€0L-OR-£D,  a.    Having  strong  color.<5. 

STRON"GER,  (strong'ger,)  o, ;  comp.  of  Strong.  Hav- 
ing more  strengtii. 

STRON"GEST,  (strong'gest,)  a. ;  superl  of  Strong. 
Having  most  strength. 

STRONG'-FIST-ED,  a.  [strong  and  fM.]  Having  a 
strong  hand  ;  muscular.  Mrbuthnot. 

STRONG'-HAND,  n.  [strong  and  hand.]  Violence ; 
force  ;  power. 

It  was  their  meaning  to  take  what  they  needed  by  strong-hand. 

Ralegh. 
[J<t(it  properly  a  compound  icord.] 
STRONG'-HAND-ED,  a.     Having  strong  hands,  or 

bavins  many  hands,  for  the  execution  of  a  work. 
STRONG'HoLD,  71.     [strong  ami  hold.]     A  fastness; 

a  fort ;  a  fortified  place  ;  a  place  of  security. 
STRONG'LY,  adv.    With  strength;  with  great  force 
or  power  ;  forcibly  ;  a  word  of  extensive  application. 

9.  Firmly  ;  in  a  manner  to  resist  attack  ;  as,  a  town 
stronsly  fortified. 

3.  Vehemently;  forcibly;  eagerly.      The  evils  of 
this  measure  were  strongly  represented  to  the  gov- 
ernment. 
STRONG'-MTND-ED,  a.    Having  a  vigorous  mind. 

ScotL 
STRONG'-SET,  a.     [strong  and  set,]     Firmly  set  or 

compacted.  Sioifi. 

STRONG'- VOIC-£D,(8trong'voist,)  a.     Having  great 

strength  of  voice.  Scott. 


STR 

STRONG'-WA-TER,  n.  [strong  and  tcattr.]  Dis- 
tilled or  ardent  spirits.     [A'ot  m  use.]  Bacon. 

STRON'TI.\.\, )  R,     [from  Strontian.  in  Argylebhire, 

STRUN'TIA,     i     where  it  was  fir>^l  found.] 

An  earth  which,  when  jiurc  and  drj-,  is  perfectly 
white,  and  resembles  baryta  in  many  of  iti  proper- 
ties. It  is  a  compound  of  oxygen  and  a  b:ue  to 
which  is  given  the  name  of  -trvniiam,  in  the  propor- 
tion of  8  of  the  former  to  44  of  the  latter.       Davy. 

STRON'TIAN,     /         .,        .    .  . 

STKON  'nT'l€,  I  "*    ^fit^^i^'ng  to  slrontian. 

STRON'TIAN-ITE,  71.  Carbonate  of  strontian,  a 
mineral  that  occurs  missive,  fibrous,  stellated,  and 
crystallized  in  the  form  of  a  modified  rhombic  prism. 

PhiUips. 
Prismatic  barytc,  a  sp<-cies  of  heavy  spar.     Ure. 

STRON-'IT'TkS,  n.    Strontium,  which  me. 

STHON'TIU.M,  n.    The  base  of  strontian.       Da:ty. 

STROOK,  for  Struck.     [Aot  in  use.] 

STROP,  71,  A  strap.  [See  Strap.]  This  orthography 
is  particularly  used  for  a  strip  of  leather  used  for 
sharpening  razors,  and  givin;;  them  a  fine,  smooth 
edge  ;  a  razor-strop.     Hut  Sii;ap  is  preferable. 

2.  rSp.  cstrovo.]  A  piece  of  rope  spliced  into  a 
circular  wreath,  and  put  round  a  block  for  hanging 
it.  Mar.  Diet. 

STROP,  V.  t.  To  draw  over  a  strop  with  a  view  to 
sharpen.  Gardner, 

STRO'PHE,  n.  FFr.  strophe:  It.  strofa,  atrofc;  Gr. 
cTo'itlir),  a  turn,  from  crpitpr,},  to  turn.] 

In  the  ancient  thratrr,  tint  part  of  a  song  or  dance 
around  the  altar  which  was  performed  by  turning 
from  the  right  to  the  left.  It  was  succeeded  by  the 
antistroplie,  in  a  contrary  direction.  Hence,  in  an- 
cient lyric  poelr>',  the  former  of  two  sutnzas  was 
called  the  strophe^  and  the  latter  the  antistrophe.  To 
these  an  cpodc  uas  sometimes  added. 

STRo'PIIl-O-LATE,       )  a.      [L.  stropMum,  a   gar- 

STR6'PiII-0-L.^-TED,   i       land.j 

Furnished  with  a  garland,  or  that  which  resembles 
a  garland.  SmifA. 

STROUT,  r.  i.  [For  Strut.]  To  swell ;  to  puff  out. 
[J^tit  in  use.]  Baunu 

STROVE,  prcf.  of  Strive. 

STKoW  13  only  a  different  orthography  of  Strkw. 
rSt?e  Strew. f 

SI  RoVVL,  for  Stroll,  is  not  in  use.    [See  Stroll.] 

STROV,  for  DESTRor,  is  not  in  use.    [See  Destroy.] 

STRUCK,  pret.  and  pp.  of  Strike.     [See  Strike.] 

STRUCK'£N,  the  old  pp.  of  Strike,  is  obsolete. 

STRUG'TUR-AL,  (strukt'yur-al,)  a.  Pertaining  to 
structure.  .VarshuU  Hail. 

STRUCTURE,  (strukt'yur,)  71.  [Fr.,froni  Ustructura, 
from  struo,  (for  strugo,)  to  set  or  lay ;  It.  slruttura.] 

1.  ^ct  of  building  ;  practice  of  erecting  buildings. 

His  soil  builds  on,  and  never  is  content 
Till  the  hisl  iLirihiiig  is  in  structure  spent.  Dryden. 

{Rarely  used.] 

2.  Manner  of  building;  form;  make;  construc- 
tion ;  as,  the  want  of  insight  into  the  structure  and 
constitution  of  the  terraqueous  globe.      Woodicard. 

3.  Manner  of  organization  of  animals  ax.d  vegeta- 
bles, &:c. 

4.  A  building  of  any  kind,  but  chiefly  a  building 
of  some  size  or  of  magnificence  ;  an  edifice.  The 
iron  bridge  over  the  Seine,  in  Paris,  is  a  beautiful 
structure. 

There  slands  a  slrudure  of  majestic  frame.  Pope. 

5.  In  mitzeratogij,  the  particular  arrangement  of  the 
integrant  particles  or  molecules  of  a  mineral. 

Brongniart. 

ItrEue'  \  "'    ^  ^^^^^  °^  breeding  mares.    Baihy. 

STRUG'GLE,  (strug'gl,)  v.  i.  [This  word  may  be 
formed  on  the  root  of  stretch,  right,  &c.,  which  sig- 
nifies to  strain  ;  or  more  directly  on  tlie  same  el- 
ements in  L.  riigo,  to  wrinkle,  and  Eng.  »ri/ir/tf.  In 
W.  ystrciglaw  is  to  turn.] 

1.  Properly,  to  strive,  or  to  make  efforts  with  a 
twisting,  or  with  contortions  of  the  body.    Hence, 

2.  To  use  great  efforts ;  to  labor  bard  ;  to  strive  ; 
to  contend  ;  as,  to  struggle  to  save  life  ;  to  struggle 
with  the  waves;  to  struggle  against  the  stream;  to 
struggle  with  adversity. 

3.°^o  labor  in  pain  or  anguish  ;  to  be  in  agony ;  to 
labor  in  any  kind  of  ditficulty  or  distress. 

'Tis  wisdom  to  beware, 
And  letter  shun  the  bail  than  struggle  iu  the  snare.    Dryden. 

STRUG'GLE,  n.    Great  labor ;   forcible  effort  to  ob- 
tain an  object,  or  to  avoid  an  evil ;  properly,  a  vio- 
lent effort  with  contortions  of  the  body. 
2.  Contest ;  contention  ;  strife. 


3.  Affonv ;  contortions  of  extreme  distress. 

STRUG'GLER,  n.  One  who  struggles,  strives,  orcon- 
tends. 

STRUG'GLIXG,  ppr,  or  a.  Makmg  great  efforts; 
using  violent  exertions  ;  affected  with  contortions. 

STRUG'GLING,  71.  The  act  of  striving  ;  vehement 
or  cninei^t  effort.  ., 

STRO'MA,  ».  [I'-]  Scrofula:  the  king's  evil ;  a  spe- 
cific, morbid  condition,  considered  by  many  as  a 


TtJNE,  BJJLL,  IJNITB.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.— €  asK;  6asJ;  SasZ;  CHasSH;  THasinTHIS. 

' 1U95 


STU 

Itcciiliar  sort  of  inllaiiiiu.-ition,  iiKinifcstcd,  in  very 
mauycasL's,  by  an  indolent  fularc'nu'nt,  whicli  simic- 
tinirs  suppurates,  lint  .slowly  and  imperfectly,  and 
Im  :ils  Willi  diHiculty. 

STKCi'.MlJL'S,  CI.    f^eiofulons;  Iiavio"  struma. 

STUU.M'I'ET,  n.     [Ir.  stiibrid,  strioiMcli.] 
A  prostitute. 

STKUM'PET,  a.    IJke  a  strumpet ;  false  ;  inconstant. 

Skak. 

STIUTM'PET,  ti.  t    To  debauch.  SImk. 

STRl'NG,  pret.  of  Strim;. 

STRUT,  i>.  i.     [G.  .itrof.cn;  l?ar..  flrutln:] 

1.  To  walk  with  a  Infty.  proud  jiaitand  erect  Iiead  ; 
to  walk  with  affected  digiiity. 

Doc*  he  iiul  holtl  up  his  heiitj  and  sfrur  ill  liis  ^t  i         Shai. 

2.  To  swell ;  to  protnbcrate. 

The  l*:!yiiig  Miivus  ilrutled  with  the  ffalo.  Dryden. 

[.Vol  uieiL]  "  ' 

STRUT,  ji.    A  lofty,  proud  step  or  walk  with  the  head 
erect;  atfectation  of  dignity  in  walkini;. 

a.  In  arcluU-r.ture.VL  piece  of  tiinlier  obliquely  placed 
from  a  king  or  queen  post  to  support  a  rafter,  soiiie- 
Iniiis  called  a  lin.vcE.  Brandc. 

STUO'TIII-OUS,  „.     (I,.  sinMh.]    Pertaining  to  or 
like'  the  ostrich  ;  heloiigini;  to  the  ostrich  tribe. 

STIUJT'TRK,  JI.     One  wlio  struts.  Swift. 

STRIJT'TL\G,  jipr.     Walking  with  a  lofty  gait  and 
erect  head. 

The  act  of  walkin 


STRIJT'TING,  71. 

suit. 
STRUT'TING-LY, 

boastincly. 
STRVCH'NI-A, 
STRVeil'NI-NA 
STRVeH'NI.VE, 


with  a  proud 
ado.    With  a  proud,   lofty  step  ; 


[Gr.  (TTivyj'off,  an    ancient 
Greek  name  for  several  plants, 
most  of  which  were  narcotics. 
A   vegetable  alkaloid,  the    sole    active    principle 
of  .stryclinos  Tieuti,   the  most  active  of  the  Java 
poisons,    and    one    of    the     active     principles    of 
Slrychnos   Ignatii,  Sir.  Nux-voinica,  Str.  C'okibrina. 
etc.    This  alkaloid  has  an  intensely  hitter  taste,  leav- 
ing  an  impression  in  the  mouth  similar  to  Iliat  from 
certain  metallic  salts.     It  is  a  most  valuable  medi- 
cine, much  used  at  the  present  day. 
STUIl,  n.     [Sa.v.  sleb  ;  Dan.  .itiib  ;   Sw.  stubhc,  a  stock 
or  stem  ;  L.  stipes  ,•  from  setting,  fixing.     See  Stop.] 
1.  The  stump  of  a  tree  ;  that  part  of  the  stem  of  a 
tree  which  remains  fixed  in  the  earth  when  the  tree 
is  cut  down.    [Stub,  in  the  United  States,  I  believe, 
is  never  used  lor  the  stump  of  a  herbaceous  plant.] 
S.  A  log  ;  a  block.     [^Tot  in  vsc]  Miltim. 

STUB,  !i.  t.     To  grub  U|i  by  the  roots ;  to  extirpate  ; 
as,  to  stab  up  edible  roots,  Qrao. 

•2.  To  strike  the  toes  against  a  stump,  stone,  or  oth- 
er  fixed  object.  jViw  Rutland. 

STUB'BEI),  0.     Short  and  thick  like  somethiiig  trun- 
cated ;  blunt ;  obtuse.     [Sw.  sluMJ^.] 
a.  Hardy  ;  not  nice  or  delicate.    "  Berkdeii 

STUB'BED-NESS,  n.     Bluntness  ;  obtuseness. 
STUIi'BING,  ppr.    Grubbing  up  by  the  roots :  extir- 
pating. 
STUU'lil-E,   (stub'bl,)  n.     [D.  and  G.  stoppcl;  Sw. 
stuhb  ;  L.  stipxtla.     It  is  a  diminutive  of  stub.] 

The  stumps  of  wheat,  rye,  barley,  oats,  or  buck- 
wheat, left  in  the  sround  ;  the  part  of  the  stalk  left 
by  the  scythe  or  sickle. 

Afwr  Ihc  firs',  crop  is  ofl",  they  plow  in  the  slabbli.    Mortimer. 

STUB'BLE-GOOSE,H.    [stubble  aaA  goose]   A  goose 

fed  among  stubble.  C/iauccr. 

STUB'BLE-RaKE,  )!.     A  rake  v^iith  long  teeth  for 

raking  together  stubble. 
STUB'BORN,  a.     [This  word  is  doubtless  formed  on 

the  root  of  stub  or  .itijf;  and  denotes  fixed,  firm. 

Chaucer  writes  it  stibbornc,  6038.    But  the  origin  of 

the  latter  .syllable  is  not  obvious.] 

1.  Unreasonably  obstinate;  inflexibly  fixed  in 
opinion  ;  not  to  be  moved  or  persuaded  by  reasons ; 
inflexible;  as,  a  stubborn  son;  a  stubborn  mind  or 
soul. 

Tiie  qiiern  is  e)hslina'^  — 

.'itiibtforn  to  jusiicp.  SliaJc, 

9.  Persovcrins;  peraisling ;  steady  j  constant;  as, 
stubborn  attention.  Locke 

3.  Stifl";  not  flexible  ;  as,  a  stubborn  bow. 

Chapman, 
Take  a  plant  of  alubborn  oak.  Dnjditn. 

4.  Hardy  ;  firm ;  enduring  without  complaint :  as, 
stubonrn  Stoics.  Swih 

5.  Har.sh;  rough;  nigged.     [  Little  used.] 

G.  Refractory  ;  not  easily  melied  or  worked  ;  as,  a 
stubborn  ore  or  metil. 

7.  Refractory  ;  obstinately  resisting  command,  the 
goad,  or  the  whip  ;  as,  a  stubbvrn  ass  or  horse 
STUB'HORN-LY,  adv.     Obstinately  j  inflexibly  ;  con- 

tnmarioii.sly. 
STUn'IJORN-NESS,  n.    Pervcrsr   and  unreasonable 
obstinacy  ;  inflexibility  ,  coniuniacy. 

Hiubbomntss  aul  obstinate  ilfaobcdieiice  must  bo  inastcn-d  wiili 
>-="«■«•  Locke. 

2.  StifTnPss  ;  want  of  pliancy. 

3.  Kefracioiinesa,  as  of  o-es. 

STUB'BY,  a.    {from  stub.}    Abounding  witli  stubs. 


STU 

2.  Short  and  thick  j  short  and  strong ;  as,  stubbij 
bristliis.  Orcw. 

STUIJ'-NaIL,  7(.  [stub  and  nail.]  A  nail  broken ofl"; 
a  short,  thick  nail. 

STU€'€(),  n.  [It  id.;  Fr.  stuc;  Sp.  cstuco;  allied 
probably  to  .^tick^  stack.] 

J.  A  general  name  for  i)Jaster  of  any  kind  used  as 
a  ci>atiiifi  for  walls;  particnlarlii,  a  fitie  plaster,  com- 
posed of  lime  or  (;yp-suni.  wiiii  sand  and  pounded 
nimble,  used  for  internal  decorations,  &lc. 

3.  Work  made  of  stucco. 

STUe'€0,  V.  t.  To  plaster;  to  overlay  with  fine 
plaster. 

STLie'e6-£D,(-k6de,);j;y.  or  fl.    Overlaid  with  stucco. 

STUC'G(-)-ER,  n.     One  versed  in  stucco  work. 

STU€'eO-ING,  ppr.     IMasteriug  with  stucco. 

STUCK,  prct.  and  pp.  of  Stick. 

Stuck  oVr  Willi  titles,  nnil  liung  rouiul  wiili  slringM.        Pope. 

STUCK,  77.     A  thrust.     [J^ai  in  use]  Sfiak. 

STUCK'LE,  (stuk'l,)  n.  [from  stook.]  A  number  of 
sheaves  set  togetlHT  in  the  field.  [Scottis/i.]  [J^Tot  in 
use  in  the  United  Ulatcs.j 

STUD,  ■«.  [Sax.  slod,  stnda;  Ice.  stod;  D.stnt;  Sw. 
stSd  :  G.  slittzc,  a  stay  or  prop  ;  sLvtzcn^  to  bull  at,  to 
pore  ;  Dan.  stodcr,  to  push,  to  thrust,  CsfwA-scH.  The 
sense  of  the  root  is,  to  set,  to  thrust.  It  coincides 
with  stead,  place,  Ir.  stadam^  to  stay  or  stand,  stid,  a 
prop.] 

1.  In  buildinf^,  a  small  piece  of  timber  or  joist  in- 
serted ill  the  sills  and  beams,  between  the  posts,  to 
support  the  beams  or  other  main  timbers.  The  hoards 
on  Tlio  outside,  and  the  laths  on  the  inside,  of  a  build- 
ing, are  also  naihi-rt  to  the  stud^-. 

2.  A  nail  \vilh  a  large  head,  inserted  in  work 
chiefly  forornamcnl;  an  ornamental  knub. 

A  bell  of  straw,  and  ivy  bufJB, 

Willi  corjil  cj.inps  iind  ainlicr  aliul^.  Halcgh. 

Crysial  and  niyrrhine  cups,  embossed  with  ^ma 

And  slude  of  pearl.  Milton. 

3.  A  collection  of  breeding  horses  and  mares ;  or 
the  place  where  they  are  kept. 

lu  the  stud«  of  Ireland,  where  care  b  (iiken,  wc  see  horses  bred 
of  excellent  shape,  vjnor,  and  lire.  Temple. 

4.  An  ornamental  button  for  a  shirt  bosom,  &c. 
STUD,  V.  t.     To  adorn  with  shining  studs  or  knobs. 

Their  hurs'-»  ^iiall  lie  inppctl. 
Their  harness  siuiUled  nil  with  gold  ami  i)earl.  Sliak. 

2.  To  set  with  detached  ornaments  or  prominent 
objects. 
STUD'DED,  pp.    Adorned  with  studs. 
2.  Set  with  detached  iiruaments. 

The  sloping  sides  and  snmtnils  of  our  hills,  and  the  extensive 
jilains  lliiit  stretch  before  our  vipw,  are  atiuUled  with  sub- 
stantial, ncal,  and  commodious  dwellings  of  freemen. 

Bp.  Ilobart. 

STUD'DING,  ppr.  Setting  or  adorning  with  studs  or 
sliining  knobs. 

STUD'DING-SaIL,  n.  In  vnvin-ation,  a  sail  that  is 
set  beyond  the  skirts  of  the  principal  sails.  The 
studding-sails  are  set  only  when  the  wind  is  mod- 
cr  itc  and  steady.  They  appear  like  wings  upon  the 
yard-arms.  Jifar.  Diet.     Totten. 

STO'DENT,  7t.     [L.  stndeits,  studeo.     See  Study.] 

1.  A  person  engaged  in  study  ;  one  who  is  devo- 
ted to  learning,  cither  in  a  seminary  or  in  private ; 
a  scholar  ;  as,  the  students  of  an  academy,  of  a  col- 
lege or  university  ;  n  medical  studciu  :  a  law  studejU. 

2.  A  man  devoted  to  hooks  ;  a  bookish  man  ;  as,  a 
hard  student ;  a  close  student. 

Keep  0.  gamester  from  dice,  and  a  good  student  from  liia  books. 

Skak. 

3.  One  who  studies  or  examines  ;  as,  a  student  of 
nature's  works, 

STO'DEiVT-SHIP,  71.    The  state  of  being  a  student. 

STUD'-HORSE,  7(.  [Sax.  stod-kors;  Low  L.  stota- 
rius ;  Chaucer,  5(o(.] 

A  breeding  horse ;  a  horse  kept  for  propagating  his 
kind. 

STUD'I-£D,  (stud'did,)  pp.  [from  studij.]  Read; 
closely  examined  ;  read  with  diligence  and  atten- 
tion ;  well  considered.  The  book  has  been  studied. 
The  subject  has  been  well  studied. 

2.  a.  Learned  ;  well  versed  in  any  branch  of 
learning  ;  qualified  by  study  ;  as,  a  man  well  studied 
in  geometry,  or  in  law,  or  medical  science.  Bacon. 

3.  Premeditated. 

4.  Having  a  particular  inclination.     [JVot  in  use.] 

Shak. 
STUD'I-£D-LY,  (stud'did-le,)  adv.    Premcditaledly. 
STUD'I-ER,  71.     [from  stadtj.]     One  who  studies";  a 
student. 

Lipshis  was  a  great  BttuOer  in  the  stoical  pJiiloaophy.     T^lolson. 

STtJ'DLO,  71.  [It.]  The  work-shop  of  a  sculptor ; 
sometimes,  though  less  properly,  applied  to  the  work- 
shap  of  a  painter.  Joccbjn. 

STU'DI-OUS,  a.     [Fr.  studieuz;  L.  studiosus.] 

1.  Given  to  books  or  to  learning;  devoted  to  the 
acquisition  of  knowledge  from  books ;  as,  a  studious 
scholar. 

9.  Contemplative  ;  given  to  thought,  or  to  the  ex- 
amination of  subjects  by  contemplation. 
3.  Diligent ;   eiger  to  discover  something,  or  to 


STU 

eflect  some  object;  as,  be  studious  to  pleate ;  stuai- 
ou,s  to  fiml  new  friends  and  allit;a  Ticket 

4.  Attentive  to;  careful;  with  (?/*. 

Divines  must  become  eludiaus  Q/'piuua  and  vcnorable  nntiniL'y. 

WhU9. 

5.  Plaimed  witli  study  ;  deliberate. 

Kor  til'"  frigid  villainy  of  sfui/ious  h^wdneu,  lbrthpcrUminat)gii.'iy 
vi  lulMjrcd  iniiiiely,  what  apolugy  can  be  infen.«d  ? 

Ramhltr. 

6.  Favorable  to  study  ;  suitable  for  thi  ught  and 
contemplation ;  as,  the  studious  ebaAti. 

Let  my  due  feet  never  fivil 

'I'o  walk  the  studitma  cluister  pale.  A/iifon. 

[The    latter   signification  is  forced^  and  not  much 
■used.] 
STO'DLOUS-LY,  adr.    With  study;  with  close  at- 
tention to  liooks. 

2.  With  diligent  contemplation.  Dryden. 

3.  Diligently  ;   with  zeal  and  earnestness. 

.Ittcrbury. 

4.  Carefiillv ;  attentively. 
STO'DI-UUS-NESS,  n.     The    habit    or    practice  of 

study  ;  addictedness  to  books.  IVIen  of  sprigiit'y 
imagination  are  not  generally  the  most  remathablV 
for  stndioiisnc.'is. 
STUD'Y,  7J.  [Fv.  etude;  L.  stndium,  from  studto^  to 
study,  that  is^to  srt  the  thoughts  or  mind.  (See  As- 
siduous.) Studeo  IS  connected  with  the  English 
stud,  stead.] 

1.  Literally,  a  setting  of  the  mind  or  thoughts  upon 
a  subject;  hence,  application  of  mind  to  bonks,  to 
arts  or  science,  or  to  any  subject,  for  the  purpose  of 
learning  what  is  not  before  known. 

Hammond  genendty  sp-nt  thirteen  hours  of  tho  day  in  study. 

FrII. 
Study  gives  strength  to  th»!  mind  ;  convenwuion,  grace.  Temple, 

2.  Attention;  meditation;  contrivance. 

Just  men  they  sccnicd,  and  all  their  study  bpnt 

To  worship  God  aright,  and  know  his  works.  Milton. 

3.  Any  particular  branch  of  learning  that  is  stud- 
ied. Li't  your  studies  be  directed  by  some  leari.od 
and  judicious  friend. 

4.  Subject  of  attention. 

The  Holy  Scriptures,  especially  the  New   Teslamcnl,  are   Ii'.t 
daily  study.  Law, 

5.  A  building  or  an  apartment  devoted  to  study 
or  to  literary  employment.       Clarendon.     Dryden. 

6.  Deep  cogitation ;    perplexity.     {^Little  used.] 

Bacon. 

7.  In  paintiniT  and  sculpture,  a  work  undertaken 
for  improvement  in  the  art,  and  usually  left  incom- 
plete. 

STUD'Y,  V.  i.     [L.  studeo.] 

1.  To  fix  the  mind  closely  upon  a  subject ;  to 
muse  ;  to  dwell  upon  in  thought. 

1  found  a  moral  first,  and  then  studied  for  a  fable.  Sm/l. 

9.  To  apply  the  mind  to  books.     He  studies  eight 
hours  in  the  day. 
3.  To  endeavor  diligently. 

That   ye   study   to   be  quiet  and   do   your  own   businesn.  —  1 
Thess.  iv. 

STUD'Y,  f.  (.  To  apply  the  mind  to;  to  read  and 
examine  for  the  purpose  of  learning  and  understand- 
ing; as,  to  studij  law  or  theology;  to  study  lan- 
guages. 

2.  To  consider  attentively ;  to  examine  clo^^ely. 
Study  the  works  of  nature. 

Study  tliyself ;  what  rank  or  what  degree 

Thy  wise  Creator  h.is  ordained  for  thee.  Dryden. 

3.  To  ft)rni  or  arrange  by  previous  thought;  to  con 
over ;  or  to  commit  to  memory  ;  as,  to  study  a 
speech. 

STUD'Y-ING,  ppr.  Applying  the  mind  to ;  reading 
and  examining  closely. 

STtJ'FA,  n.  [It.,  a  stove.]  A  jet  of  steam  issuing 
from  a  fissure  in  the  earth. 

STUFF,  71.  [D.  stof,  stoffc;  G.  staff ;  Dan.  sfda;  Sw. 
stoft ;  Goth,  stubijus  ;  It.  stoffa;  Sp.  c-^io/o,  quilted 
stulT;  estofar,  to  quilt,  to  stew.  See  Stove  and 
Stew.] 

1.  A  mass  of  matter,  indefinitely ;  or  a  collection 
of  substances;  as  a  heap  of  dust,  of  chips,  or  of 
dross. 

9.  The  matter  of  which  any  thing  is  formed  ;  ma- 
terials. The  carpenter  and  joiner  speak  of  tlie  stuff 
with  which  they  build  ;  mechanics  pride  themselves 
on  having  their  wares  made  of  good  stuff. 

Time  is  the  stuff  \\\uc\i  life  is  made  of.  Pranklin. 

Degnidin^^  prose  explains  his  mcnninir  ill, 

And  Fhowis  ihe  stuff,  and  not  the  workmnn'ii  skill.  Roscommon. 
Cesar  \ml\\  wept; 
Ambition  should  be  made  of  sUrner  stuff.  S'uil:. 

3.  Furniture;  goods;  domestic  vessels  in  general. 

He  lonk  away  locks,  and  gave  away  the  king'*  stuff.     \Ncirly 
obsolete.]  /!ni/toard. 

4.  That  which  fills  any  thing. 

Cleanse  the  sIiilTi'd  liosom  of  [hat  perilous  eluff 

That  weighs  upon  llie  heart.  Sf.ak. 

5.  Essence;  elemental  part;  65,  the  afjff  rf  tbe 
conscience. 

6.  A  medicine,     [yulffftr.]  f^'uok. 


^ATK,  FAR,  Fy^LL,  VVH^T.  — MkTE,  PRgY — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOQK.— 


STU 

7.  Cloth ;  fabrics  of  the  loom ;  as,  silk  stub's ; 
%voolen  stuffs.  In  this  sense  the  word  has  a  plural. 
Stufl'coiupreheiuis  all  cloths,  bat  it  signifies  particu- 
larly woolen  cloth  of  slight  testure  for  linings. 

Kncyc. 

8.  Matter  or  thing  ;  parlicularltjy  that  which  is 
trifling  or  worthless;  c  vcrtj  extensive  itsc  of  the 
word.  Flattery  is  fulsome  stuff;  poor  poetry  is  mis- 
erable stuff. 

Ang^r  wouM  inib'te 
Such  woful  stuff  &&  I  or  S!iad\vc!l  wiiie.  Dryden. 

9.  Among  seamen^  a  melted  mass  of  turpentine, 
tallow,  &c.,  with  which  tho  masts,  sides,  and  bot- 
tom of  a  ship  are  smeared.  J\Iar.  Diet. 

STUFF,  r.  c    To  fill ;  as,  to  stuff  a  bedtick. 

2.  To  fiU  very  full ;  to  crowd. 

This  crwk  drew  h.-ut-l  boi^^l^a  atJown, 

And  stufed  her  apron  m-ide  wiUi  nuU  so  brown.  Gay. 

3.  To  thrust  in  ;  to  crowd  j  to  press. 

Put  rose«  iiilo  a  glass  with  a  narrow  nioLitb,  stuffin£  thcin  dose 
toother.  jBacon, 

4.  To  fill  by  being  put  into  any  thing. 
With  inward  arms  ihe  dire  niadiine  they  load, 

Aud  iron  towels  swathe  dark  abode.  Dryden. 

5-  To  swell  or  cause  to  bulge  out  by  pulling  some- 
thing in. 

Staff  me  out  with  slraw.  Shak. 

To  fill  with  something  improper. 


STU 


STY 


Pot  thee  I  Jim  these  eyes,  ajiii  stuff  this  bead 
Wiih  all  such  reading  iis  was  never  rrriid. 


Pope. 


7.  To  obstruct,  as  any  of  the  organs. 

I'm  stuffed,  cousio;  I  can  uot  smell.  Shtik. 

8.  To  fill  meat  with  seasoning ;  as,  to  stuff  a.  leg  of 
veal. 

9.  To  fill  the  skin  of  a  dead  animal  for  presenting 
and  preserving  his  form;  as,  to  stuff  a  bird  or  a 
lion's  skin. 

10.  To  form  by  fillmg. 

Ao  Eaaiern  kins'  P»t  a  judge  to  dcalli  for  an  iniquitous  sentence, 
and  ordered  his  hide  to  be  stuffed  into  a  cushion,  and  placed 
™""  "•"  *-^ Swi/L 


opoD  the  tiibuual. 

STUFF,  V.  i.    To  feed  gluttonously. 

Taught  harroJes  man  to  cram  and  stuff, 

FiUed 


Sir:ft. 

crowded  j 


STUFF'ED,  (sluft,)  pp.    or   a. 

crammed. 

STUFFI\G,p7?r.    Filling;  crowding. 
STUFF'IXG,  ».    That  which  is  used  for  filling  any 

thing ;  as,  the  stuffing'  of  a  saddle  or  cushion. 
2.  Seasoning  for    meat ;   that  which   is  put  into 

meat  to  give  it  a  higher  relish. 
STuKE,  for  Stucco.    "[JVot  in  use.] 
STULM,  71.    A  shaft  to  draw  water  out  of  a  mine. 

__  Bailey, 

STULP,  Ti.    A  post.    [Local]  Halliwdl. 

STUL'TI-FT-£D,  (-fide,)  pp.    JIade  foolish. 
STUL'TI-FS",  V.  L     [L.  stuUus,  foolish,  and  facio,  to 

makej 

1.  To  make  foolish  ;  to  make  one  a  fool.    Burke. 

2.  In  lawy  to  allege  or  prove  to  be  insane,  for 
avoiding  some  act.  Blackstonc. 

STUL'TI-FS-ING,  ppr.     JIaking  foolish. 
STUL-TIL'O-UUENCE,  n,      [L.  stultus,  foolish,  and 
loqiifntia,  a  talking.] 
Foolish  talk  ;  a'babbliug.  Did 

STUI^TIL'O-UUY,  n.     [L.  stuUUo'pdum,  supra.l 

Foolish  talk;  silly  discour^^e  ;  babbling.     Taijlar. 
STUM,  n.    [D.stoTTi  .'^um,  dumb;  G.  i-lu/;i7n,Dan.  and 
Sw.  stum,  dumb,  mute.] 

1.  Must;  wine  unfermented.  Addison. 

2.  New  wine  used  to  raise  fermentation  in  dead  or 
vapid  wines.  b.  Jonson. 

3.  Wine  revived  by  new  fermentation.    Hudibras. 
STUM,  r.  t.    To  renew  wine  by  mixing  must  with  it, 

and  raising  a  new  fermentation. 

We  ztum  our  wines  to  renew  their  Bpirits.  Flo\jtr. 

2.  To  fume  a  cask  of  liquor  with  burning  brim- 
stone.    [Loeol.^ 
STUM'BLE,  c.  I,     [Ice.  rfumra.    This  word  is  proba- 
bly from  a  root  that  signifies  to  stop  or  to  strike,  and 
may  be  allied  to  stammer.] 

1.  To  trip  in  walking  or  moving  in  any  way  upon 
the  leg3  ;  to  strike  the  foot  so  as  to  fall,  or  to  endan- 
ger a  fall ;  applied  to  any  animal.  A  man  may  stum- 
blCy  as  well  as  a  horse. 

The  way  of  the  wickwl  is  as  dartness ;  they  tnow  not  at  what 
ibcy  gtuinble.  —  Pror.  ir. 

2.  To  err ;  to  slide  into  a  crime  or  an  error. 

He  Uiat  lovr-ih  bis  brother,  ahideth  in  the  light,  and  there  is  no 
occasion  of  etumbiing  in  him.  —  1  John  if. 

3.  To  strike  upon  without  design;  to  fall  on  ;  to 
lielit  on  by  chance.  3Ien  often  stumble  upon  valua- 
ble discoveries. 

OT-d  atumUed  by  some  inatlTertenc?  upon  Livia  fa  t  bath. 

Dryden. 

STUM'BLE,  V.  t.    To  obstruct  in  progress ;  to  cause 
to  trip  or  stop. 

2.  To  confound  ;  to  puzzle  ;  to  put  tc  a  nonplus ; 
to  perpiex 

One  '.ainf  rr.ore  ttumblet  me  ho  the  verj  foooJattor  ef  this  hy- 
poth^is.  Locke. 


STUM'BLE,  n.     A  trip  in  walking  or  running. 
2.  A  blunder  ;  a  failure. 

One  slutnlte  is  cnou^'h  to  deface  llie  character  of  an  honorablo 
'"ff-  L'Estrange. 

STUM'BL£D,  pp.    Ob.^tructed  ;  puxzlcd. 
STUM^BLER,  n.    One  that  stumbles  or  makcsablun- 
,  "Jf/-  Herbert. 

bTUM'BLING,  jfpr.  or  fl.     Tripping;    erring;    puz- 
zling. 
STUM'BLING-BLOCK,  )  n.    [stumble,  and  block  or 
STUM'BLING-STONE,  i       stone.]      Any   cause   of 
stumbling  ;  that  which  causes  to  err. 

We  preach  Christ  crucified,  to  the  Jews  a  stumiling-block,  and 

lo  the  Greeks  fuolishneas.  —  I  Cor.  i. 
This  stumbling- slant  we  hope  to  lake  away,  Burnet, 

STUM'BLING-LY,  ado.    In  a  stumbling  manner. 
STU3I'M£D,  [stumd,)  pp.    Renewed  by  mixing  must 

with  it,  and  raising  a  new  fermentation. 
STUMP,  71.     [Sw.  and  Dan.  stump  ;  Dan.  stumper,  Sw. 

stijmpa,  to  nmtilate  ;  D.  5(07?!^,  a  stump,  and  blunt ; 

G.  stumpf.] 

1.  The  stub  of  a  tree  ;  the  part  of  a  tree  remaining 
in  the  earth  after  the  tree  is  cut  down,  or  the  part 
of  any  plant  left  in  the  earth  by  the  jxythe  or  sickle. 

2.  The  part  of  a  limb  or  other  body  remaining  af- 
ter a  part  is  amputated  or  destroyed  ;  as,  ti;-i  st^mp 
of  a  leg,  of  a  finger,  or  a  tooth.       Dryden     ;.imjl.  ' 

3.  Stumps,  pi. ;  legs ;  as,  to  stir  one's  st',.ztj.s. 

i^aVAtnell. 
To  take  the  stump,  or  to  stump  it,  denotes,  in  the 
Western  States,  lo  make  public  addresses  for  elec- 
tioneering purposes ;    a   phrase    derived    from    the 
speaker's  originally  mounting  the  slump  of  a  tree 
in  making  his  address. 
STUMP,  V.  t.    To  strike  any  thing  fixed  and  hard 
with  tlie  toe.     [F'ulffar.] 
2.  To  challenge,     [rulgar.] 
STUMP'jED,  (stumpl,)  jip.    Struck  hard  with  the  toe. 

2.  Challenged. 
STUMP'-OR'A-TOR,  Tt.    A  man  who  harangues  the 
populace  from  the  stump  of  a  tree,  or  other  elevation. 

.America. 
STUMP'-0R'A-T0-RY,7i.     An  electioneering  speech 

from  a  slump,  or  other  elevation.  America. 

STUMP'Y,  a.     Full  of  stumps. 

2.  Hard  ;  strong.     [Little  used.]  Mortimer. 

3.  Short  and  thick;  stubby.     [Little  used.] 

Todd. 
STUN,  V.  t.     [Sax.  stiinian  ;  Ft.  etonner.  The  primary 
sense  is,  to  strike  or  to  stop,  to  blunt,  to  stupefy.] 

!.  To  make  senseless  or  dizzy  with  a  blow  on  the 
head  ;  as,  to  be  stunned  by  a  fall,  or  by  a  falling  lim- 
ber. 

One  hung  a  pole-ax  at  his  saddle-bow, 

And  one  a  heas-y  mace  to  elan  the  foe.  Dryden. 

2.  To  overpower  the  sense  of  hearing  ;  to  blunt  or 
stupefy  the  organs  of  hearing.  To  prevent  being 
stunned,  cannoneers  sometimes  fill  their  ears  with 
^vool. 

3.  To  confound  or  make  dizzy  by  loud  and 
mingled  sound. 

A  unlvereal  hubbub  wild 
Of  slunning  sounds  and  voices  all  confused.  Milton. 

STUNG,  pret.  and  pp.  of  Sting. 

STUNK,  pre/,  of  Stink. 

STUN'NjED,  (stund,)pp.  Having  the  sense  of  hear- 
ins  overpowered  ;  confounded  with  noise. 

STUN'NING,  ppr.  or  a.  Overpowering  the  organs  of 
hi.'aring;  confounding  with  noise. 

STUNT,  V.  t.  [Ice.  stunta;  Sax.  stintan,  to  stint; 
stunt,  foolish,  stupid.     See  Stint.] 

To  hinder  from  growth  ;  applied  to  animals  and 
plants;  as,  to  stu7it  a  child  ;  lo  stunt  a  plant. 

j^rbuthnot.     Pope.     Swi/i. 

STUNT'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Hindered  from  growUi  or  in- 
crease. 

STUNT'ED-NESS,  ?t.    Tfie  state  of  being  stunted. 

C/(f7/7tC. 

STUNT'ING,  ppr.      Hindering  from  growth  or   in- 
crease. 
STtJPE,  71.    fL.  stupa,  tow  ;  probably  allied  to  stuff.] 
Cloth  ortlax  dip])ed  in  warm  medicaments  and  ap- 
plied to  a  hurt  or  sore  ;  fomentation  ;  sweating  bath. 
Wiseman.     Coze. 
STuPE,  V.  t.    To  foment.  IViseman, 

STUPE,  V.     A  stu|iid  person.     [J^ot  in  use.] 
STU-PE-FAC'TION,  71.  [L.  stupefacio ;  stupco,  whence 
stupidus,  and  fncio.    Sec  Stop.] 

1.  The  act  of  rendering  stupid. 

2.  A  stupid  or  senseless  state  ;  insensibility;  dull- 
ness; torpor;  stupidity. 

Resistance  of  the  diclalea  of  conscience  brings  a  hardnrss   and 
stupe/action  upon  it.  South, 

STU  PE-FAC'TIVE,  a.  Causing  insensibility  ;  dead- 
ening or  blunting  the  sense  of  feehng  or  understand- 
ine. 

STu'PE-FI-ED,  pp.  or  a.  Made  dull  or  stupid  ;  hav- 
iiig  liie  perception  or  understanding  blunted. 

STU'PE-Fl-ER,  71.  [from  stupefy'.]  That  which 
causes  dullness  or  stupiditv. 

STO'PE-F?,  V.  t.     [Fr.  stupefcr ;  L.  stupefacio.] 

1.  To  make  stupid  ;  to  make  dull ;  lo  blunt  the 
faculty  of  perception  or  tinderstanding  ;  to  deprive 


of  sensibility.    It  is  a  great  sin  to  attempt  to  ttvptfy 
the  conscience. 

'I'iia  fiiiaos  of  pajsion  fntoxictl/;  his  diaecxmag  facultka,  u  (be 
fujii«  of  dnok  eUij</y  \Xm  braio.  Houtil. 

2.  To  deprive  of  material  motion. 

I',  b  rot  maUciiblo  nor  fluent,  but  ituptfitd.    [A'o<  in  utt.] 

Uaion. 

STC'PE-F?4NG,  ppr.  or  a.    Rendered  estremely  dull 

or  insensible. 

[It  would  be  convenient  to  write  STfpirACTion, 
Stui'ifactive,  and  place  these  words  after  Siirrio- 
NEsa  as  indicative  of  their  meaning.] 

STU-PEN'DOUS,  a.    [Low  L.  atupcndus^Uom  stvpeo, 
to  astonish.] 

LiteraU\i,  striking  dumb  by  its  magnitude;  hence, 
astonishing;  wonderful;  amazing;  particularly,  oi 
astonishing  magnitude  or  elevation  ;  as,a  .^luprndotu 
pile  ;  a  stupendous  edifice  ;  a  stupntdoug  mountain  ;  a 
stupendous  bridge.  Milton.     Drijdm. 

STU-PEN'DOUS-LY,  adv.    In  a  manner  to  excite  as- 
tonishment. 

STU-PEN'DOUS-NESS,7i.    The  quality  or  state  of 
being  stupendous  or  astonishing. 

STu'PID,  a.     [Fr.  .-itupidc  :  L.  stupidu.'i,  from  stupeo^  lo 
be  stupefied,  properly  lo  .itop.    See  Stop.] 

1.  Very  dull;  insensible;  senseless;  wanting  in 
understanding;  heavy;  sluggish. 


O  tliat  men  should  be  to  stupid  growo. 
As  lo  foruke  the  living  Go<l. 

With  wild  surprue, 
A  moment  stupid,  motionli'ss  he  stood. 


2.  Dull;  heavy;  formed  without  skill  or  genius. 

Obs'jrve  what  leads  of  rlujnd  rhymes 

Oppress  us  in  corrujvted  times.  Swi/L 

STU-PID'I-TY,  71.     [Fr.  stupidUe  ;  L.  stupidila.'^.] 
Extreme  dullness  of  perception  or  understanding; 
insensibility  ;  sluggishness.  Dntden. 

STO'PID-LY,  adv.  Wiih  extreme  dullness  ;  with  sus- 
pension or  inactivity  of  understanding;  sottisJdy; 
absurdly;  without  the  exercise  of  reason  or  judg- 
ment. Milton.     Dryden. 

STu'PID-NESS,  71.    Stupidity. 

STu'POR,  71.  [L.]  Great  diminution  or  suspension 
of  sensibility ;  suppression  of  sense  ;  numbness;  as, 
the  stupor  of  a  limb.  JirbutJinoL 

2.  Intellectual  sensibility  ;  moral  stupidity  ;  heed- 
lessness or  inattention  to  one's  interests. 

STu'PRaTE,  v.  t.     [L.  stupro.] 
To  ravish  ;  to  debauch. 

STU-PRa'TION,  n.  Rape;  violation  of  chastity  by 
force. 

STUR'DI-LY,  cffc.  [{rom  sturdy.]  Hardily ;  stoutly  j 
lusiilv. 

STUR'DI-NESS,  n.   [from  5fHrdi/.]   Stoutness  ;  hardi- 
ness ;  as,  the  strirdincss  of  a  school-boy.        Locke. 
2.  Brutal  strength. 

STUR'DY,  a.  [G.  storrig,  connected  with  storren,  a 
stub.] 

1.  Hardy;  stout;  foolishly  obstinate;  implying 
coarseness  or  rudeness. 

This  most  be  done,  and  I  would  fein  see 
Mortal  so  sturdy  us  to  ^neay.  Hudibret. 

A  sturdy,  hardened  sinner  advances  to  the  utmost  pitch  of  ioh 
piely  with  lefs  leluOaoce  than  he  took  the  £r&t  sttrp. 

.\atrhury. 

2.  Strong;  forcible;  lusty;  as,  a  sturdy  lout. 

Sidney. 

3.  Violent ;  laid  on  with  strength ;  as,  sturdy 
strokes.  Spenser, 

4.  Slifi*;  stout ;  strong  ;  as,  a  sturdy  oak. 

He  was  not  of  a  deh'cate  contexture,  his  limbs  nthcr  sturdtf  ihui 
dainty.  It'oOon. 

STUR'DY,  71.  A  disease  in  sheep,  marked  by  dull- 
ness and  stupor.  Cjrc 

STUR'CEON,  (siur'jun,)  71.  [Fr.  (sturgeon  :  Sp.  cstu- 
rion ;  It.  storiune  ;  Low  L.  sturio ;  D.  stcur ;  G.  stor ; 
Sw.  stUr ;  the  stirrer,  one  Uiat  tunis  up  the  mud  ; 
G.  stiiren.] 

A  large  cartilaginous  fish  of  the  genus  Acipenscr. 
Several  species  are  found  in  Northern  Europe,  in  tlie 
Black  and  Caspian  Seas  and  their  tributaries,  the 
lakes  of  North  America,  &c.  Its  fiesh  is  valued  for 
food.  Caviare  is  prepared  from  the  roe,  and  isin- 
glass from  the  air-bladder.       Encyc.  .^m.    P.  Ctje. 

STU-RI-6'NI-AN,  71.  One  of  a  family  of  cartilaginous 
fishes,  of  which  the  sturgeon  is  the  t\-pe. 

STURK,  71.     [Sax.  styrc] 

A  young  ox  or  heifer.     [Scottish.] 

STUT'TER,  V.  i.     [D.  stotterai;  G.stoUem:  that  is, 
to  stop.    Stut  is  nol  used.] 
To  stammer ;  to  hesitate  in  uttering  words. 

Baeon^ 

STUT'TER,  77.    The  act  of  stuttering.  SrncrL 

STUT'TEU-ER,  71.    A  stanmu^rcr. 

STUT'TER  ING,  ppr.  or  a,  SUunmering;  speaking 
with  liesiialion. 

STUT'TER-ING,  77.    TJie  act  of  stammering. 

STUT'TER-L\G-LY,  adv.    With  stammering. 

STY,  7(.     [Sax.  stige.] 

1.  A  pen  or  inclosure  for  swine. 

2.  A  placo  of  bestial  debauchery. 

To  roll  with  pleasure  in  a  scan;.  I  sU/.  Aftito«. 

3.  An  inflamed  tumor  on  the  edge  of  the  cj-clid. 


TCNE,  BIJLL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VT'CIOUS.— €  as  K ;  0  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


in^ 


1097 


STY 


SUB 


SMt. 


S-^YCA.  71. 


ST?,  r.  e.    To  shut  up  in  a  sly. 

S'lT,  V.  i.    [Sax.  5ti»""" ;  Goth,  sta^an.] 

To  soar ;  to  ascend.   [JVot  in  use]    [See  Stikeup.] 

Spenser, 
A  Sa.ton  copper  coin  of  the  lowest  value. 
Ltake, 
S)'V<5'I-AN,  a.    [L.  Sty^r^,  Slijz.) 

Pertaining  to  Slji,  fabled  by  the  ancients  to  bo  a 
river  of  hell  over  which  the  shades  of  the  dead 
passedjOr  the  region  of  the  dead  i  hence,  hellish ;  in- 
icrnal. 

At  thAt  so  sudden  blaie,  the  Stygian  throng 

Ecnl  Ibtir  aspecl.  IMUn. 

'    v'lXG.ppr.    Shutting  up  in  a  sty. 
bJ'S-LA-GAL-MA'ie,  a.  or  n.    [Gr.  droXoj  and  aj-aA- 

A  tenn,  in  arcliiucture,  denoting  figures  which  per- 
form the  office  of  colunins. 
STVl.E,  n.  [L.  stylus:  D.  and  G.  styl;  It.  stdc  ;  Sp. 
f.ifiVo ;  Fr.  style  or  stile  :  Gr.  rvXij,  a  column,  a  pen, 
or  bodkin  ;  from  the  root  of  the  Teutonic  slelkn,  to 
i^{;t  or  i)lace.] 

I.  Manner  of  writing  i^ith  regard  to  language,  or 
the  choice  and  arrangement  of  vvurds ;  as,  a  harsh 
style ;  a  dry  style ;  a  tumid  or  bombastic  style ;  a  loose 
style:  a  terse  sti/Ze  ;  a  laconic  or  verbose  rfjte;  a  flow- 
ing style ;  a  loftv  style :  an  elegant  style  :  an  episto- 
lary style.  The  character  of  style  depends  chiefly  on 
a  happy  selection  and  arrangement  of  words. 

Proper  words  in  proper  places  make  the  true  definition  of  style. 

Yet  let  some  lord  but  own  the  happy  lines, 

IJow  the  wit  brightens  and  the  ettju  refines  1  i'oj'e. 

a  Blanner  of  speaking  appropriate  to  particular 
characters  ;  or,  in  general,  the  character  of  the  lan- 
guage used. 

No  *(i'."e  is  held  for  base,  where  love  well  named  is.      Sidney. 
Acconliug  to  the  usual  styti  of  dedications.  Middtelon, 

So  we  say,  a  person  addresses  another  in  a  styh 
of  haughtiness,  in  a  stijle  of  rebuke. 

3.  A  characteristic  or  peculiar  mode  of  execution 
in  the  fine  arts. 

The  ornamental  style  also  possesses  its  own  peculiar  merit. 

Reynolds, 

4.  A  particular  character  of  music ;  as,  a  grtive 
style.  ,     , 

5.  Title ;  appellation ;  as,  the  style  of  majesty. 

Propitious  hear  our  prayer, 
Whether  the  style  of  Titan  please  Ujee  more. 


Pope, 
e.  Course  of  writing.     [JVot  in  use.]        Drydm. 
7.  Style  of  court,  is  properly  the  practice  observed 
by  anv  court  in  its  way  of  proceeding.         ,SyUffe, 
'8.  In  popular  use,  manner;  form;  as,  the  enter- 
tainment was  prepared  in  excellent  style. 

9.  A  pointed  instrument  formerly  used  in  writing 
on  tables  of  wax  ;  an  instrument  of  surgery. 

10.  Something  with  a  sharp  point,  as  a  graver ;  the 
pin  of  a  dial ;  written  also  Stile. 

11.  In  botany,  the  middle  portion  of  the  pistil, 
ronnccliiig  the  stigma  with  the  germ ;  sometimes 
called  the  SHiFi.  The  .sti/fes  of  plants  are  capillary, 
liliform,  cylindric,  subulate,  or  clavate.       Martyn. 

12.  In  chronology,  a  mode  of  reckoning  time,  with 
regard  to  the  Julian  and  Gresrorian  calendar.  Style  is 
Old  or  Jfew.  The  Old  Style  follows  the  Julian  man- 
ner of  computing  the  months  and  days,  or  the  calen- 
dar as  established  by  Julius  Cesar,  in  which  every 
fourth  year  consists  of  366  days,  and  the  other  years 
of  365  days.  This  is  something  more  than  II  min- 
utes in  a  year  too  much.  Pope  Gregory  XIII.  re- 
formed the' calendar  by  retrenching  10  days  in  Octo- 
ber, 1582,  in  order  to  bring  back  the  vernal  equinox 
to  the  same  day  as  at  the  time  of  the  council  of 
Nice,  A.  D.  325;  this  reformation  was  adopted  by 
act  of  parliament  in  Great  Britain  in  1751,  by  which 
act  11  days  in  September,  1752,  were  retrenched, 
and  the  third  day  w.as  reckoned  the  fourteenth.  This 
mode  (.f  reckoning  is  called  JVfio  Style,  according 
to  which  eveiy  year  divisible  by  4,  unless  it  is 
divisible  by  100,  without  being  divisible  by  400,  has 
366  days,  and  any  other  year  dfeS  days. 

P.  Cye.     Ed.  Enajc, 

ST?LE,  V.  U  To  call ;  to  name  ;  to  denominate  ;  to 
give  a  title  to  in  addressing.  The  emperor  of  Rus- 
sia is  styled  autocrat ;  the  king  of  Great  Britain  is 
s^vled  defender  of  the  faith. 

ST^L'KD,  pp.     Named  ;  denominated  ;  called. 

ST?'LET,  71.  [from  style.]  A  small  poniard  or  dag- 
ger. Encyc, 

ST^'LI-FORM,  o.  [slyU  and  fortn,]  Like  a  style, 
pin,  or  pen. 

ST?L'ING,  H"'.    Calling;  denominating. 

STYL'ISH,  a.  Being  in  fashionable  form,  or  in  high 
style.     [Colloquial.] 

ST?'LITE,  n.    [Gr.  ruXot,  a  column.] 

In  ecclesiastical  history,  the  Stylites  were  a  sect  of 
solitaries,  who  stood  motionless  on  columns  or  pil- 
lars for  the  exercise  of  their  patience. 

STT'LO-B.5.TE,7!.  [Gr.  ri'X'S,  a  pillar,  and  paais, 
base.]  In  architecture,  the  uninterrupted  or  con- 
tinuous base  below  a  range  of  columns.      Brandc. 

ST'f-LO-B.^'TION,  77.    Tlie  pedestal  of  a  column. 

ST5-L0-GEAPH'ie,  a.     Pertaining  to  or  used  in 


stylography  ;  as,  stijlop-aphic  cards,  cards  which  may 
be  written  upon  with  a  style.  ■    ,  •    .    ^ 

Stylotrraphic  pencil ;  a  pencil  or  stj-le  for  this  kind  of 
writing. 
ST5-LOG'RA-PHY,  n.    A  mode  of  writing  or  tracing 
lines  by  means  of  a  style  or  pointed  instrument  on 
canls  or  tablets. 
STYLOID,  a.     [L.  stylus  and  Gr.  tidof.l 

Having  some  resemblance  to  a  style  or  pen ;  as, 
the  .•styloid  process  of  the  temporal  bone.       Encyc. 
STYP''i'l€,  a.     [Fr.  styptique  ;  L.  styplicus:  Gr.  ru-- 
Tiitos;  from  the  root  of  L.  stipo,  Eng.  slop.] 

Astringent ;  that  produces  contraction  ;  that  stops 
Weeding ;  having  the  quality  of  restraining  hemor- 
rhage. 
STYP'Tie,  71.    .\  medicine  which  has  an  astringent 

quality.    Styptics  are  mere  astringents. 
STVP-TIC'I-TY,  (-tis'e-tc,)  7i.    The  quality  of  as- 

tringency.  . 

STVRAX,  71.  [Gr.  <nv(ia(,  the  resin  now  called  in 
English  Storax  ;  also  the  sharp  iron  at  the  lower 
end  of  a  spear.] 

The  name  of  a  genus  of  plants,  which  is  typical 
of  the  natural  order  Styraccx,  and  to  which  it  gives 
name.  Sprengel  recognizes  and  describes  seven 
species  of  the  genua  Slyrax,  two  of  which  furnish 
articles  of  the  materia  medica,  viz.,  S.  officinalis, 
(Linnajus,)  growing  in  Syria,  Palestine,  Greece, 
Peloponnesus,  and  the  Levant  generally,  which 
furnishes  Storax ;  and  S.  Benzoin,  (Dryander,) 
growing  in  Sumatra,  Borneo,  Java,  and  Siam,  which 
furnishes  Benzoin.  Tully. 

STYTH'Y,  t>.  t.  To  forge  on  an  anvil.  [SeeSxiTHr.] 
STYX,  71.  [L. ;  Gr.  Sruf.]  In  ancient  mytholoffy,  the 
princip.il  river  of  the  lower  world,  which  was  to  be 
crossed  in  passing  to  the  regions  of  the  dead.  The 
divinity  of  the  river,  who  dwelt  in  a  rock  palace, 
was  also  called  Styx. 
Su-A-BIL'I-TY,  71.    Liability  to  be  sued  ;  the  state  of 

being  subject  bv  law  to  civil  process.  Judge  Story. 
St3'A-BLB,  a.    [frtm  sue.]    That  may  be  sued  ;  sub- 
ject by  law  to  be  called  to  answer  in  court. 
SUaDE,  for  Pebsuade,  is  not  in  use.     [Judge  Story. 
SUaGE,  for  Assuage,  is  not  in  use. 
SCANT,  a.      [Fr.  suivant,  from  suiore,  to  follow ; 
Norm,  sjidiite.] 

Even  ;  uniform  ;  spread  equally  over  the  surface 
[J^cw  England,  but  local.] 
SU a'SI-BLE,  (swS'.se-bl,)  a.    [L.  suadco.] 

That  may  be  persuaded  or  easily  persuaded. 
SU.^'SION,  (swa'zhun,)  71.    The  act  of  persuading. 

[See  Persuade.] 
SU.^'SIVE,  (swa'siv,)  a.     [L.  suadeo.] 

Having  power  to  persuade.  South. 

SUa'SIVE-LY,  odr.     In  a  manner  tending  to  per- 
suade. 
SUa'SO-RY,  (swS'so-re,)  a.     [L.  suasorius,] 

Tending  to  persuade ;  having  the  quality  of  con- 
vincing and  drawing  by  argument  or  reason. 

Hopkins. 
SUAV'I-FI-£D,  pp.    Rendered  affable. 
SUAV'I-F?,  (swav'e-fy,)  v.  t.     [L.  suavis,  sweet.] 

To  make  affable. 
SUAV'1-F?-ING,  ppr.    Making  affable. 
SUA-VIL'O-QL'Y",  n.     [L.  suavis  and  loquor.] 

Sweetness  of  speech. 
SVAVI-TER  IJfMO'DO,  [L.]   Agreeably  or  kind- 
ly in  manner. 
SUAV'I-TY,  (swav'e-te,)  71.      [L.  suavitas ;  Fr.  siia- 
vM:    It.  soavitd;     Sp.  suavidad;   from    L.  suacis, 
sweet.] 

1.  Sweetness,  in  a  literal  sense.    [JVVil  in  use.] 

Brown. 

2.  Sweetness,  in  a  figurative  sense ;  th.it  which  is 
to  the  mind  what  sweetness  is  to  the  tongue  ;  agree- 
ableness ;  softness  ;  pleasantness  ;  as,  suavity  of 
manners  ;  suavity  of  language,  conversation,  or  ad- 
dress. 

SUB  ;  a  Latin  preposition,  denoting  vmler  or  below. 
used  in  English  as  a  prefix,  to  express  a  subordinate 
degree,  or  imperfect  state  of  a  quality.  Before  / 
and  p  it  is  changed  into  those  letters,  as  in  suffer 
and  suppose ;  and  before  m,  into  that  letter,  as  in  su7n- 
mon. 

SUB-ACID,  a.  [snb  and  acid.]  Moderately  acid  or 
sour  ;  as,  a  subacid  juice.  Jirbutlinot. 

SUB-ACID,  71.    A  substance  moderately  acid. 

SUB- ACRID,  a.  [sub  and  acrid.]  Moderately  sharp, 
pungent,  or  acrid.  Floyer. 

SUB- ACT',  V.  t.      [L.  subactus,  subago ;  sub  and  ago.] 
To  reduce  ;  to  subdue.     [JVot  in  use,]        Bacon. 

SUB-ACTION,  71.  The  .act  of  reducing  to  any  state, 
as  of  mixing  two  bodies  completely,  or  of  beating 
them  to  a  powder.  Bacon, 

SUB-A-€f3TE',  a.    Acute  in  a  moderate  degree. 

SUB-A-E'EI-AL,  a.  [sub  and  aih-ial.]  Beneath  the 
sky,  or  in  the  open  air  ;  opposed  to  SuBMAniNE  ;  as, 
a  suba'grial  volcano.  Dana. 

SUB-A(S-I-Ta'TION,  7!.     [L.  sxaagilatio,] 

Carnal  knowledge.  Ch,  Retig.  .appeal. 

SC'BMI,  71.     In  India,  a  province  or  viceroyship. 

Su'BAH-DaR,  n.  In /ndia,  a  viceroy,  or  the  govern- 
or of  a  province  ;  also,  a  native  of  India,  who  ranks 
as  captain  in  the  European  companies. 


SUB 

SO'BAH-SHIP,  71.    The  jurisdiction  of  a  subalidar. 
SUB-AL'TERN,  a.     [Fr.  suiaJtcnic ;   L.  sub  and  al- 

tcrnus.] 
Inferior  ;  subordinate  ;  that  in  different  respects  is 

both  superior  and  inferior  ;  as,  a  subaltern  officer.    It 

is  used  chieflv  of  military  officers. 
SUIi-AL'TERN,  71.     A  subordinate  officer  in  an  army 

or  liiilitary  body.    It  is  applied  to  officers  below  the 

rank  of  captain. 
SUU-AL-TEKN'ATE,  a.     [Supra.]    Successive ;  suc- 
ceeding bv  turns.  Hooker. 
SUB-AI.-TERN-a'TION,  n.    State  of  inferiority  or 

subjection. 
2.  Act  of  succeeding  hy  course. 
SUB-AN"GU-LAR,  a.    Slightly  angular. 
SUB-AP'E.\-NINE,  a.     Under  or  at  the  foot  of  the 

Apennine  mountains. 
2.  In  geology,  a  term  applied  to  a  series  of  tertiary 

strata  ot^  the  older  pliocene  period.  Lytil. 

^tt^v^ovi,  \  -   [I-  -'"*  -"  '^"■'  "»'"•! 

Being  under  water,  or  beneath  the  surface  of  wa- 
ter. Dartein. 
SUB-AR-Ra'TION,  71.     [Low  L.  subarrarc] 

The  ancient  custom  of  betrothing.  irhenlhj. 

SUB-AS'TRAL,  a.     [sub  and  astral]     Bene.ath  the 

stars  or  heavens ;  terrestrial.  n'arburton, 

SUB-AS-TRIN'(5ENT,  a.    Astringent  in  a  small  de- 
gree. 
SUB-AU-DI"TI0N,  (-aw-dish'un,)  71.    [L.  subaudmo ; 
sub  and  audio,  to  hear.] 

The   act   of  understanding   something   not   ex- 
pressed. Richard.ion. 
SUB-AX'IL-LA-RY,  a.     [L.  sit6  and  axilla,  the  arm- 


Placed  under  the  axil  or  angle  formed  by  the  branch 
of  a  plant  with  the  stem,  or  by  aleaf  with  the  branch. 

Darwin, 
SUB'-B.^SE,  77.    In  music,  the  deepest  pedal  stop,  or 

the  lowest  notes  of  an  organ. 
SUB-BEA'DLE,  (-be'dl,)  n.      [sub  and  beadle.]    An 

inferior  or  under  beadle. 
SUB-BRIG-A-DIeR',  71.     An    officer   in    the   horse 

guards,  who  ranks  as  cornet.  Enoyc. 

SUU-CAR'BU-RET-ED,  a.     Consisting  of  a  greater 
number   of  equivalents  of  the  base    than    of  the 
carbon. 
SUB-€AR-TI-LA6'IN-0US,  a.    Partially  cartilagin- 
ous. 
SUB-CAU'DAL,  a.    Beneath  the  tail. 
SUB-CE-LES'TIAL,  (-Ics'chal,)  a.      Being  beneath 

tlie  heavens  ;  as,  sub-celestial  glories.        Glanville. 

SUB-CEN'TRAL,  a.    Being  under  the  center.     Say. 

SUB-CHaNT'ER,  71.     [sub  and  chanter.]     An  under- 

chanter ;  a  deputy  of  the  precentor  of  a  cathedral. 

Johnson. 
SUB-€La'VI-AN,  a.     [L.  .tui  and  cfai'is,  a  key.] 
Situated  under  the  clavicle  or  collar-bone ;  aa,  the 
subclavian  arteries. 
SUB-€0M-MIT'TEE,  71.      [sub  and  eommiltce.]    An 
under  committee  ;  a  part  or  division  of  a  committee. 
SUB-eOM-PRESS'£D,  (-prest',)  a.      Not  fully  com- 
pressed. 
SUn-€ON'-FORM'.\-BLE,  a.    Partially  conformable. 
SUB-eON'ie-.^L,  a.    Conical  in  a  slight  degree. 
SUB-€ON-STEL-La'TION,  71.    A  subordinate  con- 
stellation. Broicn. 
SUB-CON'TRACT,  71.    A  contract  under  a  previous 
coniract.  .      ,  j  i 
SUn-€ON-TRAeT'ED,    a.        [sub    and    contracted.] 

Contracted  after  a  former  contract.  Shak. 

SUB-eON'TRA-RY,  a.  [sub  and  contrary,]  Contra- 
rv  in  an  inferior  decree.  In  gcomelrtj,  a  term  applied 
to  a  section  of  an  oblique  cone  on  a  circular  base  by 
a  plane  not  parallel  to  the  base,  but  inclined  to  the 
a^is,  so  that  the  section  is  a  circle.  Brande. 

SUB-CORD' ATE,  a.     [L.  siii.  and  cor,  the  heart.] 

In  shape  somewhat  like  a  heart.  Martyn, 

SUB-eOS'TAL,  a.     [L.  sub  and  costa,  a  rib.] 

The  subcostal  muscles  are  the  internal,  intercostal 
muscles.  WtmUno.     Cye. 

SUB-CRYS'TAL-LiNE,  a.     Imperfectly  crystallized. 

Bttjfon. 
SUB-GU-Ta'XE-OUS,  a.      [sub  and    cutaneous;    L. 
cutis,  skin.] 
Situated  under  the  skin. 
SUB-eU-TICU-L.VR,  a.    [L.  sub  and  cuticula,  cuti- 
cle.] 
Being  under  the  cuticle  or  scarf-skin.      Darwin. 
SUB-CYL-IN'DRICAL,a.    Imperfectly  cylint^rical. 
SUB-DeA'CON,  n.     [sitft  and  licocon..]    An  under  dea- 
con ;    a  deacon's  servant,  in  the  Roman  Catholic 
church  .^illiffc, 

SUB-DeA'CON-RY,     In.    The  order  and  office  of 
SUB-DSA'CON-SHIP,  i     subdeacon   in  the  Roman 

Catholic  church. 
SUB-DeA1>J',  71.     [sub  and  dean.]     An  under  dean  ;  a 

dean's  substitute  or  viceaerent.  Jlyhff'. 

SUB-DE.AN'ER-Y,  71.     The  office  and  rank  of  sub- 
dean. 
SUB-DEe'lI-PLE,  a.     TL.  sub  and  decuplus  I 

Containing  one  part  of  ten.  Johnson 

SUB-DENT'ED,  a.     [sub  and  dent.]     Indented 
neath.  -Encyc. 


be- 


FaTE,  far,  fall,  WHAT METE,  PREY PINl',,  M-ARINB,  BIRD — NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.- 


1098 


SUB 

SUB-DE-POS'IT,  n.  Th:it  uiiich  is  deposited  be- 
neaili  someihiujielsc.  Schoolcraft 

SUB-DER-I-So'kl-OUS,  a.    [L.  sub  and  derisor.] 
Ridiculing  with  muderation  or  d-jiicacy.     [JVot  m 
usf.]  More. 

SUB-DI-La'TED,  o.    Partiallv  dilated. 

SrB-DI-TI"TIOUS,  (-de-tish'us,)  a.  [L.  su&dkUiuSj 
Irom  subdoy  to  substitute.] 

Put  secretly  in  the  place  of  sometbing  else.    [Lit- 
tle nstd.] 

SUB  Dl-VERS'r-FT-£D,  pp.    Diversiged  again. 

SDE-DI-VEIUS'I-FY,  r.  U  [sub  and  diversifij.]  To 
diversify  again  what  is  already  diversified.  [Little 
used,]  U'lle. 

SUB-DI-yERS'I-F5--rN-G,  ppr.  Diversifying  again 
what  is  already  diversified. 

SUB-BI-WDE','!?.  r.  [sub  and  divide.']  To  divide  a 
part  of  a  tbing  into  more  parts  \  lo  part  into  smaller 
divisions. 

Iq  ifcs  rise  of  ei^lit  in  tones,  are  too  half  tones ;  so  :u  if  yoa 
dividtt  tl»e  ton«*  equ.illy,  the  eight  U  but  seven  whols  and 
equil  notes ;  and  if  yau  «uMiriae  tbnt  into  h^  notes,  as  in 
tte  siojs  of  a  lute,  it  mai^  the  number  ihineen.    Bcion. 

The  pnt^uies  of  Chani  aiid  Japhet  sA'anncvl  into  colonies,  and 
ihijee  coici^ea  were  suLdisiaed  into  nunv  otheis.    jyryden. 

SUB-DI-VTDE',  r.  i.    To  be  subdivided. 

SUB-DI-\\[D'ED,  pp.  Divided  again,  or  into  smaller 
parts. 

SUB-DI-ViD'IXG,  ppr.  Dividing  into  smaller  parts 
Uiat  which  is  already  divided. 

SUB-DI-VI5'I-BLE,  a.    Susceptible  of  subdivision. 

SaB-DI-VI"SION,  (-de-vizh'uD,)  n.  The  act  of  sub- 
dividing or  separating  a  part  into  smaller  parts. 

Watts. 
2.  The  part  of  a  thing  made  by  subdividing ;  the 
part  of  a  larger  part. 

In  the  dedina!  table,  the  rubihasions  of  the  cuWt,  as  span,  p.-i]n), 
and  (^t,  are  dediic«t  from  the  short-r  culit.    ArbuAitoU 

SUB^DO-LOUS,  a.    [L.  subdolus;  sub  and  dolus,  de- 
ceit.] 
Sly;  crafty  i  cunning;  artful;  deceitfuL    [Little 

-.UCiC] 

SUB-DOM'I-XaXT,  n.     In  imtsic,  the  fourth  note 

above  the  tonic,  bein;;  under  the  dominant. 
SUB-DD'.^  BLE,  a.    That  may  be  subdued.     JVard, 
SUB-Du'AL,  n.    [from  subdue.]    The  act  of  subduing. 

JFarburion. 
SUB-DUCE',  (v.t.     [L.  subduco;  sub  and  diuo,  to 
SUB-DU€T',  i     draw.] 

L  To  withdraw  j  to  take  away. 


Or  from  my  sid;  sutduCingj  took  perhaps 
Mate  than  cnou^- 


MUton. 


2.  To  subtract  by  arithmetical  operation. 
I^  ocL  of  ihai  infinite  multitude  0^  an'-ecedent  generations,  we 
sbooIJ  ttibduct  ten.  Hcj^. 

SrB-DCC'£D,  C-dusl',)  pp.  Withdrawn;  taken 
away. 

SUB-DUC'EN'G,  ppr.  Withdrawing;  subtracting  by 
arithmetical  operation. 

SUB-DUeTtON,  n.     The  act  of  taking  away  or 

v.'iihdrawin^.  Hale, 

•2.  Arithmetical  subtraction.  Sale. 

SUB-DuE',  (sub-du',)  o.  r.  [This  is  a  compound  word, 
and  the  latter  component  part  is  contracted  from 
some  word  in  Class  Db  or  Dg.] 

i.  To  conquer  by  force  or  the  exertion  of  superior 
power,  and  bring  into  permanent  subjection  j  to  re- 
duce under  dominion.  Thus,  Cesar  subdued  the 
Gauls;  Augustus  subdued  Egypt;  the  English  ^6- 
dued  Canada.  Suhduing  implies  conquest  or  van- 
quishing; but  it  implies,  also,  more  permanence  of 
subjection  to  the  conquering  power  than  either  of 
these  words. 

i  will  subdue  aQ  thine  enemies.  —  1  Chron.  xvu. 

9,  To  oppress ;  to  crush  ;  to  sink ;  to  overpower  so 
as  to  disable  from  further  resistance. 


XoUjiajr  wild  ha^e  suidiitd  nature 

To  sui;ii  a  lownes,  but  h^  unkind  datigliters. 

If  augin  w Tf.  worthy  lo  subdue 

The  soul  of  man. 


ShrJc. 
idUion. 

a  refractory 


3.  To  tame  ;  to  break  by  conqucrin 
temper  or  evil  passions  j  to  render  submissive;  as, 
to  subdue  a  stubborn  child. 

4.  To  conquer;  to  reduce  to  mildness;  as,  lo.sui- 
dtu  the  temper  or  passions. 

5.  To  overcome  by  persuasion  or  other  mild  means ; 
as,  to  subdue  opposition  by  argument  or  entreaties. 

6.  To  overcome  ;  to  conquer  ;  to  captivate  ;  as  by 
charms. 

7.  To  soften  ;  to  melt ;  to  reduce  to  tenderness ; 
as,  to  suhdiie  ferocity  by  tears. 

8.  To  overcome;  lo  overpower  and  destroy  the 
force  of;  as,  medicines  subdue  a  fever. 

9.  To  make  mellow;  to  break,  as  land ;  also,  to 
destroy,  as  weeds. 

■'' '  iI-pC'ED,  pp.  or  a.    Conquered  and  reduced  to  sub- 

lion  ;  oppressed  ;  crushed  ;  tamed  ;  softened. 

-DCE'MEXT,  71.    Conquest.  Shah. 

.^■.^Du'ER,  n.    One  who  conquers  and  brings  into 

i»-bjection  ;  a  tamer.  Spenser. 

2.  That  which  subdues  or  destroys  the  force  of. 

Arbuthnot. 

Sl^B-DC^NG,  ppr.  or  a.    Vanquishing  and  reducing 


SUB 

to  subjection ;  crushing ;  destroying  the  pov/er  of 
resistance  ;  softening. 

SUB'DU-PLE,  a.     [L.>u6  and  duplus,  double.] 

Containing  one  part  of  two.  frilktTis. 

SUB-Dc'PLI-CATE,  a.  [sub  and  duplicate.]  Having 
the  ratio  of  the  square  roots.  Cye. 

SUB-E-LO\"GATE,  a.    Xol  fully  eloTi^nt-d. 

SUB-E'aUAL,  a.    Nearly  equal.'  '       .';:,•«. 

SU'BER-ATE,  n.     [L.  suber,  cork. 

A  salt  formed  by  llie  suberic  :-  ation 

with  a  base.  C'lr  ■nistry. 

Su'BER-ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  cork,  or  extracted  from 
it ;  as,  suberic  acid.  Chemistry. 

Su'BE-RI.N,  n.    [L.  suber,  the  cork-tree.] 

The  cellular  tissue  of  the  thick,  spongy  epidermis 
of  Quercus  Suber,  (Linuaius,)  freed  from  the  ordi- 
nary contents  of  itscells.  It  constitutes  about  seven 
tenths  of  common  cork.  It  is  not  quite  certain  that 
it  is  a  distinct  individual  vegetable  proximate  princi- 
ple, since  liitherto  it  has  been  but  imperfectly  exam- 
ined. If  it  is  not,  it  should  not  have  the  name  of 
such  a  principle.  It  is  certainly  not  an  alkaloid,  and 
at  all  events,  should  not  have  a  name  having  the 
form  appropriated  to  distinguish  that  class  of  com- 
pounds. TuUij. 

SUB'ER-oSE,  a.    [L.  sub  and  erosus,  gnawed.] 

In  it'tCTiy,  havin»  the  appearance  of  being  gnawed  ; 
appearins  as  if  a  little  eaten  or  gnawed.      Martyn. 

Su'BER-OUS,  a.     [from  L.  suber,  cork.] 
Corky  ;  soft  and  elastic. 

SUB-FUSE',  0.     [L.  subfuscus  ;  sub  and/tt^cu5.] 
Duskish ;  raoaerately  dark ;  brownish ;  tawny. 

Tailer. 

SUB-GE-LAT'IN-OUS,  a.    Imperfectly  gelatinous. 

SUB-GE-.\ER'I€,  a.     Pertaining  to  a  subgenus. 

SUB-Oe'NL'S,  n.  A  subdivision  of  a  genus,  compre- 
hending one  or  more  species. 

SUB-GLO-BoSE',  a.    Not  quite  globose. 

SUB-GLOB'Ii-l.AIl,a.  Having  a  form  approaching  to 
globular.  Say. 

SUB-GLU-Ma'CEOUS,  (-glu-ma'shus,)  a.  Somewhat 
glumaceous.  Lindlcu. 

SUD-GRAN'  U-LAR,  a.    Somewhat  granular. 

SUB-HAS-TA'TION,  n.  [U  sub  hasta,  under  the 
spear.  J 

A  public  sale  or  auction,  so  called  from  the  Roman 
practice.  Bumct. 

SUB-HORN-BLEND'ie,  c  Applied  to  rocks  contain- 
ing disseminated  hornblende.  PercivaVs  Qeol. 

SUB-HS'-DRO-SUL'PHU-RET,  n.  A  compound  of 
sulphureted  iiydrogen  with  a  less  number  of  equiva- 
lents uf  the  base  than  of  the  sulphureted  bvdrogeu. 

SUB-IN-DI-CA'TION,  7i.    [L.  sub  and  indick] 

The  act  of  indicalitii?  by  signs,  Barrow. 

SUE-lN-DuCE',  V.  t.   Toinsinuate  ;  tootfer  indirectly. 

Sir  £.  Dcriiifr. 

SUB-IN-FEU-Da'TION,  71.  [sub  and  infeudatian.  "See 
Feud.] 

1.  In  law,  the  act  of  enfeoffing  by  a  tenant  or 
feoffee,  who  holds  lands  of  the  cromi ;  iJie  act  of  a 
greater  baron,  who  grants  land  or  a  smaller  manor 
to  an  inferior  person.  By  34  Edward  III.  all  subin- 
feudations previous  to  the  reign  of  Kin?  Edward  I. 
were  confirmed.  Blaclistonc. 

2.  Under  tenancy. 

The  widow  is  immediate  tenant  lo  the  heir,  by  a  kind  of  subin- 
/eudaiion  or  under  tenancy.  EiOAkslotie. 

SUB-IN-GRES'SION,  (-m-gresh'un,)  n.  [L.  sub  and 
innnressus.] 

Secret  entrance.     [J^ot  in  tLse.]  Boyle. 

SUB-I-Ta'NE-OUS,  a.     [L.  subitaneus.] 

Sudden  ;  hasty. 
SUB'I-TA-NY,  a.    Sudden.     [jVot  in  use.] 
Sfy'BI-TO,  [It.]     In  music,  quick. 
SUB-Ja'CENT,  a.    [L.  subjacens ;  sub  aiidjaceo,  to  lie.] 

1.  Ljing  under  or  below. 

2.  Being  in  a  lower  situation,  though  not  directly 
beneath.  A  man  placed  on  a  hill  surveys  the  subja- 
cent plain. 

SUB'JEET,  a,  [L.  subjeetus,  from  subjicio :  ya6  and 
jado,  to  throw,  that  is,  to  drive  or  force ;  It.  sugget- 
to ;  Sp.  sujeto.] 

1.  Placed  or  situate  under. 

The  eastern  tower, 
Whose  h^ht  cotnmands,  as  9ub}ect,  all  th^  vale, 
To  sw  the  fight.  Shak. 

2.  Being  under  the  power  and  dominion  of  anoth- 
er ;  as,  Jamaica  is  subject  lo  Great  Britain. 

Esau  waa  never  subject  to  Jacob.  Lodce. 

3.  Exposed  ;  hable  from  extraneous  causes;  as,  a 
country  subject  to  extreme  heat  or  cold. 

4.  Liable  from  inherent  causes ;  prone ;  disposed. 

All  human  things  aie  subject  to  decay.  Dryden. 

5.  Obedient     TSt.  iii.     Col.  ii. 

SUB'JECT,  n,  [L.  subjeetus  ;  Fr.  sujet ;  It.  sug^etto.] 
1.  One  that  owes  allegiance  to  a  sovereign,  and  is 
governed  by  his  laws.  The  natives  of  Great  Britain 
are  subjeeti  of  the  British  government.  The  natives 
of  the  United  Slates,  and  "naturalized  foreigners,  are 
subjects  of  the  federal  government.  Men  in  free 
governments  are  subjects  as  well  as  citizens;  as  citi- 


SUB 

zens,  they  enjoy  rights  and  franchises ;  as  sutjeetSj 
they  are  bound  to  obey  the  lau  -. 


The  eui^ect  mart  oi-jy  hLi  prince,  b... 
human  Un-s  mjuire  ii. 


-.dsH,aai 


2.  That  on  which  ar.;- 
formed  ;  that  which  is  t- 
_;>ci  of  discussion  Ljiur'. 
negotiation. 

Thiwu^eeJft; 

3.  In  lotric,  the  ^-uoirct  vi  a  propo-sitioa  i-i  mat  c->n- 
ccroing  which  any  thing  is  affirmed  or  denied. 

fVaiis. 

4.  That  on  which  any  physical  operation  orejcperi- 
ment  is  performed  ;  as  in  mesmerism,  &c. 

5.  That  in  which  any  thing  inheres  or  exists. 

•Vn^cr  b  c«rl.iinl_r  a  kind  of  tcacnrjs,  u  t:  af^^^n  ceQ  in  tbe 
weakocM  of  thote  mljfects  in  irbom  it  mgu».         Bacon, 

6.  The  person  who  is  treated  of;  the  hero  cf  a 
piece. 

Aulhora  of  txographj  are  apt  to  be  prejadioeil  in  Eror  of  their 

stthJecL  MsddUloa. 

7.  In  gTamjaar,  the  nominative  case  to  a  verb  pas* 
sive. 

8.  In  music,  the  principal  melody  or  theme  of  a 
movement. 

9.  In  iM  fine  art!,  that  which  it  is  the  object  and 
aim  of  the  artist  to  express.  Brandt. 

10.  In  anatomy,  a  dead  body  for  the  purposes  of 
dissection. 

SUB-JEGT',  r.  (.  To  bring  under  the  pov/er  or  do- 
minion uf.  Alexander  subjected  a.  s^^X  part  of  Lbe 
civiUzed  world  to  his  dominion. 

Fiminesa  of  mind  that  suhj--.-  -  *  *      '  : 

rule  of  right  r:iion. 

2.  To  put  under  or  \; . :  .    . 

In  one  short  vi^riv  cu^'ecL-.'  ■■:■  ■  -.v  '-t-, 

Gods,  empcrora,  h:rtx-5,  »agr»,  tKau'ies,  lie.  Pope. 

3.  To  enslave  ;  to  make  obnoxious. 

He  b  the  roost  eubjteted,  ibc  mcit  cojJaTcd,  wbo  U 
und ere  Hading. 

4.  To  expose ;  to  make  liable.  Credulity  . ..  ^  - 
a  person  to  impositions. 

5.  To  submit ;  to  make  accountable. 

God  is  not  hound  lo  subject  his  wuys  of  operatioa  to  0:^  ■ — •'-' " 
of  our  iboughi^.  -' 

6.  To  make  subservient. 

Sabjeded  to  his  serrice  angel  wiogi.  Ail'u/:, 

7.  To  cause  to  undergo  ;  as,  to  subject  a  substance 
to  a  white  heat ;  to  subject  it  to  a  rigid  test. 

SUB^ECT'ED,  pp.  Reduced  to  the  dominion  of 
anotiier  ;  enslaved  ;  exposed  ;  submitted  ;  made  to 
undergo. 

SUBJECT'rXG,  ppr.  Reducing  to  submission  ;  en- 
slaving: exposm;;;  submittin:;  ;  causing  to  undergo. 

SUB-JEC'TION,  71^    The  act   of'subduii:-:  th..- a-i  nf 
vanquishing  and  bringing  under  iii-- 
another. 

The  comqueil  of  the  kiwgdoai  aud  the  tubjtc:. 

5.  The  state  of  being  under  the  power,  control, 
and  government  of  another.  The  safety  of  life,  lib- 
erty, and  property,  depends  on  onr  subjfctiun  to  the 
laws.  TJie  isles  of  the  West  Indies  are  hebl  in  su^ 
jcction  to  the  powers  of  Europe.  Our  appetites  and 
passions  should  be  in  subjection  to  our  reason,  and 
our  will  should  be  in  entire  subjection  to  the  laws  of 
God. 

SUB-JECT'IVE,  a.  An  epithet  applied  to  those  inter- 
nal sintes  of  thought  or  feeling  of  which  the  mind  is 
thesubject;  oppo;^ed  to  Oijjectjte,  which  is  applied 
to  things  considered  as  separate  from  the  mind,  and 
as  objects  of  its  attention.  Tims,  subjcetice  truth  or 
reality  is  that  which  is  vcrilied  by  consciousness ; 
objectice  truth  or  reality  is  that  which  results  frt-m 
the  nature  and  relations  of  things.  A  subjective  mo- 
tive is  an  internal  feeling  or  propensity  ;  an  objedirc 
motive  is  something  external  to  tlie  rnind,  which  is 
suited  to  awaken  desire.  Subjectice  views  are  those 
which  are  produced  or  modified  by  internal  feeling  ; 
objective  views  are  those  which  are  governed  by  ex- 
ternal objects.  That  which  is  subjective  in  one  rela- 
tion may  be  objectice  in  another.  Thus,  subjectice 
states  of  mindj  when  recalled  and  dwelt  un  for  the 
purpose  of  inspection  or  analysis,  become  cbjectxce. 
Ehcvc.  jinter. 

SUB-JECT'IVE-LY,  adc.    In  relation  to  the  subject. 

Pearson. 

SUB-JECT'IVE-NESS,  n.    State  of  being  sub;<  :nve 

SUB-JECT-IVI-TY,  n.    The  slate  of  bein^ 
ive. 

SUB'JECT-MAT'TER,  n.     The  matter  or  : ; 

presented  for  consideration  in  some  statement  vr 
discussion.  Blaekstane. 

SUB-JOIN',  V.  t.     [svb  and  join  ;  L.  subjunro.] 

To  add  at  the  end  ;  to  add  after  something  else  has 
been  said  or  written ;  as,  to  subjoin  ao  argument  or 
reason. 

[/(  is  never  used  in  a  literal  pkfsical  sense,  to  express 
thcjoinincT  ofviaicnal  things.] 

SUB-JOIN^£D,  pp.  or  a.  Added  after  something  else 
said  or  written. 


TfjNE,  BULL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K ;  6  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

1^ 


SUB 

StJIt-JOlN'ING,  ppr.  Adding  after  something  else 
snifl  or  written. 

SUB  JCni-CE,  [L.]    Ucforc  the  judge ;  not  decided. 

fSUI!'JIT-fiATE,  7'.  t.  [Kr.  subjttfrucr;  L.  subjugoj  sub 
nnd  jiTifOj  to  yoke.     See  Yokk.J 

'l\>  .subdue  and  hring  under  the  yoke  t.f  power  or 
dominion;  to  comiuor  by  force,  and  compel  to  sub- 
rait  to  the  governnifiit  orabsobite  control  of  ancitlier. 
11^  eubjugaled  a  king',  and  called  him  IiIb  vassnJ.  Baker. 

[SnhjiLgale  differs  from  subject  only  in  implying  a 
ret]  action  to  a  more  tyrannic jU  orarhitrary  sway  j  but 
tiiev  are  often  used  as  svnonynious.] 

SUB'JU-GA-TED,  }tp.  or  a.  Reduced  to  the  absolute 
control  of  another. 

SUD'JU-Ga-TING,  ppr.  Conquering  and  bringing 
under  the  absolute  power  of  another. 

SUli-JU-GA''nON,7i.  The  act  of  subduinsand  bring- 
ing under  the  power  or  absolute  control  of  another. 

SUB-JUNCTION,  71,  The  act  of  subjoining,  or  state 
of  being  subjoined.  Clarke. 

SUBJUN€'TIVE,  a.  [L.  s^ibjunctivjis ;  Ft.  subjonctif; 
It.  sofrgiunto.     Sec  Sciuoin.] 

1.  tiubjoiued  or  added  to  something  before  said  or 
written. 

2.  In  ^ammar^  designating  a  form  of  verbs  which 
follow  other  verbs  or  words  expressing  condition, 
hypothesis,  or  contingency  ;  as,  "  Veni  ut  me  videos^'''' 
I  came  that  you  may  see  me  :  "  Si  fecerint  Kquum," 
If  they  should  do  what  is  just. 

X  SiibjuJiciicc  is  often  used  as  a  noun  denoting  the 
subjunctive  mode. 
RUB-KING'DOM,  ti.     A  subordinate  kingdom. 

Kirbtj. 
SUB'LA-NATE,  a.     \h.  mb  and  laiw,  wool.] 

In  botany,  somewhat  woollv. 
SUB-LAP-Sa'RI-AN,  I         rj'f.Aj  nn 

SUB-LAPS'A-RY,        \  °-     L^*  *"^  ""^  lapsus,  fall.] 
Pertaining  to  the  Sublapsarians,  or  to  their  opinions. 

jMurdock, 
SUB-LAP-Sa'RI-AN,  7(.  An  Infralapsarian  ;  one  of 
that  class  of  Calvinisls  who  consider  the  decree  of 
election  as  contemplating  the  ap0!>tapy  as  past,  and 
the  elect  as  being  in  a  lallen  and  guilty  state.  The 
doctrine  of  their  antagonists,  the  Supralapsarians, 
was,  that  the  decree  of  election  contemplated  the 
elect  as  to  be  created,  and  to  apostatize  with  the  rest 
of  the  race,  and  then  to  be  rescued  and  saved  by 
divine  grace.  The  Sublapsarians  considered  the  elec- 
tion of  grace  as  a  remedy  for  an  existing  evil ;  \vi)ilc 
the  Supralapsarians  viewed  it  as  a  part  of  God's  orig- 
inal purpose  in  regard  to  mon.  Mardock, 
SUB-La'TION,  n.     [L.  .^nUatio.] 

The  act  of  taking  or  carrying  awav.      Dp.  Halt. 
SUB-LET',  V.  t.     [snb  and'  let.]      To  underlet ;    to 
lease,  as  a  lessee  to  another  person.     [  Unusual.] 

Smollett. 
SUB-LE-Va'TION,  n.     [L.  sublei:o.] 

The  act  of  raising  on  high. 
SUB-LT-nRA'RI-AN,  n.    An  under  librarian. 
SUB-LlEu-TEN'ANT,  (-!Q-ten'anf  nr  -lef-ten'ant,)  n. 
An  officer  in  the  royal  regiment  of  artillery  and  fusil- 
eers,  in  which  are  no  ensigns,  and  who  is  the  same 
as  second  lieutenant.  Enifland. 

SUB-LI-GA'TION,  n.     [L.  suhU>ro;  sub  and  li fro,  to 
bind.] 
Tlie  act  of  binding  underneath. 
SUB-LDI'A-BLE,  a.     [from  sniUnie.]     That  may  he 
sublimated  ;  capable  of  being  raised  by  heat  into  va- 
por, and  again  condensed  by  cold. 
SUB-LI.M'A-BLE-NESS,  h.      Tlie  quality  of  being 

suliliiuable. 
SUB'Lr-MATE,r.t    [from  ;,-uWme.]    To  bring  a  solid 
substance,  as  camphor  or  sulphur,  into  the  state  of 
vapor  by  heat,  which,  on  cooling,  returns  again  to 
the  solid  state.     [See  Sunr^rMAXioN.] 
a.  To  refine  and  e.\alt;  to  hightcn  j  to  elevate. 

And  wt  bis  actions  rose,  so  nii*c  thpy  still  ilieir  vein, 

111  words  whose  weight  beet  suits  a  suUimaUd  stniiu.     Drydsn. 

SUB'LI-MATE,  n.  Tiie  product  of  a  sublin^ation. 
Cerrosive  sublimate  is  the  protaddorid  of  mercury^  a 
valuable  medicine,  which,  in  excessive  doses,  pro- 
duces poisonous  effects,  like  every  other  medicine. 

Blue  sublimate  is  a  preparation  of  mercury  with 
flowers  of  sulphur  and  sal  animoniacunij  u.^cd  iu 
painting. 

SUB'LI->IATE,  a.  Brought  into  a  state  of  vapor  by 
heat,  and  acain  condensed,  as  solid  substances. 

SUB'LI-Ma-TED,  pp.  or  a.  Brought  into  a  state  of 
vapor  by  heat,  as  a  solid  substanro  ;  refiiiful. 

SUB'LI-MA-TING,  ppr.  Converting  into  the  state  of 
vapor  bv  heat,  and  condensing,  as  solid  substances. 

SUB-LI-MA'TION,  ii.  The  operation  of  bringing  a 
solid  substance  into  the  state  of  vapor  by  licat,  and 
condensing  it  again  into  a  solid  by  cold.  Sublima- 
tion bears  the  same  relation  to  a  solid  that  disiillatinn 
does  to  a  liquid.  Both  processes  purify  the  stib- 
stances  to  whicli  they  arc  severally  applied,  by  sep- 
arating them  from  the  fixed  and  grosser  matters  with 
v.'liiLh  thpy  are  connected. 

2.  Exaltation  j  elevation  j  act  of  highlening  or  im- 
proving. 

Religion,  the  perfection,  refinement,  and  gublimation  of  momlily. 

South. 


SUB 

SUB-LIME',  a.     [h.sublimi,^  ;  Fr,  It.  and  Sp.  sublime.] 

1.  High  in  place;  exalted  aloft. 

SuUime  on  these  a  tower  of  steel  Is  reared.  Drydcn. 

S.  High  in  excellence ;  exalted  by  nature ;  ele- 
vated. 

Cat!  it  he  that  sonls  BubUmn 
Return  to  visit  our  icrrestrinl  clinic  ?  Drydtn, 

3.  High  in  style  or  sentiment;  lofty;  grand. 

Easy  ill  etyle  thy  work,  in  sense  sublime.  Prior. 

4.  Elevated  by  joy ;  as,  sublime  with  expectation. 

5.  Lofty  of  mien  ;  elevated  in  manner.       [Milton. 

His  fair  large  front  and  cye  subHriie  doclnred 

Ahsahite  rule.  MUton. 

SUB-LIME',  n.  A  grand  or  lofty  style  ;  a  style  that 
expresses  lofty  conceptions. 

Tlie  euhUjiie  rlaes  from  the  nobleness  of  tbou^hta,  the  inagni.V 
ccnc«  of  words,  or  die  liarmonioua  and  lively  turn  t>(  tlie 
phrue.  Addiaon. 

SUB-LIME',  V.  t.    To  sublimate,  which  see. 

2.  To  raise  on  high.  Dcnham. 

3.  To  exalt ;  to  highten  ;  to  improve. 

The  sun  — 
Whicli  not  ulone  the  Bniithern  wit  sublimes. 
But  ripens  spirits  in  cold  northern  climes.  Pope. 

SUB-LIME',  V.  i.  To  be  brought  or  changed  into  a 
state  of  va])or  by  heat,  and  thea  condensed  by  cold, 
as  a  solid  substance. 

Particles  of  nntimony  which  mil  not  sublime  alone.     Newton. 

SVVi-lAM'KD,  pp.  Brought  into  a  state  of  vapor  by 
heat,  and,  when  cooled,  changed  to  a  solid  state. 

SUB-LIME'LY,  ndc.  With  elevated  conceptions  ;  lof- 
tily ;  as,  to  express  one's  self  sublimely. 

In  EnijJish  lays,  and  nil  sublimely  great, 

Thy  Homer  ch-irms  with  all  his  ancient  hsat.  I-amell. 

SUB-LTME'NESS,  n.    Loftiness  of  style  or  sentiment ; 

siiblimitv. 
SUB-LLM-I-FI-€A'TION,  tl    [L.  sublimit  and  facto.'] 

The  act  of  making  sublime.  Gilpin. 

SUB-LIM'ING,  ppr.    Sublimating;  exalting. 
SUB-LIMT-TV,  n.     [Fr.  subUmit^;  L.  ^bliTnitas.] 

1.  Elevation  of  place;  lofty  hight. 

2.  Hight  in  excellence ;  loftiness  of  nature  or 
character;  moral  iriandeur;  as,  God's  incomprehen- 
sible .^7tblimity.  Ralegh. 

3.  An  elevated  feeling,  consisting  of  a  union  of 
astonishment  and  awe,  at  the  contemplation  of  great 
scenes  and  objects,  or  of  exalted  excellence. 

4.  In  oratory  and  composition,  lofty  conceptions,  or 
such  conceptions  expressed  in  corresponding  lan- 
guage ;  loftiness  of  sentiment  or  style. 

Milton's  distinguishing-  excellence  lies  in  tlie  sublimity  of  his 
Uioii*hls.  Addison. 

SUB-LIN-E-A'TION,  n.     [L.  snb  and  Unea.] 

Mark  of  a  line  or  lines  under  a  word  in  a  sentence. 
Lrt.  to  Mp.  Usher. 
SUB-LIN"GUAL,C-ling'gwal,)  a,   [L.  sub  and  linsua, 
the  lonfiue.J 

Situated  under  the  tongue;  as,  the  sublingucl 
glands.  Co.rc. 

SUB-Lu'NAR,      )  fl.      [Fr.  svhhniairc ;  L.  sub  and 
SUB'LU-NA-RY,  (      Una,  the  moon.] 

Uteralbj,  beneath  tlie  moon  ;  but  suhhinaryj  which 
is  the  word  cliiefiy  used,  denotes  merely  terrestrial, 
earthly,  pertaining  to  this  world. 

All  things  tiibliknary  are  subject  To  change.  Dnjien. 

SUB'LU-NA-RY,  n.     Any  worldly  thing.    Feltkam. 
SUB-LUX-a'TION,  n.     [sub  and  luxation.] 

In  surgery,  an  incomplete  dislocation. 
SUB-MA-KXNE',  (-ma-reen',)  a.     [L.  sub  and  marxnns, 
from  mare,  the  sea.] 

Being,  acting,  or  growing,  under  water  in  the  sea ; 
as,  submarine  navigators  ;  submarine  plants. 
SUB-MAX'II^LA-RY,  a,      [L.  s^ib  ond  mazilla,  the 
jaw-bo -le.] 

SituL  ed  under  the  jaw.  Med.  Rcpos. 

The  submaxillary  glands  are  two  salivary  glands, 
situated,  one  on  eitiier  side,  immediately  within  the 
angle  of  the  lower  jaw.  Wistar. 

SUB-Mk'DI-AL,  a.    Lying  under  the  middle.   Bujfon. 
SUB-Mil'DI-AN,  a.    Lying  under  or  below  the  mid- 
dle of_a  body. 
SUB-Me'DI-ANT,  71.    In  mvsic,  the  sixth  note,  or 
middle  note  between  the  octave  and  subdominant. 

Busby. 
SUB-MERGE',  (sub-merj',)  v.  U     [1..  snbmcrgo;  svb 
and  ma-go,  to  plunge.] 

2.  To  put  under  water  ;  to  plunge. 

3.  To  cover  or  overflow  with  water;  to  drown. 

So  half  my  E^ypl  was  submersed,  ShaJc. 

SUB-MER6E',  (sub-merj',)  v.  i.  To  plunge  under 
water,  as  swallows. 

SUB-MERG'ii:D,  pp.    Put  under  water ;  overllowcd. 

SUB-MERG'ENCE,  n.  The  act  of  submerging;  the 
state  of  being  submerged.  I/ycll. 

SUB-MERG'ING,  p;»r.  Putting  under  water;  over- 
flow in;:. 

SUli-MKtiSE'  /  rT        T  1 

SUB-MERS'£l),(sub-merst',)i   "'    C^- ^"^""^'-■^'•l 
Being  or  growing  under  water,  as  the  leaves  of 
aquatic  plants. 


SUB 

SUB-MER'SION.  n.     [Fr.,  from  L.  .^ufcmrrsu.T.] 

1.  Tlie  act  of  putting  under  waicr  or  causing  to  br 
overflowed  ;  as,  the  Jidb7ucrsiu7t  of  ati  Isle  or  tract  ul" 
land.  JIate. 

2.  The  act  of  plunging  under  water;  the  act  of 
drowning. 

SUU-MlN'iS-TEK,       )  r.  L      [L.  sulministro ;    sub 
SUB-MIN'IS-TRATE,  i       and  ministro.] 

To  supply  ;  to  alTord.     [JVo(  in  use.]  Hale. 

SUB-MIN'IS-TER,  v.L    To  subserve ;  to  be  useful  to. 

Our  pasoioiis —  subminisler  to  the  best  and  worst  of  purposes. 

L'Eslranse. 

[JVot  in  use.]     [See  Minister  and  Administi:h.] 
SUB-MIN'IS-TRANT,  a.      Subservient;    serving  in 

subordination.     [J^ot  in  use.]  Bacon. 

SUB-MIN-IS.TRA'TION,  v.    The  act  of  furnishing 

or  supplying.     [JVoE  in  use.]  fVoUon. 

SUB-MISS',  a,     [L.  submissus,  suhmitto.] 

Submissive  ;  Immble  ;  obsequious.  Milton. 

[Rarclif  used,  and  in  poetry  only.] 
SUB-MIS'SION,  (-mish'un,)  n.     [L.  sjibmissio,  from 
submitto  i  Fr.  soumistiun  ;  U.  sommessione.] 

1.  Tiie  act  of  submitting ;  the  act  of  yielding  to 
power  or  authority  ;  surrender  of  llie  per.-nji  ami 
power  to  the  control  or  government  of  anutiier 


Submission,  dauphin  !    'lis  a  mcie  French  word  ; 
"We  English  wartiors  wot  not  what  it  means. 


67iai. 


9.  Acknowledgment  of  inferiority  or  dependence  ; 
humble  or  suppliant  behavior. 

hi  all  submission  and  humility, 

York  doth  present  himself  unto  your  highness.  Sbui: 

3.  Acknowledgment  of  a  fault ;  confession  of  error. 

Ee  not  aa  extreme  in  submission  as  in  offense.  Shtik. 

4.  Obedience  ;  compliance  with  the  commands  or 
laws  of  a  superior.  Submission  of  children  to  their 
parents  is  an  indispensable  duty. 

5.  Resignation  ;  a  yielding  of  one's  will  to  the  will 
or  appointment  of  a  superior  without  murmuring 
Entire  and  cheerful  submission  to  the  will  of  God  is 
a  Christian  duty  of  prime  excellence. 

SUB-MISS'IVE,  a.  Yielding  to  the  will  or  power  of 
another ;  obedient. 

2.  Humble;  acknowledgingone's  inferiority ;  tes- 
tifiing  one's  submission. 

Her  at  his  f-ct,  submiseioe  in  distrei^s, 

He  thus  witli  peaceful  words  upraised.  Alillon. 

SUB-MISS'IVE-LY,  adv.      With  submission;    with 
acknowledgment  of  inferiority;  humbly. 
The  goddess, 
Soft  in  her  tone,  submissively  replies.  Dnjden. 

SUB-MISS'IVE-NESS,  lu  A  submissive  temper  or 
disposition. 

2.  Humbleness;  acknowledgment  of  inferiority. 

3.  Confession  of  fault. 

Frailty  gels  pardon  by  submissioeness.  Herbert, 

SUB-MISS'LY,  ac/o.  Humbly ;  with  submission.  [Lit- 
tle used.]  Taylor. 

SUB-MISS'NESS,  n.  Humbleness;  obedience.  [Lit- 
tle nscd.]  Burton. 

SUB-MIT',  V.  t.  [L.  submitto;  sub,  under,  and  mittn, 
to  send ;  Fr.  soumettre;  It.  sommettere;  Sp.  somcter.] 

1.  To  let  down ;  to  cause  to  sink  or  lower. 

Sometimes  the  hill  submits  itself  a  while.  Drydtn. 

[This  use  of  the  iDord  is  nearly  or  wholly  obsolete] 

2.  To  yield,  resign,  or  surrender  to  the  power,  will, 
or  authority  of  another ;  irith  the  reciprocal  pronoun. 

lielurn  to  thy  mistress,  and  submit  titysel/  under  her  liand.  - 

Gen.  xvi. 
Wives,  subtnit  yourselves  to  your  own  husbands,  —  Eph.  v. 
Submit  yourselves  to  every  ordinance  of  man.  —  I  Pet.  it. 

3.  To  refer;  to  leave  or  commit  to  the  discretion 
or  judgment  of  another  ;  as,  to  submit  a  controversy 
to  arbitrators  ;  to  submit  a  question  to  the  court. 

SUB-MIT',  V.  I.  To  surrender  ;  to  yield  one's  person 
to  the  po>\er  of  another;  to  give  up  resistance. 
The  enemy  submitted. 

The  revolted  provinces  presently  suhmi:ted.  Middieton. 

2.  To  yield  one's  opinion  to  the  opinion  or  au- 
thority of  another.  On  liearing  the  opinion  of  the 
court,  the  coimsel  submitted  without  further  argu- 
ment. 

3.  To  be  subject;  to  acquiesce  in  the  authority  of 
another. 

To  thv  husband's  will 
Thine  shall  submit.  MUlon. 

4.  To  be  submissive  ;  to  yield  without  murmuring. 

Our  relidon  requires  us  —  to  submil  to  pain,  <iisgrace,  and  even 
dcaOi.  JiugeTK. 

SUB-MIT'TED,pp.  Surrendered;  resigned;  yielded; 
referred. 

SUB-Mn''TER,  n      One  who  .submits. 

SUB-MIT'TING,  ppr.  Surrendering  ;  resigning  ; 
yielding  ;  r^;ferring  to  another  for  decision. 

SUB-MON'ISH,  V,  t.     [L.  submoneo.] 
To  suggest ;  to  firompt. 

SUB-MO-NI"TION,  (-nish'un,)  n.    Suggestion. 

Granger. 

SUB-MUL'TI-PLE,  n.  [See  Multiply.]  A  num- 
ber or  quantity  which  is  contained  in  aiutther  nn  ex- 
act number  of  times,  or  is  an  aliquot  part  of  i'.. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MeTE,  PR£Y.  — PINE,  JLVRtNE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.— 


1100 


SUB 

Thus  7  15  [ii,:  submultiple  of  5G,  being  contained  in  it 
eighl  time?.    The  word  is  u^ed  as  an  adjective  also; 
as,  a  siibmiotiple  number  ;  submuliiple  ratio.       Oyc. 
SCB-NxR-COT'ie,  a.     Moderatt'Iv  narcotic,  BarU-n. 
SUB-NASXEXT,  a.     [L.  sub  ixud  Hoscor.] 

Growing  underneath. 
SUB-XECT',  V.  t.    [L.  subnecto.] 

To  tic,  buckle,  or  fasten  beneath.    [JVot  in  itse.] 

Pope. 
SCB-NOR'MAL,  77,     [L.  sub  and  7ior/na,  a  rule.] 

In  treomctry^  that  part  of  the  axis  of  a  curve  line 
wliicli  is  intercepted  between  the  ordinate  and  the 
norm:*!.  Brande. 

PUB-ACDE',  a.     [L.  siib  and  muhts,  naked.] 

In  hutiinVf  almost  naked  or  bare  of  leaves.      Lee. 
SUB-OB-SeORE'LV,  adc.     Somewhat  obscurely  or 

darklv-  Donne. 

SL'B-Oe-CIP'[-Ti\L,  c.    Beingunderthe  occiput ;  as, 

the  snhaccipital  nerves.  Parr. 

SUB-OCTAVE,     )  a.     [L.  sub  and  octavus,  or  octv.- 
SUB-Oe'TU-PLE,  i       pU'.] 

Containing  one  part  of  eight. 

TVilkins.    Arbuthnot. 
SUB-OC'U-LAR,  a.     [L.  5u6and  aculu^.} 

Being  under  the  eye.  Barrow. 

SUB-OR  BI€'U-LAR,     }  a.      \l..  sub  and  orbicula- 
SLB-OR-Bie'U-LATE,  \        tits.] 

Almost  orbiculate  or  orbicular ;  nearly  circular. 
Martyn.     Sai/. 
SUB-OR'DIN-A-Cy,  71.     [See   Subordinate.]      Tlie 
state  of  being  subordinate  or  subject  to  control ;  as, 
to  bring  the  imagination  to  act  in  subordinacy  to 
reason.  Spectator. 

a.  Series  of  subordination.     [Little  used.] 

Temple. 
SUB-OR'DLN-AX-CY,  n.    [JVot  in  use.]    See  Subok- 

DINACT. 

SUB-OR'DIN-ATE,  a.  [L.  suh  and  ordinatusj  from 
ordoj  order.] 

1.  Inferior  in  order,  in  nature,  in  dicnity,  in  pow- 
er, importance,  &c. ;  as,  subordinate  officers. 

U  was  guboriUtuHe,  not  enslaved,  to  Uie  undersUiiditig.     Soulh. 

2.  Descending  in  a  regular  series. 

The  several  kiit:l3  and  tubordinaU  species  of  ench  are  easily 
distiasuished.  Woodioard. 

SL'E-OR'DIX-ATE,  w.  One  who  stands  in  order  or 
rank  below  another.  Milton. 

SUB-OR'DIN-ATE,r.  t.  To  place  in  an  order  or  rank 
below  something  else  ;  to  make  or  consider  as  of  less 
value  or  importance  ;  as,  to  subordinate  one  creature 
toanoiher;  to  sui(W!/»ui/e  temporal  to  spiritual  things. 
9.  To  make  subject  j  as,  to  subordinate  the  passions 
to  reason.  Saitt. 

SUB-OR'DIX-A-TED,  pp.  Placed  in  an  inft;rior  rank  j 
considered  as  of  inferior  importance  ;  subjected. 

S^E-OR'DIN-.^TE-LY,  air.    In  a  lower  rank  or  of 
inferior  import,'ince. 
2.  Id  a  series  regularly  descending. 

Decay  of  Piety. 

SUB-OR-DIX-.\'TrOX,  n.  [Fr.  See  Subordinate.] 
The  state  of  being  inferior  to  another;  inferiority  of 
rank  or  dignity. 

2.  A  series  regularly  descending. 

Nalnral  creatures  having  a  locJ  subordituuion.  Holiday. 

3.  Place  of  rank  among  inferiors. 

Parsoiia  who  in  iheir  ecvcr.d  siifcordination*  would  be  olj!ip?ii  to 
fullow  the  example  ol  tlieir  superiors.  Sim/:. 

4.  Subjection  ;  stale  of  being  under  control  or  gov- 
ernment. 

The  niosi  glorious  miliLary  achievements  would  be  a  calamity  and 
a  curse,  if  purchased  at  the  expense  of  luLita  of  subortUna- 
aon  and  Icive  oi  order.  J.  EtMrlt. 

[Si'BOBDiXATENEas  is  not  used.] 
SL'B-ORi\',  V.  U  [Fr.  suborner;  It.  subornare;  Sp. 
su2>i/mar ;  h.  suborno ;  sub  and  orno.  The  sense  of 
onto,  in  this  word,  and  the  primary  sense,  is,  to  put 
on,  to  furnish.  Hence,  subomo,  to  furnish  privately, 
that  is,  to  bribe.] 

1.  In  law,  to  procure  a  person  to  take  such  a  false 
oath  as  constitutes  perjury.  BlacJistonc. 

2.  To  procure  privately,  or  by  collusion. 

Or  c!ie  thou  art  ai^xirrted  against  hJ3  honor.  Sluik. 

3.  To  procure  by  indirect  means. 

Thoje  who  by  despair  tubom  their  dtMlh.  Dryden. 

SUB-OR-Na'TION,  n.  [Fr.]  In  law^  tlie  crime  of 
procuring  a  person  to  take  such  a  false  oath  as  con- 
stitutes perjury.  BlacJ^stone. 

•t.  The  crime  of  procuring  one  to  do  a  criminal  or 
hniX  action.  Sluu:.     Swift. 

SL'B-ORX'SD,  pp.  Procured  to  take  a  false  oath,  or 
I)  do  a  bad  action. 

SL'B-ORN'ER,  n.  One  who  procures  another  to  take 
a  false  oath,  or  to  do  :■.  bad  action. 

SUB-OR\'ING,  ppr.  Procuring  one  to  take  a  false 
oatli,  or  to  do  a  criminal  action. 

SUB-o'VAL,  a.    Somewhat  oval. 

SUB-6'VaTE,  a.  TL.  sub  and  otatus^  from  ovum,  an  j 
egg.J 

Almost  ovale  ;  nearly  in  the  form  of  an  e^g,  but  1 
having  the  inferior  extremity  broadest.       Mariyn.     I 


SUB 

SUB-Pic'XA,    )  rr  i         1  .1 

SUB-PCE'\  \    \  "•    ^  ^       pa-na,  pam,  penalty.] 

A  writ  conunanding  the  alti-ndance  in  court  of  the 
person  on  whom  it  is  served,  as  witne-'^.-ies,  &c. 

SUB-Pk'N.^,    j  V.  t.   To  serve  v/ith  a  writ  of  subpcna  ; 

SUB-PCE'NA,  \  to  command  attendance  in  court  by 
a  legal  writ. 

SUB-PE'NA-£D,pp.     Served  with  a  writ  of  subpena. 

SUB-Pe'NA-ING,  ppr.  Commanding  attendance  in 
court  bv  a  lei;al  writ. 

SUB-PER-PEN-Die'U-LAR,  n.    [suh  and  perpendicv^ 
lar.] 
A  subnormal,  which  see. 

SUB-PET'1-O-LATE,  a.     [sub  and  petiole.] 

In  botany,  having  a  very  short  petiole.      Martyn. 

SUB-POR-PHY-RIT'IC,  a.  Allied  to  porpJiyritic,  but 
containing  smaller  and  less  distinctly  marked  points 
or  crystals,  PercivaVs  Geol. 

SUB-PRI'OR,  n.  [sub  and  prior.]  The  vicegerent  of 
a  prior ;  a  claustral  officer  who  assists  the  prior. 

SoutJi.     Ciic. 

SUB-PUR'CHA-SER,  u.  A  purchaser  who  buys  from 
a  purchaser. 

SUB-aUAD'RATE.  a.     Nearly  square.  Say. 

SUB-CiUAD'Ra-PLE,  a.  [sub  and  quadruple.]  Con- 
taining one  part  of  four  j  as,  subquadruple  proportion. 

fVaUinj. 

SUB-aUIX^aUE-FID,  G.  [sub  and  quinquefd.]  Al- 
most (luinquefid.  Lee. 

SUB-UUIN'TU-PLE.  a.  [sub  and  quintuple.]  Con- 
taining one  part  of  five  ;  as,  subquintuple  proportion. 

mikins. 

SUB-Ra'MoSE,  }  a.      [L.  sub  and  raviosus,  full  of 

SUB-Ra'MOUS,  i      branches.] 

In  botany,  having  few  branches.  Lee. 

SUB-RECTOR,  it.  [sub  and  rector.]  A  rector's  dep- 
uty or  substitute.  Walton. 

SUB-REP'TION,  It.  [L.  sitbreptio,  from  subrepo,  to 
creep  under.] 

The  act  of  obtaining  a  favor  by  surprise  or  unfair 
represenlation,  tliat  is,  by  suppression  or  fraudulent 
concealment  of  facts.  Diet. 

SUB-REF-TI"TIOUS,  (-tJsh'us,)  }  a.    [L.  surreptitius, 

SUB-REP'TIVE,  i      supra.] 

Falsely  crept  in  j  fraudulently  obtained.  [See  Sur- 
reptitious.] 

SUB-REP-TI"TIOUS-LY,  adv.  By  falsehood;  by 
stealth.  Sherwood. 

SUB'RO-GaTE,  v.  t.     [L.  siibro^o.] 

To  put  in  the  place  of  another.   [Jfot  in  use.]    [See 

SUBROGATF.J 

SUB-RO-Ga'TION,  n.  In  the  civil  law,  the  substitut- 
ing of  one  person  in  the  place  of  another,  and  giving 
him  his  rights.  Encyc. 

SUB  RO'Sj^,  [L.]  Literally,  under  the  rose.  Secret- 
ly ;  privately ;  in  a  manner  that  forbids  disclosure ; 
the  rose  being,  among  the  ancients,  the  symbol  of  se- 
crecy, and  hung  up  at  entertainments  as  a  token  that 
nothing  lliere  said  was  to  be  divulged.  Bovth. 

SUB-RO-TUND',  a.     [L.  sub  and  rotundits.  round.] 
Almost  round  ;  almost  orbicular.  Lcc. 

SUB-SAL-lNE',  a.     lAloderately  saline  or  salt.     Encyc. 

SUB'SALT,  71.    A  salt  having  an  excess  of  the  base. 

SUB-SAN-Na'TION,  71.     [L.  subsanno.] 

Derision ;  scorn.  More. 

SUB-S€AP'U-LAR,  a.     [L.  sub  and  scapula.] 

The  subscapular  artery  is  the  large  branch  of  the 
axillary  artery,  which  rises  near  the  lowest  margin 
of  the  scapula.  Cyc. 

SUB-SGRIB'A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  subscribed. 

SUB-S€KIBE',  V.  t.     [L.  subscribo;  sub  and  scribo,  to 
write  ;  Fr.  souscrtre  ;  It.  sascrivcre  ;  Sp.  subscribir.] 
Literally,  to  write  underneath.     Hence, 

1.  To  sign  with  one's  ov/n  iiand  ;  to  give  consent 
to  something  written,  or  to  bind  one's  self  by  writing 
one's  name  beneath  ;  as,  parties  subscribe  a  covenant 
or  contract ;  a  man  subscribas  a  bond  or  articles  of 
agreement. 

2.  To  attest  by  writing  one's  name  l)eneath  ;  as, 
officers  subscribe  their  otficial  acts  ;  and  secretaries 
and  clerks  subscribe  copies  of  records. 

3.  To  promise  to  give,  by  writing  one's  name  ;  as, 
each  man  subscribed  ten  dollars,  or  ten  shillings. 

4.  To  submit.     [JVi't  in  use.]  S/iak. 
SUB-SGRlBE',  V.  i.    To  promise  to  give  a  certain  sum 

by  setting  one's  name  to  a  p;iper.  The  paper  was  of- 
fered, and  many  subscribed. 
2.  To  assent ;  as,  I  could  not  su&icr(ie  to  his  opinion. 
SUB-SeRTB'£D,  pp.  Having  a  name  or  names  writ- 
ten underneath.  The  petition  is  subscribed  by  two 
thousand  persons. 

2.  Promised  by  writing  the  name  and  sum.     A 
lame  sum  is  subscribed. 
SUB-SeRIB'ER,  71.    One  who  subscribes  ;  one  who 
contributes  to  an  undertaking  by  subscribing. 

2.  One  who  enters  his  name  for  a  paper,  book, 
map,  and  the  like. 
SUB-SCRIB'ING,  ppr.     Writing  one's  name  under- 
neath ;  assenting  to  or  attesting  by  writing  the  name 
beneath  ;  entering  one's  nauie  as  a  purchaser. 
SUB'SCRIPT,  n.    Any  thing  underwritten.  Bentley. 
SUB-SCRIP'TION,  71.     [L.  subscriptio.] 

1.  Any  thing,  particularly  a  paper,  with  names 
subscribed. 


SUB 

2.  The  act  of  subscribing,  or  writing  on-'a  name 
underneath;  name  subscribed  ;  signaiure. 

3.  Consent  or  attestation  given  by  underwriting 
the  name. 

4.  'J'he  act  of  contributing  to  aii^*  undertaking. 

0.  Sum  subscribed ;  amount  of  sums  subscribed. 
We  speak  of  an  individual  subscription,  or  of  the 
whole  subscription  to  a  fund, 

6.  Submission;  obedience.    [JVot  in  use.] 
SUB-SECTION,  n.     [L.  sub  und  sectio.] 

The  part  or  division  of  a  section  ;  a  subdivision  ; 
the  section  of  a  section.  Zhtt, 

SUB-SEC'U-TIVE,  a.     [L.  sulseguor,  subsuutus.] 

Following  in  a  train  or  succession.     [Liltle  ujfcc/.] 
SUB-SEM'I-ToNE,  ti.    In  music,  the  leading  note,  or 

sharp  seventh,  of  any  key.  Brande. 

SUB-SEP'TU-PLE,  a.    [L.  sub  and  septuplus.] 

Containing  one  of  seven  parts.  Wdkins. 

SUB'SE-QUENCE,  71.     [L.  subsequor,  gubsequeiuj  tub 
and  scijuor,  to  follow.] 
A  following ;  a  state  of  coming  after  something. 

Orne. 
SUB'SE-aUENT,  a.     [Fr.,  from  lu  subsequens,  supra.] 

1.  Following  in  time ;  coming  or  being  after  some- 
thing else  at  any  time,  indefinitely ;  as,  subsequent 
events;  subsequent  ages  or  years  ;  a  period  long  sub- 
sequent  to  the  foundation  of  Rome. 

2.  Following  in  the  order  of  piace  or  succession ; 
succeeding  ;  as,  a  subsequent  clause  in  a  treaty.  What 
is  obscure  in  a  passage  may  be  illustrated  by  subse- 
quent words. 

SUB'SE-aUENT-LY,  adc.    At  a  later  lime  ;  in  time 

after  something  else.    Nothing  was  done  at  the  first 

meeting;  what  was  subsequently.lmnsacled,  1  do  not 

know. 
2.  After  something  else  in  order.    These  dilBcul- 

ties  will  be  subsequently  explained. 
SUB-SERVE',  (sub-serv',)  c.  (.      [L.  subservio;  sub 

and  scrvio,  to  serve.] 
To  serve  in  subordination  ;  to  serve  instrumental- 

ly.    In  most  engines,  we  make  the  laws  of  matter 

subserve  the  purposes  of  arL 


Not  made  to  rul?, 
But  lo  subserce  where  wisdom  bean  ccmmnd. 


AhUon. 


SUB-SERV'£D,  pp.    Served  in  subordination.     - 
SUB-SERV'I-ENCE,   )  71-    Instrumental  use  ;  use  or 
SUB-SERV'1-EN-CY,  (    operation  that  promotes  some 
purpose. 

The  body,  wherein  appears  much  ClneEs,  iiae,  and  eubtersiena/ 
to  iofinilcfuDclioits.  Btnlity. 

There  is  a  regular  subordination  and  eubeerxittiey  amon^  all  ih* 
parts  to  beneficial  ends.  Chryne. 

SUB-SERVr-ENT,  a.     [L.  subserviens.] 

1.  Useful  as  an  instrument  to  promote  a  purpose ; 
serving  to  promote  some  end. 

liaiiiinond  h.id  an  includible  dexterity,  Kaiccly  CTer  teadln*  any 
Ihmg  which  he  did  not  male  su&^ertvnX  in  ooe  kind  or 
other.  Fkll. 

2.  Subordinate;  acting  as  a  subordinate  instru- 
ment. These  are  the  creatures  of  God,  subordinate 
to  him,  and  subservient  to  his  will. 

These  ranks  of  creatures  are  tubsernent  one  to  another.     Ray. 

SUB-SERV'I-ENT-LY,  adc.  In  asubser^ienl  manner 

SUB-SERV'ING,  ppr.      Serving   in    subordination; 
serving  instrumenlally. 

SUB-SES'SILE,  (-ses'sil,)  a.     [L.  sub  and  scssHis.] 
Id  ftoiajii/,  almost  sessile;   having  very  short  foot- 
stalks. MartuTU    Let, 

SUB-SEX'TU-PLE,  a.    [L.  sub  and  seituplus.] 
Containing  one  part  in  sis.  Wi&ins. 

SUB-SIDE',  V.  i.    [L.  ^ubsido  ,■  sub  and  sido,  to  settle. 
See  Set.] 

1.  To  sink  or  fall  to  the  bottom  ;  to  settle  ;  as  lees 
9.  To  fall  into  a  state  of  quiet ;   to  cease  to  rage ; 

to  be  calmed  ;  to  become  tranquil.  Let  the  passions 
subside.  The  tumults  of  war  will  subside.  Christ 
commanded,  and  the  storm  subsided. 

3.  To  lend  downward  ;  to  sink  ;  as,  a  subiAding 
hill.     The  land  subsides  into  a  plain. 

4.  To  abate ;  to  be  reduced. 

Id  cues  of  d.inger,  pride  and  enyy  oalurally  tubs'tde. 

MiddUton. 

SUB-SI'DENCE,  )  n.    The  act  or  process  of  sinking 
SUB-SI'DEN-CY,  (       or  falling,  as  in  the   lees  of 
liquors. 

2.  The  act  of  sinking  or  gradually  descending,  as 
CTOUnd.  Burnet. 

SUB-SI D'l-A-RY,  a.     [Fr.  subsidiaire;  1..  subsidiarius. 
See  Subsidy.] 

1.  Aiding;  assistant;  furnishing  help.  Subsidiary 
troops  are  troops  of  one  nation  hired  by  another  ftr 
military  service.  : 

2.  Furnishing  additional  supplies  ;  as,  a  subsidiary  I 
stream. 

SUB-SID'I-A-RY,  n.    An  assistant ;  an  auxiliary  ;  he  \ 
or  that  which  contributes  aid  or  additional  supplies.   , 

Stephms. 

SUB'SI-DIZE,  r.  C     [from  subsidy.]     To  furnish  with 
a  subsidy  ;  to  purchase  the  assistance  of  another  by  , 
the  payment  of  a  subsidy  to  him.    Great  Britain   ' 
subsidized  some  of  the  GtTraan  powers  in  the  late 
war  with  France. 


;l 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.  —  AN"CEE,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K  ;  fi  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  TIUS. 


SUB 


SUB 


SUB'SI-DiZ-£D,   pp.     Engaged  as  an  auxiliary  by 

mean;*  of  a  subsidy. 
SUB'SI-DIZ-ING,  ppr.    Purchasing  the  assistance  of 

by  ynbsidics. 
SUU'SI-l^Y,  n.     [Fr.  subside;  L.  subsitliunit  from  sub- 
sUlo,  literally,  to  be  or  sit  under  or  by.] 

1.  .\id  in  money ;  supply  {pven  ;  a  tax ;  sometbing 
furnished  for  aid,  as  by  the  people  to  their  prince : 
as,  the  sutsidits  granted  formerly  to  the  Icings  of 
England. 

Subsidies  were  a  tax,  not  immediately  on  property, 
but  on  persons  in  respect  of  their  reputed  estates,  af- 
ter the  nominal  rate  of  4s,  the  pound  for  lands,  and 
2s.  8(1.  for  goods.  Blackstonc. 

2.  A  sum  of  money  paid  by  one  prince  or  nation 
to  another,  to  purchase  the  service  of  auxiliary 
troops,  or  the  aid  of  such  foreign  prince  in  a  war 
against  an  enemy.  Thus,  Great  Britain  paid  stib- 
sidies  to  Austria  and  Prussia,  to  engage  them  to  re- 
sist the  progress  of  the  French. 

SUB-SIGN',  (sub-sine',)  D.  t.     [L.  subsigno;  siib  and 
si^itOj  to  sign.] 
To  sign  under ;  to  write  beneath.    [Little  used.] 

Camden. 

SUB-SIG-N.\'TION,  71.  Tlie  act  of  writing  the  name 
under  sometbing  for  attestation.     [Little  itsed.] 

SUB  S/-i£JV'7'/-0,  (-she-o,)  [L.]  In  silence  or  se- 
crecy. 

SUB-SiST',  ».  z.  [Pr.  subsisterl  It.  sussistere;  Sp. 
subsistir;  L.  subsisto;  sub  and  sistii;  to  stand,  to  be 
fixedj 

1.  To  be ;  to  have  existence  ;  appUcabk  to  matter  or 
spirit. 

2.  To  continue ;  to  retain  the  present  state. 

Firm  we  suhsisty  but  possible  to  swerve.  MiUon. 

3.  To  live ;  to  be  maintained  with  food  and  cloth- 
ing. How  many  of  the  human  race  subsist  on  the 
labors  of  others '.  How  many  armies  have  subsisted 
on  plunder! 

4.  To  inhere ;  to  have  existence  by  means  of 
something  else;   as,  qualities  that  subsist  in  sub- 

SUB-SIST',  17.  t.  To  fesd  ;  to  maintain  ;  to  support 
with  provisions.  The  king  subsisted  his  troops  on 
provisions  plundered  from  the  enemy. 

SUB-SIST'ENCE,   )  «.      [Fr.  subsistence  ;    It.  sussis- 

SUB-SIST'EN-CY,  j      tenia.] 

1.  Real  being;  as,  a  chain  of  differing  subsist- 
cncics,  Olanville. 

Not  only  the  things  haJ  subsuUnce,  btil  tlie  very  images  were 
of  some  creatures  existing.  SUiiinsJlect, 

2.  Competent  provisions ;  means  of  supporting  life. 

His  viceroy  could  only  propose  to  himself  a  coraforiable  subsist' 
ence  out  of  the  plunder  of  his  province.  Addison. 

3.  That  which  supplies  the  means  of  living  j  as 
money,  pay  or  wages. 

4.  Inherence  in  something  else;  as,  the  subsistence 
of  qualities  in  bodies. 

SUrJ-SIST'ENT,  a.     [h.  subsistens.] 

1.  Having  real  being ;  as,  a  subsiitciU  spirit. 

Brown. 
9,  Inherent;  as,  qualities  sn&^£e«t  in  matter. 

Beiitley. 
SUB'SOIL,  71.     [sub  and  soil.]     The  bed  or  stratum  of 
earth  which  lies  between  the  surface  soil  and  the 
base  on  whi^h  they  rest.  Cijc. 

SUB-SPk'CIeS,  (-spe'shez,)  n.  [srib  and  species.]  A 
subordinate  species ;  a  division  of  a  species. 

'r/iomson. 
SUB'STANCE,  n.     [Fr. ;  lUsustanza;  Sp.  substancia ; 
L.  siibsta2itia,  sabsto  ;  sub  and  sto,  to  stand.] 

1.  1x1  a  general  sense  y  being;  somethingexistingby 
itself;  that  which  really  is  or  exists ;  equally  applica- 
ble to  matter  or  sjiirit.  Thus,  the  soul  of  man  is 
called  an  immaterial  substance,  a  cogitative  sub- 
stance, a  substnnce  endued  with  thought.  We  say, 
a  stoiie  is  a  hard  substance;  tallow  is  a  soft  sub- 
stance. 

2.  That  which  supports  accidents. 

Th;it  which  subsists  by  itself  is  called  Bubstance ;  that  which 
sul&istd  ill  nad  by  another  is  called  a  mode  or  manner  of 
beiii^.  M'alts. 

3.  The  essential  part;  the  main  or  material  part. 
In  this  epitome  we  have  the  b-ubsUmce  of  the  whole 
book. 

This  edition  ifl  the  same  in  subslance  with  the  Latin.    Barnet. 

4.  Something  real,  not  imaginarj';  something  sol- 
id, not  empty. 

Heroic  virtue  did  his  actions  "iiide, 

And  lie  the  substance,  not  th' appearance,  chose.        Drydcn. 

5.  Body  ;  corporeaJ  nature  or  matter. 

The  qualities  of  plants  are  more  various  thin  those  of  animal 
subsianceg.  Arbulknot. 

G.  Goods;  estate;  means  of  living.  3oh^s  substance 
was  seven  thousand  sheep,  three  thousand  camels, 
ice.    Job  i. 

We  are  —  exhauatinff  our  subetaTiee,  but  notforourow-nint^resl. 

Swi/t. 

SUB-STAN'TIAL,  (-shal,)  a.  Belonging  to  sub- 
stance •;  real ;  actually  existing. 

If  this  atheist  would  have  his  chance  to  be  a  real  and  subsUitUial 
ageot,  he  is  more  stupid  than  the  vulgar.  Benllcy. 


2.  Real;  solid;  true;  not  seeming  or  imaginary. 
If  happiii'-^B  be  a  aubstanlial  eooA.  "  Denham. 
The  substanli<U  oruamoiits  01  virtue.                  L'Hstrange. 

3.  Corporeal ;  material. 

The  rainbow  appears  lilte  a  suhslanUal  arch  in  (he  sl:y.     Watts. 

4.  Having  substance;  strong;  stout;  solid;  as, 
substantial  clotli ;  a  substantial  fence  or  gate. 

5.  Possessed  of  goods  or  estate  ;  responsible  ;  mod- 
erately wealthy  ;  as,  a  substantial  freeholder  or  farm- 
er ;  a  S7ibstantial  citizen.  .Addison. 

SUB-STAN-TIAL'I-TY,  n.      The  state  of  real  exist- 
ence. 
2,  Corporeity ;  materiality. 

The  soul  is  a  slranjer  to  such  gross  substan&ilitj/.     GlanviUe. 

SUB-STAN'TIAL-IZE,  v.  t.    To  realize. 

SUB-STAN'TIAI.r.TZ-i^D,  pp.    Made  real  or  solid. 

SUB-STAN'TIAL-IZ-ING,  ppr.  Making  real  in  sub- 
stance. 

SUB-STAN'TIALr-LY,  adv.  In  the  manner  of  a  sub- 
stance ;  with  reality  of  existence. 

In  him  Iiis  Father  shone,  subsiantially  expressed.         Milton. 

2.  Strongly;  solidly.  Clarendon. 

3.  Truly ;  solidly ;  really. 

The  laws  of  this  reliwiou  would  make  men,  if  they  would  truly 
observe  them,  suoslaTaiaUy  religious  toward  God,  chaste  and 
temperate.  TiUolson. 

4.  In  substance  ;  in  t!ie  main  ;  essentially.  This 
answer  is  substantiallij  the  same  as  that  before 
given. 

5.  With  competent  goods  or  estate. 
SUB-STAN'TIAL-NESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  sub- 
stantial. 

2.  Firmness  ;  strength  ;  power  cf  holding  or  last- 
ing ;  as,  tlie  substantialness  of  a  waH  or  column. 

Wotton. 
S0B-STAN'TIALS,  n.  pi.    Essential  parts.    Jiyliffe. 
SUB-STAN'TIaTE,  v.  L     To  make  to  esist.    Ayliffe. 
2.  To  establish  by  proof  or  competent  evidence 
to  verify  ;  to  make  good  ;  as,  to  substantiate  a  cliarge 
or  allegation  ;  to  substantiate  a  declaration. 

Canning,    Jldavis.     Dexter.     Ch.  Obs. 
SUB'STAN-TIVE,  a.    Betokening  existence  :  as,  the 
substantive  verb.  ArbuVmot. 

2.  Solid ;  depending  on  itself.     [JVot  hi  use.] 

Bacon. 
Substantive  color;   one  which   communicates  its 
color  without  the  intervention  of  a  mordant  or  base ; 
opposed  to  adjective  color. 
SUB'STAN-TIVE,  n.    In  trrammar,  a  noun  or  name  -, 
the  part  of  speech  which  expresses  something  that 
exists,  either  material  or  immaterial.    Thus  man, 
horse,  city,  goodness,  excellence,  ai'e   substantives. 
[Better  called  name,  L.  nometiy  or  even  nouUf  a  cor- 
ruption of  nomen.] 
SUB'STAI^-T1VE-LY,  ads.     In  substance;   essen- 
tially. 

2.  In  ffTfirrnwT,  as  a  name  or  noun.    An  adjective 
or  pronoun  may  be  used  substa7itivclij. 
SUB'STILE,  n.    See  Substvlk. 

SUB'STI-TUTE,  ».  i.     [Fr.  substituer;  It.  snstituire; 
Sp.  substituir  ;  L.  siibstituo ;  snb  and  statuo,  to  set.] 
To  put  in  the  place  of  auotlier. 

Some  few  verses  arc  iuserted  or  subsAluted  in  the  room  of  others. 

CongTeoe. 

SUB'STI-TUTE,  n.  One  person  put  in  the  place  of 
another  to  answer  the  same  purpose.  A  person  may 
be  a  .'tubstitiitf'.  with  full  powers  to  act  for  another  iu 
an  ofnce.  Representatives  in  legislation  are  the  sub- 
stitutes of  their  constituents.  The  orthodox  creed  of 
Christians  is  that  Christ  died  as  the  substitute  of  sin- 
ners. 

2.  One  thing  put  in  the  place  of  another.  If  you 
have  not  one  medicine,  use  another  as  its  substitute. 

SUB'STI-TU-TED,  pp.    Put  in  the  place  of  another. 

SUB'STI-TU-TING,  ppr.  Putting  in  the  place  of 
another. 

SUB-STX-TO'TION,  n.  The  act  of  putting  ono  per- 
son or  tiling  in  the  place  of  another  to  supply  its 
place;  as,  the  substitution  of  an  agent,  attorney, or 
representative,  to  act  for  one  in  his  absence  ;  tbe  sub- 
stitutioii  of  bank  notes  for  gold  and  silver,  as  a  circu- 
lating medium. 

2.  In  grammar,  syllepsis,  or  the  use  of  one  word 
for  another. 

SUB-STI-TU'TION-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  substitution. 

SUB-STRAOT',  v.  t.    [L.  subtra/to,  subtractum,] 
To  subtract. 

J\rote.  —  SuBsTRACT  was  formerly  used  in  analogy 
with  Adsthact.  But  in  modem  usage,  it  is  written 
according  to  the  Latin,  Subtract.  [See  this  word 
and  its  derivatives.] 

SUB-STRA€'TI0N,  n.  In  lata,  the  withdrawing  or 
withholding  of  some  right.  Thus  the  subsiractian  of 
conjugal  rights,  is  when  either  the  husband  or  wife 
withdraws  from  llie  other  and  lives  separate.  The 
siLbstraction  of  a  legacy  is  the  withholding  or  detain- 
ing of  it  from  the  legatee  by  the  executor.  In  like 
manner,  the  withholding  of  any  service,  rent,  duty, 
or  custom,  is  a  substraction,  for  which  the  law  gives  a 
remedj'.  Blaclistone. 

SUB'STRaTE,  71,  That  which  lies  beneath  ;  a  sub- 
stratum. Qood. 


SUB 

SUB'STR.\TE,  a.    Having  very  slight  furrows. 
SUB-STRa'TUJI,ii.  ;  pi.  SmsTRiTA.    ^L.  suislrates, 
spread  under  ;  sub  and  stemo.'] 

1.  That  vvllicb  is  laid  or  spread  under  ;  a  layer  of 
earth  lying  under  another.  In  agriculture^  the  sub- 
soil. Cijc. 

2.  In  mctapUysles f\.l\G  matter  or  substance  suitiinscd 
to  furnish  the  basis  in  which  the  perceptible  qualities 
inhere. 

SUB-STRUe'TIOM,  II.     [L.  suistructio.] 

Under  building.  Wiitton. 

SUB-STRUeT'lIRE,  ?i.     [L.  sub  and  slruclure.] 
An  under  structure  ;  a  foundation. 

SUB-ST?'LAR,  a.  Substijlar  line ;  the  substylc,  whicli 
see. 

SUB'STTLE,  71.  [sub  and  style.]  In  dialing,  a  ri;llt 
line,  on  which  tbe  style  or  gnomon  of  a  dial  is  erect- 
ed, being  the  common  section  of  the  face  of  the  dial 
and  a  plane  perpendicular  to  it  passing  throu^-h  llie 
style.  llattan. 

SUli-SUL'PHATE,  71.  A  sulphate  with  an  excess  of 
the  base.  Thomson. 

SUB-SUL'TIVE,    j  a.      [from  L.  subsulliis,  a  leap, 

SUB-SUL'TO-RY,  j      from  subsulto  ;  sub  and  .lalio.] 
Bounding;  leaping;  moving  by  sudden  leaps  or 
starts,  or  by  twitches. 

SUB-SUL'T'0-R[-LY,  adv.  In  a  bounding  manner ; 
by  leaps,  starts,  or  twitches.  Eaeou. 

SUB-.SUL'TUS,  n.  [L.]  In  medicine,  a  starling, 
twitching,  or  convulsive  motion;  a&ysubsultus  ten- 
dinura.  Coxe. 

SUB-SuME',  1).  t.    [L.  sub  and  sumo.] 

To  assume  as  a  position  by  consequence.  [JVot 
used.]  Hammond, 

.SUB-TAN 'GENT,  n.  In  geometnj,  the  part  of  the 
axis  contained  between  the  ordinate  and  tangent 
drawn  to  the  same  point  in  a  curve. 

SUB-TEND',  V.  t.     [L.  sub  and  tendo,  to  stretch.] 
-    To  extend  under,  or  be  opposite  to  ;  as,  the  line  of 
a  triangle  which  subtends  the  right  angle;  tlie  chord 
which  subtends  an  arch. 

SUB-TEND'ED,  pp.    Extended  under. 

SUn-TEND'ING,  ppr.    Extending  under. 

SUB-TENSE',  (sub-tens',)  71.     [L.  sub  and  tensus.] 
The  chord  of  an  arc. 

SUB-TEP'ID,  a.    [L.  sub  and  tepidus,  warm.] 
Very  moderately  warm. 

SUB'TER,  a  Latin  preposition,  signifies  under. 

SUB-TE-ReTE',  a.    Somewhat  terete  or  taper. 

SUB-TER'FLU-ENT,  j  a.      [h.  subterjluens,  subtcr- 

SUD-TER'FLU-OUS,  \      flno.] 
Running  under  or  beneath. 

SUB'TER-FUGE,  71.  [Fr.,  from  L.  suiter  and  fugio, 
to  flee.] 

■  LiteraUij,  that  to  which  a  person  resorts  for  escapL- 
or  concealment ;  hence,  a  shift ;  an  evasion  ;  an  ar- 
tifice employed  to  escape  censure  or  the  force  of  an 
argument,  or  to  justify  opinions  or  conduct. 

AOect  not  lilde  sliifts  and  subterfuges,  to  avoid  llje  fo«e  of  an 


argument. 


iVnIls. 


SUE'TER-RANE,  71.    [Infra.]    A  cave  or  room  un''  r 

ground.  Brijaw. 

SUB-TER-RA'NE-AN,    )  a.    [L.  subtcr,  under,  :,)i  : 
SUB-TER-Ra'NE-OUS,  S      terra,  earth;    Vt.souUr- 

rain ;  It.  sotterraueo.] 
Being  or  lying  under  the  surface  of  the  earth  ;  ^^Ii- 

uated  within  the  earlli  or  under  ground  ;  as,  subtt.- 

ranean  springs  ;  a  subterraneous  passage. 

[SuBTERRASEAL  ond  SuBTERBANY  are  not  in  USi^.l 
SUB-TER-RAK'I-TY,   ?i.     .\    place    under    grou-.  !. 

[Xiit  ill  use.]  Broir.:. 

SUB'TER-RA-N  Y,  ri.    What  lies  under  ground,  [.'i ;  : 

in  use.]        _  Bacon. 

SUB'TER-ReNE,  a.    Subterraneous.  Taylor. 

SUB'TILE.o.    [Fr..?ulplii;  L.suAtifc;  It.so(Wf.    This 

word,  except  in  the  first  two  senses,  is  nowgeiKi- 

ally  pronounced  snt'tl.] 

1.  Thin  ;  not  deuse  or  gross  ;  as,  suUUe  air ;  s..  - 
tile  vapor ;  a  subtile  medium. 

ii.  Nice ;  fine  ;  delicate. 

I  do  distinguish  plain 
Each  subtile  line  of  her  immortRf  face.  Davics. 

3.  Acute  ;  piercing  ;  as,  subtile  pain.  Prior. 

4.  Sly  ;  artful ;  cunning  ;  crafty  ;  Insmuating  ;  as, 
a  subtile  person  ;  a  subtile  adversary. 

5.  Planned  by  art ;  deceitful ;  as,  a  subtile  scheme. 

6.  Deceitful :  treacherous.  Sha':. 

7.  Refined  ;  fine  ;  acute  ;  as,  a  subtile  argnnicnt. 
SUB'TILE-LY,  adu.    Thinly  ;  not  densely. 

2.  Finely  ;  not  grossly  or  thickly. 

The  opRqueet  botlics,  if  eu6liiefy  divided— become  perfectly  tniis- 
parent.  JVew/on. 

3.  Artfully;    cunningly;    craftily;  as,  a  scheme 
subtilehj  contrived. 

SUB'TILE-NESS, 71.    Thinness;  rareness;  as,thesiti- 
tilencss  of  air. 

2.  Fineness;   acuteness ;  &«;tbe  sublUeruss  of  an 
argument. 

3.  Cunning  ;  artfulness ;  as,  the  snbtilencss  of  a  foe. 
SUB-TIL'I-ATE,  V.  t.    To  make  .£,;n.    [JVot  in  us,:] 

Ilareeif. 

SUB-TIL-I-A'TIO>f,  71.    The  act  of  malting  tliiri  or 
rare.    [.Vtjt  in  use.]  '  Boyle. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT JIETE,  PREY.  — PINE,  .MARINE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.- 

1102 


SUB 

SUB-TIL'I-TY,  n.    Fineness,  Smeltie, 

SUB-TIL-I-Za'TION,  n.  [Irom  subtilize.]  The  act 
of  making  subtile,  fine,  or  thbi.  In  Me  laboratonj^ 
the  operation  of  maiiiug  so  volatile  as  to  rise  in 
steam  or  vapor.  Cheyiie. 

a.  Refinement ;  extreme  acuteness. 
SUB'TIIj-IZE,  r.  U     [Ft.  subtUiier,  from  L.  subtilis.] 
1.  To  make  thia  or  fine ;  to  make  less  gross  or 
coarse.  Chetjiie. 

'2.  To  refine  ;  to  spin  into  niceties ;  as,  to  subtilize 
arguments. 
SUB'TIL-IZE,  r.  i.    To  refine  in  argument ;  to  make 
verj"  nice  distinctions. 

la  wh-iierer  raauuer  the  papist  mi^hl  subtiUze.  A7L';icr. 

SirB'TJL-l2:-ED,  pp.    Made  thin  or  fine. 
SUB'TIL-rZ-INa,p;>r.  Making  thin  or  fine  ;  refining. 
SUB'TIL-TY,  «.     [Fr.  subttlite  ;  L.  subtiUtas.] 

1.  Thinness  ;  fineness  ;  exility  ;  in  a  physical  sense  , 
as,  the  suhtUty  of  air  or  light ;  the  subtiity  of  sounds. 

Bacon.     Qrcw. 
^.  Refinement  j  extreme  acuteness. 

Intelligible  discourses  are  spoiled  by  too  much  subtiHy  ia  nice 
divi^oDs.  lAKke, 

3.  Slyness  in  design  j    cunning;  artifice.    [This 
word,  except  in  the  first  sense,  is  now  generally 
pronounced  sut'tLI 
SUB'TLE,  (sul'tl,)  a.    [See  Scbtile.]    Sly  in  design  ; 
artful;  cunning;  insinuating;  applied  to  persons ',  as, 
a  subtle  foe, 
3.  Cunningly  devised  ;  as,  a  subtle  stratagem. 
SrB'TLE-TY^(sut'll-te.)'  See  Sdbtiltt. 
SUC'TLY,  (sut'tle,)  adr.    Slily;  artfully;  cunningly. 

Tbuu  ieest  how  sxibtiy  to  detaio  thee  I  dertse.  ^tlton. 

2.  Nicely  j  delicately. 

In  the  ake  bee,  what  sense  eo  subQif  true  I  Fope. 

SUB-TOX'ie,  \  n.    The  semitone  or  note  next 

Sl'B-SEM'I-ToNE,  j  below  the  tonic;  the  leading 
note  of  the  scale. 

SL^B-TRA€T^  r.  t.  [L.  sullraJto^  suhtractus  :  sub  and 
traho,  to  draw,] 

To  wilhdrav/  or  take  a  part  from  the  rest;  to  de- 
duct.    Subtract  5  from  9,  and  the  remainder  is  4. 

SUB-TRAGT'ED,  pp.  Withdrawn  from  the  rest ; 
deducted. 

SUB-TRAGT'ER,  tu    He  that  subtracts. 

5.  Tlie  number  to  be  taken  from  a  larger  number, 

[,Vot   llSCd.]       [See    StTBTRAHE.VD.] 

SUB-TR  Aet'IXG,  ppr.    Withdrawing  from  the  rest ; 

SrE-TRAC'TION,  n.     [L.  subtracdo.]        [deducting. 
1.  The  act  or  operation  of  taking  a  part  from  the 
rest. 

9.  In  arithmetic^  the  taking  of  a  lesser  number  or 
quantity  from  a  greater  of  the  same  kind  or  denom- 
ination ;  an  operation  by  which  is  found  the  differ- 
ence between  two  sums. 

SUB-TRACT'IVE,  a.  Tending  or  having  power  to 
subtract. 

SLFB-TR  A-HEXD',  n.  In  arithmetic^  the  sum  or  num- 
ber 1(1  be  subinicted  or  taken  from  another. 

SUB-TRANS-LU'CENT,  a.     Imperfectly  translucent. 

SL'B-TRAXS-PaR'ENT.  a.     ImperfecUy  transparent. 

SUB-TRi'FID,  a.    Slifrhtlv  trifid.  Martijn. 

SUR-TUIP'LE,  (-trip'i,)  a.  [sub  and  triple.]  Con- 
lainins  a  third  or  one  part  of  three.  Wilkins. 

SUB-TR!P'LI-eATE,  a.  A  term  applied  to  ratio,  in- 
dicating the  ratio  of  the  cube  roots.    Ji,  D.  Slanleu. 

SUB-Tu'TOR,  n.      f*^6and  tutor.]     An  under  tutor. 

SUB'U-LATE,  a.  [L.  subula,  an  awl.]  In  natural 
history^  awl-shaped  ;  linear  ;  very  narrow,  and  taper- 
ing gradually  to  a  fine  point  from  a  broadish  base. 

LindUij. 

S  UB-0N-D A'TION,  n.    [L.  sub  and  unda.] 

Flood  ;  deluge,  Hiiloct. 

SUB-UX"GUA1.,  (-ung'gwal,)  a.   [L.  sm5  and  unguis.] 
Under  the  nail. 

SCB'URB,  n.  s.         I  [L.  suburbium;    sub  and  urbsj  a 

eUB'URBS,   71.  pl.\      city.] 

1.  A  building  without  the  walls  of  a  city,  but  near 
them  ;  or,  more  generally,  the  parts  that  "lie  without 
Ibe  walls,  but  in  the  vicinity  of  a  city.  The  word 
may  signify  buildings,  streets,  or  territory.  We  say, 
a  hou>ie  stands  in  the  suburbs  ,*  a  garden  is  situated 
in  the  suburbs  of  London  or  Paris. 

2.  The  confines;  the  out  part. 

The  suburb  o(  their  sU:iw-buiIl  citadel.  MUton. 


SUB^UEb'^aL  i"'     [L.  suAurJantw.    Sec  Sudurb3.] 

Inhabiting  or  being  in  the  suburbs  of  a  city. 

SU'B'URB-£D,  a.     Bordering  on  a  suburb  ;  having  a 

f      suburb  on  its  out  part.  Carcw. 

SUB-URB-I-eA'RI-AN,  I  rr  ^™  t        i.    i.  i 

'^UB-URC'I-f  A-RV  (  [Low  Li.  subtLroicanus.] 

Being  in  the  suburbs  ;  an  epithet  applied  to  the 
provinces  of  Italy  which  composed  the  ancient  dio- 
cese of  Rome.  Barrnw. 
SUB-VA-Ri'E-Ty,  n.     [sub  and  variety.]     A  subordi- 
nate variety,  or  division  of  a  variety.    Mineralogy. 
[Such  a  distinction  is  not  now  made.  Dana.]" 
SUB-VEN-Ta'NE-OUS,  o.      [L.  siibventaneusi 
and  Bentus.] 


sue 

SUB-VEN'TION,  7t.    [L.  subvenio.] 
I.  The  act  of  coming  under. 

9.  The  act  of  coming  to  relief;  support ;  aid. 
[LitUe  used.]  Spenser, 

SUB- VERSED  (sub-vers',)i'.  (.  To  subvert.  [JVo£  in 
«*'^0  Spatser. 

SUB-VER'SION,  (-shun,)  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  subversio. 
See  SuBVEKT.] 

Entire  overthrow ;  an  overthrow  of  the  founda- 
tion ;  utter  ruin  ;  as,  the  subversion  of  a  govei  'raent 
or  state  ;  the  subversion  of  despotic  power  ;  the  sub- 
version of  the  constitution  or  laws;  the  subversion  of 
an  empire. 

SUB-VERS'IVE,  a.  Tending  to  subvert;  having  a 
tendency  to  ovenhrow  and  ruin.  Every  immorality 
is  subversive  of  private  ha|)piness.  Public  corruption 
of  morals  is  subversive  of  public  happiness. 

SUB- VERT',  V.  t.  [L.  subvcrto ;  stib  and  verto^  to 
turn  ;  Fr.  and  Sp.  subvcrtir;  It.  sovvertere.] 

1.  To  ovtrthruw  from  tiie  foundation;  to  over- 
turn ;  to  ruiii  utterly.  The  northern  nations  of  Eu- 
rope subverted  'he  Roman  empire.  lie  is  the  worst 
enemy  of  man,  who  endeavors  to  subvert  ilie  Chris- 
tian religion.  The  elevation  of  cormpt  men  to  of- 
fice will  slowly,  but  surely,  subvert  a.  republican  gov- 
ernment. 

This  would  subaert  tho  printt^Ies  of  aJl  knowlccl^.        Locie. 

0.  To  corrupt ;  to  confound  ;  to  pervert  the  mind, 
and  turn  it  from  tlie  truth     2  Tim.  ii. 

SUB-VERT'ED,  pp.  ^  Overthrown;  overturned;  en- 
tirely destroyed. 

SUB-VERT'ER,  n.  One  who  subverts;  an  over- 
tli  rower. 

SUB-VERT'I-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  subverted. 

SUB-VERT'ING,  p^.  Overthrowing;  entirely  de- 
stroying. 

SUB-WORK'ER,  (-wurk'er,)  7i.  [sub  and  worker.]  A 
subordinate  worker  or  helper.  South. 

SUC-CE-Da'NE-OUS,  a.  [L.  succcdancus;  sub  and 
cedo.] 

Supplying  the  place  of  something  else;  being  or 
employed  as  a  substitute.  Boyle. 

SUe-CE-DA'NE-UM,  h.  [Supra.]  That  which  is 
used  for  something  else  ;   a  substitute.     Warburlon. 

SUC-CEED',  V.  u  SuccEDE  is  the  more  analogical 
spelling,  as  in  concede,  recede.  [Fr.  succeder  ;  It.  sue- 
ccdere;  Sp.  suceder ;  1j.  succedo  ;  sub  and  cedo,  to  give 
way,  to  pass.] 

1.  To  follow  in  order ;  to  take  the  place  which  an- 
other has  left  ;  as,  the  king's  eldest  son  succeeds  his 
falheron  the  throne.  John  AAams  succeeded  General 
Washington  in  llie  presidency  of  the  United  States. 
Lewis  XVIII.  of  France  has  lately  deceased,  and  is 
succeeded  by  his  brother  Charles  X, 

2.  To  follow  ;  to  come  after ;  to  be  subsequent  or 
consequent. 

Those  destructive  effects  succeeded  the  curse. 


Brown , 
[Rare.] 
Drtjden. 

Shak. 

2.  To  come  in  the  place  of  one  that  has  died  or 
quitted  the  place,  or  of  that  which  has  preceded. 
Day  succeeds  to  night,  and  night  to  day. 


3.  To  prosper;  to  make  successful. 

Succeed  my  wish,  and  secoud  mj  desigii. 

SUe-CEED',  V,  t.    To  follow  in  order. 

Not  another  comfort  like  to  this 
Succeeds  in  uoknowu  Idte. 


Enjoy  till  I  return 
Short  pleasures ;  fur  long  woes  are  to  sttcceed. 
Kevciioe  succeeds  to  love,  and  rage  to  grief. 


MUon. 
Dry  den. 

3.  To  obtain  the  object  desired  ;  to  accomplish 
what  is  attempted  or  intended  ;  to  have  a  pros|)erou3 
termination.  'I'he  enemy  attejnpted  to  take  tlie  fort 
by  storm,  but  did  not  succeed.  The  assault  was  vio- 
lent, but  the  attempt  did  not  succeed. 

It  U  almost  imposBihle  for  poets  lo  eucceed  without  ambition. 

Hryden. 

4.  To  terminate  with  advantage ;  to  have  a  good 
effect. 

Spenser  endciTored  imitation  in  the  Shepherd's  Kalendar ;  bat 
□eitlier  will  it  succeed  ia  English.  Dryden. 


5.  To  go  under  cover. 

Or  will  you  to  the  cooler  cave  succeed  ?  DryiUn. 

[NqI  much  used.] 

SUe-CEED'ED,  pp.    Followed  in  order;  prospered; 

attended  with  success. 
SU€-CEED'ER,  n.    One  that  follows  or  comes  in  the 

place  of  another  ;  a  successor.      [But  the  latter  word 

is  ffCJierally  used.] 
SUC-CEED'ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Following  in  order  ;  sub- 
sequent;  coming  after;  as,  in   all   succeeding'  ages. 

He  attended  to  the  business  in  every  succeeding  sUige 

of  its  progress. 
9.  Taking  the  place  of  another  who  lias  quitted 

the  place,  or  is  dead  ;  as,  a  son  succeeding  his  father ; 

an  oflicer  succeeding  his  predecessor. 
3.  Giving  success  ;  prospering. 
SUe-CEED'ING,  71.    The  act  or  state  of  prospering 

or  having  success.    There  is  a  good  prospect  of  his 

succeeding, 
sub  \  SU€J-CEN'TOR,  7i.  A  person  who  sings  the  base  in  a 

concert. 


sue 

1.  The  favorable  or  prosperous  termination  of  any 
thing  attempted ;  a  termination  wtiich  answers  the 
purpose  intendtMl ;  properly  iji  a  good  scnse^  b\U  often 
in  a  bad  sense. 


WnJ', 


Or  Iciich  wiih  more  tuccesi  lier  vm 

The  vices  of  ih<  time  lo  ithun. 

Evcr>'  rcason»Me  man  can  r-*    '"■*   ■•■■h   r^"   r-i-"--    -    ' 

attempt. 
Be  not  di^un^ed,  in  a  h.i: '. 

ol  die  fint  uicmpt. 
MiliUxry  succeste8,abore»\l  0"jvra,r;;va[e •.[:■?  mm  Jo; :-.  '■   .; .-, 

AUeriury. 

9.  Succession.    {Kot  in  use.]  Spenser. 

jVof*. — Success,  without  an  epithet,  generally  means 
a  prosperous  issue. 
SUe-CESS'F(JL,  a.  Terminating  in  accomplishing 
what  is  wished  or  intended  ;  having  the  desired  ef- 
fect ;  hence,  m  a  good  sense,  prosperous  ;  ftJiiunate  ; 
liappy ;  as,  a  sueccs^^ul  application  of  medicine;  a 
successful  experiment  in  chemistrj'  or  in  agriculture  ; 
a  successful  enterprise. 

9.  In  a  bad  sen,,c  ;  as,  a  successful  attempt  to  sub- 
vert the  constitution. 
SUe-CESS'Fi;i^LY,  adv.    With  a  favorable  termina- 
tion of  what  is  attempted  ;  prosperously  ;  favorably. 

A  reformation  tuceetsfuUy  carried  oo,  S^jri/t. 

SUe-CESS'FUL-NESS,  n.  Prosperous  conclusion  ; 
favorable  event ;  success.  Hammond. 

SUe-CES'SIO\,  C-sesh'un,)  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  suc- 
cessio.] 

1.  A  following  of  things  in  order;  consecution  ; 
series  of  things  following  one  another,  either  in  lime 
or  place.  Thus  we  sjK'ak  of  a  ]successioa  of  evcnU 
in  chronoing}',  a  sticccs.^ion  of  kings  or  bishopii,  and 
a  sticcession  I }(  words  or  sentences. 

9.  The  act  of  succeeding  or  coming  in  the  place  of 
another ;  as,  this  happened  after  the  succession  of 
that  prince  to  thethrone.  So  we  speak  of  the  succes- 
sion of  heirs  to  the  estates  of  ilieir  ancestors,  or  collat- 
eral successioju 

3.  Lineage  ;  an  order  or  series  of  descendants. 

A  long  succession  must  costic.  Milton. 

4.  The  power  or  right  of  coming  to  the  inheritance 
of  ancestors.  He  holds  the  property  by  the  title  of 
succession. 

What  people  is  so  void  of  common  eens^. 

To  vote  succession  from  a  native  prince.  Dryden. 

5.  In  musie^  the  successive  notes  in  melody,  in 
distinction  from  the  successive  chords  of  harmony, 
called  progression. 

Apostolical  succession,  in  theology,  is  the  rogul:ir 
and  uninterrupted  transmission  of  ministerr^i      -- 
Ihority,  by  a  succession  of  bishops  from  the  n;     ■: 
to  nny  subsequent  period.  // 

Succession  of  crops,  in  agriculture j  is  more  generally 
called  rotation. 
SUe-CES'SIOi\-AL,  a.     Noting  a  regular  order  or 

succession. 
SUC-CES'SIOX-AL-LV,  adv.    In  a  successional  man- 
ner. 
SUe-CESS'IVE,  a.    [Fr.  successtf;  It.  successive] 
1.  Following  in  order  or  uninterrupted  course,  as 
a  scries  of  persons  or  things,  and  either  in  time  or 
place  ;  as,  the  successive  revolutions  of  years  nr  :;  _      ; 
the  successive   kings  of   Egj-pt.     The  author   '        -, 
this  strain  of  declamation  through  seven  succ^..:.-: 
pages  or  chapters. 

Send  the  successive  ills  through  ages  down.  Prior. 

9.  Inherited  by  succession  j  as,  a  sticcessize  title  ;  a 
successive  empire.     [Little  used,]        Shak.     Ralegh. 
SUe-CESS'IVE-LY,  adv.    In  a  series  or  order,  one 
following  another.     He   left   tixrce   sons,  who  all 
reigned  successively. 

The  whiteness  a'  length  changed  successircly  into  blut,  indi^, 
and  violet.  NciXon. 

SUe-CESS'IVE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  suc- 
cessive. Hale. 

SU€)-CESS'LESS,  a.  Having  no  success ;  unprosper- 
ous;  unfortunate;  faihng  to  accomplish  v.'hat  was 
intended. 


Successless  all  her  soft  caresses  prove. 

Best  tempered  steel  successUst  provtd  iu  field. 


Addle;  windy.    [Bad,  and  not  in  use.]      Brown,      1  SUG-CESS',  ti.  [Fr.  succis  ;  Ii.  succcssusyfvom  succedo.] 


SUG-CESS'LESS-NESS,  n,  Unprospcrous  conclu- 
sion. Boyle. 

SUe-CESS'OR,  w.  [L.]  One  that  succeeds  or  fol- 
lows ;  one  that  takes  the  place  whit^h  another  has 
left,  and  sustains  the  like  part  or  character  ;  correla- 
tive to  Pbedecessor  ;  as,  the  successor  of  a  deceased 
king ;  itie  successor  of  a  president  or  governor ;  a 
man's  son  and  successor 

A  gift  to  a  corpration,  cither  of  lands  or  of  chattels,  wi:hout 
naming  their  successors,  vests  an  ahtoluts  pror^ny  iti  iliim 
GO  long*  as  the  coi|<OTatioii  stiteistf .  By:ctstarx. 

SUG-CID'U-OUS,  rt,    [L.  succiduus;  sub  and  cado.] 

Ready  to  fall ;  falling.     [Little  used.] 
SUe-CIF'ER-OUS,  0.    [L.  sticcuSt  juice,  and  fcro,  to 
bear,] 
Producing  or  convoying  sap. 
SUe'CI-NATE,  n.    [froui  L.  succinum,  amber.] 

A  salt  formed  bv  the  succinic  acid  and  a  base 
SUe'CI-NA-TED,  a.    Combined  with  the  acid  of  am- 
ber. 


TcNE,  BULL,  tiXITE.  — AX"GER,  M"CIOUS.  — e  as  K ;  0  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


1103 


sue 

SUt^CINGT',  a.  [L.  suceiiictus;  sub  and  cingOj  to 
surround.] 

1.  Tucked  up;  girded  up;  drawn  up  to  permit 
the  legs  to  be  free. 

Uu  balit  fit  tbr  speed  suednet.      [Ltltle  used.]  JVliJion. 

2.  Compressed  into  a  n.irrow  compass  ;  short  ; 
brief;  concise;  as,  a  auccinct  account  of  the  proceed- 
ings of  the  council. 

Let  III!  your  pir'CepLs  be  sucdncl  nn<l  cletir,  Jioicominon. 

SUe-CINt;T'LY,  adu.  Briefly ;  concisely,  TJie  facts 
were  succhictbi  staled. 

SUe-CINCT'NESS,  m.  Brevity;  conciseness;  as, 
the  succinctncs.i  of  a  narration. 

SUC-ClN'ie,  H.  Pcrtainini?  to  amber ;  drawn  from 
amber;  as,  the  sucrtnic  acid. 

SUe'CI-NTTE,  H.     [L.  suciUHum,  amber.] 

A  mineral  of  an  amber  color,  considered  as  a  vari- 
ety of  garnet.  It  frequently  occurs  in  globular  or 
granular  masses,  about  the  size  of  a  pea. 

Cleavclatid. 

SUe'CI-NOUi?,  a.    Pertaining  to  amber. 

SUe'COR,  I*.  (.  [Fr.  secourir ;  It.  soccom-ere;  Sp. 
socm-rer  ;  L.  succurro  ;  sub  and  curro,  to  run.] 

Litcrallp,  to  run  to,  or  run  to  support;  hence,  to 
help  or  relieve  when  in  diflicully,  want,  or  distress; 
to  assist  and  deliver  froui  sufl^ering;  as,  to  succor  a 
besieged  city  ;  to  succvr  prisoners. 

He  U  M'^  to  nuccor  tUt-ni  ttiat  are  templed.  —  Heb.  ii. 
SUCCOR,  H.      Aid  ;  help;    assistance;  particular! ij^ 
assistance  that  relieves  and  delivers  from  difficulty, 
want,  or  distress. 

My  father 
Flying  Lr  cuccor  to  Uis  servant  Canister.  Shak. 

2.  Tiie  person  or  thing  that  brings  relief.  The 
city,  when  pressed,  received  succors  from  an  unex- 
pected quarter. 

The  mifhly  succor  wliicb  ninde  glad  the  foe.  Dnjden. 

SUCeOR-SD,  pp.    Assisted  ;  relieved. 
SUCeOR-ER,  n.    He  that  atfords  relief;  a  helper  ;  a 

deliverer. 
SUe'COR-ING,  ppr.    Assisting;  relieving. 
SU€'eOR-LESS,  a.    Destitute  of  help  or  relief, 

Thomson. 
SUe'€0-RY,  n.    A   plant  of  the   genus  Cichorium, 

commonly  called  Chiccorv  or  Wjld  Endive. 

P.  Cyc. 
SUe'€0-TASH,  71.      In  America,   green    maize  and 

beans  boiled  together.  The  dish,  as  well  as  the  name, 

is  borrowed  from  the  native  Indians. 

SUCeU-BA,      }  rr  ;         -1        »     T 

sae'eU-BUS,  \  "•     t^.  sub  and  cubo.] 

A  pretended  kind  of  demon.  Mir.  for  Mag. 

SUe'eU-LENCE.   \  iu      [See    Succulent.]      Juici- 
SUe'eU"-LEi\-CY,  j      ness  ;  as,  the  succulence  of  a 

peach. 
SUe'eU-LENT,  a.     [Fr. ;  L.  succulcnius,  from  succus^ 

juice.] 

Full  of  juice  ;  juicy.     Succulent  plants  are  sucJi  as 

have  a  juicy  and  soft  stem,  as  distinguished  from 

such  as  are  ligneous,  hard,  and  dry.      Thus  the 

grasses  are  succulent  herbs,  as  are  peas,  beans,  and 

the  like. 
SUCeU-LENT-LY,  adv.    Juicily. 
SUG-€UMB',r.  i.     [L.  succuvibo ;  sub  and  cumbo,  cuboy 

to  lie  down.] 
1.  To  yield  ;  to  submit ;  as,  to  succumb  to  a  foreign 

power. 
9.  To  yield  ;  to  sink  unresistingly  ;  as,  to  succumb 

under  calamities. 
SUe-€UMB'Ii\G,  ]>}"'■  Y'ielding  ;  submitting  ;  sinking. 
SUe-eUS-SA'TIOiV,  n.     [L.  succusso,  to  shake.] 

1.  A  trot  or  trotting.  Brown. 

2.  A  shaking  ;  succussion. 
SUe-eUS'rilON,  (-kush'un,)  n.     [L.  succussio,  from 

succusso^  to  shake  ;  sub  and  qnasso.] 

1.  The  act  of  shaking  ;  a  shake. 

2.  In  mc'licine,  an  ague  ;  a  shaking. 

SUCH,  a.  [It  is  possible  that  this  word  may  be  a  con- 
traction of  Sax.  siDdc,  swijlc,  G.  solch,  D.  zolk.  More 
probably  it  is  the  Russ.  side,  sitzev,  our  vulgar  siclnj^ 
or  the  old  Scotch  sicfi.     Qu.  Lat.  sic] 

1.  Of  that  kind  ;  of  the  like  kind.  We  never  saw 
suck  a  day  ;  we  have  never  had  such  a  time  as  the 
present. 

It  has  as  before  the  tiling  to  which  it  relates.  Give 
your  children  such  precepts  as  tend  to  make  them 
wiser  and  brtler. 

It  is  to  be  noted  that  the  definitive  adjective  a 
never  precedes  such,  but  is  placed  between  it  and  the 
noun  to  which  it  refers ;  as,  such  a  man  ;  such  an 
honor. 

9.  The  same  that.  This  was  the  sUite  of  the  king- 
dom at  such  time  as  the  enemy  landed. 

3.  The  same  as  what  has  been  mentioned. 

Tli-Tl  tlion  art  lnjipy.  owf^  to  God  ; 

Thnt  llioii  cuiitinuctt£»f-A,  owe  to  thyself.  MUlon. 

4.  Referring  to  what  has  been  specified.  I  have 
coranianded  my  servant  to  be  at  such  a  place. 

5.  Suck  and  such,  is  used  in  reference  to  a  person 
or  place  of  a  certain  khid. 

The  tofmi^a  aiithohiy  may  eoac:  a  Iiiw,  commaadiag  tuck  and 
audi  au  (KtioQ,  Soalh. 


SUD 

SUCK,  r.  (.  [Sax.  sucan,  succan:  G.saugen;  1).  zui- 
^en:  Sw.su^n;  Dan.  suer,  contracted;  U.  saghaiu ; 
W.  sugaw ;  L.  suijo  ;  Fr.  sucer :  It.  succiarej  succhi- 
are;  Sp.  and  Port,  sacar,  to  draw  out.] 

1.  To  draw  with  the  mouth ;  to  draw  out,  as  a 
liquid  from  a  cask,  or  milk  from  the  breast ;  to  draw 
into  the  mouth.  'J'o  suck  is  to  exhaust  the  air  of  the 
mouth  or  of  a  tube  ;  the  fluid  then  rushes  into  llie 
mouth  or  tube  by  means  of  tho  pressure  of  the  stir- 
rou  iding  air. 

<f.  To  draw  milk  from  with  the  mouth  ;  as,  the 
young  of  an  animal  suclcs  the  mother  or  dam,  or  the 
breast. 

3.  To  draw  into  the  month  ;  to  imbibe  ;  as,  to  suck 
in  air  ;  to  suck  the  juice  of  plants. 

'1.  To  draw  or  drain. 

Old  oconn  sucked  through  the  porous  jjlobr.  TTtomson. 

5.  To  draw  in,  as  a  whirlpool ;  to  absorb. 

Di^deu. 

6.  To  inliale. 

To  such  ill ;  to  draw  into  the  mouth ;  to  imbibe  ;  to 
absorb. 

To  suck  cut;  to  draw  out  with  the  mouth  ;  to  empty 
by  suction. 

To  suck  xip ;  to  draw  into  the  mouth. 
SUCK,  v.  i.    To  draw  by  e.\haustuig  the  air,  as  with 
the  mouth,  or  with  a  tube. 

2.  To  draw  the  breast ;  as,  a  child,  or  the  young 
of  aTi  animal,  is  first  nourished  by  sucking, 

3.  To  draw  in  ;  to  imbibe,  *  Bacon. 
SUCK,  M.    TJie  act  of  drawing  with  the  mouth. 

Boyle. 
2.  Milk  drawn  from  the  breast  by  the  mouth. 

Sluik. 
SUCK'ED,  (sukt,)  pp.    Drawn  with  the  mouth,  or 
with  an  instrument  that  exhausts  the  air;  imbibed; 
absorbed. 
SUCK'EU,   ;t.      He  or  that  wliich   draws  with   the 
mouth. 

2.  The  embolus  or  piston  of  a  pump.  Boyle. 

3.  A  pipe  through  which  any  thing  is  drawn. 

PhillpH. 

4.  The  shoot  of  a  plant  from  the  roots  or  lower 
part  of  the  stem  ;  so  called,  perhaps,  from  its  draw- 
ing its  nourishment  from  the  root  or  stem. 

5.  A  fish  of  tlie  family  Cyclopteridie,  one  of  which 
is  called  the  Lump-Sitcker  or  Lump-Fish,  which  see. 
Also,  the  remora,  which  see. 

G.  A  fresh  water  fish  of  the  carp  family,  and  genus 
Catostomus.  Storcr''s  Mass.  Report. 

7.  A  cant  name  for  an  inhabitant  of  Illinois.  U.  S. 
SUCK'ER,  V.  t.    To  strip  off  shoots ;   to  deprive  of 

sucker:^ ;  as,  to  sucker  maize. 
SUCK'ET,  n.    A  sweetmeat  for  the  mouth, 

Cleav  eland. 
SUCK'ING,  ppr.  or  a.     Drawing  with  tlic  mouth  or 

with  an  instrument;  imbibing;  absorbing. 
SUCK'ING-BOT'TLE,  n.    A  bottle  to  be  filled  with 
milk,  for  infants  to  suck  instead  of  the  pap.  Locke. 
SUCK'ING-PUMP,  71.    See  Suctios-Pumf. 
SUCK'LE,  (suk'f,)  u.     A  teat.     [J^'ot  in  use.'] 
SUCK'LE,  V.  t.    To  give  suck  to;  to  nurse  at  the 
breast.     Romulus  and  Remus  are  fabled  to  have  been 
suckled  by  a  wolf. 
SUCK'LED,  (suk'id.)  pp.    Nursed  at  the  breast. 
SUCK'EING,  ppr.    Nursing  at  the  breast. 
SUCK'IjING,  II.    A  young  chUd  or  animal  n'ursed  at 
the  breast.    Ps.  viii. 
9.  A  sort  of  white  clover.  Cue 

SUC'TlOxN,  (suk'shun,)  n.  [Fr.]  The  act  of  suck- 
ing or  drawing  into  the  mouth,  as  Huids, 

Boyle,     .^rbuthnot. 
2.  The  act  of  drawing,  as  fluids  into  a  pipe  or 
other  thing. 
SU€'TION-PUMP,  71.    The  common  pump,  in  which 
the  water  is  raised  into  the  barrel  by  atmospheric 
pressure. 
SUC-To'RI-AL,  a.     Adapted  for  sucking;  that  live 
by  sucking;  as,  the  humming-birds  are  suctorial 
birds.  S7cainson. 

2.  Capable  of  adhering  by  suction;  :is, the  sucfurlat 
fislies.  P.  Cyc. 

SUC-To'RI-AN,  n.  A  name  of  cartilaginous  fishes 
with  a  inouth  adapted  for  suction,  as  the  lamprey. 

Brande. 
SUC-To'RI-OUS,  a.    Suctorial.     [Rare.] 
SC'DAK,  7t.    A  fish,  a  species  of  Perca.  Tookc. 

Su'DA-IlY,  71.     [L.  sudarium,  from  sudo,  to  sweat.] 
A  napkin  or  handkerchief.     [JVoi  in  use] 

Wiclif. 
SU-Da'TION,  71.     [L.  sudalio.] 

A  sweating. 
Su'DA-TO-RY,  n.      [L.  sudatorium^  from    sudo,  to 
sweat.] 

A  hot-house  ;  a  sweating-bath.  Herbert. 

SO'DA-TO-RY,  a.    Sweating. 

SUD'DEN,  a.  [Sax.sodenj  Fr.  soudain  ;  Norm,  soub- 
dain ;  L.  subitaneiLs.l 

1.  Happening  without  previous  notice  ;  comingun- 
expectedly,  or  without  the  common  preparatives. 

And  sudden  foar  troubleth  Ih-^c.  —  Job  xxii. 
Fur  wheil  they  (.hull  s.iy,  Peace  and  safety,  then  sudden  dcolruc- 
Uon  coriKtih  upon  them.  —  1  Thcss.  v. 


SUF 

2.  Hasty;  violent;  rash;  precipitate;  passionate. 
{J^Tut  in  use]  Shak. 

SUD'DEN,  n.  An  une^cpected  occurrence;  surprise. 
[JVot  in  use.] 

On  a  sudden ;  sooner  than  was  expected  ;  without 
tho  usual  preparatives. 

How  BSl  thou  loat,  how  on  a  sudden  ost  I  Milton. 

\Ofa  sudd-m,  is  not  usual,  and  is  less  elegant.] 
SUD'DEN-LY,  (in'r.    in  an  unexpected  manner;  un- 
expectedly; hastily;  without  preparation. 

TliPrcl'oro  hU  cojnmlty  sh^dl  come  smldenly.  — Pro».  tL 

9.  Without  premeditation. 
SUD'DEN-NESS,  n.    State  of  being  sudden  ;  a  com- 
ing or  happening  without  previous  notice.    The  sud- 
dennc.<s  of  the  event  precluded  preparation, 
SU-DOR-IF'IC,  a.     [Ft.  sudorijique  i  L.  su(/or,  sweat, 
and/ac(o,  to  make.] 

Causing  sweat;  as,  surforty?c  herbs.  Bacon. 

SU-DOR-IF'ie,  n.    A  medicine  that  produces  sweat. 

Coze. 
StJ'DOR-OUS,  a.     [L.  sudor^  sweat] 

Consisting  of  sweat.  Brown. 

SO'DRA,  n.      [Often  spelt  Sooduah.]      The  lowest 

of  the  four  great  castes  among  the  Hindoos. 
SUDS,  71.  sing.     [Q.U.  W.  suzj  moisture,  or  its  connec- 
tion, seethe,  sodden.] 
Water  impregnated  with  soap. 
To  be  in  the  suds  ;  to  be  in  turmoil  ov  dilficulty  ;  a 
familiar  phrase. 
SOE,  (su,)  V.  t.     [Fr.  suiurc,  to  follow,  1.  sequor.    See 
Seek  and  Essay.^ 

1.  To  seek  justice  or  right  from  one  by  legal  pro- 
cess; to  institute  process  ill  law  against  one  ;  to  pros- 
ecute in  a  civil  action  for  the  recovery  of  a  real  or 
supposed  right ;  as,  to  sue  one  for  debt ;  to  sue  one 
for  damages  in  trespass.    Mutt.  v. 

9.  To  gain  by  legal  process. 

3.  To  clean  the  beak,  as  a  hawk ;  a  term  of  fal- 
conry. 

To  sue  out ;  to  petition  for  and  take  out ;  or  to  ap- 
ply for  and  obtain  ;  as,  to  .-.ue  out  a  writ  in  chancery ; 
to  sue  out  a  pardon  for  a  criminal. 
SuE,  V.  i.    To  prosecute  ;  to  make  legal  claim ;  to  seek 
for  in  law  ;  as,  to  sue  for  damages. 

2.  To  seek  by  request ;  to  aj)ply  for ;  to  petition ; 
to  entreat. 

By  adverse  dcslhiy  constrained  to  sue 

For  counssi  aod  redrcGS,  be  sues  to  you.  Pope. 

3.  To  make  interest  for;  to  demand, 

Ces:ir  came  to  Rome  to  sue  for  the  rlouble  honor  of  a  triumph 

luid  the  consulship.  MidiUelon. 

Su'£D,  (sude,)  pp.    Prosecuted  ;  sought  in  law. 
Su^ET,  n.     [VV.  swyv  and  swyvcdj  a  surface,  coating, 

suet.,  yest,  &c.] 
The  fat  of  an  animal,  particularly  the  harder  and 

less  fusible  about  the  kidneys  and  loins. 

IVisema-n. 
Su'ET-Y,  a.    Consisting  of  suet,  or  resembling  it ;  as, 

a  suety  substance.  Sharp. 

SUF'FER,  V.  t.     [L.  sujfcro  ;  sub,  under,  and  fcro,  to 

bear;  as  we  say,  to  undrrgo  ;  Fr.  souffrir;  It.  suffe- 

rire;  Sp.  sufrir.     See  Hear.] 

1.  To  feel  or  bear  what  is  painful,  disagreeable, 
or  distressing,  either  to  the  body  or  mind  ;  to  un- 
dergo. We  suffer  pain  of  body  ;  we  suffer  grief  of 
mind.  The  criminal  .vu^ers  punishment ;  the  sinner 
suffers  the  pangs  of  conscience  in  this  IIH?,  anil  is 
condemned  to  suffer  the  wrath  of  an  offcmled  God. 
We  often  s^^cr  wrong;  we  suffer  abuse ;  we  suffer 
injustice. 

2.  To  endure  ;  to  support;  to  sustain  ;  not  to  sink 
under. 

Our  spirit  nnd  strengtli  entire, 
Slronsly  to  suffer  nnd  support  our  pains.  MlUoii, 

3.  To  allow  ;  to  permit ;  not  to  forbid  or  hinder. 
Will  you  suffer  yourself  to  be  insulted  ? 

1  suffer  theiu  to  enter  and  possess.  MUlon. 

Thou  Shalt  in  any  wise  rebuke  thy  neighbor,  and  not  suffer  sin 
upon  him.  — Lev.  xix. 

4.  To  undergo ;  to  be  affected  by.  Substances 
suffer  an  entire  change  by  the  action  of  fire,  or  by 
entering  into  new  combinations. 

5.  To  sustain  ;  to  be  affected  by  ;  as,  to  suffer  loss 
or  damage. 

SUF'FER,  V.  i.  To  feel  or  undergo  pain  of  body  or 
mind  ;  to  bear  what  is  inconvenient.  We  suffer  with 
pain,  sickness,  or  sorrow  ;  we  suffer  witli  anxiety; 
we  suffer  by  evils  past,  and  by  anticipating  others  to 
come ;  we  suffer  from  fear  and  from  disappointed 
hopes. 

2.  To  undergo,  as  punishment. 

The  r.ither  was  first  coml'-'mn''d  to  suffer  on  a  day  appointed,  nnti 
the  son  altcrward,  the  day  I'oljowiirg.  Llartndon. 

3.  To  be  injured;  tc  sustain  loss  or  damage.  A 
budding  suffers  for  v/ ant  of  seasonable  repairs.  It 
is  just  that  we  should  suffer  for  neglect  of  duty. 

Public  husiupii  suffers  by  private  infirmities.  Temple. 

SUF'FER-A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  tolerated  or  per- 
mitted ;  allowable. 
2.  That  may  be  t^ndured  or  borne.  Wotton. 

SUF'FER-A-BLE-NESS,  n.    Tolerableness.     Scott. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MeTE,  PREY.— PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQOK.- 
_ 


SUF 


SUG 


SUPTER-A  BLY,  adv.    Tolerably;  so  as  to  be  en- 

SUF'FER-ANCE,  n.     The  bearing  of  pain :   endur- 
ance; pain  endured;  miser>-. 

Ue  must  not  only  die, 
Bat  thv  uDldnduess  sha]|  ihe  death  draw  out 
To  liugenn^  suferance.  Skak. 

•2.  Patience ;  moderation  ;  a  bearing  with  patience. 

Btic  hwty  beat  tempering  with  sitfercnce  wise.  Spemer. 

3.  Toleration;  permission;  allowance:   ncalive 
consent  by  not  forbidding  or  hindering. 

Ill  pnrxjss  of  lime,  sometimes  by  ^ujTirranw,  sometimes  by  special 

leave  aud  tavor,  they  erected  to  themselves  omtories. 
,,,....         .  Hooker. 

In  their  teginnin^,  they  are  weak  ,-.iid  wan, 
But  soon  timjugh  <iuferatice  grow  to  fearful  end.        Spenser. 
An  estate  at  sufferance^  in  law,  is  where  a  person 
conies  into  possession  of  land  hv  lawful  title    but 
keeps  It  after  the  title  ceases,  without  positive  leave 
of  the  owner.  Black^tone. 

SUF'FER-iD,  pp.     Borne;   undergone;  pernutted ; 
alliiwed.  ' 

SUF'FER-ER,  n.  One  who  endures  or  undergoes 
pam,  either  of  body  or  mind  ;  one  who  sustains  in- 
convenience or  loss  ;  as,  sufferers  by  noverly  or  sick- 
ness ;  men  are  sufferers  by  tire  or  losses  at  sea  ;  tliey 
are  sufferers  by  the  ravases  of  an  eneniv  ;  still  more 
are  they  sufferers  by  their  own  vices  and'  follies. 
2.  One  that  permits  or  allows. 
SUF  FER-ING,  p;*r.  or  a.    Bearing;  undergoing  pain, 

inconvenience,  or  damage  ;  permitting;  allou-iu". 
SUF'FER-IXG,  11.    The  bearing  of  pain,  inconven- 
ience, or  loss;  pain  endured  ;  distress,  loss,  or  injury 
incurred  ;  as,  sufft-rings  by  pain  or  sorrow  ;  suffcrino's 
bv  want  or  by  wrongs.  ° 

PUF'FER-ING-LY,  adr.    With  suffering  or  pain. 
Si:F-FlCE',fsuf-flze',)r..-.    [Fi.su^^re;    L.siifficio; 
sub  and  Jaao.] 

To  be  enough  or  sufficient ;  to  be  equal  to  the  end 
proposed. 

To  recount  almighty  works. 
What  words  or  tongue  of  sarapli  can  aujict  7  Milton. 

SUF-FTCE',  (suf-f  ize',)  v.  t.  To  satisfy  ;  to  content  ■ 
to  be  equal  to  the  wants  or  demands  of. 

Let  il  su^ce  thee;   speaJi   no   more  to   me  of  this  matter  — 
•         Deut.  iii. 

r^nJ,  show  ua  the  Father,  and  il  stiMceOi  us.  —  Jyhn  xW 
Ruth  ii. 

9.  To  afford ;  to  supply. 

The  power  appeoswl,  willi  wind  sujjiced  the  s.ii!.        Drt/den 
[Not  in  iwtf.]  ' 

SUF-FIC'£D,  (suf-flzd',);*;;.  Satisfied;  adequately 
supplied. 

SUF-FI"CIEN-CY,  (-fish'en-se,)  n.  The  state  of  be- 
ing adequate  to  the  end  proposed. 

His  KuffxUncy  is  such,  that  he  bestows  and  puasesaes,  his  p!.-nty 
teiiig  uueihau5U--d.  a^i^_ 

9.  Qualification  for  any  purpose 

I  ain  not  so  confident  of  ray  own  suffciencu  as  not  willinely  to 
admit  the  counsel  of  others.  K.  Charles. 

3.  Competence;  adequate  substance  or  means. 

An  elegant  titjiciency,  content.  Tlwmson. 

4.  Supply  equal  to  wants ;  ample  stock  or  fund. 

IT       ..-.-  fV{UtS. 

5.  Abuity ;  adequate  power. 

Our  au^gidency  is  from  God.  —2  Cor.  iii. 

G.  Conceit;   self-confidence.      [See   Sblf-Suffi- 
ciENCy.J 
SUF-FI-'CIENT,  (-fish'ent,)  a.     [L.  sufficins.] 

Enough  ;  equal  to  ibe  end  proposed ;  adequate 
to  wants  ;  competent ;  as,  provision  sufficient  lor  the 
family  j  water  sujjicient  for  the  voyage  ;  an  army  jivf- 
Jicient  to  defend  the  country. 

My  grace  is  sujjident  /or  Uie«.  — 2  Cor.  xii. 
2.  Qualified;  competent;  possessing  adequate  tal- 
ents or  accomphshmenis ;  as,  a  man  suMcknt  for  an 

■^%;      ,,         c  »«"•• 

J.  J-it ;  able  ;  of  competent  power  or  ability. 

Wlio  is  su^idtnl  for  Uics«  tJlinss  ?  —  2  Cor.  ii 

SUF-FI"CIE.\T-Ly,  (-fish'ent-lv,)  adv.  To  a  suf- 
licient  degree  ;  eriuush  ;  to  a  decree  tliat  answers  the 
purpose,  or  gives  content ;  as,  we  are  sufficieMlymn- 
phed  with  food  and  clothing  ;  a  man  MifficienU,,  qual- 
ined  for  the  discharge  of  his  official  duties. 

SUF-FIC'LVG,  (suf.f  iz'ing,)  ppr.  Supplying  what  is 
needed  ;  satisfying. 

Si;F-FrsA.\CE,  71.    [Fr.]    Sufficiency  ;  plentv.  rJKit 

ainvfiv  FT  Spenser. 

i    flA,  n.     [L.  suffijTus:  miffigo ;  mh  and/™,  to 
nx.J  "  ' 

.\  letter  or  syllable  added  or  annctcd  to  the  end  of 

BU  h  -i- 1 A  B.  t  To  add  or  anne.t  a  letter  or  syllabic 
to  a  word. 

Bn^^f'^i^A  f"*"""'''  ''''■  ^^'^'^'^  ">  "le  end  of  a  word. 
SIT  pt,  .  ',i;?;.?'n:-„  ^'''''ns  tu  'he  end  of  a  word 

.   1    lo  retard  the  motion  of  a  carnage  by  prevent- 
ing one  or  more  of  its  wheels  from  revolving,  either 
by  a  chain  or  othern  ise. 
2.  To  Slop;  to  im-iede.    [.Voj  in  it^e.]      Barrow. 


^  V;^    ^  '  "•  '•     !^-  ""-i^"  '•  «■*  I""!  >.  to  blow.) 

SI!F'm''^i"r>.?  '"'''""  "W'  '""^ting-  Coles. 

SUFfO-e-irt,   V.J.     [Fr.   ^iffoqua-;   It.  svffogarc ; 
fep.  ^a/ucar;  L.  suffooo  ;  suh  and  foau,  or  its  root.l 

.  I.  lo  choke  or  kill  by  stopping  respiration.  Res- 
piration may  be  stopped  by  tile  interception  of  air,  as 
in  hanging  and  strangling,  or  bv  the  introduction  of 
smoke,  dust,  or  niephitic  air  into  the  lungs.  Men 
may  be  suffocated  by  the  h.alter;  or  men  may  be  .,■,//- 
Jocated  m  smoke  or  in  carbonic  acid  gas,  as  in  mines 
and  wells. 


SUG 


And  lei  not  hemp  his  wiiidpipe  siifocal£.  Shak. 

p.  To  stiile  ;  to  ilcstroy  ;  to  e.\tinguish  :  as,  tosuffo- 
cate  fire  or  live  coals.  =>         >     ■        j/ 

A  s>velli„»  disconlent  i.  api  to  tufoatu  and  strangle  miliout 
P"^?-'-  CoUin-. 

SUP'FO-eATE,  <!.    Suffocated.  skak 

tlZl';i-^-yl''°' PP-     Choked;  stifled. 

SUE  E°-S''-^  ''^"^^  W-  °"-  "•    Choking  ;  stifling. 

SUF'FO-e.yilNG-LV,  ado.  So  as  to^^uffoca" J ;  as, 
suffocattnThi  hot. 

SUP-FO-e.?'TION,  n.     The  act  of  choking  or  sti- 
lling; a  stopping  of  resiiiration,  either  bv  intercept- 
ing the  passage  of  air  to  and  from  llie  luii-s,  or  by 
mhtiling  smoke,  dust,  or  air  that  is  not  rcspirable. 
2.  Ihe  act  of  stifling,  destroying,  or  e.vtiiiguish- 

SUP'PO-e.i-TIVE,  a.    Tending  or  able  to  choke  or 

^n/??^',°-^'  (suf-fosh'un,)  „.  [L.  suffossia ,  sub 
and  fadii:,  to  dig.] 

=iti4.d¥'"? „"'"'"•  ™  umlermining.      Bp.  Hall. 
i^U^'FR.\-^,A.^,  a.      [Fr.  suffragant;  H.  suffra<raiico : 
L,.  svffragans,  assisting  ;  sitffragor,  to  Vote  for,°to  fa- 

tjTtx.'?,??.'*"'""  •  ''^' ''  ^I'fi-ai^an  bishop. 

bUi  't  RA-GAN,  ji.  A  bishop  considered  as  an  assist- 
ant to  Ins  metropolitan ;  or,  rather,  an  assistant  bish- 
op. Py  26  Henry  VIII.  stiffragam  are  to  be  denom- 
inated from  so.'oe  principal  place  in  the  diocese  of 

ar'r^-'li'i^l'".?  Tj^.i'"  '''^^y  are  to  assist.      Bp.  Barlow. 

SUF'FRA-GANT,  -a.  An  assistant ;  a  favorer  ■  one 
who  concurs  with.     [Ois.l  Tavlur 

SUF'FR A-GiTE,  „.  r.  "■  [L.  Lffra.or.]  " 

To  vote  with.     Wot  in  iioe.l    °  Ha^. 

SUF'FRA-Gl-TOK,  „.  [L.]  6ne  who  assists  or  fa- 
,y°^5.ky.  ''Jl^ote- ._  Bp.  of  Chester. 


sokkcr,  tuklioi    S\v.  sjckn  i  W.  tueyr;    It.  siacra; 

o  -     » 
L.   saccliaram  ;    Gr.   aaxxapot ;    Vers.   Ar.      • ... 


SUF'FR.AGE,  71.  [L.  suffragiurn;  FI.''s^ffraZTskx 
fra:giian,  to  ask,  G./rii^c7!.] 

1.  A  vote;  a  voice  grveu  in  decidini;  a  controvert- 
ed question,  or  in  the  choice  of  a  man  for  an  olpce  or 
trust.  Nothing  can  be  more  grateful  to  a  good  man 
than  to  bo  elevated  to  office  by  the  unbiased  suf- 
frages of  free,  enlightened  citizens. 

Laclanliiu  anil  St.  Aiuliii  confirm  by  Uieir  tujrage,  the  obscr- 
vaUon  made  by  heathen  writers.  AtUrbunj. 

2.  United  voice  of  persons  in  public  prayer. 
„„3  ■'*"•;  assistance;  a  Latinism.     fJiTot  in  use.! 
SUF-FRAG'IiM-OUS,  „.     [L.  suffrago)  the  paster/i  or 

hough.] 

„„ J'ertaining  to  the  knee-joint  of  a  beast.    Bromi. 

SUF-FRU-TES'CENT,  a.     Moderatelv  frutesccnt. 

SUF-FRO'TI-eOSE,  a.  [L.  sub  and  'frulicosus ;  fru- 
tez,  a  shrub.] 

In  botany,  under-shrubby,  or  part  shrubby  ;  peinia- 
nent  or  woody  at  the  base,  but  the  yearly  branches 
decaying;  as  sage,  thyme,  hyssop,  fcc. 

^„ Jilartitn,     Cue. 

SUF-Fu'.MI-GaTE,  r.  (.     [L.  snffumigo.] 

To  apply  fumes  or  smoke  to  the  parts  of  the  body 
as  111  medicine. 

SUF-Fu'MI-Ga-TING,  ppr.  Applying  funics  to  the 
parts  of  the  body. 

SUF-FU-MI-GA'tlON,  ;,.  Fumigation  ;  the  opera- 
tion of  smoking  anv  thing,  or  rtither  of  applyin" 
fumes  to  the  parts  of  the  body. 

2.  .A  term  applied  to  all  medicines  that  are  re- 
ceived in  the  form  of  fumes.  Cii- 

SUF-FO'iMIGE,  71.    A  medical  fume.  /larvhi. 

SrjF-FOSE',  (suf-fnze',)  .>.  (.  [L.  suffusus,  suffundo  ; 
snb  and  fundo,  to  pour.] 

To  overspread,  as  with  a  fluid  or  tincture ;  as, 
eyes  suffused  with  tears;  cheeks  suffused  with 
blushes. 

When  purple  light  shall  next  eiyfufe  the  skies.  Pope. 

SUF-FCS'£D,  (suf-fuzd',)  pp.     Overspread,  as  with  a 

fluid  or  with  color. 
SUF-FliS'ING,  ppr.    Overspreading,  as  with  a  fluid 

or  tincture. 
SUF-Fu'SION,  (-zhun,)  71.     [Fr.,  from  I,,  svffusio.] 

1.  The  act  or  operation  ol  overspreading,  as  with 
a  fluid  or  with  a  color. 

2.  The  state  of  being  siifTused  or  spread  over. 

To  those  that  have  the  jaundice  or  like  suffusion  of  eyes,  obiocts 
appear  of  tliat  color.  £i^_ 

3.  Th.it  which  is  suffused  or  spread  over. 
SUG,  n.     [L.  sugo,  to  suck.] 

.1  kind  of  worm.  Walton 

SL'G'AR,   (shug'ar,)  71.     [Fr.  sucre;  Arm.  sncr;  Sp. 

a-.uear  ;    It.  zucc/iero ;    G.  zueker ;    D.  suiker ;    Dan 


fukkar;  Ssm.  sdmrkara;  Slavonic,  zakar.    It  is  also 
m  the  Syr.  and  Eth.J 

1.  A  well-known  substance  manufactured  chit-fly 
Irom  the  sugar-cane,  Saccharum  officinarum  ;  but  in 
the  Unia-d  States,  great  quantities  of  this  article  are 
made  from  the  sugar  maple ;  and  in  France,  from 
lie  beet.  1  lie  saccharine  liquor  is  concentrated  by 
boiling,  which  expels  the  water;  lime  is  added  to 
neulralizt^  the  acid  that  is  usu.ally  present ;  the  gross- 
er unpurilies  rise  to  the  surface,  and  are  separated  in 
the  form  of  scum ;  and  fintdly,  xs  the  liquor  cools, 
the  sugar  separates  from  the  molasses  in  graiii=  Tlii? 
sirup  or  molasses  is  draineil  off,  leaving  the  fu"ar  in 
the  state  known  in  commerce  by  the  name  of  ram  or 
muscovado  sugar.  This  was  fonnerlv  purified  by 
means  of  clay,  or  more  extensively  by  bullocks' 
blood,  whicli,  forming  a  coaguluni,  enveloped  the 
impurities.  This  process  is  now  more  usuajly  per- 
f.iriiied  by  means  of  animal  charcoal  or  bone  black 
and  by  steam.  Thus  clarified,  it  takes  the  names  of 
lump,  loaf,  rejinej,  ic,  according  to  the  different  df- 
gretjs  of  purihcalioii.  Sugar  is  a  proiimate  eli;meiit 
ot  the  vegeMble  kingdom,  and  is  found  in  mast  riiie 
fruits,  and  many  farinaceous  roots.  ISy  fermenl.i- 
tioii,  sugar  is  converted  into  alcohiil,  and iience  forms 
the  basis  of  those  subsuanccs  which  are  u.ied  for 
making  intoxicating  liquors,  as  molasses,  grapes,  ao- 
pics,  malt,  &;c.  >  b    1-^  I    1^ 

The  uUimaU  elementsof  sugar  are  oxygen,  carbou 
and  hydrogen.  Of  all  vegetable  principles,  it  is' 
considered  by  Dr.  Rush  as  the  most  wholesfime  and 
nutritious.  p.  c,jc.     S,Uiman. 

—  An  old  chemical  term ;  as,  the  swrar  of  lead 
(acetate  of  Icail,)  so  called  because  it  has  a  close  re- 
semblance to  sugar  in  appearauM,  and  tastes  sweet. 

SJJG'AR,  (shug'ar,)  j,.  (.  To  impregnate,  season, 
cover,  sprinkle,  or  mix  with  sugar.  Crashaa 

2.  To  sweeten. 
But  flattery  still  in  sugared  words  kelrajn.  Denhcm. 

SUG'AR-BaK'ER,  71.    One  who  makes  loaf-«ugar. 
Joltnson^s  Jttlrr. 

S}JG'.^R-e.\N'DY,  71.  [sugar  and  candy.]  Su-'ar 
clarified  .and  concreted  or  crystallized.  "* 

SUG'AR-CaXE,  n.  [sugar  and  cane,]  The  cane  or 
plant  from  whose  juice  sugar  is  obtained ;  Saccha- 
rum officinarum. 

SIJG'AR-£D.  (shug'ard,)  pp.  or  a.    Sweetened. 

S!JG'AR-H0USE,7i.  A  building  in  which  su"ar  is 
refilled.  ** 

SJJG'AR-KET'TLE,  7..  A  kettle  used  in  boilin" 
down  the  sap  or  juice  from  which  sugar  is  made.     " 

SUG'AR-LESS,  a.     Free  from  sugar. 

SIJG'AR-Lrj.AF,  II.    A  conical  ma.<s  of  refined  su"ar. 

StJG'AR-M.\'PLE,  j  77.    A  species  of  maple,  Uic  Acer 

SlJG'.iR-TKEE,  j  saccharinum,  from  whose  sap 
sugar  is  made  by  boiling. 

SUG'AR-MILL,  71.  A  machine  for  pressing  out  the 
juice  of  the  sugar-cane. 

S}JG'AR-.MITE,  71.    [sugar  and  mite.] 

The  Lepisma  saccharina  is  an  apterous  or  wing- 
less insect,  covered  with  silvery  scales.      Ed.  Encyr, 

SJJG'AR-PLUM,  >i.  [sugar  aiiii  plum.]  A  species  of 
sweetmeat  in  small  balls. 

SyG'.lR-Y,  (shug'ar-c,)  a.  Tinctured  or  sweetened 
with  sugar  ;  s«  eet ;  tasting  like  sugar. 

2.  Fond  of  sugar,  or  of  sweet  things. 

3.  Containing  sugar. 

4.  Like  sugar. 
SU-GES'CE.\T,  a.     [L.  sugens,  sucking.] 

Relating  to  sucking.  Paley, 

SUG-GEST',  (sug-jcst'j)  r.  (.  [l^.suggero,sugges:u3  ; 
sub  aud  grro ;  It.  suggt^ire :  Fr.  .tuggcrer.]  "^ 

1.  To  hint;  to  intimate  tir  mention  in  the  first  in- 
stance ;  as,  to  sugge.<t  a  new  mode  of  cultiv.ation  ;  to 
suggest  a  diflercnt  scheme  or  measure  ;  to  sw'rcs:  a 
new  idea.  "^ 

2.  To  offer  to  the  mind  or  thoughts. 

Some  ideas  are  suggested  to  die  mimi  by  aif  die  ways  of  semn. 
tioQ  aud  reflection.  Lode. 

3.  To  seduce  ;  to  draw  to  ill  by  insinuation. 

Knowiu<^  that  tender  youth  is  soon  suggesu^.  Shai. 

l-Yol  tji  use.} 

4.  To  inform  secretly. 

Wo  must  su^^esl  aie  people.      [iVol  in  use.]  Shck. 

SrJG-GF.ST'ED,  pp.    Hinted  :  intimated. 

Sl'G-GEST'ER,  71.    One  that  suggests. 

SlJG-liEST'I\G,  ppr.     Hinting;  iiitiniating. 

SU(;-GES'TIO.\,  (siig-jestyuu,)  11.  [Fr.  ;from  .tt<:^- 
gesL]  A  hint ;  a  first  intimation,  pn>posal,  or  men- 
tion. The  measure  w.as  adapted  at  the  suggcstwn 
of  an  eminent  philosopher. 

2.  Presentation  of  an  idea  to  the  mind  ;  as,  the 
suggf^^tions  of  fanc}-  or  imagination  ;  the  siLggestions 
of  conscience. 

3.  Insinuation  ;  secret  notification  or  incitement. 


Todd. 

Jls'l. 

.isli. 


4.  In  law,  information  without  oath. 


551^'_^'-'-^'  ^^'TE.-  AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS._e  a.  K ;  (5  as  J ;  S  .as  Z ;  Cll  as  SH;  TH  ,as  in  THIS. 


139 


1105 


pr=r. 


SUI 


SUG-GEST'IVE,  a.    Containing  a  hint  or  intimation. 
.SUG'GIL,  V.  t.     [L.  suL^irUlo.] 

To  (Iffiinie.     [.mt  in  use.]  Parker. 

SUG'G[L-ATE,  v.  t.     [L.  sti<r}riUo.] 

To  beat  livid  or  blacic  and  blue.     [JVot  in  use.] 

Wiseman. 
S[JG-6IL-A'TI0N,  n.     A  livid  or  black  and    blue 

mark  ;  a  blow  ;  a  bruise.     [JV'ot.  in  ?««.] 
9C-I-CI'DAL,  a.    Partaking  of  the  crime  of  suicide. 
i^P-I-CI'DAL-LY,  tuiv.     In  a  suicidal  manner. 
SO'i-CIDE,  71,     [Fr.,  from  L.  suicidiuin ;  se  and  ctsdo, 
to  slay.] 

1.  Self-murder ;  the  act  of  designedly  destroying 
one's  ovi'n  life.  To  constitute  suicide,  the  person 
must  be  of  years  of  discretion  and  iif  sound  mind. 

Blackstone. 

2.  One  guilty  of  self-murder ;  a  felo  dc  se. 
SO'I-CT-DISM,  7t.    State  of  self-murdering. 
Sf"I-CISi\!,  fur  Suicide,  is  not  in  use. 

SU'I  (^EJSnER-IS,  [L.]     Of  its  own  or  peculiar  kind  ; 

singular. 
SCIL-LAGE,  (au'il-laje,)  n.     [Fr,  souillage.] 

Drain  of  filth.     [6b.-,:]  Wotton. 

Sfi'ING,  pifr.  of  SuK.     Prosecuting. 
Su'ING,  V.     [Fr.  suer^  to  sweat,  L.  sudo.] 

The  process  of  soaking  through  any  thing.  [JVoi 
in  vsc]  Bacon. 

SOIT,  (sute,)  71.  [Norm,  suit  or  suyi ;  Fr.  suite,  from 
suivre,  to  follow,  from  L.  seqaor.  (See  Seek.)  In 
Law  Latin,  secta  is  from  the  same  source.] 

Literally,  a  following;  and  so  used  in  the  old  Eng- 
lish statutes. 

1.  Consecution  ;  succession  j  series  ;  regular  order  ; 
as,  the  same  kind  and  suit  of  weather.  [JVor  now  so 
applied.]  '  Bacon. 

2.  A  set;  a  number  of  things  used  together,  and 
in  a  degree  necessary  to  be  united,  in  order  to  an- 
swer the  purpose;  as,  a  suit  of  curtains;  a  i!uit  of 
armor;  sometimes  with  less  dependence  of  the  par- 
ticular parts  on  each  other,  but  still  united  in  use; 
as,  a  suit  of  clothes ;  a  unit  of  apartments. 

3.  A  set  of  the  same  kind  or  stamp  ;  as,  a  suit  of 
cards. 

4.  Uetinue ;  a  company  or  number  of  attendants 
or  followers  ;  attendance  ;  train  ;  as,  a  nobleman  and 
his  suit.  [This  is  sometimes  pronounced  as  a  French 
word,  sioeet ;  but  in  al!  its  senses,  this  is  the  same 
word,  and  the  affectation  of  making  it  French  in  one 
use  and  English  in  another,  is  improper,  not  to  say 
ridiculous.  The  French  ortliography  Suite  is  re- 
jected very  properly  by  Jameson.] 

5.  A  petition  ;  a  seeking  for  something  by  petition 
or  application. 

Many  shall  miike  suU  to  ihee.  —  Job  sU 

C.  Solicitation  of  a  woman  in  marriage;  courtship. 

Shak. 

7.  In  law,  an  action  or  process  for  the  recovery  of 
a  right  or  claim  ;  legal  application  to  a  court  for 
justice  ;  prosecution  of  right  before  any  tribunal ;  as, 
a  civil  suit ;  a  criminal  s^uU  ;  a  suit  in  chancery. 

In  England,  thft  several  suits,  or  romciliiil  instruments  of  justice, 
arc  (lisliiiguiKhetl  into  tluee  kinds,  actions  jiersonal,  rial,  ruid 
mixed.  Biackelone 

8.  Pursuit ;  prosecution  ;  cliase.    Spenser.     Cijc. 

Suit  and  service  ;  in  feudal  law,  the  duty  of  feuda- 
tories to  attend  the  courts  of  their  lords  or  superiors 
in  lime  of  peace,  and  in  war  to  follow  them  and  per- 
form military  service.  Blackstonn, 

To  brinff  suit :  a  phrase  in  law,  denoting  literally 
to  bring  secta,  followers  or  witnesses  to  prove  the 
plaintiff's  demand.  The  phrase  is  anti<iuated,  or 
rather  it  has  changed  its  signification  ;  for  to  bring^  a 
suit,  now,  is  to  institute  an  action. 

Out  of  suits;  having  no  coricspondence.      ShaJc. 

Suit-covenant,  in  laic,  is  a  covenant  to  sue  at  a  cer- 
tain court.  Bailey. 

Suit-court ;  in  lain,  the  court  in  which  tenants  owe 
attendance  to  their  lord.  Badcif. 

Suit,  v.  t.  To  fit ;  to  adapt;  to  make  proper.  Suit 
the  action  to  the  word.  Suit  the  gestures  to  the  pas- 
sion to  be  expressed.     Suit  the  style  to  the  subject. 

2.  To  become  ;  to  be  fitted  to. 

Ill  BuiU  his  cloth  the  praise  of  railing  well.  Dryden. 

R.iise  hT  notes  to  that  hublime  dcgT^^c 

Which  cuiU  a  song  of  piety  and  Ihce.  Fiior. 

3.  To  dress  ;  to  clothe. 

Snch  ft  Sfbastian  was  my  brother  too  • 

So  went  be  suited  to  his  w.iU-ry  tomb.  Shale. 

4.  To  please ;  to  make  content.  He  is  well  suited 
with  his  place. 

Suit,  v.  i.  To  agree  ;  to  accord  ;  as,  to  suit  with ;  to 
suit  to.    Pity  suits  with  a  noble  nature.         Dryden. 

Give  nie  not  an  oloco 
That  suits  with  me  bo  ill.  AMiton. 

The  place  itself  was  aui^ng  to  his  CMC.  Dryden. 

[The  use  of  with  after  suit  is  now  most  frequent.] 

SuIT'A-IJLE,  (sut'a-bl,)  a.     Fitting  ;  acconling  witli ; 

agreeable  to  ;  proper;  becoming;  as,  ornamunts- .■^xti- 

able  to  one's  character  and  station;  language  suitable 

to  the  ?ubject. 

2.  Adequate.    Wo  can  not  make  suitable  returns 
for  divine  mercies. 
SOIT'A-BLE-NESS,  n.     Fitness;  propriety;  agrcea- 


SUL 

bleness  ;  a  state  of  being  adapted  or  accommodated. 

Consider  the  laws,  and  thcir.'jui/a&icjie^'^' to  our  moral 

stale. 
SuIT'A-BIjY,  adv.    Fitly  ;  agreeably  j  with  propriety. 

Let  words  be  suitably  applied. 
SUT[TE,(sweet,)n.  [Fr.]  Retinue.  [SeeSc-iT,n.No. 4.] 
SuIT'ED,  pp.     Fitted  ;  adapted  ;  pleased. 
SOIT'ING,  2ipr.    Fitting;  according  with  ;  becoming; 

pleasing. 
SuIT'OR,  n.    One  that  snes  or  prosecutes  a  demand 

of  right  in  law  ;  as  a  plaintiff,  petilioner,  or  appellant. 

2.  One  who  attends  a  court,  wliether  plaintiff,  de- 
fendant, petitioner,  appellant,  witness,  juror,  and  the 
like,  'i'hese,  in  legal  phraseology,  are  all  included 
in  the  word  suitors. 

3.  A  i)etitioner ;  an  applicant. 

She  li:ith  bpcn  a  suitor  to  nie  for  lier  brother.  S}ialc. 

4.  One  who  solicits  a  woman  in  marriage ;  a  woo- 
er ;  a  lover. 

StJIT'RESS,  n.    A  female  supplicant.  Roioe. 

SUL'GA-TED  i  *^'     ^^'  *"'"**■'  ^  *'«»''"0W.] 

In  natural  hl'itory,  furrowed  ;  grooved  ;  scored  with 
deep,  broad  channels  longitudinally ;  as,  u  sulcated 
stem.  Jilartyn. 

SULK,  V.  i.     [Sax.  solcen.]    To  be  silently  sullen  j  to 

be  morose  or  obstinate.     [06s.] 
SULK'I-LY,  itdv.    Sullenly  ;  morosely.    Iron  Ckcst. 
SULK'I-NESS,  n.     [from  sulky.]     Sullcnncss ;  sour- 
ness ;  moroseness. 
SULKS,  n.  pi.     To  be  in  the  sulks,  is  to  be  sulky  or  dis- 
contented and  sullen. 
SULK'Y,  a.     [Sax.  solcen.,  sluggish.] 

Sullen;  sour;  heavy;  obstinate;  morose. 
While  these  animals  remain  in  their  inclosures,  tUey  are  sulky. 

As.  lies. 

SULK'y,n.  A  two-wheeled  carriage  for  a  single  person. 
SULL,  n.  [Sax.  sulk.]  A  plow.  [  Obs.]  Mnswortk. 
SUL'LAGE,  7i.    [See  Sulliage.]     A  drain  of  filth,  or 

filth  collected  from  the  street  or  highway.  Cyc.  - 
SUL'LEN,  a.    [Perhaps,  set,  fixed,  and  allied  to  silent, 

still,  &c.] 

1.  Gloomily  angry  and  silent;  cross  j  sour;  affect- 
ed with  ill  humor. 

And  sullen  I  forsook  ih'  imperfect  feaat.  Prior. 

2.  Mischievous ;  malignant. 

Such  sullen  planets  at  my  birdi  did  shino.  Diijden. 

3.  Obstinate ;  intractable. 

Tilings  are  as  sullen  as  we  are.  THllolson. 

4.  Gloomy;  dark;  dismal. 

Why  are  thine  ey^s  fixed  to  the  sullen  earth  ?  Shak. 

Night  with  hor  sullen  wino^a.  lUilton. 

No  cheerful  breeze  this  sullen  region  knows.  Pope. 

5.  Heavy  ;  dull  ;  sorrowful. 

Bo  thou  the  triimppt  of  our  wralb, 

And  sullen  prc3,ige  of  your  own  decay.  Shak, 

SUL'LEN-LY,  Qfiw.  Gloomily;  malignantly;  intract- 
ably ;  with  moroseness.'  Urydc/u 

SUL'LEN-NESS,  n.     III  nature  with  silence ;  silent 
moroseness ;  gloominess ;  malignity  ;  intractableness. 
Milton,     Temple. 

SUL'LENS,  n.  pi.  A  morose  temper;  gloominess. 
[JVot.  in  7LSC.]  Shak. 

SUL'LI-AGE,  n.     [Fr.  souillage.] 
Foulness  ;  filth.     [JVot  in  use.] 

SITL'LI-£D,  (sul'lid,)  pp.    Soiled  ;  tarnished  ;  stained. 

SUL'LY,  V.  t.  [Fr.  souHler ;  from  the  root  of  soil,  G. 
sUle.] 

1.  To  soil ;  to  dirt ;  to  spot ;  to  tarnish. 

And  statues  sullied  yet  with  aacrilesious  emoite.      Hoscominon. 

2.  To  tarnish  ;  to  darken. 

Let  there  be  no  spots  (o  sully  the  brightness  of  this  solemnity. 

Atlerbury, 

3.  To  stain  ;  to  tarnish  ;  as  the  purity  of  reputa- 
tion ;  as,  vhtues  sullied  by  slander;  character  sullied 
by  infamous  vices. 

SUL'LY,  V.  i.    To  be  soiled  or  tarnished. 

Silvering  will  sully  and  c;inl[er  more  than  gilding.         Bacon, 
SUL'LY,  71.    Soil;  tarnish;  spot. 

A  noble  and  triumphant  merit  breaks  through  little  spots  and 
sullies  on  bis  reputation.  Spectator. 

SUL'Ly-ING,ppr.    Soiling;  tarnishing;  staining. 

SUL'PIIATE,  H.  [from  sulphur.]  A  salt  formed  by 
sulphuric  acid  in  combination  with  any  base;  as, 
sulphate  of  lime.  Lavoisier. 

SUL'PHTTE,  n.  [from  .mlphvr.']  A  salt  formed  by  a 
combination  of  sulphurous  acid  with  a  base. 

Lavoisier. 

SUL-PIIO-C^-AN'I€  ACID,  n.  A  compound  of  sul- 
phur, carbon,  hydrogen,  and  nitrogen. 

SUL-PHO-NAPH-THAL'ie  ACID,  n.  A  compound 
of  sulphuric  arid  and  najihrbaline. 

STJL'PHn-SALT,  )  n.     A  double  sulphuret,  or  a  salt 

SUL'PHO-SEL,  i  containing  sulphur  in  both  the 
acid  and  the  base.  Dana. 

SUL-PHO-VIN'ie  ACID,  t?,.  An  acid  formed  by  the 
action  of  sulphuric  acid  upon  alcohol ;  cenothionic 
acid.  Braiule. 

SUL'PHUR,  n.  [L.,  whence  Fr.  soufre;  It.  zolfo;  Sp. 
atufre;  V ort.  cnxafi-e  ;  D.  solfcr.] 


;  or  impregna- 


SUM 

A  simple  mineral  substance,  of  a  yelloxv  color, 
brittle,  insoluble  in  water,  but  fusible  by  heat.  It  i.s 
called  also  Buimstopte,  that  is,  bum-stone,  from  its 
great  combustibility.  It  burns  with  a  blue  (lame  and 
a  peculiar  suffocating  odor.  Sulphur  native  or  [iris- 
malic  is  of  two  kinds,  common  and  volcanic.  It  i:; 
an  acidifying  and  basifying  principle. 

J^ickolsoTU     Ure. 

SUL'PHU-RATE,  a.     [L.  sulphuratus.] 

Belonging  to  sulphur;  of  the  color  of  sulphur. 
[Little  7ised.]  Mure. 

SUL'PHU-RaTE,  v.  U  To  combine  with  sulphur. 
[Oh,.] 

SUL'PHU-Ra-TED,  pp.  or  a.  Combined  or  impreg- 
nated with  sulphur;  as,  sulphuratod  hydrogen  gas. 
[  Obs.]  Laoo'isicr. 

SUL'PHU-Ra-TING,  ppr.    Corabininj 
ting  with  sulphur.     [Obs.] 

SUL-PHU-Ra'TION,  n.  The  subjecting  of  a  thing  to 
the  action  of  sulphur,  especially  of  sulphurous  ga^. 

Urc. 

SUL-PHO'RE-OUS,  a.  Consisting  of  sulphur  ;  hav- 
ing the  qualities  of  sulphur  or  briuistonc;  impregna- 
ted with  sulphur. 

Her  snakes  untied,  tiulpliureous  waters  drink.  Pops. 

SUL-PHC'RE-OUS-LY,  adv.  In  a  sulphureous  man- 
ner. 

SUL-PHtJ'RE-OUS-NESS,  «.  The  state  of  being  sul- 
phureous. 

SUL'PHU-RET,  n.  A  combination  of  sulphur  with  a 
base ;  as,  a  sulphuret  of  potassium. 

Lanoisier.     Hooper. 

SUL'PHU-RET-ED,  a.  Applied  to  bodies  having  sul- 
phur in  combination. 

Sulphurrted  hydrogen  is  a  colorless  gas,  with  the  fet- 
id odor  of  rotten  eggs,  composed  of  one  equivalent 
of  sulphur  and  one  of  hydrogen  ;  also  called  hydro- 
}!ulphurlc  acid. 
-SUL-PHO'ltie,  a.  Pertaining  to  sulphur  ;  more  strictly, 
designating  an  acid  formed  by  one  etjuivalent  of  sul- 
phur combined  with  three  equivalents  of  oxygen  ;  as, 
sulphuric  acid,  formerly  called  vitriolic  acid,  or  oil  of 
vitriol.  Chcmistrij. 

Sulphuric  ether;  common  ether.     [See  Ether.] 

SUL'PHUR-OUS,  a.  Like  sulphur;  containing  sul- 
plnir ;  also,  designating  an  acid  formed  by  one  (;quiv- 
alent  of  sulphur  combined  with  two  equivalents  of 
oxvgen.    This  is  called  sulphurou,-!  acid. 

SUL'PHUR-WORT,  n.  An  umbelliferous  herb,  hog's 
fennel,  of  the  genus  Peucedanum. 

SUL'PHUR-Y,  a.  Partaking  of  sulphur ;  having  the 
qualities  of  sulphur. 

SUL'TAN,  n.     [Qu.  Ch.  Syr.  and  Heb.  tsSc',  to  rule.] 
An  appellation  given  to  the  emperor  of  the  Turks, 
denoting  ruler  or  commander.   The  title  is  sometimes 
given  to  other  Mohammedan  sovereigns. 

SUL-Ta'NA,       (  n.    The  queen  of  a  sultan  ;  the  em- 

PUL'TAN-ESS,  (      press  of  the  Turks.     Cleavcland. 

SUL'TAN-FLOW-ER,  7!.  A  plant ;  a  species  of  Cen- 
taurea. 

SUL'TAN-RY,  n.  An  eastern  empire ;  the  dominions 
of  a  sultan.  Bacon, 

SIJL'TAN-SHIP,  n.    The  office  or  state  of  a  sultan. 

SUL'TRI-NESS,  n,  [from  sultry.]  The  state  of  be- 
ing sultry  ;  heat  with  a  moist  or  close  air. 

SUL'TRY,  a.  [G.  schjpiil,  sultry  ;  Sax.  swolath,  s:ro!e, 
heat,  G.  schicnile.     See  Swelter.] 

1.  Very  hot,  burning,  and  oppressive;  as,  Libya'd 
suUrij  deserts.  .Addison. 

2.  Very  hot  and  moist,  or  hot,  close,  stagnant,  and 
unelaslic  ;  as  air  or  the  atmosphere.  A  sultrtj  air  is 
usually  enft;ebling  and  oppressive  to  the  human  body. 

Such  ns,  bom  beneath  the  burning  sky 

And  sult)-y  sun,  betwixt  the  tropics  lie.  Dryden. 

SUM,  n,  [Fr.  somm.e ;  G.  summe  ;  D.  S07n  ;  Dan.  sum ; 
Sw.  and  L.  summa,  a  sum  ;  Sax.  somed,  L.  sinm!,  to- 
gether ;  Sax.  somnian,  to  assemble.  These  \\'i;i.lji 
maybe  from  Iheroot  of  Ch.  did,  st»m,  Syr,  ^^,  If-  b. 
Dio',  shorn,  to  set  or  place.] 

L  The  aggregate  of  two  or  more  numbers,  magni- 
tudes, quantities,  or  particulars ;  the  amount  or  wimle 
of  any  number  of  individuals  or  particulars  added. 
The  sum  of  5  and  7  is  12. 

How  precious  are  thy  thoughts  to  me,  0  God  1  how  great  is  tho 
surn  of  them  1  ■ —  Ps.  cxxxiit. 

Take  the  sum  of  all  the  congregation.  —  Num.  !. 

[Smn  is  now  applied  more  generally  to  numbers, 
and  number  to  persons.] 

2.  A  quantity  of  money  or  currency  ;  any  ainount 
indefinitely.  I  sent  him  a  sum  of  money,  a  small 
sum,  or  a  large  sum,  I  received  a  large  sum  in  banJc 
notes. 

3.  Compendium  ;  abridgment ;  the  amount ;  the 
substance.  This  is  the  svvi  of  all  (he  evidence  in  the 
case.  This  is  tlie  sum  and  substance  of  all  his  ojjjec- 
tions.    The  sum  of  all  I  have  said  is  this. 

The  phrase  in  sum  is  obsolete,  or  nearly  so. 

In  sum,  the  gospel,  conBiilered  ns  a  law,  prescribes  every  virtue 
to  our  conduct,  and  Ibrbids  every  sin.  lioscrti. 

4.  Hight ;  completion. 

Thus  have  I  told  thee  all  my  stale,  and  brought 

My  Btory  to  the  sum  of  earthly  Miss.  Mi'lon. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PREY PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — N6TE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  EOOK.- 


. 


SUM 

SUM,  V,  t  To  add  particulars  into  one  whole  ;  to  col- 
lect two  or  more  p:irticular  nuaibers  into  one  num- 
ber ;  to  cast  up  ;  usually  followed  bj'  up,  but  it  is  su- 
perfluous. Custom  enables  a  man  to  sum  up  a  long 
column  of  figures  with  surprising  facility  and  cor- 
rectness. 

Tbc  hour  doth  nther  sum  up  the  moments,  than  divide  Ut?  day. 

Bacon. 

3.  To  bring  or  collect  into  a  small  compass ;  to  com- 
prise in  a  f^w  words  ;  to  condense.  He  summed  up 
liis  arguments,  at  tlie  close  of  his  speech,  with  great 
force  and  effect. 

"  Go  to  the  antj  thou  &Iu^aid,"  in  few  words,  euuw  up  llie 
momi  ol~  thia  f>thle.  L'Estrange. 

3.  In  falconry,  to  have  feathers  full  grown. 

Witb  prosperous  wfiag  full  summed.    lUnusual.]        Milton. 

SC'MAC,     )  ,  . -, ..  ,       \  Ft.  sumach ;G. id.  ;D. su- 

SU'MAek,  i  C^^"'"*^')  «•  i     maki    A^.    and    Vers. 

i^\^^*it  sumak.'\ 

1.  A  plant  or  shrub  of  the  genus  Rhus,  of  many 
species,  some  of  wliicb  are  used  in  tanning,  some  in 
dyeing,  and  some  in  medicine. 

3.  The  powdered  leaves,  peduncles,  and  young 
branches,  of  certain  species  of  the  sumac  plant,  used 
in  tanning  and  dyeing.  XJtc, 

SUM'LESS,  a.  Not  to  be  computed ;  of  which  the 
amount  can  not  be  ascertained. 

Tb5  s-jpnlesa  treasure  of  exhausted  mines.  Pope. 

SUM'MA-RI-LY,  adv.  [from  summary.']  In  a  sum- 
mar)'  manner ;  briefly ;  concisely  ;  in  a  narrow  com- 
pass or  in  few  words.  The  Lord's  Prayer  teaches  us 
summarily  the  things  we  are  to  ask  for. 

2.  In  a  short  way  or  method. 

WTieu  the  panies  proceed  summaTily,  aad  tliey  choose  the  ordi- 
nary w;iy  of  proceeding,  the  cause  is  made  plenary. 

SUM'MA-RY,  a.  [Fr.  sommaire;  from  swrn^  or  L. 
sumina.'] 

Reduced  into  a  narrow  compass,  or  into  few 
words ;  sboit ;  brief;  concise  ;  compendious  ;  as,  a 
summary  statement  of  arguments  or  objections;  a 
summary  proceeding  or  process. 

SU3I'.MA-RY,  n.  An  abridged  account ;  an  abstract, 
abridgment,  or  compendium,  containing  the  sum  or 
substance  of  a  fuller  account ;  as,  the  comprehen- 
sive summary  of  our  duty  to  God  in  the  first  table  of 
the  law. 

SU.M-Ma'TION,  71.    The  act  of  forming  a  sum  or  to- 
tal amount. 
•2.  An  aggregate. 

SUM'ilJCD,  (surad,)  pp.  [from  sum.}  Collected  iulo 
a  total  amount ;  fully  grown,  as  feathers. 

SU.M'.V1ER,  n.    One  who  casts  up  an  account. 

Sherwood. 

SUM'MEE,  n.  [Sax.  sumer,  sumor;  G.  and  Dan.  som- 
mer ;  D.  zovier ;  Sw.  sommar  ;  It.  samh^  the  sun,  and 
summer,  and  samJtradh^  summer.] 

With  us,  the  season  of  the  year  comprehended  in 
the  months  June,  July,  and  August;  during  which 
time,  the  sun,  being  north  of  the  equator,  shines 
more  directly  upon  this  part  of  the  earth,  which,  lo- 
gctiicr  with  the  increased  length  of  the  days,  rendere 
this  the  hottest  period  of  the  year,  in  latitudes 
south  of  the  equator,  just  the  opposite  takes  place, 
or  it  is  summer  there  when  it  is  winter  here. 

The  entire  year  is  also  sometimes  divided  into 
summer  and  winter,  the  former  signifying  the  warm- 
er, and  the  latter  the  colder,  part  of  the  year. 
This  word  is  sometimes  used  as  an  adjective. 
Iiidiuji  summer;  in  the  United  States^  a  period  of 
warm  weather  late  in  autumn,  when,  it  is  said,  the 
Indians  go  hunting  to  supply  themselves  with  the 
flesh  of  w^ild  animals  for  provisions  in  the  winter. 

SUM'AIER,  r.  i.  To  pass  the  summer  or  vvann 
season. 

The  fowla  sfiall  sumnur  upon  them.  — Is.  xviii, 
SUM'MER,  V.  t.  To  keep  or  carry  through  the  sum- 
mer. Shal:. 
SU.\I'MKR-  n.  [Fr.  sommier,  a  hair  quilt,  the  sound- 
board of  an  organ,  the  winter  and  head  of  a  printer's 
press,  a  large  beam,  and  a  sumpter-horse ;  W.  su- 
mer,  that  which  supports  or  keeps  together,  a  sum- 
mer. From  the  latter  explanation,  we  may  infer 
that  summer  is  from  the  root  of  sum.] 

1.  A  large  stone,  the  tirst  that  is  laid  over  columns 
and  pilasters,  beginning  to  make  a  cross  vault ;  or  a 
stone  laid  over  a  column,  and  hollowed  to  receive 
the  first  haunce  of  a  platband.  Cyc. 

2.  A  large  timber  supported  on  two  strong  piers  or 
posts,  serving  as  a  lintel  to  a  door  or  window,  &.c. 

Brande. 

3.  A  large  timber  or  beam  laid  as  a  central  floor 
timber,  inserted  into  the  girders,  and  receiving  the 
ends  of  the  joists  and  supporting  them.  This  tim- 
ber is  seen  in  old  buildings  in  America  and  in 
France.  In  America,  it  is  wholly  laid  aside.  It  is 
callerl  in  England  Sumbier-Tree. 

SUM'MEU-€oLT,  n.  The  undulating  state  of  the 
air  near  the  surface  of  the  ground  when  heated. 
[JVot  used  in.  America.] 


SUM 

SU.M'.MER-C^'PRESS,  «.    An  animal  plant  of  the 

gc-nus  Kochia.  Loudoju 

SUM'iMER-FAL'LoW,  h.  [See  Fallow.]  A  fallow 
made  during  the  warm  mouths,  to  kill  weeds. 

Qardncr. 
SUiM'MER-FAL'Lo\V,r.i.    To  plow  and  work  re- 
peatedly in  summer,  to  prepare  for  wheat  or  other 
crop. 
SU.M'iMER-IiOUSE,  n.    A  house  or  apartment  in  a 
garden  to  be  used  in  summer.  Pope.     Watts. 

%  A  house  for  summer's  residence. 
SUM'IHER-SET,  n.     [Corruption  of  Fr.  souhresauL] 
A  leap  in  which  the  heels  are  thrown  over  the 
head,  and  the  person  lights  on  his  feet. 

Hudibras.     Walton. 
SUM'MER-WHeAT,  n.    Spring  wheat. 
SUiM'.MlNG,  ppr.  of  Sum.    Adding  together. 
SLTM'MIST,  -a.    One  that  forms  an  abridgment.    [Lit- 
tle itsed,]  tiering. 
SUM'MIT,  71.     [L.  summitas,  from  summus,  highest.] 

1.  The  top;  the  highest  point;  as,  the  summit  or  a 
mountain. 

2.  The  highest  point  or  degree  ;  utmost  elevation. 
The  general  arrived  to  the  summit  of  human  fame. 

3.  In  conckolog-y,  the  most  elevated  part  of  the 
shell,  in  which  the  hinge  is  placed.  Humble, 

Summit  level;  the  highest  level  of  a  canal  or  rail- 
road, &c.,  in  surmounting  an  ascent. 
SU5I' MIT-LESS,  a.     Having  no  summit.     H.  Taylor. 
SUM'MIT- Y,  u.    The  hight  or  top  of  any  thing. 

Swifi. 
2.  The  utmost  degiee  :  perfection.         Halliwell. 
SUM'MON,  t'.  (.     [L.  submoneo;  sub  and  monco  j  Fr. 
sommcr.     See  Admonish.] 

1.  To  call,  cite,  or  notify,  by  authority  to  appear 
at  a  place  specified,  or  to  attend  in  person  to  some 
public  duly,  or  botli ;  as,  to  summoii  a  jury  ;  to  sum- 
mon  witnesses. 

The  parliament  is  summoned  by  tha  king's  writ  or  letter. 

BUuJistom. 
Nor  trumpets  sujnmon  hira  to  vmr.  Dryden. 

2.  To  give  notice  to  a  person  to  appear  in  court 
and  defend. 

3.  To  call  or  command. 

Love,  duty,  safety,  summon  us  away.  Pope, 

A.  To  call  up ;  to  excite  into  action  or  exertion ; 
with  up.     Summon  up  all  your  strength  or  courage. 

Stifleo  t!»e  sinews,  eummon  up  the  blood.  Shale. 

SUM'MOX-£D,  pp.  Admonished  or  warned  by  au- 
thority to  appear  or  attend  to  something ;  called  or 
cited  by  autiiority. 

SUM'.MON-ER,  n.'  One  who  summons  or  cites  by  au- 
thority. In  England,  the  sheriff's  messenger,  em- 
ployed to  warn  persons  to  appear  in  court. 

SUM'MON-ING,  ppr.  Citing  by  authority  to  appear 
or  attend  to  something. 

SUM'MONS,  n.  With  a  plural  termination,  but  used 
in  the  singular  number  j  as,  a  summons  is  prepared. 
[L.  submoiicas.] 

1.  A  call  by  authority  or  the  command  of  a  supe- 
rior to  appear  at  a  place  named,  or  to  attend  to  some 
public  duty. 

This  summons  he  r'^sotTcd  not  to  disobey.  Fell, 

He  sent  to  summon  the  sediuous  and  to  olfcr  pardon  ;  but  neither 
aumiTions  nor  pardon  was  rejurded.  JJai/ieard. 

2.  In  luw,  a  warning  or  citation  to  ajipear  in  court ; 
or  a  written  notification  signed  by  the  proper  officer, 
to  be  served  on  a  person,  warning  him  to  appear  in 
court  at  a  day  specified,  to  answer  to  the  demand  of 
the  plaintiff. 

SXJJM'MUM  BO'J^UMy  [L.]    The  chief  good. 
SU-MOUM',  n.    A  pestilential  wind  of  Persia.     [See 

Simoom.] 
SUMP,  n.    In  metallurgy,  a  round  pit  of  stone,  lined 

witii  clay,  for  receiving  the  metal  on  its  first  fusion. 

[Rare]  Ray. 

9.  A  pond  of  water  reserved  for  salt-works. 

3.  Ill  mining^  a  pit  sunk  below  the  levels  of  the 
mine,  to  circulate  air,  &lc.     [Rare]  Carr. 

SUiMPH,  n.     A  dunce.     [Scottish.]         John  WU^on. 
SUMP'TER,  7(.     [Fr.  sommier;  It.  somaro.] 

A  horse  that  carries  clothes  or  furniture ;  a  bag- 
gage-horse ;  usually  called  a  Pack-Hobse.      Sliak. 
SUMP'TION,  (sump'shun,)  n.     [L.  sumo,  sumptus.] 
A  taking.     [JVot  in  use.]  Tayhr. 

SUI\IPT'IJ-A-RY,  Q.  [L.  sumptuarius,  from  sumptiis, 
expense  ;  Fr,  sotnptuaire.] 

Relating  to  expense.  Sumptuary  laws  or  regula- 
tions are  such  as  restrani  or  limit  tiie  expenses  of 
citizens  in  apparel,  food,  furniture,  t&c.  Sumptuary 
laws  are  abridgments  of  liberty,  and  of  verj-  difficult 
execution.  They  can  be  justified  only  on  the  ground 
of  extreme  necessity. 
SUMPT-l|-OS'I-TY,  71.     [from  sumptuous.]    Expen- 

siveness  ;  costliness.     [Aoi  in  use]  Ralegh. 

SUMPT'lJ-OUS,  a.  [L.  sumptuosus ;  It.  suntuoso ; 
from  sumptus,  cost,  expense.] 

Costly;  expensive;  hence,  splendid;  magnifi- 
cent ;  as,  a  sumptuous  house  or  table ;  sumptuous 
apparel.  | 

Wc  arc  loo  magniflceal  and  eumpiuous  in  our  tables  and  attend* 
aiice.  AUerbury, 


SUN 

SUMPT'U-OUS-LY,  o^c.    Expensively;  splendidly, 

with  great  magnificence.  Bacon.     Sto^ft, 

SU.\IPT'U.-OUS-NESS,n.  Costliness;  expensiveness. 

1  will  not  till  out  wiih  thos^  wbo  am  reconcile  tumptumitnett 
and  cliarity.  Boyls. 

2.  Splendor;  magnificence. 
SUN,  n.    [Sax.  aTt«Ha;  Goth,  sanno;  G.sonne;  D.  zon; 
Sans,    sunuh.     The  Danish  has   aiindagy  Sunday, 
Sclav,  some.     Qu.  W.  tan,  Jr.  uine,  fire,  and  sfian, 
in  Betlishan.] 

1.  The  splendid  orb  or  luminary  which,  being  in 
or  near  the  center  of  our  Bvstem  of  worlds,  gives 
light  and  heat  to  all  the  planets.  The  light  oft;:.  ::! 
constitutes  the  day,  and  the  darkness  which  jir. 
from  its  absence,  or  the  shade  of  the  earth,  i.  ,,.  ■  - 
tutes  the  night.     Ps.  cxxxvi. 

2.  In  popular  usage^  a  sunny  place  ;  a  place  where 
the  beams  of  the  sun  fall ;  as,  lo  stand  in  the  ran, 
that  is,  to  stand  where  the  direct  rays  of  the  sun  fall. 

3.  Any  thing  eminently  splendid  or  luminous  ; 
that  which  is  the  chief  source  of  light  or  honor,  'i'iie 
native  Indians  of  America  complain  that  the  sun  of 
their  glory  is  set. 


1  will  never  consent  to  put  out  the  i 
lerity. 


»  of  •oTcrcigntT  to  po«- 
K.  CharUs. 


4.  In  Scripture,  Christ  is  called  the  sun  of  righteous- 
ness, as  the  source  of  light,  animation,  and  comfort 
to  his  disciples. 

5.  The  luminary  or  orb  which  constitutes  the  cen- 
ter of  any  system  of  worlds.  The  fixed  stars  are 
supposed  to  be  suits  in  their  respective  systems. 

Under  Vie  sun  ;  in  the  world  ;  on  earth ;  a  proverbial 
expression. 

Tbcrc  is  no  new  thing  und^r  the  aun.  —  Eccle*.  1.         * 
SUN,  V.  t.    To  expose  to  the  sun's  rays ;  to  wann  or 
dry  in  the  light  of  the  sun ;  to  insolatc ;  as,  lo  sun 
cloth ;  to  sun  grain. 

Then  to  sun  thyself  in  open  air.  Drydtn. 

SUN'BeAM,  71.  [sun  and  beam.]  A  ray  of  the  sun. 
Truth  written  with  a  sunbeam,  is  truth  made  obvi- 
ously plain. 

Gliding  tliTOugh  thi:  even  on  a  sunbeam.  iSiiton. 

SUN'-BeAT,  a.    [sun  and  beat.]    Struck  by  the  sun's 

rays  ;  shone  brightly  on.  Dryden. 

SUN'-BRlGHT,  (^brite,)  a.  [sun  and  bright.]  Bright 
as  the  sun  ;  lilte  the  sun  in  brightness;  as,  a  sitn- 
brig.H  shield;  a  sun-briglU.  chariot. 

Spenser.    J^I:':.  .. 
How  and  which  way  I  may  b-stov  myself 
To  ha  regarded  in  her  sun-hrigkt  eye.  Hrjii:. 

SUN'-BURN,  V.  u    To  discolor  or  scorch  by  the  sun. 

I  Oaudcn. 

SUN^-BURNED,  a.     [sun  and  humt.']     Discolored  by 

the  heat  or  rays  of  the  sun;  tanned;  darkened  in 

hue  ;  as,  a  sun-burnt  skin. 

Sun-burnt  and  swartby  though  she  be.  Dryden. 

2.  Scorched  by  the  sun's  rays ;  as,  a  sun-burnt  soU. 

SUN'-BURN-ING,  71.  [sun  and  burning.]  The  burn- 
ing or  tan  occasioned  by  the  rays  of  the  sun  on  the 
skin.  Boy  If, 

SUN'-€LAD,  a.  [sun  and  clad.]  Clad  in  radiance  or 
brightness. 

SUN'-DART,  71.     A  ray  of  the  sun.  Ncmans. 

SUN'DAY,  II.  [Sax.  sunita-dtrg ;  G.  somttag ;  D.  lon- 
dag;  Dan.  siindag;  Sw.  6oiidag;  so  called  because 
this  day  was  anciently  dedicated  to  the  sun,  or  to  its 
worship.] 

The  Christian  Sabbath  ;  the  first  day  of  the  week, 
a  day  consecrated  to  rest  from  secular  employments, 
and  to  religious  wonihip.  It  is  called  alsothe  Lord's 
Day.  Many  pious  persons,  however,  discard  the 
use  of  Sunday,  and  call  the  day  Uie  Sacbath.  [See 
SxnnxTH.] 

SUN'DAY,  a.  Belonging  to  the  Lord's  day,  or  Chris- 
tian Sabbath. 

SUN'DAY-SCHOOL,  71.  A  school  for  tlie  religious 
instruction  of  children  and  youth  on  the  Lord's  day. 

SUN'DER,  V.  t.  [Sax.  sundriaUj  syndrian;  G.  sen- 
dcrn ;  Dan.  sUnder,  lorn  in  pieces  ;  Sw.  sondray  to  di- 
vide.] 

1.  To  part;  to  separate;  to  divide  ;  to  disunite  in 
almost  any  manner,  either  by  rending,  cutting,  or, 
breaking  ;  as,  to  sunder  a  rope  or  curd  ;  to  sunder  a 
limb  or  joint ;  to  sunder  friends,  or  the  ties  of  friend- 
ship. Tlie  executioner  sunders  the  head  from  the 
body  at  a  stroke.  A  mountain  may  be  sundered  by 
an  earthquake. 

Bring  me  Ii|-hUiing,  give  me  thunder; 

Jove  may  kul,  but  ne'er  shall  sunder.  Glan^U. 

9.  Toexpose  to  the  sun.     [Provincia  tn  England.] 
SUN'DER,  71.    In  sunder ;  in  two. 

He  cuilelh  the  spear  in  surjUr.  —  P*.  xlvi. 

SUN^DER-7:D,  pp.  or  a.    Separated  ;  divided  ;  parted. 

SU.\'DER-L\G,  ppr.    Parting;  separating. 

SUN'-DEW.  (sun'dQ,)  n.  [sun  and  detc.]  A  plant  of 
llie  gfuus  Drosera.  ^^• 

SUN'-DI-AL,  71.  [sun  and  dial]  .An  instrument  to 
show  tlie  time  of  day,  by  means  of  the  shadow  of  a 
gnomon  or  stvie  on  a  plate.  ZocA*. 

SUN'-DOG,  n.'   A  luminous  spot  occasionally  seen  a 


TtJNE,  BJJLL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K ;  G  as  J;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SI!:  Til  as  in  THIS. 


~mr 


SUP 


SUP 


few  degrees  flrom  the  sun,  supposed  to  be  formed  by 
the  intersection  of  two  or  more  haloes.    Sometimes 
the  spot  appears  when  the  haloes  themselves  are  in- 
visible. Olmsted. 
SUN'DOWN,  II.    Sunset;  sunsctting. 
SUN'-DRI-£D,  (-dride,)  a.     [suk  and  dry.']     Dried  in 

the  rays  of  the  sun. 
SUN'DRY,  a.     [Sax.  sunder,  separate.] 

Several ;  divers  ;  more  than  one  or  two. 
[This  word,  like  semrnl,  is  indefinite  ;  but  it  usu- 
ally signilies  a  small  number,  sometimes  many.] 
I  li.i»e  composed  eatvlry  colbcu.  Saunder»ou. 

.Sujtdry  fooe  the  rural  rtfiJm  fiurrouiid.  Dn/tien. 

SUN'FtSir,  II.  [sitn  and  Jisli.]  A  larRe,  soft-finned 
sea-fish  of  the  order  Plectognalhi,  and  genus  Ortliag- 
oriscus,  supposed  to  be  so  named  from  its  nearly  cir- 
cular form  and  shining  surface.  'I'hese  fis)ies  look 
more  like  the  dissevered  head  of  a  fish,  than  the  en- 
tiro  animal.  Jardixe'-i  JV'iit.  Lib. 

2.  In  the  United  Suues,  a  small,  fresh-water  fish,  of 
the  perch  family,  belonging  to  the  genus  Pnmotis  ; 
also  called  PopiD  Perch.      Kncyc.  Am.     D.  II.  Slurer. 

3.  A  species  of  shark,  Selachus  maxinius,  the 
basking  shark.  Jardine's  J^at.  Lib. 

SUN'FLOW-ER,  ii.  [sun  and  JUwcr.]  A  plant  of 
the  genus  Ileliaothus;  so  called  from  the  form  and 
color  of  its  flower,  or  from  its  habit  of  turning  to  the 
sun.  The  bastard  .lanflower  is  of  the  genus  Hcleni- 
um  ;  the  dwarf  sunflower  is  of  the  genus  Rudbcckia, 
and  another  of  the  genus  Tetragonotheca  ;  the  lutlc 
snnjlowcr  is  of  the  genus  Cistus.       Fam.  of  Plants. 

SUNG,  prct.  and  pp.  of  Si  so. 

WUile  lu  hia  linrp  liiviiio  Ainpliioil  sung.  Pope. 

SUN'-GILT,  a.    Gilded  by  the  rays  of  the  sun. 

Johnson. 
SUNK,  prct.  and  pp.  of  Sink. 

Or  lo^cd  t.y  hop'j,  or  santi  by  care.  Prior. 

SUNK'EN,  a.    Sunk  ;  lying  on  the  bottom  of  a  river 

or  other  water. 
SUN'LESS,  a.     [sun  and  lew.]    Destitute  of  the  sun 

or  its  rays  ;  shaded.  Thomson. 

SUN'LIGHT,  (-lite,)  «.    'I'lio  light  of  tlie  sun. 
SUN'LIKE,  a.     [.sail  and /lic]     Uesembliug  the  .sun. 

Cketjne. 
SU.\'LIT,  a.    Lighted  by  the  sun.  Todd. 

SUN'NEI),  pp.    Exposed  to  the  sun's  rays. 
SUN-N'CAIl,  II.      A  name  of  the  sect  of  Sunnitcs, 

which  see- 
SUN'NING,  ppr.     Exposing  to  the  sun's  rays ;  warm- 
ing in  the  light  of  the  sun. 
SUiN'NITES,  71.   pi.      The  orthodox  Mohammedans 
who  receive  the  Sanna  (a  collection  of  traditions)  as 
of  equal  importance  with  the  Koran.      Kncijc.  Jim. 
SUN'NY,  o.     [from  sun.]    Like  the  sun  ;  bright. 

Spenser. 
2.  Proceeding  from  the  sun  ;  as,  sunny  beams. 

Spenser. 
.?.  Exposed  to  the  rays  of  the  sun  ;  warmed  by  the 
direct  rays  of  the  sun  ;  as,  the  sunny  side  of  a  hill 
or  building. 

Her  hluomin^  mounl.\ins,  and  her  sunwj  slinres.         Adxheon. 

A.  Colored  by  the  sun. 

Her  eunny  locks 
Hang  on  her  temples  like  a  golden  fleece.  Shal:. 

SUN'-PLANT,  n.     A  plant  cultivated  in  India  and 

Sumatra,  Crotalaria  juncea,  from  whose  fibers  are 

made  small  ropes  and  twine. 
SUN'PROOF,  a.     [sun  and  proof.]    Impervious  to  the 

rays  of  the  sun.  Pcelc. 

SUril'RTSE,        )  11.     [.™ii  and  rfac]     The  first  appear- 
SIIN'RIS-ING,  j      ance  of  the  sun  above  the  horizon 

in  the  morning ;  or,  wore  trenerally,  the  time  of  such 

appearance,  whether  in  fair  or  cloudy  weather. 
2.  The  east.  Ralegh. 

SUN'-SeORCHED,  (-skorcht,)  a.     Scorched  by  the 

sun.  Coleridge. 

eUN'SET,  )  n.     [sun  and  set.]     The  descent  of 

SUN'SET-TINO,  (      the  sun  below  the  horizon ;    or 

the  time  when  the  sun  sets  ;  evening. 

Ralegh.     Dryden. 
SUN'SHINE,  II.     [sun  and  shine.]     The  light  of  the 

sun,  or  the  place  where  it  shines  ;  tlie  direct  rays  of 

the  smi,  or  the  place  where  they  fall. 

But  all  sun^Iiine,  as  when  his  beams  at  noon 

Culminate  from  tlie  equator.  Milton. 

5.  A  place  warmed  and  illuminated ;  warmth ;  il- 
lumination. 

The  man  that  sits  within  a  monarch's  heart. 

And  ripens  in  the  sunaltine  of  hia  favor.  SItak, 

SUN'SHINE,   j  a.    Bright  with  the  rays  of  the  sun  ; 
SUN'SHIN-Y,  \      clear,  warm,  or  pleasant ;  as,  a  sun- 
shiny day  ;  sunshiny  weather.  llotjle. 
2.  Bright  like  the  sun. 

FlQ^tiing  beams  of  th.at  sunsAiny  siiieM.  SjKnaer. 

SUN'-STRoKE,  n.    A  stroke  of  the  sun,  or  his  heat. 

SCO  JCRK,  [L]     In  one's  own  right. 

SiVO  MAR'TE,  [li.]  By  his  own  strength  or  exer- 
tion. 

SUP,  I).  (.  [Sax.  snpm  ;  D.  luipen  ;  Fr.  souper.  See 
Soup  and  Sup. J 


To  take  into  the  mouth  with  the  lips,  as  a  liquid  :  j 
to  take  or  drink  by  a  little  at  a  time  ;  to  sip.  1 

'i'liere  I'll  sop  | 

Eilra  and  nectar  in  my  cup.  Cjns.'uiie. 

SUP,  II.  i.    To  eat  the  evening  meal. 

When  tliey  had  supped,  they  brought  Tobias  in.         T^IU. 
SUP,  V.  t.    To  treat  with  supper. 

A'ujp  them  well.     [Nolinuse.]  Sluik. 

SUP,  II.    A  small  mouthful,  as  of  liquor  or  broth  ;  a 
little  taken  with  the  lips ;  a  sip. 

Tom  Thumb  got  a  litde  tup.  Vraijton. 

SO'PER,  a  Latin   preposition,   [Gr.  vTcp,]  signilies 

above,  over,  ercess.     It  is  much  used  in  composition. 
Su'PER-A-BLE,  a.      [L.  superabilis,  IVom  supero,  to 
overcome.] 

That  may  be  overcome  or  conquered.    These  are 
superablc  difficulties. 
Su'PER-A-BLE-NESS,  ii.    The  quality  of  being  con- 
querable or  surmountable. 
Sd'PER-A-BLY,  ado.    So  as  may  be  overcome. 
SU-PER-A-BOUND',  v.  i.     [super  and  abound.]     To 
be  very  abundant  or.exuberant  j   to  be  more  than 
sufficient.    The  countiy  snperabouMs  with  corn. 
SU-PER-A-BOUND'ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Abounding  be- 
yond want  or  necessity  Abundant  to  excess  or  a 
great  degree. 
SU-PER-A-BUND'ANCE,  n.     More  than  enough  ;  ex- 
cessive abundance  ;  as,  a  snperabundaoee  of  the  pro- 
ductions of  the  earth.  IVooduiard. 
SU-PER-A-BUND'.'VNT,  <i.      Abounding  to  excess  ; 
being  more  than  is  suflicient;  as,  .-iiincrtiimKiaiif  zeal. 
^  Swift. 
SU-PER-A-BUND'ANT-LY,  ado.     More  than  suffi- 
ciently.                                                            Clieyne. 
SU-PER-.A.-CID'tJ-LS-TED,  a.     [siiper  and  acidulated.] 

.'Vcidui.aled  to  excess. 
SU-PER-ADD',  V.  t.    [super  and  add.]    To  add  over 
and  above  ;  to  add  to  what  has  been  addi-d. 
2.  To  add  or  annex  something  extrinsic. 

of  a  living  creature,  in  those  external  moliona,  is 
'  distinct  from,  and  BujtenuMcd  to,  its  itatural 
'  H'itkiiis. 


The  strength 
somctninj 

gravity. 

SU-PER-.'VDD'ED,  pp.    Added  over  and  above. 

SU-PER-ADD'ING,  ppr.  Adding  over  anil  above ; 
adding  something  extrinsic. 

SU-PER-AD-DI"TION,  (-ail-dish'un,)  it.  [super  and 
addition.]  The  act  of  adding  to  sometliing,  or  of 
adding  something  extraneous.  Mure. 

2.  That  which  is  atlded. 

This  supcrafLUtion  is  nothing  but  f.il.  Arbutlioo:. 

SU-PER-AD-VE'NI-EST,  a.  [L.  superadocnims.] 
Coming  upon  ;  coming  to  the  increase  or  assistance 
of  something. 

When  a  man  has  done  bravely  by  Ihc  saperotlnemenl  as-.istance 
of  bis  God.  Mure. 

2.  Coming  unexpectedly.  [Tills  word  is  lialeu^ed.] 

SU-PER-AN-GEL'ie,  a.  [super  and  angelic.]  Supe- 
rior in  nature  or  rank  to  the  angels.  One  class  of 
Unitarians  believe  Christ  to  be  a  supcrangelie  being. 

SU-PER-AN'NU-ATE,  v.  t.  [L.  super  and  aimiw,  a 
year.] 

To  impair  or  disqualify  by  old  age  and  infirmity  ; 
as,  a  sapcraiinnatcd  magistrate.  Smift. 

SU-PER-AN'NU-aTE,  v.  i.  To  last  beyond  the  year. 
[JVol  ill  use.]  Bacon. 

SU-PEIl-.'\N'NU-.\-TED,  pp.  or  a.    Impaired  or  dis- 
qualified by  old  age. 
2.  Having  passed  tlie  regular  term  of  service. 

SU-PER-AN-NU-A'TION,  ii.  The  stale  of  being  too 
old  for  office  or  business,  or  of  being  disqualified  by 
old  age. 

SU-PERB',  a.  [Fr.  snperbc;  L.  superbus,  proud,  from 
super.] 

1.  Grand;   magnificent;   as,  a  superb  edifice;   a 
superb  colonnade. 

2.  Rich ;  elegant ;  as,  superb  furniture  or  decora- 
tions. 

3.  Showy  ;  pompous  ;  as,  a  superb  exhibition. 

4.  Rich  ;  splendid  ;  as,  a  superb  entertaniment. 

5.  August ;  stately. 

SU-PERB'LY,  alio.     In  a  magnificent    or  splendid 

manner  ;  richly  ;  elegantly. 
SU-PER-eXR'GO,  n.    [sii/ier  and  Mi-^o.l    An  nlBccr 

or  person  in  a  merchant's  ship,  whose  business  is  to 

manage  the  sales  and  superintend  all  the  commercial 

concerns  of  the  voyage. 
SU-PER-CE-LES'TIAL,  (-lest'yal,)  a.     [super   and 

celestial.]     Situated  above  the  firmament  or  great 

vault  of  heaven. 

Trans.  Pausanias.    Ralegh.     Woodward. 
SU-PER-CHARGE',  v.  t.    In  heralHry,  to  place  one 

bearing  on  anolher. 
SU-PER-CHaRG'E1),  pp.    Borne  upon  another. 
SU-PER-CIIXRG'l.MG,yyr.    Placing  one  bearing  on 

another. 
SU-PER-CIL'I.^-RY,   a.     [h.    super  and  cainin,  the 

eyebrow.] 

Situated  or  being  above  the  eyebrow.     Asiat.  Res. 
The  superciliary  arch,  is  the  bony  superior  arch  of 

the  orbit.  Cye. 

SU-PER-CIL'I-OUS,ii.    [h.  supereiliosus.    See  above. 


SUP 

I.  Lofiy  with  pride;  haughtyj  dictatorial;  over- 

be.'iiinyi  ViH,  a  supercilious  oflicer. 
a.  Maniieating  liaughtiness,  or  jiroceeding  from  it ; 

nvorbearing;  as,  a  supercilious  airj  supercilious  be- 

b.ivior. 
SIJ-PER-CIL'I-OUS-LY,  adv.      Ilauglilily  ;    dos-mat- 

icallv  ;  with  an  air  of  contempt.  Clurnulou. 

SU-PKK-CIL'I-OUS-NESS,  n.    Haughtiness  ;  an  over- 
bearing temper  or  manner. 
SU-PEU-GON-CEV'TION,  n.     [super  and  conception.] 

A  citiiccptinn  after  a  former  conception.       Brown. 
SU-l'i:K-eON'SE-UUENCE,   71.      [super    and   a>inc- 

qneiicr.]     Homole  coii^cqut-nce.     [JV"o(  used.]  iirvim. 
SU-PEH-eUES'CENCE,  v.     [L.  super  and  crescms.] 
That  whicli  grows  upon  another  growing  thin;,'. 

Broicii. 
SU-PER-CRES'CENT,    a.      [Supra.]      Growin;;   on 

some  other  growing  thing.  Johnson. 

SU-PEU-DOM'IN-ANT,  ii.    In  tnusic,  the  sixtli  of  the 

hoy,  in  the  descending  scale. 

igll^ilJ'rl^SIS^,!"-    [L-i-and»<„c..] 
Eminence  superior  to  what  is  common  ;  distin- 
gui>-hed  eminence  ;  as,  the  superemincnce  of  Cicero  as 
an  orator ;  the  snprreminenee  of  Dr.  Johnson  as  a 
writer,  or  of  I.oril  Chatiiam  as  a  statesman. 

SU-PER-EM'1-NENT,  a.  Eminent  in  a  superior  tle- 
gree  ;  surpassing  others  in  excellence  ;  as,  a  siipcr- 
e;iiinent  divine  ;  the  supereminent  glory  of  Christ. 

SU-VER-EM'I-NENT-LY,  ado.  In  a  superior  degree 
of  excellence  ;  with  unusual  distinction. 

SU-PER-ER'0-G,\NT,  a.    Kupererogaioiy,  which  see. 

Staehhousc. 

SU-PER-ER'0-G.\TE,  u.  i.  [L.  super  and  erogatio, 
ero^o,] 

To  ao  more  than  duty  requires.    Aristotle's  follow- 
ers have  supererogated  in  observance.     [Little  used.] 

Qlanville. 

SU-PER-ER-0-G.\'TION,  ii.     [Supra.]    Performance 

"   of  more  than  duty  requires. 

There  is  uo  such  thing  as  worlts  of  stipcrejogation.    7>'//oIson. 
Works  of  supererogation;    in    the  Roman    CatJtolic 
church,  those  good  dtieds  supposed  to  have  been  per- 
formed by  saints,  over  and  above  what  is  requitetl 
for  their  own  salvation.  Hook. 

SU-PER-B-ROG'.\-TIVE,  a.  Sit|iererngatory.  [JVot 
iniit;;<  used.]  Stafford. 

SU-PER-E-ROG'A-TO-RY,  a.  Performed  to  an  ex- 
ti'Ut  not  enjoined  or  not  required  by  iluty  ;  as,  super- 
eroffatory  services,  Howell. 

SU-PER-ES-SEN'TIAL,  (-sen'shal,)  a.  [super  and 
essential.]  Es.sential  above  others,  or  above  the  con- 
stitution of  a  thing.  PnitSNUias,  Trans. 

SU-PER-EX-ALT',  (-egz-,)  i'.  1.  [super  ami  eralt.] 
To  exalt  to  a  superior  degree.  Barrow. 

SU-PER-EX-ALT-A'TION,  ii.     [super  anil  eroUalian.] 

Elevation  tibove  the  common  degree.  Holiday. 

SU-PER-EX-ALT'ED,  pp.     Exalted  to  a  siljierior  tle- 


gree. 

SU-PER-EX-ALT'ING,  ppr.  Exalting  to  a  superior 
degree. 

SU-PER-EX'CEL-LENCE,  il.  [super  and  etecllenec.] 
Superior  excellence. 

SU-PER-EX'CEL-LENT,  a.  Excellent  in  an  uncom- 
mon degree  ;  very  excellent.  Decay  of  Piety. 

SU-PER-EX-CRES'CENCE,  71.  [super  and  ezeres- 
cencc.]    Sometliing  superlluously  growing. 

IVise.man. 

SU-PER-FE-eUND'I-TY,  n.  [super  and  fecundity.] 
Superabundant  fecundity  or  multijilication  of  the 
species.  Paley. 

SU-PER-Fe'TATE,  II.  i.     [L.  stiller  and/<t(its.] 
To  conceive  after  a  prior  conception. 

The  female  is  said  to  superfetaU.  Grew. 

SU-PEE-PE-TA'TION,  ii.  A  second  conception  after 
a  prior  one,  and  before  the  birth  of  the  first,  by  which 
two  fetuses  are  growing  at  once  in  the  same  womb. 

HomeL 

Su'PER-FeTE,  v.  i.    To  superfetate.    [Little  used.] 

Howell. 

SC'PER-FeTE,  t'.  t.  To  conceive  after  a  former  con- 
ception.    [Little  used.]  Howell. 

Su'PER-FICE,  (sii'pei-fis,)  ii.  Superficies ;  surface. 
[Little  used.]     [See  Soperpicies.] 

SU-PER-FI"CIAL,  (-fish'al,)<i.  [It.  superfidalc ;  Sp. 
superficial;  Fr.  superfieiel ;  from  superficies.] 

1.  Being  on  the  surface  ;  not  penetrating  the  sub- 
stance of  a  thing ;  as,  a  superficial  color ;  a  superfi- 
cial covering. 

2.  Pertaining  to  the  surface  or  exterior  part ;  as, 
superficial  measure  or  contents. 

3.  Shallow  ;  contrived  to  cover  something. 

This  Eiiperjicial  tale 
Is  but  a  preface  to  her  worthy  praise.  Sliak. 

4.  Slitdlow ;  not  deep  or  profound  ;  reaching  or 
compreliending  only  what  is  obvious  or  a|iparcnt ; 
as,  a  superficial  scholar ;  superficial  knowledge. 

Drydeii. 
SU-PER-F1''CI-.VL'I-TY,    (-fish-e-al'e-le,)    v.     The 
quality  of  being  superficial.     [JVo(  much  used.] 

Brown. 
Sn-PER-FI"CI.'VL-LY,  adr.    On  the  surface  only ;  as, 
a  substance  superficially  tinged  with  a  color. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT METE,  PRgY PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD — KoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQOK — 


1108 


SUP 

2.  On  the  surface  or  exterior  part  only  ;  without 
penetrating  the  substance  or  essence  j  as,  to  survey 
tliinss  supcrjicialUj,  A';7io». 

3.  Wiibout  goinp  deep  or  searching  things  to  ilie 
bottom  ;  slightly.    He  reasons  supcrficiatli/. 

1  Iwre  iaid  down  etiperjidaUy  my  present  Ihoughts.     Drydcn. 

SU-PER-FI"CIAL-NESS,  (-fish'al-ness,)  n.  Shallow- 
ness ;  position  on  the  surface. 

2.  Slight  knowledge  ;  shallowness  of  observation 
or  learning  ;  show  without  substance. 
SU-PER-FI"CIeS,  (su-per-fish'ez,)  n,     [L.,  from  su- 
j7er,  upon,  and  fades,  face.] 

The  surface  ;  the  exterior  part  of  a  thing.    A  su- 
perficies consists  of  length  and  breadth  ;  a^-,  tho  yu- 
pcrjlcies  of  a  plate  or  of  a  sphere.    Suiw^rficics  is 
rectilinear,  curvilinear,  plane,  convex,  or  concave. 
Su'PER-FXxVE,  a,     [super  and  Jine.]    Ver>-  fijie  or 
most  fine  J  surpassing  others  in  fineness  ;  as,  super- 
Jinc  cloth.    The  word  is  chiefly  used  of  cloth,  but 
sometimes  of  liquors ;  as,  superfine  wine  or  cider 
and  of  other  things,  as  5«nfrr/f;je  wire,  supcrjine  flour. 
SU-PER'FLU-ENCE,  lu     [L.  super  and  Jliio,  to  ilow. 
Superfluity  ;  more  than  is  necessary.     [Little  used. 
Hammond. 
SU-PER-FLU'I-TAXCE,  iu      [L.  super  and  fimto,  to 
float.] 

The  act  of  floating  above  or  on  the  surface.     [Lit- 
tle used.]  Brown. 
SU-PER-FLUT-TANT,  a.     Floating  above  or  on  the 

surface.     [Liale  used.]  Brown. 

SU-PER-FLu'E-TY,7i.  [Fr.  supirjluite  :  Tt.  supcrfat' 
ltd  ;  L.  superfiiiitas  ;  super  and  Jluo^  to  flow.] 

1.  Supdirabun'dance  ;  a  greater  quantity  than  is 
wanted  ;  as,  a  superfluity  of  water  or  provisions. 

i  Something  that  is  beyond  what  is  wanted  ; 
something  rendered  unnecessarj-  by  its  abundance. 
Among  the  superfluiiies  of  life  we  seldom  number 
the  abundance  of  money. 
SU-PER'FLU-OUS,  a.  [L.  supcrjluus.  overflowing; 
super  and  fuo,  to  flow.] 

I.  More  than  is  wanted  ;  rendered  unnecessary  by 
superabundance  ;  as,  a  supcrjluoiis  supply  of  corn. 

'2.  More  than  sufficient;  unnecessary;  useless; 
a^,  a  composition  abounding  wjili  superfluous  words. 
Superfluous  epithets  rather  enfeeble  than  strengthen 
description.  If  what  iias  been  said  will  not  con- 
vince, il  would  be  supcrjluous  to  say  more. 

Superjluims  intercal^  in  music^  is  one  that  exceeds:  a 
true  diatouic  interval  by  a  semitone  minor.      Ciic. 

Superfluous  polyvamy^  (Polygamia  superllua";)  a 
kind  of  inflorescence  or  compound  flower,  in  which 
the  florets  of  the  disk  are  hermaphrodite  and  fertile, 
and  those  of  the  ray,  though  female  or  pistilifemus 
only,  are  also  fertile ;  designating  the  second  order 
of  the  class  Syngenesia  of  Linnieus.  Martijn. 

Superfluous  souiid^  or  toiUj  is  one  which  contains  a 
semitone  minor  more  than  a  tone.  Cue. 

SU-PER'FLU-OUS-LV,  adv.    With  excess  ;  in  a  de- 
gree beyond  what  is  necessarv. 
SU-PER'FLU-OUS-NESS,  n.  'The  state  of  being  su- 

pfrflu(*js  or  beyond  what  is  wanted. 
SC'PER-FLIDC,  n,     [L.  super  and  fiuxus.'] 

That  which  is  more  than  is  wanted.     [LxtUc  used.'] 

Siiak. 
SU-PER-FO-LI-A'TXON,   n.    [super   and    foliation.] 

Excess  of  foliation.     [JVot  used.]  Brmcn. 

SU-PER-Hu'.MA.\,  (7.     {super  VLUQ  human.]     Above  nr 

bevnnd  what  is  human  ;  divine. 
StJ  PER-IM-PE-\D'L\G,  p/.r.    Hanging  over;  threat- 
ening from  above. 
SU-PER-I.M-PoSE',  (su-per-ira-poze',)  c.  (.  [super  and 
impose.] 

To  lay  or  impose  on  something  else;  as, a  stratum 
of  earth  superimposed  on  a  dificrent  stratum. 

Kirtcaii. 
SU-PER-IM-PoS'£D,  pp.  or  a.    Laid  or  imposed  on 

something.  Humboldt. 

SU-PER-IM-P6S'ING,  ppr.      Laying  on  something 

else. 
SU-PER-LM-PO-Sr'TION,  (-im-po-zish'un,)  n.    The 
act  of  laying,  or  the  state  uf  being  placed,  on  some- 
thing else.  Kirwan. 
SU-PER-IM-PREG-Na'TION,  71.    [super  and  impreg- 
iiafion.] 

The  act  of  impregnating  upon  a  prior  impregna- 
tion ;  impregnation  wheu  previously  imicegnatetl. 

Coxc. 
SU-PER-IN-eUM'BENT,  a.     [super  and   incumbent] 

r.\  ins  or  resting  on  something  else. 
SU-PER-IX-DuCE',  r.  t.      [super  and   induce.]    To 
bring  in  or  upon  as  an  addition  to  something ;  as,  to 
supcriailuce  a  virtue  or  quality  upon  a  person  not  be- 
fore possessing  it, 

Lon*  custom  of  sioiuDg  euperinducea  upoa  ihc  soul  new  und 
absurd  deairea.  South. 

SU-PER-IiN'-DuCJED,  (-!n-daat',)pp.ora.  Inducedor 
brought  upon  something. 

SU-PER-L\-DuC'ING,  ppr.  Inducing  on  something 
else. 

SU-PER-IN-DU€'TION,  n.  The  act  of  superinduc- 
ing. 

The  guperindu£6on  of  ill  hainls  (juIcWy  defaces  the  first  nidff 
draught  of  vinue.  South. 


SUP 


SUP 


SU-PER-IN-FUSE',  V.  t.    To  infuse  over. 

SU-PER-IN-JEC'TION,  n.  [super  nuA  injection.]  An 
mjcction  succeeding  another.  Diet 

SU-PER^IN-SPEGT',  v.  t,  [super  and  inspect.]  To 
oversee  ;  to  superintend  by  inspection.   [Little  used,]. 

SU-PER-IN-STI-T0'TIO.\,  n.  [super  and  iiustitiC- 
tion.]  One  institution  upon  another :  as  when  A 
js  instituted  and  admitted  to  a  benelice  upon  a  title, 
and  B  is  instituted  and  admitted  upon  a  presentation 
of  another.  Baileii. 

SU-PER-IN-TEL-LEGT'U-AL.  a.   [super ^ndinUUcct^ 
ual.  ] 
Being  above  intellect.  Pausanias,  T^ans. 

SU-PER-IN-TEND',  r.  (.  [super  ^i\A  intend.]  To  have 
or  exercise  the  charge  and  oversight  of;  to  oversee 
with  the  power  of  direction;  to  take  care  of  with 
authority;  as,  an  oflicer  superiiUcnds  l\\c  building  of 
a  ship  or  the  construction  of  a  fort.  God  exercises  a 
supcrintendinff  care  over  all  his  creatures. 

SU-PER-Ii\-TEND'ED,p;).    Overseen  :  taken  care  of. 

SU-PER-IN-TEND'ENCE,  }  n.    The  act  of  superin- 

SU-PER-IN-TEND'EN-CY,  i  tending;  care  and 
oversight  for  the  purpose  of  direction,  and  with 
authority  to  direct. 

SU-PER-IN-TENU'ENT,  i;.  One  who  has  the  over- 
sight and  charge  of  something,  with  the  power  of 
direction  ;  as,  the  superintendent  of  an  ahns-house  or 
work-house  ;  the  superintendent  of  public  works ;  the 
superintendent  of  customs  or  finance. 

2.  An  ecclesiastical  superior  in  some  Protestant 
churches. 

SU-PER-IN-TEND'ER,  h.    A  superintendent. 

Wlmoell. 
SU-PER-IN-TEND'IXG,  ppr.  or  a.    Overseeing  with 

the  authority  to  direct  what  shall  be  done  and  how 

it  shall  be  done. 
RU-Pe'RI-OR,  a.    [Sp.  and  L.  from  super,  above  ;  Fr. 

superieur;  It.  superiorc.] 

1.  Higher ;  upper;  more  elevated  in  place  ;  as,  the 
supenor  limb  of  the  sun  ;  the  supa-ior  part  of  an  im- 
'igc.  J^cwton. 

-2,  Higher  in  rank  or  oflice ;  more  exalted  in  digni- 
ty ;  as,  a  superior  officer  ;  a  superior  degree  of  nobil- 
ity. 

3.  Higher  or  greater  in  excellence;  surpassing 
others  in  the  greatness,  goodness,  or  value  of  any 
quality  ;  as,  a  man  ot  superior  merit,  of  superior  bra- 
ver}', of  superior  talents  or  understanding,  of  supe- 
rior accomplishments. 

•i.  Bemg  beyond  the  power  or  iulluence  of;  loo 
great  or  firm  to  be  subdued  or  afiected  by  ;  as,  a  man 
superior  to  revenge. 

TUere  ia  not  on  earth  a  spectacle  more  woithy  ihan  a  ereal  man 
superior  to  his  suQcnugs.  Spectator. 

5.  In  botany,  a  superior  flower  has  the  receptacle  of 
the  flower  above  the  germ;  a  superior  germ  is  in- 
cluded within  the  corol.  Marttjn. 
SU-Pe'RI-OR,  71.    One  who  is  more  advanced  in  age. 
Old  persons  or  elders  are  the  superiors  of  the  young. 

2.  One  who  is  more  elevated  in  rank  or  office. 

3.  One  who  surpasses  others  in  dignity,  excellence, 
or  qualities  of  any  kind.  As  a  writer  of  pure  Eng- 
lish, Addison  has  no  superior. 

4.  Tlie  chief  of  a  monastery,  convent,  or  abbe)'. 
SU-PE-RI-OR'I-TY,  n.     Preeminence;  the  quality  of 

being  more  advanced  or  higher,  greater  or  mure  ex- 
cellent than  another  in  any  respect;  :).%,  superiority 
of  age,  of  rank  or  dignity,  of  attaiuTuents  or  excel- 
lence. The  superiority  udiiXifixs  in  fortune  and  rank, 
is  more  readily  acknowledged  than  a-MpeWoriiy  of  un- 
derstanding. 

SU-PER-OX'YD,  7!.  [super  :ir\i\Qzyd.]  An  oxyd  con- 
taining more  equivalents  of  oxygen  than  of  the  base 
witii  which  it  is  combined  ;  a  hvperoxyd. 

SU-PER-La'TION,  n.     [L.  superlaiio.] 

Exaltation  of  any  thing  beyond  truth  nr  [iropiicty. 
[/  believe  not  used.)  B.  Jonson. 

SU-PERaA-TI VE,  a.  [Fr.  superlatif;  L.  supcrlatious  ; 
super  and  latio,  latus,fero.] 

1.  Highest  in  degree;  most  eminent;  surpassing 
all  other ;  as,  a  man  of  superlative  wisdom  or  pru- 
dence, of  superlative  worth  ;  a  womaiu  of  superlative 
beauty. 

2.  Supreme  ;  as,  the  superlative  glory  of  the  divine 
character. 

3.  In  grammar^  expressing  tlie  highest  or  utmost 
degree  ;  as,  the  superlative  degree  of  comparison. 

SU-PER'LA-TIVE,  n.  In  g-ravmar,  the  superlative 
degree  of  adjectives  and  adverbs,  wliich  is  formed 
by  the  termination  est,  as  ineanest,  kigfust,  bravest  ,■ 
or  by  the  use  of  most,  as  most  liigh,  most  brave ;  or 
by  least,  as  least  amiable  ;  also  a  word  in  the  super- 
lative degree. 

SU-PER'LA-TIVE-LY,  adv.  In  a  manner  expressing 
the  utmost  degree. 

I  sh;ill  not  apeak  superlalicehj  of  ibcni.  Bacon. 

2.  In  the  highest  or  utmost  degree.  Tiberius  was 
superlatively  wicked  ;  Clodius  was  superlatively  prof- 
ligate. 

SU-PER'LA-TIVE-NEPS,  v.  The  state  of  being  in 
the  liighest  degree. 

SU-PER-Lu'NAR,      I  a.      [L.   super  and   luna,  the 

SU-PER-Lu'XA-RY,        moon.] 


Being  above  the  moon;  not  sublunary,  or  of  this 
world. 

The  head  that  (unta  ai  gupcrtunar  ihin^.  Pope. 

SU-PER-Mii'DI-AL,  a.  Lying  or  being  above  the 
middle.  Bujjon. 

SU-PER-MoLE'eULE,  n.  A  compounded  molecule, 
or  combination  of  two  molecules  of  diflerenl  sub- 
stances. Prout. 

SU-PER-MUi\'DA.\E,  a.  [guper  and  mundane.]  Be- 
ing above  the  world.  Paus.  Trantt. 

SU-PER-NAC'IT-LUM,  n.  [L.  super  and  G.  juigd,  a 
nail.] 

Good  litiuor,  of  which  not  enough  is  left  to  wet 
one's  nail.  Groge. 

SU-PER'NAL,  a.     [L.  supemus,  super.] 

1.  Being  in  a  higher  place  or  region  ;  locally  higher ; 
as,  the  supernal  orbs  ;  supernal  regions.        JiaUgk. 

2.  Relating  to  things  above  ;  celestial ;  heavenly  ; 
as,  supernal  grace. 

Not  b/  the  GulTcrings  of  gupemal  power.  AfiZfim. 

SU-PER-NA'TANT,  a.  [L.  supematans,  supemato; 
super  and  nato,  to  swim.J 

Swimming  above ;  floating  on  the  surface ;  as,  oil 
supernatant  on  water.  Boyle. 

SU-PER-iV  A-'J' A'TION,  n.  The  act  of  floating  on  the 
surtace  of  a  fluid.  Bacon. 

SU-PER-NAT^^-RAL,  a.  [super  and  natural.]  Be- 
ing beyond  or  exceeding  the  powers  or  laws  of 
nature ;  miraculous.  A  supernatural  event  is  one 
which  is  not  produced  according  to  the  ordinar>-  or 
established  lawsof  natural  things.  Thus,  if  iron  has 
more  specific  gravity  than  water,  it  will  sink  in  that 
fluid;  and  the  floating  of  iron  on  water  must  be  a 
supernatural  event.  Now,  no  human  being  can  alter 
a  law  of  nature  ;  the  floating  of  iron  on  water,  tljere- 
fore,  nmst  be  caused  by  divine  p(jwer  .viK:c<ally  ex- 
erted to  suspend,  in  this  instance,  a  law  of  nature. 
Hence,  supernatural  events  or  miracles  can  be  pro- 
duced only  by  the  immediate  agency  of  divine 
power. 

SU-PEK-NAT'tl-RAL-ISM,  (  7i.    The  slate  of  being 

SU-PRA-NAT'U-RAL-IS.M,  i  sui»cmalural.  Carlylr. 
2.  The  doctrine  of  a  divine  and  supernatural 
agency  in  the  production  of  the  minicles  and  revela- 
tions recorded  in  the  Bible,  and  in  the  grace  which 
renews  and  sanctifies  men  ;  in  opposition  to  the 
doctrine  whicli  denies  the  operation  of  any  other 
than  pliysical  or  natural  causes  in  these  several 
things.  Murdoek. 

SU-PER-NAT'U-RAL-IST,  n.  One  who  holds  Uie 
principles  of  supernatural  ism. 

SU-PER-NAT'U-RAL-LY,  adv.  In  a  manner  ex- 
ccediiig  the  established  course  or  laws  <<f  nature. 
The  prophets  must  have  been  supernalurally  Uiiight 
or  enlightened,  for  their  predictions  were  beyond 
hutnan  foreknowledge. 

SU-PER-^ATaI-RzVL-^'ESS,  H.  The  state  or  quality 
of  being  beyond  the  power  or  ordinary  laws  of 
nature. 

SU-PER-NO'MER-A-RY,  a.  [Fr.  supcrnamcrairc ;  L. 
super  and  numcrus,  number.] 

1.  Exceeding  the  number  stated  or  prescribed  ;  as, 
a  supcrmi7ncrary officer  in  a  regiment;  a  supernumer- 
ary canon  in  the  church. 

2.  Exceeding  a  necessary,  a  usual,  or  a  round  num- 
ber; as,  svpcrnujne7-ary  addresses;  supernumerary 
expense.  Addison.     Felt. 

SU-PER-NO'MER-A-RY,  n.  A  person  or  thing  be- 
yond the  number  slated,  or  beyond  what  is  neces- 
sary or  usual.  On  the  reduction  of  the  n.giments, 
several  supernumeraries  were  to  be  ))rovided  for. 

SU-PER-PAR-Tie'U-L.VR,  a.  [super  and  particiiLir.] 
Noting  a  ratio  when  the  excess  (pf  Uie  greater  term 
over  the  less  is  a  unit ;  as,  the  ratio  of  1  to  2,  or  of  3 
to  4.     [JVot  in  use.]  Hutton. 

SU-PER-P.\R'TIENT,  (-par'shent,)  a.  [U  super  and 
partio.]  Noting  a  ratio  when  tiie  excess  of  the 
greater  term  over  tho  less  is  more  than  a  unit ;  as, 
that  ofa  to  5,  or  of  7  to  10.     [JVof  in  \isfA     UuUvn. 

SU'PER-PLANT,  ».  [super  and  planU\  \  plant 
growing  on  another  plant;  as  the  misletoe.  {Xnt 
used.  ]  Bacon. 

[We  now  use  Parasite  and  Epiphtte.] 

Su'PER-PLUS.    See  Surplus. 

SU'PER-PLUS-AGE,  ::.  [L.  5»pfr  and  p/M^\]  That 
which  is  more  than  enough  ;  excess.  FelL 

[We  now  use  Surplusage,  which  see.] 

SU-PER-PON'DER-aTE,  v.  U    [X.  super  and  pondcro.] 
To  weiizh  over  and  above.     [JVvt  used,]        Did, 

SU-PER-POSE',  (su-per-poze',)  v.  u  [L.  supcrv^nd  Ft. 
poser,  to  l.iy.] 

To  lay^pon,  as  one  kind  of  rock  on  another. 

SU-PER-PoS'£D,  pp.  or  a.  Laid  or  being  upi>n  some- 
thing. HuvtboUt. 

SU-PER-PoS'ING,  ppr.    Placing  upon  something. 

SU-PER-PO-Sl"TION,  (-po-zish'un,)  ».  [suprr  and 
position.]  A  placing  above  ;  a  lying  or  being  situated 
above  or  upon  something;  as,  the  superposition  c-f 
rocks.  UumboldL 

2.  Th.it  which  is  situated  above  or  upon  somc- 
thinir  else. 

SCPER-PRaISE,  (su'per-praze,)  c.  i.  To  praise  to 
excess.  Skak. 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.  —  AJV'GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — e  as  K ;  Cf  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

U09~ 


SUP 

SU-rER-I'KO-POR'TION,  n.  [stipa-  and  proponion.] 
Overplus  of  proponion.  Diirby. 

SU-VER'VVR-G.VTIOS,  n.  Isupcr  and  purgation.] 
.Mnrf  puriinlion  tll;in  is  sufficient.  IViseman. 

SU-l'EIMlE-FLf:€"nO.\,  11.  [super  and  rtjlection.] 
The  refleclion  of  an  image  reflected.  Bacon. 

SU-FER-KE-WARD',  v.  I.    To  reward  to  excess. 

Bacon. 

SU-PRR-nOY'.'\I,,a.  [su/icr  and  roiia;.]  Larger  than 
roval ;  denoting  the  largest  species  of  printing:  paper. 

SU-1'ER-SA'H-EiN-CY,  n.     [L.  axipcr  and  salio,  to 
leap.] 
'J'lie  act  of  leaping  on  any  thing.    [Little  ikcA] 

BrotBn. 

RU-PER-S.A'I,I-ENT,  a.    Leaping  upon. 

SCPER-SAI/P,  ".  In  ehemi^'try^  a  salt  with  a  greater 
number  of  equivalents  of  acid  than  base.  The 
binoxatntc  and  quatrmoTalatt  ctfpotassa  are  supcrsalts. 

SU-PER-SAT'T;-RaTE,  v.  t.    [t.  super  and  sataro.] 
To  add  to  beyond  saturation. 

SU-PER-SAT'IJ-Ra-TED,  pp.  or  a.  More  than  sat- 
urated. 

SU-I'ER-SAT'C-R.^-TING,  ppr.  More  than  satura- 
ting ;  filling  to  excess. 

SU-PER-SAT-IJ-Ra'TION,  11.  The  operation  of  add- 
ing beyond  saturation,  or  the  state  of  being  thus 
supersaturated.  Fourcrov. 

SU-PER-S€RIBE',  V.  t.  [L.  super  and  scriho,  to 
write.] 

To  write  or  engrave  on  the  top,  outside,  or  sur- 
face ;  or  to  write  the  name  or  address  of  one  on  the 
outside  or  cover ;  as,  to  superscribe  a  letter. 

SU-PER-SeRIB'ED,  pp.    Inscribed  on  the  outside. 

SU-PER-tfCRIB'ING.ppr.  Inscribing,  writing,  or  en- 
graving on  the  outside,  or  on  the  top. 

SU-PEB-SCRIP'TION,  n.    The  act  of  superscribing. 

2.  That  whicli  is  written  or  engraved  on  the  out- 
side, or  above  something  else.  n'allcT. 

The  $uperscTip&in  of  liis  accusation  was  ^Titten  over,  The  King 
of  Uie  Jews.  —  Mark  xv.    Luke  xxiii. 

3.  An  impression  of  letters  on  coins.    -Matt.  jxii. 
rshakspeare  uses  SppEaseaiPT.] 

SU-rER-SEe'U-LAR,  a.  [super  and  secular.']  Being 
above  lhe_ world  or  secular  things. 

.SU-PER-SeDE',  r.  ^  [h.  supcrsedeo  j  super  nnd  stdco, 
to  sit.] 

1.  Literally,  to  set  above  ;  hence,  to  make  void,  in- 
eflicacious,  or  useless,  by  superior  power,  or  by  com- 
ing in  the  place  of;  to  set  aside  ;  to  render  unneces- 
sary i  to  suspend.  The  use  of  artillery  in  making 
breaches  in  walls,  has  superseded  the  use  of  the  bat- 
tering-ram. The  effect  of  passion  is  to  supersede  the 
workings  of  reason.  Soutli. 

Nothing  is  supposed  tiut  con  supersede  the  kuywu  laws  of  natu- 
ral motion.  BcntJcy. 

a  To  come  or  be  placed  in  the  room  of;  hence,  to 
displace  or  render  unneccssarj- ;  as,  an  officer  is 
superseded  by  the  appointment  ijf  another  person. 

SO--PER-SE'DE-.^S,  It.  [L.]  In  Inw,  a  writ  of  super- 
sedeas, is  a  writ  or  command  to  suspend  the  powers 
of  an  officer  in  certain  cases,  or  to  stay  proceedings. 
This  writ  does  not  destroy  the  power  of  an  officer, 
for  it  may  be  revived  by  another  writ  called  a  proce- 
dendo.      _  Blackstojie. 

BU-PER-SeD'£D,  pp.  Made  void  ;  rendered  unnec- 
essary or  Jncfficacious;  displaced;  suspended. 

SU-PER-SeD'INO,  ppr.  Coming  in  the  place  of ;  set- 
Img  aside;  rendering  useless ;  displacing;  suspend- 
ing. 

SU-PER-SED'IIRE,  K.  The  act  of  superseding;  as, 
the  supersedure  of  trial  by  jury.    [JVew.] 

„„ Hamilton,  Fed. 

SU-PER-SEN'SI-BLE,  0.  Beyond  the  reach  of  the 
senses;  above  the  natural  powers  of  perception. 

SU-PER.SEXS'U-AL,  a.    Above  the  senses. "" 
bU-PER-.SERV'ICE-A-BLE,  a.      [svpcr  and  service- 
able.] 

Over  officious ;  doing  more  than  is  required  or 
desired.     [JVoJ  in  use.]  Shak 

SU-PER-SESiglON,  (-sesh'un,)  n.  The  act  of  .super- 
seding. ' 

SU-PER-STI"TION,  (-stish'un,)  n.  [Fr.,  from  L. 
supcrstitio,  supersto ;  super  and  sto,  to  stand.] 

1.  E.vcessiye  cvaclness  or  rigor  in  religious  opin- 
ions or  practice  ;  extreme  and  unnecessary  scruples 
111  the  observance  of  religious  rites  not  commanded, 
or  ol  points  of  minor  importance  ;  excess  or  extrav- 
agance lU  religion  ;  the  doing  of  things  not  required 
hy  God,  or  abstaining  from  things  not  forbidden  ;  or 
the  belief  of  what  is  absurd,  or  belief  without  evi- 
'''^"':«-  Brown. 

SupersHtion  h-oa  Kference  to  God,  to  religion,  or  w  Mn-s 
superior  to  m.iu.  Encijc.' 

■\  False  religion  ;  false  worship. 

:!.  Kile  or  practice  proceeding  from  excess  of  scru- 
ples in  religion.    In  this  sense,  it  admits  of  a  plural. 

They  the  truth 
Willi  superflitions  and  traditions  liiint.  Milton. 

4.  Excessive  nicety ;  scrupulous  exactness. 

5.  Belief  in  the  direct  agency  r,f  superior  powers 
in  certain  extraordinary  or  singular  events,  or  in 
omens  and  prognostics 


SUP 

SC-PER-STI"TION-IST,  n.  One  addicted  to  super- 
slilioii.  Jifore. 

SU-PER-STI"TIOUS,  f-stiah'us,)  a.  [Fr.  supersti- 
ticux ;  L.  siipcrstitiosus.] 

1.  Over  scmpulous  and  rigid  in  religious  obser- 
vances ;  addicted  to  superstition  ;  full  of  idle  fancies 
and  scruples  in  regard  to  relif^on  j  as,  superstitious 
people 

2.  Proceeding  from  superstition;  manifesting  su- 
perstition ;  as,  superstitious  rites  ;  superstitious  obser- 
vances. 

3.  Over  exact ;  scrupulous  beyond  need. 
Superstitious  use ;  in  laWj  the  use  of  Intid  for  a  reli- 
gious purpose,  or  bv  a  religious  corporation. 

SU-PER-S'ri"TIOUS-LY,  atlv.  In  a  superstitious 
manner;  with  exces-sive  regard  to  uncnmmanded 
rites  or  unessential  opinions  and  forma  in  religion. 

Bacon. 

2.  With  too  much  care ;  with  excessive  exactness 
or  scruple. 

3.  With  extreme  credulity  in  regard  to  the  agency 
of  superior  beings  in  extraordinarv  events. 

SU-PE1{-STI"TJ0US-NESS,  n.    Superstition. 

SU-PEK-STRaIN',  v.  u  [super  and  strain.]  To  over- 
strain or  stretch.     {Little  itsed."]  Bacon. 

SU-PER-STRaIN'JE:D,p77.     Overstrained  or  stretched. 

SU-PER-STRa'TUM,  n.  [super  and  stratum.]  A 
stratum  or  layer  above  anotiier,  or  resting  on  some- 
thing else.  Jlsiat.  Res. 

SU-PER-STRUCT',  v.  ^    [L.  st^erstnio:  super  and 
struo^  to  lay.] 
To  build  upon ;  to  erect. 

Tbis  is  Ihe  only  proper  InsU  on  which  to  supcrstrud  first  inoo- 
ceuce  and  then  virtue.     [Liule  used.}       Decay  o/  Piety. 

SU-PER-STRUCT'ED,  pp.    Built  upon. 

SU-PER-STRUCT'ING,  ppr.     Buildins  upon, 

SU-PER-STRUe'TION,  n.  An  edifice  erected  on 
something. 

My  own  profession  hath  taught  mo  not  to  erect  new  superslruc- 
tions  on  an  old  *Tjin.  Denham. 

SU-PER-STRUeX'IVE,  a.  Built  or  erected  on  some- 
thing else.  Hammond, 

SU-PER-STRU€T'URE,  n.  Any  structure  or  edifice 
built  on  something  vUe;^  particularly^  the  building 
raised  on  a  foundation.  Tiiis  word  is  used  to  distin- 
guish what  is  erected  on  a  wall  or  foundation  from 
the  foundation  itself. 

2.  Any  thing  erected  on  a  foundation  or  basis.  In 
education,  we  begin  \Yith  teaching  languages  as  the 
foundation,  ana  proceed  to  erect  on  that  foundation 
the  supcrstnicture  of  science. 

SU-PER-SUB-STAN'TIAL,  a.  [super  and  substan- 
tial.] More  than  substantial ;  being  more  than  sub- 
stance. Cyc. 

SU-PER-SUL'PFTATE,  n.  Sulphate  with  a  greater 
number  of  equivalents  of  acid  than  base. 

SU-PER-SUL'PHU-RET-ED,  a.  Consisting  of  a 
greater  number  of  equivalents  of  sulphur  than  of 
the  base  with  \^hich  the  sulphur  is  combined.  .iUcin. 

SU-PER-TER-ReNE',  a.  [super  and  terrene.]  Being 
above  ground,  or  above  the  earth.  Ifdl. 

SU-PER-TER-RES'TRI-AL,  a.  Being  above  the 
earth,  or  above  what  belongs  to  the  earth. 

Buekminster. 

SU-PER-TONae,  71.  In  music,  the  note  next  above 
the  kev-note.  Bushy. 

SU-PER-TRAG'ie-AL,  a.     Tragical  to  excess. 

JVarton. 

SU-PER-VA-€a'NE-OUS,  a.  [L.  supcrvacaneus  ;  su- 
per and  vaco,  to  make  void.] 

Superfluous  i  unnecessary;  needless;  serving  no 
purpose.  Howell 

SU-PER-VA-€a'NE-OUS-LY,  adv.    Needlessly. 

SU-PER-VA-€A'NE-OUS-NESS,  ji.    Needlessness. 
_  Bailey. 

SU-PER-VkXE',  V.  I.     [L.  supervenio;  super  and  vc~ 

71(0.] 

1.  To  come  upon  as  something  extraneous. 

Such  a  nmtual  graviuilion  can  never  supervene  to  inaUcr,  unless 
impressed  by  divine  power.  Beritley. 

2.  To  come  upon ;  to  happen  to. 
SU-PER-Ve'NI-ENT,    a.      Coming  upon    as  some- 
thing additional  or  extraneous 

Th.it  bmiich  of  belief  was  iii  him  supervcnienl  to  Christian 
pmctice.  Hammond. 

Divorecs  cau  be  gnnted,  a  mensa  et  toro,  only  for  superveiuenl 
caiis-s.  Z.  Sto^fl. 

SU-PER-VEN'tlOX,  n.    The  act  of  supervening. 
SU-PER-VT'SAL,  (su-per-vi'zal,)         )n.     [from  su- 
SU-PER-Vi"SIOX,  (su-per-vizh'un,)  \  pervisc.]  The 

act  of  overseeing  J  inspection;  superintendence. 
Tooke.     Walsh. 
SU-PER-VISE',  (su-per-vizeS)  n.    Inspection.     [A^t 

used.]  Sliak. 

SU-PER-VTSE',  r.  t.  [I.,  swpcr  and  xisus,  video.,  to  see.] 
To  oversee  for  direction ;  to  superintend ;  to  Jn- 

Fpt^ct ;  as,  to  suptrvi-'e  the  press  for  correction. 
SU-PER  VTS'ED,  (-vizd',)  pp.    Inspected. 
SU-PER-VIS'irs'G, j>pr.    Overseeing;  inspecting;  su- 

pfTiulending. 
.SIM'ER-VT'SOR,  71.    An  overseer;  an  inspector;  a 

superintendent ;  as,  the  supntisor  of  a  pamphlet. 

DnidcA. 


SUP 

SU-PER-Vl'SO-RY,  a.    Pertaining  to  or  having  su 

pervision. 

SU-PER-VIVE',  T>  (.     [L.  .'niper  and  vivo,  to  live.] 
To  live  beyond  ;  to  outlive.    The  souJ  will  super- 
vice  all  the    revolutions  of  nature.    [Little  used.] 
[See  Survive.] 

SU-PI-Na'TION,  71.    [L,  supino.] 

1.  The  act  of  lying,  or  state  of  being  laid,  with  the 
face  upward. 

2.  The  act  of  turning  the  palm  of  the  hand  up- 
ward. Laiorcnce^s  LecU 

BU-PI-Na'TOR,  71.    In  miatomy,  a  muscle  that  turns 

the  palm  of  the  hand  upward. 
SU-PINE',  a.     [h.  supiritu^.] 

1.  Lying  on  the  back,  or  with  the  face  upward; 
opposed  to  Prone. 

2.  Leaning  backward,  or  inclining  with  exposure 
to  the  sun. 

If  the  vine 
On  rising  ground  le  placed  on  lillJs  supine.  Dryden. 

3.  Negligent ;  heedless ;   indolent ;   thoughtless  ; 

inattentive. 

Ke  became  ^usillanimoua  nnd  supine,  and  opcnJy  exposed  to  any 

temptation.  Woodward. 

These  men  aulfcr  by  their  supine  credulity.  K.  Charles. 

SO'PTNE,  n.     [L.  siipinum.] 

In  grammar.,  a  name  of  certain  forms  or  modifica- 
tions of  the  Latin  verb  ending  in  unt  and  u. 
SU-PINE'LY,  adv.    With  the  face  upward. 

2.  Carelessly;  indolently;  drowsily;  in  a  heed- 
less, thoughtless  state. 

Who  OQ  bods  of  sin  supinely  lie.  Sandt/t. 

SU-PINE'NESS,  n.    A  lying  with  the  face  upward. 
2.  Indolence ;   drowsiness  ;    heedlessness.    Many 
of  the  evils  of  life  are  owing  to  our  own  supincness. 
SU-PIN'I-TY,  for  Supinfwzss,  is  not  used. 
SUP'PAOE,  71.     [from  sup.]     What  may  be  supped  ; 

pottage.     LVoi  in  2isc.]  Hooker. 

SUP-PAL-Pa'TION,  7u     [L.  suppalpor;  sub  and  pal- 
por.,  to  stroke.] 

The  act  of  enticing  bv  soft  words.     [JVo(  zL^ed,] 

Hail. 
SUP-PAR- A-SI-Ta'TION,  71,     [L.  supparasitor ;  sub 
and  pa}-asite.] 

The  act  of  flattering  merely  to  gain  favor.  [JVot 
in  use.  ]  Hall. 

SUP-PAR'A-SITE,  V.  t.    To  flatter ;  to  cajole. 

Dr.  Clarke. 
SUP-PAWN'.    See  Sepawn. 
SUP'PSD,  (supt,)  pp.     Having   taken    the  evening 

meal. 
SUP-PE-Da'iNE-OUS,  a.     [L.  sub  and  pes,  the  foot.] 
Being  under  the  feet.  Brown. 

SUP-PED'I-TATE,  v.  t.     [h.  suppedito.] 

To  supply.     [JSTot  iisedT]  Hammond. 

SUP-PED-I-TA'TiON,  n.     [L.  suppeditatio.] 

Supplv  ;  aid  afforded.     [Liltle  used.]  Bacon. 

SUP'PER,  71.     [Fr.  soupcr.     See  Sup.] 

The  evening  meal.    People  who  dine  late  eat  no 
supper.    The  dinner  of  fashionable  people  would  be 
the  supper  of  rustics. 
SUP'PER-LESS,  a.    Wanting  supper;  being  without 

supper  ;  as,  to  go  supperless  to  bed.  Spectatx>r. 

SUP-PLANT^  V.   U     [Fr.   suppl&nter ;    L.   supplanto ; 
sub  and  jilanta^  the  bottom  of  the  foot.] 

1.  To  trip  up  the  heels. 

Supplanted  down  he  fell.  MUion. 

2.  To  remove  or  displace  by  stratagem ;  or  to  dis- 
place and  take  the  place  of;  as,  a  rival  supplants 
another  in  the  affections  of  his  mistres!^,  or  in  the 
favor  of  his  prince. 

Suspecting  that  the  courtier  had  auppiantad  the  friend.     Pill. 

3.  To  overthrow  ;  to  undermine. 
SUP-PLANT-A'TION,  n.    The  act  of  supplanting. 
SUP-PLANT'ED,  pp.    Tripped  up  ;  displaced. 
SUP-PLAi\T'ER,  71.    One  that  supplants. 
SUP-PLANT'lNG,ppr.    Tripping  up  the  heels;  dis- 
placing by  artifice. 

SUP'PLE,   (sup'pl,)  a.      [Fr.  souplc ;   Arm.  soublat, 
soublein,  to  bend.] 

1.  Pliant ;  flexible  ;  easily  bent :  as,  supple  joints ; 
suppU  fingers.  Bacon.     Temple. 

2.  Yielding  ;  compliant ;  not  obstinate. 

If  punishment  makes  not  tlie  will  supple,  it  hardens  the  otTendpr. 

Locke. 

3.  Bending  to  the  humor  of  otliers;  flattering; 
fawning.  .Addison. 

4.  That  makes  pliant ;  as,  supple  government. 

Sfiak. 
SUP'PLE,  (sup'pl,)  V.  t.    To  make  soft  and  pliant ; 
to  render  flexible ;  as,  to  supple  leather. 
2.  To  make  compliant. 

A  mother  per«aling  till  she  had  eupplcd  the  will  of  her  d.itiplitc.-. 

Locke. 

SUP'PLE,  V.  i.    To  become  soft  and  pliant ;  as,  stones 

.■suppled  into  softness.  Drudoi. 

SUP'PLED,  (sup'pld,)  pp.      Made  soft  and  pliant; 

made  compliant. 
SUP'PLE-LY,  (sup'pl-le,)  adv.  Softly ;  pliantly  ;  mild- 

Iv.  Cotcrrar.c. 

SUP'PLe-I\1ENT,  n.      [Fr.,  from  L.  supplementum, 

siippleo;  svJf  andp/fo,  to  fill.] 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WIL^T — MeTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MART(.\%  BIRD.  — NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOQK.— 

1110  "^^"^         -  


SUP 

1.  Literalbj^  a.  supply:  hence,  an  addition  to  any 
thins,  by  which  its  defects  are  supplied,  and  it  is 
nsride  more  full  and  complete.  The  word  is  particu- 
larly u-ed  of  an  addition  to  a  book  or  paper. 

2.  Store  ;  supply.     [AV  m  u^-e,]  Chapman. 

3.  In  trigonoruetrify  the  quantity  by  which  an  are 
or  an  angle  falls  short  of  ISO  degrees,  or  a  semicircle. 

SrPTLK-ME>JT,  V.  f.  To  add  something  to  a  wri- 
ting. i;c. 

srP-rLE-MENT'AL,      (a.  Additional  J  added  to  suf^ 

5rP-PL£-ME^T'.A-Ry,  \  ply  what  is  wanted  j  as,  a 
S'ipplemtntal  law  or  bill. 

SUP  PL£->iENT-I>kG,  ppr.    Adding  a  supplemcnL 

Chalmers. 

SIT  PLE-XESS,  (sup'pl-ness,)  «.  [from  supple.]  Pli- 
ancy; pliableness;  flexibilityj  the  quality  of  being 
easily  bent :  as,  the  suppleness  of  the  joints. 

2.  Readiness  of  compliance;  the  quality  of  easily 
vieldin?  ;  facility  j  as,  the  supplcnessof  the  will.  Locke. 

^I'P'PT  F  TO  RY"    i 

SL'P'PLe-TIVE  '  i '^    [from  L.  S'upp/M,  to  supply.] 
Supplying  deficiencies  ;  as,  a  suppktorp  oath. 

Blackstone. 
SCP'PLE-TO-KY,  n.    That  which  is  to  supply  what 

is  wanted.  Haimpj)nd. 

StJP-PLi'AL,  n.    The  act  of  supplying.     [JV'ot  used.'] 

Warburtoiu 
SUP-PLi'ANCE,  n.    Continuance.     [jVo(  in  use.] 

Shak. 
SUP'PU-AAT,  a.    [Fr.,  from  sTtppUerj  to  entreat,  con- 
tracted from  L.  supplico,  to  supplicate ;  sub  and  plieoy 
to  fold.     See  Comply  and  Applt.] 

1.  Entreating;  beseeching;  supplicating;  asking 
earnestly  and  submissively. 

The  nch  grow  supplian:,  and  the  foor  grow  proutl.    Dryden. 

3.  Manifesting  entreaty ;  expressive  of  humble  sup- 
plication. 

To  bow  and  soe  far  grace  with  suppliant  knee.  Miiton. 

SUP'PLI-ANT,  V.  A  Iniiuiii^  petitioner;  one  who  en- 
treats submissiv 

spare  this  li/e,  ar:  -.-.I's  prayer.  Dryden. 

SUP'PLI-ANT-LV,  adv.    in  a  suppliant  or  submissive 

manner. 
SUP'PLI-€ANT,  a,    fL.  suppUcans.] 

Entre?.tin2  ;  asking  submissively,  Bp.  BvH. 

SrP'PLI-€AXt,  n.    One  that  entreats ;  a  petitioner 

who  asks  earnestly  and  submissively. 

Tts  wise  supplicant  left  the  CTent  to  God.  Rogers. 

SUPTLI-GAT,  n.  In  fj^  English.  universitieSy  a  peti- 
tion ;  particularly  J  a  written  application  with  a  certif- 
icate that  the  requisite  conditions  have  been  complied 
with. 

SUP'PLI-€aTE,  v.U   {h.  supplico i  sub  and  plico.  See 

SCPPLIANT.J 

1.  To  entreat  for;  to  seek  by  earnest  prayer;  as, 
to  supplicate  blessings  on  Christiaii  efforts  to  spread 
the  gospeL 

2.  To  address  in  prayer ;  as,  to  supplicate  the  throne 
of  srace. 

SUP'PLI-eATE,  p.  r.    To  entreat ;  to  beseech^  to  im- 
plore; to  petition  with  earnestness  and  submission. 
A  man  can  cot  brook  lo  sapplicaU  or  beg.  Bacon. 

SrP'PLI-CA-TrXG,  ppr.  or  a,  Entreatins  ;  imploring. 
SCP'PLI-eA-ThVG-Ly,  adv.  By  way  of  supplication. 
SUP-PLI-Ca'TION,  7t,    [Fr.,  from  L.  supplicado.] 

1.  Entreaty;  humble  and  earnest  prayer  in  wor- 
ship. In  all  our  supplications  to  the  Father  of  mercies, 
let  us  remember  a  world  lying  in  ignorance  and  wick- 
edness. 

2.  Petition ;  earnest  request. 

3.  In  RoTTtan  avtiquity,  a  religious  solemnity  ob- 
served in  consequence  of  some  military  success,  and 
also  in  times  of  distress  and  danger,  to  avert  the  an- 
fr;ir  of  the  gods.  Smith's  Diet. 

SUP'PU-eA-TO-RY,  a.  Containing  supplication  ; 
humble ;  submissive.  Johnson, 

SUP-PLI  .ED,  pp.  [from  supply.]  Fully  furnished; 
ha^ins  a  sufficiency. 

Prp-PLI'ER,  n.    He  that  supplies. 

StrP-PLIES',  71. ;  pi.  of  Supply.  Things  supplied  in 
sufficiency.  In  En^land^  moneys  granted  by  parlia- 
ment for  public  expenditure. 

SITP-PL?',  V.  c  [L.  sttpplemi  sub  and  pteo,  disused, 
to  fill ;  Ft.  suppteer:  Sp.  supUr;  It,  supplire.] 

1.  To  fill  up,  as  any  deficiency  happens  ;  to  furnish 
what  is  wanted  ;  to  afford  or  furnish  a  sufficiency  ; 
a=,  to  svp^if  the  poor  will  1  bread  and  clothing;  lo 
supply  the  daily  wants  of  nature  ;  to  supply  the  navy 
with  masts  and  spars ;  to  supplythe  treasury  with 
money.    The  city  is  well  supplied  with  water. 


T  wanted  nothing  fonune  coold  supply, 

a.  To  serve  Instead  of. 

Boming  ships  the  baniibcd  mn  supply. 

3.  To  give ;  to  bring  or  furnish. 

N'^!arer  care  nipplU* 
Sighs  to  my  brcasl,  and  sorrow  to  ms  e^es. 

4-  To  fill  vacant  room. 

The  !co  waa  set.  and  Vciwr,  lo  supply 
His  atseot  beams,  had  lighted  up  the  ssy, 

5.  To  fill ;  as,  to  supply  a  vacancy. 


Dryden. 


Dryden. 


SUP 

6.  fa  general^  to  fumlsb ;  to  give  or  afford  what  is 
wanted. 

Slodem  [c£dcllt7  supplies  no  such  motisea.  Rob.  Siail. 

SUP-PL?',  71.    Sufficiency  of  things  for  use  or  want. 

The  poor  have  a  daily  supply  of  food  ;  the  army  has 

ample  supplies  of  provisions  and  munitioRS  of  war. 

Customs,  taxes,  and  cscise  constitute  the  supplies  of 

revenue. 
SUP-PLS:'ING,  ppr.    Yielding  or  furnishing  what  ia 

wanted  ;  affording  a  sufficiency. 
SUP-PL5'AIENT,  n.    A  furnishing.    [JVot  in  use.] 

SAtiJic. 
SUP-PoRT',  V.  t.     [Fr.  supporter:  It.  soppoHare;  L. 

supporto;  sub  and  portOy  to  carry.] 

1.  To  bear ;  to  sustain ;  to  uphold  ;  as,  a  prop  or 
pillar 5«p;;or;,i  a  structure;  an  abutment  supports  an 
arch  ;  the  stem  of  a  tres  i^apports  the  branches.  Ev- 
ery edifice  must  have  a  foundation  lo  support  it -j  a 
rops  or  cord  support.-'  a  weight, 

2.  To  endure  without  being  overcome  ;  as,  to  sup- 
poH  pain,  distress,  or  misfortiines. 

Tiiis  fierce  demeanor  and  his  insolence 

Tb2  paiJenOs  of  a  god  coald  not  support.  Dryden. 

3.  To  bear;  lo  endure ;  as,  to  support  fatigues  or 
Iiardships ;  to  support  violent  exertions.  The  eye 
will  not  support  the  light  of  the  sun's  disk. 

4.  To  sustain  ;  to  keep  from  fainting  or  sinking ; 
as,  to  support  the  courage  or  spirits. 

5.  To  sustain  ;  to  act  or  represeat  well ;  as,  to  sup- 
port the  character  of  King  Lear ;  to  support  the  part 
assigned. 

6.  To  bear ;  to  supply  funds  for  or  the  means  of 
continuing ;  as,  to  support  the  annual  expenses  of 
government. 

7.  To  sustain  ;  to  cany  on  ;  as,  to  support  a  war  or 
a  contest ;  to  support  an  argument  or  debate. 

8.  To  maintain  with  provisions  and  the  necessary 
means  of  living  ;  as,  to  support  a  family  ;  to  support 
a  son  in  college  ;  lo  support  the  ministers  of  the  gos- 
pel. 

9.  To  maintain  ;  to  sustam  ;  to  keep  from  failing  ; 
as,  to  support  life  ;  to  support  the  strength  by  nour- 
ishment. 

10.  To  sustain  without  change  or  dissolution  i  as, 
clay  supports  an  intense  hsaU 

11.  To  bear ;  to  keep  from  sinking ;  as,  water  sup- 
ports ships  and  other  bodies ;  air  supports  a  balloon. 

19.  To  bear  without  being  exhausted  ;  to  be  able 
to  pay  ;  as,  to  support  taxes  orcontribulions. 

13.  To  sustain  ;  to  maintain  j  as,  to  support  a  good 
character. 

14.  To  maintain  ;  to  verify  ;  to  make  good  :  to  sub- 
stantiate. The  testimony  is  not  sufficient  to  support 
the  charges ;  the  evidence  will  not  support  the  state- 
ments or  allegations;  the  impeachment  is  well  sup- 
ported by  evidence. 

15.  To  uphold  by  aid  or  countenance ;  as,  to  sup- 
port a  friend  or  a  party. 

16.  To  vindicate :  to  maintain ;  lo  defend  success- 
fully ;  as,  lo  be  able  to  suppoH  one's  own  cause. 

17.  To  act  as  one's  aid  or  attendant  on  some  pub- 
lic occasion,  by  sitting  or  walking  at  his  side ;  as, 
Mr.  O'Connell  left  the  prison,  supported  by  his  two 
sons._  England. 

SLT-PoRT',  71.  The  act  or  operation  of  upholding  or 
sustaining. 

2.  That  which  upholds,  sustains,  or  keeps  from 
falling;  as  a  prop,  a  pillar,  a  foundation  of  any  kind. 

3.  That  which  maintains  life  ;  as,  food  is  the  sup- 
port of  life,  of  the  body,  of  strength.  Oxygen,  or  vi- 
tal air,  has  been  supposed  lo  be  the  support  of  respi- 
ration and  of  heat  in  the  blood. 

4.  iMaintenance  ;  subsistence  ;  as,  an  income  suffi- 
cient for  the  support  of  a  family;  or  revenue  for 
the  support  of  the  army  and  na\y. 

5.  Maintenance  ;  an  upholding  ;  continuance  in 
any  state,  or  preservation  from  falling,  sinking,  or 
failing  ;  as,  taxes  necessarj'  for  the  support  of  public 
credit ;  a  revenue  for  the  support  of  government. 

6.  In  general,  the  maintenance  orsustainingof  any 
thing,  without  suffering  it  to  fail,  decline,  or  lan- 
guish ;  as,  the  support  of  health,  spirits,  strength,  or 
coorase  :  the  support  of  reputation,  credit,  &;c. 

7.  That  which  upholds  or  relieves;  aid  ;  help;  suc- 
cor ;  assistance. 

SUP-PORT'.VBLE,  a.  [Ft.]  That  may  be  upheld  or 
sustained. 

2.  That  may  be  borne  or  endured ;  as,  the  pain  is 
supportable,  or  not  supportable.  Patience  renders  evils 
supportable. 

3.  Tolerable ;  that  may  be  borne  without  resistance 
or  punishment ;  as,  such  insults  are  not  supportable. 

4.  That  can  be  maintained;  as,  the  cause  or  opin- 
ion is  supportable. 

SUP-PORT'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  tol- 
erable. Hammond. 

SUP  PoRT'A-BLY,  adv.    In  a  supportable  manner. 

SL'P-PoRT'ANCE,  n.  Maintenance  ;  support.  [J\"o( 
in  use.] 

SUP-PoRT-a'TION,  n.  Maintenance  j  support.  [J\'o( 
in  use.] 

SUP-POKT'RD,  pp.  Borne  ;  endured  ;  upheld ;  main- 
tained ;  subsisted  ;  sustained  ;  carried  on. 


SUP 

SUP-PORT'ER,  Ti.    One  that  fiupports  or  maintains. 

2.  That  which  supports  or  upholds ;  a  prop,  a  pil- 
lar, tc. 

The  locltrts  and  supporiers  of  tiawm  me  t^r--'  P- 

3.  Asustainer;  a  comforter. 

The  BaJiila  have  a  comfnnion  an  J  supporter  . 

4.  Amaintainer;  a  defender. 

TiVoithy  supporters  of  .uch  a  mpii:i 

5.  One  who  maint.iins  or  helpa  to  carry  on ;  a^, 
the  supporters  of  a  war. 

6.  An  advocate  ;  a  defender;  a  vindicator  ;  rvt.  ihr- 
supporters  of  religion,  mt^-ality,  justice,  flee. 

7.  An  adherent ;  one  v.ho  takes  part  ;  as,  i.. 
porter  of  a  party  or  fact:'  ii. 

8.  One  who  sits  by  "r  walks  with  another,  on 
some  public  occasion,  a-^  m  aid  or  attendanL 

9.  Ill  /.  j-J'ij:'.i(rii^j  a  ;;nee  placed  lui'l- r  I^K'  mt. 
he:n!. 

1"  :;i  heraldry^  are   C'-". 

tha:  _.  ,  , V  yrt  the  aiins.  _    . 

St'P-PoUT  rt<L,  a.    Abounding  with  support.    iJt'ot 

used.} 
SUPPoRT'ING,  ppr.     Bearing: :  enduring;   uphold- 
ing ;  sustaining  ;  maintainu.  :  ;  subsisting ;  vindi- 
cating. 
SUP-PoRT'LESS,  a.    Having  no  support. 

Battle  of  Pro^s  and  Mice, 
SUP-PoRT'MENT,  71.    Support.    [J^otiKuse.] 

Wattan. 
SUP-PoS'A-BLE,  a.  [from  suppose.]  That  may  be 
supposed  ;  that  may  be  imagined  to  exist.  That  is 
not  a  sitpposahlc  case. 
SUP-PoS'AL,  71.  [from  svppose.]  Position  without 
proof;  the  imagining  of  something  to  exist;  suppo- 
sition. 

Interest  with  a  Jew  ne^er  pr 
o(  a  firm  and  suScieni  t 

SUP-P6SE',  (sup-poze',)  t.  i. 
positusy  suppono ;  It.  supporre .'  >^ : 
pono,  lo  put.] 

1.  To  lay  down  or  state  as  ;*  iJ.Fiji<>-n-:.u  r  .kl 
that  may  exist  or  be  true,  though  not  known  or  be- 
lieved to  be  true  or  to  exist :  or  to  imagin*^  or  admit 
lo  exist,  for  the  sake  of  argument  or  Illustration. 
Let  us  suppose  ihs  earth  to  be  the  center  of  tbe  sys- 
tem, what  would  be  the  consequence  ? 

Whm  we  have  as  »r^.it  assuraDcc  thai  a  thing  n,  as  ve  cotsid 
posibly,  euppcains  it  were,  wc  oo^t  dm  to  doa&l  of  in 
existence.  T^Ueiaon. 

2.  To  imagine ;  to  believe ;  to  receive  as  true. 

Let  net  my  lord  suppose  th.i:  tb^jhiTc  t.'sin  all  th^  jouag  men, 
the  kiiig's  £ocs ;  for  Araaon  ool^  a  dead.  — 2  Sam.  x;i. 

3.  To  imagine ;  to  think. 

T  suppose, 

If  our  proposals  once  agajn  were  bewd. 

4.  To  require  to  exist  or  be  true.  The  exist.  - 
things  supposes  the  existence  of  a  cause  >  : 
things. 

On^  falsehood  suppcsts  snotbcr,  and  recders  all  "ci  :^.j  s'-^a- 
pected.  "  Fhna^e  Quixote. 

5.  To  put  one  thing  by  fraud  in  the  place  of  an- 
other.    [JVot  in  use.] 

SUP-PoSE',  71.    Supposition ;  position  wilhou: 

Fit  to  be  trusu^d  on  a  tan  suppose 

Tiia' she  is  honest.     [.Vot  in  ufc.]  / 

SUP-P6S'£D,  pp.  or  a.    Laid  down  or  imagi:; 
true  ;  imasined  ;  believed  ;  received  as  true. 

SUP-POS'ER,  Ti.    One  who  supposes.  Skak. 

SLIP-PoS'lNG,  ppr.  Laying  down  or  ima|;ining  to 
exist  or  be  true :  stating  as  a  case  chat  may  be  ;  im- 
agining ;  receiving  as  true. 

SUP-PO-Sr'TiO.\,  (-po-zish'un,)  n.  The  act  of  lay- 
ing down,  imagining,  or  aduiitlinE  as  true  or  exit- 
ing, what  is  known  not  Co  be  true,  or  what  b  not 
proved. 

2.  The  position  of  something  kooiK'n  not  lo  be 
true  or  not  proved  ;  Ijypothesis. 

This  is  o.ily  an  tnfailibtlity  open  attppositiom,  thatH a  tMag  be 
true,  it  b  impiJssiLi'--  to  be  false.  T^ateoit. 

3.  Imagination  ;  beliei'  without  full  evidence. 

4.  In  musicj  the  use  of  two  successive  notes  of 
equal  Ien5th,one  of  which, betng  adiscord,  supposes 
the  othi-r  a  concord. 

SUP-P0-S["T10X-AL,  a.    Hypothetical.         South. 

SUP-POS  l-TI"TIOUS,  (-po7.-«-lish'us,)  a.  [L.  jap- 
posititiTtSj  from  suppositus,  suppono.] 

Put  by  trick  in  the  place  or  character  beloncing  to 
another ;  not  genuine ;  as,  a  suppositiiiotts  cliild ;  a 
supposititious  UTiting.  ..iddisan. 

SUP-POS-I-TI"TIOl?S-LY,  (-tish'us-,)  adc  Hype 
theticallv  ;  bv  supposition. 

SUP-POS-I-Tr'TIOCS-NESS,    (-tish'us-,)    n. 
stale  of  beins  supposititious. 

SUP-POS'I-TIVE,  c.  Supposed;  including  or  iui;  ly- 
ing supposition.  ChUltJi^rortX 

SUP-POS'I-TIVE,  T».  [Supra.]  A  word  denoting  or 
implving  suppo>it!on.  Harris. 

SUP-POS'I-TIVE-LY,  qAj.  VYith,  by,  or  upon  sup- 
position. HawoMnd. 

SUP-POS'I-TO-RY,  n.     [Fr.  sitppositoire.] 

In  medicine,  a  pil!  or  bolus  introduced  into  the  rec- 


TtJNE,  BULL,  UNITE.  —  AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K ;  0  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

iiir 


SUP 

turn  to  procure  stools  when  clysters  cannot  be  admin- 
istered. Parr. 
SUP-PRESS',  V,  t,     [L.  suppressaSf  supprimo  ;  sub  and 
prcmo,  to  presH.] 

i.  'i'o  overpower  and  crush;  to  subdue;  to  de- 
stroy ;  as,  to  suppress  a  rebellion  ;  to  suppress  a  uui- 
liny  or  riol;  to  suppress  opposition. 

Evory  relK-llion.wlieii  ilU  eujtpressed,  m.-ikcs  the  Bubjoct  wciikor, 
niid  Uie  govoniiiiciit  eUuiigcr.  Davics. 

9.  To  keep  in  ;  to  restrain  from  utterance  or  vent : 
as,  to  suppress  the  voice  ;  to  suppress  sighs. 

y.  To  n;tain  without  disclosure ;  to  conceal;  not 
to  tell  or  rtivcal ;  as,  to  suppress  evidence. 

She  auppreatts  llic  iniiiic,  and  thU  Icxpa  him  in  a  pleasinj^  sns- 
peiis-f.  Broome. 

A,  To  retain  without  commnnicalion  or  making 
public  ;  as,  to  suppress  a  letter  ;  to  suppress  a  niauu- 
scripl. 

5.  To  stilic  ;  to  stop;  to  Jiinder  from  circulation  ; 
as,  to  suppress  a  report. 

6.  To  stop;  to  rf.sirain  ;  to  obstruct  from  dis- 
charges ;  as,  to  suppress  a  diarrhea,  a  heniorrhayo, 
and  the  like. 

SUP-PRESS'KI>,  (-prest',)  j  p,  or  a.  Cmshod  ;  de- 
sfrnviMi  ;  rciaiacd  ;  ruiiceal  ;d  ;  stopped  ;  ol)slrucled. 

SUP-PUliSS'lN(i,  /./)/-.  Sul,dniTip;  (Icylroyiiifr ;  re- 
tainini:  iloS(-!y  ;  concualin;;;  hinderiuj;  from  disclo- 
sure or  publiiatinn  ;  obstructing;. 

SHP-PltES'c^ION,  (sup-presh'un,)  n  [Fr.,  from  I-. 
supprcrsio.] 

1.  The  act  of  suppressing,  crushing,  nr  destroy- 
ing ;  as,  the  suppression  of  a  riot,  insurrection,  or  tu- 
nnilt. 

3.  The  act  of  retaining  from  utterance,  vent,  or 
disclosure  ;  concealment ;  as,  the  suppression  of  truth, 
of  reports,  of  evidence,  and  the  like. 

3.  The  retaining  of  any  thin?  from  public  notice  ; 
as.  the  supprcssiint  of  a  letter  or  aity  writlno^. 

4.  The  stoppajie,  obstruction,  nr  morbiil  ret'^ntion 
of  discharges  ;  as,  the  supirrcssian  of  urine,  of  diar- 
rhea, or  other  discharge. 

5.  In  trrammar  or  covvposiLiutij  omission  ;  a:^,  the 
suppression  of  a  word. 

SUP-PRESS'IVE,  a.   Tending  to  suppress  ;  subduiii?; ; 

concealing.  Snuanl. 

SUP-PRESS'OR,  71.     One  that  suppresses;  one  that 
subdues  ;  one  that  prevents  utterance,  disclosure,  or 
communication. 
SUP'PU-RaTE,  v.i.     [L.  snppuro;  sub  and  pus,puris; 
Fr.  suppurcr  ;  It.  suppurare.] 

To  generate  pus ;  as,  a  boil  or  abscess  suppu- 
rates. 
SUP'PU-RaTE,  v.  t.    To  cause  to  suppurate. 

.,irbuthnol. 
[In  this  scnsCy  unusuaL] 
SUP'PIJ-R.^-TING,  ppr.    Generating  pus. 
SUP-PU-R.\'TION,  n.     [Fr.,  from  U  suppuratio.] 

1.  The  process  of  producing  purulent  matter,  or  of 
forming  pus,  as  in  a  wound  or  abscess ;  one  of  the 
natural  terminations  of  plilcgmouous  inttauunatioii. 

Cyc.     Cooper.     Wiseman. 

2.  The  matter  produced  by  suppuration. 
SUP'PU-RA-'J'IVE.  a.     [Fr.  suppuratif.] 

Tendmg  to  suppurate  ;  promotuig  suppuration. 
SUP'PU-RA-TIVE,   n.      A  medicine  that  promotes 

suppuration. 
SUP-PU-TJ\''J'ION,  71.     [L.  supputatioj  supputo ;  sub 
and  ptito^  to  think.] 

Reckoning  ;  account ;  computation.         Holder. 
SUP-PUTE',  V.  t.     [L.  supputo,  supra,] 

To  reckon  ;  to  compute.     [JVot  in  usc.\ 
StJ'PUA;  a  Latin  preposition,  signifying  a&orc,  pitj-, 

or  hey  ami, 
SU-PRA-AX'IL-LA-RY,  a.      {supra    and    axil']      In 
botany,  growing  above  the  axil  ;  inserted  above  the 
axil;  as  a  peduncle.     [See  SuriiAroLiACEous.] 

SU-PRA-CIL'IA-RY,  a.     [L.  snpra  and  ciliiim,  eye- 
brow.] 
Situated  above  the  eyebrow.  Ure, 

SU-PR-'V-CRE-Ta'CEOUS,  i   ,    .    ^  ,  (  a.     [L.  supra, 

SU-PER-€RE-Ta'CEOUS,  !  C-S""^>J  j  or*H;^er,aud 
cretii.] 

In  geology,  applied  to  rocks  which  lie  above  the 
cbalk, 

SU-PRA-DE-€OM'P0UND,  a.  [supra  and  decom- 
pound.] 

More  than  decompound  ;  tbrire  compound.  A 
supra-decompound  leaf,  is  wiieii  a  petiole  divided  sev- 
eral times,  connects  many  leatlels  ;  each  part  form- 
in?  a  dcrompoinid  leaf.  JSIartyn. 

SU-PKA-FO-LI-A'CEOUS,  (-shus,)  a.  [L.  supra  and 
folium,  a  leaf.] 

In  botany,  inserted  into  the  stem  ahnve  the  leaf,  or 
petiole,  or  axil,  as  a  peduncle  or  flowi-r.      Mariiju. 

SU-PRA-LAP-Sa'R[-AN,  (   a.     \\..  supra  and  idpsvs, 

SU-PRA-LAP'SA-RY,       \       fall.] 

Pertaining  to  the  Supralapsarians,  or  to  their  opin- 
ions. Mnrrlock. 

SU-PRA-LAP-Sa'RI-AN,  n.  One  of  that  class  of 
Calvinists,  who  believed  that  God's  decree  of  elec- 
tion was  a  part  of  his  origii.al  plan,  arcording  to 
wljich  he  determined  to  ertate  men,  and  thatlhey 


SUR 

should  apostati/.e,  and  that  Jie  would  then  save  a 

puit  of  tljeni  by  a  Redeemer.     [See  Suulai-sahian.] 

Murdodc. 
SU-PRA-fllUN'DANE,  a.     [L.  supra  and  mandns,  the 

worlil.] 
lieirig  or  situated  above  the  world  or  above  our 

sv^leni. 
SU"-PRA-NAT'IJ-RAIi-ISM,  n.    The  same  as  SufER- 

^ATuuALisM,  which  sec.  Jilnrdodc. 

SU-PRA-NAT'n-RAL-IST,  71.    The  same  as  Bupxk- 

NATL'Ril.IST,  which  SCB. 

SU-PRA-ORII'IT-AL,  a.  [supra  and  orbit.]  Being 
above  the_orbil  of  the  eye. 

SIJ-PRA-Re'NAL,  a.     [L  supi-a  and  rcn,  rcncs,  the 
kidneys.] 
Situated  above  the  kidneys. 

SU-PRA-St;AP'lT-LA-RY,  a.     [L.  supra  and  scapula.] 
Hiring  above  the  scapula. 

SU  PRA-VUL'GAR,  o.  [supra  and  vulgar.]  Heing 
above  the  vulgar  or  common  pcoi)le.  Collier. 

SII-PRKM'A-CY,  71.  [SeeSni'REME.J  Stateof  being 
siiprenui  or  in  the  highest  station  of  power;  highest 
authority  or  power  ;  as,  the  sujrrcviacy  of  the  king  of 
Great  Britain  ;  or  the  supremacy  of  parliament. 

Thi:  iisurpfd  jiowrT  of  the  pope  being  ilcslroyod,  the  cruwii  wns 
rcaloi'ocl  10  its  sujn-cinaci/  over  spiritual  int'ii  and  Ciuibes. 
Blackstoiie. 

Oath  cf  supremacy ;  in  Qreat  JBritain,an  oath  which 
acknowiedgi;s  the  supremacy  of  the  king  in  spiritiuil 
aflairs,  and  renolinces  or  abjures  the  supremacy  of 
the  jtope  in  ecclesiastical  or  temporal  allairs. 

Brandc. 

SU-PRkME',  a.  [L.  suprcmus,  from  supra;  Fr.  sa- 
j)rSmr.] 

1.  Highest  in  authority  ;  holding  the  highest  place 
in  government  or  power.  In  tiic  United  States,  the 
congress  is  supreme  in  regulating  commerce,  and  in 
making  war  and  peace.  The  parliament  of  Great 
Britain  is  supreme  in  legislation  ;  but  the  king  is  su- 
preme in  the  administration  of  the  government.  In 
the  urJrcrsc,  God  only  is  the  supreme  ruler  and  judge. 
His  commands  arc  supreme,  and  binding  on  all  his 
creatures. 

2.  Highest,  greatest,  or  most  exccllont;  ns,sup7-cme 
love  ;  supreme  glory  ;  suprcjnc  degree. 

:(,  It  is  somcliuiesuscd  in  a  badsense  ;  ^i^,  supreme 
folly  or  baseness,  folly  or  baseness  carried  to  the  ut- 
most extent. 

[j1  bad  use  of  the  7Card.] 
SU-PKkME'LY,  adc'    AVith  the  highest  aullKUily. 
Ho  rules  supremehj. 

12.  In  llie  highest  degree;  to  the  utmost  extent; 
a'^,  suprrriely  hXcH.  Pope. 

suit,  a  prefix,  from  the  French,  contracted  from  L. 

super,  supra,  signifies  over,  above,  beyond,  upon. 
SUR-AD-lH"TION,  C-ad-dish^un,)  n.     [Fr.  sur,  on  or 
upon,  and  addition.] 
Something  added  to  tiie  name.     [J^ot  used.] 

Shah. 
StJ'RAL,  71.     [L.  sura.] 

Being  in  or  pertaining  to  the  calf  of  the  leg  ;  as, 
Ihe  sural  artery.  Wiseman. 

Su'UANCE,  for  AssuBAyce,  is  not  used.  Shak. 

StJR'BA.SE,  n.  [stir  and  base.]  A  cornice  or  series 
uf  moldings  on  the  top  of  the  base  of  a  pedestal, 
podium,  iScc.  Francis. 

SUR'BaS-£D,  (sur'baste,)  a.    Having  a  surbase,  or 

molding  above  the  base. 
SUR-BaSE'MENT,  n.     Tlie  trait  of  any  arch  or  vault 

which  describes  a  portion  e)f  an  elli[)se.        Elmes. 
SUR-BaTE',  v.  t.     [It.  sobattcre;  either  Ij.  sub  and 
battcre,  or  solea,  sole,  and  battere,  to  beat  the  sole  or 
hoof.] 
1.  To  bruise  or  batter  the  feet  by  travel. 

Chitllcy  land  suriaUs  aiul  spoils  oxen's  feet.  Mortimer. 

9.  To  harass  ;  to  fatigue.  Clarendon. 

SUR-BaT'^D,  pp.     Bruised  in  the  feet;  harassed; 

fatigued. 
SUR-BaT'ING,  ppr.     Bruising  the  feet  of;  fatigued. 
SIJR-BkAT'  or  SUR-BET',for  Surbate,  is  notin  use. 
SUR-BED',  J'.  (.     [sur  and  bed.]     To  set  edgewise,  as 
a  stone  ;  that  is,  in   a  position  dilferent  from  that 
wbicli  it  bad  in  the  quarrv.  Plot 

SUR-BElJ'DED,  pp.     Set  edgewise. 
SUR-BED'DING,  ppr.     Setting  edgewise. 
SUR-CeASE',  v.  i.     [Fr.  snr  and  cesser,  to  cease.] 
1.  To  cease  ;  to  stop  ;  to  he  at  an  end.      Donne. 
9.  To  leave  off;  to  practice  no  longer;  to  refrain 
finally. 

So  nnyed  he,  whilst  an  anfrd'a  voice  from  high 

B.iue  him  surcease  to  imponiine  llie  sky.  Harle. 

[This  word   is  entirely  useless,  being   precisely 

synonymous  with  Cease,  and  it  is  nearly  obsolete.] 

SUR-Ci!:ASE',  v.  t.      To  stop;    to  cause  to  cease. 

[Obs.] 
SUR-CeASE',  7(.     Cessation;  stop.     [Obs.] 
SUR-CHARGE',  u.  (.   [Fr.  surcharger ;  sur  and  charge.] 
1.  To  overload  ;  to  overburden  ;  as,  to  surcharge  a 
beast  or  a  ship  ;  to  surcharge  a  cannon. 

Your  head  reclined,  ns  hiding  grief  from  view, 

Droops  jike  a  roao  surcharged  with  morning  dew.        Diyilen. 

9.  In  Inic,  to  overstock  ;  to  put  more  cattle  into  a 


SUR 

cotnmon  than  the  person  has  a  right  to  do,  or  more 

than  the  herbage  will  sustain.  Blacksfone. 

SUR-CHaRGE',  n.     An  excessive  load  or  burden  ;  a 

load  greater  than  can  be  well  borne.  Baron, 

SUR-CHARG'ED,pp.     Overloaded  ;  overstocked. 
SUR-CHARO'ER,  n.     One  that  overloads  or  ov(t- 

stocks, 
SUR-C'IIARG'ING,  ppr.     Overloading;  burdening  to 

excess  ;  overstocking  with  cattle  or  beasts. 
SUR'CIN"GLE,  (-sing-gl,)  n.     [Fr.  sur,  upon,  and  L. 

cinguluut,  a  belt.] 

1.  A  belt,  band,  or  giith,  which  passes  over  a  sail- 
dle,  or  over  any  tinng  laid  on  a  horse's  back,  to  bind 
it  fast. 

2.  The  girdle  of  a  cassock  by  which  it  is  fastened 
round  the  waist.  Martjrl. 

SUR'CiN"GL£;D,a.    Girt;  hound  with  a  surcingle. 
SUR'CLK,  (sur'kl,)  7i.     [L.  surculus.] 

A  little  shoot ;  a  twig  ;  a  sucker. 
SUR'Co.VT,  n.     [Fr.  sur  and  Eng.  coat.] 

A  short  coat  worn  over  the  other  clothes, 

Camden. 
SUR'CREVV,  (sur'kru,)  n,     [sur  and  crew.]     Addi- 
tional crew  or  collection.     [J^ot  in  use.]        Wbtlon. 
SUR'CU-EaTE,  7'.  (.     [L.  surculo.] 

To  prune.     [JVotinuse.] 
SUR-eU-LA'TION,  n.    The  act  of  pruning.     [Al-t  in 

use.]  Brown. 

SURD,  a.     [L.  surdzis,  deaf.] 

1.  Deaf;  not  Iiaving  the  sense  of  hearing.  [JVot 
itscd.] 

2.  Unheard.     [J^Tot  used.] 

'3.  Designating  a  quantity  which  can  not  be  ex- 
pressed in  rational  numbers. 

SURD,  n.  In  algebra,  a  quantity  whicli  can  not  be  ex- 
pressed by  rational  numbers.  Tims  the  square  root 
of  2  is  a  surd. 

SURD'I-TY,  n.     Deafncs.s.     [JVu£  luied.] 

■SURIV-NUM-BER,  71.  A  number  that  is  incommen- 
surate with  unity. 

Sure,  (shfire,)  a.  [Fr.  siir,  .^cur ;  Arm.  siir;  Norm. 
seor,  spur.  In  G.  zwar  signifies  indeed,  to  be  sure,  it 
is  true ;  which  leads  me  to  suspixt  s-Hrc  to  be  con- 
tracted from  the  root  of  sercr,  in  L.  assecero,  and  in 
be  connected  with  swear,  and  perliaps  with  L. 
veruA- ;  s  being  the  remains  of  a  prefix.  But  sure 
may  be  a  contraction  of  L.  securus.] 

1.  Certain;  unfailing;  infallible. 

The  icKtiinoiiy  of  llie  Lord  is  sure.  — Ps.  xix. 

"We  hiivi;  iilao  a  more  sure  word  of  prophecy.  — 2  Pet.  i. 

2.  Certainly  knowing;  or  having  full  confidence. 

We  :iro  sure  tliat  the  judgment  of  God  is  according  lo  truth.  — 

Hum.  ii. 
Now  we  are  sure  tliat  thou  knowest  all  things,  —  John  xvi. 

3.  Certain  ;  safe;  firm  ;  permanent. 

Thy  kingdom  sh:dl  be  sure  to  thee.  —  Dan.  iv. 

4.  Firm;  stable;  steady;  not  liable  to  failure,  loss, 
or  change  ;  as,  a  sure  covenant.  2  Sa7n.xxiii.  ,\'ch. 
i.v.    Is.  xxviii. 

Tlic  Lord  will  make  my  lord  a  sure  honse.  —  1  Sam.  xxv. 
So  we  say,  to  stand  sure,  to  be  sure  of  foot. 

5.  Certain  of  obtaining  or  of  retaining;  as,  to  be 
sure  of  game  ;  to  be  sure  of  success ;  to  be  surt  of 
life  or  health. 

G.  Strong;  .secure;  not  liable  to  be  broken  or  dis- 
turbed. 

Go  your  way,  make  it  as  sure  as  yc  can.  —  Malt,  xxvii. 

7.  Certain  ;  not  liable  to  failure.  The  income  is  sure. 

To  be  sure,  or  be  sure  ;  certainly.  Shall  you  go  ? 
6c  sure  I  shall. 

To  make  sure;  to  make  certain  ;  lo  secure  so  that 
there  can  he  no  failure  of  the  purpose  or  object. 

Make  sure  of  Cato,  Addison. 

A  peac:*  can  not  fail,  provided  we  make  sure  of  Spain.    'J'ctnjilc. 
Give  all  diligence  lo  malie  your  calling  and  election  sure.  — '' 
Pet.  i. 

Sure,  adv.    Certainly;  without  doubt;  doubtless. 

Sure  Ihe  queen  would  wish  him  still  unknown.  SmilJi, 

[But  in  this  sense,  Surely  is  more  generally  used.] 
SuRE'FOOT-ED,  a.    [sure  and  foot.)     Not  liable  to 

stumble  or  fall ;  as,  a  surefooted  liorse. 
SvRE'l.Y,  adv.    Certainly;  infaUibly ;  undoubtedly. 

In  the  (liiy  thou  eatest  thereuf,  thou  shall  surely  die.  —  Gen.  ii. 
ilc  thiit  created  somethiug  out  of  nothing,  surely  can  raise  gnut 
tilings  out  uf  small.  SouUt. 

9.  Firmly  ;  without  danger  of  falling. 

lie  that  walketh  uprightly  walketh  surely.  —  ProY.  x. 

SuRE'NESS,  (shure'-,)  n.    Certainty. 

For  more  surcjicss  he  repeals  it,     [LilUe  used,}     Woodieard, 
StJRE'TI-SHIP,  (shQre'te-,)  n.     [from   sarcti/.]     T\m 
state  of  being  surety  ;  the  obligation  of  a  person  to 
answer  for  another,  and  make  good  any  debt  or  loss 
which  may  occur  from  another's  delinrjuency. 

He  Ihat  hatelh  sureliship  is  sure. —  Prov.  si. 

SuRE'TY,  (shure'te,)  n.     [Fr.  suretc.] 
1.  Certainty;  intlubitahlcness. 

Know  of  a  surety,  that  thy  seed  8li:dl  he  n  stranger  in  a  land  llial 


is  not  thi.irs.  —  Gen, 

2.  Security  ;  safety. 

Yet  for  the  more  sui-ety  thny  looked  round  ahou:. 


Sidiuy. 


FaTE,  far,  FAL5..  WHAT.— MliTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  EOQK. — 


uia 


SUR 

3  Foundation  of  stabilily  j  support. 

We  our  sUte 
Hold,  tis  you  yoiira,  while  our  obcJiencc  liuIcU ; 
Oq  oiher  surety  uyiie.  Milton, 

4.  Evidence ;  nUilication  j  conflrmation. 

She  c.-\I3wl  the  saints  to  ettrtty. 
That  «hc  would  never  put  ii  from  her  Soger, 
Unless  she  ^vc  it  u»  yourself.  Skak. 

5.  Security  against  loss  or  damage ;  security  for 
IKiyment. 

There  remains  unpaid 
A  huQdied  thousnnit  more,  irt  surety  of  tlic  which 
One  part  of  Aquitaiii  b  bouiul  to  us.  Skak. 

6.  In  lawy  one  lliat  is  bound  with  nnd  for  another ; 
one  who  enters  into  a  bond  or  recogniziuico  lo  an- 
swer for  another's  appearance  in  court,  or  for  liis 
payment  of  a  debt,  or  for  tlie  ptrfonnanco  of  some 
act,  and  who,  in  case  of  the  principal  debtor's  fail- 
ure, is  comjiellabte  to  pay  the  debt  or  damages  j  a 
bondsman ;  a  bail. 

He  liiat  is  aurebj  for  a  stranirir  sli-iU  svnxn  for  it.  —  Prov,  xi. 
Thy  S':;rvaiii  l^rcanic  *"re(if  for  tlielad  to  my  fiitiicr.  — Gen.  xliv. 

7.  In  Scripture^  Christ  is  called  "  the  surety  of  a 
tetter  teslnnient."  //r'».  vii.  23.  He  undertook  to 
make  atonement  for  Ih--*  ^ins  of  men,  and  thus  pre- 
pare the  way  to  deliver  1''  tii  from  the  punishment  to 
which  they  liad  rendered  ihcmselves  liable. 

S.  A  hostage. 
SURF,  w.    The  swell  of  the  sea  which  breaks  upon 
the  shore,  or  upon  sand-banks  or  rocks. 

Mar.  Diet. 
9.  In  agriculture^  the  bottom  or  conduit  of  a  drain. 
\LocuL] 
SCK'FACE,  71.     [Fr.  .wr,  upon,  and  face.'] 

1.  The  exterior  part  of  any  thing  that  has  length 
and  breadth  ;  one  of  the  limits  that  terminati-s  a  ?ol- 
id  ;  the  sni)ertic!os ;  outside  ;  as,  ihe  sjcrface  of  the 
earth  ;  the  surface  of  the  sea ;  the  surface  of  a  di- 
amond ;  the  surface  of  the  body  ;  the  surface  of  a 
t:ylinder;  an  even  or  an  uneven  surface;  a  smoolli 
or  rough  surface;  a  spherical  surface. 

JVcwton.     Pope. 

2.  In  geometry,  a  magnitude  that  has  length  and 
bn-adth  without  thickness.  Euclut. 

SUTl'FEIT,  (sur'fit,)  V.  t.  [Fr.  ^-u^,  over,  and  faire^ 
fait,  to  do,  L.  /aero.] 

1.  To  feed  with  meat  or  drink,  so  as  to  oppress 
the  stomacii  and  derange  the  fnnt'tions  of  the  sys- 
tem ;  lo  overfeed  and  produce  sickness  or  uneasi- 
ness. 

2.  To  cloy  ;  to  fill  to  satiety  and  disgust.  lie  y»r- 
f'-its  US  with  iiis  eul(jgies. 

StTR'FEIT,  V.  i.  To  be  fed  lUl  the  system  is  oppressed 
and  sickness  or  uneasiness  ensues. 

Tb^y  are  a.<  sici;  ih-ii  iurfett  with  too  mucti,  as  they  Oiat  stirvc 
Willi  Qclliiti^.  ,i^.a/c. 

STTR'FEIT,  n.    Fullness  and  oppression  of  the  system, 
occasioned  by  excessive  eating  and  drinking.    He 
has  not  recovered  from  a  surfeit. 
2.  Excess  in  eating  and  drinking. 

Vow  comes  ihc  sick  hour  that  his  surfeit  rotdc.  Shak. 

SUR'FEIT-ED,  pp.    Surcharged  and  oppressed  with 

eatin?  and  drinking  to  excess;  cloyed. 

SUR'FEIT-ER,  n.    One  who  riots  ;  a  glutton. 

Sliak. 

SUR'FEIT-ING,  n/Jr.  Oppressing  the  system  by  ex- 
cessive eating  arid  drinking;  cloying;  loading  cr 
fdlins  to  di?2ust. 

SUU'FEIT-I.\G,  71.  The  act  of  feeding  to  excess; 
eliittonv.     LvUe  xxi. 

Sl'R'FtliT-WA-TER,  n.  [surfeit  and  water.']  Wa- 
ter for  the  cure  of  surfeits.  Locke. 

SURGE,  n.     [L.  suriTo,  to  rise  ;  Sans,  sur^o^  Iiight.] 

1.  A  large  wave  or  billow  ;  a  great,  rolling  swell  of 
water. 

[It  is  not  applied  tn  small  wavesy  and  is  ckiefitj  used  in 
poetry  and  eloquence,] 

He  ftJRs  aloft,  and,  wldi  imp-'luoua  roTir, 

Piirsiiia  the  foiujiiiig  xurges  to  the  shuie.  Dryden. 

2,  In  ship-huitilinir,  ihe  tipered  part  in  front  of  the 
whelps,  between  the  chocks  of  a  capstan,  on  which 
the  messenger  may  surge.  Cvc. 

Sl'RGE,  V.  U    To  let  go  a  portion  uf  a  rope  suddenly. 

Surse  the  messenger.  S-far.  Diet. 

SURGR,  c.  i.    To  swell;  to  rise  high  and  roll;  as 

waves. 

The»urfft/Wf  walcn  like  a  mountain  lise.  Spenser. 

9.  To  slip  back  ;  as,  the  cable  stirpes. 

St'RGE'LESS,  (surjMess,)  a.  Free  from  surges; 
■imoMih :    calm. 

SUR'GEON,  (sur'jun,)  n.  [Contracted  from  chiritr- 
geon.] 

One  whose  profession  or  occupation  is  to  cure  dis- 
poses or  injuries  of  the  body  by  manual  operation. 
In  a  more  general  sense,  one  whose  occupation  is  to 
cnre  external  diseases,  whether  by  manual  operation, 
or  by  medicines  externally  or  internally. 

9UR'GE0.\-CY,  71.  The  office  cr  employment  of  a 
snrseon  in  the  naval  or  military  service. 

SUR'<5ER-Y_,  71.  Prcpn-ly,  the  act  of  healing  hy  man- 
ual operation  ;  or  that  branch  of  medical  science 
which  treats  of  manual  operations  for  the  healing  of 


SUR 

diseases  or  injuries  of  the  body.  In  a  more  general 
.■;f;r-r,  Ilie  act  or  ait  of  healing  external  diseases  by 
manual  operation,  or  by  medicines;  or  that  branch 
of  medical  science  which  has  for  its  principal  object 
the  cure  of  external  injuries.  Cooper. 

SUR'GI€?-AL,  a.  Pcrtahiing  to  surgeons  or  surgery  ; 
don<;  by  means  of  surgery. 

SUR'GING,  ppr.  or  a.  Swelling  and  rolling,  aa  bil- 
lows. 

Surging  waves  against  a  solid  rock.  MiUon. 

SUR'GY,  a.  Rising  in  surges  or  billows;  full  of 
surges  ;  as,  the  stirgtj  main.  Pope. 

SU'RI-€ATE,  7(.  A  carnivorous  African  rjuadruped, 
allied  to  the  ichneumon,  and  belonging  to  Ihe  sub- 
genus Ryziena.  It  is  soniewliat  smaller  than  the  do- 
mestic cat.  C.  //.  Smith. 

SUR'LI-LV,  ode.  [from  surly.]  In  a  surly,  morose 
manner. 

SUR'H-NESS,  71.  Gloomy  raoroseness ;  crabbed  ill 
nature  ;  as,  the  surliness  of  a  dog. 

SUR'LING,  71.    A  sour,  morose  fellow.    [JVot  in  vse.] 

Camden. 

SUR'LOTN,  n.    See  Sirloin. 

SUK'LY,  a.  [W.  s7or,  surly,  snarling;  swri,  surli- 
ne:*s,  suilenness.     Clu.  its  alliance  with  sour.] 

1.  GlooniUy  morose;  crabbed;  snarhng ;  sternly 
sour  ;  rough  ;  cross  and  rude;  as,  a. surly  grooora  ;  a 
surly  dog. 

Tliat  surly  spirit,  melancholy.  Shak. 

2.  Rough;  dark;  tempestuous. 

Nna-  s«f(eaed  into  joy  ths  surly  storm.  JTw/tmoji. 

SUR-MTS'AL,  71.     Surmise.     [JV'o«  in  use.] 
SUR-MlSE',   (sur-inize',)   v.  t.      [Norm,   sunnijs^   al- 
leged ;  suriaitter,  to  surmise,  to  accuse,  to  suggest; 
Fr.  snr  and  mettre,  to  put.] 

To  suspect;  to  imagine  without  certain  knowl- 
rdge  ;  to  entertain  thoughts  that  something  dots  or 
will  exist,  but  upon  slight  evidence. 

It  walini  ii\»rcr yet,  and  then  she  knew 

Tiinl  \vli;tt  before  she  but  surmised,  was  true.  Dryden. 

This  change  was  not  wioii  jlit  by  altering  the  funu  or  position  of 
th':  i-arth,  ;is  was  surtrdscd  hy  a  very  learned  mm,  but  by 
disst'lviiig  it.  Woodward. 

SUR-JITSE',  77.  Suspicion ;  the  thought  or  imagina- 
tion that  something  may  be,  of  which,  however 
tln-re  is  no  certain  or  strong  evidence;  as,  the  sur- 
mises of  jealousy  or  of  envy. 

"We  double  honor  gain 

Prom  liLj  BUTTntse  proved  false.  Milton. 

No  man  ought  lo  be  charafed  with" principles  he  disowns,  tinl'^ss 
his  pr.icuccs  contr'.dict  his  piulessions ;  not  U[Xin  small  sur- 
mises. Sai/t. 

SUR-MIS'ED,  pp.    Suspected  ;    imagined  upon  slight 

evidence. 
SUR-MiS'ER,  77.     One  who  surmises. 
SUR-MlS'ING,   ppr.      Suspecting;    imagining  upon 

slisht  evidence. 
SUR^-iMTS'ING,  Tu    The  act  of  suspecting;  surmise; 

as,  evil  surmisings.     1  Tim.  vi. 
SUR-MOUNT',  V.  t.     [Fi.  surmontcr;  sur  and  inonter, 

to  ascend.] 

1.  To  rise  above. 

The  monnUiuB  of  Olympus,  Atho,  and  Atlas,  ^unnount  all 
v.-iiidii  «i;d  clouds,  Ralegh. 

2.  To  conquer  ;  to  overcome  ;  as,  lo  surmount  dif- 
ficulties or  obstacles. 

3.  To  surpass  ;  to  exceed. 

What  sunnounls  (he  n-ach 
Of  human  sense.  MUton. 

SUR-MOTJNT'A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  overcome; 

siiperable. 
SUR-MOUNT'A-BLE-NESS,  n.    The  state  of  being 

surmountable. 
SUR-MOUNT' ED,  pp.     Overcome;  con(piered;  sur- 

passt^d. 

2.  fl.  In  crchitecture^  nsod  to  denote  an  arch  or 
dome,  which  rises  higher  than  a  semicircle. 

3.  In  heraldry^  a  term  used  when  one  figure  is  laid 
over  another.  Brande. 

SUR-.MOUNT'ER,  ti.    One  that  surmounts. 

SUR-MOUNT'ING,  ppr.  Rising  above ;  overcoming ; 
surpassing. 

SUR-MUL'LET,  71.  A  fish  of  the  genus  Mulius,  (M. 
barbatus,)  remarkable  for  the  brilliancy  of  its  colors, 
and  for  the  changes  which  they  undergo  as  the  fish 
expires.  The  name  is  also  applied  to  other  species 
of  the  genus,  which  belongs  to  the  perch  family. 
Ed.  Enaic.    Jardine's  JVat.  Lib. 

SUR'MU-LOT,  n.  [Fr.]  A' name  given  by  Bufibn  to 
the  brown  or  Norway  rat.  Ed^  Encyc. 

SUR'NaME,  77.  [Fr.  surnumj  It.  soprannov.e ;  Sp.  so- 
breiwmbrc  ;  L.  super  and  7i()7i7cr7.] 

1.  An  additional  name  ;  a  name  or  appellation  add- 
ed to  the  baptismal  or  Christian  name,  and  which 
becoTues  a  family  name.  Surnames,  with  us,  origin- 
ally designated  occupation,  estate,  place  of  re.~idcnce, 
or  some  particular  thing  or  event  that  related  to  the 
person.  Tlius,  William  Rufus,  or  red :  Edmund  Iron- 
ddes;  Robert  Smith,  ot  the  smith  ;  William  Turner. 

2.  An  appellation  added  lo  the  original  name. 

My  surname  Coriohnus.  Shak. 

SUR-NaME',  r.  e.     [Fr.  sumommer.] 


SUR 

To  name  or  call  by  an  appellation  added  to  the 
oiiginal  name. 

.';  uuth'^T  shnll  Eutacribc  with  bis  land  lo  the  Lord,  and  turname 

hiniik-ir  by  the  name  of  firacl.  ^It.  xlir. 
.'i  III  Simon  he  tumametl  Peter. —  Maik  ill. 

SUR  XA.M'ED,  pp.  Galled  by  a  name  addeU  to  the 
Christian  or  original  name. 

suit  N.4JI'I\G,  ppr.  Naming  by  an  appellation  add- 
ed to  the  orit;inal  name. 

SUIi-UX'YD,  71.  [sur  and  oxyd.]  An  oxyd  contiiuing 
a  'irealcr  number  of  equivalents  of  oxygen  than  of 
ti:<:  base  with  which  it  is  combined.  [Fraich.]  [Ao£ 
us'd.] 

SU1:-0X'YD-aTE,  v.  U  To  form  a  suroiyd.  [JYot 
u.-cd.] 

SUi'i-I'ASS',  ».  ^  [Fr.  surpasser;  sur  and  pasaCTj  to 
p:'.-s  beyond.] 

To  exceed  ;  to  excel ;  to  go  beyond  in  any  thing 
good  or  bad.    Uomct  surpasses  modem  pi>cts  in  sub- 
limity.   Vu\>e  surpasses  most  other  poets  in  <-■-■■■ 
ness  of  versification.     Achilles  surpa.^'icd  tf: 
Greeks  in  strengtli  and  courage.     Clodiu:^ju', 
all  men  in  the  prolligacy  of  Iiis  life.    Perhaps  no  iu::it 
ever  surpassed  Washington  in  genuine  palrtolism 
and  integrrtv  of  life. 

SUR-PASS'A-MLE,  a.    That  may  be  exceeded.     Did. 

SUR-i'ASS'KI),  (-piist',)  pp.    Exceeded;  excelled. 

SUR-PASS'ING,  ppr.    Exceeding ;  going  beyond. 
2.  a.    E.xcellent  in  an  eminent  degree;  exceeding 
others. 

O  thou,  that  with  surpassing  ^]ory  crowoed.  MiUon. 

SUR-PASS'ING-LY,  adr.  In  a  very  excellent  man- 
ner, or  in  a  degree  surpassing  others. 

SUR-PASS'ING-NESS,  n.     The  state  of  surpassing. 

SUR'PLICE,  (sur'ptis,)  ».  [Fr.  .TU17./W  ;  Sp.  enbrr^el- 
liz  ;  L.  super  pelUcium,  above  the  robe  of  fur.] 

A  white  garment  wom_ovcr  tlieir  other  dress  by 
the  clergy  of  the  Roman  Catholic,  Episcopal,  ami 
certain  other  churches,  in  some  of  their  ministra- 
tions. 

SUR'PLIC-£D,  (sur'plist,)  a.    Wearing  a  surplice. 

JilalleL 

SUR'PLICE-FEES,  71.  pL  [surplice  and  fees.]  Fees 
paid  to  the  English  clergy  lor  occasional  duties. 

fVartnTU 

SUR'PLUS,  71.    [Fr.  sur  and  plus,  L.  id.,  more.] 

1.  Overplus  ;  that  which  remains  when  use  is  sat- 
isfied; excess  beyond  what  is  prescribed  or  wanted. 
In  the  United  States,  the  sttrplus  of  wheat  and  r>-o 
not  required  for  consumption  or  exportation  is  dis- 
tilled. 

9.  In  law,  the  residuum  of  an  estate  after  tlie  debts 
and  legacies  are  paid. 
SUP.'PLUS-AGE,  TI.    Surplus  ;  as,  surplusage  of  grain 
or  gtxids  beyond  what  is  wanted. 

2.  In  law,  something  in  the  pleadings  or  proceed- 
ings not  necessary  or  relevant  to  the  case,  and  which 
may  be  rejected. 

3.  In  accomtts,  a  greater  disbursement  tlian  the 
charce  of  the  accountant  amountclh  to.  Rees. 

SUR-PRTS'AL,  (sur-prlz'al,)  n.  [Soc  St7BrRisE.]  The 
act  of  surprising,  or  coming  upon  suddenly  and  un- 
expectedly ;  or  the  state  of  being  taken  unawares. 

SUR-PRlSE',  (sur-prize',)  r.  C  [Fr.,from  svrprendrc; 
sur  and  prendre,  to  take  ;  It.  sorpresa,  sorprendere  ;  Sp. 
sorpresa,  sorprchcndcr ;  L.  super,  suprOj  and  prendo, 
to  take.] 

1.  To  come  or  fall  upon  suddenly  and  unexpected- 
ly ;  to  take  unawares. 

The  CAStle  of  Mac*IulV  I  will  surprise.  Sfiok. 

Who  can  spealc 
The  mingled  rassions  that  surprised  his  heart?        Thomson. 

9.  To  strike  with  wonder  or  astonishment  by  some- 
tiling  sudden,  unexpected,  or  remarkable,  cuhcr  in 
conduct,  words,  or  slor>-,  or  by  the  appearance  of 
something  unusual.  Thus  we  are  surprised  at  des- 
perate acts  of  heroism,  or  at  the  narration  of  won- 
derful events,  or  at  llie  sight  of  things  of  uncommon 
magnitude  or  curious  structure. 

3.  To  confuse  ;  to  throw  the  mind  into  disorder  by 
something  suddenly  presented  to  the  view  or  lo  the 
mind. 

Cti  he  starts,  discovered  and  turprucd.  M'Clon. 

SUR-PRISE',  77.    The  act  of  coming  upon  unawan  s, 
or  of  taking  suddenly  and  without  prepiu^tion.    The 
fort  was  taken  by  surprise. 
9.  The  state  of  being  taken  unexpectedly 

3.  An  emotion  excited  by  something  happening 
suddenly  and  unexpectedly, "as  something  novel  told 
or  presented  to  view.  Nothing  could  exceed  his  sur- 
prise at  the  narration  of  these  adventures.  It  ex- 
presses loss  than  Wo>-deb  and  Astonishment. 

4.  A  dish  with  nothing  in  it.   [J^'ot  in  use,]    King. 
SUR-PRIS'JED,  pp.    Come  upon  or  taken  unawares  ; 

struck  with  somethinc  novel  or  unexpected. 
SUR-PRlS'ING,  ppr.    Falling  on  or  taking  suddenly 
or  unawares;  striking  with  something  novel ;  taking 
by  a  sudden  or  unexpected  attack. 

2.  a.  Exciting  surprise  ;  extraordinary- ;  of  a  na- 
ture to  excite  wonder  and  astonishment ;  as,  surpris- 
ing braver>' ;  surprising  patience  ;  a  surprising  escape 
from  danger. 

SUR-PRIS'IXG-LY,  crfr.    In  a  manner  or  degree  tnal 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUP.-f  ns  K ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH;  TK  js  in  THIS. 


HO 


1113 


SUR 


SUR 


sus 


cxcilcs  surprise.    He  ejerled  himself  surprisingly  to 
•save  Ihe  life  of  his  companion. 

SUR-PRIS'I.NG-NESS,  71.    Stale  of  being  surprising. 

SUU'QUED-RY,  ».     [sur  and  Norm.  Fr.  cuidcr,  to 
thinli.    Qu.  Sp.  caidar,  to  heed.    See  Heed.] 
Overweening  pride  ;  arrogance.    [JVot  in  use] 

Spalscr. 

SUR.R&BUT',  V.  i.     [sur  and  rchxt.]    In  legal  jiicoc- 
i^'Ts,  to  replv.as  a  plaintili'to  a  defendant's  rebiitl.r 

<;U1?-UE-BUT'TER,  ji.  Tlie  plaintilf's  reply  in  plead- 
ing to  a  defendant's  rebutter.  Bla^kstone 

SUR-UEJOIN',  t!.  i.    [sur  and  rgom.]    In  legal  pltai'- 
inrs,  to  reply,  as  a  plaintiff  to  a  defendant's  rejoin- 

SUR-REJOIX'DER,  n.    Tlie  answer  of  a  plaintiff  to 

a  d.-fendanl'3  rejoinder.  ■  ,,      c 

SUR-RU.N"'D1;R,  b.  (-     [Fr.  sc  rcndrc,  to  yield,     sw- 
rmdcr  is  probably  a  corruption  of  sc  rcmlrc] 

1.  To  yield  to  the  power  of  anotlier ;  to  give  or 
deliver  up  possession  uiwn  compulsion  or  demand  ; 
as,  to  surrmilcr  one's  person  to  an  enemy,  or  to  com- 
missioners of  bankrupt ;  to  sarrmdcr  a  lurt  or  a  ship. 

TTo  surrender  up  is  not  elegant.] 

o  To  yield  ;  to  give  up  ;  to  rcsicn  in  favor  ot  an- 
other ;  as,  to  surrender  a  right  or  privilege  ;  to  sur- 
rmder  a  place  or  an  office. 

3.  To  give  up  ;  to  resign  ;  as,  to  surrender  ine 

4.  In  Im,  to  Yield  an  estate,  as  a  tenant,  into  the 
bands  of  the  lord  for  such  purposes  as  are  expressed 
in  the  act.  Blacbtone. 

5.  To  yield  to  any  influence,  passion,  or  power, 
as,  to  surrender  one's  self  to  grief,  to  despair,  to  in- 
dolence, or  to  sleep.  .  - 

SUR-REN'DF.U,  f.  t.  To  yield  ;  to  give  up  one's  sell 
into  the  power  of  another.  The  enemy,  seeing  no 
way  of  escape,  surrendered  at  the  first  summons. 

SUR-REN'DER,  n.  The  act  of  yielding  or  resign- 
in-  one's  person,  or  the  possession  of  something, 
info  the  power  of  another;  as,  the  surrender  of  .a 
castle  to  an  enemy  ;  the  surreiidci-  of  a  right,  or  ol 
claims, 
a  A  Yielding  or  giving  up. 

3.  In'/aio,  the  Yielding  of  an  estate  by  a  tenant  to 
the  lord,  for  such  purposes  as  are  e.\-pressed  by  the 
tenant  in  the  act.  ,     BlacJatone. 

SUR-REN'DER-ED,  pp.    Yielded  or  delivered  to  the 

power  of  another  ;  given  up  ;  resigned. 
SUR-REX-DER-EE',  n.    In  law,  a  person  to  whom 
the  lord  grants  surrendered  land ;  the  cestuy  que 

SUR-RENT'DER-ING,  ppr.    Yielding  or  giving  up  to 

the  power  of  another  ;  resigning. 
SUR-REN'DER-OR,  71.    The  ten.ant  who  surrendera 

an  estate  into  the  hands  of  his  lord. 

Till  Ihe  admiiunci!  of  cteluy  jue  uM,  the  lord  ukw  notice  oflhe 
eurrenderor  as  his  teiwnl.  BUteksane. 

SUS-REN'DRY,  n.    A  surrender. 

[Surrender  is  the  most  elegant  and  best  author- 
ized.] , 
SUR-REP'TION,  71.    [L.  siirreptus,  surrepo ;  sub  and 
repo,  to  creep.]                                              .           ., , 

A  coming  unperceived ;  a  stealing  upon  insensibly. 
[LUtle  used.] 
SUR-REP-TI''TIOUS,  (-tish'ua,)  a.    [L.  surreptuius, 
supra.]  ^    ..  , 

Done  by  stealth,  or  without  proper  authority ;  made 
or  introdu'ced  fraudulently  ;  as,  a  surreptitious  passage 
in  a  manuscript. 

A  correct  cony  of  the  Dunciad,  the  many  eurreptitious  ones  have 
rendered  necessary.  LeUer  to  PublUher  of  Dunaal. 

SUR-REP-TI"T10US-LY,     (-tish'us-!e,)     adv.      By 

stealth  ;  without  authority  ;  fraudulently. 
SUR'RO-GSTE,  7!.     [L.  sum^atus,  surrogo,  suhrogo  ; 
sub  and  retro,  to  propose.     Rcgo,  to  ask  or  propose, 
signifies  piTmarilv  to  reach,  put,  or  thrust  forward  ; 
and  subroco  is  to' put  or  set  in  the  place  of  another.] 
In  a  rretieral  sense,  a  deputy  ;  a  delegate ;  a  sub- 
stitute ;  parUcularly,  in  England,  the  deputy  of  an 
ecclesiastical  judge,  most  c-'mmonly  of  a  bishop  or 
his  chancellor.    In  some  of  the  Vnilcd  States,  an  ofli- 
cer  who  presides  over  the  probate  of  wills  and  testa- 
ments, and  the  settlement  of  estates. 
SUR'RO-GATE,  V.  t.    To  put  in  the  place  of  another. 

[Liltle  iL^ed.} 
SliR-RO-GA'TION,  71.    The  act  of  substituting  one 

person  in  the  place  of  another.    [Little  tu^ed.] 
SUR-ROUND',  II.  I.    [sur  anifomid,  Fr.  rand.] 

1.  To  encompass ;  to  environ ;  to  inclose  on  all 
sides  ;  as,  to  surround  a  city.  They  .■iurrotmdtd  a 
body  of  the  enemy. 

2.'  To  lie  or  be  on  all  sides  of;  as,  a  wall  or  ditch 
surmnnd.^'  Ihe  city.  ...       ,     ,. 

SUR-ROU.\D'ED,  pp.    Encompassed  ;  inclosed  ;  be- 
set. „  ... 
SUR-ROU^^)'ING,  ppr  or  «.    Encompassing;  inclos- 

in" ;  lying  on  all  sides  of. 
RUR-ROUNU'ING,  7!.  An  encompassing. 
SUR-SOL'ID,  71.  [_sur  and  solid,  or  surdesohd.]  In 
mathcmalics,  the  fifth  power  of  a  number ;  or  the 
product  of  the  fourth  multiplication  of  a  number 
considered  as  the  root.  Thus  3X3=9,  the  square 
of  3,  and  9X3=27,  the  third  power  or  cube,  and 


27x3=81,  the  fourth   power,  and  81x3  =  243, 
which  is  the  sursolid  of  3. 

SUR-SOL'ID,  a.    Denoting  the  fifth  power. 

S:trsolid  problem,  is  that  which  can  not  be  resolved 
but  by  curves  of  a  higher  kind  than  the  conic  sec- 
tions. „ ,  «''«^- 

SUR-TOUT',  71.    [Fr.  .sM-loiit,  over  all.] 

A  man's  coat  to  be  worn  over  his  other  garments. 

SUR'TtJR-BR.IND,  71.  Fibrous  brown  coal  or  bitu- 
minous wood  ;  so  called  in  Iceland.  „F"\, 

Sf7iJ-r£/L'Z..4jVC£,  (sur-vuryans,)7i.  [Fr.]  Watch; 
inspection.  ,  j        •     .„ 

SUR-VENE',  t>.  U    [Fr.  survaur ;  sur  and  vcnir,  to 

C0D16>1 

To  supervene ;  to  come  as  an  addition  ;  as,  a  sup- 
puration that  sun-cttcs  lethargies.     [LiUie  used.] 
r  Harvey. 

SUR-VEY',  fsur-va',)  ».  (.  [Norm.  surccer,surve(iir; 
sur  and  Fr.  voir,  to  see  or  look,  contracted  Irom  L,. 
video,  videre.]  _  .  ..,      , 

1.  To  inspect  or  take  a  view  of ;  to  view  with  at- 
tention, as  from  a  high  place;  as,  to  stand  on  a  hill, 
and  surcetj  the  surrounding  country.  It  denotes 
more  particular  and  deliberate  attention  than  Look 
or  See. 

2.  To  view  with  a  scrutinizing  eye  ;  to  examine. 

With  BUch  altered  looks, 
All  pale  and  EjieccUess,  he  sancycd  ine  round.  Lhyden. 

3.  To  examine  with  reference  to  condition,  situa- 
tion, and  value ;  as,  to  survey  a  builtling  to  deter- 
mine its  value  and  exposure  to  loss  by  fire. 

4.  To  measure,  as  land  ;  or  to  ascertain  th3  con- 
tents of  land  by  lines  and  angles. 

5  To  examine  or  ascertain  the  position  and  dis- 
tan'ces  of  objects  on  the  shore  of  the  sea,  the  deptn 
of  water  nature  of  the  bottom,  and  whatever  may 
be  necessary  to  facilitate  Uie  navigation  of  tlie  waters 
and  render  the  enti-ance  into  harbors,  sounds,  and  riv- 
ers easy  and  safe.  Thus  officers  are  employed  to 
suroev  the  coast  and  make  charts  of  the  same. 

6  To  examine  and  ascertain,  as  the  boundaries 
.-inii  royalties  of  a  manor,  the  tenure  of  Uie  tenants, 
and  the  rent  and  value  of  the  same. 

7.  To  examine  and  ascertain,  as  the  state  of  agri- 
culture. ^    ,         .U.,l„-, 

SUR'VEY,  (sur'va,)  ji.  [Formerly  accented  on  the  last 

''''1.''  An  attentive  view ;  a  look  or  looking  with  care. 
He  took  a  surceij  of  the  whole  landscape. 

tJnder  his  proud  tuney  the  city  lies.  DerJiam. 


SUR-VIEW,  (sur-vu',)  ».  t. 
use.] 
JR-V 


"  A  particular  view ;  an  examination  of  all  the 
parts  or  particulars  of  a  thing,  with  a  design  to  as- 
certain the  condition,  quantity,  or  quality  ;  as,  a  sur- 
ven  of  the  stores,  provisions,  or  munitions  ot  a  snip. 
So  also  a  suniey  of  roads  and  bridges  is  made  by 
proper  officers  ;  a  survey  of  buildings  is  intended  to 
ascertain  their  condition,  value,  and  exposure  to  lire. 
A  survey  of  a  harbor,  sound,  or  coast,  comprehends 
an  examination  of  the  distance  and  bearing  of  points 
of  land,  isles,  shoals,  depth  of  water,  course  of 
channels,  &c..  A  survey  of  agriculture  includes  a 
view  of  the  state  of  property,  buildings,  fences, 
modes  of  cultivation,  crops,  gardens,  orchards, 
woods,  live  stock,  &c.  And  in  general,  survey  de- 
notes a  particular  view  and  examination  ot   any 

'3"  The  act  by  which  the  quantity  of  a  piece  of 
land  is  ascertained;  also,  the  paper  containing  a 
statement  of  the  courses,  distances,  and  quantity  of 
land  Bouvier. 

4.  'in  the  United  States,  a  district  for  the  collection 
of  the  customs,  under  the  inspection  and  authority 
of  a  particular  officer. 

Trinonometrical  survey ;  a  survey  on  a  large  scale 
bv  moans  of  a  series  of  triangles,  as  for  making  a 
geometrical  map  of  a  country,  or  for  measuring  an 
ire  of  the  terrestrial  meridian.  Branic. 

SUR-VgY'AL,  71.    Survey  ;  a  vie\ving. 
SUR-VEY'£D,  (sur-vade',)  ??.    Viewed  with  atten- 
''  tion  ;  examined  ;  measured. 

SUR-VEY'ING,  (sur-va'ing,)  ppr.    \iewing  with  at- 
tention ;  examining  particularly  ;  measuring. 
SUR-VEY'ING,  7!.  That  branch  of  mathematics  which 
teaches  the  art  of  measuring  land  ;  the  act  or  busi- 
ness of  measuring  land. 
SUR-VEY'OR,    (sur-va'ur,)    71.     An  overseer ;   one 
'^  nlaccd  to  superintend  others.  SAoi. 

2  One  that  views  and  examines  for  the  purpose 
of  ascertaining  the  condition,  quantity,  or  quality  of 
any  thing  ;  as,  a  surveyor  of  highways;  surveyors  01 
ordnance. 

3.  One  that  measures  land. 

4.  In  the  eustoms,  a  gauger ;  an  officer  who  ascer- 
tains the  contents  of  casks,  and  the  quantity  of 
liquors  subject  to  duty  ;  tilso,  in  the  United  States 
an  officer  who  .ascertains  the  weight  and  quantity  of 
goods  subject  to  duty.  .     ■    , 

SUR-VEY'OR-GEN'ER-AL,  71.  A  principal  survey- 
or; ni,  the  surveyor-general  o(  Ihe  king's  manors,  or 
of  woods  and  parks  in  England.  In  the  VntXrd 
States,  the  chief  surveyor  of  lands  ;  as,  the  surveijor- 
mneral  of  the  United  States,  or  of  a  particular  State. 

SiJR-VEY'OR-SHIP,  7!.    The  office  of  a  surveyor. 


To  survey.    [JVo:  tti 
Spenser, 
SUR- View,  Tt.    survey.    [J^'ot  in  use.] 
SUR- VISE',  ».  t.     [Fr.  surandi-iicr.] 

To  look  over.    Wot  in  use.]  B.  Jonson. 

SUR-VIV'AL,  71.     [See  Survive.]    A  living  beyond 

the  life  of  another  person,  thing,  or  event ;  an  out- 

SUR-viv'ANCE,  71.    Survivorship.     [LitUeuscd.] 

Hume. 

SUR- VIVE',  V.  t.     [Fr.  survivre ;  sur  and  vivrc,  to 

live  •  It.  soprawivere  ;  Sp.  sobrevivir;  L.  supervivo.] 

1.  To  outlive ;  to  live  beyond  the  life  of  another ; 

as,  the  wife  survives  her  husband  ;  or  a  husband 

survives  his  wife.  ..      ,  , 

o   To  outlive  anv  thing  else  ;  to  live  beyond  any 
event.    Who  would  wish  to  survive  the  ruin  of  his 
counti7  ?    Many  men  survive  their  usefulness  or  the 
regular  exercise  of  their  reason. 
SUR- VIVE',  V.  L    To  remain  alive. 
Try  pleasure, 
Which,  when  no  other  enemy  lunricc*, 
Still  conquers  all  die  contiucrors.  uennam. 

SUR-VIV'EN-CY,  71.    A  surviving ;  survivorship. 

SUR-VIV'ER,  n.    One  tliat  outlives  another,    [t^ee 
Survivor.]  ...       .  .    ,,  , 

SUR-VlV'lNG,  ppr.  Outliving  ;  living  beyond  the 
life  of  another,  or  beyond  the  lime  of  some  event. 

2.  a.    Remaining  alive  ;  yet  living  ;  as,  surviving 
friends  or  relatives. 
SUR-VIV'OR,  71.    One  who  outlives  another. 

2.  In  law,  the  longer  liver  of  two  joinl  tenants,  ( r 

of  anv  two  persons  who  have  a  joint  interest  in  any 

thin"  Blaekstonr. 

SUK-VI V'OR-SHIP,  7!.  Thestateofoutlivinganoth.i. 

".  Ill  ;<iK!,  the  right  of  a  joint  tenant,  or  other  ].rr- 

son  who  has  a  joint  interest  in  an  estate,  to  take  tlio 

whole  estate  upon  the  death  of  the  oUier.     When 

there  are  more  than  two  joint  tenants,  the  whole 

■    estate  remains  to  the  last  survivor  by  right  of  survi- 

vorMn  Blacbstone. 

SUS-CEP-TI-BIL'I-TY,  71.  [from  suseeptiblc.]  The 
quality  of  admitting  or  receiving  either  something 
additional  or  some  change,  affection,  or  passion  ;  as 
the  susecpttbiUty  of  color  in  a  body  isuseepubthty  ol 
culture  or  refinement;  susceptibility  of  love  or  desire, 
or  of  impressions.  . 

SUS-CEP'TI-BLE,  a.  [Fr.,  from  L.  suscipio,  to  take  , 
S11&  and  capio.]  ,.  ,,..       , 

1.  Capable  of  admitting  any  thing  additional,  or 
any  change,  affection,  or  influence  ;  as,  a  body  sus- 
ceptible of  color  or  of  alteration ;  a  body  susceptible 
of  pain  ;  a  heart  susceptible  of  love  or  of  impression, 
o  Tender ;  capable  of  impression  ;  impressible. 
The  minds  of  children  are  more  si«c(j)ti6!e  than  those 
of  persons  more  advanced  in  life. 
3.  Having  nice  sensibility  ;  as,  a  man  of  a  suseep-  ^ 

SUS-CEF'il-BLE-NESS,   71.     SusceptibUity,  which 

SCS-'cEP'TI-BLY,  adv.    In  a  susceptible  manner. 
SUS-CEP'TION,  7!.    The  act  of  taking.    [BiiiUMc 

used.]  MjUffe. 

EUS-CEP'TIVE,  a.     Capable  of  admitting ;  readily 

admitting.    Our  natures  are  susceptive  of  eTo^- 

SU«-CEP-TIV'I-TY,  71.    Capacity  of  admitting.  [Ltt- 

tie     -ed  1  Wollastoil. 

SUS-CEP'TOR,  71.  [L.]    One  who  undertakes ;  a 

godfather.  ,    .    - 

SUS-CIP'I-EN-CY,  71.    Reception  ;  admission. 

SUS-CIP'1-ENT,  a.  Receiving;  admitting. 

miS-CIP'I-ENT,  71.  One  who  takes  or  admits ;  one 

that  receives.   '  .        ^        ^^L"  ^""i""  ,, 

SUS'CI-TaTE,  v.  U  [Fr.  snsatcr ;  L.  susetto ,  sub  .inu 

"  To  rouse  ;  to  excite  ;  to  call  into  life  and  action. 
SUS'CI-Ta-TED,  pp.  Roused  ;  excited.  [Brown. 
SUS'CI-Ta-TING,  ppr.     Exciting;   calling  into  llle 

and  action.  .     .  .  ■.■„„ 

SUS-CI-T.^'TION,  71.    The  act  of  raising  or  exciting. 
i^u.^  ^x  ,  Pearson. 

SUS'LIK,  II.  A  spotted  animal,  of  the  marmot  kind. 
Aquadmped  oflhe  genus  Arctomys,  of  a  yellowish- 
brown  color,  with  small,  white  spots  i^'J-''^'^^^"^ 

SUS-PECT',  V.  t.     [L.  suspeetus,  suspicio ;  sub  and  spe- 

cio,  to  see  or  view.]  . 

1  To  mistrust ;  to  imagine  or  have  a  slight  opin- 
ion' that  something  exists,  but  without  proof,  .and 
often  upon  weak  evidence  or  no  evidence  at  all.  \\  e 
suspect  not  only  from  fear,  jealousy,  or  appretensam 
of  evil,  but,  in  modern  usage,  we  suspect  things 
which  give  us  no  apprehension. 

Nothing  makes  a  man  ^tpM  much,  more  than  to  ^■"^^l 
From  her  hand  1  could  suspect  00  ill.  UlTllor.. 

2.  To  imagine  to  be  guilty,  but  iipon  slight  evi- 
dence or  without  proof.  When  a  theft  is  committed 
"^  are  apt  to  suspect  a  person  who  is  known  to  have 
been  guilty  of  stealing ;  but  we  often  suspca  a  person 
who  is  innocent  of  the  crime.  ,„  „i„„„c, . 

3.  To  hold  to  be  uncertain ;  to  doubt ;  to  mistrust , 
as,  to  suspect  the  truth  of  a  story^ 


F.TE.  FAR.  FALL.  WHAT.-MKTE,  PREY.-PiNE,  MAKINE,  BIRD.-N6TE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.- 


1114 


sus 

4.  To  bold  to  be  doubtful.  Tlie  veracity  of  a  his- 
torian, and  the  impartiidily  of  a  judge,  should  not 
be  suspected. 

5.  To  conjecture.  Phihscphy  of  Rhetoric. 
SUSPECT',  r.  1.    To  unagine  guUt. 

If  I  suspect  wrlhout  caose,  why,  then,  let  me  b^  your  jest.  ShaX: 

SUS-PECT',  o.    Doubtful.     [JVot  much  used.] 

QlanvUIe. 
SU3-PE€T',  n.  Suspicion.  [Ohs.]  Bacon.  S!ia!:. 
SUS-PE€T'A-BLE,  o.   That  may  be  suspected.     [Lit 

tie  "-=c<^-l 
SUS-PE€T'E1D,  pp.  or  a.    Imagined  without  proof: 

mistmsled. 
SUS-PECT'ED-LY,  adc.    So  as  to  excite  suspicion  : 

so  as  to  be  suspected. 
Sl^PECT'ED-NESS,  n.    State  of  being  suspected  or 

doubled.  Robinson. 

SUS-PECT'ER,  n.    One  who  suspects. 
SUS-PE€T'FIJL,  a.    Apt  to  suspect  or  mistrust. 

£aile7i. 
SUS-PEGT'IXG,  ppr.    Imagining  without  evidence  ; 

mistrusting  upon  slight  grounds. 
SUS-PECT'LESS,  a.    Not  suspecting  j  having  no  sus- 
picion. Herbert. 

^  9.  IS'ot  suspected  ;  not  mistrusted.  Beaum. 

SUS-PEXD',  V.  L     [Fr.  suspendre  ;  It.  sospenderc:  Sp. 

suspejider ;  L.  suspendo  ;  sub  and  pendo^  to  hang.] 

1.  To  haug ;  lo  attach  to  something  above  ;  as,  to 
suspend  a  ball  by  a  thread ;  to  suspend  the  body  by  a 
cord  or  by  hooks  ;  a  needle  suspended  bv  a  lode'stone. 

2.  To  make  to  depend  on.  God  liMi suspended  the 
promise  of  eternal  life  on  the  condition  of  faith  aud 
obedience. 

X  To  interrupt  j  to  intermit ;  to  cause  to  cease  for 
a  time. 

The  g^Jard  nor  fi^ita  nor  fli^ ;  their  fale  so  near 

At  ooce  mspends  ibeir  courage  and  tli^ir  bar.  Denham, 

4.  To  stay ;  to  delay  j  to  hinder  from  proceeding 
for  a  time. 


Suspend  Tour  iDib'wnatica  ajaiiist  icy  brclhcr. 
I  suspend  their  iJoojii. 


Shci. 
MiUon. 


5.  To  hold  in  a  state  undetermined ;  as,  to  suspend 
one*s  choice  or  opinion.  Locke. 

6.  To  debar  from  any  privilege,  from  the  execution 
of  an  office,  or  from  the  enjoyment  of  income. 

Good  miti  shcaM  not  be  suspended  rrom  the  exerdse  of  their 
uiintstiT  and  deprived  o*  their  lircUhood,  for  cetemoniea 
which  are  acknowledged  indifferent.  SaTiderson. 

7.  To  cause  to  cease  for  a  time  from  operation  or 
effect  ;  as,  to  suspend  the  habeas  corpus  act. 

SUS-PEND'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Hnng  up  ;  made  to  depend 
on  ;  caused  to  cease  for  a  time  ;  delayed  ;  held  unde- 
termined ;  prevented  from  executing  an  office  or  en- 
joyin2  a  risht. 

SUS-PEND'ER,  n.    One  that  suspends. 

2.  StL^pendcrs,  pi. ;  straps  worn  for  holding  up  pan- 
talcMins,  &c. ;  braces. 

SUS-PEXD'IXG,  ppr.  Hanging  iip  ;  making  to  de- 
pend on  ;  inleruiitiing  ;  causing  lo  cease  for  a  time  ; 
holding  undetermined  ;  debarring  from  action  or 
right. 

SUS-PEN3E',  (sus-pens',)  n.    [L.  5tt5^CTtsifS.] 

1.  A  state  of  uncertainty;  indetermination  ;  indecis- 
ion. A  man's  mind  is  in  suspeiise  when  it  is  balan- 
cing the  weight  of  different  arguments  or  considera- 
tions, or  when  it  is  uncertain  respecting  facts  un- 
known, or  events  not  in  his  own  power. 

Ten  diTs  the  prophet  in  suspense  reniaine<I.  Denham, 

0.  Stop  ;  cessation  for  a  time. 

A  cooi  suspense  from  pleasure  or  from  p.iin.  Pope. 

3.  In  law,  suspension  ;  a  temporary  cessation  of  a 
man's  right;  as  when  the  rent  or'other  profits  of 
land  cease  by  unity  of  possession  of  land  and  rent. 

SU3-PEXSE',  c    Held  from  proceeding.  [Little  used.] 

Miltov, 
SU3-PEXS-I-BIL'I-TY,  re.      The  capacity  of  being 

suspended,  or  sustained  from  sinking;  as,  the  sus- 

pennbiliiy  of  indurated  clay  in  water.  Kirwan. 

SCS-PEX^'I-BlvE,  a.    Capable  of  being  suspended, or 

held  frnni  sinking. 
SrS-PEN'SlO.\,  (-shun,)  n.     [Fr.,  from  "L.  svspensio. 

See  Su3pEND.j 

1.  The  act  of  handling  up,  or  of  causing  to  hang  by 
being  attached  to  souiething  above. 

2.  The  act  of  making  to  depend  on  any  thing  for 
existence  or  taking  place  ;  ns,  the  siupenAon  of  pay- 
ment on  the  performance  of  a  condition. 

3.  The  act  of  delaying;  delay;  as,  the  suspension 
of  a  crimiml's  execution,  called  a  respite  or  reprieve. 

4.  Act  of  withholdingor  balancing  the  judgment ; 
forbearance  of  determination  ;  as,  the  suspension  of 
opinion,  of  judgment,  of  decision,  or  determination. 
Suspension  of  judgment  often  proceeds  from  doubt  or 
ignorance  of  facts. 

5.  Temporary  cessation  ;  interruption  ;  intermis- 
sion ;  as,  the  suspension  of  labor  or  of  study ;  the 
gvspension  of  pain. 

6.  Temporary  privation  of  powers,  authority,  or 
rights,  usually  intended  as  a  censure  or  punishment ; 
as,  the  snspcnsinn  of  an  ecclesiastic  or  minister  for 
some  fault.  This  may  be  merely  a  suspension  of  his 
office,  or  it  may  be  both  of  his  office  and  his  income. 


SUS 

A  military  or  naval  officer's  suspension  takes  place 
when  he  is  arrested. 

7.  Prevention  or  interruption  of  operation  ;  as,  the 
suspension  of  the  habeas  corpus  act. 

8.  In  rhetoric^  a  keeping  of  the  hearer  in  doubt  and 
in  attentive  expectatioii  of  what  is  to  follow,  or  what 
is  lo  be  the  inference  cr  conclusion  from  the  argu- 
ments or  observations. 

9.  In  Scots  laWf  a  slay  or  postponement  of  execution 
of  a  sentence  condemnalorj*,  by  meuns  of  letters  of 
suspension  grautod  on  application  to  the  lord  ordi- 
nary. Cyc. 

10.  In  mechanics.,  points  of  svspension  in  a  balance 
are  the  points  in  the  axis  or  beam  where  the  weights 
are  applied,  or  from  which  they  are  suspended. 

Hulton. 

11.  In  music,  every  sound  of  a  chord  to  a  given 
base,  which  is  continued  to  another  base,  is  a  sus- 
paiston.  Cyc. 

Suspension  of  arms ;  in  war,  a  short  truce  or  cessa- 
tion of  operations  agreed  on  by  the  commanders  of 
the  contending  parties,  as  for  burying  the  dead,  mak- 
ing proposals  for  surrender  or  for  peace,  &;c.     Cyc. 

SUS-PEN'SION-BRIDGE,  n.  A  bridge  supported  by 
chains  or  ropes,  which  pass  over  high  piers  or  col- 
umns at  each  end,  and  are  secured  below,  Buchanan. 

SUS-FENS'lVE,  a.     Doubtful.  Beaum.  4"  Fl. 

SUS-PENS'OR,  Ti.  In  surgery,  a  bandage  to  suspend 
the  scrotum. 

SUS-PENS'0-RY,  a.  Thai  suspends ;  suspending  j  as, 
a  suspensory  muscle. 

SUS-PENS'0-RY,  11.  That  which  suspends,  or  holds 
tip  ;  a  truss. 

SUS'PI-CA-BLE,  a.     [L.  suspicor.] 

That  may  be  suspected ;  liable  to  suspicion.  [JVot 
in  use]  More. 

SU"S-PI''CION,  (sus-pish'un,)  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  suspicio. 
See  Suspect.] 

The  act  of  suspecting ;  the  imagination  of  the  ex- 
istence of  something  without  proof,  or  upon  very 
slight  evidence,  or  upon  no  evidence  at  all.  Suspicion 
often  proceeds  from  the  apprehension  of  evil ;  it  is 
the  offspring  or  companion  of  jealousy. 

Suspicions  among'  thoughts  are  like  bats  among  birds ;    they 
ever  fly  by  twilight.  Bacon. 

SUS-PI"CIOUS,  (sus-pish'us,)  a.     [L.  siu^ficiosus.] 

1.  Inclined  to  suspect;  apt  to  imagine  without 
proof. 

Nature  itself,  after  it  has  done  an  injury,  will  ever  be  euspidotis, 
and  DO  man  con  loTc  the  person  he  suspects.  cbuOi. 

2.  Indicating  suspicion  or  fear. 

We  have  a  suspicious,  fe.irful,  constniined  countenance.   Sm/t, 

3.  Liable  to  suspicion  ;  adapted  lo  raise  suspicion  ; 
giving  reason  to  imagine  ill ;  as,  an  author  of  suspi- 
cious innovations.  Hooker. 

I  spy  a  black,  suspidous,  threatening  cloud.  Shai. 

4.  Entertaining  suspicion  ;  given  to  suspicion. 

Many  mischievous  insects  are  daily  at  work  to  mak-:  men  of 
merit  suspicious  of  each  olher.  Pope. 

SUS-PI"CIOUS-LY,  a(fv.    With  suspicion. 

2.  So  as  to  excite  suspicion.  Sidney. 

SUS-PI"CIOUS-NESS,  7(.    The  quality  of  being  liable 

to  suspicion,  or  liable  to  be  suspected  ;  as,  the  suspi- 

ci<ms7iess  of  a  man's  appearance,  of  his  weapons,  or 

of  his  actions. 
2.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  apt  to  suspect ;  as, 

the  suspiciousness  of  a  man's  temper  or  mind. 
SUS-Pl'RAL,  n.     [L.  suspiro,   to  breathe ;  sub  and 

spiro.] 

1.  A  breathing-hole  ;  a  vent  or  ventiduct.    Recs. 

2.  A  spring  of  water  passing  under  ground  toward 
a  cistern  or  conduit.    [Local.]  Rees. 

SUS-PI-Ra'TION,  71.     [L.  suspiratio,  suspiro,  to  sigh  ; 

sub  and  spiro,  to  breathe.] 
The  act  of  sighing  or  fetching  a  long  and  deep 

breath  ;  a  sigh.  More. 

SUS-PIRE',  V.  T,     [Supra.]     To  sigh  ;  to  fetch  a  long, 

deep  breath  ;  to  breathe.    [Liate  used.]  Shak. 

SUS-PlR'£D,  pp.  or  a.    Wished  for ;  desired.     [J\Tj£  in 

use.] 
SUS-TaIN',  v.  t.     [L.  sustineo;  sub  and  tejieo,  to  hold 

under;  Fr.  soutenir;  It.  sostenere;  Sp.  sostcner,  sus- 

teniarJ 

1.  To  bear ;  to  uphold  ;  to  support ;  as,  a  founda- 
tion sustains  the  superstructure;  pillars  sustain  an 
edifice  ;  a  beast  sustains  a  load. 

2.  To  hold ;  to  keep  from  falling ;  as,  a  rope  sus- 
tains a  weight. 

3.  To  support;  to  keep  from  sinking  in  despond- 
ence. The  hope  of  a  better  life  sustains  the  afflicted 
amidst  all  their  sorrows. 

4.  To  maintain;  to  keep  alive;  to  support;  to 
subsist ;  as,  provisions  to  siL'^tain  a  family  or  an  army. 

5.  To  support  in  any  condition  by  aid  j  lo  assist  or 
relieve. 

His  aon3  who  seek  the  tynnl  to  sustain.  Dryden. 

6.  To  bear;  lo  endure  without  failing  or  yielding. 

The  mind  stands  collected,  and  sustains  the  shock. 

Shall  TumuB  then  such  riuiless  toil  sustain  ?  Drylen. 

7.  To  suffer  ;  to  bear  ;  to  undergo. 

You  shall  sustain  more  new  disgraces.  Shak. 


SWA 


8.  To  maintain;  to  support;  not  to  dismiss  or 
abate.  Notwithstanding  the  pka  in  bar  or  in  abate- 
ment, the  court  sustained  the  action  or  suit. 

9.  To  maintain  as  a  sufficient  ground.  The  testi- 
mony or  the  evidence  is  not  sufficient  to  sustain  tiie 
action,  the  accusation,  the  charges,  or  the  impeach- 
ment. 

10.  In  Trtusic,  to  continue,  as  the  Bound  of  notes 
through  their  whole  length.  lituby. 

SUS-TaIN',  71.    That  which  upholds.    [Xot  in  use,] 

MiUotL. 

SUS-TAI.VA-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  sustained  or 
maintained.    The  action  is  not  sustainable. 

SUS-TaIi\'/:0,  pp.  Borne  ;  upheld  ;  mainLiiued  ; 
supported  :  subsisted  ;  suffered. 

SUSTAI.V'ER,  n.  He  or  that  which  sustains,  up- 
holds, or  snfft^rs. 

SUS-TaIX'IXG,  ppr.  or  a.  Bearing;  upholding; 
maintaining;  suffering;  subsisting. 

SUS-TaIN'MENT,  n.  The  act  of  sustaining;  sup- 
port. 

SUS-TAL'TI€,  a.    [Gr.  avara^rtKO^.] 

Mournful ;  affectmg;  an  epithet  given  to  a  spocics 
of  music  by  the  Greeks.  Busfyif. 

SUS'TE-NANCE,  n.     [Norm.  Fr. ;  frnm  s^.ut^in.] ' 

1.  Support;  maintenance;  subsistence;  a.*^,  Ibe 
sustenance  of  Iha  bcdy  ;  the  sustenance  of  lif.-. 

2.  That  which  supports  life;  fxid  ;  victurtis;  pro- 
visions.   This  city  has  ample  sustcTianec. 

SUS-TEN'TA-€LE,  n.    [L.  sustentaculum.] 

Support.     [jyb(  in  use.]  Mirre. 

SUS  TEN-Ta/TIOX,  71.      [Fr.,  from  L.  susteniatio, 

SUstCJltO.] 

1.  Support ;  preservation  from  falling.        BovU, 
9.  Use  of  food.  Brown. 

3.  Maintenance;  support  of  life.  Boom. 
SU-SUR-Ra'TION,  n.      [L.   susurraUo ;   nsurro,   lo 

whisper.] 
A  whispering ;  a  soft  murmur. 

SO'TILE,  (su'til,)  a.     [h.  sutUis,  from  suoy  to  sew.] 
Done  by  stitching.     [Aot  in  use]  Bostrelt 

SUT'LER,  71.  [D.  zoetchiar,  as  if  from  zoet,  swecr. 
But  in  Germnn,  suddkock  js  a  paltry  victualer,  as  if 
from  sudeln,  to  soil ;  sudler,  a  dirty  fellow.  In  Dan- 
ish, sudelkock  is  a  pastry-cook,  from  the  same  root ; 
sudler,  to  soil.  The  Danish  may  be  the  original  sig- 
nification.] 

A  person  who  follows  an  army,  and  sells  to  the 
troops  provisions  and  liquors. 

SUT'LIXG,  a.  Belonging  to  sutlers;  engaged  in  the 
occupation  of  a  sutler.  Taller. 

SUT-TEE',  11.  In  the  Sanscrit^  or  sacred  language  of 
the  Hindoos,  a  female  deity. 

2.  A  widow  who  immolates  herself  on  the  funeral 
pile  of  her  husband. 

3.  The  sacrifice  of  burning  a  widow  on  the  funeral 
pile  of  her  husband. 

SUT-TEE'IS.^I,  71.    The  practice  of  self-immolation 

among  widows  in  Hindostan. 
SUT'TLE,  (sut'tl,)  a.    SuUle  weight,  in  commerce,  is  the 
weight  when  the  tare  has  been  deducted,  and  tret  is 
yet  to  be  allowed.]  JIcCull'.  '■-. 

SUTa^R-AL,  a.     [t.  sutura^  a  seam.] 
Relating  to  a  suture  or  seam. 
In  bo'.any,  the  dehiscence  of  a  pericarp  is  siUnral, 
when  it  takes  place  at  a  suture. 
SCT'UR-A-T£D,a.  Stitched;  sewed  or  knit  together. 

Smith. 
SCT'TJRE,  (sQt'yure,)  ti.    [L.  suLura^  from  siw,  to 
sew.] 

I.  Literally.,  a  sewing ;  hence,  the  uniting  of  ihe 
parts  of  a  wound  by  stitching.  Coze. 

9.  The  seam  or  joint  which  unites  the  bones  of 
the  skull ;  or  the  peculiar  articulation  or  connection 
of  those  bones;  as,  the  coronal  suture ^  the  sagittal 

3.  In  botany,  the  line  or  seam  formed  by  the  union 
of  two  margins  in  any  part  of  a  plant. 

SOT'ljR-£;D,  a.  Having  sutures;  knit  or  united  to- 
gether. 

SWUM  -eUPQUE  TRI-BtPTOy  i-kl'kxve-,)  [h.] 
Give  everv  one  his  due. 

SU'ZE-RAIN-TY,  ti.     [Fr.  suzerainet^^  fh)m  suzerain, 
a  lord  paramount.] 
Paramount  authority  or  command.         Enfanttn. 

SWAB,  (swob,)  n.  [Sax.  sxcebban,  to  sweep;  formed 
perhaps  on  the  root  of  wipe,  as  G.  scktreben,  lo  wave 
or  soar,  is  on  that  of  ware,  and  D.  zvseepen,  on  that  of 
whip.] 

1.  A  mop  for  cleaning  floors ;  on  board  (if  ships,  a 
large  mop  or  bunch  of  old  rops  yam,  used  to  clean 
the  deck  and  cabin. 

9.  A  bit  of  sponge  fastened  to  a  handle  for  cleans- 
ing the  moutli  of  the  sick,  or  for  giving  them  nour- 
ishment. Miver. 

SWAB,  r.  t,  [Supra.]  To  clean  with  a  mop  ;  to  wipe 
when  wet  or  after  washing  ;  as,  lo  stcab  the  deck  of 
a  ship. 

SWAB'BED,  (swobd,)pp.    Cleaned  with  a  mop. 

SWAB'BER,  11.     [D.  zwabbcr.) 

One  that  uses  a  swab  to  cfean  a  floor  or  deck  ;  on 
board  of  ships  of  war,  an  inferior  officer,  whose  busi- 
ness is  to  see  that  the  ship  is  kept  clean. 

SWAB'BIXG,  ppr     Cleaning  with  a  mop. 


TuNE,  BPLL,  XZNITE,  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS €  as  K ;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


ziJ 


SWA 

nWAD,  71.    A  port,  as  of  Iicnns  or  peas.    [Local] 
',?.  A  short,  fat  jiersnn.    [  Obs.]  B.  Jonson. 

:i.  In  jVf  10  En^landj  a  lump,  mass,  or  bunch  ;  also, 
a  Crowil.      [riilifar.] 
SWAD'DLE,  (swod'dl,)  v.  t.     [Sax.  swathe,  swtthd,  a 
hiirdiT,  fringe,  or  buniJ ;  besir.cthaUy  to  swatlie ;  D. 
ztnaad,  G.  schwadniy  a  swath.} 

1.  I'o  swathe  ;  to  hind,  us  with  a  bandage  ;  to  hind 
ti-jht  tvith  clotlios  J  used  generally  of  infants  ;  as,  to 
swaddle  a  child. 

Addison. 


They  tienddled  inc  id  my  i 

To  beat  j  to  cudgel. 


iglit-gown. 

[Low J  ami  7iot  in  msc] 

ITiidibras. 
SVV.\D'DLE,  n.    Clothes  hound  light  round  the  body. 

Th(.-y  pill  me  [n  Ixjil  in  all  my  swcuhllCK.  A'.'dison. 

SWAD'DLED,;*^.    Hwathcd  ;  bound  in  tight  clothes. 

SWAD'DLIJVG,   ppr.      Swathing;    binding  in  tiglit 
clothes. 

PWAD'DLTNG-BAND,     )  n.     A  band  or  cloth  wrap- 

f  WAD'DLING-CLOTH,  j      ped   round    an    infant. 
Luke  ii. 

y\VAG,  V.  7.     [Q,u.  Sax.  si^an,  to  fall;  Ice.  swcitria; 
S w.  .vyan- ;  Dan.  id.,  feeble ;  Dan.  soaikker^  to  weaken. 
See  Weak.] 
Tu  sink  down  by  its  weight ;  to  lean.         Grew, 

SVVAG'-BEL-LI-£:D,  (-bcl-Iid,)  a.    Having  a  promi- 
nent, overhanging  belly.  Shah. 

SWaGE,  v.  t.    [Probably  allied  to  swag  and  weak ;  from 
falling  or  throwing  down.] 
To  ease  ;  to  sofien  ;  to  mitigate. 

Apt  woixls  have  power  to  awagn 
The  tumors  of  a  (roiibleil  iiiiiid.  Milton. 

[See  AssuAOE,  which  is  the  word  now  nsed.] 
RWaGE,  n.     Among  workmen  in  sheet  irotij  a  tool  used 

fitr  making  moldings  upon  sheet  iron. 
SVV  aGE,  v.  t.    To  ut^e  a  swage  ;  to  fashion  a  pif:cc  of 
iron  by  drawing  it  into  a  groove  or  mold,  having  the 
required  shape.  UaUkman. 

.SVVAG'GER,  13.  L    [Sax.  siocgnn,  to  sound  or  rattle.] 
To  bluster;  to  bully ;  to  boast  or  brag  noisily;  to 
\)0  tuinultuously  proud. 


Wlinl  II  pleiiaur;  it  is  lo  swagger  at  the  bar ! 
To  \yi  gruat  ia  not  lo  sioagscr  at  our  raotmun. 


Arbuthnot. 
Collier. 


f^WAG'GER-ER,  7t.  A  blusterer;  a  bully  ;  a  boastful, 
noisy  fellow.  Shah. 

rAVAG'GEIMNG,  2W-  or  «•  Blustering;  boasting 
noisily, 

SVVAG'GING,  ppr.    Sinking  or  inclining. 

SWAG'GY,  a.  [from  swa!^.]  Sinking,  hanging,  or 
If.ming  by  its  weigiU.        "  Brown, 

tUVAlN,  71.  [Sax.  tncciii^  siBaiij  a  boy,  a  youth,  a  ser- 
vant, a  herdsman  ;  Sw.  svcn,  a  boy ;  Dan.  socnd ; 
(ce.  srci'ii.] 

1.  A  yoiing  man.  Spenser. 
y.  A  country  servant  employed  in  husbandry. 
3.  A  pastoral  youth.  [SkaL 
Clcst  strains  !  whose  iiyr.ipbs  in  every  grace  excel.        Pope. 

[It  is  used  chiefly  in  this  sense,  and  in  poetry.] 
SWaIN'ISU,  a.     Rustic.  Milton. 

SWAlN'.MnTH,  \n.  [sicnm  and  7«oic,  meeting.]  In 
SW'ElN'MoTE,  V  I'JH-T/ari.i,  a  court  held  before  the 
SVVAN'I-MoTE,  )  verdorors  of  the  forest  as  judges, 
by  the  steward  of  the  court,  lliriee  every  year  ;  the 
swains  or  frcelioldera  within  the  forest  composing 
the  jury.  Its  principal  jurisdiction  is  to  inquire  into 
the  o))pressions  and  grievanecs  committed  by  the 
nlticcrs  of  the  forest.  It  rcciiives  and  tries  also  pre- 
sentments certified  from  the  court  of  attachments 
against  ortenscs  in  vert  and  venisiin.  This  court  is 
incident  to  a  forest,  as  a  court  of  piepoudre  is  to  a 
fair.  Blackstone. 

SWaIP,  v.  i.    To  walk  proudly.     [  Used  in  the  north  of 

Entrlandfor  Sweep.] 
SVVaLR,  v.     [Probaiify  from  vale.]     A  local  word  in 
JVcw  Knirland,  signifying  an  interval  or  vale  ;  a  tract 
vi'  low  land. 

2.  In  England,  a  shade.  Cyc. 
SAVaLE,  v.  I.    To  waste.     [See  Sweal.] 
SWALE,  u.f.    To  dress  a  bog  for  bacon,  by  singeing 

or  burning  oflf  his  hair.     [Local.]  Cyc. 

SWAL'LET,    71.      [irJec    Well.]      Among    the   ti-n- 

mincrsj  water  breaking  iu  upon  the  miners  at  their 

work.     _  .  Baileif. 

SWAL'LoW,  (swol'lo,)  71.      [Sax.  swalcwc  j  D.  itoo- 

tuw  ;  G.  schtoalbe  ;  Dan.  si'alc ;  Sw.  svala.] 
A  bird  of  the   genus  Iliruudo,  of  many  species. 

among  which  arc  the  bam  swallow  and  the  martini 
.^iwallows  have  great  powers  of  flight,  and  feud  mostly 

on  winged  insects,  wliich  thuy  sei/.u  while  living. 

They  have  the  tail  forked, 
SWAL'LoW-I'TSII,    71.      A    sea  fish    of  the   genus 

Trigla,  called  in  Cornwall  Tur-Eish  ;   remarkable 

for  tile  size  of  its  gill-fins.    It  is  called  also  the  Saf- 

rHiKiNE_GuRNAnD.  Cue 

SWAL'LoW-TaIL,  n.      In  joinery    and    carpentry, 

the  same  as  Dove-Tail. 
SWAIj'LoW-TaIL,  n.     A  species  of  willow.  Bacon. 
SWAL'LoW-TaIL-£D,  a.     Dove-tailed,  v.'bich  su-e. 
SWAL'LoW-WORT,   (-wurt,)  n.      A  plant  of  the 

genus  Asclepias  or  C'ynancJium.     It  grows  in  the 

southern  part  of  Europe,  and  is  said  to  have  been 


SWA 

successfully  used  as  a  medicine,  chiony  in  dropsical 
cases.  Cyc. 

1'Iie  .African  swallowwort  is  of  the  genus  Stapeliu. 

Lcc. 
SWAL'LoW,  K.  f.    [Sax.  sicclgan,  ^wiVifa/i,  toswallo^v, 
to  swill ;  D.  twelgea  ;  Sw.  sv'dlja,  to  swallow  ;  soalg, 
l)je  throat ;  Dan.  svtelgcr.    Q,u.  the  Fr.  avaler,  with 
a  prefix,  and  the  root  of  fall.] 

1.  To  tike  into  the  stomach  ;  to  receive  tlirotigh 
the  gullet  or  esophagus  into  the  stomach ;  as,  to  swal- 
low food  or  drink.  Food  should  be  well  chewed  be- 
fore it  is  siaallowcd. 

2.  To  absorb;  t<i  draw  and  sink  into  an  abyss  or 
gulf;  to  ingulf;  usually  followed  by  up.  The  Mael- 
.^troni  off  the  coast  of  Norway,  it  is  said,  will  swal- 
low up  a  ship. 

In  lw;jB  sirKiUomed  up  nnd  lost.  Milton. 

The  earth  opciicU  and  eicaUoaed  thctn  up,  —  Num.  ¥vi. 

3.  To  receive  or  embrace,  as  opinions  or  belief, 
without  ciamination  or  scruple  ;  to  receive  implicitly. 

Locke. 

4.  To  engross  ;  to  appropriate. 

Homer— has  aualloiocd  up  the  honor  of  those  who  euccccdcd 
him.  Pipe, 

5.  To  occupy  ;  to  employ. 

The  iicccssttry  provision  of  life  BtoaUowa  the  gieiiicat  parlof  Ihcir 
tiino.  Locke, 

C.  To  seize  and  waste. 

Corruption  sicaUomed  what  llio  liberal  band 

Of  bounty  Eca.ltcred.  Thomson. 

7.  To  engross ;  to  engage  completely. 

Tho  pricei  and  t'lo  prophet  have  erred   lhrou2;Ii  strong  drink ; 
tlicy  are  sioallowed  up  of  wine.  —  la.  xxviii. 

8.  To  exhaust ;  to  consume.  His  expenses  swallow 
vp  all  his  iiicontp. 

SWAL'IiOW,    71.      The    gullet    or    csopbngus  ;    Ihe. 
throat. 
2.  Voracity.  South. 

'3,  As  mucii  as  ia  swallowed  at  once. 

SWAL'LoW-ED,  pp.  Taken  into  the  stomach  ;  ab- 
sorbed ;  received  without  scruple  ;  engrossed  ; 
wasted  ;  exhausted. 

SWAL'LoW-ER,  7t.  One  who  swjillows ;  also,  a 
glutton.  Tatlcr. 

SW.\L'i.oW-ING,  ppr.  Taking  into  tlie  stomach  ; 
absorbing;  ingulfing;  receiving  implicitly;  engross- 
ing; wasting;  exiiausting. 

SWAL'LoW-ING,  71.  'J'he  act  of  taking  into  the 
stomach  or  of  absorbing ;  the  act  of  receiving  im- 
plicitly ;  the  act  of  engrossing. 

SWAM,  pj-e(.  of  Swim. 

SWAMP,  (swomp,);j.  [Sax.  sioavty  a  fungus  or  nntsli- 
room  ;  Golh.  swaviiiis,  a  sponge  ;  G.  schwamm,  D. 
zirrnn,  Dan.  svainp ;  Sw.  id.,  a  sponge,  a  fungus.] 

Spungy  land;  low  ground  filled  with  water;  scft, 
wet  ground.  In  JVcw  England,  I  believe  this  word 
is  never  applied  tu  marsh,  or  the  boggy  land  made 
by  the  ovcrlJuwing  of  salt  w;iti:r,  but  always  to  low, 
soft  grouiul  in  the  interior  country;  wet  and  spongy 
land,  but  not  usually  ^-.overcd  with  water.  This  is 
the  true  meaning  of  the  word.  Sicnmps  are  often 
nmwcd.  In  JCnirlaitd,  the  word  is  explained  in  books 
Iiy  liogey  land,  niorassy  or  marshy  ground. 

SWAMP,  (swonip,)  u  (.    To  [ilunge,  whelm,  or  sink 
in  a  swamp;  hence,  to  overset  or  sink  and  he  lost  in 
water. 
2.  To  phinge  into  inexlricalde  diflicnltics. 

SWAMP'/:D,  (swompt,)  pp.  Overwhelmed;  plunged 
into  difhcultics. 

SWAMP'ING,  ppr.  Overwhelming ;  plunging  into 
inextricable  dilUculties.  Q^iiart,  Rm, 

SWAMP'-oRE,  71.  In  mineralogy,  an  ore  of  iron 
found  in  swampa  and  morasses ;  bog  ore,  or  bog  iron 
ore.  Cye. 

SWAMP'y,  a.  Consisting  of  .^wamp  ;  like  a  swamp  ; 
low,  wel,  and  spongy  ;  as,  sjcampy  land. 

S^Vi^N,  (swon,)  n.  [Sax.  swan  ;  D.  zwaan  ,•  G.  schwan ; 
Dan.  scanc ;  Sw.  svan.  Qu.  wan^  white,  with  a  pre- 
fix.] 

A  large,  aquatic  fowl  of  the  genus  Cygnns,  ap- 
parently intermediate  between  ducks  and  geese. 
Swans  have  the  neck  very  long,  plumage  close, 
thick,  sort,  and  light  They  are  remaikabb;  for 
grace  and  elegance  upon  the  water.  The  adults  of 
the  common  species  are  wlhte,  but  an  Australian 
species  is  black.  J^'uttall.    P.  Cyc. 

SWANG,  71.  A  piece  of  low  land  or  green  sward, 
liable  to  be  covered  with  water.  [Local  in  Eug- 
land.] 

SWAN'S'-DOWN,  «.  A  fnie,  sort,  thick  cloth  of 
wool  mixed  with  silk  or  cotton. 

Encyc^  of  Dom.  Econ. 

SWAN'SKIN,  71.  [swan  and  skin.]  A  species  of  rian- 
nei  of  a  soft  texture,  thick  and  warm. 

SWAP,  (swop.)  adv.  [Clu.  sweep.]  Hastily  ;  at  a 
snatch.     [A  lo70  word,  and  local.] 

SWAP,  (swop,)  t\  t.  To  exchange;  to  barter;  to 
svvap.  [Sec  Swop.]  [This  word  is  -not  clcgan/,  hut 
common  in  colloquial  language  in  Jlmerif.a.] 

SW^P,  ?;,.    A  blow  ;  a  stroke.  Beaum.  ^  Fl. 

SWaPE,  77.      [Qu,  sweep.]     A  pole  supported    hy  a 


SWA 

fulcrum,  on  whicli  it  turns,  used  fir  raising  water 

from  a  well,  for  churning,  fitc.  Ewrrhmik, 

[This  Bailey  spells  Suipe,  and  in  New  Knghuid 

it  IS  pronounced  sweep,  as  in  jDcll-swccp.] 
SWAP'P/':!),  (swopt,)  pp.    Exchanged  ;  bartered. 
S\VAP'P1NG,  ppr.     Exchanging. 
SWARI>,  71.    [Sax.  swcard;  Dan.  *«<rr,'  D.  zwoord; 

G.  sckwarte,  rind,  skin;  W.  gwcryd,  an  excretion, 

sward,  moss.] 

1.  The  skin  of  bacon     [I.ocal.] 

2.  The  grassy  surface  of  land:  turf;  that  part  of 
the  soil  which  is  filled  with  the  roots  of  grass,  form- 
ing a  kind  of  mat.  When  covered  with  green  grass, 
it  is  called  Gbeen-Sward. 

SWARD,  V.  t.  To  produce  eward ;  to  cover  with 
sward.  Mortimer. 

SWARDf-€UT-TER,  n.  An  instrument  for  cutting 
sward  across  the  ridges. 

SWARD'ED,  a.    Covered  with  sward.  Drake. 

SWARD'y,  fl.  Covered  with  sward  or  grass;  as, 
sieardy  hmd. 

SWaRE,  old  prct.  of  Sweab.     [We  now  use  Swoke.] 

SW.iRE,        )  n      A  copper  coin  and  money  <if  ac- 

SCHWaRE,  S  count  in  Bremen,  value  one  lifLh  of  a 
groat,  and  73  gruals  make  a  thaler,  (rix  dollar.)  It  is 
thereforo  worth  nearly  h  farthing  sterling,  or  .i  cent. 

McCulloc.'i. 

SWARM,  n,  "  [Sax.  swearm;  G.  Schwann  i  D.  zwcrm; 
Daii.  svcnn;  Sw.  svdnn.  This  seems  to  be  formed 
on  the  root  of  warm.  The  Sp.  herr.ir,  to  boil,  to 
swarm,  is  the  L.  fcrveo,  and  boiling  is  very  ex- 
pressive of  the  motions  of  a  swarm  of  bees.  See 
the  verb.  J 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  a  large  number  or  body  of 
small  animals  or  insects,  particularly  when  in  mo- 
tion ;  but  appropriately,  a  great  number  of  honey 
bees  which  emigrate  from  a  hive  at  o?ice,  and  seek 
new  lodgings  under  the  direction  of  a  queen  ;  or  a 
like  body  of  bees  united  and  settled  permanently  in  a 
hive.  The  bees  that  leave  a  hive  in  spring,  are 
tiie  young  bees  produced  in  the  year  jirecediug. 
Etod.  viii.     Judges  xiv. 

2.  A  swarm  or  multitude ; /JUiticK^aWi/,  a  multi- 
tude of  people  in  motion.  Swuruis  of  northern  na- 
tions overran  tlie  south  of  Europe  in  the  firth  cen- 
tury. 

J^Totc,  —  The  ap[)Iication  of  this  word  to  iTianiuialc 
things,  as  swarms  of  advantages,  by  ShaUspeare,and 
swarms  of  themes,  by  Young,  is  not  legiliiiiate,  for 
the  essence  of  the  word  is  motion. 
SWARM,  V.  i.  [Sax.  ,';weurmian;  \).  ziocrmaii  G. 
schwdrmcn;  D\x\\.  sDcmier ;  Sw.  sracHia,  to  swarm,  to 
rove,  to  wander,  to  swerve.] 

1.  To  collect  and  depart  from  a  hive  by  flight  in  a 
body,  as  bees.  Bees  swarm  in  warm,  clear  days  in 
summer. 

2.  To  appear  or  collect  in  a  crowd  ;  to  run  ;  tu 
throng  togctiier  ;  to  congregate  in  a  nniltitude. 

In  crowds  around  (he  «mar;mng  people  Join.  Dnjden. 

3.  To  be  crowded  ;  to  be  thronged  v/ith  a  multi- 
tude of  auinuils  in  motion.  The  forests  in  America 
often  swar/n  with  wild  pigeons.  The  northern  seas 
in  spring  swarm  with  herrings. 

Kvory  place  swarmt  with  Eoklwrs.  Sj>em€r. 

[Such  phrases  as  "  life  swarms  with  ills,"  *'  those 
days  stDurmcd  with  fables,"  are  not  legitimate,  or 
wholly  obsolete.     Brown.     Young.] 

4.  To  breed  mtiltitudes.  Milton. 

5.  To  climb,  as  a  tree,  by  embracing  it  with  the 
arms  and  legs,  and  scrambling. 

At  the  top  was  placed  a  piec<?  of  money,  as  a  prh"  for  tlinse  who 
could  siwiri/i  up  and  ik'izc  it.  Coxe's  Hues. 

JVote.  —  This,  by  the  common  people  in  New  Eng- 
land, is  pronounced  .v(;i»;r;;(  or  ii/uitr/H,  and  it  is  evi- 
dently formed  ut\  woimy  indicating  that  worm  ami 
warm,  on  which  sicarm  arul  squirm  arc  formed,  are 
radically  the  same  word.  Tlie  primary  sense  is,  to 
bend,  wind,  twist,  as  a  Wdrm  or  a  swarm  of  bees. 
It  may  bo  formed  on  the  root  of  veer,  vary,']^ 

SWARM,  V.  t.    To  crowd  or  throng.    [JVoC  m  use.] 

SWARM'/:i),  pp.  of  SwAKM. 

SWARM'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  from  Swabm.  [See  the 
verb.] 

SWART,      j  a.     [Sax.  swart,  sweart ;  Sw.  svnrt ;  Dan. 

SWARTII,  \      svwrtc;  G.scliwarz;  1).  zicart.] 

i.  Being  of  a  dark  hue;  moderately  black; 
tawny. 

A  nation  strange  with  visage  swart.  Sjienscr. 

[1  believe  Swabt  and  Swatith  arc  never  used  in 
tlic  United  States,  certainly  not  in  New  England. 
SwARTHv  is  a  common  word.] 
2.  Gloomy;  malignant.     [J^otinusc.]     Milton. 
SWAUT,  V.  t.     'J'o  make  tawny.  Brown. 

SWARTH,    )  7(.    An  apparition  of  a  person  about  to 
SWXlRTH,  i      die.  Grvsc. 

[J^ot  itscd  in  JVcw  England,] 
SWARTH'I-LY,flrfy.   [from  swartliy,]    Duskily  ;  with 

a  tawnv  hue. 
SWARTII'I-NESS,  7i.    Tawniness  ;  a  dusky  or  dark 

complexion. 
SWARTH'Y,  fl.     [See  Swabt.]     Being  of  a  dark  hue 
or  dusty  complexion  ;  lawny.    In  warm  climate.*. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— JIeTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARtNE,  BIRD.  — KoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.- 

viTe  " 


SWA 

the  complexion  of  men  is  universally  swarthy  or 
black.  The  Moon*,  Spaniards,  and  Italians,  are 
more  ^cortAy  thiin  Uie  French,  Germans,  and  Eng- 
lish. 

Their  s:rarL\y  hos-i  wouM  darken  all  our  pL-uiis.        Addison. 
a.  Black  :  as,  the  swarthy  African. 
SWART'I-A'ESS,  n.     A  lawny  color.  Sherwood. 

SWAKT'ISH,  a.    Somewhat  dark  or  tawny. 
SWART  Y,  a.     Swarthy;  tawny.  Burton. 

SWAlvV'E,  I*,  t.     To  swerve.     [A'ot  in  use] 

Spenser. 
SWASir,  (swosh,)  71.  An  oval  figure,  whose  moldings 
are  ohlitiue  to  the  axis  of  the  work.  Moxon. 

[Ji  cant  word.    Jolmson.] 
SWASH,  (swosh,)  It.    A  blustering  noise ;  a  vaporing. 
[A'o;  in  ito-c,  or  vulgar.] 

2.  Impulse  of  water  flowin<r  with  violence.  In 
the  Southern  States  of  America,  sicash  or  sjposh  is  a 
name  civen  to  a  narrow  sound  or  channel  of  water 
lying  within  a  sand-bank,  or  between  that  and  the 
sliore.  Many  such  are  found  on  the  shores  of  the 
Carol  in  as. 
SWASH,  r.  i.     [D.  zwetseny  to  boast.J 

To  bluster ;  to  make  a  great  noise  j  to  vapor  or 
bra2.     [JVot  ia  use.]  Skak. 

SWASH,      i  a.    Son,  like  fruit  too  ripe.    ILocaU 
SWASH  A',  1  Pe,rJe. 

SWASH'-UUCK-LEU,  n.    A  sword-player;  a'bully 

or  bras^adocio.     [J^ot  in  use.]  Milton. 

S\VASH'ER,  n.    One  who  makes  a  blustering  show 

of  valor  or  force  of  arms.    [Xoi  in  vac]  Slutk. 

SWATE      "■*•    To  sweat.     [Obs.]  Chancer. 

SWATCH,  71.    A  swath.     [JVot  Imise.]         Tasser. 
SWATH,  (swawth,)  n.  [Sax.  swathe,  a  track,  a  border 
or  fringe,  a  band  ;  D.  zwaad  ;  G.  sckioattea.] 

1,  A  line  of  grass  or  grain  cut  and  tlirown  together 
by  the  scythe  in  mowing  or  cradliug. 

a.  The  whole  breadth  or  sweep  of  a  scythe  in 
mowing  or  cradling  j  as,  a  wide  sicath.     Farmers. 

3.  A  band  or  fillet.    They  wrapped  me  in  a  hun- 
dred yards  of  swath.  Ouardian. 
SW.aTHE,  u.  (.     To  hind  with  a  hand,  bandage,  or 
rollers  ;  as,  to  swathe  a  child, 

2.  To  bind  or  wrap. 

Their  chiliinen  are  never  sicaihed  ai  bouii'I  about  wiili  anv  tltin"- 
when  first  bom.  Abbot.  ^ 

SWaTHE,  n.    A  bandage. 

SWATFl'^D,  pp.    Bound  witii  a  bandage  or  rollers. 

SWaTH'ING,  ppr.  or  a,    Hinding  or  wrapping. 

SWaY,  v.  t.  [D.  zwaaijen^  to  turn,  to  wield,  to  swing, 
to  sway.  This  word  is  probably  formed  on  the  root 
of  weigh,  wave.  Sax.  ■wteg,i.neg,  and  simg,  and  proba- 
bly sicing  is  written  for  swig,  and  i^  of  the  same  fam- 
ily ;  Ice.  sweigia;  Sw.  srtga.] 

.  J.  To  move  or  wave ;  to  wield  with  the  hand  ;  as, 
to  sway  the  scepter. 

2.  Tobias;  to  cause  to  lean  or  inrline  to  one  side. 
Let  not  temporal  advantages  sway  you  from  the  line 
of  duty.  The  king  was  s-wtii/Cfi  by  his  council  from 
the  course  he  intended  to  pursue. ' 

As  bowls  run  true  by  U'iii*  made 

Oo  purpose  fai&e,  and  to  t*  steaytd.  Hudtbras. 

3.  To  rule;  to  govern  ;  to  influence  or  direct  by 
power  and  authority,  or  by  moral  force. 

This  was  the  nice 
To  aism/  the  world,  and  lanil  and  sea  subdue.  Dryden. 

She  could  not  fficay  hf^r  house,  "    ' 


SWE 


SWE 


Take  heed  lest  passion  stfai/ 
" '     '  hi  which  else  freu  will 


Thy  judgment  to  do 

Would  not  admit.  Milton. 

SWAY,  V.  i.    To  be  drawn  to  one  side  by  weight ;  to 
Jean.    A  wall  sways  to  the  west. 

The  balance  gways  on  our  part.  Bacon, 

[This  sense  seems  to  indicate  that  this  word  and 
sicag  are  radically  one.] 

2.  To  have  weight  or  influence. 

The  example  of  sundry  churches  —  doth  suxiy  much.     Hooker. 

3.  To  bear  rule ;  to  govern. 

Hadsl  thou  svxiyed  as  kingB  should  do.  Shak. 

4.  In  seamen's  language,  to  hoist,  particularly  ap- 
plied to  the  lower  yarda  and  to  the  topmast  yards, 
&c. 

SWaY,  71.    The  swing  or  sweep  of  a  weapon. 

To  strike  with  huje  two-handed  away.  ^niton. 

0.  Any  thing  moving  with  bulk  and  power. 

Are  not  yoQ  moved  when  all  the  ateay  of  carlh 

Shakes  like  a  ihin*  unlimi  i  Ska!:. 

3.  Preponderation ;  turn  or  cast  of  balance. 

Expert 
When  to  atWance,  or  stand,  or  turn  Uic  away  of  battle.    Milton. 

4.  Power  exerted  in  governing;  mic ;  dominion; 
control. 

VV'ben  vice  preTails,  and  impious  men  bear  sioay. 

The  post  of  honor  ia  a  private  station.  Addison. 

5.  Influence;  weight  or  authority  that  inclines  to 
one  side  ;  as,  the  sway  of  desires.  All  Uie  world  is 
subject  to  the  sviay  of  fashion. 

6.  .\  switcii  uned  by  thatchers  to  bind  tiieir  work. 

Halliwell. 


SWAY'£D,  (swade,)  pp.  Wielded;  inclined  to  one 
side;  ruled;  governed;  influenced;  biased. 

SWaY'ING,  ppr.  Wielding;  causing  to  lean  ;  bias- 
ing; ruling. 

SWAY'ING,  71.  Swaying  of  the  hack,  among  hcasts,  is 
a  kmd  of  lumbago,  caused  by  a  fall  or  by  being  over- 
loaded. Qf.f.^ 

SWeAL,  v.  t.  [Sax.  swelan,  sometimes  written 
Swale.  In  jJmrrica,  it  is  pronounced  as  r/rittcn, 
sweal  or  sioeel.] 

1.  To  melt  and  run  down,  as  the  tallow  of  a  can- 
dle ;  to  waste  away  without  feeding  the  flame. 

2.  To  blaze  away.     [See  also  Swale.] 
SWkAL'ING,  jjpr.     ftlelting  and  wasting  away. 
SWEaR,    (sware,)    v.    i.  ;   prct.    Swore,    (formerly 

SwARE  ;)  pp.  SwniiN.  [Sax.  Sicilian,  siccrigan; 
Goth,  sjparan  :  D.  iweeren;  G.  schwdren;  Sw.  svaria, 
to  swear,  and  svara,  to  answer ;  Han.  svwrgcr,  to 
swear,  and  soarcr,  to  answer.  The  latter"£eems 
to  be  from  svarrcr,  to  turn,  Eng.  veer.  Swear  seems 
to  be  allied  to  ar^cr  and  the  L.  assevero,  and  to  bcJong 
to  the  root  JVi\] 

I.  To  aflirm  or  utter  a  solemn  declaration,  with  an 
appeal  to  God  for  the  truth  of  what  is  affirmed. 

Te  shall  not  swear  !iy  my  namo  fulsilv.  —  ly.-v.  six. 
But  i  say  to  you,  Sioear  not  at  all.  —  'Malt.  v. 

9.  To  promise  upon  oath. 

Jacob  said,  Siccar  (o  ine  this  day ;   and  he  swore  to  him. 

Gen.  XXV, 

3.  To  give  evidence  on  oath ;  as,  to  swear  to  the 
truth  of  a  statement.  He  stoore  tiiat  the  prisoner 
was  not  present  at  the  riot. 

4.  To  be  profane ;  to  practice  profaneness.  Cer- 
tain classes  of  men  are  accustomed  to  swear.  For 
men  to  swear  is  sinful,  disreputable,  and  odious  ;  but 
for  females  or  ladies  to  swear  appears  more  abomina- 
ble and  scandalous. 

SWEaR,  r.  f.  To  utter  or  aflirm  with  a  solemn  ap- 
peal to  God  for  the  truth  of  the  declaration  ;  as,  to 
swear  on  oath. 

[This  seems  to  have  been  the  primitive  use  of 
swear  :  that  is,  to  aflirm.] 

2.  To  put  to  an  oath ;  to  cause  to  take  an  oalli  ; 
as,  to  swear  witnesses  in  court ;  to  swear  a  jury  ;  the 
witness  has  been  sworn;  the  judges  are  i-worn  into 
oflice. 

3.  To  declare  or  charge  upon  oath;  as,  to  swear 
treason  against  a  man. 

4.  To  obtest  by  an  oath. 

Now,  by  Apollo,  king,  Uiou  swear'st  thy  gods  in  vain.    Sh(ik. 

To  sjcear  the  peace  against  one  ;  to  make  oath  that 
one  is  under  the  actual  fear  of  death  or  bodily  harm 
from  tlie  person  ;  in  which  case  the  person  nuist  find 
sureties  vf  the  peace. 
SWEaR'EU,  n.  One  who  swears  ;  one  who  calls 
(Jod  to  wiluess  for  the  truth  of  his  declaration. 
2.  A  profane  person. 

Then  the  liars  and  swearers  are  fools.  iShnJc. 

SWEaR'ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Affirming  upon  oath  ;  utter- 
ins  a  declaration,  with  an  appeal  to  God  fur  the  truth 
of  it. 
2.  Putting  upon  oath  ;  causing  to  swear. 

SWEaR'ING,  n.  The  act  or  practice  of  artirming  on 
oath.     Swearing  in  court  is  lawful. 

2.  Profaneness.  All  swearing  not  required  by 
some  law,  or  in  conformity  with  law,  is  criminal. 
False  swearing,  or  perjury,  is  a  crime  of  a  deep 
dye. 

SWEAT,  (swet,)  n.  [Sax.  swat ;  D.  zweet ;  G.  sch7Dciss ; 
Dan.  svecd  :  Sw.  svett ;  L.  sudor.] 

1.  The  fluid  or  sensible  moisture  which  is  excreted 
from  the  skin  of  an  animal. 

In  the  sweal  of  Uiy  fac^  shall  thou  eat  bread.  —  Gen.  iii. 

2.  Labor  ;  toil ;  drudgery.  Milton. 

3.  Moisture  evacuated  from  any  substance  ;  as, 
the  sweat  of  hay  or  grain  in  a  mow  or  stack. 

SWEAT,  (swet,)  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  Sweat  or  Sweat- 
ed. Swot  is  obsolete.  [Sax.  swmtan;  Sw.  svnta  ; 
Dan.  sveeder ;  D.  zioeeten  ;  G.  schwitzen ;  L.  sado  ;  Fr. 
suer.]^ 

1.  To  excrete  sensible  moisture  from  the  skin. 
Horses  sweat ;  oxen  sweat  little  or  not  at  a!!. 

2.  To  toil ;  to  labor  ;  to  drudge. 

He'd  have  the  poets  sweat.  Waller. 

3.  To  emit  moisture,  as  green  plants  in  a  heap. 
SWEAT,  (swet,)  v.  t.    To  emit  or  s!tfler  to  flow  from 

the  pores  ;  to  exude. 

For  him  the  rich  Aralia  sweats  her  gums.  Drydtn, 

2.  To  cause  to  excrete  moisture  from  the  skin. 
His  physicians  attempted  to  sioeat  him  by  the  most 
piiwerfut  sudorifics. 

SWEAT'ER,  )t.    One  that  causes  to  sweat. 

SWEAT'I-LY,  (swet'e-le,)  ado.  So  as  to  be  moist 
with  sweat. 

SWEAT'I-NESS,  (swet'e-ness,)  n.  The  state  of  being 
sweaty  or  moist  with  sweat. 

SWEAT'ING,  (swet'ing,)  ppr.     Excreting  moisture 
from  the  skin  ;  throwing  out  moisture  ;  exuding. 
9.  Causing  to  emit  moisture  from  the  skin. 

SWEAT'ING-BATH.  n.  A  sudatory  ;  a  bath  for  pro- 
ducing sensible  sweat ;  a  hypocaust  or  stove.  Cyc. 


SWEA'1''ING-H0USE.  «.  A  house  for  sweating  per- 
sons in  sickness,  (jJ^ 

SWEATMNG-T-RO.V,  (swefing-I-um,)  n.  A  kind  of 
knife  nr  a  piece  of  a  scvlhe,  used  to  scrape  off  FWeat 
from  horses.  Qy^ 

SWEAT'ING-ROOM,  n.  A  room  for  sweating' per- 
sons. 

2.  In  rural  economy,  a  room  for  sweating  cheese 
and  carrymg  olf  the  Kuperfluous  juices.  Cue 

SWEAT'ING^SICK'NICSS.  n.  A  febrile  epidemic 
disease  wliicli  prcvaded  in  some  countries  of  Europe, 
but  particularly  in  Eneland,  in  the  I5th  and  H;ih 
centuries.  lis  first  appearance  wa.s  in  the  arm v  of 
the  earl  of  Richmond,  afterward  Henry  VH..' nn 
Ins  laudmg  at  Milford  Haven,  in  HS5.  The  inva^-^ion 
of  the  disease  was  sudden,  and  usually  marked  by  a 
local  afli-'ction  producing  the  sensation  of  inf-n--.- 
Iieat,  aaerward  diffusing  itself  over  the  whole  bodv, 
a.!-!  jmincdiately  followed  by  profuse  sweating, 
which  continued  throuch  the  whole  course  of  the 
oisease,  or  till  death,  which  often  happened  in  a  few 
hourj.  Qy^ 

SWEAT'Y,  (swet'e,)  a.  Moist  with  .sweat  ;  as,  a 
sweaty  skin  ;  a  sweaty  panue.it. 

2.  Consisting  of  sweat. 

No  noby  whiffs  or  treaty  rtnaina.  SttifL 

3.  Laborious ;  toilsome ;  as,  the  sweaty  forpo 
„,_,__  Prior. 
SWEDrJ,  71.    A  native  of  Sweden. 

2.  A  Swedish  turnip. 

SWE  DEN-IIOR'GI-AN,  n.  A  follower  of  Emanuel 
Swedenborg,  who  claimed  in  iiave  habitual  inter- 
course with  the  world  of  spirits,  and  to  have  received 
divine  instructions  from  on  high.  He  denied  the 
doctrine  of  the  Trinity,  and  maintained  that  Jesuii 
Christ  alone  is  God.  He  taught  the  doctrine  of  cor- 
respondences, I.  e.,  that  there  is  a  spiritual  meaning  of 
the  Scriptures  lying  back  of  the  literal  one,  which 
constitutes  the  only  true  meaning.  Kncyc.  Am. 

SVVE-DEN-IIOR'Gl-.\N-IS.M,  n.  The  doctrines  of 
the  Swedenborgians. 

SWkD'ISH,  a.    Pertaining  to  Sweden. 

SWkD'ISH-TUR'NIP,  v.  The  Hnu^sica  campestris 
or  rula  baga,  a  hard  sort  of  turnip,  of  two  kinds,  the 
white  and  the  yellow.    The  latter  is  most  valued. 

Cyr. 

SWEEP,  V.  t.;  prcL  and  pp.  Swept.  [Sax.  sjcapan, 
swcopan.  It  seems  to  be  allied  to  swab,  and  may  be 
termed  on  the  rotit  of  wipe.    G.  schwei/en.] 

1.  To  brush  or  rub  over  with  a  brush,  broom,  or 
besom,  for  removing  loose  dirt;  to  clean  by  brush- 
ing ;  as,  to  sjoecp  a  chimney  or  a  floor.  When  we 
say,  to  sweep  a  room,  wo  mean  to  sweep  the  floor  of 
the  room;  and  to  sweep  the  Jiouse,  is  to  sweep  the 
floors  of  the  house. 

2.  To  carry  with  a  long,  swincing,  or  dragging 
motion  ;  to  carry  with  pomp. 

And  like  a  peacock,  sweep  ajonjr  his  liU.  Shei. 

3.  To  drive  or  carry  along  or  ofl"  bv  a  long,  brushing 
stroke  or  force,  or  by  flowing  on  the  earth.  Thus 
the  wind  sweeps  the  snow  from  the  tops  of  the  hills ; 
a  liver  sweeps  away  a  dam,  timber,  or  rubbish  ;  a 
flood  sicefps  away  a  bridge  or  a  house.    Hence, 

4.  1o  drive,  destroy,  or  carry  ofl"  many  at  a  stroke, 
or  with  celerity  and  violence  ;  as,  a  pestilcnco 
stoeeps  off  multitudes  in  a  few  days.  The  conflagra- 
tion swept  away  whole  streets  of  bouses. 

I  have  already  swept  ihs  stakes.  Ihyltn. 

5.  To  rub  over. 

Their  long  descending  train, 
With  rubies  edged  and  sapphires,  swept  the  plain.       Dryden. 

6.  To  strike  with  a  long  stroke. 

Wake  into  voice  each  silent  string-, 

And  sweep  the  sounding  lyre.  Pope. 

7.  To  draw  or  drag  over  ;  as,  to  streep  the  bottom 
of  a  river  with  a  net,  or  with  the  bight  of  a  rope,  to 
hook  an  anclior.  J[ar.  Diet. 

SWEEP,  V.  I.  To  pass  with  swiftness  and  violence, 
as  something  broad,  or  brushing  the  surface  of  any 
tiling  ;  as,  a  sweeping  rain  ;  a  sweeping  flond.  A  fowl 
that  flies  near  the  surface  of  land  or  water,  is  said  to 
sweep  along  near  the  surface. 

2.  To  pass  over  or  brush  along  with  celerity  and 
force  ;  as,  the  wind  sweeps  along  the  plain. 

3.  To  pass  with  pomp  ;  as,  a  person  sweeps  along 
with  a  trail. 

She  sweeps  it  through  the  court  with  troops  of  ladies.      SStai. 

4.  To  move  with  a  long  reach  ;  as,  a  sweeping 
stroke.  Dryden. 

SWEEP,  n.    The  act  of  sweeping. 

2.  The  compass  of  a  stroke  ;  as,  a  long  stceep, 

3.  The  compass  of  any  turning  body  or  motion; 
as,  the  sweep  of  a  door. 

4.  The  compass  of  any  thine  flowing  or  bnishing  ; 
as,  the  flood  carried  away  every  thing  within  it3 
sioecp, 

5.  Violent  and  general  destruction  ;  SlS,  the  sweep 
of  an  epidemic  disease.  OratuU. 

G.  Direction  of  any  motion  not  rectilinear ;  as,  the 
sweep  of  a  compasi. 

7.  The  mold  of  a  ship  when  .•'he  begins  to  compass 
in,  at  the  rung  heads  ;  also,  any  part  nf  a  ship  shaped 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


JU7 


SWE 

by  the  segment  of  a  circle ;  as,  a  Hoov-sjoeep ;  a  back- 
■sweep,  &.C. 

8.  Among  r^ners  of  metals,  the  almond-furnace. 

9.  Among  seammt,  a  n;ime  given  to  large  oars,  iiacd 
in  small  viissels,  to  iiniiel  them  during  a  calm,  or  to 
increase  their  speed  during  a  chase,  &c.       Tvttcn. 

10.  The  pole  or  piece  of  timber  moved  on  a  ful- 
crum or  post,  used  to  raise  and  lower  a  bucket  in  a 
well  for  drawing  water ;  written  by  Bailey,  Swipk, 
and  in  Vorkshire,  England,  Swape. 

H.  A  chimney  sweeper. 

Swcrp  of  the  tiller;  a  circular  frame  on  which  the 

tiller  traverses  in  large  ships. 
SWEEP'ER,  n.    One  that  sweeps. 
SWEEP'ING,  ppr.  or  a.     Brushing  over ;  rubbing  with 

a  broom  or  besom  ;  cleaning  with  a  broom  or  besom ; 

brushing  along;  passing  over;  dragging  over. 
SWEEP'ING-LV,  ado.     By  sweeping. 
SWEEP'INOS,  n.  pi.    Things  collected  by  sweeping  ; 

rubbish,    'i'he  sweepings  of  streets  are  often  used  as 

manvire. 
SWEEP'-NET,  It.     [sweep  and  net.]     A  large  net  for 

drawing  over  a  large  compass. 
SWEEP'STaKE,  71.     [sweep  ixnd  slalce.]     A  man  that 

wins  all;  usually  SwEEPSTAttES.  S/iak. 

SWEEP'STaKES,  71.  pi    The  whole  money  or  other 

things  staked  or  won  at  a  horse-race. 
S\VEEP'-AVASH-ER,  7i.    The  person  who  extracts 

from  the  sweepings,  potsherds,  &c.,  of  refineries  of 

gold  and  silver,  the    small  residuum  of   precious 

metal.  Ure. 

SWEEP'Y,  a.     Passing  with  speed  and  violence  over 

a  great  compass  at  once. 

The  branches  bentl  hcforc  Uicir  sweepy  away.  Dryden. 

9.  Strutting. 
3.  Wavy. 
SWEET,  fl.     [Sax.  swetc;  V.  zoet;  G.  siiss;  Qw.siJt; 
Dan.  slid ;  Sans,  swnil.    Ciu.  L.  suavis.} 

1.  Agreeable  or  grateful  to  the  taste  j  as,  sugar  or 
honey  is  sweet. 

2.  Pleasing  to  the  smell;  fragrant;  as,  a  stoect 
rose  ;  sweet  odor;  sjoect  incense.    Ex.  xxvi. 

3.  Pleasing  to  the  ear;  soft;  melodious;  harmo- 
nious ;  as,  the  sweet  notes  of  a  flute  or  an  organ ; 
sweet  music ;  a  siocct  voice. 

4.  Pleasing  to  the  eye  ;  beautiful ;  as,  a  sweet  face ; 
a  sjoecl  color  or  complexion  ;  a  sweet  form.       Shak. 

5.  Fresh  ;  not  salt ;  as,  sweet  water.  Bacon. 

6.  Not  sour;  as,  5W<^c(  fruits ;  5wce£  oranges. 

7.  Mild;  soft;  gentle. 

Cansl  thou  bind  the  sweet  iiitlucuces  of  Pleiades  ?  —  Job  xxxviii. 

8.  Mild  ;  soft ;  kind  ;  obliging^  as,  sweet  manners. 

9.  Grateful;  pleasing. 

Sweet  interchaogc  of  hill  and  valley.  RTdton. 

10.  Making  soft  or  excellent  music;  as,  a  sioect 
singer. 

11.  Not  stale;  as,  sweet  butter;  the  bread  is 
sweet. 

13.  Not  turned  ;  not  sour;  as,  sweet  milk. 

13.  Not  putrescent  or  putrid  ;    as,  the  meat    is 

S7CCCt. 

SWEET,  n.     Something  pleasing  or  g)atefal  to  the 
mind  ;  as,  the  sweets  of  domestic  life. 

A  litde  bitter  mingled  iu  our  cup,  leaves  no  relish  of  the  saect. 

Locke. 

9.  A  sweet  substance  ;  particiilarhj^  any  vegetable 
juice  which  is  added  to  wines  to  improve  them. 

Encyc. 

3.  A  perfume.  Prior,     Dryden. 

4.  A  word  of  endearment. 

5.  Sweets,  pi. ;  home-made  wines,  mead,  metheg- 
lin,  &,c.  JilcCullodt.  Also,  cane  juice,  molasses, 
or  other  sweet  vegetable  substance. 

Edwards,  West  Indies. 
SWEET'- AP-PLE,  K.     [swectmid  apple.]    TheAnona 

squamosa,  or  sweet-sop,  which  see.  Lee. 

SWEET'-BREAD,(bretl,)  n.     [sweet  tim]  bread.]    The 

pancreas  of  a  calf;  the  pancreas  of  any  animal. 
SWEET'-BRI-ER,  n.    [sweet  and  brier.]     A  shrubby 

plant  of  the  genus  Rosa,  cultivated  for  its  fragrant 

smell. 
SWEETS-BROOM,  n.     [sweet  and  broom.]     A  plant. 

.^in^wortli. 
SWEET-CIC'E-LY,  n.    A  plant  of  tlie  genus  Scan- 

dix  ;  and  another  of  the  genus  Osniorrhiza. 
SWEET-CIS'TUS,  ti.    An  evergreen  shrub,  the  Cis- 

tus.  Mason. 

SWEET'-eORN,  71.    A  variety  of  the  maize,  of  a 

sweet  taste. 
SWEET'EN,  (sweet'n,)  v.  t.    To  make  sweet;  as,  to 

sweeten  tea  or  coffee. 

2.  To  make  pleasing  or  grateful  to  the  mind  ;  as, 
to  sweeten  life  ;  to  sweeten  friendship. 

3.  To  make  mild  or  kind ;  as,  to  sweeten  the 
temper. 

4.  To  make  less  painful ;  as,  to  sweeten  the  cares 
of  life. 

5.  To  increase  agreeable  qualities;  as,  to  sweeten 
the  joys  or  pleasures  of  life. 

6.  I'o  soften  ;  to  make  delicate. 

Ocrreggio  has  rartdo  his  name  immortnl  by  th-^  streng^th  he  has 
given  to  his  figures,  aad  by  eweeUning  hla  lights  and  ehadeo. 

Dryden. 


SWE 

7.  Tt>  make  pure  and  salubrious  by  destroying 
noxious  matter ;  ns,  to  sweeten  rooms  or  apartments 
thai  have  been  infected  ;  to  sweeten  the  air. 

8.  To  make  warm  and  fertile ;  as,  to  dry  and 
sweeten  soils. 

9.  To  restore  to  purity ;  as,t0  5a)ee(e;i  water,  butter, 
or  meat. 

SVVEET'£N,  (sweet'n,)  v.  i.    To  become  sweet. 

Bacoii. 
SWEET'EN-ED,  pp.  or  a.     Made  sweet,  mild,  or 

grateful. 
SWEET'EN-ER,  71.    lie  or  that  which  sweetens;  ho 

that  palliates  ;  that  which  mudcrates  aciimony. 
SVVEET'EN-ING,ppr.     Makmg  sweet  or  grateful. 
S WEET'EN-ING,  n.    The  act  of  making  sweet ;  that 

which  sweetens.  .^sh. 

SWEET'-FLAG,  n.    An  aromatic  plant  of  the  genus 

Acorus. 
SWEET'-GUM,  n.    A  tree  of  the  genus  Liquidam- 

bar. 
SWEET'IIEXRT,  n.     A  lover  or  mistress.        Shak. 
SWEET'ING,  7?.    A  sweet  apple.  Jischam. 

9.  A  word  of  endearment.  Shak. 

SWEET'ISH,  a.     Somewhat  sweet  or  grateful  to  the 

taste.  Encvc 

SWEET'ISH-NESS,  «.    The  quality  of  being  sweet- 
ish. Berkeley. 
SWEET'-JOHNS,  (-jonz,)  n.    A  plant,  a  species  of 

Dianthns  or  pink. 
SWEET'LY,  adv.    In  a  sweet  manner;  gratefully; 

agreeably. 

He  sweetly  tcrtipcrcd  awe.  Dryden, 

No  poet  ever  Sirecl/y  sung, 

Unless  he  wns,  lilie  Phffibus,  young.  Sio\fl. 

SWEET-MAR'JO-UAM,  n.  A  very  fragrant  plant  of 
the  genus  Origanum. 

SWEET-MAUD'LIN,  w.  A  species  of  Achillea,  al- 
lied to  miljfoi!.  Loudon. 

SWEET'MeAT,  71.  [sweet  and  meat.]  Fruit  pre- 
served with  sugar ;  as  peaches,  pears,  melons,  nuts, 
orange  peel,  and  the  like. 

SWEET'NESS,  71.  The  quality  of  being  sweet,  in 
any  of  its  senses  ;  as  gratefulness  to  tlie  taste,  or  to 
the  smell ;  fragrance  ;  agieeableness  to  the  ear,  mel- 
ody ;  as,  sweetness  of  the  voice ;  sweetness  of  elocu- 
tion. Middleton. 

2.  Agreeableness  of  manners;  softness ;  mildness  ; 
obliging  civility  ;  as,  sivectness  of  behavior. 

3.  Softness;  mildness;  amiableness ;  as, sweetness 
of  temper._ 

SWEET'-PeA,  71.  A  pea  cultivated  for  ornament,  an 
annua!  leguminous  plant,  of  the  genus  Lathyrus. 

Cyc. 

SWEET-PO-Ta'TO,  7^.  A  plant  and  the  esculent 
part  of  its  root,  the  Convolvulus  Batatas,  a  native 
of  both  Indies  and  of  China.  It  is  the  potato  of 
Shakspeare  and  cotemporary  writers.  Loudon. 

SWEET'-ROOT,  n.    The  liquorice,  or  Glycyrrhiza. 

SWEET'-RUSH,7l  Another  name  of  the  sweet-flag, 
a  species  of  Acorus. 

SWEET'-SCENT-ED,  a.  [sweet  and  scent.]  Having 
a  sweet  smell ;  fragrant. 

SWEET'-SMELL-ING,  a.  [sweet  and  smell.]  Hav- 
ing a  sweet  smell ;  fragrant. 

SWEET'-SOP,n.  An  evergreen  shrub  ortree,  Anona 
squamosa,  allied  to  the  custard  apple.  It  giows  in 
the  West  Indies,  and  bears  a  greenish  fruit,  sweet 
and  pulpy,  covered  with  scales  like  a  pine-apple. 

P.  die. 

SWEET-SUL'TAN,  71.  An  annual  flowering  plant, 
Centaurea  mnschata. 

SWEET'-TEM'PER-ED,  a.  Having  a  sweet  dispo- 
sition. 

SWEET'-ToN-ED,  a.     Having  a  sweet  sound. 

SWEET'-WEED,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Capvaria, 
and  anotlier  of  the  genus  Scoparia. 

SWEET-WIL'LIAM,  7i.  The  name  of  several  spe- 
cies of  pink,  of  the  genus  Dianthns.  Oijc. 

Tlie  Dianthns  Barbatus,  a  species  of  pink  of 
many  varieties,  Encyc.    Lee. 

SWEET-WIL'LoW,  n.  A  plant,  the  Myrica  gale,  or 
Dutch  myrtle.  Lee. 

SWEET'-WOOD,  71.    A  plant,  a  species  of  Laurus. 

Lee. 

SWEET'WpRT,  n.    Any  plant  of  a  sweet  taste. 

SWELL,  V.  i. ;  p-rct.  Swelled  ;  pp.  Swelled.  Swol- 
len is  nearly  obsolete.  [Sax.  swcUani  D.  zirellcn; 
G.  schwellen  ;  Dan.  svmller ;  Sw.  suiilla.  du.  is  it  not 
from  the  verb  to  well,  or  its  root?] 

1.  To  grow  larger;  to  dilate  or  extend  the  exterior 
surface  or  dimensions,  by  matter  added  to  the  inte- 
rior part,  or  by  expansion  of  the  inclosed  substance. 
Thus,  the  legs  swell  in  dropsy  ;  a  bruised  part  swells ; 
a  tumor  swells  ;  a  bladder  swells  by  inflation. 

9.  To  increase  in  size  or  extent  by  any  addition  ; 
as,  a  river  swelh,  and  overflows  its  banks. 

3.  To  rise  or  be  driven  into  waves  or  billowci.  In 
a  tempest,  the  ocean  swells  into  waves  mountain 
high. 

4.  To  be  puffed  up  or  bloated;  as,  to  swell  with 
pride. 

5.  To  be  bloated  with  anger;  to  be  exasperated. 
He  swells  with  rage. 

6.  To  be  inflated  ;  to  belly ;  as,  swelling  sails. 


SWE 

7.  To  be  turgid  or  bombastic;  as,  siDdlimr  words; 
a  sjoelliuff  style.  ■  Roscommon. 

8.  To  protuberatc ;  to  bulge  out ;  as,  a  cask  swells 
ill  the  middle. 

9.  To  be  elated ;  to  rise  into  arrogance. 

Your  equal  iniud  yet  suBtUa  not  into  state.  Dryden. 

10.  To  grow  more  violent ;  as,  a  moderate  passion 
may  sieell  to  fury. 

11.  To  grow  upon  the  view  ;  to  become  larger. 

And  nioniircliB  to  behold  the  sieelUng  seme.  ^mlc. 

12.  To  become  larger  in  amount.  Many  little 
debts  added,  swell  to  a  gi'eat  amount. 

13.  To  become  louder;  as,  a  sound  gradually 
sioells  as  it  approaches. 

14.  To  strut;  to  look  big. 

SioeUing  like  a  turkey-cocJt.  Shak. 

15.  To  rise  in  altitude  ;  as,  land  swells  into  hilts. 
SWELL,  V,  t.  To  increase  the  size,  bulk,  or  dimen- 
sions of  ;  to  cause  to  rise,  dilate,  or  increase.  Uaina 
and  dissolving  snow  snjell  the  rivers  iu  spring,  and 
cause  floods.  Jordan  is  swelled  by  the  snows  ui 
Mount  Libatnis. 

9.  To  aggravate  ;  to  highten. 

It  u  low  ebb  with  tlie  accuser,  when  such  peccadillucii  ai-c  put  to 
swell  llio  charge.  AtUrtmry. 

3.  To  raise-  to  arrogance ;  as,  to  be  swelled  with 
pride  or  haughtiness. 

4.  To  enlarge.  These  sums  swell  the  amount  of 
taxes  to  a  fearful  size.  These  victories  served  to 
swell  the  fame  of  the  commander. 

5.  In  music,  to  augment,  as  tlie  sound  of  a  note. 
SWELL,  n.    Extension  of  bulk.  i^hok. 

9.  Increase,  as  of  sound  ;  as,  the  sicell  of  a  note, 
or  the  increase  and  diminution  of  sound,  crescendo 
and  diminuendo,  in  one  continued  note. 

3.  A  gradual  ascent  or  elevation  of  land ;  as,  an 
^  extensive  plain  abounding  with  little  swells. 

4.  A  wave  or  billow  ;  more  generally,  a  succession 
of  large  waves  ;  as,  a  heavy  swell  sets  into  the  liar- 
bor.  Swell  is  also  used  to  denote  the  waves  or  fluc- 
tuation of  the  sea  after  a  storm,  and  the  waves  that 
roll  in  and  break  upon  the  shore. 

5.  In  an  orffan.,  a  certain  number  of  pipes  inclosed 
in  a  box,  which,  being  uncovered,  produce  a  swell  of 
sound.  Busby. 

SWELL'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Enlarged  in  bulk  ;  inflated  ; 
tumefied. 

SWELL'ING,  ppr.    Growing  or  enlarging  in  its  di- 
mensions ;   growing  tumid  ;   inflating ;   growing  or 
making  louder. 
2.  Tumid  ;  turgid  ;  as  style  or  language. 

SWELL'ING,  n.  A  tumor  or  any  morbid  enlarge- 
ment of  the  natural  size;  as,  a  swelling  on  the  hand 
or  leg. 

2.  Protuberance;  prominence. 

The  superficies  of  such  plates  are  not  even,  but  have  many  cavi- 
ties and  swellinss.  Noislon. 

3.  A  rising  or  enlargement  by  passion  ;  as,  the 
sioellimrs  of  anger,  grief,  or  pride.  Tatlej: 

SWELT,  for  Swelled,  is  not  in  use.  Spenser. 

SWELT,  V.  i.      [Sax.  sweltan;  Goth,  swiltan;  ga-:>-iril- 

tan,  to  perish,  to  die  ;  properly,  tofail,toswoon.    Uu. 

is  not  this  formed  on  the  root  of  wilt  ?] 

To  faint ;  to  swoon.     [Obs.]  Chancer. 

SWELT,  V.  t.    To  overpower,  as  witli  heat ;  to  cause 

to  faint.     [Obs.]     [We  now  use  Swelter.]     Hall. 
SWELT'ER,  V.  i.     [from  sioelt.]    To  be  overcome  and 

faint  with  heal ;  to  be  ready  to  perish  with  heat. 
SWELT'ER,  V.  i.    To  oppre'^s  with  heat.      Bentlnr. 
SWELT'ER-ED,  pp.     Oppressed  with  heat. 
SWELT'ER-ING,  ppr.    Fainting  or  languishing  with 

lieat ;  oppressing  with  heat. 
SWELT'RY,  a.      Suflbcating  with  heat;   oppressive 

with  heat ;  sultry.     [See  Sultky,  which  is  probably 

a  contraction  of  Sweltrt.] 
SWEPT,  prct.  and  pp.  of  Sweep. 
SWERD,  for  Sward,  is  not  in  use. 
SWERVE,  (swerv,)  v.  i.     [D.  zwcrven,  to  swerve,  to 

rove.    In  sense  it  coincides  with  the  verb  to  swarm, 

and  in  German  it  is  rendered  schwdrmcn.    It  seenia 

to  be  formed  on  warp,  and  all  may  spring  from  llio 

root  of  veer.    See  Vary.] 
1.  To  wander ;  to  rove.  Sidney. 

The  eicerving  viucs  oq  the  tall  elnis  prevail.  Drydtu. 

9.  To  wander  from  any  line  prescribed,  or  from  a 
rule  of  duty  ;  to  depart  from  what  is  established  by 
law,  duty,  or  custom  ;  to  deviate. 

I  swerve  not  from  thy  commandments.  Com.  Prayer. 

They  swerve  from  the  strict  letter  of  the  law.  Clareiuh'i. 

M;iny   who,   through  the  contn^on   of  evil   example,  sietrec 
exceedbgly  from  the  rules  of  their  holy  religion.  Atlivbury. 

3.  To  bend  ;  to  incline.  Milton. 

4.  To  climb  or  move  forward  by  winding  or  turn- 
ing. 

The  tree  was  high  ; 
Yet  nimbly  up  from  bougli  to  houjh  I  aiBcrtiid.  Dryacu. 

[This  use  of  the  word  coincides  with  that  of  Swarm, 
which  see.] 
SWERVING,  ;)pr.     Roving;  wandering;   deviating 
from  any  rule  or  standard  ;  inclining ;  climbing  or 
moving  by  winding  and  turning. 


FaTE,  FXK,  PALL,  WHAT — MeTE,  PREV.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD N5TE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.— 


1118 


SWI 

iiWERV'ING,  w.  The  act  of  wandering;  deviatiou 
rrtim  :iiiv  rule,  law,  duty,  or  standing. 

SU'E'Vi:l\,  M.    A  dream.  Widif. 

bWIKT,  <i.  fSax.  5-wi/i,  from  swifan,  to  turn,  to  rove, 
to  waudiT,  to  whirl  round  ;  D.  zweeoen^  to  rove,  to 
Jiovcr,  to  llucluate  ;  Hau,  svaoer  i  Sw.  svdfca;  G, 
sc-iiccieKy  to  wave,  soar,  or  hover.  The  latter  appear 
lit  be  formed  on  the  root  of  wave.  See  Swivel  and 
Waft.] 

1.  -Moving  a  great  distance,  or  over  a  large  space 
in  a  short  time;  moving  with  celerity  or  velocity  ; 
fleet ;  rapid  ;  quick  ;  speedy.  We  say,  swift  winds, 
a  strift  stream,  swift  lightnings,  swift  motion,  swift  as 
thought,  a  fowl  swift  of  wing,  a  man  swift  of  foot. 
Swift  is  applicable  to  any  kind  of  motion. 

9.  Ready ;  prompt. 

Let  ecerj-  ir.an  be  sv^ift  w  hear,  slow  to  speai,  elow  (o  wralh.  — 
j3Qi'e6  i. 

3.  Speedy ;  that  comes  without  delay. 

Tli«re  shall  Im  TtIsc  le;isheis  amonj  you,  who  shall  privily  briug 
in  dainuabie  heresies,  even  ik-uytug  the  Lord  Oiat  bouglic 
tliem,  luiJ  triu*  upon  ihwmsilves  svifi  deslruciion. — 2 
Pec  iL 

SWIFT,  n.    The  current  of  a  stream.      [Little  used.] 

ff^altoTu 
3.  In  domestic  affairs,  a  reel  or  turning  instrument 
for  winding  yarn.     {This  is  a  sense  directly  from  tJto 
Saxon  verb.] 

3.  A  bird,  a  species  of  swallow,  so  called  from  the 
rapidity  cf  it^  tlight.  Derkam. 

4.  The  common  newt  or  ell,  a  species  of  lizard, 

Cyc. 

SWaFT'ER,  n.  In  a  ship^  a  rope  used  to  confine  tiie 
bars  of  the  capstan  in  their  sockets,  while  men  are 
turning  it;  also,  a  rope  used  to  encircle  a  boat  longi- 
tudinally, to  s:rensllien  and  defend  her  sides  from 
the  impulse  of  other  boats.  Swiflers,  also,  are  two 
siirouds  fixed  on  the  starboard  and  larboard  sides  of 
the  lower  masts,  above  all  the  other  shrouds,  to  give 
the  masts  additional  security 

SWIFTER,  c.  t.    To  stretch,  as  shrouds  bv  tackles. 

SWIFTER,  a.    [comp.  of  Swift.]     More  swill. 

SWiFT'EST,  a.     [sup.  of  Swift.]     .Most  swift. 

SWIFT'-FOOT,  o.    Nimble. 

S\VIFT'-HEEL-£D,  a.    Swift-foot;  rapid. 

SWIFT'EY,  adr.  Fleetly;  rapidly;  with  celerity; 
with  quick  motion  or  velucity. 

SWIFT'A'ESS,  n.  Speed;  rapid  motion  ;  quickness; 
celerity  ;  velocity ;  rapidity.  Swiftness  is  a  word  of 
general  import,  applic-ible  to  every  kind  of  motion, 
and  to  everj'  thing  that  moves ;  as,  the  swiftness  of  a 
bird  ;  the  swiftness  of  a  stream  ;  swiftness  of  descent 
in  a  falling  body;  swiftness  of  thought,  &lc. 

SWIG,  r.  t.  or  i.     [Ice.  swiga.     Qu.  siuJc] 

To  drink  by  large  draughts ;  to  suck  greedily. 

Orose. 

SWIG,  ju    A  large  draught.     [ViUgar.] 

2.  In  seamcTi^s  language^  a  pulley  with  ropes  which 
are  net  parallel. 

SWIG,  V.  t.     [Sax.  swigan,  to  stupefy.] 

To  castrate,  as  a  ram,  by  binding  the  testicles 
lisht  with  a  string,  so  that  they  mortify  and  slough 
off.     [LocaL'\  Cyc. 

SWILL,  V.  t.     [Sax.  swelgan^  swylgan^  to  swallow.] 

1.  To  drink  grossly  or  greedily;  as, to  swill  down 
great  quantities  of  liquors.  Jirbuthnot. 

2.  To  wash  ;  to  drench.  S/icA. 

3.  To  inebriate ;  to  swell  with  fullness. 

1  shoultl  be  loalb 
To  n^eei  the  rudeness  and  sailiid  insolence 
Of  £uch  Inle  v.-assailers.  ATtlton. 

SWILL,  V.  i.    To  he  intoxicated.     [Ofi.?.]     WJiately. 
SWILL,  n.    Large  draughts  of  liquor ;  or  drink  taken 

in  excessive  quantities. 
2.  The  wash  or  mixture  of  liquid    substances, 

given  to  swine;  called  in  some  places  Swillisgs. 
SWILL'£D,  pp.      Swallowed  grossly  in  large  quan- 
tities. 
SWILL'ER,  71.    One  who  drinks  voraciously. 
SWILL'ING,  ppr.     Swallowing  excessive  quantities 

of  liquors. 
SWILL'INGS,  n.  pi.     Swill. 
SWIM,  r.  i.;  pret.  Swam;  pp.  Swum.     [Sax.  swim- 

man  ;  D.  zwemmen,  to  swim  ;  iwymen,  to  swoon  :  G. 

schwciamenj  scftwimmen ;  Dan.  svimlerj  scommer;  Sw, 

snima,  to  swoon.] 

1.  To  float ;  to  he  supported  on  water  or  other  flu- 
id ;  not  to  sink,  Most  species  of  wood  will  swim  in 
v/aler.  Any  substance  will  sioim,  whose  specilic 
^avity  is  less  than  that  of  the  fluid  in  which  it  is 
immersed. 

2.  To  move  progressively  in  water  by  means  of  the 
motion  of  the  hands  and'feet,  or  of  fins.  In  Paris, 
boys  are  taught  to  sicim  by  instructors  appointed  for 
that  purpose,    /s.  xxv. 

I.^3p  in  with  nic  iDto  this  angry 'flood, 

Ana  ioini  to  yonder  point.  .^haJc. 

3.  To  float ;  to  be  borne  along  by  a  cunent.  In 
all  slates  there  are  men  who  will  swim  with  tlie  tide 
of  popular  opinion. 

4.  To  glide  along  with  a  smooth  motion,  or  with  a 
waving  motion. 

She  with  ptettjr  and  with  sieimimns  gail.  SXcV. 

A  hovcrn^  nust  came  t:£imming  o  cr  his  ii*ht.  Dryden. 


SWI 

5.  To  be  dizzy  or  vertiginous ;  to  have  a  waving 
motion  of  the  head,  or  a  sensation  of  that  kind,  or  a 
reeling  of  the  body.  The  head  swims  when  we  walk 
on  high. 

6.  To  be  floated  ;  to  be  overflowed  or  drenched  ; 
as,  the  earth  swims  in  niin.  Spectator. 

Sudden  tlie  illicbcs  swell,  llic  mciulows  smm.  Thornton. 

All  the  iiiglil  1  maJie  my  bed  to  awim;  1  water  my  couch  with 
my  tears. — Ps.  vi. 

7.  To  overflow ;  to  abound ;  to  have  abundance. 

They  now  sioim  \\\  joy.  MUton. 

SWIM,  V.  t.  To  pass  or  move  on ;  as,  to  swim  a 
stream.    Deer  are  known  to  swim  rivers  and  sounds. 

Sometimes  he  thought  to  swim  Ibe  stormy  m:uii.  Dryden. 

9.  To  immerse  in  water  that  the  lighter  parts  may 
swim  ;  as,  to  swim  wheat  for  seed.  Encyc. 

SWIMAI,  n.  The  bladder  of  fishes,  by  which  they  are 
said  to  be  supported  in  water.  Grew. 

SWIM'MER,  71.    One  that  swims. 

2.  A  protuberance  on  tho  leg  of  a  horse. 

Far.  Diet, 

3.  An  order  of  birds  that  swim  are  called  swim- 
mers.   They  are  webfooted,  as  the  duck  and  goose. 

SWIM'MING,  ppr.  or  a.  Floating  on  a  fluid  ;  moving 
on  a  fluid ;  having  a  waving  or  reeling  motion ; 
overflowing;  abounding. 

SWIM'MING,  71.  The  act  or  art  of  moving  on  the 
water  by  means  of  the  limbs  ;  a  floating. 

2.  Dizziness. 

SWIM'aUNG-LY,  adv.  Smoothly;  without  obstruc- 
tion ;  with  great  success,     [A'bE  clegant-l 

SWIN'DLE,  (swin'dl,)  v.  t.     [D.  twcndcUn.] 

To  cheat  and  defraud  grossly,  or  with  deliberate 
artifice  ;  as,  to  swindle  a  man  out  of  his  property. 

SWIN'DL-ED,  pp.    Grossly  cheated  and  defrauded. 

SWIN'DLER,  n.     [G.  schicindler.] 

A  cheat ;  a  rogue ;  one  who  defrauds  grossly,  or 
one  who  makes  a  practice  of  defrauding  others  by 
imposition  or  deliberate  artifice. 

SWL\'DLfNG,ppr.  or  a.    Cheating  ;  defrauding. 

SWIX'DLING,  n.    The  act  of  defrauding  ;  knavery. 

SWiNE,  n.  sing,  and  pL  [Sax.  swin  ;  Sw.  and  Dan. 
svin ;  D.  iicyn ;  G.  scliwein  ;  L.  suinus.  It  is  found  in 
the  Fr.  marsouiUj  a  porpoise  ;  L.  mare,  the  sea,  and 
swine  ;  the  seahog ;  Port,  suino,  pertaining  to  swine  ; 
Polish,  5yi?iia  ;  Bohemian,  sTrine;  Coin,  iwynia.} 

A  hog ;  a  pachydermatous  mammal  of  the  genus 
Sus,  which  furnishes  man  with  a  large  portion  of  his 
most  nourishing  food.  The  fat  or  lard  of  this  animal 
enters  into  various  dishes  in  cookery.  The  swine  is 
a  heavj',  stupid  animal,  and  delights  to  wallow  in  the 
mire. 

SWINE'-BREAD,  (-bred,)n.    A  kind  of  plant,  truffle. 

Bailey. 

SWiNE'-GRuE,  S      t-^^^'^'-J 

SWTNE'-GRaSS,  a.    A  plant,  knot-grass.    Ainsworth. 

SWINE'HERD,  n.  [swim  and  herd.]  A  keeper  of 
swine.    _  Tvsser. 

SWINE'-oAT,  n.  [sioine  and  oat.]  A  kind  of  oats, 
cultivated  fur  the  use  of  pigs,  as  in  Cornwall ;  the 
Avena  nuda  of  botanists.  Cijc. 

SWINE'-PiPE,  n.  [swine  and  pipe.]  A  species  of 
thrush,  the  red-wing.  -Erf.  Encyc. 

SWINE'-POX,  n.  A  variety  of  the  chicken-pox,  with 
acuminated  vesicles  containing  a  watery  fluid;  the 
water-pox.  Oood. 

SWINE'S'-€RESS,  71.  A  species  of  cress,  of  the 
genus  Coronopus  or  Cochlearia. 

SWINE'-SToNE,  71.  [swine  and  stone.]  A  name 
given  to  those  kinds  ol  limestone  which,  when  rub- 
bed, emit  a  fetid  odor,  resembling  that  of  naphtha 
combined  with  sulphureted  hydrogen;  also  called 
Stinbstone.  Chjc. 

S\A'1NE'-ST'?,  n.    A  sty  or  pen  for  swine. 

SWINE'-THIS-TLE,  (-IhisM,)  n.  A  plant,  the  sow- 
thistle.  Cyc 

SWING,  v.i.;  7>re;.  and  pp.  Swdn'g.  [G.  scfnoijigen, 
to  swing,  to  brandish,  to  beat  with  a  swingle-staff"; 
D.  zwingelen,  to  beat ;  Sw.  svinga ;  Dan.  smngcr,  to 
swing,  to  brandish,  to  soar.  It  seems  that  this  is  the 
Sax.  swingan,  to  beat,  strike,  flagellate,  whence  to 
swingle  flax.  Swing  seems  to  be  formed  on  the  root 
of  wag.] 

1.  To  move  to  and  fro,  as  a  body  suspended  m  the 
air ;  to  wave  j  to  vibrate. 

I  tried  if  a  p.;MiduIum  would  ewing  faster,  or  continue  swinging 
longer  m  our  receiver,  if  exhausted.  Boyle. 

9.  To  i)ractice  swinging;  as,  a  man  swings  for 
health  or  pleasure. 

3.  To  move  or  float ;  also,  to  turn  round  an  an- 
chor ;  as,  a  ship  sicings  with  the  tide.    Jilar.  Did. 

4.  To  be  hanged.  D.  Webster. 
SWI.XG,  V.  t.    To  make  to  play  loosely  ;  to  cause  to 

wave  or  vibrate ;  as  a  body  suspended  in  the  air. 

2.  To  whirl  round  in  the  air. 

Swing  lliee  in  air,  then  dash  Itiee  down.  Milton. 

3.  To  wavo  ;  to  move  to  and  fro ;  as,  a  man 

swings  his  arms  when  he  walks. 

He  eaifigs  his  mil,  and  rft'Hlly  turns  him  round,         Dryden, 

4.  To  brandish;  to  flourish. 


SWI 

SWING,  n.    A  waving  or  vibratory  molion ;  oscilla- 
tion ;  as,  the  swi.ig  ol  a  pendulum. 

3.  Motion  from  one  side  to  the  other.  A  haughty 
man  struts  or  walks  with  a  swing. 

3.  A  line,  cord,  or  other  thing  suspended  and 
hanging  louse;  also,  an  apparatus  suspended  for 
persons  to  swing  in. 

4.  Influence  or  power  of  a  body  put  in  motion. 

Th?  mm  th-tl  tattrn  down  the  wall, 

For  the  great  Miang  and  rudeaeu  of  hii  pcne.  Shek. 

5.  Free  course  ;  unrestrained  liberty  or  license. 

T;ikc  thy  swing.  DrySen, 

To  prevent  any  tiling  which  may  prore  on  obnule  to  Ui-  f  ili 
swing  of  h  J  {;<:nius.  ii-r     . 

G.  The  sweep  or  compass  of  a  moving  body. 
7.  Unrestrained  tendency  ;  as,  the  prevailing-:^;:     / 
of  corrupt  nature ;  the  swing  of  propensities. 

South,     OUznviUe. 
SWING'-IJRIDGE,  71.    [swing  and  bridge.]     A  bridgo 

tb:it  may  be  moved  by  swinging;  used  on  canals. 
SWI.VGE,  (swinj,)  r.  ^     [Sax.  swingan^  fcupra.] 

1.  To  beat  soundly;  to  whip;  to  bostinade  :  to 
chastise;  to  punish. 

You  ewinged  mc  for  my  lore.  ."■'' 

And  siHngts  hii  own  vices  in  bi<  son. 


To  move  as  a  bsh.    [JVot  in  use.] 

" "-0 


Dr-. 

Mil- 


[Tliis  verb  is  obsoU-acent  and  vulgar. j 
SWINGE,  (swinj,)  ti.    A  sway  ;  a  swmg;  the  swcci* 

of  any  thing  in  motion.    [JVot  in  use]         Waller. 
SWINGE'-BUCK-LER,  (swinj'buck-ler,)  n.    A  bully  ; 

one  who  pretends  to  feats  of  arms.    [Aoi  ia  u^e.1 ' 

SWIN"G£L,(swin§'gl,)n.  That  part  of  a  flail  which 
falls  on  tho  grain  m  threshing.     [Various  dialects.] 

HaUiweU. 

SWIXG'ER,  n.    One  who  swings  ;  one  who  huris. 

SWING'ING,  ppr.oxa.  [from  AToift^".]  Weaving;  vi- 
brating; brandishing. 

SWING'ING,  n.  The  act  of  swinging;  an  exercise 
for  health  or  pleasure. 

SWING'ING,  ppr.  of  Swinge.    Beating  soundly. 
9.  a.     Huge  ;  very  large.     [Vulgar A 

SWING'ING-LY,  adt.    Vastly  ;  hugely.     [Vul^r.-.^ 

SWIN"GLE,  (swing'gl,)  c. :.    [from  swing.]    T- 
gle  ;  to  wave  hanging. 
9.  To  swing  for  pleasure.    [.A'ot  in  use.] 

SWIN"GLE,  (swiug'gl,)  r.  i.    [Sax.  swingan,  In  : 
See  Swing.] 

To  beat ;  to  clean  flax  by  beating  it  with  a  wuuiit-u 
instrument  resembling  a  large  knife,  and  called  iu 
New  England  a  Swingling-Ksife.  Flax  is  first 
broke  and  then  swingled. 

SWIN"GLE,  71.  In  wire-works,  a  wooden  spoke 
fixed  to  the  barrel  that  draws  the  wire ;  also,  a 
crank.  Cyc 

SWIN"GL£D,  (swing'gld,)  pp.  Beat  and  cleaned  by 
a  swingling-knife. 

SWIN"GLE-TREE,  n.  A  whiffle-tree  or  whipple- 
tree.     [See  Single-Tbez.] 

SWIN"GLING,  ppr.    Beating  and  cleaning,  as  flax. 

SWIN"GLiNG-KNlFE, )  n.    A  wooden  instrument 

SWIN"GLE,  i       like  a  large  knife,  about 

two  feet  long,  with  one  thin  edge,  used  for  cleaning 
flax  of  the  shives. 

SWIN"GLING-ToW,  n.  The  coarse  part  of  flax, 
separated  from  the  finer  by  swingling  and  halch- 
eling. 

SWING'-PLOW,      }  n.      A  plow  without   a  fore- 

SWING'-PLOUGH,  j       wheel  under  the  beam. 

Oardner. 

SWING'-TREE,  n.  [swing  and  tree]  The  bar  of  a 
carriage  to  which  the  traces  are  fastened.  In  Jimtr- 
ica,  it  is  often  or  generally  called  tlieWniFFLE-TKEE, 
or  Whifple-Tkee. 

SWING'-WHEEL,  h.  [.^iPino-and  Kheel.]  In  atime- 
piece,  the  wheel  which  drives  the  pendulum.  In  a 
watch  or  balance  clock,  it  is  called  the  Crown- 
wheel. Cije. 

SWIN'ISH,  a.  [from  swine.]  Befitting  swine  ;  like 
swine;  gross;  hoggish:  brutal;  as,  a  *ieiwic>A  drunk- 
ard or  sot ;  swinish  gluttony. 

SWIN'ISH-LY,  adc.    In  a  swinish  manner. 

SWINK,  T.  i.    [Sax.  «criican.] 

To  labor  ;  to  toil ;  to  drudge.     [Obs.]      Spenser. 

SWINK,  V.  t.    To  overiabor.    [Obs.]  Jfilton. 

SWINK,  71,    Labor;  toil;  drudgerv*.     [Obs.]   Spaiser. 

SWINK'ER,  71.    A  laborer  ;  a  plowman.    [Ob^.] 

Chaucer. 

S\ATTE,  n.    A  swape  or  sweep,  which  see. 

SWIP'PER,  a.    [Sax.  swipan,  to  move  quick.] 
Nimble  ;  quick.     [J^'ot  in  use.] 

SWISS,  n.    A  native  of  Switzerland  or  Swisseriand. 
9.  The  language  of  Switzerland. 

SWITCH,  71.     [Sw.  scegc) 

1.  A  small,  flexible  twig  or  rod. 

On  the  meda!,  Mauriunia  loads  a  horse  ly  a  (hrtad  wHh  ona 
hand,  and  in  liie  other  holds  a  sviuA.  Adaircr.. 

9.  On  raibcaysy  a  movable  part  of  the  rail  for 
transferring  a  car  from  one  track  to  another. 

SWITCH,  V.  t.  To  strike  with  a  small  twig  or  rod  ; 
to  beat ;  to  lash.  Chipviau. 

SWITCH,  r.  I.  To  walk  with  a  jerk.  lObscltcorlo- 
cal.]       '  


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.— AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — G  as  K;  G  as  J;  S  as  Z;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  m  THIS. 


1119 


swo 

SIV'ITCH'EL,  71.  A  beverage  made  of  molasses  and 
"■ater.  JiTew  EiirrUmd. 

SU'IV'^L,  (swiv'l,)  n.  [from  Sai.  siclfun,  to  turn  or 
whirl  round;  or  from  the  root  of  7ii/ii3(e,  which  see. 
In  D.  weifflcn  is  to  palter,  to  waver,  to  whiffle.] 

1.  A  ring  which  turns  upon  a  staple  ;  or  a  strong 
link  of  iron  used  in  nuioring  ships,  and  which  per- 
mits the  bridles  to  be  turned  round  j  any  ring  or  sta- 
ple that  turns.  jl/ur.  UicU 

2.  A  .small  cannon  or  piece  of  .arlillerv,  carryins;  a 
shot  of  h.Uf  a  pound,  ti.\cd  in  a  sivivel  or  in  a  socket 
on  tile  top  of  a  ship's  side,  stern,  or  how,  or  in  licr 
tops,  in  such  a  manner  as  to  be  turned  in  any  direc- 
tion. .  Mar.  Diet.     Braiide. 

SWI\"£L,  (svviv'l,)  I),  i.  To  turn  on  a  staple,  pin,  or 
pivot. 

SWIV'£L-HQPK,  II.  A  hook  that  turns  in  the  end 
of  an  iron  block  strap, for  the  ready  taking  the  turns 
out  of  a  tackle.  Cijc 

.SWOli,  71.     A  mop.    [See  Swad.] 

SWOU,  V.  t.    To  clean  or  wipe  with  a  swob.    [See 

SWOH'IIEU,  71.  One  who  swabs  or  cleans  with  a 
mop.     [Pee  SwARUER.l 

'J.  Swobbers;  four  privileged  cards,  only  used  inci- 
dentally in  betting  at  tlie  game  of  whist.        Swifu 

SWoLL'£N,  )  pp.  of  Swell;  irregular  and  obsolescent. 

SWoLN,  (  The  regular  p.articiple.  Swelled,  is 
to  he  preferred. 

SVVOM,  old  prct.  of  Swim,  is  obsolete.  We  now  use 
Swum  and  .Swau. 

SWOON,  V.  i.  [Sax.  asioiman.  Qu.  wjaiie,  vain,  van- 
ish.'] 

To  faint  ;  to  sink  into  a  fainting  fit,  in  which  there 
is  an  apparent  suspension  of  the  vital  functions  and 
mental  powers. 

The  most  in  yeara  swooned  first  awn/  for  pain.  Drtjden. 

He  soomed  rviuly  to  siooon  awny  in  the  surprise  of  joy.     Tatler. 

SWOON,  71.    A  fainting  fit ;  lipothymy  ;  syncope. 

Coze. 
SWOON'ING,  ppr.    Fainting  aw.ay. 
S VVOON'ING,  71.    The  act  of  lainting ;  syncope. 

Hall. 
SWOOP,  II.  t.     [This  is  probably  from  stcerp,  or  the 
same  root.] 

1.  To  fallen  at  once  and  seize  ;  to  catch  while  on 
the  wing;  as,  a  hawk  swoops  a  chicken;  a  kite 
swoops  up  a  mouse. 

2.  To  seize  ;  to  catch  up  ;  to  take  with  a  sweep. 

QliinviUe. 

3.  To  pass  with  violence.     [JVol  in  wsc]    Drmjion. 
SWOOP,  I',  i.    To  pass  with  pomp.  Drayton. 
SWOOP,  II.    A  falling  on  and  seizing,  as  of  a  rapa- 
cious fowl  on  his  prey. 

The  eagle  fell  — nnd  carried  away  a  whole  litter  of  ciil)s  at  a 
'"Oop.  L'Ettrange. 

SWOP,  71.  t.  To  exchange ;  to  bailer ;  to  give  one 
commodity  for  another. 

[.See  Swap.]     I'his  is  a  common  word,  but  not  in 
elegant  use. 
SVV6RD,  (sword  or  sord,)  ti.     [Sax.  sward,  smmrd;  G. 
schwert;  D.  zwaard ;  Ban.  sva:rd ;  S\v.  .?raiv/.] 

1.  An  ofl'ensive  weapon  worn  at  the  side,  and 
used  by  hand  either  for  thrusting  or  cutting. 

2.  Fi^rativdy,  destruction  by  war. 

I  will  brin^  a  Bword  upon  you.  — Lev.  xxvi.     Is.  li. 

3.  Vengeance  or  justice. 

She  quits  ttie  Lalaure,  and  resigns  the  ssoortl.  Drydeit. 

4.  Emblem  of  authority  and  power. 
Tjie  ruler— beareth  not  the  eword  in  vain Rom.  xiii. 

5.  War ;  dissension. 

I  cjmie  not  10  send  peace,  but  a  tmord Matt.  j. 

G.  Emblem  of  triumph  and  protection. 

'i'he  Loril  — the  sword  of  thy  exallence.  — Deut.  xxziii, 
SWoRD'-BEaR-EE,  71.     [sword  ani  bear.]    An  officer 

in  the  city  of  London,  who  carries  a  sword  as  an 

emblem  of  justice  before  the  lord  mayor  wlien  lie 

goes  abroad. 
SWoRD'-BELT,  71.      [sword   and  belt.]     A  belt  by 

which  a  sword  is  suspended  and  borne  by  the  side. 
SWoRD'-HLSDE,7i.     [sword  and  blade.]     The  blade 

or  cutting  part  of  a  sword. 
SWoRD'ED,  a.    Girded  with  a  sword.  Milton. 

S WoED'ER,  71.    A  soldier ;  a  cut-throat.  [JVu!  711  use.] 

SWORD'-FIGHT,  (-me,) ,,.  [sword  ani  J!  At.]  Fenc- 
ing; a  combat  or  trial  of  skill  with  swords. 

SWoRD'FISH,7i.  [mord  and  fyh.]  A  genus  of  fish- 
es, called,  m  ichthyology,  Xiphias  ;  so  named  from 
the  nose,  snout,  or  upper  jaw,  which  is  sliaped  like 
a  sword.  q,.^ 

SVVoRD'-GRJiSS,  71.     [sword  and  o-i-<i.,s.]    A  kind' of 
setlge  glader  ;  the  sweet  rush,  a  species  of  Acorus. 
Ainsworth.     Cite. 

SWoRD'-KNOT,  (-not,)  71.  [smord  and  knot.]  A 
ribbon  tied  to  the  hilt  of  a  sword.  /'one 

SWoRD'-LAW,  71.  [sword  and  law.]  Violence  ;  gtiv- 
ernnient  by  force.  Milton 

SWoRD'LESS.  a.    Destitute  of  a  sword. 

SWoRO'  MAN,  71.  [sword  and  man.]  A  soldier;  a 
fighting  man.  sitak. 


SYL 


SYM 


SWol{D'-PLSY-ER,  71.  [sword  ani  player.]  A  fen- 
cer ;  a  gladiator;  one  who  exhibils  his  .«I>ill  in  the 
use  of  the  sword.  Uakewill 

SVV6Rp'-SH.\P-£D,  (-shapt,)  a.  [sword  and  shape.] 
Ensiform  ;  shaped  like  a  sword  ;  as,  a  sword-ahapcd 
'eaf-  Martun. 

SWORE,  prct.  of  Swear. 

SWORN,  pp.  or  a.  from  SwEAn.  The  officers  of  gov- 
ernment are  sworn  to  a  faithful  discharge  of  their 
duty. 

Sworn  friends  is  a  phrase  equivalent  to  determined, 
close  or  firm  friends. 

I  ain  sworn  brother,  sweet, 
To  grim  necessity.  Sltak. 

Sworn  enemies  are  determined  or  irreconcilable  en- 
emies. 
SWOQND,  71.  i.    To  swoon.     [J^ot  in  use.]       Skak. 
SWUM,  prct.  and  pp.  of  Swim. 
SWUNG,  7i7-c(.  and  pp.  of  Swino. 
SYB   ) 
SIB,)"'     [•''ii>''-]    Related  by  blood.     [01i.i.] 

SYB'A-RITE,  71.     [from  Sybaris,  an  ancient  Italian 
town.] 
A  jierson  devoted  to  luxury  and  pleasure. 
SVB-A-RIT'ie,         j  a.     [From  SybariLe,  inhabitants 
SYB-A-KIT'ie-AL,  (     of  Sybaris,  in  Italy,  who  were 
proverbially  voluptuous.] 
Luxurious  ;  wanton.  Bo.  ITiill 

SYe'A-MINE.    See  SycAjionE. 

SYCA-MORE,  71.  [Gr.  aVKapivo^^  trtiA-y/iooof,  from 
ovKos,  a  fig,  and  popu^.] 

A  species  of  fig-tree.  The  name  is  also  incorrectly 
given  to  the  Acer  pseudo-plataitus,  a  species  of  nia- 
l'^<'-  Cye.     Lee. 

The  sycamore,  (falsely  so  called,)  or  plane-tree  of 
North  America,  is  the  Platanus  occidentalis  of  Lin- 
nteus,  commonly  called  BtiTroN-Wooo,  or  Cotto:j- 
Tkee. 
SYCV-MORE-MOTII,  71.  A  large  and  heautifid  moth, 
or  night-butterlly,  so  called  because  its  caterpillar 
feeds  on  the  leaves  of  the  sycamore.  Cue. 

SY-CEE',  )  71.     In  China,  silver  in  the  form 

SY-CEE'-SIL'VER,  j  of  small  half  globes,  bearing 
the  stamp  of  the  office  that  issues  it,  and  used  as  a 
currency.  Vincent.    Brandc. 

SYC'ITE,  71.    [Gr.  BVKOs,  a  fig.] 

Fig-stone;  a  name  which  some  authors  give  to 
nodules  of  nint  or  pebbles  which  resemble  a  fig.  [Xot 
Tiseif.]  Cyc. 

SY-Co'MA,  71.     [Gr.  .tvkoi',  a  fig.] 

A  tumor  shaped  like  a  fig. 
SY€'0-P[IAN-CY,  71.     [Infra.]     Ori^nnnlly,  informa- 
tion of  the  clandestine  exportation  of  figs :  hence, 
mean  tale-bearing  ;  obsequious  flattery  ;  serv'ilitv. 
SYe'0-PIIANT,7i.    [Gr.  <rii<(o</„ii-ri( ;  owtoj,  a  fig'  and 
tjiaiv^o,  to  discover.] 

Originally,  an  informer  against  those  who  stole 
figs  or  exijurted  them  contrary  to  law,  &c.  Hence,  in 
■ it  came  to  signify  a  tale-bearer  or  informi 


general;  hence,  a  parasite;  a  mean  flatterer;  espe- 
cially, a  flatterer  of  princes  and  great, men  ;  hence, 
a  deceiver  ;  an  impostor.  Its  most  general  use  is  in 
the  sense  of  an  obsequious  fl.itterer  or  parasite. 

Encyc.     Patterns  .dntio. 
SYG'O-PHANT,  )  r.  t.     To  play  the  sycophant ; 

SYC'O-PHANT-lZE,  j      to    flatter  meanly  and  offi- 
ciously ;  to  inform  or  tell  tales  for  gaining  favor. 
SYC-O-PIIANT'ie,  a.    Tale-bearing  ;  more  generally, 
obseiiuiously  flattering;  parasitic;  courting  favor  by 
mean  adulation. 

2.  Sycophantic  plants,  or  parasites,  are  such  as  ad- 
here to  other  plants,  and  depend  on  them  for  sup- 
port. 
SYe'O-PHANT-RY,  71.    Mean  and  officious  tale-bear- 
ing or  adulation.  Barrow. 
SY-eO'SIS,  71.     ..\  tubercular  eruption  upon  the  scalp, 

or  bearded  part  of  the  face. 
SYD-Ne'.^N,    )  0.    Denoting  a  species  of  white  earth 
SYD-Ne'IAN,  1      brought  from  Sidney  Cove,  in  South 

Wales.  Kinean. 

Sy'EN-ITE,  n.  A  compound  granular  rock  composed 
of  quartz,  hornblende,  and  feldspar,  of  a  grayish 
color;  so  called  because  there  are  many  ancient 
monuments  con.5isting  of  this  rock,  brought  from 
Syene,  in  Upper  Egypt.  It  diflers  from  granite  only 
in  containing  hornblende  instead  of  mica. 

Lnnier.     Dana. 
S5KE,  71.    A  small  brook  or  rill  in  low  ground.     [Lo- 
cal..] 
SYL-LAB'I€,         )  a.     [from  syllable.]    Pertaining  to 
SYL-LAB'ie-AL, )      a  syllable  or  syllables  ;  as,  syl- 
labic accent. 

2.  Consisting  of  a  syllable  or  syllables  ;  as,  a  syl- 
labic augment. 
SYL-LAB'ie-AL-LY,  ado.    In  a  syllabic  manner. 
SYL-LAB-I-Ca'TION,  71.    The  act  of  forming  sylla- 
bles ;  the  act  or  method  of  dividing  words  into  sylKa- 
•'I'ls.  Ash. 

SYL'LA-BLE,  11.  [L.  syllaba ;  Gr.  avWaHn,  from 
cpWapffavu,  to  comprehend ;  t7i)i<  and  Xauliato!,  to 
lake.] 

1.  A  letter,  or  a  combination  of  letters,  uttered  to- 
gether, or  at  a  single  elfort  or  impulse  of  the  voice. 


a  satyr; 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT— METE,  PREY.-PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.-NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOIC- 


IISO 


A  vowel  may  form  a  .syllable  by  itself,  as  a,  the  de- 
hmtive,  or  in  uniciu  e  in  ccrii;  0  in  oiier,  and  the 
like.  .-V  syllable  may  also  be  formed  of  a  vowel  and 
one  consonant,  as  in  go,  do,  in,  at;  or  a  syllable  may 
be  formed  by  a  vowel  with  two  articulations,  one 
preceding,  the  other  following  it,  as  in  can,  hut  tun  : 
or  a  syllable  may  consist  of  a  combination  of  coii^^k 
nants,  with  one  vowel  or  diphthong,  as  strona,  short, 
camp,  voice.  *" 

A  syllable  sometimes  forms  a  word,  and  is  then 
significant,  as  in  iro,  ran,  write,  san,  moon.  In  other 
cases  a  syllable  is  nierelv  a  part  of  a  word,  and  by 
itself  is  not  significant.  Thus  ac,  in  active,  has  no 
signification. 

At  least  one  vowel,  or  open  sound,  is  essential  to 
the  lormatioii  of  a  syllable  ;  hence  in  every  word 
there  must  be  as  many  syllables  as  there  are  single 
vowels,  or  single  vowels  and  diphthongs.  A  word 
is  called  according  to  the  number  of  syllables  it  con- 
tains, viz. : — 

Monosyllable ;  a  word  of  one  syllable. 
Dissyllable ;  a  word  of  two  svllables. 
Trisyllable ;  a  word  of  three  syllables. 
Polysyllable !  a  word  of  many  syllables. 
2.  A  small  iiart  of  a  sentence  or  discourse  ;  some- 
thing very  concise.    This  account  contains  not  a  syl- 
lable, of  truth. 

Before  a  syUnble  of  the  law  of  God  was  written.         Hooker. 
SYL'LA-BLE,  v.  t.    To  utter;    to  articulate.     [jXot 

used.]  Milton. 

SYL'LA-BUB,  71.    A  compound  drink  made  of  wine 

and  milk  ;  a  diflerent  orthography  of  SiLLAEun. 
SVLTjA-BUS,  71.     [L.,  from  the  same  source  as  svlla- 
blc.] 

An  abstract ;  a  compendium  containing  the  heads 
of  a  discourse,  &c. 
SYL-LEP'SIS,  71.     [Gi.  <Tv).\r,<pis.    See  Svllable.] 

1.  In  grammar,  a  figure  by  which  we  conceive  the 
sense  of  words  otherwise  than  the  words  import, 
and  construe  them  according  to  the  intention  of  the 
author;  otherwise  called  Substitution. 

2.  The  agreement  of  a  verb  or  adjective,  not  with 
the  word  next  to  it,  but  with  some  other  word  in  the 
sentence,  to  which  a  preference  is  given  ;  as,  rrr  et 
regina  bcati.  Andrews  Sf  Stoddard. 

SYL'LO-GISH,  71.     [L.  syllogismus ;  Gr.  avX\oyia)io; ; 
am',  with,  and  Af  j  to,  to  speak  ;  Xnyii^opai,  to  think.] 
A  form  of  reasoning,  or  argument,  consisting  of 
three  propositions,  of  which  tile  two  first  are  c-iiled 
the  premises,  and  the  last  the  conclusion.    In  this  ar- 
gument, the  conclusion  necessarilv  follows  from  the 
premises  ;  so  that  if  the  two  first  proiiositions  are 
true,  the  conclusion  must  be  true,  and  the  argument 
amounts  to  demonstration.    Thus  : 
A  iilant  has  not  the  power  of  locomotion  ; 
An  oak  is  a  plant ; 

Therefore  an  oak  has  not  the  power  of  locomotion. 
These  propositions  are  dcnominaleil  the  major,  the 
iiiinei-,  and  the  eoncht.^ion. 
SYL-LO-GIS'Tie,         j  a.    Pertaining  to  a  syllo-ism  ■ 
SYL-LO-GIS'Tie-AL,  j      consisting  of  a  syllogism,' 
or  of  the  lorm  of  reasoning  by  syllogisms  ;  as,  sifllo- 
gistic  arguments  or  reasoning. 
SYL-LO-GIS'Tie-AL-LY,  ada.    In  the  form  of  a  syl- 
logism;  by  means  of  syllogisms;  as,  to  reason  or 
prove  syllogisticnlhf. 
SYL-LO-GI-Z.A'TION,  71.    A  reasoning  by  syllogisms. 

SY'L'LO-GIZE,  71.  i.    To  reason  by  syllogisms. 

Men  have  endeavored  to  teach  hoys  to  syllogize,  or  to  frame 
nrgumenU  and  refute  tiiem,  without  real  Itnow  ledge.    I  r.iI18. 

2YL'LO-GrZ-ER,  71.    One  who  reasons  by  syllogisms. 
SYL'LO-GIZ-ING,  ;i;jr.    Reasoning  by  syllogisms. 
SYLPH,  (silf,)  71.     [Fr.  sylphide;  Gr.  o-iXiti?,  a  moth,  a 
beetle.] 

An  imaginar\'  being  inhabiting  the  air. 
SYI.PH'ID,  71.     [Vl.  sylphide.]  [Temple.     Pope. 

A  diminutive  of  Svlph. 
SYLPH'-LIKE,  a.    Resembling  a  sylph. 
SYL'VA,  71.     [L.,  a  wood  or  forest.]     In  poetni,  a  po- 
etical piece  composed  in  a  start,  or  kind  of  transport. 

2.  A  collection  of  poetical  pieces  of  v.ariNUs  kinds. 

Oiic. 

3.  A  work  containing  a  botanical  description  of  the 
forest  trees  of  any  reg'ion  or  country  ;  as  Michaux's 
Sylva  Americana. 

4.  The  forest  trees  themselves  of  any  region  or 
country. 

SYL'VAN.     See  Silvax. 
SYL'VAN,  71.     A  fabled  deity  of  the  wood 
a  faun  ;  sometimes,  perhaps,  a  rustic. 

Her  private  orchards,  walled  on  every  side. 

To  lawless  sylomts  all  aox-'ss  denied.  Pops. 

SYL'VAN-ITE,  71.  Native  tellurium,  a  metallic  sub- 
stance discovered  in  Transylvania.        Diet,     Ure. 

SYL'V.^TE,  71.  A  compound  of  sylvic  acid  with  a 
base. 

SVL'Vie  ACID,  71.  A  crystallizable  substance  ob- 
tained from  colophony,  or  common  rosin,  by  the  ac- 
tion of  alcohol.  Cooleij.     Orahan. 

SYM'BAL.     SeeCvMRAL. 

SYM'BOIi,  71.  [L.  .'o^iiiZkiZuiii;  Gr,trv/i/?oXoy,- o-7)i',wIth, 
and  /j.i.\A'.),  to  throw  ;  avp0a\\w,  to  compare  ] 


SYM 

1  The  sign  or  reprtisentaliou  of  any  moral  thing  | 
ly  Uie  images  or  properties  oi"  natural  things.  Thus 
the  lion  is  the  sifinbot  of  courage  j  the  Iamb  is  the 
svrubot  of  meekness  or  patience  Symbols  are  of  va- 
rit'Us  kinds  ;  as  types,  eiii^'inas,  parables,  fables,  al- 
legories, emblems,  hieroglyphics,  &c.  Encyc. 

2.  An  emblem  or  representation  of  something  else. 
Thus  in  the  eucharist  the  brL-ad  and  wine  are  called 
sipnbols  of  the  body  and  blood  of  Christ. 

3.  A  letter  or  characler  which  is  significant.  The 
Chinese  letters  are  most  of  them  sipi^oh.  The  sym- 
bols in  algebra  are  arbilrar>\ 

4.  la  medals,  a  certain  mark  or  figure  representing 
a  being  or  thing;  as  a  trident  is  the  symbol  of  Nep- 
tune, the  peacock  of  Juno,  &.c, 

5.  Among  Christians,  an  abstract  or  compendium  ; 
the  creed,  or  a  summary  of  the  articles  of  relision. 

Baker. 

6.  Lot ;  sentence  of  adjudication.     [JVot  iji  use.] 

Tayiji: 

SYM-BOL'ie,         )  a.    Representative  ;  exhibiting  or 

SYM-BOL'I€^AL, )      expressing  by  resemblance  or 

signs  ;  as,  the  figure  of  an  eye  is  symbolical  of  sight 

and  knowledge.    The  ancients  had  their  s7jmbolical 

mysteries. 

The  sacnnieo:  is  a  reprfscnUiion  of  Christ's  deaUi,  by  such 
tymtoiiaU  acuonz  od  he  appointed.  Taylor. 

Symbolicul  philosophy  is  tlie  philosophy  expressed 
bv  liiero^Ivphics. 
SVM-BOL^ie-AI^LY,  adi:.    Ey  representation  or  re- 
semblance of  properties;  by  signs;  typically.    Cour- 
aze  is  sv'nbvlicalhj  represented  bv  a  lion. 
SVM-BOL'ieS,  71.    The  science  of  creeds. 
SYM'COL-ISM,  71.    Amowg  chetniats,  consent  of  parts. 

Encyc. 
SYM-BOL-I-Za'TIOX,  lu     [See  Stmbolize.]     The 
act  of  symbolizing  i  resemblance  ia  properties. 

Brown. 
SYM'BOI^TZE,  V.  i.     [Fr.  sy.iiholiser.] 

\.  To  have  a  resemblance  of  qualities  or  proper- 
ties. 

The  pCeasin*  or  color  symboHzeth  with  the  ploaiiov  of  a  lin^le 
tone  lo  the  eur ;  but  Uie  pl&uiug  of  order  dodi  twnboUxt 
wiih  hannony.  Bacon, 

They  both  tymhclixe  in  IhU,  lh.it  they  love  to  look  upon  ihcin- 
^ves  through  mulliplym^  gt^tsses.  Hauiell, 

2.  To  agree ;  to  hold  the  same  faith  or  religious  be- 
lief. 

Tlie  believers  ',:i  pwlendeii  niutLc!'-e  have  aiwayi  previously  tym- 
boiised  with  ihe  pcrlonuere  of  them,  G.  S.  Ftbtr. 

PY'il'BOL-IZE,  r.  U    To  make  to  agree  in  properties. 
9.  To  make  representative  of  something. 

Some  tyrrJiolize  Uie  ame  from  the  mystery  of  iu  colors.  Broan. 

SYM'BOL-IZ-£D,  pp.    Made  to  agree  in  properties. 

SYM'BOL-IZ-ING,  ppr.  Representing  by  some  prop- 
erties in  common ;  making  to  agree  or  resemble  in 
properties. 

SYM-BOL'0-GY,  71.     [Gr.  ovttSoXov  and  Xoyr,^.] 
The  art  of  expressing  by  symbols. 

SYM'ME-TRAL,  a.  [from  symmetry.]  Commensura- 
hW:  More. 

SYM-Mic'TRI-A\,  (  n.     [from  symmetrij.]     One  cmi- 

SYM'ME-TRIST,  \  nently  studious  of  proportion 
or  svmmetn'  of  parts.  Stdr.cy.     JVcttoit. 

SYM-MET'R"I€^AL,  a.  [frora  symmetry.]  Proportion- 
al in  its  parts  ;  having  its  parts  in  due  proportion  as 
to  dimensions  ;  as,  a  symmetrical  body  nr  building. 

2.  In  botany,  flowers  are  symmetrical  when  the  seg- 
ments of  tlie  calyx,  the  petals,  and  the  stamens,  are 
regular,  equal,  and  alike.  Lindley. 

Symmetrical  solids:  a  name  given  by  Legendre  to 
solids  which,  though  equal  and  similar,  can  not  be 
brought  to  coincide  with  each  other,  or  to  occupy  the 
same  p;;rtion  of  space.  A  man's  two  hands  afford 
an  exnmple  of  symmetrical  solids.  Brande, 

SYM-MET'Rie-AL-LY,  ode.  With  due  proportion  of 
parts. 

SYM-JIET'Rie-AL-NESS,  n.  State  or  quality  of  be- 
ins  symmetrical. 

SYM'ME-TRIZE,  v.  L  To  make  proportional  in  its 
parts  ;  to  reduce  to  sj'mmetry.  Burke. 

SYM'MF.-TR7Z--f:D,  pp.     Made  proportional. 

SYM'MK-TRiZ-ING,  ppr.     Reducing  to  symmetry, 

SV.M'ME-TRY,  n.  [Gr.  cvmurota;  ffiw,  with,  to- 
gether, and  ^rrpo:',  measure  ;  /irrpca',  to  measure; 
Fr.  symetrie:  It.  and  Sp.  simetria.] 

A  lUi't  proportion  of  the  several  parts  of  a  body  to 
each  other:  adaptation  of  ihe  dimensions  of  the  sev- 
eral parts  of  a  thing  to  each  other  ;  or  the  union  and 
conformity  of  the  members  of  a  work  to  the  whole. 
Symmetry  arises  from  the  proportion,  which  the 
Greeks  call  analu^j,  which  is  the  relation  of  con- 
formity uf  all  the  parts  to  a  certain  measure  ;  as,  the 
symmetry  of  a  building  t»r  an  animal  body.         Cyc. 

Uiiiftinn  fnjmmrtry,  in  architecture,  is  where  the 
same  nrdonnanre  reigns  throughout  the  whole. 

Respective  sijmmetrij  is  where  only  the  opposite 
aides  are  equal  to  each  other.  Cye. 

SYM-PA-TflET'ie,         /  a.      [Fr.  .•njmpatJiique.     See 

SYM-PA-THET'IC-AL,  i      Svsh-atmv.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  sympathy. 

2.  Having  common  feeling  with  another;  suscep- 
tible of  being  affected  by  feeling^  like  those  of  an- 


SYM 

other,  or  of  feelings  in  consequence  of  what  another  | 
feels  ;  as,  a  simipatJietic  heart. 

3.  In  viediciitc,  the  tenn  sympathetic  is  applied  to  I 
symptoms  and  atfLCtions  which  occur  in  parts  more  , 
or  less  remote  from  the  primary  seat  of  disease,  and 
are  occasioned  by  some  nervous  connection  of  the  i 
parts.  A  disease  which  is  immediately  precedeil  and  i 
occasioned  by  another  disease  is  sometimes  said  to  ' 
be  s\rmpath€tic,  in  contmdistinclion  from  idiopathic, 
which  is  applied  to  a  disease  not  preceded  or  occa- 
sioned by  any  other  ;  but,  in  this  case,  the  term  symp- 
tomatic is  not  only  more  appropriate,  but  more  com- 
monly employed. 

4.  Among  alchemists,  an  epithet  applied  to  a  kind 
of  powder,  possessed  of  the  wonderful  property  that, 
if  spread  on  a  clolli  dipped  in  the  blood  of  a  wound, 
the  wound  will  be  heaL-d,  though  the  patient  is  at  a 
distance.    This  opininn  is  discarded  as  charlatanry. 

'I'his  epithet  is  given  also  to  a  species  of  ink  or 
liquor,  with  which  a  person  may  write  ktters  which 
are  not  visible  till  something  else  is  applied.    [See 

5.  In  anatomy,  the  term  sympt^ietic  is  a[)plied  to 
that  system  of  nerves  which  takes  its  origin  from  the 
semilunar  ganglion  in  the  centre  of  the  epigastrium, 
and  is  sent  in  the  whole  nutritive  system,  and  also  to 
the  organs  of  reproduction. 

SYM-P.V-TIIKT'ie-AL-LY,  ode.  With  symp.aihy  or 
comuion  feeling;  in  consequence  of  sympathy;  by 
comriiunicatinn  ircin  siunetbing  else. 

SYM'I'A-THiZE,  c.  i.  [Fr.  sympathiser.  See  Sympa- 
thy.] 

1.  To  have  a  cominim  ficling,  as  cf  bodily  pleasure 
or  pain. 

The  mind  will  tympalhize  so  niuc\i  with  tliOitii^Tjiah  and  deliliiy 
of  the  hotly,  Uiiii  it  will  Ix;  lou  dlitractcd  to  fix  its'^If  in  ncJi- 
tatiun.  Buclemineter. 

2.  To  fer\  in  consequence  of  what  another  feels  ; 
to  be  affected  by  feelings  similar  to  Ihofie  of  another, 
in  consequence  of  knowing  the  person  to  be  thus  af- 
fected. We  sympathize  wiiii  our  friends  in  distress; 
we  feel  some  puin  when  we  see  them  pained,  or 
when  we  are  informed  of  their  distresses,  even  at  a 
distance. 

It  is  generally  and  properly  used  of  suffering  or 
pain,  and  not  of  plea-'ure  or  joy.  It  may  be  some- 
times used  with  greater  laiitude. 

3.  To  a^ree  ;  to  fit.     [A'ur  in.  tL:c.]  Dryden. 
SYM'P.\-TH1Z-I.VG,  ppr.  or  a.     Feeling  mutually,  or 

in  consequence  of  what  another  feels  ;  tender;  com- 
passionate. 
SYM'PA-TIIV,   n.     [Gr.  avprra^tia;  cvpiraOcoj;  ovi-, 
with,  and  ruBnc,  passion  ] 

1.  Fellow-fteling;  the  quality  of  being  affected  by 
the  affection  of  another,  with  feelings  correspondent 
in  kind,  if  not  in  degree.  We  feel  sympathy  for  an- 
other when  we  see  liini  in  distress,  or  when  we  are 
informed  of  his  tiistresses.  This  sympathy  is  a  corre- 
spondent feelmg  of  pain  or  regret. 

Sympadiy  is  produced  ikrough  Uie  medium  of  organic  imprc8- 
siun.  Chipman. 

I  value  myself  ujwu  gympatJiu;  I  hate  arid  despi^  mytelf  for 
eiiry.'  Kamea. 

2.  An  agreement  of  affections  or  inclinations,  or  a 
confonnity  of  natural  temperament,  which  makes 
two  persons  pleased  with  each  other.  Encyc. 

To  such  asiociilloii*  may  be  attributed  OJOit  of  tlie  eympaAh'us  and 
antipjxhies  uf  our  italure.  Anon. 

3.  In  medicine,  a  correspondence  of  various  parts  of 
the  body  in  similar  sensations  or  affections;  or  an 
alfection  of  tlie  whole  body,  or  some  part  of  it,  in 
consequence  of  an  injury  or  disease  of  another  pari, 
or  of  a  local  affection.  Thus  a  contusion  on  the 
head  will  produce  nausea  and  vomiting.  This  is 
said  to  be  by  sympathy,  or  consent  of  parts.       Cyc. 

4.  In  tiatural  history,  a  propension  of  inanimate 
things  to  unite,  or  to  act  on  each  otlier.  Thus  we 
say,  there  is  a  syinpatJty  between  the  lodestone  and 
iron.  Cye. 

SYM-PHC'XI-OUS,  a.  [from  symphony.]  Agreeing 
in  sound;  accordant;  harmonious. 

Soun.Ia 
^mpho'^ous  of  ten  lhou3.ind  harpn.  Mitlon, 

SYM'PHO-NIST,  n.  A  composer  of  symphonies  or 
instrumental  music. 

SYM'PIIO-NY,  (sim'fo-ne,)  n.  [h.  symphonta;  Fr. 
symphonic  ;  Gr.  cvp^pi-jfia  ;  aw,  wiUi,  and  ^oivij, 
voice.] 

1.  A  consonance  or  harmony  of  sounds,  agreeable 
to  the  car,  whether  the  sounds  are  vocal  or  instru- 
mental, or  both. 

The  Inimpela  sound, 
And  wailike  symphony  ii  heard  around.  Dryden. 

9.  A  musical  instrument  mentioned  by  French 
writers. 

3.  A  musical  composition  for  a  full  band  of  instru- 
ments;  formerly  synonymous  with  Oveiiture. 

P.  Cyc 

4.  Also,  a  term  applied  to  the  instrumental  intro- 
duction?, terminations,  &,c.,  of  vocal  compositions. 

P.  Cyc. 
SYM'PHY-SIS,  n.     [Gr.  cvp<pvcii ;  cvv,  together,  and 
(jiipw,  to  grow.] 


SYN 

1.  In  anatomy,  the  union  of  bones  by  cartilage  ;  a 
connection  of  bones  without  a  movable  joinL 

Coze.     Cyr. 

2.  In  sur^^ny,  a  coalescence  of  a  natural  passage; 
also,  the  first  intention  of  cure  in  a  wound.     Ctnz. 

SYM-PI-!:-SOM'E-TER,  n.  [Gr.  ovpr.u^Lj,  to  com- 
press, and  ^tTouv.] 

An  instrument  employed,  like  the  barometer,  for 
measuring  the  pressure  of  the  atmosphere.  A  col- 
umn of  oil  supplies  the  place  of  the  mercurial  col- 
umn in  the  barometer,  while  hydrogen  gas  occupies 
the  place  of  the  Torricellian  vacuum.  'J'he  instru- 
ment, for  certain  purposes,  is  preferred  to  the  barom- 
eter, being  smaller  and  more  portable,  and  not  liable 
to  derangement  by  the  motions  of  a  ship  at  sea. 

OlmsUd. 
SYM'PLO-€E,  n.     [Gr.  cvpr^rKn-] 

In  grammar,  the  repetition  i.i"  a  word  at  the  begin- 
ning and  another  at  the  end  of  succesnive  clauses. 
SYM-PO'SI-.\e,  a.     [Gr.  ovu^^jtrta,  a  drinking  togeth- 
er ;  nvv,  together,  and  ricoj,  to  drink.] 

Pertaining  to  compotations  and  merr^'-making ; 
happening  where  company  ii  drinking  together  ;  as, 
symposiac  meetings.  Brown, 

Sympoalae  disputations.     [Sot  much  used.}  ArbutJiTjU. 

.SYM-PO'SI-.Ae,  »i.    A  conftTence  or  conversaiioh  of 

|)hilos/»phers  at  a  bamiuel.  PlatareA. 

SYM-Po'.4I-AReH,  u.    [<;r.  cvp-roaiov  and  apxfu.] 

In  ancient  Greece,  tin;  master  of  a  feast. 
SYM-PO'SI  UM,  71.     [Supra.]    A  drinking  together; 

H  merry  feast.  H'arion. 

SYMP'TOM,  n.  [Fr.  symptome  ;  Gr.  cvpirrupa,  a  fall- 
ing, or  accident,  from  ai ;',  with,  and  -iTroj,  to  fall.j 
1  Properly,  something  th:il  happens  in  concurrence 
with  another  thing,  as  an  attendant.  Hence,  in  n'd- 
icine,  any  affection  which  accom[ianies  disease;  a 
perceptible  change  in  the  body  or  its  funnions  which 
indicates  disease.  The  causes  of  disease  i-fien  lie 
beyond  our  sight,  but  we  learn  the  nature  of  thrm 
liy  the  symptoms.  Particular  symptoms  which  muri* 
uniformly  accompany  a  morbid  state  of  the  body,  and 
are  characteristic  of  it,  are  called  pathogiwmunic  or 
diaifiuistic  symptoms. 

2.  A  sign  or  token  ;  that  which  indicates  the  ex- 
istence of  something  else  ;  as,  open  nmnnurs  of  the 
people  are  a  symptom  of  disaffection  to  law  or  gov- 
t-rnment. 
SVMP-TO-MAT'IC,  /  a.  Pertaining  to  symptoms  ; 
SYMP-TO-M.AT'IC-.AL,  t  happening  in  concurrence 
with  something  ;  indicating  the  existence  of  some- 
thing else. 

2.  In  7nedicine,  a  symptomatic  disease  is  one  which 
proceeds  from  some  prior  disorder  in  some  part  of 
the  body.  Thus  a  symptomatic  fever  may  proceed 
from  local  injury  or  local  inflammation.  It  is  oi>- 
posed  to  Idiopathic.  Eneye.     Coze, 

3    According  to  symptoms  ;    as,  a  symptomaizeal 
classification  of  diseases. 
SYMP-TO-MAT'ie-AI.-LY,  adv.    By  means  of  symp- 
toms :  in  the  nature  of  symptoms.  fViseman. 
SYMP-T0-i'*IA-T0L'0-6Y,  n.      [Gr.  cvp-rupa  and 
Afji>"^j  discourse.] 

The  doctrine  of  symptoms ;  that  part  of  the  science 
of  medicine  which  treats  of  the  symptoms  of  dis- 
eases. Coxc 
SYN-.-ER'E-SIS,  (sin-er'e-sis,)  n.     [Gr.  cw  and  m- 

p,..:] 

In  grammar,  a  figure  by  which  two  vowels  that 
are  ordinarily  separated  are  drawn  together  into  one 
syllable  ;  the  opposite  of  Di.»:resis. 

SY'N-A-G6G'I€-AL,  a.  [from  synagogue.]  Pertain- 
ing to  a  svnagogue.  Diet. 

SYi\'A-GOGUE,  (siu'a-gop,)  n.  [Fr.,  from  Gr.  c*  ta- 
joj>»j;  cvi',  together,  and  ajcj,lo  drive;  properly, an 
assembly.] 

1.  A  congregation  or  assembly  of  Jews  met  for  ihe 
purpose  of  worship,  or  the  performance  of  religious 
rites. 

2.  The  house  appropriated  to  the  religious  worship 
of  the  Jews. 

3.  The  court  of  the  seventy  elJers  among  t!ie 
Jews,  called  the  Grxat  Synagogue,  or  Sashedkim. 

Ct;C 

SYN-A-Lf/PIIA,  n.     [Gr.  cvva^ctOn.] 

In  rrrammar^  a  contraction  of  syllables  by  ;»ippre?s- 
ing  some  vowel  or  diphthong  at  the  end  of  a  word, 
before  another  vowel  or  diphthong;  as,  Hi'  e^c,  for 
ille  ei^o. 
SYN-AL-LAG-MAT'ie,  a.  [Gr.  trv-^  and  aWacci.-.] 
An  epithet  applied,  in  the  civU  lata,  lo  a  conlr:ict 
winch  imposes  reciprocal  obligations  upon  the  par- 
li^;s_  Bauvicr. 

SYN'AR-€HY,  n.     [Gr.  cvvapx^<^-'\ 

Joint  rule  or  sovereignty.  Stcc^ousc 

SYN-XR-THRo'SIS,  n.  [Gr.  cur,  with,  and  dy'^Jow, 
to  articulate.] 

Union  of  bones  without  motion  ;  close  union  ;  ajs 
in  sutures,  symphysis,  and  the  like.  Coxr. 

SY-NAX'IS,  71.  [Gr.,  from  cuia^w,  to  congregate; 
uvv  and  a\  u.]  .  ^       % 

A  congregation  ;  also,  a  term  formeriy  used  for  the 
Lord's  supper.  Saion  Latcs. 

SYN-eXRFOUS,  a.     [Gr.  ew  and  *rap-os,  fruiuj 


TOME.  BULL,  t^NITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — e  asK;  GasJ;  SaaZ;  CH  aa  SH  ;  Til  as  iji  THIS^ 


141 


uai 


SYN 

In  botantj,  having  the  carpels  of  a  compound  fruit 
completely  united  3  as  in  the  apple  and  pear. 

SYN-GAT-E-GO-RE-MAT'ie,  n.     [Gr.  ovv  and  icar;?- 

In  loi^ie,  a  word  which  can  not  be  used  as  a  term 
bv  itself;  as  nn  adverb  or  preposition. 

syN-€HON-DR6'SlS,  71.  ^Gr.  aw  and  xov6pos,  car- 
lih^'e.] 

The  connection  of  hones  hy  means  of  cartilage  or 
pristle.  H'iaeman. 

SVN'CHRO-NAL,  a.  [Gr.  cvvy  with,  and  xpoi'Of, 
time,] 

Happening  at  the  same  time ;  simultaneous. 

SYN'CHRO-NAL,  n.  [Supra.]  That  which  happens 
at  the  same  lime  with  something  else,  or  pertains  to 
the  same  lime.  More. 

SYN-eHRON'ie-AL,  a.  [See  SrNCHnoNi3M.l  Hap- 
pening at  the  same  lime  ;  simultaneous.       Boyle. 

SVN'eHRO-NlSM,  n.  [Gr.  avvj  with,  and  xf'o^osj 
time.] 

1.  Concurrence  of  two  or  moro  events  in  time ; 
simultaneousness.  Ilalc. 

2.  The  tabular  arrangement  of  history  according 
to  dates,  cotemporary  persons  or  things  being  brought 
logelher.  Brande. 

SYX-eHRO-NI-ZA'TION,  ».  The  concurrence  of 
events  in  respect  to  time. 

SYN'CHRO-NTZE,  v.  i,  [Supra.]  To  agree  in  time; 
to  be  simultaneous.  Robinson. 

SYN'€HRO-NOUS,  a.  Happening  at  the  same  time  ; 
simultaneous.  Arbuthnot. 

SYN'€IlRO-NOUS-LY,a<iu.  [Supra.]  At  the  same 
time. 

SYN'€HY-SIS,  n.     [Gr.  aw  and  xvw.J 

Confusion  ;  derangement ;  confusion  of  words  in 
a  sentence  ;  derangement  of  humors  in  the  eye. 

SYN-CLT'.N'AL,  a.     [Gr.  cvyK\iv<.o.']     Inclined  down- 
ward from  opposite  directions,  so  as  to  meet  in  a 
common  point  or  line  ;  opposed  to  Anticlinal. 
Synclinal  valley ;  a  valley  formed  by  such  a  dip. 

Dana. 

SYN'eO-PATE,  V.  t.  [See  Si-ncope.]  To  contract, 
as  a  word,  by  taking  one  or  more  letters  or  syllables 
from  the  middle. 

9.  In  music,  to  prolong  a  note  begun  on  the  unac- 
cented part  of  a  bar,  to  the  accented  part  of  the  next 
bar;  or  to  connect  the  last  note  of  a  bar  with  the  first 
of  the  following  ;  or  to  end  a  note  of  one  part,  in  the 
middle  of  a  note  of  another  part. 

SYN'€0-Pa-TED,  ;.;).  or  a.    Contracted  by  the  loss  ol 
a  letter  fmrn  the  umldle  of  the  word. 
2.  Inverted,  as  the  measure  in  music. 

SYN'CO-Pa-TIi\G,  ppr.  Contracting  by  the  loss  of  a 
Iftler  in  the  middle  of  a  word. 

SYN-CO-Pa'TION,  ji.  The  contraction  of  a  word 
hy  taking  a  letter,  letters,  or  a  syllable  from  the  mid- 
dle. 

2.  In  jmmc,  an  interruption  of  the  regular  meas- 
ure ;  an  inversion  of  the  order  of  notes;  a  prolong- 
ing of  a  note  begun  on  the  unaccented  part  of  a  bar, 
to  the  accented  part  of  the  next  bar;  also,  a  term 
used  when  a  note  of  one  i>art  at  the  beginning  of  a 
measure  or  half  measure  ends  in  tlieiniddle  of  antde 
of  another  part,  and  is  foUowcd  by  two  or  more 
longer  notes  before  another  short  uole  occurs,  of  equal 
length  with  the  first  note,  to  make  the  number  even. 

Kncijc.     Brande. 
SYN'€0-PE,  n.     [Gr.  Tujx-oTr/,  from  cwyvoTrrco;  aw 
and  ««7rrf,>,  to  cut  off.] 

1.  In  music^  the  same  as  Syncopation;  the  di- 
vision of  a  note  introduced  when  two  or  more  notes 
of  one  part  answer  to  a  single  note  of  another. 

9.  In  ffrannimr,  an  elision  or  retrenchment  of  one 
or  more  letters  or  a  syllable  from  the  middle  of  a 
word. 

3.  In  medieine^  a  fainting  or  swooning;  a  diminu- 
tion or  interruption  of  the  motion  of  the  heart,  and 
of  respiration,  accompanied  witli  a  suspension  of  the 
action  of  the  brain  and  a  temporaiy  loss  of  sensa- 
tion, volition,  and  other  faculties.  Cyc 

SYN'CO-PIST,  n.    One  who  contracts  words. 

SYN'CO-PrZE,  V.  t.  To  contract  by  the  omission  of  a 
'dtter  or  syllable. 

SYN'CRE  tiSM,  n.     [Gr.  nvyKOTrt?.] 

Attempted  union  of  principles  or  parties  irrecon- 
cilably at  variance  with  each  other.  Murdoch. 

He  ia  plotiins  a  carrui!  eyncrelism,  and  atlemptinff  the  ivconcile- 
nvTit  of  Chri'^t  ;in(l  Belial.  Baxter. 

SYN'CRE-TIST,  n.  An  appellation  given  to  George 
Calixtus  and  other  Germans  of  the  seventeenth  cen- 
tury, tvho  sought  to  mitigate  the  asperities  of  the 
Pr  testant  sects  toward  each  other  and  toward  the 
Roman  Catholics,  and  thus  occasioned  a  Ion"  and 
violent  controversy  in  the  Lutheran  church.     " 

Murdocfc 

SYN-€RE-TIST'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Syncre- 
tists. 

SYiV-DAC'TYL,  n.  [Gr.  cvi;  and  ort»ru.\os.]  Any 
perching  bird  which  has  the  external  and  middle 
toes  united  as  far  as  the  second  joint.         Brande. 

SYN-DAC-TYL'ie,      ia.      Having  the    charactcris- 

SYN-DAC'TYL-OUS,  (      tics  of  the  syndaclyls. 

Partinirton. 


SYN 

SYN-DES-MO'SIS,  n.  [Gr.  cwSccpos.]  Tlie  union 
of  one  hone  with  another  by  ligaments.      Brande. 

SYN'Die,  n.  [L.  syjulicus ;  Gr.  <7Uf(It(coj;  cvi',  with, 
and  iixriy  justice.] 

An  olTicer  of  government,  invested  with  different 
powers  in  different  countries;  also,  one  chosen  to 
transact  business  for  others ;  as  in  France,  syndics 
are  appointed  by  the  creditors  of  a  bankrupt  to  man- 
age the  property.  In  Geneva,  the  t-Tfadic  is  the  chief 
magistrate.  Almost  all  the  companies  in  Paris,  the 
university,  &,c.,  have  their  syndics.  The  university 
of  Camhridge  has  its  syndics,  who  are  chosen  from 
the  senate  to  transact  special  business,  as  the  regu- 
lation of  fees,  forming  of  laws,  Slc. 

Cam.  Calendar. 

SYN'Die-.\TE,  n.  A  council,  or  body  of  syndics  ;  a 
branch  of  government.  Burnet. 

SYN'DIC-ATE,  v.  t.     To  judge,  or  to  censure. 

SYN'DRO-ME,  n.     [Gr.  avi^f^z-o/ij;,  a  running  together.] 

1.  Concurrence.  Qlanville. 

2.  In  medicinsj  the  concourse  or  combination  of 
symptoms  in  a  disease.  Cyc. 

SYN-EC'DO-CHE,  n.   [Gr.  cvvcK^oxn;  ffUi-and  ekScx^- 

pat,  to  take.] 
In  rhetoric,  a  figure  or  trope  by  which  the  whole 

of  a  thing  is  put  for  a  part,  or  a  part  for  the  whole  ; 

as  the  genus  for  the  species,  or  the  species  for  the 

genus,  &c.  Cue 

SYN-Ee-DOCH'ie-AL,  a.      Expressed    by  synecdo- 
che ;  implying  a  synecdoche.  Boyle. 
SYN-EC-DOeil'ie-AL-LY,  adv.     According  to  the 

synecdochical  mode  of  speaking.  Pearson. 

SYN-E'CHI-A,  71.     [Gr.  cvi'i\io.] 

A  disease  of  the  eye,  in  which  the  iris  adheres  to 

the  coniea  or  to  the  capsule  of  the  crystalline  lens. 

Brande. 
SYN-EC-PHO-Ne'SIS,  n.      [Gr.  •cvvuipwvTiai^.']    A 

contraction  of  two  syllables  into  one.  Mason. 

SYN'E-PY,  7i.     [Gr.  avv^r.cm^  union  of  sounds.] 

The  interjunclion  of  words  in  uttering  the  clauses 

of  sentences.  Smart, 

SYN-ER-GET'ie,  a.    [Gr.  cvvcpy^rtKog.] 

Cooperating.  Dean  Tucker. 

SYN'ER-6rST,  n.     [Gr.  trvvepya^oiiat.] 

In  the  Lutheran  church,  one  who  held  that  divine 

grace  required  a  correspondent  action  of  the  will  to 

make  it  effectual.  Brande. 

SYN-ER-GI_ST'I€,  rt.    Cooperating.      Dean  Tucker. 
SYN-GE-Nr-:'SI.\,  v.     [Gr.   avj,  with,  and   ysveaisy 

generation,  origin.] 
In  botany,  a  chuss  of  plants  vshose  stamens  are 

united  in  a  cylindrical  form  by  tliu  anther.^. 
SYN  GE-i\K'SIAN,    I  a.    Pertaining  to  the  class  Syn- 
SYN-GB-NE't^IOCS,  i      genesia, 
SYN'GRAPH,  n.     [Gr.  cvv  and  ;7j«0^.] 

A  writing  signed  by  both  parties  to  a  contract  or 

bond. 
SYN-!-Ze'SIS,  71.     [Gr.]     An  obhteration  of  the  pupil 

of  the  eye  ;  a  closed  pupil.  Brande. 

SYN-NKU-R6'S1S,  n.     [Gr.  aw  and  icvpw,  a  nerve.] 
In  aitntiinnj^  the  connection  of  parts  by  means  of 

ligaments,  as  in  the  movable  joints.     Coze.    Parr. 
SYN'O-CIIA,  71.     [Gr.]     A  simple  continuous  phlogis- 
tic fever,  not  becoming  atonic  or  asthenic  in   its 

course  and  progress. 
SYN'O-CHUS,  n.     [Gr.]     A  simple  continuous  fever, 

commonly  said  to  be  plilogistic  in  its  early  stage,  and 

atonic  or  asthenic  in  its  progress. 
SYN'OD,  II.   [Gr.  oui'o&n^j  a  convention;  a\;v  and  o&ost 

way.] 

1.  In  church  huitciry,  a  council  or  meeting  of  eccle- 
siastics, to  consult  on  matters  of  religion.  Synods 
are  of  four  kinds:  I.  General,  or  ecuinernctd,  which 
are  composed  of  bishops  from  different  nations.  9. 
JSTational,  in  whicli  the  bishops  of  one  nation  only 
meet,  to  determine  points  of  doctrine  or  discipline. 
2.  Provincial^  in  which  the  bishops  of  one  province 
only  meet.  This  is  called  a  Convocation.  4.  Dio- 
cesan 

Among  Preab'jterians,  a  synod  is  composed  of  sev- 
eral adjoining  presbyteries.  The  members  are  the 
ministers  and  a  ruling  elder  from  eacfi  parish. 

9.  A  meeting,  convention,  or  council ;  as,  a  synod 
of  gods. 

3.  In  astronomy,  a  conjunction  of  two  or  more 
planets  or  stars  in  the  same  optical  place  of  the 
heavens.    [JVot  used.]  Encyc. 

SYN'OD-Ati,  n.  .^ncicnthj,  a  pecuniary  rent  paid  to 
the  bishop  or  archdeacon,  at  the  time  of  his  Easter 
visitation,  by  every  parisli  priest;  a  procuration. 

E71CJ/C. 

Syjiodals  are  due  of  common  right  to  Ihc  bishop  only.     Gibson. 

2.  Constitutions  made  in  provincial  or  diocesan 
synods  are  sometimes  called  synodals.  Encyc. 

SYN'OD-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  occasioned  by  a 
synod.  Fuller. 

SYi\-OD'I€,         )  a.     Pertaining  to  a  synod  ;  transact- 

SYN-OD'ie-AL,  \  ed  in  a  synod  ;  as,  ^jnodical  pro- 
ceedings or  forms  ;  a  synodical  epistle.  SiilUngjlce.t. 
2.  Pertaining  to  the  period  in  which  two  heavenly 
bodies  pass  from  one  conjunction  to  another;  as,  a 
synodiad  month.     [See  IVIonth.]  Olmsted. 

SYN-OD'ie-AL-LY,  adv.  By  tiie  authority  of  a  syn- 
od. Sanderson. 


SYN 


SYN-OM'O-SY,  n.  [Gr.  avfupoaia ;  o-vv,  with,  and 
opvvfii,  to  swear.] 

Sworn  brotherhopd ;  a  society  in  ancient  Greece 
nearly  resembling  a  modern  political  club. 

Mitford. 
SYN-ON'Y-MAL-LY,  (wiu.  Synonymously.  Spebnan. 
SYN'0-NYM,  71.     [Gr.  awoivvpon  aw,  with,  and  w- 
opa,  name.] 

A  noun,  or  other  word,  having  the  same  significa- 
tion as  another,  is  its  synontjm.  Two  words  contain- 
ing the  same  idea  are  synonyms. 

Ho  has  cxlricalcd  the  synoiiyrTW  of  former  aulhon. 

Coxe't  Ruts. 

SYN-ON'Y-MA,  71.  pi.  Words  having  tiio  same  sig- 
nification.    But  Synonyms  is  a  regular  English  word. 

SYN-ON'Y-MAL,  a.    Synonymous.     [JVot  in  use] 

SYN-ON'Y-MIST,  n.  One  who  collects  and  explains 
synonymous  words. 

2.  Among  botanists,  a  person  who  collects  the  dif- 
ferent names  or  synonyms  of  plants,  and  reduces 
them  to  one  anotlier.  Cyc. 

SYN-ON'Y-MIZE,  v.  t.  To  express  the  same  meaning 
in  different  words.  Camden. 

SYN-OK'Y-MIZ-ED,  pp.  Expressed  in  diffennt  words. 

SYN-ON'Y-.MTZ-ING,  ppr.  Expressing  the  same  thing 
in  different  words. 

SYN-ON'Y-MOaS,  a.  Expressing  the  same  thing; 
conveying  the  same  idea.  We  rarely  find  two  words 
precisely  sijndmjmous.  Wave  and  billow  are  sometimes 
sxjnonymoas,  but  not  always.  When  we  speak  of  the 
large  rolling  swell  of  the  sea,  we  may  call  it  a  wove 
or  a  billow  ;  but  when  we  speak  of  the  small  swell  of 
a  pond,  we  may  call  it  a  wauc,  but  wc  may  not  call 
it  a  billow. 

SYN-ON'Y-MOUS-LY,  adv.  In  a  synonymous  man- 
ner; in  the  same  sense;  with  the  same  meaning. 
Two  words  may  be  used  synonymously  in  some  cases, 
and  not  in  others. 

SYN-ON'Y-iMY,  n.     The  quality  of  expressing  the 
-    same  meaning  by  different  words. 

9.  In  rhetoric,  a  figure  by  which  synonymous 
words  are  used  to  amplify  a  discourse. 

SYN-OP'SIS,  71.  [Gr.  avvoipii  ;  cvv^  with,  and  01//15, 
view.] 

A  general  view,  or  a  collection  of  things  or  parts 
so  arranged  as  to  exhibit  the  whole  or  the  principal 
parts  in  a  general  view. 

SYN-OP'Tie,  )a.      Affording  a   general  view  of 

SYN-OP'TIG-AL,  j  the  whole,  or  of  the  principal 
parts  of  a  thing  ;  as,  a  synoptic  table         Bucklnnd. 

SYN-OP'Tie-AL-LY,  adv.  In  such  a  manner  as  to 
present  a  general  view  in  a  short  compass. 

SYN-o'VI-A,  71.  In  anatomy,  the  fluid  secreted  into 
the  cavities  of  joints,  for  the  purpose  of  lubricating 
them.  Cifc. 

SYN-0'VI-AL,  a.  [Supra.]  Pertaining  to  synovia  ; 
secreting  a  lubricating  fluid ;  as,  tlie  synovial  nwm- 
brane;  ifiinoviul  gland.  Cyc. 

SYN-TAC'Tie,         )  a.     [See  Syntax.]     Pertaining 

SYN-TAC'TI€-AL,  \      to  syntax,  or  the  construction 
of  sentences. 
2.  According  to  the  ndes  of  syntax  or  construction. 

Encyc. 

SYN-TAC'TIC-AL-LY,  adv.  In  conformity  to  syn- 
tax. 

SYN'TAX,        1 71.     [L.  ityntaxis;   Gr.  cvyra^t? ;  aw, 

SYN-TAX'IS,  j      together,  and  maao',  to  put.] 

1.  In  grammar,  the  construction  of  sentences  ;  the 
due  arrangement  of  words  in  sentences,  according  to 
established  usage.  Syntax  includes  concord  and 
regimen,  or  the  agreement  and  governinent  of 
words.  Words,  in  every  language,  have  certain 
connections  and  relations,  as  verbs  and  adjectives 
with  nouns,  which  relations  must  be  observed  in  the 
formation  of  sentences.  A  gro.ss  violation  of  the 
rules  of  syntax  is  a  solecism. 

2.  Connected  system  or  order;  union  of  things. 
[J\rut  in  vse.]  Qlanville. 

SYN-TE-Re'SIS,  n.    [Gr.  aw  and  rripeto.] 

Remorse  of  conscience.  Bp.  Ward. 

SYN-TE-RET'ie,  a.     Preserving  l)ealtli. 
SYN-TET'I€,  a.    Wasting  with  consumption. 
SYN  TEX'IS,  n.     [Gr.]    A  deep  consumption. 
SYN'THE-SIS,  n.    [Gr.  cwQcaii  i  av^,  and  -tOripi,  to 
put  or  set.] 

1.  Composition,  or  the  putting  of  two  or  moro 
things  together,  as  in  compound  medicines.     Cijc. 

2.  In  lo^c,  composition,  or  that  process  of  reason- 
ing in  which  we  advance  by  a  regular  chain  from 
principles  before  established  or  assumed,  and  ino[>o- 
sitions  already  proved,  till  we  arrive  at  the  coiu.lu- 
sion.  Syntlusis  is  the  opposite  of  analysis  or  rrsolu- 
tioji.  Encyc. 

3.  In  stirgery,  the  operation  by  which  divided 
parts  are  reunited.  Cijc. 

4.  In  chemistry,  the  uniting  of  elements  into  a 
compound ;  the  opposite  of  analysis,  which  is  the 
separation  of  a  compound  into  its  constituent  parts. 
That  water  is  composed  of  oxygen  and  hydrogen,  is 
proved  both  bv  analysis  and  syntkcMs. 

SYN-THET'ie',         (  a.    Pertaining  to  synthesis;  con- 
SYN-TIIET'IC-AL,  ]      sisting  in  synlhe.«iy  or  compo- 
sition ;  as,  the  synthetic  method  of  reasoning,  as  op- 
posed to  the  analytical. 


FATE,  Far,  FALL,  WHAT  —  MeTE,  PREY.  —  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  —  NGTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.  — 
U22 


TAB 


TAB 


SYN-TBE'l"l€~ALt-ljYy  adv.    Bv  synthesis:  by  com- 
position. 
SV\'TRE-TIZE,  V.  t.    To  unite  in  regular  structure. 
[JVot  much  used,] 

SVN'TO-.\iy,  n.     [Gr.  n-^roi^ta.] 
Brevity  ;  conciaeness. 

SYX-TOS'ie,  a.    [Gr.  cvr,  with,  and  roio?,  tone.] 

o-.-D.'.'/r™;''? S'  ^''^'P  •  intense.  Rousseau. 

hVPH'I-Llb,  (silV-lis,)  n.  [A  term  coined  by  Fracas- 
torius,  and  introduced  into  nosology  by  Sauvaces. 
Its  etymo!o»>-  is  unknown.]  A  disease  character- 
ized by  ulcers  of  a  peculiar  character  on  the  genital'! 
succeeded  by  inguinal  buboes.  So  far,  the  disease 
is  local.  The  indications  of  a  constitutional  affec- 
tion are  ulcers  in  the  threat,  copper-colored  eruptions 
on  the  skin,  pains  in  the  bones,  nodes,  &c.  This 
malady  is  e.\ciusivelv  contagious. 

SVPH-I-LIT'ie,  a.    Pertaining  to  syphilis. 

St'PHOX,  E.    IGt.  „i,p,^v.] 

.\  tube  or  pipe.    More  correctly  Sipho.v,  which  see 

sy'RE-N'.    See  Sirix. 

SVK'I-Ae,  71.    The  language  of  Syria,  especially  the 

^  ancient  language  of  that  country\ 

SVK'l-.-Ve,  a.  [from  Sijria.]  Pertaining  to  SjTia,  or 
Its  language;  as,  the  Sijriac  version  of  the 'Penta- 
teuch :  Si/ridc  Bible. 

^\R'I-.^N,  o.     Pertaining  to  Syria. 

Si'R'I-.\N-ISM,  ji.  A  SjTian  idiom,  or  a  peculiarity 
m  the  Syrian  language.  Palcy. 

SYR'1-AS.M,  ji.    The  same  as  Steiamism. 

air  Dtv/o  .  rr,  Warburton.     StiiaH. 

&X-KI.N    UA,  w.     [Gr.  ffiioi}^,  (TDOivvoj  a  pipe.] 
\  genus  of  plants,  the  lilac. 

SVR'LNGE,  (sir'inj,)  n.  [Supra.]  An  instrument 
lor  injecting  liquids  into  animal  bodies,  into  wounds 
ic. ;  or  an  instrument  in  the  form  of  a  pump  serv- 
ing to  draw  m  any  fluid,  and  then  to  expel  it  with 


Injected  by  means  of  a  pipe  or 


SVR'I.\6E,  r.  L  To  inject  by  means  of  a  pipe  or 
syringe ;  to  wash  and  cleanse  by  iiijcctiona  from  a 
syringe. 


SYR'r.N<S-£D,  fp. 
syringe. 

SY-RIiV"G0-DEN'DRON,  ,.    [Gr.  c.o.yi,  a  pipe  or 
tube,  and  ^tiiipoi.,  tree.]  r  i^  "' 

A  fossil  plant ;  applied  to  many  species  of  sigilla- 
ria,  Irom  the  panUlel,  pipe-shaped  flutings  that  ex- 
tend from  the  top  to  the  bottom  of  their  tniiiki. 

''^^as'^r'  "■  '"'■  ^"■"'^^'  '""^•"^"^ 

=,7dTw'^.°P^"''''"  "''  <:""'n?  for  the  fistula.         Cvc. 
Tn  hi  «'  ('"■■  ™^'),"-    [Gr-]    A  long  dress,  reaching 
to  the  floor,  worn  by  tragic  actors. 
3YRT,  (sun,)  n.    [L.  syrtis.]    A  quicksand  ;  a  bog. 

i55I?Ti?''i:  f^-l  A  quicksand.  [A'ot  £,in-;,v"f ' 
SYR'UP.    See  SiKcp.  LlWn 

SYS-SAR-eO'SIS.  n.    [Gr.]     The  junclion^f  bones 

by  intervening  muscles.  BranAe 

SYS'T.VStS,  »r    [Gr.  o-wm^s.]  '' 

^^^^  "^ons^'stence  of  a  thing ;  constitution.    [LittU 

S  YS'TEII  n.     [Fr.  mjstime ;  L.  sxjstema  ;  Gr.  irij"rn!,'o  ; 
(71)1/ and  itrrij;!!,  toset.J 

1.  An  assemblage  ofthings  adjusted  into  a  regular 
whole ;  or  a  whole  plan  or  scheme  consisting  of 
many  parts  connected  in  such  a  manner  as  to  create 
a  chain  of  mutual  dependencies  ;  or  a  regular  union 
ol  principles  or  parts  forming  one  entire  thing.  Thus 
we  say,  a  system  of  logic,  a  sysUm  of  philosophy,  a 
system  of  government,  a  system  of  principles,  the 
solar  system,  the  Copemican  system,  a  sijjtem  of  di- 
vinity, a  system  of  law,  a  system  of  morality,  a  sys- 
tem of  husbundrj',  a  system  of  botany  or  of  chemistry. 
3.  Regular  method  or  order. 

3.  In  music,  an  interval  compounded,  or  supposed 
to  be  compounded,  of  several  lesser  intervals  as  the 
filth,  octave,  Sec,  the  elements  of  which  are  called 
iiiastems.  Bu^-bti 

iy|:TiMl?;!p'AT    {"■  P«.«»K-i''S"'system;c™. 
&lf&-lt.M-AT'ie-AL,  S      sistmgin  system;  method- 
ical ;  formed  with  regular  connection  and  adaptation 


TAB 


or  subordination  of  parts  to  each  other,  and  to  the 
design  oft!  e  whole  ;  as,  a  systematic  arrangement  of 
planLs  or  animals  ;  a  systematic  course  of  study. 

2.  Proceeding  according  to  system  or  reguhir  melil- 
ou  ;  as,  a  systematic  writer. 

SYS-TE.M-AT're-AL-LY,  aJv.    In  the  form  of  a  «ys. 
tem  ;  methodically.  Boyle. 

SY.S'TEM-A-TIST,  71.    One  who  forms  a  syinem,  or 
reduces  to  svstem. 

svlTli^M'^^'i^'^'^'  I  '■'■   [?'"';>«>"  """Id  I*  pref- 
»»»  tbM-Ii^t,         j     erable,  as  It  is  the  more  simple 

lorm.]    To  reduce  to  system  or  regular  method  :  as, 

to  systemize  plants  or  fossil.'. 

iJll'li'^'iV^;,^-^".'??-     Rod""*  to  «>-«tem  or 
»».■-  1  LM-Ji-EU,  j      method. 

iYs;TEM:i^:2^:'^"'  ( "■to'iyiuT  "■"*"*  """^ 
ii;Tii;i;fe?;^;^'^'  \  ^„e^;^^  -^  "^-^ " 

SYS-TE.M-I-Za'TI0.\,7i.     [trum  systemize.]     The  act 
or  operation  of  sysleinizing  ;  the  reduction  of  things 
to  system  or  regular  method. 
9YS'TI3M-.M.:;K-ER,  1.    One  who  forms  a  system 
SYS'TEII-MO.V'GER,  (-mung'ger,)  n.    On?^™n  to 

»«b  lU-Ui,   n.      [Gr.   ruirroATi,   from   cvstcWu,  to 
contract ;  avf  and  ereWoi,  to  send.] 

1.  In  grammar,  the  shortening  of  a  long  syllable. 

2.  In  anattimy,  the  contraction  of  tho  heart  and 
arteries,  for  e.^pelling  the  blood,  and  earning  on  the 
circulation.    [See  IJiutole.] 

iv§7^2f'iJ*''  °-,  Pstaining  to  systole  or  contraction. 

SYS  TTLE, 71.    [Gr. oii,  with ortogether, and  crjXoc, 
a  column.]  '■ 

In  arcliUeeture,  the  manner  of  placing  columns 
where  the  space  between  the  two  shafts  consists  of 
two  diameters  or  four  modules.  Oieih. 

SYTHE,  ».    SeoScviHi:. 

S YZ' Y-GY,  71.    [Gr.  cv:,vyia  ;  iriii.  and  Cnyo",  to  join.l 

A  common  name  for  the  period  both  of  new  and 

full  moon,  when  the  sun,  the  moon,  and  the  earth 

areinoneUne.  OInsted.   ' 


T. 


TIS  the  twentieth  letter  of  the  English  alphabet,  and 
a  close  consonant.  It  represents  a  close  joinin"  of 
the  end  of  the  tongue  to  the  root  of  the  upper  teeth 
a-s  may  be  perceived  bv  the  syllable  at,  ct,  ot,  ut  in 
attempting  tc  pronounce  which,  the  voice  is  com- 
pletely intercepted.  It  is  therefore  numbered  anion" 
the  mutes,  or  close  articulations,  and  it  differs  froin 
d  chiefly  in  its  closeness  ;  for  in  pronouncing  ad,  ed 
we  perceive  the  voice  is  not  so  suddenly  and  entirely 
intercepted,  as  in  pronouncing  oj  and  ct.  T,  by  itself 
has  one  sound  only,  as  in  take,  turn,  bat,  bolt,  smite' 
bitter.  So  we  are  accustomed  to  speak  :  but  in  real- 
ity, t  can  be  hardly  said  to  have  any  sound  at  all.  Its 
use,  like  that  of  all  mute  articulations,  is  to  modify 
the  manner  of  uttering  the  vocal  sound  which  pre- 
cedes or  follows  it. 

When  (  is  followed  by  k,  as  in  t'link  and  that,  the 
combination  really  forms  a  distinct  sound,  for  which 
we  have  no  single  character.  This  combination  has 
two  sounds  in  English  ;  aspirated,  as  in  think,  and 
vocal,  as  in  that. 

The  letters  (j,  before  a  vowel,  and  unaccented, 
usu.ally  pass  into  the  sound  of  sA,  as  in  iwrioii,  motion, 
partial,  substantiate ;  which  are  pronounced  nashon, 
mos/um,  parskal,  substanshate.  In  this  case,  (  loses 
entirely  its  proper  sound  or  use,  and  being  blended 
w-ith  the  subsequent  letter,  a  new  sound  results  from 
the  combination,  which  is  in  fact  a  simple  sound. 
In  a  few  words,  the  combination  ti  has  the  sound  of 
the  English  eh,  as  in  Christian,  mixtion,  i/uestion. 

T  is  convertible  with  d.  Thus  tho  Germans  write 
lay,  where  we  write  day,  and  r"!,  for  good.  It  is 
also  convertible  with  s  and  :,  for  the  Germans  write 
jrasser,  for  water,  and  laftm,  for  tame. 

T.,  as  an  abbreviation,  stands  for  tlieologia;  as,  S. 
T.  D.,  sancta  Uieologi/z  doctor,  doctor  of  divinity. 
In  ancient  monuments  and  writings,  T.  is  an  abbrevia- 
ture, which  stanos  for  Titus,  Titius,  or  TuUius. 

As  a  numeral,  T,  among  lie  Latins,  stood  for  160, 
and  with  a  dash  over  the  top,  T,  for  160,000.  Enajc. 
In  music,  T  is  the  initial  of  tenor,  vocal  and  in- 
strumental ;  of  tacet,  for  silence,  as  adairio  tacet, 
when  a  person  is  to  rest  during  the  whole  movement. 
In  coneerus  and  symphonies,  it  is  the  initial  of  tuUi, 
the  whole  band,  after  a  solo.  It  sometimes  stands 
for  tr.  or  trillo,  a  shake. 
TAB,  71.  The  latchet  of  a  shoe  fastened  with  a  strin" 
or  otherwise.     [Local.}  Forby. 

3.  The  end  of  a  lace  ;  a  tag.  Forbii 

3.  A  cup.     ILocaL]  ■' 


TAB'ARD,  71.  [W.  tabiir,  from  tab,  a  spread  or  sur- 
face ;  It.  tabarra.] 

A  sort  of  tunic  or  mantle  formerly  worn,  covering 
the  body  before  and  behind,  and  reaching  below  the 
loins,  but  open  at  the  sides,  from  tile  shoulders  down- 
w-ard  ;  a  herald's  coat.  Brande. 

TAB'.\RD-E2, 71.    One  who  wears  a  tabard. 

TAB'.V-RET,  71.  A  stout,  satin-striped  silk,  used  for 
turniture. 

TAB-.-\-SHEER',  77.  A  Persian  word  signifying  a  con- 
cretion found  in  the  joints  of  the  bamboo,' \yhich  has 
been  lound  to  be  pure  sile.i:.  It  is  highly  valued  in 
the  East  Indies  as  a  medicine,  for  the  cure  of  bilious 
vomitings,  bloody  flu\,  piles,  &c.    Enryc.     Thomson. 

TAB'BI-£D,  (tab'bid,)  pp.  or  a.  IVateied  ;  made 
wavy. 

TAB'BI-XET,  71.    A  more  delicate  kind  of  tabby. 

T.A.B'BY,  a.  [See  the  noun.]  Brinded ;  brindled; 
diversified  in  color  ;  as,  a  tabby  cat.  JJddison 

TAB'BY,  71.  [Fr.  tabis ;  It.  Sp.  and  Port,  tabi;  Dan. 
tabin  ;  D.  taibyn :  G.  tobin ;  Arm.  tajlas,  taffeta.  Qu. 
Fr.  taveler,  to  spot.] 

1.  .\  kind  of  ivaved  silk,  usually  watered.  It  is 
manufactured  like  taffeta,  but  is  thicker  and 
stronger.  The  watering  is  given  to  it  by  the  calen- 
der. 


Cyc. 

2.  A  mixture  of  lime  with  shells,  gravel,  or  stones 
in  equal  proportions,  with  an  equal  proportion  of 
water,  forming  a  mass,  which,  when  dry,  becomes 
as  hard  as  rock.  This  is  used  in  Morocco  instead  of 
bricks  for  the  walls  of  buildings.  It  was  used  for- 
merly in  Georgia,  U.  S.  Spalding. 

TAB'BY,  V.  t.  To  water  or  cause  to  look  wavy  ;°as, 
to  tabby  silk,  mohair,  ribbon,  &:c.  This  is  done  by  a 
calender  without  water.  Cyc 

TAB'BY-ING,  71.  The  passing  of  stuffs  under  a  cal- 
ender to  give  them  a  wavy  appearance. 

TAB-E-FAC'TION,  71.  [L.  tabeo,  to  waste,  and/ocio, 
to  make.    See  Tabefv.] 

A  wasting  away  ;  a  gradual  losing  of  flesh  by  dis- 
ease. 

TAB^E-F?,  v.  i.    [Ileb.  and  Ch.  2X1,  to  pine ;  or  Ar. 

( «j  tabba,  to  bo  weakened,  to  perish.     Clasj 

Db.] 

To  consume;  to  waste  gradually;  to  lose  flesh. 
[Latle  uscd.\  ■  Harvey. 

T.\-BELL'IO>f,  (-bel'yun,)  71.  A  secretary  or  notary 
unilcr  the  Roman  empire,  or  in  France  during  the 
old  monarchy.  Brande. 


TAB'ERD.    See  Tabard. 

TAB'ER-NA-€LE,  71.     [L.  tabemaculum,  a  tent,  from 

taberna,  a  shop  or  shed,  from  tabula,  a  board;  or 

rather  from  its  root.    See  Table.] 

1.  A  tenU    J\''um.  xxiv.    Matt.  xrii. 

2.  A  temporary  habitation.  Milian. 

3.  Among  the  Jexs,  a  movable  building,  so  con- 
trived as  to  be  taken  to  pieces  with  ease  and  recon- 
structed, for  the  convenience  of  being  carried  during 
the  wanderings  of  the  Israelites  in  the  wilderness. 
It  was  of  a  rectangular  figure,  thirty  cubits  long,  ten 
broad,  and  ten  high.  The  interior  was  divided  into 
two  rooms  by  a  vail  or  curtain,  and  it  was  covered 
with  four  different  spreads  or  carpets.  Cruden. 

It  is  also  applied  to  the  temple.    Ps.  iv. 

4.  A  place  of  worship  ;  a  sacred  place.  Aiiism. 

5.  Our  natural  body.    2  Cor.  v.    2  Pet.  i. 

6.  God's  gracious  presence,  or  the  tokens  of  it. 
Rev.  xxi. 

7.  An  ornamented  erection  or  representation  of  an 
edifice  placed  on  Roman  Catholic  altars  as  a  recepta- 
cle of  the  consecrated  vessels. 

„    „  ChcilL     Oloss.  of  JrtJiit. 

TAB'ER-NA-€LE,  v.  i.  To  dwell  ;  to  reside  for  a 
time  ;  to  be  housed;  as  we  say,  Christ  tabernacled  in 
the  flesh. 

TAB-ER-.\Ae'IT-LAR,  a.    Latticed.  TTarton. 

TA'BeS,  71.  [L.]  A  dysthetic  or  cachectic  disease, 
characterized  by  a  gradually  progressive  emaciation 
of  the  whole  body,  accompanied  with  languor,  de- 
pressed spirits,  and,  for  the  most  part,  imperfect  or 
obscure  hectic,  without  any  topical  afl'ecliou  of  any 
of  the  nscera  of  the  head,  chest,  or  belly.  Tabes 
and  consumption  are  different  diseases. 

TA-BET'ie,  a.    Tabid  ;  affected  with  tabes. 

TAB'ID,  a.     [Fr.  loiiifc;  L.  taiidus,  (torn  taica,  to 
waste.] 
Wasted  by  disease. 

In  tabid  persons,  miili  is  the  best  ftstontire.  JLrbtOuioL 

TABTD-NESS,  71.    State  of  being  wasted  by  disease. 

TAB'I-TUDE,  71.  [L.  taiUudo.]  The  slate  of  one  af- 
lected  with  tabes. 

TAB'LA-TDRE,  11.  [from  tabic]  Painting  on  walls 
and  ceilings  ,  a  single  piece  comprehended  in  one 
view,  and  formed  according  to  one  design. 

Johnson.    Lord  Sht^fUs;bury. 

2.  In  music,  the  expression  of  sounds  or  notes  of 

composition  by  letters  of  the  alphabet  or  ciphers,  or 

other  characters  not  used  in  modem  music.     In  a 

stricter  sense,  the  manner  of  writing  a  piece  for  llie 


TONE,  BpiX,  UXITE.-AK"GER,  VI"CIOUS.-€  as  K ;  G  as  J;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  TIlIS. 


1123 


TAB 

lute,  theorbo,  guilur,  base  viol,  or  llie  like;  which  is 
done  by  wrilintr  on  SfVural  p;ir:illel  Itnt-a  (e^ich  tA' 
which  represcnisi  a  striiij^  ul'tlio  iiistiumenl)  curtain 
leners  of  the  alphabet,  referring  to  llie  frets  on  iht^ 
ueck  of  tlie  instrument,  eacli  letter  directing  how 
some  note  is  to  be  sounded.  Cijc, 

3.  In  anatomy^  a  division  or  parting  of  the  skull 
into  two  tables.  Cyc. 

Ta'ULE,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  tabula;  It.  taoola;  ^x>. 
tabla;  \V.  tacell^  a  llat  mass,  a  tablet,  a  slice,  ;i 
spread  ;  tab^  tCtc^  a  spread,  an  extended  surface  , 
(iiy/u,  to  throw,  to  project;  tavu,  to  spread  or  over- 
spread ;  Sav.  ttrjl,  a  die,  a  table-man  ;  U.  Ivfrl,  a 
board,  a  table,  whence  in  ships,  tafferel ;  <J.  and  Sw. 
tafdf  a  board  or  table  ;  Russ.  id. ;  >'r.  tableau,  a  pic- 
luro.] 

1.  A  flat  surface  of  some  extent,  or  a  thing  that 
lla.^  a  llat  surface  ;  as,  a  tabic  of  marble. 

2.  An  article  of  furniture,  consisting  usually  of  a 
frame  with  a  surface  of  boards  or  of  marble,  sup- 
ported hy  legs,  and  used  for  a  great  variety  of  pur- 
poses, as  for  holding  dishes  of  meat,  for  writing  on, 

&C. 

The  nymph  the  taile  spread.  Popt. 

X  Fare  or  entertainment  of  provisions ;  as,  be 
keeps  a  good  table. 

4.  The  persons  sitting  at  table  or  partaking  of 
entertainment. 

I  drink  to  the  genenl  Joy  of  the  whole  tahU.  Shak. 

5.  A  tablet ;  a  surface  on  which  any  thing  is  writ- 
ten or  traced.  The  ten  commandments  were  written 
on  two  tables  of  stone.    Knid.  xxxii. 

WriUen  —  nut  on  tables  uf  sloce,  but  ou  flesUIj  tabUs  of  the  hearl. 
—  2  Cor.  iJi. 

C.  A  picture,  or  something  that  exhibits  a  view  of 
any  thing  on  a  flat  surface. 

Saint  AiiUiony  has  a  table  (hat  lianga  up  to  hii  i  ffom  a  poor 
peas;int.  Addison. 

7.  Among  Christians^  the  table,  or  L-ird's  table, 
ifl  the  sacrament,  or  holy  communion  ol  the  Lord's 
supper. 

S.  The  altar  of  burnt-offering.    Mil  i. 

9.  In  archUecture,  a  smooth,  simple  member  or  or- 
nanieut  of  various  forms,  most  usually  in  that  of  a 
long  square. 

10.  In  perspectice,  a  jiWin  surface,  supwsed  to  he 
Iranspaiont  and  i)erpe?idicular  to  the  horizon.  It  is 
called  also  Perspective  Plane.  Cijc. 

11.  In  anatomy,  a  division  of  the  cranium  or  skull. 
The  cranium  is"  composed  of  two  tables  or  laniins, 
with  a  cellular  structure  between  them,  called  the 
■tneditullium  or  diploc.  Cyc.      IVlstar. 

13,  In  Vie  glass  manufacture,  a  circular  sheet  of  fin- 
ished plass,  usually  about  four  feet  in  diameter,  each 
weighing  from  ten  to  eleven  pounds.  Twelve  of 
these  are  called  a  sule  or  crate  of  glasx. 

13.  In  literature,  an  index ;  a  collection  of  heads 
or  principal  matters  contained  in  a  book,  with  ref- 
erence to  the  pages  where  each  may  be  found  ;  as,  a 
table  of  contents.  TVatts. 

14.  A  synopsis;  many  particulars  brought  into  one 
view.  B.  Jonson. 

15.  The  palm  of  the  hand. 

MisCrest  of  a  fairer  table 

Haih  not  history  nor  fable.  B.  Jongon, 

16.  Draughts:  small  pieces  of  wood  shil'ted  on 
squares. 

We  fire  in  Uie  world  lilt'^  inen  playinj  at  tablet.  Taylor, 

17.  In  mathematics,  tables  are  systems  of  numbers 
calculated  to  be  ready  for  expediting  operations  ;  as, 
a  tabic  of  logarithms  ;  a  multiplication  tabic. 

18.  Jistronomical  tables,  are  computations  of  the 
motions,  places,  and  other  phenomena  of  the  plan- 
ets, both  primary  and  secondary.  Cyc. 

10.  In  chemistry,  a  list  or  catalogue  of  substances 
or  their  propL-rties  ;  as,  a  table  of  known  acids ;  a 
table  of  acidifiable  bases  ;  a  table  of  bmary  combina- 
tions ;  a  tahle  of  specific  gravities.  Lavoisier. 

20.  In  general,  any  series  of  numbers  formed  on 
mathematical  or  other  correct  principles. 

21.  A  division  of  the  ten  commandments  ;  as,  the 
first  and  second  tables.  The  first  table  comprehends 
our  more  immediate  duties  to  God  ;  the  second  table 
our  more  immediate  duties  to  each  other. 

22.  Among  jeweiftra,  a  table  diamond  or  other  pre- 
cious stone,  is  one  whose  upper  surface  is  quite  tlat, 
and  the  sides  only  cut  in  angles.  Cyc. 

23.  A  list  or  caUlogue  ;  :is,  a  table  of  stars. 
Raised  tahle ;   in  sculpture,  an  embossment   in    a 

frontispiece  fur  an  inscription  or  other  omainent, 
supposed  to  be  the  abacus  of  V'ilruvius.  Ci/c, 

Round  table.  Knights  nf  tliG  round  table  are  a 
military  order,  instituted  hv  Arthur,  the  first  kin"  of 
the  Uriions,  A.  D.  51(i.     [rf'ee  Rou:»d  Table.]      * 

Twelve  tables ;  the  laws  of  the  Romans,  so  called, 
probably,  because  engraved  on  so  many  tables. 

To  tarn  the  tables  ;  to  change  the  condition  or  for- 
tune of  contending  parliefi ;  a  metaphorical  exprcs- 
sirin  taken  from  the  vicissittides  of  fortune  in  gaming. 

Drijden. 

To  serve  tables  ;  to  provide  for  the  poor ;  or  to  dis- 


TAB 

tribute   provisions  for  their  wants,    ,'icts  vi.     fPee 

Tahl-s.) 

Ta'RLK,  v.  i.  To  hoard  ;  to  diet  or  live  at  the  table 
of  another.     Nebuchadnezzar  tabled  with  the  beasts. 

Sout'i. 

Ta'RLE,  V.  t.  To  form  into  a  table  or  c:iialogue  ;  as, 
to  table  fines.  In  England,  the  chirographer  tables 
the  fines  of  every  county,  and  fixes  a  copy  in  some 
open  place  of  the  couil.  Cyc. 

2.  To  board  ;  to  supply  witli  food. 

3.  To  let  one  piece  of  timber  into  annthcr  by  alter- 
nate scores  or  projecticms  iVum  the  middle. 

■t.  In  the  Presbyterian  church,  to  enter  upon  tlie 
docket ;  as,  to  table  charges  against  some  om;. 

TAB'LEAU,  (tab'lo,)  n.  [Fr.]  A  picture  ;  a  striking 
and  vivid  representation. 

TAB'LEJiUX  Vi'VsUYTS,  (tab'lo  Vc'v^^ng,)  [Fr.] 
Living  pictures  ;  an  amusement  in  which  groups  of 
persons,  in  proper  drcssc's,  in  a  darkened  room,  rep- 
resent some  interesting  scene,  usually  one  described 
by  authors. 

Ta'BLE-BED,  ji.  [table  and  bed.]  A  bed  in  the  form 
of  a  table. 

Ta'BLE-UEER,  h.  [table  and  beer.]  Beer  for  the 
table,  or  for  common  use  ;  smull  beer. 

Ta'BLE-BELL,  7i.  A  small  bell  to  be  used  at  table 
for  calling  servants. 

Ta'BLE-BQQK,  n.  [tahle  and  book.]  A  book  on 
which  any  thing  is  traced  or  written  without  ink; 
tablets. 

Put  into  your  tatle-hook  wbaluver  you  ]udj»  worthy.    Dryden. 

TA'BLE-eLOTH,  n.     [table  and  cloth.]    A  cloth  for 

covering  a  table,  particularly  fur  spreading  on  a  table 

before  tije  dislies  are  set  fur  m«als. 
TA'BLE    D'HOTE,  (libl-dot,)    [Fr.]       A  common 

table  for  guests  at  a  I-  lonch  hotel  ;  an  ordinary. 
Ta'BLED,  pp.     Formed  into  a  table. 
Ta'BLE-LAND,  n.     Elevate.!  flat  land. 
TA'BLE-MAN,  7i.     |Mi/c    and    man.]      A    man    at 

draughts  ;  a  piece  ol  wood.  Racotu 

Ta'BLER,  n.     One  who  boards.  Jiinsioorth. 

Ta'BLES,  (tri'blz,)  iL  pL     An  old  game  resnnibling 

backgammon.  Qiffvrd. 

Ta'BLE-SPa",  n.      The  same  as  Tabclak  Hpah, 

which  see. 
TAB'LET,  71.    A  smai!  table  or  fiat  surfaco. 

2.  Soineihing  llat  on  which  to  write,  paint,  draw, 
or  engrave. 

The  pillared  inarLIe  atirl  the  tablet  briS'i.  Prior. 

3.  A  medicine  in  a  square  form.  Tablets  of  arse- 
nic were  formerly  worn  as  a  preservative  against  the 
plague.  Bacon. 

4.  A  solid  kind  of  electuary  or  confection,  made 
of  dry  ingredients,  usually  wiih  sugar,  and  Ibrmed 
into  little  flat  squares;  called  also  Lozenge  and 
Tkoche.  Cyc. 

Ta'BLE-TALK,  (tawk,)  ti.  [table  and  talk.]  Con- 
versation at  table  or  at  meals. 

Ta'BLLN'G,  ppr.  Boarding ;  forming  into  a  tahle  ; 
letting  one  timber  into  aiiutiier  by  scores, 

T.\'BLIi\G,  7t.  A  forming  into  tables ;  a  setting  down 
in  order. 

2.  The  letting  of  one  timber  into  anotlier  by  alter- 
nate scores  or  projections,  as  in  ship-building.  Cite. 

3.  In  sail-makingy  a  broad  hem  made  on  the  skirls 
of  sails  by  turning  i;ver  the  edge  of  the  canvas,  and 
sewing  it  down.  Cyc. 

TA-BOU',  n.  In  Oie  ides  of  the  Pacific,  a  word  de- 
noting prohibition  or  religious  interdict,  which  is  of 
great  force  among  the  inhabitants. 

TA-BOO',  V.  t.  To  forbid,  or  to  forbid  the  use  of;  to 
interdict  approach  or  use ;  as,  to  taboo  the  ground 
set  apart  as  a  sanctuary  for  criminals.  Tabooed 
ground  is  held  sacred  and  inviolable. 

Ta'BOR,  77.  [W.  tabwri;  It.  tabar ;  Old  Fr.  tabour. 
This,  in  some  languages,  is  written  tambour  and  tim- 
brel. Tlie  atabal  of  the  Spaniards  is  probably  of  the 
same  family.  It  is  probably  named  from  striking, 
beating  ;  Eng.  tap,  Gr.  ru;rrw,  S}T.  ^\o^J    tabal,  Ar. 

KaJs  tabaa.    Class  Db,  No.  23.] 

A  small  drum  used  as  an  accompaniment  to  a  pipe 
or  fife.  Cyc. 

Ta'BOR,  v.  I.    To  strike  lightly  and  frequently. 

^     Iter  ni:iuls  nUM  leiid  hi^r  as  with  the  voice  of  doves,  faboring 
upon  lii'.-ir  brcasu.  — Nahuin  ii. 

9.  To  phy  on  a  tabor  or  little  drum. 
TA'BOR-EK,  n.     One  who  beats  the  tabor.        ShaJ:. 
TAB'0-RKT,7i.  [from  tabor.]  A  small  Uihot.  Spectator. 

T\B'0-1'I\"       (  "*     *■        ^^ourui;  from  tabor,] 

A  tabor  ;  a  small,  shallow  drum.  Shak, 

Ta'BOR-ITE.  71.  A  name  given  to  certain  Bohemian 
rtjformers  who  sulFered  persecution  in  the  15th  cen- 
tury, named  from  Tabor,  a  hill  or  fortress  where  they 
encamped  during  a  part  of  their  struggles.    Brande. 

TAB'OfJ-RET,  n.  [Fr.]  A  convex  seat  witliout  arms 
or  back,  made  of  gilt  wood,  cushioned  and  stiiffeii, 
covered  with  silk  cloth,  and  oriiumented  with  silk 
lace,  fringe,  tassels,  ficc. 


TAC 

TAB'RERE,  H.     .^  taborcr.     [Otv-l  Spenser. 

'I'Alt'ltET.  •..     [.s,M- 'i'viiun.]     A  labor.     1  S/ori.  svni. 
TAB'IJ-L.\K,  a.     [L.  tabulcrii,  from  tabula,  table.) 

1.  In  th;;  i.irm  of  a  table  ;  having  a  flat  or  square 
surface. 

2.  Having  the  f*:rm  of  lamina^  or  plates. 

3.  Set  down  in  tables ;  as,  a  tabular  list  of  sub- 
stances. 

4.  Set  in  squares.  Johnson. 
Tabular  cry atali  one  in  whi'jh  the  prism  is  vi  i  y 

short.  Phillips. 

Tabular  spar;  a  mineral  consisting  of  silica  ani 
lime,  occurring  in  ratlier  brittle,  laminated  mass.-, 
the  surface  of  thelaruinie  having  a  fibrous  and  pi:arl\ 
appearance.  It  is  usually  while  or  bluish-white,  it 
is  the  schaalstein  of  Werner.  Dana. 

TAB'U-LaTE,  v.  t.    To  reduce  to  tables  or  synopses. 
2.  To  shape  with  a  flat  surface.  Johnson. 

TAB'IT-LA-TED,  pp.  or  a.  Having  a  flat  or  stjuare 
flat  surface  ;  as,  a  tabulated  diamond.  Grew. 

TAC-A-.MA-Ha'CA,  i  n.    The  popular  nnme  of  Icica 

TAC'A-MA-HAC,  (  Tacamahaca,  a  tree  of  South 
America;  also  of  Calo[)hylIuin  Tacamahaca,  a  tree 
of  Madagascar  and  the  Isle  of  Bourbon  ;  and  ac- 
cording to  the  younger  Michaux,  (but  probably  by 
mistake,)  of  Populus  balsamifera,  a  tree  of  North 
America. 

2.  There  are  two  sorts  of  resin  which  bear  this 
name,  one  of  thcni  said  to  be  the  produce  of  Calo- 
phyllum  Tacamahaca  almve  mentioned ;  and  the 
other  of  Elaphrium  tomento^uiu,  sometimes  called 
Fagara  octandra,  a  tree  <if  the  i:;land  of  Cura^oa,  and 
other  islands  in  its  neighborhood. 

TA'CE,  [from  Ii.  tacco.]  A  tennused  in  Italian  music, 
directing  to  be  silent. 

TaM^ET,  [L.]  in  music,  is  used  when  a  vncal  or  in- 
strumental part  is  to  be  silent  during  a  whole  move- 
menu  Cue. 

TACII,     }ji.     [ScoTvcK.]     Somr^hing  used  for'lalc- 

TACHE,  i  ing  hold  or  holding;  a  catch  ;  a  loop  ;  a 
button.  It  is  found  in  Scripture,  but  I  believe  is  not 
now  used  in  discourse  or  writing.    Exod.  xxvi. 

TA-CHOM'E-TER,  71.     [Gr.  Taxo^  speed,  and  ncr- 

pOi'.] 

An  instrument  employed  for  measuring  the  veloci- 
ty of  machines,  by  means  of  the  depression  occasioned 
in  a  column  of  fluid  by  the  centrifugal  force,  which 
causes  the  fluid  in  the  cistern  (with  which  the  grad- 
uated colunm  is  connected)  to  sink  in  the  center 
more  and  more  with  every  ineieasj  of  velocity. 
Thus  the  graduated  column  falls  on  llie  scale  as  the 
velocity  is  augmented,  and  rises  as  the  velocity  is 
diminished.  Olmsted. 

TA€H-y-DRo'MI-AN,  ii.  [Gr.  raxvs  and  dpotiog, 
swift  course.] 

One  of  a  lamily  of  wading  birds,  nllied  to  the 
plovers  ;  also,  one  of  a  tribe  of  saurian  reptiles. 

Brande. 
TA€H-Y-GRAPH'ie,         )  a.   Written  In  short  hand. 
TACH-Y-GRAPIl'ie-.VL,  j  OUddon. 

TA-eHYG'RA-PHy,7i.  [Gr.  raxvy,  quick,  and  joa^w, 
to  write.] 

The  art  or  practice  of  quick  writing. 

[W'e    now   use  Stenographv  and   Short  Hand 

W  KITING.] 

TACIT,  (tas'il,)  a.  [Fr.  tacite  ;  L.  taeitus,  from  taceo, 
to  be  silent,  that  is,  to  stop,  or  to  close.  See  Tack.] 
Silent ;  implied,  but  not  expressed.  T'actt  consent 
is  consent  by  silence,  or  not  interposing  an  objection. 
So  we  say,  a  tacit  agreement  or  covenant  of  men  to 
live  under  a  paiticiilar  government,  when  no  objec- 
tion or  opposition  is  made ;  a  tacit  surrender  of  a 
part  of  our  natural  rights  ;  a  tacit  reproach,  &.c. 

T  AC  IT'luY,  adv.  Silently;  by  implication;  without 
words  ;  as,  he  tacitly  assented. 

TAC'I-TURN,  a.     [L.  tacUurnus.] 

Habitually  silent ;  not  free  to  converse  ;  not  apt  to 
talk  or  speak.  Smollett, 

TAC-I-TURN'I-TV,  77.     [Fr.  (ac/(«r/a£^,  from  L.  (oci- 
turnitas,  from  taceo,  to  be  silent.] 
Habitual  silence  or  reserve  in  speaking. 

Too  great  loquacity  and  loo  great  taalurniLy  by  fits. 

Arbulhnot, 

TAC'I-TURN-LY,  adv.  SilcnUy;  without  conveiaa- 
tion. 

TACK,  V.  t.  [Gr.  ratro-tj,  to  set,  place,  ordain,  the 
root  of  which  was  ruj  w,  as  appears  from  its  de- 
rivatives, Tttjcis,  TU)  fi'i.  Hence,  Fr.  attachn;  It. 
attaceare,  Sp.  atacar,  VV.  taga,  to  slop,  Sp.  taco,  a 
stopper.  (See  Attach.)  Tlie  primary  sense  is  prob- 
ably to  thrust  or  seiid.l 

1.  To  fasten  ;  to  attach.  In  the  solemn  or  grave 
style,  this  word  now  apjicars  ludicrous;  as,  to  get  a 
cominendam  tacked  to  their  sees.  Siri/l. 

And  tiuk  the  center  to  the  spliere.  Ilvrlert. 

2.  To  unite  by  stitching  tog.?thcr  ;  as,  to  tack  to- 
gether the  sheets  of  a  book  ;  to  tack  one  piece  of 
cloth  to  anotlier.  [In  Oie  familiar  style,  Oiis  word  is  in 
good  tuc.] 

3.  To  lasten  slightly  by  nails ;  as,  to  tack  on  a 
TACHi:,!"-     [Fr.to;,..]  [buard.rshincl.. 

A  b'puU     [Aa(  iwet/.l 


Fate,  FXR,  fall,  \VIIAT._MgTE,  PR6y.-PI.NE,  MARISE,  lilRD.— t;QTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  EQOK.- 


TAC 

TACK,  n.     [Ir.  taca  :  Arm.  tach.] 

1.  A  small  nail. 

2.  A  rope  used  to  confine  the  foremost  lower  cor- 
ners of  the  courses  and  stay-sails,  when  the  wind 
crosses  the  ship's  course  obliquely  ;  also,  a  rope  em- 
ployed to  pull  the  lower  corner  of  a  studding-sail  to 
the  boom.     Hence, 

3.  The  part  of  a  sail  to  which  the  tack  is  usually 
fastened  ;  the  foremost  lower  corner  of  the  courses. 
Hence, 

4.  The  course  of  a  ship  in  regard  to  the  position  of 
lier  sails  ;  as,  the  starboard  tack^  or  larboard  tack  ;  the 
former  when  she  is  close-hauled  with  the  wind  on 
Iier  starboard,  the  latter  when  closo-hauled  with 
the  wind  on  her  larboard.  J\Iar,  Diet, 

To  hold  tack  ;  to  last  or  hold  out.  Tiuscr. 

Tack  of  a  jlag ;  a  line  spliced  into  the  eye  at  the 
bottom  of  the  tabling,  for  securing  the  flag  to  the 
halliards. 

TACK,  r.  i.  To  change  the  course  of  a  ship  by  shift- 
ing the  tacks  and  position  of  the  sails  from  one  side 
to  the  oilier.  J\Iar.  Diet. 

TACK,  n.  In  rural  ecojiomy,  a  shelf  on  which  cheese 
is  dried.     [Local.] 

Tack  of  land  ;  the  term  of  a  lease.     [Local.] 

TACK'ER,  n.    One  who  tacks  or  makes  an  addition. 

TACK'ET,  7(.     A  small  nail.  Barret. 

TACK'ING,  ppr.     Changing  a  ship's  course. 

TACK'ING,  n.  Tn  law,  a  union  of  securities  given  at 
different  times,  all  ot  which  must  be  redeemed  be- 
fore an  intermediate  purchaser  can  interpose  his 
claim.  Bajtvier. 

TACK'LE,  (tak'I,)  n.  [D.  takel,  a  pulley  and  Mckle  ; 
takden,  to  rrg ;  G.  tnkety  takcln ;  Sw.  tackel,  tackla  : 
Dan.  takkd,  taklrr ;  W.  tadu,  to  put  in  order,  to  dress, 
deck,  set  right;  tadau.  Tackling;  accoutemients  ; 
/acy?,  a  tool.  This  seems  to  belong  to  the  family  of 
tack,  Gr.  rafTccj.  The  primary  sense  is,  to  put  on,  or 
to  set  or  to  put  in  order.] 

1.  A  machine  for  raising  or  lowering  hea^■^• 
weights,  consisting  of  a  rope  and  blocks  called  a 
pulley.  .Mar.  Diet. 

2.  Instruments  of  action  ;  weapons. 

She  to  brr  fcidt?e  fell.  Hwhhvat. 

3.  An  arrow.  Chaucer. 

4.  The  rigging  and  apparatus  of  a  ship. 
Tackle-fail ;  the  rope,  or  rather  llie  end  of  the  rope 

of  a  pulley,  which  falls  and  by  which  it  is  pulled. 

Grcund-tnckie  ;  anchors,  cables,  &c. 

Gun-tackle :  the  instruments  for  hauling  cannon  in 
or  out. 

Tadi-taekle  ;  a  small  tackle  to  pull  do^Ti  the  tacks 
of  the  principal  sails.  Mar.  Dirt. 

TACK'LE,  (tak'I,)  r.  (.  To  harness ;  as,  to  tackle  a 
horse  into  a  gig,  sleigh,  coach,  or  wagon.  [A  leg^iti- 
vuite  and  cojnmon  use  of  the  word  in  Jimertca.] 

2.  To  seize;  to  lay  hold  of;  as,  a  wrestler  tackles 
his  antagonist  ;  a  dog  tackles  the  game.  This  is  a 
common  popular  use  of  the  word  in  New  England, 
though  not  elegant.  But  it  retains  the  primitive 
idea,  to  put  on,  to  fall  or  throw  on.     [See  Attack.] 

3.  To  supply  with  tackle.  Beaum,  i,-  Fl. 
TACK'LJED,  (tak'ld,);)p.  or  a.    Harnessed  ;  seized. 

2.  Made  of  ropes  tacked  together. 

My  man  ehall 
Bria^  th?«  cords,  m&de  Like  a  tackled  stair.  ShcJk. 

T.ACK'LIXG,  ppr.     Harnessing;  putting  on  harness  ; 

seizing ;  falling  on. 
TACK'LLXG,  n.    Furniture  of  the  masts  and  yards  of 
a  ship,  as  cordage,  sails,  &c. 

2.  Instruments  of  action  ;  as,  fishing  tackling. 

F/aiVjn. 

3.  Harness;  the  instruments  of  drawing  a  car- 
riage. 

TACKSOIAN,  n.  One  who  holds  a  lack  or  lease  of 
land  from  another  ;  a  tenant  or  lessee.     [Local.] 

TA€T,  n.  [L.  tcctu-s,  from  tango,  (for  tago,)  to  touch  ; 
Fr.  tact ;  It.  tatto  :  Sp.  tacto.] 

1.  Touch  ;  feeling  ;  formrrhj,  the  stroke  in  beating 
time  in  music.     [Dan.  tngt.] 

2.  Peculiar  skill  cr  faculty  ;  nice  perception  or 
discernment  Jim.  Rev. 

TACTIC,         )  a.     [See  Tactic9.]     Pertaining  to  the 

TAC'TIC-AL,  (  art  of  military  and  naval  disposi- 
tions for  battle,  evolutions,  &c. 

TAe-TI"CIAN%  C-tish'an,)  n.    One  versed  in  tactics. 

TAe'TieS,  71.  [Gr.  ranrtjeoc,  from  Tac(7M,  Tarro,  to 
set,  to  appoint;  ra^ij,  order;  Fr.  taetique.  See 
I        Tack.] 

1.  The  science  and  art  of  disposing  military  and 
naval  forces  in  order  for  battle,  and  performing  mili- 
tarj' and  naval  evolutions.  In  the  m*'H  extensive 
sense,  tactics,  la  prmtde  tactiqne  of  the  French,  com- 
prehends every  thing  that  rt-I.itcs  to  the  order,  forma- 
tion, and  disposition  of  armies,  their  encampments, 
&:c. 

2.  The  art  of  inventing  ?nd  making  machines  for 
throwing  darts,  arrows,  stones,  and  other  missile 
weapons,  C'yc. 

TA€'TILE,  (-til,)  a.  [Ft.  tactile,  from  I^  taetili.^,  from 
taniro,  to  touch.] 

Tangible  ;  suscr-ptible  of  touch  :  that  may  be  felt : 
as,  tactits  sweets  ;  tactile  qualities.  HaU. 


TAI 

T.\e-TIL'I-TY,  71.  Tangiblcness  i  perceptibility  of  | 
touch 

TAe'TION,  71.     [Fr.,  from  L,  taclio,  tango,  to  touch.] 
The  act  of  touching  ;  touch. 

TACT'LESS,  a.     Destitute  of  tact.  Ec.  Rev. 

T.\CT'TT-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  touch  ;  consisting  in 
or  derived  from  touch.  Chalmers. 

TA-DOR'NA,  ;i.     [Sp.  tadorno.] 

Tile  sheldnike.  Cye. 

TAD'PoLE,  71.  [Sax.  (a(fc,toad,  with  pola,  coinciding 
with  L.  pullus,  young.] 

A  frog  in  its  lirst  state  from  the  spawn;  a  por- 
wiggle. 

T.^'DI-UM,  71.     [L.]    Tedium,  which  see. 

Tttdiumrittr  i  wearinessof  life  ;  a  menial  disorder. 

TaEL,  (tale,)  7t,  In  China^  ;i  denomination  of  money 
wortli  nearly  seven  shillings  sterling,  or  about  a  dol- 
lar and  a  half;  also,  a  weight  of  one  ounce  and  a 
third.  McCuUoch. 

Ta*EN,  (tar.e.l    The  poetical  contractio::  of  Tasex. 

TAF'EL-SPATH,  71.     [G.]     Tabular  spar,  which  see. 

TAF'FER-EL,  )         m  ,  ^       ,  c        ,  r  i  .  1,1    i 

TAFF'R  'VIL      I  "      L^"  ^^^^h  from  tofcl,  tablf?.] 

The  upper  part  of  n  ship's  stcn,  which  is  flat  like 
a  table  on  the  top,  and  sometimes  ornamented  with 
caHi-ed  work.  J\far.  Diet.     Cijc 

T.-\F'FE-TA,  ;  Jt.     [Fr.  tafctas ;   taffetas;  Sp.  tafetan; 

TAF'FE-TY,  (      It.  taffctta;  D.  taf;  G.  taffct.] 

A  fine,  smooth  stulT  of  silk,  having  usually  a  re- 
markable wavy  luster,  imparled  by  pressure  and 
heat  with  the  application  of  an  acidulous  fluid,  to 
produce  the  elTect  called  ^catering. 

Encyc.  cf  Dom.  Fxon. 

TAF'I-.\,  71.  A  variety  of  rum,  so  called  by  the 
French.  Ure. 

TAG, «.  [Sw.  tag^^  a  point  or  prickle  ;  Ice.  tag .-  Dan. 
tagger,  takke.r.  'J'lio  primary  sense  is  probably  a 
shoot,  coinciding  with  the  fir>;t  syllabic  of  L.  digitus, 
(see  Toe  ;)  or  the  sense  is  from  putting  on,  as  in 
tackle.  In  Goth,  tnga  is  hair,  the  hair  of  the  hend, 
that  which  is  shot  out,  or  that  which  is  thick.  The 
latter  sense  would  show  its  alliance  to  the  W.  tagit, 
to  choke.] 

1.  A  metallic  point  put  to  the  end  of  a  string. 

2.  Something  mean  and  paltry;  the  rabble.  [Ful- 
gar.] 

Th^-mj  people  tliJ  not  cl.ip  him.  S}iak. 

Will  vou  lieoce 
Before  Ihe  lag  return '{  Sfiak. 

3.  A  young  sheep  of  the  first  year.    [Local] 

Halhwdl. 
TAG,  V.  t.    To  fit  with  a  point ;  as,  to  tag  lace. 

2.  To  fit  one  thing  to  another;  to  append  to. 

Hia  courteous  host 
Tagt  every  sentence  with  some  fawning  word.  Dryden. 

3.  To  join  or  fasten.  Swifi. 
To  tag  after  one;  to  follow  closely,  as  it  were  an 

appendage. 

TAG,  n.  A  play  in  which  the  person  gains  who  tags, 
that  is,  touches  anollier.  This  was  a  common  sport 
among  boys  in  Connecticut  formerly,  and  it  may  be 
still.  The  word  is  inserted  here  for  the  sake  of  the 
evidence  it  atfords  of  the  affinity  of  languages,  and 
of  the  original  orthography  of  the  L.  tamjo,  to  touch, 
which  was  tago.  This  vulgar  tag  is  the  same  word  ; 
the  primitive  word  retained  by  the  common  people. 
It  is  used  also  as  a  verb,  lo  tag.     [See  Touch.] 

TAG'GJ^D,  pp.  or  a.    Fitted  with  a  point  appended  lo. 

TAG'GING,  ppr.  Filling  with  a  point;  fittmg  one 
thing  to  another. 

TAGL'IA,  (tal'ya,)  71.  [It.]  In  meduinics,  a  particu- 
lar combination  of  pullevs.  Brande, 

TAGL-IA-eo'TIAN,(tal-ya-ko'shan,)a.  [from  Tagli- 
acozzi.  a  Venfliun  surgeon.] 

Rhinoplastic  ;  applied  to  the  surgical  operation  for 
restoring  t!ie  nose. 

TAG'RAG,  II.  or  a.  A  term  applied  to  the  lowest  class 
of  people.     [Low.]  S!tak. 

TAG'-SoRE,  li.    A  disease  under  the  tail  of  a  sheep. 

Cyc. 

TAG'TaIL,  v.  [ta^  and  tail.]  A  worm  which  has  its 
tail  of  anolher  color.  Walton. 

TAIL,  (tale,)  n.  [Sax.  t<rgl :  Ice,  tagl ;  dim.  of  tag,  a 
shoot,  or  from  Goth,  taga,  hair.] 

1.  The  part  of  an  animal  which  terminates  its  body 
behind.  In  many  quadmpeds,  the  tail  is  a  shoot  or 
projection  covered  with  hair,  hanging  loose  from  the 
cs:tremity  of  the  vertebra?.  In  birds,  the  tail  consists 
of  feathers,  or  is  covered  with  them,  wliich  serve  to 
assist  in  the  direction  of  their  tlighi.  In  fishes,  the 
tail  is  formed  usually  bv  a  gradual  sloping  of  the 
body,  ending  in  a  fin.  The  tail  of  a  fish  may  assist 
the  anininl  in  steering,  but  its  principal  use  is  to  pro- 
pel the  fish  forward.    It  is  the  instrument  of  swim- 

2.  The  lower  part,  noting  inferiority.  [ming. 
The  Tx>rd  will  make  thee  the  head,  and  not  tha  (ai/,  — Dent. 

ixviii, 

3.  Anv  thing  hanging  long  ;  a  catkin.      Harveu. 
A.  The  hinder  part  of  any  thing.  Butler, 

'^.  In  anatomv.  thai  tendon  of  a  muscle  which  is 
fivf  cl  to  the  movable  part.  Cyc. 

(1.  In  ftotant.;  the  tail  of  a  seed  is  a  downy  or  feath- 
ery aiijiendage  to  certain  seeds,  fcnned  of  the  perma- 
nent elongated  st>  le.  Cye. 


TAl 

7.  IIarsc*s  tad,  among  t^u:  Tartars  and  Clunt^e^  is 
an  ensign  or  Dag ;  among  the  Turkj*,  a  hU'indard  home 
before  the  grand  vizier,  tKL^^wo,  a:id  the  win-jiacv. 
For  ihis  purfKisc  it  \*  fitted  to  a  half-pikt:;  with  n  guM 
button,  and  is  called  Tofo.  There  arc  ba^baws  of 
one,  two,  afid  three  tails.  Ctje. 

8.  In  hcratdnj,  the  tail  of  a  hart. 

9.  In  miigic,  the  pari  of  a  note  mnning  upward  or 
downward. 

10.  The  extremity  or  Ix*;!  end  ;  as,  the  taU of  a  .«t'iriri. 
Tail  of  a  cornet ;  aluminous  train  extending  from 

the  nucleus  or  body  often  to  a  great  distance,  ami 
usually  in  a  direction  opposite  t*j  the  suil       Olm^ed. 
To  tarn  tail  is  to  run  away  ;  to  flee. 
Tail  of  a  lock,  on  a  canal,  the  lower  end,  or  en- 
trance into  the  lower  pond. 

T.AlL,  n.  [Fr.  taillcr,  Sp.  tallar,  IL  tagliare.  Port,  lal- 
liar,  Ir.  tallam,  to  cut  off";  \V.  toll,  to  curtail,  lo  sc(ia- 
r<»,!e,  lo  deal  out,  from  tavsl,  a  sending  or  throwing,  a 
cast  or  throw,  a  separation,  diminution,  inlerruptiim. 
This  is  from  the  same  root  as  deaL  Class  Dl,  No.  lo. 
See  Deal.] 

In  law,  an  estate  m  tail  is  a  limited  fee  ;  an  estate 
limited  to  certain  heirs,  and  from  which  the  olhf  r 
heirs  are  precluded.  Estates  tail  are  general  or  .spe- 
cial; general,  where  lands  .and  tenements  arc  gi%'f  11 
to  one,  and  to  the  heirs  of  his  body  begotten  ;  rpreia', 
where  the  gift  is  restrained  to  certam  heirs  of  thr 
donee's  body,  as  to  his  heirs  by  a  particular  woman 
named.     [See  Estak-]  Blaek.'tortr. 

TAIL,  V.  t.     To  pull  by  the  la.l.  Jladtbra.". 

To  tail  in;  in  architecture,  to  fasten  by  one  of  tlio 
ends  into  a  wall,  as  a  timber.  '    Brande. 

tavlV^e,  I  "•    t^*"-  '^*''"'»  *"  *="'  """-l 

Literally,  a  .'^harc  ;  hence,  a  lax  or  toll.    [Ofi-*.J 
Blad:stanf. 

TAIL'i=;D,  a.     Having  a  tail.  Grac. 

TaIL'INGS,  w.  pi.  [from  tail.]  The  lighter  part«  of 
grain  blown  to  one  end  of  the  heap  in  winnowing. 
[Local.]  Cyc, 

TaILLE,  (tile,)  71.  The  fee  which  is  opitosiie  to' fee- 
simple,  because  it  is  so  minced  or  pared  that  it  is  not 
in  his  free  power  to  be  disposed  of  who  owns  it ; 
but  it  is,  by  the  first  giver,  cut  or  divided  from  all 
other,  and  lied  to  the  issue  of  the  donee.      CowrL 

TaIL'LESS,  a.     Having  no  t-iil.  Lawraice. 

TaI'LOH,  71.  [Fr.  tailkur  ;  from  taUlcr,  to  cut,  iL  to- 
gliarc,  Ir.  tallam.] 

One  whose  occupation  is  to  cut  out  and  make 
men's  garments. 

TAI'LOR,  r.  i.    To  practice  making  men's  clothes. 

Green. 

TAI'LOR-ESS,  n.  A  female  who  makes  garments  for 
men. 

TAI'LOR-J.VG,  7(.     The  business  of  a  Lailor. 

T.ilL'-PlECE,  n.  A  piece  at  the  end,  as  of  a  .-  n  : 
of  engravings. 

2.  In  a  violin,  a  piece  of  ebony  attached  to  the  end 
of  the  insti-iiment,  to  which  the  strings  are  fastened. 

Cyc. 

TaIL'-RaCE,  71.  The  stream  of  water  which  runs 
frnm  the  mill  after  it  has  been  applied  to  produce  the 
motion  of  the  wheel. 

TaIL'ZIE,  71.  In  Scottish  ?aif ,  an  entailment  or  deed 
whereby  the  legal  course  of  succession  is  cut  off,  and 
an  arbitrarj'  one  substituted.  Brande. 

T.^INT,  r.  t.  [Fr.  tcindre,  to  dye  cr  stain  ;  h.  t4ngn: 
Gr.  rzyyu},  to  dye,  literally,  to  dip,  primarily,  to 
thrust,  the  sense" of  L..(a/i«-o,-  and  k  not  being  rad- 
ical, the  real  word  is  iego  or  tago,  coinciding  with 
Eng.  (/«cJt;  hence  its  sense  in  citinguo.  Sec  Dve, 
Attaint,  and  TiycE.J 

1.  To  imbue  or  impregnate,  as  with  some  extra- 
neous matter  which  alters  Uie  sensible  qualities  (>f 
the  substance. 

2.  .More  gaieralUj,  to  impregnate  with  something 
odious,  noxious,  or  poisonous  ;  as,  putrid  substances 
taint  the  air. 

3.  To  infect ;  to  poison.  Tlw  breath  of  consump- 
tive luntrs  is  said  to  taint  soand  lungs.         fJarvcy. 

•1.  To' corrupt,  as  by  incipient  putrefaction  ;  as, 
tainted  meal, 

5.  To  stain  ;  to  sullv  ;  to  wnia!^  Shik. 

6.  To  corrupt,  as  blood  ;  to  aOaiSt.  [Kbt  ir.  tu^£.] 
[See  Attaint.] 

TAINT,  r.  i.  To  be  infected  -,'  ..rfiUpJec!  ,  to  be 
touched  with  something  corrnpli-Tc^ 

1  c;>u  not  lainl  with  f«vr.  Skat, 

2,  To  be  atfecled  with  incipient  putrefaction.  Jlcat 
soon  taints  in  warm  weather. 
TaIXT,  71.    Tincture;  stain. 

2.  Infection  ;  corruption  ;  depravation.  Keep  chil- 
dren from  the  taint  of  low  and  vicious  comp-iny. 

3.  A  stain  ;  a  spot ;  a  blemish  ou  reputation.  Shck, 

4.  An  insect ;  a  kind  of  spider.  Brotrn. 
TAINT'ED,  pp.  or  a.     Iinpregnaied  with  something 

noxious,  disagreeable  to  the  senses,  or  poisonous; 

infected  ;  rorrupled  ;  siained. 
TaINT'-FREE,  a.    [iamt  and  free.]    Free  from  taint 

orguill.  ThatA. 

TaINT'LVG,  ppr.     Impr.'gnating  w;th  someih.ug  foul 

or  poisonous;  infecting;  cornipting;  t^laining. 


TCNE,  BULL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER.  VT'CIOUS.— €  as  K ;  6  as  J ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


U25 


TAK 

TaINT'LESS,  a.    Free  from  taint  or  infection  ;  pure. 

SwifU 

TAINT'LE.-^S-LY,  adv.    Without  taint. 

TAlNT'TjRE,  71.     [L.  tinctvra.] 

Taint;  tinge;  ciefiluinenl ;  stain  ;  spot.  [J^otmuch 
used.]  Sha/i. 

TA-Ja'CU,    /  n.    The  peccary  or  Mexican  lioj; ;  the 

TA-JAS'SU,  (  Dicotyles  torquatus,  a  pachyderma- 
tous niaminal  inhabiting  the  eastern  side  of  South 
Anierica. 

TAKE,  r.  t. ;  pret.  Took  ;  pp.  Taken.  [Sax.  tacan,  to 
taJce^  and  to  teach ;  also,  thicgan,  to  take,  as  food  ;  Sw. 
taga;  Uan.  tager;  Ice.  taka:  Gr.  (Irxoymt ;  L.  ilocco. 
This  word  seems  to  be  allied  to  think,  for  we  say,  I 
think  a  thing  to  he  so,  or  I  taJiC  it  to  be  so.  II  seems 
also  to  be  allied  to  Sax.  teogan,  to  draw,  tu  tug,  L. 
ducQ ;  for  we  say,  to  taJce  a  likeness,  and  to  draw  a 
hkene5i:^.  We  use  taking  also  for  engaging,  attract- 
ing. We  say,  a  child  takes  to  his  mother  or  nurse, 
and  a  man  talces  to  drink  ;  which  seem  to  include 
attaching  and  holding.  VVe  observe  that  take  and 
teach  are  radically  the  same  word.] 

1.  In  o  general  scmse,  to  get  hold  or  gain  possession 
of  a  thing  in  almost  any  manner,  either  by  receiving 
it  when  offered,  or  by  using  exertion  to  obtain  it. 
Take  differs  from  seize^  as  it  does  not  always  imply 
haste,  force,  or  violence.  It  more  generally  denotes 
to  gain  or  receive  into  possession  in  a  peaceable  man- 
ner, either  passively  or  by  active  e.\ertions.    Thus, 

2.  To  receive  what  is  offered. 

Then  1  took  the  cup  at  the  Lord's  hand.  — Jer.  xxv. 

3.  To  lay  hold  of;  to  get  into  one's  power  for  keep- 
ing. 

No  man  ohnll  take  the  nether  or  the  upper  miUstoue  to  pledge.  — 
Deut,  xxiv. 

4.  To  receive  with  a  certain  affection  of  mind.  He 
talces  it  in  good  part ;  or  he  takes  it  very  ill. 

5.  To  catch  by  surprise  or  artifice  ;  to  circumvent. 

Men  in  (heir  loose,  unguirded  hours  ihcy  take  ; 

Not  that  themselves  are  wise,  but  otbera  weak.  Pope. 

6.  To  seize  ;  to  make  prisoner.  The  troops  en- 
tered slew  and  took  llnee  hundred  janizaries. 

Eiiolles. 
'rhis  man  waa  (often  by  the  Jews.  —  Acts  xxiii. 

7.  To  captivate  with  pleasure ;  to  engage  the  affec- 
tions ;  to  delight. 

Neither  let  her  take  thee  with  her  eyelids.  — Prov.  vl. 
Cleombrutus  was  so  taken  with  this  prospect,  that  lie  had  no 
patience.  Wake. 

8.  To  get  into  one's  power  by  engines  or  nets  ;  to 
entrap;  to  insnare ;  as,  to  take  foxes  with  traps;  to 
take  fishes  with  nets,  or  with  hook  and  line. 

9.  To  understand  in  a  particular  sense  ;  to  receive 
as  meaning.    I  take  your  meaning. 

You  taJie  me  ri»ht.  Bacon. 

Chdritj,  taken  m  its  largest  extent,  is  nothing  else  but  the  ain- 
«ere  lo?e  to  God  and  sur  neighbor.  Wake. 

10.  To  exact  and  receive. 

TbAe  no  usury  of  him  or  increase.  —  Lev,  xxv. 

11.  To  employ ;  to  occupy.  Tlie  prudent  man 
always  taJces  time  for  deliberation,  before  he  passes 
judKmenl. 

12.  To  agree  to ;  to  close  in  with ;  to  comply  with. 

1  take  tliee  at  thy  word.  Rowe. 

13.  To  form  and  adopt ;  as,  to  take  a  resolution. 

Clarendon. 

14.  To  catch  ;  to  embrace ;  to  seize  ;  as,  to  take 
one  by  the  hand  ;  to  take  in  the  arms. 

15.  To  admit ;  to  receive  as  an  impression ;  to  suf- 
fer ;  as,  to  take  a  form  or  shape. 

Yet  thy  moist  clay  is  pUaot  to  commaod  ; 

Now  take  the  mold.  Dryden. 

16.  To  obtain  by  active  exertion ;  as,  to  take  re- 
venge or  satisfaction  for  an  injury. 

17.  To  receive  ;  to  receive  into  tlie  mind. 

They  took  knowledge  of  them  that  Ihey  had  been  with  Jesus.  — 

Acta  17, 
It  appeared  in  his  faw  that  he  took  great  contentment  in  this  our 

question.  Bacon. 

18.  To  swallow,  as  meat  or  drink ;  as,  to  take 
food  ;  to  take  a  glass  of  wine. 

19.  To  swallow,  as  medicine  ;  as,  to  take  pUls  ;  to 
talie  stimulants. 

20.  To  choose;  to  elect.  Take  which  you  please. 
But  the  sense  of  choosing,  in  this  phrase,  is  derived 
from  the  connection  of  take  with  pkase.  So  we  say, 
(cAc  your  choice. 

21.  To  copy. 

Beauty  alone  could  beauty  taJte  bo  right.  Dryden. 

29.  To  fasten  on ;  to  seize.  The  frost  has  taken 
the  corn  ;  the  worms  have  ta.ken  the  vines. 

Wheresoeirer  he  taketh  him,  be  teareth  him,  and  he  founeth.  — 

Mark  ii. 

33.  To  accept;  not  to  refuse.  He  offered  me  a 
fee,  but  I  would  not  take  it. 

Yc  ehall  takt  no  eatiaraction  for  (be  life  o(  a  murderer.  —  Num. 

XXXV, 

24    To  adopt 

I  will  lake  yoa  to  me  for  a  pe«ple.  —Ex.  ri. 


TAK 

25.  To  admit. 

Let  not  a  widow  be  taken  into  the  number  under  threescore. — 
1  Tim.  V. 

26.  To  receive,  as  any  temper  or  disposition  of 
mind  ;  as,  to  take  shame  to  one's  self;  to  take  de- 
light ;  to  take  pride  or  pleasure. 

27.  To  endure  ;  to  bear  without  resentment ;  or  to 
submit  to  without  attempting  to  obtain  satisfaction. 
He  will  take  an  affront  from  no  man.  Can  not  you 
take  a  jest.'" 

28.  To  draw;  to  deduce. 

The  firm  belief  of  a  future  judgment  is  the  most  forcible  motive  to 
a  good  life,  liecausL-  taken  from  this  considemlJonof  tlie  most 
lasting  happiness  and  misery.  Tillotson. 

29.  To  assume ;  as,  I  (oAc  the  liberty  to  say. 

Locke. 

30.  To  allow  ;  to  admit ;  to  receive  as  true,  or  not 
disputed  ;  as,  to  take  a  thing  for  granted. 

31.  To  suppose ;  to  receive  in  thought;  to  enter- 
tain in  opinion  ;  to  understand.  This  I  take  to  be 
the  man's  motive. 

He  took  that  for  virtue  and  affection  which  waa  nothing  but  vice 

in  dia^uisr.  South. 

You'd  doubt  his  sex,  and  take  him  for  a  girl.  Tale. 

32.  To  seize ;  to  invade ;  as,  to  be  taken  with  a 
fever. 

33.  To  have  recourse  to ;  as,  the  sparrow  takes  a 
bush  ;  the  cat  takes  a  tree.  [In  this  sense,  we  usu- 
ally say,  the  bird  takes  to  a  bush,  the  squirrel  takes  to 
a  tree.] 

.  To 


34. 


)  receive  into  the  mind. 


Those  do  best  who  take  material  hints  to  bo  judged  by  history. 

Locke. 

35.  To  hire  ;  to  rent ;  to  obtain  possession  on 
lease  ;  as,  to  take  a  house  or  farm  for  a  year. 

36.  To  admit  in  copulation. 

37.  To  draw  ;  to  copy  ;  to  paint  a  likeness ;  as,  a 
likeness  taken  by  Reynolds. 

38.  To  conquer  and  cause  to  surrender ;  to  gain 
possession  of  by  force  or  capitulation ;  as,  to  take  an 
army,  a  city,  or  a  ship. 

39.  To  be  discovered  or  detected.  He  was  taken 
in  the  very  act. 

40.  To  require  or  be  necessary.  It  talces  so  much 
cloth  to  make  a  coat. 

To  taJiC  aioaiji  to  deprive  of;  to  bereave  ;  as,  a  bill 
for  taking  away  the  votes  of  bishops. 

By  your  own  law  1  take  your  life  aioay.  Lhydsn. 

2.  To  remove  ;  as,  to  take  away  the  consciousness 
of  pleasure.  Lucke. 

To  taJic  care;  to  be  careful ;  to  be  solicitous  for. 

Doth  God  take  care  for  oxen  ?  —  1  Cor.  ix. 

2.  To  be  cautious  or  vigilant.  TaJce  care  not  to 
expose  your  health. 

To  tajcc  care  ofj  to  superintend  or  oversee  ;  to  have 
the  charge  of  keeping  or  securing. 

To  take  a  course  ,■  to  resort  to  ;  to  have  recourse  to 
measures. 

The  violence  of  atormin^  is  the  courge  which  God  is  forced  to 
lake  fgr  the  deslrn}'iiig  of  sinueis.  -     Hammond. 

To  take  onc^s  oton  course  ,-  to  act  one's  pleasure  ;  to 
pursue  the  measures  of  one's  own  choice. 

To  take  down;  to  reduce;  to  bring  lower;  to  de- 
press ;  as,  to  take  down  pride,  or  the  proud. 

2.  To  swallow  ;  as,  to  take  down  a  potion. 

3.  To  pull  down  ;  to  pull  to  pieces ;  as,  to  take 
down  a  house  or  a  scaffold. 

4.  To  write  ;  as,  to  take  down  a  man's  words  at  the 
time  iie  utters  them. 

To  take  from;  to  deprive  of. 

I  will  smite  thee,  and  lake  thine  head /rojn  thee.  —  1  Sam.  xvli. 

2.  To  deduct ;  to  subtract;  as,  to  take  one  number 
from  anotlier. 

3.  To  detract ;  to  derogate.  J[>ryden. 
To  take  heed;  to  be  careful  or  cautious. 

TbAe  heed  what  doom  against  yourself  you  give.         Dryden. 

To  take  heed  to  ;  to  attend  to  with  care.  Take  heed 
to  thy  ways. 

To  take  hold ;  to  seize  ;  to  fix  on. 

To  take  in  ;  to  inclose  ;  to  fence.  Mortimer. 

2.  To  encompass  or  embrace ;  to  comprise ;  to 
comprehend. 

3.  To  draw  into  a  smaller  compass  ;  to  contract ; 
to  brail  or  furl ;  as,  to  take  in  sail. 

4.  To  cheat ;  to  circumvent ;  to  gull ;  to  deceive. 
[JVot  elegant.'j 

5.  To  admit ;  to  receive  ;  as,  a  vessel  will  take  in 
more  water ;  the  landlord  said  he  could  take  in  no 
more  lodgers. 

6.  To  win  by  conquest.     [JVot  in  use.]        Felton. 

7.  To  receive  into  the  mind  or  ujiderstanding. 

Some  bright  genius  can  take  in  a  long  train  of  propoaitinnB. 

WaUs. 

To  taJce  in  hand:  to  undertake  ;  to  attempt  to  exe- 
cute any  thing.     Luke  i. 

To  take  notice  ;  to  observe  ;  or  to  observe  with  par- 
ticular attention. 

2.  To  show  by  some  act  that  observation  is  made  ; 
to  make  remark  upon.  He  heard  what  was  said, 
but  took  no  notice  of  it. 


TAK 

To  take  oath ;  to  swear  with  solemnity,  or  in  a  ju- 
dicial manner. 

To  take  off;  to  remove,  in  various  'vays ;  to  re- 
move from  the  top  of  anything;  as,  io  tdcc  off  a 
load  ;  to  take  ozone's  hat,  &,c. 

2.  To  cut  off;  as,  lu  take  off  the  head  or  a  limb. 

3.  To  destroy  ;  as,  to  take  off  life. 

4.  To  remove,  to  iuvalidatti;  as,  to  take  tijf  the 
force  of  an  argument. 

5.  To  withdraw  ;  to  call  or  draw  away. 

Keep  forvign  ideas  from  taking  off  the  ir.ind  from  its  present 
pursuit.  Locke. 

6.  To  swallow  ;  as,  to  take  off  a.  glass  of  wine. 

7.  To  purchase ;  to  take  from  in  trade. 

The  Spaniards  having  no  commodities  llmt  we  will  lake  off. 

Locke. 

8.  To  copy. 

Take  off  all  their  models  in  wood.  Aldison. 

9.  To  imitate  ;  to  mimic. 

10.  To  find  place  for;  as,  more  scholars  than  pre- 
ferments can  take  off. 

To  take  off  from ;  to  lessen;  to  remove  in  part. 
This  takes  off  from  the  deformity  of  vice. 

To  take  order  with;  to  check.     [JVot  much  used.] 

Bacon. 

To  taJce  out;  to  remove  from  within  a  place;  to 
separate ;  to  deduct. 

2.  To  draw  out ;  to  remove  ;  to  clear  or  cleanse 
from  ;  as,  to  take  out  a  stain  or  spot  from  cloth ;  to 
take  out  an  unpleasant  taste  from  wine. 

To  taJie  part ;  to  share.     Talie  part  in  our  rt^joicing. 

To  takcpart  with;  to  unite  with  ;  to  join  with. 

To  take  place;  to  happen;  to  come,  or  come  to 
pass. 

2.  To  have  effect ;  to  prevail. 

Where  arms  take  place,  all  oilier  pleas  are  vain.  Dryden. 

To  take  effect;  to  have  the  intended  effect ;  to  be 
efficacious. 

To  take  root ;  to  live  and  grow,  as  a  plant. 
2.  To  be  established,  as  principles. 
To  take  up  ;  to  lift ;  to  raise. 

2.  To  buy  or  borrow  ;  as,  to  (aAr^up  goods  to  alarge 
amount ;  to  take  up  money  at  the  bank. 

3.  To  begin  ;  as,  to  taite  up  a  lamentation.  Eick. 
xix. 

4.  In  surgery,  to  fasten  with  a  ligature. 

5.  To  engross ;  to  employ ;  to  engage  the  atten- 
tion ;  as,  to  taJie  up  the  time. 

6.  To  have  final  recourse  to. 

Arnobius  asserts  that  men  of  the  finest  parta  toot  up  their  rest  in 
tlie  Christian  religion.  Addison. 

7.  To  seize  ;  to  catch  ;  to  arrest ;  as,  to  take  up  a 
thief;  to  take  up  vagabonds. 

8.  To  admit. 

The  ancients  look  up  experiments  upon  credit.  Bacon. 

9.  To  answer  by  reproof;  to  reprimand. 

One  of  his  relations  took  him  tip  roundly,  L'Eslrange. 

10.  To  begin  where  another  left  off. 

Soon  aa  the  evening  shades  prevail. 

The  moon  takes  up  the  wondrous  tale.  Additon. 

11.  To  occupy  ;  to  fill ;  as,  to  take  up  a  great  deal 
of  room. 

12.  To  assume;  to  canyon  or  manage  for  another; 
as,  to  take  up  the  quarrels  of  our  neighbors. 

13.  To  comprise  ;  to  include. 

The  noble  poem  of  Paletnon  and  Ardle  takes  up  seven  years. 

Dryden. 

14.  To  adopt;  to  assume;  as,  to  take  up  current 
opinions. 

They  take  up  our  old  trade  of  conquering.  Dryden. 

15.  To  collect ;  to  exact  a  tax.  KnoUcs. 

16.  To  pay  and  receive ;  as,  to  take  up  a  note  at 
the  bank.  Johnson''s  Rqjorts. 

To  take  up  arms  ;  )  to  begin  war;  to  begin  resist- 

To  take  arms;       \       ance  by  force. 

To  take  up  the  gauntlet.     See  Gauntlet. 

To  take  the  field;  in  military  language,  to  encamp  , 
to  commence  the  operations  of  a  campaign. 

CamphcWs  J\lilitary  Diet. 

To  take  upon  ;  to  assume  ;  to  undertake.  He  takes 
upon  himself  to  assert  that  the  fact  is  capable  of 
proof. 

2.  To  appropriate  to ;  to  admit  to  be  imputed  to; 
as,  to  take  upon  one's  self  a  punishment. 

To  take  side ;  to  join  one  of  two  differing  parties ; 
to  take  an  interest  in  one  party. 

To  take  to  heart ;  to  be  sensibly  affected  by  ;  to  feel 
any  thing  sensibly. 

To  take  advantage  of;  to  catch  by  surprise ;  or  to 
make  use  of  a  favorable  state  of  things,  to  the  prej- 
udice of  another. 

To  take  the  advantage  of;  to  use  any  advantage 
offered. 

To  take  air;  to  be  divulged  or  made  public  ;  to  be 
disclosed  ;  as  a  secret. 

To  take  the  air;  to  expose  one's  self  to  the  open 
air. 

To  take  a  cmirse ;  to  begin  a  ceti:.in  direction  or 
way  of  proceeding. 

To  take  leave ;  to  bid  adieu  or  farewell. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WIX^T MeTE,  PRgY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD N6TE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQQK.— 


TAL 

To  take  breat!i ;  to  rest ;  to  be  recruited  or  re- 
freshed. 

To  take  aim ;  to  direct  the  eye  or  a  weapon  to  a 
particular  objecL 

To  talu  along;  to  carry,  lead,  or  convey. 

To  take  a  vay  ;  to  begin  a  particular  course  or  di- 
rection. 
TaKE,  p.  t.  To  move  or  direct  the  course  ;  to  resort 
to,  or  to  attach  one's  self;  to  betake  one's  self.  The 
fox,  beinq  hard  pressed,  took  to  the  hedge.  My  friend 
has  left  Ins  music,  and  taken  to  books. 

The  defluxJon,  taking  to  hb  breast,  was'.ed  his  lan^.    Baix>n. 

2.  To  please ;  to  gain  reception.  The  play  will 
not  (oAe,  unless  it  is  set  off  with  proper  scenes. 

Each  wit  inay  praise  it  Tor  h:3  own  dear  sake. 

And  liini  b?  wfii  it,  if  the  thiii^  should  loic.  Addison, 

3.  To  have  the  intended  or  natural  effect. 

la  impr?ss:0[u  from  nuud  to  mind,  the  impreGsioa  taktOi. 

Bacon. 

4.  To  catch  ;  to  fix,  or  be  fixed.  He  was  inocu- 
lated, but  the  infection  did  not  take. 

When  flanie  taketh  and  openeth,  it  g-iveih  a  noise.        Bacon. 

To  take  after ;  to  learn  to  follow  ;  to  copy ;  to  imi- 
tate ;  as,  he  takfs  after  a  good  pattern. 

2.  To  resemble  ;  as,  the  son  takes  after  his  father. 

To  take  in  with  ;  to  resort  to.  Bacon. 

To  take  for;  to  mistake  j  to  suppose  or  think  one 
thing  to  be  another. 

The  lord  ci"  ihe  land  look  us  for  spies.  — Gen.  ilii. 
71?  take  on  :  to  be  violently  affected  ;  as,  the  child 
takes  on  at  a  great  rate. 
2.  To  claim,  as  a  character. 

I  take  cot  on  me  here  as  a  physician,  Skak. 

To  take  to ;  to  apply  to ;  to  be  fond  of:  to  become 
attached  to ;  as,  to  take  to  books ;  to  take  to  evil 
practices. 

2.  To  resort  to  ;  to  betake  to. 

Jlen  of  leamLncr,  wbotoiefo  business,  discharge  it geaeralljr  with 
greater  hoiu-Ety  than  men  of  the  world.  Adduon. 

To  take  %^  ;  to  stop. 

Sinneis  at  last  take  up  and  eetlle  in  a  contempt  of  aJl  relt^oa. 
{Sol  in  use.]  TiUouon. 

2.  To  reform.     [JVot  in  riaeJ]  Locke. 

To  take  up  ttith  ;  to  be  contented  to  receive  ;  to  re- 
ceive without  opposition  j  as,  to  take  vp  with  plain 
fare. 

lo  aSaiis  whkb  may  bave  an  extensiTe  influence  on  our  future 
hapfuness,  we  should  not  take  up  wUh  probabililies.     Walts. 

2.  To  lodge  ;  to  dwell.     [JVot  in  use.]  South. 

To  tal:e  tcith ;  to  please.    The  proposal  takes  well 
with  him. 
TaK'EN,  ftak'n,)  pp.  of  Take.    Received;  caught; 

apprehended  ;  captivated,  tc. 
TaK'ER,  n.    One  that  takes  or  receives;  one  who 
catches  or  apprehends. 

2.  One  that  subdues  and  causes  to  surrender ;  as, 
the  taker  of  captives  or  of  a  city. 
TaK'ING,  ppr.     Receiving;   catching;   getting  pos- 
session ;  apprehending. 
2.  a.    Alluring  ;  attracting. 
TaK'ING,  t(.    The  act  of  gaining  possession  ;  a  seiz- 
ing; seizure;  apprehension. 
2.  Agitation ;  distress  of  mind. 

What  a  taking  was  be  io,  when  your  husband  aslrcd  what  was 
in  ihc  b.iskeL  1  Shak. 

TaK'1NG-LY,  adv.    In  a  taking  or  attractive  manner. 

Beaum.  ff  Fl. 

TaKTNG-NESS,  71.    Tlie  quality  of  pleasing.    Taylor. 

TAL'A-POIX,  i  n.     In  Siam  and  Burmah^  a  name 

I'EL'A-POIN,  \  given,  by  some  European  nations, 
to  a  priest.    Also,  a  species  of  monkey. 

TAL'BOT,  n.     A  sort  of  dog,  noted  for  his  quick 
scent  and  eager  pursuit  of  game.    [The  figure  of  a  dog 
is  said  to  be  borne  in  the  arms  of  the  Talbot  family.] 
Cyc.     Johnson. 

TALe,  n.  [G.  talk,  isinglass  ;  talg,  tallow  ;  Sw.  talk^ 
tal^,  id. ;  Dan.  te/or,  taig,  tallow,  and  talk,  talgsteen, 
lalTow-stone  ;  D.  talk,  tallow  ;  Port,  and  Sp.  taleo.] 

A  magnesian  mineral,  consisting  of  broad,  flat, 
smooth  lamina  or  plates,  unctuous  to  the  touch,  of  a 
shining  luster,  translucent,  and  often  transparent. 
By  the  action  of  fire,  the  lamins  open  a  little,  the 
fragment  swells,  and  the  extremities  are  with  diffi- 
culty fused  into  a  white  enamel.  When  rubbed 
with  resin,  talc  acquires  positive  electricity.  Its 
prevailing  colors  are  white,  apple-green,  and  yellow. 
Cijc.     JSTincan, 

TALCK'ITE,  n.  A  species  of  talc  of  a  loose  form ; 
nacrite. 

TALC'OiSE,  >  a.    Talcky  ;  pertaining  to  or  composed 

TAL€'0U?=,  j       of  talc. 

TALCK'y,  a.    Like  talc ;  consisting  of  talc ;   as,  a 
talcky  feel  ;  a  tclcky  substance. 
9.  Containing  talc. 

TaLE,  n.  [See  Tell.]  A  story ;  a  narrative  ;  the 
rehea^:^al  of  a  series  of  events  or  adventures,  com- 
monly some  trifling  incidents ;  or  a  fictitious  narra- 
tive ;  as,  the  tale  of  a  tub ;  Slarmontel's  tales ;  idle 
tales.    Lul:e  xxiv. 

We  spend  our  jean  as  a  tale  that  is  told.  —  Pa.  xc. 


TAL 

9.  Oral  relation.  Shali. 

3.  Reckoning  ;  account  set  down.    Ezod.  v. 

In  packing',  they  keep  a  Just  late  of  the  uuinber.  Qireu. 

4.  Xuniber  reckoned. 

The  i^or.uit  who  measure  by  lale,  not  by  weight.      Book»T. 

5.  A  telling;  information;  disclosure  of  any  thing 
secret. 

Birds  are  aptfst  by  their  voice  to  tell  tales  what  they  find. 

.Bacon. 

6.  In  law,  a  count  or  declaration.  [Tale^  in  this 
sense,  is  obsolete.] 

7.  In  commerce,  a  weight  for  gold  and  silver  in 
China  and  other  parts  of  the  East  Indies ;  also,  a 
money  of  account.  In  Ckina,  each  tale  is  10  maces 
==  100  candareens  =  1000  cash.  Cye. 

TaLE,  v.  L    To  tell  stories,     [Obs.]  Oower. 

TaLE'BEaR-ER,  ».  [tale  and  bear.]  A  person  who 
officiously  tells  tales;  one  who  impertinently  com- 
municates intelligence  or  anecdotes,  and  makes  mis- 
chief in  society  by  his  officiousness. 

"Wlieie  ther«  is  no  talebearer,  the  sliife  ceaseth.  —  Pror.  ix»i. 

TaLE'BEaR-ING,  a.  Otficiously  communicating  in- 
formation. 

TALE'EEAR-ING,n.  The  act  of  informing  officious- 
]y  i  communication  of  secrets  maliciously. 

TALE'FyL,  a.     Abounding  with  stories.    Tkomstm. 

TAL'ENT,  ;(.  [L.  taleutuia ;  Gr.  raXavrov^  (rom  ra- 
Xiiio,  to  bear,  allied  to  L.  tollo.  The  word  is  said  to 
have  originally  signified  a  balance  or  scales.] 

1.  Among  the  ancient  Oree/cs^  a  weight  and  de- 
nomination of  money  equal  to  GO  mins  or  6000 
drachmiB.  The  Aliic  talent,  as  a  weight,  was  nearly 
equal  to  57  lbs.  avoirdupois ;  as  a  denomination  of 
silver  money,  £243  15  s.  sterling,  or  more  than 
SHOO.  Smith's  Diet. 

2.  Among  tlie  Hebrews,  a  weight  and  denomi- 
nation of  money  equivalent  to  3000  shekels. 
As  a  weight,  therefore,  it  was  equal  to  about  93} 
lbs.  avoirdupois  ;  as  a  denomination  of  silver,  it  has 
been  v^iously  estimated  at  from  £340  to  £39ij  ster- 
ling, or  from  about  §1500  to  §1800.  The  highest 
value  is  that  given  by  the  latest  authorities. 

Arbuthnot.     P.  Cyc.     ffussey. 

3.  Faculty ;  natural  gift  or  endowment ;  a  meta- 
phorical application  of  the  word,  said  to  be  borrowed 
from  the  scriptural  parable  of  the  talents.    JHatt.  xxv. 

He  is  chiefly  to  b?  considered  in  his  tliree  different  talents,  as  a 
critic,  a  satirist,  and  a  ^vriler  of  odea.  Dryden. 

4.  Eminent  abilities  ;  superior  genius;  as.  be  is  a 
man  of  talents. 

[Talent,  in  the  singular,  is  sometimes  used  in  a 
like  sense.] 

5.  Particular  faculty ;  akiil.  Ho  has  a  talent  at 
drawing. 

b.  [Sp.  talante,  manner  of  performing  any  thing, 
will,  dispo<;ition.]     Quality;  disposition.        Swift. 
TAL'ENT-ED,  a.    Furnished  with  talents  ;  possessing 
skill  or  talents.  Ch.  Spectator. 

[This  word  is  formed  like  a  participle,  but  without 
a  verb,  like  Bigoted,  Turreted,  Targeted.] 
Ta'LeS,  n.  pi.     [L.  talis,  pi.  tales.] 

In  law^  tales  de  circumstantibns,  spectators  in  court, 
from  whom  the  sheriff  ia  to  select  men  to  supply  any 
defect  of  jurors  who  are  impanneled,  but  who  may 
not  appear,  or  may  be  challenged. 
TaLES'MAN,  n.  A  person  summoned  to  act  as  a 
juror  from  among  the  hy-standers  at  court.  Such 
persons  were  called,  in  law,  tales  de  circumstantibits. 

Bouvier. 
TaLE'TELL-ER,  n.     One  who  teUs  tales  or  stories. 

Guardian. 
Ta'LI-ON,  n.    Law  of  retaliation.  ScotL 

Ta-LI-0'JVIS,  lex  Tji-LF-O'JVrs,  [L.]    In  law,  the 

law  of  retaliation.     [See  Retaliate.] 
TAL'I-PED,  71.     [L.  talus,  an  ankle,  and;?es,  a  foot.] 
The  disease  called  elub-fuot :  also,  a  person  affect- 
ed with  this  disease. 
TAL'IS-MAN,  71.     [Gr.  rsXtcpa,  tribute,  or  rsXec-fio^, 
accomplishment,  both  from  rcXeai,  to  terminate.     A 
term  introduced  into  medicine  by  Apollonius  of  Ly- 
dana.     Spreng-eU] 

1.  A  magical  figure  cut  or  engraved  under  certain 
superstitious  observances  of  the  configuration  of  the 
heavens,  to  which  wonderful  efftcts  are  ascribed ; 
or  it  is  the  seal,  figure,  character,  or  image,  of  a 
heavenly  sign,  constellation,  or  planet,  engraven  on 
a  sympathetic  stone,  or  on  a  metal  corresponding  lo 
the  star,  in  order  to  receive  its  influence.  The  talis- 
mans of  the  Saraothracians  were  pieces  of  iron, 
formed  into  images  and  set  in  rings,  &c.  They  were 
held  to  be  preservatives  against  diseases  and  all  kinds 
of  evils.  Cye. 

Talismans  are  of  three  kinds,  astronomical,  magical, 
'  and  mixed.     Hence, 

2.  Something  that  produces  extraordinary  effects ; 
as,  a  talisman  to  destroy  diseases.  Swift 

TAL-IS-MAN'ie,  a.  Aiagical ;  having  the  properties 
of  a  talisman,  or  preservative  against  evils  by  secret 
influence.  Addison. 

TALK,  (tawk,)«.  i.  [Dan.  tolker ;  Sw.  tolka,to  inter- 
pret, translate,  explain  ;  B.  tolken,id. ;  Russ.  tolkuyu, 
id.    This  is  probably  the  same  word  differently  ap- 


Should  a  man  full  of  talk  N" 
In  YATioui  talk  ih'  iustructj- 


TAL 

plied.  The  word  is  formed  from  tcU.  See  Teix, 
for  the  Danish  and  Sweili'*h.j 

1.  To  converse  familiarly  ;  lo  speak,  as  in  familiar 
discourse,  when  two  or  more  pereona  interchange 

thoughts. 

I  will  buy  with  you,  Bell  with  yoa,  talk  with  jqq  ;  bot  I  wtTI  n<r: 
e«l  with  you.  .V--^ 

la  JEscp't  L'-ne 

When  all  Ihlngi  taOced,  aod  taikedin  rfanne.  Trur .   . 

I  will  come  down  and  talk  with  ".^ktc.  —  Slum,  il. 

Did  not  our  bcniu  lium  within  u*,  while  be  la.<-  ' 
way  I  —  Luke  xxiv, 

2.  To  prate  ;  to  speak  inipertini  ntly. 

3.  To  talk  of;  to  relate;  to  tell;  to  gi'"  :t.  ruursL 
Authors  talk  of  the  wonderful  r<::niains  of  Palmyra. 

The  nalur>!  l/.'.r"  s  .  '  ::  A/srri^-*-)  talk  mu-rh   .-/  :h     (  ".   A 

thcar  I'  ■',  iji   -igc  dooc. 

So  shall  \  V:  .  u  .  .-k,,  —  P»,  c 

4.  Tosp*  i  II  ;  t<;  confer. 

Let  irn;  talk  wXu.  lii.t;  i.f  Uiy  j-idgrocnu.  — J^r.  i.. 

To  talk  to ;  in  familiar  lan;piage,  to  advise  or  ex- 
hort ;  or  to  reprove  gently.  1  will  Uilk  to  my  ron 
respecting  his  conducL 
TALK,  (lawk,)  n.  Familiar  con  vers** ;  mutual  dis- 
course ;  that  which  is  uttered  by  one  pcrstm  in  fa- 
miliar conversation,  or  the  mutual  cooverse  of  two 
or  more. 

'  ■  -  •  ^  r\. 

i.  Pope. 

2.  Report ;  rumor. 

I  hc:tr  a  talk  up  and  down  of  rv.:':.-r  n.-jr.ij.  L.-  .<. 

3.  Subject  of  discourse.    This  noble  achitv.  .  . 
is  the  talk  of  the  whole  town. 

4.  .■\iiiong  Oie  Indians  ofJVi/rth  America,  a  piiblic 
Conference,  as  respecting  peace  or  war,  nesoliation, 
and  the  like  ;  or  an  official  verbal  communication 
made  from  tlieni  to  another  nation  or  lis  agents,  or 
made  to  ihcni  by  tlie  same. 

TALK,  a  mineral.     [Sec  Talc] 

TALK'A-TIVE,  (tawk'a-liv,)  a.  Given  to  much  talk- 
ing ;  full  of  prate;  loquacious;  garrulous-  One  of 
the  faults  of  old  age  is  lo  be  talkatice, 

TALK'A-TIVE-LY,  adc.    In  a  talkative  manner. 

TALK'A-TIVE-NESS,  (tawk'a-tiv-ness,)  n.  Lo- 
quacity ;  garrulity  ;  the  practice  or  habit  of  speaking 
much  in  conversation.  SteifL 

TALK'ER,  (tawk'er,)  n.    One  who  talks  ;  also,  a  lo- 
quacious person,  male  or  female;  a  prattler.   SliaJ:. 
2,  A  boastt-r.  7r-    ■'. 

TALK'ING,  (tawk'ing,)  ppr.  Conversing;  sji^ -,.:._ 
ih  familiar  conversation.    J^atL  xvii. 

2.  a.  Given   to  talking  ;  loquacious ;   a?.  ' 
ape.  Qoll- 

TALK^NG,  (tawk'ing,)  n.  The  act  of  conv  .  :  j 
familiarly;  as,  foolish  talking.     Eph.  v. 

TALL,  (tawl,)  a.  [VV.  tal;  tahiu,  to  grow  taU.  The 
primary  stiwsQ  is,  to  stretch  or  extend  ;  W.  ulla,  to 
stretch ;  Sp.  talla,  raised  work,  al^^o  stature ;  taile, 
shape,  size  ;  tallo,  a  shoot  or  sprout ;  talludo,  tall, 
slender ;  talon,  the  heel,  that  is,  a  shoot ;  Port,  talo, 

a  stalk;  taludo,  stalky;  Ar.  jUo  taula,  to  be  long, 

to  spread,  to  be  extended,  to  defer  or  delay,  that  is, 
to  draw  out  in  time,  Eng.  rfaZ/y,  Class  Dl,  No.  20  ; 
allied,  probably,  to  L.  tollo,  Gr.  reWu.  In  Sw.  tall 
is  a  pine-tree.] 

1.  High  in  stature ;  long  and  comparatively  slen- 
der ;  applied  to  a  person,  or  to  a  standing  tree,  mast, 
or  pole.  Tail  always  refers  to  something  erect,  and 
of  which  the  diameter  is  small  in  pn.»porlion  to  the 
highl.  We  say,  a  tail  man  or  woman,  a  tall  boy  for 
his  age  ;  a  tall  tree,  a  tall  [wie,  a  tall  mast ;  but  we 
never  say,  a  tuU  house  or  a  UiU  mountain.  The  ap- 
plication of  the  word  to  a  palace  or  its  shadow,  in 
VV;iller,  is  now  improper. 

Dark  sh-idows  cast,  and  as  his  palace  taU.  Waller. 

2.  Sturdy;  Iust>-;  bold.     [UnusuaL]  S.hak. 
TAL'LI-AGE,  i  "■    [Fr- '^•'^«-. »»  cut  off.    See  Tail.] 

Anciently,  a  certain  rate  or  tax  paid  by  barons, 
knights,  aiid  inferior  tenants,  toward  the  public  ex- 
penses. When  it  was  paid  out  of  knighl*s  fees,  it 
was  called  Scutage  ;  when  by  cities  and  burghs, 
Talliage  ;  when  upon  lauds  not  held  by  militarv 
tenure,  Hidage.  BlacksUme, 

TAL'LAGE,  r.  f.    To  lav  an  impost.  Bp.  EUis. 

TAL'LI-iTD,  (tai'lid,)  pp.    Scored  with  correspondent 

notches  ;  tilted  ;  suited. 
TAL'Ll-ER,  Ti.    One  who  keeps  tallv.  Pope, 

TALLNESS,  n.    Hight  of  stature.     [See  Tau-] 
TAL'LoW,  n.     [Dan.  talg ;  D.  talk;  G.  and  Sw.  talgi 

Eth.  mA A  talal^  to  be  fat  j  Ar.  yh  taila^  to  be 

moist.    Class  Dl,  No.  21.]  .  ^  .     ^ 

A  sort  of  animal  fat,  particularly  that  which  is  ob- 
tained from  animals  of  the  sheep  and  ox  kmds. 
We  speak  of  the  tallow  of  an  ox  or  cow,  or  ot  sheep. 
This  substance  grows  cbielly  about  the  kidneys,  and 
on  the  intestines.  The  fat' of  swine  we  never  call 
talloie,  but  lard.    I  see,  in  English  books  mention  is 


TtlNE,  BULL,  TINITE.  — AK"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K;  G  as  J;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


TAL 


TAM 


TAN 


made  of  the  tnllow  of  lings,  (ate  Oldupcdia,  article 
Ta'low:)  lint  111  America  t  never  heard  the  word 
thvii  applied.  It  may  he  ap|iliod  to  the  fat  nf  coats 
and  deer.  The  fat  of  h.ats  we  call  licar's  ^.Tca-ir. 
Tallow  is  applied  tn  various  uses,  hut  chiefly  to  the 
iiianufaclure  of  candles. 

TAL'LoVV,  V.  t.    'I'd  crease  or  smear  with  tallow. 
2.  To  fatten  ;  to  cause  to  have  a  largo  quaulily  of 
tnllow  ;  as,  to  talloip  slieep.  Faniier.-i. 

TAL'LoVV-eAN'DLK,  n.     .\  candle  made  of  uillow. 

T.VL'LOW-CIIXND'LElt,  n.  [Clianillcr  is  cenerally 
supposed  to  be  from  the  Fr.  chamldier,  and  the  word 
to  sicnify  talloio-catid!er,a  maker  of  candles;  for  in 
Fr.  cfMiirfdicrisatallow-chaiKller.  Sec  Coks-Cha»d- 

LF.B.l  , 

One  whose  occupation  is  to  make,  or  to  make  ana 
sell,  tallow  candles. 

TAL'LoW-KK,  pp.    Greased  or  smeared  with  tallow. 
2.  Made  fat ;  filled  with  tallow. 

TAL'LoVV-EK,  n.  An  animal  disposed  to  form  tallow 
internally.  ^f;* 

T.VI.'LoW-FaC-BD,  (-(aste,)  a.  Having  a  sickly 
complexion  ;  pale.  Barton. 

T.'^L'LoW-ING,  ppr.    Greasin;  with  tallow. 

a.  Causim:  to  cather  tallow  ;  n  (crni  m  nrrkiitturr. 

TAIj'L5W-(NG,  v.  The  act,  practice,  or  art,  of  caus- 
ing animals  to  gather  talloW  ;  or  the  property  in  ani- 
mals of  forming  tallow  internally  ;  a  term  in  airricut- 
tnrr.  Cijc. 

TAI.'Li'^VV  ISII,  a.  Having  the  properties  or  nature 
of  tallow. 

TAI.'I.fiVV  TKKF.,  n.  The  Ptillingia  sebifera,  a  tree 
of  Cliina  and  other  parts.  It  takes  this  name  from 
its  prodiicins  a  substance  like  tallow,  and  which  is 
applied  to  the  same  purposes.  The  Valeria  Indica, 
a  tree  of  Hindostan,  aflbrds  a  substance,  in  its  gen- 
eral properties,  intermediate  between  wax  and  tal- 
low, anil  called  Pinev  Tallow.  P.  Cijc. 

TAL'LoW-Y,  (!.  Greasy;  having  the  qualities  of 
tallow. 

TAL'LY,  V.  [Fr.  taillsr.  Port,  talhar,  Sp.  tallaT,  to 
cut.     See  Tail.] 

1.  A  piece  of  wood  on  which  notches  or  scores  are 
cut,  as  the  marks  of  number.  In  purchasing  and 
selling,  it  is  customary  for  traders  to  have  two  sticks, 
or  one  stick  clett  into  two  parts,  and  to  mark  with  a 
score  or  nolch,  on  each,  the  number  or  quantity  of 
goods  delivered;  the  seller  kecpin;,'  one  stick,  and 
the  purchaser  the  other.  Before  the  use  of  writing, 
this,  or  somethin;;  like  it,  was  the  only  method  ot 
keepingacconnts,  and  tallies  are  received  as  evidence 
in  courts  of  justice.  In  tlie  English  cxxhcquer  arc 
tallies  of  loans,  one  part  being  kept  in  the  exchequer, 
the  other  being  civen  to  the  creditor  in  lieu  of  an 
obligation  for  money  lent  to  government.  C.jc. 

2.  One  tiling  mads  to  suit  another. 
They  w»re  fwmcd  [lie  tallies  for  e:'cli  olliev.  Drydcn. 

TAL'LY,  V.  t.  To  score  with  correspondent  notches  ; 
to  fit;  to  suit  ;  to  make  to  correspond. 

They  arc  not  *o  well  tallied  to  itie  present  Juncture.         Pope. 
2.  In  stamansUp,  to  pnll  aft  the  sheets  or  lower 
corners  of  the  main  and  fore-sail. 
TAL'LY,  ti.  (.    To  he  fitted  ;  to  6uit ;  to  correspond. 

1  found  piecci  of  tilM  tliat  exacUy  tallied  with  the  chmmel. 

Addison. 

TAL'LY,  adu.     Stonily  ;  with  spirit.     [OS.--.] 

Biiium.  S,'  Ft. 

TAL'LY-H5  ;  the  huntsman's  cry  to  his  hounds. 

Boot/!, 
making  to 


TAL'LY-ING,  ppr.     Fitting  to  each  other 
correspond. 

2.  Acreeing ;  corresponding. 

3.  Hauling  all  the  corners  of  the  main  and  fore- 
s.^jj.  Mar.  Vict. 

T.\L''l,Y-MAN,  71.  [tally  and  mo?i.]  One  who  sells 
for  weekly  payment.  Diet. 

2.  One  who  keeps  the  tallv,  or  marks  the  sticks. 

T.\L'LY-SUOP,n.  A  shop  at  which  goods  or  articles 
are  sold  to  customers  who  agree  to  pay  for  them  by 
certain  weekly  or  monthly  installments. 

McCallach. 

TAL'MUD,  n.    [Ch.,  from  •'nh  lanwl,  to  teach.] 

The  body  of  the  Hebrew  laws,  traditions,  and  ex- 
planations, or  the  book  that  contains  them.  The 
Talmud  contains  the  laws,  and  a  compilation  of  ex- 
positions of  duties  imposed  on  the  people,  either  in 
Scripture,  by  tradition,  or  by  authority  of  their  doc- 
tors, or  by  custom.  It  consists  of  two  parts,  the 
Misekiia  and  the  Gemma :  the  former  being  the 
icriuen  law,  and  tiie  latter  a  collection  of  traditions 
and  comments  of  Jewish  doctors.  F.neyc. 

T.A.L-Mni>'I€,         \  a.     Pertaining  to  the  Talmud; 

TAL-MUD'ie-AL,  (  contained  in  the  Talmud  ;  as, 
Tahtmdie  fables.  EiifieH. 

TAL'MUD-IST,  n.    One  versed  in  the  Talmud. 

TAL-MUD-IST'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Talmud; 
reseniblmg  the  Talmud. 

T.'iL'niV,  II.  [Fr.  and  Sp.  (ntot,  the  heel,  that  is,  a 
slioot  or  protuberance.    Pee  Tall.] 

1.  The  claw  of  a  fowl.  Bacon. 

2.  In  architecture,  a  kind  of  mciding,  concave  at 
the  bottom  and  convex  at  the  top.    When  the  con- 


cave part  is  at  the  top,  it  is  called  an  inverted  talon. 
It  is  usually  railed  by  workmen  an  os'.c,  i>r  I)  O, 
and  by  authors  an  vprifrU  or  inverted  cyiiiutiiim. 

Uijc. 
T.W.'IW,  II.   [L.]    Iu  ■.oiiloipj  and  surgery,  a  liiolc, 

\l  hirh  see. 
T.\'LUS,  ?i.    [L.  tahm,  the  ankle.] 

1.  In  amtomtj,  the  astragalus,  or  that  bone  of  the 
font  which  is  articulated  lo  the  leg. 

a.  Ill  urchitcclure,  i\  slope;  the  inclination  of  any 
work. 

X  In/ttrli/!rntioii,the  slope  of  a  work,  as  a  bastion, 
ramiiart,  or  parapet. 

4.  In  ^co/o^y,  a  sloping  heap  of  broken  rocks  and 
stones  al  the'foot  of  any  clill'.  hycU. 

T.\M'A-ISLE,  a.     [from  tame.}     That  may  bo  tamed  ; 
capable  of  being  reclaimed  from  wildness  or  savage 
ferociousness  ;  that  may  be  subdued. 
TAiM'A-BLE-NESS,  ii.    The  quality  of  being  tamable. 
TAM'A-llACK,  Ji.     The  American  larch  ;    hackma- 
tack. 
T;\.M'A-IIIN,  n.    The  name  of  several  species  of  small 
South  American  monkeys,  of  the  genus  Midas,  wilh 
long,  squirrel-like  tails.  Jardine. 

T-\M'A-UINi),  n.  [Sp.  lomarlndo;  Port,  pl.ttimarin- 
dos  ;  It.  tawarinOy  tnwarindi ;  Fr.  tamarin  ;  said  to  be 
a  compound  of  IDn,  tlio  palm-tree,  and  indm  or  ind, 
the  root  of  India.'\ 

A  tree  of  the  genus  Tamarindns,  which  yields  the 
fruit  called  Tamabinos.  Two  species  are  recognized, 
one  of  which  is  a  native  of  the  East  Indies,  and  ol 
Arabia  and  E'.'V|it ;  the  other  a  native  of  the  West 
Indies  and  of  South  America.  It  is  cultivated  in 
both  the  Indies  for  the  sake  of  its  shaile,  and  for  its 
cooling,  grateful  acid  fruit,  the  pulp  of  which,  dried 
eitlier  alone  or  with  salt,  or  mixed  with  boiled  sugar, 
is  imported  into  northern  countries.  The  stem  of 
the  tree  is  lofty,  larco,  and  crowned  with  wide- 
spreading  branches ;  the  flowers  are  in  simple  clus- 
ters, terminating  the  sliort  lateral  branches. 

'  P.  Ciie. 

TAM' A-RINDS,  Ji.  ;il.    The  preserved  seed-pods  of  the 

tamarind,  which  abound  with  an  acid  pul|L     Cye. 
TAM'A-IUSK,  n.     A  tree  or  shrub  of  the  genus  Tam- 

arix,  of  several  species.  Ctje. 

TAM'BAe,  71.    An  alloy  of  copper.     [See  Tomhac.] 

Bnehanan. 
2.  AgaHochumoralocs-wond.  [Sec  Aqallochum.] 

Booth. 
TAM'nOUR,  T.      [Sp.  and  Port,  tambor,  a  drum  ;   It. 
taml/uro.     The  m  is  probably  casuij.     See  Tador.] 

1.  A  small  drum,  used  by  the  liiscayans  as  an  ac- 
companiment to  the  flageolet.  Cye. 

2.  In  architecture,  a  term  applied  to  the  vase  or 
naked  ground  of  the  Corinthian  and  Composite  cap- 
itals, which  bears  some  resemblance  to  a  drum  ; 
also,  the  wall  nf  a  circular  temple  surrounded  with 
columns  ;  also,  the  circular  vertical  part  above  or  be- 
low a  cupola.  Gietlt. 

3.  A  lobby  or  vestibule,  inclosed  with  folding 
doors,  to  break  the  current  of  wind  from  without, 
as  at  the  entrance  of  a  church,  banking-house,  itc. 

Francut. 

4.  A  round  course  of  stones,  several  of  which 
form  the  shaft  of  a  pillar,  not  so  high  as  a  di- 
ameter. .     . ,  , .  , 

5.  In  the  arts,  a  species  of  embroidery  m  which 
threads  of  gold  and  silver  are  worked  in  leaves, 
flowers,  ic.  ;  also,  a  frame  resembling  a  drum,  on 
which  It  is  worked.  Heberl. 

TAM'UOUK,  I',  t.    To  embroider  wilh  a  tambour. 
TAiM-BOUU-KNE',  n.     [Fr.  tamhourin,  from   tambour, 
tabor  ;  Sp.  tnmSori/.     Sec  Tacob.] 

1.  A  small  drum.  At  present,  it  is  a  shallow  drum 
with  only  one  skin,  pl.ayed  on  with  the  hand,  and 
having  bells  at  the  sides. 

2.  A  lively  French  duuoe,  formerly  in  vogue  in 
operas.  .      ''^' 

TaME,  a.  [Sax.  tarn;  Dan.  and  D.  tamj  ^».  tarn, 
tamd:  G.  lahm.    See  the  verb.] 

1.  That  h.as  Inst  its  native  wildness  and  shyness  ; 
mild  ;  accustomed  to  inan  ;  domestic ;  as,  a  tame 
deer  ;  a  tmne  bird. 

2.  Crushed  ;  subdued  ;  depressed  ;  spiritless. 

And  you,  tame  el.ivcs  of  Uie  l.iljorious  plow.  Kosco.TimOrt. 

3.  Spiritless;  unaniinated;  as,  a  ftiTiir  poem,  [JVot 
elcL'ont,  nor  in  une.] 

TaME,v.(.  [Sax. /aiin'ofi,  ^etcmiau;  Goth,  ffa-tavnjan; 
Dan.  licmmer  ;  Sw.  Idmia :  D.  tamncn  ,■  G.  inhmen  ; 
L.  rfomo  ;  Gr.  (Jn/m-i ;  Fr.  dompter :  Sp.  and  Port. 
domar;  It  dimiarr :  Ch.  and  Heb.  on,  to  be  silent, 


lii 


4.  To  subdue ;  to  repress  ;  as  wildness 
tioiisncss. 

Tlic  tongue  can  no  man  lame.  —  Janic<  iii. 
TaH'KD,  pp.  or  (I.     Reclaimed  from  wildness  ;  domes 


dumb ;  or  .-Vr.  jvlii 


hathama,  to  restrain,  to  stop. 
See  Class  Dm,  No.  3, 


shut,  silence,  subdue,  tame, 
25.  and  No.  23,  24.] 

1.  To  reclaim  ;  to  reduce  from  a  wild  to  a  domes- 
tic state  ;  to  make  gentle  and  familiar ;  as,  to  lame  a 
wild  beast. 

2.  To  civilize;  as,  to  fame  the  ferocious  inhabitants 
of  the  forest. 

3.  To  subdue;  to  conquer;  to  depress  ;  as,  to  tome 
the  piidc  or  passions  of  youth. 


ticated  ;  made  genlle  ;  subdued. 
T.^  :\l  !•".' LESS,  o.    Wild;  untamed  ;  illilamable.     [.VjI 

Vlurh  li.ort.]  ■"""■ 

T.\!\U'.'LY,    adv.       Wilh    unresisting    submission  ; 

meanly  ;  servilely  ;  without  manifesting  s|iiril ;  as, 

to  submit  tamely  to  oppression  ;  to  bear  reproach 

tamrhf.  ^  .    . 

TaME'NESS,  ji.    The  quality  of  bomg  tame  or  gen- 
tle ;  a  state  of  domestication, 
2.  Unresisting  submission  ;  meanneus  in  bearing 

insults  or  injuries;  want  of  spirit.  Jlofier...: 

T-"\M'l:1!,  11.     One  that  tames  or  subdues;  one  that 

reelanus  liolii  wildness.  Pope. 

TA.M'lNtJ,  ppr.     Ucclaiming  from  a  wild  slate  ;  civil- 

i/.iiig  ;  subduing. 
TAM'1.\E,  )  n.    A  strainer  or  bolt.'r  of  hair. 
TAM'MV,  j  Colgrarr. 

2.  The  same  as  Tamis. 
T.VM'IS,  II.    A  worsted  clolh  used  for  the  purpose  of 

straining  sauces.  F.neyc.  of  Dmn.  Kcon. 

TAM'l<I.\,ii.     A  stopper.     [.See  Tamiuom.] 
TAMP,  r.  (.    To   lill   up  a  hole  bored  in  a  rock  lor 

blasting.  ,     , 

T.\M'PEil, »).  i.    To  meddle  ;  to  bo  busy  ;  to  try  litne 

experiments  ;  as,  tn  tamper  with  a  disease. 

2.  To  ineildlc  ;  to  have  to  do  with  without  fitness 
or  necessity. 

'Ti8  <i.ingerons  (nm;jerin?  with  ft  IT.n««;.  Itoscn'nmon. 

3.  To  deal ;  to  practice  secretly. 
OtIient  tainjic-ed 

for  I'leelwootl,  Deahorough,  ami  Laiiilj<Tl.  lliohlire.n. 

TAM'PEU-ING,  ppr.    Meddling;  dealing;  practicing 

secretly.  ..  . 

.TAM'PEU-ING,  II.    The  act  of  meddling  or  practicing 

secretly. 
TAMP'ING,  u.     [Allied  probably  to  tame,  dam,  stem, 
stamp,  &.C.] 

The  filling  up  of  a  hole  m  a  rock  for  the  purpose 
of  blasting  ;  also,  the  matter  u.sed  in  thus  lilling  up. 

tom'pIon',  i  "•   ['''■• '""'''""  '■  '^""'  '"''""■' 

The  stop'per  of  a  cannon  or  other  piece  of  oiil- 
nance,  consisting  of  a  cylinder  of  wood.  Mar.  Dirt. 

TAM'PoE.ii.  A  fruit  of  the  East  Indies,  soniewli;tt 
resembling  an  apple.  It  is  eaten  by  the  natives,  :iiid 
called  sometimes  Manhou.stah,  Ihniigh  a  difien  tit 
fruit,  and  less  agreeable  to  the  taste.  Cyc 

TAM'T.\.M,  n.     A  large,  flat  drum  used  by  the  11m- 

T.\N,  v.  t.  [Fr.  (nimcr,  to  tan  ;  lanne,  a  little  black 
spot  on  the  face  ;  It.  tam,  tawny  color.  Gregoire,  in 
his  Armoric  dictionary,  suggests  that  this  may  be 
from  tan  or  dan,  whicli,  in  Leon,  signifies  an  oak. 
But  this  is  very  doubtful.  In  Ir.  lionns  signifies  a 
tau-housc,  and  tionsonaini  is  to  drop  or  distil.  A>o(- 
tino  is  often  from  sprinkling,  and  ..'jrinj-  from  dip- 
ping. In  Gaelic,  dean  is  Color.  It  seems  to  bo  allied 
to  (ojcnii,  and  perhaps  to  (7111!.] 

J.  lu'lAc  rirts,  to  convert  animal  skins  into  leather 
hy  steeping  Ihein  in  .an  infusion  i.f  oak  or  sniueolher 
bark,  by  which  thev  are  imprecnated  with  tanntu  or 
tannic  acid,  an  astringent  substance  which  exists  in 
severtil  species  of  bark,  and  thus  rendered  hiui,  dii- 
rabfc  and,  in  some  d.:!;ree,  impervious  to  water. 

2.  'I'o  make  brown  ;  to  itiilirown  by  exposure  to 
the'rays  of  the  sun  ;  as,  to  tan  the  skin. 

TAN  11  The  bark  of  the  oak.  Sec,  bruised  and  broken 
by  a  mill  for  tanning  hides.  It  bears  this  name  be- 
fore and  after  it  has  been  used.  Tan,  after  being 
used  in  tanning,  is  used  in  gardening  for  making 
hotbeds  ;  and  it  is  also  made  into  cakes  and  used  as 

The    name  of   certain   American 
.lie  finches  antl  sparrows. 

Hwainson. 

tan  and  bed.]     In  ^ nrrfcniii"-,  a  bed 

liiade  of  tan  ;  a'bark  bed. 

TAN'-HOUSB,  II.     [tan  and    house. 
whicli  tanner's  bark  is  stored. 

TAN'-PIT,  n.  [tii'i  and  pU.]  .\  bark  pit ;  a  vat  in 
which  hides  are  laid  in  tan. 

TAN'-SPUD,  )i.  [(aiiand  s/iiid.J  An  instrument  ftjr 
peelili"  the  hark  from  oak  and  utlier  trees.     [Local.] 

TAN'-SToVE,  11.  [tan  and  stove.]  A  hothouse  with 
a  bark  bed.  ,      ,  ,  -  ,  ,  -j  „ 

TAN'-VAT,  n.  [tan  anA  rat.]  A  vat  in  which  hides 
are  steeped  in  liquor  with  tan. 

TAN'-YXUU,  i;.    An  inclosuro  where  the  tannul; 
leather  is  carried  on. 

TAN'DEM.  [Horseman's  Latin.]  Horses  arc  har- 
nessed tandem,  when  they  are  placed  single,  one  be- 
fore another.  But  tandem  properly  refers  to  tunc,  and 
not  to  length  of  line. 

TANG,  II.    [Gr.  rayyti,  rancor;  rayyas,  rancid  ;  It. 

""i  °'A  strong  taste  ;  particularly,  a  tzstc  of  something 
extraneous  to  the  thing  itself;  as,  wine  or  cider  has 
a  (-111.?  of  the  cask.                                           ■£•»««■ 
2.  Relish  ;  taste.     [A"o(  elegant..]    ^^^ 


A-GER,  V. 
birds  allied  to 

TAN'-BED, 


A  building  in 


of 


F.ITE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.-METE,  PREY.-PINE,  MARINT3,  BIRD— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.- 


1128 


TAN 

3.  SomeihiriE;  ibat  leaves  a  sting  or  pain  behind. 

She  h:id  a  Icn^ie  with  a  tang.  Skak. 

4.  Sound  ;  lone.     {JVot  in  ».?<•.]  Haider. 
TANG,  r.  (.    To  rins  wiili.    [A'ot  in  use]         Shale. 

[This  mav  be  allied  lu  Jmi.^  flo/i^.] 

T.\>'t5EA'-CV,  n.     A  contact  or  touciiiiiK. 

TAN'GENT,  ti.  [Fr.  tcngcnte  ;  L.  tatiffCtu.  toucliins. 
See  TovcH.] 

In  iTcometrti^  a  ri2:ht  lino  wliicli  touches  a  cun"e, 
but  which,  when  produced,  docs  not  cut  it.  In  (n>- 
ottomctnj^  the  tangent  ol*  an  arc  is  a  richl  line  touch- 
ing the  arc  at  one  extremity,  and  terminated  by  a 
secant  passinji  through  the  other  *j.\lreinilv. 

TAN-CEN'TIAL,  a.  Tangential  fttrce ;  a  force  which 
acts  so  as  to  give  a  tendency  to  a  rcvolvini;  body  to 
fly  otr  in  a  tangent  to  it;:  orbit.  Olmsted, 

TAX-CEN'TI.AL-LV,  ado.  In  the  direction  of  a  tan- 
gent. Olmsted. 

TAN-OMUL'I-TY,      )n.    [{'toiw  tan siblr.]    Theipial- 

TAN'OI-ULE-XESS,  \  ily  of  being  pt-rcejilible  to 
the  touch  or  sense  uf  feeling. 

TAX'CMiLE,  a.     [from  L.  taugo^  to  tourh.] 

1.  Perceptible  by  the  touch  \  tactile. 

2.  That  mav  be  possessed  or  realizeil. 
TAX'txI-BLY,  'adv.    Perceptibly  to  the  touch. 
T.A\"GLE,  (tang'gl,)  r.  (.    [This  word,  if  «  is  casual, 

seems  to  be  allied  to  tlie  VV.  ta^t^  to  choke,  Goth. 

(a^a,  hair;  from  crowding  together.    In  Ar.  1,;=.^ 
da^aoy  signifies  to  involve.] 

1.  To  implicate  ;  to  unite  or  knit  together  con- 
fusedly :  to  interwi-avo  or  intedock,  as  threads,  so 
as  tn  make  it  difficult  to  ravtl  the  knot. 

•2.  To  insnare  ;  to  entrap;  as,  to  be  tangled  in  the 
folds  of  dire  necessitj-.  J\Iiltitu. 

Thn^led  in  amortms  acta.  Miilon, 

3.  To  embroil ;  to  embarrass. 

Wlira  my  eimpic  weakttpss  struys, 

TangUd  ia  loiLiddcn  w^ja.  Crathaa. 

[Entangle,  the  compound,  is  tlie  more  elegant 
word.] 
T.A>i"GLE,  V.  i.  To  be  entangled  or  united  con- 
futed v. 
TAX"GLE,  (tnng'gl,)  v.  A  knot  of  threads  or  other 
things  united  confusedly,  or  so  interwoven  as  not  to 
be  easily  disensased  ;  as,  hair  or  yam  in  tangles. 

Milton. 

2.  A  kind  of  sea-weed. 
TAN"GL-f:D,  pp.  or  a.    United  confusedlv. 
TAX"GHNG,  ppr.     Uniting  without  order. 
TAX"GLIXG-LY,  adv.     In  a  tanghng  manner. 
TAX'-HOUSE,Tt.    Abuilding  in  which  tanner's  bark 

is  stored. 

TAX'IST,  71.  [Gaelic,  tanaiste.  a  lord,  the  governor  nf 
a  country  ;  in  Ireland^  the  hcirtiiiparent  of  a  prince  ; 
probably  from  tan,  a  recion  or  territorj',  or  from  the 
Gr.  /uitiTTr;s,  a  lord,  which  is  from  (5i'i'a/i(it,  to  be 
powerful  or  able,  the  root  of  liie  Gaelic  duine,  a  man. 
But  both  may  be  of  one  family,  the  root  tan,  ten,  Gr. 
7£(f",  L.  teneo.  W.  (awHu,  to  stretch,  strain,  or 
hold.] 

Among  the  descendants  of  the  Celts  in  Trrland,  a 
lord,  or  the  proprietor  of  a  tract  of  land  ;  a  governor 
or  captain.  This  office  or  rank  was  elective,  and 
Often  obtained  by  purchase  or  briber\-.  Davies. 

TAX'IST-RV,  TI.  [Gaelic,  tanaisteach'd.']  In  Ireland,  a 
tenure  of  lands  by  which  the  pruprietor  had  only  a 
life  estare.  nnd  to  this  he  was  admitted  by  election. 
The  priniilivc  intention  seems  to  have  been  that  the 
inheritance  should  descend  to  the  oldest  or  most 
worthy  of  the  blood  and  name  of  the  deceased. 
This  was,  in  reality,  giving  it  to  the  strongest,  and 
the  practice  often  occasioned  bloody  w.irs  in  families. 
Davies.     C'lc. 

TAXK,  n.      [Fr.  rtan?-,  a  pond;    Sp.   e.-Uinfpte;  Port. 
tanque;  Sans,  tanghl ;  Japan,  tanire.     This  seems  to 
be  trnm  the  root  of  stanchy  to  stop,  to  hold.] 
A  large  basin  or  cistern  ;  a  reservoir  of  wat;^r. 

I>ryUm. 

TAXTv'ARD,  n.  [Ir.  tancaird  ;  Gaelic,  tancard ;  tank 
and  crU.] 

A  large  vessel  for  liquors,  or  a  drinking  vessel, 
with  a  cover. 

Aliriiis  wr>«  ihi?  firel  who  drank  oat  of  a  silTcr  larJcard,  aft/r  Uie 
manner  of  Bacchus.  ArtiaUtnot. 

TAXIv'ARD-TUR-XIP,  n.  A  sort  of  turnip  that 
stands  hish  Lbove  the  cround.  Cije. 

T.-\X'LIXG,  n.  One  tanned  or  scorched  by  the  "heat 
of  the  sun. 

TAX'XATE,  n.  A  compound  of  tannic  acid  and  a 
base.  Brcnde. 

TAX'XED,  (tand,)  pp.  era.     [from  tan."]    Converted 
into  Ipather.     [See  Tan.] 
2,  Darkened  by  the  rays  of  the  sun. 

TAN'XER,  77.  One  whose  occi:p:!tion  is  t:\  tan  hides, 
or  convert  them  into  leather  by  ttie  use  of  Tan. 

TAX'XER-Y,  Ti.  The  hoiL;e  and  appar-iius  for  tan- 
ning. 

TAN'Xie  ACID,  n.  The  principle  nf  astringency  in 
vtgetables,  as,  for  e.'iample,  ihc  bark  of  the  oak, 
chestnut,  and  gall-nuts.  It  is  the  substance  used  to 
change  raw  hides  into  leather. 


TAP 

TAN'NI-ER,  n.  One  of  the  popular  names  of  the 
Annn  esculentum,  an  esculent  root.  Mcasc. 

TAN'NIN,  -n.  The  name  formerly  applied  to  the  tan- 
nic acid,  before  its  acid  character  was  known  an<I 
understood. 

TAN'XIXG,  ppr.    Converting  raw  hides  into  leather. 

TAN'XING,  V.  The  practice,  operation,  and  ait  of 
converting  the  raw  hides  of  animals  into  leather  by 
the  use  of  tan. 

TAX'REC,     \n.    The  popular  name  of  the  several 

TEN'KGe,     >     species  of  the  insectivorous    mam- 

TEX'DRAC, )  malian  geims  Centenes,  of  which 
there  are  three  species.  They  are  small  (juadruiteds, 
inhabiting  Madagascar  and  the  Isle  of  France. 

T.VX'SY,  ».  [Fr.  tanaisic ;  It.  and  Sp.  tanaccto :  L. 
tanacctiim,  tin.  Gr.  aO/ii'.ic-ni,  immortality.  This 
is  doubtful,  and  rather  improbable.] 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Tanacetum,  of  many  species. 
It  is  extremely  bitter  to  the  taste,  and  used  for  me- 
dicinal and  culinary  purposes.  Cyc 

TANT,  ji.  A  small  spider  with  two  eyes  and  eight 
Inng  legs,  and  of  an  elegant  scarlet  color.  Cvc. 

TAX'TA-LISM,  H.  [See  Tantalize.]  The  punish- 
ment of  Tantalus  ;  a  teasing  or  tormenting  by  the 
hope  or  near  approach  of  good  whicli  is  not  attaina- 
ble. 

Is  not  such  ti  proviaion  like  lantalism  to  Uiia  people  ?   /.  Qmncy. 

TAN'TA-LITE,  n.  Another  name  for  the  mineral 
called  CoLUMBiTE,  which  is  found  in  New  England 
and  in  Europe. 

TAX-TA-LI-Za'TIGN,  n.    The  act  of  tantalizing. 

TAX'TA-LTZE,  y.  (.  [from  Tantahu^.]  To  te:ise  or 
lornuiit  by  presenting  some  good  to  the  view  and 
exciting  desire,  but  continually  fnistr.ating  the  ex- 
(lectalions  by  keeping  that  good  out  of  reach  ;  to 
tease ;  to  torment. 

Thy  T-iin  dcsiret,  at  strife 
Wilhin  Ihomsoives,  have  tanSclized  ihy  life.  Dryden. 

T.\X'TA-LTZ-KD,  pp.     Teased  or  tormented  by  the 

disappointment  vf  the  hope  of  good. 
TAX'TA-LTZ-ER,  n.     One  that  tantalizes. 
T.\X'TA-LIZ-IXG,  ppr.  or  a.    Teasing  or  tormenting 

by  presenting  to  the  view  some  unattainable  good. 
TAX'TA-LlZ-IXG-LY,  adr.     By  tantalizing. 
TAX'TA-LUM,  n.    A  name  once  used  for  Columbium, 

the  melaUic  basis  of  the  mineral  called  Tastalite 

or  COLUMFITE. 

TA.X'TA-LUS,  7?.  [L.,  from  Gr.]  In  fabulous  history, 
a  Lydian  king  wlio  was  condemned  to  be  plunged 
in  water,  with  choice  fruits  hanging  over  him,  with- 
out the  power  of  reaching  tliem  to  satisfy  his  hunger 
or  liis  thirst. 

TAX'TA-MOUXT,  a.  [L.  tantus,  so  much,  and 
amoimt.] 

Equal  ;  equivalent  in  value  or  signification  ;  as,  a 
sum  tantamount  tn  all  our  expenses.  Silence  is  some- 
times tantamount  to  consent. 

TAX'TIV-Y,  adv.  [Said  to  be  from  the  note  cf  a 
hunting-horn  ;  L.  tanta  vi.] 

To  ride  tantiWy  is  to  ride  with  great  s^e<' A.  Johnson. 

TAXT'LIXG,  n'  [See  Tawtalize.]  One  seized 
with  the  hope  of  pleasure  unattainable.  Shah. 

TAP,  T.  (.     f  Fr.  taper;  Arm.  tapn,  tapein  ;  Dan.  tapper, 
to  throb;  Gr.  tv!:tm,  tvtt-^.    See  Class  I)b,  Xo.  28.] 
To  strike  with  something  small,  or  to  strike  a  very- 
gentle  blow ;  to  touch  gently ;  as,  to  tap  one  with 
the  hand  ;  to  tap  one  on  the  siioulder  with  a  cane. 

TAP,  r.  i.  To  strike  a  gentle  blow.  He  tapped  at  the 
door. 

TAP,  77.  t.  [Sax.  tteppan  ;  Sw.  tappa;  Dan.  tapper ;  D. 
tappcn  ;  G.  -.apfcn.] 

1.  To  pierce  or  broach  a  cask,  and  insert  a  tap. 

2.  To  open  a  cask  and  draw  liquor.        Jiddison. 

3.  To  pierce  for  letting  ont  fluid  ;  as,  to  tap  a  tu- 
mor ;  to  tap  a.  dropsirnl  person.  Sharp. 

4.  To  box,  or  bore  into;  as,  to  tap  a  ipaple-tree  to 
obtain  the  sap  for  making  sugar.  Mease. 

TAP,  n.  A  gentle  blow  ;  a  slight  blow  with  a  small 
thing. 

She  gives  h^T  n^'ltt-dand  woman  a  lap 

2.  A  spile  or  pipe  for  drawing  liquor  from  a  cask. 
[But  in  Sp.  ('j;»(ir  is  to  stop,  and  a  (ap  may  be  a 
stopper.    In  this  case,  the  verb  to  tap  should  follow 
the  noun.] 
Tape,  71.    [Sax.  f^rppc] 

A  narrow  fillet  or  band  ;  a  narrow  piece  of  woven 
work,  usf^  for  strings  and  the  like ;  as,  curtains  tied 
w^ith  tapt.  Pope, 

T,^PE'EIXE,«i.    A  painted  tape,  marked  with  inches, 
tc,  and  inclosed  in  a  case,  used  by  engineers,  &c., 
in  measuring. 
Ta'PER,  n.     [Sax.  taper^  tapur.     ftu.  It,  doppicrCy  a 
torch,  VV.  tamptjr.] 

A  small  wax'  candle  ;  a  small  lighted  wax  candle, 
or  a  small  light. 

Ofl  wc  a  taper  in  my  study,  Lucius.  ShaJc. 

Ta'PRR,  a.  [Supposed  to  he  from  the  fonn  of  a  ta- 
per.] 

Regularly  narrowed  toward  the  point ;  becoming 
small  tttward  one  end;  conical;  pyramidical ;  as, 
taper  fingers.  Dnjden. 


TAK 

TA'PER,  r.  (.    To    diminish    or   l>rcome    gradually 
smaller  toward  ono  end  ;  an,  a  sugar  loaf  tapers  la- 
ward  a  poinl- 
Ta'PKR,  r.t.    To  make  gradually  smaller  in  diameter. 
T.\'PEIMXG,  ppr.     Making  gradually  .-mailer. 

2.  a.     Heci'tning  recularly  smaller  in  diameter  to- 
ward one  end  ;  graihially  diminisliing  toward  a  i>uiiiL. 
TA'PKR-IXG-LY,  adv.     In  a  tajtering  manner. 
Ta'PKR-XESS,  n.    The  slate  of  being  taper. 
TAP'ES  TKI-EDjpo.    Omatncnted  wiiti  iap<>slry. 
TAP'ES-TRY,   V.      [Fr.   inpity   a    carpet;    tapi^srrie, 
hangings,  U^pc>;t^)' ;  L.  tapex,  lapc?tr>' ;  Fr.  re  tapir, 
U)  crouch,  to  lie  flat ;  Sp.  tapiz,  tape-'try,  and  a  grass- 
plot  ;  It.  tappet  J,  a  carpet ;  lappezztria,  Lapcstr}' ;  Ami. 
tapirz,  a  carpel ;  tapi^ury   ^pcslrj*.    tiu.  from  weav- 
ing or  spreading.] 

A  kind  of  woven  h'..gingn  of  wiwl  and  silk,  oflen 
enriched  with  gohl  and  silver,  repreM-nting  ligurca 
of  men,  animals,  landscajK*';,  Ate.  The  most  rele- 
bratcd  wer.^  the  Gobelins,  cu  called  from  a  manufac- 
turer in  Paris.  Ctjc. 
TAP'ES-TRY,  r.  L  To  adorn  with  tape»tr\-. 
TAP'ET,  71.    [Supra.]    Worked  or  figured  rt'ifT. 

Spender, 
TAP'E-TI,  (tap'e-te,)n.    An  animal  of  the  hare  kind  ; 
the  Lepus  Drasiliensis,  a  rodent  mammal  inhabiting 
South  America. 
T.\PE'-W0IIM,  f-wurm,)  n.    [tape  and    iDomt,]    A 
worm  bred  in  the  liuman  intestines.    The  popular 
name  of  varioiis  worm-*  infesting  Iho  alimentary 
canal  of  difiTerent  animals.    They  are  parenchyma- 
tous cntozoa,  of  the  tcnioid  family.    The  broad  tape- 
worm is  the  Bothriaccphalus  latus ;  the  cfimmoo 
tape-worm  is  the  Txnia  Solium.     Both  of  \hc>c  in- 
fest the  human  species,  and  arc*  destroyed  by  the  oil 
of  turpentine  in  cathartic  doses. 
TAP'-HOUSE,  n.     [tap  and  house.]    A  bouse  where 

liquors  arc  retaile<r. 
TAP-I-O'CA,  7t.    The  popular  name  of  the  fecula  ob- 
tained by  scraping  and  washing  the  roots  of  the  cas- 
sava or  cassada  plant,  the  .Manihot  Cannabina  of  the 
intertropical  parts  of  America.    It  is  made  into  a 
kind  of  bread.    It  was  an  important  article  of  food 
among  the  Caribs  when  they  were  first  discovered  by 
Europeans.     They  called  it  Yuca, 
Ta'PIR,  n.    The  name  of  two  quadrupeds,  which 
constitute  a  genus  of  pachydermatous  mammals,  the 
one  inhabiting  South    America  generally,  and  the 
other  Sumatra.    These  animals  are  allied  to  the  rhi- 
noceros, but  are  much  smaller,  and  likewise  to  the 
hog. 
Ta'PIS,  71.     [Fr.]    Tapestry  ;  formeriy  the  cover  of  a 
council-table.     Upon  Vic  tapis ;  under  consideration, 
or  on  the  table. 
TAP'PED,  (tapt,)  pp.    Broached  ;  opened. 
TAP'PING,;»pr.    Broaching;  opening  for  the  discharge 

of  a  fluid. 
TAP'-ROOT,  71.    {tap  and  root.]    The  root  of  a  plant, 
which  penetrates  the  earth  directly  downward  to  a 
considerahle  depth  without  dividing,  Loudan. 

TAP'STER,  71.    One  whose  business  is  to  draw  .ale  or 

other  liquor.  Sieifl, 

TAR,  71.  [Sax.  tare,  tip-,  tyrwa  ;  D.  Uer:  G.  thccr;  Sw. 
tiara;  Dan.  tierc;  Gaehc.  (farr.  In  J}.  Ueren  signi- 
fies to  smear  with  lar  or  pitch,  and  to  pine,  waste, 
consume,  digest,  prev,  subsist,  feast ;  and  teer  is  len- 
der, as  well  "as  tar.  '  The  D.  ten-en  is  the  G.  :eArffl, 
Dan.  t/rrer,  Sw.  tdra,  to  fret,  gnaw,  consume  ;  Eng. 
tare,  in  commerce.  Tar^  then,  is  from  flowing,  or 
from  wasting,  perhaps  in  combustion.] 

1.  A  thick,  impure,  resinous  substance,  of  a  dark 
brown  or  black  color,  obtained  fnim  pine  and  fir- 
trees,  bv  burning  the  wood  with  a  close,  smothering 
heat.     '  Encyc,     Cyc 

Tnr  inspissated  is  called  Pitch,  and  is  much  used 
in  ships  and  cordage.  Cyc 

Q.  A  sailor;  so  called  from  his  tarred  clothes. 
Mincrtd  tar;  a  soft,  native  bitumen. 
TAR,  V.  t.    To  smear  with  tar ;  as,  to  tor  ropes. 

9.    [So.x.  tirany  t}frian.]    To  stimulate  ;  to  provoke. 

[A'oJ  i.-i  itsc]  Shak. 

T.\R'A-XTS,  n.    A  Celtic  divinity,  regarded  as  the 

evil  principle,  but  confounded  by  the  Romans  with 

Jupitpr.  Brands. 

TA-RAX'TU-LA,  ti.    See  TARETfTULA,  which  is  the 

most  correct  orthography. 
TAR-Da'TIOX,  n.     [L.  tarda.    Sec  Takdt.] 

The  act  of  retarding  or  delaying.  [.Vc(  ustd.]  [We 
use,  for  this.  Retardation.] 
TAR'DI-GR.^DE,         \a.      [L,    Uzrdigraaits :    tardw:, 
TAR'DI-GRa-DOUS,  ]     slow,  and  irradiiSy  step.] 
Slow-paced  ;  moving  or  stejiping  slowU*. 

Bro:cn. 

T.XR'DI-GRaDE,  tt.    The  tardigmdes  are  a  section  of 

edentate  mammals  or    quadrupeds,  including  the 

Bradypus  or  sloth,  and  so  named  frcm  the  slowness 

of  their  motions  on  the  ground. 

TAR'DI-LY,  adv.    [from  tardy.]    Slowly  ;  with  slow 

pace  or  motion.  Sha.i. 

TAR'DI-XESS,  n.  [from  tardtj.]  Slov.ress,  or  the 
slowness  of  motion  or  pace. 

S.  Unwillingness;  reluctance  manifested  by  slow- 
ness. . 
3.  Lateness  ;  as,  the  Vrrdiness  of  witneeses  or  ju- 


TUXE,  B^LL,  UXITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CI0US.  — €  as  K ;  G  as  J;  S  aa  Z ;  Cll  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  TglS. 


342 


ii2d 


TAR 


TAR 


rors  in  attendance ;  the  tardiness  of  students  in  at- 
tending prayers  or  recitation. 

TXR'DI-TY,  71.     [L.  tarditas.] 

Slowness ;  tardiness.     rjVb£  used.] 

TXR'IIO,  [It.]     In  »mi,5i(;,  (ienoting  a  slow  movement. 

TAlt'DY,  a.  [Fr.  tardif;  Sp.  and  It.  tarda,  from  I-. 
tardus ;  from  W.  tariaw,  to  strike  against,  to  stop,  to 
stay,  to  tarry,  whence  target ;  tar,  a  shock ;  taran, 
that  gives  a  shock,  a  clap  of  thunder;  taranu,  to 
thunder.  We  see  the  word  is  a  derivative  from  a 
root  signifying  to  strike,  to  clash,  to  dash  against, 
hence,  to  retard  or  stop.] 

1.  Slow ;  with  a  slow  pace  or  motion. 

And  check  the  tardy  liiglit  of  time.  Sand'js. 

2.  Late  ;  dilatory ;  no  being  in  season. 

The  tardy  plants  in  our  cold  o,   ^iirda  placed.  WaUer. 

You  m.iy  freely  censure  him  [or   eing  tardt/  in  bis  paymrnts. 

ArbuUiTtot. 

3.  Slow  ;  implying  reluctance. 

Tardy  to  venge.ince,  and  with  mercy  brave.  Pnor. 

4.  In  colleges,  late  in  attendance  on  a  public  exer- 
cise. 

5.  Unwary.     [JVot  in  tise.1  Hud'tbras. 

6.  Criminal.     [jV.i1  in  iiscj  Collier. 
TXE'DY,  0.  i.     [Fr.  tarder.] 

To  delay.     TJ^ot  ia  use.] 
T.'iR'DY-GAIT-ED.a.    [tardy  and  gait.]    Slow-paced; 
having  a  slow  step  or  pace. 

The  mellow  horn 
CliideB  the  tardy-gaiud  morn.  CIl/Lon. 

TiSRE,  n.  [I  know  not  the  origin  of  this  word.  See 
the  next  word.] 

1.  A  weed  that  grows  among  corn;  alleged  by 
modern  naturalists  to  be  the  Loliura  temulentum,  or 
Darnel  Locke. 

Drtlare  to  U8  the  parable  of  Uie  tarea  of  the  field.  —  Matt.  xiii. 
0.  Tare  is  the  popular  name  of  Vicia  sativa,  and 
also  of  most  of  the  species  of  Ervum,  both  genera 
being  leguminose  plants. 

3.  In  agriculture,  a  plant  of  the  vetch  kind,  of 
which  there  are  tv.'o  sorts,  the  purple-flowered  spring 
or  stimmer  tare,  and  the  purple-pmered  wild  or  winter 
tare.     It  is  much  cultivated  in  England  for  fodder. 

Cyc. 
TARE,  n.     [Fr.  id. ;  It.  and  Sp.  tara ;  D.  tarra;  It.  ta- 
rare,  to  abate;  Dan.  ttcrer,  to  waste,  Sw.  tdra,  D. 
leeren,  G.  leUren.] 

In  cnmmerce,  deficiency  in  the  weiglit  or  quantity 
of  goods  by  reason  of  the  weight  of  tho  cask,  bag,  or 
other  thing  containing  the  commodity,  and  which  is 
weighed  with  it ;  heiice,  the  allowance  or  abatement 
of  a  certain  weight  or  quantity  from  the  weiglit  or 
quantity  of  a  coinniodity  sold  in  a  cask,  chest,  bag, 
or  the  like,  which  the  seller  makes  to  the  buyer  on 
account  of  the  weight  of  such  cask,  chest,  or  bag  ; 
or  the  abatement  mav  be  on  the  price  of  the  com- 
modity sold.  When  the  tare  is  deducted,  the  re- 
mainder is  called  the  -net  or  neat  weight. 
TARE,  V.  u    To  ascertain  or  mark  the  amount  of  tare. 

Laws  of  Penn. 
TARE,  old  pret.  of  Tear.    We  now  use  Tom:. 
TAR'ED,  pp.   Having  the  tare  ascertained  and  marked. 

TA-RAN'TiIm'  \  "•     f^'  ^''™''™"*i  f™™  tarcntum.] 
A  fabulous  disease  supposed  to  be  produced  by  the 
bile  of  a  certain  spider,  the  Lycosa  Tarentula,  and 
considered  to  be  incapable  of  cure  except  by  protract- 
ed dancing  to  appropriate  music.    On  some  subjects 
the  bite  of  the  tarentula  produces  no  effect ;  and  on 
others  it  is  about  equal  to  the  sting  of  a  w.asp. 
TA-REN'TU-LA,  j  ?i.     [L.  diminutive  of  Tarentum, 
TA-R.AN'TU-LA,  I     now  Taranto,  in  the  kingdom 
of  Naples.] 

A  species  of  spider,  or  citigrade  pulmonary  arach- 
nid, the  Lycosa  Tarentula.     Its  bite  sometimes  pro- 
duces a  trilling  effect,  about  equal  to  the  sting  of  a 
wasp. 
T.^RGE,  for  Target,  is  obsolete.  Spenser. 

TAR'GET,  Ji.  [Sax.  targ,  targa;  Fr.  targe;  It.  targa; 
W.  targed,  from  taraw,  to  strike,  whence  tariad,  a 
striking  against,  or  collision,  a  stopping,  a  staying,  a 
tarrying  ;  tariaw,  to  strike  against,  to  stop,  to  turry. 
We  see  that  target  is  that  which  stops ;  hence,  a  de- 
fense ;  and  from  the  root  of  tarry  and  tardy.] 

1.  A  shield  or  buckler  of  a  small  kind,  used  as  a 
defensive  weapon  in  war. 

2.  A  mark  for  the  artillery  to  fire  at  in  theu'  prac- 
tice. 

TAR'GET-ED,  a.    Furnished  or  armed  with  a  target. 

Oauden. 
TAR-GET-EER',  n.    One  armed  with  a  target. 

Chapman. 
TAR'GUM,  71.     [Ch.  DlJiri,  targum,  interpretation.] 
A  translation  or  paraphrase  of  the  sacred  Scrip- 
tures in  the  Chaldee  language  or  dialed.    Of  these, 
the  Targum  of  Jonathan,  and  that  of  Onkelos,  are 
held  in  most  esteem  bv  the  Jews. 
TAR'GUM-IST,  ti.    The  writer  of  a  Targum. 

Parkhurst. 
TAR'IFF,  71.     [Fr.  tarif :  It  tariffa !  Sp.  Tarifa,  a  town 
in  Spain,  at  the  entrance  of  the  Straits  of  Gibraltar, 
where  duties  were  formerly  collected.      Hence  the 
proper  spelling  would  be  Tarif.] 


1.  Properly,  a  list  or  table  of  goods  with  the  duties 
or  customs  to  be  paid  for  the  same,  either  on  impor- 
tation or  exportation,  whether  such  duties  are  im- 
posed by  the  government  of  4  country,  or  agreed  on 
by  the  princes  or  governments  of  two  countries  hold- 
ing commerce  with  each  other. 

2.  A  list  or  table  of  duties  or  customs  to  be  paid 
on  goods  imported  or  exported. 

TAR'IFF,  V.  t.    To  make  a  list  of  duties  on  goods. 

TAR'IN,  n.  [Fr.]  A  European  bird,  of  tlie  gross- 
beak  kind,  kept  in  cages  for  its  beauty  and  fine 
notes.  Cyc. 

TAR'ING,  ppr.  Ascertaining  or  marking  the  amount 
of  tare. 

TARN,  71.     [Ice.  (iiM-7!.] 

1.  A  lake.  Halliwell. 

2.  A  bog ;  a  marsh  ;  a  fen.  Ray. 
TAR'NISH,  V.  t.     [Fr.  Uridr,  temissant.] 

1.  To  sully  ;  to  soil  by  an  alteration  induced  by  the 
air,  or  by  dust,  and  the  like  ;  to  diminish  or  destroy 
luster;  as,  to  (iimii/t  a  metal ;  to  tamisK  gilding;  to 
tarnish  the  brightness  or  beauty  of  color. 

2.  To  diminish  or  destroy  the  purity  of;  as,  to 
tarnish  reputation  or  honor. 

TAR'NISH,  71.  i.    To  lose  luster ;  to  become  dull ;  as, 
polished  substances  or  gilding  will  tarnish  in  the 
course  of  time.    Metals  tarnish  by  o.xydation. 
TXR'NISH-£D,  (tir'uisht,)  pp.  or  a.    Sullied  ;  having 
lost  its  brightness  by  o.xydation,  ov  by  some  altera- 
tion induced  by  exposure  to  air,  dust,  and  the  like. 
Gold  and  silver,  when  tarnished,  resume  their  brightness  by 
Belting  them  over  certain  lyes.    Copper  and  pewter,  &c., 
tarnished,  recover  their  luster  with  tripoU  and  potashes. 

Cyc. 

TXR'1^IISH-ING,  ppr.    Sullying  ;  losing  brightness. 

Ta'RO,  ji.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Arum,  having  leaves 
like  a  water-lily,  and  large,  thick,  oblong  roots, 
whicli,  when  baked,  are  used  as  food  in  the  Pacific 
Ocean.  Loudon. 

TAR-PAU'LIN,  n.  [from  tar.]  A  piece  of  canvas 
covered  with  tar,  or  a  composition,  to  render  it 
water-proof,  used  for  covering  the  hatches  of  a  ship, 
hammocks,  boats,  &c. 

2.  A  name  given  to  hats  covered  with  painted  or 
tarred  cloth,  worn  by  sailors.  Totten. 

3.  A  sailor  ;  in  contempt.  Dennis. 
TAR'aUIN-ISH,  a.    Like  Tarquin,  a  king  of  Rome  ; 

proud  ;  haughty.  t^uart.  Ren. 

TAR'RACE.    See  Trass. 

TAR'R.\-GON,  71.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Artemisia, 
(A.  dracunculus,)  celebrated  for  perfuming  vinegar 
in  France.  Ed.  Encyc.    Mease. 

TAR'RAS,  71.    See  Trass. 

TARRE,  71.  (.    To  stimulate  or  set  on.  Shah. 

TAR'RMJ,  (fird,)  ;)j).  or  a.    Smeared  with  tar. 

TAR'RI-ANCE,  71.  [from  tarry.]  A  tarrying ;  delay  ; 
lateness.     [JVu/.  in  use.] 

TAR'RI-£D,  (tar'rid,)pj.  Waited  for  ;  staid  ;  delayed. 

TAR'RI-ER,  71.    A  dog.     [See  Terrier.] 

2.  [from  tarry.]     One  who  tarries  or  delays. 
["  Tarrier,  in  a  poet  contemporary  with  Shaks- 
peare,  appears  with  a  marginal  explanation,  as  being 
an  unusual  word." 

rrest.  Rev.  No.  27,  p.  86.  — JS.  H.  Barker.] 

TAR'RING,  I'pr.    Smearing  with  tar.  Sliak. 

TAR'ROCK,  71.  A  sea-fowl,  of  the  gull  kind,  the  La- 
rus  tridactylus.  It  is  of  the  size  of  the  common 
pigeon,  and  is  remarkable  for  having  no  hind  toe, 
but  in  lieu  of  it  a  small  protuberance.  Cyc. 

The  tarrock  is  now  considered  the  young  of  the 
kitliwake  gull,  Larus  rissa.  Jardine. 

TAR'RY, !).  i.  [W.  tariaw,  to  strike  against  any  thing, 
to  stop,  to  stay,  to  tarry  ;  Ir.  and  Gaelic,  tairisim.  It 
is  of  the  same  family  as  tardy  and  target.  The  pri- 
mary sense  is,  to  thrust,  or  drive,  hence,  to  strike 
against,  to  stop  ;  W.  tarw,  L.  taurus,  a  bull,  is  from 
the  same  root.] 

1.  To  stay  ;  to  abide  ;  to  continue  ;  to  lodge. 
Tarry  all  night  and  wash  your  feet.  — Gen.  xix. 

2.  To  stay  behind.    Exod.  xii. 

3.  To  stay  in  expectation ;  to  wait 

Tarry  ye  here  for  us,  till  we  come  again  to  you.  —  Ex.  xxiv. 

4.  To  delay  ;  to  put  off  going  or  coming  ;  to  defer. 
Come  down  to  me,  terry  not.  —  Gen.  xlv. 


5.  To  remain  ;  to  stay. 

He  that  telleth  lies  shall  not  tarry  in  my  sight.  —  Pa.  ci. 

TAR'RY,  V.  t.    To  wait  for. 

I  can  not  tarry  dinner.    [Not  in  use.]  Shale. 

TAR'RY,  71.    Stay  ;  stop  ;  delay.     [OJs.l     Rich.  DicU 
TAR'RY,  a.     [from  tar.]     Consisting  of  tar,  or  like 

tar.  •'Vo"- 

TAR'RY-ING,  ppr.    Staying  ;  delaying. 
TAR'RY-ING,  71.    Delay.     Ps.  xl. 

{This  word  is  in  respectable  use.] 
TAR'SAL,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  tarsus. 
TARSE,  71.    [Fr. ;  Gr.  rafiooi.] 

The  tarsus,  which  see.  Brands. 

TAR'SEL,  71.    A  male  hawk.    [See  Tercel.]    Shalt. 
TAR'SI,  71.  pi.    The  feet  in  insects,  which  are  articu- 
lated, and  formed  of  five  or  a  less  number  of  joints. 
TAR'SUS,  1.     [Gr.  7a/)<705  ;  Fr.  tarse.] 


TAS 

That  part  of  the  foot  to  which  the  leg  is  articula- 
ted, the  front  of  which  is  called  the  Instep.     Cyc. 
TART,   a.      [Sax.   tcart;    D.   taartig.     Sec  the    next 
worcl.l 

1.  Acid ;  sharp  to  the  taste ;  acidulous ;  as,  a  tart 
apple. 

2.  Sharp ;  keen ;  severe  ;  as,  a  tart  reply  ;  tart 
language  ;  a  tart  rebuke. 

TART,  71.  [D.  taart ;  Sw.  tart ;  Fr.  tartc  ;  It.  torta  : 
G.torte  ;  Sp.  tarta.  The  Italian  and  German  oilhog- 
raphy  seems  to  connect  this  word  with  torto,  L.  tortus, 
twisted  :  and  this  may  be  the  primary  sense  of  tart, 
acid,  sharp,  and  hence  this  noun,  something  acid  or 
made  of  acid  fruit.     But  qu.] 

A  species  of  pie  or  pastry,  consisting  of  fruit 
baked  on  paste. 
TAR'TAN,  71.      Woolen   cloth,  checkered  or  cross- 
barred  with  threads  of  various  colors.     [Scottish.] 
Jamiesou's  Diet. 
A  checkered  worsted  stuff,  called  Tartan  or  Plaid, 
is  made  in  various  parts  of  England. 

Enrifc.  of  Dom.  Econ. 
TAR'TAN,  7t.     [Sp.  and  It.  larUnd.] 

A  small  coasting  vessel  with  one  mast  and  a  bow- 
sprit, and  the  principal  sail,  which  is  very  large,  ex- 
tended by  a  lat*en-yard.  .^lar.  Diet. 
TAR'TAR,  71.     [Fr.  tartre ;    Sp.  tartaro ;   from  txrl, 
acid.] 

1.  An  acid  concrete  salt,  deposited  from  wines 
completely  fermented,  and  adhering  to  the  sides  (if 
the  casks  in  the  form  of  a  hard  crust  It  is  white  or 
red,  the  white  being  most  esteemed.  In  its  crude 
state,  under  the  name  of  flro-a/ or  argol,\\.is  much 
used  as  a  flux  in  the  assaying  of  ores. 

J^tcli^lson.     Cyc. 
The  tartar  of  wine  is  a  bitartrato  of  potassa,  i,  e., 
common  cream  of  tartar. 

2.  A  popular  name  for  the  concretion  which  often 
incrusts  the  teeth,  consisting  of  salivary  mucus,  ani- 

-mal  matter,  and  phosphate  of  lime.  Brandc. 

3   A  person  of  a  keen,  irritable  temper. 
4.  A  native  of  Tartary. 

To  catch  a  Tartar ;  to  lay  hold  of  or  encounter  a 
person  who  proves  too  strong  for  the  assailant 
TAR'TAR.  71.     [h.  Tartarus.] 

Hell.     [JVot  in  use.]  Shak. 

TAR-Ta'RE-AN,     i  a.     Hellish;  pertaining  to  Tarta- 
TAR-Ta'RE-OUS,  (      rus.  Jl/i(!o7i. 

TAR'TAR  E-MET'I€,  71.  A  double  salt,  consisting 
of  tartaric  acid  in  combination  with  potassa  and 
proto-xyd  of  antimony.  Brande. 

TAR-TA'RE-OUS,  a.  Consisting  of  tartar;  resem- 
bling tartar,  or  partaking  of  its  properties.      Orcio. 

TAR-TA'R&AN,  \  "■    P«'»i"™B  to  Tartary  in  Asia. 

Tartaric  acid ;  the  acid  of  tartar. 
TAR'TA-EIN,  71.     [from  tartar.]     Fixed  vegetable 

alkali  or  potassa. 
TAR'TA-RI-NA-TED,  a.    Combined  with  tartarin. 
TAE'TAR-IZE,  71.  !.    To  impregnate  with  tartar;  to 

refine  by  means  of  the  salt  of  tartar.  Cyc. 

TAR'TAR-IZ-jED,  pp.  or  a.    Impregnated  with  tartar ; 

refined  by  tartar. 
TAR'TAR-IZ-ING,  ppr.    Impregnating  with  tartar  ; 

refining  by  means  of  the  salt  of  tartar. 
TAR'TAR-OUS,  a.     Containing  tartar;  consisting  of 

tartar,  or  partaking  of  its  qualities. 
TAR'TA-RUM,  71.    A  preparation  of  tartar,   called 

Petrified  Tartar.  Cyc. 

TAR'TA-RUS,  71.     [Gr.  raprapoi.] 

The  name  of  the  infernal  regions,  overwhich  Pluto 

or  Hades  ruled. 
TABT'ISH,  a.    [from  tart]    Somewhat  tart 
TART'LY,  arfc.     Sharply;  with  acidity. 

2.  Sharply  ;  with  poignancy  ;  severely  ;  as,  to 
reply  or  rebuke  tartly. 

3.  With  sourness  of  aspect.  Shak. 
TART'NESS,  71.    Acidity  ;  sharpness  to  the  taste  ;  as, 

the  tartness  of  wine  or  fruit. 

2.  Sharpness  of  language  or  manner;  poignancy; 
keenness  ;  severity  ;  as,  the  tartness  of  rebuke. 

TAR'TRATE,  71.  [from  turtar.]  A  salt  formed  by 
the  combination  of  tartaric  acid  with  a  base  ;  as,  tar- 
trate of  potassa  ;  tartrate  of  soda. 

TAR-TRO-VIN'I€  ACID,  n.  An  acid  composed  of 
tartaric  acid  in  combination  with  the  elements  of 
ether.  Brande. 

TAR-TUFFE',  71.  [Fr.  tartufe.]  A  nickname  from 
the  French  for  a  hypocritical  devotee,  derived  from 
the  name  of  the  hero  in  Molifere's  celebrated  comi-dy. 

Brande. 

TAR-TUFF'ISH,  a.     [Fr.  tartvffe,  a  hypocrite.] 

Precise  ;  hypocritical.     [JVot  in  use.]  Sterne. 

TAR'-WA-TER,77.  [tar  and  water.]  A  cold  infusion 
of  tar  in  water,  used  as  a  medicine.  Cyc. 

TASK,  71.  [Fr.  tache:  W.  tasg,  a  bond,  a  pledge,  that 
which  is  settled  or  agreed  to  be  done,  a  job,  a 
task ;  Gaelic  and  Ir.  tasg,  task,  and  tasgaire,  a  slave  ; 
It  tassa.  The  sense  is,  that  which  is  set  or  fixed, 
from  throwing  or  putting  on.]  . 

1.  Business  imposed  bv  another,  often  a  dehnite 
quantity  or  amount  of  labor.  Each  man  has  his  task. 
When  he  has  performed  his  task,  his  time  is  his  own 
Er.od.  V. 


FATE.  FAR,  FALL,  WH.^T.  — METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD — NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.— 

il30 


TAS 


TAT 


2.  Business;  eniptoyracnt. 

His  nienlAl  powere  were  equal  •<,  gredttr  Uiais.        Alleriury. 

3.  Burdensome  employment. 

To  itiie  to  task ;  to  reprove ;  to  reprimand ;  as,  to 
fate  one  to  task  for  idleness.  Addison. 

TiSK,  r.  (.  [W.  tasa-u,  to  bind,  to  rate,  to  tasli,  to 
si)nni!,  start,  leap  back,  to  urge.] 

L  To  impose  a  l.ask  ;  to  assign  to  one  a  definite 
amount  of  busmess  or  labor. 

9.  To  burden  witli  some  employment ;  to  require 
to  perform.  '  ' 

TIbk  atst  thy  maids,  and  exercise  Uie  loom.  Drydm. 

"^^^^'J-^'  C'a^'">)  TP-    Required  to  perform  some- 

V^SKjER,  n.    One  that  imposes  a  task. 

T.iiSK'I.XG,  ppr.  Imposing  a  taslc  on  :  requirine  to 
perlorni.  '         ® 

T.\SK'iM.\.S-TER,  n.  [task  and  master.]  One  who 
imposes  a  task,  or  burdens  vvitli  labor.  Sinful  pro- 
pensities and  appetites  are  men's  most  nnrelentin" 
taslima.<ttrs.  They  condemn  us  to  unceasin"  drild"- 
er\-,  and  reward  us  with  pain,  remorse,  and  poverty. 
.^est  to  our  sinful  propensities,  fashion  is  the  most 
oppressive  taskmaster. 
w-  One.whose  office  is  to  assign  tasks  to  others. 

Erod.  1.  ill. 

T.IS'SEL,  n.  [W.  tasd,  a  sash,  a  bandage,  a  fringe,  a 
tassel  i  tastaw,  to  tie  ;  tas,  that  binds  or  hems  in  ;  It. 
tassclta,  the  collar  of  a  cloak.] 

1.  A  sort  of  pendent  ornament,  attached  to  the 
corners  ot  cushions,  to  curtains,  and  the  like,  endin" 
in  loose  threads.  ° 

■2.  \  small  ribbon  of  silk  sewed  to  a  book,  to  be 
put  between  the  leaves.  c,,^ 

3.  In  iiiiMino-,  tassels  are  the  pieces  of  boards  that 
he  under  the  mantel-tree. 

4.  i»  bur.     [See  TniSEL.! 

5.  .A  male  hawk  ;  properly  ter-.ot.  It.  ter-.uoh.   fPee 

I  ERCEL.]  *■ 

TASSEL-BD, 


TAU 


Furnished  or  adorned  with  tassels  ; 

as,  the  tasseled  horn.  Miltan 

TAS'SES,  n.  pL     Armor  for  the  thighs  ;  appendages 

to  .he  ancient  corslet,  consisting  of  skirts  of  iron  that 

covered   the  thighs.      They  were    fastened  to  the 

cuirass  with  hooks. 
TaST'A-BLE,  a.     [from  taste.]     That  may  be  lasted  : 

savory  ;  relishing. 
T.^STE,  r.  (,     [Fr.  tater,  to  feel  ;  It.  tastarc ;  Norm. 

tosffr,  to  touch,  to  try  ;  G.  and  D.  teijen  ,-  Dan.  tasser. 

1  he  Hutch  has  toetsen,  to  touch,  to  try,  to  test ;  Dan. 

taster  and,  to  attack  or  assault.    This  shows  th.it  the 

primary  sense  is  to  thrust  or  drive  ;  allied  perhaps  to 

doslt!  hence,  to  strike,  to  touch,  to  bring  one  thin"  in 

contact  with  another.] 

1.  To  perceive  by  means  of  the  toagiie  ;  to  have  a 
certain  sensation  in  consequence  of  somcthin"  ap- 
plied to  the  tongue,  the  organ  of  taste  ;  as,  lo°tasle 

f?  ni  '°  '^^  "''"*  '  '"  ''^'"  *  ^"'""t  or  an  acid. 

2.  To  try  the  relish  of  by  the  perception  of  the 
organs  of  Uiste.  ' 

3.  To  try  by  eating  a  little ;  or  to  eat  a  little. 

Because  I  tasud  a  little  of  this  hoscy.  —  1  Sam.  riv. 

4.  To  essay  first.  Dnjdea. 
o.  1  o  have  pleasure  from.  Carey;. 

6.  To  e.^perieuce  ;  to  feel ;  to  undergo. 

Tlial  he   by  Die  »r*ce  of  Ijod,  shoald  UiU  deaUi  for  CTerj  man. 

7.  To  relish  intellectually ;  to  enjoy. 

Thou,  Adam,  wilt  aists  no  pleasure.  Milton. 

8.  To  experience  by  shedding,  as  blood. 

When  Commodiu  had  oace  tasted  human  blood,  he  became  inca- 
pable  of  pitj  or  remoiv;.  Gjhbon. 

TaSTE,  r.  i.  To  try  by  the  mouth  ;  to  eat  or  drink  ; 
or  to  eat  or  drink  a  little  only ;  as,  to  taste  of  each 
Kind  of  wine. 

2.  To  have  a  smack  ;  to  excite  a  particular  sensa- 
Uon,  by  which  the  quality  or  flavor  is  distinguished  ; 
p,  butter  tastes  of  garlic ;  apjiles  boiled  in  a  brass 
Kettle,  sometimes  taste  of  brass. 

3.  To  distinguish  intellectually. 

Seblir?>  when  ^od  sense  dcscritjin^, 

Cali  i  ttudn^  and  imbibiii  w.  Sidfl. 

4.  To  try  the  relish  of  any  thing.  Taste  of  the 
fruits  ;  taste  for  yourself. 

5.  To  be  tinctured  ;  to  have  a  particular  quality  or 
character. 


the  application  of  a  substance  to  the  tongue,  the 
proper  organ  ;  as,  the  taste  of  an  orange  or  an  ap- 
P'«i  a  bitter  «ii,!(e ;  an  acid  taste:  a  sweet  taste. 

3.  The  sense  by  which  we  perceive  the  relish  of  a 
tJiing.  This  sense  appears  to  reside  in  the  tongue 
or  Its  papilla;.  Men  have  a  great  variety  of  tastes. 
In  the  mlluenza  of  nilO,  the  taste,  for  some  days, 
w.as  entirely  extinguished. 

4.  Intellectual  relish;  as,  he  had  no  (a.*;  of  true 
g'^y-  MdUon. 

1  have  no  teste 
Ot  popular  applause.  Dryden. 

JVo(c._In  this  use,  the  word  is  now  followed  by 
fir.  "He  had  no  taste  fir  glory."  When  followeil 
by  of,  the  sense  is  ambiguous,  or  rather  it  denotes 
experience,  trial. 

5.  Judgment ;  discernment ;  nice  perception,  or 
the  power  of  perceiving  and  relishing  excellence  in 
human  performances  ;  the  faculty  of  discerning 
beauty,  order,  congruity,  proportion,  .symmetry,  or 
whatever  constitutes  excellence,  particularly  in  tin: 
fine  arts  and  belles  lettres.  Taste  is  not  wliolly  the 
gift  of  nature,  nor  wholly  the  effect  of  art.  It  de- 
pends much  on  culture.  We  say,  a  good  taste,  or  a 
fine  taste.  Orrard. 

b.  Style ;  manner,  with  respect  to  what  is  pleas- 
ing;  as,  a  poem  or  music  composed  in  good  taste. 

7.  tssay;  trial;  experiment.  [JVot  in  use.]  Stak. 

8.  .\  small  portion  given  as  a  specimen. 

9.  A  bit ;  a  little  piece  tasted  or  eaten. 

10.  A  kind  of  narrow  ribbon. 

TaST'ED,  pp.    Perceived  by  the  organs  of  taste;  ex- 
perienced. 

TASTE'FyL,  a.    Having  a  high  relish ;  savory  ;  as, 
tasteful  herbs.  p^g 

2.  Having  good  taste. 

TaSTE'FUL-LY,  arfc.     With  good  taste. 

3.-?,T';!r'J^"^'^**''  "•     The  suite  of  being  tasteful. 
•■!■"■  TL'LE.ss,  a.    Having  no  taste ;  insipitf ;  as,  taste- 
less fruit. 
2.  Having  no  power  of  sivinir  pleasure  ;  as,  taite- 


ETery  idle,  nice,  and  wanton  itmon 
Sliall,  to  the  kiji^,  toate  of  this  .ie(;i,n. 

6.  To  e.':pericnce ;  to  have  perception  of. 

The  Taliant  never  {oste  of  death  but  once. 

7.  To  take  to  be  enjoyed. 

Of  nature's  bounty  men  forbore  to  taste. 
8   To  enjoy  sparingly. 
For  a^  but  tasus  of  pleasures,  youtii  devoura. 

9.  To  have  the  experience  or  enjoyment  of. 

They  who  have  toMdol  the  heavenly  gift,  and  the  good  word 
of  Ood Heb.  vi. 

'''•^S^E,  n     The  act  of  tasting  ;  gustation.    Milton. 
2.  A  particular  sensation  excited  in  an  animal  by 


Shai. 


Shak. 


Walter. 


Dryden. 


,,  no  power  of  givin 
less  amusements. 

3.  Having  no  power  to  perceive  taste.    [JVot  used.] 

4.  Ilitving  no  intellectual  gust.    {Little  used.] 
T.A.SrE'LESS-LY,  adv.    In  a  tasteless  manner. 
TaSTE'I,ES.S-SESS,  It.    Want  of  taste  or  relish  ;  in- 
sipidness :  as,  the  tastclcssntss  of  fruit. 

a.  Want  of  perception  of  taste.     [JVot  in  use.] 
3.  Want  of  intellectual  relish.     [JVot  in  use.] 
TaST'ER,  n.    One  who  tastes. 

2.  One  who  first  tastes  food  or  liquor. 

Tliy  tutor  be  thy  Ulster,  eVr  thou  cat.  Dryden. 

^-3.  ,'>,''""-'="?■  Jlitistiiorth. 

TaST'I-LY,  adv.    With  good  taste. 

TaST'ING,  ppr.    Perceiving  by  the  tongue. 

„-,^-  Trying;  experiencing;  enjoying  or  suffering. 

iAt^i  'IjVG,  n.    The  act  of  perceiving  by  the  tongue. 

9.  The  sense  by  which  we  perceive  or  distinguish 

savors  ;  or  the  perception  of  external  objerts  through 

the  instrumentality  of  the  tongue  or  organs  of  taste. 

TJiS'TO  SO' to,  [It.]  in  raiwic,  denotes  that  the  pas- 
sage should  be  performed  with  no  other  chords  than 
unisons  and  octaves. 

TaST'Y,  0.  Having  a  good  taste,  or  nice  perception 
of  excellence  ;  applied  to  persons ;  as,  a  tustij  lady. 

2.  Being  in  conformity  to  the  principles  of  good 
taste  ;  elegant ;  as,  lastij  furniture  ;  a  tastjj  dress. 

TAT'TA,  n.  In  India,  a  bamboo  frame  or  trellis  over 
which  water  is  siiflered  to  trickle,  with  a  view  of 
cooling  the  air  as  it  enters  the  windows  or  duors. 

TAT'TER,  v.  (.  [Qu.  Sax.  tataran ;  compounded  of 
txran,  to  tear,  and  the  prefix  to,  or  D.  tod,  Scot,  dud, 
a  rag.] 

To  rend  or  tear  into  rags.    [JVut  used  except  in  the 
partieiplp.] 

TAT'TER,  n.    A  rag,  or  a  part  torn  and  hanging  to 

the  tiling ;  chiefly  used  in  the  plural,  Tatters. 
TAT-TER-DE-MAL'IO!^,  (-de-mal'yiin,)  ti.     A  rag- 
ged fellow.  L'F.strange. 
TAT'TER-£D,  pp.  or  a.     Rent ;   torn ;   hanging  in 
rags  ;  as,  a  taUered  garment. 

Where  waved  the  tattered  ensigns  of  Rag.fiur.  Pope. 

TAT'TLE,  (tat'tl,)  v.  i.     [D.  tateren;  It.  tattamellarc.] 

1.  To  prate  ;  to  talk  idly  ;  to  use  many  words  with 
little  meaning. 

Excu3>  it  by  the  laltling  quality  of  age,  which  is  always  narra- 
tive. Dryden. 

2.  To  tell  tales ;  to  communicate  secrets ;  as,  a 
tattlina  girl, 

TAT'TLE,  B.    Prate  ;  idle  talk  or  chat;  trifling  talk. 

They  told  the  tattle  of  the  day.  Std/L 

TAT'TLER,  n.    One  who  tattles ;  an  idle  talker ;  one 
that  tells  tales. 

TAT'TLER- Y,  n.    Idle  talk  or  chat. 

T.\T'TLIi\G,  ppr.     Talking  idly  ;  telling  tales. 
2.  a.     Given  to  idle  talk  ;  apt  to  tell  tales. 

TAT'TLING-LY,  adv.    In  a  tattling,  telltale  manner. 

TAT-TOO',  71.     [If  this  word  was  originally  laptoo  or 
tapto,  it  is  from  the  Fr.  tapotcr,  to  beat ;  tapotez  tons, 
beat,  all  of  you  ;  from  ffi/;tT,  Gr.  rvtzno,  Eng.  top.] 
A  beat  of  drum  at  night,  giving  notice  to  sol'diers 


to  retreat,  or  to  repair  to  their  quarters  in  garrison 
or  to  their  tents  in  camp.  Cyc, 

TAT-TOO',  V.  t.  In  the  South  .lea  hla,  to  prick  the 
skin,  and  stain  the  punctured  spots  with  a  colored 
nuid  or  substance,  forming  lines  and  figures  uprjn 
the  body.  In  some  Lsles,  the  inhabitanu  tattao  the 
fat;e,  m  others,  only  the  body.  The  same  practice 
exists  among  other  rude  nations. 

„.„„„_,  _  Barroic.     Makcttlie. 

I AJ  -1 OO',  71.  Figures  on  the  body,  made  by  punc- 
tures and  stains  in  lines  and  figures. 

TAT-TOO'£D,  (tat.tood',);/;7.ora.  .Marked  by  stained 
lines  and  figures  on  the  body. 

TAT-TOO'I.'^G,  ppr.  Marking  with  various  figures 
by  stained  lines. 

T.AT-TOO'LVG,  ii.  The  operation  or  practice  of  prick- 
ing the  skin  and  staining  the  punctured  lipt.ta  with  a 
colored  subsuince,  so  as  to  form  lines  and  figures  on 
the  body.  p  (Vj. 

TAUGHT,  (tawt,)  a.  [from  the  root  of  tight.]  'Tight ; 
stretched  ;  not  slack.  Tatttn 

TAUGHT,  (tawt,)  preL  and  pp.  of  Teach,  f  L.  doc- 
ty.v.l  ^ 

Experience  taught  him  wisdom.     He  bas  been 
tautrht  in  the  school  of  experience. 

TAUNT,  a.  Amimg  sramen,  a  term  signifying  very 
high  or  tall,  as  tho  m.xsl3  of  a  ship.  ToUm. 

TAUNT,  (tint,)  v.  I.     [ftu.  Fr.  (antw,  to  rebuke  or 


\OI^ 


chide  ;  W.  tautlaa,  to  stretch  ;  or  Pers.    ■  Jvjol 
tananidan,  to  pierce  with  words.]  *-*      "       ' 

1.  To  reproach  with  severe  or  insulting  words  ;  to 
revile ;  to  upbraid. 

When  I  had  at  my  pleasure  taunted  her.  Shai. 

2.  To  exprobrate  ;  to  censure. 

Rail  thou  in  Fulria's  pliiase,  and  taunt  my  faults.  Shak. 

TAUNT,  n.    Upbraiding  words ;  bitter  or  sarcastic  re- 
proach ;  insulting  invective. 


With  scolfs  and  scorns,  and  contumelious  taunts. 
With  sacrilegious  taunt  anil  impious  Jest. 


Prior. 

TAUNT'ED,  pp.    Upbraided  with  sarcastic  or  severe 
words. 

TAUNT'ER,  n.    One  who  taunts,  reproaches,  or  up- 
braiils,  with  sarcastic  or  censorious  reflections. 

TAUNT'ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Treating  with  .'^evere  reflec- 
tions ;  upbraiding. 

TAUNT'Ii\G-LY,    adv.      With  bitter  and  sarcastic 
words  ;  insultingly  ;  scofiingly. 

TAU-RI-eORN'OUS,  a.  [L.  iaurus,  a  bull,  and  eom^, 
horn.] 
Having  horns  like  a  bull.  Brawn. 

TAU'RI-FORM,  a.     [L.  taurus.  a  bull,  and  farai.] 
Having  the  form  of  a  bull.  Faber. 

TAU'KINE,   a.     [L.  tanras,  a  bull.] 

1.  Relating  to  a  bull. 

2.  Relating  to  the  Taurus  Urus,  the  species  to 
which  the  common  bull,  or  ox,  and  cow  belong, 
and  for  which  there  is  no  peculiar  name  in  Eng- 
lish. 

TAU'RO-eOL,  71.    A  gluey  substance  made  from  a 

bull's  hide. 
TAU'RUS,  7!.     [L.  ;  W.  tarw.] 

1.  The  Bull ;  oneof  the  twelve  signs  of  the  zodiac, 
and  the  second  in  order,  or  that  next  to  .Aries. 

2.  The  Linnrcan  name  of  the  species  to  which  llie 
common  bull,  or  ox,  and  cow  belong,  and  for  which 
there  is  no  peculiar  name  in  English. 

TAUT,  n.     Tight.     [See  TirOHT.)  TotUn. 

TAU'T0-e«RONE,  7i.  [Gr.  rdrra  and  xpovoi.] 
A  curve  line  of  such  property  that  a  heavy  bedv 
descending  along  it  by  the  action  of  gravity  will  al- 
ways arrive  at  the  lowest  point  in  the  same  time, 
wherever  in  the  curve  it  may  begin  to  fall.  Brandt. 
TAU-TOG',  71.  A  fish  found  on  the  co.Tst  of  New 
England,  (Labrus  .\mericanus,) valued  fnrfood  ;  also 
calleti  Blackfish.  Storrr's  Mass.  Rrp. 

TAU'TO-LITE,  71.    A  velvet-black  mineral  occurring 

in  volcanic.  feldsp,itliic  rocks. 
TAIJ-TO-LO<5'le,         ( a.     [See  Tai-toloot.]     Rc- 
TAU-TO-LOG'le-AL,  j      pe.iting  the  same  thing  ; 
h.iving  the  same  signification;  as,:itaHtoto>riail  ex- 
pression or  phrase.  ^ 

Tatttolo^ieat  echo ;  an  echo  that  repe.its  the  same 

sound  or  .syllable  many  times. 

TAU-TOI/0-GIST,  71.  One  who  uses  diflercnt  words 

or  phrases,  in  succession,  to  express  the  s.ime  sense. 

TAU-TOL'0-GIZE,  ti.  i.    To  repeat  the  same  thing 

in  different  words. 
TAU-TOL'0-GOUS,  0.     Tautological.    Dwi-rht. 
TAU-TOL'0-6Y,   71.      [Gr.  ravroX.yia;   rSjra,  the 
same,  and  \oyos,  worti  or  expression.] 

A  repetition  of  the  same  meaning  in  different  | 
words  ;  needless  repetitiim  of  a  thing  in  difierent  1 
words  or  phrases  ;  or  a  representation  of  any  thing  ! ' 
as  the  cause,  condition,  or  consequence  of  itself,  as 
in  the  following  lines.  Cyc 

The  dawn  is  oveicast,  the  morning  lowers, 
And  heavily  in  clouds  hiings  on  Uk  day. 


TAU-TO-PHOX'ie-AL, 
sound. 


a.      Repeating    the    same 


TC.\E,  BULL,  UNITE.- AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — G  as  K ;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

-  1131 


TAX 

TAU-TOPH'O-NV,  (tnw-tofo-ne,)  n.  [Gr.  rttura,tfae 
rtnme,  iithI  i^n-n-rii  voice.] 

Rppetiiion  of  tlic  sniiie  scuml. 

TAVERN,  ».  [Fr.  tarcnic  ;  W.  tavarn  ;  L.  tabeniai 
tab,  the  rodt  of  tahlr,  n.  honrrt,  and  S:ix.  <mt,  place.] 

A  house  Hconscil  to  strll  Hgiiors  in  snuill  (luarilitiey. 
to  be  drank  on  the  spot.  In  some  of  the  Unitea 
States,  tnccrn  is  synnnymous  witli  itm  or  hotel,  and 
denotes  a  house  for  the  entertainment  of  travelers, 
as  well  as  for  the  sale  of  iMpiors,  licensed  for  tliat 
purpos{\ 

TAV'ERN-ER,  >  n.     One  who  keeps  a  tavern. 

TAV'ERN-KEEP-EK,  i  In  the  United  Slutcs,  one 
who  is  licensed  to  sell  Hqnora  to  be  drank  in  his 
house,  and  to  entt;rtain  travelers  and  lodi^ers,  to- 
gether with  the  horses  or  oxen  composing  their 
teams,  Tai^rniers  are  by  law  to  be  jirovided  with 
suitable  beds  for  their  guests,  and  with  fodder  for 
horses  and  cattle.  i«jo,s-  of  Cunn. 

TAV'ER.\-H.iiUNT-ER,7i.  [tavern  Tiudhauvt.]  One 
who  frequents  taverns  ;  one  who  spends  his  lime 
and  substance  in  tippling  in  taverns. 

TAV'ERN-ING,  n.     A  feasting  at  taverns.         Hall. 

TAV'ERN-MAN,  7i.     [taBern  and  man.]     The  keeper 
of  a  tavern.     [J^t  in  tisc] 
2.  A  tippler. 

TAW,  V,  t,     [Sax.  tawian  ;  D.  tomcen.    In  Sax.  teaman 

O  ^ 

has  the  like  signification.     In   Persic,     '  ^Xjaw 
taaidan^  is  to  scrape  and  curry  hides.]         *-*      '-^ 

To  dress  white  leather  ;  to  dress  and  prepare  skins 
in  white,  as  the  skins  of  sheep.  Iambs,  poats,  and 
kids,  for  gloves  and  tlie  like,  by  imbuing  tlioni  with 
alum,  salt,  and  other  matters.  Cyc. 

TAW,  71.  A  marble  to  be  played  with  j  a  game  at 
marbles.  Sioift. 

TAW'DRI-I.Y,  adv.    In  a  tawdry  manner. 

TAW'URI-NESS,  n.  [from  taicdnj.]  Tinsel  in  dress  ; 
excessive  finery;  ostentatious  finery  without  ele- 
gance. 

A  cliimFy  person  makes  hia  ungraceful ncss  more  unrrHceful  by 
taicdnnesa  of  tlreita.  JUcnardson. 

TAW'DRV,  a.  Very  fine  and  shnwy  in  colors,  with- 
out tai^te  or  elegance ;  having  an  excess  of  showy 
ornaments  without  grace;  as,  a  (aiot/ry  dress ;  taw- 
dnj  feathers  ;  tawdnj  colore. 

He  nils  from  ir.oniin*  to  niglil  at  CBscnccI  fops  mid  toWri/ 
coiirtiera.  Sycctator. 

TAWDRY,  n.     A  slight  ornament.  Drayton. 

TAW'£D,  (tawd,)  pp.  or  a.  Dressed  and  made  "white, 
as  leather. 

TAW'ER,  n.     A  dresser  of  white  leather. 

TAW'ER-V,  n.  A  place  where  skins  are  tawed  or 
dyed  with  alum.  Maunder. 

TAWING,  ppr.    Dressing,  as  white  leather. 

TAWING,  ?f.  Tiie  art  and  operation  of  preparing 
skins,  and  forming  t!iem  into  white  leatlier,  by  im- 
buing them  with  alum,  salt,  and  otln^r  matters. 

Brande. 

TAWNI-NESS,  71.    The  quality  of  being  tawny. 

TAWNY,  a.     [Fr.  tann^,  from  tanner^  to  tan.] 

Of  a  yellowisli-dark  color,  like  things  tanned,  or 
persons  who  are  sunburnt ;  as,  a  tatoinj  Moor  or  Span- 
iard ;  the  taicny  sons  of  Numidia  ;  the  tawny  lion. 
.Addison.    JMilton. 

TAX,  TF.  [Fr.  taxc;  Sp.  tasa;  iX.tassa;  from  L.  Kajo, 
to  tax.  If  from  the  Gr.  rutij,  TadCTot,  the  root  w\\s 
tago^  the  sense  of  which  was  to  set,  to  thrust  on. 
liul  this  is  doubtful.    It  may  be  allied  to  tn^kj] 

1.  A  rate  or  sum  of  money  assessed  on  the  person 
or  property  of  a  citizen  by  government,  for  the  use 
of  tlie  nation  or  state.  Tazc^,  in  free  governments, 
are  usually  laid  uj)on  the  property  of  citizens  accord- 
ing to  their  income,  or  the  value  of  their  estates. 
Tax  is  a  term  of  general  import,  including  almost 
every  species  of  imposition  on  persons  or  property 
for  supplying  the  public  treasury,  as  toils,  tribute, 
subsidy,  excise,  impost,  or  customs.  But  more  gen- 
erally, tax  is  limited  to  the  sum  laid  upon  polls, 
lands,  houses,  horses,  cattle,  professions,  and  occu- 
pations. So  we  speak  of  a  land  tax,  a  window  /cz, 
a  tax  on  carriages,  &.c.  Taxes  are  annual  or  perpet- 
ual. 

2.  A  sum  imposed  on  the  persons  and  property  of 
citizens  to  defray  t!ie  expenses  of  a  corporation,  so- 
ciety, parish,  or  company  ;  as,  a  city  (ax,  a  county 
td.r,  a  parish  tax,  and  the  like.  So  a  private  associa- 
tion may  lay  a  tax  on  its  members  fur  the  use  of  the 
association. 

3.  That  Avliich  is  impo:5ed  ;  a  burden.  The  atten- 
tion that  he  gives  to  public  business  is  a  heavy  tax 
on  hij  time. 

4.  Charge;  censure.  Clarendon. 

5.  Task. 

TAX,  V.  t.     [L.  tazo  ;  Fr.  taxcr ;  It.  tassarc] 

1.  To  lay,  impose,  or  assess  upon  citizens  a  certain 
sum  of  money  or  amount  of  property,  to  be  paid  to 
the  public  treasury-,  or  to  the  treasury  of  a  corpora- 
tion or  company,  to  defray  the  expcitses  of  the  gov- 
ernment or  corporation,  &c 

Wo  an  more  hravily  taxed  by  otir  idleness,  priile,  and  ftilly,  tliaa 
v.e  ore  larcd  by  government.  I^rcnkUn. 


TEA 

2.  I'o  load  with  a  burden  or  burdens.  i 

Tlie  n.irrator —  never  lasts  our  faiUi  bcycnd  ll«  oLvioHB  bonmlB 
of  pmUibilily.  J.  Sparks, 

3.  To  assess,  fix,  or  determine  judicially,  ns  the 
amount  of  cost  on  actions  in  court;  as,  the  court  tax- 
es bills  of  cost. 

4.  To  charge  ;  to  censure  ;  to  accuse  ;  usually  fol- 
lowed by  with  ;  as,  to  tax  a  man  with  pride.  He  was 
taxed  with  presumption. 

Men's  virtues  I  Imve  commended  oe  fitely  as  1  hare  ta-xed  Ihelr 
crirties.  JJrydcn. 

[To  taz  of  a  crime,  is  not  in  use,  nor  to  tax  for. 

Both  are  now  improper.] 
TAX-A-BIL'I-TV,  n.    The  slate  of  beinc  taxable. 
TAX' A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  taxed  ;  liable  by  law  to 

the  assessment  of  taxes  ;  as,  taxable  estate.     By  the 

laws  of  some  States,  polls  are  not  (aj:aW(! after  the  age 

of  seventy. 
2.  That  may  be  legally  charged  by  a  court  against 

the  plainiilf  or  defendant  in  a  suit ;'  as,  taiablccosXs. 
TAX'A-BLE-NESS,  n.     The  state  of  being  taxable. 
TAX'A-BLY,  adv.    In  a  taxable  manner. 
TAX-A'TtON,  H.     [Fr.,  from  L.  taxatio.] 

1.  A  taxing ;  the  act  of  layinp  a  tax,  or  of  inipos 
ing  taxes  on  the  subjects  of  a  state,  by  government, 
or  on  the  members  of  a  corporation  or  coinpany  by 
the  proper  authority.  Taxation  is  probably  tlie  most 
dilficult  subject  of  legislation. 

2.  Tax  ;  sum  imposed.     [Little  used.] 

He  daily  sucli  taxations  did  exact.  Daniel. 

3.  Charge  ;  accusation.     [Little  iised.]  Shak. 

4.  The  act  of  taxing  or  assessing  a  bill  of  cost. 
TAX'-KD,  (taksl,)  pp.  or  a.      Rated  ;   assessed  ;    ac- 
cused. 

TAX'ER,  77.    One  who  taxes. 

2.  In  Cambridge,  K/Ji.'^iajirf,  the  name  of  two  officers 

chosen  vearly  to  see  the  true  gauge  of  weights  and 

measures  observed.     [See  Taxor.]  Cijc 

TAX'I-ARCH,  71.     [Gr.  ra^iapx'J^  i  ■'"^s'^j  order,  and 

upxog,  chief.] 
An  Athenian  military  officer  commanding  a  taxis 

or  battalion.  Mitjord. 

T.AX'I-eORN.?,  7!.  pJ.     [L.  tnrus  and  cnrnu.] 

A  family  of  coleopterous  insects  wliose  antcnnre 

,ire  largest  at  the  npex.  Ciivier. 

TAX-I-DER'Mie,  a.    Belonging  to  the  art  of  preparing 

and  preserving  the  skins  of  animals. 
TAX'I-DER-MIST,  n.    A  person  skilled  in  preparing 

and  preserving  the  skins  of  animals,  so  as  to  repre- 
sent their  natural  appearance. 
TAX'1-DER-MY,  v.     [Gr.   Ta^n,  order,  and    Seopa, 

skin.] 
The  art  of  preparing  and  preserving  the  skins  of 

animals,  for  cabinets,  so  as  to  represent  their  natural 

appearance. 
TAX'ING,  ppr.    Imposing  a  tax ;  assessing,  as  a  bill 

of  cost ;  accnsing. 
TAX'ING,  71.     The  act  of  laying  a  tax;   taxation. 

Luke  ii. 
TAX-ON'0-MY,  n.   [Gr.  raf  i?,  order,  and  voiw^,  law.] 

1.  That  department  of  natural  histoiy  winch  treats 
of  ilie  laws  and  principles  of  classitication. 

2.  The  laws  or  principles  themselves  of  classifica- 
tion. 

TAX'OR,  7/.  In  the  riniccr.titu  of  Cambrid^e^  Em^Iand, 
an  olhcer  appointed  to  regulate  the  assize  of  bread, 
the  true  gauge  cf  weights,  &.a  Oittj.  Cai. 

Tl'lA,  (tee,)  n.  [Chinese,  tcha,  or  tha,  Grosier.  Russ. 
Ukai;  Sp.  (e;  Jt.  ti ;  Fr.  ihc.] 

1.  The  leaves  of  the  tea-tree  as  dried  and  import- 
ed. There  are  several  kinds  of  tea  ;  as  imperial  tea, 
hyson  and  yuimg  hyson,  called  ;rrccn  tetLs ,-  auuehong 
and  boiiea,  called  black  teas,  &.c. 

2.  A  decoction  or  infusion  of  tea-leaves  in  boiling 
water.     Tea  is  a  refreshing  beverage. 

3.  Any  infusion  or  decoction  of  vegetables;  as, 
sage  tea ;  chamomile  tea,  £cc. 

Tea,  r.  i.    To  take  or  drink  tea.  HaUiwtll, 

[  Varions  dialects  of  Entrland.] 

TeA'-B5ARD,  71.  [tea  and  board.]  A  board  to  put 
t^ea  furniture  on. 

TeA'-€AN-IS-TER,  71.  [?ca  and  caimtcr.]  A  canis- 
ter or  box  in  wliicli  tea  is  kep:. 

TkA'-CUP,  v.  [tea  and  cup.]  A  small  cup  in  which 
lea  is  d^ank. 

TkA'-DkAL-ER,  //.     A  mcrcJiant  who  sells  teas. 

TicA'-DRlNK-ER,  n.  [tea  and  drinker.]  One  who 
drinks  much  tea. 

TeA'-PLANT,  n.    The  tea-shrub.  Camellia  Thea. 

TkA'-POT,  71,  [tea  and  pot.]  A  vessel  with  n  spout 
in  which  tea  is  made,  and  from  which  it  is  poured 
into  tea-cups. 

TeA'-SAU-CER,  71.  [tea  and  saucer.]  A  small  sau- 
cer in  which  a  tea-cup  is  set. 

TeA'-SPOON,  71.  [lea  and  Fpoon.]  A  small  spoon 
used  in  drinking  tea  and  rofTee. 

TeA'-Ta-BLE,  7j.  [tea  and  table.]  A  table  on  which 
Ka-furnilure  i^  set,  or  at  wliich  tea  is  drank. 

TeA'-TREE,  n.  [tra  and  tree.]  The  shrub  or  plant. 
Camellia  Then,  that  produces  the  leaves  which  arc 
imported  and  railed  ten.  It  is  a  native  of  China, 
.Tapan,  and  Tonquin,  but  lias  recently  been  intro- 
duced into  South  .America.  Ernnic. 


,      TEA 

TeA'-UUN,  7(.  A  vessel  in  the  form  of  a  I'ase,  for 
supplying  heated  water  for  tea. 

Eucyc.  of  T)o7n.  Econ. 

TeACII,  (tecch,)  v.  t. ;  prct.  and  )ip.  Tauoht.  [Sax. 
t<rcan,  to  leach,  and  to  take;  h.  daccn ;  U.  drachtaim, 
to  teach,  to  dictate ;  Gaelic,  (/racA(/flni,  which  seems 
to  be  the  L.  dico,  dicto,  and  both  thci^e  and  the  Gr. 
deiKM,  to  show,  may  be  of  one  family  ;  all  implying 
sending,  [)aff=.ing,  communicating,  or  ratlier  leading, 
drawing.] 

1.  To  instruct;  to  inform;  to  communicate  to  an- 
other the  knowledge  of  that  of  which  Jie  was  before 
ignorant. 

He  witt  leach  us  of  liis  ways,  and  we  will  walk  tn  his  pntha.  — 

Is.  ii. 
Lord,  teach   ue  lo  pray,  as   John   also  tawffAJ   h'.3  disciples.  — 

Luke  IX. 

2.  To  deliver  any  doctrine,  art,  principles,  or 
words  for  instruction.  One  sect  of  ancient  philoso- 
phers taught  the  doctrines  of  stoicism,  another  those 
of  epicureanism. 

In  rain  tlier  worship  nic,  trachij^g  for  doclrinPS  the  command- 
nienta  of  men.  —  MsiU.  xv. 

3.  To  tell ;  to  give  intelligence.  Tusscr. 

A.  To  instruct,  or  to  practice  the  business  of  an  in- 
structor ;  to  use  or  follow  the  ein|)loyment  of  a  pre- 
ceptor ;  as,  a  man  teaches  school  for  a  livelibooi. 

5.  To  show;  to  exhibit  so  as  to  impress  on  the 
mind. 

I(  Bonie  men  teach  wicked  IJjings,  II  must  be  Dial  olhTs  ni^iy 
practice  ibcm,  iiouih, 

6.  To  accustom  ;  to  make  familiar. 

They  have  latigkt  their  tongue  to  Bpcnk  lies.  —  Jrr.  ix. 

7.  To  inform  or  admonish;  to  give  previous  no- 
tice to. 

For  he  lattsht  Iiis  disciples,  and  eaid.  —  Mark  ix. 

8.  To  suggest  to  the  mind. 

For  thp  Holy  Spirit  ehall  leru-A  ynu  in  llial  same  hour  .vLat  yo 
ou^lil  to  Bay.  —  Luke  i.ii. 

9.  To  signify  or  give  notice. 

He  icachelh  wiUi  liia  fingers.  —  Prov.  v'l. 

10.  To  counsel  and  direct.    JIab.  ii. 

TicACH,  V.  I.  To  practice  giving  instruction  ;  tu  per- 
form the  business  of  a  preceptor. 

The  lie.iils  th'-r-of  jn.lge  for  rewanl,  and  the  piioslalhcrcof  Icct/i 
for  hire.  —  -Vlicih  lii. 

TkACH,  n.     [It.  and  Gaelic,  teagham,  to  heat.] 
In  snt^ar  worlis,  the  last  boiler. 

Edwards,    TV.  Ind. 
TfiACH' A-BLE,  (teech'a-bl,)  a.    That  may  be  taught ; 
apt  to  learn  ;  also,  readily  receiving  instruction  ;  do- 
cile. 

Vt'e  oiirlil  lo  hriii^  our  minds  free,  unliiascd,  and  leachab!e,  to 
le.irn  our  ixli^ioii  from  Ihe  word  o:  Uod.  WaUa. 

TEACH'A-BLE-NESS,  v.    The  quality  of  being  ca- 
pable of  receiving  instruction  ;  more  generally,  a  will- 
ingness or  readiness  to  be  informed  anti  instructed  ; 
docility;  aptness  to  loarn. 
TeACH'ER,  n.    One  who  teaches  or  instructs. 

2.  An  instructor  ;  a  preceptor  ;  a  tutor;  one  \vhose 
business  or  occu[iation  is  to  instruct  others. 

2.  One  who  instructs  others  in  religion;  a  preach- 
er ;  a  minis^ter  of  the  gospel. 

The  teachers  in  all  the  churches  assembled  iliemseivcs.    Jinlf^h. 

4.  One  who  preaches  without  regular  ordination. 

Sioift. 
TkACH'ING,  ppr.    Instructing  ;  informing. 
TEACII'iNG,  T(.    The  act  or  bushicss  of  instructing. 

2.  Instruction. 
TeACH'LESS,  a.    TTnteachnble  ;  uidocilo     ShcUcy. 

A  torch  ;  a  flambeau.     [J'J'at  in  vsc.]        Spenser. 
TeAGUE,  (teeg,)  «.    An  Irishman  ;  in  cor.tevipt. 

Johnson. 
TllAK,  J  71.     A  tree  of  the  East  Indies,  whicli  fur- 
TEEK,  [      nishes  an  abundance  of  ship  timber.     It  is 

the  tcctonia  graiidis. 
Teal,  (lecl,)  H.     [D.  talin^.] 

A  web-footed  water-fowl,  nearly  allied  to  the 
common  duck,  but  smaller.  The  common  leal  is 
the  Boschas  (Anas,  Linn.)  crecca.  Swainson. 

TEAM,  (teem,)  n.  [Sax.  team,  offspring,  progeny, 
race  of  descendants,  hence  a  suit  or  long  series  ;  ty- 
vian,  lo  teem,  to  bear,  to  bring  forth,  also  to  call,  to 
Btimmtm.  Tlie  primar>' sense  is  to  shoot  out  or  vx- 
tend."! 

1.  Two  or  more  horses,  oxen,  or  other  beasts  hnr- 
ncssed  together  to  the  same  vehicle  for  drawin-;,  as 
to  a  coach,  chariot,  wagon,  cart,  sled,  sleigh,  and 
the  like.  It  has  been  a  great  question  wliethcr 
teams  of  horses  or  oxen  are  most  advantngeouL^y  em- 
ployed in  agriculture.  In  land  free  from  .stones  and 
stumps,  and  of  easy  tillage,  it  is  generally  agreed 
that  horses  are  preferable  for  teoins. 
i».  Any  number  passing  in  a  line  ;  a  long  line 

Like  a  long  team  of  snowy  ewHns  on  hifli.  Dryden. 

[This  is  the  primary  smtse,  but  i^  rarely  7/,cr//.] 
TeAM'STER,  71.     [team  and  ster.\     One  who  drives  a 
tejim. 


Fate,  FXR,  fall,  WH^T — mete,  PRIJY.  — pine,  IVLAR^NE,  bird.  — note,  dove,  move,  WOLF,  BQOK.— 


1132 


TEA 

TeAM'-^VORK.  (teem'wurk,)  n.  [tram  and  work.] 
Work  *ioiie  by  a  leaiu,  as  ili^tingtiishcd  from  jht- 
sonaJ  labor.  JVeuj  Ensland. 

TEAR,  (ICvir,)  n.  [Gaelic,  dtar,  dear;  Goih.  ta^r^ 
contracted  in  Sax.  (Mr,-  G.  zdhre ;  Sw.  tan  Daii. 
tmire;  W.  aaigyr;  Gr.  6aKpv  ;  Troni  tlowing  or  pour- 
ing forth  ,  Ar.  oLj  tauka^  to  burst  forlli,  as  tears, 


or  c3^*  waJaka^  to  drop  or  distil.    See  Class  Dg, 

No.  IG,  24,  45,  G3.] 

1.  Tears  are  the  limpid  fluid  secreted  by  (lie  lacry- 
mal  ^laiid,  and  appearing  in  the  eyes,  or  tlowinj; 
from  iheni.  A  tta- ,  in  tlie  singular,  is  a  drop  or  a 
small  quantity  of  llrat  tiuid.  Tears  are  excited  by 
passi{)ns,  puiticularly  by  Rricf.  This  fluid  is  also 
called  fortb  by  any  injury  done  to  tlie  eye.  It  serves 
to  moisten  the  cornea  and  preserve  its  tninsparen<;y, 
and  to  remove  any  dust  or  fine  substance  that  enters 
!tie  eye  and  gives  pain. 

2.  t-umething  in  the  form  of  a  transparent  drop  of 
fluid  uintler. 

TEAR,  (ture.)  c.  U  ;  prcL  Tons  ;  pp.  Tob.v  ;  old  pret. 
'I'aRE,  obs.  [.Sax.  Urran^  to  trar  ;  liran,  ttjran^  tyrian^ 
iifriiran^  to  fret,  gnaw,  provoke  ;  Uuss.  dern^  to  tear. 
In  S\v.  tdra  is  to  fret,  consume,  waste;  Dan.  tarer^ 
id. ;  D.  teeren^  G.  zdireiiy  id.  These  are  probably  tiie 
same  word  varied  in  signification,  and  they  coincide 
with  L.  fCT-o,  Gr.  rtLoti.  In  \V.  tor'i^  Arm.  torri. 
Com.  Urhiy  is  to  break;  Ch.  aud  Syr.  J?"».*i,  to  tear, 
to  rend.    Class  Dr,  Xo.  4^,  51.] 

1.  To  separate  by  violence  or  pulling  ;  to  rend  ;  to 
lacerate  ;  as,  to  tear  cloth  ;  to  tear  a  garnaent ;  to  tear 
the  skin  or  flesh.  ^Ve  use  tear  and  rip  in  different 
senses.  To  tear  is  to  rend  or  separate  the  teiture  of 
cloth ;  to  rip  is  to  open  a  seam,  to  separate  parts 
sewed  together. 

2.  To  wound  ;  to  lacerate. 

Tbc  women  beat  ilieir  breaiU,  tlieir  cheeks  tliey  tear,       Shak. 

3.  To  rend  ;  to  break  ;  to  form  fissures  by  any  vio- 
lence ;  as,  torrents  tear  the  ground.  Dryden. 

4.  To  divide  by  violent  measures;  to  shatter;  to 
rend  ;  as,  a  state  or  government  torn  by  factions. 

Locke. 

5.  To  pull  with  violence  ;  as,  to  tear  the  hair. 

Drijden. 

6.  To  remove  by  violence  ;  to  break  up. 

Or  oil  rough  icas  Trora  tL^ir  fouoiiitiou  lorn.  Dri^den. 

7.  To  make  a  violent  rent. 

In  the  iTiMit,  »  tearing  jroan  diJ  breaJc 

Tl»e  uaiae  of  Antony.  SheJs. 

To  tear  from ;  to  separate  and  take  away  by  force  ; 
as,  an  isle  torn  from  its  possessor. 
T!«?  land  of  tite 
Has  torn  tltce/rom  rae.  Addison. 

To  tear  off;  to  pull  off  by  violence  ;  to  strip. 
To  tear  out ;  to  pull  or  draw  out  by  violence ;  as, 
to  tear  out  the  eyes. 

To  tear  up  ;  to  rip  up  ;  to  remove  from  a  fixed  state 
by  violence ;  as,  to  tear  up  a  floor ;  to  tear  vp  the 
(bundations  of  government  or  order. 
TEAR,  (tare,)  v.  i.  To  rave  ;  to  rage ;  to  rant ;  to 
move  and  act  with  turbulent  violence ;  as  a  mad 
bull.  L'Estran^e. 

TEAR,  (tire,)  n,     A  rent ;  a  fissure.     [Little  used/\ 
TEAIt'ER,  n.    One  wh(»  tears  or  rends  any  thing. 

2.  One  that  rages  or  raves  willi  violence. 
TkAR'-FALL-ING,  (teer'fawl-,)  a.     [tear  and /uiV.] 
Shtdding  tears  ;  tender  ;  as,  teaT-falltng  pity. 

Shak, 
TEAE'-FILL-ED,  (tser'fild,)  a.    Filled  with  tears. 

Eraser. 
TeARTUL,  (teer'-,)  a-     ['«»■  an<l  /t^]    Abounding 
with  tears ;   weeping ;   shedding  tears ;  as,  tearful 
eyea.  Shak, 

TEAR'ING,  (tare'-,)  ;»;»•.   [from  t^ar,  to  rend.]    Rend- 
ing; pulling  apart ;  lacerating;  violent;  raging. 
TeAR'LESS,  (teer'-,)  ^-    Shedding  no  tears  ;  without 

tears ;  unfeeling.  Sandijs. 

TliASE,  (teeze,)  v.  t.     [Sax.  UBsan,  to  pull  or  tear.] 

1.  To  comb  or  card,  as  wool  or  flax. 

2.  To  scralr;i,  as  cloth  in  dressing,  for  the  purpose 
of  raising  a  nap. 

3.  To  vex  with  importunity  or  impertinence;  to 
hamss,  annoy,  disturb,  or  irriuite,  by  petty  requests, 
or  by  jest«  and  millery.  Tjirenis  are  often  tensed  by 
their  children  into  unreasonable  compliances. 

My  fiieiula  letue  tne  a^cut  him,  tcuuse  he  hu  ao  csu\e. 

^pectntor. 

TkAS'EI),  (teezd,)  pp.    Carded. 

2.  Vexed  ;  irriuited  ;  pnnoyed. 
TKA'SiO,,  (tee'zl,)  ti.     [Sax.  ta^sL] 

1.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Dipsacus,  one  kind  of 

w^hich  bears  a  large  bur,  which  is  used  for  raising  a 

nap  on  woolen  cloth.     Hence, 

_  2.  The  bur  of  the  plant. 
TkA'S£L.  r.  t.    To  cut  and  gather  teasels. 
TeA'S£L-  ER,  n.    One  wIjo  uses  t^le  teasel  for  raising 

a  nap  on  cj»>th.  Kclkatn. 


TED 


TEl 


Ti:A'S£I^I.\G,  ppr.  Gathering  teasels  j  as  a  noun, 
llie  cutting  and  i^.ilhcring  of  teasels. 

TkAS'ER,  (leez'er,)  n.     One  that  teases  or  vexes. 

TkAS'ING,  p/>r.  Uombuig;  carding;  scritching  for 
the  purposie  of  raising  a  nap;  vexing  witli  impor- 
tunity. 

TkAT,  \  71.     [Sax.  tit,  tittytis  it  Is  Ui=Mal!y  pronounced 

TIT,  \  to  this  day;  G.  zitze;  D.  tet ;  W.  tiUi; 
Corn,  titi;  Ir.  did;  llnsque,  titin :  Gaelic,  did;  Vr. 
tf-ton,  breast,  It.  tettn ;  Port,  and  Sp.  teta  ;  Gr.  rtrOoi. 
It  coincides  with  toothy  teeth,  m  elements,  and  radi- 
cal sense,  which  Is  a  shoot.] 

The  projecting  part  of  tiie  female  breast ;  the  duK 
of  a  beast ;  the  pap  of  a  woman ;  the  nipplo.  It 
consists  (»f  nn  elastic  erectile  substance,  embracing 
the  lactiferous  ducts,  wliich  tt^rminate  on  \i^  surface, 
and  thus  serves  to  convey  milk  to  the  young  of  ani- 
nials. 

TeATHE,  n.  The  soil,  manure,  or  fertility,  left  on 
lands  by  feeding  them.    [LocaLI 

TeATHE,  r.  L  To  feed  and  enrich  by  live  stock. 
[Luenl.l 

TeA'/LE,  n.    Teasel,  which  see.  P.  Ojc. 

TECIi'1-LY,  oilc.  [from  techy,  so  written  for  7'ouchv.] 
Peevishly;  fretfully;  frowardly. 

TECtl'I-NE^S,  n.    reevishness  ;  irelfulness. 

Bp.  Hall. 

TEeU'NIG,         I  a.    [L.  tuhnicuj  ;  Gr.  T£\vtKns,  from 

TECll'NtC  ,\L,  )  T£x^'),  art,  artifice,  from  rcvxr.'y 
to  fabric.'tt.",  make,  or  prepare.  This  word  and 
Tiicc'i<  have  ihtt  same  elements.] 

J.  Pertaining  to  art  or  the  art^j.  A  technical  word 
is  a  v.'ord  that  belongs  properly  or  excli:sively  to  an 
art  ;  as  the  verb  to  snicU  belongs  to  metallurgy.  So 
we  say,  tixhnical  plirases,  technical  language.  Every 
artificer  has  his  trxhnical  terms. 

2.  lieloniiing  to  a  particular  profession  ;  as,  tlie 
words  of  an  indictment  must  be  technical. 

Black-stone,  Index. 

It  is  of  lltff  uUnost  iniporUiice  clearly  to  niiJerslatnl  ilii'  lechui- 
aU  tei.Tis  used  by  tlic  Exilcrn  Uieolugijiu.         Pro/.  Lee. 

TE€H'Nie-AL-LY,  nrfu.  In  a  teclmical  manner  ;  ac- 
cording to  the  signification  of  terms  of  art  or  the 
professions. 

TECH'Nie-AL-NESS, )  n.    The  qualitv  or  state  of 

TECH-Xie-AL'I-T  Y,  ]  being  technical  or  peculiar 
to  the  arts.  For:iter. 

TEen'XICS,  n.  The  doctrine  of  arts  in  general  ; 
such  branches  of  learning  as  respect  the  arts. 

TE€H-NO-L()Gae-AL,  a.   [See  Tt- hnolocy.]    Per- 
taining til  trchnology.  Bcddoes.     Tooke. 
2.  Pertaining  to  tlie  arts  J  as,  ecc/nio/o^-icaZ  institutes. 
Journ.  of  Science. 

TEGH-XOL'O-GIST,  n.  One  who  discourses  or  treats 
of  arts,  or  of  the  terms  of  art. 

TECil-NOL'O-GY,  ii.  [Gr.  r^x^^n,  art,  and  Xoyo;, 
word  or  discourse.] 

1.  A  description  of  arts  ;  or  a  treatise  on  the  arts. 

2.  .\n  explanation  of  the  terms  of  the  arts. 

Cralibe. 

TECH'Y,  a.  [So  written  forToucHv.]  Peevish  ;  fret- 
ful ;  irritable.     [More  correctly  Toui-hv.]       iHiak. 

TEe-Tl-BRANCll'I-ATE,  a.  or  n.  [L.  tc^o,  teUuin, 
and  branchi^.] 

A  term  denoting  an  order  of  gostropodous  mol- 
lusks,  having  the  branihtie  or  gills  covered  more  or 
less  by  the  mantle,  wliich  ;Uniost  always  contains  in 
iU  lhi'ckn:^s  a  small  sliell.  Cuvier. 

TEe-TO.V'ie,   a.     [Gr.    tlktoviko?,   from    rinxw,   to 
fabricate.] 
Pertaining  to  building.  BaScu. 

TEC'TRI-eES,  n.  pi.  [from  L.  te^ro,  tectum.]  The 
feathers  of  a  bird  which  covc^r  the  i|uill  feathers  and 
other  parts  of  the  wing;  the  covert-s.  Brandc. 

TED,  r.  t.  ["VV.  tdd  and  t^:,  (Jrf/i,)  a  spread  ;  tedu^  to 
disiend.] 

Among  farmers,  to  spread  ;  to  turn  new  mowed 
grass  from  the  swath,  and  scatter  it  for  drying.  [Lo- 
caL'\  Mortimer.     Jlilton. 

TED'DED,  pp.  or  a.  Spread  from  the  swath ;  as, 
tedded  grass.  Miltor,. 

TED'DER,  11.  [W.  tid,  a  chain;  Ir.  texid,  teidhi ; 
Gaelic,  tead,  teidin,  tend,  a  chain,  cord,  or  rope ;  Sw. 
tiuder ;  probably  from  extending.     See  Ted.] 

1.  A  rope  or  chain  by  which  an  animal  is  tied  that 
he  may  feed  on  the  ground  to  the  extent  of  the  rope 
and  ii'j  further.  Hence  the  popular  saying,  a  person 
has  gone  to  the  length  of  his  tedder. 

2.  That  bv  which  one  is  restrained.  Child.      \ 
TED'DEIi,  r.'t.    To  tie  with  a  tedder;  to  penuit  to 

feed  to  the  length  of  a  rope  or  chain. 
2.  To  restrain  to  certain  limits. 

TEIVDER-£I),  pp.  Tied  with  a  tedder;  restrained  to 
certain  limits. 

TED'DING,  ppr.    Spreading  from  the  swath. 

TE  D£'  UM,  n.  [L.]  A  hymn  to  be  sung  in  churches 
or  on  occasions  of  jov  ;  so  called  from  the  first  words, 
"  Te  Peiim  laudatntis,'*  thee,  God,  we  praise. 

TE'DI-OCS,  a.  [Sp.  and  It.  tedioso,  from  tcdio,  L. 
tadiuvi;  probably  cimnected  willi  \V.  tedy  tedder, 
from  the  sen.>e  of  (ifawing  <uil.] 

I.  We;irisonie  ;  tiresouio  from  continuance,  pro- 
lixity, or  slov.ness  which  causes  prolixity.    We  say. 


a  inan  ii  tedwtvt  in  relating  a  story;  a  oiint-4cris 
tcdiuux  in  \\:i  sermon.    \Vc  gay  also,  a  discourse  in 
tedious,  when  it  wearies  by  it5  length  or  dullnesi' 
_  2.  Slow  ;  :is,  a  tettwu.->  coiirw.  Harte. 

TK'l)I-OrS-LV,  adc.    Jn  such  a  manner  as  u»  weary. 
Te'DI-OI'S-.MOSP,  n.     WV-arisomeness  by  length  of 
continuance  or  by  prolLXity  ;  as,  the  tedtoiuiuas  of  an 
oration  orargumenL 
2.  Prolixity;  length.  Shak. 

'■i.  Tiresomeness ;  quality  of  wearjin^ ;  aj,  the 
tcdiuusncss  of  dilay. 
4.  Slowness  thai  wearici. 
Te'DI-U.M,  «.     [L.  tiiidinm.] 

Irksoinenrss  ;  v.'earJFonieness  Cowper. 

TE'Di-tJ.M-STRICK-£.\,  a.     Struck  with  irk^ome- 

ness.  Ej,  tin. 

TEEM,  V.  I.  [Sax.  tijmnn,  to  bring  forth,  to  b.rar; 
teamy  offspring  ;  also,  Ujuu:n,  teaman,  to  call,  to  pura- 
lu^u;  I). /rfw;cu,  towhine,to  canl,Uial  iii,  to  throw.] 

1.  To  bring  forth,  as  young. 

If  tli»  muit  Ufin, 
CrcaK  h'.t  cUlld  tA  t^ixa.  SheJc. 

2.  To  be  pregnant ;    to  conceive ;   to   cn:!cnder 

young. 

T'.eming  Lu.'j  anj  cheerful  grenu  apprar.  Drydm. 

3.  To  be  full ;  to  be  charged  ;  as  a  brcpduig  ani- 
mal ;  to  be  prolific.    Every  head  teems  with  politics. 

AddtMon. 

4.  To  bring  forth  ;  to  produce,  particularly  m  abun- 
dance. Tiie  earth  teetns  with  fruiu  ;  the'  sta  items 
with  fishes. 

TEEM,  e.  u    To  produce  ;  to  bring  forth. 

WImi'a  the  ii>^»-»»l  pricff 
Kach  miuute  Uems  n  new  onv.  SSiak, 

[This  transitive  sense  is  not  common.] 
2.  To  pour.     [.Vo(  in  tme.]  Sw:Jt 

TEEM'ER,  n.    One  that  brings  forth  young. 
TEEM'FILJL,  a.    Pregnant ;  prolific 

2.  Brimful.  .^insteort'i. 

TEEM'ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Producing  young;  fruitful; 

prolific. 
TEEM'LESS,  a.    Not  fruitful  or  prolific  ;  barren  ;  as, 

the  tiemless  earth.  Zhyden. 

TEEN,  71.    [Infra.]    Grief;  sorrow.     [Xct  in  use.] 

Spenser. 
TEEX,  V.  t.    [Sax.  teonan,  Ojnan,  to  irritate.] 

To  excite  ;  to  provoke.     [AVi  in  use.] 
TEENS,  n.  pi.     [from  teen,  ten.]    The  years  of  on*'s 
age  having  the  termination  teen.    These  years  beei* 
with  thirteen,  and  end  with  nineteen.     Miss  is  in  her 
teens. 
TEE'TER,  V,  i.  or  v.  t    To  ride  on  the  ends  of  a  bal- 
anced plank,  fcc,  as  children  do  for  sport.    [This 
word,  whicJi  is  common  in  .■America,  is  the  same  as 
Titer,  a  provincial  word  in  England.    See  IIulU>- 
irny.} 
TEETH,  7i. ,-  pL  of  Tooth,  which  see 

la  Vie  teeth;  directly;  in  direct  opposition;  in 
front. 

Nor  etrive  with  all  the  Lempest  in  my  iu'Ji.  Pope. 

TEETH,  r.  i.     [from  the  noun.]    To  breed  teeth. 

TEETH'ING,p;»r.  Breeding  teeth;  undergoitig  den- 
tition. 

TEETH'ING,  m.  The  operation  or  process  of  the  first 
growth  of  teetii,  or  the  process  by  which  they  make 
their  way  through  the  gums,  called  Dentitio.n. 

TEE-TO'TAL-ER.  7!,  One  pledged  to  entire  absti- 
nence from  all  intoxicating  drinks;  a  cant  word 
formed  in  England,  from  the  initial  letter  of  temper- 
ance and  the  adjective  tcud.  Hence,  Teetotalisu 
and  Teetotal. 

TEE-T6'TUM,  n.  S.  child-s  toy  somewhat  resem- 
bling a  top,  and  twirled  by  the  fingers.       Dickens. 

TKG'MEN,  a.  ;f/.  Tec'mi-na.  [L.J  A  tegument  or 
covering.  Brciide. 

TEG'U-LAR,  a.  [L.  te^a,  a  tile,  from  U^o,  to  cover 
or  make  close.] 

Pertaining  to  a  tile ;  resembling  a  tile  ;  consisting 
of  tiles. 

TEG'IJ-L:VR-LY,  adv.  In  the  manner  of  tiles  on  a 
roof.  Kinean. 

TEG'IZ-MENT,  n.  [L.  u^ument^xm,  from  iego,  to 
cover.] 

A  cover  or  covering ;  seldom  used  except  in  reftr- 
cuce  to  the  covering  of  a  living  body.  [See  Integ- 
vment.] 

TEG-i;->lENT'A-RY,  a.  Pertaining  to  tcgumenu,  or 
consisting  of  teguments. 

TE-HEE'  ;  a  sound  made  in  laughing. 

TE-UEE',  F.  i.    To  laugh.    [.^  cast  icorrf.] 

'J'he  liine-tree,  otherwise  cnlleil  the  Lisdex. 

TEINDS,  11.  p(.     In  Scotland,  tithes. 

TEIN'O-SeoPE,  II.  [Gr.  rtiKJnnd  iritorij.]  An  in- 
-slrument  cilled  also  tlie  Prism  Tri.irMori:,  fiirnlej 
by  combining  prisms  so  th:it  the  chromatic  ahi-rra- 
tion  of  the  light  is  corrertcd,  and  the  linear  dinuii- 
sious  of  objects  seen  through  them  increased  or 
diminished.  Brattie. 

TEINT,  (tint,)  n.     [Fr.  tdnt,  from  Uxrtdre,  U  Ungo,  to 
dye.] 
Color;  tinge.     [SeeTi:«T.] 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.- AN"CEB,  VI"CIOUS.  — e  as  K;  C  as  J  ;  S  as  7. ;  fill  as  SH ;  Til  as  In  THIS. 


J 133 


TEL 

TEL-A-MO'NeS,  71.  pi    [L.,  Gr.]    Figures  of  men 

supporting;  en  tab  lulu  res,  as  caryatides  of  wuinen. 
TEL'A-RV,  a.     [L.  tela,  a  web.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  a  wel». 

2.  Spinning  webs ;  as,  a  tdary  spitier.  [Little 
usedj]  Brown. 

TEL'E-GRAPH,  (tel'e-graf,)  n.  [Gr  rr/Af,  at  a  dis- 
tance, and  ypaijn'f^  to  write.] 

A  inacliine  for  communicating  intelligence  from  a 
distance  by  various  signals  or  movements  previously 
agreed  on  ;  which  sijrnals  represent  letters,  words, 
or  ideas  whicli  can  be  transmitted  from  one  station 
to  another,  as  far  as  the  signals  can  be  seen.  This 
machine  was  invented  by  the  French  about  the  year 
1793  or  1794,  and  is  now  adopted  by  other  nations. 

Cyc. 
Electro-ma^ctic  telegraph ;  an  instrument  or  ap- 
paratus for  communicating  words  or  languajje  to  a 
distance  by  the  use  of  electricity.    [See  Electro- 
MiorfETic  Telegb.'.vh.] 
TEL'E-GRAPH,  r.  (.    To  convey  or  announce  by  tel- 

egrapb. 
TEL-E-GRAPH'ie,  a.     Pertaining  to  the  telegraph ; 
made  by  a  telegraph  ;  as,  telegraphic  movements  or 
signals  ;  telegraphic  art. 

9.  Communicated  by  a  telegraph ;  as,  telegraphic 
intelligence. 
TEL-E-GRAPH're-AL-LY,  adv.     Cy  the  telegraph. 
TEL-EG'RA-PHY,  n.    The  art  or  practice  of  commu- 
nicating intelligence  by  a  telegraph. 
TE-LE-0-LOG'ie-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  teleolog}'. 
TE-LE-0L'0-6Y,  n.    [Gr.  r^Aoff,  end,  and  Aoj-oj.  dis- 
course.] 
The  science  of  the  final  causes  of  things. 
TE-LE-O-SAU'RUS,  n.     [Gr.  rcXuosj  perfect,  com- 
plete, and  c-ai'/ui,  a  lizarj.] 

A  genus  of  fossil  saurians,  with  long  and  narrow 
snouts.  St.  Hilaire. 

[Sometimes  written  Teleosaur.] 
TEL-E-PHON'ie,  a.     [Gr.  rn\s  and  ^wi-)?-] 

Far-sounding  ;  that  propels  sound  a  great  distance. 
TEL'E-SeOPE,  n.    [Fr.,  from  Gr.  rf  Aoj,end,  or  rn^e, 
at  a  distance,  probably  the  latter,  and  aKoneiOj  to  see ; 
It.  and  Sp.  telrs€opio.'\ 

An  optical  instrument  employed  in  viewing  distant 
objects,  as  the  heavenly  bodies.  It  assists  the  eye 
chietiy  in  two  ways;  first,  by  enlarging  the  visual 
angle  under  which  a  distant  object  is  seen,  and  thus 
magnifying  that  object ;  and  secondly,  by  coliecling 
and  conveying  to  the  eye  a  larger  beam  of  light  than 
would  enter  the  naked  organ,  and  thus  rendering 
objects  distinct  and  visible  which  would  otherwise 
be  indistinct  or  invisible,  lis  essential  parts  are  the 
object-fflassj  or  concave  mirroTj  which  collects  the 
beam  of  light,  and  forms  an  image  of  the  object,  and 
the  eije-glass^  which  is  a  microscope,  by  which  llie 
image  is  magnified. 

Reflecting  telescope ;  a  telescope  in  which  the  image 
is  formed  by  a  concave  speculum,  instead  of  an  ob- 
ject-glass. 

Refracting  telescope;  a  telescope  in  which  the  im- 
age is  formed  by  an  object-glass. 

Qalilean  telescope;  u  refracting  telescope  in  which 
the  eye-glass  is  a  concave  instead  of  a  convex  lens. 
This  was  the  construction  originally  adopted  by  Gal- 
ileo, the  inventor  of  the  instrument. 

Gregorian  telescope;  a  reflecting  telescope  of  the 
form  fnvented  by  James  Gregory,  of  Edinburgh,  in 
which  two  concave  mirrors  are  tomhined.  It  has, 
for  the  most  part,  given  place  to  the  Ucrschelian  tel- 
escope. 

Hcrschclian  telescope;  a  reflecting  telescope  of  the 
form  invented  by  Sir  William  IIiTschel,  in  which 
only  one  speculum  is  employed,  by  means  of  which 
an  image  of  the  object  is  formed  near  one  side  of  the 
open  end  of  the  tube,  and  to  this  the  eye-glass  is  ap- 
plied directly. 

J^'eictonia.n  telescope;  a  reflecting  telescope  of  the 

form  invented  by  Sir  Isaac  Newton,  in  which,  by 

means  of  a  plane  mirror,  the  image  is  reflected  to  the 

eye  through  one  side  of  the  tube,  where  it  is  vie^ved 

by  the  eye-slass.  Olmsted. 

TEL'E-SeOPE-SHELL,  ii.     In  conehology,  a  species 

of  Turbo  with  plane,  striated,  and  numerous  spires. 

TEI^E-SeOP'IC,         la.    Pertaining  to  a  telescope  ; 

TEL-E-SeOP'ie-AL,  i     performed  by  a  telescope; 

as,  a  telescopic  view. 

9.  Seen  or  discoverable  only  by  a  telescope;  a?, 
telescopic  stars. 
TEL-E-?eOP'ie-AL-LY,  adc.    By  the  telescope. 
TE-Lk'SIA,  71.    Sapphire.  (jre. 

TEL'ESM,  71.     [Ar.]    A  kind  of  amulet  or  magical 

charm.  Grcgorij. 

TEL-ES-:\IAT'ie,         I  a.      Pertaining    to    telesms  : 
TEL-ES-MAT'ie-AL,  J     magiciil.  Grcronj. 

TE-LES'TICH,  (te-Ies'tik,)  n.  [Gr.  nXoi,  enli,  and 
c""'\os,  a  verse.j 

A  poem  in  which  the  final  letters  of  the  lines 
make  a  name.  Paus.  Trans.    B.  Jtmson. 

TEL'ie,  a.  [Gr.  teAo?,  end.]  Denoting  the  final  end 
or  purpose.  Thus  Iva,  ottu^,  &c.,  when  translated 
"  in  order  that,"  are  said  to  be  telic,  as  distinguished 
from  their  ecbatic  use,  when  they  denote  "  so  that." 

Oibbs. 


TEL 

TELL,  r.  t. ;  prct.  and  pp.  Told.  [Sax.  tcllan  ;  G.  zah~ 
lai ;  D.  telleii,  to  count,  number,  or  tell ;  Dan.  t<£lcr, 
to  count ;  talcr,  to  talk,  speak,  reason  j  Sw.  tala^  to 
speak,  to  talk  ;  tal,  talk,  discourse,  speech,  number ; 
Dan.  (a/c,  Ice.  tala^  id.  Tlie  primary  sense  is,  to  throw 

or  drive,  L.  tehimy  Ar.  Vi  dalla.    Class  DI,  No.  6. 

So  L.  appello  and  peal,  L.  pello^  Gr.  /?aAA(j.] 

1.  To  utter;  to  express  in  words;  to  communicate 
to  others. 

I  will  not  eat  litl  I  have  told  iity  errand. — Gen.  xxiv. 

2.  To  relate  i  to  narrate;  to  rehearse  particulars; 
as,  to  tell  a  story.     Oen,  x.vxvii. 

Ami  not  a  man  appears  lo  Utl  llieir  fate.  Pope. 

3.  To  teach  ;  lo  inform  ;  lo  make  known  ;  tosliow 
by  words.     TeU  us  the  way. 

Why  (Iklst  thou  not  teU  me  that  she  was  thy  wife?  —  Gen.  xii. 

4.  To  discover;  to  disclose;  to  betray. 

They  will  UU  k  lo  ihe  inhabitants  of  tliis  land.  —Num.  xiv. 

5.  To  count ;  to  number. 

Look  now  toward  heaven,  and  lell  the  stars.  —  Gen.  xv. 

6.  To  relate  in  confession  ;  to  confess  or  acknowl- 
edge. 

TeU  me  now  what  thou  host  done.  —  Josh.  vii. 

7.  To  publi:?h. 

TeU  it  not  in  Gatb.  —  2  Sam.  i. 

8.  To  unfold  ;  to  interpret ;  to  explain.  Ezck, 
XX  iv, 

9.  To  make  excuses. 

Tush,  never  Ull  mc.    [Not  elegant.]  Shak. 

10.  To  make  known. 

Our  reelings  till  us  how  loug  they  ought  (c  have  submitted. 

Junius. 

11.  To  discover;  to  find  ;  to  discern.  The  colors 
are  so  blended  that  I  can  not  tell  where  one  ends  and 
the  other  begins. 

To  tell  off;  to  count ;  to  divide.  W.  Scott. 

Tell,  though  equivalent,  in  some  respects,  to  speaJc 
and  say,  has  not  always  the  same  application.  We 
say,  to  tell  this,  that,  or  what,  to  tell  a  story,  to  tell  a 
word,  to  tell  truth  or  falsehood,  to  tell  a  number,  to 
tell  the  reasons,  to  tell  something  or  nothing;  but  we 
never  say,  to  tell  a  speech,  discourse,  or  oration,  or  to 
tell  an  argument  or  a  lesson.  It  is  much  used  in  com- 
mands. Tell  me  the  whole  story  ;  tcU  me  all  you 
icnow,  or  all  that  was  said.  Tell  has  frequently  the 
sense  of  narrate,  which  speaJc  and  say  have  not. 
TELL,  V.  i.    To  give  an  account ;  to  make  report. 

That  I  may  publish  with  the  voiw  of  thankfijivUig,  and  teU  of  all 
thy  wondrous  works.  —  Ps.  xxvi. 

9.  To  take  effect ;  as,  every  shot  tcUt 
3.  To  produce  some  effect;  as,  every  expression 
tells. 

To  tell  of,   i  to  inform.     You  must  not  disobey;  I 
To  tell  on  ; )      will  tell  of  you  if  you  do. 
This  is  a  common  popular  use  of  the  word.    To 
tell  on,  is  quite  vulgar,  as  W-'II  as  improper. 
TELL'ER,  7j.     One  that  tells,  relates,  or  communi- 
cates, the  knowledge  of  something. 

2.  One  who  numbers. 

3.  In  tJie  exchequer  of  England,  there  are  four  offi- 
cers called  tellers,  whose  business  is  to  receive  all 
moneys  due  to  the  crown,  and  throw  down  a  bill 
through  a  pipe  into  the  tally-court,  where  it  is  re- 
ceived by  the  auditor's  clerks,  who  write  the  words 
of  the  bill  on  a  tally,  and  deliver  it  to  be  entered  by 
the  clerk  of  the  pell.  The  tally  is  then  split  by  the 
two  deputy  chamberlains,  who  have  their  seals,  and 
while  the  senior  deputy  reads  the  one  part,  the  junior 
examines  the  other  with  the  other  tv.'o  clerks.    Cyc. 

[This  word  is  supposed  to  be  from  tally,  being  in 
ancient  records  written  Tallier.] 

4.  An  officer  of  a  bank,  v.-ho  receives  and  pays 
money  on  checks. 

TELL'ER-SHIP,  n.  The  office  or  employment  of  a 
teller. 

TEL-LI'NA,  31.  A  genus  of  bivalve  mollusks.  Laving 
shells  rather  thin  and  delicate. 

TELL'ING,  ppr.  Uttering;  relating;  disclosing; 
counting. 

TEL'LI-iN'ITE,  n.  [from  tellina,  a  genus  of  testaceous 
animals.] 

A  petrified  or  fossil  bivalve  shell  of  the  genus  Tel- 
lina.     \pbs.'\  Kirwan. 

TELL'-TaLE,  a.    Telling  tales  ;  babbling.      Shxik. 

TELL'-TaLE,  n.  [tdl  and  tale.]  One  who  officious- 
ly communicates  information  of  the  private  concerns 
of  individuals  ;  one  who  tells  that  which  prudence 
should  suppress,  and  which,  if  told,  often  does  mis- 
chief among  neighbors.  Milton.     Sfiak. 

2.  A  movable  piece  of  ivory  or  lead  on  a  chamber 
organ,  that  gives  notice  when  the  wind  is  exhausted. 

BiLsby. 

3.  In  seamanship^  a  small  piece  of  wood,  traversing 
in  a  groove  across  the  front  of  the  poop  deck,  and 
which,  by  communicating  with  a  small  barrel  on  the 
axis  of  the  steering-wheel,  indicates  the  position  or 
situation  of  the  helm.  Mar.  Diet. 


TEM 

TEL'LU-UAL,  a.     [L.  teUus.j 

Pertaining  to  the  earth. 
TEL'LU-llATE,  n.    A  compound  of  telluric  acid  and 

a  base. 
TEL'LU-RET  ED,  a.    Tellureted  hydrogen  is  Jiydro- 

gen  combined  with  tellurium  in  a  gaseous  form. 

Urc. 

Tellnrcted  hydrogen  is  an  old  name  for  an  acid, 
compost'd  of  hydrogen  and  tellurium,  in  which  tli.; 
former  is  the  base  and  the  latter  the  acidifying  prin- 
ciple. 

TEL-Lu'Rie,  a.     [L.  ullu.^,  the  earth.] 

Pertaining  to  the  earth  or  proceeding  from  the 
cartli  ^  as,  a  disease  of  telluric  origin. 

TEL-Lu'RIG  ACID,  h.  An  acid  composed  of  one 
equivalent  of  tellurium,  and  three  of  oxygen. 

TEL-LCRI-OX,  71.  An  instrument  fur  showing  the 
operation  of  the  causes  which  produce  the  succession 
of  day  and  night,  and  the  changes  of  the  seasons. 

Francis. 

TEL'HJ-RTTE,  n.  A  compound  of  tellurous  acid 
and  a  base. 

TEL-Lu'KI-UM,  77.  A  metal  discovered  by  MUlIer  in 
1782,  combined  with  gold  and  silver  in  the  ores,  and 
received  from  the  Bannat  of  Teuieswar.  The  uies 
are  denominated  native,  graphic,  yellaw,  and  black. 
The  native  tellurium  is  of  a  color  between  tin  and 
silver,  and  sometimes  inclines  to  a  steel  gray.  'J'lu; 
graphic  tellurium  is  steel  gr:iy,  but  sometimes  white, 
yellow,  or  lead  gray.  These  ores  are  found  massive 
or  crystallized.  Cyr. 

TEL'LU-ROUS  ACID,  n.  An  acid  composed  of  one 
equivalent  of  tellurium  and  three  of  oxygen. 

TEM-E-RA'RI-OUS,a.  [Fr  temcraire;  lu.temerarius; 
from  tlie  root  of  time,  tcmpc.'it,  which  see.  Tlio  sense 
is,  rushing  or  advancing  forward.] 

1.  Rash;  headstrong;  unreasonably  adventurous  : 
despising  danger  ;  as,  temerarious  folly.    L'Estrange. 

2.  Careless ;  heedless ;  done  at  random ;  as,  the 
temerarious  dash  of  an  unguided  pen.  Ray. 

[This  word  is  not  mxich  used.] 
TEM-E-Ra'RI-OUS-LY,  adv.    "Rashly ;  with  excess 

of  boldness.  Swift. 

TE-MER'I-TY,  n.    \Ij.  tcmeritas ;  properly,  a  rushing 

forward.    See  Time.] 

1.  Rashness  ;  unreasonable  contempt  of  danger ; 
as,  the  temerity  of  a  commander  in  war. 

2.  Extreme  bol3ness. 

The  figures  are  hold  even  to  temerity.  CoaUy. 

TEM'IN,  n.  A  money  of  account  in  Algiers,  equiva- 
lent to  2  carubes,  or  29  aspers,  about  3  cents,  or  IKd. 
sterling.  Ed.  Encyc' 

TEM'PER,  V.  t.  [L.  tempera,  to  mix,  or  moderate  ;  It. 
tempcrare;  Sp.  templar,  to  temper,  to  soften,  or  mod- 
erate, to  anneal,  as  glass,  to  tunc  an  instrument,  to 
trim  sails  to  the  wind;  Fr.  tempcrcr,  to  temper,  allay, 
or  abate;  W.  tymperu,  to  tcuiper,  to  mollify;  tym, 
space  ;  tymp,  enlargement,  birth,  season.  The  latter 
unites  Iliis  word  with  time.  The  sense  of  this  word 
is  probably  frojn  making  seasonable  or  timely ;  hence, 
to  make  suitable.] 

1.  To  mix  so  that  one  part  qualifies  the  other ;  to 
bring  to  a  moderate  state;  as,  to  temper  '}Msi\ce  with 
mercy.  Milton. 

2-  To  compound ;  to  form  by  mixture  ;  to  qualify, 
as  by  an  ingredient ;  or,  in  general,  to  mix,  unite,  or 
combine  two  or  more  things,  so  as  to  reduce  the  ex- 
cess of  the  qualities  of  either,  and  bring  the  wliole  to 
the  desired  consistence  or  state. 

Tbon  shall  make  it  a  perfume,  a  confection  afn>r  the  nrl  of  the 
apothecary,  tempered  together,  pure  and  holy.  — Ex.  xxx. 

3.  To  unite  in  due  proportion  ;  to  render  symmet- 
rical; to  adjust,  as  parts  to  each  other. 

God  hath  tempered  the  body  together. —  1  Cor.  xii. 

4.  To  accommodate ;  to  modify. 

Thy  Biistenanc,  scrviog  to  the  appetite  of  the  eater,  tempered 
itself  to  every  majpa  liking.  Wisdom. 

5.  To  soften ;  to  mollify ;  to  assuage;  to  soothe; 
tn  calm ;  to  reduce  any  violence  or  excess. 

Solon  —  labored  to  temper  the  warlike  counigcs  of  the  Athenians 
wiUi  sweet  dehghl*  of  learning.  ^enscr. 

Woman  1   nature  made  tliee 
To  tamper  man  ;  wc  Ijad  been  brutes  v/ithont  you.        Olteay. 

6.  To  form  to  a  proper  degree  of  hardness  ;  as,  to 
temper  iron  or  steel. 

The  tempered  metals  clash,  and  yield  a  silver  sound.    Dry/'.cn. 

7.  To  govern.     [^  Lati7tism,']     [JVot  in  use.] 

Speii.'-'rr. 

8.  In  77iH.s-i>.,  to  modify  or  amend  a  false  or  imper- 
fect concord  by  transferring  to  it  a  part  of  the  beauty 
of  a  perfect  one,  that  is,  by  dividing  the  tones. 

Cue. 
TEM'PER,  T(.    Due  mixture  of  differept  qualities  ;  or 
the  state  of  any  compound  substance  which  results 
from  the  mixture  of  various  ingredients;  as,  the 
temper  of  mortar. 

2.  Constitution  of  body.  [In  this  sense  we  more 
generally  usi^  TEMPEnAMENT.] 

3.  Disposition  of  mind  ;  the  constitution  of  the 
mind,  particularly  with  regard  to  the  passions  antl 
affections;  as,  a  calm  temper;  a.  hasty  temper :  a  fret- 


FaTE,  far,  FALL,  WHAT — MeTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  I\L\RTtNE,  BIRD.  — NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.- 


1134 


TEM 

fill  temper.     This  is  applicable  to  bea^  as  loeU  as  to 
vtan 

Remember  with  what  mild 
A  ad  ^ndous  teiaper  be  both  beard  and  Judged.  A^ton. 

4.  Calmness  of  mind  }  moderation. 

ResJor*"  yourselves  to  your  tempers,  fathers.  B.  Jonson. 

To  L\l\  wiib  dJgiiiiy,  with  iemper  rise.  Pope. 

5.  Heat  of  mind  or  passion ;  irritation.  ■  The  boy 
showed  a  great  deal  of  temper  when  I  reproved  bim. 

So  we  say,  a  man  of  violent  temper^  when  we 
speak  of  his  irrilabitity.  [This  use  of  the  word  is 
common,  Vioti^k  a  deviation  from  its  original  and.  genu- 
ine vicaning.'] 

6.  The  state  of  a  metal,  particularly  as  to  its  hard- 
ness ;  as,  the  temper  of  iron  or  steel.  Sharp. 

7.  Jliddle  course  ;  mean,  or  medium.  SieifL 

8.  In  sugar  works^  white  lime  or  other  substance 
stirred  into  a  clarifier  filled  with  cane-juice,  to  neu- 
tralize The  superabundant  acid,     Edwards,  W.  Indies. 

TEM'PER-A-MEXT,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  temperamen- 
tu.m.'l 

1.  Constitution  ;  state  with  respect  to  the  predom- 
inance of  any  quality;  as,  the  temperament  of  the 
body. 

Bodiei  arc  deoomianted  hot  and  cold,  in  proportioa  to  the  pres- 
ent temper&mettl  of  that  port  of  our  body  to  which  tltey  are 
applied.  Locke. 

2.  Medium ;  -due  mixture  of  different  qualities. 

The  common  law  —  has  reduced  the  kinefdom  toils  just  state  and 
temperaiiuint.  Hale. 

3.  In  music,  temperament  is  an  operation  wliich,  by 
means  of  a  slight  alteration  in  the  intervals,  causes 
the  difference  between  two  contiguous  sounds  to  dis- 
appear, and  makes  each  of  them  appear  identical  with 
the  other.  Rousseau. 

Tcmpcrameiit  is  the  accommodation  or  adjustment 
of  the  imperfect  sounds,  by  transferring  a  part  of  their 
defects  to  the  more  perfect  ones,  to  remedy  in  part 
the  false  intervals  of  int-truments  of  lixed  sounds,  as 
the  organ,  harpsichord,  pianoforte,  &c.         Busby. 

The  harshness  of  a  given  concord  increases  witli  Ibe  temperautent 
Prof.  Fisher. 

TEM-PER-A-MENT'AL,  a.  Constitutional.  [Jv'ot 
mucli  used,]  Brown-. 

TEMTER-.-VXCE,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  tempcrantia,  from 
t€mpero.'\ 

1.  Sloderalion  ;  particularly,  habitual  moderation 
in  regard  to  the  indulgence  of  the  natural  appetites 
and  passions;  restrained  or  moderate  indulgence; 
as,  tejnpCT*a/i££  in  eating  and  drinking;  temperance  in 
the  indulLzence  of  joy  or  mirth.  Temperance  in  eat- 
ing and  drinking  is  of^osed  to  gluttony  and  drunken- 
Tiesst  and  in  other  indiilgences  to  excess. 

2.  Patience;  calmness;  sedateness;  moderation  of 
passion. 

He  calmed  his  wrath  with  goodly  temperance.  Spenser. 

TEM'PER-ATE,  a.    [L.  temperatits.] 

1.  Moderate  ;  not  excessive  ;  as,  temperate  heat ;  a 
temperate  climate  ;  temperate  air.  Bacon. 

2.  Moderate  in  the  indulgence  of  the  appetites  and 
passions  ;  as,  temperate  in  eating  and  drinking  ;  («m- 
pcrate  in  pleasures  ;  temperate  in  speech. 

Be  Eober  and  temperate,  and  you  will  be  heaiUiy.      FraTiklin. 

3.  Cool ;  calm ;  not  marked  with  passion ;  not  vi- 
olent ;  as,  a  temperate  discourse  or  address ;  temperate 
language. 

4.  Proceeding  from  temperance ;  as,  temperate  sleep. 

Popo. 

5.  Free  from  ardent  passion. 

She  is  not  hot,  but  temperate  as  the  morn.  Shak. 

Temperate  zone;  the  space  on  the  earth  between 
the  tropics  and  the  polar  circles,  where  the  heat  is 
less  than  in  the  tropics,  and  the  cold  less  than  in  the 
polar  circle? 
TEM'PER  ATE-LY,  adv.  ^Moderately ;  without  ex- 
cess or  extravagance. 

2.  Cahnly  ;  without  violence  of  passion  ;  as,  to  re- 
prove one  temperately. 

3.  With  ntoderate  force- 

Winds  th.it  temperate!}/  blow.  Addison. 

TEil'PER-ATE-NESS,  n.   Moderation  ;  freedom  from 
excels  ;  as,  the  temperateiiess  of  the  weather  or  of  a 
climate. 
2.  Calmness;  coolness  of  mind.  Daniel. 

TEM'PER-A-TIV'E,  a.  Having  the  power  or  quality 
of  teniperinc. 

TEM'PER-A-TITRE,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  temperatura.] 
1.  In  physics,  the  state  of  a  body  with  regard  to 
heat  or  cold,  as  indicated  by  the  thermometer;  or 
the  degree  of  free  caloric  which  a  "body  possesses, 
when  compared  with  other  bodies.  When  a  body 
applied  to  another  expands  that  body,  we  say  it  is  of 
a  higher  teviperalure,  that  is,  it  possesses  more  free 
caloric  When  it  contracts  another  body,  it  is  said 
to  be  of  a  loiaer  temperature.  Thus  we  speak  of  the 
temperature  of  air,  of  water,  of  a  climate,  &lz.  ;  two 
countries  of  the  sanse  temperature. 
%  Constitution;  state  ;  degree  of  any  quality 

Memory  depends  upon  the  coiuisteoce  and  Umperature  of  the  I 
bnia.  Watit.      J 


TEM 


TEM 


3.  Moderation ;  freedom  from  immoderate  passions. 

Spenter. 


lo  that  priaiid  port,  which  her  so  goodly  graceth, 
Most  TOodly  temperature  you  may  descry. 
[Not  in  use.] 


TEM'PER-ED,  pp.  or  a.    Duly  mixed  or  modified ;  re- 
duced to  :i  proper  state  ;  softened  ;  allayed  ;  hardcnetl. 
9.  Adjusted  by  musical  temperament. 
3.  a.    Disposed ;  as,  a  "WcW-tcmpercd,  good-temj)cred, 
or  bad-(cjnper£d  man. 

TEM'PER-ING,  ppr.  Mixing  and  qualifying;  quali- 
fying by  mixture;  sotlening;  mollifying;  reducing 
to  a  slate  of  moderation  ;  hardening. 

TEM'PEST,  n.  [Fr.  tempcte  ;  L.  Umpcstas ;  Sp.  tem- 
pestad ;  It.  lempesta :  from  L.  tempus,  time,  season. 
The  primary  sense  of  tempus,  time,  is  a  falling,  or 
that  which  fails,  comes,  or  happens,  from  some  verb 
which  signifies  to  fall  or  come  suddenly,  or  rather, 
to  drive,  to  rush.  Time  is,  properly,  a  coming,  a  sea- 
son, that  which  presents  itself,  or  is  present.  The 
sense  of  tempest  is  from  the  sense  of  rushing  or  driv- 
ing.   See  Temerity  and  TEMEiiABrous.] 

1.  An  extensive  current  of  wind,  rushing  with 
great  velocity  and  violence,  and  commonly  attended 
with  rain,  hail,  or  snow;  a  storm  of  extreme  vio- 
lence. AVe  usually  apply  the  word  lo  a  violent 
storm  of  considerable  duration  ;  but  we  say  also  of  a 
tornado,  it  blew  a  tempest.  The  currents  of  wind 
are  named,  accordmg  lo  their  respective  degrees  of 
force  or  rapidity,  a  breeze,  a  gale,  a  stoTvn,  a  tempest,  a 
hurricane;  but  gale  is  also  used  as  synonymous  with 
storm,  and  storm  with  tempest-  Oust  is  usually  ap- 
plied to  a  sudden  blast  of  shon  duration. 

We,  caught  in  a  fiery  tempest,  slwJI  be  hurled 

Each  on  Iiis  rock  transfixed.  MUton. 

9.  A  violent  tumult  or  commotion ;  as,  a  popular 

or  political  tempest:  the  tempest  of  war. 
3.  Perturbation  ;  violent  agitation  ;  as,  a  tempest  of 

the  passions. 
TEM'PEST,  V.  t.    To  disturb  as  by  a  tempest.    [Little 

used.]  Miiton. 

TEM'PEST,  V.  i.     [Fr.  tempeste'-.]     To  storm.  Sandys. 

9.  To  pour  a  tempest  on.  B.  Jonson. 

TEM'PEST-BeAT-£N,  a.  [tempest  and  beat.]  Beaten 

or  shattered  with  storms.  Druden, 

TEM-PEST'IVE,  a.    Seasonable. 
TEM-PEST-IV'I-TY,  n.     [L.  tewpcstivus,] 

Seasonableness.     [J\^o£  in  tise.]  Brown. 

TEM'PEST-TOST,  a.     [tempest  and  tost.  \    Tossed  or 

driven  about  by  tempests.  Shak. 

TEM-PEST'U-OUS,  (tem-pest'yu-us,)  a.      [Sp.  tcm- 

pestuoso  ;  It.  tempestoso  ;  Fr.  tempitucux.] 

1.  Very  stormy  ;  turbulent ;  rough  with  wind  ;  as, 

tempestuous  weather  ;  a  tempestuous  night. 
9.  Blowing  with  violence;  as,  a  (empes^HOTis  wind. 
TEM-PEST'U,-0US-LY,  adv.    With  great  violence  of 

wind  or  great  commotion  ;  turbulently.        Milton. 
TEM-PEST'U-OUS-NESS,  7J.    Storminess;  the  state 

of  being  tempestuous  or  disturbed  by  violent  winds; 

as,  the  tempestuotisness  of  the  winter  or  of  weather. 
TEM'PLAR,  n.     [from  the  Temple,  a  house  near  the 

Thames,  which  originally  belonged  lo  the  Knights 

Templars.    The  latter  took  their  denomination  from 

an  apartment  of  the  palace  of  Baldwin  11.,  in  Jeru- 
salem, near  the  temple.] 

1.  A  student  of  the  law.  Pope. 

2.  Templars,  Knights  oftlie  Temple;  a  religious  mil- 
itary order,  first  established  at  Jerusalem  in  favor  of 
pilgrims  traveling  to  the  Holy  Laml.  The  order 
originated  with  some  persons  who,  in  1118,  devoted 
themselves  lo  the  service  of  God,  promising  lo  live 
in  perpetual  chastity,  obedience,  and  poverty,  after 
the  manner  of  canons.  In  I92S,  this  order  was 
confirmed  in  tiie  council  of  Troyes,  and  subjected  to 
a  rule  of  discipline.  It  flourished,  became  immensely 
rich,  and  its  members  became  so  insolent  and  vicious, 
that  the  order  was  suppressed  by  the  council  of  Vi- 
enne,  in  1312.  Cyc. 

TEM'PLATE,  71.    See  Templet. 

TEM'PLE,  (tem'pl,)  t?.  [Fr. ;  L.  tem.plum;  It.  tempio  ; 
Sp.  tempio;  W.  temyl,  temple,  that  is  extended,  a 
seat ;  tcmlu,  lo  form  a  scat,  expanse,  or  temple ; 
Gaelic,  tcampul.'] 

1.  A  public  edifice  erected  in  honor  of  some  deity. 
\\nor\%  pagans,  a  building  erected  to  some  pretended 
deity,  and  in  which  the  people  assembled  to  wor- 
ship. Originally,  temples  were  open  places,  as  the 
Slonehenge  in  England.  In  Rome,  some  of  the 
temples  were  open,  and  called  sacclla;  others  were 
roofed,  and  called  tedcs.  The  most  celebrated  of  the 
ancit::it  pajian  temples  were  that  of  Belus  in  Baby- 
lon, that  of  Vulcan  at  Memphis,  that  of  Jupiter  at 
Thebes,  that  of  Diana  at  Ephesus,  that  of  Apollo  in 
Miletus,  that  of  Jupiter  Olympius  in  Athens,  and 
that  of  Apullo  at  Delphi.  The  most  celebrated  and 
magnificent  temple  erected  lo  llio  true  God,  was 
that  built  by  Solomon  in  Jerusalem,  which  is  often 
ciUled,  by  way  of  eminence,  Vie  temple. 

In  Scripture,  the  tabernacle  is  sometimes  called  by 
this  name.     1  Sam.  i. — iii. 

2.  A  church  ;  an  edifice  erected  among  Christians 
as  a  place  of  public  worship. 

Can  he,  whose  lll^.-  is  a  perpetual  insult  to  the  authority  of  God. 
enter  with  any  pleasure  a  t^m^i*  consecrated  to  devotion  ancf 
sanctili>.-d  by  prayer?  Buck.-nitialer. 


3.  A  place  in  which  the  divine  prei>enc«  specially 
resides ;  the  church  as  a  colluclive  body.    £ph.  IL 

■1.  In  England,  the  Temple  consisLi  of  two  inns  of 
court,  thus  called  because  ancienlly  the  dwellings  of 
the  Kni[:hts  Templars,  They  are  called  the  Istxeb 
and  the  Mii>dle  Temple. 
TE.M'PLE,  n.  [L.  temptiSj  ttmpora.  Tljc  primary 
sense  of  the  root  of  this  word  is  to  fall.  See 
Time.] 

1.  Literally,  the  fall  of  the  head  ;  the  part  where 
the  liead  slopes  from  the  lop, 

9.  In  anatomy,  the  anterior  and  lateral  part  of  the 
head,  where  the  skull  is  covered  by  the  temporal 
muscles.  cVc 

TE.M'PLE,  V.  t.  To  build  a  temple  for;  to  apgiropriate 
a  temple  to.     [Little  used.]  FeWiam. 

TEM'PLED,  a.  Kumisbcd  with  a  temple;  inclosed 
in  a  temple. 

TEM'PLET,  n.  In  masonry,  a  mold  used  by  brick- 
layers and  masons  in  cutting  or  setting  out  their 
work. 

2.  A  mold  used  by  milUwrigfats  for  shaping  the 
teeth  of  wheels. 

3.  A  short  piece  of  timber  under  a  girder  or  other 
beam.  Brand'. 

TEJ\t'PO,n.    [It.]    In  miwic,  time.  Brcnde, 

0  TE.^rPO-RA,  O  MO'RES,  [L.]    O  the  limes,  O 

the  manners. 
TEM'PO-RAL,  a.     [Fr.  tempordi  frum  I*  temporalis^ 

fx(>m  tempus,  time.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  this  life,  or  Ibis  world,  or  the  body 
only  ;  secular ;  as,  temporal  concerns  ;  temporal  af- 
fairs. In  this  sense,  it  is  opposed  to  Spiritual, 
Let  not  temporal  affairs  or  employments  divert  the 
mind  from  spiritual  concerns,  which  are  far  more 
important. 

In  this  sense  also  it  is  opposed  to  Ecclesiasti- 
cal ;  as,  temporal  power,  ibat  is,  secular,  civil,  or  po- 
litical power  ;  temporal  courts,  those  which  take 
cognizance  of  civil  suits.  Temporal  jurisdiction  is 
that  which  regards  civil  and  political  affairs. 

2.  Pleasured  or  limited  by  time,  or  by  this  life  or 
this  stale  of  things;  having  limited  existence;  op- 
posed to  Etehnal. 

The  tbing-i  which  are  seen  are  Iftnpora/,  but  the  things  vfaSck  aie 
not  seen  are  eternal.  —  2  Cor.  iy. 

3.  In  grammar,  the  temporal  augment  is  the  short 
initial  vowel  of  a  verb,  lengthened,  in  certain  tenses, 
into  the  corresponding  long  one. 

4.  [Fr.  temporal.]  Pertaining  to  the  temple  or  tem- 
ples of  the  head  ;  as,  the  temporal  bone ;  a  temporal 
artery  or  vein  ;  temporal  muscle. 

TEM-PO-RAL'I-TIES,  i  n.  pi.    Secular  possessions  ; 

TEM'PO-RALS,  ]     revenues  of  an  ecclesiastic 

proceeding    from    lands,    tenemenL-;,    or   lay-fees, 
tithes,  and  the  like.  It  is  opposed  to  SpiaiTUALiTics. 

Bacon. 

TEM'PO-IIAL-LY,  ode.  With  respect  to  time  or  this 
life  only.  South. 

TEM'PO-RAL-NESS,  n.    Worldliness.    [J^''oi  used.] 

TEM'PO-RAL-TY,  n.     The  laity.     [Liule  used.] 
2.  Secular  possessions.     [See  Temporalities.] 

TEM-PO-Ra'NE-OUS,  o.     Temporar>-.     [LittU  used.] 

TEM'PO-R.VRI-LY,  (Kfp.  For  a  time  only;  not  per- 
petually. 

TEM'PO-RA-RI-NESS,  «.  [from  temporary.]  The 
slate  of  being  temporarj- ;  opposed  to  Pebpetditt. 

TE.M'PO-RA-RY,  a.     [L.  temporarius.] 

Lasting  for  a  time  only  ;  existing  or  contimu'ng 
for  a  limited  time  ;  as,  the  patient  has  obtained  tem- 
porary relief.  There  is  a  temporary  cessation  (»f  hos- 
tilities. There  is  a  temporary  supply  of  provisions. 
In  times  of  great  danger,  Rome  appointed  a  tempo- 
rary dictator. 

TEM-PO-RI-Za'TIO>',  w.    The  act  of  temporizing. 

TEM'PO-RIZE,  0.  i.  [Fr.  teinporiser;  from  L.  tempusy 
lime.] 

1.  To  comply  with  the  time  or  occasion  ;  to 
humor  or  yield  to  the  current  of  opinion  or  to  cir- 
cumstances ;  a  conduct  that  often  indicates  obsequious- 
ness. 

They  might  their  grrrranc^;  inxvnrdlr  coinphun, 

But  outwardly  they  needs  iniisl  temporize.  DanUl. 

2.  To  delay ;  to  procrastinate. 

Well,  you  n-iil  temporize  with  the  hours.  [LittU  used.) 

3.  To  comply.     [JVot  in  use,]  S .  .  . 
TEMTO-RIZ-ER,  ii.    One  who  yields  to  tlic  time.  *  r 

complies  with  the  prevailing  opinions,  fashions,  or 
occ^tsions  ;  a  trimmer.  Shak, 

TEM'PO-RIZ-ING,  ppr.  or  a.     Complying  with  the  j 
time,  or  with  the  prevailing  humors  and  opinions  of 
men;  time-serving. 

TEM'PO-RlZ-lNG,  n.  A  yielding  to  Uie  time ;  a  com- 
plying  with  the  prevailing  opinions,  fashions,  or  oc- 
casions. HoUcnd. 

TEM'PO-RIZ-ING-LY,  adn.    In  a  temporizing  i.    " 
ner. 

TEMPT,  c.(.    [Arm.  Umpti;  L.  tattj;  Tr.tenti.  . 
tcntare ;  Sp.  tentar.     It  is  from  tJie  root  of  L.  temc, 
Gr.  7£tKi),  and  tlie  primary  sense  is,  lo  strain,  urge, 
pressj 

1.  To  incite  or  solicit  to  an  evil  act ;  to  entice  to 
something  wrong  by  presenting  arguments  that  are 


Tt'NE,  E1,:LL,  IGNITE.— AN"GER,  VI"CI0US — C  as  K ;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


ji 


TEN 

plausible  or  convinciDir,  or  by  tlit;  offer  of  sotne 
pleasure  or  apparent  a'lvantage  as  tlie  inducement. 

My  l-n'Iy  Gray  UmpU  him  I"  lh\t  h:irah  extremity.  Shak. 

li^vcry  limit  is  tempted,  wh:--n  be  is  dmwii  KWay  by  his  own  lust 
and  enticed.  — James  i. 

2.  To  provoke ;  to  incite. 

Vetnpl  not  l!i5  brave  niui  iiontly  lo  dcspnlr,  Dryden, 

3.  To  solicit ;  to  draw  ;  tott/ioiit  Vie  notion  qf  evil. 

Still  his  lilrcii^tl)  eoiicoiLlcdf 
Wliicli  tempted  our  aiieiiipt,  mid  wruu°flil  uur  tul!.        MillQix. 

A.  To  try ;  to  venture  on  ;  to  ultempt. 

Ere  1-nve  be  "fi*^"  '"  i^"'/''  dii!  nether  sky.  Dryden. 

5.  In  ScripturCj  to  try  ;  to  prove;  to  put  to  trial  fur 
proof. 

God  did  tempt  Alirabam. — Gen.  xxii. 

Yo  sliitll  tiui  tzmjtt  tlie  I-oi-d  your  God.  —  Di>u(.  vi. 

TEMFT'A-BLE,  a.    Liable  to  be  templed.        Sicifl 
TK.\II'T-a'T1UN,  It.     'Vlic  act  of  tempting ;  entice- 
ment to  evil  by  aigiinienls,  by  flaUt-ry,  or  by  tile 
olTer  of  some  real  or  apparent  good. 

Wli'-H  til"  devil  li.id  eiid'-d  nil  tlit;  teinplaiion,  be  deported  from 
liim  lor  u.  scnwii.  —  Luke  iv. 

2.  Solicitation  of  tiie  passions  ;  enticouients  to  evil 
proceeding  from  llie  prospt-ct  of  pleasure  oradvun- 
taiie. 

\i.  The  state  of  bcin^  tempted  or  enticed  to  evil. 
Wlicu  by  human  weakness  you  are  li.-d  into  tcmjitu- 
tion,  resort  to  prayer  for  relief. 

4.  Trial. 

Lead  us  not  into  temptation.  Lord's  Prayer, 

5.  Tliat  which  is  prtisentcd  to  the  mind  as  an  in- 
ducement to  evil. 

Dare  to  be  grenl  witbout  r  s:i'illy  crown ; 

Vie*  it,  uiul  lay  tbe  l)ns\iOeinpla:ion  down,  Dryden. 

f).  In  colloiptial   laniruai^c^  an  allurement  to  any 
thiuiT  indillt^r.'nt,  or  even  -zond. 
'J'EMF'J'-A'TlON-LKSrf,  a.    liaviiiy  no  tomiitalion  or 

motive.     [Little  imed.} 
TEMPT'EDjP;?.    Enticed  to  evil  j  provoked  ;  tried. 
TEMPT'ER,  n.     One  that  solicits  or  entices  to  evil. 
Tliose  wlio  ore  l>!iit  to  do  wickirdly  will 
urge  tb?m  on. 

9.  The  sreat  adversarj-  of  man  ;  the  devil.   Jilatt.  iv. 
TEMPT'ING,  ppr.    Enticing  to  evil ;  trying. 

2.  0,     Adapted  to  entice  or  allure;  attractive;  as, 

tempting  pleasures. 
TEMPT'ING-LY,  adv.     In  a  manner  to  entice  to  cvU  ; 

so  as  to  allure. 
TEMPT^ING-N'ESS,  /(.    The  state  of  being  tempting. 
TEMPT'RESS,  n.     :\  female  who  entices. 
TEMSE,  n.      A  sieve.       [Written  also    Tems    and 

Tempse.] 
TEMSE'-BREAD,  (tems'bred,)       \  lu      [Vi.  timisnr, 
TEMS'iCD-UllEAD,  (tL-msfbied,)  j         II.        tami^ure, 

tumi^iare,   to   sift ;    Fr.    taiiiis.  It.  tamiso^  taiitig-io,  a 

sievtr.] 
Bread   made  of  flour  better  sifled  than  common 

flour.     [I  know  not  where  this  word  is  vsvd.]  Johnson. 

Into.xicalion ;    inebriation ;     drunkenness.      [JVbt 
used.] 
TEM'lt-LENT,  a.     [L.  temulentus.] 

Intoxicated.     [JVbt  in  vsc] 
TEM'IT-LENT-IVE,  a.    Drunken  ;  in  a  state  of  ine- 
briation.    [JVot  in  use] 
TEN,  a.      [i^:ix.  tyn;  D.  ticn';  G.  ichn;  Dan.  iic;  Sw. 
tio.    I  sup[>05e  tliis  word  to  be  contracted  from  the 
Gothic  tiiriLivi^  ten,  fron  tig,  ten.     If  so,  this  is  ths 
Greek  ^eku,  L.  decern^  W.  deg^  Gaelic,  dclck^  Fr.  dtx^ 
It.  died,  Sp.  diet.] 
,  1.  Twice  five;  nine  and  one. 

Wiih  twice  ten  ea.iI  I  crossed  the  Phry^'ian  Se:i.  Dryden. 

2.  It  is  a  kind  of  proverbial  number. 

Tlicre's  a  proud  modesty  in  merit, 

Avorw?  l»  begs'"?!  *»d  resolved  to  pay 

Ten  times  tiie  gill  it  nskfi.  Dryden. 

The  meaning  in  this  use  is,  a  great  deal  more, 
indefinitely. 

TF.X'A-BLE,  a.     [Fr.,   from  L.  tcneo,  to  hold.     See 
Tknant.] 

That  may  be  held,  maintained,  or  defended  against 
an  a-^sailant,  or  uKJitust  attempts  to  take  it;  as,  a 
triiable  fortri-ss.  The  works  were  not  deemed  tena- 
ble. The  ground  taken  in  the  argumfut  is  not 
Trttable. 

TEN'A-BLE-NESS, 

Tl-^N-A-BJIVI-'i'Y, 

TiCX'ACE,  w.    In  7rAist,  the  state  of  holding  the  first 
and  third  best  cards.  Smart. 

TE-NA'ClOUri,    (te-uu'sliu3,)    a.      [L.    tcnax,    from 
tciico,  to  hold  ;  Fr.  tc:iai:r.] 

1.  Doldin*  ta?t,  or  inchned  to  hold  fast;  inclined 
to  nrtain  what  U  in  possession;  as,  mon  tenacious  uf 
their  just  rights.  Men  are  usually  tenacious  of  their 
opinions,  as  well  ns  of  their  properly. 

Locke.     Arbuthnot. 

2.  Retentive;  apt  to  retain  long  what  is  com- 
miited  to  it ;  as,  a  tfinarAou.^  memory.  Locke. 

3.  Adhesive;  apt  to  adhere  lo  another  substance; 


n.    The  state  of  being  tenable. 


TEN 

as  oily,  glutinous,  or  viscous  matter.      Few  sub- 
stances are  so  tenacious  as  tar. 
4.  Niiriianllv  ;  close-fisted.  Ainsworth. 

TE-Na'CIOU'S-LY,  Qi/y.  With  a  disposition  to  hold 
fast  what  is  possessed  ' 

2.  Adhesively  j 

3.  Obstinately;  with  firm  adherence.  I 
TE-Na'CIOUS-NESS,   71.      The    quality   of    holding 

litst ;  unwillingness  lo  quit,  resign,  or  let  go;  as,  ;i 
man's  tenaciousness  of  his  rights  or  opinions. 

2.  Atlhesiveness;  stickiness;  as,  the  icn<xcio\tsiicss 
of  clay  or  glue. 

'3.  Uetenliveness  ;  as,  the  (CTiaciuit-w&ss  of  niemorv. 
TE-NAC'I-TY,  (te-nas'e-te,)  n.  [Fr.  tenacite ;  h. 
teiiacitas,  from  teneo,  to  hold.] 

1.  Adhesiveness  ;  that  quality  of  bodies  which 
makes  tliem  stick  or  adhere  to  others  ;  glutinousness  ; 
stickiness  ;  as,  the  tenacity  of  oils,  of  glue,  of  tar,  of 
starch,  and  the  like. 

9.  That  quality  of  bodies  which  keeps  them  from 
parting  witliout  consitlerable  force  ;  cohcsiveness ; 
the  eflect  of  attraction  ;  opposed  to  Brittleness  or 

P'RAGtLITV.  Cl/C. 

TE-NA€'U-LUM,  n.  [L.]  A  surgical  instrument  by 
which  tlie  mouths  of  bleeding  arteries  are  seized  and 
drawn  out. 

TEN'A-CY,  71.    Tenaciousness.     [J^utin  ttse.] 

Barrow. 

TE-N.a[LLE',  n.  [Fr.  tcnaille,  from  tcnlr,  L.  tcneo,  to 
hold.] 

In  fortijiciition,  a  rampart  raised  i'l  the  main  ditch, 
in  front  of  the  curtain,  between  two  bastions,  having 
two  faces  parallel  to  tliosc  of  the  bastions,  and  often 
n  third  face,  wliich  fornjo  a  curtain.  P.  Cyc. 

TE-NaIL'LON,  (te-nal'yun,)  n.  In  fortification,  te- 
nailions  are  works  constructed  yn  each  side  of  the 
ravelins,  like  the  luncts,  to  increase  the  streuL'ih  of 
the  ravelins,  procure  additional  ground  beyond  the 
ditch,  or  cover  the  shoulders  of  the  bastions. 

P.  Cyc. 

TEN'AN-(JY,  n.  [Sp.  tcnencia;  Fr.  teiuint;  L.  tc- 
neas.] 

In  (aw,  a  holding  or  po.^session  of  lands  or  lene- 
ments  ;  tenure  ;  as,  tenancy  in  fee-simple  ;  tenancy  in 
tail ;  tenancy  by  tlie  courtesy  ;  tenancy  at  will.  Ten- 
ancy in  common  happens  where  there  is  a  unity  of 
possession  inerelv.  Black^tonc. 

TEN' ANT,  T(.  [Fr.  tenant,  from  tenir,  to  liold ;  L, 
teneo  ;  Gr.  teu'cj,  to  sinuu,  stretch,  extend  ;  W.  ta^i- 
7iu,  to  stretch  ;  tynu,  to  pull ;  tyu^  a  stretch  ;  tt/i, 
drawn  ;  It.  tcnere^  Sp.  tcner,  to  hold.] 

1.  A  person  holding  land  or  other  real  estate  under 
another,  either  by  grant,  lease,  or  at  will ;  one  who 
has  the  occupation  or  temporary  possession  of  lands 
or  tenements,  whose  title  is  in  another  ;  as,  a  tcnajit 
in  tail ;  tenant  in  common  ;  tenant  by  the  courtesy  ; 
tenant  in  parcenerj' ;  tenant  for  life  ;  tenant  at  will ; 
tenant  in  dower. 

2.  One  wlio  has  possession  of  any  place;  a  dwell- 


Cowley. 


er. 


Tbe  liappy  tenant  of  your  sik-idc. 

Tenant  in  capite,  or  tenant  in  chief,  by  tlie  laws  of 
England,  is  one  who  holds  immediately  of  the  king. 
According  to  the  feudal  system,  all  lands  in  England 
are  considered  as  held  immediately  or  mediately  of 
the  king,  who  is  styled  lord  paramount.  Such  ten- 
ants, however,  are  considered  as  having  the  fee 
of  the  lands  and  permanent  possession. 

Blackstone. 
TEN'ANT,  V.  t.    To  held  or  possess  as  a  tenant. 

Sir  Uo^v's  estate  is  tenanted  by  periciua  who  liave  served  bim 
or  Bis  aiiceators.  Addison, 

TEN'ANT-A-BLE,  a.  Fit  to  be  rented  ;  in  a  state  of 
rep-.iir  suitable  for  a  tenant. 

TEN'ANT-ED,  pp.     Iltld  hv  a  tenant. 

TEN'ANT-L\G,  ppr.     Holding  as  a  tenant. 

TEN'ANT-LESS,  a.  Having  no  tenant ;  unoccu- 
pied ;  as,  a  tenajitles:;  mansion.  Tliodcy. 

TEN'ANT-RY,  n.      Tlie  body  of  tenants  ;    as,  the 

tenantry  of  a  manor  or  a  kingdom.  Paley. 

2.  Tenancy.     [JVni  in  use.]  Ridley. 

TEN'ANT-SAW.    Soe  Tenon-Saw. 

TENCH,  n.     [Fr.  tcnehe;  fc-p.  teuca;  L.  tinea.] 

A  European  fresii-water  fish,  of  the  carp  family, 
very  tenacious  of  life. 

TEND,  u.  t.  [Contracted  from  attend,  L.  attendo ;  ad 
and  teniio,  to  stretcli,  W.  tannu.  Attention  denotes  a 
straining  of  the  mind.] 

1.  To  watcli  ;  to  guard ;  to  accompany  as  an  as- 
sistant or  protector. 

Ami  llAinin^  miiiistci-3  to  watch  and  tend 
Tliirir  rnrllily  charge.  Milton. 

Tlicri-'  U  ii  piensurc  i[i  that  stniplicilv,  in  l/i-lioMing  priiic<'^  UnJ- 
i:>S  tlicir  Hocks.                            '  Pope. 

2.  To  lioid  and  take  care  of;  a.'',  to  tend  a  child. 

3.  To  bo  attentive  to 


Uns'ickcd  of  lamb  or  Idil  tb;it  tend  tboir  play. 


MiUon. 


4.  To  tend  a  vessel,  is  to  cause  her  to  swing,  at 
single  anchor,  so  as  not  to  foul  the  cable  ronnti  the 
slock  or  lliikes  of  the  anchor.  Totten. 

TEN  I),  I!,  i.     [L,  tendo  ;  Fr.  tcndre  :  It.  tendei-c  ;  formed 
on  E.  tenei),  Gr.  rcti-cj.  Sans,  tan.] 


Thi  biws  of  o;ir  rclig 

ittuiikind. 


TEN 

1.  To  move  in  a  certain  direction. 

Having  overJiearl  two  gendeinen  tending  toward  that  sight. 

WoUon 
Here  Dardanua  was  bom,  and  hiUier  tenda,  Dryden, 

2.  To  be  directed  to  any  end  or  purpose ;  to  aim 
at ;  to  have  or  give  a  leaning. 

i   to   the   universal   h^pincss   of 
TilloUon. 

3.  To  conlriliute.  Our  petitions,  if  granted,  nii^ht 
lend  to  our  destruction.  Hammond. 

4.  [For  Attend.]  'I'o  attend;  lo  wait  as  attend- 
ants or  servants. 

He  tends  upon  my  futber.     [CoUoqutal.)  ShaJc. 

5.  To  attend  as  something  inseparable.  [JVat  in 
use.]  Shab. 

a.  To  wait ;  to  expect.     [JSTot  in  vse.]  S/iak. 

TEND'ANCE,  71.    Attendance  ;  slate  of  expectation. 

2.  Persons  attending.  ShaJc. 

3.  Act  of  waiting  ;  attendance.  Shak. 

4.  Care  ;  act  of  tending.  MUton. 
[This  word  is  entirely  obsolete  in  all  its  senses. 

We  now  use  Attendance.] 
TEXD'EDj/jp.    Attended;  taken  care  of ;  nursed  ;  as 

an  infant  or  a  sick  person. 
TEND'EN-CV,  ii.     [from  tend  ;  L.  tentlens,  lending.] 
Drift ;  direction  or  course  toward  any  place,  ob- 
ject, elfect,  or  result.    Read  such  books  only  as  have 
a  good  moral  tendency.    IVlild  language  has  a  tendency 
In  allay  irritation. 

Writings  of  ibis  kind,  if  conductL-d  widi  candor,  hare  a  moro 
p:LrtiGuiar  tendency  to  the  good  of  their  country.    Addison. 

TEND'ER,  n.    [from  tend.]    One  that  attends  or  takes 
rare  of;  a  nurse. 

2.  A  small  vessel  employed  to  attend  a  larger  one, 
for  supplying  her  with  provisions  and  other  stores, 
or  to  convey  intelligence,  and  the  like.   Mar.  Diet. 

3.  On  raUrimds,  a  car  whicli  attends  on  locomo- 
'     lives,  to  supply  the  fuel. 

4.  [Fr.  tendre,  to  reach.]  In  law,  an  offer,  either 
of  money  to  pay  a  debt,  or  of  service  to  be  performed, 
in  order  to  save  a  penalty  or  forfeiture,  which  would 
In'  incurred  by  non-pa\  nient  or  non-performance  ; 
aif,  the  tender  of  rent  due,  or  of  the  amount  of  a  note 
or  bond  with  interest.  To  constitute  a  legal  tender, 
such  money  must  be  offered  as  tlie  law  |)rescribes  ; 
the  offer  of  bank  notes  is  not  a  legal  tender.  So  also 
the  tender  mu.>'t  be  at  the  time  and  place  where  the 
rt;nt  or  debt  ought  to  be  paid,  and  it  must  be  to  tlie 
full  amount  due. 

There  is  also  a  tender  of  issue  in  pleadings,  a  ten- 
dcr  of  an  oath,  &:c. 

5  Any  offer  for  acceptance.  The  gentleman  made 
nte  a  tender  of  his  services. 

G.  Tlie  thing  offered.  This  money  is  not  a  legal 
tender. 

7.  Regard  ;  kind  concern.     [J^ot  in  use.]     Shak. 
TEND'ER  V.  t.     [Fr.  tcndre,  to  reach  or  stretch  out ; 
Ii.  t4:ndo.] 

I  To  offer  in  words;  or  to  exhibit  or  present  for 
acceptance. 

All  conditions,  all  mimls,  tender  down 

Their  service  to  Lord  Timoa.  Shak. 

2.  To  hold  ;  to  esteem. 

Tender  yourself  more  dearly.     [Not  in  iwe,]  Shak. 

3.  To  ofler  in  payment  or  satisfaction  of  a  demand, 
for  saving  a  penalty  or  forfeiture;  as,  to  tender  i\i& 
amount  of  rent  or  debt. 

TEN'UER,  a.     [Fr.  tcndre;  It.  tenero ,■  Port,  tinro ;  Ir. 
and  Gaelic,  (m;  W.tyaeri  L.  tencr  ;  allied  probably 

to  thin,  h.  tenuis,  W.  tenau;  Ar.     '  .i*  wadana,  lo 

be  soft  or  thin.      Class  Dn,  No.  12,  and  see  No. 
25.J 

1.  Soft;  easily  impressed,  broken,  bruised,  or  ni- 
jured  ;  not  firm  or  hard;  as,  tender  plants;  tender 
flesh  ;  tender  grapes.     Dent,  xxxii.     Cant.  ii. 

2.  Very  sensible  to  impression  and  pain ;  easily 
pained. 

Our  bodies  are  not  naturally  idofd  tender  th.iti  our  fucrs. 

L'E)iiran?e. 

3.  Delicate  ;  effeminate  ;  not  hardy,  or  able  lo  en- 
dure hardstiip. 

Th<;  tender  and  deiicit.-  \voni.in  aitiuiig  y^u.  —  !>cul.  xxviii. 

4.  Weak  ;  feeble  ;  as.  tender  age.     Ocn,  xxxiii. 

5.  Young  and  carefully  ediRalcii.     Pruv.  iv. 

G.  Susceptible  of  the  softer  passions,  as  love,  com- 
passion, kindness  ;  comp;issionate  ;  pitiful ;  eiu^ily 
aliened  by  the  distresses  of  another,  or  anxious  f..r 
another's  good  ;  as,Lhe(/;/jc/crkindnessof  the  church  ; 
a  tender  heart. 

7.  Compasslon.ato ;  easily  excited  to  pity,  forgive- 
ness, or  favor. 

The  r*ord  is  pitiful,  and  of  tender  mercy.  —James  ».     r-iiVo  i- 

8.  Exciting  kind  concern. 

I  Jove  Vidi'utine  ; 
Hii  life  's  as  lender  to  me  .is  bta  soul.  Snek. 

0.  Expie.'Jsive  of  the  softer  passions ;  as,  a  tender 
strain. 


FATE,  FAR,  PALL,  WHAT.  —  MkTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DiTiVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.— 


.4 


TEN 

10.  Careful  to  save  inviolate,  or  not  to  injure  j 
Willi  of.    Be  imdcr  of  your  neighbor's  reputation. 

TJk!  ciril  atiUiorily  should  be  Under  of  Ihe  honor  of  God  and 
rel'S^'*"-  TVlolson. 

11.  Gentle;  mild;  unwilling  to  pain. 

Vou,  ibal  OK  eo  UivUr  o'er  his  fgllies, 

Wdl  uerer  do  Itim  good.  <SAat. 

I'Z  .Apt  to  give  pain  ;  as,  that  is  a  tender  subject ; 
Ihinjrs  that  are  tender  and  unpleasing.  Bacon. 

13.  Adapted  to  eicite  feeling  or  sympathy  ;  palhut- 
ii- ;  as,  (Pitrffr  expressions  ;  (f/tJcr  expostulations. 
TE.\D'ER-£1),  -pp.     Offered  for  acceptance. 
TEN'DER-HEART'ED,  (-hiirl'ed,)    a.      [tendeT  and 
hearL]     Having  great  sensibility  ;  susceptible  of  im- 
pressions or  influence. 

When  Rfhoboam  was  young- nnd  tender-hearted,  and  could  not 
withsLMid  liiera.  — aCliroo.  liii. 


TEN 


TEN 


9.  Very  susceptible  of  the  softer  passions  of  Jove, 
pity,  or  kindness. 

Be  yc  liiud  one  to  anolher,  and  (cnrfCT-.Acarfcd._Eph.  W. 

TEN^DER-riEART'ED-LV,  ado.    With  tender  affec- 
tion. 

TE\'DER-HEXRT'ED-NES?,  n.     Susceptibilitv  of 
the  softer  pnssions. 

TE.\'DER-1J  EFT-ED,  a.    Having  great  tenderness. 

Shak. 

TEND'ER-IN'G,  ppr.    Offcrins  for  acceptance. 

TEN'DER-LIXG,  71.    A  fondling;   one  mads  tender 
by  too  much  kindness. 
9.  The  first  horns  of  a  deer. 

TE.VDER-LOIN,  n.    A  tender  part  of  flesh  in  the 
hind  quarter  of  beef,  the  Psoas  mnscle. 

TEN'DER-LY,  adv.     With  tenderness  ;  inildiy  ;  gen- 
tly ;  softly;  in  a  manner  not  to  injure  or  give  pain. 

Bmlu:s  tenderly  rpproves.  Pope. 

2.  Kindly  ;  with  pitv  or  affection. 
TEN-'DER-MOLTH-J!:!),  a.     Il-iving  a  tender  mouth, 
TEX'DER-.N'ESS,  n.     The  slate  of  being  tender  or 

easily  broken,  bruised,  or  injured  ;  softness  ;  britllc- 
ness  ;  as,  the  tenderness  of  a  thread  ;  the  tenderness  of 
flesh. 

3.  The  state  of  being  easily  hurt;  soreness;  as, 
the  tenderrtess  of  flesh  when  bruised  or  inflamed. 

3.  Susceptibility  of  the  softer  passions  ;  sensibility. 

Well  we  tiio*-  your  t£i\demess  of  heart.  Shak. 

4.  Kind  attention ;  anxietj*  for  the  good  of  another, 
or  to  save  him  from  pain.  Bacon. 

5.  Scrupulousness;  caution;  extreme  care  or  con- 
cern not  to  give  or  to  commit  offense  ;  as,  tenderness 
of  conscience.  South, 

6.  Cautious  care  to  preserve,  or  not  to  injure  ;  as, 
a  tenderness  of  reputation.  Oov,  of  the  Tongue. 

7.  Softness  of  expression  ;  pathos. 
TEND'ERS,  n.  pi.    Proposals  for  performing  a  service. 
TE.VD'IXG,  ppr.    Having  a  certain  direction  :  taking 
TEND'IXG,  ».    The  act  of  attending.  [care  of. 
TEXD'IXG,   71.      In   seamen^ s   lanjrua^Cy   a  swinging 

round  or  movement  of  a  ship  upon  her  anchor. 
TE.\'DIN-OUS,  a.     [Fr.  tendmeuz  ;  It.  tendinoso;  from 
L.  tendine^,  tendons,  from  teitdo,  to  stretch,] 

1.  Pertaining  to  a  tendon;  partaking  of  the  nature 
of  tendons. 

2.  Full  of  tendons  ;  sinewy  j  as,  nervous  and  ten- 
dinous parts.  Wiseman. 

TEND'.MENT,  n.    Attendance  ;  care.    [Obs.]      HalL 
TEN'DON,  71.     [L.  tendo  ;  Gr.  rtvbiv  i  from  reivw^  L. 
taieo,  tendo.] 

In  anatomy,  a  hard,  insensible  cord  or  bundle  of 

fibers,  by  which  a  muscle  is  attached  to  a  bone. 

TEN'DRAC,  in.    The  popular  name  of  three  insec- 

TEX'REC,     >     tivorous  mammals,  of  the  genus  Cen- 

TAN'REG,    )     tenes.    They  are  small  quadrupeds, 

found  in  Madagascar  and  the  Isle  of  France. 
TEN'DRIL,  V.     [Fr.  trndran,  from  tenir,  to  hold.] 

A  filiform,  spiral  shoot  of  a  plant  ttiat  winds  round 
another  body  fur  the  purpose  of  support.  TetidriLs, 
or  claspers,  are  given  to  plants  that  have  weak  stalks. 

Ray. 
They  are  also  given  to  creeping  vines  wbicii  re- 
quire support  on  the  earth. 

A  tendrd,  in  most  coses,  is  a  peculiar  modification 
of  a  petiole  ;  though  sometimes  it  is  a  modification 
of  some  part  of  the  inflorescence,  as  in  the  vine. 

Lindley. 
TE\'DRIL,  a.    Clasping;  climbing;  as  a  tendril. 

Dyer. 
TEXD^RY,  71.    Propos.aI  to  acceptance  j  tender.  ' 

TEXD':::OME,  (len'snm,)  a.    Requiring  much  attend- 
ance ;  as,  a  teiuhome  child. 

TEX'F--BROUS,     )  a.      [L.  tenehrosus,  from  tcnebra:, 

TE-Xk'HRI-OUS,  i      darkness.] 

Dnrk  :  gloomy.  Younir. 

TEX'Fv-BROUSNESS,  ^         ^     , 

TEX-E-CROS'I-TY,      i"-    Darkness  ;  gloom. 

TEN'E-MENT,  n.     [Fr. ;   Low  L.  tenemcntum^  from 
teneo,  to  bold.] 

1.  In  common  acceptation,  a  house ;  a  liuilding  for  a 
habitation  ;  or  an  apartment  in  a  budding,  used  by 
one  family. 

2.  A  house  or  lands  dejtending  on  a  manor;  or  a 
fi'6  farm  depending  on  a  superior.  Cijc. 


3.  In  law,  any  species  of  permanent  property  that 
may  be  held,  as  lands,  houses,  rents,  commons,  an  of- 
fice, an  advuw^on,  a  franchise,  a  r-ght  of  common,  a 
peerage,  &:c.    These  are  called /r«c  0:  frank  tmcmcnts. 

The  ihin^  held  k  a  tenement,  ai>d  (he  poo*>Mor  of  it  a  Urumt,  jnd 
the  manner  of  possc«*iLiu  i»  wiled  Un-^re.  lilacktCoi^. 

TEX-E-MENT'AL,  a.  Pertaining  tr.  tenanted  lands; 
that  is  or  may  be  held  by  lenantd. 

TenemeiUal  tandj*  Uiey  dUlribuled  ajuon*  tbrlr  leaaitla. 

DtB^kelone. 

TEX-E-MEXT'A-RY,  a.  That  is  or  may  be  leased  ; 
held  by  tenants.  Spclnian. 

TE-XER'I-TY,  71.     Tenderness,     \^ru  in  use.] 

TE-NES'MUS,  71.  [L. ;  literallij,  a  straining  or  stretch- 
ing.] 

An  urgent,  distressing,  and  almost  painful  sensa- 
tion, as  if  a  discharge  from  the  intestines  must  take 
place  immediately  ;  always  referred  to  the  lower  ex- 
tremity of  the  rectum. 

TEN'ET,  n,     [L,  tenet,  he  holds.] 

Any  opinion,  principle,  dogma,  or  doctrine,  which 
a  person  believes  or  maintains  as  true- ;  as,  the  tenets 
of  Plato  or  uf  Cicero,  The  tetictj  uf  Christians  are 
adopted  from  the  Scriptures  ;  but  diiierent  interpre- 
tations give  rise  to  a  great  diversity  of  tenets. 

TEX'FoLD,  a.     [ten  and  fold.]     Tea  times  more. 

Kire  liiinlL'.I  into  len/old  rage.  A/i/ton. 

Tk'NI-OID,  a.  A  term  applied  to  r,  family  of  paren- 
chymatous cntozoa,  comprising  what  arc  commonly 
called  Tapewohms. 

TEN'NAXT-lTE,  n.  [from  Smilhsnn  Temwnt.]  A 
blackish,  lead-gray  ore  of  copper,  from  Conuvall, 
consisting  of  copper,  iron,  arsenic,  and  sulphur. 

Dana. 

TEX'NTS,  71.  [If  this  word  is  from  L.  teneo,  Fr.  tenir, 
it  must  be  fri.m  tho  sense  of  holding  on,  continuing 
to  keep  in  motion.] 

A  play  in  whicli  a  ball  is  driven  continually  or 
kept  in  motion  by  rackets. 

TEX'XIS,  r.  t.     To  drive  a  ball.  Spenser. 

TEX'NIS-CoURT,  71.  A  place  or  co-jrt  for  plaving 
the  game  of  tennis.  Rtc/i.  Diet. 

TEX'XIS-ED,  (ten'nist,)  pp.     Driven,  as  a  ball. 

TEX'XrS-ING,  ppr.     Drivmg,  as  a  ball. 

TEN'ON,  71.     [Fr.,  from  temr,  L.  tenec,  to  hold.] 

In  buHdinfr  and  cabinet  work,  the  end  of  a  piece 
of  timber,  whicIi  is  reduced  in  its  dimensions  so 
as  to  be  fitted  into  a  mortise  for  insertion,  or  in- 
serted, for  fastening  two  pieces  of  timber  together. 
The  form  of  a  tenon  is  various,  as  square,  dovc- 
tadcd,  &c. 

TE.\'OX-SAW,  71.  A  saw  with  a  brass  or  sicel  back, 
for  cutting  tenons.  Gicdt. 

TEX'OR,  71.  [L.  tenor,  from  teneo,  to  hold  ;  that  is,  a 
holding  on  in  a  continued  course  3  Fr.  tencur ;  It. 
tenure;  Sp.  tenor.] 

1.  Continued  run  or  currency;  whole  course  or 
strain.  We  understand  a  speaker's  intention  or 
views  from  the  tenor  of  his  conversation  ;  ihat  is, 
from  the  general  course  of  his  ideas,  or  general  pur- 
port of  his  speech. 

Docs  not  the  whole  tenor  of  th«  divine  k'v  positively  require 
huiuilily  and  meelcncss  to  all  men?  Sjiral. 

2.  Stamp;  character.  Tije  conv^^rsatlon  was  of 
the  same  tenor  as  tliat  of  the  preceding  day. 

This  fiiicci'sa  would  look  like  chance,  if  it  w;r».  not  porpelual  aad 
always  of  the  aame  tenor.  Dr-i/ltn. 

3.  Sense  contained;  purport;  suh=-lance;  general 
course  or  drift  ;  as,  close  attention  to  the  tenor  of  the 
discourse.  Warrants  are  lo  be  executed  according 
to  tlieir  form  and  tenor.  Locke. 

Bui  nic  tpur  dn?  hou  1, 
Wh'^n  ii  is  paid  according  to  the  tenor.  Slioi. 

4.  [Fr.  tenor.]  In  mu^e,  the  most  common  nat- 
ural pitch  of  a  man's  voice  in  singing,  or  the  higher 
of  the  two  kinds  of  voices  usually  bf.longlng  to  adult 
males  ;  hence,  the  part  of  a  tune  adapted  to  this 
voice,  the  second  of  the  fjur  parts  in  the  .^cale  of 
sounds,  reckoning  from  the  base  ;  ani  originally  the 
air,  lo  which  the  other  parts  were  atixiliary. 

5.  The  persons  who  sing  llie  tenor,  or  the  instru- 
ment that  plavs  it. 

TE-NGT'0-MY,  n.  [Gr.  revcov  and  rjpt,.]  In  sur- 
ir^ey,  the  division  or  tlie  act  of  dividing  a  tendon. 

TEX'KEC,  71.  The  name  of  three  small  insectiv- 
orous quadrupeds,  of  the  genirs  Cen'.enes,  allied  to 
tho  hedgehog,  and  found  in  -Madagascar  and  the  Isle 
of  France.     [Also  written  Tankeo  atid  Tendrac.] 

TEXSE,  (tens,)  a.  [L.  tensns,  from  tendo,  to  stretch.] 
Stretched;  strainctl  to  stiffness;  rigid;  not  lax; 
as,  a  tcjue  fiber. 

For  ih"  free  p:is3;i£j"  of  ih,»  sound  into  tlic  ear,  it  is  r«]uisite  that 
the  (yinpruiuin  Ik  tense.  Holder. 

TEXSE,  (tense,)  n.  [Corrtipled  from  Fr.  temps,  L. 
tcnipu^.] 

In  arammar,  lime,  or  a  particular  form  of  a  verb, 
or  a  cumbination  uf  \vords,  used  to  express  the  time 
of  action,  or  of  ttiat  which  is  aftinncd  ;  or  tense  is  an 
inflection  of  verbs,  by  which  they  aro  made  to  sig- 
nify fr  disiinguish  the  time  of  anions  or  events. 

The  primary- ?itn;dc  tenses  are  three— those  which 
express   ituie  past,  prejei.t,   and  future  ;  but  tliose 


admjt  of  modifications,  which  differ  in  different  lan- 
guages. 'I'he  EnglLsh  language  ia  rich  in  Unstj,  be- 
yond any  other  lanciace  in  Europe. 

TE.N'SE'LV,  c/ir.     With  tension. 

TEXSK'.XKSS,  (lens'ness,)  n.  The  state  of  being 
tense  or  stretched  to  stiffnesg  ;  etifl'neys  ;  opposed  it 
Laxnl-99  ;  as,  the  teruencss  of  a  string  or  fiber  ;  tetvfe- 
n ess  of  iKe  skin.  Sharp 

;j;gJi^;-J*;VITV,  n.    The  nate  that  admits  tension. 

ILAS'I-GLh,  a.     Capable  of  being  extended. 

JI5^if' f^^'  (ten'sll,)  a.    Capable  of  extension.'*"''" 
1  KN'.siOw,  ;ien'shiiu,)  71.  [Fr.,  from  L.  teiuio,  tendo.] 

1.  The  act  of  stretching  or  straining;  as,  the  ten- 
sion of  'he  muscles. 

2.  The  stale  of  being  Ktrelched  or  Rtraincd  In  stiff- 
ness ;  Of  the  slate  of  being  bent  or  t^rmiued  ;  .ai,  d:f- 
fcrent  dee/ces  of  tension  in  chord*  give  differ-*nl 
sounds  ;  the  greater  the  tension,  the  more  acute  thj 
sound. 

3.  'I'lii  stretching  or  degree  of  Ktrctching  to  wbiclj 
a  wire,  cord,  piece  of  timber,  tc,  is  stmined  by 
drawing  it  in  the  direction  of  iti>  length ;  etnin. 

_  4.  Distention.  [OieitL 

TEXS'I  VE,  a.  Giving  the  sen>^ation  of  tension,  stiff- 
ness, or  co'jtrnction  :  an,  a  tensive  pain.        Floacr 

TEX'SOMG,     See  Tesd»ome. 

TEXS'OK,  M.  In  ancuomu,  a  muscle  that  extends  or 
stretches  j  part. 

TEX^SURE  ;  the  eame  as  Tessio:*,  and  not  u.sed. 

TEXT,  71.  [W.  tent,  from  Un,  tyn,  stretched  ;  Fr. 
te/ite :  Sp.  tienda ;  h.  Untorium,  from  tmdo^  to 
stretch.]  * 

1.  A  pavilion  or  portable  lod<re  consisting  of  can- 
vas or  other  coarv^e  cloth,  stretched  and  sustainfd  by 
poles  ;  Hsefl  for  sheltering  petsuns  from  the  wcathc-r, 
partintlarhj  soldiers  in  camp.  The  wandering  Ara!'* 
nnd  Tar*.irs  lodge  in  UnL^.  The  Israelites  lud-.-d  in 
tejUs  forty  years,  while  they  were  in  the  desert. 

2,  In  surgery,  a  roll  of  lint  or  linen,  used  to  dihit-* 
an  openiT.g  in  the  flt-sh,  or  to  prevent  the  healing  of 
an  opening  from  which  matter  or  other  fluid  i^  dis- 
charged. Ci;e. 

TEXT,  71.     [Sp,  tinto,  deep  colored,  from  L.  fijic/«,-.j 
A  kind  of  wine  of  a  deep  red  color,  chiefly  from  i 
Galicia  01  Malaga  in  Spain.  j 

TEXT,  V.  i.    To  lodge  as  in  a  tent ;  to  tabernacle.  | 

Shak.       : 

TEXT,  r.  f.    To  probe  ;  to  search  as  with  a  tent 
lo  tent  a  wound. 


,  a«, 


I'll  tent  him  to  the  quick.  ^.Vii, 

2.  To  keep  open  with  a  lent.  jn.i:ema:J. 

TEXT'-I!ED,  71.    A  high-post  bedstead,  having  cur- 
tains in  an  arclicd  form  above. 

Eneye.  of  Dom.  Eeon. 
TEX'TA-ei.E,       }         7      i-r     ,   %    .    .      ,    > 
TEX-TAC'U-LA,  (  ""  P''     l-^^'^'''  ^  tenUzcala.] 

\  filifur'ii  process  or  organ,  simple  or  branclieil, 
on  the  b.idies  of  various  animals  of  the  hinna-an 
class  Vermes,  and  of  Cuvicr's  Motlusca,  Annelida, 
Echinod^rniata,  Actinia,  Medusa?,  Polypi,  &.C.,  cither 
un  organ  of  feeling,  prehension,  or  motion,  ijtime- 
times  round  the  mouth,  sometimes  on  other  parts  of 
the  body. 
TEX-TA€'TI-LAR,  a.    P.-rtainin;:  to  tentacles. 
TEX-TAC'Ij-LA-TED,  a.     Having  tenUcIes. 
TEX-TA-eU-LIF'ER-OUS,   a.      [L.   Untacidum  and 
fero,  to  bear.] 

Producing  tentacula  or  tentacles.  Klrhy. 

TENT'AtE,/!.    An  encampment.    [C/niwa^!,] 

Draytit's. 
TEX-T.^'TIOX,  71.    [Fr.,  from   I^  tcntatio;  U:>tJ,  ic 

to-.] 

Trial ;  temptation.     [LiaU  used.]  Bro.rn. 

TEXT'A-TIVE,  a.     [Fr.J     Tnins;  cssaving. 
TEXT'A-TIVE,  71.    An  essay  ;  trial.       "  BrrUhij, 
TEXT'ED,  a.    Covered  or  furnished  with  tcnL-,  as 
soldiers. 
2.  Covered  with  tents  ;  as,  a  tented  field. 
TEXT'ER,  n.     [L.  tendo,  tmtus,  lo  stretch,] 

A  niaiiiine  torstrctching  cloth, by  means  of  hioks, 
called  Temer-Hooks.  Jlehcrt, 

To  be  on  the  tenters ;  to  bc  on  the  stretch  ;  lo  be  in 
distress,  uneasiness,  or  suspense.  tludihras. 

TEXT'ER,  r.  t.    To  h.ing  or  stretch  en  tonlcr.-. 
TEXT'ER,  r.  i.    To  aibiiit  extcn.^i;  11.  [Baccn. 

Woijlfii  i^'oitis  wi'l  tciaer.  Baor., 

TEXT'EH-/:D,7»i>.    Stretched  or  hung  on  tentcK. 

TEXT'ER-GROUXD,  v.  Ground  on  which  icntcre 
are  erected, 

TEXT'ER-HOOK,  77.  A  sharp,  hooked  nail,  used  in 
stretchins  cloih  on  the  frante  called  TtNTrn. 

TEXT'ER-ING,  ppr.  Stretching  or  hanging  on  tent- 
ers, 

TEXTH,  a.  [from  ten.]  Tho  ordinal  of  ton  ;  Ibc 
first  after  the  ninth. 

TENTH,  71.    Tho  tenth  part. 

2.  Tithe;  the  tenth  part  of  annual  priKluce  or  in- 
crease. The  Unth  of  income  is  payable  to  the  clergy 
in  England,  as  it  was  lo  llic  priests  among  the  Isra- 
elites. 

3.  In  7HH^-ii:.  tho  octave  of  the  third  ;  .-in  inicr\'3l 


TtJNE,  ByiX,  I;nITE.-AN"GER,  VI"CI0US.-€  as  K  ;  G  as  J;  8  as  Z;  CH  m  SII  j  TH  as  in  THIS. 


143 


1137 


TEH 


eorniiri'hcndlua  nine  conjoint  degiees,  or  ten  sounds, 
di^ili.niiiillv  divided.  Busby. 

TKN'J'lI'iA',  (j;/ii.     In  the  tenth  place. 
TEN-'ru';'lN-UUS,  tt.     [L.  tciidgo,  a  stretchingj 

Stitf;  stretched.     [J^^ut  in  use.]  Diet. 

TENT'ING,   ppr      Probing;    keeping   open   with  a 

tenU 
TliNT'0-RY,  n.    fL.  tentorium.] 

Tlic  awning  of  a  tent.  Evelyn. 

TEN'i"U'ORT,  (-wurt,)  »i.     [toiJ  and  wort.]    A  phint 

of  tile  genus  Aspleniuni. 
TENMJ-ATE,  v.  I.     [L.  tcnmi.] 

To'malte  tliin. 
TEN'U-aTED,  pp.    Blade  thin. 
TEN'lJ-A-TlN(i,  ppr.    Mal<ing  thin. 
TEN-X|-I-Fo'Ll-OUS,  a.     IL.  tcnvh  and  folium.] 

Having  thin  or  narrow  leaves. 
TE-NO'I-OUS,    a.      Rare    or   subtile ;    opposed    to 

Dense. 
TEN-1|-I-R0S'TEKS,  n.  pi.     [L.  Umiis  and  rostrum.] 
A  tribe  of  insessorial  or  perching  birds,  including 
those  wliich  have  a  long  and  slender  liill.    Brande. 
TEN-U-I-ROS'TRAL,  a.      Thin-billiid ;    apiiliud    to 
birdsWitil  a  slender  bill,  as  the  humming-birds. 

Sicainson. 
TE-NO'I-TY,  n.     [Fr.  tmuiti  ;  L.  ttmtila-:,  from  tenuis, 
thin.    See  Thin.J 

1.  Thinness  ;  smallness  in  diameter  ;  exility  ;  thin- 
ness, applied  to  a  broad  substance,  and  slenderness, 
applied  to  one  that  is  long;  a-s,  the  tenuity  of  paper 
or  of  a  leaf;  the  tenuity  of  a  liair  or  filament. 

a.  Rarity  ;  rareness  ;  thinness  ;  as  of  a  fluid ;  a.s, 
the  tenuity  of  the  air  in  the  higher  regions  of  the  at- 
mosphere ;  the  tenuity  of  the  blood.  Bacon. 
3.  Poverty.    [J^at  in  use.]                     K.  Cluirles. 
TEN'lI-OUS,  a.     [L.  tenuis.] 

1.  Thin  ;  small;  minute.  Brown. 

2.  Rare. 

TEN'URE,  (ten'yur,)  71.  [Fr.,  from  tenir,  L.  lenco,  to 
hold.] 

1.  .\  holding.  In£)ij!isi!ato,  the  manner  of  hold- 
ing lands  and  tenements  of  a  superior.  All  the 
species  of  ancient  tenures  may  be  reduced  to  four, 
three  of  which  subsist  to  this  day.  1.  Tenure  by 
knight  service,  which  was  the  most  honorable. 
This  is  now  ;ibolished.  2.  Tenure  in  free  socage,  or 
by  a  certain  and  deteriniuate  service,  which  is  either 
free  and  honorable,  or  villein  and  base.  3.  Tenure 
by  copy  of  court  roll,  or  copyhold  tenure.  4.  Tenure 
in  ancient  demain.  'I'liere  was  also  tenure  in 
frankalmoign,  or  free  alms.  The  tenure  in  free  and 
common  socage  has  absorbed  most  of  the  others. 

Blackstone. 

In  the  United  States,  almost  all  lands  are  held  in 
fee-simple ;  not  of  a  superior,  but  the  whole  right 
and  title  to  the  property  being  vested  in  the  owner. 

Tenure  in  general,  then,  is  the  particular  maimer 
of  holding  real  estate,  as  by  exclusive  title  or  owner- 
ship, by  fee-simple,  by  fee-tail,  by  courtesy,  in 
dower,  by  copyhold,  by  lease,  at  will,  &c. 

2.  The  consideration,  condition,  or  service  which 
the  occupier  of  laud  gives  to  his  lord  or  superior  for 
the  use  of  his  laud. 

3.  Manner  of  holding  in  general.  In  absolute 
governments,  men  hold  their  rights  by  a  precari- 
ous tenure. 

TE-O-eAL'LE,  n.  Literally,  God's  house  ;  a  pyramid 
for  the  worship  of  the  gods  among  the  rilesicans  and 
other  aborigines  of  America.  Humboldt. 

TEP-E-FACTION,  jj.  [lu  lepefaeio ;  tepirfus,  warm, 
and /acio,  to  make.] 

The  act  or  operation  of  warming,  making  tepid  or 
moderately  warm. 

TEP'E-FI-£D,  (-fide,)  pp.    Made  moderately  warm. 

TEP'E-F?,  V.  t.     [L.  tcpefacio.] 

To  make  moderately  warm.  Oolilsmith. 

TEP'E-F1i,  V.  i.     To  become  moderately  warm. 

TEPH'RA-MAN-CY,  (tef'ra-man-se,)  n.  [Gr.  rcrpim 
and  itai'Tcia.] 

Divination  by  the  ashes  on  which  the  victim  Iiad 
been  consumed  in  sacrifice.  Smart, 

TEP'ID,  a.     [L.  tepidus,  from  tcpeo,  to  be  warm; 

Russ.  toplyu.] 

Moderately  warm  ;  lukewarm ;  as,  a  tepid  bath  ; 
tepid  rays  ;  lepid  vapors. 

Tepid  mineral  icaters,  are  such  as  have  less  sensible 
cold  than  common  water.  Cyc. 

TEP'ID-NES!3,  j  n.      Moderate  warmth  ;    lukewarm- 
TE-PID'I-TY,    i      ness.  Rambler. 

Te'POR,  71.     [L.]     Gentle  heat ;  moderate  warmth. 

jirbuthnot. 
TER'APH,  (ter'af,)  7!.     [Heb.]     .Supposed  by  some  to 
be  an  idol ;  by  others,  to  be  a  charm  or  amulet. 

Smart. 
TER'A-PHIM,  71.  pi.     [Heb.]     Household  deities  or 

images. 
TER-A-T0L'0-6Y,  n.     [Gr.   rcfi-i,  a  prodigy,  and 
Ao}  OS,  discourse.] 

1.  Tliat  part  of  physiology  which  treats  of  malfor- 
mations and  monstrosities. 

2.  Bombast  in  language;  aifectation  of  sublimity. 
[JVot  used.]  Bailcy. 

TERCE,  (lers,)  n.  [Sp.  tercia ;  Fr.  (I'cr.s,  tierce,  a 
third.] 


TER 

A  cask  whose  contents  are  42  gallons,  the  third  of 
a  pipe  or  butt,] 
TER'CEL,  n.     [Fr.  tiers,  third;    so  named  for  his 
siii.illness.] 
Tiie  male  of  the  common  falcon,  Falco  peren;riniis. 

EU.  Encyc. 
The  name  tercel  is  also  given  to  tlie  male  of  every 
species  of  falcon  or  liawlt,  when  lie  has  no  other  in- 
dividual designation.  BooUt. 
TfiRCE'-MA-JOR,  n.    A  sequence  of  the  three  best 

cards. 
TER'CINE,  (ter'sin,)  n.     [L.  teHi\u.'] 

In  botamj,  the  outer  coat  of  the  nucleus  of  the 
ovule  of  a  plant.  Lindlcy. 

TER'E-BINTH,  n.     [Ft.  tcrehUithe ;  Gr.  rcpifjiveog.] 
Tlie  turpentine-tree.  Spenser. 

TER-E-BIN'THIN-ATE,  a.     Tcrehinthine  ;  impreg- 
nated with  the  qualities  of  turpentine.         Raiitsay. 
TER-E-BIN'THINE,    (-thin,)    a.      [L.    tcrebbiHiinus, 
from  tercbiiUli'ma,  turpentine.] 

Pertaining  to  turpentine;  consisting  of  turpentine, 
or  partaking  of  its  qualities. 
TEU'E-BRATE,  v.  t.     [L.  tcrebro,  tcro.] 

To  bore  ;  to  perforate  with  a  gimlet.     [Little,  used.] 

Dcrkam. 

TER'E-BRa-TING,  pyr.  or  a.    Boring;  perforating; 

applied   to  moHusks,   which  form  holes  in  rocks, 

wood,  &.C.  Humble. 

TER-E-BRa'TION,  Ji.     The  act  of  boring.     [LUile 

nsed.]  Bacon. 

TER-E-BRATTT-LA,  w.  A  genus  of  bivalve  mollusks, 
of  the  class  Biachiopoda,  in  wliich  one  of  the  valves 
is  perforated  for  the  transmission  of  a  sort  of  tendi- 
nous ligament,  by  which  the  animal  fixes  itself  to 
submarine  bodies.  P.  Ciie. 

TER-E-BRAT'lJ-LIT E,  ti.    Fossil  terebratula,  a  kind 

of  shell.     [Obs.] 
TER'E-DINE,  (-din,)  7i.     [See  Teredo.]     A  borer; 

the  teredo. 
TE-Re'DO,  n.     [L.,  from  tero^  to  wear.] 

A  genus  of  acephalous  testaceous  mollusks  that 
bore  and  penetrate  the  bottom  of  ships,  and  other 
submersed  wood. 
TE-ReTE',  a,     [h.  teres.] 

Cylindrical  and  tapering  j  cohimnar ;  as  some 
stems  of  plants.  Martijn. 

TlRliEMaN-lTE,!"-     [L- '-^««"'-] 

Tlirice  double  ;  as,  a  tcrgcminate  leaf.      Martyn. 
TER-GEM'IN-OUS,  a.     [Supra.]    Threefold. 
TER-GIF'E-ROUS,  a.      [L.  tcrgum,  the  back,  and 
fero^  to  bear.] 

Tcrgifcrous  plants,  are  sucli  as  bear  their  seeds  on 
the  back  of  their  leaves,  as  ferns.  Cyc. 

TER'GI-VER-SaTE,  (ter'je-ver-siite,)  v.  i.     [L.  ter- 
gum,  the  back,  and  vcrto,  to  turn.] 
To  shift: ;  to  practice  evasion.     [Little  used.] 

Bailcy. 
TER-6I-VER-Sa'TI0N,  n.    A  shifting;   sliifl;  sub- 
terfuge ;  evasion. 

Wriung  is  to  be  preferred  before  verbal  confereaccs,  aa  being- 
more  free  from  po^sioQ  a.nd  Urgicersatun.      Bt'aniluiU. 

%  Cliange ;  fickleness  of  conduct. 
The  colonel,  after  all  his  tcT giver saJion,  lost  his  life  in  the  king's 
service.  Clarendon. 

TER'GUM,  V.  [L.,  the  back.]  In  entomology,  the 
upper  surface  of  the  abdomen.  Brande. 

TERM,  n.  [Gr.  rcpita;  Fr.  termcjit.  tcrmine;Sp. 
terminoy  L.  terminitSj  a  limit  or  boundary  ;  W.  tcrv, 
tcrmjn^  from  terv,  extreme.] 

1.  A  limit;  a  bound  or  boundary;  the  extremity 
of  any  thing;  that  which  limits  its  extent. 

Corruption  ia  a  tccii'roc;\I  to  generation,  and  tliey  two  are  ae 
nature's  two  tcnns  or  boundaries.  Bacon. 

2.  The  time  for  which  any  thing  lasts ;  any  limited 
time  ;  as,  the  term  of  five  years  ;  the  term  of  life. 

3.  In  geometry,  a  point,  line,  or  superficies,  that 
limits.  A  line  is  the  tcnn.  of  a  superficies,  and  a  su- 
perficies is  the  term  of  a  solid. 

4.  In  law^  the  limitation  of  an  estate;  or  rather 
the  whole  time  or  duration  of  an  estate  ;  as,  a  lease 
for  the  term  of  life,  for  tiie  term  of  three  lives,  for  the 
term  of  twenty-one  years. 

5.  In  lew,  the  time  in  which  a  court  is  held  or  open 
for  the  trial  of  causes.  In  England  there  are  four 
terms  in  the  year;  Hilar}'  term,  from  January  23d  to 
February  12tli ;  Easter  term,  from  Wednesday, 
fortnight  after  Easter,  to  the  Monday  next  after 
Asceiision-day  ;  Trinity  ttirin,  from  Friday  next  after 
Trinity  Sunday  to  the  Wednesday  fortnight  after; 
and  Michaelmas  term,  from  November  Gth  to  the 
28th.  These  terms  are  observed  by  the  courts  of 
King's  Bench,  the  Common  Pleas  and  Exchequer, 
hut  not  by  the  parliament,  the  chancery,  or  by  inferior 
courts.  The  rest  of  the  year  is  called  vacation.  In 
the  United  States,  the  terms  to  be  obser\'cd  by  the 
tribunals  of  justice,  ar.^  nrescribed  by  the  statutes  of 
congress  and  of  the  several  States. 

(i.~In  vniver^-ities  and  colleger,  the  time  during 
which  instruction  is  regularly  given  to  students,  who 
are  obliged  by  the  statutes  and  laws  of  the  institution 
to  attend  to  the  recitations,  lectures,  and  other  exer- 
cises. 


TER 

7.  In  grammar,  a  word  or  expression;  that  which 
fixes  or  determines  ideas. 

lu  [x'linting,  the  greatest  beauUca  caji  not  be  always  expressed 
for  waiil  of  terms.  Dryden. 

-  8.  In  ific  arts,  a  word  or  expression  that  denotes 
something  peculiar  to  an  art ;  as,  a  technical  term. 

U.  In  logic^  a  syllogism  embraces  three  terms,  tlie 
major,  the  nunor,  and  the  middle.  The  predicait;  nt 
the  conclusion  is  called  the  major  term,  ijecause  it  is 
the  most  general,  and  the  subject  of  the  conclusion  is 
called  the  7ninur  term,  because  it  is  less  genei;il. 
These  tue  called  the  eztremes;  and  tlic  third  term, 
introduced  as  a  common  measure  between  them,  is 
called  the  mctfn  or  middle  term.  Thus  in  the  follow- 
ing syllogism :  — 

Every  vegetable  is  combustible  ; 

Every  tree  is  a  vegetable  ; 

Therefore  every  tree  is  combustible  ; 
Combustible  is  the  predicate  of  the  conclusion,  or  Ibc 
major  term  ;  evnnj  tree  is  the  minor  term  ;  vegetable 
is  the  middle  term.  JIt-.dgc''g  Logic. 

10.  Ill  arciiitccturc,  a  kind  of  pillar  or  column, 
adorned  on  the  top  with  the  figure  of  a  head,  either 
of  a  man,  woman,  or  satyr.  The  pillar  part  fre- 
quently tapers  downward,  or  is  narrowest  at  the  base. 
'I'erms  rudely  carved  were  used  for  landmarks  or 
boundaries.  P.  Cyc.     GjcilL 

11.  Among  tJte  ancients^  terms,  termini  vtHiarcs, 
were  the  heads  of  certain  divinities  placed  on  square 
landmarks  of  stone,  to  mark  tiie  several  stadia  on 
roads.  These  were  dedicated  to  Mercur}',  who  was 
supposed  to  preside  over  highways.  Cyc. 

12.  In  algebra,  a  member  of  a  compound  quantity  ; 
as,  fl,  in  a  4"  !> ;  or  ab,  in  ab  -J-  cd.  Day. 

13.  Among  2>Injsician$,  the  monthly  uterine  secre- 
tion of  females  is  ciiWed  terms.  Bailey. 

14.  In  contracts,  terms,  in  the  plural,  are  condi- 
tions; propositions  stated  or  promises  made,  whiili, 
when  assented  to  or  accepted  by  another,  settle  the 

-  contract  and  bind  the  parties.  A  engages  to  buihl  a 
house  for  B  for  a  specific  sum  of  money,  in  a  given 
time ;  these  are  his  terms.  When  B  promises  to 
give  to  A  that  sum  for  building  the  house,  he  has 
agreed  to  the  terms;  the  contract  is  completed  and 
binding  upon  both  parties. 

Ter7iis  of  proportion ;  in  matliemalics,  the  four  mem- 
bers of  which  it  is  composed. 

To  make  terms;  to  come  to  an  agreement. 

To  come  to  terms;  to  agree ;  to  come  to  an  agree- 
ment. 

To  bring  to  terms;  to  reduce  to  submission  or  to 
conditions. 
TERM,  V.  U    To  name ;  to  call ;  to  denominate. 

Men  term  what  is  beyoud  the  limits  of  the  imivcrse  imagitury 
Ep;ice.  Locke. 

TER'MA-GAN-CY,  n.  [from  tcrmaganL]  Turbu- 
lence; tumultuousness  ;  as,  a  violent  termagancy  of 
temper.  Baker. 

TER'MA-GANT,  rt.  [In  Sax.  /(>  or  tyr  is  a  deity, 
Mars  or  Mercury,  and  a  prince  or  lord.  As  a  prefix, 
it  augments  the  sense  of  words,  and  is  equivalent  to 
chief  or  very  great.  The  Sax.  vtagan,  Eng.  7iiu»,  is  a 
verb  denoting  to  be  able,  to  prevail ;  from  the  'sense 
of  straining,  thriving,  or  driving.  Q,u.  the  root  of  ^^^r.] 
Tumulttmus  ;  turbulent;  boisterous  or  furious; 
quarrelsome ;  scolding. 

The  eldest  was  a   tcrmagantt   unperious,   prodigal,  profligate 
wench.  ArbuOttiot. 

TER'MA-GANT,  n.     A  boisterous,  brawling,  turbu- 
lent woman.    It  seems  in  Shakspeare  to  have  been 
used  of  men.     In  ancient  farces  and  pujipet-shows, 
Termagant  was  a  vociferous,  tunmltuous  deity. 
She  threw  his  periwig  into  the  fire.  "  Well,"  said  he,  "  Ihoa  art 

a  brave  tcrmagavlJ"  TaUer. 

The  sprites  of  Jicry  tennaganis  in  flame.  Pope. 

TER'MA-GANT-LY,  adv.  In  a  turbulent  or  scolding 
manner. 

TERM'£D,pp.    Called;  denominated. 

TERM'ER,  n.     One  who  travels  to  attend  a  court  term. 

Spenser. 
2.  One  who  has  an  estate  for  a  term  of  years  or 
for  life. 

TER'MkS,  71. ;  pL  Ter'mi-tes.  [Gr.  TCf^fia,  the  end, 
because  this  insect  destroys  every  thing  it  attacks.] 

A  neuropterous  insect,  commonly  called  White 
Ant.  It  is  mostly  found  within  the  tropics.  It  de- 
stroys every  thing  it  attacks.  It  will  reduce  a  house 
of  wood  to  a  mere  shell  in  a  very  short  time. 

TERJI'-FEE,  7i.  Among  laicyers,  a  fee  or  ccrLain 
sum  charged  to  a  suitor  for  each  term  his  cause  is  in 
court. 

TER.M'IN-A-BLE,  a.  [from  term.]  That  may  be 
bounded  ;  limilable.  L)iet. 

TERJI'IX-A-DLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  ter 
minalil!?. 

TERM'IN-AL,  a.  [from  h.  tcnninits.]  In  botany, 
growing  at  the  end  of  a  branch  or  stem;  termina- 
ting; as,  a  frrmffia/ scape,  flower,  orspike.  Martyn. 

2.  Forming  the  end  or  extremity;  as,  a  tcrmincl 
edce. 

TEROIIN-A'LI-A,  n.  pi.  [L.]  Annual  festivals  held 
by  the  Romans  in  February  in  honor  of  Terminus, 
the  god  of  boundaries.  Brande. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MeTE,  PREV.  — PINE,  MARlPiE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.— 


TER 


TERM'I.\-aTE,  c.  t.     [Ft.  terminrr ;  L.  Urmim ;  Sn 
(OTniMr;  lutmmaare:  from  L.  (o-mi/iito,  W.  (frcmi.l 

1.  To  bound  ;  to  limit ;  to  set  the  extreme  point  or 
side  of  a  thing ;  as,  to  UrmmaU  a  surface  by  a  line. 

a  To  end ;  to  put  an  end  to ;  as,  to  terminate  a 
controversy. 
TERMI.\-,4TE,  c.  1.  To  be  Uiniled  ;  to  end  ;  to  come 
to  the  furthest  point  in  space ;  as,  a  line  Urminates 
at  the  equator;  the  torrid  zone  tcrmmatei  at  the 
tropics. 

2.  To  end ;  to  close ;  to  come  to  a  limit  in  time. 
1  he  session  of  congress,  eyerj-  second  year,  must 
tarmuiau  on  the  third  of  March. 


TER 


Tbs  -j^eJcm  of  this  worid,  ils  designs  and  efficicv,  urmiiale  on 
tha  side  beaien.  •  ^,^_ 

TprvIIv"--?:?^^''''-    Limited;  bounded;  ended. 
itKJi  i.\-.i-ii^G,  ppr.  or  a.     Limiting;   endine; 

concluding.  *" ' 

TERJI-I.\-.VT[0.\, ,..    The  act  of  limiting  or  setting 

bounds  ;  the  act  of  ending  or  concluding. 
a.  Bound  ;  limit  in  space  or  extent ;  as,  the  tenni- 

nabott  of  a  line. 

3.  End  in  time  or  existence  ;  as,  the  terminatior.  of 
the  year  or  ol  life  :  tha  Imninatim  of  happiness. 

4.  In  grammar,  the  end  or  endin«  of  a  word  ;  the 
syHable  or  letter  that  ends  a  word.  Words  have 
different  terminations  to  express  number,  time,  and 

5.  tnd  ;  conclusion  ;  result.  fsei 

/.  ^Vord:  term.     [JVM  in  ttse.l  Skak. 

TERM-I.\-.VTIO.Y-.aL,  a.    Pertalnini;  to,  or  for^g, 

'"e  end  or  concluding  syllable.  Walker. 

TERM'IX-.i-TIVE,  a.    Directing  termination. 

T£RM'IX-.4-TIVE-LY,  ^„.  Absolutely  j^so  ^^tot 
tn  r-ipect  any  thing  else.  Taylor 

TER.M'IX-i-TOR,  n.  In  astronomy,  the  dirtding  line 
oj-wecn  the  enlightened  and  the  unenlightened  part 
of  the  moon.  °  otmst'd. 

TER.MI.V-EE,  H.    A  determining;  as,  in  ouer  and 

terminer. 

TERM'IXG,  fpr.    Callmg;  denominating. 

TEK.M'IN-IST,  II.  In  ecclesiastical  Mstonj,  one  of  a 
class  of  theologians  who  maintain  that  God  has  fixed 
a  cerUun  term  for  the  probation  of  individual  per- 
sons, during  which  period,  and  no  longer,  they  have 
the  offer  of  grace.  Mardock 

TERM-rX-OI/O -GY,   )  ,^  MuraacJ.. 

TEKJI-ON-OL'O-GV.  i  "■    !•''■•  TP;'"'  and  Avyoj.] 
1.  The  doctrine  of  terms  ;  a  treatise  on  terms, 
j-  In  natural  liisUn-t/,  that  branch  of  the  science 
which  explains  all  the  terms  used  in  the  description 
of  natural  objects.  iui   Ennie 

T£R-.ML\'TUUS,  n.    [Gr.  rr.o;„„9,,j,  a  pine  nut  1 
In  medicine,  a  sort  of  carbuncle,  spreadin"  in  the 
shape,  and  assuming  the  figure  and  blaciiish  green 
color  of  the  fliiit  of  the  pine,  called  Pine-Xut. 

TER'MI.V-US,  lu  ;  pi.  Term.ivi.  [L.]  A  houndar'y  ; 
a  ccluiiin  ;  the  extreme  point  at  cither  end  of  a  rail- 
road, &c.  Among  the  Romans,  the  deity  that  pre- 
sided over  boundaries. 

TEK'.MITE,  n.;  pi.  Tebmites.  The  white  ant, 
Termes. 

TERM'LESS,  a.    Unhmited;  boundless;  as,  temdess 

-.J"-^^-  lialeah. 

TERM'LT,  a.    Occurring  every  term;  as,  a  tcrmli/ 

TER.M'LY,  ade.    Term  by  term  ;  every  term ;  as,  a 

fee  tm:i!ij  given.  Bacon. 

TERM-ON-OL'O-tSy,  n     [Gr.  rep^icy,  a  tcni,  and 

rhis  IS  a  more  correct  word  than  TzEailxoLocr 

and  is  preferred  by  the  best  authors.  ' 

TER.M'OR,  n.    One  who  has  an  estate  for  a  term  of 

o-in,"?  °'  ''?  '  ^P'"  =''^''  Tekmee.  Blackstone. 

TERN  ,7!.     [L.  stCTTia.] 

A  common  name  of  certain  long-winged  aquatic 
fowls  of  the  genus  Sterna,  of  Linna:us,  closely  allied 
to  the  gulls ;  as  the  great  or  common  tern,  or  sea- 
swallow,  (S.  Hirundo,)  the  black  tern,  the  lesser 
tern,  or  hooded  tern,  tc.  The  brown  teni,  or  brown 
gull,  is  considered  as  the  young  of  the  pewit  gull  or 
Eea-crow,  {Lams  ridibundus,)  before  molting. 
TERN-.a.     [Uumus.]  Ed.''Encyc. 

Threefold  ;  consisting  of  three. 

Tern  lames ;  in  threes,  or  three  bv  three  ;  express- 
ing the  number  of  leaves  in  each  whorl  or  set. 

Tern  jieduncies  ;  three  growing  together  from  the 
same  axil. 

Tern  ftoaers ;  growing  three  and  three  together. 

TERN'.\-Ry,  a.    [L.  t«-Mr;a^,  of  three.]     '"'"^'■^' 
Proceeding  by  threes  ;  consisting  of  three.    The 
ternary  number,  in  antiquity,  was  esteemed  a  sym- 
TPn  V'  '"^^''""'"' ""''  '"^''' '"  great  veneration.  Cyc. 
TEr'xI-O.V,'  j   "•     ['^  temarim,  tcmio.] 

TEE^'ATB,  a.     [L.  Umus,  temu] 

In  boluny,  a  ternate  leaf  is  one  that  has  three  leaf- 
Icis  on  a  petiole,  as  in  trefoil,  strawberry,  bramble, 


h^ntinlMf  ^„T  '"*'■''''  "'^^  i'"™"**  and  tritematc, 
having  three  ternate  or  three  bitcniate  leaflets. 

These  leaves  must  not  be  confounded  wmi /oV/a 
lenm  which  are  leaves  that  grow  three  together  in  a 
whorl,  on  a  stem  or  branch.  These  are^ however, 
more  correctly  called  Veet.c.u.v:  e-tc  rna'te.  Cyc.' 

lernate  bat;  a  species  of  bat  of  a  large  kind, found 
in  the  isle  1  cmate,  and  other  East  India  isles.    [See 

'^f.f/;,f  *'""?■^^'^^'^''•    delating  to  Terpsichore, 
n.^o-S'i'™'''"'  P'<""i<'i  over  dancing. 
TER'RACE,  I,.     [Fr.  terras.e!   It.  Urrazzo ,  Sp.  ter- 
rado ;  from  L.  terra,  the  earth.] 

1.  A  raised  level  space  or  platform  of  earth,  sup- 
ported on  one  or  more  sides  by  a  wall  or  bank  of 
tun,  &.C.,  used  either  for  cultivation  or  for  a  proine- 

2.  A  balcony  or  open  gallerj-.  Johnsm. 
.,  ^■rJ""  ",'"  '■'"'f  of  =>  I'ouse.    All  the  buildings  of 
the  Oriental  nations  are  coveted  with  terraces,  where 
people  walk  or  sleep. 

TER'K.iCE,  r.  e.    To  form  into  a  terrace. 

TER'RAC-£:d,  (ter'raste,)  pp.  or  a.  Formed  into  a 
terrace  ;  having  a  terrace.  Tlumson 

TER'RAC-ING,;,;,r.  Forming  into  a  terrace:  open- 
ing to  the  air.  '    "^ 

TEIVRJi  ^OTTA,  n.  [It.]  L^ally,  baked  clay  ;  a 
name  given  to  statues,  architectural  decorations 
figures,  vases,  tc,  modeled  or  cast  in  a  paste  made 
o!  pipe  or  potter's  clay  and  a  fine  colorless  sand. 

TER-RA-eUL'TUE-AL,  a.  Denoting  tillafe''of 'the 
earth.  ° 

TER-RA-eUL'TqRE,  n.    [L.  terra  and  cnlliLra.-\ 
Cultivation  of  the  earth. 

TER'RJE  FIL'I-US,n.  [L.]  Jormcr/i/,  one  appointed 
to  write  a  satirical  Latin  poem  at  the  public  acts  iu 
the  university  of  Oxford  ;  not  unlike  the  prevaricator 
at  Cambridge,  England. 

?;f  o,'^*  '■'''^'■"■^' "•    [L-]    Firm  or  solid  earth. 

TER'RA  IX-eOQ'm-TA,  n.  [L.]  An  unknown 
region. 

TERILi  Xi.PO.Y>I--eJl,  n.  [L.]  The  same  as  Ca- 
techu, a  substance  obtained  from  the  juice  of  a  spe- 
cies of  acacia.  It  was  formerly  supposed  to  be  a 
kind  of  earth  from  Japan  ;  hence  the  name. 

TER'Rjj  i£.«'AY-^,  K.  [L.]  A  species  of  red, 
bolarj-  earth. 

TEU'EA-PIN,  k.  a  name  given  to  a  species  of  tide- 
water tortoise. 

TERRJi  POX-nE-R0'SA,n.   [L.]    Earytes  or  heavy 

sp.TT.  ■'  i7„    ' 

TER-R.i'QUE-OUS,  a.  [L.  terra,  earth,  and  anna, 
water  ;  W.  lir.  Sans.  <iara,  earth.] 

Consisting  of  land  and  water,  as  the  globe  or  earth. 

This  epithet  is  given  to  the  earth  in  regard  to  the 

surface,  of  which  more  than  three  fifths  consist  of 

water,  and  tile  remainder  of  earth  or  solid  material^. 

lEE'K.VR,  11.    A  register  of  lands.     [Jfot  in  use] 

TER'RAS,  11.    See  Trass.  ^°'"'' 

TER'RA  SI-EjY'J\'-A,n.    [It.]    A  brown  bole  or  ochre 

from  Sienna,  in  Italy,  used  as  a  pigment. 
TEREE'-ULOE,  (tJre'blu,)  n.    [Fr.  tern,  earth,  and 
blue.] 

A  kind  of  earth.  Woodward. 

TEERE'-JIOTE,  (tare'mote,)  n.    [L.  (fi-ra,  earth,  and 
moiiLi,  motion.] 
An  earthquake.      [JVot  in  use.]  Ooioer 

TERKE'-PLEIN,  (tiirc'plane.)  [Fr.  tcrre,  earth,  and 
ptetn,  full.] 

In  fortification,  the  top,  platform,  or  horizontal 
surface  of  a  rampart,  on  which  t!ie   cannon  are 
placed. 
TERRE-TEX'ANT, )         rr-     .        . 
TER-TE.\'ANT,        j  "•     ["■  i"-re-tcnant.] 

One  who  has  the  actual  possession  of  land  ;  the 
occupant. 
TERRE'-VfiRTE,  (tare'varte,)  n.    [Fr.  terre,  earth, 
and  vcrd,  verte,  green.] 

A  species  of  olive-green  earth,  used  by  painters, 
containing  oxyd  of  iron,  silica,  potash,  and  water, 
with  other  variable  ingredients 
TER-REEX',  11.     [Fr.  terrine,  from  L.  terra,  earth.] 
An  earthen  or  porcelain  vessel  for  table  furniture, 
used  often  for  containing  soup.    A  similar  vessel  of 
metal. 
TER'REL,  n.     [from  terra.]    Little  earth,  a  magnet 
of  a  just  spherical  figure,  and  so  placed  that  its 
poles,  equator,  ficc,  correspond  exactly  to  those  of 
the  world. 
TER-EeXE',  a.     [L.  terrenus,  from  terra,  W.  lir, 
earth  J 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  earth  ;  earthy ;  as,  terrene  sub- 
stance. 

2.  Earthly ;  terrestrial. 


TER 


God  Kt  before  hL-a  a  morta]  aati  immortal  life,  a  nature  colcstial 
and  Urrcne.  Ralegh. 

TER'RE-OUS,  G.     [L.  terreus,  from  terra,  earth.] 

Earldy ;    consisting  of  earth  j   as,  terreous  sub- 
stances j  terreous  particle^-.  Btoidiu 


TER^RES'TEI-AL,  a.    [L.  lerreOrU,  from  ttrra,  loe 

1.  1  crtaining  to  the  earth  ;  existing  on  the  earth  : 
as,  (CTrcslna/ animals;  bodies  «n-«rfriai      '  '•  -  ■■ 

2.  Consisting  of  earth  ;  as,  the  terrestr. 
J.  Pertaining  tu  the  world,  or  to  tlie  pr 

sublunar}-.      Death  puts  an  end  to  all    i.,,i.„:. 
scenes.  ^ 

TER-RES'TEI-AI^LY,  adv.    After  an  earthly  man- 
TEr're.S'TIU-ODS,  a.    Earthy.    [Little  VL.e^]'"' 
earth  :r;","rLr  ""='""''  '"'°"  "  ^"H"!^ 

'"'^"friJh'Je';'}  -■  ^^'■' '"""  ^  '^'^'  '■"-'^«'. 

L  Frighitul^ftSapted  to  excite  terror;  dreodfal : 
formidable.  ' 

Prudci.t  in  |yr«.-,  rod  terrihu  in  Wat.  Prior 

lbs  furm  or  lltr  ijjiagr  irti  UrrSiU Dan.  S. 

2.  Adapted  to  impress  dread,  terror,  or  solemn  awe 
and  reverence. 

TaeUir^  thj  Gel  b  Amonj  joo,  A  ml^hij  God  ,nj  ttrriift.  — 

Lei  tera  pnise  Iby  ^-.^ai  md  ItrriiU  tstsrx,  lot  U  U  Mr  _ 

Pi.  xeiA. 
He  liath  done  for  thee  ihetK  preal  And  : 

Ihine  ejes  haTc  seen.  — Deiu.  x. 

3.  adv.    Severely  ;  very  ;  so  as  li  _ 
terrible  cold ;  a  coUot/uial  pltrojte.                     '  ' 

TEB'RI-BLE  .\i:ss,  71.  Dread fuln ess  ;  formidabl'-- 
ness  ;  the  quality  or  state  of  being  terrible  ;  as.  the 
temilencss  of  a  sight. 

TER'RI-p,i  Y,  adv.  Droad.'-ully ;  in  a  manner  to  eicilc 
terror  or  fright. 

Wb^nbe  aiiicth  to  sltike  loTi4^  tijccaitii.  — Ii.  £. 

a.  Violently ;  very  greatly. 

The  poor  man  oiuAlIcd  UrnUy.        '  Sxi/L 

TER'EI-EE,  n.     [Fr.,  from  terra,  earth.] 

1.  .\  dog  or  little  hound,  that  cita-ps  into  the 
ground  atter  animals  that  burrow.  Dryden. 

2.  A  lodge  or  hole  where  certain  animals,  as 
lo.xes,  rabbits,  badgers,  and  the  like,  secure  them- 
selves. £^^ 

3.  OrigtnaUy,  a  collection  of  acknowledgments  of 
the  vassals  or  tenants  of  a  lord.<hip,  containing  the 
rents  and  services  they  owed  to  the  lord,  to  -  at 
present,  a  book  or  ri,U  iu  which  the  lands  of  private 
persons  or  corporaUons  are  described  bv  their  site 
boundaries,  number  of  acres,  &c.  '         Ci:c    ' 

4.  A  wimble,  auger,  or  borer.    [L.  ten.] 

TEE-EIF'ie,  a.  [L.  terrijicus  from  tcrreo.  terror,  and 
faew.] 

Dreadful ;  causing  terror  :  adapted  to  excite  great 

«»r  Of  uread  ;  as,  a  terrific  fiirni  ;  terrj/ie  sigh!. 

TER'RI-n-£D,  pp.  or  a.    Frightened  ;  affrighted. 

TEE'EI-F'S',  r.  ^     [L.  terror  and /acio,  to  niajte.] 

To  frighten  ;  to  alarm  or  shock  with  fear. 

Thej-  were  terrified  -ind  «ffri»ht^l.  —  t.ujcc  xxir. 

Wh"n  ye  shall  li(tir  cf  WAn  and  coii.jnoticni,  tc  nee  lerritta  

Luke  xjti.    Jot  rii.  '  ■ 

JSS'^'f  ^■'^''''  P'"'-  °'  "■    Frightening ;  afirigbtinc. 
TEE-RI(5'Ex\-0US,  a.     U^  Urrigcia,  one  bi.m  of  the 

earth  ;  terra  and  .^'jttio.j 
Earth-born  ;  prodtjccd  by  the  earth. 
TER-RI-TO'KI-A-\L,  c.     [from  tcrnicn^S\    Pcrtainins 

to  territory  or  land  ;  as,  territorial  limits;  Urritoriai 

jurisdiction.  Tooke, 

•2.  Limited  to  a  certain  district.     Rights  may  be 

personal  or  territorial. 
TER  RI-To'RI-AI^LV,  adr.    I:i  rc-ard  to  territorv  : 

by  means  of  lerrilon-.  £.  Eeerttt' 

TER'RI-T0-RI-/:D,  i    Possessed  of  lerrilon*.  Se/rfi^. 
TEK'RI-TO-RY,  n.     [Ft.  terrUoirc;  It.  and'Sp.  Urri- 

torio  ;  L.  tcrritoriitm,  from  terra,  earth.] 
1.  The    extent  or  compass  of  land   within    the 

bounds,  or  belonging  to  tJie  jurisdiction,  of  any  state, 

city,  or  other  body. 

Linger  not  i:i  n-.y  terriiorUt.  Shct. 

Tbey  erectp>.i  a  hoLise  w  iUiio  Ihcirotc-n  ^rritory.        /jfaycnrr^ 
Arts  pnd  sdcncej  u»k  their  rise  mad  Di«irisi»cd  oalyin  ihoae  aii-ul 
terrkor^s  where  Uio  people  were  free.  jSto/i. 

9.  A  tract  of  land  bolonginp  to,  or  under  the  do- 
minion of,  a  prince  or  slate,  lying  at  a  diiflA-tncc  fmn 
the  p:u-ent  country  or  from  Ihe  seat  of  povemmen:  ; 
as,  the  tt-rritories  of  tli3  Ex-t  India  Company  :  Uie 
territories  of  the  United  Stales;  Uie  t^^^itonr  of.MicIi- 
itian  ;  Ntirth-wesl  terrilory.  These  districts  rft-tun- 
If)-,  when  received  intotlie  Union  and  acknowled^ij 
to  be  States,  lose  the  appellation  of  territcry. 

Cotistitution  qf  the  United  StaUs. 
TER'ROR,  n.    [L.  terror^  from  tirreo,  to  fiighteu  :  Fr. 
terratr:  IL  terrorc] 

1,  Extreme  fear;  violent  dread  j  fright;  fear  that 
agitates  the  body  and  mind. 

The  Evord  wiiJiout  and  terror  within.  —  Dent.  xxxu. 

The  terrors  of  God  do  set  ifacmsclrca  io  amy  a-iio«t  mc,  — 

Joijv. 
Amue  and  terror  sdnNj  the  r^l  hxt.  AtEzsn. 

2.  That  which  may  excite  dread  j  the  cause  of  ex- 
treme fear. 

Rulcra  are  not  a  ttrror  to  good  worb,  bol  to  tbe  crO.  —  R-^-rr^, 

stii.  ' 

Those  ^nonnoia  ttrrort  of  the  Hie.  F 


Tone,  BULL,  UNITE. -AN"GER,  VI"CIOLrs.-e  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


1130 


TES 

:*.  In  Scripture,  tlie  siiiljcn  jmlgmentP  of  God  ai^e 
cnHcil  tcrror-i.     Ps.  IxxiiJ. 

4.  The  ihrcateninfis  of  wiclced  men,  rr  evil  appre- 
hended ffoni  Iheni.     1  Pet.  iii, 

5.  Awful  majesty,  calculated  to  impress  fear,  y 
Cor.  V. 

G.  Death  is  eniplmtically  styled  the  kin^rr  of  ter- 
rors, 

Heign  of  ten-or  ;  in  French  h'tstoi-y^  thnt  period 
(luring  the  revohition  when  executions  wore  mos:: 
numerous,  and  the  people  were  kept  in  the  Rreiiiest 
fear  by  tlieir  rulers.  Tliis  extended  fr'nt  Oetulier, 
171):^,  to  July,  1794.  Brandc. 

TER'ROR-ISM,  n.     A  state  of  being  te;rified,  or  a 

state  impressing  terror.  _^  Jefferson. 

TER'KOR-IST,  71.  A  name  given'^io  the  agents  and 
partisans  of  the  revolutionary  tribunal  durni^  the 
rei^n  of  terror  in  France.  Jirande. 

TER'ROR-LESS,  a.     Free  from  terror. 
TER'ROR-S.MIT'TiCN,  a.     Smitten  with  terror. 

Coier'uhre. 
TER'ROR-STRUCK,  a.    Stricken  with  terror. 
TERSE,  (lers,)  a.     [L.  tcrsus^  from  tcnro,  to  wipe.] 
Cleanly  written  ;  neat ;  elegant  without  pompous- 
ness ;  as,  terse  language  j  a  terse  style. 

Dili'useJ,  yet  terse,  poclical,  thougU  phiin,  Harte. 

TERSE'LY,  (ters'ly,)  adv.    Neatly. 

'I'ERSE'JV ES.-?,  (ters'ness,)  n.  Neatness  of  style  j 
smoothness  of  language.  IVarton. 

TER-SUL'PilU-RET,  n.  A  sulphuret  containing 
three  equivalents  of  sulpluir. 

TER-TEN'ANT,  n.     [Fr.  terre  and  tenant.] 
The  occupant  of  land. 

TER'TIAL,  a.  A  term  applied  to  the  quills  growing 
on  the  last  or  innermost  joint  of  a  bird's  wiug. 

Ewaiiison. 

TER'TIALS,  (-shalz,)  n.  pi.  In  ornithology,  the  quilts 
or  large  feathers  which  grow  near  the  junction  of  the 
wing  with  the  body. 

TER'TIAN,  a.     [L.  tcrtiamis,  from  tcrtius,  tliird.] 
Occurring  every  other  day  ;  as,  a  tertian  fever. 

TER'TIAN,  7L  a' disease  or  fever  whose  paroxysms 
return  every  other  day ;  an  intermittent  whose  par- 
oxysms occur  after  intervals  of  a  little  less  than 
forty-eight  houra.  Cyr.     Coze. 

2.  A  measure  of  81  gallons,  the  third  ciift  of  a  tun. 
[Ob..] 

TER'TIA-RY,  a.    Third  ;  of  the  third  formation. 

Tcrtianj  formation ;  in  geology,  a  series  of  strata, 
more  recent  than  the  chalk,  consisting  of  sandstones, 
clay  beds,  limestones,  and  frequently  contai/iing  nu- 
merous fossils,  a  few  of  wliicii  are  identical  with  ex- 
isting species.  It  has  been  divided  into  Eocene, 
Miocene,  and  Pliocene,  which  see.  Dana. 

TER'TIaTE,  (ter'shate,)  r.  (.  [L.  tcrtius,  third ; 
tertio,  to  do  every  third  day.j 

1.  To  do  any  thing  the  third  time.  Johnson. 
9.  To  examine  the  thickness  of  the  metal  at  tlie 

muzzle  of  a  gun  ;  or,  in  general,  to  examine  the 
thickness  to  ascertain  the  strengtli  of  ordnance. 

TER'TIa-TED,  pp.    Done  the  third  time. 

TER'TIUM  QUID,  [L.]     A  third  somethiiig. 

TER'ZA  Rl'JSIA,  (tert'sa  re'mii,)  n.  [It.]  Literalli/, 
a  peculiar  and  complicated  system  of  vrsification, 
borrowed  by  the  early  Italian  poets  from  the  Trouba- 
dours. Brande. 

TER-ZET'TO,  (tert-set'to,)  n.  [It.]  In  musicy  a 
composition  in  three  parts.  Brande. 

TES'SEL-AR,  a.     Formed  in  squares. 

TES'SEIv-aTEjP.  t.  [L.  tessda,  a  little  square  stone,] 
To  form  into  squares  or  checkers ;  to  Jay  with 
checkered  work. 

TES'SEL-a-TED,  pp.  or  a.  Checkered;  formed  in 
little  squares  or  mosaic  work  ;  as,  a  tesselsted  pave- 
ment. 

2.  In  botany,  spotted  like  a  chess-board  ;  as,  a  tes- 
seJated  leaf.  Marty/i. 

TES'SEL-a-TING,  j>pr.     Forming  in  little  squares. 

TES-SEL-a'TION,  7(.  Mosaic  Work,  or  the  operation 
of  making  it.  Forsyth,  Itahf. 

TES'SE-RM,  71. ;  pi  TESSEn-E.  [Gr.]  A  sijc-sided  "die, 
like  modern  dice,  used  among  the  Romans  as  a  to- 
ken, and  in  architecture  in  laying  tcsselated  work. 

Brandc. 

TES-SE-Ra'IC,  a.     PL.  tessera,  a  square  thing.] 

Diversified  by  squares  ;  tesselated.  .itJcyns. 

TES'SE-RAL,  a.    Pertaining  to  or  containing  tessera. 
2.  In  crystallography,   a  term  applied  to    crystals 
having  equal  axes,  like  the  cube. 

TES'SU-LAR,  a.  Related  to  the  cube,  or  haWng 
equal  axes,  like  the  cube. 

TEST,  71.  [L.  Usta,  an  earthen  pot;  It.  testa  or  testo: 
Fr.  tet.] 

1.  In  metallurgy^  a  large  cupel,  or  a  vessel  in 
the  nature  of  a  cupel,  formed  of  wood  ashes  and 
finely  powdered  brick  dust,  in  which  metals  are 
melted  for  trial  and  refinement.  Cye. 

2.  Trial;  examination  by  the  cupel;  hence,  any 
critical  trial  and  examination. 

Thy  virtue,  prinM,  has  stood  ihe  Utt  of  fartuns 

Like  purest  foU,  Adilison. 

3.  Means  of  trial. 

Kiult  Utt  aod  every  light  her  muse  will  bear.  Dn/iUn. 


TES 

4.  That  with  which  any  thing  is  compared  for 
proof  of  its  geuuineness  ;  a  standard. 

I,ift',  lou-.-,  an,'.  l.^,iiily  niii.^t  lo  nil  impart. 

At  one:  the  buurcc,  ihu  etiil  and  Ust  of  aiL  Pope. 

5.  Discriminative  characteristic ;  standard. 

Our  fcs;  exol-.ds8  your  tribe  from  Ijcnefll.  Dryden. 

G.  Judgment ;  distinction. 

Who  woiilJ  exc«!,  whfn  few  can  muke  n  test 

IkHviM  inciiirerent  vvriiiiig  and  the  best  ?  DryJen. 

7.  In  chemistry,  a  substmce  employed  to  detect  any 
unknown  constituent  of  a  compound,  by  causing  it 
to  exhibit  som-j  known  property.  Th'.is  ammonia  is 
a  test  of  copper,  because  it  strikes  a  blue  color  with 
that  metal,  by  which  a  minute  quantity  of  it  can  be 
discovered  when  in  combination  with  other  sub- 
stances. Olmsted. 

TEST,  71.  [L.  testis,  a  witness,  properly  one  that  af- 
firms.] 

In  England,  an  oath  and  declaration  against  tran- 
substanliation,  which  all  otlicers,  civil  and  military, 
were  formerly  obiiged  to  take  within  six  months  after 
their  admission.  They  were  obliged  also  to  receive 
the  sacrament,  according  to  the  usage  of  the  Church 
of  England.  These  requisitions  were  made  by  slat. 
25  Charles  II.,  which  is  called  the  test  act.  The  re- 
ceiving of  the  sacrament  is  now  dispensed  with,  and 
a  declaration  subitiluted,  by  a  law  passed  in  1828. 
Brande.     Blackstone. 

TEST,  V.  t.  To  compare  with  a  standard  ;  to  try  ;  to 
prove  the  truth  cr  genuineness  of  any  thing  by  ex- 
periment or  by  some  fixed  principle  or  standard  ;  as, 
to  test  the  soundness  of  a  princijde ;  to  test  the  valid- 
ity of  an  argument. 

The  true  w.iy  of  tesUng  its  character,  is  to  suppose  it  [Ihe  system] 
will  be  persevered  In.  Edin.  Keoiea. 

Experience  is  Uie  surest  staii  J.ird  by  wltich  to  test  the  real  leud- 
ency  of  the  ex'-btiog  censUtuliuii.     Washington's  Adilresa. 

To  test  Uiis  posiljon.  Hamillon,  Rep. 

In  order  to  test  'Jie  correctness  of  this  system.     Adajns's  Led. 

This  expedient  hat  been  alii!,idy  teated.  M'aish,  Heo. 

2.  To  attest  and  date ;  as,  a  writing  tested  on  such 
a  day. 

3.  In  metallurg I',  to  refine  gold  or  silver  by  means 
of  lead,  in  a  test,  by  the  vitrification,  scorification, 
&c,.  of  all  extrareous  matter. 

TES'TA,  71.     [I,.j    The  shelly  covering  of  testaceous 

animals.  Humble. 

2.  In  botany,  ti.e  integuments  cf  a  seed.  Lindlcy. 

TEST'A-BLE,  a.     [L.  tcstor.     See  Testament.] 

That  mav  be  dbviscd  or  given  by  will.  Blackstone. 

TES-TA'CEA,       in.pl.    Shelled  animals.    [SccTes- 

TES-Ta'CEANS,  (      T\cE0U3.] 

TES-TA-CE-OG'RA-PilY.     See  Testaceologv. 

TES-TA-CE-OL  O  6Y,  n.  [U  tcstacca,  or  tc^ta,  and 
Gr.  -\oyo5.] 

The  science  of  testaceous  mollusks,  or  of  those 
soft  and  simple  animals  whicli  have  a  testaceous 
covering ;  concboJogj\ 

[Words  thus  f.-rmed  of  two  languages  are  rather 
anomalous.] 

TES-TA'CEOUS  (-ta'shus,)  a.  [L.  testaceiis,  from 
te^ta,  a  shell,  TLe  primary  sense  of  tcsU,  testis,  tcs- 
tor, Sec,  is,  to  thrust  or  drive ;  hence  the  sense  of 
hardness,  compactness,  in  testa  and  testis  :  and  hence 
the  sense  of  attest,  contest,  detest,  testator,  testament, 
all  implying  a  sending,  driving,  &c.] 

Pertaining  to  si.ells  ;  consistmg  or  a  hard  shell,  or 
having  a  hard,  continuous  shell.  Testaceous  animals 
are  such  as  have  a  strung,  thick,  entire  shell,  as  oys- 
ters and  clams;  and  are  thus  distinguished  from 
crnstaceous  animals,  whose  s]itU9  ate  more  thin  and 
soft,  and  consist  of  several  pieces  jointed,  as  lobsters. 
Testaceous  medicines,  are  all  preparations  of  shells 
and  like  substances,  as  the  powders  of  crab's  claws, 
pearl,  &c.  Cijc.    Encyc. 

TEST'A-iMENT,  ru  [Fr.,  from  L.  testamentum,  from 
testor,  to  make  a  will.] 

1.  A  solemn,  authentic  instrument  in  writing,  bv 
which  a  person  declares  his  will  as  to  the  disposal  oY 
his  estate  and  effects  after  his  death.  This  is  otlior- 
wise  called  a  Will.  A  testament,  to  be  valid,  must 
be  made  when  the  testator  is  of  sound  mind,  and  it 
must  be  subscribed,  witnessed,  and  published  in  such 
manner  as  the  law  prescribes. 

A  man  in  certain  cases  may  make  a  valid  will  by 
words  only,  and  such  will  is  called  Nuncupative. 

Blaclistone. 

2.  The  name  fT  each  general  division  of  the  ca- 
nonical books  of  the  sacred  Scriptures  ;  as,  the  Old 
Testament ;  the  New  TcstamenL  The  name  is 
equivalent  to  Covenant,  and  in  our  use  of  it,  we 
apply  it  to  the  books  which  contain  the  old  and  new 
dispensations  —  that  of  Moses,  and  that  of  Jesus 
Christ. 

TEST-A-MENT'A-RY,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  will  or  to 
wills  ;  as,  testamentary  causes  in  law. 

2.  Bequeathed  by  will;  given  by  testament;  as, 
testamentary  charities.  Attcrhury. 

3.  Done  by  testament  or  will. 

Testamentary  guardian  of  a  minor,  is  one  appointed 
by  the  deed  or  will  of  a  father,  until  the  child  be- 
comes of  age. 
TEST-A-MENT-A'TION,  71.     Tlie  act   or  power  of 
giving  by  wdl.     [Little  iiscd.]  Burke. 


TES 

TEST' ATE,  a.     [L.  trstatus.] 

Having  made  and  left  a  will  ;  as,  n  person  is  said 
to  die  trstiitc. 

TEST-A'TION,  71.     [L.  teMatio.} 

A  witnessing  or  witness.  Bp.  Hall. 

TEST-A'TOR,  n.  [L.]  A  man  who  makes  anu 
leaves  a  will  or  testauicnt  at  death. 

TEST-a'TRIX,  71.  A  woman  %vho  makes  and  leave? 
a  will  at  deam. 

TEST'ED,  pp.    Tried  or  approved  by  a  test. 

Shak.     ParlhursL 

TES'TER,  n.     [Fr.  tite,  head.] 

The  top  covering  of  a  bed,  consisting  of  some 
species  of  cloth,  supported  by  tlie  bedstead. 

TES'TER,  )n.     An  old  coin,  of  the  value  of  about 

TES'TON,  I  sixpence  sterling,  originally  eighteen 
pence,  then  ninepence.  Tuonr. 

TES'TERN,  n.    A  sixpence  ;  a  tester. 

TES'TERN,  v.  t.    To  present  with  a  sixpence.  [  Obs.'] 

TES'TI-CLE,  (tes'te-kl.)  n.  [L.  tcsticulus  ;  literally,  a 
hard  mass,  like  testa,  a  shell.] 

The  testicles  are  the  glands  which  secrete  the  sem- 
inal fltiid  in  males. 

TES-TICq-LATE,  a.  In  JoiaHj/,  shaped  like  a  tes- 
ticle. Lee. 

TEST-I-FI-CA'TION,  71.     [L.  testytcatio.    See  'J'ta- 

TtFT.] 

The  act  of  testifying  or  giving  testimony  or  evi- 
dence; as,  a  direct  testification  of  our  homage  to  God 

South. 

TEST'I-FI-Ca-TOR,  71.  One  who  gives  witness  or 
evidence. 

TEST'I-FI-ED,  C-fide,)pp-  [^toxw  testify.]  Given  in 
evidence  ;  witnessed  ;  published  ;  made  known. 

TE3T'^FI-ER,7^  [from  tcstify.'\  One  who  testifies  ; 
one  who  gives  testimony  or  bears  witness  to  prove 
any  thing. 

TEST'I-F?-,  ti.  i.  [L.  testijicor ;  testis  and  facio;  It. 
tcstifieare ;  Sp.  tcstifcar.] 

1.  To  make  a  solemn  declaration,  verbal  or  writ- 
ten, to  establish  some  fact ;  to  give  testinmny  for 
the  purpose  of  communicating  to  others  a  knowledge 
of  something  not  known  to  tliem. 

Jeans  needed  not  ftit  any  should  testify  of  man,  fwr  Le  knew 
what  was  in  man.  —  johu  ii. 

2.  In  judicial  proceedings,  to  make  a  solemn  dec- 
laration under  oath,  for  the  purpose  of  establishing 
or  making  proof  of  some  fact  to  a  court ;  to  give  tes- 
timony in  a  cause  depending  before  a  tribunal. 

One  witness  shall  not  testify  against  any  person  to  cause  him  to 
die.  —  Num.  xxxv. 

3.  To  declare  a  charge  against  one. 

O  Israel,  I  will  testify  against  Uice.  —  Ps.  1. 

4.  To  protest;  to  declare  against. 

I  testified  against  tbcm  in  the  day  whervin  tliey  sold  provisions.  — 

Neh.  xiii. 

TEST'I-F-ff,  V.  t.  To  affirm  or  declare  solemnly,  for 
the  purpose  of  establishing  a  fact. 

We  ape.^k  that  wo  do  know,  aud  testify  tJiat  we  have  seen. — 
John  iii. 

2.  In  ?«7P,  to  affirm  or  declare  under  oath  before  a 
tribunal,  for  the  purpose  of  proving  some  fact. 

3.  To  bear  witness  to;  to  support  the  truth  of  by 
testimony. 

To  testify  the  gospel  of  tho  grace  of  God.  —  Acts  xx. 

4.  To  publish  and  declare  freely. 

Testifying  both  to  the  Jews,  and  also  to  the  Greeks,  rrpontancc 
towanl  God  and  faith  toward  our  Lord  JcJSLUi  Christ.  —  Acts 

XX. 

TEST'I-F?-ING,  ppr.  Atfirming  solemnly  or  under 
oath,  for  the  purpose  of  establishing  a  fact;  giving 
testimonv  ;  bearing  witness  ;  declaring. 

TEST'I-LV,  adv.  [from  testy.]  Fretfully  j  peevishly ; 
with  petulance. 

TEST-I-Mo'NI-AL,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  testijnmiium.] 
A  writing  or  certificate  in  favor  of  one's  character 
or  good  conduct.  Testirnoiiials  are  required  on  many 
occasions.  A  person  must  have  testimonials  of  his 
learning  and  good  conduct  before  he  can  obtain  li- 
cense to  preach.  Testimonials  are  to  be  signed  by 
persons  of  known  respectability  of  character. 

7'EST-I-Mo'NI-AL,  a.  Relating  to  or  containing  tes- 
timony, 

TEST'I-IMO-NY,  71.     [L.  testimonium.} 

1.  A  solemn  declaration  or  affirmation  made  for 
the  purpose  of  establishing  or  proving  some  fact. 
Such  affirmation,  in  judicial  proceedings,  may  be 
verbiU  or  written,  but  must  be  under  oath.  Testimo- 
ny differs  from  evidence;  testimony  is  the  declaration 
of  a  witness,  and  evidence  is  the  effect  of  that  decla- 
ration on  the  mind,  or  the  degree  of  light  which  it 
affords. 

2.  Allirmation ;  declaration.  These  doctrines  are 
supported  by  the  uniform  testimony  of  the  fathers. 
The  belief  of  past  facts  must  depend  on  tho  evi- 
dence of  human  testimony,  or  tho  testimony  of  histo- 

3.  Open  attestation  ;  profession.  [rians. 

Thou,  for  tho  teslirnony  of  trulb,  b:ist  borne 

Universal  reproach.  MUlan. 

4.  Witness  ;  evidence  ;  proof  of  some  fact. 

Shake  off  the  dust  under  your  ftct,  for  a  tesli!nony  against  tncni. 
Mark  vi. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH.\T. -^ xMETE,  PREY.-PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD. -NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.- 


TET 

5.  Ill  Scripture^  llie  two  tables  of  the  I;uv. 

T!k;i  sIi.-Ul  pul  iuto  tlie  ark  th-;  testimony  wUich  I  altaJI  "He  ilicc. 
Ex.  XXV,  ' 

(5.  The  book  of  the  law. 

Ue  bivnjfit  I'uKh  liie  king's  sou  —  and  gave  him  the  Ustimony.  — 

7.  The  gospel,  which  testifies  of  Christ,  and  de- 
clares the  will  of  God.     1  Cor.  ii.     2  Tim.  i. 

8.  The  ark.    Exod.  xvi. 

9.  Th3  word  of  God  ;  the  Scriptures. 

The  Us:inu}Tty  of  ibc  I-onJ  U  sure,  makiug  wise  Uie  sunple.  — 

Ps.  lix. 

10.  The  laws  or  precepts  of  God.  "  I  love  thy  tcs- 
Umanies.^'     "  I  have  kept  thy  testimonies.^'      Psnlms. 

11.  That  which  is  equivalent  to  a  declaration  ; 
manifestation. 

Sacrifices  were  appoiutrU  bjr  God  fur  a  testimony  of  his  hs.tred  of 
sin-  Ctaria. 

12.  Evidence  suggested  to  Ihs  mind  j  as,  the  testi- 
mony of  conscience.    2  Cor.  i. 

13.  Att.^slation  ;  confirmation. 
TESTT-MO-XY,  v.  L    To  witness.    [.Vol  in  u^e.] 

Shak, 
TEST'I-XESS,  n.   [from  tcsOj.]   Fretfulness ;  peevish- 
ness ;  petulance. 

Tesdr^ss  h  a  tliapositioa  or  aptness  to  be  angry,  Locke. 

TEST'ING,  ppr.  rfrora  test]  Trying  for  proof;  prov- 
ing by  a  standard  or  by  experiment. 

A  pUn  for  Ueivg  alknliea.  TJre. 

TEST'ING,  iu    The  act  of  trying  for  proof. 

2.  In  metallurgy^  the  operation  of  refining  lar^e 
quantities  of  gold  or  silver  by  means  of  lead,  in  the 
vessel  called  a  tc^t.  In  this  process,  the  extraneous 
matter  is  vitritied,  scorified,  or  made  to  change  its 
form,  and  the  metal  left  pure.  This  operation  is  per- 
formed in  the  manner  of  cupellation.  Cijc. 

TES-TOON',  n.  A  silver  coin  in  Italy  and  Portugal. 
The  Roman  tesloon  is  worth  Is.  3d.  sterling,  or  29 
cents  ;  the  Portuguese,  6d.,  or  about  II  cents.    Kclhj. 

TEST'-Pa-PER,  n.  A  paper  impregnated  with  a 
chemical  reagent,  as  litmus,  &;c.  Parke. 

TES-TG^UI-XAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  tortoise,  or  re- 
serablinff  it.  FUmin'r. 

TES-TC'DI-NATE,      )         rr    .  ^  J    1 

TES-Tu'DI-X-^-TED,  i  ^     ^^-  '<^^"'^-] 

Shaped  like  thebackof  a  tortoise;  roofed  ;  arched  ; 
vaulted. 

TES-TU-DIX'E-OUS,  a.  Resembhng  the  shell  of  a 
tortoise. 

TES-TU'DO,  n.  [L.]  A  tortoL=e.  Among  Vie  Ro- 
mans^ a  cover  or  screen  which  a  body  of  troops 
formed  with  their  shields  or  targets,  by  holding  them 
over  their  heads  when  standing  close  to  each  other. 
This  cover  resembled  the  back  of  a  tortoise,  and 
served  to  shelter  the  men  from  darts,  stones,  ami 
other  missiles.  A  similar  defense  was  sometimes 
formed  of  boards  and  moved  on  wheels. 

2.  In  medicine,  a  broad,  soft  tumor  between  t!ie 
skull  and  the  skin ,  called  also  Talpa  or  Mole,  as  re- 
sembling the  subterraneous  windings  of  the  tortoise 
or  mole.  Cue. 

TEST'Y,  a.  [from  Fr  teste,  tite,  the  head,  or  from 
the  same  root.] 

Fretful;  peevish;  petulant;  easily  irritated.  Pyr- 
rhus  cured  his  testy  courtiers  with  a  kick. 

Must  I  stand  and  crouch  under  your  testy  humor  ?  Sliak. 

TE-TAN'ie,  a.    Pertaining  to  or  denoting  tetanus. 

TET'.\-N'US,  n.     [Gr.  rtravo^,  stretched.]    [P.  Cye. 
A  disease  characterized   by  paroxysms  of  tonic 
spasms  in  the  muscles  of  voluntary  motion,  produ- 
cins  incurvation  of  the  body. 

TE-TAR^TO-PRIS-MAT'ie,a.  [Gr.T£rapro?,fourth.] 
One  fourth  prismatic ;  applied  to  ohUqiie  rhombic 
prisms.  jVoks. 

TE-TAUG',  n.  The  name  of  a  fish  on  the  coast  of  New 
England  ;  called  also  Black  Fish.     TSee  Tautog.] 

TETCH'I-NESS, )   See  Techi.ness, 'Tkcht.      [Cor- 

TETCri'Y,  )      rupted  from  touchy,  touchiness.'] 

TETE,  (tate,)  n.  [Ft.,  head.]  False  hair;  a  kind  of 
wig  or  cap  of  false  hair. 

TKTE'-Ji-TETE',  (tate'a-tate',)  n.  [Fr.]  Head  to 
head  ;  private  conversation  ;  in  private. 

TETE'~DE-PO.\'T',  (tate'de-pong',)  ti.  [Fr.]  A 
work  thrown  up  at  the  entrance  of  a  bridge,  for  cov- 
ering the  communication  across  a  river. 

CamphcWs  Mil.  Diet. 

TETH'ER,  7t.  [See  Teddef..]  A  rope  or  chain  by 
which  a  beast  is  confined  for  feeding  within  certain 
limits. 

TETH'ER,  V,  t.  To  confine,  as  a  beast,  with  a  rope 
or  chain,  for  feeding  within  certain  limits. 

[It  would  be  well  to  write  this  word  uniformly 
Teddeh.] 

TETH'ER-£D,  pp.    Confined  with  a  rope. 

TE-TIIt'DAN?,  7J.  pi.     [Or.  reOvg.] 

An  order  of  acephalous  molluscan  animals,  cov- 
ered by  a  tunic,  and  not  by  a  shell. 

TpyTHYS,  71.  [Gr.]  A  gelatinous  animal  of  (he  nu- 
dibranchiate  gastropod  tribe,  having  an  envelope  or 
mantle  that  extends  above  and  beyond  the  head, 
fringed  or  undulated  at  the  margin.  Kirby. 


TET 


TEX 


[Gr.  Tcrraoiy  four,  and  ,\yp(I/^, 


TET'RA-eilORD 

a  chord.] 

In  ancinit  vtvsic,  a  diatcssaron ;  a  scries  of  four 
sounds,  of  which  the  extremes,  or  first  and  last,  con- 
stituted a  fourth.  Tliesc  extremes  were  iunnutablc; 
the  two  middle  sounds  were  changeable.  Cyc. 

TE'TRAD,  TI.    [Gr.  Tcrimg,  the  number  four.] 
The  number  four  j  a  collection  of  four  thin"s. 

TET-RA-DAC'TYL,  7,.     [Gr.]     An  animal   having 
four  toes.  jc,rhi. 

TET-RA-DAC'TYL-OUS,  a.     [Gr.  nrra  and  Suktv 
Xog.] 
Having  four  toes. 

TET-RA-DI-A-Pa'SOX,  n.     [Gr.  rcrpa,  four,  and  dia- 
pason.] 

Uiiadruple  diapason  or  octave;  a  musical  chord, 
otherwise  called  a  Uuadbuple  Eighth  or  Twenty- 
Ninth.  Cyc 

TETRA-DRACHM,  (-dram,)  ;  n.      [Gr.  rrroa  and 

TET-RA-DRAGH'MA,  i       ^pixi",.]    ' 

In  ancient  eoiuoire,  a  silver  coin  worth  four  drach- 
mas. The  Attic  tctradrachm  was  equal  to  3s.  3d. 
sterliniT,  or  75  cents.  Sinith''s  Diet. 

TET-RA-DY-NA'.MI-A,  n.     [Gr.  rrrpa  and  Swaui^, 
power,  st-ongth.] 

In  botany,  \  class  of  plants  having  six  stamens, 
four  of  which  are  longer  than  the  others. 

TET-RA-DY-Na'MI-AN,  I  a.     Having  six  stamens, 

TET-RA-DYN'A-MOUS,  \      four  of  which  are  uni- 
formly longer  than  the  others. 

TET^RA-GON,  n.     [Gr.  Tirpay^^'^'^ '>  rerpa,  for  rro-- 
cao£i,  four,  and  yoyyia,  an  angle.] 

1.  In  geometry,  a  plane  figure  having  four  angles  ; 
a  quadrangle  ;  as  a  square,  a  rhombus,  &.c, 

2.  In  astrology,  an  aspect  of  two  planets  with  re- 
gard to  the  earth,  when  they  are  distant  fp-ni  each 
other  ninety  degrees,  or  the  fourth  of  a  circle 

Jfuyon. 
TE-TRAG'ON-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  tetragon  ,  hav- 
ing four  angk's  or  sides.    Thus  a  square,  a  parallelo- 
gram, a  rhombus,  and  a  trapezium,  are  tclra^ouid 
figures.  ' 

2.  In  botany,  having  prominent  Inngiludinal  an- 
gles, as  a  stem.  JMartyn. 
TET'RA-GO-NISM,  7(.    Tlie  quadrature  of  the  circle. 

[Little  used.]  Qnc. 

TET-RA-GRAM'MA-TON,  v.     [Gr.  rrrpa  and  yoa^- 
pn.] 

Among  seccrat  ancleut  nations,  the  name  of  the 
mystic  number /our,  which  was  often  symbolized  to 
represent  the  Deity,  whose  name  was  expressed  by 
four  letters.  Brandc. 

TET-RA-GYN'I-A,  H.     [Gr.  rcrpc,  four,  and  ^vvr„  a 
female.] 

In  botany,  an  order  of  monoclinous  or  hermaphro- 
dite plants  havini:  lour  styles.  Linnaus. 
TET-RA-GYN'I-AN,  )  a.    Being  monoclinous  or  her- 
TE-TRAG'YN-OUS,  j        maphrodite,   and     having 

four  styles. 
TET-RA-He'DRAL,  a.     [See  Tetrahedron.]    Hav- 
ing four  equal  triangles.  Bailey. 
2.  In  botany,  having  four  sides.                 Martyn. 
TET-RA-Hr:'DRON,  71.     [Gr.  rsrf.a,  four,  and  idna, 
side.] 

In  geometry,  a  solid  figure  comprehended  under 
four  equilateral  and  equal  triangles;  or  one  of  the 
five  regular  Platonic  bodies  of  that  figure.  Cue. 

TET-RA-HEX-.\-II£'DRAL,  a.  [Gr.  rcrp.7,  four,"and 
hezahedraJ.] 

In  crystallography,  exhibiting  four  ranges  of  faces, 
one    above    another,    each    range    containing    six 
faces. 
TET-R.\-HEX-A-Hii'PRON,  n.    [Gr.  rtrna,  four,  i^, 
six,  and  iiV",  face.] 

A  solid  bounded  by  twenty-four  equal  faces,  four 
corresponding  to  each  face  of  the  cube.  Dana. 

TE-TRAL'0-GY,  7(.     [Gr.  reroa  and  Aoj  ng.] 

A  collection  of  four  dramatic  pieces,  of  which 
three  were  tragedies  and  one  a  satiric  piece,  repre- 
sented on  the  same  occasion  at  Athens. 

Smithes  Diet. 
TE-TRAM'E-TER,  n.    [Gr.  rcrpa,  four,  and  r^rpov, 
measure.] 

In  ancient  poetry,  a  verse  consisting  of  four  meas- 
ures, i.  e.,  in  iambic,  trochaic,  and  anapestic  verse, 
of  eight  feet ;  in  other  kinds  of  verse,  of  four  feet. 
Liddell  S^-  SccU. 
TE-TRAN'DRI-A,  n.     [Gr.  rerpa,  four,  and  uj-fjp,  a 
male.] 

In  botany,  n  class  of  monoclinous  or  hermaphrodite 
plants  haviuK  four  stamens.  Liiunrtis. 

TE-TRAN'DRI-AN,  )  a.    Being  monoclinous  or  her- 
TE-TRAX'DROUS,  j     maphrodite,  and  having  four 

stamens. 
TE-TRa'0-NID,  a.  or  t?.    A  term  denoting  a  bird  be- 
longing to  the  tribe  of  which  the  ictrau  is  the  type; 
as  the  grouse,  partridce,  quail,  &c. 
TET-RA-PET'AL-OUS,  a.      [Gr.   rcrpa,  four,    and 
rer-jSoi',  leaf.] 

In  botany,  containing  four  distinct  petals  or  flower 
leaves  ;  as,  a  tHrapetalo^ts  enrol.  Martyn. 

TET-RA-PHAU'iSlA-€ON,  7t.  [Gr.]  A  combination 
of  wav,  re.sin,  lard,  and  pitch,  composing  an  oint- 
ment. Brandc. 


TEW,  ftu,)  V.  t. 
[See  Taw.] 


2.  To  work  ;  to  pttll  or  tease  ;  among  saimen. 
TEW,  (tu,)  n.    [probably  toic]      Materials  for  any 
thing.     [J'Ttit  m  use]  Skinner. 

2.  An  iron  chain.     [.Yot  in  it-sv,]  Aiastcorth.. 

TEW^EL,  (tu'cl,)  H.     [Fr.  tuyaiu] 

A  pipe  or  funnel,  as  for  smoke;  an  iron  pipe  in 
a  forge  to  receive  the  pipe  of  a  bellows.        Moicn. 
TEW'TA\V,  (tu'law,)  v.  t.    To  beat ;  to  break.    [Xoi 

in  use.]     [See  Tew.]  Mortimer. 

TEXT,  71.     [Fr.  textc;   h.  tcitus,  woven;  It.    testa. 
See  Texture.] 

1.  A  discourse  or  composition  on  which  a  note  or 
commentary  is  written.  Thus  we  speak  of  the  tat 
or  original  "of  the  Scripture,  in  relation  to  the  com- 
ments upon  it.  Infinite  p;iins  have  been  taken  to 
ascertain  and  establish  the  genuine  original  («t. 

2.  A  verse  or  passage  of  t-cripture  which  a  prtach- 
er  selects  as  the  subject  of  a  discour?o. 

How  oU,  when  P.iiil  hr.s  scrrfvl  us  with  »  KJt, 

H;i5  EricU-liis,  Pl:xli>,  Tally  prrachcd  !  Cbvptf. 

3.  Any  particular  passage  of  Scripture,  used  os 


TE-TRAPIPYI^LOUS,    a.      [Gr.    rcrpa,  four,  and 
0"AA'n',  leaf.] 

In  botanyy  having  four  leaves;  contfisticg  of  four 
distmct  leaves  or  leaflets.  Martyn. 

TET'RA-PLA,   n,       [Gr.    rcrpa,    or    rtccapa.    and 
airAow.l 

A  Bilde  consisting  of  four  dlflcrent  Tcr^ionn  ar- 
ranged in  four  columns,  a.s  by  Origen.  Branca. 
TE-TRAP''I'ER-A\S,  n.  pL    Insects  which  have  four 

wines.  Brandc. 

TETKAP'TER-OUS.  a.    Having  four  wings. 
TET'KAI'-TOTE,  «.    [Gr.  reraa,  four,  and  rrwcrc. 
case.] 

In  grammar,  a  noun  that  has  four  cases  only ;  as, 
L.  (i.s(u.ff,  Slc. 
Tk'TRARGII,  7i.     [Gr.   rtroapxns  i  rcrna^  four,  and 
apxij  rule.] 

A  Roman  governor  of  the  fourth  part  of  a  prov- 
in-c ;  a  subordinate  prince.  In  time,  ihijt  word 
came  to  denote  any  petty  king  or  sovcrt;i?n. 
TE-TIUR€H'ATE,  7(.  The  fuurth  prt  of  a  province 
under  a  Roman  tetrarch  ;  or  (he  oftice  or  jurisdiction 
of  a  tetrarch. 
TE-TRAReil'ie-AL,  a.    Pertaining  lo  a  tctrarchy. 

Iferbert. 
TET'RARGH-Y,  71.    The  same  as  Tetbabchate. 
TET-RA-SPAS'TOX,  ti.    [Gr.  riroa,  four,  and  c^a'-i, 
to  pull.]  .    »         »  . 

A  machine  in  which  four  pulleys  act  together. 

Brande. 
TET-R.V-SPERM'OUS,  a.      [Gr.   rcrpa,    four,    and 
crretifia,  seed.] 
In  botany,  having  four  seeds.  Mcrtya. 

A  tetra.pcrmous  plant,  is  one  which  produces  four 
seeds  in  each  flower,  as  the  rough-leaved  or  vcrtictl- 
late  plants.  Martyn. 

TE-TRAS'Tieil,  (te-tras'lik,)  h.  [Gr.  rcroarixoii 
rcrpa,  four,  and  r'Xo^i  Terse.] 

A  stanza,  epigram,  or  poem,  consisting  of  four 
verses.  Pope. 

TET'RA-ST?LE,  n.  [Gr.  rcrpa,  four,  and  TvXog. 
column.] 

In  ancient  architecture,  a  building  with  four  columns 
in  front.  Brande, 

TET-RA-SYL-LAB'ie.         )  a.      Consisfmg  of  four 
TET-RA-SYL-LAB'I€-AL,  i     syllables.  Cyc 

TET-RA-SYL'LA-BLE,  n.      [Gr.    rcrpa,    four,  and 
ci'XXd/ifj,  syllable.] 
A  word  consisting  of  four  syllables. 
TET'Rie,  ) 

TET'Rie-AL,    }a.     [L.  tcfricu*.] 
TET'Rie-OUS,  ) 

Froward ;  perverse;  harsh;  sour;  rugced.  [JYot 
ill  use.]  "  KnoUcs. 

TET'Kie-AL-NESS,H.    Froward ness  ;  perversencss. 

[J\''ot  nscd.] 
TE-TRIC'I-TY,  (te-tris'(-(e,)  ti.    Crabbedncss;   per- 

verseness.     [JVoi  in  tise.] 
TET'TER,  Ti.     [Sax.  teier,  leXr;  allied  perhaps  lo  L. 
tUillo.] 

1.  In  inedicine,  a  vague  nan^"  jf  several  cutaneous 
diseases. 

2.  In  farriery,  a  cutantrous  disease  of  animals, 
which  spreads  on  the  body  in  difierent  directions, 
and  occasions  a  troublesome  itching.  Cye, 

TET'TER,  V.   t.    'i'o  affect  with  the  disease  called 

TET'TISH,  a.     [Qa.  Fr.  teU,  head.] 
Captious;  lestv.     [JVotin  it.-e.] 

TEu-TO\'ie,  a.  '  PcrUiining  to  the  Teutons,  a  people 
of  Germany,  or  to  their  language  ;  as  a  noun,  the 
language  of  the  Teutons,  the  parent  of  the  German, 
Dutch,  and  Anglo-Saxon  or  native  English. 

Teutonic  order;  a  militnrj*  religious  order  of  knights, 
established  toward  the  close  of  the  twelfth  century, 
in  imitation  of  tho  Templars  and  Hospitalers.  It 
was  composed  cbielly  of  Teutons  or  Germans,  who 
marched  to  the  Holy  Land  in  the  crusades,  and  wag 
established  in  that  country  for  charitable  purposes. 
It  increased  in  numbers  and  streuEth  till  it  became 
master  of  all  Prussia,  Livonia,  and  Pomerania.  C-y-e. 
"'"    "~  "  To  work;  to  soften.     [JW;  in  it^v^.] 


TONE,  BgLL,  IJNITE.  — AN"GER,  V1"CI0US.  — C  as  K ;  0  as  J ;  S  as  7, ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 
"^  1141 


THA 

aulhority  in  argument  for  proof  of  a  (Joctrine.  In 
modern  sermons,  texts  of  Scripture  are  not  as  fre- 
quently cited  as  they  were  formerly. 

4.  In  ancient  law  authors,  the  four  Gospels,  by  way 
of  eminence.  Cyc. 

TEXT,  V.  U    To  write,  as  a  text.    [Aot  much  iisciK] 

Bcaum.  i^  Fi- 

TEXT'-BOOK,  71.  In  universities  and  colleges,  a 
c!assic  author  written  with  wide  spaces  between  the 
lines,  to  give  room  for  the  observations  or  interiireta- 
tion  dictated  by  the  master  or  recent.  Cyc, 

2.  A  book  containing  llie  leading  principles  or 
most  important  points  of  a  science  or  branch  of 
Icarnins,  arranged  i;i  order  for  the  use  of  students. 

TJ-^XT'-IIAND,  n.  A  large  hand  in  writing;  so 
called  because  it  was  the  practice  to  write  the  text 
of  a  book  in  a  large  hand,  and  the  notes  in  a  smaller 
hand. 

TEXT'lLE,  (tckst'ilO  a.     [L.  teztilis,'] 
Woven,  or  capable  of  being  woven. 

TEXT'lLE,  (tekst'il,)  lu  TJiat  which  is  or  may  be 
woven.  Bacon.     Wilhins. 

TEXT'-MAN,  n.  A  man  ready  in  the  quotation  of 
texts.  Saitndcrson. 

'J'EX-To'RI-AL,  a,     [L.  textor.] 
Pertaining  to  weaving. 

TEXT'RINE,  (tekst'rin,)  (I.  Pertaining  to  weaving; 
a?!,  tlje  tcxtrinc  art.  Derham. 

TEXT'U-AL,  (tekst'yu-al,)  a.     Contained  in  the  text. 

Jildton. 
2.  Serving  for  texts.  Bp.  Hall. 

TEXT'll-AL-LY,  adv.  In  the  text  or  body  of  a  work; 
in  accordance  with  the  text. 

TEXT'q-AL-IST,  ) 

TEXT'U-A-RIST,  \  n.     [Fr.  t&xluaire,  from  tezte.] 

TEXT'IJ-A-RV,      ) 

1.  One  who  is  well  versed  in  the  Scriptures,  and 
can  readily  quote  texts. 

2.  One  who  adheres  to  the  text. 
TEXT'lJ-A-RY,  a.    Textual ;  contained  in  the  text. 

Broion. 
2.  Ser\*ing  as  a  text  j  authoritative.         QlanvUlc. 
TEXT'U-IST,  H.      One    ready  in  the  quotation    of 

texts. 
TEXT'URE,  (tekst'yur,)  n.     [L.  fcz/ura,  fex(u5,  from 
tezo,  to  weave.] 

1.  The  act  of  weaving. 

2.  A  web  i  tiiat  which  is  woven. 

Others,  hr  on  (he  grtiEsy  dal-?, 
Their  humtle  uxtnre  weave.  Thomson. 

3.  The  disposition  or  connection  of  threads,  fila- 
ments, or  other  slender  bodies  interwoven;  as,  the 
texture  of  cloth  or  of  a  spider's  web. 

4.  The  disposition  of  the  several  parts  of  any  body 
in  connection  with  each  other;  or  the  manner  in 
which  the  constituent  parts  are  united  ;  as,  the  (ex- 
ture  of  earthy  substances  or  fossils  ;  the  texture  of  a 
plant ;  the  texture  of  paper,  of  a  hat  or  skin  ;  a  loose 
texture;  or  a  close,    '>uipact  (ei(urc. 

5.  In  anatomy,    bcc  TraauE. 

TTIACK,  for  Thatc.t,  is  local.     [See  Thatch.] 

THA'LER,  V.     [L.  Utalerus.] 

The  German  spelling  of  Dollar. 

THA-Ll'A,  n.  [Gr.]  In  mytlinIo<ry,  the  muse  who 
presided  over  pastoral  and  comic  poetry,  and  who 
was  regarded  as  the  patroness  of  apiicutture. 

THAL'I-DAX,  n.     [Gr.  BaXtn,  bloom.] 

That  group  of  segregate  naked  acephalous  mollus- 
cans,  of  which  the  genus  Thalia  is  the  type.  They 
have  a  small  crest  or  vertical  fin  near  the  posterior 
extremity  of  the  back. 

THAL'LITE,  n.     [Gr.  ^aWog,  a  green  twig.] 
A  variety  of  epidote. 

THAM'MUZ,  n.     The  tentli  month  of  the  Jewish 
civil  year,  containing  29  days,  and  answering  to  a 
part  of  June  and  a  part  of  July. 
2.  Tlie  name  of  a  deity  among  the  Phoenicians. 

THAN,  adv.  or  conj.  [Sax.  tJianne  ;  Goth.  tJian;  D. 
dan.  This  word  signifies  also  Vien,  both  in  English 
and  Dutch.  The  Germans  express  the  sense  by 
ais,  as.] 

This  word  is  placed  after  some  comparative  adjec- 
tive or  adverb,  to  express  comparison  between  what 
precedes  and  what  fullows.  Thus  Elijah  said,  I  am 
not  better  than  my  fatiiers  ;  wisdom  is  better  Vian 
strength  ;  Israel  loved  Joseph  more  than  ail  his  chil- 
dren ;  all  nations  are  counted  less  Ma?i  nothing ;  I 
who  am  less  than  the  least  of  all  saints ;  the  last 
error  shall  be  worse  titan  the  first ;  he  that  denies  the 
faith  is  worse  Uian  an  infidel. 

After  more,  or  an  equivalent  termination,  the  fol- 
lowing word  implies  less,  or  worsr. ;  after  ie.«,  or  an 
eqjiivalent  termination,  it  implies  more  or  better. 

THANE,  71.  [Sax.  thcgn,  th^e^n,  a  minister  or  servant ; 
thegnian,  thenian,  to  scr\*e  ;  D.  and  G.  dienen,  to 
serve  ;  Sw.  tiena,  to  serve  ;  tienare,  a  servant ;  Dan. 
timer,  to  serve;  tlener,  a  servant.  Kg  is  radical, 
this  word  belongs  to  Class  Dg;  if  not,  to  Class  Dn. 
No.  10.] 

The  thanes  in  England  were  formerly  persons  of 
some  dignity;  of  these  there  were  two  orders,  the 
King'a  tlfanes,  who  attended  the  Saxon  and  Danish 
k:ng3  in  their  courts,  and  held  lands  immediately  of 


THA 

them,  and  the  ordinary  tlmncs,  who  were  lords  of 
manors,  and  who  had  a  particular  jurisdiction  within 
their  limits.  At^er  the  Conquest,  this  title  was  dis- 
used, and  baron  took  its  place. 

THaNE'DOM,  71.  The  property  or  jurisdiction  of  a 
thane. 

THaNE'-LANDS,  71.  pi    Lands  granted  to  thanes. 

TII.aNE'SHIP,  n.  The  state  or  dignity  of  a  thane  ; 
or  his  seigniory. 

THANK,  V.  t,  [Sax.  thancian ;  G.  and  D.  danken}  Ice. 
thacka;  Sw.  tacka ;  Dan.  iaiiker.  We  see  by  the 
Gothic  dialects  that  n  is  not  radical.  To  ascertain 
tlie  primary  sense,  let  us  attend  to  its  compounds ; 
G.  abdanken,  (which  in  English  would  be  off-thank,) 
to  dismiss,  discharge,  discard,  send  away,  put  off,  to 
disband  or  break,  as  an  oflicer;  verdankcn,  to  owe  or 
be  indebted  ;  D.  afdanhen,  to  cashier  or  discharge. 
Tliese  senses  imply  a  sending.  Hence,  thank  is 
probably  from  the  sense  of  giving,  that  is,  a  render 
or  return.] 

1.  To  express  gratitude  for  a  favor;  to  make  ac- 
knowledgments to  one  for  kindness  bestowed. 

We  fire  bound  to  thank  Goil  nhvaya  for  you.  —  2  Thcss.  i. 
Jo.ib  bowed  iiiinself  ami  thanked  Ihc  king.  —  2  Sam.  xiv. 

2.  It  la  used  ironically. 

Weigh  the  danger  with  the  doubtful  bliss, 

And  thank  voursclf,  if  aught  should  fall  amiss.  Lhyden. 

THANK,  77.         I  Generally  in  the  plural.   [Sax.  f/ifl7!c,- 

THANKS,  n.  pi.  \      Gaelic,  tainc] 

Expression  of  gratitude  ;  au  acknowledgment 
made  to  express  a  sense  of  favor  or  kindness  re- 
ceived Gratitude  is  tiie  feeling  or  sentiment  ex- 
cited by  kindness  ;  tharJcs  are  the  expression  of  that 
sentiment.    Luke  vi. 

TJtanks  be  to  God  who  givcth  us  the  victor^.  -^  1  Cor.  sv. 
Thanks  be  (o  God  for  his  unsne.ikable  gift.  —  2  Cor.  ix. 
He  took  bread  and  ^'ve  t/iorAs  to  God,  —  Acta  xxvii. 

THANK'-ED,  (thankt,)  pp.  Having  received  exprea- 
siuns  of  gratitude. 

TilANK'FlJL,  a.     [Sax.  thancfuU  ;  Gaelic,  taincal.J 
Grateful' ;  impressed  with  a  sense  of  kindness  re- 
ceived, and  ready  to  acknowletlge  it.    Tiie  Lord's 
supper  is  to  be  celebrated  with  a  thankful  remem- 
brance of  his  sulTcrings  and  death. 

Be  ihatik/ul  imlo  him  :ind  bless  liis  name.  —  Pb.  c 

THANK'FIJL-LY,  adi\  With  a  grateful  sense  of  favor 
or  kindness  received. 

If  you  have  lived,  lake  thankfully  the  paJt.  Dryden. 

THANK'FIJL-NESS,  n.      Expression    of  gratitude ; 
acknowledgment  of  a  favor. 
2.  Gratitiide ;  a  lively  sense  of  good  received. 

The  (X'lebnition  of  these  holy  myetenes  being  ended,  retire  widi 
all  ^iant/'u/(iess  of  heart  for  having  been  admiiled  to  lliai 
heavenly  feast.  Taylor. 

TUANK'ING,  ;jiw.  E.xpressing  gratitude  for  good  re- 
ceived. 

TUANK'LESS,  a.  Unthankful ;  ungrateful ;  not  ac- 
knowledging favors. 

That  she  may  feel 
How  sharper  than  a  serpent's  tooth  it  is 
To  have  a  thankless  child.  Sliak. 

2.  Not  obtaining  thanks,  or  not  likely  to  gain 
thanks  ;  as,  a  thankless  otfice.  Wotton. 

THANK'LESS-LY,  adv.  With  ingratitude ;  unthank- 
ful I  v. 

THANK'LESS-NESS,  n.  Ingratitude;  failure  to  ac- 
knowledge a  kindness.  Donne. 

THANK'-0F-FER-ING,7i.  [thank  ^JiA  offering.]  An 
offering  made  in  acknowlerisment  of  mercy.    IVatts. 

THANKS-GIVE',  (thanks-giv',)  v.  t.  [thanks  and 
give."]  To  celebrate  or  distinguish  by  solemn  rites. 
[Mot  in  use..]  JiTede. 

THANKS-GIV'ER,  ti.  One  who  gives  thanks  or  ac- 
knowledges a  kindness.  Barrow. 

THANKS-GIVING,  iJpr.  Rendering  thanks  for  good 
received. 

THANKS-GIVING,  n.  The  act  of  rendering  thanks 
or  expressing  gratitude  for  favors  or  mercies. 

Every  creature  of  God  Is  ^ood,  and  nothing  to  be  refused,  if 
received  with  ihanksgivins.  —  1  Tim.  iv. 

2.  A  public  celebration  of  divine  goodness ;  also, 
a  day  set  apart  for  religious  services,  specially  to  ac- 
knowledge the  goodness  of  God,  either  in  any  re- 
markable deliverance  from  calamities  or  danger,  or 
in  the  ordinary  dispensation  of  his  bounties.  Tlie 
practice  of  appointing  an  annual  tJianksgiving  origi- 
nated in  New  England. 

THANK'WOR'THl-NESS,  (-wur'tTic-ness,)  n.  The 
state  of  being  thankworthy. 

THANK' WO R-THY,  (-wur'tne,)  a.  [thanJi  and  icor- 
thv.]     Deserving  tlianks  ;  meritorious.    1  Pet.  ii. 

THARM,  n.     [Sax.  thearm  ;  G.  and  D.  dnr77(.] 
Intestines  twisted  into  a  cord.     [Local.] 

THAT,  an  adjective,  pronoun,  or  substitute.  [Sax.  th^tt, 
that;  Goth,  thata;  D.dat;  G.dasi  BTin.det;  Sw.det. 
Q.U.  Gr.  -auTog.  This  word  is  called  in  Saxon  and 
German  an  article,  for  it  sometimes  signifies  tiie.  It 
is  called  also  in  Saxon  a  pronoun,  equivalent  to  id, 
istud,  in  T-atin.  In  Swedish  and  Danish,  it  is  called 
Fi  pronoun  of  the  neuter  gender.  But  these  distinc- 
tions are  grouiiilless  and  of  no  use.  It  is  probably 
from  the  sense  of  setting.] 


THA 

1.  That  is  a  word  used  as  a  definitive  adjective, 
pointing  to  a  certain  person  or  thing  before  men 
tioned,  or  supposed  to  be  understood.  Here  is  tJiat 
book  we  have  been  seeking  this  hour;  here  goes 
that  man  we  were  talking  of. 

It  shall  be  more  tolerable  for  Sodom  and  Gomorrah  in  tlie  day  of 
Judgment,  than  for  lAat  city.  —  RlatL  x. 

2.  Tliat  is  used  definitively,  to  designate  a  specific 
thing  or  person  emphatically. 

The  woman  was  made  whole  from  thai  liour.  —  Mntl.  ix. 

In  these  cases,  that  is  an  adjective.  In  the  two 
first  examples,  «Ac  may  be  substituted  for  it.  Here  is 
the  book  wo  have  been  seeking;  here  goes  Vie  man 
we  were  talking  of.  But  in  other  cases,  tlic  can 
not  supply  its  place,  and  that  may  be  considered  as 
more  emphatically  definitive  than  the, 

3.  That  is  used  as  the  representative  of  a  noun, 
either  a  person  or  a  thing.  In  this  use,  it  is  often  a 
pronoun  and  a  relative.  When  it  refers  to  persons, 
it  is  equivalent  to  who,  and  when  it  refers  to  a  thing, 
it  is  equivalent  to  which.  In  this  use,  it  represents 
either  the  singular  number  or  the  plural. 

He  that  rcnrovetb  a  scorner  gettcth  to  himself  shame.  —  Prov.  f  x . 
They  (/iq(  liatc  mo  without  a  cause  ore  more  than  the  hairs  of  my 

head.  — Ps.  Ixiii. 
A  Judgment  that  Is  equal  and  impartial  must  incline  to  the  neater 

probabilities,  }VUkin3. 

They  shall  gather  out  of  his  kingdom  all  thinga  thai  oHend.— 

Matt.  xiii. 

4.  That  is  also  the  representative  of  a  sentence  or 
part  of  a  sentence,  and  often  of  a  series  of  sentences. 
In  this  case,  that  is  not  strictly  a  pronoun,  a  word 
standing  for  a  noun,  but  is,  so  to  speak,  a  pro-sen- 
teiicc,  the  substitute  for  a  sentence,  to  save  the  repe- 
tition of  it. 

And  when  Moses  heard  that,  lie  was  content.  —  Lev.  3C. 

Tliat  here  stands  for  the  whole  of  what  Aaron  had 
^aid,  or  the  whole  of  the  preceding  verse. 

I  will  know  your  business,  that  I  will.  ShaJ:. 

Ye  defraud,  nud  that  your  brethren.  —  1  Cor.  vi. 

That,  sometimes,  in  this  use,  precedes  the  sen- 
tence or  clause  to  which  it  refers. 

TViat  ir:  fir  from  Ihee,  to  do  after  this  manner,  to  slay  the  right- 
eons  with  tfie  wicked.  — Gen.  xviii. 

That  here  represents  the  clause  in  Italics. 

5.  7'hnt  sometimes  is  the  substitute  for  an  adjec- 
tive. You  allege  that  the  man  is  innocent;  that  he 
is  not. 

6.  That,  in  the  following  use,  has  been  called  a 
conjunction.  I  heard  tJiat  the  Greeks  bad  defeated 
the  Turks.  But  in  tliis  case,  that  has  the  same 
character  as  in  No.  4.  It  is  the  representative  of  the 
part  of  the  sentence  which  follow-j,  as  may  be  seen 
by  inverting  the  order  of  the  clauses.  The  Greeks 
had  defeated  tlie  Turks  ;  I  heard  that.  It  is  not 
that  I  love  you  less.  That  here  refers  to  the  latter 
clause  of  the  sentence,  as  a  kind  of  demonstrative. 

7.  That  was  formerly  used  for  that  which,  like 
what. 

We  speak  thalvrodo  know,  and  testify  rta(  we  harceecn. — 

John  lii. 
[This  use  is  no  longer  held  legitimate.] 

8.  That  is  used  in  opposition  to  this,  or  by  way  of 
distinction. 

If  the  Lord  will,  we  shall  lire,  and  do  this  or  that,  —  James  iv. 

9.  When  tJiis  and  that  refer  to  foregoing  words, 
Vtis,  like  the  Latin  hie  and  Fr.  ccci,  refers  to  the  lat- 
ter, and  that  to  the  former.  It  is  the  same  with  these 
and  Viose. 

Self-love  and  reason  to  one  end  aspire, 

Pain  their  aversion,  pleasure  their  desire; 

But  gieedy  that,  its  object  would  devour, 

This  Lute  the  honey,  and  not  wound  the  flower.        Pojjc. 

10.  Tltat  sometimes  introduces  an  explanation  of 
something  going  before.  "  Religion  consists  in  liv- 
ing up  to  those  principles  ;  that  is,  in  acting  in  con- 
formity to  them."  Here,  that  refers  to  the  whole 
first  clause  of  the  sentence. 

11.  "Things  are  preached,  not  in  that  they  are 
taught,  but  in  that  they  are  published."  Here,  that 
refers  to  the  words  wliich  follow  it. 

So  when  that  begins  a  sentence,  "  That  we  may 
fully  understand  the  subject,  let  us  consider  the  fol- 
lowing propositions."  That  denotes  purpose,  or  rath- 
er introduces  the  clause  expressing  purpose,  as  wil! 
appear  by  restoring  the  sentence  to  its  natural  order. 
"Let  us  consider  the  following  propositions,  (/iot  [for 
the  purpose  expressed  in  the  following  clause]  we 
may  fully  understand  the  subject."  "Attend  that 
you  may  receive  instruction."  Here,  also,  that  ex- 
presses purpose  elliptically  :  "  Attend  fur  the  ptirpose 
that  you  may  receive  instruction;"  (Art£  referring  to 
the  last  member. 

This  elliptical  use  of  that  is  very  frequent ;  the 
preposition  for  being  understood.  *'  A  man  travels 
that  he  may  regain  his  health."  He  tiavcU  for  that 
purpose,  he  may  regain  his  health.  The  French 
oflen  retains  the  preposition  in  such  cases;  pour 
que.  "  Do  all  things  without  murmurings  and  dis- 
puting?, Utat  ye  may  be  blameless  -.id  harmless." 
Phil,  ii.  14.  Do  all  things  without  murmurings,  for 
that  purpose,  to  that  efi^ect,  ye  may  be  blameless. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WU^T — MeTE,  PRfiY.  — PLNE,  MARINE,  BIRD.— NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.— 


1143 


THE 

ht  *Aai;  a  plirnse  denoting  consequence,  cause, 
or  reason ;  Uiat  referring  to  tlie  following  sentence. 
He!>.  V.  7. 

THATCH,  n.  [Sai.  Uiac,  connected  with  ihecran,  tie- 
cm,  to  cover ;  L.  tego,  Eng.  deck;  G.  dock,  a  roof;  D. 
dak :  S\v.  tak  ;  Dan.  tag;  ttekke :  Gaelic,  tughe,  tnigke. 
The  primary  sense  is,  to  put  on,  to  spread  over,  or 
make  close.] 

Straw  or  other  substance  used  to  cover  the  roofs 
of  buildings,  or  stacks  of  hay  or  grain,  for  securing 
liioin  from  ruin,  &c. 

THATCH,  r.  t.  To  cover  with  straw,  reeds,  or  some 
similar  substance  ;  as,  to  tJuitch  a  house,  or  a  stable, 
or  a  ^tack  of  grain. 

THATCH'ED,  (thachi,)  pp.  or  a.  Covered  with  straw 
or  thatch. 

THATCH'ER,  m  One  whose  occupation  is  to  thatch 
houses. 

TH.\TCH'IXG,  ppr.    Covering  with  straw  or  thatch. 

TH.\TCHING,  n.  The  act  or  art  of  covering  build- 
inss  with  thatch,  so  as  to  keep  out  water  ;  the  mate- 
rials used  for  this  purpose. 

THAU'M.-l-TROPE,  „.  [Gr.  Sa„,,a  and  rooro;.] 
An  optical  toy  or  instrument  for  showirig  the  dura- 
tion of  an  impression  of  light  upon  the  eye  after  the 
luminous  object  is  withdrawn.  Th'js  the  rapid  rev- 
olution of  a  card  having  a  chariot  represented  on  one 
side,  and  a  charioteer  on  the  other,  causes  the  two 
figures  to  appear  together,  the  charioteer  driving  liie 


THE 


THE 


chariot. 
THAU-MA-TUR'Cie, 
THAU-MA-TCR'Gie-AL^ 


Olmsted, 
a.   [See  Thaumaturgy.] 
Esciting  wonder. 

Burton. 
One  who  deals  in  won- 


THAU'MA-TUR-i5lST,  n. 
ders,  nr  believe.^  in  lliem. 
THALT-MA-TUR'GUS,  n.     [Gr.  Savfia  and  f:oyoi'.] 
A  miracle- wurfcer.    A  title  given  by  the  Roman 
Catholics  to  some  of  their  saints.  Buchaytan. 

THAU'MA-TUR-GY,  n.    [Gr.  Sav^ta,  a  wonder,  and 
rpvTi',  work.] 
The  act  of  performing  something  wonderful. 

barton. 
THAW,  V.  i.    [Sax.  thawan;   G.  tkauen;  D.  dooyen; 
Dan.  tder:  Sw.  toa;  Gr.  -rjvw.     Class  Dg.] 

1.  To  melt,  dissolve,  or  become  fluid,  as  ice  or 
snow. 

[It  is  remarkable  that  this  word  is  used  only  of 
Ihmgs  that  conceal  by  frost.  We  never  say,  to  tkaw 
metal  of  any  kind.] 

9.  To  become  so  warm  as  to  melt  ice  and  snow ; 
used  of  -tceathcr. 
THAW,  V.  u    To  melt ;   to  dissolve  j  as  ice,  snow, 

hail,  or  frozen  earth. 
THAW,  n.    The  melting  of  ice  or  snow  ;  the  resolu- 
tion of  ice  into  the  state  of  a  fluid  ;  liquefaction  by 
heat  cf  any  thing  congealed  by  frost. 
THAW£D,  (thawd,)  pp.     Melted,  as  ice  or  snow. 
THAW'IXG,  ppr.    Dissolving ;  resolving  into  a  fluid  ; 

liquefying  ;  as  any  thing  frozen. 
THE,  an  adjective^  or  definitive  adjective.     TSas.  the  :  D. 
dc.    au.  Ch.  Nl.] 

1.  This  adjective  is  used  as  a  definitive,  that  is, 
before  nouns  which  are  specific  or  understood  ;  or  it 
is  used  to  limit  their  signification  to  a  specific  thing 
or  things,  or  U»  describe  them;  as^tke  laws  of  the 
twelve  tables.  The  independent  tribunals  of  justice 
in  uur  counlr\-  are  /.%e  security  of  private  rights,  and 
the  best  bulwark  against  arbitrarj-  power.  The  smi 
is  the  source  of  light  and  heat. 

This  lie  cil!3  Oie  preaching'  of  the  cross.  SiTneon. 

2.  'rite  is  also  used  rhetorically  before  a  noun  in 
tho  singular  number,  to  denote  a  spcxies  by  way  of 
distinction:  a  single  thing  representing  the  whole. 
The  fig-tree  putlcth  forth  hsr  green  figs  ;  the  almond- 
tree  shall  flourish;  the  grasshopper  shall  be  a  bur- 
den. 

3.  In  poetry,  the  sometimes  loses  the  final  vowel 
before  another  vowel. 


farces;  a  playhouse,  comprehending  the  stage,  the 
pit,  the  boxes,  galleries,  and  orchcsier. 

3.  Among  tJie  Italians,  nn  assemblage  of  buildings 
which,  by  a  happy  disposition  and  elevation,  repre- 
sents an  agreeable  scene  to  the  eye.  Cyc. 

4.  A  place  rising  by  steps  or  gradations,  like  the 
seats  of  a  theater. 

Shade  above  shnde,  a  woody  theater 

or  stateliest  view.  Milton. 

5.  A  place  of  action  or  exhibition  :  as,  the  tJieater 
of  the  world, 

G.  A  building  for  the  exhibition  of  scholastic  exer- 
cises, as  at  Oxford,  or  fur  other  exhibitions. 

7.  In  vicdical  insttiutions,  a  room  with  circular 
seals,  and  a  table  in  the  centre  turning  on  a  pivot, 
for  anatomical  demonstrations.  Cyc. 

THe'A-TINS,  n.  pi.  An  order  of  Italian  monks,  es- 
tablished, in  1524,  expressly  to  oppose  the  Reforma- 
tion, and  to  raise  the  tone  of  piety  among  Roman 
Catholics.  They  hold  no  property,  nor  do  they  beg, 
but  depend  on  what  Providence  sends.  Their  chief 
employment  is  preaching  and  giving  religious  in- 
struction. At  one  time,  they  attempted  missiuiis  to 
Tartuiy  and  Georgia,  in  Asia,  but  soon  abandoned 
them.  Their  name,  Thcatins,  is  derived  from  The- 
ate,  or  CMeti,  a  city  of  Naples,  (he  archbisho]>  of 
which  was  a  principal  founder  of  the  order.  But 
they  bore  various  names  ;  as  Retrulnr  Clerks  of  the 
Community,  Pauline  Monks^  Apustottc  Clerks,  andiicw- 
■ular  Clerks  of  the  Divine  Providence.  The  order  never 
floiirished  much  out  of  Italy.  Jifurdock. 

THK'A-TRAL,a.  Belonging  to  a  theater.  [jYutinuse.] 
THE-AT'Rie,  /  a.     Pertaining  to  a  theater,  or  to 

THE-AT'RI€-AL,  i     scenic  representations;  resem- 
bHng  the  manner  of  dramatic  performers  ;  as,  tJieat- 
rical  dress  j   theatrical  performances  ;  Uieati-ical  ges- 
tures. 
THE-AT'Rie-AL-LY,  adv. 
on  the  stage 


One  who  believes  in  the  existence  of  a 


Pertaining  to  Ihcit^m,  or  to  a 
Iheist ;  according  lo  the  doctrine 


THf/IST,  n. 
God. 

THE-IST'ie, 

THI':-IST'ie-AL, 
of  theists. 

THEM,  pron.,  the  ol/jeetioe  caje  of  Thet,  and  of  both 
genders.  [In  our  mother  tonsu.-,  Uirm  is  an  ad- 
jective, answering  to  (/«;,  in  the  clativu  and  ablative 
cases  of  both  numbers.  The  common  |»i;opIe  con- 
tinue to  use  it  in  the  plural  Jiuniber  as  an  adjective, 
for  they  say,  bring  them  horses,  or  tJtem  horecs  are  lo 
be  led  to  water.] 

Go  yc  to  thtm  thai  s-lj,  anil  buj  f«r  jouikItcm.  —  BUU.  xxt. 


TU> 


n  ftli.UI  ihc  king  wy  to  thm  oii  tiU  rizhl  baiJ,  Come.  TO 
FktiKT.  —  aUit.  xxr. 


The  adorning  ihee  with  so  moch  art, 
Is  bai  a  bartoroui  alcill. 


Ck}wley. 


4.  The  is  used  before  adjectives  in  the  comparative 
and  superlative  degree.  The  longer  we  continue  in 
sin,  Vie  more  diJficnU  it  is  to  refor.T3.  The  most  stren- 
uous exertions  will  be  used  to  emancipate  Greece. 
TTie  most  we  can  do  is  to  submit ;  Vie  best  we  can  do  ; 
the  ic(n'st  that  can  happen. 
THE-AN'DRie.  a.  [Gr,  Oeog,  God,  and  avric,  a 
man.] 

_  Designating  the  union  of  divine  and  human  opera- 
tion in  Christ,  or  the  joint  agency  of  the  divine  and 
human  nature.  Murdoch. 

THE-A.VTHRO-PISM,  n.    [Gr.  Qcos  and  uj/0/}(O7r<-?.] 

A  state  of  being  God  and  man.  Coleridge. 

THe'AR-€HY,  71.     [Gr.  Qtoi,  God,  and  ap\ri,  rule.] 
Government  by  Gud ;  more  commonly  called  The- 
oc^i-CY.  Ch.  Ret.  .Appeal. 

THe'A-TER,  j  n.     [Ft.  theatre  ,■  L.  Vicatrum  ;  Gr.  ^ea- 
THe'A-TRE,  S      Tpou,  from  Scnoun:,  to  see.] 

1.  Among  the  ancients,  an  edifice  in  which  specta- 
cles or  shows  were  exhibited  for  the  amusement  of 
spectators. 

2.  In  modem  times,  a  house  for  the  exhibition  of 
dramatic  performances,  as  tragedies,  comedies,  and 


In  the  manner  of  actors 
^   ,  in  a  manner  suiting  the  stage. 
THE-AT'RIG-ALS,  n.  pi.    Dramatic  pertbrmances. 

THAVE,  '  (  "*    A  ewe  of  the  first  year.    [Local.] 
THe'BAN-YeAR,  7;.    In  ancient  chronology,theBgyp- 

lian  year  of  3li5  days  and  6  hours.  Bryant. 

THe'CA,  71.     [L.,  from  Gr.  djiKti-] 

A  sheath  or  case. 
THe'CA-PHORE,  n.     [Gr.  ^n^r,,  a  case  or  cover,  and 
(/footw,  to  bear  or  carry.] 

In  botany,  the  pedicel  or  stipe  of  an  ovaiy,  when 
it  has  one,  called  also  Gynophore,  Basigtnium,  and 
PoDOGTNiuM.  Lindlcii. 

THe'CO-DONTS,  n.  pi.     [Gr.  ^nKri  and  o^ov^.] 

A  tribe  of  extinct  saurians,  having  the  teeth  im- 
planted in  sockets.  Owen. 
THEE,  pron.;  obj.  case  of  Thou.    [Contracted  from 
Sax.  t/iec;  Cimb.  thig ;  Francic,  thee;  Goth,  t/iulc. 
See  Thou.J 
THEE,  V.  i.     [Goth,  thihan;  Sax.  (Aeon.] 

To  thrive  ;  to  prosper.     [  Obs.]  Chaucer. 

THEFT,  n.     [Sax,  thyftkc.    See  Thief.] 

1.  The  act  of  stealing.  In  law,  the  private,  unlaw- 
ful, felonious  taking  of  another  person's  goods  or 
movables,  with  an  intent  to  steal  them.  To  consti- 
tute theft,  the  taking  must  be  in  private,  or  without 
the  owner's  knowledge  ;  and  it  must  be  unlawful  or 
felonious,  that  is,  it  must  be  with  a  design  to  deprive 
the  owner  of  his  property  privately  and  acalnst  his 
will.  Theft  differs  from  robbery,  as  the  falter  is  a 
violent  taking  from  the  person,  and  of  course  not 
private. 

2.  The  thing  stolen.    Ezod.  xxii. 
TUEFT'-BoTB,  n.    [thffl  and  Sax.  bote,  compensa- 
tion.] 

In  la7o,  the  receiving  of  a  man's  goods  again  from 
a  thief;  or  a  compensation  for  them,  by  way  of  com- 
position, and  to  prevent  the  prosecution  of  the  thief. 
This  in  England  subjects  a  person  to  a  hea\'j'  fine,  as 
by  this  means  the  punishment  of  the  criminal  is  pre- 
vented. 
THe'I-FORM,  a.  Having  the  form  of  tea, 
THe'IN,  n.    A  principle  obtained    from  tea.    It  is 

identical  with  Caffein,  which  see. 
THEIR,  (thare,)  a.  pron.     [Sax.  hiora;  Ice.  thcirra.] 

1,  Their  has  the  sense  of  a  pronominal  adjective, 
denoting  of  them,  or  the  possession  of  two  or  more  ; 
as,  their  voices ;  tkeir  garments ;  their  houses ;  their 
land  ;  their  countiy. 

2,  Theirs  is  used  as  a  substitute  for  the  adjective 
and  the  noun  to  which  it  refers,  and  in  this  case,  it 
may  be  the  nominative  to  a  verb.  "  Our  land  is 
the  most  extensive,  but  theirs  is  the  best  cultivated." 
Here  theirs  stands  as  the  representative  of  their  land, 
and  is  the  nominative  to  is. 


Notliing  but  the  name  of  zeal  appears 

'Twixt  our  best  actions  and  the  worst  of  tJidrs. 


DejJiam. 


In  this  use,  theirs  is  not  in  the  possessive  case,  for 
then  there  would  be  .a  double  possessive. 
THe'ISM,  n.    [from  Gr.  Of^,  God.] 

The  belief  or  acknowledgment  of  the  existence  of 
a  God,  33  opposed  to  Atheism.  Tlteism  differs  from 
flcL-m,  for  although  deism  implies  a  belief  in  the  ex- 
istence of  a  God,  yet  it  signifies,  in  modern  usage,  a 
denial  of  revelation,  which  theisvi  does  not. 


bicsted  of  my 

THeME,  re.  [L.  themai  Gr.  ^i^ij,  from  riOniti.  to  set 
or  place.] 

1.  A  subject  or  topic  on  wl.ich  a  person  wm.  r:  <  r 
speaks.    The  preacher  takes  a  text  for  the  f 
liis  discourse. 

Wiieii  n  K>!di-r  was  the  theme,  my  name 

Was  uot  far  off.  ,       . 

2.  A  short  dissertation  composed  by  a  stud-  m. 

.Milton. 

3.  In  grammar,  a  radical  verb,  or  the  verb  in  its 
primary  absolute  slate,  not  modifiL^I  by  inflections  ; 
as,  the  infinitive  mode  in  English.  But  a  large  por- 
tion of  the  words  called  theme.*  in  (^reek,  are  not  the 
radical  words,  but  are  themselves  derivative  forms 
of  the  verb.    The  fact  is  the  same  in  other  languapcs. 

4.  In  niuMc,  a  series  of  notes  selecu-d  as  the  text 
orsubjcct  of  a  new  compositijn. 

THe'MIS,  n.  [Gr.]  In  the  mythology  of  titc  Greeks. 
the  goddess  of  law,  ^         &?  -'  » 

THEMSELVES',  a  compound  of  tJiem  and  ednes,  and 
added  lo  they  by  way  of  emphasis  or  pointi-d  distinc- 
tion. Thus  we  say,  they  thrmseices  have  done  the 
mischief;  they  can  not  blame  others.  In  this  case, 
tJieinselve^  is  in  the  nominative  case,  and  may  be  con- 
sidered as  an  emphalical  pronoun. 

In  some  cases,  themselves  is  used  without  they,  and 
stands  as  the  only  noiniiialive  lo  the  following  verb. 
Themselves  have  done  the  mischief. 

This  word  is  used  also  in  the  objective  case  after  a 
verb  or  preposition.  Things  in  thciriseiccs  innocent, 
may,  under  certain  circumstances,  cease  lo  be  so. 

They  open  to  lh€msc!c<$  al  length  Uic  way.  *>Ti::(?r.. 

THEN,  adv.     [Goth.   Vtanne ;  Sax.   thanne ;  G. 
D.  dan.     See  Thence.] 

1.  At  that  time,  referring  to  a  time  specified,  <.,:.,.•., 
past  or  future. 

And  the  Canaanite  was  then  in  the  Lind.  — Gen.  xfl. 

That  is,  when  Abram  migrated  and  came  into 

Canaan. 

Now  I  know  ID  part,  bol  then  shall  I  knov  ereo  as  I  un  knovn. 
1  Cor.  xii. 

9.  Afterward ;  soon  afterward  or  immediatrly. 

First  be  reconciled  lo  iby  brother,  and  then  coinc  and  offer  ±j 

gift.  —  Matt.  V. 

3.  In  that  case ;  in  consequence.     OaL  iii.    Job  iiL 

h"  all  this  be  so,  then  man  bas  n  natural  Crcedora.  Lodx. 

4.  Therefore  ;  for  this  reason. 

Now,  then,  be  all  thy  w cishty  cares  airay.  Dr-  '.  .. 

5.  At  another  time ;  as,  now  and  then,  at  on    ■  -1 
and  another.  .l/j.'.'  .-,. 

C\  That  time. 

Till  then  wlu>  koew- 
The  fbrc;  of  thoie  dire  arrcs  i  AISi>n. 

Then  is  often  used  elliptically  for  tlie  then  ezisting ; 
as,  the  then  administraliun,  Burke. 

THENCE,  (Ihens,)  adv.  [Sax.  thanan,  thanoR:  G. 
danncn;  from  tJian,  (/<i,-rn,  then,  supra.  Then  signi- 
fies, properly,  place,  or  set  time,  from  scUing,  and 
thence  is  derived  from  it.  So  tlie  Germans  say,  ton 
danncn,  from  thence.] 

1.  From  that  place. 

VVbpn  YOU  depart  thence,  ih-ike  off  the  dust  of  your  feet. — 
Haik  vi. 

It  is  more  usual,  though  not  necessary,  to  use  from 

before  Uiencc. 

Then  will  I  send  and  fetch  ihec /rom  thenet.  — Gen.  ixriL 

2.  From  that  time. 

There  shall  be  00  more  thence  an  infaDl  of  days.  —  Is-  Ixr. 

3.  For  that  reason. 


MUton. 

[thence  and 


Not  to  sit  idle  with  so  ?n*at  a  gift 
UstJess,  and  thenct  ridiculous  about  him. 

THENCE'FoRTH,  (thens'forth,)  adc. 
forth.]     From  that  lime. 

If  the  salt  hath  lost  its  saror,  tt  is  thenc^orth  grod  for  notlunj. 
—  Matt.  V. 

This  is  also  preceded  by  ^om,  though  not  from  any 

necessity. 

And  from  thenceforth  Pilaw  sought  to  rvlcase  him.  — John  xix. 

THEXCE-FOR'WARD,  adc.  [thence  and  fortoard.] 
From  that  time  onward.  Kcttlevitll 

THEXCE-FROM',  adv.  [thence  and  from.]  From 
that  place.     [Awl  in  use.]  Smith. 


J 


TfJNE,  BJJLL,  UNITE — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS — C  as  K  ;  C  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH ;  TU  as  in  THIS. 
-  _  __ 


THE 


TlIl'^O-BIlo'MA,  7(.     [Gr.  Oco?  and  fjpujua.] 

L  The  nanit;  of  a  genus  of  ijlants  producing  the 
cacao  or  choculale  mil. 
2    A  superior  preparation  of  llie  cacao  or  cocoa. 

Loudon. 
TIIE-O-GHRIST'ie,  a.     [Gr.  Oroj  and  x/^icryy.] 

Anointing  by  God. 
TIIE-OCHA-CY,  7J.     [Vr,  theorracic  i  It.  teocrazia  i  Sp. 
Uocraeia  ;  Gr.  Gtos,  God,  and  K;mroi,  power  ;  apa- 
Ti:-}y  to  hold.] 

Government  of  a  slate  hy  tlio  immediate  direction 
of  God  ;  or  the  state  thus  yovt-rncd.    Of  tliis  siot'cics 
tlie  Israehtes  furnish    an   illustrious  example.     The 
t.'ifocracif  hislcd  till  thn  time  of  Saul. 
TIlK'O-tMt.A-tfY,  11.     [Gr.  Or«s  and   fc-,o;i^(f,  mixture.] 
in  ancient  p/ulo^'oi'lin-,  ;in  inliinale  union  of  L'le  soul 
with  God  in  r<>nt<  inplaiion. 
THR-O-CUAT'lt",         I  a.    Pertainini;  loa  thcncracv  ; 
TllK-0-CRAT'ie  AL,  (      administered  by  tJie  innne- 
diate  direction  of  God  ;  as,  the  tkcorral leal  stale  of 
Ihe   Israelites.    The  government   of  the  Israelites 
was  tJicMcratic. 
THR-01)'I-CY,  71.     [Fr.  thcodkie^  from  Gr.  Ofoj,  God, 
and  t^crj,  justice.] 

A  vindication  of  Ihe  justice  of  God   in  regard  to 
the  natural  and  niuial  evil  that  exists  under  his  gov- 
ernment. Leibnitz. 
THE-UU'O-LITK,  ?(.     [Uu.  Gr.  3ta-,  to  run,  and  i^o- 
A(\(»5,  long.] 

A  surveyor's  comjiass  furni^ihed  with  a  small  tele- 
scope for  the  more  accurate  measurement  of  angles. 

Olmsted. 
TIIE-OG'0-NIST,  n.     A  writer  on  Iheogony. 
TIIE-OG'O-NV,    «.      [Er.    thco-^-oide ;    Gr.    ^eoyoinu; 
Qeos,  Gud,  and  j  f»i'f?,  or  yiion'ti^  to  he  born.] 

In  vnjtkotinni,  ihe  generation  of  the  gods;  or  tlial 
branch  of  h(';iilifn  theology  which  tnught  the  gene- 
aliigy  nf  thiir  deities.  Hesiod  composed  a  poem 
concerning  that  iheogony,  or  the  creation  of  liie 
world  and  the  descent  of  the  giuls. 
THEOL'0-GAS-TER,  ?i.  A  kind  of  quack  in  divin- 
ity ;  as,  a  quack  in  medicine  is  called  Medicasteu. 

Burton. 
THE-O-Lo'OI-AN,  7i.     [See  Theology.]     A  divine  ; 
a  person  well  veised  ui  theology,  or  a  professor  of 
divinity.  Milton. 

TIIE-0-LOG'l€,         I  a.     [See  Theology.]    Pertain- 
TIIE-0-LOG'ie-ATi,  j      ing  to  divinity, or  the  science 
of  God  and  of  divine  things}  as,  a  theological  trea- 
tise ;  theolo'rical  criticism.  Sicijl.     Cyc. 
THE-O-LOta'ie-AL-LY,  adv.    According  to  the  prin- 
ciples of  theology. 
THE-OL'O-GIST,  7i.     A  divine  ;  one  studious  In  the 
science  of  divinity,  or  one  well  versed  in  that  sci- 
ence. 
THE-OL'0-GIZE,  v.  t.    To  render  theological. 

Glanville. 
2.  V.  i.    To  frame  a  system  of  theology.     [Little 
used.  ] 
TnE-OL'0-OTZ-;-n3,  ;j;i.    Rendered  theological. 
TIIE-OL'O-OiZ-ER,  j(.     A  divine,  or  a  professor  of 

theology.     [UniL^tial]  Boyle. 

THE-OL'O-CIZ-ING,  ppr.    Rendering  theological. 
TtTK'O-LOGlJE,  (lop,)  for  Theologist,  is  not  in  use. 
'J'HE-0L'0-6Y,  71.     [Er.  thcohirie;  Tt.  and   Sp.  tcolo- 
gni ;  Gr.  ^€oXayin  ;  Be-/?,  God,  and  >f>j(t?,  discourse.] 
Divinity;  the  science  of  God  and  divine  things  ; 
or  the  science  which  tr'aches  the  existence,  charac- 
ter, and  atlrilintcs  of  God,  his  laws  and  government, 
the  doctrines  wo  are  to   believe,  and  the  duties  we 
are  to  practice.    Theoh)gy  consists  of  two  branches, 
natural  and  rcvcalfd.     .Katural  thcohiiry  is  the  kno\\l- 
edge  we  have  of  God  from  his  works,  by  the  light  of 
nature  and  reason.     Rnvctilcd  thcnhfry  is  that  which 
is  to  be  learned  only  from  revelation. 

Moral  Ikcofo^y  teaches  ns  the  divine  laws  rcliuing 
to  our  manners  and  actions,  that  is,  our  moral  duties. 
Sprrulntive  theoln^ij  teaches  (jr  explains  the  doc- 
trines of  religion,  as  objects  of  faith. 

iichotastic  thcolo^ij  m  that  which  proceeds  by  rea- 
soning, or  which  derives  the  knowledge  of  several 
divine  things  from  certain  established  principles  of 
faith.  Tillotson.     Cyc. 

THE-OM'A-eiHST,  (kist,)  7i.     [Gr.  ecws,  God,  and 
paxn,  combat.] 

One  who  fights  against  the  gods.  Bailni. 

THE-O.M'A-eilY,  ».    [Supra.]    A  fighting  against'the 
gods,  as  the  battle  of  the  giants  \\ith  the  god^^. 
9.  Opposition  to  Ihe  divine  will. 
TIIE'0-MAN-CY,  71.     [Gr.  O  «s  and  pavrcta.] 

A  kind  of  divination  drawn  fnmi  the  responses  of 
oracles  among  heathen  nations. 
TIIE-O-PA-TIIET'ie,  a.    Pertaining  to  iheopathv. 

Hartley. 
THE  OP'A-TIIY,  71.     [Gr,  9£os,  God,  and  ^aOos,  pas- 
sion.] 

Sympathy  with  the  divine  nature  ;  like  feelings  to 
those  of  God.  Uarthii. 

THE-OPH'A-NY,  n.     [Gr.  Qtos  and  (putvnitat,  to'np- 
pear.] 

A  manifestation  of  God  to  man  by  actual  appear- 
ance. 
THE-O-PHI-LAN'TIIRO-PIST,  ti.    [Gr.  Ocoi  and  ./x- 
Aai/fipajTTHS.] 


THE 

A  title  assunn.'il  by  some  persons  in  France  during 
the  revolution.    'I'heir  object  was  to  establish  reason 
in  the  |)lacc  uf  Christianity. 
THPi-OP-NEOST'IC,  a.    [Gr.  On;s  and  ttvcvctikv^.] 

Given  by  the  inspiration  of  the  Sj)irit  of  God. 
TIIe'OP-NEUST-Y,  n.     Divine  inspiration  ;  the  mys- 
terious power  which  the  divine  Spirit  exercises  in 
making  men  to  know  and  communicate  the  truth. 

Oausscn. 
TIIE-OR'BO,  7(.  [It.  tiorba;  Fr.  Iitorbej  or  tcorbc] 
A  musical  insirumenl  made  like  a  large  lute,  but 
with  two  heads,  to  each  of  which  some  of  the  strings 
^verc  attaelied.  It  was  also  called  the  Archlui  k, 
and  wu;!  u^cd  chiclly,  if  not  only,  as  an  acconi[»ani- 
ment  to  the  voice.    It  has  long  fallen  into  disuse. 

P.  Cyc. 
THe'O-UEM,  II.     [l' r.  theorcme  ;  Sp.  and  iLtcurcma; 
Gr.  ^"rcj/uj/ia,  from  vtwfifaJ,  to  see.] 

1.  In  viatkcmntks,  a  theoram  is  a  proposition  to  be 
proved  by  a  chain  of  reasoning.  A  tkcorcin  is  some- 
thing to  be  proved  ;  a  problem  is  something  to  be 
done.  Vmj. 

9.  In  algebra  or  analysi-t^  it  is  sometimes  used  to 
denote  a"rule,  particularly  when  that  rule  is  e.\- 
prcssed  by  symI)ols.  Cyc. 

A  unwcrsal  theorem  extends  to  any  quantity  with- 
out restricti(m. 

A  particuhir  Ihcorcvi  extends  only  to  a  particular 
quantity. 

A  negative  theorem  expresses  the  impossibility  of 
any  assertion. 
TIlE-0-RE-MAT'ie,         )  a.     Pertaining  to  a  theo- 
TIIE-0-RE-MAT'ie*-AL,  \     rem  ;  comprised  in  a  thc- 
TliE-0-UE:\I'ie,  >     rem  ;  consisting  of  theo- 

rems ;  as,  thc'^rcmic  truth.  Grew. 

THE-O-UET'IG,  )  a.     [Gr.  '^ceopntiKoi.    See  The- 

TUE-O-RET'ie-AI.,  j      onv.] 

Pertaining  to  theory  ;  depending  on  theory  or  spec- 
ulation ;  speculative  ;  terminating  in  theory  or  spec- 
ulation; not  practical;  ns,  tkcorrtirnl  learning;  thcu- 
Tclic  sciences.  The  sciences  are  divided  into  theoret- 
ical^ as  theology,  philosophy,  and  the  tike,  and  prac- 
ticaly  as  medicine  and  law. 
THE-O-RET'ie-AL-I.Y,  adv.  In  or  by  theory;  in 
P|)eculation  ;  speculatively  ;  not  practically.  Some 
things  appear  to  be  theoretically  true  which  are  found 
to  be  jiractically  false, 
TIlE'0-Rie,  7(.     Speculation.  Shfik. 

THE-OR'ie,  o.     Pertaining  to  tlie  Iheorica. 

9.  Theoretic.     [Obx.]  SiuUh's  Diet. 

TIIE-OR'I-GA,  n.  pi.     [Gr.  ^Cf-ypiKo^.] 

A  term  applied  to  the  public  moneys  expended  at 
Athens  on  festivals,  sacrifices,  and  public  entertain- 
ments, particularly  theatrical  performances,  and  in 
largesses  among  the  peojile.  Sinifh's  Vict. 

THE-OR're-AL-LY,  adv.  Specul^itively.  [A'ot  w-s-crf.] 
TIIe'O-RIST,  )  71.  One  who  forms  tlieories ;  one 
TIIE'0-RTZ-ER,  j      given  to  Iheoiy  and  speculation. 

The  crcatesl  iJicorists  hr\ve  ^ivcn  tlie  inffcreuco  lo  such  a  ^ov- 
cnimnit  as  ili^it  of  this  kiu^tloin,  Additon. 

THe'O-RTZE,  v.  i.  To  form  a  theory  or  theories  ;  to 
speculate  ;  as,  to  theorize  on  the  existence  of  phlogis- 
ton. 

THk'O-RTZ-ER,  77.    A  theorist. 

TIIk'O-RiZ-ING,  ppr.     Forming  a  theory. 

THe'O-RY,  77.  [Fr.  thcnric ;  It.  tcoria  ;  L.  thcorin  ;  Gr. 
S'£i,.)pia,  from  $-i:Mpco},  to  sec  or  contemplate.] 

J.  Speculation  ;  a  doctrine,  or  scheme  of  things, 
which  terminates  in  speculation  or  contemplation, 
without  a  view  to  practice.  It  is  here  taken  in  an 
unfavorable  sense,  as  implying  something  visionary. 
9.  An  exposition  of  the  general  principles  of  any 
science  ;  as,  the  theory  of  music. 

3.  The  science  distinguished  from  the  art ;  as,  the 
theory  and  practice  of  medicine. 

4.  The  philosophical  explanation  of  phenomena, 
either  physical  or  moral ;  as,  Lavoisier's  theory  of 
combuytion  ;  Smith's  theory  ot^  moral  sentiments. 

Theory  \.-  fH-iinguished  from  hypothesis  thus:  a 
theory  is  founded  on  inferences  drawn  fr-M  princi- 
ples which  have  been  vA--\  '.-.pnl  on  independent 
evidence;  u.  hypothesis  is  a  proposition  assumed  to 
account  for  certain  phemmiena,  and  has  no  oilier  ev- 
idence of  its  truth  than  that  it  aftbrds  a  satisfactory 
explanation  of  those  phenomena.  Olmsted. 

TIIE-O-SOPH'ie,  (  a.     Pertaining  to  theo;:opby. 

THE-O-SOPH'ie-AL,  \  Murdoch. 

THE-Orf'O-PIIISM,  77.     [Gr.  0ios,  God,  and  a.'ul,tn),a, 
comment ;  roipog,  wise.] 
'I'heosophy,  or  a  process  of  it.  Mardock. 

THE-OS'O-PIIIST,  T(.    One  addicted  to  theosophy. 

Murdoch. 
THE  OS'0-PIITZE,  V.  j.    To  practice  thcosophy. 

Murdoch. 
TIIE-OS'0-PIIY,  71.     [Gr.  Qcosy  God,  and  <Tr../)o.,  wis- 
dom.] 

Supposed  intercourse  with  God  and  superior  spirits, 
and  consc(iuent  attainment  of  superhuman  knowl- 
edge, by  physical  processes  ;  as  by  the  theurgic  oper- 
ations of  some  ancient  Platonists,  or  by  the  chemical 
processes  of  the  German  fin*  philosophers.  Murdoelc. 
THER-A-PEu'Tie,  a.  [Gr.  ^ifarrEVTiKOi,  from  »t/)a- 
TT€v<'>.  to  nurse,  serve,  or  cure.] 

Curative  ;  that  pertains  to  the  healing  art ;  tliat  is 


THE 

concerned  in  discovering  and  applying  remedies  for 
diseases. 

Medicine  is  iuslly  dislriljiilcd  into  jjroiiliybctic,  or  die  nrt  of  yrc- 
Berving  itcidili,  ivuJ  t'tcrnpeuUe,  or  tlic  nn  of  rcBlonug  n. 

WiUta. 

TIIER-A-PEu'TieS,  71.  That  part  of  medicine  which 
respects  the  discovery  and  application  of  remedies 
for  diseases.  Therapeutics  teaches  the  use  of  tliet 
and  of  medicines.  Cye. 

9.  A  religious  sect  described  by  Philo.  They  were 
devotees  to  their  religious  tenets. 

TlIgRE,  (thure,)   ado.      [Sax.  tlurr  ;    Goth,   thar ;   D. 
daar ;  Sw.  f/dr;  Dan.  (/cr.     This  word  was  formerly 
used  as  a  pronoun,  as  w(;ll  as  an  advr-rb  of  place. 
Thus,  in  Saxon,  Ihirrto  was  to  him^  to  her,  or  to  it.] 
1.  In  that  place. 

The  Lord  (JoJ  plmilcd  n  gnnleii  eaulwnrd  in  Eden,  and  Oiere  lie 
put  llic  in;in  wliuiri  Ik;  Imd  loniicd.  — (iVn.  U. 

9,  It  is  sometimes  opposed  to  Here  ;  there  denitiin™ 
the  place  most  distant. 

DarkncRs  (htre  migiil  wtJI  act-ni  twiliglil  here.  Milton. 

3.  Here  and  there ;  in  one  place  and  another;  as, 
here  n  little,  and  there  a  little. 

4.  It  is  sometimes  used  by  way  of  exclamation, 
calling  the  attention  to  somethiin;  distant ;  as,  there, 
there.'  see  tJicrc!  look  there  I 

5.  There  is  used  to  begin  sentences,  or  before  a 
verb;  sometimes  pertinently,  and  sometimes  with- 
out signification  ;  but  its  use  is  su  firmly  established 
that  it  can  not  be  dispensed  with. 

WliL'iLVcr  Uierc  is  scnsi;  or  perception,  llicre  some  Idea  U  actually 
produced.  l^cke. 

Ttiere  have  benn  thai  \\a\c  delivered  ihcmsclvcfl  from  their  iih  hy 
llieir  good  forainc  or  virtue.  Suckling. 

Aiid  Viere  cnnie  (i  vnicc  from  heaven,  eaylng,  Thou  art  my 
Unloved  Sgii.  —  Murk  i. 

G.  In  compositioiiy  there  has  the  sense  of  a  pronoun, 
as  in  Saxon  ;  as  thereby,  which  sij^nifies  by  that. 
TIIEKE-A-BOUT',     i  comp.      [there  ant]  about.     The 
TilERE-A-BOUTS',  j      latter  is  less  proper,  but  most 
commonly  used.] 

1.  Near  that  place.  Shale. 

2.  Nearly;  near  that  number,  degree,  or  quantity; 
as,  ten  men,  or  thrrcabouLt. 

3.  Concerning  that.     [A'ot  vtnch  used.]     LitJcc  -xxiv. 
THERE-aFT'ER   comp.     [there  and  after.     Sax.  t/ucr- 

after,  after  that.] 

1.  According  to  that ;  accordingly. 

Whrn  you  can  drnw  til?  Iiciid  indilTerPutly  well,  pronorlinti  the 
body  Vicreafler.  Peadtam. 

2.  After  that.  .Spenser. 
THERE-AT',  comp.     [there  and  at.]     At  that  plate. 

Widi-  is  llic  ":;ite,  nnil  bro:id  is  tite  wiiy,  that  leadelh  to  disuuc- 
liou,  ftntl  many  there  be  wliich  go  in  thereat.  —  Mall.  vii. 

2.  At  that;  at  that  thing  or  event;  on  that  ac- 
count. 

Every  error  is  a  Blaiu  to  tlie  beauty  of  nalnrc  ;  for  which  giiibc  it 

bliishi.-Lh  t}iCTcal.  Hooker. 

THERE-BT',  co7h;7.  [there  and  by.]  By  that ;  by  that 
means  ;  in  consequence  of  that. 

Acqnuinl  now  thyself  with  him,  and  bo  nl  peact-j  t}\ercU\j  good 
flhall  coine  nnio  thee.  —  Job  x xii. 

TIIERE-FOR',  comp.    [there  and  for.]     For  that,  or 

this,  or  it. 
THERE'FORE,  (ther'fore  or  tliure'foro,;  comp.     [there 

and  for.]     For  that ;  for  tliat  or  this  reason,  referring 

to  something  previously  stated. 

I  have  married  a  wife,  and  therefore  I  can  not  come.  —  Ltiko  xiv. 

2.  Consequently. 

lie  blushes;  t/tcrc/ore  lie  ia  jnilty.  Spectnlor. 

3.  In  return  or  recompense  for  this  or  that. 

Wlial  shall  wc  have,  therefore  ?  — Mat(.  xix. 

THERE-FROM',  conty.  [Uierc  nnd  from.]  From  this 
or  that. 

Turn  not  aside  therefrom  totherig'hl  hand  or  lo  Ihc  left.  —  Jush. 
xxiii. 

TIIERE-IN',  comp.  [there  and  in.]  In  that  or  this 
p!;tre,  time,  or  thing. 

Briu^  (i'rtli  abimdanlly  in  tbe  eai'lh  and  miiltiply  L'.c.toi.— 

Ucn.  ix. 
Ye  Shalt  keep  the  Sahbalh  —  whosoever  doclh  any  work  therein 

—  that  soul  ahall  be  cut  of!.  — Kx,  xxtI. 
TIferein  our  icltere  do  not  well  ugr^e.  ^hak. 

'fllERE-IN-TC,  comp.     [Uierc  and   into.]     Into  that. 

Baror. 
TIIERE-OF',  comp.     [there  and  of]     Of  that  or  this. 

In  Ihe  day  thou  ealeet  Ihcrenf  thou  shall  surely  die.  — Gen.  il. 

TIIERE-ON',  comp.     [there  and  on.}     On  that  or  this. 

Then  Uic  kiiig  said,  Il.inj  him  (Acreon.  —  Eflther  vii. 

TIIERE-OUT^  comp.     [there  and  out.]     Out  of  that  fd" 

Ibis.     Lev.  ii. 
THERE-TO',         )  comp.    [there  nud  to,  or  unto.]    To 
TIIERE-UN-TO',  j       that  or  this. 

Add  the  fifth  part  (/lereto.  —  Lev.  v. 

TIIERE-UN'DER,  cojnp.  [there  and  under.]  I'nder 
that  or  this.  Jiale^h. 

TIIERE-UP-ON',co77Tp.  [Merc  and  upon.]  Upon  that 
or  this. 

Th"  remnnnt  of  Ihe  house  of  Judah,  Ihcy  shall  feed  thereupon. 
Zeph.  ii. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH/^T.  —  MiiTE,  PR£Y.  — PiNE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BOOK — 


THE 

2.  In  consequence  of  llmt. 

He  hopes  lo  find  yoii  forwani, 
And  Ckereujxin  he  sciiiU  you  ihia  gooit  news.  Shak. 

3.  ImineiiialeU* 

THERE-WHILE'j  comp.  [ikcre  ami  jchilc]  At  ihc 
same  time.     [Obs.]  JVidif. 

TiiERE-VVITH',  comp,  {Uicrc  and  witJi.^  With  that 
or  this 

1  have  learnevl  in  whatsoorersUiie  I  am,  ilieracUh  to  be  content. 
—  Phil.  iv. 

THERE-WITII-AL',  cowp.  [there  and  iciUial.]  Over 
and  above. 

2.  At  tlie  same  time. 

3.  Will)  that.     [This  word  is  obsole'c.] 

[The  foregoing  compounds  of  there  with  the  prep- 
ositions are  for  the  mo.^t  part  deemed  iiielesaiit  and 
obsolete.  Some  of  tliem,  however,  are  in  good  use, 
and  particularlv  in  the  law  slyle.l 

THEIIF-IJREAD,  (ihcrfbred,)  n.     fSos.  Viterf,  Vicorf, 
unferniented.l 
JJnleavoued  bread.     [jYot  in  tisc]  WicUf. 

THE'Rf-AC,      )  n.     [L.  t/tcriaca,  Gr.  ^npiaKr,,  trea- 

THE-Kr'.\-€A,  t       cle.]  '         ' 

A  name  given  by  the  ancients  to  various  compo- 
sitions esteemed  eflicaciotis  a^ainn  the  effects  of 
poison,  but  afterward  restrained  chiefly  to  wliat  has 
been  called  Thekiaca  Andromachi',  or  Venice 
Treacle,  which  is  a  compound  of  sixty-four  drugs, 
prepared,  pulverized,  and  reduced  by  means  of  honey 
loan  electuan*.  Ci/c. 

THi:'R[-At;,         I  a.    Pertaining  to  theriac  :  medici- 

THE-RT'Ae-AL,i       nal.  Bacon. 

TIIER'.MAL,  a.  [L.  tlicrm<s,  warm  balhsj  Gr.  ^ep/iai, 
from  ^?!><o,  to  warm.] 

Pertaining  to  heat ;  warm  ;  a  term  applied  chiefly 
to  warm  springs  ;  as,  thermal  waters. 

THER'.>r[-DOR,  n.  [Gr.  ^£/)»'>?,  warm.]  The  name 
of  the  lllh  month  of  the  Frencli  republican  year, 
cnmmincins  Julv  19.  and  ending  August  17. 

TMER'MO-E-LEe-TRlC'I-TY,  n.  [Gr.  ctp/x"?  and 
electricitij.]     Electricity  developed  by  heat.      Lrjell. 

THER'.MO-GEN,  n.  [Gr.  ^cpMy  lieat,  and  jcvos, 
yiiofiai,  to  generate.] 

The  elementary  matter  of  heat  ■  caloric  j  a  term 
ap[)!i''d  chiertv  to  warm  springs.  Good. 

TIIER'MO-LAMP,  n.  [Gr.  5-£/)/.o?,%/arm,  from  ^eppr,, 
heat,  and  lamp.] 

An  instrument  for  furnishing  light  by  means  of 
inflammable  gas.  ^     Jifed.  Rrpos. 

THER-MOM'E-TER,  n,  [Gr.  ^rpfio?,  warm,  from 
^€(inn,  heat,  and  iierpov^  measure.] 

An  instrument  for  measuring  heat;  founded  on 
the  property  which  heat  possesses  of  expanding  all 
bodies,  the  rate  or  quantity  of  expansion  being  sup- 
posed proportional  to  the  degree  of  heat  appMed,  and 
hence  indicating  that  degree.  The  thermometer  in- 
dicates only  the  sensible  Jieat  of  bodies,  and  gives  us 
no  information  respecting  the  quantity  of  latent  heat, 
or  of  combined  heat,  which  tho:?e  bodies  may  con- 
tain.    [See  also  Differential  Thermometeh.] 

Olmsted. 

THER-MO-MET'Rie-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  ther- 
mometer ;  as,  the  tkermo metrical  scale  or  tube. 

2.  Made  by  a  thermometer ;  as,  Viemtometrical  ob- 
ser\-ation9. 

THER-MO-MET'Rie-AL-LY,  adv.  By  means  of  a 
thennometer. 

THER'MO-SeOPE,  n.  [Gr.5cp//73,  heat,  and  gkottso), 
to  see.] 

An  instrument  contrived  by  Count  Rumford  for 
measuring  minute  difl^erences  of  temperature.  As 
modified  by  Professor  Leslie,  it  was  afterward  called 
the  Diffebe-vtial  Thersioueter.  Olmsted. 

TIIER-MO-SCOP'ie,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  Ihcrmo- 

SCnpi?. 

THER'MO-STAT,n,  [Gr.  5^/i;(o?and  <CTrr,//i.]  Aself- 
actins  physical  apparatus  for  regulating  temperature, 
by  the  unequal  expansion  of  diflerent  metals  by 
heat.  C/re. 

THER-MO-STAT'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  thermo- 
stat. Urc. 

TltER-MO-TEN^SION,  n.  [Gr.  -S-fp/to,-,  hot,  and  L. 
tensio,  a  stretching.] 

Literally^  a  stretching  by  heat.  This  word  is  ap- 
plied by  Professor  Johnson  to  a  process  of  increasing 
the  direct  cohesion  of  wrouglit  iron.  It  consists  in 
heating  the  metal  to  a  determinate  temperature, 
generally  from  500  to  fiOO  degrees  Fahrenheit,  and  in 
that  state  giving  to  it,  by  appropriate  machinery,  a 
mf;chanical  strain  ortension  in  the  direction  in  which 
the  strength  is  afterward  to  be  exerted.  The  degree 
of  tensile  force  applied  is  determined  beforehand  by 
trials  on  the  same  quality  of  metal  at  ordinary  at- 
mospheric temperature,  to  ascertain  what  force 
would,  in  that  case,  have  been  sufficient  lo  break  the 
piece  which  is  to  be  submitted  to  thermotension.  If 
this  process  should  succeed,  it  may  be  of  great  use 
in  giving  strength  to  chain  cables. 

THESE,  (thee/.,)  pron. ;  pi.  of  This  ;  used  as  an  adjec- 
tive or  substitute.  TTimc  is  opposed  to  those,  as  i/ns 
U  tot/tat;  and  when  two  persons  or  things,  or  col- 
lections of  things,  are  named,  these  refers  to  the 


THI 


THI 


things  or  persoM;<  which  are  nearest  in  place  or  or- 
der, or  which  are  last  mentioned. 


Some  place  the  Hiss  in  ficliou,  Bome  in  case  ; 
Those  call  it  pIcMurc,  and  conlf^iitmcnt  these. 


Pope. 


Here  these  is  a  substitute  for  these  persons,  and  for 
the  persons  last  mentioned,  who  place  their  bliss  in 
ease. 

TIIe'SIS,  71.  [I.,  thesis;  Gr.  ^eais^  a  position,  from 
TiOiii)i,  to  set.] 

1.  A  position  or  proposition  which  a  person  ad 
vauces  and  ort'ers  to  maintain,  or  which  is  actually 
maintained  by  argument ;  a  theme  ;  a  subject ;  par- 
ticularly, a  subject  or  proposition  for  a  school  or  uni- 
versity exercise,  or  tlie  exercise  itself. 

9.  In  lo^ie,  every  proposition  may  be  divided  into 
thesi.'i  and  hupotkesis.  Tliesis  contains  the  thing  af- 
firmed or  denied,  and  hypothesis  the  conditions  of 
the  afiirmalion  or  negation.  Cijc. 

3.  In  musiCjlhe  unaccented  or  unpercussed  part  of 
the  measure,  which  the  Greeks  expressed  by  the 
downward  heat. 

THES^'\IO-TIlETE,  n.  [Gr.  ^etrpoOcrm,]  A  law- 
giver; a  legislator-,  one  of  the  six  inferior  archons 

THES'PI-AN,  a.    [from  Thespis.]  [at  Athens. 

A  term  applied  to  tragic  acting. 

THe'TA,  n.     [Gr.  ().] 

The  unlucky  letter  of  the  Greek  alphabet,  so  called 
from  being  used  by  the  judges  in  passing  condemna- 
tion on  a  prisoner,  it  being  the  first  letter  of  the  Greek 
6af(iri>i;,  death. 

THET'ie-AL,  a.     [from  Gr.  ^itikos.     See  Thesis.] 
Laid  down.  More, 

THE-UR'Gie,         )  a.     [from   thcurg-y.}     Pertaining 

THE-UR'6ie-AL,  !       to  theurgy. 

Thciirffic  hiimns  ;  songs  of  incantation. 

THe'UR-GIST,  ft.  One  who  pretends  to  or  is  addicted 
tojheurgv.  Ilallywcll. 

TflE'UR-(5Y,  n.  [Gr.  ^eovpyta;  Bto?,  God,  and 
£p)"v,  work.] 

Among  the  Egyptian  Platonists,  an  iraaginar\' 
science  and  art.  As  a  science,  it  was  supposed  to 
have  been  revealed  to  men  by  the  gods  themselves 
in  very  ancient  times,  and  to  have  been  handed 
down  traditionally  by  the  priests.  As  an  art,  it  was 
the  ability,  by  means  of  certain  acts,  habits,  words, 
and  symbols,  of  moving  tlie  gods  to  impart  to  us 
secrets  which  surpass  the  powers  uf  reason,  to  lay 
open  to  us  the  future,  and  to  render  themselves 
visible.  See  Jamblichus  de  JilystcrOs  F.gript,  I.  c. 
26—29.  Jihirdock. 

THEW,  (thu,)  n.     [Sax.  theaw  ;  Gr.  eOo^.} 

1.  Manner;  custom;  habit;  form  of  behavior. 
[A'ci  m  use.]  Spcjiser. 

2.  Muscle  or  strength.     [JVot  in  rise.]  Sliak. 
THEVV'£D,  (thade,)a.  Accustomed;  educated.   [J^'vt 

in  use.]  Spenser. 

TIIEY",  (tfia,)  pron.  p/.;  objective  case,  Them.  [Sax. 
thtpgc;  Goth,  thai,  tliaim.] 

1.  The  men,  the  women,  the  animals,  the  things. 
It  is  never  used  adjcctively,  but  always  as  a  pronoun 
referring  to  persons,  or  as  a  substitute  referring  to 
things. 

They  and  their  Tilhen  have  transgressed  against  me.  —  Ezck.  ii. 
Tliey  of  iLity  salute  you.  —  Heb.  xiii. 

E!esse<I  .Tre  Uiey  which  do  hunger  and  thirel  after  righteousness. 
—  Matt.  V. 

2.  It  is  used  indefinitely,  as  our  ancestors  used 
man,  aud  as  the  French  use  on.  Tliey  say,  (on  dit,) 
that  i?,  it  is  said  by  persons  indefinitely. 

THI'ULE,  n.  A  slice  ;  a  skimmer;  a  spatula.  [JVo( 
in  use,  or  local.']  Ainsworth. 

THICK,  o.  [Sax.  tide,  Oucca;  G.  dick,  dicht;  D.  dik, 
di^t;  Sw.  tiock ;  Dan.  tijh  and  digt,  thick,  light; 
Gael,  and  Ir.  timrh;  'W.tew,  contracted.  Sec  Class 
Dg,  No.  3,  8,  10,  22,  3(),  57.  The  sense  is  probably 
taken  from  driving,  forcing  together,  or  pressing.] 

I.  Dense;  not  thin  ;  as,  (/tic/i:  vapors  ;  a  (/ficAfog. 
9.  Inspissated  ;  as,  the  paint  is  too  thick. 

3.  Turbid;  muddy;  feculent;  not  clear;  as,  the 
water  of  a  river  is  thick  after  a  rain. 

4.  Noting  the  diameter  of  a  body;  as,  a  piece  of 
timber  seven  inches  thick, 

My   little   finger  shall  be  thicker  than   my  lather's  Iwiiis.  —  I 
Kings  xJi. 

5.  Having  more  depth  or  extent  from  one  surface 
to  its  opposite  than  usual;  as,  a  Viick  plank;  tJiick 
cloth  ;  thick  paper. 

G.  Close ;  crowded  with  trees  or  other  objects  ;  as, 
a  thick  forest  or  wood  ;  thick  grass  ;  Vdck  corn. 

The  people  were  igatbercd  Oiick  togrthcr.  Locte. 

7.  Frequent ;  following  each  other  in  quick  suc- 
cession.   The  shot  flew  thick  as  had. 

Drydcn. 

8.  Set  with  things  close  to  each  other ;  not  easily 
pervious. 

El.ick  was  Ihe  forest,  Oiick  with  beech  it  stood.  Dn/den. 

9.  Not  having  due  distinction  of  syllables  or  good 
articulation  ;  as,  a  thick  utterance.  He  speaks  too 
thick. 

10.  Dull ;  somewhat  deaf;  as,  thick  of  hearing. 

II.  Intimate.     [Various  dialccU^.] 


Favors  cainc  Ouck  npon  him. 

Not  Viickcr  billows  bi_'at  the  Lil'ynn  n 


THICK,  n,  TIic  thickest  part,  or  the  time  when  any 
thing  is  thickesL 

In  the  Vadc  o(  Iho  dosl  and  smcke  be  ^naeaHlj  eolcied  \m  meo. 

Knotlu. 
2.  A  thicket.    [Aot  in  uje.J  DrayUm. 

Thick  and  thin ;  whatever  is  in  the  way 

I'hrou^^h  ildck  and  thin  ihe  followed  him.  lIudAns. 

THICK,  odo.    Frcqucnlly;  fast. 

I  hew  the  tmiupling  of  thick  beaUng  fert.  DryUn. 

2.  Closely;  as,  a  plat  of  ground  (Mck  tjown. 

Worrit. 

3,  To  a  gre;tt  depth,  or  to  a  thicker  depth  than 
usual ;  as,  a  bed  covered  thick  vi'wh  tan ;  land  cov- 
ered thidi  with  manure. 

Thick  and  threefold;  in  quick  guccegslon,  ot  in 
great  numbers.    [Xot  in  use.]  L^EHrange. 

THICK,  V.  i.    To  become  thick  or  dense.    [Ji'ct  u^ed.} 

Spenner. 
THICK'KX,  (thik'n,)  v.  L     [Sax.  tJuccian.] 
I.  To  make  thick  or  dense. 

9.  To  make  close ;  lo  fill  up  interstices ;  aj*,  lo 
thicken  cloth. 

3.  To  make  concrete ;  lo  inspissate ;  a?,  to  tiickai 
paint,  mortar,  or  a  liquid. 

4.  To  strengthen  ;  to  conHnn. 

And  thiit  nmy  ht-lp  to  tfacken  oUier  proob.     [Not  used.]    Shak. 

5.  To  make  frequent,  or  moro  frequent;  as,  to 
thicken  blows. 

6.  To  make  close,  or  more  close;  to  moke  more 
numerous  ;  as,  to  thicken  the  ranks. 

THICK'£N,  (thik'n,)  v.  i.    To  bec«rac  thick  or  more 
thick  ;  to  become  dense  ;  as,  the  fog  thickens 
9.  To  become  dark  or  obscure. 
Thy  lufier  iWdtfiw 
When  he  «hia»  by.  Sliai, 

3.  To  concrete  ;  to  be  consolidated ;  as,  the  juices 
of  plants  thiekcn  into  wood. 

4.  To  be  inspissated  ;  as,  vegetable  juices  tJuekcn 
as  the  more  volatile  parts  are  evaporated. 

5.  To  become  close,  or  more  close  or  numerotis. 

The  preas  of  people  thirJcertj  lo  thfs  ccun.  Drydtn. 

6.  To  become  quick  and  animated. 

The  combat  thickens.  Addisoru 

1.  To  become  more  numerous ;  lo  press  ;  lo  be 
crowded.  Proofs  of  the  fact  thicken  upon  us  at 
every  step. 

THICk'SN-ED,  (thik'nd,)  pp.  or  a.    Made  dense,  or 

more  dense;  made  more  close  or  compact;   made 

more  frequent ;  inspissated. 
THICK'£N-ING,  ppr.    Making  dense,  or  more  dense, 

more  close,  or  more  freqtient ;  inspissating. 
THICK'£N-ING,  n.     Something  put  into  a  liquid  or 

mass  to  make  it  more  thick. 
THICK'ER,  a.  comp.    More  thick. 
THICK'EST,  a.  snperl.     Most  thick. 
THICK'ET,  V.     A  wood  or  collection  of  trees  or 

ehnibs  closely  set ;  as,  a  ram  caught  in  a  tAiekeL 

Ocn.  xxii. 
THICK'HEAD-ED,(-hed-,)/i.    Having  a  thick  skiiU; 

dull  ;  stupid. 
THtCK'ISH,  a.    Somewhat  thick. 
THICK'LY,  adv.    Deeply  ;  to  a  great  depth.    Boyle. 

2.  Closely ;  compactly. 

3.  In  quick  succession. 

THICK'NESS,  71.  The  state  of  being  thick  ;  dense- 
ness ;  density  ;  as,  the  thickness  of  fog,  vapor,  or 
clouds. 

2.  The  state  of  being  concrete  or  inspissated  ; 
consistence  ;  spissitude ;  as,  the  thickness  of  paint  or 
mortar;  the  thickiiess  of  honey;  the  thickness  of  the 
blood. 

3.  The  extent  of  a  body  from  side  to  side,  or  from 
surface  to  surface  ;  as,  the  thickness  of  a  tree ;  the 
tJtickncss  of  a  board  ;  the  thickness  of  the  hand  ;  Uie 
thickness  of  a  layer  of  earth. 

4.  Closeness  of  the  parts  ;  the  state  of  being 
crowded  or  near ;  as,  the  thick7tess  of  trees  in  a  for- 
est ;  the  thickness  of  a  wood. 

5.  The  state  of  being  close,  dense,  or  impervious; 
as,  the  thickness  of  shades.  .Addison. 

(3.  Dullness  of  the  sense  of  hearing  ;  want  of 
quickness  or  acuteness  ;  as,  thickness  of  hearing. 

Sici/t 
THICK'SET,  a.     [thick  and  set]    Close  planted  ;  as, 
a  thiclcsct  wood.  Drydcn. 

9.  Having  a  short,  thick  body. 
TIIICK'SKIN,  n,     [thick  and  skin,]    A  coarse,  gross 

person  ;  a  blockhead.  Entiek, 

THICK'SKULL,  n.     [thick  and  sknil]    Dullness  :  or 

a  dull  person  :  a  blockhead.  Entiek. 

TinCK'SKULI^£l),  a.     Dull;  hea^T ;  stupid;  slow 

to  learn. 
THICK'SPRUNG,  a,    [thick  and  sprung.]    Spnmg  up 

close  together.  Entitk.     Skak. 

THIEF,  "(theef,)  v. :  pi.  Thieves.     [?ax.  thee^f;  Sw. 
tiuf,  D.  dtef;  G.  dieh  ;  Goth,  thinbs ;  Dan,  tvv.] 
A  person  guilty  of  theft. 

1.  One  who  secreilv,  unlawftilly,  and  feloniously 
takes  the  goods  or  personal  pmperty  of  another. 
The  thief  takes  the  property  of  another  ^  pn\-ately  • 
the  robber  by  open  force. 


Blaekstcne^ 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CtOUS  —  €  as  K;  G  as  J;  S  as  Z;  CH  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


144 


1145 


THI 


THI 


THI 


2.  One  who  takes  tlio  property  of  another  wrong- 
fully, either  secretly  or  by  violence.    Job  xix. 

A  &:rtaiii  man  went  down  from  Jerusalem  to  Jericho,  and  ftii 
among  I/tieres,  who  stripped  him  of  ilia  raiment.  —  Lultc  X. 

3.  One  who  seduces  by  false  itoctrine.    John  \. 

4.  One  who  makes  it  his  business  to  cheat  antl  de- 
fraud ;  as,  a  den  of  thieves.    Matt.  xxi. 

5.  An  e.\crescence  or  waster  in  the  snuff  of  a  can- 
dle. ■''""!'• 

THli5F'-€ATCH-ER,  n.      Wiirf  and-  catrh.]      One 

who  catches  thieves,  or  whoso  business  is  to  detect 

thieves  and  bring  them  to  justice. 
TUIeF'-LeAD-ER,  n.     [thief  and  lead.]     One  who 

loads,  or  takes  or  leads  away  a  thief.    [JVot  mtick 

itsed.] 
THIeF'-TaK-ER,  n.    [thirf  ami  taker.]    One  whose 

business  is  to  find  and  take  thieves,  and  bring  them 

to  justice. 
THIeVE,  (theve,)  V.  i.    To  steal  ;  to  practice  theft. 
THIeV'EU-Y,  n.     The  ptactico  of  stealing;  theft. 

[^•ee  Theft.] 
Anion?  the  Spartans,  Ihieoery  was  a  practice  morally  good  and 
Ifonest.  •'out;!. 

2.  That  whicli  is  stolen.  *'"!*• 

THIEVISH,  a.     Given  to  stealing;  addicted  to  the 
practice  of  theft ;  as,  a  thievish  boy. 

Or  with  a  base  and  boistprona  sword  ctiforco 

A  thieaish  living  on  the  common  road.  Slink. 

2.  .Secret ;  sly  ;  acting  by  stealth  ;  as,  thievish  min- 
utes. Shak. 

3.  Partaking  of  the  nature  of  theft ;  as,  a  thievish 
practice. 

TIIIeV'ISH-LY,  adv.      In  a  thievish  manner  ;    by 

theft. 
THIeV'ISH-NESS,  71.    The  disposition  to  steal. 

2.  The  practice  or  habit  of  stealing. 
THIGH,  (thi,)  Ji.     [Sax.  the^h,  thto,  or  Iheoh  !  D.  drje  ; 
G.  dick-bein,  thick-bone.    The  German  explains  the 
word  ;  thit^h  is  tMck.] 

That  part  of  men,  quadrupeds,  and  fowl?,  which 
is  between  the  leg  and  the  trunk.     As  the  word  sig- 
nifies, it  is  the  thick  part  of  the  lower  limbs. 
THIGH'-BoNE,  a.    The  bone  of  the  thigh. 
THILK,  prmi.     [Sax.  thile.] 

The  same.     [Obs.]  Spenser. 

THILL,  71.     [Sax.  thil  or  tkiU.] 

The  shaft  of  a  cart,  gig,  or  other  carriage.  The 
thills  are  the  two  pieces  of  timber  extending  from 
the  body  of  the  caiTiage  oh  each  side  of  the  last 
horse,  by  which  the  carriage  is  supported  in  .1  hori- 
zontal position. 
'i'lIILL'ER,  j  71.     The  horse  which  goes  be- 

THILL'-HORSE,  (  tweon  the  thills  or  shafts,  and 
supports  them.    In  a  tmm,  the  last  horse. 

Cyc.     Shak. 
THIM'BLE,  (thim'bl,)  7t.    |I  know  not  the  origin  or 
primary  sense  of  this    word.     Possilily  it  may  be 
from  thwiib.    In  Gaelic,  tcmehcal  is  a  ciwer.j 

1.  A  kind  of  cap  or  cover  for  the  linger,  usually 
made  of  metal,  used  by  tailors  and  seamstresses  for 
driving  the  needle  through  cloth. 

2.  In  sea  tan^aa<Te,  an  iron  ring  witli  a  hollow  or 
groove  round  its  whole  circumference,  to  receive  the 
rope  which  is  spliced  about  it ;  used  to  keep  the  eye 
of  the  rope  from  being  chafed.  Totten. 

TITISI'RLE-EIG,  ti.  A  sleight  of  hand  trick  played 
with  throe  small  cups,  shaped  like  thimbles,  and  a 
small  ball. 

THIME.    See  Thtme. 

THIN,  a.  [Sax.  Wiimi,  thynn  ;  G.  dxlim  ;  D.  dun  ;  Sw. 
tunn  ;  Dan.  tT/nd ;  W.  tPTiau,  tenea  ;  L.  tenuis ;  Gaelic, 
tanadh ;  Russ.  tonkei.  Ciu.  Gr.  gtcuo^,  narrow.  It 
appears  to  be  connected  with  W.  tenj  (an,  stretched. 


9.  Slight ;  not  sufficient  for  a  covering ;  as,  a  thin 
disguise. 
THIN,  adv.    Not  thickly  or  closely  ;  in  a  scattered 
state  ;  as,  seed  sown  thin. 

Spain  is  thin  sown  of  people.  Bacon. 

THIN,  17.  t.     [Sax.  tJdnnian;  Russ.  tonyu;   L.  tenuo. 
See  Attenuate.] 

1.  To  make  thin  ;  to  make  rare  or  less  thick ;  to 
attenuate  ;  as,  to  thin  the  blood. 

a.  To  make  less  close,  crowded,  or  numerous  ;  as, 
to  (Sill  the  ranks  of  an  enemy  ;  to  thin  the  trees  or 
shrubs  of  a  thicket. 

3.  To  attenuate  ;  to  rarefy ;  to  make  less  dense ; 

as,  to  thin  the  air;  to  thin  the  vapors. 

THIN'-OUT,  !).  i.    In  geology,  strata  are  said  to  thm 

out  when  they  gradually  diminish  in  thickness  untd 

they  disappear.  Brande. 

THIN'-SK1N-N£D,  a.    Having  a  thin  skin  ;  hence, 

unduly  sensitive. 
THINE,  pronominal  adj.     [Goth.  (Afin.!,  tlieina:    Sax. 
thin;    G.  deim  Fr.  iien ;  probably  contracted  from 
tkiiren.    See  Thou.] 

Thy;  belonging  to  thee;  relating  to  thee;  being 
the  property  of  thee.  It  was  formerly  used  for  tJiy, 
before  a  vowel. 


extended,  Gr,  rcit'O).    Qu.  Ar. 


6^j> 


iDada7ia.     In 


sense  it  is  allied  to  S>t.  Heb.  Ch.  and  Eth.  lOp,  but  I 
know  not  whetlier  the  first  consonant  of  this  word 
is  a  pretix.    Pee  Class  Dn,  No.  12,  25.] 

1.  Having  little  thickness  or  extent  from  one  sur- 
face to  tlie  oifpo:>ile  ;  as,  a  thin  plate  of  metal ;  tliiii 
paper ;  a  thin  board  ;  a  thin  covering. 

2.  Rare  ;  not  dense  ;  applied  to  lluids  or  soft  mix- 
tures ;  as,  thin  blood  ;  thin  miik  ;  thin  air. 

In  Ihe  day  when  the  air  is  more  Viin.  Bacon. 

3.  Not  close;  not  crowded  ;  not  filling  the  Rpaco  ; 
not  having  the  individuals  that  compose  the  thing  in 
a  close  or  compact  state  ;  as,  the  trees  of  a  forest  are 
thin;  the  corn  or  ^rass  is  thin.  A  tfiin  audience  in 
church  is  not  uncommon.  Important  legislative 
business  should  not  be  transacted  in  a  thin  house. 

4.  Not  full  or  well  grown. 

Seven  thin  ears.  —  Gen.  xli. 

5.  Slim  ;  small  ;  slender  ;  lean.  A  person  becomes 
thin  by  disease.    Some  animals  are  naturally  thin. 

6.  Exile  ;  small ;  fine ;  not  full. 

ITiin,  hollow  sounds,  and  laroeniable  screams,  Dryden. 

7.  Not  thick  or  close  ;  of  a  loose  texture  ;  not  im- 
pei-vious  to  the  sight ;  as,  a  thin  vail. 

8.  Not  crowdedor  well  stocked;  not  abounding. 

Ferrara  ij  Tery  hrgi^,  but  extremely  Viin  of  pt-ople.     Addison. 


Then  Uioti  mayest  eat  grapes  Ihy  fill,  at  thine  own  pleaaiire.— 
Dciit.  xxii. 

But  in  common  usage,  thy  is  now  used  before  a 
vowel  in  all  cases. 

The  principal  use  of  thine  now  is  when  a  verb  is 
interposed  between  this  word  and  the  noun  lo  which 
it  refers.  I  will  not  take  any  thing  that  is  thine. 
Thine  is  the  kingdom,  and    tlio    power,  STid    the 

siory.  .         .  ... 

In  the  following  passage,  thine  la  useti  a3  a  substi- 
tute for  th7j  rightso2isness. 

I  will  mnke  mention  of  tJiy  righteoustiess,  e7CU  of  ihins  only.  — 
Fs.  Ixxi. 

In  some  cases  it  is  preceded  by  the  sign  of  the 
possessive  case,  like  nouns,  and  is  then  also  to  be 
considered  as  a  substitute. 

If  atiy  of  thine  bo  driven  out  to  the  uUnost  parts  of  heaven.— 

Deut.  XXX. 
It  is  to  be  observed  that  (Anie,  like  f/iow,  is  used  only 
in  the  solemn  slvle.  In  familiar  and  common  lan- 
guage, T/oiir  and  ijoursaxe  always  used  in  the  singular 
number  as  well  as  the  plural. 
THING,  «.  [Sax.  tJiing,  a  thing,  a  cause  ;  for  his 
thingon,  for  his  cause  or  sake  j  also,  things  and  ge- 
thingt  a  meeting,  council,  or  convention  ;  thingan^ 
fAtH^iajj,  tohold  a  meeting,  to  plead,  to  supplicate; 
thingcre,  an  intercessor  ;  thingruig,  intercession  ;  G. 
dingt  a  thing,  a  court ;  (/i/in-cn,  tn"  go  to  law,  to  hire 
or  haggle  ;  Dingstag,  Tuesday,  (thing's  day  ;)  bcding, 
condition,  clause  ;  dedingen,  to  agree,  to  bargain  or 
contract,  to  cheapen  ;  D.  dHio-,  thing,  business;  din- 
gen^  to  plead,  to  attempt,  to  cheapen  ;  dingbanh,  the 
bar;  dingdagcn,  session-days;  dinger^  ding.'^ter,  a 
pleader  ;  "dingtaal,  plea  ;  Dingsdag^  Tuesday  ;  bcding^ 
condition,  agreement  ,■  bcdingcn,  lo  condition;  Sw. 
ti7ig,  thing,  cause,  also  a  court,  assizes;  tinga,lo 
hire,  bargain,  or  agree ;  Dan.  ting,  a  thing,  affair, 
business,  case,  a  court  of  justice  ;  tingcr,  to  strike  up 
a  bargain,  to  haggle ;  tingbog^  records  of  a  court, 
(thing-book;)  tingdagy  the  court  day,  the  assizes; 
tingholdj  jurisdiction  ;  tingnuBudy  jurors,  jury,  (^thing- 
men;)  tingsag,  a  cause  or  suit  at  law,  (thing- 
sake.)  The  primary  sense  of  tJiing,  is  that  which 
comes,  falls,  or  happens,  like  event,  from  h. 
evenio.  The  primary  sense  of  the  root,  which  is  tig 
or  thig,  is  to  press,  urge,  drive,  or  strain,  and  hence 
its  application  to  courts,  or  suits  at  law  ;  a  seeking 
of  right.  We  observe  that  IHngsday,  Dijigdag_ 
some  of  the  dialects,  signifies  Tuesday,  and  this  from 
the  circumstance  that  that  day  of  the  week  was,  as  it 
still  is  in  some  states,  the  day  of  opening  courts  ; 
ih'dlis,  litigation  day,  oT  suitors^  day,  a.  day  of  striv- 
ing for  justice ;  or  perliaps  combat  day,  the  day  of 
trial  by  battle.  This  leads  to  the  unfolding  of  anoth- 
er fact.  Among  our  ancestors,  Tig,  or  Tiig,  was  the 
name  of  the  deity  of  combat  and  war.  Hie  Teutonic 
Mars  ;  that  is,  strife,  combat  deified.  This  word  was 
contracted  into  tiio  or  tu,  and  hence  Tiwes-d^eg  or 
7\ics-dwg,  Tuesday,  the  day  consecrated  to  Tiig,  the 
god  of  war.  But  it  seems  this  is  merely  the  day  of 
commencing  court  and  trial ;  litigation  day.  This 
Tiiir,  the  god  of  war,  is  strife,  and  this  leads  us  to  the 
root  of  thing,  whicii  is,  to  drive,  urge,  strive.  So  res, 
in  Latin,  is  connected  with  reus,  accused.  For  words 
of  like  signification,  see  SiHE  and  Cai'se.] 

1.  An  event  or  action  ;  that  which  happens  or  falls 
out,  or  that  which  is  done,  told,  or  proposed.  This 
is  the  general  signification  of  the  word  in  the  Scrip- 
tures ;  as,  after  these  things,  that  is,  events. 

And  the  Oung  was  very  grievous  in  Abrah-iin's  eisht,  because  of 

his  son.  — Gen.  xxi. 
Then    Laban  and  Eelhuel  anawercd  and  said,  The  thing  pro- 

cecdeth  ftrom  the  Lord.  —Gen.  xxiv. 
Antl  Jacob  said,  All  these  things  are  aciunsl  m?;.  —  Gen.  x\u. 
1  will  tell  you  by  what  authority  I  do  these  things.— yiall.  xxi. 
These  things  said  Es;iia3  when  he  saw  hia  glory.  —  John  xii. 
In  ]e.iroin<'  French,  choose  such  books  as  will  teach  you  things 

as  well  aa  lan^^ua^,  -fej/  to  Lttt!cpage. 


2.  Any  substance ;    that  which  is  created  ;   any 
particular  article  or  commodity. 

He  sent  after  this  manner ;  ten  asaes  laden  witli  the  good  tilings 

of  Egypt,  —  Gen.  xlii. 
They  look  the  tJdngs  which  Micah  had  mailc  — Judgeo  xvui. 

3.  An  animal ;  as,  every  living  (Ain^-;  every  creep- 
ing thing.     Oen.  i. 

[This  application  of  the  word  is  improper,  hxti  common 
in  popular  and  vulgar  language.J 

4.  A  portion  or  part ;  somethmg. 

Wicked  men  who  understand  any  thing  of  wisdom.    TMlolson. 

5.  In  contempt. 

I  have  a  thing  in  prose.  Swift. 

G.  Used  of  persons  in  contempt  or  disparagement. 

See,  sons,  what  things  you  arc.  Shnk. 

The  poor  thing  sighr-d.  Addison. 

I'll  be  this  abject  thing  no  more.  Granvtlte. 

7.  Used  in  a  sense  of  honor. 

I  see  thee  here, 
Thou  noble  thing  I  SfuiJt. 

8.  Thin<rs,vl-y  clothes.     [CoUoquial.'l 

'  ^  Walter  Scoit. 

THINK,  V.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  Thought,  (thaut.) 
[&ax.  thi/ican,  thencan;  Goth,  thagkyan;  Sw.  tycka 
and  tisnka;  Dan.  tykker  and  tivnkcr;  D.  dcnkcn,iQ 
think,  and  gedagt,  thought ;  G.  dcnkcn,  to  think,  and 
gcddchtniss,  remembrance  ;  gcdanke,  thought ;  7tach- 
denkcn,  to  ponder  or  meditate  ;  Gr.  S->K£iO  j  Syr.  and 
Ch.  pil ;  allied  to  L.  duco.  We  observe  n  is  casual, 
and  omitted  in  the  participle  thought.  The  sense 
seems  to  be,  to  set  in  the  mind,  or  to  draw  out,  as  in 
meditation.    Class  Dg,  No.  9.J 

1.  To  have  the  mind  cnxupied  on  some  subject;  to 
have  ideas,  or  to  revolve  ideas  in  the  mind. 

For  that  I  am 
I  know,  because  i  thiiJe.  Dryden. 

These  are  not  matters  lo  be  slightly  Uiought  on.         Tiuotson. 

2.  To  judge;  to  conclude  ;  to  hold  aa  a  settled  opin- 
ion. I  think  it  will  rain  to-monow.  I  think  it  not 
best  to  proceed  on  our  journey. 

Let  dieni  marry  to  whom  they  think  best.  —  Num.  xxxvl. 

3.  To  intend. 

Thou  thougkt'sl  lo  iielp  me.  Shak. 

I  thought  to  promote  thee  unto  great  honor.  -Num.  xxjv. 

4.  To  imagine  ;  to  suppose ;  to  fancy. 

Edmund,  I  think,  is  gone 
In  pity  of  his  misery,  to  dispatch 

I-lis  'ni^hted  life.  cffwUc. 

Let  him  that  thinketh  he  standeth,  take  heed  lest  he  fall.  — I 
Cor.  X. 

5.  To  muse ;  to  meditate. 

While  PelT  thought  on  the  vision.  —  Acta  x. 

Tfti'ik  much,  speak  little.  Dryden. 

6.  To  reflect ;  to  recollect  or  call  to  mind. 
And  when  PeterlAou^/il  thereon,  he  wept.  — iMari[  xiv. 

7.  To  consider;  to  deliberate.  Think  how  this 
thing  could  happen. 

Ht?  Oioughi  within  himself,  saying-,  What  slialt  I  do  ?  —  Luke  y.n. 

8.  To  presume. 
Tliink  not  to  say  within  yourselves,  We  have  Abraham  to  orir 

father. —  Matt.  Ui. 

9.  To  believe  ;  to  esteem. 

To  think  on  or  upon  ;  to  muse  on  ;  to  meditate  on. 
If  tU'-re  be  any  virtue,  if  tliere  be  any  praise,  think  on  'Jicse 

things.  — Phil.  iv. 

9.  To  light  on  by  meditation.     Ho  has  just  tlwtight 
on  an  expedient  that  will  answer  the  purpose. 
3.  To  remember  with  favor. 

Think  upon  me,  my  God,  for  good.  —  Nch.  v. 
To  think  of;  to  have  ideas  come  into  the  mind. 
He  thought  of  what  you  told  him.    I  would  have 
sent  the%ooks,  but  I  did  not  think  of  it. 

To  think  well  of;  to  hold  in  esteem ;  to  esteem. 
THINK,  V.  t.    To  conceive ;  to  imagine. 
Charily  thinketh  no  evil.  —  1  Cor.  xiii. 

2.  To  believe ;  to  consider ;  to  esteem. 
Nor  think  supei-fluous  others'  aid.  Milton. 

3.  To  seem  or  appear,  as  in  the  phrases,  me  think- 
eth or  mctJiinks,  and  mcLliought.  These  are  gentiiite 
Saxon  phrases,  equivalent  to  it  seems  to  vie,  it  secvird 
to  me.  In  these  expressions,  7ne  is  actually  in  the 
dative  case  ;  almost  the  only  instance  remaining  in 
the  language.  Sax.  "  gcnoh  thuht,'''*  satis  visum  est, 
it  appeared  enough  or  sufficient ;  "  me  thincth,"  mUti 
vidctur,  it  seems  to  me  ;  I  perceive. 

To  think  much  ;  to  grudge. 

He  thought  not  much  lo  clothe  his  enemies.  Milton. 

To  think  muck  of;  to  hold  in  high  esteem. 
To  thinJc  scorn  ;  to  disdain.     Estli.  iii. 
THINK'ER,  n.     One  who  thinks  ;   but  ckicjiy,  '>ne 
who  thinks  in  a  particular  manner  ;   as,  a  close 
thinker ;  a  deep  thinker ;  a  coherent  thinker. 

Locke.     Swjt. 
THINK'ING,  ppr.     Having  ideas;  supposing;  judg- 
ing; imagining:  intending;  meditating. 

3.  a.  Having 'the  faculty  of  thought ;  cogitative; 
capable  of  a  regular  train  of  ideas.  .Man  is  a  think- 
ing being. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.-MeTE,  PREY.-PINE,  MARINE.  BIRD.  — NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQOK.— 


^ 


1146 


THI 

1 1II.\K'IXG,  n.    Imagination  ;  cogitalton ;  judgment. 

T  h'^anj  «  UnJ  to  sinj, 
Whose  iTiuac,  to  my  ihinJtin^,  plc.-v«d  ili':  kinj.  Shak. 

THI>rK'ING-LY,  adc.    By  ihouglit. 

THIX'LY,  adv.    [from  tAin.]      In  a  loose,  scattered 

manner  J  not  thickly  ;  as,  ?ruund  thinly  planted  with 

trees  ;  a  countrj'  thinlij  inliabiled. 
TinX'.\£D,  pp. '  Made  thin  ;  made  rare  or  lcs3  thick. 
TIIKV'NESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  thin  ;  smallncss 

of  extent  from  one  side  or  surface  to  the  opposite  ; 

as,  tlie  t/iitiness  of  ice  ;  the  thinness  of  a  plate  j  the 

thinness  of  the  sktn. 
3.  Tenuity ;  rareness ;  as,  the  thinness  of  air  or 

other  fluid. 

3.  A  state  approaching  to  fluidity,  or  even  fluidity ; 
opposed  to  Spi3situde  ;  as,  the  tliinncss  of  honey,  of 
whitewash,  or  of  paint, 

4.  Exility  ;  as,  the  thimiess  of  a  point. 

5.  Rareness^  a  scattered  slate;  paucity;  as,  the 
thinness  o{  trees  in  a  forest;  the  t^:i;iness  of  inhabit- 
ants. 

THLVXING,  ppr.    Making  thin,  rare,  or  less  thick  j 

attenuating. 
THTRD,  (thurd,)  a.    [Sax.  thridda;  GotJj.  thridva;  G. 
dritte;  1).  derde ;  Sw.  and  Dan.  tredic;  Fr.  tiers;  L. 
tertius;  Gr.  rpiro;;  W,  trydy.] 

The  first  after  the  second  ;  the  ordinal  of  three. 
The  third  hour  in  the  day,  among  the  ancients,  was 
nine  o'clock  in  the  morning. 

Third  estate,  in  the  British  nation^  is  the  commons ; 
or,  in  t/jc  leg^isiaturcj  the  house  of  cnraraons. 

Tliird  ordcTj  among  the  Roman  CatholicSj  is  a  sort 
of  religious  order  attached  to  the  Franciscans,  Car- 
melites, &c.,  composed  of  associates,  not  bound  by 
vows,  but  conforming,  to  a  certain  extent,  to  the 
general  designs  of  the  order.  Brande. 

Third  pointy  or  tierce  point ;  in  architecture,  the  point 
of  section  in  the  vertex  of  an  equilateral  trianple. 

Cyc. 

TTiird  rate,  in  navies.  A  third-rate  ship  carries 
from  64  to  SO  guns. 

Third  sound,  in  musir.    Sec  the  noun  Third. 
THIRD,  (thurd,)  71.    The  third  part  of  any  thing.    A 
man  takes  land  and  tills  it  for  one  tJtird  of  the  prod- 
uce, the  owner  taking  two  thirtls. 

2.  The  sixtieth  part  of  a  second  of  time. 

3.  In  7:i«.-.tc,  an  interval  containing  three  diatonic 
sounds;  the  major,  composed  of  two  tones,  chilled  by 
tlie  Greeks  Ditone,  and  the  minor,  called  Hemidi- 
TorvE,  consisting  of  a  tone  and  a  half. 

Rousseau.    Busby. 
THIRD ^-COR-0 UGH,  (thard'bur-ro,)  n.      [third  and 
borough.] 

An  under  constable.  Johnson. 

THTRD'INGS,  n.  pi.  The  third  part  of  the  com  or 
grain  growing  on  the  ground,  at  the  tenant's  death, 
due  to  the  lord  for  a  heriot,  within  the  manor  of  Tur- 
fat  in  Herefordshire.  Cyc. 

THTRD'LY,  adc.    In  the  third  place.  Bacon. 

THIRDS,  (thurdz,)  n.  pi.    The  third  part  of  the  estate 
of  a  deceased  husband,  which,  by  law,  the  widow 
is  entitled  to  enjoy  during  her  life.    A>w  En'^land. 
THIRL,  (thurl,)  v.  ^     [Sax.  thirlian.] 

To  bore;  to  perforate.  It  is  now  wrltfcn  Drill 
and  Thrill.  [See  the.^e  words,  and  see  Nostril.] 
THIRL'AGE,  (thurl'aje,)  n.  In  E^^nJl^h  customs,  the 
right  which  the  owner  of  a  mill  possesses,  by  contract 
or  law,  to  compel  the  tenants  of  a  certain  district  to 
bring  all  their  grain  to  his  mill  for  grinding.  Cyc. 
THIRST,  (Ihurst,)  n.  [Sax.  thurst,  tk7jrst;  G.  durst; 
D.  dorst :  Sw.  tiirst ;  Dan.  tiirst,  from  (Sr,  dry ;  tor- 
rcr,  to  dr>',  D.  dorren,  L.  torreo,  Sw.  torka.'] 

1.  A  painful  sensation  of  the  throat  or  fauces,  oc- 
casioned by  the  want  of  drink. 

Wb^r^forc  is  ii  U»at  thoti  hasl  broii^lit  iis  out  of  Egypt,  to  kfJ  us, 
ond  oar  children,  and  our  catlle,  with  thirst }  —  Ex.  xviL 

9.  A  vehement  desire  of  drink.    Ps.  civ. 

3.  A  want  and  eager  desire  after  any  thing. 

Thirtl  of  worldly  g«od.  fhirfax, 

Thirti  of  hnon  ledge.  ^Ullon. 

T^iril  ot  prabe.  Gran'oUle. 

TTiirtt  aftsr  happiness.  Ckeyne. 

But/ffT  is  now  more  generally  used  after  thirst; 
as,  a  thirst  for  worldly  honors  ;  a  thirst  for  praise. 

4.  Dr>-nes3;  drought. 

Th»  npiil  cniTcnt.  through  tcxm 
Of  parous  ennh  wk!i  kindly  wtrtrl  upilrawii, 
Rose  a  fresh  fountain.  HfitCon. 

THIRST,  (Ihurst,)  v.  i.  fSax.  thyrsUm;  D.  dorsten; 
G.  dursten  ;  Sw.  tHrsta  ;  Dan.  tiij'sfer.] 

1.  To  experience  a  painful  sensation  of  the  throat 
or  fauces,  for  want  of  drink. 

The  people  thiraled  ihere  for  water.  —  Ejc.  xvii. 

2.  To  have  a  vehement  desire  for  any  thing. 

My  soul  iMrtteOi.  for  the  livin*  Goil.  —  Pa.  xlii. 

THTRST,  V.  t.    To  want  to  drink  ;  as,  to  Viirst  blood. 

\.Xot  English.]  Prior. 

TfilKST'ER,  n.    One  who  thirsts. 
J  illRSTT-Lv,  adv.    In  a  thirsty  manner. 
THIR.ST'KiVdSS,  71.     [from  thirstij.]      The  slate  of 

being  thirsty  ;  thirst.  Wotton. 

THIR-ST'ING,  ppr.    Feeling  pain  for  want  of  drink  ; 

having  eager  desire. 


THI 


Tno 


THIRST'Y,  (T.     [from  thirst.']     Feeling  a  painful  sen- 
sation ot  the  throat  or  fauces,  for  want  of  drink. 

fiivc  ni?  a  liitle  water,  for  I  nm  [At><(y.  —  JuJ-"s  \v. 
1  w;i3  thirtty,  nml  yc  ga?e  n.-;  no  diink.  —  MatU  x%v. 

2.  Very  dry ;  having  no  moisture  ;  parched. 

The  Oiirety  Iijid  Eha!l  become  springs  of  wafer.  —  Is.  xxiv. 

3.  Having  a  vehement  desire  of  any  thing  :  as,  in 
blood-f/i(Vj/7/.     Is.  xliv.  I.vv.  o  j       j 

THIR'TEEN,  (thur'teen,)  a.     [Sax.  threottyne;  three 

and  ten;  Sw.  trctton;  G.  drnjzchn;  D.  dcrticn.] 
Ten  and  three  ;  as,  thirtmn  times. 
THIR'TEENTH,  (thur'teenth,)  a.      [Supra.]      The 

third  after  the  tenth;  the  ordinal  of  thirteen  ;  as, 

the  thirteenth  day  of  the  month. 
TIlIR'TEEiXTH,  (ihur'tecntli,)  n.   In  miwic,  an  inter- 
val forming  the  octave  of  the  sixth,  or  sixth  of  the 

octfive.  Busbv 

THIR'TI-ETH,  (thur'te-eth,)  a.      [from  thirty;  gax. 

thnltigoUia.] 
The  tenth  threefold  ;  the  ordinal  of  thirty  ;  as,  the 

thirtieth  day  of  the  month. 
THIR'TY,  (thur'te,)  a.     [Sax.  thrittig ;   G.  drcissiff ; 

D.  dertio-.] 
Thrice  ten  ;  ten  three  times  repeated  ;  or  twenty 

and  ten.    The  month  of  June  consists  of  thirty  days; 

Joseph  was  thirty  years  old  when  he  stood  before 

Pharaoh. 
THIS,   definitive  adjective,   or  substitute  ;    pL    These. 

[Sax.  thi<i ;  Dan.  pi.  dissc ;  Sw.  dessa,  desse ;  G.  da.-;, 

dessen  ;  D.  deeie,  dit.] 

1.  This  is  a  definitive,  or  definitive  adjective,  de- 
noting something  that  is  present  or  near  in  place  or 
time,  or  something  just  mentioned.  Is  this  your 
younger  brother?  What  trespass  is  tliis  which  ye 
have  committed  ? 

Who  did  sin,  this  man  or  his  pvOrcQla,  that  he  was  bora  blind  I  — 

John  ix. 
When  Ihey  heard  this,  tlipy  were  pricked  to  Uic  heart.  —  Acts  ii. 

In  the  latter  passage,  tAts  is  a  substitute  for  what 
had  preceded,  viz.,  the  (liscourse  of  Peter  just  deliv- 
ered. In  like  manner,  Misoftcn  represents  a  word,  a 
sentence,  or  clause,  or  a  series  of  sentences  or  events. 

In  some  cases,  it  refers  to  what  is  future,  or  to  be 
immediately  related. 

But  know  this,  thai  if  the  ^od  man  of  the  house  had  known  in 
what  walch  the  thief  would  come,  he  woiUd  have  watched, 
and  would  not  h-ive  suffered  hia  house  to  be  broken  up.  — 
Matt.  axi?. 

Here  this  refers  to  the  whole  subsequent  merabor 
of  the  sentence, 

2.  By  this,  is  used  elliptically  for  by  this  time ;  as, 
by  Viis  the  mail  has  arrived. 

3.  Tkif  is  used  with  words  denoting  time  past ;  as, 
I  have  taken  no  snuff  for  this  month  ;  and  often  with 
plural  words.    I  have  not  wept  this  forty  years. 

In  this  case,  this,  in  tlie  singular,  refers  to  the 
whole  term  of  time  or  period ;  this  period  of  forty 

4.  This  is  opposed  to  Viat.  [years. 

This  wayp.nd  that  the  wavering-  sails  (hey  bend.  Pope. 

A  body  of  tfiia  or  lluU  drrnoniii»tioa  is  produceil.  Boy!e. 

This  and  that,  in  this  use,  denote  difference  indef- 
initely. 

5.  When  this  and  that  refer  to  different  things  be- 
fore expressed,  this  refers  to  the  thing  last  men- 
tioned, and  Mat  to  the  thing  first  mentioned.  [See 
These.] 

Their  judgment  In  this  we  may  not,  and  in  that  we  need  not, 
follow.  Hoofcer. 

6.  It  is  sometimes  opposed  to  other. 

Consider  the  arguments  which  the  aulhor  had  to  wnlc  this,  or  to 
design  the  other,  before  you  arraign  him.  Dryden. 

THTS'TLE,  (this'l,)  n.     [Sax.  thistel ;  G.  and  D.  du<tcl ; 
Sw.  tisteL\ 

The  common  name  of  numerous  prickly  plants  of 
the  class  Syngenesia,  and  several  genera ;  as  the 
common  corn  thistle,  or  Canada  tiiistle;  the  spear 
thistle  ;  the  milk  thistle,  of  the  genus  Carduu^ ;  the 
blessed  thistle,  of  the  genus  Centaurea ;  the  glob-; 
thistle,  of  the  genus  Echinops  ;  the  cotton  ihi-n!  %  of 
the  genus  Onopordon  ;  and  the  sow  thistle,  of 
the  genus  Sonchus.  The  name  is  also  given  to  otiier 
prickly  plants  nnt  of  the  class  Syngenesia;  as  the 
fuller's  thistle  or  teasel,  of  the  genus  Dipsacus,  and 
the  melon  thistle,  and  torch  thistle,  of  the  genus 
JMelocactus.  Lee.     Bigeloto. 

One  species  of  thistle  (Carduus  arvensis)  grows 
in  fields  among  grain,  and  is  extremely  iroublesoiiio 
to  farmers.  It  is  called  in  America  the  Canada  This- 
tle, as  it  first  appeared  in  Canada,  where  it  was  prob- 
ably introduced  from  France,  as  it  abounds  in  Nor- 
mandy, and  also  in  England.  A  larger  species  in 
America  (Carduus  lanccolatus)  is  indigenous,  but 
it  spreads  slowly,  and  gives  no  trouble. 

Thorns  also  and  thistles  shrill  it  bring  forth  to  ihce.  — Gen.  lii. 

The  thistle  is  the  national  emblem  of  Scotland. 

Brande. 
THIS'TLY,  (this'ly,)  a.     Overgrown  with  thistles ; 

as,  thhthj  ground. 
THITH'ER,  adv.     [Sax.  thider,  thyder.] 
1.  To  that  place  ;  opposed  to  Hither. 

This  city  ia  nr^nr ;  O,  let  me  escape  thiOter.  —  Gi?ti.  xix. 
Wlicre  I  am,  thither  yc  ciii  not  come.  —  John  vii. 


9.  To  that  end  or  point. 

UitJicr  and  Viilher;  to  this  place  and  to  that:  one 
way  and  another. 
THITII'ER-'J'O,  ado.    To  that  point ;  so  far.    fAbi  m 

THirU'ER-WARD,  adv.     {thWter  and  »ari]     To- 
ward that  place. 

Tbcy  Bhall  uk  Uie  wny  lo  21on,  with  •hdr  Caeca  OdthervaTd.  - 

Tflo  J  a  contraction  of  Though.    [See  Thocgh.1 
9.  Tho,  for  -Sax.  Uumne,  then.    \j^ot  m  use.] 

THOLE,  n.    [Sax.  t/iol;  Ir,  and  Gaelic,  duta,  tx  pin  or 
I'eg.] 

1.  A  pin  inserted  into  the  gunwale  of  a  boa'!,  to 
keep  the  oar  in  the  rov/-lock,  when  used  in  rowing. 

ft   ™i  -^''"■-  ^'^' 

a.  J  he  pin  or  handle  of  a  scythe-snath. 
THoLE,  V.  t.     [Sa.t.  tJutlian;  Goth.  L'lutan;  G.  and 
D.dulden  ;  Sw.  tiila ;  L.  toUo,  lolero.] 
To  bear:  to  endure  :  to  undertrn.    r 


Oineer. 


)  bear  J  to  endure  ;  to  undergo.    [Obs.] 

THOLE,  u.i.    [Supra.]    To  walL    fLocalA 

THoLE,  n.     [L.  thi>!n/.] 

r^r.^yp  ^^°^  ^^  ^  temule.     LVot  u,*fj,  or  local'] 

THOL'O-BATE,  n.  [Gr.  $-^\os  and  /?a..u.//?,,T'f.l 
The  substructure  on  whirh  a  dome  orruE>-.!i  t  t  : 
a  term  proposed  by  .Mr.  Hosking.    Glosj  . 

THO-M^'AN,  ;n.     A  name  given  in  Et- 

THo'MITE,      S     ancient  cliiirch  of  Chr:  ' 
lishcd  on  the  Malabar  coast  of  India,  and  iho^^li:  ta 
have  been  originally  founded  by  .St.  Thomas. 

_,__  Brande. 

THo'MA-ISM,  j  n.  The  doctrine  of  Sl  Thomas  Aqui- 

THo'MlSM,  )  nas  with  respect  to  predestination 
and  grace. 

THo'MlST,  n.  A  follower  of  Thomas  Aquinas,  in 
opposition  to  the  Scotists. 

THOAr.-;ON-rTE,(tom'sun-,);t.  [fmm  Thomson.}  A 
mineral  of  the  zeolite  family,  occurring  gcncrallv  in 
masses  of  a  radiated  structure,  an<l  glassyCr  vitreous 
luster.  It  consists  of  silica,  alumina,  and  lime,  with 
some  soda,  and  14  per  cent,  of  water. 

The  mineral  Complonite  is  identical  with  this  spe- 
cies, jjana. 

THONG,  n.     [Sax.  thwang."] 

A  strap  of  leather,  used  for  fastening  any  thing. 

And  naiU  for  loosened  speara,  and  tAong«  for  shidds,  prw5>le. 

Dryrttn. 

THOR,  n.  In  Scandinavian  mythology,  the  son  of  Odin 
and  Freya,  and  the  deity  that  presided  over  all  mis- 
chievous spirits  in  the  elements.  This  deity  was 
considered  the  god  of  thunder.  From  his  name, 
Thar,  we  have  Thursday,  and  from  Ills  attribute  as 
god  of  thunder,  the  Germans  have  their  Donnerstag. 
[See  Thursday.]  Brande. 

THO-RAC'ie,  (tho-ras'ik,)  a.    [L.  thorax,  the  breasL] 
Pertaining  lo  the  thorax  or  breast;  as,  the  thoracic 
arteries.  Cojt^, 

The  thoracic  duet,  is  the  tnmk  of  the  absorbent 
vessels.  It  runs  up  along  the  spine  from  the  rece,'>- 
tacle  of  the  chyle  to  the  left  suhcbvian  vein,  in 
which  it  terminates.  Cye.    Parr. 

THO-RAC'ICS,  71.  pi.  In  ichthyology,  an  order  of  bony 
fishes,  respiring  by  means  of  gills  only,  the  character 
of  which  is,  that  the  bronchia  are  ossiculated,  and 
the  ventral  fins  are  placed  underneath  the  thorax,  or 
beneath  the  p;  floral  fins.  Unmnis.     Cjfc 

THo'RAf.,  a.     [h.  torus.} 

_Pertaining  to  a  bed.  Avli^. 

THo'U.AX,  n.  [L.J  In  anatomy,  that  part  of  the 
human  skeleton  wJiich  consists  of  tho  bones  of  the 
chest;  also,  the  cavity  of  the  chest.  C^fc. 

3.  In  entomology,  the  second  segment  of  insects ; 
that  part  of  the  body  between  the  head  and  tho  al^- 
domen. 
3.  A  breastplate,  cuirass,  or  corselet. 

THo'RL.A,     I  v..    A  while,  earthv  substance,  obtained 

THO-RTNA,  i  by  Berzeliu",  inl829,  fn^m  the  min- 
eral called  Vtorite.    It  is  an  oxyd  of  thorium. 

TIlo'UTTr,.  n.  A  massive  and  compact  mineral, 
found  in  Norway,  and  resembling  gadotinite.  Il  con- 
tains 5S  per  cent,  of  the  rare  earth  Vwria,  combined 
wjtii  silica.  Dana* 

THo'ElMTM,     )  n.    The  metallic  base  of  thoria.    It 

THO-UI'NUM.  i     is  of  a  grayish  color. 

THORN,  71.  [Sax.  thorn:  G.  dorn  :  D.  doom;  Dan. 
torne ;  Slav,  tern  ;  Goth,  thaiirntis ;  W.  draen.  Uu. 
is  not  the  latter  contracted  from  tlie  Gaelic  dreag- 
hu7n  1] 

1.  A  tree  or  shrub  armed  with  spines,  or  sharp,  lig- 
neous shoots;  as,  the  black  thorn,  while  fA<TP?t,  haw- 
thorn,  buck(Aor«,  &c.  The  word  is  sometimes  in- 
correctly applied  to  a  bush  with  prickles;  as,  a  rose 
on  a  thorn. 

2.  A  sharp,  ligneous,  or  woody  shoot  from  the  stem 
of  a  tree  or  shrub  :  a  sharp  process  from  the  wtv>dy 
part  of  a  plant  ;  a  spine.  Thorn  differs  from 
prickle;  the  latter  being  applied  to  the  sharp  iv>;iits 
issuing  fn^m  the  bark  of  a  plant,  and  not  attached  to 
the  wood,  as  in  tlie  rosr-  and  bramble.  Hut,  in  com- 
mon usage,  fAoni  is  applied  to  the  prickle  of  the  mso, 
and,  in  fact,  the  two  words  are  used  promiscuously. 


TONE,  BJJLL,  TJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K ;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z;  Cil  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


1147 


THO 

.J  Any  thing  iroublcsoinc.  Si.  Taul  had  a  tfioni  in 
the  flesh.    2  Cor.  xiu    JVin«.  xxxiii. 

4.  Ill  ScripturCj  great  liilficuUics  and  ioipediraents. 

I  will  hcilge  "[>  lliy  way  with  tltorns.  —lloa.  il. 

5.  WurUily  cares  ;  thiiiiis  which  prevent  the  growth 
of  puntl  principles.     Mnt(.  xiii. 

TIIORN'-Al' rLE,(-ap-pl,)n.  [thorn  nud  apple.]  An 
unniKiI  plant  of  the  genus  Datura  ;  a  popular  name 
of  the  Datura  Stramonium  and  Datura  Tatiila. 

THtiltX'B ACIC,  71.  [thorn  and  back.]  A  fisli  of  the 
i;i\'  kiiiil,  which  has  prickles  on  its  back.  Cye. 

TIItHlN'-iirsiI,  n.     A  shrub  that  produces  thorns. 

THOR.X'liUT,  71.     A  fish,  a  hurt  or  lurbot. 

,'9insicorth. 

THORN'-HEDGE,  «.  [tkorn  and  hedge]  A  hedge 
or  fence  consisting  of  thorn. 

'J'lIORN'LESS,  a.  Destitute  of  Iliorns  ;  as,  a  thonilcss 
shrub  or  tree.  jMuJilenbcrg. 

THORN'-SET,  a.    Set  with  thorns. 

THORN'Y,  a,  Full  of  thorns  or  spines  ;  rough  with 
thorns  ;  as,  a  thorny  wood ;  a  tliormj  tree ;  a  thorny 
diadem  or  crown.  Drydcn.    Ralegh. 

2.  Troublesome;  vexatious;  harassing;  perplex- 
ing ;  as,  Viorny  care  ;  the  thorny  path  of  vice. 

3.  Sharp;  pricking;  vexatious;  as,  (Aonij/ points. 

Shah. 

THORN'Y  REST'-IIAR-RoW,  n.     A  plant.      Cue. 

THORN^'V-TRk'FOIL,  71.  A  prickly  plant  of  llie 
genus  Fagtniia.  Lee. 

THOR'OUGII,  (tlmr'ro,)  a.  [Sax.  thurh;  G.  darcki 
D.  door.  In  tliese  languages,  the  word  is  a  prejiosi- 
tion  ;  but  as  a  preposition,  we  write  it  t!u-ough.  (See 
this  word.)  It  is  evidently  from  the  root  of  door, 
which  signifies  a  passage,  and  the  radix  of  the  word 
signifies  to  pass.] 

1.  Literally,  passing  through  or  to  the  end  ;  hence, 
complete  ;  perfect ;  as,  a  thorough  reformation  ;  thor- 
ough work  ;  a  thorough  translator  ;  a  thoroui^h  poet. 

Dryden. 

2.  Passing  through  ;  as,  thorough  lights  in  a  house. 

Bacon. 
THOR'oUGII,  (thur'ro,)  prep.    From  side  to  side,  or 
from  end  to  end. 
2.  Bvmeansof.    [J^»t now  used.]    [See  THROUcri.] 
TlIOR'oUGH,  (thur'ro,)  n.    An  inter-furrow  between 

two  ridges.  Cyc. 

TIIOR'oUGH-BaSE,  (thur'ro-base,)  n.  [thorough 
and  base.] 

In  music,  an  accompaniment  to  a  continued  base 
by  figures.     [See  Base,  n.,  No.  14.1 
TH'OR'OUGH-BRED,    (thur'ro-bred,)  a.      [Uiorough 
and  bred,] 

1.  In  horsejnanskipt  bred  from  the  best  blood,  as 
horses. 

2.  Complelcly  bred  or  acconiiilishod. 
TIIOR^oUGll-FARE,  (thur'ro-fare,)  n,    [thorough  and 

fare.] 

1.  A  passage  through  ;  a  passage  from  one  street 
or  opening  to  another  ;  an  unobstructed  way. 
9.  Power  of  passing.  Milton. 

THOR'OUGH-GO-ING,  a.    Going  all  lengths. 

Irving. 

TlIOR'oUGH-LTGnT-ED,Cthur'ro-m-cd,)rt.  A  term 
applied  to  a  room  which  has  windows  on  opposite 
sides.  ffwih. 

TH0R'6UGH-LY,  (thur'ro-lc,)  adv.  Fully  ;  entirely  ; 
completely;  as,  a  room //foroug'/iff/ swept ;  a  business 
thoroughly  performed.  Let  the  matter  be  Vwroughly 
sifted  ;  let  every  part  of  the  work  be  thoroughly  fin- 
ished. 

TlIOR'oUGH-NESS,  (thur'ro-ness,)  n.  Complete- 
ness ;  perft'ctness.  Stowe. 

THOR'oUGM-PaC-ED,  (thur^ro-pastc,)  a.  [thorough 
and  paced.]  Perfect  in  what  is  umlcrtaken  ;  com- 
plete ;  going  all  lengtlis  ;  as,  a  thorough-paced  tory  or 
whig.  SiDij't^ 

TH5R'6UGII-SrED,  (thur'ro-sped,)  a.  [thorough  and 
sped.]     FuUv  accomplished ;  thorough-paced.     Swift. 

THOR'^OUGH'-STITCH,  (thur'ro-siich,)  adv.  [thor- 
ough  and  stitch.]  Fully;  completely;  going  the 
whole  length  of  any  business.     [JVot  elegant,] 

L'Kstrangc. 

TIIOR'oUGH-WAX,  (thur'ro-waxO  «.  [tlwroiLnk  and 
icax.]  An  umbelliferous  plant  of  the  genus  Bupleu- 
rum.  Lee. 

THOU'oUGH-VVoRT,  (thur'ro-wurt,)  n.  The  popu- 
lar name  of  a  plant,  the  Eiipatorium  perfoliatuin, 
also  called  Boneset,  a  native  of  North  America.  It 
is  medicinal. 

THORP,  Sax.  thorpc;  D.  dorp;  G.  dorf;  Sw.  and  Dan. 
torp ;  VV.  trev ;  Gaelic,  Ir.  treabh;  L.  tribits.  The 
word  in  Welsli  signifies,  a  dwrliing-place,  a  home- 
stead, a  hamlet,  a  town.  When  applicii  to  a  single 
house,  it  answers  to  the  Sax.  haw,  a  house,  whence 
hamlet  and  home.  In  tlie  Teutonic  dialects,  it  denotes 
a  village.  The  primary  sense  is,  proliably,  a  house, 
a  habitation,  from  fixedness  ;  hence,  a.  hamlet,  a  vil- 
lage, a  tribe;  as  in  rude  ages  the  dwelling  of  the 
head  of  a  family  was  soon  surrounded  by  the 
houses  of  his  cliildren  and  dcsct-ndant^-.  In  our 
language,  it  occurs  now  only  in  names  of  plarrs 
and  persons. 


THO 

THdSE,  pron.  j  pi.  of  That  ;  as,  those  men  ;  those  tem- 
ples. When  tho.^ic  and  these  are  used  in  reference  to 
two  things  or  collections  of  things,  tliose  refers  to  the 
fir&t-inentioned,  as  these  docs  to  the  last-mentioned. 
[Sre  These,  and  the  example  there  given.] 

THOTII,  71.  Among  the  ancient  Eiriiptiuns,  ttie  god  of 
elotpience,  and  supposed  to  be  the  inventor  of  wri- 
ting and  philosophy.  He  corresjiondcd  to  the  Mer- 
cunf  of  the  Romans. 

THOU,  pron,;  in  the  obj.  Thee.  [Sax.  thu;  G.  Sw. 
and  Dan.  du;  L.  Fr.  It.'  Sp.  Port,  and  Russ.  tn;  Sans. 
titam.  The  nominative  case  is  probably  contracted, 
for  in  the  oblique  cases  it  is  in  Sw.  and  Dan.  dig,  in 
Goth,  thuk.  Sax.  thee.  So  in  Hindoo,  (it  in  the  nom- 
inative makes  in  the  dative  tuko ;  Gipsy,  tu,  tuke. 
In  Russ.  the  verb  is  tulcayu,  to  thou.] 

The  second  personal  pronoun,  in  the  singular 
number;  the  pronoun  which  is  used  in  addressing 
persons  in  the  solemn  style. 

Art  thou  he  lli.it  sliould  come  ?  —  M.ilt.  xi. 

I  will  fear  no  evil,  (oi  thou  art  with  me.—  Ps.  xxiii. 

Thou  is  used  only  in  the  solemn  style,  unless  in 
very  familiar  language  and  by  iht  Q-uakers. 
THOU,  V,  t.    To  treat  with  familiarity. 

If  thou  thouesl  him  some  thrice,  il  shall  not  be  amiss.      SJiok. 

THOU,  ti.  i.    To  use  thou  and  thcc  in  discourse. 

THOUGH,  (Iho,)  V,  i.  [Sax.  theahi  Goth.tJuivh;  G. 
(loch;  Sw.  dock;  D.  and  Dan.  dog.  This  is  the  im- 
perative of  a  verb  ;  Ir  daighim^  to  give,  D.  dokkcn.] 

1.  Grant;  admit;  allow.  "If  thy  brolher  be 
waxen  poor,  thou  shalt  relieve  liim  ;  yea,  though  he 
be  a  stranger."  Orant  or  admit  the  fact  that  he  is  a 
stranger,  yet  thou  shalt  relieve  liim.    Lev.  xxv. 

ThQu^h  he  eIaj'  mc,  yet  will  1  (rust  in  him.  —  Jub  xiJi. 
That  is,  grant  or  admit  that  he  shall  slay  me,  yet 
will  I  trust  in  him. 

Thoush  li:in(]  join  ia  barnl,  the  wicked  sh^l  not  be  unpunished. 
—  Prov.  xi. 

That  is,  admit  the  fact  that  the  wicked  unite  their 
strength,  yet  this  will  not  save  them  from  punish- 
ment. 

Not  thai  I  so  affinn,  though  so  it  seem.  Milton. 

That  is,  grant  that  it  seems  so,  yet  I  do  not  so  af- 
firm. 

2.  Used  with  a$. 

In  the  vine  were  three  branches,  and  it  w.'is  as  though  it  bu'IJeO. 
Gen.  xl. 

So  we  use  as  if;  it  was  as  if  it  budded  ;  and  if  is 
gif,  give.  The  appearance  was  like  the  real  fact,  '/ 
admitted  or  true. 

3.  It  is  used  in  familiar  language,  at  the  end  of  a 
sentence. 

A  good  cviac  would  do  well  though.  Dryden. 

This  is  generally  or  always  elliptical,  referring  to 
Fome  expression  preceding  or  umlerstood. 

4.  It  is  compounded  witli  all  in  Although,  which 

THOUGHT,  (tUawt,)  pret.  and  pp.  of  Think. 
THOUGHT,  (lhawt,)7i.     [Primarily  tJie  passive  parti- 
ciple of  thinkj  supra  ;  Sax.  theaht.] 

1.  Pro/JcWy,  that  which  the  mind  tliinks.  Thought 
is  either  the' act  or  operation  of  tlie  mind,  when  at- 
tending to  a  particular  subject  or  thing,  or  it  is  the 
idea  consequent  on  that  operation.  We  say  a  man's 
thoughts  are  employed  on  government,  on  religion, 
on  trade  or  arts  ;  or  his  thoughts  are  employed  on  his 
dress  or  his  means  of  living.  By  this  we  mean  that 
the  mind  is  directed  to  that  particular  subject  or  ob- 
ject;  that  is,  according  to  the  literal  import  of  the 
verb  think,  the  mind,  the  iutelleclua!  part  of  man,  is 
set  upon  such  an  object,  it  holds  it  in  view  or  con- 
templation, or  it  extends  to  it,  it  stretches  to  it. 

Thought  can  not  be  BUperadilcd  lo  matter,  eo  as  in  nny  Ecnse  to 
render  it  true  that  m.iltsr  can  become  cogitative.    Dmighl, 

» 

2.  Idea  ;  conception.  I  wish  to  convey  my  thoughts 
to  another  person.  I  employ  words  tliat  express  my 
thouglus,  so  that  he  may  have  the  same  ideas ;  in  this 
case"  our  thoughts  will  be  alike. 

3.  Fancy  ;  conceit;  something  framed  by  the  im- 
agination. 

Tlioiighta  come  crowdin*  in  so  {;ul  upon  mc,  IIkU  my  only  dilE- 
cuUy  ia  to  choose  or  reject.  Dryden. 

4.  Reflection  ;  particular  consideration. 

Why  do  yon  Iteop  nione, 
Ifsiriff  thosf  thoughts  wliicli  ehoiild  have  died 
With  Uwm  [licy  ihiuk  on  i  Shak. 

5.  Opinion  ;  judgment. 

Thus  Belhel  epokc,  who  always  tp-aks  his  thoughts.       Pope. 

G.  Meditation  ;  serious  consideration. 

Pride,  ot*  nil  others  the  most  dancc'-roiis  fault, 

Proceeds  from  want  of  sense  or  want  of  tlioughl.    lioscomir.oTi, 

7.  Design ;  purpose. 

All  their  thoughts  are  against  me  for  evil.  —  Pi.  Ivi.     xxjfiii, 
J  or.  xxix. 

R.  Silent  contemplation.  Shak. 

it.  Solicitude;  care;  concern. 

ilawiswas  put  in  iroiiMc,  and  died  widi  V'ought  and  nnp-iii;,h 
before  his  biisiticsf!  came  lo  an  end.  ISiion, 


THU 

10.  Inward  reasoning ;  the  workings  of  con- 
science. 

Their  ihoughta  the  meanwhile  accusing  or  else  excusing  one 
auollier.  —  Uom.  ii. 

11.  A  small  degree  or  quantity  ;  as, a  thought  long- 
er ;  a  thought  better.  [JVot  in  tisc.j     Hooker.    Sidney, 

To    take    thought ;    to   be  solicitous    or   anxious. 
Matt,  vi. 
THOUGHT'FIJL,  a.     Full  of  thought ;  contemplative  ; 
employed  in  meditation  ;  a*,  a  man  of  thoughtful 
mind. 

9.  Attentive;  careful;  having  the  mind  directed 
to  an  object ;  as,  thouifhtful  of  gain.  P'lilip-f, 

3.  Promoting  serious  thought ;  favorable  to  musing 
or  meditation. 

War,  horrid  war,  your  Vioughl/ul  wallta  Inv^idea.  Pope. 

4.  Anxious ;  solicitous. 

Armmd  her  crowd  dldruft,  and  doubl,  and  fonr, 

And  Oioughtful  foivsigiit,  and  torinonlin;  care.         Pruyr. 

THOUGHT'Fyi^LY,  Qfir.    With  thought  or  consul 

cration  ;  with  solicitude. 
THOUGHT'FJJL-NESS,  it.    Deep  meditation. 

Blackmorr, 
9.  Serious  attention  to  spiritual  concerns. 
3.  Anxiety ;  solicitude. 
TIIOUGHT'LESS,  a.    Heedless  ;  careless;  negligont 

llioughdesa  of  the  future.  liogvrs. 

Q.  Gay  ;  dissipated. 
3.  Stupid  ;  dull. 

TVioughtlcss  as  monarch  oaI«  that  shade  the  jihun.      Drt/ihn. 
THOUGHT'LESS-LY,  a(/y.     Without  thought;  care- 
lessly; stupidly.  Garth. 
THOUGIIT'LESS-NESS,  n.    Want  of  thought;  heed- 
lessness; carelessness;  inattention. 
THOUGHT'-SICK,  a.     [thought  and  skk,]     Unca^v 

with  redection.  Shak. 

.THOU'SAND,  a.      [Sax.  fhuscnd;  Goth.  tJnisund ;  <:. 
tauscnd  ;  D.  duizcnd ;  Sw.  tusend  ;  B o>n.  tusind.] 

1.  Denoting  the  number  of  ten  hundred. 

2,  Proverbially,  denoting  a  great  number  indefi- 
nitely. Il  is  a  thousand  chances  to  one  that  you  suc- 
ceed. 

THOU'SAND,  71.    The  number  of  ten  hundred. 

A  Oiouaatid  shall  fall  at  thy  side,  and  ten  thousand  al  ihy  rijhl 

h:ind,  —  Ps,  xci. 
Thousand  is  sometimes  used  p/ftra^,  without  il;e 
plural  termination,  as  in  the  passage  above,  ten  thmt- 
sand;  but  it  often  takes  the  plural  termination.    In 
former  times,  how  many  Viousands  perished  by  fiiui- 
ine  ! 
THOU'«  WD-FdLD,  a.    ftfuJlipIicd  by  a  thousand. 
THOL  :;rA-\iJTII,fl.    The  ordinal  o(  thousand  ;  ns,  tli'^ 
thousandth  part  of  a  thing;   also,  proverbially,  vtry 
numerous. 
THOU'SANDTH,  n.      The  thousandth  part  of  any 

thin2  ;  as,  two  thousandths  of  a  tax. 
TIIoWL.     See  Thole. 
THRACK,  V.  t.     To  load  or  burden.     [J^ot  in  use.] 

South. 
THRALL,  71.     [Bnx.  thrall,  SL  slave  or  servant;  Dan. 
tr<£i';  Sw.  trdl;  Ice.  troel;  Ir.  trail;  Gaelic,  traill.] 
1.  A  slave. 


2.  Slavery.     [Obs.] 

"  '  '  '      I.  (.    To  enslave. 


THRALL,  u. 
use.] 


[Obs.]    [Enthrall  is  in 

THRALL'DOM,  (thrawl'dum,)  n.     [Dan.  trirldom.! 
Slavery;    bondage;    a  state   of  servitude.      'I'lie 
Greeks  I'ived  in  thralldom  under  tlie  Turks  nearly 
four  Imndred  years. 

He  shall  rule,  and  she  in  Lhralldom  lire.  Dryikn. 

[Ttiis  tcord  is  in  good  ute.] 

THKAL'LESS,  a.    Having  no  thr.alls. 

THRa'NITE,  71.     [Gr.  ^/-dctr^s.] 

The  uppermost  of  the  three  cla.'ses  of  rowers  in 
an  Athenian  trireme.  Brnndc. 

THRAP'PLE,  (thrap'pl,)  ti.  The  windpipe  of  an  an- 
imal.    \J\rot  an  English  word.]  Scoff. 

THRASH,  r.^.  [Sax.  tharscau,  or  thcrscan  ;  G,  drrs- 
chen  ;  D.  dorschcn;  Sw.  tr'dska:  Ice.  thcrskia.  li  is 
written  Thr.vsh  or  Thkesh.  The  common  pronun- 
ciation is  thrash.] 

1.  To  beat  out  grain  from  the  husk  with  a  flail; 
as,  to  thrash  wheat,  rye,  or  oats. 

9.  To  beat  Indian  corn  off  from  the  cob  or  spike; 
as,  to  thrash  maize. 
3.  To  beat  soundly  with  a  .stick  or  whip  ;  to  drub. 

Shak, 
THRASH,  V.  i.     To  practice  thrashing;   to  perform 
the  business  of  thrashing;  as,  a  man  who  thrashca 
well. 

2.  To  labor ;  to  drudge. 

1  nilher  would  be  Mcvius,  thrash  for  rhymes, 

Lilic  hie,  the  scorn  and  scandal  of  the  limes.  Dryden. 

TIIRASH'iCD,  (thrasht,)  pp,  Deaten  out  of  the  husk 
or  oft'  the  e.nr. 

2.  Freed  from  the  grain  by  beating. 
THRASH'l^lR,  7(.    One  who  thraslies  grain. 

9.  Tiie  fox-shark  or  sea-fox,   Alopias   Vulpes,  a 
larf.'c  species  of  shark. 

3.  Brown  thra.shrr ;   an  American   singing-hinl  of 
the  tlinish  family,  Turdus  rufus  ;  the  brown  thrush. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — R1F:TE,  PKEY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.— NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK 


THR 

TIIKASH'ING,  ppr.     Beating  out  of  the  Jinsk  or  ofl' 

tin-  e:ir ;  bciilini;  suiindly  with  a  stick  or  v.'iiip. 
TUR  \Siri.NG,  H.    Tlie  act  of  beating  out  gniin  wiili 

a  fl.iii ;  a  sound  ilrubbing. 
THRASK'ING-FLOOR,   ju     [aircsk  ancJ  Jl»or.]      A 

lIoiT  or  area  on  which  grain  is  bt-aien  out.  Vnjdeii. 
TllUASH'ING-MA-CinXl':',(-shccn',)7(.   [f/iru^A  and 

iHiic!ii:ie.]     A  machino  or  ai)|)arutu.s   fur  Sfparalini; 

pram  from  the  straw.  liramte. 

TnRASON'I€-AL,  a.    [froui  Thraso^  a  bcastt-r  in  old 

comedy.] 
1.  Btxislins;  given  to  bragging. 
9.  Boastful ;  iniplyittg  ostentaliuus  displav.      Skak. 
THIvA-.SON'ie-.-\L-J.Y,  ade.     Boastfui'.y.    Joh.tsun. 
THR-aVE,  n.     [Sax.  uVa/,  a  drove.] 
A  drove  ;  a  herd.     [A'wf  in  use.j 
TUUaVE,  h.    [W,  dreva,  twenty-tour  ;  drcv^  a  bundle 

or  tic] 

1.  'I  he  niiniber  of  two  dozen. 

2.  Tvveotv-four  (in  some  ]ilacos,  twelve)  sheaves 
of  wheat.    "[AorfA  of  En^laml.]  IlaUacell. 

THREAD,  (thred.)  ii.  [Sa.\.  Vired^Virtrd;  I),  draad; 
Sw.tr'dd;  Dan.  traad;  probably  from  drawing.] 

1.  A  very  small  twist  of  tiax,  v.'ool,  cotton,  silk, 
or  oilier  fibrous  substance,  drawn  out  to  considera- 
ble len^b. 

9.  The  filament  of  a  flower.  Botany. 

3.  The  filament  of  any  fibrous  substance,  as  of 
bark. 

4.  A  fine  filament  or  line  of  gold  or  silver. 

5.  Air-threads  i  the  fine,  white  niaments  wliich 
are  seen  floating  iu  the  air  in  summer,  the  produc- 
tion of  spiders. 

6.  Something  continued  in  a  long  course  or  tenor; 
as,  the  Vi-cad  of  a  discourse.  Burnet. 

7.  The  prominent  spiral  part  of  a  screw. 
THREAD,  (thred,)  v.t.    To  pass  a  thread  through  the 

eye  ;  as,  to  thread  a  needle. 

2.  To  pass  or  pierce  through,  as  a  narrow  way  or 
channel. 

They  wouM  not  iJiread  tlie  gatps.  S7ia.\-. 

Hi'Avy  triUing  sliipa  —  thrmding  ibe  Bospliunis.        Mil/ord. 

THREAD'BaRE,  a.  [thread  and  bare.]  Worn  to 
the  naked  thread  ,  having  the  nap  worn  off;  as,  a 
threadbare  coat ;  thrctzdbare  clothes. 

Spenser.     Dnjden. 
2.  Worn  out;  trite;  hackneyed;  used  till  it  has 
lost  its  novelty  or  iulcrost ;  as,  a  Vireadbara  subject ; 
stale  topics  and  tJireadbare  fiuotation^?.  Swift. 

THREAD  DARE-NESS,  n.  The  slate  of  being  thread- 
bare or  trite. 
TlIllEAD'£-\,  (thred'n,)  a.      Made  of  thread  ;   as, 

threaden  sails.     [Little  }lscd,^  Shak. 

THREAD'-SH.aP-£D,  (thred'shupt,)  a.   In  batumj,  fili- 

f'-rm. 
THREAD'Y,  (thred'e,)  a.     Like  thread  or  filaments  ; 
slender.  Grander. 

'2.  Containing  thread.  Vycr. 

TUReAP,  r.  L     [Sax.  Vireaptan,  or  rather  threagan.'] 

To  chide,  contend,  or  argue.     [Lvcal.']    Jiiiuworth. 
THREAT,  (tiiret,)  n.     [Sax.  tlircoL    See  the  verb.] 
A  menace  ;  denunciation  of  ill ;  declaration  ot  an 
intention  or  determination  to  inflict    punishment, 
loss,  or  pain  on  another. 

There  U  no  tsrror,  di^iaa,  in  your  threats.  Skak. 

THREAT,  (thret,)  v.  U  To  threaten,  which  see. 
Threat  is  used  only  in  poetry.  Drtjden. 

THREAT'£N,  fthret'n,)  v.  t.  [Sax.  thrcatian,  from 
threat.  But  threat  appears  to  be  contracted  from 
tAr«a^'irt,  which  is  written  also  thrcawiaa;  I),  drci- 
gen;  G.  droken;  Dan.  treitetj  to  chide,  to  scold,  dis- 
pute, wrangle.] 

1.  To  declare  the  purpose  of  inflicting  punish- 
ment, pain,  or  other  evil  on  another,  for  some  sin  or 
oflense ;  to  menace.  God  Ou-catcns  tlie  finally  im- 
penitent with  everlasting  banishment  from  his  pres- 
ence. 

2.  To  menace ;  to  terrify  or  attempt  to  tenify  by 
menaces  ;  as  for  extorting  money.  To  send  threat- 
ening letters  is  a  punishable  ofiense. 

3.  To  charge  or  enjoin  with  menace,  or  with  im- 
plied rebuke  ;  or  lo  charge  strictly. 

l>:l  us  Mraitly  threaun  th^m,  liiat  Ihey  speak  hciiccfurlli  to  no 
miin  in  L'lU  a^iimc.  —  Acts  iv. 

4-  To  menace  by  action  ;  to  present  the  appearance 
of  coming  evil;  as,  railing  billows  threaten  to  over- 
whelm us. 

5.  To  exhibit  the  appearance  of  something  evil  or 
unpleasant  approaching;  a;;,  the  clouds  threaten  us 
with  rain  or  a  storm. 
THREAT'£N-£;D,    (thret'nd,)    pp.  or  d.      iMenaced 

with  evil. 
TUUEAT'£N-ER,  (thret'n-er,)  n.  One  that  threatens. 

Jifilton. 
THREAT'jEH^-IxXG,  (thret'n-ing,)  ppr.    Menacing ;  de- 
nouncing evil. 

2.  a.  Indicating  a  threat  or  menace ;  as,  a  tkrcat- 
emng  look. 

3,  Indicating  something  impending  ;  as,  the  weath- 
er is  tJireatening ;  the  clouds  have  a  threatening  as- 
pect. 

THRE.^T'iJM-ING,  (thret'n-ing,)  n.  The  act  of  men- 
acing; a  menace  ;  a  denunciation  of  evil,  or  decia- 


THR 

ration  of  a  purpose  to  inflict  evil  on  a  person  or, 
couulrj',  usually  for  sins  auti  oflenses.  The  proph- 
ets are  liUed  with  (UhVs  Vtrcatenings  against  the  re- 
bellious Jews.    Acts  iv. 

TIIREAT'£N-ING-LY,  (thrct'n-ing-Ic,)  adv.  With  a 
thrrat  or  menace  ;  in  a  threatening  niannrr.   Shak. 

THREAT'FIJL,  (thr.-t'ful,)  a.  Full  of  tlinats  ;  hav- 
ing a  menacins  appr'arance  ;  minacious.     Spcn.'icr. 

THREE,  a.  [Sax.  thrro,  Viri,  Utrij,  and  thri^;  Sw. 
and  Dan.  tre ;  O.  drd;  D.  drie;  Vr.  trois ;  "it.  trc; 
Sp.  and  L.  tres ;  Ga;;!.  and  W.  (ri;  Gipsy,  (re;  Gr. 
T.'Jiis ;  Sans,  trrja^  tri.  I  know  not  the  last  radical, 
nor  the  primary  sense  of  three.  Owen,  in  his  Welsh 
Dictionary,  sugijic^ts  that  it  signifies  Jiied,  Jirm.  But 
see  Extricate  and  Trice.  It  is  probably  contrnctcd 
from  thrig.] 

1.  Two  and  one. 

I  olTer  thiTC  three  tSilnja.  — 2  Sam.  xslv. 

2.  It  is  often  used,  like  other  adjectives,  without 
the  noun  lo  which  it  refers. 

Alislt:u  —  atlaSncd  not  unto  Ilia  first  Oiree.  —  SSum,  xsiU. 

3.  Proverbially^  a  small  number. 

Aw.iv,  llioii  lArM-inclipJ  fuol.  Shak. 

[I  belieoe  obsolete] 

THUEE-€AP'SuL-£D,  a.  Tricapsular;  having  three 
ra|i>iilc3. 

TH:tKE'-CELLr  ED,  a.  Trilocular  j  having  three 
cells. 

TIIREE'-CLEFT,  a.    Trifid  ;  being  thrice  cleft. 

TIlREE'-eOR-NER-£D,  fl.    [three  and  corner.]    Hav- 
ing throe  corners  or  angles  ;  as,  a  three-cornered  hat. 
2.  In  botany^  having  three  prominent,  longitudinal 
angles,  as  a  stem.  jilartyn. 

THllEE'-EDG-ED,  (-ejd,)  a.     Having  three  edges. 

THREE'-FLOW-ER-£;D,rt.  [three  and  JlowcrA  Bear- 
ing three  flowers  toijether.  Martyn. 

TIIREE'FOLD,  a.  [three  and /wW.]  Tlirce-double  ; 
consisting  of  three  ;  or  tlirice  repeated  ;  as,  threefold 
justice.  Ralegh. 

A  Oiice/old  cord  ia  not  quickly  broken.  —  Eccles.  iv. 

THREE'-GR.ILV-ED,  a.  Tricoccous;  having  tliree 
kernels. 

THREE'-LkAF-ED,  (-leeftjo.  [three  and  leaf.]  Con- 
sisting of  three  distinct  leallets.  Martyn. 

THREE'-LCB-£D,  a.  [three  and  lobe.]  A  three-lobcd 
leaf  is  one  that  is  divided  to  the  middle  into  three 
parts,  standing  wide  from  each  other,  and  having 
convex  mariiiiis.  Jilartyn. 

THREE'-NERV-ED,  a.  [three  and  nerve.]  A  thrce- 
ncrccd  leaf  has  three  distinct  vessels  or  nerves  run- 
nins  longitudinally  without  branching.       Martv,n. 

TilREE'-PXRT-ED,  a.  [three  and  parted.]  Tripar- 
tite. A  three-parted  leaf  li  divided  into  three  parts 
down  to  the  base,  but  not  entirely  separate. 

Martyn. 

THREE'PEXCE,  (Ihrip'ense,)  n.  [three  and  pence] 
A  small  silver  coin  of  three  times  the  value  of  a 
penny.  Shak. 

THREE'PEi\-Ny,  (Ihrip'en-ne,)  a.  Worth  three 
pence  only ;  mean. 

THREE'-PET-AL-ED,  a.  [three  and  petnl]  Tripet- 
alous ;  consisting  of  three  distinct  petals  ;  as  a  corol. 

Botany. 

THREE'-PILE,  n.  [three  and  pile.]  An  old  name 
for  e«od  velvet.  Shak. 

THREE'-PIL-£D,  a.    Set  with  a  thick  pile.     [06.*.] 

Shak. 

THREE'-PL?,  a.     [tJirec  and  Fr.  pUcr,  h.  plico.] 

Threefold  ,  consisting  of  three  thicknesses,  as  cloth 
or  carpeting. 

THREE'-POINT-ED,  a.  Tiicuspidate  ;  having  three 
lenethenc'd  points  ending  in  a  bristle. 

TIIREE'-RIH-B£D,  a.     Having  three  ribs. 

THREE'SeoRE,  a.  [three  and  score.]  Tlirico 
twenty  ;  sixty  ;  as,  threescore  years. 

THREE''~SEED-ED,  a.  [three  and  seed.]  Having 
three  seeds  ;  as,  a  three-seeded  capsule.  Botany. 

TIIREE'-SID-ED,  a.  [three  and  side.]  Having  three 
plane  sides;  as,  a  tlircc-sidcd  stem,  leaf,  petiole, 
peduncle,  scape,  or  pericarp.  JHcrtnn. 

THREE'-VALV-ED,  a.  [t/irce  and  valoe.]  Trival- 
vular;  consisting  of  three  valves;  opening  with 
three  valves  ;  as,  a  t'tree-valccd  pericarp. 

THRicNE,  n.     [Gr.  ^prjvos.]  [lee.     Martyn. 

Lamentaliou.     [J^'ot  used.] 

THUE-NET'IC,  a.     Sorrowful ;  mournful.         Shak. 

THREN'0-DY,  n.  [Gr.  ^p^/Kw?,  lamentation,  and  o}6rj, 
ode.] 

A  song  of  lamentation.  Herbert. 

THRESH,  V.  t.  To  thrash.  [Sec  Thrash.]  The 
latter  is  the  popular  pronunciation,  but  the  word  is 
wntlen  Thuash  or  Thresh,  indiflerently.  [See  the 
derivation  and  definitions  under  Thkash.] 

TIIKESfl'ER,  n.     A  tlirasher,  which  see. 

THRESH'OLD,  71.  [Sax.  tJira:rscwald ;  G.  th\ir.^chweUe  ; 
Sw.  triiskel ;  Ice.  tJirosnthlur.  The  Saxon  and  Swedish 
words  seem  by  their  orthography  to  be  connected  with 
thrash,  thresh,  and  the  last  syllable  to  be  wald,  wood  ; 
but  the  German  word  is  obviously  compounded  of 
tMir,  door,  and  schwelle,  sill ;  door-sill.] 

I.  The  door-sill ;   the  plank,  stone,  or  piece    of 
timber  which  lies  at  the  bottom  or  under  a  door,  par- 


THR 

trcularly  of  a  dwelling-house,  church,  temple,  or  iho 
like;  Iienre,  entrance  ;  gati; ;  door. 

2.  Entrance  ;  the  place  or  point  of  cn'^rin:;  or  be- 
pinnhig.  He  is  now  at  the  thrtshvtd  of  his  argu- 
ment. 

;Llaiiy  ii,cii  tint  MucnUc  at  tbe  Ihrethold.  Si.ak. 

THREW,  (thru,)  ;>rc(.  of  Throw. 
THRICE,  adc.      [from  three;    perhaps  three  and  L. 
vice  ;  or  a  change  cf  Fr.  tiers-l 

1.  Three  times. 

Itforc  the  cijk  erow,  thou  slull  dcoy  roe  Ariet.—ViMi.  xxil. 

2.  Somc<.m»cs  used  by  way  of  amplification  ;  vcrf 

Th.ics  noLIf  lorJ,  let  me  cntxi^t  of  you 

To  pardon  inc.  Shot, 

TnRICE'-FA-VOR-£D,  a.  Favored  thric«  ;  highly 
favored.  Ircinir. 

THRID,  IT.  f.  [\V.  treiziate,  to  penetrate;  treidiatc,  to 
coiirse,  to  range.] 

'J'o  f^lide  throu;;h  n  narrow  i)a»«age  ;  to  Blip,  shoot, 
or  run  through,  as  a  needle,  bodkin,  ur  the  like. 

Sumo  firii  tin;  ntir.y  riMjl'.U  U  IwT  half.  Ptrpt. 

THRID'DED,  pp.    Slid  through. 

TUKliyiHSG,  ppr.  Sliding  through;  causing  to  pa«3 
IhrouKh. 

THRIFT,  71.  [from  (Arirc]  Frugality;  good  hus- 
bandry ;  economical  management  in  regard  to  pn>[>- 
erty. 

Tlw  rt  at  —  willing  lo  fall  lo  thrift,  prove  - 

2.  Prosperity;  success  and  advanc":  m  lu^:  acipji- 
sition  of  property  ;  increase  of  worldly  goodd  ;  i:aui. 

I  have  n  mind  prtnjca  m^  tudt  thri/L  £Ad. 

3.  Vigorous  growth,  as  of  a  plant. 

4.  In  botany,  a  name  of  several  species  of  flowering 
plants  of  the  genera  Statice  and  .^rmeria-   /.oiulon, 

THRIFT'I-LY,  adv.    Frugally  ;  with  par^imuny. 

2.  With  increase  of  worldly  goods. 

THRIFT'I-NESS,   n.      Frugality;    good   husbandr>- , 

as,  thrijliness  to  save;  thr\flincss  in  preserving  one's 

own.  fVolton.     Spenser. 

2.  Prosperity  in  business  ;  increase  of  propertv. 

THRIFT'LESS,  a.      Having    no   frugality    or  'good 

nmiiagement ;  profuse;  extravagant;  not  thriving. 

Shak. 
THRIFT'LESS-LY,  adv.    Without  thriving  ;  citniv- 

acanlly. 
TMRIFT'LESS-NESS,  n.    A  state  of  being  thriftless. 
THRIFT'Y,  a.     Frugal  ;  sparing  ;  using  economy  and 
good  management  of  property. 

I  am  ^liTd  he  has  bo  much  youth  and  vigor  left,  of  which  he  )iu 
not  been  thrifty.  Si^fl. 

2.  More  generally,  thriving  by  industry  and  fru- 
gality ;  prosperous  in  the  acquisition  of  worldly 
goods  ;  increasing  in  wealth ;  as,  a  thrifty  farmer  or 
mechanic. 

3.  Thriving;  growing  rapidly  or  vigorously;  as  a 
plant. 

4.  Well  husbanded. 

I  have  five  hundrctl  crowns, 
The  thrifty  hir;  I  saved  uuder  your  father.  Sfiak. 

THRILL,  71.    [See  the  verb.]    A  drUI. 

2.  A  warbling.     [See  Trill.] 

3.  A  breathing  place  or  hole.  Herbert. 

4.  A  thrilling  sensation  ;  as,  a  (Ari/i  of  horror. 
THRILL,  p.  (.     [Sax.  thyrlian,  thirlian;    D.  dr'dten^  to 

drill,  to  bore;  triUen,  to  shiver,  pant,  quaver;  G. 
drillcii,  to  drill ;  trillcr,  a  shako ;  triUem,  lo  trill ;  Dan. 
driller,  to  bore,  to  drill ;  trildery  Sw.  triUa,  lo  roll ; 
Dan.  trille,  a  trill;  W.  troUaw,  to  troll  or  roll ;  all 
probably  of  one  family,  from  the  root  of  rolL  See 
Drill.] 

1.  To  bore;  to  drill;  lo  perforate  by  turning  a 
gimlet  or  other  similar  instrument. 

But  in  the  literal  sense,  Dbill  is  now  chiefly  or 
wholly  used.  Spenser  used  it  literally  in  the  clause 
"  with  Virilling  point  of  iron  brand." 

2.  To  pierce  ;  to  penetrate  ;  as  something  sharp. 

'I'he  cruel  word  her  tender  henrt  bo  Oirilltd, 

ThiU  sudden  cold  did  run  Uirough  crery  rein.  Spentcr. 

A  &ertfiinl  Uyit  he  bretl,  thriUtd  wiOi  rcmurse.  Stai. 

THRILL,  V.  i.  To  pierce  ;  to  penetrate  ;  as  something 
sharp  ;  particularly,  to  cause  a  tin>:ling  siMisation 
that  runs  tJirough  the  system  with  a  slight  shivtring ; 
as,  a  sharp  sound  thrills  through  the  whole  frime. 

.Addison. 

A  fiuit,  cold  fear  thriils  Uirou^h  my  rcan.  5\ai. 

2.  To  feel  a  sharp,  shivering  sensation  ninning 
through  the  body. 

To  seek  sweet  safety  out 
lo  v&ults  and  prisons ;  and  to  thriU  and  tliake.  ■^*  ■ 

THRILL'EO,  (thrild,)  pp.    Penetrated  ;  pierced. 
THRILL'ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Perforating  ;  drilhng. 

2.  Piercing;  penetrating;  having  the  qu;ility  of 
penetrating  ;  passing  with  a  tingling,  shivcrmg  sen- 
sation. 

3.  Feeling  a  tingling,  shivering  sensauon  ninnmg 
through  the  system. 

THRILL'ING-LY,  adv.     With  thrdlmg  sensations. 
THRILL'ING-NESS,  n.    The  quality  of  bemg  thr.i: 


TONE,  BWIiL,  UNITE.  —  AN"GER, 


VP'CIOUS,  — e  aa  K  J  d  m  3\  S  aa  Z  j  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  tts  in  THIS. 


:J 


THR 


THR 


'JURILL'INGS,  71.  pi.    Tbrillmg  sensalions. 

TUBING,  V.  I.  To  press,  crowd,  or  throng.  [JiTot 
luied.]  Cliaaccr. 

THUIPS,  n.    [I.  ;  Gr.l    A  small  spotted  fly. 

Harris.     Herrtck. 

THRIS'SA,  n.  A  fish  of  the  sliad  and  herring  kind, 
whose  flesh  is  considered  as  being  sometimes  poison- 
ous. It  is  found  in  the  waters  of  intertropical 
America,  India,  Sec. 

THRIVE,  V.  i. ;  pret.  Thrived  ;  pp.  1  hhited,  i  HBiv- 
EN.  [Dan.  trives,  to  thrive,  to  increase  ;  Sw.  trifcd^. 
It  may  belong  to  the  family  of  trip,  to  hasten,  or  to 
that  of  drive.]  , 

1.  To  prosper  by  industry,  economy,  and  good 
management  of  property  ;  to  increase  in  goods  and 
estate.  A  farmer  thrives  by  good  husbandry.  When 
the  body  of  laboring  men  thrive,  we  pronounce  Uie 
state  prosperous. 

Dilim-iice  aiiJ  humility  h  the  way  to  thrive  in  the  riclies  ot  ihc 
"uudcrsliuidins,  us  well  as  in  gold.  WaUc. 

a.  To  prosper  in  any  business ;  to  have  increase  or 
success. 


THRC5E, 

pain. 
THROE, 


To  agonize ;  to  struggle  in  cvtreme 
To  jiut  in  agony.  ShaJ:. 


0  son,  wli^  811  we  here,  eacli  oOier  viowiiig 
Idly,  wiiile  -'otan,  our  great  auUior,  thrtoet  7 
They  hy  vie.    t'iripc. 


MUlon. 

Savd'ja. 


3.  To  grow  to  increase  in  bulk  or  stature ;  to 
flourish.  Young  cattle  (Arice  in  rich  pastures ;  and 
trees  thrive  in  a  pood  soil. 

4.  To  grow ;  to  advance  ;  to  increase  or  advance 
in  any  thing  valuable.  .  .  , 

THRIV'ER,  n.    One  that  prospers  m  the  acquisition 
of  property. 

THRIVING,  ppr.     Prospering  in  worldly  goods. 

2.  0.  Being  prosperous  or  successful ;  advancing 
in  wealth  ;  increasing  ;  growing ;  as,  a  thriving  me- 
chanic ;  a  thriuinir  trader. 

THRlV'ING-LY,  adv.    In  a  prosperous  way. 

TIIRIVING-NESS,  j  ?i.      Prosperity  ;    growth  ;    in- 

THRIV'ING,  i      crease.  Decay  of  Piety. 

THRO'  ;  a  contraction  of  TunouuH.     [JVot  now  used.] 

THRO.^T,  (throte,)  n.     [Sa.\-.  tlirota,  tlirotc;  D.  slrote; 
Russ.  ffrud.]  „  ■      ,   . 

1.  The  anterior  part  of  the  neck  of  an  animal,  in 
which  are  the  gullet  and  windpipe,  or  the  passages 
for  the  food  and  breath. 

In  medicine,  the  fauces ;  all  that  hollow  or  cavity 
in  the  part  of  the  mouth  which  may  be  seen  when 
the  mouth  is  wide  open.  Q/c 

a.  The  tliroat  of  a  chimney  is  the  part  between  the 
gathering,  or  portion  of  the  funnel  which  contracts 
in  ascending,  and  the  flue.  Gwilt. 

3.  In  seamen's  language,  that  end  of  a  gatf  which 
is  next  the  mast ;  also,  the  rounded  angular  point 
where  the  arm  of  an  anchor  is  joined  to  the  shank. 

roitcB. 

4.  In  ship-biiilding,  the  inside  of  the  knee-timber  at 
the  middle  or  turns  of  the  arms. 

Throat^brails  :  brails  attached  to  the  gaff  close  to 
the  mast. 

Throat-halliards  are  those  that  raise  the  throat  of 
the  gaff.  -War.  Diet. 

THROAT,  V.  t.    To  mow  beans  in  a  direction  against 

their  bendins.     [Local.]  Cyc. 

THRO.'VT'-LATCH,  n.    A  strap  of  a  bridle,  halter, 

&c.,  passing  under  a  horse's  throat. 
THRo.'VT'-PIPE,  71.  [throat  and  pipe.]  The  wind- 
pipe, weasand,  or  trachea. 
THRO AT'WORT,  (throte'wurt,)  n.  [throat  and  wort.] 
A  plant  of  the  genus  Campanula,  a  perennial  weed 
common  in  pasture-ground  ;  also,  a  plant  of  the 
genus  Trachelium.  Cyc.    Lee. 

THRCiT'Y,  a.    Guttural.  Howell. 

THROB,  V.  i.  [Perhaps  allied  to  drive  and  to  drub ;  at 
least  its  elements  and  si;;nitication  coincide  ;  Gr. 
JooviSe....] 

To  beat,  as  the  heart  or  pulse,  with  more  than 
usual  force  or  rapidity ;  to  beat  in  consequence  of 
agitation  ;  to  palpitate.  The  heart  throbs  with  joy, 
desire,  or  fear  ;  tiie  violent  action  of  the  heart  is  per- 
ceived by  a  throbbing  pulse. 

My  heart  Ihrobs  to  know  one  thing.  ShaJ^. 

We  apply  the  word  also  to  the  breast. 
Here  may  his  head  live  on  my  throbbing  breast.  SluiJc. 

THROB,  71.     A  beat  or  strong  pulsation  ; 


a  violent 
beating  of  the  heart  and  arteries  ;  a  palpitation. 

Thou  lalk'nl  lilte  onr  who  nc-ver  fjit 

Th'  imp:ilient  tlirobs  and  longings  of  a  soul 

Thai  pania  and  reaches  after  distant  good.  Addison. 

THROB'BING,  ppr.  or  a.  Beating  with  unusual  force, 
as  the  heart  and  pulse  ;  palpitating. 

THROB'BING,  71.  The  act  of  beating  Willi  unusual 
force,  as  the  heart  and  pulse  ;  palpitation. 

THROD'D£N,  v.  i.  To  grow  ;  to  thrive.  [A'k(  in  use, 
or  local.]  Orose. 

THROE,  (thro,)  n.  [Sa.x.  ihrowian,  to  suffer,  to  ago- 
nize ;  but  this  is  the  same  word  as  throw,  and  the 
sense  is  to  strain,  as  in  twisting,  to  struggle.] 

Extreme  pain  ;  violent  pang ;  anguish  ;  agony. 
It  is  particularly  applied  to  the  anguish  of  travail  in 
childbirth,  or  parturition. 

My  throes  came  thicker,  and  my  cries  increased.        Dryden. 


THROM'liUS,  71.  [Gr.  S<i"|i/?5s.]  A  small  tumor 
which  sometimes  ensues  from  the  escape  of  blood 
into  the  cellular  membrane  in  the  operation  of  blecd- 
jnp.  Brandc. 

'I'HKONE,  71.     [L.  Aronus;  Gr.  ipovos;  Fr.  trone.] 

1.  A  royal  scat ;  a  chair  of  state.  Tlie  throne  is 
sometimes  »n  elegant  chair  richly  ornamented  with 
sculpture  and  gilding,  rai.-ii'd  a  stop  above  the  floor, 
and  covered  with  a  canopy. 

2.  The  seat  of  a  bishop.  Ayliffe. 

3.  In  Scripture,  sovereign  power  and  diguity. 
Only  in  the  l/irone  will  I  be  greater  than  thou.  — Gen.  xli. 
Thy  Oirojie,  0  Ciod,  is  forever. —  Pa.  xlv. 

4.  Angels.    Col.  i. 

5.  The  place  where  God  peculiarly  manifests  his 
power  and  glory. 

Tlie  heaven  is  my  throne,  and  lUe  earth  is  my  footstool.  —  Is.  Ixvi. 

THRONE,  ti.  1.  To  place  on  a  royal  seal ;  to  en- 
throne. 

2.  To  place  in  an  elevated  position ;  to  give  an 
elevated  place  to;  to  c.^alt. 

True  image  of  the  Father,  wlielher  throned 
In  the  bosom  of  bliss  and  light  of  light.  MiUon. 

THRON'£D,  pp.     Placed  on  a  royal  seat,  or  on  an 

elevated  seat ;  exalted. 
THRoNE'LESS,  a.     Having  no  throne. 
THRONG,  71.     [Sax.  throng;  Ir.  drong ;   G.  and  D. 
drang.    See  the  verb.] 

1.  A  crowd ;  a  multitude  of  pers -ns  or  of  living 
beings  pressing  or  pre.-^sed  into  a  close  body  or  as- 
semblage ;  as,  a  thron/r  of  people  at  a  playhouse, 
a.  A  great  multitude  ;  as,  the  heavenly  throng. 
THRONG,  V.  7.  [Sax.  thringan;  D.dringen;  G.  drdn- 
gen  ;  Dan.  trcniger  ;  Sw.  trdnga.  If  71  is  not  radical, 
this  word  coincides  with  Sw.  tryka,  Dan.  trykher,  to 
press,  to  print.    Class  Rg.] 

To  crowd  together ;  to  press  into  a  close  body,  as 
a  multitude  of  persons  ;  to  come  in  multitudes. 

I  have  seen 
The  dumb  men  firong  to  see  Iiim.  iShak. 

THRONG,  ».  t    To  crowd  or  press,  as  persons  ;  to 
oppress  or  annoy  with  a  crowd  of  living  beings. 
Much  people  followed  him,  an.l  Utronged  him.  —  Mark  v. 

THRONG'£D,  pp.  or  0.  Crowded  or  pressed  by  a 
multitude  of  persons. 

THRONG'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Crowding  together  ;  press- 
ing witli  a  multitude  of  persons. 

THRONG'I.N'G,  71.    The  act  of  crowding  together. 

THRONG'LY,  oiiu.  In  crowds.   [JVot  in  use.]  More. 

THRON'ING,  ppr.  Placing  on  a  royal  seat ;  enthron- 
ing. 

THROP'PLE,  (tlirop'pl,)  71.  The  windpipe  of  a  horse. 
[Local.]  Cyc. 

THROS'TLE,  (thros'l,)  71.     I  Sax.  thorstle  ;  G.  drossel] 
A  bird  of  the  thrush  kind,  Merula  musica,  ( Turtlns 
vinsieus,  Linnsus  ;)  also  called  Song  Thrush.     It  is 
found  in  allthe  countries  of  Europe.  Jardine.  P. Cyc. 

THROS'TLE,  (thros'l,)  71.  A  machine  for  spinning, 
which  makes  the  wool  smooth  and  wiry. 

Encyc.  of  Dam.  Econ. 

THROS'TLING,  71.  A  disease  of  cattle  of  the  ox  kind, 
occasioned  by  a  swelling  under  their  throats,  which, 
unless  checked,  will  choke  them.  Cyc. 

THROT'TLE,  (throt'tl,)  71.  [from  throat.]  The  wind- 
pipe or  trachea.  Brown. 

THROT'TLE,  t.  i.    To  choke;  to  suffocate;  or  to 

obstruct  so  as  to  endanger  suffocation.        Drydcn. 

2.  To  breathe  hard,  as  when  nearly  suffocated. 

THROT'TLE,  v.  t  To  utter  with  breaks  and  inter- 
ruptions, as  a  person  half  suffocated. 

ThToUl£  Iheir  practiced  accents  in  their  feai3.  ShaJc. 

THROT'TLED,  (tlirot'tld,)  pp.    Uttered  with  breaks 

and  interruptions. 
2.  Choked  ;  suffocated. 
THEOT'TLING,  ppr.    Choking  ;  suffocating. 
THRI5UGH,  (thioo,)  prep.     [Sax.  thurh ;  D.  door;  G. 

dureh ;  W.  ti-wy  or  trip,  whence  trtoyaw,  to  pervade  ; 

Ir.  trcoo-Ad/miTi," Gaelic,  trcaghaim,  to  pierce  or  bore.] 

1.  Fmm  end  to  end,  or  from  side  to  side  ;  from 
one  surface  or  limit  to  tlie  opposite  ;  as,  to  bore 
through  a  piece  of  timber,  or  through  a  board  ;  a  ball 
passes  through  the  side  of  a  ship. 

2.  Noting  passage ;  as,  to  pass  through  a  gate  or 
avenue. 

Through  the  gates  of  ivory  he  dismissed 

His  valiaut  oflspriug.  Dnjden. 

3.  By  transmission,  noting  the  means  of  convey- 
ance. 

Ttiroogh  these  hands  this  science  has  passed 


THR 

5.  Over  the  whole  surface  or  extent;  as,  to  ride 
through  the  country. 

Thtir  tongu'i  walkelh  through  the  coitli.  — Pa,  \xxm. 
G.  Nolhig  passage  among  or  in  the  midst  of ;  as,  to 
move  throug/t  water,  as  a  fish  j  to  run  through  a 
thicket,  aa  a  deer 
TIIUOlfGII,  (throo,)  adv.    From  one  end  or  side  to 
the  other  ;  as,  lo  pierce  a  thing  through. 

2.  From  beginning  to  end ;  as,  to  read  a  loiter 
tkrougk. 

3.  To  the  end;  to  the  ultimate  purpose;  as,  to 
carry  a  project  through. 

To  carry  through  ;  to  complete  ;  to  accomplish. 
To  go  through;  to  prosecute  a  scheme  to  the  end. 
2.  To  undergo ;  to  sustain ;  as,  to  go  through  liard- 
sliiiis. 
THRfiUGH'-BRED  should  be  TuonouGH-BBED. 
THROUGH'-LlGIIT-ED      should     be     Thorough- 
lighted.     \J^ot  usedA 
TIIllOUGIl'LY,  (throo^e,)  ado.    Completely;  fully; 
wholly.  Bacon. 

2.  Without  reserve  ;  sincerely.  TilloLson. 

[For  this  THORauGHLY  is  now  used.] 
THROUGH-OUT',  (throo-out',)  prep,     [through  nnd 
out.] 

Quite  through  ;  in  every  part ;  from  one  extreiiiitv 
to  the  other.  This  is  the  practice  throughout  IrelamL 
A  general  opinion  prevails  throughout  England. 
Throughout  the  whole  course  of  his  life,  he  avoided 
every  specii^s  of  vice. 
THROUGH-OUT',  (throo-out',)  adv.    In  every  pan. 

The  cloth  was  of  a  piece  throughout. 
THROUGH'-PAC-£D,(throo'paste.)   [J^otuscd.]    See 

Thorough-paceu.  JiJorc. 

THROVE,  oldprct.  of  Thriv.-:. 

THROW,  (thro,)  v.  t. ;  prcl.  Thrfw  ;  pp.  Thrown. 
[Sax.  thrawan  ;  perhaps  D.  draaijcu,  to  turn,  wind, 
twist,  whirl ;  G.  drehen ;  W.  troi.'  'J'he  Saxon  word 
signifies  lo  twist,  to  turn,  to  curl,  throw,  and  to  re- 
"  volve.  It  is  contracted,  and  probably  coincides  in 
elements  with  Gr.  Tpcx(^->  to  !""» '"''  this  was  applied 
primarily  to  wheels,  as  we  see  by  its  derivatives, 
r/30X«5i  a  wheel,  rpoxiX'Jf,  ^^  top,  L.  trochilus.] 

1.  PropeHy,  to  hurl ;  to  whirl ;  to  fling  or  cast  in 
a  winding  direction. 

2.  To  Iling  or  ca^t  in  any  manner  ;  to  propel ;  lo 
send  ;  to  drive  to  a  distance  from  the  hand  or  from 
an  engine.  Thus  we  throw  stones  or  dust  with  the 
hand  ;  a  cannon  throws  a  ball ;  a  bomb  tlirows  a  shell. 
The  Roman  bali^^ta  threw  various  weapons.  A  fire- 
engine  throws  water  to  e.\tin;^ui.sh  flames. 

3.  To  wind  ;  as,  to  throw  silk. 

4.  'I'o  turn  ;  as,  to  Uiroto  balls  in  a  lathe.  [Xot  in 
general  use.] 

5.  To  venture  at  dice. 
Set  leas  than  Ihou  throwest.  SJiot. 

C>.  To  cast ;  to  divest  or  strip  one's  self  of;  to  put 
-  "     ■  ■  Shall. 


Skfik. 


Pope. 


ith  great  applause. 
Temple. 
Material  thioga  arc  prcicnled  only  through  tbesciisca.     Cheyne. 

4.  By  means  of;  by  the  agency  of;  noting  instru- 
mentality. This  signification  is  a  derivative  of  the 
last. 

Through  the  scent  of  water  it  will  bud.  —  Job  xiv. 
Some  through  ambition,  or  through  thirst  of  gold, 
Have  stain  their  brotlirrs,  and  llieir  counUry  sold.  Dryden. 

S.inctify  Ibem  through  thy  tnilli.  —  John  xvii. 
The  ^ift  of  God  13  ctcnial  life  Oirough  Jesus  ChrUt  our  Lord.  — 
Item.  vi. 


off;  as,  a  serpent  throws  his  skin, 

7.  To  cast ;  to  send. 

1  have  throtcn 
A  Iratfe  defiance  in  King  Henry's  tectli. 

8.  To  put  on  ;  to  spread  carelessly. 

O'er  his  fair  limbs  a  flowery  vest  be  threa. 

9.  To  overturn  ;  to  prostrate  in  wrestling ;  as,  a 
man  throws  his  antagonist. 

10.  To  cast ;  to  drive  by  violence ;  as,  a  vessel  or 
sailors  thrown  upon  a  rock. 

To  throw  njcay ;  to  lose  by  neglect  or  folly ;  to 
spend  in  vain;  as,  to  throw  away  time;  to  tltrow 
await  money. 

2.' To  bestow  without  a  compensation. 

3.  To  reject ;  as,  to  throw  away  a  good  book,  or  a 
good  otfer.  Taylor. 

To  throw  by ;  to  lay  aside  or  neglect  as  useless ;  as. 
to  Oirow  by  a  garment. 

To  throw  down  ;  to  subvert ;  to  overthrow  ;  to  Ac- 
stroy  ;  as,  to  throw  down  a  fence  or  V'/'dll. 

2.  To  bring  down  from  a  high  station ;  to  depiess. 

Spectator. 

To  throw  in  ;  to  inject. 

2.  To  put  in  ;  to  deposit  with  others  ;  also,  to  give 
up  or  relinquish. 

To  throw  off}  to  expel ;  to  clear  from  ;  as,  to  throw 
o^a  disease. 

2.  To  reject  ■,  to  discard  ;  as,  to  throw  off  all  scnso 
of  shame  ;  to  throw  offo.  dependent. 

To  throi.'^  on  ;  lo  cast  on  ;  to  load. 

To  throw  out;  to  cast  out ;  to  reject  or  discard  ;  to 
expel.  '^"^'^  , 

9.  To  utter  carelessly  ;  to  speak ;  as,  to  throw  oat 
insinuations  or  observations. 

3.  To  e.xert ;  to  bring  forth  into  act. 

She  throws  out  thrilling  shrieks.  Syenser. 

4.  To  distance;  to  leave  behind.  Jiddison. 

5.  To  exclude  ;  to  reject.  The  bill  was  thrown  out 
on  the  second  reading. 

To  throw  up ;  to  resign  ;  as,  to  throw  up  a  commis- 
sion. 
9.  To  resign  angrily. 

Bad  gaiiica  are  ihroum  up  too  Boon.  /{utUhtas. 

3.  To  discharge  from  the  stornach.       ^rbutJinot. 
To  tJirow  one's  self  down     *~  ""  "* " 


to  lie  down. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.-MeTE,  PR^Y.  — MNE,  MARINE,  BlRD.-NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.- 


1150 


Sptaser. 


TUR 

TV  throw  one^s  self  on  ;  to  resign  one's  self  to  the 
favor,  clemency,  or  sustaining  power  of  another ;  to 
repose.  Taylor. 

To  throic  silk^  is  to  twist  singles  into  a  rord  in  n 
direction  contrary  to  that  in  which  the  singles  of 
which  it  is  composed  are  twisted. 
THROW,  r.  i.    To  perform  the  act  of  throwing. 
•2.  To  cast  dice. 

To  throw  about ;  to  cast  about  j  to  try  expedients. 
[.Vi'f  much  used.]  Spenser. 

THRoW,  «.  The  act  of  hurling  or  flinging  ;  a  cast ;  a 
driving  or  propelling  from  the  hand  or  from  an 
engine. 

He  tie:ived  a  elone,  and,  rising  to  Ibe  Ihroa, 

He  sent  it  \a  a  whirlwind  at  Uie  fcrc.  Addison. 

2.  A  cast  of  dice  ;  and  the  manner  in  which  dice 
fall  when  cast ;  as,  a  pood  Virow.  None  but  a  fool 
hazards  all  upon  one  throw. 

3.  The  distance  which  a  miasile  is  or  may  be 
thrown  ;  as,  a  stone's  thTOw. 

4.  A  stroke  ;  a  blow. 

Nor  shield  de/end  liie  thund-^r  of  hia  Oirotos. 

5.  Effort  J  violent  sally. 

Vour  youtl)  admires 
The  lAroifs  and  swellings  of  a  Romaa  suul.  Addison. 

6.  The  agony  of  travail.    [See  Throe.] 
7._  A  turner's  lathe.     [Local.] 

THRoW'ER,  71.    One  that  throws;  one  that  twists 

or  throws  silk  ;  a  throwster. 
THRoW'IXG,  p;ir.    Casting;  hurling;  flinging. 
THROWN,  p/>.  of  Throw.    Cast;  hurled;  wound  or 

twisted. 
THRoWN'-SILK,  n.    Silk  consisting  of  two  or  more 

singles  tv.-isied  together  like  a  rope,  in  a  direction 

contrarj-  to  that  in  which  the  singles  of  which  it  is 

composed  are  twisted.  McCuIloch. 

THROWSTER,  «.    One  that  twists  or  winds  silk. 
THRUM,  n.      [Ice.  tJiraum;  G.  trumm ;  D.  drum ^  the 

end  of  a  thing;  Gr.  ?,o  171 /rj,  a  fragment ;    ^/JitTro), 

to  break.] 

1.  The  ends  of  weavers'  threads. 

9.  Any  coarse  yam.  Bacon. 

3.  Thrums  i  among  n-ardeners^  the  tbread-like,  in- 
tt^mal  busby  parts  of  ilowers  ;  the  stamens. 
THRU.M,  V.  i.     [D.  trouij  a  drum.] 

To  play  coarsely  on  an  instrument  with  the  fingers. 

Dry  den. 
THRUM,  r.  t.     To  weave  ;    to  knot :    to  twist ;    to 
fringe.  Cavendish. 

2.  Among  seamen,  to  insert  short  pieces  of  rope 
yarn  or  spun  yarn  in  a  sail  or  mat.  Diet. 

THRUM'.M!NG,ppr.  Playing  coarsely  on  an  instru- 
ment. 

2.  Weaving;  knotting;  twisting. 

THRUSH,  71.  [Sax.  thrisc;  G.  drossetf  W.  tresTlen ; 
Sw.  tra-'f..] 

1.  A  dentirostral  singing  bird  of  various  species,  as 
the  missel -thrush,  (Morula  viscivora  of  Selby, 
Tnrdus  viscjvorus  of  Linnsus,)  the  song-thrush  or 
throstle,  (Merula  masica  or  Turdus  musicus,)  thu 
brown  thrush  or  thrasher,  (Turdus  rufus,)  &:c. 
Tlirushes  are  nearly  omnivorous,  are  found  in  every 
quarter  of  the  world,  and  some  of  them  are  remark- 
abb  fnr  the  melody  of  their  notes.  Jardine.  P.  Cijc. 
9.  [Q,u.  thrust.]  An  affection  of  the  inflammatory 
and  suppurating  kind,  in  the  feet  of  the  horse  anil 
some  other  animals.    In  the  horse  it  is  in  the  frog. 

Cijc. 

3.  In  medicine,  (L.  aphth^z,)  minute  ulcers  in  the 
mouth  and  fauces.  Coxe.    Arbuthnot. 

A  disease  characterized  by  roundish  granular 
vesicles  of  a  pearl  color,  affecting  the  lips  and  mouth, 
and  sometimes  the  whole  alimentary  canal,  termina- 
ting In  curd-like  sloughs ;  occasionally  occurring  in 
successive  crops.  Good. 

THRUST, t).£.;;we£.  andpp. Thrust.  \1j. trudojimsum, 

trusito ;  Ch.  Titt ;   Ar.  ^  ^  tarada.    Class  Rd,  No. 
63.]  >^ 

1.  To  push  or  drive  with  force  ;  as,  to  thrust  any 
thing  witli  the  hand  or  foot,  or  with  an  instrument. 

N^ith-rr  shall  oae  thrust  another.  — Jo:I  ij.    Jolin  ix. 

2.  To  drive  ;  to  force ;  to  impel. 

To  thrust  away  or  from ;  to  push  away  ;  to  reject. 
Acts  vii. 

To  thrust  in  ;  to  push  or  drive  in. 

7^ru3r  in  Ihy  sickle  and  reap.  —  Rev.  liv. 

To  thriuit  on ;  to  impel ;  to  urge.  Shak. 

To  thrust  offi  to  push  away. 

To  thrust  through ;  to  pierce ;  to  stab.  J^''um.  xxv. 
2  Sam.  xviii. 

To  thrust  out;  to  drive  out  or  away;  to  expel. 
Ezod.  xii. 

To  thrust  one's  self;  to  obtrude;  to  intrude;  to 
enter  where  one  is  not  invited  or  not  welcome.  Locke. 

To  tJirvjit  together  ;  to  compress. 
THRUST,  V.  i.     To  make  a  push  ;  to  attack  with  a 
pointed  weapon;  as,  a  fencer  thrusts  at  his  antago- 
nist. 
2.  To  enter  by  pushing ;  to  squeeze  in. 

And  lArujf  between  my  lather  and  the  god.  LhyUn.      I 


THU 


TIIU 


3.  To  intrude.  Rowe. 

4.  To  push  forward  ;  to  come  with  force  ;  to  press 
on. 

Younjr,  old,  thrust  there 
In  mJgiity  cuacourso.  ChapTJutn. 

THRUST,  11.  A  violent  pusli  or  driving,  as  with  a 
pointed  weapon,  or  wiili  the  hand  or  foot,  or  with 
any  instrument ;  a  word  much  used  in  fencing. 

Polilca  Pyirhua  with  bis  bnco  pureucs, 

And  cfliii  R-achca,  and  liia  Viruata  renews.  DrycUn. 

2.  Attack ;  assault. 

There  is  one  thrust  at  your  pore,  pretended  mechaniim.  More. 

In  architecture,  a  horizontal,  outward  pressure,  as 
of  an  arch  against  its  abutments,  orof  rnflerH  against 
the  walls  which  support  them.  Brande. 

JV"o(e.  Push  and  shove  do  not  e.xactly  express  the 
sense  of //irH.s^  Tiic  two  former  imply  the  applica- 
tion of  force  by  one  body  already  in  contact  with  the 
body  to  bo  impelled.  Thrust,  on  the  contrary,  often 
implies  the  impulse  or  aijplication  of  force  by  a 
moving  body,  a  body  in  motion  hefon;  it  reaches  the 
body  to  be  impelk'd.  This  distinction  does  not  ex- 
tend to  every  case. 

THRUST'ER,  n.    One  who  thrusts  orstabs. 

THRUST'ING,  j>j)r.  Pushing  with  force;  driving; 
impelling  ;  pressing. 

THRUST'ING,  h.    The  act  of  pushing  with  force. 
2.  In  dairies,  the  net  of  squeezing  curd  with  the 
hand,  to  expol  the  whey.     [Local.]  Cue. 

THRUST'INGS,  n.  pi.  In  checse-mahing,  the  v.'hite 
whey,  or  that  wliich  is  last  pressed  out  of  the  curd 
by  the  hand,  and  of  which  butter  is  sometimes  made. 

Cyc. 
[Tlie  application  of  this  word  to  checsc-making  is,  I 
helievc,  entirely  nnkntneu  in  JWic  Emrlaud.] 

THRUST'ING-SGREW,  (-skru,)  nT  A  screw  for 
pressing  curd  in  cheese-making.     [Local.] 

THRUS'TLE,  j(.    The  thrush.    [See  TiUiosTLK-] 

THR-5-'FAL-LoW,  v.  t  [thrice  and  fallow.]  To 
give  the  third  plowing  in  summer.  Tusscr. 

THUG,  71.     [Hindoo,  tkugna,  to  deceive.] 

One  of  an  association  of  robbers  and  murderers  in 
India._ 

THu'Le,  71.  The  name  given,  in  early  history,  to  the 
northernmost  part  of  the  habitable  world,  as  Norway, 
or,  more  probably,  Iceland;  hence  the  Latin  phrase 
nUima  thule. 

THU'LlTE,  71.  A  variety  of  cpidote,  of  a  pcach-blos- 
som  color,  found  in  -\orway.  Urc. 

THUMB,  (ihum,)  v.  [Sax.  thuma;  G.  daumcn ;  D. 
duim  ;  Dan.  tomme  ;  Sw.  tumme.] 

The  short,  thick  finger  of  the  human  hand,  or  the 
corresponding  member  of  other  animals. 

[The  preferable  orthography  would  be  Thum.] 

THUMB,  (thunj,)  v.  t.     To  handle  awkwardly;   to 
play  with  the  fingf-rs;  as,  to  Viumb  over  a  tune. 
2.  To  soil  with  tlie  fingers. 

THUMB,  (thum,)  v.  i.    To  play  on  with  the  fingers. 

THUMB'-BAND,  n.  [thumb  and  band.]  A  twist  of 
any  thing  as  thick  as  tlie  thumb.  JSIortimer. 

THUMB'^D,  (thumd,)  n.     Having  thumbs. 

THUMB'£D,  pp.  Handled  awkwardly;  soiled  with 
the  fingers. 

THUMB'ING,  ;jpr.    Soiling  with  the  fingers. 

THUMB'KIN,  )  7(.    An  instrument  of  torture  for 

THUMB'-SCREW,  \      compressins  the  thumb. 

THUMB'-RING,  7(.  A  ring  worn  on  the  thumb.  Shak. 

THUMB'-STALL,  71.  [tknnib  and  stall]  A  kind  of 
tliimble  or  ierulu  of  iron,  horn,  or  leather,  for  pro- 
tectins  the  thumb  in  mailing  sails,  &c.  Cue. 

THUM'EU-SToNE,  71.  The  same  mineral  v/iih  Axi- 
NiTE,  wliich  sec.  Dana. 

THUAl'MIM,  71.  pi.  A  Hebrew  word  denoting  perfec- 
tions. The  Urim  and  Tluimmim  were  worn  in  the 
breastplate  of  tlie  high-priest ;  but  what  they  were, 
has  never  been  satisfactorily  ascertained. 

THUMP,  n.     fit.  thomho.] 

A  heavy  blow  given  with  any  thing  that  is  thick, 
as  with  a  club,  or  the  fist,  or  with  a  heavy  liammcr, 
or  with  the  breech  of  a  gun. 

Tho  w:itchman  ^ve  to  ^at  a  thump  at  my  door,  that  1  awaked 

at  the  knock.  THfer. 

THUMP,  V.  t.    To  strike  or  beat  with  something  thick 

or  heavy.  Shak. 

THUMP,  V.  i.    To  strike  or  fall  on  with  a  heavy  blow. 

A  watcliinjn  at  niglu  thumps  wiih  bis  pole.  Sioi/l. 

THUMP'£D,  (thumpt,)  pp.  Struck  with  something 
heavy. 

THUMP'ER,  71.    The  person  or  thing  that  thumps. 

THUMP'ING,  ppr.  Striking  or  beating  with  some- 
thing thick  or  blunt. 

2.  a.     Heavy. 

3.  Vulgarly,  stout ;  fat ;  large. 

THUN'DER,  71.  [Sax.  tfiunder^  tJiunor ;  G.  domicr;  D. 
dander;  Sw.  dander;  Dan.  dundren;  L.  tonUru,  from 

o  J  oj 

tono,  to  sounil  ;  Pr.  tonncrrc;  It.  tuono ;  Vers.   j»XvJ 
thondor,  or  t/iundur.]  -^ 

1.  The  sound  which  follows  a  flash  of  lightning  ; 
the  report  of  a  discharge  of  atmospheric  electricity. 
Thunder  is  caused   by  the  sudden  separation  and 


Hi*  drradful  t 
Would  tfiund^r  lo  my 


reunion  of  the   air  through  which  the   liehlnin- 

P«f3^f-     ,      .  OlLlrd 

I  Ihunder  is  not  lightning,  but  the  effect  of  iL    .- 
Johnson's  Dictionarj-,  under  THf:fOBa,] 

Tticre  wwc  thutvUrt  and  IJ^Ltninci,  —  Ki.  xix. 

9.  Thunder  is  used  for  lightning,  or  for  a  thunder- 
bolt,  citlior  originally  through  ignoniocc,  or  by  way 
of  metaphor,  or  becauise  the  limning  and  lUundcr 
arc  closely  united. 

The  rcrcii^n»  go(l» 
'Gain*t  ptinicidc*  all  tL-  thunder  l^od.  i^/r;. 

3.  Any  loud  noise;  as,  the  thunder  of  cannon. 

Sou  of  Aunder.  —  Atari  is. 

4.  Denunciation  published  ;  as,  the  (Al 
Vatican. 

THUN'DER,  V.  i.  To  sound,  ratlle,  or  roar,  .^1  ..u  -  - 
plosion  of  electricity. 

Cad*!  thou  t}tunder  iirilh  a  To!ee  like  biro  ?  —  Job  xl. 

9.  To  make  a  loud  noiae,  particularly  a  hca\y 
sound  of  some  continuance. 

'  no  more 

*.  hI:!lon, 

3.  To  rattle,  or  give  a  heavy,  raUling  sound. 

Antl  roll  tlie  thundering  chariot  o'er  the  ground.  J.  Tmmlru'J, 

THUN'DER,  V.  L    To  emit  with  noi^e  and  terror. 

Oraclfi  Kvcre 
Wore  daily  thundered  in  our  guncrJ'*  car.  Dryden. 

2.  To  publish  any  denunciation  or  threat. 

An  arthdcacoD,  u  being  a  prelate,  n^j  thunder  oat  an  "'  ■  ■ 

THUN'DER-BLXST'ED,a.  Blasted  by  thunder,  s 
THUN'DER-IJOLT,  71.    [thunder  and  bolt.]    A 

of  liKiitning;a  brilliant  stream  of  the  electrical  fl;   :. 

pu.;.^ing  from  one  part  of  the  heavens  to  an^ '.,,  r, 

and  particularly  from  the  clouds  to  the  earth.     /■,.. 

I.\xviii. 
9.  Figurativchi,  a  daring  or  irresistible  hero ;  a.", 

the  Scipios,  those  tJtunderhoUs  of  war.         Dryden. 

3.  Fulmination;  ecclesiastical  denunciation. 

He  severely  thrcatCDS  such  with  the  thunder^t  of  cxcomimmi. 
cation.  Hekeuiilt. 

4.  In  viineralogv,  thunder-stone.  Speetatw. 
THUN'DER-BURST,  7!.  A  burst  of  thunder.  //onaiL*. 
THUN'DER-€LAP,  n.    [thunder  znd  elup.]    A  bur^ 

of  thunder ;  sudden  report  of  an  explosion  of  elec- 
tricity. 

When  suddenly  the  Oiunder-clap  was  hcanl-  thyicn. 

THUN'DER-€LOUD,  71,  [Viundcr  and  doud.]  A 
cloud  that  produces  lightnmg  and  thunder. 

THUN'DER-ER,  71.  He  that  thunders.  fValler.  Dn'   ■ 

THUN'DER-HOUSE,  t!.  An  instnmient  for  illtiV!: . 
ting  llie  manner  in  which  buildings  receive  dam.  : 
by  liglitniiii:.  C'  " 

THUN'DER-ING,  ppr.  or  a.  M.aking  the  noise  <V  i 
electrical  explosion  ;  uttering  a  loud  sound  ;  fulmiu:- 
tine  denunciations. 

THUN'DER-ING,  71.  The  report  of  an  electrical  ci- 
plosion  ;  thunder. 

Entreat  ihe  Lord  that  there  be  no  more  inijtity  thunderingj  and 
hail.  —  Ex.  ix, 

THUN'DER-OUS,  a.    Producing  thunder. 

How  he  before  tlie  Ihunderout  throne  dolb  lie.  Mu:;   . 

[LilOe  used.] 

THUN'DER-SHOW-ER,w.  [tAundcrand  shovcr.]  A 
shower  accompanied  witli  thunder. 

THUN'DER-SToNE,  n.  A  stone,  otherwise  called 
Brostia.  Cye. 

THUN'DER-STORM,  n.  [thunder  and  sZarta.]  A 
storm  accompanied  with  lightning  and  Uiuuder. 
Thunder-clouds  are  often  driven  by  violent  winds. 
In  America,  the  violence  of  the  wind  at  Ihe  com- 
mencement is  sometimes  equal  to  that  of  a  ln:rri- 
cano,  and  at  this  time  tlie  explosions  of  i-ltxlrir:;, 
are  the  most  terrible.  This  violence  of  the  wii.  : 
seldom  continues  longer  than  a  few  minutes,  ai,  i 
after  this  subsides,  the  rain  continues,  but  the  peaJ,^ 
of  thunder  are  less  frequent.  These  violent  showers 
sometimes  continue  for  hours ;  more  generally,  they 
are  of  shorter  duration. 

THUNDER-STRIKE,  r.  t  [thunder  nnd  strike.]  To 
strike,  blast,  or  injure,  by  liglitning.  Sid:tey. 

[Little  used  in  its  literal  sctisc] 
2.  To  astonish,  or  strike  dumb,  as  with  something 
[^Little  used,  except  in  Vie  participle.]  [terrible. 

THUN'DER-STRUCK,  pp.  or  a.  Astonished  ;  amazed  ; 
struck  dumb  by  something  surprisuig  or  terrible  sud- 
denly presented  to  the  mind  or  view. 
[This  is  a  icord  in  common  use.] 

THUN'DER-Y,  a.  Accompanied  with  thunder.  [LiUie 
used.]^ 

THU'RI-BLE,  «,  [L.  thuribulum,  from  thus,  thurl^, 
frankincense.] 

A  censer  of  metal,  usually  in  the  form  of  a  "vtu^;', 
with  a  cover  perforated  to  allow  tlio  fumes  of  the 
burning  incense  to  escape.  Gloss,  of  Archil.    Ctrxcl. 

THU-RIF'ER-OUS,  a.    [lu  t.hur\fcr ;  thus  and  fcro.  t.i 
bear.] 
Producing  or  bearing  frankincense. 

THU-RI-FI-e.\'TION,  «.  [L.  thus,  thuris,  and  .aci?, 
to  make.] 


TGNE,  BULL,  UXITE.  — AN"GER,  VI'^CIOUS.  — C  as  K ;  G  as  J ;  »  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


THY 

The  act  of  fuming  with  incense  j  or»  the  net  of 
burning  incense.  Stilliiifrjlcct. 

THURL,  n.  A  sliort  communicnlion  between  miits  in 
mines.  Brande. 

TIIURS'nAY,  n.  [I):in.  Tursilns^  i\vAt  \^  Thor's  day, 
the  (lay  consecmled  to  7*Aor,  the  god  of  thunder,  an- 
swering to  tlie  Jovo  (if  the  Greeks  nnd  Romans,  L. 
dies  Juvis ;  It.  Ghvedi;  S\u  Jucves ;  Ft.  Jcudi.  So  in 
<;.  donncrsUi^,  V.  dondmln^'y  Ihnndor-dny.  This  Tlior 
is  frotn  tlie^root  of  \V.  t/irnn,  Ihi/iiderj  turaw,  tn 
Mtrikp,  hit,  or  produce  a  shock  ;  G;u,lic  and  Ir.  tuirn, 
Ji  great  ninse;  toirncasj  thunder.  Tiie  root  of  tlio 
word  signifies,  to  drive,  to  rush,  to  strike.  In  S\v. 
thordon  is  thunder.] 

The  fifth  d;iy  of  the  week. 

THUS,  71,     [Or.  (Jwoi,  to  sacrifice.] 

The  resin  of  tlie  spruce  fir,  so  called  from  its  use. 

THUS,  (idp.     [Sax.  thtis  ;  D.  dus.} 

1.  In  tlii-s  or  that  manner;  on  tliis  wise;  as,  thus 
saitli  the  Lord  ;  the  Pharisee  prayed  thus. 

That  ilid  Nuiili,  nceonliii^  to  nil  that  Gud  command :il  h'lin.  — 
Gcii.  vi. 

2.  To  this  degree  or  extent  j  as,  (Aus  wise;  thus 
peaceable.  Hohjday. 

Tints  far  cxk'iiil,  Uiug  far  thy  bounds.  Mitlon. 

3.  In  the  phrase  thus  mnch^  it  seems  to  be  an  ad- 
jective, cquivalL-nt  to  this  much. 

THWACK,  V.  t.  [Uu.  Sax.  thaecjaii,  to  feel  or  stroke 
lightly.  It  does  not  well  accord  with  this  verb.  The 
word  twit  is  the  Sax.  trthwitan,  or  otlitpitauy  a  com- 
pound of  (f/A,  or  oth,  to,  or  al.  and  wit.nn.  U\  like 
manner,  thwack  may  be  formed  from  om'  vulgar  ichuck. 


whicli  is  precisely  the  Eth, 


®^0, 


'  wahca,  Ar.   JC5a 

jpakiia,  to  strike.] 

To  strike  with  something  flat  or  heavy  ;  to  bang  ; 
to  beat  or  thrash.  Jirbutknnf. 

THWACK,  7i.    A  heavy  blow  with  something  fiat  or 

heavy.  Addison. 

THWACK'ING,  ppr.    Striking  with  a  heavy  blow. 
TH  WAITE,  7(.     A  fish  ;  a  species  of  the  shad.     [See 
TwAiTE.]  Cyc. 

2.  A  plain  parcel  of  ground,  cleared  of  wood  and 
stumps,  inclosttd  and  cunvi;rtcd  to  tillage.     [LocaWl 
THWART,  (thwort,)  c.     [l>.  dwars;  Dun.  (uer,  ti-crt, 
tcersi  Sw.  tvdrs^  tvart;  probably  a  compound  of  Sax. 
ath,  oth,  to,  and  the  root  of  utrr,  L.  vcrto,  versus.] 
Transverse;  being  across  something  else. 

Movi-d  Cijnlrary  with  Oi^earl  obUquili'^s.  MUton. 

THWART,  (thwort,)  v.  t.  To  cross;  to  be,  lie,  or 
come  across  the  direction  of  something. 

Svvifl  ns  a  shooting  sUir 
111  autuiiiii  thirtirls  the  uijht.  Aii.'fofi. 

2.  To  cross,  as  a  purpose ;  to  opjio.-if ;  to  contra- 
vene ;  hence,  to  frustrate  or  defeat.  We  say,  to 
thwart  a  purpose,  design,  or  inclination  ;  or  to  tliwart 
a  person. 

If  crooked  fortuno  had  not  Oiwarled  rao.  Shak, 

The  proposals  t^f  the  one  never  thaarUd  the  inclinations  of  the 
other.  SouUi. 

TinVART,  V.  i.    To  be  in  opposition. 

A  proposition  that  shall  Jhioarl  at  all  with  these  internal  oniclcs. 
[Unusual  arid  improper.] 

THWART,  n.  The  seat  or  bench  of  a  boat  on  which 
the  rowers  sit,  placed  athwart  the  boat.        ToUrn. 

THWART'F.D, /)p.     Crossed;  opposed;  frustrated. 

THWART'ER,  v.  A  disease  in  sheep,  indicated  by 
sliakmg,  trembling,  or  convulsive  motions.       Cyc. 

THWAiiT'lNG,  ppr.  Crossing;  contravening;  de- 
feating. 

THW/yiT'ING,7i.    The  act  of  crossing  or  frustrating. 

'J'lIWART'ING-LY,  adv.  In  a  cross  direction  ;  in  op- 
position. 

TIIWART'NESS,  n.    Untowardness;  perverseness. 

THWARTS-SHIPS,  flf/y.    Across  the  ship.    Mar.  Did. 

THWiTE,  V.  t.     [Sax.  thwitan.] 

To  cut  or  clip  with  a  knife.     [Local.]       Chaucer. 

THWIT'TLE,  (thwit't!,)  v.  t.  To  whittle.  [See 
Whitti.k.]  Chaucer. 

'£!!■?,«.  [Contracted  from  //«Hf,  or  from  some  other 
derivative  of  thou.  It  is  probable  that  the  pronoun 
was  originally  thi^,  tku^,  or  thuk,  and  the  adjective 
tliiircn.     See  Thou  j 

Thy  is  the  adjeciive  of  Oiou,  or  a  pronominal  ad- 
j'.-ctive,  signifying,  of  tliur,  or,  belonging  to  thee,  like 
taus,  in  Latin.  It  is  used  in  the  solemn  and  grave 
style. 

These  lire  Onj  works,  Parent  of  good.  MUton. 

TH?'I\E-WOOD,  7(.  A  precious  wood,  mentioned 
Rpr.  xviii.,  probably  the  wood  of  Callitris  quadri- 
valvis,  formerly  called  Thuja,  or  Thyia  articulata, 
known  to  the  Romans  by  a  name  signifying  Citro:*- 
WooD.  This  tree  is  a  native  of  Barbary,  allied  to 
the  pines,  and  is  thouglit  to  produce  the  sandarm  of 
commerce.  Kitto.     P.  Cyc. 

THV.ME,  (usually  pronounced,  irregularly,  (Jmc,)  n. 
[Fr.  tJiym ;  L.  thymus ;  Gr.  -^n^oy.j 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Thymus.  The  garden  thyme 
is  a  warm,  pungent  aromatic,  much  used  to  give  a 
relisJi  to  seasonings  and  soups. 

THY'MUS,7i.     [Gr.Oviioi.] 


TIC 

In  fiHfl/emy,  a  glandular  body,  divided  into  Kdjcs, 
situated  bcliind  tlie  sternum  in  the  diiplicaturo  of 
the  mediastinum.  It  is  largest  in  the  fetus,  dimin- 
ishes after  birth,  and  in  adults  orton  entirely  disap- 
pears. It  has  no  excretory  duct,  and  its  use  is  un- 
known. In  calves  it  ia  called  Swi:etpheau;  but 
the  term  sicccthrcad  is  also  applied  to  ihepancrcu'i,  a 
very  difierent  organ.  Hooper.     fVistnr.     Purr. 

TnV'MV,(iI'me,)rt.  AI)OundtriL' with  tbvme;  fragrant. 

THV'ROIU,  a.   [Gr.  Simj^uc,  ashirid,  ami  £u^.Js-,furm.l 
Resembling  a  shield  ;  ajiplied  to  one  of  the  carti- 
lages of  the  larynx,  so  called  from  its  figure,  to  a 
gland  situated  near  that  cartilage,  and  to  tlic  arteries 
and  veins  of  the  gland.  Cyc. 

The  thyroid  cartilage  constitutes  the  anterior,  su- 
perior, and  largest  part  of  the  larynx,  ami  is  some- 
times popularly  called  Adam's  Aitle.  Hooper. 

The  thyroid  gland  is  situated  on  the  sides  and 
front  of  tiie  lower  part  of  the  larynx,  and  the  upper 
part  of  the  trachea.  It  is  copiously  supplied  with 
blood,  but  is  not  known  to  furnish  any  secretion. 
It  is  the  seat  of  the  bronchocelc,  or  goiter. 

Hooper.     Parr. 

TIIYRSE,  (llinrs,)  )  ji.      [U  thyrsus  ;    Gr.  5ii/i- 

THVR'SiT.>,  Ltbur'sus,)  i      tn.?.] 

In  iy/<nfy,  a  species  of  inflorescence  ;  a  panicle,  very 
compact,  Willi  tht;  lower  brandies  shorter  than  those 
of  tlie  middle,  as  in  the  lilac.  Lindhu. 

TIIVR'SOID,  (thnr-,)  a.  Having  somewhat  the  form 
of  a  tlivrse  or  thyrsus. 

THYR'SaS,  (tlmr-,)  7i.  [Gr.  Ovptros.]  A  stafl"  en- 
twined with  ivy,  which  lorined  part  of  the  accoutre- 
ment of  a  Bacchanal,  or  performer  in  the  orgies  of 
Bacclius.  Brande, 

THYS-AN-IT'RANS,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  Svcavovpo^,  having 
a  long,  bushy  tail.] 

An  order  of  apterous  insects,  supported  by  six  feet, 
tliat  undergo  no  metamorpliosis,and  have  in  addition 
particular  organs  of  motion,  either  on  the  sides  or  at 
the  extremity  of  the  abdomen.  Cuvic}: 

TH'?-SELF',  pron.  [thy  and  self.]  A  pronoun  used 
after  tJiouy  to  express  distinction  with  emphasis. 
•'  Thou  thyself  shalt  go  ;  "  lliat  is,  thou  shalt  go,  and 
no  other.  It  is  sometimes  used  without  thou,  and  in 
the  nominative  as  well  as  objective  case. 

TI-A'UA,  71.  [Fr.  tiare;  L.  Sp.  and  It.  tiara;  Gr.  ri«- 
pai  Sax.  tyr.     See  Syr.  J ^ a,  chadar,  Class  Dr,  No. 

15,  and  Heb.  noj7  atar.  No.  34.  From  the  former 
probably  the  Latins  Inn  their  cidaris,  and  tiara  from 
the  latter  ;  the  same  word  with  different  prefixes.] 

1.  An  ornament  or  article  of  dress  with  winch 
the  ancient  Persians  covered  their  heads;  a  kind  of 
turban.  As  riilTerent  authors  describe  it,  it  must 
have  b.^en  of  different  forms.  The  kings  of  Persia 
alone  had  a  riglit  to  wear  it  straight  or  erect;  the 
lords  and  priests  wore  it  depressed,  or  turned  down 
on  the  fore  side.  Xenophon  says  the  tiara  was  en- 
compassed with  the  diadem,  at  least  in  ceremonials. 

Cyc. 

2.  An  ornament  worn  by  the  Jewish  high  priest. 
Ezod.  xxviii. 

3.  The  pope's  triide  crown.  Tlie  tiara  and  keys 
are  the  badges  of  the  jiapal  dignity  ;  the  tiara  of  his 
civil  rank,  and  the  keys  of  his  jurisdiction.  It  was 
formerly  a  round,  high  cap.  It  was  afterward  en- 
compassed with  a  crown,  llien  witli  a  second  and  a 
third.  Cyc. 

TI-a'RA-£D,  (ti-:i'rad,)  a.     Adorned  with  a  tiara. 

TIli'I-A,  11.  [UJ  The  shin-bone  ;  the  larger  of  the 
two  bones  which  form  the  second  segment  of  the 
leg.  Brande. 

TIB'I-AL,  a.  [L.  tibia^  a  flute,  and  the  large  bone  of 
the  leg.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  large  bone  of  the  leg  ;  as,  the 
tibial  artery  ;  tibial  nerve.  Med.  Repos. 

2.  Pertaining  to  a  pipe  or  flute. 
TIB'lJ-RO,  71.     A  fish  of  the  sliark  kind. 

TI€  DOV'LOU-REUX',  n.     [Fr.l     A  painful  aflee- 
tion  of  a  nerve,  coming  on  in  sudden  attacks,  usually 
in  the  head. 
TiCE,  for  Entice.     [J^oi  in  use.]  Beaum.  ^  Fl. 

TieH'OR-RHINE,  ii.     [Gr.  rftx-jf  and  piv.] 

A  fossil  rJiinoceros,  witli  a  middle,  vertical,  bony 
septum  or  wall  supporting  the  nose.  Brande. 

TICK,  n,  [In  Gaelic,  doigh  is  trust.  Rut  1  suspect 
tick  to  signify  a  cut,  a  notch,  W.  Ucc,  from  the  man- 
ner of  keeping  accounts  among  unlettered  men.  See 
Dock  and  Ticket.] 

Credit ;  trust ;  as,  to  buy  upon  tick.  Locke. 

TICK,  71.     [Fr.  tique;  G.  zcckc;  It.  zecca,] 

A  little  insect,  of  a  livid  color  and  globose-ovate 
form,  that  infests  sheep,  dogs,  goats,  cows,  &c.,  a 
species  of  .Icarus.  Cyc 

TICK,  71.  [D.  tcck,  tyk;  probably  from  covering,  h. 
(fn-o,  Eng.  to  dccki  Russ.  tik,  tent-clotli.] 

The  cover  or  case  of  a  bed,  which  contains  the 
feathers,  wool,  or  other  material. 
TICK,  V.  i.     [from  tick,  credit.]    To  run  upon  score. 
2.  To  trust.  Arbuthnot. 

TICK,  V.  i.  [D.  tilckcn.  It  coincides  in  elements  with 
L,  tannn,  ta^i-o.] 

To  beat ;  to  pat ;  or  to  make  a  small  noise  by  beat- 
ing or  otherwi-:e  ;  as  a  watch. 


TID 

TICK'-BkAN,  h.  a  small  bean  employed  in  feeding 
horses  and  other  animals.  C-  c. 

TICK'EN,  71.    Cloth  for  bed-ticks,  or  cases  for  beds. 

TICK'E'J',  n.  [Kr.  ctii/ueUe;  W.  tocyn^  a  short  piece 
or  aV,},  a  ticket,  from  lociawj  to  curtail,  to  clip,  lo 
dark.  We  have  dock  and  docket  from  the  satne  rout. 
It  dL'Uotes  a  piece  or  slip  of  paper,] 

1.  A  piece  of  i)aper  or  a  card  which  gives  the 
lioldirr  a  right  of  admission  to  some  place;  as,  a  ticl.it 
for  tlie  playhouse,  or  for  other  exhibition. 

2.  A  piece  of  paper  or  writing  acknowledging 
some  debt,  or  a  certificate  that  something  is  due  to 
the  holder.  Spenser. 

3.  A  piece  of  paper  bearing  some  niunber  in  a  lot- 
tery, which  entitles  the  owner  to  receive  sucli  prize 
as  may  be  drawn  against  that  number.  When  it 
draws  no  prize,  it  is  said  to  draw  a  blank,  and  the 
bidder  has  nothing  to  receive. 

TICK'E'l',  V.  t.     To  distinguish  by  a  ticket.     Bcntlry. 

TICK'ET-ED,  pp.    DistiuL'uislied  by  a  ticket. 

TICK'ET-ING,  ppr.     Distinguishing  by  a  ticket. 

1'ICK'ET-PoRT'ER,  n.  A  licensed  porter  wearing  a 
ticket,  by  which  he  may  be  identified.     [Enjrland.] 

Dickens. 

TICK'ING,  ppr.    Beating  ;  patting. 
2.  Trusting;  scoring. 

TICK'ING,  II.  A  closely-woven  cloth  used  to  contain 
the  feathers  or  other  materials  of  beds. 

TICK'LE,  (tik'l,)  v.  t.  [dim.  oi  touch  ;  perhaps  direct- 
ly from  tick^  to  pat,  or  it  is  the  L.  tddlo^  corrupted.] 

1.  To  touch  lightly,  and  cause  a  peculiar  thrilling 
sensation,  which  can  not  be  described.  A  slight  sen- 
satipn  of  this  kind  may  give  pleasure,  but  when  vio- 
lent it  is  insufferable. 

2.  To  please  by  slight  gratification  A  glass  of 
wine  may  tickle  the  palate. 

Sucli  a  nature 
Tickled  with  good  success.  Sliak. 

TlCK'LE,  (tik'l,)  V.  i.    To  feel  titillation. 

He  with  secret  Joy  tlierefore 
Did  tickle  inw;irdly  in  every  vein.  Spenser, 

TICK'LE,  fl.  Tottering  ;  wavering,  or  liable  to  waver 
and  fall  ut  the  slightest  touch  ;  unstable  ;  easily  over- 
tlirown. 

Thy  head  stands  so  tickle  on  thy  Ehoidders,  tlint  a  roilkmaM,  if  in 
love,  may  eigli  il  oil'.  Sluik. 

The  slate  of  Noniiaiidy 
£landd  on  a  tickle  point.  Shak, 

[This  word  is  wholly  obsolete,  at  least  in  New 
England.     Ticklish  is  the  word  used.] 
TICK'LE-NESS,  n.     Unsteadiness.     [J^Tot  in  iwc] 

Chaucer. 
TICK'LER,  71.     One  that  tickles  or  pleases. 
TICK'LING,  ppr.     Affecting  with  titillation. 
TICK'LING,  n.     The  act  of  affecting  with  titillation. 
TICK'LISH,  a.     Sensible    to   slight   touches;    easily 
tickled.    The  bottom  of  the  foot  is  very  tiekltsh,  as 
are  the  sides  ;  the  palm  of  the  hand,  hardened  by 
use,  is  not  ticklish. 

2.  Tottering  ;  standing  so  as  to  be  liable  to  totter 
nnd  fall  at  the  slightest  touch ;  unfixed  ;  easily 
moved  or  affected. 


Ireland  woa  a  ^cklinh  aid  unsettled  atate. 


Bacoi 


3.  Difficult  J  nice;  critical;  as,  thcso  arc  ticklish 
times.  Sw\/'t. 

TICK'LISH-LY,  ado.    In  a  ticklish  manner. 

TICK'LISH-NESS,  7i.  Tlio  state  or  quality  of  being 
ticklish  or  very  sensible. 

2.  The  state  of  being  tottering  or  liable  to  fall. 

3.  Criticalncss  of  condition  or  state. 
TICK'SEED,  71.     A  plant  of  the  genus  Corispermum. 

The  tickseed  sunflower  is  of  the  genua  Coreopsis. 

Loudon. 
TICK'-TACK,  71.     A  game  at  tables.     [See  Tbkk- 

THACK.] 

TID,  a.     [Sax.  tydder.] 

Tender;  soft ;  nice. 
TID'AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  tides  ;  periodically  rising 
and  falling,  or  flowing  and  ebbing  ;  as,  tidal  waters. 
Modern  Knfrlish. 
TID'BIT,  71.     [till  and  bit.]    A  delicate  or  lender  piece 
of  any  thing  eatable. 


TID'DLE, 


V.  t.     To  use  with  tenderness ;  to  fondle. 


TID'DEU, 

TID'DLED,  p/).     Fondled. 

TIDE,  7).  [Sax.  tiilan,  to  happen  ;  tid,  time,  season, 
opportunity,  an  hour;  G.zrit;  Yi.tijd;  Sw.  and  Dan. 
tid.  This  word  is  from  a  root  that  signifies  to  come, 
to  happen,  or  to  fall  or  rush,  :is  in  betide  ;  correspond- 
ing in  sense  with  time,  season,  hour,  opportunity. 
Tid,  time,  is  the  fall,  the  occasion,  the  event.  Its 
original  meaning  is  entirely  obsolete,  except  in  coin- 
position,  as  in  Shrovetide,  Whitsuntide.] 

1.  Time ;  season. 

Which,  at  the  nppoinlcd  liJe, 

Euch  one  did  iiiivko  his  bridi-.  Spenser. 

[This  sense  is  obsolete.} 

2.  The  alternate  rising  and  falling  of  the  waters  of 
the  oce.in,  and  of  bays,  rivers,  &.C.,  connected  there- 
with. The  tide  ebbs  and  flows  twice  in  a  little  more 
than  twenty-four  hours.  It  is  occasioned  by  the  at- 
traction of  the  Sim  nnd  moon,  (the  influenco  of  the 


FATJ3,  FAR,  FALL,  WII^T MSTE,  PRFA'.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BOOK — 


TIE 

laltcr  bt^ing  three  limes  thnt  of  tUe  former,)  acting 
unequally  on  the  waters  in  tiiU'erem  parts  of  the 
earth,  thas  disturbing  tbeir  equilibrium. 

Olmsted. 

We  commonly  distin^tish  the  flow  or  rising  of  the 
water  by  the  name  of  Flood  Tide,  and  the  reflux 
by  that  of  Ebb  Tide. 

[See,  also,  Sprisg-Tide  and  Neap-Tide.] 

3.  Streaiu  ;  course  ;  current ;  as,  the  tide  of  the 
times. 

TinK*s  uugT^nU':;  ftrf*.  B'jrvn. 

4.  Favorable  course. 

TiKie  h  a  tide  in  ihtf  sifaire  of  ni'-'n. 

Which,  takeo  at  the  dood,  Ir^uk  i*n  to  ibrtime.  57nit. 

5.  Violent  confluence.     [JV*o(  in  use.']  Bacon. 

6.  Among  vtinersy  the  period  of  twelve  hours. 

Cijc. 

7.  Ciurent  J  flow  of  blood. 

Ami  life's  red  &U  nms  cUiii*  from  the-  wouiul. 

Baitie  of  I-Vogi  and  Mue. 

TIDE,  F.  «-    To  diive  with  the  stream.  DryJcn. 

Tl  DK,  r.  I.  To  work  in  or  out  of  a  river  or  harbor  by 
favor  of  the  tide,  and  anchor  when  it  becomes  ad- 
verse. ToUen. 

TTDE'-OaTE,  k.  a  gale  tlirough  which  water  passes 
into  a  basin  when  Ihe  tide  flows,  and  which  is  shut, 
lo  retail!  tin;  water  frcm  tlowin^  hack  at  the  ebb 

2.  Anion-i  sciimcn.^  a  place  where  the  tide  runs  with 
preal  velocity.  ToUeii. 

TWE'-iiJiVOEytt.  A  contrivance  for  registering  the 
state  of  the  tide  continuously  at  every  instant  of 
lime.  Brandc. 

TIDE'LESS,  a.     Having  no  tide. 

TIOE-.MILL,  71.  Itide  and  milL]  A  mill  that  is 
moved  by  tide-water  j  also,  a  mill  for  clearing 
lands  from  tide-water. 

l*rDEi6'-MAN',  h.  An  officer  who  remains  on  board  of 
a  nicri:hant's  ^Uip  till  the  giwds  are  landed,  to  pre- 
vent the  evasion  of  the  duties. 

TIbE'-WAlT-EIt,  n.  [tide  and  waiter.]  An  officer 
who  watches  the  lauding  of  goods,  to  secure  the 
pavirtcnt  of  duties. 

TII>E''-\V'aV,  n.  [tide  and  way.]  The  channel  in 
which  the  tide  seu.  Jilar.  Diet. 

TVDl-KD,  (li'did,)  pp.     Made  tidy. 

TI'DI-LY,  ode.  [from  tidy.]  Neatly  ;  with  neat  slm- 
piicitv  ;  as.  a  female  tidUy  dressed. 

TI'DI-NESS,  n.  Neatness  without  richness  or  ele- 
gance ;  neat  simplicity  ;  3':,  the  tidhie.ts  of  dress. 

3.  Neatness  ;  as,  the  tidiness  of  rooms. 
TT'hlNG-LE?S,  a.    Having  no  tidings. 
Tl'lU.N'ti?,  H.  pi.     [Sw.  tidning ;  Dan.  tidende^  news. 

It  is  llu-  participle  of  Say.  ttdav^  to  hapixm,  or  some 
other  verb  connected  with  tide^  and  denotes  coming, 
or  that  which  arrives.] 

News  ;  advice  ;  intonnatiou  ;  intelligence  ;  ac- 
count t-f  what  hais  taken  plate,  and  was  not  before 
known. 

I  shall  make  my  iROSt^r  dnd  wiUi  these  H^ngt.  Shak. 

Ucbuld,  I  bring  vou  ^»Ai  Ldingi  oi~  great  Jor,  which  filiall  be  to 
all  people-  —  I.u£e  a. 

TI'DY,  a.  [from  tide^  time,  season  j  Dan.  and  Sw. 
tidig^  scasiinable.] 

iT  In  it*  primary^. sense ^  seasonable;  favorable; 
Iieing  in  proi>er  time;  as,  weather  fair  and  tuiij. 

Tusser. 

2.  Neat;  dressed  with  neat  simplicity;  as,  a  tidij 
lass;  the  children  are  tidy;  their  dress  is  tidy ;  that 
Ls,  primarilti,  proper  for  the  time  or  occasion. 

3.  Neat ;'  being  in  good  order  The  apartments 
are  well  furnished  and  tidn. 

TIDY,  r.  t.    To  make  neat';  lo  put  in  good  order. 
TI'DV-ING,  ppr.     Making  tidy. 

TIE,   I  r.  t.     [Sax,  tian,  fur  tigan,  to  bind  ;  tig,  tige,  a 
Ti'E,  \      tie,  a  purse.    The  primary  sense  is  to  strain, 

and  hence  ils  alliance  to  tug,  lo  draw,  Sw.  tiga,  L. 

taeeo,  to  be  silenL    The  Gr.  ic^  may  be  the  same 

word.    On  account  of  tlu;  participle  tifing,  it  might 

be  well  to  write  the  verb  ttje.] 
I.  To  bind  ;  to  fasten  with  a  band  or  cord  and 

knot. 

My  aoa,  fc^  ihy  (a(lter'»  comnundin^nts —  Uad  ib^Mn  coulinu- 
al!)-  upon  ibloc  b^^arl,  atiJ  tU  tbem  atxiut  Uiy  neck.  — 
ProT.  *L 

i  To  fold  and  make  fa?'. ;  as,  to  tie  a  knot. 
3.  To  knit;  to  complicate. 

We  Aa  :Mt  tie  llis  Inot  with  aii  btentlon  to  pusletlte  ar^mciit. 

Barntl. 

1.  To  fasten ;  to  ht>iJ  ;  lo  unite  so  as  not  to  be 
easily  parted 

In  bi>od  wf  «ittuo(M  Iutc  l;/»t--ther  Utd.  Fcir/ax. 

Tt.  TocbHge;  to  constrain;  to  restrain;  to  confine. 
People,  in  their  jealousy,  may  tie  Ihe  hands  of  their 
ministers  and  public  agent:*,  so  as  to  prevent  them 
Kc.m  doing  good. 

No{  ied  Xa  rutta  if  i-*i!ii:7,  you  find 

B.-¥.^r.se  le^  iweet  thao  a  forgiring  miod.  DryUn, 

6.  In  mimic,  to  unite  notes  by  a  cross  line,  or  by  a 
curve  line  drawn  over  them. 

To  tit  vp:  to  confine  ;  to  restrain  ;  to  hinder  from 
motion  i.r  action  ;  as,  lo  lie  up  the  tongue ;  to  tic  up 
lUf-  haii<l-\  JiddUon. 


TIG 

To  tie  down. ;  to  fasten  so  as  to  prevent  from  rising.  ' 
2.  To  restrain  ;  to  confine  ;  to  hinder  from  action. 
TiE,  n.     A  knot;  fastening. 

2.  Bond  ;  obligation,  moral  or  legal ;  as,  the  sacred 
ties  of  friendship  or  of  duty  ;  the  ties  of  allegiauct*. 

3.  A  knot  of  iiair.  Young. 

4.  In  architecture,  a  piece  of  timber  or  metal  for 
binding  two  bodies  together. 

5.  In  music,  a  character  to  connect  syncopated 
notes. 

C.  An  equality  in  numbers,  as  of  votes,  &,c.,  which 
prevents  either  parly  from  being  vlcioriou?. 

TIE'-BeAM,  71.  The  beam  wjiich  connecLs  the  bot- 
tom of  a  pair  of  principal  ratters,  and  prevents  them 
from  thrusting  out  the  wall.  Gwilt. 

Ti'EDy    in-le^\\PP-    B"»'"i  i  fasted  with  a  knot; 

Tt'£D,  J  t"*»^»J  j  confined  ;  restrained;  united,  as 
notes. 

TliiR,  (teer,)  ;i.  [ileb.  -^a  tur.  Class  Dr,  No.  24. 
See  TiTiE.] 

A  row  ;  a  rank ;  particularly  when  two  or  more 
rows  are  placed  one  abuvc  another ;  as,  a  tier  of  seats 
in  a  church  or  theater.  I'hus,  in  ships  of  war,  the 
range  of  guns  on  one  deck  and  one  side  of  a  ship 
is  called  a  tier.  Those  on  the  lower  deck  arc  called 
the  lower  tier,  an;!  those  above,  the  middle  or  up|»er 
tiers.  Sliijis  with  three  tiers  cf  guns  arc  three- 
deckers. 

The  tiers  of  a  cable  arc  the  nmgcs  of  fakes  or 
windings  of  a  cable,  laid  one  within  another  when 
coiled. 

T^cr,  in  organs,  is  a  rank  or  range  of  pipes  in  the 
front  of  the  instrument,  or  in  the  interior,  v.rl)en  the 
compound  stops  have  several  ran!:s  of  pipes.    Cue 

TIERCE,  (ters  or  leers,)  ».     [Fr.,  from  tiers,  third'.J 
1.  A  cask  whose  content  is  one  third  of  a  pipe, 
lliat  is,  forty  gallons  ;  or  it  may  he  the  measure. 

9.  In  Ireland,  a  weight  by  which  provisions  are 
sold.  The  tirrcc  of  href  for  the  navy  i>:  301  lb.,  and 
for  India,  33iJlb. 

3.  In  mtLiie,  a  third. 

4.  In  gaming,  a  sequence  of  three  cards  of  the 
same  color. 

5.  A  thrust  in  fencing. 

6.  In  hcralilnj,  a  field  divided  into  three  parts. 
TIER'CEL,        in.     In  falconry,  a  name  given  to  the 
TIERCE'LET,  \     male  hawk,  as  being  a  third  part 

less  than  Ihe  female.  Cyc. 

TiEll'CET,  (teer'set,)  n.    [from  tierce.]     In  poetry,  a 

triplet ;  three  lines,  or  three  lines  rhyming. 
TIERS'-E'TAT' ,  (teerz'a-fa',)  n.     [Fr.]     In  France, 

the  third  branch,  or  commoniilty,  answering  to  the 

conmions  in  Great  Britain  ;  [literulhj,  the  third  estate.] 
TIFF,  n.     [Uu.  ttptde,  tope] 

1.  Liquor;  or  rather  a  small  draught  of  liquor. 
[  Vulgar.]  Ph'dips.     Hnlliiccll. 

2.  iV  pet  or  fit  of  peevishness ;  a  slight  altercation. 

Johnson. 
[/  hioio  not  wltere  tliis  word  is  used  in  the  latter 
sense.} 
TIFF,  V.  i.     To  be  in  a  pel.     [Low.]  Johnson. 

TIFF,  V.  t.     To  dress.     [Kut  in  vse.] 
TIF'FA-NY,  V.     [According  to  the  Italian  and  Span- 
ish dictionaries,  this  word  is  to  he  referred  lo  Taf- 

FZT.V.] 

A  species  of  gauze  or  very  thin  silk. 

TIFFE-DE-MER',ii.  A  species  of  sea-plant,  so  called 
by  Count  M:u^ig!i,  from  its  resemblance  to  the  heads 
of  the  Ti^fka  paiiL^tris,  or  cat's  tail.  It  has  a  smootli 
surface  and  a  velvety  look.  It  grows  to  two  feet  in 
hight,  and  is  elegantly  branched.  It  grows  on 
rocks  and  stones,  and  when  first  taken  out  of  the 
sea,  is  full  of  a  yellow,  viscous  watur ;  but  when 
this  is  pressed  out,  and  the  substance  is  dried,  it  be- 
comes of  a  dusky-bntwn  color.  Cyc, 

TIF'FIN,  n.  A  word  inlruluced  from  India,  denoting 
a  lunch  or  slight  repast  between  breakfast  and  din- 
ner. Malcoju.     Blackwood. 

TIG,  n.     A  play.     [See  Tag.] 

TfGE,  (teej,)  ;i.  [Fr.,  a  stalk.]  Tiie  shaft  of  a  col- 
umn Iroin  the  astragal  lo  the  capital.  Bailey. 

TI'GER,  71.  [Fr.  tigrc  ,■  It.  tigro  ;  L.  iigris ;  said  to  be 
from  ^■'J  gir,  a  dart ;  whence  v^.n  i'g^r.] 

1.  A  fierce  and  rapacious  animal  of  the  genus  Fe- 
lis,  (F.  C^nv(j;)  one  of  the  largest  and  most  terrible 
of  the  geiius,  inhabiting  Asia.  Jimerican  tiger  is  a 
name  sometimes  given  lo  the  jaguar,  {Felis  jaguar.) 

2.  A  servant  in  livery,  who  rides  with  his  master 
or  mistress, 

TI'GER-GAT,  n.  A  name  sometimes  given  to  the 
lesser  striped  and  spoiled  feline  quadrupeds,  nol  in- 
cluding the  tigers,  leopards,  and  panthers.   P.  Cyc. 

TI'GEIl-FOOT-ED.a.    Hastening  to  devour;  furious. 

Enticic 

TI'GER  ISH,  a.    Like  a  tiger. 

TI'GER'S-FQOT,  «.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Ipomcea 
or  Convolvulus.  Lse. 

TI'GER-SIIELL,  n.  [tiger  and  shelL]  A  name  given 
to  a  red  shell  with  large  while  spots.  In  the  Lin- 
nxan  system,  the  tigcr-s/iell  is  a  species  of  Cypnea. 

Cyc, 

TTGH,  (ti,)  "-    T»  /Ten/,  a  close  or  inclosurc. 

TH;iI'i',(liie,)  (J.  (G.  dicJit:  D.  Sw.  and  Dan.  digt; 
allitfd  to  t'tick  and  tic,  and  to  Sw.  tiga^  to  be  silent. 


TIL 

L.  laeeo ;  that  is,  close,  closely  compressed  ;    Hius. 
tugei,  Htili",     See  Tack,] 

1.  Chjsc  ;  compart ;  not  Wise  or  open  ;  having  the 
joints  so  close  that  no  fluid  can  enti;r  or  eM^ape  ;  net 
leaky  ;  as,  a  tiif/U  ship,  or  a  ti^rht  c.-f-k. 

2.  Close  ;  ni>t  admitting  much  air  ;  a:i,  a  tight 
room. 

3.  Sitting  close  to  the  body;  as,  a  tight  coat  or 
other  gannent. 

'     4.  Close  ;  in)l  having  holc-s  or  crevic«8 ;  not  loose  ; 
applied  to  many  vesst:L«,  &,c. 

5.  Close;  hard  ;  ^l-^,  a  tight  bargain,  [/a  eoamoti 
use  in  Jimerieu.] 

6.  Close;  parsimonious;  saving;  as,  a  n>an  tight 
in  his  dealings.     [In  common  uxe  in  Jimcrica.] 

7.  Closely  dressed  ;  not  ragged. 

I'll  sp'n  and  card,  nnii  l(ir»'p  our  cLiMr<.-a  li^Kt.  Cay, 

8.  Hardy;  adroit.  &.Wt. 

9.  Not  slack  or  loose ;  applied  to  a  rope  citended 
or  stretched  out.  Totlm. 

JVotr.  —  This   is   the    taut  or  taught    of  seamen, 

applied  to  a  rope  stretched.    The  primary'  sense  is, 

strained. 
TKJIIT'^N,  (tU'n,)  r,  (.  To  draw  lighter ;  to  straiten  ; 

to  make  more  close  in  any  manner. 
TIGHT'ES-ED,  jfp.  or   a.     Drawn  tighter  ;   stniit- 

ened. 
TIGHT'£.V-ING,  ppr.      Drawing    tighter  ;    making 

more  close  in  anv  manner. 
TIGH T'KR,  Ti.  A  ribbon  or  siring  used  to  draw  clothes 

closer.    [jVut  used.] 
2.  a.  More  light. 
TIGHT'LY,  (Uic.    Closely;  compactly. 

2.  Neatly  ;  adroitly. 
TTGUT'NESS,  w.    Cla<enes3  of  joints  ;  compactness  ; 

slraitness. 

2.  Neatness,  as  in  dress. 

3.  Parsinioniousness  ;  clasencss  in  dealing. 
TIGRESS,  n.    [from  tiger.]    The  female  of  Uie  tiger. 


Sidtieg. 


ri'GRESS,  n.    [from  tiger.]    The  fern 
ri'GRINE,  (li'grin,)  a.     Like  a  tiger. 


TI'GRISH,  a.    Resembling  a  tiser. 
TIKE,  n.     A  tick.     [Stre  Tick.) 
TIKE,  n.    [Celtic,  ttak,  liae,  a  plowman  ;  Arm.  tiee,  a 
housekeeper.] 

1.  A  countryman  or  clown. 

2.  A  dog.  Shnk. 
TIL'CU-RY,  n.    A  kind  of  gig  or  twa-whceled  car- 
riage, without  a  lop  or  cover.  Scott. 

TILE,  n.  [Sax.  tigcl ;  D.  Ugel  or  tickgel;  G.  zicgd; 
Dan.  and  Sw.  tegel;  L.  teptla;  It.  tegola.;  Sp.  teja, 
contracted.  This  word  is  undoubtedly  from  ihe 
root  of  L.  tego,  to  cover,  Eng.  to  deck.] 

1.  A  plate  or  piece  of  baked  clay,  used  for  cover- 
ing the  roofs  of  buildings. 

The  pais  for  fuztcalag  dUi  ate  made  cf  ook  or  £r.        A/oron. 

2.  In  metallurgy,  a  small,  flat  piece  of  dried  earth 
or  earthenware,  Uicd  lo  cover  vessels  in  which  met- 
als are  fused. 

3.  A  piece  of  baked  clay  used  in  drains. 
TILE,  V.  t.    To  cover  with 'tiles  ;  as,  to  tile  a  bou.-e 

2.  To  cover,  as  tiles. 

The  muscle,  anew,  and  vein. 

Which  tile  this  house,  will  come  agaiu.  Dct,i>£. 

TiL'£D,  pp.  ox  a.     Covered  with  liles. 

TiLE'-E.\RTH,  (-erth,)  n.  .\  species  of  strong, 
clayey  earth  ;  stifl*  and  stubborn  land.     [Local.] 

Ct:c. 

TILE'-ORE,  n.  A  variety  of  octahedral  red  copi-.r 
ore.  '>«■- 

TIL'ER,  71.  A  man  whose  occupation  is  lo  cover 
buildinss  with  liles.  BaeoK. 

TIL'ING,  ppr.     Covering  with  tiles. 

TIL'ING,  7i.    A  roof  covered  with  liles.    Luke  v. 
2.  Tiles  in  general. 

TILL,  n,     A  vetch  ;  a  tare.     [Loco!.] 

TILL,  n.    A  money-box  in  a  shop  ;  a  drawer. 

TILL,  prep,  or  ode.  [.Sax.  Ul,  tHU ;  Sw.  and  Dan.  til : 
Sax.  atdlan,  to  reach  or  come  to.  This  wurd  in  Sw. 
and  Dan.,  as  in  Scottish,  signifies  to  or  cr,  and  is 
the  princii>al  word  used  where  we  use  to.  The  pri- 
mary sense  of  the  verb  is  expressed  in  the  Saxon.] 

1.  To  the  lime  or  lime  of.  I  did  not  see  ilif  ni.ia 
till  the  last  time  he  came  ;  I  wailed  for  him  tdl  four 
o'clock  ;  I  will  wait  till  next  week. 

TUl  note ;  to  the  present  lime.  I  never  heard  t  f 
the  fact  Idl  now.  .    ,   ,      , 

WW  then  ;  to  that  time.  I  never  hcvd  of  iho  r^.ct 
till  that. 

2.  It  is  used  before  verbs  and  sentences  in  a  like 
sense,  denoting  to  the  lime  spectfifd  in  the  aeulence 
or  clause  following.    1  will  wail  till  you  arrive. 

He  Slid  to  di^nj,  Owipy  tUt  I  d-n^.  —  Lulr  lix.  _ 

Certain  Jtws  —  bound  ihciiwik^  u»d-  f  a  cum-.  eyi"r  tlol 
they  wuiiUl  neither  ea  nor  dh.dt  Oli  ihcy  bad  iiU-M  faul.  — 
Acts  xxiii.  ,  .    ,~    I 

Meditate  so  long  tiU  y«i  mate  sorrw  act  U  pnyer  lo  **£^^^ 

^"otf.  —  In  this  use,  (i7/  is  not  a  conjunction;  it 
does  not  connect  sentences  like  and,  or  like  or.  It 
neither  denotes  union  nor  separation,  nor  an  alterna- 
tive It  has  alwavs  the  same  ottice,  exc«;pi  that  it 
precedes  a  sinsle  word  or  a  single  sent,  n.e  ;  the 
time  to  winch  it  refers  being  in  »  ne  c;tsc  express*,-*! 


TONE,  BiJLL.  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — e  aa  K ;  Cl  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  j  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


145 


1153 


TIL 


TIM 


bv  a  single  word,  as  71010,  or  tJien,  or  time,  with  this, 
or  that,  itc,  nmi  in  tht;  other  by  a  verb  witli  it3  ad- 
juncts ;  US)  occupy  till  I  ctimc,  that  is,  to  I  come.  In 
the  latter  use,  tii/  is  a  prcpositiun  preceding  a  sen- 
tence, like  a::ainst,  in  the  plira^se,  against  I  come. 
TILL,  c.  f-  [Sax.  tilian,  tili^an,  to  work,  to  toil^  to 
cultivate,  to  prepare;  W.  (c/u,  to  strain.  In  G.  &w- 
tcUeiiy  from  stellen^  to  set,  to  put  in  order,  has  the 
.sen^r  of  £i//(Hir,  cultivating.  These  words  are  doubt- 
less of  one  lamily.] 

1.  To  labor;  to  cultivate;  to  plow  and  prepare 
for  seed,  and  to  dress  crops.  This  word  includes 
nut  only  plowinii,  but  harrowing,  and  whatever  is 
done  to'  prf-pare  ground  fur  a  crop,  and  to  keep  it  free 
from  weeds. 

The  Lor.1  God  senl  him  forth  from  the  garden  of  Eden,  to  (i^  the 
^ouiirt  frum  whence  he  was  talien.  — Gen.  iii, 

9.  In  the  most  ire.ncral  sense,  to  till  may  include  ev- 
ery species  of  husbandry,  and  this  may  be  its  sense 
in  Scripture. 

TILL'A-HLE,  a.  Capable  of  being  titled  ;  arable  ;  fit 
fur  the  plow.  Carew. 

TILL' ACE,  71.  The  operation,  practice,  or  art  of  pre- 
paring land  for  seed,  and  keeping  the  ground  free 
from  weeds  which  might  impede  the  growth  of  crops. 
Tiihige  includes  manuring,  plowing,  harrowing,  and 
rolling  land,  or  whatever  is  done  to  bring  it  to  a 
proper  state  to  receive  the  s^ed,  and  the  operations  of 
plowing,  harrowing,  and  hoeing  the  ground,  to  de- 
stroy weeds  and  loosen  the  soil  after  it  is  planted; 
culture;  a  principal  branch  of  agriculture.  Tillairc 
of  the  earth  is  the  principal,  as  it  was  the  first,  oc- 
cupation of  man,  and  no  employment  is  more  honor- 
able. 

TILL'ED,  (tild,)  pp.  Cultivated  ;  prepared  for  seed 
and  kept  clean. 

TILL'ER,  71.  One  who  tills  ;  a  husbandman  ;  a  culti- 
vator ;  a  plowman. 

2.  The  bar  or  lever  employed  to  turn  the  rudder  of 
a  ship. 

3.  A  small  drawer  ;  a  til!. 

4.  Among  farmers^  the  shoot  of  a  plant,  springing 
from  the  root  or  bottom  of  the  original  stalk  ;  also, 
the  sprout  or  young  tree  that  springs  from  the  root  or 
stump. 

5.  A  voung  timber  tree.     [Local.] 

TILL'ER,  V,  u  To  put  forth  new  shoots  from  the 
root,  or  round  the  bottom  of  the  original  stalk  ;  as, 
we  say,  wheat  or  rye  tillers;  it  spreads  by  tillering. 
The  common  orthography  is  Tillek.  Sir  Joseph 
IJanks  writes  it  Tillow. 

TILL'ER-ING,  ppr.  Sending  out  new  shoots  round 
the  bottom  of  the  original  stem. 

TILL'ER-ING,  n.  The  act  of  sending  forth  young 
shoots  from  the  root,  or  around  the  bottom,  of  the 
original  stalk. 

TILL'ER-RoPE,  n.  The  rope  which  forms  a  commu- 
nication between  the  fore  end  of  the  tiller  and  the 
wheel.  Mar.  Diet. 

TILL'ING,  ppr.    Cultivating. 

TILL'ING,  n.  The  operation  of  cultivating  land  ;  cul- 
ture. 

TILL'MAN,  ?!.  A  man  who  tills  the  earth;  a  hus- 
bandman.    [OJs.]  Tusser. 

TILL'Y-FAL-LY,  /  adv.  or  a.    A  word  formerly  used 

TILL'Y-VAL-LY,  (  when  any  thing  said  was  re- 
jected as  trifling  or  impertinent.     [Oi.-;.] 

TIL'MUS,  «.     [Gr.  riAA,...] 

Picking  of  the  bed-clothes,  or  floccillation  ;  a  symjy- 
tom  of  the  fatal  termination  of  some  disorders. 

Brande* 

TILT,  Ti.  [Sax.  teld;  Dan.  telt;  Ice.  tiald;  W.  tdu,  to 
stretch  over.] 

1.  A  tent ;  a  covering  over  head.  Denhartu 

2.  The  clolh  covering  of  a  cart  or  wagon. 

3.  The  cover  of  a  boat ;  a  small  canopy  or  awning 
of  canvas  or  other  cloth,  extended  over  the  stern- 
sheets  of  a  boat.  Mar.  Diet. 

TILT,  V.  t.    To  cover  with  a  cloth  or  awning. 

Phillips. 
TILT,  n.    [See  the  verb.]    A  thrust ;  as,  a  tilt  with  a 
lance.  .gddison, 

9,  Formerly,  a  military  exercise  on  horseback,  in 
which  the  combatants  attacked  eacli  other  with 
lances  ;  as,  tilts  and  tournaments. 

3.  A  large  hammer;  a  tilt-hammer ;  used  in  iron 
manufactures. 

4.  Inclination  forward ;  as,  the  tiU  of  a  cask  ;  or  a 
cask  is  a-tdt. 

TILT,  V.  t.  [Sax.  tcahian,  to  lean,  to  incline,  to  nod  ; 
Dan.  tijlder,  to  pour  out.  to  decant.  In  D.  tillen  sig- 
nifies to  lift,  L.  tollo.  This  is  probably  a  derivative 
verb.] 

1.  To  incline ;  to  raise  one  end,  as  of  a  cask,  for 
discharging  liquor ;  as,  to  tilt  a  barrel. 

2.  To  point  or  thrust,  as  a  lance. 

Sor.s  a^ir,st  falh'rrs  bli  ih'  fulal  lance.  Philips. 

3.  To  hammer  or  forge  with  a  tilt-hammer  or  till ; 
as,  to  tilt  steel  to  r'uder  it  more  ductile.  Cyc 

4.  'I'o  cover  with  a  till. 

TILT,  V.  1.  To  run,  or  ride,  and  thrust  with  a  lance  ; 
to  practice  the  military  game  or  exercise  of  thrusting 
at  each  other  on  horseback.  Milton. 


2.  To  fight  with  rapiers. 

Sn-onls  out  and  tUling  one  at  otber'a  breait.  S}iaJc. 

3.  To  rush,  as  in  combat.  Collier. 

4.  To  play  unsteadily  ;  to  ride,  float,  and  toss. 

The  fleet  swift  tilling  o'er  the  surges  flew.  Pope. 

5.  To  lean  ;  to  fall,  as  ou  one  side. 

The  trunk  of  i!ie  ho.iy  is  kept  from  tUling  forwaid  by  the  muecles 
of  the  back.  Grew. 

TILT'-BoAT,  71.      A  boat  covered  with  canvas  or 

other  cloth. 

TILT'ED,   pp.     Inclined;  made  to  stoop;   covered 
with  cloth  or  awning. 
2.  Hammered  ;  prepared  by  beating,  as  steel. 

TILT'ER,  Tt.  One  who  tilts  ;  one  who  uses  the  exer- 
cise of  pushing  a  lance  on  horseback;  one  who 
fights. 

Lfit  mc  alone  to  mntdi  your  HlUr.  GrantnUe. 

2.  One  who  hammers  with  a  tilt. 
TILTH,  n.     [Sax.  tilth  ;  from  till.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  tilled  or  prepared  for  a  crop. 
We  say,  land  is  in  good  tilth,  when  it  is  manured, 
plowed,  broken,  and  mellowed,  fur  receiving  the 
seed.  iVe  say,  also,  ground  is  in  bad  tilth.  When 
we  say,  land  is  in  tilth,  we  mean,  in  good  condition 
for  the  seed  ;  not  in  tilth,  in  a  bad  condition. 

2.  That  which  is  tilled  j  tillage  ground.  [JVoi  m 
vse.  ] 

TILT'-IIAM-MER,  n.  [tilt  and  haimncr.]  A  heavy 
hammer,  used  in  iron-works,  which  is  lifted  by  a 
wheel, 

TILT'ING,  ppr.  Inclining;  causing  to  stoop  or  lean  ; 
using  the  game  of  thrusting  with  the  lance,  on  horse- 
back ;  also,  hammering  with  a  lilt-hammer. 

TILT'ING,  71.  The  process  by  which  blister-steel  is 
rendered  ductile.  This  is  done  by  bs^ating  with  the 
tili-hammer.  Buchanan. 

TIM'BAL,  n.    A  kettle-drum.     [See  Tymdal.] 

TIM'BER,  Ti.  [Sax.  (iJHifr,  wood,  a  tree,  structure; 
t.imbriun,  to  build,  to  edify,  in  a  moral  sense  ;  Gcth. 
tinibrmn,  to  construct  ;  Sw.  tnnmer,  wood  fit  for 
building;  iimra,  to  build,  to  frame;  Dan.  tiSmmcr, 
timber.  tJ6mrer,lo  build;  D.  t»?/imfr,  an  apartment; 
timber,  a  crest ;  titmncrcn^  to  build  ;  timincrhout,  tim- 
ber; G.  simmer,  an  apartment;  lirnmern,  to  square, 
fit,  fabricate ;  zimmerhoh,  timber.  If  m  is  radical, 
which  is  probable,  this  word  coincides  with  Gr.  h- 
/ifj,  L.  do7nus,  a  house,  and  Gr.  Sepas,  the  body.  The 
primary  sense  is,  probably,  to  set,  lay,  or  found.] 

1.  Tliat  sort  of  wood  which  is  proper  for  buildings 
or  for  tools,  utensils,  furniture,  carriages,  fences, 
ships,  and  the  like.  We  apply  the  word  to  stand- 
ing trees  which  are  suitable  foi  the  uses  above  men- 
tioned; as,  a  forest  contains  excellent  timber;  or  to 
the  beams,  rafters,  scantling,  bohrds,  planks,  &.c., 
hewed  or  sawed  from  such  tiees.  Of  all  the  spe- 
cies of  trees  useful  as  timbery  in  our  climate,  the 
white  oak,  and  the  white  pine,  hold  the  first  place 
in  importance. 

2.  Tiie  body  or  stem  of  a  tree.  Sltak. 

3.  The  materials  ;  m  irony. 

Such  difpo^tions —  are  the  fittest  timher  to  make  politics  of. 

Bacon. 

4.  A  single  piece  or  squared  stick  of  wood  for 
building,  or  already  framed. 

Many  of  the  U7nt>ers  were  decayed.  Coxe's  Smtz. 

5.  In  ships,  a  timber  is  a  rib  or  curving  piece  of 
wood,  branching  outward  from  the  keel  in  a  vertical 
direction.  One  tnnher  is  composed  of  several  pieces 
united  in  one  frame.  Mar.  Diet. 

Timber,  or  timmer,  of  furs,  as  of  martens,  ermines, 
sables,  and  the  like,  denotes  forty  skins;  of  other 
skins,  one  hundred  and  twenty. 

Laws  of  Ed.  CoT}fe.Kor. 
Tim^iers  of  ermine,  in  hcraldrij,  denote  the  ranks  or 
rows  of  ermine  in  noblemen's  coals. 
TIM'BER,  V.  U    To  furnish  with  timber      [See  Tim- 
bered.] 
TIi\rBER,  V.  i.    To  light  on  a  tree.     [JVot  in  use.] 

L'Estrangc. 
9.  In  falconnj,  to  make  a  nest.  Cyc. 

TIM'BER-£I>,  pp.  or  a.    Furnislied  with  timber;  as, 
a  welUtimbcred  house.     In  the  United  States,  we  say, 
land  is  well  timbered,  when  it  is  covered  with  good 
timber-trees. 
2.  Built ;  formed  ;  contrived.     [Little  used.] 

Wolton. 
TIM'BER-HEAD,  (-hed,)  n.     [tiviher  and  head.]     In 
ships,  the  lop  end  of  a  timber,  rising  above  the  gun- 
wale, and  serving  for  belaying  ropes,  &,c. ;  otherwise 
called  Kevel-Head.  Mar.  Diet. 

TI.M'BER-IXG,  ppr.    Furnishing  with  timber. 
TIM'BKR-SOVV,  n.     A  worm  in  wood.  Bacon. 

TIM'BEil-TREE,  ji.     [limber  and  tree.]     A  tree  suita- 
ble for  timber. 
TIM'BER-WORK,  (-^urk,)  n.     [timber  and  work.] 

Work  formed  of  wood. 
TIM'BER-YXRD,  71.    [timber  and  yard.]    A  yard  or 

place  where  timber  is  deposited, 
TIM'BRE,  (tim'ber,)  n.     [D.  timber.] 

A  crest  on  a  coat  of  arms.    It  ought  to  be  written 

TlMBEB. 

I  TIM'BREL,  n.     [Sp.  tamboril,  a  tabor  or  drum  ;  It. 


TIM 

tamburo;  Fr.  tambourin,  tambour;  Ir,  tiompan  ;  L. 
tympanum  ;  Gr.  Tvp:r<ii>iji'.  This  is  probably  the  same 
a^  tabor,  or  from  the  same  root ;  m  being  casual.  It 
is  from  beating  ;  Gr.  rurrto.] 

An  instrument  of  music;  a  kind  of  drutn,  tabor, 
or  tabret,  which  has  been  in  use  from  the  highest 
antiquity. 

And  Miriam  took  a  limbrel  hi  her  hand  — and  all  the  women 
Went  out  after  her  with  timbrels  and  with  dauces.  — E:t.  xv. 

TIM'BREL-£D,  a.    Sung  to  the  sound  of  the  limbrel. 

Milton. 

TIME,  n.  [Sax.  tiin,  tima,  time  in  general  ;  Dan.  time, 
Sw.  tinnnc,  an  hour;  L.  tcmpus;  It.  and  Port,  tempo; 
Sp.  ticmpo;  Fr.  temps,  time  in  general ;  all  from  the 
root  of  the  Sw.  tima,  to  ha])p(m,  to  come,  to  befall ; 
but  the  root,  in  some  of  its  applications,  must  have 
signified,  to  rush  with  violence.  Hence  the  sense  of 
temples,  L.  tempora,  the  falls  of  the  head ,  also  tempest, 
&c.  (See  Tempest.)  Time  is  primarily  equivalent  to 
season;  to  tlie  Gr.  woo,  in  its  original  .senso,  opportu- 
nity, occasion,  a  fall,  an  event,  that  which  comes.] 

1.  A  particular  portion  or  part  of  duration,  wheth- 
er past,  present,  or  future.  The  time  was  ;  the  time 
has  been  ;  the  time  is  ;  the  time  will  be. 

Lost  time  is  never  found  aguin.  F^-anklin, 

Gud,  who,  at  sundry  times  and  io  divers  mann<;r«j  spake  in  time 
past  unto  the  fatliere  by  the  prophets.  —  Ileb.  1. 

2.  A  proper  time ;  a  season. 

Tli'>ie  is  a  lime  to  e7ery  purpose.  —  Ecclee.  iii. 
T lie  lime  of  figs  was  not  yet.  —  Mark  xi. 

3.  Duration, 

Tlie  eqnal  and  uniform  flux  of  time  does  not  ajrect  our  senses. 

Cyc. 

Time  is  absolute  or  relative ;  absolute  time  is  con- 
sidered without  any  relation  to  bodies  or  their  mo- 
tions. Rrlative  time  is  the  sensible  measure  of  any 
portion  of  duration,  by  means  of  nioliun.  Thus,  the 
diurnal  revolution  of  the  sun  measures  a  space  of 
time  or  duration.     Hence, 

4.  A  space  or  measured  portion  of  duration.  We 
were  in  Paris  two  months,  and  all  that  time  enjoyed 
good  heallh. 

5.  Life  or  duration  in  reference  to  occupation.  One 
man  spends  his  time  in  idleness ;  another  devotes  all 
his  dme  to  useful  purposes. 

Eclii've  me,  your  time  is  not  your  own;  it  belong  to  God,  to 
f-'lii^ioii,  io  mankind.  Buckmiiistcr. 

6.  Age;  a  part  of  duration  distinct  from  other 
parts  ;  as,  ancient  times;  modern  timet.  The  Span- 
ish Armada  was  defeated  in  the  time  of  Queen  Eliz- 
abeth. 

7.  Hour  of  travail. 

Slie  was  wilhiu  one  month  of  her  time.  Clarendon. 

8.  Repetition  ;  repealed  performance,  or  mention 
with  reference  to  repetition.  The  physician  visils 
his  patient  three  times  in  a  day. 

9.  Repetition;  doubling;  addition  of  a  number  to 
itself;  as,  to  double  clolh  four  times;  four  times  four 
amount  to  sixteen, 

10.  Measure  of  sounds^  in  music;  as,  common 
time,  and  treble  time.  In'concerts,  it  is  all  impor- 
tant that  the  performers  keep  time,  or  exact  time. 

11.  The  slate  of  things  at  a  particular  period;  as 
when  we  say,  good  times,  or  bad  times,  hard  times, 
dull  times  for  trade,  &c.  In  this  sense,  the  plural  is 
generally  used. 

12.  The  present  life ;  as,  in  tivu  or  eternity. 
ZX  In  grammar,  tense. 

In  time;  in  good  season  ;  sufficiently  early.  Ik- 
arrived  171  time  to  see  the  exhibition. 

2.  A  considerable  space  of  duration  ;  process  or 
continuation  of  duration.  You  must  wail  patient- 
ly ;  yon  will  in  time  recover  your  health  and  strength. 

M  ti/nes;  at  distinct  intervals  of  duration.  .St 
times  he  reads  ;  at  other  times  he  rides. 

The  Spiri:  Ix-gnn  to  move  him  at  limes.  —  Jod^'S  xiii. 

Tinic  enough  ;  in  season  ;  early  enough. 

Stanley,  at  Bosworlh  field,  came  time  enough  to  save  his  life. 

Baeon. 

To  lose  tivie ;  to  delay, 

2.  To  go  too  slow  ;  as,  a  watch  or  clock  loses  time. 

.Apparent  time  ;  in  astronomy,  true  solar  time,  regu- 
lated by  the  apparent  motions  of  the  sun. 

Mean  time :  a  mean  or  average  of  apparent  time. 
It  is  indicated  by  a  clock  which  moves  with  entire 
exactness. 

Sidereal  time,  is  that  which  is  shown  by  the  ap- 
parent diurnal  revolutions  of  the  stars. 

j3.^trono7nical  time  of  day,  is  the  time  past  yncati  noon 
of  that  day,  and  is  reckoned  on  to  twenty-four  hours 
in  7nean  time.  Brande. 

TIME,  V.  t.  To  adapt  to  the  time  or  occasion ;  to 
bring,  begin,  or  perform  at  the  proper  season  or  time  ; 
as,  the  measure  is  wi^W-timed,  or  Wi-tiincd.  No  small 
part  <-f  iiolitical  wisdom  consists  in  knowing  how  to 
time  propositions  and  measures. 

Mercy  is  good,  but  kings  mistake  its  'girting.  Dryden. 

2.  To  regulate  as  to  time ;  as,  he  timed  the  stroke. 

jSddison. 

3.  To  measure  ;  as  in  music  or  harmony.     Sliak. 
TIM'ED,  pp.    Adapted  to  the  season  or  occasion. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T.  — Mi^TE,  PREY.— PINE,  MAfilNE,  BIRD.  — NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQOK.- 


1154 


TIN 

TlilE'FIJL,  a.  Seasonable  j  timely ;  sufficiently  early. 
JJVot  much  tcsed.]  Ralecfiu 

TniE'-HOX-OR-£D,  (-on'urd,)  a.  Honored  for  a 
long  time. 

TIME'IST,  B.  In  music^  a  i>erformer  who  keeps  gcod 
lime.  Busbij. 

'm  One  who  conforms  with  the  times ;  a  time- 
s'iver.     [OJo-.] 

lt.^!E'-KEEP-ER,  n.  [time  and  keeper.]  A  clock, 
watch,  or  other  chronometer. 

TT^'.E'-KILL-IXG,  a.    Adapted  to  kill  time. 

TT-ME'LESS,  a.  Unseasonable  ;  done  at  an  improper 
time. 

Xor  fits  it  to  prolonw  the  heiYeoIf  feast 

Timeless,    \Sot  uutf.]  Pope. 

9.  Untimely ;  Immature ;  done  or  suffered  before 

the  proper  time  ;  as,  a  timeless  grave.  [065.]   S/ick. 
TjME'LES.S-LY,  adc.     Unseasonably.  Milton. 

TiME'LI-XESS,  ju     [from  ti7nebj.]     Seasonabieness  j 

a  Iiein^  in  good  time. 
TIME'LY,  a.    Seasonable;  being  in  good  time  ;  suf- 

ficienily  early.    The  defendant  Lad  timehj  notice  of 

this  motion. 
2.  Keeping  time  or  measure.     [Jfot  itsed.]  Spenser. 
TiilE'LY,  adv.    Early  ;  soon  :  in  good  season. 

Thne'.ij  advist-d,  the  coming  eril  shun.  Prior. 

TTME'OUS-LY,  a.    Seasonably;  in  good  time. 

Watts. 

TIME'-PIeCE,  71.  [time  and  piece.]  A  clock,  wateh, 
or  other  instrument  to  measure  or  siiow  the  progress 
of  rlmi;;  rt  chronometer. 

TIME-PLeAS-ER,  n.  [time  and  please.]  One  who 
complies  with  the  prevailing  opinions,  whatever  they 
m.^y  be.  S/iak. 

TT.ME'-SANe-TIOX-£D,  a.    Sanctioned  by  long  use. 

Channiiig. 

T7ME'-S€0R\-ER,  n.    One  who  scorns  time. 

TI-ME'-SERV-ER,  tt,  [time  and  scree]  One  who 
adapts  his  opinions  and  manners  to  the  times  ;  one 
who  obseqiiiouslv  complies  with  the  ruling  power. 

Hall. 

TlME'-SERV-IXG,  a.  Obsequiously  complying  with 
the  humors  of  men  in  power. 

TI.ME'-SERV-IXG,  n.  An  obsequious  compliance 
with  the  humors  of  men  in  power,  which  implies  a 
surrender  of  one's  independence,  and  sometimes  of 
oni;'s  inteCTitv. 

Ti.ME'-\VaST-"IXG,  a.    Wasting  time. 

TI-ME'-WoRX,  a.    Impaired  by  time.  Irving^. 

TIM'ID,  fl.  [Fr.  timide;  L.  timiduSj  from  timcu,  to 
fear;  GaeUc,  (im,  time,  fear;  Sp.  tcml)lnr,  to  shake 
with  fear  ;  temer,  to  fear.  The  sense  is,  probably,  to 
shake,  or  to  fail,  fall,  recede,  or  shrink.] 

Fearful ;  wanting  courage  to  meet  danger ;  tim- 
orous ;  not  bold. 

Poor  Is  the  Lnumpb  o'er  the  timid  lure.  Thomson. 

TI-MII>'r-TY,  Ti.     [Fr.  timidite  ;  L.  dmiditas.] 

Fearfainess  ;  want  of  courage  or  boldness  to  face 
danger  j  tiraorousness  ;  habitual  cowardice.  Timid- 
ity in  one  person  may  be  a  guod  trait  of  character, 
while  in  another  it  is  a  deep  reproach. 

TIM'ID-LV,  adv.  In  a  timid  manner ;  weakly  ;  v.ilh- 
orit  couraee. 

TnriD-.\ESS,  n.    Timidity. 

TIM  IN'G,  psr.    Adapting  to  the  season  or  occasion. 

TIM'IST.    See  Timeist. 

TI-MOe'RA-CY,  n,  [Gr.  rt/ii?,  honor,  worth,  and 
jcparcw,  to  bold.] 

Government  by  men  of  property,  who  are  pos- 
sessed of  a  certain  income.         OilUes^s  Mristotle. 

TIM-O-.VEEU',  77.     [Fr.  timon;  L.  temo.] 

A  helmsman.  Mar,  Diet. 

TIM'OR-OUS,  a.  [It.  tiinoroso  ;  from  L.  (inwr.  See 
Timid.] 

1.  Fearful  of  danger;  timid;  destitute  of  cour- 
age ;  as,  a  timoroii.^  female. 

2.  Indicating  fear;  full  of  scruples  ;  as^  timorous 
doubts  ;  timorotLs  beliefs.  Broion.     Prior. 

TIM'OR^US-LY,  adv.  Fearfully;  timidly;  without 
boldness  ;  with  much  fear. 

Let  d-islanl  Bou'.i  ]x  limoroustt/  wise.  PkUips. 

TnrOR-OU3-XE3S,  n.  Fearfulness ;  timidity  ;  want 
of  courage.  Sioift. 

TIM'0-THY  GRXPS,n,  A  valuable  grass, the  Phleum 
pratense,  or  cat's-tail  grass,  nmcb  prized  in  America 
for  fodder.  Farm.  Encye. 

TI'MOUS,  a.  [from  time.]  Early  ;  timely.  [JVot  in 
use.]  Bacon. 

TI'510U3-LY,  ad^.    In  good  season.     \M>t  in  iwe.l 
Cft.  Reli^.  .Appeal. 

TIN,  71,  [Sax.  (in;  Ti.tin;  O.iinn;  Sw.  tenn;  Dan. 
tin,  pewter,  and  tinblik,  tin,  that  is,  tin-plate;  Ir. 
Stan;  W.  y.'kaen,  that  is,  spread  oris  sprinkled  over,  a 
stain,  and  tin  ;  Corn,  staen;  Arm.  sr.ea:i ;  Fr.  etatn; 
Jj.  stannunt ;  Sp.  c.itano ;  Port,  estanko :  It.  sta^no. 
The  latter  signifies  tin,  pewter,  and  a  pond,  L. 
ata^num.] 

1.  A  wliite  metTi,  with  a  slight  tinge  of  yellow. 
Il  is  soft,  non-chiatic,  very  malleable,  and  whenabar 
of  it  is  bent  near  the  ear.  disiincuisht^d  by  a  crack- 
ling sound  railed  the  cry  nf  tin.  It  is  used  for  culina- 
ry Vfc»sel3,  being  fcr  this  purpose  usually  combined 


TIN 

with  lead,  forming  pewter;  and,  alloyed  with  small 
proportions  of  antim^my,  copper,  and  bismuth,  is 
formed  into  various  wares  resembling  silver,  under 
the  names  of  blocktin,  hritannia,  &,c.  Equal  parts  of 
tin  and  lead  compose  sodcr.  Tin,  united  with  copper 
in  dilfertnt  prtipurtions  forms  broazcy  bell-metal,  and 
speculuvi-mclal.  Tinfoil  coated  with  quicksilver  forms 
the  reflecting  surface  of  glass  mirrors. 

Olmsted.     Urc. 
2.  Thin  plates  of  iron  covered  with  tin. 

TIN,  V.  t.    To  cover  with  tin,  or  overlay  with  tiufoil. 

TING'AL,  n.  A  name  of  crude  borax,  as  it  is  im- 
ported from  the  East  Indies,  in  yellow,  greasy  crys- 
tals, (/re. 

TIN'CHEL,  n.  A  circle  of  sportsmen,  who,  by  sur- 
rounding an  extensive  space,  and  gradually  closing 
in,  bring  s.  number  of  deer  and  game  within  a  nar- 
row compass.  Walter  Scott. 

TINGT,  r.  t.     [L.  tingo,  tinclus.] 

To  stain  or  color;  to  imbue.    [05^-.] 

TIXeT,  n     Stain  ;  color. 

[Obsolete.    We  nov/  use  Tinge  and  Tisctitre.] 

TIXe-To'RI-AL,  a.  Tinctorial  matter  is  cjloring 
matter.  Ure. 

TINCTURE,  Ctinkt'yur,)  n.  [L.  tinOura ;  Fr.  UiiUarc 
See  TisGE.j 

1.  The  finer  and  more  volatile  parts  of  a  substance, 
separated  by  a  solvent ;  or  an  extract  of  a  part  of  the 
substance  of  a  body,  communicutsd  to  the  solvent. 
Hence, 

2.  In  mcJtci.-iC,  a  spirituous  solution  of  such  of  the 
proxiuiate  principles  of  vegetables  and  animals  as  are 
soluble  in  pure  alcohol,  or  proof-spirit;  spirit  con- 
taining medicinal  substances  in  solution. 

Cyc.     Coze. 

3.  A  tinge  or  shade  of  color ;  as,  a  tincture  of 
red. 

4.  Sliglit  taste  superadded  to  any  subsUince  ;  as,  a 
tincture  of  orangL'-peel. 

5.  Slight  quality  added  to  any  thing;  as,  a  tincture 
of  French  manners. 


Allr 


nuera  take  a  linclure  from  ot:r  owa. 


Popt. 

G.  In  heraldry,  a  term  applied  to  metals,  colors, 
and  furs.  Brande. 

TIN€'TURE,  V.  U  To  tinge;  to  communicate  a 
slight  foreign  color  to ;  to  impregnate  with  some  ex- 
traneous matter. 

A  liulo  bhck  point  will  dnciure  and  spoil  twenty  gay  colors. 

Walls. 

2.  To  imbue  the  mind  ;  to  communicate  a  portion 
of  any  thing  foreign ;   as,  a  nli.^d  tinctured  willi 
skepticism. 
TIXe'TUR-£D,  (tinkt'yuid,)  pp.      Tinged;   slightly 

impregnated  witli  something  foreign. 
TIXe'TUR-ING,  ppr.     Tinging;   imbuing;  impreg- 
nating with  a  foreign  substance. 
TIXD,  V.  t.     [Sax.   tendan,  tynan,  to  kindle;   Goth. 
tandyan  ;  Sw.  tdnda  ;  Dan.  Lender  ;  Eng.  tine  ;  tinder^ 
G.  zundcr ;   probably  allied  to  Ir.  and  Gaelic,  teine, 
fire,  W.  Corn,  and  Arm.  tan;  and  perhaps  our  word 
sun  is  of  the  same  family.] 
To  kindle.    [Obs.]     But  hence, 
TIX'DER,  n.     [Sax.  ty>idre.] 

Something  Very  mflauimable,  used  for  kindling 
fire  from  a  spark,  as  scorched  linen.  Swiji. 

TIN'RER-BOX,  n.      [tinder  and    box,]      A    box  in 

which  tind -r  is  kept.  j^Uerbury. 

TIX'DEU-UKii;,  «.     [tinder  and   like.]     Like  tinder; 

verj'  i:itlaininable.  Sliak. 

TfXE,  V.  t.     [Sax.  tynan.] 

To  kindle  ;  to  set  on  tire.     [Obs.]     [See  Tind.] 

Spenser. 
TINE,  V.  t     [Sax.  tyjian  ;  L.  tcneo.] 

To  shut  or  inclose  ;  to  fill.     [JVbt  in  use,  or  local.] 
TiXE,  71.     [Sax.  tinder;    Ice.   tindr ;   probably  the  L. 
dens,  G.  tafin,  W.  dant^  a  tooth  ;  at  any  rate,  it  is  a 
shoot.] 

1.  The  tooth  or  spike  of  a  fork  j  a  prong ;  also,  the 
tooth  of  a  liarrow  or  drag. 

2.  Trouble;  distress.     [Aoi  i«  H^e.]  Spenser. 
TINE,  V.  i.     [Sax.  tynan,  from  teine,  tan,  fire,  supra.] 

To  rage  ;  to  smart  ;  to  fight.     [Obs.]         Spenser. 
TiN'-ED,  a.    Furnished  with  tinea;  as,  a  threa-tined 

fork. 
TINE'MAN,  n.    Anciently,  an  officer  of  the  forest  in 
Ensland,  who  had  the  nocturnal  care  of  vert  and 
venison.  Cyc. 

Tr'NET,  n.  [tiite,  to  shut,  supra.]  In  old  writers, 
brushwood  and  thorns  for  making  and  repairing 
hedges.  Cyc 

TIN'-FOIL,  71.     [tin  and  L.  folium,  a  leaf.] 

Tin  reduced  to  a  thin  leaf. 
TING,  71.    A  sharp  sound. 

[A'ot  in  use.      Children  use  Ding,  Dosg.]     [See 

TiSGLE.] 

TING,  u.  7.    To  sound  or  ring.     [JVoi  in  use.] 
TINGE,  V.   t.     [L.   tittiTo :    Gr.   Teyyo},   Sax.   deatran ; 
Eng.  to  dye ;  G.  tunken,  to  dip ;   Fr.  teindre^  to  stain. 

See  Dye.  Ar.  pX^  taieha,  to  perish,  to  rfic,  to  tinge. 
Class  Dg,  No.  40.    See  also  No.  8,  and  19.    Tinging 


TIN 

is  from  dipping.  The  primar>'  sense  of  the  verb  is 
to  plunge,  or  to  throw  down,  to  thrust,  and  intransi- 
tively to  fall ;  hence  we  see  the  words  to  rfic,  thai  is, 
to  fall  or  perish,  and  to  dye,  or  color,  may  be  (xoai  one 
root.] 

To  imbue  or  impregnate  with  something  foreign ; 
to  comnmnicate  the  qualities  of  one  substance,  in 
some  degree,  to  another,  either  by  mixture,  or  l>y 
adding  ihein  to  the  surface;  as,  to  tinge  a  I'.-.: 
color  with  red;  an  infusion  tinged  with  a  y.  i:  >■■-.■ 
color  by  saffron  ;  to  tinge  a  decoction  with  a  biUar 
taste.    The  jaundice  tinges  the  eyes  with  yellow. 

The  virtues  of  Sir  Roger,  u  well  u  lui  iia[jeriecUoos,  aj^  dnged 
with  exlra»it5-.uicc.  Addison. 

TIX6E,  n.  Color;  dye;  taste;  or  rather' a  shght 
degree  of  some  color,  taste,  or  something  foreign, 
infused  into  another  substance  or  mixture,  or  added 
to  it ;  tincture ;  as,  a  red  color  that  has  a  tinge  of 
blue  ;  a  dish  of  food  that  has  a  tinge  of  orange-peel 
in  its  taste. 

TIXG'-ED,  (tinjd,)  pp.  Imbued  or  impregnated  with 
a  small  portion  of  something  foreign. 

TIXG'ENT,  a.    Having  the  power  to  tinge. 

As  for  the  wliilc  part,  il  appc^tml  much  ]aa  corichcd  vhb  the 
dngen:  property.     [Liule  used,]  Btu/te. 

TIX^G'ING,  ppr.  Imbuing  or  impregnatiag  with 
soinetlnng  foreign. 

TIX'-GLaSS,  n.     Bismuth,  which  see. 

TIX"GLE,  (ting'g!,)  v.  L  [W.tincial,  tindoji,  or  tin- 
daw,  to  tink,  to  tinkle,  or  tingle,  to  ring,  to  draw, 
or  drain  the  last  drop.  Qu.  D.  tintelcn,  Fr.  tinier,  L. 
tinnio.'j 

1.  1o  feel  a  kind  of  thrilling  sound. 

At  wliith  both  the  ears  cf  every  cui  that  bcarclh  U  »hatl  dnglt, 
—  1  Sara.  iii. 

2.  To  feel  a  sharp,  thrilling  pain. 

The  pale  toy  Eenauir  yet  Ungiins  aawU,  P{^€, 

3.  To  have  a  tlirilling  sensation,  or  a  sharp,  slight, 

penetrating  sensation. 

They  auck  pollution  llipough  ibcii  6r.g!ing  retna.  Ticket. 

TIN"GLIXG,ppr.    Having  a  thrilling  sensation. 
TIN"GLIXG,  (ting^gling,)  n.    A  thrilling  sensation. 
TINK,  c.  i.     [W.  tinciaw,  supra.] 

To  make  a  sharp,  shrill  noise;  to  tinkle.     [The 
latter  is  generally  used.] 
TINK'ER,  7i.     [W.  tinccrz,  the  riuger,  from  tineicw,  to 
ring.] 

A  mender  of  brass  kettles,  pans,  and  the  like. 
TINK'ER-IXG,  n.     The  act   or   employment  of  a 

tinker. 
TINK'ER-LY,  adv.    In  the  manner  of  a  tinker. 

NackengilL 
TINK'LE,   (tink'l,)   v.  i.    [W.  Uncial,  supra,  under 
tingle^ 

1.  To  make  small,  quick,  sharp  sound:?,  a^-  -y 
striking  on  metal ;  to  clink. 

Aod   have  not  charily,  [  am  Uxome  u  souiu!ta»  bras^,  -.  i 

tinkiing  cymbal.  —  1  Cor.  xiiL    Is.  iii. 
Tlie  spii^hllr  liore? 
MuTes  to  the  mosic  of  bis  bnkiins  bell;.  Dodtley. 

The  moment  the  money  iinkUs  in  the  chest,  the  soul  mffliuu  out 

of  purg^itory.  TttMi  in  Alilntr. 

9.  To  hear  a  small,  sharp  sound. 

And  hja  ears  unkled,  auil  bis  color  fled.  Drydgn, 

TINK'LE,  V.  t    To  cause  to  clink  or  make  sharp, 

quick  sounds. 
TIXK'LER,  71.    A  tinker.     [A"orfA  of  England.] 
TINK'LING,;?/»r.  or  a.     Making  a  small,  quick,  sharp 

noise. 
TINK'LING,  71.    A  small,  quick,  sharp  sound. 

Milking  a  tijtkling  with  ih'-it  Jcct.  —  U.  iii. 

TIN'MAN,  71.     [tin  and  man.]    A  .iiauufactiurer  of  tin 

vessels  ;  a  dealer  in  tin  ware.  Prior* 

TIN'-MIXE,  71.    [(ill  and  mine.]    A  mine  where  tin  is 

obtained. 
TIX^N-KD,  (tind,)  pp.  or  a.    Covered  with  tin. 
TIX'NER,  n.     [from  tin.]     One  who  works  in  Ih     i  :i 

mines.  Bik.  ::. 

TiX'NI-ENT,  c.    Emitting  a  clear  sound.    [Obs.] 
TIN'XIXG,  ppr.     [from  tin.]    Covering  with  tin  or 

tmfoil. 
TIN'XIXG,  TI.    The  act,  art,  or  practice  of  covering 

or  lining  any  thing  witii  melted  tm,  or  with  tinfoil, 

as  kitchen  utensils,  locks,  hits,  &.c. 
2.  The  covering  or  lining  thus  put  on. 
TIN'NY,  a.     Abounding  with  tin.  Drayton. 

TIX'-PEN-NY,  71.     [tth  and  peitnij.]     A  customary 

dutv  in  England,  formerly  paid  to  tithingiuen. 

Bailey. 
TIN'-PLaTE,  n.  Thin  sheet-iron  coated  with  tin. 
TIX-PV-RI'TeS,    ti.      a    native   sulphurel   of  tin, 

usually  containing  some  copper,  and  sometimes  iron. 

BccJicnoH. 
TIN'-ST5NE,  71.      A  native  oxyd  of  tin,  found  in 

ComwaU.  Bacham:t. 

TIN'SEL,  7J.     [Fr.  etmedle^  a  spark.] 

1.  Something  very  shining  and  gaudy  :  something 

superficially  shining  and  showy,  or  having  a  false 

luster,  and'more  gay  than  valuable. 

Who  can  discern  the  insei  from  th.*  gcVl  ?  ptyStn, 

If  the  man  will  too  cur!0U4ly  i-xamiiic  the  supCTfical  ttnn/  good, 
he  imdec^ipea  himscli  to  his  coat.  itfomf. 


TvXE,  rULL,  rXITE.— AN"GER,  \T'CIOUS.  — €  ns  K ;  6  as  J ;  SS  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


H55 


TIP 


{>.  A  kind  of  shining  cloth.  Fairfax. 

•J.  A  kind  of  luce. 
TIN'SKL,  a.     Uaudy ;   showy  to  excess;    specious; 

superficial. 
Tl.V'SKL,  r.  (.    To  adorn  with  something  glittering 
and  showy,  without  much  vidue  ;  to  make  gaudy. 

She,  Unselcd  o'er  in  roI>c«  of  varyii:*  hues.  Pop*. 

TIN'SEL--KD,  pp.    Decorated  with  gaudy  ornaments. 

TIN'.SEL-ING,;v"*-  Adorning  with  tinsel  or  superfi- 
cial luster. 

TINT,  7(.  [li.tinta.;  Fr.  Utnt ;  from  L.  tinctusj  tin^o. 
tSee  Tinge.] 

A  dye ;  a  color,  or  rather  a  slight  coloring  or 
tincture  distini-l  from  the  ground  or  principal  color; 
as,  red  with  a  blue  tint,  or  tint  of  Idue.  In  painting, 
tinU<:  are  the  colors  considered  us  nuire  or  less  hriglit, 
dci^p,  or  thin,  by  the  due  uso  and  intermixture  of 
which  a  picture  receives  its  shades,  softness,  and 
variety. 

Or  blciiJ  in  bcuotcoiis  (int  ihe  colored  mnsa.  Pope, 

Their  vigor  tokens,  and  Uirir  tints  docliiio.  llarXe. 

TINT,  V.  t.    To  tinge  ;  to  give  a  sliglil  coloring  to. 

Seward. 
TIN-TA-MATl',  n.     [Fr.  tintamarre;  L.  tinnitus  and 
Mars.     Jisk.] 

A  hideous  or  confused  noise.    [JVot  in  use,'] 
TINT'ED,  ;>p.     Tinged. 
TINT'ING,  ppr.    Giving  a  slight  coloring  to. 
TINT'INO,  71,     A  furmmg  of  tints. 
TIN-TIN-NAB'Q-LA-UV,  a.    [L.  tiiuimiabuluvi,  a  lit- 
tle bell.] 
Having  or  making  tlie  sound  of  a  bell. 
TIN'-WOIIM,  (-wurm,)  n.     [tin  and  worm.]     An  in- 
sect. Bnilcy. 
TIN'Y,  a.     [from  the  root  of //uji,  which  see.]     Very 
small ;   lillle  ;  puny.    [A  word  used  bij  children,  end 
ill  b)irlesque.'\ 

When  thai  I  was  a  little  tiny  boy.  SIui^:. 

TIP,  71.  [D.  tip,  a  different  ortliograpliy  of  (o;j ;  G. 
zipfcl;  that  is,  a  shoot  or  extension  to  a  point.    Un. 

Eth.    7  I  b  Ouibc,  the  nipple.] 

).  The  end;  the  point  or  extremity  of  any  thing 
small ;  as,  the  tip  of  the  finger  ;  the  tip  of  a  spear  ; 
llie  tip  of  llie  tongue ;  the  tip  of  the  car. 

.Addison.  Pope, 
9.  One  part  of  the  play  at  ninepins.  Dnjden. 
3.  In  botany,  an  antlier.  J^iUieriiiir. 

TIP,  V.  t.  To  Ibrm  a  point  with  something  ;  to  c<iver 
the  tip,  top,  or  end ;  as,  to  tip  any  thing  with  gold  or 
silver. 

Willi  triiuclicon  tipped  with  iron  li(^a<l,  Hudihras. 

Tipped  Willi  jet, 
F.iir  eoniiifB  spotless  aa  Uic  siiuws  they  pn^iis,  l^ouison. 

a.  [For  Tap.]  To  strike  slightly,  or  with  the  end 
of  any  thing  small ;  to  lap. 

A  third  rogue  lipt  nie  by  UiP  cUx>w.  Swi/l. 

3.  To  lower  one  end,  or  to  throw  upon  the  end  ; 
Tk^,  to  tip  a  cart  for  discharging  a  load.  J^cw  England. 
To  tip  the  wink;  to  direct  a  wink,  or  to  wink  to  an- 
other for  notice.  Pope. 
TIP,  V.  i.    In  the  phrase,  to  tip  off,  that  is,  to  fall  head- 
long ;  hence,  to  die. 

TIl'T  \^^'    '^^^"'8*'ic  end  covered. 

TIP'p'eT,  71.  [Pax.  t^rppct.  It  seems  to  be  formed 
from  trppc,  tape.] 

A  narrow  garment  or  covering  for  the  nock,  worn 
hy  ft^males.  It  is  now  made  of  fur,  though  formerly 
of  some  kind  of  rlulli.  Bacon. 

TIP'PING,  ppr.    Covering  the  end  or  tip. 

2.  In  iHiLsic,  a  distinct  articulation  given  to  the 
flute,  by  striking  the  tongue  against  the  roof  of  the 
montli. 

TIP'PLE,  ftip'pl,)  V,  i.  [au.  D.  zmpen ;  Fr.  toper. 
This  word  and  tope  are  probably  of  one  family,  and 
I  suspect  them  to  be  from  the  root  of  dip.  See 
Drink.] 

To  drink  spiritous  or  strong  liquors  habitually  ;  to 
indulge  in  the  frequent  and  improper  use  of  spirit- 
ous liquors.  When  a  man  begins  to  tipple,  let  liis 
creditors  secure  their  debts. 

TIP'PLE,  r.  t.  To  drink,  as  strong  liquors,  in  IiLxury 
or  excess. 

Himseir  for  saving  chargt-j 
A  poclcd,  Sliced  onion  fits,  and  tipplet  vcrjuic?.  DryUn. 

TIP'PLE,  n.     Drink  ;  liquor  taken  in  tippling. 

L' Estrange, 

TIP'PLED,  (tip'pld,)  pp.    Drank  in  excess. 

2.  a.     Intoxicated  ;  inebriated.  Dnidcn. 

TIP'PLER,  71.  One  who  habitiuilly  indulges  "in  the 
excessive  use  of  spiritous  liquors.  It  often  signifies 
a  person  who  habitually  drinks  strong  liipiors,  witii- 
out  absolute  drunkenness. 

TIP'PLING,  ppr.  Indulging  in  Ihc  habitual  uso  of 
strong  or  spiritous  liquors. 

TIP'PLING,  7;.  The  habitual  practice  of  drinking 
strong  or  spiritous  liquors  ;  a  drinkinc  to  excess. 

TiP'PLIXG-H0USE,7j.  {tipplennd  house.]  A  house 
in  which  liquors  are  sold  in  drams  or  small  quanti- 
ties, and  where  men  are  accustomed  to  spend  their 
time  and  money  in  excessive  drinking. 


TIS 

TIP'.'^I-LY,  adv.     In  a  tip^;y  manner. 

TIP'STaFF,  71.      [((>  and  staff]      An  officer   who 

bearri  a  f^talf  tipped  with  metal ;  a  constable. 
2.  A  stair  lipped  with  metal.  Bacon. 

TIP'SY,  a.      [from  tipple."]     Fuddled;    overpowered 

with  strong  drink  ;  intoxicated. 
TIP'ToE,  71.     [tip  and  toe.]    The  end  of  the  toe. 

Ujion  his  tiptoes  sUilitcth  stnl-.-Iy  by.  Spe'iser. 

To  he  or  to  stand  a  tiptoe  ;  to  be  awako  or  alive  to 
any  thing;  to  bo  roused;  :i9,  to  be  a  tiptoe  w\l\\  ex- 
pectation. 
TIP'TOP,  7(.    The  higliest  or  ulmcst  degree. 
TlP'U-LA-UY,  a.     [L.  tipula.] 

Pertaining  to  insects  of  the  genus  Tipula  or  crane 
fly,  llamboldt. 

TI-KaDE',  v.  [It.  iirata  ;  Fr.  tirade,  a  train  or  series, 
from  tircr,  to  draw.] 

1.  Formerly,  in  French  music,  the  filling  of  an  in- 
terval by  the  uilermediate  diatonic  notes.  (Jyc. 

2.  In  modern  usage,  a  strain  or  flight ;  a  scries  of 
violent  declamation. 

Here  he  ddivcre  a  violent  tirade  a^^iust  till  persons  who  jirorf&s 
to  know  ftiiy  thiaff  about  angc-ls,  Q,uarl.  Review. 

TJ-RJiIL'LKUn,(lG-ri\'yuT,)  n.  A  French  skinnish- 
iug  soldier,  often  put  in  front  of  the  line,  to  annt^y 
the  enemy.  Smart. 

TIRE,  77.  [Ileb.  *iti3  tur,  a  row  or  series.  See  Class 
Dr,  No.  21,  34,  35,  38,  and  No.  15.] 

1.  A  tier  ;  a  row  or  rank.  This  is  the  same  word 
as  TrEB,  differently  written,    [t-ee  Tier  and  Toun.] 

2.  Ahead-dress;  something  that  encompasses  the 
liead.     [See  Tiaua.]     Ezck.  xxiv.    Is.  hi. 

On  her  liead  she  worv^  a  tire  of  £')ld.  Speiise, 

3.  Furniture  ;  apparatus  ;  as,  the  tire  of  war. 

PhiU2)s. 

4.  Attire.     [See  Attibe.] 

5.  A  hand  or  lioop  of  iron,  used  to  bind  the  fellies 
of  wheels,  to  secure  them  from  wearing  and  break- 
ing; as,  cart-f(Vc;  wagon-f/rc.  Tiiia  tire,  howevt-r, 
is  sometimes  formed  of  different  pieces,  and  not  one 
entire  hoop. 

TIRE,  r.  (.  To  adorn;  to  attire;  to  dress;  as  llie 
head.     [Obs.]     [See  Attihe.]    2  Kings  ix. 

TIRE,  V.  t.  [Sax.  teorian,  aleorian,  gctcorian,  to  fail. 
In  D.  tccren  signifies  to  far,  to  pine,  to  waste  or  con- 
sume, to  digest;  Gr.  tciol)  ;  L.  tcro.  In  Ir.  and 
Gaelic,  tor,  toras,  tutrse,  is  weariness  ;  tuirsighini,  to 
weary,  to  tire.] 

1.  To  weary  ;  to  fatigue  ;  to  exhaust  the  strength 
by  t'lil  or  labor  ;  as,  to  tire  a  horse  or  an  ox.  A  long 
day's  work  in  summer  will  tire  the  laborer. 

T^red  v.itli  toil,  ail  Iwitos  of  safely  \x\si.  Dryclen. 

2.  To  weary;  to  fatigue  ;  to  exhaust  the  power  of 
attending,  or  to  exhaust  patience  with  dullness  or  te- 
diousness.  A  dull  advocate  may  tire  the  court  ana 
jury,  and  injure  his  cause. 

To  tire  Old  ;  to  weary  or  fatigue  to  excess  j  to  har- 
ass. Ticlicl. 

TIRE,  V.  i.  To  become  weary;  to  be  fatigued;  to 
have  the  strength  fail  ;  to  have  the  patience  exhaust- 
ed.    A  feeble  body  soon  tires  witii  hard  labor. 

TIR'£D,  pp.  or  a.    'Wearied  ;  fatigued. 

TIR'£D-NESS,7i.  The  stateof  being  wearied  ;  weari- 
ness, UidiP.will. 

TiRE'SOME,  (llre'sum,)  a.  Wearisome;  fatiguing; 
exhausting  the  strength  ;  as,  a  tiresome  day's  work  ; 
a  tiresome  journey. 

2.  Tedious;  exhausting  the  patience;  as,  a  tire- 
some discourse.  The  debates  in  congress  are  said  to 
be  sometimes  very  tiresome. 

TIRE'SOME-NESS,  71.  The  act  or  quality  of  liringor 
exhau^iting  strength  or  patience;  wearisomeness ; 
tediousnesa  ;  as,  the  tiresomeness  of  work,  or  of  a 
dull  speaker. 

TiRE'\VOiM-AN,  «.  [tire  and  temnmi.]  A  woman 
whose  occupation  is  to  make  head-dresses.   Locke. 

TiR'ING,  ppr.  Wearying ;  fatiguing;  exhausting 
strength  or  patience. 

TIR'ING-HOUSE,  \  n.      The  room    or  place  where 

TiR'IKG-ROO.M,    i      players  dress  for  the  stage. 

Shak. 

TI-RO'NI-AN,  a.  Tironian  nate^  f  the  shorthand  of 
Roman  antiquity.  Brande. 

TIR'RIT,  7(.    Terror;  affright.  Shak. 

TiR'WIT,  71.  A  grallatory  bird,  the  Tringa  Vanellus, 
as  large  as  a  pigeon,  of  a  bronze-black,  with  a  long 
and  slender  crest.  It  arrives  in  Europe  in  tiie  spring, 
builds  its  nest  in  the  fields  and  meadows,  and  de- 
parts in  the  autumn.  Its  eggs  are  esteemed  a  great 
delicacy.    It  is  found  also  in  Asia  and  Africa. 

N.  li.  The  lapv/ing  is  called  Teewit  in  ScotUuid, 
(Ed.  Eiicvc.)  and  is  the  same  bird. 

'TIS,  a  contraction  of  it  is. 

TIS'IC,         /  0.     [For  Phthisic,  pMTmsiCiL.]     Con- 

TIS'I€-AL,  i      sumplivc. 

TlS'ie,  7J,     [Supra.]    Consumption  ;  morbid  waste. 

TIS'RI,  (tiz'ri,)  11.  The  first  Hebrew  month  cf  the 
civil  year,  and  tlie  seventh  of  tiic  ecclesiastical ;  an- 
swering to  a  part  of  our  September  and  a  piirt  of  Oc- 
tober. 

TIS'SUE,  (tish'yu,)  n.     [Fr.  (lA-iM,  woven  ;   tisser,  to 

'      lay  the  groundwork  of  lace,  to  weave.] 


TIT 

1.  Cloth  interwoven  with  gold  or  silver,  or  with 
figured  colors. 

A  ruU.'  of  tiatue,  BtilT  with  ^Idcii  wire.  DvyJen. 

2.  In  anatmnij,  texture  or  organization  of  parts. 
The  pi'culiar,  intimate  structure  of  a  part  is  called  its 
tissue.  A  pait  of  a  fibrous  structure  is  called  a 
fibrous  tissue.  The  organs  of  the  body  are  made  up 
of  simpler  elements,  some  generally  dilfused  through 
the  body,  and  others  peculiar  to  particular  organs. 
'I'hese  simpli^r  structures  are  called  the  tissues  (.f  the 
body;  as,  the  cellular  ti.ssHe,  the  mucous  tissue,  Ulc. 
The  cellular  tissue  is  the  cellular  membrane. 

Bicltat.     Cye. 

3.  A  connected  series  ;  as,  the  whole  story  is  :i  tis- 
sue of  forgeries  or  of  faKjchood. 

Tissnepaper;  very  thin,  gauze-like  [laptr,  such  as 
is  used  to  protect  engravings  in  books. 
TIS'SUE,  (tish'yu,)  v.  t.    To  form  tissue ;  to  inter- 
Weave ;  to  variegate. 

The  chariot  was  covered  with  cloth  of  goM  Hssued  iiimn  Unc. 

ISacon . 

TIS'SU-lJD,(tish'yude,)ji?.  Interwoven  ;  formed  with 
variegated  work. 

TIS'SU-ING,(tish'yu-ing,)7Jj)r.  Interweaving;  form- 
ing with  variegated  work. 

TIT,  71.  A  small  horse,  in  contempt;  a  woman,  in  con- 
(cinpt ;  a  small  bird  ;  a  titmouse  or  tomtit. 

TI  T  AN-IT'IG  1  ^'    i'^'"'''*""'5  *o  titanium. 

Tl-TAN-IF'ER-OUS,  a.     [titanium  and  L.  fero.] 

Containing  or  aUording  titanium  ;  as,  titamfcrous 
pyrites.  Cleaveland. 

Ti'TAN-TTE,  n.  The  same  mineral  with  sidiene, 
which  see.  Dana. 

TI-Ta'NI-UI\1,  71.  In  mineralogy,  :i  metal  discovered 
hy  Gregor,  in  1791,  in  Cornv/all,  England.  It  \a  of  a 
deejvblue  color.  It  occurs  in  diflerenl  states  of  oxy- 
dation  or  intermixture,  in  various  parts  of  the  worhl. 
The  ores  of  this  metal  are  calleil  menachanitr,  from 
Menachaii,  in  Cornwall,  where  it  was  originally 
found;  iscrine,  from  the  River  Iscr,  in  Silesia;  m- 
grinc,  from  its  black  color;  .fjihcnej  rutilc,  and  octahe- 
drite. 

TIT'UIT,  n.    A  tender  piece.     [See  Tioni 


oniT.] 
-■nt  of  t 


TIT U'A-ilLE,  a.    Subject  to  the  payment  oftitlies. 

Swift. 

TITHE,  H.  [Sax.  teotha,  probably  contracted  from 
tpotrctha,  astho  verb  is  teighthiaiXy  to  decimate.  See 
Te°n.] 

The  tenth  part  of  any  tiling  ;  but  appropriately,  the 
tenth  part  of  the  increase  annually  arising  from  ibe 
profits  of  land  and  stock,  allotted  to  the  clergy  fur 
llielr  support.  Tithes  are  personal,  predial,  or  vtixed ; 
personal,  when  accruing  from  labor,  art,  trade,  and 
navigation  ;  predial,  when  issuing  from  the  earth,  as 
hay,  wood,  and  fruit;  and  mixed,  when  accruing 
from  beasts  whicli  are  fed  from  the  ground. 

Btaek,<tone. 

TITHE,  V.  t.  To  levy  a  tenth  part  on  ;  to  lax  to  the 
amount  of  a  tenth. 

When  thou  hast  made  an  end  of  ^Oiing  nil  tlic  tithes  of  ihinc 

incrcas'.'.  —  Dent.  xxvi. 
ye  ti£/ic  ininl  and  me.  —  Luke  xi. 

TITHE,  T,  i.     To  pay  tithes.  Tusser. 

TITH'iCD,  (lUhd,)  itp.    Taxed  a  tenth. 

TiTHE'-FREE,  a.  Exemjit  from  the  paynu-nt  of 
tithes. 

TITIIE'-PaY-ING,  a.  Paying  tithes;  subjected  to 
pay  tithes.  FranKlin. 

TiTII'ER,  71.     One  who  collects  tithes. 

TITH'ING,  ppr.  Levying  a  tax  on  to  the  amount  of 
a  tenth. 

TITH'ING,  n.  A  decennary;  a  number  or  company 
of  ten  householders  who,  dwelling  near  each  other, 
were  sureties  or  freo  pledges  to  the  king  for  the  good 
behavior  of  each  other.  Tho  insliluti(m  of  tithings 
in  England  is  ascribed  to  Alfred.  Blackstone. 

TITil'ING-WAN,  7t.  [tithing  and  man.]  The  chief 
man  of  a  tithing;  a  headhorough;  one  elected  to 
preside  over  the  tithing.  Blachstone. 

2.  A  peace  ofliccr;  an  under  constable. 

3.  In  JVrw  England,  a  parish  oflicer  annually  elect- 
ed to  preserve  good  order  in  the  church  during  divine 
service,  and  to  make  comidaint  of  any  disorderly 
conduct. 

TI-'J'HON'ie,  a.     [Gr.  TiOcovw?.] 

Pertaining  to  or  denoting  those  rajs  of  light  whi<  b 
produce  chemical  eflecls. 
TlTH-0-NIC'I-TY,  7J.   A  name  given  to  that  property 
of  lit;ht  by  which  it,  produces  cliemical  effects;  siip- 
jiosed  hy  some  to  be  a  distinct,  iniiionderable  agent. 

Draper. 
TITH'Y-MAL,  7;.    [Fr.  tithymale;  Gr.  riOvpaXo^,  from 
titOii^,  the  breast.] 
A  plant  of  the  genus  Euphorbia. 
TIT'IL^LaTE,  v.  i.     [L.  titUlo.] 
To  tickle. 

'I'he  pun:^nl  grahis  of  litillatitig  dust.  Pope, 

TIT'lL-LA-TING,  ppr.  OTa.    Tickling. 
TlT-IL-LA'TION,  n.     [Fr.,  from  L.  titillctio.] 

1.  Tlie  act  of  tickling;  or  tho  state  of  being  ticK- 
Icd.  Bacon.    Arhathnot. 


F.\TE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MeTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARtNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  ROOK. 


1I5() 


TO 

2.  Any  slight  pleasure. 

The  r™**"'^ts  of  those  titiliatiom  Um  ttach  ii 
sciisea. 


'  hisl"'"'"  limn  llie 
UUuniih, 

TIT^LARK,  K.  ['''  3"il  lark.]  A  small  binl,  a  spe- 
cies of  Alauda,  vi  lark. 

TI'TLE,  (U'tl,)  7(.  [I>.  fi/u^u.';;  It.  titolo.  This  may 
belong  to  the  family  of  Gr.  ti^.i/i;,  to  set  or  put  j  Sax. 
tUhiaity  to  give.] 

1.  An  iuscription  put  over  any  thing  as  a  name  by 
which  it  is  known. 

2.  The  iuscription  in  the  beginning  of  a  hook,  con- 
taining the  subject  of  the  work,  and  soineiinics  the 
author's  name. 

X  In  the  cicil  and  canon  laios,  a  chapter  or  division 
of  a  bock. 

4.  An  appellation  of  dignity,  distinction,  or  pre- 
eminence given  to  persons  ;  as  duke,  marquis,  and 
the  like.  Ctjc. 

5.  A  name ;  an  appellation. 

Ill  n-orthy  I  snch  iille  should  beIo:ig 

To  me  liansgn;ssor.  Milton. 

6.  Right ;  or  that  which  constitutes  a  just  cause  of 
exclusive  possession;  that  which  is  the  foundation 
of  ownership  j  a^s,  a  good  tide  to  an  estate ;  or  an 
imperfect  tide.  The  lowest  degree  of  title  is  naked 
possession,  then  comes  the  right  of  possession,  and 
lastly  the  right  of  property,  all  which  united  com- 
plete the  titU.  Blaclistone. 

But  -po^ssession  is  not  essential  to  a  complete  title. 
A  title  to  personal  property  may  be  acquired  by  oc- 
cupancy.    A  claim  is  not  a  tide. 

7.  The  instrument  which  is  evidence  of  a  right. 
6.  In  Vie  canon,  laio,  that  by  which  a  beneficiary 

holds  a  benefice.  I'his  is  true  and  valid  or  colorable. 
A  valid  title  gives  a  riglit  to  the  benefice.  A  colora- 
ble title  appears  to  be  valid,  but  is  not.  Cyc. 

9.  In  ajtciejtt  church  records,  a  church  to  which  a 
priest  was  ordained,  and  where  he  was  to  reside. 

Cowcl. 
TT'TLE,  V.  t.    To  name  ;  to  coll ;  to  entitle.     Milton. 
Ti'TL£D,  (tx'tld,)  pp.    Called  j  named. 

2.  a.     Having  a  title. 
Ti'TLE-LESS,  a.     Not  having  a  title  or  name.     [JVot 

in.  iise-l  Shale. 

TI'TLE-PaGE,  ti.     {tide  and  pa^c.}    The  page  of  a 

book  which  contains  its  title. 
TI'TLING,  ppr.    Calling  ;  denominating  ;  entitling. 
TIT'MOUSE,  n. ;  pi.  Titsiice.  [lit,  small,  and  ■nioxtsr.'[ 
A  small  bird  of  the  genus  Panis,  of  Linnaeus. 
There  are  numerous  species,  which  feed  on  insects, 
seeds,  &c.    Their  notes  are  shrill  and  wild. 

Dnjden,     Jardine. 
TIT'TER,  V.  L    To  laugh  with  the  tongue  striking 
against  the  root  of  the  upper  teeth ;  to  laugh  with 
rt-'straint.  Pope. 

TIT'TER,  71.    A  restrained  laugh. 

2.  A  weed. 
TIT'TER-IXG,  n.    Restrained  laughter. 
TIT'TLE,  (tit't!,)  n.     [from  tUy  small.]     A  small  par- 
ticle :  a  minute  part ;  a  jot ;  an  iota. 
TIT'TLE-TAT'TLE,  n.     [tattle  doubled.]    Idle,  tri- 
fling talk  ;  empty  prattle.  Prior. 
2.  An  idle,  trifling  talker.     [Le<3  propcr.'\ 
TIT'TLE-TAT'TLE,  v.  i.    To  talk  idly ;  to  pmte. 

Sidney. 
TIT'TLE-TAT'TLIXG,  n.    The  act  of  prating  idly. 
TIT'U-BaTE,  v.  i.     [L,  titubo.] 

To  stumble. 
TIT-U-B.\'TI0N,  n.     [L.  titubo,  to  stumble.] 

The  act  of  stumbling. 
TIT'U-LAR,  a.     [Fr.  tilulaire ;  from  L.  titulus.] 

1.  Existing  in  title  or  name  only  ;  nominal ;  having 
or  conferring  the  title  only  ;  as,  a  (jfn/ur  king  or  prince. 

2.  Having  the  title  to  an  office  or  dignity  without 
discharging  the  duties  of  it. 

Both  Viileriaa  and  Austin  were  tkular  bi^ope.  AyliJTe. 

TrT'TJ-LAR,      \  n.    A  person  invested  with  a  title,  in 

TIT'lT-LA-RY,  (  virtue  of  which  he  holds  an  office 
or  benefice,  whether  he  performs  the  duties  of  it  or 
not  Cyc. 

TIT-U-LAR'I-TY,  n.    The  state  of  being  titular. 

■J'IT'U-LAR-I,Y,  ndn.    Nominally  ;  by  title  only. 

TIT'lj-LA-RY,  a.    Consisting  in  a  title.  Bacon. 

2.  Pertaining  to  a  title.  Bacon. 

TIV'ER,  n.  A  kind  of  ocher  which  is  used  in  mark- 
ing slieep  in  some  parts  of  England.     {Local.']     Cyc. 

TIV'ER,  V.  t.  To  mark  sheep  with  tiver,  in  different 
wavs  and  for  difft:rent  purposes.     [Local.] 

TIV'ER-lNG,j?pr.     Marking  with  tiver.     [Local] 

TIV'ER-ING,  n.  The  act  or  practice  of  marking  with 
tiver.     [Local.]  Cijc. 

TIV'V,  adv.  [fjec  Tast!vv.]  With  great  speed;  a 
huntsman's  word  or  sound.  Dryden. 

TiMlc'SIS,  71.  [Gr.]  A  figure  by  which  a  compound 
word  is  separated,  by  the  intervention  of  one  or 
more  words ;  as  qua  vieo  cnnque  animo^  for  quacuiiqne 
meo  animo. 

TO,  prep.  [Sax.  to  ;  D,  (e,  or  toe :  G,  :u ;  Ir.  and  Gaelic, 
do  ;  Corn.  t/io.  'I'his  is  probably  a  contracted  word, 
but  from  what  verb  it  is  not  easy  to  ascertain.  The 
sense  is  obvious;  it  denotes  passing,  moving  toward. 
The  pronunciation  is  to  or  (oo,  and  this  depends 
much  on  its  application  or  its  emphasis.] 


TO 

I.  Noting  nu'titm  toward  a  place  ;  opposed  to 
FnoM,  or  plactil  aller  another  word  expressing  mo- 
liim  toictird.     lie  is  going  to  church. 

9.  Noting  motion  toward  a  state  or  condition.  He 
is  going  to  a  trado ;  ht^  is  rising  to  weallli  and  honor. 

'^.  Noting  acconl  or  adaptation  ;  as,  an  occupation 
suited  to  his  taste  ;  she  has  a  husband  to  her  mind. 

4.  Noting  address  or  ciunpellation,  or  the  direction 
of  a  discourse.  These  remarks  were  addressed  to  a 
large  audience. 

To  you,  my  noble  lord  of  Wcatinorcland  ; 

I  pledgf^  your  gncc.  ShaJ:. 

5.  Noting  attention  or  application. 

Go,  buckle  to  the  Inw.  Dryden. 

Mediuue  on  these  lliitiga ;  give  thyself  wholly  to  them.  —  I 
Tim.  iv. 

G.  Noting  addition. 

Add  to  your  fiiih  virtue. — 2  Pel.  i. 

Wisdom  he  h.is,  ami  to  his  wisdom,  countje.  Dcnham. 

7.  Noting  opposition.    They  engaged  hand  to  hand. 

8.  Noting  amount,  rising  to.  They  met  us  to  the 
number  of  three  iuuuired. 

9.  Noting  proportion  ;  as,  three  is  to  nine  as  nine 
is  to  twenty  seven.  It  is  ten  to  one  that  you  will 
ollend  liy  your  officiousness. 

10.  Noting  possession  or  appropriation.  We  have 
a  good  seat;  let  us  keep  it  to  ourselves. 

II.  Noting  perception  ;  as,  a  substance  sweet  to 
the  taste  ;  an  event  painful  to  llie  niiud. 

12.  Noting  the  subject  of  an  affirmation. 

I  ti.ive  a  king's  oath  to  the  conintiy.  Shaic, 

13.  Noting  the  subject  of  remark  ;  as,  I  shall  speak 
to  one  point  only.  Lord  Ckatham. 

14.  In  comparison  of. 

All  that  ihcy  did  w.is  piety  to  tliis.  B.  Jonson. 

10.  As  far  as. 

Few  of  the  Esquimaux  cAn  count  to  ten.  Qunrt.  Itcvit-tD. 

IG.  Noting  intention. 

M.irks  acid  points  out  each  man  of  U3  to  Blaughtcr.     B.  Joman. 

[In  this  sense.  For  is  now  used.] 

17.  .Alter  an  adjective,  luiling  (he  object ;  as,  deaf 
to  the  cries  of  distress  ;  alive  to  the  sulierings  of  the 
poor.  He  was  attentive  to  the  company,  or  to  tlic 
disrourse. 

18.  Noting  obligation  ;  as,  duty  to  God,  and  to  our 
parents. 

19.  Noting  enmity  ;  as,  a  dislike  to  spiritous 
liquors. 

90.  Toward  ;  as,  she  stretched  her  arms  to  heaven. 

Dryden. 

21.  Noting  effect  or  end.  The  prince  was  flattered 
to  his  ruin.  He  engaged  in  a  war  to  his  cost.  Vio- 
lent factions  exist  to  the  prejudice  of  the  state. 

Numbers  were  crowded  to  death.  Clarendon. 

23.  Toy  as  a  sign  of  the  infinitive,  precedes  tlie 
radical  verb.  Bomctimes  it  is  used  instead  of  the 
ancient  form, /or  ftJ,  noting  purpose.  David  in  his 
lifetime  intended  to  build  a  temple.  The  legisla- 
ture assem'jies  annually  to  make  and  amend  laws. 
The  court  will  sit  in  Fct>ruar>*  to  try  some  inipoitant 
causes. 

23.  It  precedes  the  radical  verb  after  adjectives, 
noting  the  object ;  as,  ready  to  go  ;  prompt  to  obey  ; 
quick  to  hear,  but  slowio  censure. 

24.  It  precedes  the  radical  verb,  noting  the  object. 

The  dc!ny  of  our  hoj-i<:3  teaches  us  '.o  moiiify  our  cksiirs. 

Smaliridge. 

25.  It  precedes  the  radical  verb,  noting  coiu'e- 
quence. 

1  have  done  my  utmost  to  lead  my  life  so  flc-is-intly  as  tn  forgtt 
my  misfonunts.  Pope. 

20.  It  notes  extent,  degree,  or  end.  He  languislies 
to  death,  even  to  deatli.  The  water  rises  to  tiie 
hight  of  twenty  feet.  The  line  extends  from  one 
end  to  the  other. 

27.  After  the  substantive  verb,  and  with  the  radi- 
cal verb,  it  denotes  futurity.  The  construction,  we 
arc  to  meet  at  ten  o'clock,  every  man  at  death  15  to 
receive  the  reward  of  his  deeds,  is  a  ])artir.ular  form 
of  expressing  future  time. 

23.  After  have,  it  denotes  duly  or  necessity.  I 
have  a  debt  to  pay  o::  i5at'-'rd2y. 

2D.  To-day,  to-nisht,  to-morrow,  are  peculiar  phrases 
derived  from  cur  ancestors.  To,  in  the  two  first,  has 
the  sense  or  force  of  this;  thi:i  day,  tAts  night.  In 
the  last,  it  is  equivalent  tn  in  or  0:1 ;  in  or  ok  the 
morrow.  The  words  may  be  considered  as  com- 
pounds, to-day,  to-ni<^ht,  tn-morrow,  and  usually  as 
adverbs.  But  sometimes  they  ore  used  as  nouns; 
as,  to-day  is  ours.  Cowley. 

Toandfro;  backward  and  forward.  In  this  phrase, 
to  is  adverbial. 

To  the  face  ,■  in  presence  of;  not  in  the  absence  of. 

1  willistood  h\m /lice  to  face.  —  Gid.  ii. 

Tii-motroiB,  ui-jnorroic,  nud  lo-moi^oie  ; 

Crcips  ill  Uiia  p'tty  par..:  Lom  day  to  d:'y.  Skck. 

j\rotr.  —  In  the  foregoing  e.xplanalton  of  to,  it  is  to 
be  considered  that  tlie  definition  given  is  not  always 
the  sense  of  to  by  itself,  but  the  sense  rather  of  the 
word  pif.ceding  it,  or  connected  with  it,  or  of  to  in 


TOC 

connection  with  other  words.  In  general,  to  ia  used 
in  the  sense  of  moving  toward  a  place,  or  toward  an 
object,  or  it  expresses  direction  totcard  a  place,  end, 
object,  or  puriwse. 

To  is  often  used  adverbially  to  modify  the  sense  of 
verbs ;  as,  to  eovtc  to  ;  to  heave  to.  TJie  sense  of  such 
phrases  is  exjilained  under  the  verbs  respectively. 

In  popular  phrases  like  the  following,  "I  will  not 
couie  ;  you  shall  to  or  too,"  a  genuine  E^axon  fihrase, 
to  denotes  moreover,  besides,  L.  insuper. 

ToAI),  n.     [Sax.  tade,  faA>f.] 

A  paddoc  ;  a  batrachian  reptile,  of  the  genua  Bufo, 
a  snial), clumsy  animal,  the  body  warty  and  thick, 
perfectly  harmless,  and  indeed  it  is  said  to  be  useful 
in  gardens  by  feeding  on  noxious  insects, 

T0AD'-EAT-ER,».  a  vulgar  name  given  toafav/n- 
ing, obsequious  parasite;  a  mean  sycophant. 

ToAU'-FISII,t(.  [toad  and  Ji^lt.]  A  fish  of  the  genus 
i»*trachus,  aUied  to  the  fishing  frog  or  angler. 

Storer's  .Ma-^s.  Rep. 

TdAD'-FLAX,  n.  [load  and  Jiax.]  A  plant,  the 
Linaria  vulgaris  or  calves*  snout. 

ToAD'ISir,  a.    Like  a  load.     [jYot  tucd.]     Stajfurd. 

ToAD'-STortE,  TI.  [/oflf/and  stone.]  \nmincralo<nj, 
a  variety  of  irnp-rock,  of  a  brownish-gmy  colo'r. 
Tho  toad-stone  of  Derbyshire  is  generally  a  dark- 
brown  basaltic  amygdaloid,  comjKi^ed  of  basalt  ami 
green  earth,  and  containing  oblong  cavities  filled  with 
calcareous  spar.  Cyc. 

ToAD'-STOur>,  n.  [toad  and  stooL]  A  mushroom, 
a  plant  which  commonly  grows  in  moist  and  ri  !: 
grounds. 

ToAD'Y,  71.    A  toad-eater,     [yutgar.]        m  Sc-  ■■. 

ToAST,  f.  t.  I.Sp.  and  Port,  tostar,  to  toast  or  roa^U 
Ciu.  are  the:;e  from  the  L.  tostus  7  ] 

1.  To  dry  and  scorch  by  tho  heat  of  a  fire  3  as,  to 
toa.^t  bread  or  cheese. 

[It  is  chicjly  limited  in  ifj  applieation  to  these  two 
articles  ] 

2.  To  warm  Ihorougiilyj  as,  to  toaat  'ho  feeL 
[jV<*t  much  Ksed.] 

3.  To  name  when  a  health  is  drank ;  to  drink  to 
the  health  in  honor  of;  as,  to  toast  a  lady.  Addison 
writes  "  to  toast  the  healtli ;"  a  form  of  e.xpression, 
I  believe,  not  now  used. 

ToAST,  n.  Bread  dried  and  scorched  by  the  fire  ;  or 
such  bread  dipped  in  melted  butter,  or  in  some 
liquor.  Dry  toast  is  bread  scorched,  or  it  is  scorched 
bread  with  butterspread  upon  it.  Soft  toast  is  made 
by  immersing  toasted  bread  in  melted  butter,  and 
called  dipped  toast. 

2.  A  female  whose  health  is  drank  in  honor  or  re- 
spect. 

The  wise  man's  passiou,  aud  the  vniii  nuui's  toaet.         Pope. 

3.  He  or  lliut  which  is  named  in  honor  in  drinking. 
ToAST'ED,  pp.  or  a.    Scorched  by  heat  j  named  in 

drinking  the  health. 

ToAST'ER,  71.    One  who  toasts. 

2.  An  instrument  for  toasting  bread  or  cheese. 

ToAST'ING,  ppr.  Scorching  by  fire  ;  drinking  to  the 
honor  of. 

TO-BACeO,  It.  [Perhaps  from  Tabaco,  a  province  of 
Yucatan,  in  Spanish  America,  where  it  was  fir?t 
found  by  the  Spaniards.  Cut  this  account  cf  its 
origin  is  very  doubtful.  Las  Casas  says  that  in  tin- 
first  voyage  of  Columbus  the  Spaniards  saw  in  Cujta 
many  persons  smoking  dry  herbs  or  leaves^ollcd  up 
in  tubes  called  tabacos.  Charlevoix,  ia  his  History 
of  St.  Douiinique,  says  tliat  tlie  instrument  used  in 
smoking  was  called  tabaco.] 

A  plant,  a  native  of  America,  of  the  genual  Niro- 
tiana,  much  used  for  smoking,  and  chewing,  and  in 
snuff.  As  a  medicine,  it  is  narcotic,  emetic,  and 
cathartic  ;  and  it  possesses  two  additional  iwwers  :;t 
least,  if  not  more.  Tol>acco  has  a  strong  disa^rrce- 
able  smell,  and  an  acrid  taste.  When  first  used,  it 
sometimes  occasions  vomiting,  &.c  ;  but  the  prictii  <■ 
of  using  it  in  any  form  soon  conquers  distaste,  ami 
forms  a  relish  for  it  that  is  strong  and  almost  un- 
conquerable. 

TO-DAe'CO-NING,  a.    Smoking  tobacco.   Bp.  Hall. 

TO-liAC€0-NIST,  n.  A  dealer  in  tobacco;  also,  a 
manufacturer  of  tobacco. 

TO-BA€'€0-PiPE,  n.  [tobacco  and  pipe.]^  A  piiie 
used  for  smoking  tobacco,  often  made  ol  clay  and 
baked,  sometimes  of  other  material. 

TO-BACeO-PiPE  €LaY,  it.  A  species  of  clay  used 
in  making  tobacco  pipes  ;  called  also  CtnoLiTE. 

TO-BAe'eb-PIPE  FISH,  H.  A  name  of  the  Syng- 
nathus  Acus,  of  Linnams  ;  called  also  Nbedle-Fisu. 

Cye. 

TO-B A€^eO-STOP'PER,  w.  An  instmment  for  pre.-s- 
ing  down  the  tobacco  as  it  is  smoked  in  a  pipe. 

To'BINE,  (-bin,)  n.  A  stout  twilled  silk,  used  lor 
dresses ;  it  much  resembles  the  Florentine. 

TO€-€A'T.l,  11.    [It.]    In  music,  a  prelude. 

TOCK'AY,  7t.  A  species  of  geeks  or  siwlted  lizard  in 
India.  Cyc, 

TOeOL'O-OY,  TI.     [Gr.  tpjco?,  and  \'^)og.] 

The  science  of  obstetrics  or  midwifcr>-;  or  that 
department  of  medicine  which  treats  of  parturition. 

TOe'SI.N".  ri.  [Fr. ;  .^.rmoric,  for^,  a  stroke,  from  the 
root  of  touch,  and  sonn  or  ^ciii"-,  sound.] 


TCNE,  Bi:jLL,  IJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K  ;  CJ  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS 


1157 


TOI 


TOL 


TOL 


An  alarm  bell,  or  the  ringing  of  a  beU  for  the  pur- 
pose of  alarm. 
TOD  II.    I  In  Gaelic,  tod  is  a  clod,  a  raaS3.J 

;'  A  bush  ;  a  thick  shrub.     [Obs.]  Spenser. 

2.  A  quantity  of  wool  of  twenty-eight  pounds,  or 
two  stone.  „    , 

3    A  fox.  ^-  -'''"'"'"• . 

tod!  ».  (.    To  weigh ;  to  produce  a  tod.    [Jyv>t  in 

TO-UAY',  71.     [to  and  day.]     Tlie  present  day. 

TOD'DLK,  (tod'dl.)  v.  i.  To  walit  with  short  staps, 
as  a  child.  Halhivetl. 

TOU'DY  71.  A  juice  drawn  from  various  kinds  ot  the 
palm  ii'i  the  liast  Indies ;  or  a  epiritous  liquor  pre- 
pared from  it.  .  , 
2  A  mixture  of  Rpirit  and  water  sweetened. 
Toddy  differs  from  grog  in  having  a  less  proportion 
id'  suiiit,  and  in  being  sweetened. 

TO'DV  7!.  The  popular  name  of  an  insectrvorous 
gpniis'  of  passerine  birds  of  America,  somewhat  re- 
sembling the  king.ftshers.  ^^    rv  „    

'  ToE  fto,)  71.  rSax.  (a;  G.  zche ;  Sw.  ta;  Dan.  taae, 
Fr.'  dai''t  du  pied ;  L.  digit,^.  Toe  is  contracted 
ftom  to'^,  the  primary  word  on  which  L.  dii^ttus  is 
furmedrcoinciding  with  dug,  and  signilymg  a  shoot. 

r'biie  of  the  small  members  which  form  the  ex- 
tremity of  the  foot,  corresponding  to  a  linger  on  the 
hand.  The  toes,  in  their  form  and  structure,  resem- 
ble the  fingers,  but  are  shorter. 

2.  The  fore  part  of  the  hoof  of  a  horse,  and  oi 
other  hoofed  animals. 

3.  The  member  of  a  beast's  foot  corresponding  to 
the  toe  in  man. 

To'-ED  (tode,)i!-    In  compo7i7td3,  having  toes;  as,  nar- 
row-loci ;  thick-totii ;  slender-tocrf.  ITitcUock. 
TO-FoRE',  prep,  or  adu.     [Sax.  toform:  to  and  fore. i 

Before ;  formerly.     [Obs.]  S/io*. 

TOFT,  77.     [Probably  from  the  root  of  t77/(.J 

].  A  grove  of  trees.  Cye. 

".  [Dan.  toflc  or  tomt.]     In  laio  books,  a  place 
where  a  messuage  has  stood,  but  is  decayed. 
To'FUS,  71.    SeeTi'Fi.  [Coacl.     Cyc 

To'Ga-TED,  j    a.       [L.    t<i^a>    a    gown  ;    togatus, 
To'G£D,  i       gowned.] 

Gowned ;  dressed  in  a  gown  ;  wearing  a  gown  , 
as,  toged  consuls.  J^'.- 

TO'OJ  VI-RI'LIS,  [L.]     The  manly  gown.     This 
was  assumed  by  Roman  boys  about  the  time  of  com- 
pleting their  fourteenth  year.  S/7iit;i'a  Diet. 
TO  GETH'ER,  adv.     [Sax.  togietlire ;  to  and  gatlier.i 

1.  In  company.    We  walked  together  to  the  wood. 

2.  In  or  into  union. 
Th5  kin?  joined  humonilj  and  policy  lojelAfr.  Bacon. 

3.  In  the  same  place ;  as,  to  live  together  in  one 

4.  In  the  same  time  ;  as,  to  live  together  in  the 
same  age.  ,  „ 

5.  In  concert ;  as,  the  allies  made  war  upon  France 
to<retber. 

6.  Into  junction  or  a  state  of  union  ;  as,  to  sew, 
knit,  pin,  or  fasten  two  things  together;  to  mix 
things  together. 

Together  with ;  in  union  with ;  in  company  or  mix- 
ture with. 

Take  the  bad  together  mth  the  good.  Dryden. 

TOG'Gi!L,  n.  A  small  wooden  pin  tapering  toward 
both  ends.  Mar.  Diet. 

T015'GER-Y,  n.  [L.  toga.]  Clothes;  garments. 
[Sportive  or  loiD.] 

TOG'GLE-JOINT,  7i.     An  elbow  or  knce-jomt,  con- 


To  make  one's  tailet  I  to  adjust  one's  dress  with 

Tol-l'.I-NETTE',  71.  [Fr.]  A  cloth,  the  weft  of 
which  is  of  woolen  yarn,  and  the  warp  of  cotton 
and  silk.     It  is  used  for  waistcoats. 

Encyc  of  Dom.  hxon. 
TOIL'I.NG,  ppr.    Laboring  with  pain. 
TOIL'LESS,  II.     Free  from  toil.  .      ,    i 

TOIL'SOiME,  a.  Laborious;  wearisome;  attcndcu 
with  fatigue  and  pain  ;  as,  toilsome  work  ;  a  toilsome 
task. 

Wljal  tun  be  MUMOt  in  Ihnso  plcisant  walks  f  Mtllan. 

».  Producing  toil  ;  as,  a  toibome  day  or  journey. 
TOIL'SOME-LY,  ado.    In  a  toilsome  manner. 
TOIL'SOME-NESS,  n.     Laboriousncss  ;  wearisome- 


3.  Moderately  well;  passably;  not  perfectly  ;  as,  a 

constitution  tolerably  dtm.    The  advocate  speaks  tol- 

crablii  w'ell.  ...         .  ,         tr. 

TOL'ER-ANCE,  7i.      [L.  toieroiilia,  ftom  tolero,  to 

'^The  power  or  capacity  of  enduring ;  or  the  act  of 
enduring. 

Dio»cn^.,  one  frosty  morning,  eanic  lo  Ihe  nmrkcl-plac. ,  .hak. 
"ins,  10  e\i)V  Ilia  tolerance.  Liacon. 

But  Iktoleuance  is  in    common 


Enduring;    indulgent;    favoring 


TOISE,  (toiz,)77.  [Fr.]  A  falliom  or  long  measure  in 
France,  containing  six  French  feet,  or  about  six  and 
a  half  English  feet.    It  is  equal  to  two  meters. 

Edin.  Encyc  JUcCullock. 
TO-KAY',  n.  A  kind  of  wine  produced  at  Tokay  in 
Huiigarv,  made  of  wliito  grapes.  It  is  distinguished 
from  other  wines  by  its  aromatic  taste.  It  is  not 
good  till  it  is  about  three  years  old,  and  it  continues 
to  improve  as  long  as  it  is  kept. 
TO'KE.M,  (to'kn,)  77.  [Sax.  taen,  tacm ;  Goth,  taikns  , 
D.teeken:  Dan.  tii»-ii  f  Sw.  tcckn ;  G.  -.C7ae7i.  1  liii. 
may  be  the  same  word  as  the  L.  stgnum,  dialectically 
varied,  or  from  the  same  radix  ;  Gr.  iiii)ci'o(ii.J 

1  A  si"n  ;  something  intended  to  represent  or  in- 
dicate anotherthing  or  an  event.  Thus  the  rainbow 
is  a  token  of  God's  covenant  established  will  i\oah. 
The  blood  of  the  paschal  lamb,  sprinkled  on  the 
doors  of  the  Hebrews,  was  a  token  to  the  destroying 
angel  of  God's  will  that  lie  sliould  pass  by  those 
houses.     Oeii.  ix.    Exod.  xii 


UG  iJljEi-Jl-'li'l  *  ,  77.       /Ill    ClUUW    Ol     ivu^^-j.^.."', 

sisting  of  two  bars  so  connected  that  they  may  be 
brought  into  a  straight  line. 

TOIL,  I',  i.  [Sax.  teolan,  tiolan,  to  strive,  strain,  urge, 
to  prepare,  to  heal,  to  toil,  and  tilian,  tiligan,  to  pre- 
pare or  provide,  to  till,  to  toil,  to  study  or  be  solicit- 
ous ;  Russ.  dialayu.  The  primary  sense  is  expressed 
ill  the  Saxon,  to  strain,  lo  urge.     Class  Dl.] 

To  labor ;  to  work ;  to  exert  strength  with  pain 
and  fatigue  of  body  or  mind,  parlici(?i7777^of  the  body, 
with  efforts  of  some  continuance  or  duration. 

TOIL,  77.  (.    To  toil  out ;  to  labor  ;  to  work  out. 

Toiled  otil  my  uncouth  passage.  MUton. 

9.  To  weary  ;  to  overlabor  ;  as,  toiled  with  works 
of  war.     [JVot  171  use,  nor  proper.]  Shak. 

TOIL,  n.  Labor  with  pain  and  fatigue ;  labor  tliat 
oppresses  the  body  or  mind.  Toil  may  be  the  labor 
of  the  field,  or  the  workshop,  or  of  the  camp.  What 
toils  men  endure  for  the  acquisition  of  wealth,  power, 
and  honor  1     Qen.  v. 

TOIL,  77.  [Fr.  loiles,  snare,  trap ;  Ir.  dul,  a  snav3  or 
gin  ;  L.  tela,  a  web  ;  from  spreading,  extending,  or 

^  AMt  or  snare ;  any  thread,  web,  or  string  spread 
for  taking  prey.  ■.,.       ■ 

TOIL'ER,  71.    One  who  toils,  or  labors  with  pain. 
TOIL'ET,  71.     [Fr.  toilette,  from  toilf,  cloth.] 

1  A  covering  or  cloth  of  linen,  silk,  or  tapestry, 
spread  over  a  table  in  a  chamber  or  dressing-room. 
Hence,  „ 

a.  .\  dressing-table.  ^"J"- 

3.  Mode  of  dressing  ;  as,  her  toiiet  is  perfect. 


Sliow  me  a  lol:cn  for  gooj.  —  Pa.  Irxxvi. 
0    A  mark      In  pestilential  diseases,  tokens  are 
livTd  spots  upon  the  body,  which  indicate   the  ap- 
proach of  death.  .  ^.      ,    '•'Jf.- ,, 

3.  A  memorial  of  friendship  ;  something  hy  which 
the  friendsliip  of  another  person  is  to  be  kept  >"  ^n"- 

4.  In  coinage,  tokens  were  coins  struck  in  the 
rei-m  of  Elizabeth  in  the  cities  of  Bristol,  Oxford, 
and  Worcester,  and  also  by  private  persons  which 
were  put  into  circulation,  and  upon  being  returned, 
the  issuer  gave  the  value  of  tliem  in  current  mo'^«y- 

5.  In  printing,  ten  quires  of  paper ;  an  extra  quire 
is  usually  added  to  every  other  token,  when  counted 
out  for  the  press.  ,.. .  ■  i 

To'KEN,  ti.  t.    To  make  known.    \J\ot  tn  ^^-i 

To'K£N-ED,  a.    Being  marked  witli  spots.      Shale. 
To'KEN-ING,  ppr.    Making  known  ;  marking  witu 

spots. 
ToL,  V.  t.     [L.  toUo.]  _,        ,     _ 

To  take  away  ;  a  law  term.     [See  Toll.]     Cyc. 
To'LA,  77.    In  Tndia,  a  weight  for  gold  and  silver,  but 

different  in  different  places. 
ToL'-BOOTH.     See  Toll-Booth. 
TOLD,  prct.  and  pp.  of  Tell. 

Who  toJd  ihee  that  Ihou  w.isl  naked  f  — Gen.  ili. 
Tliou  bast  mocked  me,  and  told  me  lies.  —  Judges  lyi. 
Sheep  and  oxen  dial  could  not  tie  told.  —  1  Kings  vul. 

ToLE,  71.  t.     [I  know  not  from  what  source  we  have 

this  word  ;  but  it  coincides  with  the  Ar.  ^.i  dulla, 
to  draw.    The  Etiiiopic  has  TA(D  taliea,  taloo,  to 


[Little  used. 
use.] 
TOL'ER-ANT, 

TOL'ER-AtE,  v.  t.  [Fr.  tolcrer ;  L.  tolero  froi"  '»"•'. 
to  hrt  ;  Ch.  Si-",  to  lift  or  raise.  Class  Ul,  ^o.  J,  anu 
see  No.  (i.  7.  18,  20,  28,  32.] 

To  suffer  to  be  or  to  be  done  without  prohibition 
or  hinderance  ;  to  allow  or  permit  negatively,  by  not 
preventing;  not  to  restrain;  ^^,>^" '"^"'l''^'''"7Z 
or  practices.  The  Protestant  religion  ;s  toUrated  in 
France,  and  the  Romish  in<;reat  Britain. 

Cryins.hooldnol  be  loleraKii  in  children.      .        ,„„^*'- 
The  l.?w  of  love  toleroUi  no  vice,  and  pUonu-s  everjvinoe. 

TOL'ER-A-TED,  pp.     Suffered  ;    allowed  ;   not  pro- 

liibitcd  or  restrained.  ,  ,„  i  .  „, 

TOL'ER-A-TING,  ;>;ir.    Enduring  ;  suffering  to  be  or 

to  be  done  ■,  allowing  ;  not  restraining. 
TOL-ER-A'TION,  77.     [L.  toteratw.]  ,  ■  ,     l 

The  .act  of  tolerating;  the  allowance  of  that  wliicli 
is  not  wholly  approved  ;  appnrpri.it ely,  the  al  ou  ance 
of  religious  opinions  and  modes  of  worship  in  a 
state,  when  contrarv  to  or  different  from  those  ol  the 
established  church  or  belief,  ri.l.inlii.71  unplies  a 
right  in  the  sovereign  to  control  men  m  their  opin- 
ions and  worship,  or  it  implies  the  actual  exercise  of 
power  in  such  control.  Where  no  power  exists,  or 
none  is  assumed,  to  establish  a  creed  and  a  mode  of 
worship,  there  can  be  no  toleration,  in  the  strie  sense 
of  the  word,  for  one  religious  denomination  has  as 
good  a  right  as  ancQier  to  the  free  enjoyment  of  its 
creed  and  worship.  .  r„ii,,„, 

ToL'ING,  wir.  Drawing  away  ;  inducing  to  follow. 
T5LL,  77.  [Sax.  toll;  D.  tol ;  Sw.  iiiU  ;  Dan.  !o  r( ;  G. 
zoll ;  W.  toll,  a  fraction, a  toll ;  toli  and  tchav,  to  cur- 
tail, to  diminish,  to  take  away,  to  spare  or  save,  to 
drni  out,  from  tiiwl,  a  throw,  a  casting  off,  a  separa- 
tion, a  cutting  off;  tolli,  from  toll,  to  suTitract,  totaU 
toll :  Gr.  n  Xoi,  toll,  custom,  and  end,  exit,  from  cut- 
ting off;  Fr.  taillcr,lo  cut  off,  (see  Tail;)  I^-  f ''™. 
to  separkte  ;  dail,  a  share,  Eng.  dole;  diolam,  to  se 
to  e.vcha.ige,  to  pay  toll.  This  is  from  thf  T""" 
deal.     See  Deal,  Sax.  bcda:lan.     Class  Dl,  I^o.  13.j 

I  \  tax  paid  for  some  liberty  or  privilege,  partic- 
ularly for  the  privilege  of  passing  over  a  bridge  or  on 
a  highway,  or  for  that  of  vending  goods  in  a  fair, 
market,  or  the  like.  ,     ,         .      <■  „ 

2.  A  liberty  to  buy  and  sell  within  the  bounds  of  a 

"3?"'  portion  of  grain  taken  by  a  miller  as  a  com- 
pensation for  grinding.  . 

TOLL,  r.  7".    To  pay  toll  or  tallage.  Sh^ 

o.  To  take  toll,  as  by  a  miller.  f  nss^. 

T6LL  ti.  7.    [W.  tol,  tola,  a  loud  sound,  a  din  ;  rets. 


OvjALj  taliian,  to  sound,  to  ring. 


follow,  and  AT  A(D  ataloo,  to  cause  to  follow.    It 
is  a  legitimate  word,  and  in  good  use.] 

To  draw  or  cause  to  follow  by  presenting  some- 
thing pleasing  or  desirable  to  view;  to  allure  by 
some  bait.  Thus  our  farmers  tole  sheep  and  make 
them  follow,  by  holding  to  them  a  measure  of  corn 
or  some  portion  of  fodder.  In  JVcio  England,  it  is 
applied  only  to  the  alluring  of  beasts.  Locke  has 
applied  it  to  men.  ,  .    e  „ 

ToL'BD   770.    Drawn  ;  allured ;  induced  to  follow. 
TO-LE'DO,  71.     A  sword  of  the  finest  temper;   so 
called  from  Toledo,  in  Spain,  once  famous  for  its 
swords  B.  .Toiison. 

TOL'ER-A-BLE,  a.  [Fr.,  from  L.  tolerab-Uis.  bee 
Tolerate.]  ,       ,  ,  ,  ,„ 

1  That  may  be  borne  or  endured ;  supportable, 
either  physically  or  mentally.  The  cold  in  Canada 
is  severe,  but  tolerable.  The  insults  and  indignities 
of  our  enemies  are  not  tolerable. 

It  shall  be  more  tolerable  for  Ih.-  land  ofSoaomand  Gomorrah  hi 
the  day  of  judgirient,  than  for  ttwl  city.  —  Matt.  X. 

o.  Moderately  good  or  agreeable  ;  not  contempti- 
ble ;  not  very  excellent  or  pleasing,  but  such  as  can 
be  borne  or  received  without  disgust,  resentment,  or 
opposition  ;  as,  a  tolerable  translation  ;  a  toieraWc  en- 
tertainment ;  a  tolerable  administration.  Swift. 

TOL'ER-A-BLE-NESS,  71.  The  state  of  being  tolera- 
ble. 

TOL'ER-.\-BLY,  arftJ.  Supportably;  in  a  manner  to 
be  endured. 


We  see  that 

W.  taml,  supra,  is  a  throw  or  cast,  a  driving,  and 
this  is  the  radical  sense  of  Sound.]  f„,„,u. 

To  sound  or  ring,  as  a  bell,  with  strokes  un  fomilj 
repeated  at  intervals,  as  at  funerals,  or  m  calling  as- 
semblies, or  to  announce  the  death  of  a  person. 

Now  sink  in  sorrows  with  »  lolling  bell.  Pope- 

TOLL,  II.  t.  [Supra.]  To  cause  a  bell  to  sounif  wilh 
BtVokes  slowly  and  uniformly  repeated,  as  for  s.inl- 
moning  public  bodies  or  religious  congregations  to 
Sek  incetings,  or  for  announcing  the  death  "fa  p«- 
son,  or  to  give  solemnity  to  a  funeral.  Tolling  is  a 
different  thing  from  ringing. 

^^'iS^o'taie^wayl  to  vacate;  .0  annul  ;  a  law 

'%'"Todraw.    [Fee  Tole.]  P"""; 

Toll,  77.    A  particular  sounding  of  a  belU     [See  the 

T5l'l'1bSR,«.  [loll  uni  bar.]  A  bar  or  beam  used 
for  stopping  boats  on  a  canal  at  the  toll-house,  or  on 

TC,Lv-iS6^r'  '[^"^iooth.]    A  place  where 
goods  are  weighed  to  ascertain  the  duties  or  to  I 
2.  A  prison.  .  ,i"i'!^Mh  ' 

ToLL'-BOOTH,  I',  t.    To  imprison  in  a  '""-'^^'J.'^)^ 

ToLL'-BRIDGE,  71.    A  bridge  where  toll  is  paid  for 

TOLL'ER,';.    One  who  collects  taxes ;  atoll-gatherer. 

a.  One  who  tolls  a  bell.  ... 

TCLL'-DISH,  77.  A  dish  for  measuring  toll  in  mills. 
TOLL'-GaTE,  71.  A  gate  where  toll  '  -  «"'™-  ,, 
tXt  I  '  GATH-ER-EE,  71.  The  man  who  takes  toll. 
?5LL':Sou1e,  n.    A  house  or  shed  placed  by  a^d 


FiTE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT. -METE,  PREY. -FIXE.  MARINE.  B1BD.-K6TE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF^^QQK. 


1158 


TON 

near  a  toll-gate,  or  at  the  end  of  n  loU-briiige,  or  by  a 
canal,  where  the  man  who  lakes  the  loll  remains.' 
TOLL'iNG,  ppr.  or  a.    Causing  to  sound  in  a  slow, 
grave  manner. 

2.  Taking  away  ;  removing. 

3.  Sounding,  as  a  bell. 
TOLT,  w.     [L.  toUit,  toUo.] 

In  English  courts^  the  precept  of  a  sheritT,  by  which 
a  writ  of  ri?ht  is  removed  from  the  court  bnron  into 
the  countv  court.  Blackstonc. 

TO-LC  BAL'SAM,  n.  A  resin,  or  oleo-rcsin,  pro- 
duced by  a  tree  of  South  America,  tlie  iMyrospernium 
loluiferura.  It  is  said  to  have  been  first  brought  from 
a  place  called  Tola.     In  medicine,  it  is  called  BaUain 

TOL-U-Ta'TIOX,  n.     [L.  tohuo.]  [of  Tvlu. 

A  pacing  or  ambling.    [jXot  aseJ.] 

Brown.     Hudibras. 

TOM'A-HA^VK,  71.    An  Indian  hatchet. 

TOM'A-HAWK,  v.  u  To  cut  or  kill  with  a  hatchet 
called  a  tomahawk. 

TOM'A-HA\VK-£D,  (-hawkt)  pp.  Smitten  or  killed 
with  a  toin;ihawk. 

TO-ArA-IIAWK-IXG,  ppr.  Sinking  or  killing  with  a 
tomahawk. 

TO-Ma'TO  or  TO-MX'TO,  n.  A  plant  and  its  fruit, 
the  Lycopersicum  esculenlura  of  late  botanists,  and 
the  Solanum  lycopersicum  of  the  older  ones.  It  is 
called-sometimes  the  Lote-Apple. 

T03IB,  (loom,)  n.  \FT.tombe,tombcait ;  W.  tnm^tomcn, 
Ctem,  twmp,  a  mound,  a  heap  ;  Ir.  tuoma;  Sp.  tumba  ; 
L.  tumtdas,  a  heap  or  hillock ;  tumeo,  to  swell ;  Gr. 
rvftfio^.  Class  Dm.  This  name  was  yivcn  to  a 
place  for  the  dead  by  men  who  raised  a  heap  of  eartli 
over  the  dead.] 

1.  A  srave  ;  a  pit  in  which  the  dead  body  of  a  hu- 
man being  is  deposited. 

As  one  dead  io  the  bottom  of  a  tornb.  Shak. 

2.  A  house  or  vault  formed  wholly  or  partly  in  the 
earth,  with  walls  and  a  roof  for  the  reception  of  the 
dead. 

3.  A  monument  erected  to  preserve  the  memory  of 
the  dead. 

TOMB,  r.  (.    To  bury  ;  to  inter.     [See  Entomb.] 

TO.M'BAG,  n.  An  alloy  of  copper  and  zinc,  or  a  spe- 
cies of  brass,  wfjth  an  excess  of  zinc.  WJien  arsenic 
is  added,  it  is  wkite  tombac.  Brandc. 

TOMB'£0,  (toomd,)  a.    Deposited  in  a  tomb. 

TOMB'LEr^S,  (toom'less,)  a.  Destitute  of  a  tomb  or 
sepulchral  monument. 

T0MB^\OR-RY,  lu    A  Shetland  bird,  the  puffin. 

TOM 'BOY,  77.  [ToTRy  Thomas,  and  boij.]  A  rude, 
boisterous  boy  ;  also,  in  sarcasm,  a  romping  girl. 
[Vulvar.] 

TOMB'SToXE,  (toom'-,)  n.  [tomb  and  stone.}  A 
stone  erected  over  a  grave,  to  presence  the  memory 
of  the  deceased;  a  monument. 

TOM'COD,  H.  A  small  American  fish  of  the  cod  kind, 
about  ten  or  twelve  inches  long.  Storer. 

To^IE,  Ti.  [Fr.,  from  G.  rsuoj,  a  piece  or  section, 
from  TSui'w,  to  cut  off.] 

A  book  ;  as  many  writings  aa  are  bound  in  a  vol- 
ume, forming  the  part  of  a  larger  work.  It  may  be 
applied  to  a  sinsle  volume. 

To  .MEN-TO'^E'    ) 

TO-ME\'TOU'^  *  I  *^    t^'  '<'^^^"'™j  down.] 

In  bo'.nmj,  downy  ;  nappy  ;  cottony  ;  or  flocky  j 
covered  with  hairs  so  close  as  scarcely  to  be  discern- 
ible, or  with  a  whitish  down,  like  wool ;  as,  a  tomen- 
toiLs  stem  or  leaf.  JJartipi.    Lee. 

TOM'FOOL,  71.    A  great  fool ;  a  tri^er. 

TOM-FOOL'ER-Y,  n.     Foolish  triflin?.         £c.  Rev. 

TOM'-\Or)-_DY,  n.    A  sea-bird,  the  pufiin.    Booth. 

TO-MOR'Ro\V,  n.  [ta  and  morrow.^  The  day  after 
the  present. 

Ooo  tiMlay  is  wcrth  two  to-morrotBS.  FVanklin, 

TOM'PI-0\,  n.    [Fr.  tampon,  a  stopplej 

I.  The  stopper  of  a  cannon.     [See  Tampio:?.] 
•3.  The  iron  bottom  to  which  grape-shot  are  fixed. 

TOM'RIG,  71.     A  rude,  vrild,  wanton  girl.     Denytis. 

TOM'TIT,  n.    A  little  bird,  the  titraonse. 

TOM'TOM,  71.  Same  as  Tamtam,  a  large,  flat  drum, 
used  by  the  Hindoos. 

TON,  the  termination  of  names  of  places,  is  town,  a 
hill  or  fortress.     [See  Town.] 

TON,  71.     [Fr.]     The  prevailing  fashion. 

TON,  (tun,)  n.  [Sax.  tunnai  Fr.  tonne  ;  Sp.  tonel,  a 
cask,  a  tun  or  butt.] 

The  weight  of  twenty  hundred  gross,  or  92-10 
pounds.  In  some  of  the  United  States  the  ton  is  es- 
timated at  2000  pounds.  The  orthography  Tu5  would 
be  preferable,  as  more  accordant  with  the  derivation. 
The  word  is  from  the  Saion  tunna^  a  cask,  and  the 
sense  r  f  weight  is  taken  from  that  of  a  cask  or  butt. 

ToNE,  71.  [Fr.  ton  ;  Sp.  tono  ;  It  tumo ;  Sw.  and  G. 
ton;  D.  toon;  Dan.  lone  ;  L.  tonus  ;  Gr.  -ovoi,  sound  ; 
L.  lono,  Gr.  rovooy^  to  sound,  from  the  root  of  r^it'w, 
to  strain  or  stretch.  The  L.  sonus  is  probably  the 
same  word  in  a  different  dialect.] 

1.  -Sound,  or  a  modification  of  sound  ;  any  impulse 
or  vibration  of  the  air  which  is  perceptible  by  the 
ear ;  as,  a  low  tone,  high  tone,  or  loud  tnne ;  a  grave 
tone  ;  an  acute  tone;  a  sweet  tone;  a  harsh  tone. 

2.  Accent ;  or  rather,  a  particular  inflection  of  the 


TON 

voice,  adapted  to  express  emotion  or  passion ;    a 
rhetorical  sense  of  the  word.  E.  Porter. 

Eager  his  tone,  ami  anient  wertr  his  eyes.  Dryden. 

3.  t\  whining  sound  ;  a  whine ;  a  kind  of  mourn- 
ful strain  of  voice;  as,  children  often  read  with  a 

(07(6. 

4.  An  affected  sound  in  speakins. 

5.  In  musicy  an  interval  of  sound  ;  as,  the  differ- 
ence between  the  fifth  or  diapente  and  fourth  or  di- 
atessnron,  is  a  tone.  Of  tones  there  are  two  kinds, 
major  and  minor.  The  tone  major  is  in  the  ratio  of 
S  to  9,  which  results  from  the  difference  between  the 
fourth  and  fifth.  The  tone  minor  is  as  9  to  10,  re- 
sulting from  the  difference  between  the  minor  third 
and  the  fourth.  Cvc. 

6.  The  (one  of  an  instrument,  is  its  peculiar 
sound  with  regard  to  softness,  evenness,  and  the 
like.  Cijc. 

7.  In  77!ef/(Ci»e,  that  state  of  a  body,  in  which  tlie 
animal  functions  are  healthy  and  performed  with  due 
vigor.  Tone,  in  its  primary  signification,  is  tension, 
and  tension  is  the  primary  signification  of  strength. 
Hence  its  application  to  the  natural  healthy  state  of 
animal  organs.  Tone,  therefore,  in  medicine,  is  the 
strength  and  activity  of  the  organs,  from  which  pro- 
ceed healthy  functions.  So  we  say,  the  body  is  in  a 
sound  slate,  the  health  is  sound  or  firm. 

8.  In  painting-,  the  harmonious  relation  of  the  col- 
ors of  a  picture  in  light  and  shade.  Tlie  term  is 
often  used  to  qualify,  or  as  synonymous  with.  Depth, 
Richness,  and  Splendor,  in  pictures.  It  has  also 
more  recently  been  used  to  denote  the  characteristic 
expression  of  a  picture,  as  distiTigujshed  by  its  color. 
In  musical  science  the  word  Key  performs  a  similar 
office.  Jocclyn, 

ToNE,  V.  t.    To  utter  with  an  affected  tone. 
2.  To  tune.     [See  Tune.] 

ToN'ED,  a.  Having  a  tone  ;  used  in  composition  ;  as, 
high-toned;  swcct-toned-. 

ToNE'LESS,  a.     Having  no  tone  ;  unmusical.   Entick. 

ToNE'-SYL-LA-BLE,  n.    An  accented  syllable. 

Jil.  Stuart. 

TONG,  (tung,)  n.  [See  Tongs.]  The  catch  of  a 
buckle.     [JVoi  used.]     [See  Tongue.]  Spenser. 

TONGS,  7t.  pi.  [Sax.  tang;  Dan.  and  D.  tang ;  G. 
zange ;  Sw.  tang-;  Ice.  taung;  G3.e\ic,tcanffas.  This 
seems  by  its  orthography  lo  be  the  same  word  as 
tongue^  tongues,  and  to  signify  projections,  shoots.] 

An  instrument  of  metal,  consisting  of  two  parts  or 
long  shafts  joined  at  one  end  ;  used  for  handling 
things,  particularly  fire  or  heated  metals.  We  say, 
a  pair  of  tongs,  a  smith's  tongs. 

TONGUE,  (tung,)  [Sax.  tung,  tunga ;  Goth,  iuggo : 
Sw.  tunga  ;  Dan.  tungc  ;  D.  (077^  ,*  G.  zange  ;  Ir.  and 
Gaelic,  tcanga;  Ant.  L.  tingua.  We  see  by  the 
Gothic,  that  n  is  not  radical ;  the  word  belongs  to 
Class  Dg.  It  signifies  a  shoot  or  extension,  like  L. 
digitus  and  dug.  Tung  would  be  the  preferable 
orthography,  in  accordance  with  the  ctymologj-.] 

1.  In  man,  one  of  the  instruments  of  taste,  and 
also  one  of  the  instruments  of  speech  ;  and  in  other 
animals  one  of  the  instmments  of  taste.  It  is  also 
an  instrument  of  deglutition.  In  some  animals,  the 
tongue  is  used  for  drawing  the  food  into  the  moulh, 
as  in  animals  of  the  bovine  genus,  &,c.  Other  ani- 
mals lap  their  drink,  as  dogs. 

The  tongue  is  covered  with  membranes,  and  the 
outer  one  is  full  of  papillas  of  a  pyramidical  figure, 
under  which  lies  a  thin,  soft,  reticular  coat,  perfor- 
ated with  innumerable  holes,  and  always  lined  with 
a  thick  and  white  or  yellowish  mucus.  Cyc. 

2.  Speech ;  discourse;  sometimes,  fluency  of 
speech. 

Much  tongue  and  much  judgment  seldora  go  together. 

L'Estrange. 

3.  The  power  of  articulate  utterance;  speech. 

Parrots  imitating  human  tongue.  Dryden, 

A.  Speech,  as  well  or  ill  used  ;  mode  of  speaking. 


Kc^p  a  good  tongxie  in  thy  head. 

The  tongue  of  the  wise  is  health.  —  ProT.  xii. 


Shak. 


5.  A  language  ;  the  whole  sum  of  words  used  by  a 
particular  nation.  The  English  /o/iu-j^f,  within  two 
hundred  years,  will  probably  be  spoken  by  two  or 
three  hundred  millions  of  people  in  North  America. 

().  Speech  ;  words  or  declarations  only  ;  opposed  to 
Thoughts  or  Actions. 

Let  us  nut  love  in  word,  neither  in  tongue,  buliu  deed  and  in 
mith.  — 1  Jolio  iii. 

7.  A  nation,  as  distinguished  by  their  language. 

I  will  giUhcr  ail  naliona  and  tongues.  —  la.  Ixvi. 

8.  A  point ;  a  projection ;  as,  the  torigjte  of  a 
buckle  or  of  a  balance. 

9.  A  projection  on  the  side  of  a  board  which  fits 
into  a  groove. 

10.  A  point,  or  long,  narrow  strip  of  land,  project- 
ing from  the  main  into  a  sta  or  a  lake. 

11.  The  taper  part  of  anything;  in  the  rigging  of 
a  ship,  a  short  piece  of  rope  spliced  into  the  upper 
part  of  standing  backstays,  &,c.,  to  the  size  of  the 
mast-head. 

To  hold  the  tongue;  to  be  silent.  ^^dduion. 


TOO 

TONGUE,  (tung,)  v.  t.    To  chide ;  to  scold. 

How  might  (h^  tongue  me.  Skak. 

TONGUE,  (tung,)  v.  i.    To  talk  ;  to  prate.        Sftak. 
TONGU'JED,  (tungd,)  c    Having  a  tongue. 

Tongued  like  th«  night-crow.  Domte, 

TONGUE'-GR.\FTaNG,(tungS)  «  A  mode  of  graft- 
ing by  Inserting  the  end  of  a  c:on  in  a  paiticutar 
manner. 

TONGUE'LESS,  (liingS)  a.    Having  no  loiiruc. 

9.  Speechless;  zs^  :l  tongueUss  Hock.  '^'-  ':. 

3.  Unnamed  ;  not  spok&n  of. 

One  gooO  ile<rd  dying  lortguelen.     (A'ol  tued.] 

TGNGUE'-PAD,  (lung-,)  71.  A  crcat  talker.  [.Vor  in 
iu<c.  1  TaUer. 

TuNGUE'-SHaP-^U,  (tung'-:  lupt.)  a.  In  botany^  a 
tongue-shaped  leaf,  is  linear  :  nd  fleshy,  blunt  at  the 
end,  convex  untlerneaih,  ai;  1  having  usually  a  car- 
tilaginous border.  Martt/n. 

TONGUE'-TTE,  (tung'ti,)  v.  t.  [torgue  and  tie.]  To 
deprive  of  speech  or  the  pov.er  of  speech,  or  of  dis- 
tinct articulation.  Goodman. 

TONGUE'-TI/Cl),  (tung'tide,)    a.     Destitute  of  the 
power  of  distinct  articulation ;   having  an  impedi- 
ment in  the  speech.  Holder. 
2.  Unable  to  speak  freely,  from  v.  halever  cause. 

Love  and  tongue-tUd  timplicity,  Hhak. 

TON'ie,  a.     [from  Gr.  rov«5,  L.  tonus.    See  Tone.] 

1.  Literally,  increasing  tension  ;  hence,  increasnig 
strength  ;  as,  tonic  power. 

2.  In  mrdicine,  increasing  slrenglh,  or  the  tone  of 
the  animal  system  ;  obviating  the  effects  of  debility, 
and  restoring  healthy  functious. 

3.  Relating  to  tones  or  sounds. 

4.  Extended.     [A"o(  in  use.]  Browne. 

Tonic  .yasm,  in  medicine,  is  a  steady  and  continu- 
ous spastic  contraction  enduring  for  a  comparatively 
long  time.  It  is  opjwsed  to  a  clonic  qnL^m,  ia 
which  the  muscular  fiber;;  contract  and  relax  aller- 
natety  in  verj'  quirk  succession,  producing  the 
appearance  of  agitation.  In  tonic  spasms,  however, 
there  is  always  alternate  contraction  and  relaxation. 
The  spasms  of  tetanus  are  tonic 

TON'IG,  n.    A  medicine  that  increases  the  slrcngtb 

and  gives  rigor  of  action  to  the  system. 
9.  In  music,  the  key-note  or  orincipal  sound  which 

generates  all  the  rest.     [Fr.  'onitjue.]^  Cyc. 

3.  In  TTiu.vic,  a  certain  degree  ol  tension,  or  the 

sound  produced  by  a  vocal  string  in  a  given  degree 

of  tension. 
TON'KA-BkAN,       \  n.     The  fruit  of  the  Dipteris 
TON'aUIN-BEAN,  (      odorala,  a  shniW)y  plant  of 

Guiana.    It  has  a  peculiarly  agreeable  smell,  and  is 

einploved  in  the  scenting  of  snuff.  Buchanan. 

TO-NiGHT',  71.     [to  and  night.]     The  present  night, 

or  the  night  after  the  present  dav. 
TON'NACE,  (tun'-,)  7i.     [from  ton.]    The  weight  of 

goods  carried  in  a  boat  or  ship. 

2.  The  cubical  content  or  burthen  of  a  ship  in 
tuns  ;  or  the  amount  of  weight  which  ahe  may  carry 

3.  A  duty  or  impost  on  ships,  estimated  [wr  tun ; 
or  a  duty,  toll,  or  rate  payable  on  goods  per  tun, 
transpnrled  on  canals. 

TON'SIL,  77.  [L.  tonsill^.  This  word  seems  to  be 
formed  from  tonsus,  tondco,  to  clip.] 

In  anatomy,  a  glandular  body  in  the  throat  or 
fauces.  The  tonsils  are  called  also,  from  their  shape, 
amygdaltF-,  and,  in  popular  language,  almonds.  The 
tonsils  have  several  excretorj'  ducts  opening  into  the 
mouth.  Cue.     Hooper. 

TON'SILE,  (-sit,)  a.     That  may  be  clipped.    Mn^on. 

TON-So'RI-AL,  a.  PerUiining  to  a  barber  or  to  shav- 
ins. 

TON'SIJRE,  (ton'shure,)  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  (oi*yura, 
from  (onsust  shaved  ;  tondco,  to  clip  or  shave.J 

1.  The  act  of  clipping  the  hair,  or  of  shaving  the 
crown  of  the  head  ;  or  llie  state  of  being  shorn. 

■Addison, 

5.  In  the  Roman  CaVioUc  church,  tonsure  is  the  first 
ceremony  used  ft)r  devoting  a  person  lo  the  service 
of  God  and  the  church  ;  the  first  degree  of  the  elcri- 
cate,  ;!iven  by  a  bishop,  who  cuts  off  a  part  of  his 
hair  with  prayers  and  benedictions.  Hence  tonsure 
is  used  to  denote  entrance  or  admission  into  holy 
orders.  Cyc, 

3.  In  the  Roman  Catholic  church,  the  corona  or 
crown  which  priests  wear  as  a  mark  of  their  order 
and  of  their  rank  in  the  church.  Cyc. 

TON-TtNE',  (ton-teen')  ti.  [Fr.  tontine;  said  to  be 
from  its  inventor,  Tonti,  an  Italian.] 

An  annuity  or  surviviirship ;  or  a  loan  raised  on 
life-annuitios,  with  the  benefit  of  survivorship.  Thus 
an  annuitv  is  shared  among  a  number,  on  the  prin- 
ciple thatlhe  share  of  each,  at  his  death,  is  enjoyed 
by  the  survivors,  until  at  las:  the  whole  goes  to  the 
last  survivor,  or  to  the  last  two  or  three,  according  to 
the  terms  on  which  the  money  is  adranced. 
TO'NY,  n.     .'V  simpleton.     [Ludicrous.]  Dryden. 

TOO,  adv.     [Sax.  to.] 

1.  Over  ;  more  than  enough  ;  noting  excess  ;  as,  a 
thing  is  too  long,  too  short,  or  too  wide;  too  high; 
too  many  ;  too  much. 

His  will  too  Etiong  to  bend,  too  proud  lo  learn.  Ojwfay. 


TtNE,  BULL,  tJNlTE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K ;  0  as  J ;  S  aa  Z ;  CH  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


1159 


TOO 

2.  Likewise  i  al^iOj  in  additiun. 

A  cuuitk'r  iinil  a  pivlriot  loo.  Pope. 

Ii't  i!ii«c I'yos  llial  view 
The  daring  crime,  l>-ln'lil  On?  vcn^ancc  Vjo.  t'ope, 

'X  Too,  too,  rej)eiU(-Hl,deuoTHs  excess  ejnpliutically  ; 
but  (his  repctilioi)  is  not  in  rPS|iL'cl:ib!e  use. 

[Tlie  original  a|ti»liL:iltim  of  lo,  now  tow,  seRins  to 
Ikivc  been  to  ;t  w  r-i  si^nilyinj;  ;i  srciil  quantity  j  as, 
Kpraking  or  sivitij;  to  much  ^    that  is,  to  a  great 
;iriiLtiiiit.     'I'o  was  thus  used  by  old  authors.] 
TOOK,  prct.  of  Take. 

Knocli  was  not,  for  Cioil  loo!,  him.  —  Gfii.  v. 
TOOL,   V.     [Sax.   tol.      Qw.    Vr.   cutil.     In    old    T.aw 
I/uin,  wc  lind  attilr,  fl?f(7((j,  stoics,  tooLs,  iiii)ilenicnts. 
till,  artillery,  by  eoriiijiticiii.] 

I.  An  instrunuMit  of  niantial  operation,  particu- 
larly tiuch  as  are  used  l)y  fanners  and  nieehanics  j  as, 
lh«  tools  of  a  joiner,  smith,  or  shoemaker. 

3.  A  person  used  as  an  instrument  by  another  per- 
son i  a  word  of  rcproar.h.  Men  of  inirijrue  always 
Jiavc  their  loob,  by  whose  agency  they  accomplil-ii 
their  pur|W)ses. 

TOOL,  V.  t.    To  sliape  witli  a  tool.  Eniich. 

TOOL'LVG,  71.     \A'orkinunsIiip  performed  witli  a  tool. 

TOO.A!,/?.     Etnpty.     f.\U  ni  usr.]  IViclif. 

TOON'-WOyn,  «.  A  wood  of  a  reddisli-brown 'col- 
or, employed  in  India  for  cabinet-work.  It  is  the 
Cedrela  Toona  of  botanists.  P.  Cijc. 

TOOT,  V.  i.  [?ax.  totian,  to  shoot,  to  project;  D. 
toetcii,  to  blow  Ihe  Jiorn  ;  iact-honi,  a  Itiigle-horn  ;  G. 
diitcti;  Sw.  tittta.  'I'his  worii  corresj)oml3  in  ele- 
nienls  with  Ur.  Ttth>^tt  and  W'.  ihili,  to  put,  set,  lay, 
give  ;  L.  do,  dcdi.  The  Saxon  expresses  the  primary 
sense.l 

1.  "lo  stand  out  or  be  prominent.     [JVo£  in  itic] 

Iloirtll. 

9.  To  make  a  particular  noise  willi  the  toncue,  ar- 
lirulatin?  «ilh  the  n)ot  of  the  upper  teeth,  at  the  be- 
pmning  and  end  of  the  sound  ;  also,  to  sound  a  horn 
in  a  particular  manner. 

T)iis  wiirr  sliuiilrl  wf ar  a  loolins  horn.  Ilo'ceU. 

3,  To  peep ;  to  look  narrowly.  [A^»(  in.  xi.sc,  and 
probitfilij  a  vti:<tnkcn  infrrprrtution.]  Spenser. 

Toot,  v.  t.    To  sound  ;  as,  to  toot  the  horn. 
TOOT'ER,  ](.     (;)nu  \\'lio  plays  upon  a  pip'?  or  liorn. 

B.  Joiu'ioiu 
tooth,  t(.  ;  p!.  Tf.etm.  [Pax.  toth,  pi,  tct/t.  It  cor- 
r(!spnnds  with  VV.  did  and  tcth,  a  tail,  Gaelic,  did, 
drtid,  atui  with  toot^  supra  ;  signifying  a  shoot,  if  n 
is  m.l  radical  in  the  h.  dens,  Gr.  oCovj,  od'tvTos,  this 
is  the  same  word.] 

L  A  bony  substance  growing  out  of  the  jaws  of 
animals,  and  serving  as  the  inslrnment  of  mastica- 
tion. Tlie  tccih  are  also  very  useful  in  assisting  per- 
sons iu  the  utterance  of  words,  and  when  well- 
tormed  and  sound,  they  are  ornamental.  Tlie  teeth 
of  animals  diJler  in  shape,  being  destined  fur  dilfer- 
ent  offices.  The  front  teeth,  in  men  and  quadru- 
peds, are  called  incisors,  or  incisive-  or  cutting  teeth  ; 
next  to  these  are  the  pointed  teeth,  called  tnnuinj, ca- 
nine,or  dos  teeth;  and  on  tlie  sides  of  the  jaws  are 
the  molar  teeth  or  s'rindcrs. 

'2.  Taste  ;  palate. 

'J'hpsc  urc  r.nt  dishes  for  tliy  il.iinly  load:.  Dryilen. 

n.  A  line;  a  prong;  something  pointed  and  rc- 
semblmg  an  annnal  tooth ;  as,  the  tootfi  of  a  rake,  a 
C(unl),  a  card,  a  hnrrow,  a  saw,  or  of  a  whci^l.  Tlie 
teeth  of  a  wheel  are  sometimes  called  Cogs,  and  are 
destined  to  catch  corresponding  parts  of  other 
wheels 

Tocdk  and  vail;  [by  biting:  and  scratching,]  A\ilh 
one's  utmost  power ;  by  all  possible  means. 

L' -Estrange. 

To  Vtc  teeth;  in  open  opposition  j  directly  to  one's 
face. 

Tliat  I  Hhall  live,  niitl  (ell  lilin  to  Ins  teeth.  Shak. 

Til  cast  in  the  teeth  ;  to  retort  reproachfully  ;  to  in- 
sull  lo  the  face.  Hooker. 

In  ;>pitP  of  the  teeth:  in  defiance  of  opposition  ;  in 
opposition  to  every  cfl'ort.  Shah. 

To  show  the  teeth  ;  to  threaten. 

Whfn  tlic  h:\\v  s/ioipj)  her  lerVi,  Init  il.tiTs  not  l.ilo.        Youiif;. 

TOOTH,  V.  t.  To  furnish  with  teeth ;  as,  to  tooth  a 
rake. 

2.  To  indent ;  to  cut  into  teeth ;  to  jag ;  as,  to 
tooth  a  saw. 

a.  To  lock  Into  each  other.  Moron. 

TOOTIFaCHL,  ^ooth'ake,)  H.  [tooth  a.\u\  ache.]  Pain 
in  the  teeth. 

TOOTH'AeilR-TKEE,  r..  An  evergreen  shiub  of 
the  genus  Xaritho\\luin.  /.re 

TOOTH'-DRAVV-ER,  n.  [tooth  and  dnnr.]  One 
whose  business  is  to  extract  teeth  with  instrumciUs. 

IViseninn. 

TOOTIl'-DRAW-ING,  n.  The  act  of  extracting  a 
tooth  ;  the  practice  of  exlractint:  teeth. 

TOOTII'sn,  (tootht,)  pp.  or  a.  Having  teeth  or  jags. 
In  botany,  dentate  ;  having  projecting  points,  remote 
from  each  (dher,  about  the  edge.    Mtirtyn.     Smith. 

TOOTH'EDGE,  (-ej,))i.  [tooth  and  cd ire.]  The  sensa- 
tion excited  by  grating  sounds,  and  by  tlie  touch  of 
certain  substances.  Darwin. 


TOP 

Tingling  uneasiness,  almost  amounting  to  pain,  in 
the  teeth,  iVom  striduloussounils,  vellicaiion,  or  acid 
or  acrid  substances.  Gmid. 

TOOTiri'HL,  a.     Palatable.     [.Vi,-(  intise.] 

TOOTH'LESS,  a.     Having  no  teeth.  Dri,den. 

TOO'i'H'LET-EI),  r:.  In  hidamj,  denticulate  ;  having 
very  small  teeth  or  pnyecting  points  j  as  a  leaf. 

Martyn. 

TOOTH'PICK,         )  n.     [tooth  and  pich.]     An  instru- 

TOOTH'PICK-ER,  \  nient  for  cleaning  the  teeth  of 
sub'-iances  lodged  between  them.  Shuh. 

TOOTII'SOME,  (tooth'suin,)  a.  Palatable;  grateful 
to  tlK-  taste.  Carew. 

TOOTH'SOM  K-.N'ESS,  v.    Plea^^antness  to  the  taste. 

TOOTH'WOU.T,  Ctooth'wiirt,)  v.  A  plant  whose 
roots  resemble  human  teeth,  such'  as  the  Liilhriua 
pquamaria,  various  species  of  Dentaria,  the  Coral- 
lonhiza  innata,  &,c.  This  name  is  also  given  to  the 
lead -wort,  of  the  genus  Plumbago,  from  its  toothed 
corol.  Ciir. 

'I'OOTH'Y,  a.    Toothed  ;  having  teeth.         Cvoxail. 

'i'OOT'ING,  ppr.  Sounding  in  a  particular  manner,  as 
a  horn. 

TOP.  7(.  [Sax.  top  ;  D.  and  Iian.  top;  Sw.  topp;  W. 
tob  tn'top;  topiaw,  to  tup,  to  form  a  crest.] 

1.  The  highest  part  of  any  thins;  the  upper  end. 
edge,  or  extremity  ;  as,  the  top  of  a  tree  ;  tlie  top  of 
a  spire ;  the  top  of  a  Iiouso  ;  the  top  of  a  iiniuntain. 

2.  Surface  ;  upper  side;  as,  the  top  of  the  ground. 

3.  The  liiglicst  place  ;  as,  the  top  of  |ueferment. 

Locke.     Swift. 
'I.  The  highest  person  j  the  chief.  Sha'i. 

5.  The  utmost  degree. 

'I'lv.^  lop  of  my  ambition  is  locontrihiilc  tc  lliiil  work.        Pupe. 
ir  yoii  aUiiiii  ihc  lop  ol'  ymir  (l''sin;s  jii  lame.  Pojic. 

l\  The  highest  rank.  Each  boy  strives  to  be  at 
llie  top  of  his  qlass,  or  at  the  top  of  Ilie  school. 

7.  The  crown  or  upper  surface  of  the  Iiead.    Shak. 

8.  The  hair  on  the  cruv/n  of  th.:  head  ;  the  fore- 
lock. Shak. 

I).  The  head  of  a  plant.  JVatt.-i. 

10.  [G.  top/.]  An  inverted  conoid  which  children 
play  with  by  whirling  it  on  its  point.  One  sort  has 
its  motion  cimtinued  by  means  of  a  whip.       .Sli  J,: 

11.  hi  ship-bnildinir,  a  sort  of  platform,  surioimd- 
ing  the  head  of  the  lower  mast,  and  projecting  on  all 
si(h's.  It  serve.a  to  extend  tin:  shrtuuls,  by  which 
means  they  mure  eflectually  support  the  m.ast ;  and, 
in  ships  of  war,  the  top  furnishes  a  convenient 
stand  for  swivels  and  small  arms  to  annoy  the  ene- 
uiy.  Cyc. 

TOP'-.J^R-iMOR,  7t.    In  ships,  a  railing  on  the  top,*sup- 

ptntcd  by  stancliious  and  equi|)pcd  with  netting. 
TOP'-BLOCK,  n.    In  ship.-!,  a  block  hung  to  an  e^'c- 

bolt  in  the  cap,  used  iu  swaying  and  lowering  the 

top- mast. 
TOP'-CHaIN,  n.    In  ships,  a  chain  to  sliuii  the  lower 

yards   in   time   of  action,  to   prevent   their   falling, 

when  the  ropes  by  which  they  are  hung  are  shot 

away. 
TOP'-€'LOTH,  71.    In  ships,  a  piece  of  canvas  used 

to  cover  the  hammocks  whicli  arc  lashed  to  Die  top 

in  action. 
T0P'-DRaIN-IN(;,  v.    The  act  or  practice  of  drain- 
ing the  surface  of  land. 
TOP'-DRESS-INO,  ti.    A  dressing  of  manure  laid  on 

the  surface  of  land.  C'lc 

TOP'FUL,  a.     [top  and  full.]     Full  to  the  brim. 
T01'-G.\L'LANT,  a.    [See  Tor-SAii..]  [  frails. 

'J.  Highest;  elevated;   E|)lendid;  as,  a  top-<tallant 

spark.  VEstrangc. 

T01"-HEAV-Y,    (top']iev-e,)   a.       [top    and   heavy.] 

Having  the  top  or  upper  part  too  heavy  for  the  lower. 

JVotton. 
TOP'-ICNOT,  (-not,)  v.    [fop  and  knot.]   A  knot  worn 

by  females  on  the  top  of  the  head. 
TOP'LESS,  a.     Having  no  top  ;  as,  a  topless  hight. 

Chapman. 
TOP'.MAN,  n.    [top  and  man.]     The  man  who  stands 

abnve  in  -■■■"ing. 
y.  In  shipc,  a  man  standing  in  the  tnp. 
TOP'AIaST,   v.     In   .<r/((//.-\  "'-'-^   second    ni;;-l,  or  that 

which  is  next  above  the  iiw^r  mast.    Above  that  is 

the  lop-gnilant-'nKist. 
TOP'MoST,  a.      [top  and  most.]      Highest;  upi}er- 

niust ;    as,  the  topmost  clilT;  the  topmost  branch  of  a 

tree.  Vri/dcn.     Jiddison. 

TOP'-PROTJD,  n.      [top  and  proud'.]      Proud  to  the 

highest  ilegrec.  Shak. 

TOP'-RoPI'j,  ?(.     A  rope  to  sway  up  a  topmast,  &c. 
TOP'-SaIL,  7£.     A  sail  extended  across  tlio  toiMuast, 

above  wliich  is  the  tcip-gallant-sail. 
TOP'-SHaP-ED,   C-sliapt,)  a.      In   hotamj,  turbinate, 

i.  c.,  inversely  conical,  with  a  contraction  toward  the 

point. 
TOP'-SOIL-ING,  n.    The  act  or  art  of  taking  olT  the 

top-soil  of  land,  before  a  canal  is  be:;un. 
TOP'-SToNE,  n.    A  stiuie  that  is  placed  on  the  top, 

or  which  forms  the  top. 
TOP'-TACIC-LE,  cmli'l,)  n.    A  large  tackle  hooked 

to  the  lower  end  of  tlie  topmast  top-rope  and  Iu  the 

deck.  ^far.  Diet. 

TOP,  Tj.  i.    To  rise  aloft;    to  be  eminent;    as,  tolty 

ridges  and  topping  mountains.  Derham. 


TOP 

9.  To  predominate ;  as,  topping  passions  j  topping 
uneasiness. 

3.  To  excel ;  to  rise  above  others. 

But  wrie  iliy  li-st  :'.utl  to/i.  DiyUn. 

TOP,  V.  t.    To  cover  on  the  top  ;  lo  ti[i ;  to  cap. 

A  muuiU 
Of  .il.ihasti^r,  topped  with  golckii  spirca.  Millon, 

Mounlahia  topped  w  iili  snow.  Waiter. 

2.  To  rise  above. 

A   gwiinl — climljin'^  Ity  i\v.  Ijougha  Iwincd  about  Uicm,  till  it 

lopped  ami  covL*rtil  iln;  tree.  L'Hslraiige, 

To]>inus  all  ollit-rs  in  boasting.  Shal;. 

:i.  To  outgo  ;  fo  surpass. 
'1.  To  cro[);  to  take  ofl"  the  top  or  upper  part. 

Top  your  niac-tru(.'s  a  liltio  with  your  Itnilo  near  a  li:ar-liinl. 

Evelyn, 

So  in  America  wo  say,  to  top  corn,  that  is,  maize, 
by  cutting  olf  the  stalk  just  above  the  ear. 
5.  To  rise  lo  the  lop  of;  as,  he  topped  the  lull. 

Dcnhaoi. 
G.  To  perforin  emiiii'iitly.     [j\''otin.use.] 
To'PAN,  n.     A  n;iiiie  iif  lli'>  hnnied  Indian  rhinoceros 
bird,  the  Cuceros  rhinoceros,  of  the  Passerine  onler. 

Cjc. 
To'PARCH,  ;).      [Or.   to-o<,  a  place,  and  tt'iv'ii  a 
chief.] 
The  principal  man  in  a  ])lace  or  countrv. 
To'PARGH-Y,  w.     A  little  stale,  eonsistiiig  of  a  few 
cities  or  towns  ;  a  pi'Iij'  ctjiintry  governed  by  a  to- 
parch.    Judca  was  tbrnierly  divided  into  t'^n  topurch- 

irs. 

TO'PAZ,  V.     [Gr.  thth^om.] 

A  min:-r;d,  said  to  he  so  called  from  Top;t/.os,  a 
small  isle  in  the  Arabic  Gulf,  whei-,-  tin:  Roman.s  ob- 
tained a  stone  \vhi(.h  tliey  called  by  this  name,  but 
which  is  the  chrysolit:t  of  the  nmderns.  'Popaz  is 
one  of  the  gems.  It  orciirs  in  rhoinbic  prisms,  and 
is  generally  of  a  yellowish  color  and  pellucid  ;  hut 
ii  also  met  with  colorless,  and  of  greenish,  blui.T!i, 
or  brownish  shades,  and  sometimes  massive  and 
opaque.  It  consists  of  silica,  alumina,  and  fluoiic 
acid.  Dana. 

TO-PA'/'O-LTTE,  v.    A  variety  of  precious  garnet,  of 
a  topaz-  yellow  color,  or  an  olive  green. 

Ure.     Clcavcland. 
ToPE,  n.     A  fish  of  the  shark  family,  and  genus  Ga- 
leus,  resembling  the  dog-fish  in  its  general  aspect. 
Jardinc^s  JVat.  Lib. 
2.  In  Ifuidoslan,  a  grove  or  clump  of  trees. 

Malcom.. 
TOPE,  V.  i.     [Er.  toper.     Uu.  dip.] 

To  drink  hard;  to  drink  strong  or  S|iirilous  li- 
quors to  excess. 

K  yoii  lope  in  fonn,  and  treat.  Dnjdcn. 

To'PER,  71.  One  who  drinks  to  excess  ;  a  drunkard  ; 
a  sot. 

TOP'ET,  n.    A  small  bird,  the  cre.^ted  titnumse. 

N.  H.  —  The  crested  titmouse  of  Latham,  Parus 
bicolor,  is  the  toupet  titmouse  of  Pennant. 

Ed.  Encye. 

TOPH,        \n.     [from  the  Latin  fc/j/nis.]     A  kind  of 

TOPH'IN,  \      sandstone, 

TO-PILa'CEOUS,  (to-fa'shus,)  a.  Gritty;  sandy; 
rough  :  stony.  Arbnthnat. 

To'PllET,  (to'fet,)  n.  [Hcb.  nsn  tophet^  from  D.n, 
tnph,  a  drum.] 

Hell ;  so  called  from  a  jdacc  east  of  Jerusalem, 
where  children  were  burnt  to  Moloch,  ami  where 
drums  were  used  to  drown  th'-ir  cries. 

TOP'LA-RY,  a.     [L.  topiarivs,  ornamented.] 

Shaped  hy  cutting;  as,  topiary  work,  which  con- 
sists ill  giving  all  kinds  of  fanciful  forma  to  arbors 
and  tliickets,  trees  and  hedges.  Francis. 

TOP'ie,  V.  [Gr.  ron-of,  place;  L.  topieas,  topicu; 
Sans,  tiipn.] 

1.  Any  subject  of  discourse  or  argument.  The 
Scriptures  furnish  an  unlimited  number  of  topics  for 
the  preacher,  and  topics  infinitely  interesting. 

9.  In  rhetoric,  a  probable  argiimcni  iliawn  from 
the  several  circumstances  and  places  of  a  fact. 
Aristotle  wrote  a  book  of  topics.  Oicero  detincs 
i.'pics  to  bo  the  art  of  finditig  argument;:-.        Ciic. 

\i.  Princii)lo  of  persuasion. 

Coiitumacic'its  pcrsoiirt  whom  no  topics  can  work  niKjii. 

n-dkius. 

4.  In  medicine,  an  external  remedy  ;  a  remedy  to 
be  applied  outwardly  to  a  particular  part  of  the  bcdy, 
as  a  plaster,  a  poultice,  a  blister,  and  the  like. 

C'vc. 
TOP'ie,         >a.     [Supra.]     Pertaining  lo  a  place; 
TOP'I€-AL,  \      limited  ;  local ;  as,  a  topical  remedy. 

2.  Pertaining  to  a  toiiic  or  subject  of  discourse,  or 
to  a  general  head. 

TOP'IG-.VL-LY,  ado.  Locally  ;  witn  limitation  to  a 
part. 

2.  Willi  application  to  a  particular  [lart ;  as,  a  rem- 
edy topiealhi  applied. 

TO-POG'RA-PilER,  v.  [See  Topographv.]  One 
who  describes  a  particular  place,  town,  city,  or  tract 
of  land. 

TOP-O-GRAPH'ie,  )  <i.     Pertaining  to  topogra- 

TOP-O-GRAPH'ie-AL,  ]  phy  ;  descriptive  of  a 
place. 


FATE,  FAR,  FAXJ^,  WHAT.— MkTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.- 


1160 


TOU 

TO P-O-G R APII'ie-AL-LY,  ado.    In  tlie  manner  uf 

topogr;ipiiy. 

TO-l'OGKA-PHY,  ji.  r^ir- '■oTTrts,  place,  and  ypahn-, 
description. J 

The  description  of  a  particular  place,  city,  town, 
manor,  parish,  or  tnict  of  land.  It  is  of  more  liin- 
Jled  application  tJiun  Cnono<;RAPHv. 

'^'01"P£:t),  (topi,)  {  pp,  or  a.      (;overed  on  the  top  ; 

TOPT,  )       capped;    surpassed;     cropped  j 

having  the  top  cut  off. 

TOP'PIiVG,  ppr.  Covering  the  lop  j  capping';  sur- 
passing; croppinar;  lopping. 

2.  c.  Fine ;  pOIaiit.  John.<oit, 
[But  JohiisQti^s  definition  is  pnibabbj  incorrect.'] 

3.  Proud ;  assuming  superiority.  [This  is  the 
sense  in  xchich  the  covniwa  people  of  AVw  Kn^rlaiid  msc 
t/ie  loorrf,  and  I  believe  the  true  sense ;  biU.  it  vs  not  clc- 

TOP'PING,  71.  In  scamcn^s  lanfruaist,  the  act  of  pull- 
ing one  extremity  of  a  yard  higher  than  the  other. 

Mar.  Diet. 

TOPTIXG-UFT,  71.  A  lar^e,  strong  tackle  em- 
ployed to  suspend  or  top  the  outer  end  of  a  gall",  or 
of  the  boom  of  a  main-sail,  in  a  brig  or  schooner. 

Mar.  Diet. 

TOP'PING-LY,  adv.  Proudly  ;  with  airs  of  disdain. 
LV<J(  rtM  elegant  icord,  itor  tiiiich  used.] 

TOP'PI-E,  (top'pl,)  '-.  >.  [from  top.]  To  ftll  for- 
ward ;  to  pitch  or  tumble  dowu. 

Though  castles  Uipple  on  their  w.inlers'  heads.  Shak. 

[This  word  is  used  ckicfiy  of  children  zahcii  beginning 
to  walk.] 
TOP'PLIXG,  ppr.     Falliri';  forward. 
TOP^SY-Tf.IR'VV,  adv.    In  an  iuvi-rted  posture  ;  with 
the  top  or  head  downward;  as,  to  turn  a  carriage 
t^'P^ii-turvij.  South. 

ToUUE,  (tok,)  )  n.     [I^r.,  a    cap.]    A   kind  of 

TO-aUET',  (to-ka',)  \       bonnet    or    head-dress    for 

women. 
TOK,  7t.     [Sax.  tor :  L.  turris.] 

A  tower  ;  a  turret ;  also,  a  high,  pointed  liill ;  usrd 
in  names. 
TORCH,  7(,     [U.  torcia;  Sp.  antorcha;  Fr.  tm-chc  }  D. 
toorts;  probably  a  twist;  It.  toreiare,  to  twist,  Sp. 
torcer,  W.  torgi,  L.  torqneu,  tarlus.] 

A  light  or  himinarj-  formed  of  some  comhuj^tible 
substance,  as  of  resinous  wood ;  a  large  camlle  or 
tianibeau. 

'Vhry  light  ih-;  ntiptial  torch.  Mi'ton. 

TORCH'-BEaR-ER,  7f.    [ttrrch  and  bear.]    One  whose 

ofiice  is  to  carry  a  torch.  Sidneij. 

TOUCH'ER.  H.     One  that  gives  light.     [JV'ui  in  use.] 

Ska)!. 
TORCH'-LIGIIT,  (-lite,)  71.     [torch  and  ligld.]     The 
light  of  a  torch  or  of  torches. 
2.  A  light  kindled  to  supply  the  want  of  the  sun. 

Bacon. 
TORCH'-THIS-TLE,  (-this-1,)  71.  A  plantof  the  genus 
Cereus.  Lee. 

The  common  name  of  a  genus  of  the  order  Cacta- 
cea:,  called  ccrciLs,  from  cfra,  wax,  from  the  reseni- 
blance  of  the  stems  to  a  wax  candle.  Torch-thistle 
is  from  the  prickly  stems  used  by  Iho  Indians  for 
torches.  Cyc. 

TORCirU'ORT,  (-wurt,)  n.    A  plant.  More. 

TORE,  prct.  of  Tear.     He  tore  iiis  mbe. 
Tore,  ji.     [perhaps  from  tear  ;  W.  tori^  to  break.] 
The  dead  grass  lint  remains  on  mowing  land  in 
winter  and  spring.     [Used  in  JVco)  England.] 

Mortimer. 
Tore,  7(.     [L.  torus.] 

In  architecture^  a  largo,  round  molding  on  the 
base  of  a  column  ;  a  tonis.  Oloss.  of  .Orckit. 

TO-REU-MA-TOG'RA-PII Y,  71.  [Gr.  Toptvpa,  sculp- 
ture, and  yp'J>f>n,  description.] 

A  description  of  ancient  sculptures  and   basso- 
relievos.  Ciie. 
TO-REU-MA-TOL'O  <iY,  ii.    [Gr.Toocviia,  sculpture, 
and  >.];  o^.] 
The  art  or  description  of  sculpture  and  bas  relief. 
TO-REu'Tie,  a.     [Gr.  Tan^vo,,  pidishcd.] 

In  sculpture,  highly  fmishcd  or  polished ;  applied 
pvoperhj  to  figures  in  hard  woody  icory,  ^'c,  Brande. 
TOR'MEiVT,  71.  [Fr.  tintrment;  h.  tnrmentnm  ;  It. 
and  Sp,  forTncTi^t) ;  probably  from  tiie  root  of  L.  tor- 
queo,  torn,  Eng.  tour ;  that  is,  from  twisting,  strain- 
in  if-] 

1.  Extreme  pain  ;  anguish  ;  the  utmost  degree  of 
miseiy,  cither  of  body  or  mind. 

The  mure  I  sec 
Pleiisnre  abotit  mc,  co  nmcli  I  led 

Torment  within  mc.  MiUuri. 

Leal  Ihcy  also  come  into  this  place  of  torment.  —  Luke  >;vi. 
Rev.  ix.  xiv, 

2.  That  which  gives  pain,  vexation,  or  misery. 

Thcj  iTought  unlo  hira  all  t ict(  ppojilc  iliat  were  tnlicn  with  divers 
iii=c4wcs  and  torinentt.  —  Ivl.itu  iv. 

3.  An  cniiinc  fnrca-^ling  stones.  Elyot. 
TOR-MENT'^r.  L  To  put  t-o  extreme  pain  or  anguish  ; 

to  inflict  excruciating  pain  and  misery,  either  of  body 
or  mind. 

Art  then  come  hither  In  tormtnt  ua  before  the  lime  f  —  M;U[.  viii. 
He  ahatl  be  lorTntnted  wiih  fire  and  briiiistoiie.  — Rct.  xiv. 


TOR 


TOK 


i}.  To  pain  ;  to  distress. 

Loi\l,  my  RvTvanl  lieth  nt  home  eick  of  the  pa,lBy,  "ricvomly  tor- 

3.  To  tease  ;  to  vex  ;  to  harass  ;  as,  to  be  tormented 
with  importunities,  or  with  petty  annoyances. 

4.  'i'o  put  into  great  agitation.' 

They,  s-viring  on  main  whii^. 
Tormented nl\  the  air.     [(/nusval.\  MUlon. 

TOR-MENT'El),  pp.     Pained  to  extremity;  teased; 

harassed. 
TOR'MEN-TIE,  n.     [Fr.  tormentille;  It.  tnrmentHla.] 
The  septfoil,  Potenlilla  Tormentilla.    'J'he  root  is 

used  in  medicine  as  a  powerful  astringent,  and  for 

alleviating  gripes  or  tormina  in  cases  of  diarrhea, 

whence  its  name.  Cyc. 

TOR-MENT'ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Paining  to  un  extreme 

degree;  inflicting  severe  distress  and  anguish  ;  te:is- 

ing ;  vexing. 
TOR-MENT'ING,  n.    In  agricultHrc^rxn  impcrfocl  sort 

of  horse-hoeing.  Ct^c. 

TOU-MKXT'KVG-LY,  adc    In  a  manner  tending  to 

pi.).ii]f,-  (IkIi.-ss  or  anguish. 
TOR-MENT'()R,  ;  n.    He  or  that  which   torments; 
TOR-MENT'ER,  (       one  who  inflicts  penal  anguish 

or  tortures.  Milton.     Dryden, 

2.  In  agricuUurr^  an  instrument  for  reducing  a  stiff 

soil,  resembling  a  harrow,  but  running  upon  wlieels. 

Hcbci-t. 
ToUN,  pp.  or  a.     [from  tear.] 

NciMuT  sliall  ye  eat  any  flesh  thai  is  lorn  by  the  lx;a£ls  in  Ihe 
(k'hl.  —  Kx.  xxii. 

TOR-Na'DO,  /(.  [from  the  root  of  turn;  that  is,  a 
whiiling  wind.  The  Sp.  and  Port,  tornada  is  a  re- 
turn.] 

A  \iuleiil  gust  of  wind,  or  a  tempest,  distitiguislied 
by  a  wliirling  motion.  Tornadoes  of  this  kind  hap- 
I't'n  after  extieine  heat,  and  someliuics,  in  the  United 
Stairs,  reiui  up  fences  and  trees,  and  in  a  few  in- 
stancc^;  have  overtlirown  Iiouses  and  torn  Ihcm  to 
pieces.  Tornadoes  are  usually  accomiKinied  with 
severe  thunder,  lightning,  and  torrents  of  rain;  but 
Ihey  are  of  short  duration,  and  narrow  in  breadth. 

TO-KOSE'    f         rr    ,  1 

To'ROUS,   i"'     [t'-«o^o..»s.] 

In  io(«;ij/,  protuberant ;  swelling  in  knobs,  like  the 
veinsjiiid  muscles  ;  as,  a  torous  pericarp.    Martyn. 
TOR-Pk'DO,  71.     [L.,  from  torpco,  to  be  numb.] 

1.  The  cramp  fish  or  electric  ray.  This  name 
designates  a  genus  of  fishes  of  several  species,  which 
arc  commonly  confounded  with  each  other.  These 
fishes  are  usually  taken  in  forty  fatlioms  water,  on 
the  coast  of  Franco  and  England,  and  in  the  I^Iedi- 
terranean.  A  touch  of  them  occasions  a  numbness 
in  the  limb,  accompanied  with  an  indescribable  and 
painful  sensation,  and  is  really  an  electric  sliock. 
When  dead,  they  lose  the  power  of  producing  this 
sensation.  Cyc. 

2.  An  engine  invented  for  the  purpose  of  destroy- 
ing ships  liy  blowing  them  up. 

TOR'PEXT,  a.     [L.  torpens,  torpco.] 

Benumbed  ;  lor[)id  ;  having  no  motion  or  activity  ; 
incapable  of  motion. 

A  frail  and  lorpcnt  memory.  Evdyn. 

TORTENT,  71.  In  vtedicine,  that  which  diminishes 
the  exertion  of  the  irritative  motions.         Darwin. 

TOR-PES'CEXCE,  n.  A  state  of  insensibiliiy  ;  tor- 
pidues^  ;  numbness  ;  stupidity. 

TOR-PES'CENT,  a.     [L.  iorpescens.] 

Becoming  torpid  or  numb.  Shen.-^iiine. 

TOR'PID,  a.  [h.  torpiduSj  torpco;  perhaps  W.  torp,  a 
lump.] 

1.  Having  lost  motion  or  tlie  power  of  exertion  and 
feeling  ;  numb  ;  as,  a  torpid  limb. 

Without  h.-at  nil  things  would  he  torpid.  Hoy. 

2.  Dull;  stupid  ;  sluggisli  ;  inactive.  The  mind, 
as  well  as  the  body,  becomes  torpid  by  indolence. 
Impenitent  sinners  remain  in  a  stale  of  torpid  se- 
rurity.  Barriirgfun. 

TOR-PID'I-TY,  71.    Torpidness. 

TOR'PII>-EY,  adi-'.     In  a  dull,  inactive  manner. 

TOR'PiD-NKSS,  )   T/.      Tije    state   of    being    torpid; 

TOR'PI-TUDE,  i         nuuiliness.      Torpidness    may 
amount  to  tulal  instnsibdi'y  or  loss  of  sensation. 
2.  Dullness;  inactivity;  sluggishness;  stujudity. 

TOR'PI-Fi--P:[),  (-flile,)7>/).     Rendered  torpid. 

TOR'PI-Fy,  V.  t.    To  make  torpid. 

TOR'Pl-FY-ING,  ppr.     Rendering  torpid. 

T0R'P0R,7i.  [I..]  Numbness;  inactivity;  loss  of 
motion,  or  of  the  jiower  of  motion.  Torpor  may 
amount  to  a  tolal  loss  of  smsation,  or  complete  in- 
sensibility. It  may,  however,  be  applied  to  Ihe  st;ile 
of  a  living  budy  which  has  not  lost  all  power  of 
feeling  and  motion. 
2.   DuIhK'ss  ;  laziness;  slucsishness  ;  stupidity. 

TOR-PO-RIF'I€,  a.     [L.  torpor  ani}  facto.] 
Tending  to  produce  torpor. 

TOR  RE-FAC'I'IOiX,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  torrrfacio ; 
torridus  and  ficio.] 

1.  The  operation  of  drying  by  a  tire. 

2.  In  mcbdlurgij,  the  operation  of  roasting  ores. 

\\.  In  pharmacy,  the  drying  or  roasting  of  drugs  on 
a  metalline  plate,  placed  over  or  before  coals  ol  fire, 


till  tliry  become  friable  to  the  fingers,  or  till  some 
other  desired  effect  is  produced.  C^e. 

TOR'RE-FI-i?D,  C-fldr.)  pp.  or  a.  Dried  ;  roaiied ; 
t^corchcd.  Torrtfifd  rnrth,  in  agrindture^  U  Ihat 
which  has  undergone  the  action  of  fire.  Cyc. 

TOK'RE-F?,  »'.  f.  [\..  torrrfacio;  I*,  torridus,  torrco, 
and  facia  ;  Fr,  torrrficr.] 

1.  To  dry  by  a  fire  Broken. 

2.  In  victtill.irgy^  to  roast  or  scorch,  a^  metallic  ores. 
H.  In  phunnaoj,  to  drj'  or  parch,  on   drug?,  on  a 

metalline  plate  till  they  are  triable,  ur  are  rcluced  to 
any  slate  desired. 

T(JK'itK-I'?-!\(i,  ppr.  Drying  by  a  fire;  roaifling  , 
parehing. 

TOR'RENT,  77.  [L.  turrens.  This  is  Ihc  participle  of 
turrco,  to  parch.  But  the  sense  of  llie  word  lorrettt 
allies  it  to  the  W.  fori,  !o  break,  and  the  Etig.  tear, 
'i'hcy  are  all  of  one  family,  denoting  violent  ac- 
tion.] 

1.  A  violent  rushing  stream  of  water  or  other 
fluid;  a  stream  suddenly  raised  and  ninning  rapidly, 
as  down  a  precipice  ;  as,  a  torrent  of  lava. 

2.  A  violent  or  rapid  stream;  n  strong  current; 
as,  a  torrent  of  vices  and  follies;  a  torrent  of  cor- 
ruption. 

Erajnnua,  tliat  great,  injuird  il-uw, 
Stemmed  Uil*  vv.:ld  torrent  of  a  tnnaroua  age.  Popf. 

TOR'REXT,  a.     Rolling  or  rushing  in  a  rapid  2trcam  ; 

as,  \\  aves  of  torrent  firc. 

TOR-RI-CKL'I.I-AN,  a.  Pcrtainir.g  to  Torricelli,  an 
Italian  philoso[)lier  and  niathcmatician,  wtm  discov- 
ered the  true  principle  on  which  the  barometer  is 
constructed. 

Torricellian  tube,  is  a  glass  tube  thirty  or  more 
inches  in  length,  open  at  one  end,  and  hermetically 
sealed  at  the  other,  such  as  is  used  in  the  barom- 
eter. 

Torricellian  racnum  ;  a  vacmm»  protluccd  by  fdling 
with  mercury  a  tube  liermetirally  closed  at  one  end, 
and,  after  immersing  the  other  end  in  a  vessel  of 
mercury,  allowing  the  inclosed  mercury  to  descend 
till  it  is  counterbalanced  by  the  weight  of  an  eriual 
column  o(  the  atniosphcre,  as  in  the  barometer. 

Hutton. 

TOR'RID,  a.     [h.  forridns,  from  torrcoy  to  roast.] 

1.  Parched  ;  dried  with  heat ;  as,  a  torrid  plain  or 
desert. 

2.  Violently  hot ;  burning  or  parching  ;  as,  a  torrid 
heat.  Milton. 

Torrid  zone ;  in  geography,  that  space  or  broad 
belt  of  the  earth  included  between  the  Iropics,  over 
which  the  sun  is  vertical  at  some  period  every  year, 
and  where  the  Iicat  is  always  great. 

TOR'RID-NESS,  77.  The  elate  of  being  very  hot  or 
parched. 

TORSE,  n      [Fr.  torse  ;  L.  tortus.] 
In  heraldrif,  a  wreath. 

TOR'SEL,;t.  [Supra.]  Any  thing  in  a  twisted  forni; 
as,  torspls  for  manlel-trecs.  Mozon. 

TOR'SION,  71.     [L.  torsioy  from  torqucoj  to  twist.] 
The  act  of  turning  or  twisting. 
Torsion  balance,  an  instrument  for  estimating  ven* 
minute  forces  by  the  motion  of  an  index  attached  lo 
the  ends  of  iwo  fine  wires  or  threads,  which  twist 
ariiund  each  other.  Olmsted. 

TOR'SO,  71.  [It.]  The  trunk  of  a  statue,  mutilated 
of  head  and  iimbs  ;  as,  Uio  tcrtv  of  Hercules. 

TORT,  n.  [Fr.,  from  E.  tnrt}Ls,  twisted,  from  torqueo. 
The  primary  sense  is,  to  turn  or  stmin ;  hence,  lo 
twist.] 

1.  In  /air,  any  wrong  or  injun*.  Torts  arc  inju- 
ries done  lo  the  person  or  pro|>erIy  of  another,  as 
trespass,  assault  and  batterj',  defamation,  and  the 
like.  Blackstone. 

2.  Mischief;  calamity.  Spcnsur. 
[E.Tcrpt  in  the  legal  sense  above  explained,  it  is  ob- 
solete.] 

TOR'TEAU,  (tor'to,)  71.    In  hcraUim,  a  red  roundel.  — 

E.  U.  Barker. 
TORT'ILE,  (tort'il,)  a.     [L.  tortilis.] 

Twisted ;  wreathed  ;  coiled.  In  botany^  coiled 
like  a  rope  ;  as,  a  tortile  awn.  Martyn. 

TOR'TIOX,  (tor'shun.)  71.    [L.  f^Wiw.] 

Torment;  pain.     [jV<*(  in  iijtc.]  Bacon. 

TOR'TIOUS,  t^lor'shus,)  a.  [from  tort]  Injurious; 
done  by  wrong. 

2.  In  lato,  implying  lorl,  or  injur}-  ft)r  which  ihe 
law  gives  damages. 
TORT'lVE,  a.     [L.  tortus.] 

T\^■isted  ;  wreathed.  Shak. 

TOR'TOISE,  (tor'tis,)  71.     [from  L.  tortus,  twisted.] 

1.  An  animal  of  the  order  Tcsludiuata,  or  Chelo- 
nia,  covered  wilh  a  shell  or  crust. 

2.  In  the  viilitAiry  art,  a  defense  used  by  the  ancients, 
formed  by  the  troops  arranging  Ibemselres  in  close 
order  and  placing  their  bucklers  over  their  heads, 
making  a  cover  resembling  a  tortoise-shell. 

TOR'TOISE-SHELL,  71.  [tortoise  and  shell.]  The 
shell,  or  horny  scutes  or  plates  of  the  tortoise,  used 
in  inlaying  a'nd  in  various  manufactures ;  particu- 
larhi,  tlic  shell  of  a  species  of  sea  turtle,  the  hawk's 
bUl'tuitle,  Chclone  inibricata.  Bntnde^ 

TORT-li-oSE',  rt.    Wreathed;  twisted;  winding. 

Lcudott. 


TuXE,  BULL,  UNITE.— AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS €  as  K  ;  0  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TU  as  in  THIS. 

146  iieT 


TOS 


TORT-U-OS'I-TY,  H.     [from  tortuoiLs.]    The  state  of 
being  twisted  or  wreathed;  wreath;  flexure. 

Brown. 
TORT'IJ-OUS,  a.     [L.  tortuosusi  Fr.  tortueux.] 

1.  Twisted;  wreathed;  winding;  as,  a  tortuous 
train;  a  tortuous  leaf  or  corolj  in  botany. 

Milton.     Martijn. 
9.  Tortious.     [JVot  itsed]     [See  Tortious.] 

Spenser. 
TOHT'lJ-OUS  LY,  adv.    In  a  winding  manner. 
TORT'lJ-OUS-NESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  twisted 
TORT'iJrE,  (tort'yur,)  n.     [Fr.  torture  i  It.  and  Sp. 
torturai  from  L.  tortus y  torfptco,  to  twist,  W.  torgi; 
I)robably  from  the  root  of  turn.    See  Tour.] 

1.  Extreme  pain ;  anguish  of  body  or  mind ;  pang ; 
agony  ;  torraept. 

Gliaslly  spasm  or  racking  torture.  Milton. 

2.  Severe  pain  inflicted  judicially,  cither  as  a  pun- 
ishment for  a  crime,  or  for  the  purpose  of  extorting 
a  confession  from  iin  accused  person.  Torture  may 
be,  and  is,  inflicted  in  a  Viiriety  of  ways,  as  by  water 
or  by  fire,  or  by  the  hoot  or  thumbkin.  But  the  most 
usual  mode  is  by  the  rack  or  wheel.     Paley.     Cyc. 

TORT'IJRE,  v.  t.     To  pain  to  extremity  ;  to  torment. 

2.  To  punish  with  torture  ;  to  put  to  the  rack;  as, 
to  torture  an  accused  person. 

3.  To  vex  ;  to  harass.  AtMiso^}. 

4.  To  keep  on  the  stretch,  as  a  bow.    [J^'ot  in  iisc] 

Bacni. 
TORT'tJR-ED  (tort'yurd,)  j^.   Tormented  ;  stretched 

on  the  wheel ;  harassed. 
TORT'lTR-ER,  ju     One  who  torments;  a  tormenter. 

Bacon. 
TORT' IIR'ING ^ ppt      Tormenting;  stretching  on  the 

rack  ;  vexing. 
TORT'UR-ING-LY,  adv.     So  as  to  torture  or  torment. 

Bcatim.  Sf  Fl. 
TORT'^R-OUS,  fl.    Tormenting.     [JVot  in  iwe.] 

.More. 
TOR-U-LoSE',  a.  In  botamjy  cylindrical,  with  several 

swells  and  contiactions. 
To'RUS,  71.     [L.]     In   architecture,  a  large  molding 
u«ed  in  the  bases  of  columns.    Its  profile  is  semicir- 
cular. Brande. 

2.  In  hotamjy  the  receptacle,  or  part  of  the  flower 
on  which  the  carpels  are  sealed.  Lindlcy. 

TUK'VI-TY,  71.     [L.  torvitasi  from  twisting,  supra.] 

Sourness  or  severity  of  countenance. 
TOR'VOUS,  a.     [L.  torcus,  from  the  root  of  torquco, 
to  twist.] 
Sour  of  aspect ;  stern  ;  of  a  severe  countenance. 

Derka  m, 
To'RY,  n.     [Said  to  be  an  Irish  word,  denoting  a  rob- 
hix ;  perhaps  fronWor,  a  bush,  as  the  Irish  banditti 
lived  in  the  mountains  or  among  trees.] 

The  name  given  to  an  adherent  to  the  ancient  con- 
stitution of  England  and  to  the  ecclesiastical  hierar- 
chy. Tlie  tories  form  a  party  which  are  charged  with 
supporting  more  arbitrary  principles  in  government 
than  the  whigs,  their  opponents. 

In  America,  during  the  revolution,  those  who  op- 
posed the  war,  and  favored  the  claims  of  Great  Brit- 
ain, were  called  tories. 
To'RY,  a.     Pertaining  to  the  tories. 
To'RY-ISM,  n.    Tlie  principles  of  the  tories. 
To?E,  V.  t.     To  tease  wool.     [JVot  in  use,  or  local.'^ 
TO;?S,  V.  t.  ,*  prct.  and  pp.  Tossed  or  Tost.   [W.  tosiaw, 
to  toss,  to  jerk.    Q,u.  G.  stosscn,  to  thrust.] 

1.  To  throw  with  the  hand  ;  particularly,  to  throw 
with  the  palm  of  the  hand  upward,  or  to  throw  up- 
ward ;  as,  to  toss  a  ball. 

2.  To  throw  with  violence.  Shak. 

3.  To  lift  or  throw  up  with  a  sudden  or  violent 
motion ;  as,  to  toss  the  head  ;  or  to  toss  up  the  head. 

He  tossed  lik  arm  Rloft.  ASdison. 

4.  To  cause  to  rise  and  fall;  as,  to  be  tossed  on  the 
waves. 

We  being  ex«cdin»ly  tossed  wiih  a  tempest.  —  AcU  xxvii. 

5.  To  move  one  way  and  the  other.     Prov.  sxi. 

6.  To  agitate  ;  to  make  restless. 

Calm  rcgpon  once, 
AuJ  fiill  of  pence,  now  tost  and  turbnlent.  lifiiton, 

7.  To  keep  in  play ;  to  tumble  over  ;  as,  to  spend 
four  years  in  tossing  the  rules  of  grammar.    Ascham, 

To  toss  the  oars,  in  a  boat,  is  to  throw  them  with 
their  blades  up,  in  a  perpendicular  direction,  as  a  .sa- 
lute. 
TOSS,  V.  i.    To  fling  ;  to  roll  and  tumble  ;  to  WTithe  ; 
to  be  in  violent  commotion. 

To  tosa  and  flin^,  and  Lo  be  rcsUess,  only  frets  anO  cnmgea  our 
paint  TiltoUon. 

2.  To  be  tossed.  SJiak. 

To  toss  up,  is  to  throw  a  coin  into  the  air,  and  wa- 
ger on  what  side  it  will  fall.  Brampston. 
TOSS,  n.    A  throwing  upward  or  with  a  jerk  ;  the  act 
of  tossing ;  as,  the  toss  of  a  ball. 

2.  A  throwing  up  of  the  head  ;  a  particular  man- 
ner of  raising  the  head  with  a  jerk.  It  is  much  ap- 
plied to  horses,  and  may  be  applied  to  an  affected 
manner  of  raising  the  head  in  men. 
T0SS^£:D,  rtost,)  pp.  Thruwn  upward  suddenly  or 
Willi  a  jerk  ;  made  to  rise  and  fall  suddenly. 


TOU 

TOS'SEL,     See  Tassel. 

TOSS'ER,  n.    One  who  tosses. 

TOSS'ING,  ppr.  Throwing  upward  with  a  jerk;  rais- 
ing suddenly  ;  as  the  head. 

TOSS'ING,  n.  The  act  of  throwing  upward  ;  a  rising 
and  falling  suddenly  ;  a  rolling  and  tumbling. 

Dire  w.'is  Ihc  tossing,  deep  tUe  groans.  Milton. 

TOSS'POT,  71.     [toss  and  pot.]     A  toper;  one  habit- 
ually given  to  strong  drink. 
TOST,  prrt^  and  pp.  of  Toss. 

In  II  troubled  son  of  passion  toot,  Milton. 

To'TAL,  a.     [Fr. ;  L.  totalis,  totus;  W.  tiot.] 

1.  Whole;  full;  complete;  as,  total  darkness;  a 
total  (li'parture  from  the  evidence  ;  a  total  loss ;  the 
total  sum  or  amount. 

2.  Whole;  not  divided. 

Myself  the  totnl  crime.  Milton, 

To'TAL,  71.  Tlie  whole  ;  the  whole  sum  or  amount. 
These  sums  added  make  the  grand  total  of  five  mil- 
lions. 

TO-TAL'I-TY,  n.     [Fr.  totality.'] 

The  whole  sum  ;  whole  quantity  or  amount. 

TO^TAL-IjY,  ado.  Wholly;  entirely;  fully;  com- 
pletely ;  as,  to  bo  totally  exhausted ;  all  hope  totally 
failed  ;  he  was  totally  absorbed  in  thought. 

To'TAL-NESS,  n,    Entireness. 

ToTE,  V.  t.    To  carry  or  bear. 

[A  word  used  in  slavcholding  countries;  said  to 
have  been  introduced  by  the  blacks.  This  word  is 
said  also  to  be  the  same  as  Tolt,  which  see,  the  I 
being  omitted.  It  is  most  used  in  the  Southern  and 
Middle  United  States,  is  occasionally  heard  in  New 
En;j;land,  and  is  said  also  to  be  used  in  England.] 

ToTE,  71.     [L.  totus.] 

The  entire  body,  or  all ;  as,  the  whole  tote,  [Hal- 
liwell  says  still  in,  use.']     [Colloquial.] 

ToT'ED,  pp.    Carried  or  borne. 

T'OTH'ER  ;  a  vulgar  pnmunciation  of  the  other. 

TOT'I-DEjM  VER'BIS,  [L.]  In  so  many  words;  in 
tlie  veiT  words. 

TO'TI-E'S  QUO'TI-SS,  (to'she-eez-kwo'she-eez,) 
[L.]     As  often  as  one,  so  often  the  other. 

TO'TO  CfE'Z.0,  (-see'lo.)  [L.]     By  the  whole  hemi- 
sphere ;  as  opposite  as  possible. 
In  toto,  [h,]     In  the  whole. 

TOT'TER,  V.  i.     [This  may  be  allied  to  titter.] 

1.  IVi  shake  so  as  to  threaten  a  fall ;  to  vacillate  ; 
as,  an  old  man  totters  with  age ;  a  child  totters  when 
he  begins  to  walk. 

2.  To  shake  :  to  reel ;  to  lean. 

As  a  bownng  wall  shall  ye  be,  and  t\s  a  tottering  fence.  —  Fs. 

Ixii. 
Troy  nods  from  high,  and  totters  to  her  fall.  DryJcn. 

TOT'TER-ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Shaking,  as  threatening  a 
fall;  vacillating:  reeling;  inclining. 

TOT'TER-ING-LY,  adv.    In  a  tottering  manner. 

TOT'TER-Y,  )  a.    Shaking  ;  trembling  or  vacillating, 

TOT'TY,  i  as  if  about  to  fall ;  unsteady.  [JSTot 
in  use.] 

[Spenser  wrote  Tottle,  as  the  common  people  of 
New  England  still  pronounce  it.] 

TOU'€AN,  71.  A  bird  of  tropical  America,  of  several 
species,  belonging  to  the  genus  Ramphastos,  remark- 
able for  the  large  size  of  its  bill.  The  feet  of  tou- 
cans, like  those  of  parrots,  are  formed  for  grasping. 

P.  Cyc. 
9.  A  small  modern  constellation  of  tlie  southern 
hemisphere.  Hatton. 

TOUCH,  (tuch,)  V.  t.  [Fr.  toucher;  Arm.  tovicha,  tou- 
chan,  or  touchein  ;  Goth,  tekan,  attckan  ;  G.  ticlten ;  D. 
tckkcn ;  Sp.  and  Port,  tocar ;  It.  toccare ;  Gr.  ciy'-> ;  L. 
tango,  originally  tarro,  (our  vulgar  ta^-,)  pret.  tetigi, 
pp.^tactus.  The  sense  is,  to  thrust  or  strike.  Class 
Dg.  It  appears  by  the  laws  of  Numa  Pompilius, 
that,  in  his  days,  this  word  was  WTittsn  without  n, 
"  Pcllex  arara  Junonis  ne  tagito  "] 

1.  To  come  in  contact  with  ;  to  hit  or  strike 
against. 

lie  touched  the  hollow  of  his  thigh.  —  Gen.  xixii.    Matl.  ix, 
Esther  drew  near  and  touched  the  top  of  the  sccpler.  —  Esth.  v. 

2.  To  perceive  by  the  sense  of  feeling. 

Nothing  but  body  cnn  be  touched  or  touch.  Creech. 

3.  To  come  to ;  to  reach  ;  to  attain  to. 


The  god  vindictis'e  doomed  them  never  more, 
Ah,  men  unblessed  I   to  touch  thai  natd  shore. 


Pope. 


Shak. 


Shak. 


4.  To  try,  as  gold  with  a  stone. 

Wherein  I  mean  to  touch  your  lo/c  indeed. 

5.  To  relate  to ;  to  concern. 
The  qnarrtl  louchelh  none  but  thee  alone. 

[7^(5  sense  is  now  nearly  ohsolcte.] 

G.  To  handle  slightly.  Brown. 

7.  To  meddle  with.    I  have  not  touched  the  books. 

8.  To  affect. 

What  of  eweel 
Hath  touched  my  sense,  flat  seems  to  this,  Milton. 

9.  To  move  ;  to  soften  ;  to  melt. 

The  tender  eirc  was  touched  with  what  he  Eaid.  Addison, 

10.  To  mark  or  delineate  slightly. 

The  lines,  though  touched  biit  faintly.  Pope, 


TOU 

11.  To  infect;  as,  men  touched  with  pestilent  dis- 
eases.    [Little  used.]  Bacon. 

12.  To  make  an  impression  on. 

Its  face  must  be  —  bo  hard  that  tlie  file  will  not  touch  it.  Moxv. 

13.  To  strike,  as  an  instrument  of  music;  to 
play  on. 

They  touched  their  golden  harps.  Milton. 

14.  To  influence  by  impulse  ;  to  impel  forcibly. 

No  decree  of  mine, 
To  touch  with  lightest  moment  of  impulse 
Ilis  free  will.  MUlon. 

15.  To  treat  slightly.  In  his  discourse,  he  hardy 
touched  upon  the  subject  deemed  tlie  moat  interest- 
ing. 

IC.  To  afflict  or  distress.     Gen.  xxvi. 

To  touch  up;  to  repair;  or  to  improve  by  slight 
touches  or  emendations.  .Addison. 

To  touch  the  wind;  in  seameu'^s  language^  is  to  keep 
the  ship  as  near  the  wind  as  possible. 
TOUCH,  (tuch,)  u.  (.    To  be  in  contact  with  ;  tn  be  in 
a  state  of  junction,  so  that  no  space  is  between. 
Two  spheres  touch  only  at  points.  Johnson. 

2.  To  fasten  on  ;  to  take  eflfcct  on. 

Strong  watera  will  touch  upon  gold,  that  will  not  touch  silver. 

Bacon . 

3.  To  treat  of  slightly  in  discourse.         .Addison. 

4.  Among  seamen,  the  sails  are  said  to  touch  when 
they  are  braced  so  sharp,  or  so  near  the  wnul,  that 
tliey  begin  to  shake.  Tottcn, 

To  touch  at ;  to  come  or  go  to,  without  stay.  The 
ship  touched  at  Lisbon. 

The  next  day  we  touched  at  Sidon.  —  Acts  xxvii. 
To  touch  on  or  upon;  to  mention  slightly. 

If  the  antiquaries  have  touched  upon  it,  they  have  immediately 
quitted  it.  Addison, 

2.  In  the  sense  of  touch  at.     [Little  used.] 
TOUCH,   (tuch,)  71.      Ccmtact;    the  hitting  of  two 
bodies  ;  the  junction  of  two  bodies  at  the  surface,  so 
that  there  is  no  space  between  them.    The  mimosa 
shrinks  at  the  slightest  touch. 

2.  The  sense  of  feeling  or  common  sensation,  one 
of  the  five  senses.  We  say,  a  thing  is  cold  or  warm 
to  the  touch ;  silk  is  soft  to  the  touclu 

The  spider's  touch,  how  exquisitely  line  1  Pope. 

3.  The  act  of  touching.  The  touch  of  cold  water 
made  him  shrink. 

4.  The  slate  of  being  touched. 

Th.it  never  touch  was  welcome  to  thy  hand 

Unless  1  touched.  Shak. 

5.  Examination  by  a  stone.  Shale. 

6.  Test ;  that  by  which  any  thing  is  examined. 

Equity,  the  true  touch  of  all  laws.  Carew, 

7.  Proof;  tried  qualities. 

My  friends  of  noble  touch.  Sliak. 

8.  Single  act  of  a  pencil  on  a  picture. 

Never  give  the  least  touch  with  your  pencil,  till  you  hive  wcH 
cxarained  your  design.  Dryden. 

9.  Feature ;  lineament. 

Of  mnny  faces,  eyes,  and  hearts, 

To  have  tlie  toutkca  dearest  prized.  Shak. 

10.  Act  of  the  hand  on  a  musical  instrument. 

Soflstillncsa  and  the  night 
Become  the  touches  of  sweet  harmony,  Shak. 

11.  Power  of  e.xciting  the  affections. 

Not  alone 
The  death  of  Fulvia,  with  more  urgent  touches 
Do  strongly  apeak  t'  us.  Shak. 

12.  Something  of  passion  or  affection. 

He   both  makes  inlerccssion  to  God  for  sinners,  and  exercises 

dominion  over  all  men,  witli  a  true,  natural,  and  scnBiNe 
touch  of  mercy.  Hooker, 

13.  Particular  application  of  any  thing  to  a  person. 

Speech  of  touch  toward  others  should  be  sparingly  used.  (06s.] 

Bacon. 

14.  A  Stroke;  as,  a  (oucA  of  raillery ;  a  satiric  (oucA. 

jSddison. 

15.  Aninfiidversion  ;  censure  ;  reproof. 


16.  Exact  performance  of  agreement. 

I  keep  touch  with  my  promise.     [068.]  More. 

17.  A  small  quantity  intermixed. 

Madam,  I  have  a  touch  of  your  conscience.  Shak. 

18.  A  hint;  suggestion  ;  slight  notice. 

A  small  touch  will  pot  him  in  mind  of  them.  Bacon. 

19.  A  cant  word  for  a  slight  essay. 

Print  mv  preface  in  such  form  a?,  in  llie  bookseller's  phr.is?_,  will 
malic  a  sixpenny  touch.     [A'ot  in  use.]  Steift, 

20.  In  music,  the  resistance  of  the  keys  of  an  in- 
strument to  the  fingers;  as,  a  heavy  touch  or  light 
touch. 

21.  In  music,  an  organ  is  said  to  have  a  good  touch 
or  stop,  when  the  keys  close  well. 

22.  In  ship-buildinrr,  touch  is  the  broadest  part  of  a 
plank  worked  top  and  butt ;  or  the  middle  of  a  plank 
worked  anchor-stock  fashion  ;  also,  the  angles  of  the 
stern  timbers  at  the  counters.  Cyc, 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WHAT.  — MeTE,  PREY.— PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.— 


TOU 

TOUCH'A-BLE,  (luch'a-bl,)  a.  Tliat  may  be  touched  j 

tangible.  _ 
TOrCH'!IoLE,   (tuch'hole,)    n.      [touch    and   hole.] 

The  veiil  of  a  cannon  or  oilier  species  of  firearms, 

by  which  fire  is  cunununicated  to  the  powder  of  the 

charjiP'.    It  is  now  called  the  Vent. 
TOl'CH^I-LY,    (tuch'e-le,)    ado.       With    irritation  ; 

peevisiilv. 
TOUCH'I-XESS,    (tnch'e-ness,)    71.      [from    toucluj.] 

Peevishness  ;  iixitabiiity  j  irascibility. 

K.  Charles. 
TOt'CH'IXG,   (titch'ing,)   ppr.      Coming  in  contact 

with;  hitting;  striking;  ajfiecting. 
■}.  Concerning;  relating  to^  with  respect  to. 

^."ow,  as  loucfiing  tilings  offered  to  idols.  —  I  Cor.  viij. 

.  J.    Affecting:  moving;  pathetic. 

10'/C!{'IXG,  (luch'ing,)  n.  Touch;  the  sense  of 
feclins. 

TOL'CIIT.N'G-I^Y,  (tuch'ing-Ie,)  adc.  In  a  manner  to 
move  the  passions ;  feelingly.  Oarth. 

TOUCII'-ME-NOT,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Impa- 
tit-ns,  ami  another  of  the  genus  Momordica. 

TOUCU'-XEii-DLE,  (tuch'nee-dl,)  n.  [(^KcAand  nee- 
dle.] 

Touch-needles  are  small  bars  of  gold  and  silver, 
some  of  which  are  pure,  and  others  alloyed  with 
various  definite  proportions  of  copper,  pr-.-pared  for 
trying  gold  and  silver  by  the  touchstone,  by  compar- 
ison with  the  mark  "they  leave  upon  it. 

TOL'Ca^SToXE,  (tuch'stone,)  n.     [touck  and  stone.] 

1.  A  variety  of  extremely  compact  silicions  schist, 
almost  as  close  as  tiint,  used  for  ascertaining  the 
purity  of  gold  and  silver  by  the  streak  impressed  on 
the  stone;  also  called  Ltoian  Stone, 

2.  .'\ny  test  or  criterion  by  which  the  quaiities  of  a 
thing  are  tried  ;  as,  money,  the  touchstone  of  common 
honesty.  VEslrange. 

Irish  tottclistone,  is  the  bas.tll,  the  stone  which 

coTn[xtses  the  Giant*3  Causeway. 
TOUCH'WpOD,  (tuch'w9od)   n.     [toi.-eli  and  wov<?.] 

Decayed  wood,  used  like  a  match  for  taking  fire 

from  a  spark.  liowell. 

TOUCH'Y,  (tuch'e,)  n.    [Vulgarly  Techv.]     Peevish  ; 

irritable  ;  irascible  ;  apt  to  lake  fire.     [JVut  elegant.] 

jJrbiitJinot. 
TOUGH,  (tnf,)  a.    [Sax.  tok;  D.  taai;  C.  zahc,    Uu. 

ti^ht,  tJiic.';.] 

1.  Having  the  quality  of  tlexibilit>'  without  brittle- 
ncss;  yielding  to  force  without  breaking.  The  li^a- 
ment^  of  animals  and  India  rubber  are  remarkably 
tou.^h.  Tough  timber,  like  young  ash,  is  the  most 
proper  f  )r  the  shafts  and  springs  of  a  carriage. 

2.  Firm  ;  strong ;  not  easily  broken ;  able  to  en- 
dure hardship  ;  as,  an  animal  of  a  tough  frame. 

Dry  den. 

3.  Not  easily  separated ;  viscous  ;  clammy  ;  tena- 
cious ;  ropy  ;  as,  tough  phlegm. 

4.  Stiff;  not  flexible. 

TOUGH'£N,  (tuf'n,)  v.  i.     To  grow  tough. 

Jilorlimer. 

TCirCiWE^,  (tuf 'n,)  V.  (.    To  make  tough. 

T6l'QH'ES'ED,  pp.    Made  or  become  tough. 

TOrOH'^.V-IXG,  ppr.    Makins  tough. 

Tt'iUGH'ISH,  (tuf 'ish,)  a.    Toilgh  in  a  slid.t  degree. 

TuUGII'LY,  (tuf'le,)  o-lv.    In  a  lough  manner. 

TOL'GH'XES:^,  (tuf 'ness,)  n.  The'qualily  of  a  sub- 
j^tance  which  renders  it  in  some  degree  flexible, 
without  britlleness  or  liability  to  fracture  ;  flexibility 
with  a  firm  adhesion  of  parts ;  as,  the  toughness  of 
steel.  Drijdcn. 

2.  Viscosity  ;  tenacity  ;  clamminess  ;  glutinous- 
ncss  ;  as,  the  toughness  of  mucus. 

3.  Firmness;  strength  of  constitution  or  texture. 

Sliak. 
rOU-PEF/,  I   ,.        -,  .   (  n.     [Fr.  toupet,  from  touffe, 
T6U-PET',  i  C^oo-P-^')  i      afi/Aorilsroot.j 
A  little  tuft ;  a  curl  or  artificial  lock  of  hair. 
TOL'R,  (toor,)  n.     [Fr.  tourj  a  turn;  D.  toer ;   Heb. 

iiri,  \t.   X3  taura,  to  go  round.    Class  Dr,  Xo.  38.] 

1.  Literalltjy  a  going  round  ;  hence,  a  journey  in  a 
circuit;  as,  the  tour  of  Europe;  the  tour  of  France 
07  Ena:I.-ind, 

2.  A  [urn  ;  a  revolution  ;  as,  the  tours  of  the  heav- 
enly bodies.    [A*oi  now  in  use.] 

3.  A  turn  ;  as,  a  tour  of  duty ;  a  military  use  of 
the  word. 

4.  A  lrcs3  or  circular  border  of  hair  en  the  h'?ad, 
worn  sometimes  by  both  sexes.  Cijc. 

5.  A  lower.     [JVot  in  use.] 
TOUR-BIL'EIOX,  (tocr-biKyoD,)  n.    An  ornamental 

firework,  peculiar  for  turning  round,  when  in  the  air, 
so  as  to  present  the  appearance  of  a  scroll  of  fire. 

Frattcis. 
TOURTST,  (toor'ist,)  n.    One  who  makes  a  tour,  or 

perfnrms  a  jnnrncy  in  a  circuit. 
TOCR'MA-LIX, )  71.     [Probably  a  corruption  of  ToUB- 
TUR'MA-LIX,     i      NAMAL,aname  given  to  this  stone 
in  Ceylon.] 

A  mineral  occurring  usually  in  black  three-sided 
or  six-sided  prisnLS,  terminated  by  three-sided  pyra- 
mid?!.    It  also  presents  brown,  blue,  green,  and  red 


TOW 

colors.  The  blue  has  been  called  Indicolite  ;  the  red, 
BuBELLtTE.  Both  the  green  and  red  varieties  are  high- 
ly esteemed  in  jewelry,  when  clear  and  of  a  large 
size.  The  black  tourmalin  was  formerly  called 
Schohl. 

Crystals  of  tourmalin,  when  heated,  are  remarka- 
ble for  exhibiting  electric  polarity.  Dana. 

TOURX,  H.  The  sheriff's  turn  or  court ;  also,  a  epin- 
ning-wli»el.     [JW^i  Jinicrican.] 

TOURX'A-MENT,  (tura'a-ment,)  n.  [from  Fr.  tour- 
«er,  to  turn.] 

A  mock-fight  or  militar>'  sport,  in  which  quite  a 
number  of  combatants  were  engaged  as  an  exhibition 
of  their  address  and  braver}'.  It  dillered  from  the 
joust^  which  was  a  trial  of  skill  between  one  man 
and  another. 

TOURX'I-aUET,  (turn'e-ket,)  n.  [Fr.]  A  surgical 
instrument  or  bandage  which  is  straitened  or  re- 
laxed with  a  screw,  and  used  to  check  hemorrhages. 

Cyc. 

TOURN'EY,  (turn'e,)  n.    A  tournament.    [Supra.] 

TOURX'EY,  (turn'e,)  v.  i.  To  tilt;  to  perform 
tournaments.  Spenser. 

TOUR-J^'OIS',  (toor-nwa',)  n.  A  livre  tournois  was  a 
French  money  of  account  worth  20  sous,  or  a  franc. 
It  was  thus  called  in  distinction  from  the  Paris  livre, 
which  contained  25  sous.  Diet,  de  I'Jicad. 

TOUR-M^tyRE',  n.     [Fr.]     Turn ;  contour. 

TOUSE,  n.     A  pulling  ;  a  disturbance.         HaUiwcll. 

TOUSE,  (touz,)  V.  t.     [G.  zausm,  to  pull.] 

To  pull ;  to  haul ;  to  tear.     [Hence  Towser-] 

As  a  bear,  whom  hungry  cure  liave  loused.  Spenttr, 

TOU'SLE,  I  .^„„,,,  -,  >  r.  (.    The  same  as  Touse  ;  to 
TOU'SEL,  i  t^°"^ ''-'  i      put  into  disorder;   to  tum- 
ble; to  tangle.     [Used  by  the  common  people  of  JVea 
England.] 
TOUT,  V.  I.    To  toot,  which  see. 

2.  To  ply  or  seek  for  customers.    Kence,  a  tontcr 
is  one  who  Untts  for  an  inn.     [  Various  Dialects.] 
Smart.    Hailiwell. 
ToW,  r.  (.    [Sax.  (eo^are,  teon;   Fr.  to  iter ;  G.  zichen, 
to  pull ;  lug^  a  pulling,  a  tug  ,-  L.  duco.    See  Class 
Dg,  No.  62,  64.] 

To  drag,  as  a  boat  or  ship,  through  the  water  by 
means  of  a  rope.  Towing  is  performed  by  another 
boat  or  ship,  or  by  men  on  shore,  or  by  horses.  Boats 
on  canals  are  usually  towed  by  horses. 
ToVV,  H.  [Sax.  tow  ;  Fr.  etoupe  ;  L.  stupa  ,■  It.  stoppa ; 
Sp.  es(opa.     It  coincides  with  stuff.] 

The  coarse  and  broken  part  of  flax  or  hemp,  sepa- 
rated from  the  finer  part  by  the  hatchel  or  swingle. 
To  W  A*5  E,  n.     [from  toio^  the  verb.]     The  act  of  tow- 
ing. 
2.  The  price  paid  for  towing.  Walsh. 

To' WARD,  (to'ard,)  prep.  [Sax.  torcard ;  to  and  ward, 
weard ;  L.  versus,  verto.] 

1.  In  the  direction  to. 

He  set  his  fiicc  totsard  the  wilderness.  —  Num.  ixiv, 

2.  With  direction  to;  fn  a  moral  sense;  with  re- 
spect to ;  regarding. 

His  lye  sh-U!  be  pvil  toward  hia  brother.  —  Dent,  xxvui. 

Herein  do  I  exercise  myself  to  hav^  always  a  conscience  void  of 

offotiso  to^aard  God  and  loteard  men.  —  Acts  xxiv. 
Hearin*  of  thy  love  and  faith  which  thou  hast  loicard  the  Lord 

Jesus  Christ,  and  taicard  all  s-iints.  — Pbilenion  5. 

3.  With  ideal  tendency  to. 

This  was  the  first  alarm  England  received  toward  any  trouhlc. 

Clarendon. 

4.  Nearly. 

I  am  toward  nine  years  older  since  I  left  you.  Swift. 

To' WARD,  ado.  Near;  at  hand  j  in  a  state  of  prepa- 
ration. 

To'WARD,  a.  Ready  to  do  or  learn  ;  not  froward  ; 
apt ;  as,  a  toward  youth. 

To'WARD-LT-NESS,  h.  [fiom  toicardbj.]  Readiness 
to  do  or  learn  ;  aptness ;  docility. 

The  boauty  and  totoardliness  of  these  children  moved  hor  breth- 
ren to  envy,  Ralegh. 

To'VVARD-LY,  a.  Ready  to  do  or  learn ;  apt ;  do- 
cile ;  tractable  ;  compliant  with  duty.  Bacon. 

To'WARD-NES-^,  71.    Docilitv  ;  towardliness. 

South. 

ToW'-RoAT,  n.  A  boat  which  is  towed,  or  drawn 
by  a  tow-lme. 

TOWEL,  71.  [Fr.  touaiUe  i  Gaelic,  tubaiU  ;  It.  tova- 
glia;  Vott.  toallia  ;  Arm.  touailhon  ;  Sft.  U>balla,tobaja, 
toaja,  or  toalla.  In  Italian,  the  word  signifies  a  table- 
cloth.] 

A  cloth  used  for  wiping  the  hands,  and  for  other 
things. 

TOW'Er--IXG,  n.    Cloth  for  towels. 

TOWER,  n.  [Sax.  tor,  tirre;  It.  ton  Fr.  and  Arm. 
tour ;  Sp.  It.  and  Port,  torrc  ;  W.  twr,  a  heap  or  pile  ; 
Corn.  id. ;  G.  tfiurm  ;  D.  tonn  ;  L.  turrtsi  Gr.  rvpois  ; 
Heb.  m->B.     Class  Dr,  No.  2!.] 

].  A  building,  either  round  or  square,  raised  to  a 
considerable  elevation,  and  consistiug  of  several  sto- 
ries. When  towers  are  erected  with  other  buildings, 
as  they  usually  are,  they  rise  above  the  main  edifice. 
They  are  generally  flat  on  the  top,  thus  difiering  from 
steeples  or  spires  ;  and  hence  the  toicer  of  a  church  is 
that  pari  which  contains  the  bells.    Before  the  in- 


TOW 


ventlon  of  guns,  places  were  fortified  with  Uneera, 
and  attacked  with  movable  towers  mounted  on 
wheels,  which  placed  the  besiegers  on  a  level  with 
the  walls.  Ctfc. 

9.  A  citadel ;  a  fortress.    Pj.  Ixi. 

3.  .\  hi;;h  head-dress.  Hudibraa. 

4.  High  flight ;  elevation.  Johnson. 
Tower  bastion  ;  in  fortification,  a  small  tower  in  Ihc 

fonn  of  a  bastion,  with  rooms  or  cells  underneath 
for  men  and  guns.  Ct. 

Tower  ff  Lonilan  ;  a  collection  of  buihl 
eastern  part  of  Eond-m,  formerly  conta.' 
prison,  and  now  used  as  an  arsenal  and  ; 
various  objects  of  public  interest.  /'.  Cir':. 

Round  tower.    See  Rot'SD  Toweil 

TOWER,  V.  i.    To  rise  and  fly  liigh  ;  to  soar;  lo  be  ! 

lofty.  I 

Sublime  thoughts,  vrhxh  (over  abort  Ok  ckmds.  LoAt. 

TOW'ER-ED,  a.    Adorned  or  defended  by  lowers. 

MiUov.       ! 

TOWER-ING,  p;»r.    Rising  aloft;    mounting  hi»Ii ;   I 
soaring. 
2.  a.     Very  high  :  elevated  :  as,  a  toi- 

TOW'ER-MCS-TARD,  n.    [tower  and  n: 
annual  plant  of  Ihe  genus  Turritis,  « 1.     -  .    . 
and  seeds  give  the  stem  a  pyramidal  form.     Z^  ■ 

TOW'ER-Y,  a.    Having  lowers;  adorned  or  def.:. 
by  towers  ;  as,  towery  cities.  Pv;... 

ToWIXG,  ppr.    Drawing  on  water,  as  a  boat.  1 

ToW'-LlXE,  n.  [tow  and  line.]  A  small  hawser, 
used  to  tow  a  ship,  ccc 

ToW-PaTH,         t  II.     .\  path  used  by  mcnorhorscs 

ToW'ING-P.\TH,  i     that  tow  boats. 
To  wit ;  to  krtow  ;  namelv. 

TOWN,  n.     [Sax.  tun  ;  W.  d'iUy  dinas,  a  fortified  hill,  a 
fort;  Gaelic,  dxm;  Sax.  rfuii,  dnnCy  a  hill,   uhmcc    ' 
dotcns.    The  Sax.  tun  signifies  an  inclosure,  a  "ir- 
den,  a  village,  a  town,  and  tynan  is  to  shut,  to  ::. 
fast;  G.  zaun,  a  hedge;   D.  tun,  a  garden.     Ii  ■ 
original  word  signified  a  hill,  the  senst-  is  a  m;:- 
collection.     But  probably  the  original  word  ;;i2:;        . 
fortified,  and  the  nide  fo.'tificalions  of  unciv:!.      ; 
men  were  formed  with  hedges  and  stokes;   hi.^j 
also  a  garden.     (See  GARUErf  and  Tun.)     Sax.  Uac- 
tune,  a  garden,  that  is,  leek-town,  an  inclosure  for 
leeks,  that  is,  plants.    This  shows  ilmt  the  priiiiar>' 
sense  of  toicn  is  an  inclosure  for  defense.] 

1.  Ort^ina/h/,  a  walled  or  fortified  place ;  a  collec- 
tion of  houses  inclosed  with  walls,  hedges,  or  pick- 
els  for  safety.  Rahab's  house  was  on  the  tmcn  wall. 
Josh.  ii. 

A  totcn  thai  h:\th  gnlea  and  bsR.  —  1  S>im.  ixiii. 

2.  Any  collection  of  houses  larger  than  a  \'iUage. 
In  this  use  the  word  is  verj'  indefinite,  and  a  town. 
may  consist  of  twenty  houses  or  of  twenty  thou- 
sand. 

3.  In  England,  any  number  of  bouses  to  which  be- 
longs a  regular  market,  and  which  is  not  a  city  or 
the  see  of  a  bishop.  Johnson. 

A  town,  in  modem  limes,  is  generally  without 
walls,  which  is  the  circwmsiance  iliat  usually  distin- 
guishes it  from  a  city.  Cue.       \ 

In  the  United  States,  the  circumstance  that  distin-  I 
guishes  a  town  from  a  city,  is,  generafly,  that  a  city  | 
is  incorporated  with  special  privileges,  and  a  town  is 
not.    Em  a  City  is  often  called  a  town. 

4.  The  inhabitants  of  a  town.    The  town  v<<t.  I  t  . 
send  two  reptosentatives  lo  the  legislaturf,  or  :: 
voted  to  lay  u  ta.x  for  repairing  the  highways.    ^.\  ^ 
Eng!aitd.]  Chapman. 

5.  In  popular  usage,  \n  America^  tk  township;  the 
whole  territory  within  certain  limits. 

tl.  In  England,  the  court  end  of  London.    Pope. 

7.  The  tnliabitants  of  the  metropolis.  Pope. 

8.  The  mtitropoHs.  The  gentleman  lives  in  town 
in  winter;  in  summer,  he  lives  in  the  country.  The 
same  form  of  expression  is  used  in  regard  to  oUior 
populous  towns. 

TOWN'-CLERK,  n.    [town  and  dcrk.]    An  officer 

who  keeps  the  records  cf  a  town,  and  enters  all  its 

official  proceedings. 
TO^V^'-CRt'ER,  ;i.    [toxtn  aoc!  cr^.]    A  public  crier ; 

one  who  makes  proclamation.  Shak. 

TOWN'-HALE,  n.    A  public  room  or  building  for 

transacting  the  business  of  a  town. 
TOWN'-IIOUSE,  71.     [town  and  house.]    The  bouse 

where  the  public  business  of  the  town  is  transacted 

bv  the  inhabitants,  in  legal  meeting. 

AVw  England, 

9.  A  house  in  town ;  in  opposition  to  a  house  in 
the  country. 

TOW'N'ISH,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  inhabitants  of  a 
town  ;  like  Ihe  town. 

TOW.X'LESS,  a.     Havins  no  town.  HowelL 

TOWN'SHIP,  n.  The  district  or  territory-  of  a  town. 
In  A'cir  £HiT/(jjirf,  the  . States  are  divided  into  town- 
ships of  five,  sis,  seven,  or  perhaps  Xvn  miles  square, 
and  the  inhabitants  of  ^uch  iown.-hips  are  iiivr^ttd 
with  certain  iwwers  for  reguiuiing  their  own  afl":iirs, 
such  as  repairing  roads,  pmvidiiig  for  the  p(»or,  i.c. 

TOWNS'MAN,  n.     [town  and  man.]     An    mhabilant 
of  a  place  ;  or  one  of  the  same  town  with  another. 
2.  A  selectman  ;  an  oflicer  of  Uie  town  in  New 


TtJNE,  B5JLL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K ;  (5  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CII  as  SH ;  TU  as  in  THIS. 

—  vm' 


M 


Til  A 


TRA 


"  Eiigl;iinl,\vlio  assists  in  managing  llic  affairs  of  llio 

town.     [Sw  Selectmex.I 
TOXVN'-TALK,  (  lawk,)  71.    The  ciimnion  talk  of  a 

i.lice  or  tiic  sul>jccl  of  comnioii  ronvL-rsatlon. 
TdW-RoPE,  n.    [urn  and  rope]    Any  rope  used  m 

towiii?  sliips  or  boats.  Mar.  DM. 

TOWS'UIl,  "•     (from  toiisr.]     Tlie  name  of  a  dog. 
■i'OX'l-CAL,  a.     [Gr.  toJikui'.] 

Poisonous.     f/yiM/e  iiseii.J 
•roX-I-t'O-LOrtae-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  toxicology. 
Tok-l-eO-LOfi'ie-AL  LY,  aiii,-.     In  a  to.vicological 

manner.  _         ,  .      i.      ■ 

'i"t).\-I'eoL'0-i-IST,  II.    One  wlio  treats  of  poisons. 
TOX-I-eOL'O-lSV,  II.     [Gr.  Tojuor,  pertaining  to  an 
arrow;   and  as  arrows  were  frequently  poisoned, 
hence,  a  jioisoii;  and  X'^  :>ff,  n  tri-atise.] 

That  branch  of  medicine  wliich  treats  ot  the  mor- 
bid and  deleterious  etfects  of  excessive  and  inordi- 
nate doses  and  ipiantities  of  medicines,  commonly 
called  pflUoninff. 
TOX'0-DON,  ?i.  [Gr.  rolov,  a  bow,  and  odovs,  a 
tooth.l 

A  gigantic,  iiachydermatous  quadruiicd,  now  ex- 
tinct, having  teeth  bent  like  a  bow.  Brandc. 
TOX-OPU'1-LITE,  71.     [Gr.  rojur,  a  bow  or  an  ar- 
row, and  ^(A(j;,  a  lover.] 
A  lover  of  archery.  irniart. 
TOY,  71.     [Qn.  U.  tout,  tire,  ornament.] 
I    A  plaything  for  children  ;  a  bawble. 

2.  A  IriHe ;  a  thing  for  amusement,  but  of  no  real 
value. 

3.  An  article  of  trade  of  little  value. 

Tlioy  cxdiaiigc  g.'lil  ar.J  pearl  for  toys.  Abbot. 

4.  Matter  of  no  importance. 

Nor  light  and  idle  tot/s  my  lines  may  vainly  swell.     Dm-^ton. 

5.  I-'olly  ;  trifling  practice  ;  silly  opinion. 
I).  Amorous  dalliance  ;  play  ;  sport. 

7.  An  old  story  ;  a  silly  tale. 

8.  Slight  representation  ;  as,  the  t(uj  of  novelty. 

Hooker. 

9.  Wild  fancy  ;  odd  conceit.  Shak. 
TOY,  V.  i.    [Dan.  luccr,  Sw.  tdfca,  to  stay,  to  tany,  to 

dally.    This  seems  to  he  the  true  origin  of  toy,  supra.] 
To  dallv  amorously  ;  to  trifle  ;  to  play. 
I'OY,  V.  t.  '  To  treat  foolishly.     [JVoi  iiicrf.] 


.MiUon. 
Sh-aJc. 


DcrmfT 


One  who  toys ;  one  who  is  full  of  tri- 


TOY'ER,  71. 

lliiig  tricks. 

TOY'FUL,  a.    Full  of  trifling  play.  Donne. 

TOY'm'G,  ;>;)r.     Dallying;  trilling. 
TOV'ISH,  a.    Trifling  ;  wanton.  Crowley. 


Disposition  to  dalliance  or  tii- 


TOY'ISH-NESS 

fli"S-  .        J     , 

TOY'MAN,  ?i.     [loij  and  Tiiaii.]      One  that  deals  ni 

■  tovs. 

TOY'SHOP,  71.    [toy  and  stop.]    A  shop  where  toys 

are  sold. 
T6ZE,  tJ.  (.      To  pull  by  violence.     [See  ToDsE.] 
TRa'1!E-A,  11.    [L.]    In  JJomiin /list"''!/,  a  rebe  worn 

by  kinss,  consuls,  and  augurs. 
'1'RA-BE-.\'TI0N,  71.     [L.  trabs,  a  beam.] 

In  architecture^  the  same  as  ENXAEt-ATonE. 
TR.^CE,  v.    [Fr.  id. ;  It.  traiec'm  ;  Sp.  tra'.ti :  L.  tractus, 

traelo.     See  Track,  and  the  verb  Trace.] 

1.  A  mark  lift  by  anv  thing  passing  ;  a  footstep  ;  a 
track  ;  a  vestige  ;  as,  the  trace  of  a  carriage  or  sled  ; 
the  trace  of  a  man  or  of  a  deer. 

2.  Remains;  a  mark,  impression,  or  visible  ap- 
pearance of  any  thing  left  when  the  thing  itself  no 
longer  exists.  We  are  told  that  there  are  no  (lacM 
of  ancient  Babylon  now  to  be  seen. 

The  sliadv  empire  sUM  retain  no  trace 
0/  war  or  blowl,  but  in  the  sylvan  chase.  Pope. 

TRACE,  71.  (Fr.  tiras.^e  ;  or  W.  Ires.  See  Trestle.] 
Traces,  in  a  Itarticss,  are  the  straps,  chains,  or 
ropes  by  which  a  carriage  or  sleigh  is  drawn  by 
horses.  [Locally,  these  are  called  Tugs  ;  Sax.  tecgan, 
to  draw.] 
TRACE,  11.  /.  [Fr.  tracer!  It.  traeciarc ;  Sp.  trazare  i 
1j.  tracto,  from  tratio,  Eng.  to  dratr,  to  drag.] 

1.  To  mark  out ;  to  draw  or  delineate  with  marks  ; 
as,  to  trace  a  figure  Willi  a  pencil ;  to  ti-ticc  the  outline 
of  any  thing. 

2.  To  follow  by  some  mark  that  has  been  led  by 
something  which  has  preceded ;  to  ft^Uow  by  foot- 
steps or  tracks. 

Ton  mr-y  Iriice  the  ilclugc  quite  round  the  plolx 

I  feel  thy  power  to  Irflcc  the  ways. 
Of  highest  agents. 

3.  To  follow  with  exactness. 

That  servile  path  thou  nobly  do3t  decline, 
Of  Iracins  word  by  word,  and  line  by  line. 

4.  To  walk  over. 
Wc  do  trace  this  alley  up  and  down. 

TRACE' A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  traced. 

jDrumiHoiif/. 

TRaC'F/A-BLE-NESS,  h.    The  state  of  being  tracea- 
ble. 

TR.\CE'A-BLY,  ailv.    In  a  traceable  manner. 

TRa'C£;D,  (trast,)  pp.     Marked  out ;  delineated  ;  fol- 
lowed. 

TRa'CER.  71.    One  that  traces  or  follows  by  marks. 

TRa'CER-Y,  71.    Ill  aolJtic  architecture,  an  ornamental 


divergenttyof  the  mnllions,  inthe  head  of  a  window, 
into  arches,  curves,  and  flowing  lines,  enriched  with 
foliations;  also,  the  subdivisions  of  groined  vaults, 
JiC.  Owilt. 

TUa'CHE-A,  (trJ'ke-!!,)  ii.    [Low  L.,  from  Gr.  r/ia- 
Xt'(,  rough.] 

In  anatomy,  the  windpipe. 
TRA'eilE-.iE,  71.  pi.    The  spiral  vessels  of  leaves  and 

insects. 
TRa'CIIE-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  trachea  or  wmd- 

liijio  ;  as,  the  tracheal  artery.  Coze. 

TKA-eHEf..'1-POD,  71.    [Gr.  rpuxcAut,  the  neck,  and 
iruus,  foot.] 

.\  univafve  mollusk  with  a  spiral  shell,  having  the 
foot  proceeding  from  or  joined  to  the  neck. 
THa-«I1EL-IP'0-D0U.-5,  o.     Having  the  foot  united 
with  the  neck;  having  the  characters  of  a  trachel- 
ipod. 
TKA'eHE-O-CEI.E,  7i.     [trachea  and  aj/Aij,  a  tumor.] 
An  enlargement  of  the  thyroid  gland  ;  bronchoccle 
or  goiter.  Q/<^* 

TUS-€HE-OT'0-i\lY,  71.     [trachea  and  rt/n^o),  to  cut.] 
In  surgery,  the  operation  of  making  an  opening 
into  the  windpipe.  Cijc. 

TUa'CH^TE,  (tra'kltc,)  11.     [Or.  rpaxvs,  rough.] 
A  nearly  compact,  feldspatliic,  volcanic  rock,  break- 
ing with  a  rough  surface,  and  often  containing  crys- 
tals of  glassy  feldspar,  with  sometimes  hornblende 
and  mica.  -O'lnti.. 

TRA-eilYT'ie,  a.     Pertaining  to  trachyte,  or  consist- 
ing of  it. 
TR-VCINC,  /);j;-.     [from  triwii.]     Marking  out ;  draw- 
ing in  lines  ;  following  by  marks  or  footsteps. 

Tracing  lines,  in  a  ship,  are  lines  passing  through  a 
block  or  fhimble,  and  used  to  hoist  a  thing  higher. 
TRa'CING,  II.    Course ;  regular  track  or  path. 

Davies. 
TRACK,  71.     [It.  traccia;  Sp.  traza:  Fr.  trace.    (See 
Trace.)     7'racl:  is  properly  a  mark  made  by  draw- 
ing, not   by  stepping ;   the  latter  is  a  derivative 

S611SC  1 

1.  A  mark  left  by  something  tl'.at  has  passed  along  ; 
as,  the  track  of  a  ship,  a  wake  ;  the  track  of  a  nie- 
t;'or  ;  the  track  of  a  sled  or  sleigh. 

2.  .\  mark  or  impression  left  by  the  f;iot,  either  of 
man  or  beast.  Savages  are  said  to  be  v.cndcrfully 
sagacitms  in  finding  the  tracks  of  men  in  the  forest. 

3.  A  road ;  a  beaten  path. 

Behold  Totquatus  the  same  trac.'c  pursue.  Dnjdeji. 

4.  Course  ;  way  ;  as,  the  track  of  a  comet. 
TRAI-'K,  v.  t.    To  follow  «'hen  guided  by  a  trace,  or 

by  the  footsteps,  or  marks  of  the  feet ;  as,  to  track  a 

deer  in  the  snow. 
2.  To  tow  ;  to  draw  a  vessel  by  a  line  reaching 

from  her  to  the  shore. 
TRACK' A<5E,  71.    A  drawing  or  towing,  as  of  a  boat. 
TRACK' JSD,  (trakt,)  pp.    Followed  by  the  footsteps. 
TRACK'ING,  jijir.      Following  by  the  impression  of 

the  feet ;  drawing  a  boat ;  towing. 
TRACK'LESS,  a.     Having  no  track ;  marked  by  no 

footsteps  ;  untrodden  ;  as,  a  tracklas  doseit. 
TRACK'LESS-LY,  adv.    So  as  to  leave  no  track. 
TR.ACK'LESS-NESS,  71.    The  state  of  being  without 

a  track.  , ,      .    .      ■ 

TRACK'-RoAD,  11.     [track  and  road.]     A  lowmg- 

nath.  '^y^- 

TKACK'-SeOUT,  71.    [track  and  D.  schmt,  boat.] 
A  boat  or  vessel  employed  on  the  canals  in  Hol- 
land, usually  drawn  by  a  horse.  See  Treckschuvt.] 

Cyc. 
trait,  from  L. 


Burnet. 

Milton. 


Denkam. 


SlJik. 


TR.XCT,  71.     [L.  tractns  i  It.  traUo  ;  Fr. 
traho,  Fr.  traire,  to  draw.] 

1.  Something  drawn  out  or  extended, 
o  A  rcion,  or  quantity  of  land  or  water,  of  in- 
definite extent.  Wc  may  apply  tract  to  the  sandy 
and  barren  deserts  of  Syria  and  Arabia,  or  to  tho  nar- 
row vales  of  Italy  and  Sardinia.  We  say,  a  rich  tract 
of  land  in  Connecticut  or  Ohio,  a  stony  tract,  or  a 
mountainous  tract.  We  apply  tract  to  a  single  farm, 
or  to  a  township  or  state. 

3  A  treatise ;  a  written  discourse  or  dissertation 
of  indefinite  length,  but  generally  not  of  great  extent. 

4  In  huntiti'T,  the  trace  or  footing  of  a  wild  beast. 

Cyc. 
5.  Treatment ;  exposition.  [JVot  in  use.]  Shale. 
g!  Track.     [JVut  in  use] 

7.  Continuity  or  extension  of  any  thing  ;  as,  a 
tract  of  speech.     [Alit  much  usciL] 

8.  Continued  or  protracted  duration;  length;  ex- 
tent ;  as,  a  long  (met  of  time.  Milton. 

TRACT,  V.  t.    To  trace  out ;  to  drav/  out.    [A'^ot  in 

TRAeT-A-BIL'I-TY,7i.  [from  (rac(<i6(r.]  The  qual- 
ity or  state  of  being  tractable  or  docile ;  docility ; 
tractableness.  ...      ,       Beddoe.^. 

TRACT'A-BLE,  n.  [L.  tractabilis,  from  tracto,  to 
handle  or  lead  ;  Fr.  traitaUe;  It.  trallahile.] 

1.  That  may  be  easily  led,  taught,  or  managed; 
docile  ;  manageable  ;  governable  ;  as,  tractable  chil- 
dren :  a  tractable  learner.  Locke. 

2.  Palpable;  such  as  may  be  handled;  as,  traetaUe 
measures.  Holder. 

TRACT' A-BLE-KES!5,   „.      The   state   or  quality  el 


TRA 

being  tractable  or  manageable  ;    docilily ;    us,  the 
traelableness  of  children.  I.oeke. 

TRACT' A-BLY,  ado     In  a  tractable  inanncr ;  with 

ready  compliance. 
TR.'i£'T-A'RI-.\N,  71.   A  term  applied  to  the  writers  of 

the  Oxford  tracts  in  favor  of  Piiseyism,  wliicii  sec. 
TR.\eT'ATE,  71.     [L.  tracloliis.] 

A  treatise ;  a  tract.    [JV"iit  iwu>  in  use.] 

Brown.     Hale. 
TRA€T-A'TION,  71.     [L.  tractatio.] 

Treatment  or  handling  of  a  subject ;  discussion. 

Bp,  Halt. 
TRACT-A'TllIX,  71.    In  geometry,  a  curve  line. 
TR.\€T'ILE,  (trakt'il,)a.     [h.  tractus.] 

Capable  of  being  drawn  out  in  length  ;  ductile. 
Bodies  are  tractile  or  intniclile.  liacon. 

TRACT-IL'I-TY,  71.    The  quality  of  being  tractile  ; 

ductilitv.  '  Dcrham. 

TRAC'TiON,  (-shun,)  11.    [L.  traelas,  trnlui.] 

1.  The  act  of  drawing,  or  state  of  being  tlrawn ; 
as,  the  traction  of  a  muscle.  Holder. 

2.  Attraction  ;  a  drawing  towanl.  Cye. 
TR.\e-TI"TIOUS,  (-tish'us,)  17.    Treating  of;  han- 
dling.                                                            ■  ,  r 

TR.4eT'0R,  71.    That  which  draws,  or  is  used  for 
drawin".  Jonrn,  of  Seicnec. 

'I'he  metallic  tractors  of  Perkins  were  two  small, 
pointed  bars  of  brass  and  steel,  which,  being  drawn 
over  diseased  parts  of  tho  body,  were  supposed  to 
give  relief  through  the  agency  of  electricity  or  mag- 
netism. 

TR.\eT'0-RY,  j         r^  (r^„j 

TR.\eT'RIX,    ("•     \.'^-"'"">-i 

A  curve  whose  tangent  is  always  equal  to  a  given 

''""•  ,      ,1     . 

TRADE,  71.     [Sp.  and  Port,  trato:  tratar,  to  handle,  to 
trade;  It.  traiu,  trattare ;  from  L.  trac-'i',  to  hantile, 
use,   treat.      Tho   Fr.  (raiif,   (railiT,    are   the   same 
-words.]  ,  . 

1.  The  act  or  business  of  exchanging  coniinodities 
by  barter  ;  or  the  business  of  buying  anil  selling  lor 
money  ;  commerce ;  traffic  ;  barter.  Trade  compre- 
hends every  species  of  exch.ange  or  dealing,  either 
in  the  produce  of  land,  in  manufactures,  in  bills,  or 
money.  II  is,  however,  chiefly  used  to  denote  the 
barter  or  purchase  and  sale  of  goods,  wares,  and 
merchandise,  either  by  wholesale  or  retail.  Trade  is 
either  foreign  or  domestic,  or  inland.  Foreign  tiMi.o 
consists  in  the  exportation  and  importation  of  goods 
or  the  exchange  of  the  commodities  of  dillerent 
countries.  Domestic  or  home  trade  is  the  exchange 
0'  buying  and  selling  of  goods  within  a  country. 
Trade  is  also  by  the  wholesale,  that  is,  by  the  pack- 
a"e  or  in  large  quantities,  or  it  is  by  retail,  or  in 
small  parcels.  Tho  carrying  trade  is  that  ol  trans- 
porting commodities  from  one  country  to  another  by 
water.  ,  ,        , 

2.  The  business  which  a  person  has  learned,  ami 
which  he  carries  on,  fur  procuring  subsistence,  or  for 
profit;  occupation  ;  particularlv,  mechanical  employ- 
ment; distinguished  from  the  liberal  arts  and  learni^d 
professions,  and  from  agriculture.  Thus  we  speak 
of  tho  trade  of  a  smith,  of  a  carpenter,  or  mason  ;  but 
wo  never  say,  the  trade  of  a  farmer,  or  of  a  lawyer, 
or  physician. 

3.  Business  pursued  ;  occupation;  mconteap:  as, 
piracy  is  their  trade. 

Hunting  their  sport,  and  plundering  was  their  lirM.    Dnjden. 

4.  Instruments  of  any  occupation. 

The  shcrhcrd  bcara 
His  I-.ousc  and  household  goods,  his  tr(ulc  of  war.        Dryitcn. 

5.  Employment  not  manual ;  habitual  exercise. 

Bacon. 

e.  Custom  ;  habit ;  standing  practice. 

Thy  sin  's  not  accidental,  but  a  trade.  .9/i/iV. 

7.  Men  engaged  in  the  same  occupation.  Thus 
booksellers  speak  of  the  customs  of  the  trade. 

8.  The  trades  ;  the  trade-winds. 
TU.aDE,  r.  i.    To  barter,  or  to  buy  and  sell ;  to  de;il  in 

the  evchaiige,  purchase,  or  s:ile  of  gootls,  wares,  and 
merchandise,  or  any  thing  else  ;  to  trallic  ;  to  cany 
on  commerco  as  a  business.  Thus,  American  iiier- 
cliants  trade  with  the  English  at  London  and  at  Liv- 
'  crpool ;  they  trade  with  the  French  at  Havre  and 
Bordeaux,  and  they  trade  with  Canada.  Ti:c  coiiii- 
try  shopkeepers  trade  with  London  merchants.  Our 
banks  are  permitted  to  trade  in  bills  of  exchange. 

o  To  buy  and  sell  or  exchange  property,  in  a  sin- 
gle instance.  Thus  we  say,  a  man  treats  with  an- 
other for  his  farm,  but  can  not  trade  with  hiiu.  ■\ 
traded  with  B  for  a  horse,  or  a  number  ol  sheep. 

3.  To  act  merely  for  money. 

How  did  you  darw 
To  tra^e  and  tnffic  with  Macbeth  f 

4.  To  have  a  trade-wind. 
Tliey  on  the  Iradins  Dood  ply  toward  the  pole.    [  Vnmuiii]^ 


Skak: 


Milton. 

TRADE,  I',  t.    To  sell  or  exchange  in  commerce. 

They  trailed  the  persons  of  men.  —  Kzek.  x.xvu. 
[This,  I  apprehend,  must  be  a  mistake ;  at  lea=t^ 

it  IS  not  to  be ''  ''' 

verb.] 


ndic'ated  as  a  legitimate  use  of  llie 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WIl.^T.- METE,  rREY—PINB,  MARiNE^IRD.- NOTE.  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQOK.- 


11C4 


TRA 

i'RAD'ED,  a.    Versed  ;  practiced.    [JV*o«  m  use.] 

Shak. 

TRaDE'FJJL,  a.    Commercial ;  busy  in  traffic. 

Spenser. 

TRaD'ER,  n.  One  engaged  in  trade  or  commerce  ;  3 
dealer  in  buying  and  selling  or  barter;  as,  a  trader 
to  the  Ea^t  Indies  j  a  trader  to  Canada ;  a  country 
trader. 

TRaDK'-SaLE,  71.  An  auction  by  and  for  booksell- 
ois. 

'I'RaDESToLK,  tt.  People  employed  in  trade.  [JVot 
in  use.]  SiSiJi. 

TRADES'MAN,  v,  [trade  and  man.]  A  shopkeeper. 
A  mercliant  is  called  a  trader,  but  not  a  tradesman. 

Johnson. 
[In  America,  a  shopkeci)er  is  usually  called  a  r?- 
tatler.} 

TRaDES'WOM-AX,  ti.  a  woman  who  trades  or  is 
skilled  in  trade. 

TRaDE'-WIXD,  Tt.  [trade  and  wind.]  A  name  given 
to  winds  in  the  torrid  zone,  and  often  a  little  beyond 
it,  which  blow  from  the  Kiin?  qnartor  throughout  the 
year,  unless  when  alTecled  by  local  cansi-s.  'J'lieir 
general  direction  is  from  N.  E.  to  P.  W.  on  the  north 
side  of  the  equator,  and  from  S.  E.  to  N.  \V.  on  the 
south  side  of  the  equator.  Olmstrd. 

TRaD'IXG,  ppr.  Trafiicking  ;  exchanging  commod- 
ities by  barter,  or  buying  and  selling  them. 

2.  a.  Carrying  on  commerce  ;  as,  a  trading  com- 
pany. 

TR.aD'IXC,  11.  The  act  or  business  of  carrying  on 
commerce. 

TRA-Dl"TIOX,  (-dish'un,)  n.  [Fr..  from  L.  traditio, 
from  trade,  to  deliver.] 

1.  Deliverj^ ;  the  act  cf  delivering  into  the  hands 
of  another. 

A  deeil  takes  effect  only  from  the  tradition  or  delivery. 

Blnckstone. 
T!»e  sajC  of  a  movatle  is  compl-Jled  bv  si:npl?  IradHion,      Cyc. 

2.  The  deliverj'  of  opinions,  doctrine*,  practices, 
rites,  and  customs,  from  father  tJ  son,  or  from  an- 
cestors to  posterity  ;  the  iransmissiun  of  any  opin- 
ions or  practice  from  forefathers  to  descend:ints  by 
oral  communication,  without  written  memorials. 
Thus,  children  derive  their  vernacular  language 
chieily  from  tradition.  Most  of  our  early  notions  are 
received  by  tnulltion  from  our  parents. 

3.  That  which  is  handed  down  from  ag-'^  to  age  by 
oral  communication.  The  Jev.s  pay  great  regard  to 
tradition  m  matters  of  religion,  as  <lo  tlie  Roman 
Catholics.  Protestants  reject  the  authority  of  tra- 
ditiun  in  sacred  things,  and  rely  only  en  the  written 
word.     Traditiois  may  be  good  or  bad,  true  or  false. 

^Linil  tjuA,  mill  \io\i\  tlie  Iradiiions  which  ye  Iiave  been  tiughl, 
wlii;tbcr  by  woni  or  our  cj.U:;:^.  —  '2  TliCiS.  ii. 

Why  «!o  y^  also  Iraus^ress  the  eonimandmeiil  cf  God  by  yuur 
trckiuani) — MatL  xv. 

;  TRJ.-r>I"TIOX-AL,  )  ,  ,.  , ,  .  j  a.  Delivered 
I  TRA-Dl"TIOX-A-KY,  \  ^  '"^"  ""»■'  \  orally  from  fa- 
I !  iher  to  son  ;  communicated  from  ancestors  to  descend- 
'  ■  ants  ijy  word  only  ;  transmitted  from  age  to  ago  with- 
out writing:  ZLS,  traditional  opinions;  traditional  evi- 
dence; Hiiitradiiional  expositions  of  the  Scriptures. 

TUc  rcvcri-^sof  the  Talmui!,  n  ctiUcclion  cf  Jewish  traditionary 
uucrpolalioRs,  are  unriv^il'-j  i;i  Ui';  regions  of  absunliiy. 
iiackmbist^r, 
9.  Observant  of  tradition.     [J^'ut  tised.] 
TRA-DI'-TIOX-AL-LV,  (-dish'^un-,)  ode.    By  trans- 
mission from  father  to  son,  or  from  age  to  age ;  as, 
an  opinion  or  doctrine  trc^/rtt'ojt/iZiy  derived  from  the 
apostles  is  of  no  authority. 
TRA-DI"TIOX-A-RI-LY,  (-dish'un-,)  adv.    By  tradi- 
tion. Dwi^ht. 
TRA-DI"TIOX-A-RY,  (-dish'un-,)  n.  AmongfAir  Jirw^, 
one  who  acknowledges  liie  autiiority  of  traditions, 
and  explains  the  Scriptures  by  them.    The  word  is 
used  in  opposition  to  Caibit£,  one  who  denies  the 
authority  of  traditions. 
RA-D["TIOx\-ER,    i  f  r  }t,      ^ 
TRA-DI"TIOX-IST,  j  V"^^^"  """>'  \      hercs  to  tradi- 
tion.                                                                   Gregory. 
TRAD'I-TIVE,  a.     [Fr.,  from  L.  trado.] 

Transmitted  or  transmissible  from  father  to  son, 
or  from  age  to  age,  by  oral  communiGaticn. 

Suppose  we  on  thiog3  trndilite  divide.  Drtjden. 

TRAD'I-TOR,  n.  [L.]  A  deliverer;  a  name  of  in- 
famy given  to  Christians  who  delivered  the  Scril^- 
tures  or  the  goods  of  the  clmrch  to  their  persecutors, 
to  save  their  lives.  Jtl'dncr. 

TR.'\-DCCE',  V.  U  [L.  tradttco ;  trans,  over,  and  duco, 
to  lead  ;  Fr.  tradaire  ;  It-  tradurre.] 

1.  To  represent  as  blamable  ;  to  condemn. 

Th^  besi  Btr.tU'T^m  Lh-il  SaUu  haih.  ia  by  traducing  th"  form  And 
manner  of  the  devout  priyi-rs  of  (Jjsl's  ctmrcb.     Hooker. 

2.  To  calumniate ;  to  vilify  ;  to  defame  ;  willfully 
to  misrepresent. 

Aa  long  .13  mco  .ire  mall&ous  and  designins',  th:-y  will  \y:  ir*. 

ducing.  Goo.  of  the  Tongits, 

lis  had  the  baseoess  to  tfjtduce  me  in  liUI.  Dnjden. 

3.  To  propagate ;  to  continue  by  deriving  one  from 
another. 

From  UiJ'*?  only  tlie  oce  of  perfect  nnimaU  was  prt<p;ijat':^d  and 
traduced  over  the  earth.     [Not  in  use.]  llaie. 


TKA 

TRA-DOC'ED,  (tra-dust'j)  pp.     Misrepresented;  ca- 
lumniated. 

TR.VDuCE'MEXT,  n.    Misrepresentation  ;  ill-found- 
ed censure;  defamation;  calumny.    [Little  u-ed.] 

Shah. 

TRA-Du'CEXT,  a.     Slandering;  slanderous. 

Enlick. 

TRA-DtJC'ER,  n.    One  that  traduces  ;  a  slanderer  ;  a 
calumniator. 

TRA-DC'CI-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  orally  derived  or 
propasaleil.     [Little  used.]  Hale. 

TRA-DuC'IXG,;;pr.    Slandering;  defaming;  calum- 
niating. 

TRA-DOC'IXG-LY,  adv.     Slanderously;   by  way  of 
defamation. 

TRA-DUCT',  V.  t.     [L.  traductus,  traduce] 

To  derive.     [A'ot  tued.]  Fothcrhn. 

TRA-DUC'TION,  n.     [L.  traducHn.] 

\.  Derivation  from  one  of  the  same  kind  ;  pro|»a^a- 
lion. 

If  by  traduction  came  ihy  mind, 

Our  v.'oDtkr  is  tlic  less  lo  find 

A  soid  so  cliarming  from  a.  stock  so  good.  DryJen. 

2.  Tradition;  transmission  from  one  to  another; 
as,  traditional  cunnnunication  and  traduction  of  truth. 
[Lit'Sc.  !w.-£/.]  IMe. 

:i.  Conveyance ;  transportation  ;  act  of  Iransffr- 
ripg;  as,  iho  tnuluction  of  animals  from  Europe  to 
America  by  shipping.  Iltdo. 

■\.  Transition.  Bacon. 

TRA-DUCT'lVK,^:.  Derivable;  that  may  be  deduced. 

fVarliiirton. 
TRAF'Fie,  V.     [Fr.  tr(jfic;    Tt.  trafico ;   Sp.  trafa>ro  : 
a  compound  of  it.  trans,  Celtic  tra,  autifacio,  or  some 
othc;r  verb  of  The  like  elements.] 

1.  Tratie  ;  commerce,  either  by  barter  or  by  buy- 
ing and  selling.  This  word,  like  Thadk,  compre- 
hends eveiy  species  of  dealing  in  the  exchange  or 
passing  of  goods  or  merchandise  from  hand  to  hand 
for  an  equivalent,  unless  the  business  of  retailing 
may  be  excepted.  It  signifies  appropriatt^ly  foreign 
trade,  but  is  not  limited  to  that. 

My  fiitJier, 
A  mcrdnnl  of  great  IraJJic  througii  lii?  world.  ■STiai. 

2.  Commodities  for  market.  Gay. 
TRAF'FIC,  V.  i.      [Fr.    traJiqiLcr ;    It.    tra£lcare;    Sp. 

traficar  or  trafagarT] 

1.  To  trade  ;  to  pass  goods  and  commodities  from 
one  person  to  another  for  an  equivalent  in  goods  or 
money ;  to  barter ;  to  buy  and  sell  wares  ;  to  carry 
on  commerce.  The  English  and  Americans  tragic 
with  all  the  woihl.     Qen.  xlii. 

2.  To  trade  meanly  or  mercenarily.  Shah. 
TRAF'Fie,  V.  t.    To  exchange  in  traffic. 
TRAFTie-A-BLE,  a.    Marketable.     [J^ot  in  use.] 

Bp.  IMl. 
TRAF'FICK-£D,     (Iraf'fikt,)    pp.       Exchanged    in 

traffic. 
TRAF'FICK-ER,  v.    One  v/ho  carries  on  commerce  ; 

a  trader  ;  a  merchant.    Is.  viii.  Shah. 

TR.'\F'FICK-ING,  ppr.     Trading;  bartering;  buying 

and  celling  goods,  wares,  and  commodities. 
TRAF'Fie-LESS,  a.     Destitute  of  trade. 
TRAG'A-eAXTll,7i.     [L.  iragacav.t}:um ;   Gr.  rp-iya- 

KavOai  Tpayoi,  a,goat,  and  aKa.'Oa^  tliorn.] 

1.  Goat's  thorn;  a  phmt  of  the  genus  Astragalus, 
of  several  species,  growing  in  Syria,  Candia,  &c., 
almost  all  of  which  were  included  by  1  jnnieus  in  the 
tragacanlhas,  and  all  of  which  produce  the  gum 
tragacanth. 

2.  A  gum  obtained  from  the  goat's  thorn.  It 
comes  in  small,  contorted  pieces,  resembling  worms. 
It  is  of  difievenl  colors;  th^.t  wliich  is  v.'hite,  clear, 
smooth,  and  vermicular,  is  tlit;  be-st.  It  is  somewhat 
soft  to  the  touch,  but  only  imperfectly  sohible.  It  is 
softening,  and  used  in  coughs  and  catarrhs. 

A"icholson.     Cyc. 
TR.\-Gii'DI-AN,  71.     [L.  tragmdus.    Sec  Tuaceuit.] 

1.  A  writer  of  tragedy.  Siillingficct. 

2.  More  gcncrallif,  an  actor  of  trage*Iv.      Dnjden. 
TRAO'E-DY,  n.     [Fr.  tragedie;   It,  hikI  i>p.  tragcdia  i 

Gr.  7pay<.o6iu  ;  said  to  bo  compose.!  of  r,>fi)-f>5,  a 
goat,  and  (.jSn,  a  song,  because  originally  it  eonsiited 
in  a  hymn  sung  in  honor  of  Bacchus  by  a  chorus 
of  music,  with  dances  and  the  sacrifice  of  a 
goat.] 

1.  A  dramatic  poem  representing  some  signal  ac- 
tion performed  by  iUustnous  persons,  and  generally 
having  a  fata!  issue.  /Eschylus  is  called  the  father 
of  tragedy. 

All  our  tragedies  ;ire  tif  kiu^  and  priocos.  Iliy.'or. 

2.  A  fatal  and  mournful  cvi-nt ;  any  event  in 
v.hich  human  lives  are  lost  by  human  violence, 
more  particulaily  by  unaulhorizi.d  violence. 

TRAG'IC,         (a'      [i-.   tragicus ;    Vt.  trcgiqae;  It. 
TRA(5'IC-.VL,  (       tragico.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  tragedy  ;  of  the  nature  or  charac- 
ter of  tragedy  ;"  as,  a  tragic  pmmi ;  a  tragic  play  or 
representation.  Shak. 

2.  Fatal  to  life  ;  mournful ;  sorrowful ;  caJamitous ; 
as,  iJie  tragic  scenes  of  Ilayti ;  the  tragic  horrors  of 
Scio    and^Missibrnghi;    the    tragical   fate   of  the 

;     Greeks. 


TRA 

3.  Mournful ;  expressive  of  tragedy,  Ihe  loss  of 
life,  or  ttf  s..rrovv. 

I  now  must  ch3i;|;i:  Uitwr  noir*  to  tragic.  ^lilort. 

TR.\GMe-AL-LY,  adr.    In  a  tragical  manner;  Willi 
fatal    ii^sue  ;    mournfully ;   surroivfuUy.     The  play 

CntU  tra'^iciili:/. 

TRAC'ie  AL  .NESS,    ji.       F.al.-ility ;    monnifnlness  ; 
sadness. 

We  tnoT^VtL;  tit?  tjiAc  la  ili'i  traglttUneat  ot  Uie  evnjt. 

Diay  of  Pitttf. 

TRAC-I-eO.M'PMJY,  71.      [Fr.  tragieomedie ;   tragedy 
and  eoinedy.] 

A  kind  iifdramatic  piece  representing  some  .ictton 
p,'issed  amcmg  eminent  pernonw,  the  event  of  which 
is  not  nnhappy,  In  which  serious  and  comic  scenes 
are  bk>nderl ;  a  sjKrcies  of  comj'Ositiun  not  now  tia-d, 
or  li:Id  in  lilllc  estimation.  Crr. 

Tu  \C't-eOM'l€,        }  a.    Pertiinin^  to  Imgi^ome- 

'JRA*j-l-COM'I€>.AL,  i     dy  ;  partakmgofa  mulure 
of  gravi-  and  comic  Kcencs. 

TRAG-I-CO.M'IC-AL-LY,   ado.    In    a   Iragi-comical 
manner. 

TRAIL,  (tr.'de.)  o.  (.  [VV.  rhel,  a  flapging,  a  Irtil;: 
rhdyw,  a  Iniil ;  Sp.  tra  liar,  lo  level  the  ^rniiitd  :  ' 
//«,  a  leash,  packthread,  an  invtrnment  for  lev.  .i  -  ■ 
the  ground  ;  W.  trail,  a  drawing  over,  a  trail,  a  tun:, 
as  if  from  traigyl,  a  turn  or  revolution  ;  ireiUiato,  lo 
turn,  to  roll,  to  traverse,  to  dredge ;  Gaelic,  fria/ton, 
to  go,  to  walk,  (qil.  travel;)  Vvrt.  traUio,  a  fi.-hJng 
net,  as  if  from  drawing,  L.  traJio ;  i>.  treiltm,  lo  draw, 
to  tow  ;  Norm,  traillcr,  to  search  for.  The  AVcIsh 
seems  to  accord  with  troll;  the  otliern  appear  lo  be 
formed  on  drag,  L.  traJio.     Q.U.] 

1.  'I'o  hunt  by  the  track.  [Sec  Ihc  Xorraan, 
supra.] 

2.  To  draw  along  the  ground.     TVai/  your  pikes. 

Dryien. 


And  him^  hU  head,  and  ireiUd  hia  le»B  alonf. 
'I'iiey  slull  not  tnul  me  Uirough  Um:  itmrts 
I.ikc  a  wild  be:i£(. 
Thai  long  behind  he  trcH*  his  pompous  robe. 


MUlon. 
Pope. 

3.  To  lower  ;  as,  to  trail  arms. 

4.  In  America,  to  tread  down  grafts  by  walking 
througii ;  lo  lay  flat ;  as,  to  trad  grass. 

TR.AlL,  (trale,)  v.  i.    To  be  drawn  out  in  length. 

When  his  brother  saw  the  red  blood  (roii.  Speratr. 

TRaIL,  n.  Track  followed  by  the  hunter  ;  scenl  left 
on  the  ground  by  the  animal  pursued. 

How  cheerfully  on  the  false  trail  Ihcy  cry  !  Shak. 

2.  Any  thing  drawn  to  length ;  aa,  the  trail  of  a 
meteor;  a  (rai7  of  smoke.  Dryden. 

Wlien  lightning  shoots  in  glittering  trail*  n!on».  Roae. 

3.  Any  thing  drawn  behind  in  long  undulations; 
a  train. 

And  drew  belimd  a  radiant  trail  of  hair.  Pope. 

4.  The  entrails  of  a  fowl;  applied  sometimes  lu 
those  of  sheep.  Smollett. 

Trail-hoards,  in  ship-building,  a  term  for  the  carved 
work  between  the  cheeks  of  the  head,  at  the  heel  of 
the  figure.  Cyc. 

TRaIL'£D,  pp.  or  a.  Hunted  by  the  tracks  ;  laid  Hal ; 
drawn  along  on  the  ground  ;  brought  to  a  lower  po- 
sition ;  as,  trailed  arms. 

TUaII/IXG,  ppr.  or  a.  Hunting  by  the  track  ;  draw- 
ing on  the  ground  ;  treading  down  ;  laying  Hut ; 
bringing  lo  a  lower  position ;  drawing  out  in 
length. 

Since  llio  fliines  pursuctl  tli?  trxtiling  smoke.  Dryde:i. 

Swift  nitu  of  foot,  who*;  btuad-sct  tjucU  tltctr  frat/*nf  hair  did 
liidc.  Chepaten. 

TRAIN,  V.  t.  [Fr.  trainer;  IL  trainare,  trojiare,  to 
draw  or  drag;  Sp.  trctna,  a  train  of  gunpowder.  Q,u. 
drain;  or  is  it  a  contracted  word,  from  L.  £niAo,  to 
draw  7] 

1.  To  draw  along. 

In  hollow  cii!«  h;  trauvd 
llii  de»ilish  enginery.  Milion. 

2.  To  draw  ;  to  entice  ;  to  allure. 

If  but  twelve  Frciidi 
Were  then:  iii  ariis,  liu-y  would  be  tis  n  &JI 
To  Irairi  Ion  thousuid  Hnglitii  to  Uuif  side. 

3.  To  draw  by  arlitice  or  stratagem. 

O,  train  inc  not,  sireci  msmiai*!,  with  tliy  nsle.  67.ttt. 

■\.  To  draw  I'rom  act  to  act  by  persuasion  cr  prom- 

Wc  did  train  him  on.  iJ-iii-. 

5.  To  exorcise  ;  to  discipline  ;  lo  icacli  and  form  by 
practice;  a^,  to  train  the  militia  to  the  manual  exer- 
cise ;  to  train  soldiers  to  the  use  of  arms  and  to 
tactics.  Abmm  arnud  his  trained  scrvanLs.  Oeiu 
xiv. 

Tlic  w.-vrriiT  hoi:se  here  brv-«l  hi^'s  tauglit  to  tnzin.        Dryten. 

G.  'i'o  break,  tunc,  and  accuslunt  lo  draw,  as 
oxen.  ,    . 

7.  In  'rardeniugy  to  lead  or  direct  and  form  to  a 
wall  or^espalierl  to  form  to  a  proper  shape  by 
growth,  loppii;g,  or  prt:ning  ;  as,  to  train  yonug 
trees.  ,    ,  .         , 

8.  In  mining,  lo  trace  a  lode  or  any  m.neral  ap- 
pearance to  its  head. 

To  train  a  gun,  is  lo  point  it  at  some  object  either 


TONE,  BIJEL,  UNITE.  — AX"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — G  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  ClI  as  PII;  Ttl  aa  in  THIS 


nt>o 


TKA 

forward  or  else  abaft  tlie  beam,  i.  e.,  not  directly  on 
the  side.  Tottcsi. 

To  train  or  train  up  ;  to  educate  ;  to  teach  ;  to  form 
by  instruction  or  practice  ;  to  bring  up. 

TVain  uv  -i  cliild  in  the  way  he  should  "o,  ami  when  he  ia  old 

lie  will  not  depart  from  'it.  —  Prov.  xxii. 
Tlw   first   ChiiiBtians  were,  by  great  hardfibips,  Irained  up  for 

gtur;-.  TUlotson. 

TRaIN,  ".    Artifice;  stratagem  of  enticement. 

Now  to  my  charms, 
And  to  my  wily  trains.  WUton. 

2.  Something  drawn  along  behind,  the  end  of  a 
gown,  &.C.  ;  as,  the  train  of  a  gown  or  rube. 

3.  The  after  part  of  a  gun  carriage.  Toit£n. 

4.  The  tail  of  a  bird. 

Thf  train  steers  their  flight,  and  turns  their  bodies,  like  the' rud- 
der of  a  ship.  Ray. 

5.  A  retinue  J  a  number  of  followers  or  atteud- 
ants. 


My  train  are  men  of  choice  and  rirest  p:irtf. 
The  king's  daughter  with  a  lovely  b-ain. 


ShaJc. 
Addison. 

6.  A  series ;  a  consecution  or  succession  of  con- 
nected things. 

Kivers  now  stream  Hud  draw  their  humid  train.  Milton. 

Oth!?r  tnillis  require  a  Wain  of  ideas  phtced  in  onler.      Locke. 
The  train  of  ilU  our  love  wuuld  draw  behind  it.  Addison. 

7.  Process ;  regular  method ;  course.  Things  are 
now  in  a  train  for  settlement. 

If  thin^  were  once  in  ttus  train  —  our  duty  would  take  root  iu 
our  nature.  Sai/L 

8.  A  company  in  order ;  a  procession. 

Fair-^si  of  Btars,  last  iu  the  train  of  night.  fifi^ton. 

9.  The  number  of  beats  wliich  a  watch  makes  in 
any  certain  time.  Cijc, 

iO.  A  hne  of  gunpowder,  laid  to  lead  fire  to  a 
charge,  or  to  a  quantity  intended  for  execution. 
11.  A  continuous  line  of  cars  on  a  railroad. 
Train  of  artillery ;   any  number  of  cannon,  mor- 
tars, &c.,  with  the  attendants  and  carriages  which 
follow  them  into  the  field.        Campbell's  Jilil.  Diet. 
TRAIN' A-BLE,    a.      That  may   be  trained.      [Little 

vsed.^ 
TRIIN'-BAND,  n.      [train  and   bajid.]      A  band  or 
company  of  militia.    Train-bands^  in  the  plural ;  mili- 
tia ;  so  called  because  trained  to  military  exercises. 
TRaIN'-BEaR-ER,  71.     [train  and  Nearer.]     One  who 

holds  up  a  train. 
TRaIN'£D,  pp.  or  a.    Drawn;  allured;   educated; 

formed  by  instruction. 
TRaIN'ER,  n.    One  who  trains  up ;  an  instructor. 

^s?i. 
2.  One  who  trains  or  prepares  men,  horses,  &c., 
for  athletic  exercises. 
TRaIN'ING,  ppr.     Drawing;    alluring ;  educating; 

teaching  and  forming  by  practice. 
TRaIN'ING,  n.    The  act  or  process  of  drawing  or  ed- 
ucating ;  education. 

2.  The  act  of  preparing  men  for  athletic  exercises, 
or  horses  for  the  race. 

3.  The  disciplining  of  troops. 

4.  In  n-ardenin^y  the  operation  or  art  of  forming 
young  trees  to  a  wall  or  espalier,  or  of  causing  them 
to  grow  in  a  shape  suitable  for  that  end.  Cyc. 

TRaIN'-OIL,  71.     [train  and  oil.]     The  oil  procured 
from  the  blubber  or  fat  of  whales  by  boiling.    Cyc. 

TRaIN'-RoAD,  71.      [train  and   road.]      In  mijicsj  a 
slijrht  railway  for  small  wagons.  Ctic. 

TRaIN'-TACK-LE,  n.     A  tackle  hooked  to  the  train 
of  a  gun,  to  hold  it  to  its  place.  Totten. 

TRAIN'V,  a.    Belonging  to  train-oil.     [J^ot  in  use.] 

Oay. 

TRaIPSE  (trapse,)  v.  i.    To  walk  slultishly  or  care- 
lessly.    [>'3  low  word.]  Pope. 

TRAIT,  (trite,)  n.    [Fr.  trait,  from  traire^  to  draw ; 
L.  tractiis.    See  Tract  and  Treat.] 

1.  A  stroke;  a  touch. 

By  tli'a  s'ngi<}  trait.  Home*-  makes  an  essential  difference  between 
Ui-;  lliid  and  Odyssey.  Broome, 

2.  A  lint* ;  a  feature  ;  as,  a  trait  of  character. 
TRAI'TOR,  «.     [Fr.  trattre;  Arm.  treitre,  trey  tor  i  Sp. 

traidor ;  from  L.  traditor  ;  trado,  to  deliver.] 

1.  One  who  violates  his  allegiance  and  betrays  his 
country;  one  guilty  of  treason  ;  one  who,  in  breach 
of  trust,  delivers  his  country  to  its  enemy,  or  any 
fort  or  place  intrusted  to  his  defense,  or  who  surren- 
ders an  army  or  body  of  troops  to  the  enemy,  unless 
when  vanquisiied  ;  or  one  wiio  takes  arms  and  lev- 
ies war  against  his  country  ;  or  one  who  aids  an  en- 
emy in  conquering  his  country.     [See  Treason. ] 

2.  One  who  betravs  his  trust. 
TRAI'TOR-LY,  a.    Treacherous.     [^Tot  in  use.] 
TRaFTOR-OUS,  a.    Guilty  of  treason  ;  treacherous  ; 

perfidious ;  faithless ;  as,  a  traitorous  officer  or  sub- 
ject. 

2.  Consisting  in  treason ;  partaking  of  treason  ; 
implying    breach    of  allegiance ;    as,    a    traitorous 
scheme  or  conspiracy. 
TRAI'TOR-OUS-LY,  adv.    In  violation  of  allegiance 
and  trust ;  treacherously  ;  perfidiously. 

Tijcy  had  Iruilorotisly  endeavorsd  to  subvert  the  fundamental 
laws.  Clarendon. 


TRA 

TRaI'TOR-OUS-NESS,  71.  Treachery;  tlie  quality 
of  b..'ing  ticusonable.  ScotL 

TRaI'TRESS,  n.  A  female  who  betrays  her  country 
or  licr  trust.  Drydcn. 

TRA-JECT',  V.  t.  [L.  trajcctwsj  trajicio;  IraTis  and 
jacio,  to  throw.] 

To  throw  or  cast  through  ;  as,  to  traject  the  sun's 
light  through  three  or  more  cross  prisms.    J^ewtcm. 

TRAJ'ECT,  ;i.  A  ferrj' ;  a  passage,  or  place  for  pass- 
ing water  with  boats.  S/uiIz. 

TR.V-JECT'ING,  ppr.    Casting  through. 

TRA-JE€'T10N,  (tra-jek'shun,)  ?:.  Tiis  act  of  cast- 
ing or  darting  tlnough.  Boyle. 

2.  Transportation. 

3.  Emission.  Brown. 
TRA-JECT'O-RY,  n.     The  curve  wliich  a  body  de- 
scribes in  space,  as  a  jilanet  or  comet  in  its  orbit,  or 
a  stone  thrown  upward  obliquely  in  the  air. 

Brandc. 
TRA-La'TION,  n.     [from  L.  translatio.] 

A  change  in  the  use  of  a  word,  or  the  use  of  a 
word  iu  a  less  proper  but  more  significant  sense. 

Bp.  Hall. 
TRAL-A-TI"TI0US,  (tral-a-tish'us,)  a.     [h.  transla- 
tics,  tran^cro.] 

iMelaphorical ;  not  literal. 
TRAL-A-T1"TI0US-LY,  (tral-a-tish'us-le,)  adv.  Met- 
aphorically ;  not  iu  a  literal  sense.  Holder, 
TRA-LIN'E-ATE,  v.  t     [L.  trans  and  tinea,  line.] 
To  deviate  from  any  direction.     [JVt»(  in  use.] 

Dryden. 
TRA-LU'CENT,  a,     [L.  tralucens;  trans  and  luceo.] 
Transparent  ;  clear.  Daoies. 

TRAM,  n.     A  name  given  to  coal  wagons  in  some 

parts  of  England,  especially  at  Newcastle. 
TRAM'-WaY,  }}i.     a  road  laid  with  narrow  tracks 
TRAM'-RoAD,  )      of  stone,  wood,  or  iron,  for  trains, 
or  wagons.    The  iron  tram-rail  has  a  flange  on  the 
side,  to  prevent  wagons  from  running  otT  the  track, 
thus  differing  from  the  cdg&-iiii\  of  our  common  rail- 
roads. Brande. 
TRAM'MEL,  n.      [Fr.  tramail,  a  drag-net ;   tra  and 
mail.     In  Sp.  traba  is  a   fetter,  Fr.  cntravcs.      This 
seems  to  be  a  different  word.] 

1.  A  kind  of  long  net  for  catching  birds  or 
fishes. 

The  trammel  differs  not  much  from  the  shape  of  Ih;  bunt. 

Carcw. 

2.  A  kind  of  shackles  used  for  regulating  the  mo- 
tions of  a  horse  and  making  him  amble. 

3.  An  iron  hook,  of  various  forms  and  sizes,  used 
for  hanging  kettles  and  other  vessels  over  the  fire. 

4.  In  jnecluinicsy  a  joiner's  instrument  for  drawing 
ovals  upon  boards.  One  part  consists  of  a  cross 
\vith  two  grooves  at  right  angles  to  each  other ;  the 
other  is  a  beam  carrying  two  pins  which  slide  in 
those  grooves,  and  also  the  describing  pencil. 

Brajide. 
TRAM'MEL,  v.  U     [Sp.  trabar,  to  join,  to  seize,  to 
shackle.     Qu.] 

1.  To  catch  ;  to  intercept.  Shak. 
9.  To  confine  ;  to  hamper  ;  to  shackle. 

TRAM'MEL-£D,  pp.    Caught;  confined;  shackled. 

2.  In  the  manege,  a  horse  is  said  to  be  trammeled, 
when  he  has  blazes  or  white  marks  on  the  fore  and 
hind  foot  of  one  side.  Cyc. 

TRAM^MEL-ING,  ppr.  Catching;  confining  ;  shack- 
ling. 

TRA-MON'TANE,  n.  One  living  beyond  the  moun- 
tain ;  a  stranger. 

TRA-MON'TANE,  a.  [It.  tramontana  ;  tra,  L.  trans, 
beyond,  and  inons,  mountain.] 

Literally,  lying  or  being  beyond  the  mountain  ; 
foreign ;  barbarous.  The  Italians  sometimes  use 
this  epithet  for  ultramontane,  ^wA  apply  it  to  tlie  coun- 
tries north  of  the  Alps,  as  France  and  Germany,  and 
particularly  to  their  ecclesiastics,  jurists,  painters, 
&c. ;  and  a  north  wind  is  called  a  tramontane  wind. 
The  French  lawyers  call  certain  Italian  canonists 
tramontane  or  ultramontane  doctors  ;  considering  them 
as  favoring  too  much  the  court  of  Rome.  [See  Ul- 
tramontane.] Brande.     Cyc. 

TRAMP,  V.  t.     [Sw.  t-ampa.] 
To  tread. 

TRAMP,  r\  i.    To  travel ,  to  wander  or  stroll. 

TRAMP'ER,  n.    A  stroller  ,  a  vagrant  or  vasabond. 

TRAM'PLE,  (tram'pl,)  v.  t.  [G.  trampeln,  trampen  : 
Dan.  trampcr;  Sw.  trampa.  If  m  is  casual,  as  I  sup- 
pose, these  words  are  the  D.  trappcn,  to  tread  ;  trap, 
a  step.] 

1.  To  tread  under  foot ;  especially,  to  tread  upon 
with  pride,  contempt,  triumph,  or  scorn. 

Neither  cost  ye  your  pearls  before  swioe,  lest  they  trample  them 
under  their  feet.  —  Malt.  Tii. 

2.  To  tread  down ;  to  prostrate  by  treading ;  as,  to 
trample  grass. 

3.  To  treat  with  pride,  contempt,  and  insult. 
TRAM'PLE,  V.  i.    To  tread  in  contempt. 

Diogenes  trampled  on  Pl.Uo's  pride  with  greater  of  his  own. 
Gov.  of  the  Tongue. 

9.  To  tread  with  force  and  rapidity.         Dryden. 

TRAM'PLE,  7^.    The  act  of  treading  under  foot  with 

contempt.  Milton. 


TRA 

TRAM'PLSD,  pp.    Trod  on  ;  trodden  under  foot 

TRA?.I'PLER,  n.  One  that  tramples;  one  that  treads 
down. 

TRAM'PLING,  ppr.  Treading  under  foot,  prostrat- 
ing bv  treading;  treading  wilh  contempt  and  in.-ult. 

TRAJI-POOSE',  V.  t.  [See  TBaiiPLE.J  To  walk  with 
labor,  or  heavily. 

TRAM-POOS'ING, ppr     Traveling  heavily, 

TR.\-Na'TION,  71.     [L.  trano.] 

The  act  of  passing  over  by  swimming.  [Ay(  in 
use.] 

TRaNCE,  n.  [Fr.  transe ;  supposed  to  be  from  the  L. 
iransitnsy  a  passing  over;  transeo,  to  pass  over  ;  trans 
and  CO.  1'he  L-  trans  seems  to  be  the  W.  tra,  II. 
tra  and  tras,  Sp.  tras,  and  Fr.  trcs,  very  ;  so  that  it 
may  be  inferred  that  n  is  not  radical.] 

1.  An  ecstasy  ;  a  state  in  which  the  soul  seems  to 
have  passed  out  of  the  body  into  celestial  regions,  or 
to  be  rapt  into  visions. 

My  soul  was  ravialiod  quite  as  in  a  trance,  Spenser. 

While  ihey  made  ready,  hefcil  uilo  a  trance,  and  saw  b.-avcii 
opened.  —  Acts  x. 

2.  In  medicine,  catalepsy,  i.  e ,  total  suspension  of 
mental  power  and  voluntary  motion;  pulsation  and 
breathing  continuing  ;  muscles  flexible  ;  body  yield- 
ing to  and  retaining  any  given  position  not'incom- 
patible  with  the  laws  of  gravitation.  Trance,  or 
catalepsy,  dilTers  from  ecstasy  in  the  circumsl;iin-e 
that  in  the  latter  the  nmsclcs  are  rigid,  and  the  bodv 
erect  and  indexible.  Oood.  ' 

TRANCED,  (trinst.)  a.    Lying  in  a  trance. 

And  there  I  left  hiju  fro7i«i.  .STiat. 

TRAN'GRAM,  n.    An  odd  thing  intricately  contrived. 

.^rbuUuiot. 
[It  is  said  to  be.  a  cant  word,  and  is  not  used.] 

TRAN'NEL,  used  by  Moxon,  is  a  mistake  for  Tree- 
nail, pronounced  by  ship-builders  trun'nel. 

T-RAN'aUlL,  (trank'wil,)  a.  [Fr.  tranquUlc;  L.  tran- 
quiUiLS,] 

duiet ;  calm  ;  undisturbed  ;  peaceful ;  notagitated 
The  atmosphere  is  tranquil.  The  state  is  tranquil.  A 
tranquil  retirement  is  desirable  ;  but  a  tranquil  mind 
is  essential  to  happiness. 

TRAN-aUIL-I-ZA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  tranquiliz- 
ing,  or  slate  of  being  tranquilized.  JVewman. 

TRAN'aUiL-lZE,  (trank'wil-ize,)  v.  U  To  quiet ;  to 
allay  when  agitated  ;  to  compose  ;  to  make  calm  and 
peaceful ;  as,  to  tranquilize  a  state  disturbed  by  fac- 
tions or  civil  commotions ;  to  tranquilize  the  mind. 

TRAN'CiUIL-lZ-i:D,  (trank'wil-izd,)  pp.  QuJeted  ; 
calmed ;  composed. 

TRAN'aUlL-lZ-ER,  n.  A  kind  of  chair,  in  which  a 
raving  maniac  may  be  so  fixed  as  to  be  ihotionlt-.s. 
It  is  used  for  the  production  of  tranquillity,  in  a  jiar- 
osvsm  of  ravjng. 

TRAN'QUIL-iZ-IXG,;»pr,  or  a.  Quieting;  compos- 
ing. 

TRAN'aUIL-TZ-ING-LY,  adv.    So  as  to  tranquilize. 

TRAN-CiUIL'LI-TY,  n.     [L.  tranqnilUtas.] 

Quietness  ;  a  calm  state  ;  freedom  from  disturb- 
ance or  agitation.  We  speak  of  the  tranquillity  of 
public  affairs,  of  the  state,  of  the  world,  the  tranquil- 
lity of  a  retired  life,  the  tranquillity  of  mind  proceed- 
ing from  conscious  rectitude. 

TRAN'UUIL-LY,  adv.     Quietly  ;  peacefullv. 

TRAN'QUIL-NESS,  71,     Quietness;  peacefulness. 

TR^Jv^'S,  a  Latin  preposition,  used  in  English  as  a 
prefix,  signifies  over,  beyond,  as  in  traiualpme,  be- 
yond the  Alps.  Hence,  in  a  moral  sense,  it  denotes  a 
complete  change  ;  as,  to  transform,  also,/>£)»i  one  to 
another ;  as,  to  transfer. 

TRANS-ACT',  7).  t.  [L.  transactus,  transigo ;  trans 
and  ago,  to  act  or  drive  through.] 

To  do ;  to  perform ;  to  manage  ;  as,  to  trayisact 
commercial  business.  VVe  transact  business  in  per- 
son or  by  an  agent. 

TRANS-ACT',  v.  i.  To  conduct  matters  ;  to  treat ;  to 
manage.  Suutft. 

TRAXS-AeT'ED,pp.    Done;  performed;  managed. 

TRANS-A€T'[i\G,  ppr.     Managing;  performing. 

TRANS-ACTION,  h.  The  doing  or  performing  of 
any  business  ;  management  of  any  affair. 

2.  Tliat  which  is  done  ;  an  affair.  We  are  not  to 
expect  in  history  a  minute  detail  of  every  transacUmu 

3.  In  the  civil  law,  an  adjustment  of  a  dispute 
between  parlies  by  mutual  agreement. 

TRANS-ACT'OR,  n.    One  who  performs  or  conducts 

anv  business.  Derhaui, 

TRANS-AL'PINE,  (-aKpin,)  a.  [L.  trans,  beyond, 
and  Alpine,  of  the  Alps.] 

Lying  or  being  beyond  the  Alps  in  regard  to  Rome, 

that  is,  on  the  north  or  west  of  the  Alps  ;  as,  Tra:;^ 

alpine  GauI  ;  opposed  to  Cisalpine. 

TRANS-AN'i-MATE,  v.  t.     [trans  and  animate.]    To 

animate  by  the  conveyance  of  a  soul  to  another  body. 

King. 
TRANS-ANT-Ma-TED,  pp.     Animated  by  the  c.mi- 

vcyance  of  the  soul  from  one  body  to  another. 
TRANS-AN-I-Ma'TION,  n.     [L.  (m;i5  and  anijna.] 
Conveyance  of  the  soul  from  one  body  to  another; 
transmigration.  Brown. 

[The  latter  is  the  word  generally  used.] 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— xMkTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — N6TE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.- 

1166 


TRA 


TRA 


TRA 


TRANS- AT-LAN'Tie,  a.      [L.  trans,  beyond,    and 

jStlantic] 

Lying'  or  being  beyond  Ihe  Atlantic.  When 
used  by  a  person  in  Europe  or  Africa,  transatlantic 
signifies  >eing  in  America;  when  by  a  person  in 
America,  it  denotes  being  or  lying  in  Europe  or  Afri- 
ca. ^Ve  appiv  it  chiedv  to  something  in  Europe. 
TR-iNS-CEND',  (Iran^send',)  r.  (.  [L.  transcendo ; 
trans  and  scando^  to  ctUnb.] 

1.  To  rise  above;  to  surmount;  as,  lights  in  the 
heavens  transcending  the  region  of  the  clouds. 

2.  To  pass  over  ;  to  go  bej  ond. 

It  13  a  dau^rous  opioioa  to  such  hupes  as  shall  transcend  ihcir 
Umits.  Bacon. 

3.  To  surpass ;  to  outgo ;  to  excel ;  to  exceed. 

How  much  her  woith  transcended  all  her  kind.  Dryden. 

TRANS-CEXD',  c.  i.    To  climb.     [J^oi  in  use.} 

Brown. 
TRANS-CEND'ED,  pp.    Overpassed ;  surpassed ;  ex- 

cecded. 
TRANS-CEXD'EXCE,   \    n.      Superior    excellence  ; 
TRANS-CEXD'EX-CY,  i       supereminence. 

'2.  Elevation  above  truth  ;  exaggeration.    Bacon, 
TRANS-CEXD  'EN'T,  c.     [  L.  transcendcus.] 

1.  Ver>-  excellent ;  superior  or  supreme  in  excel- 
lence;  surpassing  others;  as,  traKscendent  v^'otih ; 
transcendent  valor. 

Cloihed  wiih  iranseenderii  brightness.  Milton. 

2.  In  the  Kantian  philosopky^  transcending  or  going 
beyond  the  bounds  of  human  knowledge ;  applied  to 
baseless  or  illusory  knowledge.  Murdoch. 

TRAXS-CEXD-E.VT'AL,  a.  Supercminent ;  surpass- 
ing others;  as,  transcendental  being  or  qualities. 

Grew. 
^  In  the  Kantian  pfulosophy,  pertaining  to  that 
which  can  be  determined  o  priori  in  regard  to  the 
fundamental  principles  of  all  human  knowlediie. 
What  is  transcendental y  therefore,  transcends  empiri- 
cism ;  but  it  does  not  transcend  all  human  knowl- 
edge, or  become  transcendent.  Murdoch. 

Transcendental  quantity :  in  algebra^  a  quantity 
which  can  not  be  represented  by  an  algebraic  expres- 
sion of  a  finite  number  of  terms. 

Transcendental  equation  ;  an  equation  into  which  a 
transcendentil  quantity  enters. 

TransuTtdenial  curte  i  a  cun"e  defined  by  a  trans- 
cendental equation.  Brande. 

TRA\S-CEND-EXT'AL-rSM,  n.  In  the  Kantian 
philosophy,  the  transcending  or  going  beyond  empiri- 
cism, and  ascertaining  a  priori  the  fundamental  prin- 
ciples of  human  knowledge.  But,  as  Schelling  and 
Hegel  claimed  to  have  discovered  the  absolute  iden- 
tity of  the  objective  and  subjective  in  human  knowl- 
edge, or  of  things  and  human  conceptions  of  tiiem, 
the  Kantian  distinction  between  transcendent  and 
transcendental  ideas  can  have  no  place  in  their  philoso- 
phy. And  hence,  with  them,  transcendentalism 
claims  to  have  a  true  knowledge  of  all  things,  mate- 
rial and  immaterial,  human  and  divine,  so  far  as  the 
mind  is  capable  of  knowing  them.  And  in  this  sense 
the  word  transcendentidism  is  now  most  used. 

Murdoek, 
The  word  is  also  sometimes  used  for  that  which  Is 
vasue  and  illu=ivc  in  philosophy. 

TRAXS-CEXD-EXT'AL-IST,  n.  One  who  believes 
in  transcendentalism. 

TRAXS-CEXD-EXT'AI^LY,  ado.  In  a  transcend- 
ental manner. 

TRAXS-CEXD'EXT-LY,  adv.  Very  excellently ; 
supereminently  ;  by  way  of  eminence. 

The  law  of  Chnslirvniiy  is  emineulJy  aod  transeendenUy  cnlled 
the  Toid  of  trulh.  South. 

TR-\NS-CEXD'EXT-XESS,  n.  Superior  or  unusual 
excellence. 

TR.\XS-CEXD'IXG,  ppr.  Rising  above  ;  surmount- 
in:;  :  surpassing. 

TRAXS'€0-LiTE,  v.  L  [L.  tran3  and  colo,  to 
strain.] 

To  strain ;  to  cause  to  pass  through  a  sieve  or  col- 
ander. Harvey. 

TRAXS'€0-La-TIXG,  ppr.  Straining  through  a 
?ieve. 

TRAX-SCRTBE',  v.  U  [L.  transcribo ;  irans^  over,  and 
scribo,  to  write.] 

To  copy ;  to  write  over  again  or  in  the  same  words ; 
to  write  a  copy  of  any  thing ;  as,  to  transcribe  Livy 
or  Tacitus  ;  to  transcribe  a  letter. 

TRAX-SeRIB'£D,  pp.     Copied. 

TRAX-SCRTB'p]R,  n.  A  copier;  one  whn  writes 
from  a  ropy.  Addison. 

TRAN-SCRIB'IXG,  ppr.  Writing  from  a  copy  ;  writ- 
ing a  copy. 

TRAX'S€RIPT,  n.     [L.  transerirtunu] 

1.  A  copy  ;  a  writing  made  from  and  according  to 
an  original :  a  writing  or  composition  consisting  of 
the  s.nme  words  with  the  original. 

The  dediog-oc:  cf  Mok-s  v:33  but  a  trarucTipt,  not  aa  ori^nal. 

South. 

3.  A  copy  of  any  kind. 

The  Roman  learning  was  a  trantcnpl  of  the  Giccian. 

Ctanviiie. 


TRAN-SCRIP'TIOX,  (tran-skrip'shun.)  n.  [Fr.l  The 
act  of  copying.  Gorrux)tiuns  creep  into  books  by  re- 
peated transcriptions. 

TRAN-SCRIPT'lVE-LY,  adv.    In  manner  of  a  copy. 

Broicn, 

TRANS-GUR',  v.  i.    [L,  transcurro;  Cran^  aud  curro, 
to  run  ] 
To  run  or  rove  to  and  fro.    [LittU  ^ised.^    Bacon. 

TRAXS-€UR'RENCE,  t..  A  roving  Either  and 
thither. 

TRAXS-eUR'SIOX,  (trans-kur'shun,)  n.  [Supra.] 
A  rambling  or  ramble  ;  a  passage  beyond  certain 
limits  ;  e.xlraordinary  deviation  ;  as,  the  tra7tscursion 
of  a  comet.  Mwe. 


I  am  to  nuike  often  Cranscursions  into  the  neigliborin o*  forfau  aa 
I  IK1S3  along.  "Howell. 

[Excursion  has  in  a  great  measure  superseded 
this  word.] 

TRAXS-DU€'TION,  n.     [L.  trans  and  dueo.} 

The  act  of  conveying  over.  Enlick. 

TRANSE,  n.     Ecsn-/v.     [See  Trancz.] 

TRAXS-EL-E-.AlEXt-A'TION,  n.  [trans  and  «/e- 
menLl 

The  change  of  the  elements  of  one  body  into  those 
of  another,  as  of  the  bread  and  wine  into  the  actual 
body  and  blood  of  Christ ;  transubstantiation. 

^  Burnet. 

TRAX'SEPT,  K.  [L.  trans  and  septum.]  The  trans- 
verse portion  of  a  cruciform  church,  being  one  of  the 
arms  projecting  each  way  on  the  side  of  the  stem  of 
the  cross.  Gwilt. 

TRAN-SEX'IOX,  (-sek'shun,)  n.    Change  of  sex. 

TRANS-FER',  v.  t.  [L.  transfero ;  trans  aud  fcro,  to 
carry  J 

1.  To  convey  from  one  place  or  person  to  another  ; 
to  transport  or  remove  to  another  place  or  person ; 
as,  to  transfer  the  laws  of  one  countrj' to  another. 
The  seat  of  government  was  transferred  from  New 
York  to  Albany.  We  say,  a  war  is  traitsf erred  from 
France  to  Germany.  Pai'n,  or  the  seat  of  disease  in 
the  body,  is  often  transferred  from  one  part  to  an- 
other. 

2.  To  make  over  ;  to  pass  ;  to  convey,  as  a  right, 
from  one  person  to  another  ;  to  sell ;  to  give.  The 
title  to  land  is  transferred  by  deed.  The  property  of  a 
bill  of  exciiange  may  be  transferred  by  indorsement. 
Stocks  are  transferred  by  assignment,  or  entering  the 
same  under  the  name  of  the  purchaser  in  the  proper 
books. 

TRAXS'FER,  n.  The  removal  or  conveyance  of  a 
thing  from  one  place  or  person  to  another. 

2.  The  conveyance  of  right,  title,  or  property,  ei- 
ther real  or  personal,  from  one  person  to  another,  ei- 
ther bv  sale,  bv  gift,  or  otiierwise. 

TRAXS-FER'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  transferred  or 
conveyed  from  one  place  or  person  to  another. 

2.  Negotiable,  as  a  note,  bill  of  exchange,  or  other 
evidence  of  property,  that  may  be  conveyed  from  one 
person  to  another  by  indorsement  or  other  writing. 
The  stocks  of  the  public,  and  of  companies,  are 
transferable. 

TRAXS-FER'RED,  pp.  Conveyed  from  one  to  an- 
other. 

TRAXS-FER-REE',  n.  The  person  to  whom  a  trans- 
fer is  made.  Hamilton. 

TRAXS-FER'REXCE,  n.    Act  of  transferring. 

TRANS-FER'RER,  n.  One  who  makes  a  transfer  or 
conveyance. 

TRANS-FER'KIXG,  ppr.  Removing  from  one  place 
or  person  to  another;  conveying  to  another,  as  a 
riaht. 

TRANS-FIG-U-Ra'TION,  n.  [Fr.  See  Transfig- 
ure.] A  change  of  I'otm  ;  parVicularhj^  the  supernat- 
ural change  in  tlie  personal  appearance  of  our  Savior 
on  the  mount.    See  Matt.  xvii. 

2.  A  feast  held  by  the  Roman  Catholic  churr Ii  on 
the  Ctli  of  August,  in  commemoration  of  the  miracu- 
lous change  above  mentioned.  Cue 

TR-^XS-FIG/URE,  (-fig'yur,)  v.  t  [L.  trans  and  f- 
^ira;  Fi.  transjigurer.] 

To  transform ;  to  change  the  outward  form  or  ap- 
pearance. 

And  was  transjigured  before  thera.  —  MaU.  xvii. 

TRAXS-FIG'UR^ED,  pp.    Changed  in  form. 

TRAi\S-FIG'UR-IXG,  ppr.  Transforming  ;  changing 
the  external  form. 

TRAXS-FIX'jt'.  t,  [L.  transfixiLs,  tran^UgOf  trans^w^ 
Jigo.] 

To  pierce  through,  as  with  a  pointed  weapon  ;  as, 
to  transjix  one  with  a  dart  or  spear.  Dnjdcn. 

TRAXS-FIX'ED,  (-fikst',)  pp.   Pierced  through. 

TRAXS-FIX'IXG,  ppr.  Piercing  through  with  a  point- 
ed weapon. 

TRAXS'FO-RaTE,  v.  t.     [L.  transforo.'] 
To  bore  tliroush. 

TR.\XS'FO-Ra-TED,  pp.    Pierced;  perforated. 

TRAXS'FO-Ra-TIXG,  ppr.    Boring  through. 

TRAXS-FOR.AI',  v.  L  [Fr.  transformer  ;  L.  trans  and 
fonna^ 

1.  To  change  the  form  of;  to  change  tlie  shape  or 
appearance ;  to  metamorphose ;  as,  a  caterpillar 
transformed  into  a  butterfly. 

2.  To  change    one    substance    into  another ;    to 


transmute.       The  alchemists  sought   to  transform. 
lead  mto  gold. 

3.  In  tlieology,  to  change  the  natural  dispc/siiion 
and  temper  of  man  from  a  state  of  enniily  to  Gt>d 
and  his  lav/  into  the  image  of  God,  or  into  a  dispo- 
sition and  temper  confunned  to  the  will  of  God. 

Ik'  yc  traiufonrwt  by  the  lenTwiii;  (/  joue  nucd.  —  Bam.  xfi, 

4.  In  the  Roman  Cat/iollc  church,  to  change  Ihe  ele- 
ments, bread  and  wine,  into  ihe  flush  and  blood  of 
Christ. 

5.  Among  the  mystics,  to  change  the  contcmpbtive 
fioul  into  a  divine  substance,  by  which  it  in  loat  or 
swallowed  up  in  the  divine  nature. 

G,  In  algebra,  to  change  an  equation  into  another 
of  a  different  form,  without  destroying  the  cq^ialily 
of  its  members;  to  change  into  another  form  with- 
out alteriiiL'  the  value. 
TRANS-FORM',  r.  i.  To  be  clianged  in  form  :  to  be 
metamorphosed. 

Uis  liair  traivforms  to  dovo.  AdtSaon. 

TRANS-FORM-A'TIOX,  n.  The  act  or  operation  cf 
changing  the  form  or  external  appearance. 

2.  ."^letamorphosis  ;  change  of  form  iu  insccu  ;    r 
from  a  caterpillar  to  a  buitt- rHy. 

3.  Transmutation  ;  the  change  of  one  metal  i:.'  . 
another,  as  of  copper  or  tin  into  gold. 

4.  The  change  of  the  soul  into  a  divine  sulstaac, 
as  among  the  mystics. 

5.  Transubstantiation. 

C.  In  theology,  a  change  of  heart  in  man,  bj*  which 
his  disposition  and  temper  are  conformed  to  Ujs  di- 
vine image  ;  a  change  from  enmity  to  holiness  and 
love. 

7.  Fn  algebra,  the  changt:  of  an  equalib:: 
of  a  ditfercnt  form,  without  de^iiroyiiiK  th' 
its  members;  a  change  into  another  furin 
teringthe  value.  jj.  ij 

TRAXrf-FOK.M'A-TI  VE,  a.    Having  powt . 
enc\  lo  transform. 

TRAX:?-FOR.\i'£D,  pp.  Changed  in  fonn  or  txitr- 
nal  appearance;  melamoiphoscd  ;  transmuted  ;  re- 
newed. 

TRAXS-FORM'ING,  ppr.  Changing  the  form  or  ex- 
ternal appearance;  metamorphosing;  transmuting; 
renewing. 

2.  a.  Effecting,  or  able  to  effect,  a  change  of  furm 
or  state  ;  as,  the  transforming^  power  of  true  reliciuu. 

TRANS-FREIGHT',  (trans-fratc',)  r.  i.  To  pass  over 
the  sea.     [JSTot  in  use.]  fVaterland. 

TRANS-FRE-Ta'TIOX,  71.  [L.  trans  and  frctum,  a 
strait.] 

The  passing  over  a  strait  or  narrow  sea.  [Little 
used.]  Daeics. 

TRANS-FUND',  v.  t.     [L.  transfundo.] 

To  pour  from  one  vessel  into  another.    [JVoi  vsed.] 

TRAXS-FUXD'ED,  pp.    Transfused. 

TRAXS-FL'XD'IXG,  ppr.     Transfusing.       BarroTC. 

TRAXS-FuSE',  (trans-fuze',)  v.  £.  [L.  transfasvsj 
transfundo ;  trans  and  fando.] 

1.  To  pour,  as  liquor,  out  of  one  vessel  into  an- 
other. 

2.  To  transfer,  as  blood,  from  one  animal  to  an- 
other. 

3.  To  cause  to  pass  from  one  lo  another ;  to  cau^c 
to  be  instilled  or  imbibed  ;  as,  to  Ircn^usc  a  spirit  of 
patriotism  from  one  to  another;  lo  tran^^use 'j.  love 
of  letters. 

TRAXS-FCS'iH),  pp.    Poured  from  one  vessel  into 

another. 
TRAXS-Fu'SI-BLE,    (-iu'ze-bl,)    a.      That  may  be 

transfused,  See.  Be^le. 

TRAXS-FuS'lXG,;7/>r.    Pouringoulof  one  ws-el  into 

another ;  trausterrinff. 
TRANS-Fu'SlON,  (trans-fu'zhun,)  n.     The  act  of 

pouring,  as  liquor,  out  of  one  vessel  into  another. 

In  chemistry  aud  pbannacy,  traus/usions  of  Uquors 

are  frequent.  Cyc 

2.  The  actor  operation  of  transferring  the  blood  of 

one  animal  into  the  \'ascular  system  of  auoUicr  by 

means  of  a  tube.  Cue 

TRAXS-GRESS',  v.  U    [Fr.  transgresser  ;  L.  transgrcs- 

suSy  trans grcdior ;  trans  and  gradior,  to  pass.] 

1.  To  pass  over  or  beyond  any  limit :  to  surpass. 

DryJen. 

2.  In  a  mi>ral  sense^  to  overpass  any  rule  presf  ribed 
as  tlie  limit  of  duty  ;  to  break  or  violate  a  law,  civil  or 
moral.  'I'o  transgress  a  divine  Liw,  is  sin.  Legis- 
lators should  not  transgress  laws  of  tlieir  own 
making. 

TRAXS-GRESS',  v.  u  To  offend  by  violntijig  a  law ; 
to  sin.     1  Chron.  iL 

TR.VXS-GRESS'£D,  (trans-grest',)  pp.  Overpassed  ; 
violated. 

TRANS-GRESS'ING,  ppr.  Passing  beyond  ;  surpass- 
ing; violatins;  sinnini!. 

TRAXS-GRES>SIOX,  (-gresh'un,)  ;u  [Fr.]  The  act 
of  passing  over  or  bevond  any  law  or  nilc  of  moral 
duty  :  the  violation  of  a  law"  or  known  principle  of 
rectitude  ;  breach  of  command. 

He  mourued  tocausc  of  Uie  tnuugrtssion  of  ihzca  liut  tnj  bceo 

cartiod  away.  —  Esra  x.  __ 

Forgire  ihy  peopJo  all  tJirir  Iroiusressions.  —  1  Kin^s  t^. 

2.  Fault ;  offense ;  crime. 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.  —  AN"GER,  VI"CI0US.  — C  as  K;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


TRA 

TRANS-GRES'SION-AL,  (-j;rcsh'un-al,)  a.  That  vi- 
olalcs  a  law  or  rule  of  iluty. 

TRANS-GHESS'IVE,  a.  Kaulty ;  culpable;  apt  to 
transgress.  Brouiii. 

TKAKS-GRESS'IVE-I<Y,  adv.    By  tranasiessing. 

THANS-CJRESS'OR,  n.  One  who  breaks  a  law  or  vi- 
olates a  command  ;  one  \\\\n  violatt!S  any  known  rule 
or  principle  of  rectitude  ;  a  sinner. 

The  wny  of  trans^ressora  \&  lianl.  — Prov.  xiii. 

TRAN-SIIIP',  r>.  t.  [trans  and  ship.]  To  convey  from 
one  sliip  to  anotlier  ;  a  ccmmcrciat  word. 

TRAN-SIIIF'MENT,  j[.  Tjie  act  of  transferring,  as 
goods,  from  one  ship  toanolIiL-r. 

TRAN-SillPTA'D,  (-sbipt^)>)j>.  Carried  from  one  sliip 
to  anotlier. 

TRAX-SIIIP'PING,  ppr.  Carrying  from  one  Kliij)  to 
another. 

TRAN'SIENT,  (tran'shent,)  a.  [h.  transicns,  transco  ; 
trans  and  co.] 

1.  Passing;  not  stationary;  hence,  of  short  dura- 
tion; not  permanent;  not  lasting  or  durable.  How 
transient  are  the  pleasures  of  this  life  ! 

MpasurL'il  this  Iransknt  world.  MUtcn. 

9.  Ila-^ty  ;  momentary;  imperfect;  as,  a  transient 
view  of  a  landscape. 

Traiisiait  parson;  a  person  that  is  passinp  or  trav- 
clin;;  through  a  place ;  one  without  a  settled  habita- 
tion. .America. 

U'ransient  cff'ict,  in  patnti»(T^  is  a  representation  of 
appearances  in  nature  produced  by  causes  which  are 
not  stationary,  as  the  shadows  cast  by  a  passing 
rioud.  Tlie  term  AccioKrtTa  has  often  the  same 
signification.  Jocchjn. 

TRAiN'SIENT-LY,  C-shent-,)fl(7!:.  [f^upra.]  In  pas- 
sago  ;  for  a  short  lime  ;  not  with  continuance. 

I  loiicli  \\<'rc  but  transi^nllxj —  on  siotne  Tiiw  of  those  many  riilfs 
of  iiiiiuiiiin;  luUuvc,  wLidi  Avistollu  ilrcw  fioiii  IIoiult. 

Drydcn. 

TRAN'SIENT-N-ESS,  (-shent-,)  7i.     [Supra.]     Short- 
ness of  continuance  ;  speedy  passage. 
TUAN-SIL'r-ENCE,   J  n.      \h.  traasiUciis,    tran^iUo  ; 
TRAN-SIL'I-EN-OY,  i      trans  and  salio,] 

A  leap  from  thing  to  thing.     [JVu£  much  used.} 

OlanviUc. 
'I'RANS'IT,  n.    [L.  iranskas,  from  transco.] 

I,  A  passing  ;  a  passing  oi'er  or  thnmgh  ;  convey- 
ance ;  as,  the  transit  of  goods  through  a  country. 

9.  The  p:i!>sing  of  an  inferior  planet  across  the 
sun's  disk.  I  witnessed  the  transit  of  Venus  over 
the  sun's  disk,  June  3,  I7G9.  When  a  smaller  body 
passes  behind  a  larger,  it  is  said  to  sulfer  an  occiilta- 
tiun. 

3.  The  culmination  or  passage  of  a  heaveuly  body 
over  the  meridian  of  a  place. 
TRANS'IT,  V.  t.    To  pass  over  the  disk  of  a  heavenly 

boiiy.  Cyc, 

TRANS'IT-Du'TY,  n.     A  duty  paid  on  goods  tliat 

pass  through  a  country. 
TRANS'IT-ED,  jtp.    Passed  over  the  disk  of  a  heav- 
enly body. 
TRAN-SI"TION,  (tran-sizh'un,)  v.     [L.  transitio.] 

1.  Passage  from  one  place  or  state  to  another; 
cliange;  as,  tlie  transition  of  the  weather  from  hot 
In  cold.  Sudden  transitions  are  sometimes  attended 
with  evil  effects. 

The  8pou  nrc  of  iIil'  s;ime  color  throu^jliout,  then!  bohi^  tin  im- 
mediate Iraiisilioii  fruni  while  to  black.  Wouuumid. 

2.  In  rhrforic,  a  passing  from  one  subject  to  an- 
other. This  should  be  done  by  means  of  some  con- 
nection in  the  parts  of  the  discourse,  so  as  to  appear 
natural  and  easy. 

lie  witli  transition  sweet  new  speech  resuniea.  JUiUon. 

X  In  music,  a  change  of  key  from  major  to  minor, 
or  the  contrary ;  or,  in  short,  a  change  from  any  one 
genus  or  key  to  another  ;  also,  the  softening  of  a  dis- 
junct interval  by  the  introduction  of  inicrmediate 
sounds.  Cijc.    Busbij. 

'/'ransitioH  rocks ;  in  ^cohiry,  a  name  formerly  ap- 
plied to  the  lowest  uncrystalline  stratified  rocks,  sup- 
posed to  contain  no  fossils,  and  so  called  because 
thought  to  have  beet}  formed  when  the  world  wus 
pas.iing  from  an  uninhabitable  to  a  habitable  state. 

Dana. 
TRAN-Sr"TION-AL,  (^si/.h'un-,)  a.     Containing  or 

denoting  transition. 
'J'RANS'I-'l'IVE,  a.    Having  the  power  of  passing. 

Bacon. 

3.  In  o-ram:iiar,  a  transitive  verb  is  one  Which  is  or 
may  be  followed  by  an  obj^rt;  a  verb  expressing  an 
action  which  passes  from  the  agent  to  an  ol)ject,from 
llie  subject  which  docs  to  the  object  on  w  jiicli  il  ts 
done.  Thus,  "  Cicero  icrotc-  letters  to  Alticus."  In 
this  scnience,  the  act  of  wiiling,  performed  by  Cice- 
ro, the  agent,  terminates  on  letters,  tlie  object.  All 
verbs  not  passive  may  bo  arranged  in  two  classes, 
transitive  and  intransitive.  In  English,  this  division 
is  correct  and  complete. 

TRANt?'I-TIVE-LY,  adv.    In  a  transitive  manner. 
TRANS'I-TIVE-NESS,  n.    Slate  of  being  transitive. 
TRANS'1-TO-RI-LY,  adv.    [See  TnANsiToay.]    With 

short  continuance. 
TRANS'I-TO-RI-NESS,  h.    A  passing  with  sliort  con- 


TRA 

tinuance  ;  speedy  departure  or  evanescence.    Wtio 
is  not  coi'.vinced  of  the  transitorincss  of  all  sublunary 
liappiness  ? 
TRANS'I-TO-RY,  o.     [L.  transitorins.] 

1.  Passing  witliout  continuance  ;  continuing  a  sliort 
time;  lleeting  ;  speedily  vanishing. 

0  Lord,  cumfort  iinU  euccor  all  them  who,  in  this  transitory  llf'-, 
are  In  trouble.  Com,  Prayer, 

5.  In  lawy  a  transitory  action  is  one  which  may  be 
brought  in  any  county,  as  actions  for  debt,  detiniu*, 
slander,  and  tlie  like.    It  is  opposed  to  local  action. 
Blachstonc.     Bouuicr. 
TRANS-LaT'A-BLE,  a.     [from  tran^-latc]      Capable 
of  being  translateti  or  rendereil   into  another  lan- 
guage. 
TRANSLATE',  v.  ^     [L.  translatiis,  from  traii^ero ; 
trans^  over,  and  /cry,  to  bear ;  Sp.  trasladar;  II.  tras- 
laiarc] 

1.  To  bear,  carry,  or  remove,  from  one  place  to 
nnother.  It  is  applied  to  the  removal  of  a  bishop 
from  one  sec  to  another. 

The  bSshop  of  Ilochesler,  when  the  king  wuiild  Imvc  tranelated 
him  to  a  bc'ltt-r  IjUhopiic,  refused.  Oimilen. 

Q.  To  remove  or  convey  to  heaven,  as  a  Imnian 
being,  witliout  death. 

Uy  f.iilh  Kiu>ch  was  trau£!ated,  lli.U  ho  should  not  sico  d;'adi.  — 
Htrb.  xvi. 

3.  To  transfer ;  to  convey  from  one  to  another.  2 
Sam.  iii. 

4.  To  cause  to  remove  from  one  part  of  the  body 
to  anotlier  ;  as,  to  translate  a  disease. 

5.  To  change. 

Happy  is  your  grace, 
Thai  cm  translats  the  bLiihhori)nc63  of  lurtiine 
lulu  3u  quiet  «iid  so  sweet  a  style.  Sliak, 

6.  To  interpret;  to  render  Into"  another  language  ; 
to  express  the  sense  of  one  language  in  Uie  words  of 
another.  The  Old  Testament  was  translated  into  the 
Greek  language  more  than  two  hundred  years  bcfurc 
Christ.  The  Scriptures  are  now  translated  into  most 
of  the  languages  of  Europe  and  Asia. 

7.  To  explain. 

TRANS-LaT'ED,  pp.  Conveyed  from  one  place  to 
another;  removed  to  heaven  without  dying;  ren- 
dered into  another  language. 

TRANS-L.\T'ING,  ppr.  Conveying  or  removing  from 
one  place  to  anotlier;  conveying  to  heaven  without 
dying;  interpreting  in  another  language. 

TRANS-L.X'TION,  n.     [Fr.,  from  L.  transUilio.] 

1.  The  act  of  removing  or  conveying  from  one 
place  to  another ;  removal  ;  as,  the  translatiun  of  :i 
disease  from  the  foot  to  the  breast. 

2.  The  removal  of  a  bishop  from  one  see  to  an- 
other. 

3.  The  removal  of  a  person  to  heaven  witliout 
subjecting  him  to  death. 

4.  The  act  of  turning  Into  another  language ;  in- 
terpretation ;  as,  the  translation  of  Virgil  or  Homer. 

5.  That  which  is  produced  by  turning  into  another 
language;  a  version.  We  have  a  good  tra/islation  of 
the  Scriptures. 

TRANS-LA-TI"TI0US,  (-tish'us,)  a.  Transposed  ; 
transported. 

TUANS-La'TIVE,  a.     Taken  from  others. 

TRANS-La'TUR,  n.  One  who  renders  into  another 
language  ;  one  who  expresses  the  sense  of  words  in 
one  language  by  equivalent  words  in  another. 

TRANS'LA-TO-RY,  a.  Trauijferring ;  serving  to  trans- 
late. ArbutJinot. 

TRANS-La'TRESS,  w.     a  female  translator. 

TRANS-LO-Ca'TION,  n.     [L.  trans  and  locatio,  loco.] 
Removal  of  things  reciprocally  to    each   other's 
places ;  or  rather  substitution  of  one  thing  for  an- 
other. 

There  luippcncd  certuin  translocations  uf  ciiiimnl  nnd  vegetable 
8ii1i:jtAiiCva  .it  the  delu^7.  IVoodward, 

TRANS-Lu'CEN-CY 
TltANS-LtJ'CENCE, 
bbine.l 

1.  The  property  of  transmitting  rays  of  light  witli- 
out permitting  objects  to  be  seen. 

2.  Transparency. 

TRANS-LCl'CKNT,  a.      Transmitting  rays  of  light 
without  permitting  objects  to  be  seen. 
2.  Transparent ;  clear. 

Replenished  from  tlie  cool,  IransZitf^itt  springs.  Pope. 

TRANS-LtJ'CENT-LY,  adv.    In  a  translucent  man- 
ner. 
TKANS-LU'CID,  a.     [L.  translncidus,  supra.] 
Transparent;  clear.     [See  Thansi-uckkt.] 

Bacon. 
TRANS-.MA-RKNE',(-ma-reen',)a.   [Xi.iransmarinns; 
trans  and  inarinns  :  mare,  sea.] 
Lving  or  biMug  beyond  the  sea.  IToidcU. 

TRANS-MEW,  (-mu',)  v.  t.  [Fr.  transmttcr;  L.  trans- 

VUltO.] 

To  transmute  ;  to  transform  ;  to  metamorphose. 
[JVt»(  in  ■asc.]  Spenser. 

TRANS'MI-GRANT,  a.  [See  Transmighate.]  Mi- 
grating; passing  into  another  country  or  stale  for 
residence,  or  into  another  form  or  body. 

TRANS'MI-GRANT,  n.    One  who  migrates,  or  leaves 


[L.  traiishicens  ;    trans, 
through,    and    luccoy    to 


TRA 

his  own  country  and  passes  into  another  for  settle- 
ment.  lincon. 

2.  One  who  passes  into  another  stale  or  body. 
TU;\NS'J\II-GU.aTE,  V.  i.     [!..  transmi-rro ;  trans  and 
mijfro,  to  migtate.] 

1.  To  migrate  ;  to  pass  from  one  country  of  juiis- 
dirtiim  to  another,  for  the  purpose  of  resitling  in  it ; 
as  men  or  families.  iiroton. 

2.  To  pa^s  from  one  body  into  another. 

Tln.ir  souls  in.-iy  iransmi^rate  iiitu  each  other.  Howe!!. 

TRANS'Ml  GRa-TING,  ppr.    Passing  from  one  couji- 

Iry,  state,  or  bodv,  into  anotlier. 
TRANS-MI-GUa'TION,  71.    Tile  passing  of  men  from 

one  count'-y  to  another  for  the  purpose  of  residence, 

particularly  of  a  whult!  pi-njile. 

2.  The  passing  of  a  thing  into  anollier  stale,  as  of 
one  substance  into  anotlier.  Hooker. 

3.  The  p;i-;sing  of  the  soul  into  another  body,  ac- 
cording to  the  opinion  of  I'jihagoras, 

TRANS'MI-GR.A-TOR,  ?(.     One  who  tiansmigratL-s. 

FJlis. 
TRANS-MI'GRA-TO-RY,  n.     Passing  from  one  place, 

bodv,  or  state,  to  another.  Faher. 

TUANS^MIS-Sr-CILI-TY,   n.      [from    transmissible.] 

The  quality  of  being  transmissible. 
TRANS-Ml.S'Sl-RLE,    a,       [See    Tra-vsmit.]      That 
may  he  transmitted  or  passed  from  one  to  another. 
Blachstone.     Burke. 
2.  That  may  be  transmitted  through  a  iranspani;! 
body. 
TRANS-MIS'SION,  (trans-mish'un,)  n.     [Fr.,from  1, 
transmissio.] 

1.  The  act  of  sending  from  one  place  or  pei-son  to 
another;  as,  the  transmission  of  letters,  writings 
papers,  news,  and  the  like,  from  one  country  to  an- 
other; or  the  transmission  of  rights,  titles,  or  pri\  i- 
leges  from  father  to  son,  and  from  one  generation  to 
another.  J^''etrton.     Bacon. 

2.  The  passing  of  a  substance  lluough  anybody, 
as  of  light  through  glass. 

TRANS-MIS'SlVi),  a.  Transmitted;  derived  fn.m 
one  to  another. 

](!>clf  n  sun, it  wUh  transmlntite  iiglit 

Kiiliveiis  worlds  denied  to  human  sight.  Prior. 

TRANS-MIT',  V.  U  [L,tranc:nitU  ;  trans  and  mitto,  to 
send.] 

1.  To  send  from  one  person  or  place  to  another ; 
as,  to  transmit  a  letter  or  a  memorial  ;  to  transmit 
dispatches ;  to  transmit  money  or  bills  of  exchange 
from  one  city  or  country  to  another.  Eight  is  trans- 
vtitled  from  the  sun  totbu  earth  ;  sound  is  transmitted 
by  means  of  vibrations  of  the  air.  Our  civil  and  re- 
ligious privileges  have  been  transnnHcd  to  us  from 
our  ancestors;  and  it  is  our  duty  lo  transmit  ihcm  to 
our  children. 

2.  To  sutTer  to  pass  through ;  as,  glass  transmits 
light ;  metals  transmit  electricitv. 

TRANS-i\lIT'TAL,  n.    Transmission.  Sicift. 

TRANS-MIT'TED,  pp.  or  a.  Sent  fioin  one  person  or 
place  to  another;  catist-d  or  suffered  to  pa>s  through. 

TRANS-MIT'TER,  v.     One  who  transmits. 

TRANS-MlT''i'l-ULE,  a.    That  may  be  transmitted. 

TRANS-MIT'TING,  ppr.  Sending  from  one  peisuu 
or  place  to  an{)ther  ;  suireriiig  to  pass  tlirough. 

TRANS-MU-TA-BIL'I-TY,  n.  [.See  Th.vnsmute.] 
Susceptibility  of  cliange  into  another  nature  or  sub- 
stance. 

TRANS-Mu'TA-BLE,  a.  [from  transmute.]  Capable 
of  being  changed  into  a  different  substance,  or  into 
something  of  a  different  form  or  nature. 

The  fluids  nnd  solids  of  iin  anhiii.il  body  iire  trannmulable  iu'.u 
CMC  another.  Arbulhttot. 

TRANS-MO'TA-ULY,  adv.    With  capacity  of  being 

changed  into  another  substance  or  nalun'. 
TRANS-MU-Ta'TION,  v.     [L.  transmutati,,.] 

1.  The  change  of  any  thing  into  another  substance, 
or  into  something  of  a  dilfcrent  nature.  For  a  long 
time,  tlie  tra7(yi/t»falio7i  of  ba.se  metal.s  into  gold  was 
deemed  practicable,  but  nature  proved  refractory, 
and  the  alchemists  were  frustrated. 

2.  In  geometry,  thii  change  or  reduction  of  one  fij^iire 
or  body  into  another  of  the  same  area  or  solidity,  hut 
of  a  different  form,  as  of  a  triangle  into  a  >:iiuare. 

Brandc. 

3.  The  cliange  of  colors,  as  in  the  case  of  a  decoc- 
tion of  the  nephritic  wood.  Cije. 

4.  In  the  vegetable  economy,  the  change  of  a  plant 
into  another  form,  as  of  wheat  into  chess,  according 
til  the  popular  opinion.     [Sec  Chess.] 

TRANS-iMU-Ta'TI0N-1ST,  n.    One  who  believes  in 

the  transnmtatiou  of  metals.  LycU. 

TRANS-MOTE',  v.  t.  [L.  transmitto;  trans  and  viuto, 
lo  change.] 

To  change  from  one  nature  or  substance  into  an- 
other. Water  may  be  transtnuted  into  ice,  and  ice 
into  water;  the  juices  of  plants  are  tmnsmtUed  into 
solid  substances  ;  but  human  skill  has  not  been  able 
to  transmute  lead  or  copper  into  gold. 

A  iioly  conscience   suhlimntes  every  Ihiu^;    k  trammuw  the 
Common  liUkira  of  life  into  nets  of  eoleinu  worship  to  ilod. 
J.  A/,  filataii. 
The  cnrcfises  of  ptirenls  and  thfl  blandiihmenls  of  fri-'iids  Xiani- 
muU  us  into  idols.  HucL-miualer. 


Fate,  far,  fall,  what.— mete,  prey.  — pine,  RIAR(NE,  CIRD.  — note,  dove,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK 

1168  ^^"^^ 


TRA 

TKANS-MOT'ED,  pp.  Changed  into  another  sub- 
stance or  nature. 

TKANS-MuT'ER,  n.    One  that  transmutes. 

TUANS-MCT'ING,  ppr.  Changing  or  transforming 
into  another  nature  or  substance. 

TKAX'SOM,  n.  [L.  transenna,  from  traiiSf  over, 
across.] 

1,  A  Deam  or  timber  extended  across  the  stem  post 
of  a  ship,  to  strengthen  the  aft-part  and  give  it  due 
form.  Mar.  Diet. 

-3.  In  arehite^ure^  a  horizontal  mullion  or  cross-bar 
in  a  window  ;  or  a  lintel  over  a  door  ;  the  vane  of  a 
c  ro53-staff.  Cyc.     JoftJison. 

TRANS'PA-DAXE,  a.  [L.  trans  and  PaduSj  the 
River  Po.] 

Being  bevond  the  River  Po.  Stephens. 

TRAXS-PaR'E\-CY,  r.  [?ee  Tkansparent.]  That 
slate  or  property  of  a  body  by  whicli  it  suffers  rays  of 
light  to  pass  through  it,  so  that  objects  can  be  dis- 
tinctly seen  through  it;  dtaphant;iiy.  This  is  a 
property  of  glass,  water,  and  air,  which,  when  clear, 
admit  the  free  [wssage  of  light.  Transparency  is  op- 
pa^ed  to  OpAtjUENEss. 

2.  A  picture  prepared  on  very  thin  cloth,  and  with 
semi-transparent  materials,  to  be  exhibited  by  light 
passing  through  it  from  behind. 

TRA.\S-P.\R'E.\T,  a.  [Fr.  id.;  L.  traits  and  parco,to 
appear.] 

1.  Havinc  the  property  of  transmitting  rays  of  light, 
so  that  bodies  can  be  distinctly  seen  through  ;  pervi- 
ous to  light;  diaphanous  ;  pclhicid  ;  as,  transjiarcnt 
glass  ;  a  trart.-'-p'irent  diamond  ;  opposed  to  Opaque. 

2.  Admitting  the  passage  of  light ;  open  ;  porous  ; 
as,  a  transparent  veil.  Dryden. 

TRANS- PI R'EXT-LY,  ojlr.      Clearly  ;  so  as  to  be 

seen  through. 
TRA\S-PaR'ENT-XESS,  71.     The  quality  of  being 

transparent ;  tnnsparency. 
TRAX-S-PaSjS',  v.  l    [trans  and  pass.]     To  pass  over. 

[.Vot  in  use.]  Gregory. 

TUA.VS-PASS',  r.  i.    To  pass  by  or  away.    [jsTot  in 

u^e,  ]  Ddniel. 

TRA.'^S-PrC'U-OUS,  a.     [L.  trans  and  spedo,  to  see.] 
Transparent ;  pervious  to  the  sight. 

Tlie  wiilf,  transpicuoua  air.  Milton. 

TRAXP-PIkRCE',  (-peers',)  r.  /.     [Fr.  transpercer.] 
To  pierce  through  ;  to  penetrate  ;  to  permeate  ;  to 
pass  through. 

nis  forc-^ful  spear  tbr  sides  Iranxpuretd,  Dryden. 

TRAXS-PISRC'ED,  (peerst',)  pp.  Pierced  through  ; 
pj-mt  rated. 

TRANSPIERCING,  pi*r.  Penetrating;  passing 
thronch- 

TRAXS-PIR'A-BLE,  a.     [Fr. ;  from  tToitspire.] 
<;apable  of  being  emitted  through  pores. 

TRAXS-PI-Ra'TIOX,  n.     [Fr. ;  from  transpire.] 

The  act  or  process  of  passing  off  through  the  excre- 
tories  of  the  skin  ;  cuLineous  eshalaiion  ;  as,  the 
transjuration  of  obstructed  fluids.  Sharp. 

TRANSPIRE',  P.  r.  [Fr.  transpirer ;  'L.  transpiro  ; 
trans  and  spiro.] 

To  emit  through  the  escretories  of  the  skin ;  to 
send  off  in  vapor. 

TRANS-PIRE',  r.  i.  To  be  emitted  through  the  es- 
cretories of  the  skin  ;  to  exhale  ;  to  pass  off  in  insen- 
sible perspiration  ;  as,  fluids  transpire  from  the  Imnian 
body. 

2.  To  escape  from  secrecy ;  to  become  public. 
The  proceedings  of  the  council  have  not  yet  trans- 
pired. 

3.  To  happen  or  come  to  pass. 
TRANS-PIR'£D,  pp.    Emitted  through  the  excretories 

of  the  skin  ;  exhaled. 
2.  Escaped  from  secrecy. 

TRANS-Pni'ING,ppr.  Exhaling;  passing  off  in  in- 
sensible perspiration  ;  becoming  public. 

TRAXS-PLaCE',  r.  t.  [trans  and  place.]  To  remove  ; 
to  put  in  a  new  place. 

It  waa  tranrp!aced  from  ihe  left  sitle  of  ibc  Vatican  to  a  more 
erciinent  pbce.     [LiUie  uaed-J  Mllkins. 

TRANS-PLANT',  v.  L  [Fr.  transplaTOer ;  trans  and 
planlf  L.  planto.] 

1.  To  remove  and  plant  in  another  place ;  as,  to 
transplant  trees. 

2.  To  remove  and  settle  or  establish  for  residence 
in  another  place  ;  as,  to  transplant  inhabitants.  Sal- 
maneser  transplanted  the  Culliitea  to  Samaria. 

3.  To  remove.  Clarendon.     JilUton. 
TRANS-PLANT  a'TION,  ti.    The  act  of  transplant- 
ing; the  removal  of  a  plant  or  of  a  settled  inhabitant 
to  a  different  place  for  growth  or  residence. 

2.  Removal ;    conveyance  from  one    ^:)    another. 
Formerly  men  believed  in  the  transplantation  of  dis- 
eases. Baker.     Cyc. 
TRANS-PLANT'ED,pp.  or  a.    Removed  and  planted 

or  Sfttlod  in  another  place. 
TRAN.-PLANT'EIt,  n.    One  who  transplants. 

2.  A  machine  for  tran:«planting  trees. 
TRAN.-PLANT'ING,  ppr.    Removing  and   planting 

or  setthng  in  another  place. 
TRAN-SPLEND'EX-Cy,  n.    [L.  trans  and  splcndcns. 
See  .SpLErsnoR.] 

Supereminent  splendor.  Marc. 


TRA 


TRA 


TRAN-SPLEXD'ENT,  a.  Resplendent  in  the  highest 
degree. 

TR.\X-SPLEXD'EXT-LY,  adv.  With  eminent  splen- 
dor. _  Jfnre. 

TRAXS-P5RT',  v.  t.  [L.  transporto ;  trans  and  porto^ 
to  carr)'.] 

1.  To  carry  or  convey  from  one  p'jce  to  another, 
either  by  means  of  beasts  or  veliicks  on  land,  or  by 
ships  on  water,  or  by  balloons  in  air ;  as,  to  transport 
the  baggage  of  an  army  ;  to  transport  goods  from  one 
countr>"  to  another  ;  to  transport  troops  over  a  river. 

2.  To  carry  into  banishment,  as  a  criminal.  Crim- 
inals are  transported  as  a  punishmtnt  for  their  crimes, 
which  often  ainnuiils  to  banishment. 

3.  To  hurry  or  carrj'  away  by  violence  of  passion. 

Thoy  lau^h  as  if  transported  wiili  some  &( 

Of  pijsioii.  Milton. 

4.  To  ravish  with  pleasure  ;  to  bear  away  the  soul 
in  ecstasy  ;  as,  to  be  transported  with  joy.     Milton. 

5.  To  remove  from  one  place  to  another,  as  a  ship 
by  means  of  hawsers  and  anchors.  Mar.  Diet. 

TRANS'PoRT,  71.  Transportation;  carriage;  con- 
veyance. 

The  Romans  slipulateJ  with  tiv.  C3rtba|pnl.in6  (o  fiirnish  them 
wilh  shipd  for  transport  aiii!  war.  Arbuihnoi. 

2.  A  ship  or  vessel  employed  for  transporting ;  par- 
ticularly for  carr>ing  soldiers,  warlike  stores,  or  pro- 
visions, from  one  place  to  another,  or  to  convey  con- 
victs ro  the  place  of  ih'.ir  destination. 

3.  Rapture ;  ecstasy.  Tlic  nt-ws  of  the  victory 
was  received  with  transports  of  joy. 

4.  A  convict  transported  or  sentenced  to  exile. 
TRANS-PoRT'A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  transported. 

Beddues. 

TRAXS-PoRT'AXCE,  n.   Convevance.    [Js'ot  in  lue.] 

Shak. 

TRAXS-PoR-Ta'TIOX,  71.  The  art  of  carrying  or 
conveying  from  one  place  to  another,  cither  on 
beasts  or  in  vehicles,  by  land,  or  water,  or  in  air. 
Goods,  in  Asia,  are  transported  on  camels  ;  in  Europe 
and  America,  either  on  beasts  or  on  carriages  or 
sleds.  But  tranj^portation  by  water  is  the  great  means 
of  commercial  intercourse. 

2.  Banishment  for  felony. 

3.  Transmission  ;  conveyance.  Dryden. 

4.  Transport;  ecstasy.     [Little  nsed.]  SoutJu 

5.  Removal  from  one  country  to  .^notber ;  as,  the 
transportation  of  plants. 

TRAXS-PoRT'ED,p;.'.  Carried  ;  conveyed  ;  removed  ; 
ravished  with  deliuhr. 

TRAN?-PoKT'1:D-LY,  ado.     In  a  state  of  rapture. 

TR,VXS-PoRT'KD-NESS,  n.    A  stale  of  rapture. 

Bp.  mil. 

TRANS-PoRT'ER,  n.  One  who  transports  or  re- 
moves. 

TRANS-PoRT'IXG,  ppr.  Conveying  or  carrying  from 
one  place  to  another;  removing;  banishing  for  a 
crime. 

2.  a.  Ravii^hing  with  delight;  bearing  away  the 
soul  in  pleasure  ;  ecstatic  ;  as,  iransportinir  joy. 

TRAXSLPoRT'IXG-LY,  fldf.    Ravishingly. 

TRAXS-PoRT'MEXT,  71.  Transportation.  [Little 
used.]  Hall. 

TRANS-PoS'AL,  (trans-poz'al,)  n.  [from  transpose.] 
The  act  of  changing  the  places  of  things,  and  put- 
ting each  in  the  place  which  was  before  occupied  by 
the  other. 

TRAXS-PoSE',  (trans-poze',)  v.  t.  [Fr.  transposer: 
trans  and  poser^  to  put.] 

1.  To  change  the  place  or  order  of  things  by  put- 
ting each  in  the  place  of  the  other ;  as,  to  transpose 
letters,  words,  or  propositions.  Locke. 

2.  To  put  out  of  place.  Shak. 

3.  In  algebra^  to  bring  any  term  of  an  equation 
from  one  sidi:  over  to  the  other,  \vithout  destroying 
the  equation.  Thus,  ifa-r6^c,  and  we  makea^c 
—  i,  then  b  is  said  to  be  transposed. 

4.  In  grammar,  to  change  the  natural  order  of 

5.  In  mvsic,  to  change  the  key.  [words. 
TRANS-P6S'£D,  (trans-pCzd'.)  pp.     Being  changed 

in  place,  and  one  put  in  the  place  of  the  other. 
TRANS-PoS'IXG,  ppr.    Changing  tlie  place  of  tilings, 
and  putting  each  in  the  place  of  the  other. 

2.  Bringing  any  term  of  an  equation  from  one  side 
over  to  the  other. 

3.  Changing  the  natural  order  of  words. 
TRANS-PO-SI"TIOX,  (-zish'un,)  n.    [Fr.,  from  L. 

transpositio.] 

\.  A  changing  of  the  places  of  things,  and  putting 
each  in  the  place  before  occupied  by  the  other;  as, 
the  transposivlon  of  words  in  a  sentence. 

9,  The  state  of  being  reciprocally  changed  in  place. 
Woodtcard. 

3.  In  cJgebraj  the  bringing  of  any  term  of  an  equa- 
tion from  one  side  over  to  thi:  other,  without  destroy- 
ing the  equation. 

4.  In  grammar,  a  change  of  the  natural  order  of 
words  in  a  sentence.  The  Latin  and  Greek  lan- 
guages admit  transposition  without  inconvenience  to 
a  much  greater  extent  than  the  English. 

5.  In  music,  a  change  in  the  composition,  either  in 
the  transcript  or  the  performance,  by  which  the  whole 
is  removed  into  anotlier  key.  Busby. 


TRANS-PO  SI"TION-AL,  (-ziBh'un-al,)  a.  Pertain- 
ine  to  transposition.  Peg'ft. 

TRAXS-POS'l-TIVE,  a.  Made  by  transpoaing  ;  con- 
sislinK  in  transposition. 

TRA.NS-SIUPK',  r.  U  [trans  and  shape.]  To  change 
into  another  form. 

TRA.\.S-S(I.^P'/lD,  (-shipf.)  pp.    Tmnsfomied. 

TRANS-SHaP'L\G,p;w.     Iransforming. 

TRAN.S-SIIIP',  r.  U     Sec  TBA.tsMir. 

TRAN  SL'C-STAN'TIATE,  r.  £.  \Vt.  tranjrubetoM- 
tier  ;  trans  and  substance.] 

To  change  lo  another  pubstance  ;  a.*,  to  tranAvb- 
stansiiatc  the  sacramental  elements,  bread  and  wine, 
into  Uie  flc^ih  and  blood  of  Chnst,  according  tu  !h--- 
Roman  Catholic  dfw:trine. 

TRAN  SUIt-.STAN'TIA-TED,  pp.  Changed  to  an- 
other subsiancL\ 

TRA.N-SUB-STAN'TlA-TING.n"-.  Clianging  u.  an- 
other substance. 

TRAN-SCB  S'i'AX-TI-A'TION,(-*tan-£hc-i'i.hun,)  B. 
Change  of  substance. 

In  iJic  Herman  Cathulic  theology,  the  supposed  con- 
version of  the  bread  and  wine  in  the  euchan^t  into 
Ihe  boilv  and  Mood  of  Christ.  CVe. 

TRAN-SCIl-STAN''irA-Tf>R,  n.  One  who  main- 
tains the  Roman  Catholic  doctrine  of  ininsuh^taniia- 
tion.  Barrow. 

TRAN-SU-Da'TIO.V,  ».  [from  transude.]  The  art 
or  process  of  |)assing  off  througli  the  pores  of  a  fiib- 
stance,  a.s  sweat  or  olhi-r  fluid.  Bovle. 

TUAN-Sfi'DA  TO  RV,  a.     Pas-»ing  by  transudal'ion. 

TRA\-SuI)E',  r.  i.     [L.  trans  and  tvdo,  to  swcaL] 
To  pass  through  the  pores  i>r  interstices  of  lexturr, 
as  pers|)irable  matter  or  other  fluid  :  as,  liquor  may 
transude  through  leather  or  thrnuch  wood. 

TR.AN-SCD'ING,  ppr.  Passiiis  through  Uie  pores  of  a 
substance,  as  sweat  or  other  tluid. 

TR.\X-SO.ME',  r.  (.    [L.  transumo;  trans  and  samo^  lo 
take.] 
To  take  from  one  lo  another.     [LUtU  Mstd.] 

TRAN-SUMPT',  C-sumt',)  n.  A  copy  or  exemplifica- 
tion of  a  record.     [S'ot  in  use.]  Herbert. 

TRAX-SUMP'TION,  (-sum'shun,)  n.  The  act  of 
taking  from  one  place  to  another.    [IJttle  u.teiL] 

SoLtK 

TRAN-SUMPT'IVE,  a.    Taking  from  one  to  another. 

TRANS-VEC'TIOX,  «.     [L.  transveetio.] 
The  act  of  conveying  or  carrying  over. 

TRANS-VERS'AL,  a.     [Fr.,  from  L.  trans  and  ver- 
sus.] 
Running  or  lying  across;  as,  a  transzcrsal  line. 

Ifale. 

TRANS-VERS'AL,  n.  In  geometry,  a  straight  or 
curved  line  which  traverses  or  intersects  any  sjstem 
of  ollipr  lines  ;  as  a  line  intersecting  the  three  sidiji 
of  a  triancle.  Srcnde. 

TRAXS-VEKS'AL-LY,  adr.  In  a  direction  cro-viwise. 

Htlkins. 

TRANS-VERSE',  (-vers',)  a.  [h.  tnxnsversus ;  traas 
and  versus,  verto.] 

1.  Lying  or  being  across  or  in  a  cross  direction ;  a?, 
a  transverse  diameter  or  axis. 

2.  In  botany,  a  transverse  partition,  in  a  pericarp, 
is  at  right  angles  with  the  valves,  as  in  a  siliquc. 

»  Mariyn. 

TRAXS'VERSE,  n.    The  longer  axis  of  an  ellip^. 

TRANS- VERSE',  C-vers',)  r.  £.  To  overturn.  [LiitU 
used.] 

TRANS-VERS'£D,  (-vcrsi',)  pp.     Overturned. 

TRANS-VERSE'LY,  f-vers'le,)  adr.  In  a  cross  di- 
rection ;  as,  to  cut  a  thing  transversely. 

Al  StyneliciT^,  the  eciic»  lie  tmruTcrieh/  upon  cxch  otbr 

TRANS- VERS'ING,  ppr.    Overturning. 
TRAN'TER,  71.    A  carrier.    [Various  diaUets  in  /L%'- 

land.]  HdUtwelL 

TRAP,  n.     [Sax- trapp,  trepp;  Fr.  trape;   IL  trcpvla: 

Sp.  trampa,] 

1.  An  engine  that  shuts  suddenly  or  wilh  a  Sjiring, 
used  for  taking  game  ;  as,  a  (rop  for  foxes,  A  trap  is 
a  verj-  diflerent  thing  from  a  smcre;  though  Uie  lat- 
ler  word  may  be  used  in  a  figurative  sense  for  a  trcp. 

2.  An  engine  for  catchmg  men.  [JK'ot  xseJ  in  the 
UnUed  States.] 

3.  .^n  ambush  ;  a  stratagem  ;  any  device  by  which 
men  or  other  animals  may  be  caught  unawares. 

I,ct  ihoir  table  be  made  a  iniuc  ami  a  trap.  —  R  -ni.  xi. 

4.  A  plav  in  which  a  ball  is  thrown  up  into  ihc  air 
by  striking  tlie  end  of  a  b.ilanccd  stick  on  which  it 
rests,  and  is  then  struck  with  a  baL  Strutx. 

TRAP,  It.  [Sw.  trappa,  D.an.  trappe,  a  stair,  b."caiise 
the  rocks  of  this  class  often  i>ccnr  in  largo,  tabular 
masses,  rising  one  above  another,  like  steps.] 

A  heavj',  igneous  rock,  ofu  gnvnish-black  or  gray- 
ish color,  consisting  of  an  intimate  mixture  of  feld- 
spar and  hornblende.  When  the  hornblende  is  re- 
placed by  augiie,  it  is  termed  Basalt  ;  and  when,  in 
addition,  the  feldspar  is  replaced  by  Labradonte,  the 
rock  is  called  Dolebitk.  Greessiose  is  another 
name  for  the  rock.  Dana. 

TRAP,  V.  t.    To  catch  in  a  trap;  as,  *o  trap  foxes  or 
beaver. 
2.  To  insnare ;  to  take  by  stratagem. 

1  tntpped  the  foe.  /  V-»  -"«■'. 


TONE,  BULL,  IGNITE.  —  AX"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  asK;  GasJ;  SasZ;  ClI  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 
147  ""  ^'^ 


TRA 


TRA 


3.  To  adorn  ;  to  dress  with  ornaments.  [See 
'1'rappings.I     [The  verb  is  little  used  in  this  sense.'\ 

Spenser. 

TRAP,  y.  I.  To  set  traps  for  game  ;  as,  to  trap  for 
beaver. 

TKA-r.VN',  V.  U     [Sax.  treppan-,  from  trap.} 

To  iiisnars  j  to  catcli  by  stratagem.  South. 

TRA-PAN',  71.    A  snare  ;  a  stratagem. 

TRA-PAN'NKR,  n.    One  who  insnares. 

TUA-PAN'NING,  ppr.    Insnaring. 

TR  AP'-DoOPi,  ?(.  [trap  and  door.}  A  door  in  a  floor, 
which  shuts  close  tike  a  valve.  Ray. 

TRaPE,  v.  i.  To  traipse ;  to  walk  carelessly  and  slut- 
tishly.     [jVot  much  used.] 

TRAPES,  It.     A  slattern  ;  an  idle,  sluttish  woman. 

TRA-PE'ZI-AN,  a.  [See  Trapezium.]  In  cnjstal- 
locrraphy^  having  tlie  lateral  planes  composed  of  tra- 
peziums situated  in  two  ranges,  between  two  bases. 

TRA-PE'ZI-FORi"\I,  a.  Having  the  form  of  a  trape- 
zium. 

TRA-Pe'2I-UiM,  n. ;  pi.  Trapezia  or  Trapeziums. 
[L.,  from  Gr.  TTimr.t^iov^  a  little  table.] 

1.  In  geometry,  a  plane  figure  contained  under 
four  right  lines,  of  which  both  the  opposite  pairs  are 
not  parallel.  Ilutton. 

2.  In  anahmi/,  a  bone  of  the  carpus. 
TRAP-E-ZO-IIK'DRON,  n.     [Gr.  roaTre^iov  and  Mpa, 

side,] 

A  solid  bounded  by  twenty-four  eqtial  and  similar 
trapeziums.  Cleaveland. 

TRAP'E-ZOTD,  ti.     [Gr.  roaTfCioi'  and  eidoi.} 

A  plane,  four-sided  figure,  having  two  of  the  op- 
posite sides  parallel  to  each  other.  Olmsted. 

TRAP-E-ZOID'AL,  a.  Having  the  form  of  a  trape- 
zoid. 

2.  Having  the  surface  composed  of  twenty-four 
trapeziums,  all  equal  and  similar.  Clmvcland. 

TRAP'PE-AN,  G.  Pertaining  to  or  denoting  trap  or 
trap-rock. 

TRAP'PjED,  (Irapt,)  pp.     Caught  in  a  trap  ;  Insnared. 

TRAP'PER,  71.  [from  Trap.]  One  who  sets  traps  to 
catch  beavers  and  other  wild  animals,  usually  for 
furs.  Irving. 

TRAPPING,  ppr.  Setting  traps  for  wild  animals ; 
7tsrd  also  as  a  noun. 

TRAP'PINGS,  n.  pi.  [from  trap.  The  primary  sense 
is,  that  whieii  is  set,  spread,  or  put  on.] 

1.  Ornaments  of  horse  furniture. 

Cnp.irisons  and  steeds, 
B^i^ea  and  Utisol  trappings.  MUton. 

2.  Ornaments ;  dress ;  external  and  superficial 
decorations. 

Tli-'sf  but  the  trappings  and  the  Buita  of  woe.  .9haJe. 

Tmjtpings  of  lile,  for  ornameiil,  nol  use.  Dryden, 

AflVcutioii  is  part  of  Uic  trappings  of  folly.  Rambler. 

TRAP'PIST,  7(,     One  of  a  very  strict  religions  order 

founded  in  1140,  in  the  valley  of  La  Trappe,  and  still 

existing  in  Normandy. 
TRAP'POUS,  a.    [from  trap,  in  geology.    It  ought  to 

be  Trappy.] 
Pertaining  to  trap  j  resembling  trap,  or  partaking 

of  its  form  or  qualities.  Kinoan. 

TRAPS,  iu  pi.    Goods,  furniture,  &c.  TTalliwcU. 

TRAP'STICK,  n.     A  stick  used  by  hoys  at  the  game 

of  trap  ;  Iience,  a  slender  leg.  Addison. 

TRAP'-Tu-FA,  \  n.     A  kind  of  sandstone  made  np 
TRAP'-TUFF,   j      of  fragments  and  eartliy  materials 

fr(mi  trap-rocks.  Dana. 

TRASH,  n.     [In  G.  dritse  is  a  gland  ;  dntsen,  dregs. 

In  Sw.  trasa  is  a  rag.    The  word  may  be  allied  to 

thrash.] 

1.  Any  waste  or  worthless  matter. 

Who  steals  my  purse,  steals  (ro-s/i.  Shak. 

2.  Loppings  of  trees;  bruised  canes,  &c.  In  the 
IFcst  Indies,  the  decayed  leaves  and  stems  of  canes 
are  called. /iei(/-/rrt.sft  ;  the  bruised  or  macerated  rind 
of  canes  is  called  cane-trash ,-  and  both  are  called 
trash.  EdmardSy  W,  Indies. 

3.  Fruit  or  other  matter  improper  for  food,  but 
eaten  by  cliildren,  &c  It  is  used  particularly  of  un- 
ripe fruits. 

4.  A  worthless  person.     [J^ot  proper.]  ShaJc. 

5.  A  piece  of  leather  or  other  thing  fastened  to  a 
dog's  neck,  to  retard  liis  speed. 

TRASH,  V.  t.     To  lop;  to  crop.  Warburton. 

2.  To  strip  of  leaves  j  as,  to  trash  ratoons. 

Edwards,  JV.  Indies. 

3.  To  crush  j  to  humble  ;  as,  to  trash  the  Jews, 

Hammond. 

4.  To  clog  ;  to  encumber ;  to  hinder.  Shak. 
TRASH,  w.i.    To  follow  with  violence  and  trampling. 

Todd. 

TRASH'BD,  (trasht,)  pp.    Lopped  ;  stripped  of  leaves. 

TRASH'Y,  o.    Waste;  rejected;  worthless;  useless. 

Drydca. 

TRASS,  n  A  volcanic  earth  or  sand-rock  resembling 
puzzolana,  used  as  a  cement ;  or  a  coarse  sort  of 
plaster  or  mortar,  durable  in  water,  and  used  to  lint- 
cisterns  and  other  reservoirs  of  water.  The  Dutch 
trass  is  made  of  a  soft  rock-stone,  fovind  near  ('ol- 
Icn,  on  the  loxver  part  of  the  Rhine.  It  is  burnt  like 
lime,  and  reduced  to  powder  in  mills.  It  is  of  a 
grayish  color.  Cyc. 


TRAU'LfSlM,  n.     A  stammering.     [JVof  in  use.] 
TRAU-MAT'I€,  a.     [Gr.  rpuvitu,  a  wound.] 

'i.  Pertaining  to  or  applied  to  wounds.  Coxe. 

9.  Vulnerary  ;  adapted  to  the  cure  of  wounds. 

Wiseman. 
TRAU-!\IAT'I€,  n.    A  medicine  useful  in  tlio  cure  of 

wounds. 
TRAVAIL,  (trav'il,)  v.  i.      [Fr.  travaillcr;  W.  tra~ 
vaclu,  to  toil  ;  a  componnd  of  W.  tra,  that  is,  tras,  L. 
trans,  over,  beyond,  and  mae/,  work,  Eng.  moil;  It. 
travatrliare;  Sp.  trabajar.] 

1.  To  labor  with  pain  ;  to  toll. 

2.  To  sulfer  the  pangs  of  childbirth ;  to  be  in  par- 
turition.    Qeii.  XXXV. 

TRAVAIL,  V.  t.    To  harass;  to  tire;   as,  troubles 
suthcicnt  to  travail  the  realm.     [J^ot  in  use.] 

Hayward. 
TRAVAIL,  n.    Labor  with  pain ;  severe  toih 

Aa  every  thing  of  price,  bo  dolh  this  require  travail.    [Obs.] 

Hooker. 

9.  Parturition ;    as,    a    severe    travail ;   an    easy 

travail. 
TRAV'AIL-KD,  p;?.    Harassed;  labored  in  childbirth. 
TRAVAIL-ING,  T^r.  ora.    Laboring  with  toil;  being 

in  parturition.     Is.  xlii. 
TRaVE,     (n.     [&p.  traba ;  Fr.  entraves.    See  Tram- 
TRAVIS,  i      MEL.] 

1.  A  wooden  frame  to  confine  a  Iiorsc  while  the 
smith  is  setting  his  sljoes.  This  is  not  used  for 
horses  in  America,  but  a  similar  frame  is  used  for 
confining  oxen  for  shoeing. 

2.  A  beam  ;  a  lay  of  joists  ;  a  traverse.       Wood. 
TRAVEL,  V.  i.    [A  different  orthography  and  applica- 
tion of  Travail.] 

1.  To  walk  ;  to  go  or  march  on  foot ;  as,  to  travel 
from  London  to  Dover^  or  from  New  York  to  Phila- 
delphia. So  we  say,  a  man  ordinarily  travels  three 
miles  an  hour. 

[Tliis  is  the  proper  aense  of  the  word,  which 
implies  toil.] 

2.  To  journey;  to  ride  to  a  distant  place  in  the 
same  country ;  as,  a  m.tn  travels  for  his  health  ;  he 
is  travelinit  to  Virginia.  A  man  traveled  from  Lon- 
don to  Edinburgh  in  five  days. 

3.  To  go  to  a  distant  countrj',  or  to  visit  foreign 
states  or  kingdoms,  either  by  sea  or  land.  It  is  cus- 
tomary for  men  of  rank  and  property  to  travel  for 
improvenu^nt ;  EnglisL.nen  travel  to  France  and 
Italy  ;  some  men  travel  for  pleasure  or  curiosity  ;  oth- 
ers travel  to  extend  their  knowledge  of  natural 
history. 

4.  To  pass  ;  to  go ;  to  move.  News  travels  with 
rapidity. 

Time  travels  in  divers  pacea  with  divers  persons.  SltnJc. 

5.  To  labor.     [See  Travail.] 

C.  To  move,  walk,  or  pass,  as  a  beast,  a  horse,  ox, 
or  camel.     A  horse  travels  fifty  miles  in  a  day ;  a 
camel,  twenty. 
TRAVEL,  V.  t.    To  pa's;  to  journey  over;  as,  to 
travclXhQ  whole  kingtloni  of  England. 

I  travel  this  profound.  A/i/(on. 

2   To  force  to  journey 

The  coqwratioris  —  shall  not  Ik  traoded  forth  from  their  fran- 
chisos.     [JVb(  u£td.]  Spenser. 

TRAVEL,  71.    A  passing  on  foot ;  a  walking. 

9.  Journey  ;  a  passing  or  riding  Irom  place  to 
place. 

His  traveU  ended  at  liia  country-scat.  Dryden. 

3.  Travel  or  travels;  a  journeying  to  a  distant 
country  or  countries.  The  gentleman  has  just  re- 
turned from  his  travels. 

■1.  The  distance  which  a  man  rides  in  the  perform- 
ance of  his  official  duties;  or  the  fee  paid  for  passing 
that  distance  ;  as,  the  travel  of  the  sheriff  is  twenty 
miles  ;  or  that  of  a  reprfsentalive  is  seventy  miles  ; 
Iiis  travel  is  a  dollar  for  <jvery  twenty  mile?. 

United  Stoics. 

5.  Travels,  in  tlie  plural;  an  account  of  occur- 
rences and  observations  made  during  a  journey;  as, 
a  book  of  travels ;  the  title  of  a  book  that  relates  oc- 
currences in  traveling  ;  as,  travels  in  Italy. 

G.  Labor;  toil;  parturition.     [See  Travail.] 

TRAVEL-ED,  pp.    Gaii.ed  or  made  by  travel ;   as, 

traveled  observations.     [  Unusual.]  Q,uarL  Rev. 

2.  a.  Having  made  journeys.  Wottoji. 

TRAVEL-ER,  n.     One  v.~ho  travels  in  any  way.   Job 
xxxi. 

2.  One  who  visits  foreign  countries. 

3.  In  skips,  an  iron  ring  made  to  travel  on  a  rope 
or  boom.  Toti.cn. 

TRAVELER'S  JOY,  n      The  Clematis  vitalba,  a 
climbing  plant  with  white  flowers.  Loudon. 

TRAVEL-ING,  ;)pr.     Walking;   going;    making  a 
journey.    MaU.  xxv. 

2.  a.  Pertaining  to  or  connected  with  travel;  as, 
a  traveling  companion,  expenses,  fees,  ^c. 

TRAV'EI^ING,  71.     A  p;.6sing  from  place  to  place; 
the  act  of  performing  a  journey.  Jish, 

TR  A  VEL-TaINT-ED,  a.     [travel  and  tainted.]     Har- 
assed ;  fatigued  with  travel.     [JVu(  in  use.]      Shak. 

TRA  VERS,  adv.    [Ft.]    [See  Traverse.]    Across; 
atliwart.     [JVot  used.]  Shak. 


TRA 

TRAVERS-A-RLE,a.     [See  Traverse,  in  law.] 
Tiiat  may  be  traversea  or  denied  ;  as,  a  traversable 
allegation. 

TRAVERSE,  adv.  [Fr.,  a  traverse.]  Athwart ;  cross- 
wise. 

The  ridges  of  the  Geld  lay  traverse.  Hayivard. 

TRAVERSE,  prep.     [Supra.]     Through ;  crosswise 
He  traverse 
The  whole  hattalion  views  their  order  due.    [Little  used.] 

MlHon. 

TRAY'ERSE,  a.  [Fr.  traverse ;  tra,  tras,  and  L.  ver- 
sus; transversus.] 

Lying  across  ;  being  in  a  direction  across  some- 
thing else  ;  as,  paths  cut  with  traverse  trenches. 

Ilayicard. 
Oak  —  may  be  trusted  in  traverse  work  for  summers.     Wotlon. 
TRAVERSE,  n.     [Supra.]     Any  thing  laid  or  built 
across. 

There  is  a  traverse  placed  in  the  loft  where  she  sitteth.     Bacon. 

2.  Sometiiing  that  thwarts,  crosses,  or  obstructs ; 
a  cross  accident.  He  is  satisfied  he  should  have  suc- 
ceeded, liad  it  not  been  for  unlucky  traverses  not  in 
his  power. 

3.  In  fortification,  a  trench  with  a  little  parapet  for 
protecting  men  on  the  flank;  also,  a  wall  raised 
across  a  work.  Cyc. 

4.  In  architecture,  a  gallery  or  loft  of  communica- 
tion in  a  church  or  other  large  building.         Gicdt. 

5.  In  navigation,  traverse  sailing  is  the  mode  of 
computing  the  place  of  a  ship  by  reducing  several 
short  courses  made  by  sudden  shifts  or  turns,  to  one 
longer  course.  Olmsted. 

G.  In  law,  a  denial  of  what  the  opposite  party  has 
advanced  in  any  stage  of  the  pleadings.  \Vhen  the 
traverse  or  denial  comes  from  the  defendant,  the 
issue  is  tendered  in  this  manner,  **  and  of  this  he 
puts  himself  on  the  country."  When  the  traverse 
A'ws  on  the  plaintiff,  he  prays  "tins  may  be  inquired 
of  by  the  country."  Blnckstone. 

The  technical  words  introducing  a  traverse,  are 
absque  hoc,  without  this  ;  that  is,  witliout  tliis  which 
follows. 

7.  A  turning  ;  a  trick. 
TRAVERSE,  v.  t.    To  cross  ;  to  lay  in  a  cross  direc- 
tion. 

The  mrts  should  be  often  Iraixrscd  or  crossed  by  the  flowing  of 
tne  folds.  Dryden. 

2.  To  cross  by  way  of  opposition  ;  to  thwart ;  to 
obstruct. 

Frog  thought  to  traverse  this  new  project.  Arbuthnot. 

3.  To  wander  over;  to  cross  in  traveling;  as,  to 
traverse  the  habitable  globe. 

What  hcus  yon  traversed,  and  what  Gelds  you  fought.     Pope. 

4.  To  pass  over  and  view  ;  to  survey  carefully. 

My  puqiosc  is  to  traverse  the  nature,  principles,  and  properties 
of  this  detestable  vice,  ingraUlude.  SoitOi. 

5.  I'o  turn  and  point  in  any  direction  ;  as,  to  trcv- 
fr.sf  a  cannon.  Cyc. 

G.  To  plane  in  a  direction  across  the  grain  of  the 
wood  ;  as,  to  traverse  a  board.  Cye. 

7.  In  laiD  pleadings,  to  deny  what  the  opposite 
party  has  alleged.  When  the  plaintiff  or  defendant 
advances  new  matter,  he  avers  it  to  be  true,  and 
traverses  what  the  other  party  has  affirmed.  So  to 
traverse  an  indictment  or  an  oflice,  is  to  deny  it. 
To  traverse  a  yard,  in  sailing,  is  to  brace  it  aft. 
TRAVERSE,  v.  i.  In  fencing,  to  use  the  posture  or 
motions  of  opposition  or  counteraction. 

To  see  thee  fight,  to  see  thee  traverse.  SJiok. 

2.  To  turn,  as  on  a  pivot;  to  move  round;  to 
swivel.  The  needle  of  a  compass  (rnucMM  ;  if  it  does 
not  traverse  well,  it  is  an  unsafe  guide. 

3.  In  the  manege,  to  cut  the  thread  crosswise,  as  a 
horse  that  throws  his  croup  to  one  side  and  his  hertd 
to  the  other.  die. 

TRAVERSE-BoARD,  v.  [traverse  and  board.]  In 
a  ship,  a  small  board  to  be  hung  in  the  stecrau'c,  and 
bored  full  of  holes  upon  lines,  showing  the  points  of 
compass  upon  it.  Hy  moving  a  peg  on  tliis,  the 
steersman  keeps  an  account  of  the  number  (^f  gla-^scs 
a  ship  is  steered  on  any  point.        Cyc.     Mar.  Diet. 

TRA  VERS-ER,  n.  A  term  in  law  for  one  wlio  trav- 
erses or  opposes  a  plea. 

TRAVERSE-Ta-BLE,  71.  [traverse  and  table.]  In 
navigation,  a  table  of  diflerence  of  latitude  and  de- 
parture. 

TRAVERS-ING,  ppr.  Crossing ;  passing  over ; 
thwarting;  turning;  denying. 

TRA VER-TIN,  71.  A  white  concretionary  limestone, 
usually  hard  and  semi-crystalline,  deposited  from 
the  water  of  springs  hoUli'ng  lime  in  solution. 

Lijdl 

TRAVES-TI-ED,  (trav'es-tid,)  pp.  Disguised  by 
dress;  turned  into  ridicule. 

TRAVES-TY,fl.  [Infra.]  Having  an  unusual  dress  ; 
disguised  bv  drets  so  as  to  be  ridiculous.  It  is  ap- 
plied to  a  book  or  composition  translated  iu  a  manner 
to  make  it  burlesque. 

TRAVES-TV,  n.  A  parody;  a  burlesque  translation 
of  a  work.     Travesty  may  be  intended  to  ridicule  ab- 


FATE,  FaR,  fall,  WHAT.  — MeTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARtNE,  BIRD.  — NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.— 


urn 


TRE 

surdity,  or  to  convert  a  grave  performance  into  a 
humorous  one. 
TRAV'ES-TY,  r.  (.     [Fr.  travesHr ;  It.  travcstire ;  tra, 
tras^  over,  and  Fr.  cestir,  vitir,  to  clothe.] 

To  translate  into  such  language  as  to  render  ridic- 
ul'ms  or  ludicrous. 

If.  Battifita,  Lal'i  traceslUd  Virgil,  or  Ivinicd  him  into  Italian  bur- 
Ifsiue  ve/ie.  Q^c.     Good's  Sacrrd  Idyls. 

TRAV'E5-TY-I\G,  ppr.    Turning  into  ridicule. 

TKAWL'ER,  71.  A  fishing  vessel  which  trails  or 
dnigs  a  net  behind  it.     [£ri^.] 

TRaY,  n.  [Sw.  (ran-.  Sax.  tro^,  Dan.  tru^,  a  trough. 
it  J3  the  same  word  as  Trough,  differently  written  ; 
L.  truaS\ 

A  small  trough  or  wooden  vessel,  sometimes 
scooped  out  of  a  piece  of  timber  and  made  hollow, 
used  for  making  bread  in,  chopping  meat,  and  other 
domestic  purposes. 

TRAY'-TRIP,  n.    A  kind  of  play.  Shak. 

TREACH'ER,  ) 

TREACH'ET-OUR,>  (trech-,)  7t.     [Fr.  trichmr.] 

TUEACH'OUR,  ) 

A  traitor.     [Obs.]  Spenser. 

TREACH'ER-OUS,  (trech'er-us,)  a.  [See  Treach- 
ERY.]  Violating  allegiance  or  faith  pledged  ;  faith- 
less; traitorous  to  the  state  or  sovereign  ;  perfidious 
in  private  life;  betraying  a  trust.  A  man  may  be 
treacherous  to  his  country,  or  treacherous  to  his  friend, 
by  violating  his  engagements  or  his  faith  pledged. 

TREACH'ER-OUS-LY,  (trech'er-us-ly,)  adv.  Ry 
violating  allegiance  or  faith  pledged  ;  by  betraying  a 
trust;  faithlessly;  perfidiously;  as,  to  surrender  a 
fort  to  an  enemy  treacherously ;  to  disclose  a  secret 
treac/ierouslg. 

Yuu  treiU^erousIy  practiced  to  undo  rac.  OUoay. 

TREACII'ER-OUS-NESS,  (trech 'er-us-nes,)  n. 
Breach  of  allegiance  or  of  faith  ;  faithlessness  ;  per- 
fidiuusness. 

TREACH'ER-Y,(trech'er-e,)  n.  [Fr.  trkherie,  a  cheat- 
ing ;  trichcTj  to  cheat.  This  word  is  of  the  family  of 
tricky  iTUrigue,  iittricate.] 

Violation  of  allegiance  or  of  faith  and  confidence. 
The  man  who  betrays  his  country  in  any  manner, 
violates  his  allegiance,  and  is  guilty  of  trcachenj. 
This  is  treason.  The  man  who  violates  his  faith 
pledged  to  his  friend,  or  betrays  a  trust  in  which  a 
promise  of  fidelity  is  implied,  is  guilty  of  treachery. 
Tba  disclosure  of  a  secret  committed  to  one  in  con- 
fidence, is  treachery.    This  is  perfidy. 

TReA^€LE,  (tre'kl,)  n.  [Fr.  tkeriaque;  It.  teriaca  ; 
Sp.  triaea  ;  L.  theriaca;  Gr.  JrjfuaKrjy  from  ^i/o,  a 
wild  beast;  ^r}piaK<i  (l^aptrnxa.] 

1.  A  viscid,  uncr>'stallizable  sirup,  which  drains 
from  the  sugar-refiner's  molds,  sometimes  called  Su- 
GAR-HouiE  Molasses.  Molasses  is  the  drainings  of 
crude  sugar.  The  word  treacle,  however,  is  often 
used  for  molasses. 

9.  A  saccharine  fluid,  consisting  of  the  inspissated 
juices  or  decoctions  of  certain  vegetables,  as  tlie  sap 
of  the  birch,  scyamore,  ic.  Cyc. 

3.  A  medicinal  compound  of  various  ingredients. 
[See  Theriac] 

TReA'CLE-MUS'TARD,  71.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Tbiapsi,  whose  seeds  are  used  in  the  theriaca ; 
Milhridate  mustard.  Cyc. 

TREA'eLE-WA'TER,  n.  A  compound  cordial,  dis- 
tilled with  a  spiritous  menstruum  from  any  cordial 
and  sudorific  drugs  and  herbs,  with  a  mixture  of 
Venice  treacle.  Cijc. 

TREAD,  (tred,)  t\  i. ;  pret.  Trod  ;  pp.  Trod,  Trod- 
den. [Sax.  trtBdariy  Iredan  ;  Golh.  trudan  ;  D.  tred,  a 
step ;  treeden,  to  tread  ;  G.  trcten  ;  Dan.  trtrder  ,•  Sw. 
trada ;  Gaelic,  troidh,  the  foot ;  W.  troed,  the  foot ; 
troediaw,  to  use  the  foot,  to  tread.  It  coincides  in 
elements  with  L-  trudo.] 
1.  To  set  the  foot. 

Where'er  you  tread,  ihe  Llufliiin  j  fl-jwers  sliall  rise.         Pope. 
FooU  ms^j  in  where  angeU  fear  to  tread,  Burlee. 

9.  To  walk  or  go. 

Every  place  whepeoo  the  soles  of  your  (let  shall  tread,  shall  be 
yours,  —  D-^ut.  li. 


3.  To  walk  with  form  or  state. 

Yi?  that  stately  tread,  or  lowly  creep. 

4.  To  copulate,  as  fowls. 


MUlon. 

ShcJt. 
to  trample  ;  to  set  the  foot  on 


To  tread  or  tread  on 
in  contempt. 

Thofi  shall  tread  upon  (heir  high  places.  —  Denk  xxxiii. 

TRE.\D,  (tred,)  v.  t.    To  step  or  walk  on. 

Forbid  to  tretki  the  promised  land  he  saw.  Prior. 

2.  To  press  under  the  feet, 

3.  To  beat  or  press  with  the  feet ;  as,  to  tread  a 
path  ;  to  tread  land  when  too  light ;  a  wett-trodden 
path. 

4.  To  walk  in  a  formal  or  stately  manner. 

Be  thought  ahe  trod  ilie  ground  with  greater  grace,     Dryden. 

5.  To  crush  under  the  foot;  to  trample  in  con- 
tempt or  hatred,  or  to  subdue.    Ps.  iliv.  Ix. 

6.  To  compress,  as  a  fowl. 

To  tread  tite  3ta<re ;  to  act  as  a  stage-player ;  to  per- 
form a  pan  in  a  drama. 


TRE 

To  tread  or  tread  out ;  to  press  out  with  the  feel ; 
to  press  out  wine  or  wlieat;  as,  to  tread  out  grain 
with  cattle  or  horses. 

Th-y  trcfjd  ttieir  ^vln^^p^efisf^a  and  sulTer  Uiirat,  —Job  rxir, 

TREAD,  (tred,)  7(.  A  step  or  stepping;  pressure  with 
the  foot ;  as,  a  nimble  tread ;  cautious  tread ;  doubt- 
ful tread.  MUton.     Dryden. 

2.  Way  ■  track  ;  path.    [Little  used.]  Sluik. 

3.  The  act  of  copulation  m  birds. 

•1.  Manner  of  stepping;  as,  a  horse  has  a  good 
tread. 

5.  In  architecture,  the  horizontal  part  of  a  step,  on 
which  the  foot  is  placed.  Brande. 

TREAD'ER,  (tred'er,)  n.    One  who  treads.    Is.  xvi. 

TREADTNG,  (tred'ing,)  ppr.  Stepping ;  pressing 
with  the  foot;  walking  on. 

TREAD'ING,  n.    Act  of  preising  with  the  foot. 

TREAD'LE,  )   ,_   „.,  .    )  n.    The  part  of  a  loom  or 

TRED'DLE,  \  t^'^*^'*  '^^'^  (  other  machine  which  is 
moved  by  the  tread  or  foot. 

2.  The  albuminous  cords  which  unite  the  yelk  of 
the  egg  to  the  white. 

TREAD'-MILL,  (tred'mill,)  n.  A  mill  worked  hyper- 
sons  treading  on  steps  upoi  the  periphery  of  a  wide 
horizontal  wheel.  It  is  used  chiefly  as  a  means  of 
prison  discipline. 

TReAGUE,  (treeg,)  71.      [Gcth.  triggwa;    It.  trcgiiai 
Ice.  trigd,  a  truce,  a  league  ] 
_A  truce.     [  Ob.-i.j  Spenser. 

TReA'SON,  (Ire'zn,)  n.  [Fr.  traluson;  Norm,  tra- 
hir,  to  draw  in,  to  betray^  to  commit  treason,  Fr. 
trahir,  L.  traho.     See  Draw  and  Drag.] 

Treason  is  the  highest  crime,  of  a  civil  nature,  of 
which  a  man  can  be  guilty.  Its  signification  is  dif- 
ferent iu  different  countries.  In  general^  it  is  the  of- 
fense of  attempting  to  overihrow  the  government  of 
the  state  to  which  the  otTender  owes  allegiance,  or  of 
betraying  the  state  in^.o  the  liands  of  a  foreign  power. 
In  monarchips^thfi  killing  of  the  king,  or  an  attempt  to 
take  his  life,  is  treason.  In  England,  to  imagine  or 
compass  the  death  of  the  k'ng,  or  of  the  prince,  or  of 
the  queen  consort,  rir  of  the  heir  apparent  of  the 
crown,  is  high  treason;  as  are  many  other  offenses 
created  by  statute. 

In  Uie  United  States,  treason  is  confined  to  the  ac- 
tual levying  of  war  against  the  United  States,  or  in 
adhering  to  their  eneinit'^:,  jiiving  them  aid  and  com- 
fort. CoiU'tiivL*ionofth.e  United  States. 

Treason,  in  G.-cat  Britstn,  is  of  two  kinds,  high 
treason  and  petit  treason.  High  treason  is  a  crime  that 
immediately  affects  the  kin^  or  slate  ;  such  as  the  of- 
fenses just  enumerated.  Petit  treason  involves  a 
breach  of  fidelity,  but  affects  individual?.  Thus,  for 
a  wife  to  kill  her  husband,  a  servant  his  master  or 
lord,  or  an  ecclesiastic  his  lord  or  ordinary,  is  petit 
treason.  Eut  in  the  Unitrd  States  this  crime  is  un- 
known ;  the  killing,  in  the  latter  cases,  being  mur- 
der only. 

TRkA'SON-A-BLE,  (tre'zn-a-bl,)  a.  Pertaining  to 
treason;  consisting  of  treason  ;  involving  the  crime 
of  treason,  or  partaking  of  its  guilt. 

Most  men's  heaiU  hid  been  intoxicated  with  unaginalJons  of 
plots  and  treasonable  pracliii-ia.  Clarendon. 

TReA'S0N-A-CLE-XES3,  71.  auality  of  being  trea- 
sonable. 

TReA'SOX-A-BLY,  adv.    In  a  treasonable  manner. 

TReA'SOX-OUS,  for  Tceasonable,  is  not  in  use. 

TREAS'URE,  (trezh'ur,)  ti.  [Fr.  trcsor ;  Sp.  and  It. 
tesuuro  ;  V,.  thesaurus  ;  Gr. -J/jaai'/sof.] 

1.  Wcaltli  accumulated  ;  partiadarly,  a  stock  or 
store  of  money  in  reserve.  Henry  VIL  was  frugal 
antl  penurious,  and  collected  a  great  treasure  of  gold 
and  silver. 

2.  A  great  quantity  of  any  thing  collected  for  fu- 
ture use. 

We  have  treasures  in  tlie  field,  jt  wlient  and  of  barley,  and  of 
oil  and  of  honey.  —  Jer.  xLi. 

3.  Something  very  much  valued.    Ps.  cxxxv. 

Ye  shall  be  a  peculiar  treasure  to  me.  —  Ex.  xix. 

4.  Great  abundance. 

In  whom  are  hid  all  the  treasured  of  wisdom  and  knowledge.  — 
Col.  ii,  • 

TREAS'TJRE,  (trezh'iir,)r.  (.  To  hoard;  to  collect 
and  reposit,  either  money  or  other  things,  for  future 
use  ;  to  lay  up ;  as,  to  treasure  gold  and  silver  ;  usu- 
ally with  up.  Sinners  are  said  to  treasure  up  wratli 
against  the  day  of  v/rath.     Rom.  ii. 

TREAS'URE-CIT-Y,  (trezh'jr-sit-e,)  ti.  A  city  for 
stores  and  magazines.    Er.  i. 

TREAS'UR--ED,  (trezh'urd,)  pp.  Hoarded;  laid  up 
for  future  use. 

TRE.\S'URE-HOtJSE,  (trezh'ur-hous,)  n.  A  house 
or  building  where  treasures  and  stores  are  kept. 

Taylor. 

TREAS'tlR-ER,  (trezh'ur-cr.l  ti.  One  who  has  the 
care  of  a  treasure  or  treasury ;  an  officer  who  re- 
ceives the  public  money  arising  from  taxes  and  du- 
ties, or  otiicr  sources  of  revenue,  takes  charge  of  the 
same,  and  disburses  it  upon  orders  drawn  by  the 
proper  authority,  incorporated  companies  and  pri- 
vate societies  have  also  their  treasurers. 
In  England,  the  lord  high  treasurer  is  the  principal 


TRE 

officer  of  the  crown,  under  whose  charge  in  all  the 
national  revenue. 

The  trcaBurer  of  the  household,  in  the  absence  of 
the  lord-steward,  has  power  with  the  controller  and 
other  officers  of  the  Green-cloth,  and  the  steward  oC 
the  MarahalBea,  to  hear  and  determine  trea^-ons,  fel- 
onie-s,  and  olht-r  crimes  comniitl*-d  within  the  kJng'n 
palace.  There  is  also  the  treasurer  of  Uie  uavy,and 
the  treasurers  of  the  county.  Cgc. 

TREAS'UR-ER-SIIIP,  (trezh'ur-er-Bhip,)  ti.  The  of- 
fice of  treasurer. 

TREAS'IJRESS,  (trezh'ur-css,)  n.  A  female  who 
has  charge  of  a  treasure.  Dering. 

TREAS'URF^TROVE,  (Irczh'ur-lrSve,)  n.  [tr&wi/re 
and  Fr.  trour^y  found.] 

Any  money,  bullion,  and  the  like,  found  in  the 
earth,  the  owner  of  wliich  is  not  known,   £11^.  Lav. 

TREAS'UR-ING,  ppr.  Hoarding;  laying  up  for  fu- 
ture use. 

TREAS'UR-Y,(trezh'ur-e,)  n.  A  place  or  building 
in  v/hich  stores  of  wealth  arc  rcposited  ;  p  articular  I  ij. 
a  place  where  the  public  revenues  are  dcpofflled  and 
kept,  and  where  money  is  disbursed  to  defray  the  ex- 
penses of  government. 

2.  A  building  appropriated  for  keeping  public  mon- 
ey. John  viii.  Also  for  keeping  accounts  of  public 
money. 

3.  The  officer  or  officers  of  the  treasury  depart- 
ment. 

ji.  A  repository  of  abundance.    Ps.  ciixv, 
TREAT,  (trect,)  D.  (.      [Fr.  trailer ;    It.  trattare;    Sp. 
tratar  ;  h.  tracto  ;  Sax.  trahtian.] 

1.  To  handle;  to  manage  ;  to  use.  Subjects  are 
usually  faithful  or  treacherous,  according  as  tJiey 
are  wrII  or  ill  tre^ed.  To  treat  prisoners  ill,  is  the 
characteristic  of  barbarians.  I*et  the  wife  of  your 
bosom  be  kindly  traited. 

2.  To  discourse  on.  This  author  treats  various 
subjects  of  morality. 

3.  To  handle  in  a  particular  manner,  in  writing  or 
speaking  ;  a.^,  to  treat  a  subject  diffusely. 

4.  To  give  food  or  drink,  especially  the  latter,  as  a 
compliment  or  expression  of  regard  ;  as,  to  treat  the 
whole  company. 

5.  To  negotiate ;  to  settle  ;  as,  lo  treat  a  peace. 
[JVot  in  use.]  Dryden. 

6.  To  manage  in  the  application  of  remedies ;  as, 
to  treat  a,  disease  or  a  patient. 

7.  To  subject  to  the  action  of;  as,  to  treat  a  sub- 
stance with  sulphuric  acid.  Ure. 

TRE.Vr,  V.  i.  To  discnurse  ;  to  handle  in  writing  or 
speaking  ;  to  make  discussions.  Cicero  treatj  of  the 
nature  of  the  gods ;  he  treats  of  old  age  and  of  du- 
ties. 

2.  To  come  to  terms  of  accommodation. 

Inform  us,  —  will  the  emperor  tre^  ?  ^:rift. 

3.  To  give  food  or  drink,  especially  the  latter,  as  a 
compliment  or  e.xpre^^ion  of  regard. 

To  treat  with  ;  to  negotiate;  to  make  and  receive 
proposals   for   adjusting  diiferences.     Envoys    were 
aiipointed  to  treat  with  France,  but  without  succe??. 
TReAT,  Ti.    An  entertainment  given  as  an  expres>-ioii 
of  regard  ;  as,  a  parting  treat.  Ihnjden. 

2.  Something  given  for  entertainment ;  as,  a  rich 

3.  Emphatically,  a  rich  entertainment,  [treat. 
TReAT'.-(-BLE,  a.    Moderate;  not  violenL 

The  hcaLii  or  llie  colds  of  ecasotu  are  Ics  treataii*  than  vtUi  ui. 
[.Vol  in  we. 1  Timpfi. 

TReAT^A-BLY,  adt.    aiodcrately.    [Xoi  in  use.] 

Hooker. 

TReAT'ED, />p.  Handled;  managed  j  used;  dis- 
coursed on  ;  entertained. 

TReAT'ER,  71.  One  that  treats  ;  one  that  handles  or 
discourses  on  ;  one  that  entertains. 

TReAT'I.NG,  ]>pr.  Ilandltiig;  managing;  using; 
discoursing  on  ;  entertaining. 

TReAT'ISE,  (Irect'is,)  ri.     [I*,  traetattis.] 

A  tract ;  a  written  composition  on  a  particular 
subject,  in  which  the  principles  of  it  are  discusstd 
or  explained.  A  treatise  is  of  an  indefinite  lengtii ; 
but  it  implii-s  more  form  and  method  tlian  an  e^sny, 
and  less  fullness  or  copiousness  than  a  s}*stem.    Cyc. 

TReAT'IS-ER,  n.  One  who  writes  a  treatise.  [Mt 
twc(/.]  Feetley. 

TReAT'MEXT,  71,     [Fr.  traitrmcnt.] 

1.  IManagement;  manipulation;  manner  of  mix- 
ing or  combining, of  decomposing,  and  the  like;  as, 
the  treatment  of  substances  in  chemical  exj)eriments. 

2.  Usage ;  manner  of  using ;  good  or  bad  behavior 
toward. 

Accept  sucli  treatment  aj  a  swain  affords.  PojH. 

3.  Manner  of  applying  remedies  to  cure  ;  mode  or 
course  pursued  to  check  and  destroy  ;  as,  the  trt-at- 
ment  of  a  disease. 

4.  Manner  of  applying  remedies  to;  as,  the  treat- 
ment of  a  patient. 

TREAT' Y,  ti,      [Fr.  traite;  It.  traUnto.] 

1.  Negotiation  ;  act  of  treating  for  the  adjtistment 
of  differences,  or  for  forming  an  agreement;  as.  a 
treut}j  is  on  the  carpet. 

He  c;ist  by  treab/  and  tjy  ttfljiii 

Iter  to  ptTBUade.  .S^--.    ■ . 

2.  An  agreement,  leagxie,  or  contract,  between  two 


TONE,  BJJLL,  tiNITE.— AN"GER,  VI"C10US.  — C  as  K;  6  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

ufT 


■  or  more  nations  or  sovereigns,  fori..:illy  signed  by 
c  .n'mLioners  properly  authorize,!  and  solemnly 
lUifleil  bv  tbc  several  sovereigns,  or  the  supreme 
power  of  each  state.  Treaties  are  of  var.ous  k.nds ; 
nTrmtifs  for  regulating  commercial  intercourse,  trea- 
;.>i  of  amance,  offensive  and  defensive,  trcaUes  for 
hirinc  troops,  treaties  of  peace,  &c. 
T    Entreaty.    fJVTjJ  m  use.]  ■"'";'• 

TIlEAT"Y-MAK-tNG,  a.  Authorized  to  make  or  form 
til'aties.  The  tnaty-^Mkmg  power  is  lodged  in  the 
e'cecutive  government,  lit  monarchies,  ,t  is  vested 
fn  the  king  or  emperor ;  in  the  United  Sta  es  ol 
America,  it  is  vested  in  the  president,  by  and  with 
t  lie  consent  of  the  senate. 

TRFB'LE  (trib'l,)  a.  [Ft.  triple  !  L.  triplex,  tr.pbcs ; 
^^f,  threc'aml  p!ci.«,  fold.    This  should  bo  written 

'^'"'."Threefold  ;  triple  ;  as,  a  lofiy  tower  with  (rcWe 

'™.  'in  music,  acute  ;  sharp ;  as,  a  treble  ^ni^jj- ^^^^ 

3.  That  plays  or  sings  the  ."ig'^-f '  P^';!  °';  ""^^^ 
acute  sounds ;  that  plays  or  slugs  the  treble ,  as,  a 

TUEB'i:E,'(tr?b'u""  The  highest  of  the  four  princi- 
pal parts'ii,  music  i  the  part  usually  sung  by  femate  . 
This  is  sometimes  called  the  F"'''' TaEBLs,  to  dis- 
tinguish it  from  the  Second  Tkehlf.,  which  is  sung 
bv  lower  female  voices.  v.  ,.;„lerl 

TREIVLB,  (trib'l,)  i>.  (.    [L.  tr.pheo ;  ^  •'";''•■] 

To  make  thrice  as  much  ■,    to  make    thtLetoia. 
Compound  interest  soon  trebles  a  debt. 

TREB'LE,  (trib'l,)  V.  i.  To  become  threefold.  A  debt 
at  compound  interest  soon  trebles  inj""""™'- 

TREIVLE-NESS,  (trib'1-ness,)  n.  The  state  ol  Dem„ 
treble  •  as,  the  trebleness  of  tones.  Hacon. 

TUEB'LY,  (trib'le,)  ^.lo.  In  a  threefold  number  or 
quantity  ;  as,  a  good  deed  trebly  recompensed. 

TRE'BU'CK-ET,  j  ^_    ^  cucking-stool ;  a  tumbrel. 

rSSi^^-.  [D.,-ck-boat]  A  covered 
boat  for  goods  and  passengers  on  the  DWch^^and 

TREE ';':  '[sS-  treo,  treoto :  Dan.  tree  ;  Sw.  t..,  wood 
and  MJ,  i  tree  ;  Or.  i,.,  ;  Slav,  drevo  :  Sans  rf™ft 
or  drus     au.  W.  dar,  an  oak  ;  Sans,  tori;,  a  tiee.    It 
°s  not  easy    o  ascertain  the  'real  original  orthogra- 
phy;  most  probably  it  was  as  in  the  Swedish  or 

"Ta  ilant  whose  stem  or  stock  is  ^vnody,  branched 
and  perennial,  and  above  a  certain  size.  Tiees  and 
slirubs  differ  only  in  size,  and  there  is  no  absolute 
m  t  beuveen  them.  When  a  plant  of  the  above  de- 
scription is  more  than  eight  or  ten  feet  h  gl  ,  and  not 
climbin",  it  is  generally  called  a  tree.  When  it  i»  less 
than  this,  it  is  called  rC shrub ;  but  there  are  many  o.t- 
ceptions  to  this,  on  both  sides. 

Trees  are  of  various  kinds  ;  as  nuciferous,  or  nut- 
beariu"  trees  ;  baecifa-ous,  or  berry-bearing ;  comfer- 
„S  or  cone-bearing,  &c.  Some  are  forest-trees,  and 
Sul  for  thnber  or  fuel  ;  others  arc  fruit-trees,  and 
cSltirated  in  gardens  and  orchards;  others  are  used 
chiefly  for  shade  and  ornament.  . 

o  Something  resembling  a  tree,  consisting  of  a 
stem  or  stalk  and  branches  ;  as,  a  gencalogica  trie. 

3  In  ship-bnilding,  pieces  of  timber  are  called  ehcss- 
trees,  cross-trees,  roof-trees,  trcssel-trees,  &c. 

4.  In  Scripture,  a  cross. 

Jesua,  Mlwm  they  slew  imd  banged  on  «  Inc.  —  AcU  I 


mclif. 

to  cause  to  ascend  a 


5.  Wood.    [Oils.] 
TREE,  V.  t.    To  drive  to  a  tree 

tree.     A  dog  trees  a  squirrel. 

TREE'-FROG,  n.     Uree  and/«?.]  j  A  batrachian rep- 

TREE'-TOAD    71.    ^I,«  and  loa^i.]  (       tile,    A,tiexm^ 

from  proper  frogs  in  having  the  extremities  of  their 

toes  expanded  into  a  rounded,  viscous  surface,  tual 

enables  them  to  adhere  to  bodies,  and  to  climb  trees, 

where  they  remain  all  summer,  living  upon  insects. 

There  are  numerous  species.    Their  generic  name  in 

natural  history  is  Hiila.  .     ,     .     r  .t.„   „or„.o 

TEEE'-GER-MAN'DER,  n.     A  plant   of   the    genus 

Teucrinm.  „  '''■I'' 

TREE'LESS,  a.    Destitute  of  trees.  Bijrou. 

TREE'-I.OUSE,  n.     [tree  and  louse.]     An  insect  ol 

the  genua  Aphis. 
TREE'-MOSS,  n.    A  species  of  lichen 
TREEN,  a.    Wooden  ;  made  of  wood. 


Cijc. 
[Obs.] 
Camden. 
TREEN    11.     The  ijU  Iili'rnl  of  Tree.     [Obs.] 

'  B.  .louson. 

TREE'NaIL,  {commonlij  prououucrd  tnin'nel,)  ii.    [tree 

^"a  Ion",  wooden  pin,  used  in  fastening  the  planks 
of  a  ship  to  the  timbers.  Mar.  Diet. 

TREE'-OF-LIFE',  n.    An  evergreen  tree  of  the  ge- 

TREe'^tSd,  n.    [tree  and  toad.]     See  TaEE-Fnoo. 

TRE'FOII.;  71.  (Fr.  tri^el  h.  trifolium !  ires,  three, 
and  folium,  leaf.]  .        „  rr,:f„ 

1.  The  common  name  for  many  species  of  Trifo- 
lium, a  genus  of  plants  including  white  clover  red 
clo™r,&c.;  also,  a  plant  of  the  medic  and  luccm 


kind,  the  Medicago  Lupulina,  or  nonesuch,  cultWat 

'V\'"arMeeture,  an  ornament  of  three  cusps' in  a 

cirde  resembling  three-leaved  clover.         i™"""-  , 

TREIL'LAGE,  (trel'laj,)  n.      [Fr.,  from  tredhs,  trel- 

''^il  ^ardcuinir,  a  sort  of  rail-work,  consisting  of  light 
p.s"s°and  rails'  for  supporting  espaliers,  and  some- 
times for  wall-trees.  '^'J"- 
TREL'LIS,  ji.     [Fr.  treillis,  grated  work.] 

A  structure  or  frame  of  cross-barred  work,  or  lat- 
tice-work, used  for  various  purposes,  as  for  screens 

r^^nnS,^S^i^Oa.     Having  a  trell^^t,.,- 

■tr^'mjIM-'DO  Ilt.l    Trembling;  applied,  in  music, 
fo^f^neraTsTi'aklng  of  tlu,  whole  chord.    Braude. 

TREM^BLE,  (trem'bl,)  v.  i.     [Fr.  tmiiHfr  ;  L.  tremo  ; 
Or.  Tpriiu:  11.  tremarc:  Sp.tremer.] 

YtL  shake  involuntarily,  as  with  f"ir,  cold,  or 
weakness  ;  to  quake  ;  to  quiver  ;  to  shiver  ;  to  shud- 

FrisblcJ  Tornus  trembled  as  lie  spoVc.  Di-ylm. 

2.  To  shake  ;  to  quiver  ;  to  totter. 

Sinai's  gray  lup  »W1  IreiMr.  Millon. 

3.  To  quaver ;  to  shake,  as  sound ;  as  when  we 
sav,  the  voice  trembles.  „       .  ■     „   ,,mi   ,,, 

TREM'BLE-MENT,  n.    In  French  muste,  a  ttill   or 

?Si5Li^:w^""'"^si^^-  -""  '^-'  -"• 

tS^^^^g;  S-^tKI  i<!^'ISIof  shaking  invol- 

TREM'liLING-LY,  adv.  So  as  to  shake  ;  with  shiv- 
ering or  quaking. 

TrcmbUiigly  slic  stood.  *'•"*• 

TREM'BLTNG-POP'LAR,  n.  The  aspen-tree,  so 
called  •  Ponulus  trcmula.  ,  . 

TRE-MEL'LA,  ...  A  fungus  of  a  gelatinous  consist- 
ence -the  name  of  a  genus  of  fungi  found  in  moist 

TkSeN'DOUS,  a.     [h.  trcmcndus,  from  tremo,  to 

"Tsucil  as   may  excite  fear  or  terror;   terrible; 

'''o'"vl!>len"rs'ii°cl>  ^^  niay  astonish  by  its  force  .and 
violence  ;  as,  a  tremendous  wind  ;  a  tremendous 
rower;   a  tremendous   shock   or  fall ;    a  trcmendo,t^ 

TRE-ME.^'DOOS-LY,  ailv.  In  a  manner  to  torrily  or 
astonish  ;  with  great  violence. 

THE  ME-V'dOUS-NESJI,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of 
licin"  tremendous,  terrible,  or  violent. 

TREM'O-LITE,  n.  A  mineral,  so  called  from  Tremo- 
la,  a  valley  in  the  Alps,  where  it  w;as  discovered.  It 
is'a  wliite  variety  of  hornblende,  in  long,  blade-like 
crystals,  and  coarsely  fibrous  masses.  Vana. 

TRE'MOli,  11.     [L.,  from  tremo.] 

An  involuntary  trembling  ;  a  shivering  or  sliak- 
iu"  •  a  quivering  or  vibratory  motion  ;  as,  the  tremor 
of  a.  person  who  is  weak,  infirm,  or  old. 

lit  fell  into  a  univctjal  tremor.  HarveiJ. 

TREM'IJ-LOUS,  a.    [E.  trcmulus,  from  tremo,  to  trem- 

'''"l  Trembling  ;  affected  with  fear  or  timidity  ;  as,  a 
tremblina  Christian.  .    £>«"!/  "/  ^"'f 

o    Shaking  ;  shivering  ;  quivering  ;  as,  a  treaiulous 
limb  i  a  IrenudoMS  motion  of  the  hand  or  tlie  lips  ;  the 
trlnuhus  leaf  of  the  poplar.         Holder.     Thomson. 
TReSi'u-LOUS-LY,  ado.     With  quivering  or  treplda- 

TREM'fl-LOUS-NESS,  n.    The  sttite  of  trembling  or 

niiiverrn"  ;  as,  the  tremulousness  of  an  aspen-leaf. 
TREN,  7..°  A  fish-spear.  .auisworlh 

TRENCH,  i>.  t.     [Fr.  tranehcr,  to  cut ;  It.  trmcca,  a 
IrencJl  ;  triaciare,  to  cut;  Sp.  Irincar,  trmchcar;  Arm. 

'T'i^'  c\u  '"'^^i'J,  as  a  ditch,  a  channel  for  ,v.-iter, 
or  a  long  hollow  in  the  earth.  We  trench  land  for 
draining.  , , 

r  r/iif  ii  ""  appropriate  sense  of  tbc  word.\ 
o   To  fortify  by  cutting  a  ifitcli  and  raising  a  ram- 
paTt  or  breastwork   of   earth  thrown    out    of   the 

''"nn  this  sense,  Entiikncm  is  more  generally  used.] 
3.  To  furrow  ;  to  form  with  deeii  furrows  by  plovv- 

'"4   To  cut  along  gash.     [Kotinuse.]  Slink. 

TRENCH  1;.  i.    To  encroach.     [See  Enthench.J 
TRENCH,  71.     A  long,  narrow  cut  in  the  earth  ;  a 
ditch  ;  a's,  a  trench  for  draining  laud. 

o  In  fortification,  a  deep  ditch  cut  for  defensi;,  or 
to  interrupt  the  approach  of  an  enemy.  1  he  wal  or 
breastwork  formed  by  the  earth  thrown  out  of- the 
ditch,  is  also  called  a  Irmieh,  as  also  any  rai»ed  vvork 
formed  with  bavins,  gabions,  wool-packs,  or  tithcr 
solid  materials.  Heiico  the  phrases,  to  mount  the 
trenches,  to  guard  the  trenches,  to  clear  the  trencher, 

'  ro  open  the  trenches  ;  to  begin  to  dig,  or  to  form  the 
lines  of  approach 


TRENCH'ANT,  a.       Fr.  Iraiic/miif.] 

Cuttiu";  ^Imrp.     [Lillle  used.]  Spenser. 

TRENCH'i'.'U,  (trcnclit,)  pp.    Cut  into  long  hollows 

or  ditches  ;  furrowed  deep. 
TRENCH'ER,  n.     [Fr.  tranchoir.] 

I     \  wooden  plate.     TrcncUrs  were  in  use  among 
the'coiiimoii  people  of  New  England  till  the  revolii- 

"2"' The  table.  S/in;;. 

3.  Food  ;  pleasures  of  the  table 


11  «onlcl  be  no  ordinary  dfd.-nsion  Uial  would  brins  .omo  mm 
to  ,.lacc  tbtir  mmuoMo  bmitm  upon  their  Irendun-,^^^^^ 

TRENCH'ER-FLf,  71.  [trencher  and  fly.]  One 
that  liaunts  the  tables  of  others ;  n  par.asite. 

TRENCll'ER-FRIEND,  (-frend,)  n.  [treiichcr  and 
friend.]  One  who  frequents  the  tables  of  others  ;  n 
sponger.  .  r     1 

TRENCH'ER-MAN,  71.     [(mir:ftcr  and  rami.]     A  feed- 
er ;  a  great  cater.  *'""" 
a.  A  cook.     [  Obs.] 
TRENCH'ER-MaTE,  11.    [trencher  and  mute.]     A  ta- 
ble companion  ;  a  parasite.                            Uooher. 
TRENCH'ING,  ppr.     Cutting  into  trenches  ;  digging  , 

TRENCIl'ING,  71.    The  preparation  of  soils  by  digging 
two  or  more  spades  deep,  and  exposing  the  soil. 

Gardner. 
TRENCH'-PLOW,       )  71.      [trench    and   plow.]      A 
TRENCII'-PLOUGH,  j       kind  of  plow  for  opening 
land  to  a  greater  depth  than  that  of  common^fur- 

TRENCH'-PLOW,  j  r.  (.  [trench  and  plow.]  To 
TREiN'CH'-PLOlIGH,  (  plow  with  deep  furrows. 
TRENCH'-PLOW-ING,  j  n.  The  practice  or  op- 
TRENCH'-PLOUGH-ING,  j  elation  of  plowing 
with  deep  furrows,  for  the  purpose  of  loosening  the 
-land  to  a  greater  depth  than  usual.  Ujc. 

TREND,  D.  I.     [This  word  seems  to  be  allied  to  (riiii- 

■"  t"  run  ""o  stretch;  to  tend  ;  to  have  a  particular 
direction  ;  as,  the  shore  of  the  sea  trends  to  the 

TRENdTi^' Inclination  in  a  particular  ''irec'™' i  ="' 

the  (rciii/ of  a  co:ist.  ,f''!,?'ii, 

TREND,  V.  t.    In  rural  economy,  to  free  wool  trimi  its 

filth.     [Local.]  .  .  ^    ^'J'^-   , 

TREND'ER,  71.    One  whose  business  is  to  free  wool 

from  its  filth.     [Local.]  '-i''^- 

TREND'ING,  ppr.    Running;  tending. 

2.  Cleaning  wool.     [Local.] 
TRE-VD'ING,  71.    Inclination  ;  stretching. 

""  The  operation  of  freeing  wool  from  filth  of  va- 
•  ~*    b"    H  ('!/'"• 

TREN'DLE?  K.      [Sax.;    probably    connected    with 
trundle;    Sw.   (i-iiii;,  round;   that   is,   round,  with  a 

""Anything  round  used  in  turning  or  rolling  ;  a  Utile 

TREN'TAL,  n.     [Fr.  trente,  thirty;  contracted  from 

L.  tri<nnta.  It.  trenta.]  ,k..i;« 

An  office  for  the  (lead  in  the  Roman  Catholic 

service,  consisting  of  thirty  masses   rehearsed   for 

thirty  days  successively  after  the  party's  death. 

Lye. 
TRE-PAN'.  n.    [Fr.  trepan;  It.  trapano ;  Gr.  r,jiiira- 
1.,  from  rovLo,,  to'bore;  Tpi,.ra    a  hole;  rpo,o. 
Qu.l,.  tero,tercbra,  on  the  root  Rp.] 

In  ^iirircn,,  a  circular  saw  for    perforating    the 

skull.    It  resembles  a  wimble.  ,,„,,?':'„, 

TEE-PAN'  V.  t.    To  perforate  the  skull  and  take  out 

a  piece;  a  surgical  operation  fur  relieving  the  brain 

frnm  measure  or  irritsiion.  ^y- 

TRE-PAli'!  "snare,  and  TRE-PAN',  to  msnare,  are 

from  trap,  and  written  Trapan,  w  iich  sec. 
TRE-PAN'NiSD,  pp.     Having  the  skull  perforated. 
TRE-PAN'NER,  71.    One  who  trepans. 
TRE-PAN'NING,  ppr.    Perforating  the  skull  with  a 

TRE-'PAN'NING,  71.  The  operation  of  making  an 
opening  in  the  skull,  for  refieving  the  brain  from 
compression  or  irritation.  ''  1 

TRE-PHINE'  or  TRE-PHYNE',  n.      [See  Tbepan 
An  instrument  for  trepanning,  more  motlein     h, 
the  trciian      It  is  a  circular  or  cylindrical  saw,  with 
ahanX  like  that  of  a  gimlet,  and  a  little  sharp  per- 
forator.  called  the  c,"ii(fi--;u".  .,      .    ';.    -'    ,„ 

■PRE  PIIINE',  V.  t.    To  perforate  with  a  >.cW'"^»  ;'" 

TRE-PHIN'ED,  (tre-f  ind',)  pp.    Trepanned. 
TREP'II),  a.     [l,.  trepid,ts.] 

Trembling;  qu.aking.     [J>otused.] 
TREP-I-D.\'TION,  71.     [L.  trepidaUo,  from  lrc;i.J»,    0 
tremble;    Russ.  trepeg,  a  trembling;  Ircpeschu,  to 

"T'An  mvoluntary  trembling;  a  quaking  or  qiiiv- 
criu",  particularly  from  fear  or  terror  ;  hence,  a  state 
of  fe°rror.    The  men  were  in  great  l.repidation. 
2.  A  trembling  of  the  limbs,  as  in  paralytic  alfcc- 

'"Tin  the  old  astronomn,  a  libration  of  the  eighth 
sphere"  or  a  motion  which  IhePtolemax^tein 


1172 


TRI 

ascribes  to  tlie  finiiamenl,  to  account  for  tlio  changes 
and  motion  of  the  axis  of  tlio  world.  HuUon. 

4.  Hurry  ;  confused  haste. 
TRESSPASS,  f.  i.     [Norm,  trespasser;  treSyli.  trans ^ 
beyond,  and  passer,  to  pass.] 

1.  Literally,  to  pass  beyond  ;  hence,  primarily^  to 
pass  over  the  boundary  line  of  another's  land  ;  to 
enter  unlawfuliy  upon  the  land  of  another.  A  man 
may  trespass  by  walking  over  tlie  ground  of  another, 
and  the  hiw  gives  a  remedy  for  damages  sustained. 

a.  To  commit  any  offense,  or  to  do  any  act  that  in- 
jures or  annoys  another ;  to  violate  any  rule  of  recti- 
tude, to  the  injury  of  another. 

1/  any  man  shall  trespam  agi\inst  his  neighbor,  ajiil  an  oath  be 
laid  upoa  him.  —  1  Kings  viii.     See  Lube  xvii.  3  and  4. 

3.  In  a  maral  sense,  to  transgress  voluntarily  any 
divine  law  or  command  ;  to  violate  any  known  rule 
of  duty. 

In  the  time  of  hia  di«e:L>c  diil  he  trespass  yet  more.  —  2  Chron. 

xxvih. 
We  hare  trespassed  agtuost  otir  God. —  E.-j-a  x. 

4.  To  Intrude  ;  to  go  too  far ;  to  put  to  inconveni- 
ence by  demand  or  importunity  ;  as,  to  trespass  upun 
the  time  or  patience  of  another. 

TRES'PASS,  71.  In  law,  an  unlawful  act.  committed 
with  force  and  violence  {vi  et  armis)  on  the  person, 
property,  or  relative  rights  of  another.    Bhickjtone. 

2.  Any  injury  or  offense  done  to  another. 

If  ye  forgive  not  men  Oieir  trespasses,  neither  will  your  FalliT 
forgive  joar  trespasses.  —  Malt,  vi, 

3.  Any  voluntary  transgression  of  the  moral  law  ; 
any  violation  of  a  known  rule  of  duty  ;  sin.     Col.  ii. 

You  hath  he  qiiickeaed,  who  wore  dead  \a  Irespasats  and  sins. 
—  Eph.  ii. 

TRES'PASS-ER,  n.  One  who  commits  a  trespass  ; 
one  who  enters  upon  another's  land,  or  violates  his 
rights. 

2.  A  transgressor  of  the  moral  law  ;  an  offender;  a 
sinner. 

TRES'PASS-ING,  ppr.  Entering  another  man's  in- 
closure;  injuring  or  annoying  another;  violating  the 
divine  law  or  moral  duty. 

TRES3,  n.  [Fr.  and  Dan.  trcsse:  S\v.  tress,  a  lock  or 
weft  of  hair ;  Dan.  tresser,  Sw.  trcssa,  Russ.  trcsuyx, 
to  weave,  braid,  or  twist.  The  Sp.  has  trcnza,  and 
the  Port,  tran^a,  a  tress.  The  French  tressc  may  pos- 
sibly be  from  the  It.  treccia,  but  probably  it  is  from 
some  dialect  of  the  north  of  Europe.] 
A  knot  or  curl  of  hair ;  a  ringlet. 

Fair  Irtssea  man's  impeml  race  insn^re.  Pope. 

TRESS'£D,  (trest,)  a.     Having  tresses. 

2.  Curled  ;  formed  into  ringlets.  Speitser. 

TRESS'£L,  n.     See  Trestle. 

TRESS'URE,  n.    In  hcraidn/,  a  kind  of  border. 

TRES'TLE,  (tres'l,)  n.  [Fr."  trHcnu,  for  trcsteau  ;  W. 
trS^,  a  trace,  a  chain,  a  stretch,  labor;  trcsiaw,  to 
labor,  that  is,  to  strain  ;  trestyl,  a  strainer,  a  trestle. 
This  root  occurs  in  stress  and  distress.} 

1.  The  frame  of  a  table.  [Qu.  D.  driestat,  a  three- 
legged  stool.] 

2.  A  movable  form  for  supporting  any  thing. 

3.  In  bridges,  a  frame  consisting  of  two  posts  with 
a  head  or  cross  beam  and  braces,  on  which  rest  the 
string-pieces.  [This  is  the  use  of  the  word  in  New 
England.  It  is  vulgarly  pronounced  trussel  or 
tmssL] 

Trestle-trees,  in  a  ship,  are  two  strong  bars  of  tim- 
ber, fixed  horizontally  on  the  opposite  sides  of  the 
mast-head,  to  support  the  frame  of  the  top. 

Totten. 
TRET,  n.     [Probably  from  L.  tritus,  tfro,  to  wear.] 
In  commerce,  an  allowance  to  purc-basers,  for  waste 
or  refuse  matter,  of  4  pounds  on  every  104  pounds 
of  suttle  weight,  or  weight  after  the  tare  is  deducted. 

McCullocli. 
TRETH'INGi?,   n.  pi      [\V.  trSih,  a  tax  :     trethv,  to 
tax.] 

Taxes;   imposts.  Johnson. 

[I  Icnow  not  where  rL?cd.     It  is  unknown,  I  believe,  in 
the  United  States.] 
TREV'ET,  71.     [three-feet;  tripod;  Fr.  irepied.] 

A  stool  or  other  thing  that  is  supported  by  three 
legs. 
TREY,  (IrS,)  n.     [L.  tres,  Eng.  three,  Fr.  trois.] 

A  three  at  cards  ;  a  card  of  three  spots.      Shak. 
TRI,  a  prefix  in  words  of  Greek  and  Latin  origin,  sig- 
nifies three,  from  Gr.  rocig. 
TRI'A-BLE,  a.     [from  tn/.]    Tiiat  may  be  tried  ;  that 
may  be  subjected  to  trial  or  le.st.  Boyle. 

9.  That  may  undergo  a  judicial  examination  ;  that 
may  properly  come  under  the  cognizance  of  a  court. 
A  cause  may  be  triable  before  one  court,  wliich  is 
not  triable  in  another.  In  England,  testamentary 
causes  are  triable  in  the  ecclesiastical  courts. 
TRT'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  triable. 
TRI-A-€ON-TA-He'DRAL,  a.  [Gr.  rptaKOVTa,  thir- 
ty, and  ii^oa,  side.] 

Having  thirty  sides.  In  mineralogij,  bounded  by 
thirty  rhombs.  Ckavclimd. 

TRI'A-eON-TER,  n.     [Gr.  TOiaKowrnM^.] 

In  ancient  Greece,  a  vessel  of  tliirty  oars.     Miiford. 
TRI' AD,  n.     [I.,  trias,  from  (re,-*,  three.] 
The  union  of  three;  three  united. 


TRI 


TRI 


In  music,  the  couimon  chord,  consisting  of  a  note 
sounded  along  with  its  third  and  fifth,  with  or  with- 
out the  octave.  Callcnit.  Ed.  Encyc, 
TRI'AL,  n.  [from  try.]  Any  effort  or  exertion  of 
strength  for  the  purpose  of  ascertaining  its  effect,  or 
what  can  be  i\nm.  A  man  tries  to  lift  a  stone,  and 
on  trial  finds  ho  is  not  able.  A  team  attempts  to 
draw  a  load,  and  alter  unsucces.sflil  trial,  the  attempt 
M  reliiKiuislird. 

2.  Examination  by  a  test;  experiment;  as  in 
chemistry  and  metallurgy. 

3.  Experiment ;  act  of  examining  by  experience. 
In  t-'ardening  and  agriculture,  we  learn  by  trial  wliat 
land  will  produce ;  and  often  repeated  trials  are 
necessary. 

4.  Experience ;  suffering  that  puts  strength,  pa- 
tience, or  faith  to  the  test;  afflictions  or  tempta- 
tions lliat  exercise  and  prove  the  graces  or  virtues 
of  men. 

Ollipra  had  tnal  uf  cruel  mocldnga  and  Bcourgings.  —  Ilcb.  xi. 

5.  In  laiD,  the  examination  of  a  cause  in  contro- 
versy between  parties,  before  a  proper  tribunal.  Tri- 
als are  cwd  or  criminal.  Trial  in  civil  causes  may 
be  by  record  or  inspection  ;  it  may  be  by  witnesses 
and  jury,  or  by  the  court.  By  the  laws  of  England 
and  of  the  United  fc'tafes,  trial  by  jury,  in  criminal 
cases,  is  held  sacred.  No  criminal  can  be  legally  de- 
prived of  that  privilege. 

6.  Temptation  ;  test  of  virtue. 

Everj'  station  is  expOBcd  to  eoine  trials.  Jiogers. 

7.  Stale  of  being  tried.  Skalc. 
TRI-AL'I-TY,  7i.     [from  three.]     Three  united  ;   state 

of  being  three.     [Little  used.]  Wharton. 

TRT-AN'DRI-A,  ti.      [Gr.   rpci?,  three,  and  a^/jo,  a 

male.] 
A  class  of  monoclinous  or  Iiermaphrodite  plants, 

having  three  distinct  and  equal  stamens. 

Limutus. 
TRT-AN'DUI-AN,  )n.      Having    three    distinct    and 
TRI-AN'DROUS,  (       equal    stamens,  in    the   same 

flower  Willi  a  pistil  or  pistils. 
TRt'AN"GLE,  (tri'ang-gl,)  n.     [Fr.,  from  L.  tTiansu- 

htm  ;  tres,  tria,  three,  and  angulus,  a  corner.] 

1.  In  ffeometry,  a  figure  bounded  by  three  lines, 
and  containing  three  angles.  The  three  angles  of  a 
plane  triangle  are  equal  to  two  right  angles,  or  180% 
the  number  of  degrees  in  a  semicircle. 

If  the  three  lines  or  sides  of  a  triangle  are  all  right, 
it  is  a  plane  or  rectilinear  triangle. 

If  all  the  three  sides  are  equal,  it  is  an  equilateral 
triangle. 

If  two  of  the  sides  only  are  equal,  it  is  an  isosceles 
or  rqniaural  triangle. 

If  all  the  three  sides  are  unequal,  it  is  a  scalene  or 
scalenous  triangle. 

If  one  of  the  angles  is  a  right  angle,  the  triangle 
is  rectangular. 

If  one  of  the  angles  is  obtuse,  the  triangle  is  called 
obtiisaytgular  or  amhhjgonous. 

If  all  the  angles  are  acute,  the  triangle  is  acutan- 
gular  or  ozygonotis. 

If  the  three  lines  of  a  triangle  are  all  curves,  the 
triangle  is  said  to  be  curvilinear. 

If  some  of  the  sides  are  right  and  others  curve, 
the  triangle  is  said  to  be  inixtilincar. 

If  the  wides  aro  all  arcs  of  great  circles  of  the 
sphere,  the  triangle  is  said  to  be  spherical.         Cyc. 

2.  An  instrument  of  percussion  in  music,  made  of 
a  rod  of  polislied  steel,  bent  into  tlie  form  of  a  tri- 
angle. 

3.  Inw  ilitary  punishments,  ihree  halberls  stuck  in 
the  ground  and  united  at  the  top,  to  wliich  soldiers 
are  bound  when  fiogged. 

TKI'AN"GLED,  a.     Having  three  angles. 

TRr-AN"GU-LAR,  (I.     Having  three  angles. 

In  botany,  a  triangular  stem  has  three  prominent 
longitudinal  angles  ;  a  triangular  leaf  h^s  three  prom- 
inent angles,  without  any  reference  to  their  measure- 
ment or  direction.  J.lartun.     Smith. 

Triangular  numbers ;  the  series  of  numbers  formed 
by  the  successive  sums  of  the  terms  of  an  arithmetic- 
al progression,  of  which  the  common  difference  is  1. 

Brande. 

TRI-AN"GU-LAR-LY,  adv.  After  the  form  of  a  tri- 
angle. Harris. 

TRr-A.\"GU-LA'TION,  n.  The  use  of  a  series  of 
triangles  in  a  trigonometrical  survey  ;  or  the  series 
of  triangles  thus  used.  j3.  D.  Stanley. 

TRI'AReH-y,  Ji.     [Gr.  rprA^  and  apxi-] 
Government  by  three  persons. 

TRI-a'RI-AN,  a.     [Ii.  triani.] 

Occupying  the  third  post  or  place.  Cotclcy. 

TRI'AS,  71.  A  name  sometimes  given  to  the  upjicr 
new  red  sandstone*  Lycll. 

TUI-AS'Sie,  a.    Pertaining  to  or  composed  of  trias. 

TRI'IiAL,  a.     Belonging  to  a  tribe. 

TRIBE,  71.  [W.  (rer,-  Gael,  trcabh:  Sax.  thorpc,  D. 
dorp,  G.  dorf;  Sw.  and  Dan.  tarp,  a  hamlet  or  vil- 
lage ;  L.  tribus.  We  have  tribe  from  the  last.  In 
Webli,  the  word  signifies  a  dwelling-place,  home- 
:itead,  hamlet,  or  town,  as  does  the  Sax.  thorpe.  The 
Sax.  trivf  is  a  tent ;  Russ.  dcrcvni,  an  estate,  a  ham- 
let.   From  the  sense  of  house,  the  word  came  to  sig- 


nify a  family,  a  race  of  descendants  from  one  pro- 
genitor, who  originally  stUlcd  round  him  And  furmcd 
a  village.] 

1.  A  family,  race,  or  scrien  of  generations,  de- 
scending from  the  same  progenitor,  and  kept  dis- 
tinct, as  in  the  case  of  the  twelve  tribes  of  Israel, de- 
scended from  the  twelve  wuh  of  Jacob. 

2.  A  division,  clas.",  or  distinct  ptjrlion  of  people, 
from  wJiahiver  cause  that  dir<lincl!ou  may  have  orig- 
inated. The  city  of  Athcnti  was  divided  into  ten 
tribes.  Rome  was  originally  divided  into  Ihrec 
tribes;  afterward  the  people  were  distributed  into 
thirty  tribes^  and  afterward  into  thiriy-five. 

Itx/man  Hixt, 

3.  A  number  of  things  having  c^-rtaiii  chunicUr.^ 
or  resemblances  in  couunuii ;  ad,  a  tribe  of  plantii  j  a 
tribe  of  animals. 

Linnxus  dii^tributcd  the  vegetable  kingdom  into 
ttree  tribes,  viz.,  Monocot>  ledonouH,  Dicotyledonous, 
and  Acolyledonous  planl^,  and  these  he  subdivided 
into  ffcntcs  or  nations.  Marttpt. 

By  recent  naturalists,  tribe  has  been  used  for  a  di- 
vision of  animals  or  vegetables,  intermediate  be- 
tween order  and  genus.  Cuvicr  divide>f  his  orders 
into  families,  and  his  families  into  tribcjf,  including 
under  the  latter  one  or  more  gmera.  Leach,  in  hia 
arrangement  of  insects,  makes  hi^  triltcs,  on  the  con- 
trary, the  primary  subdivisions  of  his  order-i,  and  hii 
families  subordinate  to  them,  and  iumiedialely  in- 
cluding the  genera.  Cuvier.     Ed.  Encue. 

Tribes  of  planU,  in  gardening,  are  such  as  are  re- 
lated to  each  other  by  Home  natural  afiinilyor  resem- 
blance ;  as  hy  their  diiratiim,  the  annual,  biennial, 
and  perennial  tribes  ;  hy  their  roots,  as  the  bulbou^f, 
tuberous,  and  fbrous-routed  tribes  ;  by  the  loss  or  re- 
tention of  their  leaves,  as  the  deciduous  and  errr- 
green  tribes  ;  by  their  fniild  and  seeds,  as  the  legu- 
minous, baccifcrousj  coniferous,  nfUciferous,t.i\i\  pumifrr- 
ous  tribes,  &c.  Cyc- 

4.  .\  division  ;  a  number  considered  collectively. 

5.  A  nation  of  savages;  a  body  of  rude  people 
united  under  one  leader  or  goreniment ;  as,  tho 
(ri6e5  of  the  six  nations;  the  Seneca  tribe  in  Amer- 
ica. 

6.  A  number  of  persons  of  any  character  or  pro- 
fession ;  in  contempt;  as,  the  scribbling  tribe. 

Roscommon. 
TRIBE,  V.  t.    To  distribute  into  tribes  or  clx-ses.  [Act 

■much  jLsed.]  Bp.  JVicAotson. 

TRIB'LET,      )  n.     A  goldsmith's  tool    for  making 
TRIB'0-LET,  i      rings.  .^insitort/t. 

TRI-BO.M'E-TER,  7t.    [Gr.  rptffu},  to  rub  or  wear,an;l 
piTpiif,  measure.] 

An  instrument  to  ascertain  the  degree  of  friction 
in  nilibiiis  surfaces.  Brande. 

TRI'BRAeH,    n.      [Gr.    r/ictj,  three,  and  0oaxvs, 
short.] 

In  ancient  prosody,  a  poetic  foot  of  three  short  syl- 
lables, Rs  inSlXus. 
TRI-BRAC'TE-ATE,  a.    Having  three  bmcts. 

DecandolU. 
TRIB-TT-LA'TION,  n.    [Fr.,  from  L.  tributo,  to  thrash, 
to  beat.] 

Severe  affliction  ;  distresses  of  life  ;  vexations.  In 
Scripture,  it  often  denotes  the  troubles  and  distresses 
wliich  proceed  from  persecution. 

When  tribitlatio}t  or  fKTSfciiliwn  luisclh  bcuiuc  of  iho  void,  by 

(iiid  by  he  is  ofll'Ddc^.  —  Slntt.  xiii. 
Tn  the  world  ye  still  hare  tribulation.  — John  xvL 

TRI-Bu'NAL,  n.     [L.  tribunal,  from  tribunus,  a  trib- 
une, who  administered  justice.] 

1.  Properly,  the  scat  of  a  judge ;  the  bench  on 
which  a  judge  and  his  associates  sit  for  administer- 
ing justice. 

2.  More  generally,  n  court  of  justice  ;  as,  the  house 
of  lords  iu  England  is  the  highest  tribunal  in  the 
kingdom. 

3.  [Fr.  tribunel.]  In  Franc*,  a  gallery  or  eminence 
in  a  church  or  other  place,  in  wliich  the  musical  per- 
formers are  placed  for  a  concert. 

TRIB'LJ-NA-RV,  a,     [from   tribune.]     Pertaining  to 

tribunes. 
TRIB'^NE,  (trib'jTine,)  n.     [Fr.  tribum  L.  tribunits, 

from  tribiui,  tribe  ;  Sp.  and  It.  tri^uTio.] 

1.  In  ancient  Roinc,  an  otficeror  magistrate  chosen 
by  the  people,  to  protect  them  from  the  oppression  of 
the  patricians  or  nobles,  and  to  defend  their  liberties 
against  any  attempts  that  might  be  maile  ufmn 
them  by  the  senate  and  consulsT  These  magistrati-s 
were  at  first  two,  but  their  number  was  inrrc-ised 
ultimately  to  ten.  There  were  also  militar>-  tribunes, 
otficers  of  the  anny,  of  whom  there  were  from  four 
to  six  in  each  legion.  In  the  year  of  Rome  "11,  the 
senate  transferred  the  authority  of  Ibe  tribunes  to 
Augustus  and  his  successors.  There  were  also  other 
olficers  called  tribunes;  as,  friAtinM  of  the  treasury, 
&.C.  Cyc,     Smith's  Did. 

2.  A  bench  or  elevated  place,  from  which  speeches 
were  delivered. 

3.  In  France,  a  pulpit  or  elevated  placa  in  the 
chamber  of  deputies,  where  a  speaker  stands  to 
address  the  assembly. 

TRIB'UNE-SHIP,  i  n.    The  office  of  a  tribune. 
TRIB'U-NATE,      i  j3ddL:on. 


TONE,  BIJLL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI'^CIOUS.  — €  as  K ;  (5  as  J ;  S  a3  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  TIHS. 


1173 


TRI 

TR1B-U-NI"CIAN,  (tiib-yii-niyh'nn.)  )  a.     Pertaining 

TRIB-l|-NI"TIAL,  (irib-yu-nish'al,)  \  to  tribunes  ; 
as,  tribiuiiciaii  power  or  authority.  Middletotu 

'2.  Suiting  a  tribune. 

TRIB'U-TA-RI-LY,  adv.    In  a  tributary  manner. 

TRIB'U-TA-RI-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  tribu- 
tary. 

TRIB'U-TA-RY,  a.  [from  tribute]  Paying  tribute  to 
another,  eitlier  from  compulsion,  as  an  acknowledg- 
ment of  submission,  or  to  secure  protection,  or  for 
the  purpose  of  purchasing  peace.  The  republic  of 
Ragusa  is  tributary  to  the  grand  seignior.  Many  of 
tlie  powers  of  Europe  are  tributary  to  the  liurbary 
States. 

2.  Subject;  subordinate. 

Ho,  to  grace  his  Ini'iton/  goda.  Milton. 

3.  Paid  in  tribute. 

No  fialLery  luiics  llu-se  tributary  Uys.  Concanen. 

4.  Yielding  supplies  of  any  thing.  The  Ohio  has 
many  large  tributary  streams,  and  is  itself  tributary 
to  tlie  Mississippi. 

TRIB'U-TA-RY,  v.  One  that  pays  tribute  or  a  stated 
sum  to  a  conquering  power,  tor  the  purpose  of  secur- 
ing peace  and  protection,  or  as  an  acknowledgment 
of  submission,  or  for  llie  purchase  of  security.  What 
a  reproach  to  nations,  that  they  should  be  the  tributa- 
ries of  Algiers ! 

TRIB'ITTE,  (trib'yute,)  71.  [Fr.  tribut;  L.  tributiim, 
from  tribuo,  to  give,  bestow,  or  divide.] 

1.  An  annua!  or  stated  sum  of  monev  or  other 
valuable  thing,  paid  by  one  prince  or  nation  to  an- 
other, either  as  an  acknowledgment  of  submission, 
or  as  the  price  of  peace  and  protection,  or  by  virtue 
of  some  treaty.  The  Romans  made  ail  their  con- 
quered countries  pay  tribute,  as  do  the  Turks,  at  this 
day ;  and  in  some  countries  the  tribute  is  paid  in 
children.  Cyc. 

2.  A  personal  contribution  ;  as,  a  tribute  of  re- 
spect. 

3.  Something  given  or  contributed. 
TRIB'T^TE,  V.  t.     To  pay  as  tribute. 
TRIB'IT-TED,  pp.    Paid  as  tribute. 
TRIB'U-TING,  ppr.     Paying  as  tribute. 
TRI-CAP'SU-LAR,  a.     [L.  trcs,  three,  and  capsula,  a. 

little  chest.] 

In  botanijj  three-capsuled  ;  having  three  capsules 
to  each  flower.  Martyn. 

TRICE,  V.  t.    To  haul  up  by  means  of  a  rope. 

TRICE,  n.  A  very  short  time;  an  instant;  a  mo- 
ment. 

If  Ihey  get  never  bo  gtcAt  spoil  al  any  Ume,  ihcy  waste  the  same 

iu  a  (rice.  i^cnser. 

A  man  sUall  malic  liis  lurlunc  in  a  trice.  Young. 

TRI-CEN'NI-AL,  a.     [L.  triccnnium.] 

Denoting  thirty  years,  or  what  pertains  to  that 
nunibiT. 

TRI-enOT'O-MOUS,  (tri-kot'o-mug,)  a.  [See  Tri- 
chotomy.] Divided  into  three  parts,  or  divided  by 
threes  ;  as,  a  tHchotomous  stem.  Martyn. 

TRI-€IIOT'0-MY,    (trl-kol'o-me,)    71.       [Gr.    Tpix'U 
thrice,  and  nutno^  to  cut  or  divide.] 
Division  into  three  parts.  fFatts. 

TRT'CHRO-ISM,  n.     [Gr.  rpeig  and  xpofxa.] 

The  quality  of  presenting  different  colors  in  three 
different  directions.  Dana. 

TRICK,  71.  [D.  trcli,  a  pull  or  drawing,  a  trick;  trck- 
I:en,  to  draw,  to  dra^ ;  bedrie^ctiy  to  clieat ;  dricn-cn,  to 
tack  or  baste  ;  G.  tricgm,  to  deceive  ;  triig;  bitru^. 
fraud,  trick  ;  Dan.  trcfchc,  a  trick  ;  t.rcklccr,  to  drawj 
to  entice  ;  Fr.  tricher,  to  cheat ;  It.  trcccare,  to  cheat ; 
Irecca,  a  huckster ;  n-eccia,  a  lock  of  hair,  from  fold- 
ing, involving,  Gr.  ^/xf  ;  Sp.  trica,  a  quibble  ;  h.  tri- 
cor,  to  play  tricks,  to  trifle,  to  baffle.  We  see  the 
same  root  in  the  Low  I.,  intrico,  to  fold,  and  in  in- 
trig^uc.  Trick  is  from  drawing;  that  is,  a  drawing 
aside,  or  a  folding,  interweaving,  implication.] 

1.  An  artifice  or  stratagem  for  tho  purpose  of  de- 
ception ;  a  fraudful  contrivance  for  an  evil  purpose, 
or  an  underhand  scheme  to  impose  upon  the  world  ; 
a  cheat  or  cheating.  We  hear  of  tricks  in  bargains, 
and  tricks  of  state. 

Uc  cgmes  to  me  for  couusel,  and  I  bIjow  him  a  trick.      South. 

2.  A  dextrous  artifice. 

On  OHO  nice  trick  depentia  the  general  fate.  Pops. 

3.  Vicious  practice  ;  as,  the  tricks  of  youth. 

4.  The  sly  artifice  or  legerdemain  of  a  juggler:  as, 
the  tricks  of  a  merry -andrew. 

5.  A  parcel  of  cards  fallmg  to  a  wiuncr  at  one 
turn. 

6.  An  unexpected  event. 

Some  trick  not  worth  an  egg.     [Unu6ual.\  S},a}c. 

7.  A  particular  habit  or  manner ;  as,  he  has  a  trick 
of  drumming  with  his  fingers,  or  a  trick  of  frowning. 

[This  word  is  in  common  Tise  in  America^  and  by  no 
means  vulgar.] 

8.  Among  seamen,  the  period  spent  by  a  sailor  at 
the  helm.  Totten. 

TRICK,  V.  t.    To  deceive ;  to  impose  on  ;  to  defraud  ; 

to  cheat ;  as,  to  trick  another  in  the  sale  of  a  horse. 
TRICK,  V.  t.     [W.  treciaw,  to  furnish  or  harness,  to 

trick  out;  tree,  an  implement,  harness,  gear,  from 


Till 

rliig,  a  breaking   forth,  properly  a  throwing  or  ex- 
tending.    This  may  bo  a  varied  application   of  the 
foregoing  word.] 
'i'o  dress  ;  to  decorate;  to  set  off;  to  adorn  fantas- 


tically. 

Trick  her  off  In  air. 

It  is  often  followed  by  up,  off,  or  out. 


Pope. 


People  are  laviali  in  tricldng  up  tlicir  children  in  fine  clothes,  yet 
sUirvL-  their  minds.  Locke. 

TRICK,  V.  I.    To  live  by  deception  and  fraud. 

Drydcn. 
TRICK'£D,  (trikt,)pp.     Cheated  ;  deceived  ;  dressed. 
TRICK'ER,       I  n.    One  who  tricks;  a  deceiver;  a 
TRICK'STER,  j      cheat. 
TRICK'ER,  n.    A  trigger.     [Sec  Trigoer.] 
TRICK'ER- Y,   n.    The  art  of  dressing  up;  artifice; 

stratagem.  Parr.  Burke. 

TRICK'ING,  ;>p7-.      Deceiving;    cheating;    defraud- 
ing. 
2.  Dressing ;  decorating. 
TRICK'ING,  n.    Dress  ;  ornament.  S?iak. 

TRICK'ISH,  a.     Aitful  in  making  bargains  ;  given  to 

deception  and  cheating  ;  knavish.  Pope. 

TRICK'ISH-LY,  adv.     Artfully  ;  knavishly. 
TRICK'ISH-NESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  trickish  or 

deceitful. 
TRICK'LE,  (trik'I,)  0.  i.  [Allied  perhaps  to  Gr.  rpcx^, 

to  run.  and  a  diminutive.] 
To  How  in  a  small,  gentle  stream  ;  to  run  down  ; 

as,  tears  trickle  down  the  cheek ;  water  trickles  from 

the  eaves. 

Fast  befide  there  trickled  softly  down 

A  gentle  stream.  Spenser. 

TRICK'LING,  pjtr.  Flowing  down  in  a  small,  gentle 
stream. 

TRICK'LING,  n.  The  act  of  flowing  in  a  small,  gen- 
tle stream. 

lie  wakened  by  the  trickling  of  his  blood.  Wiseman. 

TRICK'MENT,  n.    Decoration.    [JVot  used.] 

TRICK'SY,  a.  [from  trick.]  Pretty;  brisk.  {JVot 
•much  used.]  Skak. 

TRICK'-TRACK,  n.  A  game  resembling  backgam- 
mon. 

TRie'U-NATE,  n.  [Gr.  rpi^,  threefold,  and  kXivo}, 
to  incline.] 

In  mincralotry,  a  term  applied  to  crystals  in  wliich 
the  three  axes  are  all  obliquely  inclined  to  one  an- 
other, as  in  the  oblique  rhomboidal  prism.      Dana. 

TRI-CLIN'I-A-RY,  a.  [L.  tricUniari'i,from  triclinium, 
a  couch  to  recline  on  at  dinner.] 

Pertaining  to  a  couch  for  dining,  or  to  the  ancient 
mode  of  reclining  at  table. 

TRl-€UJ^' I-UM,~n.     [L.,  from  trss  and  clino.] 

Among  the  Romans,  a  couch  for  reclining  on  nt 
meals,  usually  for  three  persons ;  also,  a  dining- 
room,  furnished  with  such  couches  on  three  sides. 

Smithes  Diet. 

TRI-€0€'eOUP,  a.  [L.  trcs,  three,  and  coccus,  a 
berry.] 

A  tiicoccous  or  three-grained  capsule  is  one 
which  is  swelling  out  in  three  protuberances  inter- 
nally divided  into  three  cells,  with  one  seed  in  each  ; 
as  in  Euphorbia.  Jllartyn. 

TRl'COL-OR,  n.  The  national  French  banner,  of 
three  colors,  blue,  white,  and  red,  adopted  at  the 
first  revolution. 

TRI'eOL-OR-£D,  a.  Having  three  colors  ;  a  term  ap- 
jilied  to  the  present  flag  of  France. 

TRI-COR-NIG'ER-OUS,  a.     [L.  tres  and  cormi.J 
Having  three  horns. 

TRI-eOR'PO-RAL,    a.       [L.     tricorpor ;     trcs    and 

C07-pilS.] 

Having  three  bodies.  Todd. 

TRT-€USI''ID,  a.  Having  three  points  ;  as,  the  tri- 
cuspid valve,  i.  e.,  the  valve  of  the  right  ventricle  of 
the  heart.  Brandc. 

TRI-eUSP'I-DATE,  a.  [L.  tres,  three,  and  cnspis,  a 
point.] 

In  botany,  three-pointed  ;  ending  in  three  points; 
as,  a  tricii sp idatc  stzimen. 

TRI-DAC'TYL-OUS,  a.     [Gr.  rpeis,  three, and  6aKTV- 
Ar,5,  a  toe.] 
Ilaving  three  toes. 

TRIDE,  a.  Among  hunters,  short  and  leady;  ileet; 
as,  a  tride  pace.  Bailey.     Cyc. 

TRI'DENT,  71.  [Fr.,  from  L.  tridcns ;  tres,  three,  and 
dens,  tooth.] 

In  mythology,  a  kind  of  scepter  or  spear  with  three 
prongs,  which  the  fables  of  antiquity  put  into  the 
hands  of  Neptune,  the  deity  of  the  ocean. 

TRI'DENT  i 

TRI'DENT-ED   \  ^'     ^^^^'''S  three  teeth  or  prongs. 

TRI-DENT'ATE,  a.     [L.  tres  and  dms,  tootli.] 

Having  three  teeth.  ice. 

TRT-DENT'INE,  a.     [from  L.  Tridrntmn.] 

Pertaining  to  Trent,  or  the  celebrated  council  held 
in  that  city.  Encyc.  Am. 

TRi-DI-A-PA'SON,  n.  [tri  and  diapason.]  In  music, 
a  triple  octave  or  twenty-second.  Busby. 

TRI'DING.     See  Trithing. 

TRT-DO-DEC-A-He'DRAL,  a.  [Gr.  rpai,  three,  and 
dodecahedral.] 


TRI 

In  crys(aZ/04Trt/iAy,  presenting  three  ranges  of  faces, 
one  above  another,  each  containing  twelve  faces. 
TRID'IT-AN,  a.     [L.  triduum;  (r«  and  dies,  day.] 

Lasting  three  days,  or  happening  every  third  day. 
[Little  used.] 
TRI-EN'NI-AL,  a.     [^Fi.  triennal ;  L.  triennis,  trienni- 
uui ;  tres,  three,  and  amuLs,  year.] 

1.  Continuing  three  years  ;  as,  triennial  parlia- 
ments. 

2.  Happening  every  three  years;  as,  triennial  elec- 
tions. IViennial  elections  and  j)arliament3  were  es- 
tablished in  England  in  1095;  but  these  were  discon- 
tinued in  1717,  and  septennial  elections  and  parlia- 
ments were  adopted,  which  still  continue. 

TRI-EN'NI-AL-LY,  adn.     Once  in  three  years. 
TKl'KjYi^,  n.     [L.]     A  Roman  copper  coin,  equal  to 

one  tliird  of  the  as. 
TRI'ER,  n.     [from  try.]     One  who  tries ;  one  who 

makes  expcrmients ;  one  who  examines  any  thing 

by  a  test  or  standard. 

2.  One  who  tries  judicially;  a  judge  who  tries  a 
person  or  cause.     [See  Trior.] 

3.  A  name  given  to  persons  appointed  according  to 
law,  to  try  whether  a  person  challenged  to  the  favor 
is  qualified  to  serve  on  a  jury.  Bauoicr. 

4.  A  test ;  that  which  tries  or  approves.       Shak. 
TRI'ER-AR€H,  n.  [Gr.  Tpujpns,  a  trireme,  and  upx's, 

a  chief] 

In  ancic7it  Orccce,  the  commander  of  a  trireme ; 

particularly  at  Athens,  one  who,  at  his  own  expense, 

equipped  the  vessel,  kept  it  in  repair,  and  procured 

the  crew.  Sntith^s  Diet. 

TRI'ER-AReH-Y,  n.  The  office  or  duty  of  a  tricrarch. 

Siiiitk''s  Diet. 
TRI-E-TER'ie-AL,  a.     [L.  trictcrlcus;  trcsy  three,  and 
Gr.  Erof,  year.] 

Triennial ;  kept  or  occurring  once  in  three  years. 
[Little  used.]  Gregory. 

TRI'FAL-LoW,  V.  t.     [L.  ires,  three,  and  fallow.] 
To  plow  land  the  third  time  before  sowing. 

Mortimer. 
TRl'FAL-LoW-£D,  pp.   Plowed  the  tliird  time  before 

sowing. 
TRI'FAL-LoW-ING,  ppr.      Plowing  the  third  time 

before  sowing.  Ash. 

TRI-Fa'RI-OUS,  a.     Arranged  in  three  ''ows. 

P.  Cyc. 
TRITID,  a.      [L.  trifidus ;  ires,  three,  and  findo,  to 
divide.] 

In  botany,  divided  half  way  into  three  parts  by 
linear  sinuses  with  straight  margins  ;  three-cleft. 

Marty  n. 
TRi-FIS'TU-LA-RY,  a.     [L.  tres  and  Jistula,  a  pipe.] 

Having  three  pipes.  Brown. 

TRI'FLE,  (tri'fl,)  11.      [It  coincides  with  Tritial, 
which  see.] 

I.  A  thing  of  very  little  value  or  importance  ;  a 
word  applicable  to  any  thing  and  every  thing  of  this 
character. 


With  aiich  poor  trifles  playinff. 
Moraenis  make  the  year,  and  (rijles,  life. 

Trtjlcs 
Are  to  the  jealous  confirmation  sliong. 


Drayton. 
Young. 


SJink. 


2.  A  dish  composed  of  alternate  layers  of  sweet- 
meats and  cake,  with  syllabub. 

3.  A  cake. 

TRI'FLE,  V.  i.  To  act  or  talk  without  seriousness, 
gravity,  weight,  or  dignity ;  to  act  or  talk  with  lev- 
ity. 

Tliey  trijle,  and  they  bent  the  air  about  nothing  which  tonchelh  «s. 

Hooker. 

9.  To  indulge  in  light  amusements.  Law. 

To  trijle  with ;  to  mock  ;  to  play  the  fool  with ;  to 
treat  without  respect  or  seriousness. 

To  trifle  with,    )  to  spend  in  vanity ;  to  waste  to  no 

To  trifc  away ;  \  good  purpose;   as,  to  trifle  with 

time,  or  to  trifl,e  away  time  ;  to  trifle  with  advantages. 

TRI'FLE,  V.  t.    To  make  of  no  importance.     [J^ot  in 

use.] 
TRi'FLER,  71.    One  who  trifles  or  acts  with  levity. 

Bacon. 
TRI'FLING,  ppr.  or  a.    Acting  or  talking  with  levity, 
or  without  seriousness  or  being  in  earnest. 

2.  a.  Being  of  small  value  or  importance  ;  trivial ; 
as,  a  triiling  debt ;  a  trifling  affair. 
TRIFLING,  n.    Employment  about  things  of  no  im- 
portance. 
TRi'FLING-LY,  adv.     In  a  trifling  manner;   with 

levity  ;  without  seriousness  or  dignity.  Locke. 

TRI'FLING-NESS,  n.    Levity  of  manners  ;  lightness. 

Entick. 
9.  Smallness  of  value  ;  emptiness  ;  vanity. 
TRI-FLo'ROUS,  a.     [L.  tres,  three,  and  ^0*,  floris, 
flower.] 

Three-flowered;  bearing  three  flowers;  as,  a  (ri- 
Jlarous  i)edunclc.  Martijn. 

TRI-FO'LI-ATE,  a.     [L.  tres,  three,  m\d folium,  leaf] 

Having  three  leaves.  Hartc. 

TRI-FO'LI-0-LATE,  a.    Having  three  folioles. 

Decandollc. 
TRT'FO-LY,  n.    Sweet  trefoil.     [See  xnEFoiL.J 

Mason. 
TRI-Fo'RI-UM,  n.     [L.]     The  gallery  or  open  space 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MeTE,  PREY — PrNE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQOK. - 
1174  — 


TRI 

between  the  vaulting  and  tbe  roof  of  the  aisles  of  a 

cliurch.  Qw'dl. 

TRI'FORM,  a.     [L.  tnfermis;  trcs  and  formaJ] 

Having  a  triple  form  or  shape;  as,  the  triform 

couuteuance  of  the  moon.  Milton. 

TRI-FUR'€a-TED,  a.      Having  three    branches    or 

furks. 
TRIG,  F.  (.     [W.  tri^aw.    See  Tbigger.]    To  fill ;  to 

stuff.     [-Vo£  in  use7\ 
9.  To  stop,  as  a  wheel.  Bailey. 

TRIG,  a.     Full ;  trim  ;  neat.     [jVo(  in  use.] 
TRIG'A-MOUS,  a.     [Cr.  r,iri5  and  ;  q/io?,  marriage.] 
In  butanijj  having  tbree  sorts  of  flowers  in  the  same 

head,  male,  female,  and  hermaphrodite.     Brande. 
TRIG'A-MV,  1.'.     [Gr.  r,j£tir,  three,  and  j^a/^^s,  niar- 

riage  ] 
Stale  of  being  married  three  times ;  or  the  state  of 

having  three  husbands  or  three  wives  at  tlie  same 

time.  HcrbcH. 

TRIG'GER,  n.     [W.  trigaiOy  to  stop;  Dan.  frf/Jicr,  to 

draw  ;  trtjkker,  lo  press  or  pinch  ;  or  tryg^er^  to  make 

sure  ;  trug,  Sw.  tryggy  safe,  secure  ;  trycka,  to  press. 

This  is  the  Eng.  tnie^  or  from  the  same  root.] 

1.  A  catch  to  hold  the  wheel  of  a  carriage  on  a  de- 
clivity. 

2.  The  c:itch  of  a  musket  or  pistol ;  the  part  which, 
being  pulled,  looses  the  lock  for  striking  fire. 

TRi-ClX'TALS,  It.  pi.     [L.  triginta.} 

Trentals.     [^ce  Tbental.] 
TRIG'LYPH,  (trig'lif,)  n.    [Gr.  rcsij:,  three,  and  y\t~ 
^r;,  sculpture.] 

An  ornament  in  the  frieze  of  the  Doric  column, 
repeated  at  equal  intervals.  Each  triglypli  consists 
of  two  entire  gutters  or  channels,  cut  to  a  right  an- 
gle, called  glijp-'ki,  and  separated  by  three  interstices, 
called  femora.  Cyc. 

TRI-GL^TH'ie,         I  a.     Consisting  of  or  pertaining 
TRI-GLYPII'ie-.VL,  i     to  Iriglyphs. 

2.  Containing  three  sets  of  characters  or  sculp- 
tures. Qliddon. 
TRi'GOX,  11.     [Gr.  roctf,  three,  and  j  oiita,  angle.] 

1.  A  triangle  ;  a  term  used  in  astrolog>"  for  a  divis- 
ion consisting  of  three  signs;  also,  trine,  an  aspect 
of  two  planets  distant  120  degrees  from  each  other. 

Ilutton. 

2.  A  kind  of  triangular  lyre  or  harp  used  among 
the  ancients. 

TKIG'O-NAL,     I  a.    Triangular  j  having  three  angles 
TRIG'0-XOUS,  >      or  comers. 

2.  In  botany^  having  three  prominent  longitudinal 
angles.  jMartyn. 

TRIG-O-NO-^IET'Rie-AL,  a.      Pertaining  to  trigo- 
nomelr>' ;  performed  by  or  according  to  the  rules  of 
trisoiftmelrv. 
TRIG  0-XO-JLET'RI€^AL-LY,  adv.      According  to 
the  Piles  or  principles  of  trigonometry. 

Asiat.  Res. 
TRIG-O-XOJI'E-TRY,  n,    [Gr.  rpiyoivoij  a  triangle, 
and  ;r  rof.w,  to  measure.] 

The  measuring  of  triangles  ;  the  science  of  deter- 
mining the  sides  and  angles  of  triangles,  by  means 
of  certain  parts  which  are  given.  When  this  science 
is  applied  to  the  solution  of  plane  triangles,  it  is 
called  plane  trigonometry ;  when  its  application  is  to 
spherical  triar-ilcs,  it  is  called  spherical  trigonnnietr>'. 
TRT-GRA.M-MAT'ie,    a.     Containing  three  sets  of 

charnrters  or  letters.  Oliddon. 

TKI-GRAM'Mie,  a.     [Gr.  70:1;,  three,  and  ypan^ay  a 
letter.] 
Consisting  of  three  letters. 
TPJ'GRAPH,^(-graf,)  iu     {rpm  and  j^;m.iij.] 

A  nam*;  given  to  three  letters  having  one  sound. 
TRT-GVNa-A,  n.    [Gr.  rofiy,  three,  and  ;  ui'/;,  a  fe- 
m;ile.] 
In  botany,  an  order  of  plants  having  three  styles. 
TRT-GYN'I-AN",    /    a.       In     botany,    having    three 
TRIG'YX-OUS,    i       styles. 
TRMlK'DRAL,  a.     [Sec  Teihedbow.]     Havingthree 

equal  sides  or  faces. 
TRI-Hk'DRON,  n.     [Gr.  roci?,  three,  and  iSpa,  side.] 

A  fi2ure  having  three  equal  sides. 
TRU'i;-GOL'S,  a.     [L.  tres^  three,  and  jugum,  yoke.] 
In  botany^  having  three  pairs  of  leaflets.    A  triju- 
gous  leaf  is  a  pinnate  leaf  with  three  pairs  of  leaflets. 

MaHyn. 
TRT-LAT'ER-AL,  a.    [Fr.,  from  L.  ires^  three,  and 
tou.?,  side.] 
Havins  three  sides. 
TRI-LAT'ER-AL-LY,  adv.    With  three  sides. 
TRI-LIN"GUAL,  (-ling'gwal,)  a.      [L.  tres  and  lln- 

giUl.'] 

Consisting  of  three  languages  or  tongues. 
TRT-LIT'ER-AL,  a.     [L.  tresy  three,  and  litera,  let- 
ter.] 

Consisting  of  three  letters;  os^  z.  triliteral  root  or 
word. 
TRI-LIT'ER-AL,  n.     A  word  consisting  of  three  let- 
ters. 
TRIL'I-THON,  71.     [Gr.  r.ons,  three,  and  XiOoj,  a 
stone.] 

Three  stones  placed  together  like  door  posts  and  a 
lintel. 
TRILL,  n.     [It  trtOo  ;  Dan.  trUle ;  G.  triner  ;  W.  treU- 
liaw,  to  turn,  to  roll.    But  the  latter  may  be  con- 


TRl 

tracted  from  trciglaw,  to  turn  ;  traill,  trai^jl^  a  turn 
or  roll,  from  the  root  of  draw^  drair.  Trill  coincides 
with  thirl  and  u'rill ;  D.  drillen.     Ciu.  rtel.] 

A  quaver  ;  a  shako  of  the  voice  in  singing,  or  of 
the  sound  of  an  instrument.     [Sec  Shake.] 
TRILL;  ».  t.     [M.  tHUarc.'] 

To  utier  with  a  quavering  or  ireraulousness  of 
voice ;  to  shako. 

The  sobep-siiilcil  eongslresa  trilla  her  lay.  7'homion. 

TRILL,  V.  i.    To  flow  in  a  small  stream,  or  in  drops 
rapidly  succeeding  each  other ;  to  trickle. 


And  ROW  aiiJ  then,  an  ampl<;  tear  trilled  down 

Ik'r  (l.'HaiU;  cheek. 


Shak. 


2.  To  shake  or  quaver ;  to  play  in  tremulous  vibra- 
tions of  sound. 

To  judge  of  IrilUng  notes  aud  tripping  fed.  Dryden. 

TRILL'ED,  -pp.  Shaken ;  uttered  with  rapid  vibra- 
tions. 

TRILL'ING,  ppr.  Uttering  with  a  quavering  or 
shake. 

TRILL'ION,  (tril'yun,)  n.  [A  word  formed  arbitra- 
rily of  Mrt-e,  or  Gr.  rocros,  and  miUion.l 

According  to  the  English  notatiuiiy  tlie  product  of  a 
million  involved  to  the  third  power,  or  the  product 
of  a  million  multiplied  by  a  million,  and  that  product 
multiplied  by  a  million  ;  the  prudiict  uf  tlit;  s(iuare  of 
a  million  multiplied  by  a  million.  Thus,  1,000,000 
X  1,1)00,000  =  l,000,0;lO,000,l)Ui),  and  this  product 
multiplied  hy  a  niillinn  =  1,0  10,000,000,000,000,000. 

According  to  the  French  notation,  the,  number  ex- 
pressed by  a  unit  with  twelve  ciphers  annexed^ 
1,000,000,000,000. 

TRl-Lo'I5ATE,  a.    [L.  tres  and  lobus.] 

Having  three  lobes.  Joitrn.  of  Science. 

TRI'LO-BITE,  n.  [Gr.  7,1^(5,  three,  and  \o0osj  a 
lobe.] 

One  of  an  extinct  family  of  Crustacea,  found  in  the 
earliest  fnssiliferous  strata. 

TRT-LOe'l|-LAR,  a.     [L.  tres  and  locus,  a  cell.] 

In  botany,  three-celled ;  having  three  cells  for 
seeds ;  as,  a  trilocular  capsule. 

TRIL'0-GY,  n.  [Gr.  rpEig  and  Aoj«s.]  A  series  of 
three  dramas,  whicli,  although  each  of  them  is  in 
one  sense  complete,  yet  bear  a  mutual  relaliun,  and 
form  but  parts  of  one  historical  and  poetical  picture. 
Shakspeare's  Henry  VI.  is  an  example. 

TRI-Lu'iMIN-AR,     i  a.     [L.    tres  and   lumen,  light.] 

TRi-Lu'.MIN-OUS,  \      Having  three  lights. 

TRIM,  a.  [Sax.  trum,  firm,  stable,  strong,  secure  ; 
tryman,  getryniian,  to  make  firm,  to  strengthen,  to 
prepare,  to  order  or  dispose,  to  exhort,  pfrsuade,  or 
animate.  The  primary-  sense  is,  to  set,  to  strain,  or 
to  make  straight.] 

Firm;  compact;  tight;  snug;  being  in  good  or- 
der. We  say  of  a  ship,  she  is  trim,  or  trim-built ;  ev- 
erj-  thing  about  the  man  is  trim.  We  say  of  a  per- 
son, he  is  trim,  when  his  body  is  well-shaped  and 
firm  ;  and  we  say  his  dress  is  trim,  when  it  sits 
closely  to  his  body  and  appears  tight  and  snug;  and 
of  posture  we  say,  a  man  or  a  soldier  is  trim,  wlien 
he  stands  erect.  It  is  particularly  applicable  to  sol- 
diers, and  in  Saxon,  truma  is  a  troop  or  body  of  sol- 
diers. 

TRIM,  v.  f.  [S:ix.  trumian,  trymian,  to  make  firm  or 
strung,  to  strengthen,  to  prepare,  to  put  in  order.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  to  make  right,  that  is,  to  put 
in  due  order  for  any  purpose. 

Thi;  hermit  trimmed  Uis  Utile  fite.  Goldsmidi. 

2.  To  dress  ;  to  put  the  body  in  a  proper  state. 

I  waa  trimmed  in  Juliii's  gown.  Sliak. 

3.  To  decorate  ;  to  invest  or  embellish  with  extra 
ornaments  ;  as,  to  trim  a  gown  witli  lace.    Dryden. 

4.  To  clip,  as  the  hau-  of  the  head  ;  also,  to  shave  ; 
that  is,  to  put  in  due  order. 

5.  To  lop,  as  superfluous  branches  ;  to  prune  ;  as, 
to  trim  trees.  Mortimer. 

6.  To  adjust  for  use  ;  as,  to  trim  a  lamp. 

7.  To  make  neat ;  to  adjust. 

I  found  her  trimming  up  the  diadem 

On  her  dead  mLitiesa.  Shak. 

8.  In  carpentry^  to  dress,  as  timber;  to  make 
smooth.  . 

9.  To  adjust  the  cargo  of  a  ship,  or  the  weight  of 
persons  or  goods  in  a  boat,  so  equally  on  each  side  of 
the  center  and  at  each  end,  that  she  shall  sit  well  on 
the  water  and  sail  well.  Thus  we  say,  to  (rmiaship 
or  a  boat. 

10.  To  rebuke  ;  to  reprove  sharply  ;  a  popular  use 
of  the  irord. 

11.  To  arrange  in  due  order  for  sading  ;  as,  to  (run 
the  sails.  .  -  .    , 

To  trim  in  ;  in  carpeniry^X-o  fit,  as  a  piece  of  lunber 
into  other  work.  Mozon. 

To  trim  up  ;  to  dress  ;  to  put  in  order. 
TRIM,  V.  i.     To  balance  ;  to  fluctuate  between  parties, 

60  as  to  appear  to  favor  each.  South. 

TRIM,  71.     Dress;  gear;  ornaments.  Dryden, 

2.  The  state  of  a  ship  or  her  cargo,  ballast,  masts, 
&c.,  by  which  she  is  well  prepared  for  sailing. 

Trim  of  the  masts,  is  their  position  in  regard  to  the 
ship  and  to  each  other,  as  near  or  distant,  far  forward 
or  much  aft,  erect  or  raking.  Mar.  Diet. 


TRI  ' 

IVim  of  nails,  ia  that  position  and  airangeincnt 
which  is  best  adapted  to  Impel  the  ship  forward. 

Mar.  Vict. 
TRI-MES'TER,  n.     [L.  triuMtriSj  trcj^  three,  and 
mensv!,  month.] 
A  term  or  period  of  three  moDtbs. 

Oer.  Unicersitiu. 
TRI.M'E-TER,  n.    A  poetical  diviaion  of  venc,  con* 

listing  of  three  mca»urcs.  LoieUu 

TRnrE-'i'ER,  (a.    [Gr.  rpi  *:rp(jc,  Ihree  meas- 

TRI-MET'Rie-.\L,  \     ures.] 

Consistiiig  of  three  poetical  mcoiturcfi,  forming  an 
iambic  of  six  feet.  Rotanaauj^ 

TRt-MET'Rie,  a.     [Gr.  rp.s,  Ihrcjfold,  and  //cr/>-.r, 
measure.] 

In  mineralogy^  cr>'stals  with  the  axes  of  Ihrce 
kinds,  the  three  being  uneqi.a.1,  as  the  rectangular 
and  rhombic  prisms.  Dana. 

TRI.M'LY,  adv.    Nicely ;  ncat'y ;  in  good  order. 

Spcn-'rr. 

TRIM'MKI),  (trimd,)  jtp.   Put  ;;i  good  order  ;  df;      1 

ornamented;  clipped;  shavi^d;  balanced;  rcii-'->  ;. 
TRIM'MER,  n.     One  that  tritin  ;  a  lirae-s-rver. 

2.  A  small  beam,  into  which  are  fraui' d  the  end^ 
of  several  joists,  as  when  a  well-hole  id  !o  be  left  far 
stairs,  or  to  avoid  bringing  joisitd  near  chimneys,  &c. 

Gieilu 
TRIM'MI.NG,  ;>pr.     Putting  in  d^-  -  rder;  drt*sing  ; 
deconiting;    pruning;    balancing;    fluctuatiuf  be- 
tween  jKirties. 
TRIM'MIXG,  Tt,    Ornamental  appendages  to  a  gar- 
ment, as  Vav-,  ribbons,  and  the  like. 
TRlM'Ml.\r;-LY,  ode.    In  a  trimming  manner. 
TRIM'NC.SS,   H.     Neatness;   snugneadjlUe  state   of 

being  clu?e  and  in  cood  order. 
TRI'N.'VL,  a.     [L.  /riniw,  three.]    Threefold.  Milton. 
TRINE,  a.    Threefold  ;  as,  trin-  dimensions,  that  is, 

length,  breadth,  and  thickness. 
TRINE,  n.    [^Supra.]    In  fl^(ro/o»v,  the  aspect  of  plan- 
ets distant  trom  each  other  120  degrees,  or  one  third 
of  the  zodiac.  Brande. 

TRINE,  V.  £.    To  put  in  the  aspect  of  a  trine. 

Dnj^ 
TRTN'ED,  pp.    Put  in  the  aspect  of  a  tnne. 
TRi-NERV'ATE,  a.     [L.  trcs  and  i.errus.^ 

In  botany,  having  three  unbninchcd  vessels  extend- 
ing from  ihe  base  to  the  apex  of  the  leaf 
TRI'NERVE,       )  a.     In  botany,  a  trinerved   or  three- 
TRi'NERV-£D,  \     nerved  leaf,  has  three  unbranched 
vessels   extending  from   the    base  to  the  apex  or 
point. 
TRIN"GLE,  ftring'gle,)  n.     [Fr.]     In  architecture,   a 
little  square  member  or  ornament,  as  a  listel,  rcglel, 
platband,  and  the  like,  but  particularly  a  liiilc  mtm- 
bL:r  fixed  exactly  over  everj-  triglyph.  Cyc 

TR!N-I-Ta'RI-AN,  a.     Pertaining   to  Uic  Trinity,  or 

to  the  doctrine  of  the  Trinity. 
TRIN-I-Ta'RI-AN,  71.    One  who  believes  the  d'x:.-.:. 
of  the  Trinity. 

2.  One  of  a  religious  order  who  made  it  their 
business  to  redeem  Christians   from  Turks  or  infi- 
dels. 
TRL\-I-Ta'RI-AN-ISM,  n.    The  doctrine  of  Trii,  : : 

rians. 
TUIN'I-TY,  Tt.     [L.  trinitas;  tres  and  units,  u      -  . 
one,  unity.] 

In  Vieoloa-i,,  the  union  of  tliree  persons  in  om  c    i 
head,  the  Father,  the  Son,  and  the  Holy  Spirit- 

lu   iny  wholi^  essay,  llierc   u   ool  anjr  Uiing  like  id 
ogiiiiist  tlie  7Vi/iity.  ^ 

TRIN'I-TY-HOUSE,  n.  An  institution  in  L-  1  1 
for  the  promotion  of  commerce  and  naWgalii-u,  by 
licensins  pilots,  ordering  and  erecting  beacons,  ice. 

TRINK'ET,  7(.  [if  n  is  casual,  this  is  fr\>m  W.  trwjuw, 
to  furnish.     See  Tbick.] 

1.  A  small  ornament,  as  a  jewel,  a  ring,  and  the 
lijie.  Drydta.     Swift 

2.  A  thing  of  little  value  ;  tackle  ;  tools. 
Tusscr.    VEstrangc. 

TRINK'ET-RY,  n.    Ornaments  of  dress  ;  trinkets. 

TRI  No'.MI-AL,  a.    [L.  trcs  and  nomcn.l 

In  mathtmaties,  a  trir.omial  quantity  is  a  quantity 
consisting  of  three  terms,  connected  by  the  signs  -r 
or  —  .    Thus  X  -t  y  -T  z,  or  a  -^  b  —  c 

TRT-No'MI-.\L,  n.  A  quantity  consisting  of  three 
terms. 

TRI'O,  Ti.    Three  united, 

2.  In  music,  a.  composition  in  three  parts;  often 
pronounced  trS'o.  Branar. 

TRI-OB'0-LAR,       \  a.      [L.  trioholaris  :  tres  arm  ,  v 

TRI-OB'O-LA-RY,  i      lus.] 

Of  the  value  of  three  oboli ;  mean  ;  wortbic". 

CJieyttf. 

TRI-Oe-TA-HE'DRAL,  n.  [tri  and  octahedral.]  In 
crystallographti,  presenting  three  ranges  of  facts,  one 
nbove  another,  each  ranse  coutainin;;  eight  f^ces- 

TRI-OC'TILE,  n.     [L.  tns,  three,  and  octo,  eifiht.] 
In  astrolv^y,  an  aspect  of  two  planets  with  regard 
to  the  earth,*when  they  are  three  octants  or  three 
eighths  of  a  circle,  that  is,  135  degrees,  disuani  from 
each  other.  „      ,        Hutton. 

TRIN'I-TY-SL'N'DAY,  n.  The  Sunday  next  after 
Whitsunday  ;  so  called  fmm  ihe  feast  held  on  that 
day  in  honor  of  the  Holy  Trinity.      ^ 


TCNE,  BULL,  ^NITE.-AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.-€  as  K;  6  as  J;  S  as  Z ;  OH  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


1175 


TRI 


TRI 


TRI 


TiU'O-LET,  n.  A  stanza  of  oiglit  lines,  in  whicli  lliu 
(irst  line  is  tiirice  rept'ated.  Brande. 

Tiil'illl,  I  n.     [from  (ri/.J     In  late,  a  person  nppoinleil 

TUI'Cll,  1  by  llie  conrt  lo  examine  whetlier  a  clial- 
lejige  to  a  panel  of  jurors,  or  to  any  juror,  is  just. 
The  triDrs  are  two  iiulitTereut  persons.  Ctjc. 

TUIP,  V.  I.  [ti.  trii'pcin  :  D.  trijipen  ;  f^w.  trippa ;  Dan. 
Irippcr  ;  W.  tripiaw,  to  trip,  to  stumble  ;  from  rliip,  a 
skippinj.    See  ^lO  ami  3io,  in  Castcll.] 

1.  To  supplant ,  to  cause  to  fall  by  striking  the  feet 
suddenly  from  unu'r  the  person;  usually  followed 
by  HP  :  a.s,  to  trip  ttp  a  man  in  wrestling  j  to  trip  up 
the  heels.  ■S*"''- 

2.  To  supplant;  to  ov-rthrow  by  deprivinj  ot  sup- 
noTt.  Bramhall. 

3.' To  catoh  ;  to  detect.  Shak. 

4.  To  loose  an  anchor  from  the  bottom  by  its  cable 


or  buoy-rope. 


Mar.  Diet. 


[Gr.  rpEiy,  three,  and  ipvXXov 


TRIP,  r^  i.    To  stumble;  to  strike  the  foot  against 
something,  so  as  to  lose  the  step  and  come  near  to 
fall  ;  or  to  stumble  and  fall. 
2.  To  err  ;  to  fail ;  to  mistake  ;  to  be  deficient. 
Vir^  prcleiida  someliincs  (o  trip.  Drylcii. 

TRIP,  r.  i.  [Ar.  ,_>j.i3  tariba,  to  move  lightly;  al- 
lied perhaps  to  Sw.  trappa,  Dan.  trappc,  G.  Ircppr, 
stairs.]  ,,  , . 

1.  To  run  or  step  lightly  ;  to  walk  with  a  light 
step. 

Shf  boumleil  by  ami  tripped  sci  li;^IU 

Thpy  had  not  lime  to  take  a  steady  sijriil.  Dryilen. 

Thus  from  the  lion  trips  tlie  trciTiWiiig  doe.  Dnjilcjt. 

2.  To  take  a  voyage  or  journey. 
TRIP,  n.     A  stroke  or  catch  by  which  a  wrestler  sup- 
plants his  antagonist. 

And  watches  with  a  trip  Ills  foe  to  foil.  Dryicn. 

9.  .\  stumble  by  the  loss  of  foothold,  or  a  striking 
of  the  foot  against  an  object. 

3.  A  failure  ;  a  mistake. 
FiiTuraiivrty,  a  slight  error  arising  from  haste  oriu- 

consideration. 

E.ich  sccniins  trip,  and  each  digressive  start.  Harte. 

4.  .\  brief  journey,  or  a  voyage  ;  an  excursion  or 
jaunt. 

1  tool,  a  trip  lo  London  on  the  death  of  the  qncon.  Pope. 

5.  In  ntiriTotion,  a  single  board  in  plying  to  wind- 
ward. Cijc. 

C.  Among  farmers,  a  small  flock  of  sheep,  or  a 
small  stock  oi"  them.     I  Local.]  Ctjc. 

TllIP'.Ml-TITE,   a.      [Fr.,  from  L.   triparttlus ;   tres, 
three,  and  partitas,  divided  ;  partior.] 

1.  Divided  into  three  parts.  In  lialanii,  a.  tripartilr 
leaf  is  one  which  is  divided  into  three  parts  down  to 
the  base,  but  not  wholly  separate.  .Martijn. 

9.  Having  three  corresponding  parts  or  copies  ;  as, 
indentures  tripartite. 
TRl-PAR-TI"TlON,   (-tish'un,)  n.     A    division    by 
three,  or  tlio  taking  of  a  third  part  of  any  luimli 


quantity. 


Cue. 


TRIPE,  n.  [Fr.  id. ;  Sp.  tripa  :  It.  trippa  ;  G.  tripp  ;  Russ. 
trehticlia;  \V.  tripa,  from  rhip,  from  rhib,  a  streak  or 
driblet.  In  Sp.  fri;.r,  Dan.  trip,  is  shag,  plush.  This 
word  is  prtrbahly  from  tearing,  ripping,  like  strip.] 

1.  Propcrlii,  the  entrails;  but  in  eomtnon  usaje, 
the  large  stomach  of  ruminating  animals,  prepared 
for  footi. 

2.  In  ladicrnus  language,  the  belly.  Jolmson. 
TRIP'E-DAL,  a.     [h.  tres  and  pes.] 

Having  three  feet. 
TRIPF.'-MAN,  n.     A  man  who  sells  tripe.        Sieifl. 

tri^pw'n'ate,'  i  "•   [^- '"'  """^  P"""'  "  '''"""■^ 

In  botanti,  a  tripinnate  leaf  is  a  species  of  suprade- 
compound  leaf,  when  a  petiole  has  bipinnate  leaves 
ranged  on  each  side  of  it.  Martijn. 

TRI-PER'SON-.\L,  a.     [L.  tres  and  persona.] 

Consisting  of  three  jiersons,  .Milton. 

TRI-PER-SON-AL'I-TY,  n.    The  state  of  existing  in 

three  persons  in  one  Godhead.  Milton. 

TRM'ET'AL-OUS,  a.  [Gr.  Tons,  three,  and  -craXo:; 
leaf.] 

In  botany,  three-petaled  ;  having  three  petals  or 
flower  leaves. 
TRIP'-Il.'VM-MER,  71.      A    large    hammer    used    in 

forges. 
TRI'PHANE,  I!.     [Gr.  rptis  and  -pairu.] 

.\  mineral,  spodumene.  Ure. 

TRIPII'THONG,  (trifthong,)  n.  (Gr.  rptis,  three, 
and  (jiB'iyyn,  sound.] 

A   coalition   of  three  vowels  in  one    compound 
sound,  or  in  one  syllable,  as  in  niiicu,  ctje. 
TRU'H-TIION"GAL,  (trif-thong'gal,)a.  Pertainiligto 

a  triphthong  ;  consisting  of  a  triphthong. 
TRIPH'Y-LINE,  (-lin,)  n.     [Gr.  rim,  tlireefuld,  and 
(/ivXit,  family,  in  allusion    to    its  containing  three 
phosphates.] 

.\  mineral  of  a  grayish-green  or  bluish  color,  con- 
sisting of  the  phosphates  of  iron,  manganese,  and 
lithia.  Dana. 


TRIPH'YL-LOUS,  a. 

leaf.] 

In  botami,  three-leaved  i  having  three  leaves. 
TRIP'LE,  (trip'l,)  a.      [Fr.,  from  L.  triplex,  triplus ; 

tres  and  ]ilieo,  to  fold.] 

1.  Threefold  ;  consisting  of  three  united ;  as,  a 
triple  knot ;  a  triple  tic. 

Ey  tliy  triple  shape  as  Ihrjn  art  seen.  Drydcn. 

2.  Treble  ;  three  times  repeated.     [See  Treble.] 
Triple  salt ;  in  chemistry,  a  salt  in  which  two  bases 

are  combined  with  one  acid  ;  more  properly  regarded 
as  a  double  salt.  Brande. 

Triple  time,  in  music,  is  that  in  whicli  each  bar  is 
divided  into  three  measures  or  equal  parts,  as  three 
minims,  three  crotchets,  three  quavers,  &c. 

TRIP'LE,  II.  (.  To  treble;  to  make  threcfolil,  ot 
thrice  as  much  or  as  many.  [Usually  written 
TiiEBLE.]  Lee. 

TRIP'1-E-eROWN-.KD,  a.    Having  three  crowns. 

TRW'LF.n,  (trip'hi,)  pp.     Made  tliiecfold. 

TR1P'LE-HE.\D-ED,  a.     Having  three  heads. 

TRIP'LET,  ?i.  [from  triple.]  Three  of  a  kind,  or 
three  united. 

2.  In  poetry,  three  verses  rhyming  together. 

3.  In  music,  three  notes  sung  or  played  in  the  time 
of  two. 

TRIP'LI-e.\TE,  17.  [L.  triplicatas,  triplieo  ;  tres  and 
plica,  to  fold.] 

■Made  thrice  as  much  ;  threefold. 
Triplicate  ratio  is  the  ratio  which  cubes  bear  to 
each  other.  Cyc. 

TRIP'H-€.\TE,  71.  A  third  paper  or  thing  correspond- 
in"  tn  two  others  of  the  same  kind. 
TRIP'LI-eATE-TERN'.\TE,   a.      In   batanij,    thrice 

lernale.    The  same  as  Tiuternate,  which  see. 
TRll'-Ll-eA'TION,?!.    The  act  of  trebling  or  making 
threcl'old,  or  adding  three  together.  Olanville. 

2.  In  the  cicil   law,  the  same  as  surrejoinder  in 
common  law. 
TRI-PLIC'I-TY,  (trl-])lis'e-te,)  n.     [Fr.  triphcite  ;  from 
L.  triplex.] 
Trebleness  ;  the  state  of  being  threefold.    IVatis. 
TRIF'LING,  n.     Making  threefold. 
TRIP'LITE,  71.    All  imperfectly  crystallized  mineral, 
of  a  very  dark-brown  color,  consisting  of  phosphoric 
acid  and  the  oxvds  of  manganese  and  iron.    Dana. 
TRlP'ljY-RIB-BJED,  (-ribd,)  a.     [triple  and  rib.]     In 
batanii,  having  a  pair  of  largo  ribs  branching  ofl  from 
the  main  one  above  the  base,  as  in  the  leaves  of 
many  species  of  sunflower.  Smith. 

TRIP'-ll  AD-AM,  ?i.     -X  plant.  Mortimer. 

TRI'POD,  71.     [L.  tripus,  tripodis  ;  Gr.  rpi-ovs  ;  rptis, 
three,  and  n-.n'S,  foot.] 

A  bench,  stool,  or  seat  supioorted  by  three  legs,  on 
which  the  priest  and  sibyls  in  ancient  times  were 
placcil  to  rentier  oracles.  Drtjden.     Cyc. 

TRIP'O-LI,  (trip'o-le,)  ii.     In  mineralogy,  an  earthy 
substance  originally  brought  from  Tripoli,  used  in 
polisliing  stones  and  metals.    It  has  a  dull,  arplla- 
ceous  appearance,  but  is  not  compact.    It  has  a  fine, 
hard  grain,  but  does  not  soften  by  water,  or  mix 
with  it.    It  is  principally  silica,  and  has  been  found 
to  consist  almost  wholly  of  the  cast  shells  of  micro- 
scopic animalcules.  Dana.     Cye. 
TRIP'0-LINE,  (-lin,)  <i.    Pertaining  to  tripoli. 
TRI'POS,  ?i.;j7;.  Tbiposes.     A  tripos  paper 
see. 
2.  One  who  prepares  .1  tripos  paper. 
TRT'POS  P.v'PEU.  Ji.     .\t  the  university  of  Cambridge, 
England,  a  printed  list  of  the  successful  candidates  for 
mariiematical  honors,  accompanied  by   a  piece  in 
Latin  verse.    There  are  two  of  these,  designed  to 
commemorate  the  two  Tripos  days.    The  first  con- 
tains the  names  of  the  wranglers  and  senior  op- 
times,  and  tlio  second  the  names  of  the  junior  op- 
times.     The  word  tripos  is  supposed  to  refer  to  the 
three-legged  stool,  formerlv  used  at  the  examinations 
for  these   honors,  though  some  derive  it  from  the 
three  bn.  '  's  formerly  printed  on  the  back  of  tlie 
pa,,er.                                                      C..«Bristed 

Classical  tripos  cxa-r  :.,t:^n  I  the  final  uiuversily 
examination  fiir  classical  honors,  optional  to  all  who 
have  taken  the  mathematical  honors. 

C.  jJ.  Brisled. 
TRIP'PSD,  (tript,)  pp.     [from  trip.]     Supplanted. 
TltlP'PER,  71.    One  who  trips  or  supplants  ;  one  that 

A\'alks  niinblv. 
TUIP'PING,  p;ir.    Supplanting  ;  stumblmg  ;   tailing; 
stepping  nimbly. 
2.  a.  Uuick;  nimble.  Mdton. 

TRIP'PING,  n.    The  act  of  tripping. 

2.  A  light  dance.  Mdton. 

3.  The  loosing  of  an  anchor  from  the  ground  by 
its  cable  or  bnov-rope.  . 

TRIP'PING-LY,  mil).    Nimbly;  with  a  light,  nimble, 
quick  step  ;  with  agility. 

sin"  and  tlance  it  trippinghj.  ™"^' 

Si>:-ak  Uie  speech  tripptiigly  on  the  tongue.  Max. 

TRIP'SIS,  71.     [Gr.  TOttjjis,  friction,  the  act  of  rub- 
bing, from  rpi/Jio,  to  rub.] 

Tile  process  of  rubbing  and  percussing  the  whole 
surface  of  the  bodv,  and,  at  the  same  time,  flexing 
and  extending  the  limbs,  and  racking  the  joints,  in 


which 


connection  with  the  use  of  the  hot  bath,  which  is 
common  in  Egypt,  Turkey,  Greece,  and  Russia,  m 
modern  times,  anil  which  was  practiced  by  the  an- 
cients. It  is  used  in  India  without  the  batli.  In 
modern  Greek,  it  is  called  tripsimon.  It  is  also  called 
Shampooing. 
TRIP'TOTE,  71.  [Gr.  tocis,  three,  and  irrwtris,  case.) 
In  irrammar,  a  name  or  noun  having  three  cases 
only. '  ,  Cta.-tc. 

TRI-PO'DI-A-RY,  a.     [L.  tripndmm.] 

Pertaining  to  dancing  ;  performed  by  dancing. 

Brown. 
TRT-PU'DI-STE,  r.  i.     [I-  tripudio.] 

To  dance.  Cockcram. 

TRI-PU-DI-A'TION,  71.     [L.  tripudio,  to  d.ance.] 

Act  of  dancing.  Johnson. 

TRI-aUE'TROUS,  a.     [L.  triiiuctriis,  from  triqnctra, 
a  triangle.]  . 

Three-sided  ;  having  three  plane  sides.     Encyc. 
TRI-R.^'DI-.\.TE1),  a.     [L.  tres  and  radius.] 

Having  three  rays. 
TRI'RE.ME,  71.     [h.  triremis ;  tres  ani  remits.] 

A  galley  or  vessel  with  three  benches  or  ranks  of 
oars  on  a  side.  MUfiril. 

TRI-RHOM-DO[D'.\L,  0.    [tri  ani  rhomboiilal.]    liav- 

iii"  three  rhombic  faces  or  sides. 
TRI-SA€-RA-MEi\T-A'RI-AN,  71,      [L.  tra,  three, 
and  sacrament.] 

One  of  a  religious  sect  who  admit  of  three  sacra- 
ments and  no  more.  <^*=' 
TRIS-.\'GI-ON,    71.       [Gr.    rpcii,   three,    and    ayioc, 

A  hymn  in  which  the  word  holy  is  repeated  three 
times.  ^      Bull.     Cyc. 

TRI-SECT',  r.  t.     [L.  tres,  three,  and  seco,  to  cut.] 
To  cut  or  divide  into  three  equal  parts.        Mien. 
TRI-SECT'ED,  pp.     Divided  into  three  equal  parts. 
TRI-SEGT'ING,  ppr.     Dividing  into  three  equal  parts. 
Tlil-SEe'TION,  II.     [h.  tres  and  sccfio,  a  cutting.) 
The  division  of  a  thing  into  three   parts  ;  particu- 
larly, in  geometry,  the  division  of  an  angle  into  three 
equal  parts.  ,    button. 

TRI-SEP'A-LOUS,  a.    In  botany,  having  three  sepals, 

or  small  bracts  of  a  calyx.  Decaudolle. 

TRIS-Oe-T.VHF;'DRON,  Ji.     [Gr.  rpij,  three  times, 
uKToy,  eight,  and  lica,  face.] 

A  solid  bounded  by  twenty-four  equal  faces,  three 
corresponding  to  each  face  of  an  octahedron.    Dana. 

trFsp'\s'ton  i  "■  ^^^'  ^•'""  ""'^ """"' '"  ^^^'■"■^ 

In  mfchanics,  a  machine  with  three  pulleys  for 
raisins  meat  weighls.  Brande. 

TRI-SPER.M'OUS,  a.     [Gr.  t/uij,  three,  and  c-cppa, 
seed.] 

Tlirec-sceded  ,  containing  three  seeds;  as,  a  Iri- 
spcrmoiis  capsule. 
^Ri^'FUL,!"-     [L.<W.'i.,sad.] 

Sad  ;  sorrowful  ;  gloomy.     [JVuf  used.] 
TRIST'FIIL-LY,  ado.     Sadly. 
TRIS-TI'''T1aTE,  (-tish'atc,)  r.  t.     [L.  trislijni.j 

To  make  sad.     [.Vot  used.] 
TRl'SULG,  77.     [L.  trisulcUF.] 

Something  having  three  furrows.     [.Vol  m  use.] 

Brown. 
TRI  SITLG'ATE,  a.     Having  three  furrows. 
■PRIS  YL-LAlVie,         j   <7.      [from  Irisiilloldr.]      Per- 
TRIS-YL-LAI!'ie-.\L,  (     mining  toa  Irisylhdde  ;  cim- 
sisting  of  three  syllables ;  as,  a  trisyllabic  word  or 
root.  ,        „  , 

TRIS-YL'LA-BLE,  7i.  [L.  tres,  three,  and  syllaha, 
syllable.] 

A  word  consisting  of  three  syllables. 
TRITE,  a.     [L.  tritas,  from  tero,  to  wear.] 

Worn  out ;  common  ;  used  till  so  common  as  to 
have  lost  its  novelty  and  interest ;  as,  a  (rite  remark  ; 
a  trite  subject.  Swift. 

TUlTE'LY,  adv.     In  a  common  manner. 
TRlTE'NESS,  7i,    Commonness;  staleness;   a  state 
of  being  worn  out;  as,  the  triteness  of  an  observa- 
tion or  a  subject. 
riil-TERN'ATE,  (I.     [L.  (ras,  three,  and  twmic] 
Three  times  tcrnatc ;  applied  to  a  pil....c  which 
separates  into  three,  and  is  again   diviiled  at  each 
lioint  into  three,  and  on  each  of  these  nine  points 
bears  three  leaflets. 
TUI'THE-ISM,  71.    [Fr.  trithcismc  i  Gr.  rptij,  three, 
and  Oros,  God.]  .  . 

The  opinion  that  the  Father,  Son,  and  Holy  Spirit, 
arc  three  beings  or  Gods.  Murdoch. 

TRI'l'HE-IST,  7!.  One  who  believes  that  the  three 
persons  in  the  Godhead  are  three  distinct  beings  or 
Gods.  Murdoch. 

TRT-TIIE-IST'IC,  a.     Pertaining  to  tritheism. 
TRT'THE-lTE,  7i.     .\  trithcist.  .  . 

TRI'THING  7".  [from  three.]  One  of  the  divisions 
of  the  county  of  York,  in  England,  which  is  divided 
into  three  parts.    It  is  now  called  Riding. 


Shali. 


J-'elthain. 


[fromlrilc]    Trite; 


Blackstone. 
common.   [JV'ot 


TRIT'ie-AL,a. 

in  use.]  ,,,  , 

TRIT'I€-AL-NESS,  n.    Triteness.    [JViit  used. 


TRI'TON,  71. 


fyarton. 
In  mythology,  a  fabled  sea  dcmi-god, 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.-MiSTE,  PREY. -PINE,  MARINE,  ClRD.-NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.  - 


1176 


TRI 

.supposed  to  be  the  trumpeter  of  Neptune.  lie  is 
represented  by  poets  and  painters  as  ball"  man  and 
half  fish.  Cije. 

2.  According  to  LinnjEUs,  a  genus  of  Mollusca 
comprehending  only  one  species,  whicli  inhabits  the 
cavities  of  submarine  rocks  in  Italy. 

3.  According  toCuvier,  a  genus  of  Batrachiau  rep- 
tiles, or  aquatic  salamanders,  comprehending  numer- 
ous species. 

TRI'ToXE,  n.     [L.  tres  and  tonus.] 

In  musiCj  a  false  concord,  or  tlissonniit  interval, 
consisting  of  three  tones,  or  of  two  tones  and  two 
semitones.  Cijc. 

TRi-TOX'YD,  V.     [Gr.  -o(ro5,  third,  and  ozyd.] 

In  ckemistT^j,  a  nou-acid  couipouud  of  one  equiva- 
lent of  a  base,  with  three  equivalents  of  oxygen. 

TRIT'i;-RA-BLE,  a.  [See  Tbiturate.]  Capable  of 
being  reduced  to  a  tine  powder  by  pounding,  rub- 
bing, or  irrinding.  Brown. 

TRIT'U-RaTE,  r.  U  [L.  trltxiro,  from  tritium,  tero,  to 
wear.] 

To  rub  or  grind  to  a  very  fine  powder,  and  prop- 
erly to  a  finer  powder  than'  that  made  by  pulveriza- 
tion. 

TRIT'U-Ra-TED,  pp.  or  a.  Reduced  to  a  verj'  fine 
powder. 

TRIT'U-Ra-TIiVGi  Ppr-  Grinding  or  reducing  to  a 
very  fine  powder. 

TRIT-q-RA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  reducing  to  a  fine 
powder  by  grinding. 

TRIT'IJRE,  it.    A  ribbing  or  grinding.    [JVot  used,] 

Chnjnc. 

TRT-TC^RI-UM,  n,  A  vessel  for  separating  liquors  of 
different  densities. 

TRI'UMPH,7i.  [Fr.Jriomprte;  It.  tncufo;  Sp.triunfu; 
L-  triuiiiphus ;  Gr.  ^pta^^og.] 

1.  Among  Otc  ancient  Rjmans,  a  pompons  cere- 
mony performed  in  honor  of  a  victorious  general. 
He  was  allowed  to  enter  the  city  crowned  with  a 
wreath  of  laurel,  bearing  a  scepter  in  one  hand,  and 
a  branch  of  laurel  in  the  other,  riding  in  a  circul:ir 
chariot,  of  a  peculiar  form,  drawn  by  four  horses.  lie 
wa.s  preceded  by  the  senate  and  magistrates,  musi- 
cians, the  spoils,  the  captives  in  fetters,  JLc,  and 
followed  by  his  army  on  foot  in  marching  order. 
The  procession  advanced  in  this  manner  to  the  C'ap- 
itoline  hill,  where  sacrifices  were  offered  and  the  vic- 
torious commander  entertained  with  a  public  feast. 
The  honor  of  a  triumph  was  granted  by  the  senate 
only  to  a  dictator,  consul,  or  prctor,  and  after  a  de- 
cisive victory  or  the  conij>Icte  subjugation  of  a  prov- 
ince. The  ovation  was  an  honor  inferior  to  a  triumph, 
and  less  imposing  in  its  ceremonies.    Smii/Vs  Dirt. 

2.  State  of  being  victorious. 

Hercules  from  Spain 
Arri»e*l  in  triumph,  from  Geryon  slain. 

3.  Victorj' ;  conquest. 

TUe  Tain  coquettes  ih-j  ui^ii j  friumjjA*  IxKut. 

4.  Joy  or  exultation  for  success. 

Great  triumph  ami  rejoicing  was  in  hcavco. 

5.  A  card    that    takes  all  others ;    now 
Tbump,  which  see. 

TRI'UMPH,  c.  i.  To  celebrate  victory  with  pomp  ;  to 
rejoice  for  victo^}^ 

How  long  shall  the  wickeil  triumph  7  —  Pa.  xciv. 

2.  To  obtain  victorj'. 

There  fix  thy  faith,  and  triumph  o'er  the  world. 
Attir«ti  wiih  etars,  we  shall  forcTersit 
Triumphing  over  death. 

3.  To  insult  upon  an  advantage  gained. 

Lei  nol  my  enemies  triumph  over  me.  —  Ps.  xxv. 
Sorrow  on  all  Uie  pact  of  you 
That  triumph  Uioa  upon  my  misery. 

4.  To  be  prosperous  ;  to  flourish. 

Wh-.re  coiam';rce  triumphcl  "n  tlie  favoring  jrdea. 

To  triumph  over:  to  succeed  in  overcoming  j  to 
surmount ;  as,  to  trinmpk  over  all  obstacles. 
TRI-U.MPII'AL,  a.     [Fr.,  from  L.  triumphali^.] 

Pertaining  lo  triumph  ;  used  in  a  triumph  ;  ;l<:,  a 
triumphal  crown  or  car  ;  a  tnumphal  arch. 

Pope.  Sic'ff. 
TRT-UiMPH'AL,  n.  A  token  of  victon-.  Milton. 
TRI-UMPirA.\T,  a.     [L.  triump}uins.\ 

1.  Celebrating  victory  j  as,  a  triumphant  rhariut. 

Suutli. 

2.  Rejoicing  as  for  victory. 

Socc^stftil  beyond  hope  to  lead  you  fwrth 
Triumpkant  out  of  tliis  inTernnl  pit. 

3.  Victorious  ;  graced  with  conquest 

So  shall  it  be  in  iiv^  eharch  triumphant, 
Athfua,  woi'b  triurnpfuint  maid, 

4.  Celebrating  victory  ;  expressing  joy  for  success  ; 
as,  a  triumphant  song. 

TRI-UMPH'ANT-LY,  adv.  In  a  triumphant  manner  ; 
with  the  joy  and  esullation  that  proceeds  from  vic- 
tory or  success. 

Through  armed  ranki  triumphanlltj  the  driTcs.         Glaucitle. 

9.  Victoriously  ;  with  success. 

Triumphantly  Ireiul  on  thy  coiintry'a  ruiii.  S^Mk. 

3.  With  insolent  cjultalion.  South. 


Dry  den. 


Lozic. 


Milton. 

written 


ROi£€. 

JtRlton. 


Shnk. 


Trumbull. 


ArUlon. 


Ptrlins, 
Pope. 


TRO 

TRI'UMPII-ER,ji.    One  who  triumphs  or  rejoices  for 

victory  ;  one  who  vanquishes. 
2.  One  who  was  honored  with  a  triumph  in  Rome. 

Peacham. 
TRI'UMPH-ING,ppr.  Celebrating  victory  with  pomp; 

vanquishing;  rejoicing  for  victory;  insulting  on  an 

advantage. 
TRI-UM'VIR,  n.:  pi  Thium'vibi  orTRiuM'vina.   [L. 

(rpi-,  three,  and  ctV,  man.] 

Oiie  of  three  men  united  in  office.  The  tri- 
umvirs   (L.  triumviri)    of   Rome  were  three  men 

who  jointly  obtained  the  sovereign  power  in  Rome. 

The  first  of  these  were  Julius  Cesar,  Ciasaus,  and 

Ponijjey. 
TRM;M'VI-RATE,  n.     A  coalition  of  three  men: 

piirticuiarhj,  the  union  of  three  men  who  obtained 

the  government  of  the  Roman  empire. 
2.  Government  bv  three  men  in  coalition. 
TRT'TJNE,  (tri'yune,)  a,     [L.  tres  and  uiius.] 

Three  in  one  ;  an  epithet  applied  to  God,  to  express 

the  unity  of  the  Godhead  in  a  trinity  of  persons. 

Cyc. 
TRT-U'NI-TY,  H.    Trinity. 
TRI-VALVIJ-LAR,  a.     Three-valved ;  having  three 

valves. 
TRIV^ANT,  71.     A  truant.  Burton. 

TIll-VERB'I-AL,  a.     [L.  trivcrhium,] 

Triverbial  days,  in  the  Roman  calendar,  were  ju- 

ritlical  or  court  days,  days  allowed  to  the  pretor  for 

hearing  causes  ;  called  also  Dies  Fasti.   There  were 

only  twentj'-eigiit  in  the  year.  Cyc. 

TRIVET,  71.     A  three-legged  stool.     [:?ee  Trevet.] 
TRIV'I-AL,  a.     [Fr,,  from  L.  triralis,  probably  from 

the  Gr.  Tfniioi,  L.  teroytrivi,  to  wear,  or  from  trivium, 

a  liighway.] 

1.  Trilling;  of  little  wnrtii  or  importance;  in- 
considerable ;  as,  a  trivial  subject ;  a  trivial  affair. 

Drydcn.     Pvpe. 

2.  Worthless  ;  vulgar.  Roscommon. 
Trivial  name  ;  in  natural  history,  the  name  fur  the 

species,  which  added  to  the  generic  name  forms  llie 
complete  denoniinalion  of  the  plant,  tne  specific 
name.  Thus  in  Lathyrns  ap/taca,  lathyms  is  the 
generic  name,  and  aphaca  the  trivial  or  specific  name, 
and  the  two  combined  furm  the  com|)lete  denomina- 
tion of  the  plant.  Linnieus  at  first  applied  the 
phrase  specific  name  to  the  essential  character  of  tlie 
species,  now  called  the  specific  definition  or  difference ; 
but  it  is  now  applied  solely  to  the  trivial  name. 

Marty  n.     Cyc. 

TRIV-I-AL'I-TY,  «.     Trivialness.     [JVot  much  used.] 

TRIV'I-AL-LV,  adv.     Commonly;  vulgarly. 

2.  Lightly  ;    inconsiderably  ;    in  a  trifling  degree, 

TKIV'I-AL-NESS,  n.    Commonness. 
2.  Lightness;  unimportance. 

TRir'J-UM,  n.  [L.]  The  three  arts  of  grammar, 
lofiic,  and  rhetoric.  So  the  quadrivium  was  the 
four  aits,  music,  arithmetic,  geometry,  astronomy. 
These  are  the  seven  liberal  sciences.  Brande. 

TRo.VT,  V.  i.    To  cry,  as  a  buck  in  rutting  time. 

Did. 

TRoAT,  n.    The  cry  of  a  buck  in  rutting  time. 

TRo'CXK,  u.  [Fr.  un  Irois  quart,  e.xpressive  of  its 
triangular  point.] 

A  surgical  instrument  for  tapping  dropsical  persons 
and  the  like. 

TRO-CHA'ie,  la.     [See   Tbochee,]      In  poetry, 

TRO-CHa'IC-AL,  i  consisting  of  trochees;  as,  tro- 
chaic measure  or  verse. 

TROeilAN'TER,  (  kan'ler,)  n.    [Gr.  Tp>jxai'TT,p,] 
In  anatomy,  the  trochanters  are  two   processes  of 
the  thigh-hone,  at  its  upper  end,  called  major  ai\A  mi- 
nor^ the  major  on  tlie  outside,  and  tJie  minor  on  the 
inside.  _  Coic.     Cyc. 

TRo'CIlK,  (tro'ke.)  n.    [Gr.  t>io\ji,  a  wheel.] 

A  form  of  medicine  in  a  circular  cnke  or  tablet,  or 
a  stiff  paste  cut  into  proper  portions  and  dried.  It 
is  made  by  mixing  the  medicine  with  sugar  and  mu- 
cilage, and  is  intended  to  be  gradually  dissulved  in 
the  mouth  and  slowlv  swallowed,  as  a  demulcent. 

TRo'CHEE,  (tro'kec,)' 71.  [L,  iroch(EUs;  Gr.  rp^xitoy, 
from  T-;i£xw.] 

In  verse^  a  foot  of  two  syllables,  the  first  long  and 
the  second  short. 

TRO-eiUL'ie,  a.  Having  power  to  draw  out  or  turn 
round. 

TRO-eillL'ieS,  n.  [Gr.  rpo.vAta,  from  rpr.vw ;  L. 
troehilu-s.} 

The  science  of  rotary  motion. 

TROeH'I-LUS,  I  n.     [L.  trochilus;  Gr.rnoxiXoj,from 

TRO'CHIL,         i      roe\(o,  to  run.] 

1.  In  zoolog^y^  the  humming-bird  or  honey-sucker, 
a  kind  of  beautiful  little  birds,  natives  of  America. 

Cijc. 

2.  In  architecture,  a  hollow  ring  round  a  column  ; 
called  also  Scotia,  and  by  workmen  the  Casement. 

Cue, 

3.  .An  aquatic  bird,  a  swift  runner,  with  long  legs, 
which  is  said  to  get  its  meat  out  of  the  crocodile's 
mouth.  Sir  T.  HerbcrU 

4.  A  name  given  to  the  golden-crowned  wren, 

Cyc. 
TRo'CIIIXG.*,  (tro'kingz,)  n.  pi.    The  small  branches 
on  The  lop  of  a  deer's  head.  Cyc 


TRO 


TRo'emSCH,  (tro'kish,)  n.    [Gr.  Tpr,xtcKf>s,] 
A  kind  of  tablet  or  lozenge.     [Sec  Tbochb.] 

Bacoju 
TRO€II'LE-A,  (trok'-,)  n,    [L.,  a  puUey,  froni  Gr. 
rpcxt'},  to  run.] 

A  pulley-like  cartilage,  through  which  the  tendon 
of  the  trochlcary  muscle  paases.  Coze.    Parr, 

TROeH'LI-^A-RV,  a.     [from  L.  troddra.] 

Pertaining  to  the  trochlea;  :i£,\\iv  trochUary  xumB' 
cie,  the  su[icrior  oblique  muscle  of  the  eye  ;  Uir  frccA- 
leary  nerve,  the  pathetic  nerve,  which  goe«  i"  'I.  .t 

muscle.  /,;r 

TRo'CilOID,  (tro'koid,)  n.     [Gr.  r/?oxo5,  L.  tr^ , 

from  Tpix'ii,  to  run,  and  ciO"{.] 

In  geometry,  the  cur\c  described  by  any  point  tn  a 
wheel  rolling  straight  forward  on  a  level ;  a  cycloid. 

Brands. 
TROD,  prct.  of  Tread. 
TROD,  >  ,  „. 

trod'dex,  i  PP-  ^^  ^  *•*=*"■ 

TR5DE,  old  pret.  of  Tread. 

TRoDE,  71.    Tread;  footing.    [Ohs.]  Spenser. 

TROCT-O-DTTE,  n.      [Gr.  rpai}\n,  a  cavern,  and 

(U'ti),  to  enter.] 
One  dwelling  in  a  Fublcrrancous  cave  ;  applied  by 

the  ancients  lo  certain  tribes  living  far  up  ibc  .Vile. 
TROLL,  V.  t.     [G.  troUen  ;  W.  troUate^  lo  Uoll,  to  roll  ; 

trocUiy  to  turn,  wheel,  or  whirl ;  troell,  a  wheel,  a 

reel ;  trol,  a  roller.    It  is  probably  formed  on  roU.] 
To  move  in  a  circular  direction  ;  to  roll ;  Va  move 

volubly  ;  to  turn  ;  to  ii'we  about. 

Th'-y  Lant  to  roll  the  eye,  uid  troU  Mk  U-ngae.  Anon. 

TRoLL,  r.  T.  To  roll ;  to  run  about ;  as,  to  troll  in  a 
coach  and  six.  Sici/h 

2.  Among  anglers,  lo  fish,  as  for  pikes,  with  a  ro«l 
whose  line  runs  on  a  wheel  or  puUev.     Gay.     Cyc. 

TRohh'ED,  pp.    Rolled  ;  turned  abouL 

TRoLL'IXG,  ;7Jr.  Rolling;  turning;  drivJDg  about; 
fishing  with  a  rod  and  reel. 

TROL'LOP,  71.     [G.  trrlle  ;  from  troU,  strolling.] 

A  stroller ;  a  loiterer ;  a  woman  looc>ely  dres»ed  ;  a 
slattern.  Milton. 

TROL-LOP-EE',  n.  Formerly  a  loose  dress  for  fe- 
males,    f  Obs.]  Ooldamitk. 

TROL'MY-DaMES,  71.     [Fr.  trou-^adame.] 

The  game  of  nine-holes.  Shak. 

TRO.M'BCNE,  71.  [It.]  A  deep-toned  instrument  of 
the  trumpet  kind,  consisting  of  three  tubes  ;  tbt*  fir>t, 
to  which  the  mouth-piece  is  attached,  and  the  third, 
which  terminates  in  a  bell-shaped  orifice,  are  placd 
side  by  side  ;  the  middle  lube  is  doubled,  and  slides 
into  the  other  two  like  the  tube  of  a  telef^cope.  By 
the  slide  of  the  tube  it  commands  every  semitone 
throughout  its  whole  compass,  and  surpasses  every 
other  instrument  in  admitting,  like  the  violin  or  the 
voice,  the  introduction  of  the  slide.      £.  7*.  FitcJt. 

TROiMP,  n.  [See  TRrsiPET.]  A  blowing  machine 
formed  of  a  nollow  tree,  used  in  furnaces. 

TROMP'IL,  Ti.     An  aperture  in  a  tromp. 

TRO'XA,  71.  A  native  sesqui  carbon  ate  of  soda,  found 
on  the  banks  of  the  soda  lakes  of  Sukena,  in  Af- 
rica. Brandc 

TRo'N.A.CE,  71.  Fomitrly,  a  toll  or  duty  paid  for 
weighing  wool.  Cvc 

TRO-Na'TOR,  v.  An  officer  in  London  whose  busi- 
ness was  lo  weigh  wool. 

TRON'eO,  7(.     [L.  truneus.] 

A  term,  in  Italian  music,  directing  a  note  or  sound 
to  be  cut  short,  or  just  uttered  and  then  discontin- 
ued. Grc 

TRONE,  71.  A  provincial  word,  in  some  parts  qf  Kng' 
land,  fur  a  small  drain.  Osfc 

TRONE?,!"-     A '^'^'■■'ya'^l-     [JVcrthcfEnsioMd.] 
TKON'-WEIGHT,  n.      A  weiglit  formerly  used  in 
Scotland.     A  jmund  in  this  weight  varied  from  21  to 
28  ounces  avuirdupois.  Brande. 

TROOP,  71.  [Fr.  troupe  ;  IL  truppa;  Sp.  and  Port,  tro- 
pa;  Dan.  and  D.  trap;  G.  truppi  Sw.  troj^.  The 
Gaelic  trapan,  a  bunch  or  cluster,  is  probably  the 
same  word.  The  sense  is,  a  crowd,  or  a  moving 
crowd.] 

1.  A  collection  of  people  ;  a  company  ;  a  number  ; 
a  nmltitudc.     Gen,  xWx.    2  Sam.  xxiii."  Hos.  vii. 

Th.tt  whicli  should  af«Tnpany  old  age. 

As  honor,  love,  obMioncc,  Irwp*  ot  firicnds, 

I  muot  nol  look  to  have.  Shak. 

2.  A  body  of  soldiers.  But,  applied  to  infantrj',  it 
is  now  used"  in  the  plural,  troops :  and  this  word  signi- 
fies soldiers  in  general,  whether  mor.;  or  less  numer- 
ous, including  infantrv',  cavalry,  and  artillcrj*.  Wcap- 
j)Iy  the  word  to  a  coni|>any,  a  n'giment,  or  an  army. 
The  captain  ordered  his  'troops  lo  h.ilt ;  the  colonel 
commanded  his  troops  to  wheel,  and  Like  a  position 
on  the  flank  ;  the  general  ordered  his  t.'cops  lo  at- 
tack ;  the  trocps  of  France  amounted  to  -100,000  nun. 

3.  IVoop,  in  tJic  singular;  a  small  body  or  company 
of  cavalry,  light  horse,  or  dragoons,  commanded  b> 
a  captain.  , 

4.  A  company  of  stagc-pl.ayers.         Coic  s  Russ. 
TROOP,  V.  i.     To  collect  in  numbers. 

Annies,  M  Itr  cal!  of  tiurr.pc:, 
TVoop  to  Ihrir  sLindjirU.  Afi,**. 


TCNE,  BULL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K ;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


148 


U77 


TRO 

2.  To  march  in  a  body. 

I  do  not,  a3  an  enemy  to  pe^icC) 

TVoop  m  the  thronjja  of  miiilary  men.  Sliak. 

3.  To  march  in  haste  or  in  company. 

Sfiak.     C/iapmaii. 

TROOP'ER,  Tu    A  private  or  soldier  in  a  body  of  cav- 
alry ;  a  horse-soldier. 

TROOP'ING,   ppr.      Moving  together  in  a  crowd; 
marching  in  a  body. 

TRol'E,  V.     [L.  tropus ;  Gr.  r/)(j;:iy,  from  rpr:7w,  to 
turn  ;  W.  trova,  a  turn,  a  tropic;  trov&u,  to  turn.] 

In  rhetoric,  a  word  or  expression  used  in  a  differ- 
ent sense  from  that  A'hich  it  properly  signifies  ;  or  a 
word  changed  from  its  original  signification  to  an- 
other, for  the  sake  of  giving  life  or  emphasis  to  an 
idea;  as  when  we  call  a  stupid  fellow  an  ass,  or  a 
shrewd  man  a  fox. 

Tropes  are  chiefiy  of  four  kinds  ;  ■metaphor,  meton- 
ymy, srynccdoche,  and  irony.  Some  authors  make  ^'^- 
urm  the  genus,  of  which  trope  is  a  species ;  others 
make  them  ditierent  things,  defining  trope  lo  be  a 
change  of  sen^e,  and  figure  to  be  any  ornament,  ex- 
cept what  becomes  so  by  such  change. 

TRoTHI,  IK  pi.     [Gr.  Tpmpos,  one  who  feeds.] 
In  entomology,  the  parts  employed  in  feeding. 

TRo'PHI-£D,  "(tro'fid,)  a.     [from  trophy.]     Adorned 
with  trophies. 


The  troplded  arches,  storied  halls  inradc. 


Pope. 


TR0-PH6'NI-AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Grecian  archi- 
tect Troplionius,  or  his  cave,  or  his  architecture. 

D  Wight. 

TROPH'O-SPERM,  n.  fGr.  rpoipo^,  one  who  feeds,  a 
nurse,  and  c-eo^ia,  seed.] 

In  botany,  tliat  part  of  the  ovary  from  which  the 
ovules  arise.  It  is  most  commonly  called  Placenta, 
sumetiines  Spermaphore,  and  sometimes  Recepta- 
cle of  the  seeds.  Lbidlcy. 

TRo'PHY,  (tro'fe,)  n.  [L.  trop^um. ;  Gr.  Tpo-naiov ; 
Fr.  trophee ;  Sp.  and  It.  trofeo.] 

1.  Among  the  ancients,  a  pile  of  arms,  taken  from 
a  vanquished  enemy,  raised  on  the  field  of  battle  by 
the  conquerors,  often  placed  on  the  trunk  of  a  tree, 
fixed  on  an  elevation  ;  also,  the  representation  of 
such  a  pile  in  marble,  on  medals,  and  the  like. 
Hence, 

9.  Any  tiling  taken  and  preserved  as  a  memorial 
of  victory ;  as  arms,  flags,  standards,  and  the  like, 
talcen  from  an  enemy. 

Aroimd  the  poae  hung  helmets,  darts,  and  spcara, 

And  Ciiplive  choiiola,  uxes,  shields,  and  bars, 

And  brolien  beaks  of  ships,  the  trophies  of  their  ware.     D:-yden. 

3.  In  architecture,  an  ornament  representing  the 
stem  of  a  tree,  ciiarged  or  encompassed  with  arms 
and  military  weapons,  offensive  and  defensive. 

Cyc. 

4.  Something  that  is  evidence  of  victory  ;  memo- 
rial of  conquest.  Present  every  hearer  to  Christ  as  a 
trophy  iif  grace. 

TRo'PHY-.'MON-EY,  (tro'fe-mun-ne,)  n.  A  duty  paid 
in  England  annually,  hy  housekeepers,  toward  pro- 
viding harness,  drums,  colors,  &c.,  for  the  militia. 

Cyc. 

TROP'ie,  }i.  [Fr.  iropique;  L.  tropicus;  from  the  Gr. 
TpoTir;,  a  turning  ;  t/jejtw,  to  turn.] 

1.  in  astronnmy,  a  name  given  to  two  parallels  of 
latitude,  one  (the  tropic  of  Cancer)  being  23"  23' 
north  of  the  equator,  and  the  other  (the  tropic  of 
Capricorn)  being  23°  28'  south  of  the  equator.  They 
mark  the  point  at  which  the  sun  turns  again  toward 
the  equator  from  its  utmost  declination  to  the  north 
or  south.  The  space  lying  between  the  tropics  is 
called  the  torrid  zone.  Olmsted. 

TROP'IG-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  tropics;  being 
within  the  tropics  ;  as,  tropical  climates  ;  tropicaUati- 
tudes  ;  tropical  heat ;  tropical  winds. 

2.  Incident  to  the  tropics  ;  as,  tropical  diseases. 

3.  [from  trope.]  Figurative  ;  rhetorically  changed 
from  its  proper  or  original  sense. 

The  foundation  of  all  parables  is  Bome  analog  or  similitude 
biMwecn  the  tropical  or  allusive  part  of  tlie  parable  and  the 
tbmg  intended  by  ii.  South. 

Tropical  writing,  or  hieroglyphic,  is  such  as  repre- 
sents a  thmg  by  qualities  which  resemble  it. 

mn^Ti/T-r^  *T  »Tr  Warhurton. 

TROP'ie-AL-LY,  adv.  In  a  tropical  or  figurative 
manner.  En^eU. 

TROP'IC-AL-YeAR,  71.  The  period  occupied  by 
the  sun  in  passing  from  one  tropic,  or  one  equi- 
nox, to  the  other.  On  account  of  the  precession  of 
the  equinoxes,  it  is  20  m,  20  s.  shorter  than  the  ej- 
dereal  year.  Ohnsted. 

TROP'IC-IilRD,  (-burd,)  n.  An  aquatic  fowl  of  the 
genus  Phaitnn,  having  very  long  wings  and  two  long 
slender  tail-feathers,  found  in  or  near  the  torrid  zone. 

Ed.  Encye. 

TRO'PIST,  71.  [from  trope.]  One  who  explains  the 
Scriptures  by  tropes  and  figures  of  speech ;  one  who 
deals  in  tropes. 

TR0P-0^L06'IG-AL,  a.  [See  Tropologt.]  Varied 
by  tropes;  changed  from  the  original  import  of  the 
words. 


TRO 

TRO-POL'O-GY,  n.     [Gr.  t.oottos,  trope,  and  ><j;  jj, 

discourse.] 
A  rhetorical  mode  of  speech,  including  tropes,  or 

change  from  the  original  import  of  the  word. 

Brown. 
TROSS'ERS,  71.  pi.      Trowsers.      [^Tot  used.]      [Pee 

Trowsers.J  Shak. 

TROT,  V.  i,     [Fr.  trotter;  G.lrottm^  to  trot,  lo  iread  ; 

It.  trottarc  ;  Sp.  and  Port,  trotar;  allied  probably  to 

tread  and  to  strut.] 

1.  To  move  faster  than  in  walking,  as  a  horse  or 
other  quadruped,  by  lifting  one  fore  foot  and  the 
hind  foot  of  the  opposite  side  at  the  same  time.  Cyc. 

2.  To  walk  or  move  fast ;  or  to  run. 

He  th;it  rises  Kile  mnsl  Irot  all  day,  and  will  scarcely  overtake 
his  business  at  ni^ht,  J-yanklin. 

TROT,  w.  The  pace  of  a  horse  or  other  quadruped, 
when  he  lifts  one  fore  foot  and  the  hind  fout  of  the 
opposite  side  at  the  same  time.  This  pace  is  the 
same  as  that  of  a  walk,  but  more  rapid.  The  trot  is 
often  a  jolting,  hard  motion ;  but  in  some  horses,  it  is 
as  easy  as  the  amble  or  pace,  and  has  a  more  stately 
appearance. 
2.  An  old  woman  ;  in  contempt, 

TROTH,  n.  [Sax.  treothe;  the  old  orthography  of 
truth.     See  Truth.] 

1.  Belief;  faith ;  fidelity  ;  as,  to  plight  one's  troth. 
[  Obs.]  Sltak. 

2.  Truth  ;  verity  ;  veracity  ;  as,  in  troth ;  by  my 
troth.     [Obs.] 

TROTH'LESS,  a.    Faithless;  treacherous.     [Obs.] 

Fairfax. 

TROTH'-PLlGHT,  (-pllte,)  v.  t.  To  betroth  or  affi- 
ance.    [Obs.] 

TROTH'-PLTGHT,  (-pllte,)  a.  Betrothed  ;  espoused ; 
affianced.     [  Obs.]  Shah. 

TROTH'-PHGHT,  (-pllte,)  n.  The  act  of  betrothing 
or  plighting  faith. 

TROTH '-PLIGHT-ED,  a.    Having  fidelity  pledged. 

TROT'TER,  71.    A  beast  that  trots,  or  that  usually 
trots. 
2.  A  sheep's  foot. 

TROT'Tii\G,i);)r.  or  a.  Moving  with  a  trot ;  walking 
fast,  or  running. 

TRoU'BA-DOLTR,  n.     [from  Fr.  trouvcr,  to  find.] 

One  of  a  school  of  putits  who  flourished  from  the 
eleventh  to  the  latter  end  of  the  thirteenth  century  ; 
principally  at  Provenrc,  in  the  soutli  of  France,  and 
also  in  the  north  of  Italy.  Braiule. 

TROUB'LE,  (irub'l,)  v.  t.  [Fr.  troublcr;  It.  turbare: 
Sp.  and  Port,  turbar;  L.  turbo;  Gaelic,  treabklaim, 
which  seems  to  be  connected  U'ith  trcnbhatn,  to  plow, 
that  is,  to  turn  or  to  stir,W.  torva,  L.  ttirba,  a  crowd, 
and  perhaps  trova,n  turn  ;  Gr.  roimo.  The  primary 
sense  is,  to  turn  or  to  stir,  to  whirl  about,  as  in  L. 
turbo,  turbinis,  a  whirlwind.  Hence  the  sense  of 
agitation,  disturbance.] 

1.  To  agitate;  to  disturb;  to  put  into  confused 
motion. 

God,  looking  forth,  will  trouble  all  his  host.  Milton. 

An   angi;l  went  down   at  a  certain  seadoa  into  the  pool,  and 
troubled  the  water.  —  John  v. 

2.  To  disturb  ;  to  perplex. 

Never  trouble  yourself  about  those  faults  which  age  will  cure. 

Locke. 

3.  To  afflict ;  to  grieve  ;  to  distress. 

Those  tJi,u  Iroiible  me  rejoice  wh?n  I  am  moved.  —  Ps.  liii. 

4.  To  busy;  to  cause  to  be  much  engaged  or  anx- 
ious. 

Martha,  Ihou  art  careful,  and  troubled  about  many  thinga.  — 
Luke  x, 

5.  To  tease;  to  vex;  to  molest. 

The  boy  so  troubles  me, 
'Tis  past  enduring.  Skak. 

6.  To  give  occasion  for  labor  to.  I  will  not  trouble 
you  to  deliver  the  letter.  I  will  not  trouble  myself  in 
this  affair. 

7.  To  sue  for  a  debt.  He  wishes  not  to  trouble  his 
debtors. 

TROUB'LE,  (trub'l,)7i.  Disturbance  of  mind  ;  agita- 
tion ;  commotion  of  spirits  ;  perplexity ;  a  word  of 
very  extensive  appUmtion. 

2.  Affliction ;  calamity. 

He  shall  deliver  thee  in  six  troubles.  —  Job  r. 

Redeem  Israel,  0  God,  out  of  all  hia  Irouhtee.  —  Pa.  xxv. 

3.  RIolestation ;  inconvenience;  annoyance. 

Lest  the  fiend  some  new  trouble  r.^ise.  AlUCon. 

4.  Uneasiness;  vexation.  JiiUton. 

5.  That  which  gives  disturbance,  annoyance,  or 
vexation  ;  that  which  afilicts. 

TROUB'LED,  rtrub'ld,)  pp.  or  a.  Disturbed;  agi- 
tated; afflicted;  annoved ;  molested. 

TROUB'LER,  (trub'lcr,)  71.  One  who  disturbs ;  one 
who  afflicts  or  molests  ;  a  disturber ;  as,  a  trov^ler  of 
the  peace. 

Th&  rich  troublera  of  the  world's  repose.  Waller. 

TROUB'LE-SOME,  (trub'I-sum.)  a.     Giving  trouble  or 
disturbance  ;    molesting  ;    annoying  ;  vexatious.     In 
warm  climates,  insects  are  very  troublesome. 
2.  Burdensome;  tiresome;  wearisome. 

My  mother  will  never  be  troublesome  lo  me.  Pope. 


TRO 

3.  Giving  inconvenience  to.  I  wish  not  to  be 
troublesome  as  a  guest. 

4.  Teasing  ;  importunate  ;  as,  a  troublesoine  appli- 
cant. 

TROUB'LE-SOME-LY,   (trub'1-sum-le,)   adv.      In    a 

manner  or  degree  to  give  trouble  ;  vexatiously. 
TROUB'LE-SOME-NESS,  (trub'1-sum-nes,)  n.    Vcxa- 
tiousness;  the  quality  of  giving  trouble  or  of  molest- 
ing. Bacon. 
9.  Unseasonable  intrusion  ;  importunity. 
TROUB'LE-STaTE,  Ti.    A  disturber  of  the  commu- 
nity.    [JVot  vsed.] 
TROUB'LING,  (trub'ling,)  ppr.    Disturbing;  agitat- 
ing; molesting;  annoying;  afflicting. 
TROUB'LING,  (trub'ling,)  n.    The  act  of  disturbing 
or  putting  m  commotion.    John  v. 
2.  The  act  of  afflicting. 
TROUB'LOUS,  (trub'lus,)  a.    Agitated  :  tumultuous  j 
full  of  commotion. 

A  t-dl  ship  tossed  in  troublous  seas.  Spenser. 

2.  Full  of  trouble  or  disorder;  tumultuous;  full  of 
affliction. 

The  Btreet  shall  Iw  built  again,  and  the  wall,  even  m  troublous 
tiiiics.  —  Dan.  ix. 

TROUGH,  (trawf,)  [Sax.  trog  ;  D.  and  G.  trog ;  Dan. 
trug  ;  It.  truogo.] 

1.  A  vessel  hollow  longitudinally,  or  a  large  log  or 
piece  of  timber  excavated  longitudinally  on  the  upper 
side  ;  used  for  various  purposes. 

2.  A  tray.  [This  is  tlie  same  word  dialecticaUy 
altered.] 

3.  A  canoe  ;  liie  rude  boat  of  uncivilized  men. 

Abbot. 

4.  The  channel  that  conveys  water,  as  in  mills. 
Trough  of  the  sea;  the  space  between  two  high 

waves. 

TRoUL,  for  Troll.    See  Teoll. 

TROUNCE,  (trouns,)  v.  t.     [Qu.  Fr.  trongon,  trongon- 

-   Tier.] 

To  punish,  or  to  beat  severely.     [^  loio  word.] 

TROUNCING,  ppr.     Beating  severely. 

TROUNCING,  n.    A  severe  beating. 

TROUSE,  (trowz,)n.  [See  Trowsers.]  A  kind  of 
trowsers  worn  by  children. 

TROU'SERS,  71.  pi.     See  Trowsers. 

TROUS-SEjiU',  (troo-s6',)  n.  [Fr.]  The  collective 
lighter  equipments  of  a  lady  when  about  to  be  mar- 
ried. 

TROUT,  71.  [Sax.  £ruht ;  Fr.  truite  ;  It.  trota ;  D.  tniit ; 
h.  trutta ;  cp.  truclui.  Trout  is  contracted  from 
trocta.] 

A  name  applied  to  various  fresh-water  fishes  of  the 
genus  Salmo,  variegated  with  spots,  and. esteemed  as 
most  dflicatc  food. 

TR0UT'-€0L-OR-£D,  (-kul-lurd,)  a.  White  with 
spots  of  black,  bay,  or  sorrel  ;  as,  a  trout-colored 
horse. 

TROUT'-FISH-ING,  72.    The  fishing  for  trouts. 

TROUT'-STReAM,  n.  A  stream  in  which  trout 
breed. 

TRo'VER,  n.  [Fr.  (roMUCr,  It.  trov are,  to  find;  Sw. 
trdffa,  to  hit ;  Dan.  treffer,  to  meet  with  ;  traf,  an  ac- 
cident ;  D.  ami  G.  treffcn,  to  meet,  to  hit.] 

Trover  is,  properly,  the  finding  of  any  thing. 
Hence, 

1.  In  law,  the  gaining  possession  of  any  goiuls, 
whether  by  finding  or  by  other  means. 

2.  An  action  which  a  man  has  against  anoiht-r 
who  has  found  or  obtained  possession  of  any  of  his 
goods,  and  who  refuses  to  deliver  them  on  demand. 
This  is  called  an  action  of  trover  and  conversion.  In 
this  case,  the  trover  or  finding  is  an  immaterial  fact ; 
but  the  plaintiff  must  prove  his  own  property,  and 
the  possession  and  conversion  of  the  goods  "by  the 
defendant.  Blacli.-^tonc. 

TROW,  V.  i.     [Sax.  treowian,  treowan,  to  bt-Iieve,  to 

trust;   G.  traucn;   Sw.  tro  ;   Dan.  trocr ;  contracted 

from  trogan,  and  coinciding  with  the  root  of  tmtlt. 

See  True.] 

To  believe  ;  to  trust ;  to  think  or  suppose.     [Obs.] 

Spenser.     Hooker. 

TRoW  is  used  in  the  imperative,  as  a  word  of  inquiry. 
What  means  the  fool,  trow? 

TROWEL,  71.  [Fr.  truclle  ;  L.  trulla  :  D.  troffd.  Qu. 
D.  and  G.  treffcn,  to  hit,  to  strike,  hence  to  put  on.] 

1.  A  mason's  tool,  used  in  spreading  and  dressing 
mortar,  and  breaking  bricks  to  shape  them. 

2.  A  gardener's  tool,  somewhat  like  a  trowel,  made 
of  iron  and  scooped ;  used  in  taking  up  plants,  and 
for  othf  r  purposes.  Cyc. 

TROW'EL-£D,  a.  Formed  with  a  trowel ;  as,  trow- 
eled stucco,  i.  e.,  stucco  laid  on  and  ready  for  the  re- 
ception of  paint. 

TROWSERS,  n.  pi.  [Gaelic,  triusan;  Fr.  tronsse,  a 
truss,  a  bundle ;  W.  tries,  a  garment  that  covers ; 
trouse,  dress;  trwsa,  a  truss,  a  packet;  tncsiaw,  to 
dress  ;  Gaelic,  trusam,  to  gird  or  truss  up.] 

A  loose  garment  worn  by  males,  extending  from 
the  waist  to  the  knee  or  to  the  ankle,  and  covering 
the  lower  limbs. 

TROY,  )  71.     [Said    To  have  been 

TROY'-WEIGHT,  (-wiite,)  j  named  from  Troyesyin 
Francf,  where  it  was  first  adopted  in  Europe.    The 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT — MeTE,  PREY.  —  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQOK.— 

1178 


TRU 

troy  ounce  is  supposed  to  have  been  brought  from 
Cairo  during  the  crusades.  Some  persons,  however, 
say  that  the  original  name  was  trcn.] 

The  weight  by  which  gold  and  silver,  jewels,  med- 
icices,  ic,  are  weiglied.  In  this  weight,  20  grains 
^  a  scruple,  3  scruples  =:  a  dram,  8  drams=:an  ounce, 
and  12  ounces  :=  one  pound.  In  weighing  gold,  sil- 
ver, &.C.,  scruples  and  drams  are  not  used,  but  the 
pennyweight ^  which  is  24  grains,  is  employed  in  their 
stead  ;  fhe  pennyweight  is  not  used  in  weighing 
medicines. 

,  TRC'ANT,  a.     [Fr.  truand.] 

I  Idle;  wandering  from  business;  loitering;  as,  a 

truant  boy. 

Wtule  tmanl  Jove,  in  infant  pdde, 

Flayed  bareiboton  Olympus'  side.  TntmbuU. 

TRXJ'ANT,  Ti.    An  idler ;  an  idle  boy.  Dnjden. 

TRP'ANT,  V.  i.  To  idle  away  time;  to  loiter  or  be 
absent  from  emplovmenL  Shah. 

TRC'AXT-LY,  affc'  Like  a  truant;  in  idleness. 

TRU'.AjNT-SHIP,  n.  Idleness;  neglect  of  employ- 
ment, ^scham. 

TRUBS,  n.    An  herb.  Jlinsicorth. 

TRUB'TAIL,  ri.    A  short, sqnat  woman.     [Obs.] 

Alnsicorth, 

TRuCE,  n.  [GoXh.triggiDa:  iLtre^ua;  Norm  tretce; 
Ice.  trigd:  Cirabric,  truffth:  properly,  a  league  or 
pact,  from  the  root  of  trick,  to  make  fast,  to  fuld.  See 
True.] 

1.  In  tear,  a  suspension  of  arms  by  agreement  of 
the  commanders ;  a  temporary  cessation  of  hostili- 
ties, eitlier  for  negotiation  or  other  purpose. 

2.  Intermission  of  action,  pain,  or  contest ;  tempo- 
rary- cessation  ;  short  quiet. 

Th«n;  he  m.-»y  find 
Truce  to  his  restless  thoughts.  Milton. 

TRcCE'-BREAK-ER,  n.    [truce  and  bi-eaker.]     One 
who  violates  a  truce,  covenant,  or  engagement.    2 
rim.  iii. 
TRUCH'MAN,  n.    An  inlerprelcr.    [See  Dragoman.] 
TRU-CI-DA'TION,  n.     [L.  truddo,  to  kill.] 

The  act  of  killing. 
TRUCK,  c.  i.    [Fr.  troquer;  Sp.  and  Port,  trocar:  al- 
lied probably  to  W.  trwc,  L.  trochus,  a  round  thing, 
Eng.  trucJ: ;  Gr.  rpoxo^f  Tp€xo}.] 

To  exchange  commodities  ;  to  barter.    Our  traders 
truck-with  the  Indians,  giving  them  whisky  and  trin- 
kets for  skins.    [Tnuk  is  now  vulgar.] 
TRUCK.  V.  t.    To  exchange  ;  to  give  in  exchange;  to 
barter  ;  as,  to  truck  knives  for  gold  dust.    [Vulgar.] 

Swift. 
TRUCK,  n.    Permutation  ;  exchange  of  commodities; 
barter. 

9.  A  small,  wooden  wheel,  not  bound  with  iron  ; 
a  cylinder. 

3.  A  small  wheel ;  hence  trucks^  a  low  carriage  for 
carrying  goods,  stone,  &c.,  either  on  common  roads 
or  on  railroads.  Indeed,  this  kind  of  carriage  is  often 
called  a  truck^  in  the  singular. 

4.  A  small,  wooden  cap,  at  the  summit  of  a  flag- 
statTor  mast-head. 

Truck  system  ;  the  practice  of  paying  workmen  in 
soods,  instead  of  money.  MeCulhch. 

TRUCK' AGE,  n.    The  practice  of  bartering  goods. 

Jdilton. 
TRUCK'ER,  n.    One  who  traffics  by   exchange  of 

poods. 
TRUCKING,  ppr.    Exchanging  goods  :  bartering. 
TRUCK'LE,  (trukM,)  n.    A  small  wheel  or  caster. 

Hudtbras. 
TRUCK'LE,  V.  i.     [dim.  of  truck.]    To  yield  or  bend 
obsequiously  to  the  will  of  another;  to  submit;  to 
creep.    Small  states  must  truckle  to  large  ones. 

Relij^on  iueif  is  forced  to  truckle  with  worldly  policy.    Norris. 

TRUCK'LE-BED,  n.     [truckle  and  beii.]    A  bed  that 

runs  on  wheels  and  may  be  pushed  under  another ; 

a  tnindle-bed. 
TRUCKLING,  ppr.  Yielding  obsequiously  to  the  will 

of  another. 
TRCeU-LE.XCE,  n.  [L.  truculeatia^  from  trux,  fierce, 

savage.] 

1.  Savageness  of  manners;  ferociousness. 
9.  Terribleness  of  countenance. 

TRU'€U-LEXT,  a.  Fierce  ;  savage  ;  barbarous ;  as, 
the  truculent  inhabitants  of  Sc}'thia.  Raij. 

2.  Of  a  ferocious  aspect. 

3.  Cruel;  desrtructive;  as, a  frucu/en/  plague. 

Harvey. 
TRCeU-LENT-LY,  adv.    FiercHy  ;  destructively. 
TRUDGE,  c.  I,    To  travel  on  foot.    The  father  rode  ; 
the  son  trudged  on  behind. 
2.  To  travel  or  march  with  labor. 

And  trudged  to  Rom':  'ifon  my  n.iked  feeL  Dryden. 

TROE,  (tru,)  a.  [Sax,  trcow,  treowe,  faithful,  and,  as 
a  noun,  faith,  trust ;  Sw.  fro,  Dan.  troe;  G.  treu  ;  D. 
trouw,  tnist,  loyalty,  fidelity,  faith  ;  trouwcn^  to  mar- 
ry ;  Goth,  tri^g-u.^,  faithful ;  triggwa^  a  pact  or  league, 
a  truce.  This  is  the  real  orthography,  coinciding  with 
Sw.  tryggy  Dan.  tryg^  safe,  secure,  and  W.  trigiaic^ 
to  stay,  to  t3rr>',  to  "dwell,  that  is,  to  slop,  to  set.  The 
primary  sense  of  the  root  is,  to  make  close  and  fast, 
to  set,  or  to  stretch,  strain,  and  thus  make  straight 
and  close.] 


TRU 

1.  Conformable  to  fact;  being  in  accordance  with 
Uie  actual  state  of  things  ;  as,  a  true  relation  or  nar- 
ration ;  a  true  history.  A  declaration  is  true,  when 
it  stales  the  facts.  In  this  sense,  true  is  opposed  to 
false. 

2.  Genuine  ;  pure  ;  real ;  not  counterfeit,  adulter- 
ated, or  false  ;  as,  true  balsam  ;  the  true  bark ;  true 
love  of  country;  a  true  Christian. 

The  true  light  which  lighl^ih  every  man  that  comctb  into  Ibc 
world.  —  John  i. 

3.  Faithful;  Steady  in  adhering  to  friends,  to  prom- 
ises, to  a  prince,  or  to  the  slate;  loyal;  not  false, 
fickle,  or  perfidious  ;  as,  a  tmte  friend  ;  a  true  lover ; 
a  man  true  to  J)is  king,  true  to  his  country,  true  to 
his  word  ;  a  husband  true  to  his  wife ;  a  wife  true  to 
her  husband  ;  a  servant  true  to  his  master;  an  officer 
true  to  his  charge. 

4.  Free  from  falsehood ;  as,  a  true  witness. 

5.  Honest;  not  fraudulent;  as,  good  men  and  true. 

If  Kin^  Edward  be  as  true  and  just.  SAaJt. 

6.  Evact ;  right  to  precision ;  conformable  to  a  rule 
or  pattern ;  as,  a  true  copy ;  a  true  likeness  of  the 
original. 

7.  Straight ;  right ;  as,  a  true  lino ;  tho  true  course 
of  a  ship. 

8.  Not  false  or  pretended  ;  real ;  as,  Christ  was  the 
true  Messiah. 

9.  Rightful;  as,  George  IV.  is  the  true  king  of 
England. 

TRuE'-BILL,  M.  In  ^au?,  these  words  are  indorsed 
on  a  bill  of  indictment,  when  a  grand  jury  are  of 
opinion  that  there  is  sufficient  cause  for  putting  the 
ac_cu^~ed  on  trial.  Bouvier. 

TRuE'-BLuE,  a.  An  epithet  applied  to  a  person  of 
intlexibie  honesty  and  fidelity  ;  t'rom  the  true  or  Coc~ 
entry  blue,  formerly  celebrated  fur  its  unchanging 
color.  Toonc.     Ilalliwcll. 

TRuE'-BORN,  o.  [true  and  bom.]  Of  genuine  birth  ; 
having  a  rigUt  by  birth  to  any  title ;  as,  a  true-born 
Englishman.  Shak. 

TRuE'-KRED,  a.  [irueand  bred,]  Of  a  genuine  or 
right  breed  ;  as,  a  true-bred  beast.  Dryderu 

2.  Being  of  genuine  breeding  or  education  ;  as,  a 
true-bred  gentleman. 

TRuE'-HEaRT'ED,  a.  [true  and  heart.]  Being  of  a 
faithful  heart ;  honest;  sincere;  not  faithless  cr  de- 
ceilfvil  ;  as,  a  true-hearted  friend. 

TRuE'-HEaRT-ED-NESS,  71.  Fidelity ;  loyalty  ;  sin- 
ceritv. 

TRuE'-LOVE,  (tru'luv,)  n.    One  really  beloved, 
2.  A  plant,  the  herb  Paris. 

TRuE'-LOVE'KNOT,  (tru'Iuv'not,)  n.  [ftu.  is  not 
this  from  the  Dan.  trchver,  to  betroth,  to  promise  in 
marriage  ;  troc^  true,  and  lover,  to  promise;  the  knot 
of  faithful  promise  or  engagement.] 

A  knot  composed  of  lines  united  with  many  invo- 
lutions ;  the  emblem  of  interwoven  affection  or  en- 
gagements. 

TRuE'NESS,  n.     Faithfulness;  sincerity. 

2.  Reality;  genuineness. 

3.  Exactness  ;  as,  the  trueness  of  a  line. 
TRuE'PEX-NY,  n.     [true  and  pcnnij.]     A  familiar 

phrase  for  an  honest  fellow.  Bacon. 

TRuF'FLE,  (trufl,)  71.  [Fr.  tr7tffe  ;  Sp.  tntfa,  deceit, 
imposition,  and  trujjles ;  and  if  this  vegetable  is 
named  from  its  growth  under  ground,  it  accords  with 
It.  trafiirc,  to  deceive.] 

A  subterraneous  vegetable  production,  a  kiud  of 
mushroom,  of  a  fleshy,  fungous  structure  and  round- 
ish figure;  an  esculent  substance,  much  esteemed. 
It  is  of  the  genus  Tuber.  Cijc. 

TRuF'FLE-WORM,  (truPI-wurm,) :;.  A  worm  found 
in  trutiles,  the  larva  of  a  fly.  Cyc. 

TRUG,  n.  A  hod.  This  is  our  Trough  and  Tray  ;  the 
original  pronunciation  being  retained  in  some  parts 
of  England.  The  word  was  also  used  formerly  for  a 
measure  of  wheat,  as  much,  I  suppose,  as  was  car- 
ried in  a  trough  ;  three  trugs  making  two  bushels. 

TRu'ISM,  n.  [from  true.]  An  undoubted  or  self- 
evident  truth. 

TriOin^  truisms  dulhed  in  CT«at,  fiweUino"  words  of  vacity. 
'  J.  P.  Smith. 

TRULL,  71.    [W.  troliaw,  to  troll  or  roll,  whence  stroll ; 
or  trulmw,  to  drill.     Qu.  Gr.  f^aTpv^>■l|^] 
A  low,  vagrant  strumpet. 
TRUL-LI-Za'TION,  ».     [L.  trjtllisso.] 

The  laying  of  straUi  of  plaster  with  a  trowel. 
TRU'LY,  adv.    [from  true.]    In  fact;  in  deed  ;  in  re- 
al itv.  .  ,    ^ 

2.  According  to  truth;  in  agreement  with  fact; 
as,  to  see  things  truly ;  tlie  facts  are  truly  repre- 
sented. 

3.  Sincerely;  honestly;  really;  faithfully;  as,  to 
be  truly  attached  to  a  lover  ;  the  citizens  are  truly 
loyal  to  their  prince  or  their  country. 

4.  Exactly  ;  justly  j  as,  to  estimate  truly  the  weight 
of  evidence. 

TRUMP,  n.  [It.  tromba ;  Gaelic,  trompa.  See 
Trumpet.] 

I.  A  trumpet ;  a  wind  instrument  of  music  ;  a  po- 
etical word  used  for  Tkimpet.  It  is  seldom  used  in 
prose,  in  commuu  discourse,  but  is  used  in  Scripture, 


TRU 


wh(?re  it  seems  peculiarly  appropriate  to  the  grandeur 
of  the  subject. 

At  Ihc  !:ut  trump ;  Cur  tliC  inimnet  • 
•hall  be  r.u»xl.  —  I  C^.  zr.    1  i 

2.  [Contracted  from  triumph;  ii.  trwuj.^  i  r.  tn- 
oinphc]  A  winning  card  ;  one  of  the  suit  of  cards 
which  lakes  any  of  ibe  other  etiils. 

3.  An  old  gaihe  with  cards. 

To  put  to  tJte  trumps;  i   to  reduce  to  the  last  eipe- 
3'o  put  on  tJu  trumps ; )     diem,  or  to  the  uimo?t 
exertion  of  power. 
TRUMP,  p.  t.    To  take  wilh  a  trump  card. 

2.  To  obtrude;  also,  to  dcctive.  [Fr.  tror,.,,  .-.' 
[JVo£  ill  use] 

To  trump  up :  to  devise  ;  to  seek  and  collect  from 
every  quarter.  ! 

TRUMP,  r.  I.    To  blow  a  trumpet.  Wuiif.       ' 

TRUMP'£D,  (tnimpt,)  pp.      Taken  wilh  a  tnimp  \ 

card. 
TRUMP'ER-Y,  n.     [ Fr.  (rwnpcm.] 

1.  Falsehood ;  empty  Lilk.  lUUgl.       I 

2.  Useless  matter;  things  worn  out  and  rarf  niid-.-, 
[Tills  is  the  sen^e  of  the  tcord  ir.  .'."   -  / 

TRUMP'ET,  n.     [IL  tronba,  tro. 
trompeta;  Fr.  troinpctte;  Gaelic,; 

trompete;  I),  and  Hw.trompet ;  D^-u.  tr  .   .\;.::. 

trompelt.    The  radical  letters  and  the  ongin  arc  net 
ascertained.] 

1.  A  wind  instrument  of  mu-i  '  -'     ■' 
v.-ar  and  military  exercise.-.    Ii 

metallic  tube,  nearly  in  the   i 

conoid,  wilh  a  bill-shaped  opcniu^  -.  ^i.-  ■ .- j  ivi  u.-. 

emission  of  sound. 

The  Irum^'t  bud  cUngor 

Exci^.s  ud  to  am*.  Drfit^. 

2.  An  instrument  for  conveying  or  receiving  artic- 
ulate sounds  wilh  increased  force,  called  in  the  (ux- 
nier  case  a  Speaki.kg  Tbumpet,  and  in  the  latter  an 
Ear  TnvMPET. 

3.  In  tJie  military  style,  a  trumpeter. 

He  wisely  desired  that  a  trwnptl  ml^  be  fint  icnl  far  a  [ 


4.  One  who  praises  or  propagates  praise,  or  is  the 

instrument  of  prupagaiing  iL      A  great  politician 
was  pleased  to  be  the  trumprt  of  his  praiiies. 
TRUMP'ET,  v.U    To  publi^Ii  by  sound  of  trumpet ; 
also,  to  proclaim ;  as,  to  trumpet  good  tidings. 

They  did  nothing  but  publish  and  trumpet  all  tli^  repnuctRi  llry 
could  devUe  a^inst  th^  Imti.  JSoepn. 

TRUMP'ET-CALL,  ti.    A  call  at  the  soand  of  the 

trumpet. 
TRUMP'ET-ED,  pp.    Sounded  abroad  ;  proclaimed 
TRUMP'ET-ER,  ti.    One  who  sounds  a  inimpeL 

Lhydai. 
3.  One  who  proclaims,  publishes,  or  denounces. 

These  itea  arc  good  trump^tert.  Baeoa. 

3,  A  bird,  a  variety  of  the  domestic  pigeon.  Also, 
a  bird  of  South  .America,  the  agaml,  ofiho  genus 
Psophia,  about  the  size  of  the  dometlic  fo\^l,  and 
somewhat  resembling  both  the  pheasants  anr!  the 
cranes ;  so  called  from  its  iitlcring  a  hollow  m-:?--, 
like  that  of  a  trumpet.  It  is  sometime.*  domesti- 
cated. P-  C^te,     Ed.  fncvc 

TRUJIP'ET-FISH,  n.  A  sea-fish,  so  named  from  its 
tubular  muzzle,  the  Centriscus  scolopai,  callr-d  also 
the  Sea  Snipe.  Jardin^s  J^'at.  Li^. 

TRUMP'ET-FLOVV-ER,  n.  A  flower  of  tht;  genu3 
Bignonia,  another  of  the  genus  Tccoma,  and  another 
still  of  the  genus  Lonir^ra.  C^c, 

TRUMP'ET-HON'EV-SUCK-LE,  (-hun'ne-suk-IO  n. 
A  twining  plant  cftbe  genus  CaprifoUum  or  I/>ni- 
cfra,  wilh  trumpet-shaped  flowers.  Loudon. 

TRUMPETING,  ppr.  Blowing  the  trumpet;  pro- 
claiming. 

TRUMP'ET-SMELL,  n.  The  name  of  a  genus  of 
univalvular  shells,  of  the  form  of  a  trumpet,  (Bucci- 
num,  Linna;us.)  C^r. 

TRU.MP'ET-TONGU-£D,    (tungd,)    c.      

tongue  vociferous  as  a  trumpet. 

TRL'MPTNG,  ppr.    Taking  with  a  tT«ii:i 

TRUMP'LlKE,  a.     Resembling  a  trumpcL   l  .,;;        - 

TRUNCAL,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  inink  or  body. 

TRUNCATE,  r.  t.     [L.  trunco,  to  cut  OlT:  W.'frvpi, 
.\rm.  troucha;  coinciding  with  Fr.  trancher.] 
To  cut  off;  to  lop;  lo  maim. 

TRUNC.'\TE,  a.  In  botany^  appearing  as  if  cut  off  at 
the  lip;  ending  in  a  transverse  line;  as,  a  trnncjat 
leaf  Martvn. 

TRUNCa-TED,  pp.  or  a.  Cut  off;  cut  short ;  maimed. 
A  truncated  cone  is  one  whose  vertex  is  cut  off  by  a 
plane  parallel  to  its  base. 

2.  In  viineratogy^  replaced  by  a  plane  equally  in- 
clined to  the  adjoining  faces ;  as,  a  truncated  edge. 

DOMA. 

TRUNCATING,  ppr.    Cutting  off. 
TRUN-Ca'TION,  ti.    The  act  of  lopping  or  cutting 
off. 

2.  A  slate  of  being  truncated. 

3.  In  mineralogy,  the  replacement  of  an  edge  by  a 
plane  wjually  inclined  to  the  adjoining  faces. 


DCMO. 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE. -AN^'GER,  Yl^^CIOUS.-e  as  K ;  6  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


1179 


TRU 


TRU 


TKUN'CIIEON,  (ttuii'shun,)  lu     [Fr.  (rojifon,  from 
triinc,  trunk,  L.  truncHS.] 

1    A  short  stalT;  a  club;  a  cudgel. 

2.  A  baton,  or  military  staff  of  coniinand. 

The  marshal's  trumltcon  uor  Uie  Judge's  lohc.  .S7.0*. 

3    \  name  given  to  stout  stems  of  trees,  with  the 
branches  loiipod  olT,  to  produce  rapid  grow'th. 

(iaruner. 
To  beat  with  a 
SHJl. 
A  person   armed   with  a 


TRUN'CHEON,  (trun'shun,) 

truncheon  ;  to  cudgel. 
TRUN-CIIEON-EER',  ?i 

truncheon.  ,, 

TRU.N'DLE,  (trun'dl,)  »'.  i.     (Sax.  trmilk :  tmidle, 

any  round  body;  Dan.  and  Sw.  triml,  ronnd ;  W. 

(run,  a  circle,  a  rotiiid,  a  throne  ;  trOni,  to  rim  ;  Irom 

the  root  of  nmrflc,  niunrf.)  ,    ,  ,        „ 

1.  To  roll,  as  on  little  wheels ;  as,  a  bed  trundles 

under  another, 
a.  To  roll,  as  a  hoop. 
TRUN'DLE,  V.  t.    'I'o  roll,  as  a  thing  on  little  wheels  ; 

as,  to  trundle  a  bed  or  a  gun-carriage. 
TRUN'DLE,  V.     .\  round  body  ;  a  little  wheel,  or  a 

kind  of  low  cart  with  small  wooden  wheels. 
TRUN'DLE-BED,  ?i.    A  bed  that  is  moved  on  trun- 
dles or  little  wheels  ;  called  also  Tbucrle-Bed. 
TRUN'DLBD,  pp.     Rolled. 
TRUN'DLE-HEAD,  (trun'dl  bed,)  n. 

that  turns  a  mill-slone. 
TRUN'DLE-TaIL,  11.     A  round  tail ;  a  dog  so  called 

from  his  tail.                                               ,  .  ■*'"?*• 

-  ■■•  -' on  little 


The  wheel 


e.  To  skewer  ;  to  make  fast. 
To  truss  up ;  to  strain  ;  to  make  close  or  tight. 
TRUSS'ED,  (trust,)  pp.    Packed  or  hound  closely. 
TRUSS'ING,  rpr.     Packing  or  binding  closely. 
THUS'!',  11.     [Dan.  triist,  consolation  ;  trostcr,  to  com- 
fort that  is,  to  strengthen  ;  mistrostcr,  to  distrust,  to 
discourage;  Sw.  IrSsl,  confidence,  trust,  consolation  ; 
trUstii,  to  console ;  mistriista,  to  ilistnist,  to  despair. 
The  Sa.\on  has  trywsian,  to  trust,  to  obligate.    Uu. 


Gr.  3af.<T(.>.l 
I.  Contidi 


Rolling, 


thing 


L. 


TRUN'DLING,  jipr. 
wheels. 

TRUNK,  n.     [Fr.  (rone;  It.  tronconei  fc>p.  Ironm 
Iruncus,  from  trunco,  to  cut  ofT.    The  primitive  Celtic 
word  of  this  family  is  in  Fr.  trar.chcr.  It.  trwaare, 
Sp.  Irincar,  trinchar.     The  n  is  not  radical,  for  in 
Arm.  the  word  is  Iroucha,  W.  (rjfii.] 

].  The  stem  or  body  of  a  tree,  severed  from  its 
roots.  This  is  the  proper  sense  of  the  word ;  but, 
surprising  as  it  may  seem,  it  is  used  most  inipropcr- 
Iv  to  si-nify  the  stem  of  a  standing  tree  or  vegetable 
in  general.  -«'"""•    Drydcn. 

a.  The  body  of  an  animal  without  tlio  limbs. 

3.  The  main  body  of  any  thing  ;  as,  the  trunk  of  a 
vein  or  of  an  artery,  as  distinct  from  the  branches. 

4.  The  snout  or  proboscis  of  an  elephant ;  the  limb 
or  instrument  with  which  he  feeds  himself. 

5.  The  proboscis  of  an  insect.     [04s.] 

6.  That  segment  of  the  body  of  an  insect  which 
is  between  the  head  and  abdomen,  and  bears  the 
organs  of  motion. 

7.  In  architecture,  the  shaft  of  a  column. 

8.  A  long  tube  through  which  pellets  of  clay  are 
blown.  ^       *".!/-. 

9.  A  box  or  chest  covered  with  skin,  for  comam- 
ing  clothes,  &c. 

10.  A  watercourse  made  of  planks,  and  generally 
to  conduct  the  water  from  the  race  to  the  water- 
wheel.  „  ,      i;      J 

Fire-lrunlcs ;    in  frc-ships,  wooden  funnels  fixed 

under  the  shrouds,  to  convey  or  lead  the  flames  to 

the  masts  and  rigging. 

TRUNK,  r.  t.    To  lop  off;  to  curtail ;   to  truncate. 

[jYm  in  use.]  ,  ^P"''Z'   1 

TRUNK' i;D,  (trunkt,)  jip.    Cut  off;  curtailed.    \Obs.\ 

a.  a.  Having  a  trunk.  Howell. 

TRUNK'-HoSE,  ji.     [(/-uiii  .and  Aose.]    Large  breech- 
es formerly  worn.  Pnor. 
TRUiN'NlON,  (trun'yun,)  n.     [Fr.  troauon.] 

The  trunnions  of  a  piece  of  ordnance  are  t'.vo 
kinbs  which  project  from  the  opposite  sides  of  a 
piece,  whether  gun,  mortar,  or  howitzer,  and  serve 
to  support  it  on  the  cheeks  of  the  carriage. 

Mar.  DicU 
TRUN'NION-PLaTE,  n.    The  Inmnion-plalcs  are  two 
plates  in  guns  having  traveling  carriages,  mortars, 
and  howitzers,  which  cover  the  upper  parts  of  tlio 
sidc-picccs,  and  go  under  the  trunnions.  Cyc. 

TRUN'NION-RINli,  n.    A  ring  on  a  cannon  next  be- 
fore the  trunnions. 
TRC'SION,  (tru'zhun,)  n.     [L.  trudo.] 

The  act  of  pushing  or  thrusting.  Benlley. 

TRUSS,  11.    [Fr.  trousse;  Dan.  trossc,  a  cord  or  ropo  ; 
Sw.  Iross;  VV.  trmsa,  a  truss,  a  packet.    See  Teow- 

SER3.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  a  bundle  ;  as,  a  truss  ot  hay 
or  straw.  A  truss  of  hay,  in  England,  is  half  a  hun- 
dred. A  truss  of  straw  is  of  different  weights  in  dif- 
ferent places. 

o.  In  surirery,  a  bandage  or  apparatus  used  in  cases 
of  hernia,  to  keep  up  the  reduced  parts  and  hinder 
fiiither  protrusion,  and  for  other  purposes.         Cije. 

3.  Among  botauisu,  a  truss  or  bunch  is  a  tuft  of 
(lowers  formed  at  the  top  of  the  main  stalk  or  stein 
of  certain  plants.  Cyc. 

4.  In  navigation,  the  rope  used  to  keep  the  center 


cnce ;  ii  reliance  or  resting  of  the  mind 
on  the  integrity.veracity,  justice,  friendship,  or  other 
sound  principle  of  another  person. 

Ho  Ih^t  piilurtU  Ilia  truxi  in  the  Lord  sh.iU  be  safe.  — Prov.  xxix. 

2.  lie  or  that  which  is  the  ground  of  confidence. 

O  Lard  God,  tliou  art  iny  Irusl  from  my  youth. —  Ps.  Ixxi. 

3.  Charge  received  in  confidence. 

licwanl  liiem  well,  if  Ihey  observe  their  Irusr.  Denham. 

4.  That  which  is  committed  to  one's  care.  Never 
violate  a  sacred  trust. 

5.  Confident  opinion  of  any  event. 

His  trust  was  with  th'  Elcrn.il  10  be  deemed 

Kqu,^  iu  sttcogth.  '>''"'"•• 

6.  Credit  given  without  examination  ;  as,  to  take 
opinions  on  trust. 

7.  Credit  on  promise  of  payment,  actual  or  im- 
iilicd  ;  as,  to  take  or  purchase  goods  on  (riisl. 

8.  Something  coniniilted  to  a  person's  care  for  use 
or  management,  and  for  which  nn  account  must  be 
rendered.  Every  man's  talents  and  advantages  are 
a  Iriist  committed  to  him  by  his  Maker,  and  for  the 
use  or  employment  of  which  lie  is  accountable. 

9.  Confidence ;  special  reliauce  on  supposed  hon- 

"^10.  State  of  him  to  whom  something  is  intrusted. 

r  serve  hini  truly,  that  will  put  mo  iu  trust.  Shak. 

11.  Care;  management.    1  Tim.  vi. 

10.  In  law,  an  estate,  devised  or  granted  in  confi- 
dence that  the  devisee  or  grantee  shall  convey  it,  oi 
dispose  of  the  profits,  at  the  will  or  for  the  benefit  ol 
another  ;  an  estate  held  for  the  use  of  another. 

Blaclistonc. 
TRUST,  r.  I.    To  place   confilence  in  ;    to  rely  on 
We  can  not  tru.5t  those  who  have  deceived  us. 

lie  that  truets  cvfry  one 


TRY 

TRUST' WOR-'filY,  0.  Worthy  of  trust  or  confi- 
dence. , 

TllUST'V',  a.  That  may  be  safely  trusted  ;  that  just- 
ly deserves  confidence  ;  fit  to  be  confided  in  ;  as,  a 
trustii  servant.  .IJdison. 

'i'That  will  not  fail;  strong;  firm;  as,  a  trusty 
sword.  ^        ,   Sj'f"^"-. 

TRUTH,  11.  [Sax.  trcmcth,  truth,  and  troth  ;  G.  Irciit  ,- 
D.  gclroumUeid,  fidelity,  from  tnuta,  trust,  faith, 
fidelity,  whence  fouweu,  to  marry.] 

1.  Conformity  to  fact  or  reality  ;  exact  accord.-ince 
with  that  which  is,  or  has  been,  or  shall  be.  1  he 
truOt  of  history  constitutes  its  whole  value.  We  re- 
ly on  the  truth  of  the  scriptural  prophecies. 

My  mouth  shall  speak  Irufl.  — Prov.  viil. 

Sanctity  ihciii  ihrou-h  thy  IrulA  ;  ihy  word  is  IruO,.  —  Johu  ivu. 

2.  True  state  of  facts  or  things.  The  duty  of  a 
court  of  justice  is  to  discover  the  truth.  IVitnesses 
are  sworn  to  declare  the  truth,  the  whidc  IruVi,  and 
nothing  but  the  truth. 

3.  Conformity  of  words  to  thoughts,  which  is  called 
moral  truth. 

Shall  Truth  fall  to  loop  her  word  ?  MiltDn. 

4.  Veracity  ;  purity  from  falsehood  ;  practice  of 
speaking  truth  ;  li.abitual  disposition  to  speak  truth  ; 
as  when  we  sav,  a  man  is  a  man  of  truth. 

'■  •  Harte. 


without  reserve,  will  at  last  be  decivcd. 
Rainhler. 

2.  To  believe;  to  credit. 

TVust  me,  you  look  well.  ShnJt. 

Z.  To  commit  to  the  care  of,  in  confidence.  Trust 
your  Blaker  with  yourself  and  all  yuur  concerns. 

4.  To  venture  confidently. 

Fooled  by  thee,  to  trust  ihec  from  my  side.  JlTiiton. 

5.  To  give  credit  to ;  to  sell  to  npon  credit,  or  m 
confidence  of  future  payment.  The  merchants  and 
maniifiicturers  trust  their  customers  annually  with 
goods  to  the  value  of  millions. 


To  be  confident  of  something  present 


Soug. 


work. 
tUner. 


of  a  yard  to  the  mast. 


Tottcn. 


5  In  architecture,  a  framed  assemblage  of  timbers 
for  fastening  or  binding  a  beam,  or  for  supporting  a 
roof,  &:c. 

6.  [See  Trocsi:.] 
I'RUSS,  V.  u    To  bind  or  pack  close. 


Shak. 


TRUST,  V.  i. 
or  future. 

I  Iriist  to  come  lo  you,  and  spc.ak  f\ce  lo  face.  —  2  John  xii. 
We  trust  we  li-ave  a  good  conscience.  —  Ucb.  xiit. 

2.  To  be  credulous  ;  to  be  won  to  confidence. 

Well,  you  mav  fear  too  far  — 
Safer  than  trust  too  far.  Sl"^l'. 

To  trust  ill ;  to  confide  in  ;  to  place  confidence  in  ; 
to  rely  on  ;  a  use  frequent  in  t!te  Scriptures. 

Trust  in  the  I.onl,  and  do  good.  —  Ps.  xxxvii. 
'I'liey  slialt  be  greatly  ashamed  that  trust  in  gr.ivcn  images.  — 
Is.  xlii. 

To  trust  to  ;  to  depend  on  ;  to  have  confidence  in  ; 
to  rely  on. 

The  men  of  Israel— Iruifeti  to  the  licrs  in  waiu  — Judges  xx. 
TRUST'ED,  pp.    Confided  in;  relied  on;  depended 
on  ;  applied  to  persons. 

2.  Sold  on  credit,  as  goods  or  property. 

3.  Delivered  in  coiifiilence  to  the  care  of  another  ; 
as,  letters  or  goods  trusted  to  a  carrier  or  bailee. 

TRUST-EE',  n.  A  person  to  whom  property  is  legally 
committed  in  trust  to  be  a|iplied  cither  for  the  ben- 
efit of  specified  individuals,  or  for  public  uses. 

TRUST'ER,  II.    One  who  trusts  or  gives  credit. 

TRUST'FUL,  a.     Faithful. 

TRUST'FIJIj-LY,  ni!i:    In  a  trustful  manner. 

TRUST'FUL-NESS,  n.    Faithfulness. 

TRUST'I-iJY,  ado.     [from  trusty.]    Faithfully 
estiv  ;  with  fidelity. 

TRUST'I-NESS,  M.  [from  fni-;!!/-]  That  quality  of  a 
person  by  which  he  tleserves  the  confidence  of  oth- 
ers ;  fidelity;  faithfulness;  honesty;  as,  the  trusti- 
ness of  a  servant. 

TRUST'lNG,pyr.  Confiding  in  ;  giving  credit;  rely- 
ing on.  ....  c 

TRUST'ING-LY,  adv.  With  trust  or  implicit  confi- 
dence. ..  .  .  ^  , 

TRUST' LESS,  a.    Not  worthy  of  trust;  unfaithful. 

Spenser. 

TRUST'I.ESS-NE.-^S,  n.    Unworthiness  of  trust. 

TUUST'VVOR-TIII-NESS,  (-wur-the-ncs,)  n.  Quality 
of  being  trustworthy. 


,  lion- 


.s.  Correct  opinion. 

G.  Fidelity  ;  constancy. 

The  thou^hls  of  past  pleasure  and  Iruilt, 
The  b*at  of  all  blessings  below. 

7.  Honesty ;  virtue. 

It  must  appear 
That  malice  bears  down  truUi. 

8.  Exactness  ;  conformity  to  rule. 

riow-i.  to  ffo  true,  depend  much  on  the  truth  of  the  iron  wi 
[A'olmnse.]  !"■""" 

9.  Ileal  fact  or  just  principle;  real  state  of  things. 
-There  are  innumerable  truUts  with  which  we  are  not 

acquainted. 

10.  Sincerity. 

God  is  a  spirit,  and  tlioy  that  worship  him  must  worship  him  in 
spirit  and  in  lriii;t.  —  John  iv. 

11.  The  trulJt  of  God  is  his  veracity  and  faithful- 
ness.   Ps.  Ixxi. 

Or  his  revealed  will. 

1  have  walked  in  thy  truth.  —  Fa.  xxvi. 

12.  Jesus  Christ  is  called  the  truth.    John  xiy. 

13.  It  is  sometimes  used  by  v/ay  of  concession. 
She  said,  Truth,  Lord;  yet  the  dogs  eat  of  the  ciiimba.— Matt. 

XV. 

That  is,  it  is  a  truth ;  what  you  have  said  I  admit 
to  be  true. 
7/1  triit;i ;  in  reality  ;  in  fact. 
Of  a  truUt!  in  reality  ;  certainly. 
to  da  truth,  is  to  practice  what  God  commands 
.John  ill.  _ 

TROTH'FUL,  a.     Full  of  truth.  Barnngton. 

TRUTH'FijL-LY,  adv.    In  a  truthful  manner. 
TROTH'FUL-NESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  true,  or 

the  truth. 
TRuTH'LESS,  u.    Wanting  truth  ;  wanting  rr.ilily. 
a.  Faithless.  Fullir. 

TRuTH'LESS-NEPP,  it.   The  st.ate  of  being  triuhless. 
TROTll'-SPEAK-ING,  a.     Uttering  truth. 
TRuTH'-TELL-ER,  n.    One  who  tells  the  truth. 
TRU-TI-N.\'TION,  n.     [L.  trutina,  a  balance  ;  Iriifi- 
nor,  to  weigh.] 
The  act  of  weighing.     Wot  tiscd.]  broien. 

TRUT-Ta'CEOITS,  (-shus,)  a.    [from  L.  (riKfu,  trout.] 
ri;rtaiiiing  to  the  trout ;  as,  lisli  of  the  truttaecous 
„P,ju5^  Diet.  J\''iif.  l{ist~ 

TRf  t".  i.  [This  word  is  from  the  root  of  Dan.  trekkcr, 
to  ilraw,  or  trykhcr,  Sw.  trijeka,  to  press,  to  urge; 
traehta,  10  seek  or  strive  to  obtain  ;  D.  tragten,  to 
endeavor ;  Dan.  tragtcr,  id.  The  p.rimary  sense  (if 
all  these  words  is,  to  strain,  to  use  ellort,  to  stretch 
forward.]  ,  ^.   , 

Tociertstrensrth;  to  endeavor;  tomakc  an  cflort ; 
to  attempt.  Try  to  learn  ;  try  to  lift  a  weight.  1  lie 
horses  tried  to  draw  the  load. 

[  These  phrases  give  Uie  true  sense.] 
TR?,  r.  t.    To  examine  ;  to  make  cxpcrimenl  on ,  to 
prove  by  experiment. 

Come,  try  upon  yourselves  what  you  have  seen  me.        Shak. 

2.  To  experience ;  to  have  knowledge  by  expe- 
rience of. 

Or  try  the  Libyan  heat,  or  Scythian  cold.  .  Dry'lcn. 

3.  To  prove  bv  a  test;  as,  to  try  weights  and 
measures  by  a  standard  ;  to  (r;i  one's  opinions  by  the 
divine  oracles. 

4.  To  act  upon  as  a  test. 

The  lire  seven  times  Iric'i  this.  Shak. 

5.  To  examine  judicially  by  witnesses  and  the 
f  rinciples  of  law  ;  as,  causes  tried  in  court. 

0.  To  essay  ;  to  attempt. 
Let  us  try  adventurous  work.  Milton. 

1.  To  purify ;  to  refine ;  as,  silver  seven  times 
trier/. 

8.  To  search  carefully  into.    Ps.  xi. 


FATE,  FXR,  FALL, 

TTso 


WIIAT.-METE,  PREY.-PINE,  M.VRINE,  BIRD.-NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOI.F,  B^OK.  - 


TUB 

9.  To  use  as  means;  as,  lo  try  remedies  for  a 
disease. 

10.  To  straia  j  as,  to  try  the  eyes  j  the  lUcrcd  sense 
of  the  v:ord. 

To  try  OK}  to  put  on  a  garment  lo  see  if  it  fits  the 
person. 

To  try  tntlow,  &,c,  is  to  melt  and  separate  it  from 
tlie  membranes. 

To  try  out ;  lo  pursue  efforts  till  a  decision  is  ob- 
tained. 
TK^'GOX,  tt.    [Gr.  rptijor,  a  sort  offish.] 

The  name  of  a  genus  of  fishes,  to  whicli  the  sting- 
ray belongs. 
TRt'IXG,  "ppr.    Exerting  strength ;  attempting. 

2L  Examining  by  searciiing  or  comparison  with  a 
test;  proving;  using;  straining,  &;c. 
3.  c    Adapted  lo  tr>',  or  put  to  stivere  trial. 
TRT'-SaIL,  a.     A  sail  used  by  a  ship  m  a  storm; 

literally,  the  strainstiil, 
TUB,  n.     [D.  tabbe;  G.  zuber  :  Gaelic,  tuba^.] 

1.  An  open  wooden  vessel  formed  w'ith  staves, 
heading,  and  hoops  ;  used  for  various  domestic  pur- 
poses, ;i3  for  washing,  for  making  cheese,  ic. 

2.  A  slate  of  salivation  ;  so  called  because  the 
patient  was  formerly  sweated  in  a  tub.    [JVy(  in  use.] 

S.'iak. 

3.  A  certain  quantity ;  as,  a  tub  of  tea,  which  is 
60  pounds  ;  a  tub  of  camphor,  from  56  to  80  pounds  ; 
z  tub  of  vermihoD,  from  300  to  400  pounds.    [Local.] 

Cijc. 

4.  A  wooden  vessel  in  which  vegetables  are 
planted,  for  the  sake  of  being  movable  and  set  in 
a  house  in  cold  weather. 

5.  A  small  cask. 

TUB,  r.  L    To  plant  or  set  in  a  tub. 

TUB'BER,  n.  In  Ct^mico/i,  a  mining  instrument  called 
in  other  places  a  Beele.  The  man  who  uses  this 
tool  is  called  Tubbes-Man  or  Beel-Max.  Cijc. 

TUB'BIXG,  ppr.    Setting  in  a  tub. 

TUB'BY,  CL  [from  tub.]  Wanting  elasticity  of  sound  ; 
a  t^T-m  in  music,  Percival. 

TCBE,  n.     [Fr.  tube;  L.  tubus.] 

1.  .\  pipe  :  a  siphon  ;  a  canal  or  conduit ;  a  hoUow 
cylinder,  either  of  wood,  metal,  or  glass,  used  for 
the  conveyance  of  fluids,  and  for  various  other  pur- 
poses. 

2.  A  vessel  of  animal  bodies  or  plants,  which  con- 
veys a  fluid  or  other  substance. 

3.  In  botany,  the  narrow,  hollow  part  of  a  monopet- 
alous  corol,  by  which  it  is  fixed  to  the  receptacle. 

Martyjt. 

4.  In  artiUeryj  an  instrument  of  tin,  used  in  quick 
firing.  Cyc. 

Tube,  r.  t.    To  furnish  with  a  tube;  as,  to  tabs  a 

spring.  Journ.  of  Science. 

TS:WE\i.  pp.    Furnished  with  a  tube. 
TuBE'FORM,  a.    In  the  form  of  a  tube. 
TO'IJER,  B.   [L.]  In  6o(anj/,  a  knob  in  roots ;  a  fleshy, 

rounded  stem  or  root,  usually  containing  starchy 

ivotter,  as  the  potato  or  arrow-root. 

Jilartyn.     Loudon. 
TO'BER-CLE,  (ta'ber-kl,)  n.     [Fr.  tubercule,  from  L. 

Utberculam^  from  tuber,  a  bunch.] 

1.  A  pimple  ;  a  small  push,  swelling,  or  tumor,  on 
animal  bodies.  In  cutaneous  diseases,  it  is  a  small, 
hard,  superficial  tumor,  circumscribed  and  perma- 
nent, or  suppurating  partially.  A  scrofulous  or  stru- 
mous tubercle  is  a  tumor  containing  a  curdy  and 
often  a  little  ichorous  matter.        Bateman.     Tully. 

2.  A  little  kncb,  like  a  pimple,  on  plants;  a  little 
knob  or  rough  point  on  the  leaves  of  some  lichens, 
supposed  lo  be  the  fructification.  MartTpt. 

TU-BER'eU-LAR,     i  a.    Full  of  knobs  or  tubercles. 

TU-BER'€U-LOU.S,  j  Foureroy. 

9.  Affected  with  tubercles.  Journ.  of  Sciaiee. 

TU-BEIt'€U-LATE,a.  Having  small  knobs  or  tuber- 
cles, as  a  plant.  Lee. 

TU-BEIt-JF'ER-OUS,  a.    Producing  or  bearing  tubers. 

TCBE'RoSE  or  Tu'BER-oSE,  n.  [A  corruption  of 
L.  tubcrosa,  knobby.]  A  plant  with  a  tuberous  root 
and  a  liliaceous  flower;  the Polianthes  tuberosa. 

TU-BER-OS'I-TY,  n.  The  state  of  being  knobbed  or 
protuberant. 

TC'BER-OUS,  a.    [from  L.  tuber,  a  bunch.] 

Knobbed.  In  botaity,  consisting  of  roundish,  fleshy 
bodies,  or  tubers,  connected  into  a  bunch  by  inter- 
vening threads,  as  Ihe  roots  of  potatoes.     Marlyn. 

TUB'-FAST,  n.  An  old  mode  of  treatment  for  the 
venereal  disease,  by  sweating  in  a  close  place  or 
tub,  and  fasting.  Warburton  on  Shak. 

TUB'-FISH,  71.  [tub  and  fsft.]  A  species  of  Trigla 
or  Gurnard,  sometimes  called  the  Flying-Fish. 

Cye. 

TC'BI-€OR\',  n.     [L.  tubus  and  comu.] 

One  of  a  family  of  ruminant  animals  having  horns 
composed  of  a  homy  axis,  covered  with  a  homy 
sheath-  Brande. 

TCB'ING,  ppr.     Furnishing  with  a  tube. 

Tu'BI-POIlE,  n.  [tube  and  pore.]  One  of  a  genus  of 
coral  Zfjophytea  ;  organ-pipe  coral.  The  coral  con- 
si*ti?  of  a  cluster  of  "small  tubes,  and  has  a  red  color. 

TC'BI-PO-RITE,  n.    A  fossil  lubipore. 

TUB'-lIAN,n.     \nthe  exchequer,  a  barrister  so  called. 

England. 


TUF 


TUM 


TC'BU-LAR,  a.     [from  L.  tubus.] 

Having  the  form  of  a  tube  or  pipe  ;  consisting  of  a 
pipe;  fislular;  as,  a  tubular  snout;  a  tabular  calyx. 

JilnrtHii. 
TC'BU-La-TED,  \  a.    Made  in  the  form  of  a  small 
TC'BU-LOUS,      !       tube.  Fife. 

0.  Furnished  witli  a  small  tube ;  a.<9,  a  tubulated 
retort. 

TO'BULE,  n.     [L.  tubulus.] 

A  small  pipe  or  fistular  body.  fVoodtcard. 

Tu'BU-LI-FORlI,  a.    Having  the  forin  of  a  small 

tuIie.  Kirjcan. 

Tu'BU-LOUS,  a.    Longitudinally  hollow. 

2.  Containing  small  tubes;  composed  wholly  of 
tubulous  florets;  as,  a  tubulous  compound  flower. 

3.  In  botany,  having  a  bell-shaped  border,  with 
five  reflex  segments,  rising  from  a  tube;  a--,  a  tubu- 
lous floret.  Martijn. 

TUCH,  It.     A  kind  of  marble.  Herbert. 

TUCK,  7i.    [Gaelic,  tuca  ;  W.  twca  ;  from  the  sense  of 

culling  or  thrusting,  aud  the  root  of  dock.    The  It. 

has  stocco,  and  the  Fr.  cj-toc] 

1.  A  long,  narrow  sword  ;  a  rapier.        HalUwcll, 

2.  A  kind  of  net.  Carew. 

3.  [from  the  verb  following.]  In  a  ship^  the  part 
wlifie  the  ends  of  the  boilora  planks  are  collected 
under  the  stern.  Cye. 

4.  A  horizontal  fold  made  in  the  garment,  to  ac- 
commodate it  to  the  height  of  a  growing  person. 

UclliacU. 

5.  A  pull ;  a  lugging.    See  Tug. 

TUCK,  r.  t.  [In  G.  zuckcn  signifies  lo  stir,  to  sloop,  to 
shrug.  In  some  parts  of  England,  this  verb  signifies 
to  full,  as  cloth  ;  Ir.  tucalam.] 

1.  To  thrust  or  press  in  or  together;  to  fold  under; 
to  press  into  a  narrower  compass  ;  as,  to  tuck  up  a 
bed;  to  tuck  up  a  garment;  to  tuck  in  the  skirt  of 
any  thing.  JId.lison. 

2.  To  incIo?;e  by  pushing  close  around ;  as,  to 
tuck  a  child  into  a  bed.  Locke. 

3.  To  full,  as  cloth.     [Local.] 

TUCK,  r.  i.  To  contract ;  to  draw  together.  [JVb(  in 
use.]  _  Sharp. 

TUCK'A-HoE,  71.  A  carious  vegetable  of  the  South- 
em  States  on  the  Allanlic,  growing  under  the  sur- 
face of  the  ground,  like  the  truffle  of  Europe.  Some- 
times called  I>DiA>"  Beead  or  Indian  Loaf. 

Farm.  Eneyc. 

TUCK'£D,  (tukt,)  pp.    Pressed  in  or  together. 

TUCK'ER,  7i.  A  small  piece  of  linen  for  shading  the 
breast  of  wumcn.  .Addison. 

2.  A  fuller,  whence  the  name.     [Local.'>^ 

TUCK'ET,  71.     [It.  tocato,  a  touch.] 

1.  A  slight  flourish  on  a  trumpet.  llaUiwelU 

2.  [It.  tucdtiuo.]    A  steak  ;  a  ccllop. 
TUCK^ET-£:0-NANCE,  n.    The  sound  of  the  tucket. 

Shak. 

TUCK'ING,  ;;pr.  Pressing  under  or  together;  fold- 
ing. 

TOE'FALL,  n.  A  building  with  a  sloping  roof  on  one 
side  only.  EuTland, 

TuES'DAY,  (tiize'dy,)  n.  [Sw.  Tisdag;  Dan.  7Vr5- 
dag  ;  D.  Din^rsda^ ;  G.  Dingstag;  Sax.  Tiic<zsdceg  or 
Tuesday,  from  Tig,  Tiig,  or  Tuisco,  the  Mars  of  our 
ancestors,  the  deily  ttiat  presided  over  combats, 
strife,  and  litigation.  Hence  Tuesday  is  court  day, 
assize  day  ;  the  day  for  combat  or  commencing  liti- 
gation. See  Thi.vg.1 
The  third  day  of  the  week. 

TC'FA,  I  71.     [It.  tufo,  porous  ground ;  Fr.  tuf  soft 

TUFF,  i      gravel-stone  or  sandstone  ;  G.  tof] 

1.  A  soft  or  porous  stone  formed  by  depositions 
from  water,  usually  calcareous. 

2.  A  volcanic  sand-rock,  rather  friable,  formed  of 
agglutinated,  volcanic  earth  or  scoria;  also, a  similar 
rock  of  trap  or  basaltic  material.  Dana. 

TU-Fa'CEOUS,  (tu-fa'shus,)  a.  Pertaining  lo  tufa  ; 
consisting  of  tufa,  or  resembling  it. 

TUFF,  n.     See  Tufa. 

TUF-FOON',  n.  [A  corruption  of  typhor.]  A  violent 
tempest  or  tornado  with  thunder  aud  lightning,  fre- 
quent in  the  Chinese  Sea  and  the  GuU*  of  Tonquin. 

TUFT,  7i.  [W.twf;  Fr.  touffc,  taupct;  S w.  tvfs  ;  Sp. 
tupc,  a  tuft  ;  tupir,  to  press  together  ;  tupa,  satiety.] 

1.  A  collection  of  small  things  in  a  knot  or  bunch  ; 
as,  a  tufi  of  flowers ;  a  tuft  of  feathers ;  a  tuft  of 
grass  or  hair.  A  tuft  of  feathers  forms  the  crest  of  a 
bird.  Dnjden.    j^ddison. 

2.  A  cluster;  a  clump;  as,  a  tuft  of  trees ;  a  tuft 
of  olives.  Shak. 

3.  In  botany,  a  head  of  flowers,  each  elevated  on  a 
partial  stalk,  and  ail  forming  together  a  dense,  round- 
ish mass.  The  word  is  sometimes  applied  to  other 
collections,  as  little  bundles  of  leaves,  hairs,  and  the 
like.  Cye. 

TUFT,  V.  L    To  separate  into  tufts. 

2.  To  adom  with  tufts  or  with  a  tuft.     Thomson. 
TUF-TAF'FE-'I'A,  n.    A  \-illous  kind  of  silk.    [JVy( 

in  use.] 
TUFT'ED,  pp.  or  a.    Adomed  with  a  tuft;  a3,  the 

tvfted  duck  ;  growing  in  a  tuft  or  clusters;  zs,3.tufted 

prove.  Mdtcn.     Pope. 

TUFT'-HUNT-ER,  77.    A  cant  term  in  the  English 

univt;rsities  for  a  iianger-on  to  noblemen  aud  per- 


fons  of  quality,    b'u called  from  the  iufi'in  the  capof 

the  latter.  HaUheelt. 

TUFT'I.NCjppr,  Separating  into  tufts:  adomingwith 

ttifis. 
TUFT'V,  a.    Abounding  with  tufta  ;  growing  in  cla»- 

lers;  butliy.  Thomson. 

TUG,  r.   L     [Sax.  ttogan,  teon;    G.  zlehm,  lo  draw; 

-"<?>  -T  'u;r  •  ^^'  tcuer  f  L.  duco.    Kee  'I'ow.  to  dra^.] 

1.  To  pull  or  draw  with  pr*at  effort ;  todrag  along 
with  Continued  exertion  ;  to  haul  nlong. 

Th^xc  twcjt,  then  t'xain,  Uig  ■  ■  .■ 

2.  To  puil ;  to  pluck. 

To  fn.tr  _      , 
lilt  tagged  f*n  luff.-rcd  » .:i.  .1  i^—a.  If  -LVrf 

TUG,  r.  i.    To  pull  with  great  effort ;  as,  to  tmg  at  the 
oar ;  to  tu^  against  the  stream. 
2.  To  labor;  to  strive;  to  struggle. 

Thr^  Ion*  wrtitleJ  anj  ttnovomij  tugged  tot  tlwir  l^rrtr.  — 
{ThU  it  not  e!eganL\  Hvi*. 

TUG,  71.    [G.  lug.] 

1.  A  puU  with  the  utmost  eflbrt. 

At  the  fur  be  Cdls — 
V^st  rums  cotne  ^ng.  ihyies, 

2.  A  .Bort  of  carriage,  used  in  some  parts  of  Eng- 
land for  conveying  bavins  or  fagots  and  other  thinpi. 

Cyc. 

3.  A  steam-vessel  used  to  tow  slitps ;  a  *tcam-tug. 

4.  In  some  parts  ofJCeuj  K^igUiiid,  the  iracefl  of  a 
harness  are  called  tugs. 

TUG'G/ol),  pp.    Pulled  with  great  effort. 

TUG'GER,  71.  One  who  tugs  or  pulls  with  great  ef- 
fort. 

TUG'GIXG,  ppr.  Pulling  or  dragging  with  great  ex- 
ertion ;  hauling. 

TUG'GLXG,  n.     Laborious  pulling. 

TUG'GI.XG-LY,  adv.    WiUi  laborious  pulling. 

Badrv. 

TU-I"TION,  (lu-ish'un,)  n.  fL.  tuiiio,  from  tueor,  t£i 
see,  behold,  protect,  &.c.  This  verb  is  probably  ct>n- 
tracted  from  tugo.  It.  tuighim.  If  so,  it  coincide* 
with  the  Dan.  tu^t,  education,  tu^ter,  to  chastise,  D. 
tugt,  G.  zucbr.  In  this  case,  it  coincides  nearly  with 
L.  duco,  to  lead.] 

1.  Guardianship  ;  superint«?ndingcare  ovcra  young 
person  ;  the  particular  watch  and  care  of  a  tutor  or 
guardian  over  his  pupil  or  ward. 

2.  More  especially,  instruction  ;  the  net  or  business 
of  teaching  the  various  branches  of  learning.  Wc 
place  our  children  under  the  preceptors  of  academies 
for  tuitioji.  [This  is  now  the  common  acceptation  of  the 
word,] 

3.  The  money  paid  for  instruction.  In  our  col- 
leges, the  tuition  is  from  thirty  lo  forty  dollars  a  year. 

TU-I"TION-A-RY,  (-ish'un-,)  a.  Pertaining  to  tu- 
ition. 

TC'LIP,  7).  [Fr.  tulipe;  L.  tulipa;  It.  tulipano:  Sp. 
tulipan;  D.  tulp ;  G.  tulpc;  Sw.  tulpan;  Dan.  tmli- 
pan.] 

A  bulbous  plant  and  a  flower  of  the  genus  Tulipa, 
of  a  great  variety  of  colors,  and  much  cultivated  for 
its  beautv. 

Tu-LIP-O-.Ma'XI-A,  n.  A  violent  passion  fur  iha  ac- 
quisition or  cultivation  of  tulips.  P.  Cye. 

TO'LIP-'I'REE,  71.  An  American  tree,  growing  lo  a 
large  size,  and  bearing  flowers  resembling  the  tulip, 
the  Liriodendron  Tulipifera;    also  called  WHixr- 

V.'OOD.  Lc^. 

TOLLE,  71.    [Fr.]    A  kind  of  silk  open  work  or  lace. 

TUL'LI-AX,  a.    Belonging  to  Telly  or  Cicero. 

TUjM'BLE,  r.  I.  [Sax.  tumbian,  to  tumble,  to  dance  ; 
Sw.  tumla.  to  fall,  lo  tumble  ;  Dan.  tumler,  to  shake, 
toss,  reel,  tumble  ;  Fr.  tombcr  :  Sp.  luK^or,  to  tumble, 
roll,  keel,  as  a  ship,  to  throw  down  ;  tutJibj,A  tomb,a. 
vault,  a  tumble  or  fall ;  L.  tumulus,  tutHMkus,  tumeo  ; 
It.  lomare,  to  fall ;  tombolare,  to  tumble  j  W.  drnp,  a 
hillock  ;  G.  taumeln,  to  reel.] 

1.  To  roll;  lo  roU  about  by  turning  one  way  .'.  1 
the  otiier ;  as,  a  person  in  pain  tumbles  and  los--  - 

2.  To  fall ;  to  come  down  suddenly  and  violently  ; 
as,  to  tumble  from  a  scaffold. 

3.  To  roll  down.  The  stone  of  Sisyphus  is  saidlo 
have  tumbled  to  the  bottom,  as  sotin  as  it  was  carriL-d 
up  the  hill.  .BddisoH. 

4.  To  play  mounlehank  tricks  by  various  Iibra- 
tions  and  movements  of  the  body.  Ro^e. 

TU.M'BLE,  r.  f.      To  turn  over:    to  turn  or  Uiruw 
about  for  examination  or  searching  ;  sometimes  wali 
over;  as,  to  tumble  over  books  or  papers  ;    lo  r-    ' 
over  clothes.     [To  tumble  over  in  Utought,  is  not  - 
ganl.l 
2,  To  disturb  ;  to  rumple  ;  as,  to  tumble  a  boJ. 
To  tumble  out;  to  throw  or  roll  out ;  as,  lo  tMmUe 
out  casks  front  a  store. 

To  tumble  down  ;  to  llirow  down  carelessly. 

Locke. 
TUM'BLE,  n.    A  fall.  VF^^tr^imge. 

TUM'BLED,    pp.      Rolled ;     disturbed  ;     rumpled ; 

thrown  down.  .       , 

TUM'BLER,  71.    One  who  tumbles;  one  who  plays 

the  tricks  of  a  mountebank.  Pcpc 

2.  A  largo  drinking  glass. 

3.  A  variety  of  the  domestic  pigeon,  so  caliCd  fro;n 


TtJNE,  BULL,  UNITE.— AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K ;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  Cl!  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


TUM 

Ilis  practice  of  tumbling  or  turning  over  in  flijiht.  It 
is  a  short-bodied  pigeun,  of  a  plain  color,  black,  blue, 
or  white.  Ojc. 

4.  A  sortof  dog,  so  called  from  lus  practice  of  tum- 
bling before  he  attacks  his  pre}'.  Siean. 

TUM'iJLING,  ppr.  Rolling  about  j  falling  j  disturb- 
ing; rumpling. 

Tnmblin^-homc,  In  a  shipj  is  the  inclination  of  the 
top  sides  from  a  perpendicular,  toward  the  center  of 
the  ship  ;  or  the  part  of  a  ship  which  falls  inward 
above  the  extreme  breadth.  Ci/c.    Mar.  Diet. 

TUM'HLING,  71.  The  net  of  tumbling;  the  perform- 
ances of  a  tumbler. 

TUiM'BLIXG-BaY,  71.    In  a  canal,  an  overfall  or  weir. 

Cyc. 

TUM'BREL,  n.  [Fr.  tomiereau,  from  tombcr.  See 
Tumble.] 

1.  A  ducking-stool  for  the  punishment  of  scolds. 

2.  A  rough  cart;  a  dung-cart.      7'usser.     Taller. 

3.  A  cart  or  carriage  with  two  wheels,  whicli  ac- 
companies troops  or  artillery,  for  conveying  the  tools 
of  pioneers,  cartridges,  and  the  like. 

TUM'BRIL,  7;.  A  contrivance  of  the  basket  kind,  or 
a  kind  of  cage  of  osiers,  willows,  &,c.,  for  keeping 
hay  and  other  fond  for  sheep.  C>ic. 

TU-ME-FAC'TION,  7i.  [L.  tumcfacio,  to  make  tumid. 
See  Tumid.] 

The  act  or  process  of  swelling  or  rising  into  a  tu- 
mor; a  tumor;  a  swelling. 
TO'JME-Fr-i:D,  (tu'me-f  Ide,)  pp.  or  a.     [from  tumefy.] 

Swelled  ;  enlarged  ;  as,  a  tnmejied  joint.  Wiseman. 
TO'ME-FY,  V.  t.     [L.tumefacio;  tumidus,  tmiieoj  and 
facio.] 

To  swell,  or  cause  to  swell. 
Ttj'ME-F^',  V.  i.    To  swell :  to  rise  in  a  tumor. 
TO'ME-F?-ING,  ppr.    Swelling;  rising  in  a  tumor. 
TO'MID,  a.     [L.  tumidus,  from  tinjico,  to  swell.] 

1.  Being  swelled,  enlarged,  or  distended  ;  as,  a  t«- 
mid  leg  ;  tumid  flesh. 
9.  Protuberant;  rising  above  the  level. 

So  high  as  heavetl  the  taijud  hills.  MUton. 

3.  Swelling  in  sound  or  sense;  pompous;  puffy; 

bombastic  ;  falsely  sublime  ;  as,  a  tumid  expression  ; 

a  tiLmid  style.  Boyle. 

Tu'MID-LV,  adv.    In  a  swelling  form. 
Tu'.MID-NESS,  n.    A  sweUinc  or  swelled  state. 
Tu'MOR,  71.     [L.,  from  (H7;iro,"^to  swell.] 

1.  In  saracry^  a  swelling  ;  a  morbid  enlargement 
of  any  part  of  the  body  j  a  wm-d  of  very  comprehen- 
sive sig-nijication. 

The  morbid  enlargement  of  a  particular  part,  with- 
out being  caused  by  inflammation.  Parr. 

Any  swelling  which  arises  from  the  growth  of 
distinct  superfluous  parts  or  substances,  which  did 
not  make  any  part  of  the  original  structure  of  the 
body,  or  from  a  morbid  increase  in  the  bulk  of  other 
parts,  which  naturally  and  always  existed  in  the  hu- 
man frame.  Cyc, 

The  term  rumor  is  limited,  by  Abemethy,  to  such 
sn-ellings  as  arise  from  new  productions,  and  in- 
cludes only  the  sarcomatous  and  encysted  tumors. 

Parr. 

An  encysted  tumor  is  one  which  is  formed  in  a 
membrane  called  a  cyst,  connected  with  the  sur- 
rounding parts  by  the  neighboring  cellular  substance. 
There  are  also  fatty  tumors,  called  Upomatous  or  adi- 
pose, (adipose  sarcoma,)  formed  In'  an  accumulation 
of  fat  in  a  limited  extent  of  the  "cellular  substance. 

Cyc. 

2.  Affected  pomp  ;  bombast  in  language  ;  swelling 
words  or  expressions;  false  magnificence  or  sublim- 
ity.    [Little  rised.]  Wotton. 
Tu'MOR-A'D,  a.    Distended  ;  swelled.           Junius. 
TO'MOR-OUS,  a.    SweUing ;  protuberant.    IVotton. 

2.  Vainly  pompous;  bombastic;  as  language  or 
style.     {Little  used.]  B.  Jonson. 

TUMP,  71.     [Infra.]    A  little  hillock. 

TUMP,  V.  t.     [W.  tvmp,  a  round  mass,  a  hillock  ;  L. 

tumulus.     See  Tomb.] 
In  ^ardcnin^,  to  form  a  mass  of  eartli  or  a  hillock 

round  a  plant ;  as,  to  tump  teasel.     [This  English 

phrase  is  not  used  in  America,  but  it  answers  nearly 

to  our  Hilling.     See  Hzll.] 
TUMP'ED,  (tumpt,)  pp.     Sur 

of  earth. 
TUMP'ING,  ppr.    Raising  a  mass  of  earth  round  a 

plant. 
TO'MU-LAR,  a.     [L.  tumulus^  a  heap.] 

Consisting  in  a  heap ;  formed  or  being  in  a  heap  or 

hillock.  Pinkerton 

TO'MU-LaTE,  «.  i.     To  swell.    [A'-atinuse] 
TU-MU-LOS'I-TY,  71,     [Infra.]    Silliness.    Bailey. 
TO'MU-LOQS,  a.     [h.  tumulosus.]  ^ 

Full  of  hills.  Bailey. 

TO'MULT,  n.     [L.  tumuUus^  a  derivative,  from  tumeo 

to  swell.]  ' 

1.  The  commotion,  disturbance,  or  agitation  of  a 
multitude,  usually  accompanied  with  great  noise 
uproar,  and  confusion  of  voices. 

WhiTii  mcineili  (he  noifle  of  Uiia  tumuU7~\  Sam.  iv. 
Till  in  ioud  tumult  all  the  Greeks  arose.  Pope. 

2.  Violent  commotion  or  agitation,  with  confusion 
of  sounds ;  as,  the  tumult  of  the  elements.  Spectator. 


I  pp.     Surrounded  with  a  hillock 


TUN 

3.  Agitation  ;  high  excitement ;  irregular  or  con- 
fused motion  ;  as,  the  tumult  of  the  spirits  or  pas- 
sions. 

4.  Bustle ;  stir. 

TO'MULT,  r.  1.  To  make  a  tumult;  to  be  in  great 
commotion.  Milton. 

TU-MULT'U-A-RI-LY,  arfy.  [from  tumultuary.]  In 
a  tumultuarj'-  or  disorderly  manner. 

TU-MUI.T'q-A-RI-NESS,  n.  Disorderly  or  tumultu- 
ous conduct  ;  turbulence;  disposition  to  tumult. 

K.  Charles. 

TU-MULT'lJ-A-RY,  a,  [Fr.  tujnuUuairci  from  L.  tu- 
multus.] 

1.  Disorderly;  promiscuous;  confused;  as,  a  tu- 
vuiUuary  conflict.  ff".  Charles. 

2.  Restless  ;  agitated  ;  unquiet. 

Men,  who  live  without  reli^'on,  live  always  in  a  tumultuary  and 

resiloss  sLitc.  Atlerbury. 

TU-MULT'U-aTE,  v.  i.     [L.  tumulUio.] 

To  make  a  tumult.    [JVot  used.]  South. 

TU-MULT-IT-A'TION,  n.  Commotion;  irregular  or 
disorderly  movement ;  as,  the  tumultuation  of  the 
parts  of  a  fluid.  Boyle. 

TU-MULT'U-OUS,  (-mult'yu-us,)  a.  [Fr.  tumul- 
tucux.] 

1.  Conducted  with  tumult  ;  disorderly;  as,  a  tu- 
mulfuons  conflict ;  a  tumultuous  retreat. 

2.  Greatly  agitated  ;  irregular  ;  noisy  ;  confused  ; 
as,  a  tumultuous  assembly  or  meeting. 

3.  Agitated  ;  disturbed  ;  as,  a  tumultuous  breast. 

4.  Turbulent ;  violent ;  as,  a  tumultuous  speech. 

5.  Full  of  tumult  and  disorder;  as,  a  tumultuous 
state  or  citv.  Sidney. 

TU-MULT'tl-OUS-LV,  adv.  In  a  disorderly  man- 
ner ;  by  a  disorderly  multitude. 

TU-MULT'y-OUS-NESS,  n.  The  "Btate  of  being  tu- 
multuous ;  disorder ;  commotion. 

TU>MU-LUS,  71.  [L.]  An  artificial  hillock  raised 
over  those  who  were  buried  in  ancient  times. 
Hence  tomb. 

TUN,  7(.  [Sax.  tunna,  Sw.  tunna,  a  cask  ;  Fr.  tonne, 
tonneau  ;  Ir.  tonna;  Arm.  tormel ;  Sp.  and  Port,  toncl, 
tonelada ;  G.  tonne;  D.  ton  ;  W.  tynell,  a  barrel  or  tun. 
This  word  seems  to  be  from  the  root  of  L.  tenco,  to 
holdjGr.  r^iyw,  to  stretch,  W.  ty7i,  stretched,  strained, 
tight,  tyn&u,  to  strain,  to  tighten  ;  and  this  seems 
also  to  be  the  Sax.  tun,  a  town  ;  for  this  word  signi- 
fies also  a  garden,  evidently  from  inclosing,  and  a 
class,  from  collecting  or  holding.] 

1.  In  a  general  sctise,  a  large  cask  ;  an  oblong  ves- 
sel bulging  in  the  middle,  like  a  pipe  or  puncheon, 
and  girt  with  hoops. 

2.  A  certain  measure  for  liquids,  as  for  wine,  oil, 
&c. 

3.  A  quantity  of  wine,  consisting  of  two  pipes  or 
fotir  hogsheads,  or  252  gallons.  In  different  coun- 
tries, the  tun  differs  in  quantity. 

4.  In  commerce,  the  weight  of  twenty  hundred 
gross,  each  hundred  consisting  of  112  llis.  =2240  lbs. 
Cut  by  a  law  of  Connecticut,  passed  June,  1837, 
gross  weight  is  abolished,  and  a  tun  is  the  weight  of 
2000  lbs.  It  is  also  a  practice  in  New  York  to  sell  by 
2000  lbs.  to  the  tun. 

5.  A  certain  weight  by  which  the  burden  of  a  ship 
is  estimated  ;  as,  a  ship  of  three  hundred  tuns,  that 
is,  a  ship  that  will  carry  three  hundred  times  two 
thousand  weight.  Forty-two  cubic  feet  arc  allowed 
to  a  tun. 

6.  A  certain  quantity  of  timber,  consisting  of  forty 
solid  feet,  if  round,  or  fifty-four  feet,  if  square. 

Cyc. 

7.  Proverbially,  a  large  quantity.  Shak. 

8.  In  burlesque,  a  drunkard.  Drydcn. 

9.  At  the  end  of  names,  tun,  ton,  or  doii,  signifies 
town,  village,  or  hill. 

TUN,  V.  t.    To  put  into  casks.  Bacon.    Boyle. 

TtJN'A-BLE,a.     [from  tunc.]     Harmonious;  musical. 

AuJ  tunable  as  sylvan  pipe  or  son*.  MUton. 

9.  That  may  be  put  in  tune. 
TuN'A-BLE-NESS,  7i.     Harmony  ;  melodiousness. 
TuN'A-BLY,  flrfw.    Harmoniously;  musically. 
TUN'-BEL-LI-_ED,  a.      [tun  and  belly.]      Having  a 

large,  protuberant  belly.  Entick. 

TUN'-DISH,  71.     [tun  and  dUh.]    A  tunnel. 
TuNE,  71.     [Fr.  (071,-  It.  tuono ;  D.  toon;  W.  ton;  Ir. 

tona;  L.  tonus.    It  is  a  different  spelling  of  TorcE, 

which  see.] 

1.  A  series  of  musical  notes,  in  some  particular 
measure,  and  consisting  of  a  single  series,  for  one 
voice  or  instrument,  the  effect  of  which  is  melody  ; 
or  a  union  of  two  or  more  series  or  parts  to  be  sung 
or  played  in  concert,  the  effect  of  which  is  harmony. 
Thus  we  say,  a  merry  tune,  a  lively  tune,  a  grave 
tunCy  a  psalm  tunc,  a  martial  tune. 

2.  Sound  ;  note.  Shak. 

3.  Harmony;  order;  concert  of  parts. 

A  continual  parliament  I  thought  would  but  keep  (he  common- 
weal in  tune.  K.  Charles. 

4.  The  state  of  giving  the  proper  sounds ;  as  when 
we  say,  a  harpsichord  is  in  tunc;  that  is,  when  the 
several  chords  are  of  that  tension,  that  each  gives 
its  proper  sound,  and  the  sounds  of  all  are  at  due  in- 
tervals, both  of  tones  and  semitones. 


TUN 

5.  Proper  state  foi  use  or  application  ;  right  dispo- 
sition ;  fit  temper  or  humor.  The  mind  is  not  in 
tune  for  mirth. 

A  chill!  will  I^nni  three  times  u  fnat  when  he  a  in  tune,  th  he 
will  when  he  is  dragged  lo  his  task.  Loci-e. 

TuNE,  V.  t.  To  put  into  a  state  adapted  to  produce 
the  proper  sounds  ;  as,  to  tune  a  piano-forte;  to  t.-inc 
a  violin. 

Tune  your  haqia,  Dryden. 

2.  To  sing  witli  melody  or  harmony 

Fountitius,  ftii<l  ye  that  warble  .is  ye  flow 

Mclodiuus  Riunuurs,  warUing  tune  hia  pniiic.  Milton. 

So  we  say  of  birds,  they  tune  their  notes  or  lays. 

3.  To  put  into  a  stale  proper  fur  any  purpose,  or 
adapted  to  produce  a  particular  effect.     {Liitle  used.] 

TuNE,  V.  i.    To  form  one  sound  to  another.     [Shak. 

While  (lining-  to  llio  waters'  Tall, 

The  &:iiall  bir>is  s-in^  to  \v:i.  Drayton. 

2.  To  Utter  inarticulate  harmony  with  the  voice. 

TuN'£D,  pp.  Uttered  melodiously  or  harmoniously  ; 
put  in  order  to  produce  the  projicr  sounds. 

TuNE'FlJL,  a.  Harmonious;  melodious;  musical; 
as,  tuneful  notes  ;  tuneful  birds.     Milton,     Drydeu. 

TONE'FIJL-LY,  adr.    Hannoniously  ;  nuisicaliy. 

TuNE'LESS,  a.     Unmusical ;  unharmonious. 

2.  Not  employed  in  making  music  ;  as,  a  tunrlcK.^ 
harp. 

TUN'ER,  71.    One  who  tunes.  Sha!:. 

9.  One  whose  occupation  is  to  tune  musical  instru- 
ments. 

TUNG'STATE,  n.  A  salt  formed  of  lungstic  acid  and 
a  base. 

TUNG'STEN,  n.  [Sw.  and  Dan.  tun^,  heavy,  aiul 
sten,  stone.] 

1.  A  metal  discovered  by  D'Elhuyart,  in  1781.  It 
has  a  grayish-white  color,  and  considerable  luster. 
It  is  brittle,  nearly  as  hard  as  steel,  and  less  Audible 

_  than  manganese.  Its  specific  gravity  is  near  IT.fi, 
When  heated  to  redness  in  the  open  air,  it  lakes  fire, 
and  is  converted  into  tungstic  acid.  It  is  sometimes 
called  WoLFRAMiuM. 

2.  An  obsolete  name  for  the  mineral  tungstatc  of 
lime. 

TUNG-STEN'I€,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  procured  from 
tungsten.    [Obs.] 

TUNG'STie  ACID,  7i.  An  acid  composed  of  one 
equivalent  of  the  metal  tungsten,  and  tliroe  equiva- 
lents of  oxygen. 

TO'NIC,  71.  [Fr.  tunique;  L.  tunica.  See  Town  and 
Tun.] 

1.  An  under  garment  worn  by  both  sexes  m  ancient 
Rome  and  the  East,  reaching  to  or  below  the  knees. 

SmWi^s  Diet. 

2.  In  the  Roman  Catholic  church,  a  long  under  gar- 
ment worn  by  the  officiating  clergj'.  Cyc. 

3.  In  anatomy,  a  membrane  that  covers  or  composes 
some  part  or  organ ;  as,  the  tunics  or  coats  of  the 
eye ;  the  tunics  of  the  stomacli,  or  the  membranous 
and  muscular  layers  which  compose  it.  Cyc. 

4.  A  natural  covering ;  an  mtcgument ;  as,  the 
IiiTiic  of  a  seed. 

TtJ'Nie-A-RY,  71.  [from  tunic.]  An  animal  of  the 
molluscan  tribe,  enveloped  with  a  double  tunic. 

Kirby. 

TO'Nie-A-TED,  a.  In  botany,  covered  with  a  tunic, 
or  membranes;  coated. 

A  tunicated  bulb,  is  one  composed  of  numerous  con- 
centric coats,  as  an  onion.  Martyn. 

Tu'NI-€LE,  (tu'ne-kl,)  7i.  [from  tunic]  A  natural 
covering;  an  integument.  Ray.    Bcntley. 

TuN'ING,  ppr.  Uttenng  harmoniously  or  melodi- 
ously ;  putting  in  due  order  for  making  ihe  proper 
sounds. 

TON'ING-FORK,  n.  A  steel  instrumentconsisting  of 
two  prongs  and  a  handle;  used  for  tuning  instru- 
ments. Busbv. 

TuN'ING-HAM-MER,  n.  A  tool  for  tuning  instru- 
ments of  music.  Busby. 

TUNK'ER,  71.     [G.  tunkcn,  to  dip.] 

The  Tunkers  are  a  religious  sect  in  Pennsylvania, 
of  German  origin,  resembling  the  Englisli  Baptists. 

TUN'NAGE,  71.  [from  tun.]  The  amount  of  tuns 
that  a  ship  will  carry  ;  the  content  or  burden  of  a 
ship.     A  fillip  pays  duty  acccrding  to  her  tunnage. 

2.  The  duty  charged  on  ships  according  to  their 
burden,  or  the  number  of  tuns  at  which  they  are 
rated.  U.  States^  Laws. 

3.  A  duty  laid  on  liquors  according  to  their  meas- 
ure. Cyc. 

4.  A  duty  paid  to  mariners  by  merchants  fur  un- 
loading their  ships,  after  a  rate  by  the  tun.        Cyc. 

5.  The  whole  amount  of  shipping,  estimated  by  the 
tuns. 

TUN'NEL,  71.     [Fr.  tonnellc.] 

1.  A  vessel  with  a  broad  mouth  at  one  end,  and  a 
pipe  or  tube  at  the  other,  for  conveying  liquor  into 
casks,  bottles,  &;c. 

2.  The  opening  of  a  chimney  for  the  passage  of 
smoke  ;  called  generally  a  Fijnnel. 

3.  An  artificial  arch  or  passage  for  conducting 
canals  or  railroads  under  elevated  ground,  for  the 
formation  cf  roads  under  rivers  or  canais,  and  Iho 
construction  of  sewers,  drains,  ^c.  Hcbert. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.-MeTE,  PREY. -PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD. -NOTE,  D0\%  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK. - 

1182  


TUR 

TUX'NEL,  r.  t.  To  form  like  a  tunnel  j  as,  to  tunnel 
fibrous  plants  into  nests.  Dcrkmn. 

!>.  To  catch  in  a  net  called  a  tnnnel-net. 

3.  To  form  with  net-work.  Dcrliam. 

4.  To  make  an  opening  or  way  for  passage, 
throU2h  a  hill,  or  mountain,  or  under  a  river. 

TUN'XEL-£D,  pp.  Formed  like  a  tunnel  3  penetrat- 
ed by  an  artificial  opening  for  a  passage. 

TUN'S'EL-IXG,  ppr.  Forming  like  a  tunnel ;  pene- 
tratinir  hv  a  subterraneous  passaee. 

TUXNELi-KILN,  [-kil,^  it.  A  lime-kiln  in  which  coal 
is  burnt,  as  distinguished  from  a  Flame-Kiln,  in 
which  wood  or  p.at  is  used.  Cyc. 

TCN'XEL-XET,  ?;.  A  net  with  a  wide  mouth  at  one 
end  and  narrow  at  the  other.  Cyc 

TUN'XEL-PtT,  n.  A  shaft  sunk  from  the  top  of  the 
ground  to  the  level  of  an  intended  tunnel,  for  draw- 
ing up  tbe  earth  and  stones. 

TUN'XIXa,  ppr.    Putting  into  casks. 

TUN'XY,  R.  [It.  tonno;  Fr.  thon,-  G.  tliunfisch  i  L. 
tJtynnus.] 

A  fish  of  the  genus  Thynnus,  of  tlie  mackerel  fami- 
ly. Its  form  is  similar  to  that  of  the  mackerel,  but 
much  larger,  rounder,  and  witli  a  .'^hotter  snout.  It 
is  one  of  the  largest  of  fishes,  tunnies  weighing  1000 
pounds  not  being  rare  in  the  Mediterranean.  The 
tunnv  is  considered  excellent  food. 

TCP,  n.     A  ram.     [Local.]  [Jttrdine^s  J^Tat.  Lib. 

TUP,  r.  L     [Gr.  rc-rcj.] 

1.  To  but,  as  a  mm.     [Local.] 
*3.  To  cover,  as  a  ram.     [Local.] 

TuTE-LO,  Tt.  A  Xorili  American  tree  of  the  genus 
jS'yssa-  Some  of  tbe  species  are  called  Black-Gum, 
SouK-Gi-M,  Gitm-Teee,  &:c.  Drayton,    Mease. 

TL'P'-M.VN',  n.  A  man  who  deals  in  tups.  [Local.] 
TUE'BAN,  n.  [Ar.]  A  head-dress  worn  by  the  Ori- 
entals, consisting  of  a  cap,  and  a  sasb,  scarf,  or 
shawl,  usually  of  cotton  or  linen,  artfully  wound 
about  the  cap,  and  sometimes  hanging  dov/n  the 
neck.  Brande. 

The  name  is  also  applied  to  a  bead-dress  worn  by 
ladies. 

2.  In  concJtaiomjj  the  whole  set  of  whirls  of  a  shell. 

Cyc. 
TUKOJAN-eROWN-^D,  a.    Crowned  with  a  turban. 

fVe^'U  Rev. 
TirR'BAN-£I),  a.    Wearing  a  turban  ;  as,  a  turbaned 

Turk.  Shak. 

TUR'B.VX-SHELL,  n.     A  popular  name  given  to 

Echini,  or  sea-urcliins,  when  deprived  of  their  spines, 

from  some  resemblance  to  a  turban.  Dana. 

TUR'BAX-TOP,  n,    A  plant  of  the  genus  Helvella  ;  a 

kind  of  fungus  or  mushroom.  Cue. 

TL'R'BA-RY,  71.     [from  turf;  Latini^ied,  turharia^] 
\.  In  law,  a  right  of  digging  turf  on  another  man's 

bnd.     Common   of  turbary^  is  the  liberty  which  a 

tcn:int  enjoys  of  digging  turf  on  the  lord's  waste. 
2.  The  place  where  turf  is  dug.  Cowel. 

TUR'BID,   a.      [L.  turbidus,  from  turbo^  to  disturb, 

that  is,  to  stir,  to  turn.] 
Properly^  having  the  lees  disturbed  ;  but  in  a  more 

ffcneral  sease^  muddy;  foul  with  extraneous  matter  ; 

thick,  not  clear  ;  used  of  liquids  of  any  kind  ;  as,  turbid 

water;  f«r6id  wine.    Streams  running  on  clay  gen- 

cmHy  appear  to  be  turbid.    This  is  often  the  case 

with"  the  Iviver  Seine. 
TIJU'BID-LV,  adv.     Proudly  ;  haughtily  ;  a  Latinism, 

[J^\'t  in  ii--vj  Young. 

T:  R'BID-XESS,  n,    Muddiness  ;  foulness. 
TUR-BiLL'IOX,  (-biKj-un.)  w.     [Fr.  tourbiUon.] 

A  whirl  ;  a  vortex.  Spectator. 

TI'R'BIN-ATE,      to.     [L.  (?/r6rnafu5,  formed  like  a 
TUR'BIX-A'TED,  j      lop,  from  turboj  turbcn,  a  top.] 

1.  In  conchclogy^  spiral,  or  wreathed  conically  from 
a  larger  base  to  a  kind  of  apei;  as,  turbinated  shells. 

Cyc 

2.  In  botany,  shaped  like  a  top  or  cone  inverted  ; 
narrow  at  the  base,  and  broad  at  the  apex ;  as,  a 
iurbinaud  germ,  nectary,  or  pericarp.  Lee. 

3.  Whiriing.     [UaUvsed.] 
TUR-ErX-A'TIOX,  n.    The  act  of  spinning  or  whirl- 
in  £,  as  a  top. 

TUR'BIX-ITE,  Jh.     A  petrified  shell  of  the  genus 

TCR'EITE,        t      Turbo.  {Obsolete.]     Cyc.  Kirwan. 

TUR'P.IT, /I.  A  variety  of  the  domestic  pigeon,  re- 
markable for  its  short  beak ;  called  by  the  Dutch 
kortr-bcak,  short  beak.  Cijc    Ed.  Encyc 

2.  The  lurbol.  Cyc. 

TUR'BITU,  71.  An  incorrect  spelling  of  Tubpeth, 
which  see. 

TUR'BOT,  7!.  [Fr.]  A  flat-fish  of  the  genus  Rhom- 
bus of  Cuvier,  (Pleuronectes,  Linn.,)  with  a  body 
nearly  circular.  It  grows  to  the  weiebt  of  twenty  or 
thirty  pounds,  and  is  much  esteemed  bv  epicures. 

TCR'BU-LEXCE.    i  n.     [Pee  Turbulent.]     A    dis- 

TUR'BU-LEX-CV,  j  turbed  state;  tumult;  confu- 
sion ;  as,  the  turbulence  of  the  thnes ;  turbulence  in 
politicaJ  affairs.  JlHlton. 

2.  Disorder  or  tumult  of  the  passions ;  as,  turbu- 
lence of  mind.  Drydcn. 

3.  .Agitation;  tomiiltuousness ;  as,  turbulence  of 
blond.  Swift 

4.  Disposition  to  resist  authority ;  insubordination ; 
as,  the  turbulence  of  subjects. 


TUR 


TUR 


[L.  turbulentus,  from  furfto,  to 


TUR'BU-LENT 

disturb.] 

1.  Disturbed;  agitated;  tumultuous;  being  in 
violent  commotion ;  as,  the  turbulent  ocean. 

Ctlm  region  once, 
And  full  of  peace,  now  tossed  and  turbufme.  MUlon. 

Tbe  turbulent  mirth  of  wine.  DrycUn. 

9.  Restless;  unquiet;  refractory;   dif'posed  to  in- 
subordination and  disorder;  as,  turbulent  spirits. 
3.  Producing  commotion. 

Whose  beads  Lhit  turbuUnl  lifjuor  Els  with  fuinM.        Milton. 

TUH'BU-LEXT-LY,  Grfo.  Tumultuously  ;  with  vio- 
lent agitation;  with  refractoriness. 

TUR'CISM,  n.    The  religion  of  the  Turks. 

TU-REEX',  n.     [Fr.  terrvie.] 
A  vessel  for  holding  soup. 

TURF,  K.  [Sax.  tirrf:  D.  turf;  G.  and  Sw.  torf;  Fr. 
tourbe  ;  Ir.  tarp,  a  clod.  The  word  seems  to  signify 
a  collection,  a  mass,  or  perhaps  an  excrescence.] 

1.  That  upper  stratum  of  earth  and  vegetable 
mold,  v/hich  is  filled  with  the  roots  of  grass  and 
other  small  plants,  so  as  to  adhere  and  form  a  kind 
of  mat.     This  is  otherwise  called  S^waed  and  Sod. 

2.  Peat  ;  a  peculiar  kind  of  blackish,  fibrous,  veg- 
etable, earthy  substance,  used  as  fuel.] 

[Dryden  and  Addison  wr6te  Tc-rfs,  in  the  plural. 
But  when  turf  or  peat  is  cut  into  small  pieces,  the 
practice  now  is  to  call  them  Turteb.] 

3.  Race  ground  ;  or  horse-racing. 

Tbe  honors  of  Ihe  (ur/are  all  our  own.  Coisper. 

TURF,  V.  t.  To  cover  with  turf  or  sod  i  as,  to  turf  a 
bank  or  the  border  of  a  terrace. 

TURF^-CLAD,  a.     Covered  with  turf. 

TURF'-€OV-ER-£D,  a.    Covered  with  turf.      Tookc. 

TURF'-DRaIX,  h.    A  drain  filled  v.-ith  turf  or  peat. 

Ct/c. 

TURF'£D,  (turft.)  pp.  Covered  with  turf  or  green 
sod. 

TURF'£;X,  a.    Made  of  turf;  covered  with  turf. 

TURF'-HEDGE,  n.  A  hedge  or  fence  furmed  with 
turf  and  plants  of  dilfLTent  kinds.  Cyc. 

TURF'-HOUSE,  n.  A  house  or  shed  formed  of  turf, 
common  in  the  northern  parts  of  Europe. 

Cyc.     Tooke. 

TURF'I-XESS,7i.  [from  turfy.]  The  state  of  abound- 
ing with  turf,  or  of  having  the  consistence  or  quahties 
of  turf. 

TURF'IXG,  ppr.    Covering  with  turf. 

TURF'IXG,  H.  The  operation  of  laying  down  turf,  or 
covering  with  turf. 

TURF'ING-I-RON,  n.  An  implement  for  paring  off 
turf. 

TURF'IXG-SPaDE,  71.  An  instrument  for  under- 
cutting turf,  when  marked  out  bv  the  plow.     Cijc. 

TURF'-MOSS,  n.  A  tract  of  turfy,  mossy,  or  bogg}' 
land.  Cyc. 

TURF'-SPaDE,  n.  A  spade  for  cutting  and  diguing 
turf,  longer  and  narrower  than  the  common  spade. 

Cyc. 

TURF'Y,  a.    Abounding  with  turf. 
2.   Having  the  quahties  of  turf. 

TUR'GENT,"*:.     [L.  tureens,  from  turjco,  to  swell.] 
Swelling;   tumid;  rising  into  a  "tumor  or  pulfy 
state  ;  as,  when  the  humors  are  turgent. 

Qor.  of  the  Tongue. 

TUR-CES'CEXCE,   (  ,      r,    t,.■.^...^^^ 

TUR-tES'CEX-CV,  \  "'     ^L-  turgcscens.] 

1.  Tbe  act  of  swelling. 

2.  The  stale  of  being  swelled.  Brown. 

3.  Empty  pompousness;  inflation  :  bombast. 
TUR-GES'CEXT,  a.     Swelling;  growing  big. 
TUR't^ID,  a.     [L.  turgidus,  from  turgeo,  to  swell,] 

1.  Swelled  j  bloated  ;  distended  beyond  its  nat- 
ural slate  by  some  internal  agent  or  expansive  force. 

A  bladder  held  by  the  fire  gT>;w  turgid.  Boyle. 

More  generally,  the  word  is  applied  to  an  enlarged 
part  of  the  body  ;  as,  a  turgid  limb. 

2.  Swelling  in  style  or  language;  vainly  ostenta- 
tious ;  tumid;  pompous;  inflated;  bombastic;  as,  a 
turn-id  style  ;  a  turbid  manner  of  talking.       Watts. 

TUR-GID'I-TY,  71.  State  of  being  swelled ;  tumid- 
ness. 

TUR'OID-LY,  adv.    With  swelling  or  empty  pomp. 

TUR^OJID-XESS,  n.  A  swelling  or  swelled  state  of  a 
thing;  distention  beyond  its  natural  state  by  some 
internal  force  or  agent,  as  in  a  limb. 

2.  Pompousness;  inflated  manner  of  writing  or 
speaking  ;  bombast ;  as,  the  turgidne^s  of  language 
or  style. 

TU-RI-0-XIF'ER-OUS,  a.  [L.  turio,  a  shoot,  and 
fero,  to  bear.] 

Producing  shoots.  Barton. 

TUR'KEV,n.  [As  this  fowl  was  not  brought  from 
Turkey,  it  would  be  more  correct  to  write  the  name 
TuRKT,  as  it  is  written  in  the  Encyclopedia  Britan- 
nica.] 

A  large  gallinaceous  fowl,  the  Meleagris  gallopavo. 
It  is  a  native  of  .America,  and  its  tlesh  furnishes 
most  delicious  food.  Wild  turkeys  abound  in  the 
forests  of  America,  and  domestic  turkeys  are  bred  in 
other  countries,  as  well  as  in  America.    There  is  an- 


other speciefl,  the  Muleagris  ocellaia,  found  about  the 

Hay  of  Hondura-i. 
TUR'KEY-BUZ'ZARD,  n.     In  Jimtrica,  a  common 

species  of  vulture,  Iiaving  a  distant  rewmblance  to  a 

turkey,  and  remarkable  for  its  graceful  flight  in  the 

higher  regions  of  the  air.    It  is  the  Caiharu-a  aura. 

JLi'l  .V.-.-.. 
TUR'KEY-RED,  n.    A  fine,  durable  re.i 

maddrr  upon  calico  or  woolen  cloth. 
TUR'KEY-STOXE,  n.     Another  name  <. 

stone,  from  Turkey. 
TURK'ISU,  a.    Pertaining  to  tbe  Turks. 
TUKK'ISII-LY,  adv.     In  the  manner  of  the  Turks. 
TUR-KOIS',  C-koiz'  w-keez',)  n.  [Fr.  tew«we,-  from 

Turkey.] 
A  mineral,  called  also  Calaite,  brought  Ti'.m  P^^ 

sia,  of  a  peculiar  liluifh-green  roior,  occur- 

form  ma^^ses,  with  a  butryoidal  surface,  I' 

ble  of  a  high  polish,  and  is  used  in  je^vclr,. 

highly  colored  is  much  c-stcemed  as  a  gtm.    X/-.'-u. 
TURK'S'-CAP,  n,    A  plant  of  the  genus  Lilium  ;  and 

also  of  tbe  genus  Melucactus. 
TI;RK'.S'-HEAU,  (bed,)  n.    A  name  of  planta  of  the 

genera  Mammillaria  and  Melocactus. 
TURK'S'-TUR-BAX,  n.     A  plant  of  the  genus  Ra- 

nunciihis, 
TCR'LU-FIXS,  n.  pL     In  French  eccUtiagtual  kit.  - 

a  nickname  for  the  precursors  of  the  reformat;' 1,, 

corresponding  to  Lollards,  ice.  Brande. 

TUR.M,  i(.     [L.  turma.] 

A  troop.    ]A''ot  Knglijh.]  MUton. 

TUR'MA-LIX;  n.    An  electric  stone.    [Sec  Tocutx- 

LIS.l 

TUR'MER-ie,  n.     [It.   turtumaglio.    Thoms-n  ray?, 

Sans,  and  Pers.  lur,  yellow,  and  mirich,  1  ■     ' 

.•\  medicinal  root  brought  from  the  lUi  ' 

Curcuma  loniia.     It  is  externally  grayi-! 

nally  of  a  deep,  lively  yellow  cr  salfron  col*!".     I: 

a  slight  aromatic  smell,  and  a  bitterish,  slightly  ;.   . 

taste.     It   is   used   for   dyeing,  and  as  a  mr-! 

This  name  is    sometimes  given  to  It; 

(Sanguinaria  Canadensis)  of  .America, 

tbe  Hydrastis  Canadensis.  Cyc.     . 

TUR-MOIL',  71.    [I  know  not  the  origin  of  tins  v.. jpI  ; 

but  it  is  probably  frouk  the  root  of  the  L.  rur&a,  fxr- 

60,  tumxa,  or  of  turn.] 
Disturbance;  tumult;   harassing  labor;   trooble; 

molestation  by  tumult. 

Then:  I'll  rest,  u  aA«r  much  turmott 

A  U'esed  soul  ddh  in  Elrtium.  Shak. 

TUR-MOIL',  r.  (.    To  harass  with  commotion. 

IL  is  her  faul  rnbrortun^ —  to  \x.  uuserabtjr  tnved  and  tttrmaStA 
widi  ih-jsc  storms  of  a:Uiction.  Sptnsrr. 

2,  To  disquiet;  to  weary.  Milton. 

TUR-MOIL',  V.  i.  To  be  disquieted  ;  to  be  in  com- 
motinn.  Milton. 

TUR-MOIL'M*,  pp.    Harassed  with  commotions. 

TURN,  V.  t.  [j?ax.  (urTiart,  tvrncn ;  L.  torno ;  Cr. 
f'ipvi'u)'.  Ft.  tiiitrner :  .Arm.  tumeim  It.  tamo,  a 
wheel,  L.  tumiai ;  tomare,  to  turn  ;  tomarf,  to  re- 
turn ;  torneare,  tornirc,  to  turn,  to  fence  round,  to 
tilt  :  torniamento,  tournament ;  Sp.  tortio,  tomear;  G. 
lurHuT,  a  tilt ;  Sw.  tornerc,  to  run  lilt,  Dan.  tumerer; 
W.  twrn,  turn,  from  tur,  a  turning  ;  Gaelic,  tuma,  a 
spinning  wheel ;  fKrnoir,  a  turaer.    This  is  probably 

a  derivative  verb  from  the  root  of  Ar.   ,0  damra, 

to  turn.    Class  Dr,  No.  3,  and  see  No.  15,  13,  18, 
3S.] 

1.  To  cause  to  move  in  a  circular  course;  as,  to 
turn  a  wheel ;  to  turn  a  spindle  ;  to  turn  the  body. 

2.  To  change  or  shift  sides  ;  to  put  the  upper  side 
downward,  or  one  side  in  the  place  of  the  other.  It 
is  said  a  hen  turns  her  eggs  often  when  sitting. 

3.  To  alter,  as  a  position. 

Expert 
Whcu  to  adTMCP,  or  stand,  cr  ttm  the  Bwny  of  tntUc.  MUtan, 

4.  To  cause  to  preponderate  ;  to  change  the  state 
of  a  balance  ;  as,  to  turn  the  scale.  Drydcn, 

5.  To  bring  the  inside  out ;  as,  to  fi-r::  a  rrcLt. 
G.  To  alter,  as  the  posture  of  tli: 

of  the  look. 

Th«  monarch  turns  him  to  ha  ror=i  _ 

7.  To  form  on  a  lathe  ;  to  make  round. 

6.  To  form  ;  to  shape  ;  used  in  the  participle ;  as,  a 
body  finely  turrxd. 

His  limbe  now  turned.  Pope. 

9.  To  change;  to  transform;  as,  to  t::-:t  cvH  t  > 
good  ;  to  turn  goods  into  intoney. 

Irnf^lieno;  rum*  on  ague  into  a  ferer. 
I  pray  ih<h',  rum  the  coonsct  of  Ahithopbrl  intn  ■ 
Sara.  IT. 

10.  To  metamorphose  J  as,  tofwm  a  worm  ii  ■ 
winged  insect. 

11.  To  alter  or  change,  as  color;  as,  to  fa m  cr. 
to  blue. 

12.  To  change  or  alter  in  any  manner ;  to  var>-. 

Skak. 

13.  To  translate ;  as,  to  ftim  Greek  into  English. 

Who  turns  a  Persian  l-ilc  f^^  ^''''  ■   "  '  ■  -  ^^" 


TtXE,  BTJLL,  UNITE.— AN"GER,  VI"CIOUP €  as  K;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  Sn ;  Tn  as  in  THIS. 


TUR 


H.  To  change,  as  llie  manner  of  writing  j  as,  to 
taru  i)rose  into  verse. 

15.  To  cliange,  as  from  one  opinion  or  party  to  an- 
other ;  as,  to  turn  one  from  a  lory  to  a  whig  ;  to  turn 
a  Mohanimedim  or  a  pagan  to  a  Christian. 

113.  To  cliange  in  regard  to  inclination  or  temper. 

Tiim  tliee  to  me,  and  Imvo  mercy  on  me.  —  Ps,  xx.v. 

17.  To  change  or  alter  from  one  purpose  or  eflect 
to  another. 

Gu.l  will  make  these  evils  the  occasion  of  greater  good,  by  turn- 
iiig  Ihcrm  to  otir  ailvantage.  Jiilotsun. 

18.  To  transfer. 

Tlierefore  lie  slew  him,  and  turned  tlic  kingdom  to  D;\vid.  —  1 
Chron.  x, 

19.  To  cause  to  nauseate  or  loathe  ;  as,  to  turn  the 
stoniacJi. 

no.  To  make  giddy. 

EMlcrn  prifsls  in  giddy  circles  run, 

And  turn  their  lieuds  to  imiUite  lli«  sun.  Pope. 

21.  To  infatuate  ;  to  make  mart,  wild,  or  enthusi- 
astic ;  as,  to  turn  tlie  hrain.  j9ddison, 

iw.  To  cliange  direction  to  or  from  any  point  j  as, 
to  turn  the  eyes  to  the  lieavensj  to  ttmi  tlie  eyes 
from  a  disgusting  spectacle. 

Q;i.  To  direct  by  a  change  to  a  certain  purpose  or 
object  ;  to  direct,  as  the  inclination,  thnugiits,  or 
mind.    I  have  turned  my  mind  to  the  subject. 

My  thoiiglils  fire  turned  on  peace.  Addison. 

21.  To  revolve  ;  to  agitate  in  the  mind. 

Tut-n  those  ideas  nhoLit  in  your  mind.  Watts. 

25.  To  bend  from  a  perpendicular  direction  j  as,  to 
turn  the  edge  of  an  instrument. 

2(j.  To  move  from  a  direct  course  or  straight  line  ; 
to  cause  to  deviate  ;  as,  toturn  a  liorse  from  tlie  road, 
or  a  ship  from  her  course. 

27.  To  apply  by  a  change  of  use. 

Wlifn  the  passage  la  open,  land  will  bo  turned  most  to  cattle. 

Temple. 

28.  To  reverse. 

Tlie  Lord  thy  God  will  turn  thy  captivity,  and  have  compassion 
«u  ihee.  —  Deut.  xxr. 

29.  To  keep  passing  and  changing  in  the  course  of 
trade  ;  as,  to  tarn  money  or  stock  two  or  three  times 
in  the  year. 

30.  To  artai»t  the  mind  ;  chiefiij  in  the  participle. 

H-;  was  porfectiy  well  turned  for  trade,  Addison. 

:il.  To  make  acid  ;  to  sour;  as,  to  tarn  cider  or 
wine  •,  to  turn  milk. 

;i2.  To  persuade  to  renounce  an  opinion  ;  to  dis- 
suade from  a  purpose,  or  cause  to  change  sides. 
You  can  not  turn  a  tirm  man. 

To  turn  aside  ;  to  avert. 

Ta  turn  away;  to  dismiss  from  service ;  to  discard  ; 
as,  to  turn  away  a  servant. 

2.  To  avert ;  as,  to  turn  away  wrath  or  evil. 

To  tarn  hack ;  to  return  ;  as,  to  turn  back  goods  to 
the  seller.     [Little  used.]  Shak. 

To  turn  down  ;  to  fold  or  double  down. 

To  turn  in;  to  fold  or  double;  as,  to  (urn  in  the 
edje  of  cloth. 

To  turn  off;  to  dismiss  contemptuously  ;  as,  to  tuj-n 
off  a  sycophant  or  parasite. 

2.  To  give  over  ;  to  resign.  We  are  not  so  wholly 
turned  o^from  that  reversion. 

3.  To  divert ;  to  deflect ;  as,  to  turn  ojf  the  thoughts 
fn)m  serious  subjects. 

To  be  turned  of:  to  be  advanced  beyond  ;  as,  to  be 
turned  of  sixty-six. 

To  turn  out ;  to  drive  out ;  to  expel;  as,  to  turn  a 
family  out  of  doors,  or  out  of  the  house. 

2.  To  put  to  pasture,  as  cattle  or  horses. 

To  turn  over ;  to  change  sides ;  to  roll  over. 

2.  To  transfer ;  as,  to  turn  over  business  to  another 
hand. 

X  To  open  and  examine  one  leaf  after  another ; 
as,  to  turn  over  a  Concordance.  Sw\ft. 

4.  To  overset. 

To  turn  to  ;  to  have  recourse  to. 

Helvetiua'a  tables  may  be  turned  to  on  all  occasions.       Locke. 

To  turn  upon ;  to  retort ;  to  throw  back  ;  as,  to 
turn  the  arguments  of  an  opponent  upon  himself. 

^tterbury. 

To  turn  the  back  ;  to  flee  ;  to  retreat.    Ezod,  xxiii. 

To  turn  the  back  ripon ;  to  quit  with  contempt ;  to 
forsake, 

Tv  turn  the  die  or  dice  ;  to  change  fortune. 
TURN,  1'.  i.    To  move  rotmd  ;  to  have  a  circular  mo- 
tioi» ;  as,  a  wheel  turns  on  its  axis  ;  a  spindle  turns 
on  a  pivot ;  a  man  turns  on  his  heel. 

2.  To  be  directed. 

The  untlerstnnding  turns  inwnrd  on  itielT,  and  rcdrcls  on  iu  own 
oper-itioni.  Locke. 

3.  To  show  regard  by  directing  the  look  toward 
any  thing. 

Turn,  niif  hty  monarch,  turn  this  wny ; 

Do  not  relusf^  to  hear.  Dryden. 

4  To  move  the  body  round  He  turned  to  mo 
with  a  smile. 

5.  To  move  ;  to  change  posture.  liCt  your  body 
be  at  rest ;  do  not  turn  in  the  least. 


TUR 

6.  To  deviate  ;  as,  to  turn  from  the  road  or  course. 

7.  To  alter;  to  be  changed  or  transformed;  as, 
wood  turns  to  stone;  water  turns  to  ice  ;  one  color 
turns  to  another. 

8.  To  become  by  change;  as,  the  fur  of  certain 
animals  (Hivijin  winter. 

Cygneta  from  gray  turn  wIiIIl",  Bacon, 

9.  To  change  sides.    A  man  in  a  fever  turns  ofYen. 

Swift. 

10.  To  change  opinions  or  parties;  as,  to  tuni 
Christian  or  Mohammedan. 

11.  To  change  the  mind  or  conduct. 

Turn  from  thy  fierce  wrath.  — Ex.  xxxii. 

12.  To  change  to  acid  ;  as,  milk  turns  suddenly 
during  a  thunder-storm. 

13.  To  be  brought  eventually  ;  to  result  or  termi- 
nate in.  This  trade  has  not  turned  to  nmch  account 
or  advantage.  The  application  of  steam  turns  to 
good  account,  both  on  land  and  water. 

14.  To  depend  on  for  decision.  Tho  (lueslion 
turns  on  a  single  fact  or  point. 

15.  'I'o  become  giddy. 

I'll  look  no  more, 
L'-at  my  br.uu  turn.  .Shab. 

IG.  To  change  a  course  of  life  ;  to  repent. 

Turn  y'\  turn  ye  from  your  evil  ways,  fur  why  will  yn  iVn-  ?  ~ 
Eiek.  xxxiii. 

17.  To  change  the  course  or  direction  ;  as,  the  tide 
turns. 

7'u  turn  about;  to  move  the  face  to  another  quar- 
ter. 

To  tarn  away  ;  to  deviate. 

2.  To  depart  from  ;  to  forsake. 

To  («r»  in  ;  to  bend  inward. 

2.  To  enter  fbr  lodgings  or  entcnainnunt.  Ocn. 
xix. 

3.  To  go  to  bed. 

To  turn  oj}';   to  be  diverted  ;  to  deviate  from  a 
course.    The  road  turns  off  to  the  left. 
To  turn  on  or  upon;  to  reply  or  retort. 
2.  To  depend  on. 
To  turn  oat ;  to  move  from  its  place,  as  a  bone. 

2.  To  bend  outward  ;  to  project. 

3.  To  rise  from  bed ;  also,  to  come  abroad ;  to 
prove  in  the  result. 

To  turn  over;  to  turn  from  side  to  side;  to  roll  ;  to 
tumble. 

2.  To  cliange  sides  or  parties. 

To  turn  to  ;  to  be  directed  ;  as,  tho  needle  turns  to 
the  magnetic  pole. 

To  turn  under  ;  to  bend  or  be  folded  downward. 

To  turn  vp  ;  to  bend  or  be  doubled  upward. 
TUR^J",  n.    The  act  of  turning  ;  movement  or  motion 
in  a  circular  direction,  whether  horizontally,  verti- 
cally, or  otherwiiie;  a  revolution  ;  as,  the  turn  of  a 
wheel. 

2.  A  winding;  a  meandering  course;  a  bend  or 
bending  ;  as,  the  turn  of  a  river.  .Addison. 

3.  A  walk  to  and  fro. 

I  will  take  a  lurn  \n  your  garden.  Dryden. 

4.  Change ;  alteration ;  vicissitude  ;  as,  the  turns 
and  varieties  of  passions.  Hooker. 

Too  well  the  turns  of  mortal  chance  I  know.  Pope. 

5.  Successive  course. 

Nobleni'ss  and  bounty  —  which  virtues  had  their  turns  in  the  king's 
nature.  Bacon. 

G.  Manner  of  proceeding;  change  of  direction. 
Tliis  aflair  may  take  a  different  tu7-n  from  that  which 
we  expect. 

7.  Chance;  hap;  opportunity. 

Every  one  has  a  fair  turn  to  bo  as  great  as  he  pleases.    Collier. 

8.  Occasion  ;  incidental  opportunity. 

An  old  dog,  falling  from  hio  spi_'cd, 
blows  and  reproaches. 

9.  Time  at  which,  by  successive  vicissitudes,  any 
thing  is  to  be  had  or  done.  They  take  each  other's 
turn. 

His  turn  will  come  to  laugh  at  you  again.  Denfuitn. 

10.  Action  of  kindness  or  malice. 

Thanks  are  half  lost  when  good  turns  are  delayed,     Ftiirfax. 
Some  maUcious  natures  place  their  delight  in  doiii^  ill  turns, 

L'Ealrange. 

11.  Reigning  inclination  or  course.  Religion  is 
not  to  he  ada])led  to  the  turn  and  fashion  of  tlie  age. 

19.  A  step  off  the  ladder  at  the  gallows.    Butler. 

13.  Convenience;  occasion;  purpose;  exigence; 
as,  this  will  not  serve  his  turn. 

Clarendon.     Temple. 

14.  Form;  cast;  shape;  manner;  in  a  literal  or 
figurative  sense  ;  as,  the  turn  of  thought ;  a  man  of 
a  sprightly  turn  in  conversation. 

The  turn  of  his  thoughts  and  expression  is  unharmouious. 

Dn/deu. 
Female  virtues  tire  of  a  domestic  (urn.  Addison, 

The  Roman  poeta,  in  ihcir  descriptJon  of  a.  beautiful   man,  often 
mention  ihe  lurn  of  his  neck  and  arms.  Addison. 

15.  Manner  of  arranging  words  in  a  sentence. 

16.  Change  ;  new  position  of  things.  Some  evil 
happens  at  every  turn  of  affairs. 


loaded  at  cvary  turn  with 
L' Estrange. 


TUR 

17.  Change  of  dircclitin;  as,  the  turn  of  the  tide 
from  flood  to  ebb. 

18.  One  round  of  a  rope  or  cord. 

19.  In  minings  a  pit  sunk  in  some  part  of  a.  drift. 

Cyc. 

20.  7VrH,  or  tuurn,  in  law.  The  sheriff's  turn  is  a 
court  of  record,  held  by  the  sheriff  twice  a  year  in 
every  hundred  within  his  county.  Emrland. 

By  turns;  one  after  another;  alternately.'    Tliey 
assist  each  other  by  turns. 
2.  At  intervals. 

They  feel  by  turns  the  bitter  cimnge.  MiJton. 

To  take  turns;  to  take  each  other's  place  alter- 
nately. 

TURN'-BENCn,  71.  [turn  and  bcncli.]  A  kind  of 
iron  lathe.  Moion. 

TURiV'-CAP,  v.  A  chimney-top  which  turns  roimd 
with  the  wind.  Francis. 

TUUN'CoAT,  n.  [turn  and  coat.]  One  who  forsakes 
bis  party  or  principles.  Shak. 

TUUN'EO,  pp.    Moved  iu  a  circle;  changed. 

TtJRN'KR,  n.  One  whose  occupation  is  to  form 
tilings  Willi  a  lathe  ;  one  who  turns. 

TUR.N'ER-ITE,  ?i.  A  rare  mineral,  occurring  in  small 
crystals  of  a  yellowish-brown  color,  externally  bril- 
liant and  translucent,  Pkdlips. 

It  somewhat  resembles  spliene  in  its  crystals,  but 
difters  from  sphene  in  containing  alumina,  lime,  mag- 
nesia, and  a  little  iron,  but  no  titanium.         JDuna. 

TURN'ER-Y,  n.     Tho  art  of  forming  solid  subsLtncc,-; 
into  cylindrical  or  other  forms  by  means  of  a  latlie. 
2.  Things  made  by  a  turner  or  in  the  hithe. 

TURN'ING,  ppr.  Moving  in  a  circle;  changing; 
winding. 

TLfRN'lNG,  V.  A  winding;  a  bending  course;  flex- 
ure ;  meander. 

2.  Deviation  from  the  way  or  proper  course. 

3.  Turnery,  or  tlie  act  of  forming  solid  substances 
~    into  various  forms  by  means  of  a  lathe. 
TURN'ING-NESa,  n.     Quality  of  turning;  tergiver- 
sation.    [JVff  in  use]  Sid'Ucy. 

TURN'INO-POINT,  n.  The  point  which  decides  a 
case. 

TUR'NIP,  71.  [A  compound  of  tur,  round,  and  Sax. 
lurpc^  L.  tiapuSf  a  turnip.  | 

The  common  name  of  two  bulbous  rootb;  or  plants, 
Rrassica  rapa  and  Ilrassica  campestris,  distinct  spe- 
cies, bdtji  of  great  value  for  food. 

TURX'KkY,  71.  A  person  who  has  charge  of  ttie  keys 
of  a  prison,  for  opening  and  fastenins  the  doors. 

TURN'OUT,  >J.  [turn  and  ovL]  The  act  of  coming 
forth  ;  a  quitting  of  employment. 

2.  The  place  in  a  railway  where  cars  turn  out  of 
the  wav  ;  applied  also  to  an  equipage. 

TURN'PiKE,  n.  [turn  and  pike.]  Strictlii,  a  frame 
consisting  of  two  bars  crossing  each  other  at  rigiit 
angles,  and  turning  on  a  post  or  pin,  to  hinder  the 
passage  of  beasts,  but  admitting  a  person  to  pass  be- 
tween the  arms. 

2.  A  gate  set  across  a  road  to  stop  travelers  and 
carriages  tUI  toll  is  paid  for  keeping  the  road  in  re- 
pair. 

3.  A  turnpike  road. 

4.  In  vulitary  affairs,  a  beam  filled  with  spikes  to 
obstruct  passage.  Cyc 

TURN'PIKE,  V.  t.  To  form,  as  a  road,  in  the  manner 
of  a  turnpike  road  ;  to  throw  the  path  of  a  road  into 
a  rounded  form.  Med.  Bepos.     ICnowlcs. 

TURN'PIK-ED,  (-pTkt,)  pp.  Formed  in  tho  manner 
of  a  turnpike-road. 

TURN'PIKE-RoAD,  ji.  A  road  on  which  turnpikes 
or  toll-gates  are  established  by  law,  and  which  are 
made  and  kept  in  repair  by  the  toll  collected  from 
travelers  or  passengers  who  use  the  road.  Cyc. 

TURN'-SERV-ING,  n.  [turn  and  serve.]  The  actor 
practice  of  serving  one's  turn,  or  proninting  private 
interest.  Bacon, 

TURN'SICK,  a.     [turn  and  sick.]     Giddy.       Bacon. 

TURN'SOLE,  71.     [turn  and  L.  sol,  the  sun.] 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Heliotropium,  so  named  be- 
cause its  flower  is  supposed  to  turn  toward  the  sun  ; 
the  heliotrope. 

TURN'SPIT,  71.  [turn  and  spit.]  A  person  wlio 
turns  a  spit. 

FBs  lonlstiip  ia  his  majesty's  turnspit,  Burke. 

2.  A  variety  of  the  dog,  so  called  from  turning  the 
spit. 

TURN'STiLE,  n,  [turn  and  stile.]  A  revolving 
frame  in  a  footpath.  Oay. 

TURN'SToNE,  7i.  [turn  and  stone.]  A  bird,  called  tho 
Si:;a-Ddttebel,  of  the  genus  Strepsilas,  (Tringa  mo- 
rinella,  Linn.,)  a  little  larger  than  an  English  black- 
bird. This  bird  takes  its  name  from  its  practice  of 
turning  up  small  stones  in  search  of  mollusks,  &c, 

P.  Cijr. 

TURN'-TS-BLE,  n.  A  large  revolving  platform,  for 
turning  railroad  cars,  locomotives,  &c.,  into  a  differ- 
ent direction.    It  is  also  called  TuriV-Plate. 

Buchanan. 

TUR'PEN-TINE,  n.  [L.  tercbinthina;  Sp.  and  It.  tre- 
mcntina ;  G.  tcrpentin.  I  know  not  tlie  origin  of  this 
word  ;  tho  first  syllabic  may  coincide  with  the  root 
of  tar.] 


FaTE,  far,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MkTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARtNE,  BIRD.— NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQQK.- 


1184 


TUT 


An  oleo-resinous  substance,  floxving  naliiralJy  or 

by  .ncision  from  several  species  of  trees,  as  from  the 

'       T^f,  l^r/i'  "■■'  P'"^'"'  •^'-    Common  lurpent^ne  i^ 

TL-RTe'v-TTXE-TREE,  ,,.  Atreeofthegenus'pis- 
lacia,  a  nature  of  the  eastern  continent,  which  yields 
turpentine  and  produces  not  only  its  proper  fruit,  but 
a  kmd  o  horny  substance  which  grows  on  the  sur- 
face of  Its  leaves  This  is  an  eicrescence.  the  effect 
of  the  puncture  of  an  insect,  and  is  produced  in  the 

TOR  PETH,  ji.     [L.  turpnum  ;  Gr.  rovprcr  1 

„i,n?^  f"?™",  "''  '^'l^'■K'''  "f  IPomCBa'  Turpethum,  a 
plant  of  teylon,  Malabar,  and  New  Holland,  which 
lias  a  cathartic  power.  It  is  sometimes  called  Vece- 
J"lf  ~''«fETH,  to  distinguish  it  from  Minerai.  Tuit- 

TUR  piTH-MLVEE-AL,  n.  A  name  applied  to  ,he 
diprotosulphate  ot  mercur,-,  a  salt  composed  of  two 
equivo  ems  ol   the  protoxyd  of  mercury  and  one 

M,  fourbSfe']  "■     f"^"'  '"■"  ^  ""^^'^'''  ''<"»  '- 

^Li^iiin:"f^.f:zi:^r^:!r' '''''"''''''''''' \ 

T..r'^^t'"i^^  "'  "'eness  of  word's  or  actions;  shame- 
ful wickedness.  South. 
TrR^RFT'""    -^,'"">  u?e<' by  coopers.       Sherwood. 

.  Jk  a  ""' V."'^''  '  ^  ^'n""  eminence  or  tower  at- 
tached to  a  building  and  rising  above  it. 

And  lift  her  (urr«i  newer  to  the  sky.  p,y,. 

hv.',!?''  '^  "'■'  °^'""''  ""^'"'le  turrets,  used  formerly 
Z„}X  '*''°V"^'  "■"»  buildings  of  a  square  form, 
couMsting  of  ten  or  even  twenty  stories,  and  some- 
nmes  one  hundred  and  twenty  cubits  h  gh,  usually 
moved  on  wheels.     They  were  employed  in    "l 

engines,  ladders,  casting-bridges,  and  other  necessal 

liK  RET-ED,  a.    Formed  like  a  tower ;  as,  a  turret- 

a  Furnished  with  turrets.  ' 

TURRtE-ITE, ,.  A  fossil  belonging  to  an  estinct 
genus  ot  turreted  chambered  shells,  illied  to  the  am- 

TURTLE,  (tuftl,)  „.  [Sax.  i,l.  :  Fr.  („„rter7;teL. 
turai- :  Gaelic,  turtuir ;  lu  tortora,  tortola,  Uriordla.] 

1.  A  gallinaceous  bird,  the  Columba  Turtur,  called 
also  the  Tl-rtle-Dove  and  Tisti.e-Pigeo.v.  It  is  a 
wild  species,  frequenting  the  thickest  parts  of  the 
woods,  and  its  note  is  plaintive  and  tender. 

o    rp,  .  Etl.  Encijc. 

_  i  ho  name  sometimes  given  to  the  common  tor- 
toise. 

TrR^T'p  n^','- J'y  W  'J'"  ■'"■"^  sea-tortoise.  Cyc 
Y»n,  f?1°°^^'  ("■''"-'i'''-.)  "•  A  species  of  the 
genus  Columba,  celebrated  for  the  const.ancy  of  its 
atfection.     (See  Tubtle.] 

TUR'TLE-SflELI,,  n.     [turtle  and  sAciZ.l     A  shell   a 

Tt^^i^  I  V  """"'n'"  *""  ■'^''"'''^  '•  '>'«'•  'ortoise-shell. 
-.K       •   '"^    Pertaining  to  Tuscany  in  Italy  :  an  en 
ithet  given  to  one  of  the  orders  of  architecture,  the 
most  ancient  and  simple. 

JtJS'^AN,  n.    An  inhabitant  of  Tuscany. 

It.-H:  an  e.iclamaiion  indicatin;;  check,  rebuke  or 
contempt.     r,«4,  tush:  never  tell  me  such  a  story 

TU»H,  n.     [Sai.  tux.]  r,-  ,^.'', 

A  tooth.  ^  liU,tildt. 

TUSK,n.     [Pax.  tiu:.] 

The  long,  p)inted  tooth  of  certain  rapacious,  car- 
mvorous,  or  fighting  animals ;  as,  the  (i^fc,  of  the 

TUSK,  V.  i.    To  gnash  the  teeth,  as  a  boar.     [Obs.] 
?cfK;f '  ''"''''■'  i  "■  ^"""^"'^  »•'"'  «"^i^raTti.e 

TTI«i«t  P     ..     ,  .      '      ""'"J  '^"^  DnjJe,,. 

TUS'SLE    (tns^sl,)  „     A  struggle;  a  conflict,     [^id- 

TlI^OCkI"'     ''^"'''°fST3S3  0Ttvyigs.     [Obs.] 
TUT  j  an  exclamation,  used  for  checking  or  rebSe. 
crnL";n1;"  ""?«"'>'  «n^'gn  "fa  golden  globe  with  a 

crus3  on  tim 

lum;.'  'l^i:,^'  ""■"'''-•  ''  ""gain  by  the 
''L^,'j;-^d^f^'„d-i    tf'^"  '^  '-'^'  P--tion,"£m 

£^.^r^i;;?ks^ri^^^^i-gp 

Tf-.^^f^P'/n"'^  '"^'°S  onder  a  guardian.  '^"' 

Tu'TE-LA-RV,  i    "^  [^  tutelaris,  supra.] 

DeI^nor%'^h^"'""'.'?'P°'  '=''"°'  of  protecting  a 
TeM    %,%         '  '.S""'!'^"  i  protecting  ;  as,  tuteMry 

zinc,  and^'ickel.  '  "PP"'  ^"  '"'"^  "^  «>PP". 

a  A  name  given,  in  Indm,  to  zinc  or  spelter. 

.  Ly  '  -  K,  n.    [  [..,  fr.  ,n,  , „g^,.^  to  defend  ;  Fr.  taleur.  \     I 


TWA 


1.  In  t/ic  ctuil  faw  a  guardian  ;  one  who  has  the 
charge  of  a  child  or  pupil  and  his  estate 

-  Uiie  who  has  the  care  of  instructing  another  in 
various  branches  or  in  any  branch  of  liLan  leari 
h!-r  r  "r  S'^"''''™™  employ  a  tutor  to  teach  in 
their  families  others  to  attend  a  son  in  his  travel^ 

J.  in  t.ngluh  umeersiUes  and  cotlezes.  an  oflicer  or 
..ember  of  some  hall,  who  has  the  charge  of  hLTmg 

e,„r^"'  ,°'  '■'■"  ,^""1™'^.  "nd  otherwise  giv^l 
of  lear';;:'™""'"  '"  ""=  *"»"«^  »"<)  "nous  branchel 

In  t/jc  jfmcriM,!  colleges,  tutors  are  graduates 
selected  by  the  trustees,  for  the  instruction  of  u  3er- 

officers  of  the  institution,  who  have  a  share,  with 

the  snideni"  P'o^sors,  in  the  governml-nl  of 

TC'TOR,  V.  t.'  To  teach  ;  to  instruct.  s/uH-. 

-.  1  o  treat  with  authority  or  severity.    Addison. 

_  J.  I  o  correct. 
T0'TOR-.\GE,  71.    In  the  civil  lam,  guardianshiii  •  the 

charge  of  a  pupil  and  his  estate,   'in  France, "L'tori"! 

does  not  expire  till  the  pupU  is  twenty-five  years  Sf 

lufd  f'"  '""'""■''''  °'  =!0lemnity  of  a  tutor.     [Liltie 

rfvra^'vSi  "'■    i"!'"":,"!'! :  corrected  ;  disciplined. 

J  U  TOR-Eftfe,  ,1.    A  female  tutor ;  an  instructress  ;  a 

governess.  w     * 

^M,"J°  "'"■^^'  "•    Belonging  to  or  exercised  Ty  a 

tutor  or  iii-tructor.  ' 

TC'TOR-I.\G,  ;.;>;■.      Teaching;    directing;    correct- 


TWI 


wr^rf  h  r  '""W™-      It   ■•   radically   the  «.oc 

word  as  rvriTcH,  and  of  the  same  s.Liiification.. 
lo  twitch  ;  to  pinch  and  pull  with  a  sudden  itrk 

int«l'"'         *■""'*''  P'""^'''''S  tondition.     (A'ct 
TVVEeUlE,  (tw,-'dl,)  ..  <.    To  handle  lifl'^Tj^'i^ed 

■Y     .     '      '•,  '"  "■^"'''  """■  multiplied  b-a-l,.      in 
the  harness  by  increasinc  the  number  of  Ibr 
each  split  of  the  reed,  and  the  number  of  ■ 
&c. ;  to  twill. 

TWEER,  n.     [Fr.luyau.] 
Tt  i","  ""'""•'!  furnuce  the  point  of  the  blajt^iipc. 

TWPP%T»"J^- Jn""™  ''""^°  <"  T""*- 

theror  I     ?    '         '  ^     '^  '""  "^•""  '°   l*   '•>"»<-^   O" 

tne  root  of  r^j,  an  instrument  for  pinching.] 
.%ippcrH  ,  small  pincers  used  to  pluck  out  haiir 


r 


?S'TORiiW?{."-    ''o'l.'"^'  "/  '"^'"'cting ;  cuucation. 
n   .,?J   '"^'"-    Office  of  a  tutor.  /looker. 

himself'^  care  of  one  who  is  unable  to  lake  care  of 

JR^'iSK-'  "•     A  '''^'""'°  suardian.  SmoUeU. 

1  u  i  bA^,  n.    A  plant,  park-leaves,  of  the  genus  Hy- 
pericum. *=      ,    '•' 

r£77'7'/,(toot'te,)n.     (It.,»;;,- L.  toti.] 

In  llaluiii  music,  a  direction  for  all  to  play  in  full 
concert, 

TUT'TY,  n.    [It.  tuziu  :  Low  L.  tutic] 

An  impure  |irotoxy.l  of  zinc,  collected  from  the 
chimneys  of  smelting  furnaces.  It  is  said,  also,  to 
have  been  found  native  in  Persia.  Buchanai. 

1  UZ,  71.     [Qu.  touse.]     A  lock  or  tuft  of  hair.     [J^ot  in 

TwVd'BLE,  (twod'dl,)  V.  i.    [Sax.  tw,Bde.]  '^'^' 
To  prate  much  in  a  weak  and  silly  manner,  like 
one  whose  faculties  are  decayed. 
TWj\D'DLER,  71.    One  who  prates  in  a  weak  and 
T.v/r!!'.';?';!;,''^'''"'  °"''  "''"^^  faculties  are  decayed. 
TVV  AD'DLING,  n.    Silly  talk,  as  of  one  whose  facul- 
ties are  decayed. 
TWAD'DY,    11.      Idle     trifling;    insignificant    dis- 
course. 
TVVaI.V,  a.   or  7i.      [Sav.  twegen;  Sw.  tceime ;  Dan 
teende,  for  tvegende.     "iVhether  tmo  is  contracted  from 
tKcg,  IS  not  apparent,  but  we  see  in  the  Danish  tvnule 
the  hrst  syllable  aCtwenly!  iwen-liT,  two  tens.l 
Two.  ■• 

When  old  winter  splits  l!:e  rocks  in  ttecun.  Drtjdtn. 

[J^earbj  obsolete  in  common  discourse,  but  used  in 
poetrij  and  burlesiptc.] 
TWaITE,  71.    A  fish,  a  species  of  shad,  .Mosa  finta, 
found  on  tlie  British  coast.  Yarretl. 

2.  In  oW  jeritn-s,  wood  grubbed  up  and  converted 
into  arable  laud.     [LocrJ.]  Cyc. 

TWANG,  !^.  i.  [D.  dieang,  Dan.  ttlung,  Sw.  !ran.i-,  G. 
iwung,  force,  compulsion  ;  G.  zv:dngen,  iwingen,  D. 
dwingen,  .Sw.  teinga,  Dan.  ioingcr,  to  constrain.] 

To  sound  with  a  quick,  sharp  noise;  to  make  the 
sound  of  a  stn'ng  which  is  stretched  and  suddenly 
pulled  ;  as,  the  twanging  bows.  Philips. 

TVV'.\NG,  V.  t.  To  make  to  sound,  as  by  pulling'  a 
tense  string  and  letting  it  go  suddenly.  Shak. 

Sound  [iie  lougii  horn,  and  tuang  the  quivering  string.     Pope 

TWANG,  77.  A  sharp,  quick  sou.tj  ;  as,  the  ticant  of 
a  bowstring  ;  a  twang  of  the  nose.  Bulla: 

2.  An  aliected  modulation  of  the  voice;  a  kind  of 
nasal  sound. 

He  has  a  twa/i^  in  his  discourse.  ArbutJtrto!. 

TVV.\NG'ING,  ppr.     Making  a  sharp  sound. 

2.  77.    Contemptibly  noisv.  Shah 

TWAN"GLE,  (iwang'gl,)  i..';.     To  twang.        Shah. 
TWANK  ;  a  corriliitioii  of  Twang.  Addison. 

TWAN'KA  V,  7!.     A  sort  of  green  tea.        jVeCallocli. 
'TWAS  ;  a  contraction  of  It  wa?. 

TWAT'TLE,  (twot'tl,)  r.  i.  [G.  schwaf.en,  with  a 
dilferent  prefix.     See  Twitter.] 

To  prate;  to  talk  much  and  idly;  to  gabble;  to 
chatter;  as,  a  ^i7!«U/i«^  gossip.  L*Estrantre 

TWAT'TLE,  V.  U  To  pet ;  to  make  much  of.  U^cal.] 

Orose. 
TWAT'TLING, ypr.  or  a.     Prating;  gabbling;  chat- 
tering. 
TWAT'TLING,  n.    The  act  of  prating ;  idle  talk. 
TW.iV',  forTwAix,  two.     [JVo(  in  use]         SpeTiser. 
TVVaY'-BLaDE,  j  71.      [twuy   and   W<i<.'f.J      A   plant, 
TWY'-ULaDE,     J     Listera  ovata,  growing  in  Brit- 
ain. 


TVVELFTIl,  a      [Sax.  tw,lfta  ;  Sv'.tolfte  VDw.  Wrte, 
D.  twaal/de :  G.  zwUl/te.]  »"•■•■•:««, 

Txvrr  n^'^fj';".'].;'',"'''  "'"  '^""' :  "■«  ""Jinal  oft 
1  VV  ELM  H'-TIDE,  n.    [Iwd/th  ^„i  t,de.]   Tb. 
day    aflcr    Christmas,    or    Epiphany  ;    call. 
IwELETH-DAr;  so  twelfih-nicht  is  Uie  cv 
Epiphany.  ., 

TWELVE,  (twelv,)   c.    [Sax.  tu-elf:   D.  u- 
zwolf:  bw.  talf:  Dan.  t^lc.    Qu.  lieo  left  after  1. 1 

Ihe  sum  of  two  and  ten,  twice  su ;  a  dozin. 
iwclcR  men  comwjse  a  p,.-ttt  iur\-. 
TWELVE'.MO\TH.  (tJclv'mu.-.ih,)  „.    [f««/«  and 
month.]    A  year  whicd  consUna  of  twelve  calendar 
months. 

I  etuill  raojh  at  ibj  a  UotXtoMnOi  hence.  55at 

TWELVE'PENCE,  ^    [nrdr,  and  petuc]    A  .hil- 
ling. 

TWELVE'PEN-.W,  a.    Sold  for  a  ebUllng  ;  w, -' 

shilling  ;  as,  a  tmdcepmnij  gallen'.  Dn   ■ 

TWELVE'SeoRE,  «f^  [<ir/«5nd«„rr.l  T,;  i .  „ 
Tivrv-'i";'!!-!.'.!  '"'"  ""'"'"''  and  forty.  'Drvdem.  ' 
1  VV  L.\  I  I-t  I  H,   a.      (&ax.    txeatigtha,    txauosuka. 

See  TWENTV.]  o        »  » 

The  ordinal  of  twenty  ;  as,  the  ticmtiah  year. 

TWEN'TY,  a.     [Sax.  tirriii;,  tieenUg :  coni|Sc3''or 
twerul,  twenne,  taxn,  two,  and  Goth,  tig,  ten,  Gr.  hta. 
h.  decern,  W.  dcg.    SeeTw»i>.] 
I.  Twice  ten  ;  as,  (ir<-7i(i,  men  ;  (iec7K»  j-ears. 
z.  "oieriioay,  an  indeSnitc  nuniberr 

.Muximilbn,  upon  tt-enly  itsptcu,  couM  no<  h»rc  CWT.  she  n-jn. 


■i^u-.n'TT^'-f  °^'  "•    '■■"■'=■">•  '™e5  "^  manv™"- 
,    M     '  "■    t""'  ""''  *''•]     A  kind  of  mattwk.  and 
a  halliert. 

TWICE,  uo'r.    [from  (ICO.)    Two  limes. 

Her:r;V*ess.iyo^l  locasthissonin  gold.  Dr^tn. 

2.  Doubly  ;  as,  twice  tlie  sum.    He  is  Utice  as  fortu- 
nate as  his  neighbor. 

3.  riT-icc  is  used  in  composition  ;  as  in  lici'cc-told 
Ti'.'^in  ""'"'  '""'"planted,  tir.cc-coliquered. 
TH  ID'LE,  liir  Tweeiiie.     S-e  Tweedle. 
TWl'FAI.,-LoW,   r.  (.     (dr.,  two,  and  follmc.]     To 

plow  a  second  time  laml  that  is  fallowed. 
Tm'FAL-L6W-/;D,p;,.    Plowed  twice,  as  summer 
fallow. 

^Jv-;ji*H''I-'-'JJM'^'"'  ^^-    «''»»ing  a  second  Ume. 
rUl'FAL-LoVV-ING,  n.    The  operation  of  ploirin" 

a  second  tune,  as  fallow  land,  in  preparing  it  foj 

seed. 
TWi'FoLD,  a.     Twofold.     [Ohs.\  Sptustr 

TWIG,  71.     (S.av.  (iciV;   1).  txug;   G.  :Ka>.     Qu.L. 

vigeo,  with  a  prelix.]  '  ' 

A  small  shoot  or  branch  of  a  tree  or  other  plant,  of 

no  definite  length  or  si:^e. 

The  Brilons  h.id   boau  niide  of  uillow  tidg*,  COT*r»-)  on  ts- 
oulside  wiih  hides.  iia!i£' 

TWIG'G£N,  a.    .Made  of  twigs;  wicker.         Grr- 
TWIG'GY,  (7.    Full  of  twigs;"  abounding  with  shoi  :s. 

TWI'LIGHT,  (-ine.)  71.  (Sax.  txeonAeoht,  doubtful 
light.  Iron.  ticfOTi,  tweogan,  to  doubt,  from  txcrea, 
two.I^  * 

1.  The  faint  light  which  is  reflected  upon  the 
earth  after  sunset  and  before  sunrise ;  crepuscular 
light.  lu  latiliiilcs  remote  from  the  equator,  the 
twilight  is  of  much  lunger  duration  than  at  and  near 
the  equator. 

2.  Dubious  or  uncertain  view;  a'^,  the  twitifh;  of 
probability.  /Jcie. 

TUTLIGIIT,  a.  Obscure  ;  imperfectly  illuminated  ; 
shaded. 

0*cr  the  tKUigt.t  groves  snd  d-:»ky  am*  Popt. 

a.  Seen  or  done  by  twilight.  .ViXr^n. 

TWILL,  V.  t.  To  weave  in  ribs  or  ridges ;  10  quill. 
[Sec  QfiLL.] 

TWILL'ED,  pp.  or  a.    Woven  in  ribs  or  ridges. 

TWILT,  n.     Aqiiilt.     [Local.]  (frc.'f. 

TWIN,  77.     (Sax.  tuTtTiiiTi,  lo  twine  ;  from  tro.] 

I.  Oneof  twoyoung  pmdiiced  at  ."l  birth  by  an  an- 
imal that  ordinarily  brings  but  one  ;  used  mostly  in 
the  plural,  twins ;  ajiplied  to  the  young  of  bi>asts,  as 
Well  as  to  htiniaii  beings. 


TONE,  BIJLL,  IINITE.-AN"GER,  VJ"CIOUS.-e  as  K;  0  as  J  ;  S  as  Z;  Cn  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


149 


UK 


TWI 


2.  The  TheinSjpl. ;  a  sign  of  the  zodiac  ;  Gemini. 

Thomson. 

3.  One  ver>'  much  resembling  another. 
TWIN,  a.     Nt'ting  one  of  two  bom  at  a  birth  ;  as,  a 

twin  brutlier  or  sister. 

2.  Verv  much  resembling. 

3.  In  Iwtaiuj,  swelling  out  into  two  protuberances, 
as  an  anther  or  germ.  Martyn. 

■1.  In  mineralog^ij,  a  term  applied  to  a  crystal  com- 
posed of  two  united  cr\'stals.  Dana. 
TWIN  ,  J',  i.    To  be  born  at  the  same  birth.     Skak. 

2.  To  bring  two  at  tmce.  Tus.^cr. 

3.  To  be  paired  ;  to  be  suited.  Sandys. 
[This  verb  is  tittle  iised.] 

TWIN,  V.  t.    To  separate  into  two  parts.      Ckaucer. 
TWIN'-BORN,  a.     [twin  and  bom.]   Born  at  the  same 

birth. 
TWINE,  1?.  (.     [Sax.  tipinan  ;    D.  twyncni  Sw.tvinna; 

Dan.  tvindcr  ;  from  two.] 

1.  To  twist ;  to  wind,  as  one  thread  orcord  around 
another,  or  as  any  flexible  substance  around  another 
body  ;  as,  fine  twined  linen.     Ezod.  XKXix. 

9.  To  unite  closely  ;  to  cling  to  j  to  embrace. 
3.  To  gird  ;  to  wrap  closely  about. 

Let  wriiaths  of  iriumph  now  my  temples  Uoim.  Pope. 

TWINE,  V.  i.  To  unite  closely  or  by  interposition  of 
parts. 

Friends  now  faBt  Bwom,  who  tifine  in  love.  Shak. 

2.  To  wind  ;  to  bend ;  to  make  turns. 

Ae  rivers,  though  they  bend  and  twine.  Si^/l. 

3.  To  turn  round  ;  as,  her  spindles  twine. 

Cluipman. 
TWINE,  n.  A  strong  thread  composed  of  two  or 
three  smaller  threads  or  strands  twisted  together, 
used  for  binding  small  parcels,  and  for  sewing  sails 
to  their  bolt-ropes,  &c.  Twine  of  a  stronger  kind 
is  used  for  nets. 

2.  A  twist;  a  convolution;  as  Typhon's  snaky 
twine.  Milton. 

3.  Embrace  ;  act  of  winding  round.         Philips. 
TWIN' ED,  pp.    Twisted;  wound  round. 
TWINGE,  (twinj,)  r.    t.      [Sw.  tvinga^  D.  dwingen, 

Dan.  tvingcr.  G.  zwingen^  to  constrain;  but  the 
sense  is  primarily  to  twitch.  See  Twano,  Tweak, 
Twitch.] 

1.  To  affect  with  a  sharp,  sudden  pain ;  to  tor- 
ment with  pinching  or  sharp  pains. 

The  gnat  lininged  the  lion  till  lie  made  him  tear  himseir,  and  80 
he  metered  him.  L'Eslrange. 

2.  To  pinch  ;  to  tweak ;  to  pull  with  a  jerk  ;  as, 
to  twinire  one  by  the  cars  and  nose.  Hudibras. 

TWIN6E,  (twinj,)  v.  i.  To  have  a  sudden,  sharp, 
local  [lain,  tike  a  twitch  ;  to  suffer  a  keen,  darting, 
or  shooting  pain  ;  as,  the  side  twinges. 

[This  is  the  sense  in  which  this  word  is  generally 
used  within  the  limits  of  my  acquaintance.] 

TWINGE,  (twinj,)  n.  A  sudden,  sharp  pain  ;  a  dart- 
ing, local  pain  of  momentary  continuance ;  as,  a 
twinge  in  the  arm  or  side. 

2.  A  sharp  rebuke  of  conscience. 

3.  A  pinch  ;  a  tweak  ;  as,  a  twinge  of  the  ear. 

IJEstran^e. 
TWING'ING,  ppr.     Suffering  a  sharp,  local   pam  of 

short  continuance  ;  pinching  with  a  sudden  pull. 
TWING'ING,  71.    The  act  of  pinching  with  a  «udden 

twitch  ;  a  sudden,  sharp,  local  pain. 
TWIN'IiNG,  ppr.   or  a.    Twisting;   winding  round; 

uniting  closely  to  ;  embracing. 
2.  In  botany^  ascending  spirally  around  a  branch, 

stem,  or  prop.  Martyn. 

TWINK.     See  Twinkle. 
TWINK'LE,  (twink'i,)  v.  i.      [Pax.  twinclian;  roost 

probably  formed  from  wink^  with  the  prefix  ctfi,  Cf/, 

or  o(A,  like  twit.] 
1.  To  sparkle  ;  to  flash  at  intervals  ;  to  shine  with 

a  tremulous,  intermitted   light,  or  with  a  broken, 

quivering  light.    The  fixed  stars  twinkle;  the  planets 

do  not. 

These  etars  do  not  twirJcle,  when  viewed  through  leleacoprs  that 
hi\vc  large  apenurea.  NeialOn. 

9.  To  open  and  shut  the  eye  by  turns ;  as,  the 
twinkling  owl.  U Estrange. 

3.  To  play  irregularly  ;  as,  her  eyes  will  twinkle. 

Donne. 

TWINK'LE,       /  n.     A  sparkling  ;  a  shining  with  in- 

TWINK'LING,  (      termitted   light;  as,  the  twinlUing 

of  the  stars, 

9.  A  motion  of  the  eye.  Dnjden. 

3.  A  motion  ;  an  instant ;  the  time  of  a  wink. 

In  a  moiTifiit,  in  the  tiBinkling  of  r\ii  eye,  at  llie  last  trump  —  the 
dend  shrxll  l*e  mised  incomiplilile.  —  1  Cor.  x\. 

TWINK'LING,  ppr.  or  a.    Sparkling. 

TWIN'-LTKE-NESS,  n.    Near  resemblance. 

TWIN'LING,  n.     [from  twin.]     A  twin  lam.b.  7\(sscr. 

TWIN'NfiD,  a.  [from  twin.]  Produced  at  one  birth, 
like  twins  ;  united.  Milton. 

TWIN'NER,  n.     [from  twin.]    A  breeder  of  twins. 

Tusser. 

TWTN'TER.  n.  [two  and  winter.]  A  beast  two  win- 
ters old.     [Local.]  Grose. 

TWTRE,  V.  i.  To  take  short  flights;  to  flutter;  to 
quiver;  to  t-.vilter.     [J^otinvsc]       Beaum.  tV  Fl. 


TWI 

TWIRL,  (twurl,)  r.  (.  [D.  dtoarlen :  G.  querlcn; 
formed  on  whirl.  The  German  coincides  with  our 
vulgar  quirb.] 

I'o  move  or  turn  round  with  rapidity;  to  whirl 
round. 

Sec  ruddy  mnids, 
Some  taosht  with  deitrou3  hand  lo  Iiriri  the  wheel.     Dodsley. 

TWIRL,  V.  i.  To  revolve  with  velocity :  to  he  whirled 
round. 

TWIRL,  72.  A  rapid,  circular  motion  ;  quick  rotation. 
2.  Twist ;  convolution.  Woodward. 

TWIRL'£D,  pp.    Whirled  round. 

TWTRL'ING,  ppr.    Turning  with  velocity;  whirling. 

TWIST,  V.  t.  [Sax.  getwistan  ;  D.  tioisten,  to  dispute, 
i^w.tinsta;  Dan.  toi^ter,  to  dispute,  to  litigate;  G. 
zipist,  a  dispute.  In  all  the  dialects  except  ours,  this 
word  is  used  figuratively,  but  it  is  remarkably  ex- 
pressive and  well  applied.] 

1.  To  unite  by  winding  one  thread,  strand,  or  oth- 
er flexible  substance  round  another;  to  form  by  con- 
volution, or  winding  separate  things  round  each  otli- 
er  ;  as,  to  twist  yarn  or  thread.  So  we  say,  to  double 
and  twift. 

2.  To  form  into  a  thread  from  many  fine  filaments  ; 
as,  to  ticist  wool  or  cotton. 

3.  To  contort ;  to  writhe  ;  as,  to  twist  a  thing  into 
a  serpentine  form.  Pope. 

4.  To  wreathe  ;  to  wind ;  to  encircle. 

Pillars  of  smoke  twisted  about  with  wreaths  of  flame.    Burnet. 

5.  To  form  ;  to  weave  ;  as,  to  twist  a  story.    Shak. 
6-  To  unite  by  intertexture  of  parts ;   as,  to  twist 

hays  with  ivy.  Waller. 

7.  To  unite  ;  to  enter  by  winding;  to  insinuate  ; 
as,  avaiice  twists  itself  into  all  human  concerns. 

8.  To  pervert ;  as,  to  twist  a  passage  in  an  author. 

9.  To  turn  from  a  straight  line. 
TWIST,  u.i.    To  be  contorted  or  united  by  winding 

round  each  other.    Some  strands  will  twist  more  ea- 
sily than  others. 
TWIST,  71.    A  cord,  thread,  or  any  thing  flexible, 
formed  by  winding  strands  or  separate  thfngs  round 
eacli  other. 

2.  A  cord  ;  a  string  ;  a  single  cord. 

3.  A  contortion  ;  a  writhe.  Addison. 

4.  A  litlle  roll  of  tobacco. 

5.  Manner  of  twisting.  Arbuthnot, 

6.  A  twig.     [J^'ot  in  "nse.] 
TWIST'ED,  pp.  or  a.    Formed  by  winding  threads  or 

strands  round  each  other. 

TWIST'ER,  n.    One  that  twists. 

2.  The  instrument  of  twisting.  WalUs. 

TWIST'ING,  ppr.  Winding  different  strands  or 
tlireads  round  each  other;  forming  into  a  thread 
by  twisting. 

TWIT,  V.  t.  [Sax.  othwitan,  edwitan,  atwitan,  to  re- 
proach, to  upbraid  ;  a  compound  of  orf,  ath^  or  otk, 
and  witan.  The  latter  verb  signifies  lo  know,  Eng. 
to  wit^  and  also  to  impute,  to  ascribe,  to  prescribe  or 
appoint,  also  to  reproach ;  and  with  ge^  a  difl^rent 
prefix,  gewitan,  to  depart.  The  original  verb  then 
signifies  to  set,  send,  or  throw.  W^e  have  in  this 
word  decisive  evidence  that  the  first  letter,  (,  is  a  pre- 
fix, the  remains  of  <Fth  or  oth,  a  word  that  probably 
coincides  with  the  h.  ad,  to;  and  hence  we  may 
fairly  infer  that  other  words,  in  whicli  t  precedes  to, 
are  also  compound.  That  some  of  them  are  so,  ap- 
pears evident  from  other  circumstances.] 

To  reproach  ;  to  upbraid  ;  as  for  some  previous  act. 
He  twitted  his  friend  of  falsehood. 

With  this  these  scoflers  twiUed  the  Christians.  TUlotaon. 

Afiop  minds  men  of  their  errors,  wilbout  tmlling  them  for  v.h^t 
IB  amiss.  L'Eetrange. 

TWITCH,  v.t.     [Sax.  Uoiccian.    See  Twang.] 

To  pull  with  a  sudden  jerk  ;  to  pluck  with  a  short, 
quick  motion;  to  snatch;  as,  to  twitch  one  by  the 
sleeve;  to  twitch  a  thing  out  of  another's  hand;  to 
tieitck  off  clusters  of  grapes. 

TWITCH,  71.  A  pull  with  a  jerk ;  a  short,  sudden, 
quick  pull ;  as,  a  twitch  by  the  sleeve. 

2.  A  short,  spastic  contraction  of  the  fibers  or  mus- 
cles ;  as,  a  twi^  in  the  side ;  convulsive  twitches. 

Sharp. 

TWITCH' JETD,  (twitcht,)  pp.    Pulled  with  a  jerk. 

TWITCH'ER,  n.    One  that  twitches. 

TWITCH'-GRASS,  n.  Couch-grass;  a  species  of 
grass  which  it  is  difficult  to  exterminate.  This  term 
is  Qpplicd  to  various  species  of  grass  that  are  diflicult 
to  pull  out  of  the  ground.  But  qu.  is  not  this  word  a 
corruption  nf  Uuitch-Grass,  or  GIuich-Grass  .-^ 

TWITCH'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Pulling  with  a  jerk  ;  suffer- 
ing short  spastic  contractlona. 

TWITCH'ING,  n.  The  act  of  pulling  with  a  jerk; 
the  act  of  suffering  short  spasmodic  contractions. 

TWIT'TED,  pp.    Upbraided. 

TWIT'TER,  ?;.  «.  [D.  kwetteren;  Dan.  guidrer  ;  Sw. 
quittra.] 

1.  To  make  a  succession  of  small,  tremulous,  in- 
termitted noises  ;  as,  the  swallow  twitters.    Dnjden. 

2.  To  have  a  slight  trembling  of  the  nerves. 

3.  To  make  the  sound  of  a  half-suppressed  laugli  j 
to  titter. 

TWIT'TER,  71.  [from  twit.]  One  who  twits  or  re- 
proaches. 


TYM 

TW'.T'TER,  71.      A  small,  intormilted  noise,  as  in 

lialf-suppressed  laughter ;   or  the  sound  of  a  swal 

low. 
2.  A  slight  trembling  of  the  nerves. 
TVVIT'TER-ING,  ppr.  or  a.     Uttering  a  succession  of 

small,  interrupted  sounds,  as  in  a  half-suppressed 

lauph,  or  as  a  swallow. 
TWIT'TING,  ;j;rt-.     Upbraiding;  reproaching. 
TWIT'TING-LY,  adv.     With  upbraiding.      Jun'tus. 
TVVIT'TLE-TWAT'TLE,  (twit'tl-twot't!,)  ii.  Tattle  ; 

gabble.     [Vulgar.]  V  Estrange. 

'TWIXT  ;  a  contraction  of  Betwixt,  used  in  poetry. 
TWO,  (too,)  a.     [Sax.  twa  ;  Goth,  (icu,  twai,  txos  ;  D. 

(wcc;  G.iwei;  Sw.toa;    Ir.  and  Gaelic,  da  or  do; 

Russ.  tva,  tvoe  ;  Slav,  dwa  ;  Sans,  dui,  dwaja  ;  Gipsy, 

duj:   Hindoo,  Ch.  and  Pers.  du;  L.  duo ;  Gr.  fmo ; 

It.  due  ;  Sp.  dos  i  Port,  dous  ;  Fr.  deux.] 

1.  One  and  one.    Two  similar  horses  used  together 
are  called  a  span,  or  a  pair. 

2.  Two  is  used  in  composition  ;  as,  in  two-legged. 
Man  is  a  two-legged  animal. 

In  two ;  into  two  parts  ;  as,  cut  in  two. 
TWO'-CAP-SPL-t'D,  (too'kap-suld,)  a.    Bicapsular; 

having  two  distinct  capsules. 
TWO'-CELL--ED,  a.    Bilocular  ;  having  two  cells. 
TWO'-CLEFT,  a.     Bifid  ;  divided  half  way  from  tho 

border  to  the  base  into  two  segments. 
TVV0'-EDG-i3D,  (too'ejd,)  a.     Having  two  edges,  or 

edges  on  both  sides  ;  as,  a  two-edged  sword. 
TWu'-FLOW-ER-£D,  a.    Bearing  two  flowers  at  the 

end,  as  a  peduncle. 
TH'O'FoLD,  a.     [two  and  fold.]     Two  of  the  same 

kind,  or  two  difterent  things  existing  together ;  as, 

twofold  nature  ;  a  twofold  sense  ;  a  twofold  argument. 
G.  Double  ;  as,  twofold  strength  or  desire. 

3.  In  botany^  t\vo  and  two  together,  growing  from 
the  same  place  ;  as,  twofold  leaves.  Marltjn. 

TWO'FoLD,  ado.  Doubly  ;  in  a  double  degree.  Matt. 
-xxiii. 

TWO'-FORK-£D,  (loo'forkt,)  a.  Dichotomous  ;  divid- 
ed into  two  parts  somewhat  after  tlie  manner  of  a 
fork. 

TWO'-HAND-ED,  a.    Having  two  hands. 

2.  Used  with  both  hands  ;  as,  a  two-liandcd  sword. 

3.  An  epithet  used  as  equivalent  to  LinoE.  Stout, 
and  STRono.  .Villon. 

TW5'-LeAV-£D,  a.  Diphyllous;  having  two  dis- 
tinct leaves. 

TWO'-LoB-£D,  a.  Bilobate;  having  two  distinct 
lobes, 

TWO'-M.KST-ED,  a.    Having  two  masts. 

TWO'-PART-ED,  a.  Bipartite ;  divided  from  the 
border  to  the  base  into  two  distinct  parts. 

TWO'-PENCE,  n.     A  small  coin.  Shat, 

TWO'-PEN-NY,  a.    Of  the  value  of  two-pence. 

TWO'-PET-AL-£D,  u.  Dipetalous  ;  having  two  per- 
fectly distinct  petals. 

TWO'-PL?,  a.     [two  and  Fr.  plier,  L.  plUo.] 

Doulile  ;  consisting  of  two  thicknesses,  as  cloth. 

TW6'-SEED-ED,  a.  In  bolamj,  dispermous;  con- 
taining two  seeds,  as  a  fruit ;  having  two  seeds, 

Martiji). 

TWO'-TIP-r£D,  (too'tipt,)  a.  Bilabiate ;  divided  in 
such  a  manner  as  to  resemble  the  two  lips  when  the 
movitli  is  more  or  less  open. 

TWO'-TONGU-BD,  (too'tungd,)  a.  Double-tongued  ; 
deceitful.  .SuniZiw. 

TWO'-VALV-£D,  a.  Bivalvular,  as  a  shell,  pod,  or 
plume, 

T?-€HON'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  Tycho  Brahe,  or  des- 
ignating his  system  of  astronomy.  H'Uberforce. 

T?E,  (ti,)  V.  t.    [See  Tie,  the  more  usual  orthography, 
and  Tting.] 
To  bind  or  fasten. 

T?E,  n.    A  knot.     [See  Tie.] 

2.  A  bond  ;  an  obligation. 
Ey  th?  soft  uje  and  sacred  ntune  of  friend.  Pope. 

3.  In  ships,  a  runner  or  short,  thick  rope, 
TVER,  n.     One  who  ties  or  unites.  FleUher. 
T?'GER.    See  Tiger. 

T5'ING, ppr.  [See  Tie  and  Tte.]  Binding;  fasten- 
ing. 

[As  this  participle  must  be  written  with   y,  it 
might  be  well  to  write  the  verb  Tve.] 
T5KE,  n.     A  dog  ;  or  one  as  contemptible  as  a  dog. 

Shak. 
TYM'BAL,  n.     [Fr,  timbale;   It.  taballa ;    Sp.  timbal. 
M  is  probably  not  radical.    It  is  from  beating,  Gr. 
Tvzr,.'.] 
A  kind  of  kettle-drum. 

A  lymbal'e  sound  were  better  than  my  voice.  Prior. 

TYM'PAN,  n.     [I/,  himpanvm.     See  TvMnJi,.] 

Among  printers,  a  frame  covered  with  parchment 
or  cloth,  on  which  the  blank  sheets  are  put,  in  order 
to  be  laid  on  the  form  to  be  impressed. 

TYM-PAN-I'TiSS,  n.  In  mcdicinr,  a  flatulent  disten- 
tion of  the  belly  ;  tympany.  Cye. 

TYM-PAN-IT'IC,  a.  Relating  to  tympany  or  tym- 
panites:  affected  with  tympany  or  tympanites. 

TY.M'P.\N-IZE,  r.  i.    To  act  the  part  of  a  drtirnmer. 

TY.M'PAN-lZE,  c.  (.  To  stretch,  as  a  skin  over  the 
head  of  a  drum. 


FATE,  Far,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PRF.Y PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD,  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.— 


u 


TYM'PAN-IZ-£D,pp.    Stretclied,  as  a  skin  over  the 

head  of  a  Jruin, 
TYM'PAX-iZ-IXG,  ppr.    Stretching,  as  a  skin  over 

the  hL-ail  of  a  drum. 
TVil'PA.\'-UM,  H.     [L.]    The  drum  of  the  ear. 
9.  In  mechanics,  a  wheel  placed  round  an  axis. 

3.  The  area  of  a  pediment ;  also,  the  part  of  a  ped- 
estal called  the  Trunk  or  Dye.  Cijc. 

4.  The  panel  of  a  door. 

5.  A  triangular  space  or  table  in  the  corners  or 
sides  of  an  arch,  usually  enriched  with  figures, 

TYM'PAX-Y,  71.    A  flatulent  distention  of  the  belly. 

[See  TriiPANiTEs.] 
TVN'V,  a.    Small.     [See  Tint.] 
TYPE,  Ti.     [Ft.  type;  L.  ti/pus ;  Gr.  rr^og,  from   the 

root  of  tap,  Gr.  tvtto-,  to  beat,  strike,  impress.] 
1.    The  mark  of  something;    an  emblem;    that 

which  represents  something  else. 


Thy  emllera,  graciousqueen,  (he  Briliahrcse, 
7)fpe  of  B;vet.'l  rule  and  gentle  majesty. 


Pnnr. 


2.  A  sign  ;  a  symbol ;  a  figure  of  something  to 
come  ;  as,  Abraliam's  sacrifice  and  the  paschal  lamb 
were  types  of  Christ.  To  this  word  is  opposed  Anti- 
type.   Christ,  in  this  case,  is  the  antiCvpe. 

3.  A  model  or  form  of  a  letter  in  metal,  or  other 
hard  material;  used  in  printing. 

4.  In  medicine,  some  peculiarity  in  the  form  of  a 
disease. 

5.  In  natural  Awtory,  that  which  combines  most 
prominently  the  several  characteristics  of  a  group. 
Thus,  a  particular  individual  may  be  the  ttjpe  of  a 
species  ;  a  species  the  type  of  a  genus  j  a  genus  of  a 
family,  &c.  Dana. 

6.  A  stamp  or  mark.  ShaJ:. 
T5"PE,  r.  t.    To  prefigure  ;  to  represent  by  a  moaei  or 

symbol  beforehand.     [Little  used.]  White. 

Tf  PE'-MET-.^L,  H.  A  compound  of  lead  and  anti- 
mony in  the  proportion  of  three  to  one;  used  in 
making  t\'pes.  Turner. 

TY-PHe'AX,  a.  Pertaining  to  TyphtEUS,  the  fabled 
giant  with  a  hundred  heads. 

TV'PIIOIl),  a.     [typhus  and  Or,  et&-iiy  form.} 

Resembling  typhus  ;  weak  ;  low.  Say. 

TY'PHOX,n.  The  e\il  genius  in  Egyptian  mythol- 
ogy. Brandt. 

TV-PHOON',  n.    [Or.  rr^wt'.] 

The  name  given  to  a  violent  tornado  or  hun-icane 
in  the  Chinese  seas.  Brande. 

T^THOUS,  a.    Relating  to  typhus. 

Tt'PHUS,  n.  [Gr.  rv^^w,  to  render  stupid,  to  bum 
with  a  smothered  fire,  and  with  more  smoke  than 
flame  ;  hence  rvtpii,  stupor  or  coma.] 

A  genus  of  simple,  continuous  fevers,  essentially 
attended  with  a  greater  or  less  degree  of  atony  or 
exhaustion,  throughout  their  whole  course,  and  from 
beginning  to  end.  A  preternatural ly  weak  pulse 
always  attends  all  these  fevers.  They  are  liable  lo 
be  attend'id  with  coma  in  some  of  their  stages. 

TYP'ie,         )  a.     Emblematic  ;  figurative  ;  represent- 

TYP'IG-AL,  j  ing  something  future  by  a  form,  mod- 
el, or  resemblance.    Abraham's  ofiering  of  his  only 


UIS  the  Iwenty-first  letter  and  the  fifth  vowel  in 
the  English  alphabet.  Its  true  primary  sound,  in 
Anglo-S.axon,  was  the  sound  which  it  still  retains  in 
most  of  the  languages  of  Europe  ;  that  of  oo  in  cool, 
tool,  answering  to  the  French  ou  in  tour.  This 
sound  was  changed,  probably  under  the  Norman 
kings,  by  the  attempt  made  to  introduce  the  Norman 
French  language  into  common  use.  However  this 
fact  may  be,  the  first  or  long  and  proper  sound  of  «, 
in  English,  is  now  not  perfectly  simplii,  and  it  can 
not  be  strictly  called  a  vowd.  The  sound  seems  to 
be  nearly  that  of  e»,  shortened  and  blended.  This 
sound,  however,  is  not  precisely  that  of  euoxyu, 
except  in  a  fev/  words,  as  in  unites  union,  uni/onn : 
the  sound  does  not  begin  with  the  distinct  sound  of 
e,  nor  end  in  the  distinct  sound  of  oo,  unless  when 
prolonged.  It  can  not  be  well  expressed  in  letters. 
This  S3und  is  heard  in  the  unaffected  pronunciation 
of  annuity,  numerate,  brute,  mute,  dispute,  dukCj  true, 
truth,  rule,  prudence,  opportunity,  infusion, 

Pome  modern  writers  make  a  distinction  between 
the  sound  of  u,  when  it  follows  r,  as  in  7^^(/c,  truth, 
and  its  sound  v/hen  it  follows  other  letters,  as  in 
mute,  duke  ;  making  the  former  sound  enuivalent  to 
00 ;  rood,  irooth;  and  the  latter  a  diphthong  equiva- 
lent to  ea  or  j/h.  This  is  a  mischievous  innovation, 
and  nnt  authorized  by  any  general  usage  either  in 
England  or  the  United  State.^.  The  difference,  very 
nice  indeed,  between  tht;  sound  of  w  in  mute  and  in 
rurff- ,  is  owing  entirely  to  the  articulation  which  pre- 
cedes that  letter.    For  example,  when  a  labial,  as  m 


UBI 

son,  Isaac,  was  typical  of  the  sacrifice  of  Clirist.    The 
brazen  serpent  was  typical  of  \\ie  cross. 

2.  In  niLtural  history,  pertaining  to  or  constituting  a 
type. 

Tijpir, fever,  iii  one.  that  is  regular  in  it3  attacks; 
opposed  to  erratic  fever.  Cye. 

TYP'ie-AL-LY,  adv.    In  a  typical  manner;  by  way 

of  image,  symbol,  or  resemblance. 
TYP'ie-AL-NESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  typical. 
TYP'I-FT-£I>,  p;?.    Represented  bysymbol  oremblem. 
TYP'I-F?,  V.  t.    To  represent  by  an  image,  form, 
model,  or  resemblance.     The  washing  of  baptism 
typifies  tho  cleansing  of  the  soul  from  sin  by  the  blood 
of  Christ.    Our  Savior  was  typijted  by  the  goat  that 
wrts  blnin.  Brown. 

TyP'I-F?-[NG,  ppr.    Representing  by  model  or  em- 
TYP'0-€OS-MY,  ;i.     [Gr.  -rvrrog  and  K-'japoi.]    [Mem. 
A  representation  of  tlie  world.    [JVot  much  used.] 

Camden. 
TY-POG'RA-PHER,  H.  [SeeTvpocKAPHr.]  A  printer. 

Warton. 
TV  PO-GRAPH'ie,         I  a.      Pertaining  to  printing; 
Tf-PO-GRAPH'ie-AL,  \     as,  the  typo^aphic  art. 

2.  Emblematic. 
Ty-PO-GRAPH'ie-AL-LY,a(fy.    By  means  of  types; 
after  the  manner  of  printers. 
2.  Emblematically;  figuratively. 
TV-POG'RA-PHY,  u.    [Gr.  tvjtos,  type,  and  y/^a^oj, 
to  write.] 

1.  The  art  of  printing,  or  the  operation  of  impcess- 
iug  letters  and  words  ou  forms  of  types. 

2.  Emblematical  or  hieroglyphic  representation. 

Broien. 
TYP'O-LITE,  71.     [Gr.  tuto?,  form,  and  XiBo^,  stone.] 
In  nati'ral  history,  a  stone  or  fossil  which  has  on  it 
i.Tipressicns  or  figures  of  plants  and  animals.    Cyc. 
T-?'RAN,  71.     A  tyrant.     [J\rot  in  use.]  Spenser. 

TYR'AN-NESS,  n.    [from  tyrant.]     A  female  tyrant. 

Spenser.    Akensidc. 
TV-RAN'NI€,         )  a.     [Fr.  tyrannique;    Gr.  rvpav- 
T5--RAN'NI€-AL,  \       vik^^.] 

Peitaining  to  a  tyrant;  suiting  a  tyrant ;  arbitra- 
ry ;  unjustly  severe  in  govenmient  ;  imperious ; 
despotic  ;  cruel ;  as,  a  tyrannical  prince  ;  a  tyrannical 
master ;  tyrannical  government  or  power. 

Our  seels  .1  more  tyrannic  power  asaurac.  Boscommon. 

Th'  oppressor  ruled  tyrannic  where  he  durst.  Popt, 

T?-RAN'Nie-AL-LY,  ado.    With  unjust  exercise  of 

power ;  arbitrarily  :  oppressively. 
Tt-RAN'NI€-AUNESS,  n.    Tyrannical  disposition 

or  practice.  Ch.  Relig.  .Appeal. 

T'?-RAN'N1-CIDE,  n.     [L.  tijranmis^  tyrant,  and  ca:-do, 

to  kill.] 

1.  The  act  of  killing  a  tyrant. 

2,  One  who  kills  a  tyrant.  Hume. 
TYR'AN-NING,  ppr.  or  a.    Acting  as  a  tyrant,     [J^ot 

u-ied.]  Spenser. 

TYR'AN-NIZE,  v.  i.     [Fr.  tyramiiser.] 

To  act  the  tyrant ;  to  exercise  arbitrary  power  ;  to 
lule  with  unjust  and  oppressive  severity  ;  to  exercise 
power  over  others  not  permitted  by  law  or  required 


u. 


or  p,  precedes  u,  we  enter  on  its  sound  with  the  lips 
closed,  and  in  opening  them  to  the  position  retjuired 
for  uttering  «,  there  is  almost  necessarily  a  slight 
sound  I'f  e  formed  before  we  arrive  at  tiie  proper 
sound  nf  u.  When  r  precedes  «,  the  mouth  is  open 
before  the  sound  of  ii  is  commenced.  But  in  both 
cases,  u  is  to  be  considered  as  having  the  same  sound. 

In  some  words,  as  in  bull,  full,  pull,  the  sound  of  « 
is  that  of  the  Italian  w,the  French  ou,  but  shortened. 
This  is  a  vowel. 

U  has  another  short  sound,  as  in  tun,  run,  sun, 
turn,  rub.    This  also  is  a  vowel. 
y'BER-OUS,  a.     [L.  uber.] 

Fruitful;  copious.     [Little  used.] 
l^'DER-TY,  n.    [L.  iibertas,  from  ubcr,  fruitful  or  co- 
pious.] 

Abundance  ;  fruitfulness.     [Little  used.] 

^iBrE^TY!""'!-    [L.«'^  where.] 

The  Elate  of  being  in  a  piace  ;  local  relation.  [JVut 
mnck  vsed.]  Olaiwillf:. 

IJ'EI-QUIST,  (yu'be-kwist,)  (  u.  In  church  lus- 

[J-Bla-UI-TA'RI-AN,  (yu-bik'we-,)  i  to-ij,  the  Ubi- 
quists  were  a  school  of  Lutheran  divines,  so  called 
from  their  tenet  that  the  body  of  Christ  is  present  in 
the  eucharist,  in  virtue  of  his  omnipresence.  Branilc. 

U-BItt'iri-TA-RI-NESS,  (yvi-bik'wc-,)  jt.  Existence 
every  where.     [f.i*llc  iisciL]  Fuller. 

TJ-Bia'UI-TA-RY,  (yii-bili'wo-tor-re,)  a.    [L.  ubigue, 
frnin  Hfti,  where.] 
Existing  every  where,  or  in  all  places.      HmccU. 


UGL 

by  justice,  or  with  a  severity  not  necesFary  to  the 
ends  of  justice  and  govemmcnU  A  prince  will  often 
tyrannize  over  his  subjecUj ;  republican  legiNlatures 
Bometimcs  lyrannne  over  their  fellow-ciiiw-iuj  ; 
masters  sometimes  tyrannize  over  their  servants  or 
apprentices.  A  husband  may  not  tyrannize  over  his 
wife  and  children. 

TYR'AN.MZ-£D,  pp.  Ruled  wait  oppfe«iye  se- 
verity. 

TYR'AN-NIZ-I\G,  ppr.  Exercising  arbitrary  power ; 
ruling  with  unjust  sevcrit)'. 

TYR'AX-XOf  S,  a.  Tyrannical}  arbitrary;  nnjustly 
severe ;  dei^potic.         '  Sidney. 

TYR'AN-iNY,  n.     [Fr.  tyrannic;  from  tyran.] 

1.  Arbitrary  or  despotic  exercise  of  power;  the 
exercise  of  power  over  subjects  and  oliicra  with  a 
rigor  not  authorized  bylaw  or  justice,  or  not  re<iiiirfite 
for  the  purposes  of  gavenmienL  liente  lyKinny  is 
often  synonymous  with  Cbceltt  and  Oryariiiorr. 

2.  Cruel  government  or  discipline  ;  as,  the  (ynu/ty 
of  a  master. 

3.  Unresisted  and  cruel  power. 

■1.  Absolute  monarchy  cruelly  administered. 

5.  Severity;  rigor;  inclemency.  Shak. 

TY'R.^XT,   71.      [L.   tyrannua;    Gr.   rrparys-      'Phe 
Welsh  has  te-ym,  a  king  or  sovcrei^,  which  Ov.vn 
says  is  compounded  of  te  (that  spreads)  and  f  -r-i. 
imperious,  supreme,  from  spfr,^  driving.    Tlie  (;.: 
has  tiarna  and  tiirkeama,  a  lord,  prince,  r-r  -  -*  -  ■ 
ti^h,  a  house;  indicating  that  the  wi., 
signified  the  muster  of  a  family  merely,  ■ 
of  a  clan.    There  is  some  uncertainly  a-  i^^  ..i-   i<  ji 
origin  of  the  word.    It  originally  signified  merely  a 
chief,  king,  or  prince  ] 

1.  A  monarch  or  other  ruler  or  ma.-T'-  '■•' -- 

power  to  oppress  his  subjects ;  a  per:- 

cises  unlawful  authority,  or  lawful  ai. 

unlawful  manner;  one  who  by  laiai; 

or  cruel  pimishment,  or  the  demand  of  ■■. 

services,  imposes  burilcns  and  hardsl. 

under  his  control,  which  law  and  hun..i.....  ^,_  ,.  ; 

authorizt',  or  which  the  purposes  of  government  do 

not  require. 

2.  A  despotic  ruler ;  a  cruel  master ;  an  oppre^Bor. 

Love,  to  a  yielding  beait,  b  a  king,  to  a  Kwutiag  bran,  b  a 
tyrant.  £UJwy. 

T7RE.    See  Tire.  IlakeuiO. 

TY^'B,  r.  t.    To  prey  upon.     [See  Tire.] 
TYR'I-AN,  71.    A  native  of  Tvre. 
TYR'I-AN,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  ancient  Tyre. 

2.  Being  of  a  purple  color. 
TY'RO,  n.      [L.  tiro:  Sp.  (iron,  from  lira r,  to  draw, 
tug,  pull ;  Port,  tirar;  Tr.tirer.    Hence  L.  ttrodntum.] 

1.  A  be^nner  in  learning;  a  novitiate;  one  who 
tugs  in  the  rudiments  uf  any  branch  of  study. 
Hence, 

2.  A  person  imperfectly  acquainted  with  a  subject. 
T5THE.     See  Tithe. 

T^TH'ING.     See  Tithiso. 

TZA  R,  (ziirj  n.    The  emperor  of  Russia,   [See  Ct*iu} 
TZAR-I'N.A,  (zar-u'n4,)  n.     Tiie  empress  of  Russia. 
[See  Czarina.] 


lJ-Bia'ri-TA-RY,(\'U-bik^we-lcr-re,>n.  [Suprxl  One 
that  exists  every  whore.  liaU. 

tJ-BIU'UI-'J'OUS",  a.    Kxislin;;  or  being  everv  where. 

T^-Bia'UI-TY,  (yn-bik'we-te,)  ».  [I*  w&ijae,  every- 
where.] 

Existence  in  all  places  or  every  where  at  the  same 
time  ;  omnipresence.  The  ubitpiity  of  God  is  not 
disputed  by  those  who  admit  his  existence. 

South. 

VBt  SV^PR.^,  [I-.]  In  the  place  above  mentioned  ; 
noting  reference  lo  some  passage  or  page  before 
named. 

12'DAL,  (vu'dal,)  n.    A  freehold  in  the  Shetland  Isles. 

U'DAL-ER,  n.  A  freeholder  in  Ihe  Shetland  Isles, 
without  feudal  dependencies.  Jatntr.^'or.. 

UD  DER,  B.  [Sax.  uder;  G.  eutcr;  D.  ityer;  Gr. 
ovOap.) 

The  breast  of  a  female ;  but  the  word  is  applied 
chiefly  or  wholly  to  the  glandular  organ  of  female 
breasts,  in  which  the  milk  is  secr.-ied  and  rel.iined 
ft>r  the  nourishment  of  ihtMryouniT.  commonly  called 
the  Bag,  in  cows  and  other  quadnip*  ds. 

UD'I)ER-£D,  a.    Furnished  with  udders.  Oaf, 

II-DOM'E-TER,  7t.    fGr.  i^oj^i  and  nirc^i.] 

An  instrument  lor  measuring  the  quantitj-  of 
water  which  falls  frou)  the  auuosphere ;   a  rain- 


ange. 
Lr-LY,  adv.    In  an  ugly  manner ;  with  deformity. 


UG' ^. 

UG'LI-NESS,  7t.    [from  ugly.]    Total  want  of  beauty  j 
deformity  of  person;  as,  old  age  and  ugliness. 

Dryden. 


TCNE,  EJJLL,  ITNITE.— AN"GER,  VP'OIOUS.  — €  as  K ;  6  as  J  j  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


11S7 


ULT 


UMB 


UMP 


L'G'LY,  a.     [VV.  An"- 
roush.     See  Hack.] 


1.  Turpitude  of  mind;   moral  depravity;  loatlie- 
souienesa. 

V]„rr dull  ribaldr?  musl  be  oflcnsi.e  to  nny  onj  «ho  (loej  no!,  for 

a  cut  or  gash;  hagyr,  ugly, 

Deformed  ;""oft;ensive  to  the   sight;    contrary  to 
bcautyThateful ;  as,  an  ugly  person  ;  an  ugly  face. 

n  KaSE'    n.    In  Russia,  a  proclamaliun  or  imperial 

nrder  publishnd.  living  the  force  o(\^\y.     Brands. 

U'Ss" °.  ;.;.     ■.  certain  description  of  mililia  among 

"the  modern  Tartars.  ,'"J\\ 

IIL'CER,  )i.     [Fr-  ulcere;  It.  ulKra ;  L,.  ulcus,  <»r.  ia- 

"'a  sore ;  a  solution  of  continuity  in  any  of  the  soft 
mrts  of  the  bodv,  either  open  to  tlie  surface  or  to 
LTc  nltJVal  cavit'y,  and  attended  with  a  secretion 
of  nus  or  some  kind  of  discharge.  Cooper. 

UL'CER°STE,  V.  L    To  he  formed  into  an  ulcer  ;  to 
become  ulcerous.  ,     „i 

To  affect  with  an  ulcer  or  with  iilc.-rs.     Haney. 
ITL'CER-A-TED,  VI'-  or  "■     Affected  with  ulcers. 
UL'CER-ItINg;  Wr.   Turning  to  an  ulcer  ;  general- 

ins  ulcers.  „        ,      ,       ,.   -, 

UI^CER-A'TION,  u.     [Fr.,  from  L.  uhcratio.^ 

1.  The  process  of  forming  into  an  ulcer;  or  the 
process  of  becoming  ulcerous.  „„„=„, 

o   An  ulcer;  a  morbid  sore  that  discharges  pus  or 
other  fluid  Arhnllinot. 

UL'CER-ED,  CL.     Ilaviiis  become  an  ulcer.     T™rle. 
UL'CEll-OUk,  a.     Having  the  nature  or  character  of 
an  ulcer  ;  discharging  purulent  or  other  ""^^^^^^^^^^ 

o    Affected  with  an  ulcer  or  with  ulcers. 
IIT.'CER-OUS-LY,  adv.    In  an  ulcerous  manner. 
UL'CER-OUS-NESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  ulcerous. 
UL,-€IJS'eULE,  11.     [L.  ulcuscuhim,  from  ulcus.] 

U^LE'.Ma!  n.''*'ln  Turl^cy,  a  corporation  composed  of 

^  the  hierarchy,  viz.,  the  imans    "^ '"'7^"  °L^f  fZ 

ion,  the  muftis,  or  doctors  of  law,  and  the  cadi»,  or 

administrators  of  justice.  . 

ULE'-TREE,  n.    In  hotamj,  a  tree  whose  milky  juice 

■yields  that  kind  of  elastic  gum  called  by  the  Mexi- 

1|-lT(5'IN^6us,  a.     [L.  iilio-iiiosus,  from  «(io-o,  oozi- 

""luddy  ;  oozy  ;  slimy.  Woodward 

UL'LAGE,  Ji.     In  commme,  the  wantage  ot  casks  ot 

liniior,  or  what  a  cask  wants  of  being  full.       Li/c. 
UL'Mie  ACID,  11.     [L.  u(iiii«,  an  elm.]        .^..^ 
A  vegetable  acid,  exuding  spontaneously  from  the 

elm,  thl  chestnut,  the  oak,  and  various  other  trees. 

It  is  a  dark-brown  and  nearly  black  solid,  insipid 

inodorous,  and  very  sparingly  soluble  in  "'ater  and 

alcohol.     It  constitutes  the  essential  mgediento! 

neat  &c.    It  appears  to  constitute  what  i.s  usually 

called  vc«ctahU  manure.         Tk.  Thomson.     Turnir. 
UIVMIN  n.   An  exploded  name  of  ulmic  acid,  applied 

before  its  salifying  powers  '"d  been  discovered. 
UL'NA  n       fL.l     The  larger  of  the  two  bones  ot  the 

fore-arm,  which  forms  the  point  of  the  elbow. 
Ul-'NAGE.     See  Ai,r<AGE,  AuNiGE. 
UL'NAR,  a.     fL.  ulna.] 

Pertaining  to  the  ilna  or  cubit;    as,  'lie^^^'j""" 

U-LO-D'eN'DRON,  n.     [Gr.  oi'Xos  and  iSti/Jpoi'.] 

A  genus  of  trees  now  extinct,  and  found  only  m  a 

fossil  state. 
ULT.    Last ;  a  contraction  from  Ultimo. 
UL-Te'EI-OR,  a.     [L.,  comparative.]     Further;  as, 

iidcrior  demands  ;  ulterior  propositions.     What  ulU- 

rior  measures  will  be  adopted  is  uncertain.    kmolMt. 
2.  In  noirrapkii,  being  or  situated  beyond  or  on 

the  further  side  of  any  line  or  boundary  ;  opposed  to 

CiTERioK,  or  hither. 
UL'Tl-MA  RA'TI-0,  [L.]    The  last  reason  or  argu- 

UL'TI-.M.a  KA'TI-O  RE'auM,  [L.]    The  last  rea- 
son of  kines  is  war,  force  of  arms. 
UI/TI-MATE,  a.     [L.  uhtmus,  furthest.] 

1.  Furthest ;  most  remote  ;  extreme.  We  have 
not  yet  arrived  at  the  ultimate  point  of  progression. 

2.  Final  ;  being  that  to  which  all  the  rest  is  di- 
rected as  to  the  main  object.  The  uilimote  end  of 
our  actions  should  be  the  glory  of  God,  or  the  display 
i.r  his  exalted  excellence.  The  ultimate  end  and  aim 
of  men  is  to  be  happy,  and,  to  attain  to  this  end,  we 
must  yield  tliat  obedience  which  will  honor  the  law 
and  ciiararter  of  God. 

3.  Last  in  tt  train  of  consequences  ;  intended  in 
the  last  resort. 

Many  Mlions  apl  lo  procure  fame  are  not  conducive  to  tliia  our 
immale  happiuca.  Addiio^. 


4.  Last;  terminating;  being 


Z  at  the  furthest  point. 
Dancin. 
5   The  last  into  which  a  substance  can  be  re- 
solved ;  constituent.  Dam.n. 
Bltimale  analysis,  in  chemistry,  is  the  resolution  of 


a  substance  into  its  elements  ;  opposed  to  the  ;>™xi- 

^'^Vmimateratio ;  the  ratio  of  evanescent  quantities. 
UL'TI-MVrE-LY,  ado.     Finally;  at  last ;  m  the  end 
or  last  consequence.    Afflictions  often  tend  to  cor- 
rect immoral  habits,  and  ultimately  prove  blessings. 

uari-M-i  THVLE,  [L.]  The  utmost  stretch  or 
lidundarv.     fsee  Thule.] 

UL^Tl-MA'TiiM,  u.  [L.^  In  diplon,acy,Xb^^n^\ 
propositions,  conditions,  or  terms,  offered  as  the  ba- 
sis of  a  treaty  ;  the  most  favorable  terms  that  a  nego- 
tiator can  ofrer,  and  the  rejection  of  which  usual  y 
puts  an  end  to  negotiation.  It  is  sometimes  used  in 
the  plural,  ultimata. 
o    Any  I'.nal  proposition  or  condition. 

ITT,TLM'1-Ty,  >i.      The  last  stage  or  cousequencc 

"YLittlcuseJ.]  ,  Bacon. 

UL'TI-MO,  71.     [L.  ultimo  mcnsc.] 

The  last  month  [ircceding  the  present;  as,  on  the 

UL'TRA,™.'  fL-]  Bevond  ;  hence,  extreme ;  as,  ul- 
tra principles  ;  used  also  to  denote  a  person  who  ad- 
vocates extreme  measures.  ,        ,  . 

OL'1'RA-ISM,  II.  The  principles  of  men  who  advo- 
cate extreme  measures,  as  a  radical  relorm^^&c^^^^ 

UL'TR.'V-IST,  n.  One  who  pushes  a  principle  or 
measure  to  extremes.  i,„„„n,i 

UL-TRA-MA-RINE',  (-reen',)  a.     [L.  ultra,  beyond, 
and  marinus,  marine.] 
Situated  or  being  beyond  the  sea.         .Sin.~,ooitl. 
UL-TRA-iMA-El.\'E',  u.     [Supra.]     A  beautiful  and 
durable  sky-hUie;   a  color  formed  of  the  mineral 
called  lapis  lazuli.  , 

According  to  Gmelin  of  Tubingen,  sulphiiret  of 
sodium  is  the  coloring  principle  of  lapis  laz^iji,  to 
which  the  color  of  ultramarine  is  owing.  He  "as 
succeeded  in  preparing  artificial  ultramarine  by  heat- 
in"  sulphuret  of  sodium  with  a  mixture  of  silicic  acid 
and  alumina.  •*"'•  "^  ^"■ 

2.  Azure-stone.  ,■  ,    ■    ,,,„,. ,„;j„ 

Ultramarine  ashes  ;  a  pigment  which  is  ll>c  "-'f  ■"'J- 
um  of  lapis  lazuli,  after  the  ultramarine  has  been  e.\- 
racted  Their  appearance  is  that  of  the  ultrama- 
rine, a  little  tinged  with  red,  and  diluted  with  wlme. 

UI^TRA-MON'TANE,  a.     [Fr. ;  L.  ultra  and  vtonta- 

""ueing  beyond  the  mountains,  or  Alps,  in  respect 
to  the  one  who  speaks.  This  terra  was  first  applied, 
o,  K  wliat  "onteSiptuously,  by  the  Italians  to  the 
nations  nortli  of  the  Alps,  especially  Germany  and 
France,  their  painters,  jurists,  &c.  At  a  laU>r  peuod, 
the  French  and  Germkns  applied  it  to  the  Italians. 
It  is  now  more  particularly  used  in  respect  to  religious 
matters  ;  and  ultramontane  doctrmes,  when  spoken  of 
north  of  the  Alps,  denote  the  extreme  views  of  the 
pope's  rights  and  supremacy  maintained  by  Bellar- 
niiti  and  other  Italian  writers.  Diet,  de  I  Mead. 

UL-TRA-MON'TANE,  u.  A  foreigner;  one  who  re- 
sides bevond  the  mountains. 

UI^TRA-MON'TA-NISM,  n.  A  term  applied,  north 
of  the  Alps,  to  those  who  maintain  extreme  views  as 
to  the  pope's  supremacy.  i.ncyc.  Mm. 

UL-TRA-MON'TA-NIST,  n.    One  who  holds  to  ul- 

UL^rilA-MUN'DANE,    a.      [L.   ultra   and    mundus, 

''' Behii  beyond  the  world,  or  beyond  the  limits  of 

UL-TRO'NE-OUS,  a.     [L.  uUro,  of  one's  own   ac- 

'^"sp'ontaneous  ;  voluntary.     [JVot  used.] 
UL'U-LSTE,  jj.  i.     [L.  n!u(o,  to  howl.] 

To  howl,  as  a  dig  or  wolf.  J''Z''rt 

UH'-LA'TION,  71.    A  howl,  as  of  the  wolf  or  dog. 
UM'BEL,  11.     [L.  umhclla,  a  screen  or  fan.] 

In  (.otaTiu,  a  particular  mode  of  inflorescence  or 
flowering,  which  consists  of  a  number  of  flower- 
stalks  or  rays,  nearly  equal  in  length,  spreading  l^oin 
a  Lmmon  center,  tlieir  summits  forming  a  level  con 
vex  or  even  globose  surface,  more  rarely  a  concave 
one  as  in  the  carrot.  It  is  simple  or  ™mP™ni  i.  '" 
™e  latter,  each  peduncle  bears  another  little  umbel, 
uinbellet,  or  umbellule.  ,  Cjic.    Mirtyn. 

Umbel  is  sometimes  called  a  rundle,  from  Us  round- 

UJ^BEL-LAR,  a.    Pertaining  to  an  umbel ;  having 
the  form  of  an  umbel.  . 

TTM'UFL-LATE,      )  a.    Bearing  umbels  ;   consisting 

ukl'BEL-LA-TED,  1      of  an  umbel ;  growing  on  an 
umbel ;  as,  umbellate  plants  or  flowers. 

UM' BEL-LET,     (  ii.     A  little  or  partial  umbel. 

UM'BEL-LULE,  \  „         ,  ,      t       ■'"■ 

U.M-BEL'LI-FEU,  71.     [h.  umbellaandfcro.] 

Ill  botann,  a  plant  producing  an  umbel,    f '"'"'!'■ 

UM-BEL-LfF'EE  OOS,  a.     [L.  umbcUa  and  fcro,  to 

'^Producing  the  inflorcscenre  called  an  umbel  i  bear- 
ing umbels  ;  as,  mnhcllifcroiis  plants. 
UM'BER  71.  In  mineralogy,  an  ocherous  ore  of  iron, 
of  a  brown,  yellowish,  or  blackish-brown  color,  so 
called  from  Ombria,  in  Italy,  where  it  was  first  ob- 
tained.   It  is  used  in  painting.    A  specimen  from 


Cyprus  afforded,  of  a  hundred  parts,  48  parts  of  oxyii 
of- iron,  20  of  oxyd  of  manganese,  the  remainder  si- 
lex,  alumina,  and  water.  C!"^- 

Also  a  variety  of  peat  or  brown  coal,  of  a  similar 
color,  and  used  for  a  similar  purpose.  J?;,"'"'''-. , 

UM'BER  71.    The  Scopus  umhretta,  a  bird  of  the  gr.il- 
lic  order  and  heron  family,  inhabiting  Africa. 

Swamson. 

UM'BER,  71.    A  fish  of  the  salmon  family,  called  the 
GnAVLiNG,  or  Tliyniallus  vulgaris,  a  fresh-water  fish 

UM'l)ER,'"i:!''t^'  To  color  with  umber;  to  s'^^^j'^'J^ "' 

darken.  .  ,     ,    n 

UM'I!ER-ED,  a.     [L.  Ii7:i6r(i,  a  shade.] 

1.  Shaded  ;  clouded.  *'""" 

2.  [from  u7/i!icr.l    Fainted  with  umber. 
UM-BIL'ie,  71.    [Infra.]    The  navel ;  the  «n'_f^--j_.j 

UM-BIL'ie,  ,      j  „.    |-L.  umbilicus,  the  navel.] 
"■"  pirtolning  to  the  navel ;  as,  umbilical  vessels  ;  u,,.- 
bilical  region.  ,  „  ^,  • 

Umbilical  points  ;  in  maOicmatics,  the  same  .is  /oci. 
Umbilical  vessels,  in  vegetables,  tire  the  small  ves- 
stls  which  pass  from  the  heart  of  the  seed  into  the 
side  seed-lobes,  and  are  supposed  to  mibibe  the  sac- 
charine, farinaceous,  or  oily  matter  which  is  to  su|)- 
port  the  new  vegetable  in  its  germination  and  infant 
,.|  Cyc.     Uarwtn. 

UM-mL'I€,  n.    In  couehohgy,  a  conical  depression  at 

the  base  of  a  univalve  shell.     ,    ^        ,      ,         .    . 
UM-lilL'ie-ATE,      la.      Navel-shaped;    formed    in 
UM-BIL'ie-A-TED,  i      the  middle  like  a  navel ;  as  a 

fl  wer  fruit  or  leaf  Martiin.     Lite. 

U."l'BLES,(um'blz,)7'i.,,;.  [Fr.]  The  entrails  of  a  deer 
UM'BO,  11.     [L.]    The  boss  or  protuberant  part  ol  a 

^'2':' In  couchology,  the  point  of  a  bivalve  shell  im- 
mediately above  the  hinge. 
UM'BO-NATB,      j<7.     In  (.oto-ii;,  having  a  boss  or  el- 
UM'BO-Na-TED,  !     evated  point  in  the  mid^le^^^  ^ 

TIM'HRA   n      rL.l     A  shadow.     In  astronomy,  a  lerm 
"applfed  to  the  dark  cone  projected  from  a  planet  or 

satellite,  on  the  side  opposite  to  llie  sun.      •B™'"'':- 
U.-M-BRAG'U-LI-FORM,  <i.     Having  the  form  of  an 

umbraculuiu  or  arbor.  ,        t         i  ,. 

UM'liRAGE,  71.     [Fr.  ombragc,  from  ombre ;  L.  umbra, 

"  l"a  shade  ;  a  screen  of  trees  ;  as,  the  umhrage  of 
woods. 
2.  Shadow ;  shade  ;  slight  appearance. 


The  opinion  curies  no  .how  of  trail,  nor  ■""''".''"f  '=;^„°"j  °° 

3.  Suspicion  of  injury  ;  offense  ;  resentment.  Tlio 
coutt  of   France  took  umbrage  at  the  conduct  of 

uSra'CEOUS,  (-jus,)  a.     [Ft.  omhrageuz.] 

1    Shadin"  ;  forming  a  shade  ;  !i.s,umlirageousUcis 
e  V   ....  Thomson. 

ciT  loin  G 
2.  Sliady  ;   shaded  ;  as,  an  umbrageous  grotto  or 

garden. 

Vmbmseoos  grots  and  ca««  of  cool  leceas.  il/illon. 

UAI-BR  a'OEo'uS-LY,  adv.  In  an  umbrageous  inanner. 
UM-BRa'GE0US-NESS,71.     Shadmess;    as,  the  ..m- 

bra'reousness  of  a  tree.  Kaiegn. 

UM'nRATE,  v.  t.     [L.  umhro,  to  shade] 
To  shade  ;  to  shadow.     \LMe  used.\ 
UM'BRA-TED,  pp.    Shadecf;  ^toJ«-|J-,,^^  _,^^„,, 

UM-BRAT'ie,  j  ^     iL.  umbraticns.] 

UM-BRAT'ie-AL,i"-     L 

1.  Shadowy  ;  typical.  „  mrroir. 

o   Keeping  in  the  shade  or  at  home.    B.  Jonson. 
UM'BEA-TILE,  (-til,)  a.     [L.  umbrald.s.] 

].  Being  in  the  shade.  „*,!  „,?' 

o    Unreal ;  unsubstantial.  "■  .''"i^'"- 

3.  Being  in  retirement;  secluded  ;  as,  an  ..mira- 

tileMc.     [Little  used.}  •B'"^°"- 

UM-BRA'TIOUS,  (-shus,)  a.     [See  UMCBiGE.]     Si  s- 

""pictol^;  apttodfstrust;  captious;  <l-^POSed  to  Ulko 

umbrage.     [LitUe  used.]  "•>"'"•■ 

UM-BREL'  is  nearly  obsolete. 
ITM-liREL'LA,  71.     [from  L.  umbra,  shade.J 

A  shade,  screen  or  guard,  carried  in  the  hand  fur 
shelter  ng  the  person  from  the  rays  of  the  sun,  or 
forara"nor  snow.  It  is  formed  of  silk,  cotton,  or 
other  cloth  extended  on  strips  of  whalebone,  or  other 
clastic  material,  inserted  in  or  fastened  to  a  rod  or 
stick.     [See  PiBiSOL.]  ,       ,    1      , 

UM-BRIERE',  (-breer',)  n.    The  visor  of  3^J«'^;'- 

UM-BRIF'ER-OUS,  a.     [L.  umbra  and  fero.] 

Casting  or  making  a  shade. 
UM'BRoSE,  a.    Shady. 
UM-BROS'l-TY,  71.     [h.  nmhrosns.] 

'Jhadiness.     [Little  used.]  hioum. 

UM'PI-RAGE,  71.     [from  umpire.]    The  power,  right, 
or  authority  of  an  umpire  to  decide. 

President's  Message,  Oct.  ISIM. 
2.  The  decision  of  an  umpire. 


FATE.  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.- METE.  PREY.-PINE,  MARfNE,  B^^^^^r^OTE^DuVE^VE^V^^ 


11SI> 


UNA 

UM'PIRG,  n.  [Norm,  iinperc  ;  L.  impm«m,  coutractetl 
as  in  empire,] 

1.  A  person  to  whose  sole  decision  a  conlroversy 
or  question  between  parlies  is  referred.  Thus,  the 
emperor  of  Russia  was  constituted  umpire  between 
Great  Britain  and  the  United  Slates,  to  decide  the 
controversy  resjwcting  the  slaves  carried  from  the 
States  by  the  British  troops. 

2.  In  tawj  a  third  person  called  in  to  decide  a  con- 
troversy or  question  submitted  to  arbitrators,  when 
the  arbitrators  do  not  agree  in  opinion.     Blackstoiie. 

UM'PIRE,  r.  (,  To  arbitrate ;  to  decide  as  umpire  ; 
to  settle,  as  a  dispute.     [Little  used.]  Bacon. 

UN,  a  pretii  or  inseparable  preposition,  [Sax.  un  or  oii^ 
usually  un^  G.kh,  D.  oity  Sans,  a/i,]  is  tlie  same  word 
as  the  L.  in.  It  is  a  particle  of  negation,  giving  to 
words  to  which  it  is  prefixed  a  negative  signilica- 
tion.  We  use  un  or  in  indillerenlly  for  this  purpose  ; 
and  the  tendency  of  modern  usage  is  to  prefer  the 
use  of  m,  in  some  words,  where  un  was  formerly 
used.  Un  admits  of  no  change  of  «  into  /,  in,  or  r,  as 
ill  does,  in  illuminate^  immeitse,  irresolute.  It  is  pre- 
fixed generally  to  adjectives  and  participles,  and  al- 
most at  pleasure.  In  a  few  instances,  it  is  prefixed 
to  verbs,  as  in  unbend,  unbind,  unliarness.  As  the 
compounds  formed  with  un  are  so  common  and  so 
well  known,  the  composition  is  not  noticed  under 
the  several  words.  For  the  etymologies,  see  the 
simple  words. 

UN-A-BAN'DON-ED,  a.    Not  abandoned. 

UN-A-BAS'in), (-baste',) a.   Not  abased  ;  nothumbled. 

UN-A-BASH'£D,  (-basht',)  a.  Not  abashed  j  notcon- 
fused  with  shame,  or  by  modesty.  Pope. 

UN-A-BaT'ED,  a.  Not  abated;"  not  diminished  in 
strensth  or  violence.    The  fever  remains  unabated. 

UN-A-BaT'IXG,  u.  Not  abating;  continuing  in  full 
force,  or  without  alleviation  or  diminution. 

UN-AB-BRe'VI-a-TED,  a.  Not  abbreviated;  not 
shortened. 

UN-A-BET'TED,  a.    Not  abetted  ;  not  aided. 

UN-A-BTD'ING,  a.    Not  abiding  or  permanent. 

UX-A-BTD'ING-LV,  ode.     Not  abidingly. 

UN-A-DIDaNG-NES3,  n.  Stale  of  being  not  perma- 
nent. 

UN-A-BIL'I-TY,    )  n.    Want  of  ability.     [AVt  used,] 

UN-A'BLE-NESS,  j      [We  use  Ir^iBiLiTv.] 

UN-AB-JOR'-ED,  a.  Not  abjured  ;  not  renounced  on 
oath. 

UN-a'BLE,  (-a'bl,)  fl.  Notable;  not  having  sufficient 
strength  or  means;  impotent;  weak  in  power,  or 
poor  in  substance.  A  man  is  unable  to  rise  when 
sick;  he  is  itn  aWe  to  labor;  he  is  unable  to  support 
his  family  or  to  purchase  a  farm  ;  he  is  unable  for  a 
particular  enterprise. 

0,  Not  having  adequate  knowledge  or  skill.  A  man 
is  unable  to  paint  a  good  likeness ;  he  is  unable  to 
command  a  ship  or  an  army. 

UN-A-BOL'ISH-A-BLE,  a.  Not  abolishable ;  that 
may  not  be  abolished,  annulled,  or  destroyed. 

Milton. 

UN-A-BOL'ISH.JED,  (-a-bol'isht,)  fl.  Not  abolished; 
not  repealed  or  annulled  ;  remaining  in  force. 

Hooker. 

UN-AB-RAD'ED,  a.     Not  abraded  or  worn  by  friction. 

Mantell. 

UN-A-BRIDG'ED,  n.     Not  abridged  ;  not  shortened. 

UN-AB'RO-Ga-TED,  a.  Not  abrogated;  not  an- 
nulled. 

UN-AB-SOLV'£D,  fl.  Not  absolved ;  not  acquitted 
or  forgiven. 

U.\-AB-S0RB'A-BLE,  a.  Not  absorbables  not  capa- 
ble of  being  abaorbed.  Dary. 

UN-AB-SORB'-ED,  a.    Not  absorbed  ;  not  imbibed. 

UN-A-BUS'£D,  C-a-bQzd',)  n.     Not  abused.     [Davy. 

UN-Ae-CEL'ER-A-TED,  a.  Not  accelerated  ;  not 
hastened. 

UN-Ae- CENTRED,  a.  Not  accented;  having  no  ac- 
cent ;  as,  an  unaccented  syllable.  Holder. 

UN-A€^CEPT'A-BLE,  a.  Not  acceptable  ;  not  pleas- 
ing ;  not  welcome;  not  such  as  will  be  received 
with  pleasure.  Clarendon. 

UN-AC-CEPT'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  not 
pleasing.  Collier. 

UN-Ae-CEPT'A-BLY,  adv.  In  an  unwelcome  or  un- 
plcasing  manm^r. 

UN-At;-CEPT'ED.  a.  Not  accepted  or  received  ;  r- 
jected.  '  Prior. 

UN-A€-CES3'I-BLE,  a.    Inaccessible. 
[Thi!.  latter  word  is  now  used.] 

U.\-A€  CESS'I-BLE-NESS,  n.      State  of  not   being 
approachable ;  inaccessibleness. 
[  The  latter  is  the  ic<rrd  now  XLsed.] 

UN-AG-CESS'I-BLy,  ado.  In  an  unaccessible  man- 
ner. 

UN-Ae-eLT'MA-TED,  n.    Not  inured  to  the  climate. 

UN-A€-eOM'.MO-DA-TED,  a.      Not  accommodated; 

not  furnished  with  external  conveniences.      Shah. 

2.  Not  fitted  or  adapted.  Mitford. 

UN-Ae-eo>M'MO-DA-TING,o.  Not  accommodating; 
not  ready  to  oblige  ;  uncompliant. 

U\-A€-COM'PA-NI-£D,  (-ktim'pa-nid,)  a.  Not  at- 
tended ;  having  no  attendants,  companions,  or  fol- 
Ifiwers.  Haijward. 

2.  Having  no  appendages. 


UNA 

UN-AG-€O.^I'PLtSII-/;:iJ,  C-ak-kom'plisht,)  a.  Not  ac- 
complished ;  nut  litiished  ;  incomplete.       Dnjden. 

2.  Not  refined  in  manners  ;  not  furnished  with  el- 
egant literature  or  with  polish  of  manners. 

UN-AC-eOM'PLISH-.MENT,  n.  Want  of  accom- 
plishment or  execution.  Milton. 

UN-Ae-€ORD'ANT,  a.  Not  accordant  or  harmo- 
nious. 

UN-Ae-eORD'ING,  a.    Not  according  ;  not  agreeing. 

J>^carn. 

UN-AG-eOUNT-A-BIL'I-TY,  n.  The  state  or  quali- 
ty of  not  being  accountable;  or  the  state  of  being 
unaccountable  for.  Strift 

UN-Ae-€OUNT'A-BLE,  a.  Not  to  be  accounted  for. 
Such  folly  is  unaccountable. 

2.  Not  explicable  ;  not  to  be  solved  by  reason  or 
the  light  possessed  ;  not  reducible  to  rule.  The 
union  of  soul  and  body  is  to  us  unaccountable.    Swift. 

3.  Not  subject  to  account  or  control ;  not  i^ubject 
to  answer  ;  not  responsible. 

UN-Ae-eOUNT'A-lILE-NESS,  n.    Strangeness. 

2.  [rrcspousihility. 
UN-AG-eOUNT'A-BLY,  adc.      In  a  manner  not  to 

be  explained  ;  strangely.  Addison. 

UN-A€;-eRED'IT-ED,  a.      Not  accredited;    not  re- 
ceived ;  not  authorized.    The  minister  or  the  consul 
remained  unaccredited. 
UN-ACeU-RATE,  a.    Inaccurate  ;  not  correct  or  ex- 
act. Boijle. 
[But  IxAccuRATE  is  now  used.] 
UN-ACeU-RATE-NESS,  n.    Want  of  correctness. 
[But  we  now  use  Inaccubateszss  or  1n*ccu- 

RACV.j 

UN-A€-euS'£;D,  (-ak-kuzd',)  a.  Not  accused ;  not 
charged  with  a  crime  or  fault. 

UN-Ae-€US'TOM-£D,  a.  Not  accustomed  ;  not  used  ; 
not  made  familiar ;  not  habituated  ;  as,  a  bullock  un- 
occuj'tomcd  to  the  yoke.    Jcr.  xxxi. 

2.  New;  not  usual;  not  made  familiar ;  as^  unac- 
customed air  ;  wrtnrcHsicmcrf  ideas.  Watts. 

UN-A-CHIkV'A-BLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  done  or 
accomplished.  Farindon. 

UN-A-CHIeV'£D,  a.  Not  achieved  ;  not  accom- 
plished or  performed. 

UN-.\eH'ING,  (-ak'ing,)  a.  Not  aching  ;  not  giving 
or  feeling  pain.  Shak. 

UN-AC-KNOWL'EDCJ-M),  (-nol'ejd,)  a.  Not  ac- 
knowledged ;  not  recognized  ;  as,  an  unacknowledged 
agent  or  consul. 

2.  Not  owned  ;  n:;t  confessed  ;  not  avowed ;  as, 
an  unarknoicledsed  crime  or  fault. 

UN-AG-aUAINT'ANCE,  «.  Want  of  acquaintance 
or  familiarity;  want  of  knowledge;  followed  by 
xcitli ;  as,  an  utter  unactpiaintance  with,  his  design. 

Soidh. 

UN-A€-aUAlNT'ED,  a.    Not  well  known  ;  unusual. 

And  ih'  uimciiuainled  liglil  began  to  foar.     {Not  in  use.] 

Spcnsci-. 

2.  Not  having  familiar  knowledge  ;  followed  by 
jcith. 

My  cars  are  xinacquaivud 
With  such  b-jlil  IniUis.  Denham. 

UN-Ae-aUAlNT'ED-NESS,  n.  Want  of  acquaint- 
ance. Whiston. 

UN-A€-Q.UTU'ED,  a.    Not  acquired  ;  not  gained. 

UN-A€-aUIT'TED,  a.  Not  acquitted;  not  declared 
innocent. 

UN-AGT'ED,  a.  Not  acted  ;  not  performed  ;  not  exe- 
cuted. Shak. 

UN-AeT'IVE,  a.    Not  active  ;  not  brisk. 
[We  now  use  Isactite.] 

2.  Having  no  employment. 

3.  Not  busy  ;  not  diligent;  idbi. 

4.  Having  no  action  or  ethcacy.     [See  Inactive.] 
UN-ACT'lJ-A-TED,  a.    Not  actuated  ;  not  moved. 

Qlanmllc. 

UN-A-DAPT'CD,  c.    Not  adapted  ;  not  suited. 

jMiiford. 

UN-A-DAPT'ED-NESS,  n.     Unsuitableness. 

UN-AD-DIGT'ED,  a.  Not  addicted  ;  not  given  or  de- 
voted. 

UN-AD-DRE:^S'ivD,  (-drest',)  a.    Not  addressed. 

UN-AD-He'SIVE,  a.    Not  adhesive. 

UN-AD-JUDG'£D,  a.  Not  adjudged  ;  not  judicially 
decided. 

r^NAD-JUST'ED,  a.  No:  ...ijusted  ;  ual  settled  ;  not 
regulat'^!      ■  -.  differences  unadjusted. 

2.  Not  scUl.j;  not  liquidated  ;  as,  unadjusted  ac- 
counts. 

UN-AD-MIN'IS-TER-KD,  a.    Not  administered. 

UN-AD-.MIR'i2D,  a.  Net  admired  ;  nut  regarded  with 
great  affection  or  respect.  Pope. 

UN-AU-MIR'ING,  a.     Not  admiring. 

UN-AD-MON'ISH--ED,  (-nion'isht,)  a.  Not  admon- 
ished ;  not  cautioned,  warned,  or  advised.     MUton. 

UN-A-DOPT'E0,  a.  Not  adopted ;  not  received  as 
one's  own. 

UN-A-DOR'£D,  a.    Not  adored  ;  not  worshiped. 

Milton. 

UN-A-DORN'KD,  a.     .Nut  adorned  ;    not  decorated  ; 

..    not  cmbelii^^hfd.  Milton. 

UN-A-DUL'TRU-A-TEI),  a.    Not  adulterated  ;genu- 


UNA 


ine ;  pure. 


Addison. 


UN-A-Unii'TKR-OUS,  a.    Not  guilty  of  adulter)'. 


UN-A-DUL'TEtt-OUS-LY,  adv.  Without  being  pultj 
of  adultery. 

UN-AD-VEN'TIiR-OLJS,  o.  Not  adventurotis  ;  not 
bold  or  n;soliite.  MlWnu 

UN-Ai3-VI«'A-BLE,  a.  Not  advisable ;  not  to  be  rec- 
ommended ;  not  expedient ;  not  prudent. 

Ux\-AD-VIS'A.BLY,  adv.  In  an  unadrisable  man- 
ner. 

UN-AD-VIS'£D,  (-vizd',)  a.  Not  prudent:  not  dis- 
creet. Shak. 

2.  Done  without  due  con  «i  id  e  rat  ion  ;  rash  ;  as,  an 
unadvi.^rd  measure  or  proceeding.  Shak. 

UN-AD-VIS'ED-LY,  ado.  Impnidcntly  ;  indiscreetly ; 
rashly  ;  without  dm-  considerUion.  Hooker. 

UN-AIJ-VIS'EO-NESS,  n.    Imprudence;  nuhnenp. 

UN-A'ER-A-'i*ED,  a.  Not  combined  with  carbonic 
acid. 

UN-AF'FA-BLE,  a.  Not  affable;  wet  free  to  con- 
X irsc ;  reserved. 

UN-AF-FEeT'ED,  a.  Not  affected  ;  plain  ;  natural ; 
not  labored  or  artificial ;  simple  j  as,  umtfected  cate 
and  grace. 

2.  Real;  not  hypocritical;  Binccrc;  as,  uiiaj'f'^'.  : 
sorrow.  Dnij- 

3.  Not  moved;  not  having  the  heart  or  pa-  •  tm 
touched.  Men  often  remain  unaffected  under  alt  Ihc 
solemn  monitions  of  Providence. 

UN-AF-FEGT'ED-LY,  adr.  Really;  in  sincerity; 
without  disguise;  without  attempting  to  produce 
false  appearances.    He  was  unaffectedly  cheerful. 

Locke. 

UN-AF-FECT'ED-NESS,  n.  Slate  of  being  unaf- 
fected 

UN-AF-FEeT'I-nLE,  a.    That  can  not  be  iflectcd. 

CadiccrlJu 

UN-AF-FEGT'ING,  a.  Not  pathetic  ;  not  adapted  to 
move  the  passions. 

UN-AF-FEC'TIO.\-ATE,  a.  Not  affcclionate ;  want- 
ing affection. 

UN-AF-FIR.M'ED,  a.    Not  aflirmcd  ;  not  confirmed.      : 

UN-AF-FLieT'ED,  a.  Not  afflicted  ;  free  from 
trouble. 

UN-AF-FRIGHT'ED,  (.frlt'ed,)  a.     Not  frightened. 

UN-AG'GRA-V.*-TED,  a.     Not  airsravaled. 

UN-AG'I-Ta-TED,  a.     Not  agiUIed  ;  calm. 

UN-A-GREE'.\-BLE,  a.    Not  consistent;  unsuitable. 

MUlm. 

UN-A-GREE'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  Unrailableuess  ;  in- 
consistency with.  Decay  of  Pifty. 

UN-A-GREE'A-BLY,  adv.  In  an  unagreeable  man- 
ner. 

UN-aID'A-BLE,  a.  Not  to  be  aided  or  assisted.  [Jfot 
ttserf.] 

UN-aID'ED,  a.    Not  aided  ;  not  assisted.    Blacimorc 

UN-AlM'ING,  a.  Having  no  particular  aim  or  direc- 
tion. Olanvitic 

UN-AIR'£D,  a.    Not  aired. 

UN-.4-LXR.\I'£D,  a.  Not  al.imicd  ;  not  disturbed 
with  fear.  Carper, 

UN-A-LXRHI'ING,  a.    Not  alarming. 

UN-aL'IEN-A-BLE,  (-al'yen-a-bl,)  a.  Not  alienable  ; 
that  can  not  be  alienated ;  that  may  not  be  trans- 
felTed  ;  as,  unalieaahlc  rights.  S^ift. 

UN-aL'IEN-.\-BLV,  adr.  In  a  manner  that  admits 
of  no  alienation  ;  as,  properly  unaUatably  vested. 

UN-aL'IEN-.\TE,  (al'yenale,)  a.    Not  alienate. 

n.  Taylor. 

UN-aL'IEN-a-TED,  a.  Not  alienated;  not  trans- 
ferred ;  not  estranged. 

UN-AL-L.^Y'£D,  a.     Not  allayed ;  not  appeased  or 
quieted. 
2.  For  Tj  N.\LLovED.    [See  U:tai.loteo.3 

UN-AL-Le'VI-.^-TED,  a.  Not  alleviated  ;  not  miti- 
gated. 

UN-.AL-LI'ABLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  allied  or  con- 
nected in  amitv.  Cheyne, 

UN-,\L-LI'£D,  (-allide',)  a.     Having  no  alliance  or 
connection,  cither  by  nature,  marriage,  or  treaty ;  as, 
unallicd  families,  or  nations,  or  substances. 
2.  Having  no  powerful  relation. 

U.V-.\L-LOU''.\-BU3,  a.    That  may  not  be  allowed. 

UN-.\L-LO\V'i;D,  a.     .Not  allowed  ;  not  permitted. 

UN-AL-LOY'£D,  a.  Not  alloyed ;  not  reduced  by 
foreign  admixture  ;  as,  metals  unaUoycd. 

I  enjoyed  itnallo^-cd  s.Misf,icliou  iu  h»  company.         mij'arj. 

IIN-.Mj-LCR'ED,  a.    Not  allured  ;  not  enticed. 

UN-ALLOR'ING,  a.    Not  alluring  ;  not  tempting. 

Mt/cri. 

UN-AL-LOR'ING-LY,  arfr.     Not  .alluringly. 

UN-XLSIS'i-D,  (un^imzd'.)  a.  Not  having  received 
alms.     [Bad.]  PoKot. 

UN-.\LTER-.<-BLE,  a.  Not  alterable;  unch.tngca- 
blc";  immutable.  Soiitt 

U.V-AL'TER-A-BLE-NESS,  (  a.    UnchangeablcncES  ; 

UN-AL-TER-A-BIL'I-TY,     j     iranmtabilily. 

fVoodKOrd. 

UN-AL'TER-.\-BLY,  adv.  Unchangeably;  immuta- 
bly.' 

UN-AL'TER-ED,  a.    Not  altered  or  changed. 

Dryien. 

UN-AL'TER-ING,  a.    Not  altering.  tfisraa*. 

UN-A-MaZKD,  a.  Not  amazed  ;  free  fpom  a.=tonish- 
mciit.  .in/Vr:. 


TONE,  ByLL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOOS.  — C  as  K ;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  iu  THIS. 


iieo 


UNA 

UN-AM-niG'lI-OUS,  a.      Not    ambiguous ;    not    of 
doubtful  menning ;  plain ;  clear  j  certain. 

Ckesterjield, 

UN-AM-BIG'lI-OUS-LY,  adv.     In  a   clear,  explicit 
manner. 

UN-A>I-BIG'U-0US-NE3S,  )  jt.     Clearness  j  cxplicit- 

UN-AM-BI-GO'I-TY,  j      ness. 

UN-A.M-BI"TIOUS,  (-am-biah'us,)  a.    Not  ambitious ; 
free  from  ambition. 

2.  Not  affecting  show;  not  showy  or  prominent; 
as,  vnambitioits  ornaments. 

UN-AI\I-BI"TIOUS-LY,  adv.    Not  ambitiously. 

UN-AftI-BI"T10US-NKSS,  7i.     Freedom  from  ambi- 
tion. 

UX-A-Mk'NA-BLE,  a     Not  amenable  or  responsible. 

UN-A-MEND'A-BLE,  a.    Not  capable  of  emendation. 

Pops. 

UN-A-MEND'ED,  a.    Not  amended;  not  rectified. 

UN-a'MI-A-BLE,  a.    Not  amiable  ;   not  conciliating 
love;  not  adapted  to  g:iin  affection.  Spectator. 

UN-A'Mr-A-yL,E-NESS,  n.     Want  of  amiableness. 

UN-A-MtiS' -ED,  c-muzd',)  a.    Not  amused  ;  nut  en- 
tertained. 

UN-A  MuS'ING,  a.    Not  amusing;  not  affording  en- 
lerlainment.  Ro.'^coe.     Mitford. 

UN-A-MUS'ING-LY,  adv.     Not  amusingly. 

UN-A-MU'SIVE,  a.     Not  affording  amusement. 

aN-AN-A-LOG'ie-AL,  a.    Nut  analogical. 

UN-A-NAL'0-GOUS,  a.    Not  analogous  ;  not  agreea- 
ble to.  Dancin. 

UN-AN'A-L"5Z-£:D,  a.     Not  analyzed  ;  not  resolved 
into  simple  pans.  Boyle. 

UN-ANCH'OR-jED,  a.    Not  anchored  ;  not  moored. 

Pope. 

UN-A-NeL'£D,  a.    Not  hiaving  received  extreme  unc- 
tion.    [See  Anele.]  Skak. 

UN-AN''GI^-LAR,  (-ang'gu-lar,)  a.     Having  no  an- 
gles. 

UN-ANa-MAL-IZ-£D,  a.    Not  formed  into  animal 
roatter. 

UN-AN'I-Ma-TED,  o.    Not  animated;  not  possessed 
of  life. 
9.  Not  enlivened  ;  not  having  spirit;  dull. 

UN-AN'I-Ma-TING,  a.     Not  animating  ;  dull. 

lI-NA-Nti\I'l-TY,   (yu-na-nim'c-te,)  v.      [Fr.  unani- 
mite  ;  L.  lauts^  one,  and  ajiimu:^,  mind.] 

Agreement  of  a  number  of  persons  in  opinion  or 
determination  ;  as,  there  was  perfect  M7iaftimity  among 
the  members  of  the  council. 

XI-NAN^I-MOUS,  (yu-nan'e-mus,)  a.     Being  of  one 
mind  ;  agreeing  in  opinion  or  determination  ;  as,  the 
iiouse  of  asr^einbly  was  unanimous ;  the  members  of 
the  council  were  unanimous. 
9.  Formed  by  unanimity  ;  as,  a  unanimous  vote. 

II-NAN'I-MOUS-LY,  adv.    With  entire  agreement  of 
minds.  Addisnn. 

tJ-NAN'I-MOUS-NESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  of  one 
mind. 

2.  Proceeding  from  unanimity ;  ^,  the  unanimous- 
ness  of  a_yote. 

UN-AN-NeAL'£D,  a.    Not  annealed ;  not  tempered 

by  heat;  suddenly  cooled. 
UN-AN-NEX'£D,  (-an-nekst',)  a.    Not  annexed  ;  not 

joined. 
UN-AN-NI'HI-LA-BLE,  a.    Tliat  can  not  be  annihi- 

lated. 
UN-AN-NOUN'C£D,  (-an-nounst',)  a.  Not  announced 

or  proclaimed. 
UN-AN-NOY'ED,  a.    Not  annoyed  or  incommoded. 
UN-A-NOINT'ED,  a.    Not  anointed. 

9T  Not  having  receivt-d  extreme  unction.     Shak. 
UN-AN'SWER-A-BLE,  (-an'ser-a-bK)  a.    Not  to  be 

satisfactorily  answered  ;  not  capable  of  refutation  ; 

as,  an  unans^oerablc,  argument. 
UN-AN'SWER-A-BLE-NESS,  n.    The  state  of  being 

unanswerable. 
UN-AN'SWER-A-BLY,  adv.    In  a  manner  not  to  be 

answered  ;  beyond  refutation.  South. 

UN-AN'SWER  £0,  a.    Not  answered;  not  opposed 

by  a  reply.  Milton. 

9.  Not  refuted.  Hooker. 

3.  Not  suitablv  returned.  Dnjden. 
UN-AN-TIC'I-Pa-TED,  a.    Not  anticipated. 
UN-ANX'IOUS,  (-ank'shus,)  a.    Free  from  anxiety. 
UN-A-P0€'RY-PMAL,  a.     Not  apocryphal;   not  of 

doubtful  authority.  Milton. 

UN-AP-PALL'£D,  (-ap-pawld',)  a.   Not  appalled  ;  not 
daunted;  not  impressed  with  fear. 


Wilb  eyes  erect,  *nd  vieage  unappalled. 


SmiUi. 


UN-AP-PAR'EL-ED,  a.     Not  appareled ;  not  clothed. 

Bacon. 

UN-AP-PaR'ENT,  a.  Not  apparent,  obscure;  not 
visible.  _  Milton. 

UN-AP-PeAL'A-BLE,  a.  Not  appealable  ;  admitting 
no  appeal ;  that  can  not  be  carried  to  a  higher  court 
by  appeal  ;  as,  an  unappealable  cause. 

UN-AP-PkAS'A-BLE,  a.    Not  to  be  appeased  or  paci- 
fied ;  as,  an  unappeasable  clamor. 
2.  Not_ placable  ;  as,  unappeasable  wrath. 

UN-AP-PEAS'/:D,(-ap-pezd',)  a.  Not  appeased  ;  not 
pacified.  Dnjden. 

UN-AP-PLAUD'ED,  a.     Not  applauded. 


UNA 

UN-AP-PI.AUD'ING,  a.     Not  applauding. 

UN-AP-PEAU'SIVK,  a.    Not  applauding. 

UN-AP-PLi'A-BLE,  a.    Inapplicable.     [LiUle  used.] 

Milton. 

UN-APTLI-CA-BLE,  a.  Inapplicable;  Uiat  can  not 
be  applied.     [We  now  use  Inappucaele.] 

UN-AP-PLI'£l),  a.  Not  applied  ;  not  used  according 
to  the  destination  ;  as,  unapplied  funds. 

UN-AP'PO-SITE,  (-ap'po-zit,)  a.  Not  apposite ;  not 
suitable.  Gerard. 

UN-AP-PRf.'CIA-BLE,  a.    Not  appreciable. 

UN-AP-PRE'CIa-TED,  a.  Not  duly  estimated  or  val- 
ued. 

UN-AP-PRE-HEND'ED,  a.  Not  apprehended  ;  not 
taken. 

2.  Not  understood.  Hooker. 

UN-AP-PRE-HEN'SI-BLE,fl.  Not  capable  of  being 
understood.  South. 

UN-AP-PRE  HEN'SI-BLE-NESS,  n.  State  of  being 
unapprehensible 

UN-AP-PRE-HEN'SIVE,  a.    Not  apprehensive;  not 
fearful  or  suspecting. 
2.  Not  intelligent ;  not  ready  of  conception.  South. 

UN-AP-PRE-HEN'SIVE-LY,  adv.  Not  appr(;hcn- 
sively. 

UN-AP-PRE-HEN'SIVE-NESS,  «.  State  of  being 
unapprehensive. 

UN-AP-PRIS'£D,  a.  Not  apprised  ;  not  previously 
informed. 

UN-AP-PRoACH'A-BLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  ap- 
proached ;  inaccessible. 

UN-AP-PRoACH'A-BLE-NESS,  n.    Inaccessibleness. 

UN-AP-PROACH'A-BLY,  adc.  So  as  not  to  be  ap- 
proachable. 

UN-AP-PRoACIl'£D,  (-ap-procht',)  a.  Not  ap- 
proached ;  not  to  be  approached.  •  MHioiu 

UN-AP-PRo'PRI-ATE,  fl.     Inappropriate. 

UN-AP-PRo'PRI-A-TED,  a.  Not  appropriated  ;  not 
applied  or  directed  to  be  applied  to  any  specific  ob- 
ject ;  as  money  or  funds.  Hamilton. 

2.  Not  granted  or  given  to  any  person,  company, 
or  corporation  ;  as,  unapprojmatedVAnAs. 

B.  Trumbull. 

UN-AP-PROV'ED,  (-ap-proovd',)  a.  Not  approved ; 
not  having  received  approbation.  Milton. 

UN-AP-PROVTNG,  a.     N<it  approving. 

UN-AP-PROV'ING-LY,  adv.    With  disapprobation. 

UN-APT',  a.    Not  apt ;  not  ready  or  propense. 

A  soldier,  unapt  W  weep.  .S7ici. 

2.  Dull ;  not  ready  to  learn. 

3.  Unlit;  not  qualified  ;  not  disposed  ;  with  to  be- 
fore a  verb,  and  for  before  a  noun  ;  as,  unapt  iu  ad- 
mit a  conference  with  reason.  Hooker. 

Unapt  for  uoble,  wise,  spirilual  cmiiloyments.  Tarjlor. 

4.  Improper;  unsuitable.  Johnson. 
UN-APT'LY,  Hrfy.  Unfitly;  improperly.  Grew. 
UN-.\PT'NESS,  7r.     Unfitness;  unsuitableness. 

Spenser. 

2.  Dullness  ;  want  of  quick  apprehension.   Shak. 

3.  Unreadiness;  disqualification  ;  want  of  pro- 
pension.  The  mind,  by  excess  of  exertion,  gets  an 
unaptness  to  vigorous  attempts.  Locke. 

UN-AR'GU-£D,^a.     Not  argued  ;  not  debated. 

2.  Not  disputed  ;  not  opposed  by  argument. 

Milton. 

3.  Not  censured  ;  a  LatinisTn.    \^J<rot  used,] 

B.  Jonson, 
UN-ARM',  V.  t.     To   disarm ;   to  strip  of  armor  or 

arms.     [JVoi  -used.]     [See  Disabm.]  Skak. 

UN-aRM'£D,  a.  Not  having  on  arms  or  armor;  not 
equipped.  i\Ian  is  born  unarmed}  it  is  mean  to  attack 
even  an  enemy  unarmed. 

2.  Not  furnished  with   scales,  prickles,  or  other 
defense,  as  animals  and  plants. 
UN-AR-RaIGN'£D,  a.    Not  arraigned  ;  not  brought 

to  trial.  Daniel. 

UN-AR-R.\N6'£D,  a.    Not  arranged;  not  disposed  in 

order. 
UN-AR-RaY'£D,  a.    Not  arrayed  ;  not  dressed. 

Dnjden. 
9.  Not  disposed  in  order. 
UN-AR-REST'ED,  a.    Not  stopped  ;  not  apprehended. 
UN-AR-RlV'£D,  a.    Not  arrived.     [Ill  formed.] 

Young: 
UN-ART'ED,  a.    Ignorant  of  the  arts.     [JVot  in  use.] 

IVaterhouse. 

UN-ART'FUL,  a.    Not  artful;   artless;  not  having 

cunning.  ""  -  Dnjden. 

2.  Wanting  skill.     [LitUe  xised.]  Cheyne. 

UN-ART'FUL-LY,  adv.    Without  art ;  in  an  unartful 

manner.  Swift. 

[In  lieu  of  these  words,  Artless  and  Artlessly 
are  generally  usedj 
UN-AR-TICU-La-TED,  a.     Not  articulated  or  dis- 
tinctly pronounced.  Encijc. 
UN-AR-TI-FI"CIAL,  (-ar-te-fi5h'al,)a.  Not  artificial ; 

not  formed  by  art. 
UN-AR-TI-FI"CIAL-LY,  adv.     Not  with  nrt;  in  a 

manner  contrarv  to  art.  Detkam, 

UN-AR'TIST-LT"KE,  a.    Not  like  an  artist, 
UN-AS-CEND'ED,  a.     Not  ascended. 
UN-AS-CEND'I-BLE,  a.    That  can  not  be  ascended. 

Marshall. 


UNA 

UN-AS-CER-TaIN'A-BLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  ascer- 
tained, or  reduced  to  a  cer'ainty ;  that  can  not  bo 
certainly  known. 

The  iRiEicea  are  unascertaiiuiUe.  Wliealon^a  Rfrp. 

UN-AS-CER-TaIN'ED,  fl.  Not  reduced  to  a  certain- 
ty ;  not  certainly  known.  Hamilton. 

UN-A-SHXM'£:D,  a.    Not  ashamed. 

UN-ASK'£D,  (un-askt'j)  a.    Not  asked  ;  unsolicited  ; 
as,  to  bestow  favors  unasked  ,•  that  was  an  mtaakcd 
favor. 
2.  Not  sought  by  entreaty  or  care. 

The  bearded  corn  ensued 
From  enrlh  unasked.  Dryden. 

UN-AS-PECT'IVE,  a.  Not  having  a  view  to.  Feltkam. 
UN-AS'PI-Ra-TED,  a.     Having  no  aspirate.     Parr. 
UN-AS-PIR'ING,  a.    Not  aspiring ;  not  ambitious. 

Rogers. 
UN-AS-PIR'ING-LY,  adv.     In  an  unaspirinc  manner. 
UN-AS-SaIL'A-BLE,  a.    Not  assailable  ;  that  can  nut 

bo  assaulted.  Shak. 

UN-AS-SaIL'A-BLY,  adv.    So  as  to  be  unassailable. 
UN- AS-SAIL'£D,  a.     Not  assailed  ;  not  attacked  by 

violence. 

To  keep  my  life  aud  honor  unassailcd.  ^liUon. 

UN-AS-SAULT'ED,  a.    Not  assaulted  ;  not  attacked. 

UN-AS-SaY'£;D,  (-as-sade',)  a.    Not  essayed ;  nut  at- 
tempted.     [We  now  use  Unessayed.] 
2.  Not  subjected  to  assnv  or  trial. 

UN-AS-SEM'BLJED,  fl.  Not  assembled  or  congre- 
gated. 

UN-AS-SERT'ED,  a.  Not  asserted ;  not  affirmed  ; 
not  vindicated. 

UN-AS-SESS'jED,  C-as-sest',)  a.  Not  assessed  ;  not 
rated. 

UN-AS-SIGN'A-BLE,  a.     Not  assignable  ;  that  can 
not  be  transferred  by  assignment  or  indorsement. 
Jones.     tVhcaton. 

JJN-AS-SIGN'A-BLY,  adv.  In  an  unassignable  man- 
ner. 

UN-AS-SiGN'£D,  (-sind',)  o.  Not  assigned ;  not  de- 
clared ;  not  transferred. 

UN-AS-SIM'I-La-TED,  a.  Not  assimilated  ;  not 
made  to  resemble. 

2.  In  phifsiotogiij  not  united  with,  and  actually 
made  a  part,  either  of  the  proper  fluids  or  solids  of 
the  body  ;  not  animalized,  as  food. 

UN-AS-StM'I-LA-TING,  a.    Not  assimilating. 

UN-AS-SIST'ED,  a.  Not  assisted ;  not  aided  or 
helped;  ns^  unassisted  vensQii.  Roarers. 

UN-AS-SIST'ING,  a.    Giving  no  help.  Dnjden. 

UN-AS-S6'CIa-TED,  a.  Not  associated  ;  not  united 
with  a  society. 

2.  In  Connecticut,  not  united  with  an  ecclesiastical 
association  ;  as,  an  unassociated  church. 

UN-AS-SORT'ED,  a.  Not  assorted ;  not  distributed 
intti  sorts. 

UN-AS-SUA^'iO),  a.    Not  appeased. 

UN-AS-SuM'£D,  a.    Not  assumed. 

UN-AS-SuM'ING,  a.  Not  assuming;  not  bold  or  for- 
ward ;  not  making  lofty  pretensions  ;  not  arrogant ; 
modest ;  as,  an  unassuming  youth  ;  u7iassu}ning  man- 
ners. 

UN-AS-SOR'ED,  (-ash-sh^rd^)  a.  [See  Sure.]  Not 
assured ;  not  confident ;  as,  an  unassured  counte- 
nance. Qlanviile. 

2.  Not  to  be  trusted  ;  as,  an  unassured  foe. 

Spenser. 

3.  Not  insured  against  loss  ;  as,  goods  unassured. 
UN-A-ToN'A-BLE,  a.    Not  to  be  appeased  ;  not  to  be 

reconciled.  Milton. 

UN-A-ToN'i5D,  a.    Not  expiated. 

A  broLher's  blood  yet  unatoned.  Howe. 

UN-AT-TACH'£D,  (-tacht',)  a.  Not  attached  ;  not  ar- 
rested. Junius. 

2.  Not  closely  adhering  ;  having  no  fixed  interest ; 
as,  unattached  to  any  party. 

3.  Not  united  bv  affection. 
UN-AT-TACK'A-liLE,  a.    Not  attackable. 
UN-AT-TACK'£D,  (-at-tukt',)  a.    Not  attacked  ;  not 

assaulted. 

UN-AT-TAIN'A-BLE,  a.  Not  to  be  gained  or  ob- 
tained ;  as,  unattainable  good. 

UN-AT-TAIN'A-BLE-NESS,  u.  The  state  of  being 
beyond  the  reach  of  power.  Locke. 

UN-AT-TaIN'A-BLY,  adv.  In  an  unattainable  man- 
ner. 

UN'-AT-TAIN'ED,  a.    Not  attained  or  reached. 

UN-AT-TAIN'ING,  a.    Not  attaining. 

UN-AT-TaINT'ED,  a.    Not  attainted  ;  not  corrupted. 

UN-AT-TEM'PER-£D,  a.    Not  lempert.-d  by  mixture. 

UN-AT-TEMPT'ED,  a.  Not  attempted;  not  tried: 
not  essayed. 

Things  unalUmpled  yet  iu  prose  or  rhyme.  Milton. 

UN-AT-TEND'ED,  a.  Not  attended  ;  not  accompa- 
nied ;  having  no  retinue  or  attendance.       Milton. 

2.  Forsaken.  Shak. 

3.  Not  medically  attended  ;  not  dressed  ;  as.  unat- 
tended wounds.  Milford. 

UN-AT-TEND'ING,  a.  Not  attending  or  listening; 
not  being  attentive. 

Ill  is  lost  thnt  praise 
That  is  addressed  (o  imatteTjding  cars.  Milton. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT MeTE,  PREY PINE,  ALPINE,  BIRD.  — NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.— 


U90 


UNB 

UN-AT-TE.\'T1VE,  a.  Not  regarding;  inattentive. 
[  The  tatter  Kord  vt  now  used-l 

UN-AT-TE.\'U-A-TED,  c.    Not  attenuated. 

UN-AT-TEST'ED,  a.  Not  attested ;  having  no  at- 
testation^ Barrow. 

UN-AT-TlR'ED,  a.    Not  attired  ;  not  adorned. 

UX-AT-TRACT'ED,  a.  Not  attracted ;  not  affected 
by  attraction. 

UN-AT-TRACT'IVE,  a.    Not  attractive. 

TJ-XAU',  n.  An  edentate  mammal,  the  Bradvpus  di- 
dact>-lu3,  or  two-toed  sloth.  This  animal  is  larger 
by  one  hah*  than  a  cat;  is  of  a  uniform  grayish- 
brown  color,  sometimes  with  a  red-Jish  liot.  It  is 
found  onlv  in  the  hot  parts  of  South  America. 

UX-AUD'lt-ED,  a.    Not  audited  or  adjusted. 

UN-AUG-MENT'ED,a.  Net  augmented  or  mcreased  ; 
in  gramiiiarj  having  no  augment,  or  additional  sylla- 
ble. Richardson. 

UN-AU-THEX'Tie,  a.  Not  authentic  j  not  genuine 
or  true. 

UN-AU-THEN'Tie-A-TED,  a.  Not  authenticated  ; 
not  made  certain  by  authoritv. 

UN-AU-THOR'I-TA-TIVE,  a.    Not  authoritative. 

Campbell. 

UN-AU-THORT-TA-TIVE-LY,  ado.  AVithout  au- 
thority. 

TTN-AU'TIIOR-IZ-ED,  a.  Not  authorized  ;  not  war- 
ranted by  proper  authority  ;  not  duly  commissioned. 

UN-A-VaIL'A-BLE,  a.  Not  available;  not  having 
sufficient  power  to  produce  the  intended  effect;  not 
effectual :  vain  ;  useless.  Hooker. 

I7N-A-VA1L'A-BLE-NES3,  n.  Inefficacy  ;  useless- 
ness.    ^  Sandys. 

UN-A-VaIL^\-BLY,  adc.  Without  availing  or  suc- 
cess. 

UN-A-V.^IL'ING,  a.  Not  having  the  effect  desired  ; 
ineffectual ;  useless  j  vain  ;  as,  unavaiiing  efforts ; 
HnaraiUr.iT  pravers. 

UN-A-VaIL'ING-LY,  adv.    Without  effect. 

UN-A-VEXGE  A-BLE,  a.     Not  avengeable. 

UN-A-VEXG'£D,  a.    Not  avenged ;  not  having  ob- 
tained satisfaction  ;  as,  a  person  is  ujiavcnged. 
9.  Not  punisbed  ;  as,  a  crime  is  unavenged. 
UN-AVE-Nu-ED,  a.     Having  no  avenue.      Pollok. 

UN'-.\-VERT'ED,  a.    Not  averted  ;  not  turned  away. 

ITJ^'ji   VO'CE^  [^-1    ^^^'t^i  t*ne  voice;  unanimously. 

UX-A-VOID'A-BLE,  a.    That  can  not  be  made  null 

or  void.  Blacksione. 

2.  Not  avoidable  ;  not  to  be  shunned ;  inevitable ; 
as,  unavoidable  evils. 

3.  Not  to  be  missed  in  ratiocination.  Locke. 
UN-A-VOID'A-BLE-XESS,  n.    The  stale  of  being 

unavoidable  :  inevitableness.  OlanviUe, 

UX-A-VOID'A-BLY,  adc.     Inevitably;  in  a  manner 

that  prevents  failure  or  escape. 
UX-A-VOID'ED,  a.    Not  avoided  or  shunned. 

•2,  Inevitable.     [.Vot  legitimate.]  B.  Jonson. 

UX-A-\'OU''£D,  a.   Not  avowed  ;  not  acknowledged  ; 

not  owned  :  not  confessed. 
UX-A-U*aK'£D,         i  a.    Not  awakened  ;  not  roused 
UX-A-WAK'i:X-ED,  i      from  sleep. 

2.  Not  roused  from  spiritual  slumber  or  stupidity. 

ScotU 
UX-A-\VaK'EN-ING,  a.    Not  awakening. 
UX-A-WaRE',  a.    Without  thought ;  inattentive. 

Swift. 

UN- A-WaRE',    \    adv.      Suddenly  ;    unexpectedly; 
UX-A-\V.iRES',  )         without    previous    preparation. 
The  evil  came  upon  us  unawares. 

3.  Without  premeditated  design.  He  killed  the 
man  unawarea. 

.^t  unawares  i  unexpectedly. 

He  biva&3  ai  uTUiaarea  upon  our  walks.  Dryden. 

UX-AW'iSD,  a.  Not  awed ;  not  restrained  by  fear  j 
undaunted.  Dnjdrn. 

UX-BACK'KD,  r-bakt',)  a.  Not  having  been  backed  ; 
a.-,  an  unbacked  colt. 

2.  Not  tamed  ;  not  taught  to  bear  a  rider.     Shak. 

3.  UnsupDorled  ;  left  without  aid.  Daniel. 
UN-BAF'FL£D,  a.    Not  defeated  ;  not  confounded. 
UN-BaK'ED,  (-bakt',)  a.    Not  baked. 
UN-BAL'AXC-ED,  (-bal'anst,)  a.    Not  balanced  ;  not 

poised  ;  not  in  equipoise. 

Lei  Earth  titiiaianced  from  her  orbit  fly.  Pope. 

2.  Not  adjusted ;  not  settled ;  not  brought  to  an 
equality  of  debt  and  credit ;  as,  an  unbalanced  ac- 
count. 

3,  Xot  restrained  by  equal  power ;  as,  unbalanced 
parties.  J.  Adams. 

UN-BAL'LAST,  v.  i.  To  free  from  ballast ;  to  dis- 
charge the  ballast  from.  Totten. 

U X-BAL'LA3T-ED,  pp.     Freed  from  ballast. 

a.  a.  Xot  furnished  with  ballast ;  not  kept  steady 
by  ballast  or  by  weight;  unsteady;  as,  unballasted 
wits. 

"  Unballast  vessel,"  for  unballasted^  in  Addison,  is 
an  unauthorized  phrase. 

CN-BAX'DAG-£D,  a.    Not  bandaged. 

UN-BAXD'ED,  a.  Stripped  of  a  hand ;  having  no 
band.  Shak. 

UX-BAX'XER-ED,  a.     Having  no  banner.      Pollok. 

UX-BAP-'rTZ'ED,a.     Not  baptized.  Hooker. 

UX-BAP-TIZ'IXG,  a.    Not  baptizing.         Coleridge. 


UNB 

UN-BAU',  V.  t.    To  remove  a  bar  or  bars  from;  to  un- 
fasten ;  to  open  i  as,  to  wibar  a  pate. 
UN-BARB'£D,  a.     Not  shaven.    (Aot  M  iwc]    SImk. 
UN-BAEK'£D,  (-birkt',)  a.    Stripped  of  its  bark. 

Bacon, 
rWe  now  use  Bakked  in  tlie  same  sense.] 
UN-B.!lR'R£D,(-bird',);jj).  Having  iu  bars  removed  ; 

unfastened. 
UN-B.ilR'RING,  fpr.    Removing  tbe  bars  from;  un- 
fastening. 
UN-B.\SH'FUL,  a.    Not  bashful  j  bold  ;  impudent. 

Shak. 
UN-BASH'F(JI^LY,  adv.    Boldly  ;  impudently. 
UN-BaT'ED,  a.    Not  repressed  ;  not  blunted.     [JVot 

UN-BAT H'£D,  a.  Not  bathed  ;  not  wet.  Dryden. 
UN-BAT'TER-£D,  a.    Not  battered ;  not  bruised  or 

injured  by  blows.  Shak. 

UN-BaY',  u.  C    To  open  ;  to  free  from  the  restraint  of 

mounds. 


I  ou^ht  10  unhay  (he  correnl  of  mj  paeons.  Norrit. 

[Not  m  us/.] 

UN-BEaR'A-BLE,  a.    Not  to  be  borne  or  endured. 
UN-BeARD'ED,  (un-berd'ed,)  a.    Having  no  beard  ; 

beardless. 
UN-BEaR'ING,  a.    Gearing  or  producing  no  fruit. 

DnjdeTt. 
UN-BeAT'£N,  a.     Not    beaten ;    not  treated    with 
blows.  Corbet. 

2.  Untrod ;  not  beaten  by  the  feet ;  as,  unbeaten 

paths.  Roscommon. 

UN-BEAO'TE-OUS,  )  ,  .  .,,      ,  I   Not     beautiful  ; 

UN-BEAO'TI-FIJL,  j  (-bu  te-,)  a.     j        living      no 

beauty.  Hammond. 

UN-BEAo'TE-OUS-LV,  ado.      In    an    unbeauteous 

manner. 
UN-BEAu'TI-FI-£D  a.    Not  beautified  or  adorned. 
UN-BEAO'TI-FgL-LY,  ado.    In  an  unbeauliful  man- 
ner. 
UN-BE-€OME',  (-be-kum',)  c.  (.    Not  to  become  ;  not 
to  be  suitable  to  ;  to  misbecome.    [Aot  used.] 

Slicrlock. 
U.N'-BE-eOM'ING,  (-kum'ing,)  a.      Unsuitable;   im- 
proper for  the  person  or  character ;  indecent ;  in- 
decorous. 

My  grief  lets  unbicomins  speeches  fall.  DnjiUn. 

UN-BE-eOMaNG-LY,  ado.     In  an  unsuitable  man- 
ner ;  indecorously.  Barrow. 
UN-BE-€0J1'ING-NESS,  n.     Unsuitableness  to  the 
person,  character,  or  circumstances ;  impropriety  ; 
indecorousness.  Locke. 
UN-BED',  V.  U    To  raise  or  rouse  from  bed. 

Eois  unbtd  themselves  anj  stir  at  the  noise  of  thunder.  Walton. 
UN-BED'DED,  fp.    Raised  from  bed  ;  disturbed. 
UN-BED'DING,  ppr.     Raising  from  bed. 
UN-BE-FIT'TING,  a.    Not  befitting ;  unsuitable  ;  un- 
becoming. Stcift. 
UN-BE-FRIEND'ED,  (-be-frend  ed,)  a.    Not  befriend- 
ed ;  not  supported  by  friends ;   having  no  friendly 
aid.                                                                 Killingbeck. 
UN-BE-GET',  0.  t    To  deprive  of  existence.    Drtjden. 
UN-BEGOT',           j  a.    Not  generated  ;  eternal. 
UN-BE-GOT'T£N,  j                                 StilUngfieet. 
9.  Not  yet  generated.  Shak. 
3.  Not  begotten  ;  not  generated.                   South. 
UN-BE-GUILE',  v.  t.   To  undeceive  ;  to  free  from  the 
infiuence  of  deceit. 

Then  unbeguile  thyself.  DonM. 

UN-BE-GUIL'ED,  jtp.    Undeceived. 
UN-BE-GUTL'lNG,p;jr.    Undeceiving. 
UN-BE-GUN',  a.     Not  begun.  Hooker. 

UN-BE-HELD',  a.  Not  beheld  ;  not  seen  ;  not  visible. 

MUton. 
UN-BE'ING,  a.  Not  existing.  Wot  in  use.']  Brown. 
UN-BE-LIeF',  (-be-leef,)  n.     [Sax.  wigekafa.] 

1.  Incredulity  ;  the  withholding  of  belief;  as,  un- 
belief is  b\mA.  Mtlton. 

2.  Infidelity;  disbelief  of  divine  revelation. 

Hooker. 

3.  In  the  Jfew  Testament,  disbelief  of  the  Iruth  of 
the  gospel,  rejection  of  Christ  as  the  Savior  of  men, 
and  of  the  doctrines  he  taught ;  distrust  of  God's 
promises  and  faithfulness,  Slc  Matt.  xiii.  -War*  xvi. 
Heb.  iii.    Rom.  iv. 

4.  Weak  faith.    Mark  ii. 
UN-BE-LIE  VE',  V.  U    To  discredit ;  not  to  believe  or 

trust.  Wotton. 

2.  Not  to  think  real  or  true.  Dryden. 

UN-BE-LIeV'£D,m>.    Not  believed  ;  discredited. 
UN-BE-LIeV'ER,  n.     An  incredulous  person ;  one 

who  doe^  not  believe. 
2.  An  infidel ;   one  who  discredits  revelation,  or 

the    mission,  character,  and    doctrines  of  Christ. 

2  Cor.  vi.  ... 

UN-BE-LIeV'ING,  a.    Not  believmg  ;  mcredulous. 
2.  Infidel ;  discrediting  divine  revelation,  or  the 

mission,  character,  and  doctrines  of  Christ ;  as,  the 

unSf/iViin"  Jews,     yfcts  xiv.     ijri'.  xxi. 
UN-BE-LIeV'ING-LY,  ado.    In  an  unbelieving  man- 
ner. 
UN-BE-LIe V'ING-NESS,  n.    Slate  of  bemg  unbeliev- 


UNB 

UN-BE-LO V'/!D,  {-luvd',)  a.     Not  loved.      Drfdrn. 
UN-llE-.MoAN'£D,  o.     Not  lamented.  PolUi. 

UN-BE.N'D',  r.  u     To  free  from  lleiurc ;  to  t\.   '■■ 
straight ;  an,  to  unbeml  a  Ihjw.  Unj-^ 

2.  To  relax ;  to  remit  from  a  rtniin  or  frujii    - 
tion ;  to  set  at  ea.se  for  a  time;  aj»,  to  ur.bfu. 
mind  from  study  or  care.  DctCu    ■ 

3.  To  relax  tlf.  ii.Wiiit.ly. 

Yoo  u  ttrrnf.^.  K'-.t 

4.  Ill  stanv.  .    ;he  saiU  from  thcT  ; 
and  slays;  ai-,,  t'j  cL-t  P^se  a  cablet' 
chors  ;  also,  to  untie  one  rope  fro:n  ano:  . 

UN-BEND'ING,  ppr.    Rclaiinj  from  an.v      i.iu  ,  re- 
mitting ;  taking  from  their  yar  lii,  &c,  ail  sailj. 

2.  a.    Not  sutfering  lleiurc. 

3.  Unyielding;  resolute;  ii.ilcnbhi  i  appLUdta  per- 
sons. 

4.  Unyielding;  inflexible;  firm;  applied  u  tJtinjrt ; 
as,  unbending  truths.  J.  M.  Mtu<  .. 

5.  Devoted  to  relaxation. 
1  hope  it  may  enterLiia  your  lonli^p  st  m  un^tv/inf  b'.    ■ 

AOM. 

Without  bending ;  ob«ti- 


UN-BEND'WG-LY,  ado. 

nately. 
U.\-BE.\'E-FIC-£D,  (ben'e-fiiil,)  a.    Xt  i 

having  a  benefice. 
UN-BE.\-l-:-KI"CIAL,  (-B.sh'al,)o.    .Vol 
UN-BEN'E-FIT-ED,  a.    Not  havin?  irc 
UN-BE-NEVO-LENT,  a.    NotbcnevoL 


l.rit 


UN-BE-NEV'0-LENT-LY,  adc.    In  an  unl 
manner. 

UN-lili-NTGHT'ED,   (-nU'ed,)  a.    Never  vi»il«l   by 
darknesi).  .tfift^^ii. 

UN-BE-NIGN',  a.    Not  benign  ;  not  laTotable  or  pro- 
pitious ;  malignant.  -^f''-'  "■ 

UN-BE.N'T',p;>.  of  U.xBEMD.    Relaxed ;  r  ■ 
lieved  from  strain  or  exertion. 

2.  In  scamen^s  language,  btken   frt 
loosed  ;  as,  the  sails  are  unbent:  Ihec; 

3.  Not  strained  ;  unstrung  ;  as,  a  be  a 

4.  Not  cru:ibed  ;  nut  subdued  ;  a.^,  the 
by  woes. 

UN-BE-aUEATU'ED,   (be-kwcclhd',)  a.      .\  :    ' 

queathed  ;  not  given  by  legacy. 
UN-BE-SEEM'l.NG,  a.    Unbecoming  ;  not  befilling  ; 

unsuitable. 
UN-BE-SEE5I'IXG-LY,    adr.      In    an    unbecoming 

manner. 
UN-BE-SEEJI'ING-NESS,  n.    Slate  of  being  unbe- 
seeming. 
UN-BE-SOUGHT',  (un-be-sawl',)  a.    Not  be«.i;.!.[  , 

not  souebt  by  peliliou  or  enlreaty.  .Vi-r 

U.\-BE-SPoK'£X,  a.    Not  bespoken,  or  ordcrc  . 

forehand. 
UN-BE-STAR'RSD,  (-stird',)  a.    Not  adorned  or  di«- 

tinizuished  bv  stars. 
UN-BE-SToVV'£D,  c 


not  disposed  of. 
UN-BE-TRaY'ED,  a. 
UN-BE-WAIL'£D,  a. 


Not  bestowed : 


PMak. 
not  given  ; 


Not  betrayed. 
Not  bewailed ; 


UN-BE-WITCU', 


DoMid. 
not  lamentcil. 
Sltak. 
To  free  from  fascination. 

Satilk. 
UN-BI'AS,  V.  U    To  free  from  bias  or  prejudice 

The  Iniest  service  a  priralc  man  can  do  bb  coentrr.  is  tfl  vrUss 
bis  iniud,  as  tuudi  as  pastille,  U;t»"c^n  Ua:  liral  Jv  "^  ^ 

UN-BI'AS-£D,  (-bi'ast,)  pp.    Freed  from  prcji:^         : 

bias. 
2.  a.  Free  from  any  undue  partialitj^  or  prejudice  ; 

impartial ;  as,  an  unbiased  mind  ;  urJiiascd  opinion  or 

decision. 
UN-BI'AS-£D-LY,  aJs.     Without  pr^udice;  impar- 

titillv. 
UN-b1'AS-£D-NESS,  b.    Freedom  from  bias  or  pnju- 

dice.  Bp.  Hall. 

UN-BID',  (  a.    Not  bid  ;  not  commanded. 

UN-B1D'I)£N,  (  Miiun. 

2.  Spontaneous ;  as,  thorns  shall  the  earth  produce 
unhid.  MiUon. 

3.  Uninvited;  not  requested  to  allend ;  a\  — '  ■■- 
den  guests. 

UN-BIG'OT-ED,  a.    Free  from  bigotry.        -i 
UN-BIND',  r.  (.    To  untie;  to  remove  a  ban..  : 

to  unfasten ;  to  loose ;  to  set  free  from  shackles. 

Unbind  your  fillets ;  unwind  the  prisoner's  arms  ;  «»- 

bind  the  load. 
UN-BIND  I.N'G,  ppr.    Untving  ;  seuing  free. 
UN-BISU'OP,  f.  t.    To  deprive  of  episcopal  i : 

UN-BISH'OP-£D,  (-bish'opt,)  pp.    Deprived  .  : 

copal  orders. 
UN-BIT',  a.     Not  bitten.  1.-  ,- 

UN-BIT',  c.  (.     In  scamanskip,  lo  remove  U18  turns  of 

a  cable  from  oti"  the  bills.  Toltm. 

2.  To  unbridle.  . ,,    . 

UN-BIT'TED,  pp.  Removed  from  Ihe  bills ;  unbndled. 
UN-BIT'TI.\G,  ppr.    Unbridling  ;  removing  fa^m  Uie 

bin.?.  ,      , 

UN-BLaM'.\-BLE,  c.    Not  blamablo  ;  not  culpaole  j 


BMm. 


TCNE,  BULL,  UNITE—AN-'GEE,  VI"OIOUS.-e  03  K ;  G  M  J ;  8  us  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


1191 


UNB 

UN-KLaRI'A-BLE-NES^,  71.    State  of  being  charj^ea- 

ble  witli  no  bhiine  or  fault.  More. 

UN-BLaM'A-BLY,  a(li\   In  such  a  manner  as  to  incur 

no  blame.     1  Thcss.  ii. 
UN-BLaM'£D,  a.    Not  lilatneil ;  free  from  censure. 

Popp. 
UN-BLXST'ED,  a.     Not  bla^leil  i  not  made  to  wither. 

Pcacltavi. 
UN-BLeACII'£D,  C-bleerlil',)  n.     Not  bleached  j  not 

whitened. 
UN-BLEED'ING,  a.    Nut  bleeding  ;  nut  suffering  loss 

of  blood.  Bijroii. 

UN-liLEiMTSII-A-BLE,  a.      Nut    capable    of   being 

bli-mi^lied.  Milton. 

UN-BLE;M'ISH-A  BLY,  adv.     Without  being  blem- 

isliable. 
UN-BLEM'ISH-£:D,  (-bicm'ishf,)  n.    Not  biemished  ; 
nut  stained  ;  free  fruin  turpitude  or  rci)roach  ;  in  a 
mural  sense  ;  as,  an  nnblcmlsltcd  reputation  or  life. 
'J.   Free  from  deformity. 
UN-BLENCH'£D,  (-bL'ncht',)fl.     Not  disgraced  \  not 
injured  by  any  stain  or  soil  ;  as,  unbhnchcd  majesty. 

Mihun. 
UN-BLENCII'ING,  a.     Not  shrinking  or  flinching; 

firm. 
U?I-BLEND'ED,  a.    Not  blended  ;  not  mingled. 

QlanviUc. 
UN-BLEST',  a.  Not  blest ;  excluded  from  benediction. 

Bacon. 
5.  Wretched  ;  unhappy.  Prior. 

UN-BLIGIIT'ED,  a.    Not"  blighted  ;  not  blasted. 

CoiDpcr. 
l^N-HLTGIIT'ED-LY,  adv.     Without  being  blighted. 
UN-HLTND'ED,  a.     Nut  blinded. 
UN-BLOCK-AD'ED,  a.     Not  blockaded. 
UN-BLOOD'EU,  a.     Not  stained  with  blnod.     Shak. 
UN-BLOOD'V,  a.     Nut  stained  with  blood. 

2.  Not  shedding  blood  ;  not  cruel.  Dnjdcn. 

UN-BLOS'POi\l-[NG,  .i.     Not  producing  blossoms. 
UN-I1L<:)T'TED,  a.     Not  blotted.  [Ma^^on. 

UN-CLoWN',  a.  Not  blown  ;  not  having  the  bud  ex- 
pantled.  Shak. 

2.  Not  exlinguisht-'d.  More. 

3.  Not  inflated  wiih  wind.  Sandys. 
UN-BLUNT'ED,  a.     Not  made  obtuse  or  dnll  ;  not 

blunted.  Coiolcv. 

UN-BLUr^H'ING,/?.  Not  blushing;  destitute  of  shame  ; 

impudent.  Thomson. 

UX-BI,USII'[NG-LY.  adv.    In  an  impudent  manner. 
UN-lIoAST'ED,  ([.     Not  boasted. 
UN-RoAST'FtJE,    o.      Not    boasting;   unassuming, 

modest.  Thomson. 

UN-BoAST'FtlL-LY,  ado.    Without  being  boastful. 
UN-BOD'I-iCD,"  (-bod'id,)    a.      Having    no    material 

body  ;  incorporeal  ;  as,  unbodied  spirits.  JVatts. 

2.  Freed  from  tlie  liody.  Spenser. 

UN-BOiTV/;D,  a.    Not  boiled  ;  as,  unl  oiled  rice. 

Bacon. 
UN-CoLT',  V.  t.  To  remove  a  bolt  fn-m  ;  to  unfasten  ; 

to  op'-n  ;  as,  to  unbolt  a  gate.  Shak. 

UN-BoLT'ED,  pp.  or  a.     Freed   from  fastening  by 

bolts. 
2.  Unsifted;  not  bolted;  not  having  the  bran  or 

coarse  part  si-parated  by  a  bolter  ;  as,  unbultcd  meal. 
UN-HoLT'[NG,  ppr.    Freeing  from  fastening  bv  bolts. 
UN-BO\'NET-ED,  a.     Having  no  bonnet  on.    Shak. 
UN-BOOK'ISH,  a.     Not  addicted  to  books  or  reading. 

9.  Nut  cultivated  by  erudition.  Shak. 

UN-BOOT',  V.  t.     To  take  ofi'  bouts  from. 
UN-BOOT'ED,  pp.     Stripped  of  boots. 

2.  a.  Not  having  boots  on. 
UN-BOOT'ING,  ppr.    Taking  oft"  boots. 
UN-BORN',  i  a.     [It  is  accented  either  on  the  fir^t  or 
UN'BORN,   j      second  syllable.] 

Not  born  ;  not  brought  into  life  ;  future. 

Some  unborn  sorrow,  rip'*  in  forliinc's  womb.  Sliak. 

Tht!  woes  lo  come  the  cbililrcn  yet  ujiborn 

Shiill  feci  thia  day.  Sliak. 

UN-B0rv'R6W-£D,  a.  Not  borrowed  ;  genuine  : 
original;  native;  one's  own;  as,  luiborrowed  beau- 
ties ;  unborrowed  gold  ;  unborrowed  excellence. 

UN-BO'SOM,  V.  f.  To  disclose  freely  one's  secret 
opinions  or  fceling:<.  Milton. 

2.  To  reveal  in  confidence. 

UN-B0'SOM-ii:D,  pp.  DisclosLMl,  as  secrets;  revealed 
in  confidence, 

UN-BO'SOM-ING,  ppr.  Disclosing,  as  secrets ;  re- 
vealing in  Confidence. 

UN-BOT'TOM-£D,  a.  Having  no  bottom;  bottom- 
less. 

The  dark,  unboUomcd,  infinite  abyss.  Milton. 

2.  Having  no  solid  foundation.  Hammond. 

UN-BOUGIIT',  (un-bawt',)  a.  Not  bought ;  obtained 
without  money  or  purchase. 

Tbe  unbought  djintice  of  the  poor.  Dryden. 

Q.  Not  having  a  purchaser.  Lockr. 

UN-BOUND', a.  Not  bound  ;  loose;  wanting  a  cover; 
as,  unbound  books. 

2.  Not  bound  by  obligation  or  covenant. 

3.  pret.  of  Unbind. 

UN-BOUND'ED,  a.  Having  no  bound  or  limit;  un- 
limited in  extent ;  infinite  ;  interminable  ;  as,  un- 
bounded space;  unbonndid  power. 


UNB 

2.  Having  no  check  or  control ;  unrestrained.   The 

young  man  lias  unbounded  license  ;  his  extravagance 

is  vnbiiundcd. 
UN-BOUND'ED-LY,  adc.    Without  bounds  or  limits. 
UN-BOUND'ED-NESS,  n.     Freedom  from  bou7ids  or 

limits.  Chnjne. 

UN-BOUN'TE-OUS,  a.    Not  bounteous  ;  not  liberal. 

Milton. 
UN-BoW',  V.  t.     To  unbend.  FuUvr. 

UN-HoW'ZCD,  a.     Not  bent.  Shak. 

\m-\\6\V'F.\),  a.     Not  arched. 
UN-BO  W'EL,  V.  t.     To  deprive  of  the  entrails  :  to  ex- 

enterate  ;  to  eviscerate.  Vrrmj  of  Piety. 

UN-BO  W'EL- i'^-D,  pp.     Eviscerntcd. 
UN-BOW'EL-ING,  ppr.    Taking  out  the  bowels. 
UN-BRaCE',  v.  t.    To  loose  ;  to  ivlax  ;  as,  to  unbrace 

a  drum  ;  to  unbrace  the  arms  ;  to  unbrace  the  nerves. 
TJN-BRAC'ioD,  C-brast',)  pp.     Loosed;  relaxed. 
UN-HKaC'ING,  2>P^'     Loosing;  relaxing. 
UN-BRaID',  v.  t.     To  separate  tlie  strands  of  a  braid  ; 

to  disentangle. 
UN-BRaID'EL),;-^),    Disentangled,  as  the  straiids  of  a 

braid. 
UN-BRaID'LVG,  ppr.      Separating  the  strands  of  a 

braid. 
UN-BRANCH'i:D,  (-Imincht',)  a.     Not  ramified  ;  not 

shooting  into  branches. 
UN-BRANCH'ING,  a.    Not  dividing  into  branches. 

Goldsmith. 
UN-BREAST',  (un-brest',)  v.  t.     To  disclose  or  lay 

open.  P.  Fletcher. 

UN-BREAST'KD,  pp.    Disclosed  ;  laid  open. 
UN-BREAST'ING,  jtpr.     Disclosing. 
UN-BREATII'A-BLE,  a.     Not  breathable  or  respira- 

ble. 
UN-BREATH'JED,  (-bruthd',)  a.   Not  exercised. 

Our  unbrcnUied  mi'motics.  Shak. 

UN-BReATH'ING,  fl.  Unanimated;  as,  unbreathing 
stones.  Shak. 

UN-BRED',  «.  Not  well  bred;  not  polished  in  man- 
ners; ill-educated;  rude;  as,  wiiftrctZ  minds  ;  unbred 
servants.  Locke. 

S.  Not  taught;  as,  unbred  to  spinning.    Xhijdcn. 

UN-BREE('H'i:D,  a.     Having  no  breeches.       Shak. 

UN-BREW'i;D,  (-brude',)a.  Not  mixed;  pure;  gen- 
uine. Youn'T. 

UN-BRIB'A-IU-E,  a.     That  can  not  be  bribed. 

Fclthani. 

UN-BRIB'/;i_>,  a.  Not  bribed  ;  not  corrupted  by  mon- 
ey ;  not  uudidy  induenced  by  money  or  gifts. 

Dnjdr.n. 

UN-BRIDG'J5n>,  a.  Not  furnished  or  crossed  by  a 
bridge  ;  as,  an  unbridgcd  stream. 

UN-BRt'DLE,  V.  t.     To  free  from  the  bridle. 

UN-BRI'DL£D,  pp.     Loosed  from  the  bridle. 

2.  a.     Unrestrained  ;  licentious  ;  as,  unbridled  lust ; 
unbridled  boldness  ;  unbridled  passions. 

UN-BRiGHT'z:\-i^D,  a.     Not  brightened. 

UN-BRoKE',      )  a.    Not  broken  ;  not  violated.    Pre- 

UN-BRoK  £N,  j      serve  your  vows  unbroken. 

2.  Not  weakened  ;  not  crushed;  not  subdued. 

How  broad  Ills  slioiildcra  spread,  by  age  unbrolce.  Pvpc. 

3.  Not  tamed  ;  not  taught;  not  accustomed  to  the 
saddle,  harness,  or  yoke  ;  as,  an  unbroken  horse  or  ox. 

UN-BROTH'ER-LY,  (-biuth'er-le,)  a.  Not  becoming 
a  brother;  not  suitable  to  the  character  and  relation 
of  a  brother  ;  unkind. 

[UNJiHOTHERLIRE  IS  not  USCd.] 

UN-BRuIS'-ED,  (-bruzd',)  a.  Not  bruised;  notcnished 
or  hurt.  Shak. 

UN-BUCK'LE,  (-buk'],)  v.  t.  To  loose  from  buckles  ; 
to  unfasten  ;  as,  to  unbuckle  a  shoe  ;  to  unbuckle  a 
girdle  ;  to  unbuckle  a  helm.  Shak. 

UN-BUCIv'L£D,  pp.  Loosed  from  buckles ;  unfast- 
ened. 

UN-BUCK'LING,  ppr.  Loosing  from  buckles  ;  un- 
fastening. 

UN-BUILD',  r-bild',)  V.  t.  To  demolish  what  is  built; 
to  raze  :  to  destroy.  Milton. 

UN-BUILT',  C-biU',J  a.     Not  yet  built;  not  erected. 

UN-BUCiV'/:!),  (-bwiivd',)  a.   Not  buuvedor  borncup. 

UN-BllR'n^N-SO.MI^',  a.     Not  oppressive. 

UN-BUR'1-£D,  (un-ber'rid,)  a.  Not  buried  :  not  in- 
terred. Drydrn. 

UN-BURN'ED,  J  a.    Not  burned  ;   not  consumed  by 

UN-BUK.\T',     \      fire. 

2.  Nut  injured  by  fire;  not  scorched. 

3.  Nut  baked,  as  brick. 
UN-BURN'!X(^.,  a.    Not  consuming  away  by  fire. 
UX-BUR'THfiN,  |i-.  t.     To  nd  of  a  load;    to  free 
UN-BUR'D£N,      \      from  a  burden  ;  to  ease.     Shak. 

2.  To  throw  off.  Shak. 

3.  To  relieve  the  mind  or  heart  by  disclosing  wliat 
lies  heavy  on  it.  Shak. 

UN-BUR'THi^:N-£;D,  )  pp.  Freed  from  a  load  ;  thrown 

UN-BUR'nioN-£D,     (      off;  eased  ;  relieved. 

UN-BUR'TH£.\-ING,  jp/jT-.     Freeing  from  a  load  or 

UN-BUR'D£N-ING,  j  burden  ;  relieving  from  what 
is  a  burden. 

UN-BUS'I-/;D,  (un-biz'zid,)  a.  Not  busied  ;  not  em- 
ployed ;  idle.  Bp.  Rainbow. 

UN-BUS'I-NESS-LIKE,  a.    Not  business-like. 

UN-BUS'Y,  (un-bi7,'zy,)  a.     Not  busy. 


UNO 

UN-BUT'TON,  r.  (.    To  loose  from  being  fastened  by 

bulttuis  ;  to  loose  buttons.  Shak. 

UN-BUT'TON-£D,  pp.     Loosed  from  buttons. 

Addison. 
UN-BUT'TON-ING,  ppr.     Loosing  from  buttons. 
UN-€aGE',  v.  t.    To  loose  from  a  cage. 

UN-€aG'£D,  pp.    Released  from  a  cage  or  from  con 
finement. 

UN-eAL-CIN'£D,  a.    Not  calcined.    [See  Calcine.] 

Boijle. 

UN-CAL'CU-La-TED,  a.  Not  subjected  to  calcula- 
tion. J.  Barlow. 

UN-eAL'eiT-LS-TING,  a.    Not  making  calculations. 

UN-€AL'eU-LA-TrNG-LY,  ado.  Without  calcula- 
tion. 

UN-€ALL'£D,  C-kavvld',)rt.  Not  called;  nut  sum- 
moned ;  not  invited.  Milton. 

Uncalled  for  i    not   required;    nut   needed   or   de- 
manded. 

UN-eALM',  (-kiim',)i\  (.  To  disturb.  [JSTot  in  use, 
and  an  ill  teord.]  Drijden. 

UN-CA^LUM'Nl-A-TED,  a.  Not  calumniated  or  de- 
famed. 

UN-€AN'CEL-A-BLE,  a.  Tliat  can  not  be  can- 
celed. 

UN-eAN^CEL-£D,  a.  Not  canceled;  not  erased; 
not  abrogated  or  annulled.  Drtfden. 

UN-GAN'DID,  fl.  Not  candid  ;  not  frank  or  sincere; 
not  fair  or  impartial. 

UN-€AN'DID-LY,  adv.    In  an  uncandid  manner. 

UN-GA-NON'ie-AL,  a.  Not  agreeable  to  the  canons  ; 
not  acknowledged  as  authentic.  Barrow. 

UN-CA-NON'ie-AL-LY,  adv.  In  an  uncanonical 
manner. 

UN-GA-NON'IG-.'VL-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
uncanonical.  Lloyd. 

UN-GAN'ON-IZE,  i'.  t.    To  deprive  of  canonical  au- 
thority. 
2.  To  reduce  from  the  rank  of  a  canon  or  saint. 

UN-eAN'O-PI-ED,  a.     Not  covered  by  a  canopy. 

UN-€;AN'VASS-f:D,  (-kan'vast,)  a.    Not  canvassed 

UN-GAP',  v.t.    To  remove  a  cap  or  rover  ;  to  open. 

UN-GA'PA-BLE,fl.  Incapable.  [The  latter  word  ha.? 
superseded  Urje.\PABLE.] 

UN-GaPE',  t!.  f.  Among  sportsmen,  to  let  loose,  or 
to  let  out  of  a  bag  ;  as,  to  uneapc  a  fox.  Shak. 

UN-GAP'PKD,  (-kapt',)p;>.     Opened. 

UN-GAP'TI-Va-TED,  a.     Not  captivated.      Ramhln: 

UN-GAR'£D/or,  fl.  Not  regarded  :  not  heeded.  Hookr.r. 

UN-€A-RE^^S'£D,  (-ka-rest',)  a.     Not  caressed. 

TJN-€.\R'NATE,  a.     Not  fleshly.  Brown. 

UN_eAR'PET-ED,  a.     Not  covered  with  a  carpet. 

UN-GASE',  V.  t.  To  disengage  from  a  covering  ;  to 
take  off  or  out. 

2.  To  flay  ;  to  strip.  L'Estrange. 

UN-GaS'£D,  (-kaste',)  pp.  Stripped  of  a  covering  or 
case. 

UN-GaS'TNG,  ppr.    Disengaging  from  a  cover, 

UN-€AS'TR.a-TED,  a.     Not  castrated. 

UN-GAT'E-eHlS-£D,  (-kat'e-kizd,)  a.  Not  cate- 
chised ;    untaught.  Milton. 

UN-GAUGIIT',  (un-kawt',)  a.  Not  yet  caught  or 
taken.  Shak. 

UN-GAUS'£D,  (I.  Having  no  precedent  cause;  ex- 
isting wiiliout  an  author. 

UN-GAU'TIOUS,  a.  Not  cautious;  not  waiy  ;  heed- 
less.    [Incautious  is  now  generally  used.]    Drydcn. 

UN-CeAS'ING,  a.  Not  ceasmg;  not  intermitting; 
continual. 

UN-CeAS'ING-LY,  adv.  Without  intermission  or 
cessation  ;  continually. 

UN-CeD'ED,  a.  Not  ceded  ;  not  granted  or  trans- 
ferred. 

UN-CEL'E-BRa-TED,  a.  Not  celebrated;  not  sol- 
emnized. Milton. 

UN-CE-LE3'TIAL,  (-lest'yal,)  a.     Not  heavenly. 

Fell  ham. 

UN-CE-MENT'ED,  a.    Not  cemented. 

UN-CEN'SIIR-A-BLE,  a.    Not  worthy  of  censure. 

Dicight. 

UN-CEN'SIJR-A-BLY,  adv.  In  an  nncensnrable  man- 
ner. 

UN-CEN'SIJR-£D,  a.  Not  censured  ;  exempt  from 
blame  or  reproach. 

Whose  rigbt  il  is  unccjisured  to  be  dull.  Pope. 

UN-CEN'TRIG-AL,  a.  Not  central ;  distant  from  the 
center. 

UN-GER-E-Mo'NI-AL,  a.    Not  ceremonial. 

UN-CER-E-Mo'NI-OUS,  a.  Not  ceremonious;  not 
formal. 

UN-CER-E-M6'NI-0US-LY,  adv.  Without  ceremony 
or  form. 

UN-CER'TAIN,  (-ser'tin,)  a.  Not  certain  ;  doubt- 
ful ;  not  certainly  known.  It  is  uncertain  who  will 
be  the  next  president. 

2.  Doubtful ;  not  having  certain  knowledge. 

Man,  without  the  prutecUon  of  a  snpoiior  Being  —  is  unctrlain 
of  cvei7  thing  that  he  htpcs  for.  7%UoUon. 

3.  Not  sure  in  the  consequence. 

Or  whistling  sliiiga  dismisai-'d  lb'  imeertain  stone.  troy. 

4.  Not  sure  ;  not  exact. 

Soou  bent  his  bow,  uncerlain  in  his  niiii.  Dnjdcn. 

5.  Unsettled  ;  irregular.  Hooker. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MeTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.— N5TE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK. 
_-  - 


UNC 

UN-CER'TAIX-LY,  adc.      Not  surely  ;  not  certainly. 
2.  Nv.t  cuiuiaenUy.  [Dnjdcn, 

Sland^trxis  ih^t  caa  nol  be  known  a:  all,  or  but  iiiipcrfccUv  auil 
vnceTlaii^y.  Locke. 

UX-CERTAIX-TY,  n.  Dotiblfulness ;  dubiousness  ; 
The  truth  is  not  ascertained ;  the  latest  accounts 
have  not  remove*!  the  unccrtaintii. 

2.  Want  of  certaintj- ;  want  oV  precision  ;  as,  the 
uncertainty  of  the  signification  of  words. 

3.  Contingency. 

Steadf-isdr  jraspio^  ibe  freatesl  antl  most  slipprry  uncrrbiinffej. 

South. 

A.  Something  unknown. 

Our  shi'ph-rJ's  cak  b  every  man's  case  that  quits  a  c'ruiiity  for 
ati  uncer^nc/.  L't^strange. 

UN-CES'SANT,  a.    Continual;  ince::sant. 

[  The  latter  is  Vie  icord  now  uscd.l 
tJN-CES'SANT-LY,  adc.    Incessantly.    [  Obs.] 
Vy-CHXlS't  V.  t.    To  free  from  chains  or  slavery. 

Prior. 
ITS-CUAiy'EDjpp.  Disengaged  from  chains,  shackles, 

or  slavery. 
UN-CHaIX'ING,  ppr.    Freeing  from  chains,  bonds, 

or  restraint. 
UX-CHAL'LENCE-A-BLE,a.    That  can  not  be  chal- 

l«n2ecl.  Scott. 

UN-CHAL'LENGE-A-BLY,  adc.    So  as  to  be  unchal- 
lengeable. 
UN-CHa\GE'A-BLE,    a.    Not   capable  of  change; 

immutable  ;  not  subject  to  variation.    God  is  an  un- 

chanircGhle  being. 
UN-CH.^XGE'A-BLE-NESS,  «.     Tiie  state  or  quality 

of  being  subject  to  no  change;  immutability. 

U.V-CH."\X6E'A-BLY,  adv.  Without  change  ;  im- 
mtitablv. 

UN-CH.i-\6'ED,  a.     Not  cliangcd  or  altered. 

Ijryden. 
5.  Not  alterable. 

UN-CHaXO'ING,  a.  Xot  changing  ;  sufiering  no  al- 
teration. 

UN-CIIaXO'ING-T-Y,  adv.    Without  changing. 

UX-enAR-AC-TER-IS'Tie,  a.  Not  characteristic; 
no:  cxiiibitins  a  charactfr.  Qrcrory. 

UN  ClIAR-AC-TER-IS'Tie-AL-LY,  adv.  N^t  in  a 
characteristic  manner. 

UN-CHAROE',  r.t.    To  retract  an  accusation.    [JVbt 

UN-CHARO'£D,ffl.    Nut  charged  ;  not  loaded.  Shah. 

UN-CHAR'I-TA-BLE,  a.  Not  charitable;  contrary 
to  charity,  or  the  universal  love  prescribed  by  Chris- 
tianity ;  as,  uncharitable  opinions  or  zeal. 

UN-CHAR'I-TA-BLE-NESS,  n.  Want  of  charity.  If 
we  hate  our  enemies  we  sin;  we  are  guiltyof  u-i- 
charitnbtcncss. 

UN-CHARI-TA-BLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  contrary  to 
charily. 

UN-CHARM',  r.  (.  To  release  from  some  charm,  fas- 
cinatiun,  or  secret  power.  Bmuin. 

UN-CHAUM'/:D,  o.    Not  charmed  ;  not  fascinated. 

UN-CHaR.M'ING,  a.  Not  charming;  no  longer  able 
to  charm.  Dnjden. 

UN-CIIXRT'ED,  a.  Not  describeil  or  delineated  on  a 
chart. 

UN-CriART'ER-£D,  a.    Having  no  charter. 

UN-CHaR'Y,  o.     Not  warj- ;  not  fnigal.     [JVot  vsed.] 

Sliak. 

UN-CHa?TE',  a.  Not  chaste;  not  continent;  not 
pur.'^ :  Jiliidinous  ;  lowd.  Sidnnj,     Milton. 

UN-CUaSTE'LY,  aic.    Incontinently;  lewdly. 

jWUon. 

UN-CHAS-TIS'A-BLE,  a.  [See  Chastise.]  That 
can  not  be  chastised.  Jlilton. 

UN-t:HAS-TlS'£D,  a.    Not  chastised  ;  nol  punished. 
2.  Not  corrected  ;  not  restrained. 

UN-CHAS'TI-TY,  n.  Incontinence;  lewdness;  un- 
lawful indulijence  of  the  sexual  appetite. 

Woodward, 

UN-CHi:AT'ED,  a."  Not  cheated. 

UN-CHECK'£D,  (-chekt',)  a.    Not  checked  ;  not  re- 
strained ;  not  hindered.  Milton. 
2.  Not  contradicted.  Shak. 

UN-CHECK'ER-£D,  a.  Not  checkered  ;  not  diversi- 
fied. 

UN-CHEER'ED,  a.    Not  cheered, 

UN-CHEER'FUL,  a.     Not  cheerful ;  Fad.  S/tal: 

LW-CHEER'FiJL-LY,  adv.    In  an  unclicerftil  manner. 

UN-CHEER'FUL-NESS,  n.  Want  of  cheerfulness  ; 
sadne>-s.  Spectator. 

U\-CHEER'Y,  a.     Dull  ;  not  enlivening.        Sterne. 

UN-CHEW'£D,  (-chude',)  a.  Not  chewed  or  masti- 
cated. '  Vnjdcn. 

UN-CHTD'ED,  a.    Not  cbided  or  rebuked. 

UN-CHiLD',  V.  t.  To  bereave  of  children.  [J^ot  in 
uM.]  Shak. 

U.vetllV'AE-ROUS,  (-shiv'alma,)  a.  Not  accord- 
ing to  the  rules  of  chivalry. 

UN-CHIV'AI^ROUS-LY,  adv.    Not  chivalrously. 

UN-€HOr/ER-IC,  a.     Not  choleric.  Carlisle. 

L'N-CHRIS'T /;N-£D,  a.    Not  baptized  and  named. 

U.V-CHRISn'IAN,  (-krisl'yan,)  a.  Conlrar>'  to  the 
laws  of  Christianity ;  as,  an  vnchristian  reflection  ; 
unehriitian  temper  or  condurt. 


UNC 


UNC 


2.  Not  evangelized;  not  converted  to  the  Christian 
failh  ;  infldel. 

UN-eimiS'TIAN,  V.  t.  To  deprive  of  the  constituent 
qualities  of  Christianity.  South. 

UN-CHRIS'TIAN-IZE,  v.  u  To  turn  from  the  Chris- 
tian faith ;  to  cause  to  degenerate  from  tho  belief 
and  profession  of  Christianity.  Buchanan. 

UN-CIIRIS-TIAN-iZ-ED,;.;).    Not  Christianized. 

UN-CHRIS'TIAN-UKE,  a.     Not  like  a  Christian. 

UN-CHRIS'TIAX-LY,  a.  Contrar>-  to  the  laws  of 
Christianitv  ;  unbecoming  Christians.         Milton. 

UX-€HRIP'TIA>M.Y,  adv.  In  a  manner  conlraiy  to 
Christian  principles.  Bedell. 

UN-€HR1S'TIAN-NESS,  7i.  Contrariety  tn  Chris- 
tianity, ic.   Charles. 

UN-CHRON't-CL£D,  a.    Not  recorded  in  a  chronicle. 

UN-CHURCH',  V.  t.  To  expel  from  a  church  ;  to  de- 
prive of  the  character  and  rights  of  a  church. 

Milncr. 

UN-CHURCH' j:D,  (-churcht',)  pp.  Expelled  from  a 
church. 

UN-CHURCH'ING,  ppr.    Expelling  from  a  church. 

UN'CIAL,(un'shal,)  a.     [L.  juicialis.] 

Fertaining  to  or  denoting  letters  of  a  large  size, 
used  in  ancient  manuscripts. 

UN'CIAL,  //.    An  uncial  letter. 

UN'CI-FORM,  a.     Having  a  curved  or  hooked  fonn. 

UN'CI-NATE,  a.     [L.  uncinatus^  from  nncns^  a  hook.] 
In  botany^  hooked  at  the  end.  Martijn. 

UN-CiR'€U-L.VR,  a.    Not  circular  or  spherical. 

Chandler. 

UN-CIR'eUM-CIS-ED,  a.    Not  circumcised. 

Scripture. 

UN-CiR-eUM-CI"SION,  (-sur-kum-si/Ji'un,)  «.  Ab- 
sence or  want  of  circumcision.  Hammond. 

U.  In  Scripture,  the  Gentiles  who  did  not  practice 
circumcision.     Rom.  iv,  9. 

UN-CIR'CUM-S€RIB-£D,  a.  Not  circumscribed  ; 
not  bounded  ;  not  limited. 

Where  the  prince  ia  uttctrcuftiscribed,  uljeJiencc  ought  to  be 
unlimited.  Addison. 

UN-CiR'eUM-SrECT,  a.  Not  circumspect ;  not  cau- 
tious. Ilaj/ward. 

UN-CIR'CUM-SPECT-LY,  adv.  Without  "circum- 
spection. 

U.N-CiR-€UJl-STAN'TIAL,  g.  Not  important.  [J\rot 
ill  use.]  Brown. 

UX-CIV'IL,  a.  N"ot  civil  ;  not  complaisant ;  not  cour- 
teous in  manners  ;  applied  to  persons. 

2.  Not  polite;  loide ;  applied  to  vuinners;  as,  un- 
c'l-il  behavior. 

UX-CIV-IL-I2a'TI0N,  71.  A  state  of  savageness; 
rude  state.  Diet. 

UX-CIV'IL-iZ-iJD,  a.  Not  roclairaed  from  savage 
life  ;  as,  the  nncivilized  inhabitants  of  Canada  or 
New  Zealand. 

2.  Coarse  ;  indecent ;  as,  the  most  uncivilized  words 
in  our  language.     [JVot  in,  iise.]  .^ddi.ioii. 

UN-CIV'IL-LY,  adv.  N^ot  complaisantly ;  not  courte- 
ously ;  nidely.  Breicn. 

UN-CLAD',  a.    Not  clad  ;  not  clothed. 

UN-CLaIM'£:D,  a.  Not  claimed  ;  not  demanded  ;  nm 
called  for  ;  as,  unclaimed  dividends  of  a  bank. 

UN-CLAR'I-FI-A'D,  a.  Not  purified  ;  not  fined  ;  not 
depurated  by  a  separation  of  feculent  or  foreign 
matter. 

(_'X-€LaSP',  7*.  ^  To  loose  a  clasp  ;  to  open  what  is 
fastened  with  a  clasp ;  as,  to  vndasp  a  book.  Shak. 

I'X-GLASP'[XG,pj)r.     Loosing  a  clasp. 

UX-CLAS'SIC,         Ic.    Not  classic ;   not   accordin:: 

UX-CLAS'SIC-AL,  j      to  the  best  models  of  writing. 
2.  Not  pertaining  to  the  classic  writers ;  as,  tin- 
classic  ground. 

UX-CLAS'SIC-AL-LY,  adv.  Not  according  to  the 
classics. 

UN'CLE,  (unkl',)  ji.    [Fr  onde;    contracted  from  L. 
avitnculiis. 
The  brother  of  one's  father  or  mother. 

UX-CLF-AN',  a.     Not  clean;  foul;  dirty;  filthy. 

2.  In  the  Jewish  laro,  ceremonially  impure ;  not 
cleansed  by  ritual  practices.  JNThto.  six.  Lrv.  \\. 
Rom.  xiv. 

3.  Foul  with  sin.    MatL  s. 

That  holy  place  where  no  tincUan  thiug  sUaM  t-nlor.   Rogert. 

4.  Not  in  covenant  with  God.    1  Cor.  vii. 

5.  Lewd  ;  unchaste. 

Adiillcry  of  the  heart,  ccnsistiiig  of  inrrdiiiate  ami  unclttm 
aft'eciionB.  Perkinf. 

No  unc/ean  person  —  hath  any  hihcriimice  in  the  kiiigiiom  ol 
Cliiist  and  of  Goil.  —  Eph.  v. 

UX-CLkAN'A-BLE,  fl.    That  can  not  be  cleansed. 

Swift. 
UN-CLEAN'LI-NESS,  (un-klen'lc-ness,)  h.    Want  of 

cleanliness  ;  filthiness.  Clarendon. 

UN-CLEAN'LY,  (un-klen'ly,)  a.    Foul ;  filthy  ;  dirty. 

Sh^k. 
2.  Indecent;  unchaste;  obscene. 

It  is  a  y  ity  that  ihc'ie  harmonious  writers  have  inJtilged  aiiv  ihiug 
wicteanly  or  impure  to  defile  their  paper.  li  ails, 

UN-CLeAN'NESS,  n.  Foulness;  dirtiness;  filthi- 
ness. 

Be  not  iTOuWesome  to  thyself  or  to  others  l>y  imcteatmcss. 

Toiler. 


2.  Want  of  ritual  or  ceremonial  purity.    Lev,  xv. 

3.  Moral  impurily  ;  dcfitetji'-nt  by  sin  ;  siofufncss. 

I  will  care  you  from  all  y<j"t  urv'cr.nntti.  —  £vk,  xsxvi. 

4.  Lewdnes.s;  inconlincnct'.     Ci>I.  iii.    2  Prt.  ii. 
UN-€LEANS'AD,  (-klcnzd',j  a.     Sol  cleansed  ;  not 

purified.  Baam, 

UN-CLKAVA-BLE,  a.    Thai  can  not  l>e  cleaved, 

split,  or  divided. 
UN-CLEW',  r.  t.    To  undo;  to  unwind,  unfold,  or 

untie. 
UX-CLEW'ED,pp.    Undone;  unwound,  or  uutiid, 
UN-CLL\CH',  F.  ^    To  o|Krn  the  closed  hand  ;  as,  lo 

unr.liiich  the  list.  OarVt. 

Ui\-eLIX€H'£I),  (-klincht',)pp.    Opened  ;  uncl.w  d. 
UN-CLII"PKD,(-klipt',)a.  Not  clippcil  ;  not  cut  :  r,  : 

dimini>hcd  or  shortened  by  chppjng;  a;*,  up'-.i,^,;,', 

money  ;  undipped  hair. 
UN-€LO'J',  r.  (.    To  disencumber  of  dilficultiej  and 

obstructions;   to  free  from  encumbrancer,  or  any 

thing  that  ntardf)  motion. 
UN-eLOG'GA-U,  (•klogd',)fp.  ora.    Disencumb-  ■ 

fit!  free  from  obstructions. 
UN-CL0G'G1.\G,  ppr.     DiHcncumbering. 
UN-CLOIS'TER,  r.  (,    To  relL-a.vc  from  a  cloirtcr  or 

from  confinement ;  in  set  at  liberty.  JCarriM. 

UN-CL0IS'TER-/;D,  pp.    Released  from  a  cloisltr  or 

from  c<mfinenient. 
UN-€LOlH'TER-L\G,  ppr.    Releasing  from  confine- 
ment. 
IjN-eLoK'ED,  (-klOkt',)a.    Nol  covered  or  di>igui»ed. 
UN-CLoSE',  r.  (.    To  open  ;  lo  break  the  ?*^1  of:  as, 

lo  uutlosr  a  letter.  /"  ^   . 

G.  To  disclose  ;  to  lay  open. 
UN-€LoS'£D,  {-klOzd',)  pp.    Opened. 

2.  a.    Not  separated  by  inclosurc? ;  open. 

Clarrn:      .. 

3.  Nol  finished  ;  nut  concluded.  .Iftu/u.  .. 

4.  Not  closed  ;  nut  scaled. 
UN^-CLoS'LN'G,  ppr.     Opening  ;  breaking  the  seal  of. 
UN-CLOTHE',  r.  u    To  strip  of  clothes;  lo  make 

naked ;  to  divesU 

I'o  have  a  dl^tiuU  knowlctin  of  tiuDC>,  we  mojt  itncfoA*  tfa^ia. 

Waxu. 

UN-CLoTH'£D,  pp.    Stripped  of  clothing  or  covering. 

Not  fur  that  wc  would  Ir  unt'olAcd,  L-utc!f)t)»fd  upon.  — 2C*.r. », 
2.  a.     X'ot  clothed  ;  wanting  clotbts. 
UN-CLoTH'EU-LY,  adv.     Without  clothing.  B-.r     . 
UN-CLoTH'I.XG,  ppr.     stripping  of  clothing. 

9.  71.     Act  of  taking  oti'clothes. 
UN-CLOUD',  r.  i.    To  unvail ;  to  clear  fromubscumy 

or  clouds. 
UN-CLOUD'ED,  o.     Not  cloudy;  free  from  cloud^:; 
clear ;  as,  an  unclouded  sky. 
2.  Not  darkened  ;  nol  obscured. 
TJN-€L0UD'ED-NES3,  n.      Freedom   from    cl.-ii   , 
clearness. 
2.  Freedom  I"rom  obscurity  or  gloom.  Boyle. 

UN-€LOUD'ING,  ppr.    Clearing  from  clouds  or  ol>- 

scurit}-. 
UN-€LOUD'Y,  a.     Not   cloudy;    clear;    free    from. 

clouds,  obscurity,  or  gloom.  Oay. 

UN-CLUTCH',  V.  L    To  open  something  closely  shuU 

Undutch  bis  griping  Ivuid.  Deasif  q/"  Pit^/. 

UN-€0-AG^tI-LA-BLE,  o.  That  can  nol  be  coagu- 
lated.  Good. 

UN-CO- AC  IJ-La-TED,  a.  Not  coagulated  or  con- 
creted. 

UN-COAT'ED,  a.  Nol  coaled  ;  nol  covered  with  a 
coat. 

UN-COCK'ED,  C-kokt',)  a.    Not  cocked,  as  a  gtta. 

2.  Xot  made  into  cocks,  as  hay. 

3.  X'ot  set  up,  as  the  brim  of  a  haL 
UN-€OF'FIX-£D,  a.    Not  furnished  with  a  coffin. 
UN-eo'(5ENT  a.    Not  cogent  or  forcible.      Baxter. 
UX-COIF',  r.  t.     To  pull  the  cap  off.  ArbutSnot. 
UX-eOIF'£n,  (-koifY',)  a.    Xot  wearing  a  coif. 
UN-COIL',  V.  t.    To  unwind  or  open,  as  the  turns  of 

a  ro[ie  or  other  line. 
UX-COIL'i;D,  pp.    Opined;  unwound. 
UN-eOIL'IXG,  ppr.    Opening  ;  unwinding. 
UX-COIXTD,  a.    Nol  ctiincd  ;  as,  uncoiited  silver. 
UN-COL-LECT'ED,  a.    Not  collected  ;  not  received  ; 

as,  uncollected  ta.\es  ;  debts  uncollected. 
2.  Not  collected;    not  recovered  from  confusion, 

distraction,  or  wandering  ;  as,  the  mind  yet  kjimI- 

Icctcd. 
UN-€OL-LE€T'ED-X^SS,  n.    A  stale  of  nol  being 

collected. 
UN-COL-LECT'I-BLE,  a.    Nol  collectible;  that  can 

not  be  collected  or  levied,  or  paid  by  the  debtor:  as, 

uncollectible  taxes ;  uncollectible  debt*.  »V.Vl..7. 

UN-CGL'OR-£D,  (kul'lurd,)  a.     Not  colored  ;  not 

stained  or  dyed.  Bacon. 

2.  Xot  hisblened  in  description. 
lTN-eoMB'£D,  (komd',)  a.  Not  combed  ;  not  dressed 

with  a  comb.  Drvden. 

UN-€O^I-BlX'A-BLE,  a.    Not  capable  of  conibmmg 

or  of  being  couibined.  "7?*"^;, 

UN-CO.M-IUX'A-BIA',    adc.      In   an    uncombmabI« 

manner. 
UX-COM-BTX'KD,  a.    Not  combmcd  ;  separate  ;  sim- 
ple. ^^^^^ 


T€NE,  ByLL,  TJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K ;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SII ;  TH  as  in  THIS 


150 


111*3 


UNC 

UX-eOME'LI-NESS,  f-kum'le-ness,)  «.  Want  of 
conielineis;  want  of  beauty  or  grace;  aSjuncomeli- 
ncss  of  person,  of  dress,  or  behavior. 

Locke.     WoUon. 
UN-€OME'Ly,  (-kumHe,)  o.    Not  comely ;  wanting 
grace ;  as,  an  uncomely  person  ;  uncomchj  dress ;  «n- 
comehj  manners. 
9.  Unseemly;  unbecoming;  unsuitable. 
IJN-eOM'FORT-A-BLE,  (-kum'fort-,)  a.      Affording 
no  comfort ;  gloomy. 

Chrtslmus —  Uie  most  \incQiT\forUihle  time  of  iho  jear.  Addison. 

9.  Giving  uneasiness ;  as,  an  uncomfortable  scat  or 
condition. 

UN-eO.M'FORT-A-BLE-NESS,  (-kum'fort-,)H,  Wa)it 
of  comfort  or  cheerfulness.  Taylor. 

2.  Uneasiness. 

UN-eO.M'FORT-A-BLY,  adv.  In  an  uncomfortable 
manner;  without  comfort  or  cheerfulness  ;  in  an  un- 
easy state. 

UN-COM-MXND'ED,  a.  Not  commanded;  not  re- 
quiicd  by  precept,  order,  or  law  ;  as,  uncommauded 
austerities.  South. 

UN-€03I-MEM'0-RA-TED,  a.    Not  commemorated. 

E.  Everett. 

UN-eOM-MEND'A-BLE,  a.  Not  commendable  ;  not 
worthv  of  commendation  ;  illaudable.         Fcitham. 

UN-f;OM-MEND'ED,  a.  Not  praised  ;  not  commended. 

South, 

UN-€OM-MER'CIAL,  (-mer'shal,)  a.  Not  commer- 
cial ;  not  carrying  on  commerce. 

UN-eOM-aiER'CIAL-LY,  adv.  Not  according  to 
commercial  usage. 

UN-eOM-MIS'ER-A-TED,  a.  Not  commiserated  ;  not 
pitied. 

UN-eOM-MIS'SION-ED,  (-mish'und,)  a.  Not  com- 
missioned ;  not  having  a  commission.  Tooke. 

UN-€OM-MIT'TED,  a.    Not  committed.  Hammond. 

2.  Not  referred  to  a  committee. 

3.  Not  pledged  by  any  tiling  said  or  done. 
UN-GOM'MON,  a.    Not  common;   not  usual;  rare; 

as,  on  uncommon  season ;   an  uncommon  degree  of 
cold  or  heat ;  uncommon  courage. 

2.  Not  frequent ;  not  often  seen  or  known  ;  as,  an 
uncommon  production. 

UN-eOil'iMON-LY,  adv.    Rarely ;  not  usually. 
2.  To  an  uncommon  degree. 

UN-eO-'il'MON-NESS,  n.  Rareness  of  occurrence; 
in  frequency.  The  uncommonness  of  a  thing  often 
renders  it  valuable. 

UN-€OM-Mu'NI-€a-TED,  a.  Not  communicated; 
not  disclosed  or  delivered  to  others. 

2.  ISot  iuiparted  to  or  from  another  ;  as,  tlie  uncom- 
municntcd  perfections  of  God. 

UN-eO.M-MO'NI-CA-TING,  a.  Not  making  commu- 
nication. 

UN-eO.M-Atu'NI-€A-TIVE,  a.  Not  communicative  ; 
not  free  to  communicate  to  others  ;  reserved, 

UN-eo:.l-PAeT',  a.  Not  compact;  not  firm;  not  of 
close  texture  ;  loose.  .Addison. 

UN-€O.M-PAet'ED,  a.    Not  compact ;  not  firm. 

Johnson. 

UN-eOM-PACT'ED-LY,  adv.    Not  corapactedly. 

UN-eOM'PA-NI-£D,  (-kum'pa-nid,)  a.  Having  no 
companion.  Fairfax. 

[Unaccompanied  is  mostlv  used.] 

UX-eOM-PAN^ON-A-BLE,  a.  Not  companionable 
or  sociable. 

UN-eOM-PAS'SION-ATE,  (-pash'un-,)  a.  Not  com- 
passionate ;  having  no  pity.  Shah: 

UN-eOM-PAS'SION-SD,  (-pash'und,)  a.    Not  pitied. 

UN-eOM-PEL'LA-BLE,  a.  Not  compellable;  that 
can  not  be  forced  or  compelled.  Fcitham. 

UN-eO.M-PELL'£D,a.  Not  forced  j  free  from  com- 
pulsion. Pope. 

UN-eOM-PEN'SA-TED,  a.  Not  compensated  ;  unre- 
warded. 

UN-eOM-PLAlN'ING,  a.  Not  complaining;  not 
murmuring  ;  not  disposed  to  murmur. 

UN-eO.M-PLAIN'ING-LY,  adv.  Without  complain- 
ing. 

UN-eOM-PLAlN'ING-NESS,  n.  An  uncomplaining 
state. 

UN-eOM'PLAI-S.VNT,  a.  Not  complaisant;  not 
civil ;  not  courteous.  Locke, 

UN-€OM'PLAI-SANT-LY,  adv.  Uncivilly  ;  discour- 
teously. 

UN-GOM-PLeTE',  a.  Not  complete;  not  finished; 
not  perfect.  _  [But  Incomplete  is  chiefly  used.] 

UN-€0,M-PLeT'ED,  a.    Not  finished  ;  not  completed. 

UN-eOMTLI-eS-TED,  a.     Not  complicated  ;  simple. 

UN-€OM-PLI-MENT'A-RY,  a.    Not  complimentary. 

UN-eOM-PLf'ING,  a.  Not  complying  ;  not  yielding 
to  request  or  command  ;  unbending. 

UN-eOM-PoS'£D,  a.     Not  composed. 

UN-€OM-POUND'ED,  a.  Not  compounded;  not 
mixed. 

Hardoess  may  be  reckoned  the  property  of  all  'uncampoundtd 
matter.  Aeu-ton. 

9.  Simple  :  not  intricate.  Hammond. 

UN-€OM-POUND'ED-LY,  adv.  Without  being  com- 
pounded. 

UN-eOiM-POUND'ED-NESS,  n.  Freedom  from  mix- 
ture; simplicity  of  substance.  Hammond. 


UNC 

UN-eOM-PRE-HEN'SIVE,  a.    Not  comprehensive. 
9.  Uniible  to  comprehend.  South. 

UN-eOJI-PRESS'£D,  (-kom-prest',)  a.  Not  com- 
pressed ;  free  from  compression.  Boyle. 

UN-eOM'PRO-MIS-ING,  a.  Not  admitting  of  com- 
promise; jiot  agreeing  to  terms;  not  yielding. 

Hevicw. 

UN-eON-CEAL'A-BLE,  a.    Not  concealable. 

UN-eON-CEAL'£D,  a.    Not  concealed. 

UN-€ON-Ce!V'A-BLE,  a.      Not  to  be  conceived  or 
understood  ;  tliat  can  not  be  comprehended.  Locke. 
[But  Inconceivable  is  chietly  used.] 

UN^eON-CElV'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  slate  or  qual- 
ity of  being  inconceivable.     [Little  used.]      Loclce. 

UN-eON-CElV'£D,  a.    Not  thought ;  not  imagined. 

Creec/i. 

UN-eON-CERN',  n.  Want  of  concern  ;  absence  of 
anxiety  ;  freedom  from  solicitude.  Swift. 

UN-eON-CERN'£D,  a.  Not  concerned  ;  not  anxious  ; 
feeling  no  solicitude.  He  is  unconcerned  at  what  has 
happened.     He  is  unconcerjicd  about  or  for  the  future. 

H&ppy  mortula,  unconcerned  for  more.  Drytlen. 

[It  has  at  sometimes  before  a  past  event,  but  about 
or  for  is  more  generally  used  before  a  past  or  future 


•VfUt.l 

2.  Ifa^ 


aving  no  interest  in.    He  is  unconcerned  in  the 
events  of  the  day. 
UN-eON-CERN'ED-L  Y,  adv.    Without  interest  or  af- 
fection; wiihout  anxiety. 

And  unconcernedly  Cist  bis  eyes  around.  Dryden. 

UN-€ON-CERN'ED-NESS,  n.  Freedom  from  concern 
or  anxiety.  SouOu 

UN-€ON-CERN'ING,  a.  Not  interesting  ;  not  affect- 
ing ;  not  belongiuiT  to  one.     \J^ot  used."]      Addisoiu 

UN-eON-CERN'MENT,  n.  The  state  of  having  no 
share.     [J^ot  used.']  -  South. 

UN-€ON-CERT'ED,  a.    Not  conceited. 

UN-€ON-CIL'I-A-TED,  a.    Not  reconciled. 

UN-eON-CIL'I-A-TING,  a.  Not  conciliating  ;  not 
adapted  or  disposed  to  gain  favor,  or  to  reconcilia- 
tion. 

UN-€ON-CIL'I-A-TO-RY,  a.  Not  tending  to  concili- 
ate. Jefferson. 

UN-€0N-€LUD'I-BLE,  a.  Not  determinable.  [J^ot 
used.]  Jifore. 

UN-€ON-eLuD'ING,   )a.     Not  decisive ;   not  infer- 
UN-eON-CLOD'ENT,  !      ring  a  plain  or  certain  con- 
clusion or  consequence.     [Little  tised.] 

Hale.    Locke. 
[In  the  place  of  these.  Inconclusive  is  generally 
used.] 

UN-eON-€LuD'ING-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  being  in- 
conclusive.    [JVot  used.]  Boyle. 

UN-CON-CLC'SIVE,  a.     Not  decisive.      Hammond. 
[But  Inconclusive  is  now  used.] 

UN-€ON-eO€T'ED,  a.    Not  concocted  ;  not  digested. 

Brown. 

UN-€ON-DEMN'£D,  (-kon-derad',)  a.  Not  con- 
demned; not  judged  guilty. 

A  man  Uiat  is  a  Roman  and  uncondemned.  —  Acts  xiii. 

2.  Not  disapproved  ;  not  pronounced  criminal ;  as, 
a  practice  yet  uncondcmned.  Locke. 

UN-€ON-DENS'A-BLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  con- 
densed. 

UN-€0N-DENS'A-BLE-NES3,  71.  A  state  of  being 
incapable  of  condensation. 

UN-eON-DENS'£D,  (-kon-denst',)  a.  Not  con- 
densed. 

UN-eON-DI"TION-AL,  (-kon-dish'un-,)  a.  Abso- 
lute ;  unreserved  ;  not  limited  by  any  conditions. 
We  are  required  to  make  an  uncojiditional  surrender 
of  ourselves  to  our  Maker.  The  king  demanded  an 
unconditional  submission. 

O,  pass  net,  Lord,  an  absolute  decree, 

Or  tiind  tliy  sentence  uncondUional,  Dryden. 

UN-eON-DI"TION-AU-LY,    adv.      Without    condi- 
tions ;  without  terms  of  limitation  ;  without  reserva- 
tion.   The  troops  did  not  surrender  unconditionally ^ 
but  by  capitulation. 
UN-eON-DuCING,  a.    Not  leading  to.        Phillips. 
UN-€ON-DUeT'ED,  a.     Not  led  ;  not  guided. 

Barrow. 
UN-eON-FESS'£D,  C-kon-fest',)  a.     Not  confessed  ; 

not  acknowledged. 
UN-eON-FESS'ING,  a.    Not  making  confession. 
UN-eON-FIN'A-BLE,  (-kon-fin'a-bl,)  a.     Unbound- 
ed.    [J^ot  used.]  Shak. 
2.  That  can  not  bo  confmed  or  restrained. 

Thomson. 
UN-€ON-FIN'£D,  a.     Not  confined;  free  from  re- 
straint ;  free  from  control.  Pope. 
2.  Having  no  limits;  illimitable;  unbounded. 

Spectator. 
UN-eON-FlN'ED-LY,  adv.     Without  confinement  or 

limitation.  Barrow. 

UN-eON-FIRM'£D,  (-feon-furmd',)  a.  Not  fortified 
by  resolution  ;  weak  ;  raw ;  as,  troops  unconfirmed 
by  experience. 

2.  Not  confirmed  ;  not  strengthened  by  additional 
testimony. 

Uistvitneu  unconfirmed.  MUtan. 

3.  Not  confirmed  according  to  the  church  ritual. 


UNC 

UN-eON-FORM',  a.  Unlike;  diss.milar;  not  analo- 
gous.     [JVot  in  use.]  .WIton. 

UN-CON-FORM'A-BLE,  a.  Not  consistent  ;  not 
agreeable ;  not  conforming. 

Moral  evil  b  a-o  action  unconformable  to  the  rule  of  our  duty. 

WatU. 
9.  In  gcoUgyy  not  lying  in  a  parallel  position,  aa 
strata.  Mantell. 

UN-eON-FORM'A-BLY,  adv.  In  an  unconformable 
manner. 

UN-€ON-FORM'I-TY,  n.  Incongruity;  inconsisten- 
cy ;  want  of  conformity.  South. 

UN-eON-FOUND'ED,  a.     Not  confounded. 

UN-€ON-FOUND'ED-LY,  adv.  Wiihout  being  con- 
founded. 

UN-€ON-Fu£'£D,  a.    Free  from  confusion  or  disor- 
der. Locke. 
2.  Not  embarrassed. 

UN-eON-FuS'ED-LV,  adv.  Without  confusion  or 
disorder.  Locke. 

UN-eON-FuT'A-BLE,  a.  Not  confutable  ;  not  to  be 
refuted  or  overthrown;  that  can  not  be  disproved  or 
convicted  of  error  ;  as,  an  unconfutable  argument. 

Sprat. 

UN-CON-OeAL'A-BLE,  a.  Not  capable  of  being 
congealed.^ 

UN-€ON-GeAL'£D,  a.  Not  frozen  ;  not  congealed  ; 
not  concreted.  Brown. 

UN-eON-6E'NI-AL,  a.    Not  congenial. 

UN-eON'JU-GAL,  a.  Not  suitable  to  matrimonial 
faith  ;  not  befitting  a  wife  or  husband.  Milton. 

UN-eON-JUNC'TIVE,  a.  That  can  not  bo  joined. 
[Little  tiscd.]  Mtltoii. 

UN-eON-NECT'ED,  a.  Not  connected ;  not  united  ; 
separate. 

2.  Not  coherent ;  not  joined  by  proper  transitions 
or  dependence  of  parts  ;  loose ;  vague ;  desultory  ; 
as,  an  unconnected  discourse. 

UN-eON-NTV'ING,  a.  Not  conniving;  not  overlook- 
ing or  winking  at.  Milton. 

t7N-eON'aUER-A-BLE,  a.  Not  conquerable  ;  invin- 
cible ;  that  can  not  be  vanquished  or  defeated  ;  that 
can  not  be  overcome  in  contest ;  as,  an  unconquera- 
ble foe. 

2.  That  can  not  be  subdued  and  brought  under 
control ;  as,  unconquerable  passions  or  temper. 

UN-eON'QUER-A-BLY,  adv.  Invincibly  ;  insupera- 
bly ;  as,  foes  unconquerably  strong.  Pope. 

UN-€ON'aUER-i:D,  (-kouk'erd,)  a.  Not  vanquished 
or  defeated. 

2.  Unsubdued;  not  brought  under  control. 

3.  Invincible  ;  insuperabfe.  Sidney. 
UN-€0N-SCI-EN'T10US,  (-kon-she-en'shus,)  a.   P^ot 

conscientious  ;  not  regulated  or  limited  by  conscience. 

Kent. 
UN-eON'SCION-A-BLE,  a.    Unreasonable  ;  exceed- 
ing the  limits  of  any  reasonable  claim  or  expecta- 
tion ;  aa,  an  uncoTiscionable  request  or  demand. 

L^Estrangc. 
9.  Forming  unreasonable  expectations.    You  can 
not  be  so  unconscionable  as  to  expect  this  sacrifice  on 
my  part. 

3.  Enormous ;  vast ;  as,  unconscionable  size  or 
strides.     [JVot  elegant.] 

4.  Not  guided  or  influenced  by  conscience. 

SouOi. 

UN-eON'SCION-A-BLE-NESS,  n.  Unreasonable- 
ness of  hope  or  claim. 

UN-€ON'SCI0N-A-BLY,  adv.  Unreasonably  ;  in  a 
manner  or  degree  that  conscience  and  reason  do  not 
justify.  Hudibras. 

UN-eON'SCIOUS,  a.  Not  conscious;  having  no 
mental  perception  ;  as,  ujicoriscious  causes. 

Blaelimore. 
2.  Not  conscious  ;  not  knowing;  not  perceiving; 
as,  unconscious  of  guilt  or  error. 

UN-eON'SCIOUS-LY,  adv.  Without  perception  ; 
without  knowledge. 

UN-eON'SCIOUS-NESS,  n.  Want  of  perception  ; 
want  of  knowledge. 

UN-CON'SE-CRaTE,  v.  U  To  render  not  sacred  ;  to 
desecrate.     LVof  jo-frf.]  South. 

UN-CON'SE-CRa-TED,  a.  Not  consecrated  ;  not  set 
apart  for  a  sacred  use  by  religious  ceremonies ;  not 
dedicated  or  devoted;  as,  a  temple  unconsccratcd ; 
imconsecratcd  bread. 

UN-eON'SE-CRA-TED-NESS,  h.  A  state  of  being 
unconsecrated. 

UN-eON-SENT'ED  to.  Not  consented  to  ;  not  yield- 
ed ;  not  agreed  to.  }Vakc. 

UN-eON-SENT'ING,  a.  Not  consenting;  not  yield- 
ing consent. 

UN-€ON-SID'ER-£D,  a.  Not  considered  ;  not  at- 
tended to.  ShaJi, 

UN-€ON-SID'ER-ING,  a.    Not  considering. 

UN-eON-S0L'£D,  a.     Not  consoled  ;  not  comforted. 

UN-eON-SOL'I-DA-TED,  a.  Not  consolidated  or 
made  solid. 

UN-eON-SoL'ING,  a.  Not  consoling  ;  affording  no 
comfort.  Buckminster 

UN-eON'SO-NANT,  a.  Not  consonant ;  not  consist- 
ent;  incongruous;  unfit.  Hooker. 

UN-€ON-SPI€'li-OUS,  a.  Not  open  to  the  view  ;  not 
conspicuous. 


Fate,  far,  fall,  what.  — MeTE,  PRgY.  — pine,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK. 
1394 


UNC 

ITN-eON-SPIR'IXG-XESS,  n.  Absence  of  plot  or 
conspiracy.     [Jlu  ill-formed  tcordy  and  not  used.] 

Boyle. 

UN-€ON'ST.-VXT,  a.  Not  constant ;  not  ste^idy  or 
faithful  J  fickle;  changeable.  Skak, 

[I-vcoNsrANris  now  usctl.l 

UX-eO.\-STI-TU'TIO\-AI.,  a.  Not  agreeable  to  the 
cun?tilution  ;  not  auiliorized  by  the  constitution  ; 
contrary  to  Uie  principles  of  the  constitution.  It  is 
not  tu-.con^titutitmtil  for  the  king  of  Great  Britain  to 
declare  war  without  the  consent  of  parliajiienl ;  but 
for  the  president  of  the  United  States  to  declare  war, 
withiHit  an  act  of  congress  authorizing  it,  would  be 
unconstitutiottal. 

UN-eOX-STI-TU-TION-AL'I-TV,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  unauthorized  by  the  constitution,  or  contrary 
t3  its  pro\isions  or  principles.  The  Supreme  Court 
has  power  to  decide  upon  the  unconstitutionality  of  a 

UNioN-STI-Tu'TION-AL-LY,  adv.  In  a  manner 
not  warranted  by  or  contrary  to  the  constitution. 

UX-eON-STRAL\'£D,  a.  Free  from  constraint ;  act- 
ing voluntarily ;  voluntary.  Drydcn. 

2.  Xol  proceeding  from  constraint,  as  actions. 
UX-eOX-STKAlX'KD-LV,   ode.      Without   force  or 

constniiuti  freely i  spontaneously;  voluntarily. 

South. 

0N-eON-STRAlNT',  n.  Freedom  from  constraint; 
ease.  Fetto7i. 

UX-eOX-SUT.T'ED,  a.    Not  asked  or  consulted. 

UX-eOX-SULT'LXG,  a.  Taking  no  advice  ;  rash  ; 
imprndent.  Sidney. 

UX-€OX-Su.M'/rD,  a.  Not  consumed;  not  wasted, 
crp -nded,  or  dissipated  ;  not  destroyed.       Milton. 

UX-eoX-SUil'SIATE,  a.    Not  consummated. 

Dryden. 

UN-eoX-TEiIX'£D,  (-temd',)  a.    Net  despised. 

UX-eOX-TE.M'PLA-TED,  a.    Not  contemplated. 

UN-eoN-TEXC-ED,  a.    Not  disputed.         Drydcn. 
Unconteaded  for ;  not  contended  for;   nut  urged 
for. 

UN-eOX-TEXDaXG,  fl.  Not  contending:  not  con- 
testing :  not  disputing. 

UX-eOX-TENT'ED,  a.  Not  contented;  not  satis- 
fied. Drydcn. 

UN-eON-TENT'lNG-NE33,  n.  Want  of  power  to 
satisfy.     fJVi»(  in  use.]  Boyle. 

UN-€OX-TEST'A-BLE,  a.  Indisputable;  not  to  be 
controverted.  [Incontestable  is  the  word  now 
used.] 

UX-eOX-TEST'ED,  a.    Not  contested  ;  not  disputed. 

3.  Evident ;  plain.  Blackmore. 
UX-eOX-TKA-DieT'A-BLE,  a.      That  can   not  be 

contradicted.  Fitch. 

UX-€OX'-TRA-DieT'ED,  a.  Not  contradicted;  not 
denied.  Pearson. 

UN-eON'TRiTE,  a.    Not  contrite;  not  penitent. 

Hammond. 

UX-eOX-TRIV'£D,  a.  Not  contrived;  not  formed 
bv  desiffn.  Dwight, 

UX-€ON^TRIVaNG,  a.  Not  contriving;  improvident. 

Goldsmith, 

UN-eOX-TRoLL'A-ELE,  a.  That  can  not  be  con- 
trolled ;  ungovernable  ;  that  can  not  be  restrained ; 
as,  an  uncontrcUable  tem;.er  ;    uncontrollable  subjects. 

2.  That  can  not  be  resisted  or  diverted;  as,  un- 
controllable events. 

3.  Indisputable;  irrefragable;  -ds,zn uncontrollable 
maxim;  the  king's  uncontrollable  title  to  the  English 
throne. 

UXeOX-TRoLL'A-BLY,  adv.  Without  power  of 
opposition. 

2.  !n  a  manner  or  degree  that  admits  of  no  re- 
straint or  resistance ;  as,  a  stream  uncontrollably  vio- 
lent, 

UN-€ON-TRoLL'£D,  a.      Not  governed ;   not  sub- 
jected to  a  superior  power  or  authority ;    not  re- 
strained. 
9.  Not  resisted  ;  unopposed.  Dryden. 

3.  Not  convinced ;  not  refuted.    [Unusual.] 

Hayward. 
UN-€0X-TR5LL'ED-LY,  adv.    Without  control  or 
restraint ;  wilhout  effectual  opposition. 

Decay  cf  Piety. 
UN-eON'TRO- VERT-ED,    a.      Not   disputed;    not 
contested;  not  liable  to  be  called  in  question. 

OlanvtUe. 
UN-€ON-VERS'A-BLE,  a.    Not  free  in  conversation  ; 
not  social ;  reserved. 
2.  Not  suited  to  conversation.  Rogers. 

UN-€OX'VER-SAXT,  a.      Not  conversant;  not  fa- 
miliarly acquainted  with.  JSIitford. 
UN-€ON-VERT'ED,  a.     Not  converted  ;  not  changed 
in  opinion  ;  not  turned  from  one  faith  to  another. 

2.  Not  [jersuaded  of  tlie  truth  of  the  Christian  re- 
ligion ;  as,  unconverted  pagans.     Jiddison,     Hooker. 

3.  Not  renewed  ;  not  regenerated  ;  not  having  the 
naturaJ  enmity  of  the  heart  subdued,  and  a  principle 
of  grace  implanted.  Baxter. 

4.  Not  turned  or  changed  from  one  form  to  an- 
other. 

UN-eoX-VERT'I-BLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  convert- 
ed or  changed  in  form.  Lfead  is  unconvertible  into 
sUver. 


UNC 


UNC 


UN-eOX-VIX'C£D,  (-kon-Tinst',)  a.  Not  convinced  : 
not  persiindcil.  Locke. 

UN-COX-VIN'CIXG,  a.    Not  sufficient  to  convince. 

L)N-f(JX-V(;i,S'£D,  (-knn-vulst',)  a.   Not  convulsed. 

UX-tORD',  f.  (.  To  loosi:  from  cords;  to  unfasUn 
or  unbind ;  as,  to  uncord  a  bed  :  to  uncord  a  nack- 
age. 

UN-eoRD'ED,  pp.    Loo.ied  from  cords  ;  unbound. 

L.N'-CORD'I-.\L,  a.    Not  cordial ;  not  hearty. 

ijX-eORU'ING,  ppr.    Unfastening  ;  unbinding. 

uN-eORK',  V.  t.  To  draw  the  cork  from  ;  an,  to  un- 
cork a  bottle. 

UN-€ORK'£D,  (-korkt',)  pp.  Not  having  the  cork 
drawn. 

UN-eORK'ING,  ppr.    Drawing  the  cork  from. 

UiV-eOR'0-NET-ED,  a.  Not  honored  with  a  coronet 
or  title.  p„iiok. 

U.N-eORTlT-LENT,  a.    Not  corpulent ;  not  fleshy. 

Pollok. 

LN-eOR-RECT'ED,  a.  Not  corrected  ;  not  revised; 
not  rendered  e.\act ;  as,  an  uMorrccUd  cony  of  a 
writing. 

2.  Not  reformed ;  not  amended ;  as,  life  or  man- 
ners uncorrected. 

UN-eOR'RI-Gl-BLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  corrected  ; 
depraved  beyond  correction. 

[For  this.  Incorrigible  is  now  used.l 

UN-eOR-ROB'O-Ri-TED,  a.     Not  confirmed. 

UN-€OR-RUPT',  a.  Not  corrupt ;  not  depraved  ;  not 
perverted;  not  tainted  v.ith  wickedness ;  not  inHu- 
encc'd  by  iniquitous  interest ;  as,  an  uncorrupt  judg- 
ment ;  uncorrupt  manners.  Hooker. 

UN-eOR-RUPT'ED,  ».  Net  corrupted  ;  not  vitiated  ; 
not  depraved  ;  as,  tbe  dictates  of  uncorruptcd  reason  ; 
uncornipted  records,  Dryden.     Locke. 

UN-eOR-llUPT'ED-NESS,  ii.  State  of  being  uncor- 
ruptcd. JUiU07l. 

UN-eOR-RUPT'I-BLE,  a.      That   can   not  be  cor- 
rupted. 
[But  I.vcoBRUPTiBLE  fs  the  word  now  used.] 

UN-feOR-RUPT'LY,  udo.    With  integrity  ;  honestly. 
Oil.  Reli^.  .Appeal. 

UN-eOR.RUPT'NESS,  n.  Integrity;  uprightness. 
Tit.  ii. 

UN-€OUN'SEL-A-BLE,  a.  Not  to  be  advised  ;  not 
consistent  with  good  advice  or  prudence. 

Clarendon. 

UN-€OUX'SEL-£D,  a.  Not  having  counsel  or  ad- 
vice. Burke. 

UN-eoUNT'A-BLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  counted  ; 
innumerable.  Ralegh. 

UN-eOU.\T'ED,a.  Not  counted  ;  not  numbered.  SImk. 

UN-e0UN'TE-N.'VNC-£D,  (-koun'te-nanst,)  a.  Not 
encouraged. 

UN-e0UN-TER-A€T'ED,  a.  Not  counteracted  ;  not 
effectually  opposed.  JV.  W.  Taylor. 

UN-eOUN'TER-FEIT,  a.  Not  counterfeit ;  not  spu- 
rious ;  genuine;  as,  u?;cuu7j(cr/iit  zeal.  Sprtit. 

UN-eoUN'TER-FElT-ED,  a.    Not  counterfeited. 

UN-eOUN-TER-MAND'ED,  a.    Not  countermanded. 

UN-eOUP'LE,  (un-kup'pl,)  v.  t.  To  loose  dogs  from 
their  couples  ;  to  set  loose ;  to  disjoin. 

Sliok.    Drydcn. 

UN-eOUP'L£D,  (un-kup'pid,)  pp.  Disjoined;  set 
free. 

UN-€OUP'LING,  (un-kup'pling,)  ppr.  Disuniting; 
setting  free. 

UN-eOlTRT'E-OUS,  a.  Uncivil ;  unpolits  ;  not  kind 
and  cumplaisant.  Sidney. 

UN-eOURT'E-OUS-LY,  ado.    Uncivilly;  unpolilely. 

UN-eOURT'E-OUS-NESS,n.  Incivility;  disobliging 
treatment. 

UN-€6URT'LI-NESS,  n.  Unsuitableness  of  man- 
ners to  a  court ;  inelegance ;  as,  uncourtliness  of 
manners  or  phrases.  AddUon. 

UN-€6UKT'Ly,  a.  Inelegant  in  manners ;  not  be- 
coming a  court ;  nut  refined  ;  not  polite  ;  as,  uncourt- 
^1/ behavior  or  language.  Su:ift. 

2.  Not  courteous  or  civil ;  as,  an  uncourthj  speech. 

3.  Not  versed  in  the  manners  of  a  court. 
UN-eOUTH',  (-kooth',)  a.     [Sax.  uncuth,  unknown.] 

Odd;  strange;  unusual;  not  rendered  pleasing  by 
familiarity  ;  as,  an  uncouth  phrase  or  expression  ;  un- 
couth manners ;  uncouth  dress. 

UN-eOUTH'-LOOK-ING,  a.    Having  uncouth  looks. 

Irving. 

UN-efJUTIl'LY,  adv.     Oddly  ;  strangely.     Dryden. 

UN-eOUTH'NESS,  (-kooth'ness,)  n.  Oddness  ; 
strangeness ;  want  of  agrecableness  derived  from 
familiarity  ;  as,  the  uncouthncf^s  o(  a  word  or  of  dress. 

UN-eOV'E-NANT-ED,  a.  Not  promised  by  cove- 
nant ;  not  resting  on  a  covenant  or  promise. 

S.  Miller. 

UN-COVER,  (un-kuv'er,)  v.  t.  To  divest  of  a  cov- 
er ;  to  remove  any  covering  from  ;  a  word  of  general 
use. 

2.  To  deprive  of  clothes ;  to  strip ;  to  make  naked. 

Sfta.1-. 

3.  To  unroof,  as  a  building. 

4.  To  take  ofl'  the  hat  or  cap  ;  to  bare  the  head. 

5.  To  strip  of  a  vail,  or  of  any  thing  that  conceals ; 
to  lay  open  :  to  disclose  to  view. 

UN-C0V'ER->:D,  (-kuv'erd,)  pp.  Divested  of  a  cov- 
ering or  clothing ;  laid  open  to  view  ;  made  bare. 


UNeOV'ER-IXC,  ppr.     Divesting  of  a  cover  or  of 
„^}"}!!S'  '  »'"PPing  of  a  vail ;  laying  open  to  view. 
U.N-eOWl.',  r.  L    To  deprive  of  a  cowl. 
UN-eoWL'i-.l)   pp.    Deprived  of  a  cowL 
UN-eRA.MP'Ali,  (-krampi',)  a.     Not  cramped  ;  not 

confined  or  fettered ;  free  from  constraint. 

£A  Rev 
UN-eRE-ATE',  V.  U     To  annihilate  ;  to  deprive  of 

existence. 

Who  can  uncrtau  thf^,  tlwo  lialt  Icdow.  USloa. 

UN-eRE-AT'ED,  pp.    Reduced  to  nothing;  depcired 
of  existence. 

2.  a.  Nut  yet  created ;  as,  miiery  uncrtaud. 

MilUm. 

3.  Not  produced  by  creation.    God  U  an  unzreaud 
''.'jng.    _  ucie. 

UN-GKE-aT'ING,  ppr.    Depriving  of  exu^nce. 
UN-eRED'I-I!LE,  a.    Not  to  be  believed  ;  not  entitled 

to  credit.    [For  this,  Iiccbedibli:  a  used.) 
UN-eEEDTI'-.V-liLE,  a.    Not  in  good  credit  or  repu- 
tation ;  not  r/^puLjble.  Hammond. 
2.  Not  for  the  credit  or  reputation.  Miiford. 
UN-€EED'rr.A-BLE-NESS,  n.    Want  of  rejiulai.  ;. 
Decay  of  f'u' 
9.  The  quality  of  being  disreputable. 
UN-eRED'IT-ED,  a.     .Not  believed.  Warner. 
UN-eRIT'ie-AL,  a.     .\ol  critical. 

2.  Not  according  to  the  just  rules  of  critjcinn. 

.V.  Stiuut. 
UN-eEIT'le-AL-LV,  adv.    Not  critically. 
UN-eROP'P£D,  {-kropt',)  a.    Not  cropped  ;  nU  gath- 
ered. Mdl    . 
UN-eROSS'£D,  (-krost',)  a.    Not  crossed  ;  not 
celed. 
2.  Not  thwarted  ;  not  opposed. 
UN-eROWD'ED,  a.    .N'ot  crowded  ;  not  compreaied ; 

not  straitened  for  want  of  room. 
UN-CROWN',  c.  e.    To  deprive  of  a  crown ;  to  de- 
throne. 
2.  To  pull  off  the  crown.  Drydea. 

UN-CROWN'iD,  pp.    Deprived  of  a  croBti. 

2.  a.  Not  crowned  ;  having  no  crown. 
UNCROWNING,  ppr.    Depriving  of  a  cromi. 
UN-eRUSH'£D,  (krushl',)  a.    Not  crushed. 
UN-CRYS'TAL-LINE,  a     .\ot  crystalline  ;  not  hav- 
ing the  character  of  a  cr>'slal ;  not  presenting  a  dis- 
tinct cn-stalline  texture.  Doma. 
UN-eRYS'T.\L-UZ-A-BLE,  a.     Not  susccpUble  of 

crjslallization.  Urc 

UN-t RYS'T.\L-LTZ-£D,  a.    Not  crjstallizcd. 
UNCTION,  n.    [Fr.  orj:tion ;  l».  uaclioj  frpoi  uMgo,  to 
anoint.] 

1.  The  act  of  anointing.  Hooker. 

2.  Unguent;  ointment.     [UnusuaLl        Dr^drr.. 

3.  The  act  of  anointing  medically  ;  as,  mercurial 
unction.  ArhuthmeU 

4.  Any  thing  softening  or  lenitive.  5kaJL 

5.  That  fervor  and  tenderness  of  address  which 
excites  piety  and  devotion.  JohiuaM. 

6.  Richness  of  gracious  affections. 

7.  Divine  or  sanctifying  grace.    1  John  L 
Extreme  unction ;  the  rile  of  anointing  in  tbe  last 

hours  ;  or  tbe  application  of  sacred  oil  to  the  head, 
the  hands,  and  the  feet,  of  a  dying  person. 

£iicyc.  Jmu 
UNCT-IJ-OS'I-TT,  n.    OUincss;  fatness;  the  quality 

of  being  greasy.  BreKn. 

UNCT'U-OUS,  a.    F.it ;  oily ;  greasy. 

.Viitaa.    Dryiem. 
2.  Having  a  resemblance  to  oil ;  as,  the  unctuom 
feel  of  a  stone. 
UNCT'li-OUS-NESS,  n.    Fatness;  oilioess. 

2.  The  quality  of  resembling  oil. 
UN-eULL  £D,  a.    Not  gathered. 

2.  Not  sei>3raled  ;  not  selected. 
UN-CUL'PA-BLE,  a.    Not  bl.amable  ;  not  faulty. 

Hooter. 
UN-CULT',  a.     [mi  and  L.  cuUus.]     Uncultivated; 

rude  ;  illiterate.     f.Vot  in  u,-r.]     C4.  iic/ii'.  .Sppcal. 
UNCUL'TI  V.VBLE,  a.    Not  capable  of  "being  tilled 

or  cultivate,!. 
UX-CUI.'TI-Va-TED,  a.    Not  cultiv.ited  ;  noi  tilled  ; 
not  used  in  tillage ;  as,  an  uncutticaicd  tract  of  lanJ. 
2.  Not  instructed  ;  liot  civilized  ;  rude  ;  rough  in 
manners  ;  as,  an  uncuicicalrd  nation  or  age. 

Loeke.    l{oscoMm.vt. 
UN-CUL'TI-V.vTED-XESS,    n.      .\n    uncultivated 

state. 
UN-CUM'BER-£D,  a.     Not  btirdened ;    not  cmbir- 

rassed.  Drydcm. 

UN-eOR'A-BLE,  a.    Incurable.    [The  l^ir  u  mostly 

used.\ 
UN-e(jR'.\-BLY,  ado.    Incurablv. 
UN-CURB'-^i-BLE,  a.     That  can  not  be  curbed  or 

checked.     [Xot  in  use.']  Skak. 

UN-eURB'£D,  0.    Not  curbed  ;  not  ncsttained  ;  licen- 
tious. S*«i- 
UN-CURL',  V.  U    To  loose  from  ringlets. 

The  lion  uneurtM  bis  aogiT  ranne.  Dr-jia- 

UN-CURL',  r.  I.    To  fall  from  a  curled  state.  »s  rine- 

lets  ;  to  become  straiL'ht.  ''  ■' 

UN-eURL'£D,  pp.    Uwscd  from  ringlel-- 
2.  a.  Not  curled  ;  not  formed  into  rinc 


TONE,  BULL,  IINITE.— AN"GER,  VI"CI0US — C  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


1I9S 


lil 


UND 


UND 


KIV-eURL'ING,  ppr.    Loosinc  from  ringlets. 

lIN-eUR'RENT,  a.  Not  current ;  nut  passing  in  com- 
mon pnymi-nt  J  ns,  vnctiT^cnt  cciiii  or  notes.     Skak. 

UN-eURSK',  (un-kurs',)  v.  L  To  free  from  any  exe- 
cration.    [JVut  used.]  Shak. 

ITN-^URS'/JD,  )  a.    Not  cursed  ;  not  execrated. 

trN-eURt^T',     \  K.  Charles. 

L'N-eUK-TAlL'^D,  a.    Not  curtailed  ;  not  shortened. 

UN-eUR'TAIN,  V.  t.  To  remove  a  curtain  or  cover- 
ins  from. 

UN-eUS'TOM-A-RI-LY,  adv.  In  an  unusual  man- 
ner. 

UN-eUS'TOM-A-RI-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  not 
customary. 

UN-eUS'TOM-A-RY,  a.    Not  customary;  not  usual. 

Dicight. 

UN-eUS'TOM-£D,  a.  Not  subjected  to  customs  c 
duty.  -^sh. 

2.  TImt  has  not  paid  duly,  or  been  charged  witL 
customs.  Smollett. 

UN-CUT',  a.     Not  cut ;  as,  trees  nncitt  Walter. 

UN^-DAM',  V.  t.  To  free  from  a  daui,  mound,  or  ob- 
struction. Dnjdni. 

Ui\-DA:\1'A<.";  £1),  a.  Nut  damaged  ;  not  made  worse  j 
as,  Hilda  via  i^rd  guods. 

UN-DAM'M£D,  pp.  Freed  from  a  dam,  mound,  or 
obstruction. 

UN-UAMP'£D,  C-dampt',)  a.  Not  damped  ;  not  de- 
pressed. 

UN  DaN'<5ER-0US,  a.     Not  danserous.     Thomson. 

VS'DXRK'E^-ED,  a.     Not  darkened  or  obscured. 

UN'DA-TEI),  a.     [L.  luitlahis;  untla,  a  wave.] 

Waved  i  lisimi  and  falling  in  waves  toward  the 
margin,  as  a  leaf.  Lee. 

UN-DAT'ED,  a.     Not  dated  ;  having  no  date. 

UN-DaUNT'A-BLE,  a.     Not  to  be  daunted.    Harmar. 

UN-DAUNT'ED,  a.  Not  daunted;  not  subdued  o' 
de|iressed  by  fear;  intrepid.  Dnidim.. 

UN-DAUNT'ED-LY,  mlo.     Boldlv;  intrepidly. "Sou/A. 

UN-DAUNT'ED-NESS,  n.  Coldness;  fearless  brav- 
ery ;  intrepidity.  Pope.. 

UN-DAWN'ING,  o.  Not  yet  dawning;  not  growing 
light;  not  opening  with  brightness.  Cowper. 

UN-DAZ'ZL£D,  (-daz'zld,)  a.  Not  dazzled  ;  not 
confused  by  splendor.  Milton.     Boyle. 

UN-DEAF',  (-deef '  or  -def ',)  v.  t.  To  free  from  deaf- 
ness.    [J^ot  in  vsc.] 

UN-DEBAR  USD,  (-bilrd',)  a.     Not  debarred. 

UN-DE-BaS'£D,  (-biisto',)a.  Not  debased;  not  adul- 
terated. 

UN-DE-BAUCn'£D,  (-bawchl',)  a.  Not  debauched  ; 
not  corrupted  ;  pure.  Dniden. 

UN-DE€'A-GON,  71.  [L.  undeciui,  eleven,  and  Gr. 
J  cjfia,  angle.J 

A  figure  of  eleven  angles,  and  consequently  of 
eleven  s[des. 

UN-DE-eAY'£Z>,  (7.  Not  decayed;  not  impaired  by 
age  or  accident ;  being  in  full  strength.     Dnjdcn. 

UN-DE-CaY'ING,  a.    Not  decaying ;    not  sulRTing 
diminution  or  decline. 
9.  Immortal  ;  as,  the  undccaijirif  joys  of  lieaven. 

UN-DE-CkIT'FUE,  a.     Not  deceitful. 

UN-DE-CkIV'A-BLE,  a.  That  can  not  he  deceived  ; 
Not  subject  to  deception.  Holder. 

UN-DE-CkIVE',  V,  L  To  free  from  deception,  cheat, 
fallacy,  or  mistake,  whether  caused  by  others  orhy 
ourselves.  If  we  rely  on  our  own  works  for  salva- 
tion, theScriptures  raav  undeeeirc  us. 

UN-DE-CeIV'£D,  pp.    "Disabused  of  cheat,  decciv 
tion,  or  fallacy. 
2.  Notdeceived  ;  not  misled  or  imposed  on. 

UN-DC-CkIV'ING,  ppr.  Freeing  from  deception  or 
fallacv. 

UN-Dk'CEN-A-RY,  a.     [L.  imdecim,  eleven.] 

Eleventh  ;  occurring  once  in  every  period  of  eleven 
years.  Pn-s.  Stiles. 

UN-De'CEN-CY,  71,  Unhecomingness;  indecency. 
{Thejatter  word  is  now  used.] 

UN-De'CENT,  «.  Not  decent;  indecent.  [The  latter 
is  thejicnrd  used.'] 

UN-De'CENT-I,Y,  adc.  Iiuiecenlly.  [The  latter  is 
the  word  iwcc/.] 

UN-DE-CEP'TfVE,  a.     Not  deceptive. 

UN-DE-CID'A-BLE,  a.    That  can  not  ho  decided. 

Sow (A. 

UN-DE-CTD'ED,  a.  Not  decided;  not  determined; 
not  settled.  Hooker. 

UN-DE-CID'ED-LY,  adv.      In   an    undecided  man- 

UN^DE-CrPHER-A-nLE,a.  That  can  not  be  deci- 
phered. 

UN-DE-CI'PHER-A-DLY,  adv.  So  as  not  to  be  deci- 
pherable. 

UN-DE-CI'PHER-ED,  a.  Not  deciphered  or  ex- 
plained. 

UN-DE-CI'SIVE,  a.  Not  decisive  ;  not  conclusive  ; 
not  determining  the  controversy  or  contest. 

Olanville. 

UN-DECK',  V.  t.    To  divest  of  ornaments.        Shak. 

UN-DECK'£D,  (-dekt',)  pp.    Deprived  of  ornaments. 
2.  a.  Not  decked  ;  not  adorned.  Milton. 

UN-DE-€LaR'jED,  a.     Not  d';clarcd  ;  not  avowed. 

UN-DE-CLIN'A-BLE,  a.    That  can  not  be  declined. 
2.  Not  to  be  avoided.  Hackett. 


UN-DE-eLTN--ED,    a.      Not  deviating  ;    not    turned 
from  the  riglit  way.  Sandip. 

2.  Not  varied  :u  termination ;   as,  a  noun  nnde- 
clincd. 

UN-DE-€LTX'ING,  a.    Not  declining. 

UN-DE-COM-PoS'A-BLE,  a.    Not  admitting  decom- 
position ;  that  can  not  be  decomposed.     Cherrmtry. 

UN-DE-CUM-POS'ED,  a.    Not  decomposed  ;  not  sep- 
arated ;  as  constituent  particles.  Chemistry. 

UN-DE-COM-POUND'ED,  a.    Not  decompounded. 

Davy. 

UN-DEG'O-Ra-TED,  a.     Not  adorned  ;  not  embel- 
lished; plain. 

To  leave  ihe  cliaracter  of  Clirist  undccoratcd,  IcjnnUc  its  own 


impression. 


Buikminstcr. 


UN-DED'I-€a-TED,  a.    Not  dedicated ;    not  conse- 
crated. 
2.  Not  inscribed  to  a  patron. 
UN-DEED'ED,  a.    Not  signalized  by  any  great  action. 

Shall. 
2.  Not  transferred  by  deed  ;   as,  undceded  land. 
[Local.] 
UN-DE-FaCE'A-BLE,  a.    That  can  not  ho  defaced. 
UN-DE-FAC'£D,   (-faste',)    a.      Not   deprived   of  its 

form  ;  not  disfigured  ;  as,  an  undcfaccd  statue. 
UN-1)E-FaC'ED-NESS,  n.    State  of  be-ug undcfaccd. 
UN-DE-Fl:AS-I-BLE,  a.    Not  defeasible. 

tUut  Indekkasible  is  chiefly  used.] 
)E-FEND'E0,  a.    Not  defended  ;  not  protected. 

2.  Not  vindicated. 

3.  Open  to  assault ;  being  without  works  of  de- 
fense. 

UN-DE-FEND'ING,  a.     Not  making  defense. 
UN-DE-Fi'£D,   (-fide',)  (7.    Not  set  at  defiance  ;  not 

challenged.  Speuscr. 

UN-DE-FiL'i;D,  a.     Not  defiled  ;   not  polluted  ;  not 

vitiated.  Milton. 

UN-DE-FIN' A-BLE,  a.    Not  definable;   not  capable 

of  being  described  or  limited ;   as,  the  ^indefinable 

bounds  of  space.  Orcic. 

2.  That  can  not  be  described  by  interpretation  or 

definition. 

Simple  ideas  are  undcfinablc.  LocJ:e. 

UN-DE-FIN' A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  or  state 
of  being  undefinable.  E.  T.  Fitrh. 

UN-DE-FlN'£D,  a.     Not  defined;  not  described  by 
definition  or  explanation. 
2.  not  iiaving  its  limits  described. 

UN-DE-FLOUR' J?:D,  a.  Not  debauched  ;  not  vitiated. 

.Milton. 

UN-DE-FORM'ED,  a.    Not  deformed  ;  not  disfigured. 

UN-DE-FRAUD'ED,  0.    Not  deOMuded.  [Pope. 

UN-DE-FRaY'/^D,  a.     Not  defrayed  ;  not  paid. 

UN-DE-GRaD'ED,  o.     Not  degraded. 

UN-DS'I-FI-£D,  pp.    Roduredfrom  the  state  of  d'.^ify. 

UN-De'I-F?,  v.  t.    To  reduce  from  the  state  of  deity. 

.8.ddison. 

UN-DE-LAY'i?D,  C-de-lade',)  a.    Not  delayed. 

UN-DE-LaY'JNG,  a.    Not  making  delriy. 

UN-UEI,'E-GA-TED,a.  Not  delegated  ;  not  deputed  ; 
not  granted  ;  as,  undelegated,  authority  ;  -undelegated 
piiwers. 

U>:  DE-UB'ER-ATE,  a.    Not  deliberate. 

UN-DE-f-IH'ER-A-TED,  a.  Not  carefully  considered  ; 
as,  an  undclibcrated  measure.     [JVot  correct.] 

Clarendon. 

UN-DE-LIB'ER-ATE-NESS,  7?.  Want  of  delibera- 
tion. 

UN-DE-LIB'ER-A-TING,  a.  Not  deliberating;  not 
hesitating;  hasty;  prompt. 

UN-DE-LIGHT'ED,  a.  N<it  delighted  ;  not  well 
pleased.  Mdton. 

UN-DE-LIGHT'FfJL,  a.  Not  giving  delight  or  great 
pleasure.  '  Clarendon. 

UN-DE-LIGHT'FIJL-LY,  ado.  Without  giving  de- 
light 

UN-DE-LTV'ER-ED,  fl.  Not  delivered;  not  commu- 
nicated. 

UN-DE-LOD'ED,  a.     Not  deluded  or  deceived. 

UN-DE-LO'.^IVE,  a.     Nut  delusive 

UN-DE-Lu'SlVE-LY,  adv.    Not  dciusively. 

UN-DE-LO'SIVE-NESS,  ji.  State  of  being  not  delu- 
sive. 

UN-DE-:\rAm)'ED,  a.    Not  demanded  ;  not  required. 

UN-DE-iMOL'ISII-£D,  (-de-mol'isht,)  a.    Not  demol- 
ished ;  not  pulled  down.  Swift. 
9.  Not  dcstrovcd. 

UN-DEMON'STRA  BLE,  a.  Not  capable  of  fuller 
evidence.  Hooker. 

2.  Not  capabb'  of  demonstration. 

UN-DE-MON'S'ITvA-BLY,  adv.  Without  proving  by 
demonstration. 

UN-DE-MON'STRa-TED,  a.  Not  proved  by  demon- 
stration. Chalmers. 

UN-DE-NI'A-DLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  denied  ;  as, 
undeniable  evidence. 

UN-DE-Nt'A-BLY,  adv.  .So  plainly  as  to  admit  no 
contradiction  i-r  denial.  Dnjden. 

UN-DE-PEND'ING,  a.     Nut  dependent.  Milton. 

UX-DE-PLoR'£D,  fl.     Not  lamented.  Dnjden. 

UN-DE-PoS'A-BLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  deposed 
from  I. dice.  Milton. 

UN-DE-PRaV'/:D,  a.    Not  corrupted  ;  not  vitiated. 


UND 

UN-DEP'RE-€a-"J'ED,  a.    Not  deprecated. 

UN-DE-PRe'CIa-TED,  a.  Nut  depreciated  ;  nut  low- 
ered in  value.  IVaUh. 

UN-DE-PRtV'£D,  fl.  Not  deprived;  not  divested  of 
by  authority  ;  not  stripped  of  any  possession. 

UN'DER,  prep.  [Goth,  undar;  Sax.  under;  D.  oyidcr; 
G.  unter  ;  i)robabIy  compounded  of  07t  and  itctJicr;  on 
the  nether  side.] 

1.  Beneath  ;  below  ;  so  as  to  have  something  over 
or  above.  He  stood  under  a  tree  ;  the  carriage  is  jin- 
dcr  cover.  We  may  see  things  under  water  ;  we  have 
a  cellar  luider  the  whole  house. 

2.  In  a  state  of  pupilage  or  subjection  to ;  as,  a 
youth  under  a  tutor  ;  a  ward  under  a  guardian  ;  colo- 
nies under  tlie  British  government. 

I  alfiu  nin  n  mai]  uiwier  autlioriiyi  liavmg  soldicra  ymfcrmc. — 
M:ilt.  viii. 

3.  In  a  less  degree  than.  The  effect  of  medicine 
is  somelunes  liiK/cr  and  sometimes  above  or  over  its 
natural  strenglli.  Hooker. 

4.  For  less  than.  lie  would  not  sell  the  horse  un- 
der forty  pounds. 

5.  Less  than  ;  below.  There  arc  parishes  in  Eng- 
land under  forty  pounds  a  year. 

C.  With  the  pretense  of;  with  the  cover  or  pretext 
of.  He  docs  this  under  the  name  of  love.  This  ar- 
gument is  not  to  be  evaded  MntZe7'SomL'  i)lausiblc  dis- 
tinction. 

7.  Willi  less  than. 

Several  young  men  could  never  lenvc  Uic  pulpit  under  half  a 

duzt-n  conceits.  Sioi/l, 

8.  In  a  degree,  state,  or  rank  inferior  to. 

It  was  tot)  great  an  honor  for  any  man  under  a  duke.     Addison, 

0.  In  a  state  of  being  loaded ;  in  a  state  of  bearing 
or  being  burdened  ;  as,  to  travel  uiidcr  a  heavy  load  ; 
to  live  under  extreme  oppression. 

10.  In  a  state  of  oppression  or  subjection  to ;  the 
^stato  in  which  a  person  is  considered  as  bearing  or 

having  anything  laid  upon  him;  as,  to  have  forti- 
tude under  the  evils  of  life  ;  to  have  patience  under 
pain,  or  HJirfcr  misfortunes;  to  behave  like  a  Christ- 
ian under  reproaches  and  injuries. 

11.  In  a  state  of  liability  or  obligation.  No  man 
shall  trespass  but  under  the  pains  and  penalties  of 
the  law.  Attend  to  the  condition  under  which  you 
enter  upon  your  oflicc.  We  are  under  the  necessity 
of  obeying  the  laws.  Nuns  are  under  vows  of  chas- 
tity. We  all  lie  under  the  curse  of  the  law  until  re- 
deemed by  Christ. 

12.  In  the  state  of  bearing  and  being  known  by  ; 
as,  men  trading  under  the  firm  of  Wright  &  Co. 

13.  In  the  state  of;  in  the  enjoyment  or  possession 
of.     We  live  under  the  gospel  dispensation. 

14.  During  the  time  of.  The  American  revolution 
commenced  under  the  administration  of  Lord  North. 

15.  Not  having  reached  or  arrived  to  ;  below.  He 
left  three  sons  under  age. 

16.  Represented  by;  in  the  form  of.  Morpheus  is 
represented  under  the  figure  of  a  boy  asleep.  [But 
morph^  in  Ethiopic,  signifies  cessation,  rest.] 

17.  In  the  state  of  protection  or  defense.  Under 
favor  of  the  prince,  our  author  was  pfomoti-d.  The 
enemy  landed  wilder  cover  of  their  batteries. 

IS.  As  bearing  a  particular  character. 
The  duke  may  be  mcnlioDCd  ujider  Uie  double  capacity  of  a  poet 
and  a  divine.  Felton. 

19.  Being  contained  or  comprehended  in. 
[/■nrfer  this  bead  may  bo  mentioned  the  contests  between  the  pojKs 
and  ihe  secular  princes.  Lesley. 

90.  Attested  by  ;  signed  by.  Here  is  a  deed  under 
his  hand  and  seal. 

lie  has  left  us  evidence  under  liis  own  hand.  Locke. 

91.  In  a  state  of  being  handled,  treated,  or  dis- 
cussed, or  of  being  the  subject  of.  The  bill  is  now 
under  discussion.  We  shall  liave  the  subject  under 
consideration  next  week. 

2Q.  In  suborduiation  to.  Under  God,  this  is  our 
only  safety. 

23.  In  subjection  or  bondage  to ;  ruled  or  indtt- 
enced  by  ;  in  a  moral  sense  j  within  the  dominion  of. 

Thr-y  are  all  under  ein.  —  Uom.  iii. 

Under  a  sig-natnre  ;  bearing,  as  a  name  or  title. 

Under  the  lee;  to  the  leeward  ;  as,  under  the  lee  of 
the  land.  Totten. 

Underway;  in  seamen'^s  language,  moving;  in  a 
condition  to  nuiko  progi'css. 

To  keep  under ;  to  hold  in  subjection  or  control ;  to 
restrain. 

I  t:cep  under  my  body.  —  I  Cor.  ix. 

UN'DER,  fl.    liower  in  degree  ;  subject ;  subordinate  ; 

as,  an  under  officer  ;  under  sheriff. 

Under  is  much  used  in  composition.    For  the  et- 

ymolocies,  see  the  principal  words. 
UN-DER-AC'TION,  71.    Suburdiirate  action;    action 

not  essential  to  the  main  story. 

The  If'ast  episodes  or  underacdona  —  are  pwta  accessiT  to  llic 
main  design.  Dnjden. 

UN-DER-a'GENT,  ?i.    A  subordinate  agent.    South. 
UN-DE-RaNG'KD,  fl.    Not  deranged. 
UN-DER-BEaR'    v.  t.    To  support;  to  endure. 

Shak. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MiiTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  RIARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQQK.— 


1196 


UND 

2.  To  line  ;  lo  guard  ;  as,  cloth  of  gold  tniderbornc 
wilh  blue  tinsel.     [Obs,]  Siiaf;. 

UX-DER-IIEAU'ER,  u.  In  funeral^,  one  who  sus- 
tains the  corpse. 

UN-DEIv-BID',  r.  (.  To  bid  or  offer  less  than  anoth- 
er, as  ill  auctions,  when  a  contract  or  service  is 
set  up  to  thf*  lowt'sl  bidder. 

trX-DER-BID'DING.  ppr.    Bidding  less  than  another. 

UN-DER-BOKNE',  pp.     Supported. 

UN-DER-BOrCIIT',  (-bawi',)^p.  Bought  at  less  than 
a  thii'-S  is  \vor;h. 

UX'DER-i;RED,  a.    Of  inferior  breeding  or  manners. 

UiV'DER-BRUSH,  n.  Shrubs  and  small  trees  in  a 
wood  or  forest,  growing  under  larce  trees. 

U-V-DER-CU?',  r.  L  To  buy  at  less  than  a  thins  is 
Worth.     [JVot  used.]  Beaum.  ^'  Fl. 

UN-PER-CIIaM'BER-LATN,  n.  A  deputy  chamber- 
lain of  tlie  exchequer. 

UN'DER-CLaY,  n.  A  stratum  of  clay  lying  beneath 
other  strata.  Lydl. 

UX'DER-€LERK,  n.  A  clerk  subordinate  to  the  prin- 
cipal clerk. 

U\'DER-€ROFT,  tj.  A  vault  under  the  choir  or 
chancel  of  a  church ;  also,  a  vault  or  secret  walk 
under  around.  Bullokar. 

UN-DER-€UR'RENT,  n.  A  current  below  the  surface 
of  the  water,  frequently  contrary  to  that  on  the  sur- 
face. '  Tutten. 

tTN-DER-DITCH',  v.  U  To  form  a  deep  ditch  or 
trench  to  drain  the  surface  of  land. 

UN-DER-DC,  V.  i.    To  act  below  one's  abilities. 

B.  Jonson. 
9.  To  do  less  than  is  requisite.  Orcw. 

UN-DER-DOXE',  pp.    Done  less  than  is  requisite. 

UN'DER-DoSE,  n.     A  quantity  less  than  a  dose. 

UN-DER-DoSE',  v.  i.    To  take  small  doses.      Chcyne. 

UX'DER-DRaIN,  ».  A  drain  or  trench  below  the  sur- 
face of  the  ground. 

UN-DER-DRaIX',  v.  t  To  drain  by  cutting  a  deep 
channel  below  the  surface. 

tJN-DER-DRAIN'frD,  pp.  Drained  by  cutting  a  deep 
channel  below  the  surface. 

ITX-DER-FAe'TlON,  tu    A  subordinate  faction. 

UX-DER-FARM'ER,  n.     A  subordinate  farmer. 

UN'DER-FEL-LoVV,  n.    A  mean,  sorry  wretch. 

Sidney. 

UN-DER-FILL'IXG,  n.    The  lower  part  of  a  building. 

iVotU}n. 

UX-DER-FOXG',  v.  L    [Sax.  fangan,  to  seize.] 
To  take  in  hand.    [Obs.]  Spcrtscr. 

UX-DER-FOOT',  adv.    Beneath.  Milton. 

UX-DER-F6oT',  a.  Low  j  base  ;  abject ;  trodden 
down.       *  JUiltvii. 

UX-DER-FUR'XISH,  r.  (.  To  supply  with  less  than 
enough.  Collier. 

UX-DER-FUR'XISH-ED,  C-fur'nisht,)  pp.  Supplied 
with  less  than  enough. 

UX-DER-FUR'XISH-ING,  ppr.  Furnishing  with 
less  than  enough. 

UX-DER-FUR'Ro\V,  adv.  In  arrriculture,  to  sow  un- 
derfuj-row,  is  to  plow  in  seed.  This  phrase  is  applit-d 
lo  other  operations,  in  which  something  is  covered 
by  the  furrow-slice. 

UX-DER-GIRt)^  C-gurd'O  v.  t.  [See  Gird.}  To  bind 
below  ;  to  cird  round  the  bottom,    ^cts  xxvii. 

(JX-DER-GIRD'IXG,  p/jr.  Binding  below;  girding 
round  the  bottom. 

UX-DER-G6',  V.  L  To  suffer;  to  endure  something 
burdensome  or  painful  to  the  body  or  the  mind  ;  as, 
to  undergo  toil  and  fatigue  ;  to  uiuler^o  \>n\\\ ;  to  un- 
derso  grief  or  au.xiety  ;  to  undergo  the  operation  of 
amputation. 

2.  To  pas3  through.  Bread  in  the  stomach  under- 
goes the  process  of  digestion  ;  it  undergoes  a  material 
alteration. 

3.  To  sustain  without  fainting,  yielding,  or  sink- 
ing.   Can  you  undergo  the  operation  or  the  fatigue .'' 

4.  To  be  the  bearer  of ;  to  possess. 

Virtues  — 
As  iiifinite  as  man  may  undergo.     [Not  in  use.]  S!iak. 

5.  To  support ;  to  hazard. 

I  IttTe  rnoTcd  certain  Romans 

To  ujidargo  wiih  me  an  enterprise.     [Obs.]  Shak. 

6.  To  be  subject  to. 

CUudio  undergoes  tny  challenge.     [Obi.]  Shak. 

UN-DER-Go'IXG,  ppr.     Suffering;  enduring. 

UX-DER-GOXE'.  (un-der-gawn',)  pp.  Borne ,  suf- 
fered ;  pii~tained  ;  endured.  Who  can  tell  how 
many  evils  and  pains  he  has  undergone  7 

U\-DER-GRAD'U-.'\TE,  n.  A  student  or  member  of 
a  university  or  college,  who  lias  not  taken  his  first 
degree. 

UN-DER-GRAD'U-ATE-SHIP,n.  The  state  of  being 
an  unilersraduate.  Life  of  Paley. 

UX-DER-GKOUXD',  n.  A  place  or  space  beneath  the 
surface  of  the  around.  Skak. 

UX'DER-GROUXD,  a.  Being  below  the  surface  of 
the  ground  ;  as,  an  underground  story  or  apartment. 

UN-DER-GROUND',  adv.  Beneath  the  surfaceof  the 
earth. 

UX'DER-GR6WTH,  n.  That  which  grows  under 
trees;  shrubs  or  small  trees  growing  among  large 
ones.  Milton. 


UND 

UN^DER-ilAND,  (!(/(?.    By  secret  means;   in  a  clan- 
destine manner.  Ilooher. 
9.  Bv  fraud  ;  by  fraudulent  incan«.          Drydcn. 

UN'DER-IIAND,  a.  Secret ;  ct.uid.rstine ;  usually 
implying  meanness  or  frauJ,  or  both.  lie  obtained 
the  place  by  undrrhand  practice^. 

UX-DER-IIAND'El),  a.    Underhand  ;  clandestine. 
[This  is  the  word  in  more  general  use  in  ike  United 
States.] 

UN-DER-HAND'ED-LY,  ado.  Secretly  ;  clandestinely. 

UX-DER-IIEW,  V.  t.  To  hew  a  piece  uf  timber 
which  should  be  square,  in  such  a  manner  that  it 
appears  to  contain  a  greater  number  of  cubic  feet 
than  it  really  does.  Jlaldcnian. 

UX-DE-RrV'f;D,  a.  Not  derived  ;  not  borrowed  ;  not 
received  from  a  toreij^n  source. 

UN-DER-KEEP'ER,  71.     \  subordinate  keeper. 

Orui/. 

UN-DER-La'BOR-ER,  h.     \  subordinati^  workman. 

rVdkuif!. 

UX-DER-LaID',  pp.  or  a.  [from  underlay.]  Having 
something  lying  ur  laid  beneath;  as,  sand  KnrfcWat^ 
with  clav. 

UX-DER-iiAY',  V.  t.  To  lay  beneath  ;  to  support  by 
something  laid  under. 

UX-DER-L.^Y'IXG,  ppr.  Laying  beneath;  -support- 
ing bv  layhig  sometliiiig  under. 

UN'DE'R-LeAF,  u.     A  sort  of  apple  good  for  cider. 
Cyc.     .Mortimer. 

UX-DER-LET^  v.  t.    To  let  beloxv  the  value. 

SmolhtL 

2.  To  let  or  lease,  as  a  lessee  or  tenant;  to  let 
under  a  lease. 

It  is  a  mrtUf-T  of  iniicli  imporLitice  —  Ihnl  Uie  tciiatU  sboutii  liiive 
iwwer  to  underlet  hio  f;inii3.  C'j/c. 

UX-DER-LET'TER,  71.     A  tenant  who  leases. 

UX-DER-LET'TIXG,  ;,'pr.  Letting  or  leasing  under 
a  lease,  or  by  a  lessee. 

UX-DER-LET'TIXG,  n.    The  act  or  practice  of  let- 
ting lands  by  lessees  or  tenants. 
tThis  is  called  also  Sudletting.] 
)ER-LIE',  V.  i.     To  lie  beneath. 

UX-DER-LTXE',  v.  t.    To  mark  v/ith  a  lino  below  the 
words;  sometimes  called  Scoring. 
9.  To  intluence  secretlv.     {Js'ot  used.]       Wotton. 

UX-DER-LIX'£D,  pp.  iSlarked  with  a  line  under- 
neath. 

UX'DER-LIX'G,  71.  An  inferior  person  or  agent;  a 
mean,  sorrv  fellow.  Milton. 

UX-DER-LI"N'IXG,  ppr.     Marking  with  a  line  below. 

UX'DER-LOCK,  n.  A  lock  of  wool  hanging  under 
the  bellv  of  a  sheep.  Cyc. 

UX-DER'MXST'ED,  a.  Denoting  vessels  which  have 
masts  under  the  usual  dimensions.  Totten. 

UX-DER-MaS'TER,  7t.  A  master  subordinate  to  the 
principal  njaster.  Lowt/t. 

UX'DER-Mii:AL,  n.    A  repast  before  dinner. 

B.  Jonson. 

UX-DER-MIXE',  v.  u  To  sap  ;  to  excavate  the  earth 
beneath,  for  the  purpose  of  suffering  to  fail,  or  of 
blowing  up;  as,  to  UTit/fr7ni7ie  a  wall. 

9.  To  excavate  the  earth  beneath.  Rapid  streams 
often  undermine  their  bunks  and  the  trees  growing 
upon  them. 

3.  To  remove  the  foundation  or  support  of  any 
thing  by  clandestine  means  ;  as,  to  undermine  reputa- 
tion ;  lo  undermine  the  constitution  of  the  State. 

He  shouUl  be  wam';J  who  are  like  lo  uiuierimne  liltn.    Locke. 

UX-DER-MTX'£D, pp.  Sapped;  having  the  founda- 
tion removed. 

UX-DER-MTX'ER,  n.  One  that  saps,  or  excavates  the 
earth  beneath  any  thing. 

9.  One  tliat  clandestinely  removes  the  foundation 
or  support ;  one  that  secretly  overthrows;  as,  an  un- 
dcrmincr  of  the  church. 

UX-DER-MlX'IXG,  ppr.  Sapping  ;  digging  away  the 
earth  beneath  ;  clandestinely  removing  the  supports 
of. 

UX'DER-MoST,  a.    Lowest  in  place  beneath  others. 
9.  Lowest  in  state  or  condition. 

Thi^  party  th^l  is  uivdermost.  Addison. 

UX'DERN,  71.  [Sas.]  The  third  hour  of  the  day,  or 
nine  o'clock.     fJVot  in  use.]  Chaucer. 

UX-DER-XeATH',    adv.      [under   and    ncath.      Sec 
Nether.] 
Beneath  ;  below  ;  in  a  lower  place. 

Or  suJien  mjK'  that  nuinoth  underneath.  Milton. 

The  sLito  di<l  not  lie  fl^t  "pQii  il,  but  left  i\  free  pissa^e  under- 
jiealh.  AddUon, 

UX-DER-N2ATlK,prei?.    Under;  beneath. 

Utulemeath  this  stone  doth  lie 

As  inucti  bcnuty  .is  could  die.  B.  Jonton. 

UX-!)ER-OF'FI-CER.  ti.     A  subordinate  officer. 
UX-DE-ROG'A-TO-RY,  n.     Not  derogatory.     Boyle. 
UX'DER-PXRT,  n.     A  subordinate  part.       Drydcn. 
UX-DER-PET'TLCoAT,  n.    A  petticoat  worn  under 

a  shirt  or  another  petticoat.  Spectator. 

UX  DER-PIX',  V.  t.    To  lay  stones  under  tlie  sills  of 

a  building,  on  which  it  is  to  rest. 
2.  To  support  by  some  solid  foundation;   or  to 

place  something  untlemeath  for  support. 


UND 

UN  nr.R  riN'i\£U,  (iiind',)  pp.   Bupponed  by  stonei 

or  ri  r.Kinihttion. 
IJNUEK-I'liN'NI.VG,  ppr.     Placing  stonei  under  the 

silh:  for  !:tip[K(rt. 

U.N'.riKR-l'IX'NINC,  n.     Tlic  act  of  laying  lUiocj 

under  gilln. 
2.  'J'lit:  etuut^  on  wtiicli  a  building  immediately 

rest.'. 
UiN'DEIl  ri/)T,  K.     A  scries  of  events  in  a  play, 

procceiiint:    collaterully  with    tlie   main  story,  and 

bll!ijcn'if;llt  lo  il.  Dn/Jen. 

'J.  A  cIriiMic>lJne  scheme. 
U.M-UEU-PUaISE',  r.  (.    To  praise  below  desert. 

Diyd'.,. 
U.N'-DER-PRIZE',  r.  I.     To  value  at  less  than  the 

wi.rtli  :  to  iindfrvaluc.  Shai. 

UN-I)EU-l'RlZ'AD,  pp.    Undervalued. 
UN-UEIt-PRl'/.'I.VG,  ppr.    Undervaluing. 
UN-DER-PROP',  V.  L    To  support ;  to  u^l 

Anil  un/lerprop  ihn  hwl  tint  br^n  (be  at)VO.  i  .   _    . 

U.\-DER-PRO-P0K'TION-£D,  a.     Having  loo  little 
proportion. 

Scitify  an'.]  untUrproportiorwi  rctuma  of  crriTiljr.         OalStr, 
UN-DER-FROP'PiJD,  (propt',)  pp.    Supported ;  up- 
held. 
a.  a.     Having  props  underneath.  Baiier. 

UN-1)ER  rULL'ER,  ii.    An  inferior  puller,    {ffot  in 

li-if.l  Collier. 

U.V-DER  R.\TE',  r.  (.     To  rate  too  low;  to  rat.-  1  ■■ 

low  ihc  viiliic:  to  undervalue.  Btu'.. 

UN'DER-R.lTE,  n.    A  price  less  than  the  worth  ; 

tu  sell  a  tiling  at  an  uiuierrau. 
UN-DER-RaT'ED,p;i.     Itaed  too  low  ;  undcr^:il  i    '. 
UNDER-RUN',  v.  u    To  pass  under  in  a  boat ;  ;is  i  . 

unilerrun  a  cable.  ToilrR. 

To  undrrrun  a  tackle  i  to  separate  its  parts  and  put 

Iheni  in  order.  Mar.  DicL 

U.N-DER-SAT'q-R.\-TED,  a.    Not  fully  saturated  ;  o 

chemical  term. 
UN-DER-SaY',  r.  I.    To  say  by  way  of  derosation  or 

contradiction.     [JVot  in  u-ic]  Spnucr. 

UN-DER-SeORE',  r.  J.    To  draw  a  mark  under. 
UN-DER-.«eoR'£D,  pp.     Marked  underneath. 
UN-DER-StoR'I-\G,  ppr.     Markins  underneath. 
UN-DER-SEC'RE-TA-RY,  II.      A   sccrctar>-   sul.  r  : 

nate  to  tlic  principal  secretary.  Bar. 

UN-DER-SELL',  ».  1.    To  sell  the  same  articled  i-    i 

lower  price  than  another. 
UN-DER-SELL'I.\G,  ppr.     Pelling  at  a  lower  pri.  .  - 
UN-DER-SERV'A.\T,  71.    An  inferior  servant. 
UN-DER-SET',  c.  (.     To  prop  ;  to  support.      Bar 
UN'DER-SET,  ii.      .\  current  of   water  below   t'.- 

surface.  Mar.  iJu- 

UN-DER-SET'TER,  n.    .\  prop;  a  pedestal;  a  ■   :• 

port.     1  Kinrr^  vii. 
UN-DER-SET'TI.\«,;i;>r.     Propping;  supporting. 
UN-DER-SET'TI.\G,  n.  The  lower  inrt ;  the  peJi  <i  i^ 

Hell: 
UN-DER-'iHER'IFF,  n.    A  sheriff's  deputy. 
UN-DER-SHER'IFF-RY,  n.    The  office  of  an  ui.;  : 

slicriff".     [JV*(?i  in  itsc.l 
UN'DER-SHOT,  a.    Moved  hy  water  passing  under 

the  wheel ;  oppos;;d  to  Overshot  ;  as,  an  umUrsAot 

mill  or  mill-wheel. 
U.N'DER-StlRUB,  n.    A  low  shrub,  permanent  .and 

woody  at  the  base,  but  the  branches  decaying  yearly. 
Barton.     .Martyn, 
UN-DER-STGX',  v.  t.    To  write  one's  name  at  the 

foot  or  end  of  a  letter  or  any  legal  instrument. 
UN-DER  SIGN'£D,  pp.    Written  or  subscribed  at  the 

bottom  or  end  of  a  writing. 
UN-DER-SIGN'J;D,  n.    One  who  undersigns. 
UN-DER-SIGN"ING,  ppr.     Subscribing. 
UN-DER-SlZ'£D,  a.    Being  of  a  size  less  than  com- 
mon. 
UN'DER-SOIL,  Ji.    Soil  beneath  the  surface  ;  subsoil. 

AsiaL  ficr. 
UN-DER-SoLD',  pp.    Sold  at  a  lower  price. 
UN'DER-SONG,  n.    Chorus  ;  burden  of  a  song. 

Meiialc-U  shail  iusedn  hia  urvlrrtang.  Dnfltn. 

UN-DER-SP.\R'RED.    See  UsorRHisTKo. 
UN-DER-ST.ANT)',  r.  (. ;  prct.  and  pp.  UsolltsTooD 

[unihr  and  slaiid.  The  sense  is,  to  support  or  hold  in 

mind.] 

1.  To  have  just  and  adequate  ideas  of;  to  com- 
prehend ;  to  know  ;  .as,  to  undcrslaail  a  prx^blcni  in 
Euclid  ;  10  undcr;^nd  a  proposition  or  a  declaration. 

2.  To  have  the  same  ideas  as  the  person  who 
speaks,  or  the  ideas  which  a  jiorson  intends  t:>  com- 
municate. I  wiiders/po/Mhe  preacher :  the  court  per- 
fectlv  iiii(/cr..(ond  the  advocate  or  his  arguinenl- 

:i.  To  rt  ceive  or  have  liie  ideas  espic-ssed  "'  r\ 
tended  to  he  conveyed  in  a  writing  or  lH>ok  ;  to  kn    v 
the  meaning.    It  is  important  tJiat  w*e  should  lt 
stand  the  s.acred  oracles. 

4.  To  know  the  meaning  of  signs,  or  of  any  tl. 
intended  to  convey  ideas;  as,  to  i.*idcrsi<..:,l  :\  n 
a  wink,  or  a  motion. 

5.  To  suppose  to  mean. 

The  most  learned  iutcrpr^tcw  tinrfe'J!0*t  U»e  w.  r-      ■- 
uot  of  Abel.  -^'  -' 

6.  To  know  by  experience.  .Viti.-- 


TONE,  BULL,  IJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — 6  xs  K  ;  C  as  J  ;  S  as  7, ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

-^ ~ Ut*7 


UND 

7.  To  know  by  instinct. 

Amorous  intent,  well  understood.  MUton. 

8.  To  interpret,  at  least  mentally.       StUlingfleet. 

9.  To  know  another's  meaning.  Milton. 

10.  To  hold  in  opinicni  with  conviction.    MUton. 

11.  To  mean  without  expressing. 


War  then,  war, 
Open  or  understood,  must  be  resolved. 


MliUyn. 

Milton. 


12.  To  know  what  is  not  expressed, 

I  brin^  them  to  recei^o 
From  thfe  tlieir  name»,  and  pny  thee  feajty 
With  low  subjection  ;  understand  the  flame 
Of  fiih.  Milton. 

13.  To  learn ;  to  be  informed.  I  understand  that 
congress  have  passed  the  hill. 

UN-DER-STAND',  v.  i.  To  have  the  use  of  the  intel- 
lectual faculties  ;  to  be  an  intelligent  and  conscious 
being. 

AH  my  loul  be 
Irnp.T.radised  in  you,  in  whom  aJooe 
I  undcTstand,  and  prow,  and  see.  Donne, 

2.  To  be  informed  by  another  ;  to  learn. 

I  undcTslood  of  tlie  evil  thai  Ellashtb  did.  — Neh.  xiii. 

UN-DER-STAND' A-BLE,(i.  That  can  be  understood. 

[JVo?  much  iLsed.}  ChilUng-wortfi. 

UN-DER-STAND'ER,  n.      One  who  understands  or 

knows  bv  experience.     [Little  nscd.]    Beaum.  Sf  Fl. 
UN-DER-STAND'ING,  vpr.    Comprehending ;  appre- 
hending the  ideas  or  sense  of  another,  or  of  a  writ- 
ing ;  learning  or  being  informed. 

2.  a.  Knowing;  skillful.  He  is  an  understanding 
man. 
UN-DER-STAND'ING,  n.  The  faculty  of  the  human 
mind  by  which  it  appr  /hends  the  real  state  of  things 
presented  to  it,  or  by  which  it  receives  or  compre- 
hends the  ideas  whicli  others  express  and  intend  to 
communicate.  The  understanding  is  called  also  the 
intellectual  facultij.  It  is  the  faculty  by  means  of 
wiiicli  we  obtain  a  great  part  of  our  knowledge. 
Lnke  xxiv.    EpL  i. 

By  understanding,  I  moan  that  faculty  whereby  we  are  enabled 
to  apprL-lieiid  tlio  obj^^cts  of  knowledge,  generals  or  particu- 
lars,  absonl  or  pvcscnt,  and  to  judge  of  their  truth  or  false- 
hood, good  or  evil.  Watla. 
There  ia  a  Efiirit  In  man,  Bod  the  inspiration  of  the  Almighty 
firclli  UJ:«  understanding. — Job  xxxii. 

2.  Knowledge;  exact  comprehension. 

Riglit  understanding  consiata  in  the  perceplion  of  the  visible  or 
probable  agreement  or  disagreement  or  ideas,  Locke. 

3.  Intelligence  between  two  or  more  persons ; 
agreement  of  minds  ;  union  of  sentiments.  There  is 
a  good  understandiiiff  between  the  minister  and  his 
people. 

UN-DER-STAND'ING-LY,  adv.  Intelligibly;  with 
full  knowledge  or  comprehension  of  a  question  or 
subject;  as, to  vote  upon  a  question  understaudingly ; 
to  act  or  judge  uuderstanding-hj. 

The  eoBpel  may  be  uegtected,  but  il  cau  not  be  under  standingly 
disbelieved.  J.  Ilaices. 

UN-DER-STaTE',  v.  t.  To  state  or  represent  less 
strongly  than  the  truth  will  bear. 

UN-DER-STOOD',  pret.  and  pp.  of  UNDEnsTANo. 

UN'DER-STltAP-PER,  n.  A  petty  fellow  ;  an  infe- 
rior agent.  Stoift. 

UN-DER-STRa'TUM,  n.  Subsoil  ;  the  bed  or  layer 
uf  earth  on  which  the  mold  or  soil  rests.  Cue. 

UN-DER-STRoKE',  v.  t.    To  underline.  Swift. 

UN-DER-TaK'A-ELE,  a.    That  may  be  undertaken. 
U^ot  in  use.]  Chillingworth. 

UN-DER-TAKE',  u.  t.;  pret.  Undertook;  pp.  Un- 
DERTAKEW.     [iiader  and  take.'] 

1.  To  engage  in  ;  to  enter  upon  ;  to  take  in  hand  ; 
to  begin  to  perform.  When  I  undertook  this  work,  I 
had  a  very  inadequate  knowledge  of  the  extent  of 
my  labors. 

2.  To  covenant  or  contract  to  perform  or  execute. 
A  man  undcrtaices  to  erect  a  house,  or  to  make  a  mile 
of  canal,  when  lie  enters  into  stipulations  for  that 
purpose. 

3.  To  attempt ;  as,  when  a  man  undertakes  what 
he  can  not  perform. 

4.  Tn  assume  a  character.     [JVot  in  use.]     Skak, 

5.  To  engage  with  ;  to  attack. 

Your  lor.Iahip  should  nut  undertake  every  companion  you  offend. 
[Not  in  use.}  Sltak. 

6.  To  have  the  charge  of. 

Who  undertakes  you  to  your  end.     [Not  in  use.l  Sffiak. 

UN-DER-TaKE',  v.  i.  To  take  upon  or  assume  any 
business  or  province. 

0  Lord,  I  am  oppressed  ;  undertake  for  mr.  — !a.  xxxviii. 

2.  To  venture;  to  hazard.  They  dare  not  under- 
take. 

3.  To  promise ;  to  be  bound. 

1  d/re  ujidcrta}:e  they  will  not  lose  their  labor.         Woodward. 

To  undertake  for;  to  be  bound  ;  to  become  surety 
for. 
UN-DER-TaK'£N,  pp.  of  Undertake.     The  work 

was  undertaken  at  his  own  expense. 
UN-DER-TaK'ER,  n.      One  who  undertakes;   one 
who  engages  in  any  project  or  business. 

Clarendon. 


UND 

Q.  One  who  stipulates  or  covenants  to  perform  any 
work  fur  another.  Swift. 

3.  One  who  manages  funerals.  Young-. 

UN-DER-TAK'ING,  ppr.  Engaging  in;  taking  in 
hand  ;  beginning  to  perform ;  stipulating  to  exe- 
cute. 

UN-DER-TaK'ING,  71.  Any  business,  work,  or  proj- 
ect which  a  person  engages  in,  or  attempts  to  per- 
form ;  an  enterprise.  The  canal,  or  the  making  of 
the  canal,  from  tlie  Hudson  to  Lake  Erie,  a  distance 
of  almost  four  hundred  miles,  was  the  greatest  un- 
dertaking of  the  kind  in  modern  times.  The  attempt 
to  find  "a  navigable  passage  to  the  Pacific  round 
North  America,  is  a  hazardous  undertaking^  and 
probably  useless  to  navigation. 

UN-DER-TEN'AA'T,  71.  The  tenant  of  a  tenant; 
one  who  holds  lands  ur  tenements  of  a  tenant. 

UN'DER-TI.ME,  n.  Undern-tide  ;  the  time  after  din- 
ner, or  in  the  evening.     [J^ot  in  use.]  Spenser. 

UN-DER-TOOK',  pret.  of  Undertake. 

UN'DER-ToVV,  11.  [under  and  tow.]  A  current  of 
water  below,  in  a  different  direction  from  that  on 
the  surface. 

UN-DER-TREAS'TJR-ER,  (un-der-trezh'ur-er,)  n.  A 
subordinate  treasurer. 

UN-DER-VAL-T^-A'TION,  71.  The  act  of  valuing  be- 
low the  real  worth  ;  rate  not  equal  to  the  worth, 

UN-DER-VAL'CIE,  v.  t.  To  value,  rate,  or  estimate 
below  the  real  worth. 

2.  To  esteem  lightly  ;  to  treat  as  of  little  worth. 

In  comparison  of  the  dischargo  of  my  duties,  I  undervalued  all 
designs  of  authority.  AUerbui-y, 

3.  To  despise ;  to  hold  in  mean  estimation. 

1  write  not  this  with  the  least  intention  to  undervalue  the  other 
partB  of  poetry.  Dryden. 

UN-DER-VAL'TJE,  n.     Low  rate  or  price  ;   a  price 

less  than  the  real  worth.  Hamilton. 

UN-DER-VAL'II-£D,  pp.    Estimated  at  less  than  the 

real  \vorth  ;  slighted  ;  despised. 
UN-DER-VAL'U-ER,  n.    One  who  esteems  lightly. 

Walton. 
UN-CER-VAL'lJ-ING,  ppr.     Estimating  at  less  than 

the  real  worth  ;  slighting  ;  despising. 
UN-DER-VVENT',  pret.  of  Undergo.    He  underwent 

severe  trials. 
UN'DER-VVOOD,  7i.    Small  trees  that  grow  among 

large  trees  ;  coppice.  Mortimer. 

UN'DER-WORK,    (un'der-wurk,)    n.       Subordinate 

work  ;    petty  affairs.  .Addison. 

UN-DER-WORK',  (un-der-wurk',)  v.  i.    To  destroy 

by  clandestine  measures.  Shak. 

2.  To  work  or  labor  upon  less  than  is  sufficient  or 
proper.  Dryden. 

3.  To  work  at  a  less  price  than  others  in  the  like 
employment ;  as,  one  mason  may  undennork  anoth- 
er ;  a  shoemaker  can  not  underwork  a  joiner. 

UN'DER-VVORK-ER,  n.  One  who  underworks;  or 
a  subordinate  workman. 

UN-DER-WORK'ING,  jtpr.  Destroying  clandestine- 
ly ;  working  at  less  price  than  others  in  the  like  em- 
ployment. 

UN-DER-WORK'MAN,  n.     A  subordinate  workman. 

UN-DER-WRTTE',  (-rite',)  v.  t.  [See  Write.]  To 
write  under  something  else. 

The  change  1  have  made,  I  have  here  undertorilten. 

Sunder  son. 

9.  To  subscribe.  We,  whose  names  are  underwrit- 
ten., agree  to  pay  the  sums  expressed  against  our  re- 
spective names. 

3.  To  subscribe  one's  name  for  insurance ;  to  set 
one's  name  to  a  policy  of  insurance,  for  the  purpose 
of  becoming  answerable  for  loss  or  damage,  for  a 
certain  premium  per  cent.  Individuals  underwrite 
policies  of  insurance,  as  well  as  companies. 

Thr:  broker  who  procures  insurance,  ought  not,  by  underwriting 

the  policy,  to  deprive  the  parties  of^his  unbiased  tesliniuny. 
Alarsltall. 

UN-DER-WRTTE',  v.  i.    To  practice  insuring. 

UN'DER-WRiT-ER,  n.  One  who  insures;  an  in- 
surer ;  so  called  because  he  underwrites  his  name  to 
the  conditions  of  the  policy. 

UN-DER-WRIT'ING,   ppr.      Writing    under   some- 
thing. 
2.  Sub?;cribing  a  policy  ;  insuring. 

UN'DER  WRlT-ING,  7).  Tiie  act  or  practice  of  in- 
suring ^hip^,  goods,  houses,  &c. 

UN-DER-VVRIT'T£N,  pp.  Written  under ;  sub- 
scribed. 

UN-DE-SCEND'I-BLE,  a.  Not  descendible;  not  ca- 
pable of  descending  to  heirs. 

UN-DE-SeRiB'A-BLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  de- 
scribed. 

UN-DE-SGRIR'M),  a.    Not  described.  Hooker. 

UN-DE-SeRI£D',  a.  Not  descried  ;  not  discovered  ; 
not  seen.  Wollaston. 

UN-DE-SERV'£D,  a.    Not  deserved  ;  not  merited. 

Sidney, 

UN-DE-SERV'ED-LY,  adv.  Without  desert,  either 
good  or  evil.  Milton,     jyrydcn. 

UN-DE-SERV'ED-NESS,  n.    Want  of  being  worthy. 

J^ewton. 

UN-DE-SERV'ER,7i.     One  of  no  merit.  Shak. 


UND 

TTN-DE-SERVING,  a.  Not  dest-rving ;  not  having 
merit.  God  continually  supplies  the  wants  of  his 
undeserving  creatures. 

2.  Not  meriting,  with  of;  as,  a  man  undeserving  of 
happiness,  or  o/ punishment.  Sidncu.     Pope. 

UN-DE-SERV'ING-LY,  adv.  Without  meriting  any 
particular  advantage  or  harm.  Milton. 

UN-DES'IG-Na-TED,  a.     Not  designated.     fVartva. 

UN4:»E-SiGN'£D,  (-sTnd',)a.  Not  ^designed  ;  not  in- 
tended ;  not  proceeding  from  purpose ;  as,  to  do  an 
■undesigned  injury. 

UN-DE-SIGN'ED-LY,  ade.  Without  design  or  inten- 
tion. 

UN-DE-SIGN'ED-NESS,  n.  Freedom  from  design  or 
set  purpose.  Paley. 

UN-DE-STGN'ING,  a.    Not  acting  with  stst  purj)ose. 
2.  Sincere  ;  upright ;  artless ;  having  no  artful  or 
fraudulent  purpose.    It  is  base  to  practice  on  undc- 
signinir  minds. 

UN-DE-STR'A-BLE,  a.  Not  to  be  desired;  not  to  bo 
wislied  ;  not  pleasing.  Milton. 

UN-DE-SrR'£D,  a.    Not  desired,  or  not  solicited. 

UN-DE-SIR'ING,  a.    Not  desiring;  not  wishing. 

Dryden. 

UN-DE-SIR'OUS,  a.    Not  desirous. 

UN-DE-SPaIR'ING,  a.    Not  yielding  to  despair. 

Dyer. 

UN-DE-SPOIL'£D,  a.    Not  despoiled. 

UN-DES'TIN-£D,  a.    Not  destined. 

UN-DE-STROY'A-BLE,  a.  Indestructible.  U^ot  in 
use.]  Boiile. 

UN-DE-STROY'£Dj  a.  Not  destroyed  ;  not  wasted  ; 
not  ruined.  Lucke. 

UN-DE-TACH'ED,  (un-de-tacht',)  a.  Not  detached  ; 
not  separated. 

UN-DE-TE€T'ED,  a.  Not  detected  ;  not  discovered  ; 
not  laid  open.  R.  O.  Harper. 

UN-DE-TERM'IN-A-ELE,  a.  That  can  not  be  deter- 
mined or  decided.  Locke. 

UN-DE-TER.M'IN-ATE,  a.  Not  determinate;  net 
settled   or  certain.      [Cut    Indeterminate  is  now 


generally  used.] 

"---vi'm. 

settled  state. 


UN-DE-TERM'IN-ATE-NESS,  n.    Uncertainty  ;  un- 


UN-DE-TERM-IN-A'TION,  77.  Indecision ;  uncer- 
tainty of  mind.  [See  Indetermination,  which  is 
chiefly  used.] 

UN-DE-TERM'IN-£D,  a.    Not  determined ;  not  st?t- 

tled  ;  not  decided.  Locke. 

2.  Not  limited  ;   not  defined  ;   indeterminate. 

Hdle. 

UN-DE-TER'RED,  a.  Not  deterred;  not  restrain(.d 
by  fear  or  obstacles.  Mitford. 

UN-DE-TEST'ING,G.    Not  detesting;  not  abhorring. 

Thomson. 

UN-DE-VEL'OP-£D,  (-de-vel'opt,)  a.  Not  opened  or 
unfolded. 

UN-De'VI-a-TING,  a.  Not  deviating  ;  not  depart- 
ing from  the  way,  or  from  a  rule,  principle,  or  pur- 
pose ;  steady ;  regular  ;  as,  an  iindeviating  course  of 
virtue.  Panoplist. 

2.  Not  erring;  not  wandering;  not  crooked. 

Cowper. 

UN-De'VI-a-TING-LY,  adv.  Without  wandering; 
steadily ;  regularly. 

UN-De'VI-OUS,  a.    Not  devious. 

UN-De'VI-OUS-LY,  adv.    Not  deviously. 

UN-DE-VoT'ED,  a.    Not  devoted.  Clarendon. 

UN-DE-V0UR'£D,  a.    Not  devouied. 

UN-DE-VOUT',  a.  Not  devout:  having  no  devo- 
tion. 

UN-DEX'TROUS,  a.    Not  dextrous;  clumsy. 

UN-DI'A-DEM-EP,  a.    Not  adorned  with  a  diadem. 

UN-DI-APil'A-NOUS,  a.  Not  transparent;  not  pel- 
lucid. Boyle. 

UN-DID',  pret.  of  Undo. 

UN-DIF-FUS'ED,  (-dif-fuz'ed,)  a.    Not  diffused. 

UN-DIG'E-NOUS,  (-dij'e-nus,)  a.  [L.  unda,  wave, 
and  Gr.  j no;,  kind.] 

Generated  by  water.  Kirwan. 

UN-DI-GEST'EI),  (7.  Not  digested;  not  subdued  by 
the  stomach  ;  crude.  Arbuthnot. 

UN-DIG HT',  C-dlte',)  v.  t.    To  put  off.     [Obs.] 

Spenser. 

UN-DIG'NI-FI-£D,  (-fide,)  a.  Not  dignified  ;  com- 
mon ;  mean.  Swift. 

UN-DI-MIN'ISH-A-BLE,  a.  Not  capable  of  diminu- 
tion. Scott. 

UN-DI-MIN'ISH-A-BLY,  adv.  So  as  not  to  be  dimin- 
ish able. 

UN-DI-MIN'lSn-£D,  (-tle-min'isht,)  a.  Not  dimiu- 
islied  ;  not  lessened;  unimpaired.  Milton.  Dn/den. 

UN-DI-MIN'ISH-ING,  a.  Not  diminishing;  liot  be- 
coming less. 

UN-DIM'M£D,  a.     Not  made  dim ;   not  obscured. 

Alien. 

UN  DINE',  71.  [L.  nnda.]  A  name  given  by  the 
Cabalists  to  a  class  of  spirits  residing  in  tlie  waters. 

Brande. 

UN-DINT'ED,  a.    Not  impressed  by  a  blow.     Shak. 

UN-DIP-LO-MAT'ie,  a.  Not  according  to  the  rules 
of  diplomatic  bodies. 

UN-DIP'P£D,  (-dipt',)  a.    Not  dipped  ;  not  plunged. 

Dryden. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  —  MeTE,  PRgY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.- 


119S 


UND 


UND 


UND 


Not  directed ;  not  guided  ;  left 


JiTadison. 
undUcipUned 


UN-Dr-RE€T'EJ),  a. 
wittiout  direction. 
a.  Not  addressed  ;    not  superscribed  :  as  a  letter. 

UN-DIS-.\P-POINT'ED,  a.    Not  disappointed. 

Elphinstone, 

UN-DIS-BANT)'£D,  a.    Not  disbanded. 

UN-DIS-CERN'£D,  (-diz-zernd',)  o.  Not  discerned  ; 
not  seen  ;  not  obser\'ed  ;  not  descried  }  not  discov- 
ered ;  as.  truths  ujtdiscemed.  Brown. 

UN-DIS-CERN'ED-LY,  (diz-zern'ed-le,)  adn.  In 
such  a  manner  as  not  to  be  discovered  or  seen. 

Boijle. 

tJN-DIS-CEEN'I-BLE,  (-diz-zem'e-bl,)  a.  Th;tt  can 
not  be  discerned,  seen,  or  discovered  ;  invisible  ;  as, 
unjiscfmjft.'c  objects  or  distinctions.  Rogers. 

UN-DIS-CERN'I-BLE-NESS,  (-diz-zern'-,)  n.'  The 
stale  or  quality  of  being  undiscemible. 

UN-DIS-CERN'I-BLY,  adr.  In  a  way  not  to  be  dis- 
covered or  seen  ;  invisibly  ;  imperceptibly.     Smitlt. 

irN-DIS-CER,N"IXG,  (-diz-zern'-,)  a.  Not  discerning  ; 
not  making  just  distinctions  j  wanting  judgment  or 
the  power  of  discrimination. 

UN-DIS-CER-\'ING,  n.    Want  of  discernment. 

SpecUltor. 

UN-DIS-CHXRG'£D,  a.    Not  discharged. 

UN-DIS'CI-PLIN-£D,  a.  Not  disciplined ;  not  duly 
eiercised  and  taught ;  not  subdued  to  regularity  and 
order  ;  raw  ;  as,  u:idiscipUncd  troops  j  undisciplined 
valor.  ""    ' 

a.  Not   instructed  ;   untaught ;   as, 
minds. 

UN-DI3-eLo?E',  (un-dis-kloze',)  ti.  U  Not  to  dis- 
cover.    {Abad  tcord.]  Daniel. 

UN-DIS-ej,OS'£D,  a.    Not  disclosed ;  not  revealed. 

UN-DIS-€0L'OR-£D,  (-dis-kul'lurd,)  a.  Not  dis- 
colored. 

UN-DIS-€ON-CERT'ED,  a.    Not  disconcerted. 

UX-DIS-eORD'.\NT,  a.     Not  discordant. 

UN-DIS.€ORD'ING,  a.  Not  dis.igreeing  ;  not  jarring 
in  music  ;  liarmonious ;  as,  undiscording  voices. 

Jildton. 

UN-DIg-eOUR'.^G-ED,  a.    Not  disheartened. 

UN-DIS-€OV'ER-.A-BLE,  (-kuv'er-,)  a.  That  can  not 
be  discovered  or  found  out  j  as,  undiscoverabU  prin- 
ciples. 

UN-DIS-eOV'ER-A-BLT,  ads.  In  a  manner  not  to 
be  discovered. 

U-\-DIS-€0  V'ER-£D,  (-kuv'crd,)  a.  Not  discovered  ; 
not  seen  ;  not  descried.  Dnjden. 

UN-DIS-eRED'IT-ED,  a.    Not  discredited. 

IVarburton. 

UN-DIS-€REET',  a.    Not  discreet  ;    not  prudent  or 

t Instead  of  this,  I.-sorscnEEx  is  used.]  [wise. 

)IS-eREET'LY,  adv.     Indiscreetly.      [See  Ik- 

DISCREETLT.] 

UN-DIS-€Rnri.N-A-TI.\'G,  a.    Not  discriminating. 

UN-DIS-eU.?S'JED,  (-dis-kust'j)  a.  Not  discussed; 
not  argued  or  debated.  Dii  Ponceau. 

UN-DIS-GRaC'£D,  (-dis-grast',)  a.  Not  disgraced  or 
dishonored. 

UN-DIS-GUIS'A-BLE,  a.     That  can  not  be  disguised. 

I;N-DIS-GUIS'£D,  (-glzd',)  a.  [See  Gcise.]  Not 
disguised  ;  not  covered  with  a  mask,  or  with  a  false 
appearance.  Drtjdm. 

2.  Open  :  frank  ;  candid  ;  plain  ;  artless.  Roacrs. 

UN-DIS-HEXRT'£N"-£D,  a.     Not  discouraged. 

UN-UIS-HONOR-£D,  f-diz-on'urd,)  a.  [.See  Ho.voR.] 
Not  dishonored  ;  not  aisgraced.  Sbak. 

IIN-DIS-MaY'£D,  (made',)  a.  Not  dismayed  ;  not 
disheartened  by  fear ;  not  discouraged  j  as,  troops  un- 
disjnayed. 

UN-DIS-0-BLIG'ING,  a.    Inoffensive.     [Liule  used.] 

Brown. 

UN-DIS-OR'DER-£D,  a.  Not  disordered;  not  dis- 
turbed. 

UN-DIS-PENS'£D,  (-dis-penst',)  a.    Not  dispensed. 
9.  Not  freed  from  obligation. 

UN-DIS-PENS'ING,  a.  Not  allowing  to  be  dispensed 
with.  Milton. 

UN-DI3-PERS'£D,  (-dis-perst',)  a.  Not  dispersed  ; 
not  scattered.  Boyle. 

0N-DI5-PLaV'£D,  o.    Not  displayed;  not  unfolded. 

UN-DIS-PoS'£D,  (-dis-pozd',)  a.    Not  disposed. 

Undisposed  of;  not  disposed  of;  not  bestowed  ; 
not  parted  with ;  as,  employments  undisposed  of. 

Swift. 

UN-DIS-PoS'ED-NE3S,  n.  Indisposition;  disincU- 
nation. 

UN-DIS'PU-TA-BLE,  a.    Not  disputable. 

[But  the  word  now  used  is  Indisputable.] 

UN-DIS'PU-TA-BLE-NESS,  n.  A  state  of  not  being 
disputable. 

UN-DIS-PCT'ED,  a.  Not  disputed  ;  not  contested  ; 
not  called  in  question  ;  as,  an  undisputed  title  ;  un- 
dispuUd  Inith.  Drijden. 

UN-DIS.aUI'ET-ED,  a.  Not  disquieted;  not  dis- 
turbed. Tooke. 

UN-DIS-SEM'BL£D,  at.  Not  dissembled  ;  open  ;  un- 
disguised ;  unfeigned ;  as,  undissembled  friendship 
or  piety.  Warton,    Atterhury. 

UN-DIS-SEM'BLING,  a.  Not  dissembling ;  not  ex- 
hibiting a  false  appearance  ;  not  false.       Tliomson. 

lrN-DIS'SI-PA-TED,a.  Not  dissipated  ;  not  scattered. 


UN-DIS-SOLV'A-BLE,  a.  [See  Dissolve.]  That 
can  not  be  dissolved  or  melted.  OreeniiU. 

2.  That  may  not  be  loosened  or  broken ;  ao,  the  un- 
dissolvable  ties  of  friendship. 

U.\-DIS-SOLV'£D,  a.    Not  dissolved  ;  not  melted. 

Cowper. 

UN-DIS.SOLV'ING,a.  Not  dissolving;  not  melting; 
as,  the  undissolcinir  ice  of  the  Alps. 

UN-DIS-TEM'PEr:£D,  a.    Not  diseased  ;  free  from 
malady, 
a.  Free  from  perturbation.  Temple. 

UN-DIS-TEND'ED,  a.    Not  distended  ;  not  enlamed. 

UN-DIS-TILL'£D,  a.    Not  distilled. 

UN-DIS-TIN"GniSH-A-BLE,  (-ting'gwish-a-bl,)  o. 
That  can  not  be  distinguished  by  the  eye  ;  not  to  be 
distinctly  seen.  SImk. 

2.  Not  to  be  known  or  distinguished  by  the  intel- 
lect, by  any  peculiar  property.  Locke. 

UN-DIS-TIN"GUISH-A-BLY,  adv.  Without  distinc- 
tion ;  so  as  nut  to  be  known  from  each  other,  or  to  be 
separately  seen.  Barrow. 

UN-D[S-TIN"GUISH-ED,  (-dis-ting'gwisht,)  a.  Not 
distinguished ;  not  so  marked  as  to  he  distinctly 
known  from  each  other. 

Undistinguished  Keds  of  good  and  Ul.  Dryd^n. 

2.  Not  separately  seen  or  descried.  Drydcn. 

3.  Not  plainly  discerned.  Swifl. 

4.  Having  no  intervenient  space.  Sluk. 

5.  Not  marked  by  any  particular  property. 

Denham. 

6.  Not  treated  with  any  particular  respect. 

Pope. 

7.  Not  distinguished  by  any  particular  eminence. 
UN-DIS-TIN"GUISH-ING,a.     Making  no  diflerencc  ; 

not  discriminating  ;  as,  undistinguishing  favor. 

tTndisHiigiiishing  disthbuttoQ  of  good  and  evil.  Addison. 

UN-DIS-TORT'ED,  a.    Not  distorted ;  not  perverted. 

Jilore. 

UN-DIS-TRACT'ED,  a.  Not  perplexed  by  contra- 
riety or  confusion  of  thoughu,  desires,  or  concerns. 

Bcfiile. 

UN-DIS-TRACT'ED-LY,  adv.  Without  disturbance 
from  contrariety  of  thoughts  or  multiplicity  of  con- 
cerns. Boiile. 

UN-DIS-TRAGT'ED-NESS,  n.  Freedom  from  dis- 
turbance or  interruption  from  contrariety  or  multi- 
plicity of  thoughts  and  concerns.  Boyle. 

UN-DIS-TRIB'U-TED,G.    Not  distributed  or  allotted. 

UN-DIS-TURB'£D,  a.  Free  from  interruption ;  not 
molested  or  hindered ;  as,  undisturbed  with  com- 
pany or  noise. 

9.  Free  from  perturbation  of  raind;  calm;  tran- 
quil ;  placid  ;  serene  ;  not  agitated.  To  be  undis- 
turbed by  danger,  by  perplexities,  by  injuries  re- 
ceived, is  a  most  desirable  object. 

3.  Nut  agitated ;  not  stirred  ;  not  moved ;  as,  the 
surface  of  water  undisturbed.  Dnjden. 

UN-DIS-TURB'ED-LY,  adv.    Calmly ;  peacefully. 

Locke. 

UN-DiS-TURB'ED-NESS,  n.  Calmness;  tranquil- 
lity ;  freedom  from  molestation  or  agitation. 

UN-DI-S-TCRi:  U\G,  a.    Not  disturbing. 

UN.DI-VEUS'I-FI-£D,  a.  Not  diversified  ;  not  va- 
ried ;  uniform.  Roscoe. 

UN-DI-VERT'ED,  fl.  Not  diverted  ;  not  turned  aside. 
9.  Not  amused  ;  not  entertained  or  pleased. 

UN-DI-VID'A-iiLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  divided  ;  no: 
separable  ;  as,  an  undividablc  scene.  Shak. 

UN-DI-VID'ED,  a.     Not  divided ;   not  separated  or 
disunited;  unbroken;  whole;  as,  undivided  atten- 
tion or  aflections. 
9,  In  botany^  not  lobed,  cleff,  or  branched.     Cyc. 

UN-DI-VTD'ED-LY,  adv.    So  as  not  to  be  parted. 

Felt/iam. 

UN-DI-VoRC'£D,  C-de-vorsl',)  a.    Not  divorced. 

Younir. 

UN-DI-VULG'£D,  a.  Not  divulged  ;  not  revealed  or 
disclosed  ;  secret.  Belknap.     Robert^son. 

UN-DC,  V.  t. ;  pret.  Undid  ;  pp.  Undone.  To  reverse 
what  has  been  done  ;  to  annul ;  to  bring  to  naught 
any  transaction.  We  can  inido  many  kinds  of  work  ; 
but  we  can  not  undo  crimes,  errors,  or  faults. 

To-morrow,  ere  the  setlin^  sun, 

Sbc'd  all  undo  what  she  bad  doac.  Si^ifL 

2.  To  loose  ;  to  open  ;  to  take  to  pieces ;  to  un- 
ravel ;  to  unfasten  ;  to  untie  ;  as,  to  undo  a  knot. 

WaUer. 

3.  To  ruin  ;  to  bring  to  poverty ;  to  impoverish. 
Many  are  undone  by  unavoidable  losses  ;  but  more 
undo  themselves  by  vices  and  dissipation,  or  by  in- 
dolence, 

4.  To  ruin,  in  a  moral  sense  ;  to  bring  to  everlast- 
ing destruction  and  misery. 

5.  To  ruin  in  reputation. 

UN-DOCK^  V.  U  To  take  out  of  dock  ;  as,  to  undock 
a  ship.  Encyc. 

UN-DO'ER,  u.  One  who  undoes  or  brings  destruc- 
tion ;  one  who  reverses  what  has  been  done ;  one 
who  ruins  the  n  putation  of  another. 

UN-DO'ING,  ppr.  Reversing  what  has  been  done; 
ruining. 

UN-DO'iNG,  71.  The  reversal  of  what  has  been  done. 
2.  Ruin  ;  destruction.  Hooker. 


UN-DO-MES'TI€,  a.    Not  domestic. 
UN-DO-.MES'Tie-A-TED,c.    Not  domesticated  ;  not 
accustomed  to  a  family  Ijfc.  Chalmers 

2.  Not  tamed. 

UN-DONE',  fun-dun',)  pp.    Reversed :  lamulled. 
9.  Ruined ;  desUoyed. 
Wbeo  Ihc  IcgaUtur:  b  ccrroptcd,  (be  ^eofia  are  uttdor\t. 

J.  AdOBU. 

3.  fl.  Not  done ;    not  performed  ;    not  executed. 
We  are  apt  to  leave  undone  what  we  ought  to  do. 

UN-DOURT'ED,  (un-dout'ed,)  a.     Not  doubu-d  ;  n-.l 

called  m  quesliun  ;  indubitable;  indisputablt.- ■  a^- 

undoubted  proof;  undoubted  truth.  Milton 

UN-DOUIt'J'KD-LY,  (un^oul'edly,)  adv.     Without 

doubt;  without  question;  indubiubly.      Tdlottan 
UN-I)OUBT'Fi;L,  (un-dout'ful,)  a.     Not  doubtful: 

not  ambiguous  ;  plain  ;  evident.  Skak. 

UN-DOUBT'ING,  (un-dout'ing,)  a.     Nni  do..M*n^- 

not  hesitating  respecting  facts;  not  fit;  t  . 

uncertainty;  as,  an  um/^rufrlin^  believer  ,  ■■ 

ing  faith.  ji 

UN-I)OUBT'ING-LY,  adv.    Without  doubtjn- 
UN-DRaIN'£D,  a.      Not  drained;   not  freed    Ucm 

water. 
UN-DRA-MAT'ie.         \a.     Not  dramatic;   not  ac- 
UN-DUA-MAT'ie-AI>,  J     cording  to  the  rule*  of  ih.* 

drama,  or  not  suited  to  the  dmma.  Ymm". 

UN-DR.Ar'£D,  (-drapt',)  a.  Not  covered  with  drajxfn. 
UN-DRAWN',  a.    Not  drawn  ;  not  pulled  by  an  ti- 

tcrnal  force.  Mdtent. 

2.  Not  allured  by  motives  or  pcmjasion. 

3.  Not  uken  from  the  boi ;  as,  an  undraam  ticket. 
UN-DRE.VD'ED,  (un-drcd'cd,)  o.    Not  dreaded;  na 

feared.  -Viito». 

UN-DREAD'ING,  a.    Not  dreading  ;  fcaile^*. 
UN-DRii:A.M'£D,  a.    Not  dreamed  ;  not  thought  of. 

Skak. 
UN-DRESS',  V.  L    To  divest  of  clolbes  j  to  strip 

^ddiscn, 
2.  To  divest  of  ornaments,  or  the  attire  of  osten- 
tation ;  to  disrobe.  Prior. 
UN'DRESS,  71.    A  loose,  negligent  dress.     Drydnu 

9.  Among  soldiers^  dress  worn  when  not  on  duty. 
UN-DRESS'ED,  (un  drest',)  pp.    DivesUd  of  drew: 
disrobed. 

2.  a.  Not  dressed  ;  not  attired. 

3.  Not  prepared  ;  as,  meat  undressed. 

4.  Not  pruned  ;  not  trimmed  ;  not  put  in  order; 
as,  an  undressed  vineyard. 

UN-DRI'£:D,  (-dride',)  a.    Not  dried  ;  wet  j  moist ;  as, 
undried  cloth. 
2.  Not  dried ;  green  ;    as,  undried  hay ;   tmi/r;'"/ 

hops.  JJtcrrirr.i  : 

UN-DRILL'ED,  a.    Not  drilled. 

UN-DRINK'A-BLE,  a.    Not  drinkable. 

UN-DRIV'£N,  a.    Not  driven  ;  not  impelled.  Drydr:u 

UN-DROOP'ING,  a.  Not  drooping :  not  sinking ;  nt4 
despairing.  Thomsf^ 

UN-DROSS'^Y,  a.    Free  from  dross  or  recrement. 

P.    ■. 

UN-DROWN'£D,  a.    Not  drowned.  Skak. 

UN-Du'BI-TA-BLE,  a.  Not  to  be  donbled;  unques- 
tionable. 

[But  the  word  now  used  is  iNocBfTABLE-l 

UN-DuE',  a.  Not  due  ;  not  yet  demandable  by  right; 
as,  a  debt,  note,  or  bond  undue. 

2.  Not  right;  not  legal;  improper;  as,  an  uyidv 
proceeding. 

3.  Not  agreeable  to  a  rule  or  standard,  or  to  d   - 
not  proportioned  ;  excessive;  as,  an  undue  Tcpii^  :,. 
the  externals  of  religion  ;  an  undue  atLichmcnt  to 
fnrms  ;  an  undue  rigor  in  the  execution  of  law. 

UN-DuKE',  V.  t.     To  deprive  of  dukedom.       S^tlft 
UN'DU-LA-RY,  a.    [L.  unduta,  a  little  wavc.1 

Playing  like  waves;  waving.  Brovn. 

UX'DU-LATE,      I  a.     AVavy  ;  waved  obtnselv  »p.-ind 
UN'DU-La-TED,  \     down,  near  the  margin,  as  a  leaf 

or  corol.  Xcr.     SmiLh. 

UN'DU-LaTE,  r.  L    [L.  undvda,  a  little  wave  ;  undo, 

a  wave  ;  Low  L.  undulo.] 
To  move  back  and  forth,  or  up  and  down,  as 

waves;  to  cause  to  vibrate. 

Breath  vccalaed,  tb-tt  is,  rihratcd  and  undutated,         iIo'~i.' 

UN'DU-LaTE,  r.  i.  To  vibrate;  to  move  back  n:  : 
forth  ;  to  wave  ;  as,  undulatin<r  air.  Povt. 

UN'DU-La-TING,  ppr.    Waving  ;  vibrating. 
2.  a.    Wavy  ;  rising  and  falling. 

UNDU-La-TING-LY,  adv.    In  the  form  cf  waves. 

U\-DU-L.\'TION,  n.  [from  undulate.]  A  wnvin;: 
motion  or  vibnilion  ;  as.  the  undulations  of  a  fluid. 
of  water,  or  air;  the  undulations  of  sound.  Tht- 
undulations  of  a  fluid  are  propagated  in  concentric 
circles. 

2.  In  medicine^  a  particular  uneasy  sensation  of  an 
undulatorj-  motion  in  the  heart  Cye, 

3.  In  music,  a  rattling  or  jarring  of  <ound5,  .-._= 
when  discordant  notes  are  sounded  togeUier.  It  ;> 
called  also  Beat.  C  .-, 

4.  In  surirery,  a  certain  motion  of  the  mslier  if  in 
abscess  when  pressed,  which  indicates  its  fitness  (.  r 
openinir.  Cvr, 

UN'DU-LA-TO-RV,  a,  [from  undulaU.]  Moving  m 
the  manner  of  waves  ;  or  resembling  the  motion  of 


TCNE,  ByLL,  UNITE AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K ;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SII;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

'  TT99" 


UNE 

waves,  which  successively  rise  or  swell  and  fall.  We 
speak  of  the  undutatory  motion  of  water,  of  air,  or 
other  fluid,  and  this  undutatory  uiolion  of  air  is  sup- 
posed to  be  the  cause  of  sounds.  Tliis  is  sometimes 
called  vibratory ;  but  undutatory  seems  to  be  most 
correct. 

Undutatory  theory;  in  optics,  the  theory  that  the 
phenomena  of  li-jlit  are  produced  by  the  undulations 
of  an  independent  medium,  set  in  motion  by  the  lu- 
minous body  ;  opposed  to  the  theory  of  emanations^ 
accordinc  to  which  light  is  a  material  fluid  of  ex- 
treme suljtilly.  According  to  the  former  theory,  the 
fluid  is  only  the  medium  of  light,  as  air  is  the  me- 
dium of  sound,  and  the  impression  is  conveyed  from 
the  radiant  to  the  eye  by  successive  undulations  of 
this  medium;  according  to  the  latter,  the  motion  is 
simply  that  of  a  chain  of  particles  moving  in  right 
lines.  Olinsted. 

UN-DULL',  V.  t.  To  remove  dullness  or  obscurity  ;  to 
clear;  to  purify.     [J^otitsed.]  Whiiloct;. 

UN-Du'LY,  adv.     Not  according  to  duty  or  propriety. 
2.  Not   in  proper  proportion ;    excessively.      His 
strength  was  unduly  exerted. 

UN-DCR'A-ULE,  a.  Not  durable  ;  not  lasting,  [JV«( 
in  use.]  Arnway. 

UN-DUST',  V.  t.    To  free  from  dust.     [JVot  in  vse.] 

Mountag-ue. 

UN-DU'TE-OUS,  a.  Not  performing  duty  to  parents 
and  superiors  ;  not  obedient;  as,  an  unduieous  child, 
apprentice,  or  servant.  Dn/den. 

UN-Du'TI-FUL,  a.  Not  obedient;  not  performing 
duty;  as,  an  undutiful  son  or  subject.        TiUotson. 

UN^DO'TI-FUL-LY,  adv.  Not  according  to  duty  ;  in 
a  disobedient  manner.  Drylen. 

UN-DO'TI-FtJL-NEP^,  v.  Want  of  respect;  viola- 
tion of  duly  ;  disobedience  ;  as,  the  undutifnhiess  of 
children  or  subjects. 

UN-DT'ING,  a.    Not  dying;  not  perishing. 

2.  Not  subject  to  death  ;  immortal ;  as," the  undying 
souls  of  men. 

UN-EARN'£D,  (-ernd',)  a.  Not  merited  by  labor  or 
services. 

Hoping  Heaven  will  bless 
Thy  sliglif^d  fruits,  and  g-ivo  thec  biv.id  unearned.      Philips. 

UN-EARTH',  (un-crlh',)  v.  t.    To   drive   from    the 

earth  ;  to  uncover. 
UN-EARTH'ED,  (^rtht',)  a.      Driven  from    a  den, 

cavern,  or  burrow,  Thomson. 

UN-EARTH'LY,  (-erth'Ie,)  a.    Not  terrestrial,     Shak. 
UN-eAS'I-LV,  adv.     W'ith  uneasiness  or  pain. 

He  lives  UJteasihj  under  the  b-jrJen.  L'Eslran're. 


UNE 


UNE 


2.  Willi  (lifficulty;  not  readily. 
M-EAS'I-N'ESS,  n.      A  nincleniK 


TT      -  -  •  -  Boyle, 

UN-1£AS'I-N'ESS,  71.      \  nimlenite  degree  of  pain; 
restlessness;  want  of  ease;  disquiet. 

2.  Unquietness  of  mind  ;  moderate  an.xiety  <  r  per- 
turbation ;  disquietude. 

3.  That  which  makes  uneasy  or  givtyc  '.rouble  ; 
ruggedness ;  as,  the  uneasiness  of  llie  roaa.     iUnu- 

,•'"?.'•]    ,  Burnet. 

UN-E.\S'Y,  a.    Feelmg  some  degree  of  pain;  restless; 
disturbed  ;  unquiet.    The  patient  is  uneasy. 

2.  Giving  some  pain  ;  as,  an  uneani/  garment. 

3.  Disturbed  in  mind ;  somewhat  anxious  ;  un- 
quiet, lie  is  uneasy  respecting  the  success  of  his 
project. 


Tlie  eou),  uneasy  and  coufincd  from  home, 
Rests  and  eipauatcs  iu  a  life  to  come. 


Pope. 


4.  Constraining;  cramping;  as,  uneasy  rules 

Roscommon. 

5.  Constrained  ;  stiff;  not  graceful ;  not  easy  ;  as, 
an  uneasy  deportment.  Locke. 

6.  Giving  some  pain  to  others ;  disagreeable ;  un- 
pleasing. 

A  sour,  untraclaljlc  naliire  mokes  liim  untaty  to  those  who 
approacii  liim.  Relator. 

7.  Difficult. 

Tiling  —  BO  uneasy  la  be  satisfactorily  understootl.    [Not  in  use] 

Boyle. 

UN-EAT' A-BLE,  a.    Not  eatable  ;  not  fit  to  be  eaten. 

UN-EAT'£N,  a.     Not  eaten  ;  not  devoured. 

TTAT -K  *mTi,      ,        .  Clarendon. 

UN-EATH',  aiti:     [un  and  Sai.  cath,  easy.] 

1.  Not  easily,    l^'ot  in  use.]  Shai. 

2.  Beneath  ;  below.    [jVot  in  use.]    [See  Neither 
and  Beniath.]  Snen^er 

UN-EBB'ING,  a.     Notebbin-  'pen..eT. 


UN-ECH'O-ING,  (-ek'o-ing,)  a.    Not  echoins 
UN-E-eLIPS'£D,  C-klipst',)  ,..     Not  eclipsed  ;  not  ob- 
scured. 

n^f^n-^^K'ip--'^\^-    Not  economical.  Qu.  Reo. 
UN-EDT-F^-ING,  a.    Not   edifying;   not  improving 


to  the  mind. 


iprovji 

UN-ED'I-F5-ING-LY,  adv.  Not  in  an  ed"flVin'''man- 
ner. 

UN-ED'U-Ca-TED,  n.    Not  educated  ;  illiterate 

UN-EF.Fa'C£D,  (-f  asto',)  a.  Not  effaced  ;  not  oblit- 
erated. C/tame 

UN-EF-FECT'ED,  a.    Not  effected  or  performed. 

UN-EF-FECT'II-Al,  a.  Ineflectual.  [The  latter  is 
the  word  now  used.'l 

UN-E-LAB'OR  ATE,  a.  Finished  with  little  labor  or 
study. 


UN-E-LAS'TIC,  a.  Not  elastic ;  not  having  the  prop- 
erty of  recovering  its  original  state,  when  bent  or 
forced  out  of  its  form. 

UN-E-L  AS-TIC'I-TY,  n.    State  of  being  unelastic. 

UN-E-L.xT'ED,  a.     Not  elated  ;  not  puffed  up. 

UN-EL'l!f)\V-A'D,  a.  Not  attended  by  any  at  the  cl- 
bo"'-  Pope. 

UN-E-LECT'ED,  a.  Not  elected  ;  not  chosen  ;  not 
preferred.  .s/„,i-. 

UN-EL'E-GANT,  a.  Not  elegant.  [JWf  used.]  [See 
IneleoantJ 

UN-EL'I-GI-BLE,  a.  Not  proper  to  be  chosen  ;  ineli- 
gible.    [  TIte  latter  is  the  word  now  used.] 

UN-E-.MAN'cr-PA-TED,  a.  Not  emancipated  or  lib- 
erated frotii  slavery-. 

UN-EM-B.\LM'ivD,  a.     Not  einb.almed. 

UN-E.A!-BAK'UASS-iJD,  (-rast,)  a.  Not  embarrassed  ; 
not  perplexed  in  mind  ;  not  confused.  The  speaker 
appeared  unembarrassed. 

2.  Free  from  pecuniai-y  difficulties  or  encumbrances. 
He  or  his  properly  is  ujtembarrassed. 

3.  Free  from  perplexing  connection  ;  as,  the  ques- 
tion comes  before  the  court  unembarrassed  with  irrel- 
evant mtittcr. 

UN-E.M-BOD'I-£D,  a.  Free  from  a  corporeal  body  ; 
as,  uncmhndied  spirits.  Elliott. 

2.  Nut  embodied ;  not  collected  into  a  body ;  as, 
unemhoihed  militia.  Smollett. 

UN-EM-BROID'Elt-i!D,  a.    Not  embroidered.    Jlsh. 
UN-EM-PHAT'ie,  a.     H.iving  no  emphasis. 
UN-EM-PHAT'I€-AL-LY,  adv.    VVilliout  energy  or 

emphasis. 
UN-EiM-PLOY'£D,  a.    Not  employed  ;  not  occupied  ; 
not  busy  ;  at  leisure  ;  not  engaged.  .Addison. 

2.  Not  being  in  use ;    as,  unemployed  capital  or 
money. 
UN-EM-POW'ER-£D,  a.    Not  empowered  or  aullior- 

ized. 
UN-EMP'TI-A-BLE,  a.     Not  to  be  emptied ;   inex- 

liaustible.     [JVot  in  use.]  Hooker. 

UN-EM'lJ-LJi-TING,  a.     Net  emulating;  not  striving 

to  e.xcel.  Ruff/iead. 

UN-EN-CHANT'ED,   a.      Not  enchanted;    that   can 

not  be  enchanted.  JilUttm. 

UN-EN-e0UNT'ER-£D,  a.    Not  encount.tred. 
UN-EN-eUJI'BER,  v.  t.    To  free  from  encumbrance. 
UN-EN-eUM'BEll-£C,  pp.    Disengaged  from  encum- 
brance. 
2.  a.    Not  encumbered  ;  not  burdened. 
UN-EN-DEAR'i3D,  a.      Not  attended  with  endear- 
ment. Milton. 
UN-EN-DEAV'OR-ING,  f-dev'-,)  a.  Making  no  effort. 
UN-END'ED,  a.     Not  ended.                          Bentham. 
UN-END'ING,  a.     Not  ending.                   tf.Ji.Reo. 
UN-EN-Dl)W'£D,  a.     Not  endowed  ;  not  furnished  ; 
not  invested  ;  as,  a  man  unendowed  with  virtues. 

2.  Not  I'urnished  Willi  t'tinds ;   as,  an  unendowed 
college  or  hospital. 
UN-EN-DOR'A-BLE,  a.    Not  lobe  endured;  intoler- 
able. 
UN-EN-DuR'A-BLY,  adv.    So  .as  not  to  be  endured. 
UN-EN-DuR'ING,  a.    Not  lasting  ;  of  temporary  du- 
ration. Dwii'ht. 
UN-E-NERV'.\-TED,  a.      Not  enervated  or  weak- 
ened. Bcattie. 
UN-EN-FEF/BLiCD,  a     Not  enfeebled. 
U.\-E.\-G.xG'/;D,  a.    Not  engaged;  not  bound  by  cov- 
enant or  promise  ;  free  from  obligation  to  a  particu- 
lar person  ;  as,  a  lady  is  unengaged. 

2.  Free  from  attachment  that  "binds;  as,  her  affec- 
tions are  unenfraged. 

3.  Unemployed  ;  unoccupied  ;  not  busy. 

4.  Not  appropriated;  as,  7incai.ra^f(Z  revenues.  JWe 
generally  say,  unappropriated  revenue  or  money.] 

UN-EN-G.\G''ING,  a.    Not  adapted  to  engage  or  win 
tiie  ttttention  or  affections  ;  not  inviting. 

UN-EN"GLISH,  (-ing'glish,)  a.    Not  English. 

IVest.  Rev. 

UN-EN-JOY'iSD,  a.    Not  enjoyed  ;  not  obtained  ;  not 
possessed.  Dn/den. 

UN-EN-JOY'ING,  a.    Not  using;  having  no  frtiition. 

Creek. 

UN-EN-LXRG'£D,  a.    Not  enlarged  ;  narrow. 

Watts. 

UN-EN-LIGHT'EX-£D,  (Jit'nd,)  a.  i\ot  enlightened  ; 
not  illuminated.  .^ttcrburti. 

UN-EN-LIV'j:;.N-£D,  a.     Not  enlivened.        Jlfoorc 

UN-EN-SL.aV'£D,  a.     Not  enslaved  ;  free.    Addison. 

UN-EN-TAN"GLE,  (-tang'gl,)  i:  t.      To  free  from 
complication  or  perplexity  ;  to  disentangle.    Donne. 

UN-EN-TAN"GIjEn,  pp.    Disentangled. 

2.  a.  Not  entangled;  not  complicated;  not  per- 
plexed. 

UN-EN'TER-PEIS-I.\G,  a.      Not  enterprising;    not 
adventurous. 

UN-EN'TER-PRiS-ING-LY,  adv.  "Without  enterprise. 

UfI-EN-TER-T.xIN'ING,    a.       Not  entertaining  or 
amusing  ;  givinti  no  delight.  Pope. 

UN  E.\-TER:tA1N'1NG-LY,  adv.      Without    enter- 
tainment. 

UN-EN-TER-T.xIN'ING-NESS,  n.      Tiie  quality  of 
being  unentcrtaining  or  dull. 

UN-EN-THRALL'£D,  a.   Not  enslaved  ;  not  reduced 
to  thralldom. 


UN-EN-T0J1C'£D,  {-toDnid',)a.  Not  buried  ;  not  in- 
terred. TJrijdeu. 

UN-EN-TO-JIO-LOG'ie-AL,  a.    Not  entomological. 

Kirba. 

UN-E-NO'MEil-A-TED,  a.  Not  numbered ;  not  in- 
cltidetl  among  enumerated  articles. 

UN-EN'Vl-A-BLE,  a.     Not  enviable.  Bsron. 

UN-EN' VI-£D,  a.  Not  en\  ied  ;  exempt  from  the  envy 
of  others. 

UN-EN'VI-OUS,  a.    Not  envious  ;  free  from  envv. 

UN-EN'VY-ING,  a.    Not  envying.  Ed.  Ilii: 

UN-E-PlS'eO-PAL,  a.     Not  episcopal.  Kd.  Rrc. 

UN-EP'I-TAPI1-£D,  (-e-taft,)  a.     Having  no  epitaph. 

Pollok. 

UN-E'QUA-BLE,  a.  Different  from  itself;  different 
at  different  times;  not  uniform;  diverse;  as,  une- 
(juable  motions  ;  unequable  months  or  seasons. 

UN-K'aUAL,  a.     [L.  iiuequalL-^.]  [Dentleii. 

1.  Not  eqti.al;  not  even;  not  of  the  same  s"i;'.e, 
length,  breadth,  quantity,  &c. ;  as,  men  of  unequal 
stature  ;  houses  of  unequal  dimensions. 

2.  Not  equal  in  strength,  talents,  acquirements, 
&c.  ;  inferior. 

3.  Not  equal  in  age  or  station  ;  inferior. 

4.  Insufficient;  inadequate.  Ilis  strength  is  une- 
qual to  the  task. 

5.  Partial;  unjust;  not  ftirnishing  equivalents  to 
the  different  parties  ;  as,  an  unequal  peace ;  an  une- 

C.  Disproportioned  ;  ill-matched.        [qual  bargain. 

Against  unerjual  arms  to  ti 


I  [>ain. 


Millon. 


7.  Not  regular;  not  uniform;  ns,  unequal  pulsa- 
tions. Driidcn. 

8.  In  botaityj  not  having  the  two  snies  symmetri- 
caK  Lindlnj. 

UN-E'aUAL-A-BLE,  a.    Not  to  be  equ.aled.    Boj/,'. 

UN-E'QUAL-£D,  a.  Net  to  be  equaled  ;  unparal- 
leled ;  unrivaled  ;  in  a  good  or  bad  sense ;  as,  unc- 
qualed  excellence  ;  unequaled  ingratitude  or  baseness. 

-UN-E'aU.'iL-IA",  adv.  Not  equally  :  in  difi'erent  de- 
grees ;  in  disproportion  to  each  other. 

9.  Not  with  like  sentiments,  temper,  or  religious 
opinions  or  habits.    2  Cor.  vi. 

UN-E'aU.\I^NESS,  II.  State  of  being  unequ.al ;  in- 
equality. Temple. 

UN-E-QUIP'P£D,  C-kwipt',)  a.     Not  equipped. 

UN-EQ'UI-TA-BLE,  (-ek'we-ta-bl,)  a.  Not  equita- 
ble ;  not  just. 

2.  Not  impartial.  [Inequitable  is  generally 
used.] 

UN-E-UUIVO-CAL,  a.  Not  equivocal;  not  doubt- 
ful ;  clear  ;  evident ;  as,  unequieocul  evidence. 

2.  Not  ambiguous  ;  not  of  doubtful  signification  ; 
not  admitting  different  interpretations;  iis^  unequivo- 
cal words  or  expressions. 

UN-E-QUI  V'O-CAL-LY,  adv.  Without  doubt ;  with- 
out room  to  doubt ;  plainly  ;  with  full  eviilence. 

UN-E-aUlVO-CAL-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  un- 
equivocal. 

UN-E-RAD'I-€A-BI,E,  a.  Th.at  can  not  be  eradicated. 

Allen. 

UN-E-RAD'I-Ca-TED,  a.  Not  eradicated  ;  not  ex- 
terminated. 

UN-ER'RA-BLE,  a.     Incapable  of  erring;  infallible. 

Sheldon. 

UN-ER'EA-BLE-NESS,  u.     Incapacity  of  error. 

Decay  of  Piety. 

UN-ERR'ING,  a.  Committing  no  mistake  ;  incapable 
of  error ;  as,  the  unerring  wisdom  of  God. 

9.  Incapable  of  failure  ;  certain.  He  takes  unerr- 
ing  aim. 

UN-ERR' ING-LY,  arfe.    Without  mistake.    Olanrillc. 

UN-ES-CHEW'A-BLE,  a.  Unavoidable.  f.Vof  in 
use.]  Carew. 

UN-ES-eUTCU'EON-jED,  (-kuch'und,)  a.  Not  hav- 
ing a  cojtt  of  arms  or  ensign.  Ifordsworth. 

UN-ES-Pl'i!D,  (-es-plde',)  a.  Not  espied  ;  not  dis- 
covered ;  not  seen.  Dryden.       \ 

UN-ES-SAY'iD,  a.    Not  essayed  ;  uiialtempte'd. 

Milton. 

UN-ES-SEN'TIAL,  (-slial,)  a.  Not  essential ;  not 
absolutely  necessary  ;  not  of  prime  importance. 

2.  Not  constituting  the  essence. 

3.  Void  of  real  being  ;  as,  unessential  nicht. 

''Milton. 
UN-ES-SEN'TI,\L,  n.      Something  not  constituting 
essence,  or  not  of  absolute  necessity.     Forms  are 
among  the  unesscntials  of  religion. 
UN-ES-SEN'TIAI^LY,  arfi).     Not  essentinllv. 
UN-ES-T.AB'I.ISH,  v.  t.    To  unfix  ;  In  deprive  of  es- 
tablishment.    [Little  ttscd.]  Milton. 
UN-ES-TAB'I,ISH-£D,  a.    Net  .;itablished;  not  per- 
manently fixed. 
UN-Eu-eil.\-RIST'ie-AL,  a.     Not  eucharistical. 

Ee.  Rev. 
UN-E-V.\N-GEL'ie-,M-,  a.    Not  orthodox;    not  ac- 
cording to  the  cospel.  Milner. 
UN-E-VAIV'GEL-IZ-A'D,  a.    Not  evangelized. 
UN-E-VAP'0-Ra-TED,  a.    Not  evaporated. 

Coleridge. 
UN-E'V£N,  (un-G'vn,)  a.    Not  even;  not  level  ;   a?, 
an  uneven  road  or  way  ;  uneven  ground.      Addison. 
9.  Not  equal;  not  oi  equal  length. 

Hebrew  verse  consists  of  uneven  feet.  Feacham. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT — METE,  PBgy — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD. -NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BOOK.. 


J  800 


ONE 

3.  Not  uniform  ;  as,  an  uneven  temper. 
Cncren  number ;  a.  number  not  divisible  by  two 
wiiliout  a  remainder;  an  odd  number. 
r\-K'V£N-LV,  adc.    In  an  uneven  manner. 
rN-K'V£:X-N'ESS,  71.    surface  not  level ;  inequality 
of  surface  ;  as,  the  unevenncss  of  ground  or  of  roads. 

Rav. 

2.  Turbulence;  change;  want  of  uniformity ;  as, 
the  unevenness  of  King  Edward's  reign.    [Unusual.] 

Hale, 

3.  Want  of  uniformity  ;  as,  unecenness  of  temper. 

4.  Want  of  smoothness. 
UX-E-VE.\T'FUL,  a.     Not  eventful.  SouOiey. 
UN-EVa-TA-BLE,  a.    Not  to  be  escaped  ;  unavoida- 
ble.    [The  word  now  used  is  Inevitable.1 

U\-E-VOLV'£D,  pp.    Not  evolved. 

UN-EIX-ACT',  C-egz-,)  a.  Not  eiact.  [See  Inexact, 
which  is  generallv  used.] 

CN-EX-ACT'ED,  (-egz-,)  a.  Not  exacted  ;  not  taken 
by  force.  Dryden, 

UN-EX- AG'GER-A-TED,  a.     Not  exaggerated. 

Buckminster. 

UN-EX- AC 'GER-A-TING,  a.  Not  enlarging  in  de- 
scription. 

UN-EX-AM'IN-A-BLE,  a.  Not  to  be  examined  or  in- 
quired into  Jirdton. 

UN-EX-AM'IN-JCD,  a.  Not  examined ;  not  interro- 
gated strictly  ;  as  a  witne:rs.  ^ 

2.  Not  inquired  intoj  not  investigated  ;  as  a  ques- 
tion. 

3.  Not  di.'^cussed  ;  not  debated. 
UN-EX-AM'!N-ING,  a.    Not  examining  ;  not  given  to 

examination.  AUen. 

UN-EX-AM'PLED,  C-egz-,)  a.  Having  no  example  or 
similar  case  ;  having  no  precedent;  unprecedented; 
unparalleled  ;  as,  the  unexampled  love  and  sufferings 
of  our  Savior. 

UN-EX-CEPT'ED,  a.     Not  excepted.  Chalmers. 

UN-EX-CEP'TION-A-BLE,  c.  Not  liable  to  any  ex- 
ception or  objection  j  unobjectionable  ;  as,  unexcep- 
tionable cotiAuqI -^  unexceptionable  testimonv. 

UN-EX-CEP'TION-A-BLE-NESS,  n.  State  or  qual- 
ity of  being  unexceptionable.  Mure. 

UN-EX-CEP'TION-A-BLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  lia- 
ble to  no  objection  ;  as,  a  point  uneiceptionably 
proved. 

UN-EX-CTS'ED,  (eks-sTzd',)  a.  Not  charged  with  the 
dntj-  of  excise. 

UN-EX-CIT'ED,  a.    Not  excited  ;  not  roused.  Brown. 

U.V-EX-€LUD'ED,  a.     Not  excluded.     Wordswortlt. 

UN-EX-eLC'SIVE,  a.     Not  exclusive.        Ed.  Rer. 

UN-EX-eoG'I-TA-BLE,  a.  Not  to  be  found  out. 
[Aoi  in  use.]  Ralegh. 

UN-EX-eOM-iMCNI-CA-TED,  a.  Not  excommuni- 
cated. Scott. 

UN-EX-€CS'A-BLE,  a.  Not  excusable.   [We  now  use 

ISEXCCSABLE.] 

UN-EX-eCS'.\-BLE-NESS,  n.  Inescusableness, 
which    see. 

UN-EX'E-eU-TED,  a.  Not  performed;  not  done; 
as,  a  task,  business,  or  project  unexecuted. 

2.  Not  signed  or  sealed  ;  not  having  the  proper  at- 
testations or  forms  that  give  validity  ;  as,  a  contract 
or  deed  uneifcuted. 

UN-EX'EM-PLA-RY,  (-€gzS)a.  Not  exemplar}' ;  not 
according  to  example.  StcifL 

UN-EX-E.M'PLl-FI-£D,  (-egz-em'ple-f  Ide.)  a.  Not  ex- 
emplified ;  not  illustrated  bv  example.  Boyle. 

UN-EXEMPT',  C-egz-,)  a.  Not  exempt ;  not  free  by 
privilege.  Milton. 

UN-EX'ER-CIS-ED,  a.  Not  exercised  ;  not  practiced  ; 
not  disciplined  ;  not  experienced.  Dryden. 

UN-EX-ERT'ED,  (-egz-,)  a.  Not  called  into  action  ; 
not  exerted.  Brown. 

UN-EX-HAUST'ED,  C-egz  ,)  a.    Not  exhausted  ;  not 

drained  to  the  bottom,  or  to  the  last  article.  Addison. 

2.  Not  spent ;  as,  unexhau.^tcd  patience  or  strength. 

UN-EX-ISTENT,  (-esz-,)  a.    Not  existing.  Brown. 

UN-EX-IST'ING,  (-egz-,)  a.     Not  existing.     Brown. 

UN-EX'OR-CIS-ED,  a.  Not  exorcised  ;  not  cast  out 
by  exorcism. 

U.V-EX-PAND'ED,  a.    Not  expanded  ;  not  spread  out 

Bhtckmore. 

UN-EX-PEeT-A'TION,  n.  Want  of  foresight.  [,Vot 
in  U.H.]  Bp.  Hull. 

UN-EX-PECT'ED,  a.  Not  expected  ;  not  looked  for  ; 
sudden  ;  not  provided  againsL  Hookrr. 

UN-ED£:-PEeT'ED-LY,  adv.  M  a  time  or  in  a  man- 
ner not  exp<?cted  or  looked  for  ;  suddenly. 

UN-EX-PEeT'ED-NTESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
unexpected,  or  of  coming  suddenly  and  by  surprise. 

fVatls. 

UN  EX-PEC'TO-Ra-TING,  a.  Not  expectorating; 
not  discharging  from  the  lungs. 

UN-EX-PE'Dr-ENT,  a.  Not  expedient.  [But  Inex- 
pedient is  the  word  now  used.] 

UN-EX-PEND'ED,  a.  Not  expended  ;  not  laid  out. 
There  is  an  unexpended  balance  of  the  appropriation. 

U,\  EX-PENS'IVE,  a.    Not  expensive  ;  not  costly. 

Milton. 

UN-EX-Pk'RI-ENC-£D,  C-€ks-p€'re-enst,)  a.  Not 
experienced ;  not  versed  ;  not  acquainted  by  trial  or 
practice.  Dryden. 

2.  Untried  ;  applied  to  things.     {Unusual.]    Cheinte. 


UNF 


UNF 


UN-EX-PER-I-MEXT'AL,  a.    Not  experimental, 

Ed.  Rev. 

UN-EX-PERT',  a.    Wanting  skill ;  not  ready  or  dex- 
trous in  performance.  Prior. 

UN-EX-PERT'LY,  adv.    Inexpertly  ;  without  skill. 

UN-EX-PrR'i;D,  a.     Not  expired  ;  not  ended. 

UN-E.\-PLAlN'A-IJLE,(i.  That  can  not  Im  explained. 

Med.  Repos. 

UN-EX-PLa[N'£D,  a.     Not  e.\i.lained ;    not  inter- 
preted ;  not  illustrated. 

UN-EX-PLoR'£D,  a.    Not  explored  ;  not  searched  or 
examined  by  the  eye  ;  unknown. 
2.  Not  examined  intellectnallv, 

UN-EX-PLo'SIVE,  a.     Not  explosive. 

UN-EX-PoUT'ED,  a.    Not  exported  or  sent  abroad. 

UN-EX-PoS -ED,  a.   Nat  laid  open  to  view  ;  concealed. 

R.  O.  Harper. 
2.  Not  laid  open  to  censure. 

UN-EX-POUND'ED,  a.      Not    expounded ;    not  ex- 
plained. 

UN-EX-PRESS'£D,  C-eks-prest',)  a.    Not  expressed  ; 
nut  mentioned  or  namca  ;  not  exhibited. 

UN-EX-PRESS'I-BLE,  a.    That  can  not  be  expressed. 
[But  IvEi;i'BE93iBLE  is  the  wor;!  now  used.] 

UN-EX-PRESS'I-BLY,    ailv.       Inexpressibly.       {The 
latter  is  most  used,] 

UN-EX-PRESS'IVE 


xpressibly 
Not  having  the  power  of  ex- 


pressing. 
2.  Inexpressible  ;  unutterable.  Shak. 

UN-EX-PRESS'IVE-LY,  adv.  Inexpressibly;  unut- 
teialtly. 

UN-EX-PUNG'£I>,  a.    Not  expunged. 

UN-EX-TEND'ELt,  a.  Occupying  no  assignable 
space  ;  iiaving  no  dimensions  ;  as,  a  spiritual,  an  un- 
extended  substance.  Locke. 

UN-EX-TIN€T',  a.  Not  extinct;  not  being  de- 
stmved  ;  not  having  perished. 

UN-EX-TIN'GUISii-.\-BLE,  f-eks-ting'gwish-,)  a. 
That  can  not  be  exiinguishea ;  unquenchable;  as, 
unextinguiskable  fire. 

2.  That  can  not  be  annihilated  or  repressed  ;  as, 
an  unextinffuishablc  thirst  for  knowledge.  [But  Irf- 
EXTixGL'isiiABLE  IS  motc  generally  used.] 

UN-EX-TIN"GUrSfI-A-nLY,  adc.  In  a  manner  or 
decree  that  precludes  e.vtinctioit.  Jvkiuon. 

UN-EX-TIN"GUISII-EU,  C-eks-ting'gwisht,)  a.  Not 
extinguished;  not  quenched  ,  not  entirely  repressed. 

Ihydcn. 

UN-EX-TIR'P.\-TED,  a.  Not  extirpated  ;  not  rooted 
out. 

UN-EX-TORT'ED,  a.    Not  extorted  ;  not  wrested. 

T'N-EX-TRAeT'ED.  a.     Not  extracted  or  drawn  out. 

UN-FaD'ED,  a.      Nut  faded ;    not    having   lost  its 
strength  of  color. 
2.  Unwithered,  as  a  plant.  Dryden. 

UN-FaD'ING,  a.    Not  liable  to  lose  strength  or  fresh- 
ness of  coloring. 
2,  Not  liable  to  wither  ;  as,  unfading  laurels.  Pope. 

UN-FaD'ING-LY,  adc.     In  an  unfading  manner. 

UN-FaD'ING-NESS,«.  The  slate  or  quality  of  being 
unfading.  Hall. 

UN-F.\IL'.\-ULE,  a.   That  can  not  fail.   [jVor  in  use.] 

HaU. 

UN-FaIL'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  un- 
failable.     [Xot  in  use.]  Hall. 

UN-FaIL'ING,  fl.  Not  liable  to  fail;  not  capable  of 
being  exhausted;  as,  an  uH/at/in^"  spring;  unfailing 
sources  of  supply. 

2.  That  does  not  fail ;  certain ;  as,  an  uvfailing 
promise. 

UN-F.^IL'ING-LY,  adv.    Without  failure, 

UN-FAIL'ING-NES3, 71,  The  state  of  being  unfail- 
ing. Hall 

UN-F.^INT'ING,  a.  Not  fainting;  not  sinking;  not 
failing  under  toil.  Sandys. 

UN-FAIR',  a.  Not  honest;  not  impartinl  ;  disingenu- 
ous ;  using  trick  or  artifice  ;  as,  an  unfair  dealer. 

2.  Not  honest;  not  just;  not  equal;  as,  unfair 
practices. 

3.  Proceeding  from  trick  or  dishonesty  ;  as,  unfair 
advantages. 

UN-FAIR'LY'jatfi?.   Not  in  a  just  or  equitable  manner. 

Parnell. 

UxV-F.\IR'NES3,  n.  Dishonest  or  disingenuous  con- 
duct or  practice  ;  use  of  trick  or  artifice;  applied  to 
pC7-sims.     He  is  noted  for  his  unfairness  in  dealing. 

2.  Injustice;  want  of  equitableness ;  as,  the  un- 
fairness of  a  proceeding. 

UN-F.'vITH'FIIL,  a.  Not  obscr\'ant  of  promises, 
vows,  allegiance,  or  duly;  violating  trust  or  confi- 
dence; treacherous;  perfidious;  as,  an  unfaithfal 
subject ;  an  unfaitJiful  husband  or  wife  ;  an  unfaiLuful 
servant ;  an  unfaithful  bailee  or  agent. 

2.  Not  performing  the  proper  duty. 

My  fee:  through  wine  urfaiU'fut  to  Uicir  weight.  Pope. 

3.  Impious  ;  infidel.  Milton. 

4.  Negligent  of  duty  ;  as,  an  unfaithfd  workman. 
UN-FAITH'FUb-LY,  adv.    In  violation  of  promises, 

vows,  or  duty;  treacherously;  perfidiously.    Bacon. 

2.  Negligently;  imperfectly;  as,  work  un/iiii/i/uZ/y 

done. 

I7N-F.^ITH'Fl-JI^NESS,  n.     Neglect  or  violation  of 

vows,  promises,  allegiance,  or  other  duty  ;  breach  of 


confidence  or  trust  reposed;  perfidiouBnesi;  treacb- 
ery  ;  as,  the  unfatU^ulnest  of  a  subjtrct  to  Iju  prmce 
or  the  .stat<: ;  the  unfaithfulness  of  a  husband  to  his 
wife,  or  of  a  wife  to  her  hu-band  ;  the  vnfauAfuliuts 
of  an  agent,  Ber\'anl,  or  officer. 

UN-FAL'CA-TED,  a.  Not  curtailed  ;  having  no  de- 
ductions, Sieift 

VN-FALUES,a.    Not  fallen.  Younff. 

UN-FAI/LOVV-EI),  a.     Not  fallowed.  Pkdtps. 

UN-FAL'TER-ING,  a.  Not  faltering;  not  failing; 
not  hesitating. 

UN-FAL'TER-ING-LY,  adv.  Without  (alltring  ;  un- 
hesiLitingly, 

UN-FA-.MfL'IAR,  a.  Not  accutitomed  ;  not  common  ; 
not  rendered  agreeable  bv  frequent  use.       H'arton. 

UN-FA  .Mn.-IAR'I*rV,  n.    Want  of  familJanty. 

JoknMm. 

UN  FA-MIL'IAR-LY,  adc.     Not  familJariy. 

UN-FAS'CLV-A  TEI>,  a.     Not  fascinated. 

UN-FA.S'C'IN-A  TING,  a.     .\ui  fascinating. 

UN-FASH'ION-A-BLE,  a.  Not  fxfhionable  ;  n't  --- 
cording  to  the  prcvaihng  mode  ;  ait,  nn/ajAuin^ >> 
dress  or  language. 

2.  Not  regulating  dress  or  manners  according  to 
the  reigning  custom  ;  aj<,  an  unfojAumahte  man. 

U\-FASH'tO\-A-BLE-NESS,  n.  .Vcglect  of  the  pre- 
vailing mode  ;  deviation  from  reigning  custom. 

Lodu. 

UN-FASH'ION-A-BLY,  adv.  Not  according  to  Ibe 
fashion  ;  as,  to  be  unfashtonah'.y  dresKd. 

UN-F.\SirK>N-£D,  a.  Not  moilified  by  art ;  amor- 
phous ;  shapeless  ;  not  having  a  regular  form  ;  as,  a 
lifeless  lump  unfashioned.  Dryden.     Oood. 

UN-FaST',  a.     Not  safe  ;  not  secure. 

UN-FA  ST'ivN,  C-ris'n,)  r.  (.  To  loose  ;  to  unfix  ;  to 
unbind  ;  to  untie. 

UN-FAST'EN-ED,  pp.    Loosed  ;  untied  ;  unfixed. 

UN-FXST'ING,  a.     Not  fasting. 

UN-FA'THF.R-£D,  a.     Fatherless.  Shak. 

UN-FA 'THER-LY,  a.  Not  becoming  a  father;  un- 
kind. CotDper. 

UN-FATH'O^I-A-BLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  sounded 
by  a  line  ;  as,  an  unfathomable  lake.  Jidduon, 

2.  So  deep  or  rcinute  thai  the  limit  or  extent  can 
not  be  found.  The  designs  of  Providence  are  ofl«n 
unfuthomahle. 

UN-FAT H'OM-.VBLE-NESS,  n.  The  stale  of  being 
unfaihomable.  /Corris. 

UN-FATH'OM-A-BLY,  adv.  So  as  not  to  be  capable 
of  being  sounded.  Thom^c^.. 

UN-FATH'OM-ED,    a.      Not    sounded;   not    t. 
sounded.  Dns<: 

UN-FA-TlGU'i:D,  C-fa-teegd',)  o.  Not  wearied  ,  u^a 
tired.  PkUtps. 

UN-FAUL'TY,  a.    Free  from  fault ;  innocent. 

MiUim. 

UN-Fa'VOR-A-BLE,  a.  Not  favorable;  not  propi- 
tious; not  disposed  or  adapted  to  rountenanro  or 
support.  We  found  tJie  ministi-r's  opinion  unfjrora- 
ble  to  our  project.  The  committee  made  a  report  kx- 
fav'/rable  to  the  petitioner. 

2.  Not  propitious  ;  not  adapted  to  promote  any  ob- 
ject ;  as,  weather  unfavorable  for  harvest. 

3.  Not  kind  ;  not  obliging. 

4.  Dit-couragins  ;  as,  unfavorable  prospects. 
UN-FA'VOR-A-BLE-NESS,n.  Unpropitiousness ;  un- 

kindncss;  waul  of  disposition  to  countenance  or 

promote. 
UN-FA' VOR-A-BLY,aifc.  Unpropitiously  ;  unkindly  ; 

so  as  not  to  countenance,  support,  or  promotv  ;  in  a 

manner  to  discourage. 
UN-FA' V0R-/;D,  o.  "Not  favored  ;  not  aisisled. 

Goldsmith. 
UN-FE.\R'i:D,  a.    Not  affrighted  ;  not  daunted, 

B.  Jonson. 
2._Nol  feared  ;  not  dreaded,  Mdlun. 

UN-FeAR'FUL,  a.    Not  fearful ;  courageous. 
U\-FkAR'ING,  o.     Not  fearing.  MoTttsoiaeni. 

UN-FkAR'L\G-LY,  adc.     Without  fear.    Ceteridgt. 
UN-FkAS'I-BLE,  a.    That  can  not  be  done;  imprac- 
ticable. 
UN-FEATH'ER-ED,  a.      Having  no  feathers;    un- 

Iledged  ;  implumous;  naked  of  feathers.    Dnidezx. 
UN -Fe AT' UR-JSD,  a.    Wanting  regular  fei  lure?  :  tic 

formed. 

ViaA^e  rough, 
Deformoit,  unjeatared. 


UN-FED',  a.    Not  fed  : 


not  supplied  with  ft>(>d. 

Sprnser. 
UN-FEED',  a.    Not  feed  ;  not  retained  by  a  fee. 

2.  Uni>aid  ;  as,  an  nnfeed  lawver.  S\ak. 

UN-FEEL'ING,  a.     Insensible  ;  void  of  sensibility. 

2.  Cruel ;  hard. 
UN-FEEL'ING-LY,  adv.    In  an  unfeeling  or  cniel 

manner. 
UN-FEEL'ING-NESS,  n.     Insensibility  ;  hardness  of 

heart ;  cnieltv.  Danctn. 

UN-FEIGN'£I>,  C-find',)  a.    Not  feigned  ;  not  coun- 
terfeit ;   not   hypocritical  ;   real  ;    sincere  ;    as,    kx- 
frifrnrd  piety  to"  God  ;  «»/«n>nc<f  love  to  man. 
UN-FfilGN'ED-LY,  adv.     Without  hypiKrrisy  :  rtaHy : 
sincerely. 

He  panloreih  si!  them  tfnt  twly  rep«it.  Mid  ur  ■- 
bis  bwly  roepd.  >- 


TCNT:,  BIJLL,  IJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS,-e  as  K;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


15] 


1201 


UNF 

U.\-FE-LtC'I-TA-TING,  a.  Not  producing  felicity. 
[Uuti.-'ual.]  J.  Lathrop. 

I'N-FEL'LoW-ED,  a.     Not  matched. 

U\-FKLT',  u.     Not  felt;  not  perceived.         Dnjdm. 

Ui\-I-'i--L.\l'I-i\INE,  a.  Not  ffminine;  not  according  to 
the  ft-niale  ciianicier  or  manners.  Roberts. 

UN-FEi\'CE',  (-fens',)  v.  U  To  strip  of  fence  ;  to  re- 
move a  fence  from.  South. 

UN-FENC'£D,  (-fenst',)  pp.    Deprived  of  a  fence. 
2.  a.    Not  fenced  ;  not  inclosed  ;  defenseless ;  as, 
a  tr.icl  of  land  utifcnced. 

UN-FER-MENT'ED,  a.  Not  fermented;  not  having 
underfjoiie  the  process  of  fermentation  ;  as  liquor. 

2.  Not  leavened  ;  as  bread. 
UN-FER'TILE,  (-fer'ti!,)  a.    Not  fertile;   not  rich; 

not  having  the  qualities  necessary  to  the  production 
of  good  crops. 
9.  Barren;  unfVuitfuI;  bare;  waste. 

3.  Not  prolific. 

[This  word  is  not  obsolete,  but  Infertile  is  much 
used  instead  of  it.] 
UN-FER'TILE-NESS,  n.    State  of  being  unfertile. 

Johjison. 
UN-FET'TER,  v.  t.     To  loose  from  fetters;  to  un- 
chain ;  to  uni^hackle. 

2.  To  free  from  restraint ;  to  set  at  liberty ;  as,  to 
unfetter  the  mind. 
UN-FET'TER-£D,   pp.      Unchained  ;    unshackled  ; 
freed  from  restraint. 
2.  a.    Not  restrained. 
UN-FET'TER-ING,  ppr.      Unchaining;   setting  free 

from  restraint. 
UN-FIG'IJR-£D,  a.    Representing  no  animal  form. 

n^otton. 
UN-FIL'IAL,  (-fil'yal,)  a.    Unsuitable  to  a  son  or 

child;  undutitui;  not  becoming  a  child.  Sluik. 

UN-FIL'IAU-LY,  adv.    In  a  manner  unbecoming  a 

child. 
UN  FILL'£D,  a.    Not  filled ;  not  fully  supplied. 

Taijlor. 
UN-FILM'ED,  a.    Not  covered  with  a  film. 

Brit.  Spij. 
UN-FIN'ISH-ED,  (un-fin'isht,)  a.     Not  finished  ;  not 
complete  ;  not  brought  to  an  end  ;  imperfect ;  want- 
ing the  last  hand  or  touch;  as,  an  wijinished  house  ; 
an  iiniinished  painting.  Dryden. 

UN-FIR'ED,  a.    Not  fired  ;  not  inflamed. 
UN-FIRM',  a.    [See  Firm.J     Not  firm;  weak;  fee- 
ble ;  infirm. 

J\roic.  —  When  we  speak  of  the  weakness  of  the 
human  frame,  we  use  Infibm.    When  we  speak  of 
the  weakness  of  other  things,  as  a  bridge,  wall,  and 
the  like,  we  say,  it  is  Unfirm. 
2.  Not  stable  ;  not  well  fixed. 

Wilh  feet  unfirm.  Dryden. 

UN-FIRM'NESS,  71.    A  weak  state  ;  instability. 

UN-FIT',  a.     Not  fit;  improper;  unsuitable.     Milton. 
2.  Unqualified  ;  as,  a  man  unfit  for  an  office. 

UN-FIT',  V.  (.  To  disable;  to  make  unsuitable;  to 
deprive  of  the  strength,  skill,  or  proper  qualities  for 
any  thing.    Sickness  unfits  a  man  for  labor. 

2.  To  disqualify  ;  to  deprive  of  the  moral  or  men- 
tal qualities  necessary  for  any  thing.  Sin  unjits  us 
for  the  society  of  holy  beings. 

UN-FIT'LY,  adv.     Not  properly  ;  unsuitably. 

UN-FIT'NESS,  n.  Want  of  suitable  powers  or  quali- 
fications, physical  or  moral  ;  as,  the  unfitness  of  a 
sick  man  for  labor,  or  of  an  ignorant  man  fur  ofiice; 
the  unfitness  of  sinners  for  the  enjoyment  of  heaven. 
2.  Want  of  propriety  or  adaptation  to  character  or 
place  :  as,  unfitness  of  behavior  or  of  dress. 

UN-FIT'TED,  pp.  Rendered  unsuitable;  disquali- 
fied. 

UN-FIT'TING,  ;?pr     Rendering  unsuitable ;  disqual- 
ifying. 
2.  a.    Improper;  unbecoming. 

UN-FIX',  r.  t.    To  loosen  from  any  fastening;  to  de- 
tach from  any  thing  that  holds ;  to  unsettle ;  to  un- 
hinge ;  as,  to  unfix  the  mind  or  affections. 
2.  To  make  fluid  ;  to  dissolve. 

Nor  can  Uie  rising  sun 
Unfix  iheir  frosts.  Dryden. 

UN-FIX'ED,  (-fikst',)  pp.    Unsettled  ;  loosened. 

2.  a.  Wandering;  erratic;  inconstant ;  having  no 
settled  habitation. 

3.  Having  no  settled  view  or  object  of  pursuit. 
UN-FIX'ED-NESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  unsettled. 
UN-FIX'ING,  ppr.    Unsettling;  loosening. 
UN-FLAG'GING,  a.      Not   llapging  j   not  drooping; 

maintaining  strength  or  spirit.  South. 

UN-FLAT''rER-£T),  a.     Not  flattered.  Younrr. 

UN-FLAT'TER-ING,  a.  Not  flattering;  not  gratify- 
ing wilh  obsequious  behavior  ;  not  coloring  the  truth 
to  please. 

2.  Not    affording  a  favorable    prospect ;    as,   the 
weather  is  unfiatterintr. 
UN-FLAT'TER-ING-LY,  ado.     Without  flntterj*. 
UN-FLAW'£I),  (-flawd',)  a.     Having  no  flaw. 
UN-FLEDG'£D,  a.    Not  yet  furnished  wilh  feathers  ; 
itnplnmous  ;  as,  an  unfirdircd  bird. 
2.  Young ;  not  having  attained  to  full  growth. 

Shali. 
UN-FLESH'Ji:D,  (-flesht',)  a.    Not  fleshed  ;   not  sea- 


UNF 

soned  to  blood;  raw;  as,  an  unfi.eshed  hound;  un- 

fieshed  valor.  Shak. 

UN-FLINCH'ING,  a.    Not  flinching;  not  shrinking; 

determined.  Allen, 

UN-FHT'TING,  a.    Not  flitting.  E.  Irving. 

UN-FLOW'ER-ING,  a.    Not  flowering.    Montgomery. 
UN-FOIL'£D,  a.    Not  vanquished ;  not  defeated. 

Temple. 
UN-F5LD',  V.  t.    To  open  folds  ;  to  expand  ;  to  spread 

out. 

2.  To  open  any  thing  covered  or  close ;  to  lay  open 
to  view  or  contemplation  ;  to  disclose  ;  to  reveal ;  as, 
to  unfold  one's  designs ;  to  unfold  the  principles  of  a 
science. 

3.  To  declare ;  to  tell ;  to  disclose. 

Unfold  die  passion  of  my  love.  Shak. 

4.  To  display  ;  as,  to  unfold  the  works  of  creation. 

5.  To  release  from  a  fold  or  pen;  as,  to  unfold 
sheep.  Skak. 

UN-FoLD'ED,  pp.  Opened;  expanded;  revealed; 
displayed  ;  released  from  a  fold. 

UN-FoLD'ING,  ppr.  Opening;  expanding;  disclos- 
ing; displaying;  releasing  from  a  fold. 

UN-FoLD'ING,  n.  The  act  of  expanding,  displaying, 
or  disclosing;  disclosure. 

UN-FOL'LoW-£D,  a.     Not  followed.  Scott. 

UN-FOOL',  V.  t.     To  restore  from  folly.     [J<^ot  in  itse.] 

UN-FOR-BEaR'ING,  a.    Not  forbearing. 

UN-FOR-BID',  I  a.    Not  forbid  ;  not  prohibited  ; 

UN-F0R-BID'D£N,  )      applied  to  persons.      Milton. 
2.  Allowed  ;  permitted  ;  legal ;  applied  to  things. 

UN-FOR-BID'D£N-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
unforbidden.     [JVot  in  use.]  Boyle. 

UN-Forced,  (-farst',)  a.  Not  forced  ;  not  com- 
pelled ;  not  constrained.  Dryden. 

2.  Not  urged  or  impelled.  Donne. 

3.  Not  feigned  ;  not  higlitened  ;  natural ;  as,  un- 
forced passions;  iHi/orcetZ  expressions  of  joy. 

4.  Not  violent ;  easy ;  gradual ;  as,  an  easy  and 
unforced  ascent.  Dcnluiin. 

5.  Easy  ;  natural ;  as,  an  unforced  posture. 
UN-FOR'CI-BLE,  a.    Wanting  force  or  strength  ;  as, 

an  nnforciblc  expression.  Hooker. 

UN-FoRD'A-BLE,  a.  Not  fordable ;  that  can  not  be 
forded,  or  passed  by  wading ;  as,  an  unfordahlc 
river.  Whktiker. 

UN-FoRE-B(5D'ING.  a.    Giving  no  omens.      Pope. 

UN-FoRE-KNOWN'^,  a.  Not  previously  known  or 
foreseen.  Milton. 

UN-FoRE-SEE'A-BLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  foreseen. 
[M  bad  word,  and  not  in  tise.]  South. 

UN-FoRE-SEEN',  a.    Net  foreseen  ;  net  foreknown. 

Driidcn. 

UN-FoRE-SEE'ING,  a.    Not  foreseeing.         Soutiu 

UN-FoRE'SKIN-N iCD,  a.    Circumcised.     [Bad.] 

UN-FoRE-TOLD',  a.     Not  predicted.  [Mdton 

UN-FoRE-WARN'£D,  a.  [See  Wars.]  Not  pre- 
viously warned  or  admonished. 

UN-FOR'FEIT-ED,  a.     Not  forfeited.  Ro>^crs. 

UN-FOK-GET'FUL,  a.     Not  forgetful.  Ifilson. 

UN-FOR-GIV'£N,  a.     Not  forgiven  ;  not-pardoned. 

UN-FOR-GIV'ING,  a.  Not  forgiving  ;  not  disposed  to 
overlook  cc  pardon  offenses  ;  implacable.     Dryden. 

UN-FOR-GOT',  )  a.      Not  forgot ;    not    lost    to 

UN-F0R-GOT'T£N,  (      memory.  KnoUes. 

2.  Not  overlooked  ;  not  neglected. 

UN-FORM',  V.  t.  To  destroy  ;  to  unmake  ;  to  decom- 
pose or  resolve  into  parts.  Oood. 

UN-FORM'AL,  a.     Not  formal.  Blackwood. 

UN-FORM'jED,  pp.  Decomposed  or  resolved  into 
paits. 

2.  a.  Not  molded  into  regular  shape  ;  as,  xinformed 
matter.  Spectator. 

UN-FOR-SAK'i^N,  a.  Not  forsaken;  not  deserted; 
not  entirely  neglected. 

UN-FOR'TI-FI-£D,  (-fide,)  a.  Not  fortified;  not  se- 
cured from  attack  by  walls  or  mounds.  Pope. 

2.  Not  guarded  ;  not  strengthened  against  tempta- 
tions or  trials  ;  weak  ;  exposed  ;  defenseless ;  as,  an 
unfortified  mind. 

3.  Wanting  securities  or  means  of  defense. 

Collier. 

UN-FOR'TU-NATE,  a.  Not  successful ,  not  pros- 
perous ;  as,  an  u7ifortunate  adventure  ;  an  unfortunate 
voyage  ;  unfortunate  attempts  ;  .in  unfortunate  man  ; 
an  unfortunate  commander  ;  unfortunate  business. 

UN-FO'R'Tt[-NATE-LY,  adv.  Without  success;  un- 
successfully ;  unliappily.  The  scheme  unfortunately 
miscarried. 

UN-FOR'TQ-NATE-NESS,  n.  111  luck  ;  ill  fortune  ; 
failure  of  success.  Sidney. 

UN-FOS'SIL-TZ  £D,  a.     Not  fossilized. 

UN-FOS'TER  ED,  a.    Not  fostered  ;  not  nourished. 
2.  Not  countenanced  by  favor  ;  not  patronized. 

UN-FOUGIIT',  (-fawf.)  a.     Not  foucht.        Knolles. 

UN-FOUL'£D,  a.  Not  fouled ;  not  polluted  ;  not 
soiled;  not  coiTupted  ;  pure.  Young. 

UN-FOUND',  a.     Not  found  j  not  met  witli. 

Dryden. 

UN-FOUND'ED,  a.  Not  founded  ;  not  built  or  estab- 
lished. 

2.  Having  no  foundation;  vain;  idle;  as,  un- 
founded expectations. 


UNO 

UN-FOUND'ED-LY,  adv.  In  an  idle  or  unfounded 
manner. 

UN-FRa'GRANT,  a.    Not  fragrant. 

UN-FRaM'A-BLE,  g.  Not  to  be  framed  or  molded. 
[.W't  in  use.]  Hooker. 

UN-FRaM'A  BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  not  be- 
ing framable,     [JVot  in  use.]  Sanderson. 

UN-FRAM'£D,  a.    Not  framed ;  not  fitted  for  erec- 
tion ;  as,  unframed  timber. 
2.  Not  formed  ;  not  constructed  ;  not  fashioned. 

Dryden. 

UN-FRA-TER'NAL,  a.    Not  brotherly. 

UN-FRA-TER'NAL-LY,  adv.  In  an  unbrotherly 
manner. 

UN-FREE',  a.    Not  free;   as,  un/rM  peasants.  Tooke. 

UN-FRE'aUEN-CY,  n.  The  stale  of  being  unfre- 
quent^  Cowper. 

UN-FRe'Q.UENT,  a.  Not  frequent;  not  common; 
not  happening  often  ;  infrequent.  Brown. 

UN-FRE-aUENT',  v.  t.  To  cease  to  frequent.  [A'^i 
in  use.]  Philips. 

UN-FRE-aUENT'ED,  a.  Tlarely  visited  ;  seldom  re- 
sorted to  by  human  beings  ;  as,  an  unfrequented  place 
or  forest.  Jiddison. 

UN-FRii'aUENT-LY,  adv.    Not  often  ;  seldom. 

Brown. 

UN-FRI'A-BLE,  a.    Not  easily  crumbled.       Paley. 

UN-FRIEND',  j(.     One  not  a  friend.     [Bad.]     Scott.    , 

UN-FRIEND'ED,  (un-frend'ed.)  a.  Wanting  friends  ; 
not  coutitenancen  or  supported.  Shak. 

UN-FRIENIVLI-NESS,  (-frend'Ie-ness,)  n.  Want  of 
kindness ;  di:^favor.  BoyJe. 

UN-PRIEND'LY,  a.  Not  friendly  ;  not  kind  or  be- 
nevolent; as,  an  unfriendly  neighbor. 

2.  Not  favorable  ;  not  adapted  to  promote  or  sup- 
port anv  object ;  as,  weather  unfriendly  to  health. 

UN-FRIEND'SHIP,  n.    State  of  being  unfriendly. 

Scott. 

UN-FROCK',  V.  t.    To  divest.  Hurd. 

UN-FUOCK'JED,  (-frokt',);>p.    Divested  of  a  gown. 

UN-FRoZ'£N,  a.    Not  frozen  ;  not  congealed.  Boyh. 

UN-FRU'GAL,  a.  Not  frugal;  not  saving  or  econom- 
ical, 

UN-FRuIT'FUL,  a.  Not  producing  fruit;  barren; 
as,  an  unfruitful  tree. 

2.  Not  producing  offspring;  not  prolific;  barren; 
as,  an  unfruitful  female. 

3.  Not  producing  good  effects  or  works ;  as,  an  un- 
fruitful life. 

4.  Unproductive ;    not  fertile ;    as,  an  uiifruitful 
soil. 

UN-FRuIT'FIJL-LY,  adv.    Without  producing  fruit. 

UN-FRUIT'FJJL-NESS,  n.  Barrenness ;  intecundi- 
ty  ;  unproductiveness  ;  applied  to  persons  or  thiuirs. 

UN-FRUS'TRA-BLE,  a.     That  can  not  be  frustrated. 

Edwards. 

UN-FyL-FILL'i:D,  a.  Not  fulfilled;  not  accom- 
plished ;  as,  a  prophecy  or  prediction  unfulfilled. 

UN-PuM'£D,  a.    Not  fumigated. 

2.  Not  exhaling  smoke  ;  not  burnt.  Milton. 

UN-FUND'ED,  a.  Not  funded;  having  no  permanent 
funds  for  the  payment  of  its  interest ;  as,  an  unfunded 
debt.  Hamiiton. 

UN-FURL',  V.  t.  To  loose  and  unfold;  to  expand;  to 
open  or  spread  ;  as,  to  unfurl  sails. 

UN-FURL'ivD,  pp.     Unfolded  ;  expanded. 

UN-FURL'ING,  ppr.     Unfolding  ;  spreading. 

UN-FUR'NItfH,  V.  t.    To  strip  of  furniture;  to  di- 
vest ;  to  strip. 
9.  To  leave  naked.  Shale. 

UN-FUR'NISH-£D,  f-fur'nisht,) pp.  Stripped  of  fur- 
niture ;  degarnished. 

UN-FUR'N[SH-£D,  C-fur'nisht,)  a.  Not  furnished; 
not  supplied  with  furniture  ;  as,  an  unfurnished  room 
or  house. 

2.  Unsupplied  with  necessaries  or  ornaments. 

3.  Empty  ;  not  supplied. 
UN-FuS'-ED,  a.    Not  fuzed  ;  not  melted. 
UN-FOS'I-BLE,   a.      Infusible.      [The  laUcr  xoord  is 

^enernlhj  tiscd.] 

UN-GaIN'A-BLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  gained.  [Lit- 
tle jwf(/.l  Pierce. 

UN-GaIN'FUL,  a.    Unprofitable;  not  producing  gain. 

nail. 

UN-GaIN'FIJL-LY,  adv.     Unprofitably. 

UN-GaIN'L'I-NESS,  n.     Clumsiness;  awkwardness. 

UN-GaIN'LY,  a.     [Sax.  ungwgnc.] 

Not  expert  or  dextrous  ;  clumsy  ;  awkward  ;  un- 
couth ;  as,  an  ungainly  strut  in  walking.        Swift. 
[I  believe  Uncain  is  not  used.] 

UN-GAL'LANT  or  UN-GAL-LANT',  a.  Not  gallant. 
[See  Gallant,}  Ed.  Rev. 

UN-GAL'LANT-LY  or  UNGAL-LANT'LY,  adv. 
Not  gallantly. 

UN-GALL' £D,  a.    Unhurt ;  not  called.  Shalt. 

UN-GXR'LAND-ED,  a.    Not  crowned  with  a  garland. 

Mrs.  Butler. 

UN-GAR'NISH-£D,  (-giir'nisht,)  a.  Not  garnisjied  or 
furnislied  ;  unadorned. 

UN-GAR'RI-S0N-£D,  a.  Not  garrisoned;  not  fur- 
nished with  troops  for  defense. 

UN-GXR'TER-£D,  a.     Being  without  garters.  Shd:. 

UN-GATH'ER-1:D,  a.  Not  gathered;  not  cropped; 
nut  picked.  Dryden. 


FATE,  FaU,  fall,  WHAT.— SIkTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.— 


UNG 

UN-GeAR%  c.  (.    To  unharness  ;  to  strin  of  cear. 
L;X-GEAU'£p,  pp.    Unharnessed. 
I    ^-i-^'^J^^^f^'^P*  PP''-    Stripping  of  harness  or  gear. 
.    L  N-GE\  ER-A-TED,  a.    Having  no  beginning  :  uu- 
!       begotten.  RaU'rh. 

I  X-OEL\  ER-A-TIVE,  a,  Not  capable  of  begetting  a 
child;  a>,  "a  motion  that's  un^merative,"  i.  e.,  a 
mere  puppet,  mcapable  of  generation.  Sliak. 

UN-OEX'ER-OUS,  a.  Not  of  a  noble  mind  ;  not  lib- 
eral; applied  to  pcrsoius;  as,  an  ungetierojis  man  or 
prince. 

2.  Not  noble  ;  not  libera) ;  applied  to  things ;  as,  an 
ungenerous  act.  Pope. 

3.  Dishonorable;  ignominious. 

The  victor  nerer  wOl  uopose  oo  Cato 

Ungemroua  terms.  Addison. 

UX-GEN'ER-OUS-LY,  adc.  Unkindly;  dishonora- 
bly. _ 

UN-Ge'NI-AL,  o.  Not  favorable  to  natiu-e  or  to  nat- 
ural growth  J  as,  ungeiiial  air  j  ungenial  soils. 

S-jU'en  seas  thai  washed  th'  ungciual  pole.  Thomson. 

UN-GEN-TEKL',  a.     Not    genteel;    used  of  persons ; 
not  consistent  with  polite  manners  or  good  breed- 
;        in*;  used  of  Tnnnners. 

UX-CEX-TEEL'LY,  Gifr.    UncivUly;  not  with  good 
'       manners. 

'   UX-GEX'TLE.  a.    Not  gentle ;  harsh  :  rude.     SliaJc. 
I   U\-GEX'TLE-MAX-LlkE,a.    Not Uke  a  gentleman. 

„      ^  Chesterfield. 

I   UX-GEX'TLE-MAN-LI-NESS,  71.    The  quality  of  be- 
j       ing  unsentlenianlike.  Quart.  Rev. 

I   UN-GEX'TLE-iLVN-LY,  o.    No*,  becoming  a  genUe- 
'       imn.  I 

UN-GEX'TLE-NESS,n.    Want  of  gentleness;  har^h- 
1       ness :  severity ;  rudene.s3.  Tusser.      I 

•2.  Unkindness  ;  incivility.  SJiak. 

UN-GEN'TLY,  adc.      Harshly;  with  severity;  rude- 
ly- Shali. 
UX-6E-0-3JET'RI€-AL,  a.      Not  agreeable   to  the 

riiles  of  aeometrv.  Ckame. 

UX-GIFT'ED,  a.  Not  gifted;  not  endowed  with  pe- 
culiar faculties.  .^rbuthnoL 

rX-GILT'       *  (  °'    ^°^  silt  j  not  overlaid  with  gold. 

UX-GlLD'iXG,  a.    Not  gilding. 

UX  GIRD',  (-gurd',)  r.  (.     [See  Gird.]  Toloose  from 

a  inrdle  or  band  ;  to  unbind.     Gen.  xxiv. 
UX-GIRD'ED,  pp.    Loosed  from  a  girth  or  band. 
UX-GtRD'IXG,  ppr.    Loosing  from  a  girdle  or  band. 
UX-GIRT',  ('gan',)pp.     Unbound. 

5.  a.     Loosely  dressed.  Waller. 

V^-GIVES,  a.    Not  given  or  bestowed. 
rX-GlVIXG,  a.     Not  bringing  gifts.  Dryden. 

T'X  GLAD'D£X-£D,  a.    Not  gladdened. 
UX-GLaZE',  r.  (.    To  strip  of  glass  ;  to  remove  the 

glass  fpira  windows. 
UN-GLaZ'£D,  a.    Destitute  of  glass :  not  furni-shed 

With  glass  ;  as,  the  windows  are  unglazed;  the  house 

is  yet  uTt^lazed. 

2.  Wanting  glass  windows. 

3.  Not  covered  with  vitreous  mutter;  as,  unglaicd 
potter's  ware. 

UN-GL.XZ'IXG,  ppr.    Depriving  of  glass  in  windows. 

L^^-GL6'R[-i^I-£D,  (-fide,)  a.  Not  glorified;  not 
honored  wiUi  praise  or  adoration. 

UX-GLo'Rr-F\;,  r.  t.    To  deprive  of  glory.     Watts 

UX-GL6'Rf-0US,  a.  Not  glorious ;  bringing  no  glory 
or  honor.  j,  Lathrop.  ' 

UN-GLOVE',  (-gluv',)  r.  t.  To  take  off  the  gloves. 
[^i\,l  m  vsc]  Beaum.  ^  FL 

UX-GLOV'£D,  a.     Without  glove  or  gloves.  Bacon. 

UN-GLuE',  y.  (.  To  separate  any  thing  that  is  glued 
or  cemt-nteJ.  Swift. 

^[X-GLC'£D,  pp.    Loosed  from  glue  or  cement. 

UX-GLu'IXG,  ppr.    Separating  what  is  cemented. 

UX-GoAD'ED,  a.     Not  goaded.  Coleridn-e. 

rX-GOD',  r.  t.    To  divest  of  divinity.  Dryden. 

UX-GOD'LI-LY,  arfc.    Impiously;  wickedly. 

Gov.  oftJie  Tongue. 

UN-GOD 'LINES  3,  n.  Impiety  ;  wickedness  ;  disre- 
gard of  God  and  his  commands^  and  neglect  of  his 
worship  ;  or  any  positive  act  of  disobedience  or  ir- 
reverence. 

The  wrath  of  God  is  rerealed  from  beavea  against  all  un^odli- 
ntss.  —  Rom.  i. 

UN-GOD'LY,  a.  Wicked  ;  impious  ;  neglecting  the 
fear  and  worship  of  God,  or  violating  his  commands. 
1  Pet.  iv. 

2.  Sinful ;  cortrary  to  the  divine  commands  ;  as, 
ungodly  deeds.     Jude  iv. 

3.  Polluted  by  wickedness;  as,  znun<rodly  day. 

Shak, 

UN-GOR'£D,  a.     Not  gored;   not  wounded  with  a 

horn.  I 

2.  Not  wounded.  I 

UN-GORG'£D,  a     Not  gorged  ;  not  filled  ;  not  sated.  \ 

Dryden.      \ 

UN-GOT',  )        K  *      ■     A  ' 

UN-GOT'TSN,  i  **•    ^ot  gamed.  , 

2.  Not  begotten.  Shak.      \ 

UN-GOV'ERX-A-BLE,  (-guv'em-,)  a.    That  can  not  I 

be  governed ;  that  can  not  be  ruled  or  restrained.        i 


UNG 


UNH 


2.  Licentious;  wild;  unbridled:  as,  unmcemabU 

passions.  AUerbury 

UN-GOV'ERN-A-BLY,odo.    So  as  not  to  lie  coverii'ed 

orresiraineJ.  OoUsmiUi 

UN-G5V'ER.V.£D,  a.    Net  being  governed 

-'.  Xot  subjected  tu  laws  or  principles ;   not  re- 
strained or  regulated ;  unbridled  ;   licentious ;   as, 
wigotemed  apjietitc  ;  ungovemed  passions. 
UA-GOVVN',  V.  I.    To  strip  of  a  gown,  as  a  clerey- 

UN-GOVVN'£D,  a.  Not  liaving  or  not  wearina  a 
gown.  PoUak. 

UN-GOVVN'ING,  -ppr.    Depriving  of  a  gown. 

UN-GKaC'£D,  (-grast',)  a.     Not  graced.  Scott 

UN-GRaCE'FIJL,  a.  Not  graceful ;  not  marked  wall 
ease  and  dignity  ;  wanting  beauty  and  elegance  :  as, 
ungraceful  manners.  Without  politeness,  learning 
is  ungraceful.  Loclcc.    jliUuim. 

UN-GRaCE'FIJL-LY,  ailp.  ,  Awkwardly  :  inele- 
gantly. 

UN-GRaCE'FJJI^NESS,  n.  Want  of  gracefulness : 
want  of  ease  and  dignity  ;  want  of  elegance  ;  awk- 
wardness ;  as,  ungraci/uljte^s  of  manners. 

UN-GSa'CIOUS,  a.    Wicked  ;  odious  ;  hateful. 

S/iak.     Dryden. 
■2.  Offensive  ;  unpleasing ;  as,  ungracious  manners. 
3.  Unacceptable  ;  not  well  received  ;  not  favored. 

Any  tliiu^  &'  grace  lowanl  the  Irish  rebel*  Wiu  lu  u;igTadou*  at 
Oxlbid  as  at  LonUoa.  Cuirendon. 

UN-GRa'CIOUS-LY,  adii.    With  disfavor.    The  pro- 
posal was  received  ungraciously. 
9.  Not  in  a  pleasing  manner. 
UN-GRAM-MAT'le-Ai,  a.    Not  according  to  the  es- 
tablished and  correct  rules  of  grammar. 
UN-GRAJl-,\IAT'le-AL-LY,  adv.    In  a  manner  con- 

Irarj-  to  the  rules  of  grammar. 
UN-GRANT'ED,  a.     Not  "ranted ;  not  bestowed  ;  not 
transferred  by  deed  or  gift  j  as,  ungranud  lands. 

17.  Siat&f.     HamilUtn. 
2.  Not  granted ;  not  yielded  ;  not  conceded  in  ar- 
g:ument. 
UN-GRaTE',  a.    Not  agreeable;  ungrateful.    [JVoiin 

Kse.]    _  Taylor.     Swift. 

UN-GRaTE'FIJL,  a.    Not  grateful ;  not  feeling  thank 
fui  for  favorr 


Not  making  returns,  or  making 
kindness. 


returns  for 
South. 

3.  Making  no  returns  for  culture  ;  as,  an  umrrate- 
ful  soil. 

4.  Unpleasing ;  unacceptable.  Harsh  sounds  are 
ungrateful  to  the  ear. 

UN-GRaTETIJL-LY,  adv.    With  ingratitude.    Whlie. 

2.  Unple.'isingly ;  unacceptably. 
UN-GRaTE'FUL-NESS,  II.      Ingratitude  ;    want  of 
due  feelings  of  kindness  for  favors  received  ;  ill  re- 
turn for  good. 
2.  Disagrecableness  ;  unpleasing  quality. 
UN-GRAT'1-FI-£D,  (-fide,)  a.     Not  gratified  ;   not 
compensated. 

2.  Not  pleased. 

3.  Not  indulged  ;  as,  ungratijicd  appetite. 
UN-GEa  VE'LY,  adv.    Without  gravity  or  seriousness. 
UN-GRF^Ga'RI-OUS,  o.     Not  gregarious.         Good. 
UN-GRoAN'ING,  a.    Not  groaning.  Byron. 
UN-GROUND'EL»,  a.     Having  no  foundation  or  sup- 
port ;  as,  uitTrimjtdeil  hopes  or  conlidence. 

UN-GROUND'ED-LY,  adc.  Without  ground  or  sup- 
port ;  \vith^)Ut  re-ason.  Ray. 

U-N-GROUND'ED-NESS,  ji.  Want  of  foundation  or 
BUppfirt.  Steelt. 

Vti-GRUOG'F.D,  a.    Not  grudged.  DmigLL 

UN-GRUBG'IXG,  a.     Not  grudging  ;  freely  giving. 

UN-GRC'D(5'ING-I,Y,  adc.  Without  ill  wiU  ;  heartily ; 
cheerfully  ;  as,  to  bestow  charity  ungrudgiuglij. 

UX"GUAL,  (ung'gwal,)  a.     [L.  unguis.] 

A  term  applied  to  such  bones  of  the  feet  as  have 
attached  to  them  a  nail,  claw,  or  hoof.        Hujnble. 

UN-GUARD'ED,  a.     Not  guarded  ;  not  watched. 

2.  Not  defended  ;  having  no  guard. 

3.  Careless;  negligent;  not  attentive  to  danger; 
not  cautious  ;  as,  to  be  unguarded  in  conversation. 

4.  Negligently  said  or  done ;  not  done  or  spoken 
with  caution  ;  as,  an  unguarded  expression  or  action. 

UN-GUARD'ED-LY,  adv.  Without  watchful  atten- 
tion to  danger  ;  without  caution ;  carelessly  ;  as,  to 
speak  or  promise  unguardedly. 

UN'GUENT,  (un'gweiit,)  n.  [L.  unguentuta,  from 
ungo^  to  anoint.] 

Ointment ;  a  soft  composition  used  as  a  topical 
remedy,  as  for  sores,  burns,  and  the  like.  An  un- 
guent is  stiller  than  a  liniment,  but  softer  than  a  ce- 
rate. Cvc. 

UN-GUENT'OUS,    \  a.    Like  unguent,  or  partaking 

UN'GUEN-T.\-RY,  )      of  its  qualities. 

UN-GirESS'£D,  (-gest',)  a.  [See  Gcest.]  Not  ob- 
tained bv  guess  or  conjecture.  Spcn.'ier. 

0N-GUEST'LIKE,  a.  [See  Guest.]  Not  becoming 
a  guest.  Milton. 

UN"GUIC-AL,  (ung'gwik-.ll,)  a.  [L.  unguis^  a  claw.] 
Pertaining  to  a  claw  ;  like  a  claw.  JUautelt. 

UN-GUie'U-LAR,  a.    [L.  unguis,  tie  nail.] 

In  botanjj,  the  length  of  the  human  nails,  or  half 
an  inch.  Lee.    Martijn. 


UN-GUIC'^-LATE,     / 
UN-GUie'U-LA-TED,  \  "^     l'^  ""<r«".  a  cbw.] 

1.  Clawed  ;  having  claws.  Eiuye. 

2.  In  botany,  clawed  ;  having  a  narrow  base :  u 

UN-GUID'tU,  a.    Not  guided  ;  not  led  or  cooduoed. 
2.  Not  regulated. 

UN-GL,'II)'i:li  LY,  adv.     Without  a  guide. 

UV'GLlruRM.  a.    Sliapcd  like  claw*. 

.,x."*^H"''''''  '"*'  '^''-     *Vithout  guilt. 

UN-GUILT'Y,  (un-gilt'y,)«.    Nolguillv 
with  crime ;  innocent. 

UN'GL'IN-OIJS,  (uu'gwin-us,)  o.    [L.  i. 

Oily  ;  unctuous ;  consisting  of  (at  or 

•'■'"K  "•  FoJer,  AVr- 

UN"GU-LA,  n.    [L.,  a  Loof.]     In  V«<'«-<--. . .  ■   -  . 

or  part  of  a  cylinder,  cone,  or  other  solid  ol  revolu- 
tion, cut  off  by  a  plane  obhque  to  the  base. 

Brandt 

Iji\"GL'-LATE,  a.    Shaped  like  a  hoof. 

UN-H A  H'lT-A-BLE,  o.  [Fr.  uAabiuUiU :  L.  isitabitai. 
ULf,  inhabit^.'] 

That  can  not  be  inhabited  by  Jiuman  beioet  •  un- 
inhabitable. 

\T/ie  latter  vord  is generaUy  u$td.\ 

UN-hA-BIT'li-A-TElf,  a.  iieA.  haSilaated  ;  not  ac- 
customed. To«ki 

UN-HACK' il),  (-haki',)  a.  Not  backed;  not  oA, 
notched,  or  mangled.  skak. 

UN-HACK'N£Y-£D,  a.  Not  hackneyed :  not  much 
used  or  practiced. 

UN-HaLE',  a.    Unsound  ;  not  entire ;  not  healthy 

UN-HAL  LOW,  V.  I.    To  profane  ;  to  desecrate. 

Tti;  vtt.-.:t/  tirJtaltovs  th';  Tinue.  L'Estrvxfl. 

U.N'-HAL'LOW-£D,  pp.    Frofaned ;  il£privcd  of  iu 
sacred  character. 
2.  a.  Profane  ;  unholy ;  impure  ;  wicked. 

JiniUm.    Drfda. 

la  ibe  cause  of  truth,  oo  ufkalloiui  riolecce  — a  eiib9  ax»- 
fciry  or  ailuuMil-Je.  £.  />.  Grifit. 

UN-H.VL'LoW-ING,  ppr.    Profaning  ;  desecrating. 

UN-H.VNU',  c.  t.    To  loose  from  the  hand  ;  to  let  go. 

Sk..- . 

UN-HAND'ED,  pp.    Loosed  from  the  hand  ;  let 

UX-HAN»'I-LY,  adc.    Awkwardly  ;  clumsily. 

UN-HAND'I-NESS,  u.  Want  of  deiterity ;  clumsi- 
ness. 

UN-HAND'L£D,  a.  Not  handled ;  not  treated  ;  not 
touched.  SJtaJi. 

UN-HA.ND'SO.ME,  (-han'sum,)  a.  Ungraceful ;  not 
beautiful. 

I  can  not  adiait  that  there  is  any  tiling  unttandsonu  of  tnypuLtr 
in  the  glul}e.  tf'oofsasrd. 

2,  Unfair;  illiberal;  disingenuous. 

3.  Uncivil  ;  unpolite. 
UN-HA.\"D'SO.ME-LY,  adv.     Inelegantly;  ungtace- 

fully. 

3.  Illiberally ;  unfairly. 

3.  ITiicivillv  ;  uiipolitelv. 
U.X-HAND'SOME-NESS,  I'l.    Want  of  beauty  and  el- 
egance. 

2.  Unfairness;  disingenuousncss, 

3.  Incivililv. 

UN-HANn'Y,"a.  Not  dextrous;  not  skillful;  not 
ready  in  the  use  of  the  hands;  awkward  ;  as,  a  per- 
son unhandy  at  his  work. 

2.  Not  convenient;   as,  an  iOLhcndy  posture   for 
writing. 
UN-HAXG',  c.  t.    To  divest  or  strip  of  bangiugs,  as  a 
room. 
2.  To  take  from  the  hinges  ;  as,  to  MaAax^  a  ^e. 
UN-HANG'A'D,  i  a.    Not  hung  or  hanged  :  not  n;in- 
UN-HUNG',       j       isiied  liv  hiinging.  SA : 

UN-n.\P',  II.    IU  luck  ;  misfortune.    [JYoJ  in  u- 

Si..'-:      . 

UN-HAP'PI-ED,  a.    Made  unhnppv.    [.Vol  in  a.<f.  j 

Strut. 
UN-HAP'PI-LY.arfc.    Unfortunately;  miserably:  c.v 

laniitoustv.  MUlon. 

UN-UAP'P1-XESS,».  Misfortune;  Ulluck.  Siaxa. 

2.  Infelicity;  misery. 

It  'u  our  great  un/lappttnt,  when  snr  -a  ts, 

that  we  are  uiie.t^y  ami  dUsatistic ; .  '  i>e. 

[But  it  usually  expresses  less  ;i..iii   :.'... -LS.r  or 

WkET(:HEDNE3S.] 

3.  Mischievous  prank.     [-Vot  in  use.] 
UN-HAP'PY,  a.      Unfortunate:    unlucky. 

been  unhappy  in  his  choice  of  a  partner, 
have  taken  aji  unhappy  turn. 

2.  Not  happy  ;  in  a  degree  miserable  or  wretched. 
She  is  unhappy  in  her  marriage.  Children  some- 
times render  their  p-arents  unhoppv. 

3.  Evil ;  calamitous ;  marked  by  infelicity  ;  as,  an 
vnhappy  day. 

This  unhappy  trtom.  HSIOK, 

4.  Mischievous  ;  irregular.  Skait. 
UN-HAR'.ISS-BD,  (har'ast,)  a.    Not  harassed  ;  not 

vexed  or  trotibled.  7Vtta*Hfl. 

UN-HXR'BOK,  r.  t.    To  drive  from  harbor  oi  shelter. 
UN-HXR'BOR-£D,  a.    Not  sheltered,  or  aSbrding  no 

shelter.  MUlot, 

UN-H.!iR'BOR-ING,  n.    Not  harboring.  St»a. 


SIrlt. 
He  has 
Aflairs 


TCNE,  B}jLL,  UNITE.— AN"GER,  ^T'CIOUS.—  e  as  K:  (5  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


UNH 

UN-HXRD'£i\-£D,   (-hanriid,)  a.      Not  hardened  j 
not  indurated  ;  as  metal. 
2.  Not  hardened;  not  made  obdurate  ;  asthehe;ut. 

Sfwk. 
UN-HXRD'y,  a.    Not  hardy  j  feeble  ;  not  able  to  en- 
dure fatigue. 
2.  Not  having  fortitude ;  not  bold ;  timorous. 

JilUton. 
UN-HARM'£:D,  o.     Unhurt;  uninjured;  unimpaired. 

Locke. 
UN-HARM'FUL,  a.     Not  doing  harm  ;  harmless  ;  in- 
noxious. 

Tbenificlves  ur^iT^'t/u/,  Icl  them  live  uuhanned.         Dryden. 

UN-HAR-Mo'Ni-OUS,  a.      Not  having  symmetry  or 

congruity ;  disproportionate.  Milton. 

2.  Discordant;  unmusical;  jarring;  as  sounds. 

Swift. 

UN-H.KR  Mo'NI  OUS-LY,  adv.  With  jarring;  dis- 
cordantly. 

TIN-HAR'NESS,  v.  t.    To  strip  of  harness  ;  to  loose 
from  harness  or  gear. 
2.  To  disarm  ;  to  divest  of  armor. 

UN-HAR'NESS-£D,  (-har'nest,)  i'^^.  Stripped  of  har- 
ness; divested  of  armor. 

UN-HAR'NESS-ING,  ppr.  Stripping  off  harness  or 
pear. 

UN-HATCH'.CD,  (-liacht',)  a.  Nut  hatched  ;  not  hav- 
ing left  the  egg. 

2.  Not  matured  and  brought  to  light ;  not  dis- 
closed. 

UN-HAZ'ARD-ED,  a.  Not  hazarded  ;  not  put  in  dan- 
ger ;  not  exposed  to  loss  ;  not  adventured.    Milton. 

UN-HAZ'ARD-OUS,  a.     Not  hazardous.   Coleridire. 

UN-HEAD',  C-hed',)  v.  t.  To  take  out  llie  heacJ  of; 
as,  to  unhead  a  cask. 

UN-HEAD'ED,(-hed'ed,)w-  Having  Ihchead  taken 
out. 

UN-HEAD'ING,  (-bed'-,)  Ppr-    Taking  out  the  head  nf. 

UN-HEALTH'FIJL,  (-lielth'-,)  a.  Not  healthful  ;  in- 
jurious to  health  ;  insalubrious  ;  unwholesome  ; 
noxious  ;  as,  an  unhenlthful  climate  or  air. 

2.  Abounding  with  sickness  or  disease;  sickly; 
as,  an  imhealthfiil  season. 

UN-HEALTH'FIJL-LY,  ado.  In  an  unhealthful  man- 
ner. 

UN-HEALTH'FUL-NESS,   (-helth'-,)  a.     Unwhole- 
someness ;  insalubriousness ;  noxiousness  to  health. 
2.  The  state  of  being  sickly  ;  as,  the  unhealthful- 
ness  of  the  autumn. 

UN-HEALTH'I-LY,  C-hellh'-,)  adv.  In  an  unwhole- 
some or  unsound  manner.  Milton. 

UN-HEALTH'I-NESS,  (-helth'-,)  lu  Want  uf  health  ; 
habitual  weakness  or  indisposition  ;  applied  to  per- 
sons. 

2.  Unsoundness;  want  of  vigor;  as,  the  unhealthy 
iiiess  of  trees  or  other  plants. 

3.  Unfavorableness  to  liealth;  ns,the  unhcaltkiness 
of  a  climate. 

UN-HEALTH'Y,  (-helth'e,)  a.  AVanting  health  ; 
wanting  a  sound  and  vigorous  state  of  body ; 
habitually  weak  or  indisposed ;  as,  an  unhealthy 
person. 

2.  Unsound  ;  wanting  vigor  of  growth  ;  as,  an  »;i- 
Tiealthy  plant. 

3.  Sickly  ;    abounding  with   disease ;  as,  an  un- 
healthy season  or  city. 

4.  Insalubrious;   unwholesome;  adapted  to  gen- 
erate diseases;  as,  an  unhealthy  climate  or  countrj'. 

5.  Morbid  ;  not  indicating  health. 
UN-HEARD',  (-herd',)  a.     Not  heard  ;  not  perceived 

by  the  ear.  Milton. 

2.  Not  admitted  to  audience. 

What  pang^  I  feel,  unpitied  and  unheard  !  Dryden. 

3.  Not  known  In  fame  ;  not  celebrated. 

Nor  was  his  name  unheard.  AJilton. 

4.  Unheard  of;  obscure  ;  not  known  by  fame. 

Ornnvillc. 
Unheard  of:  new  ;  unprecedented.  Swift. 

UN-HEART',  V.  t.     To  discourage;  to  depress;   to 

dishearten.     [J^ot  in  use.]  Shak 

UN-HeAT'ED,  a.    Not  heated ;  not  made  hot. 

UN-HEAy'£N-LY,  (-hev'n-Ie,)  a.    Not  heavenJy.'^* 
UN-HEDG'£D,  a.    Not  hedged  ;  not  surrounded  by  a 

hedge. 
UN-HEED'ED,  a.      Not  heeded;   disregarded  ;  neg- 
lected. '       ^ 

The  world's  great  victor  passed  unheeded  by.  Pope. 

UN-HEED'ED-LY,  adv.    Without  being  noticed. 

UN-HEED'FJJL,  a.     Not  cautious  ;  inattentive rcaie- 

'ts^-  Beaum. 

UN-HEED'FUL-LY,  ada.     Not  hcedfully. 
UN-HEED'ING,  a.      Not  Iieeding;   careless;   ne^li- 
i        eent.  DnjdeiT. 

UN-HEED'I\G-LY,  adv.    Without  giving  heed. 
UN-HEED'Y,  «.     Precipitate;  sudden.  Spen.-<er. 

UN-HeLE',  v.  t.     To  uncover.     [J^ut  in  use.] 

Spenser. 
LN-HEIjUI',  v.  t.     To  deprive  of  a  helm  or  guide. 

Scott. 


UNH 


UNI 


UN-HEI<M'£n,  pp.    Deprived  of  a  helm. 

2.  o.     Having  no  helm.  Pullok. 

UN-H]:LM'ET,  v.  t.     To  deprive  of  a  helmet.    ScoU. 
UN-HELM'ET-ED,  pp.     Deprived  or  destitute  of  a 

helmet. 
UN-HELM'ING,  ppr.    Depriving  of  a  helm. 
UN-HELP'£D,  (-helpt',)  a.    Unassisted;  having  no 

aid  or  auxiliary  ;  unsupported.  Dryden. 

UN-HELP'FT;l,  a.     Affording  no  aid.  Shak. 

UN-nELr^FlJL-LY,a(/iT,    In  an  unhelpful  manner. 
UN-HE-Ro'ie,  a.     Not  heroic  ;  not  brave.         Pope. 
UN-HES'I-Ta-TING,  a.    Not  hesitating  ;  not  remain- 
ing in  doubt^;  prompt ;  ready.  JCclec.  Review. 
UN-HES'I-Ta-'J'ING-LY,  adv.    Without  hesitation  or 

doubt. 
UN-HEWN',  (-hune',)  a.    Not  hewn  ;  rough. 

Dryden. 
UN-HTDE'BOUND,   a.      Not  hidebound;  capacious. 

Mt  used.]  Milton. 

UN-HIN'DER-ED,  a.     Not  hindered ;  not  opposed  ; 

exerting  itself  freely.  S.  Clarke. 

UN-HINGE',    (un-liinj',)    v.   t.      To    take  from    the 

hinges  ;  as,  to  unhinge  a  door. 

2.  To  displace  ;  to  unfix  by  violence.  Blackmorc. 

3.  To  unfix  ;  to  loosen  ;  to  render  unstable  or 
wavering  ;  as,  to  unhinge  the  mind  ;  to  unldnge  opin- 
ions, 

UN-HING'£D.  pp.     Loosed  from  a  hinge  or  fastening. 

UN-HINGE'iMENT,  u.  The  act  of  unhinging  or  state 
of  being  unhinged.     [  Unusual.]  Chalmers. 

UN-HING'ING,  ppr.  Loosening  from  a  lunge  or  fast- 
ening. 

UN-HtR'j;D,  a.    Nnt  hired. 

UN-niS-TOR'ie-AL,  a.     Not  historical.  Park. 

UN-HrVE',  V.  t.    To  drive  from  a  hive. 

2.  To  deprive  of  liabitation  or  shelter,  as  a  crowd. 

UN-HIV'£D,  pp.     Driven  from  the  liive  or  shelter. 

J^cal. 

UN  HoARD',  r.  t.    To  steal  from  a  Jioard  ;  to  scatter. 

UN-HoARD'ED,  pp.    Stolen  from  a  hoard  ;  scattered. 

UN-HoARD'ING,/';)r.     Scattering. 

UN-Ho'LI-LY,  adv.    In  an  unholy  manner. 

UN-Ho'LI-NESS,  71.     Want  of  holiness;  an  unsanc- 
tified  state  of  tlie  heart. 
2.  Jmpiety  ;  wickedness  ;  profaneness.    Ralecrh. 

UN-Ho'LY,  a.  Not  holy ;  not  renewed  and  sanctified. 
T^m.  iii. 

2.  Profane  ;  not  hallowed  ;  not  consecrated  ;  com- 
njon.    Heb.  x. 

3.  Impious ;  wicked. 

4.  Not  ceremonially  purified.     Lev.  >:. 
UN-HON'EST,    (-on'est,)   a.      [See   Honest.]      Dis- 
honest; dishonorable.     [Obs.']  Jiscliam. 

UN-HON'OR-£D,  (-on'urd,)  a.  [See  Ho^oIl.]  Not 
honored;  not  regarded  with  veneration;  not  cele- 
brated. Dryden. 

UN-HOOK',  V.  t.    To  loose  from  a  hook. 

UN-H60K'£D,  (-hookt',)  pp.    Loosed  from  a  hook. 

UN-HOCP',  v.  t.     To  strip  of  hoops.  .Sddison. 

UN-HOOP'-CD,  i-impt' j)  1>p-    stripped  of  hoops. 

UN-HoP'ED,  (-hopt',)  a.  Not  lioped  for  ;  not  so  prob- 
able as  to  excite  hope. 

With  unhoped  success.  Dryden. 

Unjiopcd  for  ;  unhoped,  as  above. 
UN-HoPE'FJJL,  a.    Such  as  leaves  no  room  to  hope. 

Boyle. 
UN-HoPE'FlJL-LY,  adv.  In  an  unhopeful  manner. 
UN-HORN'£D,  a.    Having  no  horns.  Tooke. 

UN-HORSE',  (-hors',)  v.  U    To  throw  from  a  horse  ; 

to  cause  to  dismount.  Shak. 

UN-H0RS'£D,  (-horst',)  pp.    Thrown  from  a  horse. 

Dryden. 
UN-HORS'ING,  ppr.    Tlirowing  from  a  horse ;   dis- 
mounting. 
UN-HOS'PI-TA-BLE,  a.    Not  kind  to  strangers. 

[But  Inhospitable  is  the  word  now  used.] 
UN-HOS'TILE,  (-hos'til,)  a.     Not  belonging  to  a  pub- 
lic enemy.  Philips. 
UN-HOUSE',  (-houz',)  v.  t.    To  drive  from  the  house 
or  habitation  ;  to  dislodge.  Miltou. 
2.  To  deprive  of  shelter. 
UN-HOUS'£D,  (-houzd'j)  pp.     Driven  from  a  house 
or  habitation.  Sliak. 

2.  a.     Wanting  a  house  ;  homeless.  Shah. 

3.  Having  no  settled  liabitation.  Shak. 

4.  Destitute  of  shelter  or  cover.  Cattle  in  severe 
weather  should  not  be  left  unhoused. 

UN-nOUS'EL-£D,  a.  Not  having  received  the  sacra- 
ment. ShaJc, 

UN-HOUS'ING,  ppr.    Driving  from  a  habitation. 

UN-Hu'xMAN,  a.     Inhuman. 

[But  Inhuman  is  the  word  now  used.] 

UN-HO'MAN-iZE,  v.  t.  To  render  inhuman  or  bar- 
I»arnns.  j.  Barlow. 

UN-HUM'BLED,  a.  Not  humbled ;  not  affected 
with  shame  or  confusion  ;  not  contrite  in  spirit. 

Milton. 
2.  In  theology,  not  having  the  will  and  the  natural 
enmity  of  the  heart  to  God  and  his  law  subdued. 

UN-HUNG',  a.     Not  hanged. 

UN-HUNT'ED,  a.     Not  liuntcd. 

UN-HURT',  a.  Not  hurt;  not  harmed;  free  from 
wound  or  injury.  Dryden. 


UN-UURT'FIJL,  a.  Not  hurtful ;  harmless  ;  innoxious 

ShaJi. 
UN-HURT'FUI^LY,  adv.  Without  harm  ;  harmlessly. 
UN-HUS'BAND-ED,  c.    Deprived  of  support;   neg- 
lected. Browne. 
2.  Not  managed  with  frugality. 
UN-HUSI\:'£D,  (-hutlct',)  a.     Not  being  stripped  of 

husks. 
U-NI-AX',AL,  a.     Having  but  one  axis. 
U-NI-€AP'SU-LAR,  a.     [L.  w7i«.t,  one,  and  capsule^ 
'chest.] 

Having  one  capsule  to  each  flower.  Martyn. 

I|'Nl-eORN,  n.  [L.  unicornis;  umiw,  one,  and  cirrnu^ 
horn.] 

1.  An  animal  with  one  horn;  the  monoceros. 
This  name  is  often  applied  to  the  rhinoceros. 

2.  The  luiicom,  in  heraldry,  is  the  fabulous  unicorn, 
represented  with  the  figure  of  a  horse  and  a  single 
horn  issuing  from  its  forehead.  Brande. 

3.  The  sea  Mjncorn,  called  narical,  is  of  the  whale 
kind,  and  is  remarkable  for  a  horn  growing  out  at 
his  nose.  Cyc. 

4.  A  bird.  Grew. 
Fossil  unicorn,  or  fossil  unicorii^s  horn  ;  a  substance 

formerly  of  great  repute  in  medicine,  a  terrene  crus- 
taceous  spar,  named  from  having  been  supposed  to 
be  the  bone  or  horn  of  the  unicorn.         Hecs.    Cyc. 

II'NI-€ORN-ROOT,H.  A  popular  name  of  two  plants, 
viz.  Chamilirium  Carolinianum,  to  whicli  thi;.  name 
was  first  applied,  and  Alelris  farinosa,  to  which  it 
has  been  subsequently  applied  ;  both  used  in  medicine. 

y-NI-CORN'OUS,  a.     Having  only  one  horn.    Brown. 

UN-I-De'AL,  a.     Not  ideal ;  real.  Johnson. 

12-NI-Fa"CIAL,  a.  Having  but  one  front  surface ; 
thus,  some  tbliaceous  corals  are  uuifacial,  the  polyp- 
mouths  being  confined  to  one  surface.  Dana. 

l^-NI-FLo'ROUS,  a.  [h.  unus,  one,  andjlos,  flower.] 
Bearing  one  flower  only  ;  as,  a  unijiorous  peduncle. 

Martyn. 

tJ'NI-FORM,  a.  [L.  uniformis ;  unus^  one,  and/tirnm, 
form.] 

1.  Having  always  the  same  former  manner;  not 
variable.  Thus  we  say,  the  dress  of  the  Asiatics  is 
uniform,  OT  has  been  uniform  frcun  early  ages.  So  we 
say,  it  is  the  duty  of  a  Christian  to  observe  a  uniform 
course  of  piety  and  religion. 

2.  Consistent  with  itself ;  not  different;  as,  one's 
opinions  on  a  particular  subject  liave  been  uniform. 

3.  Of  the  same  form  with  others;  consonant; 
agreeing  with  each  other ;  conforming  to  one  rule  or 
mode. 

How  f:ir  churches  are  bound  to  be  UJi\fonn  in  their  ceremonies  is 
doubted.  Hooker. 

4.  Having  the  same  degree  or  state ;  as,  uniform 
temperature. 

Uniform  motion;  the  motion  of  a  body  ismiiform 
when  it  passes  over  equal  spaces  in  equal  times. 

Olmsted. 
Uniform  matter,  is  that  which  is  all  of  the  same 
kind  and  texture.  Cyc. 

li'NI-FORM,  71.  A  dress  of  the  same  kind,  by  which 
jjersons  are  purposely  assimilated  who  belong  to  the 
same  body,  whetlier  military,  naval,  or  any  other 
We  say,  the  uniform  of  a  company  of  militia,  the  uni- 
form of  lYiQ  artillerj' or  matross  companies,  the  uni- 
form of  a  regiment,  &c.  This  dress  is  called  a  uni- 
form, because  it  is  alike  among  all  those  composing 
tlie  class  or  bodv. 

TT-NI-FORM-I-TA'Rr-AN,77.  A  term  applied  to  theo- 
rists in  geology,  who  believe  that  existing  causes,  act- 
ing in  the  same  manner  as  at  the  present  time,  are 
sufficient  to  account  for  all  geological  changes.  Dana. 

IJ-NI-FORM'I-TY,  71.  Resemblance  to  itself  at  all 
times  ;  even  tenor  ;  as,  the  uniformity  of  design  in  a 
poem. 

9.  Consistency  ;  sameness  ;  as,  the  uniformity  of  a 
man's  opinions. 

3.  Conformity  to  a  pattern  or  rule;  resemblance, 
consonance,  or  agreement ;  as  the  uniformity  of  dif- 
ferent churches  in  ceremonies  or  rites. 

4.  Similitude  between  the  parts  of  a  whole  ;  as, 
the  unifurmity  of  sides  in  a  regular  figure.  Beauty  is 
said  to  consist  in  uniformity  with  variety.  Cijc. 

5.  Continued  or  unvaried  sameness  or  likeness. 
^ct  of  uniforviity ;  in  England,  the  art  of  parliament 

by  which  the  form  of  public  prayers,  administration 
of  sacraments,  and  other  rites,  is  prescribed  to  be  ob- 
served in  all  the  churches.  1  Eiiz.  and  13  and  14 
Car.  II. 

TT'NI-FORM-LY,  adv.      With    even    tenor;    without 
variation  ;  as,  a  temper  xiniformly  mild. 
2.  Without  diversity  of  one  from  another. 

U-NI-GEN'I-TliRE,  n.      [L.  unigcnitus;    unns    and 
genittis.] 
The  state  of  being  the  only  begotten. 

I^-NIG'E-NOUS,  c     [L.  vnigena.] 

Of  one  kind  ;  of  the  same  genus.  Kirwan. 

TT-NI-LA'BI-ATE,  a.  In  botany,  having  one  lip  only, 
as  a  cord.  Martyn.    Asiat.  Res. 

IJ-NI-LAT'ER-AL,  a.     [L.  unus,  one,  and  latu3,s\Ao  \ 

1.  Being  on  one  side  or  party  only.     [  Unusual.'] 

2.  Having  one  side. 

A  unilateral  raceme,  is  when  the  flowers  grow  only 
on  one  side  of  the  common  peduncle.  Martyn. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T.-MeTE,  PREY.-PLVE,  MARINE,  BIRD. -NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQOK.- 


1^04 


UNI 

U-NI-LIT'ER-AL,    a.      [L.    wnw*,    one,    and  litera. 
letter.] 
Consistins;  of  one  letter  only. 

UX-IL-LO'MIN-A-TED,  a.    Not  illuminated  ;  not  en- 
lightened ;  dark. 
2.  IsnoranL 

U.\-U^l.l'M'IX-ED,  a.    Not  illumined. 

D.\'-IL-LUS'TRA-TED,  a.  Not  illustrated  ;  not  made 
plain.  aood. 

UN-II^LUS'TRA-TIVE,  a.    Not  illustrative. 

l^-NI-LOe'lJ-L.^R,  (yu-ne-!ok')U-lar,)  a.  [L.  %mns, 
one,  and  tocultts,  cell.] 

Having  one  cell  or  chamber  only  ;  as,  a  unilocular 
pericarp  or  shell. 

UN-IM-AG'IN-.V-BLE,  a.  Not  to  be  imasined  ;  not 
to  be  conceived.  Tillotson. 

UN-IM-AG'IN-.\-BLY,  ado.  To  a  degree  not  to  be 
imasmed.  BotjIc 

UN-I.M-AG'IN-A-TIVE,  a.    Not  imaginative. 

Wordsirortk. 

CN-IM-.^G'IN-JED,  a.    Not  imasined  ;  not  conceived. 

U.V-I.M-BIT'TER-£D,  a.  Not  inibittered  ;  not  aggra- 
vateil.  Roscae. 

UN-liM-BC'-CD,  a.  Not  imbued  :  not  tinctured.  Drake. 

UN-I.M'I-T.VBLE,  a.    That  can  not  be  imitated. 
[But  the  word  now  used  is  Inimitable.] 

UN-IM'1-T.?-TED,  a.    Not  imitated.  Jolmsm. 

UN-IM-MOR'T.'IL,  a.    Not  immortal ;  perishable. 

.Vilttm. 

UN-IM-P.\IR'A-BLE,  a.  Not  liable  to  waste  or  dimi- 
nution. Hnkcioill 

UN-IM-P.iIR'£D,  a.  Not  impaired  ;  not  diminished  ; 
not  enfeebled  by  time  or  injury ;  as,  an  unimpaired 
constitution. 

UN-I.M-PAS'SION-ATE,  a.    Not  impassionate. 

UN-I.M-PA3'SION-ATE-NESS,  n.  A  state  of  being 
unimpassionate. 

[JN-LM-PAS'SION-£D,  a.  Not  endowed  with  pas- 
sions. Thomson. 

2.  Free  from  passion  ;  calm  ;  not  violent ;  as,  an 
imimpassioncd  address. 

tJN-IM-PE.VCH'A-BLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  im- 
peached ;  that  can  not  be  accused  ;  free  from  stain, 
guilt,  or  fault;  as,  an  unimpeachable  reputation. 

2.  That  can  not  be  calleil  in  question  ;  as,  an  un- 
impeachchle  claim  or  testimony. 

rN-DI-PEACiI'.\-BLY,  adi\  So  as  not  to  be  im- 
peachable. 

UN-nl-PEACH'iD,  (-im-peecht',)  a.  Not  impeached  ; 
not  charged  or  accused;  fair;  as,  an  unimpeached 
character. 

2.  Not  called  in  question  ;    as,   testimony   unim- 
peacJi^d,^ 

nN-I.M-PED'£D,  a.    Not  impeded  ;  not  hindered. 

Ra^sle. 

UN-IM'PLI-eA-TED,  a.  Not  implicated  ;  not  in- 
volved. Mitford. 

UN-I.M-PLI'£D,  (-im-pl;de',)  a.  Not  implied  ;  not  in- 
cluded bv  fair  inference.  Madison. 

UN-IJI-PLoR'-ED,  a.    Not  implored  ;  not  solicited. 

Mdton. 

UN-IJIPORT'.VNCE,  n.    Want  of  importance. 

Dwight. 

UN-IJI-PORT'ANT,  a.    Not  important ;  not  of  great 
moment, 
2.  Not  assuming  airs  of  dignity.  Pope. 

UN-IM-PORT'ANT-LY,  adv.  Without  weight  or 
importance. 

U.\-IM-POR-T0N'£D,  c.  Not  importuned  ;  not  soli- 
cited. 

UN-IM-P6S'ING,  a.     Not  imposing  ;  not  commanding 
respect. 
2.  Not  enjoining  as  obligatory  ;  voluntary. 

ThoTru;on. 

UN-IM-PREG'Na-TED,  a.    Not  impregnated. 

UN-LM-PRESS'r-BLE,  a.    Not  impressible. 

UN-IM-PRESS'IVE,  a.  Not  impressive;  not  forci- 
ble ;  not  adapted  to  affect  or  awaken  the  passions. 

Beddoes. 

UN-IJI-PRESS'IVE-LY,  adv.  Unforcibly  ;  without 
impression. 

UN-I.-il-PRIS'ON-ED,  a.    Not  confined  in  prison. 

UN-n;-PRo'PRI-A-TED,  a.     Not  impropriated. 

UN-IM-PROV'.A-BLE,  (-im-proov'a-bl,)  a.  Not  capa- 
ble of  improvement,  melioration,  or  advancement  to 
a  better  condition.  Rambler. 

9.  Incapable  of  being  cultivated  or '■''■■d.    Ji'olc''r. 

UN-I.M-PROV'.\-BLE-NESS,  n.  Tlic  qu,.iity  of  being 
not  improvable.  Hammond, 

UN-I.M-PROV'A-BLY,  adv.  Without  being  improva- 
ble. 

UN-l.M-PRCiV'£D,  {-im-proovd',)  a.  Not  improved  ; 
not  made  better  or  wi.ser ;  not  advanced  in  knowl- 
edge, manners,  or  excellence. 

Rmclc      Pope.     Olanvillc. 

2.  Not  used  for  a  valuable  purpose.    How  many 
advantages  unimprotai  have  we  to  regret ! 

As.  Research.  1.  X. 

3.  Not  used  ;  not  employed.    Hamilton.  Ramstnj. 

4.  Not  tilled  ;  not  cultivated  ;  as,  unii;:proc£d  land 
or  soil ;  unimprirved  ]ot'i  of  pround. 

Laws  of  Pain.     Franklin.     Ramsay. 

5.  Uncensured  ;  not  disapproved,      [This  sense, 
from  tlie  it.  intprobo^  is  entirely  obsolete.] 


UNI 


UNI 


UN-IM-PKOV'lNt;,  a.  .fijot  improviug;  not  tending 
to  advance  or  in=triicl.  Johnson. 

UN-l.M-POT'A-BLE,  a.  Not  imputable  or  chargea- 
ble to. 

II-NI-MUS'CU-LAR,  a.  Having  one  muscle  only, 
and  one  muscular  impression,  as  a  bivalve  molliis- 
c^'i-  Kirby. 

UN-IN-eAR'NATE,  a.    Not  incarnate. 

UN-IN-CENS'jED,  (-scnst',)a.  Not  incensed  or  angry. 

Jlsh. 

UN-IN-C:iT'ED,  a.     Not  incited.  IVords^cort/i. 

UN-I.\-eLoS'ED,  a.     Not  inclosed, 

UxN-I.V-eoU'rO-RA-TED,  o.     Not  incorporated. 

UN-IN-CReAS'A-BLE,  a.  Admitting  no  increase. 
[JVot  in  «.!(•.]  Boyle. 

UN-IN-CReAS'SD,  (-kreest',)  a.    Not  increased. 

Jlsh. 

UN-IN-eU.M'BER-£D,  a.  Not  encumbered  ;  not  bur- 
dened. 

2.  Free  from  any  teinporarj'  estate  or  interest,  or 
from  mortgage,  or  other  charge  or  debt ;  as,  an  es- 
tate unencumbered  with  dower. 

UN-IN-DEBT'ED,  f-det'-,)  a.     Not  indebted. 

2.  Not  borrowed.     [Unusual.]  Voun/r. 

UN-IN-DIF'FER-ENT,  a.  Not  indifferent ;  not  unbi- 
ased ;  partial ;  leaning  to  one  party.  Hooker. 

UX-IN  DORS'£D,  a.  Not  indorsed;  not  assigned; 
as,  an  unindorsed  note  or  bill. 

UN-IN-DUC'£D,  (-dusle',)  a.    Not  induced. 

UN-IN-DUS'TRI-OUS,  a.  Not  industrious  ;  not  dili- 
gent in  labor,  study,  or  other  pursuit. 

Decay  of  Piety. 

UN-IN-DUS'TRI-OUS-LY,  adv.     Without  industry. 

UN-IN-FECT'ED,  a.    Not  infected  ;  not  contaminated 
or  afiected  by  foul,  infectious  air. 
2.  Not  corrupted. 

UN-IN-FEG'TIOUS,  a.  Not  infectious  ;  not  foul ; 
not  capable  of  communicating  disease. 

UN-IN-FEST'ED,  a.     Not  infested. 

UN-I.\-FLa.M'£D,  a.     Not  infi.amed  ;  not  set  on  Are. 

Bacon. 
2.  Not  highly  provoked. 

UN-IN-FLAM'.MA-BLE,  a.  Not  innammable  ;  not 
cap:ible  of  being  set  on  fire.  Boyle. 

UN-IN'FLU-ENC-£;D,  (-In'tlu-enst,)  a.  Not  'influ- 
enced ;  not  persuaded  or  moved  by  others,  or  by  for- 
eign considerations  ;  not  biased  ;  acting  freely. 

2.  Not  proceeding  from  influence,  bias,  or  preju- 
dice ;  as,  uvinfineTtccd  conduct  or  aCJon.s. 

UN-IN-FLU-EN'TIAL,  a.    Not  having  influence. 

UN-IN-F0RJI'£D,  a.    Not  informed  ;  not  instructed  ; 

untaught.  Jililton. 

2.  Unanimated  ;  not  enlivened.  Spectator. 

UN-IN-FORM'ING,  a.  Not  furnishing  information  ; 
uninstructive.  Mitford. 

UN-IN-(jEN'10US,  ,i.    Not  ingenious  ;  dull.  Burke. 

UN-IN-GeN'IOUS-LY,  adv.    Without  ingenuity. 

UN-IN-GEN'U-OUS,  a.  Not  ingenuous;  not  frank 
or  candid  ;  disingenuous.  Decay  of  Piety. 

UN-IN-tSEN'U-OUS-LY,  adv.    Not  ingenuously. 

UN-IN-(5EN'[j-0US-NESS,  n.  Want  of  ingenuous- 
ness. 

UN-IN-HAB'IT-A-BLE,  a.  Not  inhabitable  ;  that  in 
which  men  can  not  live ;  unfit  to  be  the  residence  of 
men.  Ralegh. 

UN-IN-H  AB'IT-.\-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
uninhabitable. 

UN-IN-!IAB'IT-ED,  a.  Not  inhabited  by  men  ;  hav- 
ing no  inhabitants.  Swift. 

UN-IN-I"TIATE,  (-ish'ate,)  (         ».      :_i,i,,.j 

UN-I.\-I"TI.5-TED,  (-ish'i-ted,)  j  "■     '^'"  initiated. 

UN-IN'JUR-£D,  a.  Not  injured  ;  not  hurt;  suffering 
no  harm.  Milton. 

UN-IN-JO'RI-OUS,  a.    Not  injurious. 

UN-IN-QUIR'ING,  a.  Not  inquiring  or  disposed  to 
inquire. 

UN-IN-QUIS'I-TIVE,  a.  Not  inquisitive;  not  curi- 
ous to  search  and  inquire.  Warton. 

UN-IN-St'RIB'£D,  a.  Not  inscribed ;  h.aving  no  in- 
scription. Pope. 

UN-IN-SPrR'£D,  a.  Not  having  receiveii  any  super- 
natural instruction  or  illumination.  Locke. 

UN-IN  SPIR'IT-ED,  a.     Not  inspirited. 

U.N'-l-N'.^^TI-TU-TED,  a.   Not  instituted.    IVitkcrspoon. 

UN-l.N'-STRUeT'ED,  a.  Not  instructed  or  taught  ; 
not  educated. 

2.  Not  directed  by  sU|>erior  authority  ;  not  fur- 
nished ....      I  -tructions. 

UN-IN-.STRUtt'lNG,  a.    Not  ini*  acting. 

UN-IN-STRUeT'IVE,  a.  Not  instruclive;  not  con- 
ferring improvement.  Addison. 

UN-IN-STRUeT'IVE-LY,  adv.    Not  instnictively. 

UN-IN'SU-La-TED,  a.  Not  insulated  ;  not  being 
separated  or  detached  from  every  thing  else.     lire. 

UN-IN-SULT'ED,  a.     Not  insulted, 

UN-IN.SuR'£D,  (-shurd',)  a.  [See  Stnc]  Not  in- 
sured ;  not  assured  against  loss. 

UN-lN-TEL-LEeT'U-AL,  a.    Not  intelIectu:U. 

Good. 

UN-IN-TEL-LECT'U-AL-I.Y,  ndv.  Not  intellectually. 

UN-IN-TEL'LI-dENT,  a.  Not  having  reason  or  con- 
Ecioiisne.^s  ;   not  possessing  iinilerstanding. 

Bcnilcy. 
2.  Not  knowing  ;  not  skillful ;  dull.  Locke. 


UN-IN-TEL'IJ-(5EN'i'-I,Y,  adv.    Not  intellipintly. 

UN-I.V-TEI^LI-CJI-BIL'I-TY.n.  Tliequality  of  being 
not  intelligible.  BumcL 

UN-IN-TEL'LI-GI-BLE,  a.  Not  inUlligiljle  ;  Uiat 
can  not  be  understood.  Stcift. 

UN-IN-TEL'Ll.<il-BLE-NES8,  n.  Slat*  of  being 
unintelligible. 

UN-IN-TEL'LI-GI-nLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  not  to  be 
unilfcrstooil. 

UN-I.\-TE.\D'ED,  a.    Not  intended  ;  not  desired. 

Ledu. 

UN-I.V-TEN'TIO.V-AL,  a.  Not  intentional ;  not  de- 
signed ;  done  or  liap|icning  without  dciign.  Biretc 

UN-IN-TEN'TION-ALlY,  adr.  Without  denign  or 
purpose. 

UN-IN'TER-EST-ED,  a.  Not  interested  ;  not  having 
any  interest  or  property  in ;  having  nothing  at 
slake ;  as,  to  be  unintrreetid  in  any  business  or  ca- 
l...iiity. 

2.  Not  having  the  mind  or  the  pas.sions  engaged  ; 
as,  to  be  uninterested  in  a  discourse  or  narratinn. ' 

UN-IN'TER-EST-ING,  a.  Not  capable  of  exciting  an 
interest,  or  of  encaging  the  mind  or  passions;  as, 
an  uninteresting  story  or  riocm. 

UN-IN'TEll-EST-ING-LY,  adv.  So  as  not  to  excite 
interest. 

DN-IN-TER-JIIS'SION,  (-mieh'un,)  n.  Defect  or 
failure  of  intermission,  Parker 

UN-IN-TER-MIT'TED,  a.  Not  intermitted  ;  not  in- 
terrupted  ;  not  suspended  for  a  time  ;  continued. 

Hale. 

UN-IN-TER-.MIT'TED-LY,  adv.    Without  being  in-   I 
termitted. 

UN-IN-TER-MIT'TING,  a.  Not  intermitting;  not 
ceasing  for  a  time  ;  continuing. 

UN-IN-TER-.MIT'TING-LY,  adv.  Without  cessation  ; 
continually.  .Vit/tmL 

UN-IN-TEK-MIX'£D.a.  Not  intermixed  ,  not  mingled. 

UN-IN'TEll-PO-L.i-tEI),  a.  Not  intcri»lated  ;  not 
inserted  at  a  time  subsequent  to  the  original  writing. 

UN-IN-TER'PRET-ED,  a.  Not  explained  or  inter- 
preted. 

UN-IN-TER'RED,  a.    Not  buried.  Poltoi. 

UN-IN-TER-RUPT'ED,  a.  Not  inlcmiptcd ;  not 
broken.  .iddiscn. 

2.  Not  disturbed  by  intrusion  or  avocation. 

UN-IN-TER-RUPT'ED-LY,  adv.  Without  interrup- 
tion ;  witlloiit  disturbance. 

UN-IN-TO.X'I-e.^-TlNC,  a.    Not  intoxicating. 

UN-IN-TRENC1I'£D,  (-in-trencht',)  a.  Not  in- 
trenched ;  net  delejideil  bv  iulrenchments.    Pope. 

UN-IN'TRI-e.t-TED,  a.  Not  perplexed  ;  not  obscut« 
or  intricate.    [jVyt  in  une.]  Hammond. 

UN-IN-TRO-DuC'£D,  (-in-tro-duste',)  a.  Nrl  intro- 
duced ;  not  properly  conducted  ;  obtrusive.  Young. 

UN-lN-tlR'£D,  a.  Not  inured  ;  not  hardened  by 'use 
or  practice.  Philips. 

IJN-IN-VaD'ED,  a.    Not  inraded. 

UN-IN-VE.NT'ED,  a.    Not  invented;  not  found  out. 

UN-I.\.VE.\T'IVE,  a.     Not  inventive.  LViltcn. 

U.\-L\-VENT'IVE-LY,  adv.     Not  invcntivelv. 

UN-IN-VEST'ED,  a.     Not  invested  ;  not  clothed. 

Dtcight. 
2.  Not  converted  into  some  species  of  property  less 
fleeting  than  money  ;  as,  money  unintestrd. 

HamilUin. 

UN-IN-VES'TI-GA-BLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  inves- 
tigated or  searched  ouL  Rav. 

UN-IN-VES'TI-GA-TEU,  a.    Not  investigated. 

UN-IN-VES'TI-G.\-TIVE,  a.  .\ot  adapted  or  given 
to  investigation. 

UN-IN-VID'I-OUS,  a.     Not  invidious. 

UN-IN-Vrr'ED,  a.  Not  invited  ;  not  requested  ;  not 
solicited.  Philips. 

UN-1.\-VIT'!NG,  a.    Not  inviting.  Slfirart 

UN-IN-VOK'£D,  (in-vokt',)  a.    Not  invoked. 

I.i'NI-0, 71.  [L.]  A  genus  of  frc^U-water  bi\-alves, 
commonly  called  FRBsH-W.iTER  Cl.iM9.        Dana, 

ITN'ION,  (yun'yuii,)  n.  [Fr.  iiniaii;  It.  «nianc;L. 
uniOy  to  unite,  from  imiis,  one.] 

1.  The  act  of  joining  two  or  more  things  into  one, 
and  thus  forming  a  compound  body  or  a  mixture  ;  or 
the  junction  or  coalition  of  things  thus  united.  \ 
Union  differs  lYom  cuniicc'ioa,  as  it  implies  the 
bodies  to  be  in  contact,  without  an  inter\'ening 
body  ;  whereas  tilings  may  be  connected  by  the  inter- 
vention of  a  third  body,  as  by  a  cord  or  cliain. 

One  tiiiigdoiu,  joy  anj  union  ^itli -il  ecJ.  MUtcn. 

2.  Concord  ;  agreement  and  conjunction  of  mind, 
will,  affections,  or  interest.  Happy  is  the  family 
where  perfect  union  subsists  between  all  its  mem- 
bers. 

d.  The  junction  or  united  existence  of  spirit  and 
matter;  -as,  the  union  of  soul  and  body. 

4.  .Among  paintcrsy  a  symmetry  and  agreement 
between  the  several  parts  of  a  (laintiug.  Cjfc 

5.  In  architecture^  harmony  between  the  colors  in 
the  materials  of  a  building.  C»w 

6.  In  ecclesiastical  aj/hirs^  the  combining  or  cousoli 
dating  of  two  or  more  churches  into  one.  Tliis  can 
not  be  done  wiilioiit  the  consent  of  the  bishop,  the 
patron,  and  the  incllullienl.  Union  is  by  accession^ 
when  the  united  benefice  brcoiues  an  accessory  of 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  V1"CI0US.  — C  .as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  Til  as  in  THIS 


1205 


UN! 


UNI 


the  principal ;  by  confusion,  where  the  two  titles  are 
suppressed,  and  a  new  one  created,  including  both; 
and  by  etiuality,  where  the  two  titles  subsist,  but  are 
equal  and  independent.  Cyc 

7.  States  united.  Thus  the  United  States  of 
America  are  soraetimes  called  t?ie  Union. 

MarsIuilL     Hamilton. 

8.  A  pearl.     [L.  unio.]     [JVot  in  ttse.] 
0.  In  t/icjla^  of  the  United  Stales,  a  square  portion 

at  the  upper  left-hand  corner,  in  which  the  stars  are 
united  on  a  blue  ground,  denoting  the  union  of  the 
Plates.  Totten. 

The  British  flag  has  a  similar  union,  composed  of 
the  three  crosses  of  St.  George,  St.  Andrew,  and  St 
Patrick,  denoting  the  union  of  the  three  kingdoms. 

Glynn. 
Union  dowmoard :  a  signal  of  distress  at  sea  made 
by  reversing  the  flag,  or  turning  its  union  downward. 
'  Union,  or  act  of  iinicn  :  the  act  by  which  Scotland 
was  united  to  England,  or  by  which  the  two  king- 
doms were  incorporated  into  one,  in  1707. 

Letrislativc  union  ,■  the  union  of  Great  Britain  and 
Ireland,  in  1800. 

Union  by  the  first  intention ;  in  surgery, Xhc  process 
by  which  the  opposite  surfaces  of  recent  wounds, 
when  they  are  kept  in  contact  with  each  other,  gi'ow 
together  and  unite  without  suppuration  ;  the  re.^ult 
of  a  wonderful  self-healing  power  in  living  bodies. 

Cyc. 
y-NlP'A-ROUS,  a.      [L.  unas,  one,  and   paHo,    to 
bear.] 
Producing  one  at  a  birth.  Brown. 

IJ-NiaUE',  (yu>neek',)  a.     [Fr.]     Sole;    unequaled  ; 

single  in  its  kind  or  excellence. 
TT-NIUUE'LY,  adv.     In  a  unique  manner. 
u'-NI-Ra'DI-A-TED,  a.     Having  one  rav.        Encyc. 
UN-lR'Rl-TA-TED,  a.    Not  irritated  ;  not  fretted. 

9.  Not  provoked  or  angered. 
UN-IR'RI-Ta-TING,  a.    Not  irritating  or  fretting. 

2.  Not  provoking. 

3.  Not  exciting.  Beddoes. 
UN-IR'UI-Ta-TING-LY,  adc.  So  as  not  to  irritate. 
TT-NI-SK'RI-ATE,  a.  Having  a  single  line  or  series. 
U-NI-Pe'RI-ATE-LY,  adv.  In  single  line  or  series. 
TT-NI-SEX'IT-AL,  a.  In  botany,  having  one  sex  only. 
l|'Nl-SON,  n.     [L.  itnus,  one,  and  sonus,  sound.] 

I.  In  music,  an  accordance  or  coincidence  of 
sounds  proceeding  from  an  equality  in  the  number 
of  vibrations  made  in  a  given  time  by  a  sonorous 
body.  If  two  chords  of  the  same  matter  have  equal 
length,  thickness,  and  tension,  they  are  said  to  be  in 
unison,  and  their  sounds  will  be  in  unison.  Sounds 
of  very  dilferent  qualities  and  force  maybe  in  uni- 
son ;  as  the  sound  of  a  bell  may  be  in  unison  with  a 
sound  of  a  flute.  Unison  then  consists  in  sameness 
of  degree,  or  similarity  in  respect  to  gravity  or  acute- 
ness,  and  is  apphcable  to  any  sound,  whether  of  in- 
struments or  of  the  human  organs,  &.c. 

Q.  A  single,  unvaried  note.  Pope. 

In  unison  ;  in  agreement ;  in  harmony, 
T^'Nl-SON,  a.    Sounding  alone. 

Souuds  intermixed  with  voice, 
Choml  or  unison.  Aiwn. 

XJ-NIS'O-NANCE,  n.    Accordance  of  sounds. 

What  conEtituics  unisonance   is  lli^^  CTurilily  of  the  number  of 
vibnilions  of  sonorous  bodies,  in  iwo  tquai  times.     Cyt 

X^-NIS'0-NANT,  a.      Being  in  unison;    having  the 
same  degree  of  gravity  or  acnleness.  j 

IJ-Nia'O-NOUS,  a.    Being  in  unison.  Busby. 

Q'NIT,  (yu'nit,)  n.     [L.  nnns,  one  ;  unttas,  unity.] 
I.  One;  a  word  which  denotes  a  single  thing  or 
person  ;  the  least  whole  number. 

Units  are  l!io  integral  parts  of  any  lar^  number.  WdUe. 

9.  In  mathematics,  any  known  determinate  quantity, 
by  the  constant  repetition  of  which,  any  other  quan- 
tity of  the  same  kind  is  measured.     [Sec  Unitt.] 

Olmst&i. 
ti-NI-TA'RI-AN,  71.     [h.  unitas,  unus.] 

One  who  denies  the  doctrine  of  the  trinity,  and 

ascribes  divinity  to  God  the  Father  only.    The  Arian 

and  Socinian  are  both  comprehended  in  the  term 

Unitarian. 

TJ-NI-Ta'RI-AN,  a.     Pertaining  to  Unitarians. 

IJ-NI-T.\'RI-AN-ISM,Ti.  The  doctrines  of  Unitarians, 

who  deny  the  divinity  of  Christ. 
IJ-NITE',  V.  t.     [L.  unio,  unitus ;  Fr.  and  Sp.  ww/r  ;  It. 
unire.] 

1.  To  put  together  or  join  two  or  more  things, 
which  make  one  compound  or  mixture.  Thus  we 
unite  the  parts  of  a  building  to  make  one  structure. 
The  kingdoms  of  England,  Scotland,  and  Ireland 
united,  form  one  empire.  So  wc  unite  spirit  and 
water  and  other  liquors.  VVe  uvitc  strands  to  make 
a  rope.  Tlie  Slates  of  North  America,  united,  form 
one  nation. 

2.  To  join  ;  to  connect  in  a  near  relation  or  alli- 
ance ;  as,  to  U7iite  families  by  maniage ;  to  unite 
nations  by  treaty. 

3.  To  make  to  agree  or  be  uniform  ;  as,  to  iirtitc  a 
kingdom  in  one  form  of  worship;  to  unite  men  in 
opinions.  Clarendon. 

4.  To  cause  to  adhere  ;  as,  to  unite  bricks  or  stones 
by  cement. 


5.  To  join  in  interest  or  fellowship.     Oen.  xlix. 

G.  To  tie ;  to  splice ;  as,  to  unite  two  cords  or 
ropes. 

7.  To  join  in  affection ;  to  make  near ;  as,  to  unite 
liearts  in  love. 

[Unite  is  followed  by  to  or  with.  To  unite  to,  is  to 
join.  Gen.  xlix.  vi.  To  unite  with,  is  to  associate  ; 
but  the  distinction  is  not  always  obvious  or  impor- 
tant.] 

To  unite  tlie  heart;  to  cause  all  its  powers  and  aflec- 
tions  to  join  with  order  and  delight  in  the  same  ob- 
jects. Ps.  Ixxxvi. 
IJ-NITE',  y.  t.  To  join  in  an  act ;  to  concur  ;  to  act 
in  concert.  All  parties  united  in  petitioning  for  a 
repeal  of  the  law. 

2.  To  coalesce;  to  be  cemented  or  consolidated  ; 
to  combine  ;  as,  bodies  unite  by  attraction  or  af- 
finity. 

3.  To  grow  together,  as  the  parts  of  a  wound. 

The  epiir  of  a  young  cock,  gnified  into  the  comb,  will  unUe  and 
gfow.  Duhamel. 

4.  To  coalesce,  as  sounds. 

5.  To  be  mixed.    Oil  and  water  will  not  unite. 
t|-NIT'ED,  pp.  or  a.      Joined ;   made  to  agree ;    ce- 
mented ;  mixed  ;  attached  by  growth. 

United  Brethren;  a  religious  community  commonly 
called  J\Toraoin}is. 

United  fiowers,  are  such  as  have  the  stamens  and 
pistils  in  liie  same  flower.  Cyc. 

TJ-NIT'ED-LY,  adv.    With  union  or  joint  efforts. 

U-NtT'ER,  n.    The  person  or  thing  tliat  unites. 

l|-NIT'ING,  jipr.  Joining  ;  causing  to  agree  ;  consoli- 
dating; coalescing;  growing  together. 

XJ-NI"TION,  (vu-nish'un,)  n.  Junction  ;  act  of  unit- 
iug.     [JVbtmu.se.]  .  fViseman. 

tJ'NI-TlVE,  a.  Having  the  power  of  uniting.  [J^ot 
used.]  Jv'orris. 

I2'NIT-JAR,  n.  A  small,  insulated  Leyden  jar,  placed 
between  the  electrical  machine  and  a  larger  jar  or 
battery,  so  as  to  announce,  by  its  repeated  dis- 
charges, the  number  of  Ihem  which  have  passed 
into  the  larger  jar.  Brands. 

U'NI-TY,  (yu'ne-te,)  n.     [L.  unilas.'] 

1.  The  state  of  being  one  ;  oneness.  Unity  may 
consist  of  a  simple  substance  or  existing  being,  as  the 
soul  ;  but  usually  it  consists  in  a  close  junction  of 
particles  or  parts,  constituting  a  botly  detached  from 
other  bodies.  Unity  is  a  thing  undivided  itself,  but 
separate  from  every  other  thing.     School  Philosophy. 

2.  Concord  ;  conjunction  ;  as,  a  unity  of  proofs, 

Shak. 

3.  Agreement ;  unifttrmity  ;  as,  unity  of  doctrine  ; 
unity  of  worship  in  a  church.  Hooker. 

4.  In  Christian  theology,  oneness  of  sentiment,  af- 
fection, or  behavior. 

How  good  and  how  pleaeanl  it  13  for  bretliren  lo  dwell  tagetber 
in  unity  I  —  Ps.  cxxxiii. 

5.  In  mathematics,  the  abstract  expression  for  any 
unit  whatsoever.  The  number  1  is  unity  when  it 
is  not  applied  to  any  particular  object ;  but  a  unit, 
when  it  is  so  applied.  Olmsted. 

6.  In  poetrtiy  the  principle  by  which  a  uniform  tenor 
of  Bton'  and  propriety  of  representation  is  preserved. 
In  the  Greek  drama,  the  three  unities  required  were 
those  of  action,  of  time,  and  of  place  ;  in  other  words, 
that  there  should  be  but  one  main  plot ;  that  the 
time  supposed  should  not  exceed  twenty-four  hours  ; 
and  that  the  [ilace  of  the  action  before  the  spectators 
should  be  one  and  the  same  throughout  the  piece. 

7.  In  music,  such  a  combination  of  parts  as  to  con- 
stitute a  whole,  or  a  kind  of  symmetry  of  style  and 
character.  Rousseau. 

8.  In  law,  the  properties  of  a  joint  estate  are  de- 
rived from  its  unity,  which  is  fourfold  ;  unity  of  in- 
terest, unity  of  title,  unity  of  time,  and  unity  of  pos- 
session ;  in  other  words,  joint-tenants  have  one  and 
the  same  interest,  accruing  by  one  and  the  same  con- 
veyance, commencing  at  the  same  time,  and  held 
by  one  and  the  same  undivided  possession. 

Blackstone. 

9.  In  laiD,  unity  of  possession  is  a  joint  possession 
of  two  rights  by  several  titles,  as  when  a  man  has  a 
lease  of  land  upon  a  certain  rent,  and  afterward  biiys 
the  fee-simple.  This  \sn.unity  of  possession,  by  which 
the  lease  is  extinguished. 

Unity  of  faith  is  an  equal  belief  of  the  same  truths 
of  God,  and  possession  of  the  grace  of  faith  in  like 
form  and  degree.  Brown. 

Unity  of  spirit  is  the  oneness  which  subsists  be- 
tween Clirist  and  his  saints,  by  which  the  same  spirit 
dwells  in  both,  and  both  have  the  same  disposition 
and  aims  ;  and  it  is  the  oneness  of  Christians  among 
themselves,  united  under  the  same  head,  having  the 
same  spirit  dwelling  in  them,  and  possessing  the 
same  graces,  faith,  love,  hope,  &c.  Brown. 

U'NI-VALVE,  a.     [L.  unus,  one,  and  valva:.] 
Having  one  valve  only,  as  a  shell  or  pericarp. 

tJ'NI-VALVE,  n.  A  shell  having  one  valve  only; 
a  molUisk  whose  shell  is  composed  of  a  single  piece. 
Tlie  unir'alues  form  one  of  the  three  divisions  into 
which  shells  are  usually  divided.  LimuBus. 

IJ-NI-VALV'U-LAR,  «.  Having  one  valve  only  ;  as, 
a  U7itca/y u/ar'pericarp  or  shell.  Martyn.     Cyc. 


UNJ 

I|-NI-VERS' AL,  a,     [L.  univcrsaJis ;  mnis  nnd  vert:or.'\ 

1.  All;  uxlending  to  or  comprehending^  tlie  whole 
number,  quantity,  or  space  ;  as,  universal  ruin  ;  uni- 
versal good  J  universal  benevolence. 

'I'he  itnioersal  cause 
Acta  not  by  partial,  but  by  general  lawa.  Pope, 

2.  Total ;  whole. 

From  liannony,  from  heavenly  harmony, 

Tliia  UFiiuersui  frame  bejan.  Dnirltn. 

3.  Comprising  all  the  particulars  ;  as,  universal 
kinds.  Davics. 

4.  In  botanvy  a  universal  umbel  is  a  primary  or  gun- 
eral  umbel ;  the  first  or  largest  set  of  r.iys  in  a  cotn- 
pountl  umbel ;  opposed  to  partial.  A  universal  iu- 
volutre  is  not  unfrequently  placed  at  the  fool  of  a 
universal  umbel.  Jilartyn. 

Universal  dial  is  a  dial  by  which  the  hour  uiny  be 
found  by  the  sun  in  any  part  of  the  world,  or  under 
any  elevation  of  tlie  pole. 

Universal  joint ;  a  contrivance  employed  to  pive 
motion  obliquely  to  certain  instruments,  as  the  tele- 
scope. Two  universal  joints  are  so  combined  as  to 
give  motion  separately,  in  directions  at  right  aimles 
to  each  other,  e.  g.,  one  horizontally  and  the  other 
vertically ;  but,  when  both  act  together,  the  nuilion 
is  oblique  between  the  two  separate  directions.  U 
usually  consists  of  two  arms  terminating  in  semicir- 
cles, connected  by  pins  or  shafts  at  right  angles  to 
each  other.  '  Olmsted. 

Universal  proposition ;  one  in  which  the  subject  is 
taken  in  its  widest  extent,  and  the  predicate  applies 
to  every  thing  which  the  stibject  can  denote, 

Whatchj. 
IJ-NI-VERS'AL,  71.  [See  the  adjective.]  In  lojrit,  a 
universal  is  complex  or  ineomplez.  A  complex  universal 
is  either  a  universal  proposition,  as  "  every  whole  is 
greater  than  its  parts,"  or  whatever  raises  a  mani- 
fold conception  in  the  mind,  as  the  definition  of  a 
reasonable  animal. 

An  ineomplez  universal  is  what  produces  one  con- 
ception only  in  the  mind,  and  is  a  simple  thing  re- 
specting many  :  as  human  nature,  which  relates  to 
every  individual  in  which  it  is  found.  Cyc. 

a.  The  whole  ;  the  general  system  of  the  universe. 
[J^ot  in  use.] 
tJ-NI-VERS'AL-ISM,  n.  In  tliealogy,  the  doctrine  or 
belief  that  all  men  will  be  saved  or  made  happy  in  a 
future  life. 
l!-NI-VERS'AL-IST,  n.  One  who  holds  the  doctrine 
that  all  men  will  be  saved. 

9.  One  who  affects  to  understand  all  particulars. 

rOis.l  BeoUry. 

TT-NI-VER-SAL'I-TY,  n.    The  state  of  extending  to 

^the  whole  ;  as,  the  vniversalitij  of  a  proposition  ;  the 

universality  of  sin  ;  the  universality  of  the  deluge. 

fVooiltoard. 
To  make  universal. 

Colerid:,'-c. 
pp.    Rendered  universal. 


li-NI-VERS'AL-IZE,  v.  t. 
U-NI-VEES'AL-IZ-£D 
U-NI-VEES'AL-IZ-ING,  ppr. 


More. 

Rendering  universal. 

Ifotec. 

[J-NI-VERS'AL-LY,    adv.      With    extension    to  the 
whole  ;  in  a  manner  to  comprehend  all  ;  without  ex- 
ception.    Air  is  a  fluid  universally  diffused.     God's 
laws  are  universally  binding  on  his  creatures. 
IJ-NI-VERS'AL-NESS,  n.     Universality. 

J^ote.  —  Universal  and  its  derivatives  are  used  in 
common  discourse  for  General.  This  kind  of  uni- 
versality is  by  the  schoolmen  called  moralj  as  admit- 
ting of  some  exceptions,  in  distinction  from  meta- 
physical, which  precludes  all  exceptions. 
U'Nl-VERSE,  11.     [Fr.  univcrs :  L.  universitas.'j 

The  collective  name  of  heaven  and  eartli  and  all 
that  belongs  to  them  ;  the  whole  system  of  created 
things  ;  the  -o  aav  of  the  Greeks,  and  the  mundus  of 
the  Latins. 
U-NI-VERS'I-TY,  71.  An  assemblage  of  colleges  cs- 
'tablishedinany  place,  with  professors  for  instructing 
students  in  the  sciences  and  other  branches  of  learn- 
ing, and  where  degrees  are  conferred.  A  universitij 
is  properly  a  universal  school,  in  which  are  taught 
all  branches  of  learning,  or  the  four  faculties  of  the- 
ology, medicine,  law,  and  the  sciences  and  aits. 

Cyc. 
tJ-NIV'0-€AL,  a.     [L.  unus,  one,  and  voi,  word.'] 

1.  Having  one  meaning  only.  A  univocal  word  is 
opposed  to  an  equivocal,  which  has  two  or  more  sig- 
nifications. Watts. 

2.  Having  unison  of  sounds,  as  the  octave  in  mu- 
sic and  its  replicates.  Rousseau. 

3.  Certain  ;  regular ;  pursuing  always  one  tenor. 
[Liltle  used.]  Broml. 

lI-.MV'0-eAL-LY,  adv.    In  one  term  ;  in  one  sense. 

How  IB  sin  utiiDOca^/y  diBtinguiehed  into  venial  and  morUiI,'fliie 
veui.U  l«  not  Bin  t  Hale. 

2.  In  one  tenor.     {Little  used.]  Ray. 

If-NIV-O-eA'TION,    71.      Agreement  of  name  and 

meaning.  ^V^- 

UN-JAK'RING,  a.    Not  discordant. 
UN-JEAL'OUS,  (-jel'us,)  a.     Not  mistrusting. 
UN-JOIN'£D,  a.     Not  joined. 
UN-JOINT',  v.  t.     To  disjoint. 


Booker. 
Fuller. 


FJTE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PREY. -PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQOK.. 
T20G  ~~ 


UNL 

ITN-JOINT'ED,  pp.    Disjoinled  ;  separated.    Milton. 
2.  0.  Having  no  joint  or  arliculution ;  as,  an  un- 
joitUcd  stem.  Botany. 

UN-JOY'OUS,  a.    Not  joyous;  not  gay  or  cheerful. 

Thomson. 

UX-JOY'OUS-LY,  adv.    Uncheerfully  ;  not  joyously. 

UNJCDO'-ED,  (-jujd'j)  a.  Not  jndged  ;  not  judicially 
determined.  Prior. 

UN-JUST',  a.  Not  just ;  acting  contrary  to  the  stand- 
ard of  right  established  by  the  divine  law  ;  not  equi- 
table ;  as,  an  uitjust  man. 

2.  Contrar>'  to  justice  and  right ;  wrongful ;  as,  an 
unjust  sentence  ;  an  unjiirSt  demand  i  an  unjust  accu- 
sation. 

UN-JUST'I-Fl-A-BLE,  a.  Not  justifiable;  that  can 
not  be  proved  to  be  right ;  not  to  be  vindicated  or 
defended  ;  as,  an  unjustifiable  motion  or  action. 

J3tterbury. 

UN-JUST'I-FI-A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  not 
being  justifiable.  Clarendon. 

UN^UST'1-FI-A-BLY,  fldy.  In  a  manner  that  can 
not  be  ju:slified  or  vindicated. 

1TN-JUST'I-FI-£D,  (-fide,)  a.    Not  justified  or  vindi- 
cated. 
2.  Not  pardoned.  J.  Jil.  Jilason. 

UN-JUST'LY,  adc.  In  an  unjust  manner;  wrong- 
fullv. 

UNK'ED,  Kor   Uncouth.    Odd;    strange.      [J\rot  in 

UNK'ID,   \      use.] 

UN-KEM'M£D, )  a.    Uncombed  ;  unpolished. 

UN-KEMPT',      i  Spettser. 

r  Obsolete  except  in  poetry.] 

UN-KEN'NEL,  v.  t.  To  drive  from  his  hole;  as,  to 
unkennel  a  fox.  SItak. 

2.  To  rouse  from  secrecy  or  retreat.  Skak. 

3.  To  release  from  a  kennel. 
UN-KEN'NEL-£D,  pp.    Driven  or  let  loose  from  con- 
finement, as  a  fox  or  dog. 

UN-KENT',  a.     [un  and  ken,  to  know.]    Unknown. 

[06*'.l  Spenser. 

UN-KEPT',  0.  Not  kept ;  not  retained  ;  not  preserved. 

2.  Not  observed;  not  obeyed  ;  as  a  coramrind. 

Hooker, 
UN-KER'CHIEF-ED,  (-ker'chift,)  a.    Not  having  on 

a  kerchief. 
UN-KERX'EL-£D,  a.    Destitute  of  a  kernel.     PoUok. 
UN-KIND',  a.    Not  kind  ;  not  benevolent ;  not  favor- 
able ;  not  obliging.  Shak. 
2.  Unnatural.                                                 Spenser. 
UN-KIND'U-NESS,  n.    Unfavorableness. 
UN-KlND'LY,  a.    Unnatural ;  contrary  to  nature  ;  as, 
an  unknidly  crime.                                             Spenser. 
2.  Unfavorable  ;  malignant ;  as,  an  unkindly  fog. 

MUton. 
UN-KIND'LY,  ado.    Without  kindness  ;  without  af- 
fection ;  as,  to  treat  one  unkindly. 
2.  In  a  manner  contrary  to  nattire  ;  unnaturally. 

AW  works  of  nature, 
Atortive,  monstrous,  or  unkindly  mixed. 

UN-KIND'NES3,  n.    Want  of  kindness 

ural  affection  ;  want  of  good  will. 
9.  Disobliging  treatment ;  disfavor. 
UN-KING',  V.  t.    To  deprive  of  royalty.  Shak. 

UN-KING'LIKE, )  a.     Unbecoming  a  king;  not  no- 
UxN-KING'LY,      \      ble.  Milner.     Shak. 

UN-KISS'£D,  (-kist',)  a.    Not  kissed.  Skak. 

UNK'LE.     See  U:?cle. 

UN-KXELL'£D,  {-neld',)  a.    Untolled.  Bvron. 

UN-KXlGHT'LY,  a.     Unbecoming  a  knight.   Sidney. 
UN-KNlT',  (-nit',)  c.  L    To  separate  threads  that  are 

knit ;  to  open  ;  to  loose  work  that  is  knit  or  knotted. 

Shak. 
2.  To  open.  Skak. 

UN-KNOT',  (-not',)  v.  t   To  free  from  knots  ;  to  untie. 
UN  KNOT'TED,  pp.    Freed  from  knots  ;  untied. 
UN-KNoW',  (-no',)  r.  t.    To  cease  to  know.     [JVot  in 


UNL 

3.  To  divest  of  ornaments.  Sliak. 

4.  In  sea  laa^uagc,  to  loose  and  lake  ofl"  a  bonnet 
from  a  sail,  or  to  cast  off  any  lacing  in  any  part  of 
the  rigging  of  a  vessL-l.  Tutten. 

UN-LAC'£b,  (-irisle', )/>;>.    Loosed  from  lacing;  un- 

fasieiied. 
UN-LaC'ING,  ppr.    lioosing  from  lacing  or  fastening. 
UN-LACK'EY-£D,  (-lak'id,)    a.      Unattended  by  a 

lackey.  Cowper. 

UN-LaDE',  v.  t.    To  unload  ;  to  take  out  the  cargo 

of;  as,  to  urdade  a  ship. 
2.  To  unload ;  to  remove,  as  a  load  or  burden. 

Jicts  Kxi. 
UN-LaD'£N,  pp.  of  L\DE.    Unloaded. 
UN-LaD'ING,  ppr.    Removing  the  cargo  from  a  ship. 
UN-La'DY-LIKE,  a.    Not  ladylike. 
UN-LaID',  a.     Not  placed  ;  not  fixed.  Hooker. 

2.  Not  allayed  ;  not  pacified  ;  not  suppressed. 

Milton. 

3.  Not  laid  out,  as  a  corpse.  B.  Jonson. 


Milton. 

:  want  of  nat- 


UN-LA-MENT'ED,  o.    Not  lamented  ;  whose  loss  is 
not  deplored. 

Thua  uniamenled  pass  (he  proud  away.  Pope. 

UN-LANCH'£D,  o.    Not  lanched. 

UN-LAP',  V.  t.     To  unfuUl. 

UN-LAP'PM),  (-lapf,  1 ;;;».    Unfolding. 

UN-LAP'PING,  ppr.     Unfolding. 

UN-LARD'ED,  a.    Not  intermixed  or  inj^erted  for  im- 
provement. Chcslcrjidd. 

UN-L.VrCU',  V.  L     To  open  or  loose  by  lifting  the 
latch. 

UN-LATCH'ING,pi)r.  Opening  or  loosing  by  lifting 
the  latch. 

UN-LAUNCH'£D,  (-Idncht',]  a.    Not  launched. 

UN-LAU'REL-i-:D,  a.  Not  crowned  with  laurel ;  not 
honored.  Byron. 

UN-LAVISH,  c.  Not  lavish ;  not  profuse ;  not 
wasteful. 

UN-LAV'ISH-£D,  (-lav'isht,)  a.  Not  lavished;  not 
spent  wastefully. 

UN-LAW',  V.  U    To  deprive  of  the  authority  of  law. 

Milton. 

UN-LAW'FyL,  a.  Not  lawful;  contrary  to  law; 
illegal ;  not  permitted  by  law.  Dryden. 

Uulawfal  assembly  ;  in  law,  the  meeting  of  three  or 
more  persons  willi  intent  mutually  to  assist  each 
other  in  Iht;  execution  of  some  enterprise  of  a  private 
nature  wilh  force  and  violence.  Boiivier. 

UN-LAW'FyL-LY,  adv.  In  violation  of  law  or  right ; 
illegally.     "  Taylor. 

2.  Illegitimately;  not  in  wedlock  ;  as,  a  child  un- 
lawfully born.  jiddison. 

UN-LAW'FIJL-NESS,  w.  Illegality ;  contrariety  to 
law."  '  South. 

2.  Illegitimacy. 

UN-LAW^LIKE,  a.    Not  lawlike. 

UN-LEACir£D,  (-leecht',)  a.    Not  leached  ;  as,  un- 

UN-LEARN',  (-lern',)  v.  t.  To  forget  or  lose  what 
has  been  learned.  It  is  most  important  to  us  all  to 
unlearn  the  errors  of  our  early  education. 

I  had  learued  notlaing  right;  1  had  to  unlearn  every  ihinj. 

Luther  iu  Milner. 

UN-LEARN'£D,  {pp.  pron.  un-lemd',  and  a.  un-lern'- 
ed,)  pp.    Forgotten. 

2.  a.  Not  learned;  ignorant;  illiterate;  not  in- 
structed. Dryden. 

3.  Not  gained  by  study  ;  not  known.         MdUnu 

4.  Not  suitable  to  u  learned  man ;  as,  unlearned 


UNL 

UN-LI'CENS-ED,  C-irsen*t,)  a.     Not  licensed;  not 
having  permission  by  authority;    an,  an  uulieensed 

innkeeper. 

Tlie  vctKlL-i^  of  ardent  ipiriu,  in  pluca  IJeeaacd  or  unHemMtd, 
b  a  tn:nkcii«lotJc  ctQ,  /,.  Bcecker. 

UN-LICK'£D,  (likt^)  a.     Shap.le.^«;  not  formed  (o 

Bmo(ithiicK-) ;  as,  an  unliektd  bear  whetp.  Shak, 

UN-LIGUT'CD,  a.    Not  lighted  ;  uut  illuminaicd. 

Pr<^r. 

2.  Not  kindled  or  set  on  fire. 
UN-LIGIl'i''SO.ME,  (-litfc'HUni,)  a.     Dark ;    glooni>  -. 

wanting  hglit.  MUUm, 

UN-LIKE',  a.      Dissimilar;   havin^'  no  reveniblancc. 

Never  were  two  mcu  more  utUii:.    The  caii«s  are 

entirely  unlike. 
2.  Iinprubable;  nnlikcly.  Bacon. 

UN-LIKE'LI-nOQD, )  n.    Impn-babilitv. 
UN-LTKE'LI-N£S3,  i  South.    Locke. 

UN-LIKE'LY,  a.     Improbable  :    diicb  as  can  dU  be 

reasonably  expected  ;    as,  an    'tnlikely    event     The 

thing  you  mention  is  very  un!il:eiy 
2.  Not  promising  succes.^.    lie  employe  very  un- 

likehi  means  to  effect  his  objecL 
UN  LtKE'LV,  aUc.    Improbably.  .iddUon. 

UN-LiKL'NESS,  n.     Want  of  resemblance  ;  distimil- 

itudc.  Drydf-. 

UN-LlM'nER,    a.     Not   limber;    not   flexible;     r    ■. 

yielding. 
UN-LI.M'HER,  F.  f.     In  military  /<mj?u<7*e,  to  take  oJ 

the  limbers  ;  as,  to  unlimber  the  guiM. 
UN-L1M'I1ER-£D,  pp.     Freed  from  liie  limbers. 
UN-Lr.M'HEK  ING,;;jn-.     Taking  off  the  limbers. 
UN-LIM'IT-A-BLE,  a.     Admitting  no  Umirs;  b'  ■-;  '. 


[We  now  use  Iiximitable.] 

N-LIM'IT-EC  

boundles; 


UN- 


JN-K'Xc 


Shak, 
Ignorantly.  Brown. 

Want  of  learning  ;  illiter- 
Sjjlvcster. 
Forgetting  what   one    has 


U.V-KNoW'A-ELE,a.  That  can  not  be  known.  IVattS: 
UN-KNoW'ING,  a.    Not  knowing;   ignorant;  with 
of. 

Unknotping  of  deceit.  Pops. 

UN-KNoW'ING-LY,adp.  Ignorantly;  without  knowl- 
edge or  design.  Addison. 

UN-KNoWN',  a.  Not  known.  The  author  of  the 
invention  is  unknown. 

2.  Greater  than  is  imagined.  Bacon. 

3.  Not  having  had  cohabitation.  Shak. 
A.  Not  having  communication.                  .Addison. 

UN-La'BOR-£D,  a.  Not  produced  by  labor  ;  as,  un- 
labored harvests.  Dryden. 

2.  Not  cultivated  by  labor  ;  not  tilled.  Blaclanure. 

3.  Spontaneous ;   voluntary ;   that  offers  without 
effort ;  natural. 

And  from  Ihe  theme  unlabortd  beaulica  rise.  Ticket. 

4.  Easy;  natural;  not  stiff;  as,  an  uTiioJoreti  style. 

Roscoe 
UN-LA-E6'RI-OUS,  a.    Not  laborious  ;  not  dimcult  to 

be  done.  Mdton. 

UN-LA-Eo'RI-0U3-LY,  adv.     Without  labor. 
UN-LaCE',  v.  (.    To  loose  from  lacing  or  fastening  by 
a  cord  or  strings  passed  through  loops  and  holes  ;  as, 
to  uTdace  a  helmet  or  a  garment. 
2.  To  loose  a  woman's  dress. 


verses. 
UN-LEAEX'ED-LV,  <irfp. 
UN-LEAEN'ED-NESS,  n. 

aleness. 
UN-LEAEN'ING,    ppr. 

learned. 
UN-hEAV EN-ED,  (-lev'iid,)  a.    Nol  leavened  ;  not 

rai:?ed  by  leaven,  banu,  or  yeast.     Exod.  xii. 
UN-LEe'T^Il-£D,  a.     Not  taught  by  lecture.  Yoang. 
UN-LED',  (I.    Not  led  or  conducted. 
UN-LEIS'lJR-ED,   (-leezh'urd  or -lezh'urd,)  a.    Not 

having  leisure.     [JVot  m  use.'}  MilUin. 

UN-LENT',  a.     Not  lent. 

UN-LE.S.S',  covj.  [Sax.  oidesan,  to  loose  or  release.] 
E.^cept ;  that  is,  remove  or  dismiss  the  fact  or 
thing  stated  in  the  sentence  or  clause  which  follows. 
"  We  can  not  thrive  unless  we  are  industrious  and 
frugal."  The  sense  will  be  more  obvious  with  the 
clauses  of  the  sentence  inverted.  Unless  [remove 
this  fact,  suppose  it  not  to  exist]  we  are  iiutiistrio^ 
andfnitral,  we  can  not  thrive.  Unle.is,  then,  answers 
for  a  negation.  If  we  are  not  industrious,  we  can 
not  thrive. 

Not  diminished. 
Not  taught ;  not  instructed. 
Shak. 
Unlearned  ;   untaught ;   igno- 
Drijticn. 
Want  of  learning. 

fyatcrhouse. 
Not  leveled  ;  not  laid  even. 

TickeL 

UN-LI-BID'IN-OUS,  a.    Not  libidinous ;  not  lustfuL 

Milton. 


,  d'w- 


Fape. 


UN-LESS'£N-£D,  a. 
UN-LES'SON-£D,  <!. 

UN-LET'TER-JED,  a. 

UN-LET'TEE-ED-NESS,  ii. 

UN-LEV'EL-£D, 


Not  limited  ;  having  no  bnuuua  , 
Btrfle. 
Undefined  ;  indefinite  ;  not  bounded  by  pioper 
exceptions ;  as,  unlimited  terms. 
3.  Unconlined  j  not  restrained. 

Ascrilxr  not  u>  God  Bucli  an  untimiud  eitrcbe  of  cktct  u  cujf 
(l^lroy  Ilia  Justice.  Ro[m, 

Unlimited  problem,  is  one  which  is  capable  of  an 
infinite  number  of  solutions.  Cjc 

UN-LLM'IT-ED-LY,  ado.    Without  bounds. 

neai<j  of  PitU). 

UN-LIM'IT-ED-NESS,  n.  The  slate  of  being  bound- 
less, or  of  being  undefined.  Johnson. 

UN-LIN'E-.\L,  a.  Not  in  a  line  ;  not  coming  in  Uie 
order  of  succession.  Shak, 

UN-I.INK',  ij.  (.  To  separate  links  ;  to  loose  ;  to  un- 
fasten ;  to  untwist.  Shck. 

U.N-Lia'UI-DA-TED,  (-lik'wo-daied,)  a.  Not  liqui- 
dated ;  nol  settled ;  not  having  Ihe  exact  amount 
ascertained  5  as,  an  ujUi^uidated  debt ;  unliquidaud 
accounts.  HamiUen. 

2.  Unpaid  ;  unadjusted.  Whtaion. 

UN-Lia'UI-rl-£D,  (lik'we-flde,)  a.  Unmelttsl ;  nol 
dissolved.  Jitdium, 

UN-Lia'UOR-ED,  (lik'urd.)  a.  Not  moistened  ;  not 
smeared  with  liquor  :  nol  filled  with  litjwor. 

Bp.  UalL    Milton. 

UN-LIS'TiCN-ING,  a.  Not  listening;  not  hc-iring ; 
not  regarding.  Thomson. 

UN-LIVE'Ll-.NESS,  n.    Want  of  life  ;  dullness. 

UN-LIVE'LY,  a.     Not  lively  ;  dull.  [MilUm. 

UN-Lo.'U)',  E.  (.  To  take  the  load  from  ;  to  dUcbarge 
of  a  load  or  cargo  ;  as,  to  ankad  a  ship ;  to  unload  a 
cart. 

2.  To  disburden  ;  as,  lo  unload  a  beast. 

3.  To  rtishurdeii ;  to  relieve  from  any  tbins  oner- 
ous or  troublesome.  ^ax. 

UN-Lo.-MJ'ED,  pp.    Freed  from  a  load  or  cargo 

Imrdened. 
UN-Lo.M)'ING,  ppr.     Freeing  from  a  load  or  cargo  ; 

disburdening;  relieving  of  a  bunlcn. 
UN-Lo'€a-TED,  a.      Xot  placed  ;    not    filed  m  a 
place. 

2.  In  America,  unlocaled  lands  are  such  new  or 
wild  lanils  as  have  not  been  sur\cyed,  appmprialcd, 
or  dcsigntited  by  marks,  limits,  or  boundaries,  i.i 
some  individual,'company,  or  corporation. 
UN-LOCK',  r.  (.    To  unfasten  what  is  locked  ;  a  . 
uJiloeJi  a  door  or  a  chest. 
2.  To  open,  in  general ;  lo  lay  open. 
Unloek  your  springs,  oiid  oj-*!!!  all  your  ehadea. 
UN-LOCK'ED,  (-Iokt',)rp.    Opened. 
2.  a.    Not  locked  ;  not  made  ftisu 
Unlocked  for :  nol  expected  ;  not  foreseen.  B.:-    .. 
UN-LOOSE',  (un-loos',)  p.  (.    To  loose. 

S*<it.    John  1. 27. 
[Tbis  word   is  nnnecessary,  the  idea  being  ex- 
pressed bv  Loose.]  _     ,       .       . 
UN-LOOSE',   (un-loos',)  r.  i.     To  fall   m  piec« ;  to 
lose  all  connection  or  union.    [Sec  above.]      OtjU^T- 
UN-LOS' A-BLE,  a.    TbiU  can  not  be  lost.    [JVot  w 

usf.l  *"»''■ 

UN-LOV'£D,  (luvd',)  a.     No!  loved.  Sidney. 

UN-LOVE'LI-NESS,  11.  Want  of  loveliness;  una- 
miableness;    want  of  the  qualities  which  atusict 

UN-LOVE'LY.  (-luv'lc,)  n.  Not  lovely  :  n't  amia- 
ble ;  destilule  of  the  qu.alities  which  attract  love,  or 
possessing  qualities  that  excite  dislike. 


TONE,  B^LL,  IJNITE  —  AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K;  fl  as  J ;  8  as  2 ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


iao7 


UNM 

UN-LOV'Ii\(;.  d.     NotliA-ins;  not  fond.  Skak. 

UN-LOV'IXG-LV,  adv.     In  :iu  iinlGviiig  manner. 
UN-LCBRI-eA-TED,  a.     Not  lubricated. 
UN-LUCK'I-LY,  tw/y.     (Jnforlunately  ,  by  ill  fortune. 

.Addison. 
UN-LUCKa-NESS,  n.     Unfortunatenesg  ;  ill  fortune. 

2.  Mischievousnes3.  [jiddison. 

UN-LUCK'Y,  a.     Unfortunate;    not  successful ;    as, 
an  unlucky  man. 

2.  Unfortunate;  not  resulting  in  success;  as,  an 
unlucky  adventure;  an  unlucky  throw  of  dice ;  an 
unlucky  game. 

[This  word  is  usually  applied  to  incidents  in  which 
success  depends  on  single  events,  to  games  of  haz- 
ard, <fec.,  mlher  than  to  things  whiclf  depend  on  a 
long  series  of  events,  or  on  the  ordinary  course  of 
providence.  Hence  we  say,  a  man  is  unlucky  in 
play  or  in  a  lottery  ;  hul  not  that  a  farmer  is  unlucky 
in  hS  >>"^bandry,  or  a  commander  unlucky  in  the  rc- 
sul.  ,r<jpaign.] 

3.  trnaaj^pv;  miserable;  suliject  to  frequent  mis- 
fortunes. Spenser, 

4.  Slightly  mischievous;  mischievously  waggish ; 
as,  an  unlucky  boy  ;  an  unlurJiy  wag. 

5.  Ill-omened  ;  inauspicious. 

Haunt  me  not  with  that  unlucky  faco.  Dryien. 

UN-LUS'TROUS,  a.    Wanting  luster;  not  shining. 

S.,ak. 
UN-LUS'TROUS-LY,  adv.     With  want  of  luster. 
UN-LUST'Y,  a.     Not  lusly  ;  not  stout ;  weak. 
UN-LuTE',  V.  t.    To  separate  ihings  cemented  or 

luted  ;  to  take  the  lute  or  clay  froiii. 
UN-LuT'ED,  pp.     Separated,  as  luted  vessels. 
UN-LUT'ING,  ppr.     Separating,  as  luted  vessels. 
UN-LUX-tT'RI-OUS,  a.     Not  luxurious. 
UN-MAD'D£N-^D,  a.    Not  maddened. 
UN-MaDE',  pp.     Deprived  of  its  form  or  qualities. 

fVoodjcard. 

2.  0.    Not  made  ;  not  yet  formed.  Spenser. 

3.  Omitted  to  be  made.  Blnrkmorc. 
UN-MAG-NET'ie,  a.    Not  having  magnetic  proper- 
ties. _  Carallo. 

UN-MaID'EX-LY,  a.     Not  becoming  a  maiden.  HaJl. 

UN-MAIM'£D,  a.  Not  maimed  ;  not  disabled  in  anv 
limb;  sound;  entire.  Pope.  ' 

UN-MArN-TAlN'A-BLE,a.  That  can  not  be  main- 
tained or  supported.  Story. 

UN-MaK'A-BLE,  a.  Not  possible  to  be  made.  (Ut- 
Ue  used.]  Grew, 

UN-MAKE',  V.  t.  To  destroy  the  form  and  qualities 
which  constitute  a  thing  what  it  is. 


UNM 


UNM 


God  does  nol  make  o 


•imake  things  lo  try  e 


2.  To  deprive  of  qualities  before  possessed. 

UN-MaK'ING,  ppr.  Destroying  the  peculiar  proper- 
ties of  a  tliitig. 

UN-MA-LI"C101TS,  (-lish'us,)  a.    Not  malicious. 

UN-.M.-VL-LE-A-BIL'I-TY,  n.  Tile  quality  or  state  of 
Ijeing  uiimalleahle. 

UN'-M.\L'LE-A-1!LE,  a.  Not  m:illeal)le  ;  not  capable  of 
being  lianimered  into  a  plate,  or  of  being  eitended  by 
beating. 

UN-MAN',  V.  t.  To  deprive  of  the  constitutional 
qualities  of  a  human  being,  as  reason,  &c.     Soulk. 

2.  To  deprive  of  men  ;  as,  to  unman  a  ship. 

3.  To  emasculate  ;  to  deprive  of  virility. 

4.  To  deprive  of  the  courage  and  fortitude  of  a 
man ;  to  break  or  reduce  into  irresolution ;  to  dis- 
hearten ;  to  deject.  Dnjdcn.     Pope. 

5.  To  dispeople  ;  as,  towns  unmanneii.     Ooldsmith. 
UN-MAN' AOE-A-BLE,  a.    Nol  ntanageable  ;  not  ea- 
sily restrained,  governed,  or  directed;  not  controll- 
able. 

2.  Not  easily  wielded.  LoAr 

UN-MAN' A(5E-.\-BLY,  adv.    So  as  not  to  be  man- 
ageable. 
UN-MAN' A-G£D,  a.    Not  broken  by  horsemanship. 

o    ».  Tatilor. 

2.  Not  tutored;  not  educated.  Ffhoit. 

UN-MAN'LIKE,  )  a.    Not  becoming  a  human  being. 
UiN-MA;N"'LV,       (  Collier. 

2.  Unsuitable  to  a  man  ;  effeminate. 

Unmanlij  vinrmln  and  (endcrnesa  of  lo»e.  Addison. 

a.  Not  worthy  of  a  noble  mind  ;  ignoble  :  base : 
ungenerous ;  cowardly. 

UN-MA\'LI-.VES.<,  ,1.'  State  of  being  unm.anly. 

UN-.M.\.V'N£D,  pp.  Deprived  of  the  qualities  of  a 
man. 

UN-MAN'NER-ED,  n.    Uncivil ;  rude.     B.  Jom!on. 

UN-MAN'NER-LI-NESS,  „.  Want  of  good  man- 
ners i  breach  of  civility  ;  rudeness  of  behavior. 

UN-MAN'NER-LY,  o.      Ill-bred ;    not  liaving  'good 

manners  J    rude    in    behavior;    as,  an    unmannerhi 

youth.  ^ 

2.  Not  according  to  good  manners  ;  as,  an  7/n'mi;i- 

verly  jest.  Swift.. 

UN-MAN'NER-LY,  a<;p.     Uncivilly.  Shal.: 

UN-.M.\.\''NING,  ppr.  Depriving  of  the  powers  or 
qualities  of  a  man. 

UN-.MAN'TL£D,  a.  Not  covered  or  furnished  with  a 
manile. 


UN-MAN-U-FAe'Tl[R-£D,  a.     Not  manufactured  ; 

not  wrought  into  the  proper  form  for  use. 
UN-:\l.\-NCR'i'D,  a.     Not  manured  ;  not  enriched  by 
manure, 
a.  Uncultivated.  Spenser 

UN-MARK'£D,  (-mirkt',)  a.   Not  marked  ;  having  no 
mark.  ° 

a.  Unobserved  ;  not  regarded  ;  undistinguished. 

U.N-MXR'RED,  a.      Not  marred;   not  injured;  not 

spoiled  ;  not  obstructed. 
UN-JI.\R'RI-A-BLE,  a.      Not  marriageable.     [Little 
,  ''»t^-)  Milton. 

UN-MAR'RIAOE-A-BUE,   (  mar'rij-a-bl,)  a.    Not  fit 

to  be  married. 
UN-JIAR'RIAGE-A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  con- 
dition of  not  being  fit  to  be  married. 
UN-M.\R'RI-/;D,  (-mar'rid,)  a.    Not  married  ;  having 

no  husband  or  no  wife.  Bucon 

UN-MAR'RY,  r.  f.     To  divorce.  Milton. 

UN-MA  R'SHAL-£D,  a.      Not  disposed  or  arranged 

in  due  order. 
UN-MAS'€U-LaTE,  f.  (.    To  emasculate.    Fuller. 
UN-MAS'eU-LliVE,  (-lin,)  a.    Not  masculine  or  man- 
ly ;  feeble  ;  efferniuate.  Milton 
UN-MAS'eU-LINE-LY,    adv.      In  an    unmasculine 

manner. 
UN-.MaSK',  v.  u    To  strip  of  a  mask  or  of  any  dis- 
guise ;  to  lay  open  what  is  concealed.  Roscomnwn. 
UN-MA.SK',  V.  i.     To  put  off  a  mask. 
U.\-.MASK'£D,  (-maskt',)  pp.    Stripped  of  a  mask  or 
disguise. 
2.  a.     Open  ;  exposed  to  view.  Dnjden. 

UN-.MASK'ING,  ppr.    Stripping  oil"  a  mask  or  dis- 
guise. 
UN-MaS'TER-.V-BLE,  o.    That  can  not  be  mastered 

or  subdued.     [A"«t  in  imc]  Bmicn 

UN-  MAS'TER-£D,  a.    Not  subdued  ;  not  conquered. 
2.  Not  conquerable. 

He  CTn  njt  his  unnuuured  »Tief  sustain. 
UN-MAS'TI-e.\-BLE, 

chewed. 
UN-M.\TCH'.'V-BLE,  n.    That  can  not  be  matched 
that  can  not  be  equaled  ;  unparalleled.        Hooker. 
UN-.MATCU'ED,  (-matchl',)  a.     Matchless  ;  having 

nu  imitch  or  equal.  Drydcn. 

UN-Mi;.\N'ING,  a.    Having  no  meaning  or  significa- 
tion ;  as,  unmeaning  words. 

2.  Not  e.xpressive  ;  not  indicating  intelligence;  as, 
an  unmeaninir  face. 


Dryden. 

Not    capable    of    being 


UN-MEX'A-CING,  a.    Not  threatening. 

UN-MEN'A-CING-LY,  adv.     Without  menacing. 

UN-MEN'TION-A-BLE,  a.     Not  to  be  mentioned. 

Fx.  Rev. 
2.  n.     As  a  noun,  a  garment  not  to  be  nauicd. 

UN-.ME.\'TION-£D,  a.     Not  mentioned  ;  not  named. 

Clarendon. 

UN-MER'e.\N-TILE,  (-til,)  a.  Not  according  to  the 
custom?  and  rules  of  commerce. 

UN-MER'(E-.\A-RY,  a.     Not  mercenary  ;  not  hired. 

UN-MER'CHANT-.VBLE,  a.  Not  merchantable; 
not  ol  a  quality  fit  for  the  market. 

UN-MER'CI-FyL,a.  Not  merciful  ;  cruel ,  inhuman 
to  such  beings  as  are  in  one's  power;  not  disposed 
to  spare  or  forgive.  Roarers. 

2.  Unconscionable ;  exorbitant ;  as,  unmcrelfal  de- 
mands. Pope. 

UN-.MER'CI-F[JI^LY',  aJr.  Without  mercy  or  ten- 
derness ;  cruelly.  Mdison. 

UN-MER'CI-FKL-NESS,  7..  Want  of  mercy  ;  want 
of  tenderness  and  compassion  toward  those  who  are 
m  one's  power;  cruelty  in  the  exercise  of  power  or 
punishment.  Taylor. 

UN-.MER'IT-A-BLE,  a.  Having  no  merit  or  desert 
[J^ot  in  use.}  Skak. 

UN-MER'IT-ED,  a.  Not  merited  ;  not  deserved  ;  ob- 
tained without  service  or  equivalent ;  as,  unmerited 
promotion. 

2.  Not  deserved  ;    cruel ;    unjust ;    as,  unmerited 
sufferings  or  injuries. 


U.\-.MER'IT-ED-LY,  adv. 
UN-MER'IT-ED-NESS,  71. 


Not  deser\'edly. 
State  of  being  unmerited. 
BvijU. 
B.  Jonson. 


)  the 


Not  formed  by  design,  art. 


Th'^rc  pride  sits  bI,ijoned  on  th'  uft.-ncaniiis  brow.    TrumbiiU. 
U.M-MeA.V'I.\G-LY,  a,lv.    Without  significance. 
UN-MeAN'ING-NESS,  71.    Want  of  meaning. 

Dr.  Campbell. 
UN-ME.-VNT',  (un-menl',)  a.      Not  meant ;   not  in- 
tended. Dryden. 
UN-.MEAS'UR-A-BLE,  {-mczh'iir-a-bl.)  a.     That  can 
not  be  measured  ;  unbounded  ;  boundless.     Swi/L 
fFor  this,  lMME.\si-BAHLE  is  generally  used.! 
UN-MEAS'IIR-.-V-BLY,  adv.    Beyond  afl  measure. 

Howell. 
UN-MEAS'UR-,ED,  a.    Not  measured  ;  plentiful  be- 
yond measure.  Milton. 
2.  Immense  ;  infinite  ;  as,  unmeasured  space. 

Blackmorc. 
UN-ME-en.-\N'ie-.-\L,  a.     Not  mechanical  ;  not  ac- 
cording to  the  laws  or  principles  of  mechanics, 
UN-ME-CH  AN'ie-AL-LY,  adv.    Not  according  to 

laws  of  mechanics. 
UN-MEeH'.\N-IZ-£D 

or  skill.  /,^r„ 

UN-MED'DLED   WITH;    not    meddled   with ;    not 

touched  ;  not  altered.  Careir. 

UN-MED'DLING,  a.    Not  meddling;  not  interfering 
with  the  concerns  of  others  ;  not  officious. 

Ch  ester  lidd. 
UiV-MED'DLING-LY,  adv.     Without  meddlin". 
UN-MED'DLING-NESS,  7..    Forbearance  of  interiH)- 

sition.     r.Vbt  in  use.]  jJtm 

UN-MED'I-TA-TED,a.    Not  meditated  ;  not  prepared 

by  previous  thought.  Milton. 

UN-MEET',  a.    Not  lit;  not  proper;  not  worthy  or 

suitable.  Milton.     Prior. 

UN-MEET'LY',  adv.     Not  fitly ;   not  properly ;   not 

suitably.  .Spenser. 

UN-MEET'NESS,  71.     Unfitness;  unsuitableness. 

Milton. 
UN-MEL'LOW-£D,  a.      Not    mellowed;    not  fully 
matured.  shali   ' 

UN-.ME;-Lo'DI-OUS,  a.      Nol  melodious;    wanting 

melorly  ;  li;irsh.  Herbert 

UN-ME-L5'DI-0U«-LY,  adv.     Without  melody. 
UN-ME-Lo'DI-OUS-NESS,  n.    Stats  of  being  desti- 
tute of  melody. 
UN-MELT'ED,  a.     Undissolved  ;   not  melted. 
„    „  Waller. 

2.  Not  softened. 
UN-MELT'ED-NESS,  71.    State  of  being  unmelted. 
UN-MEM'BER,  v.  t.    To  deprive  of  membership  in  a 

church. 
UN-MEM'BER-£D,  pp.    Deprived  of  membership. 
LN-MEN'.-^-C£D,  (-men'ast,)  a.     Not  threatened. 


Byron. 


UN-MET',  a.    Not  met. 

UN-ME-TAL'Lle,  a.    Not  metallic;  nol  having  the 

properties  of  metal  ;  nol  belonging  ,  1  metals.  F.nevc. 

UN-MET-A-PHYS'ie-AL,  a.     Not  metaphysical  ;  liot 

pt^rtaining  to  metaphysics. 
U.V-.METH'OD-IZ-£D,  a.    Not  methodized. 

H.  Taylor. 
UN-raOHT'Y,  (-mite'-,)  a.    Nol  mighty ;  not  pow- 
erful. 
UN-MILD',  a.     Not  mild  ;  harsh  ;  severe  ;  fierce. 
UN-.MlLD'LY,  adr.    Not  mildly  ;  harshly. 
UN-MILD'JJESS,  71.     Want  of  mildness;  harshness. 

Milton. 
UN-MIL'I-T.\-RY,  a.    Not  according  to  military  rules 

or  customs. 
U.V-MILK'£D,  (-milkt',)  a.     Nol  milked.  Pope. 

UN-3IILL'£D,  (7.  Nol  milled  ;  not  indented  or  grained  ; 

as,  unmilled  coin. 
UN-Ml.\D'ED,a.    Not  minded  ;  not  heeded.  .Vifto7i. 
UN-MI.\D'FUL,  a.     Not  mindful;  not  heedful;  not 
attentive;  reg;trdlcss;    as,  unmindful   of  laws;    iin- 
viindful  of  health  or  of  duty.  Milton. 

UN-MIND'FIJL-LY,  adv.    Carelessly  ;  heedlessly. 
UN-MIND'FIJL-NTISS,  u.      Heedlessness  ;    inallen- 

tion  ;  carelessness. 
UN-.MrN"GLE,  (-ming'gl,)  ;;.  (.    To  separate  things 

mixed.  Baeon. 

UN-.MIN"GLE-A-BLE,  a.     That  can  not  be  mixed. 

[JVef  77!  use.]  Boyle. 

USf-.MrN"GL£D,  (-ming'gld,)  <7.    Not  mingled;  not 

mLxed  ;  pure.  Pope. 

2.  Pure;  nol  vitiated  or  alloyed  by  foreign  adinil- 
ture  ;  as,  7(H7n7ji(r/erf  joy. 
UN-.MI.\-I.S.Tf.'RI-AL,  a.     Not  mini.sterial. 
U.\-MIN-1S-Te'RI-AL-LY,  adv.      Unsuitably   to    a 

minister. 
UN-.MI-RAe'U-LOUS,  a.     Not  miraculous. 
UN-MI-RAC'lJ-LOUS-LY',  adv.     Without  a  miracle. 
UN-MTR'Y,  a.    Not  miry  ;  nol  muddy  ;  not  foul  with 

<lirl-  Oay. 

UN-MISS'£D,  (-misl',)a.    Nol  missed;  not  perceived 

to  be  gone  or  lost.  Oraij. 

UN-MIS-TaK'A-BLE,  a.    That  can  nol  be  inisttken. 

[LiUhused.]  Clieijne. 

UN-MIS-TaK'EN,  a.    Not  mistaken  ;  sure. 

Trumbtdl. 
UN-.MIS-TRUST'ING,  a.    Not  mistrusting  ;  nol  sus- 
pecting ;  unsuspicious. 
UN-MlT'I-G.-V-BLE,  a.    Not  capable  of  being  miti- 
gated, softened,  or  lessened.  Shal:. 
UN-MIT'I-Ga-TED,  a.     Not  mitigated  ;  nol  lessened  ; 

nol  -sot*lened  in  severity  or  harshness.  Shck. 

UN-.MIX'£D,  I    a.     Not' mixed;    nol  mingletl  ;  pure; 
UN-MIXT',    i       unadulterated;    unvitiated  by   for- 
eign admixture.  Bacoiu 
2.  Pure;  unalloyed;  as,  777i77iizc(i  pleasure. 
UN-,M0A.\'£D,  a.    'Not  lamented.  Shak. 
UN-MOD'I-FI-A-BLE,  a.    That  can  not  be  modified 
or  altered  in  form  ;   that  can  not  be  reduced  lo  a 
more  accepljible  or  tlesired  form. 
UN-MOD'I-FI-£D,  (-fide,)   a.      Not  modified ;    nol 

altered  in  form  ;  not  qualified  in  incaning. 
UN-MoD'ISH,  a.    Not  modish  ;  nol  according  lo  cus- 
tom. Pape. 
UN-MOD'U-La-TED,  o.    Not  modulated.      S»f«j. 
UN-MOIST',  a.    Not  moist ;  nol  humid  ;  dry. 

Phdips. 
UN-MOIST'£N.£D,  a.     Not  made  moist  or  humid. 

boyle. 
UN-MOLD',      )  V.  t.    To  change  the  form  ;  ti  reduce 
UN-MOULD',  j      from  any  fork. 


FATE.  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.-MkTE,  PREY. -PINE,  MABINE,  B!RD.-NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.- 


1208 


7"J 


UNi\ 

UN-MOLD'ED,  pp.    Not  changed  iu  fonn. 
2.  a.     Not  inoliied  ;  uot  shaped  or  formed. 
I   UN-Mo LD'ER-LXG,  a.     2iol  crumbliug  or  wasting 
'       away.  Bryant. 

;   U>'-MO-LEST'ED,  a.    Not  molested  ;  not  disturbed  ; 
free  from  disturbance.  Pope. 

UN-MON'KY-£D.  (-mun'nid.)  a.    Not  havins  nionev. 
VN-MO-NOP'O-LIZE,  a.      To    recover  from    being 

inon;^p«;ilized.     [.Vi;(  ta  use.]  -VHtoiu 

rN-MO-NOP'0-LIZ-£D,  r.  L    Not  monopolized. 

L'N-MOOR',  r.  r.    In  sea  tankage,  to  bring  to  the  state 

I       of  riding  with  a  single  anchor,  after  having  been 

moored  by  two  or  more  cables.  Cyc 

2.  To  loo^e  from  anchorage.  Pope, 

UX-MOOR'£I),   pp.       Loosed    frcin    anchorage,    or 

brought  to  ride  with  a  single  anchor. 
UN-MOOR'ING,  ppr.      Loosing  fruia  anchorage,  or 

brinsins  to  ride  with  a  sinsle  anchor. 
UN-MOR'AL-IZ-£I),  a.    Untutored  by  morality  ;  not 

conformed  to  good  morals.  JVcrris. 

UN-.MORT'GAG-£D,  (-mor'gajd,)  a.  [See  Mobt- 
ciG£.]     Not  mortgaged  ;  not  pledged. 

jiflflisoTi.     Dniden. 
UN-MOR'Tr-n-£D,  a.    Not  mortified  ;  not  shamed. 

2.  Not  subdued  by  sorrow  ;  as,  nnmcrrtijicd  sin. 
UN-MuTlI'ER-LY,  a.    Not  becoming  a  mnlfaer. 
UN-MoILD'.    To  change  the  form.     [See  Usuold.] 
UN-ilOUNT'ED,  a.     Not  mounted.     Unmounted  dra- 
goons are  such  as  have  not  horses. 
UN-MoURN  .ED,  a.     Not  lamented.  Rogers. 

UN-MOV'A-BLE,  (-moov'a-bl,)  a.  That  can  not  be 
moved  or  shaken  ;  firm  ;  fixed.  Locke. 

[Immovable  is  more  genenilly  used.] 
UN-.MOV'A-BLY,  adv.     Unalterably.  Ellis. 

UN-JIOV'£D,  (-moovd',)  a.  Not  moved  ;  not  trans- 
ferred from  cue  place  to  another.  Locke. 

2.  Not  changed  in  purpose  j  unshaken;  firm. 

MdUm. 

3.  Not  affected  j  not  having  the  passions  escited  j 
not  touched  or  impressed.  Pope^ 

4.  Not  altered  by  passion  or  emolion.      Dryden, 
UN-MOV'ED-LY,  ode.    Without  being  moved. 
UN-MOVING,  a.     Having  no  motion.  Cheytte, 

2.  Not  exciting  emotion;  having  no  power  to  af- 
fect the  passions. 

UN-MUFTLE,  (muf^i!,)  c.  £.  To  take  a  covering 
from  the  face.  Jililton, 

2.  To  remove  the  muffling  of  a  drum. 

UN-MUF'FLeU,  pp.    Uncovered. 

UN-MUF'FLING,  ppr.    Rt-moving  a  covering. 

UN-MUR'ilUR  .ED,  a.    Not  murmured  at. 

Bmum.  4*  ^- 

UN-MUR'MUR-ING,  a.  Not  murmuring;  not  com- 
plaining^ ;  as,  unmurmuring  patience. 

UN-MUR'MUR-ING-LY,  aJc.    Uncomplainingly. 

UN-Mu'Sie-.\L,  a.    Not  musical;  not  harmonious  or 
melodious. 
2.  Harsh  ;  not  pleasing  to  the  ear.        B.  Jonson. 

UN-MC  Sie-AL-LY,  adr.    Without  harmony  ;  harsh- 

UN-3IV  SING,  a.    Not  musing.  [ly. 

UN-MC 'SING-LY.  adv     In  an  unmusinc  manner. 

UN-Mu  Ti  La-TED,  a.  Nut  mutilated  ;"not  deprived 
of  a  member  or  part ;  entire. 

UN-MUZ  ZLE,  c.  t.     To  loose  from  a  muzzle.      Skdi. 

UX->IUZ'ZL£D,  pp.     Loosed  from  a  muzzle. 

UN-NaM'£D,  a.    Not  named  ;  not  mentioned. 

■Milton. 

UN-Na'TION-AL,  (-na'shon-or-nash'un-,)  o.  Not 
national. 

UN-NA'TIVE,  a.    Not  native ;  not  natural :  forced. 

TTminson. 

UN-NAT'U-RAL,  a.  Contrary  to  the  laws  of  nature  ; 
contrarj-  to  the  natural  feelings.  L^Estrangc. 

2.  Acting  without  the  affections  of  our  common 
nature  ;  as,  an  unnatural  father  or  son. 

3.  Not  in  confurraily  to  nature;  not  agreeable  to 
the  real  state  of  persons  or  things  ;  not  representing 
nature  ;  as,  affected  and  unnatural  thoughts ;  unnat- 
ural images  or  descriptions. 

UN-N.\T'i;-RAL-IZE,  r.  L  To  divest  of  natural  feel- 
ing?. Hales. 

UN-NAT'T;-RAL-IZ-£D,  pp.  Divested  of  natural 
feelings. 

2.  a.  Not  naturalized ;  not  made  a  citizen  by  au- 
thority. 

UN-NAT'U-RAL-LY,  ode.  In  opposition  to  natural 
feelings  and  sentiments.  TUlcUon. 

UN-NAT' U-R,\I,-N ESS,  n.    Contrariety  lo  nature. 

Sidney. 

UN-NAV'I-GA-BLE,  a.    Not  navigable. 

[But  N:?AvioABLE  is  more  generally  used.] 

UN-NAV'I-Ga-TED,  a.  Not  navigated;  not  passed 
over  in  ships  or  other  vessels.  Cook*s  Voyatrcs. 

UN-NEC'ES-SA-RI-LY,  ode.  Without  necessity; 
needlessly.  Booker. 

UN-NEC'ES-9A-RI-NES3,  n.  The  state  of  being  un- 
necessary- ;  needlessness. 

UN-NEC^ES-SA-RY,  a.  Not  necessary  ;  needless  ; 
not  required  by  the  circumstances  of  the  case  ;  use- 
less ;  as,  unnecessary  VatooT  or  care  ;  unnecessary  r\%OT. 

Dryden. 

UN-N&-CES'S1-Ta-TED,  a.  Not  required  by  neces- 
sity-. £6771. 

UN-NEED'ED,  a.     Not  needed. 


UNO 


UNP 


Milton. 


I  UN-NEED'F};L,  a.    Not  needful ;  not  wanted  ;  nced- 

'e*5-  Mlton. 

I  UN-NEED'FI;L-LY,  adv.    Not  needfully. 

UN-NEIGH'BOK-LY,  (-na'bor-Ie,)  a.  Not  suitable  to 
the  duties  of  a  neighbor;  not  becoming  persons  liv- 
ing near  each  other  ;  not  kind  and  friendly. 

UN-NEIGH'BOR-LY,  adc.  In  a  manner  not  suitable 
to  a  neighbor;  in  a  manner  contrary  to  tiie  kindness 
and  friendship  which  should  subsist  among  neigh- 
bors, sitak. 

UN-NERV'ATE,  a.    Not  strong ;  feeble.  [M>t  in  use.] 

Broome. 

UN-NERVE',  (un-nerv',)  p.  t  To  deprive  of  nerve, 
force,  or  strength;  lo  weaken;  to  enfeeble;  as,  to 
nnnerre  the  arm.  Addison. 

UN-NERVED,  pp.    Deprived  of  strength.       Shak. 
2.  a.     Weak  ;  feeble. 

UX-NERVING,  ppr.    Depriving  of  strength. 

UN-NETH',       i  adr.  Scarcely  ;  hardly.   fObs.]    [See 

UN-NeTHES',  S      UvEATH.]  Sp^iser. 

I'.V-NEu'TRAL,  fi.    Not  neutral ;  not  nninteresled. 

UN-No'BLE,  a.     Not  noble ;  ignoble  ;  mean.     Shak. 

UN-NoT'ED,  a.    Not  noted  ;  not  observed  ;  not  heed- 
ed ;  not  regarded.  Pope. 
2.  _Not  honored. 

UN-Xo'TIC-£D,  C-no'tist,)  a.  Not  observed  ;  not  re- 
garded. 

2.  Not  treated  with  the  usual  marks  of  respect ; 
not  kindly  and  hospitably  entertained. 

UN-NO'TIC-ING,  a.     Not  taking  notice. 

UN-NUM'BER-£D,a.  Not  numbered  ;  innumerable; 
indefinitely  numerous.  Prior. 

UN-N"UR'TUR-£D,  a.    Not  nurtured  ;  not  educated, 

UN-NU-TRI"TIOUS,  f-irish'us,}  a.  Not  affording 
nourish  ment. 

UN-0-BEY'£D,  (-o-bade',)  c    Not  obeyed.    J 

UN-0-B£V'ING,  a.     Not  vielding  obedience. 

UN-OB-JE€T'ED,  a.  Not  objected  ;  not  charged  as  a 
fault  or  error.  Atterbum. 

UN-OB-JE€'TION-A-BLE,  a.  Not  liable  to  objec- 
tion ;  that  need  not  be  condemned  as  faulty,  false, 
or  improper.  Stephens. 

UN-OB-JEC'TION-A-BLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  not  li- 
able to  objection. 

UN-0-BLI(5'£D,  a-    Not  obliged. 

UN-0-BLlG'ING,  a.  Not  belonging  or  disposed  to 
oblige. 

UN-OB-LIT'ER-.\-TED,  a.  Not  obliterated  or  ef- 
faced. 

UN-OB-NOX'IOUS,  a.  Not  liable;  not  exposed  to 
harm.  Milton. 

UN-OB-NOX'IOUS-LY,  adv.  In  an  unobnosious 
manner. 

UN-OB-SeCfR'£D,  a.    Not  obscured  ;  not  darkened. 

Milton, 

UN-OB-SE'aUI-OUS,  a.  Not  obsequious;  not  ser- 
vilelv  suj>missive. 

UN-OB-SE'aUI-OUS-LY,  adc.  Not  with  servile  sub- 
missiveness. 

UN-OB-Se'UUI-OUS-NESS,  n.  Want  of  servile  sub- 
raissiveness  or  compliance  ;  incompliance. 

UN-OD-SERVA-BLE,  a.  That  is  not  observable; 
not  discoverable.  Boijle. 

UN-OB-SERVANCE,  71.  Want  of  observation  ;  in- 
attention ;  regardlessness.  Whitlock, 

UN-OB-SERV'ANT,  a.    Not  observant;    not  atten- 
tive ;  heedless.  QlanvilU, 
2.  Not  obsequious. 

UN-OB-SERVANT-LY,  adv.    Not  observantly. 

UN-OB-SERV'£D,  a.  Not  observed  ;  not  noticed ; 
not  seen  ;  nut  regarded  ;  not  heeded.  Bacon. 

UN-OB-SERV'ED-LY,  adv.    Without  being  observed. 

UN-OB-SERVING,  a.  Not  observing;  inattentive; 
heedless.  Drydcn. 

UN-OB-SERVaXG-LY,  a</F.    Inattentively. 

UX-OB-STRU€T'ED,  a.    Not  obstructed;  not  filled 
with  impediments ;    as,  au  unobstructed  stream  or 
channel. 
2.  Not  hindered  ;  not  stopped.  Blaekmore. 

UN-OB-STRU€T'ED-LY,  adv.  Without  being  ob- 
structed. 

UN-OB-STRUCT'IVE,  a.  Not  presenting  any  obsta- 
cle. Blaekmore. 

UN-OB-STRUUT'IVE-LY,  adv.  Without  obstruc- 
tion. 

UN-OB-STRUGT'IVE-NESS,  n.  Slate  of  being  not 
obstructive. 

UN-OB-TaIN'A-BLE,  a.  Tliat  can  not  be  obtained  ; 
not  within  reach  or  power. 

UN-OB-TaIN'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  un- 
obtainable. 

UN-OB-TaIN'£D,  a.  Not  obtained ;  not  gained  j  not 
acquired.  Hooker, 

UN-OB-TRu'SIVE,  a.  Not  obtrusive  ;  not  forward  ; 
modest.  Young. 

UN-OB-TRu'SIVE-LY,  adv.    BlodesUy. 

UN-OB-TKu'SIVE-NESS,  71  State  of  being  unob- 
tnisivo. 

UN-OB'VI-OUS,  a.  Not  obnous;  not  readily  occur- 
ring to  the  view  or  the  understanding.  Boyle. 

UN-Oe'eU-PI-£D.  a.  Not  occupied;  not  possessed; 
as,  unoccupied  land. 

2.  Not  engaged  in  business;  being  at  leisure.  The 
man  is  unoccupied. 


3.  NutempIo>'edortakenup;  aM.UmeKnaceupieJ. 
UN-OF-FEND'ED,    a.      Not   offended;    not    havin- 

taken  offi-nse. 
UN-OF-FEND'ING,  a.    .Vol  offending;    not  pring 

2.  Not  sinning ;  free  from  sin  or  fauJL       [offcue. 

3.  Marrnless  ;  innocent 
UN-OF-FENS'IVE,  a.    Not  offemivc  ;  giving  no  of- 
fence ;  harmless. 

[For  this,  Ircorrc;(stTE  ia  more  generally  used.] 

UN-OF'FER-£D,  a.  Not  offered ;  not  proposed  lo  ac- 
ceptance. Claremdon. 

UN  OF-FU'CIAL,  (-fish'al,)  o.  Not  officiaJ  ;  not  pcr- 
taining  to  office. 

2.  Not  proceeding  from  the  proper  officer  or  from 
due  authority  ;  as,  unojjicial  news  »  r  notice. 

UN-OF-FI"CIAI,LY,  adc.  Nut  offici.-Uly  ;  not  in  the 
course  of  official  duty.  The  man  waa  uno^i^ally  in- 
formed by  the  sheriff  or  commander. 

UN-OF-FI"CI0US,(-fish'us,)a.  Not  officiooi;  not 
forward  f.r  intermeddling. 

UX-OF-FI'X'IOUri-LY,  adv.     Not  officiously. 

UN  OF-FI'X'IOUS-NESS,  n.  The  »tale  of  not  being 
officious, 

UN-OFT'£X,(-orfn,)a<fr.     Rarely.     IXoljued.] 

UN-OIL',  r.  L    To  free  from  oil.  Zhjdau 

UN-OIL' £D,  pp.    Freed  from  oil. 
_  2.  a.     Not  oiled  ;  free  from  oil, 

UN-o'P£N-£D,  (-o'pnd,)  a.  Not  opened;  remaining 
fast,  close,  shut,  or  sealed.  CktsterfiHd. 

UN-0'P£X-ING,  a.     Not  opening.  Pope 

UN-OF'ER-A-TIVE,  a.  Not  operaUvc  ;  producing  do 
effect.  SoMlk. 

[But  Inopebatite  is  generally  u«d.] 

UN-O-PER'eU-LA-TED,  a.  Having  no  cover  or 
operculiim. 

UN-OP-PoS'£D,  a.  Not  opposed  ;  not  resided  ;  not 
meeting  with  any  obstruction  ;  as,  an  army  or  stream 
unopposed.  Drydem. 

UN-OP-PRESS'£D,  'op-presl',)  a.  Not  opprcaKd; 
not  undulv  burdenea. 

UX-OP-PRESS'i  VE,  a.    Not  oppressive. 

UN-OR'DER  £D,  a.     Not  ordered. 

UN-OR'DER-LY,  a.  Not  orderly  ;  disordered  ;  irreg- 
ular. 

[pisoBDERLT  is  more  generally  used.]     Saxdersan. 

UN-OR'DI-NA-RY,  a.  Not  ordinary  ;  not  common. 
[JVol  in  tu^e.]  Loeke, 

UN-OR'GAN-IZ-£D,  a.  .Not  organized ;  nut  having 
organic  structure  or  vessels  for  the  preparation,  se- 
cretion, and  distribution  of  nourishment,  &c.  Met- 
als are  unorganized  bodies. 

[This  word  is  in  use,  but  iNoitcArczEO  is  also 
used.] 

UN-0-RI-ENT'AL,  a.    Not  oriental.  Bfrcn. 

UN-O-RIG'IN-AL,  a.     Not  original ;  derived. 

2.  Having  no  birth  ;  ungenciatcd.  .VUtoM. 

UN-O-RIC'IN-A-TEDjd.  Not  originated;  having  do 
birth  or  creation. 


GoJ  is  ucderived,  uni^ginated,  and  sclf-ex: 


;nL       S^epA^mg. 


UN-OR-N.VMENT'AL,  a.     Net  ornamental.     fTca. 
UN-OR'NA-.MENT-ED,    a.      Not  ornamented:    not 

adonied  ;  plain.  Cozc.-Jr  . 

UN-OR'THO-DOX,  a.    Not  orthodox;  not  liuWinL-  :: 

genuine  doctrines  of  the  Scriptures.    Decey  of  l^, 

UN-OR'THO-DOX-LY,  adv.     Not  orthodoilv. 

UN-OS  TEN-Ta'TIOUS,  a.     Not  ostentatious;  not 

boastful :  uot  making  show  and  parade  ;  modest. 

2.  Not  glaring  ;  not  showy  ;  as,  ur^stextziioits  col- 
oring. 
UN-OS-TEX-Ta'TIOUS-LY,   adv.     Without  show, 

parade,  or  ostentation. 
UN-OS-TEN-TaTIOUS-NESS,  n.      Slate  of  being 

free  from  ostentation. 
UN-oW£D,  (-ode',)  a.    Not  owed  ;  not  due. 
UN-oWN'£D,  a.    Not  owned  ;    having  no  known 
owner ;  m-t  claimed. 

2.  Not  avowed  ;  not  acknowledged  as  one's  own  ; 
not  ndmilted  as  done  bv  one's  self. 
UN-0X'Y-D.\-TED,        '"1 

UN-OX'Y-DiZ-ED.  la.    Not  having  oxvgen  in 

UN-OX'Y-GEX-A-TF.D,  f     combination. 
UX-OX'Y-GEN-IZ-£D,  J 
UN-PA-CIF'IC,  a.  Not  pacific  ;  not  disposed  to  peace ; 

not  of  a  peaceable  disposition.  U'oricn. 

U*N-PA-ClF'ie-AL-LY,  adv.    Not  pacifically. 
UN-P.\C'I-FI-£D,  (-pas'e-fide,)  a.    Not  pacified  :  not 

appeased  ;  not  calmed.  Brvtnu. 

UN-PACK',  r.  u    To  open,  as  things  packed  ;  as,  to 
unpack  goods. 
2.  To  disburden.    [Little  used.]  Siat. 

UN-PACK'£D,  (pakt',^  pp.    Opened,  as  goods. 

2.  o.    Not  packed  ;  not  collected  by  unlawful  arti- 
fices ;  as.  an  U7tpacked  jurv.  /faJj^rcA 
UN-PACK'ING,  ppr.    opening,  as  a  package. 
UN-PaID',  o.    Not  paid  ;  not  disdiargej  ;  as  a  debL 

JViltiOM, 
2.  Not  having  received  his  due;  ss.  unpaid  work- 
men. ^     ^*7«'- 
Unpaid  for;  not  paid  for  ;  taken  on  crcdiU 
UN-PaIN'£D,  a.    Not  pained  ;  suffering  no  pain. 

Milton. 
UN-PaIN'FUL,  a.    Not  painful ;  giving  no  pain. 

Locke. 


TCNE,  bull,  D.NITE.  — AN"GER,  VU'CIOUS.  — C  as  K  ;  6  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  Sll;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


152 


1209 


UNP 


U.\-PAIN'Fl]L-LY,  adv.    Without  pain, 

iTN'-PaINT'ED,  a.  Not  painted. 

UN-PAL' A-TA-BLE,  a.     Not  palatable;  disgusting  to 

the  taste.  Collier. 

2.  Not  such  as  to  be  relished  ;  disagreeable ;  as,  an 

unpalatable  law.  Drijden. 

UN-PAL' AT  ABLY,  adv.    So  as  not  to  be  relislied. 
UN-PALL'£D,  a.    Not  deadened. 
UN-PAN'0-PLI-£D,    (-pan^o-plid,)    a.     Destitute  of 

panoply  or  complete  armor.  Pollok. 

UN-PAR'A-r)ISE,r.  (.    To  deprive  of  happiness  like 

that  of  paradise  ;  to  render  unhappy.  Young. 

UN-PAU'A-GON-£D,  a.    Unequalcd  ;  unmatched. 

Shah. 
UN-PAR'AL-LEL-ED,    a.      Having    no    parallel    or 

equal;  unequaled  ;  unmatched.  Addisoju 

The  unparalUled  pcrsevernnw  of  the  armies  of  the  Unitol 
SiaieEi,  under  every  auffermg  and  discoungement,  wns  little 
6liorl  of  a  miractr^.  V/aalunglon. 

UN-PAR'DON-A-BLE,  a.  Not  to  be  forgiven;  tliat 
can  not  be  pardoned  or  remitted  ;  as,  an  unpardona- 
ble sin.  Rogers. 

UN-PAR'DON-A-BLY,  adv.    Beyond  forgiveness. 

jitterbury. 

UN-PAR'DON-£D,  c.  Not  pardoned;  not  forgiven; 
as,  unpardoned  offenses.  Ro-jcrs. 

2.  Not  having  received  a  legal  pardon.    The  con- 
vict returned  unpardoned. 

UN-PAR'DON-ING,  fl.  Not  forgiving;  not  disposed 
to  pardtm.  Dryden. 

UN-PAR-LIA-MENT'A-RI-LY,  adv.  Not  according 
to  the  rul'-s  of  parliament. 

UN-PAR-LIA-MENT'A-RI-NESS,  n.  Contrariety  to 
the  rules,  usages,  or  constitution  of  parliament. 

Cltireiidon. 

UN-PAR-LL\-MENT'A-JJY,  a.  Contrar>'  to  the  usages 
or  rules  of  proceeding  in  parliament. 

2.  Contrary  to  the  rules  or  usages  of  legislative 
bodies. 

UN-PART'ED,  a.  Not  parted  ;  not  divided  ;  not  sep- 
arated. Prior. 

UN-PXR'TIAL,  a.  Not  partial.  [JVot  in  use.]  [See 
Impartial.] 

UN-PAR'TL\L-LY,  adv.  Fairly;  impartially.  [J^ot 
ii^cd.] 

UN-PX  R-TIC'I-Pa-TED,  a.  Not  participated  or  shared. 

jillen. 

UN-PAR-TIC'I-Pa-TING,  a.    Not  participating. 

UN-PASS' A-BLE,  a.  Not  admitting  persons  to  pass  ; 
impassable ;  as,  wipassable  roads,  rivers,  or  moun- 
tains. 

[Impassable  is  more  generally  used.] 
2.  Not  current ;    not  received    in  common   pay- 
ments ;  as,  unpassaUe  notes  or  coins. 

[Instead  of  this,  Uncurrent  and  Not  Current 
are  now  used.] 

UN-PAS'SION-ATE,      )  a.      Calm  ;    free  from  pas- 

UN-PAS'SION-a-TED,  j     sion  ;  impartial. 

[Instead  of  these  words,  Dispassionate  is  now  , 
used.] 

UN-PAS 'SION- ATE-LY,     adv.      Without    passion  ;  ■ 
calmly.  K.  Charles. 

[For  this.  Dispassionately  is  now  used.l 

UN-rAS'SION-£D,  a.    Not  excited  by  passion  ;  c^Lm. 

UN-PAt?'TOR-AL,  a.  Not  pastoral ;  not  suitable  to 
pastoral  manners.  TVarton. 

UN-PAT'E.XT-ED,  a.   Not  granted  by  patent.  Cranch. 

UN-PaTU'EO,  (-p-ithd',)  a.  Unmarked  by  passage  ; 
not  trodden.  Shak. 

2.  Not  being  beaten   into  a  path  ;    as,  unpaVied 
snow, 

UN-PA-THET'ie,  a.  Not  pathetic ;  not  adapted  to 
move  the  passions  or  excite  emotion.  Warton. 

UN-PA-THET'IC-AL-LY,  adv.  Without  moving  the 
passions  or  exciting  emotion. 

UN.Pa-TRI-OT'IC,  \  M^„,,,:„.:^ 

UN-Pa-THI-OT'IC-AL,  !  '^-    N^  patnotrc. 

Ttn-Pa-TRI-OT'I€>-AL-LY,  ado.    Not  patriotically. 

UX-PAT'RON-IZ-ED,  a.  Not  having  a  patron;  not 
yuiiporled  by  friends.  Johnson. 

UN-PAT'TERN-£D,  a.    Having  no  equal. 

Beaum.  Sf  Fl. 

QN-PAY'£D,  a.    Not  paved;  not  covered  with  stone. 

UN-PAVVN'£D,  a.    Not  pawned  ;  not  pledged.  Pope. 

UN-PAY',  V.  t.    To  undo.     [Xot  in  use,]  Shale. 

Q.  Not  to  pay  or  compensate.     [JVot  used.] 

UN-PAY'ING,  a.    Neglecting  payment. 

UN-PaY'ING-LY,  adv.    Unprofi'ably. 

UX-PeACE'A-BLE,  a.    Not  peaceable  :  quarrelsome. 
_  Hammond. 

UN-PeACE'A-BLE-NESS,  71.  Unquietness  :  quarrel- 
someness. Parker. 

UN-PeACE'A-BLY,  adv.    Unquietly. 

UN-PeACE'E^L,  a.  Not  pacific  or  peaceful ;  un- 
quiet. Coicletj. 

UN-PeACE'FUL-LY,  adv.    Not  peacefullv. 

UN-PEACE'F'yL-NESS,  n.    Disquiet;  inquietude. 

UN-PED'I-GREED,  a.  Not  distinguished  by  a  pedi- 
gree. Pollok. 

UN-PEG',  V.  L    To  loose  from  pegs  ;  to  open. 
2.  To  pull  out  the  peg  from. 

UN-PEG'GED,  pp.    Loosed  from  pegs  ;  opened. 

UN-PELT'ED,  o.  Not  pelted ;  not  assailed  with 
stones. 


UNP 

UN-PEN',  ti.  t.     To  let  out  or  suffer  to  escape  by 
breaking  a  dam  or  opening  a  pen. 

U  a  man  unpens  another's  water,  Blackstone. 

UN-Pe'NAL,  o.    Not  penal ;  not  subject  to  a  penalty. 

Clarendon. 

UN-PEN'E-TEA-BLE,  a.    Not  to  be  penetrated. 
f  But  tiii-ENETnABLE  Is  cliiefly  used. J 

UX-PEN'E-'i'U.\-TED,  a.    Not  entered  or  pierced. 

UN-i'EN'i-TEXT,  a.     .Not  penitent. 

[Uut  Impenitent  is  the  word  now  used.} 

UN  I'EN'NED,  pp.    Unfastened  ;  let  out. 

U.V-PEN'NING,  itpr.    Suffering  to  escape  ;  unlocking. 

UN-PEN'SION  .ED,  a.    Not  pensioned  ;  not  rewarded 
by  a  pension  ;  as,  an  nitpcnsioned  soldier. 

2.  Not  kept  in  pay  ;  nut  held  in  dependence  by  a 
pensjon.  Pope. 

UN-PeO'PLE,  (-pe'pl,)  V.  u    Tu  deprive  of  inhabit- 
ants; to  depopulate  ;  to  dispeople.    Milton.    Dryden. 

UN-PeO'PLjED,  (-pe'pid,)  pp.    Depopulated;  dispeo- 
pled. 

UN-PeO'PLING,  r-pE'pling,)  ppr.    Depopulating. 

UN-PER-CEIV'A-BLE,  a.    Not  to  bo  perceived  ;  not 
perceptible. 

UN-PER-CeIV'A-BLY,  adi:    In  a  manner  not  to  be 
perceived. 

UN-PER-CeIV'ED,  a.    Not  perceived  ;  not  heeded  ; 
not  observed  ;  not  noticed.  Milton. 

UN-PER-CeIV'ED-LY,  adu.     So  as  not  to  be  per- 
ceived. Boyle. 

UN-PER'FECT,  a.    Not  perfect ;  not  complete. 
[But  the  word  now  used  is  Imperfect.] 

UN-PER'FEeT-ED,    a.      Not    perfected ;   not    com- 
pleted. Hammond. 

UN-PERTECT-NESS,  n.    Want  of  perfectness  ;  in- 
completeness.     [IMPEHFECTMES3  and  IMPERFECTION 

are  now  used.] 
UN-PER'FO-Ea-TED,  a.    Not  perforated  ;  not  pene- 
trated by  openings. 
UN-PER-F0RM'£D,  a.    Not  performed  ;  not  done  ; 

not  execttted  ;  as,  the  business  remains  unperformed. 
2.  Not  fulOlled  ;  as,  an  unperformed  promise. 

Tmlor. 
UN-PER-FORjriNG,  a.     Not  performing ;  not  dis- 
charging its  office.  Dryden. 
UN-PER'ISH-.\-BLE,  a.    Not  perishable  ;  not  subject 

to  decav.     [The  word  now  used  is  Imperishable.] 
UX-PER''ISH-A-BLY,  adv.    Imperishably. 
UN-PER'ISH-ING,  o.     Net  perishing  ;  dttrable. 
UN-PER'ISH-ING-LY,  adv.    Not  perishingly. 
UN-PER'JUK-£D,  a.    Free  from  tlie  crime  of  perjury. 

Drycbsn. 
UN-PER'MA-NENT,  a.    Not  permanent ;  nnt  durable. 
UN-PER-MIT'TED,  a.    Not  permitted.         Southey. 
UN-PER-PLEX',  V.  U    To  free  from  perplexity. 

Donne. 
UN-PER-PLEX'£D,  (-per-plekst',)  a.    Not  perplexed  ; 

not  harassed  ;  not  embarrassed. 
2.  Free  from  perplexity  or  complication  ;  simple. 
UN-PER'SE-eO-TED,  a.    Free  from  persecution. 
UN-PER-SPIR',\-BLE,  a.    That  can  not  be  perspired, 

or  emitted  through  the  pores  of  the  skin.  Arhutknot, 
UN-PER-SU.\D'.\-BLB,  a.      That  can  not  be   per- 

su.aded,  or  influenced  bv  motives  urged.       Sidney. 
UN-PER-TURB'£D,  a.     Not  disturbed.  SeotL 

UN-PE-RPS'jED,  a.    Not  re.ad. 
UN-PER-VERT'ED,  a.    Not  per\'erted  ;  not  wrested 

or  turned  to  a  WTung  sense  or  use. 
UN-PET'RI-FI-£D,  (-pefre-fide,)  a.    Not  petrified; 

not  converted  into  stone. 
UN-PHIL-AN-THROP'le,  a.    Not  philanthropic. 
UN-PHIL-O-SOPH'ie,        (  a.    Not  according  to  the 
UN-PHIL-0-SOPH'ie-.\L,  (      rules  or  principles  of 

sound  philosophy ;  contrary  to  pliilosophy  or  right 

reason.  J^ewton. 

UN-PHIL-0-SOPH'IG-AL-LY,   adv.      In  a    manner 

contrary  to  the  principles  of  sound  philosophy  or 

right  reason.  South. 

UN-PHIL-0-SOPH'ie-AL-NESS,     7!.       Incongruity 

with  philosophy.  Jv'orris. 

UN-PHI-LOS'0-PHIZE,  !:.  (.    To  degrade  from  the 

character  of  a  philosopher.  Pope. 

UN-PHI-LOS'0-PniZ-£D,  pp.  or  a.    Degraded  from 

the  rank  ef  a  philosopher. 
2.  Not  sophisticated  or  perverted  by  philosophy ; 

as,  unphllosophized  revelation.  Qood. 

UN-PHRE-NO-LOG'ie-AL,    a.      Not    pertaining    to 

phrenologv. 
UN-PHYS'ICK-£D,  (-fiz'ikt,)  o.     Not  influenced  by 

medicine  ;  not  physicked.  [JV'of  uscJ.]  HoiccU. 
UN-Pie-TUR-ESa'UE',  (-esk',)  a.  Not  picturesque. 
UN-PIeRCE'A-BLE,  a.    Tiiat  can  not  be  pierced. 

_  Soutkey. 

UN-PIeRC'ED,  (-peerst',)  a.    Not  penetrated.    Oaij. 
UN-PIL'LAR-£D,  a.    Deprived  of  pillars;  as,  an  un~ 

pillared  temple.  Pope. 

UN-PIL'LoVV-£D,  a.    Having  no  pillow  ;  having  the 

head  not  supported.  Milton. 

UN-PI'LOT-ED,  a.    Not  steered  by  a  pilot. 
UN-PIN',  V.  t.     To  loose  from  pins  ;  to  unfasten  what 

is  held  together  by  pins  ;  as,  to  uitpin  a  frock  ;  to  un- 
pin the  frame  of  a  building. 
UN-PINK'£D,  (-pinkt',)  a.    Not  piuked  ;  not  marked 

or  set  with  eyelet  holes.  Shak. 


UNP 

UN-PIN'.N'ED,  pp.    Loosed  from  pins. 
UN-PIN'NING,  ppr.    Unfastening  what  is  held  to- 
gether by  pins. 
UN-PlT'I-.\-BLY,  ado.    So  as  not  to  be  pitied. 
UN-PIT'I-£D,  (-pit'id,)  a.    Not  pitied;  not  conipas 
sionated  ;  not  regarded  with  sympathetic  sorrow. 
Drijden.     Pope. 
UN-PIT'I-F}JL,  a.    Having  no  pity ;  not  merciful. 

Diicics. 
2.  Not  exciting  pity. 
UN-PIT'I-FIJL-LY,    adu.      UnmercifuUy  ;    %vithout 

mercy.  Shali. 

UN-PIT'Y-ING,  a.    Having  no  pity  ;  shov.  ing  no  com- 
passion. OrancUlc. 
UN-PLa'CA-BLE,  a.    Not  to  be  appeased. 

[Implacable  is  the  word  now  used.] 
UN-PLa'C£D,  (-pL^ste',)  a.     Having  no  oflice  or  em- 
ployment under  tlie  government.  Pope. 

2.  Undetermined  as  to  place ;  as,  unplaced  kings, 
whose  position  in  the  series  of  Egyptian  kings  is  un- 
determined. Oliddon. 
UN-PLaGU'BD,  (-plagd',)  a.    Not  plagued  ;  not  har- 
assed ;  not  tormented.  Shak. 
UN-PL.\NT'ED,  a.     Not  planted ;    of  spontaneous 

growth.  Waller. 

UN-PL.\S'TER-£D,  a.     Not  plastered. 
UN-PLAUS'I-BLE,  a.    Not  plausible  ;   not  having  a 
fair  appearance  ;  as,  arguments  not  unplausible. 

Milton. 
UN-PLAUS-I-BLY,  adv.    Not  with  a  fair  appearance. 

Sieift. 
UN-PLAU'SIVE,  a.     Not  approving;   not  applaud- 
ing. 
UN-PLEAD'A-BLE,  a.    That  can  not  be  pleaded. 

South. 
UN-PLE.V,?'.\NT,  (un-plez'ant,)  a.      Not  pleasant; 

not  atTording  pleasure  ;  disagreeable.  Hooker. 

UN-PLEAS'ANT-LY,    (un-plez'ant-ly,)    adv.      In  a 

manner  not  pleasing;  uneasily.  Pope. 

UN-PLEAS' ANT-NESS,  (un-plez'ant-ness,)  n.  Dis- 
agreeableness ;  the  state  or  quality  of  not  giving 
pleastire.  Hooker. 

UN-PLeAS'£D,  a.    Not  pleased  ;  displeased. 

Dryden, 
UN-PLE.\S'ING,  a.     Offensive  ;  disgusting. 

Milton.    Dryden. 
UN-PLeAS'ING-LY,  ado.    In  a  manner  to  displease. 
UN-PLeAS'ING-NESS,    n.      Want  of  qualities   to 

please.  Milton. 

UN-PLEAS'UR-A-BLE,  a.    Not  pleasurable. 

Coleridqe. 
UN-PLED<5'£D,  a.    Not  pledged  ;  not  mortgaged. 
UN-PLi'A-BLE,  a.    Not  pliable  ;  not  easily  bent. 
UN-PLl'ABLY,  ado.    In  an  unpliable  manner. 
UN-PLi'ANT,  a.    Not  pliant ;  not  easily  bent ;  stiff. 

Wotton. 
2.  Not  readily  yielding  the  will  ;  not  compliant. 
UN-PLI'ANT-LY,  adv.    Not  pliantly ;  stiffly. 

UnIpLOTGH^,!"^    Not  plowed.  Mortimer. 

UN-PLUMB',  (-plum',)  a.    Not  perpendicular 

Burke. 
UN-PLtJME',  V.  U  To  strip  of  plumes  or  feathers  ;  to 

degratle.  Glanville. 

UN-PLOM'M),  pp.  or  a.    Deprived  of  plumes  ;  desti- 
tute of  plumes. 
UN-PLU.\''DER-£D,  a.    Not  plundered  or  stripped. 
UN-PO-ET'ie,         (  a.    Not  poetical ;  not  havimr  the 
UN-PO-ET'le-.\L,  i      beauties  of  verse. 

2.  Not  becoming  a  poet.  Corbet. 

UN-PO-ET'I£;-.\L-LY,  adv.    In  a  manner  not  com- 
porting with  the  nature  of  poetry. 
2.  in  a  manner  unbecoming  a  poet. 
UN-POINT'ED,  a.    Having  no  point  or  sting. 

B.  Jonson. 

2.  Not  having  marks  by  which  to  distinguish  sen- 
tences, members,  and  clauses  in  writing. 

3.  Not  having  the  vowel  points  or  marks  ;  as,  an 
unpointed  manuscript  in  Hebrew  or  Arabic. 

M.  Stuitrl. 
UN-POIS'£D,  (-poizd',)  a.    Not  poised  ;  not  balanced. 

Thomson. 
UN-POIS'  ON,  V.  L    To  remove  or  expel  poison. 

South. 
UN-Po'LAR-IZ-£D,  a.    Not  polarized  ;  not  having 

polarity. 
UN-POL'I-CI-£D,  (-pol'e-sid,)  a.    Not  having  civil 

politv,  or  a  regular  form  of  government. 
UN-P6l'ISH-£D,  (-pol'isht,)  a.    Not  polished ;  not 
made  smooth  or  bright  by  attrition.        StiUingficft. 

2.  Not   refined  in  manners  ;    uncivilized  ;  rude  ; 
plain.  Dryden. 

UN-PO-LITE',  a.  Not  refined  in  manners ;  not  ele- 
gant. 

2.  Not  civil ;   not  courteous ;  rude.    [See  Impo- 
lite.] 
UN-PO-LITE'LY,  adv.    In  an  uncivil  or  rude  man- 
ner. 
UN-PO-LITE'NESS,  n.    Want  of  refinement  in  man- 
ners ;  rudeness. 
2.  Incivility  ;  want  of  courtesy. 
UN-POL'1-Tie,  a.    Impolitic.     [TTk  latter  is  used.\ 
UN-PoLL'KD,  a.     Not  registered  as  a  voter. 

2.  Unplundered  ;  not  stripped.  FanshavJ. 


FATE,  F.KR,  FALL,  WI1.\T.  — METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MAEINE,  BIRD.  — NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.— 


UNP 

UX-POL-LCTED,  a.    Not  polluted ;  not  defiled  ;  not  j 
corrupted. 

U>'-POP'r-LAR,  a.      Xot  popular;  not  having  the' 

public  favor  :  :is,  an  unpopular  mn^is^trate.  ' 

i  Not  pleasins  the  people  ;  as,  an  unpopular  law. 

UN-POP-i:-LAR  I-TY,  r.  The  state  of  not  enjoying 
the  public  favor,  or  of  not  pleasing  the  people. 

U.N-POPU-L.\R-LT,  adr.    _\ot  popularly. 

U.N-PORT'A-BLE,  a.     Not  to  be  carried'.       Raltirh. 

U.N-POR  'TIOS-£D,  a.  Not  endowed  or  furn  isliedVith 
a  portion  or  fortune ;  as,  an  unportloned  daughter. 

UX-PORT'U-OUS,  o.     Having  no  ports.  Burke. 

UN-POS-SESS'£D,  (-pos-ses:',)  a.  Not  possessed  ; 
not  held  ;  not  occupied.  .Milton. 

UN-POS-SESS'IXG,  a.    Havins  no  possessions.  Shak. 

UN-POS'Sl-BLE,  a.     Not  possible.     [06s.] 
[The  word  now  used  is  Impossible.] 

rX-P6'TA-BLE,  a.     Not  drinkable. 

UX-rOW  DER-£D,  a.    Not  sprinkled  with  powder. 

UN-PR.\C  TI-CA-DLE,  a.  Not  feasible;  that  can 
not  be  performed. 

[The  word  now  used  is  Impracticable.] 

UX-PRA€'TIC-£D,  (-prak'list,)  a.    Not  having  been 
taught  by  practice  ;  not  skilled  ;  not  having  experi- 
ence ;  law  ;  unskillful.  Sliak. 
2.  Not  known  ;  not  familiar  by  use.    [JVot  usut.] 

Prior. 

UN-PRaIS'£D,  (-prazd'j)  a.  Not  praised  ;  not  cele- 
brated^ Mltmt.     Dryden. 

UN-PReACH'ING,  a.  Not  preaching ;  as,  unprcach- 
ino-  prelates.  11.  .More. 

U.N-PKE-eA'RI-OCS,  a.  Not  dependent  on  another  ; 
nut  uncertain.  Blackmore. 

UN-PRE-CEU'ED,  a.    Not  preceded. 

UN-PREC'E-DENT-ED,  a.  Having  no  precedent  or 
exaiiifle  ;  not  preceded  by  a  like  case  j  not  having 
the  authoritv  of  prior  example.  Sirifl. 

0X-PREC'E-bENT-ED-LY,  adr.  Without  precedent. 

UX-PRE-CISE',  a.    Nut  precise  ;  not  exact.     Wartan. 

UX-PR&DES'TIN-£D,  a.  Not  previously  determined 
or  destined.  Milton. 

UN-PRE-DICT',  r.  1.    To  retract  prediction.  Milton. 

UX-PRE-FER'R£D,  (ferd',)  a.  Not  preferred  ;  not 
advanced.  Collier. 

UN-PREG'NAXT",  a.     Not  pregnant. 

2.  Not  prolific;  not  quick  of  wit.  Sluik. 

UN-PRE-Ju'DI-eATE,  a.  Not  prepossessed  by  settled 
opinions.     [Little  tued.]  Taylor. 

UX-PREJ'q-DIC-ED,  (-pred'ju-dist,)  o.  Not  preju- 
diced ;  free  from  undue  bias  or  prepossession ;  not 
preoccupied  by  opinion  ;  impartial ;  as,  an  unpreju- 
diced mind.  Addison. 

a.  Not  warped  by  prejudice ;  as,  an  unprejudiced 
judsment. 

UN-PREJ'U-DIC-£D-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  un- 
prejudiced. Clarke, 

UN-PRE-LAT'le-AL,  a.     Unsuitable  to  a  prelate. 

Clarendon. 

CN-PRE-LAT'ie-AL-LY,  adv.  Unlike  or  unsuitably 
to  a  prelate. 

UN-PR  tMED'I-TATE,      j  a.    Not  previously  medi- 

UX-PRE-MED'I-Ti-TED,  \  tated  or  prepared  in  the 
mind. 

2.  Not  previously  purposed  or  intended ;  not  done 
bv  design. 

UN-PRE-.MED'I-Ta-TED-LT,  adn.  Without  pre- 
meditation. 

UN-PR  E-Oe'eU-PI-£D,  a.    Not  preoccupied. 

UN-PRE-PaR'£D,  a.  Not  prepared;  not  ready;  not 
fitted  or  furnished  by  previous  measures.     Milton. 

2.  Xol  prepared,  by  holiness  of  life,  for  the  event 
of  death  and  a  happy  immortality.         Roscommon. 

UX-PRE-PaR'ED-LY,  adv.    Without  preparation. 

UX-PRE-PaR'ED-NESS,  It.  Stale  of  being  unpre- 
pared. 

UX-PRE-POS-SESS'ED,  (-pos-sest',)  a.  Not  prepos- 
sessed ;  not  biased  by  previous  opinions  ;  not  partial. 

SouUi. 

UX-PRE-POS-SESS'ING,  a.  Not  having  a  winning 
appeannce. 

UX-1'RE-SERV'A-BLE,  a.      That  can  not  be  pre- 

ser\'ed. 
UN-PRES3'£D,  (-presl',)  a.    Not  pressed. 

SWi      Ticket 
2.  Not  enforced.  Clarendon. 

UN-PRE-SfjM'ING,  a.    Not  too  confident  or  bold. 
L.V-PRE-SUMPTU-OU.^,  a.     [See  Pp.escme.]    Not 
presumptuous;  not  rash;  modfest ;  submissive. 

Cowper. 
DN-PEE-SUJIPT'TJ-OUS-LY,    adr.      Without    pre- 
sumption. 
U.N'-PRE-TENB'!.\G,  a.    Not  claiming  distinction 
modest.  Pope. 

UX-PRE-TEXD'ING-LY,  adv.    Without  pretension. 
UN-PRE-VaIL'ING,  a.    Being  of  no  force  ;  vain. 

Shak. 
UN-PHEV'A-LEXT,  a.    Not  prevalent. 
UX-PRE-VEXT'A-BLE,  a.    Not  p.-eventable. 
UN-PRE-VENT'ED,  a.   Not  prevented  ;  not  hindered. 

SJa*. 
2.  Not  preceded  by  any  thing.     [Obs.]      Milton. 
UN-PRIeST',  r.  u     To  deprive  of  the  orders  of  a 

priesr.  Milton. 

UN-PRIeST'LY,  a.     Unsuitable  to  a  priest.      Bale. 


UNP 


UNQ 


UN-PRINCE',  (un-prins',)  v.  U  To  deprive  of  princi- 
pality or  sovereignty.  Sxift. 

UN-PKIXCE'LY,  ^J^-prins'ly,)  a.  Unbecoming  a 
prince  ;  not  rescmoling  a  prince.  li.  Cluirles. 

UN-PRIN'CI-PL£D,a.  i'.-ol  having  settled  principles  ; 
as,  souls  unprinciptca  in  virtue.  Milton. 

2.  Having  no  good  moral  principles ;  destitute  of 
virtue  ;  not  restrained  bv  conscience  ;  profligate. 

UA'-PRIX'CI-PL£1)-NESS,  n.    Want  of  principle. 

UN-PUIXT'ED,  a.    Not  printed,  as  a  literary  work. 

Pope. 
2.  Not  stamped  with  figures ;  white ;  as,  unprinud 
cotton. 

UN-PRIS'ON-£D,  (priz'nd,)  a.  Sol  free  from  con- 
finement. Donue. 

UN-PR!  V'I-LEG-£D,  a.  Not  privileged ;  not  enjoy- 
ing a  particular  immunity.  Je^erson. 

UX-PRTZ'A-BLE,  a.    Xci  valued  ;  not  of  estimation. 

UX-rRIZ'£D,  a.     Not  valued.  Shak. 

UN-PRO-€LAljr£D,  a.  Not  proclaimed  ;  not  noti- 
fied by  public  declaration.  Milton. 

UN-PRO-DUe'TIVE,  a.    Not  productive  ;  barren. 

Burlic 

2.  More  generally^  not  producing  large  crops ;  not 
making  profitable  returns  for  labor;  as,  unproductive 
land. 

3.  Not  profitable  ;  not  producing  profit  or  interest ; 
as  capital ;  as,  unproductive  funds  or  stock. 

4.  Not  efficient ;  not  producing  any  effect. 
UN-PRO-DU€'TIVE-LY,  ado.      Barrenly;   without 

profit. 

UN-PRO-DUe'TIVE-XESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
unproductive,  as  land,  slock,  capital,  labor,  &c. 

UN-PRO-FaN'£D,  o.    Not  profaned  ;  not  violated. 

Dryden. 

UX-PR0-FESS'£D,  (-pro-fest',)  a.    Not  professed. 

UN-PRO-FES'SION-AL,  (fesh'un-al,)  a.  Not  per- 
taining to  one's  profession,  Beddoes 

2.  Not  belonging  to  a  profession. 
UN-PRO-FES'SION-AL-LY,   ode.      In  opposition  to 

professional  practice. 

UX-PRO-Fr'CIEN-CY,  (-flsh'en^,)  n.  Want  of 
proficiency  or  improvement.  SalL 

UX-PROF'iT-.VBLE,  a.  Bringing  no  profit :  produc- 
ing no  gain  beyond  the  labor,  expenses,  and  interest 
of  capita! ;  as,  unprofitable  land  ;  unprofitable  stock  ; 
unprofitable  employment. 

9.  Producing  no  improvement  or  advantage  ;  use- 
less ;  serving  no  purpose ;  as,  an  unprofitable  life  ; 
unprofitable  study.     Job  xv. 

3.  Not  useful  "to  others. 

4.  Misiniproving  talents ;  bringing  no  glory  to 
God  ;  as,  an  unprofitable  servant.     Matt.  sxv. 

UN-PROF'IT-A-BLE-XESS,  n.  The  state  of  pro- 
ducing no  profit  or  good  ;  uselessness  ;  inutilit>\ 

.Sddison, 

UN-PROF'IT-.^-BLY,  adv.  Without  profit ;  without 
clear  gain  ;  as,  capital  unprofitabhj  employed. 

2.  Without  any  good  efiect  or  advantage ;  to  no 
good  purpose.  Addison. 

UN-PROF'IT-ED,  a.    Not  having  profit  or  gain.  Shak. 

UN-PRO-GRESS'IVE,  a.    Not  advancing. 

UX-PRO-HIB'IT-ED,  a.  Not  prohibited  ;  not  forbid  : 
lawful. 

UX-PRO  JECT'ED,  a.    Not  planned  ;  not  projected. 

South. 

UN-PRO-LIF'ie,  a.    Not  prolific;  barren;  not  pro- 
ducing young  or  fruit.  Hale. 
2.  Not  producing  in  abundance. 

UX-PROM'I-NEXT,  a.     Not  prominent. 

UX-PROM'IS-£D,  (-prom'ist,)  a.  Not  promised  or 
enirased. 

UN-PROM'IS-ING,  a.  Not  promising;  not  afibrding 
a  favorable  prospect  of  success,  of  excellence,  of 
profit,  ^c. ;  as,  an  unpromising  youth;  au  unpront- 
isin<r  season. 

UN-PROMPT'ED,  a.     Not  prompted  ;  not  dictated. 
2.  Not  excited  or  instigated. 

UN-PRO-NOUNCE'A-BLE,  (un-pro-nouns'a-bl,)  a. 
That  can  not  be  pronounced.  Walker. 

UN-PRO-NOUNC'£D,  (-pro-nounst'j)  a.  Not  pro- 
nounced ;  not  uttered.  Milton. 

UN-PROP',  V.  u  To  remove  a  prop  from  ;  to  deprive 
of  support. 

UN-PROP'ER,  a.    Not  fit  or  proper.    [Obs.] 
(Impbopeh  is  the  word  now  used.] 

UN-PROP'ER-LY,  adv.    Unfitly.     [OSs.]     [See  Im 

PB'iPEr.LY.l 

UN-PRO-PIlET'ie,         (  a.     Not  foreseeing  or  not 

UN-PR0-PHET'1€-.\L,  (      predicting  future  events. 

UX-PROPH'ET-LtKE,  a.    Not  like  a  prophet. 

UN-PR0-P1"TI0US,  (-pish'us,)  a.  Not  propitious  ; 
not  favorable  ;  not  disposed  to  promote  ;  inaiLspicious. 

Pope. 

UX-PRO-PI"TIOUS-LY',  adr.  Unfavorably  ;  un- 
kindly. 

UX-PRO-PI"TIOUS-NESS,  ?^  State  or  quality  of 
being  unpropitious. 

UN-PRO-PoR'TION-.\-BI.E,  a.  Wanting  due  pro- 
portion. 

UN-PRO-POR'TIOX-A-BLY,  ode.  Not  m  due  pro- 
portion. 

UN-PR0-P0R'TION-.\TE,  a.  Wanting  proporuon  ; 
disproportionate :  unfit. 


UN-PRO-Poa'TIOX-£D,  a.     Not  proportion")  :  n.,< 

suitable.  '   - 

UN-PRO-P0S'£D,  a.    Not  propowd  ;  nw 

UN-PROP'P£D,  f-propt'O  tt.    Not  prop^eu     i    i  -.:,. 

ported  or  upheld.  Mdtxn. 

UN-PRoS'ii-LS-TED,  a.    Not  made  a  convert. 

UN-PROS'PER-OUS.o.   Not  prospfiwis;  nuattende.l 

with  success  ;  unfortunate.  ho-^^. 

UN-PROS'PEK-OUS-LY,  aix.     Unsuec'-  '    "    ' 

fortunatelv. 
UX-PUOS'PER-OU3-NESS,  «.      Want 

failure  of  the  desired  resulL 
UN-PEOS'TI-TU-TED,  a.    Not  p> 

based. 
UN-PUO-TECT'ED,  a.    Not  proteOcu  ,  „  a  ..  .■  „uaj. 

Hoclur 
2.  Not  countenanced  ;  not  supported. 
UN-PRO-TECT'ED-LY,   <uir.      Without  bcinc  pro- 
tected. 
UX-PaO-TECT'ING,  a.    Na  protecting  ;  not  defend- 

ing. 
UX-PROTRAGT'ED,  a.    Not  protracted  ;  not  drawn 

out  in  length. 
UX-PROV'£I),  (proovd',)  a.    Not  proved  ;  na  known 

by  trial.  Sf€mjrr. 

2.  Not  established  as  true  by  armament,  dctum- 

stntion,  or  evidence. 
UN-PRO- VIDE',  r.  (.    Tounfuroisb  ;  la  diveHortlrip 

of  qualifications.  So%Xkenu 

UN-PRO-VID'ED,  yp.    Divested  of  qualili""  '■- 
2.  a.    Not  provided ;  unfurnished;  u: 

UN-PBOV'I-DEXT,  0.    ImpicvidenL    [i 

UN-PR0-VI"S10X-ED,  (-pro-vizh'und,)  a.    NiH  iut- 

nished  with  provisions.  PoUot, 

UN-PRO-V0K'£I),   (pro-vokt',)  a.     Not  provoked  : 

not  incited  ;  applied  to  persons. 
2.  Not  proceeding  from  provocation  or  jiut  caujc  ; 

as,  an  unprorot^J  attack.  _■?..,  i. 

UXPRO-VOK'ING,  a.     Giving   no    pr  ■ 

otTense. 
UN-PRO-VOK'ING-LY,  adc.    Without  t 

cation. 
UN-PRU-DEN'TI.\L,  a.    Imprudent.    [- 

U.N-PRCN'£D,  a.    Not  pruned  ;  not  lopped,     ii-ii. 
UN-PUB'Lie,  a.    Not  public;  private;  not  KCncially 

seen  or  known.  TavL-r. 

UN-PUB'LISH-£D,  (piib'lishl,)  a.    Not  made  pi' 

secret ;  private.  i> 

2.  Not  published  ;  as  a  manuscript  or  book.  / 
UN-PUXe'TU-AL,  C-punkl'yu-al,)  a.    Xol  punct.i. . 

not  exact  in  time.  Pope. 

UX-PUXe-TU-AL'I-TY,    )         tVanl  of  nunetnalitA- 
U.V-PUXe'TU-AI^N-ESS,  (  ""     "^'  of  P"''«"»^»J- 
UX-PUXe  TU-AL-LY,  adr.    Not  punctually. 
UN-PUX€'TU-A-TED,    a.       Not   punctu:.t.J;    n,  : 

pointed. 
UN-PUN'ISH-.\-BLE,  a.    That  may  not 

UN-PUN'ISH-£D,  (-pun'isht,)  a.  Not  r 
fered  to  pass  witiiout  punishment  or  w  . 
as,  a  Xhiet' unpunished i  an  unpunished cr:'.: 

UX-PU.\'ISII-IXG,  a.    Not  punishing. 

UX-PUR'CHAS-.\-ULE,  a.    That  can  not  be  bcushu 

.iJaz-...-. 

UX-FUR'CHAS-£D,  (-pur'chast,)  a.    Not  purrln 
not  bousht.  ^^^' 

UX-PC'RE',  a.    Not  pure ;  impure.    [Ois.]    [Sei  i; 

PCRE.l 

UN-PURG'£D,  a.    Not  purged  :  unpurified.     Milut. 
UN-PO'RI-FI-£D,  (-fide,)  a.    Not  purified  ;  not  fifed 
from  recrement  or  foul  matter. 
2.  Not  cleaused  from  sin  ;  unsanclified. 

Dtaiy  of  Pw.  . 
UX-PUR'POS-£D,  (pur'pust,)  a.    Not  inwnded  ;  n^: 

designed.  S»^ 

UX-PURS'£D,  (-puist',)  a.    Robbed  of  a  purse. 

Poilck. 
UN-PURSC'£D,  a.    Not  pursued ;  not  followed  ;  cot 

prosecuud.  Mdton. 

UN-PC'TRE-FI-£D,  a.    Not  putrefied  ;  not  corrupCid. 

Baci^M. 
UX-QU.ilFF'£D,  (kwilft',)  a.  Not  quaffed ;  not  drank. 

Byres. 
UX-aUSIL'IXG,  a.    Not  failing  ;  not  sinking  ;  firm. 
UN-tiU.\K'lNG,  a.    Not  shaking  or  trcmblinc 

UX-aU.\I.'I-n-ED,  (-kwol'esfidc,)  a.    Xotqnal 
not  fit ;  not  having  the  requisite  talents,  abili:^  -.  ■ 
accomplishments.  ^,ij-*" 

2.  Not  having  taken  tlie  requisite  oath  or  oaths. 

3.  Not  modified  or  restricted  by  conditions  or  ex- 
ceptions ;  as,  unaaali^ed  praise. 

UN-UUAL'I-FI-i3)-LY,  aar.    In  a  manner  so  as  no. 

to  be  qualified.  ,.  ,        ... 

UN-QUAL'I-FI-£D-XESS,  n.    CondiUonof  bcmg  uc- 

UN^aUAL'I-F?,  r.  t.    To  divest  of  qualifications. 
rBut  instead  of  this,  Dis<jc»LirT  is  now  nsrd.] 
UN-QUAL'l-FY-ING,  ppr.      Divcsling  of  qa.ilihca- 

tions.  


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.- 


-AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — e  as  K  ;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


1211 


UNR 


UNR 


I  IN-aUAL'l-T[-£D,  (-kwol'c-tid,)  a.  Deprived  of  the 
usual  faculties.     [JVol  in  isc]  *J"«- 

UN-aUAR'UKI^A-BLE,  a.  That  can  not  l.e  un- 
nu"ncd.     fJVul  in  iisf-]  .     ■o;'""'"- 

UN  UUEEN',  r.  (.    To  divest  of  the  dignity  ol  queen. 

V\  QUELL' A-BLE,  a.    That  can  not  be  quelled. 
UN-UUELL'£D,  a.     Not  quelled  ;  not  subdued. 

UN-aUENCH'A-BLE,  a.    That  can  not  be  quenched  ; 

that  will  never  he  cttinjuished  i   iiiextinsuishable. 

Matt.  iii.     hiike  iii.  ,,, 

UN-QUENCH'A-BLE-NESS,  n.    The  state  or  qu.ahty 

of  beina  inextinguishable.  ""'"TL^ 

QN-aUENCH'A-BLY,  nrfo.    In  a  manner  or  degree 

so  as  ufit  to  be  quenchea. 
UN-aUENClI'£D,  (-k\vencht',)a.    Note.\tincuished. 

UN-QUES'TION-A-BLE,  n.  Not  to  bo  questioned  ; 
not  to  be  doubted  ;  indubitable  ;  certain  ;  as,  nnques- 
lionahlc  evidence  or  truth  :  unquestionable  courage. 

Jlditi^on. 

UN-aUES'TION-A-BLY,  ado.     Without  doubt ;  in- 

UN-'aUES'TION-M),  a.    Not  called  in  question  ;  not 

'  °n    Not  interrogated  ;  having  no  questions  asked  ; 

not  examined.  „  ^T  ™ 

3  Indisputable  ;  not  to  bo  opposed.  B.  Jmuon. 
UN-aUES'TlON-lNG,  a.    Not  calling  m   question; 

not  doubting  ;  unhesitating.  J.  M.  Mason. 

UN-aUICK',  a.    Not  quick ;  slow.  ,     „     .  , 

o  Not  ahve  ;  motionless.  [JVoI  171  ttsc]  Varna. 
UN-duiCK'£N--ED,  a.    Not  animated  ;  not  matured 

to  vitality  ;  as,  unqmekcncd  progeny.  BlacUslone. 
UN-QUI'ET,  a.      Not  quiet;    not  calm  or  tranquil; 

restless ;  uneasy  ;  as,  an  mqaiel  person  ;  an  uuqaut 

2.  Agitated  ;  disturbed  by  continual  motion ;  as, 
the  unquiet  ocean. 

3.  Unsatisfied  ;  restless.  fopc. 
UN-UOI'ET,  V.  t.    To  disquiet.     [JVot  m  ^<^y^^^^^^ 

UN-QUJ'ET-LY,  adv.    In  an  unquiet  state  ;  without 

rest  ;  in  an  agitated  state.  .  *'"«• 

UN-aUI'ET-NESS,  n.      Want  of  quiet;    v/ant  of 
tranquillity  ;  restlessness  ;  uneasiness. 

'         '  '  Taylor.     Denham. 

o.  Want  of  peace  ;  as  of  a  nation.  Spenser. 

3    Turbulence  ;  disposition  to  make  trouble  or  ex- 
cite disturbance.  ,     Dnjden. 
UN-aUI'E-TUDB,  T!.    Uneasiness  ;  restlessness. 
r  Ofts.l  ,  , 
fFor  this, Disquietude  and  Inquietude  are  usea.j 
UN-EACK'BD,  (-rakt',)  a.    Not  racked ;  not  poured 

from  the  lees.  .  „  ,    ■  ■ 

IJN-RaIS'-ED,  a.     Not  elevated  or  raised.     Coleridge. 

UN-RaK'£D,  (-rikt',)  a.     Not  raked  ;  as,  land  uit- 

rakcd.  ,     ,  , 

2.  Not  raked  together;  not  raked  up  ;  as  flro. 

SIiaK. 
UN-RaN(5'ED,  a.    Not  ranged  ;  not  reduced  to  order. 
UN-UAN'SACK-ED,  (-ran'sakt,)  a.    Not  ransacked  ; 
not  scanhod. 
2.  Not  pillaged.  Enotles. 

UN-UAN'SC5M-£D,  a.     Not  ransomed  ;  not  liberated 
from  captivity  or  bondage  by  payment  for  liberty. 

Pojie. 
UN-RASH',  a.     Not  r;'.sh  ;  not  presumptuous. 

Clarendon. 
U.N-R  \  V  A(5-£D,  a.    Not  wasted  or  destroyed.  Burke. 
ON-RAV'£L,ti.  (.    To  disentangle;  to  disengage  or 
separate  threads  that  are  knit. 

•>   To  free;  to  clear  from    complication  or  uim- 
cuTty.  .addison. 

3.  Toseparateconncctedor  united  parts;  to  throw 

Into  disorder.  n„,j-„ 

N.iliire  nil  unravdtd.  Drydtn. 

4.  To  unfold,  as  the  plot  or  intrigue  of  a  play. 

Pope. 

UN-RAV'£L,  V.  i.     To  be  unfolded  ;   to  be  disen- 
tangled. 

'JN-RAV'£L-A-DLE,  a.    That  can  not  be  disentan- 
gled. ,    , 

UN-RAV'£L-£I),  p/i.     Unfolded;  disentangled. 

UN-UAV'£UXG,  ppr.      Disentangling;  unfolding; 
clearing  from  dilliculty. 

UN-RAV'EL-MENT,  n.      The  development  of  the 
plot  in  a  play.  Jrfickel. 

tIN'-K.\'ZOR-£n,  a.    Unshaven.  Milton. 

UN-RE -VCH'BD,  (-reecht',)  a.     Not  reached  ;  not  at- 
tained to.  Dniden. 

UN-READ',  (-red',)  a.     Not  read  ;   not  recited ;  not 
perused.  Hooker.     Dnjden. 

"    Untaught ;  not  learned  in  books.         Dnjden. 

UN-ReAD' A-BLE,  a.    Not  legible;  that  can  not  be 

UN-RE 'iD'I-LY,  (-red'c-lc,)  adv.    Not  promptly;  not 
chofrfollv.  ,         „,     Mitford. 

UN-RE  \D'[-NESS,  (-red'e-ness,)  71.    Want  of  readi- 
ness ;  want  of  promptness  or  dexterity        ■^""'i"'- 
a.  Want  of  preparation.  1  aylor. 

UN-READ'Y,  f-red'e,)  a.    Not  ready  ;  not  prepared  ; 
not  fit.  *'""''• 


2.  Not  inompt ;  not  quick.  Brown. 

3.  Awkward  ;  ungainly.  '''"^""' 
UN-RE' AL,  a.    Not  real ;  not  substantial ;  having  ap- 
pearance only.                                .     ^''"o'^-    .»"■''•• 

UN-RE-AL'1-TY,  II.   Want  of  icalityorreal  existence. 

UN-RE'AL-IZ-ING,  a.     Not  realizing;  not  making 

UN-R'eAP'ED,  (-reept',)  a.      Not    reaped;    as,  un- 

reaped  wheat ;  an  unreapcd  field. 
UN-ReA'SON,  (-re'zn,)  ii.    Want  of  reason. 
UN-RE A'S  ON- A-BLE,  a.    Not  agreeable  to  reason. 

Hooker. 
o    Exceeding  tho  bounds  of  reason  ;  claiming  or 
iiisi'sting  on  more  than  is  fit;  as,  an  um-casonabU  de- 

"""'imniodcrato  ;   exorbitant ;    as,  an  iiiircosonniiic 
love  of  life  or  of  money. 
4    Irrational.     [In  lliis  sense,  see  Ihhational.j 
UN-ReA'SON-A-BLE-NESS,  71.    Inconsistency  with 
reason  ;  a.s,  the  unreasonableness  of  sinners. 

■1.  Exorbitance;  excess  of  demand,  claim,  passion, 

ami  the  like  ;  as,  tho  unreasonableness  of  a  proposal. 

UN-ReA'S  ON-A-BLY,  ado.    Ill  a  manner  contrary  to 

"2!  Excessively  ;  immoderately  ;  more  than  enough. 
UN-Rf.A'SON-£D,  d.    Not  reasoned.  Burke. 

2    Not  derived  from  reasoning.  Chalmers. 

UN-REA'SON-ING,  a.     Not  reasoning;  not  having 
reasoning  faculties.  L,^ 

UN-RE  WE',  V.   t.       [See    Reave,   U.nbeeve,  and 
RivEL.l     To  unwind  ;  to  disentangle  ;  to  loose. 
■'  Spenser. 

2.  Not  to  rive  ;  not  to  tear  asunder  ;  not  to  unroof. 
IMt  ill  7I.W.1  ,  „  ,  ■''"  , 

UN-RE-B.\T'ED,  f7.    Not  blunted.    .  tiakcmll. 

UN-RE-BOK' A-BLE,  a.    Not  deserving  rebuke ;  not 

obnoxious  to  censure.     1  Tim.  vi. 
UN-UE-BuK'.\-r.LY,  ado.    Not  rebukably. 
UN-RE-BOK'ED,  (-bukt',)  a.     Not  rebuked. 
UN-RE-CANT'ED,  a.    Not  retracted. 
UN-RE-CeIV'£U,  a.    Not  received  ;  not  taken  ;  as, 
sacraments  unrcceived. 
2    Not  come  into  possession  ;  as,  a  letter  imrueived. 
3.  Not  adopted  ;  not  embraced  ;  as,  opinions  unre- 
eeivcd.  .  ,  ,„,, 

TIN-RECK'  ON-ED,  a.    Not  reckoned  or  enumci  ateu. 

Bp.  Gardiner. 
UN-RE-€LAlM' A-BLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  reclaimed, 

reformed,  or  domesticated.  , 

UN-RE-eLAlM'A-BLY,  ado.    So  as  not  to  be  reclaim- 

UN-RE-CLaIM'ED,  a.  Not  reclaimed  ;  not  brought 
to  a  domestic  state  ;  nol  tamed  ;  as,  a  wild  beast  uii- 

2  Not  reformed  ;  not  called  hack  from  vice  to  vir- 
tue. ,  .    .  ■«''-""• 

UN-RE-eL.\IM'ING,  a.    Not  reclaiming. 

UN-RE-eLIN'ING,  rj.    Not  reclining  or  resting. 

UN-RE-eOG'NI-Z.\-BLE,  a.  Tliat  can  not  be  recog- 
nized.    [PeeRECoGNiziELE.]  Coleiidgc. 

UN-REC'OG-NIZ-ED,    a.       Not    acknowledged     or 

UN-REe''OM-PE.\'S-ED,  (-rek'oin-pcnst,)  a.  Not  rec- 
ompensed; not  rewarded. 

UN-REC-ON-CtL' A-BLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  recon- 
ciled ;  that  can  not  be  niado  consistent  with ;  as, 
two  unrcconcilablc  propositions. 

[In  this  sense,  laRECoNciLiBLE  is  generally  used.J 

2.  Not  reconcilable ;  not  capable  of  being  ap- 
peased;  implacable.  ,  _     S*'^'- 

3.  That  can  not  be  persuaded  to  lay  aside  enmity 
or  opposition,  and  to  become  friendly  or  favorable  ; 
as,  unrceoneitabte  neighbors.  [Irbeconcilaele  is 
generally  used.] 

UN-EEe-ON-CIL'A-BLY,  ado.  So  as  not  to  be  recon- 
cilable. .,  ,        .        , 
UN-RE€'0N-CIL-ED,  a.    Not  reconciled;  not  made 
consistent, 
o    Not  appeased  ;  not  having  become  favorable. 
3.  In  a  Ihcoloncal  sense,  not  having  laid  aside  op- 
position and  enmity  to  God  ;  not  having  made  peace 
with  God  through  faith  in  Christ. 
UN-UE-eORD'ED,  a.    Not  recorded  ;  not  registered  ; 
as   an  unrecorded  deed  or  lease. 

n.  Not  kept  in  remembrance  by  public  monuments  ; 
noT recorded  in  the  rolls  of  fame.  Pops. 

UN-RE-COUNT'El),  a.     Not  recounted ;   not  told  ; 

not  related  or  recited.  m    ,    ' 

UN-RE-COV'ER-A-DLE,  (-kuv'er-a-bl,)  a.    That  can 
not  be  recovered  ;  past  recovery.  FcUhani. 

2.  That  can  not  be  regained. 
UN-RE-eOV'ER-ED,  a.    Not  recovered  ;  not  recalled 
into  possession  ;  not  regained.  Drayton. 

2.  Not  restored  to  health.  . 

UN-RE-CROIT' A-BLE,  n.   That  can  not  be  recruited. 
2    Incapable  of  recruiting.     \_Bad,  and  not  used.] 
'^  Milton. 

UN-RE€'TI-Fi-£D,  a.     Not  rectified  ;   not  corrected 

or  set  right. 
UN-RE  eUM'BENT,  a.    Not  reclining  or  reposing. 
UN-RE-eOR'ING,  a.    That  can  not  be  cured.     [.Vol 

in  use]  »"''■ 

UN-RE-CUR'RINO,  a.    Not  recurring. 


That    can    not    be    re- 


UN-KE-DEEM'A-BLE, 

UN-RE  DEEM'ED,  a.     Not  redeemed  ;  not  ransomed. 

o   Not  paid  ;  not  recalled  into  the  treasury  or  bank 

by~payment  of  the  value  ill  money  ;  as,  unrcdeemci 

bills,  notes,  or  stock. 

UN-RIS-DRESS'EU,  (-drest',)  a.     Not  redressed  ;  not 

relieved  from  injustice  ;  applied  to  persons. 

2.  Not  removed  ;   not  reformed ;   as,  unredressed 

UN^RE-DOC'ED,  (-diiste',)  a.    Not  reduced  ;  not  les- 
sened in  size,  quantity,  or  amount. 
UN-KE-DO'CI-BLE,  a.    Not  capable  of  reductiM.^^ 

UN-RE-DO'CI-BLE-NESS,  71.      The  quality  of  not 
being  capable  of  reduction.  „  "  ,'p1 

UN-REEL'£D,  a.    Not  reeled,  or  wound  on  a  reel, 
from  cocoons  .  ,  ,  , 

UN-REEVE',  (un-reev',)  v.  t.    To  withdraw  or  take     j^ 
out  a  rope  from  a  block,  lliiinble,  &.C.     [See  Urt- 

UN^R&i  IN'ED,  a.    Not  refined  ;  not  purified  ;  as, 
unrefined  sugar. 
2.  Not  refined  or  polished  in  manners. 
UN-RE-FORM'A-BLE,  a.    Not  capable  of  being  put 
into  a  new  form.  ^  Hamnwnd. 

o   That  can  not  be  reformed  or  amended. 

Cotoper. 
UN-RE-FORM'£D,  a.     Not  reformed;  not  reclaimed 
from  vice  ;  as,  an  unrefornied  youth. 

2.  Not  amended  ;    not  corrected ;  as,  unrefornml 
manners ;  unir/tirmcii  vices.  ,     -,       „  ,  f,„„,i 

3.  Not  reduced  to  truth  and  regularity  ;  not  freed 
from  error  ;  as,  an  unrefornied  calendar         Holder. 

UN-RE-FRA€T'ED,  a.      Not    refracted,  as  rays  of 

UN-RE-FRESH'ED,  (-re-fresht',)  a.     Not  refreshed; 

not  relieved  from  fatigue  ;  not  cheered. 
UN  RE-l"RESH'FliL,  a.    Not  adapted  to  refresh. 
nN-RE-FRESH'L\G,  a.    Not  refreshing  ;  not  invig- 

crating  ;  not  cooling  ;  not  relieving  from  depression 

UN-RE-VuS'INO,  a.  Not  rejecting;  not  declining  to 
ncci^ut 

UN-RE-FuT'ED,  a.    Not  proved  to  be  false. 

UN-RE-GaRD'EO,  a.  Not  regarded  ;  not  heeded  ; 
not  noticed  ;  neglected  ;  slighted.     Dryden.    Sw,f>. 

UN-RE-GaRD'FIJL,  a.  Not  giving  attention;  heed- 
less ;  negligent. 

UN-RE-G.!iRD'FUL-LY,  adv.    Not  regardfully. 

UN-RE-GEN'ER-A-CY,  «.  State  of  being  unregener- 
ale  or  unrenewed  in  heart.  "T'Tfr. 

UN-RE-<SEN'ER-ATE,  a.  Not  regenerated ;  not  re- 
newed in  heart ;  remaining  at  enmity  with  Ood.^^ 

UN-RE-GEN-ER-A'TION,  11.    Want  of  J^S^^^Ihw""' 

UN-EEO:'IS-TER-£D,a.  Not  registered  ;  not  «|of^.''''- 

UN-RE-GRET'TED,  a.    Not  lamented. 
UN-REG'U-LA-TED,  a.     Not  regulated  ;  not^reduced 

UN-RE-HEARS'£D,  (un-re-herst',)  a.  Not  recited  or 
rcneateil.ns  words.  ,  ,      ., 

UN'-REIN'ED,  (un-rand',)  a.  Not  restrained  by  the 
bridfe;  unclieckcd.  ff"''- 

UN-RE-JOIC'ING,  a.    Uiijoyous ;  gloomy  ^J^^U;^,^__^ 

UN-EE-JOIC'ING-LY,  ado.     Uiijoyously  ;  gloomly- 
UN-RE-LAT'£D,  a.    Not  related  by  blood  or  affinity 

o.  Having  no  connection  with. 
UN-REL'A-TIVE,  a.      Not  relative;    not    relating; 
having  no  relation  to.  Chesterjiehl. 

[Ieeelative  is  more  generally  used.] 
IIN-REL'A-TIVE-LY,arfo.    Without  relation  to.  [Ut- 

tie  Hied  1  Bohngbrokc. 

UN-RE-LAX'ING,  a.     Not  slackening ;  nol  abating 

in  severity  or  attention. 
UN-RE-LAX'ING-LY,  aiin.    Without  relaxation. 
UN-RE-LENT'ING,  a.      Not  relenting;    having  no 
nitv  ;  hard  ;  cruel ;  as,  an  unrelenting  heart, 
o    Not  yielding  to  pity  ;  as,  unrelenting  cruelly 
3.  Not  yiel.ling  to  circumstances  ;  inflexibly  rii, 
as   an  unrelenting  rule.  Patetj. 

ITN  RE-LENT'ING-LY,  ado.     Without  relenting. 
UN-RE-LIeV'A-BLE,  a.    Admitting  no  Kliof^or  suc- 

UN-RE-LIEV'£D,  (-re-leevd',)  a.  Not  relieved  ;  not 
eased  or  delivered  from  pain. 

2?  Not  succored;  not  delivered  from  confinement 
or  distress  •  as,  n  garrison  unrelieved. 

3.  Not  released  from  duty  ;  as,  an  unrelieved  semi- 

nel.  ,        ,.  . 

UN-RE-LIG'IOUS,  a.     Not  religious. 
UN-RE-LUCT'ANT,  a.     Not  nnwillmg. 
UN-RE-LUCT'ANT-LY,  arfi'.     Willingly. 
UN-RE-MARK' A-BLE,  a.    Not  remarkable 

thy  of  particular  notice, 
o   Not  capable  of  being  observed. 
UN-RE-MARK' A-BLY,  ado.     Not  "■emarkably. 
{}n-RE-MARK'ED,  (-re-m.rkl',)  a.    Not  i-emarked 

uS-RE-MEi6l-.VBLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  cured 
admitting  no  remedy.  i_ 


;id; 


Seott. 
;  not  wor- 

DigiiJ. 


; 


FATE.  FAR,  FALlT^^^^^I^MeTE,  PREY- PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  -  NOTE^DOVE^MgVE^WglJVBgg^ 


1212 


UNR 

UN-RK-Mii'D(-A-l>LV,  adv.    Wiihout  remedy. 
UX-KEM'E-DI-ED,  a.    Nol  cured  ;  not  remedied. 

Miltoiu 
UN-RE-MEM'BER-£D,  0.    Not  remembered  ;  not  re- 
tained in  Ihe  mind;  not  recollected.  fVoUotu 
UX-RE-.MEM'BER-ING,  a.     Having  no  memory  or 

recuUeclion.  Dryden. 

UN-RE-MEM'BRANCE,  n.     Forgetfulness  ;  want  of 

reniembruitcf.     [J\  ut  in  useJ]  Watts. 

UX-KE-MIXD'ED,  a.    Not  put  in  mind. 
UN-RE-AilT'TED,  a.     Not  remitted  ;  not  forgiven  ; 

as,  punishment  unremitted. 
a.  Not  having  a  temporary  relaxation ;   as,  pain 

wtremitttd. 
3.  Not  relnxed  ;  not  abated. 
UN-RE-MIT'TING,  a.      Not  abating;    not  relaxing 

for  a  lime  J  incessant;  continued  j   as,  unremitting 

exertions. 
UN-RE-M1T'TL\G-LV,  ade.    Without  abatement  or 

cessation.  Flemintr. 

UN-RE-MIT'TING-NESS,  r.    State  of  being  unre- 

mittin:;. 
UN-RE-MOV'A-BLE,  a.    That  can  not  be  removed  ; 

fixed.  Sfia!:, 

UN-RE-M0V'A-BLE-NESS,7t.    The  state  or  quality 

of  being  tixed  and  not  capable  of  being  removed. 

I/alL 
tJN-RE-MOV'A-BLY,  adv.    In  a  manner  that  admits 

of  no  removal.  Shak. 

UN-RE-.MOV''£D,  a.    Not  removed  ;  not  taken  away. 
2,  Not  capable  of  being  removed. 


UNR 


UNR 


Liie  AUm  iinrejnooed. 


Millon. 


UX-RE-NE\V'£D,  a.    Not  made  anew  ;  as,  the  lease 

is  unrirnfrwcd, 
5.  Not  regenerated ;  not  born  of  tlie  Spirit ;  as,  a 

heart  unrenciced, 
UN-EE-NOWN'£D,  a.    Not  celclirated  or  eminent. 
UN-RE-PaID',  a.    Not  repaid  ;  not  compensated  ;  not 

recompensed  ;  as,  a  kindness  uarepaid.      Joluismi. 
UX-RE-PaIR'£D,  a.    Not  repaired  or  mended. 
UN-RE-Pe.\L'.\-BLE,  a.    That  can  not  be  repealed. 
UN-liE-PE.iL'£D,  a.    Not  repealed  ;  not  revoked  or 

abrosaled  ;  remaining  in  force. 
UN-RK-PeAT'ED,  a.    Not  repeated. 
U.V-RE-PeATING,  a.    Not  repeatin!. 
UN-RE-PENT'.\.\CE,  n.    State  of  being  impenitent. 

[Litlte  lisal,]  IVarton. 

UN-RE-PE.\T'ANT,  )  a.      Not  repenting ;  not  peni- 
UN-RE-PE.NT'ING,   (     tent ;  not  contrite  for  sin. 

Drijdcn. 
UN-RE-PE,\T'ED,  a.  Not  repented  of.  Honker. 
UN-R&PE.N'T'ING-LY,  adu.  Without  repentance. 
UN.RE-PIN'ING,  a.      Not  repining  ;    not  peevishly 

raiirmiirin!!  or  complaiicing.  Rome. 

UN-RE-PI.\'ING-LY,  irJn.      Wiihout    ptevish  com- 
plaints. 
U.\-RE-PLEN'ISn.£D,  (-plen'isht,)  a.    Not  replen- 
ished ;  not  filled  i  not  adequately  supplied.  Boyle. 
DN-RE-PoRT'ED,  a.    Not  reported. 
UN-RE-PoS'£D,  a.    Not  reposed. 
UN-REP-KE-SENT'ED,  a.    Sot  represented  ;  having 

no  one  to  act  in  one's  stead. 
UN-RE-PKESS'£D,  (-presl',)  a.      Not  crushed ;  not 

subdued. 
UN-EE-PEESS'l-ELE,  a.    That  can  not  be  repressed. 
UN-RE-PRIeV'A-BLE,  a.    That  can  not  be  reprieved 

or  respited  from  death. 
UN-RE-PRIeV'£I),  a.    Not  reprieved  ;  not  respited. 
CN-RE-PRo.ACH'.\-Br,E,  a.    Not  deserving  reproach. 
UN-RE-PRo-ACH'A-BLE-NESS,  m.    State  of  being 

unreproachable. 
UN-EE-PRo.'iCH'A-BLY,  adv.    So  as  not  to  be  re- 

proachable. 
UN-EE-PRoACH'£D,  (re-procht',)  a.   Not  upbraided  ; 

not  reproached. 
UN-RE-PRoACiriNG,  a.    Not  reproaching. 
UN-EE-PROV'A-BLE,  a.      Not    deserving    reproof; 

that  can  not  be  justly  censured.    Col.  i. 
UN-RE-PROV'£D,  a.    Not  reproved  ;  not  censured. 

Sandys. 
2.  Not  liable  to  reproof  or  blame.  Milton, 

UN-RE-PUG'N.4NT,  a.    Not  repugnant ;  not  opposite. 
L'N-REP'IJ-TA-BLE,  a.    Not  reputable.      {Hooker. 

[For  this.  Disreputable  is  generally  used.] 
UN-REP' U-TA-BLY,  ada.    Disreputably. 
UN-RE-aUEST'ED,  a.    Not  requested  ;  not  asked. 

Kiwllcs. 
UN-RE-QUni'£D,  a.  Not  demanded  ;  not  needed. 
UN-RE-aUIT'A-BLE,  a.    Not  to  be  retaliated. 

Boifle. 
UN-RE-aUIT'ED,  a.    Not  requited  ;  not  recompensed. 
UN-EES'eU-iD,  a.    Not  rescued  ;  not  delivered. 

PoUok. 
UN-RE-SENT'ED,  a.     Not  resented  ;    not  regarded 

with  anger.  Rogers. 

UN-EE-SENT'ING,  a.    Not  regarding  with  anger. 
UN-EE-SERVE',  (-re-zerv',)  n.    Absence  of  reserve  ; 

frankness;  freedom  of  communication.       Warton, 
TJ.N'-RE-SERV'ED,  a.      Not  reserved ;    not  retained 

when  a  part  is  granted, 
a  Not  limited;  not  withheld  in  part ;  full;  entire; 

as,  unreserved  obedience  to  God's  commands. 

Rogers. 


3.  Open  ;  frank  ;  concealing  or  withholding  notli- 
ing;  free  ;  as,  an  unreserved  disclosure  of  f;icls. 
UN-UE-SEEV'EDLY,  adv.      Without  limitation  or 
reservation.  Hoyte. 

2.  With  open  disclosure  ;  frankly ;    witlioul  con- 
cealment. Pi'pe. 
UN-RE-SERV'ED-NESS,  n.    Frankness  ;  openness  ; 
freedom  of  communication  ;  nnliniitedness. 

Boyle.    Pope, 
UN-RE-SIGN'£D,  a.    Not  givim  up ;  not  surrendered. 

2.  Not  submissive  to  God's  will. 
UN-RE-SIST'ED,  (-re-zist'ed,)  a.    (See  Resist.]   Not 
resisted  ;  not  opposed.  Benttcy. 

2.  Resistless  ;  such  as  can  not  be  successfully  op- 
posed. p„,c. 
UN-RE-SIST'I-ULE,  a.    Irresistible.              Temple, 
UN-RE-SIST'ING,  a.     Not  making  resistance  ;  yield- 
ing to  physical  force  or  to  persuasion.          Dryden. 
2.  Submissive  ;  humble.                     Biulcmiiuter. 
UN-RE-SIST'ING-LY,  adv.     Wiihout  resistance. 

Randolph. 
UN-RE-SOLV'A-BLE,  a.    That  can  not  be  solved  or 

resolved.  Soutli. 

UN-RE-SOLV'£D,  a.    Not  resolved;  not  determined. 

Shak. 

2.  Not  solved  ;  not  cleared.  lA>cke. 
UN-llE-SOLV'ED-NESS,  n.     State  of  being  undeter- 
mined ;  irresolution. 

UN-KE-SOLV'ING,  a.  Not  resolving  ;  undetermined. 

jyrydcn. 
UN-EE-SPECT'A-BLE,  a.     Not  respectable.     [Ao( 

used/\  Jijlalone. 

UN-EE-SPECT'ED,  a.    Not  respected  ;  not  regarded 

with  respect.  Sltak. 

UN-RE-SPEGT'IVE,  a.      Inattentive;    taking   little 

notice.     rjV'(j(  in  wj-c.l  ShaL 

UN-RE-SPlR'A-llLE,  a.    That  can  not  be  breathed. 
UN-RES'PIT-ED,  a.    Not  respited. 

3.  Admitting  no  pause  or  intermission.     Milton. 
UN-RE-SPONS'i-ELE,  u.  Not  answerable  ;  not  liable. 

2.  Not  able  to  answer  ;  not  having  the  property  to 
respond. 

tInREspoN3iBLE  IS  also  uscd  in  tlie  like  sense.] 
lE-SPO.NS'IVE,  a.     Not  responsive. 
UN-REST',  u.      Unquietness;    uneasiness.      {Little 

used,']  Spenser.     TFottort. 

UN-REST'ED,  a.    Not  rested  ;  not  laid  on  for  support. 

E,  Eminr. 
UN-REST'ING,  o.     Not  resting ;  continually  in  mo- 
tion. Byron. 
UN-REST'INO-LY,  adr.    Without  rest. 
UN-RE-SToR'£D,  a.    Not  restored  ;   not  having  re- 
covered health. 

2.  Not  restored  to  a  former  place,  to  favor,  or  to  a 
former  condition. 
UN-RE-STR-AlN'A-BLE,  a.      That  can   not  be  re- 
strained. Danvin. 
UN-RE-STRaIN'£D,  a.      Not  restrained ;    not  con- 
trolled ;  not  confined  ;  not  hindered.  Dryden. 

2.  Licentious  ;  loose.  Skak. 

3.  Not  limited;  as,  an  unrestrained  power;  unre- 
strained truth. 

UN-EE-STK.^l.N'T',  ii.    Freedom  from  restraint. 
UN-RD-STRieT'ED,  a.     Not  restricted  ;  not  limited 

or  confined.  Smollett. 

UN-RE-TRACT'ED,  a.    Not  retracted ;  not  recalled. 

Collier, 
UN-RE-TR  A€T'II.E,  a.    That  can  not  be  withdrawn. 
UN-RE-'rUR.\'£D,  a.    Not  returned. 
UN-RL-Vi:AL'£D,  a.    Not  revealed;  not  discovered  ; 

not  disclosed.  Pope. 

UN-RE-VSAL'ED-NESS,  n.     State  of  being  unre- 

vealed.  Baxter. 

UN-RE- VENd'£D,  a.    Net  revenged  ;  as,  an  injury 

unreven(^ed, 
2.  Not  vindicated  by  just  punishment. 

Scipio'g  ghost  walks  unreoenged,  Addigon, 

UN-RE-VENGE'FUL,  (-re-venj'-,)  a.  Not  disposed 
to  revenge.  Hackct. 

U.\-RE-VENGEFIJL-LY,  ajt:    AVilhout  revenge. 

UN-nEV'E-Xu-£D,  (-rev'e-nude,)  a.  Not  furniiihed 
with  a  revenue.  PoUok. 

U.X-RE-VEE'-ED,  a.    Not  revered. 

UN-REV'ER-EN-C£D,  (-rev'er-enst,)  a.  Not  rever- 
enced. 

UN-REV'EE-END,  a.    Not  reverend. 

2.  Disrespectful  ;    irreverent  ;   as,  an   wirevtrend 
tongue.  SAaA-. 

UN-REV'EE-ENT,  a.    Irreverent 
{The  latter  is  chiefin  used,] 

UN-KEV'El!-ENT-LY,aJu.    Irreverently, which  see. 

UN-RE-VEn.S'£D,  (-re-verst',)  a.  Not  reversed  ;  not 
annulled  by  a  counter  decision  ;  as,  a  judgment  or 
decree  unreversed. 

UN-EE-VERT'ED,  a.   Not  reversed  ;  not  turned  back. 

UN-EE-VIS'£D,  a.  Not  revised  ;  not  reviewed  ;  not 
corrected. 

U.N-RE-VIV'£D,  a.  Not  revived  ;  not  recalled  into 
life  or  force. 

UN-RB-VoK'En,  (-re-vokt',)  a.  Not  revoked;  not 
recalled  ;  not  annulled.  ,Milton. 

UN-RE-WARD'El),a.  Not  rewarded;  not  compen- 
sated. Pevc- 


UN-RB-W.ARD'IXG,  a.    Not  i«coinpenaine. 
UN-R!ir--TOR'IC-AI.,(-re-tor'ik.al,)o.  Not rlielorical. 
UN-RIIE-TOK-ie-AL-LY,  adv.    Not  in  a  rhetorical 

manner. 
UN-RHt.M'£D,  a.    Not  put  into  rhyme.      EJ.  Rcr. 
UN-RID'D/CX,  a.     -Vot  ridden. 
UN-RID'IJLE,  r.  L    To  iolve  or  explain;  a«,  to  rni- 

riddlc  an  enigma  or  mystery. 
2.  To  explain. 

And  wVn:  jou  «n'I  unTidJU^  Irtra  lo  tinsL        Parr^. 

UN-RID'nLED,pp.    Exphined;  Interpreted. 
UN-RID'DLKR,  n.    One  who  oxplainii  an  enigma. 
UN-RIIJ'DLING, ;;^.    Solving;  explaining. 
U.V-EI-Die'U-LOL'S,  a.     Not  ridiculoui. 
UN-KI'FL£D,  a.  Not  rifled  ;  not  robbed  ;  nottlri^ :.  J. 

Hulr.t. 

UN-RIG',  c.  L  To  strip  of  both  standing  and  runntiig 
rigging  ;  as,  to  unrin  a  ship.  TiAtau 

UN-RIG'G£D,  pp.    Slri|ipcd  of  rigfiBe. 

U\-RIG'GI\G,  p/T.    Stripping  of  ripginp. 

U.V-RIGIIT',  n.     Not  right ;  wrong.     [OS..] 

U.N'-RTGIIT'EOU:?,  (un-ri'chus,)  a.  [Sax.  luiriiuru  ; 
that  is^  not  riglil-wise.] 

1.  Not  righteous  ;  not  just;  not  conformed  iu  beail 
and  life  to  the  divine  law ;  evil ;  wickcj ;  uted  of 
persons. 

2.  Unjust ;  contrary  lo  law  and  equity  ;  a«,  an  »»- 
righteous  decree  or  sentence. 

UN-RIGHT'EOUS-I,Y,  (unrl'chus-ly,)  aJr.  Un- 
jiislly  ;  wickedly  ;  sinfully.  DryrUm. 

UN  RIGIIT'EOU'S-.NE.SS,  (un-rl'chiu-neaa,)  «.  In- 
justice ;  a  violation  of  the  divine  law,  or  of  tlie  pLiia 
principles  of  justice  and  equity;  wickednew.  Ut- 
rigldeoitsness  may  consist  of  a  single  unju.t  act,  but 
more  generally,  when  applied  to  pcrsoni,  it  denolej 
an  habitual  course  of  wickedness.  Rom.  i.  vi.  -2 
Cor.  vi. 


Kvciy  tnuisgrasioD  of  the  Liw  ii  unrighjgoiurun. 


It-: 


SJuk. 
Dcjuu. 


UN-RIGHT'FUL,  a.    Not  righiful ;  not  Just.    S,^:.. 
UN-RIGHT'F(jI,LY,  adv.    Wrongfully. 
UN-RIGHT'FJjL-NESS,  n.    State  of  being  unrighlful.   I 
IjN-RING',  r.  i.    To  deprive  of  a  ring  or  of  ring*.  i 

Iluiilbras.         I 

UN-RING'ING,  ppr.    Depriving  of  a  ring  or  rings. 
UN-RI'OT-ED,  o.    Free  from  rioting.    [A"<1  luti.l 

.Va;. 
UN-RIP',  V.  (.    To  rip.  Batxm. 

[This  word  is  unnecessary-,  the  idea  bemg  ex- 
pressed by  Rip.] 
UN-RTPE',  a.    Not  ripe  ;  not  mature;  not  brought  \o 
a  state  of  perfection  ;  a^,  unripe  fruit.  SAajL 

2.  Not  seasonable  ;  not  yet  proper. 

He  fixed  his  unripe  vengeance  to  defer.  fjr^--e-.- 

3.  Not  prepared ;    not  completed  j  as,  an  urr  -e 
scheme.  , 

4.  Too  early ;  as,  the  waripe  death  of  Dorilaus. 
{Unusual.]  Stduey.       \ 

U.V-RIP'£:.N-£D,  a.    Not  ripened  ;  not  matured. 

.Idaiji^n, 
UN-RIPE'NESS,  n.    Want  of  ripeness  ;  immaturity  ; 

as,  the  unripeness  of  fnlit  or  of  a  project. 
UN-RIS'£N,  (-riz'ii,)  a.    .\ol  risen.  XetU. 

UX-Rt'VAL-£D,  a.      Having  no  rival ;    having  no 

competitor.  Pope. 

2.  Having  no  equal ;  peerless. 
U.N-RI  VET,  r.  t.    To  loose  from  rivets  ;  to  unfasten. 

HaU. 
UN-RIV'ET-ED,  pp.  Ix>05ed  from  rivets  ;  unfastened. 
UN-RIV'ET-ING,  frpr.      Unfastening;    loosing   from 

rivets. 
UN-RoBE',  r.  (.    To  strip  of  a  robe  ;  lo  undress ;  to 

disrobe.  Young. 

UN-RoB'£n,  pp.    Undressed  ;  disrobed. 
UN-RoH'ING,  pj?r.     Divesting  of  robes  ;  undressing. 
U.N'-R01L'£D,  a.    Not  rendered  turbid  ;  not  tiisturbcd 

in  mind. 
U-\-RoLL',  r.  u  To  open  what  is  rolled  or  convolved  ; 

as,  to  unroll  cloth. 
2.  To  display.  Dryden. 

UN-RoLL'ED,  pp.    Opened,  as  a  roll ;  displayed. 
UN-RoLl.'ING,  ppr.    Opening,  as  a  roll ;  displaying. 
UN-Ro'.M.AN-IZ-£D,  a.  Not  subjected  to  Roman  amis 

or  customs.  li'hitaker. 

2.  Not  subjected  to  the  principles  or  usages  of  the 

Roman  Catholic  church. 
UN-EO-5I.\N'TI€,  a.    Not  romanlie  :  not  fanciftil. 

Srifl. 
UN-RO-iMAN'Tie-AL-LY,  adv.  Not  romanUrally. 
UN-ROOF',  r.  (.    To  strip  off  tile  n-of  or  covcriiij  ofa 

hotise. 
UN-ROOF'ED,  (-rotift',)  pji,  Stripiwd  of  the  roof. 
UN-ROOF'IXG,  ppr.     Stripping  of  Ihe  roof. 
UN-ROOST'EU,  a.     Driven  frmi  the  rixi'L       Siai. 
UN-ROOT',  r.  (.    To  tear  up  by  the  rools  ;  lo  eiur- 

pate ;  to  eradicate  ;  as,  to  iinro.  I  an  oak.    Dryden. 
UN-ROOT',  r.  i.    To  be  torn  up  by  the  roots. 
UN-ROOT'ED,  pp.    Extirpated  ;  torn  up  by  the  roots. 
UN-ROOT'tNG,  ppr.    Tearing  up  by  the  roots  ;  extir- 
pating. .  .^  ,.     _.  J 
UN-ROUGH',  (un-rufiT,)  a.    Not  rough;  unbearded; 

smootli. 
UN-ROUN"D'ED,  a.    Not  made  round. 


TONE,  BJJLL,  UNITE AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


1913 


UNS 


UNS 


UNS 


UN-ROUT'ED,  a.    Not  routed;  not  thrown  into  dis- 
order. .       ,  1'^'""- 

ItN-llOY'AL,  a.    Not  royiil ;  iinpnncely.       Sidnal. 

UN-ROY'AL-LY,  a.    Not  like  a  king  ;  not  becoming 
a  kin"  ■**•  P""""- 

UN-RlfP'FLE,  (-ruf'fl,)  v.  i.    To  cease  from  being 
ruffled  or  agitated  ;  to  subside  to  smoothness. 

Addison. 

UN-RUF'FLEll,  a.    Calm  ;  tranquil ;  not  agitated. 

CiJm  ami  ujirujjled  aa  a  Biiminer's  sea.  AiMison. 

9.  Not  disturbed;  not  agitated;  as,  an  unruffled 
temper.  ,        ^  .. 

UN-UuL'£D,  a.    Not  ruled  ;   not  governed  ;  not  di- 
rected by  superior  power  or  authority.        Spenser. 
UN-RU'Li-NESS,  V.      [from  unniiy.]     Disregard  of 
restraint ;  licentiousness  ;  turbulence  ;  as,  the  unru- 
thicss  of  men,  or  of  their  passions. 

a.  The  disposition  of  a  beast  to  break  over  fences 
and  wander  from  an  inclosure  ;  the  practice  of  break- 
ins  or  leaping  over  fences. 
UN-RU'LY,  a.  Disregarding  restr.iint;  licentious; 
disposed  to  violate  laws  ;  turbulent ;  ungovernable  ; 
as,  an  unruly  youth. 

The  tongue  can  no  man  tame  ;  it  is  an  unruly  evil.  — J.amS9  iv. 

2.  Accustomed  to  break  over  fences  and  escape 
from  inclosures ;  apt  to  break  or  leap  fences ;  as,  an 
unruly  ox. 

The  own-T  of  the  unru/y  ox  paid  a  eiim  of  money,  as  u  civil 
penally  for  the  ransom  of  bis  life.  S.  E-  DmsM. 

UN-Ru'MI-Na-TED,  a.    Not  well  chewed  ;  not  well 

digested.  Bolingbroke. 

UN-RU.M'PLE,  II.  t.    To  free  from  rumples  ;  to  spread 

or  lay  even.  jJtMijDn. 

UN-EUlI'PLi5D,  fp.    Freed  from  rumples. 
UN-SAB'BATH  LIKE,  a.    Not  according  to  usage  on 

the  Sabbath. 
UN-SAD'DBN,  fun-sad'n,)  tJ.  t.    To  relieve  from  sad- 
ness. WldUock. 
UN-SAD'DEN-ED,  jip.    Relieved  from  sadness. 
UN-SAD'D-EN-ING,  ypr.    Relieving  from  sadness. 
UN-SAD'DLE,  (sad'dl,)  v.  t.    To  strip  of  a  saddle  ; 

to  take  the  saddle  from  ;  as,  to  unsaddle  a  horse. 
UN-S.'^D'DLED,  pp.    Divested  of  the  saddle. 

2.  a.    Not  saddled  ;  not  having  a  saddle  on. 
UN-S5FE',  a.    Not  safe;  not  free  from  danger;  ex- 
posed to  harm  or  destruction.        JIhlton.    Dnjdcn. 
2.  Hazardous  ;  as,  an  unsafe  adventure. 
UN-SaFE'LY,  adit.    Not  safely  ;  not  without  danger  ; 
in  a  state  exposed  to  loss,  haim,  or  destruction. 

Oreio. 
UN-S.XFE'NESS,  n.  State  of  being  unsafe.  Jf'illis. 
UN-SAFE'TY,  n.    State  of  being  unsafe  ;  exposure  to 

danger.  Bacon. 

UN-S.\ID',  (un-sod',)  pp.  or  a.  Not  said  ;  not  spoken ; 

not  uttereil.  l>rijden. 

UN-SAINT',  V.  t.    To  deprive  of  saintship.     Stmlh. 
UN-SaINT'ED,  pp.    Not  sainted. 
UN-SaINT'LY',  a.    Not  like  a  saint. 
UN-SaL'A-BLE,  a.    Not  salable  ;    not  in   demand ; 

not  meeting  a  ready  sale  ;  as,  unsalable  goods. 
UN-SALT'ED,  a.    Not  salted  ;    not  pickled  ;  fresh  ; 

as,  '/I'nsalted  meat. 
IfN-SA-LOT'ED,  a.    Not  saluted  ;  not  greeted. 
UN-SANe-TI-FI-€A'TION,  n.    A  state  of  being  un- 

sanctitied. 
UN-SANe'TI-FI-J5D,  (-fide,)  a.    Not  sanctified  ;  un- 
holy. T/iodey. 
2.  Not  consecrated. 
UN-SAN€'TION-iCD,  a.    Not  sanctioned ;  not  rati- 
fied ;  not  appit.ved  ;  not  authorized.  Walsh. 
UN-SAN'D.'VL-ED,  a.     Not  wearing  sandals. 
UN-SaT'ED,  a.    Not  sated  ;  not  satisfied  or  satiated. 

Shenstonc. 
UN-Sa'TI.4-BLE,  a.    That  can  not  be  satisfied. 

[But  iNs.iTiABLE  is  generally  used.] 
UN-Sa'TIATE,  a.    Not  satisfied.     [  Ohs.]        More. 

[Insatiate  is  the  word  now  used.] 
UN-S.\'TIa-TING,  a.    Not  satiating.  Tuchen: 

UN-SaT'1NG,  a.     Not  sating  or  filling. 
UN-S.^T-IS-FACTION,  n.    Dissatisfaction.    Brown. 
UN-SAT-IS-FAG'TO-RI-LY,  adv.    So  as  not  to  give 

satisfaction. 
UN-S.\T-IS-FA€'T0-RI-NESS,  71.     The  quality  or 
state  of  not  being  satisfactory  ;  failure  to  give  satis- 
faction. Boyle. 
UN-SAT-IS-FAC'TO-RY,  a.   Not  giving  satisfaction  ; 
not  convincing  the  mind. 

2.  Not  giving  content;  as,  an  unsalisfactory  com- 
pensalion. 

UN-SAT'IS-FI-.\-BLE,  a.    That  can  not  be  satisfied. 

Taylor. 
UN-S.\T'IS-FI-ED,  a.      Not   satisfied  ;   not    having 
enough  ;  not  filled  ;  not  gratified  to  the  full ;  as,  un- 
satisfied appetites  or  desires. 

9.  Not  content ;  not  pleased  ;  as,  to  be  unsatisfied 
with  the  choice  of  an  officer  ;  to  be  unsatisfied  with 
the  wages  or  compensation  allowed. 

3.  Not  settled  in  opinion  ;  not  resting  in  confidence 
of  the  truth  of  any  thing;  as,  to  be  misatisfied  as  to 
the  freedom  of  the  will. 

4.  Not  convinced  or  fully  persuaded.  The  judges 
appeared  to  be  unsatisfied  with  the  evidence. 


5.  Not  fully  paid. 

All  ejcecntion  returned  umalisjied.  Daggttt,  WheaUm'e  Rep. 

UN-SAT' IS-FI-ED-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  not 
s.atisfied  or  content. 

UN-SAT'IS-FU-ING,  a.  Not  affording  full  gratifica- 
tion of  appetite  or  desire;  not  giving  content;  not 
convincinii  the  mind.  Jlddison. 

UN-SAT'1S-F5-ING-NESS,  n.  Incapability  of  grati- 
Ivins:  to  the  fill.  Bp.  Taylor. 

UIJ-SAT'l!-EA-TED,  a.  Not  saturated ;  not  supplied 
to  the  full.  Chemistry. 

UN-SaV'£D,  a.    Not  saved  ;  not  havin 


UN-Sa'VOR-I-LY,  adv. 
UN-Sa'VOR-I-NESS,  II. 


eternal  life. 
PoUok. 
So  lis  to  displease  or  disgust. 

Milton. 
A  bad  taste  or  smell. 

.Johnson. 
UN-Sa'VOR-Y,  n.   Tasteless  ;  having  no  taste.   Jol>\\. 

2.  Having  a  bad  taste  or  smell.    Milton.    Brown. 

3.  Unpleasing;  disgusting.  Hooker.     Shtik. 
UN-SAY',  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  Unsaid.    To  recant  or 

recall  what  has  been  said  ;  to  retract;  to  deny  some- 
thing declared. 

Say,  anil  unsay,  feign,  Hatter,  or  abjure.  ^fu'Ion. 

UN-SeA'LY,  n.    Not  scaly  ;  having  no  scales.     Gay. 
UN-SeAN'N£D,  a.    Not  measured  ;  not  computed. 

Shak. 
UN-S€AR'£D,  a.     Not  scared  ;  not  frightened  away. 
UN-SeXR'R-ED,  a.   Not  marked  with  scars  or  wounds. 
UN-SeATH'£D,  (-skatlit',)  a.    Uninjured.     [Shak. 
UN-SeAT'TER-£D,  a.    Not  scattered  ;  not  dispersed  ; 

not  thrown  into  confusion. 
UN-SCEP'TER-£D,  a.      Having  no  scepter  or  royal 

authority  ;  not  crowned  as  king. 
UN-SeilOL'AR-LY,  (-skol'ar-le,)  a.    Not  suitable  to 

a  scholar.  Jisiat.  Res. 

UN-SfllO-LAS'Tie,  a.    Not  bred  to  literature  ;  o  . 
unscholaslic  statesmen.  Locke. 

2.  Not  scholastic. 
UN-SeHOOL'£D,  a.    Not  taught ;  not  educated  ;  il- 
literate. Hooker. 
UN-SCI-EN-TIF'ie,  a.    Not  scientific;  not  according 
to  the  rules  or  principles  of  science. 
2.  Not  versed  in  science.                           MantcU. 
UN-SCI-EN-TIF'ie-AL-LY,  adv.    In  a  manner  con- 
trary to  the  rules  or  principles  of  science. 
UN-SCIN'TIL-LA-TING,    a.       Not    sparkling  ;    not 

einitling  sparks.  ••'•  Barhm. 

UN-SeoReil'£D,  (-skorcht',)  a.    Not  scorched  ;  not 
affected  by  fire.  *"■'"   . 

UN-S€o'RI-FI-£D,  a.     Not  scorified  ;  not  converted 

into  dross. 
UN-SeOUR'£D,  a.   Not  scoured  ;  not  cleaned  by  rub- 
bing ;  as,  unscoured  armor.  Shak. 
UN-SeR.'VTCH'£D,  (-skracht',)  a.      Not  scr.atched; 

not  lorn.  S/w/i. 

UN-SeREEN'-ED,  a.    Not  screened  ;  not  covered  ;  not 

sheltered  ;  not  protected  ;  not  sifted.  Boyle. 

UN-SCREW,   (-skru',)  v.  t.      To  draw  the  screws 

from  ;  to  loose  from  screws  ;  to  unfasten.    Burnet. 
UN-SCREWED,  pp.    Loosed  from  screws. 
UN-SCREWING,  ppr.    Drawing  the  screws  from. 
UN-SGRIP'TUR-AL,  a.     Not  agreeable  to  the  Scrip- 
tures ;  not  warranted  by  the  authority  of  the  word  of 
God  ;  as,  an  unscriptnral  doctrine. 
UN-SGRIP'TqR-AL-LY,  adv.     ' 

cording  with  the  Scriptures. 
UN-SCRO'PU-LOUS,  a.    Not  scrupulous  ;  having  no 

scruples.  Milord. 

UN-SCRU'PU-LOUS-LY,  adv.     In  an  unscrupulous 

manner. 
UN-SCRCPU-LOUS-NESS,  Ji.    Want  of  scrupulous- 
ness. Mitford. 
UN-SCRu'T.'V-BLE.    See  Inscrutabi.e. 
UN-SCULP'TqR-ED,  pp.    Not  engraved. 
UN-S€UTCH'EON-£D,  (-skuch'und,)  a.      Not  hon- 
ored with  a  coat  iif  arms.  Pollok. 
UN-SeAL',  d.  t.     To  break  or  remove  the  seal  of;  to 

open  what  is  sealed  ;  as,  to  unseal  a  letter. 
UN-SeAL'ED,  pp.    Opened,  as  something  sealed. 
2.  a.    Not  sealed  ;    having  no  seal,  or  the  seal 
broken.  S/ia;.'. 

UN-SeAL'ING,  ppr.  Breaking  the  seal  of;  opening, 
UN-SeAM',  ».  t.  To  rip  ;  to  cut  open. 
UN-SEAM'ED,  pp.  Ripped  ;  cut  ope- 
UN-SEARCH'A-BLE,  (-serch'a-bl,)  a. 
be  searched  or  explored  ;  inscrutable 
terious. 

The  counsels  of  God  are  to  us  unsearchAble.  Rosers. 

UN-SEARCH'A-BLE-NESS,  (-serch'a-bl-ness,)  ii.  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  unsearchable,  or  beyond  the 
power  of  man  to  explore.  Bramhall. 

UN-SEARCH'.VBLY,  (-serch'a-bly,)  adv.  In  a  man- 
ner so  as  not  to  be  explored. 

UN-SEARCH'ED,  (-sercht',)  a.  Not  searched  ;  not 
explored  ;  not  critically  examined. 

UN  SEARCH'ING,  a.  Not  searching ;  not  penetrat- 
ing. 

UN-SiSAR'ED,  a.    Not  seared  ;  not  hardened.  Pollok. 

UN-SeA'SON-A-BLE,  (-se'zn-a-bl,)  a.  Not  seasona- 
ble ;  not  being  in  the  proper  season  or  time.  He 
called  at  an  unseasonable  hour. 


2.  Not  suited  to  the  time  or  occasion  ;  unfit ;  un- 
timely ;  ill-timed  ;  as,  unseasonable  advice  ;  an  unsea- 
sonable digression. 

3.  Late  ;  being  beyond  the  usual  time.  He  came 
home  at  an  unseasonable  time  of  night. 

4.  Not  agreeable  to  the  time  of  the  year ;  as,  an 
nnseasonabtc  frost.  The  frosts  of  1810,  in  June,  July, 
and  .\iiniist,  in  New  England,  were  considered  un- 
seasonable,  as  they  were  unusual. 

UN-SEA'S  ON- A-BLE-NESS,  71.  [Supra.]  The  qual- 
ity or  state  of  being  unseasonable,  ill-timed,  or  out 
of  the  usual  time. 

UN-Si5A'S0N-A-BLY,  ai/o.  Not  seasonably  ;  not  in 
due  time,  or  not  in  the  usual  time  ;  not  in  the  time 
best  ada]ited  to  success.  Dnidrn.     Arbulhnot. 

UN-SeA'SON-ED,  (-se'znd,)  a.  Not  seasoned;  not 
exhausted  of  the  natural  juices,  anil  hardened  for 
use  ;  as,  wiscasoncd  wood,  boards,  limber,  ficc. 

2.  Not  inured ;  not  accustomed  ;  net  fitted  to  en- 
dure any  tiling  by  use  or  habit ;  as,  men  unseasoned 
to  tropical  climates  are  exposed  to  fevers. 

3.  Unfiirined  ;  not  qualified  by  use  or  experience  ; 
as,  an  unseasoned  courtier.  Shak. 

4.  Not  salted  ;  not  sprinkled,  filled,  or  impregnated 
with  any  thing  to  give  relish  ;  as,  unseasoned  meat. 

.5.  Unseasonable.     [JVot  iu  use.]  Sliak. 

UN-Se.VT',  t>.  (.    To  throw  from  the  seat.     Cowper. 
UN-SEAT'ED,yp.    Thrown  from  the  seat. 

2.  a.     Not  seated  ;  having  no  seat  or  bottom. 

3.  Not  settled  with  inhabitants;  as, unseated  lands. 
[We  usually  say  Unsettled.]  [  H'olcatt. 

UN-SiSAT'lNG,  pjir.    Throwing  from  a  seat. 
UN-SeA'VV0R-T1II-NESS,  «.     The  state  of  being 

unable  to  sustain  the  ordinary  violence  of  the  sea  in 

a  tempest.  Kent. 

UN-SeA'WOR-THY,  a.    Not  fit  for  a  voyage  ;  not 

able  to  sustain  the  violence  of  the  sea;  as,  the  ship 

is  unseaworthy. 
UN-SEC'OND-ED,  a.    Not  seconded  ;  not  supported. 
"  The  motion  was  unseconded  ;  the  attempt  was  unsec- 

onded.  - >       ■  i 

2.  Not  exemplified  a  second  time.     [JVbi  m  iwi.J 

Brown. 


Not  secret ;  not  close  ;  not  trusty. 

Shak. 

To  disclose ; 


In  a  manner  not  ac- 


Slialc. 

That  can  not 
hidden ;  mys- 


UN-Se'€RET,  a. 

UN-Se'CRET,  v.  t.    To  disclose ;  to  divulge.     [JVol 

used  ]  Bacon. 

UN-SE€-Ta'RI-AN,  a.     Not  sectarian  ;  not  intended 

or  adapted  to  promote  a  sect.  Buclcham. 

UN-SEC'IJ-LAIl,  a.     Not  worldly. 
UN-SECq-LAR-IZE,  tj.  I.    To  dstach  from  secular 

things;  to  alienate  from  the  \corld.  C/i.  Obs. 

UN-SE-CORE',  a.    Not  secure  ;  not  safe. 

[But  Insecure  is  genet.ally  used.] 
UN-SE-COR'^D,  a.    Not  secured. 
UN-SED'EN-TA-RY,  a.  Not  accustomed  to  sit  much. 

jyordswortk. 
UN-SE-DOC'ED,  f-dust',)  a.  Not  seduced  ;  not  drawn 

or  persuaded  to  deviate  from  the  path  of  duty. 

Milton. 
UN-SEED'ED,  a.    Not  seeded  ;  not  sown. 

Ask.     Cowper. 
UN-SEE'ING,  a.    Wanting  the  power  of  vision  ;  not 

seeing.  •^'"''" 

UN-SEEJI',  I',  i.    Not  to  seem.     [JVol  in  use.]     Shak. 
UN-SEEM'LI-NESS,  71.    Uncomeliness  ;  indecency; 

indecorum  1  impropriety.  Hooker. 

UN-SEEiM'LY,  a.     Not  fit  or  becoming;  uncomely; 

unbecoming ;  indecent. 

My  sons,  let  your  unseemly  discord  cease.  Dryden. 

UN-SEEM'LY,  adv.    Indecently  ;  unbecomingly. 

Phihp.^. 

UN-SEEN',  a.    Not  seen ;  not  discovered.     Milt.m. 

2.  Invisible  ;  not  discoverable  ;  as,  the  unseen  tied. 

3.  Unskilled  ;  inexperienced.     [JVot  771  use.] 

Clarendon. 

UN-SF.lZ'i5D,  (!.     Not  seized  ;  not  apprehended. 
2.  Not  possessed  ;  not  taken  into  possession. 

UN-SEL'D5M,  adv.     Not  seldom.  [Drydcn. 

UN-SE-LECT'ED,  d.    Not  selected  ;  not  separated  liy 
choice. 

UN-SE-LECT'ING,  a.    Not  selecting. 

UN-SELF'ISH,  a.    Not  selfish;  not  unduly  attached 
to  one's  own  interest.  Spectator. 

UN-SELF'ISH-LY,  adv.    Without  selfishness. 

UN-SENS'ED,  (-senst',)  a.  Wanting  a  distinct  mean- 
ing ;  without  a  ceitain  signification.  Puller. 

UN  -SENS'I-BLB,  a.     Not  sensible. 
[But  Insensible  is  now  used.] 

UN-SENS'tJ-AL-IZ-ED,  a.     Not  sensualized. 

UN-SENT',  a.     Not  sent ;  not  dispatched  ;  not  trans- 
milled. 

Unsent  for;  not  called  or  invited  to  attend. 

UN-SEN''TIEN'T,  {-sen'shent,)  a.    Not  sentient. 

UN-SEN'TI-NEL-£D,  a.    Without  a  sentinel. 

Ed.  Rev. 

UN-SEP'A-R.\-BLE,  a.    That  can  not  be  parted. 
[But  Inseparable  is  now  used.] 

UN-SEP'.'V-Ra-TED,  a.     Not  separated  or  parted. 

UN-SEP'UL-CHER-ED,  I  a.     Having  no  gr.ave  ;  1111- 

UN-SEP'UL-CHRED,      i      buried.  Chapman. 

UN-SEP'UL-TIJR-ED,  a.    Unburied. 

UN-SERVED,  a.    Not  served. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.-MeTE,  PREY.-PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.-NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.- 


1214 


UNS 

UN-SERV'ICE-A-BLE,  a.  Not  serviceable;  not 
blinking:  advantage,  use,  profit,  or  convenience; 
useless  ;  as,  an  unserviceable  utensil  or  garment ;  an 
ttnserricniible  tract  of  hind  ;  unserviceable  muskets. 
UN-SERV'ICE-A-BLE-NESS,  «.  The  quality  or 
state  of  being  useless ;   unfitness  for  use. 

Sanderson. 
UN-SERV'ICE-A-BLY,  ado.    Without  use  ;  without 

advantage.  Woodward. 

UX-SET',  a.    Not  set ;  not  placed.  Hooker. 

3.  Not  sunk  below  the  horizon. 
UN-SET'TLE,  r.  (.    To  unfix;  to  move  or  loosen 
from  a  fixed  state ;  to  unhinge  ;  to  make  uncertain 
or  fluctuating ;  as,  to  unsettle  doctrines  and  opin- 
ions. 
9.  To  move  from  a  place.  DEstraitge. 

3.  To  overthrow.  Fleetwood. 

UN-SET'TLE,  r.  i.    To  become  unfixed.         Shale. 
UN-SET ''l'L£i),  pp.    Unfixed  ;   unhinged  ;  rendered 
fluctuating. 

9.  a.    Not  settled  ;  not  fixed  ;  not  detennined  ;  as 
doctrines,  questions,  opinions,  and  the  like. 

3.  Not  established.  Drydeii. 

4.  Not  regular  ;  unequal ;  changeable ;  as,  an  mi- 
settled  season  ;  unsettled  weather.  Bcntley. 

5.  Not  having  a  legal  settlement  in  a  town  or  par- 
ish. 

6.  Having  no  fixed  place  of  abode.  Hooker. 

7.  Not  having  deposited  its  fecal  matter;  turbid; 
as,  unsettled  liquor. 

8.  Having  no  inhabitants  ;  not  occupied  by  perma- 
nent inhabitants  ;  as,  unsettled  lands  in  America. 

Belknap.     Hamilton. 
UN-SET'TLED-NESS,  n.      The  state  of  being  un- 
fixed, unsettled,  or  undetermined. 

2.  Irresolution  ;  fluctuation  of  miud  or  opinions. 

3.  Uncertainty. 

4.  U'ant  of  fixedness  ;  fluctuation.  South. 
UX-SET'TLE-MENT,  -n.      Unsettled  state;    irreso- 
lution.                                                            BoiTow. 

UN-SET^TLING,  ppr.  Unfixing;  removing  from  a 
settled  slate. 

U.\-SE-Vi-:RE',  a.    Not  severe.  Pollok. 

UN-SEV'ER-£D,  a.  Not  severed;  not  parted;  not 
divided.  Skuk. 

UN-SEX',  F.  t.  To  deprive  of  the  sex,  or  to  make 
otherwise  than  the  sex  commonly  is.  Shak. 

UN-SEX'£D,  C-sekst',)p;j.  Made  otherwise  than  the 
sex  commonlv  is. 

UN-SHACK'LE,  (-shak'l,)  v.  t.  To  unfetter  ;  to  loose 
from  bonds;  to  set  free  from  restraint;  as,  to  un- 
shackle the  hands ;  to  nn^hadUe  the  mind. 

UN-SHACK'LED,  pp.  Loosed  from  shackles  or  re- 
straint. 

UN-SHACK' LING,  ppr.  Liberating  from  bunds  or 
restraint. 

UN-SHaD'ED,  a.    Not  shaded;  not  overspread  with 

shade  or  darkness.  Boyle. 

%  Not  clouded  ;  not  having  shades  in  coloring. 

nN-SHAD'6W-£D,  a.    Not  clouded  ;  not  darkened. 

UN-SHa'DY,  a.     Not  shady. 

UN-SHaK'A-BLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  shaken.  [JVoi 
in  use.]  ShaJc. 

UN-SHaK'£D,  for  UssHAKES,  is  not  in  use.     Shak. 

UN-SHaK'£N,  a.  Not  shaken;  not  agitated;  not 
moved  :  firm  ;  fixed. 

2.  Not  moved  in  resolution  ;  firm ;  steady. 

3.  Not  subject  to  concussion. 
U.\-SHa5!'£D,  a.     Not  shamed  ;  not  ashamed  ;  not 

abashed.  Dnjden. 

UN-SHA?.IE'FA-C£n5,  C-faste,)a.  Wanting  modes- 
ty ;  impudent. 

UN-SHaME'Fa-CED-NESS,  n.  Want  of  modesty  ; 
impudence.  ClLolmers. 

UN-SiiAP'A-BLE,  a.    That  can  not  be  shaped.  Good. 

UN-S1!aPE',  v.  t.    To  throw  out  of  form  or  into  dis- 
order :  to  confound  ;  to  derange.     {Little  used.'] 
'_  Shak. 

QN-SHaP'EN,  a.     Misshapen;  deformed;  ugly. 

Addison. 

UN-SHaR'ED,  a.  Not  shared  ;  not  partaken  or  en- 
joved  in  common  ;  as,  unsfiared  bliss.  jMilton. 

UX'?^HaV'£D,  a.    Not  shaved.  Tooke. 

UN-SIlF.ATHE',  V.  t.  To  draw  from  the  sheath  or 
pcabb^rd. 


UNS 


UNS 


il 


UnaheaJhe  thy  Eword. 


57uiA. 


To  unsheathe  the  ftword ;  to  make  war. 

UN-SIIeATH'SD,  pp.    Drawn  from  the  sheatb. 

UN-S(lEATH'ING,  ppr.     Drawing  from  the  scab- 
bard. 

UN-SHED',  a.    Not  shed;  not  spilt ;  as, blood  unshed. 

MlUoti. 

UN-SHEET'ED,  <i.    Not  furnished  with  sheets. 

rj.V..SHEL'T£R-ED,  a.     Not  sheltered  ;  not  screened  ; 
not  defended  from  danger  or  annoyance. 

'  Decay  of  Piety. 

UN-SHEL'TER-ING,  a.     Not  protecting ;  not  defend- 
ing from  danger  or  annoyance. 

U.\-SI1E.\T',  a.     Not  spoiled  ;  not  disgraced. 

UN-SHlF.LD'ED,  a.     Not  defended  by  a  shield  ;  not 
protected  :  exposed.  Dryden. 

UN-SHIFT'ING,  a.    Not  changing  place,  position,  or 
expedients.  E.  Erring. 


UN-SHIP',  V.  t.    To  take  out  of  a  ship  cr  other  water 

craft ;  as,  to  unship  goods. 
2.  To  remove  from  the  place  where  it  is  fixed  or 

fitted  ;  as,  to  unship  an  oar ;  to  unship  capstan  bars  ; 

to  unship  the  tiller.  Mar.  Diet. 

UN-SmP'I>£D,  (-shipt',)p;).      Removed  from  a  ship 

or  from  its  place. 

2.  Destitute  of  a  ship. 
U.N'-SHIRT'ED,  a.    Not  covered  with  a  shirt. 
UN-SHrV'ER-£D,  a.     Not  shivered  or  split. 
UN-SHIV'ER-ING,  a.     Not  shivering. 
UN-SHIV'ER-ING-LY,  udv.    Without  shivering. 
UN-SHIV'ER-ING-NES.S,  n.    State  of  being  unshiv- 

ering. 
UN-SHOCK'£D,  (-shokt',)  a.    Not  shocked  ;  not  dis- 
gusted ;  not  astonished.  Ticket. 
UiST-SHOD',  c.    Not  shod;  having  no  shoes. 

Ciarendon. 
UN-SHOOK',  a.  Not  shaken  ;  not  agitated.  Pope. 
UN-SHoRN',  a.   Not  shorn;  not  sheared;  not  clipped; 

as,  unshorn  locks.  Milton. 

UN-SIIOT',  a.     Not  hit  by  shot.  Waller. 

9.  Not  shot ;  not  discharged. 
UN-SIIOUT',  V.  t.    To  retract  a  shout.    [JVot  in  use.] 

Shak. 
UN-SHOW'ER-£D,  a.    Not  watered  or  sprinkled  by 

.•showers  ;  as,  unshowcred  grass.  .Milton. 

UN-SmiIN'£D,  a.    Not  deposited  in  a  shrine. 

Southcy. 
UN-SHRINK'INO,  a.    Not  shrinking  ;  not  withdraw- 
ing from  danger  or  toil;  not  recoiling  ;  as,  unshrink- 

inff  firmness. 
UN-SIIRINK'ING-LY,  adv.    Without  shrinking. 
UN-.?HRlV'i;N,  a.    Not  shriven. 
UN-SHROUD'ED,  a.    Not  shrouded  or  covered. 
UN-SHROUD'ING,  a.    Not  shrouding. 
UN-SHRUNK',  a.     Not  shrunk;  not  contracted. 
UN-SHUN'NA-DLE,  a.    That  can  not  be  shunned  ; 

inevitable.     [Aut  in  use.]  Shak. 

UN-SHUN'N£D,  a.    Not  shunned  ;  not  avoided. 
UN-SHUT',  a.    Not  shut;  open;  unclosed. 
UN-SIFT'ED,  a.      Not  sifted ;    not  separated    by  a 

sieve.  May. 

2.  Not  critically  examined  ;  untried. 
UN-SIGHT'  UN-SEEN';  a  vulgar  phrase,  denoting  un- 

sceintr  unseen^  or  tinseen  repeated  ;   as,  to  buy  a  thing 

unsii^^ltt  utisecny  that  is,  without  seeing  it.     Hudibras. 
UN-SIGH'ING,  (-si'ing,)  a.     Not  sighing.       Buron. 
UN-SIGHT'ED,    (-sit'ed,)    a.      Not  seen;  invisible. 

[04s.]  Slwk. 

UN-SlGHT'LI-NESS,    ii.     Disagreeableness    to  the 

sight ;  deformity  ;  ugliness.  Wiseman. 

UN-SIGHT'LY,  (-slt'Ie,)  a.    Disagreeable  to  the  eye  ; 

ugly  ;  deformed.  Milton. 

UN-SlG'NAL-IZ-i'D,  a.     Not  signalized  or  distin- 
guished. 
UN-SIG-NIF'I-eANT,  a.  Having  no  meaning.  [Obs.] 

[See  Insignifica.nt.] 
UN-SIG'NI-Fi-JED,  a.    Not  made  known  by  words  or 

signs. 
UN-SIL'VER-ED,  a.    Not  covered  wilh  quicksilver ; 

as,  an  unsilvered  min'or.  Ure. 

UN-SIN-CeRE',  a.    Not  sincere  ;  hypocritical.     [See 

Insinceue.] 

2.  Not  genuine ;  adulterated.  Boyle. 

3.  Not  sound  ;  not  solid. 

[Obsolete  in  the  two  last  significations,  and  for  the 
first,  lN9i?icERE  is  generally  used.] 

UN-SIN-CER'I-TY,  n.  Insincerity;  cheat.  [.IVVt 
used.]     [See  IrJstN'EP.iTv.l 

UN-SIN'EW,  1'.  (.    To  deprive  of  strength.   Dryden. 

UN-SIN'EW-£D,  pp.  or  a.  Deprived  of  strength  or 
force  ;  weak  ;  nerveless.  Skali. 

UN-SIN'EW-ING,  ppr.  Depriving  of  strength ;  en- 
feebling. 

UN-SIN'FUL,  a.    Not  sinful. 

UN-SIN'FUL-NESS,  n.    State  of  being  unsinful. 

UN-SIN(5'£D,  (-sinjd',)a.    Not  singed  ;  not  scorched. 

Brown. 

UN-SIN'GL-ED,  a.    Not  singled;  not  separated. 

Drndctu 

UN-.'^INK'A-BLE,  a.    That  can  not  be  sunk. 

UN-SINK'ING,  a.     Not  sinking;  not  failing. 

UN-SIN'NING,  a.  Committing  no  sin  ;  impeccable  ; 
untainted  with  sin  ;  as,  uusinning  obedience. 

Rogers. 

UN-SIS'TER-LY,  adv.  or  a.    Not  like  a  sister. 

UN-SIZ'A-BLE,  a.  Not  being  of  the  proper  size, 
magnitude,  or  bulk.  Smollett. 

UN-Srz'£D,  a.  Not  sized  or  stiffened  ;  as,  unsized 
paper. 

UN-SKILL'ED,  a.    Wanting  skill ;  destitute  of  readi- 
ness or  dexterity  in  performance.  Pope. 
2.  Destitute  of  practical  knowledge.         Dnjden. 

UN-SKILL'FUL,  a.  Not  skillful ;  wanting  the 
knowledge  and  de.vterity  which  are  acquired  by  ob- 
servation, use,  and  experience  ;  as,  an  unskiU/tU  sur- 
geon ;  an  unskillful  mechanic  ;  an  unskillful  logicmn. 

UN-SKILL'FJJL-LY,  adit.  Without  skill,  knowledge, 
or  dexterity  ;  clumsily.  Slittli. 

UN-SKILL'FUL-NESS,  n.  Want  of  art  or  knowl- 
edge ;  want'of  that  readiness  in  action  or  e.xecution, 
which  is  acquired  by  use,  experience,  and  observa- 
tion. Taylor. 


UN-SLACK'£D,  (un-slakl',)  a.    Not  saturalcd  with 

walcT ;  TIB,  uivvtacked  Mmc. 
U.\-SLAt'K'£.'N-£D,  u.    Not  Blackened. 
U.\-SLAI.N',  a.     Not  slain  ;  nut  killed.  Dryden.       I 

UN-SLAK';:D,  (■slakl',)a.    Not  slaktd  ;  unqutncbed  ;   ' 

as,  unsltdud  thirst. 

U.\-SLEEP'IXG,  a.    Not  sleeping ;  ever  wokcfuL 

MilUn. 

UN-SLEPT',  a.    Not  slept.  ' 

UN-SLING',  V.  U    In  seamen^a  language^  Uj  tak^r  ,jT 
the  slings  of  a  yard,  a  ca.sk,  ice. ;  to  rcle.'!  - 
slings. 

UN-SLIP'PING,  a.    Not  slipping  ;  not  liat ; 

ii^.       ,, 

UN-SLCW',  a.    Not  slow.    [J^Vt  in  tue.]  ' 

U.N'-SLUJI'liER-LN'G,  o.  Never  ulccping  or  h!  inji  i- 
ing  ;  always  watching  or  vigilant.  .' 

UN-SLU.M'BER-ING-LY,  arfc.     Willioul 

U.N'-S.MIRCH'ED,  (-sniurcht',)  a.  Not  f 
soiled  or  blacked. 

UN-S.MIRK'I.NG,  a.    No!  smirking.        C 

UN-SiMoK'£D,  (-sinokt',)  a.    Not  imoked     ; 
in  smoke. 
2.  Not  used  in  smoking,  as  a  pipe.  Sx-i/L 

UN-S.MOOTH',  a.    Not  smooth ;  not  even ;  loufji. 

MUtim. 

UN-SMOOTH'£D,  a.    Not  made  smooth.         ScoO. 

UN-So'BER,  a.    Not  sober.     [X(,t  used.] 

UN-S6'C!A-BLE,  a.  Not  suitable  to  s 
having  the  qualities  which  are  proper  i 
and  which  render  it  agreeable;  as,  .'-:. 
temper. 

2.  Not  apt  to  converse;  not  free  in  C' :. 
reserved. 

UN-So'CIA-BLE-NE3S,  j  n.    Slate  of  beL: 

UN-SO-CIA-BIL'I-TY,     (      ble. 

UN-S6'UI.\-BLY,  air.     Not  kindly. 
2.  With  reserve. 

UN-So'ClAL,  a.  Not  adapted  to  society  ;  nol  benefi- 
cial to  society.  SiuJuUnt. 

UN-SOCK'ET,  r.  t    To  loose  or  take  from  a  socket 

Sxift 

UN-SOD'ER,  v.  L    To  separate  what  i.s  sodcred. 

UN-SOFT',  a.    Not  soft ;  hard.    [ATjl  iwotl  OusMttr. 

UN-SOFT',  adv.    Nol  wilh  softness.    [Obit]  Spautr. 

UN-SOFT'i:X-£D,  a.     Not  softened. 

UN-SOIL'£D,  a.  Not  soiled  ;  nut  stained ;  unpolluted. 

Dryden. 
2.  Not  disgraced  ;  not  tainted  ;  as  diaracler. 

UN-SOL'.'VC-JED,  a.    Not  comforted  or  consoled. 

UN-SOLD',  a.  Not  sold ;  not  transferred  for  a  con- 
sideration. 

UN-SoL'DIER-JED,  a.  Not  having  the  qualities  of  a 
soldier.     [A^ot  in  use]  BcMiau 

UN-SoL'DIER-LIKE,  j  a.      [See    Soldieb.]      Unhc- 

UN-SoL'DIER-LY,      !     coming  a  soldier.   Brc^ 

UJV-SOL'EMN,  a.    Not  sacred,  serious,  or  grave. 

Taylor. 

UN-SOLIC'IT-ED,  a.    Not  solicited  ;  not  request  : 
unasked.  Hahj„. 

2.  Not  asked  for ;  as,  an  unsolicited  favor. 

UN-SO-LIC'IT-ED-LY,  ode.  Without  being  caracstly 
reque^ted. 

UN-SO-LIC'IT-OUS,  o.  Not  solicitous ;  not  anxious  ; 
not  very  desirous. 

UN-SOL'ID,  a.    Not  solid;  not  firm  ;  not  substantial ; 
as,  nnsolid  arguments  or  reasoning ;  an  B&»>iiJ found- 
ation. 
2.  Fluid.  Lxkt. 

UN-SOLV'A-BLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  solved  :  inex- 
plicable. •W''-'"  - 

UN-SOLV'£D,  a.    Not  solved  ;  not  explained.  IV-     . 

UN-S6'N.\-BLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  sounded.  [  c  .  . 

UX-SON'SIE,  a.    Unlucky  ;  not  fortunate.  [Saua.-i.j 

UN-SOOT',  for  Unsweet.    [0«s.1  !>pemser. 

UN-SOPHIST'IG-A-TED,  a.  Not  adulterated  by 
mixture  ;  not  counterfeit ;  pure  ;  as,  vusopkistMcated 
drugs  ;  unsophisticated  arguments.  Locke. 

UN-S"OR'RoVV-i."D,  a.    Not  lamented;  nol  bewailed. 

Hooker. 

UN-SORT'ED,  a.  Not  separated  into  sorts;  not  di.-- 
tributed  according  to  kinds  or  classes ;  as,  ynscrud 
types  ;  unsortcd  ideas.  IVaUs. 

UN-SOUGUT',  (-sawt',)  a.  Not  sought ;  not  searched 
for. 

2.  Had  without  searclnng ;  as,  unscugu  honor ; 
uuson^ht  ideas.  Lccke. 

UN-SOUL',  V.  U  To  deprive  of  mind  or  understand- 
in<T.  StLckom, 

UN-SOUND',  a.  Not  sound  ;  defective ;  as,  unstuxd 
timber. 

2.  Infirm ;  sickly ;  as,  unsound  m  nealta ;  an  bx- 
sound  constitution. 

3.  Not  orthodox  ;  defective ;  as,  unsaiai  in  l;uth  ; 
unsound  doctrine.  ^^*S^'^ 

4.  Not  sound  in  character  ;  not  honest ;  not  faith- 
ful ;  not  to  bo  trusted  ;  defective  ;  deceitful.    S»«t. 

5.  Not  true  ;  not  solid  ;  not  real :  not  substannal ; 
as,  unsound  pleasures  ;  uastrund  delights.     SptHsee. 

6  Not  close  ;  not  compact ;  as,  umscuhc  cDeese. 

McrUMer 

7  Not  sincere ;  not  faithful ;  as,  xMsound  love. 

Gay. 

6.  Not  solid  ;  not  material.  SpetsiT. 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.— AN"GER,  Vf'CIOUS.  — C  as  K ;  G  as  J;  S  as  Z;  CH  as  Sll ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


1215 


UNS 


UNS 


ng  i  deceitful ;   sophistical ;  as, 


9.  Erroneous  ;  wron 
unsound  arguments. 

10.  Not  strong  i  as,  wisound  ice. 

II    Not  fast ;  not  calm  ;  as,  misound  sleep. 
12.  Not  well  established  ;  defective  ;  questionable  ; 
as,  unsound  credit.  IJamUtoii. 

UN-SOUND'ED,  a.    Not  sounded ;  not  tried  with  the 

lead.  ,  , 

UN-SOUND'LY,  adv.    Not  with  soundness ;  as,  he 

reasons  nnsoundhi ;  he  sleeps  unsoundly. 
UN-SOUND'NESS,  n.      Defectiveness;    as,  the  un- 
soundness of  timber. 

2.  Defectiveness  of  faith  ;  want  of  orthodoxy. 

Hooker. 

3.  Corruptness  ;  want  of  solidity  ;  as,  the  unsound- 
vess  of  principles.  Jlooker. 

4.  Defectiveness  ;  as,  the  unsoundness  of  fruit. 
"  '     '       -  \  the  un- 


5.  Infirmity  ;  weakness ;  as  of  body 
soundness  of  tlie  body  or  constitution. 
UN-SOUR'JSn,  a.     Not  made  sour.  Bacon. 

2.  Not  made  morose  or  crabbed.  Vnjden. 

UN-SoVV'ii:D,  j  a.     Not  sown  ;  not  sowed  ;  as,  jimown 
UN-So\VN',    i      or  unsowed  ground.  Bacon. 

2.  Not  scattered  on  land  for  seed  ;  as,  seed  unsoion. 

3.  Not  propagated  by  seed  scattered ;  as,  unsown 
flowers.  Dryden. 

UN-SP.'vR'ED,  a.    Not  spared.  Milton. 

UN-SPAR'ING,  a.  Not  parsimonious  ;  liberal ;  profuse. 

Milton. 
2.  Not  merciful  or  forgiving.  Milton. 

UN-SP.^R'ING-LV,  ai/c.     In  aiiundance  ;  lavishly. 

UN-SPAR'ING-NESS,  )i.  The  quality  of  being  lib- 
eral or  profuse.  MUford. 

U^-SPXRK'LING,  a.  Not  emitting  sparks  ;  not  glit- 
tering, mlsou 

UN-SPeAK',  i:  t.  To  recant ;  to  retract  what  has 
been  spoken.  Skalc. 

UN-SPeAK'A-BLE,  o.  That  can  not  be  uttered  ;  that 
can  not  be  expressed  ;  unutterable  ;  as,  unspeakable 
grief  or  rage.    2  Cor.  xii. 

Joy  ui*sjieai:able  and  full  of  glory.  —  1  Pet.  1. 

UN-SPi5.\K'A-BLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  or  degree  that 
can  not  be  expressed  ;  inexpressibly  ;  unutterably. 

TJN-?Pi5AK'ING,  a.    Not  uttering  words. 

UN-SPEC'I-FI-ED,  (-spes'e-f  Ide,)  D.  Not  specified; 
not  particularly  mentioned.  Brown. 

UN-SPe'CIOUS,  (-spS'shus,)  a.  Not  specious  :  not 
plausible.  •^*''"-  ^''■'• 

UN-SPe'CIOUS-LY,  adv.    Not  speciously. 

UN-SPECIJ-LA-TIVE,  a.  Not  speculative  or  theo- 
retical. ,  ,      ,     r.-..     T 

UN-SPED'   a.   Not  performed  ;  not  dispatched.  [Obs.] 

Oarlh. 
UN-SPENT',  a.    Not  spent;  not  used  or  wasted ;  as, 
water  in  a  cistern  unspent. 

2.  Nut  exhausted  ;  as,  strength  or  force  unspent. 

3.  Not  having  lost  its  force  or  imjiulse  ;  as,  an  ira- 
sjient  ball. 

UN-SPHkRE',  v.  t.  To  remove  from  its  orb. 
UN-SP1!eR'£D,  ;'/).  Removed  from  its  orb. 
UN-SPI'£U,  (I.     Not  searched  ;  not  explored.  Milton. 

o.  Not  seen  ;  not  discovered.  Ticket. 

UN-SPILT',  a.     Not  spilt ;  not  shed. 

2.  Not  spoiled.     Wot  in  use.]  Tusser. 

UN-?PIR'IT,  V.  1.  'To  depress  in  spirits  ;  to  dispirit ; 
to  dishearten.      [LitUe  used.]     [The   word   used  is 

DiSPIBIT.l 

UN-SPIR'IT-ED,;v).    Dispirited. 
UN-SPIR'IT-U-AL,  a.  Not  spiritual ;  carnal ;  worldly. 

Susift. 
UN-SPIR'IT-IJ-.\L-IZE,  1!.  (.    To  deprive  of  spiritu 
ality. 


UN-STaIN'-KD,  a.    Not  stained  ;  not  dyed. 

2.  Not  polluted  ;  not  tarnished  ;  not  dishonored  ; 
as,  an  unstained  character. 

UN-STAMP'£D,  (-stamt',)  a.     Not  stamped  or  im- 
pressed. 

UN-STANCH'ED,  (-stlncht',)  a.    Not  stanched  ;  not 
stopped  ;  as  blood. 

UN-STaTE',  t>.  (.     To  deprive  of  dignity.  ShaJi. 

UN-ST.\TES'51AN-LIKE,  a.  Not  becoming  a  states- 
man. 

UN-ST.A'TION-£D,  a.    Not  stationed. 

UN-STAT'IJ-TA-BLE,  a.  Contrary  to  statute ;  not 
warranted  by  statute.  Swift, 

UN-S'I'aY'£:D,  a.  Not  stayed ;  not  stopped  or  re- 
tarded. 

UN-STEAD'F.\ST,  (-sted'fast,)  a.      Not  fixed  ;  not 
standing  or  being  firm. 
2.  Not  firmly  adhering  to  a  purpose. 

UN-STE.VD'F.'iST-LY,  adv.     Not  steadfastly. 

UN-STEAD'FAST-NESS,  (-sted'fast-ness,)  n.  Want 
of  steadfastness  ;  instability  ;  inconstancy. 

A".  .James. 

UN-STE.\D'I-ED,  (-sted'id,)  a.  Not  supported ;  not 
kept  from  shaking. 

UN-STEAD'I-LY,  (-sted'c-le,)  adv.  'Witlioiit  steadi- 
ness ;  in  a  wavering,  vacillating  manner. 

2.  Inconstantly  ;  in  a  fickle  manner. 

3.  Not  in  the  same  manner  at  different  times  ;  va- 
riously. Locke. 

UN-STEAD'I-NESS,  (-sted'-,)  n.  Unstableness  ;  in- 
constancy ;  want  of  firmness;  irresolution  ;  niuta- 
bleness  of  opinion  or  purpose.  Addison. 

2.  Frequent  change  of  place  ;  vacillation. 

UN-STE.AD'Y,  (-sted'e,)a.  Not  steady;  not  constant; 
irresolute.  Dmiiam. 

2.  Mutable  ;  variable ;   changeable  ;   as,  unsteady 
winds. 

3.  Not  adhering  constantly  to  nny  fixed  plan  or 
business. 

UN-STEEP'£D,  (un-sleept',)  a.  Not  steeped ;  not 
soaked.  Bacon. 

UN-STlG'M.VTlZ-ED,  a.   Not  marked  with  disgrace. 

UN-STI.M'U-L.A-TED,  a.  Not  stimulated  ;  not  excit- 
ed ;  as,  unstimulated  nature.  L.  Beccher. 

UN-STI.M'IJ-LA-TING,  a.  Not  exciting  motion  or 
action. 

UN-STING',  r.  1.    To  disarm  of  a  sting.  SouIA. 


UN-STUNG',  rp. 


UNS 

Not  stung. 
UN-SUD-DO'£b,  a.    Not  subdued  ;  not  brought  into 
subjection  ;  not  conquered ;  as,  nations  or  passions 
unsuitducd. 
UN-SUB'JEGT,  a.    Not  subject ;  not  liable  ;  not  ob- 
noxious. 
UN-SUB-JECT'ED,  a.     Not  subjected  ;  not  subdued. 
UN-SUU'JU-GA  TED,  a.    Not  subjugated. 
UN-SUll-.Ml.-^S'l  VE,  a.    Not  submissive  ;  disobedient. 
UN-SUB-.MISS'IVE-LY,  adv.     Not  submissively. 
UN-SUB-iMIT'TING,  a.     Not  submitting ;    not  obse- 

quious  ;  not  readily  yielding.  Thomson. 

UN-SUB-OR'DI-NA-TED,    a.      Not   subordinated   or 

reduced  to  subjection. 
UN-SUB-ORN'£'D,  a.     Net  suborned  ;  not  procured 

by  secret  collusion.  Ash     Hume. 

UN-SUB-SCRtU'ING,  a.     Not  subscribing      Coicper. 
UN-SUB'SI-DIZ-£D,  a.     Not  engaged   in  another's 

service  by  receiving  subsidies. 
UN-SUB-STAN'TIAL,,  (-shal,)  a.     Not  substantial , 
not  solid.  Milton. 

2.  Not  real ;  not  having  substance.         Addison. 
UN-SUB-STAN'TIAL-IZ-BD,  a.    Not  made  substan- 

tiaL 
UN-SUB'STAN'TI.\L-LY,  adv.    Without  solidity  or 

substance. 
UN-SUB-VERT'ED,  a.    Not  overthrown  ;  not  entire- 
ly destroyed. 
UN-SUC-CEED'ED 


Shall. 


Eloff.tiU   (li^frlatioi 
calamity. 


i  on  virluo  and  vice 


-  will    not  unBling 
J.  M.  Mason. 


UN-SU€-CES.S'FUL, 


South 
UN-SPIR'IT-IT-AL-IZ-ED,p;'-  Deprived  of  spirituality. 
UN-SPIR'IT-U-AL-LY,  adv.    Worldly  ;  carnally. 
UN-SPLIT',  a.'    Not  split ;  as,  unsplit  wood  will  not 

season. 
UN-SPOIL'BD,  a.     Not  spoiled ;  not  corrupted  ;  not 
ruined  ;  not  rendered  useless.  Pope. 

2.  Not  plundered  ;  not  pillaged. 
UN-SPoK'JCN,  a.    Not  spoken  or  uttered. 
UN-SPoRTS'MAX-LIKE,  a.     Not  like  a  sportsman. 
UN-SPOT'TED,  a.    Not  stained  ;  free  from  spot. 

2.  Free  from  moral  stain ;  untainted  with  guilt ; 

unblemished  ;  immaculate  ;  as,  unspotted  reputation. 

UN-SPOT'TED-XE^-S,  n.    State  of  being  free  from 

stain  or  guilt,  Feltkam. 

UN-SPRE.4D',  (-spred',)  a.    Not  stretched  or  extend- 
ed ;  not  set  and  furnished  w-itli  provisions. 
UN-J?Q.UAR'£D,  r     Not  made  square  ;  as,  unsquarcd 
timber. 
2.  Not  regula.     >)t  formed.  Sltak. 

UN-SCIUTRE',  r.  i.    To  divest  of  the  title  or  privilege 

of  an  esquire.  Swift. 

UN-STA'BLE,  a.     [L.  instahiUs.] 

1.  Not  stable  ;  not  fixed. 

2.  Not  steady  ;  inconstant ;  irresolute  ;  wavering. 
James  i. 

UN-STA'BLE-NESS,  71.     Instability. 

UN-STAID',  <t.     Not  steady ;  mutable  ;  not  settled  in 
judgment :  volatile  ;  fickle  ;  as,  unstaid  youth.  Shak. 

UN-STAID'NESS,  n.     Unfixed  or  volatile  state  or  dis- 
position ;  mutability  ;  fickleness  ;  indiscretion. 
2.  Uncertain  motion  ;  unsteadiness. 


Sidney. 


UN-STING'£D,  pp.    Deprived  of  its  sling.     Pollok. 
UN-STINT'ED,  a.     Not  stinted  ;  not  limited.  Skclton. 
UN-STIR'R£D,  (-sturd',)  a.     Not  stirred  ;  not  agita- 
ted. Boyl'- 
UN-STIR'RING,  a.    Not  moving  ;  not  agitating. 
UN-STITCir,  t>.  (.    To  open  by  picking  out  stitches. 

Collier. 
UN-STITCII'ED,  (-sticlit',)  a.    Not  stitched. 
UN-STITCII'ING,  jrpr.      Opening   by  picking   out 

stitches. 
UN-STOOP'ING,  a.    Not  stooping  ;  not  bending  ;  not 

yielding  ;  as,  unstoopin<r  firmness.  .  Shak. 

UN-STOP',  V.  t.    To  free  from  a  stopple,  as  a  bottle 
or  cask. 
2.  To  free  from  any  obstruction  ;  to  open.    Boyle. 
UN-STOP'PED,  (-stop't',)  pp.     Opened. 

2.  a.     Not  meeting  any  resistance.  Dryden. 

UN-STOP'PING,  ppr.    Taking  out  a  stopper;  open- 
in'';  freeing  from  obstruction. 
UN-SToR'£D,  a.    Not  stored  ;  not  laid  up  in  store  ; 
not  warehoused. 

2.  Not  supplied  with  stores;  as,  a  fort  unslored 
with  provisions. 
UN-STo'RI-£D,  ;i;i.     Not  related  in  story. 
UN-STORM'£D,  a.     Not  assaulted ;  not  taken  by  as- 
sault. Addison. 
UN-STRaIN'£D,  a.     Not  strained;  as,  wns/rai«f(i  oil. 
2.  Easy  ;  not  forced ;  natural ;  as,  an  unstrained 
derivation.                                                     Hakcwill. 
UN-STRAri"£N-£D,  a.      Not  straitened  ;   not  con- 
tracted.                                              _    ,  ^         J, 
UN-STR.'VT'I-FI-ED,  a.    Not  stratified  ;   not  formed 

or  being  in  strata  or  layers.  Clcaveland. 

UN-STRENGTI1'£N-£D,  a.    Not  strengthened  ;  not 

supported  ;  not  assisted.  Hooker. 

UN-STKING',  V.  t.    To  relax  tension  ;  to  loosen  ;  as, 
to  unstring  the  nerves. 

2.  To  deprive  of  strings  ;  as,  to  unstring  a  harp. 

3.  To  loose  ;  to  untie. 

4.  To  take  from  a  string  ;  as,  to  unstring  beads. 
UN-STRING'ING,  ppr.   Depriving  of  strings  ;  loosing 

from  a  string. 

UN-STRUCK',  a.     Not   struck  ;   not  impressed  ;   not 
alTected  ;  as,  unstruck  with  horror.  Philips. 

UN-STRUNG',  pp.    Relaxed  in  tension  ;  loosed  ;  un- 
tied ;  taken  from  a  string,  as  beads. 

UN-STUD'I-£D,  (-stud'id,)  a.     Not  studied  ;  not  pre- 
meditated. Dryden. 

2.  Not  labored ;  easy ;  natural  ;  as,  an  unstudied 
style. 

UN-STC'DI-OUS,  a.     Not  studious ;   not  ddigent  m 
study.  Dwight. 

UN-StUFF'£D,  (stuft',)  a.     Not  stuffed  ;  uotfilled 
not  crowded. 


Shak. 


Not  succeeded  ;  not  followed 
Millon. 
Not  successful ;  not  produ- 
cing the  desired  event ;  not  fortunate.       Addi.<oti. 
UN-sTjC-CESS'FUL-LY,  adv.  Withuut  sm-ccss  ;  with- 
out a  favorable  issue  ;  unfortunately.  South. 
UN-SUe-CESS'FBL-NESS,  71.      Want  of  success  or 

favorable  issue. 
UN-SUe-CESS'IVE,  a.    Not  proceeding  by  a  flux  of 

parts  or  by  regular  succession.  Hale. 

UN-SUCK'£D,  (un-sukt',)  a.     Not  having  the  breasts 

drawn.  Millou. 

UN-SUF'FER-A-BLE,  a.     Not  sufferable ;  not  to  bo 
endured ;  intolerable. 

[But  the  word  now  used  is  Insufferable.] 
UN-SUF'FER-A-BLY,  ailv.    So  as  not  to  be  endured. 

[For  this,  Insuffebably  is  chiefly  used.] 
UN-SUF'FER-ING,  a.    Not  sulfering  ;  not  tolerating. 

Young. 
UN-SUF-FI"CIENCE,  (-fish'ens,)  71.    Inability  to  an- 
swer the  end  proposed. 
[For  this,  Insufficie:*cy  is  used.] 
UN-SUF-FI"CIENT,  (-fish'ent,)  a.     Not  sufticient; 
inadequate. 

[For  this,  IxsuFFiciEST  is  now  used.] 
UN-SUG'AR-£D,  a.    Not  sweetened  with  sugar. 

Bacon. 
UN-SCIT'A-BLE,  a.    Not  suitable  ;  unfit ;  not  adapt- 
ed ;  as,  timber  unsuitable  for  a  bridge. 

2.  Unbecoming ;  improper ;  as,  a  dress  unsmiablt 
fox  a  clergyman  ;  unsuitable  returns  for  favors. 
UN-SCIT'.^-BLE-NESS,  71.     Unfitness;  incongruity; 

impropriety.  South. 

UN-SuIT'A-BLY,  adv.     In  a  manner  unbecoming  or 
improper. 

2.  Incongruously  ;  as,  a  man  and  wife  unsuitably 
matched. 
UN-SuIT'ED,  a.    Not  suited ;  not  fitted  ;  not  adapt- 
ed ;  not  accommodated. 
UN-SuIT'ING,  a.     Not  fitting  ;  not  becoming.     Shak. 
UN-SUL'LI-£D,  a.     Not  sullied  ;  not  stained ;  not 
tarnished.  ,  . 

o  Not  disgraced  ;  free  from  imputation  of  evil. 
UN-SUL'LI-£D.LY,  adv.  Without  being  sullied. 
UN-SUNG',  a.   Not  sung  ;  not  celebrated  in  verse  ;  not 

recited  in  verse.  Addison. 

UN-SUN'N£D,  a.    Not  having  been  exposed  to  the 

sun.  ,        -"'"""• 

UN-SU-PER'FLU-OUS,  a.    Not  more  than  enough. 

Milton. 
UN-SUP-PLANT'ED,  a.     Not  supplanted  ;  not  over- 
thrown by  secret  means  or  stratagem. 
UN-SUP-PLI'A-BLE,  a.     That  can  not  be  supplied. 
UN-SUP-PLI'£D,  a.      Not  supplied  ;    not  furnished 

with  things  necessary.  Dryden. 

UN-SUP-P6RT'A-BLE,a.  That  can  not  be  supported  ; 

intolerable.     [But  I^sorpoBTACLE  is  generally  used.] 

UN-SUP-PoRT'A-BLE-NESS,  71.    Insupportableness. 

{The  latter  is  ehiejiv  used.] 
UN-SUP-PoRT'A-BLY,  adv.     Insupportably. 

latter  is  generallii  used.] 
UN-SUP-PoRT'ED,  a.    Not  supported  ;  not  upbeiu  ; 
not  sustained.  ,  ^''"""• 

2.  Not  countenanced  ;  not  assisted.  Brown. 

UN-SUP-PRESS'£D,  (-sup-prest',)  a.   Not  suppressed  ; 

not  subdued  ;  not  extinguished. 
UN-SUP'PU-R.\-TIVE,  a.    Not  suppurating. 
UN-SCRE',  C-shure',)  a.    [See  Sure.]    Not  fixed  ;  not 
certain.  .     ,  ^'P'-. 

UN-SUR'CIC-AL,  a.    Not  in  a  surgical  manner ;  not 

according  to  the  principles  and  rules  of  surgery. 
UN-SUR-MIS'£D,  a.     Not  surmised. 
ON-SUE-MOUNT'A-BLE,  a.    That  can  not  be  sur- 
mounted or  overcome  ;  insuperable.  Locke. 
UN-SUR-PXSS'£D,  (-sur-pilst',)  0.    Not  surpassed; 
not  exceeded. 


[Tlic 


FATE,  FAB,  FALL,  WHAT.-MeTE,  PRgY.  -  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.-N5TE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF    BOOK.  - 


121() 


J 


UNT 


UNT 


I 


I  N-^L  K-REXDEK-SD,  a.  Xot  surrenderej  :  not 
viehK-a  to  utlit-rs.  .9,^„,^ 

lA"-:?L:r-CEPTI-BLE,<j.  Iv'ot  susceptible  ;  notcapa- 
ble  of  a:lmittin5  or  receiving' ;  as,  a  heart  uTL=uscepti- 
i.£  of  impressions;  a  substance  w7Wtts«p(iAie  of  chance 
or  ot  perinaiieat  cilurs. 

rN-SUS-CEP'TI  BLE-NESS, )  n.    Want  of  snccpti- 

rX-Sr^CEP-TI-BILa-TY.     \      bility. 

UN-SUS-CEP'TI-BLV,  adv.    Without  susceptibility. 

UN-SUS-PECT',  for  UnsrspEcxED,  is  not  in  use. 

UN-SUS-PECT'ED,  a.  Xot  suspected  ;  not  consid- 
ered as  likely  to  have  done  an  evil  act.  or  to  have  a 
disposition  to  evil.  Sicifl.     Drydeii. 

Jjy^US^PECT'ED-I.Yy  adv.  In  a  manner  to  avoid 
suspidon.  pt.pg_ 

L'X-SUS-PECT'IXG,  a.  Xot  imagining  that  any  ill 
13  designed  ;  free  frinii  suspicion.  Pooc 

rX-SrS-PEeT'IXG-LY,  adv.     Without  suspicion." 

LX-SUS,PI"CIOUS,   (-sus-pish'us,)  a.      Having  no 
suspicion  ;  not  indulging  the  imagination  of  evil  in 
others  ;  as,  an  uiumspicious  youth. 
2.  Not  to  be  suspected;  as, M^i^i^icwiw testimony. 

UN-Sr3-Pr"CrOU^LY,  adv.    Without  susptcfrnK* 
UX-SITS-TaIX^\-BLE,  a.    Xot  sustainable  ;  that  can 
not  be  maintained  or  supported  ;  as,  itTisastainablt 
pain  ;  a  suit  in  law  u7isitsUii7iable. 
IJX-SUS-TA1X'£D,  a.  Not  sustained  ;  not  supported  : 

n<it  seconded. 
UX-.SUS-TaIX'ING,  a.    Xot  sustaining. 
UX-SWATHE',  r.  t.    To  take  a  swathe  from  ;  to  re- 
lieve from  a  bandage.  Addison. 
1;X-SWaTH'£D,  po.    Relieved  from  a  bandage. 
UX-SWaY'A-BLE,  a.    That  can  not  be  swayed,  gov- 
erned, or  influenced  by  another.     [Little  used.] 

Shak. 
UX-SWaY'ED,  (-swade',)a.   Xot  swayed  ;  not  wield- 
ed ;  as  a  scepter. 
2.  X'ot  biased;  not  controlled  or  influenced. 
UX-5WaY'ED  XES.^,  n.    Steadiness;  state  of  being 

t!nj;ovemed  by  another.  Hale. 

UX-SWEaR',  p.  l    To  recant  or  recall  an  oath. 

Spenser. 
U^-S^VEAT^  (-swet',)  v.  t.    To  ease  or  cool  arter  ex- 
ercise or  toil.  .Mdtori 
UX-SWEATaXG,  C-3wet'ing,)  a.    Not  sweating. 

Dnjdeii. 
UX-SWEET',  c     Not  sweet.     [LkUe  used.] 

SpctLser. 
UX-SWEPT',  a.      Not  cleaned  with  a  broom  ;   not 

swept ;  not  brushed.  Sfiak. 

UX-SUS-PEXD'EB,  a.    Not  hung  up;  not  dclaved; 

not  held  undetermined.  Wordsworth. 

0X-S\VERV'IXG,  n.     Xot  roving  ;  not  deviating  from 

any  rule  or  standard. 
UX-SWERV'IXG-LY,  adv.     In  a  firm,  undeviating 

manner. 
UX-SW6RX',  a.    Not  sworn  ;  not  bound  by  an  oath  ; 
not  liaving  taken  an  oatli ;  as,  the  witness  is  un- 
sworn. 
UX-SYM-:\IETTir€-AL,  a.      Wanting  symmetry  or 
due  proportion  of  parts. 

2.  In  botany,  unsymmetrical  llowers  are  such  as 

have  not  the  segments  of  the  calyx  and  corolla,  and 

the  sepals  and  petals,  and  also  the  stamens,  regular 

and  similar.  Lindlai. 

UX-SY.M-.METatie-AI^LY.fl*/c.    Not  symmetrically. 

UX-SYM'PA-THIZ-ING,  a.    Xot  sympathizing, 

UN-SYM'PA-THTZ-IXG-LY,arfr.  VVithout sympathv. 

UX-5Yi?-TEM-AT'ie,         {  a.    Xot  systematic  ;   not 

UX-SYS-TEM-AT'ie-AL,  (      having  regular   order, 

distribution,  or  arrangement  of  parts.  Ames. 

UN-SYS-TEM-AT'ie-AL-LY,  ado.  Without  system. 
U'X-SyS'TE>r-A-TIZ-£D,  }  a.  Not  svstemized  ;  not 
UN-SYS'TE.M-IZ-ED,         (     armnge'd  in  due  order; 

not  formed  into  s\-9tein. 
UN-TACK',  V.  t.    To  separate  what  is  tacked  ;  to  dis- 
join ;  to  loosen  what  is  fast.  Milton. 
UX-TaINT'ED,  a.    Xot  rendered  impure  Ity  admix- 
ture ;   not  impregnated  with  foul  matter ;  as,  un- 
tainted air. 

2.  Xot  sullied  ;  not  stained;  unblemished;  as,  an- 
tavtt'd  virtue  or  reputation. 

3.  X'ot  rendered  unsavory  by  putrescence  ;  as,  un- 
tainled  meat. 

4.  Not  charged  with  a  crime  ;  not  accused  ;  as,  he 
lived  iintainred.  Shak. 

UN-TaJ\T'ED-LY,    flrfr.      Without   spnt ;    without 

hlf  misli ;  without  imputation  of  crime. 
UX-TaIXT'ED-XESS,  n.    ttate  or  quality  of  being 

untainted;  purity.  JTull. 

UX-TaK'£X,   (lak'n,)  a.     Not  taken;  not  seized; 

not  apprehended  ;  as,  a  thief  untuken. 

2.  Xot  reduced  ;  nut  subdued ;  as,  untalzen  Troy. 

Pope. 

3.  Not  swallowed. 

UntnJicn  away  ;  not  removed.    2  Cor.  iii. 
Unlakm  up  ;  not  occupied  ;  not  filled.         Boyle, 

T7X-TA1,K'£D  nfi  not  talked  of;  not  made  the"  sub- 
JTt  r*f  c(jr,ver?ation. 

UX-TaM'A-BLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  tamed  or  do- 
mesticated ;  that  can  not  be  reclaimed  from  a  wild 
state.  Orcw. 

2.  No;  to  be  subdued  or  reduced  to  crmtrol.  I 


UNT 


Ji-^-l -?'*l  A-BLV,  a.Ir.    Xot  lamably. 

UA-iA.M  ED,  a.    j\,it  reclaimed  from  wildness :  not 

domesticaud  ;  not  made  familiar  with  man  ;  aa,  an 

untamed  beast. 

2.  j\ot  subdued  ;  not  brougln  under  control ;  as,  a 
turbulent,  nnlamrd  imnA.  Drydcn. 

3.  .Vol  softened  or  rendered  mild  by  culture  ;  as.'an 
vJitamed  p.:o|)le.  Spatscr 

UK-TA.\(5l-IiLY,  a,Zp.    Intangibly. 
U.VrAi\"GLE,  (-tang'gl,)  t,.  (.    To  di.sentauslo;   to 
loose  Ironi  tangles    or   intricacy ;   as,  to   uiUaugle 

L'ntangle  this  cruel  ch-Tiu, 

H^/J-'^'^"'''^™'  C-'^ng'el'l,)  PP-    Disentangl 
Ui\-TA.\"GLI-VG,p;,r.    Disenmnglin". 
UN-TaR'XISII-KD,  (-fir'nislit,)  a.     Not  soiled 

tarnished  ;  not  stained  ;  unblcinislied 

silk  ;  vrif-'irnhhrd  reputation. 
UN-TASK'A'D,  (-tiskt',)  a.    Not  tasked. 
UN-T.5ST'ED,  «.    No 

or  ton;;ue. 

,  "\  J^'"  •"'Jwed  ;  as,  untasted  pleasure.?. 
UN-TaSTE'F[;L,  0.    Having  no  taste  ;  beinn  witliout 

taste. 
UN-TaSTE'F(;L-LY,  mli>.    Without  taste  or  prace- 

tulncss  ;  in  bad  taste.  £r.  Rev. 

U.V-Tast'ING,  a.    Not  tasting ;   n  <t  perceivine  bv 

thetasle.  s/nirt 

U.\-TAUOHT',  (tawt',)  a.  Not  taught  ;  not  instruct- 
ed ;  not  educated  ;  unlettered  ;  illiterate.    Dnjdm. 
2.  Unskilled  ;  new;  not  h.aving  uso  or  practice. 


Prior. 

glcd. 


not 
as,  untarnished 


Not  tasted ;  not  tried  by  the  taste 


A  toii^e  ur.la^shl  to  plead  for  fivor.  Stiak. 

UX-TAX'£D,  (-takst',)  a.    Not  ta.wd  :  not  charged 

with  ta.xes. 
2.  _Not  accused. 
UN-TeACH',  v.  t. ;  prct.  and  pp.  Untaught.     To 

cause  to  forget  or  lose  what  has  been  taught. 

Exp.?rteitcfi  will  uiiuaeh  us.  Brox^n. 

UtJ-TEACII'A-ELE,  a.  That  can  not  be  taueht  or 
instmcled ;  indocile.  Milton 

U.\-TeACH'A-!3LE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  not 
readily  receiving  instruction  ;  indocility.         Scctt. 

UN-TEEM'ING,  (;.    Not  producing  young;  barren. 

UN-TE.M'PER-ATE,  a.    Intemperate. 
[  The  latter  is  note  used.] 

UN-rEM'PER-£D,  a.  Not  tempered  ;  not  duly  mixed 
for  use  ;  not  durable  or  strong. 

UN-TEMPT'ED,  a.  Not  tempted  ;  not  tried  by  en- 
ticements or  persuasions ;  not  invited  by  any  thing 
alluring. 

UN-TE.MPT'ING,  a.  Not  tempting;  not  adapted  to 
tetnpt,  invite,  or  allure.  Bacon. 

UN-TE.MPT'ING-LY,  adv.  Not  in  a  tempting  man- 
ner. 

UN-TEN' A-BLE,  a.  Not  tenable;  that  can  not  be 
held  in  possession  ;  as,  an  untenable  post  or  fort. 

Drtjdcn.     Clarendon. 
S.  That  can  not  be  maintained  or  supported  ;  not 
defensible  ;    as,  an    untenable   doctrine  ;    untenable 
ground  in  argument. 

UN-TE.\''ANT-A-BLE,  a.  Not  fit  for  an  occupant; 
not  in  suitable  repair  or  condition  for  a  tenant. 

UN-TE.\' ANT-ED,  a.  Not  occupied  by  a  tenant ;  not 
inh.ihiled.  Temple. 

UN-TEND'ED,  a.  Not  tended;  not  having  any  at- 
tendant. T/ionison. 

UN-TEN'DER,  a.    Not  tender  ;  not  soft. 

2.  Wanting  sensibilitv  or  atfection.  Skak. 
UN-TEXD'ER-i;D,  a.    Not  tendered  ;  not  ofiered  ;  ,"is, 

nnlmdered  luonev  or  tribute.  ShaJi. 

UN-TEN'DEll-LY,  a<fo.    Without  tenderness. 

UN-TENT',  V.  L  To  bring  out  of  a  tent.  [Little 
used.]  S/tak. 

UX-TENT'ED,  a.  Not  tented  ;  not  having  a  tent  ap- 
plied. Shak. 

UN-TEEM'IN-A-TING,  a.    Not  limiting  ;  not  ending. 

UN-TER'Rl-rr-i-D,  (-re-fide,)  a.  Not  terrified  ;  not 
affrighted  ;  not  daunted.  Jililton. 

UN-TEST'ED,  a.  Not  tested ;  not  tried  by  a  stand- 
ard. .Sdams^s  Lrct. 

UN-THANK' ED,  (-tliankl',)  a.  Not  thanked  ;  not  re- 
paid with  acknowIed;:nients.  Dnjden. 

3.  Not  received   with  thankfulness  ;  as,  an  un- 
thnnkcd  reprieve.     [f/«H.^■««/.]  Drtiden. 

UN-THANK'1''I,IE,  a.  Not  tllaukful ;  ungrateful  :  not 
making  acknowledgments  for  good  received. 

For  he  is  liind  lo  Uic  unOiarJi/ul  aiij  to  lii'^  cvij.  —  Luke  vi. 

UN-THANK'FUL-LY,  adv.    Without  thanks  ;  witli- 

cut  a  grateful  acknowledgment  of  favors.      Boyle. 
UN-TIIANK'FiJIy-NESS,  n.    Jfeglcct  or  omission  of 
acknowledgment  for  good  received  ;  want  of  a  sense 
of  kindness  or  benefits  ;  ingr.atitnde. 

ImoiodenW  favors  breed  first  untjtark/utnet*,  mid  ixftcn^-ajvl 
bate.  liayuani. 

[See  Tacitus's  jinn.  iv.  18.] 

UN-THAW'£D,  a.  Not  thawed ;  not  melted  or  dis- 
solved ;  as  ice  or  snow.  Pope. 

UN-THK-0-RET'ie,        j  a.    Not  depending  on  tlie- 

UN-THE-O-RET'ie-.'VL,  ]  ory  or  speculation  ;  not 
speculative.  Coleridge. 

UN-THINK',  c.  (.    To  dismiss  a  thought.  Shak. 


UN-THINK'ING,  a.      Not   thinking ;    nol   beedrU ; 

thoughtless;  inconsiderau; ;  as,  umAjFiiin.  youth. 

2.  -Not  indicating  thought  or  reflection  ;!>,»  round, 
unViinkui'/  lace.  pant. 

UN-THINK'ING-LY,     ode.       Without    rcfleeUon  : 
thoughtlessly.  ' 

UN-THINK'ING-NESS,  n.    Want  of  Uiought  or  re- 
flection ;  habitual  thoughtleasntM.  Uatifaz. 

UN-THORN'V,  a.    Not  thorny  ;  free  from  thorns 

UN-THOUGHT'FyL,  (-lliawt'ful,)  a.    TbougbU."'. . 

heedless.  n^,. 

UN-TIiOL'GIIT'  efi  not  thought  of:  ncc  kV"!    • 

not  heeded.  akak.    ' 

U.V-'niRK.AD',  C-thred',)  r.  L    To  draw  or  lake  wit 

a  thr*;id  fr.Jin  ;  a^,  tu  unthread  a  needle. 
9.  To  Ii>f»se.  Millan. 

UX-TH  HE AD'El),  pp.    iJeprived  of  a  thread. 
UN-THKEAD'I\G,  ppr.    iJeprivinj;  of  a  thr*"ad. 
UN-THREAT'/JN-ED,    (-thret'nd,)   a.     Not  Oircal^ 

ened  ;  n<it  menaced.  k.  CkarU* 

UN.THREAT'£N-ING,  a.    Nol  indicating  a  mcna'c/-. 
LX'THRIFT,  n.     A  prodi^  ;    one  who  wzsx.  -  h  . 

estate  by  cxtravagrince.  Dn 

rX-THUIFT'I-LY,  (u/r.    Without  fnipalilv.     (J       -. 
UX-TilKUT'r-XESS,  n.    Wa^te  of  property  v.  .i  .     ; 

necessity  or  use  ;  prudiealiiy  ;  profusion.     Hs-  .  -  ' 
UX-THRITT^Y,  a.    Prodieal ;  lavish  ;  profuse  ; '.,,  ..  .- 

inf.'  property  without  necessity  or  use.  Suijiry. 

2.  Not  thriving;  not  gaining  property;  as,  an  k»- 
Utnfty  funuer. 

3.  Xot  gaining  flesh  ;  as,  an  untkri/if  ox. 

4.  Nol  vigorous  in  growth,  as  a  plaoL 
UN-TIIRIV'i.\G,  a.    Xot  thriving;  not  proqmios  In 

temporal  affairs  ;  not  gaining  property. 

UN-THRo.\E',  r.  L    I'o  rtmove  frum  a  throne,  or 
from  f^uprerne  authority  ;  to  dethrone. 

UX-THR6X'£D,  3^.    Removed  from  a  throne;  de- 
posed. 

UX-THROXG'£D,  c.    Not  crowded  by  a  multitude. 

UX'-TI'DI-LY,  adv.    In  an  untidy  manner. 

UXTI'DI-NESS,  n.    Want  of  tidiness  or  ncatne*. 
2.  Unseasonablcne^s. 

UX-TI'OY,  a.    Xot  tidy  ;  not  reasonable  ;  not  ready. 
^  2.  Not  neatly  dressed  ;  not  in  good  order. 

UN-TIE',  r.  (.    To  loosen,  os  a  knot;  to  disengage 
the  parts  that  form  a  knot,     (/ntie  the  knoL 

2.  To  unbind  ;  to  free  from  any  fastening :  n-.  i  , 
untie  an  iron  chain.  IFu.'.  r. 

3.  To  loosen  from  coils  or  convolution  ;  as,  ?ti  !».•  , 
untied.  />,:-  -_ 

4.  To  loose  ;  to  separate  something  attache. l',  -. 
to  untie  the  tongue. 

5.  To  resolve  ;  to  unfold  ;  to  clear.  ti'j-- 
UX-TI'JvD,  {-tlde',)pp.    Loosed,  as  a  knot;  unb^  ..■■  . , 

separated  ;  resolved.  i 

2.  a.  Xot  tied  ;  not  bound  or  gathered  in  a  knot ; 
loose. 

3.  Not  fastened  with  a  knot. 

4.  X'ot  held  by  any  lie  or  band. 

UN-TIL',  prq).    [un  and  till.    See  TiLt-]    To ;  %std 
of  time. 

lie  and  hb  sons  were  ppata  of  tbe  tribe  of  Dvi,  un£^  the  1I37 

of  'wtie  captivity.  — Judges  x»tij. 

9.  To;  used  of  objects.     [Obs.]  Spenser. 

3.  Preceding  a  sentence  or  clause,  to;  that  is,  to 
the  event  mentioned,  or  the  lime  of  it ;  x-^.  ;..:;.'  ilns 
hour ;  until  this  year. 

The  £c«|>ier  ^3J1  not  depart  from  Jodah — una.' 
Gen.  xlix. 

4.  To  the  point  or  place  of. 

Iti  ofwti  prospcci  iiothino'  lounds  our  en. 

Unlit  Uit:  euirih  scrcioa  jomcii  unU)  tbeuy.  D--  r-.. 

5.  To  tlie  degree  that. 

Thoii  thfdl  foih  Sjn-x,  unfti  ibey  be  cciumncd.  — £  l  .r  ... 
xvtii. 

JVote. —  Until  is  always  the  same  part  of  speech  in 
fact,  and  has  the  same  signification.  The  only  dif- 
ference is,  that  it  is  followed  sometimes  by  a  sin:!.- 
word  denoting  time,  and  ui  other  cases  by  a  vtrt^  ■'. 
noting  an  event,  or  a  word  denoting  place  or  dt  i:n-  •. 
The  sense  is  in  all  cases  to ;  and  till  may  be  usetl  n> 
it^  substitute,  and  in  mcdern  usage  it  is  nicist  r mi- 
mon. 

UN-TILE',  r.  t.    To  take  tin-  tiles  from  ;  to  nnc^ver 
by  removing  tiles.  Sx-tft. 

UX  TFL'KU,  pp.  or  a.    Stripped  of  tilc^  ;  not  tiled. 

UX-TIL'ING,  ppr.     Stripping  of  lilrs. 

UX-T1LL'£1),  a.    Xot  tilled  ;  not  cultiraled. 

Moriirzer.         ' 

UX-TI.M'BER-£D,  a.    Not  funiished  wiUi  timber.         j 

SXaJt. 
G.  Not  covered  with  timber-trees ;  as,  umUm^nrd  ' 
land. 
UN-TIME'LY,  a.    Happening  before  the  usual  time ; 
as,  untimely  frost. 

2.  Happening  before  tlie  natural  time;  |)rematurc; 
as,  untimehi  death  ;  untimeln  fate.  />rva«, 

UX-TIiME'LY,  a</(',    Ilefore'the  natural  time. 

Wh.u  is  un:iJB»V  "^^'"^  SMak, 

UX'-ThVe'Tt;R /:D,  a.    .\ol  tinctured;  net  tinerd. 
stained,  mixed,  or  infected.  Gfldr-r^"-- 


TONE,  BJJLL,  UNITE.-  AN"GER,  VI"CiOUS.— €  as  K ;  6  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SU ;  TH  as  in  THIS 


153 


1217 


i";;r^fTrJivED  Minid',)  a.    Not  tinged  ;  not  stained  ; 

of  '■?•;'•  .  ,  ,  J  Swift 

UN-TIR'i'SLE  a:  Tl.at  cannot  be  wearied  ;^inde- 
vT.^iS'A-^^'^-S'^^i  n.  The  state  of  being  untiia- 
T  -N.TIR'ED,  a.    Not  tired  ;  not  exhausted  by  labor. 

HN-TIR'ING,  a.    Not  becoming  tired  or  exhdusted ; 

IS   KHfiri/'""  patience. 
HN-TIR'ING-I'Y>  «*'■     Indefatlgably. 

N-TI-f  H'£D,  <..    Not  subjected  to  l.lhes.      P»  iol. 
I  rN-TI'TLiD,  a.    Having  no  title  ;  as,  an  '"•■"«_«^°'^.^y 

iTN'Th   srw.    roompound  of  un,  not,  and  to.]    It  is 
used  instead  o\  to,  but  it  is  not  in  our  mother  tongue, 

i35"ulsit&tr?^e^^rs 

„ii^^Sjfe"^Sto,d;notre,a^.^ot^ea,ed. 

2.  Not  numbered  ;  as,  moncj'  lortoW. 
UN  TOMB',  (-toom',)  i:  t.    To  dismter.  f »»«". 

UN-TOMB'ED,  (-toomd',)  TP-    Disinterred  ;  removed 

UnToOTh'sOME,  a.    Not  pleasant  to  the  taste. 
UN  TOR-MENT'EI),  a.    Not  put  in  pam  ;  not  teased. 
tTN-TOSS'ii;D,  (-tost',)  a.    Not  tossed. 
UN-TOUCH' A-BLE,(-tuch'a-bl,) a.  Not tobetouched. 

UN-TOUCH'BD,  (un-tucht',)   a.    Not  touchedj^not 
"'l?'Not'  ToVed;  not  affected;  as,  the  heart  »- 
'°3:''Not  meddled  with;   as,  books  m^chcd  for 
UN-T5'WAED,  a.     Froward  ;  perverse  ;  refractory  ; 
not  easily  guided  or  taught.    -Mcts  ii. 
o   Awkward  ;  ungraceful ;  as,  untoward  words 
"•  "*  '  Creech. 

3.  Inconvenient  ;    troublesome  ;    unmanageable  ; 
as   an  mtoward  vow.  ,  t><idU:ra^. 

UN  T5'WARD-LY,  ado      In  a  froward  or  perverse 

manner  ;  perversely  ;  ungamly.  TMiit^on. 

UN^6'WARD-LY,'«.      Awkward;  P^'vers^^i^^fro- 

Un"tO'WARD-NESS,  n.    Awkwardness;   Coward- 
ness ;  nerverseness.  ,   ,  ^    f''  '^'"^''"■ 
UN  TdvV'ER-£D,  a.    Not  defended  by  towers 
UN-TRACE' A-BLE,  <i.    That  can  not  be  traced^OT  fol- 

UN-TJlic'£D,  (un-trSste',)  a.    Not  traced ;  not  fol- 

'°2.'Not  marked  by  footsteps.  Denham. 

3.  Not  marked  out. 
UN-TRACK'£D,    (-trakt',)    a.      Not   tracked,    not 
marked  by  footsteps. 
"    Not  followed  by  the  tracks. 
UN-TRACT' A-BLE,  a.     [L.  Mractaiilis.] 

1    Not  tractable;  not  yielding  to  disciplme;  stub- 
born; indocile;   ungovernable;   as,  an  mtriKMe 

'"'".■Rough;  dilficult.  ,      ,     Mlton. 

3.  Not  yielding  to  the  heat  or  to  the  hammer,  as 

an  ore.  ,,       .^,  ^ 

riNTRiCTABi.E  is  more  generally  used.] 
UN  TRACT' A-BLE-NESS,j!.     Refractormess  ;  stub- 
bornness ;  unwillingness  to  be  governed,  '='"«™^'«''. 

UN-TRSD^'ING,  a.  Not  engaged  in  commerce  ;  as,  an 
«iitroiiii?y<r  country  or  city.  .     ■  ,■     j        , 

UN-TR.^IN'BD,  0.  Not  trained  ;  not  disciplined  ;  not 
Bkillfiil.  .  .  MiUon. 

2.  Not  educated  ;  not  mstnicted. 

My  wit  untrained.  Shak. 

3.  Irregular;  ungovernable;  as,  unfraraerf  hope. 

Herbert. 

UN  TR  \M'MEL-ED,  a.    Not  trammeled  ;  not  shack- 

tIN-TR  \M'PLEt>,  a.    Not  trod  upon. 

UN-TRANS-FER' A-BLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  trans- 
ferred or  passed  tVoin  one  to  another  ;  as,  power  or 
right  untransferable.  ,        ,         . 

UN-TRANS-FER'R-ED,  a.  Not  transferred  ;  not  con 
veyed  or  assigned  to  another  ;  as,  titles  or  rights  un- 

UN-'trSs'-FORM'ED,  a.    Not  metamorphosed  ;  not 

UN^TRANS-L.iT' A-BLE,  a.     Not  capable  of  being 

translated.  „  ,  .   .  '^f-l-  , 

UN-TRANs^-LaT'ED,  a.    Not  translated  or  rendered 

into  another  language.  .      .j 

UN-TRANS'.MI-GRa-TED,  a.    Not  transmigrated. 

Scott, 
UN-TRANS-MIT'TED,  a     Not  transmitted. 
UN-TRANS-MC'I'' A-BLE,  a.  Tliat  can  not  be  changed 

into  a  different  substance. 
UN  TR  \NS-PaR'ENT,  a.    Not  transparent ;  not  di- 

alJhanous  ;  opaque  ;  not  permeable  by  light.  Boyle. 
UN-TRANS-PrR'£D,  a.     Not  having  escaped   from 

secrecy 


UN-TRANS-PoRT' A-BLE,  a.   Tliat  can  not  be  trans 

UN-TRANS-roRT'ED,  a.    Not  transported. 

UN-TRANS-PoS'£D,  (un-trans-pozd',)  a.  Not  trans- 
posed ;  having  the  natural  order.  ,''''[" ':l\^ 

UN-TRAV'EL-£D,  a.  Not  traveled  ;  not  trodden  by 
nassengers  ;  as,  an  untramled  forest. 

"    Having  never  seen  foreign  countries ;  as,  an  un- 
traveled  Englishman.  „  ^  Mdmon. 

UN  TRAV'ERS-BD,  (-trav'erst,)  a.    Not  traversed  ; 

UN°TREAD'7cun-tred',)  v.  t.  To  tread  back  ;  to  go 
back  in  the  same  steps.  i«„,   ,„;>, 

UN-TREAS'UR-£D,  (un-trezh'urd,)  a.  Not  treas- 
ured ;  not  laid  up  ;  not  reposited.  *"n^- 

UN  TRl"^-AT'\-BLE,  a.  Not  treatable  ;  not  practica- 
ble.    \Kotused.]  Decay  of  Piety. 

tlN-TREM'BLING,  a.  Not  trembling  or  shaking  ; 
firm -steady.  Montgomery. 

UN-TREM'BLING-LY,    a<Zti.      Without    trembhng ; 

UN-TRENCH'ED,  (-trencht',)  a.    Not  cut  into  long 
UN-TRES'PASS-ING,    a.      Not  violating  another's 

UN-TRI'ED,  a.    Not  tried  ;  not  attempted.    Milton. 

2  Not  vet  experienced  ;  as,  untried  sufferings. 

3  Not  havin"  passed  trial;  not  heard  and  deter- 
mined in  law.    The  cause  remains  gained. 

UN-TR[M'MED,  a.    Not  trimmed ;  not  pruned  ,  not 

dressed  ;  not  put  in  order. 
UN  TRIT'U-RA-TED,  a.    Not  reduced  to  powder  by 

rubbing  orVinding.  ^    .    Jonrti.  Sci. 

UN-TRI'UMPH-A-BLE,  a.    That  admits  no  triumph. 

SBarbaro},s,amlnotuscd.\  Huihbras. 

UN-TRI'UMPH-ED,  (-tri'umft,)  a..    Not  triumphed 

urTTROD'  I  a.     Not  having  been  trod;   not 

ITN  TROD'DEN,         passed  over  ;  not  marked  by  the 

,"t  Milton.     MdJison. 

UN-TRoLL'i:D,  a.    Not  bowled  ;  not  rolledahmg. 

UN-TROUB'LED,  (un-trub'ld,)  a.    Not  troubled  ;  not 
disturbed  by  care,  sorrow,  or  business;  free^^from 

^'f^'mt  agitated;  not  ruffled  ;  not  confused  ;  ftee 

from  passion ;  as,  an  untrouhkd  mmd.  ■^''^"f., 

3   Not  agitated;  not  moved;   as,  an  untroubled 

"'4?'Not  disturbed  or  interrupted   in   the   natural 
course  ;  as,  untroubled  nature.  Spenser. 

5.  Nit  foul;  not  turbid;  clear;  as,  an  untroubled 

UN-TROUB'LED-NESS,  n.    State  of  being  free  from 

trouble  ;  unconcern.    [Mtused.]  jrammon.l. 

UN  TRUE'   a.    Not  true ;  false  ;  contrary  to  the  fact. 

''o^  N7faith"?urto  another  ;  not  fulfilling  the  duties 
of  "a  husband,  wife,  vassal,  &c. ;  false  ;  disl^al. 
3.  Inconstant,  as  a  lover.  ]■      ■'   j'„ 

UN-TRG'LY,  adv.    Not  truly  ;  falsely  ;  not  according 

UN-TllUSS',  V.  t.    To  untie  or  unfasten ;  to  loose 

fVom  a  truss  ;  to  let  out.  ^  Dr,jd':n 

UN  TRUSS'ED,  (-trust',)  a.     Not  trussed ;  not  tied 


UN-TO'TOll-ED,  a.     Uninstructed ;  untaught;  as, 

untutored  infancy.  Xl?L' 

UN-TWINE',  V.  t.    To  untwiat.  Waller. 

2.  To  open  ;  to  disentangle.  Bacon. 

3   To  separate,  as  that  which  winds  or  clasps. 

Ascham. 
UN-TV\^N'ED,  pp.    Untwisted  ;  disentangled. 
UN  TWIST'  r  (     To  separate  and  open,  as  threads 
twisted  ;  or  to  turn  back  that  which  is  twisted. 
"   To  open  ;  to  disentangle  ;  as  intricacy. 
UN-TWIST'ED,  vp.    Separated  ;  opened. 
UN-TWIST'ING,  ppr.     Separating  ;  disentangling. 
UN-TI?'.    See  Untie.  .  .. 

UN-U'NI-FORM,  a.    Not  uniform  ;  wanting  uniforra- 


ity."    [Little  used,']  ,,   j     .wt 

UN-ij-NIT'ED,  a.    Not  united.  Cudworth. 


Unfaithfulness  in  the  dis- 
Not  deserving  of  confi- 
,  not  worthy  of  coiifi- 


up. 

0N-TRUST'I-NESS,  n. 

charge  of  a  trust. 
UN-TRUST'WOR-THY,  a. 

dence. 
UN-TRUST'Y,  a.    Not  trusty 

dence ;  unfaithful.  , 

UN-TROTH',  71.    Contrariety  to  truth ;  falsehood. 

2.  Want  of  veracity.  S' 

3.  Treachery  ;  want  of  fidelity.    [Obs.\      itlml^ 

4.  False  assertion. 
No  antruVi  can  possibly  a»«il  lie  P«<r™  "^  ^''""'^'^ l]Zf,r. 

TTN  TROTH'FUL,  a.    Wanting  in  veracity. 

UN  TROTH'FUlIlY,  adv.    Not  truthfully  ;  falsely. 

UN-TRCTH'FiJL-NESS,  n.     Want  of  veracity   or 

ITN  TUCK'  V  t.    To  unfold  or  undo  a  tuck.     .Ssh. 
UN-TUCK'ER-ED,  a.     Having  no  tucker ;  as  an  K)i- 

tuekcred  neck.  Mdaon. 

UN  TUM'BLED,  a.     Not  rolled  ;  not  rumpled. 
UN-TtiN' A-BLE,  a.     Not  harmonious  ;  not  musical. 

o.  Not  capable  of  making  music.  7}",^"':^.^ 

3.  Not  capable  of  being  tuned  or  brought  to  the 

UnToN'"a-BLE-NESS,  n.    Want  of  harmony. 
IIN-TuN' A-BLV,  ado.     Inh.armoniously. 
UN-TONE',  V.  t.    To  make  incapable  of  harmony. 

U7ituTi£  Uial  string.  ^'^■ 

2.  To  disorder. 

UnUmed  ami  Jarring  senses.  Shalt. 

UN-TON'ED,  pp.    Made  incapable  of  producing  har- 
UN-TUR' BAN-ED,  a.    Not  wearing  a  '"'''"|;_^,j 

UN-TURN'£D,  a.     Not  turned.    He  left  no  stone  un- 
turned.   


UN-UP-BRaID'ING,  a.    Net  upbraiding. 

UN-UP-HELD',  a.    Not  upheld  ;  not  sustained. 

Polluk. 

UN-UP-LIFT'ED,  a.    Not  raised  up. 

UN-URG'En,  C-ui-Jd'.)  "■     Not  urged;  not  pressed 
with  solicitation.  ,  .    ' 

UN-US'£D,  (-yuzd',)  a.     Not  put  to  use ;  not  em- 
ployed. 

2.  Th.at  has  never  been  used.  ,  .     ,  , 

3.  Not  accustomed ;  as,  hands  unusca  to  labor  ; 
hearts  umLsed  to  deceit. 

UN-USE'FUL,  a.    Useless  ;  serving  no  good  purpose. 

^  **    '  Philips, 

UN-US'U-AL,  r-yu'zhu-al,)  a.  Not  usual ;  not  com- 
mon ;  rare  ;  as,  an  unusual  season  ;  a  person  of  unu- 
sual graces  or  erudition. 
UN-US'U-AL-LY,  (-yu'zhu-al-le,)  adv.  Not  common- 
ly  ;  not  frequently  ;  rarely.  This  summer,  1828,  has 
been  umuruallif  rainy.  . 

UN-tJS'tf-AL-NESS,  71.    Uncommonness ;  inlrequcn- 

cv  ;  rareness  of  occurrence.  Broome. 

UN-UT'TER-A-BLE,  a.    That  can  not  be  uttered  or 
expressed  ;  ineffable  ;  inexpressible  ;  as,  unutterable 
'  anguish  ;  unutterable  joy.  .        „  m 

UN-Va'Ca-TED,  a.    Not  made  vacant.       H.  Clay. 
UN-VAIL',  71.  t.    To  remove  a  vail  from  ;  to  uncover  ; 

to  disclose  to  view.    She  unvailed  her  face. 
UN-VaIL'ED,  a.    Stripped  of  a  vail ;  disclosed. 
UN-VaIL'ING,  a.    Removing  a  vail  from  ;  uncover- 
ing ;  disclosing.  ■       ,     v, 
UN-VAL'tJ- A-BLE,  a.  Being  above  price ;  invaluable. 

TBiit  iNVAtOABLE  is  the  word  now  used.] 
UN-VAL'il-ED,    C-val'yude,)    a.      Not  valued  ;   not 
prized;  neglected.  »«'; 

2  Inestimable  ;  not  to  be  valued.  kliak. 

3  Not  estimated  ;  not  having  the  value  set. 
UN-VAN'aUISH-A-BLE,  a.    That  can  not  be  con- 
quered. ,    .  ,.   ,       -^''iT  .""■ 

UN-VAN'QUISH-ED,  (-vank'wisht,)  a.  Not  con- 
quered ;  not  overcome.  Miltau. 

UN  Va'RI-'V-BLE,  a.  Not  variable  ;  not  changeable 
or  alterable.     [But  iNYiCiiBi-E  is  the  word  now 

UN-VA'RI-ED,  a.    Not  varied  ;  not  altered  ;  not  di- 

UN-Va'RI-E-GA-TED,  a.    Not  variegated;   not  di- 

UN^VAr'niSH-ED,  (-Vir'nisht,)  a.  Not  overlaid  with 

2.  Not  artificially  colored  or  adorned ;  not  artfully 
embellished  ;  plain. 

I  will  a  round,  unvarnished  title  deliver.  ShaJc. 


UN-VA'RY-ING,  a.  Not  altering;  not  liable  to 
channe;   uniform.  .    ,        ,.S',\ 

UN-VA'RY-ING-LY,  a<it>.  Without  being  liable  to 
change. 

UN-\'EtL',  t-vale'.)    See  Unvail.      .  ^     .    ,,      . 

DN-VEIL'ED-LY,  adv.     Plainly  ;    without  disguise. 

UN-VEN'ER-A-BLE,  a.    Not  venerable  ;  not  worthy 

UN-VEn'tLLA-TED,  a.    Not  fanned  by  the  wind; 

not  purified  by  a  free  current  of  air. 
TIN-VER'DANT,  a.    Not  verdant ;  not  green  ;  having 

no  verdure.  r  Ae  ,  '^°"  "T" 

UN-VER'I-TA-BLE,  a.    Not  true.     [X-otmuse.] 

UN-VERS'ED,  (-verst',)  a.    Not  skilled  ;  not  versed  ; 

unacquainted;  as,  rai'crserf  in  spinning.  Blaekwore 
UN-VEX'ED,  C-vekst',)  a.    Not  ve.xed  ;  not  troubled, 

not  disturbed  or  irritated.         ,  ,    ^   ,        Dryden. 
UN-VIN'DI-eA-TED,n.    Not  defended. 
UN-VI'0-LA-TED,  a.    Not  violated  ;  not  injured ;  as, 

unviolatcd  honor. 
2.  Not  broken  ;  not  transgressed  ;  as,  laws  mmjio 

UN-viR'TU-OUS,  (-vurt'yu-us,)  a.     Not  virtuous  ; 

destitute  of  virtue.  „  .     •_         , 

UN-VIR'TU-OUS-LY,  adv.    Not  virtuously. 
UN-VIS'ARD,  r.  S.    To  unmask.  Milton. 

UN-VIS'IT-ED,  a.    Not  visited  ;  not  resorted  to  ;  not 

frequented.  .    ^    .-      ,-r.. 

UN-VI'TAL,  a.     Not  vital ;  not  affecting  life. 

Med.  Hcpos, 

M-V!!!T!?-TED, !  (.,i,h'a-ted,)  \  "'Jtr^^t '' 

B.  Jonson 


UN-VI"C1a-TED,  i 


....    ..„    ,..,..  WI,AT-.,CTe.  PMV.-m..  .....M.  MD-NCTE,  K.T1!.  .I0V1=.  «W.  '«>»- 


II 


1818 


fValUr. 
Not  wamied. 

Addison, 
Not  cautioned  ; 


UNW 

IJN-VIT'R!-FI-£D,  a.  Not  vitrified;  not  converted 
into  slass. 

TJN-VOL'A-TIL-IZ-ED,  a.     Not  volatilized.    Aikin. 

UN-VoTE',  c.  f.  To  contravene  by  vote  a  former 
vote ;  lo  annul  a  former  vote.  Bnrke. 

UN-VOUCH'ZD,  (-voucht',)  a.     Not  fully  attested. 

UN-VOWZD,  0.  Not  consecrated  by  solemn  prom- 
ise. Hooker. 

UN- VOWEL-ED,  a.    Havins  no  vowels.     Skinner. 

UN-V0Y'A<5E-A-BLE,  a.  Not  to  be  navigated  or 
passed  over  on  a  fluid.     [JSTot  tLsedJ]  Milton. 

UN-VUL'GAR,  a.     Not  common.  B.  Jonson. 

UX-VrL'NER-A-ELE,  a.  Not  vulnerable;  that  can 
not  be  wounded.     [Istulnerable  is  mostly  used.] 

U.NMVaITED  on;  not  attended. 

rN-\VAK'£-\'-£D,  a.  Not  awakened;  not  roused 
from  «!eep  or  stupidity. 

L'N-\VALL'£D,  a.  Not  surrounded,  fortified,  or  sup- 
ported bv  a  wall.  KnoUes. 

r.V-WAXT'ED,  a.     Not  wanted.  Mtford, 

UN-WARES',  adc.    Unexpectedly. 
[For  ihis.  Unawares  is  used.] 

UN-\V.a'RI-LY,  adv.  Without  vigilance  and  cau- 
tion ;  heediesslv.  Difby. 

UN-WaRI-NES's,  n.  Want  of  vigilance;  want  of 
caution  ;  carelessness  ;  heedlessness.         Spectator. 

UN-AVAR'LIKE,  a.  [See  Wab.]  Not  fit  for  war; 
not  used  lo  war  ;  not  military". 

UN-WARM'£D,  a.     [See  Warm.] 
•2.  Not  excited  :  not  animated. 

CN-WARN'£D,  a,    [See  Wars. 
not  previously  admonished  of  danger.  Locke. 

UN-WARP',  r.  t.  [See  W^aep.]  To  induce  back 
what  is  warped.  Evdyn. 

UN-WARP'ED,  (-worpt',)  a.  Not  warped;  not  bi- 
ased ;  not  turned  from  the  true  direction  ;   impartial. 

Thomson. 

UN-WARP'ING,  a.  Not  bending ;  unyielding  ;  not 
deviatinji.  Dwitrhu 

UN-WAR'RANT-A-BLE,  a.  Not  defensible;  not 
vindicable  ;  not  justifiable  ;  illegal ;  unjust ;  im- 
proper. South. 

UN-WAR'RANT-A-BLE-NESS,  n.  State  of  being 
unwarrantable, 

UN-WAR  RANT-A-BLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  tbatcan 
not  be  justified.  WaJu. 

UN-WAR'RANT-ED,  a.     Not  warranted ;    not  au- 
thorized. 
2-  Not  ascertained  ;  not  assured  or  certain. 
3.  Not  covenanted  to  be  good,  sound,  or  of  a  cer- 
tiin  quality  ;  as,  an  unwarranted  horse. 

UN-WA'RY,  a.     Not  \ngUant  against  danger;    not 
cautions  ;  unguarded  ;  precipitate.     Locke.     Dryden. 
9.  Unexp-^cted.     [0*s.] 

UN-W.\SH'£D,  (wosht',)  \  a.     Not    washed  ;    not 

UN-WASH'fiN,  i         cleansed    by    water. 

.Va«/iv, 

UN-Wa5T'ED,  a.  Not  lost  by  extravagance  or  neg- 
ligence ;  not  lavished  away  ;  not  dissipated. 

2.  Not  consumed  by  time  or  violence. 

3.  Not  lost  by  exhaustion,  evaporation,  or  other 
means. 

UN-WaST'ING,  o.    Not  growing  less ;  not  decaying. 

Pope. 
UN-WaST'ING-LY,  adc.    Without  waste. 
UN-WATCH'£D,  (-wotcht',)  a.     Not  guarded  with 

vigilance. 
UN-WATCH'FUL,  a.    Not  vigilant.  Scott. 

UN-WA'TER-£"D,  a.     [See  Watkr.]     Not  watered; 

dry.  Pope. 

UN-Wa'\T;R-ING,  m.     Not  wavering  or  unstable ; 

firm  ;  not  fluctuating. 
TrN-WA'VER-lNG-LY,  adv.    With  firm  constancy. 
UN-WAV'M),  (-wade',)  0.  Not  used  to  travel,    [Bad, 

and  not  tucL]  Suckling. 

irN-WEAK'£N-£D,    a.      Not    weakened;    not   en- 
feebled. Beijle. 
UN-WEALTH'Y,  (un-welth'y,)  a.    Not  wealthy. 

Lans'lit^rne. 
UX-WeAN'ED,   a.      Not  weaned  ; 

from  tlie  mother's  milk. 
UX-WEAP'ON-£D,  (un-wep'nd,)  a. 

with  weapons  or  offensive  arms. 
U.V-WeA'RI-A-BLE,  a.    That  can  not  be  weaned; 

indefatigable.     [LiUle  used.]  Hooker. 

UN-WeA'RI-ED,  a.    Not  tired  ;  not  fatigued. 

I>rydeTU 
2.  Indefatigable  ;  continual ;  that  does  not  lire  or 

Bink  under  fatigue  ;  as,  unwearied  perseverance. 

Rogers. 
UN-We.\'RI-ED-LY,  adv.    Without  tiring  or  sinking 

under  fatigue. 
UN-WeA'RI-ED-NESS,  n.    State  of  being  unwea- 
ried. _  Baxter. 
UN-WeA'RY,  (-wee're,)  a.    Not  weary  :  not  tired. 
UN-WeA'RY,  v.  L    To  refresh  after  fatigue. 

Temple. 
UN-WeA'RY-ING,  a.    Not  making  weary. 
UN-WeAVE',  v.  t.    To  unfold  ;   to  undo  what  has 

Iteen  woven.  Sandys. 

UN-WeAV'ING,    ppr.      Undoing    what    has    been 

woven. 
UN-WED',  fl.    Unmarried.  S/iak. 

UN-WED'DED,  a.    Unmarried  ;  remaining  single. 


UNW 


UP 


not  withdrav/n 


Not  furnished 
SaUgh. 


The 


UN-WEDGE'A-BLE,  (im-wedj'a-hl,)  a.     Not  to  be 
split  with  wedges.    IBartarous,  and  iwt  used.] 

UN-VVEED'ED.  a.     Not    weeded;   not   cleared    of 
weeds.  si,ak. 

UN-VVEEP'iD,  (wecpt'.)    See  Urtwipr. 

UN-VVEET'I.\G,  a.    [See  Weet  and  Wrr.l    Igno- 
rant :  unknonina.    [Obs.]  Spmstr. 

UN-WEET'I.VG-LY,  a<fr.    Ignorantly.     [Obs.] 

SpcTiser. 

UN-WEIGH'£D,(-wade',)a.   Not  weighed  ;  not  hav- 
ing the  weight  ascertained. 

Sobman  left  all  the  Yessela  urHceighed.  —  1  Klogs  rii. 

2.  Not  deliberately  considered  and  examined ;  as, 
to  leave  arguments  or  testimony  unweinrhed. 

3.  Not  considerate ;  negligent ;  as,word3  umeeighed. 

Pope. 
UN-WE[GH'ING,(-wa'ing,)  a.  Inconsiderate ;  thought- 
less. SfuUi. 
UN-WEL'eOME,  a.     Not  welcome  ;    not  grateful ; 

not    ple-asing ;     not   well   received ;     as,   unweUome 

news  ;    an  unwelcome  guesL 
[JN-WEL'€0ME-LY,  adr.   Not  in  a  welcome  manner. 
UN-WELL',  a.    Not  well ;   indisposed  :   not  in  good 

health. 

[It  expresses  less  than  Sick.] 
UN-WELL'NESS,  n.  Stateof  being  indisposed.  {J^ot 

in  iLs-f.]  Chestirjidd. 

UN-WEPT',  a.    Not  lamented ;  not  mourned.    ~ 

profligate  lives  despised,  and  dies  unteept. 
UN-WET',  a.    Not  wet  or  moist.  JOryden. 

UN-WHIPT£D,(-whipt',);a.     Not    whipped;    not 
UN-WHIPT',  i     corrected  with  the  rod. 

Pope. 
UN-WmSTER-£D,  a.    Not  whispered. 
UN-WHoLE',  0,    [See  Whole.]    Not  sound  ;  infirm. 

[A'V*  in  use] 
UN-WHOLE^SOME,  (-hol'sum,)  a.    Not  wholesome  ; 

imfavorable  to  health  ;  insalubrious  ;  as,  unwholesome 

air  or  food.  Bacon. 

9.  Pernicious  ;  as,  unwholesome  advice. 
UN-WHoLE'SOME-NESS,  T(.     Insalubrity;  state  or 

quality  of  being  injurious  or  noxious   to  health ; 

as,  Ibe  u7urIuilcjome)tcss  of  a  climate. 
UN-WIeLD'I-LY,  adv.    Heavily  ;  with  difficult}-. 

Zhnjden. 
UN-WIeLD'I-NES3,  7i.    Heaviness  ;  difficulty  of  be- 
ing moved  ;  as  the  unwieldiness  of  a  corpulent  body. 
__  Donne. 

UN-WIeLD'Y,  a.    That  is  moved  with  difficulty ; 

unmanageable;  bulky;  ponderous;  as,  an  unwiddy 

bulk  ;  an  unicieldy  ruck. 
UN-WILL'£D,  a.    Not  willed  ;  not  produced  by  the 

will. 
UN-WILL'ING,  fl.    Not  willing;  loath;  disinclined; 

reluctant;  as,  an  unwilling  servant. 
UN-WILL'ING-LY,  adv.    Not  with  good  will;   not 

cheerfully ;  reiuctanilv. 
UN-WILL'ING-NESS,'n.    Loathness  ;  disinclination  ; 

reluctance. 
UN-WILT'ED,  a.     Not  wilted  ;  fresh. 
UN-WIND',  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  UNworwD.     To  wind 

off";  to  loose    or  separate  what  is  wound  or  con- 
volved ;  as,  to  unicitid  thread  or  a  ball. 
2.  To  disentangle.  ITonUer. 

UN-U^ND',  n.  i.    To  admit  evolution.       Jilortimer. 
UN-\yTXD'lNG,  a.    Not  winding. 

2.  ppr.    Winding  off. 
UN-W1NG'-F:D,  a.     Not  provided  with  wing3. 
UN-WTP'SD,  (-wlpt',)  a.    Not  cleaned  by  rubbing. 

Skak. 
UN-W^SE',  a.     Not  wise ;    not    choosing  the    best 

means  for  the  end  ;  defective  in  wisdom  ;  as,  an  un- 

wtise  man  ;  unwise  kings. 
9.  Not  dictated  by  wisdom ;   not  adapted  to  the 

end  ;  as,  umeise  measures. 
UN-WT?E'LY,  adc.    Not  wisely;  not  prudently;  as, 

i:n7cisdt:  rigid  ;  unwisehi  studious. 
UN-WISH',  V.  t    To  Wish  that  which  is  not  to  be. 

[J^Tot  in  use,]  Skak. 

UN-WnSH'f:D,  (-wishl',)  a.    Not  wished ;  not  sought ; 

not  desired.  Pope. 

UN-WIST',  a.     Not  known.     [Obs.]  Spenser. 

UN-WIT',  V.  t.    To  deprive  of  understanding.    [JVof 

in  usP:]  Shak. 

UN-WITH-DRAW^'ING,  a.    Not  withdrawing:  con- 

tinuallv  liberaJ!  Mdton. 

UN-Wlf  H'ER-£D,  a.    Not  withered  or  faded. 
UN-WITH'ER-ING,  a.    Not  liable  to  wither  or  fade. 

Cojeper. 
UN-WITH-STOOD',  a.    Not  opposed.  PhUtps. 

UN-WIT'NESS-£D,  (-wit'nest,)  a.    Not  witnessed; 

not  attested  by  witnesses  ;  wanting  testimony. 
UN-WIT'TI-LY,  adr.     Without  wit.  Cowley. 

UN-WIT'TING-LY,  adv.      Without    knowledge    or 

consciousness:   ignomntly  ;   as,   he   has   untoittingly 

injured  himself,  or  his  neighbor. 
UN-WIT'TY,  0.    Not  witty ;  destitute  of  wit- 

ShensUme, 
irS-\VTV'ED,a.  Having  no  wife.  [JToI  u^e^f.]  Selden. 
UN-WOM'AN,  r.  t.    To  deprive  of  the  qualities  of  a 

woman.  Sandys. 

UN-WOM'AX-LY,  a.     Unbecoming  a  woman. 


Mil': 


UN-Wrj.VT',       }  J  a.  VDzeautomedi  un- 

UN-WONT'ED,  i  (-wunt,)  j     ^^j  .    ^^  ^^  ^ 

miliar  by  practice ;  an,  a  child  unwonted  to  vtrao- 

gera  ;  sea  calves  unwonted  to  fref  h  water.        May. 
2.  Uncommon;  unusual;  infrequent;    rare;    :j^. 

an  unvonted  meteor  ;  unitonted  chan'r-s.       Lh-wir.i. 
UN-WO.\TXD-LY,  *to.    loan  unaccurt/jmc-f  : 

ner. 
UN-WONT'ED-NESS,  n.    Uncommonne 

UN-WOOD'ED,  a.     Destitute    of  trees,  timt.  -       - 
wood  ;  not  producing  trees.  The  prairies  of  the  v,  ■ 
are  unjroodfd. 

UN-WOO 'f.D,  a.    Not  wooed  ;  not  court-  ! 

U.V-WOUK'INC,  fl.     Living  without  lab'.r. 

UN-WOI[K'M.\N-LIKK,  a.     Unskillful. 

UN-WoHLI)'LI-NESS,  n.    State  of  bemc  unwor   . 

UN-WOK  LU'LY,  (wurid'lc.)  a.     Nrrt  worldly. 

UN-WOR.M'^U,  a.    Not  wormed.    [A'&f  iu«i." 

B(ai...        / 

UN-WoRX',  a.  Not  worn  ;  not  impairt'l.  i 
UN-WOR'RE-KD,  (-wur'rid.)  a.  Not  worr.  .. 
UN-WOR'SHIP-£D,  (wur'shipt,)  a.    Not  w 

not  adored. 
U.VWOR'SHIP-ING,  a.     Not  worthiping  ;  liab 

neglectinj:  111';  worshipof  God.       J.  M.  .V . 
UN-WOK'TIII-LY,  {-u  ur'the-le,)  ade.    [S 

and  Worth-]    .N'ot  according  to  desert ;  "-^ 

regard  to  ruerit :  as,  to  treat  a  man  umeortAi  j. 
U.VWOIt'TIII  \ESS,  n.    Want  of  worUi  or  in*  r  • 
UN  WOU'TIIV,  (wur'ttic,)  a.     Not  d.*errinc 

lowed  by  of.    .As  sinners,  we  are  uttt:rly  : 

tlie  divine  favor. 

2.  Not  deserving;  wanting  meriL    i: 
unieortJty  fion  into  favor.    One  great  cv  : 
ment  is,  that  umcorthy  men  are  clectt.'d 
to  fill  imiHirtant  offices. 

3.  Unbecoming;  vilo;   base;   as,  iauf£Tt,\y  u-n^. 
or  treatment  Drj/dem. 

4.  Not  suitable  ;  inadequate.  This  opinion  if  in- 
worthy  of  its  author. 

UN-WOUND',  pp.  of  Unwi?(d.    Wound  off;  untwist- 
ed. Mortimer. 

UN-WOUND'ED,  a.     Not  wounded  ;   not  hurt  ;  not 

injured  in  body  ;  as,  unvounded  enemies.      Million. 

2.  Not  hurt ;  not  olfended  ;  as,  unieounded  ears. 

Pope. 

UN-WOUND'I.VG,  a.    Not  hurting. 

UN-\7oVE',  preL  of  Usweate. 

UN-W6V'£.\,  a.    Not  woven. 

UN-WRAP',  (rap',)  r.  (.    To  open  what  is  wnpped 
or  folded. 

UN-WHeATUE',  v.  t.    To  untwist  or  untwine. 

Bayte. 

UN-WRENCH'ED,  (renclit',)  a.    Not  strained ;  not 
distorted.  Coitper. 

UN-\\' RINK'LE,  (rink'I,)  v.  L  To  reduce  wrinkles  ;  to 
smooth.  Anadmrsit. 

UN-WRINKXED,  a.    Not  shrunk  into  furrows  and 
ridses. 

UN-WRiT'ING,  a.    Not  writing;  not  iwoming  the 
character  of  an  author ;  as,  an  uncritina^  citizen. 

UN-WRIT'T£\,  (-rii'n,)  o.    Not  writteD  :    not  re- 
duced to  writing ;  verbal. 
2.  Blank  ;  containing  no  wrrting.  South. 

Unvrittcn  doctrines,  in  religion,  .ire  such  as  have 
been  handed  down  by  word  of  mouth  ;  oral  or  tradi- 
tional doctrines. 

UnuTritlen  laics^  are  such  as  have  been  delirered 
down  by  tradition  or  in  son??.  Such  were  the  laws 
of  the  early  nations  of  Europe. 

The  wiwrittcn  law  (L.  lex  no:*  ecrTpta)  of  England 
and  of  tlie  United  Stales,  called  coixman  Uw,  is  such 
as  has  not  the  auUiority  of  rtatutes,  mit  having  origi- 
nated fmm  any  Ugislative  aci,  or  originating  from 
some  aa  not  now  exuinL  This  law  is  now  contained 
in  the  rep^^rts  of  judicial  decisions. 

UN-WR0XG'/:D,  a.    Not  treated  unjustly. 

UN-WRoUGHT',    (-rawt',)   a.      Not   labored;    not 
manufactured  :  not  reduced  to  due  farm.     Drmien. 

rX-WRUNG',  (rung',)  a.    Not  pinched.  Skak. 

UN-YIkLD'EO,   (yeold'ed,)    c.     Not    yielded;   not 
conceded  ;  not  siven  up.  Drjden. 

UN-YIeLD'IXG,  a.    Ni-t  yieldine  to  ftoce  or  persua- 
sion ;  unbendinc;  un  pliant ;  sluT;  firm;  obstinate. 
Mcd,R.y:.-. 
2.  Not  civing  place.  TicTK-<  -. 

UN-YIF.LD'IXG-LY,  iufc.    Unbendingly  :  obsun.; 

UX-YIkLD'ING-NESS,  a.    State  of  being  ui;:- 
ing.  ,  - 

UN-YOKE',  r.  f.    To  loose  from  a  yoke ;  to  free  ir  ~. 
a  yoke. 

Unyoit  the  steea. 

9.  To  part:  to  disjoin.  ^ 

UN-YoK'£P,  (-yokf.)  pp-    freed  from  the  yoke. 

2.  a.     Xot  having  worn  the  yoke.  lJr%  . 

3.  Licentious  ;  unrestrained.  ^' 
UX-YoK'l  XG,  ppr.    yredas  fwm  the  voke, 
UN-ZO.X'£D,  a.    Not  bound  with  a  gmile  :  as,  i 

zoned  bosom.  ^         ,   ^~ 

UP,  o^r.     [Sax.  up,  Kpp;  C 
Sw.  up.] 
1.  Aloft  ;  on  high. 

But  u/>  or  doim. 


TCNE,  BULL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.-e  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  j  TH  a3  in  TfflS. 


u 


1219 


o.  Out  of  bed.     He  is  not  up.  Sliak. 

3  Having  risen  from  a  seat. 

Sir  Roger  »a>  up.  AddUon. 

4  From  a  state  of  concealment  or  discrnnbiture. 
5.  In  a  state  of  being  built. 

Cp  with  my  tent.  ^'^' 

R   Above  the  horizon.    The  sun  la  up. 

i.  To  a  state  of  escitcment.    He  was  wrought  i/p 

'°8  To^a  state  of  aiivance  or  proficiency. 

Till  „o.  tave  wroogM  oo,.clvc.  <^p  lo  Uu.  '^'S'^  f^^^;^^" 


UP-BRAlD'ING,7i.    A  charging  with  something  wrong 
or  ilisgraceful ;  the  act  of  reproaching  or  reprovnig. 


I  have  too  long  homo 
Your  blunt  upbrtuding. 


ShaJc. 


Spenser. 
WeAvent 


Shak. 
Drydeii. 


iiidiliereDce. 

9.  In  a  Stale  cif  elevation  or  exaltation 

Those  that  were  up  kept  others  low. 

10.  In  a  state  of  climbing  or  ascenilini 
nil  to  the  city  or  town. 

11.  In  a  state  of  insurrection. 

The  gentln  archbishop  of  York  is  up. 
My  soul  is  up  ill  arms. 

in   In  a  state  of  being  increased  or  raised.    The 
rive^  is  up  ;  the  flood  is  up.  ^"■'  rt 

13  In  a  state  of  approaching  ;  as,  up  comes  a  fol. 

VE^tran^B. 

14  In  order.    He  drew  up  his  regiment. 
15.  From  younger  to  elder  years ;  as,  from  Ins 

^"npmd  down !  from  one  place  to  another  ;  here  and 

"'""^From  one  state  or  position  to  another ;  back- 

"  ti>  toi  to°an  equal  higbt  with  ;  as,  up  to  tho  chin 

'"o^To'k  degree  or  point  adequate.    Live  up  to  the 

'"'^S???Sr:Uft;as,v,»«.  the  fist  ;,„..<. 

'"  crp'il''mich  used  to  modify  the  actions  expressed 
by  verbs.  It  is  very  often  useful  and  necessary,  very 
often  useless. 

To  hear  up  ;  to  sustain. 

To  go  up  ;  to  ascend. 

To  lift  up  ;  to  raise. 

To  iret  up ;  to  rise  from  bed  or  a  seat. 

To  bind  up ;  to  bind  together. 

To  blow  up;  to  inflate ;  to  distend  ;  to  inflame. 

To  irnw  up  :  to  grow  to  maturity. 

Vp'strmm;  from  the  mouth  toward  the  head  of  a 
stream  ;  against  the  stream  ;  hence,  up  is  m  a  direc- 
tion toward  the  head  of  a  stream  or  river  ;  as,jtpthe 

""Tilomd;  in  the  direction  from  the  sea;  opposed 
to  dovm  sound,  that  is,  in  the  direction  of  the  ebb  tide. 
Up  is  used  elliptically  for  get  up,  e.^pressing  a  com- 
nand  or  exhortation. 

Up,  let  us  be  going.  —Juilgcs  xix. 

tJf>  nrCT.  From  a  lower  to  a  higher  place.  Go  iiy  the 
nill  Bacon. 

Vvis  n.  A  tree  common  in  tho  forests  of  Java  and 
..f  the  neiohboring  isles,  the  secretions  of  which  are 
poisonous.  It  has  been  fabulously  reported  that  the 
itmosphere  surrounding  it  is  deleterious. 

P.  Cyc.    Brande. 

1  P-BEaR',  21.  (. ;  prct.  Upbore  ;  pp-  Upborne,  [up 
and  bear.     See  Bear.] 

1    To  raise  aloft ;  to  lift ;  to  elevate.         Miltm. 

2.  To  sustain  aloft ;  to  support  in  an  elevated  sit- 
uation. „  „^„, 

Uptorne  they  By.  "?«■ 

3.  To  support ;  to  sustain.  Speiiaer. 
UP-BIND',  V.  t.    To  bind  up.  CoUms. 
UP-BLoW,  V.  t.     To  blow  up.     [JVoi  used.]     Spenser. 
UP-BESID',  V.  t.      [Sax.  upgrbredan,  to    reproach ; 

MbriBdan,  to  roast,  to  dilate  or  extend,  to  draw,  as 
a  sword  ;  bredan,  to  braid  ;  Dan.  bebrejder,  to  up- 
braid.! ,. 

1  To  charge  with  something  wrong  or  disgrace- 
ful ;  to  reproach  ;  to  cast  in  the  teeth  ;  followed  by 
with  or  for,  before  the  thing  imputed  ;  as,  to  upbraid 
a  man  for  his  folly  or  his  intemperance. 

Yet  do  not 
Upbraid  «8  ipitA  our  distress.  .         bhalc. 

He  upbraidtd  them  with  their  unbelief.  —  M.aU.  IVI. 

[The  use  of  to  and  of,  after  upbraid,  — aa,  to  up- 
braid a  man  of  his  gain  bv  iniquity,  to  upbraid  to  a 
man  his  evil  practices,  —  has  been  long  discontin- 
ued.] 

2.  To  reproach  j  to  chide. 

God,  who  giTeth  to  all  men  liberally,  and  uphreddcth  not.  — 
James  L 


"   The  reproaches  or  accusations  of  conscience. 
UP-b'RaID'ING-LY,  adi:    In  an  upbraiding  manner. 
UP-BRaY',  for  UraRiiD,to  shame,  is  not  in  use. 

'  Spenser. 

UP-BROUGHT',  (up-brawt',)  a.      Brought  up  ;    edu- 
cated,    [mtinuse.]  Spenser. 
UP'e.^ST,  a.    Cast  up  ;  a  term  m  bowling. 
o.  Thrown  upward  ;  as,  with  upcast  eyes. 

Dryden. 
UP'CAST,  n.  In  bowling,  a  cast ;  a  throw.  Shak. 
UP-eOIL'!ED,  a.  Made  into  a  coil.  Wordsworth. 
UP-eOIL'ING,  a.  Winding  into  a  coil.  Soutlieij. 
UP-DRAW,  V.  t.  To  draw  up.  [JVot  m  '""■] 
ITP-DRAWN',  pp.     Drawn  up.  [Mdton. 

UP-FILL'ING,  a.  Filling  up. 
UP-FLUNG',  a.  Thrown  up. 
IIP-GATH'ER,  V.  t.    To  contract.     [JVot  in  use.i 

Spenser. 

UP-GROW,  V.  i.    To  grow  up.     [Jk'ot  in  use.] 

Jilttlon. 
UP'HAND,  a.    Lifted  by  the  hand.  Mozon. 

UP-HeAV'AL,  n.    A  heaving  or  lifting  up. 
UP  HEAVE'  V.  t.    To  heave  or  lift  up  from  beneaUl. 
UP-HEAV'jED,  pp.  or  a.    Heaved  or  lifted  up  from 

beneath.  .  ,.^. 

UP-HEAVING,  ppr.    Heaving  or  liaing  up. 
UP-HELD',  prct.  and  pp.  of  Uphold.   Sustained  ;  sup- 

UFHERS,  i>.  pi.     In  architecture,  a  name  given  to 
poles  used  in  scatToIding.  Brande. 

UP'HILL,  a.     Ditlicult,  like  tlie  act  of  ascending  a 
hill ;  as,  iipMiilabor.  .  CTira.i. 

UP-IIOARD',  V.  t.    To  hoard  up.     [M  used.] 

Spenser,     alialt. 

UP-HOLD',  V.  t. :  pret.  and  pp.  Upheld.     [Upholden 
is  obsolete.]  „     , 

1.  To  lift  on  high  ;  to  elevate.  Y7!- 

2.  To  support  1  to  sustain ;  to  keep  from  falling  or 
slipping. 

Honor  shall  upliold  the  humble  in  spirit.  — Prov.  iiix 


Atterbury. 
Ralegh. 
Hooker. 


3.  To  reprove  with  severity. 

Then  he  began  to  upbraid  the  cities  wherein  moat  of  his  r 
works  were  done.  —  Malt.  xi. 


lighty 


4.  To  bring  reproach  on.  Mdisoiu 

How  much  doth  thy  liindness  upbraid  my  wickedness  I     Sdrwy. 

5   To  treat  with  cr.ntempt.     [  Ois.]         Spenser. 
UP-BRaID'ED,  pp.    Charged  with  something  wrong 

or  ilisgraceful ;  reproacheil ;  reproved. 
UP-BRAIII'EK,  71.    One  who  upbraids  or  reproves. 
UP-BRaID'ING,  ppr.    Accusing ;  casting  in  the  teeth  j 

reproaching ;  reproving. 


3.  To  keep  from  declension 

4.  To  support  in  any  state. 

5.  To  continue  ;  to  maintain. 

6.  To  keep  from  being  lost. 

Faulconbridge, 
111  spite  of  spile,  alone  upholds  tho  day.  Shale. 

7.  To  continue  without  failing.  „^°'''?m' 

8.  To  continue  in  being.  Hakcwdl. 
UP-HoLD'ER,  II.    One  that  upholds  ;  a  supporter  ;  a 

defender ;  a  sustaincr.  .   Swift.    Ilale. 

•■    An  undertaker  ;  one  who  provides  for  funerals. 

Qajj. 
UP-HOL'STER-ER,  n.      [from  up  and  hoU.]     One 
who  furnishes  houses  with  beds,  curtains,  and  tho 

like  ^"P"' 

UP-HOL'STER-Y,  71.     Furniture  supplied  by  uphol- 

Up'lAND,  71.  [up  and  toiiJ.]  High  land  ;  groiind  el- 
evated above  the  meadows  and  intervals  which  lie 
on  th»  banks  of  livers,  near  the  sea,  or  between 
hills  ;  land  which  is  generally  dry.  It  is  opposed  to 
Meadow,  Mamh,  Swamp,  Interval,  &c.  Uplands 
are   particularly  valuable    as    affording  pasture  lor 

UP'LAN'D,  a.     Higher  in  situation  ;  being  on  upland  ; 
as,  upland  inhabitants, 
o    Pertaining  to  uplands  ;  as,  upland  pasturage. 
UP-LAND'ISH,  a.     Pertaining  to  uplands  ;  dwelling 

on  high  lands  or  mountains.  Chapman. 

UP-LAY',  V.  t.    To  lay  up  ;  to  hoard.     [JVof  m  use.] 

Donne. 
UP-LllAD',  V.  t.    To  lead  upward.  Milton. 

UP-LED',  pp.    Led  upward. 

UP  LIFT'  V.  t.    To  raise  aloft ;  to  raise  ;  to  elevate  ; 
as,  to  uplift  the  arm.    It  is  chiefly  used  in  the  parti- 
ciple ;  as,  uplifted  eyes  ;  uplifted  arms. 
•^     '  Milton.     SiDifi. 

UP-LIFT'ED,  pp.  or  a.      Raised  high  ;  lifted  ;  ele- 
vated. 
UP-LIFT'ING,  ppr.    Lifting  up  ;  elevating. 
UP-LOOK',  V.  t.    To  look  up.     [JVot  in  use.]     Shale. 
UP'MoST,  a.     [up  and  most.]    Highest ;  topmost. 

Dryden. 
[Little  used.    We  generally  use  UprERMosT.] 
UP-ON',  vrep.    [Sax.  ufan,  ufon,  or  uft.    This  is  prob- 
ably up  and  on;  the  Sax.  ii/e  being  the  G.  an/,  up.] 
On.     Upon  has  the  sense  of  on,  and  might  perhaps 
be  wholly  dispensed  with. 

1  Resting  or  being  on  the  top  or  surface  ;  as,  bo- 
inoKpoii  a  hill,  or  iipou  a  rock  ;  upon  a  field  ;  upon  a 
table  ■  upon  a  river  ;  upon  the  altar ;  upon  the  root. 
He  has  his  coat  upon  his  back  ;  his  hat  is  upoTi  his 

o  in  a  state  of  resting  or  dependence  ;  as,  iipon 
thFs  condition  ;  he  will  contract  with  you  upon  these 
terms.      Upon  our  repentance  we  hope  to  be  lor- 

^'x'Denoting  resting,  as  a  burden.    Impose  upon 
yourself  this  task. 


4.  In  the  direction  or  part  of;  as,  upon  the  right 
hand.  ,  ., 

5.  Relating  to.    They  are  now  engaged  upon  the 
affairs  of  the  bank. 

C.  In  consideration  of;  as,  upon  the  whole  matter. 

Z>rj/(/fn. 

7.  Near  to ;  as,  a  village  upon  the  Thames. 

8.  With,  or  having  received.  He  came  upon  an 
hour's  warning.  ,  .     ,     .. 

9.  On  the  occasion  of;  engaged  m  for  the  execu- 
tion of.    He  sent  the  officer  upon  a  bold  enterprise. 

10.  In  ;  during  the  time  of;  as,  upon  the  seventh 
day  ;  7i,pon  the  first  of  January. 

11.  Noting  security;  as,  to  borrow  money  upon 
lands,  or  upon  mortgage. 

12.  Noting  approach  or  attack. 

Tb?  Philisdnes  l«  upon  thee,  Samson.  —Judges  XTi. 

13.  Noting  exposure  or  incurring  some  danger  or 
loss.  You  do  this  upon  pain  of  daath,  or  upon  the 
penalties  of  the  law. 

14.  At  the  time  of;  on  occasion  of.  What  was 
tlieir  conduct  upon  this  event  ? 

15.  By  inference  from,  or  pursuing  a  certain  sup- 
position. Upon  his  principles,  we  can  have  no  stable 
government. 

16.  Engaged  in.    What  is  he  ujion  ?  Locke. 

17.  Having  a  particular  manner.  The  horee  is  now 
upon  a  hard  trot.  .  Dryden. 

18.  Resting  or  standing,  as  on  a  condition,  lie  is 
put  upo7i  his  good  behavior. 

19.  Noting  means  of  subsistence  or  support, 
lie  live  upon  grass. 

20.  Noting  dependence  for  subsistence ;  as 
pers  come  upon  the  parish  or  town. 

To  take  upon ;  to  assume. 

To  assume  upon  ;  in  lam,  to  promise  ;  to  undertake. 

UP'PER,  a.     [comp.  from  up.]     Higher  in  place  ;  as, 

the  upper  lip  ;  the  upper  side  of  a  thing.    An  upper 

story  is  a  higher  one  ;  the  upper  story  is  the  highest. 

So  the  ujiprr  deck  of  a  ship. 

a.  Superior  in  rank  or  dignrty  ;  as,  the  upper  house 
of  a  legislature. 

Upper-works;  in  a  ship,  the  parts  above  water 
when  the  ship  is  properly  balanced  for  a  voyage  ;  or 
that  part  which  is  above  the  main  wale.  Ctjc. 

UP'PER-LE.\TH'ER,  (-Icth'er,)  n.    The  leather  for 

the  vamps  and  quarters  of  shoes. 
UP-PER-II.'\ND',  71.    Ascendency;  superiority. 
UP'PER-JIOST,  a.  superl.     [upper  and  7nosl.) 
1.  Highest  in  place  ;  as,  the  uppermost  scats, 
a.  Highest  in  power  or  authority. 

Whatever  faction  happens  to  be  uppermost.  Sieift. 


Cat- 


pau- 


3.  Predominant ;  most  powerful.  Dryden. 

UP-PlL'£D,  (I.     Piled  upward.  Wordsworth. 

UP'PISH,  a.     Proud  ;  arrogant.    [Alow  word.] 

UP-RAlSE',7).  (.    [up  and  rnisc]    To  raise ;  to  lift  up. 

UP-RaIS'£D,  pp.    Lifted  up. 

UP-RaIS'ING,  n.    A  raising  or  elevation. 

UP-ReAE',  v.  l  [up  and  rear.]  To  rear  up;  to 
raise.  .    ^  G"!'- 

U1'-Re.-\R'ED,  pp.    Reared  up;  raised. 

UP'RIGHT,  (np'rite,)  a.  [up  and  right.  This  word 
is  marked  in  books  with  the  accent  on  the  first 
syllable.  But  it  is  frequently  pronounced  with  the 
accent  on  the  second,  and  the  accent  on  either  syl- 
lable of  its  derivatives  is  admissible.]  . 

1.  Erect;  perpendicular  to  the  plane  of  the  hori- 
zon ;  as,  an  upright  tree  ;  an  upright  post.  Among 
mechanics,  plumb.  j-      .,     <■    », 

2.  Erected  ;  pricked  up  ;  shooting  directly  from 

the  body. 

All  have  their  cars  liprigM.  .  ■fcfl' 

With  chattering  teeth  and  bristling  hair  upnghi.        iliT/den. 

3.  Honest ;  just ;  adhering  to  rectitude  in  all  social 
intercourse  ;  not  deviating  from  correct  moral  prin- 
ciples ;  as,  an  upright  man.    Job  i. 

4.  Conformable  to  moral  rectitude. 
Conscienc£  rewards  upright  conduct  with  pleasure. 

J.  M.  Mason. 

UP'RIGHT,  n.  In  architecture,  a  representation  or 
draught  of  the  front  of  a  building  ;  called  also  an 
Elevation,  or  Orthographt.     [Little  used.] 

Cyc.     Qwtlt. 
o    Something  standing  erect  or  perpendicular. 
UP-RIGHT'EOUS-LY,  (-rl'chus-,)  adv.  In  an  upright 

or  just  manner.  .  -.fkl'.., 

UP'RIGHT-HEXRT'ED,  a.    Having  an  upright  heart. 
UP'RIGHT-IiY,  ado.    In  a  direction  perpendicular  to 
the  plane  of  the  horizon  ;  in  an  erect  position. 

"  Honestly  ;  with  strict  observance  ol  rectitude , 
as7to  live  uprightly.  Dnjdcn. 

He  that  wijkelh  uprighliy  walkcth  sunly .  —  Prov.  i. 

UP'RIGHT-NESS, «.    Perpendicular  erection. 

Waller. 
9.  Honesty  ;   integrity  in   principle    or  practice ; 
conformity  to  rectitude  and  justice  in  social  dealings. 

The  truly  upright  man  is  inflexiblo  in  his  uprightness, 

'  AttffrbUTy. 

UP-RTSE',  V.  i.;  pret.  Uprose;  pp.  Uprisen 
from  bed  or  from  a  seat. 


To  rise 


Uprose  the  virgin  with  the  morning  li; 


Pope. 


FATE.  FXR.  FALL,  WH^T.-METE,  PREY.-PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD. -NOTE^^OVE^MOVEtW^^ 


1220 


URA 


2.  To  ascend  above  the  liorizoii. 

Uprose  the  aim. 

3.  To  ascend,  as  a  hill.    [Obs.] 


Coatry. 
SkiiK: 
UP-RlSE',  n.    A  rising;  appearance  above  the  hori- 
zon.    [Obs.]  SImk. 
VV-Rl^' iSG  ^  ppr.    Rising;  ascending. 
UP-RIS'IXG,  n.    The  act  of  rising. 

Thou    knowert  my  tlown-wUin-  and    mine  uprising.  —  Pe. 
CTTiir. 

UP'RO-AJl,  «.  [D.  oproer  i  G.  aiifn».ir;  avf^  up,  and 
rvhren^  to  stir,  to  beat,  D.  rocren^  S\v.  rUrai  upror. 
In  verse,  it  is  sometimes  accented  ru  the  second 
syllable.] 

Great  tumult ;  violent  disturbance  and  noise ; 
bustle  and  clamor. 

The  Jews  who  believed  not  — sel  all  ihe  city  in  an  uproar.— 
Acts  xru. 

Horror  thus  prevailed, 
And  wild  uproar,  Pl.iVipx. 

UP-RoAR',  c.  u  To  throw  into  confusion.  [^Xot  in 
vse,'\ 

UP-RoAR'I-OUS,  a.  Making  a  great  noise  and  tu- 
mult. 

UP-RoAR'I-OUS-LY,  adv.  With  great  noise  and 
tumult. 

UP-RoLL',  V.  L     [up  and  roU.]     To  roll  up.    Milton. 

UP-RoLL'£D,  pp.    Rolled  up. 

UP-ROOT',  V.  U  [up  and  root.]  To  root  up;  to  tear 
up  by  the  roots  ;  as,  to  uproot  the  hills  or  trees. 

Dnjden. 

UP-ROOT'ED,  pp.    Tom  up  by  the  roots. 

UP-ROUSE',  (up-rouz',)  v.  t.  [up  and  roitse.]  To 
rouse  from  sleep ;  to  awake.  Shak. 

UP-ROUS'£D,  pp.    Roused  from  sleep. 

UP-ROUS'ING,  ppr.    Rousing  from  sleep. 

UP-SET',  V.  t,  [up  and  set]  To  overturn  ;  to  over- 
throw ;  lo  overset ;  as  a  carriage. 

UP-SET',  n.  An  overturn  ;  an  overthrow  ;  as  of  a 
carriage. 

UP'SHOT,  71.  [up  and  shou]  Final  issue  j  conclu- 
sion ;  end  ;  as,  the  upshot  o\  the  matter. 

Here  b  the  upshot  and  result  cf  all.  Dantet. 

Upside  dorcn;  the  upper  part  undermost.    As  a 
phrase,  this  denotes  in  confusion ;  in  complete  dis- 
order. South. 
UP-SNATCH'ING,  a.    Snatching  up ;  seizing. 

.^Vierstonc. 
UP'SPRIXG,  n.    [up  and  spring.]    An  upstart.    [JVot 

in  use,]  Shak. 

UP-SPRiN'G',  V.  L    To  spring  up.     [JVu£  in  use] 

Sackville. 
UP-STAND',  v.u    To  be  erected.     [JVo(  used.] 

May. 
UP-START',  r.  i.     [up  and  start.]     To  start  or  spring 

up  suddenly.  Drijden. 

UP'STaRT,  n.    One  that  suddenly  rises  from  low 

life  to  wealth,  power,  or  honor.  Spenser. 

2.  Something  that  springs  up  suddenly. 

Milton.     Bnran. 
UP^START,  a.    Suddenly  raised.  Saak. 

UP-STIY',  V.  t.     [up  anti  stay.]     To  sustain  ;  to  sup- 
port. Milton. 
tJP-ST.4V'ING,  ppr.    Supporting. 
UP-S\VARM',  V.  L    [See  Swaem.]     To  raise  in  a 

swarm.     [JVot  in  use/]  Shak. 

UP-TaKE',  V,  t,     [up  and  take.]    To  take  into  the 

hand.     [Ao£  m  use,]  Spenser. 

UP-TEIR',  V.  U     [up  and  tear.]    To  tear  up. 

Milton. 
UP-TRaIX',  ».  t.     [up  and  train.]     To  train  up ;  to 
j       educate.     [J^ot  in  use.]  Spenser. 

I    UP-TURN',  V.  L     [up  and  turn.]    To  turn  up ;  to 

throw  up  ;  as,  to  nptum  the  ground  in  plowing. 

I  Milton.    Pope. 

\    TJP'VV.\RD,  a.     [up  and  ward.  Sax.  Kcard,  L.  versus.] 

'  Directed  to  a  higher  place  ;  as,  with  upward  eye  ; 

with  upward  speed.  Dnjden.     Prior. 

UP'W.ARD,  n.     The  top.     [^rot  in  use.]  Shak, 

UP'WARD,  adt.    Toward  a  higher  place  ;  opposed  to 

Dow  «  WARD. 

Upward  I  lift  my  eye.  WaOs. 

0.  Toward  heaven  and  God. 

Lookiog  ioward,  we  are  struck  dumb ;  locking  uptoard,  we  speak 
and  prerafl.  Hook^. 

3.  With  respect  to  the  higher  part. 

Upward  man, 
Downward  fiah.  MlUon. 

4.  More  than,  indefinitely.  Upward  of  ten  years 
have  elapsed ;  upward  of  a  hundred  men  were 
present. 

5.  Toward  the  source.    Trace  the  stream  upward. 
And  trace  the  muscB  upvard  to  their  spring.  Poj'c. 

UP-WHIRL',  (-hwurl',)  v.  L  [up  and  whirl.]  To 
rise  upward  in  a  whirl ;  lo  whirl  upward.    Milton. 

UP-U'HIRL',  V.  L  To  raise  upward  in  a  wbiriing 
direction. 

UP-\M>'D',  V.  t.    [up  and  win/i.]    To  wind  up. 

SpeTisrr. 

U'RAN-GLIM'MER,  n.     Uranilc,  whicli  see. 

Tj-RA'NI-A,  Tu     In  mijtholo^if,  the  muar,  of  astronomy. 

li'RAN'-TTE,  n.    An  ore  of  uranium,  of  a  bright  green 


URG 

iir  yellow  color,  and  foliated  like  mica.  The  green 
variety  consists  of  oxyd  of  uranium,  phosphoric  acid, 
and  copper,  and  is  called  Chalcolite  or  Coppeh 
Uranite.  The  yellow  contains  lime  instead  of 
copper,  and  is  called  Lime  Ubanite.  Dana. 

U-R.'VX-IT'I€,  a.  Pertaining  to  uranite,  or  resem- 
bling it. 

Q-Ra'NI-UM,  n.  [Gr.  ovpavo;,  heaven,  or  a  planet  so 
called.] 

A  metal  discovered  in  1789  by  Klaproth,  in  the 
mineral  called  pitchblende.  It  is  occasionally  found 
native  in  uraii-oclier  and  uran-mica;  but  more  gen- 
erally it  is  obtained  from  pitchblende,  in  which  it  ex- 
ists with  iron,  cnpper,  lead,  and  sometimes  with 
nrsenic,  cobalt,  and  zinc.  Uranium  is  of  a  reddish- 
brown  color,  lias  a  metallic  luster,  and  is  commonly 
obtained  in  a  crystalline  form.  It  suffers  no  change 
from  exposure  to  the  air  at  cominun  temperatures, 
but  when  heated  in  open  vessels,  it  absorbs  oxygen, 
and  is  converted  into  a  protoxvd.  Uenry. 

TJ'RAN-.Ml'€A,  n.    Uranite,  which  see. 

U'UAN-o'eHER,  )  n.    A  yellow,  eartliy  incrustation, 

TJ'R.\N-o'€nRE,  )  supposed  to  be  the  oxyd  of  ura- 
nium, combined  with  carbonic  acid.  This  name  is 
also  applied  to  [litchblcnde,  which  see.  Dana. 

IJ-RAN-OGatA-PHY,  n.     [Gr.  ovpavo^  and  ypa^cj.] 
A  description  of  the  lieavens. 

U-RAN-OL'O-OV,  Ti.      [Gr.    ovnavosy    heaven,  and 
Auj-os,  discourse.] 
A  discourse  or  treatise  on  the  heavens.   MUchill. 

U-RAN-OS'CO-PY,  ju      [Gr.  ovoavoi,  heaven,  and 
cKQTTcu,  to  view.] 
Contemplation  of  the  heavenly  bodies. 

U'RA-NUS,  n.  [L.]  One  of  the  primary  planets.  It 
'is  about  1,800,000,000  miles  from  the  sun,  about 
35,000  miles  in  diameter,  and  its  period  of  revolution 
round  the  sun  is  nearly  84  of  our  years.  It  has  also 
been  called  Uerschel  and  Geohgium  Sidus. 

Brande. 

U-RA'O,  71.  The  native  name  cf  a  sesquicarbonate  of 
'soda  found  in  Mexico  and  South  America ;  the  same 
with  Trona.  Urc. 

IT'RATE,  71.    A  compound  of  uric  acid  and  a  base. 

UR'BAN,  a.     [L.  urhanus,  from  urbs^  a  city.] 
Belonging  to  a  city  ;  as,  an  2irban  population. 

UR-IJ.\NE',  a.     [See  above.] 

Civil  •  courteous  in  manners  ;  polite. 

UR-BAN'I-TV,  n.  [Ft.  urbanity  ;  L.  urbanitas,  from 
urbs,  a  citv.] 

1.  That' civility  or  courtesy  of  manners  which  is 
acquired  by  associating  with  well-bred  people;  po- 
liteness ;  polished  manners.  Dnjden.    Brown. 

2.  Facetiousness.  VEstrangc. 
UR'BAi\-l2E,  V.  U    To  render  civil  nnd  courteous  ; 

to  polish.  Howell. 

UR'CE-0-LaTE,  a.     [L.  urr.colus,  urceits,  a  pitcher.] 
In  botany  and  conchology,  shaped  like  a  pitcher ; 
swelling  out  like  a  pitcher,  as  respects  the  body,  and 
contracted  at  the  orifice ;  as  a  calyx  or  corol. 

Marttjn.    Lee. 
UR'CHIN,  n.     [Xiru.  he^ircuchin ;  1,.  erinaceus.] 

1.  A  name  given  to  the  hedgehog 

2.  A  name  of  slight  anger  given  to  a  child  ;  as,  the 
little  v.rchin  cried. 

TJRE,  n.    Use;   practice.     [Obsolete,  but  retained  in 

ISUBE.] 

U'RE-A,  n.  An  animal  substance  obtained  from 
urine.  It  is  crystalline,  transparent,  and  coloriess, 
and  of  a  pearly  luster.  It  has  the  form  of  a  tetrahe- 
dral  prism.  It  is  composed  of  carbon,  hydrogen,  ni- 
trogen, and  osvgen,  and  is  a  salifiable  base. 

U-Re'TER,  n. '  fOr.  ovpnrnp,  from  ovosoy.  See 
Uri:«e.] 

The  excretory'  duct  of  the  kidney,  a  tube  convey- 
ing the  urine  from  the  kidney  to  the  bladder.  There 
are  two  ureters,  one  on  each  side.    Coze.     Quinaj. 

U-Rk'TIIR.^,  n.  [Gr.  ovpndpa,  from  ovpciti.  See 
Ubine.] 

The  canal  by  which  the  urine  is  conducted  from 
the  bladder  and  discharged.  Coze. 

II-Re'THR.\L,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  urethra. 

URGE,  V.  t,  [L.  urgco.  This  belongs  probably  to  the 
family  of  Gr.  fto>  w,  and  L.  arcco.] 

1.  To  press  ;  to  push  ;  to  drive  ;  to  impel ;  to  apply 
force  to,  in  almost  any  manner. 

And  grc-il  Achllics  urge  i'- ■   "  :,jaii  file.  DryJen. 

2.  To  v"'-''^  the  mind  or  will ;  to  press  by  motives, 
argumeiUL., ,.  iiuasion,  or  importunity. 

Jly  brother 
Did  urge  me  ii»  his  act.  Skai. 

3.  To  provoke ;  to  exasperate. 

Urge  not  my  fotlier's  an^r.  Shak. 

4.  To  follow  close  ;  to  impel. 

Heir  urges  heir,  like  w;uc-  iiiip<.-lliiig  wave.  Pope. 

5.  To  labor  vehenienily  ;  to  press  witli  eagerness. 

Through  thu  thick  deserts  hauHoujj  urged  his  flight.        Pope. 

6.  To  press  ;  ns,  to  urge  an  argument ;  to  urge  a 
petition  ;  to  ur^e  the  necessity  of  a  case. 

7.  To  importune  ;  to  solicit  earnestly.  lie  urged 
his  son  to  withdraw.  .      . 

8.  To  apply  forcibly ;  as,  to  urge  an  ore  with  m- 
tense  heat. 


USA 

URGM,  V.  i.    To  press  forward  ;  if,  he  i^ives  to  urge 
upward. 

UROJ'A'D,  pp.    Pressed  ;  impelled  ;  importuned. 

UR<i'E.\-CY,  n.    Pressure;  importunity;  earntrtd  so- 
licitation ;  as,  the  urgency  of  a  request. 

2.  Pressure  of  neces-^ity  ;  as,  Ihe  urgency  of  want 
or  distres^d  ;  the  urgenci)  of  the  occasion. 

URG'E.VT,  a.    Presxing  with  imponunity.    Zx«d.  xiL 
2.  Pressing  with  necessity  ;   violent ;  vebcment  j 
as,  an  urgent  ca.«e  or  occx>^:on. 

URG'ENT-LY,oJr.    With  pre^^ing  importcnity  ;  rio- 
lentlv  ;  vehemently  ;  forcibly. 

URG'filt,  n.    One  who  urgej  ;  one  who  Imrj'  r.-.iM'--. 

URGE'-WOX-DER,  (-wun-der,)  n.    A  scr 

URG'IXG,  ppr.    Pressing;  driving;  impc! 

2.  a.  Pressing  with  trolicltationn;  imponui-^^Oc  . 

SruiieTc"'.!.,!"-     [Gr.»t«.,  urine]  I 

An  acid  contained  In  urine,  and  In  p' 

tions.     It  is  while,  tasule-^-*,  and   in* 

forms  salts,  which  are  called  L  rates  or  L. 
U'RI-M,  (yu'rim,)  r.     [Ileb.  D*iiH.] 

The  Urim  and  Thuramirn,  among  tXe  frrcditfj,   | 

signify  lights  and  perfections.    Tht---  -.v.  rr  n  kin  I    f 

ornament  belonging  to  the  habit  -  ' 

in  virtue  of  which  he  gave  oraci'. 

people ;  but  what  they  were  has  n  • 

rily  ascertained. 
U'RIN-AL,  n.    [Ft.  urinal;  L.  urinalii^  : 

urine.] 

].  A  bottle  tn  v.-hich  urine  is  kept  for  insp-ctioL. 
9.  A  vessel  fur  containing  urine. 
U'RL\-.\-RY,  a.    [from  urine.]    Pertaining  to  nrirf  ; 

as,  the  urinary  bladder ;  urinain/  calcnli ;  urinary  ah-   . 

scesses. 
IJ'RiX-A-RY,        >  n.     In  agrieuUure,  a  reservoir  or 
U-RIN-A'RI-UM,  i     place  for  the  reception  of  i:r:r. 

&c.,  for  manure.  C  - 

U'RIN-A-TIVE,  c.    Provoking  urine.  Bcc... 

U-RIN-a'TOR,  n.     [L.,  from  unno.  to  dive.] 

A  diver;  one  who  plunges  and  sinks  in  water  In 

search  of  something,  as  for  pearls.  Rajf. 

TI'RIXE,  (yu'rin,)  n.      [L.  tirina;   Gr.    otpoy,  from 

ovpcu;  G.  horn,  hamau] 
An  animal  tluid  or  liquor  secreted  by  the  kidneys, 

whence  it  is  conveyed  into  the  bladder  by  the  ure- 
ters, and  through  the  urethra  discharged.    The  urine 

of  beasts  is  sometimes  called  Stale. 
U'RIX-.aTE,  )  V.  i.     [Supra.]    To  discbarge  urine. 
U'RINE,  i  Bce^n. 

IT'RIX-OUS,  a.    Pertaining  to  urine,  or  part.;'-;  :  "    f 

its  qualities. 
XJ'RITH,  71.    Tlie  flexible  rods  bound  an 

[Proviucio!.]  f<^~ 

URX,  71.     [L.  uma.] 

1.  A  kind  of  vase  of  a  roundish  form,  largt-:  ;r. 
the  middle  ;  used  as  an  ornament,  C;  .- 

2.  A  vessel  for  water. 

3.  .\  vessel  in  which  the  ashes  of  the  dead  v 
formerly  kept. 

4.  A  Roman  measure  for  liquids,  containing  aN--: 
tlirce  gallons  and  a  half,  wine  measure.  It  x\-a<;  half 
the  amphora,  and  four  times  the  congius.  €•  r. 

URX'-SHaP-£D,  (um'shapte.)  a.    Havuic  : 

of  an  urn. 
U-ROS'CO-PY,  n.    [Gr.  ovoov  and  ckctt:.' 

Tlie  judgment  ot  diseases  by  inspection  ii  u: 

UR'RY,  n.    A  sort  of  blue  or  black  clay,  lying  n    .: 
vein  of  coal.  Mortin^- 

UR'SA,  n.     [L.]    A  bear. 

Ursa  major;  the  Great  Bear,  one  of  the  most  r  ■ 
spicuoits  of  the    northern    conslclLilions,   situaitd 
near  the  pole.     It  contains  tlie  stars  which  fonn  the 
Dipper,  or  Charles's  H'ain. 

Ursa  Minor ;  the  constellation  nearest  the  north 
pole.  It  contains  the  pole-star,  which  i«  situated  id 
the  cxtrcmitv  of  the  tail.  Olmsted. 

UR'SI-EORM,  (1.    [L.  ursa,  bear,  and  form.] 

In  the  shape  of  a  bear. 
UR'SIXE,  (ur'sin.)  a.     [L.  tir^iniw.] 

Perlainins  lo  or  resemblinc  a  bear. 
UR'SU-LIXE,  a.    Denoting  an  orderof  nuns,  so  called 
from  their  institutress,  St.  Ursula,  who  devote  them- 
selves to  the  succor  of  poverty  and  sickness.  r.:;.i 
the  education  of  tlie  voung.    Used  also  as  a  noun. 

{i?n-  t^—i  "■■■ 

I.  The  wild  bull.  . 

a.  lu  imiurnJ  hislnra,  lUe  trivial  or  speciUC  name  ol 
the  sjssies  of  Bos  or  Taunis,  to  whirh  the  com:: 
bull  or  o\  and  cow  lielon?.    In  iL-i  nilJ  stntc,  ]l  :   : 
merly  inhabited  the  central  parts  of  Europe. 
US,  pron.  i  objective  case  of  Wi. 

Give  u»  Uiis  day  our  d.-uly  brt-id.  teri't  Pr^^. 

U.S.:  an  abbreviation  for  United  States,    ll.  S.  A., 

for  United  SOUrj  of  America.. 
tI'S.\-nLE,  a.     That  may  be  used. 
n'S:\CiE  n.    [Fr.,  from  ii.«cr,  lo  use.    See  Lsn.] 

1  Treatment ;  an  action  or  scries  of  actions  pei- 
forliird  bv  one  person  toward  another,  or  "'"«'''>'- 
rectly  aliecl  him ;  as,  pood  iis^^:  ill  ■■■<g,?c-  '»cn 


TONE,  B^LL,  IINITE. 


-AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.-e  as  K;  0!  83  J;  S  as  Z;  CUaaSU;  Til  as  in  THIS. 


1221 


USE 

usa^re.  Gentle  usage  will  often  effect  wliat  liaish 
iLsatrc  will  not.  Tfie  elephant  may  be  eoverneii  by 
mild  usarre. 

2.  Use,  or  ong-continued  use ;  custom ;  practice. 
Uninterrupted  usage  for  a  long  time,  or  immemorial 
usage,  constitutes  prescription.  Custom  is  a  local 
usage  i  prescription  is  a  personal  usage.  In  language, 
visage  is  the  foundation  of  all  rules. 

Of  things  once  receired  and  couGrraed  bj  lue,  lon^  usase  is  a 
law  sullieieat.  Homer. 

3.  Manners;  behavior.     [Ofis-.]  Spniser. 
ySAO-ER,  (yu'za-jer,)  n.     [Fr.]     One  who  has  the 

use  of  any  thing  in  trust  for  another,     [J^ot  in  use.'] 

Daniel. 
li'SANCE,  (yO'zans,)  "-     [Fr.]     Use;  proper  employ- 
ment. Spender. 
•2.  Usury  ;  interest  paid  for  money.  Shak. 
3.  In  commcrcey  the  lime  which,  by  2tsagc  or  cus- 
tom, is  allowed  in  certain  countries  for  the  payment 
of  a  bill  of  exchantje.    Tliis  time  may  be  one,  two, 
or  three  months  after  the  date  of  the  bill,  according 
to  the  custom  of  the  places  between  which  the  ex- 
changes run.                                                       Boucier. 
X^SE,  (yusej  71.     [L.  usus ;  It.  uso ;  Fr.  us,  pi.] 

1.  The  act  of  handling  or  employing  in  any  man- 
ner, and  for  any  purpose,  but  especially  for  a  profita- 
ble purpose;  as,  the  vjse  of  a  pen  in  writing;  the 
use  of  books  in  study ;  the  use  of  a  spade  in  digging. 
Use  is  of  two  kinds — that  which  employs  a  thing 
without  destroying  it  or  its  form,  as  the  use  of  a  book 
or  of  a  farm;  or  it  is  the  employment  of  a  thing 
which  destroys  or  wastes  it,  as  the  use  of  bread  for 
provision  ;  the  use  of  water  for  turning  a  mill. 

2.  Employment;  application  of  any  thing  to  a  pur- 
pose, good  or  bad.  It  is  our  duty  to  make  a  faithful 
v^e  of  our  opportunities  and  advantages  for  improve- 
ment. 

Booka  can  never  teach  Ihc  uee  of  books.  Bacon. 

3.  Usefulness  ;  utility ;  advantage  ;  production  of 
benefit.  The  value  of  a  thing  is  to  be  estrmutcd  by 
its  use.     His  friendship  has  been  of  use  to  me. 

'Tis  use  alone  that  SEjictUics  expeasc.  Pope. 

4.  Need  of  employment,  or  occasion  to  employ.  I 
have  no  further  use  for  this  book. 

5.  Power  of  receiving  advantage.    [Unumal.] 

Drydau 

6.  Continued  practice  or  employment. 

Swpetnesa,  truth,  and  every  frace, 

Which  time  and  use  arc  wont  to  leach.  Waller. 

7.  Custom  ;  common  occurrence. 

O  Cesar,  theae  things  are  beyond  all  uae.     [Unusual.\     Sliak. 

8.  Interest;  the  premium  paid  for  the  possession' 
and  employment  of  borrowed  money.  South. 

9.  In  law,  the  benefit  or  protit  of  lands  and  tene- 
ments. Use  imports  a  trust  and  confidence  reposed 
in  a  man  for  the  holding  of  lands.  He  to  whose  jtsc 
or  benefit  the  trust  is  intended,  shall  enjoy  (ho 
profits.  An  estate  is  granted  and  limited  to  A  for 
the  use  of  B. 

SfMute  of  uses;  in  England,  the  Stat.  27  Henry 
VIII.,  cap.  10,  which  transfers  uses  into  possession, 
or  which  unites  the  use  and  possession. 

Cestiiy  qiLc  use;  in  law,the  person  who  has  tlie  use 
of  lands  and  tenements. 

Contingent  use,  in  law.  A  contingent  or  springing 
use,  ia  where  the  use  is  suspended  on  a  future 
event. 

Resulting  use,  is  one  which,  being  limited  by  the 
deed,  expires  or  can  not  vest,  and  results  or  returns 
to  him  who  raised  it,  after  such  expiration. 

Secondary  or  shifting  use,  is  that  which,  though  ex- 
ecuted, may  change  from  one  to  another  by  circum- 
stances. Blackstone. 

In  use;  in  employment;  as,  the  book  is  now  in 
use. 

2.  In  customary  practice  or  observance.  Such 
words,  rites,  and  ceremonies,  have  long  been  in  use. 
qSE,  (yuze,)  v.  u  [Fr.  user  ;  It.  usare;  Sp.  usar  ;  h. 
utor,  vsus ;  Gr.  tflto.] 

1.  To  (.inploy  ;  to  handle,  hold,  occupy,  or  movt;, 
tor  some  purpose  ;  as,  to  use  a  plow  ;  to  use  a  chair  ; 
to  use  a  book  ;  to  use  tune.  iVIost  men  use  the  right 
hand  with  more  convenience  than  the  left,  and 
hence  its  name,  rigkt. 

2.  To  waste,  consume,  or  exhaust,  by  employment ; 
as,  to  use  flour  for  food  ;  to  itsc  beer  for  drink  ;  to 
use  water  for  irrigation,  or  for  turning  the  wheel  of 
a  mdl. 

3.  To  accustom;  to  habituate;  to  render  familiiir 
by  practice  ;  as,  men  used  to  cold  and  hunger;  sol- 
diers jwcd  to  hardships  and  danger.  Addison.  Swift. 

4.  To  treat ;  as,  to  use  one  well  or  ill ;  to  use  peo- 
ple with  kindness  and  civility  ;  to  use  u  beast  with 
criieKy. 

Cato  has  used  rae  ill.  Addiaon. 

5.  To  practice  customarily. 

Use  hospitality  one  to  another.  —  I  Pet.  iv. 

To  use  one^s  self ;  to  behave.    [O&s.J  SItnJc. 

ItSE,  v.i.    To  be  accustomed  ;  to  practice  customarily. 
1'bey  UM  to  place  him  thai  Bball  be  their  captain  on  a  etoue. 

Speruier. 


usu 

2.  To  be  wont. 

Peais  used  to  be  represented  in  an  imaginary  lashion.   Bacon. 

3.  To  frequent ;  to  inhabit. 

Where  never  foot  did  use.  Spenser. 

Jl$'ED,  (yiizd,)  pp.    Employed  ;  occupied  ;  treated. 

IJSE'F^L,  (yuse'ful,)  a.  Producing  or  having  power 
to  produce  good  ;  beneficial ;  profitable ;  helpful  to- 
ward advancing  any  purpose  ;  as,  vessels  and  instru- 
ments useful  in  a  family  ;  books  u^fvl  for  improve- 
ment ;  useful  knowledge  ;  useful  arts. 

ITSE'FIJL-LV",  ttrfp.  In  such  a  manner  as  to  produce 
or  advance  some  end  ;  as,  instruments  or  time  usc- 
fiilljf  employed. 

l[SE'FfJL-NESS,  71.  Conducivenesa  to  some  end, 
properly  to  some  valuable  end  ;  as,  the  ustfulness  of 
canal  navigation ;  the  usefulness  of  machinery  in 
manufactures. 

T^SE'LESS,  a.  Having  no  use  ;  unserviceable  ;  pro- 
ducing no  good  end  ;  answering  no  valuable  purpose  ; 
not  advancing  the  end  proposed;  as,  a,  useless  gn.Y- 
ment ;  usFle<!s  pity.  Oay. 

tJSE'LESS-LY,  ado.  In  a  uj^eless  manner ;  without 
profit  or  advantage.  Locke. 

IJSE'LESS-NESS,  n.  Unserviceableness  ;  unfitness 
for  any  valuable  purpose,  or  for  the  purpose  intended ; 
as,  the  usclcssncss  of  pleasure. 

US'ER,  71.     One  who  uses,  treats,  or  occupies. 

U.SH'ER,  n.  [Fr.  huissicr,a.  door-keeper,  from  huis, 
It.  uscio,  a  door.] 

I.  Properly,  an  oflicer  or  servant  who  has  the  care 
of  the  door  of  a  court,  hall,  chamber,  or  the  like  ; 
lience,  an  officer  whose  business  is  to  introduce 
strangers,  or  to  walk  before  a  person  of  rank.  In 
the  king's  household  there  are  four  gentlemen-ushers 
of  the  privy  chamber.  There  is  also  an  usher  of  the 
exchequer,  who  attends  tlie  barons,  sheriffs,  juries, 
iScc.     [England.']  Cyc. 

9.  An  under-teacher  or  assistant  to  the  preceptor 
of  a  school. 

USH'ER,  V.  t.  To  introduce,  as  a  forerunner  or  har- 
binger; to  forerun. 

Tlie  elara,  tli:tt  usher  evening,  rcse.  ArUlon. 

The  JilxaminLT  WHS  uskereifwto  the  world  by  a  letter,  aetling 
forth  the  great  genius  of  the  author.  Addison, 

U.SH'ER-ii:D,  pp.    Introduced. 
USH'EH-I\G,  ppr.     Introducing,  as  a  forerunner. 
USH'ER-SHtP,  71.    The  office  of  an  usher. 
US'UUE-BAUGH,    (us'kwe-baw,)    n.       [Ir.     uisge, 

water,  and'  bagh,  life.] 
A  compound  distilled  spirit.     From  this  word,  by 

contraction,  we  have  Whi3kt, 
US'TION,  (ust'yun,)  n.     [Fr.  ustion;  L.  ustio,  (win 

uro,  ustus,  to  burn.] 
The  act  of  burning  ;  the  state  of  being  burnt. 
US-To'RI-OUS,  a.     [Supra.]     Having  the  quality  of 

burning.  fi^atis. 

US-TU-La'TION,  n.     [L.  ustulatus.-] 

1.  The  act  of  burning  or  searing.  Petty. 

2.  In  metallurgy,  ustulation  is  the  operation  of  ex- 
pelling one  substance  from  another  by  heat,  as  sul- 
phur and  arsenic  from  ores,  in  a  muffle. 

3.  In  pharmacy,  the  roasting  or  drying  of  moist 
substances  so  as  to  prepare  tliem  for  pulverizing ; 
also,  the  burning  of  wine.  Cyc. 

l^S'I|-AL,  (yii'zhu-al,)  a.     [Fr.  usucl;  from  W5c.] 

Customary  ;  common  ;  frequent ;  such  as  occurs 
in  ordinary  practice  or  in  the  ordinary  course  of 
events.    Rainy  weather  is  not  usual  in  this  climate. 

Consultation  with  oracles  was  formerly  a  thing  very  usual. 

Hooker. 
IJS'U-AL-LY,  adv.     Commonly  ;  customarily  ;  ordina- 
rily.    Men  usually  find  some  excuse  for  their  vices. 
It  is  usually  as  cold  in  North  America  in  the  fortieth 
degree  of  latitude,  as  it  is  in  the  west  of  Europe  in 
the  fiftieth. 
X|S'U-AL-NES9, 71.    Commonness;  frequency. 
t|-SU-eAP'TION,  71.     [L.  lufus,  use,  and  capio,  to 
take.] 

In  the  civil  law,  the  same  as  Prescription  in  the 
common  law  ;  the  acquisition  of  the  title  or  right  to 
property  by  the  uninterrupted  and  undisputed  pos- 
srssion  of  it  for  a  certain  term  prescribed  i)y  Jaw. 
IJ'SU-FRUCT,  n.     [L.  usus,  use,  and  fructu^,  fruit.] 
In  /aw,  the  right  of  enjoying  a  thing  which  be- 
longs to  another,  and  of  deriving  from  it  all  tlie 
profit  or  benefit  it  may  produce,  provided  it  be  with- 
out altering  the  substance  of  the  thing.       Bouvier. 
U-SU-FRUCT'lI-A-RY,  71.    A  person  who  has  the  use 
and  enjoyment  of  properly  for  a  time,  without  Jiav- 
ing  the  title  or  property.  Joknsoju 

IIS'QRE,  v.  i.    To  practice  usury.     [JVot  in  use.] 

Shah: 
lJS'lT-RER,(yu'zhu-rer,)n.     [?ee  Uaunv.]     Formerly, 
a  person  who  lent  money  and  took  interest  for  it. 

2.  In  present  usage,  one  who  lends  money  at  a  rate 
of  interest  beyond  that  established  by  law. 
U-SC'RI-OUS,   (yu-zQ're-us,)  a.     Practicing  usury  ; 
taking  exorbitant  interest  for  the  use  of  money  ;  as, 
a  usurious  person. 

2.  Paitakitig  of  usury  ;   containing  usury;  as,  a 
u,turi/nu!  contract,  which  by  statute  is  void. 
TJ-SO'Ri-OUS-LY,  adr.    In  a  usurious  manner. 


UTM 

X|-Su'RI-OUS-NESS,  71.  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
usurious. 

IJ-SURP',  (yu-zurp',)  v.  t.    [Fr.  usurper  ;  L.  usurpo.] 
To  seize  and  hold  in  possession  by  iorce  or  with- 
out right ;  as,  to  usurp  a  throne ;  to  usurp  the  pre- 
rogatives of  the  crown  ;  to  usurp  power.    To  usurp 
the  right  of  a  patron,  is  to  oust  or  dispossess  him. 

Vice  sometimeB  usurps  the  place  of  Yirtue.  Denkam. 

[Usurp  is  not  applied  to  common  dispossession  of 
private  property.] 

U-SURP-A'TION,  n.  [Supra.]  The  act  of  seizing  or 
occupying  and  enjoying  the  power  or  property  of 
another  without  right ;  as,thc?/5ur/)ario7iof  a  throne  ; 
the  usui-pation  of  the  supreme  power.  Usur])atioii, 
in  a  peculiar  sense,  denotes  Ihe  absolute  ouster  and 
dispossession  of  the  patron  of  a  church,  by  present- 
ing a  clerk  to  a  vacant  benefice,  who  is  thereupon 
admitted  and  instituted.  Cyc. 

iq:-SURP' A-TO-RY,  a.  Usurping ;  marked  by  usurpa- 
tion. 

II-SURP'£D,  (yu-zurpt',)  pp.  or  a.  Seized  or  occu- 
pied and  enjoyed  by  violence,  or  without  right. 

CJ-SURP'ER,  n.  One  who  seizes  or  occupies  the  pow- 
er or  property  of  another  without  right ;  as,  the 
usurper  of  a  throne,  of  power,  or  of  the  rights  of  a 
patron.  SkaJc.     Drydcn.     Cyc, 

IJ-SURP'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Seizing  or  occupying  the 
power  or  property  of  another  without  right. 

U-SURP'ING-LY,  adv.  By  usurpation;  without  just 
right  or  claim.  Skak. 

IJS'l^-RY,  (yu'zhu-re,)  n.  [Fr.  usurc;  L.  usura,  from 
titur,  to  use.] 

1.  Formerly,  interest ;  or  a  premium  paid,  or  stipu- 
lated to  be  paid,  for  the  use  of  money. 

[C/iftJ-j/  formerly  denoted  any  legal  interest;  but  in 
this  sense,  the  word  is  no  longer  in  use.] 

9.  In  present  7isa0e,  ilifigaX  interest;  a  premium  or 

^    compensation  paid,  or  stipulated  to  be  paid,  fur  the 

use  of  money  borrowed  or  returned,  beyond  the  rate 

of  interest  established  by  law. 

3.  Tlic  practice  of  taking  interest.     [Obs.]    Bacon. 

U'SUS  LO-QUEJ\rDI,  [L.]  The  usual  mode  of 
speaking. 

UT  ;  the  first  note  in  Guido's  nmsical  scale ;  now  usu- 
ally superseded  by  Do. 

l|-TEN'SIL,  ?(.  [Fr.  7itensile.  This  seems  to  be  formed 
on  the  participle  of  the  L.  utor.] 

An  instrument;  that  which  is  used;  particularly, 
an  instrument  or  vessel  used  in  a  kitchen,  or  in  do- 
mestic and  farming  business. 

U'TER-INE,  (yu'ter-in,)  a.  [Fr.  uterine;  L.  uterinus, 
from  uterus.] 

Pertaining  to  the  womb.  Uterine  brother  or  sister, 
is  one  born  of  the  same  mother,  but  by  a  different 
father.  Cyc. 

TJ-TE-RO-GES-Ta'TIOV,  71.  Gestation  in  the  womb 
from  conception  to  birth.  Pritchard. 

U'TE-RUS, ».     [L.l     The  womb. 

lI'TILE,  (yu'til,)  a.    Profitable  ;  useful. 

U'TI-LE  DUL'CI,  [L.]  The  useful  with  the  agree- 
able. 

XJ-TIL-I-Ta'RI-AN,  a.  Consisting  in  or  pertaining  to 
uti'iiy  ;  pertaining  to  utilitarianism. 

Xi-TII^i-TA'RI-AN,  n.  One  who  holds  the  doctrine 
of  utilitarianism. 

li-TIL-I-TA'RI-AN-ISM,  «.  The  doctrine  that  the 
greatest  happiness  of  the  greatest  number  should  be 
the  end  and  aim  of  all  social  and  political  institu- 
tions. J.  Benthanu 

2.  The  term  has  also  been  applied  to  the  doctrine 
of  Hume,  that  utility  is  the  sole  standard  of  moral 
conduct;  or  that  every  thing  is  right  wliich  appears 
to  be  useful,  irrespective  of  God's  decision  on  the 
subject  in  his  Word. 

3.  The  term  has  also  sometimes  been  applied  to 
the  doctrine  that  virtue  is  founded  in  utility  ;  or  tbat 
the  practice  of  virtue  is  enjoined  by  God  solely  on  the 
gi'ound  of  its  tendency  to  promote  the  highest  happi- 
ness of  the  universe. 

T^-TIL'I-TY,  (yu-til'e-te,)  71.  [Fr.  utiliti ;  h.  vtilitas, 
from  iifor,  to  use.] 

Usefulness;  production  of  good  ;  profitableness  to 
some  valuable  end  ;  as,  the  utility  of  manures  upon 
land  ;  the  utility  of  the  sciences  ;  the  utility  of  medi- 
cines. 

U-TII^I-ZA'TION,  71.  A  making  profitable ;  a  gaining. 

U'TIL-IZE,  V.  t.  [It.  utilizzarc;  Sp.  utiUiar ;  from 
utile,  vtil,  useful.] 

1.  To  gain  profit ;  to  acquire.     Joum.  of  Science. 

2.  To  turn  to  profitable  account  or  use. 
tJ'TIL-TZ-£D,  pp.     Made  profitable. 
Xl'Tlli-lZ-lNG,ppr.    Rendering  profitable  ;  gaining. 
U'TI  POS-SI-DE'TIS,    [L.,   as  you    possess.]     In 

politics,  the  basis  or  principle  of  a  treaty  which  leaves 
belligerents  mutually  in  possession  of  what  they  have 
acquired  by  their  arms  during  the  war.        Braude. 
Q'TIS,  n.     [Fr.  huit.] 

1.  An  ancient  law  term,  signifying  the  eighth  day 
after  any  festival ;  it  also  denotes  the  festival  itself. 

Toonc. 
0.  Bustle;  stir.  ShaJc. 

UT'MOST,  a.  [Sax.  utmast,  utmest;  ut,  out,  and 
meat,  most,  that  is,  to  the  outermost  point.] 


FITE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— MeTE,  PREY.— PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK — 


" 


VAC 

1.  Extreme ;  being  at  the  furthest  poiitt  or  ex- 
tremity ;  33,  the  utmost  limit  uf  North  America  ;  the 
utiaost  limits  ol'the  land  ;  the  utmost  extent  of  human 
knowledge, 

•1.  Beiu^  in  the  greatest  or  highest  degree  ;  as,  the 
tUmv^t  assiduity  ;  the  tttntost  harmony  j  the  utmost 
misery  or  happint.ss  ;  the  utmost  peril. "  Shale. 

UT'MoST,  n.  The  most  thai  can  be  ;  the  greatest 
power,  degree,  or  effort.  He  has  done  liis  uliiwst. 
Try  your  utmost, 

I  wilt  be  free 
Etcd  to  Ibe  tOmost  as  I  please  in  words.  Slial:. 

l^-To'PI-A,  K.  A  term  invented  by  Sir  Thomas  Jlore, 
[from  the  Gv.  ocToTas*,  no  place,]  and  applied  to  an 
imaginary  isle,  which  he  represents  as  enjoying  the 
greatest  iR-rfcctiun  in  politics,  laws,  Jtc.  The  word 
13  now  used  in  all  the  languages  of  Europe,  to  sig- 
nify a  state  of  ideal  perfection.  Brande. 

tJ-To'Pl-AN,  a.  [from  More's  Vtvpia.]  Ideal ;  chi- 
merical ;  fanciful ;  not  well  founded. 

TJ-To'PI-i^VN-ISM,n.  Chimerical  schemea  in  theory 
or  practice.  Ciialnwrs. 

ti'TRI-CLE,  (yu'tri-fcl,)  n.  [L.  ufriraZus,  a  Utile  bag  or 
batle.] 

1.  A  little  bag  or  bladder  ;  a  little  cell ;  a  reservoir 
in  plants  to  receive  the  sap.        Fourcroy,     Martija. 

2.  A  cai>5ule  of  one  cell,  and  containing  a  solitary 
seed,  ol>«n  very  thin  and  semi-transparent,  con- 
stantly destitute  of  valves,  and  falling  with  the  seed. 

Qisrtner.  Cyc.  Smith. 
IJ-TRie^fJ-LAR,  u.      Containing  utricles;    furnished 

with  glandular  vessels  like  small  bags;  as  plants. 
UT'TER,  a.     [Sax.  ;  that  is,  outer.]    Situated  on  the 

outside  or  remote  from  the  center.  Ji'IUtotu 


VAC 


VAD 


1 


VIS  the  twenty-second  letter  of  the  English  alpha- 
bet, and  a  labial  articulation,  formed  by  the  junc- 
tion of  the  upper  teeth  with  the  lower  lip,  as  in  pro- 
nouncing ar,  cc,  OP,  ratH.  It  is  not  a  close  articula- 
tion, but  one  that  admits  of  some  sound.  It  is  nearly 
alhed  to/,  being  formed  by  tiie  same  organs;  but 
»  is  vocal,  and  /  is  aspintte,  and  this  constitutes 
the  principal  difference  between  them.  K  and  u 
were  formerly  the  same  letter,  derived,  no  doubt, 
from  the  Oriental  tau  or  waw  ;  but  they  have  now  as 
distinct  Tises  as  any  two  letters  in  the  alphabet,  and 
are  therefore  to  be  considered  as  different  letters,  y 
has  one  sound  only,  as  in  vertj^  vote,  latlslu 
As  a  numeral,  V  stands  for  5.    With  a  dash  over 

it,  in  old  books,  V,  it  stands  for  5000. 

V.  R.,  among  the  Romans,  stood  for  uti  rogas,  as 
you  desire  ;  \*.  C.  for  vir  amsularis  ;  V.  G.  for  verbi 
gTi^a  ;  V.  L.  for  videlicit. 

In  misic  for  wstrumetUs^  V.  stands  for  violin ;  V, 

V.  for  rio/rifcf. 

VA'e.'VN-CY,  n.  [L.  vacans,  from  vaco,  to  be  empty  ; 
Fr.  vacance ;  It.  vacanza;  Sp.  vacancia;  W.  gwag  ; 
Heb.  p3,  to  empty.    Class  Bg,  No.  2S.] 

1.  Empty  space  ;  vacuity. 

[In  this  sense,  Vaccitv  is  now  generally  used.] 

ShaJi. 

2.  Chasm  ;  void  space  between  bodies  or  objects  ; 
as,  a  vacancy  between  two  beams  or  boards  in  a 
building;  a  vacancy  between  two  buildings;  a  va- 
cancy between  words  in  a  writing.  Watts. 

3.  The  state  of  being  destitute  of  an  incumbent; 
want  of  the  regular  officer  to  officiate  in  a  place. 
Hence, 

4.  The  office,  post,  or  benefice  which  is  destitute 
of  an  incumbent ;  as,  a  vacancy  in  a  parish ;  vacan- 
cies in  the  treasury  or  war  office.  There  is  no  va- 
cancy on  the  bench  of  the  Supreme  Court. 

5.  Time  of  leisure ;  freedom  from  employment ; 
intermission  of  business. 

ThoK  little  vacanau  I'rom  toils  are  eneet.  Dryden. 

6.  Ijistlessness  :  emptiness  of  thought.     JVotton. 

7.  A  place  or  office  not  occupied,  or  destitute  of  a 
person  to  fill  it ;  as,  a  vacancy  in  a  school. 

Va'CANT,  a.     [Fr.,  from  L.  vacans.] 

1.  Empty  ;  not  filled  ;  void  of  every  substance  ex- 
cept air  ;  as,  a  vacant  space  between  houses  ;  vacant 
room.  MUton. 

2.  Empty  ;  exhausted  of  air;  as,a»a«an£  receiver. 

Boyle. 

3.  Free ;  unencumbered  ;  unengaged  with  busi- 
ness or  care. 

Philosophy  is  ihe  interest  of  IIiobc  only  who  are  vacant  from  the 
affaira  of  the  worJfJ.  More. 

4.  Not  filled  or  occupied  with  an  incumbent  or 
possessor  ;  as,  a  vacant  throne  ;  a  vacant  parish. 

5.  Being  unoccupied  with  business  ;  as,  vacant 
hours;  riwant  moments.  JSddison. 


2.  Placed  or  being  beyond  any  compass;  out  of 

any  place  ;  as,  the  utter  deep.  Milton. 

3.  Extreme ;  excessive  ;  utmost ;  as,  utter  tlarkness. 

4.  Complete  ;  total ;  final ;  as,  uUcr  ruin, 

5.  Peremptory ;  absolute ;  as,  an  utter  refusal  or 
denial. 

C.  Perfect;  mere;  quite;  as,  aWrr  strangers. 

Utter  barrister;  one  recently  admitted  as  barrister, 
who  was  accustomrd  to  plead  witliout  the  bar,  as 
distinguished  from  tiie  benchers,  who  were  permitted 
to  plead  within  the  bar.  Cirwet. 

UT'TER,  V.  t.     To  speak  ;  to  pronounce  ;  to  express  ; 
as,  to  attcr  words  ;  to  Tttftr  sounds.  AddL^on. 

'2,  To  disclose;  t(»  dis'covcr ;  to  divulge;  to  pub- 
lish. He  never  utters  a  syllable  of  what  I  suppose  to 
be  intended  as  a  secret. 

3.  To  sell ;  to  vend  ;  as,  to  utter  wares. 
[This  is  obsolete,  unless  in  the  laio  style] 

4.  To  put  or  send  into  circulation  ;  to  put  off,  as 
currency,  or  cause  to  pass  in  conmierce  ;  as,  to  utter 
coin  or  notes.  A  man  utters  a  false  note,  who  gives 
it  in  payment,  knowing  it  to  he  false. 

UT'TER-.\-ULE,    a.      That   may  be    uttered,   pro- 
nounced, or  expressed. 
UT'TER-ANCE,  n.    The  act  of  uttering  words  ;  pro- 
nunciation ;  manner  of  speaking ;  as,  a  good  or  bad 
utterance. 

Tliey  h'^ga.n  to  speak  with  other  tongues,  aa  the  Spirit  ^vc  Ihcm 
utterance.  —  Acts  ii. 

2.  Emission  from  the  mouth  ;  vocal  e.xpression ; 
as,  the  utterance  of  sounds. 

3.  [Fr.  outrance.]  Extremity  ;  furthest  part.  [Jv'ot 
iti  use]  Shuk. 

UT'TER-£D,  pp.    Spoken  ;  pronounced  j   disclosed ; 
published  ;  put  into  circulation. 


One  who  uUvrs;   one  who  pro- 


V. 


6.  Empty  of  thought  ;  thoughtless;  not  occupied 
with  study  or  retlection  ;  as,  a  vacant  mind. 

7.  Indicating  want  of  thought. 

The  duke  had  a  pleasant  and  vacant  face.  Wotlon. 

8.  In  law,  abandoned  ;  having  no  heir ;  as,  vacant 
effects  or  goods. 

Va'CANT-Ly,  adv.     In  a  vacant  manner. 
Va'CaTE,  v.  l    To  annul ;  to  make  void  ;  to  make 
of  no  authority  or  validity  ;  as,  to  vacate  a  commis- 
sion ;  to  vacate  a  chaiter. 

The  newssity  of  observing  the  Jewish  sahbath  was  vacated  by  the 
apostolical  institution  of  the  Lord's  day.  Nelson. 

9.  To  make  vacant ;  to  quit  possession  and  leave 
destitute.  It  was  resolved  by  parliament  that  James 
had  vacated  the  throne  of  England. 

3.  To  defeat ;  to  put  an  end  to. 

He  vacates  my  revenge.     [Unusual.]  Dryden. 

Va'€a-TED,  pp.    Annulled ;  made  void  ;  made  va- 
cant. 
Va'€a-TING,  ppr.    Making  void  ;  making  vacant. 
VA-Ca'TION,  v.     [Fr.,  from  L.  vacatio.] 

1.  The  act  of  makmg  void,  vacant,  or  of  no  valid- 
ity ;  as,  the  vacation  of  a  charter. 

9.  Intermission  of  judicial  proceedings;  the  space 
of  time  between  the  end  of  one  term  and  the  begin- 
ning of  the  next ;  non-term. 

3.  The  intermission  of  the  regular  studies  and  ex- 
ercises of  a  college  or  other  seminary,  when  the  stu- 
dents have  a  recess. 

4.  Intermission  of  a  stated  employment. 

5.  The  time  when  a  see  or  other  spiritual  dignity 
is  vacant. 

Durinf  ihe  vacaiion  of  a  bishopric,  the  dcao  and  clispler  arc 
guardians  of  tJie  spiritualities.  Cyc. 

G.  Leisure ;  freedom  from  trouble  or  perplexity. 
[J\ro%D  little  used.]  Hammond, 

VAC'€A-RY,  71.    [L.  vacca,  a  cow.] 

An  old  word  signifying  a  cow-house,  dairy-house, 
or  a  covv-pasturo.  Bailey.     Cyc. 

VAC'CIN-aTE,  (vak'sin-5te,)u.(.    [L.  vacca,  a  cow.] 
To  inoculate  with  the  cow-pox,  or  a  virus  taken 
from  cows,  called  vaccine  matter. 

Cow-pox  is  small-poc,  modified  by  the  fact  of  its 
having  been  coninmnicatcd  to  a  cow. 
VACCIN-a-TED,  pp.    Inoculated  with  the  cow-pox. 
VACCIN-a-TING,  ppr.    Inoculating  with  the  cow- 

VAe-CIN-A'TION,  n.    The  act,  art,  or  practice  of  m- 

nculating  persons  with  the  cow-pox. 
VACCIN-A-TOR,  j  n.    One  who  inoculates  with  the 
VAC'CIN-IST,       \     cow-pox. 
VA€'CINE,  (-sin,)  a.  [L.  vaccinus,  from  vacca,  a  cow.] 
Pertainini*  to  cows;  derived  from  cowsj  as,  the 
vaccine  disease  or  cow-pox. 
VACH'ER-Y,  Cvash'er-y,)  n.     [Fr.  vache,  a  cow-l 
A  pen  or  iuclosure  for  cows.  FiinU 


UT'TER-ER 
nounccs. 

2.  One  who  divulges  or  dtsduses. 

3.  One  who  puts  into  circulation. 

4.  A  seller  ;  a  vender. 

UT''J'ER-ING,  ppr.     Pronouncing;   diwluhlDg ;    i    ■ 

tin*:  into  circulation  ;  fuelling. 
UT'TER-LY,  adv.    To  the  full  exh    ■ 

ly  ;  totally;  as,  utterly  tired  ;  uti 

lobt  to  all  sense  of  shame  j  it  u  i< 

out  nf  my  power.  '  '    |, 

tJ'i''TEU-Mo.ST,  a.    [utUr  and  mosL]    Extreme  ;  be- 
ing in  the  furthest,  greatc^il,  or  hi-Iic»t  dc::rL..' ;  ■^:, 

the  vUcrmost  extent  or  end  ;  the  uU. mw^t 
UT'TER-MCST,  n.     The  grealtrt.    The  i 

can  do  is  to  b:?  patient. 

To  the  uttermoit;  in  the  utjit  cxtcojuivc  dt, ; : 

fully.    Heb.  vii. 
U'  VE-OUH,  (yu've-us,)  a.    [L.  aco.  a  grape.] 

1.  Resembling  a  grape.  Its 

2.  The  nccous  coat  of  the  cy  •,  or  urea,  in  the  ;- 
terior  lamina  of  the  iris;  so  Vailed  by  tlie  ancn  nt -, 
because  in  the  animals  which  they  di^sei  tud,  it  re-   j 
strnibles  an  unripe  grape.  Parr, 

IJ'VU-LA,  n.    [L.]    Asoft,  roui/d,  sponpj- 1>.1>. -1- 

pendcd  from  the  palate  near  the  foruii 

nostrils,  over  Ihe  tilutlis. 
'I'he  small  conical  body  projecting  from 

of  the  soft  palate.  C'^c. 

UX-6'Rl-OUS,  a.    [L.  uxarius,  from  oww,  wife] 

Submissively  fond  of  a  wife.  Bueon. 

UX-o'RI-OUS-LY,  adc.    With  fond  or  fltr\ 

sion  to  a  wife. 
UX-O'RI-OUS-NESS,  n.    Connubial  doia: 

fondness  for  a  wife.  Mffrc 


VAC'IL-LAN-CY,  (vas'sd-lan-se,)  n.  [L.  tacUlaju, 
from  vacillo,  to  waver,  Eng-  to  aaggte,  from  the 
root  of  wag,  which  see.] 


A  state  of  wavering ;  iluctuation  ;  inconstancy. 

More, 
VAC'IL-LANT,  a.    [Supra.]   Wavering;  fluctuating  ; 

unsteady.  Smr!.    ■ 

VAC'IL-L.aTE,  r.  i.     [L.  vaeiUo  :  G.  wackdn  :  ti. 
xcagglf,  a  diminutive  of  vag.    Sec  Wag.] 

1.  To  waver  ;  to  move  one  way  and  the  other ;  to 
reel  or  stagger. 

2.  To  fluctuate  in  mind  or  opinion ;  to  waver;  to 
be  unsteadv  or  inconstant 

VAC'IL-La-TING,  ppr.    Wavering;  reeling;  fluctu- 
ating. 
2.  a.  Unsteady  ;  inclined  to  fluctuate. 
VAC'IL-L.^-TIXG-LY,  oifc.     Unsteaddv. 
VAC-IL-La'TION,  u.     [Fr.,  from  L.  racillatio.] 

1.  A  wavering  ;  a  moving  one  way  and  the  oilier  ; 
a  reeling  or  staggering. 

2.  Fluctuation  of  mind  ;    unsteadine&i ;   change 
from  one  object  to  another.  &  X^ee. 

VAC-II-A'TION,  n.     [I>.  vacuo.] 

The  act  of  emptying.    [LUtle  u^ed.]    [Se«  Etacc- 

ATlON.l 

VA€'U-IST,  n.  [from  vacuum,]  One  who  holds  lo 
the  doctrine  of  a  vacuum  in  nature;  opposed  lo  a 
Plenist.  Bojfle. 

VA  eu'I-TY,  Ti.    [L.  vacuitas,  from  rarKi**.] 
1.  Emptiness  ;  a  state  of  being  unfilled. 


2.  Space  unfilled  or  unoccupied,  or  occupied  with 
an  invisible  fluid  only. 

A  coottft/  is  interspersed  uooog  the  panidea  of  matter. 

3-  Emptiness  j  void. 

Covl  oidy  can  fill  crery  vaadls  of  the  kjoI.  ii .  -: 

4.  Inanity;  emptiness;  want  of  realitv. 

OnutriUe. 

5.  Vacmim,  which  see. 

V.Xe'U-OUP,  a.    Empty;  unfilled;  void.      MiUcn. 

VAe'U-OUS-NESS,  n.    The  stale  of  being  empty. 

.MoHMtajpu, 

VAC'tl-UM,  rt.  [L.1  Space  empty  or  devoid  of  all 
matter  or  body.  Whether  there  is  such  a  thing  m 
an  absolute  vacuum  in  natun^,  is  a  question  which 
has  been  much  controverted.  The  Peripalclics  as- 
sert that  nature  abhors  a  vacuum. 

Torricellian  vacuum  :  the  \-acuum  produced  by  suf- 
ficiently filling  a  tube  with  nu-rcur\',  and  allowmn  it 
to  descend  lillit  is  rountorbalanced  by  the  wcighl  of 
the  atmosphere,  as  in  the  baiwmeter  inrenlcd  by  Tor- 
ricelli. 

VaDE,  c.  i.     [h.  rod:] 

To  vanish  ;  to  i«iss  awav.   [J^'ol  in  use.]  fT'-'i.  ■ - 

VA'DE-ME'eUSl,  n.    [L.,  fipwith  me.]    A  book  .^r   | 


TONE,  BjJLL,  U.NITE.-AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.-€  as  K ;  6  aa  J  ;  S  as  Z;  CH  as  ^^H  :    Tn  ... 


THIS. 

"1223" 


M 


;.      A    Fitite    of    wanderiiiE 
about  in  idleness. 


Rfillon. 


Jilorc. 


VAI 

other  thing  that  a  person  carries  with  him  as  a  con- 
Finnt  ctiinpnnioii  ;  a  manual. 
Va'FKOI'S,  rt.     [L.  va/er.] 

('rafty  ,  cunning.  More, 

VAd'A-IIO.VL),  a.  [T,.  va<ri:bunduSj  from  vagor^  to 
wiiiidt-r  ;  from  the  root  of  wa<T.'\ 

1.  Wiintifring;  muvinc;  from  place  to  place  with- 
out anv  settled  habitation  ;  a^,  a  vatrabond  exile. 

Skak. 
9.  Wandering;  floating  about  without  any  certain 
direction  ;  driven  to  and  fro. 

Like  to  a  txi--ato.i'/  ftaj  uixin  t!)C  strpam.  Shak. 

VAG'.\-BOND,  n.  [Supra.]  A  vagrant;  one  who 
wanders  from  town  to  town  or  place  to  place,  liavinc 
no  certain  dwelling,  or  not  al)iclini;  in  it,  and  iKually 
wiihuiil  the  means  of  hun-5t  livililiood.  liy  Ihe 
laws  of  England  and  uf  thi-  I'nittd  'SVAlc^^vajrubonds 
are  liable  to  be  taken  u|)  and  punished. 

VAG'AIJOND-A<5E 

VAG'A-IiOND  ISM, 

VAG'A-BOND-Ry, 

VAG'A-BOND-IZE,  v.  t.  To  wander  about  in  idle- 
ness. 

VA-Ga'RV,  n.    [Ij.  vn^nsj  wandering.] 

A  wandering  of  the  thoughts;  a  wild  frcaU ;  a 
whim  i  a  whimsical  purpose. 

Tiif.'y  changed  llieir  mimla, 
Plew  off,  and  into  simn^;  vagaries  fell. 

Va'GI-ENT,  a.     [h.  vag-ieiis.] 

Crving  like  a  child.     [J^ot  in  use] 
VA-GfNA,  71.     [L.,  a  sheath.] 

1.  In  nnatomy,  tiie  canal  which  leads  from  the  ex- 
ternal orifice  to  the  uterus  or  womb.  Forsyth. 

2.  In  botany^  the  leaf-stalk  of  those  plants  in 
which  it  becomes  thin  and  rolls  round  the  stem,  to 
which  it  then  forms  a  sheath.  Brande. 

VAG'I-X.\L,  (vaj'e-nal,)  a.  [L.  vagina,  a  sheath. 
See  Wain.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  a  sheath,  or  resembling  a  sheath  ; 
as,  a  PQ^rinal  membrane. 

2.  Pertaining  ta  the  vagina. 
VAG'I-NANT,  a.     [L.  vagincu] 

In  botany,  sheathing  ;  as,  a  vamnant  leaf,  one  in- 
vesting the  stem  or  branch  by  its  base,  which  has 
the  form  of  a  tube.  Martyn. 

VAG'I  Na-TED,  a.      In  botamj^  sheathed;  invested 
bv  the  tubular  base  of  the  leaf;  as  a  stem.     Martifn. 
VAG-I-NO-PEN'NOUS,  a.     [h.  vagina  and  mnna.] 
Having  the  wings  covered  with  a  hard  case  or 
sheatli,  as  some  insects  ;  sheath-winged. 
Va'GOU.S,  a.     [L.  vaiTiLs  ;  Fr.  xmf^ue.] 

Wandering;  unsettled.    [Litlle  xiscd."]      Ayliffe. 
VA'GRAN-CY,  n.     [from  vatrrant.']     A  state  of  wan- 
dering without  a  settled  liome.     Vasrancy^  in  idle 
strollers  or  vagabonds,  is  punishable  by  law. 
Va'GRANT,  a.     [L.  vagor.] 

1.  Wandering  from  place  to  place  without  any  set- 
tled habitation  ;  as,  a  vatp-ant  beggar. 

2.  Wandering  ;  unsettled  ;  moving  without  any 
certain  direction. 

Thai  beauteous  Emma  va^atit  courses  took.  Prior, 

V.\'GRANT,  Tu     [Norm  vacrarant.] 

An  idle  wanderer  ;  a  vagabond  ;  one  who  strolls 
from  place  to  place  ;  a  sturdy  beggar  ;  one  who  has 
no  settled  habitation,  or  who  does  not  abide  in  it. 

Yagranls  and  oullawe  shall  offend  Ihy  view.  Prior. 

Va'GRANT-LY,    adv.      In  a  wandering,  unsettled 

manner. 
VAGUE,  (vag,)  a.     [Fr.,  from  L.  vagus,  wandering.] 

1.  Wandering;  vagrant;  vagabond;  as,  uaiJ-He  vil- 
lains.    [In  this  titcr^  snisc^  not  used.]  Hayward, 

2.  Unsettled  ;  unfixed  ;  undetermined  ;  indefi- 
nite. He  appears  to  have  very  vague  ideas  of  this 
subject. 

3.  Proceeding  from  no-  known  authority;  Hying; 
uncertain  ;  as,  a  vague,  report. 

VaIL,  71.  [Fr.  voile  ;  It.  vclo;  L.  velum,  from  vcio,  to 
cover,  to  spread  over  ;  Gaelic,  falach,  a  vail.  It  is 
correctly  written  Vail,  for  c,  in  Latin,  is  our  «.] 

1.  Any  kind  of  cloth  which  is  used  for  intercept- 
ing the  view  and  hiding  something ;  as,  the  tmil  of 
the  temple  among  thj  Isii-clites. 

9.  A  piece  of  thin  cloth  or  silk  stuff,  used  by  fe- 
males to  hide  their  faces.  In  some  Eastern  countries, 
certain  classes  of  females  never  appear  abroad  with- 
out iiails. 

'X  A  cover;  that  which  conceals;  as,  the  vail  of 
oblivion. 

4.  In  botany^  the  membranous  covering  of  the  ger- 
men  in  the  Jlusci  and  Hepaticaj ;  the  calypter.    Cyc. 

5.  Fails;  money  given  to  servants.  [J^otuscd  in 
America.]  " 

VAIL,  V.  t.     [L.  velo.] 

To  cover  ;  to  hide  from  the  siglit ; 
face. 
VAIL,  V.  t.     [Fr.  avalcr.] 

1.  To  let  fall. 

The_T  stifflv  FRfucoJ  (0  vail  tlieirbooncU. 

[I  Uli$ve  wholly  obtoleu.] 

2.  To  let  fall  ;  to  lower;  as,  to  imil  the  top-sail, 
{Obs~\ 

3.  To  let  fall ;  to  sink.     [  Obs.]  Skak. 


Dryden. 
as,  to  vad  tlie 


VAL 

VAIL,  r.  1.  To  yi;^ld  or  recede;  to  give  place;  to 
show  respect  by  yielding. 

Thy  tt'iivciiicnce  must  vml  to  thy  noiglibor'a  necessity.     {Oha.'\ 

South. 
VAIL'KD,  pp.  or  a.    Covered;  concealed. 
VAIL'ER,  n.    One  who  yields  from  respect.     [Obs.] 

Onerbury. 
VAIL'ING,  ppr.     Covering  ;  hiding  from  the  sight. 
VAIN,  n.     [Ft.  vain;  \t.  vano  ;  L.pauiw;  Gaelic, /ann, 
weak  ;  faou,  void  ;  W.  gican ;  Sans,  vana  ;  probably 
allied  to  Eng.  ican^  wane,  want.] 

1.  Empty  ;  \vorihU;s3 ;  having  no  substance,  value, 
or  importance.    1  Pet.  i. 

To  your  vain  uiiswer  will  you  have  recoursp.  Blackmors. 

Kvi-ry  man  walkcth  in  a  vain  show.  —  Pa.  xxxix. 
Why  do  the  people  imagine  a  cain  thing  f  — Pa.  ii. 

2.  Fruitless  j  ineffectual.  All  attempts,  all  efforts 
were  vain. 

Vain  b  the  force  of  man.  Dryden. 

3.  Proud  of  petty  things,  or  of  trifling  attainments  ; 
elated  with  a  high  opinion  of  one's  own  accomplish- 
ments, or  with  things  more  showy  than  valuable; 
conceited. 

The  inioslrela  plnycd  on  every  side, 
Vain  of  llicir  art.  Dryden. 

4.  Empty  ;  unreal ;  as,  a  vain  cliimera. 

5.  Showy ;  ostentatious. 

Load  some  tiain  church  witli  old  theatric  slntf.  Pope. 

6.  Light;  inconstant;  worthless.    Prov-xVi. 

7.  Empty;  unsatisfying.  The  pleasures  of  life 
are  vain. 

8.  False ;  deceitful ;  not  genuine  ;  spurious. 
Jasncs  i. 

9.  Not  effectual ;  having  no  efficacy. 

Bring  no  more  vain  obUtliona.  —  Is.  i. 

Til  vain;  to  no  purpose;  without  effect;  ineffect- 
ual. 

In  vain  do  they  worship  me. —  Matt.  xv. 
To  take  the  name  of  Qod  in  vain ;  to  use  tlic  name 
of  Gnd  with  levitv  or  profaneness. 
VAIN-GLO'Rl-OUS,  a.     [vain  and  trlorious.] 

1.  Vain  to  excess  of  one's  own  achievements; 
elated  beyond  due  measure ;  boastful. 

Vaing'oTioiis  man.  ^enscr. 

2.  Boastful ;  proceeding  from  vanity. 

Arrogiiot  and  vainglorious  expression.  Hale. 

VaIN-GLo'RI-OUS-LY,  adc.    With  empty  pride. 

Milton. 

V.aIN-GLo'RV,  n.  [vain  and  glory.]  Exclusive  van- 
ity excited  by  one's  own  performances  ;  empty  pride  ; 
undue  elation  of  niiini. 

He  haih  nothing  of  vainglory.  Bacon. 

Let  nodiing  be  done  through  strife  or  ixunglory.  —  Phil.  ii. 

VAIN'LY,  flf/r.  Without  effect ;  to  no  purpose  ;  inef- 
fectually ;  in  vain. 

In  weak  compliints  you  vainly  waste  your  breath.        Dryden. 

9.  Boastingly;  with  vaunting;  proudly j  arro- 
gantly. 

Humility  teaches  us  not  to  think  vainly  nor  raunlingly  of  our- 
selves, Delany. 

3.  Idly ;  foolishly. 

Nor  vainly  hope  to  Ic  invulnsnble.  ^lilton. 

VAIN'NESS,n.    The  state  of  being  vain  ;  inefficacy  ; 
ineffectualness  ;  as,  the  vainness  of  efforts. 
2.  Empty  pride  ;  vanity. 

VAIR,       )  a.     In  heraldry,  charged  with  vair;    vurie- 

VAIR'Y,  \  gated  with  argent  and  azure  colors,  when 
the  term  is  vniry  proper ;  and  with  other  colors,  when 
it  is  voir  or  vai)-y  composed.  Todd. 

VAIR,  11.  A  kind  of  fur  [of  frequent  occurrence  in 
early  heraldry  ;  it  is  not  now  known  of  what  ani- 
mal. It  is  represented  by  little  bell-shaped  pieces  al- 
ternately of  two  colors,  and  usually  white  and  blue. 
—  r.  H.  Barker.] 

VAI'VODE,  71.  [Pclav.]  A  prince  of  the  Dacian 
provinces  ;  sotnetimcs  written  Waiwode,  for  this  is 
the  pronunciation. 

VAL'ANCE,  71.  [Qn.  Fr.  avalant,  falling;  Norm. 
val'iunt,  descending.] 

A  piece  of  drapery  hanging  round  the  tester  and 
head  of  a  bed,  and  also  from  the  head  of  window- 
curtains.  Swift. 

VAL'ANCE,  V.  t.    To  decorate  with  hanging  fringes. 

ShaJi. 

VAL'AN-Ci^D,  (val'anst,)  pp.  Decorated  with  hang- 
ing fringes. 

VALE,  n.  [Fr.  vaU;  It.  vaUci  L.  valUs.  Uu.  W. 
gwnd,  low,  and  Eng.  to  fall,  Fr.  avaltr.] 

1.  A  tract  of  low  ground  or  of  land  between  hills  ; 
a  valley.  [Vale  is  used  in  poetry,  and  valley  in  prose 
and  common  discourse.] 

Ill  llinsc  fair  vales,  hy  nature  formed  to  please.  Harte. 

2.  A  little  trougli  or  canal  ;  as,  a  pump  vale  to  car- 
ry off  the  water  from  a  ship's  pninp. 

3.  Vales  ;  money  given  to  servants,  [avails.]  [Jfot 
used  in  .'inicrica.] 

VAL-E-DIC'TION,  n.     [L.  valedico;   vale,  farewell, 
and  dico,  to  say.] 
A  farewell  ;  a  bidding  farewell. 


VAL 

VAL-E-Dl€-To'RI-AN,  n.  The  student  of  a  college 
who  protiounces  tiie  valedictory  oration  at  the  an- 
nual commencement. 

VAL-E-DIG'TO-RY,  a.  Bidding  farewell ,  as,  a  val- 
edictoni  oration. 

VAL-E-"DI€'TO-RY,  n.  In  American  colleges,  an  ora- 
tion or  address  spoken  at  commencement,  by  a  mem- 
ber of  the  class  which  receive  the  degree  of  bachelor 
of  arts,  and  take  tlieir  leave  of  college  and  of  each 
other. 

VAL'EN-TINE,  n.  A  sweetheart  or  choice  made  on 
Valentine's  day.  fVotton. 

2.  A  letter  containing  professions  of  love  or  atTec- 
tion,  sent  by  one  young  person  to  another  on  Valen- 
tine's dav.  Burton. 

VAL'EN-tlNE'S-DAY,  n.  A  day  sacred  to  St.  Val- 
entine, the  1-ltli  of  Februaiy.  It  was  a  very  old  no- 
tion, alluded  to  by  Shakspearr,  that  on  this  day  birds 
begin  to  couple.  Hence,  jierhaps,  arose  the  custom 
of  sending  on  this  day  letters  containing  professions 
of  love  and  affection. 

VA-Le'RI-.\N,  jf.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Valeriana, 
of  many  species.  The  root  of  the  oflicinal  valerian 
(Valeriana  officinalis)  has  a  strong  Fmell,  i.^  very  at- 
tractive to  cats  and  rats,  and  is  much  used  in  medi- 
cine. P.  Ciic. 

VAL'ET,  (val'et  or  val'la,)  n.  [Fr. ;  formerly  writ- 
ten Vadlet,  Valect,  Vai,let,  &.C.] 

1.  A  wailing  servant;  a  servant  who  attends  on  a 
gentleman's  person. 

2.  In  the  manege,  a  kind  of  goad  or  stick  armed 
with  a  point  of  iron.  Cyc. 

VAL'ET  DE  CHA.M'BRE,  (val'lii  deshim'br,)  [Fr.] 

A  bodv  servant  or  personal  attendant. 
VAL-E-TU-DI-Na'RI-AN,  /    a.       [L.    valetudinariits, 
VAL-E-TO'DI-NA-RY,        (       from    valetudo,    from 
valco,  to  be  well.] 
Sickly;     weak;     infirm;     seeking    to    recover 
-  health. 

VAL-E-TU-DI-Na'RI-AN,  )  71,    A  person  of  a  weak, 
VAL-E-Tu'DI-NA-RY,        j      infirm,  or  sickly  con- 
stitution ;  one  who  is  seeking  to  recover  health. 

Valetudinarians  must  live  wliere  they  can  cumman<l  and  scfilit. 

Siffi/l. 

VAL-E-TU-DI-Na'RI-AN-ISM,  n.  A  state  of  feeblo 
health  ;  infirmity.  Cli.  Spectator. 

VAL-HAL' LA,  n.  In  the  Scarulinavian  myfJiolngy,  the 
palace  of  immortality,  inhabited  by  the  ;:ouls  of  he- 
roes slain  in  battle.  Brande. 

VAL'IANCE,  (val'yans,)  n.  Bravery;  valor.  [.\%t 
in  use.]  '  Spejiscr. 

VAE'IANT,  (val'yant,)  a.  [Fr.  raillant,  from  valoir, 
L.  valeo,  to  be  strong.] 

1.  Primarily,  strong;  vigorous  in  body  ;  as,  a  val- 
iant fencer.  Walton. 

2.  Brave  ;  courageous ;  intrepid  in  danger  ;  heroic  ; 
as,  a  valiant  soldier. 

Ee  limu  valiant  for  me,  and  fight  the  Lord's  battles.  —  I  Snm. 
xviii. 

3.  Performed  with  valor;  bravely  conducted  ;  he- 
roic ;  as,  a  valiant  action  or  achievement ;  a  vidiaat 
combat.  JSTelson. 

VAL'IANT-LY,  adv.  Stoutly;  vigorously;  with  per- 
sonal strength. 

2.  Courageously  ;  bravely  ;  heroically. 
VAL'IANT-NESS,  n.    Stoutness  ;  strength. 

2.  Most  generally,  valor;  bravery;  intrepidity  in 
danger. 

Achunotcs,  havin"  won  the  top  of  the  walls,  by  the  valiantnest 
of  the  defeniJants  was  forc'd  to  retire.  Knolles. 

VAL'ID.  a.  [Fr.  valide  ;  L.  validns,  from  valeo,  to  be 
strong.  The  primary  sense  of  the  root  is,  to  strain  or 
stretch.] 

1.  Having  sufficient  strength  or  force  ;  founded  in 
truth;  sound;  just;  good;  that  can  be  supported; 
not  weak  or  defective  ;  as,  a  valid  reason  ;  a  valid 
argument ;  a  valid  objection. 

2.  Having  legal  strength  or  force  ;  efficacious; 
executed  with  the  proper  formalities;  that  can  not 
be  rightfully  overthrown  or  set  aside  ;  supportable  by 
law  or  right;  as,  a  valid  deed  ;  a  valid  covenant;  a 
valid  instrument  of  any  kind  ;  a  valid  claim  or  title  j 
a  7mlid  marriage. 

3.  Strong ;  powerful ;  in  a  literal  sense ;  as,  valid 
arms.     [JVot  in  Jisc.] 

VAL-ID-A'TION,n.    The  act  of  giving  validity  to. 

Knowles. 
VA-LID'LTY,  71.     [Fr.  validite  ;  from  valid.] 

1.  Strength  or  force  to  convince  ;  justness  ;  sound- 
ness; as,  the  validity  of  an  argument  or  proof;  the 
validity  of  an  objection. 

a.  Legal  strength  or  force  ;  that  quality  of  a  thing 
which  renders  it  supportable  in  law  or  equity  ;  as, 
the  validity  of  a  will ;  the  validity  of  a  grant ;  Uio 
validity  of  a  claim  or  of  a  title.  Certain  forms  and 
solemnities  are  usually  requisite  tq  give  validity  to 
contracts  and  conveyances  of  rights. 
3.  Value.     [JVot  in  use.]  Sha'c. 

VAL'ID-LY,  adv.     In   a  valid   manner ;   in  such  a 

manner  or  degree  as  to  make  firm  or  to  convince. 
VAL'ID-NESS,  n.     Validity,  which  see. 
VAL'INCH,  71.    A  tube  for  drawing  liquors  from  a 
cask  by  the  bung-hole. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— MkTE,  PREY  — PINE,  MAR-TNE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.- 


VAL 

VA-LISE',  (va-lees',)  a.    [Fr.]     A  snuill  leullicrsrick 

or  case,  openins  on  the  side,  for  containing  the 

clothf^,  &C.,  of  a  traveler. 
VAL-LAN'CY,  n.    [from  ralance.]     A  large  wig  that 

»nadc5  the  face.  Dryden. 

V.AX<-La'TION,  «.    [L.  vallatiiSy  from  vallttm,  a  wall.] 

A  rampart  or  entrenchment.  JVarton. 

VAL'LEY,  n. ;  p/.   Valleys.      [Fr.  raUee;    L.   callis. 

See  Vale.] 

1.  A  hollow  or  low  tract  of  land  between  hills  or 
mountains. 

2.  A  low,  extended  plain,  usually  alluvia!,  pene- 
trated or  washed  by  a  nver.  The  valinj  of  i!»e  C'on- 
uecticut  is  remarkable  for  its  fertilitj-  and  beauty. 


Te  moanbuns,  sink ;  ye  vaitcys,  lise : 
Prepare  the  Loni  his  vaj. 


ircUi. 


■I 


3.  In  buildins't  the  gutter  or  internal  angle  formed 
by  two  inclined  sides  of  a  roof.  Brandc. 

V.VL'LUM,  n.     [L.]     A  rampart,  trouch,  or  wall. 

IVarton. 
V-\-L(yXI-A,  n.    A  species  of  acorn,  produced  in  the 
31orea  and  the  Levant,  and  used  by  tanner?. 

McCullock. 
VAL'OR,  n.     [L.  vcdor :  Fr.  valeur:  from  L.  valco,  to 
be  strong,  to  be  worth.] 

Strength  of  mind  in  regard  to  danger  ;  that  quality 
which  enables  a  man  to  encounter  danger  with  firm- 
ness J  personal  braver^' ;  courage  ;  intrepidity ;  prow- 
ess. 

\Vheo  talor  pp'ys  oi»  reason. 

It  eats  the  sword  it  fights  •x\th.  SJictk. 

For  couii'ntpUtioo  Ik  mill  valor  fonne<I.  MUtan. 

MD  VJi-LO'REM,  [!>.]  In  commerce^  according  to 
the  ^-alus :  as,  an  a^  valm-an  duty. 

VAL'OR-OirS,  a.  Brave;  courageous;  stout;  in- 
trepid :  as.  a  ralorous  knight. 

VAL'OR-OUS-LY,  ode.  In  a  brave  manner  ;  licroic- 
ally. 

VAL'TJ-A-BLE,  a.     [Fr.  vaiaUez  from  value] 

1.  Having  value  or  worth  ;  iiaving  some  good 
qualities  which  are  useful  and  esteemed;  precious; 
as,  a  valuable  horse  ;  valuable  land  ;  a  valuable  house. 

9.  Worthy;  estimable;  deserving  esteem;  as,  a 
valuabh  friend  ;  a  valuable  companion. 
VAL-U-a'TION,  w.  ffroia  vaUe.]  The  act  of  esli- 
maiiug  Iba  value  or  worth;  toe  act  of  netting  a 
price ;  03,  the  just  vrdualion  of  civil  and  religious 
privileges. 

2.  Apprizemcnt;  as,  a  valuatiutt  of  lands  for  the 
purpose  of  taxation. 

3.  Value  set  upon  a  thing ;  estimated  worth. 

So  Slight  a  valucdim.  Shak, 

V.\L-T;-a'TOU,  n.  One  who  sets  a  value;  an  ap- 
prize r. 

VAL'lJE,  (val'yu,)  tu  [Fr.  valoir^  vala  ;  from  L.  ralor^ 
from  raieoj  to  ht;  worth  ;  It.  valore;  Sp.  ra/er.] 

1.  Worth ;  that  property  or  those  properties  of  a 
thing  which  render  it  "useful  or  estimable  ;  or  the  de- 
gree of  that  property  or  ef  such  pro;H;rties.  The  reel 
value  of  a  thing  is  its  utility,  its  power  or  capacity  of 
procimng  or  i>ro<luc!ng  cood.  Hence,  ilic  raU  or  I'li- 
trin^ic  value  of  iron  is  far  greater  than  that  of  gold. 
But  there  is,  in  many  things,  an  estimated  value,  de- 
pending on  opinion  or  fashion,  such  as  the  valuf.  of 
prt-cious  stones.  The  value  of  land  depends  on  its 
fertility,  or  on  its  vicinity  to  a  market,  or  on  both. 

•2.  Pnce  ;  the  rate  of  worth  set  upon  a  commodity, 
or  the  aaiount  for  whicli  a  thing  is  sold.  We  say, 
the  value  of  a  thing  is  what  it  will  bring  in  market. 

3.  AVorth  ;  applied  to  persons. 

Te  are  all  phj-aician^  of  no  value.  —  Jcfe  xiii- 

Te  &n  of  more  vaitte  than  nanj  fpazicws.  —  Matt.  x. 

4.  High  rate. 

Ceaar  is  well  sorioainted  whh  yoor  nrtne, 

And  iherefore  sets  thb  rc/uc  on  yoor  life.  AAUson. 

5.  Importance;  efficacy  in  producing  effects;  as, 
considerations  of  no  value. 

Before  cTirnla  sli-tll  hare  decided  ga  ibe  value  of  th?  ineaaiira. 

C  Import ;  precise  signification  ;  as,  the  value  of  a 
word  or  phrase.  Jilitford. 

VAI/IJR,  (val'ynO  c- 1,  To  estimate  the  worth  of;  to 
rate  at  a  certain  price  ;  to  apprize ;  as,  to  value  lands 
or  goods. 

2.  To  rate  at  a  high  price ;  to  have  in  high  esteem  : 
as,  a  valued  poem  or  picture.  A  man  is  apt  to  vnUr 
his  own  pt;rformances  at  tix>  high  a  nite  ;  he  is  evcu 
disposed  i(>  value  himself  for  his  humility. 

3.  To  esteem  ;  to  hold  in  respect  and  estimation  : 
as,  to  value  one  for  his  works  or  virtues. 

4.  To  take  account  of. 

TUe  mind  doth  taltu  CT'^ry  moment.  Bzccn. 

5.  To  reckon  or  estimate  with  respect  to  number 
or  power. 

The  qaecn  is  valutd ;!  :  5-  Shck. 

6.  To  consider  with  xv^-^k.x  l,,  ,ijii.urtance. 

The  kin^  most  laie  it  ill. 
So  3ll:::feti/  valued  in  hit  mcsaeo^T'T.  Shax. 

Ncltiyr  of  tlv^m  osiutd  ibcir  prorniwa  acconliog  to  the  riil'-s  or 
bcnor  or  invpiiy.  ClarerMor.. 


VAN 

7.  To  raise  to  estimation. 

Some  tgIu^  tbemselrea  to  their  couatiy  Ijy  JcoIousks  to  tlio  crrrwu, 
[Not  in  use.]  7'emple. 

8.  To  be  worth.    [JVot  in  use.]  Sliak. 
VAL'lJ-ED,  (val'yude,)  pp.  or  a.    Estimated  at  a  cer- 
tain rate  ;  apprized  :  esteemed. 

VAL'lIE-LESS,  a.  Being  of  no  value  ;  having  no 
worth. 

VAL'U-ER,  n.  One  who  values;  an  apprizer;  one 
who  holds  in  esteem. 

VAL'U-ING,  ppr  Setting  a  price  on ;  estimating  the 
worth  of;  esteeming. 

VALV'ATE,  a.  [See  Valve.]  Having  or  resembling 
a  valve  ;  consisting  of  valves ;  valvular. 

VALVE,  (valv,)  n.  [L.  valv<Ey  folding  doors  ;  coincid- 
ing with  Volvo.] 

1.  A  folding  door. 

Swift  through  Ihc  oaleea  the  Tisooaiy  fair 

Repassed.  Pope. 

2.  A  lid  or  cover  to  an  aperture,  so  formed  as  to 
open  a  comumnication  in  one  direction,  and  close  it 
in  the  other.  Thus  the  valve  of  a  common  pump 
opens  upward  to  admit  the  water,  and  closes  down- 
ward to  prevent  its  return. 

3.  In  anatomy,  a  membranous  partition  within  the 
cavity  of  a  vessel,  which  opens  to  allow  the  passage 
of  a  fluid  in  one  direction,  and  shuts  to  prevent  its 
regurgitation.  J'arr. 

4.  In  botany,  a  name  given  to  the  pieces  into  which 
a  pericarp  naturally  separates  wjien  it  bursts  ;  also  to 
similar  parts  in  other  organs,  as  the  anther.  Braade. 

5.  One  of  the  pieces  or  divisions  iu  bivalve  and 
multivalve  shells.  Ed.  Encyc. 

VALV'-ED,  a.     Having  valves  ;  composed  of  valves. 
VALV'LET,  )  7i.     A  little  valve  :    one  of  the   pieces 
VALVULE,  \     which  compose  the  outer  covering  of 

a  pericarp. 
V.\LV'U-LAR,  a.    Containing  valves. 

J\loor.    Med.  Diet, 
VAM'BRaCE,  n.     [Fr.  avant-hras.] 

In  plate  annor,  the  piece  which  protected  the  arm 
below  the  elbow.  Brande. 

VAMP,  K.    [W.  gwam^  that  incloses,  or  goes  partly 
round.] 
The  upper  leather  of  a  shoe. 
V.AMP,  V.  t.    To  piece  an  old  thing  with  a  new  part ; 
to  repair. 

I  had  n^ver  much  hopes  of  your  zarnptd  play.  SvnJU 

VAMP'ED,  (vampt,)pp.    Pieced  ;  repaired. 

VAMP'ER,  H.  One  who  pieces  an  old  thing  with 
^oraething  new. 

VA;\IP'IXG,  ppr.    Piecing  with  something  new. 

VAil'PTRE,  rt.     [G.  campijr.] 

1.  In  mijtholo^f,  an  imaginary'  demon,  which  was 
fabled  to  suck  the  blood  of  persons  during  the  night. 
5.  In  zoolosih  the  Linn:ean  trivial  or  specific  name 
of  Pteropus  Edwardsii,  or  the  great  bat  of  Madagas- 
car; also,  tbe  popular  name  of  Phyllosloma  spectrum, 
or  the  Vampyre  bat  of  New  Spain  ;  also,  the  popvilar 
name  of  the  genus  of  bats  named  Varapyrus.  The 
Phyllostoma  spectrum  has  been  accused  of  causing 
the  death  of  men  and  brute  animals,  by  sucking 
their  bkKid.  The  length  of  this  bat  is  about  six 
inches,  ami  the  wound  v.hich  it  makes  is  very  small. 
It  can  hardly,  therefore,  do  serious  injury.  There 
can  be  little  doubt  tliat  the  ancient  fable  has  crept 
into  the  v.-orks  of  some  of  the  naturalists. 

VA?.rPIR-lSM,  7!.  The  actions  of  a  vampire;  the 
practice  of  blood-suckuig;  ^VurafjceZi/,  the  practice 
uf  extortion. 

VAM'PLaTE,  n.  A  round  plate  of  iron  on  a  tilling 
spear,  to  protect  the  liand.  Fosbroke. 

VAN,  71.  [The  radical  word  from  which  is  formed  the 
Fr.  avantf  avanrer,  Eng.  cdvancey  adcanta^e.  It  is 
from  the  root  of  L.  rej«o,  the  primary  sense  of  which 
is  to  pass.] 

1.  The  front  of  an  army  ;  or  the  front  line  or  fore- 
most division  of  a  ileet,  either  in  sailing  or  iu  battle. 

2.  Among  farmers,  a  fan  for  winnowing  grain. 
[This  in  New  England  is  always  pronounced  Fax, 
which  ste.  But  the  winnowing  machine  has  nearly 
sui»erscded  the  use  of  it.] 

3.  In  vnnin^,  the  cleansing  of  ore  or  tin  stuff  by 
means  of  a  shovel.  Cyc. 

4.  A  wing  wilh  which  the  air  is  beaten. 

He  wheeled  in  air,  and  stretched  his  ran*  in  vain.        Drj/tUrt. 

5.  In  England,  a  large,  light,  covered  wagon  for  the 
transportation  of  goods,  &c. 

VAN,  V.  U     [Fr.  vanner.] 

To  fan.    UVot  in  use.]     [See  Fan.] 
I  VAN'A-DaTE,    \  71.    A  compound  of  vanadic  acid 
!  V.\-NA'DI-ArE.  ]     and  a  base. 
VA-N.\D'ie  ACID,  Ti,    A  compound  of  vanadium 
and  o.xygen  in  the  jiroportion  of  one  equivalent  of 
vanadium  and  three  of  oxygen.  Bcrzcliiu^. 

VA-NAD'IN-ITE,  7i.    The  mineral  vanadate  of  lead, 
occurring  in  yellowish  and  brownish  hexagonal  crys- 
tals. Dana. 
VA-Na'DI-UJI,  7l     [from  Vanadis,  a  Scandinavian 
deity.] 

A  metal  discovered  by  Sefstrom  in  1S30.  This 
metal  has  a  white  color,  and  a  strong  metallic  luster. 


VAN 


considerably  refcnibling  silver,  but  still  more  like 
ronlybdenunj.  It  is  extremely  brittle.  It  10  not  ox- 
ydized  either  by  air  or  water,  though  by  conliououi 
exposure  lo  the  atmosphere,  its  loster  growi  weaker, 
and  it  acquires  a  reddii^h  linL 

VAX-€OU'RI-ERa,  (-koo're-crz,)  n.  pi  [Fr.  ar-^u- 
coureurs.] 

In  arvties,  light-armed  eoldiera  sent  before  ajujic* 
to  beat  the  road  upon  the  approach  of  an  entmiy ; 
precursors.  Cvc 

VAN'DAL,  71.  [It  ei::nifies  a  wanderer.]  The  name 
cf  one  of  the  most  barbarotu  of  the  northern  na- 
tions that  invaded  Rome  in  the  5Ui  century-,  nolort- 
ous  for  destroying  the  monumetiU  of  art  and  litera- 
ture.    Hence, 

2.  One  hostile  to  the  arts  and  literalare  ;  oae  who 
is  ignorant  and  barbarous. 

VAN-D.VL'ie,  a.  Pertaining  lo  the  Vandal*  ;  dc«ig- 
nating  the  south  shore  of  ttie  Baltic,  where  once 
livtd  the  Vnndab,  a  nation  of  ferocious  barbarh'"' : 
hence,  ft-nxious ;  rude;  barbarou". 

VA.VDAL-ISM,  n.   The  spirit  or  conduct  of  V=r.^ 
f.'rocious  cruelly;  hostility  lo  the  arli  an!  1  ' 

VA'v-D?KE',  n.    A  small,  round  cov. 

neck,  worn  by  females,  aji  Ken  in  iLt  ,^  .;,  . 

persons  painted  by  Vandyke  in  the  reign  of  Char 
VANE,  71.     [D.  vaan.    The  primary  scum  U.  eiv 

ed.] 

1.  A  plate  or  thin  slip  of  meul,  wooi', 
on  a  i«pindle  at  the  top  of  a  spire,  for  t. 

sho^viug, by  its  turning  and  direction,  vw...  ..    ■-.  -. .  . 

wiud  hlu'.vs.    In  ships,  a  piece  of  buntmgu  uaed  for  il 

the  same  purpose.  1 1 

2.  The  thin,  membranous  part  or  web  <  f  y  <".  -;ii,.^  1 1 
on  the  side  of  the  ^haft. 

VAN'FOSS,  TI.    A  ditch  on  the  ouUnde 
terscarp. 

V^VNG,  n.     The  vangs  of  a  ship  :\: 
steady  the  peak  of  a  gaff. 

VAN'-GU.\KD,   n.      [van   and   i: , 

who  march  in  front  of  an  army  :  the  tirst  ime.  |  j 

VA-NIL'LA,  a.     \  genus  of  orchidaceous  planl5,  na-     I 
lives  of  tropical  America.     The  cap-nil-  ■  "  ^"  ■     ■  • 
aromalica  is  rt-markable  for  it-*  fragrant 
the  volatile,  odoriferous  oil  extracted  ii 

medicine,  it  is  supposed  to  possess  powc;„ 

to  valerian,  while,  at  the  same  time,  it  u  lar  mora 
grateful.  Cue 

VAN'ISH,  V.  i.  [L.  vanesco :  Fr.  evanouir ;  It.  svctirc : 
from  L.  vaiius,  vain,  or  its  root ;  Eng.  to  leoMe,  The 
primary  sense  is,  to  withdraw  or  depart.] 

1.  To  disappear;  lo  pass  from  a  visible  to  an  in- 
visible state  ;  as,  \'aporra7iLjA«  from  the  siclit  by  bv- 
ing  dissipated.  Light  vanishes  when  the  rays  of  the 
illuminating  body  are  intercepted  ;  darkness  razuJiij 
before  the  rising  sun. 

2.  To  disappear ;  to  pass  beyond  the  limit  of  vision  ; 
as,  a  ship  vanishes  from  the  sight  of  spectator?  on 
land. 

3.  To  disappear;  to  pass  away  ;  lo  be  annihQaled 
or  lost.  How  cheering  is  the  well-fMinded  hope  of 
enjoying  delights  which  can  never  vaiUskI 

VAN'iSH,  71.  A  sound  that  gradually  becomes  weak- 
er till  it  ceases.  Ruslu 

V.\N'ISU-£D,  (van'isht,)  a.  Having  no  perceptible 
existence.  Pcpe, 

VAN'ISH-ING,  ppr.  Disappearing ;  passing  from  the 
sight  or  possession  ;  departing  forever. 

Vanishing  line:  in  perspectire,  the  intersection  of 
the  parallefof  any  original  plane  and  the  picture. 

Vanishing  paint;  the  poiul  to  which  all  pnr  ::  ' 
hnes  in  the  same  plane  tend  in  the  reprcscniati    -. 

Or  .  . 

VAN'ISn-MENT,  n.    A  vanishing.  Q-i 

VAN'I-TV,  n.    [Fr.  vaniti,-   L.  vanitas,  from  r- 
vain.]' 

1.  Emptiness;  want  of  substance  to  satisfy  de- 
sire ;  uncertainly ;  inanity. 

Fanify  rf  vGm:ui,  kUUi  the  pr 

2.  Fniilless  desire  or  ei; 

Vaniry  possirswih  miny  whc     - 

ct  tilings  to  come.  ::.^nt^; 

3.  Trilling  labor  that  produces  no  good.     RaUgk. 

4.  Emptiness;  uutruUi. 

Her.'  1  m^v  wtU  s1>ow  the  T^nUy  of  »hxt  t«  rqwr-ed  in  ih-  frrr 
of  Wolsiii^hun.  Dcsv^f. 

5.  Empty  pleasure ;  nun  pursuit ;  idle  show  ;  ua- 
substantiai  etvjoyment. 

Sin  wiih  «;::.■»/  IwJ  C11«I  thff  wptta  of  ran*.  Miw*- 

Thinlc  not  whca  wcnuaU  transeni  bnralh  a  fle*l. 

That  all  her  caniaes  at  once  arc  draa ; 

Succccdiiif  rania£«  ihs  eull  rirgir^U.  /\/«. 

6.  Ostentation  ;  arrogance.  ilu^x''- 

7.  Inflation  of  mind  ii^Kin  sli:;hl  gitninds  ;  t ;  >:  v. 
pride,  inspired  by  an  overweenmg  conrcii  o: 
personal  attainm'enL*i  or  de^-  ritu  n>.     Fops  can  :.>  t 
be  cured  of  their  canity. 


Vardbf  U  the  Hxyl  of  fool*. 
No  nmn  s,fnip.-uhii<:s  wah  th-: 


.NNvS. 


VAN'aUISH,  (\-ank'wish,)  r.  L     [Fr.  raUiere:  I* 
vinco;  lUvincere;   Sp.  ctaccr,"   probably  allied  to  L. 

vincio,  lo  bind.] 


TCXE,  BULL,  UNITE. -AX"GEK,  YI"CIOUS— €  as  K  j  G  -is  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  a.  SIl ;  YH  33  in  THIS. 


154 


1225 


VAP 


VAR 


VAR 


"      :.  To  conquer ;  to  overcome ;  to  subdue  in  battle  ; 
as  an  enemy. 

They  m,«piiclx!d  «>■=  '^'xb  in  all  mcounWra.  CtorWKion. 

o   To  defeat  in  any  contest ;  to  reftite  in  argument. 

VAN'aUISH,  (vanls'wish,)  n.    A  disease  in  sheep,  in 

vXt'aUirH-TBLr«.    That  may  be  connuered. 

VAN'aUISH-£D,  (vank'wisllt,)  yp-  or  a.    Overcome 

in  battle  ;  subdued  ;  defeated. 
VAN'aUIPH-ER,  n.     A  conqueror ;  a  victor.  MMon. 
VAN'aUISH  ING,  ppr.    Conquering  ;  subduing  ;  ae- 

VAN''slKE7«"'''in  2c.S!o„^y,  the  Mangusta  galera,  a 
digitip-ade,  carnivorous'  mammal  ;  a  small  quadru- 
ped, somevvhat  resembling  a  wease,  of  a  dee,>-brmvn 
color,  speckled  with  yeUow  the  tail  of  ^Qua  sue  its 
whole  length ;  inhabiting  Madagascar  and  the  Isle  ol 
France. 
V\NT  V.  i.     fFr.  vanterA  ,  , 

To  boast.    [This  is  the  more  correct  orthography. 
See  Vaunt.]  ^  ,  .     ^  t    ,.^ 

V.S.N'TA(5E,  71.     [Sp.  vmUija;  from  the  root  ol  U  vc 
jiio.     See  Advantage  and  Van.] 
1    Gain  ;  profit.    [  Obs.] 

2.  Superiority  ;  state  in  which  one  has  better  means 
of  "action  or  defense  than  another.  

[This,  I  believe,  is  used  only  in  the  compound, 
Vantaoe-Ground.]  , 

3.  Opportunity  i  convenience.     [Ois.J        Mad 
VAN'TAGE,  e.  (.     To  profit.     [J^'ot  "i  >««•] 
VX  N'T  AGE-GROUND,  n.      Superiority  of  state  or 

place  ;  the  place  or  condition  which  gives  one  an  ad- 
vantage over  another. 

VANT'iiRASS,  71.     [Fr.  manl-bras.] 

Armor  for  the  arm.     [Ob...]  '^'''Tiu 

VAP'ID,  a.  [L.  vapidas.  The  radical  verb  is  not  m 
the  Latin,  but  the  sense  must  be,  to  pass  or  fly  off,  to 
escape  ;  or  to  strike  down,  L.  vapnlo.    It  is  probably 

'";?  Ha°vrgTit  its  life  and  spirit  ■,  dead  ;  spiriUess  ; 
flat ;  as,  vapid  beer  ;  a  vapid  state  of  the  blood. 
2.  Dull ;  unanimated. 
VAP'ID-LY,  urfo.    In  a  vapid  manner.  ,  ,,„  ,:f„ 

VAP'ID-NESS,  )  71.    The  state  of  having  lost  its  lile 
VA-PID'I-TY,    \     or  spirit ;  deaduess  ;  flatness  ;  as, 
the  mpidmss  of  ale  or  cider, 
o.  Dullness  ;  want  of  life  or  spirit. 
Va'POE,  ...    [L.  and  Sp.  vapor ;  Fr.  vapar  ;  ^^^"P""- 
It  is  probably  from  a  verb  signifying  to  depart,  to  lly 

""^i^  In  a  Tcncral  sense.,  an  invisible,  elastic  fluid,  ren- 
dered aenform  by  heat,  and  capable  of  being  con- 
densed, or  brought  back  to  the  liquid  or  so'id  state 
by  cold.  The  vapor  of  water  is  distinguished  by  the 
name  of  Steam,  which  see. 

n  A  visible  fluid  floating  m  the  atmosphere.  All 
substances  which  impair  the  transparency  of  the  at- 
mosphere, as  smoke,  fog,  &c.,  are  in  common  la  - 
goage  called  Tiiipors,  though  the  term  ™''°'"  '^'St 
nically  applied  only  to  an  invisible  and  condensiblc 
si'bstanee  as  in  No.  1  i  fog,  &c  being  vapor  cmi- 
deiised  or  water  in  a  minute  state  of  division,  ya- 
porrisiiig  into  the  higher  regions  of  the  atmosphere, 
and  condensed  in  large  volumes,  forms  '^''•^f^^^^^^ 

3  Substances  resembling  smoke,  which  sometimes 
fill  'the  atmosphere,  particularly  in  America  during 
the  autumn.  „ 

4.  Wind ;  flatulence.  .  •°'«'"'- 

5.  Mental  fume;  vain  imagination ;  unreal  fancj . 

6.  Vapors  ;  a  disease  of  nervous  debility,  in  which 
a  variety  of  strange  images  float  in  the  bram,  or  ap- 
pear as  if  visible.  Hence  hypochondriacal  afieUions 
and  spleen  are  called  vapors.  . 

7.  Something  unsubstantial,  fleetmg,  or  transitory. 

For  wliit  ii  your  lite  i    11 1«  even  a  royor,  that  appeareth  fur  « 
litUo  lime,  and  llicn  viniBhelll  away.  —James  ir. 
VA'POR, '«.  i.     [L.  vaporo.l 

1    To  pass  otr  in  fumes,  or  a  moist,  floating  sub- 
stance ;  to  steam  ;  to  be  exhaled  ;  to  evaporate. 
[In  this  sense,  Evapoeate  is  generally  used.] 
2.  To  emit  fumes. 


The  act  or  process  of  converting  into  vapor,  or  of 

vi?^R-BiTi™r''[7>«,.»rand  batk.]    The  applit^a- 
lion  of  vapor  lo  the  body  in  a  close  place  ;  also,  the 

^^'TlTch^nislni,  an  apparatus  for  heating  bodies  by 
the  vapor  of  water.  '-!''• 

VVPOR-£D,  (I.    Moist ;  wet  with  vapors. 

2.  Splenetic  ;  peevish.  ,"!'„, 

V  \'POR-ER,  Ji.    A  boaster ;  one  who  makes  a  vaunt- 
*ino  display  of  his  prowess  or  worth  ;  a  braggart. 

VAP-O-RIF'ie,  a.     [L.  !'n;Ki7-  and  faao,  to  inaKe.J 
Forming  into  vapor ;  converting  into  steam,  or  ox- 
nelling  in  a  volatile  form,  as  fluids. 
VS'POR-ING,  ppr.    Boasting;  vaunting  ostentatious- 

Iv  and  vainly. 

V  VPOR-ING-LY,  mil).    In  a  boasting  manner. 
Va'POR-ISH,  a.    Full  of  vapors.  ,  ,     ,     . 

2    Hypocliondriac;  splenetic;  affected  by  liyster- 

VAP'0-Rt-ZA-BLE,  a.    Capable  of  being  converted 

VAP-O-Rl'-ZA'TION,  71.    The  artificial  formation  of 

VAFOR-IZE,  V.  I.    To  convert  into  vapor  by  the  ajv 

plication  of  heat  or  artificial  means. 
VAP'OR-IZE,  V.  i.    To  pass  ofl"  in  vapor. 
VAP'OR-IZ-BD,  pp.     Expelled  m  vapor. 
VAP'OR-IZ-ING,  ppr.    Converting  into  vapor. 
VA'POR-OUa,  o.     [Fr.  Twporrai.] 

1.  Full  of  vapotsor  exhalations;  »'' tl'^™?°''„';'" 

"'""VafilTunreal ;  proceeding  from  the  vaiwrs^^^ 

3.  Windy  ;  flatulent ;  as,  vaporous  ''™^^^jj^','^„"}°^' 

vI-POT-OUS-NESS,  7..    State  of  being  fuirolvapms. 

VA'POR-Y,  a.     Vaporous  ;  full  of  vapors.      Tl^msoa. 
o    Hypochondriac  ;  splenetic  ;  peevish.     Thomson. 

VAP-U-LS'TION,  71.     [L.  vapulo.] 

The  act  of  beating  or  whipping.    [JVoJ  171  use] 

"^^^^^niorsmro}- justice.    i^oUnuse.y  Howell. 

VAR'EC  71.  The  French  name  for  kelp  or  incinera- 
ted sea-weed  ;  wrack  ;  Fucus  vesiculosus.       Vrc. 

VA'RI  7,  In  ioolosv,  the  Proshnia  catta,  a  quadru- 
manous  mammal,  the  ring-tailed  lemur,  a  quadruped 
having  it"  tTmarked  wiU.  rings  of  bla*  and  white  ; 
a  native  of  Madagascar.  The  van  ot  Buffon  is  the 
WaTkTaucauc:,  I^osimia  nigra,  wUh  the  neck  beard- 
i-A  like  a  mfT  '-'J'^-    *"     '^'^"J'^' 

vI'R  A-BLE  a.  [Fr.  See  Vaiiv.]  That  may  vary 
or  alter  ;  capable  o}  alteration  in  any  manner  ;  change- 
able ;  as,  variable  winds  or  seasons  ;  variable  coIo  s. 

a  Susceptible  of  change  ;  liable  to  change  ;  n  uta- 
ble  •  fickle  ;  unsteady  ;  inconstant ;  as,  the  affections 
of  men  are  variable  ;  passions  are  variable. 

Hi.  heart  I  know,  how  varasilc  anil  'ain  1  Mi""". 


I 


Kunning  water  vapors  not  t 
used.] 


much  a3  aUinding  water.    ILiltie 
Baeoji. 


3.  To  bully  ;  to  boast  or  vaunt  with  a  vain,  osten- 
tatious display  of  worth  ;  to  brag. 

[Tllis  is  Uie  most  usual  sigiuficalion  of  me  wora.\ 
And  what  in  real  value  's  wanting,  u„Ail.ri„ 

Supply  with  mponng  and  ranting.  HuOM-at. 

VA'POE  V.  t.    To  emit,  cast  off,  or  scatter  in  fumes 
or  steam  ;  as,  to  vapor  away  a  heated  fluid. 

Another,  Bighiog,  vafora  forth  his  soul.  E.  Jonto„. 

VAP  0-RA-BIL'I-T¥,  71.    The  quality  of  being  capa- 
ble of  vaporization.  ^  ^  .     -»"'"""<"^'T;,„ 
VAP'0-RA-BLE,  a.    Capable  of  being  converted  into 
vapor  by  the  agency  of  caloric.  p, .  „„ 
VAP'O-RaTE,  v.  i.     To  emit  vapor.     [See  Evapo- 

rate.]  ,  ,. 

VAP-0-RA'TION,  71.    [L.  vaporalw. 


3.  In  mathematics,  subject  to  continual  mmase  ox 
decrease  ;  in  opposition  to  Constant,  retaining  the 

vl'RI-.\-BLE,  7,.  In  wathemalies,  a  quantity  which 
is  in  a  state  of  continual  increase  or  decrease.  The 
ndefinSy  small  quantity  by  which  t^  ""able  >s 
continuallv  increased  or  diminished  is  called  its  /i^- 
/";S:and  the  method  of  finding  these  qua,,  it.es 
the  differential  catenlus.  „f  rtanee  • 

VA'KI-A-BLE-NESS,  j  ...    Susceptibility  of  change  , 
VA  RI-A-BIL'I-TY,  liableness  or  aptness  to  al- 

ter ;    changeableness  ;    as,  the  variableness  of  the 

'''^''inconstancy  ;  fickleness  ;  unsteadiness  ;  levity; 
as'theTiaWnWracss  of  human  passions.  ,.„„,„ 

VA'RI-A-BLY,  adv.  Changeably  ;  with  alteration ;  in 
an  inconstant  or  fickle  manner. 

Va"rT-ANCE,  7..  [Sec  Vabv.]  In  law,  an  a  teration 
of  =ometW.Tg  formerly  laid  in  a  writ ;  or  a  difference 
between  a  declaration  and  a  writ,  or  the  deed  on 
which  it  is  grounded.  „^;,i„„ 

2  Anv  alteration  or  change  of  condition. 

3  Difference  that  produces  dispute  or  controversy  ; 
disagreement ;  disseision  ;  discord.  A  inere  varmnce 
may  become  a  war.  Without  a  spirit  of  condescen- 
sion, there  will  be  an  everiasting  varianee. 

2t  variance:  in  disagreement;  m  a  state  of  differ- 
fnrp  or  want  of  acreeinent. 
Till  a  state  of  dissension  or  controversy  ;  in  a 

state  of  enmity.  ii„,nir 

Va'RI-ANT,  a.    Different ;  diverse.  Kawle. 

VA'RI-ATE,!..  (.    To  alter;  to  make  differen^,^^^^^ 

2.  To  vary,    [.a  bad  word.] 
Va-RI-A'TION,   71.      [Fr.,    from    L.  variatio.      See 

^'l'"A'lteration  ;  a  partial  change  in  the  form,  posi- 
tion, saTe,  or  qualities  of  the  same  thing;.as  am- 
rS,i  of  color  in  different  lights  ;  a  ';»™^';»  >»;'„'"= 
size  of  a  plant  from  day  to  day  ;  the  nmeximg, 
though  slovv,  variation  of  language  ;  a  "'"■"'»""  ^ 
son  from  year  to  year.  Our  opinions  are  subject  to 
continual  variations. 


The  e,«:nces  ■>[  things  are  conceived  not  capable  of  .nch  vari^n 


o.  Difference  ;  change  from  one  to  another. 

7,',  .„me  olher  places  are  born  more  females  than  males  ;  wliidi, 
'"  Tjlon  Ito  .Son  of  proportion,  1  recommend  to  the^cunon. 

3.  In  »T<..a7.i<.r,  change  of  termination  of  """J"' 
and  adjectives,  constituting  what  >«c=J"-d  ;"-''.  "■'"'- 
bcr  and  •'ender  ;  as,  the  Tjro-.otioTi.  of  words. 

i  Seviaiion;  as,'a  variatimi  of  a  transc^ipt^frora 

"'^  °\n^ftronmmj,  the  variation  of  tho  moon  ii  an  in- 
eoualiy  of  the  moon's  motion,  depending  on  the  an- 
Sh  distance  of  the  moon  from  the  sun  Brande. 
T  Inl-  e^i-M  and  navigaUan,  the  devui  .o„  ,f 
the  ,„?gnetic  needle  from  the  trae  north  point ;  called 
"'Tlfe".;;'at"rf\ne  needle  at  New  Haven,  in  181!^^ 
ns  ascertained  from  the  mean  ot  numcio  is  observa- 
?fons  made  bv  Professor  Fisher,  was  4"  25'  25"  vyes; 
and  from  that  time  to  1847  it  was  mcreasing  at  the 
rate  of  about  4'  annually.  ,.  ^'" 'f™'  , 

7.  In  7„„..c,  the  different  """"^  "'  J'Vf'JS  ,°' 
nlavin-  the  same  air  or  tune,  by  subdividing  te 
uotes  into  several  others  of  less  value  or  by  adding 
graces,  yet  so  that  the  tune  itself  may  be  discijvered 
ihrou"h  all  its  embellishments.  ",■„„ 

Cat^tas  of  variations  i  a  branch  of  mathematics 
wlmse  principal  object  is  to  solve  certain  classes  o 
mestions  respecting  7nar;7i«t  and  7nim.;ia,  w  h.eli  can 
Zlte  solved'by  the  ordinary  processes  ol  nie  differ- 
vrRaeOCELE  7..  [L.  mrix,  a  dilated  vein  and 
rf  ^fx?  a  tumor  A  bad  tenn,  being  part  Greek 
Sd  par  '  Latii.  Cibsocele  is  the  correct  tnnn  and 
frthat  wliich  is  much  the  most  commonly  u>cd.] 

I,    'u""c™  a  varicose  enlargement  of  the  veins  of 
the  spem.atic  cord  ;  or,  more  rarely,  a  like  enlarge. 

vX-Ra^fiY'r-U'.'"---.  '"-'"S    -S-rged 
^-^'i.'r'eferafu'rLly^eXled,  or  permanently  dflated ; 

vI^li"lD;"(v"a'rid",t  PP-  or  a.  from  VArtv     Altered  ; 

partially  changed ;  changed. 
VS'RI-£D-LY,  adv.    Diversely. 
VS'RI-E-GATi3,  V.  t.     fit.  varieggiare;  from  L.  vario, 

"TrdiveSfJtn  external  appearance  ;  to  mark  with 
different  colors  ;  as,  to  variegate  a  floor  with  marble 
of  different  colors. 

The  sh.  lis  are  filled  with  a  white  spar,  »l^'=l<M™j»lesana  ajUl. 
to  ihe  beauly  of  the  stone.  PBoe 

Ladies  liite  onriegated  tulips  show.  '  r 

VA'RI-E-Ga-TED,  pp.  or  a.    Diversified  in  colors  or 

'"ZS.:Z^e!;ni  botany,  are  such  as  are  nxeg- 
ularlv  inarked  with  white  or  yellow  spots.        i-jc. 

VA'K    E  GA-TING,  ppr.    Diversifying  with  colors. 

VA-RI-E-GA'TION  71.  The  act  ot  diversifying,  or 
state  of  teing  diversified,  by  different  colors  ;  diver- 

VA-RrE-TY' n.    [Fr.  variete  ;  L.  Tiarictas,  from  vario, 

'"rS'tlrmixture  of  different  things,  or  of  things 

different  in  form  ;  or  a  succession  of  different  things. 

Varittu  is  nothing  else  but  a  continued  novelty.         .,•*'""'• 

Tte  vinel,j  of  coTon,  depends  on  the  con.iKisiuon  of  li^.t^^^^^ 

o  One  tiling  of  many  which  constitute  variety. 
In  this  sense,1t  has  a  plural;  as,  the  varieties  o(  a 
species.  . 

3.  Difference ;  dissimilitude. 

There  is  a  mriety  in  the  tempera  of  good  men.        AUerhur,j. 

4.  Variation;  deviation;  change  from  "Jj.^™" 

"¥.'Many  and  different  kinds       The  shopkeeper 
has  a  great  Twritfj;  of  cottons  and  silks. 

He  wants  to  do  a  variety  of  good  things.  "»"■ 

an  accidental  7,ar«t7,  of  plants  animal,  ornine.K 
to  be  a  distinct  species.  Ray  has  c^'aWis.ed  a  j,ooa 
test  for  varieties  in  botany.  A  plant  is  distinct,  w  li  cli 
pTopagates  itself  in  its  own  form  by  its  seed  ;  bu 
when  the  difference  disapiiears  m  the  new  plant  it 
fonlv  a  variety.  Variety  then,  is  a  d.flereiice  be- 
tween individuals,  not  permanent  nor  important, 
such  as  in  size,  fullness,  curling,  &c. 
7    Different  sort ;  as,  varieties  of  soil  or  land. 

Va'RI  FORM,  a.     Having  different  shapes  or  fonns. 

VVRt  FORM-ED,  a.     Formed  with  diflerent  shapes. 

v'l'R    fSIm-FnG,  vrrr.     M""'"?  °f '"f,'"'%tiri 

TrtiBi  n  TTTE  71      \L,.variu3  and  Gr.  Aitlos,  stone.: 

ik^nd.Tporphy  mcrock,in  which  the  imbeddeiS 

substances aj; ii'nperfectly crystallized  or arerotnided, 

..ivinc.  the  stone  a  spotted  appearance.  ir'J''  , 

vl'R    O  LOID,  «.      L.  varwlB,  and  Gr.  ti6oi,  form.] 

^^  inline  recently  given  to  a  particular  variety  of 

VA-M'O-LOUS,   ..     [L.  variola,  from  vario,  to  di- 
TertaSning  to  or  designating  the  small-pox  ;  hsving 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT  -MBTE,  PREY. -PINK,  MARINE,  Baa-NoT^ 


DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOQK.  — 


1226 


VAR 

pits  or  sunten  impressions  tike  those  of  tlie  small- 
pox. 

y.i'Rl-O'RU.Vj  [h.]  Variorum  edit'tojis  of  Uie  classics 
are  those  containing  tlie  notes  of  various  commenta- 
tor*, cam  nods  vari&rum,  Brandc. 

Va'RI-OUS,  o.     [L.  varius.]     [Pee  Vabt.] 

1.  Dilffrent  ;  several ;  manifold  ;  as,  men  of  vari- 
ous names  and  various  occupations. 

2.  Changeable  ;  uncertaiit ;  untixed. 

The  nanses  of  mixed  modes  —  are  very  xxirious  and  JoublfnU 

Locke. 

3.  Unlike  each  other  ;  diverse.  Dryden. 

So  many  aod  so  various  lnvia  are  given.  Milton. 

4.  Variegated  ;  diversified.  Milton. 
VA'RT-OUS-LY,a(io.  In  different  ways  ;  with  change  ; 

with  diversity  ;    as,  objects  variotishj  represented  ; 

flowers  rarwuslij  colored.    The  human  system  is  va- 

riously  affected  by  different  medicines. 
Va'RIX,  M.    [L.]    .\n  uneven  and  permanent  dilata- 
tion of  a  vein. 
VXR'LET,  n.     [Old  Fr.    See  Valet.]    AncienUy,  a 

servant  or  footman.  Tasscr. 

2   A  scoundrel  j  a  rascal  j  as,  an  impudent  varlet. 

.Sddlson. 
VAR'LET-RY,  n.    The  rabble  i  the  crowd.     [jVui  in 

use-]  Shak. 

VAK'AlSH,  n.     \Tx.  vends;  Sp.  barniz;  Port,  vaitiz; 

It.  vernice:  Low  L.  verniz  :  G.Jiriiiss  ;  D.  r«-;jw.] 

1.  A  thick,  viscid,  glossy  liquid,  consisting  of  a 
solution  of  resinous  matter,  laid  on  work  by  paint- 
ers and  others,  to  give  it  a  smooth,  hard  surface,  and 
a  beautiful  gloss.  Varnishes  are  made  of  different 
materials,  and  for  different  purposes.  Amber  var- 
nish is  made  of  amber,  lintseed  oil,  litharge,  and 
turpentine.  Black  varnish,  for  japanning  wood  and 
leather,  is  made  by  mixing  lampblack  with  a  proper 
quantity  of  a  strong  solution  of  lac  in  spirit  of  wine. 

Cijc. 

2.  An  artificial  covering  to  give  a  fair  appearance 
to  any  act  or  conduct. 

VAR'NISH,  c.  t     [Fr.  rcniw^fcr,  verTiir.] 

1.  To  lay  varnish  on  ;  to  cover  with  a  liquid,  for 
giving  any  tiling  a  glossy  surface ;  as,  to  varnisk  a 
sideboard  or  table. 

2.  To  cover  with  something  that  gives  a  fair  ex- 
ternal appearance. 

Close  ambition,  varnished  o*cr  with  zeal.  Milon. 

3.  To  give  a  fair  external  appearance  in  words  ;  to 
give  a  fair  coloring  to ;  as,  to  varniiik  errors  or  de- 
formity. 

Cato's  Toice  waa  neVr  employd 
To  ck-ar  Ihe  guilty,  and  lo  carnisk  crjine*.  Addison. 

And  bow  the  koee  to  {'<oinp  tliat  lovca  to  rarnish  guiiu      Byron. 

VAR'NISH-KD,  (viir'nislit,)  pp.     Covered  with  var- 
nish ;  made  glossy. 
2.  Rendered  fair  in  external  appi^aranre. 

VAR'NISH-ER,  h.  One  who  varnishes,  or  whose  oc- 
cupation is  to  varnish. 

2.  One  who  disguises  or  palliates ;  one  who  gives 
a  fair  external  appearance.  Pope. 

VAR'NISH-ING, />pr.  Laying  on  varnish;  giving  a 
fair  external  appearance. 

V\\R'XISH-ING,  n.    The  act  of  laving  on  varnish. 

VAR'XIJ-H-TREE,  n.  The  jjopular  English  nnme  of 
Rims  vernicifera,  a  large  shrub,  or  -^mall  tree,  of 
Japan,  nearly  resembling  the  North  American  Rhus 
venenata,  or  swamp  sumac. 

VART'A-BED,  n.  One  of  an  order  of  ecclesiastics  in 
the  Armenian  church.  They  differ  from  the  priests 
by  living  in  seclusion  aitd  in  celibacy.  They  also 
preach,  while  the  priests  do  not,  I'lie  bishops  are  all 
taken  from  the  order  of  Fartabcds,  and  are  ordained 
by  them.  Coleman. 

VAR'VEL?,  *  ,     ™  ,, 

VER'VELS;  1  "■  P^-    t^'-  ^''"•'■«'-l 

Silver  rings  about  the  legs  of  a  hawk,  on  which 
the  owner's  name  is  engraved.  Did. 

VAR'VI-CITE,  a.     An  ore  of  manganese.     Brant/e. 

VA'RY,  V.  U  [h.  vario;  Fr.  marie r ;  Sp.  variar ;  It. 
variare;  probably  allied   to  Eng.  few,  Sp.  fcirar,  L. 

vertOy  Elh.  I  I4l  bari,  whence  AllT''  l4l  to  alter- 
nate.    See  Class  Ur,  No.  11,  and  No.  03.] 

1.  To  alter  in  form,  appearance,  substance,  or  po- 
sition ;  to  make  dilferent  by  a  partial  change  ;  as,  to 
retry  a  thing  in  dinifiisions  ■,  to  vanj  its  properties, 
proportions,  or  nature  ;  to  vary  the  posture  or  attitude 
of  a  thing  ;  to  vary  one's  dross. 

2.  To  change  to  something  eHe. 

Goda,  that  never  chanffe  thf'ir  stat/^, 

Vary  oft  ibeir  love  anff  liate.  Waller, 

We  are  lo  vary  the  citstoma  according  to  Iho  time  ;inil  country 

where  liie  scene  of  action  lies.  Dryden, 

3.  To  make  of  different  kinds. 

God  hath  varied  the  inciinaiions  of  mtn,  ac4or<lJng  to  the  variety 
of  actions  lo  be  perlurmcd.  Browne. 

4.  To  diversify  j  to  variegate. 

God  hath  here 
Variid  hii  bounty  so  with  new  tlelighta.  Milton. 

Va'RY,  b.  i  To  alter  or  be  altered  in  any  manner; 
to  suffer  a  partial  change.  Colors  often  vary  when 
held  in  different  positions.  Customs  vary  from  one 
age  to  another,  until  they  arc  entirely  changed. 


VAS 


VAU 


2.  To  bo  changeable;  to  alter;  as,  the  varyin" 
hues  of  the  clouds  ;  the  varying  plumage  of  a  dove. 

3.  To  differ  or  be  different;  to  be  unlike.  The 
laws  of  different  countries  vary.  Tht;  laws  of  France 
vary  from  those  of  England. 

4.  To  be  changed  ;  to  become  different.  The 
man  varies  in  his  opinions;  his  opinions  rary  with 
the  times. 

5.  To  become  unlike  one's  self;  to  alter. 

He  paries  from  hiiiiMlf  no  less.  Pope. 

6.  To  deviate  ;  to  depart ;  as,  to  vary  from  the 
law ;  to  vary  from  the  rules  of  justice  or  reason. 

Locke. 

7.  To  alter  or  change  in  succession. 

While  f(?;ir  and  anger,  with  a.Ilcrnalc  grace, 

Pant  iu  h'.T  bre^t,  ami  vary  in  htrr  face.  A'lditon. 

8.  To  disagree;  to  be  at  variance;  a^,  men  vary 
in  opinion. 

Va'RY',  ji.    Alteration;  change.  [Ji'ot  in  use.]  Shak. 
Va'RY-ING,  ;;pr.     .Altering;  changing;  deviating. 
VAS'eU-LAR,  a.    [L.  vasculuniy  a  vessel,  from  vaa, 
id.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  vessels  of  animal  or  vegetable 
bodies  ;  as,  the  vascular  functions. 

2.  Full  of  vessels  ;  consisting  of  animal  or  vege- 
table vessels,  as  arteries,  veins,  lacteals,  and  the  like ; 
as,  tlie  vc^cnlar  system.  Animal  flesh  is  all  vascidary 
none  of  it  par_enchymous.  Ctic. 

VAS-eU-LA'RES,7t.  pi  Plants  which  have  staniens, 
pistils,  and  spiral  vessels,  and  bear  proper  flowers. 

Lindtnj. 
VAS-CU-LAR'I-TY,  n.    The  state  of  being  vascular. 

Mvd.  Rcpos. 
VAS-€U-LIF'ER-0US,  a.     [L.  vasculum  and  ftro,  to 
bear.] 

VasculiferoiLs  plants^  are  such  as  have  seed-vessels 
divided  into  cells.  Cyc. 

VaSE,  n.     [Fr.,  from  L.  vas,  vasa,  a  vessel ;  It.  vase] 

1.  A  vessel  for  domestic  use,  or  for  use  in  tem- 
ples ;  as,  a  vase  for  sacrifice,  an  urn,  &c. 

2.  An  ancient  vessel  dug  out  of  the  ground  or 
from  rubbioh,  and  kept  as  a  curiosity. 

3.  In  architecture^  an  ornament  of  sculpture,  placed 
on  socles  or  pedestals,  representing  the  vet^sels  of  the 
ancients,  as  incense-pots,  liower-pots,  &c.  They 
usually  crown  or  finish  facades  or  frontispieces. 

Cyc, 

4.  The  body  or  naked  ground  of  tlie  Corinthian 
and  Composite  capital;  caJied  also  theTAMuouBor 
Drum. 

5.  .\mox\g  florists i  the  calyx  of  a  plant.         Cyc. 

6.  Among  goldsmiths^  the  middle  of  a  church  can- 
dlestick. Cyc, 

7.  A  solid  piece  of  ornamental  marble.  Jvhiison. 
[Down  to  the  time  of  Walker,  tins  word  was 

made  to  rhyme  with  base,  case,  &c.,  and  is  still  so 
pronounced,  to  a  great  extent,  in  the  United  States. 
In  England,  it  is  more  commonly  pronounced,  as 
Walker  gives  it,  vaze,  though  by  some  vHz,  and  by  a 
few  raiDz.  —  Ed.] 
VAS'SAL,  n.  [Fr.  vassal;  It.  vass(dlo ;  Sp.  vasaUo 
W.  gwhsy  a  boy  or  youth,  a  page,  a  servant ;  gwas&u, 
to  serve.] 

1.  A  feudatory ;  a  tenant ;  one  who  holds  land  of 
a  superior,  and  who  vows  fidelity  and  Immage  to 
him.  A  Tcar  vassal  is  one  who  holds  of  a  lordwho 
is  himself  a  vassal. 

2.  A  subject;  a  dependent.  Hooker. 

3.  A  servant.  Shak. 

4.  In  common  language,  a  bondman ;  a  political 
slave.  We  will  never  be  the  vassals  of  a  foreign 
prince. 

VAS'SAL,  v.  t.    To  subject  to  control ;  to  enslave. 
VAS'SAL-AOE,  n.    [Fr.  vassclagc;  Sp.  vasalage.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  a  vassal  or  feudatoiy. 

2.  Political  servitude  ;  dependence  ;  subjection  ; 
slavery.  The  Greeks  were  long  held  in  vassalage  by 
liie  Turks. 

VAS'SAL-ED,  pp.  ox  a.  Enslaved;  subjected  to  ab- 
solute power  ;  as,  a  vassalcd  land.  TrumbuU. 

VAST,  a.  [h.vasUts;  Fr.  vaste ;  It.  vasto.  The  pri- 
maiy  sense  of  the  root  must  be,  to  part  or  spread,  a-s 
this  is  connected  with  the  verb  to  7caste.] 

1.  Being  of  great  extent ;  very  spacious  or  large  ; 
as,  the  vast  ocean  ;  a  vast  abyss  ;  the  vast  empire  of 
Russia;  the  vast  plains  of  Syria;  the  vast  domains 
of  the  Almighty. 

2.  Hugo  in  bulk  and  extent;  as,  the  vast  moun- 
tains of  Asia  ;  the  vast  range  of  the  Andes. 

3.  Vciy  great  in  numbers  or  amount;  as,  a  vast 
army  ;  vast  numbers  or  multitudes  were  slain  ;  vast 
sums  of  money  have  been  expended  to  gratify  pride 
and  ambition. 

4.  Very  great  in  force ;  mighty ;  as,  vast  efforts ; 
vast  labor. 

5.  Very  great  in  impoitance  ;  as,  a  subject  of  vast 
concern. 

VAST,  n.    An  empty  waste. 

Through  the  vast  of  heaven  it  sounded.  MiUon. 

The  vrut/irj  vast.  Pope. 

VAS-Ta'TION,  n,    {h.  vastatio,  from  vasto,  to  waste.] 
A  laying  waste  ;  waste  ;  depopulation. 
[Devastation  is  generally  used.] 


VAS-T!D'I-TY,    n 

Kngli.ih.] 
VAST'I-'I-VDE,  n. 


Vafitnen;    immensity.      [JVM 
Skak. 
Vaitlaess;  immeiue  ezteoL 

FmUt, 

VAST'LY,  adv.  Ver>'  greatly ;  lo  a  great  ezteot  or 
degree;  a«,  a  «pace  vastly  extended.  Men  d^er 
ya^tty  in  their  opinions  and  manners. 

VAST'NESS,  n.  Great  extent ;  immensity ;  as,  the 
vastneas  of  the  ocean  or  of  space. 

2.  ImmenRe  bulk  and  extent ;  a.<«,  the  vtutnes*  of  a 
mountain. 

3.  Inimem^e  magnitude  or  amount ;  aa,  the  wttnrtr 
of  an  army,  or  of  the  nimn  of  mooey  aeccsmry  lo 
support  it. 

4.  Immensf;  importance. 

VAST'Y,  a.    Being  of  great  ori'-nl ;  very  •pieimj*. 

I  CAD  call  Epiiiufrtjin  liv?  vati-i 
VAT,  71.     [D.  rat :  SiLX.  fa/ 

1.  A  large  vesfffl  or  ci-^t 

an  immature  state  ;  as,  vol*  fur  .*. 

Ixt  tiiin  proUncc  t>i«  uiU  imi  tut%  lo  ly- 
And  i^ndanla. 

2.  A  square  box  or  cistern  in  whicli  hide*  are  laid   I 
for  steeping  iu  tan. 

3.  Au  oil  measure  in  Holland  ^  also,  a  wine  m'l—   ' 
ure. 

4.  A  sqoarc,  hollow  place  on  the  back  of  n 
cining  furnace,  where  tin-ore  is  laid  lo  dn".      CtfC       , 

VATa-CAN,  7t.     [Urates.]  ' 

In  Rome,  a  magnificent  palace  of  Iho  pope  on  the 
Vatican  hiU,  adjoining  the  celebrated  cliurcb  of  PL 
Peter,  containing  vast  repu5itorit;s  of  Itic  arts,  &,c 
From  its  being  the  pope's  residence,  we  have  thy 
phrase,  the  Uiundcrs  of  the  Fatican^  meanmg  tiic 
anathemas  or  denunciations  of  the  pope. 
VAT'I-CIDE,  -a.  [L.  vaUs.  a  prophet,  and  c<e^,  la 
kill.] 
The  murderer  of  a  prophet.  Pope. 

VA-TICl-NAL,  (va-lia'e  nal,)  a.      [L.  vaticmrr,  to 
prophesy.] 
Containing  prophecy.  tfarton. 

VA-TIC'I-NaTE,  v.  i.  [h,  vaticinor,  from  talu^  a 
prophet.] 

To  prophesy ;  to  foretell ;  to  practice  prediction. 
[Little  used,]  JhtveU. 

VA-TIC-I-Na'TION,  n.    Prediction  ;  prophecy. 

VAUDE'VIL,(v6de'vil,)n.  [Fr.l  A  song  curn::..  ;, 
among  the  vulgar,  and  sung  about  the  sUecl^.  A 
ballad  ;  a  trivial  striin. 

In  the  French  Vicaiery  a  vaudeviUe  \a  a  piece  whose 
dialogue  is  intermingled  with  light  or  comic  songs. 
DicL  de  VjScmL 
VAULT,  7t.     [Fr.voUU;  IL  rolta,  a  vault;  voUo^Uie 
face,  visage,  and  a  vault,  L.  vulius ;  a  denvativc  of 
L.  volvoy  volutus ;  Sp.  voltrar,  to  turn,  to  tumble.] 

1.  A  continued  arch,  or  an  arched  ruoC    Vaults 
are    of   various   kinds,    circular,  ellipti'"!'     ':">'^'- 
double,  cross,  diagonal,  Gothic,  &c. 

2.  A  cellar. 

To  banish  rats  Utit  baurl 

3.  A  cave  or  cavern. 

The  sileol  vmtllt  of  dr-.illi,  t!i 

4.  A  repository  for  the  dead.  Skmk. 

5.  In  t}ie  manege,  the  leap  of  a  horse. 
VAULT,  v.  t.    To  arch  ;  to  form  with  a  vault ;  or  to 

cover  with  a  vault ;  as,  to  vault  a  passage  to  a  coort. 
VAULT,  V.  i.     [Sp.  voltcar  ;  IL  toUare  ;  Fr.  vaulrtr.] 
'  I.  To  leap  ;  lo  bound;  to  jump;  to  spring. 

Vauldng  anihiiion,  which  u'trrirap  itself.  5fta^. 

ticauing  on  his  liuic?,  ttc  <^:i4Iid  on  a  tree.  Drf^t». 

Lucan  vaulted  upon  Pc^iuiis  witb  al!  the  beil  And  lotrrndic;  of 
youth.  AJgMOW. 

2.  To  tumble ;  to  exhibit  feats  of  tumbling  or  leap- 
ing. 

VAULT'AGE,  ti.  Vaulted  work ;  an  arched  cellar. 
\j^ot  in  tu<e.]  SUt 

VAULT'ED.  pp.  or  a.  Arched ;  concave  ;  as,  a 
vat^cd  roof. 

2.  Covered  with  an  arch  or  >-aull. 

3.  a.  In  botany,  arched  like  the  roof  of  the  mouth, 
:is  tlie  upper  lip  of  many  ringent  flowei^.    .Vcr^m. 

VAULT'ER,  ;l    One  that  vaults;  a  leaper;  a  mm- 

bier. 
VAULT'ING,  ppr.    .Arching  ;  covering  with  an  arch. 
2.  Leaping;  tumbling;  exhibiting  feats  of  leaping- 
VAULT'Y,  a.    Arched;  concave.  [-Vi»t  in  «,*«.]  .'^V:!, 
VXLJ-NT,  v.  i,     [Fr.  vaaier ;  It.  vantarsiJrQm  ra::\ 
boasting,  from  vano,  vain,  L.  ranus.    This  ou^Iii  ; 
be  written  Vant.] 

To  boast ;  to  make  a  vain  display  of  one's  <-  ^■  - 
worth,  attainments,  or  decorations;  lo  talk  u  : 
vain  ostentation  ;  to  brag. 

Pride  — prompt*  a  Boan  to  vauni  And  oTciTAlin  ■' 
(Tor.  «.',■  . 

VAUNT,  V,  U   To  boast  of;  lo  make  a  vain 

My  Tnnquisher,  spoiled  of  hii  rovnlrd  spod. 
Charily  vaunuA  not  it«lt.  —  1  Cor.  xiii. 

VAUNT,  n.    Boast ;  a  vain  display  of  what  one  i?, . 
has,  or  has  done ;  ostentation  fnun  vanin-. 

Him  I  trd-jwi 
With  other  paunti  and  othrr  fir:i(n»rs.  JUQkm. 


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~  1287 


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VEG 


VEH 


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VAUNT,  (Vint,)  n.     [Fr.  avant.] 

The  first  part.     [jVot  used.}  »'«!'>• 

VAUNT-€OU'KI-ER,  (-koo're-er,)  n.      [Fr.    mant- 
coureur.]  , 

A  precursor.  .  ,     ,  *''^;. 

VAUNT'ED,  pp.  01  a.     Vainly  boas  ed  of  or  dis- 

nlaved. 
VAU'NT'ER,  n.    A  vain,  conceited  boaster;  a  orag- 

"art ;  a  man  given  to  vain  ostentation.        Speiiser. 
vlUNT'FijL,  a.    Boastful ;  vainly  ostentatious. 
V.\UNT'ING,  ppr.    Vainly  boasting;   ostentatiously 

setting  forth  what  one  is  or  has. 
VAUNT'I.VG,  n.  •  Vain-glorious  boasting. 
VAUNT'ING-LV,  aih:    Boastfully;  with  vain  osten- 
tation. Shak, 
VAUNT'-MURE,  n.     [Fr.  maitt-mur.] 

A  false  wall ;  a  work  raised  in  front  of  the  mam 
wall.  Camden. 

VAUaUE'LIN-ITE,  (voke'lin-Ite,)  n.    Chromate  of 

copper  and  lead,  green,  of  various  shades.       Ore. 
VAV'A-SOR,ii.  [This  word,  in  old  books,  is  variously 
written,  Valvasor,  Vavasour,  Valvasoub.     It  is 
said  to  be  from  vassal.     But  qu.] 

Camden  holds  that  the  ravasor  w.is  next  below  a 
baron.  Du  Cange  maintains  that  there  were  two 
sorts  of  vavasors  ;  the  greater,  who  held  of  the 
king,  such  as  barons  and  counts ;  and  the  lesser, 
called  valvasini,  who  held  of  the  former.  The  dig- 
nity or  rank  is  no  longer  in  use,  and  the  name  is 
known  only  in  books.  Cj/c. 

V.'VV'.A.-SO-RY,  II.    The  quality  or  tenure  of  the  fee 

held  by  a  vavasor.  Cyc. 

VA'W.\RD,n.    [van  and  ward.]    The  fore  part.  [  Ok.] 

Shak. 
V.  D.  M. ;  an  abbreviation  for  L.  rcrbi  Dei  jninlstcr, 

minister  of  God's  word. 
VeAL,  n.     [Fr.  vcau,  a   calf;  probably  contracted 
from  L.  vUelbts.] 
The  flesh  of  a  calf  killed  for  the  table. 
VE€'TION,  n.     [L.  vectio,  from  veko,  to  carry.] 

The  act  of  carrying,  or  state  of  being  carried. 
VE€-TI-Ta'TION,  n.     [L.  vectito.] 

A  carrying.     [JVot  in  use.]  ATbulknot. 

vector",  n.     [L.,  from  re/io,  to  cany.] 

In  aslronomy,  commonly  called  Radius  Vector, 
which  see. 
VECTURE,  n.    [L.  vcclura,  from  veho,  supra.] 

\  ca'rrving  ;    carriage  ;    conveyance  by  carrj'ing. 
[LiUle  used.]  Bacon. 

Ve'DA,  n.  The  generic  name  of  the  four  oldest  sa- 
cred books  of  the'  Hindoos,  viz.,  Rig,  Yajust,  Saman, 
and  Atharvan,  which  were  considered  as  directly 
revealed  by  Brahma.  These  are  divided  into  four 
parts  or  vedas.  The  word  is  somelimes  written  Ve- 
ojji.  Sii-  W.  Jones.     Colcbrooke. 

VE-DETTE',  n.  [Fr.  vedette ;  It.  vedctla,  from  vedere, 
h.  video,  to  see.] 

A  sentinel  on  horseback  ;  a  dragoon  or  horseman 
stationed  on  the  outpost  of  an  army,  to  watch  an  en- 
emy and  give  notice  of  danger. 
VEER,  V.  i.     (Fr.  rirfr  ;  Sp.  birar  ;  D.  viercn  ;    allied 
probably  to  L.  vario  and  verto.    See  Wake.] 

To  turn ;  to  change  direction ;  as,  the  wind  veers 
to  the  west  or  north. 


Pope. 
sprouting 


And  as  he  leads,  the  followiiig  navy  veers. 
And  lum  your  vsering  he;xn  with  every  ^ale. 


Dryden. 
Roscommofi, 


To  veer  and  haul,  as  wind  ;  to  alter  its  direction. 
VEER,  V.  t.    To  turn  ;  to  direct  to  a  different  course. 
To  veer  out :  to  suffer  to  run  or  to  let  out  to  a 
greater  length  ;  as,  to  veer  out  a  rope. 

To  veer  away ;  to  let  out ;  to  slacken  and  let  run  ; 
as,  to  veer  away  the  cable.  This  is  called  also  pay- 
ing out  the  cable. 

To  veer  and  haul ;  to  pull  tight  and  slacken  alter- 
nately. Totten. 
VEER'A-BLE,  a.      Changeable;    shifting.      [JVot  m 

use.]  Randolph. 

VEEK'ED,  (veerd,);ip-    Turned;  changed  in  direc- 
tion ;  let  out. 
VEER'ING,  ppr.    Turning;  letting  out  to  a  greater 

length. 
VEER'ING-LY,  adv.    Changinsly  ;  shiftingly. 
VEG-E-T.V-BIL'I-TY,  n.     [from  vegetable.]     Vegeta- 
ble nature;  the  quality  of  growth  without  sensation. 

BroTffn. 
VEG'E-TA-BLE,  ju    [Fr.,  from  vegeter,  L.  vigco,  to 
grow.] 

1.  A  plant ;  an  organized  body  destitute  of  sense 
and  voluntary  motion,  deriving  its  nourishment 
through  pores  on  its  outer  surface  or  vessels,  in  most 
instances  adhering  to  some  other  body,  as  the  earth, 
and  in  general,  propagating  itself  by  seeds.  Some 
vegetables  have  spontaneous  motion.  Vegetables 
alone  have  the  power  of  deriving  nourishment  from 
inorganic  matter,  or  organic  matter  entirely  de- 
composed. 

2.  In  a  more  limited  sense,  vegetables  are  such 
plants  as  are  used  for  culinary  purposes  and  culti- 
vated in  gardens,  or  are  destined  for  feeding  cattle 
and  sheep.  Vegetables,  for  these  uses,  are  such  .as 
are  of  a  more  soft  and  fleshy  subst,ance  than  trees 
and  shrubs ;  such  as  cabbage,  cauliflower,  turnips, 
potatoes,  peas,  beans,  &c 


VEG'E-TA-HLE,  a.     Belonging  to  plants  ;  as,  n  vege- 
table nature  ;  re^efai/c  qualities;  vegetable  yi'ices. 

2.  Consisting  of  plants  ;  as,  the  vegetable  king- 
dom. , , 

3.  Having  the  nature  of  plants;  as,  a  vegetable 
body.  _  .       -         , 

Fefretnblc  marrow;  the  fruit  of  a  species  of  gourd, 
Cucurbita  ovifera,  a  native  of  Persia.  It  is  used  for 
culinary  purposes,  and  is  named  from  tlie  peculiar 
tenderness  and  softness  of  its  flesh.     Farm.  Encyc. 

Vegetable  ivory;  a  close-grained,  and  very  hard 
vegetable  substance,  resembling  the  finest  ivory  in 
telturo  and  color,  and  often  wrought  into  ornamental 
work.  It  is  the  product  of  a  species  of  palm,  the 
Phytelephas  raacrocarpa,  in  the  form  of  a  nut  called 
Ivory  Not,  often  as  large  as  a  hen's  egg.  SitUman. 
VEG'E-T.\L,  a.    Having  power  to  cause  growth.     As 

a  noun,  a  vegetable.    [JVot  in  itsej 
VEG'E-TaTE,  v.  i.    [L.  vegeto ;  Fr.  vegeter ;  from  Li. 
vigeo,  to  flourish.] 

To  sprout ;  to  germinate  ;  to  grow  ;  as  plants  ;  to 
grow  and  be  enlarged  by  nutriment  imbibed  from  the 
earth,  air,  or  water,  by  means  of  roots  and  leaves. 
Plants  will  not  vegetate  without  a  certain  degree  of 
heat ;  but  some  plants  vegetate  with  less  heat  than 
others.  Potatoes  will  vegetate  after  tliey  are  pared, 
provided  what  are  called  the  eyes  or  chits  are  not 
removed  or  injured. 

See  dvin»  veg-'Lables  life  sustain, 
See  life  dissolving  vegctnte  again. 

VEG'E-Ta-TING,    ppr.       Germinatin 

growing ;  as  plants. 
VE6-E-Ta'TION,  n.  [Fr.]  The  process  of  growing, 
as  plants,  bv  means  of  nourishment  derived  from  the 
earth,  or  from  water  and  air,  and  received  through 
roots  and  leaves.  We  observe  that  vegetation  de- 
pends on  heat  and  on  certain  substances  which  con- 
stitute the  nutriment  of  plants.  Rapid  vegetation  is 
caused  by  increased  heat  and  a  rich  soil. 

2.  Vegetables  or  plants  in  general.  In  iMne,vcge- 
tation  in  our  climate  wears  a  beautiful  aspect. 

Vccetation  of  salts,  so  called,  consists  in  certain 
crystalline  concretions  formed  by  salts,  after  solution 
in  water,  when  set  in  the  air  for  evaporation.  These 
concretions  appear  round  the  surface  of  the  liquor, 
affiled  to  the  sides  of  the  vessel. 
VEG'E-Ta-TIVE,  a.     [Fr.  vegctatif.] 

1  Growing,  or  having  the  power  of  growing,  as 
plants.  ^  ,  .^a';?'-; 

a.  Having  the  power  to  produce  growth  m  plants ; 
as,  the  veirctativc  properties  of  soil.  Broome. 

VEG'E-Ta^TIVE-NESS,  71.    The  quality  of  produ- 
cing growtli. 
VE-GeTE'.o.     [h.vcgetus.] 

Vigorous  ;  active.    [LitUe  jised,]  Wallis. 

VEG'&TIVE,  a.     [L.  regeto,  vigeo.] 

Vegetable  ;  having  the  nature  of  plants  ;  as,  rege- 
tive  life.     [Little  used.]  Tiisscr. 

VEG'E-TIVE,  71.    A  vegetable.     [JVot  in  use.] 

Sandys. 
VEG'E-TO-AN'I-MAL,  a.  Partaking  of  the  nature 
both  of  vegetable  and  animal  matter,  l^egcto-animcl 
matttr,  is  a  tcrmformerlv  applied  to  vegetable  gluten, 
which  is  found  in  the  seeds  of  certain  plants,  in  a 
state  of  union  with  fecula  or  starch.  It  is  remarka- 
bly elastic,  and  when  dry,  semi-transparent.  By  dis- 
tillation it  affords,  like  animal  substances,  ammonia, 
and  an  empyreumatic  oil.  Cye.    Fourcroy. 

VEG'E-TOUS,  a.    Vigorous ;  lively  ;   vegete.     [JVot 

in  use.]  ^«-  Janson 

VE'HE-MENCE,   j  71.    [Fr.  vehemmee;  from  1,.  vehe- 
Ve'HE-MEN-CY,  i     77i«7is,  from  veho,  to  carry,  that 
is,  to  rush  or  drive.]  .    ■     , 

1.  Violence ;  creat  force  ;  prcperhj,  force  derived 
from  velocity  ;  as,  the  vehemence  of  wind.  But  it  is 
applied  to  any  kind  of  forcible  action ;  as,  to  speak 
with  vehemence. 

2.  Violent  ardor  ;  great  heat ;  animated  fervor  ;  as, 
the  vehemence  of  love  or  affection  ;  the  vehemence  of 
anger  or  other  passion. 

I  tremble  at  his  vehemence  of  t-itiper.  Addison. 

Ve'HE-JIENT,  a.     [Fr.,  from  L.  veliemens.] 

1.  Violent;  actingwith  greatforce ;  furious;  very 
forcible  ;  as,  a  vehement  wind  ;  a  vehement  torrent ;  a 
vehement  fire  or  heat. 

2  Very  ardent ;  very  eager  or  urgent ;  very  fer- 
vent ;  as,  a  vehement  affection  or  passion  ;  vehement 
desire ;  vehement  eloquence.  .Milton. 

Ve'HE-MENT-LY,  adv.    With  greatforce  and  vio- 

"    Dr'ently ;  forcibly ;  with  great  zeal  or  pathos. 
"        '^  Tillotson. 

Ve'HI-CLE,  (ve'he-kl,)  n.     [Ft.  vchicule ;  L.  vchicu- 
luTU,  from  velio,  to  carry.]  , 

1.  That  in  which  anv  thing  is  or  may  be  carried  ; 
any  kind  of  caniage  moving  on  land,  either  on 
wheels  or  runners.  This  word  comprehends  coaches, 
chariots,  -igs,  sulkies,  wagons,  carts  of  every  kind, 
sleighs,  and  sleds.  These  are  all  vehicles.  But  the 
word  is  more  generally  applied  to  wheel  carriages, 
and  rarely,  I  believe,  to  water  craft. 

2.  That  which  is  used  as  the  instrument  of  con- 
veyance.    Language  is  the  vehicle  which  conveys 


ideas  to  others.    Letters  are  vehicles  of  communica- 
tion. , 

A  simple  slylo  forms  the  best  vehicU  of  Ihousht  10  a  r?!""-" 
oiembly.  ""■'• 

3.  A  substance  in  which  medicine  is  taken. 

4.  A  menstruum  in  which  paints,  gums,  &c.,  arc 
dissolved  and  prepared  for  use. 

VE'III-CLED,  a.     Conveyed  in  a  vehicle.        Oreen. 

VE-HI€'U-LAR,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  vehicle. 

VEH'Mie  a.  Velimie  courts  were  the  tribunals  ot  a 
secret  societv  in  Germany  during  the  middle  ages, 
which  for  a  time  held  a  powerful  sway  over  the  peo- 
ple by  their  terrible  executions.  Brande. 


VEIL.'rvale,)  n.     [L.  red™.]  

"  1.  A  cover  ;  a  curtain  ;  something  to  intercept  the 
view  and  hide  an  object. 

2.  A  cover ;  a  disguise.  [See  Vail.  The  latter 
orthography  gives  the  Latin  pronunciation  as  well  as 
the  English,  and  is  to  b«  preferred.] 

VEIL,  (valo,)  V.  t.    To  cover  with  a  veil ;  to  conceal. 
2.'  To  invest ;  to  cover. 

3.  To  hide.     [See  Vail.]  ,,  .    ,        • 
VEIN  7!      [Fr.  vcine;  L.  vam,  from  the  root  of  vento, 

to  ci)me,  to  pass.  The  sense  is,  a  passage,  a  conduit.] 
1  A  vessel  in  animal  bodies,  which  receives  the 
blood  from  the  extreme  arteries,  and  returns  it  to  the 
heart.  The  veins  uiay  be  arranged  in  three  divis- 
ions (1  )  Those  that  commence  from  the  capilla- 
ries 'all  over  the  body,  and  return  the  blood  to  the 
heart  (2.)  The  pulmonary  veins.  (3.)  The  veins 
of  the  vena  porta;,  in  which  the  blood  that  has  circu- 
lated through  the  organs  of  digestion  is  conves'ed  to 
the  liver  'J^' 

o  In  plants,  a  tube,  or  an  assemblage  of  tubes, 
through  which  the  sap  is  transmitted  along  the  leaves. 
The  tenu  is  more  properly  applied  to  the  finer  and 
more  complex  ramifications,  which  mterbranch  with 
each  other  like  net-work;  the  larger  and  more  tli- 
rect  assemblages  of  vessels  being  called  Rnis  and 
"Nerves.  Veins  are  also  found  in  the  calyx  and  corol 
of  flowers.  .      ,     ,.  .  .'^''-  , 

The  vessels  which  branch  orvariously  divide  o\er 
the  surface  of  leaves  are  called  Veins.       Martyn. 

3  In  realo<nj,  a  seam  of  any  substance,  more  or 
less  wide,  intersectinu  a  rock  or  stratum,  and  not 
corresnondingwith  the  stratification.    Dana.     Cye. 

4  \  streak  or  wave  of  different  color,  appearing 
in  wood,  marble,  and  other  stones  ;  variegation. 

5.  A  cavity  or  fissure  in  the  earth  or  in  other  sub- 

^' G^'rendency  or  turn  of  mind ;  a  particular  dispo- 
sition or  cast  of  genius ;  as,  a  rich  vein  of  wit  or 
humor ;  a  satirical  rein- 
invoke  the  muses,  and  improve  my  van.  WaUer. 

7.  Current. 
He  tan  open  a  vein  of  true  and  noble  Ihioling.  Sm/L 

8.  Humor ;  particular  temper.  /„f/^*" 

9.  Strain  ;  qualitv  ;  as,  my  usual  vein.     Oldham. 
VEIN'SD,  (vand,)  a.    [from  vein.]     Full  of  veins  ; 

itreaked  ;  variegated  ;  as,  veined  marble. 
2.  In  bolcmj,  having  vessels  branching  over  the 

surface,  as  a  leaf. 
VEIN'ING,  (van'ing.)  a.    Forming  veins. 
VEIN'LESS,  a.     In  botany,  having  no  veins ;  as,  a 

-      ,       I....*-  Barton, 

vanlcs^  leal.  .        ,        .„  -  , 

VEIN'-SToNE,  n.      The  rock  or  mineral  material 

which  accompanies  or  incloses  ores  in  veins  ;  the 

VEIN''Y''tvin'e,)  a.    Full  of  veins  ;  as,  veiny  marble. 
vAjiii      ,  V  )/  Thomson. 

VE-LIF'ER-OUS,  a.     [L.  velum,  a  saU,  and  fcro,  to 

""Tiring  or  carrying  sails.  Evelyn. 

VEL-I-Ta'TION,  71.     [L.  vchtatio.]  r^r,;„ 

A  dispute  or  contest;  a  slight  skirmish.    [Aot  m 
1      '  Burton. 

VE-LlV'0-LANT,  a.     [L.  velum  and  vole] 

Passing  under  full  sail. 
VELL,  71.     [au.  fcU,  a  skin.] 

A  rennet  bag.     [local.] 
VELL,  r.  (.     [Qu. /e!!,  a  Elcin.] 

To  cut  off  the  turf  or  sward  of  land.    [i-ocoL] 

cye. 

VEL-Le'I-TY ,  7i.    [Fr.  velldt6 ;  from  L.  veUe,  to  w  ill.] 

A  term  by  which  the  schools  express  the  lowest 

decree  of  desire.  „  „     .  ^"''jf  • ,, 

VEL'LI-CaTE,  v.  L    [L.  vellico,  from  vcllo,  to  pull.  It 

may  be  from  the  root  of  pidl.]  , 

•i'o  twitch  ;  to  stimulate  ;  applied  to  the  muscles  and 

Jibers  of  animals  ;  to  cause  to  twitch  convulsiv.%.^ 

VEL'LI€\-TED  pp.    Twitched  or  caused  to  tw'itch. 
VEL'LI-CA-TING,  ppr.     Twitching;  convulsing. 
VEL-L1-€A'TI0N,  «.    The  act  oi  twitching,  or  of 

"^TTtwitch^ng'or  convulsive  motion  of  a  musctdar 

VEL'tl-CA-TIVE,  a.    Having, the  power  of  vellica- 

ting,  plucking,  or  twitching. 
VEI/LUM,  71.     [Fr.  velin.     It  coincides  with  /cK,  u- 

vel,  skin  ;  probably  from  the  root  of  L.  i;£«o.] 

A  finer  kind  of  parchment  or  skin,  rendered  clear 

and  wliite  for  writing. 


FATE.  FAR.  FALL,  WHAT.-MeTE,  PREY-PINE,  MARINE.  BIRD.In^,  CQVE^MOVE^UW^JigQK^ 


1228 


VEN 


VEN 


VEN 


VEL'LUM-POST, 

writins-paper. 
VEL'LUM-Y,  a.    Resemblin; 


A  peculiar  sort  of  superior 


FE-LO'CE,  (va-Io'cha,)  [It.]" 

*"'  ""*^  [L.  vehxy  swift,  and  pes,  foot.] 


vellum. 

.    ^     ^     In  mu^ie,  quick. 
VE-LOC'I-PEDE,  n.     [U  vehx,  swift,  and  pe^, 

A  carriage  for  one  person,  having  two  wheels 
placed  one  before  the  other,  in  the  same  line,  and 
connected  by  a  beam,  on  which  the  person  sits 
astride,  and  propels  the  vehicle  by  striking  the  tips 
of  his  toes  against  the  earth. 
VE-LOCa-T Y,  C-Ios'e-te,)  n.  [Fr.  tdocke ;  L.  vdocUas, 
from  ve2oz^  swift,  allied  to  voh,  to  tly.] 

1.  Swiftness  ;  celerity  ;  rapidity  ;  as,  the  velocity  of 
wind  ;  the  velocity  of  a  planet  or  comet  in  its  orbit  or 
course  ;  the  velocity  of  a  cannon-ball ;  the  velocity  of 
light.  In  these  phrases,  velocity  is  more  generally 
used  than  celeritV'  We  apply  celerity  to  animals  ;  as, 
a  horse  or  an  ostrich  runs  with  celerity,  and  a  stream 
runs  with  rapidity  or  velocity;  but  bodies  movina  in 
the  air  or  in  ethereal  space  move  with  greater  or  less 
velocity,  not  celerity.  This  usage  is  arbitrarj',  and 
perhaps  not  universal. 

2.  In  philosophy,  velocity  is  that  affection  of  motion 
by  which  a  body  moves  over  a  certain  space  in  a  cer- 
tain time.  Velocity  is  in  direct  proportion  to  the 
space  over  which  a  body  moves.  Velocity  is  absolute 
or  relative ;  absolute,  when  a  body  moves  over  a  cer- 
tain space  in  a  certain  time  ;  relative,  when  it  has 
respect  to  another  moving  body.  Velocity  is  also 
mtiform  or  equal :  or  it  is  unequal,  that  is,  retarded  or 

VELTRE,  n.    [Fr.  velours.]  [accelerated. 

Velvet.     [Obs.]  S!uik. 

VEL'VET,  n.     [IL  velluZo;  Sp.  vdludo  i  Fr.  velours; 
li.  veUus,  hair,  nap.] 

A  rich,  silk  stuff,  covered  on  the  outside  with  a 
close,  short,  fine,  soft  shag  or  nap. 

Cotion  velvet ;  an  imitation  of  velvet,  made  of  cot- 
ton ;  also  called  vdveteen. 
VEL'VET,  r.  (.    To  paint  velvet.  Peacham. 

\T:L'VET,         ;  a.     Made  of  velvet ;  or  soft  and  del- 
VEL'\*ET-ED,  I     icate,  like  velvet. 
VEL-VET-EEN',  ji.    a  kind  of  cloth  made  of  cotton, 

in  imitation  of  velvet ;  cotton  velvet. 
VELVET-IXG,  71.    The  fine  shag  of  velvet       Cyc 
\'EL'VET-PAV-£D,  a.    Paved  with  velvet. 
VEL'VET-Y,  a.    Made  of  velvet,  or  like  velvet ;  soft  j 

smooth  ;  delicate.  Jilcd.  Repos. 

Ve'NAL,  a.    [L.  vena,  a  vein.] 

Pertaining  to  a  vein  or  to  veins;  contained  in  the 
veins;  as,  venal  blood.     [See  Venous,  which  is  gen- 
erally used.] 
Ve'NAL,  a.     [L.  venalvi,  from  veneo,  to  be  sold.] 

1.  Mercenary ;  prostitute  ;  that  may  be  bought  or 
obtained  for  money  or  other  valuable  consideration  ; 
as,  a  venal  muse  ;  venal  services. 

i  That  may  be  sold  ;  set  to  sale ;  as,  all  offices  are 
venal  in  a  corrupt  government. 

3.  Purchased  ;  as,  a  i^encl  vote.  Junius. 
VE-NAL'I-TY,  71.    Mercenariness  ;  the  state  of  being 

influenced  by  money  ;  prostitution  of  talents,  offices, 
or  sen-ices,  for  money  or  reward ;  as,  the  venality  of 
a  corrupt  courL 
VEX'A-RY,  a,     [L.  venor,  to  hunt.] 

Relating  to  hunting. 
VE-NAT'ie,         )  a.      [L.  venaticus,  from  venor,  to 
\-E-NAT'ie-AL,  i     hunt.] 

Used  in  hunting. 
VE-Xa'TIOX,  n.     [L.  venatio,  from  venor,  to  hunt.] 

1.  The  act  or  practice  of  hunting.  Broirn. 

2.  The  state  of  being  hunted.  Brown. 

3.  In  botany,  the  manner  in  which  the  veins  of 
leaves  are  arranged.  Lindley. 

VEND,  v.  L     [L.  vendo;  Fr.  vendre;  It.  vendere;  Sp. 
vender.] 

To  sell ;  to  transfer  a  thing  and  the  exclusive  right 
of  possessing  it  to  another  person,  for  a  pecuniary 
equivalent ;  as,  to  vend  goods ;  to  vend  meat  and 
vegetables  in  market.  Vending  differs  from  barter. 
We  vend  for  money ;  we  barter  for  commodities. 
Vend  U  applicable  only  to  wares,  merchandise,  or 
other  small  articles,  not  to  lands  and  tenements.  We 
never  say,  to  vend  a  farm,  a  lease,  or  a  bond,  a  right, 
or  a  hoise. 

VEXD'ED,  pp.      Sold  i    transferred  for  money  ;  as 
goods. 

VEND-EE',  n.    The  person  to  whom  a  thing  is  sold. 

VE.XD'ER,  n.     [Ft.  vcndcur.] 

A  seller  ;  one  who  transfers  the  exclusive  right  of 
possessing  a  thing,  eiUier  his  own,  or  that  of  anoth- 
er as  his  agent.  Auctioneers  are  the  venders  of  goods 
for  other  men. 

VEND-I-BIL'I-TY,     )  n.    The  state  of  being  vendible 

VEXD'I-BLE-NESS,  (     or  salable. 

VEXD'I-nLE,  a.    L.  [vcndibUis.-] 

Salable ;  that  may  be  sold  ;  that  can  be  pold  ;  as, 
vendible  gofwlsi.  Vendible  differs  from  marketable ;  the 
latter  signifies  proper  ox  fit  for  market,  acccrding  to 
the  laws  or  cnstomi  of  a  place.  Vendible  has  no 
reference  to  such  legal  fitness. 

VEXD'I-BLE,  71.    Sbtaething  to  be  sold  or  offered  for 
sale,  J\IUford. 

VEXD'T-BLY,  adv.    In  a  salable  manner. 

VEN-DI-Ta'TIO\ 


A  boastful 


'TIOX,  71.     PL.  venditatio.] 

ul  display.     [JVot  in  use.]  B.  Jonson. 


VEN-DI"TION,  (ven-dish'un,)  n.     [Fr.,  from  L.  rcn- 

ditio.] 
The  act  of  selling  ;  sale. 
VEXD'OR.  n.    A  vender :  a  seller. 
VEX-DCE',  7t.    [Fr.  vendu,  sold.] 

Auction  ;  a  public  sale  of  any  thing  by  outcry,  to 

the  liichest  bidder. 
VEX-DuE'-M.\S'TER,  n.    One  who  is  authorized  to 

make  sale  of  any  proptrty  to  the  highest  bidder,  by 

notification  and  public  outcrv  ;  an  auctioneer. 
VE-XEER',  p.  t.     [G.fumicri'n.     This  word  seems  to 

be  from  the  root  of  famish^  the  primary  sentio  of 

which  is,  to  put  on.] 
To  lay,  or  fix  firmly,  thin  leaves  of  a  fine  or  su|ic- 

rior  wood  over  a  coarse  or  inferior  wood,  su  a^  to 

give  the  latter  the  appearance  of  a  solid  mass  of  the 

former.  Jfd>ert. 

VE-NEER',  n.    A  thin  leaf  of  a  superior  wood  for 

overlaying  an  inferior  wood, 
VE-XEER'£D,  jy.    Overlaid  with  a  thin  leaf  of  a  su- 
perior wood. 
VE-NEER'ING,  ppr.    Overlaying  with  a  thin  leaf  of 

a  superior  wood. 
VE-XEER'IXG,  n.    The  act  or  art  of  overlaying  a 

coarse  or  inferior  wood  with  thin  leaves  of  superior 

wood  ;  the  covering  thus  laid  on. 
VEX'E-FICE,  (-fis,)  V.     [L.  venejicium.] 

The  prartice  of  pnisoning.     [Ao(  in  use,] 
VEX-F^FI''CIAL.  r-fish'al,)      )         ,-  .  .       , 

VEX-E-FI"CIOUS,  C-fish'us,)  i  °-    t^*  ^^^cium.] 
Acting  by  poison  ;  bewitching.     [Little  used.] 

Brown. 
VEX-E-FI"CIOUS-LY,  adv.  By  poison  or  witchcraft. 

[Little  used.]  Broum. 

VEX'EM-OtJS.    See  VEKoMoua. 
VEX'E-XaTE,  v.  t.    [L.  vcueno  ;  vcnenum,  poison  ;  W. 

gwcnwyn;  from  raging.] 
To  poison  ;  to  infect  with  poison.  Ifarvcy. 

VEX-E-Na'TIOX,  71.    The  act  of  poisoning. 

Q.  Poison  ;  vouom.  Brown. 

VE-NeXE',        ;         rj.  , 

vex'e-xose,  j  "^    t^"^-  ^^««*'^"^-] 

Poisonous  ;  venomous.     [JVot  used.]  Harvey. 

VEX-ER-A-BIL'I-TY,  71.     State  or  quality  of  being 

venerable.     [J^ot  used.]  More. 

VEX'ER-A-BLE,  a.  [Fr.,  from  L.  vcnerabilis,  from 
vencror,  to  honor,  to  wership.] 

I.  Worthy  of  veneration  or  reverence  ;  deserving 
of  honor  and  respect;  as,  a  venerable  magistrate;  a 
venerable  parent. 

9.  Rendered  sacred  by  rcllgioue  associations,  or 
being  consecrated  to  God  and  to  hisi  worship  ;  to  be 
regarded  with  awe  and  treated  with  reverence  ;  as, 
the  vc7terable  walls  of  a  temple  or  church. 

TliC  places  where  sam!s  have  BufferC'l  for  ihe  leatiiaony  of  Christ 
—  rendcnxl  venerable  by  their  death.  Hooker. 

VEX^ER-A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of 
being  venerable.  South. 

VEX'ER-A-BLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  to  excito  rever- 
ence. 

An  awful  pile  I   slacils  venerably  great.  Ad^iiion. 

VEX'ER-aTE,  V.  t.     [Fr.  venerer ;  L.  vencror.] 

To  regard  with  respect  and  reverence ;  to  rev- 
erence; to  revere.  We  venerate  an  old,  faithful 
magistrate;  we  venerate  parents  and  elders;  we 
venerate  men  consecrated  to  sacred  offices.  Wo 
venerate  old  age  or  gray  hairs.  We  venerate,  or  ought 
to  venerate,  the  gospel  and  its  precepts. 

Aiul  BcetneJ  lo  venerat£  tha  sacred  shade.  Drj/den. 

VEX'ER-A-TED,  pp.  or  a.  Reverenced  ;  treated  with 
honor  and  respect. 

VEX'ER-a-TIXG,  ppr.    Regarding  with  reverence. 

VEX-ER-a'TIOX,  n.     [Fr.,  from  L.  vcjia-atto.] 

The  highest  degree  of  respect  and  reverence  ;  re- 
spect mingled  with  some  degree  of  awe  ;  a  feeling  or 
sentiment  excited  by  the  dignity  and  superiority  of  a 
person,  or  by  the  sacredness  of  his  character,  and 
with  regard  to  place,  by  its  consecration  to  sacred 
services. 

We  find  a  secret  awe  and  vetieradon  for  one  who  mcrea  about 
113  in  a  regular  and  illustrious  coarse  of  vUlue.    Adduon. 

VEN'ER-a-TOR,  71.    One  who  venerates  and  rever- 
ences, 
VE-Ne'RE-AL,  a.      [h.  venerens,  from    Venus;   W. 
Gwencr,  from  gwcn,  white,  fair.    See  VenU3.] 
1.  Pertaining  to  sexual  intercourse. 
0.  Connected  with  sexual  intercourse  ;  as,  a  tsctio- 
rcal  disea^^e  ;  venereal  virus  or  poison. 

3.  Adaptt-d  to  the  cure  of  venereal  diseases  ;  as, 
venereal  medicines. 

4.  Adapted  to  excite  venereal  desire ;  aphrodisiac. 

Cye. 

5.  Consisting  of  or  pertaining  to  copper,  formerly 
called  by  cheniists  Vencts.     [Obs.]  Boyle, 

VE-Xe'RE-.\N,  a.     Venereal.     [Jfot  used.]     Howell. 
VE-Xe'RE-OL'S,  (I.     [L.  vaiereus.] 

Lu-^tful  ;  libidinous.  Derham. 

VEN'ER-OUS,  fir  Vesebeous.     [JVotused.] 
VEX'ER-V,  71.     [from  Venus.]    Sexual  intercourse. 

Coiifotmciil,  withont  the   pleasure  of  lawlul  venoy,  U  contj- 
iit:n«;   of  unU^ful,  ch."i£lity.  Grew. 


VEX'ER-V,  n.  [Fr.Tcneric;  from  L.  votary  lo  bunt, 
that  it),  to  drive  or  rush.] 

The  act  or  exercise  or  bontiiie ;  the  sporta  of  tbc 
chai>e. 

B'-^M*  of  pfnery  and  BjixtM.  Brosn. 

VEN-F^-SECTION,  n.     [L.  cow,  vein,  and  stetio,  a 

cutting.] 

'J'hc  act  or  operation  of  opening  a  rein  for  letting 
blood  :  b!.>oJ-leUing  ;  phlebotomy.   Cyc     Wlseaum. 
VE-Xk'TIAX,  a.    Ilclonging  to  Venice. 

Venci'-an  c/ialk;  a  white,  compact  talc  or  st-ialite, 
used  for  marking  on  cloth.  Ace.  Daas, 

Venetian  dear:  a  door  having  long,  narrow  w:n- 
dowif  on  the  sides. 

Venetian  window ;  one  conniving  of  a  main  win- 
dow with  a  long  and  narrow  window  on  each  k:i;i-. 

Vatrtinn  blind ;  a  blind  for  windows,  -V   - 
made  of  thin  slats  set  in  a  frame,  mu\ 
pinH,  and  so  disposed  aa  to  overlap  each 
and  to  show  a  series  of  open  fipae«t  for  i..-.  a-...j.-. 
sion  ofair  and  light  when  in  the  other  position. 
VEN'EY,  71.    [Fr.  vene:,  from  roiir,  to  come.] 

A  bout ;  a  thrust;  a  hit ;  a  turn  at  fencing. 

Thr:e  veneyi  for  a  disb  of  vUved  praaea.     [Obf.]  .*"'-■-. 

[Sometimes  spelt  Vexew.] 

VENGE,  (venj,)  r.  /.     [Fr.  vender.] 

To  avenge;  to  punish.  [^Tot  in  useJ]  [See  Atettce 
and  Reve?jge.]  Hhni. 

VEXGE'A-BLE,  (venj'a-b!,)  a.  [from  rni»e.j  Re- 
vengeful ;  as,  venge^le  despite.    [Jv'ol  in  ujc.] 

Satmjer. 

VEXGE'AXCE,  (venj'ance,)  lu  [Fr.,  from  wen;er,  fc 
revenge,  L.  vindico.] 

The  infliction  of  pain  on  another,  in  return  for  an 
injury  or  offense.    Such  infliction,  when  it  pn«-. 
from  malice  or  mere  rewntmeni,  and  is  nru  ii 
sary  for  the  purposes  of  justice,  id  revm^e.  -. 
most  heinous  crime.    When  such  Inflict; 
from  a  mere  love  of  justice,  and  tht:  i 
punishing   offenders    for  the  support  ci 
it  is  vcngeancCy  and  is  warrantable  and  j.-r.     l:i 
this  case,  vengeance  is  a  just  retribution,  recom- 
pense,  or    punishment.      In   this    latter  e^nse    liic 
word    is   used   in   Scripture,    and    frc-queiiUy    ap- 
plied to  the  punishments  inflicU:d  by  God  on  sin- 
ners. 

To  me  belonjpih  tengeanct  and  fcompeoie.  —  Dnrt.  xxxX 
The  Ixird  %-ill  taiio  tttngtanee  on  hii  adv^nuics.  —  Ns^um  L 

With  a  vengeance,  in  familiar  language,  signifies 
with  great  violence  or  vehemence ;  as,  to  strike  one 
with  a  vengeance. 

Formerly,  wltat  a  vengeance,  was  a  phrase  used  fur 
what  eraphatical. 

But  Kkat  a  vengeance  raakM  tbee  By  '.  BtitSbtru. 

VENGE'FfJL,  (venj'fnl,)  a.  Vindictive ;  retributive  j 
as,  God's  vengeful  ire.  JdllUn. 

2.  Revengeful. 

VEXGETLJL-LY,  adv.    Vindictively. 

VEXGE'MEXT,  (venj'ment,)  n.   Arengement ;  pena] 
retribution. 
[Avengemest  is  generally  used.] 

VENG'ER,  71.     An  avenger.    [A"c£  in  l-.v.]     Spenser. 

VE'Xl,  VTDI,  VTCl  [L.]  I  came,  I  saw,  I 
conquered.  These  were  the  words  which  C«?ar 
used  when  he  informed  the  Roman  senate  of  Yus 
victories  in  Gaul. 

VK'XI-A-BLE,  a.  [See  Ve.mai-]  Venial ;  pardon- 
able.    [J\'ot  in  use,]  Brotrn. 

Ve'XI-A-BLY,  adv.  Pardonably;  eicusably.  [AVf 
used.]  Broic*. 

VE'XI-/VL,  a.  [It.  veninU;  Sp.  venial;  Fr.  venid: 
from  L.  renia,  pardon,  leave-  to  depart,  from  the  n><t 
oTvcnio,  and  signifying  literally  a  going  or  passing. l 

1.  That  may  be  forgiven  ;  pardonabbr :  as,  a  r-  ;.' 
fault  or  transgression.  The  reformed  chTir  . 
hold  all  sins  lo  be  venial,  through  the  merits  i.:"  i..- 
Redeemer ;  but  the  moat  trifling  !<ins  not  to  be  ratial, 
except  through  tl]e  righteousness  and  atonement  of 
Christ. 

Venial  sin,  in  tlie  Roman  Cctholic  chtirch,  a  sin 
which  weakens,  but  dcHis  not  wholly  destroy,  sancti- 
fying grace,  like  mortal  or  deadly  sins.  It  does  not, 
therefore,  exclude  from  absolution  and  communion, 
when  tliere  is  evidence  of  repentance. 

Brande,    Eneve,  Am. 

2.  In  familiar  language,  excusable  ;  tlial  may  be 
allowed  or  jwrmittcd  to  pzss  without  censure;  a-s  a 
venial  slip  or  fault. 

3.  Allowed. 

PcrmiKine  him  the  whilo 
VenkU  dbcourso  iintJlampd,  AfuJo*. 

Ve'NI-AI^LY,  adv.    Pardonably. 

VE'XI-AL-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  excusable  or  par- 
donable. 

V£>^F RE  FA' CT^iS.  or  VE-,VV RE,    [U]     lu 
a  writ  or  precept  directed  to  the  <hcrifl".  nxpurin^  . 
to  summon  twelve  men,  lo  irj'  an  issue  l^twccn  i  ., 
ties.    It  is  r.'so  a  writ  in  the  uature  of  the  summon.^ 
to  cause  the  party  indicted  on  a  penal  statute  to  ap- 
pear. 

VEN'I-SOX,  (vcn'c-zntfr  vcn'r.n,)  n.     [Fr.  renctsfn, 
from  L.  venatio,  a  huntin::,  from  rm/w,  to  hnnLj 
The  flesh  of  edible  bea.-'ts  of  cha.-se- 


TONE,  BJvLL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VF'CIOUS.  — C  as  K ;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z  j  CII  as  SH ;  Til  as  in  THIS. 


12«1» 


VEN 


In  England,  the  word  is  more  especially  applied 
to  tlie  flesh  of  deer,  hares,  and  certain  birds  called 
frame.  Booth. 

It  is,  in  the  United  States,  applied  exclusively  to 
the  flesh  oi'the  deer  or  cemne  genus  of  animals. 
VEN'OM,  M.  [Fr.  7^enin  i  It.  veneno ;  L.  venemim  ;  W. 
trwaupijii.  It  appears  by  the  Welsh  word  and  its 
affinities,  thai  the  primary  sense  is  raging,  furious ; 
and  hence  it  is  to  be  referred  to  the  root  of  L.  venor, 
to  hunt,  to  drive,  or  chase  ;  venioj  to  come.  See 
Vends,  &c.] 

1.  Poison  ;  matter  fatal  or  injurious  to  life.  Ven- 
om is  generally  used  to  express  noxious  matter  thai  is 
applied  externally,  or  that  is  discharged  from  animals, 
as  that  of  bites  and  stings  of  serjwnts,  scorpions,  &;c. ; 
and  poisoii,  to  express  substances  taken  into  the 
stomach.  Cijc. 

2.  Spite ;  malice. 

VEN'OM,  V.  t.    To  poison  ;  to  infect  with  venorn. 
[Little  used,  but  Envenom   is  in  use  and  elegant. 

Veiwm  may  be  elegantly  used  in  poetrj'.] 
VEN'OM-£b,  Pi*.     Poisoned;  infected  with  poison. 
VEN'OM-OUS,  a.  Poisonous  ;  noxious  to  aninril  life  ; 

as,  tlie  bite  of  a  serpent  may  be  venomous.    The  saek 

at  the  base  of  the  rattlesnake's  leeth  contains  I'fu- 

omous  matter. 

2.  Noxious;  mischievous;  malignant;  as,  a.  ven- 
omozis  progeny.  Brown. 

3.  Spiteful ;  as,  a  venomous  writer. 
VEN'OM-OUS-LY,  adv.    Poisonously ;  malignantly; 

spitefullv.  Dnjden. 

VEN'OM-OTJS-NESS,    n.     Poisonousness ;   noxious- 
ness to  animal  life. 
2.  Malignity  ;  spitefulness. 

Ve'NOUS,  a.     [L.  venosus,  from  vena,  a  vein.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  a  vein  or  to  veins  ;  contained  in 
veins  ;  as,  venous  blood,  which  is  distinguished  from 
arterial  blood  by  its  darker  color. 

2.  In  botany,  veined.  A  venous  leaf  has  vessels 
branching,  or  variously  divided,  over  its  surface. 

.Martijn. 
VENT,  n.     [Fr.  vcntc,  Sp,  venta,  sale,  from  vcndre^  t?p. 
vender  ;  from  the  root  of  L.  vmio,   Eng.  whid,  &c. ; 
properly,  a  passage.] 

1.  A  small  aperture ;  a  hole  or  passage  for  air  or 
other  fluid  to  escape  ;  as,  the  vciit  of  a  cask. 

2.  The  opening  in  a  cannon  or  other  piece  of  artil- 
lery, by  which  fire  is  communicated  to  the  charge. 

3.  Passage  from  secrecy  to  notice  ;  publication. 

(Votton. 

4.  The  act  of  opening.  PhiUps. 

5.  Emission;  passage;  escape  from  confinement; 
as,  his  smothered  passions  urge  for  vent. 

6.  Discharge;  utterance  ;  means  of  discharge. 

Had  like  grief  been  dewed  in  ttors, 

Witiioul  the  vCTit  of  words.  Milton. 

7.  Sale;  as,  the  rent  of  a  thousand  copies  of  a  trea- 
tise. Pope. 

8.  Opportunity  to  sell ;  demand. 

There  is  no  veni  for  any  commodity  except  wool.  Temple. 

9.  [Sp.  venta.]  An  inn  ;  a  baiting  place.  [■N'ot  in 
vse.^ 

10.  In  birds^  the  place  for  the  discharge  of  excre- 
ment. 

To  give  vent  to  ;  to  suffer  to  escape ;  to  let  out ;  to 
pour  forth. 
VENT,  V.  t.    To  let  out  at  a  small  aperture. 

2.  To  let  out ;  to  suffer  to  escape  from  confinement ; 
to  utter ;  to  pour  forth  ;  as,  to  vent  passion  or  com- 
plaint. 

The  queen  of  heaven  illd  thus  h-r  fory  venl.  Dryden. 

3.  To  Utter  ;  to  report,     [JVo£  in  »«c.]      Stcpliens. 

4.  To  publish. 

The  sectatora  did  greatly  enrich  Iheir  inventions  by  venting  Ibe 
stolen  Ireasurea  of  divine  letlcrs.     [Not  used.]      Ralegh. 

5.  To  sell. 

Tberr-foro  did  Ihose  nations  vent  such  spice.     {Not  in  use] 

Ralegh. 

[Instead  of  rent,  in  the  latter  sense,  we  use  Vend.] 
VENT,  V.  i.     To  snuff.     [JVo(  in  twe.]  Spenser. 

VENT'AOE,  n.     A  small  hole.     [J^ot  in  u.sc.]     Shak. 
VENT'aIL,  71.     [Fr.,  a  folding  door.]    That  part  of  a 
helmet  made  to  be  lifted  up;  the  part  intended  for 
the  admission  of  air,  or  for  breathing  ;  the  visor  of  a 
VEN-TAN'NA,  n.     [Sp.  ventana.]  [helmet. 

A  window.     [JVot  Enfrli.-ih.]  Dryden. 

VENT'ER,  n.     One  who  utters,  reports,  or  publishes. 

Barrow. 
VENT'ER,  71.     [L.]     In  anatomy,  the  abdomen,  or 
lower  belly ;  formerly  applied  to  any  large  cavity 
containing  viscera,  as  the  head,  thorax,  and  abdo- 
men, called  the  three  venters.  Parr. 

2.  The  womb  ;  and  hence,  mother.  A  has  a  son 
B  by  one  venter,  and  a  daughter  C  by  another  uejifcr,- 
children  by  different  venters.  Law  Lanf^uagc. 

3.  The  bellv  of  a  muscle. 

VEN'TI-DUCT ,  71.     [L.  ventas,  wind,  and  ductus,  a 

canal;  It.  vent idntti.] 
In  building,  a  passage  for  wind  or  air;  a  passage  or 

pipe  for  ventilating  apartments.  Owilt. 

VEN'TI-LATE,  v.  t.     [L.  ventilo^  from  ventus,  wind  ; 

Fr.  ventUcr.'] 


VEN 

1.  To  fan  with  wind  ;  to  open  and  expose  to  the 
free  passage  of  air  or  wind  ;  as,  to  ventilate  a  room  ; 
to  ventilate  a  cellar. 

2.  To  cause  the  air  to  pass  through ;  as,  to  ventilate 
a  mine. 

3.  To  winnow  ;  to  fan  ;  as,  to  ventilate  wlieat. 

4.  To  examine;  to  discuss;  that  is,  to  agitate; 
as,  to  ventilate  questions  of  policy.     [J^Tot  now  in  use.] 

VEN'TI-La-TED,  pp.    Exposed  to  the  action  of  the 

air;  fanned;  winnowed;  discussed. 
VEN'TI-La-TING,  ppr.     Exposing  to  the  action  of 

wind  ;  fanning  ;  discussing. 
VEN-TI-LA'TION,n.     [Fr.jfrom  L.  ventilatio.] 

1.  The  act  of  ventilating  ;  the  act  or  operation  of 
exposing  to  the  free  passage  of  air,  or  of  causing  the 
air  to  pass  tlirough  any  place,  for  the  purpose  of  ex- 
pelling impure  air  and  dissipating  any  thing  nox- 
ious. 

2.  The  act  of  fanning  or  winnowing,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  separating  chaff  and  dust. 

3.  Vent ;  utterance.     [JVot  in  use.']  Wolton. 

4.  Refrigeration.     [JVci  in  u.'te.']  Harvey. 
VEN'Tl-LA-TOR,  n.     A  contrivance  or  machine  for 

drawing  off  or  expelling  foul  or  stagnant  air  from  nny 
close  place  or  apartment,  and  introducing  that  which 
is  fresh  and  pure.  Ventilators  are  of  very  different 
cnnstructi(ms  and  sizes. 

VENT'ING,  ppr.     Letting  out;  uttering. 

VEN-TOS'I-TY,  n.      [Fr.  vcntosite;  from  L.  venio- 

SJtS.] 

Windiness  ;  flatulence.  Bacon. 

VEN'TRAL,  a.     [from  L.  venter,  belly.] 
Belonging  to  the  belly. 

The  ventral  fins,  in  Jishes,  are  placed  between  the 
anus  and  the  throat.  Ed.  Encyc. 

VEN'TRI-CLE,  (ven'tre-kl,)  n.  [L.  vcutriculus,  from 
venter,  belly.] 

In  a  jreneral  sense,  a  small  cavity  in  an  animal 
body.  It  is  applied  to  the  stomach.  It  is  also  applied 
to  two  cavities  of  the  heart,  which  propel  the  blood 
into  the  arteries.  The  word  is  also  applied  to  cavi- 
ties in  different  parts  of  the  brain.  Cyc. 
VEN'TRI-GoSE,  (  a,  [L.  ventricosiis,  from  venter, 
VEN'TRI-€OUS,  \     belly.] 

In  natural  history,  bellied  ;  distended  ;  swelling  out 
in  the  middle  ;  as,  a  ventricous  perianth.      Martyn. 
VEN-TRie'U-LAR,  a.    Pertaining  to  ventricle. 

Tally. 
VEN-TRie'TJ-LOUS,  a.      [Supra.]      Somewhat  dis- 
tended in  the  middle. 
VEN-TRI-LO-€0'TiON,  n.     A  speaking  after  the 

manner  of  a  ventriloquist. 
VEN-TRI-L6'aUI-AL,    a.      Pertaining  to  ventrilo- 
quism. 
VEN-TRIL'O-aUISM,  i  n.      [L.    venter,  belly,  and 
VEN-TRIL'O-aUY,       (      loquor,  to  speak.] 

The  act,  art,  or  practice  of  speaking  in  such  a  man- 
ner that  tlie  voice  appears  to  come,  not  from  the  per- 
son, but  from  some  distant  place,  as  from  the  oppo- 
site side  of  the  room,  from  the  cellar,  &c. 
VEN-TIlIL'O-aUIST,  7i.  One  who  speaks  in  such  a 
manner  that  his  voice  appears  to  come  from  some 
distant  place. 

The  ancient  ventrito'pusts  seemed  to  speaJc  firom  thdr  bellies. 

Encyc. 

VEN-TRIL'0-aUOUS,  a.  Speaking  in  such  a  man- 
ner as  to  make  the  sound  appear  to  come  from  a 
place  remote  from  the  speaker. 

VEN'TITRE,  (vent'yur,)  n.  [Fr.  avcnture;  It.  and 
Sp.  Ventura;  from  L.  venio,  ventus,  venturus,  to 
come.] 

1.  A  hazard  ;  an  undertaking  of  chance  or  dan- 
ger; the  risking  of  something  upon  an  ovent  which 
can  not  be  foreseen  with  tolerable  certainty. 

I,  in  this  venture,  double  gains  pursue.  Dryden. 

9.  Chance  ;  hap ;  contingency  ;  luck  j  an  event 
that  is  not  or  can  not  be  foreseen.  Bacon. 

3.  The  thing  put  to  hazard ;  particularly,  some- 
tiling  sent  to  sea  in  trade. 

My  venluTis  are  nol  in  one  bottom  trusted.  Shak, 

.^t  a  venture;  at  hazard;  without  seeing  the  end 
or  mark  ;  or  without  foreseeing  the  issue. 

A  bar^in  at  a  tenture  made.  Hudibraa. 

A  certain  man  drew  a  bow  at  a  venture.  —  1  King^  XKii. 

VEN'TIIRE,  V.  i.  To  dare  ;  to  have  courage  or  pre- 
sumption to  do,  undertake,  or  say.  A  man  ventures 
to  mount  a  ladder  ;  he  ventures  into  battle  ;  he  ven- 
tures to  assert  things  which  he  does  not  know. 

2.  To  run  a  hazard  or  risk. 

Who  freights  ii  ship  to  venture  on  the  seas.  Dryden. 

To  venture  at,  )  to  dare  to  engage  in  ;  to  nt- 

To  venture  on  or  upon;  \      tempt  without  any  certainty 
of  success.    It  is  rash  to  venture  upon  such  a  project. 
And  when  I  venture  at  the  comic  style.  Waller. 

VEN'TIJRE,  V.  t.  To  expose  to  hazard  ;  to  risk  ;  as, 
to  venture  one's  person  in  a  balloon. 

2.  To  put  or  send  on  a  venture  or  chance  ;  as,  to 
venture  a  horse  to  the  West  Indies. 

VEN'TIJR-JSD,  pp.     Put  to  the  hazard  ;  risked. 

VEN'TUR-ER,  n.  One  who  ventures  or  puts  to  haz- 
ard. 


VER 

VEN'TURE-SOME,  (vent'yur-sum,)  a  Bold;  dar- 
ing ;  intrepid  ;  as,  a  venturesome  boy. 

VEN'TqRE-SOME-LY,  adv.  In  a  bold,  daring  man- 
ner. 

VEN'TqR-ING,  ppr.    Putting  to  hazard  ;  daring. 

VEN'TUR-ING,  K.  The  act  of  putting  to  risk  ;  aliaz- 
arding. 

VEN'Tl]R-OUS,  a.  Daring  ;  bold  ;  hardy  ;  fearless  ; 
intrepid  ;  adventurous ;  as,  a  venturous  soldier. 

With  venl\iT0UB  arm 
lie  plucked,  he  tatited.  MUton. 

VEN'TlJR-OUS-Ly,ffit2w.  Daringly;  fearlessly ;  bold- 
ly- Bacon. 

VEN'TTJR-OUS-NESS,  n.  Boldness ;  hardiness; 
fearlessness;  intrepidity.  The  event  made  them  re- 
pent of  i\\e\t  venturousncss. 

VEN'UE,  ;  PT       ■      ■       XT  1 

VISNE      [  "•     ['-*•  *"C""'* '  Norm,  wisnc] 

In  law,  a  neighborhood  or  near  place  ;  the  place 
where  an  action  is  laid.  In  certain  cases,  the  court 
has  power  to  change  the  venue.  Cyc. 

The  twelve  men  who  are  to  try  the  CAtisc,  must  be  of  the  same 
venue  wliore  the  deiiuiud  u  made.  Btackelone. 

VEN'UE,  n.    A  thrust.     [See  Veney.] 

VEN'l|-LtTE,  w.  A  petrified  shell  of  the  genus  Ve- 
nus.    [Ao(  liscrf.] 

Ve'NUS,  n.  [L.  ;  W.  Gwener,  from  gwen,  white,  fair, 
the  feminine  at  gioyn,  white,  fair,  that  affords  hap- 
piness ;  also  "Try;;,  rage,  violent  impulse  of  the  mind, 
lust,  smart;  gtcyn^u,  to  whiten;  gwynt,  wind,  I., 
ventus ;  g^oynawg,  full  of  rage  ;  giDntt,im  open  coun- 
try ;  gwenn,  to  smile  ;  gwcnwyn,  poison,  L.  vcncnun, 
Eng.  venom  :  gwcnwynaw,  to  poison,  to  fret  or  irritate. 
These  aflinities  lead  to  the  true  origin  of  these  words. 
The  primary  sense  of  the  root  is,  to  shoot  or  rush,  as 
light  or  wind.     From  light  is  derived  the  sense  of 

^  white,  fair,  Venus,  or  it  is  from  opening,  parting; 
and  from  rushing,  moving,  comes  wind,  and  the  st  ii<(_- 
of  raging,  fury,  whence  L.  venenum,  poisiui,  tlmi 
whicli  frets  or  causes  to  rage.  These  words  all  coin- 
cide with  L.  venio,  which  signifies  to  rush,  to  fall,  to 
happen  ;  venor,  to  hunt,  &.c.  The  Greeks  had  the 
same  idea  of  the  goddess  of  love,  viz.,  that  her  uiine 
signified  fairness,  whiteness,  and  hence  the  faMr  tliat 
she  sprung  from  froth,  whence  her  Greek  name 
A(ppo6tri},  from  aippos,  froth.  But  Venus  may  be 
from  lust  or  raging.] 

1.  In  mythology,  tlie  goddess  of  beauty  and  love; 
that  is,  beauty  or  love  deified  ;  just  as  the  Gaelic  and 
Irish  diana,  swil'tness,  impetuosity,  is  denominated 
the  goddess  of  hunting. 

9.  In  astronomy,  one  of  the  inferior  planets,  whose 
orbit  is  between  the  Earth  and  Mercury.  As  morn- 
ing star,  it  was  called  by  the  ancients  Lucifer;  as 
evening  star,  Hesperus.  Its  distance  from  the  sun 
isabout  68,000,000  of  miles;  its  diameter,  7700  miles; 
and  its  period  of  revolution  round  the  sun,  924  days. 

Olmsted. 

3.  In  the  old  chemistry,  a  name  given  to  copper. 

4.  In  conchology,  a  genus  of  bivalve  molhisks,  in- 
cluding the  common  clam. 

Ve'NUS'S  €oMB,  n.  An  annual  plant  of  the  genus 
Scandix  ;  shepherd's  needle.  Lee. 

Ve'NUS'S  FLf'-TRAP,  n.  A  plant,  Dionsea  mus- 
cipula.  It  seizes  and  liolds  fa.st  insects  which  brush 
against  its  leaves. 

Ve'NUS'S  LOOK'ING-GLXPS,  n.  An  annual  plant 
of  the  genusVampanula,  allied  to  the  bell-flower. 

Ve'NUS'S  N.\'V£L-W0RT,  n.  A  plant  of  the 
genus  Omphalodes  or  Cynoglossum,  so  named  from 
the  shape  of  its  seeds.  Loudon. 

VE-NUST',  a.     [L.  vcnustus.] 
Beautiful.     [JVbi  used.'] 

VE-Ra'CIOUS,  a.     [L.  vcrax,  from  verus,  true.] 

1.  Observant  of  truth ;  habitually  disposed  to  speak 
truth. 

2.  True.     [Little  ■used.']  PlnJ:crton. 
VE-Ra'CIOU.S-LY,  adv.    Truthfully. 
VE-RAC'I-TY,  (ve-ras'e-te,)  7i.     [It.  vcracitd  ;  from  L. 

verax,  from  verus,  true.] 

1.  Habitual  observance  of  truth,  or  habitual  truth  ; 
as,  a  man  of  veracity.  His  veracity  is  not  called  in 
question.  The  question  of  tlie  court  is,  whether  you 
know  the  witness  to  be  a  man  of  veracity.  We  rely 
on  history,  when  we  have  confidence  in  the  veracity 
and  industry  of  the  historian. 

"  The  veracity  of  facts,"  is  not  correct  language. 
Truth  is  applicable  to  men  and  to  facts;  veracity  to 
men  only,  or  to  sentient  beings, 

2.  Invariable  expression  of  truth ;  as,  the  veracity 
of  our  senses.  Karnes. 

VE-RAN'DA,  71.  An  Oriental  word  denoting  a  kind 
of  open  portico,  formed  by  extending  a  sloping  roof 
beyond  the  main  buildinc.  Chalmers. 

VE-Ra'TRINE,    > 

VE-RAT'RI-NA,  >  u.     [L.  v&ratrum.] 

VE-Ra'TRI-A,     ) 

A  vegetable  alkaloid,  obtained  from  Asagrfea 
officinalis,  and  called  Veratbine  from  a  mistake 
of  the  analyst,  who  supposed  he  ws„  analyzing  the 
seeds  of  Veratrum  Sabadilla.  Although  c:illed 
veratrine,  it  is  not  known  to  be  contained  in  any 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MeTE,  PREY  -PINE,  MARKNE,  BIRD  —NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.- 


1230 


VER 


species  of  the  genus  veratrura.    This  alkaloid  Is  re- 
VF  p  i^^nnW*  ^''='9"t^"'0'  powers.  nUy. 

VE-Ra  TRUM,  n.     A  genus  of  plants  having  very 

poisonous  quaJilies.  =        ^ 

TORB.n      [l^verbum:  Pr.  verbe:  Sp.  and  It.  nerho ; 

Ir./rari :  probably  trom  the  root  of  L.ffro  1 

,.«„n'',i'^,""'"T'  "  '"■  V  "P*""''"  """'  '■'Tresses 
action  motion,  b^-m?,  suffenng,  or  a  request  or  com- 
mand to  do  or  lorbear  any  thing.  The  verb  affirms, 
declares,  asks,  or  commands  ;  as,  I  m-ite  ;  he  run':  ■ 
Che  river ^oic^- ;  they  steep  :  we  see ;  they  are  deceiced  ': 
depart :  go :  come  ;  tcrite :  docs  he  iniproce '' 

U  lieu  the  action  expressed  by  a  verb  is  exerted  on 
an  object,  or  terminates  upon  it,  the  act  is  considered 
as  passing  to  that  object,  and  the  verb  is  called  tran- 
sitwe:  as,  I  read  Livy.  When  the  act  expressed  bv 
the  verb  terminates  in  the  aaent  or  subject,  the  verb 
IS  called  intraiisaiee :  as,  I  run  :  I  waHc ;  I  sleep 

When  the  agent  and  object  change  places,  aiid  the 
agent  is  considered  as  the  instrument  by  which  the 
object  IS  affected,  the  verb  is  called  passice;  as 
Goliath  was  slai:t  bv  David.  ' 

2.  A  word.  ■  o„„,i 
VEEB'AL,  a.     [Fr. ;  L.  verialU] 

1.  Spoken ;  expressed  lo  the  ear  in  words  :  not 
written :  as,  a  rerlial  message ;  a  verbal  contract  ■ 
verbal  testimony.  ' 

3.  Oral ;  uttered  by  the  mouth.  Slrnk 

3.  Consisting  in  mere  words  ;  as,  a  verba!  reward 

4.  Bespecting  words  only  ;  as,  a  verbal  dispute 

5.  Minutely  exact  in  words,  or  attending  to  words 
only  ;  as,  a  verbal  critic. 

6.  Literal ;  having  word  answering  to  word  ■  as 
a  verbal  translation.  ' 

7.  In  grammar,  derived  from  a  verb  :  as,  a  verbal 
noun. 

8.  Verbose ;  abounding  with  words.  Shnh. 
VERB'.-tL,  7!.    In  grammar,  a  noun  derived  from  a 

VERB'AL-ISM,  ,t.    goraething  expressed  orally. 

\  ERB-AL'I-TV,  n.  Jlere  words  ;  bare  literal  expres- 
sions. Brojrn 

VERB'AL-IZE,  r.  (.    To  convert  into  a  verb. 

VEKB'.AL-LY,  adv.  In  words  spoken;  bv  words 
uttered  orally.  "S^^yj 

2.  U  ord  for  word  ;  as,  to  translate  verbally. 

VEE-B.\'TIM,  adv.  [L]  Word  for  word^Tn™t'he 
same  words  ;  as,  to  tell  a  story  verbatim  as  another 
has  related  it. 

VER-Be'NA,  71.  Vervain  ;  a  genus  of  plants.  Two 
sorts  are  extensively  cultivated,  one  for  its  lemon- 
scented  foliage,  and  the  other  for  the  great  beautv  of 
its  tlowers.  Mead 

VER'BEN-.iTE,  jj.  (.     [L.  rerftraa,  vervain.] 
Sire-.ved  with  vervain. 

VER'BEX-.^-TED,  pp.     Strewed  or  sanctified  with 

Jl^rrain,  according  to  a  custom  of  the  ancients. 

\TlU'BEN-.\-TlNG,  ppr.    Strewing  with  vervain. 

VER'BEE-.iTE,  ^.  fc     [L.  vcrbero.]  ^"^'' 

To  beat ;  to  strike.     LVol  in  use.] 
VER-BEK-.i'TIO.\,  lu    A  beating  or  striking  blows. 

ft    __     .  ArbuUinot. 

2-  The  impulse  of  a  body,  which  causes  sound. 

VERB'I-AGE,  n.  [Fr.]  Verbosity ;  use  of  many 
wordswiihout  necessity ;  superabundance  of  words. 

\  ER-BoSE;,  a.     [L.  verbosus.'] 

Abounding  in  words ;  using  or  containing  more 
words  than  are  necessary ;  prolix ;  tedious  by  a 
multiplicity  of  words;  as,  a  verbose  sneaker;  a  tier- 
hose  argument. 

VER-BoJELY,  adv.    Wordily. 

I'.i:5'[;?5!'-TY.      j  "•   Employment  of  a  superabund- 

\  ER-BoSE'.\'ESS,  i  ance  of  words ;  the  use  of 
mr.re  words  than  are  necessary  ;  as,  the  verbosity  of  a 

SpGZLKGTm 

2.   Superabundance  of  words;  proli.xity;  as,  the 
rerbositij  of  a  discourse  or  argument. 
VER'D.\N-CY,  n.    [See  Verdast.]     Greenness. 

VER^DANT,  a.      [Fr.  verdmjwnl;  L.  viridans,  from 

vindis,  from  vireo,  to  be  green.    Tlic  radical  sense 

of  the  verb  is,  to  grow  or  advance  with  strength.] 

1.  Green  ;  fresh  ;  covered  with  growing  plants  or 
grass  ;  as,  verdarit  fields ;  a  verdant  lawn. 

2.  Flourishing. 
XSS^"-^-'*"'""^''^'  '^''-    Freshly  ,  flourishingly. 
■  EED-AN-TiaUE',(verd-an-teek',)n.  [Ff.]  Ancient 

green  ;  a  term  given  to  a  green  incrustation  on  an- 
cient coins,  brass  or  copper.  It  is  a  hydrated  dicar- 
bonate  of  copper.  Tamer. 

2.  .4  mottled-green    serpentine    marble;    also,  a 
green  porphyry,  used  as  marble,  and  called  Oeiextal 
..^^"■"-'■•TiqfE.  Dana. 

I  ir'L'  nS'''^'''  (  "■    f^'-  ""■*'"■>  from  verd,  green  ;  or 

.  tK  DER-OR,  (      Low  L.  uiriAiritts.] 

An  officer  in  England,  who  has  the  charge  of  the 
kmg's  forest,  to  preserve  the  vert  and  venison,  keep 
the  assizes,  view,  receive  and  enroll  attachments 
and  presentments  of  all  manner  of  trespasses. 

vpo/iiToTi  Blaekst/me. 

vr:.K  mCT,  n.    [L.  verum  divtum,  true  declamtion.] 


VER 


cernill  -inv  L  i,""^  "  1-"?  '^™"  ^  ">e  court  con- 
rhm^^i  -  ■""?  °f  f''"  '"  any  <:»««'■  civil  or 
In  crimLr"""""."'  "'"•'  '"="  »n1  oxarainat  on: 

when  they  decide  in  general  terms,  or  in  the  terms 
when  ,1'"  ■'"'  'f  "r-  "'  "" '"""'?' •■°  -li^-^eisinrsfeZ, 
as  to  the  law,  pray  the  judgment  of  the  court. 

o   T^ofli.,: ■   J  Blackstone. 

toT,„^S  '  ■II'k'T'"  i  "P'"'™  pronounced;  as, 
to  be  condemned  by  the  verdiet  of  the  public. 

'^'"haS'S"'"  '"'"  "■«'='"■'"'  "Jy  <!'=  ""^l  of  common 

n„?Hf m^h'"  "*"  ''°^^"-  ^"  =■"  "«»'"•<=  '^'="e,  it  is 
emn lov  °^  '^  ^  T™  P'i"""'^  ^  ^  P"re  stati,  it  is 
employed  in  medicine.  ' 

VER'DI-TElt,  n.  Jverde-tcrre,  green  earth  ;  tcrreverte.] 

se^.fi^f  jjzure-blue  mineral.    It  is  a  liydrated  sub- 

hutThp  """'=•  °*,  ""PP"-  "  i^  P^OP^J  "rtificially, 
but  the  process  ,s  kept  secret.    It  is  sometimes  usej 

VPR^mTfr";.  -,-■.    .  Thwnas  TImason. 

VERD'LRE,  (verd'yur,)  ti.    [Fr. ;  from  L.  vireo.] 
treen;  greenness;  freshness   of  vegetation!  as, 
the  verdure  of  the  meadows  in  June  ;  the  verdure  of 

tures  '^°  ™ectables ;  as,  verdurous  fas. 

VER'E-eUND,  ».     [■L.verccundus.]  ''"'"'"■ 

VVRv'^J-n^fti--    t-^"'  """''■  '""'•]         '^o'"^- 

^s;^^T^<';»'..^i usUr'""""' ■' """"''' ■• 

^h^fis:rs';;i;^t:5-     [*>-;"--^''.L--^=,arod, 

1.  A  rod  or  something  in  the  form  of  a  rod  or 
staH,  carried  as  an  emblem  of  authority  ;  the  mace 
of^  dean.  ^  *     Swift 

2.  The  slick  or  wand  with  which  persons  .are  ad- 
mitted tenants,  by  holding  it  in  the  hand  and 
swearmg  lealty  to  the  lord.  On  this  account,  such 
tenants  are  called  tenants  by  tite  verge. 

„    -    ,        ,  Cilc.     England. 

i.  In  fair,  the  compass  or  extent  of  the  king's  court 
within  which  is  bounded  the  jurisdiction  of  the  lord 
steward  of  the  king's  household  ;  so  called  from  the 
verge  or  staff  which  the  marshal  bears.  Cowel 

4.  The  extreme  side  or  end  of  any  thing  which  has 
some  extent  of  length ;  the  brink  ;  edge ;  border  ■ 
margin.  ' 

[This  seems  to  be  immediately  connected  with  the 
L,  vergo.] 

5.  Among  gardeners,  the  edge  or  outside  of  a 
border;  also,  a  slip  of  grass  adjoining  to  gravel- 
walks,  and  dividing  them  from  the  borders  in  the 
parterre-garden.  q,.,.^ 

6.  .\  part  of  a  timepiece 
VEE<5E,  V.  i.     [L.  vcrgo.] 

1.  To  ttnd  downward  ;  .c  jend  ;  to  slope  ;  as,  a 
hill  verges  to  the  north. 

2.  To  tend  ;  to  incline ;  to  approach. 
I  find  rayfi.-if  verging  to  tliat  period  of  life  which  is  to  be  labor 

and  eorTJw.  Sj:^/t. 

VEEfi'ER,  n.  He  that  carries  the  mace  before  the 
bishop,  dean,  &c.  Fargultar.     Cye. 

2.  .In  olficer  who  carries  a  white  wand  before  the 
justices  of  either  bench  in  England.  Cyc. 

3.  A  pew-opener  or  attendaiit  at  a  church. 
VERG'ING,  ppr.    Bending  or  inclining;  tending. 
VER'GOU-LECtSE,  II.    .\  v.-uicty  of  pear;  contracted 

to  Vergaloo  ;  written  also  Vehgalieu. 

VE-RID'ie-.iVL,  a.    [L.  veridieus;  verus  and  dico.] 
Telling  truth.     [Mt  used.] 

VER'l-Fl-.4-BLE,  a.  [from  verify.]  That  may  be 
verified  ;  that  may  be  proved  or  confirmed  by  in- 
contestable evidence.  Sovtii 

VER-I-FI-CA'TIOiV,  n.  [Fr.  See  Verifv.]  The 
act  of  verifying  or  proving  to  be  true ;  the  act  of 
confirming  or  establishing  the  authenticity  of  any 
powers  granted,  or  of  any  transaction,  by  legal  or 
competent  evidence. 

VER'I-F1-£D,  (ver'e-fide,)  pp.  Proved  ;  confirmed 
by  competent  evidence. 

VER'I-FI-ER,  n.  One  that  proves  or  makes  appear 
to  be  true. 

VER'I-FS,  V.  t.  [Pr.  verifier;  L.  vcnis,  tnie,  and 
facia,  to  make  ;  G.  wahr,  D.  waar,  W.  gwir,  pure, 
true,  ether,  purity  ;  gieiraw,  to  verify,] 

1.  To  prove  to  be  true ;  to  confirm. 

Thi3  is  verijkd  by  a  nomber  of  examiiles.  Bat 

2.  To  fulfill,  as  a  promise ;  to  confirm  the  truth  of 
a  prediction  ;  to  show  to  be  true.  The  predictions 
of  this  venerable  patriot  have  been  verified.  Ocn. 
xiii.     1  Kings  viii. 

3.  To  confirm  or  establish  the  authenticity  of  any 
thing  by  examination  or  competent  evidence.  The 
first  act  of  the  house  of  representatives  is  to  verify 
their  powers,  by  exhibiting  their  credentials  to  a 
committee  of  the  house,  or  other  proper  authority. 

United  States. 


VER 


VER'I-P?  ING,  ppr.    Proving  to  b*  tnie ;  confimilne  ■ 
enabhshing  as  authentic  '     """^"f  • 

tain'y!'^'  '^'''    '''™'°  "'"'•'    ^  '""' ;  to  lia  i  CCT- 

,™7^.f '  '■;  '^''^''  "'"■  Sfrat  eonfidenc*.    Ii  «ru 
iriC? 'l'?""^'''  ""  fnterpnse  would  succeed. 
„i'i  "^  •,   '".^.^'','  "•      I'-  vervrimUiMi  »mu,  tnic. 
ana  mmtlis,  like]  '  ' 

Having  the  appearance  oftiuUi ;  probable ;  likely. 

VER.I.SI-MrL'1-TUDE,  „.    [Uveri^;:-      "'"" 
1  ne  appearance  of  truth  ;  probability 

Vmnnu:itaiU  and  rj- ■     -    .-    .-.   .   '.- 

knowlod:^  U  d'   - 

VEE-I-SI-MII/I-TV 

use. 
VER'I-TA-RLE,  a.    [Fi.]    True 

ILittU  used.] 

VER'I-TA-BLy,  adv.     In  a  true  „.. 

VER'I-TV,  „.      [Fr.  veriU ;  L.  ventiu, 

true  ;  W.  gTviret ;  Sans.  icartAa.) 

1.  Truth;  consonance  of  a  staf- •  -- 

or  other  thing  lo  fact.    1  Tbn.  ii. 

It  U  a  propoiitJon  at  etcTDaJ  omjy,  th:.: 
lie  ii  dnpuc-d. 

2.  A  true  assertion  or  tenet. 

By  thii  It  KCRu  lo  be  a  vtrily. 

3.  .Moral  truth  ;  agreement  of  the  word«  with  ih- 
thoughts.  /  . 

VER'jqiCE,  (-juse,)  n.    [Pr.  r«JM,  that  1,,  rl"":. 
thejuicc  of  green  frails.]  ■' 

A  liquor  expressed  from  crab-applKi,  acmr  (m- 
&c.,  used  in  sauces,  ragouts,  and  the  like.  J. 
used  also  in  the  purification  of  wax  for  candl—     i 

nf^tilrii-«a£<     f  p  A 


frwo  rorw. 


poultices,  tc  ,- 

VERMEIL.    See  Vermilion 
VER-ME-0L'0^5IST,  n.     [Infra.]    One  who  imt. 

ot  Vermes. 
VER.ME-0L'0-6Y,  n.     [L.  rcrmes,  ^-^  ^rr.    ..,,<;, 
Aoyog,  discourse.] 

A  discourse  or  treatise  on  veri:,  •     ' 

natural  history  which  treats  of  \-(  ri.: 
[Helmisthologt  is  the  le^ilimatt;  ten- 
VER'MeS,  71.  pf.     IL.]     Worms :   this  1 

word,  varied  in  ortlioEraphy. 
VER-MI-CEL'LI,  (ver-ra&<heny  or  • 
[It.  rcrm(«Wo,  a  litlle  worm,  L.  rr- 
mw,  a  worm.] 

In  cookery,  little  rolls  or  threads  of  pa=;  . 
pnsition  of  flour,  eggs,  sugar,  and  saffr  ■ 
soups  .and  poiLiges. 
VER-.\II"cnoU.s,  (ver-mi.h'us,)  c.     ' ' 
Portaiiiing  to  worms  ;  wormy. 

VER-MieTJ-LAR,a.     [L.  vcrmicu::.:,  .  ..: 

from  verm-.s,  a  worm.] 

Pertaining  to  a  worm ;  resembling  a  worm ;  snr- 
Ucuhrty,  resembling  the  motion  of  a  worm  ;  a.«,  the 
vernitcular  motion  of  the  intestines,  called  also  Pkri- 

aXALTIC.  (V^ 

Vermicidar  work.    See  Veiuitcclatsd. 
VER-Mie'U-LlTE,  v.  L     [L.  rermiculcti,.'.' 
To  inlay  ;  to  form  work  by  inlaying  wl. 
bles  lUe  motion  or  the  tracks  of  worms. 
VER-Mie'U-LA-TED,  p;>.  oro.    Formed  in  the  likt- 
ness  of  the  motion  of  a  worm. 

Vermiculated  tcark ;  rustic  work  so  wn)M-?n  ■•-  i  ^ 
have  the  appearance  of  having  been  eat 
tracked  by  worms. 
VER-MI€'lT-LA-TING,ppr.    Forming  so  a.- !,  . 

ble  the  motion  of  a  worm. 
VER-Mie-U-LA'TION,  n.    The  act  or  operation  of 
movini;  in  the-  form  of  a  worm  ;  continuntinn  .i"  r,-... 
tion  from  one  part  to  another,  as  in  the  - 
motion  of  the  intestines. 

2.  The  act  of  forming  so  as  to  resemble  i..v  ; 

tion  of  a  worm. 
VERM'I-€ULE,  n.    [L.  vermiadus.] 

A  little  worm  or  grub.  Derkam. 

VER-Mie'T.'-LoSE,   /         rr  •    .         *«^»««. 

VEK-.MI€'I_;-LOU?,  i***    [L.  r«n»aitoMtt.] 

1.  Full  of  worms  or  grubs. 

2.  Resembling  worms. 
^^ERMl-FORMjO.     [U  vermis,  a  worm,  Ka^  forma, 

form.] 
Having  the  lorra  or  shape  of  a  worm ;  as,  thf 

vermifLyrm  process  of  the  cerebellum. 
VERM-IF'Ii-GAL,  a.    Tending  lo  prevent  or  destroy 

vermin,  or  to  expel  worms.  Lindlev 

VERM'I-FUOE,  n.     [U  termis,  a  worm,  and  Jugi,  to 

expel.] 
A  medicine  or  substance  that  expels  worms  frxwi 

animal  bodies ;  an  anthelmintic 
VER'MIL,  n.     [Fr.  vermeil,]    Vermilion.    [Oi*.] 
_  „  Spenser. 

VER-MIL'ION,  (ver-mi!'>-un,)  n.     [Fr.  rermcil,  rr-- 

millon;  It.  vermtglione ;  from  L.  rrmicubtj-,  r—. 

a  name  sometimes  improperly  given  to  li;.    ■ 

See  Crimson.] 
1.  A  bright-red  sulphuret  of  raertun  .  c.  • 

sixteen  parts  of  sulphur  antl  one  I 

mercurj'.    It  is  sometimes  found  na" 

brown  color,  and  is  then  called  i.";- 

uscd  aif  a  pigment.  /  ,,^a. 


TPNE,  BULL,  UNITE. -AN'^GER,  VI"CIOUS.-e  as  K;  0  as  J ;  »  as  Z ,  CH  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


1^1 


VER 

2.  Tlie  eochineal,  a  small  insect  found  on  a  partic- 
ular plant. 

[Impraper  or  obsolete.] 

3.  Any  beautiful  red  color.     In  blushing,  the  deli- 
,  cate  cheek  is  covered  with  ncrmilion. 
VER-MIL'ION,  (ver-mil'yuH))  i'*  t.    To  dye  red  ;  to 

cover  with  a  delicate  red. 

VER-MIL'ION-£D,  pp.  or  a.  Dyed  or  tinged  with  a 
briglit  red. 

VERM'IIV,  71.  sinrr.  and  pL  ;  used  chiefly  in  the  plu- 
ral.    [Fr.  and  It.  verminei  from  L.  vcrmc^^  worms.] 

1.  All  sorts  of  snmll  aninials  whicli  are  destructive 
to  grain  or  other  produce  ;  all  noxious  little  animals 
or  insects,  as  squirrels,  rats,  mice,  vvoims,  grubs, 
flies,  Slc. 

These  vermin  do  great  injuries  in  the  fielJ.  Alortimer. 

2.  Used  of  noxious  human  beings  in  contempt;  as, 
base  vermin.  Hudibras. 

VERM'IN-aTE,  v.  i.     [L.  vcrmino.] 

To  breed  vermin. 
VERM-IN-A'TION,  w.    The  breeding  of  vermin. 

Dcrhani. 
9.  A  griping  of  the  bowels. 
VER-'\riN-LV,  adv.  or  a.     Like  vermin ;  of  the  na- 
ture of  vermin., 
VERM'IN-OUS,  a.    Tending  to  breed  vermin. 

The  verminous  disposition  of  the  body.  Harvey. 

VER-MIP'A-ROUS,  a.     [L.  vermes,  wonns,  and  par'io, 
to  bear.] 
Producing  worms.  Browiu 

VER-MIV'0-ROUS,  a.  [L.  vermes,  worms,  and  uoro, 
to  devour.] 

Devouring  worms  ;  feeding  on  worms.     Vermivo- 
rous  birds  are  very  useful  to  the  farmer. 
VER-NA€'U-LAR,  a.     [L.  vcrnaculns,  born  in  one's 
house,  from  vcma,  a  servant.] 

1.  Native  ;  belonging  to  the  country  of  one's  birth. 
English  is  our  cernucif/ar  language.  The  vernacular 
idioTn  is  seldom  perfectly  acquired  by  foreigners. 

2.  Native  ;  belonging  to  the  person  by  biith  or  na- 
ture. Jililner. 

A  vernacular  disease  is  one  which  prevails  in  a  par- 
ticular country  or  district ;  more  generally  called  En- 
demic. 

VER-NAe'lJ-LAR-ISM,  n.    A  vernacular  idiom. 

VER-NA€'li-LAR-LY,  a//y.  In  agreement  with  the 
vernacular  manner. 

VER-NAe'n-LOUS,  a.  [Supra.]  "Vernacular;  also, 
scofling.     [0?>5.]  Brown.     Spenser. 

VER'NAL,  a.    [L.  vcrnalis,  from  ver,  spring.] 

1.  Belonging  to  the  spring  j  appearing  in  spring ; 
as,  vernal  bloom. 

Vernal  flowers  are  prepantives  to  aiilumiial  fruits.     Rambler. 

2.  Belonging  to  youth,  the  spring  of  life. 

Vernal  si^is ;  the  signs  in  which  the  sun  appears 
in  the  spring. 

Vernal  equinox ;  the  equinox  in  spring  or  March; 
oppositd  in  the  autumnal  equinox,  in  September. 
VER'NANT,  a.     [L.  vemans;  vcrno,  to  tlourish.] 
Flourishing,  as  in  spring;  as,  vernant  flowers. 

Jililton. 
VER'NaTE,  v.  i.    To  become  young  again.     [JiTot  in 

use.] 
VER-Na'TION,  n.     [L.  verno.] 

In  botany,  the  disposition  of  the  nascent  leaves 
vvitliin  the  bud.  [It  is  called  also  Foliation  or 
Le.vfino.]  Martyn. 

VER'NIeR,  71.  [from  the  inventor.]  A  contrivance 
attached  to  the  graduated  limb  of  an  instrument,  for 
the  purpose  of  measuring  aliquot  parts  of  the  small- 
est spaces  into  which  the  instrument  is  divided. 

Olmsted. 
VER-NIL'I-TY,  71.     [L.  vcmilis,  from  vcma,  a  slave.] 
Servility  ;  fawning  behavior,  like  tliat  of  a  slave. 
[J^ot  in  jtse.]  Bailey. 

VE-RON'I-CA,  71.     [rera-icoTi,  true  image.] 

1.  A  portrait  or  representation  of  the  face  of  our 
Savior  on  handkerciiiefs. 

2.  In  botany,  a  genus  of  plants,  Speedwell. 
VER'RU-CoSi'-,  )  a.     [L.  verruca,  a  wart ;  verrucosus. 
VER'RU-eOUS,  S      full  of  warts.] 

Warty ;  having  little  knobs  or  warts  on  the  sur- 
face ;  as,  a  verrucous  capsule.  Martyn. 

VER-RCeU-LoSE,  a.  Having  minute,  wart-like 
prominences. 

VERS-A-BIL'I-TY,     \  v.     [L.  versabdi^;  from  vcrsor, 

VERS'A-BLE-NESS,  \      to  turn.] 

Aptness  to  be  turned  round.     [J^ot  used.']      Dirt. 

VERS'A-BLE,  a.  [Supra.]  That  may  be  turned.  [JVo( 
tised,] 

VERS'AL,  for  Universal.  [A''ot  used,  ar  very  vulvar.] 

VERS'ANT,  a.     Familiar. 

VERS'A-TILE,  (vers'a-til,)  a.  [L.  vcrsatdis,  from 
versor^  to  turn.] 

1.  That  may  be  turned  round  ;  as,  a  versatile  boat 
or  spindle.  Harte. 

2.  Liable  to  be  ttirned  in  opinion  ;  changeable;  va- 
riable ;  unsteady  ;  as,  a  man  of  versatile  disposition. 

3.  Turning  with  ease  from  one  thing  to  another; 
readily  applied  to  a  new  task,  or  to  various  subjects  ; 
as,  a  man  of  versatile  genius. 

4.  In  natural  history,  capable  of  revolving;  freely 


VER 

movable  ;  as,  a  versatile  anther,  which  is  fixed  at  one 

point,  but  freely  movable.  Lindley. 

VERS'A-TILE-LY,  adi\    In  a  versatile  manner. 
VERS-.VTIL'I-TY,      \  n.    Tlie  quality  of  being  vcrs- 
VERS'A-TILE-NESS,  \      atile  ;  aptness  to  change  ; 

readiness  to  be  turned  ;  variableness. 
2.  The  faculty  of  easily  turning  one's  mind  to  new 

tasks  or  subjects;  as,  the  verststility  of  genius. 
VERSE,  (vers,)  71.     [L.  versits  ;  Fr.  rer« ;  from  L.  vcr- 

to,  to  turn.] 

1.  In  poetry,  a  line  consisting  of  a  certain  number 
of  long  and  short  syllables,  disposed  according  to  the 
ruley  of  the  species  of  poetry  which  the  author  in- 
tends to  compose.  Verses  are  of  various  kinds,  as 
hexameter,  pentameter,  and  tetrameter,  iStc,  according  to 
the  number  of  feet  in  each.  A  verse  of  twelve  syl- 
lables is  called  an  .Alexandrian  or  Alexandrine.  Two 
or  more  verses  form  a  stanza  or  strophe 

2.  Poetry  ;  metrical  language. 

Virluc  Wits  tRUght  in  verse.  Prior. 

Verse  emlKilms  virtue.  Donne. 

3.  A  short  division  of  any  composition,  particular- 
ly of  the  chapters  in  the  Scriptures.  The  author  of 
the  division  of  the  Old  Testament  into  verses  is  not 
ascertahied.  The  New  Testament  was  divided  into 
verses  by  Robert  Stephens. 

4.  A  piece  of  poetry.  Pope. 

5.  A  portion  of  an  anthem  to  be  peiformed  by  a 
single  voice  to  each  part. 

Bla7ih  verse ;  poetry  in  which  the  lines  do  not  end 
in  rhymes. 

Heroic  ver.^e  usually  consists  ol  ten  syllables,  or,  in 
English,  of  five  accented  syllables,  constitutmg  five 
feet. 
VERSE,  v.  t.    To  tell  in  verse  ;  to  relate  poetically. 

Playing  on  pi^ws  of  corn,  and  versing  luvc.  ShciJc, 

To  he  versed,  [L.  vcrsor;]  to  be  well  skilled  ;  to  be 
acquainted  with;  as,  to  be  versed  in  history  or  in  ge- 
ometry. 
VERS/£D,  (verst,)  pp.     Skilled. 
VERS'i[:D  SINE.    See  Sine. 

VERSE'-HON'OR-ING,  a.    Doing  honor  to  poetry. 

jMmb, 
VERSE'IMAN,  )  ri.    A  writer  of  verses  ;  in  ludi- 

VERSE'MON"GER,  \      crous  languatre.  Prior. 

VERS'ER,  71.    A  maker  of  verses  ;  a  versifier. 

B.  Jonson. 
VERS'I-€LE,  (vers'e-kl,)  71.     [L.  versicidus.] 

A  little  verse. 
VERS'I-eOT^OR,  (-kul-lur,) 
VERS'I-eOL-OR-£D,  (-kul-lurd,) 

Having  various  colors;  changeable  in  color. 
VER-Sie'rj-LAR,  a.    Pertaining  to  verses  ;  designat- 
ing distinct  divisions  of  a  writing. 
VER-SI-FI-eA'TION,  n.     [Fr.,  from  rersijier.] 

The  act,  art,  or  practice  of  composing  poetic  verse. 
Versification  is  the  result  of  art,  labor,  and  rule, 
rather  than  of  invention,  or  the  fire  of  genius.  It 
consists  in  adjusting  the  long  and  short  syllables, 
and  forming  feet  into  harmonious  measure.  Cyc. 
VERS'I-FI-Ca-TOR,  n.    A  versifier.    -[LiUle  used.] 

[See  Versifier.] 
VERS'I-FI-iCD,  (-ildc,)  pp.  from  Versify.      Formed 

into  verse. 
VERS'I-FI-ER,  n.     One  who  makes  verses.    Not  ev- 
ery versifier  is  a  poet. 

2.  One  who  converts  into  verse  ;  or  one  w!io  ex- 
presses the  ideas  of  another  written  in  proso;  as.  Dr. 
Watts  was  a  versijicr  of  tlie  Psalms. 
VERS'I-F5,  v.  i.    To  make  verses. 

I'll  versify  in  spile,  and  do  my  beet.  Dryden. 

VERS'I-F^,  V.  t.    To  relate  or  describe  in  verse. 

I'll  versify  the  truth.  Daniel. 

2.  To  turn  into  verse  ;  as,  to  versify  the  Psalms. 
VERS'I-F'5-ING,  ppr.    Converting  into  verse. 
VER'SION,  (ver'shun.)  n.     [Fr.,  from  L.  versio.] 

1.  A  turning  ;  a  change  or  transformation  ;  as,  the 
version  of  lAr  into  water.     [Unusual.]  Bacon. 

2.  Chang  ■  of  direction  ;  as,  the  version  of  the 
beams  of  light.     [Unusual.]  Bacon. 

3.  The  act  of  translating  ;  the  rendering  of  thoughts 
or  ideas,  expressed  in  one  language,  into  words  of 
like  signification  in  another  language  How  long 
was  Pope  engaged  in  the  version  of  Homer  .'" 

4.  Translation ;  that  which  is  rendered  from  an- 
other langtiage.  We  have  a  good  version  of  the 
Scriptures.  There  is  a  good  vci-sion  of  the  Penta- 
teuch in  the  Samaritan.  The  Septuagint  vcrsioii  of 
the  Old  Testament  was  made  for  the  benefit  of  the 
Jews  in  Alexandria. 

VERST,  n.  A  Russian  measure  of  length  containing 
1166^  yards,  or  3500  feet;  about  two  thirds  of  an 
English  mile. 

VER'SUS,  [L.]  Against ;  as,  John  Doe  DcrsH*  Richard 
R(«. 

VER-SCTE',  a.    Crafty  ;  wily. 

VERT,  n.     [Fr.  verd,  green,  L.  vindis.] 

1.  In  the  forest  laics,  every  thing  that  grows  and 
bears  a  green  leaf  within  the  forest.  To  preserve 
vert  and  venison  is  the  duty  of  the  verderer. 

England. 

2.  In  heraldry,  a  green  color. 


VER 


[L.  versicolor.' 


See  Vertebra. 


VERT'E-BER, 

VERT'E-BRE. 

VERT'E-BRA,  n.;  pi.  Vertebra.     [L.  vertebra,  fmm 
verto,  to  turn.] 
A  joint  of  the  spine  or  back-bone  of  an  animal. 

VERT'E-BRAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  joints  of  the 
spine  or  back-bone. 

2-  Havingaback-bone  or  spinal  joints;  as, vertebral 
animals. 

VERT'E-BRAL,  n.  An  animal  of  the  class  which 
have  a  back-bone. 

VERT'E-BRaTE,  n  An  animal  having  a  spine  with 
joints. 

VERT'E-BRaTE,      )         PT         *  f.    ,      1 

VERT'E-BRa-TED,  i  ""■     fL.  vcrtcbratus.] 

Having  a  back-bone,  or  vertebral  column,  contain- 
ing the  spinal  marrow,  as  an  animal ;  as  man,  quad- 
rupeds, birds,  amphibia,  and  fishes.  Cuvinr. 

VERT'E-BRaTES,  )  «.  pi.    Vertebrated  animals,  in- 

VERT-E-BRa'TA,  t  eluding  mammals,  birds,  rep- 
tiles, and  fishes. 

VERT'E-BRE.     Sec  Vrrtebr.v. 

VERT'EX,  7(.  [L.,  from  vcrto,  to  turn;  primarily,  a 
round  point.] 

1.  The  crown  or  top  of  the  head.  Coxe. 

2.  The  top  of  a  hill  or  other  thing ;  the  point  of  a 
cone,  pyramid,  angle,  or  figure  ;  the  pole  of  a  glass, 
in  optics.  TJie  vertex  of  a  curve  is  the  point  from 
which  the  diameter  is  drawn,  or  the  intersection  of 
the  diameter  and  the  curve. 

3.  In  astronomy,  the  zenith  ;  the  point  of  the  heav- 
ens perpendicularly  over  the  head.  Cyc. 

VERT'I-€AL,  a.     [Fr.,  from  L.  vertex.] 

1.  Placed  or  being  in  the  zenith,  or  perpendicularly 
over  the  head.  The  sun  is  vertical  to  the  inhabitants 
within  the  tropics  at  certain  times  every  year. 

2.  Being  in  a  position  perpendicular  to  the  plane  of 
the  horizon. 

Vertical  leaves,  in  botany,  are  such  as  stand  so  erect 
that  neither  of  the  surfaces  can  be  called  the  upper 
or  under. 

Vertical  anthers  are  such  as  terminate  the  fila- 
ments, and,  being  inserted  by  their  base,  stand  no 
less  upright  tlian  the  filamcmls  themselves.       Cyc. 

Vertical  ang^les ;  in  geometry,  the  opposite  angles 
formed  by  two  insecting  straight  lines.        Brande. 

Vertical  circle  ;  in  astronomy,  a  git-at  circle  passing 
through  the  zenith  and  the  nadir.  The  meridian  of 
any  place  is  a  vertical  circle.  The  vertical  circles  are 
called  azimuth  circles.  Hutton. 

Vertical  line  ;  in  dialing,  a  line  perpendicular  to  the 
horizon  ;  in  conies,  a  right  line  drawn  on  the  vertical 
plane,  and  passing  through  the  vortex  of  tJie  cone. 

Brande. 
Vertierd  plane,  in  contc*,  is  a  plane  passing  through 
the  vertex  of  a  cone,  and  through  its  axi^i. 

Prime  vertical ;  a  great  circle  of  the  sphere,  per- 
pendicular to  the  horizon,  and  passing  through  the 
zenith  and  the  east  and  west  points 
VERT'I-CAL-LY,  adv.     In  the  zenith. 
VERT'I-€AL-NESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  in  the  ze- 
nith, or  perpendicularly  over  the  head.     [Vertical- 
iTT  is  not  used.] 
VERT'I-CIL,  n.     [L.  veriicillus,  from  vertex,  supra.] 
.    In  botany,  a  little  whirl;  a  mode  of  inflorescence, 
in  which  the  flowers  surround  the  stem  in  a  kind  of 
ring.  Cyc. 

VER-TIC'IL-LATE,  a.  [Supra.]  In  botany,  vcrtic- 
illate  flowers  are  such  as  grow  in  a  whirl,  around 
the  stem  or  in  rings,  one  above  anotlier,  at  each 
joint.  The  term  is  also  applied  in  this  sense  to  leaves 
and  branches.  Verticillate  plants  are  such  as  bear 
whirled  flowers.  Martyn.    Lee. 

VER-TIC'I-TY,  (-tis'c-te,)  n.     [from  vertex,   supra.] 
The  power  of  turning  ;  revolution  ;  rotation.   Locke. 
2.  That  property  of  the  loadstone  by  which  it  turns 
to  some  particular  point. 

The  attraction  of  the  magnet  was  known  long  before  its  vertidty. 

Cyc, 
VER-TIG'IN-OUS,  a.     [L.  vcrtiginosus.] 

1.  Turning  round  ;  whirling;  rotary;  as, n.  vertig- 
inous motion.  Bcntley. 

2.  Giddy  ;  affected  with  vertigo.  Woodward. 
VER-TIG'IN-OUS-LY,  adv.    With  a  whirling  or  gid- 
diness. 

VER-TIC'IN-OUS-NESS,  n.    Giddino-ss;  a  whirling, 

or  sense  of  whirling  ;  unsteadiness.  Taylor. 

VERT'I-GO,  n.     [L.,  from  vcrto,  to  turn.] 

Giddiness;  dizziness  or  swimming  of  the  head; 
an  aflection  of  the  head,  in  which  objects  appear  to 
move  in  various  directions,  rliough  stationarj',  and 
the  person  aflccted  finds  it  dillicult  to  maintain  an 
erect  posture 

[This  word  is  also  pronounced  by  some  vcr-tVgo^ 
and  bv  others  vcr-t'i'go.] 
VER'VaIN,  7?.     A  plant ;  the  popular  name  of  some 

species  of  the  genus  Verbena. 
VER'VaIN-MAL'LoW,  n.    A  speries  of  Mallow,  the 
VER'VELS,  71.  /;/.     [Fr.  vcroclle.]     [Malva  alcea.  Ci^e. 

Labels  tied  to  a  hawk.  AinsworVt. 

VER'Y,  a.     [Fr.  vrai;  L.  vcrus ;  G.  woJir ',  D.  waar.] 
True ;  real. 

Wh[?lh<;r  tliou  \v.  ray  very  eon  Esau  or  not.  — Gen.  xxni. 

He  lli^t  rcpeatcth  a  inatt-jr,  separateth  very  friends.  —  Prov,  xvii. 


FITE,  FAR,  FALL,  VVIL\T.  — METE,  PREY.  ^  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQOK.  ^ 


1938 


VES 


VES 


so  we  say,  in  rcry  deed,  in  the  rfry  heavens,  this 
IS  the  rery  man  we  want.  In  these  phrases,  rfru  is 
emphatical ;  but  its  signification  is  true,  real. 
^'EK'V.  o*-  As  an  adverb,  or  modifier  of  adjectives 
and  adverbs,  tent  denotes  in  a  great  decree,  an  emi- 
nent or  high  degree,  bat  niJt  generallv'the  higlicst ; 
as,  a  vrry  great  mountain  ;  a  rery  bright  sun  ;  a  eery 
cold  day  ;  a  very  pernicious  war ;  a  rery  benevolent 
disposition  ;  the  river  liows  rm/  rapidlv.' 
VES'ieAXT,  n.     [Iniia.]     A  blistering  application ; 

an  epispastic.  Biadmc. 

VES'I-CaTE,  r.  (.     [L.  visica,  a  little  bladder ;  Gr. 
prff«)7,  from  ovca<j,  to  inflate.] 

To  blister  ;'  to  raise  little  bladders,  or  separate  the 
cuticle  by  inflaming  the  skin.    Celsus  recommends 
to  resitate  the  eitemal  parts  of  wounds.     Wisenmn 
VT:S'I-€a-TED,  pp.    Blistered. 
VES'I-€a-TL\G,  ffr.    Blistering. 
VES-I-€a'TION,  n.    The  process  of  raising  blisters  or 

little  culicular  bladders  on  tile  skin. 
VES'I-e.V-TO-EY,  71.    [Fr.  vuicaUiirc.] 

A.  blistering  application  or  plaster  ;  an  epispastic. 
VES'I-€LE,  (ves'e-kl,)  n.     [L.  vesicula.      See  Vesi- 
cate.] 

1.  X  little  bladder,  or  a  portion  of  the  cuticle  sep- 
arated Irora  the  skin  and  filled  with  some  humor. 

a.  -Any  small,  membranous  cavity  in  animals  or 
vegetables.  The  lungs  consist  of  resides  admitting 
air.  Rau.     Ctjc 

VE-SIG'TJ-LAR,    I  a.    Pertaining  to  vesicles  :    con- 
VE-Sie'C-LOUS,  t     sisling  of  vesicles. 

S.  Hollow  ;  full  of  interstices.  Cheyne. 

3.  Having  little  bladders  or  glands  on  the  surface, 
as  the  leaf  of  a  plant. 
VE:SieJi-L.\TE,  a.     Bladdery  ;  full  of  bladders. 
VESPER,  n.    [L.      This  word  and   Hespehcs  are 
probably  of  one  origin,  aud  both  from  the  root  of 
vest.  I 
The  evening  star  ;  Venus  ;  also,  the  evening. 
VES'PERS,  n.  pL    The  evening  song  or  evening  ser- 
vice in  the  Roman  Catholic  church. 

Sicilian  vespers ;  the  era  of  the  general  massacre 

of  the  French  in  Sicily,  on  Easter  evening,  1282,  at 

the  toll  of  the  bell  for  vespers, 

VES'PEE-TTNE,  a.     [L.  ^espertinus.     See  Vesper.] 

Pertaining  to  the  evening  ;   happening  or  bein"  in 

the  evening.  ° 

VES'PI-A-RV,  n.     The  nest  or  habitation  of  wasps, 

hornet-,  ice. 

vEs-'^EL,  a.  [It.  vasello,  from  raso,  a  vase  or  vessel  • 
Fr.  raisseau :  Sp,  rasija  :  from  L.  ras,  vasis.  This 
word  is  probably  the  Eng.  vat,  in  a  different  dialect ; 
G./<iij,  a  vat;  gtfdss,  a  vessel ;  fdssen,  to  hold  ;  al- 
lied probably  to  fast,  fasleti.  The  Sp.  vasija  is  from 
the  Latin  ;  bat  the  Spanish  has  also  baxei,  a  general 
name  of  all  floating'  buildings  ;  probably  of  Celtic 
origin.] 

1.  .K  cask  or  utensil  proper  for  holding  liquors  and 
other  things,  as  a  tun,  a  pipe,  a  puncheon,  a  hogs- 
head, a  barrel,  a  firkin,  a  bottle,  a  kettle,  a  cup^  a 
dLsh,  &c.  .p. 

2.  In  anatomy,  any  tube  or  canal,  in  which  the 
blood  and  other  humors  are  contained,  secreted,  or 
circuUited,  as  the  arteries,  veins,  lymphatics,  sper- 
matics,  ice.  '  Qyc. 

3.  In  the  pkysiato^  of  plants,  a  canal  or  tube  of 
very  smiUI  bore,  in  which  the  sap  is  contained  and 
conveyed  ;  also,  a  bag  or  utricle,  filled  with  pulp,  and 
serving  as  a  rest-rvoir  for  sap;  also,  a  spiral  canal, 
usually  of  a  larger  bore.  Martyn.     Grew. 

4.  Any  stnicture  made  to  float  upon  the  water,  for 
purposes  of  commerce  or  war,  whether  impelled  by 
wind,  steam,  or  oars.  Totten. 

5.  Something  containing.  .Wdton. 
Feiseis  of-mrath,  in  Scripture,  are  such  persons  as 

are  to  receive  the  full  effects  of  God's  wrath  and  in- 
dignation, as  a  punishment  for  their  sins. 

Vessels  of  mernj,  are  persons  who  are  to  receive 
the  effects  of  God's  mercv,  or  future  happiness  and 
glor>-. 

Chosen  tessels ;  ministers  of  the  gospel,  as  appoint- 
ed to  bear  the  glad  news  of  salvation  to  others; 
called  also  earthen  vessels,  on  account  of  their  weak- 
ness and  frailty. 
VES'SEL,  r.  L    To  pnt  into  a  vessel.    [JVut  in  ii.,-f.] 

Bacon. 

VES'SETS,  n.    A  kind  of  cloth.     Qu. 
VES'.SIC-XO.V,  n.     [L.  vejiea.] 

A  soft  swelling  on  a  horse's  leg,  called  a  Wisd- 

VEST,  ji.     [Fr.  ve.^e ;  It.  resta  :  L.  ve-^tu,  a  coat  or  gar- 
ment ;  vestio,  to  cover  or  clothe,  Goth,  vestyan  ;  VV. 


VEX 


VEST,  r.  (.  To  clothe;  to  cover,  surround,  or  encom- 
pass closely. 

2.  To  dress ;  to  clothe  with  a  long  garment ;  as, 
.he  tested  pnest.  ,y,u^ 

i.  In  lam,  to  give  an  immediate,  fixed  right  of 
present  or  future  enjoyment ;  as,  an  estate  is  vested 
in  possession.  Bouvier. 

Jo  test  mth  ;  to  clothe  ;  to  furnish  with  ;  to  invest 
with  ;  as,  to  test  a  man  with  authority ;  to  vest  a 
court  mil  power  to  try  cases  of  life  and  death ;  to 
vest  one  with  the  right  of  seizing  slave  ships. 

Had  I  bccQ  vetted  xd^h  ibe  monareii'B  power.  Prior. 

To  test  in ;  to  put  in  possession  of ;  to  furnish  with  ; 
to  clothe  with.  The  supreme  executive  power  in 
tngland  is  tested  in  the  king ;  in  the  United  States, 
It  is  vested  i:t  the  prcsidenl. 

2.  To  clothe  with  another  form ;  to  convert  into 
another  substance  or  species  of  property;  as,  latest 
money  in  goods ;  to  vest  money  in  land  or  houses  ;  to 
vest  money  in  bank  stock,  or  in  six  per  cenL  stock  ; 

..J?..^"  ^"  °"^'^  property  in  the  public  funds. 

VEST,  r.  i.  To  come  or  descend  to;  to  be  fixed  ;  to 
take  effect,  xs  a  title  or  risrht.  1 'pon  the  death  of  the 
ancestor,  the  estate,  or  the  right  to  the  estate,  vesU 
in  the  heir  at  law, 

VES'TA,  n.  [L.]  In  myVio'.ogy,  the  virgin  goddess 
of  the  hearth  or  fire. 

2.  In  astronomv,  one  of  the  asteroids,  discovered 
by  Dr.  Olbers  in  1807. 

VEST'AL,  II.  [L.  vestalis,  from  Fejta,  the  goddess  of 
fire,  Gr.  ecria.'] 

1.  Pertaining  to  Vesta,  the  goddess  of  fire  among 
the  Romans,  and  a  virgin. 

2.  Pure  ;  chaste.  Shak 
VEST'.U,. 


A  virgin  consecrated  to  Vesta,  and  to 
the  service  of  watching  the  sacred  fire,  which  was 
to  be  perpetually  kept  burning  upon  her  altar.  The 
Vestals  were  six  in  number,  and  they  made  a  vow  of 
perpetual  virginity. 
VEST'ED,  pp.  Clothed ;  covered 
passed. 
2.  a.    Fixed 


closely  encom- 


»TPi^ff.] 

1.  An  outer  garmenL 

OT?r  im  laeid  arms 
A  nuiiLaj  veal  cf  pm^e  fioved.  MUion. 

2.  A  waistcoat  or  body  garment  for  men,  without 
sleeves,  and  worn  under  the  coat. 

[This  word,  in  the  latter  sense,  has  passed  from 
France  into  the  United  States,  and  has  chiefly  taken 
the  place  of  VVahtco*t.  In  England,  on  Hie  con- 
trary, the  latter  word  is  the  only  one  in  common  use. 
-at] 


not  in  a  state  of  contingency  or  sus- 
pension ;  as,  vested  rights, 

F'esud  legacy :  in  laWy  a  legacy  tlic  right  to  wliich 
commences  ia  pre^entif  and  docs  not  depend  on  a 
contingency,  as  a  legacy  to  one,  to  be  paid  when  he 
attains  to  twenty-one  years  of  age.  This  is  a  vested 
legacy,  and  if  the  legatee  dies  before  the  testator,  his 
representative  shall  receive  it.  BlacUtone. 

Vested  remainder,  is  where  the  estate  is  iiivariably 
fixed,  to  remain  to  a  determined  person,  after  the 
particular  estate  is  spent.    This  is  called  a  remainder 
executed,  by  which  a  present  interest  passes  to  the 
party,  thouch  to  be  enjt.ved  in  future.     BlacksUme. 
VEST'I-A-RY,  72.     A  v.-afdrobe. 
VES-TIKT-L.VK,  a.    Pertaining  to  or  like  a  vestibule. 
VES'Tf-BULE,  n.     [Fr. ;  L.  vesUbulum.] 

1.  Tile  porch  or  entrance  into  a  house,  or  a  large 
open  space  before  llie  dtxir,  but  covered.  Vestibules 
for  magnificence  are  usually  betweeu  the  court  and 
garden. 

9,  A  little  antechamber  before  the  entrance  of  an 
ordinary-  apartment. 

3.  An  apartment  in  large  buildings,  which  leads 
into  a  hall  or  suit  of  ruums  or  offices.  An  area  in 
which  a  magnificent  staircase  is  carried  up  is  some- 
times called  a  vestibule, 

4.  In  anatomy.,  a  cavity  belonging  to  the  labvrinih 
of  (he  ear.  Cyc. 

VES'TI-GaTE.     See  Investigate. 
[VE'iTicATE  is  not  in  use.] 

VES'TtClE,  (ves'tij,)  n.  [Fr. ;  L.  vestigium.  This 
word  and  testibide  show  that  some  verb  signifying 
to  tread,  from  which  they  are  derived,  is  lost.] 

A  track  or  footstep ;  the  mark  of  ttie  foot  left  on  the 
earth ;  but  mostly  used  for  the  mark  or  remains  of 
something  else  ;  as,  the  vestiges  of  ancient  magnifi- 
cence in  Palmyra;  rcy/io-ej  of  former  population. 

VEST'ING,  pjtr.  [from  vestJ]  Clothing;  covering; 
closely  encompassing ;  descending  to  and  becom- 
ing permanent,  as  a  right  or  title  ;  converting  into 
other  species  of  property,  as  monev. 

VEST'IXG,  n.    Cloth  for  vests;  vest  patterns. 

United  Slates. 

VEST'MENT,  n.  [L.  vesOmentum^  from  vestio^  to 
clothe  ;  Fr.  vBtement.] 

A  covering  or  garment ;  some  part  of  clothing  or 
dress  ;  especially  some  part  of  outer  clothing  ;  but  it 
is  not  restricted  to  any  particular  garment. 

The  sculptor  could  not  ^re  veatmenta  suitAblc  to  the  qiuJitj  of 
the  peisoos  re|irescuied.  Dryden. 

VEST'RY,  n.     [L.  vestiarium  ;  Fr.  vestiaire.] 

1.  A  room  appendant  to  a  church,  in  which  the 
sacerdotal  vestments  and  sacred  utensils  are  kept, 
and  where  parochial  meetings  are  held. 

3.  In  the  church  of  England,  a  }>amchial  assembly, 
so  called  because  held  in  a  vestry.  Clarendon. 

3.  In  the  y.pi.^eopal  church  of  the  United  States,  a 
committee  chosen  annually  by  the  parish,  who,  in 
conjunction  with  the  church-wanlL*ns,  manage  its 
temponil  concerns.  CrosaeJl, 


VEST'RY-eLERK,«.  [vestry  nod  clerk.]  An  officer 
chosen  by  the  veslrj-,  who  keeps  the  pariah  :;  r  i- 
and  books. 

VEST'RY-M.\.\,  n.      In  the  Kpijcapci  chnrcJi. 
longing  to  a  select  number  of  persons  in  eacn  pa/i-i,, 
who  manage  iL-i  t^^mporal  concern*.    [Sec  Vzitbt.  i 

VEhT'URE,  (vest'yur,)  ji.     [Fr.  tilmre.    See  Vest.1 

1.  A  garment ;  a  robe. 

Theii  poUhrd  cbrxu  eoireal-ml  veMbtrt  fnod.  Pop*. 

2.  Dress  ;  garments  in  general ;  babit ;  cUiUiin? : 
vestment ;  as,  the  vesture  of  priests. 

3.  Clothing;  covering. 

Becki,  jTKipce*,  ud  gaiU,  mpparekd  ■rtib  a  tMturt  -.j  ^  .^.,, 
And  »)!d  the  hamble  ectturM  </  the  ^t'lvu  TrmJ^L. 

4.  In  old  law  books,  the  corn  with  which  land  waj 
covered  ;  as,  the  ve^ttare  of  an  acre. 

5.  In  old  books,  seisin  :  po«i.-iession.     [Ofrj.] 
VE-SC'VI-A\,  a.    Pertaiiiing  to  VeHiTms,  a  vr  T<--if.'^ 

near  Naples. 

VE-Su'V'I-A.V,  n.    In  mineTtdogy^  tbe  ame  v*  .•     ; . 
crase,  which  See.  £j 

VETCH,  71.     {Fr.vtsce;  lUveeeia:  L.viaa;  Sp.vezM;  i 
D.  wiA,  leUJie,  vetch,  and  a  weight :  wikken,  to  wei'b  ;   1 
(i.ieicke,  a  vetch;  wirJul,:i  roller;  virhj.  r  v^ .   -i". 
wiektln,  to  wind    up.     We    !<ee   vfteh,  : 
of  aeigh,  ira«-,  iei<ride,  and  Ki-niilies  a  . 

A  leguminous  plant  of  the  gcnu«  \  . 
common  name  of  mu:!t  specie?*  of  the  genus.    *j  He   | 
name  is  also  applied,  with  varjou:*  epithets,  to  many 
other  leguminous  planL-f  of  diiferent  genem:   n*.  f  ■■■ 
chichting  vetch,  of  the  genus  Laili>TUs  ;  tlj- 
shoe  vetch,  of  the  genus  llippocrepbi;  ilie  miif. 
of  the  genus  Astragalus,  &.c. 

VETCII'LI.N'G,  n.     [from  vetch.]     In  hotamy,  a 
of  a  leguminous  plant,  the  Laihym^  aphaca,  ■  - 

sive  of  its  diminutive  size.    The  meadow  vtu _ 

is  a  wild  plant  common  in  m^dows,  which  make^ 
good  hay. 

VETCIl'Y,  a.    Consisting  of  vetches  or  of  pea  itraw  ;  i 

as,  a  veuhy  bed.  Spauer.       ' ' 

2.  Abounding  with  vetches.  I, 

VET'ER-A.N',  a.  [L.  v ctrr anus,  Trom  vetero^  to  grow 
old,  from  vetiLs,  old.] 

Uaving  been  long  exercised  in  any  thing;  long 
practiced  or  eiperienced  ;  as,  a  veteroM  officer  ».r  sof-  , ! 
dier;  rrferan  skill.  Tktrwuan. 

VET'ER-AN,  71,  One  who  has  been  long  exercised  in 
any  ser\"ice  or  art,  particularly  in  war ;  one  who  has 
grown  old  in  service,  and  has  had  much  experience. 

Eoai^ns  ihu  piTcoil  tb«  foe't  rrmocnt  lian, 
Tbc  hardy  wurcn  with  icat»  mi^nx.  Aiiducm. 

^TET-ER-I-Na'RI-AN',  71.     [L.  veterinantu.] 

One  skilled  in  the  diseases  of  cattle  or  domf'^c 
animals.  ji-   - 

VET'ER-I-NA-RV,  a.    [Supra.]    Peruinins  i..  : 
of  healing  or  treating  the  diseases  of  domc-^: 
mals,  as  oxen,  horses,  sheep,  ic.     .\  rttmscr-c  r.  ,- 
lege  was  established  in  EnsJnnd  in  179-2.  at  St.'  Pan- 
cnis,  in  the  \icinity  of  lAtn.lnn.     TTie   improv'-m-nt 
of  the  veterinartj  art  is  of  grtat  importance  to  th     ._•- 
ricultural  interest. 
Ve'TO,  Ji. ;  pi.  Vetoes,  (ve'loze,)     [L.  rrfo,  I  f,  -: 
1.  The  power  possessed  by  the  execuitve  br .      i 
of  a  legislative  body,  as  a  king,  president,  ci\.  -: 
&C.,  to  negative  a  bill  which  h.is  passed  th' 
branches  of  the  legislature.    Also,  the  act  of  ■  -. 
cising  this  power.  hour  ■  -. 

_  2.  In  a  looser  sense,  any  authoritative  prutiih.;; 
Ve'TO,  r.  ^     To  withhold  assent  to  a  bill  for  a  lav*-, 

and  thus  prevent  its  enactmcnu 
Ve'TO-ED,  (-tode.)  pret.  and  pp,  of  Veto,  which  see. 
Ve'TO-IN'G.  ppr.    Withholding  a^seDl  to  and  pre- 
venting the  enactment  of. 
VET-TV R.i,  n.    An  Italian  four-wheeled  carriage. 
VET'TU-RKVO,  n.    In  Italy,  one  who  c-uries  travel- 
ers from  one  place  to  another  in  a  rettura,  or  four- 
wheeled  carriage,  at  a  price  agreed  on. 
VEX,  e.  t.      [L.   vezo  ;   Fr.   vezer  ;  IL   ressare  :    Sp. 
reror.] 

1.  To  irritate ;  to  make  angry  by  little  provoca- 
tions ;  a  popular  mse  of  tJu  word. 

2.  To  plague  ;  to  torment ;  to  h.-trass  ;  lo  afflict. 

Ten  thousiDd  (omKiiu  t>cr  my  bn.R.  Pr^rr, 

3.  To  disturb  ;  to  disrjtiiet ;  lo  agitate. 

Wiiiti*  curi  ihc  b'Ava,  umI  the  veied  oonut  nsin.  Pajie. 

4.  To  trouble  ;  to  distress. 

I  >»  ill  a!so  vex  xlv  b-nrti  of  maoy  pMple.  —  C»^  xxxi. 

5.  To  iwrsccutj*-.    j?c/-*  xiL 

6.  To  strrlch,  as  by  hooks.     [AW  in  «-*i.] 

VEX,  r.  i.    To  fret ;  to  be  teased  or  irritated. 

C^apmoM. 
VEX-.A'TIO.V,  n.    [Fr.,  from  U  rentfta.] 

1.  The  act  of  irritating,  or  of  troabling,  disquiet- 
ing, and  harx^-^ing. 

2.  State  of  being  irritated  or  disturbed  in  mind. 

3.  Disquiet;  agitation;  great  uneasine^-*. 

P.usJons  too  vioK'nl  —  itfibiU  u*  Mts£on  and  ft-  ~ t 

4.  The  cause  of  trouble  or  disquiet. 
Voiir  chiktrrn  were  tcra^Mi  U>  your  youth.  :^A*l. 


TONE,  BULL,  qNITE.—  AX"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K ;  0  as  J  ;  «  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


J  55 


1233 


VIB 


o    Afflictions;  great  troubles  ■  severe  judgments. 

The  LorJ  shall  send  on  (hee  cureLi^,  vexation,  and  rebuke.  — 
Deut.  xxviii. 

6,  A  harassing  by  law.  Bacon. 

7.  A  slight,  teasing  trouble. 
VFA-a'TIOUS,  (VL-k-s;i'slms,)    a.      Irritating ;    dis- 
turbing or  agitating  to  the  mind  ;  causing  disquiet  ; 
afflictive;  as,  a  veiations  controversy;   a  vexatious 
neighbor. 

2.  Distressing;  harassing;  as,  reiatious  wars. 

Soutk. 

3.  Fuil  of  trouble  and  disquiet. 

He  leads  a  vexa^us  UTe.  Digby, 

4.  Teasing  i  slightly  troublesome  ;  provoking. 

A  vexatious  suit^  in  laic,  is  one  commenced  for  the 
purpose  of  giving  trouble,  or  without  cause. 

VEX-A'TIOUS-LY,  ade.  In  a  manner  to  give  great 
trouble  or  disquiet. 

VEX-A'TIOUS-NESS,  n.  The  qualit>' of  giving  great 
trouble  and  disquiet,  or  of  teasing  and  provoking. 

VEX'£U,  (vexi,)  pp.  or  a.  Teased;  provoked;  irri- 
tated ;  troubled  ;  agitated  ;  disquieted  ;  afflicted. 

VEX'ER,  u.    One  who  vexes,  irritates,  or  tioubles. 

vv\  TT 'l  riM   i  "•     t^"  '^^^^^''"i  ^  standard.] 

A  Hug  or  standard.  In  botany,  the  upper  petal  of 
a  papilionaceous  flower.  Martyn. 

VEX'IL-LA-RY,  n.     A  standard-bearer. 
VEX'IL-LA-Ry,a.    Pertaining  to  an  ensign  orstand- 

ard. 
VEX-IL-La'TION,  n.     [L.  vexUlatio.] 

A  company  of  troops  under  one  ensign. 
VEX'ISG,  ppr.    Provoking;  irritating;  afflicting. 
VEX'ING-LV,  adv.    So  as  to  vex,  tease,  or  irritate. 

Tathr. 
VI'A,  n.    [L.]     A  way      Via  Albany,  by  the  way  of 

Alban}'. 
VI'A-BLE,  a,    [Fr.  vie,  life,  from  L.  vivo,  to  live.] 
Capable  of  living,  as  a  new-born  infant  or  prema- 
ture child.  T.  Miner. 
Vi'A-DU€T,  71.     [L.  via,  way,  and  ducoj  to  lead. 
See  Duke.] 

A  stnicture  made  for  conveying  a  carriage  way 
from  one  road  to  another,  either  by  perforation 
through  bills,  by  leveling  uneven  ground,  or  by  rais- 
ing mounds  or  arched  supports  across  rivers  or 
marshes.  Sanckcii  on  Railroads. 

VI'AL,  71.     [Fr.  viole;  Gr.  0ifi>»j  ,•  h.'pkiala.] 

A  phial ;  a  small  bottle  of  thin  glass,  used  partic- 
ularly by  apotliecaries  and  druggists. 

Samuel  took  a  vial  of  oil,  and  poured  il  on  his  head.  —  1  Sam.  x. 
Hals  of  Ood^s  wratk,  in  Scripture,  are  the  execution 
of  Iiis  wrath  upon  the  wicked  for  their  sins.     Rci\ 
xvi. 
VT'AL,  V.  t.    To  put  in  a  vial.  Jilillon. 

vTAL-£D,  pp.    Put  in  a  vial. 
VI'AL-ING,  ppr.     Inclosing  in  a  vial. 
VT'AND,  n,     [Fr.  viandc;  from  It.  znvanda  ;  Jj.  7uvcn- 
dtis,  vivo,  to  live.] 
Meat  dressed  ;  food. 

Viands  of  various  kinds  allure  the  taste.  Pope. 

[It  is  used  ckiefty  hi  the  pUtral.^ 
VI'A-RY,  a.  Happening  in  roads. 
VI-AT'IC,  a.     [L.  viaticum,  from  via,  way.] 

Pertaining  to  a  journey  or  to  traveling. 
VT-AT'I-€UM,  n.     [L.  supra.]     Provisions  for  a  jour- 
ney. 

9.  Among  the  ancient  Romans,  an  allowance  to 
officers  who  were  sent  into  the  provinces  lo  exercise 
any  office  or  perform  any  service,  also  to  the  officers 
and  soldiers  of  rhe  army.  Cyc. 

3.  In  the  Roman  CaiJiulic  c/mrcA,  the  communion  or 
eucharist  given  to  persons  in  their  last  moments. 
VI'BRaTE,  u.  i.  [L.  vibro;  It.  vibrare.  This  word 
belongs  to  the  root  of  Eng.  wabble;  W.  giDib'taw,  to 
wander,  to  move  in  a  circular  or  serpentine  direc- 
tion.] 

1.  To  swing  ;  to  oscillate  ;  to  move  one  way  and 
the  other  ;  to  play  to  and  fro  ;  as,  the  pendulum  of  a 
clock  vibrates  more  or  less  rapidly,  as  it  is  shorter  or 
longer ;  the  chords  of  an  instrument  vibrate  when 
touched. 

2.  To  quiver ;  as,  a  whisper  vibrates  on  the  ear. 

Pope. 

3.  To  pass  from  one  slate  to  another ;  as,  a  man 
vibrates  from  one  opinion  to  another. 

VI'BRaTE,  v.  t.    To  brandish  ;  to  move  to  and  fro  ; 
to  swing  ;  as,  to  viiirate  a  sword  or  staff.    The  pen- 
dulum of  a  clock  vibrates  seconds. 
2.  To  cause  to  quiver. 

Breath  vocalized,  that  is,  vibrated  or  undulated,  may  differeiitly 
alVecl  llie  Hpa,  and  impress  a  swift,  tremulous  motion. 

Holder. 

VT'BRA-TED,pp.  Brandished;  moved  one  way  and 
the  other. 

Vl'BRA-TILE,  (-til,)  a.  Adapted  to  or  used  in  vibrato- 
ry motion  ;  as,  the  vibratite  organs  of  certain  insects. 

Say. 

VI-BRA  TIL'I-TY,  n.  Disposition  to  preternatncnl 
vibration  or  motion.     [J\rot  much  iiscd.'\  Rush. 

VT'BRA-TING,  ppr.  Brandishing;  moving  lo  and 
fro,  as  a  pendulum  or  musical  chord. 


VIC 

VT-BRa'TION,  n.     [Fr.,  from  L.  vibro.] 

1.  The  act  of  brandishing;  the  act  of  moving  or 
state  of  being  moved  one  way  and  the  otiier  in  quick 
succession. 

9.  In  mechanics,  a  regular,  reciprocal  motion  of  a 
body  suspended  ;  a  motion  consisting  of  continual 
reciprocations  or  returns ;  as  of  the  pendulum  of  a 
limt'-keeper.  This  is  frequently  called  Oscillation. 
The  number  of  vibrations  in  a  given  time  depends  on 
the  length  of  the  vibrating  body  ;  a  pendulum  three 
feet  long  makes  only  ten  vibrations,  while  one  of  nine 
inches  makes  twenty.  The  vibrations  of  a  pendu- 
lum are  somewhat  slower  at  or  near  the  equator  than 
in  remote  latitudes.  The  vibrations  of  a  pendulum 
are  isochronal,  whether  performed  in  larger  or  smaller 
arcs.  HiUton. 

3.  In  physics,  alternate  or  reciprocal  motion  ;  as, 
the  vibrations  of  the  nervous  fluid,  by  whicli  sensa- 
tion has  been  supposed  to  be  produced,  by  impres- 
Bions  of  external  objects  propagated  thus  to  the  brain. 

Cyc. 

4.  In  music,  the  motion  of  a  chord,  or  the  undu- 
lation of  any  body,  by  which  sound  Js  produced. 
The  acuteness,  t*levation,  and  gravity  of  sound,  de- 
pend on  the  length  of  the  chord  and  its  tension. 

VI-BRa'TI-UN-€LE,  (-unk-1,)  n.    A  small  vibration. 

Chambers.     Cm. 
\TBRA-TIVE,  a.    That  vibrates,  JTewUm. 

VI'BRA-TO-RY,  a.  Vibrating;  consisting  in  vibra- 
tion or  oscillation  ;  as,  a  vibratory  motion. 

2.  Causing  to  vibrate. 

VIG'AR,  ;:.  [Fr.  vicairc;  li.vicario;  L.  uicoriiw,  from 
vicis,  a  turn,  or  its  root.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  a  person  deputed  or  author- 
ized to  perform  the  functions  of  another  ;  a  substi- 
tute in  offlce.  The  pope  claims  to  be  vicar  of  Jesus 
Christ  on  earth.  He  lias  under  him  a  grand  vicar, 
who  is  a  cardinal,  and  whose  jurisdiction  extends 
over  all  priests,  regular  and  secular. 

2.  In  the  canon  law,  the  priest  of  a  parish,  the 
predial  tithes  of  which  are  impropriated  or  appropri- 
ated, that  is,  belong  to  a  chapter  or  religious  house, 
or  to  a  layman,  who  receives  them,  and  only  allows 
the  vicar  the  smallrr  tithes  or  a  salary.  Cijc. 

.apostolic  vicar,  in  the  Roman  Catholic  church,  is  an 
officer  of  high  standing,  who  has  received  power 
from  the  pope  to  decide  in  certain  cases  without  in- 
structions. Encyc.  .Am. 

Vie'AR-A6E,  n.  The  benefice  of  a  vicar.  A  vicar- 
age, by  endowment,  becomes  a  benefice  distinct  from 
the  parsonage.  die. 

VIC'AR-GEN'ER-AL,  v.  a  tiUe  given  by  Henry 
VIII.  to  the  earl  of  Essex,  with  power  to  oversee  all 
the  clergy,  and  revulat^-  all  church  aflair>'.  It  is  now 
the  title  of  an  office,  which,  as  well  as  that  of  offi- 
cial principal,  is  united  in  the  chancellor  of  the  dio- 
cese. The  business  of  tlic  vicar-general  is  to  exer- 
cise jurisdiction  over  matters  purely  spiritual.  Cijc. 

VI-€a'RI-AL,  a.  ['from  vicarJ]  Pertaining  to  a  vicar ; 
small  ;  as,  vicarial  tithes. 

VI-€a'RI-ATE,  a.    Having  delegated  power,  as  vicar. 

'  Barrow. 

VT-€a'RI-ATE,  n.    A  delegated  office  or  power. 

Vi-Ca'RI-OUS,  a.     [h.  vicarius.]  [Lord  J^'ortJt. 

1.  Deputed;  delegated;  as,  ficaWoiw  power  or  au- 
thority. 

2.  Acting  for  another ;  filling  the  place  of  anotlier; 
as,  a  vicarious  agent  or  officer. 

3.  Substitutt-'d  in  the  place  of  another  ;  as,  a  vica- 
rious sacrifice.  The  doctrine  of  wicarioits  punishment 
has  occasioned  much  controversv. 

V1-€a'RI-OUS-LY,  adv.  In  the  place  of  another;  by 
substitution.  Burke. 

VI€'.1R-SHIP,  n.  The  office  of  a  vicar;  tlie  ministry 
of  a  vicar. 

VICE,  n.  [Fr.  vice;  It.  vizio;  Sp.  vicio ;  L.  vitium ; 
\V.  gwyd.] 

1.  Properly,  n  spot  or  defect ;  a  fault;  a  blemish; 
as,  the  vices  of  a  political  constitution.      Madison. 

2.  In  ethics,  any  voluntary  action  or  course  of  con- 
duct which  deviates  from  the  rules  of  moral  recti- 
tude, or  from  the  plain  rules  of  propriety  ;  any  moral 
unfitness  of  conduct,  either  from  delect  of  duty  or 
from  the  transgression  of  known  principles  of  recti- 
tude. Vice  differs  from  crime  in  being  less  enor- 
mous. We  never  call  murder  or  robbery  a  ince;  but 
every  act  of  intemperance,  all  falsehood,  duplicity, 
deception,  lewdness,  and  the  like,  is  a  vice.  The 
excessive  indulgence  of  passions  and  appetites,  which 
in  themselves  are  innocent,  is  a  vice.  The  smoking 
of  tobacco  and  the  taking  of  snuff  may,  in  certain 
cases,  be  innocent,  and  even  useful :  but  these  prac- 
tices may  be  carried  to  such  an  excess  as  to  become 
vices.  TJiis  word  is  also  used  to  denote  a  habit  of 
transgressing  ;  as,  a  life  of  rice,  t'lce  is  rarely  a  sol- 
itary invader;  it  usually  brings  with  it  a  frightful 
train  of  followers. 

3.  Depravity  or  corruption  of  manners ;  as,  an  age 
of  vice. 

When  vice  prevaila,  and  impious  men  bear  sway, 

The  post  of  houir  is  a  private  euUon.  Addison. 

4.  A  fault  or  bad  trick  in  a  horse. 

5.  In  the  old  English  drama,  (the  mysteries,  ice.,) 


VIC 

a  buffoon  wearing  a  cap  with  ass's  ears,  whose  office 
was  to  torment  and  belabor  another  buffoon  who 
represented  the  devil.  P.  Cijc. 

6.  An  iron  press  with  a  screw,  for  holding  articles 
fast  when  filed,  &c.  [This  would  more  properly  be 
written  Vise,  like  the  French  vis,  a  screw.] 

7.  A  gripe  or  grasp.     [Obs.]  Shuk. 
VICE,  V.  t.      To  press  or  screw  up  to  a  thing  by  a 

kind  of  violence.  [JVot  in  use.]  [See  Vise.]  ShaJc. 
VICE  [L.  vice,  in  the  turn  or  place]  is  used  in  compo- 
sition to  denote  one  qui  vicem  ^erit,  who  acts  in  the 
place  of  another,  or  is  second  in  authority. 
VICE-AD'MI-RAL,  n.  In  the  navy,  the  second  officer 
in  command.  His  tJag  is  displayed  at  the  fore  top- 
gallant mast  head.  Mar.  Diet. 

2.  A  civil  officer,  in  Great  Britain,  appointed  by  the 
lords  commissioners  of  the  admiralty  for  exercising 
admiralty  jurisdiction  within  their  respective  dis- 
tricts. 
VICE-AD'MI-RAL-TY,  71.  The  office  of  a  vice-ad- 
miral ;  a  vice-admiralty  court. 
VtCE-A'GENT,  Ti.     [vice  and  agent]     One  who  acts 

in  the  place  of  another.  Hooker. 

VICE-CHAM'BER-LAIN,  (-lin,)  v.  An  officer  in 
court  nest  in  command  to  the  lord-chamberlain. 

England. 

VICE-CHAN'CEL-LOR,  n.    An  officer  in  a^univer- 

sity,  in  Euglaiwi,  a  distinguished  member,  who  is 

annually  elected  to  manage  the  affairs  in  tlie  absence 

of  the  chancellor.  Cyc. 

VTCE-€ON'SUL,  n.    One  who  acts  in  the  place  of  a 

consul. 
Xl'CED,  (vjst,)  a.    Vicious  ;  corrupt.    [J^ot  in  use.] 

Shak. 
VTCE-D6GE',  n.    A  counselor  at  Venice  who  repre- 
sents tlie  doge  when  sick  or  absent.  Cyc. 
VTCE-Ge'REN-CV,  11.     [See  Vicegerent.]    The  of- 
fice of  a  vicegerent ;  agency  under  another;  deputed 
power;  lieutenancy.                                         South. 
VICE-Ce'RENT,  11.     [L.  vicem  gercns,  acting  in  the 
place  of  another.] 

A  lieutenant;  a  vicar;  an  officer  who  is  deputed 
by  a  superior  or  by  proper  authority  to  exercise  the 
powers  of  another.      Ivings  are  sometimes  called 
Ood^s  vicegerents.    It  is  to  be  wished  they  would  al- 
ways deserve  the  appellation. 
VICE-Ge'RENT,  a.     Having  or  exercising  delegated 
power ;  acting  by  substitution,  or  in  the  place  of  an- 
other. Milton. 
VICE-LEG'ATE,  71.  An  officer  employed  by  the  pope 
to  perform  the  office  of  spiritual  and  temporal  gov- 
ernor in  certain  cities,  when  there  is  no  legate  or  car- 
dinal to  command  there.  Cyc. 
VIC'E-NA-RY,  a.     [L.  vicenarius.] 

Belonging  to  twenty. 
VTCE-PRES'I-DEN-CY,  71.    Tlie  office  of  vice-presi- 
dent. Story. 
ViCE-PRES'I-DENT,  n.    An  officer  next  in  rank  be- 
low a  president.                                        United  States. 
VICE-Re'GAL,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  viceroy  or  vice- 
roy ally. 
VICE'ROY,  n.     [Fr.  viceroi.] 

The  governor  of  a  kingttom  or  country  who  rales 
in  the  name  of  the  king  with  regal  authority,  as  the 
king's  substitute.  Swijl. 

VICE-ROY'AL-TY,  n.    The  dignity,  office,  or  juris- 
diction of  a  viceroy. 
VICE'ROY-SHIP,  n.    The  dignity,  office,  or  jurisdic- 
tion of  a  viceroy. 
VICE-SUP-PRESSTNG,    a.      Adapted    to    suppress 

vice. 
VI'CE-TY,  71.    Nicety  ;  exactness.  J?.  Jonson, 

[J^ot  in  use;  probably  a  mistake.] 
Vl'CE  VER'Sji,  [L.]    The  terms  or  the  case  being 

reversed. 
VI"CIATE,  (vish'ate,)  v.  (.  [L.  vitio.  This  verb  is 
usually  written  Vitiate  ;  but  as  vice,  from  L.  vitium, 
is  established,  it  would  be  Hell  to  write  the  verb 
ViciATE,  as  we  write  Appreciate  and  Depreciate, 
from  L.  pretium.] 

1,  To  injure  the  substance  or  properties  of  a  thing 
so  as  to  impair  its  value,  and  lessen  or  destroy  its  use; 
to  make  less  pure,  or  wholly  impure  ;  to  deprave,  in 
a  physical  or  moral  sense ;  as,  to  viciaU  the  blood  ;  to 
viciate  tasle  or  style  ;  to  viciate  morals. 

2.  To  render  defective,  and  thus  destroy  the  valid- 
ity of;  to  invalidate  by  defect;  as,  to  viciate  a  deed 
or  bond. 

VI"CIa-TED,  (vish'a-ted,)  pp.  or  a.  Depraved  ;  im- 
paired in  substance  or  quality ;  rendered  defective 
and  void. 

VI"CIa-TING,  ppr.  Injuring  in  substance  or  proper- 
ties ;  rendering  defective  ;  making  void. 

VI"CI-a'TION,  71.    Depravation;  corruption. 

VIC'IN-AGE,  ;(.  [from  L.  vicinia,  neighborhood  ;  vi- 
cinjis,  near.] 

Neighbuiliood  ;  the  place  or  places  adjoming  or 
near.  A  jury  must  be  of  the  vicinage,  or  body  of  the 
county. 

In  law,  common  because  of  vicinage  is  where  the 
inhabitants  of  two  townships  contiguous  to  each 
other  have  usually  intercommuned  with  one  anoth- 
er ;  the  beasts  tif  one  straying  into  the  other's  fields 
without  molestation  from  either.  Bladcstone. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MeTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.- NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQQK. 


VIC 

VIC'I-XAL,  (  0.    Near;  neighboring.    [Little  used.] 
VIC'INE,     J  GlanviUe. 

VI-CIN'I-TY,  n.     [L.  vicinitas.] 

1.  Nearness  in  place  ;  as,  the  vicinity  of  two  coun- 
tr>-  seats. 

"2.  Neighborhood ;  as,  a  seat  in  the  vicinity  of  the 
melropcilis. 

3.  Neighboring  country.    Vegetables  produced  in 
the  ricittity  o(  the  city  are  daiJy  brought  to  market. 
The  viciniUi  is  full  of  gardens. 
VI"CI-OS'I-TY,  B.     Depravitj-;   corruption  of  man- 
ners, 

[But  ViciousNzs3  is  generally  used.] 
Vr'CIOUS,  (vish'us,)  a.     [Ft.  vtcieitz  :  L.  titiosiis.} 

1.  Defective ;  imperfect ;  as,  a  system  of  govern- 
ment vicious  and  unsound.  Hartc. 

2.  Addicted  to  vice  ;  corrupt  in  principles  or  con- 
duct;  depraved;  wicked  ^  habitually  transgressing 
the  moral  law  ;  as,  a  vicious  race  of  men  j  vicious  pa- 
rents ;  vicious  children. 

3.  Corrupt ;  contrari,-  to  moral  principles  or  to  rec- 
titude ;  as,  vicious  examples  ;  viciuus  conduct. 

4.  Corrupt,  in  a  phijsioil  sense  i  foul ;  impure ;  insa- 
lubrious  ;  as,  vicious  air. 

5  Corrupt ;  not  genuine  or  pure ;  as,  vicious  lan- 
guage ;  vicious  idioms. 

6.  Unruly  ;  refractory ;  not  well  tamed  or  broken ; 
as,  a  vicious  horse.  Smart. 

VT'CIOUS-LY,  adv.    Comiptly ;   in  a  manner  con- 
trary to  rectitude,  moral  principles,  propriety,  or  pu- 
rity. 
9.  Faultilv  ;  not  correctlv.  Burnet. 

VI"CIOL'S-NESS,  71.  Addi'ctedness  to  vice  ;  corrupt- 
ness of  moral  principles  or  practice  j  habitual  viola- 
tion of  the  moral  law,  or  of  moral  duties ;  depravity 
in  principles  or  in  manners. 

What  mikes  a  goveiaoi  justly  despised,  is  mdoustuss  and  01 
morals.  South, 

2.  Unruliness ;  refractoriness ;  as  of  a  beast. 

JVeio  Enirlojid. 
VI-CIS'SI-TTJDE,  71.      [L.  vicissitude ;  from  vicis,  a 
turn.] 

1.  Regular  change  or  succession  of  one  thing  to 
another  ;  as,  the  vicissitudes  of  day  and  night,  and  of 
winter  and  summer ;  the  vicissitudes  of  the  seasons 

2.  Change  ;  revolution  ;  as  in  humau  affaiK.  VVe 
are  exposed  to  continual  vicissitudes  of  fortune. 

VI-CiS-SI-TU'DI-NA-RY,  a.      Changing  in  succes- 
sion. Donne. 
VI-eON'TI-EL,  a.    [l..  vice-comitalia.   See  Viscou.nt.] 
In  old  law  books,  pertaining  to  the  sheriff. 
f^icontiel  rents,  are  certain  rents  for  which  the  sher- 
iff pays  a  rent  to  the  king. 

Vicontiel  writs,  are  such  as  are  triable  in  the  coun- 
tv  or  sheriff  court.  Ci/c. 

\a-eON'TI-ELS,  n.  pi.  Things  belonging  to  the  sher- 
iff; particularly,  farms  for  which  the  sheriff  pays  rent 
to  the  kins.  Cijc. 

VI'eOUXT;  n.     [L.  vice-comes.] 

1.  In  law  books,  the  sheriff. 

2.  A  degree  of  nobility  next  below  a  count  or  eail. 
[See  ViscocNT.]  Cyc. 

Vie^TIM,  n.     [L.  victima  :  Fr.  victime.] 

1.  A  living  being  sacrificed  to  some  deitj',  or  in  the 
performance  of  a  religious  rite  ;  usually,  some  bea?t 
slain  in  sacrifice  ;  but  human  beings  have  been  slain 
by  some  nations,  for  the  purpose  of  appeasing  the 
wrath  or  conciliating  the  favor  of  some  dimity. 

2.  A  person  or  thing  destroyed  ;  a  person  or  thing 
sacrificed  in  the  pursuit  of  an  object.  How  many 
persons  have  fallen  victims  to  jealousy,  to  lust,  to 
aoibirion  ! 

VI€'TI-M-aTE,  r.  t.    To  sacrifice.     [JVut  in  use.] 

Bullokar. 

VIC'Tni-IZE,  V.  t.  To  make  a  victim  of;  to  sacri- 
fice or  destroy.     [A  cant,  but  common  word.] 

VICTOR,  n.  [L.,  from  vinco,  victus,  to  conquer,  or 
the  same  root.  A'  not  being  radical,  the  rout  is  vico 
or  vigo  ;  Sax.  wig,  ^SS>  ^'^•' »  '^'^'^»  ^  warrior,  a  he- 
ro, a  victor;  wigan,  to  war,  to  fight.  The  primary 
sense  is,  to  urge,  drive,  or  strive  ;  bonce,  to  subdue.] 

1.  One  who  conquers  in  war;  a  vanquisher;  one 
who  defeats  an  enemy  in  battle.  Victor  differs  from 
conqueror.  We  apply  conqueror  to  one  who  subdues 
countries,  kingdoms,  or  nations  ;  as,  Alexander  was 
the  conqueror  of  Asia  or  India,  or  of  many  nations,  or 
of  the  world.  In  such  phrases,  we  can  not  substi- 
tute victor.  But  we  use  victor  when  we  speak  of  one 
who  overcomes  a  particular  enemy,  or  in  a  particular 
battle  ;  as,  Cesar  was  victor  at  Pharsalia.  The  duke 
of  Wellington  was  victor  at  Waterloo.  Victor,  then, 
is  not  followed  by  the  possessive  case ;  for  we  do  not 
say,  .Alexander  was  the  victor  of  Darius,  though  we 
say,  he  was  victor  at  Arbeta.  Johnson. 

2.  One  who  vanquishes  another  in  private  combat 
ct  contest ;  as,  a  victor  in  the  Olympic  games. 

3.  One  who  wins  or  gaios  the  advantage. 

In  love,  the  vidors  from  the  Tanquished  By  ; 

They  aj  ihat  w-oatid,  and  they  puraue  thax  die.  Waller. 

A.  Master  j  lord. 

Tbes)>  vktor  of  hU  health,  his  roituoc,  friends.  Pope. 

[Nctf  uniai,  nyr  Ugidmate-I 

VI€;'TOE-ESS,  n.  A  female  who  vanquishes.  Spenser. 


VIE 

Vie-TO'KI-C  us,  a.     [Fr.  victorieux.] 

1.  Having  conquered  in  battle  or  contest;  having 
overcome  an  enemy  or  antagonist;  conquering;  van- 
quishing :  iiSy  Ti  victorious  general;  victorious  Uoops ; 
a  victorious  admiral  or  navy. 

2.  That  produces  conquest ;  as,  a  victorious  day. 

Pope. 

3.  Emblematic  of  conquest ;  indicating  victory ; 
as,  brows  bound  witli  victorious  wreaths.         Shak. 

VI€-To'RI-OUS-LY,  adv.  With  conquest ;  with  de- 
feat of  an  enemy  or  antagonist ;  triumphantly  ;  as, 
grace  will  carry  us  victoriously  through  ail  difficulties. 

Hammond. 

Vie-To'RI-OUS-NESS,  n.  The  stale  of  being  victo- 
rious. 

VIC'TO-RY,  71.  [L.  victoria,  from  vinco,  victus,  to  con- 
quer; Fr.  victoire.] 

1.  Conquest ;  the  defeat  of  an  enemy  in  battle,  or 
of  an  antagonist  in  contest ;  a  gaining  of  the  superi- 
ority in  war  or  combat.  Victory  supposes  the  power 
of  an  enemy  or  antagonist  to  prove  inferior  to  that 
of  the  victor.  Victory,  however,  depends  not  al- 
ways on  superior  skill  or  valor ;  it  is  often  gained  by 
the  fault  or  mistake  of  the  vanquished. 


Victory  may  be  honorable  to  the  a 
seU  of  3  nation. 


IS,  but  shAinerul  to  the  coua- 
BoUngbroke. 


2.  The  advantage  or  superiority  gained  over  spirit- 
ual enemies,  over  passions  and  appetites,  or  over 
temptations,  or  in  any  struggle  or  competition. 

VICTRESS,  7!.    A  ff  male  that  conquers.  ShaJ:. 

VICT'UAL.    See  Victuai-s. 

VICT'UAL,  (vit'l,)  v.  t.     [from  victual,  the  noun.] 

1.  To  supply  with  provisions  for  subsistence;  as, 
to  victual  an  army  ;  to  victual  a  garrison. 

2.  To  store  with  provisions;  as,  to  victual  a  ship. 
VICT'UAL-£D,  (vit'ld,)  pp.      Supplied  with  provis- 
ions. 

VICT'UAL-ER,  (vit'ler,)  n.  One  who  furnishes  pro- 
visions. 

2.  One  who  keeps  a  house  of  entertainment. 

3.  A  provision-ship  ;  a  ship  employed  to  carry  pro- 
visions for  other  ships,  or  for  supplying  troops  at  a 
distance. 

VICT'UAL-ING,  (Pitting,)  ppr.  Supplying  with  pro- 
visions. 

VICT'UAL-ING-HOUSE,  n.  A  house  where  provis- 
ion is  made  for  strangers  to  eat. 

VICT'UAXiS,  (vit'tlz,)  It.  pi.  [Fr.  victuailles;  It  vetto- 
vaglia;  Sp.  vituaUa ;  from  L.  victus,  food,  from  the 
root  of  vim,  which  was  vigo  or  vico,  coinciding  with 
vig'eo  ,'  Basque,  vicia,  life.  This  word  is  now  never 
used  in  the  singular.] 

Food  for  human  beings,  prepared  for  eating;  that 
which  supports  human  life;  provisions;  meat;  sus- 
tenance. We  never  apply  this  word  to  that  on 
which  beasts  or  birds  feed,  and  we  apply  it  chietiy 
to  food  for  men  when  cooked  or  prepared  for  tlie  ta- 
ble. We  do  not  now  give  this  name  to  flesh,  com, 
or  flour  in  a  crude  state  ;  but  we  say,  tlie  victuals  are 
well  cooked  or  dre-sed,  and  in  great  abundance. 
We  say,  a  man  cats  his  victuals  with  a  good  relish. 

Such  phrases  as,  to  buy  victuals  fur  the  army  or 
navy,  to  lay  in  victuals  for  the  winter,  &:c.,  are  now 
obsolete.  We  say,  to  buy  provisions  ;  yet  we  use  the 
verb,  to  victual  an  army  or  ship. 

VI-DAME',  n.  In  French  feudal  jurisprudence,  a  name 
given  to  a  class  of  officers  who  represented  the  bish- 
ops, and  who  subsequently  erected  their  offices  into 
fiel's,  and  became  feudal  nobles.  Brande. 

Vt'DE,  [L.]    See. 

VI-DEL'1-CET,  adv.     [L.,  for  vidcrc  liceW] 

To  wit ;  namely.    An  abbreviation  for  this  word 

VT'DE  UT  STTPRA,  [L.]     See  as  above.  [Ssviz. 

VID'U-AL,  a.     [L.  viduus,  deprived.] 

BeJonging  to  the  state  of  a  widow.    [J^ot  used.] 

VI-Du'I-f  Y,  n.     [L.  viduitas.] 
Widowhood.     [J^ot  used.] 

VIE,  V.  i.  [Sax.  iDi^aii,  to  war,  to  contend,  that  is,  to 
strain,  to  urge,  to  press.     See  Victor.] 

To  strive  for  superiority  ;  to  contend  ;  to  use  effort 
in  a  race,  contest,  competition,  rivalsbip,  or  strife. 
How  delightful  it  is  to  see  children  vie  with  each 
other  in  diligence  and  in  duties  of  obedience  I 

In  a  Iradino-  n^ition,  the  younger  sons  m^y  be  placed  in  a  wny  of 
lile  10  vU  wiLli  the  best  of  ihcir  family.  Addison, 

VIE,  r.  t.    To  show  or  practice  in  competition  ;  as,  to 
vie  power ;  to  vie  charities.     [JVo£  legitimate.'] 
2.  To  urge  ;  to  press. 

She  hung  about  my  neck,  and  kks  and  kiss 

She  vied  so  fasU     iNol  in  use.]  Shaic. 

Vr-ELLE',  (ve-yeK,)  n.  [Fr.]  A  stringed  instrument 
played  upon  with  a  wheel ;  a  hurdy-i^urdij. 

Buchanan. 

Vt  ET  AR'MIS,  [L.]  In  law,  with  force  and  arms  ; 
words  expressive  of  a  trespass.  Bouvier. 

VIEW,  (vu,)  V.  t.  [Fr.  vue,  from  voir,  to  see,  con- 
tracted from  L.  videre,  Russ.  viju,  Sans.viJ.  The  pri- 
mary sense  is,  to  reach  or  e.xtend  to.] 

1.  To  survey  ;  to  examine  with  the  eye  ;  to  look 
on  with  attention,  or  for  the  purpose  of  examining  ; 
to  inspect ;  to  explore.  View  differs  from  look,  see, 
and  behold,  in  expressing  more  particidar  or  contin- 
ued allfntion  to  the  tiling  which  is  the  object  of 


VIG 

sighL  We  ascended  Mount  Holyokc,  and  vimcedUie 
charming  landscape  below.  We  viewed  with  dtHight 
the  rich  valleys  of  the  Connecticut  about  the  town 

of  Northampton. 

Gu  up  and  vUui  Ib>*  country.  —  Joih.  tiL 
I  vieteed  th-,-  walls  of  J'-nJ«*l«n.  —  Meh.  Til. 

2.  To  see  :  to  perceive  by  the  eye.  Pcpe, 

3.  To  survey  intellectually  ;  to  examine  with  the 
mental  eye  ;  to  consider.  Vicio  the  subject  in  all  ftt 
aspects. 

VIEW,  (\-u,)  71.    Prospect ;  sight;  reach  of  the  eye. 

The  walls  of  Pluio'i  pil3£e  are  lo  vifts.  Dn^ga. 

9.  The  whole  extent  ecen.  Vast  or  cztciuive 
views  present  themselves  to  the  eye. 

3.  Sight ;  power  of  seeing,  or  limit  of  sight.  The 
mountain  was  nut  within  owr  view. 

4.  Inlullectual  or  menLol  sight.  These  things  give 
us  a  just  view  of  the  d'-sigjis  of  Providcnc/*. 

5.  .Act  of  seeing.  Tlie'fuc!^  iiiLiiti^.iiid  wer*-  veri- 
fied by  actual  victe. 

6.  Sight ;  eye. 

Ob]«U  n«iro\ir  rww  '-'  =      ^  -"  * 

Ki^,  that  are  monj  ti;ii— i.-. 

7.  Survey  ;  inspection ;  examination  1 
The  assessors  took  a  view  of  the  premise. 

Surveying  noluje  wilb  loo  nice  a  vwtr,  Drylen. 

8  Intellectual  survey ;  mental  examination.  On 
a  just  view  of  all  the  arguments  iu  the  cage,  the  law 
appears  to  bt  clear. 

9.  Appearance  ;  show. 

Gr3£«s  — 
\V*hIch,  by  the  ipl^n^or  of  her  ctf3 
Dacird,  before  we  De»er  knew.  WoiUr. 

10.  Dispkiy;  exhibition  to  the  sight  or  mind. 

To  gire  a  h^lit  cif  u  of  ihU  matJt-Q  part  of  liteny.      Lodu. 

11.  Prospect  of  interest. 

No  man  eeu  hitnsdf  about  luiy  thin^,  Uit  apoo  torat  bkv  nr 
other,  which  srrvai  him  for  a  ira*!>n.  Z<octf. 

12.  Intention  ;  purpose  ;  depign.  With  that  vino 
he  began  the  expedition.  With  a  view  to  commerce, 
he  passed  through  Egyp- 

13.  Opinion ;  mauner  of  seeing  or  understanding. 
These  are  my  vicv:s  of  the  policy  which  ought  to  be 
pursued. 

View  of  frankpledge;  in  law,  a  court  of  record, 
held  in  a  hundred,  lordship,  or  manor,  before  the 
steward  of  the  leet.  BlacL-itone, 

Point  of  ciciB ;  the  direction  in  which  a  thing  is  seen. 

VIEW'-ED,  (vude,)  pp.  Surveyed  ;  examined  by  the 
eye;  inspected;  considered. 

VIEWER,  (vii'er,)  n.  One  who  views,  surveys,  or 
examines. 

2.  In  Aew  England,  a  town  officer  whose  duty  is 
to  inspect  something;  as,  a  viewer  offences,  who 
inspects  them  to  determine  whether  they  are  suffi- 
cient in  law. 

VIEWING,  (vu'ing,)  ppr.  Surveying;  examining 
by  the  tye  or  bv  the  mind  :  inspecting;  exploring. 

VIEWING,  (^-u'ing,)  n.  The  act  of  beholding  or  sur- 
veving. 

VIEWLESS,  (vu'less,)  a.  That  can  not  be  seen  j 
not  being  perceivable  by  Uie  eyej  invisible  j  as, 
viewless  winds.  Shak. 

Swift  through  the  valves  the  vUionary  fair 

Hepo^ed,  and  Btealets  mixed  with  cojonioo  air.  Fop€. 

VIEWLY,  (vu'Ie,)  a.     Striking  to  the  view. 
\7-GES-I-Ma'TI6n,  h.    [L.  vigcnmus,  twenttctb.] 
The  act  of  putting  to  death  everj-  twentieth  man. 

Bailey. 

VlC'lh,  (vij'il,)  n,    [L.  r^ilifl,-  Fr.  virile:  L.  vigil 

waking,  watchful ;  vigOo,  to  watch.    This  is  formed 

on  the  root  of  Eng.  wake.  Sax.  vxcan,  weean.    The 

primary  seuse  is,  to  stir,  or  excite,  to  rouse,  (o  agitate.] 

1.  Watch ;  devotion  perlbrmed  in  the  customary 
hours  of  rest  or  sleep. 

So  they  in  heavc»  iticir  odes  anJ  mgiis  tnocd.  liliUoi. 

2.  In  church  affairs,  the  eve  or  evening  before  any 
feast,  the  ecclesiastical  day  b-cinning  at  six  o'clock 
in  the  evening,  and  continuing  till  the  some  hour 
the  following  evening;  hence,  a  religions  service 
performed  in  the  evening  preceding  a  holiday.     Cyc 

3.  A  fast  obser\*ed  on  the  day  preceding  a  holiday ; 
a  wake,  P*^ 

4.  Watch  :  forbearance  of  sleep ;  as,  tiie  r*^  of 
the  card-table.  Jtidl^-ifn. 

Figtls  or  watchings  of  flowers ;  a  term  u=:ed  by 

Linn'iBus  lo  express  a  peculiar  faculiy  brlonguig  to 

the  flowers  of  certain  plants,  of  npt-ning  and  cK -;iig 

their  petals  at  certain  hours  of  the  day.  O  -- 

VI6'I-LANCE,  n.  [Ft.,  {ram  1,.  vi:: dans,    Siv  Vir.ii-j 

1.  Forbearance  of  sleep ;  a  state  of  being  awake. 

Parr. 

2.  Watchfulness  ;  circumspection  :  attention  of 
the  mind  in  discovering  and  guarding  against  dan- 
ger, or  providing  for  safetj-.  FtgiUnce  is  a  virtue  of 
prime  imporUincc  in  a  generul.  Tbon^ilatue  ot  the 
dog  is  no  less  remarkable  than  his  lidelily. 

3.  Guard ;  watch. 

In  at  this  gzitr  ncne  pass 
The  W5i/<in«bere  placed.     iCMfual.]  Afi.:.-'.. 

VIG'I-LAN-CV,  for  Vigilance,  is  not  used. 


TCNE    BULL,  UNITE.— AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.— €  as  K ;  <S  as  J;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS 


1235 


VIL 


VIL 


VIN 


VIG'I-LANT,  a.     [Fr.,  from  L.  vi<rilans.] 

Watcliful ;  circumspect ;  attentive  to  discover  anil 
avoid  danger,  or  to  provide  for  safety, 

T:iko  your  places  nnil  be  mgitajtl.  Sfiak. 

Ba  syber,  be  vigUanl.  —  1  Pet.  v. 

VrO'I-LANT-LY,  adv.  [Supra.]  Watchfully;  with 
attention  to  danger  and  the  means  of  safety  ;  cir- 
cuinspectlv. 

VI-6IN-TIV'I-RATE,  n.     [L.  vi^nti  and  viri.] 

A  body  of  officers  of  government,  consisting  of 
twenty  men.  Jfurphy. 

VIG-NKTTl-;',  {commonly  pronounced  vin'yetj)  n.  [Fr. 
vvmctte^  1.     .i  vigne,  a  vine.] 

A  name  given  to  small  engraved  embellishments 
with  which  books,  bank  notes,  &c,,  are  ornamented. 
Such  embellishments  were  originally  painted  on  the 
margins  of  manuscripts,  usually  in  the  form  of  small 
vines,  (vignettes,)  whence  the  name.  Properhj^  there- 
fore, a  vignette  is  a  design  which  is  not  surrounded, 
like  ordinary  pictures,  with  a  border. 

Lanier.     Landsccr  on  Engraving. 

VrCOR,  71.  [L.,  from  vi<Teo,  to  be  brisk,  to  grow,  to 
bd  strong;  allied  to  vivo,  vizi,  to  live,  and  to  Sax. 
wi'ran,  to  carry  on  war,  and  to  wake.'] 

1.  Active  strength  or  force  of  body  in  animals  ; 
physical  force. 

The  vigor  of  lliU  anii  was  never  vain.  Dryden. 

3.  Strength  of  mind  ;  intellectual  force ;  ener^'V. 
We  say,  a  man  possesses  vigor  of  mind  or  intellect. 

y.  Strength  or  force  in  animal  or  vegetable  motion  ; 
as .  a  plant  grows  with  vigor. 

4.  Strengtli ;  energy  ;  efficacy. 

In  the  fruitful  earth 
His  beams,  unactive  else,  their  vigor  find.  Milton. 

VIG'OR,  V.  I.  To  invigorate.    [JVwr  in  \i.sc.]  Feltkam. 
VIO-0-RO'SO,  [ItJ  Id  m7is/c,  with  energy. 
VIG'OR-OUS,a.    Full  of  physical  strength  or  active 
force;  strong;  lusty;  as,  a  uio-oroiis  youth;  3l  vigor- 
ous body.  . 

2.  Powerful;  strong;  made  by  strength,  either  of 
body  or  mind  ;  as,  a  vigorous  attack  ;  vigorous  exer- 
tions.   The  enemy  expects  a  vigorous  campaign. 

The  Ix^tHnnings  of  confederacies  Imve  been  mgoroiis  nnd   suo 
ccssiu].  Davetuitit. 

VIG'OR-OUS-LY,  adv.  With  great  physical  force  or 
strength  ;■  forcibly  ;  with  active  exertions;  as,  to 
l)rosecute  an  enterprise  viirorously. 

VIG'OR-OUS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  vigor- 
ous or  possessed  of  active  strength. 

[  Figor  and  all  its  derivatives  imply  active  strength, 
or  the  power  of  action  and  exertion,  in  distinction 
from  passive  strengtli,  or  strength  to  endure.] 

VIL'ED    i''*    ^'**^*     i-^"''""^^-]  Spenser. 

VILE,  a.  [L.  vilis;  Fr.  and  Sp.  vil;  It.  vile;  Or. 
0(iifX"s.] 

1.  Base ;  mean  ;  worthless  ;  despicable. 

The  inhabitints  account  gold  a  vile  thing.  Abbot. 

A  roan  in  vile  raiment.  —  Jamrrs  ii. 

Whcrefor*  are  we  counted  m  bc;Lsis,  and  rcput£d  as  vite  in  your 
si^ht?— Job  xviii. 

2.  Morally  base  or  impure ;  sinful ;  depraved  by 
sin ;  wicked ;  hateful  in  the  sight  of  God  and  of  good 
men.  The  sons  of  Eli  made  themselves  vile.  1 
Sam.  iii. 

Behold,  1  am  vUe ;  what  shall  I  answer  ?  —  Job  xl. 

VIL'£D,  a.  Abusive ;  scurrilous ;  defamatory.  [JVot 
in  use.]  Hayward. 

ViLE'LY,  adv.     Basely;    meanly;    shamefully;    as, 
Hector  vilchj  dragged  about  the  walls  of  Troy. 
2.  In  a  cowardly  manner.    2  Sam.  i.       [Philips. 

The  Volscians  vilely  yielded  the  town.  ShaJc. 

VILE'NESS,  n.  Baseness  ;  meanness  ;  despicable- 
ness. 

His  vileness  ua  Ehall  never  awe.  Drayton, 

2.  Moral  baseness  or  depravity  ;  degradation  by 
sin;  extreme  wickedness;  as,  the  iii/e/tejfs  of  man- 
kind. Prior. 

VIL'EST,  a.    Most  vile.  Burrow. 

VIL-I-FI-GA'TIOX,  7t.  The  act  of  vilifying  or  de- 
faming. 

VIL'I-FI-£D,  (vil'e-flde,)  pp.  [from  vilify.]  De- 
famed ;  traduced  ;  debased. 

VIL'I-FI-ER,  n.     One  who  defames  or  traduces. 

VIL'I-FY,  V.  L  [from  vile.]  To  make  vile  ;  to  de- 
base ;  to  degrade. 

Their  Maker's  imng^ 
Forsook  them,  when  ihemsolvei  ihey  vilified 
To  si'ive  ungovenied  ni.peltte.  Milton. 

2.  To  defame;  to  traduce  ;  to  attempt  to  degrade 
by  slander. 

Many  passions  dispose  ua  to  depress  und  vilify  the  merit  of  one 
rising  in  the  esteem  of  mankind.  Addison, 

[This  is  the  most  usual  sense  of  the  verb,] 
VILa-Fy-ING,  ppr.  Debasing  ;  defaming. 
VIL'l.PEND,  V.  t.     [L.  vilipendo.] 

To  despise.     [J^Tot  in  use.] 
VIL-I-PEND'EN-CY,  n.    Disesteem  ;  slight.     [J\rot  in 

use.] 
VIL'I-Ty,  n.     Vileness;  baseness.     [JVotinnse.] 

Kcnnet. 


VILl,,  71.     [L.  villa  ;  Fr.  vifle.] 

A  village  ;  a  small  collectitm  of  houses.      Hale. 
The  statute  of  Exeter,  14  Edward  I.,  mentions 
mtire-vilL^.,  dcmi-vills,  and  liamUts.  Cyc. 

VIL'LA,  u.     [L.  villa;  Fr.  vUle.] 

A  country-seat ;  usually  one  for  the  residence  of  a 
wealthy  person. 
VIL'LAGE,  V.  [Fr.,  from  villa.]  A  small  assem- 
blage of  houses,  less  than  a  town  or  city,  alid  in- 
h:'.blted  cliieliv  by  farmers  and  other  laboring  people. 
In -Eh^Mik^  it  is  said  that  a  t^i.Vao-c is  distinguished 
from  a"  town  by  the  want  of  a  market.  Cyc. 

In  the  United  Statf.^,  no  such  distinction  exists,  and 
any  small  assemblage  of  houses  in  the  country  Is 
("sHed  a  rdlagc. 
VIl/LA-GER,  7i.     An  inliabitant  of  a  village. 

Milton. 
VIL'LA-6EU-Y,  77.  A  district  of  villages.  ShaU. 
VIL'LAIN,H.  [Yi.vdain;  It.  and  ^^.villano;  Norm. 
viUiinL  According  to  the  French  orthography,  this 
word  is  formed  from  vile ;  but  tlie  orthography  in 
other  languages  connects  this  word  witii  vill,  village, 
and  this  is  probably  the  true  origin.] 

1.  In  feudal  law,  a  villain,  or  villehi,  is  one  who 
holds  lands  by  a  base  or  servile  tenure,  or  in  vit- 
lenagp.  Villains  were  of  two  sorts  :  villains  regard- 
a7i(,lhat  is,  annexed  to  tlie  manor,  adscriptitii  glchiE  ;_ 
or  villains  in  oross,  that  is,  annexed  to  the  person  of 
their  lord,  ana  transferable  from  one  to  another. 

JBlackstone 

2.  A  vile,  wicked  person;  a  man  extremely  de- 
praved, and  capable  or  guilty  of  great  crimes.  We 
call  by  the  name  of  villain  the  thief,  the  robber,  the 
burglarian,  tlie  murderer,  the  incendiary,  the  lav- 
isher,  the  seducer,  the  cheat,  the  swindler,  &ic. 

Calm,  thinlring  villains,  whom  no  fiiilh  could  fix.  Pope, 

VIL'LAIN-OUS,  a.     [from  villain.]     Base;  very  vile. 

2.  Wicked  ;  extremely  depraved  ;  as,  a  villainous 
person  or  wretch. 

3.  Proceeding  from  extreme  depravity;  as,  a  ri7- 
lainous  action. 

4.  Sorry;  vile;  mischievous;  in  a  familiar  sense; 
as,  a  villainous  trick  of  the  eye.  Skak. 

Villainous  judgment;  in  old  law,  a  judgment  that 
casts  reproacli  on  the  guilty  person. 

VIL'LAIN-OUS-LY,  adv.  Basely;  with  extreme 
wickedness  or  depravitv. 

VIL'LAIN-OUS-NESS,  n.  Baseness;  extreme  de- 
pravitv. 

VIL'LAIN-Y,7i.  Extreme  depravity  ;  atrocious  wick- 
edness ;  as,  the  villainy  of  the  thief  or  the  robber  ; 
the  villainy  of  the  eeducer. 

The  com n lend LAl ion  is  not  in  his  wit,  but  in  his  villainy.     Shak. 

2.  A  crime  ;  an  action  of  deep  depravity.  [In  this 
sense,  the  word  has  a  plural.] 

Such  villaimc:!  roused  Horace  into  wrath.  Drydeii. 

VIL'LA-KIjN',  n.  A  little  village.  [^  word  used  by 
Oay.] 

VIL'LAN-AGE,  n.  The  state  of  a  villain  ;  base  ser- 
vitude. 

2.  A  base  tenure  of  lands  ;  tenure  on  condition  of 
doing  the  meanest  services  for  the  lord,  usually  writ- 
ten VlLLENAi^E. 

'3.  Baseness;  infamy.     [See  Villainy,] 
VIL'LAN-lZE,u.  (,    To  debase;  to  degrade;  to  de- 
fame ;  to  revile. 

Were  virtue  by  descent,  a  noble  name 
Could  never  vUlanize  his  father's  fame. 
[Little  iised.\ 


A  tenure  of  lands 
Blackstone. 


Dryden, 

Defamed ;    debased.      [Little 
,    Defaming;  debasing.     [Llt- 


VIL'LEN-AGE,  n.     [from  villain.] 
and  tenements  by  base  services. 
VIL'LI,  n.  pi.     [L.,  from  vdlus.] 

1.  In  anatmny,  fine,  small  fibers. 

2.  In  botany,  fine  hairs  on  plants. 
VIL'LOUS,  a.     [L.  villosm,  from  villus,  hair,  Eng. 

wool.] 

1.  Abounding  with  fine  hairs  or  wooly  substance  ; 
nappy  ;  sliaggy  ;  rough  ;  as,  a  villous  coat. 

The  villous  coat  of  the  stomach  and  intestines  is 
tlu^  inner  mucous  membrane,  so  called  from  the  in- 
numerable villi  or  fine  fibrils  with  which  its  internal 
surface  is  covered.  Cyc.    Parr. 

2.  In  botany,  covered  with  soft  hairs. 
VIM'IN-AL,  a.     [L.  viminaU-f.] 

Pertaining  to  twigs  ;  consisting  of  twigs  ;  produc- 
ing twigs. 
VI-PiIIN'E-OUS,  o.       [L.    vimincus,    from    vlmcn,    a 
twig.] 

ftlade  of  twigs  or  shoots. 

In  the  iiivc's  viniineoue  dome.  Prior. 

VI-NS'CEOUS,  tvl-na'shus,)  a.     [L.  vinaccus.] 

1.  Belonging  to  wine  or  grapes.  White. 

2.  Of  the  color  of  wine. 
VIJ^-Al-ORETTE!  ,  n.     [Fr.]     A  small  box  of  silver, 

&c.,  with  perforations  on  the  top,  for  holding  aro- 
matic vinegar  contained  in  a  sponge,  and  used  like  a 
smelling-bottle. 
VIN'Ci-BLE,  a.      [from  L.  vinco,  to  conquer.    See 
Victor.] 

Conquerable ;  that  may  bo  overcome  or  sub- 
dued. 

He  not  vindiblB  in  spirit.  Hayward. 

)  n.    The  capacity  of  being  con- 
(      quered ;  cuiiquerableneLss. 
Diet. 
Vme'TURE,  n.     [h.  vinctura.] 

A  binding.     [J^ot  in  use] 
VINC'l^-LUM,  71.     [L.]     A  bond  of  union  ;  particu- 
larly, in  viathe mattes,  a  straight  mark   placed   over 
several  members  of  a  ctmipound  quantity,  which  are 
to  be  subjected  to  tlie  same  o[ieration.  Daij. 

VIN-De'MI-AL,   a.     [L.   rindcmialis,  from   vindrmia, 
vintage  ;  vinea  and  demo.] 

Belonging  to  a  vintage  or  grape  harvest. 
VIN-De'MI-aTE,  v.  i.     [Supra.]     To  gather  the  vin- 
tage. Erclifn. 
VIN-DE-IMI-A'TION,  71.    The  operation  of  gathering 

grapes.  Badcii. 

VIN-DI-CA-BIL'I-TY,  77.    The  quality  of  being  vin- 
dicable,  or  capable  of  support  or  justilication. 

Jinirn.  of  Science. 
VIN'DI-CA-BLE,  a.     [Infra.]     That  may  be  vindi- 
cated, justified,  or  sujiporled.  Dicight. 
VIN'DI-CaTE,  v.  t,     [L.  vindico.] 

\.  To  defend  ;  to  justify;  to  support  or  maintain 
as  true  or  correct,  against  denial,  censure,  or  objec- 
tions. 

When  the  respondent  denies  any  proposition,  the  opponent  must 

vindicate  it.  H  nits. 

Laiii^h  wher;  we  must,  be  candid  where  wc  can  ; 
Ent  vindicale  the  ways  of  God  to  man.  Pope. 

2.  To  assert;  to  defend  with  success;  to  maintain  ; 
to  prove  to  be  just  or  valid  ;  as,  to  vindicate  a  claim  or 
title. 

3.  To  defend  with  arms,  or  otherwise ;  as,  to  vin- 
dicate our  rights. 

4.  To  avenge  ;  to  punish  ;  as,  a  war  to  vindicate  or 
punish  infidelity.  Bacon. 


VIL'LAN-IZ-£D,  pp. 

used.] 
VIL'LAN-TZ-ING,  ppr. 

tie  used.] 
VIL'LAN-OUS,  a.     [from  villain.    It  is  desirable  that 

this  and  the  three  following  words  sliould  be  spelt 

with  i,  as  villainous,  &.c.,  as  given  above,  because 

they  come  regularly  from  villain.] 

1.  Base  ;  very  vile. 

2.  Wicked;  extremely  depraved;  as,  a  villanous 
person  or  wretch. 

3.  Proceeding  from  extreme  depravity;  as,  a  vil- 
lanous action. 

4.  Sorry  ;  vile  ;  mischievous  ;  in  a  familiar  sense ; 
as,  a  villmious  trick  of  the  eye.  Shak, 

Vdlanous  judgment;  in  old  law,  a  judgment  that 
casts  reproach  on  the  guilty  person. 

VIL'LAN-OUS-LY,  adv.  Basely  ;  with  extreme 
wickedness  or  depravity. 

VIL'LAN-OUS-NESS,  n.  Baseness;  extreme  de- 
pravity. 

VIL'L.\N-Y,  n.  Extreme  depravity  ;  atrocious  wick- 
edness ;  as,  the  v'dlany  of  the  thief  or  the  robber ; 
the  vdlamj  of  the  seducer. 

The  commendation  ia  not  in  his  wit,  but  iu  hia  xnllartf.      Shak. 

2.  A  crime  ;  an  action  of  deep  depravity.  In  this 
sense,  the  word  has  a  plural. 

Such  villanics  roused  Horace  into  wnitli.  Drylat, 

VIL-LAT'I€,  a.     [L.  villaticus.] 
Pertaining  to  a  village. 

Tame,  viUatic  fowl.  Milton, 


VIN'CI-BLE-NESS 

VIN-CI-BIL'I-TY, 


God  U  more  powerful  to  exact 

lion. 


ubjection  and  to  vindicate  rcbel- 
Pearson. 


[Thi.'i  latter  use  is  entirely  obsolete.] 

VIN^DI-eA-TED,  pp.  Defended  ;  supported  ;  main- 
tained ;  proved  to  be  just  or  true. 

VIN'Dl-CA-TING,  ppr.  Defending  ;  supporting  against 
denial,  censure,  charge,  or  impeachment ;  proving  to 
be  true  or  just ;  defending  bv  force. 

VIN-DI-eA'TION,  n.     [Fr.,  from  L.  vindico,] 

1.  The  defense  of  any  thing,  or  a  justification 
against  denial  or  censure,  or  against  objections  or 
accusations;  as,  Um  vindication  of  opinums  or  of  a 
creed  ;  the  vindication  of  the  Scriptures  against  the 
objections  and  cavils  of  infidels. 

2.  The  act  of  supporting  by  proof  or  higal  process; 
the  proving  of  any  thing  to  be  just ;  as,  the  vindica- 
tion of  a  title,  claim,  or  right. 

3.  Defense  by  force  or  otherwise  ;  as,  the  vindica- 
tion of  the  rights  of  man  ;  the  vindication  of  our 
liberties  or  the  rights  of  conscience. 

VIN'DI-€a-TIVE,  a.    Tending  to  vindicate. 
2.  Revengeful. 

[This  is  now  generally  Vindictive.] 
VIN'DI-€a-TOR,  77.    One  who  vindicates;  one  who 

justifies  or  maintains  ;  one  who  defends.    Dryden. 
VIN'DI-CA-TO-RY,  a.     Punitory;  infiicting  punish- 
ment ;  avenging. 

The  affliclionB  of  Job  were  not  vindicatory  puniKhmenta. 

Brainhall, 
2,  Tending  to  vindicate  ;  justificatory. 
VIN-Die'TIVE,  a.     [Fr.  vindieatif.] 
Revengeful  ;  given  to  revenge. 

1  am  vindictive  enough  to  repel  force  by  force,  Dryden. 


FATE,  FXR,  FALL,  WHAT MkTE,  PRgY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD. -NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQOK.- 


VIO 

VlN-Die'TIVE-LY,  adv.    By  way  of  revenge  j  re- 

vengefiiMv. 
VIN-DI€'tlVK-N'ESS,  n.    A  revengeful  temper. 

2.  Kevengefulness. 

VINE,  «.  [L.  vinca ,-  Fr.  vigiie ;  from  the  It.  vig7ia, 
Sp.  rma,  a  vineyard  ;  W.  ^loinicn,  vine,  and  gwin^ 
wine.     See  Wine.] 

1.  A  woody»  climbing  plant,  that  produces  srapt-'S, 
of  the  genus  Vitis,  and  of  a  great  number  of  varie- 
ties. 

•L  The  long,  slender  stem  of  any  plant,  that  traits 
on  the  ground,  or  climbs  and  supports  itself  by  wind- 
ing round  a  fixed  object,  or  by  seizing  any  fixed  thing 
with  its  tendrils  or  claspcrs.  Thus  we  speak  of  the 
hep  vine,  the  bean  vine,  the  vines  of  melons,  squashes, 
pumpkins,  and  other  cucurbitaceons  plants. 

VINE'-GLAD,  a.    Clad  or  covered  with  vines. 

Coleridge. 

VIN'£D,  a.    Having  leaves  like  those  of  the  vine. 

IFotton. 

VTNE'-DRE3S-ER,  tu  [cine  and  dresser.]  One  who 
dresses,  trims,  prunes,  and  cultivates  vines. 

VINE'-FRET-TER,  n.  [vine  and  freL]  A  small 
instct  that  injures  vines,  an  aphis  or  puceron. 

VIN'E-GAR,  n,     [Fr.  rin^  wine,  and  aigre,  sour.] 

1.  An  acid  liquor  obtained  from  wine,  cider,  beer, 
&c.,  by  the  acetous  fermentation.  Vinegar  may  dif- 
fer indefinitely  in  the  degree  of  its  acidity.  'When 
liighly  concentrated,  it  is  called  Radical  Vinegar. 
The  acid  of  vinegar  is  the  acetic. 

3.  Any  thing  really  or  metaphorically  sour.  [JVot 
in  itse.l  Shak. 

VI\E'-GRUB,  n.  [vine  and  gTub.]  A  little  insect 
that  infests  vines  ;  the  vine-fretter  or  puceron.  Cijc. 

VT.N'ER,  Ti.    An  orderer  or  trimmer  of  vines.  Htdoct. 

VI'NER-Y,  71.  In  gardenings  an  erection  for  support- 
ing vines  and  exposing  them  to  artificial  heat,  con- 
sisting of  a  wail  with  stoves  and  flues. 

VINE'Y.\RD,  (vin'yard,)  n.  [j^ax.  vingcard;  Ir.fiong- 
hart.    The  correct  orthography,  from  the  Saxon,  Is 

VlNYARD.] 

A  plantation  of  vines  producing  grapes  ;  properly, 
an  inclosure  or  yard  for  grape-vines. 
VIX'NEW-I:D.  a.     [Sax./y«i>.] 

SIoUlv  ;  mii^tv.     [jVo£  in  use."]  Jifewton. 

VL\'i\E\V-£D-NES8, «.    ^lustiness;  raoldiness, 

[JVot  in  use,'\  Barret. 

VIX'XY,  a.     [Supra.]    Moldy  ;  musty.     \^J^ot  in  \lsc.] 
VIN'O-LEX-CY,  n.   [L.  vinolcntia,  from  vinunit  wine.] 

Drunkenness.     [JVot  used.] 
VIX'0-LENT,  a.     Given  to  wine.     [JVot  used.] 
VI-NOS'I-TY,  n.    Stale  or  quality  of  being  vinous. 
__  Scott. 

\l'NOUS,  a.     [Fr.  vineux,  from  L.  timim,  wine.] 

Having  the  qualities  of  wine  ;  pertaining  to  wine  ; 
as,  a  vinous  taste  ;  a  tinous  flavor;  vinous  fermenta- 
tion. 
VINT'.A.6E,  n.    [Fr.  vendangc^  from  L.  vindemia.] 

1.  The  produce  of  the  vine  for  the  season.  The 
vintage  is  abundant. 

2.  The  time  of  gathering  the  crop  of  grapes. 

3.  The  wine  produced  by  the  crop  of  grapes  in  one 
season.  Cyc. 

VIiNT'A-(5ER,  Tu    One  that  gathers  the  vintage. 

VINT'AGEi-SPRING,  n.    A  wine-fount. 

VINT'XER,  n.  One  who  deals  in  wine;  a  wine- 
seller. 

VIXT'RY,  n.    A  place  where  wine  is  sold. 

Ainsworth. 

Vl'NY,  a.    Belonging  to  vines ;  producing  grapes. 
2.  Abounding  in  vines.  P.  Fletcher. 

VI'OL,  71.    [Fr.  viole ;  It.  and  Sp.  viola  ,-  Ir.  hiol] 

1.  A  stringed  musical  instrument,  of  the  same 
form  as  the  violin,  but  larger,  and  having  formerly 
six  strings,  to  be  struck  with  a  bow.  Viols  are  of 
different  kinds.  The  largest  of  all  is  the  base  viol, 
whose  tones  are  deep,  soft,  and  agreeable.  The 
violin  now  takes  the  place  of  the  old  viol. 


vio 

4.  To  trt'at  witii  irreverence;  lo  profane;  as,  to 

violate  the  sanctity  of  a  Jioly  place. 

5.  To  ravish  ;  to  compress  by  force. 
VI'O-La-TED,  pp.  or  a.      Injured  ;    broken  ;    trans- 
gressed ;  ravished. 

VT'0-La-TING,  ppr.  Injurins ;  infringing ;  ravishing. 
VI-O-La'TION,  )(.    [Fr.]    The  act  of  violating  or  in- 
juring ;  interruption,  as  of  sleep  or  peace. 

2.  infringement;  transgression;  non-observance; 
as,  the  violation  of  law  or  positive  command  ;  a  vio- 
lation of  covenants,  engagements,  and  promises;  a 
violation  of  vows. 

3.  Act  of  irreverence  ;  profanation  or  contemptu- 
ous treatment  of  sacred  things  ;  as,  the  violation  of  a 
churcli. 

4.  Ravishment ;  rape. 

VI'0-La-TI VE,  a.    Violating,  or  tending  to  violate. 
VI'0-La-TOR,  n.    One  who  violates,  injures,  inter- 
rupts or  disturbs  ;  ns,  a  violator  of  repose. 

2.  One  who  infringes  or  transgresses  ;  as^nviuUUor 
of  law. 

3.  One  wlio  profanes  or  treats  with  irreverence; 
as,  a  violator  of  sacred  things. 

4.  A  ravishcr. 
VI^O-LENCE,  71.     [L.  violcntia.] 

1.  Piivsical  force;  strength  of  action  or  motion; 
as,  the  violaice  of  a  storm  ;  the  violence  of  a  bluw  or 
of  a  conflict. 

2.  Moral  force  ;  highly  excited  feeling  ;  vehemence. 
The  critic  attacked  the  work  with  violence. 

You  aok  with  violeiice.  Shak. 

3.  Outrage  ;  unjust  force ;  crimes  of  all  kinds. 

The  eanh  was  filled  wilh  violence:.  —  Gen.  vi. 


tiie 


Me  softer  aira  befit,  and  softer  Airings 

or  lute,  or  oiol,  still  more  apt  Tor  nioumful  things. 


Milton. 


2.  Among  seamen,  a  large  rope  sometimes  used  in 
weighing  anchor;  also  written  Votol.         Totten. 
VI'O-LA,  Ti.    [It.]     A  larger  kind  of  violin  ;   a  tenor 

violin. 
VI'O-LA-BLE,  a.     [L.  violabUis.    See  Violate.] 

That  may  be  violated,  broken,  or  injured. 
VI-0-La'CEOUS,  a.    [L.  viola,  a  vioL:., 

Resembling  violets  m  color.  Encyc. 

VI'O-LaTE,  u.  (.      [Fr.  violcr  i  L.  vialo  ;    It.  violare; 
Sp.  violar.] 

1.  To  break  upon  in  a  violent  manner  ;  to  injure  ; 
to  hurt ;  to  interrupt ;  to  disturb  ;  as,  lo  violate  sleep. 

Milton.. 
Kindness  for  man,  and  pity  for  his  fate, 
May  mil  with  bliss,  and  yet  not  vlolau,  Dryden. 

2.  To  set  aside  in  a  violent  manner  ;  to  break  ;  lo 
infringe  ;  lo  transgress  ;  as,  to  violate  the  laws  of  the 
state,  or  the  rules  of  good  breeding;  to  violate  the 
divine  commands  ;  to  violate  one's  vows  or  promises. 
Promises  and  commands  may  be  violated  negatively, 
by  non-observance. 

3.  To  injure  ;  to  do  violence  to. 

Forbid  to  molau  the  sacred  fruit.  Antton. 


Do  violence  to  uo  man.  —  Luke  iii. 

4,  Highly-excited    action  ;    vehemence  ; 
violence  of  the  disease. 

5.  Injury  ;  infringement.  Offer  no  violence  to  the 
laws,  <ir  to  the  rules  of  civility. 

0.  Ravishment ;  rajie. 

To  do  violaice  to  or  on  ;  to  attack  ;  to  murder. 

Eut,  ns  it  seems,  did  violence  on  lieRelf,  Shak. 

To  do  violence  to ;  to  outrage  ;  to  force ;  to  injure. 
He  does  violence  to  his  own  opinions.  • 

VI'O-LENCE,  V.  U  To  assault ;  lo  injure ;  also,  to 
bring  by  violence.     [Little  used.] 

B.  Jonson.     Feltkam. 
VI'0-LENT,  a.     [Fr. ;  L.  violentus.] 

1.  Forcible  ;  moving  or  acting  with  physical 
strength;  urged  or  driven  with  force;  as,  a  violent 
wind  ;  a  violent  stream  j  a  violent  assault  or  blow  ;  a 
violent  conflict. 

2.  Vehement;  outrageous j  as,  a  violent  attack  on 
the  minister. 

3.  Produced  or  continued  by  force  ;  not  spontane- 
ous or  natural. 

No  violenl  slate  can  be  pcrpetuaJ.  BurneU 

4.  Produced  by  violence  ;  not  natural ;  as,  a  violent 
death. 

5.  Acting  by  violence;  assailant;  not  authorized 

Some  violent  bands  were  Liid  on  Humphry's  life.  ShaJc. 

6.  Fierce  ;  vehement ;  as,  a  violent  philippic ;  a 
violent  remonstrance. 

We  might  be  reckoned  fiorce  and  violent. 

7.  Severe  ;  extreme  ;  as,  violent  i).iins. 

8.  Extorted;  not  vohmtary. 

Vows  made  in  pain  arc  violent  and  void. 

Violent  presvmptioii ,  in   law,  is  presumption    that 

arises  from  circumstances  which  necessarily  attend 

such  facts.     Such  circumstances  bring  proved,  the 

mind  infers  with  confidence  that  the  fact  has  taken 

place,  and  this  confidence  is  a  violent  premmptiim, 

which  amounts  to  proof. 

Vr'0-LENT,  71.    An  assailant.    [JVot  in  iise.} 

VI'0-LENT,  V.  t.      To  urge  with  violence       [A'tK 

used.]  *'«""•• 

VI'0-LENT-LY,  flffn.  With  force;  forcibly;  vehe- 
mently ;  as,  the  wind  blows  violently. 

Forfeitures  must  not  Itc  exacted  violenliy.  Taylor. 

VI-0-LES'CENT,  a.    Tending  to  a  violet  color. 

VI'O-LET,  7i.  [Vr.  violctte  ;  It.violetto;  h.  viola.]  A 
plant  and  flower  of  the  genus  Viola,  of  many  spe- 
cies. They  are  generally  l<^w.  herbaceous  plants,  and 
the  flowers  of  many  oft':.-  .-j.ccies  are  of  some  shade 
of  blue. 

Vl'O-LET,  a.    I'^ark  blue,  inclining  to  red. 

VI-O-LIN',  n.     [It.  violino  ;  Fr.  rialon  ;  from  vioL] 
A  musical  instrument  with  four  strings,  played 
with  a  bow;  a  fiddle;  one  of  the  most  perfect  and 
most  powerful  instruments  that  h;is  been  invented. 

Cyc. 

VT-0-LIN'I9T,  n.  A  person  skilled  in  playing  on  a 
violin.  ■^'■"-/• 

VX'O-LIST,  V.    A  plaver  on  the  viol.  Todd. 

V^-0-LON-CEL'LlSf,7t.  One  who  plays  on  the  vio- 
loncello. 

Vl-O-LON-CEL'EO,  (ve-o-Ion-chel'lo  or  vc-o-lon- 
sei'lo,)  71.  [It.]  A  stringed  instrument  of  music  ; 
a  base  viol  of  four  strings,  or  a  base  violin  with  long, 
lar^e  strings,  giving  sounds  an  <ictave  lower  than  the 
ltn°or  violin.    '  F.ncyc.    P.  Cyc. 


Hooker. 


MUton. 


VIR 

VT-O-LO'M'K,  n.  A  large  Iulso  violin,  called  a  Dou- 
ble Uask,  whoso  mnngs  he  aii  octave  bcluw  ibc 
violoncello.  Brcrtde. 

Vi'PEU,  71.  [L.  vipera;  Fr.  ripere  ;  W.  ^iAct-,  from 
gwih,  a  quicK  course,  a  driving,  flying,  or  KcrpeuUne 
motion,  a  wandering.] 

1.  A  Eurojiean  serpent,  the  Vipi-ra  Berus,  whose 
bite  is  venomous.  1'wo  harmlc»>H  snakes  are,  in  tbhi 
country,  called  impruperly  by  thid  name. 

A  viper  came  out  of  tiie  beat,  and  tut/nxil  va  fail  ttuyl.  —  A£U 
xxtx. 

2.  A  person  or  thing  miscbicvous  or  CDalienaoL 

Skak. 
VI'PER-I.NE,  a.     [L.  viperinns.] 

Pertaining  to  a  viper  or  to  viptnt. 
VI'PER-OUS,  a.     [L.  vipcrcus.] 

Having  the  qualities  of  a  viper;  malignant;  vpn- 
rtnous  ;  as,  a  ripcToiia  tongue.  Shak. 

VI'iER'S  UO'CLOSS,  TU      A   plant  of  ihc    genmi 

Echiiim. 
VI'PER'S  GRASS,  n.   A  plant  of  tho  genus  Pcorzoncra- 
VI-RA-GIX'I-AN,  a.     Havinglhe  qualities  of  a  virago. 
VI-RA-tirN'I-TV,  TJ.     The  qualities  of  a  virago. 
VI-Ra'<;o,  71,    [L,,  from  nr,  a  man.] 

1.  A  woman  of  extraordinar}'Etalurc,strenglb,and 
courage  :  a  femnic  who  has  the  robust  body  and  mas- 
culine mind  of  a  man  ;  a  female  warrior. 

To  amiB  !  to  amn  I  the  fierce  virago  cries.  Pope. 

2.  In  common  language^  a  bold,  impudent,  turbu- 
lent woman ;  a  termagant. 

VniE,  (veer,)  7t.    [Pp.  vira.] 

An  arrow.     [Obs.]  ' ■ 

VIR'E-LaY,  71.     [Fr.  virelai,  from  virer,  i"  '.  . 

An  ancient  Prcnch  song  or  short  iKit-m,  li  ;. 
from  Provence,  of  a  peculiar  measure,  and  u-  > 
of  a  sportive  character.     The  modem  rir^/ci/ ;  >  r  r  • 
upon  two  sets  of  rhymes,  the  first  of  which  pre 
vails  tliroushout  the  piece,  and  the  other  occurs 
only  from  time  to  lime,  to  produce  variety. 

JDicL  de  VAcad.    Lunier. 
To  which  a  lady  «un  j  a  rirelay.  Dryltn. 

\'I^RENT,  G.    [L.  virens,  from  rirco,  lo  flourish,  or  be 

green.] 
Green  ;  verdant ;  fresh.  Broitrt. 

Vl-RES'CENT,  a.    Slightly  green ;  beginning  i-j  '- 

green. 
VIR'GATE,  {nearly  vur'gate,)  a.     [L.  rirga,  a  r.  u. 
In  botany,  having  the  shape  of  a  rod  or  wand  ;  as, 

a  virgaie  stem. 
ViR'GaTE,  n.    A  yardland.  Warton. 

VI ROE.    See  Verge. 
VIR-6IL'I-AN,  o.    Pertaining  to  Virgil,  the  Roman 

poet. 
2.  Resembling  the  style  of  Virgil.  TovMg. 

VIR'GIN,  (nearly  vur'jin,)  ti.      [IL  rirgina  Sp.  vir- 

gcn  i  Fr.  vicr^e ;  L.  riV^'o.] 

1.  A  woman  who  has  had  no  carnal  knowledge  of 
man. 

2.  A  woman  not  a  mother.    [UnusuaL]    Milton. 

3.  A  person  of  eitlier  sex  who  has  not  been  mar- 
ried.    1  Cor.  vii.  25. 

4.  The  sign  Virgo.    [See  Virgo.]  MUton. 
VIR'OIN,  a.    Pure;  untouched  ;  as,  rir^n  gold. 

n'^oodtrard. 

2.  Fresh  ;  new  ;  unused  ;  a?,  virgin  soil. 

Belknap. 

3.  Becoming  a  virgin;  maidenly;  modest;  indi- 
cating modesty  ;  as,  a  virgin  blush  ;  virgin  shame. 

4.  Pure;  chaste.  [Cotelof. 
VIR'filN,  V.  i.    To  play  Ihe  virgin  ;  a  cent  vord. 

Shak. 
V1R'GI.\-.\L,  a.    Pertaining  lo  a  virgin;  maidenly; 

as,  viriTinal  chastity.  Hammcnd, 

VIR'OIN-AL,  n.    A  keyed  instnimcnt  of  one  string, 

jack  and  quill  to  each  note,  like  a  spinet,  but  in 

shape  resembling  the  forte  piano;  out  of  use 

Cyc     Bacon. 
VIR'CIX-.AL,  r.  i.    To  pal ;  to  strike  as  on  a  virginal. 

[A  cant  teord.]  Shak. 

VIR*G1N'I-TY,  TI.     [L.  virginita:?.] 

Maidenhood  ;  the  sUate  of  ha\-ing  had  no  carnal 

knowledge  of  man. 
VIR'OiN'S  BOWER,   v.      A    plant    of  the   genus 

Clematis. 
VXR'GO,  n.    [L.]    a  sign  of  the  zodiac  which  the  sun 

enters  in  August ;  a  constellation  of  the  zt>diac 
VIR'GO-LEOSE,  n.    [Fr.]     A  \-ariely  of  pear  of  nn 

excellent  qualitv ;  with  us  pronounced  virgoloo,  or 

versoloo.     [See   VcRGorLErsE,  the  correcl  orthog- 

raphv.]  ^  _ 

VT-R I D '  1-T  V,  n.     [ L.  viriditas,  from  rirw,  to  be  -recn.] 

Greenness;  verdure;  the  color  of  fresh  vegetables. 

r^elyu, 
VI'RILE,  (vl'ril,)  a.     [I-  rtn/i-s  ^rtmi  rir,  .i  man,  Sai 

iccr :  Sans,  vira,  strong  ;  from  the  root  of  L.  tirt^.] 

1,  Pcrlaininu  lo  a  man,  in  the  eminent  sense  o»  the 
word,  (not  to  vjan,  in  the  sense  of  the  human  race  :) 
beloni-ing  to  the  male  sex  ;  as,  vinU  age. 

2.  Masculine:  not  puerile  or  j'eaunine:  as,  rin7< 
stren!:ih  or  vigor. 

VI  RII.'I-TV.  n.     [Fr.  rtrilitc:  1-  ririlitos.] 

1,  .Manhood  ;  the  state  of  the  male  sex,  whi«h  has 


TONE,  BULL,  UXITE.- AN"GER,  VF'CIOUS.- 


-e  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SII ;  TH  as  m  THIS. 


VIR 

arrived  to  ihe  maturity  and  strength  of  a  man,  and 
to  the  power  of  procreation. 

2.  The  power  of  procreation. 

3.  Character  of  man.     [Unusjtal.'l 

VIB'TU,  n.  [It.  virtu.]  A  love  ol  the  fine  arts;  a 
taste  for  curiosities.  Chesterfield, 

VIR'TU-AL,  (vurt'yu-al,)  a.  \Fx.  virtuel;  from  vir- 
tue.    See  Virtue.] 

1.  Potential  ;  having  the  power  of  acting  or  of  in- 
visible efficacy  without  tlie  material  or  sensible  part. 

Every  kiiid  that  lives, 
Fomculed  by  his  virtual  power,  und  warmed.  AftltOTi. 

Neilher  an  nctim!  nor  virtual  intcniioii  of  the  mind,  but  only  that 
which  iiKiy  be  giUhetcd  Irom  the  outward  acts.    SliliingJIeel, 

2.  Ueing  in  essence  or  effect,  not  in  fact ;  as,  the 
virtual  presence  of  a  man  in  his  agent  or  substitute. 

Virtual  focRs ;  in  o/j^tcs,  the  point  from  which  rays, 
having  been  rendered  divergent  by  reflection  or  re- 
fraction, appear  to  issue. 

Virtual  velocity  ;  in  mechanics^  the  velocity  which  a 
body  in  equilibrium  would  actually  acquire  during 
the  first  instant  of  its  motion  in  case  of  the  equilibri- 
um being  disturbed.  Branrlc. 

VlR-TU-AL't-TY,  n.    Efficacy.  Brown. 

VIR'TU-AL-LY,  arfi7.  In  efficacy  or  effect  only;  by 
means  of  some  virtue  or  influence,  or  the  inslni- 
mcntality  of  something  else.  Thus,  the  sun  is  vir- 
tunlly  on  earth  by  its  light  and  heat.  The  citizens  of 
an  elective  government  are  virtually  present  in  the 
legislature  Ity  their  representatives.  A  man  may  yjV- 
tualbj  agree  to  a  proposition  by  silence  or  withholding 
objections.  Jiddisaii.     Cyc. 

VIR'TU-aTE,  v.  U  To  make  efficacious.  [JVVe  in 
«->eJ  Harvey, 

VIR'TUE,  (vurt'yu,)  «.  [Fr.  vcrtn;  It.  virtu;  Sp. 
vertud;  L.  virtus,  from  virco^  or  its  root.  (See 
Worth.)  The  radical  sense  is  strength,  from  strain- 
ing, stretcliing,  extending.  This  is  the  primary  sense 
of  L.  vir,  a  man.     Class  Br.] 

1.  Strength  ;  that  substance  or  quality  of  physical 
bodies,  by  which  tliey  act  and  produce  effects  on  oth- 
er bodies.  In  this  literal  and  proper  sense,  wc 
speak  of  the  virtue  or  virtues  of  plants  in  medicine, 
and  the  virtues  of  drugs.  In  decoctions  the  virtues 
of  plants  are  extracted.  By  long  standing  in  the  open 
air,  the  virtues  are  lost. 

9.  Bravery;  valor.  This  was  the  predominant 
signification  of  virtus  among  the  Romans. 

Trust  to  thy  eingle  virtues.  Shak. 

[This  sense  is  nearly  or  quite  obsolete.] 

3.  IVloral  goodness ;  the  practice  of  moral  duties 
and  the  abstaining  from  vice,  or  a  conformity  of  life 
and  conversation  to  the  moral  law.  In  this  sense, 
virtue  may  be,  and  in  many  instances  must  be,  djstin- 
guislied  from  religion.  The  practice  of  moral  duties 
merely  from  motives  of  convenience,  or  from  com- 
pulsion, or  from  regard  to  reputation,  is  virtue,  as 
distinct  from  religion.  The  practice  of  moral  duties 
from  sincere  love  to  God  and  his  laws,  is  virtue  and 
religion.    In  this  sense  it  is  true, 

Tlint  virtue  only  malies  uur  liliss  below.  Popr. 

Virtue  is  nothing  bul  voluntary  obedience  lo  tnUh.       Dioig/it. 

4.  A  particular  moral  excellence  ;  as,  the  virtue 
of  temperance,  of  chastity,  of  charity. 

Remember  all  his  virtues.  Adtiison. 

5.  Acting  power  ;  something  efficacious. 

Jesus,   knowing  that  virtue   had  gone  out  of  him,  turn"d.— 
Mark  iii. 

C.  Secret  agency ;  efficacy  without  visible  or  mate- 
rial action. 

She  moves  the  body  which  she  iloth  possess 
Yet  no  part  loucbeth,  but  by  virtue's  touch. 

7.  Excellence 
merit. 


Daviex. 

or  that  which  constitutes  value  and 


TcreuM,  who  thought  the  sole  grace  and  virtue  of  their  fable  the 
BUckmg  in  of  sentences.  B.  Jonson. 

8.  One  of  the  orders  of  the  celestial  hierarchy. 

Throues,  domiuations,  princedoms,  virtues,  powers.     Milton. 

9.  Efficacy  ;  power. 

He  need  to  travel  throurh  Greece  by  virtue  of  this  Cible,  which 
procured  him  reception  in  all  the  towns.  Addison. 

10.  Legal  efficacy  or  power ;   authority.     A  man 
admmisters  the  laws  by  virtue  of  a  commission. 

In  virtue;  in  consequence  ;  by  the  efficacy  or  au- 
thority. •' 


Thie  Ihey  ehall  attain,  partly  in  virlut 
partly  in  virtue  of  piety. 


of  the  promise  of  God,  and 
Atlerburij. 

VIR'TUE-LESS,  (vurt'yu-,)  a.    Destitute  of  virtue. 
9.  Destitute  of  efficacy  or  operating  qualities. 

Viriueless  she  wished  nil  her  herbs  and  charms.  f\iir/ax. 

VIR-TU-O'SO,  71,  [It.]  A  man  skilled  in  the  fine 
arts,  particularly  in  music  ;  or  a  man  skilled  in  an- 
tiquities, curiosities,  and  the  like. 

virtuoso  tlie  Italians  call  a  man  who  loves  the  noble  arts,  and  is 
a  critic  in  ihcm,  Dryden. 

VIR-TU-O'SO-SHIP,  ji.    The  pursuits  of  a  virtuoso. 

VIR'TU-OUS,  (vurt'yu-us,;  a.  Morally  good  ;  acting 
in  conformity  to  the  moral  law  ;  practicing  the  mor- 


VIS 

al  duties,  and  abstaining  from  vice  j  as,  a  virtuous 
man. 

2.  Being  in  conformity  to  the  moral  or  divine  law  ; 
as,  a  virtuous  action  ;  a  virtuous  life. 

The  mere  performance  of  virtuous  actions  docs  not  denominate 
an  agent  virtuous.  Price. 

3.  Chaste  ;  applied  to  women. 

4.  Efficacious  by  inherent  qualities ;  as,  virtuous 
herbs  ;  virtuous  drugs.     [JVo(  iu  use.]       C/iapman. 

5.  Having  great  or  powerful  properties  ;  as,  virtu- 
ous steel ;  a  virtuous  staff;  a  virtuous  ring.  [JVo(  in 
use.]  Milton,     Spenser. 

6.  Having  medicinal  qualities.     [J^Totuscd.] 

Bacon. 
VIR'TU-OUS-LY,  ado.    In   a  virtuous  manner;   in 
conformity  with  the  moral  law  or  with  duty  ;  as,  a 
life  virtuously  spent.  Deitltam. 

A  child  virtuously  educated.  Addison. 

VIR'TU-OUS-NESS,  ti.  The  state  or  character  of 
being  virtuous.  Spenser. 

VIR'U-LENCE,    I  n,     [from  virulent.]     That  quality 

VIR'U-LEN-CY,  i  of  a  thing  which  renders  it  ex- 
tremely active  in  doing  injury;  acrimony;  malig- 
nancy ;  as,  the  vii^ilence  of  poison. 

2.  Acrimony  of  temper  ;  extreme  bitterness  or  ma- 
lignity ;  as,  the  virulence  of  enmity  or  malice;  the 
virulence  of  satire  ;  to  attack  a  man  with  virulence, 

Addison. 

VIR'U-LENT,  a,  [L.  virulentus,  from  viru^-,  poison, 
that  is,  strength,  from  the  same  root  as  vir,  vireo. 
See  Venom.] 

1.  Extremely  active  in  doing  injury  ;  very  poison- 
ous or  venomous.  No  poison  is  moxe  virulent  than 
that  of  some  species  of  serpents. 

2.  Very  bitter  in  enmity ;  maUgriant;  as^^viruhnt 
invective. 

VIR'U-LENT-LY,  adv.  With  malignant  activity; 
with  bitter  spite  or  severity. 

Vl'RUS,  n.  [L.  See  Virulent.]  Active  or  conta- 
gious matter  of  nn  ulcer,  pustule,  &c. ;  poison. 

VIS,  n.  [L,]  Force;  power;  as,  vis  vit/e,  the  vital 
force.  The  term,  however,  is  used  chiefly  in  me- 
chanics 

VIS'A6E,  (viz'aj,)  n.  [Fr.  ;  from  It.  visaggio  ;  from 
L.  visus,  video.] 

Tlie  face  ;  the  countenance  or  look  of  a  person,  or 
of  other  animal;  chiefly  applied  to  human  beings; 
as,  a  wolfish  visage.  Shak. 

Love  and  beauty  still  that  vieage  grace.  Waller. 

His  visage  was  so  marred,  more  than  any  man.  —  Is.  Iii. 

VlS'A-dED,  a.    Having  a  visage  or  countenance. 

Milton. 
VIS'ARD, «.     A  mask.     [See  Visob.] 
VIS'ARD.  V.  t.    To  mask. 

ViS'A-VtS',  (viz'a-ve',)  n.     [Fr.,  opposite,  face  to 
face.]     A  carriage  in  which  two  persons  sit  face  to 
face. 
VIS'CE-RA,  71.,-  pi.  of  Viscua.     [L.]     The  bowels; 
the  contents  of  the  abdomen,  tliorax,  and  cranium. 

In  its  most  general  sense,  the  organs  contained  in 
any  cavity  of  the  body,  particularly  in  the  three 
venters,  the  head,  thorax,  and  abdomen. 

Cyc.     Parr. 
VIS'CE-RAL,  a.     [L.  viscera.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  viscera. 

2.  Feeling;  having  sensibility.     [Unus^tal,] 

Reynolds. 
VIS'CER-aTE,  v.  t.     [Supra.]      To  exenterate ;  to 
embowel ;  to  deprive  of  the  entrails  or  viscera. 
[BvrgcERATE  is  generally  used.] 
VIS'CID,  a.     [L.  viscidus;  viscus,  birdlime.] 

Glutinous;   sticky;  tenacious;   not  readily  sepa- 
rating;  as,  turpentine,  tar,  gums,  &c.,  are  more  or 
less  viscid. 
VIS-CID'I-TY,  n.     Glutinousness ;    tenacity  ;    sticki- 
ness. 
9.  Glutinous  concretion.  Floyer. 

VIS-eOS'I-TY,      )  71.    GIutinousnes.s  ;  tenacity  ;  vis- 
VIS'eOUS-NESS,  j      cidity  ;  that  quality  of  sort  sub- 
stances which  makes  them  adhere  so  as  not  to  be 
easily  parted. 
VrS'eOUNT,    (vi'kount,)    n.      [L.    vice-comes;    Fr. 
viconitc.] 

1.  An  officer  who  formerlv  supplied  the  place  of 
the  count  or  earl ;  the  sheriJf  of  the  county. 

ilngland. 
9.  A  degree  or  title  of  nobility  next  in  rank  below 
an  earl.  Cojvel.     England. 

ViS'eOUNT-ESS,  (vT'kount-ess,)  n.     The  lady  of  a 

viscount ;  a  peeress  of  the  fourth  order.    Johnson. 
VlS'COUNT-SHlP,  (vi'kount-ship,)  t  n.    The  quality 
ViS'eOUNT-Y,  (vi'kount-y,)  \      and  office  of 

a  viscount.  Williams. 

VIS'eOUS,  a.  [Fr.  vtsqueux;  from  L.  viscusj  bird- 
lime.] 

Glutinous ;    clammy  ;    sticky ;    adhesive ;    tena- 
cious ;  as,  a  viscous  juice. 
VIS'€LrS,ji.;  7^;.  Viscera.  [L.]  An  entrai!,  one  of  the 

contents  of  the  cranium,  thorax,  or  abdomen. 
VISE,  7(.     [Fr.  vis,  a  screw.] 

-An  engine  or  instrument  for  griping  and  holding 
things,  closed  by  a  screw  ;  used  by  artificers. 
VISE',  (vee-za',)  [Fr.]     Literally,  seen  ;  an  indorse- 


VIS'I-BLE-NESS,  n.    State  or  quality  of  being  visi- 


VIS 

ment  made  by  the  police  officers  in  large  towns  of 
France,  Belgium,  &lc.,  on  the  back  of  a  passport,  de- 
noting that  it  has  been  examined,  and  that  the  per- 
son who  hears  it  is  permitted  to  proceed  on  his  jour- 
ney. Hence,  travelers  speak  of  getting  their  pass- 
ports visaed. 

VISH'NU,  7i.  In  the  Hindoo  mythology,  the  name  of 
one  of  the  chief  deities  of  the  trimurti  or  triad.  He 
is  the  second  person  of  this  unity,  and  a  personifica- 
tion of  the  preserving  powers.  Cyc.     Encyc. 

VIS-I-BIL'I-TY,  n.     [from  visible;  Fr.  visibiliti.] 

1.  The  state  or  quality  of  being  perceivable  to  the 
eye  ;  as,  the  visibility  of  minute  particles,  or  of  dis- 
tant objects. 

2.  The  state  of  being  discoverable  or  apparent ; 
conspicuousnc^s  ;  as,  the  perpetual  visibility  of  the 
church.  Stilliiigfi,ect. 

VIS'I-BLE,  a.     [Fr.,  from  L.  visibilis.] 

1.  Perceivable  by  the  eye  ;  that  can  be  seen  ;  as,  a 
v'lsible  star ;  the  least  spot  is  visible  on  while  paper; 
the  fine  dust  or  other  matter  in  air,  agitated  by  heat, 
becomes  visible  ;  as  in  the  air  near  a  heated  stove,  or 
over  a  dry,  sandy  plain,  appearing  like  pellucid 
waves. 

Virtue  made  visible  In  outward  grace.  Young. 

2.  Discovered  to  the  eye  ;  as,  visible  spirits.     S/iak. 

3.  Apparent;  open ;  conspicuous.  Factions  at 
court  became  more  visible.  Clarendon, 

Visible  church  ;  in  theology,  the  apparent  church  of 
Christ ;  the  whole  body  of  professed  believers  in 
Clirist,  as  contradistinguished  from  the  real  or  invisi- 
ble church,  consisting  of  sanctified  persons. 

Visible  horizon;  the  sensible  horizon.  [See  Hori- 
zon, No.  1.] 

.E-NES 

ble ;  visibility. 

VIS'I-BLY,  adv.     In  a  manner  perceptible  to  the  eye. 

-  The  day  is  visibly  governed  by  the  sun  ;  the  tides  are 
vltiblii  governed  by  the  moon. 

VIS'I-GOTH,  n.  The  name  of  the  Western  Goths,  or 
that  branch  of  the  Gothic  tribes  which  settled  in 
Dacia,  as  distinguislied  from  the  Ostrogoths,  or  East- 
ern Goths,  who  had  their  seats  in  Pontus. 

Eneyc.  .3m. 

VIS-I-GOTH'ie,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  Visigoths. 

VIS  IJ^-ER'Tl^y  n.  [L.]  The  resistance  of  matter 
to  change  as  respects  motion.  There  are  four  con- 
ditions under  which  matter  resists  change  as  respects 
motion  ;  as,  1,  when  it  is  brought  from  rest  to  mo- 
tion ;  2,  when  it  is  brought  from  motion  to  rest ; 
3,  when  the  direction  of  the  motion  is  changed ; 
and,  4,  when  the  velocity  is  changed.  Vis  inertia 
and  inertia  are  not  strictly  synonymous.  The  former 
implies  the  resistance  itself,  whicli  is  given,  while  the 
latter  implies  merely  the  property^  by  which  it  is 
given.  Gravitation  is  always  exactly  proportioned 
to  inertia. 
2.  Inertness  ;  inactivity. 

VI"SI0N,(vizh'un,)7i.  [Fr.,  from  L.visio,  from  vi- 
deo, vhus.] 

1.  The  act  of  seeing  external  objects;  actual  sight. 

Faith  here  is  turned  into  vision  there.  Hanunond. 

2.  The  faculty  of  seeing;  sight.  Vision  is  far 
more  perfect  and  acute  in  some  animals  than  in 
man. 

3.  Something  imagined  to  be  seen,  though  not  re- 
al ;  a  phantom  ;  a  specter 

No  dreams,  but  visions  strange.  Sidney. 

4.  In  Scripture,  a  revelation  from  God  ;  an  appear- 
ance or  exhibition  of  sometliing  supernaturally  pre- 
sented to  the  minds  of  the  propliets,  by  which  they 
were  informed  of  future  events.  Such  were  the 
visions  of  Isaiali,  of  Amos,  of  Ezekiel,  &c. 

5.  Something  imaginary  ;  the  production  of  fancy. 

Locke. 

6.  Any  thing  which  is  the  object  of  sight. 

Thomson. 
VI"SION-AL  (yizh'un-,)  a.     Pertaining  to  a  vision. 
VI'SION-A-RI-NESS,  n.    The  quality  of  being  vision- 
ary. 
V1"SI0N-A-RY,  (vizh'un-,)  a.     [Fr.  visionnaire.] 

1.  Affected  by  phantoms  ;  disposed  to  receive  Im- 
pressions on  the  imagination. 

Or  lull  to  rest  the  visionary  maid.  Pope, 

2.  Imaginary  ;  existing  in  imagination  only ;  not 
real ;  having  no  solid  foundation  ;  as,  a  visionary 
prospect ;  a  insioiiaz-y  scheme  or  project. 

VI"SION-A-RY,  n.  One  whose  imagination  is  dis- 
turbed. 

9.  One  who  forms  impracticable  schemes ;  one 
who  is  confident  of  success  in  a  project  which  oth- 
ers perceive  to  be  idle  and  fanciful. 

[VisioMsr,  in  a  like  sense,  is  not  used.] 
VI"S10N-LESS,  a.    Destitute  of  visions. 

Mrs.  Butler. 
VIS'IT,  V.  t.  [h.  visito  ;  Fr.  visiter;  It.  visitare  ;  from 
h.  visa,  to  go  to  see ;  W.  gioSst,  gwesta,  to  visit,  to 
go  about ;  gwdst,  a  going,  a  visit;  gwes,  that  is  go- 
ing or  moving.  We  see  the  sense  is,  to  go,  to  move 
to.] 

1.  To  go  or  come  to  see  ;  to  attend.  The  phy- 
sician visits  his  patient  and  prescribes.    One  friend 


FaTE,  far,  FALL,  WHAT.  — M£TE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MAlltNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK. - 

1238 


1 

II 


VIS 

rL'Us  another  from  res|)ect  or  affection.  Paul  and 
Barnabas  cLnted  the  churches  lliey  Imd  pianleil,  to 
know  their  slate  and  contirm  their' faith.  Men  visit 
England,  France,  or  Italy  in  iheir  travels. 

2.  To  so  or  come  lo  see  for  inspection,  examina- 
tion, correction  of  abuses,  &.c. ;  as,  a  bishop  visits 
his  diocese  ;  a  superintendent  visits  those  persons  ur 
works  which  are  under  his  care. 

3.  To  salute  with  a  present. 

Saaaon  vtsxud  his  wife  with  a  kiJ.  — JuJgcs  xt. 

4.  To  go  to  and  to  use  ;  as,  to  visit  the  springs. 

5.  In  naval  affairs,  to  enter  on  board  a  vessel  for 
the  purpose  of  ascertaining  her  character  without 
searching  her. 

To  visit  in  mercy;  in  scriptural  langimg-e,  to  be  pro- 
pitious ;  to  grant  requests  ;  to  deliver  from  trouble  ; 
to  support  and  comfort.  It  is  thus  God  visits  his  peo- 
ple.    6en.  sxi.     Zcch.  x.     Luke  xii. 

To  visit  2cHh  tte  rod;  to  punish.     Ps.  Ixxxix. 

To  visit  in  icrath,  or  visit  iniquity  or  sins  upon ;  to 
cbastiscj  to  bring  judgments  on;  to  afflict.    Exod. 

IX. 

71?  visit  th-C  fatherless  and  widotc^  or  Vie  sick  and  im- 
prisoned :  to  show  them  regard  and  pity,  and  relieve 
their  wants.    ,MaU.  xxv.    James  i. 

VIS'IT,  r.  i.  To  keep  up  the  interchange  of  civilities 
and  salutations  ;  to  practice  s;oing  to  see  others.  We 
ought  not  lo  visit  for  pleasure  or  ceremony  on  the 
Sabbath. 

VIS'IT,  n.  The  act  of  going  to  see  another,  or  of 
calling  at  his  house  j  a  waiting  on  ;  as,  a  visit  of  ci- 
vility or  respect ;  a  visit  of  ceremony;  a  shortBi^iC; 
a  long  visit ;  a  pleasant  visit. 

2.  The  act  of  going  lo  see  ;  as,  a  visit  to  Saratoga 
or  to  Niagara. 

3.  A  going  to  see  or  attending  on ;  as,  the  visit  of 
a  physician. 

4.  The  act  of  going  to  view  or  inspect ;  as,  the 
visit  of  a  trustee  or  inspector. 

VIS'IT-A-BLE,  a.  Liable  or  subject  to  be  visited. 
All  hospitals  in  England,  built  since  the  reforma- 
tion, are  visitab!'::  by  the  king  or  lord  chancellor. 

VIS'IT-AXT,  n.  One  that  goes  or  comes  to  see  an- 
other i  one  who  is  a  guest  in  the  house  of  a  friend. 

When  Uie  vin^nl  comes  agAio,  be  is  no  mote  a  etranger.  South. 

VIS-IT-a'TION,  n.     [Fr.,  from  L.  visito.] 

1.  The  act  of  visitmg. 

NoUunj  but  peace  and  »entle  visitation.  ShaSc, 

2.  Object  of  visit. 

O  flowcra  I 
My  early  viaibition  and  ray  lost.     [Unuaual.}  AJUton. 

3.  In  /d«j,  the  act  of  a  superior  or  superintending 
officer,  who  visits  a  corporation,  cotkge,  church,  or 
other  house,  to  examine  into  the  manner  in  whicli  it 
is  conducted,  and  see  that  its  laws  and  regulations 
are  duly  observed  and  executed.  In  Enslaud,  the 
visitation  of  the  diocese  belongs  ttt  tlie  bishop ;  pa- 
rochial visUatioii  belongs  peculiarly  to  the  archdea- 
cons. Ctjc. 

4.  In  Scripture^  and  in  a  religious  sense,  the  send- 
ing of  afflictions  and  distresses  on  men  to  punish 
them  for  their  sins,  or  to  prove  them.  Hence  afflic- 
tions, calamities,  and  judgments  are  called  visita- 
tians. 

^yhat  will  ye  do  in  the  day  of  wUction  ?  —  Is.  z. 

5.  Communication  of  divine  love  j  exhibition  of 
divine  goodnes?  and  mercy.  Hooker. 

(>.  In  mmal  affairs,  the  act  of  a  naval  commander 
who  visits  or  enters  on  board  of  a  vessel  belonging  to 
another  nation,  for  the  purpose  of  ascertaining  her 
character  and  object,  but  without  claiming  or  exer- 
cising a  right  of  searching  the  vessel. 

7.  A  church  festival  in  honor  of  the  visit  of  the 
Virgin  Mary  to  Elizabeth,  celebrated  on  the  second 
of  July.  Brande. 

VIS'IT-'ED,  pp.  Waited  on  ;  attended  ;  inspected  ; 
subjected  to  sufferings;  favored  with  relief  or 
mercy. 

VISIT-IXG,  ppr.  Going  or  coming  to  see  ;  attending 
CD,  as  a  physician ;  inspecting  omcially;  afflicting; 
showing  mercy  to. 

2.  a.  Authorized  to  visit  and  inspect ;  as,  a  visit- 
ing committee. 

VIS'IT-ING,  n.  The  act  of  going  to  see  or  of  attend- 
ing ;  visitation. 

VIS'IT-OR,  n.     [Fr.  visUeur.] 

1.  One  who  comes  or  goes  to  see  another,  as  in 
civility  OT  friendship. 

S.  A  superior,  or  person  authorized  to  visit  a  cor- 
poration or  any  institution,  for  the  purpose  of  seeing 
that  the  laws  and  regulations  are  observed,  or  that 
the  duties  and  conditions  prescribed  by  the  founder, 
or  by  law,  are  duly  performed  and  executed. 

The  king  is  the  vititar  of  all  lay  corporations,         BUtckstane. 

VISHT-0'RI-AL,  a.  [from  uwjtor;  improperly  writ- 
ten Visitatorial.]  Belonging  to  a  judicial  visitor  or 

superintendent. 

Ao  archdeacon  has  vititorial  power  in  parishes.  Ayliffe. 

VI'SIVE,  a.     [from  L.  rt.tts.] 

Pertaining  to  the  power  of  seeing;  formed  in  the 
act  of  seeing.     [JVbt  in  use.}  Broion. 


VIT 


VIT 


VKSNE,  (veen,)  n.    [Norm.,  from  L.  vidniaJ] 

Neighborhood.    [See  Ve.xue.] 
VIS'NO-MY,  «.    [A  barbarous  contraction  of  physiotr- 
■noiny.]  " 

Face  ;  countenance.    [JVot  in  iise.']  Spenser. 

VIS'OR,  ;i.  [Fr.visiere;  It.  visicra;  from  L.  visuSy 
video;  written  also  VtsARo,  Visar,  Vjzard.1 

1.  A  pL-rforated  part  of  a  helmet.  Sidney, 

2.  A  head-piece  or  mask  used  to  disfigure  and  dis- 
guise. 

My  wciiker  government  since  makes  you  pull  olf  the  viaor. 

sidriey. 
bwrtmiB  of  knaves  the  visor  quite  diagrace.  Young. 

VIS'OIl-£D,    a.      Wearing  a  visor;    masked;    dis- 
T.Fl'il^f  Milton. 

VISTA,  71.   [It.,  sight ;  from  L.  visus,  video.] 

A  view  or  prospect  through  an  avenue,  as  between 

rows  of  trees  ;  hence,  the  trees  or  other  things  that 

form  the  avenue. 

The  finished  garden  lo  llie  view 

lu  vUlas  optiis  and  its  alleys  green.  Tlioriuan. 

VIS'TI-AL,  (vizh'yu-al,)  a.  [Fr,  visuel;  It.  vi^uaU; 
from  L.  in>?(i-.] 

Pertaining  to  sight;  used  in  sight;  semng  as  the 
instrument  of  seeing;  as,  the  visual  nerve. 

Bacoiu    Milton. 
The  air, 
Nowhere  so  clear,  sharpened  his  visual  ray.  Milton. 

Visual  angle;  in  o/jfiM,  the  angle  under  which  an 
object  is  seen;  the  angle  formed  at  tlie  eye  by  the 
rays  of  ligtit  commg  from  the  extremities  tif  the  ob- 
ject. Brande. 

Visual  point ;  in  perspective,  a  point  in  the  horizon- 
tal line  in  which  the  visual  rays  unite.  OiciU. 

Visual  ray  ;  a  line  of  light  supposed  to  come  from 
a  point  of  the  object  to  the  eye.  Gwilt. 

VlS'U-AL-lZE,  V.  t.    To  make  visual. 
VI$'lT-AL-lZ-^D,  pp.    Rendered  visual.    Coleridge. 
VI'TAL,  a.     [L.  vitalis,  from  vita,  life.     This  must  be 
a  contractiun  of  victa,  for  vivo  forms  vizi,  victus :  Gr. 
i5iy$,  from  Ihoto,  contracted.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  life,  either  animal  or  vegetable; 
as,  vital  energies  ;  vital  powers. 

2.  Contributing  to  life;  necessary  to  life^  as,  vital 
air;  vital  blood. 

3.  Containing  life. 

Spirits  that  live  throughout, 
Vital  in  every  part.  Afillon. 

Anil  vital  virtue  infus-'d,  and  vital  warmth.  Millon. 

4.  Being  the  seat  of  life ;  being  that  on  which  life 
depends. 

The  dart  flow  on,  and  pierced  a  viixil  part.  Pope. 

5.  Very  necessary;  highly  important;  essential. 
Religion  is  a  business  of  vital  concern.  Peace  is  of 
vital  importance  to  our  country. 

G.  So  disposed  as  to  live. 

Pythagoras  and  Hippocrates  affirm  the  birth  of  the  seventh  month 
to  be  vital,     [^LiUle  us€d.'\  Broan. 

Vital  air ;  oxygen  gas,  which  is  essential  to  ani- 
mal life. 

\^-TAL'I-TY,  n.  [from  vital.]  The  principle  of  ani- 
mation, or  of  life ;  as,  the  vitality  of  vegetable  seeds 
or  of  eggs.  R/iij. 

2.  The  act  of  living  ;  animation. 

VI-TAL-I-Za'TION,  n.  The  act  or  process  of  in- 
fusing the  vital  principle.  C.  Caldwell. 

VT'TAL-IZE,  v.  t.     To  give  life  to.    Trans.  Pausanias. 
2.  To  furnish  with  the  vital  principle  ;  as,  vitalized 
blood.  Caldwell. 

VT'TAL-IZ-ED,  pp.  or  a.  Supplied  with  the  vital 
principle. 

VI'TAL-IZ-ING,  ppr.  Furnishing  with  the  vita! 
principle. 

VT'TAL-LY,  adv.    In  such  a  manner  as  to  give  life. 

The  organic  atmclure  of  human  bodies,  by  which  they  are  fitted 
to  live  and  move,  and  to  ba  vitally  Informed  by  the  soul,  ia 
the  workmanship  of  a  most  wiseaud  beneficeiit  Maker. 

Bentley. 
9.  Essentially  ;  as,  vitally  important. 
VI'TALS,  n.  pi.    Parts  of  animal  bodies  essential  to 
life,  such  as  the  viscera  dependent  upon  the  great 
sympathetic  nerve.  Prior. 

2.  The  part  essential  to  life,  or  to  a  soimd  slate. 

Corruption  of  manners  preys  upon  the  vitals  of  a 

state. 

VIT'EL-LA-RY,  n.    [L.  vitellus,  the  yelk  of  an  egg.] 

The  place  where  the  yelfc  of  an  egg  swims  in  the 

white.     [Little  used.]  Brown. 

VF'TIaTE,  (vish'ate,)  v.  t.     [L.  ritio.    See  Vice  and 

VlUIATE.] 

1.  To  mjure  the  substance  or  qualities  of  a  thing, 
so  as  to  impair  or  spoil  its  use  and  value.  Thus  we 
say,  luxury  vitiates  the  humors  of  the  body  ;  evil  e.\- 
amples  vitiate  the  morals  of  youth  ;  language  is  vi- 
tiated by  foreign  idioms. 

This  uiidisliuguisiiiDg  complaisance  will  vitiate  the  taste  of  rcadera. 

Garth. 

2.  To  render  defective  ;  to  destroy  ;  as  the  validity 
or  binding  force  of  an  instrument  or  transaction. 
Any  undue  infhicnce  exerted  on  a  jury  vitiates  their 
verdict.     Fraud  vitiates  a,  contract. 

VI"TIa-TED,  (vish'a-ted,)  pp.  or  a.  Depraved  ;  ren- 
dered impure  ;  rendered  defective  and  void. 


VI"TIA-TING,  ppr.  Deiwaving:  rendering  of  no  ra- 
lidity. 

VI;'TI-.^'TF0N,  (riih-e-i'shiin,)  iu  The  act  of  ri- 
tiating  ;  deprivation  ;  corruption  ;  ax,  lb«  vitialiim  uf 
the  blood.  IJarvcy. 

2.  A  rendering  invalid ;  aa,  the  vitiatitnt  of  a  con- 
tract, 

VIT-I-LIT'I-GATE,  c.  i.    [U  Titian  and  Utigo.] 
To  contend  in  law  liligiuUHly  or  carilously.     [Jfdt 
in  use.  ] 

VIT-I-LIT-I-Ga'TION,  n.  Caviloua  Hligalion.  [.Vot 
in  une.]  Iludiln-oj'. 

VI"TI-0S'I.TY,  (vish-e-os'c-te,)  :t.  A  comiple4 
state ;  di'pravation. 

vr'Tious,  ) 

VI"T|{)CS-LY,      5  See  Viciovi  and  its  dcrimirc*. 

VI"TfOUS-NESS. ) 

VrrUE-O-E-LEC'TRie,  a.  'untaining  or  cxbibit- 
in;j  positive  electricity,  or  ih  i  which  ia  excilrd  bv 
rubbing  glass.  (Jr-.  ' 

VIT'REOITS,   a,     [L.  vitreus,  from  vUrum,  pli- 
woad  ;  W.  gwydyr,  glass,  a  gteeniah-bluc  color." 

1.  PerlJiiiiinp  to  glass. 

2.  Consisting  of  glass  ;  aa,  a  vitreous  sohstancc, 

3.  Resembling  glasa  ;  as,  the  vitreous  humor  of  the 
eye,  so  called  from  its  resembliTig  melted  pla«*.  [Sec 
HuMoa.] 

VIT'RE-OUS-NESS,  n.  The  quai;:y  or  state  of  being 
vitreous;  rescniblance  of  gla»s. 

VI-TRES'CENCE,  n.     [from  L.  vitrum,  gisat.] 

Glassiness,  or  the  quality  of  b»,iug  capable  of  con- 
version into  glass  ;  susceptibility  of  being  fi.ri.i-  i 
into  glass.  JCrnr-:  . 

VI-TRES'CENT,  a.  Capable  of  being  formed  .;.:  . 
glass  ;  tending  lo  becoiu'*  glass. 

VI-TRES'CI-BLE,  a.    Thai  can  be  \-ilrified.  Eacyc       \ 

VIT-Rl-FAC'TION,   n.     [See   Vitrift.]     The  art, 
process,  or  operation  of  convt-rlinc  into  glass  by 
heai;  as,  the  vitrifaction  of  sand,  flint,  and  pcbblci    ' 
with  alkaline  salts.  ' 

VIT'RI-Fi-A-ltLE,  a.  [from  nitrifv.}  Capable  of 
being  converted  into  glass  by  Iieat  and  ftisioo.  Flint 
and  alkalies  are  citnfiabte. 

VI-TRIF'ie-A-BLE,  fur  Vitrikiable.     [wVt-t  m«^] 

VIT'RI-FI-€aTE,  for  Vitbipy.     [JVX  ujed.]     Bacan. 

VIT  RIFI-Ca'TION',  fur  ViTRiPicTiorf.  [See  VfT- 
RiFACTioN,  which  is  genenilly  used.] 

Vrr'RI-FI-£D,  pp.  or  a.    Converted  into  glass. 

VIT'RI-FORM,  a.     [L.  vitrum,  glass,  and  form.] 
Having  the  form  or  resemblance  of  glaiw. 

Ftfurcray, 

VIT'RI-F?,  V.  U  [L.  vitrum,  glass,  and  facio,  to 
make.] 

To  convert  into  glass  by  fusion  or  the  action  of  , 
heal ;  as,  to  vitrify  sand  and  alkaline  sail?. 

VIT'RI-F?,  V.  i.     i'o  become  glass  ;  to  t 
into  glass. 

Chemists  make  vessels  of  animal  subcLutces  caI^  .    . .       .  -        _. 
not  vitriftf  in  the  tire.  .irt--'-a.^        , 

VIT'RI-F^-ING,  ppr.    Con\-erting  into  glasa. 

VIT'RI-OL,  71.  [Fr.  vitriol :  It.  ritriaolo ;  Sp.  ri/r...  *.. . 
from  L.  vitrum,  glass  ;  from  tbt-ir  crystalline  f<  rrn  . . 
their  Iranslucency,  or  perhajw  from  Uieir  c-I-r. ' 

A  soluble  sulphate  of  eitiier  of  Ihe   u 
peras  or  green  sulphate  of  iron  is  called 
a  red  sulphate  of  iron  is  red  vitriol,  or  r.. 
sulphate  of  copper   has  a  blue  color,  and  i>  i  .     a 
blue  vitriol;  a  white  sulphati-  of  zinc  is  colltd  ir  •  ■ 
vitriol :  a  sulphate  of  cobalt  is  eobaU  riirial. 

Oil  of  vitriol  is  sulphuric  acid.  Diir.a. 

VIT'RI-U-L.^TE,  r.  lU  To  convert  into  a  vitriol;  as 
iron  pyrites  by  Ihe  absorption  of  o.xygen,  which  re- 
duces the  iron  lo  an  oxyd,  and  the  sulphur  lo  sul- 
phuric acid.  Thus  ihr  sulphuret  of  iron,  when  rifW- 
otatcd,  becomes  sulphurate  of  iron  or  preen  vitriol. 

VIT'R1-0-La-TED,  pp.  Converted  into  a  sulphate  or 
a  vitriol. 

VIT'RI-O-La-TING,  ppr.  Turning  into  a  sulphate 
or  a  vitriol. 

VIT-RI-O-La'TI0\,  n.  The  act  or  process  of  con- 
verting into  a  sulphate  or  a  vitriol. 

Vrr-RI-OL'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  vitriol;  having  the 
qualities  ol  vitriol,  or  obtained  from  vitriol. 

Vitriolic  acidj  in  modern  cXcmiitry,  is  denominated 
sulphuric  acid,  the  base  of  it  be'ihg  sulphtu-;  one 
equivalent  of  sulphur  combined  with  tiiree  equiva- 
lents of  oxvgen. 

VIT'RI-OL-IZ-A-BLE,  o.  Capable  of  being  con- 
verted into  a  vitriol. 

VIT-RI-OL-I-Za'TION,    See  ViTRioi^TioK. 

VIT'RI-OL-IZE.     See  Vitriolate. 

VIT'RI-OL-IZ-iCD.    See  Vitriolat£d. 

VIT'RI-OI^IZ-IXG.     See  Vitriolatisg. 

VIT'TJ-LINE,  a.     [L.  ririWrnxA] 
Belonsinc  lo  a  calf,  or  lo  veal. 

VT-Tu'PER-A-BLE,  a.  [See  Vitpfbiutk.)  Bttme- 
worlbv  ;  censunible.     [A*«)(  used.) 

VI-Tu'PER-aTE,  v.  t.     [L.  cituperc.] 
To  blame  ;  to  censua\ 

VI-TTI-PER-A'Tru\,  n.     [L.  vitaperetio.] 
Blame;  censure. 

Vi-Tu'PER-.V  TI VE,  rt.  Utlerin?  or  writing  censun 
containing  censure.  ■'*•?• 


TtNE,  BULL,  TINITE.  —  AN"GER,  Vr'CIOUS.  — €  as  K ;  G  as  J;  S  as  Z ;  CH  aa  SH  ;  TH  as  ia  THIS. 

1239 


VIV 

VI-TO'PER-A-TIVE-LY,  adv.    ^Vitti  vitupemtion. 
VtVA'CE,  (vc-va,'cha.)    In  vixisic^  brisk  atiii  liv&ly. 
VI-VA'CIOUrt,  a.     [L.  I'Jt'oz,  Irora  viuo^  to  live] 

1.  Lively;  active;  pprigliUy  in  temper  or  conduct. 

Howell. 

2.  T-ong  livej.     [JVyi  i«  iisc.']  Bentlcy. 

3.  Having  vigorous  powora  of  life;  as,  vbmciout! 
plant*.  .Med.  Rcpos. 

Vr-VA'CIOUS-LY,  adv.    With  vivacity,  life,  or  spirit. 
VI-Va'CIOUS-NESS,  n.  Activity  ;  liveliness  ;  spright- 
lincss  of  temper  or  hciiaviur;  vivacity.        Drydcn. 
2.  Power  of  living  ;  also,  lung  life.     [J\''ot  in  use] 
Brown.     Boyle. 
VT-VAC't-TY,?i.     [Fr.  vivacitc;  L,  vivacitas.'] 

1.  Liveliness  ;  sprigliliinc-s  uf  temper  ov  hehavior ; 
as,  a  lady  of  great  vivncitij. 

2.  .-Vir  of  life  and  activity  ;  as,  vicac'itij  of  counte- 
nance. 

'S.  Life  ;  animation  ;  siiiiit.^ ;  as,  the  vivacity  of  a 
discourse. 

4.  Powt'r  of  living.     [JVct  nscd.'\  Botjlc. 
.').  Longevity.     [.Vni  ik  u.-ic.]                         Brown. 

VI'VA-RV,  n.     [L.  vicarium^  from  vivo^  to  live.] 

A  warren  ;  a  place  Inr  koepiui;  living  animals,  as  a 
pifud,  a  park,  &c.  Cowel. 

VI'VAT  RE^-PUB>U--eA,  [U]     Long  live  the  re- 

puiiiic. 

VI'yAT  HEX,  [L.]     Lung  live  the  king. 

Vt'VAT  RE^OlLKAj  [L.]     Long  live  the  queen. 

Vt'VJi  VO'CE^  [L.]  By  word  of  nioutli ;  as,  to  vote 
viva  voce, 

VIVE,  a.     [Fr.  vif;  L.  vioiw.] 

Lively  ;  fnrcil)le.     f  JVot  in  iwe.]  Bacon. 

VXVEy  (veev,)  [Fr.]  Long  live  ;  success  to  ;  as,  vice 
le  roiy  long  live  the  king ;  vive  la  bagatelle,  success  to 
triUes  or  spurt. 

VIVE'LY,  adv.     In  a  lively  manner.     [J^Tot  used.] 

VI'VEN-CY,  n.     [L.  vivens^  from  vivo.] 

Manner  of  supporting  life  or  vegetation.  [J*{ot  in 
vsr.]  Brown. 

VfVES,  n.  A  disease  of  brute  animals,  particularly 
of  horses,  seated  in  liie  glands  under  tiic  ear,  where 
a  tumor  is  formed  which  sometimes  ends  in  suppu- 
ration. Cyc. 

VIVl-AN-ITE,  71.  A  phosphate  of  iron,  of  various 
shades  of  blue  and  green.  Phillips. 

VIV'IU,  a.     [L.  vividusy  from  rico,  to  live.] 

Bright ;  strong;  exhibiting  the  appearance  of  life 
or  freshness  ;  as,  the  vivid  colors  of  the  rainbow  ;  the 
vivid  green  of  flourishing  vegetables. 

Arts  which  prrsrni,  with  nil  the  vivul  charms  of  piiintiii;,  l!ie 
human  l.icc  and  htiniftn  form  thvim-.  Up.  Jlobail. 

2.  Lively  ;  spriiihlly  ;  forming  brilliant  images,  or 
painting  in  lively  colors  :  as,  a  vivid  imagination. 
VIV'ID-LY,  adv.    With  life  ;  with  strength. 

Sensiiivp  ohjfcis  alTocl  a  mnn   much  more  vividly  thnn  those 
which  ntTt'Ct  only  his  miml.  SouUi. 

2.  With  brightness  ;  in  bright  colors.  Boyle. 

3.  In  glowing  colors;  with  animated  exhibition  to 
the  mind.  The  orator  vividly  represented  the  mise- 
ries of  his  client. 

VI  vrO'l  TV  '  i  "•    ^'^*^ '  strength;  sprightlinoss. 
2.  Strength  of  coloring  ;  brightness. 

VI-VlFie-AL,  i  "•     t^-  ^'"^i^"'^-     Sec  Vivify.] 

Giving  life  ;  reviving  ;  enlivening.  Bailey. 

VI-VIF'I-€aTE  v.  t.  [L.viviJico;  vivusj  alive,  and 
/ocjo,  to  make.] 

1.  To  give  life  to;  to  animate.     [See  Vivift.] 

More, 

2.  In  chemistry,  to  recover  from  such  a  change  of 
fiirm  as  seems  to  destroy  the  essential  qualities  ;  or 
to  give  to  natural  bodies  new  luster,  force,  and  vigor. 
[Rare.]  [See  Revive  and  Reduce,  the  terms  now 
used.]  Cyc. 

VIV-I-FI-Ca'TION,  n.  The  act  of  giving  life  ;  revi- 
val. Bacon. 

2.  Among  chcmisU,  the  act  of  giving  new  luster, 
force,  and  vigor  ;  as,  the  vivification  of  mercury.  [See 
REViviFicATroN,  which  is  more  usnd.]  Cyc. 

VIVI-FI-Ca-TIVE,  a.     Able  to  animate  or  givclife. 

More. 
VIV'I-FT-£D,  pp.    Revived  ;  endued  with  life. 
VIV'I-FV,  V.  t.     [Fr.  vivijicr  i  L.  vivijicu  ;  vivas,  alive, 
and  j'ucio,  to  make.] 

To  endue  with  life;  to  animate;  to  make  to  be 
living. 

Silling  on  eg^  doth  vivify,  not  nourish.  Bncoii. 

VIV'1-F^-ING,  ppr.  Enduing  with  life;  communi- 
cating! life  to. 

VI-VlP'A-llOUS,  a.  [L.  vivus,  alive,  and  jmrin,  to 
bear.] 

1.  Producing  young  in  a  living  state,  as  all  mam- 
mifers,  as  distinguished  from  Oviparous,  producing 
eggs,  as  fowls.  If  fowls  were  i-iviparoas:,  it  is  dil- 
cult  to  see  how  the  female  would  fly  during  preg- 
nancy. 

2.  In  botany,  producing  its  offspring  alive,  either 
by  bulbs  instead  of  seeds,  or  by  the  seeds  themselves 
germinating  on  the  plant,  instead  of  falling,  as  they 
usually  do  ;  as,  a  viviparous  plant.  jMartyn. 

VIV-I-SEC'TION,  n.     [L.  vivns  and  scco.] 


to 


voc 

The  dissection  of  an  animal  while  alive,  for  the 
purpose  of  making  some  physiological  discovery. 
VIX'£N,  n.     [V'izcn  is  a  she-fox,  or  a  fox's  cub.] 

A  froward,  turbulent,  quarrolsomo  woman.     Shak. 
VIX'-EN-LY,  a.    Having  the  qualities  of  a  vixen, 

BarrotD. 
VIZ.,  [a  contraction  of  videlicet.]     To  wit;   that  is, 

namely. 
VIZ'ARD.    See  Visor.  ^^^ 

VIZ'IER,  (vi/,'yer,)  7J.     [Ar.,  from   ,»j     wazara, 

hear,  to  sustain,  to  administer.    Sometimes  siwlt  Vis- 

lER  or  VrZKR.] 

A  cuuncilnr  of  state  ;  ilio  grand  vizier  is  the  chief 
iniiii-iiT  nf  till.'  Turkii-Ii  cinpire.  Brande. 

VI/'IKli-ATE,  //.    Tlie  oliice  of  vizier. 

ViZ-iK'RLAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  issued  by  the  viz- 
ier. 

Vo'GA-TJLE,  n.     [L.  vocahvlum;    \i.  vocabolo.    Sec 
Voice.] 
A  word  ;  a  term  ;  a  name.  .^;;iat.  Res. 

VO-eAB'lJ-LA-RY,  n.  [Fr.  wcabulairc,  from  L.  vo- 
cabulam^  a  word.] 

A  list  or  collection  of  the  words  of  a  language,  ar- 
ranged in  alphabetical  order  and  explained  ;  a  dic- 
tionary or  lexicon.  We  often  use  vocabulary  in  a 
sense  somewhat  different  from  that  of  dictionary,  re- 
stricting the  signification  to  the  list  of  words;  as 
when  we  say,  the  vocabulary  of  Johnson  is  more  full 
or  extensive  tlian  that  of  Entick.  We  rarely  use  the 
word  as  synonymous  with  dictionary;  but  in  other 
countries  the  corresponding  word  is  so  used,  and  this 
may  be  so  used  in  English. 

VO-eAB'U-LIST,  71.  Tlie  writer  or  former  of  a  vo- 
cabulary ;  a  lexicographer  or  linguist.  Oliddon. 

Vo'€AL,  a.     [Fr.,  from  L.  vocalis.     See  Voice.] 

1.  Having  a  voice. 

To  hill  or  valley,  fountain  or  freeh  shade, 

Made  vocal  by  my  son^.  IfVilton. 

2.  Uttered  or  modulated  by  the  voice;  as,  vocal 
melody;  uoca/ prayer;  vocai  praise. 

Vocal  music  ;  music  made  by  the  voice,  in  distinc- 
tion from  instrumental  rniisic  !  hence,  music  or  tunes 
set  to  words,  to  he  p.  rforrned  by  the  human  voice. 

Vo'CAL,  n.  Anmng  l!ic  Roman  Catholics,  a  man  wlio 
has  a  right  to  vote  in  certain  elections.  Cijc. 

VO-CAL'I€,  a-  Consisting  of  the  voice  or  vowel 
sounds. 

VCGAL-IST,  71.  A  public  singer  distinguished  for  ex- 
cellence of  voice. 

VO-eAL'I-TY,  V.     [L.  vocalilas.) 

Ciuality  of  being  uttcrable  by  the  voice  ;  as,  the 
vocality  of  tlie  letters.  Holder. 

Vo'€AL-iZE,  V.  t.  To  form  into  voice;  to  make  vo- 
cal. 

It  is  one  thin*  to  ffire  unpulse  to  breath  alone,  and  another  to 

vocalize  thai  breath.  Holder. 

Vo'GAL-lZ-£D,  pp.    Blade  vocal ;  formed  into  voice. 
Vo'CAL-IZ-ING,  pj)r.     Forming  into  voice  vi  sound. 
Vo'CAL-LY,    adv.      With  voice  ;    with  an  audible 

sound. 
2.  In  words  ;  as,  to  express  desires  vocally.    Hale. 
VO-€a'TI0N,  n.     [Fr.,  from  L.  vocatio,  from  voco,  to 

call.     See  Voice.] 

1.  Among  divines,  a  calling  by  the  will  of  God  ;  or 
the  bestowment  of  God's  distinguishing  grace  upon 
a  person  or  nation,  by  which  that  person  or  nation  is 
]mt  in  the  way  of  salvation  ;  as,  the  vocation  of  the 
Jews  under  the  old  dispensation,  and  of  the  Gentiles 
under  the  gospel. 

2.  Summons;  call;  inducement. 

AV'hal  can  be  \ir^e<]  for  them  who,  not  bavins'  the  vocation  of 
poverty  to  scribble,  out  of  mere  waatonncss  make  themselves 
ridiculous  I  Dnjden, 

3.  Designation  or  destination  to  a  particular  state 
or  profession. 

NQni2  is  to  enter  the  ecclesiastic  or  monastic  8tate,  without  a  p,ir- 
liciitar  vocation.  Cyc. 

4.  Employment ;  calling  ;  occupation  ;  trade ;  a 
word  that  includes  professions  as  well  as  mechanical 
occupations.  Let  every  divine,  every  physician,  ev- 
ery lawyer,  and  every  mechanic,  be  faithful  and  dili- 
gent in  his  vocation. 

VOe'A-TlVE,  a.     [Fr.  vocatif;  L.  vocativiis.] 

Relating  to  calling  ;  denoting  that  case  of  the  noun 
in  which  a  person  is  addressee! ;  as,  the  vocative  case 
in  grammar. 

VOG'A-TIVE,  71.  In  grammar,  the  fifth  case  or  state 
of  nouns  in  the  Latin  language  ;  or  the  case,  in  any 
language,  in  which  a  word  is  placed  when  the  per- 
son is  addressed  ;  as,  Domine,  O  Lord. 

VO-CIF'ER-ATE,  v.  i.     [L.  vocifrro;  7?oi- and  fero.] 
To  cry  out  with  vehemence  ;  to  exclaim. 

VO-CIF'ER-ATE,  v.  t.     To  utter  with  a  loud  voice. 

VO-CIF'ER-A-TIi\G,  ppr.  Crying  out  with  vehe- 
mence :  uttering  witli  a  loud  voice. 

VO-CIF-ER-A'TlOiM,  n.  A  violent  outcry  ;  vehement 
utterance  of  the  voice.  .Brbathnot. 

VO-CIF'ER-OUS,  c  Making  a  loud  outcry  ;  clamor- 
ous ;  noisy  ;  as,  voeiferons  heralds.  Chapman. 

VO-CIF'ER-OUS-LY,  adv.  With  great  noise  in  call- 
ing, shouting,  &c. 


vol 

VO-CIF'ER-OUS-NESS,  n.    Clamorousness. 

VoGUE,  (vog,)  71.  [Fr.  vogue,  a  rowing  ;  It.  voga,  a 
rowing,  mode,  fashion  ;  vogare,  to  row  ;  Sp.  voga ; 
vogar,  to  row.  This  word  belongs  to  the  family  of 
Bg,  Wg.  (SeeWAo  and  Way.)  The  sense  of  vogue 
is  v.ay,  or  the  going  of  the  world.] 

The  way  or  fashion  of  people  at  any  particular 
time;  temporary  mode,  custom,  or  practice  ;  po[)uIar 
reception  for  the  time.  We  say,  a  particular  form  of 
dress  is  now  in  vogue;  an  amusing  writer  is  now  in 
vogue ;  such  opinions  are  now  in  cognr.  TJie  phrase, 
the  vogae  of  the  world,  used  by  good  writers  formerly, 
is  nearly  or  quite  obsolete. 

Use  may  revive  thf^  oLisuletest  wonl, 

And  Uu'iish  those  that  now  are  most  in  vogue.      Roscommon. 

VOICE,  n.  [Fr.  voix ;  L.  vox;  It.  voce;  Sp.  roz ; 
Gaelic,  bagh,  a  word;  haigham,  to  ypeak  to;  Ir. 
focal,  a  word  ;  Sans,  vach,  to  speak,  L.  voco.  The 
sense  of  the  verb  is,  to  throw,  to  drive  out  sound  ; 
and  voice  is  that  which  is  driven  out] 

1.  Sound  or  audible  noise  uttered  by  the  mouth, 
either  of  human  beings  or  of  other  animals.  We  say, 
the  voice  of  a  man  is  loud  or  clear  ;  the  voice  of  a 
woman  is  soft  or  musical ;  the  voice  of  a  dog  is  loud 
or  liarsh  ;  the  voice  of  a  bird  is  sweet  or  melodious. 
TIic  voice  of  human  beings  is  articulate  ;  that  of 
beasts,  inarticulate.  The  voices  of  men  are  differ- 
ent, and,  when  uttered  together,  are  often  dissonant. 

2.  Any  sound  made  by  the  breath  ;  as,  the  trum- 
pet's voice. 

3.  A  vote  ;  suflrage ;  opinion  or  choice  expressed. 
Originally  voice  was  the  oral  utterance  of  choice,  but 
it  now  signifies  any  vote,  however  given. 

Some  laws  ordain,  and  uume  attcind  the  choice 

or  holy  E'.nati's,  and  elect  by  uoice.  Drydtn. 

I  liave  no  words  ; 
My  voice  ia  in  my  sword.  ^lak, 

4.  Language  ;  words  ;  expression. 

Let  Lta  call  on  God  in  the  voice  of  hts  church.  Pell. 

5.  In  Scripture,  command ;  precept. 

Yu-  would  nut  be  olA;dient  to  the  voice  of  the  Lord  your  God.  — 
Deut.  viii. 


Al\er  the  fire,  a  still,  small  uoice.  —  1  Kin^  xlx. 
Canst  thou  thunder  with  a  voice  like  Him?  —  Job  xl. 
Tlie  floods  have  liilcd  up  their  voice.  —  Ps.  xciii. 

7.  Language;  tone;  raotle  of  expression. 

I  di-ein?  (o  be  present  with  you  now,  and  lo  change  my  voice.  — 
ti.il.  iv. 

8.  In  grammar,  a  particular  mode  of  inflecting  or 
conjugating  verbs  ;  as,  the  active  voice ;  the  passive 
voice. 

VOICE,  v.  t.    To  rumor ;  to  report. 

It  was  voiced  that  the  kin;;  purposed  lo  put  to  deaUi  Edward 
PlanlagcncU     [LHtle  ueed.]  Shak. 

2.  To  fit  for  producing  the  proper  sounds  ;  to  regu- 
late the  tone  of;  as,  to  voice  the  pipes  of  an  organ. 

JCd.  Encyc. 

3.  To  vote. 

VOICE,  1'.  7.     To  clamor;  to  exclaim.    [Obs.]  Bacon. 

VOICED,  (voist,)  pp.    Fitted  to  produce  the  proper 
tones. 
2.  a.     Furnished  with  a  voice.  Dcnham. 

VOICE'LESS,  (vois'less,)a.    Having  no  voice  or  vote. 

Coke. 

VOICING,  ppr.  Fitting  the  pipe  of  an  organ  for  pro- 
ducing its  proper  quality  of  tone. 

VOICING,  7!.  The  act  of  giving  to  an  organ-pipe  its 
proper  quality  of  tone. 

VOID,  fl.  [Fr.  vuidc;  \t.voto;  L.  vidaus;  Sw.  bdc; 
G.  and  Dan.  ode,  waste,  wliich  seems  to  be  the  Eug. 
tcidc  ;  so  waste  and  va.^t  are  from  one  root.  It  coin- 
cides with  Gr.  iSiog,  and  the  root  of  L.  divtdo,  Ar. 


tXj  badda,  to  separate.     Class  Rd,  No.  1.    See  also 

No.  48.] 

1.  Empty;  vacant;  not  occupied  with  any  visible 
matter  ;  as,  a  void  space  or  place.     1  Kings  xxii. 

2.  Empty ;  without  inhabitants  or  furniture. 
Ocn.  i. 

3.  Having  no  legal  or  binding  force;  null;  not 
effectual  to  bind  parties,  or  to  convey  or  support  a 
right ;  not  sufficient  to  produce  its  efltct.  Thus  a 
deed  not  duly  signed  and  sealed  is  void.  A  fraudu- 
lent contract  is  void,  or  may  be  rendered  void. 

My  word  shall  not  return  to  mc  void,  but  it  shall  accomplish  that 

which  I  please.  —  Is.  Iv, 
I  will  maketioid  the  counsel  of  JudahandJerusalem  in  Oiis  place. 

—  Jer.  xix. 

4.  Free  ;  clear ;  as,  a  conscience  void  of  offense. 
.dcts  xxiv. 

5.  Destitute  ;  as,  void  of  learning  ;  void  of  reason 
or  common  sense. 

He  that  is  void  of  wisdom  despisctli  hib  neighbor.  —  Prov.  xi. 

G.  Unsupplied ;  vacant;  unoccupied;  having  no 
incumbent. 

Divers  offices  that  had  been  long  void.  Camden. 

7.  Unsubstantial ;  vain. 

Lifeless  idol,  void  and  vain.  Pope. 

Void  space  ;  in  physics,  a  vacuum. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — M£TE,  PREY — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.- 


X240 


VOL 

7^  make  void;  to  viulalo  i  lo  transgress. 

Tb-.-y  b.-vv«  made  twii  thy  law.  —  Fs.  cxix. 

2.  To  reuder  useless  or  of  no  elTect.    RotiL  iv. 
VOID,  T*.     All  empty  space  ;  a  vacuum. 

Pride,  wfben;  wit  tiis,  sti^ps  in  to  our  defense, 

And  tills  up  all  ihe  nugbly  void  of  sense.  Pope. 

Tb'  mioulable  twf.  TTiowwun. 

VOID,  r.  (.    To  quit ;  to  leave. 

Bid  tliem  cunio  <Iuwi), 
Or  void  thu  ticUI.  Shak. 

2.  To  emit ;  lo  send  out ;  to  evacuate  ;  xs,  to  void 
escrementitious  m;illt'r  ;  to  void  vvonriM;. 

3.  To  vacate  ;  to  ainuU ;  to  nullity  3  to  render  ot' 
no  validity  or  effect. 

It  had  btcomc  a  pnicticc —  to  vovl  iti-?  s.-ci'rily  giv<>ii  f^r  moiic/ 
borrowed.  ClarcTidon. 

4.  To  make  or  leave  ^itcaut. 

VOID,  r.  t.     To  be  emitted  or  evacur.ted.     Hlarmau. 
VOID'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  auiuiHe(l  or  made  void, 
or  that  may  be  adjudged  void,  invalid,  or  of  no  force. 

Such  ajmioisiratioa  is  not  void,  but  tfuidcJtlc  tiv  Sfiilotic--. 

Aylife. 

2.  That  may  be  evacuated. 
VOID^\NCE,  n.    The  act  of  emptying. 

2.  The  act  of  ejecliui;  front  a  benefice  ;  ejection. 

3.  Vacancy;  want  of  an  incumbent.  Ctjc 

4.  Evasion  j  subterfuge.  Bacon. 
VOID'ED,  pp.     Thrust  out ;  evacuated. 

2.  a.     In  hcraldnj,  [an  ordinary  is  said  to  be  voided^ 
when  the  inner  part  is  rut  away,  and  only  the  out- 
side strips  left.  —  K,  H.  Barker.] 
VOID'ER,  71.     A  basket  in  which  broken  meal  is  car- 
ried from  the  table,  Clcaveland, 

2.  One  who  evacuates. 

3.  One  who  nullifies. 

4.  In  heraldry^  one  of  the  ordinaries,  whose  fi*;ure 
is  much  like  that  of  the  flanch  or  flasque. 

[This  word  is  scarcelv  recognized  in  the  nonteii- 
clature  of  heraldry.  —K.*//.  Barker.] 

5.  In  a^icutture,  a  provincial  name  of  a  kind  of 
shallow  basket  of  open  work.  EntTltmU. 

VOID'ING,  ppr.     Ejecting  ;  evacuating. 

2.  Making  or  declaring  void,  or  of  no  force. 

3.  Uuittiug ;  leaving. 

4.  a.  Receiving  what  is  ejected ;  as,  a  voiding 
lobby.  Shnk. 

VOID'.VESS,  n.    Emptiness  ;  vacuity  ;  destitution. 

2.  Nullity;  inefficacy  ;  want  of  binding  force. 

3.  Want  of  substantiality.  JlakewilL 
VOIR  DIRE' ^  (vwor  derr',)  [La\y  L.  veritm  diccrc] 

In  iaw,  an  oath  administered  to  a  person  intended 
as  a  witness,  requiring  him  to  make  true  answers 
to  questions  as  to  prcliniinarj'  or  collateral  points, 
before  he  is  allowed  to  testify  as  to  the  main  point  at 
issue.  It  is  often  administered  to  such  as  arc  sup- 
posed to  be  interested,  or  to  have  formed  opinions  to 
bias  the  mind.  Bourier. 

VOI'TIIRE,  71.     [Fr.  id. ;    It,  vctiura,  from  L.  vecius, 
velto.] 

Carriage.     [JVot  Enatitk.]  j^rbuVmut. 

VO-La'CIOUP,  a.     [L.  rolo.] 
Apt  or  fit  to  flv. 

VOL-AL'KA-LI,  (-al'ka-li  or  -le,)  ».     Volatile  alkali .: 
bij  contraction.  Kirtcan,  Geol. 

Vo'LANT,  a.     [Fr.,  fiving,  from  voUr,  L.  voloy  to 
fly.] 

1.  Flying  ;  passing  through  the  air ;  as,  volant  au- 
tomata. Wilkins. 

2.  Nimble;  active;  as,  roi^rni  touch.  Jlilton. 

3.  In  heraldry^  represented  as  flying  or  having  the 
wing3  spread. 

VOL'A-TILE,  a.     [Fr.,  from  L.  volaiilis,  from  volo,  to 
fly.] 

1.  Flying  ;  parsing  through  the  air  on  wing=,  or  by 
the  buoyant  force  of  the  atmosphere. 

2.  Having  the  power  to  fly;  as,  birds  are  volatile 
animals.  Raij.     Bacon. 

3.  Capable  of  wasting  away,  or  of  easily  passing  into 
the  aeriform  state.  Thus  substances  which  nflect  the 
smell  with  pungent  or  fragrant  odors,  as  nnisk,  harts- 
horn, and  essential  oils,  are  called  volatile  substancc;^^ 
because  they  waste  away  on  exposure  to  the  atmos- 
phere. Alcohol  and  ether  are  called  volatile  liquids 
for  a  similar  reason,  and  because  they  easily  pass  into 
the  state  of  vapor  on  the  application  of  heal.  On  the 
contrary,  gold  is  ^  fixed  substance,  because  it  docs  not 
suffer  waste,  even  when  exposed  to  the  lieul  of  a 
furnace  ;  and  oils  are  called  jircd  when  they  do  not 
evaporate  on  simple  exposure  to  the  atmosphere. 

A.  Lively  ;  gay  ;  full  of  spirit ;  airy  ;  hence,  fickle  ; 
apt  to  change  ;  as,  a  volatile  temper.  ffatts. 

You  are  as  giddy  and  volatile  as  ever.  SicifL 

Volatile  alkali ;  an  old  name  of  ammonia. 
VOL'A-TILE,  n.    A  winged  animal.     [Little  used.] 

Brown. 
VOL'A-TILE-NESS,  )  ri^         ,  ,,, ,, , 

VOL-A-TIL'I-TY,       (  ""     C^'"-  ^olatdit^.} 

1.  Disposition  lo  exhale  or  evaporate;  the  quality 
of  being  capable  of  evaporation  ;  tliat  property  of  a 
substance  which  disposes  it  to  rise  and  float  in  the 
air,  and  thus  to  be  dissipated  ;  as,  the  volatilitif  of 
fluids.    Ether  is  remarkable  for  its  voUuilUij.    Many 


VOL 

or  most  solid  bodies  are  susceptible  of  coluiHity  by 
the  action  of  intense  heat. 

By  till;  opirit  of  a  plant,  we  undcreta^nd  that  \mK,  cliborntpd  oil, 
which,  b/  reason  of  'tis  extreme  volauiily,  exhales  Bponuiiie- 
oiislj,  and  in  which  the  odor  or  ameli  coDdisti.    ArbulhnoL 

9.  Great  sprightliness;  levity  ;  liveliness;  whence, 
mutability  of  mind  ;  fickleness  :  as,  the  volatditu  of 
youth.  ^ 

VOL'A-TIL-IZ-A-ItLE,  a.    That  may  be  volatilized. 

VOL-A-TIL-I-ZA'TION,  n.  [from  volatilize.]  The 
act  or  process  of  rendering  volatile,  or  rather  of  caus- 
ing to  rise  and  float  in  the  air.  BoyU. 

VOI/A-TIL-i7E,  V.  t,     [Fr.  volaliliser.'] 

To  render  volatile  ;  to  cause  lo  exhale  or  evapor- 
ate ;  to  cause  to  pass  off  in  vapor  or  invisible  efflu- 
via, and  to  rise  and  float  in  the  air. 

Tbc  water  — dissolving  the  oil,  and  volatitiziTtg  it  by  tlif>  action. 

Ntiolon. 

VOL'A-TIL-JZ-ED,  pp.  Rendered  volatile ;  caused 
to  rise  and  float  in  air, 

VOL'A-TIL-IZ-ING,  ppr.  Rendering  volatile  ;  caus- 
ing to  rise  and  float  in  air. 

VOL-CAN'ie,  a.  [from  volcano.]  Pertaining  to  vol- 
canoes ;  as,  volcanic  heat. 

2.  Produced  by  a  volcano  ;  as,  volcanic  tufa. 

3.  Changed  or  affected  by  the  heat  of  a  volcano. 
VOL-eAN-IC'I-TY,  (-is'e-te,)  n.    State  of  bein  gvol- 

canic;  volcanic  power.  Humboldt. 

VOL'CAN-IST,  71,  [from  iwtcann.]  One  versed  in 
the  historj'  and  phenomena  of  volcanoes, 

2.  One  who  believes  in  the  effects  of  eruptions  of 
fire  in  the  formation  of  mountains. 

VOL-CAN'I-T  Y,  n.  The  state  of  being  volcanic,  or  of 
volcanic  origin. 

VOL-CAN-I-Za'TION,  71.  [from  volcanizc]  The 
process  of  undergoing  volcanic  heat,  and  being  af- 
fected by  it. 

V0L'eAN-7ZE,  V.  t.  To  subject  to  or  cause  to  under- 
go volcanic  heal,  and  to  be  affected  by  its  action. 

SpallanzanL 

\' OUe AN -JZ- ED,  pp.    Afl'cctL'd  bv  volcanic  heat. 

VOL-Ca'NO,  n.     [It.,  from  Vulcaii.] 

1.  In  geology,  an  opening  in  the  surface  of  the 
earth,  or  in  a  mounlain,  from  which  smoke,  flames, 
stones,  lava,  or  other  substances,  are  ejected.  Such 
are  seen  in  Etna  and  Vesuvius,  in  Sicily  and  Italy, 
and  Hecla,  in  Iceland.  It  is  vulgarly  called  a  burn- 
ing mountain. 

2.  The  mountain  that  ejects  fire,  smoke,  Jcc. 
VoLF.  71.    [Fr.,  from  volcr,  to  fly.] 

A  deal  at  cards  that  draws  all  the  tricks.     Swift, 
VO-LEE',  (vo-la',)  n.    [Fr.,  a  flying.]    A  rapid  flight 

(jf  notes  in  music. 
Vo'LER-Y,  7u     [Fr.  volerie^  from  voler,  to  fl}'.] 

1.  A  flight  of  birds.  Loclce. 

2.  A  large  bird-cage  in  which  the  birds  have  room 
to  flv.  Cijc. 

VOL-i-TA'TION,  71.     [L.  voHto,  dim.  of  volo,  to  fly.] 
The  act  of  flying  :  flight.  Brown. 

VO-Ll"TION,  (-lish'iin,)  n.  [L.  volitioj  from  volo,  to 
will.     See  Will.] 

1.  The  act  of  willing  ;  the  act  of  determining  choice, 
or  forming  a  purpose.  There  is  a  great  difference 
between  actual  co/jEiok  and  the  approbation  of  judg- 
ment. South. 

Volition  ifi  the  actual  exercise  of  the  power  which  the  mind  has 
of  considering  or  forbeiring  to  consider  an  idea.      Locke. 

2.  The  power  of  willing  or  determining. 
VOL'I-TIVE,  a.    Having  the  power  to  will. 

They  not  only  perfect  tlie  intellectual  facnlty,  but  the  volitive. 

hale. 

VOL'LEY,  7t. ;  pt.  Volleys.  [Fr.  volde,  a  flight,  from 
volcTy  to  fly,  L.  volo.] 

1.  A  flight  of  shot;  the  discharge  of  many  small 
arms  at  once.  fVallcr. 

2.  A  burst  or  emission  of  many  things  at  once ;  as, 
a  volley  of  words.  Skak. 

But  nilUinj  nausense  in  full  volleys  breaks.  Pope. 

VOL'LEV,  r.  t.    To  discharge  with  a  volley. 

VOL'LEY,  V.  i.    To  throw  out  or  discharge  at  once. 

Shak. 

VOL'LEY-KD,  (voriid,)  a.  [from  volley.]  Displod- 
cd  ;  discharg'-d  with  a  sudden  burst ;  as,  volleyed 
thunder.  jMdion.    Philips. 

VoLT,  n.  [Fr.  voUc,  a  ring ;  It.  volta,  a  turn  ;  from  L. 
votntuj,  Volvo.] 

1.  A  round  or  circular  tread  ;  a  gait  of  two  treads 
made  by  a  horse  going  sideways  round  a  center. 

Far.  Diet. 

2.  In  fencing,  a  sudden  movement  or  leap  to  avoid 
a  thrust. 

VOL'  TjI,  in  Italian  music,  signifies  that  the  part  is  to 
he  repeated  one.  two,  or  more  times. 

VOL-Ta'IC,  a.  PerUiiiiing  to  Volla,  tlic  discoverer  of 
voltaisni ;  as,  the  voltaic  pile. 

Voltaic  ap})aratus ;  the  aiiparatus  used  for  accumu- 
lating galvanic  electricity.  The  agent  itself  is  de- 
nominated galvanUm,  after  its  discoverer,  Galvani, 
while  the  instruments  used  for  exciting  and  accumu- 
lating it  are  called  voltaic,  in  honor  of  Volla,  who  first 
contrived  this  kind  of  apparatus. 

Voltaic  pile;  a  column  formed  by  successive  pairs 


VOL 


of  metallic  disks,  .ui  silver  ami  zinc,  wiili  moistent;<l 
cloth  between  every  tn-o  conlipuofjs  puir^. 

Voltaic  dectridtrj;  Hit-  kind  of  elcclrictly  wliith  u 
evolved  by  voltaic  apiKintuj. 

Voltaic  baUeru  ;  the  lar;:er  formj"  of  voltaic  appara- 
tus, used  for  accumulating  galvanic  electricity. 

VOI/TA-ISM,  71.    rfrom  fo/fa,?n  Italian.] 

That  branch  of  electrical  gcicnr/-  whirb  ha«  its 
source  in  the  chemical  action  between  melaJii  and 
different  liquidfi.  It  is  more  properlv  called  GAi-r-.n- 
isM,  from  Oalvani,  who  first  proved  or  brought  into 
nolire  its  remarkable  influence  on  animals. 

VOL-TA.M'E-TER,  71.     [  Volla  and  iuro-,^.] 

An  instrument  for  measuring  tbc  voltaic  electricity 
passing  through  it, 

VOIJTT,  [Ii.j     In  music^  turn  over. 

VOIVTI-GEUR,  (-zhur,)  ji.  A  liKhl-horw.rnan  or  dra- 
g<)on.  In  the  army  of  the  United  Siai'.^  each  dm- 
goon  or  liorseman  has  a  foot-ifoldier  atLubfjd  i-j  him, 
who,  in  case  of  necessity,  mountji  behind  on  the 
same  horse  ;  thus  pfL-senting,  whenever  tlicy  meet 
tlie  enemy,  a  line  of  infantry  and  of  drag'tons  in  the 
same  regiment,  CnUmdcrt. 

VOL'TI  SVBI-TO,  [It,]     Turn  over  quickly. 

VO-LO'BIL-ATE,  I  a.   In  gardening,  a  voluullatc  Btc-m 

VOL'U-BILE,  i  is  one  Uiat  climb*  by  winding  or 
twining  round  another  body.  Cye. 

VOL-tT-iJlL'I-TY,  n,  [Fr.  volubOiU;  L.  voUbUUtu^ 
fftnii  volco,  lo  roll.] 

1.  The  capacity  of  being  rolled;  aptnesj  1 1  r  !!  . 
as,  the  volubility  of  a  bowl.  ;f  u' 

2.  The  act  of  rolling. 

By  bregiUar  ro/uWZi^.  tlooiker. 

3.  Ready  motion  of  the  tongue  in  speaking;  fii- 
ency  of  speech. 

She  ran  orer  the  catalogUQ  of  dirntfams  vitb  ■oeb  a  r 
of  ton^e,  SB  drew  a  gentle  rcprlmuul  from  brr  tiu.  - 

4.  jMutabdity  ;   liablencss  lo  revolution;   a>.  i: 
volubility  oi  human  affairs.    [UnusuaL]     Z,'i>.'j-^-:     . 

VOL'U-BLE,  (vol'yu-bl,)  a.    \h.  tolubdis.] 

1.  Formed  so  as  to  roll  with  ease,  or  to  be  easily 
set  in  motion ;  apt  to  roll ;  as,  voluble  particle-*  nf 
matter.  Be   ;  . 

2.  Rolling;  iiaving  quick  motion. 

Thia  !'-s3  voluble  eaitb.  .V:  :>-. 

3.  Nimble  ;  active  ;  moving  with  ease  and  sinootli- 
ness  in  uttering  words  ;  fluent ;  as,  a  flippant,  volu- 
ble tongue. 

4.  Ffuent ;  flowing  with  ease  and  smoothness ;  as, 
a  voluble  speech.  SAoJt. 

5.  Having  fluency  of  speech. 

Cassio,  a  knave  very  voluble.  iAdk. 

VOL'lJ-BLY,  adv.    In  a  rolling  or  fluent  manner. 

Iludibras. 
VOL'lJiME,  Cvol'yum,)  71.    [Fr.,  from  L.  rotumm^  a 

roll ;  volvo,  to  roll.    To  make  «  long,  in  this  word,  is 

palpably  wrong.] 

1.  PrimarUy,  a  roll,  as  the  ancients  wrote  on  lon» 
strips  of  bark,  parchment,  or  other  material,  which 
they  formed  into  rolls  or  folds.  Of  such  vuliuucs, 
riokniy's  librarj- in  Alexandria  contained  three  or 
seven  hundred  thousand. 

2.  A  roll  or  turn  ;  as  much  as  is  included  in  a  r  :i 
or  coil ;  as,  the  volume  of  a  serpenL  Dr\. .    . 

3.  Dimensions  ;  co.'npass  ;  since  occupied  ;  r.-;.  ilr 
volume  of  an  elephant's  body  ;  a  volyme  of  gas. 

Dancin.     Parke. 

4.  A  swelling  or  spherical  body. 

The  undulating'  tillowa  roUbig  their  direr  volusut,       Jrti^f. 

5.  A  book  ;  a  collection  of  sheets  of  paper,  usually 
printed  or  written  paper,  folded  and  bound,  nr  cov- 
ered. A  book  consisting  of  sheets  once  foldcil  is 
called  a  folio,  or  a  folio  volume  :  of  sheets  twice  fi-ld- 
ed,  a  quarto:  and  thus,  according  to  the  nunit>cr  of 
leaves  in  a  sheet,  it  is  called  an  octavo  or  :i  duiydccinti\ 
The  Scriptures,  or  sacred  writings,  bound  in  a  sinslc 
volume,  are  called  the  Bible.  The  number  of  ri'/M;7:.v 
in  the  Royal  Libnirj-,  in  Rue  de  Richelieu,  at  Paris,  is 
variously  estimated,  .\ccording  lo  the  returns  m 
ISIiO,  there  were  more  than  700,000  volumes. 

An  cM  tvluTTie  cf  a  set  of  book*  bam  nol  Ih;  Tali»e  c4  ila  7T0- 
portion  10  the  scl.  PrantU;t. 

G.  In  music,  the  compass  of  a  voice  from  cmve  lo 
acule  :  the  lone  or  power  of  voice.  Bttsht. 

VOI/IIM-KD,  (vol'yumd,)  a.  Having  the  form  of  a 
volume  or  roll ;  as,  volumed  mist.     Percii''s  .Vcsijur, 

VO-LC'MIN-OUS,  a.  Consisting  of  many  coi!^  or 
complications. 

Tbe  serpent  rollisl  volumtnoiu  wid  r^A.  AC'k-n, 

2,  Consisting  of  many  volumes  or  books.  The 
collections  of  Muratori  an»l  of  the  Byzantine  hislorj- 
arc  very  r^oluminous. 

3.  Iiaving  written  much,  or  made  many  ^*oIumes ; 
as,  a  voluminous  writer. 

I.  Copious  ;  diflusive.     He  was  too  vclumiKOus  tn 
discourse.     r.\"t>(  in  w.»f-] 
VO-LO'MLN'-OUS-LV,  ode.    In  many  volurars ;  verj" 

OreMrillr. 
Slate  of  being  bulky  or 


copiouslv. 
VO-LC'M'IN-OUS-.N'ESS,  I 
in  many  volumes. 


TC.\E,  P.tjLL,  UNITE.— A.\"GER,  VI"CIOUS — €  as  K ;  0  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SU;  TU  as  in  THIS. 


156 


124L 


VOL 


VOR 


VOU 


One  who  writes  a  volume  ;  an  au- 
'  liiT-r."  'uvvtm  use.1  •'''^''""'■ 

L'UN-TA-RI-LV , 


VOL'tJ-MIST,  71. 


VOI^'UiNf-TA-RI-LV,  adv.  [from  voluntary.]  Spon- 
taneously ;  of  one's  own  will ;  without  being  moved, 
influenced,  or  impelled,  by  others. 

To  be  agents  .oiuniarijy  m  our  own  ileslrucUon,  Is  «e»^Ml^°°'' 
and  nature. 

VOL'UN-TA-m-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  volun- 
tarj'  or  optional.  .  t     .     ■  „ 

VOL'UN-TA-RY,  a.  [Fr.  volontairt.  i  L.  volmtarms, 
from  voluntas,  will,  from  uoio.  J'liJaHfaTT;  is  applica- 
ble only  to  beings  that  have  will ;  sponlaitcou.^-  is  ap- 
plicable to  pbjsical  causes,  as  well  as  to  the  mil  ol  au 

'*°l"  Acting  by  choice  or  spontaneously  ;  acting  with- 
out being  influenced  or  impelled  by  another. 

2.  Free,  or  having  power  to  act  by  choice  ;  not  be- 
ing under  restraint ;  as,  man  is  a  volmitary  agent. 

^  Hooker. 

3.  Proceeiling  from  choice  or  free  will. 

T11.U  sin  or  guilt  pertains  exclaBi»eh-  to  volwuari,  Mliem,  Is  Uie 
true  printipte  ot  orthodoxy.  N.  W.  Taylor. 

4.  Willing;  acting  with  willingness. 

Site  fell  to  lust  a  volunjary  prey.  Pope- 

5.  Done  by  desicn  ;  purposed  ;  intended.  If  a  man 
kills  another  by  topping  a  tree,  here  is  no  mUntary 

fi.  Done  freelv,  or  of  choice  ;  proceeding  from  free 
will.  He  went  into  voluntary  exile  ;  he  made  a  vol^ 
untanf  surrender. 

7.  Acting  of  his  own  accord  ;  spontaneous ,  as, 
the  vutiintani  dictates  of  knowledge. 

8  Subject  to  the  will ;  as,  tlie  voluntary  motions 
of  an  animal.  Thus  the  motion  of  a  leg  or  an  arm 
is  voluntary,  but  the  motion  of  the  heart  is  mvolun- 

"  Arohmtani  escape,  in  law,  is  the  escape  of  a  pris- 
oner by  the  e'xpress  consent  of  the  sheriff. 

Voluntary  jurisdiction,  is  that  which  is  exercised 
in  doing  that  which  no  one  opposes  ;  as  in  granting 
dispensations,  &c.  . 

Voluntary  affidavit  or  oatJi,  is  one  made  in  an  extra- 
judicial matter. 

Voluntary  waste,  is  that  which  is  committea  by 

positive  acts.  .  , 

VOL'UN-T,\-RY,  n.    One  who  engages  in  any  attair 

of  his  own  free  will ;  a  volunteer.     [In  this  sense, 

Volunteer  is  now  generally  used.] 

2.  In  music,  a  piece  played  by  a  musician,  often 
extemporarily,  according  to  his  fancy.  »n  thi; 
Philosophical  Transactions,  we  have  a  method  ol 
writing  voluntaries  as  fast  as  the  musician  plays  the 
notes.  This  is  by  a  cylinder  turning  under  the  keys 
of  the  organ.  '-t/c. 

3.  A  composition  for  the  organ. 
VOL-UN-TEER',  «.     [Fr.  volontaire.] 

A  person  who  enters  into  military  or  other  service 
of  his  own  free  will.  In  military  affairs,  volunteers 
enter  into  service  voluntarily,  but  when  in  servitje, 
they  are  subject  to  discipline  and  regulations  like 
other  soldiers.  They  sometimes  serve  gratuitously, 
but  often  receive  a  compensation. 

VOL-UN-TEER',  a.  Entering  into  service  of  free 
will  -,  as,  volunteer  companies. 

VOL-UN-TEER',  V.  t.  To  offer  or  bestow  voluntarily, 
or  without  solicitation  or  compulsion ;  as,  to  volun- 
teer one's  services. 

VOL-UN-TEER',  v.  i.  To  enter  into  any  service  of 
one's  free  will,  without  solicitation  or  compulsion. 
He  volunteered  in  that  undertaking 


[  These  verbs  are  in  respectable  use.] 
•.  V  TTn.mTT  I  -n^r   ,..„  I....*/..,,  -a-ry,)  n. 


[L.  votuptu- 


\   i  liusr.  t/c/wj  11/ c   lit  ,.^2'.-.'."".-   ' 

VO-LUP'TU-A-RY,  (vo-lupt'yu-a 
arius,  from  voluptas,  pleasure.] 

A  man  addicted  to  luxury  or  the  gratification  ol 
the  appetite,  and  to  other  sensual  pleasures. 

Atterbunj. 
VO-LUP'TU-OUS,  (vo-lupt'yu-us,)    a.     [Fr.    volup- 
tueuz;  Id.  voluptuosus.] 

Given  to  the  enjoyments  of  luxury  and  pleasure  ; 
indulging  to  excess  in  sensual  gratifications. 

Softened  with  pleasure  and  voluptuous  life.  Milton. 

VO-LUP'TU-OUS-LY,  adv.    Luxuriously;  with  free 
Indulgence  of  sensual  pleasures  ;  as,  to  live  voluptu- 
ously. 
VO-LUP'TU-OUS-NESS,  n.    Luxtiriousness  ;  addict- 
edness  to  pleasure  or  sensual  gratification. 

Where  no  voluptuousness,  yet  all  delight.  Donne. 

VOL-XJ-Ta'TION,  n.     [L.  volutatio,  from  voluto,  from 
volro,  Eng.  to  wallow.] 

A  wallowing  ;  a  rolling  of  the  body  on  the  earth. 
[See  Wallow.] 
VO-LOTE',  n.     [Fr.  volute ;  It.  valuta ;  from  L.  volu- 
tus,  Volvo.] 

1.  In  architecture,  a  kind  of  spiral  scroll,  used  in 
the  Ionic  and  Composite  capitals,  of  which  it  is  a 
principal  ornament.  The  numlier  of  volutes  in  the 
Ionic  order  is  four  ;  in  the  Composite,  eight.  There 
are  also  eight  angular  volutes  in  the  Corinthian  cap- 
ital, accompanied  with  eight  smaller  ones,  called 
Helices.  ,^         ';!'<:• 

2.  In  natural  history,  a  name  given  to  the  moUusks 
of  the  genus  Voluta.    They  have  spiral,  unilocular 


shells  with  the  pillar  or  columella  plaited,  and  arc 
prized'  for  their  beauty  and  rarity.  P.  Cyc. 

VO-LUT'ED,  a.    Having  a  volute  or  spiral  scroll. 

VO-LU'TION,  n.    A  spiral  turn  or  wreath. 

VOL'U-TITE,  71.  ."i  petrified  shell  ot  the  genus 
Voluta.     [jVot  used.]  Jameson. 

VOM'I-€A,  71.    [L.]    An  abscess  in  the  lungs. 

VOM'ie-NUT,  n.     [L.  vomica,  emetic,  and  jlitt,  a 

"  The  seed  of  the  Strychnos  nux  vomica,  a  medium- 
sized  tree  growing  in  various  parts  of  India ;  com- 
monly called  Nux  VoMici.  The  fruit  is  of  the  size 
of  a  small  orange,  and  of  the  same  color,  covered 
with  a  tough  rind,  and  filled  with  a  pulp,  in  which 
the  seeds  are  imbedded.  Almost  all  parts  of  this 
tree  are  medicinal,  but  more  especially  the  seeds. 
They  are  not  emetic,  however,  as  their  name  im- 
plies The  snake-wood  does  not  belong  to  this  tree, 
as  some  have  asserted,  but  to  Strychnos  colubrina, 
another  species  of  the  same  genus. 
VOM'IT  V  i.  [L.  7J07no;  Fr.  7;i>7ji7r ;  It.  romirc  ;  sans. 
vamatliu.  Probably  the  Gr.  £,:£0)  is  the  same  word, 
with  the  loss  of  its  first  letter.] 

To  eject  the  contents  of  the  stomach  by  the  mouth. 
Some  animals  vomit  with  ease,  as  cats  and  dogs  ;  but 
horses  do  not  vomit.  Cyc. 

VOM'IT,  V.  t.  To  throw  up  or  eject  from  the  stomach  ; 
to  discharge  from  the  stomach  through  the  mouth. 
It  is  followed  often  by  i/;i  or  out,  but  without  neces- 
sity, and  to  the  injury  of  the  language.  In  the  yel- 
low fever,  the  patients  often  ■<io7iii(  dark-colored  mat- 
ter, like  coffee  grounds. 

The  fish  vomited  out  Jouah  upon  the  dry  land.  —  Jenah  ii. 
2.  To  eject  with  violence  from  any  hollow  place. 
Volcanoes  vomit  flames,  ashes,  stojies,  and  liquid 
lava.  ^         ,  , 

VOM'IT,  7t.    The  matter  ejected  from  the  stomach. 

Sandys. 

2.  That  which  excites  the  stomach  to  discharge  its 

contents ;  an  emetic.  ,  ,    ,       ,      j 

Black  vomit :  a  copious  vomiting  of  dark-colored 

matter,  resembling  coffee  grounds  ;  one  of  the  most 

fatal  attendants  of  the  yellow  fever. 

VO.M'IT-ED,  pp.    Ejected  from  the  stomach  through 

the  mouth,  or  from  any  deep  place  through  an  open- 

VOJI'IT-ING,  ppr.  Discharging  from  the  stomach 
through  the  mouth,  or  ejecting  from  any  deep  place. 

VOM'IT-ING,  71.  The  act  of  ejecting  the  contents  ot 
the  stomach  through  the  mouth.  Vomiting  is  essen- 
tially an  inverted  action  of  the  stomach  and  esoph- 
agus. .  fy-. 

3?  The  act  of  throwing  out  substances  with  vio- 
lence from  a  deep  hollow,  as  a  volcano,  &c. 
VO-MI"TION,  (vo-mish'un,)  7i.    The  act  or  power  ot 

vomiting.  f'^™- 

VOM'I-TIVE,  a.     [Fr.  i-077ii(i/.] 

Causing  the  ejection  of  matter  from  the  stomach  ; 
emetic.  Brown. 

VO-MI'TO,  (vo-me'to,)  77.     [Sp.]     The  yellow  fever 
in  its  worst  form,  when  it  is  usually  attended  with 
the  black  vomit. 
VOM'I-TO-RY,  a.     [L.  vomitorius.]     Procuring  vom- 
itin"  ;  causing  to  eject  from  the  stomach  ;  emetic. 
°  Brown. 

VOM'I-TO-RY,  77.     An  emetic.  Harvey. 

2.  A  principal  door  or  entrance  of  a  large  building, 
as  of  an  amphitheater.  OMon. 

VO-Ra'CIOUS,  (-shus,)  a.  [Fr.  and  It.  vorace ;  L. 
rorax,  from  voro,  to  devour ;  Heb.  and  Ch.  ip2,  to 
clear  away,  to  consume  ;  Gr.  [iopa,  food.  Class  Br, 
No.  6.1 

1.  Greedy  for  eating  ;  ravenous;  very  hungry  ;  as, 
a  voracious  man  or  appetite. 

2.  Rapacious  ;  eager  to  devour  ;  as,  voracious  ani- 
mals. ,  ,^ 

3.  Ready  to  swallow  up ;  as,  a  voracious  gulf  or 
whirlpool. 

VO-RA'CIOUS-LY,  adv.  With  greedy  appetite ;  rav- 
enously. 

VO-Ra'CIOUS-NESS,  n.  Greediness  of  appetite  ; 
ravenousness  ;  eagerness  to  devour ;  rapaciousness. 

VO-RAC'I-TY,  (-ras'e-te,)  n.  Greediness  of  appetite ; 
voraciousness. 


cules  which,  bv  the  rapid  rotary  motion  of  the  organs 
round  the  mouth,  create  a  vortex  in  the  water,  and 
obtain  their  food.  B:irby. 

Vo'TA-RESS,  71.     A  female  devoted  to  any  service, 
worship,  or  state  of  life. 

No  ros.arj  this  vouiress  needs.  Ctcaveland. 


Creatures,  by  their  voracity  pernicious,  have  commonly  fewer 
young.  Dertiam. 

VO-RAG'IN-OUS,  a.     [L.  voraginosus,  vorago.] 

Full  of  gulfs.  Scott. 

VOR'TEX,  7!. ;  pi.  Vohtices  or  Vortexes.    [L.,  trom 
verto,  ant.  vorto,  to  turn.] 

1.  A  whirlpool ;  a  whirling  or  circular  motion  ot 
water,  forming  a  kind  of  cavity  in  the  center  of  the 
circle,  and  in  some  instances  drawing  m  water  or 
absorbing  other  things. 

2.  A  whirling  of  the  air  ;  a  whirlwind.         Lijc. 

3.  In  tlie  Cartesian  system,  a  collection  of  particles 
of  matter,  forming  an  ether  or  fluid  endowed  with  a 
rapid  rotary  motion  around  an  axis.  By  means  of 
these  vortices,  Descartes  attempted  to  account  for  the 
formation  of  the  universe.  Brande. 

VOR''J'I-eAL,  a.    Whirling ;  turning  ;  as,  a  vortical 

motion.  JVcwton.     Bentley. 

VOR'TI-CEL,  7!.    The  name  of  certain  wheel-animal- 


Vo'TA-RIST,  71.  [See  VoTiRV.]  One  devoted  or 
given  up  to  any  person  or  thing,  to  any  service,  wor- 
ship, or  pursuit. 

I  am  no  idle  votarist.  '^I'O^- 

[Votary  is  now  used.] 
VO'TA-RY,  a.      [from  L.  votus,  from    voveo.      Sea 
Voiv.] 

Devoted ;   promised  ;  consecrated  by  a  vow   or 
promise  ;  consequent  on  a  vow. 

Vouinj  resolution  is  made  equipollent  to  custom.  Bacon. 

Vo'TA-RY,  71.  One  devoted,  consecrated,  or  engaged 
by  a  vow  or  promise  ;  hence,  more  genenUhj,  one  de- 
voted, given,  or  addicted  to  some  particular  service, 
worship,  study,  or  state  of  life.  Every  goddess  ot 
antiquity  had  her  votaries.  Every  pursuit  or  study 
has  now  its  votaries.  One  is  a  votjinj  to  miilheinat- 
ics,  another  is  a  votary  to  music,  and  alas !  a  great 
portion  of  the  world  are  votaries  ot  sensual  pleas- 
ures. 

It  was  the  coldness  of  the  votary,  not  the  prayer,  which  was  in 
fault.  ""• 

VOTE,  n.  [It.  and  Sp.  voto  :  L.  votum,  from  vovco,  to 
vow.     Votuni  is  properly  wish  or  will.] 

1  Suffrage  ;  the  expression  of  a  wish,  desire, 
will,  preference,  or  choice,  in  regard  to  any  measure 
proposed,  in  which  the  person  voting  has  an  interest 
in  common  with  others,  either  in  electing  a  m.an  to 
oflice,  or  in  passing  laws,  rules,  regulations,  and  the 
like  This  vote  or  expression  of  will  may  be  given 
bv  holding  up  the  hand,  by  rising  and  standing  up, 
bv  the  voice,  (viva  voce,)  by  ballot,  by  a  ticket,  or 
otherwise.  All  these  modes  and  others  are  used. 
Hence,  „  ,  „. 

<i  That  by  which  will  or  preference  is  expressed 
in~election3,  or  in  deciding  propositions  ;  a  ballot ;  a 
ticket,  &c. ;  as,  a  written  vote.  ,      ,    ,     ■ 

3.  Expression  of  will  by  a  majority ;  legal  decis- 
ion by  some  expression  of  the  minds  of  a  number  ; 
as,  the  vote  was  unanimous. 

4.  United  voice  in  public  prayer. 
VoTE  V.  i.    To  express  or  signify  the  mind,  will,  or 

preference,  either  viva  voce,  or  by  ballot,  &c.,  in 
electing  men  to  oflice,  or  in  passing  laws,  regula- 
tions and  the  like,  or  in  deciding  on  any  propusiluui 
in  which  one  has  an  interest  with  others.  In  elec- 
tions, men  are  bound  to  vote  for  the  best  men  to  lill 
offices,  according  to  their  best  knowledge  and  be- 
lief. 

To  vote  for  a  duelist,  is  to  assist  in  the  proslraUon  of  justice,  and 
indirecdy  to  encourage  the  crime.  i-.  i^sctier. 

VOTE  II.  t.  To  choose  by  suffrage  ;  to  elect  by  sonne 
expression  of  will ;  as,  the  citizens  Tjotcd  their  candi- 
date into  office  with  little  opposition. 

o  To  enact  or  establish  by  vote  or  some  cxprcs- 
sitm  of  will.  The  legislature  voted  the  resolution 
unanimously. 

3.  To  grant  by  vote  or  expression  of  will. 

ParUament  voted  them  a  hundred  thousand  pounds.        Sm/l. 

VOT'ED,  pp.    Expressed  by  vote  or  suffrage  ;  dcter- 

VoT'Eli,  71.  One  who  has  a  legal  right  to  voto  or 
give  his  suffrage.  ,  . 

VOT'ING,  ppr.  Expressing  the  mind,  will,  or  prefer- 
ence in  election,  or  in  determining  questions  pro- 
posed ;  giving  a  vote  or  suffrage  ;  electing,  deciding, 
giving,  or  enacting  by  vote.  .        „ 

VoT'ING,  71.  The  act  of  expressing  the  mind,  will, 
or  preference  by  vote  or  suffrage. 

VO'TIVE     a.      [Fr.  7>oti/;    L.    voUvus,    tiom    votus, 

vowed.]  .        jv    ■  \ 

Given  bv  vow  ;  devoted  ;  as,  votive  offerings.  A 
votive  medal  is  one  struck  in  grateful  cummemoraticm 
of  some  auspicious  event ;  a  votive  offering  is  a  lab- 
let,  picture,  &c.,  dedicated  in  consequence  ol  the 
vow  of  a  worshiper. 

Venus,  taie  my  votive  glass.  Prior. 


Vo'TIVE-LY,  adv.     By  vow. 

VOUCH,!).  (.     [Norm,  t'ouc/ier  :  L.  iiDM.    See  VotcE.J 

1.  To  call  to  witness;  to  obtest. 

And  vouch  the  silent  stars  and  conscious  moon.  Dnjilen. 

2.  To  declare  ;  to  affirm  ;  to  attest ;  to  warrant ;  to 
maintain  by  aflirmations. 

They  made  him  ashamed  to  vouch  the  truth  of  Uio  relation,  ami 
ofler^vard  to  credit  it.  .iuerbary. 

3.  To  wanant ;  to  confirm  ;  to  establish  proof. 

The  consislr-ncy  of  the  discourse  — ooueftcs  it  to  be  wortljy  of  Iho 
groat  apostle.  ixicw. 

4.  In  law,  to  call  into  court  to  warrant  and  defend, 
or  to  make  good  a  warranty  of  title. 

He  vouches  the  tenant  in  uil,  who  vouches  over  the  common 
vouchee  IStacKstont. 

VOUCH,  V.  i. 


To  bear  witness  ;  to  give  testimony  or 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^VT.  -  MiSTE,  PREY. -PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  -  NoTE^JOVE^OVE,  WQLF,  BOQK^ 


1242 


slnil  vouch  for  tho  tjuth  of  wbat  she  biis  s 
cnoed. 


W 

lull  attestation.    1  can  not  voach  for  tbe  truth  of  the 
re|Kirt. 

He  declaim  he  will  not  believe  h«r,  till  the  elector  of  Haoover 

>  ftolemnly  at- 

VOUCH,  n.    Warrant;  attestation.  SJtak. 

VOL'CH'iTD,  (voucht,)  pp.  Called  to  witness;  af- 
firmed or  fully  attested ;  called  into  court  to  make 
good  a  warranty. 

VOUCH-EE',  71.  In  /aw,  the  person  who  is  vouched 
or  called  into  court  to  support  or  make  good  his 
warranty  of  title  in  the  process  of  common  recovery. 

Blackstone. 

VOUCH'ER,  n.  One  who  gives  witness  or  full  attes- 
tation to  any  thing. 

The  Erreal  writers  of  that  age  stand  up  togelher  as  vouchers  for 
sACh  other's  reputation.  Spectator, 

2.  In  law,  the  act  of  calling  in  a  person  to  make 
good  his  warranty  of  title. 

3.  A  book,  paper,  or  document  which  serves  to 
vouch  the  truth  of  accounts,  or  to  confirm  and  estab- 
lish facts  of  any  kind.  The  merchant's  books  are  his 
vouchers  for  the  correctness  of  his  accounts.  Notes, 
bonds,  receipts,  and  other  writings,  arc  used  as 
vouchers  in  proving  facts. 

VOUCH'ER, }  ju  In/au7,the  tenant  in  a  writ  of  right ; 
VOUCtl'OR,  i      one  who  calls  in  another  to  establish 

his  warranty  of  title.    In  common  recoveries,  there 

may  be  a  single  voucher,  or  double  vouchers. 

Blaclistone. 
VOUCH'ING,  ppr,    Calhng  to  witness;  attesting  by 

atiirmatioD  ;    calling   in  to    maintain  warranty  of 

title. 
VOUCH-SaFE',  r.  L     [vouch  and  safe;  to  vouch  or 

answer  for  safety.] 

1.  To  permit  to  be  done  without  danger. 

2.  To  condescend  to  grant. 

Shall  I  vouf  Aaa/«  your  wonhip  a  word  or  two  ?  Shak. 

It  is  net  said  by  the  apostle  that  God  couehxafed  to  the  henihen 
the  iceans  of  salrjuon.  South, 

VOUCH-SaFE',  tJ.  i.  To  condescend  ;  to  deign  ;  to 
yield. 


w 


WAC 


VoitAsa/e,  i]lu5lrioas  OrmoDd,  to  behold 
What  power  the  charms  of  beauty  hail  of  old. 


Dryden. 


VOUCH-SaF'£D,  C-saft',)  pp.    Granted  in  condescen- 
sion. 

VOUCH-SaFE'SIENT,  n.    Grant  in  condescension  ; 
as,  God's  greatest  communicated  voucksafcmcnls. 

Boyle. 

VOUCH-SaF'ING,  ppr.     Condescending   to  grant ; 
deigning. 

VOUS'SOIR',  (voos'wor',)  n.     [Fr.]     A  wedge-like 
stone  forming  part  of  an  arch.  Qwilt. 

VOW,  n.     [Fr.  ctru  ;  It.  voio  ;  h.  rotum,  from  voveo,  to 
vow  ;  probably  a  contracted  word.] 

1.  A  solemn  promise  made  to  God,  or  by  a  pagan 
to  his  deity.  The  Roman  generals,  when  they  went 
to  war,  sometimes  made  a  row  that  they  would  build 
a  temple  to  some  favorite  deity^  if  he  would  give 
them  victory.  A  vow  is  a  promise  of  something  to 
be  given  or  done  hereafter. 

A  person  is  constituted  a  religious  by  taking  three 
vows,  of  chastity,  of  poverty,  and  of  obedience. 
Among  the  Isradites,  the  rotrs  of  children  were  not 
binding,  unless  ratified  by  the  express  or  tacit  con- 
sent of  their  father.    JWm.  xxx. 

a.  A  solemn  promise  ;  as,  the  vmcs  of  unchangea- 
ble love  and  fidelity.  In  a  moral  and  religious  sense, 
vows  are  promises  to  God,  as  they  appeal  to  God  to 
witness  their  sincerity,  and  the  violation  of  them  is 
a  most  heinous  offense. 

VOW,  r.  t,     [Fr.  vouer ;  L.  uopeo.] 

1.  To  give,  consecrate,  or  dedicate  to  God  by  a  sol- 
emn promise.    When  Jacob  went  to  Mesopotamia, 


WIS  the  twenty-third  tetter  of  the  Eiijzlish  alpha- 
bet. It  takes  its  written  form  and  its  name  from 
the  union  of  two  Fs,  this  being  the  form  of  the  Ro- 
man capital  letter  which  we  call  U.  The  name, 
double  u,  being  piveii  to  it  from  its  form  or  compo- 
sition, and  not  from  its  sound,  ought  not  to  be  re- 
tained. Every  letter  should  be  named  from  its  sound, 
especially  the  vowels.  W  is  properly  a  vowel,  a  sim- 
ple sound,  formed  by  opening  the  rnouth  with  a  close, 
circular  configuration  of  the  lips.  It  is  precisely  the 
ou  of  the  French,  and  the  u  of  the  Spaniards,  Ital- 
ians, and  Germans.  With  the  other  vowels  it  forms 
diphthongs,  which  are  of  easy  pronunciation  ;  as  in 
reeU,  want,  will,  dwell;  pronounced  ooel,  ooant,  ooill, 
dooelL  In  English,  it  is  always  followed  by  another 
vowel,  except  when  fotiowrd  by  A  or  r,  os  in  wAcn, 
wreck;  but  this  case  is  an  exception  only  in  writing, 


he  vowed  to  God  a  tenth  of  his  substance,  and  his 

own  future  devotion  to  his  service.     Ocn.  xxviii. 
Wlieii  thou  roi«sJ  a  vow,  defer  not  to  pay  it.  —  Eccl«.  v. 

^-  To  devote.  Spenser. 

VOn  ,  V.  i.    To  make  X'ows  or  solemn  promises.    He 

that  vows,  mu^t  be  careful  to  perforin. 
VOU''£D,  pp.     Solenmly  promised  to  God ;  given  or 

consecrated  by  solemn  promise. 
VOWEL,;:.     [L.  vocalis,  from  voco;  Fr.  voyclle;  It. 

vocale.] 

1.  In  grammar,  a  simple  sound ;  a  sound  uttered 
by  simply  opening  the  mouth  or  organs  ;  as  tlie  sound 
of  a,  e,  o. 

2.  The  letter  or  character  which  represents  a  sim- 
ple sound. 

VOW'EIj,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  vowel  ;  vocal. 

VOW'EL-£D,  a.    Furnished  with  vowels. 

VOW'ER,  n.    One  who  makes  a  vow. 

VOW'-FEL-LOW,  71.  [vow  and  fellow.]  One  bound 
by  the  same  voiv.     [Little  used.'] 

VOWING,  ppr.    Making  a  vow. 

VOY'AGE,  n.  [Fr.,  from  voie,  or  the  same  root,  Eng. 
icay,  Sax.  wie^^  loeg.     See  Wag  and  Way.1 

1.  A  passing  by  sea  or  water  from  one  place,  port, 
or  country  to  another,  especially  a  passing  or  jour- 
ney by  water  to  a  distant  place  or  country.  Captain 
L.  made  more  than  a  hundred  voyages  to  the  West 
Indies.  A  voyage  over  Lake  Superfor  is  like  a  voy- 
age to  Bermuda. 
9.  The  practice  of  traveling.     [JVo(  in  use.] 

Bacon. 

VOY'AGE,  v.  i.    To  sail  or  pass  by  water.       Pope. 

VOY'AGE,  V.  t.     To  travel ;  to  pass  over. 

I  with  pain 
Voyaged  th'  unreal,  vast,  unbouuded  deep.  MUXon. 

VOY'A-GER,  n.  One  who  sails  or  passes  by  sea  or 
water. 

A  priv.ite  voyager  I  pasa  the  main.  Pope. 

VOY'A-GEUR',(y\Va.'y^-z\\Mx',)n.  [Fr.]  Literally,  a 
traveler  ;  the  Canadian  name  of  a  class  of  men  em- 
ployed by  the  fur  companies,  &c.,  in  transporting 
goods  by  the  rivers  and  across  the  land,  to  and  from 
the  remote  stations  at  the  north-west. 

VOY'OL,  71.  Among  seamen,  a  large  rope,  sometimes 
used  in  weighing  the  anchor ;  also  written  Viol. 

VOX,  n.     [L.]    A  voice.  [Totten. 

Voz  populi :  the  voice  of  the  people. 
Voz  Dei ;  the  voice  of  God. 

VTTL'GAN,  71.  [L.  vulcanus.J  In  myth<dogy,  the  god 
who  presided  over  the  working  of  metals.  The  hus- 
band of  Venus. 

VUL-€a'NI-AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  Vulcan,  or  to  works 
in  iron,  &c.  Smart, 

As  an  epithet,  in  geology,  the  same  as  Plutonian, 
which  see.  Smart. 

VUL'CAN-IST.    See  Volcanist. 

VUL-Ga'NO.     See  Volcano. 

VUL'GAR,  a.  [Ft,  vulgairc  ;  It.  viilgarc  ;  L.  vulgaris, 
from  tulgus,  the  common  people,  that  is,  the  crowd, 
Eng./o/A-.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  common,  unlettered  people; 
as,  vulgar  life. 

2.  Used  or  practiced  by  common  people  ;  as,  vulgar 

3.  Vernacular;  national.  [sports. 

It  miglU  be  more  useful  to  the  English  reader  to  writ-?  in  our 
vulgar  hngua^.  Pelt. 

4.  Common  ;  used  by  all  classes  of  people ;  as,  the 
vulgar  version  of  the  Scriptures. 

5.  Pubhc  ;  as,  vulgar  leport. 

tJ.  Mean;  rustic;  rude;  low;  unrefined;  as,  vul- 
gar minds;  viilgar  manners. 
7.  Consisting  of  common  persons. 

hi  reading  an  account  of  a  battle,  we  follow  the  hero  witJi  our 
whole  attention,  but  seldom  rcQect  ou  the  vulgar  heapa  of 
slauo'hter.  Pambler. 


W. 


and  nut  in  pronunciation,  for  A  precedes  w  in  utter- 
ance ;  rrliai  being  pronounced  hooen.  In  Welsh,  w, 
which  is  sounded  as  in  English,  is  used  without  an- 
other vowel,  as  in  fwl,  a  fool ;  diou,  dun  ;  dwb,  mor- 
tar ;  gwn,  a  gun  and  a  gown. 

It  is  not  improbable  that  the  Romans  pronounced 
V  as  we  do  w,  for  their  volvo  is  our  wallow  ,-  and  volo, 
vdle,  is  the  English  will,  G.  wollcn.  But  this  is  un- 
cer-ain.  The  German  v  has  the  sound  of  tho  Eng- 
lish/, and  w  that  of  the  English  v. 

IV,  nt  the  end  of  words,  is  often  silent  after  a  and 
o,  as  in  laic,  saw,  low,  sow.  In  many  words  of  this 
kind,  w  represents  the  Saxon  g;  in  other  cases,  it 
helps  to  form  a  diphthong,  as  in  now,  row,  lu-tc,  strew. 

As  an  abbreviation,  W.  stands  for  west;  W.  N. 
W.  for  west-north^wcst :  W.  S.  W.  for  west-south- 
west, &c. 


Vulgar  fractions;  io  arithmetie,  fraction*  ezpreHcd 
by  a  numerator  and  denominator;  thus,  %. 
VUL'GAR,  n.    The  common  people. 

[It  has  no  plural  termination,  but  ha*  often  a  plural 
verb.] 

The  vulgar  bni^^iic  tiie  Pmroder  to  t^re  Lees  ft  cUd  inpoaed 

on  til':  ruiUijii.  Slt^^ 

VUL'GAR-ISM,  Tu    Grossoess  of  manners;  vulgar- 
ity.    I  Little  u^ed,] 
2.  A  vulgar  phrase  or  expreniion. 

iTfiis  L9  the  iuuai  Hcjuie  of  the  word.] 
•GAR'I-TV,   (71.    Mean   condition  rf  life  t  the 
VUL'GAK-NESS,  \     state  of  the  lower  < : 
ciety. 

2.  Grossness  or  clowniflhness  of  n::.. 
guagc;   as,  vulgarity  of  behavior;   ra//.- '•■.'•/  'A  ci- 
pression  or  language'.  Lhyden. 

VUL'GAR-T'/K,  r.  L     To  make  vul-ar.  Fatter. 

VUL'GAlMZ-i-JD,  pp.     .Made  vulvar. 
VUL'GAIMZ-ING,  Pin-.    Rendering  \Tilpir. 
VUL'GAIt-LY,  ado.     Commonly;    jn  the    ordrnnn' 
manner  among  the  common  jKople. 

Siidi  one  w?  vutgarly  all  a  d-sprrate  jrnon. 

2.  Meartty;  rudely;  clownishly. 

VUL'GATE,  n.    A  very  ancient  L-atin  • 
Scriptures,  and  the  only  one  which  th-r 
olic  charcli  admits  to  be  authentic.    I:  .    _ 
from  its  common  use  in  the  Latin  church.        Cjc 

VUL'GATE,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  old  Lalin  rersion 
of  the  Scriptures. 

VUL-XER-A  BIL'I-TY,  n.    The  state  of  being  vul- 
nerable. 

VUL'NER-A-BLE,a,  [Fr.,from  L.  riiZiKro,  to  wound, 
from  vulnus,  a  wound.] 

1.  That  may  be  wounded  ;  Fusceptlble  of  wounds 
or  external  injuries ;  as,  a  vulnerable  body. 

Achilles  was  vulnerabU  in   his  b^rl;   uxl  tbrre  viQ  r-     - 
wantiog  a  Pars  to  infix  ti-;  dart.  ^— 

0.  Liable  to  injury  ;  subject  to  be  alTectcd  ajju;i- 
ou^lv  ;  na,  a  vulnerable  reputation. 
VUL'NER-A-RY,   a.      [Ft.  vuineraire;    L.  nUcra- 
rius.] 

Useful  in  healing  wounds  ;  adapted  to  the  cure  of 
external  injuries ;  as,  vulnerary  plants  or  potions. 

Csfc. 
VUL'NER-A-RY,  n.    Any  plant,  drug,  or  composi- 
tion,  useful  in  the  cure  of  wounds.     Certain  un- 
guents, balsams,  and  the  like,  are  used  as  vulnerariej. 
VUL'NER-^TE,  v.  ^     [L.  rulnero,] 

To  wound  ;  to  hurt.     [J\rot  m  uae.]        OlanciQe. 
VUL-NER-A'TION,  ji.    The  act  of  wounding.     [.Yet 

in  use.]  Pecrson. 

VUL'PINE,  (vul'pin,)  a.  [L.  rulpinus,  from  vulprj:,  a 
fox.  Vulpes  is  our  English  wolf,  the  same  word  a^ 
plied  to  a  difierent  animal.] 
Pertaining  to  the  fox  ;  cunning  ;  crafiy ;  aitfuL 
VUL'PIN-ITE,  n.  [from  Vulpuw,  m  Italy.]  A  vari- 
ety of  Anhydrite,  containing  some  silica,  and  pn.-- 
senling  a  grayish-white  color  and  high  luster. 

VUL'TIJRE,  (vult'yur,)  n.    [L.  vuUvr.] 

An  accipitrine  bird  of  the  genus  VuHur.  V.^' 
liave  a  large  and  strong  beak,  the  nostrils  pi-  - 
transversely  to  its  base  ;  the  head  nnd  neck  u  .■  '. 
featliers  or  canincles,  and  a  collar  of  long  f.:ii:  r  , 
or  of  down,  at  the  root  of  the  neck.  Piwikt  ri.^^-r,,* 
have  hitherto  been  found  only  on  the  eastern  conti- 
nent. Curier. 

VUL'TUR-IXE,  (vult'yurJn,)  a.     [L.  rukuhnuM.] 
Belonging  to  the  vulture ;  having  the  qualities  of 
the  vulture  ;  resembling  the  vulturo  ;  rapacious. 

VUL'TUR-ISH,  a.     Like  a  vulture. 

VUL'TUR-OUS,  a.     Like  a  vulture;  rapacious. 

X^'V^G,  ppr.    Competing;  emulating. 


VV.\B'BLE,  (woVbl,)  r.  u      [W.  gxcibiax,  to  wander, 
to  move  in  a  circular  form.] 

To  move  from  one  side  to  the  other  :  to  vacillate  : 
as  a  turning  or  whirling  body.  So  it  i^  said  a  top 
jtabbles,  when  it  is  in  motion,  and  de%-iates  from  a 
perpendicular  direction  ;  a  spindle  wabbles,  when  it 
moves  one  way  and  tlie  other  .\  millstone  in  mo- 
tion, if  not  well  balanced,  will  wobble. 

[  This  word  is  applied  rAi>j8y  to  bodies  vken  tumtn^ 
with  a  eircttlar  motwu,  and  its  place  can  not  be  supptttd 
by  any  other  word  in  the  language.  It  is  ntiL^r-  Irr 
nor  barbarous.] 

WAB'BLE,  ".    A  hobblinc,  unequal  motion. 

W' AB'BLI.VG,  ppr.  or  a-     Ilaving  an  inegular  moiiiii. 
backward  and  forward.  ^     ^-  ,. 

WACK'E,  i  n.  A  rock  nearly  allied  to  basalt,  of  which 

W.ACK'Y,  \      it  may  be  regarded  as  a  more  soft  and 


TONE,  BIJLL,  UNITE.— AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS — €  as  Kj  Q  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


1243 


WAF 


\y  A  G 


WAl 


earthy  variety.  Its  color  is  a  greenisli-pay,  brown, 
r,?  bia^ck  It  is  opaque,  yields  easily  l«  the  k.ufe,  and 
ha«  often  a  greasy  feel.  i;/™-     t-!"^- 

Oray-wackc  is  a  name  given  to  certain  hard  sand- 
stonesfor  grit-roclis,  and  the  associated  stral.H0ccur- 
nn"  below  the  coal  formation.  .f'?';. 

WAl),  (wod,)  n.  [G.  watte ;  Dan.  vat,  a  wad ;  that  is, 
a'  m.iss  or  collection.]  ^     .. ,  .    ■„, 

1  A  little  mass  of  some  sott  or  llcxilile  material, 
Midi  as  hay,  straw,  tow,  paper,  or  old  rope  yarn, 
used  for  stopping  the  clmreo  ol  powder  in  a  gun  .ind 
pressing  it  close  to  the  shot,  or  for  keeping  the  pow- 

''"  "A''liule\na"ss,'tuft,  or  bundle,  as  of  hay  or  tow. 

\V\I>      Ik.    In  mincni(ojr!/,  an  earthy  oxyd  of  nian- 

WADU,  gancsc,  of  which  there  are  four  varieties  ; 
fibrous,  ochery,  pulverulent  uiliery,  and  dendritic.  In 
"onic  places,  plumbago,  or  black  lead,  is  called  ™i 
or  icadd.  ,  -^  * 

VVAD'OED,  a.    Formed  into  a  wad  or  mass. 

\V.\D'DING,  n.     [«.  muKcl 

'  1.  A  wad  or  the  materials  for  wads ;  .any  pliible 
substance  of  which  wads  may  be  made. 

0  \  kind  of  sort  stuff  of  loose  texture,  used  lor 
sluhing  garments  ;  also,  sheets  of  carded  cotton  pre- 
pared for  the  same  purpose.  .     u    ..  a; 

\V  \D'DLE,  (wod'dl,)  v.  i.  [This  seems  to  be  a  di- 
ii'iinutive  formed  on  the  root  of  midc,  I..  I'ado,  to  go  ; 
0.  watCH,  to  wade  ;  wat.icltdn,  to  waddle.] 

1  To  move  one  way  and  the  other  in  walking  ;  to 
deviate  to  one  side  and  the  other  ;  to  vacillate  ;  xs,  a 
child  waddles  when  he  begins  to  walk  ;  very  fat  peo- 
ple walk  with  a  kind  of  waddling  pace.  &o  we  say, 
a  duck  or  a  goose  waddles. 

2.  To  walk  with  a  waddling  motion. 

And  hiirdly  wruldles  forth  to  cool.  Siei/t. 


WXn'  n.  A  thiatiim  l"'dv ;  also,  a  signal  displayed 
from  a  sliip'.s  stern,  by  hoisting  all  ensign  furled  in  a 
roll  to  the  head  of  the  staff.  l-!/«- 

WAFT'ACE,  II.  (Jonveyancoor  transportation  through 
a  buoyant  medium,  as  air  or  water.  Sliak. 

WAFT'ED,  pp.  Borne  or  conveyed  through  air  or 
water. 

WXFT'EE,  Ti.     He  or  that  which  waits;  a  passage- 

o   Tlie  conductor  of  vessels  at  sea.    [Ai  M  word.} 
WXFT'ING,  PPT.    Carrying  through  a  buoyant  me- 
dium. -   . , 
WAFT'ING.Ti.     A  hearing  or  floating  in  a  lluul. 
W.^FT'lJRE,n.     The  act  of  waving.     [JVul  m  «-«.] 

WAG  V  t  [Sax.  Kairian  and  wccgan ;  G.  hcwegm ;  I). 
bewcc'ren,  to  move,  to  stir  ;  wccgen,  to  weigh;  G.  )rd- 
n-rn  lowri.'/i  .■  Sw.  vdga,  Dan.  va.ier,  to  wag,  to  weigh, 
^riiis  is  the  radix  of  the  L.  vae.illa,  Eng./cilc,  wagon, 
wain,  wan,  wane,  waggle,  &c.]  ■,.„„. 

To  move  one  way  and  tlic  other  with  quick  turns , 
to  move  a  little  way,  and  then  turn  the  other  way  ; 
as,  to  loag  the  head. 

Evory  oi.e  Ihat  passolli  llionl))-  »li.->ll  be  nsImislicU,  .-lud  m-S  !"» 
held.  —  Jor.  iviii.     Mall,  xxvii. 


Wa'GF.R,  n.  I.  To  lay  ;  to  bet ;  to  hazard  on  .he  is- 
sue of  a  contest,  or  on  some  question  that  is  to  be 
decided,  or  on  some  casualty.  Dnjden 

WA'GliK-£D,  pp.    Laid  ;  pledged  ;  as  a  bet. 
WA'GER-Ell,  ?i.    One  who  wages  or  lays  a  bet. 
WA'GElt-ING,  ji;ir.    Laying  ;  belting. 

Waiterma  poUoij;  in  commerce,  a  policy  ol  msur- 
ancejliisurlng  a  sum  of  money  when  no  property  is 
at  hazard  ;  as  a  policy  to  insure  money  on  a  ship 
when  no  iiroperty  is  on  board  ;  that  is,  insurance,  in 
terest  or  no  interest ;  or  a  wagering  policy  may  be  a 
policy  to  insure  property  which  is  already  "'snred. 
Such"  policies,  in  England,  are,  by  statute  19  Geo 
III.,  made  null  and  void.  .  . 

Wa'GES,  u.  riiiral  in  termination,  but  singular  in 
signification.     [Pr.  gage,  gages-]  ,„„,„.„,i 

1  Hire  ■  reward  ;  that  which  is  paid  or  slipuiaied 
for  services  ;  but  chieflyfor  services  by  manual  labor, 
or  for  military  and  naval  services.  We  s|ieak  ol 
servant's  wai'es,  a  laborer's  7oages,  or  soldier's  wages  ; 
but  we  neve?  apply  the  word  to  the  rewards  given  to 
men  in  ofBcc,  which  are  called  fees  or  salary,  llio 
word  is,  however,  sometimes  applied  to  the  compen- 
sation given  to  representatives  in  the  legislature 

United  otatcs. 


WAD'DLEK,  (wod'dler,)  n.     One  that  waddles. 
WAD'DLING,  ppr.  or  a.     Moving  from  side  to  side  in 

VVAD'DLING-LY,  ailv.    With  a  vacillating  gait. 

•  Entick. 

WADE  V.  i.  [Sw.  rada  ;  D.  waaden ;  G.  waten  :  Dan. 
i-ader:  Fr.  "-uccr,  fur  o-iicrfer  ,■  It.  gnadarc  ;  bp.  vaie- 
ar  i  L.  rada,  to  go.     Qu.  Heb.  ^3^l,  aead,  to  go. J 

1  To  w.alk  through  anv  substance  that  yields  to 
the  feet ;  as,  to  wade  through  water  ;  to  wade  through 
.sand  or  snow.  To  wade  over  a  river,  is  to  walk 
through  on  the  bottom.     Fowls  that  watlc  have  long 

'"•)''  To  move  or  pass  with  difhculty  or  labor ;  as, 
iudges  wade  through  an  intricate  law  case.  It  is  not 
niy  purpose  to  wade  through  these  controversies. 

The  king'.aJniiraWc  con.luct  h^i,mded  "'""'Sl' '^j;';"^™' 
And'iLies  through  fumes,  ouJ  gropes  ha  wiiy.  Dryden. 

WaDE,  v.  t.  To  pass  by  walking  on  the  bottom  ;  as, 
to  wade  a  river.  „■     •     ,  ^      * 

(This  is  a  common  expression,  but  elliptical  tor,  to 
wade  through  a  river.] 
WaD'ER,  n.    One  that  wades.    An  order  of  buds 
that  wade  in  water  for  their  prey  are  called  waders. 
WAD'ING,  vpr.  or  a.     Walking  through  a  substance 

that  yields  to  the  feet,  as  through  water  or  sand. 
WaD'I.'VG-BIRD.    See  Wauer. 
\VAD'SETT,  n.     [Sax.  w<r.d,  wed,  a  pledge.] 
'  In  Scottish  lam,  a  kind  of  pledge  or  moitpige. 

Brande. 
W  MI'SETT-EU,  n.   One  who  holds  by  wadsett.  Cijc. 
WAD' V,  (wod'e,)  v.     [Ar.]    The  channel  of  a  w.ater- 
course,  which  is  dry  except  in  the  rainy  season. 

'  Robinson. 

Wa'FER,  n.     [D.  wafel;  G.  waffel;  Dan.  vaffel;  Sw. 
vaMa  ;  Russ.  vaphel ;  Fr.  ganffre.'] 

1.  A  thin  cake  or  leaf;  as,  a  wafer  of  bread  given 
by  the  Roman  Calhulics  in  the  eucharist. 
'o    A  tliin  leaf  of  paste,  or  a  composition  of  Hour, 
thc'white  of  eggs,  isinglass,  and  yeast,  spread  over 
with  gum-water  and  dried  ;  used  in  sealing  letters. 
WA'FER,  V.  t.    To  seal  or  close  with  a  wafer. 
WA'FER-BD,  pp.    Sealed  with  a  wafer. 
VV.\F'FLE,  (wof '(!,)  ti.     [D.  wafel,  G.  waffel] 

■  .\  thin  cake  baked  hard  and  rolled,  or  a  soft  in- 
dented cake  baked  in  an  iron  utensil  on  coals. 
WAF'FLF.-1-RON,  (wof 'd-i-urn,)  n.     A  utensd  for 

baking  waffles. 
WAFT,  V.  t.     [Perhaps  from  liiiiiic  ;  if  so,  it  belongs  to 
the  root  of  wag.]  „  .,      ,  ,- 

1.  To  bear  through  a  fluid  or  buoyant  medium  ;  to 
convey  through  water  or  air ;  as,  a  balloon  was  waft- 
ed over  the  channel. 


\Wair  expresses   particularly  the  motion  of  tlio 

head  and  body  used  in  huflbonery,  mirth,  derision, 

sport,  and  mockery.    It  is  applied  also  to  birds  and 

beasts  ;  as,  to  toajf  the  tail.] 

WAG,  V.  i.    To  be  quick  in  ludicrous  motion ;  to  stir. 

'Tij  merry  ia  h  Jl.  "h-re  l.arJ«  wag  all.  -^n*- 

Tivinhle  .-uid  start  al  i«;jiiig  ol  a  straw.  *'"«. 

2.  To  go  ;  to  depart ;  to  pack  off. 

I  will  provoke  him  10  'I,  or  let  him  aag.  Skak. 

3.  To  he  moved  one  way  and  the  other. 
The  resly  sioic  inagscd  ne'er  the  more.  Drydcn. 

WAG    n.     [from  the  verb.]     A  droll ;  a  man  full  of 
low  sport  and  humor  ;  a  ludicrous  fellow 


We  tvink  at  mg,,  when  Ihcy  ollonil.  ?^-^ff"\,i. 

The  counselor  i.e.er  plet^led  without  a  p.ccc  of  pac  Ithitad  i .  Ins 
hand,  which  lie  nied  U>  lwi«  about  lus  finger  all  the  whde  he 
was  speakiug ;  the  i«s«  usod  to  caU  it  die  UircadoT  his  dis- 
course. ^'^  ' 


WAGE,  n.  (.  [G.  wagen;  D.  waagen;  Sw.  vaga,  to 
venture,  to  dare,  to  wage  ;  F.'.  gager,  for  guager,  to 
lay  or  bet ;  from  the  root  of  wag.  The  sense  is,  to 
throw,  to  lay  or  throw  down,  as  a  glove  or  gaunt- 
let 1 

i  To  lav  ;  to  bet ;  to  throw  down,  as  a  pledge ;  to 
stake  ;  to  put  at  hazard  lui  the  event  of  a  contest. 
This  is  the  common  popular  sense  of  the  word  in 
New  England  ;  as,  to  wage  a  dollar ;  to  wage  a 
horse. 

2.  To  venture ;  to  hazard. 

To  wake  and  tmee  a  danger  profiUess.  Shak. 

3  To  make  ;  to  begin  ;  to  carry  on  ;  that  is,  to  go 
forward,  or  advance  to  attack,  as  in  invasion  or  ag- 
gression ;  used  in  the  phrase  to  wage  war.  He  waged 
war  with  all  his  enemies. 

He  pondered,  which  of  all  his  eons  was  lit 

To  reign,  and  icagc  iHuuocla!  Icar  witli  wit.  Unpen. 

4.  To  set  to  hire. 

Thou  most  tefi^C 
Tliy  worts  for  wealth.     [.Vol  i"  ust.\  Slimier. 

5.  To  take  to  hire  ;  to  hire  for  pay  ;  to  cnipUiy  for 
waxes  ;  as,  waged  soldiers.  He  was  well  waged  and 
rewarded.     [Fr.]     [Obs.]  .  Ralegh. 

To  wa-re  one's  law  ;  to  give  security  to  make  one  s 
law  The  defendant  is  then  to  swear  that  he  owes 
nothing  to  the  plaintiir,  and  eleven  neighbors,  ca  led 
compnrirators,  are  to  avow  upon  their  oaths  [hat  they 
believe  in  their  consciences  that  ho  has  declared  the 
truth  This  is  called  wager  of  law.  Blaclistonc. 
Wa'GKD,  pp.    Laid  ;  deposited,  as  a  pledge  ;  made  or 

Wa'GER,  n.  'something  deposited,  laid,  or  hazarded, 
on  the  event  of  a  contest  or  some  unsettled  ipiestion  ; 
a  bet, 


Tell  mo.  what  shall  thy  Mmges  be  ?  —  Gen.  xxix. 
Be  content  with  your  wages.  —  Luke  lii. 
2.  Reward;    fruit;    recompense;    that  which  is 
given  or  received  in  return. 

The  ^oage3  of  sio  is  death.  —Rom.  vi. 

WAG'GEL,  I  n.    A  name  given  in  Cornwall  to  the 

WAG'EL  i  voung  of  the  gre.at  black-backed  gull, 
Larusmarinus";  formerly  considered  a  distinct  spe- 
cies, anil  called  Laras  naiiiius.  Jardme. 

WAG'GER-Y,  71.  [from  toag.]  Mischievous  inerri- 
ment ;  sportive  trick  or  gayety  ;  sarcasm  m  good  hu- 
mor ;  as,  the  waggery  of  a  school-boy.  Locke. 

WAG'GISII,  a.  Mischievous  in  sport;  roguisli  in 
merriment  or  good  humor ;  frolicsome ;  as,  a  com- 
pany of  waggish  boys.  VEstrange. 

2.  Done,  made,  or  laid  in  waggery  or  for  sport  ;  as, 
a  wa'f'ish  trick. 

WAG'GISH-LY,  adv.      In  a  waggish    manner  ;    in 

w'aG'GISH-NESS,  71.  Mischievous  sport;  wanton 
merriment.  ,      ,  -S'"-""; 

WAG'GING,  ppr.  Bloving  the  head  one  way  and  the 
other  with  quick  turns.  ,       „         ,  , 

W  AG'GLE,  (vvag'gl,)  t>.  i.     [D.  waggelen  i  G.  waclicln , 
L.  vaciUo,  dim.  of  wag.] 
To  waddle  ;  to  reel  or  move  from  side  to  side. 


Speed  the  soft  intercourse  from  soul  to  soul, 
And  wa/t  a  sigh  from  Indus  to  the  ptde. 


Pope. 

2.  To  convey,  as  ships.  C«e. 

3   To  buoy  ;  to  cause  to  float;  to  keep  from  sink- 
■     ■  Brown. 

i.  To  beckon  ;  to  give  notice  by  something  in  mo- 
tion.    IJ^ot  in  K.SC.]  _  ,  , 

[This  verb  is  regular.    But  waft  was  formerly  used 
bv  some  writers  for  wafted.) 
WAFT,  V.  t.    To  lloal ;  to  be  moved  or  to  pass  in  a 
buoyant  medium. 

And  now  the  shoots  mafl  near  the  citadel.  Dryilen 


Besides  these  plates  for  horseraces,  die  .Mffers  may  te  as  the 
nersons  nlease.  empia. 

If  a,!y  atheist  can  stake  his  soul  for  a  imffcr  againsl  such  an 
inexhaustible  disproportion.  uenlley. 

o    Subject  on  which  bets  are  laid.  Sidney. 

3  In  law,  an  ofler  to  make  oath  of  innocence  or 
non-indebtedness;  or  the  act  of  making  oath,  to- 
getlier  with  the  oaths  of  eleven  compurgators,  to  lor- 
tifv  the  defendant's  oalll.  . 

'li-a.rer  of  battle,  is  when  the  tenant  ma  writ  ot 
ri"lit  "ofl-ers  to  prove  liis  right  by  the  body  of  his 
champion,  and,  throwing  down  his  glove  as  a  gage 
or  pMge  thus  wages  or  slipuhates  battle  with  he 
chamiiion  of  the  demamlanl,  who,  by  taking  up  the 
clove  accepts  the  chiillenge.  The  champions,  .armed 
with  batons,  enter  the  list,  and,  taking  each  other  by 
the  hand,  each  swears  to  tlio  justice  of  the  cause  o 
the  party  for  whom  he  appears  ;  they  then  fight  til 
the  -itars  appear,  and  if  the  champion  of  the  tenant 
ran  defend  himself  till  that  time,  his  catise  prevails. 

Btackstone. 
The  wager  of  battle,  which  has  long  been  in  dis- 
use, was  aliolished  by  law  in  England  in  1830. 
'  f  J  ade. 


Why  do  you  go  nodding  and  waggling  so  i         L'Estrange. 

W.-iG'GLE,  7!.  (.    To  move  one  way  and  the  other; 

is,  a  bird  waggles  his  tail. 
W\G'ON  71.  [D.  and  G.  wagen;  Sw.  ua^,  Mx. 
wasgn,  wa:n;  \V.  gwain,  a  wagon,  warn,  or  sheath, 
L.  iaUna,  the  latter  being  from  wag,  and  signifying 
a  passage  ;  Gaelic,  baighin,  a  wagon  ;  Malabar,  waif- 
ateui  ;  Sans,  wahana.  The  old  orthography,  \\a.> 
GON,  seems  to  be  falling  into  disuse,    bee  Wag.J 

1  A  vehicle  moved  on  font  wheels,  and  usually 
drawn  by  horses  ;  used  for  the  transportation  of 
heavy  commodities.  In  America,  light  wagons  are 
used  for  the  conveyance  of  families,  and  for  carrj- 
ing  light  commodities  to  market,  particularly  a  very 
light  kind  drawn  by  one  horse. 
2.  A  chariot.     [Mt  in  use.]  Spcn.^cr. 

WAG'ON,  r.  t.    To  transport  in  a  wagon.    Goods  are 

,ira<ro7icfl  from  I.ondon  to  tlie  intcTior. 
W'^VO'DN,  V.  I.     To  practice  the  transportation  if 
goods  in  a  wagon.    The  man  wagons  between  1  fiil- 
adclphia  and  Pinsliurgli. 
WAG'0.\-AGE,  Ti.      Money  paid  for   carnage  in  a 

wagtTTi.  ,  . 

WAG'ON-KD,  pp.    Transported  in  wagons. 
WAG'ON-ER,  71.    One  who  conducts  a  wagon. 

o.  A  constellation,  Charles's  Warn. 
W  VG'O.'^-ING,  vpr.    Trans|)ortilig  in  a  wagon. 
WAG'0.\-1.NG,«.    The  business  of  transporting  in  a 

WAG^'TAIL,  7t.  [wag  and  tail.]  A  small  bird  of  sev- 
eral species,  belonging  to  the  genus  Motacilla, 
(Linn,,) and  named  from  the  inccss:int  motion  ol  its 

WA^H.^BEE,  71.  A  follower  of  Abdel  Waliab,  a  re- 
former of  Midiammedanism,  about  17C0.  llis  doc- 
trines prevail  particularly  among  the  Bedouins,  and 
the  seel,  thfiiigh  checked  in  its  influence,  extenils  to 
most  parts  of  Arabia.  ■S™"''''- 

WAID,  <i.    Crushed.     [JVot  m  km.]  "'"•''■ 

WAIF  n.    [Norm,  wef,  weif:  from  wame.] 

Goods  found,  of  which  the  owner  is  not  known. 
These  were  originally  such  gooils  as  a  thief,  when 
imrsued.  Ihrev/  awav  to  prevent  being  apprehended. 
They  belong  to  Ihe"  king,  unless  the  owner  makes 
fresh  suit  of  the  felon,  takes  him,  and  brings  him  to 
justice.  .  ,  Blaelistone 

WAIL,  1).  t.      Ice.  vcela;  It.  gaatolarc;  Gaelic,  guilam 
or  naill :  W.  gioylam  and  wylaw ;   Arm.  goela,  to 
liowl.    Heb.  and  Ar.  S:N  aval.] 
Tn  laiiu'iil ;  to  moan  ;  to  bewail. 

Or  if  no  more  her  alisent  lord  i-lie  icai/t.  Pofie. 


— -— -^;^^;^-^^^ 


1244 


WAI 

WAIL,  V.  I.    To  weep ;  to  express  sorrow  audibly. 

Tbeivfure  I  will  vail  anJ  bovl.  —  Alicah  i. 

WAIL,  n.    Loud  weeping  ;  violent  lamentation. 
WaIL'FIJL,  a.    Sorrowful ;  mournful.  Shak, 

WAlL'fS'G,  ppr     Lamenting  with  audible  cries. 
WAIL'IXG,  II.    Loud  cries  of  sorrow;  deep  lamenta- 
tion. 

There  sh,\ll  bo  tsailing  and  gnashing  of  leeili.  — Matt.  xiii. 

WAIL'IXG-LY,  adv.    In  a  wailing  manner. 
AVAIL'MENT,  M.     Lamentation.  Racket 

WaIN,  n.  [Sas.  wim,  W.  gwain;  contracted.  See 
Wago-.j 

1.  A  wagon ;  a  carriage  for  the  transportation  of 
goods  on  wheels. 

-2.  A  constellation,  Charles's  Wain. 
WaIN'AGE,  II.    A  finding  of  carriages.  jSirisicorUi. 
WaIX'-BoTE,  It.    Timber  for  wagons  or  carts. 

Eng.  Law. 
WaIN'-HOUSE,  n.    A  house  or  shed  for  wagons  and 

carts.    [Local.]  Cijc. 

Wa!X'-RoPE,  n.    A  rope  for  binding  a  load  on  a 

wa^on  ;  a  cart-rope.  Shak. 

WAI.V'SeoT,  71.     [D.  wagenschoL] 

In  buUding,  a  wooden  lining  or  boarding  of  walls 
made  in  panels. 
WAIX'SeOT,  r.  t    To  line  with  boards  ;  as,  to  wain- 
scot a  hall. 

Music  aoundfi  beUer  \a  chamber  wainscoted  than  luuiged. 

Bacon. 

2.  To  line  with  difi'erent  materials. 

The  other  is  isainscoted  with  luoUng^- glass.  Addison. 

WAIN'SeOT-ED,  pp.    Lined  with  boards  or  panels. 
WAI-X'SeOT-ING,  ppr.    Lining  with  boards. 
WAIR,  71.    A  piece  of  plank  two  yards  long,  and  a 

foot  broad,     fj  know  not  wkerr-  used.]  Smart. 

WaIST,  71.     [W.  gTT^so-,  pressure,  squeeze,  the  waist, 

the  part  where  the  girdle  is  tied  ;  allied  to  s/jueezc] 

1.  That  part  of  the  human  body  which  is  immedi- 
ately below  the  ribs  or  thorax  ;  or  the  email  part  of 
the  body  between  the  thorax  and  hips. 

2.  That  part  of  a  ship  which  is  between  the  quar- 
ter-deck and  forecastle.  But  in  many  ships  now 
built,  there  is  no  quarter-dtjck,  and  in  such  tlie  waist 
is  the  middle  part  of  the  ship. 

WAIST'BAND,  71.  The  band  or  upper  part  of  breeches, 
trowsers,  or  pantaloons,  which  encompasses  the 
waJsL 

WaIST'CLOTHS,  n.  Coverings  of  canvas  or  tarpau- 
ling  for  the  hammocks,  stowed  on  the  gangways,  be- 
tween the  quarter-deck  and  the  forecastle. 

Jilar.  DicL 

WaIST'CoAT,  n.  [waist  and  coaL]  A  shurt  coat  or 
garment  for  men,  extending  no  lower  than  the  hips, 
and  covering  the  waist  ;  a  ve^t.  This  under  gar- 
ment is  now  generally  called  in  America  a  Vest. 

WaIST'ER,  n.  In  ships,  waisters  are  men  who  are 
stationed  in  the  waist  in  working  the  ship. 

Mar.  Diet. 

WaIT,  p.  u  [Ft.  g'uettcr;  It.  gitatare :  W.  gweitiaw^ 
to  wait;  i^ujaid,  attendance.  The  sense  is,  to  stop, 
or  to  continue.] 

\.  To  stay  or  rest  in  expectation  ;  to  stop  or  remain 
stationary,  till  the  arrival  of  some  persun  or  event. 
Thus  we  say,  I  went  to  the  place  of  meeting,  and 
there  waited  an  hour  for  the  moderator  or  chairman. 
I  will  go  to  the  hotel,  and  there  wait  till  you  come. 
We  will  wait  for  the  mail. 

2.  To  stay  proceedings,  or  suspend  any  business, 
in  expectation  of  some  person,  event,  or  the  arrival 
of  some  hour.  The  court  was  obliged  to  wait  for  a 
witness. 

3.  To  rest  in  expectation  and  patience. 

All  the  clays  of  my  arpoiiited  lime  will   I  via'it,  liU  my  chanjo 
come.  —  Jt>b  xiv. 

4.  To  Stay  ;  not  to  depart. 

Haste,  my  dear  &lhsr;  'lis  no  lime  to  wail,  DryUn. 

5.  To  stay,  to  continue  by  reason  of  hindrance. 
G.  To  lie  in  ambush,  as  an  enemy. 

Such  aiT.btiBh  tcnircd  lo  inlercopt  thy  way.  MilUtn. 

To  -wait  on  or  upon  ;  to  attend,  as  a  servant ;  to  per- 
form menial  services  for ;  as,  to  wait  on  a  gentleman  ; 
to  wait  on  the  table. 

To  wait  on ;  to  attend  ;  to  go  to  see  ;  to  visit  on 
business  or  for  ceremony.  Tell  the  gentlt-man  I  will 
wait  on  him  at  ten  o'clDck. 

2.  To  pay  servile  or  submissive  attendance. 

3.  To  follow,  as  a  consequence;  as,  iho  ruin  that 
waits  on  such  a  supine  temper. 

[Instead  of  this,  we  use  Await.] 

4.  To  look  watchfully. 

It  is  a  point  of  cunning  to  vxiit  on  him  with  whom  y^u  uppak 
with  your  eye.     lUnuiuai.]  Bacon. 

5.  To  attend  to ;  to  perform. 

Aaron  and  hia  sons  ahall  aait  on  their  priest's  oiEcc.  — Num.  lii. 
viU.    Rom.  xii. 

6.  To  be  ready  to    serve  ;    to    obey.      P^.  xxv. 

Prov.  XI. 

To  wail  at ;  t9  attend  in  service  ;  to  perform  ser- 
yice  aL     1  Cor.  ix. 

To  wait  for ;  to  watch,  as  an  enemy.    Job  xv. 


WAK 

W.^IT,  V.  t.  To  stay  for  ;  to  rest  or  remain  stationar>' 
in  expectation  of  the  arrival  of. 

Awed  with  these  wor\U,  in  camps  they  still  abiOe, 

Anil  wail  with  longing  eyes  their  rromised  guide.        DryUn. 

[Elliptical  for  Wait  for.] 

2.  To  attend ;  to  accompany  with  submission  or 
respect. 

He  chose  a  thouennd  horse,  Uic  flower  of  all 

His  warHke  troopa,  to  xoaii  \.\\<-  funeral.  Drydiv, 

[7'his  use  is  not  justifiable,  but  by  poetieal  license.] 

3.  To  attend  as  a  consequence  of  something. 

Snch  doom  waits  luxury.  PhUipn. 

[J^ot  in  use.]     [In  this  sense,  we  use  Atxe.vd  or 
Attend  on.] 
WAIT,  7i.    Ambush.    As  a  noun,  this  word  is  used 
only  in  certain  phrases.     To  lie  in  wait,  is  to  lie  in 
ambush  ;  to  be  secreted  in  i.rder  to  fall  by  surprise  on 
an  enemy  ;  hence,  figuratively,  to  lay  snares,  or  to 
make  insidious  attempts,  or  to  watch  for  tlie  purpuse 
of  insnaring.    Josh,  viii. 
In  wait  is  used  in  a  like  sense  by  Milton. 
7'"  tail  wait  \  to  set  ir.  ambush.    Jcr.  ix. 
AVAIT'Ei),  pi>.    Stayed  for  ;  attended. 
WaIT'ER,  n.    One  who  waits  ;  an  attendant ;  a  ser- 
vant in  attendance. 

The  icaiUTS  stand  in  ranks  ;  the  yeomen  cry, 

"  Make  room,"  as  if  a  duke  were  passing  by.  Sioi/l. 

2.  .\  server  or  salver  j  a  vessel  on  which  tea  fur- 
niture. Sec,  is  carried. 

WaIT'ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Staying  in  expectation. 

Waiting  on:  attending;  accompanying;  serving. 
Waiting  for ;  staying  fur  the  arrival  of. 
Waiting  at;  slaying  or  attending  at  in  expectation 
or  in  service. 

Tn  waiting;  in  attendance. 

WAIT'ING,  71.  The  act  of  staying  in  expectation  ; 
attendance. 

W.\1T'I-\G-LY.  adv.     By  waiting. 

W.AlT'Ii\G--MAlD,         /  71.    An  upper  servant  who 

WAIT'ING-WOM-AN,  i     attends  a  lady. 

[WAtTisG-GENTLEwoMAN  IS  somctimes,  though 
less  commonlv,  used.] 

WAITS,  7J.  pi.  '[ Goth.  tcaAfi-,  watch.] 

These  were  formerly  minstrels  or  musical  watch- 
men, who  attended  on  great  men,  and  sounded  the 
watch  at  night.  They  have  now  degenerated  into 
itinerant  musicians,  who  give  notice  of  tli--  approach 
of  Christmas.  Fnabrokc. 

WAIVE, 71.  .-V  woman  put  out  of  the  protection  of  the 
law.  Cyc. 

WAIVE,  V.  t.  [from  waif.]  To  relinquish,  not  to  in- 
sist on  or  claim-     [See  \\  ave.] 

WaIV'-ED,  pp.     Relinquished,  as  a  claim. 

WAIVER,  7(.  In  law,  tlie  act  c^f  waiving  or  not  in- 
sisting on  some  right,  claim,  or  privilege. 

WAlV^'ING,p/tr.     Kelinqui:iliing,  as  a  claim. 

W.5.I'WODE,  n.  In  the  Turkish  empire,  the  governor 
of  a  small  province  or  town  ;  a  general.  Cijc. 

WAKE,  V.  i.  [Gotli.  wakan;  Sax.  irtican  ;  G.  icachcn; 
D.  waaken,  lockkcn ;  Sw.  vdcka,  up-v'dcka  ;  Dan.  V(Ek- 
ker;  L  rigil,  rigtlo.  The  root  wtJc  is  allied  to  wag. 
The  primary  sense  is,  to  stir,  to  rouse,  to  excite. 
The  transitive  verb,  in  Saxon,  is  written  WiEcan,  we- 
can  ;  but  both  are  from  one  root.] 

1.  To  be  awake  ;  to  continue  awake  ;  lo  watch; 
not  to  sleep.    Ps.  cxxvii. 

The  father  toaJceth  for  the  daughter.  Ecdus. 

Though  \sTsd&i(i  wakee,  suspicion  slceja.  Milton. 

I  cao'not   think   any  lime,  waking  or  sleeping,  without   lieiog 
sensible  of  iL  Locke. 

9.  To  be  excited  or  roused  from  sleep  ;  to  awake  ; 
to  be  awakened.    He  wakes  at  the  slightest  noise. 

3.  To  cease  to  sleep  ;  to  awake. 

4.  To  be  quick  ;  to  be  alive  or  active.       Drydcn. 

5.  To  be  excited  from  a  torpid  state  ;  to  be  put  in 
motion.  The  dormant  powers  of  nature  walic  from 
their  frosty  slumbers. 

Gentle  ains  to  fan  the  earth  now  waked,  Miiion. 

WAKE,  V.  t.    To  rouse  from  sleep. 

The  an'cl  that  talked  with  me,  came  n^ain  and  waked  me.  — 
ZecTi.  iv. 

2.  To  arouse;  to  excite;  lo  put  in  mulion  or  ac- 
tion. -    , ... 

Prepare  war,  vake  up  the  mig'hty  men.  —  Joel  in. 

[The  use  of  up  is  common,  but  not  necessary.] 

To  wake  the  eoul  by  tender  strokes  of  art.  Pope. 

3.  To  bring  to  life  again,  as  if  from  the  sleep  of 
death.  „  , , ,. 

To  second  life 
Waked  la  tho  renovation  of  the  just.  MUH>n. 

WaKE  tu  The  annual  commemoration  of  the  dedica- 
tion of  a  church,  formerly  kept  by  watchmg  all 
night.  Drijdcn,    King. 

2.  Vigils;  state  of  forbearing  sleep. 

Their  merry  vxikcs  and  pastimes  keep.  Miiton. 

3.  The  setting  up  of  persons  with  a  dead  body, 
u.sually  attended  with  drinking.  Ireland. 

4.  Act  of  waking.  Old  Song. 
Wake  of  a  ship:  the  track  it  leaves  ni  the  water, 

formed  by  the  meeting  of  tho  water,  which  rushes 


WAL 

from  ench  ^-itlc  to  fill  the  Fpace  which  the  ship  makes 

in  i)a<Hinc  througli  il. 

To  be  in  tlie  wal:e  of  a  ship,  is  to  be  in  her  track  or 

in  a  line  with  her  keel. 
WAK'Al),  (waki,)  pp.    Roused  from  Hleep;    put  in 

action. 
WAKE'I'iJL,  a.    Not  sleeping  ;  intlisposed  to  Bleep. 

DlM^rnMlrig  ■Wp,  but  aalce/til  with  lite  fright.  Dryden. 

9.  Watchful ;  vigilant. 
WAKI-yPt'L-tA',  adv.  With  watching  orBlceplemnost;. 
WaKE'FJjL-NESS,  71.    Indisftonition  lo  Klec'p. 

9.  Forbearance  of  sleep ;  want  of  bleep.    Bourn. 
WAK'£iN,  (wak'n,)i).  i.     [This  seems  lo  be  ilm  .Saxon 
inhnitive  retained.]    To  wake  ;  toccaM  to  sleep  ;  lo 
be  awakened. 

^^rly  TumuB  wakening  v'uh  tl«e  ligfal.  Dryien. 

WAK'i:\,  (wik'u,)  V.  t.    To  excite  or  rouse  from 

sleep. 

Go,  xeaktn  E»e.  A7i.'.'o  --. 

2.  To  excite  to  action  or  motion. 

Then  IloinT'*  and  Tyrtaus*  :najti^  mu»e 
Wakened  the  world.  /. 

3.  To  excite ;  to  produce ;  to  rouso  into  action. 

Th'-y  iatroduce 
Th'-'ir  sacred  song,  and  waken  nptum  hf^h.  UUtOK. 

WAK'Ey-ED,  (wak'nd,)pp.    Boused  from  sleep ;  ei- 

cUed  into  nction. 

WAK'i;N-ER,  n.    One  who  rouses  from  sleep. 

FeliAam. 

WAK'iCN-ING,  ppr.  Rousing  from  sleep  or  stupidity  ; 
calling  into  action. 

WAK'ER,  71.  One  who  watches;  one  who  rouft^ 
from  sleep.  B.  Jonnon. 

WaKE'-KOB-IN,  71.  A  plant;  Arum  maculatum,  I'f 
Europe. 

WaK'ING,  ppr.    Being  awake  ;  not  sleeping. 

2.  Rousing  from  sleep;  exciting  into  molif.n  (-r 
action. 

Waking  hours  ;  the  hours  when  one  is  awaki-. 

W.^K'ING,  n.    The  period  of  being  awake.  Butler. 
2.  Watch._  [Obs.] 

WAL-DEN'Se?,  71.  pi.  A  sect  of  Christians  profes--*- 
ing  substantially  Protestant  principles,  who  ncvtr 
submitted  to  the  Roman  Catholic  church.  Tbey  re- 
side in  the  valleys  of  Piedmont. 

WALE,  n.  [This  may  be  ihe  W.  gwialaty  a  rod  or 
twig,  from  the  same  root.] 

1.  In  cloth,  a  ridge  or  streak  rising  above  the  rest. 
We  say,  cloth  is  wove  with  a  waie. 

2.  A  streak  or  stripe  ;  the  mark  of  a  rod  or  wliip 
on  animal  Ilcsh. 

Wales  of  a  ship;  an  assemblage  of  strong  planks, 
extending  along  a  ship's  sides,  throughout  the  whole 
l(^ngth,  at  diflerent  bights,  and  ser\'ing  lo  sirenglhin 
the  decks  and  form  the  curves.  They  arc  distiu- 
cuishod  into  the  main  wale  and  the  channel  wale. 

Mar.  Dut. 

^VaLE,  r.  t.    To  mark  with  stripes.  Smart. 

\VaL'£D,  a.    JIarked  with  wales. 

WALK,  (wauk,)r.  I.  [Sax.  afa/£an,torollorrevoIvo  ; 
wealcere,  a  fuller,  whence  the  name  Walker :  D. 
walken,  to  work  a  hat;  G.walken,\oi\i\\,\Ci  felt  hats; 
walker,  a  fuller,  Sw.  raikare :  Dan.  talker,  to  full  or 
mill  cloth;  viUker,  a  fuher;  talke,  a  pad  or  slulRd 
loll ;  G.  wallen,  to  stir,  lo  be  agitated,  to  rove,  to 
travel,  to  wander.  From  the  same  r«tl  are  Rii*s. 
valtjn,  G,  wdlzm,  to  roll,  and  wdlsch,  foreign,  Celtic, 
Welsh,  that  is,  wanderers.  Tlie  primar>-  sense  is. 
simply,  to  move  or  press,  but  approprialely,  to  roll,  lo 
press  by  rolling,  as  in  halting,  and  this  is  the  origin 
of  walker,  for  the  practice  of  felting  hats  must  have 
preceded  thai  of  fulling  clotli  in  mills.  Our  anc*.-^- 
tors  appropriated  the  verb  to  moving  on  the  feel,  and 
the  word  is  peculiarly  expressive  of  that  rolling  or 
wagging  motion  which  marks  Uie  walk  of  clownish 
people,     au.  Heb.  nSv] 

1.  To  move  slowly  on  the  feet;  to  step  slowly 
along  ;  to  advance  by  steps  moderately  repe^aled  ;  x^ 
animals.  Walking,  in  men,  diflers  from  running  only 
in  the  rapidity  and  length  of  ihc  steps  ;  bul  in  quad- 
rupeds, the  motion  or  order  of  the  leet  is  somviimos 
changed. 

M  the  end  of  ivi-elve  mooths,  he  walitd  In  !^     : 

kingdom  of  Babylon. — Dan.  it. 
When  I'elcr  had  come  down  out  of  the  ship,  !..■  ^u.*,^     ..  -  - 

water,  to  go  lo  Jesus.  —  Matt.  xit. 

2.  To  move  or  go  on  the  feet  for  exercise oramusr- 
ment.  Hundreds  of  students  daily  walk  on  Downing 
terrace,  in  Cambridge. 

3.  To  appear,  as  a"  specter. 

The  ?purits  of  the  de«*l 
M.17  wclk  agtuD. 

4.  To  act  on  any  occasion. 

Do  you  think  I'd  walk  in  any  pJot?    [Obt.]  B.  J"'  --. 

5.  To  bo  in  motion,  as  a  clamorous  tongue. 

Her  tongue  did  waik 
In  foul  ivproach.     [0&..]  ^fpentrr. 

6.  To  act  or  move  on  the  feet  in  sleep. 

When  wns  il  the  last  vnUkrd7  Siak. 

[liiil  this  is  unusual.  When  we  speak  of  somnam- 
bulalion,  we  say,  lo  walk  in  slefp.] 


S-hai. 


TC.NE,  ByLL,  UNITE.— 


AN"GER,  VI"CI0UP.-€  as  K ;  G  as  J ;  «  as  Z ;  CH  as  SII ;  TH  ns  in  THIS. 


i-.M5 


WAL 


7.  To  range  j  to  be  stirring. 

Affairs  thai  vaVe, 
As  ihcy  say  spirito  do,  at  miiliilght.     [Unusual.]  £3uik. 

8.  To  move  off;  to  depart. 

Wfaiii  \w  cornea  fortb,  Iv!  will  rnalte  ihcir  cows  iiinl  gumma  walk. 
[Not  elegant.]  ;^enser. 

0.  In  ScripturCj  to  live  and  act  or  behave ;  to  pur- 
sue a  particular  course  of  life. 

To  walk  with  Qod;  to  live  in  obedience  to  his  com- 
mands, and  have  communion  with  him.     Qm.  v. 

To  walk  in  darkness ;  to  live  in  ignorance,  cnor, 
and  sin,  without  comfort.     1  John  i. 

To  walk  in  the  light ;  to  live  in  the  practice  of  reli- 
gion, and  to  enjoy  its  consolations.     1  John  i. 

To  walk  by  faith  ;  to  live  in  the  firm  belief  of  the 
cospcl  and  its  promises,  and  to  rely  on  Christ  for  sal- 
vation.   9  Cor.  V. 

To  walk  through  the  Jire;  to  be  exercised  witli 
severe  afflictions,     ha.  xliii. 

To  walk  after  thcjlc-ih;  lo  indulge  sensual  appetites, 
and  to  live  in  sin.    Rom.  viii. 

To  walk  after  the  Spirit ;  to  be  guided  by  the  coun- 
seU  and  inlluences  of  the  Spirit  and  by  the  word  of 
God,  and  lo  live  a  life  of  holy  deportment.  Rovi. 
viii. 

To  walk  in  thejlesh  ;  to  live  this  natural  life,  whicli 
is  subject  to  infirmities  and  calamities.    2  Coi:  x. 

To  walk  in;  to  enter,  as  a  house.     Walk  in,  gentle- 
men. 
WALK,  (wauk,)  v.  t.    To  pass  through  or  upon  j  as, 
to  walk  thi;  streets. 

[This  is  elliptical  for  to  walk  in  or  through  the 
streets.] 

2.  To  cause  to  walk  or  step  slowly  ;  to  lead,  drive, 
or  ride  with  a  slow  pace.  He  found  the  road  so  bad, 
he  was  obliged  to  walk  his  horse.  The  coachman 
walked  his  Jiorses  from  Woodbridge  to  Princeton. 
WALK,  (wauk,)  n.  The  act  of  walking;  the  act  of 
mciviiir;  on  the  feet  witli  a  slow  pace. 

2.  The  act  of  walking  for  air  or  exercise;  as,  a 
morning  walk  ;  an  evening  walk.  Pope. 

3.  Manner  of  walking  ;  gait ;  step.  We  often 
know  a  person  in  a  distant  apartment  by  his  walk. 

A.  Length  of  way  or  circuit  through  which  one 
walks;  or  a  place  for  walking;  as,  a  Xon^icalk;  a 
short  walk.  The  gardens  of  the  Tuileries  and  of  the 
Luxembourg  arc  very  pleasant  walks. 

5.  An  avenue  set  with  trees.  Milton. 

6.  Way;  road;  range;  place  of  wandering. 

The  moiiiiWins  arc  liia  walks.  Sandys. 

Tlie  starry  valka  above.  Dryden. 

7.  Region ;  space. 

He  openetl  a  boundless  walk  fur  liis  imagination.  Pope, 

8.  Course  of  life  or  pursuit.  Tiiis  is  not  within 
the  toalk  of  the  historian. 

9.  The  slowest  pace  of  a  horse,  ox,  or  other  quad- 
ruped. 

10.  A  fish.     [A  mistake  for  Whelk.]    Jiin^tworth. 

11.  In  the  tVest  Indies,  a  plantation  of  canes,  &c. 

Edioards^s  W.  Ind. 
A  sheep    walk,   so  called,  is    high  and  dry   land 
where  sheep  are  pastured, 
WALK'A-BLE,  (wauk'a-bl,)  a.    Fit  to  be  walked  on. 

[JVvt  muck  vsed.]  Swift. 

WALK'ER,  (wauk'cr,)'?!.     One  who  walks. 
9.  In  our  mother  tongue,  a  fuller. 

3.  In  laiOy  a  forest  officer  appointed  to  walk  over  a 
certain  space  for  inspection  ;  a  forester. 

4.  One  who  deports  himself  in  a  particular  man- 
ner. 

5.  A  fulling-mill.     [JVoi  in  use,  or  local.] 
WALK'ING,  (wauk'ing,)  ppr.    Moving  on  the  legs 

with  a  slow  pace  ;  moving;  conducting  one's  self. 

WALK'ING,  (wauk'ing,)  71.  The  act  of  moving  on  the 
feiit  with  a  slow  pace. 

WALK'ING-STaFF,  I  ju    A  staff  or  stick  carried  in 

WALK'ING-STICK,  (  the  Iiand  for  support  or 
amusement  in  walking. 

WALK'-MILL,  (wauk'mill,)  n.    A  fulling-mill. 
[Local,]  Cyc. 

VVALL,  7(.  [L.  vallum:  Sax.  weal;  D.  wal;  G.  wall; 
Ir.  and  Gaelic,  bulla  and  fal;  Russ.  val;  W.  ffwal. 
In  L.  valine  is  a  stake  or  post,  and  probably  vallum 
was  originally  a  fence  of  stakes,  a  palisade  or  stock- 
ade ;  the  first  rude  fortification  of  uncivilized  men. 
The  primary  sense  of  rti/iit,s  is  a  shoot,  or  that  wliich 
is  set,  and  the  latter  may  be  the  sense  of  wall, 
whether  it  is  from  vallus,  or  from  some  other  root.] 

1.  A  work  or  structure  of  stone,  hrick,  or  other 
materials,  raised  to  some  hight,  and  intended  for  a 
defense  or  security.  H'alls  of  stone,  ^vitli  or  without 
cement,  are  much  used  in  America  for  fences  on 
farms  ;  laalls  are  laid  as  the  foundations  of  houses 
and  the  security  of  cellars.  TValls  of  stone  or  brick 
form  the  exterior  of  buildings,  and  they  are  often 
raised  round  cities  and  forts  as  a  defense  against 
enemies. 

2.  Tfalls,  in  the  plural,  is  used  for  fortifications  in 
general ;  works  for  defense. 

1  rush  undaunted  to  defend  Cbe  walls.  Dryden. 

3.  A  defense ;  means  of  security  or  protection. 
1  Sam.  XXV. 


WAL 

To  take  Vtc  wall ;  to  take  the  upper  or  most  hon- 
orable place. 

I  will  lake  Oie  jeall  of  any  man  or  raaid  of  Montague's.    Sliak, 

WALL'-€IIEEP-ER,  n.  A  small  bird  of  the  genus 
Cerlbia,  Linn.,  which  frequents  rocks  and  walls, 
and  feeds  on  insects  ;  the  spider-catcher. 

Kd.  Eiicyc. 
WALL'-CRESS,  ti.     [wall  and  cress.]     'I'he  name  of 
plants  of  ilie  genus  Arabis.    They  grow  on  walls 
and  in  dry,  stony  places.  P.  Cyc. 

2.  A  plant  of  the  genus  TurriUs.  Lee. 

WALL'-EVE.  71.  [wall  and  eye.]  In  horses,  an  eye 
in  which  the  iris  is  of  a  very  light  gray  or  ivhitiah 
color.  Booth. 

[Johnson  has  defined  wall-eye  to  be  "  a  disease  in 
the  crystalline  liunuir  of  the  eye  ;  glaucoma."  Rut 
glaucoma  is  nut  a  disease  of  the  crystalline  humor, 
nor  is  wall-eiic  a  disease  at  nil,  but  merely  a  natural 
blemish.  7\tlbj.  In  the  JVortk  of  England,  ns  Rrock- 
ett  states,  persons  are  said  to  be  wall-eyed  when  the 
wliite  of  the  eye  is  very  large  and  distorted,  or  on 
one  side.  Richardson  derives" wa^i  in  this  case,  .and 
also  whall,  whally,  whally-eyed,  from  the  Anglo-Saxon 
hiDclan,  to  wither,  to  pi'ne  away,  in  allusion  to  the 
faded  color  or  unnatural  appearance  of  such  eyes.  — 
Ed.] 

WALL'-E^£D,  (-ide,)  a.  In  horses,  having  an  eye  of 
a  very  light  gray  or  whitish  color.  Bonth. 

9.  Shakspeare,  in  using  wall-cye-d  as  a  term  of  re- 
proach, as  *' Mfa?Z-r?;erf  rajre,"  a  '•'■wall-eyed  wretch," 
alludes  probably  to"  the  idea  of  unnatural  or  distorted 
vision.  [^See  Wall-Eye.]  It  is  an  eye  which  is 
utterly  and  incurably  perverted,  an  eye  that  knows 
no  piiy. 

WALL'-FLOW-ER,  n.  [it^all  and  ^JoMcr.]  A  plant 
cif'the  genus  Cheiranthus,  which  grows  in  old  walls, 
&c. ;  a  stock  gillyflower. 

WALL'-FRUIT,  n.  [wall  and  fruit]  Fruit  which, 
to  be  ripened,  must  be  planted  against  a  wall. 

WALL'-KNOT,  n.  A  single  wall-knot  is  made  by  uu- 
tvvisting  the  ends  of  a  rope,  and  making  a  bight  with 
the  first  strand  ;  then  passing  the  second  over  the  end 
of  the  first,  and  the  third  over  the  end  of  the  second, 
and  through  the  hight  of  the  first.  The  double  is  made 
by  passing  the  ends,  singly,  close  underneath  the 
first  wale,  and  thrusting  them  upward  through  the 
middle,  only  the  last  end  comes  up  under  two  bights. 

Cyc. 

WALL'-LOUSE,  n.  [wall  and  louse.]  An  insect  or 
small  bug.  Ainsworth. 

WALJj'-M0S3,  n.  A  species  of  moss  growing  on 
walls. 

WALI^PEN'NY-WORT,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Cotyledon. 

WALL'-PEP-PER,  71.    A  plant  of  the  genus  Sedum. 

W ALL'-PIE,  71.    A  plant,  a  species  of  Asplcnium. 

Lee. 

Wi^LL'-SIP-ED,  a.  Having  sides  nearly  perpendicu- 
lar, as  a  ship. 

WAiiL'-SPRING,  n.  A  spring  of  water  issuing  from 
stratified  rocks. 

WALL'- WORT,  n.  A  plant,  the  dwarf  elder  or  dane- 
wort ;  Sainbucus  Ebulus. 

WALL,  V.  t.    To  inclose  with  a  wall ;  as,  to  wall  a 
city. 
2.  To  defend  by  walla. 

And  terror  of  his  rrame  that  toalls  us  Li 

From  danger.  Denliam. 

2.  To  fill  up  with  a  wall. 
WALL'£D,  pp.  or  a.    Inclosed  or  fortified  with  a 

wail. 
WALL'ER,  71.    One  who  builds  walls  in  the  country. 

Cyc. 
WAL'LER-TTE,  v.    A  mineral,  or  variety  of  clay, 

found  in  small  compact  masses  of  the  size  of  a  nut, 

white  and  opaque,  or  yellowish  and  translucent.  [J^ot 

used.]  Clcavcland. 

WAL'LET,  (woKlet,)  7i.  A  bag  for  carrying  the  neces- 
saries fur  a  journey  or  march  ;  a  knapsack.    Also,  a 

pocket-book  or  place  for  keeping  money  about  one's 

person. 
2.  Anything  protuberant  and  s  wagging ;  as  waZ- 

Icts  of  flesh.  Skak. 

WALL'ING,  ppr.  Inclosing  or  fortifying  with  a  wall. 
WALL'ING,  71.      Walls  in    general;    materials    for 

walls. 
WAL'LOP,   (wol'lop,)  V.  i.      [formed   on  G.  wallen, 

Sax.  wcalan,  to  boil  or  bubble  ;  D.  opwaXlen ;  Eng.  to 

well.     See  Well.] 

1.  To  bull  with  a  continued  bubbling  or  heaving 

and  rolling  of  the  liquor,  with  noise.  Brockclt. 

9.  To  move  in  a  rolling,  cumbersome  manner. 

Forby. 
WAL'LOP-ING,  jypr.  or  a.    Boiling  with  a  heaving 

and  noise  ;  moving  in  a  cumbersome  manner. 
WAL'LOW,  (wol'lo,)  v.  i.     [Sax.  wcalwian;  Sw.  v'dlf 

va;   Goth,  walugan;    G.  walzen.     The  latter  is  the 

Eng.  welter^  but  of  the  same  family  ;  L.  volvo  ;  Sp. 

volvcr;  Russ.  vahju,  baliayu.    This  verb  seems  to  be 

connected  with  well,  walk,  &.C.] 
1.  To  roll  one's  body  on  the  earth,  in  mire,  or  on 

other  substance  ;  to  tumble  and  roll  in  water.   Swine 

wallma  in  the  mire. 


WAN 

2.  To  move  heavily  and  clumsily. 

Part  hii^  of  bulk, 
Wallowing  unwieldy,  oiioir.ions  in  Uieir  gait, 
TempcBl  the  ocean.     I  UnuBual.]  Mi!hi:i. 

3.  To  live  in  filth  or  gross  vice  ;  as,  man  wiHi'ir- 
inu'  in  his  native  iiupurity.  South. 

WAL'LOW,  V.  t.    To  roll  one's  body. 

Wallow  Uiysclf  in  a&hes.  —  Jer.  vi. 

WAL'LfiW,  7(.     A  kind  of  rolling  walk. 

WAL'LoW-i^O,  pp.    Rolled  in  the  mire. 

WAL'LoW-ER,  V.     One  that  rolls  in  mire. 

2.  A  wheel  that  turns  the  trundle-head  in  a  mill. 

WAL'LoW-ING,  ppr.  Rolling  the  body  on  any 
tiling. 

WALL'-PEL'LI-TO-RY,  ji.  A  plant,  Parietaria  of- 
firinalis,  growing  on  old  walls,  ice,  in  Europe  ;  for- 
merly esteemed  medicinal.  P.  Cyc. 

WALL'-PLaTE,  n.  A  piece  of  timber  placed  "hor- 
iKontallyiipon  a  wall,  on  which  joists,  &,c.,  rest. 

WALL'RuE,  n.    An  herb,  Asplcnium  ruta-muraria, 

Loudon. 

WAL'NUT,  71.  [D.  walnoot!  Sax.  walk,  foreign,  ami 
linuta,  nut.  The  Germans  call  it  wfUschc.  nvss,  Welsh 
nut,  that  is,  foreign  or  Celtic  nut.J 

A  tree,  and  its  fruit,  of  the  genus  Jnglans.  Tlii.-i 
genus  comprehends  six  species,  ol'  which  three  nn- 
natives  of  the  .United  Stales,  viz.,  Juplans  nigra,  or 
black  walnut,  J.  cinerea,  or  butternut,  and  J.  Frax- 
inifolia  or  ash-leaved  walnut.  Jugbins  regia,  P<r- 
sian  walnut,  is  cultivated  in  America.  .T.  pterttcarprt 
grows  on  Mount  Caucasus,  and  J.  baccata  in  Jatnai- 
ca  and  Hispaniola. 

In  America  there  are  several  species  of  Carya  or 
hickory  called  by  this  name. 

WAL'RUS,  n.  [G.  wall,  as  in  jcallfisch,  a  wliale,  and 
ross,  a  horse.] 

The  morse,  sea-e'ephant,  sea-hoi-se,  or  sea-cow,  an 
amphibious,  carnivorous  mammal,  inhabiting  the  arc- 
"  tic  seas.  It  is  the  Trichecus  Rosmarus,  the  only  spe- 
cies of  its  genus.  It  surpasses  the  largest  ox  in  si/.r, 
attaining  to  the  length  of  twenty  feel.  It  is  cnvercil 
with  short,  yellowish  hair.  It  is  sought  for  on  ac- 
count of  its  oil  and  tusks,  the  ivory  of  which,  thougli 
rough-grained,  is  employed  in  the  arts.  Tho  skin  is 
used  for  coach-braces.  The  seals  are  the  ordy  other 
amphiliinus  mammals  at  present  known.      Cucic?: 

WAL'TRON,  71.    Another  name  of  the  walrus. 

Woodward. 

WALTZ,  71.       [Ger.    waJien.]      A  German  national 
dance,  and  also  the  species  of  music  by  which  it  i.s 
accompanied. 
WALTZ,  V.  i.    To  dance  a  waltz. 

WALTZ'ER,  n.    A  person  who  waltzes. 

WALTZ'ING,  71.     The  act  of  dancing  a  waltz. 

WAM'BLE,  (wom'bl,)  v.i.     [U.  wemclen;  Dan.  luim- 

ler ;  Sw.  vamjas.] 

To  be  disturbed  with  nausea ;  as,  a  isambUng  stom- 
ach.    [  Vulgar.]  VEstrange. 
WAM'BLE-€ROP-P£D,   (-kropt,)  a.      Sick    at    the 

stomach,     [yulgar.] 
W^M-PEE',  7i.     A  tree  of  the  genus  Cookia,  and  its 
fruit.    The  fruit  is  about  the  size  of  a  pigeon's  egg, 
grows  in  bunches,  and  is  much  esteemed  in  *'hina. 

Loudon. 
WAM'PUM,  n.    Small  beads  made  of  difl'orent  colored 
shells,  used  by  the  North  American  Indians  us  mon- 
ey, and  also  wrought  into  belts,  &.C.,  as  an  ornament. 

Trumhull. 
WAN,  a.  [Sax.  wan,  wann,  deficient ;  wanion,  to  fail, 
tiywane  ;  wan,  pale,  that  is,  deficient  in  color  ;  allied 
probably  to  vain.  Q,u.  W.  gwan,  weak,  and  gnyyn, 
white.  The  primary  sense  is,  to  withdraw  ur  de- 
part.] 
Pale  ;  having  a  sickly  hue;  languid  of  look. 

Sad  to  vimv,  his  visage  pale  and  wnn.  Syienstr. 

Why  so  pale  and  wan,  lond  lover?  ii'ucktiu^. 

WAN,  for  Won  ;  pret.  of  Win.     [Obs.] 
WAND,  (wond,)  7i.     [D.  t;artH(/.J 

"  1.  A  small  stick  ;  a  rod.  It  a  child  runs  away,  a 
ft:w  strokes  of  a  wand  will  bring  him  back. 

2.  A  staff  of  authority  ;  as,  a  silver  wand. 

Milton. 

3.  A  rod  used  by  conjurers  or  diviners. 

Picua  horc  ii  hnclder  in  liia  hand  ; 

HIb  othLf  waved  u  long  divining  wand.  Dryden. 

WAN'DER,  V.  i.  [Sax.  tcandrian;  D.  wandclen,  to 
\valk  ;  G.  wandeln,  to  wander,  to  walk,  to  chaiifjo, 
exchange,  or  transform  ;  Sw.  vantla,  to  turn  ;  randra, 
to  wander;  Dun.  vandlcr,  to  walk,  to  wander,  to 
trade  :  vandcl,  behavior,  tleportment,  conversation  ; 
It.  andarc,  Sp.  and  Port,  andar,  to  go;  Sans,  andara, 
a  wanderer.] 

1.  To  rove  ;  to  ramble  here  and  there  without  any 
certain  course  or  object  in  view  ;  as,  to  wander  over 
the  fields;  to  wander  about  the  town,  or  about  the 
country.  Men  may  sometimes  wander  for  anuisc- 
ment  or  exercise.  Persons  sometimes  wander  be- 
cause they  liave  no  home  and  are  wretched,  and 
sometimes  because  they  have  no  occupation. 

They  wandered  about  in  Bheop-etrins  and  ^at-aldns.  —  Heh.  xi. 
He  wfinderedi  abroad  for  bread. —  Job  xv. 
He  waa  wandcnng  in  llie  fii'ld.  — Gen.  xxxvii. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MeTE,  PR^Y.—  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.— 


1246 


WAN 


WAN 


WAR 


2.  To  leave  home  ;  to  depart ;  to  migrate. 

Whca  Gov!  caused  me  lo   t^ander  from  my  falber's  house. — 
Oeu.  3CX. 

3.  To  ("epart  from  the  subject  in  discussion  ;  as,  to 
wander  from  the  point. 

4.  In  a  maral  sense^  to  stray  ;  to  deviate  ;  to  depart 
from  duty  or  rectitude. 

0.  lei  n;e  col  tcander  frem  iby  commandments.  —  P«.  ciix. 

5.  To  be  delirious  ;  not  to  be  under  the  guidance  of 
reai^on  ;  as,  the  mind  irantler.^. 

WAN'DER,  F.  U     To  travel  over  without  a  certain 
I  j       course. 

I  Wandmng  many  a  femous  realm.    [EUiptieai.}         MUton. 

ji  WAN^DER-£D,  pp.    Rambled;  traveled  over  roving- 

j       ]y  i  deviated  from  duty. 

I  W.>X'DER-ER,  ?!.    A  rambler;  oue  that  roves;   one 

I       thai  deviates  from  duty. 

;  WAX'DEK-ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Roving;  rambling;   de- 

I       vialins  from  duty. 

i  W.\\'DER-ING,  Ti.    Peregrination;  a  traveling  with- 
j  I       out  a  settled  course. 

2.  Aberration;  mistaken  way  ;  deviation  from  rec- 
titude ;  as,  a  wandering  from  duty. 

3.  A  roving  of  the  mind  or  thoughts  frem  the  point 
or  business  in  which  one  ought  to  be  engaged. 

Locke. 

4.  The  roving  of  the  mind  in  a  dream. 

5.  The  roving  of  the  mind  in  delirium. 

6.  Uncertainty  ;  want  of  being  fixed.         Locke. 
W.\N''DEK-ING-LY,  adv.      La  a  wandering  or  un- 

sieadv  manner.  Taylor. 

WA.V-DER-OO',  ju  A  baboon  of  Ceylon  and  iMala- 
bar,  the  Macacus  silenus  of  Lacepede.  It  has  a  long 
beard  or  mane  of  a  grayish  or  whitish  color  sur- 
rounding the  face.  P.  Crjc.    Jardinc. 

WAXD'Y,  a.    Long  and  flexible,  like  a  wand. 

Brocke'J. 

^VA^'E,  r.  i.  [Sax.  wanian,  to  fai],  fall  off,  or  de- 
crease.] 

1.  To  be  diminished ;  to  decrease  ;  particularly 
applied  to  the  illuminated  part  of  the  moon.  We 
say,  the  moon  wanes,  that  is,  the  visible  or  illumi- 
nated part  decreases. 

Wardn^  moons  their  seUled  periods  keep.  Addison. 

2.  To  decline  ;  to  fail ;  to  sink ;  as,  the  wanin"  age 
of  life. 

You  saw  batGorrow  in  ite  leaning  form.  Dryrien. 

Land  and  tinde  ever  will  wax  and  imtu  toother.  Child. 

Wane,  v.  u    To  cause  to  decrease.    [Obs.  ] 

a.  Jonsotu 
WSNE,  71.    Decrease  of  the  illuminated  part  of  the 
moon  to  the  eye  of  a  spectator. 

9.  Decline;  failure;  diminution;  decrease;  de- 
clension. 

You  ore  cost  upon  an  ag«  in  wluch  the  church  is  m  its  wcnc. 

South. 

WaN'-ED,  pp.    Caused  to  decrease ;  diminished. 

WANG,  Ti.     [Sax.  wan^,  wengy  wong.'] 

1.  The  jaw,  jaw-bone,  or  cheek-bone.  [Little 
used,  or  ru/jTffr.] 

9.  The  iatcbet  of  a  shoe.  [Sax.  sceo-thwangy  shoe- 
thong.]     [JSTot  m  use.'] 

WAN-GEE',  71.  A  species  of  tough,  flexible  cane,  im- 
ported from  China,  sometimes  called  the  Japapt  Case. 

McCulloch. 

WANG'-TOOTH,  n.    A  jaw-tooth.  Cyc. 

WAN'HoPE,  iu    Want  of  hope.     [.Vo!  used.] 

WAN'HORN,  r.    a  plant  of  the  genus  Kmrnpferia. 

Lee. 

WaN'ING, ppr.    Decreasing;  falling;  declining. 

WAXK'LE,  (wonk'I,)  a.  Weak;  unstable;  nottobe 
depended  on.  Qrose. 

W.^.V'Ly,  adv.    In  a  pale  manner;  palely. 

Wj\N'N£D,  a.     Made  wan  or  pale  Hhak. 

WAN'XESS,  n.  Paleness  ;  a  sallow,  dead,  pale  col- 
or ;  as,  the  toanness  of  the  cheeks  after  a  fever. 

WAN'NISH,  a.    Somewhat  wan  ;  of  a  pale  hue. 

Fairfax. 

WANT,  (waunt,)  7(.  [Sax.  wan,  supra;  wanian,  to 
fail ;  Goth,  wan,  deficiency,  want.  This  seems  to  be 
primarily  a  participle  of  wane.} 

1.  Deficiency;  defect;  the  absence  of  that  which 
is  necessary  or  useful ;  as,  a  want  of  po^ver  or  knowl- 
edge for  any  purpose;  want  of  food  and  clothing. 
The  want  of  money  is  a  common  want.  2  Cor. 
viii.  ix. 

From  having;  wiahas  in  conseqoeDce  of  our  wants,  we  oft^n  fe^I 
vania  in  coosequeDCe  of  our  wishes.  Rambler. 

2.  Need  ;  necessity  ;  the  effect  of  deficiency. 

Pride  b  as  loud  a  beggar  as  loaixt,  and  more  saucy.     Fiankdn. 

3.  Poverty;  penury;  indigence. 

Nothing  ia  so  hard  for  those  who  abound  ia  richce,  &3  to  cone  ive 
bow  oihcT3  can  be  in  teaal.  Siai/l. 

4.  The  State  of  not  having.  I  can  not  write  a  let- 
ter at  present  for  waiu  of  lime. 

5.  That  which  is  not  possessed,  but  is  desired  or 
necessary  for  use  or  pleasure. 

HabituaJ  Biiperfluitica  become  actual  wantt.  Paley- 

6.  A  mole.     [Obs.]  Heiilin. 
Want,  (waunt,)  V.  L    To  be  destitute  ;  to  be  de- 


ficient in;  not  to  have;  accord  of  general  applica- 
tion ;  as,  to  want  knowledge  ;  to  want  judgment ;  to 
want  learning;  to  want  food  and  clothing;  to  want 
money. 

9.  To  be  defective  or  deficient  in.  Timber  may 
want  strength  or  solidity  to  answer  its  purpose. 

3.  To  fall  short ;  not  to  contain  or  have.  The 
sum  wants  a  dollar  of  the  amount  of  debt. 

Nur  tliink,  Ihough  men  were  none, 

That  hcivven  would  loonf  epectalora,  God  want  praise.     MUton. 

4.  To  be  without. 

The  unhappy  never  want  eucmics.  I^diardson. 

5.  To  need  ;  to  have  occasion  for,  as  useful,  proper, 
or  requisite.  Our  manners  wayit  correction.  In  win- 
ter we  want  a  fire ;  iu  summer  we  want  cooling 
breezes.  We  all  loant  more  public  spirit  and  more 
virtue. 

G.  To  wish  for ;  to  desire.  Every  man  wants  a  lit- 
tle preeminence  over  liis  neighbor.  Many  want  that 
which  they  can  not  obtain,  and  which,  if  they  could 
obtain,  would  certainly  ruin  them. 

What  toants  my  son  F  Addison. 

WANT,  (waunt,)  v.  i.  To  be  deficient ;  not  to  be  suf- 
ficient. 

As  in  bodies,  thus  iu  souls,  we  find 

Wluil  iBants  in  blood  and  spirits,  awellfid  with  wind.       Pope. 

2.  To  fail ;  to  be  deficient ;  to  be  lacking. 

No  lime  shall  find  loe  wanditg  to  my  truth.  Drydcn. 

3.  To  be  missed  ;  not  to  be  present.  The  jury  was 
full,  wanting  one. 

4.  To  fall  short ;  to  be  lacking. 

TweiPe,  wanting  one,  he  slew.  Dryden. 

WANT' AGE,  7(.    Deficiency;  that  which  is  v/antinc. 
WANT'ED,  pp.    Needed  ;  desired. 
WANT'ING,  ppr.    Needing;  lacking;  desiring. 

2.  a.  Absent;  deficient.  One  of  the  twelve  is 
wanting.  \Xq  have  the  means,  hut  the  application  is 
X!^anting. 

3.  Slack  ;  deficient.  I  shall  not  be  wanting  in  ex- 
ertion. 

WANT'LESS,  a.  Having  no  want ;  abundant ;  fruit- 
fill-  IVarner. 

WAN'TON,  a.  [W.  gwantan,  apt  to  run  ofl",  variable, 
fickle,  wanton  ;  gwantu,  to  thrust,  to  sever;  allied 
probably  to  wandesr.] 

1.  Wandering  or  roving  in  gayety  or  sport ;  sport- 
ive ;  frolicsome  ;  darting  aside,  or  one  way  and  the 
oilier.     Wanton  boys  kill  flies  for  sport. 

Note  a  wild  and  wanton  herd.  Shdk, 

9.  Mo\'ing  or  flying  loosely ;  playing  in  the  wind. 

She 
Her  unadorned  golden  tresses  wore 
Disheveled,  but  m  wantan  rinjiela  waved.  MUlon. 

3.  Wandering  from  moral  rectitude ;  licentious ; 
dissolute  ;  indulging  in  sensuality  without  restraint; 
as,  men  grown  wanton  by  prosperity.     Roscommon. 

My  plenteous  joys, 
^ronton  iu  fullness.  Shnk. 

4.  More  appropriately^  deviating  from  the  rules  of 
chastity  ;  lewd  ;  lustful ;  lascivious  ;  libidinous. 

Thou  art  froward  by  nature,  enemy  lo  peace, 
Lascivious,  wanton.  Shak. 

Ye  have  lived  iu  pleasure  on  the  earth,  and  been  wanton.  — 
James  V. 

5.  Disposed  to  unchastity ;  indicating  wantonness. 
Isa.  iii. 

6.  Loose;  unrestrained;  running  to  excess. 

How  dof^s  your  tongue  grow  wanton  in  her  praise  I    Addison. 

7.  Luxuriant ;  overgrown. 

VVhnt  we  by  day  lup  overgrownj 

One  ni^ht  or  two  with  wanton  growth  derides, 

Tending  to  wild.  Milton. 

8.  Extravagant ;  as,  wanton  dress.  Milton. 

9.  Not  regular ;  not  turned  or  formed  with  regu- 
larity. 

The  quaint  mazes  in  ihe  wanton  green.  Milton. 

WAN'TON,  71.    A  lewd  person  ;  a  lascivious  man  or 

\voman.  South.  Shak. 

2.  A  trifler  ;  an  insignificant  flutterer.  Shak. 

3.  A  word  of  slight  endearment. 

Pl'uc,  my  wanton.     [Liltie  used.]  B.  Jonson. 

WAN'TON,  V.  i.  To  rove  and  ramble  without  re- 
straint, rule,  or  limit ;  to  revel ;  to  play  loosely. 

Niture  liere 
Wantoned  as  in  her  prime.  Milton. 

Her  golden  tresses  umnfon  in  the  wind.  jlnon. 

2.  To  ramble  in  lewdness  ;  to  play  lasciviously. 

Prior. 

3.  To  move  briskly  and  irregularly. 
WAN'TON-ING,  ppr.    Roving;  flying  loosely  ;  play- 
ing without  restraint;  indulging  in  licentiousness. 

WAN'TON-IZE,  v.  i.    To  behave  wantonly.     [J^Tot 

in  7ise.] 
WAN'TON-LY,  ad'-.    Loosely  ;  without  regularity  or 
restraint;  sportively;  gayly  ;  playfully  ;  lasciviously. 
WAN'TOiM-NESS,  n.    Sport ivene ss ;  gayety  ;  Ecolic- 
someness ;  waggery. 

As  sad  as  nighl 
Only  for  wantonness.  ShaJc. 


9.  Licentious  Dees ;  negligence  of  restraint. 

The  turnulLi  direatened  to  aLuK  ail  uu  of  ffnee,  aod  turtj  'J^  r:j 
iulo  u>anlonn€tt.  JC  Vl.arUi. 

3.  Lanciviousness;  Icwdnos*).    Rom.  xiiu   Q  PeLii. 
WANTMV IT,  n.    [want  and  wit.]    One  deitiiuu;  of 

wit  or  seniw; ;  a  fool.    [AVe  in  much  we.]         SJuU:. 
W/^N'TV,  n.    [D.  want,  cordage,  uckling.    ttu.l 
A  broad  vtrap  of  leather,  UM'd  for  bin-J'-'  »' *  -  i 

uponlhc  back  ofa  bea-s-U    [Local.] 
WAP'A-€UT,  n.    The  Fpotttd  owf  of  II 

Strix  Wapacutim,    a  noclurnal  accipiu...^    ^..  .     . 

prey,  abt.ut  two  feel  long. 
WA'i*£D,  (wapt,)  a.    [frum  the  root  of  L.  vapuht,  X/» 

strike,  and  atchap,  whap,  wbicb  t*."-  -'  "■"  ■  -    ■-  :;  !- 

in  New  England  use  and  proiiu:; 
Dejected;   cast  down;  crush'  : 

in  iLsr.] 
WAP'EN-TaKE,  I  n.  [Bar.  w^en^tac  ;  I   ' 
WAP'i:\-TA£;,     i      (!ioihic,   as   ibii    d.. 

county  waa  peculiar  lo  the  northern  c 

pen,  a  weapon,  and  tac,  tace.  touch;   *- 

(Hee  Touch.)    This  name  had  iu  origin 

of  touching  lances  or  f<p',ar»  when  the  1> 

/hief  entered  on  hia  office.    "Cum  q\: 

pra;f<>ciurain   wapentachii,  die   sUiluLo   ; 

consueverant  congrosari,  omneK  major*- 

eum  convenitbant,  et  descendcnte  to  <1 

onines  assurgebani  ei.    Ips«  vero  crccti  : 

ab  omnibus  (-tcundum  morera  fccdu" 

omnes  enim  quolqnot  \-enis-ent  cum  Liij 

sius  hastam  tangcbant,  ct  iia  se  con;; 

contarlum  armorum,  pace  palam  cone 

enim  arma  sou  at ;  tac,  tactun  est  —  ti 

lotus  ille  convenlus  dicitur  Wapentac, 

tactum  anuorum  suorura  ad   inviceui 

sunt."  LL.  Edward  Confessor,  Z;. 

Lye  seems  to  doubt  this  explanation 

■wapentac,  because  llie  \vord  tac  ia  not  : 

Saxon.     He  seems  not  to  have  consid  r 

word  is  known  only  in  the  north  of  Er.i: 

the  Gothic  dialects  prevailed  ;  and  eur'..    : 

must  have  been  understood  in  the  age \if  Ldwaid 

the  Confessor.] 
In  some  northern  counties  of  England,  n  divi«ir>n 

or  district,  answering  to  tiie  Hu:<dred  or  Cam:-; 

in  other  counties.     Yorkshire  is  divided  into  w:i;    n 

lakes,  instead  of  hundreds.    The  naiuc  was  i;:. : 

given  to  l!ie  meeting,  supra. 

Selden.     Blackstone.     H'ilkir '. 
WAP'IN-SCHAW,  71.    An  exhibition  of  arms,  aero- 1- 

ing  to  the  rank  of  the  individual,  made  at  rcr^in, 

seasons  in  each  district.  [SfoUtj-A.]  Jarnie^nn.  ff. .-'-    ■. 
WAP'I-TI,  7i.    This  word  is  used  in  books  f<T  in  • 

North  American  stag,  (Ccrvus  Canadensis.)    But  m 

America,  the  animal  is  incorrectly  calk'd  Euc.    The 

true  elk  is  the  Cervus  Alces,  often  called  Mootc 
WAPP,  71.    In  a  ship,  Ihe  rope  willi  which  ihe  shr->'.  1  - 

are  set  taught  in  wale-knots.  C<  -. 

W.VPTE,  71.    A  species  of  cur,  said  to  be  so  r:i.:    : 

from  his  voice.    His  only  use  is  lo  alarm  the  f.. 

by  barking,  when  any  person  approaches  ihe  hi- .    . 

WAP'PEN-iCD,  <i.     The  wappencd  widov. . 
of  .-Vthens,  is  one  who,  though   her  ■ 
been  enjoyed  by  another,  can  wed  again 
has  gold.  i:.r.  ... 

WAP'PER,  n.    A  fish  ;  a  name  given  by  some  i  ■  t. 
smaller  species  of  the  river  gudgeon.  C 

WAR,  (waur,)  n.     [Sax.  ifdr;  Fr.  guerr: 
Port,  eucrra  j  D.  learren,  lo  quarn.!,  \vr. 
gle  ;  Dan.  virrcr;  G.  vertdrren,  lo  peri  1 
disturb.    The  primary  sense  of  the  ^x^t  is,  to  jtlriVt,  ■ 
struggle,  urge,  drive,  or  lo  turn,  to  iwist.]  \ 

1.  A  contesi  between  nations  or  states;,  cirrl,.!  .n 
by  force,  either  fur  defense,  or  for  revt-r 

aiid  rcdrci^sinc  wrongs,  for  the  exlens 
meice  or  acquisition  of  ttrritoo")  ^^r  ^^^^  •' 
establishing  the  superiority  and  dominii ; 
the  other.    'J'hcse  objects  are  accompl 
slaughter  or  capture  of  troops,  and  the  >    , 
destruction  of  ships,  towns,  and  propertv.    .V:.- 
rudo  nations,  war  is  often  waged  and  carried  *.N  : 
[Hunder.    .A.-^  war  is  ihe  contest  of  nations  or  .•^t.- 
it  always  implie.>  that  such  coniesl  is  auUiun:::  i 
the  monarch  or  the  sovereign  power  of  the  n.^.* 
When  war  is  commenced  by  attacking  a  nat:  :i    :. 
peace,  it  is  called  an  offensive  war,  and  such  attack 
is  airgrcssivc.    When  war  is  undertaken  !*»  lepcl  in- 
vast'o*!!  or  Uic  attacks  of  an  enemy,  it  is  c:\'.\    ! 
sive,  and  a  defensive  war  is  considered  ; 
Very  few  of  the  wars  that  have  dc^.>l 
and  deluged  Ihe  earth  with  blood,  bavi  : 
ble.    Happv  would  it  be  for  mankind. 
Icncc  of  Christian  principles  might  ulii:^ 
guish  Ihe  spirit  of  if  or,  and  if  the  nni: 
great,  might  yield  lo  Uie  ambition  of  being  ^.v.!.  ^ 

Preparation  for  war  b  ttmetimcs  ih;  best  txyniy  f.^r  pc»or. 

2.  In  poetical  language,  instrtiments  of  war. 

His  complement  of  Kores,  ood  total  tsar.  P^.  ■ 

3.  Poeiicallt;,  forces  ;  army. 

OVr  the  emtttttled  ranks  Ibo  wufw  rcturo, 
And  overwliclm  their  «Mr. 


TuNE,  BULL,  IJNITE.  — AN-'GER,  V1"CI0US — €  as  K;  O  as  J;  S  as  Z ;  Cil  as  SH  ;  Y»  as  in  THIS. 


1247 


WAR 

4.  The  profession  of  arms ;  art  of  war ;  as,  a  fierce 
man  of  war.     Is.  ii.     Wisdom. 

5.  Hostility  j  state  of  opposition  or  contest;  act  of 
opposition.  Shak. 

G.  Enmity;  disposition  to  contention. 

The  wonia  of  tiis  moiilli  were  smoother  than  buUor,  but  iz-fir  wna 
in  bis  heart.  —  Ps,  Ir, 

Man-of-war;  in  iiaval  affairs^  a  national  ship  of 
large  size,  armed  and  eiiuipped  for  attack  or  de- 
fense. 

Holy  war ;  a  cnisade  ;  a  war  undertaken  to  delivor 
tlie  Holy  Land,  or  Juden,  froia  inlidels.  'J'hese  fio/y 
laars  were  carried  on  by  most  unholy  means. 
WAR,  V,  i.  To  make  war  ;  to  invade  or  attack  a  na- 
tion or  state  with  force  of  arms  ;  to  carry  on  hostili- 
ties ;  or  to  be  in  a  state  of  contest  by  violence. 

He  teachelb  my  hands  to  war.  —  2  Sam.  xxii. 

And  ih'-y  warred  agninal  thr;  Midinniti^a.  — Num.  xxxi. 

W  by  should  I  tear  wilboiil  the  walls  of  Troy?  Shak. 

a.  To  contend  ;  to  strive  violently ;  to  be  in  a  state 
of  opposition. 

liiisls  which  war  against  l!ie  soul.  —  I  Pet.  ii. 

WAU,  V.  t.     To  make  war  upon  ;  as,  to  war  the  Scot. 
(jVot  used.] 
2.  To  carry  on  a  contest. 

Tbul  ihou  nii^tilest  war  ti  good  warfare.  —  1  Tim.  i. 

WAR'-BkAT,         )  a.     [war  and  heat]    Worn  down 

WAR'-Br,AT-EN,  S      in  war.  J.  Barlow. 

WAR'-DK-RicAV'^D,  a.     Bereaved  by  war. 

Howitt. 

WAR'BLE,  (wor'bl,)  v.  t.  [Gr.  wirbchi,  to  turn, 
whirl,  warble ;  wirbel,  :i  whirl,  a.  vortex;  wirbclbein, 
a  tiirning-b(me  or  joint,  L.  vertebra  ;  Dan.  hvirvlcr, 
Eng.  to  w.'iirl.  Tliese  words  are  all  of  one  family  ; 
Ij.  vrrtOj  Eng.  veer,  vary,  &C.] 

1.  To  quaver  a  sound  or  the  voice ;  to  modulate 
with  turns  or  variations.  Certain  birds  are  remark- 
able for  warbling  their  songs. 

2.  To  cause  to  quaver. 

And  touch  the  warbled  ainn^.  Milton. 

3.  To  utter  musically  ;  to  be  modulated. 

If  Bhi>  bi?  riglit  invoked  with  uarhted  eong.  Milton. 

Warbling  sweet  the  iiupUa.1  lay.  Trumbull. 

WAR'BLE,  V.  i.    To  be  quavered  or  modulated. 

Such  etraiiis  nrVr  warhU  in  the  linnet's  throat.  Gny. 

2.  To  be  uttered  melodiously  ;  as,  warbling  lays. 

For  warbling  notes  from  inward  cheering  flow.  Sidney. 

3.  To  sing. 

Birds  on  the  branchca  warbling.  Aftllori. 

WAR'BLE,  lu    A  quavering  modulation  of  the  voice  ; 

a  song.  Gray. 

WAR'BLED,   pp.      Quavered ;    modulated  ;    uttered 

musicaUy. 
WAR'BLER,  n.      A  singer;    a    songster;    jised    of 

birds. 

In  lulling  strains  the  fe-itliirrcd  warblers  woo.  Tickel. 

9.  The  common  name  of  a  genus  of  small  birds, 
(Sylvia,)  comprising  most  of  the  small  woodland  song- 
sters of  Europe  and  North  America.  They  feed  on 
insects,  and  are  very  lively  and  active.  The  blue- 
bird is  arranged  by  some  as  a  species  of  the  genus. 
kd.  Encijc,      IVilson. 

WAR'BLES,  (wor'biz,)  n.  l\\  farriery,  small,  hard 
tumors  on  the  backs  of  horses,  occasioned  by  the 
heat  of  the  saddle  in  traveling,  or  by  the  uneasiness  of 
its  situation  ;  also,  small  tumors  produced  by  the  lar- 
vas  of  the  gadtiy,  in  the  backs  of  horses,  cattle,  &c. 

Cyc. 

WAR'BLING,  ppr.  Quavering  the  voice  ;  modu- 
lating notes  ;  singing. 

2.  a.  Filled  with  musical  notes  ;  as,  the  warbling 
glade.  Trumbull. 

WAR'BLING,  71.  The  act  of  shaking  or  modulating 
notes  ;  singint;. 

WAR'BLING-LY,  adv.    In  a  warbling  manner. 

WAR'-eOUN-CIL,  V.    A  council  of  war. 

WARD,  in  composition,  as  in  toward,  homeward,  is  the 
Sax.  wcard,  from  the  root  of  L.  verto,  &c.  It  corre- 
sponds to  the  L.  versus.  ^ 

WARD,  (waurd,)  v.  t.  [Sax.  wcardian;  Sw.  varda; 
Dan.  vtrrger ;  probal)ly  from  Sax.  warian,  werian; 
Goth,  waryan  ;  D.  wccmi,  to  defend,  guard,  prevent ; 
W.  gwariL,  to  fend  ;  allied  to  imry,  aware;  Fr,  gar- 
der,  for  guarder,  It.  guardnrr,  S|i.  guardar.  I'he  pri- 
mary sense  is,  to  repel,  to  keej)  olf ;  hence,  to  stop  ; 
hence,  to  defend  by  repelling  or  other  means.] 
J.  To  guard  ;  to  keep  in  safety  ;  to  watch. 

Whose  epUcs  he  found  fast  shul,  no  living  wight 

To  ward  the  eannc.  Spenser. 

[In  this  sense,  «3or/Z  is  obsolete,  as  we  have  adopted 
the  French  of  the  same  word,  to  guard.  We  now 
never  apply  ward  to  the  thing  to  be  defended,  but  al- 
ways to  the  thing  against  which  it  is  to  be  defended. 
We  tcard  off"  a  blow  or  dagger,  and  we  guard  a  per- 
son or  place.] 

2.  To  defend  ;  to  protect. 

Tell  him  it  wai  &  hund  that  lenrded  him 

Prom  iJiRUtiiuid  diinjjt.T3.  SfiaJc. 

[Obs.]     [See  the  remark,  supra.]  i 


WAR 

3.  To  fend  off;  to  repel ;  to  turn  aside  any  thing 
mischievous  thai  approaches. 

Now  wards  .    falling  blow,  now  Gtrikca  agiiin.  Daniel. 

The  pointed     ivelin  warded  o_^h\s  rng-e.  Addison. 

Il  insiriicta  t.  -  scholar  in  the  varioiiK  methods  of  warding  o/flhe 
force  of  lojcctions.  Walls. 

[This  is  the  present  use  o^  ward.    To  ward  off  is 
now  the  more  general  expression  ;  nor  can  I,  with 
Johnson,  think  it  less  elegant.] 
WAKD,(wauid,)  v.  i.    To  be  vigilant;  to  keep  guard. 

[bbs.] 

2.  To  act  on  the  defensive  with  a  weapon. 

She  ilri)ve  the  stranger  to  no  other  ehifl,  tlinn  to  ward  and  go 

luck.  Sidney. 

And  Oil  ihrir  warding  amiB  light  bucklers  bear.  Dnjden. 

WARD,  71.    Watch  ;  act  of  guarding. 

SliJI,  wlten  she  slept,  he  kept  both  watch  nnd  ward,    Spenser. 

2.  Garrison  ;  troops  to  defend  a  fort;  as,  small 
wards  left  in  forts.     [J^Tot  in  use.]  Spenser. 

3.  Guard  made  by  a  weapon  in  fencing. 

For  want  of  other  tcard, 
lie  lifted  up  hia  han<l  his  front  to  guard.  Dryden. 

4.  A  fortress  ;  a  strong  hold.  Slink. 

5.  One  whose  business  is  to  guard,  watch,  ami  de- 
fend ;  as,  a  fire-war^/. 

G.  Acertain  district,  division,  or  quarter  of  a  town 
or  city,  connnitled  to  an  alderman.  Tliere  are  twen- 
ty-six wards  in  London. 

7.  Custody  ;  confinement  under  cuard.  Pharaoli 
put  his  buller  and  baker  in  ward.     tivn.  xl. 

b".  A  minor  or  person  under  the  care  of  a  guardian. 
See  niackstone's  chapter  on  the  rights  and  duties  of 
guardian  and  ward. 

9.  The  state  of  a  child  under  a  guardian. 

1  must  mtenJ  his  majesty's  conimandr,  to  whom  I  am  now  in 
loard.  Shak, 

10.  Guardianship;  right  over  orplians. 

It  is  inconvenient  in  Ireland,  (hat  the  wards  and  marriages  of  gen- 
tlemen's children  should  be  iu  ttie  disposal  of  any  of  those 
lords.  Sjienser. 

M.  The  division  of  a  forest. 

12.  The  division  of  a  hospital. 

13.  A  part  of  a  lock  which  corresponds  to  its  prop- 
er key. 

WARD'ED,  pp.    Guarded. 

Warded  oj}';  prevented  from  attacki^ig  or  injuring. 
WARD'i^N,  n.    A  keeper;  a  guardian. 

2.  An  orticer  who  keeps  or  guards  ;  a  keeper;  as, 
the  warden  of  the  Fleet  or  Fleet  prison. 

3.  A  large  pear. 

Warden  of  the  cinque  ports  ;  in  England,  an  officer 
who  lias  Ihe  jurisdiction  of  the  cintiuo  ports,  with  a 
salary  of  £3000  a  year.  Brando. 

Warden  of  a  college,  is  the  master  or  president. 
WARD'£N-SHH',  (  «.    The  office  or  jurisdiction  of  a 
WARD'KN-RY,      i      warden. 
WARD'ER,  71.     A  keeper;  a  guard. 

Tlie  warders  of  the  gate,  Dryden. 

2.  A  truncheon  by  which  an  officer  of  arms  forbade 
fight.  Shak. 

Wardens  of  the  Tower;  officers  who  attend  slate 
prisoners. 
WARD'ING,  ppr.  Guarding;  defending. 
WARD'-MoTK,  71.  [ward  and  Sax.  mote,  meeting.] 
In  London,  a  meeting  of  the  ward  ;  also,  a  court  of 
the  ward,  whose  province  is  to  present  defaults  iu 
matters  relating  to  the  watch,  police,  &c. 

P.  Cyc.     Brande. 
WARD'RoBE,  V.     [ward  and  robe  ;  Fr.  garde-robe.] 

1.  A  room  or  apartment  where  clothes  or  wearing 
apparel  is  kept. 

2.  A  portable  closet  for  hanging  up  clothes. 

3.  Wearing  apparel  in  general. 
WARD'ROOM,  71.      [ward  and  room.]      In  a  ship,n. 

room  over  the  gunroom,  where  the  lieutenants  and 
other  principal  officers  sleep  and  mess.     Mar.  Diet. 
WARD'SHIl',  71.    Guardiansliip  ;  care  and  protection 
of  a  ward. 

2.  Right  I'f  guardianship. 

Wardsldjj  is  incident  to  tenure  in  aociigc.  B'.ackttone. 

3.  Tupilage  ;  state  of  being  under  a  guardian. 

K.  Charles. 
WARD'-STAFF,  n.    A  constable's  or   watclmiaa's 

staff: 
Ware,  pret.  of  Wear.     [Obs.]     [U  is  now  written 

Wore.] 
Ware,  n.     [Sax.  war;  Dan.  ra^r.      It  helonpf  to  the 

root  of  ward.     We  never  use  ware  by  itself;  but  we 

use  it  in  aware^  beware,  and  in  wary.    It  was  formerly 

in  use.] 

1.  Being  in  expectation  of;  provided  against.  2 
Tim.  iv. 

2.  Wary  ;  cautious.  Milton. 
WARE,  V.  i.    To  take  heed  of. 

Then  ware  a  rising  tempest  on  the  maio.     [Ofiff.]         Dryden. 

[We  now  use  Beware  as  a  single  word,  though 
in  fact  it  is  not.] 
Ware,  v.  t.     In  seamanship.     See  Wear,  No.  5. 
Ware,  n,;   jd.   Wares.     [Sax.  ware;    D.  waar;   G. 
waare  ;  Sw.  vara  ;  Dan.  %mrc.] 
Goods  ;  commodities  ;  merchandise  ;  -usually  in  the 


war 

phiro  but  we  say,  China  ware,  earthen  ware,  pot- 
ters joarc.  It  \\  as  formerly  used  in  the  singular,  and 
mnj  be  so  used  still. 

Let  the  dark  shop  commend  the  ware.  Cleavelnnd. 

Sea  ware;  a  marine  plant,  a  species  of  Fucus. 

Lrc, 

WARE'FiJL,  a.     [from  ware,  w^iry.]     Wary;  waicli- 

M  ;  cautious.     (j^Tot  u.-ted.] 
WaRE'F(JL-NESS,     71.       Wanness  ;    cautiousness. 

[Obs.} 
WaRE'HOU.SE,  H.     [ware  and  Aou-ic]     A  storeh<iuse 

for  gonils.  .'iUdisiin. 

WaRE'HOUSE,  (-hou7.,)  V.  t.    To  deposit  or  secure 

in  a  warehouse. 
2.  To  place  in  the  warehouse  of  the  government 

or  cuslont-house  stores,  to  bo  kept  untU  duties  are 

paid. 
WaRK'HOUS-ED,  (-houzd,)  pp.     Placed  in  a  store 

for  safe  kee[ittic. 
WaRE'IIOUS-ING,  ppr.     Repositing  in  a  store  for 

safe  keeping. 
WaRE'HOUS-ING,  n.    Tlie  act  of  placing  goods  in 

a  warehouse,  or  in  a  custom-house  store. 

Warehnusing  systrm;  an  arrangement  for  lodging 

imported  articles  in  the  custom-house  stores,  without 

payment  of  duties,  until  they  are  taken  nut  for  home 

consumption.    If  reexported,  they  are  not  charged 

with  a  duty.  P.  Cyc. 

WaRE'LESS,  a.    Unwary;  incautious.     [Obs.] 

Spcvsrr. 
2.  Suffered  unawares.     [06*.] 
WARE'LY,a(/y.    Cautiously.    [Obs.]    [See  Warily.] 
WAR'FaRE,  71.     [war  and  fare,  iiiix.farav,  to  go.] 

1.  Military  service ;  military  life;  war. 

The   Philistines   gathered   tli'.'ir  urniies  for  war/are.  —  1  S.vrji. 
xxviii. 

2.  Contest;  struggle  with  spiritual  enemies. 

The  weapons  of  our  war/are  are  not  carnal.  —2  Cor.  x. 

WAR'FARE,  V.  i.  To  lead  a  military  life ;  to  cany 
on  continual  wars. 

In  that  credulous,  warfaring  age.     [Litde  used.]        CanuUn. 

WAR'FIf:LD,  71.     Field  of  war  or  battle. 

WAR'IIA-BLE,  a.     [irar  and  L.  kabilis.] 

Fit  for  wur.     [JVot  in  use]  Spenser. 

WAR'WHOOP,  71.  [war  and  whoop.]  The  savage 
yell  of  war ;  a  yell  uttered  on  entering  into  battle. 

Wa'RI-LY,  adr,  [from  wartj.]  Cautiously ;  witli 
timorous  pruiienco  or  wise  foresight.  Great  enter- 
prises are  to  be  conducted  warily.  Change  of  laws 
sliould  be  warily  proceeded  in.  Honker. 

WAR'INE,  71.  A  species  of  monkey  of  South  Amer- 
ica, belonging  to  the  group  of  sapajons. 

Diet.  JVat.  Hist. 

WA'RI-NESS,  71.  Caution  ;  prudent  care  to  foresee 
and  guard  against  evil.  The  road  was  so  slippery, 
and  the  danger  so  great,  that  we  were  obliged  to 
proceed  with  wariness. 

To  determine  what  arc  little  things  hi  religion,  great  wariness  is 
to  be  used.  Spral, 

WaR'ING,  ppr.  Turning  a  ship  by  her  stern  to  the 
wind. 

WAR'-IN-SOR'ANCE,  v.  Insurance  on  vessels  in 
time  of  war,  wliicli  enhances  premiums.  Jefferson. 

WARK,  7).     Work  ;  a  building.  Spenser. 

[It  is  obsolete,  except  in  Bulwark.] 

WAll'LlKE,  a.  [war  and  like.]  Fit  for  war;  dis- 
posed for  war  ;  as,  a  tcarlikc  slate. 

Old  Siwaril  with  ten  tliousand  warlike  men,  Shak. 

2.  Military;  pertaining  to  war ;  as,  7rir///:ff  toil. 

Mdton. 

3.  Having  a  martial  appearance. 

4.  Having  the  ap|)rarance  of  war. 
WAR'LlKE-NESS,  ?;.    A  warlike  disposition  (».  char- 
acter.    [Little  used.]  Sandys. 

WAR'LING,  71.  One  often  (luarreltid  with  ;  a  word 
coined,  perhaps,  to  rhyme  with  darling.  [Jv'ot  in 
use.]  Camden. 

WAR'LOCK,  I  n.     [War-loga,  in  Saxon,  signifies  per- 

WAR'LUCK,  \  fidious,  false  to  covenants.  Q,u.  ice. 
vard-luokr.] 

A  male  witch  ;  a  wizard.  Dryden. 

[T/iis  word  is  not  in  use] 

WARM,  (waurm,)  rt.  [Golli.  D.  and  G.  warm:  Sax. 
wearm;  Sw.  and  Dan.  varm;  Ant.  L.  formv.^.  Tins 
word  is  probably  a  derivative  from  the  root  ol  L. 
fei-veo,  whence  fr  mien  fH7n,  Eng.  barm.     See  Swarm.] 

1.  Having  heat  in  a  moderate  tiegree ;  lujt  cold; 
as,  warm  blood  ;  warm  milk.  Tlic  llesh  ofliving  an- 
imals is  warm,  if  their  blood  is  wartn.  But  some  ani- 
mals have  not  warm  blood. 

2.  Subject  to  heat ;  Iiaving  [)revalence  of  heat,  or 
little  or  no  winter  ;  as,  the  warm  climate  of  Egypt. 

3.  Zealous;  ardent;  as,  to  be  warm  in  the  cause 
of  our  country  or  of  religion. 

Each  irarm  wiNh  springs  mutual  from  the  heart.  Pop8. 

4.  Habitually  ardent  or  passionate;  keen;  irrita- 
ble ;  as,  a  warm  temper. 

5.  Easily  excited  or  provoked  ;  irritable;  as,  warm 
passions. 

U.  Violent ;  furious ;  as,  a  warm  contest  We 
shall  have  warm  work  to-duy. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— MeTE,  PRgV.  — PINE,  MARKNE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.— 


WAR 

7.  Busy  in  action  ;  beated  in  action  ;  ardent.    Be 
tcarm  in  Aglit. 
6.  Fanciful ;  enthusiastic ;  as,  a  tearm  head. 
y.  Vigorous  ;  sprightly. 

Now  irtir77t  m  youth,  tiow  withering  in  thy  bloom, 

Lost  ill  a  convent's  solitary  jloom.  Pof^. 

10.  Warm  colors^  in  pat/tfm^,  are  those  wliich  linve 
yellow  or  yellow-red  for  their  basis,  and  are  oppuscd 
to  cold  colors^  which  are  blue  and  its  compounds. 

Jocelyjt. 
WARM,  p.  (.     [Sax.  wearmian  ;  Goth,  warmyan.] 
"1.  To  communicate  a  moderate  degree  of  heat  to  ; 
as,  a  stove  wa7-ms  an  apartment ;  the  sun  in  summer 
learms  the  earth,  and  gives  life  to  vegetation. 

2.  To  make  engaged  or  earnest;  to  interest;  to 
engage  ;  to  excite  ardor  or  zeal  in  ;  as,  to  warm  tliu 
heart  with  love  or  zeal. 

I  formerly  learmed  my  head  wUh  reading  controvcrdiil  writings. 

Pope, 

WARM,  r.  t".  To  become  moderately  heated.  The 
earth  soon  rrarms  in  a  clear  day  in  summer. 

3.  To  become  ardent  or  animated.  The  speaker 
should  warm  as  he  proceeds  in  the  argument,  for  as 
he  becomes  animated,  he  excites  more  interest  in  his 
audience. 

WAR.M'£D,  pp.    Moderately  heated  ;  made  ardent ; 

excited. 
WARM'-HEART-ED,  c.     Noting  lively  interest  or 

art'ertion  ;  cordial ;  sincere  ;  hearty. 
WARM'IXG,  ppr.     Making  moderately  hot;  making 

ardent  or  zealous. 
WARMTNG-PAN,  ii.     [warm  and  pan.]     A  covered 

pan  with  a  long  handle,  for  warming  a  bed  with  ig- 

niu:d  coal's. 
WAttM'IXG-SToNE,  n.     [warm  and  stone.]    A  stone 

dug  in  Cornwall,  which  retains  heat  a  great  while. 

Rajf. 
WARM'LY,  adc.     With  gentle  heat.  ^liltoit. 

2.  Eacerly  ;   earne-stly  ;   ardently  ;    as,  to  espouse 

warmb/  the  cause  of  Bible  societies, 
WARM'NESS,  I  n.     Gentle  heat;   as,  the  warmth  of 
WARMTH,        i      the  blood. 

2.  A  stale  of  lively  and  excited  interest ;  zeal ; 
ardor  ;  fervor  ;  as,  the  warmVi  of  love  or  of  piety. 

3.  Earnestness  ;  eagerness.  The  caus(>  of  the 
Greeks  has  been  espoused  with  warmt^i  by  all  parties 
in  free  countries. 

4.  Some  degree  of  anger  or  resentment;  excite- 
ment ;  animation  ;  as,  the  warmth  of  passion.  The 
preacher  declaimed  with  great  warmth  against  the 
vices  of  the  age. 

5.  Fancifulness  ;  enthusiasm  ;  as,  ■warmth  of  head. 

Temple. 

6.  In  paiiitinfr,  that  glowing  effect  which  arises 
from  the  use  of  warm  colors,  [see  Warm,]  and  also 
from  tiie  use  of  transparent  colors,  in  the  process  of 
glazing;  opposed  to  leaden  coldness.  Joceh/n. 

WARN,  (wanrn,)  v.  t,  [Sax.  wamiani  Sw.  varna; 
G.  warnen;  formed  on  the  root  of  icarc,  icary.  Sax. 
warian.  This  is  our  garnish^  as  used  in  law.  Norm. 
garn'usher;  also  garner,  for  guarner^  to  warn,  to  ad- 
monish or  give  notice.] 

1.  To  give  notice  of  approaching  or  probable  dan- 
ger or  evil,  that  it  may  be  avoided  ;  to  caution  against 
any  thing  that  may  prove  injurious. 

Jiitiirna  warns  the  Dmnian  chief 

Of  Lausua'  din^r,  Drydtn. 

Being  warned  Dy  God  la  a  ilreatn,  that  ib'y  sliouM  not  rtturii  to 

Herod,  th^y  departed  into  their  own  country  luiotherway. — 

M;iU.  d. 

2.  To  caution  against  evil  practices.    1  Thess.  v. 

3.  To  admonish  of  any  duty. 

Cornelius  —  was  warned  from  God  by  a  holy  angel  lo  semi  l^jr 
ihee-  —  Acu  x. 

4.  To  inform  previously;  to  give  notice  to.  Skak. 

Warned  of  the  ensuing  figlit.  Lryden. 

5.  To  notify  by  authority  ;  to  summon  ;  as,  to 
■warn  the  citizens  to  meet  on  a  certain  day  ;  to  warn 
soldiers  to  appear  on  parade. 

6.  To  ward  off.     [J^ot  in  itse.]  Spenser. 
WAJX.yi'ED,pp.     Cautioned  against  danger;  admon- 
ished of  approaching  evil  ;  notified. 

WARN'ER,  n.     An  admonisher. 

WaRN'IXG,  ppr.  Cautioning  against  danger;  ad- 
monishing; giving  notice  to  ;  summoning  to  meet  or 
appear. 

WARN'IXG,  71.  Caution  against  danger,  or  against 
faults  or  evil  practices  which  incur  danger. 

Coukl  warning  make  (he  worI*l  more  just  or  wise.      Dryden. 
llrMT  ih^  wor'i  at  my  mouth,  and  gi»c  tbem  iBarnins  from  mo. 
—  Ezek.  iii- 

9.  Previous  notice  ;  as,  a  short  warning  lie  had  a 
month's  warning.  Dnjdcn. 

WAR'-OF-FICE,  n.  An  office  in  which  the  militar>' 
affiir.^  of  a  country  are  superintended  and  managed. 

WARP,  (waurp,)  v.  [Sax.  wearp i  D  wcrp,  a  cast  or 
throw.    See  the  verb.] 

1.  In  manvfartures^  the  threads  which  are  extended 
lengthwise  in  the  loom,  and  crossed  by  the  woof. 

2.  In  ashipf  a  rope  employed  in  drawing,  towing, 
or  removing  a  ship  or  boat ;  u  towing-Iinp. 

„  Mar.  Diet. 

3.  In  agriculture^  a.  slimy  substance  deposited  on 


WAR 


WAR 


land  by  marine  tides,  by  which  a  rich  alluvial  soil  is 
formed.     [Local.]  LyeU. 

■1.  In  cows^  a  premature  casting  of  the  young.  [See 
the  verb.]     [Local]  ■'        =    l 

WARP,  V.  i.  [Sax.  weorjian^  wurjicn,  wijrpan^  to  throw, 
to  return  ;  G.  werfen,  to  cast  or  throw,  to  whelp ;  D. 
werpen,  to  tlirow  or  fling,  to  wlnljt,  kitten,  or  litter  ; 
Dan.  va-rper,  to  lay  eggs  ;  rarprr,  to  tow  ;  Sw.  Tdrj}a^ 
to  lay  eggs  ;  In  and  Gaelic,^uram,  to  bend,  twist,  in- 
cline.] 

1.  To  turn,  twist,  or  be  twisted  out  of  a  straight 
direction  ;  as,  a  board  warps  in  seasoning,  or  in  the 
heat  of  the  sun,  by  shrinking. 

They  clamp  on?  pieco  of  wood  lo  the  end  of  nnotlitrr,  to  kcrrp  it 
from  C"iitiii;j  or  warping.  Moxon. 

2.  To  turn  or  incline  from  a  straight,  true,  or  proper 
course ;  to  deviate. 

There's  our  commissioii, 
From  which  we  would  not  kivo  you  warp.  Sliak. 

Mc  thinks 
My  favor  here  begins  lo  warp.  ShaJc. 

3.  To  fly  with  a  bending  or  waving  motion  ;  to 
turn  and  wavr,  like  a  Hock  of  birds  or  insects.  The 
following  use  of  icnrp  is  inimitably  beautiful : 

As  \vii«n  the  potpiuroil 
Of  Amram'a  son,  in  Kt^'ypi's  pvil  day, 
\V.iv.?d  roiiml  tlie  coiiti,  up  called  a  pitchy  cloud 
Of  luciisu,  warping  uu  the  eastern  wind.  Milton. 

A.  To  slink ;  to  cast  the  young  prematurely  ;  as 
cows. 

In  an  incloaun?,  near  a  do»-keni'.el,  eiffht  heifore  out  of  twenty 

waited.    {Local.]  Cyc. 

WARP,  r.  t.  To  turn  or  twist  out  of  shape,  or  out  of 
a  straight  direction,  by  contraction.  The  heat  of  the 
sun  warps  boards  and  timber. 

2.  To  turn  aside  from  tiie  true  direction  ;  to  cause 
to  bend  or  incline  ;  to  pervert. 

This  first  avowed,  nor  folly  warped  my  mind.  Drydtn. 

I  have  no  private  considerations  to  warp  nie  in  this  conlroversj:. 

Addison. 
Zeal,  lo  a  degree  of  warmtli  iible  to  i«iTp  the aacrcd  rulcofttdd's 
word.  Locke. 

3.  In  scamen^s  language,  to  tow  or  move  with  a 
line  or  warp  attached  to  buoys,  to  anchors,  or  to 
otiicr  ships,  &c.,  by  which  means  a  ship  is  drawn 
usually  in  a  bending  course,  or  with  various  turns. 

4.  In  rural  econoiuy,  to  cast  the  young  prematurely. 
[LoctiL] 

5.  In  agriculture^  to  let  in  the  tide,  for  the  purpose 
of  fertilizing  the  ground  by  n  deposit  of  warp  or 
slimy  substance.  IVarp  here  is  the  tlirow,  or  that 
wliich  is  cast  by  the  water.  [Local  i?t  Lincolnshire 
and  Yorlishire^  Eng.]  Cye. 

C.  In  rope-making,  in  run  the  yarn  off  the  winches 
into  hauls  to  be  tarred. 

To  warp  watrr,  in  Shnkspcare,  for  freeze  it,  is  forced 
and  unusual ;  iudeeil,  it  is  not  Englisli. 

WAKP'A'D,  (worpt,)  pp.  Twisted  by  slirinking  or 
seasoning;  turned  out  of  the  true  direction;  per- 
verted ;  moved  with  a  warp ;  enricheti  with  warp, 
as  land. 

WARP'ING,  ppr.  Turning  or  twisting :  causing  to 
incline  ;  perverting  ;  moving  with  a  warp ;  enriching 
with  warp,  as  land. 

WARP'ING-HOOK,  w.  A  hook  used  by  rope-makers 
for  liangiiLg  the  yarn  on,  when  warping  into  hauls 
for  tarring.  Cye. 

WARP'ING-PoST,  71.  A  strong  post  used  in  warping 
rope  yarm  Cyc. 

WAR'-PLuME,  n.    A  plume  worn  in  war. 

WAR'-PROOF,  71.  [war  and  jtroof.]  Valor  tried  by 
war. 

WAR'RANT,  (wor'rant,)  v.  t.  [Gaelic,  harantas,  a 
warrant  or  pledge;  baranta,  a  warrantee  or  surety  ; 
W.  gwarantu,  to  warrant  or  guaranty  ;  gwurant,  war- 
rant, attestation,  authority,  security;  said  to  be  from 
gjcar,  smooth,  placid,  secure  ;  Norm,  garranty,  war- 
ranted, proved;  garren,  (guarrcn,)  a  zcarren;  Fr. 
garantir,  (guarantir,)  to  warrant ;  garenne,  a  warren ; 
It.  guarentirc.  This  is  from  the  root  of  guards  war- 
rfB,'an(l  wary.  The  primary  sense  of  the  root  is,  to 
stop  or  hold,  or  to  repel,  and  thus  guard  by  resisting 
danger ;  as  we  say,  to  keep  off.  Hence  the  sense 
of  security.  The  Welsh  sense  of  smooth,  placid,  is 
derivative,  either  from  security,  or  from  repressing. 
See  Guard  and  Garri-^on.] 

1.  To  authorize  ;  to  give  authority  or  powi-r  to  do 
or  forbear  any  thing,  by  which  the  person  authorized 
iM  secured  or  saved  harmless  from  any  loss  or  damage 
by  the  act.  A  commission  warrant^-^  an  odicer  to  seize 
an  enemy.  We  are  nut  waT-rantext  to  resist  legitimate 
government,  except  in  extreme  cases. 

2.  To  maintain  ;  to  support  by  authority  or  proof. 


Ri^oiou  warrants  it,  aud  w.>  may  saffly  rcctive  il  ii 

3.  To  justify. 

True  fortitude  it  seen  in  great  exploits, 

That  justice  warrants,  and  that  wisdom  guides. 

4.  To  secure  ;  to  exempt ;  to  privilege. 

I'll  learrant  him  from  drowning. 
In  a  place 
Lcs3  loarmnted  than  this,  or  Il-s*  t«urc, 
1  can  not  Ix'. 


.  true. 

Anon. 

Addison. 

Ska\. 

Milton. 


5.  To  declare  with  assurance. 

My  neck  Is  u  wnoolb  u  tiik,  I  warraM  ye.  L' 

6.  In  law,  to  secure  to  a  grantee  an  estate  graaled ; 

to  assure, 

7.  To  secure  to  a  purchaser  of  goodi  Ibe  lille  to 
the  s.ime ;  or  to  indemnify  him  a^iont  low. 

8.  To  secure  to  a  purcha.-er  the  good  quality  of  ibc 
goods  sold,     [fiee  WABBASxr.]  i 

9.  To  assure  that  a  thing  iii  what  U  appean  lo  be, 
which  implies  a  covenant  to  make  g«id  any  defect 
or  Io«s  incurred  by  it.  ' 

Wj^R'RAXT,  n.    An  act,  inrtrument,  or  obllRation, 
by  which  one  person  authorizes  anoihtr  tn  d  j  -^,:i.-- 
thing  wliich  he  haa  not  otherwise  a  ; 
act  or  instrument  Inveftiing  one  with    . 
thority,  and  thus  securmg  him  from  1- 
a  word  of  trencral  applicatinn. 

2.  A  precept  authorizing  an  officer  to  seize  an  of-  i 
fender  and  bring  Jiini  to  justice.  A  general  warrcxi  \ 
to  seize  suspected  persons  is  Ulc)^.  : 

3.  Authority ;  power  Ibat  authorirea  or  Juitifiea   | 
any  act.   Those  who  preach  th*?  gOMp«l  have  the  rar- 
rant  of  Scriptur*".     We  have  ihe  varrant  of  nri!  r  .; 
right  lo  do  what  Ibo  laws  do  not  forbid  ;  but  <---. 

and  propriety  may  sometimes  render  thiofi  imp:'-;-r 
which  natnnil  right  warranu-.  , 

4.  A  commi.Hsion  that  gives  authority,  or  tlial  joa-  I 
tifies. 

5.  A  voucher;  that  which  at* 

6.  Right;  legality. 

Tlii^rc'a  warrant  ia  ihit  ■^■.    ■  \ 

Which  steals  itKlf  wb:Q  tJirn:'*  oo  UK-rcy  Wu    [Oe«.l   Shak.        j 

7.  A  writing  which  authorizes  a  person  to  recelre  ' 
money  or  other  thing. 

Warrant  of  attorney  i  written  aiilhorlty  given  by  a    ' 
client  to  his  attorney,  lo  appear  for  him  in  rr^m,  t-^A 
to  suffer  judgment  io  pa.'^.s  ag^iinsi  him  : 
in  favor  of  some  specified  person, 

Land-icarrant ;  a  warrant  issued  at  t. 
offices  of  the  United   Slat^-s  to  purcha-or-.  o:  ;  ^      - 
lands,  on  the  surrender  of  which  at  the  general  1  ;t  : 
office  at  Washington,  they  receive  a  conv._;,  i-,. - 
from  the  government. 

Search-warrant :  a  precept  authorizing  a  person  lo 
enter  houses,  shops,  fee,  to  search  for  a  criminal,  or 
for  stolen  or  smuggh-d  goods. 

IVarrant  officer  ;  an  otficer  holding  a  \varTanl  from 
the  navy-board,  such  as  the  master,  surgeon,  purKr, 
&c.,  of  a  ship. 
WAR'RANT-A-BLE,  a.  Authorized  by  commissioB, 
precept,  or  right;  justifiable;  tifffn''ible.  Th**  "-iz- 
uro  of  a  thief  is  always  •  .-■  .  ' 

tice.    Falsehood  is  never 

Ilis  meals  are  couae  and  »hur,  ;  ,     ♦ 

WAR'RANT- A-BLE-NESS,  n.    The  quality  of  beinc 
justifiable.  5i-i"'-. 

WAR'RANT-A-BI.Y,  ade.    In  a  manner  that  :: 
justified  ;  jusiillably.  /* 

WAR'UANT-ED,p/>,   Authorized  ;  justified  :  scc_;^^  . 
assured  bv  ctwcnant  or  by  implied  obligation. 

WAR-RAX-TEE',  n.     The  person  to  whom   land  or 
other  thing  is  warranted.  O.  JtLtfic^  Partonf, 

^VAU'RANT-ER,  n.     One  who  givc3  auUiority  or 
legally  empowers. 

2.  One  who  :issures,  or  covenants  to  assure  ;  one 
who  contracts  to  secure  anotlier  in  a  right,  or  to 
make  good  any  defect  of  title  or  quality;  as,  the 
irarrantcr  of  a  horse. 

WAR'R.A,XT-ING,  ppr.     .Authorizing  ;  empowering. 
•2.  .Assuring;  securing  to  another  a  right,  or  cov- 
enanting to  make  good  a  detect  of  title  in  lands,  or 
of  quality  in  goods. 

WAR'R.AX-TISE,  n.    Authority;  security.    [J^'ot  t» 
lise.]  S*at 

WAR-RAXT-OR',  n.    One  who  warranlA 

WAR'RAX-TY,  n.    In  law,  a  promise  or  covenant  by 
deed,  made    by  the  bargainer  for   hinis«'If  nud   tn^ 
heirs,  to  warnint  or  secure  the  bargainee 
lieirs  against  all  men  in  the  enjoyment  of  iwi 
or  other  thing  granted.    Such  wzirmnty  jns- 
the  seller  to  the  buyer,  fri>ni  the  feoffor  to  th.  : 
and  from  the  relca.ser  to  ihL-  relcjiseo.    War 
real,  when  annexed  to  lands  and  tenements  ;: 
in  foe  or  for  life,  &c.,  and  i^  in  deed  oc  in  liw  . 
and  personal,  when  it  re^specu  goods  sold  or  their 
quality. 

In  the  contract  of  insurances  therv^  arc  afcso  cerT.im 
warranties  which  induce  the  insurer  to  enter  into 
il,  as  that  the  vessel  is  seawurthy,  &.c. 

In  common  recoveries,  a  ticiitious  person  is  called 
to  warnintv.     In  the  sole  of  gi«>ds  or  ptTSi-nal  pr».^[>- 
e.ty,the  seller  warrants  Uie  title;  for  w.nrnrT^    .- 
express  or  implied.     If  a  man  sells  jtckkIs  \\: 
not  his  own,  or  which  he  Iins  no  right  lo  > 
purchaser  mav  have  satisfaction  (or  the  injury.      \ 
if  the  seller  e.vpressly  warnua-^  the  goods  to  bo  ^-ai-.A 
and  not  defective,  and  ibev  pmve  to  be  otherwis<%  be 
must  indemnify  the  purchaser.    But  the  w.\rmniy 
must  be  at  the  time  of  sale,  and  not  arterwani.    In 
general,  there  is  no  implied  warranty  of  the  .lunlity 
of  the  goods  sidd.  BlacL44y:ie 


TONE,  r.\}JA.,  UXITE.  — AN"GER,  V1"CI0US.  — G  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z;  ClI  as  3H ;  TH  as  in  THIS^ 


m 


X349 


WAS 


WAS 


2.  Authority ;  justificatory  mandate  or  precept. 
1(  tlipy  (lisobcv  tiiiy  precept,  thai  is  no  excuse  to  ua,  nor  gives  tu 

any  irananty  to  aiaob:y  likewise.  KeUieweU, 

[In  this  sense,  Warrant  is  now  used.] 

3.  Security. 

Tito  stamp  was  A  warrant^/  of  tlic  public.  Locki. 

W.^R'RAN-TY,  V.  t.    To  warrant ;  to  guaranty. 
\VAR'RaV,  v.  t.     [Fr.  guorrayer,  from  guerrt.} 

'  To  make  war  upon.     [  Obs.]  Spciiser 

WARRE,  (wor,)  o.     [Sa.\.  rDXrra,  for  wcsrsa.] 

"Worse.     [O/w.]  Spenser. 

WAR'RE-N,  (wor'ren,)  n.  [from  the  root  of  wear,  an 
iiicloseil  place;  Fr.  garenm;  D.  waarandt;  (Jotli. 
wari/flB,  Sa.\.  ?/Mri(in,  to  defend.  See  Guard,  Wak- 
BANT,  and  Wary.] 

1.  A  piece  of  ground  appropriated  to  the  breeding 
and  preservation  of  rabbits. 

a.  In  law,  a  franchise  or  place  privileged  by  pre- 
scription or  grant  from  the  king,  for  keeping  beasts 
and  fowls.  The  warren  is  the  neit  franchise  in  de- 
gree to  the  park  ;  and  a  forest,  which  is  the  highest 
in  dignity,  comprehends  a  chase,  a  park,  and  a  free 
warren.  ^y^' 

3.  A  place  for  keeping  fish  in  a  river.  Cyc. 

WAIl'REN-ER,  H.    The  keeper  of  a  warren. 

Johnson. 
WAR'RI-AN"GLE,  (-ang'gl,)  n.    A  hawk. 

AinsiDorth. 
WAR'RIOR,  (war'yur,)  n.     [from  war  ;  Fr.  gucrricr  ; 
It.  irncrriere  ;  Sp.  giicrrcro,  gncrreailor.] 

iT  In  a  iTcneral  sense,  a  soldier  ;  a  man  engaged  in 
military  life. 

2.  Kiaphaticalbj,  a  brave  man ;  a  good  soldier. 
WAR'RIOK-ESS,  n.    A  female  warrior.       Spenser. 
VVAllT,  jt.     [Sax.  TOKirt;  D.  wrat;    G.  wane:    Sw. 

viirta;  L.verriLca;  Fr.verrue.] 

i.  A  firm,  arid,  harsh,  insensible  e.^tnberance  of 
the  common  integuments  ;  found  chietly  on  the 
hands.  <^<""i- 

a.  In  horses,  warts  are  spongy  excrescences  on  tlie 
llinder  pasterns,  which  suppurate.  Ctjc. 

3.  A  sessile  gland  or  protuberance  on  trees. 

Lindley. 

VVART'ED,  a.  In  botany,  having  little  knobs  on  the 
siirface  ;  verrucose  ;  as,  a  warted  capsule.  Marttjn. 

W-^RT'LESS,  a.    Having  no  wart. 

WAR'-TORCH,  n.    The  torch  that  kindles  war. 

WART'WORT,  71.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Euphorbia, 
which  is  studded  with  hard,  warty  knobs ;  also,  a 
plant  of  the  genus  Heliotropium,  and  another  of  the 
ceniis  Lapsana.  Cyc.    Lee. 

WART'Y,  a.    Having  warts ;   full  of  warts ;  over- 
grown with  warls  ;  as,  a  warUj  leaf.  Lee. 
2.  Of  the  nature  of  warts. 

WAR'-WaST-ED,  (I.    Wasted  by  war.     Coleridge. 

AVAR'WHOOP,  n.  The  Indian  yell  in  war.  [See 
Warhoop.] 

WAR'-WoRN,  a.  [war  and  worn.]  Worn  with  mil- 
itary service  ;  as,  a  wflr-iooni  coat ;  a  war-worn  soldier. 

Wa'RY,  a.  [Sax.  wisr;  Ice.  var.  See  Ware  and 
Warn.] 

Cautious  of  danger;  carefully  watching  and  guard- 
ing against  deception,  artifices,  and  dangers  ;  scru- 
pulous ;  timorously  prudent.  Old  men  are  usually 
more  wary  than  the  young.  It  is  incumbent  on  a 
general  in  war  to  be  alw.ays  wary. 

WAS,  (woz,)  the  past  tense  of  the  substantive  verb; 
Sax.  wcsan ;  Goth,  wcsan ;  h.  esse,  for  vcsse,  to  be,  to 
exist,  whence  Eng.  is,  in  tile  present  leuse,  and  was, 
in  the  past ;  as,  I  was ;  he  was. 

WASH,  (wosh,)  !).  t.  [Sa.x.  w<escan ;  G.  waschen;  D. 
wasscheii.] 

1.  To  cleanse  by  ablution,  or  by  rubbing  in 
water ;  as,  to  wash  the  hands  or  the  body  ;  to  wash 
garments. 

2.  To  wet ;  to  fall  on  and  moisten ;  as,  the  rain 
washes  the  flowers  or  plants. 

3.  To  overflow.    The  tides  wash  the  meadows. 

4.  To  overflow  or  dash  against ;  to  cover  with 
water  ;  as,  the  waves  wash  the  strand  or  shore  ;  the 
sea  washes  the  rocks  on  the  shore  or  beach. 

5.  To  scrub  in  water ;  as,  to  wash  a  deck  or  a  floor. 

6.  To  separate  extraneous  matter  from  ;  as,  to 
wash  ore  ;  to  wash  grain. 

7.  Ill  water-color  painting,  to  spread  or  float  colors 
thinly  over  broad  masses  or  spaces  of  a  picture. 
Thus  work  is  washed  with  a  pale  red  to  imitate  brick, 
&c.  Jocelyn. 

8.  To  rub  over  with  some  liquid  substance  ;  as,  to 
wash  trees  for  removing  insects  or  diseases. 

9.  To  squeeze  and  cleanse  in  water  ;  as,  to  wash 
wool.  So  sheep  are  saiil  to  be  Mo-sAcrf,  when  they  are 
immersed  in  water  and  their  wool  squeezed,  by 
which  means  it  is  cleansed. 

10.  To  cleanse  by  a  current  of  water ;  as,  showers 
wash  the  streets. 

11.  To  overlay  with  a  thin  coat  of  metal ;  as,  steel 
washed  with  silver. 

13.  To  purify  from  the  pollution  of  sin. 

Bui  ye  are  washed,  bul  ye  arc  sanctified.  —  1  Cor.  vi. 
To  wash  a  ship  ;  to  bring  all  her  guns  to  one  side 
to  make  her  heel,  and  then  to  wash  and  scrape  her 
side 


^  substances  col- 
as, the  wash  of  a  river. 


:  for 


W^SH,  (wosh,)  V.  i.    To  perform  the  act  of  ablution. 

Wash  in  Jordan  seven  linies.  —  2  Kings  v. 

TElliptical.]  .         ,    ,_      . 

2.  To  perform  the  business  of  cleansing  clothes  in 
water.  „  , 

She  can  wosli  and  scour.  snak. 

To  wash  off;  in  ealieo  printing,  to  soak  and  rinse 
printed  calicoes,  to  dissolve  and  remove  the  gum  and 
jiaste.  Cyc. 

WASH,  (wosh,)n.    Alluvial  matter 
lected  and  deposited  by  water 

2.  A  bog  ;  a  marsh  ;  a  fen. 

3.  A  cosmetic  ;  as,  a  wash  for  the  face,  to  help  the 
complexion. 

4.  A  lotion ;  a  medical  liquid  preparation  for  ex- 
ternal applic.ition. 

5.  A  superficial  stain  or  color.  Collier, 
e.  Waste  liquor  of  a  kitchen  for  hogs. 

7.  The  act  of  washing  the  clothes  of  a  family  ;  or 
the  whole  quantity  washed  at  once.  There  is  a 
great  wash,  or  a  small  wash. 

8.  With  distillers,  the  fermented  wort  from  which 
the  spirit  is  extracted.  In  the  distillery  of  malt,  the 
w.Tsh  is  made  by  mixing  the  water  hot,  with  the 
malt  ground  into  meal.  t^^^- 

9.  The  shallow  part  of  a  river,  or  arm  of  the  sea ; 
as,  the  washes  in  Lincolnshire.  Cyc. 

10.  The  blade  of  an  oar;  the  thin  part  which 
enters  the  water,  and  by  whose  impulse  the  boat  is 
moved.  ,        , 

11.  A  color  spread  or  floated  thinly  over  broad 
masses  or  spaces  of  a  picture. 

12.  A  substance  laid  on  boards  or  other  wor 
beauty  or  preservation. 

13.  A  thin  coat  of  metal. 

14.  In  the  West  Indies,  a  mixture  of  dunder,  mo- 
lasses, water,  and  scummings,  for  distillation. 

JUdwards^s  H'cst  Indies. 

WASH'-BALL,  ?i.  [^cash  and  ball.]  A  ball  of  soap, 
to  be  used  in  washing  the  hands  or  face. 

WASH'-BoARD,  n.  [wash  anA  board.]  Abroad,thin 
planit,  fixed  occasionally  on  the  top  of  a  boat  or 
other  small  vessel's  side,  to  prevent  the  sea  from 
breaking  over;  also,  a  piece  of  plank  on  the  sill  of 
a  lower  deck  port,  for  the  same  purpose.    Mar.  Diet. 

2.  A  board  in  a  room,  next  to  the  floor. 
WASH'£D,  (wosht,)  pp.     Cleansed  in  water;  pu- 
rified. 

a.  Overflowed  ;  dashed  against  with  water. 

3.  Covered  over  with  a  thin  coat,  as  of  metal. 
WASH'ER,  71.    One  who  washes. 

'  2.  An  iron  ring  between  the  nave  of  a  wliecl  and 

the  linchpin. 
3.  A  pieceof  iron,  leather,  &c.,  at  the  base  or  head 

of  a  screw,  to  prevent  the  surfaces  from  bein 

jured,  or  to  render  the  junction  tight. 
WASH'ER-WOM-AN,  n.     A  woman 

ciothes  for  others,  or  for  hire. 
W-\S1I'ING,  ppr.     Cleansing  with  water;  purifying; 

overflowing  ;  overspreading. 
WASH'ING,  n.    The  act  of  cleansing  with  water; 

ablution.     Hcb.  ix. 
2.  A  wash  ;  or  the  clothes  washed. 
WAS[I'ING-MA-CH(NE',  (wosh'ing-ma-slieen',)  71. 

A  machine  for  washing  clothes. 
WASH'-LEATII-ER,  (-leth-er,)   71.      The    same    as 

Shammy  ;  a  preparation  of  leather  which  will  bear 

to  be  washed. 
WASH'-POT,  71.     A  vessel  in  which  any  thing  is 

washed.  Cowleij. 

W.NSH'-TUB,  1!.  A  tub  in  which  clothes  are  washed. 
WASII'Y,  (wosh'e,)o.     [(vomwash.]   Watery;  damp; 

soft  ;  as,  the  washy  ooze.  Milton. 

2.  Weak  ;  not  solid.  Wotton. 

3.  Weak  ;  not  firm  or  iiardy  ;  liable  to  sweat  pro- 
fusely with  labor ;  as,  a  washy  horse.  [JVno  Eng- 
land.] 

W.^SP,  (wosp,)  7!.     [Sax.  wa:sp  or  winps;  D.  we^p  ;  G. 
wespe  ;  L.  nespa ;  Fr.  guipe ;  Sp.  aviipa  ;  Port,  bejqia.] 
In  entomologii,ttie  popular  name  of  certain  hymen- 
opterous  insect's  of  the  genus  Vespa.     Tile  mouth  is 
horny  ;  the  upper  wiuffs  plicated  ;  the  abdomen  joined 
to  the  thorax  by  a  thread-like  pedicle,  anil  the  sting 
concealed.      Wasps  construct  combs,  and  rear  their 
young  in  the  cells.    The  sting  is  painful.       Cyc. 
W,^SP'-liITE,  71.    The  bite  of  a  wasp. 
WASP'ISH,  (wosp'ish,)  a.    Snappish  ;  petulant  ;   ir- 
ritable ;    irascible ;  quick  to  resent  any  triflin: 
front. 

Much  do  1  suffer,  much,  to  keep  in  peace 

This  jealous,  waspish,  wron^-head,  rhynnn:^  race.         Pope. 

2.  Having  a  very  slender  waist,  like  a  wasp. 
WASP'ISH-LY,  adv.    Petulantly  ;  in  a  snappish  man- 
ner.   

Vv'ASP'ISH-NESS,  n.    Petulance  ;  irascibility  ;  snap- 

pishness. 
WAS'SAIL,  (wos'sil,)  a.     [Sax.  wms-hd,  health  be  to 

1.  A  liquor  made  of  apples,  sugar,  and  ale,  for- 
merly much  used  by  English  good-fellows.    Johnson. 
a.  A  drunken  bout.  ^hali. 

3.  A  merry  song.  .imsworth. 
[This  word  is  unlenown  in  America,] 


WAS 

WAS'SAIL,  (wos'sil,)  t>.  i.    To  hold  a  merry,  drinking 

meeting. 
WAS'SAll,-BoWL,  71.    A  bowl  for  holding  wassail. 
WAS'SAIL-CUP,  (wos'sel-kup,)  71.     A  cup  in  which 

wassail  was  carried  to  the  company.  Ci/c. 

WAS'SAIL-ER,  71.    A  toper  ;  a  drunkard      M'dtan. 
WAST,  (west,)  past  tense  of  the  substantive  verb,  in 

tile  second  person  ;  as,  thou  wast. 
WaSTE,  v.  I.     [Sax.  wesUn,  awestan  ;  G.  mrwv.itcn  ; 

D.  verwocstcn  ;  L.  vasto  ;   It.  guastarc ;  Sp.  and  Port. 

gastar,  for  guaslw;   Fr.  ghter;  Arm.  gousla.    The 

W.  gwasfaru,  to  scatter,  seems  to  be  compound.  The 

primary  sense  is,  probably,  to  scatter,  to  spread.  Class 

Bz,  No.  2.] 

I.  To  diminish  by    gradual    dissipation  or   loss. 

Thus,  disease  wastes  the  patient ;  sorrows  waste  the 

strength  and  spirits. 
a.  To  cause  to  be  lost ;  to  destroy  by  scattering  or 

by  injury.    Thus,  cattle  waste  their  fodder  when  fed 

in  the  open  field. 
3.  To  expend  without  necessity  or  use  ;  to  destroy 

wantonly  or  luxuriously  ;  to  squander ;  to  cause  to 

be  lost  through  wantonness  or  negligence.     Careless 

Iieople  waste  their  fuel,  their  food,  or  their  property. 

Children  waste  their  inheritance. 

with  riotous  living.  —  Lake  xv. 

to  desolate  ;  as,  to  waste 


;m- 
Brande. 
that  washes 


;  af- 


And  wasted  his  suhslanc 

4.  To  destroy  in  enmity  ; 
an  enemy's  country. 

5.  To  suffer  to  be  lost  unnecessarily ;  or  to  throw 
away  ;  as,  to  waste  the  blood  and  treasure  of  a  na- 

6.  To  destroy  by  violence.  [tion. 

The  Tiber 
Insults  our  w.alls,  and  wasUe  our  fruitful  grounds.       Dryilan. 

7.  To  impair  strength  gradually. 

Now  wdjtting  years  my  former  strength  confounds.     Brootne. 

8.  To  lose  in  idleness  or  misery  ;  to  wear  out. 

Here  condemned 
To  waste  eternal  days  in  woe  and  paiu.  Milton. 

'  9.  To  spend  ;  to  consume. 

0,  were  I  able 
To  waste  it  all  myself,  and  leave  you  none  I  Milton. 

10.  In  ('170,  to  damage,  impair,  or  injure,  as  an  es- 
tate, voluntarily,  or  by  suftering  the  buildings, 
fences,  &;c.,  to  go  to  decay.    [See  the  noun.] 

11.  To  e.xhaust;  to  be  consumed  by  time  or  mor- 
tality. 

Till  your  carcasses  be  iKisferf  in  the  wilderness.  —  Num.  xiv. 

12.  To  scatter  and  lose  for  want  of  use  or  of  occu- 
piers. 

Full  many  a  flower  is  born  to  blush  unseen, 

And  wn^te  its  sweetness  on  the  desert  air.  Gray. 

Waste,  v.  l  To  dwindle  ;  to  be  diminished  ;  to  lose 
bulk  or  substance  gradually  ;  as,  the  body  wastes  in 
sickness. 

The  barrel  of  meal  shall  not  waste.— \  Kings  xvii. 

2.  To  be  diminished  or  lost  by  slow  dis9ip.ition, 
consumption,  or  evaporation  ;  as,  water  wastes  by 
evaporation  ;  fuel  wastes  in  combustion. 

3.  To  be  consumed  by  time  or  mortality. 

But  man  dielh,  and  wasteth  away.  —  Job  xiv. 

WASTE,  a.    Destroyed  ;  ruined. 

The  Sophi  leaves  all  waste  in  his  retreat.  Milton. 

2.  Desolate  ;  uncultivated  ;  as,  a  wa.jte  country  ;  a 
waste,  howling  wilderness.    Deut.  xxxii. 

3.  Destitute  ;  stripped  ;  as,  lands  laid  waste. 

4.  Superfluous  ;  lost  for  want  of  occupiers. 

And  strangled  with  her  wasU  ferulity.  Milton. 

5.  Worthless  ;  that  which  is  rejected,  or  used  only 
for  mean  purposes  ;  as,  waste  wood. 

C.  That  of  which  no  account  is  taken,  or  of  which 
no  value  is  found  ;  as,  7oas(f  paper. 
7.  Uncultivated  ;  untilled  ;  unproductive. 

There  is  yet  much  waste  land  in  England.  Ct/c. 

Laid  waste  ;  desolated  ;  ruined. 
Waste,  77.    The  act  of  squandering  ;  the  dissipation 
of  property  tlirough  wantonness,  ambition,  extrava- 
gance, luxury,  or  negligence. 

For  all  this  wast£  of  wealth,  and  loss  of  blood.  MUton. 

a.  Consumption;  loss;  useless  expense;  any  loss 
or  destruction  which  is  neither  necessary  nor  promo- 
tive of  a  good  end  ;  a  loss  for  which  there  is  no 
equivalent ;  as,  a  waste  of  goods  or  money  ;  a  waste 
of  time  ;  a  waste  of  labor  ;  a  waste  of  words. 

Little  wastes  in  "real  esUblishments,  constantly  occurring,  may 
defeat  the  energies  of  a  mighty  capitiil.  L.  Bescher. 

3.  A  desolate  or  uncultivated  country.  The  plains 
of  Arabia  are  mostly  a  wide  waste. 

4.  Land  untilled,  though  capable  of  tillage;  as,  the 
toastes  in  England. 

5.  Ground,  space,  or  place  unoccupied ;  as,  the 
ethereal  waste. 

In  Uie  dead  wasU  and  middle  of  the  nighu  Shak. 

6.  Region  ruined  and  deserted. 


All  the  leafy  nation  sinks  at  last. 

And  Vulcan  rides  in  triumph  o'er  the  waste. 

7.  Mischief;  destruction. 


DryiUn. 


FATE,  Far,  FALL,  WHAT. -METE,  PREY. -PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.- NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK. 


]350 


WAT 

8.  In  /aw,  spoil,  destruction,  or  injury  done  to 
bouses,  woods,  fences,  lands,  &c.,  by  a  tenant  for 
life  or  for  years,  to  the  prejudice  of  the  heir,  or  of 
bim  in  reversion  or  remainder.  Waste  is  voluntanj^ 
as  by  pulling  down  buildings;  or  ■pcnnissive^sis  by 
suffering  them  to  fall  for  want  of  necessary  repairs. 
Whatever  does  a  lasting  damage  to  the  freehold,  is 
ixwaste.  Blackstone. 

W.aSTE'-BOQK,  n.  Among  merchants^  a  book  in 
which  rough  entries  of  transactions  are  made,  pre- 
vious to  their  being  carried  into  the  journal. 

WaST'ED,  pp.  Expended  without  necessity  or  use  ; 
lost  through  negligence  ;  squandered. 

2.  Diminished;  dissipated;  evaporated;  ex- 
hausted. 

3.  Desolated  ;  ruined  ;  destroyed. 
WaSTE'FIJL,  a.    Lavish  ;  prodigal ;  expending  prop- 
erty, or  that  which  i3  valuable,  without  necessity  or 
use  ;  applied  to  persojis. 

2.  Destructive  to  propertj- ;  ruinous  ;  as,  wasteful 
practices  or  negligence  ;  irastefal  expenses. 

3.  Desolate  ;  unoccupied ;  untilled  ;  uncultivated. 
[Obs.] 

Id  wilderness  and  vatliftil  deserts  strayed.  Spenser. 

WaSTE'FIjL-LY,  ade.  In  a  lavish  manner;  with 
prodigality  ;  in  useless  expenses  or  consumption. 

Her  lavish  tutnd  is  ^casUftiily  profuse.  Dryden. 

Waste 'FIJL-XESS,    n.      Lavishness;    prodigality; 

the  act  or  practice  of  expending  what  is  valuable, 

without  necessity  or  use. 
WASTE'-GaTE,  n.    A  gate  to  let  the  water  of  a  pond 

pass  off  when  it  is  not  wanted.  Cijc. 

WAS'TEL,  (wos'tel,)  n.    A  particular  sort  of  bread  ; 

fine  bread  or  cake.  Lowth.     Cyc. 

WISTE'NESS,  n.    A  desolate  state  ;  solitude. 

TbaC  (lay  is  a  da;  of  wrath,  a  day  of  trouUe  and  dUlrcss,  a  day 
cf  icaslenets.  —  Zepb.  i. 

WaSTE'-PIPE,  n.    A  pipe  for  conveying  off  waste 

water,  Jtc. 
WaST'ER,  n.    One  who  wastes  ;  one  who  squanders 
property  ;  one  who  consumes  extravagantly  or  with- 
out use. 

Be  also  that  b  slothful  in  his  wotic,  is  brother  to  him  who  is  a. 

great  tauter. — ■Prov.  xviii. 
ScoDces  are  great  vxisSers  of  c^^mdlcs.  Swi/t. 

2.  .'\  kind  of  cudgel.  Beaum. 

WaSTE'THRIFT,  71.     [waste  and  thrift.]  A  spend- 

thritt.  _  Bcaum. 

WaSTE'-WeIR,  n.  An  overfall  or  wier  for  the  su- 
perfluous %vater  of  a  canal.  Cyc. 

WaST'ING,  ppr.  Lavishing  prodij;alIy  ;  expending 
or  consuujing  without  use  ;  diminishing  by  slow  dis- 
sipation; desolating;  laying  waste. 

Waalins  •■"id  rvlcnllcss  war  h.is  mrjlc  rasngv-3,  wiili  bnt  few  nnd 
she rt  intcnniauoas,  from  th*-'  day»of  the  t;ruil  Niii)ro<Idowii 
to  the  Nimrod  of  our  owa  ag-.-.  /.  Lyman. 

2.  a.    Diminishing  hy  dissipation  or  by  great  de- 
struction ;  as,  a  vastin^  disease. 
WaST'REL,  n.     A  state  of  waste  or  common.     \_Lo- 


WaST'REL,      \ 
WaST'O-REL, 


n.     Waste  substances ;  any  thing 
cast  away  as  bad.     {Local.] 
Cyc. 

WAT,  (wot,)  n.  A  Siamese  term  for  a  sacred  place, 
within  wbdch  are  pagodas,  monasteries,  idols,  tanks, 
&c.  Jilalcom. 

WATCn,  (wotch,)  n.  [Sax.  warccay  from  wiecait^ 
vuBcean,  to  wake :  Sw.  vacht  or  vakt,  watch,  guard  ; 
Tochta^  to  icateh :  Dan.  rant.  It  is  from  t!ie  same 
root  as  xrake,  which  see.] 

1.  Forbearance  of  sleep. 

2.  Attend.ince  without  sleep. 

All  Uic  long  ni»hi  their  mournful  iwUcA  Ihcy  keep.     Addison, 

3.  Attention  ;  close  obscr^'ation.  Keep  watch  of 
the  suspected  man. 

4.  Guard ;  vigilance  for  keeping  or  protecting 
against  danger. 

He  kcjx  twth  leatch  and  warl.  Spenser. 

5.  A  watchman  or  watchmen  ;  men  set  for  a  guard, 
either  one  person  or  more,  set  to  espy  the  approach 
of  an  enemy  or  other  danger,  and  to  give  an  alarm 
or  notice  of  such  danger  ;  a  sentinel ;  a  guard.  lie 
kept  a  lEotch  at  the  gate.  Bacon. 

Ye  hAvp  a  uaich  ;  go  your  way,  make  it  as  sure  tm  ye  cin.  — 
M.ilt-  xzvii. 

fi.  Among  seamen,  a  certain  number  of  men  wlio 
attend  together  to  the  working  of  the  ship.  When 
there  are  but  two  divisions  of  this  kind,  they  are  said 
to  take  it  jsatch  and  watrh.  Totten. 

7.  The  place  where  a  guard  is  kept. 

He  upbrnkU  lago,  that  hr  made  him 

Brave  me  upon  ihe  waieh.  S7iak. 

8.  Post  or  office  of  a  watchman. 

Ag  1  did  ttind  my  KtUeh  upon  ihe  hill.  ShnJc. 

9.  A  period  of  the  night,  in  which  one  person  or 
one  sot  of  persons  stand  as  sentinels ;  or  the  time 
from  one  relief  of  sentinels  to  anoth';r.  Tliis  period, 
amon^  the  Israelites,  seems  to  have  been  originally 
fourhour-f,  but  was  aft*;rward  three  hours,  and  there 
were  four  watches  during  the  night.   Hence  we  read 


WAT 

in  Scripture  of  the  morning  watch,  and  of  the  sec- 
ond, third,  and  fourth  watch;  the  evening  watch 
commencing  at  six  o'clock,  the  second  at  nine,  the 
third  at  twelve,  and  the  fourth  at  three  in  the  morn- 
ing.    Exod,  xiv.     Matt.  xiv.     Luke  xii, 

iO.  A  small  tinif'))i(:ce  or  chronometer,  to  be  car- 
ried in  the  pocket  or  about  the  person,  in  which  the 
machinery  is  moved  by  a  spring. 

H.  At  seuj  the  space  of  time  during  which  one  set 
or  division  of  the  olRcers  and  crew  remain  on  deck 
to  perform  the  necessary  duties.  This  is  diflercnt  in 
different  nations.  Cye. 

To  be  on  the  watch;  to  be  looking  steadily  for  some 
event. 
WATCH,  (wotch,)  V.  i.  [Sax.  loaciari,  wacan ;  Sw.  v'dcka^ 
npvckka;  Dan.  vcrkker ;  G.  wachen:  Russ.  vetcfiaiju.] 

1.  To  be  awake  ;  to  be  or  continue  without  sleep. 

I  have  two  nig^hts  watched  with  you.  Sluik. 

9.  To  be  attentive;  to  look  with  attention  or  stead- 
iness.    JVatck  and  see  when  the  man  passes. 

3.  To  look  with  expectation. 

My  soul  waitetli  for  the  Lord  more  tli-oii  they  Uiat  isalch  for  the 
morning.  —  Pa.  cxxx. 

4.  To  keep  guard ;  to  act  as  sentinel ;  to  look  for 
danger. 

He  g^ive  si^al  to  the  minister  that  matched.  MUlon. 

5.  To  be  attentive;  to  be  vigilant  in  preparation 
for  an  event  or  trial,  the  time  of  whose  arrival  is  un- 
certain. 

Watch,  tlierefore  ;  for  ye  know  not  what  liour  your  Lord  dolh 
come.  —  Matt.  xxiv. 

G.  To  be  insidiously  attentive  j  as,  to  watch  for  an 
opportunity  to  injure  another. 

7.  To  attend  on  the  sick  during  the  night ;  as,  to 
watch  with  a  man  in  a  fever. 

To  watch  over;  to  be  cautiously  observant  of ;  to 
inspect,  superintend,  and  guard  from  error  and  dan- 
ger.   It  is  our  duty  constantly  to  watch  over  our  own 
conduct  and  that  of  our  children. 
WATCH,  V.  t.    To  guard ;  to  have  in  keeping. 

Flaming  ministcre  watch,  and  tend  their  charge.  Milton. 

2.  To  observe  in  ambush  j  to  lie  in  wait  for. 

Saul  also  sent  messengers  to  David's  house  to  watch  him,  ajid  to 
stay  him.  —  1  Sam.  xix. 

3.  To  tend  ;  to  guard. 

P.\rL3  uia'xked  the  flocks  In  the  groves  of  Ida.  Broome. 

4.  To  observe  in  order  to  detect  or  prevent,  or  for 
some  particular  purpose  ;  as,  to  icatch  a  suspected 
person  ;  to  watch  the  progress  of  a  bill  in  the  legisla- 
ture. 

WATCH'£D,  (vvotclit,)^^).    Guarded;  observed  with 

steady  vigilance. 
WATCH'ER,  (wotch'er,)  n.    one  who  sits  up  or  con- 
tinues awake  ;  particularly,  one  who  attends  upon 
the  sick  during  tlie  night. 

2.  .\  diligent  observer ;  as,  an  attentive  watcher  of 
the  works  of  nature.     [JSTot  in  itse.]  J^htre. 

WATCH'KT,  (wotch'-,)  a-    [Sax.  jBcEccd^  weak.] 
"  Pale  or  light  blue. 

Who  stares  in  Germany  at  watehet  eyes  ?  Dryilen. 

{Not  in  use.] 

WATGH'FIJL,  ff.  Vigilant;  attentive;  careful  to  ob- 
tierve  ;  observant ;  cautious.  It  has  of  before  the 
thing  to  be  regulated  ;  as,  to  be  wairhfal  o/ one's  be- 
havior ;  and  atrainst  before  the  thing  to  be  avoided  ; 
as,  to  be  watchful  a  gainst  the  growtli  of  vicious  habits. 
Locke.     Lam, 

WATCH'FIJL-LY,  flf/B.  Vigilantly;  heedluUy  ;  with 
careful  observation  of  the  approach  of  evil,  or  atten- 
tion to  duty.  Boyle. 

AVATCH'FllL-NESS,  n.  Vigilance  ;  hoedfnlness ; 
lieed  ;  suspicious  attention  ;  careful  and  diligent  ob- 
servatiim  for  the  purpose  of  preventing  or  escaping 
danger,  or  of  avoiding  mistakes  and  misconduct. 

3.°  Wakefulness ;  indisposition  or  inability  to 
sleep. 

Walchfulness  —  often  precedes  too  great  KlwpincM.   Arbuthnot. 
WATCH'-GLXSS,  71.     [watch  and  irlass.]     In  ships^  a 
half-hour  glass,  used  to  measure  the  time  of  a  watrh 
on  deck. 

2.  A  concavo-convex  glass  for  covering  the  face  or 
dial  of  a  watch. 
WATCH'-HOUSE,  ?i.     [ipolch  and  hoitse,]    A  house 

in  which  a  watch  or  guard  is  placed.  Oay. 

WATCII'ING,7//»r.    Ileiiig  awake  ;  guarding  ;  attend- 
ing the  sick  ;  carefully  ob>;erving. 
WATCIi'ING,  n.    Wakefulness;  inability  to  sleep. 

tViscman. 

WATCH'-LIGHT,  (wotrh'llte,)  ».    [watch  and  h>ftf. 

A  candle  with  a  rush  wick.  ^ddisen. 

WATCH'MaK-ER,    n.       [tratch    and    maker.]      One 

whose  occupation  is  to  make  and  repair  watches. 
WATCH'MAN,  ti.    One  set  for  a  guard  in  an  armed 
place,  especially  by  night ;  a  senthiel. 

2.  One  who  guards  the  streets  of  a  city  or  a  large 
building  by  night.  . 

.^  waickmnn's  rattle,  is  an  instrument  having  at  iho 
end  nf  a  h.indle  a  revolving  arm,  wliich,  by  the  ac- 
tion of  .1  sining  spring  upon  cogs,  product^s,  when  in 
motion,  a  Inud"  harsh,  rattling  sound. 


WAT 


To  spring  a  rattU,  is  to  put  this  in»tnuDent  in  mo- 
tion for  the  sake  of  caJhug  in  the  aid  of  oUier  watch- 
men. 

WATCH'TOVV-ER,  n.  [itaUh  and  lower.]  A  tower 
on  which  a  sentinel  is  placed  to  watch  for  enemlefl 
or  the  approach  of  danger.  Bacvtu 

W/VrCH'WuRD,  (woich'wurd,)  «.  [lentch  and  word.] 
The  word  {{iven  to  scntinelti,  and  to  such  as  bare  oc- 
casion to  visit  the  guards,  uiicd  a£  a  signal  by  wliich 
a  friend  is  known  from  an  enemy,  or  a  pemon  who 
has  a  right  to  pass  the  watch,  from  one  who  !... 
not. 

W^'TEU,  (wau'tcr,)  n.     [Sax.  iM-Cr,  trsr-r  D.  *-   ' 
G.  wowser;  Dan.  voter;    Bw.  ra"         ''■ 
Rubs.  voda.    This  may  be  from  t 
vcTof,  Sans.  udum.     In  Ar.  wadi 
or  the  channel  where  water  ftov.  ;   ,u  v.  irj'.-  - 
which   is  dry  in  summer;  a  thing  common  (;: 
plains  of  Syria  and  Arabia.] 

1.  A  fluid,  tlie  most  abundant  and  mo* 
for  living  beings  of  any  in  nature,  except  : 
when  pure,  is  colorless,  destitute  of  iXLsi 
ponderous,  transparent,  and  in  a  very  .-: 
compressible,  it  is  repositcd  in  the  earth  :- 
tible  quantities,  where  it  is  prcser^xd  ff 
and  from  which  it  issues  in  springs,  - 
streams  and  rivers.     Uut  the  great  reser. 
ter  on  the  globe  are  the  ocean,  seas,  and  ; 
cover  more  than  three  fifths  of  iu  surfa' 
which  it  in  niised  by  evaporation,  and  i- 
the  air  in  the  state  of  vapor,  is  wafted  o. ' 
ready  to  be  precipitated  in  the  form  of  r, 
hail. 

Water,  by  the  abstraction  or  Iocs  of  b- 
solid,  or,  in  other  words,  is  converted  inu  , 
and  by  heat  it  is  converted   into  stt  : 
tic  vapor,  one  of  the  most  powerful  apei.; 
Water  is  a  compound  of  oxygen  and  hydr  .■■  n  ;  r. 
volumes  or  measures  of  hydrogen  pas,  and  one  ^.f 
oxvgen  gas-     The  proportion  of  the  mgredit-nt*  m 
weight,  is  8S.9  parts  of  oxygen  to  11. 1  of  hydrogen. 

BtruJiiu. 

2.  The  ocean ;  a  sea  ;  a  lake  ;  a  river ;  any  great 
collection  of  water ;  as  in  the  phrases,  to  go  by 
water,  to  travel  by  water. 

3.  Urine  ;  the  animal  liquor  secreted  by  the  kidne}f 
and  discharged  from  the  bladder. 

4.  The  rtdor  or  luster  of  a  diamond  or  pearl,  some- 
limej,  perhajK,  of  other  precious  stones;  as,  a  dia- 
mond of  the  lirst  tcater,  that  is,  perfectly  pure  nnl 
transparent.    Hence  the  figurative  phmse,  a  ini:. 

a  genius  of  the  Jrst  water,  that  is,  of  Ihe  first  li.  .; 
lence. 

5.  fFatcr  is  a  name  given  to  several  liquid  sub- 
stances or  humors  in  animal  bodies  ;  as,  Ihe  teattrof 
the  pericardium,  of  dropsy,  &.c.  Q  -■ 

IVuter  of  crystalVnation  ;  the  water  forming  a 
stiluent  of  many  salts,  so  called  because  con?!!  - 
essential  to  their  crystallization.    The  term  ia  c^J^u>^ 
out  of  use.  DcMo. 

jl/(H£rafwa/fr5  are  those  waters  which  are  so  im- 
pregnated with  foreian  ingredients,  such  as  gaseous, 
sulphureous,  and  saline  substances,  as  to  give  them 
medicinal,  or  at  least  sensible  properties.  Most  nat- 
ural waters  contain  more  or  less  of  these  foreign 
substances,  but  the  proportion  is  go uerally  loo  minute 
to  atfcct  the  senses.  Olmsted. 

To  hold  water:  to  be  sound  or  tight,  {OlucleU  cr 
vulfrar.]  VEstrmgr^ 

WA'TEll-B.AlL'IFF,  n.  An  officer  of  Ihe  customs, 
i'ri  Encland,  fur  searching  shi|»s. 

W^'TER-BEaR  ER,  ».  [icflter  and  htarrr.]  In  oj- 
trotiftmy,  a  sign  of  the  zodiac,  called  also  A^l'arh-s, 
fnmi  L.  aqtta,  water. 

WA'TER-BkAT-KN,  a.  Beaten  by  water  or  the 
\vaves. 

WA'TI:R-REI.'1.(5\V?,  ».  [water  and  brllpK-s.]  A 
machine  for  blowing  air  into  a  furnace,  by  means  of 
n  column  of  water  falling  through  a  vertical  tube. 

WA'TER-H6RN'E,  a.  Borne  by  Uie  water  ;  Hoatcd  ; 
having  water  sutficienl  to  Hoat ;  as,  ships  ifii/(r-i.>r;:/ 
by  the  Ilowing  tide.  Smr^Urt!. 

VVA'TER-eAl/.\-.MI\T.n.  [waitr  AUA  eaJ.2i»M.]  A 
species  of  mutt  or  .Mentha.  Cvc 

WA'TER-CAR'UIAGE,  h.  [irii//r  and  aimaft.] 
'l'rans[Kirtalion  or  conveyance  by  wiler,  of  Ihe 
means  of  trans[Mirting  bv  water. 

2.  A  vessel  or  bi»at.     [Xot  in  use.]         JrhutkiwU 

WA'TER-e.\RT,  II.  [leairr  and  e/trt.]  A  carl  l*fnr- 
iiig  a  large  cask  of  water,  which  is  conveyed  into  a 
cylinder  full  of  holes,  by  means  of  which  Itic  wal.  r 
is  sprinkled  uptui  the  ground. 

WA'TER-t  'KM '  E.Vr,  n.  A  cement  made  of  a  pccul- 
iiir  kintl  cf  liinr,  winch  hardens  iM-neaili  watrr. 

W\'TER-ClR'€Lf;i),  (-sur'kld,)  ^  a.   ^unvundcrf  by 

WA'TEK-GIRD'LKD,  (-*!Ur'did,)  S      water.     Sa.rt. 

WA'TER-CLOCK,  m.  [tcatrr  and  cIoeL]  The  cicp 
sydra;  an  inslniuient  or  niarhine  servm«  to  meas- 
ure time  by  the  fall  of  a  certain  quantity-  of  water. 

WA'TER-€LOS'ET,  «.    A  cKwet  for  easing  nab.re. 
having  a  contrivance  for  cnnying  off  the  discharges 
by  a  stream  of  water  through  a  waste-pipe  below. 
'2.  In  steamboats,  a  privy. 


Tt5NE,  BJJLL,  IGNITE.- AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.-e  as  K ;  6  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  aa  SH ;  Til  as  m  THIS. 


1251 


WAT 

\VA'TER-€0L-OR,  (-kiil-lur,)  n.  [water  and  color.]  I 
iValer-coIurs,  in  j/atntiiiff  nr  Uvini/i^',  aio  lolors  nijxcil 
with  gum-waler,  anil  made  up  iiilo  small  cakea. 
Water-colurs  are  so  called  in  disiinction  from  oil- 
colors.  Encyc. 
WA'TER-CoURSE,  n.  [waternnd  course]  A  stream 
til'  water  ;  a  river  or  brook.     Isa.  xliv. 

2.  A  channel  or  canal  for  the  conveyance  of  water, 
particularlv  in  draining  lands. 
WA'TER-CRAFT,  7i.     Vessels  and  boats  plying  on 

water. 
WA'TKR-CRESS,  n.     [wafer  and  crea.^.]      A  small, 
creeping  \A  .n:    growing  in  watery  places;   applied 
jiarticiilarly  to  tjie  Nasturtium  officinale  a  plant  of  an 
:ij;reeal)!e  flavor,  much  cultivated  in  Europe  as  a  rel- 
ish for  breakfast.  Lotulon. 
WA'TER-GRoWFOOT,  n.    [water  and  crowfoot.]    A 
jilant,  the  Ranunculus  aquatilis,  on  which  cows  arc 
said  to  be  fond  of  feeding.  Cyc. 
WA'TER-DRaIN,  n.    A  drain  or  channel  for  water 

to  run  off. 
WA'TER-DRaIN'A6E,    n.      The    draining    ufl"  of 

wafer. 
WA'TER-DROP,  71.      [iDatcr  and  drop.]      A  drop  of 

water.  Skak. 

VVA'TER-DROP'WORT,  71.    A  plant  of  the  genus 

CEnanthe.  Lcc. 

WA'TER-EL'E-PHANT,  n.     A  name  given  to  the 

hippopotamus. 
WA'TER-EN'CINE,  n.  [roatcr  and  eji^yic]  An 
engine  to  raise  water  ;  or  an  engine  moved  by 
water. 
WA'TER-FALL,  71.  [water  and  full.]  A  fall  or  per- 
pendicular "descent  of  the  water  of  a  river  or  stream, 
or  a  descent  nearly  perpendicular ;  a  cascade  ;  a  cat- 
aract. But  the  word  is  generally  used  of  the  fall  of 
a  small  river  or  rivulet.  It  is  particularly  used  to  ex- 
press a  cascade  in  a  garden,  or  an  artificial  descent 
of  water,  designed  as  an  ornament.  Cijc. 

WA'TER-FLAG,  71.    [ipatcr  andjlu';.]   Water  flower- 
de-luce,  a  species  of  /ris. 
VVA'TER-FLOOD,  (-And,)  7i.     [water  ami  Jlood.]     A 

(iood  of  water;  an  inundation. 
WA''i'ER-FL-5',  7).     [water  and  fiij.]     An  insect  that 

is  seen  on  the  water. 
WA'TER-FOVVL,  ii.  [tcatcr  and  /o?c/.]  A  bird  that 
frequents  the  water,  or  lives  about  rivers,  lakes,  or 
on  or  near  the  sea ;  an  aquatic  fowl.  Of  aquatic 
fowls,  soioc  are  waders,  or  furnished  with  long  legs  ; 
oiliers  are  swimmers,  and  are  furnished  with  webbed 
feet. 
WA''J"ER-FOX,  vj.     [iDater  and  fox.]     A  name  given 

in  the  carp,  on  account  of  its  cunning.  fValton. 

WA'TER-FaR'RoW,  7i.      [water  and  furrow.]      In 
agriculture,  a  deep  furrow  made  fnr  conducting  water 
from  the  ground  and  keeping  it  dry. 
WA'TER-FUR'RoW,  v.  t.    To  plow  or  open  water- 
furrows. 
WA'TKR-GA6E,     |  n.     [watrr  and   gasf^.']     An    in- 
WA'TER-GUaGE,  i      strumi-nt  fnr  measuring  or  as- 
certaining tlie  deplli  or  quantity  of  water. 
WA'TER  -GALL,  n.    A  cavity  made  in  the  earth  by 
a  torrent  of  water. 
9.  An  appearance  in  the  rainbow.  Stevens. 

WA'TER-6ER-WAN'I)ER,  n.     A  plant  of  the  genus 

'i'eucrium.  Cyc. 

WA'TER-GILD-LNG,  n.  The  gilding  of  metallic 
surfaces  by  covering  them  with  a  thin  coating  of 
amalgam  of  gold  and  then  volatilizing  the  mercury 
by  heat.  Brande. 

WA'TER-GOD,  n.     [water  and  god.]    A  deity  that 

presides  over  the  water. 
WA'TER-GRu'EL,  n.     [water  and  ffruel]    A  liquid 
food,  composed  of  water  and  a  small  portion  of  meal 
or  other  farinaceous  substance  boiled. 
WA'TER-IUIR'GRASS,  n.    A  species  of  grass,  the 

Aira  aquatica.  Cyc. 

WA'TER-IIAM'MER,  n.  A  column  of  water  in  a 
vacuum,  which  not  being  supported  as  in  the  air, 
falls  against  the  end  of  the  vessel  with  a  peculiar 
noise.  It  may  be  formed  by  corking  a  vessel  of 
water  while  it  is  boiling.  The  vapor  condensing  as 
it  cools,  a  vacuum  is  formed. 
WA'TER-HEMP-AG'RI-MO-NY,  n.     A  plant  of  the 

genus  Bidens.  ice. 

WA'TER-HEN,  n.  [jmter  and  hen.]  A  water-fowl 
of  the  genus  Gallinula  of  Latham,  closely  allied  to 
the  Rails,  and  named  irom  its  quaint  resemblance  to 
the  common  domestic  fowl ;  also  called  Gallinule. 
Several  species  of  this  genus,  and  also  the  Soree,  or 
common  Rail  of  America,  are  called  Gallinules  or 
Wateb-Hens.  J^uttalL 

VVA'TER-HOG,  n.  [water  and  hog.]  A  quadruped 
of  South  America,  the  Ilydroch^rus  capybara,  a  ro- 
dent mammal,  inhabiting  the  shores  of  tiio  great  riv- 
ers of  South  America.  Its  length  is  about  ilireo  feet. 
Naturalists  consider  it  as  nearly  allied  to  tlie  cobaija 
or  guinea-pig 
WA'TER-LASH-ED,  (-lasht,)  a.      Laslied    by    the 

water. 
VV  A'TER-LAU^REL,n.    [water  ^mMaurcL]    A  j.lant. 
WA'TER-LeAF,  71.     [water  and  leaf]     An  American 

plant  of  the  genus  Hvdrophylium.  Lee. 

WA'TER-LESS,  a.     Destitute  of  water.  Touke. 


WAT 

WyV''l'KR-LEV'EL,  a.     {toatcr  and  level.]    The  level 

formed  by  the  surface  ot  still  watiT. 
W'A'TER-LIL'Y,  n.     [woto- and  lUij.]    The  common 
name  of  the  aquatic  plants  of  the  genera  Nymphiea 
and  Nu|)liar,  distinguit^hed  for  their  beautiful  flow- 
ers and  large,  floating  leaves.  P.  Cyc. 
WA'TKR-LTNE,  w.     [water  and  line.]     A  horizontal 
liiic  Eup[)osed  to  be  drawn  about  a  ship's  bottom,  at 
the  surface  of  the  water.    Tliis  is  higher  or  lower, 
according  to  the  depth  of  water  necessaiy  to  float 
her.                                                   Mar.  Diet.     Cue. 
WA'TER-LOG-GED,   a.      [water   and   log.]      Lying 
like  a  log  on  the  water.     A  ship  is  said  to  be  water- 
logged, when,  by  leaking  and  receiving  a  great  quan- 
tity of  water  into  her  liold,  she  has  become  so  heavy 
as  not  to  be  manageable  by  the  helm,  and  to  he  at 
the  mercy  of  the  waves.                                   Brande, 
WA'TER-iMAN,  7i.     [reater  and  man.]     A  boatman  ;  a 

ferryman  ;  a  man  who  manages  water-cratl.    Gay 
VVA'TER-MARK,  n.     [water  and  viark.]     The  mark 

(ir  limit  of  tiie  rise  of  a  flood.  Drydcn. 

WA'TliUl-MEL'ON,  ;;.     [water  tiwA  welon.]     A  plant 
;iiul  its  fmit,  of  the  genus  Cucurbita  or  Cucumis, 
(C.  citrullus.)    This  plant  requires  a  warm  climate 
to  bring  it  to  perfection.     It  also  requires  a  dry, 
sandy,  warm  soil,  and  will  not  grow  well  in  any 
other.    The  fruit  abounds  with  a  sweetish  liquor  re- 
sembling water  in  color,  and  the  pulp  is  remarkably 
rich  and  delicious. 
WA'TER-MJLL,  n.    [water  and  viilL]     A  mill  whose 
machinery  is  moved  by  water,  and  tlms  distinguished 
from  a  wind-mill. 
WA'TER-iMINT.     See  Water-Calami sx. 
WA'TER-NEWT,  7^     [water  and  newt.]     An  animal 

of  the  lizard  tribe,  (Laceria  aquatica  of  Linnaeus.) 
WA'TER-OR'DE-.IL,  n.  [water  and  ordeal.]  A  ju- 
dicial trial  of  persons  accused  of  crimes,  by  means 
of  water  ;  formerly  in  use  among  illiterate  and  super- 
stitious nations. 
WA'TER-OU'SKI.,  71.  [water  and  ousel]  A  bird  al- 
lied tu  tlie  thrushes,  the  Cinctus  aquaticus,  found  in 
Europe  and  parts  of  Asia.  It  frequents  streams  of 
wati  r.  P-  Cyc. 

The  water-ousel  is  the  turdus  cinctus  of  Latham. 
Ed.  Encyc. 
WA'TER-P.\RS'NEP,   n.      [water  and  parsnep.]     A 

plant  of  the  genus  Sunn.  Lee. 

WA'TER-PLAN'i',  n.     A  plant  that  grows  in  water  ; 

an  atjuatic  plant. 
WA'TlilR-Po'A,  w.    A  valualile  spscies  of  grass,  the 
Poa  aquatica,  which  is  cultivated  m  England  for  fod- 
der. London. 
WA'TER-POISE,  n.     [water  and  poise.]     A  iiydrom- 
eVer,  or  instrument  for  ascerUiining  the  specific  grav- 
ity of  different  liquids.                                     Frauci.^: 
WA'TER-POT,   71.      [loatcr   and   pof.]     A  vessel  for 
holding  or  conveying  water,  or  for  sprinkling  water 
on  cliith  in  bleaching,  or  on  plants.  &c. 
WA'TER-PROOF,  a.    [water  and  proof]    Imperviou.s 
to  water  ;  so  tirm  and  com|)act  as  not  to  admit  wa- 
ter; K^ ^water-prc ffc]olh,  Icatlier,  or  felt. 
WA'TER-RAD'ISH,  n.     [iDaler  and  radish.] 

A  species  of  Sisymbrium.  Lre. 

WA'TER-RaIL,  71.     [water  and  rail]    A  wading  bird 

of  the  genus  Rallus. 

WA'TER-RAM,  n.     A  machine  by  which  water  is 

raised  nuich  above  its  level  by  the  momentum  of  a 

larger  stream  than  the  one  which  is  raised.    Francis. 

WA'TER-RAT,  tu     [water  and  rat.]     An  animal  of 

the  genus  Arvioola  (RIus,  Linn.,)  which  lives  in  the 

banks  of  stream-^  or  lakes. 

WA'TER-R0CK-£D,  (-rokl,)  a.      Rocked    by    the 

waves. 
WA'TER-ROCK'ET,  71.     [imter  and  rocket.]     A  spe- 
cies of  Sisymbrium.  Johnson. 
i2.  A  kind  of  firework  to  be  discharged  in  the  water. 
WA'TER-ROT,   v.  t.     [irater  and   rot.]      To  rot  by 

sleeping  in  w^ater  ;  as,  to  water-rot  hemp  or  flax. 
WA'TER-ROT-TED,  pp.    Rolled  by  being  steeped  in 

^vate^. 
WA'TER-ROT-TING,  ppr.    Rotting  in  water. 
WA'TER-SaIL,  71.     [water  and  sail.]     A  small  sail 
lised  under  a  studding  sail  or  driver  boom. 

Jilar.  Diet. 
WA'TER-SAr'PHIRE,(-saf'fIreor-saf'fer,)n.  lolite, 

a  kind  of  slue  precious  stone. 
WA'TER-SeOR'Pl-ON,  n.     [water  and  scorpion.] 
"A  name  given  to  aquatic,  hemiptcrous  insects  of 
the  family  NepidiB  fgenus  Nepa,  Linn.)  from  their 
fore  legs  being  somewhat  similar  to  those  of  the  scor- 
pion.   They  feed  on  other  aquatic  insects. 

Partington. 
WA'TER-SHED,  7i,    A  range  of  high  land  that  casts 

tlie  water  in  difierent  directions.  Robinson. 

WA'TER-SHOOT,  71.     [water  and  shoot.]     A  sprig  or 

shoot  from  tlie  mot  or  slock  of  a  tree.     [LocuL] 
WA'TER-SNaKE,  n.     [water  and  snake.]     A  snake 

that  frequents  the  water. 
WA'TER-SOAK,u.  f.  [water  and  sooA.]  To  soak  or  till 

tlie  interstices  with  water. 
WA'TER-SoAK-£D,  (-sokt,)  pp.  or  a.      Soaked,  or 
having  its  interstices  filled  with  water;   uSj  water- 
soaked  wood  ;  a  leatcr-suaJced  hat. 
WA'TER-SoL'DIER,  (-sol'jer,)  n.    An  aquatic  plant 


WAT 

of  the  genus  Siratiotes,  with  long,  sword-like  leaves, 
and  flowers  reseud)liiig  plumes  of  wliiti^  leathers. 

Loudon. 

WA'TER-SPAN'IEL,  (-span'yel,)  n.  [water  and 
spmiicL]     A  dog  so  called.  Sidney. 

WA'TER-SPOUT,  7(.  A  remarkable  natural  phenom- 
enon us;ually  observed  over  the  sea,  but  sometimes 
over  the  land.  It  usually  consists  of  a  dense,  black 
cloud,  depending  from  the  sky  in  a  conical  form  to- 
warii  the  earth.  S(tmetiines  it  unites  with  a  corre- 
sponding portion  ar^cend ill g from  below,  liius  forming 
a  continuous  column  from  the  surface  of  theearlii  to 
the  cloud.  It  otXcu  discharges  great  quantities  of 
water,  wlience  its  name.  Olmsted. 

WA'TER-STAND'ING,  a.  Wet  with  water;  as, 
a  water-standing  eye.  Cijc.     Shak, 

WA'TER-Ta'BLE,  71.  [water  and  tabic.]  In  ar- 
chitecture, a  strong,  coarse  molding,  or  other  projec- 
tion, in  the  wall  of  a  building,  to  throw  off  the  water. 

Budutnan. 

WA'TER-TATH,  ii.  In  England,  a  species  of  coarse 
grass  growin,'4  in  wet  grounds,  p.nd  supposed  to  be 
injurious  to  sheep.  Cyc. 

WA'TER-TIIER-AIOM'E-TER,  7i.  An  instrumi-nt 
for  SLscertaining  the  precipe  degree  of  cnld  at  which 
water  attains  its  maximum  density.  This  is  about 
40"  of  Fahrenheit ;  and  from  that  point  down  to  yd°, 
or  tlie  freezing  point,  it  expands.  Water  thus  forms 
a  remarkable  exception  to  the  general  law  of  expan- 
sion bv  heat  and  contraction  by  cold.  Olmstal. 

WA'TER-TIGHT,  C-tIte,J  a.  [water  and  tight.]  So 
tight  as  to  retain  or  not  to  admit  water.     WUewcll. 

WA'TER-TRe'FOIL,  71.  A  plant,  Menyanthes  tri- 
foUata. 

WA'TER-VI'0-LET,  n.  [water  and  vioUt.]  An 
aquatic  plant  of  tiie  genus  Huttonia.     Miller.     Lee. 

WA'TER-WaV,  71.  [water  and  way.]  In  a  ship'^s 
dcck^  a  piece  of  timber,  forming  a  channel  fur  con- 
-ducting  water  to  the  scuppers. 

WA'TER-WHEEL,  n.     [water  ^nA  wheel.]     A  wheel 
liioved  by  water. 
9.  An  engine  for  raising  water  in  large  quantities. 

WA'TER-WIL'LoW,  n.  [water  and  teillow.]  A 
plant.  Ainsworth. 

WA'TER-WINGS,  n.  pi.  Walls  erected  on  the  banks 
of  rivers,  next  to  bridges,  to  secure  the  foundation 
from  the  action  of  the  current.  Francis. 

WA'TEil-WlTlI,  n.     [water  and  with.]    A  plant. 

Derham. 

WA'TER-WORK,  (-wurk,)  n.  hoater  and  work.] 
VVater-works  are  hydraulic  macJiines  or  engines, 
particularly  such  as  form  artificial  fountains,  spouts, 
and  tlie  like. 

WA'TER-WoRN,  a.    Worn  by  the  force  of  water. 

WA'TER-WORT,  n.  An  aquatic  plant  of  the  genus 
Elaline.  Lee,. 

WA'TER,  (wau'ter,)  v.'i.  To  irrigate;  to  overflow 
with  water,  or  to  wet  witli  water  ;  as,  to  water  land. 
Showers  water  the  earth. 

2.  To  supply  with  water.  The  hilly  lands  of  New 
England  are  remarkably  well  watered  with  rivers  and 
rivulets. 

3.  To  supply  with  water  for  drink  ;  as,  to  water 
cattle  and  horses. 

4.  To  diversify;  to  wet  and  calender;  to  give  a 
wavy  appearance  to  ;  as,  to  water  silk. 

WA'TER,  (wau'tcr,)  v.  i.  To  shed  water  or  liquid 
niatter.     His  eyes  began  to  water. 

9.  To  get  or  lake  in  water.  The  ship  put  into  port 
to  water. 

The  vioutlt  waters ;  a  jihrase  denoting  that  a  person 
lias  a  longing  desire. 

WA'TER-AGE,  7l  Money  paid  for  transportation  by 
water. 

WA'TER-£D,  pp.  or  a.  Overspread  or  sprinkled  with 
\vater;  made  wet;  supplied  with  water j  made  lus- 
trous by  being  wet  and  calendered. 

WA'TER-ER,  71.    One  who  waters.  Carew. 

WA'TER-I-NESS,  71.  [from  watenj.]  Moisture;  hu- 
ihiditv  ;  a  state  of  abounding  with  water,  .^rbntknot. 

WA'TKR-ING,  ppr.  Overflowing ;  sprinkling  or  wet- 
ting with  water;  supplying  witli  water;  giving  wa- 
ter for  drink  ;  giving  a  wavy  appearance  to. 

WA'TER-ING,  n.    The  act  of  overflowing  or  sprink- 
ling with  water  ;  the  act  of  supplying  with  water  for 
drink  or  other  purposes  ;  the  act  of  welting  and  cal- 
endering for  giving  luster  to,  as  cloth. 
9.  The  place  where  water  is  supplied. 

WA'TEK-ING-PLaCE,  h.  a  place  wliere  water  may 
lie  obtained,  as  for  a  sliip,  for  cattle,  ice. 

9.  A  place  to  which  peo[ile  resort  for  mineral  wa 
ter,  or  for  the  use  of  water  in  some  wav  or  other. 

WA'TER-ING-TROUGH,  (-trauf,J  n.  A  trough  in 
which  cattle  and  horses  drink. 

WA'TER-ISH,    a.      Resembling    water;    thin,  as  a 

liquor.  Dryden. 

2.  Moist ;  somewhat  watery ;  as,  waterlsh  land. 

Hale. 

WA'TER-ISII-NESS,  n.  Thinness,  as  of  a  liquor  ;  re- 
semblance to  water. 

Waterishness,  which  ie  like  ihe  scrofiUy  of  our  blood.    Floyer. 

WA'TER-LESS,  a.    Destitute  of  water.      Mitford. 
WA'TER-MEAS'l^RE,  (-nie/.h'ur,)  n.      A  measure 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MkTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARXNE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQOK.- 


WAV 

for  articU's  brouijht  by  water,  as  coals,  oysters,  &.c. 
Til  is  bushel  is  larger  than  iho  Winchester  measure. 
W.VTER-Y,  a.     Keseinblini:  water  ;  thin  or  transpa- 
niil ;  as  a  liquid  :  as,  loaunj  humors. 

'I'he  oily  and  wtUry  parts  of  the  clement.  Arbuthnoi. 

2.  Tasteless ;  insipid ;  vapid  j  spiritless ;  as,  wa- 
tery turnips.  Philips. 

3.  Wet ;  abounding  with  water  ;  as,  waten/  land  ; 
Kotertt  eyes.  Prior. 

4.  Pertaining  to  water;  as,  the  tcatcnj  god. 

DnjdeiL 

5.  Consisting  of  water  ;  as,  a  vatcry  desert. 

Milton. 
WAT'TLE,  (wot'ti,)  7j.      [Sax.  vnttl.tn.  twig;   allied 
perhaps  to  witlic^  L.  vitis,  that  is,  a  shoot.] 

}.  Properly^  a  twig  or  flexible  rod  ;  and  hence,  a 
hurdle  made  of  such  rods. 

9.  The  fleshy  excrescence  that  grows  under  the 
throat  of  a  cock  or  turkey,  or  a  like  substance  on  a 
fish.  Cyc.     Walton. 

3.  A  rod  laid  on  a  roof  to  support  the  thatch. 
WAT'TLE,  V.  t.    To  bind  with  twigs. 

2.  To  twist  or  interweave  twigs  one  with  anoth- 
er ;  to  plat ;  to  form  a  kind  of  net-work  with  flexible 
branches  ;  as,  to  wattle  a  hedge.  J\Tortimer. 

WAT'TljED,  pj).    Bound  or  interwoven  witli  twigs. 
WAT'TLIXG.  ppr.     Interweaving  with  twigs. 
WAUL,  r.  I.    To  cr>-  as  a  cat. 
W,-\UL'ING,  ppr.    Crying  as  a  cat. 
Wave,  n.     [Sax.  weg^  i^"*^,  a  wave,  a  way  ;  both  tlie 
same  word,  and  both  coinciding  with  the  root  of 
jcag;  wagon,  vacillate^  weigh,  &c.     The  sense  is,  ago- 
ing, a  moving,  appropriately  a  moving  one  way  and 
the  other;  G.  woge;  Sw.  vag <  Ir.  buaice.'] 

1.  A  moving  swell  or  volume  of  water ;  usualhi, 
a  swell  raised  and  driven  by  wind.  A  pebble  thrown 
into  still  water  produces  xcavcs,  which  form  concen- 
tric circles,  receding  from  the  pomt  where  the  pebble 
fell.  But  waves  are  generally  raised  and  driven  by 
wind,  and  the  word  comprehends  any  moving  swell 
on  the  surtace  of  water,  from  the  smallest  ripple  to 
the  billows  of  a  tempest. 

The  imre  behind  impels  the  iratte  before.  Pope, 

2.  Unevenness;  inequality  of  surface.    JN'nDton. 

3.  The  line  or  streak  of  hister  on  cloth  watered  and 
calendered. 

Wave,  r.  X.     [Sax.  wajianj    probably  a  corrupt  or- 
thography.] 

1.  To  play  loosely  ;  to  move  like  a  wave,  one  way 
and  the  other  ;  to  float ;  to  undulate. 

His  purple  robes  wooed  careless  to  iho  winda.  Trumbull. 

2.  To  be  moved,  as  a  signal.  B.  Jonson. 

3.  To  fluctuate  ;  to  waver ;  to  be  in  an  unsettled 
state.     [Obs.] 

Wave,  r.  (.     [See  W^iVEn.]     To  raise  into  inequali- 
ties of  surface.  Skak. 

2.  To  move  one  way  and  the  other  ;  to  brandish  ; 
as,  to  wave  the  hand  ;  to  wave  a  sword. 

jMiltoJi.     Drydcn. 

3.  To  waft ;  to  remove  any  thing  floating. 

Brown. 

4.  To  beckon  ;  to  direct  by  a  waft  or  waving  mo- 
tion. Skak. 

Wave,  r.  L     [Norm,  weyver^  to  wave  or  wawe  ;  waif- 
nei,  waived  ;  wefs,  weifs,  waifs.] 

1.  To  put  off";  to  cast  off*;  to  cast  away  ;  to  reject ; 
as,  to  ware  goods  stolen  ;  usually  written  Waive. 

2.  To  quit ;  to  depart  from. 

He  reaoWed  not  to  iracc  hia  way.  WoUon. 

3.  To  put  off;  to  put  aside  for  the  present,  or  to 
omit  to  pursue  ;  as,  to  wave  a  motion.  He  offered  to 
wave  the  subject. 

[  This  is  the  usital  sense."^ 

4.  To  relinquish,  as  a  right,  claim,  or  privilege. 
[Generally  written  Waive.] 

Wa  V'£D,  pp.    Moved  one  way  and  the  other ;  bran- 
dished. 
2.  Put  off;  omitted. 
3   a.  In  heraldry,  indented. 

4.  Variegated  in  luster  ;  as,  waved  silk. 

5.  In  natural  history,  having  on  the  margin  a  suc- 
cession of  arched  segments  or  incisions.     Humble. 

W^aVE'LESS,  a.     Free  from  waves  ;   undisturbed  ; 

unacitated  ;  as,  the  traveless  sea. 
WaVE'-LIKE,  a.    Resembling  a  wave  ;  iiwdulating. 
Wa'VEL-LITE,  Tt.     [from  Wavd,  the  discovtrer.] 
A   phosphate  of  alumina,    occurring  usually  in 

hemispherical  concretions,  consisting  of  fine,  radiated 

fibers;  and  rarely  in  distinct  crystals  secondaries  to 

a  rhombic  prism.  Dana. 

WaVE'-LoAF,  71.     [wave  and  loaf.]     A  loaf  for  a 

wave-offerins. 
WaVE'-OF'FER-ING,  n.     An   offering  made  with 

waving    toward    the  four  cardinal  points.     Aum. 

iviii. 
Wa'VER,  tJ.  i.      [Sax.  wajian;    Dan.    svawer,  from 

vetver,  to  weave,  that  is,  to  move  one  way  and  the 

other j 
J.  To  play  or  move  to  and  fro  ;  to  move  one  way 

and  the  other.  Boyle. 

2.  To  fluctuate ;   to  be  unsettled   in  opinion  ;  to 


WAY 


WAY 


vacillate  ;  to  be  undttcnuined  ;  as,  to  waver  in  opin- 
ion i  to  waver  in  faith. 


3.  To  totter ;  to  reel ;  to  be  in  danger  of  falling. 

Ihlyday. 
Wa'VER,  71.    A  name  given  to  a  sapling  or  young 

innbcr-trce  in  England.    [[^ocaW] 
Wa'VER-ER,  n.    One  who  wavers  ;  one  who  is  un- 
settled in  doctrine,  faith,  or  opinion. 
Wa'VER-ING,  ppr.  or  o.      Fluctuating;    being    in 

doubt  ;  undetermined. 
Wa'VER-ING-LY,  adv.     In  a  fluctuating,  doubtful 

manner. 
Wa'VER-ING-NESS,  71.     State  or  quality  of  being 

wavering.  Mountagac. 

WaVE'SON,  71.    A  name  given  to  goods  wliich,  after 

shipwreck,  appear  floating  on  the  sea,        Buuvler. 
WAVE'-yUU-JECT'ED,  a.    Subject  to  be  overfiuwed. 

Goldsmith. 
WaVE'-WORN,  a,     [wave  and  worn.']     Worn  by  the 

waves. 

The  eliore  tbiU  o'er  lild  wace-wom  hasU  bowed.  SliaJt. 

WAVING,  ppr.  or  a.     Moving  as  a  wave ;  playing  to 

and  fro  ;  brandishing. 
WvvV'URE,  H.    The  act  of  waving  or  putting  off. 

R.  Peel 
Wa'VY,  a.      [from  ■wave.']      Rising  or  swelling  in 

waves  ;  full  of  waves  ;  as,  the  wavy  sea.     Chapman. 

2.  Playing  to  and  fro  ;  undulating. 

Let  her  glad  valleys  smile  with  wavy  corn.  Prior. 

3.  Undulating  on  the  border  or  on  the  surface;  a 
botanical  use. 

WAWES  or  WAES,  (wawz,)  for  Waves.    [J^otin 

zisc] 
WAX,  71.     [Sax.  W{Ex,  wex;  G.  7mrhs  ;  D.  wasch;  Sw. 

vox;  Russ.  valcsa;  L.  viscns,  viscum.] 

1.  A  tliick,  viscid,  tenacious  substance,  excreted 
by  bees  from  their  bodies,  and  employed  in  the  con- 
struction of  their  cells;  usually  called  Rees' Wax. 
Its  native  color  is  yellow,  but  it  is  bleached  for  can- 
dles, &.C. 

2.  A  thick,  tenaciCuB  substance  cvcreted  in  the 
ear. 

3.  A  substance  secreted  by  certain  plants,  forming 
a  silvery  po'.vder  on  the  leaves  and  fruit,  as  in  the 
wax-palm  and  wax-nayrtJe.  Cyc. 

4.  A  substance  used  in  sealing  letters  ;  called  Ssal- 
ing-Wax  or  Spanish-Wax.  This  is  a  composition 
of  lac  and  resin,  colored  with  some  pigment.  Cyc. 

5.  A  thick  substance  used  by  shoemakers  for  rub- 
bing their  thread. 

Wax,  mineral.     See  Ozocerite. 

WAX,  V.  t.  To  smear  or  rub  with  wax  ;  as,  to  ir«,c  a 
thread  or  a  table. 

WAX,  V.  i. ;  pre(.  Waxed  ;  pp.  Waxed  or  Waxen. 
[Sax.  iDcaran ;  G.  wachsen ;  Sw.  vaxa;  allied  proba- 
bly to  L.  aiigco,  auxi,  Gr.  ac^w,  and  ai'Jrj.] 

1.  To  increase  in  size  ;  to  grow  ;  to  become  larger  ; 
as,  the  waxing  and  the  waning  moon.        HakewUl. 

2.  To  pass  from  one  state  to  another  ;  to  become  ; 
as,  to  icax  strong  ;  to  wax  warm  or  cold  ;  to  wax  fee- 
ble ;  to  wax  hot ;  to  wax  old  ;  to  wax  worse  and 
worse.  Scripture. 

WAX'-€AN-DLE,  n.    [icax  and  candle.] 
A  candle  maile  nf  wax. 

WAX'-CHAND-LER,  n.  [traz  and  chandler.]  A 
maker  of  wax-candles. 

WAX'£D,  (wakst,)  pp.  Smeared  or  rubbed  with 
wax. 

WAX'£N,  a.     Made  of  wax ;  as,  waxen  cells. 

Milton. 
2.  Resembling  wax.  Ed.  Encyc. 

WAX'-END,        I  71.    A  thread  pointed  with  a  bristle 

WAX'£D-END,  \  and  covered  with  shoemaker's 
wax  ;  used  in  sewing  shoes.  Brockcit. 

WAX'ING,  ppr.  Growing;  increasing;  becoming; 
smearing  with  wax. 

WAX'-MOTH,  n.    The  bee-moth,  which  see. 

WAX'-MYR-TLE,  n.  The  Slyrica  cerifera,  a  shnib  of 
North  America  ;  also  called  Candleberry-Tbee  and 
BAYPEnnv,  tlis  berries  of  wliich  are  covered  with  a 
greenish  wax,  called  myrtle-wax  or  baybcrry  tallow. 

Bigclow. 

WAX'-P\LM,  (-pUm,)  v.  A  species  of  palm,  the 
Ceroxylon  andicola,  a  native  of  the  Andes,  the  stem 
of  whu:!;  "vered  with  a  secretion,  consisting  of 
two  thirds  re^wi  and  one  third  wax. 

Bonpland.     Vaiupidhx. 

WAX'WING,  7(.  A  bird  of  the  genus  Bombycilla, 
about  six  or  eight  inches  long.  Tliere  are  several 
beautiful  species  so  named,  because  most  of  them 
have  small,  oval,  horny  appendages  on  the  seconda- 
ries of  the  wings,  of  the  color  of  red  sealing-wax. 
P.  Cyc.     Jiirdine. 

WAX'-WORK,  (-wurk,)  n.  Figures  formed  of  wax, 
in  imitation  of  real  beings. 

WAX'Y,  a.  Soft  like  wax  ;  resembling  wax  ;  viscid  ; 
adhesive. 

VVaY,  7(.  [i^ax.  W(rg,  irrg;  G.  and  D.  weg;  Dan.  cej ; 
Sw.  ray  -■  L.  and  It.  via  ;  Fr.  voic  ;  coinciding  in  ori- 
gin with  Jcag^  weigh,  wagon,  vogue,  &c.] 


1.  Litcraltif,  a  passing ;  hence,  a  passage ;  the  placa 
of  passing  ;  hence,  a  road  of  any  kind  ;  a  highway  ; 
a  private  road  ;  a  lane  ;  a  street ;  any  place  for  the 
passing  of  men,  cattle,  or  oilier  auiiuais ;  a  Witrd  of 
very  eumprchaiisive  aignifiCGtu/n. 

2.  Length  of  Kpacc  ;  aa,  a  great  way;  a  litUo  »ay. 

3.  Course ;  direction  of  motion  or  iravel.  Vt'liat 
waydid  he  take.'  Which  way  ehall  1  go.'  K^-;.,'. 
the  way  of  truth  and  knowledge. 

Mark  »l«t  uoy  I  nuic.  .!.",;.,. 

4.  Passage ;  room  for  passing.  5Iake  voy  for  ibe 
jury. 

5.  Course  or  regular  course. 

Aad  k't  etemoJ  Jtutic/;  ulw  tbc  tosy.  l/r-  .' 

C.  Tendency  to  any  meaning  or  acL 

Th«re  U  nothing  In  tha  words  lJ»t  kkumIi  *bM/.  nay.    Aa^  ■ .  .- 

7.  Sphere  of  observation. 

i'bc  ^neral  offisrn  ood  tb>:  paUie  miniifen  t£i£l  fell  id  r  ' 

TV-'.  . 

8.  Manner  of  doing  any  thing  ;  method  •  m-  >. 
doing.   Strek  the  best  way  of  learning,  :.-  I  : 

By  nobti^  iwyf  wc  cooquesu  wilJ  jrr-pir:. 

9.  Method  ;  scheme  of  managcoieni. 

Wlial  impiouj  vcyi  tnj  woIki  iaak.  /'nor. 

10.  Manner  of  thinking  or  behavior;  particular 
turn  of  opinion  ;  determination  or  humnr.    Ix-t  {■  ti 
have  his  way,  when  lint  will  not  injure  Uim,  ■  r  - 
other  person.     I!ut  inullitndea  of  children  are  f 

by  being  permitted  lo  have  their  way. 

11.  Planner;  mode.  In  no  way  does  this  ri,  :t  - 
belong  to  me.  Wc  admire  a  iMirso'n'iJ  ray  of  c:; :  - 
iiig  his  ideas. 

12.  IMcthod ;  manner  of  practice.  Findj  if  yoa 
can,  the  easiest  way  to  live. 

IL^vin.-;  loit  UiC  wiy  of  noUrnrtf.  ili--     . 

13.  Method  or  plan  of  life  and  conduct.    In  ': 
your  children  in  Uic  right  way. 

Her  i/tii/r  nrc  ^sayt  ot  pJcuAOloca,  and  aJi  h.: 

ProT.  iii. 
All  Q  -sh  had  comptcd  his  taiy.  —  Geo.  vL 

14.  Course  ;  processofthings,  goodorbsd.    J.. 
are  in  a  prosperous  way. 

15.  Right  method  to  act  or  know. 

We  are  quile  oul  of  the  losy.  L. 

16.  General  scheme  of  acting. 

Men  who  go  out  of  the  lecy  to  hini  free  Ihb^,  nicrt  tr  .-  : 

aUunlity  or  rudf^iu-u.  C—  .   ;i. 

17.  Sect;  denomination  of  a  particular  faith,  c: 
or  worship.    Acts  xix.  23. 

18.  fVay ;  among  seamen,  progress  j  as,  a  fh  ,  .  . 
waij. 

19.  Ways,  pi.;  the  timbers  on  which  a  ship  is 
launched. 

To  vuike  way;  to  give  room  for  passing ;  or  to  make 
a  vacancy. 

To  give  way ;  to  recede ;  to  make  room  ;  or  to 
yield  ;  to  concede  the  place  or  opinion  to  another. 

To  mtike  onc*s  way;  to  advance  in  life  by  elT'.'t--  .  ' 
advance  successfully. 

By  the  way;  en  passant;  as  wc  proceed;  a  pNn-f 
introducing  somctliing  in  discour^  not  immedialcly 
connected  with  the  subject. 

To  go  one''s  way,  or  to  ccme  o.t*'«  tray;  lo  go  or  com* 
along.  Skak. 

To  go  t}ic  way  of  alt  the  earth ;  U>  die. 

In  the  way;  a  phrase  noting  obstrucXion.  What  is 
there  iti  the  way  of  your  success.' 

In  Scripture,  the  'ways  of  God  arc  his  providential 
government  or  his  works.    Row.  xi.    Job  xl. 

fTayand  icay*-  are  used  in  certain  phrases  in  the 
sense  of  wise.  Ho  is  no  ways  a  match  fur  bis  antag- 
onist. 

'Tia  no  wqf  Ihe  ialerat  erco  of  ibe  rrirs^iood.  Pope. 

To  be  under  way ;  in  seamen^s  language,  to  be  in 
motion,  as  when  a  ship  begins  to  move.  So  a  ship 
is  said  lo  have  headway,  when  she  moves  forward  in 
her  course,  and  stcrnway,  when  she  is  driven  asttru. 
She  is  said  also  to  gather  way,  or  lo  lost  wat/,  Lff~ 
way  is  a  movement  of  a  sliip  aside  of  her  course,  or 
to  the  leeward. 

MUky  tcny ;  in  astronomy,  the  galaxy  ;  a  bnvid,  lu- 
minous belt  or  space  in  tlie  heavens  supp^*s<.-Kt  to  be 
occasioned  by  Uie  blended  light  of  an  immense  nuu»- 
ber  of  stars. 

Covert  way;  in  fortification,  a  passage  cowrttd  from 
the  enemy's  lire.  .  , 

Ways  and  vteans:  in  legislation,  means  for  nusmg 
money  ;  resources  for  revenue. 

Way-going  crop,  among  farmers,  is  the  crrp  wh-z-h 
is  taken  from  the  ground  Ihe  year  the  i 
the  farm.  ^'- 

WaY'-RAG'GAOE,  ti.    The  baggage  * :  . 

way-passenger  on  a  railmail,  &c  ' 

WaY'-IULL,  n.    A  list  of  passengers  in  a  public  ve-  i 

l,icle.  Cnitrd  S»5?^. 

WaY'-BREAD,  C-brtHl,)  n.    A  name  givt 

plantain,  (rianiago  major.) 
WAY'I'a  li-ER,  lu     [ir.iy  and  fare,  Sox. . 

.-V  traveler  ;  a  passengiT.  ti,-;.-. 


TONE,  EpiX,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K ;  6  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CII  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  TUIg 


1S»3 


WEA 

WaY'FaR-ING,  a.     [Supra.]     Traveling;  passing; 

being  on  a  journey.    Judges  xix. 
WaY'FaU-ING-TREE,  71.'    A  shrub,  a  species  of  Vi- 

burniiin.  Cyc. 

WaY'LaID,  pp.    Watched  in  the  way.    [See  Way- 

I.AY.j  _ 

WaY'LaY,  v.  t.  {way  and  lay."]  To  watch  insid- 
iously in  the  way,  witli  a  view  to  seize,  roh,  or  slay  ; 
to  beset  in  ambush;  as,  to  waylay  a  traveler. 

Milton.     Dnjthn. 
[In  this  iDord  there  is  little  difference  of  acccjit.) 

WaY'LaY-ER,  n.  One  who  waits  for  anulher  in 
ambush^  with  a  view  to  seize,  rob,  or  sluy  him. 

Wa  Y'-LkAVE,  n.  A  provincial  term  for  the  ground 
purchased  for  a  wagon-way  between  coal-pits  and  a 
river,     [iota/.  J  Cyc. 

WAY^LEteS,  a.  Having  no  road  or  path  ;  pathless  ; 
trackless.  Drayton. 

WaY'-MaK-ER,  n.  One  who  inaked  a  way  ;  a  pre- 
cursor. Bacon. 

WaY'-MARK,  n.  [jDay  and  mar!:.]  A  mark  to  guide 
in  traveling.    Jcr.  xxxi. 

"VVaY'MENT,  v.  i.     [Sax.  wn,  woe.] 

To  lament.     [J^ot  in  u,s-c.]  Spcv-scr. 

WaY'-PaNE,  71.  A  slip  lert  for  cartage  in  watered 
land.     [Local.]  Cyc. 

WaY'-PAS'SEN-GER,  n.  A  passenger  on  a  railroad 
or  in  a  stage-coach,  taken  up  at  some  intermediate 
place  between  the  principal  stopping-places. 

WaY'-THIS-TLE,  (-this-1,)  n.  A  troublesome  plant 
or  perennial  weed.  Cyc. 

WaY'VVARD,  a.  [way  and  ward.]  Froward  ;  peev- 
ish; perverse  ;  Hking  his  own  way. 

\Vaya>ardhca.uly  tloih  not  fancy  move.  F\ur/ax. 

WaY'~WARD-£N,  n.  In  local  usage,  tlie  surveyor  of 
a  road. 

WaY'WARD-LY,  adv.    Froivardly  ;  perversely. 

Sidney. 

WAY' WARD-NESS,  n.    Frowardness;  pcrverseness. 

Wotton. 

WaY'WTS-ER,  11.  An  instrument  for  measuring  the 
distance  which  one  has  traveled  on  tlie  road  ;  called 
also  Perambulator,  and  Podometer  or  Pedome- 
TER.  Cyc. 

WaY'WODE,  )  n.     [Slav,  voyna,  war,  and  vodit,  to 

WaI'VVODE,  \     lead.] 

A  name  originally  given  to  military  commanders 
in  various  Slavonic  countries,  and  atYerward  to  gov- 
ernors of  towns  or  provinces.  Il  was  assumed  for  a 
time  by  the  rulers  of  IMoIda\ia  and  Wallachia,  who 
are  now  called  IIospodars,  and  has  also  been  given 
to  some  inferior  Turkish  officers.  P.  Cyc. 

WaY'WODE-SHIP,  n.  The  province  or  jurisdiction 
of  a  waywode.  Eton. 

WaY'WORN,  a.    Wearied  by  traveling. 

Wk,  pro7t. ;  pi,  of  I ;  or  rather  a  different  word,  denot- 
ing the  person  speaking  and  another  or  others  with 
Iiini.  /  and  John  the  speaker  calls  ice,  or  /and  John 
and  Thomas ;  or  /and  many  others.  In  the  objective 
case,  1LS. 

We  is  used  to  express  men  in  general,  including 
the  speaker. 

Vice  seen  too  oft,  familiar  with  her  fac^, 

We  first  endure,  then  pity,  then  embrace.  Pope. 

Weak,  (week,)  a.  [Sax.  looac,  wacc,  G.  weicA, 
schwach;  D.  zwak;  Dan.  vceg,  vag;  Sw.  vck.  The 
primary  sense  of  the  root  is,  to  yield,  fail,  give  way, 
recede,  or  to  be  soft.] 

1.  Having  little  physical  strength  ;  feeble.  Chil- 
dren are  born  weak ;  men  are  rendered  weak  by  dis- 
ease. 

2.  Infirm;  not  healthy;  as,  a  wco/r  constitution. 

3.  Not  able  to  bear  a  great  weight ;  as,  a  weak 
bridge ;  weak  timber. 

4.  Not  strong  ;  not  compact;  easily  broken  ;  as^a 
weak  ship  ;  a  weak  rope. 

5.  Not  able  to  resist  a  violent  attack ;  as,  a  weak 
fi.  Soft ;  pliant ;  not  stiff.  [fortress. 

7.  Eow ;  small  ;  feeble  ;  as,  a  wcalc  voice. 

8.  Feeble  of  mind  ;  wanting  spirit ;  wanting  vigor 
of  imderstanding ;  as,  a  weak  prince  ;  a  weafc  magis- 
trate. 

To  think  every  thing  disputable,  is  a.  proof  of  a  loeak  mind  and 
captious  temper.  Beallie. 

9.  Not  much  impregnated  with  ingredient.^,  or  with 
things  that  excite  action,  or  with  stimulating  and 
nourishing  substances;  as,  weak  broth;  jrcak  tea  i 
weak  toddy  ;  a  teeak  solution  ;  a  iceak  decoction. 

10.  Not  pohtically  powerful ;  as,  a  weak  nation  or 
state. 

11.  Not  having  force  of  authority  or  energy  ;  as,  a 
weak  government. 

12.  Not  having  moral  force  or  power  to  convince  ; 
not  well  supported  by  truth  or  reason  ;  as,  a  weak  ar- 
gument. 

13.  Not  well  supported  by  argument ;  as,  weak  rea- 
soning. 

14.  Unfortified  ;  accessible ;  impressible  ;  as,  the 
loeak  side  of  a  person. 

15.  Not  having  full  conviction  or  confidence;  as, 
weak  in  faith. 

16.  Weak  land,  is  land  of  a  light,  thin  soil.     Cyc. 
[I  believe  never  used  in  J^cw  England.] 


WEA 

WkAK,  v.  t.    To  malie  weak.     [JV<i(  used.] 
Weak,  v.  i.    To  become  weak.     [JVoC  tiscd.] 

Cfiauccr. 
WeAK'^N,  (week'n,)  v.  L     [Sax.  trnma,  to  languish 
to  vacillate.] 

1.  To  lessen  the  strength  of,  or  to  deprive  of 
strength  ;  to  debilitate  ;  to  enfeeble  ;  as,  to  weaken 
the  body  ;  to  weaken  the  mind  ;  lo  locaJccn  the  liands 
of  the  magistrate  ;  to  weaken  the  force  of  an  objection 
or  an  argument. 

2.  To  reduce  in  strength  or  spirit;  ae,  to  weaken 
lea  :  to  weaken  any  solution  or  decoction. 

WEAK'i=;N-£D,  pp.  Debilitated  ;  enfeebled  ;  reduced 
in  strength. 

WEAK'i(:N-ER,  n.    He  or  that  which  weakens. 

WeAK'jEN-ING,  jjpr.     Debilitating;  enfeebling;  re- 
ducing the  strengtii  or  vigor  of  any  thing. 
2.  a.     Having  the  quality  of  rethicing  strength. 

WeAK'-E^-£D,  f-lde,)  a.     Having  weak  eves. 

WeAK^-HEAD-ED,  a.    Having  a  weak  iulellert. 

WeAK'-HEART-ED,  a.  Having  little  courage  ;  dis- 
pirited. 

WeAK'LING,  n.     A  feeble  creature.  Sluik. 

WeAK'LY,  u^u.  Feebly;  with  little  physical  strength  ; 
faintly  ;  not  forcibly  ;  as,  a  fortress  weakly  defended. 

2.  With  want  of  efficacy. 

Was  plighted  liiilh  bo  weakly  se:dcd  abovu  ?  Dryden. 

3.  With  feebleness  of  mind  or  intellect;  indis- 
creetly ;  injuriously. 

Bt;ncatU  pretended  juslice  weaJcly  fall.  Dryden. 

4.  Timorously  ;  with  little  courage  or  fortitude. 
WeAK'LY,  a.      Not  strong  of  constitution;  infirm; 

as,  a  weakly  woman  ;  a  man  of  a  weakly  constitution. 

Ralegh. 
WeAK'NESS,  71.    Want  of  physical  strength  ;  want 
of  force  or  vigor ;  feebleness  ;  as,  the  weakness  of  a 
child  ;  the  weakness  of  an  invalid  ;  tlie  weakness  of  a 
wail  or  bridge,  or  of  thread  or  cordage. 

2.  Want  of  sprightUness. 

Soft,  without  loeakness  ;  without  glaring,  guy.  Pope. 

3.  Want  of  steadiness. 

By  such  a  review,  we  shall  discern  and  strengthen  our  treak- 
nesses,  lingers. 

4.  Infirmity  ;  unhealthiness  ;  as,  weakness  of  con- 
stitution. Temple. 

5.  Want  of  moral  force  or  effect  upon  the  mind  ; 
as,  the  iflcaA'MfA;;  of  evidence ;  the  weakness  of  argu- 
ments. 

C.  Want  of  judgment ;  feebleness  of  mind  ;  fool- 
ishness. 

All  wickedness  is  vieakness.  Milton. 

7.  Defect;  failing;  fault;  witkaphiral. 

Many  take  pleasure  in  spreading  abroad  the  weaknesses  of  an 
exalted  chiuacter.  Spectator. 

WeAK^SIDE,  n.  [weak  and  side.]  Foible ;  defi- 
cience  ;  failing  ;  infirmity.  Temple. 

AVeAK'-SiGHT-ED,  a.     Having  weak  sight. 

WeAK'-SPIR'IT-ED,  a.    Having  weak  spirits. 

WeAL,  71.  [Sax.  wela;  G.  wohl ;  Van.  vel ;  from  tJie 
same  root  as  well,  Sw.  vdl;  L.  valeo,  to  be  strong,  to 
avail,  to  prevail.  The  primary  sense  of  weal  is 
strength,  soundness,  from  the  sense  of  straining, 
stretching,  or  advancing.] 

1.  A  sound  state  of  a  person  or  thing ;  a  state 
which  is  prosperous,  or  at  least  not  unfortunate,  not 
declining;  prosperity;  hapi'iness. 

As  we  love  the  weal  of  our  souls  and  bodies.  Bacon. 

The  weal  or  woe  in  thee  is  placed.  Milton. 

So  we  say,  the  public  weai,  the  general  weal,  the 
weal  of  the  nation  or  state.  B.  Tnimbull. 

2.  Republic  ;  state  ;  public  interest. 

[But  we  now  use  Commonwealth,  in  the  sense 

of  state.] 
Weal,  n.    The  mark  of  a  slripo.     [See  Wale.1 
WEAI.D,  WALD,  WALT,  WOLD,  in   Saxon  and 

other  Teutonic  dialects,  signifies  a  wood  or  forest. 

It  is  found  in  names,  as  in  Walt-ham,  wood-house ; 

corruptly  pronounced  Wal-tham. 
WeALD'£N,  a.    A  term  applied  in  England  to  cer- 
tain strata  of  the  upper  part  of  the  oolitic  series. 

MantclL 
WeALS'MAN,  71.     [weal  and  man.]    A  name  given 

sneeringly  to  a  politician.  Shak, 

WEALTH,    fwclth,)    n.      [from  weal;    Sax.  loelcga, 

welga,  rich.] 

1.  Prosperity;  external  happiness.    [Ohs.] 

2.  Riches ;  large  possessions  of  money,  goods,  or 
land  ;  that  abundance  of  worldly  estate  which  ex- 
ceeds the  estate  of  the  greater  part  of  the  commu- 
nity ;  affluence ;  opulence. 

Each  day  new  weaith  widioul  their  care  provides.        Dryden, 

WEALTH'-GrV-ING,  a.    Yielding  wealth. 

WEALTH'I-ER,  a.  comp.     More  wealthy.      Borrow. 

WEALTH'I-LY,  (welth'e-le,)  adv.     Richly.     SliaJi. 

WEALTH'I-NESS,  n.  Stale  of  being  wealthy  ;  rich- 
ness. 

WEALTH'Y,  (welth'e,)  a.  Rich,  having  large  pos- 
sessions in  lands,  goods,  money,  or  securities,  or 
largerthan  the  generality  of  men  ;  opulent;  affluent. 
As  wealth  is  a  comparative  thing,  a  man  may  be 
wealthy  in  one  place,  and  not  so  in^anothcr.    A  man 


WEA 

may  be  deemed  weaWiy  in  a  village,  who  would  net 
be  so  considered  in  London. 
WeAN,  (ween,)  v.  t.  [Sax.  wcnan,  rrei^tpnan,  to  ac- 
custom ;  from  the  root  of  7ro7ic,  wont ;  gewanian,  to 
delay  ;  D.  wenan,  afwenan ;  G.  cntwohncn  ;  Sw.  viinja. 
See  AVo.vT.] 

1.  To  accustom  and  reconcile,  as  a  child  or  other 
young  animal,  to  a  want  or  deprivation  of  the 
breast. 

And  the  child  gi«w  and  was  weaned.  —  Gen.  xxi. 

2.  To  detach  or  alienate,  as  the  affections,  from 
any  object  of  desire  ;  to  reconcile  to  the  want  or  loss 
of  any  thing ;  as,  to  ivcan  the  heart  from  temporal 
enjoyments. 

WeAN'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Accustomed  or  reconciled  to 
the  want  of  the  breast  or  otlier  object  of  desire. 

WeAN'EL,       I  71.     A  child  or  otlier  animal   newly 

WeAN'LING,  j      weaned.  Milton. 

WkXN'ING,  ppr.  Accustoming  or  reconciling,  as  a 
young  child  or  other  animal,  to  a  want  of  the  breast ; 
reroncding  to  liie  want  of  any  object  of  desire. 

WEAP'ON,  (wep'n,)  n.  [Sa.x,  wa!pn,wepn;  D.  and  G. 
wapcn;  Dan.vaabcn;  Sw.vapcn.  'i 'his  word  seems 
to  be  from  some  root  signifying  to  strike,  L.  vapulo, 
our  vtiigar  whap,  aiohap.] 

1.  Any  instrument  of  offense  ;  any  thing  used  or 
designed  to  be  used  in  destroying  or  annoying  an  en- 
emy. The  weapons  of  rude  nations  are  clubs,  stones, 
and  bows  and  arrows,  flfodern  weapons  of  war  arc 
swords,  nmskets,  pistols,  cannon,  and  the  like. 

2.  An  instrument  for  contest,  or  for  combating 
enemies. 

The  weapons  of  our  warfiiro  are  not  carnal.  —  'Z  Cor.  x. 

3.  An  instrument  of  defense. 

4.  Weapons,  in  botany,  arms  ;  thorns,  prickle:n,  and 
slings,  with  which  plants  are  furnished  for  defense; 
enumerated  among  the  ftdcres  by  LinuEcus. 

Martyn. 
WEAP'ON-/:D,(wep'nd,)a.    Armed;  furnished  with 

weapons  or  arms  ;  equipped.  Hayward. 

WEAP' ON-LESS,  «.     Unarmed;  having  no  weapon. 

Milton. 
WEAP'ON-SaLVE,  (-siv,)  w.    [weapon  and  salve.] 
A  salve  which  was  supposed  to  cure  iho  wound, 
by  being  applied  to  the  weapon  that  made  it.    [Obs.] 

Boyle. 
WEaR,  (ware,)  v.  U  ;  pret.  Wore  ;    jip.  Wonw.     [W. 
gwariaw,  to  spend  or  consume  ;  Sax.  wcran,  werian, 
to  carry,  to  wear,  as  arms  or  clothes,] 

1.  To  waste  or  impair  by  rubbing  or  attrition  ;  to 
lessen  or  diminish  by  time,  use,  or  instruments.  A 
current  of  water  often  teears  a  channel  in  limestone. 

2.  To  carry  appendant  to  the  body,  as  clothes  or 
weapons ;  as,  to  wear  a  coat  or  a  robe ;  to  wear  a 
sword  ;  to  wear  a  crown. 

On  her  while  breast  a  sparkling  cross  she  wore.  Pope, 

3.  To  have  or  exhibit  an  appearance  ;  to  bear;  as, 
she  7Dears  a  smile  on  her  countenance. 

4.  To  affect  by  degrees. 

Trials  icear  us  into  a  liking  of  what  possibly,  in  the  firat  essay, 
displeased  us.  Locke. 

To  wear  away;  to  consume;  to  impair,  diminish, 
or  destroy,  by  gradual  attrition  or  decay.     Dryden. 

To  wear  off;  to  diminish  by  attrition  or  slow  de- 
cay. South. 

To  wear  out ;  to  consume,  to  render  useless  by  at- 
trition or  decay  ;  as,  to  wear  out  a  coat  or  a  book. 

2.  To  consume  tediously ;  as,  to  wear  out  life  in 
idle  projects. 

3.  To  harass ;  to  lire. 

He  shall  wear  out  the  saints  of  the  Most  High.  —  Dan.  vii. 

4.  To  waste  the  strength  of;  as,  an  old  man  wont 
out  in  the  service  of  his  country. 

5.  In  navigation,  to  wear  (originally  veer)  is  to  put 
the  ship  on  tlie  other  tack,  by  turning  her  round, 
stern  toward  the  wind.  J\lar.  Diet. 

WEAR,  (ware,)  v,  i.  To  be  wasted  ;  to  be  diminished 
by  attrition,  by  use,  or  by  time. 

Thou  wilt  surely  wear  away.  —  Ex.  xviii. 

2.  To  be  tediously  spent. 

Thus  wore  out  night.  Milton. 

3.  To  be  consumed  by  slow  degrees.  It  is  better 
to  wear  out  than  to  rust  out. 

To  wrar  off;  to  pass  away  by  degrees.    The  follies 
of  youth  iDcar  cjf  with  age. 
WEAR,  (ware,)  7J.    The  act  of  wearing  ;  diminution 
by  friction  ;  as,  the  jcear  and  tear  of  a  garment. 

9.  The  thing  worn. 

Wear  and  tear;  the  loss  by  wearing,  as  of  machin- 
ery in  use. 
Wear,  (weer,)  71.     [Sax  wair,wer;  from  the  root  of 
werian,  to  hold,  defend,  protect ;  D.  waaren  OTieeeren; 
often  written  wier.    See  Warren  and  Guard.] 

1.  A  dam  in  a  river  to  stop  and  raise  the  water, 
for  conducting  it  to  a  mill,  for  taking  fish,  &c. 

2.  A  fence  of  stakes  or  twigs  set  in  a  stream  for 
catching  fish. 

[This  word  is  also  spelt  Weir  or  IVier.] 
WEAR'A-BLE,  a.    That  can  be  worn.  Swift. 

WEARD,  Sax.,  a  warden,  in  names,  denotes  watch- 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MeTE,  PREY.— PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOQK.- 
1254 


WEA 

ftiluess  or  care ;  but  H  must  not  be  confounded  with 
want  in  tutcard 

WEA-i'ER,  It.     [from  wear.]    One  who  wears  or  car- 
ries as  appendant  to  the  body;  as,  the  wearer  of  a 
cicak,  a  sword,  or  a  crown. 
_2.  Tint  which  wastes  or  diminishes. 

WkA^KI-£D,  (we'rid,)  pp.  or  a.    Tired  ;  fatigued. 

^^'eA'RI-L\  ,  adt.    In  a  tired  or  wearv  manner. 

\VeA'RI-\ESS,  n.  [from  iccary.]  The  slate  of  be- 
in?  weary  ur  tired;  lh.it  lassitude  or  exhaustion  of 
strength  which  is  induced  by  labor;  fatigue. 

With  aecrines*  anil  wine  oppresed.  Drydsn. 

9.  Lassitude  ;  uneasiness  proceeding  from  contin- 
ued waitinfi,  disappointed  expectation,  or  exhausted 
patience,  or  from  other  cause. 
\^'EAR'ING,  ppr.     Bearing  on  or  appendant  to  the 
person;  diminishing  by  friction;  consuminc. 

9.  a.    Denoting  what  is  worn ;    as,  tccar'mg  ap- 
parel. 
n'EARaXG,  n.    Clothes;  garments.    [Ofi.s-.]    Shak. 
WEaR'ISH,  (I,     Boggy;  watery.     UXotiuuse.'] 

Jl.  Weak  ;  washy.     [JVot  in  use!]  Carctc. 

WeA'RI-^OME,  (we're-sum,)a.  [from  weary.]  Caus- 
ing weariness  ;  tiresome;  tedious;  fatiguing;  as,  a 
icearuoTne  march  ;  a  wearisome  day's  work. 

Wearisome  iii^bta  are  appQioled  to  me.  —  Job  vii, 

WEA'RI-SOMIi-LY,  adv.  Tediously ;  so  as  to  cause 
weariness.  Ralegh. 

WkA'RI-SOME-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  exhausting 
strength  or  patience  ;  tiresomeness  ;  tediousness ;  as, 
the  irearisojncness  of  toil,  or  of  waiting  long  in  anx- 
ious expectation. 

WeA'RY,  (wt're,)  a.  [Sax.  werig;  allied  perhaps  to 
ttcor.] 

1.  Having  the  strength  much  exhausted  by  toil  or 
violent  exertion  ;  tired  ;  fatigued. 

[It  should  be  observed,  however,  that  this  word 
expresses  less  than  Tirzd,  particularly  when  applied 
to  a  beast ;  as,  a  tired  horse.  It  is  followed  by  of 
before  the  cause  of  fatigue  ;  as,  to  be  weary  of  march 
ing ;  to  be  weary  of  reaping ;  to  be  weary  of 
study. 

•2.  Having  the  patience  exhausted,  or  the  mind 
yielding  to  discouragement.  He  was  weary  of  asking 
for  redress. 

3.  Causing  weariness ;  tiresome;  as,  a  weoT-y  way ; 
xijceary  life.  Spenser.     Shak. 

WeA'RY,  r.  t.  [from  the  adjective.]  To  reduce  or 
exhaust  the  physical  strength  of  the  body;  to  tire; 
to  fatigue  ;  as,  to  weary  one's  self  with  labor  or  trav- 
eling. 

The  people  shall  veary  iheniielTfs  for  very  vaaiiy.  —  Hab.  ii. 

2.  To  make  impatient  of  continuance. 

1  3Caf  l<x>  long  by  thee  ;  I  isecry  thee.  Skak. 

3.  To  harass  by  any  thing  irksome;  as,  to  be 
worried  of  wailing  for  the  arrival  of  the  post. 

_  To  wean/  out :  to  subdue  or  exhaust  by  fatigue. 

WeA'RY-ING,  ppr.  Exhausting  the  strength  of  the 
body;  fati^ing. 

Wf.A'SAND,  (  n.      [Sax.   wasend,  w(Bsend:   perhaps 

We'SAXD,  S  from  the  root  of  wAeeie,  and  Goth. 
ond,  Dan  aande,  breath.] 

The  windpipe  or  trachea ;  the  canal  through  which 
aj^r  passes  to  and  from  the  lungs. 

\VeA'S£L,  >  n.     [Sax.  weMe;  Dan.  vesel;   G.  wiesel: 

WE^'S£L,  i  D.  wcezei.  I  know  not  the  meaning  of 
this  name.     In  G.  wiese  is  a  meadow.] 

A  small  quadruped  of  the  genus  Mustela,  which 
lives  under  the  roots  of  trees,  or  in  other  holes,  and 
feeds  on  small  birds,  but  particularly  on  mice.  It 
has  a  long,  slender  body,  and  short  legs.  A  weasel 
that  frequenta  barns  and  corn  houses,  frees  Ibera 
from  rats  and  mice,  and  is  sometimes  deemed  a  verj* 
useful  inmate, 

VVEA'S£L-€OOT,n.  The  red-headed  smew,  or  Mer- 
gi^is  minutus.  Cyc. 

WEA'S£D-FAC-ED,C-faste,)a.  Having  a  thin,  sharp 
face,  like  a  weasel.    [Spelled,  also,  Weezel  and 

WEiZES-l 

WEATH'ER,  (weth'er,)  n.  [Sax.  wcdcr,  wader,  or 
wether;  G.  wetter;  D.  weder  or  wccr;  Dan.  vcfr;  Sw. 
vddcr:  Sans.  ir/ifarfl,  a  storm.  The  primar>"  sense  of 
this  word  is  air,  wind,  or  atmosphere ;  probably  the 
Gr.  itrfn'^i  whence  ether.] 
Properly,  the  air ;  hence, 

1.  The  state  of  the  air  or  atmosphere  with  respect 
to  heat  or  cold,  wetness  or  drj-ness,  calm  or  storm, 
clearness  or  cloudiness,  or  any  other  meteorological 
phenomena  ;  as,  warm  weather ;  cold  weather ;  wet 
weather:  dry  weather;  calm  weather;  tempestuous 
weather;  f:x\T  weather ;  c\o\iAy  weather ;  hazy  iceot/icr; 
and  the  tike. 

2.  Change  of  the  state  of  the  air.  Bacon. 

3.  Storm  ;  tempest.  Drydcn. 

[  These  but  significations  are  not  now  in  use,  urdess 
by  a  poetic  Ueense.] 

Stress  of  weather;  violent  winds;  force  of  tem- 
pests. 
WEATH'ER,  (wet!i'er,5  v.  U    To  air;  to  expose  to 
the  air.     [Rarely  used.]  Spenser.     Tusser. 

2.  In  8eamen*s  language,  to  sail  to  the  windward  of 


WEA 


WED 


something  else ;  as,  to  weather  a  cape ;  to  tccaUicr 
another  ship.    As  this  is  often  difficult,  hence, 

3.  To  bear  up  acainst  and  resist,  though  with 
difficulty  ;  as,  to  lacathcr  tlie  storm.  Hale. 

To  weather  a  point ;  to  gain  or  accomplish  it  against 
opposition.  Addison. 

To  weather  out ;  to  encounter  successfully,  though 
with  difficulty  ;  as,  to  jreatJicr  out  a  stonn. 

JVcatiier  is  used  with  several  words,  cither  as  an 
adjective,  or  as  forniinq  part  of  a  comt>onnd  word. 

WEATH'ER-IJEAT'i;N, (wcih'cr-beet'n,) a.  Beaten 
or  harassed  by  the  weather,  jVilton.     Brandc. 

WEATil'EU-BIT,  71.  A  turn  of  the  cable  about  the 
end  of  the  windlass,  without  the  knight-heads. 

WEATH'ER-BOARD,  n.    That  side  of  a  ship  which 
is  toward  the  wind ;   the  wind\vard  sidf .    Ho,  in 
other  words,  weather  signifies  toward  tl:     - 
windward;  as  in  weather-bow  jwe^uher  I  i 
er-sage,       rceat/ier-ViVtSy      wcathcr-quiu:-    . 
shrouds,  weather-side^  weather-i^hote,  &c. 

2.  A  board  forming  a  close  junction  between  the 
shingling  of  a  roof  and  the  side  of  the  building  be- 
neath, usuallv  at  the  ends  where  there  is  no  cornice. 

WEATH'ER-BoAItD,  v.  t.  To  nail  hoards  lapping 
one  over  another,  in  order  to  exclude  rain,  snow, ice. 

Gwilt. 

WEATH'ER-BoARD-ING,  n.  The  act  of  nailing  up 
boards  lapping  one  over  another;  or  the  boards  them- 
selves. 

WEATH'ER-BoARDS,  ji.  pi.  Pieces  of  planks 
placed  in  the  ports  of  a  ship,  when  laid  up  in  ordi- 
nary-. Mar.  Diet. 

WEATH'ER-BOUND,  a.    Delayed  by  bad  weather. 

WEATH'ER-CLOTHS,  «.  pi.  Long  pieces  of  canvas 
ortarpauling  used  to  preserve  tile  hammocks  from 
injuiy  by  the  weather  when  stowed,  or  to  defend 
persons  from  the  wind  and  spray.  Jfar.  Diet. 

WEATH'ER-€OCK,  iu  [weather  and  cock.]  A  vane 
or  weather-vane  ;  something  originally  in  the  shape 
of  a  cock,  placed  on  the  top  of  a  spire,  which,  by 
turning,  shows  the  direction  of  the  wind. 

2.  Any  thing  or  person  that  turns  easily  and  fre- 
quently ;  a  fickle,  inconstant  person.  Drudau 

WEATH'ER-DRIV-i:N,  (wetft'er-driv-n,)  n.  [weaUt- 
cr  and  driven.]  Driven  by  winds  or  storms  ;  forced 
by  stress  of  weather.  Carew. 

WEATH'ER-FEND,  v.  t  [wcaU'ier  and  fend.]  To 
shelter. 

WEATH'ER-GALL,  n.  A  secondary  rainbow,  said 
to  be  a  sign  ofbad  weather.    [JVorth  of  England.] 

WEATH'ER-GaGE,  h.  [weather  und  gage.]  A  ship 
is  said  to  have  the  weather-gage  of  another,  when 
she  is  at  the  windward  of  her,  and  thus  has  the  ad- 
vantage. 

Hence,  in  ffudtbras. 

To  veer,  and  tack,  and  steer  a  cause 
Against  the  weaUter-gage  of  laws, 

denotes  to  evade  sheer  force  by  dextrous  shifts. 

WEATH'ER-GLASS,  n.  [weather  and  glass.]  An 
instrument  to  indicate  the  state  of  the  atmosphere. 
This  word  includes  the  barometer,  thermometer, 
hygrometer,  manometer,  and  anemometer. 

Sutton. 

WEATH'ER-HELM,  n.  [weather  and  helm.]  A  ship 
is  said  to  carr>'  a  weather-helm,  when  she  is  inclined 
to  come  too  near  the  wind.  Mar.  Diet. 

A\T:ATH^ER-ING,  ».  in  geohgy,  the  action  of  the 
elements  on  a  rock  in  altering  its  color,  texture,  or 
composition,  or  in  rounding  off  it5  edges.       Dana. 

WEATH'ER-MoST,  a.  [weather  and  most]  Being 
furthest  to  the  windward. 

TVT:ATH'ER-PR00F,  a.  [weather  and  proof]  Proof 
against  rough  weather. 

WEATH'ER-RoLL,  71.  [weather  and  roll]  The  roll 
of  a  ship  to  the  windward  ;  opposed  to  Lee-Lubch. 

UTSATH'ER-SPy,  n,  [weather  and  spij.]  A  star- 
gazer  ;  one  that  foretells  the  weather.    [Little  used.] 

Donne. 

WEATH'ER-TIDE,  n.  [7ceather  and  tide.]  The  tide 
which  sets  against  the  lee-side  of  a  ship,  impelling 
her  to  the  windward.  Mar.  Diet. 

WEATH'ER-TINT-ED,  a.    Tinted  by  the  weather. 

WEATH'ER-\^^SE,  a.  [weather  :inii  m^f.]  Skillful 
in  liircspeing  the  changes  or  state  of  the  weather. 

WEA'f  H'ER-WiS-ER,  n.  Something  that  foreshows 
llie  wfalher.     [M)t  used.]  Dcrham. 

\VEA'£H'EK-£D,p/).  Passed  to  the  windward  ;  passed 
with  ditticulty. 

2.  a.  In  mineralogy,  a  term  applied  to  a  specimen, 
when  the  surface  is  altered  in  color,  texture,  or  com- 
position, or  the  edges  are  rounded  off  by  exjwsure  to 
the  elements.  Dana. 

WEATH'ER-ING,  pirr.  Passing  or  sailing  to  the 
windward  ;  passing  with  difficulty. 

Weave,  (weev,)  v.  t. :  prcf.  Wove;  pp.  Woven, 
Wove.  The  regular  form,  Weaved,  is  rarely  or 
never  used.  [Sax.wif^Ti;  ii.rceben;  H.weeven;  Sw. 
vdfva:  Dan.  virvcr;  Vers,  haftan:  Gr.  v^uw.] 

1.  To  unite  threads  of  any  kind  in  such  a  manner 
as  to  form  cloth.  This  is  done  by  crossing  the 
threads  by  mean?  of  a  shuttle.  The  modes  of  weav- 
ing, and' the  kinds  of  texture,  arc  various.  The 
threads  first  laid   in  Ien?:Ili  are  called  the  Waup; 


,  ppr.     Forming  c!  Ah  by  intcnniitare  of 


those  which  cross  them   in  tli*'  din*'-!'t.n    f-f  tlir 
breadth  are  called  the  W 
S.  To  unite  any  Ihini. 

3.  To  unit<;  by  interii. 

as,  a  fumi  of  religion  wuria  Jiiio  Uie  civii    ; 
mcnt.  j3^_ 

4.  To  interpose  ;  to  insert. 

Tbia  teeaces  iunlf  yrrC'^ne  InXo  isy  tomn^u  SAk. 

Weave,  p.  t.    To  practice  weaving  ;  lo  work  With  a 
loom. 

Vt'EAV'ER,  71.    One  who  weaves;  ono  whose  occu- 
pation is  to  weave. 

2.  Tljf  common  name  of  tht:      _[iii*.   FIi>-irrj-.  <K 
several  species,  passerine  bir! 
and  the  Eai^t  indier) ;  lio  cal]< 
struct  curiouK  and  often  pennii  ,    .      ■ 

ing  twigs  and  libera.  '    'hLa,  Aju«c 

WeAV'ER-EIcjII,  n.    A  fish  of  the  pcreJi   CiibUy. 
[See  Weeveb.] 

WeAV'IxVG,  f 
thread><. 

We.W'I.VG,  7u     The  act  or  -.  ■.  -.f  f  .mui:  •  r\i.\u  -m 
loom,  by  the  union  or  in' 
2.  The  task  or  work  : 

WeA'Z£\,  (wO'zn,)  a.      - 
face.  li'icmein. 

WEB,  n.    [Sax.  web;  Sw.  vUf.    S'.-t  V/rATE.] 

1.  Texture  of  (hreadii;  plexus;  ;.ny  tliiti:;  v.  ov,; 
Penelope  devised  a  iccb  lo  deceive  Uc'i  ■■ 

2.  Locally^  a  piece  of  linen  clulh. 

Engtamd.    Ir,  . 

3.  A  dusky  film  that  forms  over  the  eye  ziv. 
ders  the  sight ;  suffusion. 

4.  Some  part  of  a  sword.     ' 
handle  or  hilL 

5.  In  ship-building,  the  thin  ; 
of  the  rim  and  between  the  spo^.^^  o:    . 

6.  In  or7ii£Ao£oiri/,  the  membrane  whi  .. 
toes  of  many  water-fowls. 

Spider^s  web;  a  jik-xtis  of  very  dehcate  Ihri 

filaments  which  a  spider  spins  from  its  bow*. 

which  serves  as  a  net  to  catch  flies  or  oUu.t  . 

for  its  food. 

tf'eb  of  a  covXter,  is  the  thin,  sharp  part. 
WEB'BED,  (webd,)  a,    [from  web.]     Having  i 

united  by  a  menibnme,  or  web ;  as,  the  wd 

of  aquatic  fowls. 
WEB'BING-  71.    A  strong  fabric  of  hemp,  two  »  : : 

inches  wiac,  made  fur  supporting  the  aeat£ui  l\  . 

chairs,  sufas,  &c 
WEB'-EOOT-ED,  a.  [web  va\d  foot]    Having  w 

feet ;    p'almiped.     A  goose  or  duck  is  a  vt^  ■' 

fowl. 
WED,  V.  t,     [Sax.  weddian,  to  covenant ;  to  pr  ,. 

to  marry  ;    Sw.  rddja  ;    Dan.  redder,  to  wac-  r 

gicezu;    L.  cci/or,  to  give  bail,  or  y<rJiu,  a  !(..:„ 

probably  botli  are  of  one  family.] 

1.  To  marry ;  to  take  for  husband  or  for  wife. 

SiQ«  lJ»e  lUj 
I  saw  tbce  &nt,  aod  iceddtd  ibee,  ^^- 

2.  To  join  in  marriage. 


And  Adim. 
Shall  live  R I 


CTC, 


., 

to 

attach  !- 

our 

own 

CUSlcir 

3.  To  unite  clo?. 
We  are  apt  to  be;r-'j- 
opinions. 

Men  Kir  Ke-Sdei  to 

A.  To  unite  for.v 

Thou  .lit  l»r  ■- 

5.  To  espouse;  to  la^e  pari  with. 

Tbev  vedded  ha  caasc.     (Oi<.]  C'--  - 

WED,  V.  i.    To  maro' ;  to  contract  matrimony. 

Whcu  iluUl  \trtd7 

WED,  n.    A  pledge 

WED'DED,  pp.  or  a.    Married  ;  closely  attach,  d. 

WED'DI.N'G,  ppr.    Marrying;  imiting  with  in  roalri 

monv. 
WED'DING,  n.    Marriage  , 

ny ;  nuptial  festivities. 

\yiX,  bi?r  bduty  be  bcr  :  - 

WED'DI\G-€LoTHES,  n.      [wedding  and   . 

Garments  for  a  bride  or  a  bridegroom,  to  be  « 

marriage. 
\^T:D'D1NG-DSY,  n.    [iDcd^&^g  and  day.]    The  day 

of  marriage. 
WED'DIXG-FeAST,   n.      [tcedding  and  feast.]      A 

feast  or  entertainment  prepared  for  the  guests  at  a 

wed4ling. 
WEDGE,  (wej,)  n.      fPax.  vecg,  le^g:   Dan.  vr^; 

Sw.  rtVn- ;  D.  wig.    This  wora  signifies  a  mass,  a  I 

lump.]  "^  ' 

1.  A  mass  of  metal ;  as,  a  leedge  of  gold  or  f!"  - 
Josh.  vii. 

2.  A  piece  of  metal,  partirnbrl>  iron,  thick 

end  and  sloping  to  a  thin  >  "'    -         ..  .,. 

splitting  wood,"  rucks,  &■-.  "  6^* 

i:ioct;.Tnical   p.iwers.      A    .  ■=*  **>' 
some  pc-rsons  called  a  weii^---,  "l  .i  *,i.--- 


TuXE,  BULL,  UXITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K ;  6  as  J ;  S  as  7  :  ClI  :i.  ?TI :  TH  as  in  TfUS. 

^^^^^  1255 


WEE 


WEI 


3.  Ill  geometry,  a  soliil  uf  five  sides,  viz.,  a  rectan- 
gular base,  iwu  rtiomboldal  sides  meeting  in  an  edge, 
and  two  triangular  end.-;.  /?«;/. 

4.  Somethini;  in  tlie  furm  of  a  wcdse-  Suine- 
times  bodies  of  troops  are  drawn  ujj  in  the  form  of  a 

WEDOE,  (wej,)  v.  t.  To  cleave  willi  a  wedye  j  to 
rive.     [Little  used,] 

2.  To  drive  as  a  wedge  is  driven;  to  crowd  or 
compress  closely.  We  were  wedged  in  by  the 
crowd. 

3.  To  force,  aa  n  wedge  forces  its  way ;  as,  to 
iceil^e  one*s  way.  Milton, 

4.  To  fasten  with  a  wed^io  or  with  wedges  ;  as,  to 
loe.drrc.  on  a  scythe  ;  to  innhic  in  a  rail  or  a  piece  nf 

S.'To  fix  in  the  manner  of  a  wedge.  [timber. 

Wedged  in  tlie  rocky  stu-iila,  iiiid  slidtin^  lost.  Drydcn. 

WEDCi'iCD,  (wejd,)p;>.  Split  with  a  wedge;  fast- 
ened with  a  wedye  ;  closely  compressed. 

\VEDOE'-SnAP-£D,    (wej'shfipt,^    a.      [weilire   and 
shape]     Having  the  shnpe  of  a  wedge  ;  cnneiform. 
A  wcd^c-sliapcd  leaf  is  broad  and  truncate  at  the 
summit,  and  tapering  down  to  the  base.         Smitk. 

WEDOJ'WOOD-VVaRE,  n.  [front  the  name  of  the 
inventor.]  '  A  kind  of  semi-vitrified  pottery,  without 
mucli  superficial  glaze,  but  capal)le  of  receiving  all 
kiniis  of  colors  by  means  uf  metallic  o.xyds  and 
ociiers.  Admirable  imitations  of  Etruscan  and  oliier 
vases  have  been  executed  in  this  ware.  Ure. 

WEDCi'ING,  ppr.  Cleaving  with  a  wedge  ;  fastening 
with  wedges;  compressing  closely. 

WED'LOCK,  «.  [an.  iced' and  lock,  or  Sax.  lac,  a 
gift.] 

Marriage  ;  matrimony.  Addh.on. 

WED'LOCK,  7).  (.     To  maiTy.     [Little  used.]     Milton. 

VVED'LOCK-ED,  (wed'lokt,)  pp.  United  in  mar- 
riage.    [Little  used.]  Miltun, 

WEDNES'DAY,  (wen/.'de,)  n.  [Sat.  JVodeiisfhvnr, 
Woden's  day ;  Sw.  Odensdag'  or  Oasdair ;  from 
TVodin  or  Odin,  a  deity  or  chief  among  the  norlli- 
ern  nations  of  Etirope.] 

The  fourth  day  of  the  week  ;  the  next  day  after 
Tuesday. 

WEE,  a.     [Contracted  from  G.  wcnig.] 
fitnM  ;  little.     [J^Tot  in  use.] 

wTtch^'-elm',  !  "•   ^  ^P^*^'^^  °^  *^''"-         ^'"''"• 

WEED,  n.     [Sax.  iceod.] 

1.  The  general  name  of  any  plant  that  is  useless 
or  troublesome.  The  word,  therefore,  has  no  defi- 
nite application  to  any  particular  plant  or  species  of 
plants ;  hut  whatever  plants  grow  among  corn, 
grass,  or  in  hedges,  and  which  are  either  of  no  use 
to  man  or  injurious  to  crops,  are  denominated  weeds. 

2   Any  kind  of  unprofitable  substance  among  ores 
in  mines,  as  mundic  or  marcasitc.     [Local.] 
WEED,  71.     [Sax.  weed,  W(Vdn,  a  vestment,  any  gar- 
ment, that  which  is  put  on.] 

1.  Properly,  a  garment,  as  in  Spenser,  but  now 
U!*ed  only  in  the  plural,  weeds,  for  tlie  mourning  ap- 
parel of  a  female  ;  as,  a  widow's  weeds.       Milton. 

2.  An  upper  garment.     [Ob:?.]  Chapman. 
"WEED,  V.  t.     [Sax.  iccodian;  D.  weedcn.] 

1.  To  free  from  noxious  plants ;  as,  to  weed  corn  or 
onions  ;  to  weed  a  garden. 

2.  To  take  away,  as  no.xious  plant.s  ;  as,  to  weed  a 
writing  of  invectives. 

3.  To  free  from  any  thing  hurtful  or  offensive  ;  as, 
to  weed  a  kingdom  of  bad  subjects. 

4.  To  root  out  vice  ;  as,  to  weed  the  hearts  of  the 
voung.  Locke.     Ascham. 

WEED'ED,  pp.  Freed  from  weeds  or  whatever  is 
noxious. 

WEED'ER,  71.  One  that  weeds  or  frees  from  any 
tliiuii  noxious. 

WEED'EU-Y,  n.  Weeds  collectively  ;  a  place  full  of 
weeds  or  for  the  growth  of  weeds. 

WEED'-GRoWN,  a.    Overgrown  with  weeds. 

WEED'-HOOK,         \n.     [weed  and  Aoo/t.]     A  hook 

WEED'ING-'lIOpK,  i  used  for  cutting  away  or  ex- 
tirpating wei'd's."  Tusser. 

WEED'ING,  ppr.  Freeing  from  weeds  or  whatever 
is  noxious  to  growth. 

WEED'ING,  71.  The  operation  of  freeing  from  nox- 
ious weeds,  as  a  crop.  Cvc. 

WEED'ING-CHIS'EL,  n.  A  tool  with  a  divided 
chisel  point,  for  cutting  the  roots  of  large  weeds  with- 
in the  ground.  Cye. 

WEED'ING-FOR'CEPS,  \  n.      An    instrument    for 

WEED'ING-TONGS,  i  taking  up  some  sorts  of 
plants  in  weeding. 

WEED'ING-FORK,  n.  A  strong,  three-pronged  fork, 
used  in  clearing  ground  of  weeds. 

WEED'ING-RHIM,  n.  An  implement  somewhat  like 
the  frame  of  a  wheel-barrow,  used  for  teariui:  up 
weeds  on  summer  fallows,  &lc.  ;  used  in  Kent,  I'2ng- 
land.  C'jc. 

WEED'LESS,  a.    Free  from  weeds  or  noxious  matter. 

Drydcn. 

WEED'Y,  a.  Consisting  of  weeds;  as,  ireahj  tro- 
phies. Skak. 

2.  Abounding  with  weeds  ;  as,  weedy  grounds  ;  a 
weedy  garden  ;  weedy  corn. 


WEEK,  T(.  [Sax.  weoc ;  D.  week ;  G.  wochc ;  Dan.  uge ; 
Sw.  vecka.] 

1.  The  space  of  seven  days. 

1  fast  twice  ill  Uie  week.  —  Lulte  xviii. 

2.  In  Scripture,  a  prophetic  week,  is  a  week  of 
years,  or  seven  years.     Dan.  Jx. 

WEEK'-DaY,  71.    [iccek  and  day.]    Any  day  of  the 

week  except  the  Sabbath.  Pope. 

WEEK'LY,  a.  Coining,  happening,  or  done  once  a 
week  ;  hebdomadary  ,  as,  a  wcddij  payment  of  bills  ; 
a  weekly  gazette  ;  a  weekly  allowance. 

Dnjdcn.     SjdiJX. 
WEEK'LY,  adn.    Once  a  week  ;  by  Jiebdomadal  pe- 
riods ;  as,  each  performs  service  weekly.       Ayliffe. 
WEEL,  71.     [See  Well.    Sax.  wml,  from  wcaltan,  to 
boil.] 

A  whirlpool.     [JVot  in  use.] 
WEEL,      )n.    A  kind  of  twiggen  trap  or  snare  for 
WEEL'Y,  S      fish.  Carew. 

WEEN,  V.  i.     [Sax.  wenau,  to  think,  suppose,  or  hope, 
and  to  wean.     The  sense  is,  to  set,  fix,  or  hold  in  tlie 
mind  ;  G.  whihnen,  to  imagine  ;  D.  waanciu] 
To  think  ;  to  imagine  ;  to  fancy. 

Spenser.    Milton. 
[Obsolete,  except  in  burlesque.] 
WEEN'ING,  ppr.    Thinking;  imagining.     [Obs.] 
WEEl",  V.  i. ;  prct.  and  pp.  Wept,  Weeped,  I  behcve, 
is  never  used.     [Sax.  wepan;    evidently  the   same 
word  as  ichoop.    (See  Whoop.)    The  prmuiry  sense 
is,  to  cry  out.] 

1.  'i'o'  express  sorrow,  grief,  or  anguish  by  outcry. 
This  is  the  original  sense.  IJut  in  present  usage,  to 
manifest  and  express  grief  by  outcry  or  by  shedding 
tears. 

They  all  wepl  sore,  and  fcll  on  Paul's  nccit,  and  kissed  him.  — 

AcU  XX. 
Pbocion  was  rarely  seen  to  weep  or  to  laugh.  Mu/ord. 

9.  To  shed  tears  from  any  passion.  Persons  some- 
times weep  for  joy. 

3.  To  lament ;  to  complain.    J^Tam.  xi. 
WEEP,  V.  t.    To  lament ;  to  bewail ;  to  bemoan. 

We,  wandering,  go 
Tliroiigh  dreary  wastes,  and  weep  cacti  ollier's  woe.        Pope. 

2.  To  shed  moisture  ;  as,  to  weep  tears  of  joy. 

Groves  whose  rich  trees  wept  odorous  gum  and  balm.   MUton. 

3.  To  drop  ;  as,  the  weeping  amber.  Pope. 

4.  To  abtmnd  with  wet ;  as,  weeping  grounds. 

Mortimer. 
WEEP^£D,  (weept,)pp.    Lamented;  bewailed;  shed 

tears, 
WEEP'ER,  71.   One  who  weeps ;  one  who  sheds  tears. 

Drydcn. 

2.  A  white  border  on  the  sleeve  of  a  mourning 
coat.  Johnson. 

3.  A  species  of  monkey,  of  the  sapajou  group, 
found  in  Guiana,  the  Cebus  Apella. 

Jardine.     P.  Cye. 

WEEP'IXG,  p;)r.  or  a.    Lamenting;  shedding  tear^-. 

VVEEP'ING,  n.     Lamentation. 

WEEP'I.\G-LY,  adv.    In  a  weeping  manner. 

WEEP'ING-ROCK,  n.  [loccp  and  tocIc]  A  porous 
rock  from  which  water  gradually  issues. 

WEEP'ING-SPRING,  ti.  A  spring  that  slowly  dis- 
charges water. 

WEEP'lNG-VVIL'LoW,  v.  A  species  of  willow 
whose  branches  grow  very  long  and  slender,  and 
hang  down  nearly  in  a  perpendicular  direction. 

WEER'ISII,  a.  Insipid;  wtak  ;  washy;  surly.  [JVot 
in  ii~!e.]  Ascham. 

WEE'SEL;  the  more  proper  spelling  of  Weasel. 

WEET,  V.  i. ;  pret.  Wot.    [Sax.  witan  ;  D.  wecten ;  Sw. 
veta;  G.  wissen;  Riiss.  vidarjii;  allied  probably  to  L. 
video,  Gr.  ciSi>}.] 
To  know.     [Obs.] 

WEET'LESS,  (I.     Unknowing.     [Obs.] 

WEE'VER,  77.  A  kind  of  fish  belonging  to  the  perch 
family,  a  species  of  Trachinus,  of  which  about  four 
species  are  well  known.  They  indict  wounds  with 
the  spines  of  their  first  dorsal  fin,  which  are  much 
dreaded.    Their  flesh  is  esteemed. 

WEE'V/L,  n.     [Sax.  wrji;  G.  icibcl.] 

A  small  insect  of  the  beetle  tribe,  with  a  long 
snovit.  It  is  destructive  to  many  buds  and  fruits, 
anil  also  to  magazines  of  grain.         E.  C.  Hcrnck. 

WEE'V7L-Y,  a.     Infested  with  weevils. 

WEE'Z-EL,  a.  Thin  ;  sharp  ;  as,  a  wcc-.cl  face.  [Lo- 
c.l.]^  [Sec  Weasel.]  Smart. 

WEFT,  old  priit.  of  Wave.  Spenser. 

WEFT,  V.     [from  weave.]    The  woof  of  cloth  ;   the 
threads  that  cross  the  warp  from  selvedge  to  selv- 
edge. 
■2.  A  web  ;  a  tiling  woven.  Cyc. 

WEFT,  n.  A  thing  waved,  waived,  or  cast  away. 
[J\''ot  used.]     [See  Waif.] 

WEFT'AGE,  71.    Texture.     [Mit  used.]  Orcjo. 

WEIGH,  (wa,)  u.  (.  [Sax.  wu:g,  weg,  a  balance  ;  wtE- 
gan,  to  weigh,  to  bear,  to  carry,  L.  vcho  ;  D.  weegcn, 
wikken;  G.  wdgen  ;  Sw.  vdga;  Dan.  iiger,  to  weigh  ; 

Russ.  vaga,  a  balance ;    Amharic,   A  T   <,    amaki, 
weight.  "See  Wag.] 
1.  To  examine  by  the  balance ;  to  ascertain  the 


AVEI 

weight,  that  is,  the  force  with  which  a  tiling  tends 
to  the  center  of  gravity  ;  as,  to  weigh  sugar  ;  to  teeigh 
gold. 

2.  To  be  equivalent  to  in  weight ;  that  is,  accord- 
ing to  the  Saxon  sense  of  the  verb,  to  lift  to  an  equi- 
poise a  weight  on  the  other  side  of  the  fulcrum. 
Thus,  when  a  body  balances  a  weight  of  twenty- 
eight  pounds  avoirdupois,  it  lifts  or  bears  it,  and  is 
said  to  weigh  so  much.  It  weiglis  a  quarter  of  a  hun- 
dred. 

3.  To  raise  ;  to  lift ;  as  an  anchor  from  the  ground, 
or  any  other  bodv  ;  as,  to  weigh  anchor ;  to  weigh  an 
old  hulk. 

4.  To  pay,  allot,  or  take  by  weight. 

They  weighed  for  my  price  thirty  pieces  of  silver.  —  Zech.  xi. 

5.  To  ponder  in  the  mind  ;  to  consider  or  examine 
for  the  purpose  of  forming  an  opinion  or  coming  to  a 
conclusion;  as,  to  weigh  the  advantages  and  disad- 
vantages of  a  scheme. 

Reg.ird  not  why  it  is  which  spcalieth,  but  loci'gft  only  whi\l  is 
Bpoken.  Hooker. 

Q.  To  compare  by  the  scales. 

Here  in  nice  balance  truth  with  gold  she  weighs,  Pojte. 

7.  To  regard ;  to  consider  as  worthy  of  notice. 

1  weigh  not  you.  iihak. 

To  weigh  dowK  ;  to  overbalance. 
2.  To  oppress  with  weight ;  to  depress. 
WEIGH,  (wa,)  V.  i.    To  have  weight ;  as,  to  weigh 
lighter  or  heavier.  Brown. 

2.  I'o  be  considered  as  important;  to  have  weight 
in  the  intellectual  balance.  This  argument  7rt'ti''/w 
with  the  considerate  part  of  the  community. 

3.  To  bear  heavily  ;  to  press  hard. 

Cleanse  the  slulTi'd  t«5om  or  that  perilous  etulT, 

Which  weighs  upon  the  hrart.  Sliak. 

To  weigh  down;  to  sink  by  its  own  weight. 
WXIGH,  (wa,)  )i.     A  certain  quantity.     [See  Wev.] 
WEIGH' A-P.LE,  a.    That  maybe  weighed. 
WEIGH'AGE,  n.    A  duty  or  toll  paid  for  weighing 

merchandise.  Bouvicr. 

WEIGH'£:D,  (wade,)  pp.    Examined  by  the  scales; 
having  the  weight  ascertained. 
9.  Considered. 

3.  a.  Experienced:  as,  a  young  man  not  wei;jkcd 
in  state  affairs.     [JSTot  in  tise.]  Bacon. 

WEIGH'ER,  (wa'er,)  ti.    One  who  weighs. 

2.  An  olticer  whose  duty  is  to  weigh  commodities. 
WEIGH'ING,  (wa'ing,)  ppr.     E.xaniining  by  scales; 

considering. 
WEIGHING,  71,    The  act  of  ascertaining  weight. 
2.  As  much  as  is  weighed  at  once ;  as,  a  iceighing 
of  beef. 
WEIGH'I.\G-€a6E,  n.    A  cage  in  which  small  liv- 
ing animals  may  be  conveniently  weighed.       Cyc. 
WEIGH'Ii\G-HOUSE,  71.    A  building  furnished  with 
a  dock  and  other  conveniences  for  weighing  com- 
modities and  ascertaining  the  tunnage  of  boats  to  be 
used  on  a  canal.  Cfic. 

WEIGH'ING-MA-CHltNE',(wa'ing-ma-.';heen',);i.    A 
machine  for  weighing  heavy  bodies,  and  [larticularly 
wheel-carriages,  at  turnpike  gates.   [England.]    Cyc. 
2.  A  machine  for  weighing  cattle,  &c. 
WEIGHT,  (wate,)  n.    [Sax.jciht;  Sw.  vigf,  Ger.  gc- 
wicht.    See  Weigh.] 

L  The  quantity  ot  a  body  ascertained  by  the  bal- 
ance ;  that  property  of  bodies  by  which  they  tend 
toward  the  center  of  the  earth  in  a  line  perpendicu- 
lar to  its  surface  ;  gravity. 

In  a  strictly  philosophical  sense,  weight  is  the  measure 
of  the  force  of  gravity,  and  not  gravity  itself;  but 
the  above  is  the  popular  use.  The  weight  of  a  body 
is  in  direct  proportion  to  its  quantity  of  matter. 

JVewfon. 

2.  A  mass  of  iron,  lead,  brass,  or  other  metal,  to 
be  used  for  ascertaining  the  weight  of  other  bodies; 
as,  a  weight  of  an  ounce,  a  pound,  a  quarter  of  a 
hundred,  &c.  The  wcighu  of  nations  are  difierent, 
except  those  of  England  and  the  United  States,  which 
are  the  same. 

3.  A  standard  of  weight;  as,  troy  weight;  apotlie- 
carics'  weight,  &c. 

4.  In  mechanics,  that  which  receives  motion;  op- 
posed to  the  power  which  gives  motion. 

5.  A  ponderous  mass;  something  heavy. 

A  man  leaps  better  with  weights  in  his  hands.  Bacon. 

G.  Pressure  ;  burden  ;  as,  tlie  TTfi  ""fti  of  grief ;  wdght 
of  care  ;  wcifrht  of  business  ;  weight  of  government. 

7.  Importance;  power;  inlluence ;  efficacy;  con- 
sequence ;  moment ;  impressiveness ;  aa,  an  argu- 
ment of  great  weight ;  a  consideration  of  vast  weigh'. 
The  dignity  of  a  rnan's  cliaracter  adds  weigfU  to  his 
words. 
WE[GHT'I-LY,(wate'-,)  adv.    Heavily  ;  ponderously. 

2.  With    force    or   impressiveness  ;    with    moral 
power 
WEIGHT'I-NESS,(wate'-,)7i.  Ponderousness;  gravi- 
ty ;  heaviness. 

2.  SoUdity  ;  force;  impressiveness;  power  of  con- 
vincing; as,  the  weightiness  of  an  argument. 

Lock^. 

3.  Importance.  Hayward. 


FaTE,  far,  FAIX,  WH.^T.— MeTE,  prey.  — PINE,  MvVRtNE,  BIRD.  — NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.— 


I 


12.-36 


WEL 

WEIGHTLESS,  (wule'less,)  a.    Uaving  no  weight ; 

lii;l«-  Dnjdcn. 

WglGHT'Y,  (wat'e,)  a.   Havin;;  great  weight ;  heavy  j 

ponderous  ;  as,  a  tceiirhty  boijy. 

2.  iDiportant ;  forcible ;  momentous ;  adapted  to 
turn  the  balance  in  the  mind,  or  to  convince  ;  as, 
■voeight'j  reasons  ;  icd^kUj  matters  j  welgUy  consider- 
ations or  arguments.  ^Uak. 

3.  Rigorous  i  severe;  as,  our  icei^Aiier  judgment. 
[jVo(  in  uj-c.J  &haJc, 

WeIK,  n.     [toai.  ictrr,  wer ;  D.  waarcn^  or  wecrcB.] 

1.  A  dam  in  a  river,  to  slop  and  raise  the  water 
tor  conducting  it  to  a  mill,  for  taking  fish,  fcc. 

2.  A  fence  of  stakes  or  twigs  set  iu  a  stream  for 
taking  fish.     [See  also  Wear.] 

Weird,  (weerd,)  n.    A  spell  or  charm.       W.  Scott. 
WElRD,  a.    Skilled  in  u-itchcraft.     [Aof  in  use.] 

AVEIVE,  for  WiivE.     [JVot  in  itse,]  Gmccr. 

WEL'A-WaY"  ;  an  exclamation  expressive  of  giief  or 
sorrow,  equivalent  to  Alas.  It  is  a  compound  of 
Sax.  tra,  woe,  and  /a,  oh.  The  original  is  ira-Zc,  which 
is  doubtless  the  origin  of  our  common  exclamation, 
O  /a,  and  to  this  tca,  woe,  is  added.  The  true  orthog- 
raphy wonld  be  Walawa.  But  the  word  is,  I  be- 
lieve, wholly  obsolete. 

V\\EL'e051E,"  Cwel'kum,)  a.  [Sax.  loil-cuma ;  well  and 
come;  that  is,  your  coming  is  pleasin;;  to  me.] 

1.  Received  with  gladness ;  admitted  willingly  to 
the  house,  entertainment,  and  company ;  as,  a  xoel- 
come  guest. 

2.  Producing  gladness  in  its  reception  ;  grateful; 
pleasing;  as,  a  loe^ome  present ;  Tcc/cwmc  news. 

3.  Free  to  have  or  enjoy  gratuitously.  You  arc 
welcome  to  the  use  of  ray  library. 

To  bid  welcome  ;  to  receive  with  professions  of 
kindness.  Bacon. 

WEL'COME  is  used  elliptically  for  you  are  -welcoiiic. 

WelcoTm,  great  monarcli,  to  your  own.  Dryddii. 

WEL'€C>ME-T0-OUR-H0USE,  n.    An  herb. 
WEL'COME,  lu    Salutation  of  a  new  comer. 

Wela>me  ever  smiles.  Shak. 

2.  Kind  reception  of  a  guest  or  new  comer.  We 
entered  the  house  and  found  a  ready  icelcome. 

Truth  finfJs  an  entrance  and  a  kcIcottk  too.  Soatli. 

WEL'COME,  V.  L     [Sax.  jcUcumian.] 

To  salate  a  new  comer  with  kindness;  or  to  re- 
ceive and  entertain  hospitably,  gratuitously,  and 
cheerfully 


Vi^EL 


WEL 


Thos  we  salate  thee  with  our  early  son; 
.And  tceleoTne  ihee,  and  wish  thee  hag. 


^Tiiton. 

Received   with 


WEL'eOM-£D,    (wel'kumd.)   pp. 
gladness  and  kindness. 

WEL'€OME-LV,  adv.    In  a  welcome  manner. 

Brown. 

WEL'€OME-NESS,  n.  Gratefulness  ;  agreeahleness  ; 
kind  reception.  Boyle. 

WEL'€OM-ER,  n.  One  who  salutes  or  receives  kind- 
ly a  new  comer.  Shak. 

n^L'€(3M-ING,  ppr.  Saluting  or  receiving  with 
kindness  a  new  comer  or  guest. 

WELD,  )  n.    A  plant  used  by  dyers  to  give  a  yellow 

WoLD,  i  color,  and  sometimes  called  Dyer's  Weed. 
It  is  much  cultivated  in  Kent  for  the  London  dyers. 
It  is  naturalized  in  some  parts  of  ('i>nnecticut.  Il  is 
the  Reseda  Luteola  of  the  botanists.  Ctjc, 

WELD,  r.  t.     To  wield.     [Obs.]  Spenser. 

WELD,  V.  t.  [Sw.  valla,  to  weld  ;  G.  wdlert,  to  ji)in  ; 
D.  wellen^  to  well,  to  spring,  to  soder.  ] 

To  unite  or  hammer  into  firm  union,  as  two  pieces 
of  iron,  when  heated  almost  to  ftisiun.  Urc. 

WELD'ED,pp.  Forged  or  beat  mto  union  in  an  in- 
tense heat. 

WELD'ER,  n.    One  who  welds  iron, 

2.  A  manager;  an  actual  occujiaiit.     [JVotinnsc.] 

Hici/t. 

WELD'IXG,ppr.    L^niling  in  an  intense  htrat. 

WELD'ING,  n.  The  act  or  process  of  uniting  iron  by 
intense  heat. 

WELD'IXG-HeAT,  71,  The  heat  necessary  for  weld- 
ins  iron  bars. 

WEL'FARE,  n.  [well  and /ire,  a  pood  going;  G. 
wohlfahrt;  D.  icelraart;  Sw.  Toljart :  l>^u.  V(!f,£.-d.] 

1.  Exemption  from  misfortune,  sickness,  calamity, 
or  evil ;  the  enjoyment  of  health  an<l  the  common 
blessings  of  life;  prosperity;  happint:ss ;  applied  to 
■persons. 

2.  Exemption  from  any  unusna!  evil  nr  calamity ; 
the  enjoyment  of  peace  and  projiperity,  or  tii-j  ordi- 
nary blessings  of  society  and  civil  government ;  ap- 
plied to  states. 

WELK,  V.  i.     [G.  and  D  welkcn,  to  wither,  to  fade,  to 
decay  ;  primarily,  to  shrink  or  contract,  as  things  in 
drying,  whence  the  Saxon  locolc,  a  whilk  or  wliclk, 
a  shell ;  from  its  v/rinkles.] 
To  decline  ;  to  fade ;  to  decay  ;  to  fall. 

When  ruddy  Phizbus  'gins  to  wcit  in  Wfsl.     [Obs.]    ."ifpatser. 

WELK,  V.  L    To  contract ;  to  shorten. 

Now  s.v!  winter  leelked  ha:h  tlic  day.  Spenser. 

[Tliis  word  is  obsolete.  lint  its  signification  haa 
heretofore  been  misimd^rstood.] 


WELK'£D,  (welkt,)  pp.  or  a.  Contracted  into  wrin- 
kles or  ridges. 

Hori;s  velkcd  and  waved  like  llie  eurideed  soa.  Shak 

WEL'SIX,  n.  [Sax.  wofc,  wolccn^  a  cloud,  the  air, 
ether,  the  vault  of  heaven  ;  G.  xoolkc,  a  cloud.  Qu. 
Sax.  wcakan,  to  roll,  to  full.] 

The  visible  regions  of  the  air;  the  vault  of  heaven. 

.  .  Chaucer.    JIUton. 

[  T/us  w  ob.'xiletc,  uytlcss  in  poetry.] 

fVelkin  eye,  in  Shakspcare,  is  interpreted  by  John- 
son, a  blue'eye,  from  wdldn,  the  sky;  by  Todd,  a 
rolling  eye,  from  Sax.  mcalcmiy  to  roll ;  and  hy  Entick, 
a  languishing  eye.  (Sec  Welk.)  It  is  obsolete,  at 
least  in  New  England. 
WELK'ING,  yj/jr.  Fading;  declining;  contracting. 
W  ELL,  n.  [Sax.  well,  a  spring  or  fountain  ;  wdlan.  to 
well,  to  boil  or  bubble,  to  spring,  to  rise  ;  D.  wel,  wel- 
Ica,  id. ;  G.  tpidlc,  a  spring  ;  qudlcn,  to  spring,  to  ih- 
sue  forth,  to  ^ush.  to  well,  to  swell;  wallcn,  to  swell. 
Ill  G.  wdle  is  a  wave.  On  this  word  I  suppose  swell 
to  be  formed.] 

1.  A  spring;  a  fountain;  the  issuing  of  water 
from  the  earth. 

B->^ii,  th'--n,  sisters  of  the  s-icred  well.  Afdlon. 

[In  thi^  t^ense,  obsolde.] 

2.  A  pit  or  cylindrical  hole,  sunk  perpendicularly 
into  tlie  earth  to  such  a  depth  as  to  reach  a  supply  of 
water,  and  walled  with  stone  to  prevent  the  earth 
from  caving  in. 

3.  In  ships,  an  inclosure  in  the  middle  of  a  ship's 
hold,  around  the  pumps  from  the  bottom  to  the  lower 
deck,  to  preserve  tliem  from  damage.      Mar.  Diet. 

■\.  In  ajishiii<r  vcssd,  an  apartment  in  the  middle 
of  the  liold,  made  tight  at  the  sides,  but  having  holes 
perforated  in  tlie  bottom  to  let  in  fresh  water  for  the 
preservation  of  fish  while  they  are  transported  to 
market.  Mar.  Diet. 

5.  In  tlie  viililary  art,  a  hole  or  excavation  in  the 
earth,  in  mining,  from  which  run  branches  or  gal- 
leries. Cijc. 

WELL,  r.7.     [Sti\.  welUn.] 

To  spring  ;  to  issue  forth,  as  v/ater  from  the  earth. 
{Little  used.]  Spcr^er.     Dnjden. 

WELL,  I'.  (.    To  pour  forth.     [  Obs.]  Spenser. 

WELL,  a.  [Sax.  wd  or  wdl ;  G.  wohl ;  D.  wel ;  Sw. 
vul :  Dan.  vel :  W.  gwdl,  better  ;  g-wella,  to  make 
better,  to  mend,  to  improve  :  Arm.  guellaat;  L.  valeo, 
tu  be  strong;  Gr.  6^05,  whole,  and  ovXu,  to  be 
well ;  Sans,  bala,  bali,  strengtli.  The  primary  sense 
of  vaXeo  is,  to  strain,  stretch,  whence  to  advance.  To 
prevail,  to  gain,  according  to  our  vulgar  phrase,  to 
get  ahead,  which  coincides  with  prosper,  Gr.  jrpoce- 
ftoi.  I  do  not  find  wdl  used  in  other  languages  as 
an  adjective,  but  it  is  so  used  in  Englisli.  See 
Weal.] 

1.  Being  in  health ;  having  a  sound  body,  with  a 
regular  performance  of  the  natural  and  proper  func- 
tions of  all  the  organs  ;  applied  to  aiiimals ;  as,  a  icell 
man  ;  the  patient  has  recovered,  and  is  perfectly 
wdl. 

While  you  are  veil,  you  may  do  much  good.  Taylor. 

Ib  yourfalber  icell  ?  — Gsn.  xliii. 

2.  Fortunate;  convenient;  advantageous;  happy. 
It  is  wdl  for  us  that  we  are  sequestered  so  far  from 
the  rest  of  the  world. 

It  was  well  with  U3  in  Egypt.  — Num.  xi. 

3.  Being  in  favor. 

lii;  was  loell  with  Henry  the  Fourth.  Dryilcn. 

WELL,  dtfu.  In  a  proper  manner;  justly;  rightly; 
not  111  or  wickedly.    Jam.cs  ii. 

If  ttiou  doest  not  well,  sin  Heth  nt  the  door.  —  Gcu.  i/. 

2.  Skillfully;  with  due  art;  as,  tJie  work  Sswdl 
done  ;  he  writes  wdl ;  lie  rides  wdl ;  the  plot  is  well 
laid,  and  irdl  executed. 

3.  Sufficiently;  abundantly. 

Lot  —  br?hcld  all  the  p!,uu  of  Jsrdan,  that  it  was  acU  watenxl 
every  where.  —  Gen.  xiii. 

4.  Very  mufh ;  to  a  degree  that  gives  jileasure.  I 
liked  (he  entertainment  ledl. 

5.  Favorably ;  with  praise. 

All  [he  world  speaks  weU  of  you.  Pope. 

6.  Conveniently  ;  suitably  ;  advantageously.  This 
is  all  the  mind  can  wdl  contain.  I  can  not  weli  at- 
ten<l  the  meeting. 

7.  To  a  sufficient  degree  ;  perfectly.  I  know  not 
well  liovv  to  execute  this  task. 

8.  Thoroughly ;  fully.  Let  tho  cloth  be  wcU 
cleansed.    Let  tlio  steel  be  wdl  poli^^hed. 

She  loolfcth  well  to  the  ways  of  her  house-hold.  —Prov.  xxx'i. 

9.  Fully;  adequately. 

We  are  well  able  to  overcome  i!.  —  Num.  xiii. 

10.  Far ;  as,  to  be  well  advanced  in  life. 

.^s  wdl  as;  together  with  ;  not  less  than  ;  one  as 
much  as  the  other ;  as,  a  sickness  long  as  well  as  se- 
vere. London  is  the  largest  city  in  Europe,  as  icdl  as 
the  principal  banking  city. 

fVdl  enough  ;  in  a  moderate  degree  ;  so  as  to  give 
satisfaction,  or  so  as  to  require  no  alteration. 

TFcll  is  Aim,  seems  to  be  elliptical  for  wdl  is  to  Aim. 


To  be  wdl  off;  to  be  in  a  good  condition,  cspeciaUr 
as  to  properly. 

IVdi  ifl  sometimes  u?ed  elliplically  fm  it  is  weli, 
and  as  an  expression  of  ffat;xfac(ion  with  what  has 
bi;en  Haid  or  done  ;  and  t(omcttin<;tf  it  in  merely  ex- 
pletive. fVeU,  the  work  ia  dr»ne.  IVdi,  let  us  eo. 
fVcU,  wdl,  be  it  BO. 

IVdl  is  prefixed  to  many  wordf,  cxprciuslng  what 
is  right,  fit,  laudable,  or  not  defective;  a«,  vetl- 
affected  ;  wc/f-des igned  ;  uJc/Z-dirccl/d  ;  vdl-i^Tdt-rv*!  ; 
wdt-(oimed  ;  uc/^meant ;  we^oiinded  ;  we/i-*ta- 
soned  ;  wdl-lzsUid. 

WELL'A-DAY,  alas,  Johnson  8Uppo«cs  to  be  a  cor- 
ruption of  Welawav,  which  see.  Shak,     Oam. 

WliLU-Ae-COU'TKli-KD,  t  a.    Fully  fumUhed  with 

WELL-Ae-fOU'TKAlJ,  arms  or  dr.-M, 

WEM^AD-JUST'ii;0,  a.    Rtehtly  adjutlcd. 

WELT^Al.M'/iD,  a.    RighUy  aimed. 

WELUA-NeH'ORr£D,  a.    Safely  njoored  ;  w- 
iriblirihed.  ^ii^ 

WELI^AP  I'OIXT'ED,  a.  Fully  furnished  and 
equipped  ;  us,  a  wdl-appomied  army. 

WELI^AU-THE.\'Tie-A-TED,  a.  Supported  by 
grjod  authoritv. 

WELL-liAL';V-NC-£D,  (-bal'anfl,)  a.  Rightly  bal- 
anced. 

WELL'IIi:-ING,  n.  [irc^  and  iriny,]  Welfare  ;  ba;*- 
piiic>s;  pr<)s[Hirity  ;  as,  virtue  ij*  ctiicntial  lo  ihe 
wdl-bdriif  of  incn  or  of  society. 

WELL'-IJE-LOV'AD,  (-bc-luvd'or-Iuv'cd,)  a.  Great- 
ly beloved.    .Mark  xii. 

WI^LL'-UOUN,  a.  [wetland  born.]  Horn  cf  a  nr-bl" 
or  respectable  family  ;  not  of  mean  binh. 

frailer.     Dn  '■    . 

WELL'-BRED,  a.  [wdl  and  bred.]  Educa'ltJ  :^ 
ptilisbed  manners  ;  polite.  Ro.-c^maon. 

WELL'-BUILT,  a.    Built  in  a  substantial  nmnru^r. 

WELl^eOM-I'LEX'10X-/;D,  a.  IIa\ing  a  good  com- 
plexion. 

WELL-eOX-DI"TION-£D,  (-diah'und,)  a.  Being  io 
a  good  state. 

WELL-e0UCH'£D,  (-koucht',)  a.  Couched  in  prop- 
er terms. 

WELI^DE-n.\'£D,  a.    Truly  defined. 

WEI.L-DE-^^CiaO'AD,  a.     Truly  described. 

WELI^I)L-VIS'£D,  ,-t.    Rightly  devised. 

^VELL-UI-OEST'ED,  a.     Fullv  dige.-ted. 

WELL-DIS-CEUX  £0,  a,     Richtlv  discemal. 

WELL-DlS-PoS'£D,  a.     Rightly  di^po^td. 

WELL'-DO-EIl,  7t.  One  who  performs  his  mom!  :.i.  i 
social  duties. 

WELL'-DO-IXG,  71.  A  doing  well;  pcrfonnance  of 
duties. 

WELL-DONE',  exclam.  [wdl  and  done.]  A  wird  of 
praise  ;  bravely  ;  nobly  ;  in  a  right  manner. 

WELL'-DRAIX,  n.  [wdl  and  draitu]  A  drain  or 
vent  for  water,  somewhat  like  a  well  or  pit,  serving 
to  discharge  the  water  of  wet  land.  Cyc 

WELL'-DRaIN,  r.  f.  To  drain  land  by  means  of 
wells  or  pits,  which  receive  the  water,  and  from 
which  it  is  discharged  by  inacbinerw  Owe 

WELL'-DRA^VX,  a.     Triilv  drawn.' 

WELI^DRESS'£D,  (-drest'i)  a.  Handsomelv  dressed. 

WELI^ED'U-€a-TED,  a.  Having  a  good  educa- 
tion. 

WELL-ES-TABXISU-ED,  (-lisht,)  o.  Firmly  estab- 
lished. _ 

WELL'FaRE  is  now  written  Wzlfire. 

WELI^FA'Vi3R-/:D,  a.  Handsome;  well  formed ; 
beautiful ;  pleasinc  to  the  eve.     Gen.  xxii. 

WELL-FLa' VOR-i'D,  (1.    Having  a  high  flavor. 

WHLL-FOR.M'£n,  a.     Formed  well. 

WELL-FOUND'ED,  (I.  Founded  on  good  and  \-aIiJ 
n^asons,  or  on  strong  probabilities. 

WELL-tJROQND'F.D,  a.  [wdl  and  ground.}  Well 
founded  ;  having  a  solid  foundation. 

AVELL'-I1E.\D,  (wel'hed,)  n.  [trdl  a.-.d  head.]  A 
source,  spring,  or  fountain.    [06j-.j  Spmscr. 

WELL'-HoLE,  n.  In  a  f.ia/it  of  stairsj  the  open 
space  in  the  middle,  t)eyond  the  ends  of  the  stairs. 

Oieilt. 
2.  .\  cavity  which  receives  a   counterbalancing 
weight  in  certain  mechanical  contrivances,  and  also 
for  olbrr  purptises.  Buduutan. 

WELL-HUS'iJAXD-ED,  a.    Husbanded  prop^rlv. 

WELIMX-FORM'ED,  a.     CorrccUv  informed. 

WELL-L\-STRUeT'ED,  a.  RichUy  or  fully  in- 
structed. 

WELL-1N-TE.\D'ED,  a.  Intended  for  a  good  par- 
pose,  or  with  upright  uu'tivcs. 

WELL-IX-TEN'TION-£D,  a.  Having  uprisht  in- 
tentions or  purpose.  .V-Jxtr. 

WELL'-KNoWN,  a.    Fullv  known. 

WELL-JL\N'XER-ED,  a.  [wdi  and  manner.]  Polite  ; 
well-bred;  ComplaisanL  Drtfdem, 

WELL'-MkAX-BR,  n-  [weUand  mean.]  One  whose 
intention  js  good.  /M-cVn, 

WELL'-.Me.\X-L\G,  a.    Having  a  good  int»  niion. 

EUline}>fcL 

WELL'-MEANT,  (-mcnl.)  «-    Richtly  intended. 

WELL-MET',  czdam.  A  term  of  salut.ition  denoUng 
joy  at  meetin?. 

WELL-MtXll'ED,  o.  [irWi  and  wind:]  Will  dis- 
posed ;  having  a  goo4l  mind. 


TOXE,  BIJLL,  IINITE.— AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — e  as  K;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


153 


1257 


WEN 

VVEJX-MOR'AL-IZ-£D,  a.  Regulated  by  good  morals. 

Milncr. 

VVELL'-Na-TUR-£D,  a.  {well  and  naiurcd.'\  Good 
n.iturcd;  kind.  Dnjdcit. 

VVELL'-NIGH,  adn.  [well  and  ni^h.]  Almost ; 
nearly. 

WELLr-OR'DER-ED,  a.    Riglilly  ordered. 

WELL-PaINT'ED,  a.    Painttfd  well. 

\VELL-P0L'1-CI-£D,  (-pol'e-aid,)  a.  Having  a  good 
policy. 

WELL-P0L'ISH-£D,  a.     Highly  polished. 

WELL'-READ,  (-red,)  a.     Having  extensive  reading. 

WELL-REG' IJ-La-TED,  a.  Having  good  regula- 
tions. 

WELL'-ROOM,  n.  [well  and  roomJ]  In  a  hoaty  a 
place  in  the  bottom  where  the  water  is  collected, 
and  whence  it  is  thrown  out  with  a  scoop. 

WELL'-SET,  a.    Having  good  symmetry  of  parts. 

WJiLL'-SET-TL£D,  a.  FuJIy  settled  j  well  mar- 
ried. 

VVELL'-SINK-ER,  n.    One  who  digs  wells. 

\V1:'LL'-SPED,  a.     Having  good  success. 

WELL'-SPENT,  a.  [well  and  spent.]  Spent  or 
passed  in  virtue ;  as,  a  wcU-spent  life  ;  well-spent 
days.  Pope. 

WELL'-SPoK-EN,  a.      [icell  and  spciih.]    Speaking 
well ;  speaking  with  fitness  or  grace ;  or  speaking 
kindly. 
2.  Spoken  with  propriety  ;  as,  wellspokeR  words. 

WELL'-SPRING,  n.  [well  and  spring.l  A  source  of 
continual  supply.     Prov.  xvi. 

VVELL-ST6R'£D,  fi.    Fully  stored. 

VVELL'-SWEEP.     See  Sweep. 

\VELI^TE.M'PER-£D,  a.    Having  a  good  temper. 

\VELI^TI.M'i:D,  a.    Done  at  a  proper  time. 

WEH^TRaIN'£D,  a.     Correctly  trained. 

WELL-TRI'£D,  a.    Having  been  fully  tried. 

Snuthe.\i. 

VVELL'-WA-TER,  n.  [well  and  water.]  The  water 
that  tiows  into  a  well  from  subterraneous  springs; 
water  drawn  from  a  well. 

WELL-WILL'ER,  71.  [well  and  will.]  One  who 
means  kindly.  Sidneij.     Booker. 

WELL-WISH',  n.  [loell  and  wish.}  A  wish  of  Iiap- 
piness.  .Addison. 

WELL-WISH'ER,  n.  [Supra.]  One  who  wishes  the 
good  of  another.  AddUon. 

WELSH,  a.     [Sax.  weallisc,  from  wcalh,  a  foreigner  ; 
wcallian,  to  wander ;    G.  wiUsch^  foreign,    strange, 
Celtic,  Welsh  ;  fVal-schc  spracke,  the  Italian  language, 
that  is,  foreign  or  Celtic] 
Pertaining  to  the  Welsh  nation. 

WELSH,  7u    The  language  of  Wales  or  of  the  Welsh. 

2.  Tlie  general  name  of  the  inhabitants  of  Wales. 
The  word  signifies  foreigners  or  wanderers,  and  was 
given  to  this  people  bj'  other  nations,  probably  be- 
cause they  came  from'  some  distant  country.  The 
Welsh  call  themselves  Cijmry^  in  the  plural,  and  a 
Welshman  Cymro,  and  their  country  Cymru,  of 
which  the  adjective  is  Ojmrcig,  and  the  name  of 
their  language,  Cymraeg.  They  are  supposed  to  be 
from  the  Civibri  of  Jutland.  OiDcn. 

WELSH-RAB'BIT,    n.      [properly    JVclsh   rare-bit.] 
Cheese  melted  into  a  mass,  and  usually  spread  over 
slices  of  toasted  bread. 
WELT,  71.     [W.  gwaldj  from  gwal^  a  fence,  a  7Ddll; 
i^aliazo,  to  inclose  ;  g-waldu^  to  hem.     See  Wall.] 

A  small  cord  covered  with  cloth  and  sewed  on 
seams  or  borders  to  strengthen  them. 
WELT,  V.  t.    To  furnish  with  a  welt ;  to  sew  a  welt 

on  a  seam  or  border. 
WELT'ED,  pp.  or  a.    Furnishin2  with  a  welt. 
WEL'TER,   V.    i.       [Sax.   wtrltan ;     Sw.    vdltra;    G. 
icahen;   Dan.  vaUer ;  allied  probably  to  wallow,  L. 
volnto.] 

To  roll,  as  the  body  of  an  animal ;  but  usually,  to 
roll  or  wallow  in  some  foul  matter  j  as,  to  icelter  jn 
blood  or  in  filth.  Dryden. 

WEL'TER-LNG,  ppr.     Rolling;    wallowing;    as    in 

mire,  blood,  or  other  filthy  matter. 
WEM,  71.     [Sax.]   A  spot;  a  scar.   [Obs.]  Brereioood. 
WEM,  V.  t.    [Sax.  wtmmaiu] 

To  corrupt.     [Obs.] 
WE^,  n.      [Sax.  wenji;   D.  wen;   Arm.   ffuennacn,  a 
wart.] 

An  encysted  tumor  which  is  movable,  pulpy,  and 
often  elastic  to  the  touch. 
WENCH,  71.     [Sax.  wenclc.    Qu.  G.  wcm»;  little.] 
1.  A  young  woman.     [Liitle  used.] 

Sidney.     Donne. 
9.  A  young  woman  of  ill  fame.  Prior. 

3.  In  America,  a  black  or  colored  female  servant ; 
a  n  egress. 

WENCH,  V.  i.    To  frequent  the  company  of  women 

of  ill  fame.  Addison. 

WENCH'ER,n.    A  lewd  man.  Grew. 

WENCH'ING,  ppr.    Frequenting  womi-^n  of  ill  fame. 
\VEND,  V.  i.     [Sax.  wendan.] 

1.  To  go ;  to  pass  to  or  from. 

2.  To  turn  round.  [Obs.]  [Wend  and  Wind  are 
from  the  same  root.] 

WEN'NEL,  7,.    A  wcanel.     [See  Weanel.]     [Obs.] 
WEN'NLSH,  >  a.     [from  wen/\     Having  the  nature  of 
WEN'NY,      i      a  wen. 


WET 

WENT,  prc(.  of  the  verb  Wend,  We  now  arrange 
went  m  grammar  as  the  preterit  of  go y  but  in  origin  it 
has  no  connection  with  it. 

WEPT,  prct.  and  pp.  of  Weep. 

When  he  hail  coino  netir,  hu  heheltl  tlio  cily,  mid  wept  over  it.  — 
Luke  xix. 

WERE,  (pron.  wcr,  which,  when  prolonged,  becomes 
70urc.)  Thirt  is  used  as  the  imperfect  tense  plural  of 
be  ;  we  were,  you  were,  they  were;  and  in  some  other 
tenses.  It  is  the  Danish  verb  vairer,  to  be,  to  exist, 
Sw.  vara,  and  in  origin  has  no  conne.ction  with  be, 
nor  with  was.  It  is  united  with  be,  to  supply  its 
want  of  tenses,  as  went  is  with  go. 

Were,  71.     A  dam.     [See  Wear.] 

WeRE'GILD,  n.  [Sax.  wer,  man,  and  the  estimated 
value  of  a  man,  and  gild,  geld,  money.] 

Formerly,  ilie  price  of  a  man's  head  ;  a  compensa- 
tion paid  fur  a  man  killed,  partly  to  the  king  for  the 
loss  of  a  subject,  and  partly  to  the  lord  of  the  vassal, 
and  partly  to  the  nest  of  kin.  It  was  paid  by  the 
murderer.  Blaclcstonc. 

WER-Ne'RI-AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  Werner,  the  Ger- 
iian  mineralogist  and  geologist  who  arranged  min- 
erals m  classes,  &c.,  according  to  their  external  char- 
acters, and  advocated  the  theory  that  the  strata  of 
the  earth's  crust  were  formed  by  depositions  from 
water. 

WER'NER-ITE,  n.  The  same  with  Scaholite, 
which  see.  Dana. 

WERT,  the  second  person  singular  of  the  si;bjunctive 
imperfect  tense  of  be.     [See  Were.] 

WERTH,  WORTH,  in  names,  siguities  a  farm,  court, 
or  village,  from  Sax.  weorthig.  Lye,  Diet. 

We'SIL,  for  Weasand.    [J^ot  in  use.] 

WES'LEY-AN,  a.    Pertaining  to  Wesleyanism. 

WES'LEY-AN,  n.  One  who  adopts  the  principles  of 
Wesleyanism. 

WES'LEY-AN-ISM,  71.  Arminian  Methodism;  the 
system  of  doctrines  and  church  polity  inculcated  by 
John  Wesley. 

WEST,  71.  [Sax.  west;  D.  and  G.  west;  Dan.  vcM; 
Sw.  venter ;  Fr.  oucst.  This  word  probably  siguities 
decline  or  fall,  or  departure  ;  as  in  L.  occidens,  and 
in  other  cases.    In  elements  it  coincides  with  waste.] 

1.  In  strictness,  that  point  of  the  horizon  midway 
between  the  north  and  soutli  points,  on  the  side, 
where  the  heavenly  bodies  set;  opposed  to  East, 
which  is  the  corresponding  point  on  the  side  where 
they  rise.  In  a  less  strict  sense,  the  region  of  the 
hemisphere  near  this  point.  Thus  we  say,  a  star 
sets  in  the  wrst,  a  meteor  appears  iu  the  west,  a  cloud 
rises  in  the  west. 

2.  A  country  situated  in  a  region  toward  the  sun- 
setting,  with  respect  to  another.  Thus,  in  the  United 
States,  the  inhabitants  of  the  Atlantic  States  speak 
of  the  inhabitants  of  Ohio,  Kentucky,  or  Missouri, 
and  call  them  people  of  the  west;  and  formerly,  the 
empire  of  Rome  was  called  the  empire  of  the  fVcst, 
in  opposition  to  the  empire  of  the  East,  the  seat  of 
which  was  Constantinople. 

WEST,  a.  Being  in  a  line  toward  the  point  in  the 
horizon  midway  between  the  north  and  soutli  points, 
on  the  side  where  tiie  sun  sets  ;  or,  in  a  looser  sense, 
being  in  the  region  near  the  line  of  direction  toward 
that  point,  either  on  the  earth  or  in  the  heavens. 

This  shall  be  your  west  border,  —  Num.  xxxlv. 

9.  Coming  or  moving  from  the  west  or  western 
region  ;  as,  a  west  wind. 

WEST,  adv.  To  the  western  region ;  at  the  west- 
ward; more  westward;  as,  Ireland  lies  west  of 
England. 

WEST,  V.  i.  To  pass  to  the  west ;  to  set,  as  the  sun. 
[JVot  in.  jtsc.]  Chaucer. 

WEST'ER-ING,  a.  Passing  to  the  west.  [/  believe 
not  iwiD  used.]  Milton. 

WEST'ER-LY,  a.    Being  toward  the  west ;  situated 
in  the  western  region  ;  as,  the  westerly  parts  of  Eng- 
land. Oraunt. 
2.  Moving  from  the  westward  ;  as,  a  westerly  wind. 

WEST'ER-LY,  adv.  Tending,  going  or  moving  to- 
ward the  west ;  as,  a  man  traveling  westerly. 

WEST'ERN,  a.     [west  and  Sax.  tcrw,  place.] 

1.  Being  in  the  west,  or  in  the  region  nearly  in  the 
direction  of  west ;  being  in  that  quarter  wiiere  the 
sun  sets  ;  as,  the  westein  shore  of  France ;  the  west- 
ern ocean. 

2.  Moving  in  a  line  to  the  part  where  the  sun  sets ; 
as,  the  ship  makes  a  western  course. 

WEST'ING,  71.  Space  or  distance  westward  ;  or  de- 
parture westward  ;  as,  the  westing  and  southing  of  a 
ship. 

WEST' WARD,  adv.   [Sax.  wcstweara ;  west  and  tceard, 
L.  versus.] 
Toward  the  west ;  as,  to  ride  or  sail  westward. 

WEST'WARD-LY,  adv.  In  a  direction  toward  the 
west ;  as,  to  pass  westwardly. 

WET,  a.  [Sax.  w<^t ;  Sw.  vaia,  Dan.  va:de,  moisture, 
Gr.  veros  ;  L.  udus.] 

1.  Containing  water ;  as,  wet  land,  or  a  wet  cloth  ; 
or  having  water  or  other  liquid  upon  the  surface  ;  as, 
a  wet  table.  TVet  implies  more  water  or  liquid  than 
Moist  or  Hdmid. 

2.  Rainy  ;  as,  wet  weather  ;  a  wet  season. 


WHA 

WET,  n.    Water  or  wetness  ;  moisture  or  humidity  in 

considerable  degree.    Wear  thick  shoes  or  pattens  to 

keep  your  feet  from  the  wet. 
D.  Rainy  weather  ;  foggy  or  misty  weather.  Sirlft. 
WET,  V.  t.  i   prct.  and  pp.  Wet.     But  Wftted   is 

sometimes    used.      [Sax.  wmtan;    Sw.  vata;    Dan. 

vader.] 

1.  To  fill  or  moisten  with  water  or  other  liquid;  to 
sprinkle  or  humectate;  to  cause  to  have  water  or 
other  fluid  adherent  to  the  surface  -,  to  dip  or  soak  in 
liquor  ;  as,  to  wet  a  sponge  ;  to  wet  the  hands  :  to  wet 
cloth. 

Wet  the  lUirsly  rarth  with  fulling  ahowcrs.  HfiUon. 

2.  To  moisten  with  drink.  JValton. 
WETH'ER,  n.    [Sax.  7vether  or  wcddcr    In  Dan.  vwder 

is  a  ram.] 
A  ram  castrated. 

WET'NESS,  n.  The  state  of  lieing  wet,  either  by 
being  soaked  or  filled  with  liquor,  or  by  having  a 
liquid  adherent  to  the  surface  ;  as,  the  wetness  (tf 
land  ;  the  wetness  of  a  cloth.  It  implies  more  water 
or  liquid  than  Humidness  or  Moisture. 

2.  A  watery  or  moist  state  of  the  atmosphere ;  a 
state  of  being  rainy,  foggy,  or  misty  :  as,  the  wctjic<js 
of  weather  or  the  season. 

WET'-NURSE,  n.  A  nurse  who  suckles  a  child,  op 
posed  to  a  Dry  NuB9E,  who  brings  up  children  by  hand 

WET'TISH,  a.    Somewhat  wet;  moist;  humid. 

WEX,  V.  t.  or  t.  To  grow  ;  to  wax.  [J^ot  to  be  used.] 
[See  Wax.] 

W^^Y,  (wa,)  n.     [from  weigh,]     A  certain  quantity. 
In  England,  a  weigh  of  v.'ool  is  %\  tods,  or  182  lbs. ; 
a  weigh  of  butter  or  cheese  varies  from  2  to  3  cwt. ; 
a  weigh  of  corn  or  salt  is  40  bushels  ;  a  iceigh  of  oats 
or  barley,  48  bushels,  &c.  JilcCuUoch.     Cvc. 

We'ZAND,  for  Weasand.     [See  the  latter.] 

JVoic,  —  In  words  beginning  with  wh,  the  letter  h, 
or  aspirate,  when  both  letters  are  pronounced,  pre- 
tedes  the  sound  of  w.  Thus  zc/mf,  when,  are  pro- 
nounced hwat,  hwcn.  So  they  were  written  by  our 
ancestors,  and  so  they  ought  to  bo  written  still,  as 
they  are  by  the  Danes  and  Swedes. 

WHACK,  (hwak,)  v.  t.  To  strike.  This  is  jirobably 
the  primary  word  on  which  is  formed  thwack.  [See 
Twit.]     Whack  is  a  vulgar  word, 

WHALE,  fhwale,)  n.  [Sax.  hical,  hwal ;  G.  wdljisrh, 
from  waUen,  to  stir,  agitate,  or  rove ;  D.  walvisck ; 
Sw.  and  Dan.  hval.  This  animal  is  named  from 
roundness,  or  from  rolling;  for  in  Dan.  hvalt  i.s 
arched  or  vaulted ;  hvaller,  to  arch  or  vault,  I). 
wclven.] 

The  general  name  of  an  order  of  animals  inhabit- 
ing the  ocean,  arranged  in  zoology  under  the  name 
of  Cetc  or  Cetacea:,  and  belonging  to  the  cinss  Mam- 
malia, in  the  Linniean  system.  The  Greenland 
whale  is  of  the  genus  Balaena.  When  fully  grown, 
it  is  from  fifty  to  sixty-five  or  seventy  feet  in  length, 
and  from  thirty  to  forty  feet  in  its  greatest  circum- 
ference. The  whale  furnishes  us  with  oil,  whale- 
bone, &c.  _[See  Cachalot.] 

WHaLE'-BoAT,  n.  A  long,  narrow  boat,  sharp  at 
both  ends,  used  by  whalemen. 

WHaLE'BoNE,  n.  [wJiale  and  bone.]  A  firm,  elastic 
substance,  taken  from  the  upper  jaw  of  tlie  whale, 
used  as  a  stiflening  in  stays,  fans,  screens,  &c. 

WHaLE'-FISH-ER-Y,  n.  The  fishery  or  occupation 
of  taking  whales. 

WHaLE'MAN,  n.  A  man  employed  in  the  whale- 
fishery. 

WHaL'ER,  71.    A  ship  employed  in  the  whale-fishery. 

WHaL'ING,  n.    The  Itusiness  of  taking  whales. 

WHALL,  J  n.      A  gieenish- white  state  of  the  eyes. 

WHAUL,  i      [See  Wali^Ete.] 

WIIALL'Y,  a.  Having  greenish-while  eyes.  [See 
Wall-Eye.] 

WHaME,  71.  A  species  of  fly,  Tabanus,the  burrcl  fly, 
that  annoys  horses. 

WHANG,  iu     [Sax.  thtcang.] 

A  leather  thong.     [JVo£  in  -use.] 

WHANG,  V.  t.    To  beat,     [J^ot  in  use,  or  local] 

Orosc 

WHAP,  71.     A  blow.     [Vulgar.]     [See  Awhai-.] 

WHAP'PER,  (hwop'per,)  71.  Something  uncommonly 
large  of  the  kind.  So  tliumper  is  connected  with 
thump,  to  strike  with  a  heavy  blow ;  applied  partic- 
ularly to  a  bold  lie.     [Vulgar.] 

WHARF,  (hworf,)  n.  [Sax.  hwarf,  hwcorf;  D.  werf; 
Dan.  verf;  Russ.  vorph.  In  D.  wcrven  signifies  to 
raise  or  levy.  In  the  plural,  Wharfs  and  Wharves 
are  both  used.] 

A  perpendicular  bank  or  mound  of  timber  or  stone 
and  earth,  raised  on  the  shore  of  a  harbor,  river, 
canal,  &c.,  or  extending  some  distance  into  the 
water,  for  the  convenience  of  lading  and  uninding 
ships  and  other  vessels.  The  two  longest  wharfs  in 
New  England,  are  at  Boston  and  at  Now  Haven. 
The  latter  is  much  the  longest,  extending  into  the 
harbor  about  three  quarters  of  a  mile. 

WHARF,  V.  t.  To  guard  or  secure  by  a  wnarf  or  firm 
wall  of  timber  or  stone  ;  as,  the  western  bank  of  the 
Connecticut  is  irharfed  at  IJartford,  to  i)revcnt  the 
river  from  wearing  away  the  land. 

WHARF'AGE,  n.    The  fee  or  duty  paid  for  the  priv- 


FaTE,  far,  FALL,  WHAT MeTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  COOK   - 

__ 


WHE 

ilege  of  usiny  a  wharf  for  loading  or  unloading  goods, 
limber,  wotid,  6lc, 

WHARF'IXG,  ».    Wharfs  in  ^oneral. 

WHAUF'IN-OEU,  H.  A  man  who  has  the  care  of  a 
wh:irt",  tir  the  proprietor  of  a  wharf. 

Wn  \T,  (hwot,)  pronou7i  Tclatice  or  sul'stitutc.  [Sax. 
hiCiit :  Goth,  icaiht;  D.  icat;  G.  jcas;  Dan.  and  Svv. 
head ;  Scot.  tftUiat ;  L.  quo4,  ijaid.  The  Sax.  hwa:t^ 
hwiU,  signifies  brisk,  lively,  vigorous  ;  which  shows 
that  this  pronoun  is  the  same  word  as  icight^  a  living 
being,  from  the  root  of  the  L.  vivo,  for  u^'i*-  C^^*-' 
\VtGHT.)  The  Gothic  h  represents  thu  Latin  c  in 
vktusA 

1.  That  which.  Say  whet  you  will,  is  the  saute  as 
say  that  which  you  will. 

■J.  Which  part.  Consider  what  is  due  to  nature, 
and  what  to  art  or  labor. 

3.  fVhat  is  the  substitute  for  a  sentence  or  clause 
of  a  sentence.  "  I  teU  thee  whatj  corponil,  I  could 
tear  her."  Here  what  relates  to  tlie  last  clause,  "I 
could  tear  her  ;  "  this  is  tohat  I  tell  you. 

4.  fVhat  is  used  as  an  adjective,  of  bolli  genders, 
often  in  specifying  sorts  or  particulars.  See  what 
colors  this  silk  exhibits.  I  know  what  qualities  you 
desire  in  a  friend  j  that  is,  I  know  the  qualities  which 
you  desire. 

5.  Wutt  is  much  used  in  asking  questions.  What 
sort  of  character  is  this?  IFhat  poem  is  this  ?  What 
man  is  this  we  see  coming.' 

G.  What  time;  at  the  time  or  on  the  day  when. 

What  tiTJie  the  mom  mysterious  visioue  brings.  Pope. 

7.  To  how  great  a  degree. 

Mliat  pariiai  judges  aro  our  love  aud  Lite  I  Drydi^n, 

a,  \Vhalever. 


Wfc-ilier  it  waa  the  shoi^iit 
will  —  or  vshal  i;  was. 


s  of  his  foresighl,  the  strenglh  of  hia 
Bacon. 


9.  Some  part,  or  some.  *'  The  year  before,  he  had 
so  used  the  matter,  that  what  by  I'ort^e,  what  by  policy, 
he  had  taken  from  the  Christians  above  thirty  cas- 
tles;" that  is,  he  had  taken  above  thirty  castles,  a 
[iart  or  some  by  force,  a  part  or  some  by  policy  j  or 
what  may  be  interpreted  partly.  Knolles. 

•Sometimes  what  has  no  verb  to  govern  it,  and  it 
must  be  considered  as  adverbially  used.  *'  Wluit 
with  carrying  apples  and  fuel,  he  finds  himself  in  a 
hurr>' ;  "  that  is,  partly,  in  part. 

10.  W-iat  is  sometimes  used  elliplically  for  what  is 
this  1  or  iutw  is  ViLs  ? 

Ulutt  I  cwuld  ye  uot  watch  with  me  ono  hour  f  —  Matt.  xxvi. 

11.  What  is  used  interrogatively  and  elliptically.as 
equivalent  to  what  tcUl  be  Vie  consequence'^  What 
will  follow  ?  as  in  the  phrase,  what  if  I  undertake  this 
business  mvself.' 

What  though;  that  is,  grant  this  or  that ;  allow  it  to 
be  so. 

What  ho  ;  an  exclamation  of  calling. 
WHAT,  (hwol,)  n.    Fare  j  things  ;  matter.      [JVai  in 

U3r.]  Spenser. 

WHAT-EV'ER,  pron.  [what  and  ever.]  Ttcing  this 
or  that;  being  of  one  nature  or  another;  being  one 
thing  or  another  ;  any  thing  that  may  be.  Whatever 
is  read,  let  it  be  read  with  attention.  Whatever 
measure  may  be  adopted,  let  it  be  with  dtie  caution. 
Whatever  you  do,  let  it  be  done  with  prudence. 
2.  ^Vll  that ;  the  whjje  that;  all  particulars  that. 

At  once  came  foith  ichaieter  crwpa.  Milton. 

WHAT-SO-EV'ER,  a.,  compound  of  iiAaf,  so,  and 
ever,  has  the  sense  of  whafecer,  and  is  less  used  than 
the  latter.  Indeed,  it  is  nearly  obsolete.  Wliatso,  in 
a  like  sense,  is  entirely  obsolete. 

WHEAL,  n.    A  pustule.     [See  Weal.] 

WHEAT,  (hweet,)  n.  [Sax.  hwa^e  ;  Goth.  Jiwit;  Ice. 
hrdtenu :  G.  weitzen  ;  Sw.  hveie;  Dan.  hvede ;  D.  wdt. 
Uu.  Heb.  T^'^n ;  Syr.  id.] 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Triticum,  and  the  seed  of  the 
plant,  which  furnishes  a  white  flour  for  bread,  and, 
next  to  rice,  is  the  grain  moat  g'.-nerally  used  by  the 
human  race.  Of  this  grain  the  varieties  are  numer- 
ous, ad  red  wheat,  white  %%'heat,  bald  wheat,  bearded 
wheat,  winter  wheal,  summer  wheat,  &c. 

WHeAT'-BIR0,  }U    a  bird  that  feeds  on  wheat. 

yirtrinia. 

WnEAT'-EAR,n.  A  ?mall  burd,  common  in  Europe, 
the  Sa-xicola  (Motacilla,  Linn.)  ffinanthe  of  Bech- 
stein;  called  also  White-Tail  ajid  F,lllow-Finch. 
It  is  allied  to  the  slonechat  and  whinchat.   P.  Cyc. 

WHeAT'SX,  (hweel'n,)  a.  Made  of  wheat;  as, 
•xhmtrn  bread.  .arbuthnot     Pope. 

WHeAT'-FLY,  n.  A  nnrae  given  to  several  insects 
injurious  to  whcau  It  includes  the  Hessian-fiy, 
whuat-mnth,  Alc.  K.  C.  Ihrrick. 

WHeAT'-MOTH,  71.  An  insect  wliose  gnibs  devour 
the  grains  of  wheat,  chiefly  after  it  is  harvested; 
probably  the  same  as  the  Angournois  moth. 

E.  C.  Herrick. 

V/HeAT'-PLUM,  71.    A  sort  of  plum. 

WHEE'DLE,  (hwee'dl,)  v.  U     [Qu.  Gr    jo-jrsuw,  or 
*rcjr(AAw.] 
To  flatter ;  to  entice  by  soft  words. 
To  \fu\m  the  unlucky  Art  of  ahecdliug  f^ols.  Dryhn. 

'iVHEE'DLE,  v.  i.    To  flaltf  r ;  to  coax. 


WHE 

WHGE'DLED,  pp.     Flattered;  enticed;  coaxed. 
WHEE'ULING,  ppr.     Flattering;    enticing  by  soft 

words. 
WUEE'DLING,  n.    Tho  act  of  flattering  or  onticing- 
WIIEEI.,  n.     [Sax.  hwcol,  hweohl,  hweogl,  htceog-id;  U. 

wiet;  Sw.  hiul.    This  aeems  to  have  Wg  oxHg  for 

its  elements.    See  Syr.  and  At.  No.  10,  17,  Class 

Cg.] 

1.  A  circular  frame  of  wood,  iron,  or  other  metal. 
consisting  of  a  nave  or  hub,  into  which  arc  inaerteti 
spokes  which  sust">in  a  rim  or  felly ;  the  whole  turn- 
ing on  an  axis.  The  name  is  also  giventonsohd 
circular  or  round  piece  of  wood  or  metal,  which  re- 
volves on  an  axis.  Tlte  wheel  and  axle  constitute 
one  of  the  mechanical  powers.    [See  Axis,  No.  4.] 

9.  A  circular  body.  Shak. 

3.  A  carriage  that  moves  on  wheels.  Pope. 

4.  .\n  instrument  for  torturing  criminals;  as,  an 
examination  made  by  the  rack  and  the  wheel. 

Addison. 

5.  A  machine  for  spinning  thread  of  various 
kinds. 

(5.  Rotation;  revolution;  turn;  as,  Iho  vicissitude 
and  wheel  of  things.  South. 

7.  A  turning  about ;  a  compass. 

He  throws  hi^  Ilight  iu  many  an  airy  whiel.  Milton. 

8.  In  pottenj,  a  round  board  turned  by  a  lathe  in  a 
horizontal  pos'iiion,  on  which  the  clay  ia  shaped  by 
the  hand. 

9.  A  circular  frame  having  handles  on  the  periph- 
ery, and  connected  by  the  tiJler-rupes  witli  the  rud- 
der, used  for  steering  a  ship. 

WHEEL'-AN-I-MAL,  >  n.    One  of  a  class  of 

WHEEL'-AN-I-MAL'eULE,  i  animalcules,  wiUi 
arms  for  taking  tlieir  prey  resembling  wheels;  a  ro- 
tifer. Braiuie. 

WHEEL'-BAR-RGW,  n.  [wheel  and  harrow.]  A 
frame  with  a  box,  supported  by  one  wheel,  and 
rolled  by  a  sinsle  man. 

WHEEL'-BoAT,  n.  [wheel  and  boat.]  A  boat  with 
wheels,  to  be  used  either  on  water  or  upon  inclined 
planes  or  railways. 

WHEEL'-CAR-RIAGE,  n.  [wheel  and  carriage.]  A 
carriage  moved  on  wheels. 

WHEEL'-RaCE,  n.  The  place  in  which  a  water- 
wheel  is  fixed.  Francis. 

WHEEL'-SHaP-ED,  (hwcel'shiipte,)  a.  [ichccl  and 
shape.]  In  botany,  rotate;  monopetalous,  exi)anding 
into  a  flat  border  at  top,  with  scarcely  any  tube  ;  as, 
a  whcel-shnped  corol.  Smith. 

WHEEL'WRTGHT,(hweel'rIte,)n.  [ichcd  and  wriirht.] 
A  man  wiiose  occupation  is  to  make  wheels  and 
wheel-carriages,  as  carts  and  wagons. 

WHEEL,  V.  t.  To  convey  on  wheels;  as,  to  wheel  a 
load  of  hay  or  wood. 

2.  To  put  into  a  rotaiy  motion ;  to  cause  to  turn 
round.  Jllilton. 

WHEEL,  V.  i.    To  turn  on  an  axis.  Bentley. 

2.  To  turn  ;  to  move  round  ;  as,  a  body  of  troops 
wheel  to  the  right  or  left. 

3.  To  fetch  a  compass. 

Then  wheeling  down  the  steep  of  heaven  he  fliea.  Pope. 

4.  To  roll  forward. 

Thunder 
Must  tckeet  on  tho  earth,  devouring  where  it  rolls.       MUton. 

WHEEL' iD,   pp.      Conveyed  on  wheels;   turned; 

rolled  round. 
WHEEL'ER,  n.    A  maker  of  wheels.     [Obs.] 
WHEEL'ING,  ppr.     Conveying  on   wheels  or  in  a 

wheel-carriage  ;  turning. 
WHEEL'ING,  7i.    The  act  of  conveying  on  wheels. 

2.  The  act  of  passing  on  wheels,  or  convenience 
for  passing  on  wheels.  We  say,  it  is  good  wheeling, 
or  bad  wheeling,  according  to  the  state  of  the  roads. 

3.  A  turning  or  circular  movement  of  troops  em- 
bodied. 

WHEEL'Y,  a.    Circular;  suitable  to  rotation. 

Philip/!. 

WHEEZE,  V.  7.  [Sax.  hioeosan;  Arm.  chueza:  Sw. 
Acs,  hoarse;  Dan.  hvcpscr ;  Sw.  hvdsa,  to  hi.^s,  to 
whiz;  Dan.  hmes,  a  whistling.  Wheeze,  whiz,  and 
probably  lehis-per,  are  of  one  family,  and  accord  with 
the  root  of  the  L.  Jtstnla.] 

To  breathe  hard  and  with  an  audible  sound,  as 
persons  affected  with  asthma.  Dnjdcn.    Swift. 

WIIEEZ'ING,  ppr.      Breathing  with  difiicully  and 

WHEEZ'ING,  71.   The  act  of  breathing  witli  difficulty 

and  noise.  , 

WHELK,  (hwelk,)n.  A  wrinkle  ;  inequality  on  the 
surface  ;  protuberance  ;  a  pustule.  [See  Welk  and 
Weal.]  ,  ^     . 

2.  A  moUusk,  the  Buccinum  undatum,  havmg  a 
shell  univalvular,  spiral,  and  gibbous,  with  an  oval 
aperture  ending  in  a  short  canal  or  gutter.  Whelks 
are  mucli  used  for  food  in  England. 

LimuEus.    P.  Cyc. 
WHELK'Y,  a.    Protuberant;  embossed;  rounded. 

Spenser. 
WHELM,  V.  t.     [Sax.  ahwylfan;  Goth,  hidyan;   Ice. 
wibna  or  hwilmoA 

1.  To  cover  witii  water  or  other  fluid  ;  to  cover  by 
immersion  in  something  that  envelops  on  all  sides; 


WHE 

as,  tu  whelm  a  pt.-raoa  or  a  company  In 
■ahdm  a  caravan  In  nand  nr  dtun. 

9.  To  cover  completely ;  to  immcnte  deeply ;  to 
overburden  ;  as,  tu  whrlm  one  in  sorrows. 
3.  To  throw  over  ao  aa  to  cover.    [Xot  luuL] 

J^oTtimtr, 
WHELM'£D,  pp.    Covered,  as  by  being  plungul  or 

immersed. 
WHELM'ING,  ppr.    Covering,  a« : 
WHELP,  71.     [Dan.  hralp;  Sw.  r 
word  cuincidett  in  dementi  with 
1.  The  yuung  of  the  canine  :•; 
end  other  beaals  of  prey;  a  pu  -'. 

bear  nibbod  of  her  whelpt  i  lion'»  -j..,.,..  . 
3.  A  son  ;  in  eotUcmpL 
3.  A  young  man  :  in  andeatpL 
WHELP,  V.  i.    To  brine  forth  youn;-   ^- 
the  canine  species  antleome  olbf-r 

WHEN,  ado.     [Goth,  hwan;  Fax. 
D.  wannecr;  L.  qnainlo  ;  Gaelic,  r 

1.  At  the  lime.     Wc  were  pr 
La  Favettc  embarked  at  Havre  Cui — 

dv;  if. 

2.  .M  what  time  ;  interrogatieelg. 

WTtm  ilLilI  t^    -"     -  '    '      "  ■■    --■- 

3.  Which  time. 

I  wai  luioptcJ  I 

SiiiCA  tehen,  his  o  .'.^i  .-.'  .',<-'.  ^^ii. 

4.  After  the  time  ihaL     When  the  act  ia  pSMcil, 
the  public  will  be  Baliafied. 

5.  At  what  time. 

Take  their  Atlrant^i^o  ir>Vn  -         Da^t. 

When,  as;  at  the  time  when  ;  v.hat  timt     {(-■ 

Whtn  at  ucreU  lifhl  beg^ui  to  dftva.  iuV. 

WHENCE,  adv.     [Sax.  Aaoiwn.] 

1.  From  what  place. 

\Vhena  uud  triu:  art  thoa  I 

2.  From  what  source.     Whenu  bball  \\^'  derive 
hope  i     Whence  comes  this  honor.' 

Whente  h:iUi  iha  i.ian  tha  wi*Jom?  —  MiU.  n-. 

3.  From  which  premises,  principles,  r .  ■ 
facts  or  principles  are  admitted,  whence  ii 
judgment  must  be  entered  for  the  plainu..- 

4.  How ;  by  what  way  or  means.    Mark  xu. 

5.  /7i  general,  from  which  person,  cause,  place, 
principle,  or  circuuislancc. 

i'Vuin  whence  may  l>c  considtred  n=  ■ 
from  being  implied  in  whence;  but  ili 
authorized,  and  in  some  cases  the  u^je  ci  -- 
give  force  or  beauty  to  the  phrase.    Wc  a^c 
the  moimtain,  from  whence  we  took  a  view  <■:' 
beautiful  plains  below. 
Of  whence  is  not  now  used. 
WHENCE-SO  EVER,  adc.    [ahence,  so,  and  ^     - 
From  what  place  soever  j  from  what  cause  or  &.l:  _ 
soever. 

Any  klea,  wAtraawrtcr  we  haTC  iU  Loot. 

WHENCE-EV'ER.    Sec  Whessoeter. 

WHEN-EV'ER,  adc.  [when  and  eter.^  .\t  whate%vr 
time.  Whenever  you  come,  you  will  be  kindly  re- 
ceived. 

WHEN-SO-EV'ER,  a,  [when,  so,  and  cr 
time  soever  ;  at  whatever  time. 

WHERE,  (hwSre,)  ode.    [Sax.  Atcrr ;  GoU -  ■  ^.■. 

hear;  U.  waar.]  \ 

1.  At  which  place  or  places.  I 

She  vallcil  the  pUco  trA#r<  llr  ■ 
In  all  [i!.\o.'S  Kftere  I  r«onl  ; 
will  bless  thee.  — Kx.  xi. 

2.  At  or  in  what  place. 

Ai'.tun,  uhfre  art  thou  t  —Gen.  iiL 

3.  At  the  place  in  which. 

iVhere  I  thought  the  pciunanl  of  my  »<r 

Should  have  l>ren  chciiibcd  br  lier  childlike  duty.  5\ai. 

4.  Whither ;  to  what  place,  or  from  what  place. 
Where  are  you  going .'     Where  are  you  from  ? 

[These  uses  of  ichcre  are  common,  and  the  first 
can  not  be  condemned  as  vulgar.] 

^inj  wherp :  in  any  place.    I  sought  the  mai^  but 
could  not  tind  hint  any  where, 

j^Toic,  _  Where  seems  lo  have  been  originally  a 
noun,  and  was  so  used  by  Spenser.  "  He  shall  tind 
no  where  sale  to  him."  In  this  sense,  it  is  obsolete  ; 
vet  it  implies  place,  its  original  signification. 
WIIERE-A-BOUT',  comp.  [where  and  chimi.]  Near 
what  place.     Whereabout  did  you  meet  your  friend .' 

2.  Near  which  place.  Siat 

3.  Concerning  which. 

The  wb;«t  uStrtchom  they  -ire  ai.Trrr»iiL 
r\VHEREAHOCT3  iS  also  USfd." 

WHERE-A*',  (hware-a?/,)    cor._  1  «. 

When  in  lact  or  inith ;  implyin.  ^^^m? 

thing  tlint  precedes. 

Are  not  these  found  to  be  the  ffrcatert  8calo«»,«t»a   -. 

nolonjiijJy   ignorant?    K*#™fl«  true  &-il    »boa:.l 
brpn  with  tnic  knowledge.  •-'■, 

2,  The  thing  being  so  that:  considering  thai  i 
are  so;  implying  an  admission  of  facts,  si»nu'.  <:. 


rmr.,  bijll,  unite. - 


-AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.-e  as  K ;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


1259 


WHE 


Win 


WHI 


followed  by  a  diften'nt  statonieiit,  and  sometimes  by 
inferences  or  something  consequent,  r,s  in  tlie  law 
style,  where  a  preamble  introduces  a  law. 

Whtrtcs  wan  lire  jcu-r.llj-  cnusci  of  j»>vcrty.  Sicon. 

3   Whereat ;  at  which  place.     [  Ods.l       Spenser-. 
4.  l!ut  on  the  contrary.     [See  No.  1.)     Woodward. 
WIIERE-AT',  comp.     [wlicre  and  at.]     At  which. 

Wtertal  he  wa.  no  IcM  nngry  and  anlioiiicd  Ihaii  drairoui  lo 
otey  Zdiniinc.  '^'•'y- 

9.  .\t  what ;  interrogatively.     Iflincat  are  you  of- 
fended ? 
WIIEKE-B?',  comj).    [whereanihy]    I!y  which. 

You  take  my  life,  , 

When  you  do  Lake  the  means  whereby  I  live.  Ana-;. 

a  By  what ;  interrogatively. 

Wliereby  shall  I  know  ibis  ?  —  Luke  1. 

WilEUE'FoRB,  eomp.     [wkcre  and  for.]     For  which 

reason. 

Wltcrcfore,  by  Ihpir  fruits  ye  shall  know  them.  —  Matt.  vii. 

■2.  Why  ;  for  what  reason. 

WhETEjore  didst  thou  (litiibt  ?  —  Matt.  xly. 
WIIERE-IN',  crwiip.     [wAere  and  in.]     Ill  which;  in 
which  thing,  time,  respect,  book,  &c.     This  is  the 
thins  lolierein  you  have  erred. 
•2.  In  what. 
Yet  ye  say,  Wlierein  have  we  wearioii  liiin?—  Mai.  ii. 
WIIERE-IN-TO',    comp.       [where    and    into.l      Into 

which.     fOb..:]  ^      ,         Bico"- 

WHEKE'NESS,  n.     Ubiety;  imperfect  locality. 

A  point  both  no  lUuiensions,  hut  only  a  ahtrentis,  anj  is  iie«t 
to  nothn.g.  """■ 

[  TIlis  word  is  not  used,  nor  has  it  any  intelligible  sig- 
nification.] „„     ,  ,  ,      ,,, 
WHEUE-OF',  cimp.    [where  a.ni  of.]    Of  which.    We 
are  not  guilty  of  the  crime  whereof  we  are  accused. 

a    Of  what.       Whereof  was  this    liouse    built.' 
[04s.] 

How  this  world,  when  and  loftereo/ created.  MUton. 

WIIERE-ON',  comp.     [where  and  on.]    On  which ;  as, 
the  ground  whereon  wo  tread. 
2.  On  what.     JK/wrmn  do  we  stand  ?     [Ohs.] 
WHERE'SO,  comp.     [Ohs.]     See  Whehesoever. 
WIIEUE-SO-EV'ER,  comp.    [where,  so,  and  ever.]    In 
what  place  soever;    in  whatever  place,  or  in  any 
place  indetinitely.    Seize  the  thief,  wheresocccr  he 
may  he  found. 

[Wherever  is  the  preferable  word.] 
WIIERE'THROUGH,  through  which,  is  not  m  use. 
WIIEIIE-TO',  comp.     [where  and  to.]    To  which. 

miereto  we  have  alre.ady  atuained.  —  Phil.  iii. 

n    To  what ;  to  what  end.     [Little  used.] 
WHERB-UN-TO',    adv.      The  same  as  Whereto. 

f06«.] 
WHERB-UP-ON',  comp.    Upon  wind). 

Tiie  townsmen  mutinied  and  tent  to  Essci:,  whereupon  he  came 
"thither.  Clarendon. 

WIIER-EV'EE,  comj).   [w/ierc  and  cccr.]    At  whatever 
place. 

He  can  not  but  love  virtue,  wherever  it  is.  Alterbury. 

WHERE-WITH',  comp.      [where  and  with.]      With 
wliich. 

The  love  wherewith  thou  hast  loved  nic.  —  Jolui  xvii. 
2.  With  what ;  interrogatively. 

Wlierewith  shall  1  save  Israel  ?  — Judges  v" 


WIIUT  II.    The  act  of  sharpening  by  friction. 

2.  Somelliing  that  provokes  or  stimulates  the  ap- 
petite ;  as,  sips,  drums,  ;tnd  whets.  Spectator. 
WllKTH'EIi,  prononn  or  sabstitnte.  [Sax.  hwnthcr. 
This  word  seems  to  bo  connected  with  what  and  the 
L.  liter,  the  latter  not  being  aspirated.  The  sense 
seems  to  be  what,  or  which  of  two,  referring  either 
to  persons  or  to  sentences.] 
1.  Which  of  two. 


WHERE-WITH-At,',  comp.     [See  Withal.]    [where, 

with,  and  all.]     The  same  as  Wherewith. 
WHEIl'RET,  V.  U     [G.  wirren.     Qu.] 

To  hurry ;  to  trouble  ;  to  tease  ;  to  give  box  on 
the  ear. 

[Low,  and  not  nscd  in  America.] 
WHER'RET,  71.    A  boi  on  the  ear     [^Tal  in  use.] 

Beaum.  If  Fl. 
WIIER'RY,  »i.     [A  ditierent  orthography  of  Ferrt, 
formed  with  a  stroiiy  breathing,  like  whistle,  from  the 
root  of  Ii.  fistnta.] 

1.  A  shallow,  light  boat,  built  very  sharp  at  both 
ends,  for  fast  rowing  or  sailing,  especially  on  tide 
rivers.  Hebcrt, 

The  term  has  .also  been  applied  to  some  decked 
vessels  used  in  fishing,  in  different  parts  of  Great 
Britain  and  Ireland.  Mar.  Diet. 

2.  A  liquor  made  from  the  pulp  of  crabs,  after  the 
verjuice  isexpressed  ;  sometimes  called  Crab-Wher- 
ry.    [Local.] 

WHET,  (hwet,)  v.  t.:  pret..  and  pp.  Whetted  or 
Whet.  [Sax.  hwcUan;  Sw.  livdssa;  Dan.  hvas, 
sharp  ;  hvcdser,  to  whet ;  D.  wcllcn  :  G.  wct-.cn.] 

1.  To  rub  for  the  purpose  of  sharpening,  as  an 
edge-tool ;  to  sharpen  by  attrition  ;  as,  to  whet  a 
Seville  or  an  ax. 

2.  To  provoke  ;  to  excite  ;  to  stimulate ;  as,  to  wha 
the  appetite. 

3.  To  provoke ;  to  make  angry  or  acrimonious. 

Since  Cftssiiis  ftret  did  tohet  me  against  Cesar, 

1  have  not  slept.  Sf.ax. 

To  w/ut  on,  or  irhet  forward ;  to  urge  on  ;  to  insti- 
gate.    [jVi>tu.ud,  nor  proper.]  Shakr 


>V7<e(/t€r  of  them  twain  did  the  will  of  his  father  ?  —  Matt.  xxl. 
Here,  whether  is  a  substitute  for  me  of  two,  and  sig- 
nifies which ;  which  of  the  two ;  but  in  this  sense  it  is 
obsolete.  ,  , 

"  Which  of  two  alternatives,  expressed  by  a  sen- 
tence or  the  clause  of  a  sentence,  and  followed  by 
or.  "  Resolve  whether  you  will  gi)  or  not ; "  that  is, 
you  will  go  or  not  go  ;  resolve  lehich. 

r^oti-  —  In  the  latter  use,  which  is  now  most  com- 
mon, whctlier  is  called  an  adverb.  This  is  a  mistake. 
It  is  the  same  part  of  speech  as  in  the  former  exam- 
ple. The  only  difference  is,  that  in  the  former  e.x- 
:im|)le  it  represents  or  refers  to  a  noun,  and  in  the 
latter  to  a  sentence  or  clause. 
WIIETII'ER-ING,  n.    The  retention  of  the  after-birth 

in  cows.  ,      ,  Gardner. 

WFlET'SToNE,  n.     [whet  and  stone.]     A  stone  usea 

for  sharpening  edged  instruments  by  friction. 
WHET'SToNE-SEaTE,  j  n.     Novaculite,  a  variety 
WUET'-SLSTE,  i      of  sUate  u.^ed  for  sharp- 

ening instruments  of  iron.    The  light-green  colored 
variety  from  the  Levant  is  the  most  valuable,  and  is 
called'  HosEsTonE.    It  should   be   kept  in  a  damp 
place,  that  it  may  not  become  too  dry  and  hard. 
WHET'TED,  pp.      Rubbed   for   sharpening ;    sharp- 
ened ;  provoked  ;  stimulated.  ■ 
WHET'TER,  n.      He  or  that  which  whets  or  sharp- 
ens. ^       , 
WHET'TING,  ppr.    Rubbing  for  the  purpose  ol  malt- 
ing sharp;  sharpening;  provoking;  inciting;  stim- 
ulating.                                         ,  ,        .,  ,.„ 
WHEW'ER,  71.    Another  name  of  the  widgeon.    L-^o- 

"■'■]  ^       .       ,1 

WHE V,  (hwa,)  71.     [Sax.  hwccg :  D.  wei  or  hui.j 

The  serum  or  watery  part  of  milk,  separated  liom 
the  more  thick  orcoagulablo  part,  particularly  in  the 
process  of  making  cheese.  In  this  process,  the  thick 
part  is  called  card,  and  the  thin  part  whey. 
WHEY'EY,  fwha'e,)  a.  Partaking  of  whey  ;  resem- 
bling whey.  ,  ,,  -B"""- 
WHEY'ISH,  a.    Having  the  qualities  of  whey. 

Philips. 
WHEY'-TUB,  71.    A  tub  in  which  whey  stands  for 

vitdding  cream,  <!cc.  '^l''^- 

WHICH,  pron.  [If  this  is  from  the  Sa::on  hwilc  or 
hwylc,  it  is  from  tlie  Gothic  hwdcilcs,  which  coincides 
with  the  Latin  rpialisi  D.  welk,  G.  welche,  welchcr, 
Dan.  hwilken,  hwdkct,  Sw.  Imilkcn.  This  is  tlie  prob- 
able origin  of  the  word,  and  its  true  sense  is  that  ot 
the  Latin  quis,  qualis,  i/uiennqne.  In  these  senses  it 
occurs  in  all  Saxon  books.  Its  proper  use  was  as  a 
pronoun  of  interrogation,  "  Hwylc  man  isof  eow.' 
what  man  is  there  of  you?  Malt.  vii.  9.  '  Hwylc 
ismin  niodor.'"  who  is  my  mother.'  Maikm.JJ. 
Its  use  for  who,  Saxon  hwa,  us  in  the  Lord's  prayer, 
"  Our  Father  which  art  in  heaven,"  is  an  improper 
application  of  the  word.  In  its  original  sense  it  is 
used  for  all  genders  ;  as,  70/iic/i  man,  which  woman, 
7Dhieh  thing.'  As  an  interrogative  we  still  use  it  in 
this  manner.  Its  use  for  who  was  of  long  continu- 
ance, hut  is  happily  discontinued  ;  and  our  present 
practice  accords  with  its  original  use  in  the  b.axon.J 
1  A  pronoun  or  word  of  interrogation  in  all  gen- 
ders ;  as,  which  man  is  it.'  which  woman  was  it? 
which  is  the  house  ? 

o  In  reference  to  things,  or  in  the  neuter  gender, 
it  is  n  relative  referring  to  .something  before  men- 
tioned ;  as,  "  God  rested  on  the  seventh  day  from  all 
his  work  which  he  had  made."  Oen.  it.  2.  In  some 
phrases,  the  relative  may  precede  the  noun  to  which 

3.  If'hich,  like  other  pronouns,  may  be  used  as  a 
substitute  lor  anrther  word  or  for  a  sentence.  VVe 
are  bound  to  obey  all  the  divine  commands,  which 
we  can  not  do  without  divine  aid."  Here  winch  is  a 
substitute  for  obey  all  the  divine  commands.  1  he  man 
was  said  to  be  innocent,  which  he  was  not.  Here 
jcAicA  is  a  substitute  for  innocCTit.  i- i  „„„ 

4.  That  which  ;  those  which  ;  as,  take  which  you 


zweeven,  to  hover.  This  accords  in  sense  with  O 
iwcifcin,  to  doubt,  which  would  seem  to  bo  Iroiu 
zwei,  two,  or  its  root.  The  G.  has  also  schweifcn,  to  rove 
or  wander,  which  seems  to  be  allied  to  sieeep.  1  he 
D.  has  also  twiiffclen,  to  doubt,  from  twee,  two,  or  its 
root ;  Sw.  ttiijiu,  Dan.  Ivivlcr,  from  the  root  of  two. 
Yet  whiffie  seems  to  he  directly  from  whiff.] 

To  start,  shift,  and  turn  ;  to  change  from  one  opin- 
ion or  course  to  another ;  to  use  evasions  ;  to  pre- 
varicate ;  tp  be  fickle  and  unsteady. 

A  peraon  of  uti^inj  and  unsteady  turn  of  mind,  can  not  keep 
close  to  11  point  of  a  controversy.  vyaus. 

WHIF'FLE.tJ. !.    To  disperse  with  a  puff;  to  scatter. 

More. 
WHIF'FLE,  71.    Mnciently,  a  fife  or  small  flute. 
WHIF'FLE-TREE,  j  71.    The  bar  to  which  the  traces 
WIUP'PLE-TREE,  i     of  a  carriage  are  fastened  for 

draught.  ...  ,  ., 

WHIF'FLER,  71.  One  who  whiffles  or  frei|U«iiily 
changes  his  opinion  or  course ;  one  wlio  uses  sliifts 
and  evasions  in  argument. 

2  A  harbinger  ;  an  officer  who  went  helore  pro- 
cessions to  clear  the  way  by  blowing  tlie  horn  or 
trumpet.  ^  _    Toone.     Wi.i/t. 

3.  A  young  man  who  goes  before  a  comp.aii.v   in 
London  on  occasions  of  public  solemnity.         Cyc. 
WHIF'FLI.^G,  ppr.    Shifting  and  turning  ;  prevari- 
cating ;  shuffling. 
WHIF'FLING,  11.    Prevarication. 
WHIG,  (hwig,)  7!.     [Sax.  hwa:g.    See  Whey.] 

.Acidulated  whey,  sometimes  mixed  with  butter- 
milk and  sweet  herbs  ;  used  as  a  cooling  beverage. 

WHIgVh.  [Ash,  in  his  Dictiimary.  informs  us  that 
this  word  is  from  whiggam,  a  term  used  in  Scotland 
in  driving  horses  ;  lo/iio-o-amor,  one  who  drives  homes. 
In  IG48,  a  party  of  these  people  marched  to  Edin- 
buroh  to  oppose  the  king  and  the  duke  ot  Hamilton  ; 
and  hence  the  name  of  whig  was  given  to  the  iiarly 
opposed  to  the  court.]  ... 

One  of  a  political  party  which  had  its  origin  m 
Enoland  in  the  seventeenth  century,  in  the  reign  ot 
Charles  I.  or  II.,  when  great  contests  existed  respect- 
in-  the  royal  prerogatives  and  the  rights  of  the  peo- 
ple. Those  who  supported  the  king  in  his  high 
claims  were  called  torics,  and  the  advocates  of  pti|>- 
ular  rights  were  called  whigs.  During  the  revolu- 
tion in  the  United  States,  the  friends  and  supporters 
of  the  war  and  the  principles  of  the  revolution  were 
called  Whigs,  and  those  who  opposed  them  were 
called  torics  and  royalists. 


Where,  then,  when  toriea  scarce  gel  clear. 
Shall  wkige  and  congresses  appear  i 


will.  .       ,   . 

The  which,  by  Vie  which,  te.,  are  obsolete. 
WHtCII-EV'ER,         Ipron.    \Vhether  one  or  the  oth- 
WHICH-SO-EV'ER,  i     er.    »7iic/«;Mr  road  you  take, 

it  will  conduct  you  to  town.  . 

WHIFF,7i.    [W.  {wi/,  a  whiff  or  puff,  a  hiss ;  pcijiaw, 

to  whiff,  and  cma/,  a  quick  gust.l 

1.  Asudilen  expulsion  of  air  from  the  mouth;  o 
puff;  as,  the  whiff  of  a  smoker. 

And  seasons  his  whife  with  impertinent  jokes.  Pope. 

2.  In  ichthyology,  a  fiat-fish  of  the  turbot  group, 
Rhombus  megastoma.  Jardine's  Mat.  Lib. 

WIIIFF,  1:  I.    To  puff;  to  throw  out  in  whills  ;  to 

con-nimo  in  whiffs. 
WIHF'FJ.E,  (whif'fl,)  ti. !.    [D.  weifden,  to  waverj 


A/'Fingal. 

WHIG,  a.     Pertaining  to  or  composed  of  vvliige. 
WHIG'GaR-€HY,  71.    Government  by  whigs.  j  C""-J 

WHIG'GER-Y,  71.    The  principles  of  a  whig.      

WHIG'GISII,  a.    Pertaining  to  whigs;  partaking  of 

the  principles  of  whigs.  %"''{}■ 

WHIG'GIS.M,  71.    The  principles  of  a  whig.     Smft. 
WHILE,  (liwile,)  71.      [Sax.  hwilc  ;    Goth.  Aiec.te  ;    G 
wed;  n.wyl:  time,  while  ;  Dan.  hvile  bw.  hvila,  re- 
pose ;  W.  f  1/.V',  a  turn,  Ir./o.(.    See  the  vert.] 

Time  ;  space  of  time,  or  continued  duration.  He 
was  some  while  in  this  country.  One  whde  wo 
thought  him  innocent.  ,     ,.  ;.  ,„„iiirpa- 

Worth  while ;  worth  the  time  which  "  '"l'"'f  • 
worth  the  time  and  pains  ;  hence,  worth  the  ex- 
pense.   It  is  not  always  ..ort/iio/iiic  for  a  man  to  pros- 
ecute for  small  debts.  mil  „.ri<n 
WmhE,  adv.    During  the  time  that.     '=f^"' '  I  "''?• 
9.  As  long  as.  L><"»  ^"-«P; 
Use  vonr  memory,  and  vou  will  ».-nsibly  eiF'i<;i"»  •■  C?.^™ 
impioveLnlf  Uile  you  take  care  not  to  overload  it.   IIMU. 

3.  At  the  same  time  that.  ^^«- 

WHILE,  V.  t.    [W.  pmjiaw,  to  turn,  to  run  a  course. 

to  bustle;  Eth.  (BOA  waaU,  to  pass  the  time  to 
spend  the  day  or  life,  to  remain  ;  Amharic,  iii. .  Dan. 
hviler,  Sw.  hrila,  to  rest  or  repose  ;  Ir.  /«'  '■"'• '^  f  ">■> 
to  rest  to  tarry  ;  G.  weilen,  verwcden,  to  abide,  to 
s?ay?  b!  t.SL%,  id.     au.  the  identity  of  these 

'"'"n  while  away,  as  time,  in  English,  is  to  loiter  ;  or 
more  generally,  to  cause  time  to  pass  away  P  easant- 
ly,  without  irksomeness  ;  as,  we  whde  away  time  m 
amusements  or  diversions. 

Let  us  while  away  this  life.  Pope. 

WHILE  v.i.    To  loiter.  Sptctnlor. 

WHIL'ERIJ^  adv.     [while  and  ere.]     A  Uttle   white 

WHIL-mcrlpr.    Loitering  ;  passing  time  agreeably, 

without  impatience  or  tediousness. 
WHILK,  71.    A  kini  of  shell,  or  shell  fi^h.      [bet 

Whelk.] 
WIII'LOJI,  adv.     [Sax.  hrnlan.] 

Formerly  ;  once  ;  of  old.     [Ohs.]  Spenser. 

WHILST,  adv.    The  same  as   While,  which  set 

fWHiLEs  is  not  used.] 
WHIM    71.     [Ice.  Aioiiim  ;  W.  fimm,  a  brisk  motion,  ^ 

turn  ;  jirimiuie,  to  move  rouilil  briskly  ;  Sp.  ijuinieru, 

a  whim,  a  wild  fancy,  a  scuffle.] ^^^ 


3 


.-...    ...    PAT....  WllAT.-MKTE,  PitEV^-^INE.  MARINE,  BI^^:IWe:DOVE,  MOVE,  ^V9LF^9K^ 


1260 


WHI 

I.  Prcprrly,  a  sujdeii  turn  or  start  of  tbe  mind  ; 
a  freak ;  a  f;t:K-y ;  a  cripricious  notion.  W\-  saj , 
every   man  has  iiia  zchinis.     [See  FREiK  and  Ca- 

PRICK.j 

All  the  superfiuoua  teMms  rt-!.\U;.  Smi/L 

9.  A  low  wit :  a  cant  word.  JJddison. 

3.  A  niacliine  worked  by  horses  for  raising  water 
from  the  bottom  of  mines. 
WHIM'RKEL,  11.    A  bird  closely  allied  to  the  curlew, 

and  re?finblinc  it  in  its  appearance  and  habits. 
WHIM  PKK,  r.  i.     [G.  ttimmerti.] 

To  cry  with  a  low,  whining,  broken  voice  ;  as,  a 
child  irhiniprrs.  Locke. 

WHI.MTER-ING,  ppr.    Cn-ing  with  a  low,  broken 

voice. 
WHiM'PER-IXG,  n.     [Supra.]   A  low,  muttering  cry. 
"VVHIMTLED,  a.     [A  word  used  by  Shakspeare,  per- 
haps a  mistake  for  Whimpered.] 
Disiiiried  with  cr>ing. 
WHI31  SEY,  (hwim'ze,)  n.    [from  tchim.]    A  whim  ; 
a  freak ;  a  capricious  notion  j  a^,  the  whinwseys  of 
poets. 

Mei»'«  follies,  tehimscys,  sml  inconstancy.  S-jri/t. 

WHIM'?r-eAL,  a.  Full  of  whims ;  freakish ;  having 
odd  tancit:s ;  capricious. 

M7  nei^bbon  call  me  ahimaicai,  Addiion. 

WHIM'SI-CALr-LY,  adv.  [Supra.]  In  a  whimsical 
manner;  freakishly. 

WHIM'5I-€AL-XESS,  >  n.     [Supra.]    Freakishness  ; 

WHIM-SI-GAL'I-TY,  j  whimsical  disposition  ;  odd 
temper. 

WHIN,  ru     [In  W.  ^icya  is  a  weed  ;  L.  Genista  spino- 
sa.] 
Gorse  ;  furze ;  a  plant  of  Ibc  genus  Ulex. 

Tasscr.     Lee. 

WHIN'-AX,  71.  [whi:i  and  ax,]  Aji  instrument  used 
for  extirpating  whin  from  land.  Cyc. 

P.  Cyc. 

WHIX'CHAT,  Tu  A  small  singing-bird,  a  species  of 
warbler,  the  Sasicola  rubetra,  (Motiicilla  nibetra, 
Linn.)    It  is  common  in  Europe.    Jardine.     P.  Cyc. 

WHTXE,  (bwine,)  v.  t.  [Sax.  icanian  and  cwanian; 
Goih.  kwaiiton ;  Dan.  hciner^  to  whine,  and  to  whin- 
ny, as  a  horse  ;  Sw.  htiua,  to  squeal  or  squeak  ;  W. 
a^joyn,  to  complain  ;  L.  hinnio,  and  qu.  ^annio.] 

To  express  murmurs  by  a  plaintive  cry  ;  to  moan 
with  a  puerile  noise  ;  to  murmur  meanly. 

They  ^^me  — with  :i  ahining  ac&;Dt  cnvlug  liberty.     Sidneu. 
Then,  ti  wc  i£?iine,  look  pale.  SfiaJc, 

WHIXE,  n.  A  plaintive  tone;  the  nasal  puerile  tone 
of  mean  complaint;  mean  or  affected  complaint. 

WHIX'KR,  n.    One  who  whines.  [Rowe. 

WHIX'IXG,  ppr.  or  a.  Expressing  murmurs  by  a 
mean,  ptamtive  tone  or  caot. 

WHIX'IXG-LV,  adc.    In  a  whinins  manner, 

IVIUX'XY,  V.  i.     [L,  Aj'hwjo  ;  from  the  root  o(  whine.] 
To  utter  the  sound  of  a  horse  ;  to  neigii, 

WHIX'XY,  a.    Abounding  in  whins, 

WHIX'OCK,  Ti.     [G.  weni^,  small.] 

The  small  pig  of  a  litter.  S<r.  England. 

WHIN'-STOXE,  n.  Iwhin  and  stone;  Scot.  guJiyn- 
stane.] 

Whin-stone,  or  wkin,  is  a  provincial  name  given  to 
basaltic  rocks,  and  applied  by  miners  to  any  kind  of 
dark-colored  and  hard,  unstralined  rock,  which  re- 
sists the  point  of  tbe  pick.  Veins  of  dark  basalt  or 
ereen-stone  are  frequently  called  wkin-dykcs.     Cyc, 

WHIX'YaRD,  71.     A  sword  ;  in  contempt.     Iliulihras. 

WHIP,  (hwip,)  r.  (.  [Sax,  Aiceopan,  to  whip,  and  to 
tceep^  that  id,  to  lehoop,  or  hoop  :  D.  wippen,  to  shake, 
to  move,  or  wag,  to  give  the  strappado  ;  ztcecpen,  to 
whip;  Dan.  vipper^  to  swing;  W.  igwipiaw^  to  move 
briskly,  to  whip;  gwip,  a  quick  flirt  or  turn.  The 
sense  is  well  expressed  by  the  Welsh,  and  we  say,  a 
man  whips  round  a  comer,  when  running  he  sudden- 
ly turns.  It  seems  to  be  allied  to  wipe  and  sweep, 
and  h.  capuloy  and  implies  a  sweeping  throw  or 
thrust,] 

1.  To  strike  with  a  lash  or  sweeping  cord  ;  as,  to 
wMp  a  horse. 

2.  To  sew  slightly.  Oaij. 

3.  To  drive  with  lashes  ;  as,  to  whip  a  top. 

4.  To  punish  with  the  whip;  as,  to  whip  a  va- 
grant ;  to  whip  one  thirty-nine  lashes ;  to  whip  a  per- 
verse boy. 

Who.  for  false  quaotilks,  wiu  whipped  at  school.        Dryden. 

5.  To  lash  with  sarcasm. 

They  would  lehip  roe  with  their  fins  wits.  Sliak. 

G.  To  strike  ;  tn  thrash  ;  to  beat  out,  as  grain,  by 
striking  ;  as,  to  whip  wheat.  Cyc. 

[jVflt  in  it-ic  in  the  United  States.] 

To  whip  about,  or  round  ;  to  wrap ;  to  in  wrap  ;  as, 
to  whip  a  line  round  a  rod.  Jilozon. 

To  whip  about :  to  draw  nimbly  ;  to  snatch  ;  as,  to 
whip  out  a  sword  or  rapier  from  its  sheath. 

To  whip  from  ;  to  lake  away  suddenly. 

To  whip  into ;  to  thrust  in  with  a  quick  motion. 
He  whipped  his  hand  into  his  pocket. 

To  whip  up:  to  seize  or  take*  up  with  a  quick  mo- 
tion. She  whipped  up  the  child  and  ran  off.  Among 
ieamen^  to  hoist  with  a  whip  or  .'^mall  tackle. 


WHl 


WHI 


WHIP,  V.  i.     To  move  nimbly  ;  to  .''tart  suddenly  and  . 
run,  or  to  turn  and  run  ;  as,'ilie  hoy  whipped  away  in 
an  instant ;  he  whipped  round  the  corm:r ;  he  whipped 
into  the  house',  and  was  out  of  sight  in  a  moment. 

WHIP,  T,.     [Siix.  hwcop.] 

1.  An  instrument  for  driving  horses  or  other  teams, 
or  for  correction,  consisting  of  a  lash  lied  to  a  handle 
or  rod. 

9.  A  coachman,  or  driver  of  a  carriage ;  as,  a  good 
^^iP'  B.  D'L-rradi. 

3.  In  s/ti/w,  a  small  tackle  witi)  a  single  rope,  used 
to  hoist  liglit  bodies.  Jilar.  Diet. 

Whip  and  spur  ,'  with  the  Utmost  haste. 

WHIP'-eORU,  n.  [whip  and  cord.]  A  kind  of  hard 
twisted  or  braided  curd,  of  which  lashes  have  some- 
times been  made.  Dryden. 

WHlP'-GR.5i.FT,  r.  ^  [whip  Xim\  irrafl.]  To  graft  by 
cutting  the  cion  and  stork  in  a  sloping  direction,  so 
as  to  fit  each  otiier,  and  by  inserting  a  tongue  on  the 
cion  into  a  slit  in  the  stock. 

WHIP'-GRAFT-IXG,  n.  The  act  or  practice  of  graft- 
ing by  cutting  the  cion  and  stock  with  a  slope,  to  fit 
each  other,  &n:.  Kncyc. 

WHIP'-HAXD,  71.  [whip  and  hand.]  Advantage  over ; 
as,  he  has  the  whip-hand  of  her.  Dn/den. 

WHIP'-LASH,  n.  [whip  and  tosh.]  The  lash  of  a 
whip.  Tusscr. 

WHIP'P£D,  (hwipt,)  pp.  Struck  witli  a  whip;  pun- 
ished ;  inwrapped  ;  sewed  i^lightly. 

WHIP'PEH,  n.  One  who  whips;  particularly,  an  of- 
ficer wlio  intlicts  the  penalty  of  legal  whipping. 

WHIP'PER-IX,  n.  Among  huntb-mi-n,  one  who  kcejjs 
the  hounds  from  wandering,  and  whips  tJtem  in,  if 
necessary,  to  the  line  of  chase.     Hence, 

2.  In  the  British  house  of  commons,  one  who  enforces 
party  discipline  among  the  supporters  of  the  minis- 
try, and  urges  ilieir  attendance  on  all  questions  of 
importance  to  the  government. 

WIIIP'PER-SNAP'PER,  n.  A  diminutive,  insignifi- 
cant person.  Brockctt. 

WHIP'PIXG,  ppr.  Striking  with  a  whip;  punishing 
with  a  whip  ;  inwrap[iing. 

WHIP'PIXG,  n.  The  act  of  striking  with  a  whip,  or 
of  punishing;  the  state  of  being  wliippcd. 

WHIP'PIXG-PoST,  71.  [whippin;^'  and  past.]  A  post 
to  vvhicli  offenders  are  lied  when  whipped. 

WHIP'PLE-TREE,  71.  [whip  and  tree;  but  qu.  is  it 
not  whiffic-trce  7] 

The  bar  to  which  the  traces  or  tugs  of  a  harness 
are  fastened,  and  by  which  a  carriage,  a  plow,  a 
harrow,  or  other  implement,  is  drawn.  For'nj. 

WHIP'P6-WIL,  n.  The  popular  name  of  an  .Vmeri- 
can  bird,  allied  to  the  nighthawk  and  nightjar,  so 
called  from  its  note  or  tlie  sounds  of  its  voice  ;  a  spe- 
cies of  Caprimulgus.     [Not  Whip-poor-Will.] 

WHIP'SAW,  n.  [whip  and  saw.]  A  saw  usually  set 
in  a  frame,  for  dividing  limber  lengthwise,  and  com- 
monlv  worked  by  two  persons. 

WHIP'STaFF,  «.  [if////,  and  staj.]  In  ships,  a  bar  by 
wliich  the  rudder  is  turned.  In  small  vessels,  this 
is  called  the  Tiller. 

WHIP'STER,  7;.     A  nimble  fellow.  Prior. 

WHIP'STITCH,  V.  t.  [whip  and  stitch.]  In  aip-icvl- 
ture,  to  half-plow  or  to  rafter  land.  This  word,  I  be- 
lieve, is  not  used  in  America.  Tlie  practice  o{  whip- 
stitching resembles  what  is  called  in  America  ridg- 
inff. 

WHIP'-STOCK,  n.  [whip  and  stock.]  The  rod  or 
staff  to  which  the  lash  of  a  whip  is  fastened. 

WHIPT,  pp.  of  Wh[p;  sometimes  used  for  Whipped. 

WHIR,  (liwur,)  V.  i.  To  whirl  round  with  noise;  to 
llv  with  noise. 

WliiR,  V.  t.    Tohurrv, 

WHIRL,  (hwuri,)  v.  U  [Sa.x.  hicyrfun  ;  D.  jcervclen : 
G.  wirbeln,  to  whirl,  to  warble;  Dan.  hvirceler,  Sw, 
hvirjla,  to  whiri,  Dan.  hvirvelbeen,  whirl-bone,  verte- 
bra ;  hvirvelsoe,  whirl-sea,  a  whirlpool ;  Sw,  hvirfvcl. 
Ice.  whirla,  a  whirl.  We  see  that  jehtrl  ami  wnrbh 
are  dialectical  forms  of  the  same  word,  and  both 
probably  from  the  root  of  L.  vcrto  and  Eng,  veer.] 
To  iurn  round  rapidly  ;  to  turn  with  velocity. 

He  whirls  [m  sword  around  witliout  delay.  Dryden. 

WHIRL,  V.  i.  To  be  turned  round  rapidly  ;  to  move 
round  with  velocity  ;  as,  the  whirling  spindles  of  a 
colton  machine  or  wheels  of  a  coach. 

Tbe  wooden  engine  flies  and  wkirle  about.  Dryden. 

2.  To  move  hastily. 

But  whirled  away  to  fihnn  his  hateful  sight.  Dryden. 

WHIRL,  71.     [G.  wirbcl;  Dan.  hvirvel.] 

1.  A  tuining  with  rapidity  or  velocity  ;  rapid  rota- 
tion or  circumvolution  ;  quick  gyration  ;  as,  the  whirl 
of  a  top  ;  the  whirl  of  a  wheel ;  the  whirl  of  lime  ; 
the  7Dhirls  of  fancy.  Creech.     Pope. 

'J.  Any  thing  that  moves  or  is  nirned  with  velocity, 
particularlv  on  an  axis  or  pivot. 

3.  A  honk  used  in  twisting. 

4.  In  botany  and  conchologif.     See  WHora,. 
WHTRL'-BAT,  71.    [whirl  and"  bat]   Any  thing  moved 

with  u  whirl  as  preparalorj'  for  a  blow,  or  to  aug- 
ment the  force  of  it.  Poets  use  it  for  the  ancient 
cestus. 

TliB  wkirt-bat  aiivl  I'n?  rapid  race  aliall  I/? 

Reserved  for  Cesir.  Drydtn. 


AVHlRL'-liLA.ST,  n.  [whirl  and  blasL]  A  whirling 
blu-sl  of  wind.  Kioidt. 

WHlRL'-nONE,  n.  [wUrl  and  honL]  ThepoKrlla; 
the  ca[)  of  the  knee  ;  the  knee-pan.       JJintw<rrtJL. 

WHIRL' /;n,p;*.     Turned  n.und  wiUi  vclocliy. 

WHIRL'I-GIG,  71.  [wlitrl  and  ^g.]  A  toy  which 
childrL-a  spin  or  whirl  rounJ.  Jolautnt. 

2.  In  mdit/iry  aiui/putiei,  an  insftrtiment  for  puniifb- 
ing  petty  (iifi-ndefH,  aj*  suilerit,  brawling  tvumen,  ice. ; 
a  kind  nf  wooden  cage  turning  on  a  pivot,  in  which  the 
offender  wa^  whirled  round  with  great  vcloeiiy,  Cyc 

WHIRL'ING,  ppr.  Turning  or  moving  round  wuii 
velocity, 

WHIRL'IXG-Ta-IJLE.  n.  A  machine  contrived  for 
rcpreseniins  several  phenomena  of  ceatnfu^  force, 
by  yiviiig  budie^  a  rapid  rotation.  Bramde. 

WHIItL'Pir,  71.     A  whiripool.     LVot  iw' 

WHUIL'POOL,  71.      [whtrt  and  puoL] 
water ;  a  vortex  or  gulf  v/htre  the 
round  in  a  circle.    In  some  ca-ses,  a  wh.:.,.    .  . 
things  to  its  center  anil  ab^wrbi  them,  cu  is  Ut-:  •.  .    - 
with  (he  .Maelstrom  off  the  coasi  of  .\orwav. 

WHIRL'WIXD,  n.  [icAtW  and  wind.]  A  v.-.I-.l; 
wind  moving  In  a  circle  round  its  aii«. 

WHIR'RIXG,  R.  The  sound  of  partridge*!  or  pheas- 
ant's wings. 

J^otc.  —  Whir  \a  used  by  (he  common  people  Id 
New  England  in  an  adverbial  manner,  to  cipfc«ii  the 
rapid  fiiglil  or  the  sound  of  any  thing  thrown.  [See 
Whir.] 

WHISK,  n.    [G.  and  D.  wijch,  a  wisp.] 

1.  A  small  btmch  of  grass,  straw,  nair,  or  the  lUce, 
used  for  a  brush  ;  hence,  a  brush  or  small  bcMiro. 

2,  Partof  a  woman^s  dress;  a  kind  of  tippet.  OtHd. 
:t.  A  small  culinar>-  instnimcnt  for  wkiaktnff  or  mp- 

idly  agitating  certain  articles,  oa  ihe  %vbitt.-d  (■('■-. 

&.C.  B.      . 

WniSK,  r.  (.    To  sweep,  brush,  or  agitato  w.la  a 

light,  rapid  motion. 
•2.  To  move  with  a  quick,  sweeping  motion. 

HudiiroM. 
WIIISK,  tr.  i.    To  move  nimbly  and  with  velocii-. . 

Pur-. 
WHISK'ER,7i.     [from  w.'tLst.]    Long  hair  grown. ^    ;, 

the  human  cheek.  Pape, 

WHISK'ER-i:D,  a.    Formed  into  whiskers ;  faroubed 

witi)  whiskers. 
WHiSK'ET,  7:,     A  basket.     [Load.] 
WIIISIC'IXG,  ppr.    Brushing;  sweeping  along  j  mov- 
ing With  velocity  along  the  surface. 
WHlS'KV,  71.     [Ir.  uisgCy  water,  whence  usquebaugh  ; 

W.  wijsg,  a  stream.] 

1.  A  spirit  distilled  from  grain.  In  the  north  of 
England,  tlio  name  is  given  to  the  spirit  drawn  from 
barley.  In  the  United  Stales,  whisky  is  gener:illj 
distilled  from  wheat,  rye,  or  maize. 

2.  A  light  carriage  built  for  mpid  motion.  RicJi.  Dleu 
WHIS'PER,  r.  I,     [Sax.  hwL^ian;  Pan.  krvJier;  Sw. 

hi'iska,  to  buzz,  to  tcldyprr  ;  G.  JUspem:  allied  to 
lehistle.  wheeze,  and  L.  jiatula.  Tlie  word  seems,  by 
lis  sound,  to  be  an  onoinatopy,  as  it  cxpresisea  a  sibi- 
lant sound  or  breathing.] 

1.  To  speak  with  a  low,  hissing  or  sibilant  t  ■. 
It  is  ill  manners  to  whisper  in  company. 

Tlie  Iiullow,  vhispering  brecae.  TT-trru^r^ 

S.  To  speak  with  suspicion  or  timorous  cautkuu 

3.  To  plot  secretly  ;  to  devise  mischief. 

All  lh.M  liatr  rn*  ichitptr  to?rih;r  aj:uni:  me.  —  T*.  xE. 

WHIS'PER,  r.  L    To  address  in  a  low  voice. 
whispers  Ihe  man  in  the  ear. 

[Hut  this  is  elliptical  for  whispers  to.] 

2.  To  utter  in  a  low,  sibilant  voice.    He  kAl 
a  word  in  my  ear. 

3.  To  prompt  secretly  ;  as,  he  came  to  r . 
Wolsey.  -S . 

WHIS'PER,  n.    A  low,  sot\,  sibilant  voice  ;  or  m 
uttered  with  such  a  voice. 

The  tsfsig}>er  cin  oot  girt  a  too*. 

Set  K}.uper9  through  ih'  .\«:niUjr  btuL 

2.  .\  cautious  or  timorous  speech. 

3.  A  hissing  or  buzzing  sound. 
WHIS'PER-EI),  pp.    Uttered  in  a  low  voice;  uucred 

with  suspicion  or  caution. 
WHIS'PER-ER,  n.    One  who  whispers. 

2,  .\  tattler  ;  one  who  It'lls  secrets  ;  a  conveyer  of 
intelligence  secretly.  Baam, 

3.  A  b:ickbitcr  j  one  who  slanders  secretly.  Prtv. 
xvi. 

WHIS'PER-ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Speaking  in  a  low  voice  ; 
tellmg  secn-tly  ;  backbiting. 

A  whis-pering  ffoUertj,  or  dome^  is  one  in  which 
whispers  or  feeble  sounds  aro  conveyed  to  a  gn  Atcr 
distance  than  under  ordinary  cin-umsiances.  Bramd*, 

WHIS'PER-IXG,  n.  The  net  of  speaking  \vith  a  low 
voice ;  the  telling  of  tales  and  exciting  of  suspi- 
cions :  a  lK»ckbiting. 

WHIS'PER-ING-LY,  adc.    In  a  low  voice. 

WHIST,  a.     [Corn,  buist,  silence.] 

Silent;  mule;  still:  not  speaking;  not  making  a 
noise. 

The  winds  with  w>ni*cr  «.■Ai«^ 

Smooih!?  the  vMsn  fckseJ.  .\C:t». 

[This  adjective,  like  some  others,  always  follows 


He 


Drydm. 


TONE,  BtJLL,  UNITE.— AiV'GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — e  as  K ;  6  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  Til  as  in  THIS. 


WHI 


WHl 


its  noun.    Wc  never  say,  lohist  wind ;  but  the  wind 
is  whist,]  , .        ,       .     . 

rVliUt  is  used  for  ie  silent.  Whitst,  whist,  tliat  is,  be 
silent  or  still.  „    .  ._ 

WHIST,  71.  A  game  at  cards,  so  called  because  it  re- 
quires silence  or  close  attention.  It  is  not,  in  Amer- 
ica, pronounced  mkisk. 

WHIST,  V.  t.    To  hush  or  silence.  Spenser. 

WHIS'TLE,  (hvvis'l,)  v.  i.  [Sax.  hwlsUan  ;  Svv.  hvis- 
sla;  Dan.  hvidslerf  L.  yisiuia,  a  whistle;  allied  to 

■    whisper.] 

1.  To  utter  a  kind  of  musical  sound,  by  pressing 
the  breath  through  a  small  orifice  formed  by  cimtract- 
ing  the  lips. 

While  Uie  plo\yman,  near  at  lifind, 

Mldsttes  o'er  the  furrowed  laitd.  MiUon. 

2.  To  make  a  sound  with  a  small  wind  instrument. 

3.  To  sound  shrill,  or  like  a  pipe. 

The  wiM  winds  ahii^'-e,  ami  llic  billows  roar.  Pope. 

WHIS'TLE,  V.  t.     To  form,  utter,  or  modulate  by 
whistling ;  as,  to  whistle  a  tune  or  air. 
2.  To  call  by  a  whistle ;  as,  he  whistled  back  his 

WHfs'TLE,  71.     [Sax.  hwistte  ;  L.  fistula.] 

1.  A  small  wind  instrument.  Bacon. 

2.  The  sound  made  by  a  small  wind  instrument. 

3.  Sound  made  by  pressing  the  breath  through  a 
small  orifice  of  the  lips. 

4.  The  mouth  ;  the  organ  of  whistling.     [  Vulgar.] 

5.  A  small  pipe,  used  by  a  boatswain  to  summon 
the  sailors  to  their  duty  ;  the  boatswain's  call. 

Mar.  Diet. 

6.  The  shrill  sound  of  winds  passing  among  trees 
or  through  crevices,  &c.  ^  .    . 

7.  A  call,  such  as  sportsmen  use  to  their  (logs. 
WHIS'TLED,  (hwis'ld,)  mi.    Sounded  with  a  pipe ; 

littered  in  a  whistle.  . 

WHIS'TLE-FISH,  7i.  A  local  name  of  a  species  ot 
the  cod  family,  the  Motella  tricirr.ata,  called   the 

THnEE-BEAHDED  ROCELING  Or  SeA-LoACH. 

Jardinc's  Jfat.  Lib. 

WHIS'TLER,  71.    One  who  whistles. 

WHIS'TLING,  vpr.  or  a.  Uttering  a  musical  sound 
through  a  small  orifice  of  the  lips  ;  sounding  with  a 
pipe  ;  making  a  shrill  sound,  as  wind. 

WHIS'TLING-LY,  adv.    In  a  whistling  manner. 

WHIS'TLING,  71.    A  shrill  sound  of  the  lips  or  wind. 

WHIST'LY,  adv.    Silently. 

WHIT  71.  [Sax.  imM,  a  creature,  also  a  thing,  some- 
thing, any  thing.  This  is  probably  from  the  root  of 
L.  vivo,  vietum.] 

A  point ;  a  jot ;  the  smallest  part  or  particle  imag- 
inable. It  is  used  without  a  preposition.  He  is  not 
a  7Mt  the  wiser  for  experience. 

It  does  not  me  a  whit  displease.  Cotelcy. 

The  regular  construction  would  be  hy  a  whit,  or  in 
a  whit.  In  these  phrases,  a  whit  may  be  interpreted 
bv  in  the  least,  in  the  smallest  degree. 

WHITE,  (liwitG,)  a.  [Sax.  hwit ;  Sw.  heit ;  Dan.  hvid  : 
D.  wit ;  G.  weiss.] 

1.  Being  of  the  color  of  pure  snow ;  snowy  ;  not 
dark  ;  as,  white  paper  ;  a  white  skin. 

2.  Pale  ;  destitute  of  color  in  the  cheeks,  or  of  the 
tinge  of  blood  color ;  as,  wfdte  with  fear. 

3.  Having  the  color  of  purity  ;  pure  ;  clean  ;  free 
from  spot ;  as,  white-tobed  innocence. 

4.  Gray;  as,  white  hair;  a  venerable  man,  wl'ttr 
with  age. 

5.  Pure;  unblemished. 

No  ioW/<r  page  than  Addison's  remains.  Pope. 

6.  In  a  scriptural  sense,  purified  from  sin  ;  sancti- 
fied.   Ps.  li. 

WHiTE'-BaIT,  71.    [white  and  iaiu]    A  very  small, 

delicate  fish  of  the  herring  kind,  the  Chipea  alba. 
WHI'rE'-BE.\M  71.    The  common  beam-tree  of  Eng- 
land. P-  Cijc. 

WHITE'-BEaR,  71.  [white  and  bear.]  The  bear  that 
inhabits  the  polar  regions,  a  large,  fierce  quadruped, 
of  a  white  color. 

WHiTE'-BOY,  71.  A  name  given,  in  Ireland,  to  cer- 
tain disturbers  of  the  peace  by  night ;  so  called  from 
tlie  color  of  their  clothes. 

WHITE'-BRANT,  71.  [white  and  j7-a7it.]  A  species 
of  the  goose  kind,  the  Anser  hyperboreus.        Cyc. 

WHITE'-eAi\l'Pl-ON,  71.  [white  and  campion.]  A 
grassy-looking  plant,  Silene  stellata. 

Tully.     Loudon. 

WHITE'-CEN'TAU-RY,  71.  An  annual  weed  in 
woods  and  other  places,  the  Centatirea  alba.  It  is 
said  to  form  the  basis  of  the  famous  Portland  powder 
for  the  gout.  Cije. 

WHITE'-CLO'VER,  71.  A  small  species  of  perennial 
clover,  bearing  white  flowers.  It  furnishes  excellent 
food  for  cattle  and  horses,  as  well  as  for  the  honey- 
bee. 

WHITE'-eOP'PER,  71.  An  alloy  of  copper,  nickel, 
and  zinc,  sometimes  with  a  Uttle  iron  ;  German  sil- 
ver, f'^^- 

WHITE'-CROP,  71.  A  term  applied  in  England  to 
crops  of  grain  which  lose  their  green  color  or  be- 
come white  in  ripening,  as  wheat,  rye,  barley,^  and 
oats. 


WHITE'-DXR'NEL,  71.  A  prolific  and  troublesome 
weed  growing  among  corn.  Cyc. 

WHITE'-E.\R,   (71.  A  bird,  the  fallow-finch  or  wheat- 

WHITE'-T.^IL,  S     ear. 

WHITE'-FACE,    j  71.  A  white  mark  in  the  forehead 

WHITE'-BLAZE,  i  of  a  horse,  descending  almost 
to  the  nose.  Cyc. 

WHITE'-FILM,  71.  A  white  film  growing  over  the 
eyes  of  sheep  and  causing  blindness.  Cyc. 

WHITE'-FISH,  71.  A  small  fish,  the  Clupea  Menha- 
den, caught  in  immense  quantities,  and  used  for  ma- 
nuring land  on  the  southern  border  of  Connecticut, 
along  the  Sound. 

2.  A  fish  of  the  salmon  family,  belonging  to  the 
(tenus  Cotefonus,  found  in  the  lakes  of  North  Amer- 
ica. S(<"-«-^ 

WHITE'-FOQT,  71.  A  white  mark  on  the  foot  of  a 
horse,  between  the  fetlock  and  the  cofliii.  Cyc. 

WHITE'-HORSE'-FISH,  11.  In  ichthyolomj,  the  Baia 
aspera  nostras  of  Willoughby,  and  theRaia  fullonica 
of  Linnajus.  It  has  a  rough,  spiny  back,  and  on  the 
tail  are  three  rows  of  stro.s?  spili'-s.  It  grows  to  the 
size  of  the  skate.  Cyc. 

WHITE'-LAND,  71.  A  iiAne  which  the  English  give 
to  a  tough,  clayey  soil,  of  a  whitish  hue  when  dry, 
but  blackish  after  rain.  Cyc. 

WHITE'-LEAD,  (hwite'lcd,)  71.  A  carbonate  of  lead, 
much  used  in  painting.  It  is  prepared  by  exposing 
sheets  of  lead  to  the  fumes  of  an  acid,  usually  vine- 
gar, and  suspending  them  in  the  air  until  the  surface 
becomes  incrusted  with  a  white  coat,  which  is  the 
substance  in  question.  Olmsted. 

WHiTE'-LlM-JED,  a.  Whitewashed,  or  plastered 
with  lime.  . 

WHlTE'-I,TNE,  71.  Among  printers,  a  void  space, 
broader  than  usual,  left  between  lines.  Cyc. 

WHITE'-LIV'ER-£D,  a.     [white  and  liver.]     Having 
a  pale  look  ;  feeble  ;  cowardly. 
2.  Envious ;  malicious. 

WHITE'-MAN"GA-NeSE',71.  An  ore  of  manganese; 
carbonate  of  manganese. 

WHITE'-MiSAT,  71.  [M/ii(e  and  meal.]  Meats  made 
of  milk,  bulter,  cheese,  eggs,  and  the  like.     Spenser. 

WHITE'-POP'LAR,  71.  A  tree  of  the  poplar  kind, 
sometimes  called  the  Abele-Tree  ;  Populus  alba. 
It  is  one  of  the  largest  of  European  trees. 

WHiTE'-POP'PY,  71.  A  species  of  poppy,  sometimes 
cultivated  for  the  opium  which  is  obtained  from  its 
juice  by  evaporation  ;  Papaver  somniferum. 

WHITE'-POT,  71.  [white  and  pot.]  A  kind  ol  food 
made  of  milk,  cream,  eggs,  sugar,  &.C.,  baked  in  a 
pot.  p'^S- 

WHITE'-PRE-CIP'I-TATE,  71.  A  compound  of  am- 
monia and  corrosive  sublimate.  It  is  a  white,  in- 
soluble powder,  much  used  in  medicine  as  an  c-xter- 
na!  application.   It  is  sometimes  called  White  Calv 

OF  RlERCUaV. 

WHITE'-PY-RI'TeS,  71.  [white  and  pyrites;  ir.suL- 
fure  blanc.] 

A  sulphuret  of  iron,  of  a  pale  bronze-yellow  color, 
occurring  in  prismatic  crystals.  Dana. 

WHITE'-KENT,  71.  [white  and  rent.]  In  Devon  and 
Comieall,  a  rent  or  duty  of  eight  pence,  payable 
yearly  by  every  tinner  to  the  duke  of  Cornwall,  as 
lord  of  the  soil.  Cyc. 

WHITE'-SALT,  71.  Salt  dried  and  calcined;  decrep- 
itated salt. 

WHITE'STEK.  71.    A  bleacher;  a  whitster. 

WHITE'SToNE,  71.  A  granite  abounding  in  white 
feldspar.  Urande. 

WHITE'-SWELL'ING,  71.  [white  and  swelling.]  A 
term  applied  to  a  strumous  inflammation  of  the  syno- 
vial membranes  of  the  knee-joint,  and  also  to  a  stru- 
mous inflammation  of  the  cancellar  texture  of  the 
end  of  the  bone  forming  the  knee-joint.  The  term 
is  also  vulgarly  applied  to  a  lingering  chronic  tumor, 
of  almost  any  kind.  Tully. 

WHiTE'-TaIL,  71.  A  bird,  the  white-ear,  a  species 
of  iMotacilla.  „  ,    , 

WHITE'-THORN,  71.  A  species  of  thorn,  called  also 
Hawthorn,  of  the  genus  Cratiegus. 

WHITE'THRoAT,  71.  A  small  singing-bird  that  fre- 
quents gardens  and  hedges,  Sylvia cinerea,  (Motacil- 
la  svlvia,  Linn.)    It  is  common  in  Europe.     P.  Cyc. 

WHITE'- VIT'RI-OL,  71.     Sulphate  of  zinc.     Brande. 

WHITE'WASII,  (hwlte'wosh,)  n.  [white  and  wash.] 
A  wash  oi-  liquid  composition  for  whitening  some- 
thing ;  a  wash  for  making  the  skin  fair. 

2.  A  composition  of  lime  and  water,  or  of  whiting, 
size,  and  water,  used  for  whitening  the  plaster  of 
walls,  &c. 

WHITE'WASH,  v.  t.  To  cover  with  a  white  liquid 
composition,  as  with  lime  and  water,  &c. 

2.  To  make  white  ;  to  give  a  fair  external  appear- 
ance. 

WHITE'WASH-£D,  (-wosht,)  pp.  or  a.  Covered  or 
overspread'  with  a  white  liquid  composition. 

WHITE'WASH-ER,  71.  One  who  whitewashes  the 
walls  or  plastering  of  apartments. 

WHITE'WASH-ING,  ppr.    Overspreading  or  wash- 
ing with  .a"  white  liquid  composition. 
WUITE'WA-TER,  71.    A  disease  of  sheep,  of  a  dan- 
gerous kind.  Cyc. 
WHITE'-WAX,  71.    Bleached  wax. 


WHl 

WHITE'-WINE,  71.  Any  wine  of  a  clear,  transpar- 
ent color,  bordering  on  white,  as  Madeira,  Sherry, 
Lisbon,  &c. ,-  opposed  to  wine  of  a  deep-red  color, 
as  Port  and  Burgundy. 
WHTTE'WQQD,  71.  A  species  of  timber-tree  growing 
in  North  America,  the  Liriodendron,  or  tulii>-tree. 

Mease. 
The  name  of  certain  species  of  Bignonia.  Lee. 
WHITE,  71.  One  of  the  natural  colors  of  bodies,  but 
not  strictly  a  color,  for  it  is  said  to  he  a  composition 
of  all  the  colors;  destitution  of  all  stain  or  obscurity 
on  the  surface  ;  whiteness.  Wo  say,  bleached  cloth 
is  of  a  good  iii/iil£  ;  attired  in  a  robe  of  white. 

2.  A  white  spot  or  thing;  the  mark  at  which  an 
arrow  is  shot.  Drydcn. 

White  of  the  eye;  that  part  of  tlio  ball  of  the  eye 
surrounding  the  iris  or  colored  part.  It  owes  its 
whiteness  to  the  tunica  albutriuea  or  adnata,  a  partial 
covering  of  the  fore  part  of  the  eye,  formed  by  tho 
expansion  of  the  tendons  of  the  muscles  which 
move  the  eyeball.  Parr. 

White  of  an  egg;  the  albumen,  or  pellucid  viscous 
fluid,  which  surrounds  the  vitelhis  or  yelk.    Parr. 
An  analogous  part  in  the  seeds  of  plants  is  called 

.1  „7;.^.,.,».   nr   ,i.h;iB       It  ia  a    fjirinnr.enus.  fleshv.  or 


the  albumen'ot  white.  It  is  a  farinaceous,  fleshy,  or 
horny  substance,  which  makes  up  the  chief  bulk  ol 
some  seeds,  as  in  grasses,  corn,  palms,  and  lilies, 
never  rising  out  of  the  ground  nor  performing  the 
office  of  leaves,  but  destined  solely  to  nourish  the 
germinating  embryo,  till  its  roots  can  perform  their 
oflice.    It  is  the  perispermium  of  Jussieu. 

0{Ertner.     Smith. 
[See  also  Spamsh-White  and  Flake-White.] 
WHITE,  V.  t.    To  make  white ;  to  whiten  ;  to  white- 
wash ;  as,  70/iiteii  scpulchers.    Mark  IK.    JlfaU.  xxiii. 
WHIT'ED,  pp.  or  a.     Made  white  ;  whitened. 
WHITE'LY,  ade.   Coining  near  to  white.   [JVoi  used.] 

Shah. 
WHIT'jEN,  (hwit'n,)  V.  t.    To  make  white  ;  to  bleaclf; 

to  blanch  ;  as,  to  whiten  cloth. 
WHIT'EN,  V.  i.    To  grow  white  ;  to  turn  or  become 
white.    The  hair  whitens  with  age  ;  the  sea  whitens 
with  foam  ;  the  trees  in  spring  whiten  with  blossoms. 
WHl T'EN-^D,  pp.     Made  white  ;  bleached. 
WHIT'EN-ER,  71.   One  who  bleaches  or  makes  white. 
WHITE'NESS,  71.    The  stale  of  being  white  ,  white 
color,  or  freedom  from  any  darkness  or  obscurity  on 
the  surface, 

2.  Paleness ;  want  of  a  sanguineous  tinge  in  the 
face.  Shak. 

3.' Purity  ;  cleanness  ;  freedom  from  stain  or  blem- 
ish. Dryden. 
WllIT'ER,  a.  cirmp.    More  white. 
WHITES,  71.    The  floor  albus,  a  disease  of  females. 
WHIT'EST,  a.  superl.    Most  white. 
WHITH'ER,  ado.     [Sax.  hieyder.] 

1.  To  what  place  ;  interrogatively.  Whitlier  goest 
thou.' 

Whither  away  so  fast  ?  Stuuc, 

2.  To  what  place  ;  absolutehj. 
\  strayed,  I  knew  not  whilher.  Milum. 

3.  To  which  place  ;  relatively. 
Wliithir,  when  as  they  came,  Uiey  lell  at  wonU.        Siienser. 

4.  To  what  point  or  degree. 

5.  Whithersoever. 
WHITH-ER-SO-EV'ER,  adv.     [whither  and  .totoci-.] 

To  whatever  place.     I  will  go  whithersoever  you 
lead. 

WHIT'ING,  71.  [from  white.]  A  sea-fish,  allied  to  the 
cod,  the  Merlangus  vulgaris  of  Cuvier,  and  valued 
on  account  of  its  delicacy  and  lightness  as  an  article 
of  food.  _        P-Cv- 

2.  Ground  chalk,  carefully  cleaned  from  all  sKuiy 
matter  ;  Spanish  white.  Brande. 

WHlT'ISH,  a.  [from  rchite.]  Somewhat  white; 
white  in  a  moderate  degree.  Boyle. 

WHIT'ISH-NESS,  71.  [Supr.!.]  The  quality  of  be- 
ing somewhat  white.  Boi/V. 

WUIT'LEATH-ER, (hwit'leth-cr,) 71.  Leather dressiil 
with  alum,  salt,  &c.,  remarkable  for  its  pliability  and 
toughness.  ,    .       , 

2.  A  name  popularlv  given  to  a  broad,  tougn, 
white  ligament  on  the  neck  of  quadrupeds,  which 
supports  the  weight  of  the  head.  7'ii«7;. 

WHIT'LoW,  71.  [Sax.  hwit,  white,  and  low,  a  name. 
Paronychia,  nosologically.] 

1.  An  inflammation  commonly  terminating  in  sup- 
puration, and  seated  about  the  root  of  the  nail  ol  a 
finger,  or  in  the  periosteum,  or  in  the  bone  of  the  last 
joint.  It  is  sometimes  applied  also  to  an  infiainma- 
tion  of  a  tendon  of  a  finger.  The  nosological  term. 
Paronychia,  was  originally  confined  to  the  first  ap- 
plication, viz.,  to  a  suppurative  inflammation  at  the 
root  of  the  nail,  which  is  its  etymological  import  ; 
but  its  application  is  now  as  much  e.xtended  as  the 
popular  term  whitlow.  TuUy. 

"  In  sheep,  the  whitlow  is  a  disease  of  the  feet,  d 
an  inflammatory  kind.  It  occurs  round  the  hoof, 
where  an  acrid  matter  is  collected,  whicli  ought  to 
be  discharsed.  ^1'^* 

WHIT'LoW-GBXSS,  77.  Mountain  knot-grass,  a  spe- 
cies of  lUccebrum,  (/.  paronychia.)  Cyc. 


n 


I 


FiTE,  FXR,  FALL,  WHAT. -METE,  PREY.-PlNE,  MARINE,  BIRD. -NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.- 


1262 


WHO 

2.  A  name  given  to  certain  herbaceous  planta  of  the 
genus  Draba.  Loudon. 

The  ruc~leaved  ickitlouygrass  is  a  species  of  Sasif- 
rapi.  Lee. 

WHrr'SOUR,  n.    A  sort  of  apple. 

WHtT'STER,  ;:.    A  whitener  ;  a  bleacher.    [Obs.] 

WHIT'SUL,  n.  A  pro^icial  name  of  milk,  sonr 
milk,  cheese,  curds,  and  butter.  Carcw. 

WHIT'Sl'N,  a.    Observed  at  Whitsuntide.       Shak. 

WHITSUNDAY,;^      r,.^     ^      ,  ^  .-,   i 

WH1T'"=U\-TIDE  I  L*"''^»  Sunday  J  ana  tide,  j 
'ihe  seventh  Sunday  after  Easter;  a  festival  of 
the  church  m  commemoration  of  the  descent  of  the 
Holy  Spirit  on  the  day  of  Pentecost ;  so  called,  it  is 
said,  because,  in  the  primitive  church,  those  who  had 
been  newly  baptized  appeared  at  church  between 
Easter  and  Pentecost  in  white  garments. 

Johnso7i.     Cyc. 

WHIT'T£N-TREE,  n.    A  sort  of  tree,    .^ins'jtarth. 

WHIT'TLE,  (hwit'tl,)  n.     [Sax.  hwUelj  hiciUc] 

1.  A  small  pocket-knife. 

[Tn  tJtis  scTLse,  I  belieccy  the  tcord  is  not  used  in  Amer- 
ica.^ 

2.  A  while  dress  for  a  woman  ;  a  double  blanket 
worn  by  west  countrj- women,  in  England,  over  the 
shoulders,  like  a  cloak.  DicL 

r.Vof  used  in  the  United  Siates.] 
WHIT'TLE,  V.  t.    To  pare  or  cut  off  the  surface  of  a 

thin?  with  a  small  knife.    Some  persons  have  a 

habit  uf  ir^i«iin?-,and  are  rarely  seen  without  a  pen 

knife  in  their  hands  for  that  purpose. 

[  This  isy  I  believe,  the  oidy  use  of  this  tsord  in  JVew 

England,] 
2.  To  edqe  ;  to  sharpen,    [^ot  in  use.]    HakaciU. 
WniT'TLED,  pp.    Cut  with  a  small  knife. 
WHIT'TLLVG,  r>?r-    Cutting  with  a  srauU  knife. 
WHIT'Y-BROWN,  a.      Of  a  color  between   white 

and  brown.     ILoeal  in  En^Jand.]  P^iS^- 

WHIZ,  r. X.     [It  seems  to  be  allied  to  hi?s.']    To  make 

a  hummini;  or  hissing  sound,  like  an  arrow  or  ball 

flyiug  thruugh  the  air. 

It  fi.;tv,  ami  ahizzing  cut  ihe  liquid  way.  Dryden. 

WHIZ,  n.    A  hissing  sound. 

WHIZ'ZING,  ppr.  or  a.  Making  or  denoting  a  hum- 
ming or  hissing  sound. 

WIIIZ^ZING-LY,  adv.    With  a  whizzing  sound. 

Wiliij  (hoo,)  pron.relatire.  [Sax.hwa:  D.  wic,-  Li.qui; 
Fr.  que:  It.  cAi;  Sp.  qiiien  :  Ir.  cia;  Russ.  koi :  Pers. 
kL  WIlo  is  undoubtedly  a  contracted  word  in  Eng- 
lish, as  in  Latin.    See  What  and  Wight.] 

1.  Who  is  a  pronoun  relative,  always  referring  to 
persons.  It  forms  wJwsc  in  the  genitive  or  possessive 
case,  answering  to  the  L.  cujiis,  an»i  ichomin  the  ob- 
jective or  accusative  case.  fFAo,  whose  and  whoiriy 
are  in  both  numbers.  Thus  we  say,  the  man  or 
woman  who  was  with  us ;  the  men  or  women  v^ko 
were  with  us  ;  the  men  or  women  whom  we  saw. 

2.  Which  of  many.  Are  you  satisfied  who  did  the 
mischief? 

3.  It  is  much  used  in  asking  questions  ;  as,  Wlw 
ami.'  ^TAo  art  thou.'  R'ftoisthis?  W/io  are  these ? 
In  this  case,  the  purpose  is  to  obtain  the  name  ordes- 
ignation  of  the  person  or  character. 

4.  It  has  sometimes  a  disjunctive  sense. 

Then?  thou  irll'st  of  kio^,  and  icAo  aapin: ; 

Who  ixW,  tsho  rise,  irho  uiuniph,  icAo  do  tncno.  Dryden, 

5.  IFXi>.*fi  is  of  all  genders.     H^osc  book  is  this? 

The  question  vhote  solot-on  I  rcquln;.  Dryden. 

As  v3ho  shovdd  saijy  elliptically  for  as  one  who  should 
sav.  Cottier. 

WlfO-EVER,  pron.  [tcho  and  ever.]  Anyone  with- 
out exception ;  any  person  whatever.  The  person 
who  trespasses  shall  be  punished,  trA*jcrcr  he  may  be. 

WHoLE,  (hole,)  a.  [In  Sax.  walg^  onwalg,  is  whole, 
sound,  entire.  In  D.  keel,  geheel,  has  a  like  sense, 
from  the  root  of  heal;  G.  heil;  Sw.  hel;  Dan.  heel; 
W.  oU  or  holl ;  Gr.  6Xn{,  ouAjj;  It.  uile.  This  seems 
to  be  connected  with  A*a/,  hale.  Of  this,  the  deriva- 
tive wholesome  is  evidence.  See  Class  GI,  No.  19,  IJl, 
35.] 

1.  All;  total;  containing  the  total  amount  or  num- 
ber, or  the  entire  thing  ;  as,  the  wAo/«  earth  ;  the  whok 
warld  ;  the  whole  solar  system  ;  the  whole  army  ;  the 
whole  nation. 

2.  Complete  ;  entire  ;  not  defective  or  imperfect ; 
ai*,  a  whole  orange ;  the  egg  is  whole ;  the  vessel  is 
vKoU. 

3.  Unimpaired  ;  unbroken  ;  uninjured. 

My  life  ay?l  whole  in  me.  —  2  Sara.  i. 

4.  Sound  ;  not  hurt  or  sick. 

Tbey  that  are  tchole  need  oot  a  pbyskiao.  —  Mat'..  Ix. 

.5.  Restored  to  health  and  soundness^  sound; 
welL 

Thy  (aich  hath  made  tbfe  uhole.  —  M-irk  v. 
His  hand  was  rcsloml  uhole.  —  Alark  lii. 

WHOLE,  n.  The  entire  thing  ;  the  entire  ortctal  as- 
semblase  of  parts.  The  whole  of  religion  is  contained 
in  Iho  !*hort  precept,  •'  Love  God  with  all  your  heart, 
and  your  neighbor  as  yourself." 

Fear  God  and  kfx-p  hia  comrnandmeQU,  for  Ihis  is  Uie  vihole  duly 
of  n'.an.  —  Eccles.  lii. 

2.  A  sjrstem ;  a  regular  combfnation  of  part*.   Pope. 


WHO 


WIC 


WH6LE'H00F-£D,  (-hooft,)  a.  Having  an  undi- 
vided hoof. 

WHoLE'NESS,  n.  Entireness  ;  totality ;  the  state  of 
being  whole,  entire,  or  sound. 

WHoLE'SaLE,  n.     [whole  and  sale.]    Sale  of  goods 
by  the  piece  or  large  quantity,  as  distinguished  from 
Retail.      Some  traders  sell  cither  by  wholesale  or 
retail. 
2.  The  whole  mass. 

Some,  from  vanity  or  envy,  despiM  a  valuable  Ixwlt,  and  throw 
contempt  upon  it  by  wholesale.  WatU. 

WHoLE'SaLE,  a.  [Supra.]  Buying  and  selling  by 
the  piece  or  quantity  ;  as,  a  wholesale  merchant. 

2.  Pertaining  to  the  trade  by  the  piece  or  quantity ; 
as,_the  wholesale  priee. 

WHoLE':?OME,  (hole'sum,)  a.  [whole  and  sime;  G. 
heilsam.] 

1.  Tending  to  promote  health ;  favoring  health  ; 
salubrious;  as, wholesome  air  or  dietj  :i. wholesome 
climate. 

2.  Sound  ;  contributing  to  the  health  of  the  mind  ; 
favorable  to  morals,  religion,  or  prosperity ;  as, 
wholesome  advice  ;  wholesome  doctrines  ;  wholesome 
truths. 

3.  Useful ;  salutary ;  conducive  to  public  happi- 
ness, virtue,  or  peace ;  as,  a  wholesome  law. 

4.  That  utters  sound  words. 

A  wholesome  tongue  is  a  tree  of  life.  —  Prov.  iv. 

5.  Kindly;  pleasing;  as,  a  ajAoZesome  answer. 

Shak. 

WHoLE'30^IE-LY,  ado.  In  a  wholesome  or  salutary 
manner;  salubriously. 

WHoLE'SOME-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  contribu- 
ting to  health ;  salubrity  ;  as,  the  wholesomeness  of 
air  or  diet. 

2.  Salutariness  ;  conduciveness  to  the  liealth  of  the 
mind  or  of  the  body  politic  ;  as,  the  wholesomeness  of 
doctrines  or  laws. 

WHoL'LY,  a(/p.    Entirely;  completely;  perfectly. 
Nor  wholly  overcome,  nor  »?w?/y  yield.  Dryden. 

S.  Totally ;  in  all  the  parts  or  kinds. 

They  employed  themselves  wholly  in  domestic  life.      Addison. 

WHOM,  (hoom,)  pron.  The  objective  of  who,  coin- 
ciding with  the  L.  yuem  and  ijuain. 

Whom  have  I  in  heaven  but  thee  ?  —  Ps.  IxxJii. 

WHO:\I-SO-EV'ER,  pron.     [wh(m  and  soever.]    Any 

person  without  exception. 
WHOO'BUB,  for  Hubeub.     [JVot  in  use.]  Shale. 

WUOOP,  (hoop,)  Jt.     [This  is  the  same  as  Hoop,  but 

aspirated  ;    Goth,  wopijan-,  to  whoop,  to  call ;  Sax. 

htccopan,  to  tcccp,  and  to  whip.  The  sense  is,  to  drive 

out  the  voice.] 

1.  A  shout  of  pursuit.  Addison. 

9.  A  shout  of  war ;  a  particular  cry  of  troops  when 

they  rush  to  the  attack.    The  Indians  of  America 

are  remarkable  for  their  war  whoop, 

3.  The  bird  called  Hoopoe  or  Upupa. 
WHOOP,  V.  i.    To  shout  with  a  particular  voice. 

Shak. 

WHOOP,  V.  t.    To  insult  with  shouts.  Dryden. 

WlloOP'ING-eOUGH.    See  Hooping-Cough. 

WHOOT,  (hoot,)  V.  i.     See  Hoot. 

WHOP,  n.  [The  vulgar  pronunciation  of  whap,  or 
awhap.] 

A  sudden  fall,  or  the  suddenness  of  striking  in  a 
fall. 

WHOPTER,  n.    Any  thing  uncommonly  large  ;   ap- 
plied particularly  to  a  monstrous  lie.  j<\rlnj. 
[Sojnaimes  heard  in  America.] 

WTIoRE,  (liore,)  n.  [W.  huran,  from  huriaw,  to  hire  ; 
hur,  that  which  is  fi.\ed  or  set,  hire,  wages  ;  Sax.  kor- 
cwfM,  hort-wtiDian  ;  Sw.  hora,  hor-hana ;  Dan.  hore, 
kore-kme ;  G.  hurc ;  D.  hoer.  Hore  would  be  more 
accordant  with  the  etymology  of  the  word.] 

A  woman  who  practices  unlawful  commerce  with 
men,  particularly  one  that  does  it  for  hire ;  a  harlot : 
a  courtesan  ;  a  concubine  ;  a  prostitute. 

WHoRE,  V.  i.  [Supra.]  To  have  unlawful  sexual 
commerce  ;  to  practice  lewdness. 

WIIoRE,  V.  t.  To  corrupt  by  lewd  intercourse. 
[Little  ttseiL]  Con^eve. 

WIIOHE'DOM,  (hore'dum,)  n.  Lewdness ;  fornica- 
tion ;  practice  of  unlawful  commerce  with  the  other 
sex.  It  is  applied  to  either  sex,  and  to  any  kind  of 
illicit  commerce. 

2.  In  Scripture,  idolatry ;  the  desertion  of  the 
worship  of  tiie  true  God  for  the  worship  of  idols. 

Prophets. 

WHORE'MAS-TER,  n.  [Supra.]  One  who  pmc- 
ticc's  lewdness. 

WHoRE'iMAS-TER-LYj  a.  Having  the  character  of 
a  whoreniaster.  Shak. 

WHoRE'MON"GER,  ?i.    The  same  as  Whoremas- 

TEB. 

WHoRE'SON,  (hore'sun,)  n.  A  bastard;  a  word 
used  rtenerally  in  contempt.  Shak. 

WHoR'ISH,  a.  Lewd;  unchaste;  addicted  to  unlaw- 
ful sexual  pleasures ;  incontinent. 

WHoR'ISH-LY,  adv.    In  a  lewd  manner. 

WH5R'ISH-NESS,  n.  The  practice  of  lewdness  ;  the 
character  of  a  lewd  woman.  Hale. 


WHORL,  (hwurl,)  n.    In  botany,  an  arrangemrat  of  a 

number  of  leaves  or  flowers  arotind  a  it«fn,  in  the 

eame  plane  with  each  other.  Laulley, 

3.  In  conchotogy,  a  volution  or  turs  of  the  vpire  of 

a  univalve,  Uunhlc 

WnORLED,  (hwurld,)  a.    FurnUthcd  with  wborU, 
WHORT,  (hwurt,)  B.    Thefmit  of  the  whortleberry  ; 

or  the  shrub. 
WHOa'TLI->BER-RY,   n. 

berry.    The  GcrmariM  call  it 
A  plant  tjr  shrub  and  il- 

cinium,  called  moro  commuiily  iii:(.iu.L 

much  ceteemed  fur  food. 
WHOSE,  fhooz,)  pron.     The  posj*f --iv 

case  of  VVho  or  Which  ;  applied!    ; 

W©  say,  the  per«<.n  whose  mcriT 

garment  whose  color  is  admir  !. 
WHOSE-SO-EV'ER,  prcm.  rzu.\     Of 

anv  person  what^.-vcr.    Jo' 
WHd'SO,(hoo'wo,}  prtm.  An'.  *  rer.  [Oftt] 

WHOSOEVER,  pron.  [irAe',**.,aiuJ  eccr.j  Any  one; 

any  person  whatever. 

Whotoner  wUI,  let  bim  lake  of  tb;  wUer  of  Bfe  fort/.  — Rtr. 
xxii. 

WHUR,  x>.  i.  To  pronounce  Ihe  letter  r  wtth  too  much 

force, 
WHUR,  71.    The  sound  of  a  body  moving  through  the   ' 

air  with  velocity.    [Sec  Whie.]  I 

WHURT,    n.      A   whortleberry    or   bllbcrrr.      [^  ^ 

Whobt.] 
WH1?,  adv.    [Sax.  hwt,  and  for  hwi,  or  for  fciriV.  : 

why.    Ilai,  whig,  coincides  in  cltmenL*  »»■'*■   - 

So  pourqitoi,  in   French,  i«  the  same  ;  ; 

quid,  quod;  fur  what.    The  originaJ  j/ 

what,  for  why.] 

1.  For  what  cause  or  reason,  interrogatively. 

Tcni  yc,  lum  yc,  for  ichy  wiil  ye  die  f  —  Jcr.  xx«t^. 

2.  For  which  reason  or  cause,  relatively. 

No  ffTouod  of  enmity, 
IVTiy  lie  tlwuld  mean  mc  iil. 

3.  For  what  reason  or  cause;   for  which;  r^::.-     , 
lively. 

Tum  the  dUcourcc  ;  I  bare  a  reuon  nhy 

I  would  not  hnvo  ycu  speak  so  tcodctij.  Dryden,         ' 

4.  It  is  used  sometimes  emphatically,  or  rather  as 

an  expletive. 

If  her  chill  heart  I  can  not  rooTC, 

Why,  I'll  enjoy  the  very  Ictc.  Cb=->  . 

WH^^'NOT,  n.  A  cant  word  forviolentand  peri-mj- 
tory  procedure.  Hudihri:  . 

WI,  from  the  Gothic  weiha,  signifies  holy.  It  i--  f..:i.  I 
in  some  names,  ns  in  H^ert,  holy-bright,  or  tn-z^.:- 
holy,  eminent  for  sanctity  ;  Dan.  triw,  to  consccrtii^. , 
Sw.  tJJM. 

Wie,  WICK,  a  termination,  denotes  jur:   '    • 
in  bailiwick.    Its  primary  sense  is  a\"ill:-- 
sion,  L.  vicus.  Sax.  trie  or  wye:  ht-ncc 
BertoieJi,  Harteich,  J^orwich,  Ace.    It  signii:i  -  n  • 
bay  or  a  castle.  Oib.  ■-. 

WICK,  M.  [Sax.  weoc;  Sw.  veke,tL  wick  or  nnt  'i 
Ir.  buaie.     Qu.  I'rom  treLiting.] 

A  numberof  threads  of  cotton, orsome 
stance,  loosely  twisted  into  a  siring,  r< 
wax  or  tallow  is  applied  by  means  of  inclt  i  ■ 
ning  in  a  mold,  and  thus  forming  a  can-: 

WICK'r.D,  <:.     [Sw.  riJta,  to  decline,  to  t- 
ale,  also  to  fold  ;  Sax.  wican,  lo  r^-cedi-. 
fall   away;    wieelian,   to  raeiUate,   lo    ^ 
seems  to  be  connected  in  origin  with  i."-    . 
TPicrti,  witch.    The  primary  sense  is,  u.  i»u.. 
turn,  or  to  depart,  to  fall  away.] 

1.  Evil  in  principle  or  practice;  deviallns  fmm  ;'  • 

divine  law ;   addicted    lo   vice;    sinful :    

This  is  a  word  of  comprehensive  sign;: 
tending  lo  every  thing  that  is  contrarj- 1.> 

law,  and  both  to  persons  and  actions, 
wicked    man,  a    wicked  deed,   tricked  y- 
lives,  a  wicked  heart,  wicked  designs,  iriVi 
Ho  man  was  ever  u-teiri  uitho ui  t«rtt  .'. 

2.  A  word  of  slight  blame;  as.  t' 

3.  Cursed  ;  baneful ;  pernicious  ; 
words  pernicious  in  their  elTects.    [O./.j 

[This  last  sicnificalion  may  throw  some  lighten  I 
tile  word  if  i/c'i.l  I , 

The  wicked  ;  m  Scripture^  persons  who  lire  in  ?m  : 
tmnsgros,-;ors  of  the  divine  law  :  all  who  are  un:<   - 
onrilcd  to  God,  unsanclified,  or  impeoiteni. 
WICK'ED-LV,  ndr.    In  a  manner  or  with  motiv.^   j 
and  designs  contrary  to  the  divine  law  ;  viciously  ;   ^ , 
corruptly  ;  immorally. 

All  U»l  do  Kicittfly  sliall  be  »tutWe.  —  Stil-JT.        

I  haTC  siDoed,  «ad  1  b-i^fC  done  «:<tei.V.  —  3  Sun.  XTfr. 

V^^CK'ED-NESS.  n.  Departure  fmm  ihc  roles  of  the 
divine  law;  evil  disjKtfiiion  or  praciic«vs;  imn^^^Tui- 
ly;  crime;  sin;  sinfulness;  corn:p*  manners. 
Wickedness  generally  signifies  evil  prac:--  - 

What  KicX-edncss  a  ihit  ibAi  is  done  ac^nj  tcu  ' 

But  wirked»r.<s  cxpTvs>ef^  nI>o  the  corr: 
tionsof  Uie  heart. 

Their  inwrjvi  p^:  ■"'.-t'^'* 

In  hcsrt,  yc  wod  :  ■'-- 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.— AN"GER.  VI^CIOUS.— €  as  K ;  0  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


1363 


WID 


WIL 


WICK'EN,  j  »"•    'I'll"  Surbus  aucupana,  moun- 

VVICK' EN-TREE,  i      tain-ash,  or  roan-trce.      Lcc. 
WICK'EK,  a.     [Dan.  vien,  probably  contracted  from 

ci.rfn.  The  Eng.  taiir,  G.  zwd<r,  D.  twij<!,  are  probably 

formed  on  the  simple  word  wig,  from  the  root  of  L. 

vigro,  to  grow.    The  word  signifies  a  shoot.] 

JIade   of  twigs  or  osiers  ;  as,  a  wicker  basket ;  a 

wirJirr  chair.  Spenser.     Pcackam. 

WICK'ET,  ?i.     [Fr.  giiichet ;  W.  gv>iced,  a  little  door, 

from  o-MiiV,  a  narrow  place,  a  corner.] 

1.  A  small  gate  or  door. 

Tile  wickel,  often  opened,  knew  the  key.  Dnjden. 

2.  A  small  gate  by  which  the  chamber  of  canal 
locks  is  emptied. 

3.  A  bar  or  rod  used  in  playing  cricket. 
Wie'LIF-ITE,        In.  A  follower  of  Wiclif,  the  Eiig- 
VVICK'LtFF-ITE, )      lish  reformer. 

WIDE,  a.     [Sax.  wi<l,  aide;  D.  viiji;   G.  wcit;  Pw. 


In  botany,  a  plant  of  the  genus 
Lee. 


WID'0\V-\VaIL,  n. 
Cneorum. 

WIDTH,  II.     [from  wide;  G.  weile :  D.  wydtc.j 

Breadth;  wideness;  the  e.\tent  of  a  thmg  from 
side  to  side  ;  as,  the  width  of  cloth  ;  the  width  of  a 
door.  Drydcn. 

WI£LD,  (weeld,)  ?J.  (.  [Sax.  wcaldan,  waldaii ;  Goth. 
fra-triiUtan,  to  govern  ;  wuld,  power,  dominion  ;  Dan. 
vxlde,  power ;  gemlt,  force,  authority ;  Sw.  vilde, 
power ;  allied  to  L.  mleo,  Eng.  wM.  The  primary 
sense  of  power  and  strength  is,  to  stretch  or  strain. 
This  seems  to  be  the  Russ.  vladijn,  to  rule,  and  wold 
or  vUul,  in  names,  as  fValdcwir,  T'tadcmir.] 

1.  To  use  with  full  command  or  power,  as  a  thing 
not  too  heavy  for  the  holder  ;  to  manage  ;  as,  to 
wield  a  sword  j  to  wield  the  scepter. 

P.ul  wield  ihcir  arms,  part  curb  Itie  fo.aming  Bleed.        TliHton. 

2.  To  use  or  employ  with  the  hand. 

civilized  power  could  induce  a 
S.  5.  Snatlt. 


WIL 

G.  Licentious ;  ungoverned  ;  as,  wild  passions. 

Viilor  giowi\  tcild  hy  pride.  Prior. 

1.  Inconstant  i  mutable  ;  fickle. 

In  the  niling  pasfiion,  tlicrp  iilone 
The  wild  are  couEtaut,  and  tlie  cunning  known.  Po^. 

8.  Inordinate ;  loose. 

A  fop  well  dreised,  extravagant,  and  mid.  Dryden. 

9.  Uncouth  ;  loose. 


What  are  theae 
,nd  so  wild  in  their  attire  ? 


Sb/Jc. 


and  Dan.  vid ;  Sans,  vidi,  breadth ;  Ar.  iSj  ladda,  to 

separate  ;  allied  to  void,  divide,  widow,  Ir.  feadh,  &c. 
See  Class  Bd,  No.  1.]  .^       ,,     ■■  . 

1.  liroad  ;  having  a  great  or  considerable  distance 
or  e.vtent  between  the  sides ;  opposed  to  NaaRow  ; 
as  wide  cloth  ;  a  wide  table  ;  a  wide  highway ;  a 
wide  bed  ;  a  wide  hall  or  entn-.  In  this  use,  wide  is 
distinguished  from  long,  which  refers  to  the  extent 
or  distance  between  the  ends. 

a.  Broad  ;  having  a  great  extent  each  way  ;  as,  a 
wide  plain  ;  the  wide  ocean. 

3.  Remote  ;  distant.  This  position  is  very  K-ii/t  from 
tlle  truth.  H.imnwnd. 

4    Broad  to  a  certain  degree  ;  as,  three  feet  wide. 
WIDE,  adv.    At  a  distance ;  far.    His  fame  was  spread 
wide.  „    . 

6.  With  great  extent ;  used  chiefly  m  composition  ; 
as,  loirfc-skirtcd  meads  ;  iciVir-vvaving  swords  ;  wide- 
wasting  pestilence  ;  wirfr-spreading  evil. 
WIDE'-BK.\NCH-£D,  (-briincht,)  a.     Having  spread- 
ing branches. 
WinE'-PPRE.\D,  (-spied,)  a.    Extending  far. 
WIDE'-SPREAD-ING,  a.  Spreading  to  a  gieat  e.xtcnt 

or  distance. 
WIDE'LY,  oAj.    With  great  extent  each  way.    The 
gospel  was  widehj  disseminated  by  the  apostles. 

2.  Very  much  ;  to  a  great  distance  ;  far.  We  dif- 
fer widely  in  opinion. 

WiD'BN,  V.  t.  To  make  wide  or  wider  ;  to  extend  m 
breadth  ;  as,  to  widen  a  field  ;  to  widen  a  breach. 

JVulc.— In  Jlmcrica,  females  say,  to  widen  a  stock- 
ing. 

WID'£N,  V.  i.  To  grow  wide  or  wider ;  to  enlarge  ; 
to  extend  itself. 

And  arclws  widen,  and  Ion  J  aisles  extend.  Pope. 

WrD'£N-£D,  pj).    Made  wide  or  wider ;  extended  in 

breadth. 
WIDE'NESS,  n.    Breadth  ;  width  ;  great  extent  be- 
tween the  sides  ;  as,  the  wideness  of  a  room. 

2.  Large  extent  in  all  directions  ;  as,  the  wideness 
of  the  sea  or  ocean. 
WID'BN-ING,  ■pfr.    Extending  the  distance  between 

the  sides  ;  enlarging  in  all  directions. 
WIU'CiEON,  (tvij'un,)  n.  A  water-fowl  of  the  duck 
group,  belonging  to  the  genus  Mareca  of  Slepli'-ns. 
The  European  species  is  the  Slareca  Penelope,  the 
American  the  M.  Americana.  The  widgeons  feed 
on  grasses  or  vegetables,  somewhat  in  the  manner 
of  geese.  J^altall.    Jariline. 

WID'oW,  ?i.  [Sax.  widew:  G.  witlwe ;  D.  wcduwe; 
Dan.  vidue:  L.  vidua  i  Fr.  veuve;  It.  vedova;  Sp. 
viuda ;  Sans,  widhava  ;  Russ.  vdova ;  from  the  root 
of  wide,  void.    See  Wide.] 

A  woman  who  has  lost  her  husband  by  death. 
Lulcc  ii. 

mdom's  chamler,  in  London,  the  apparel  and  fur- 
niture of  the  bed-chamber  of  the  widow  of  a  freeman, 
to  which  she  is  entitled.  Cijc. 

WID'oW,  V.  t.  To  bereave  of  a  husband  ;  but  rarely 
used  except  in  the  participle.  Drydcn. 

9.  To  endow  with  a  widow's  right.    \_Umisueil.\ 
3.  To  strip  of  any  thing  good.  Hhak. 

The  Tridowd  isle  in  mourning.  Vryden. 

WID'oW-BENCH,n.    [wWom  and  iriic/i.]    In  Sussex, 
that  share  which  a  widow  is  allowed  of  her  hus- 
band's estate,  besides  her  jointure.  Cye. 
WlWdW-EO,  pp.  or  a.     Bereaved  of  a  husband  by 
death. 
0.  Deprived  of  some  good  j  stripped. 
Trees  of  their  shriveled  fruita 
Are  widowed.                                                            Philipg. 

WID'oW-ER,  n.  A  man  who  has  lost  his  wife  by 
death 

WlD'oW-HOOD,  7!.    The  state  of  being  a  widow. 
2.  Estatc'settled  on  a  widow.  [JVot  in  use.]   Shak. 

WID'oVv'-HUNT-ER,  7i.  [widow  and  Aiiatcr.J  One 
who  seeks  or  courts  widows  for  a  jointure  or  lortune. 

.^ildison. 

Win'oW-ING,  ppr.  Bereaving  of  a  husband ;  de- 
priving; stripping. 

WlD'oVV-^dAK-Ell,  II.  [widow  and  maker.]  One 
who  makes  widows  by  destroying  lives.  Shak. 


Nothing  but  the  intluence  of  E 
Ravage  to  wield  a  spade. 


3.  To  handle  ;  in  an  ironical  sense. 

B.ise  Hungarian  wight,  wilt  thou  the  spigot  wield7  Slidk. 

To  wield  the  scepter ;  to  govern  with  supreme  com- 
mand. 

WIkLD'ED,  pp.    Used  with  command  ;  managed. 

WliSLD'ING,  ppr.    Using  with  power  i  managing. 

WIeLO'LESS,  a.     Unmanageable.  Spenser. 

WliSLD'Y,  ii.    That  mav  be  wielded  ;  manageable. 

WI'E!!-Y,  a.     [from  wire.)     Made  of  wire;   having 
the  properties  of  wire.    It  would  be  better  written 
Wiav. 
2.  [Sax.  wxr,  a.  pool.]    Wet;   marshy.    [Jyoi  m 


Shale. 
[Sax.  wif;  D.  wyf:  G.  weih, 


use.] 
WIFE,  n. :  pi.  Wiv 
woman.] 

1.  The  lawful  consort  of  a  man  ;  a  woman  who  is 
united  to  a  man  in  the  lawful  bonds  of  wedlock ; 
the  correlative  of  Husband. 

The  husband  of  one  wife.  —  1  Tim.  lit. 

Let  eveiy  one  of  you  in  particular  80  love  his  wife  even  as  hull- 
s' !f,  and  let  tlie  wife  see  tliat  she  reverence  her  husband.  — 
Kph.  V. 

2.  A  woman  of  low  employment ;  as,  strawberry 
wives.     [JVot  in  use.]  Shak. 

WIFE'HOOD,  11.    State  and  character  of  a  wife. 

Beaum.  S;  Fl. 
WIFE'LESS,  a.    Without  a  wife  ;  unmarried. 

Chaucer. 
WIG,  in  Saxon,  signifies  war.    It  is  fimnd  in  some 

names. 
WIG,  II.     [G.  meek,  wig,  and  week-butler,  roll  butter. 
It  would  seem  that  the  sense  is  a  roll  or  twist  inter- 
woven.] 

1.  A  covering  for  the  head,  consisting  of  hair  in- 
terwoven or  united  by  a  kind  of  net-work,  formerly 
much  worn  by  men. 

2.  A  sort  of  cake.     [  Ois.]  Minswarth. 

WIG'GBD,  a.    Having  the  liead  covered  with  a  wig. 

WiG'EON.     See  Widgeon. 

WIGHT,  (wite,)  II.  [Sax.  wiht,  G.  wicH,  a  living  be- 
ing, Goth,  wtiiht;  L.  victum,  from  vico,  to  live,  origi- 
nally viffo  or  vico,  and  probably  allied  to  vi<:a>. 
This,  inlhe  Celtic  form,  would  be  quic  or  ijioig,  Eng. 
quick,  alive  ;  and  hence  L.  qui,  qum,  quid,  quod,  con- 
tracted from  quic,  quiced,  quoced:  Scot.  quhaL  The 
letter  h,  in  the  Gothic  and  Scottish,  representing  the 
c  of  the  Latin,  proves  the  word  to  be  thus  con- 
tracted.] .    . 

A  being ;  a  person.  It  is  obsolete,  except  in  irony 
or  burlesque.     [See  Aught.] 

The  wight  of  all  the  world  who  loved  thee  best.  Dryden. 


WIGHT,  (wIte,)  (I.     [Sax.  hwa:t.] 

Swift;  nimble.     [Obs.']  Spenser. 

[This  seems  to  be  a  dialectical  form  of  Qdiok.] 

WIGHT'LY,  adv.     Swiftly  ;  nimbly.     [Obs.] 

Spenser. 

WIG'WAM.  n.  An  Indian  cabin  or  hut,  so  called  in 
Amerii-a.  It  is  sometimes  written  Weekw.im. 
Mackenzie  writes  the  Knisteiieaux  word  wigwauw, 
and  the  Algonquin  wiguiwaum.  Query,  is  this  the 
L.  ra'cits?  Vic,  in  Roman,  was  pronounced  wic  or 
week.  These  words  may  have  been  derived  from 
one  primitive  root. 

WILD,  a.  [Sax.  wild ;  D.  and  G.  wild  ;  Sw.  and  Dan. 
vdd;  W.  gieyllt:  connected  with  Sax.  70calh,  a  trav- 
eler, foreigner,  or  pilgrim  ;  G.  w'czlsch,  Celtic,  Welsh  ; 
wallen,  to  rove,  Sw.  villa,  fiSretUa.  This  sense  is 
obvious.] 

1.  Roving  ;  wandering ;  inhabiting  the  forest  or 
open  field  ;  hence,  not  tamed  or  domesticated  ;  as,  a 
wild  boar  ;  a  wild  ox  ;  a  wild  cat ;  a  wild  bee. 

2.  Growing  without  culture  ;  as,  wild  parsncp ; 
wild  cherrv  I'lriW  tansy,  mid  rice,  a  palatable  and 
nutritious  food,  grows  spontaneously  in  the  lakes  and 
ponds  of  the  North  West  territory.  J.  Morse. 

3.  Desert ;  not  inhabited  ;  as,  a  wild  forest. 

MiUon. 

4.  Savage ;  uncivilized  :  not  refined  by  culture  ; 
as,  the  wild  natives  of  Africa  or  America. 

5.  Turbulent ;  tempestuous  ;  irregular  ;  as,  a  wild 
tumult. 

Th?  wild  winds  howl.  Addison. 


So  wiihered, 

10.  Irregular;  disorderly;  done  without  plan  or 
order ;  as,  to  make  wild  work.  jMdtan. 

11.  Not  well  digested  ;  not  framed  according  to 
the  ordinary  rules  of  reason  ;  not  being  within  the 
limits  of  probable  practicability  ;  imaginary  ;  fanci- 
ful ;  as,  a  wild  project  or  scheme  ;  wild  speculations. 

12.  Exposed  to  the  wind  and  sea;  as,  a  wild  road- 
stead. J'far.  Diet. 

13.  Made  or  found  in  the  forest;  as,  leild  lloney. 
IFild  is  prefixed  to  the  names  of  many  plants,  to 

distinguish  them  from  such  of  the  name  as  are  cul- 
tivated in  gardens,  as  wild  basil,  wild  parsnep,  wild 
carrot,  wild  olive,  &c. 
W^ILD,  71.  A  desert;  an  uninhabited  and  uncultivated 
tract  or  region  ;  a  forest  or  sandy  desert  ;  as,  the 
wilds  of  America ;  the  wilds  of  Africa ;  the  sandy 
wilds  of  Arabia. 

Then  Libya  first,  of  all  her  moisture  drained, 

Beaune  a  b.arren  waste,  a  wild  of  sand.  Addison. 

WILD'-BoAR,  II.  An  animal  of  the  hog  kind,  {Sus- 
crofa,  Linnaeus,)  from  which  the  domesticated 
swine  are  descended.  Wild  boars  have  their  lair  in 
solitary  places  in  the  depths  of  forests,  and  were 
formerly  held  in  high  estimation  as  beasts  of  chase. 

WILD'-BORN,  a.    Born  in  a  wild  state.      [P.  Cyc. 

WILD'-€AT,  11.    The  cat  which  is  supposed  to  be 
the  original  stock  of  the  domestic  cat.    It  is  said  to 
exist  still  in  Europe. 
2.  In  Jimerica,  the  Felis  rufa. 

WILD'-CHER'RV,  ii.  A  large  American  tree,  the 
Cerasus  Virginiana,  bearing  a  small  astringent  fruit 
resembling  a  cherry.  The  wood  is  much  used  for 
cabinet-work,  being  of  a  light  red  color,  and  a  com- 
pact texture.  Browne's  Syh-a  .Imer. 

WILD'-E5-£D,  (-ide,)  a.  Having  eyes  apjiearing 
wild. 

WILD'FiRE,  11.  [mild  and  firc]  A  composition  of 
inflammable  materials. 

Brimstone,  pitch,  wildjirc,  burn  easily,  and  are  hard  to  quench. 

Bacojt. 

2.  A  disease  of  sheep,  attended  with  inflammation 
of  the  skin  ;  a  kind  of  erysipelas.  Cyc. 

WILD'-FOWL,  n.  [wild  and  /o!ii(.]  Fowls  of  the 
forest,  or  untamed. 

WILD'-GOOSE,  11.  [wild  and  ^oose.]  An  aquatic 
fowl,  of  the  genus  Anser,  a  bird  of  passage.  These 
geese  fly  to  the  south  in  autumn,  and  return  to  the 
north  in  the  spring.  The  term  jcild-^oosc  is  promis- 
cuously applied  to  various  species  of  the  goose  kind 
found  wild  in  Britain.  The  wild-goose  of  North 
America  is  the  Anser  Canadensis. 

Jardine.    J^ultall. 
Wild-goose  chase  ;  the  pursuit  of  something  as  un- 
likely to  be  caught  as  the  wdd-goose.  Shak. 

WlLD'-HON-EY,  (-hun-ne,)  ii.  [wild  and  honey.] 
Honey  that  is  found  in  the  forest,  in  hollow  trees  or 
among  rocks. 

WILD'ING,  It.     A  wild  cr.ab-apple.  Spenser. 

2.  A  young  tree  that  is  wild,  or  growing  witliout 
cultivation.  Scott. 

WILD'-L/\ND,  n.  [wild  and  land.]  Lanil  not  culti- 
vated, or  in  a  st.ite  that  renders  it  unfit  lor  culliva- 

2.'ln  .;«mi?ric(i,  forest;  land  not  settled  and  culti- 
vated. 
WILD'-SERV-ICE,  n.    A  plant.  Mdler. 

The  wild-service  is  a  tree  of  the  genus  Cratsgus, 
(C.  torminalis.)  ^^^' 

WiLD'ER,  a.    More  wild. 
WIL'DER,  V.  t.     [Dan.  viUler,  from  vild,  vvilil.] 

To  lose  or  cause  to  lose  the  way  or  track  ;  to  puz- 
zle with  mazes  or  difficulties;  to  bewilder. 

Long  lost  and  wililered  in  the  maze  of  fate.  Pope. 

WIL'DER-ED.  pp.    Lost  in  a  pathless  tract;  puzzled. 

WIL'DER-ING,  p;)r.    Puzzling. 

WIL'DER-NESS,  71.  [from  loiW.]  .1  desert ;  a  tract: 
of  land  or  region  uncultivated  and  uninhabited  by 
human  being's,  whether  a  forest  or  a  wide,  barren 
plain.  In  the  United  States,  it  is  applied  only  to  a 
forest.  In  Scripture,  it  is  applied  frequently  to  tlio 
deserts  of  Arabia.  The  Israelites  wandered  in  the 
wilderness  forty  years. 

2.  The  ocean. 
The  watery  wilderness  yields  no  supply.  WaUer. 

3.  A  state  of  disorder.     [Mot  in  7isc.]        Milton. 

4.  A  wood  in  a  garden  resembling  a  forest. 
WTLD'EST,  a.     Most  wild. 
WILD'-IN'DI-GO,  71.      A  plant,   Eaptisia   tinctoria. 

growing  in  the  woods,  with  a  yellow  flower,  yield- 
ing a  small  quantity  of  indigo. 
WILD'ING,  71.    A  wild,  sour  apple.  Mortimer. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT. -METE,  PREY.  -  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.- NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQQK.- 


im 


WIL 

WILD'LY,  adc.    Witliout  cultivation.  More. 

'2.  Wiihout  taineuess. 

3.  With  disorder;  witli  perturbation  or  distrac- 
tion ;  witb  a  Jierce  or  roving  look  j  as,  to  start  wildly 
from  one's  seat ;  to  stare  wUdltj. 

4.  Without  attention  ;  heedlessly.  Skak. 

5.  Capriciously;  irrationally;  extravagantly. 

Who  i*  "Jiere  so  viildly  scepiical  as  to  qucstiim  wheilier  th*?  sun 
will  rise  io  the  e.isl  ?  Wilkins. 

6.  Irregularly. 

She,  vUdiy  wanton,  wears  hy  night  away 

The  sigu  of  all  our  labors  done  ty  day.  Dryden. 

WILD'NESS,  n.  Rudeness ;  rough,  uncultivated  stale ; 
as,  the  tcildne^s  of  a  forest  or  heath.  Prior. 

2.  Inordinate  disposition  to  rove ;  irregularity  of 
manners  ,  as,  the  iciltltiess  of  youth.  Shak. 

3.  Savageness  ;  brutality.  Sidtteij 

4.  Savage  state  ;  rudeness. 

5.  Uncultivated  slate  ;  as,  the  icildness  of  land. 

6.  A  wandering:  irregularity. 

Deliriam  b  but  a  short  toildjiesi  of  the  Imo^uiation.        W'aOs. 

7.  Alienation  of  mind.  S/iah: 
g.  State  of  being  untamed. 

9.  The  quality  of  being  undisciplined,  or  not  sub- 
jected to  method  or  rules. 

Is  there  any  Jan^er  th.it  Ibis  dtscipline  will  L-une  loo  much  Uie 
fit-ry  spirit,  the  encbaotln^  itiidiiesSf  and  magitiSccnt  irregu- 
i.iriiy  oi  Use  omtor's  genius  ?  Wirt, 

WILD  OATS,  n.  pi.  A  tall,  oat-like  kind  of  soft 
grass  ;  the  Holcns  avenaceus. 

To  sow  one'*s  vild  oats,  is  to  pass  through  a  season 
of  wild  and  thoughtless  dissipation  ;  commonhj  ap- 
plied to  jjouth.  Halliicdl. 

WILDS,  lu  Among  farmers,  the  part  of  a  plow  by 
which  it  is  drawn.     [Local.] 

WILE,  n.     [Sax.  icile  ;  Ice.  laul;  W.fel,  fine,  subtile.] 
A  trick  or  stratagem  practiced  for  insnaring  or  de- 
ception ;  a  sly,  insidious  artilice. 

That  ye  may  be  alle  to  slauti  ajiinst  the  ailea  of  the  devil.  — 
Eih.  vL 

WILE,  r.  t.    To  deceive  ;  to  beguile.     [Litde  itscd.] 

Spaiser. 

WI'LI-Y,  adc.  [from  icilij.]  By  stratagem;  with  in- 
sidious art.    Josh.  ix. 

\\  I'H-XESS,  n.    [from  wHy.]     Cunning  ;  guile. 

WILK,     i  ».     [G.  welken.  to  wither,  or  cause  to  witii- 

WHILK,  i      er.] 

A  species  of  mollusk.     [See  Whele.] 

WILL,  n.  [Sax.  wiUa  :  Goth.  wUja. ;  D.  tcil,  or  irille  ; 
G.  wille :  Sw.  vilje  ;  Dan.  villie ;  W.  gtcyll ;  Ir.  ail ; 
Gr.  /i"i'.\r?,  counsel  ;  Slav.  voUa.     See  the  verb.] 

L  That  faculty  of  the  mind  by  which  we  deter- 
mine cither  to  do  or  forbear  an  action  ;  the  faculty 
which  is  exercised  in  deciding,  among  two  or  more 
objects,  which  we  shall  embrace  or  pursue.  The 
will  is  directed  or  influenced  by  the  judgment.  The 
understanding  or  reason  compares  different  objects, 
which  operate  as  motives  ;  the  judgment  determines 
whicli  is  preferable,  and  the  will  decides  which  to 
pursue.  In  other  words,  we  reoson  with  respect  to 
the  value  or  importance  of  things  ;  we  then  jud<re 
which  is  to  be  preferred ;  and  we  will  to  take  the 
most  valuable.  These  are  but  differeut  operations  of 
the  mind,  soul,  or  intellectual  part  of  man.  Great 
disputes  have  exJHtcd  respecting  the  freedom  of  the 
icUL 
[Will  is  often  quite  a  different  thing  from  desire.] 

A  power  over  a.  man's  subualencc  amounts  to  a  pow^r  over  lua 
teiU.  i^derXLlUl,  Hamilton. 

2.  Choice ;  determination.  It  \s  my  w'dl  to  prose- 
cute the  trespasser. 

3.  Choice;  discretion;  pleasure. 

Go,  then,  the  g^iilly  at  lliy  mli  chastise.  Pope. 

A.  Command  ;  direction. 

Our  prayeis  should  be  according  to  the  icUl  of  God.         taw. 

5.  Disposition  ;  inclination  ;  desire.  "  What  is 
your  wUl,  sir.**  "  In  this  phrase,  the  word  may  also 
signify  determination,  especially  when  addressed  to 
a  superior. 

6.  Power  ;  arbitrary  disposal. 

Deliver  me  not  over  to  the  ^ciXl  of  my  enemies.  —  Pa.  xxvii. 

7.  Divine  determination ;  moral  purpose  or  coun- 
sel. 

Toy  leiU.  tc  dooe.  Lord's  Prayer. 

8.  TcsUiment ;  the  disposition  of  a  man's  estate, 
to  take  effect  after  his  death.  Wills  are  icriUcn  or 
nancupatire,  that  is,  verbal.  BlacksUme. 

Qoodwdl;  favor;  kindness.  Sliak. 

2.  Right  intention.    Phil.  i. 

Ill  will ;  enmity ;  unfriendliness.  It  expresses  less 
than  malice. 

To  have  one^s  will ;  to  obtain  what  is  desired. 

Jit  will.  To  hold  an  estate  at  the  will  of  anollitr, 
is  to  enjoy  the  possession  at  his  pleasure,  and  be 
liable  to  be  ousted  at  any  time  by  the  lessor  or  pro- 
prietor. 

W7U-wtzA-a-wwj> ;  Jack-with-a-Iantem  ;  ignis  fatti- 
U9 ;  a  luminoti5i  appearance  sometimes  seen  in  the 
air  over  moist  gnrrid,  fcuimosed  to  j)roceed  from  hy- 
drogen g.ifl. 


WIL 


WIN 


WI LL,  V.  t.  [Sax.  willan  ;  Goth,  wilyan  i  D.  wUUn ;  G. 
wollen  ;  Sw.  vdja  ;  Dan.  ville;  L.  volo,  telle;  Gr.  Gov 
\onai ;  Fr.  voidoir :  It.  volere.  The  sense  is,  to  set, 
or  to  set  forward,  to  stretch  forward.  The  sense  is 
well  expre-^sed  by  thi:  L.  propono.] 

1.  To  determine  ;  to  decide  in  Iho  mind  that  mmc- 
thing  shall  bo  done  or  forborne,  ijriplying  power  to 
carry  the  purpose  into  effect.  In  this  manner, God 
wills  whatever  comes  to  pass.  So  in  the  style  of 
princes  :  '*  we  will  that  execution  be  done." 

A  mnn  Ih.it  siu  still  is  said  to  be  al  liberty,  Ucausc  he  can  walk 
if  he  mlU  it.  Locke. 

2.  To  command  ;  to  direct. 

'Tis  your*,  0  queen  1   to  ieili 
The  work  which  duly  HAb  me  to  fulfill.  DrycUn. 

3.  To  be  inclined  or  resolved  to  have. 

Thon',  tlr-re,  Hori^iisio,  will  you  any  wifif  ?  Shak. 

4.  To  wish  ;  to  desire,     Wiiat  will  you  ? 

5.  To  dispose  of  estate  and  etlects  hy  testament. 
C.  It  is  sometimes  equivalent  to  may  be.    Let  the 

circumstances  be  what  they  wiH;  that  is,  any  cir- 
cumstances, of  whatever  nature. 

7.  Wilt  is  used  as  an  auxiliary  verb,  and  a  sign  of 
the  future  tense.  When  an  auxiliary  verb,  the  past 
tense  is  would.  It  has  different  significatjuiis  in  dif- 
ferent persons. 

L  /  itdl  go,  is  a  present  promise  to  go  ;  and  with 
an  emphasis  on  will,  it  expresses  determination. 

2.  Than  wilt  go,  you  will  go,  express  foretelling; 
simply  slating  an  event  that  is  to  come- 

3.  He  will  go,  is  rdso  a  foretelling.  The  use  of  will 
in  the  plural  is  the  same.  fVe  will,  promises ;  ye  will, 
they  will,  foretell. 

WILL'SD,  ;>/).    Determined;  resolved;  desired. 

2.  Disposi'd  of  by  will  or  testament. 
WIL'LE.M-iTl2,  H.    A  mineral  of  resinous  luster  and 

}'ellowish  color.     It  is  a  silicate  of  zinc. 
WILL'ER,  n.     One  who  wills. 

WILL'FiJL,  a.      [icill  and  full.]     Governed  by  the 
will  without   yielding  to  reason;   obstinate;   stub- 
born; ])erverse ;  inflexible;  as,  a  willful  man. 
2.  Stubborn;  lefractorj' ;  as,  a  u;(7//h/  horse. 
WILL'FJJL-LY,  adv.    Obstinalely  ;  stubbornly. 
2.  By  design ;  with  set  pur[K)se. 

If  we  sin  wi'l/ally  afti.T  th:il  we  have  reaived  the  knowledge  of 
the  truth,  there  rt-majiicth  no  inoie  sacrifice  for  aim. — 
Heb.  X. 


Obstinacy  ;    stubbornness  ; 


WILL'FIJL-NESS, 
perverseness. 

Sins  of  prcsumpticn  are  sunh  as  pnwrcJ  from  pride,  arTO|ance, 
iciU/ulness,  and  haughiiuess  ot  men's  hearts.       Perkins. 

WILL'ING,  ppr.    Determining  ;  resolving  ;  desiring. 

2.  Disposing  of  by  will. 
WILL'ING,  a.     [Sw.  and  Dan.  vUlig.] 

1.  Free  to  do  or  grant ;  having  the  mijid  inclined  ; 
disposed  ;  not  averse.  Let  everj-  man  give,  who  is 
able  and  wiUiug;. 

2.  Pleased  ;  desirous. 

iVlix,  willins  to  show  the  Jews  a  plc:tsure.  —  .icts  iiiv. 

3.  Ready ;  promj>t- 

Ile  slooped  with  weary  wings  and  wilting  feet.  Milton, 

4.  Chosen ;  received  of  choice  or  with'jut  reluc- 
tance ;  as,  to  be  held  in  willing  chains. 

5.  Spontaneous. 

No  spouts  of  liluud  run  icilling  from  a  tree.  Dryden, 

6.  Consenting.  Milton. 
WILL'ING-IIEXRT-ED,  a.     Well-disposed;  having 

a  free  heart.     Exod.  \\\v. 
WILL'L\G-LY,  adv.    With  free  will ;  wiihout  relue- 
tance ;  cheeifully. 
2.  By  one's  own  clioice. 

The  condition  of  that  people  is  not  so  mui'h  to  be  envii-d  as  some 
would  willingly  represent  it.  Addison. 

WILL'ING-NESS,  ri.  Free  choice  or  consent  of  the 
will  ;  freedom  from  reluctance  ;  readiness  of  the 
mind  to  do  or  forbear, 

Siveet  is  the  lovc  that  comes  with  wiiijng-ncss.  Dryden. 

WIL'LOW,  71.  [Sax.  weli^;  D.  jcilgc;  W.  gwial, 
twigs  ;  also,  helig,  L.  sa/tr.] 

A  tree  of  the  genus  Salix.  There  are  many  spe- 
cies of  willow,  the  while,  the  black,  the  purple  or 
red,  the  sallow,  the  broad-leaved  willow,  &.c.  A 
species  called  the  irrrpiu'T  willow,  has  h.ng  and  slen- 
der branches  which  droop  and  bang  downward,  the 
Salyx  Babvlonica. 

WIL'LOW-J^D,  a.     Abounding  with  willows.  Collins. 

\VIL'L5W-GALL,  n.  A  prolubei-ance  on  the  leaves 
of  willows.  "  Cyc. 

WIL'LoW-HERB,  ji.  The  purple  loosestrife,  a  plant 
of  the  genus  Lythrum  ;  also,  the  yellow  loosestrife, 
of  the  genus  Lysimachia ;  also,  the  French  willuw,  of 
the  genus  Epil'obium.  I-cc     Cyc. 

WIL'LoW-ISH,  a.    Like  the  color  of  the  willow. 

ffaltoiu 

WIL'LOW-TUFT-ED,  a.    Tufted  with  willows. 

Golds7iiitJu 

WIL'LOW-\VEED,  n.  A  weed  growing  on  wet, 
light  landy,  with  a  seed  like  buckwheat;  the  Polyg- 
onum lapailiifolium.  ^J'** 

WIL'L5W-W0RT,  (■-    A  plant.  MUler. 


WIL'LfiW-Y,  a.    Abounding  with  willowt.    Om*. 
WIL'SOME,  a.    Obstinate;  rtubborn. 
WILT,  t».  i.    |G.  and  D.  leeLtm,  to  fade,  that  ii,  to 
shrink  or  withdraw.] 

To  begin  to  wither  ;  to  Imc  frenhncca  and  become 
flaccid,  as  a  plant  when  ex[x.s*:d  hi  |r<-at  brat  tu  a 
dry  day,  or  %vhen  first  «.pantt«;d  from  m  r'x.^. 

Thin  iri  a  legitimate  word,  for  wb,'.'.      - 
substitute  in  tho  language.     It  im  u-  : 
with  WiTHfcn,  an  it  cxpresM-n  only  tl.. 
withering.    A  wUud  plant  often  reviv.  -  -^h.j  •  ■ 
fresh;  not  so  a  iriM^£^  planU     It  is  ofttn    -  •  :      , 
Uie  United  StaU-s,  and  in  varioos  part*  of  En;. .. 

litAitnray, 
WILT,  V.  L    To  cau.te  to  begin  to  wiUicr ;  to  uuJte  , 
Uaccid  ;  aj  a  green  plant. 

2.  To  cause  to  langui-f:    ..».--'    .... 
vigor  and  energj-  of. 

Uejpou  lave  vilUd  UiC  bu;   . 

WILT'ED,  pp.  or  a.    Having  become  OaccU  and  kwt 

its  freshness,  as  a  plant. 
WILTJING,  vpr.     Beginning  to  fade  or  wither 
WI'LY,  a.     [trom  wile.]     Cunning;  oly  ;   uiting  craft 

or  stratagem  to  accomplish  a  imrpoeie  ;  mixchu-voukJy 

r.rtful ;  »;ublle  ;  as,  a  wdy  adversary. 
WI.M'BLE,    (wim'bl,)  n.     [W.    guimbiU^    a    gimlet; 

^wiminw,  to  move  round  briskly.     Sec  Whim.) 
An  instrument  for  boring  bute?(,  turned  by  a  I.  -. 

die. 
WIM'BLE,  a.    Active;  nimble.    [Ohs.]        S^,(^■^" 
WIM'BKEL,  71.    A  bird  of  the  curiew  kind.         -■ 

WHIMIIlttL.]  C    -. 

WIM'PLE,  (wim'pl,)  «•    [G.irimpe/,  a  pcndan*    I  .: 

vimpcl:  W.  irwempyl,  a  vail,  a  wimple  ;  Fr.    't 

a  neck  handkerchief.l 

A  hood  or  vail.     [Obs.]     Is.WL 
W'IM'PLE,  V.  U    To  draw  down,  as  a  vail,    f  0A#.         1 1 
WIN,  V.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.   \\'*>:i.      [Sax,  wi»na»',  to 

labor,  to  toil,  to  gain  by  labor,  to  win. ;  D.  wiHum  ;  G. 

gewinncn;  Sw.xinna.] 

1.  To  gain  by  success  in  competition  or  contest; 
OS,  to  win  the  prize  in  a  game ;  to  via  mon«>y  ;  to 
win  a  battle,  or  to  win  a  country.  Battles  are  t-  i  t;. 
superior  strength  or  i^kill. 

Who  tlioi  %ta.W  Cukaau  \zin.  .'r.'.   .  -. 

2.  To  gain  by  solicitation  or  courtship. 

3.  To  obtain  ;  to  allure  to  kindness  or  compliance. 
Thy  virluu  icon  me.     Win  your  enemy  by  kindneK«. 

4.  To  gain  by  persuasion  or  influence  ;  as,  an  ora- 
tor wins  his  audience  by  argument.  The  advix-ate 
has  won  the  jury. 

And  Mammoa  win*  his  a-ay,  wl»ere  Krmphi  mi^  dtf^    • 

WIN,  r.  i.    To  gain  the  victory. 

Nor  is  it  auehl  txit  Just 
That  l»e,  who  hi  delate  of  U-^ih  h»ih  con, 
SnoiiKI  win  in  aitnt.  _  ^.',■.  -. 

To  win  upon;  to  gain  favor  or  influtnc*- .    .-.  r 
icin  upon  the  heart  or  alleciiuns.  Dr 

2,  'I'o  gain  ground. 

Tde  rabble  will  in  liuie  vin  upon  power. 

To  win  of;  to  be  contpieror.  .'•     .. 

W'lXCE,  V.  I.  [Fr. guincArr,  to  twist;  guingoL*,  n  -  k 
edness  ;  W.  gwin>r ;  gwingaw^  to  wrigple,  Io  wince.j 

1.  To  shrink,  as  from  a  blow  or  from  pain;  to 

start  back. 

I  » ill  Dc^t  HJr  nor  vince.  SXit. 

2.  To  kick  or  flounce  when  uneasy,  or  impatient 
of  a  rider  ;  as,  a  horse  wi^tccj.  JTudtbras. 

WlN'CER,  It.    One  that  winces,  shrinks,  or  kick.^ 

WtNCII,  71.     [Sax.  wince  ;  Fr.  guincAer,  to  twist.] 

The  crank  or  handle  by  which  the  axis  of  ma- 
chines is  turned,  as  in  the  grindstone,  &c.  .\t>o,  an 
instrument  with  which  to  turn  it  strain  somctliins 
forcibly.  This  term  has  al.-o  been  popularly  applied 
to  Hie  windlass. 

W'NCU,  V.  1.  To  wince;  to  shrink;  to  kick  with 
impatience  or  uneasiness,  [This  is  a  more  correct 
prthogmphv  than  Wixce.J 

WIN'CHES-TER-Bl.SirEL,  ».  The  origin,il  Eng- 
lish standard  measure  of  cajvicity,  esLibii&hed  by 
Henr>'  VII.,  and  ordered  to  be  kept  in  the  lown-b-ill 
of  Winchester.  It  contains  01 50  cubic  inchc:*,  and 
is  the  o:i^^  generally  used  in  the  United  States. 

WINCH  IXG,(  ppr.      Flinching;  shrinking;  kick- 

\Vi.\  iMNC,     \      ing, 

WIN'CO  l'ii*E,  H-  The  vulgar  name  of  a  little  flower. 
thit,  when  it  ojiens  in  tJie  morning,  bt^cs  a  fair  day. 

Tl'is  is  probably  Uie  Anngallis  ar\-en';Js,  often 
called  the  Poor  Man's  B.\boui:tkr,  one  of  the  tV^nr 
horologica-,  opening  its  flowers  rvgiiLirly  in  the 
mornuis.  and  closing  them  toward  nifbt.  escci»t 
wlun  there  i.*  much  moisture  in  the  nimosphcre, 
v,  hen  it  remains  shut.  T'"^*-    ^'"'">- 

W  IXD,  H.  [Sax.  wind;  D.  and  0.  wtKd ;  frw.  and  Dan. 
rind;  W.  irtrunt:  L.  rentus:  It-  rmtii;  Sp.  vtnS/i . 
Fr.  venL  This  word  acconls  with  L.  ri-si.',  mfifw, 
and  the  Teutonic  wendam,  Eng,  trcnf.  The  nrioiary 
scn^c  is,  to  move,  flow,  nisb,  or  drive  hIouc] 

I.  Air  in  motion  wiili  anv  d<>rroe  of  v.  I^<ilr,  in- 
definitely; a  current  of  air.     W!;- n  th-  nir  nt->v^ 


TONE,  BULL,  ILVITE,  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  na  K  ;  6  as  J ;  »  as  Z ;  CH  as  SII ;  Til  as  in  THIS. 


159 


l'i65 


WIN 


moderivtely,  we  call  it  a  light  wind,  or  a  breeze; 
when  with  more  velocity,  we  call  it  a  fresh  breeze  ; 
and  when  with  violence,  wc  call  it  a  gale,  storm,  or 
tenipesl.  Tlie  word  Gale  is  used  by  the  poets  for  a 
moderate  breeze,  but  seamen  use  it  as  equivalent  to 
Storm.  , 

muds  are  denominated  from  the  point  of  compasa 
from  which  they  blow  j-as,  a  north  wind  ;  an  e<Lst 
wind  ;  a  soidh  wind  ;  a  west  wind  ;  a  south-west 
wind,  &.C. 

2.  The  four  winds;  the  cardinal  points  of  the  heav- 
ens. 

Coine  from  the  /our  ainds,  0  breath,  and  Ireallie  upon  these 
bIiuii. — Ezek.  xixvii. 

This  sense  of  the  word  seems  to  have  had  its  ori- 
gin with  the  Orientals,  as  it  was  the  practice  of  the 
Hebrews  to  give  to  each  of  the  four  cardinal  points 
the  name  of  iDind. 

3.  Direction  of  the  wind  from  other  points  of  the 
compass  tiian  the  cardinal,  or  any  point  of  compass  ; 
as,  a  compass  of  eight  winds.     [Obs.]  Hnjlin. 

4.  Breath ;  power  of  respiration. 

if  my  tci'id  were  but  long  enough  to  say  my  prayers,  I  would 


repcut. 


Shak. 


5.  Air  in  motion  from  any  force  or  action  ;  as,  the 
wind  of  a  cannon-ball ;  the  wind  of  a  bellows. 

6.  Breath  modulated  by  the  organs  or  by  an  instru- 
ment. 

Their  instruments  were  various  in  their  kind, 

Some  for  tlie  bow,  and  some  for  breathing  -.mrui.  Drykn. 

7.  Air  impregnated  with  scent. 

A  pack  of  dog-fiah  had  Uim  in  tlie  wiTtd.  Sliak. 

8.  Any  thing  insignificant  or  light  as  wind, 
Tliiuk  uot  with  wind  or  airy  threats  to  awe.  RTdton. 

9.  Flatulence  ;  air  generated  in  the  stomach  and 
bowels ;  as,  to  be  troubled  with  wind. 

10.  The  name  given  to  a  disease  of  sheep,  in  wliich 
the  intestines  are  distended  with  air,  or  rather  afiect- 
ed  with  a  violent  intlammalion.  It  occurs  imme- 
diately after  shearing.  Cyc. 

Down  Vic  wind  i  decaying  ;  declining ;  in  a  state  of 
decay  j  as,  he  went  down  the  icind.     [JVot  tu>ed.] 

V  Estrange. 

To  take  or  have  the  wind ;  to  gain  or  have  the  ad- 
vantage. Bacott. 

To  take  wind,  or  to  get  wind ;  to  be  divulged  ;  to  be- 
come public.    Tlie  story  got  wind,  or  took  wind. 

In  the  wind^s  eye  ;  in  senmcn^s  language,  toward  the 
direct  point  from  which  the  wind  blows. 

Between  wind  and  water;  denoting  that  part  of  a 
ship's  side  or  bottom  which  is  frequently  brought 
above  water  by  the  rolling  of  the  ship,  or  Hiictuation 
of  the  water's  surface. 

To  carry  the  wind,  in  the  vianege,  is  when  a  horse 
tosses  his  nose  as  high  as  his  cars. 

Constant  or  perennial  wind  ;  a  wind  that  blows  con- 
stantly from  one  point  of  the  compass,  as  the  trade- 
wind  of  the  tropica. 

Shifting.,  variable,  or  erratic  winds,  are  such  as  are 
changeable,  now  blowing  from  one  point,  and  now 
from  another,  and  then  ceasing  altogether. 

Stated,  or  jn-rimUcal  wind;  a  wind  that  constantly 
returns  at  a  certain  time,  and  blows  steadily  from 
one  point  for  a  certain  time.  Such  are  the  monsoons 
in  India,  and  land  and  sea  breezes. 

Trade  wind.    See  in  its  place. 

[In  poetry,  wind  often  rhymes  with /n*/;  Imt  the 
common  pronunciation  is  with  i  short,  and  so  let  it 
continue.] 
WIND.  V.  t. ;  pret  and  pp.  Wound.     [Sa.t.  windan;  G. 
and  D.  windcn ;  from  teind,  or  the  same  root.] 

1.  To  blow  ;  to  sound  by  blowing. 

Wind  the  shrill  horn.  Pope. 

[The  present  notion  of  winding  a  horn  is  not  so 
much  that  of  filling  it  with  wind  as  of  giving  a  pro- 
longed and  varied  sound,  like  that  described  by  Mil- 
ton when  speaking  of  "a  winding  bout  of  linked 
sweetness."  Smart.] 

2.  To  turn  ;  to  move,  or  cause  to  turn. 

To  turn  ami  wUvl  a  fiory  Peg^isna.  Skak. 

3.  To  turn  round  some  fixed  object;  to  bind,  or  to 
form  into  a  ball  or  coil  by  turning  ;  as,  to  wind  thread 
on  a  spool  ;  to  wind  thread  into  a  ball ;  to  wind  a  ro])e 
into  a  coil. 

4.  To  introduce  by  insinuation  The  child  windu 
himself  into  my  affections. 

They  have  little  aria  and  dexterities  to  wind  in  such  things  into 
discourse.  Oov.  o/ the  Tongue. 

5.  To  change ;  to  vary. 

Were  our  legislature  vested  in  the  prince,  he  might  mnd  and 

turn  our  consiiiution  at  his  pleasure.  Addison. 

6.  To  enlwist  ;  to  infold  ;  to  encircle.  Shak. 
To  wind  off;    to  unwind. 

To  wind  Old  ;  to  extricate.  Clarendon. 

To  wind  up;  to  bring  to  a  small  compass,  as  a  ball 
of  thread.  Loeke. 

2.  To  bring  to  a  conclusion  or  settlement;  as,  to 
wind  lip  one's  affairs. 

3.  To  put  in  a  state  of  renovated  or  continued  mo- 
tion. 

Pate  fleemed  to  wind  him  up  for  fourscore  years.         Drydcn. 


WIN 

To  wind  up  a  cluck,  is  to  wind  the  cord  by  which 
the  weights  nre  suspended  round  an  axis  or  pin. 

To  wind  up  a  watch,  ia  to  wind  the  spring  round  its 
axis  or  pin. 

4.  To  raise  by  degrees. 

Thus  they  wound  up  his  temper  to  a  pitch,  AUerhury. 

5.  To  straiten,  as  a  string  ;  to  put  in  tune. 

IfiTui  up  the  slackened  strings  of  thy  lute.  Waller. 

6.  To  put  in  order  for  regular  action.  Shalt. 
WIND,  V.  L    To  nose;  to  perceive  or  follow  by  the 

scent ;  as,  hounds  wind  an  animal 

2.  To  ventilate;  to  expose  to  the  wind;  to  win- 
now. 

3.  To  drive  [a  horse]  hard,  so  as  to  render  scant 
of  wind  ;  also,  to  rest  [a  horse,]  in  order  to  recover 
wind.  Smart. 

To  wind  a  ship,  &.C.,  is  to  turn  it  end  for  end,  so 
tliat  the  wind  strikes  it  on  the  opposite  side. 
WIND,  V.  i.    To  turn;  to  change. 

So  swifE  your  judgnienls  turn  and  wind.  Dryden, 

9.  To  turn  around  something  ;  as,  vines  wind 
around  a  pole. 

3.  To  have  a  circular  direction  ;  as,  winding  stairs. 

4.  To  crook ;  to  bend.  The  road  winds  in  various 
l)Iaccs. 

5.  To  move  round  ;  as,  a  hare  pursued  turns  and 
loinds. 

To  wind  out ;  to  be  extricated  ;  to  escape. 

Long  laboring  undenieath,  ere  they  could  iffijid 

Oul  of  such  prison.  Milton. 

WIND'A6E,  n.     [Sp.  viento,  wind,  windage.] 

Tiie  difference  between  the  diameter  of  the  bore 
of  a  gun  or  otiier  piece  and  that  of  a  ball  or  shell. 

Cijc. 

WIND'BOUND,  a.  [wind  and  boitnd.]  Prevented 
from  sailing  by  a  contrary  wind.  Mar.  Diet. 

WIND'-DRl-ED,  (-dride,)  a.    Dried  in  the  wind. 

WIND'-DROP-SY,  f(.  [wind  and  drops^i.]  A  swell- 
ing of  the  belly  from  wind  in  the  intestines;  tympa- 
nites. Coze. 

WIND'-EGG,  It.     [wind  and  egg.]    An  addle  egg. 

WIND'ER,  n.     One  who  winds. 

WIND'ER,  V.  t.  To  fan;  to  clean  grain  with  a  fan. 
[Local.] 

WIND'ER-1\IEB,  71.  A  bird  of  the  genus  Larus,  or 
gull  kind.  Cyc. 

WIND'FALL,  n.     [leind  and  fall.]     Fruit  blown  off 
the  tree  by  wind. 
9.  An  unexpected  legacy,  or  other  gain. 

WIND'FALL-i:N,  (-fawln,)  a.  Blown  down  by  the 
wind.  Drayton. 

WIND'-FLOW-ER,  n.  [wind  3.nd  fiower.]  A  plant, 
the  anemone. 

WIND'-FUR-NACE,  v,  [teind  and  furnace.]  A  fur- 
nace in  which  the  air  is  sui>plicd  by  an  artihcial  cur- 
rent, as  from  a  bellows. 

WJND'-GaGE,  71.  [iDind  and  gage.]  An  instrument 
for  ascertaining  the  velocity  and  force  of  wind. 

WIND'-GALL,  n.  [wind  and  gall.]  A  soft  tumor 
on  the  fetlock  joints  of  a  horse. 

WIND'-GUN,  n.  An  air-gun  ;  a  gun  discharged  by 
the  force  of  compressed  air. 

WIND'-HATCII,  n.  [wind  and  hatch.]  In  mining, 
the  opening  or  place  where  the  ore  is  taken  out  of 
the  earth.  Cue. 

WIND'-nOV-ER,  (-huv-er,)  n.  [wind  and  haver.]  A 
species  of  hawk  ;  called  also  the  Stannel,  but  more 
usually  the  Kestrel.  Cyc.    Jardine. 

WIND'I-NESS,  71.     [from  windy.]     The  .state  of  be- 
ing windy  or  tempestuous  ;  as,  the  windlness  of  the 
weather  or  season. 
9.  Fullness  of  wind  ;  flatulence.  Harvey. 

3.  Tendency  to  generate  wind  ;  as,  the  windiness 
of  vegetables. 

4.  Tumor;  puffiness. 

WTND'ING,  p;)r.    Turning;  binding  about ;  bending. 
9.  a.  Bending;  twisting  from  a  direct  line  or  an 
even  surface. 

WlND'lNG,  7i.    A  turn  or  turning  ;  a  bend;  flexure; 
meander  ;  as,  the  windings  of  a  road  or  stream. 
9.  A  call  by  the  boatswain's  whistle. 

WIND'ING-EN-GINE,  n.  An  engine  employed  in 
mining,  to  draw  up  buckets  from  a  deep  pit.     Cyc. 

WIND'ING-LY,  ado.  In  a  winding  or  circuitous 
form. 

WIND'ING-SHEET,  n.  [windings  and  sheet]  A 
sheet  in  which  a  corpse  is  wrapped.  Bacon. 

WIND'ING-TACK'LE,  (-tak'l,)  t^  [winding  and 
tuckU.]  A  tackle  consisting  of  one  fixed  triple  block, 
and  one  double  or  triple  movable  block.  Diet. 

WIND'-IN'STRU-MENT,  n.  An  instrument  of  mu- 
sic played  by  wind,  chiefly  by  the  breath,  as  a  flute, 
a  clarionet,  &.c.  Cyc. 

WIND'LACE,  )  V.  i.    To  go  warily  to  work  ;  to  act 

WIND'LASS,  \      indirectly.  Hammond 

WIND'LASS,  71.  [wind  vind  lace.  Q.U.]  A  machine 
for  raising  weights,  consisting  of  a  cyhnder  or  roller 
of  timber,  moving  on  its  axis,  and  turnetl  by  a  crank, 
lever,  or  similar  means,  with  a  rope  or  chain  attached 
to  the  weight. 

2.  A  handle  by  which  any  thing  is  turned.  [JVot 
in  use.]  Skak. 


WIN 

WIN'DLE,  7(.    A  spindle ;  a  kind  of  reel. 

WIN'DLE-STRAW,  7(.  A  reed  ;  a  stalk  of  grass. 
[J^urtk  of  England.] 

WlND'LESS,'a.  Having  no  wind;  wanting  wind; 
out  of  breath.     [JVot  in  use.]  Fairfax. 

WIND'-MILL,  71.  [wind  and  mill]  A  mill  turned 
by  lhe_wind.  Mortimer. 

WIN'DoVV,  71.  [Dan.  vindae;  Sp.  i3cn(a;ia,  from  the 
same  root  as  venta,  sale,  vent  of  goods.  The  word 
in  Spanish  signifies  also  a  nostril,  that  is,  a  passage. 
Ventaja  is  advantage  ;  ventalla,  a  valve,  and  ventalle, 
a  fan;  vcntcar,  to  blow.  Hence  we  see  that  vent,  h. 
veitdo,  wind,  fan,  and  van,  Fr.  avant,  are  all  of  one  fam- 
ily. So  is  also  tlie  h.  fenestra.  Ft.  fcnHre,  D.  venster, 
G.  fcnstcr,  Ir.  fneog.  The  vulgar  pronunciation  is 
windor,  as  if  from  the  Welsh  gwyntdor,  wind-door.l 

1.  An  opening  in  the  wall  of  a  building  for  the  ad- 
mission of  light,  and  of  air  when  necessary.  This 
opening  has  a  frame  on  the  sides,  in  which  aie  set 
movable  sashes,  containing  panes  of  glass.  In  the 
United  States,  the  sashes  are  made  to  rise  and  fall, 
for  the  admission  or  exclusion  of  air.  In  France, 
7mndows  are  shut  with  frames  or  sashes  that  open 
and  shut  vertically,  like  the  leaves  of  a  folding  door. 

2.  An  aperture  or  opening. 

A  windoi^  sliall  thou  make  to  tLe  ark.  —  Gen.  vi, 

3.  The  frame  or  other  thing  that  covers  the  aper- 
ture. 

4.  An  aperture ;  or  rather  the  clouds  or  water- 
spouts. 

The  windows  of  heaven  were  opened.  — Geu.  vii. 

5.  Lattice  or  casement ;  or  the  net-work  of  wire 
used  before  the  invention  of  glass.    Judges  v. 

G.  Lines  crossing  each  other. 

Till  he  has  windotos  on  his  bread  and  butter.  King. 

WIN'DoW,  V.  t.    To  furnish  v/ith  windows. 

fVotton.  Pope. 

2.  To  place  at  a  window.     [Unusual.]  Shak. 

3.  To  break  into  openings.     [Unnsuat.]  Shak. 
WIN'DoW-BLlND,  7t.     [windoio  and  blind.]  A  blind 

to  intercept  the  light  of  a  window.     Venetian  ivin- 

doW'blindi  are  now  much  used  in  the  United  States. 
WIN'DoW-£D,  /'/».     Furnished  with  windows. 
WlN'DoW-FRAiME,  n.     [wiad>jw  and  frame.]     The 

frame  of  a  window  which  receives  and  holds  the 

sashes. 
WIN'DoW-GLASS,  n.     [jDindow  and  glass.]     Panes 

of  glass  for  windows. 
WIN'DoW-SASH,  7i.     [window  xit\d  sash.]    The  sash 

or  light  frame  in  which  panes  of  glass  arc  set  fur 

windows. 
WIN'DoW-Y,  a.      Having  little  crossings  like  the 

sashes  of  a  window.  Donne. 

WIND'PiPE,  n.     [wind  and  pipe.]      The  passage  fcr 

the  breath  to  and  from  the  lungs  ;  the  trachea. 
WIND'-PUMP.  n.    {icind  and  pump.]    A  pump  moved 

by  wind,  usetul  in  draining  lands.  Cyc. 

WIND'-RoDE,  n.    A  term  used  by  seamen  to  signify 

a  ship  when  riding  with  wind  and  tide  opposed  to 

each  other,  driven  to  the  leeward  of  her  anchor. 
WlND'RoW,  (win'ro,)  7i.    [^cind  and  row.]     A  row 

or  line  of  hay  raked  together  for  the  purpose  of  being 

rolled  into  cocks  or  heaps. 

[This  is  the  onhj  use  of  the  loord  in  .N'eio  England.] 

2.  The  green  border  of  a  field,  dug  up  in  order  to 
carry  the  earth  on  other  land  to  mentl  it.  [Eng.]Cyc. 

3.  A  row  of  peats  set  up  for  drying  ;  or  a  r{>w  of 
pieces  of  turf,  sod,  or  award,  cut  in  paring  and  burn- 
ing.    [Eng.]  Cyc. 

WIND'-SaIL,  7i.  [wind  and  sail.]  A  wide  tube  or 
funnel  of  canvas,  used  to  convey  a  stream  of  air  into 
the  lower  apartments  of  a  ship.  Mar.  Diet.    ' 

WIND'SEED,  n.    A  plant  of  the  genus  Arctotis.    Lcc. 

WIND'SHOCK,  n.  [wind  and  shock.]  A  sort  of  bruise 
or  shiver  in  a  tree.  Cyc. 

WIND'-TTGHT,  (-lite,)  a.  [icind  and  tight.]  So 
tight  as  to  prevent  tlie  passing  of  wind.  JIall. 

WIND'WARD,  n.  [wind  and  ward.]  The  point  from 
which  the  wind  blows ;  as,  to  ply  to  the  windward. 

WIND'WARD,  a.  [7cind  and  ward.]  Being  on  the 
side  toward  tiie  point  from  which  the  wind  blows ; 
as,  the  icindward  shrouds. 

WIND'WARD,  adv.    Toward  the  wind. 

To  lay  an  anchor  at  the  windward;  to  adopt  previous 
measures  for  success  or  security. 

WIND'Y,  a.     Consisting  of  wind  ;   as,  a  windy  tem- 
pest. Shak. 
9.  Next  the  wind  ;  as,  the  windy  side.  ShaJc. 

3.  Tempestuous;  boisterous;  as,  jrmrfy  weather. 

4.  Puffy;  flatulent;  abounding  with  wind. 

^rbuthnot. 

5.  Empty  ;  airy  ;  as,  windy  joy.  MUton 
WINE,  n.     [Sax.  win;  G.  wein;   D.  wyn ;   Sw.   and 

Dan.  via  ;  W.  gwin ;  Rusg.  vino ;  L.  vinam  ;  It.  and 
Sp.  vino;  Fr.  vin;  Ir.fioji;  Gr.  oifo^ ;  Eolic,  Fotrosi 

Eth.  0)^7  wine;  Heb.  PV  This  Oriental  word 
seems  to  be  connected  with  \>y,  a  fountain,  and  n;j?, 
anah,  to  thrust,  to  press,  or  press  out.] 

1.  The  fermented  juice  of  grapea ;  as,  the  wine  of 
the  Madeira  grape  ;  the  wine  of  Burguudy  or  Oporto 

2.  The  juice  of  certain  fruits,  prepared  with  sugar, 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MkTE,  PREY PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD N6TE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.- 


WIN 

sometimes  with   spirits,    &c.  j    as,  currant   wine; 
gooseberry  wine. 

3.  latoxication. 

Noah  awwke  from  his  irifie.  —  Geu.  is. 

4.  Drinking. 

They  th.it  Lirry  loug  al  the  win*.  —  Prov.  xxiii. 
Corn  and  tcine^  in  Scripture^  are  put  for  all  kinds  of 

necessaries  for  subsistence.     Ps. 
Bread  and  icine,  in  the  Lord's  supper^  are  symbols 

of  the  body  and  blood  of  Christ. 
WTXE'-BIB-BER,  n.    One  who  drinks  much  wine ; 

a  irreat  drinker.    Prof,  xxiii. 
\VI\E'-CaSK,  71.     [wine  and  cask.]    A  cask  in  which 

wine  is  or  has  been  kept. 
^\^^'E'-GLASS,  n.     [wine  and  glass.]     A  small  glass 

in  which  wine  is  drank. 
WTXE'LESS,  a.    Destitute  of  wine  j  as,  wineless  Hfe. 

Swift. 
^n>rE'-MEAS-lTlE,  (-mezh'ur,)  n.     [See  Measure.] 

The  measure  by  which  wines  and  other  spirits  are 

sold,  smaller  than  beer  measure. 
WrXE'-MER-CHANT,  n.    A  merchant  who  deals  in 

wines. 
WINE'-PRESS,  n.     [wine  and  press.]    A  place  wliere 

erapes  are  pressed. 
Wl.XE'-SToNE,  n.    The  deposit  of  crude  tartar,  or 

argal,  on  the  interior  of  wine-casks.  Ure. 

WING,  n.     [Sax.  gehwing:  Sw.  and  Dan.  vinge.    The 

word  signifies  the  side,  tnd,  or  e.xlreinity.J 
J.  The  limb  of  a  fowl  by  which  it  flies,  and  under 

which  it  protects  its  young.     In  a  few  species  of 

fowls,  the  wings  do  not  enable  them  to  fly  ;  as  is  the 

case  with  the  dodo,  ostrich,  great  auk,  and   pen- 
guin ;  but  in  the  two  former,  the  wings  assist  the 

fowls  in  running. 

2.  Figuratively^  care  or  protection. 

3.  The  limb  of  an  insect  by  which  it  flies. 

4.  In  botaivjj  [L.  ala,]  a  leaf-like  appendage. 
Wings,  pi.,  [L.  alz,]  the  two  lateral  petals  of  a 
papilionaceous  flower,  which  stand  opposite  to  each 
other,  and  immediately  before  tlie  vexiUura,  and 
which  usually  have  the  carina  between  them. 

Tally. 

5.  Flight;  passage  by  the  wing;  as,  to  be  on  the 
wing  :  to  take  wing. 

6.  Means  of  flying ;  acceleratiun.  Fear  adds 
■wings  to  flight. 

7.  Motive  or  incitement  of  flight. 

ThcQ  fiery  exp^^li'.bn  be  my  wiug.  Skck. 

8.  The  flank  or  extreme  body  or  part  of  an  nrtny. 

Dry  den. 

9.  Any  side  piece.  Jilortimer. 

10.  In  gardenings  a  side-shoot.  Cijc. 

11.  In  architecturCy  a  side  building,  less  than  the 
main  edifice. 

12.  In  forOJicationy  the  longer  sides  of  horn -works, 
crown-worhs,  &.c.  Cyc. 

13.  In  aJUet,  the  ships  on  the  extremities,  when 
ranged  in  a  line,  or  when  forming  the  two  sides  of  a 
triangle. 

14.  In  a  ship,  the  wings  are  those  parts  of  the  huld 
and  orlop  deck  which  are  nearest  the  sides. 

15.  In  Scripture,  protection  ;  generally  in  the  plu- 
ral.   Ps.  Ixiii.    Ex.  xix. 

Oji  the  wings  of  the  wind ;  with  the  utmost  velocity. 
Ps.  xviii. 
WING,  r.  (.    To  furnish  with  wings  j  to  enable  to  fly 
or  to  move  with  celerity. 

Who  heaves  old  ocean,  and  who  wings  the  storms.  Pope. 

2.  To  supply  with  side  bodies;  as,  on  either  side 
well  winged.  Shal:. 

3.  To  transport  hy  flight. 

I,  an  old  turtle, 
Will  in'n*  m*  to  soms  with'-red  boiijrh.  Shak. 

Etls^  the  kt^ii  sword,  and  u:ing  Ui'  uncrriii;  ball.     Trumbull. 

To  wing  a  flight ,"  to  exert  the  power  of  flying. 
WIXG'-CaSE,     j  n.    The  case  or  shell  which  covers 
WING'-SHELL,  (     the  wings  of  coleopterous  insects, 

as  the  beetle,  ice.  Booth. 

WIMG'^D,  pp.    Furnished  with  wings  ;  transported 

by  flyin?. 
WI.\G-eOV'ER-L\G,    C-kuv'er-,)   a.      Covering  the 

wings. 

2.  a.  Having  wings  ;  as,  a  winged  fowl.     Oen.  L 

3.  Swift;  rapid  ;  as,  with  mno-cJ  haste.      Shale. 

4.  Wounded  ;  hurt. 

5.  In  botany^  [Jilatu.;.  Alate  is  the  term  almost 
always  used,]  furnished  with  a  leaf-like  append- 
age. When  stemfi!  are  winged,  the  leaf-like  ap- 
pendage 13  commonly  allarhed  longitudinally  to  two 
opposite  sides.  When  fruits  are  winged,  the  leaf- 
like  appendage  may  be  attached  to  one  side  only,  or 
to  two  sides,  or  it  may  surround  the  fruit.       TuUy. 

6.  In  heraldry,  represented  with  wings,  or  having 
wings  of  a  different  color  from  the  body. 

7.  Fanned  with  wings  j  swarming  with  birds. 

Mdtnn. 
WIXG'ED-PeA,  71.    A  plant.  Mtlter. 

WING'-FOQT-ED,  a.  [wing  and  foot.]  Having 
wings  attached  to  the  feet ;  as,  wing-footed  Mercury  ; 
hence,  swift;  moving  with  rapidity;  fleet. 

Z>raytO}i. 


WIN 


WIR 


WING'LEStj,  a.    Having  no  wings ;  not  able  to  as- 
cend or  fly. 
WING'LEt,  71.    A  little  wing. 
WING'-SHELL.     See  Wing-Cask. 
WING'Y,  a.    Having  wings  j  rapid  ;  as,  wingy  speed. 

117IML'  •         rr,  AddisOU. 

\\l;"Vh.,  11.  I.  [Sax.  wvician;  D.  wcnken;  G.  winken  ; 
Sw.  vitiktii  Dan.  vinkcr;  W.  gwing^  a  wink  ;  gwin- 
gaw,  to  wriggle,  to  wink,  to  wince.  Wink  and 
wince  are  radically  one  word.] 

1.  To  shut  the  eyes  quickly;  to  close  the  eyelids 
with  a  quick  motion. 

They  lire  not  blind,  but  they  iinnk.  TVloUon. 

9.  To  close  and  open  the  eyelids  quickly. 

3.  To  give  a  hint  by  a  motion  of  the  eyelids. 

Wink  at  the  (botiu;io  to  leave  Lira  without  a  plate,  Sioift. 

4.  To  Close  the  eyelids  and  exclude  the  light. 

Or  aittk  as  cowards  and  afraid.  Prior. 

5.  To  be  dim  ;  as^  a  winking  light.  Drydcn. 
To  wink  at ;  to  connive  at ;  to  seem  not  to  see  ;  to 

tolerate;    to  overlook,  as  something  not  perfectly 
agreeable  ;  as,  to  wink  at  faults.  Roscommon. 

W^INK,  71.  The  act  of  closing  the  eyelids  quickly.  I 
lay  awake  and  could  net  sleep  a  wink. 

I  cuaid  eclipse  and  cloud  lliern  with  a  trini.  Donne. 

2.  A  hint  given  by  shutting  the  eye  with  a  signifi- 
cant cast.  Swift. 

WINK'ER,  n.    One  who  winks.  Pope. 

2.  A  horse's  blinder.  Booth. 

"VVINK'ING,  p/)r.  Shutting  the  eyes  quickly ;  shut- 
ting and  opening  the  eyelids  quickly ;  hinting  by 
clustns  the  eye;  conniving  at;  overlooking. 

WINK'ING-LY,  adv.    With  the  eye  almost  closed. 

Peacham. 

WIN'NER,  It.  [from  win.]  One  who  gains  by  suc- 
cess in  competition  or  contest. 

WIN'NING,  ppr.  [from  wm,]  Gaining  by  success  in 
competition  or  contest. 

2.  a.  Attracting;  adapted  to  gain  favor;  charm- 
ing ;  pj>y  a  winning  address, 

WIN'NING,  71.    The  sum  won  or  gained  by  success 

in  competition  or  contest. 
WiN'NING-LY,  adi\    In  a  winning  manner. 
WIN'NoW,  V.  t.     [h.  ccanno,  from  vannus,  a  fan  ;    D. 

and  G.  wannen  ;  from  tlu!  root  u{  fan  and  wind.    The 

Sax.  has  windwian,  to  wind.] 

1.  To  separate  and  drive  oft'  the  chaff"  from  grain 

by  means  of  wind.    Gram  is  winnowed  by  a  fan,  or 

by  a  machine,  or  by  pouring  it  out  of  a  vessel  in  a 

current  of  air. 
9.  To  fan  ;  to  beat  as  with  wings.  Milton. 

3.  To  examine ;  to  sift  for  the  purpose  of  sepa- 
rating falsehood  from  truth. 

Winnow  well  lliis  thougiit.  Dnjden, 

4.  To  separate,  as  the  bad  from  the  good.     Shak. 
WIN'NoW,  V.  j.    To  separate  chalT  from  corn. 

Winnow  not  witii  every  wind.  Ecclus. 

WIN'NoW-iCD,  pp.      Separated  from  the  chaff"  by 

wind  ;  sifted  ;  examined. 
WIN'N6W-ER,  n.    One  who  winnows. 
WIN'N6W-ING,  n.    The  act  of  separating  from  chaff" 

by  wind. 
WIN'NoW-ING,  ppr.    Separating  from  the  chafl*  by 

wind  ;  examining. 
WIN'SOME,  (win'sum,)  a.    Cheerful ;  merry. 
WIN'TER,  H.     [Sax.  G.  D.  Sw.  and  Dan. ;  from  wiiid, 

or  its  root ;  Goth,  wintrus.] 

1.  The  cold  season  of  the  year.  Astronomically 
considered,  winter  commences  in  northern  latitudes 
when  the  sun  enters  Capricorn,  or  at  the  solstice 
about  the  2Ist  of  December,  and  ends  at  the  equinox 
in  March  ;  but  in  ordinary  discourse,  the  th-ee  win- 
ter months  are  December,  January,  and  February. 
Our  Saxon  ancestors  reckoned  the  years  by  winters  ; 
as,  ten  winters;  thirty  zcmtcrs.  In  tropical  climates, 
the  rainy  season  takes  the  place  of  winter.  In  the 
temperate  and  frigid  clijuates,  there  is  one  winter 
only  in  the  year. 

2.  The  part  of  a  printing  press  which  sustains  the 
carriage, 

WIN'TER,  V.  i.  To  pass  the  winter.  He  wintered  in 
Italy.     Cattle  winter  well  on  good  fodder. 

WIN'TER,  V.  t.  To  feed  or  manage  during  the  win- 
ter. To  winter  voung  cattle  on  straw,  is  not  profita- 
ble.    Delicate  plants  must  be  wintered  under  cover. 

WIN'TER-AP'PLE,  (-ap'pl,)  n.  [lointcr  and  apple] 
An  apple  thai  keeps  well  in  winter. 

WIN'TER-HaR'LEV,  71.  [winter  and  barley.]  A 
kind  of  barley  which  is  suweil  in  autumn. 

WlN''rER-BKAT-£N,  ti.  [icintfr  and  beat.]  Har- 
assed by  the  severe  weather  of  winter.       Spenser. 

WIN'TER-BER'RY,  n.  [icintcr  and  berry.]  A  low 
shrub  of  the  genus  Prinos.  Loudon.     Lee. 

WIN'TER-BLOOM,  ti.  [wijiferand  bloom.]  A  plant 
of  the  grnus  Azalea.  Lee. 

WIN'TER-CIIER'RY,  71.  [winter  and  cherry.]  A 
plant  of  the  genu^  Physalis,  and  its  fruit,  which  is  of 
the  size  of  a  cherrv.  Lee.    Miller. 

^■VIN'TER-CIT'RON,  n.  [winter  ^nd  citron.]  A  sort 
of  pear. 


WIN'TER-CRESS,  n.  [winUr  and  cress.]  A  pUU 
of  the  gcnuH  Kryoimum. 

WIN'TER-CROP,  n.  [winlfr  and  crop.]  A  crop 
which  will  bear  the  winter,  or  which  may  be  con- 
verted into  fodder  during  the  winter.  (■ ' 

WIN'TER-FAL'LOW,  v.  fwinu^r  and  fJ.: 
Ground  tJmt  is  fallowed  in  winter. 

WIN'TER  G A  R'DKN,  n.  [w inter  ;uid  gardai.]  An 
ornamental  garden  for  winter. 

WIN'TER-GREEN,  n.     [winter  and  gretm,]     A  plant 
of  the  genus  Pyrola,  uwrful  an  a  vulnorar}-,     A- 
name  of  plants  of  the  genera  Chimaphila  and  '-  . 
theria,     Wmtcr-green  is  uied  an  a  Ujnic  and  a-f  : 
gent.  Cfc 

WIN'TER-KILL.r.  (,  [minUr  znd  kUL]  To  kiU  Ly 
means  of  the  weather  in  winter ;  at,  10  ^mter-kdl 
wheat  or  clover.  Jfmerua. 

WIN'TER-KILL-£D,  pp.  KiUcd  by  the  winter,  u 
grain, 

WIN'TER-KILUNG,  ppr.  Killing  by  Ui«  w*-ii:  r 
in  winter. 

WIN'TER-LODGE,  J  n.      [trinf^r  and    / 

WIN'TER-EODG'MENT,  j  In  botany,  the  i. 
nacle  of  a  plant,  which  prelects  the  ciubrjo  cri- 
slioot  from  injuries  during  the  vviutvr.  It  ij  tit;. 
bud  or  a  bulb.  Ejic 

WIN'TKR-PKaR,  TI,  [winter  and  pear.]  Ari>  , 
that  keeps  well  in  winter, 

WIN'TER-UUAR'TERS,  n.pl.  [winter  and  quart':  r,.\ 
The  quarters  of  an  anny  during  the  winter;  a  win- 
ter residence  or  station. 

WIN'TER-RIG,  V.  t.  [witUa-  and  rig.}  To  (allow 
or  till  in  winter.    [Local.] 

WIN'TER-StJL'S'PICE,   (-Bol'sliSj)  n,      [^wlfr  and 
solstice.]    The  solstico  of  the  wmtcr,  which  t..'  • 
place  when  the  sun  enters  Capricorn,  Dec*  : 
21  St. 

WIN'TER-MJ,  pp.  or  a.  Kept  through  the  wmitr ; 
lived  Ihrouyh  the  winter. 

WIN'TER-ING,  ppr.  Passing  the  winter  ;  keeping 
in  winter. 

WlN'TER-LY,a.    Such  aa  is  suiublo  lo  winter. 
tie  ».sc(/.]  ti .. 

WIN'TER-Y,  a.  Suitable  to  winter ;  brumal ;  uy- 
emal ;  cold  ;  stormy.  Dryden. 

WTNY,  a.  [from  wme.]  Having  the  taste  or  quali- 
ties of  wine.  Baz     . 

WINZE,  n.  In  TTtiTunrt-,  a  small  shaft  sunk  friin 
level  to  another  for  the  purpose  of  ventilation. 

Fra-. 

WrPE,  V.  L     [Sax.  wipian.] 

1.  To  nib  with  something  soft  for  clean i n .: - 
clean  by  rubbing;  as,  to  wipe  the  hands  or  face  mm 
a  towel.    Luke  vii. 

2.  To  strike  off"  gently. 

Some  natural  tears  tiny  dnjfp^,  lul  vr.jjtd  ihm  k>jo.     .'■'  .  -■ 

3.  To  cleanse  from  evil  practices  or  abuik  -  , 
overturn  and  destroy  what  is  foul  and  hateful. 

!  will  iripa  Jerusalem  as  a  ni.in  xriptA  a  diih.  —  2  Slap  xxi, 

4.  To  cheat ;  to  defraud.  ^>eMser. 
To  wipe  away;  to  cleanse  by  rubbing  or  tension  ; 

as,  to  wipe  away  a  stain  or  reproach. 

To  wipe  off;    to  clear  away.     W^eofftbia  foul 
stain  ;  wipe  off  the  dust. 

To  wipe  out;  to  eflUcc  ;  toobllteratc.     Wipe  c-t  ' 
blot. 
WIPE,  TI.  The  act  of  rubbing  for  tlic  purpose  of  c!-.  :j;- 
ing. 

2.  A  blow  ;  a  stroke. 

3.  A  gibe  ;  a  jeer ;  a  severe  sarcasm.         Sitift. 

4.  A  bird.    fSw,  vipa,  the  lapwinc-]  ^infwrtk. 
WIP'-ED,  (wlpt,)p/j.    Rubbed  fur  cleaning ;  deanrd 

by  rubbing;  cleared  away;  elTaced. 
Wi'P'ER,  ?(.    One  who  wip*^s. 

9.  The  instrument  used  for  wiping. 
3.  In  miW.*,  apiecegencrnlly  projecting  from  a  hori- 
zontal axle,  for  the  purpose  of  raising  sUimpcrs  or 
heavy  pistons,  and  leaving  them  to  fall  by  tlieir  own 
weight.  Brandr. 

WTP'ING,  ppr.    Rubbing  with  n  cloth  or  other  soft 

thing  for  cleanins  ;  clearins  away  ;  efiacing. 
W' IRE,  n.     [Sw.  rir  :  Ice.  Wi;r.] 

A  thread  of  metal ;  any  metallic  sibslance  drawn 
to  an  even  thread. 
WIRE,  r.  f.    To  bind  with  wire  ;  to  apply  wire  to,  as 

in  bottling  liquors. 
WIRE'DRAW,  I',  t.     [tcire  and  draw.]    To  draw  a 
metal  into  wire,  whic'j  is  done  by  drawing  itthronph 
a  hole  in  a  plate  of  f-ice\. 
9.  To  draw  into  length.  ^rimtUet. 

3,  To  draw  by  art  or  violence. 

My  wosc  has  l)Wn  trarfimyn  into  UsfpSnTij-.  Dnrin. 

4.  To  draw  or  spin  out  to  great  length  and  tenuity, 
as,  to  wiredraw  an  argnmenL 

\VIRE'DRAn^ER,  n.     One  who  draws  metal  mio 

wire.  ^-^'' 

WIRE'DRAW-ING,  ppr.      Drawing   a    met-U    into 

wire. 
9.  Drawing  to  a  gre.it  length  or  fineness. 
WTRE'DRAWN,  pp.    Drawn  into  wire  ;  dr»"  n      .: 

to  creat  lenntli  or  fineness, 
WIRE'G.\UZE,  B.    A  leituro  of  finely  mlerwoTea 

wire,  resembling  gauze. 


TCNE,  BJJLL,  UNITE.— AN"G£R,  VI"CIOUS,  — €  as  K;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z;  CH  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


126^ 


AVIS 

WTRE'-GRaTE,  r-  [wire  and  ^ratc]  A  grate  or 
conlrivancc  of  fine  wire  work  to  keep  insects  out  of 
vineries,  hothouses,  &.c.  Cye. 

WfRE'-IIEEL,  11.  [wire  and  heel]  A  defect  and 
disease  in  the  feet  of  a  horse  or  other  beast.     Cyc. 

WIRE'-PpLL'ER,  71.  One  who  pulls  the  wires, aa  of 
a  puppet ;  lience,  one  wlio  operates  by  secret  means  ; 
nil  inlrimier. 

VVIRE'-I'iJLL'ING,  n.  The  act  of  puIUng  the  wires, 
as  of  a  puppet;  hence,  secret  influence  or  inanage- 
nient ;  intrigue. 

WTRiy-WORM,  (-wurin,)  n.  [wire  and  wonn.]  A 
name  given  to  tlio  larvaj  of  various  beetles,  from 
thfir  sicnderncss  and  unconiuiuu  hardness.  Tlicy 
destroy  the  roots  of  plants. 

Q.  The  American  wire-worm  is  a  species  of  lubis, 
with  numerous  feet.  £.  C.  Hcrrick. 

WIR'V,  a.    Made  of  wire  ;  like  wire. 

WIS,  r.  t. ;  prct.  Wist.     [G.  wissen  ;  D.  weetcn;  Dan. 
vidcr;  Sw.  Vfta.    This  is  the  Sax.  witan^  to  wit.] 
To  think;  to  suppose;  to  imagine.     [Obs.] 

Spenser. 

VVIS'DOM,  Cwlz'dum,)  n.  [Sax.  id.;  wise  and  dom: 
G.'Wcu/ieit,(wisehood;)D.wijsheid;  Sw.  visdo7n.  and 
vishet;  Daw.  visdo77i  or  vii^dom.  (See  Wise.)  JVis- 
dom,  it  seems,  is  from  the  Gothic  dialect.] 

1.  The  right  use  or  exercise  of  knowledge  ;  tlie 
choice  of  laudable  ends,  and  of  the  best  means  io 
accomplish  them.  This  is  wisdom  in  act ^  effect,  c\r 
practice.  Ifwisdoni  is  to  be  considered  ns  nfacuUij 
of  the  mind,  it  \3  the  faculty  of  discerning  or  judg- 
ing what  is  most  just,  proper,  and  useful ;  and  if  it 
is  to  be  considered  as  an  acquirement^  it  is  the  knowl- 
edge and  use  of  what  is  best,  most  just,  most  propor, 
most  conducive  to  prosperity  or  liappiness.  Wisdom 
in  the  first  sense,  or  practical  wisdom,  is  nearly  sy- 
nonymous with  Discretion.  It  differs  somewliat 
from  Prudence  in  this  respect ;  prudence  is  the  ex- 
ercise of  sound  judgment  iu  avoiding  evils;  wisdom 
is  tlie  exercise  of  sound  judgment  either  in  avoiding 
evils  or  attempting  good.  Prudence^  then,  is  a  spe- 
cies, of  which  wisdom  is  the  genus. 

Wisilom  gained  by  experience  la  of  ineslimalile  value.     Scott. 

It  is  hoped  Hint  our  rulers  will  ncl  wiih  dignity  and  aiedom; 
tliMl  th-jy  will  yield  every  thing  tu  reaaon,  luid  refuse  every 
tiling  to  fwrco.  Ames. 

2.  In  Scripture,  human  learning ;  erudition  ; 
knowledge  of  arts  and  sciences, 

Miiscs  wiis  lo;irnr;d  in  all  Uie  wigdom  of  Ihe  Egyptians.  — 
j\cr3  vii. 

3.  Ciuickness  of  intellect;  readiness  of  apprehen- 
si(tu  ;  dexterity  in  execution  ;  as,  the  wisdom  of  Ile- 
y.alcel  and  Ahuliali.    Eiod.  xxxi. 

'I.  Natural  instinct  and  sagacity.    Job  xxxlx. 

5.  In  Scripture  thcolo^tij  wisdom  is  true  religion  ; 
godliness;  jiicty ;  the  knowledge  and  fear  of  God, 
and  sincere  and  uniform  obedience  to  Iiis  commands. 
This  is  the  tcisdoia  which  is  from  above.  Ps.  xc. 
Job  xxviii. 

(i.  Profitable  words  or  doctrine.    Ps.  xxwU. 

Tkc  wisdom  of  this  world ;  mere  human  erudition  ; 
or  the  carnal  policy  of  men,  tlieir  crallt  and  artifices 
in  promoting  their  temporal  interests;  culled  nUu 
Jj£sJibj  wisdom.     1  Cor.  ii.    2  Cor.  i. 

The  wisdom  of  words;  arliticial  or  aflectcd  elo- 
riuence  ;  or  learning  displayed  in  teaciiing.  1 
Cor.  i.  ii. 
WISE,  a.  [Sax.  wis,  wise;  G.  wcise;  D.  W7js;  Sw. 
vis;  Dan.  viis;  Sax.  wissan,  G.  wisscn,  to  know; 
Sans.  vid.  This,  in  Dutch,  is  irccteu,  to  know,  which 
is  the  Goth,  witan.  Sax.  witan,  Eiig.  to  inV,  perliups 
Gr.  £((Jeoj.  So  that  wise,  wit,  wcct,  wot,  are  all  from 
one  root,  or  dialectical  forms  of  tlie  same  word  ;  Ir. 
/oi\-.',/cas,  knowledge  ;  W.  ffwys,  ffwijz.  Sans,  widjn^ 
int^rlhgence.  In  general,  the  radical  sense  of  know 
\s  to  reacli  or  to  hold,  from  extension,  stretching.  In 
this  case,  it  may  be  to  show,  to  disclose,  from  a  like 
sense ;  for  in  Sw.  visa,  Dan.  viscr,  G.  wdscn,  I). 
wijscn,  islo  show.  In  this  case,  L.  video,  visum,  which 
seems  to  be  connected  with  this  word,  may  coincide 
in  origin  with  wide.  Wistful,  attentive,  eager,  is 
from  reaching  forward.] 

1.  Properly,  having  knowledge  ;  hence,  having 
the  power  of  discerning  and  judging  correctly,  or  of 
discriminating  between  what  is  true  and  what  is 
false  ;  between  what  is  fit  and  proper  and  what  is 
improper ;  as,  a  wise  prince  ;  a  wise  magistrate.  Sol- 
omon was  deemed  the  wisest  man.  Hut  a  man  may 
b:-  speculatively  and  nnt  practicnldj  wise.     Hence, 

2.  Discreet  and  judicious  in  tlie  use  or  ap|ilication 
of  knowledge;  choosing  laudable  ends,  and  the  best 
means  to  accomplisli  them.  This  is  to  be  practically 
\\ise.     Qcn.  xli. 

3.  Skillful;  dextrous. 

They  arc  wise  to  do  evil,  but  to  do  good  tliey  have  no  knowlcde-e. 
—  Jer.  iv. 

4.  Learned;  knowing;  as,  the  wise  and  the  un- 
wise.    Rom.  i. 

5.  Skilled  in  arts,  science, philosophy,  or  in  magic 
and  divination.    2  Sam.  xiv. 

().  Godly  ;  pious.     Prov.  xiii. 

The  Holy  Scriplurea,  which  nre  able  to  moke  theo  wise  to  enlva- 
tion.— 2Tim.  iii. 


WIS 

7.  Skilled  in  hidden  arts  ;  a  sense  somewhat  ironical ; 
as,  the  wise  woman  of  Brainford.  Shak. 

8.  Dictated  or  guided  by  wisdom ;  containing 
wisdom  ;  judicious ;  well  adapted  to  produce  good 
eflects;  applicable  to  things;  as,  a  wise  saying;  a 
wise  scheme  or  plan  ;  wise  conduct  or  management ; 
a  wise  determination. 

9.  Becoming  a  wise  man  ;  grave ;  discreet ;  as, 
wise  deportment.  Milton. 

WISE,  n.     [Pax.  wise;   G.  weise;  D.  toys;   Sw.  vis; 
Dan.  viis;  Fr.  ^nii.:e;  It.  ffuisa;  Arm.  ffttis.] 
Planner;  way  of  being  or  acting. 

'i'ltls  Biing  she  sings  in  moat  cojiiinanding  wise.  Si^ijicy. 

lu  filli'Kl  wise.  Sjienser. 

In  the  foregoing  form  this  word  is  obsolete.  The 
use  of  it  is  now  very  limited.  It  is  common  in  the 
following  phrases. 

1.  In  any  wise. 

If  he  tint  eaiictificJ  the  field  will  in  any  wise  redeem  it.  —  Lev, 

xxvii. 
Fret  not  ihysclf  in  any  wise,  —  Ps.  xxxvii, 

2.  On  this  wi'ie. 

On  l}us  wise  ye  thall  bless  tho  children  of  Israel.  —  Num.  vi. 

3.  In  no  wise. 

He  sliatl  in  no  wtee  lose  his  reward.  —  MatL  x. 
It  is  used  in  composition,  as  in  likewise,  otherwise, 
lengthwise,  &.c.  By  mistake,  ways  is  often  used  for 
it ;  aa,  lengthways  for  lengthwise. 
WTSE'A-eKE,  (wize'a-ker,)  «.  [G.  wcise,  wise,  and 
sairen,  to  say,  G.  jccissagcr,  a  foreteller.  The  proper 
English  word  would  be  Wise-Sayeb.] 

One  who  makes  pretensions  to  great  wisdom  ; 
lience,  in  contempt,  a  simpleton  ;  a  dunce. 
WISE'-HEAKT-ED,    a.     [wise    and    heart.]     Wise; 

knowing  ;  sltillful,     Erod.  xxviii. 
WISE'LING,  71.     One  who  pretends  to  be  wise. 

Donne. 
WISE'LY,  ado.     Prudently  ;  judiciously  ;  discreetly  ; 
with  wisdom.     Prov.  xvi.  xxj. 
2.  Craftily  ;  witli  art  or  stratagem. 

Let  us  deal  wisc'ij/  widi  them,  — Ex.  i. 

WTSE'NESS,  71.    Wisdom.     [Obs.]  Spenser. 

WISE'-SaY-ER,  n.  [G.  wcise,  wise,  andsa«e«,  tosay, 
to  toll ;  wei^-'-saffcr,  a  foreteller.] 

1.  A  fureteller ;  one  who  is  noted  for  predicting 
tho  weather. 

2.  One  who  makes  pretensions  to  gi'cat  wisdom  ; 
lience,  iu  coitempt,  a  simpleton  ;  a  dunce. 

WISII,  y.  I.  [Sax.  wi'^can  ;  Cimbrlc,  oska.  In  all  the 
oilier  Teutonic  and  Gothic  dialects,  the  correspond- 
ing word  is  written  wilii  ji;  D.  wensehciii  G.  wihi- 
sckcji;  Dan.  busker;  Sw.  iinska.  This  is  probably 
tlie  same  word.] 

i.  To  have  a  desire,  or  strong  desire,  either  for 
what  is  or  is  not  supposed  to  be  obtainable  It  usu- 
ally expresses  less  tiian  Long  ;  but  aonieiimes  it  de- 
notes to  long  or  wish  earnestly.  We  often  iDtsh  for 
what  is  not  obtainable. 

TIiLj  is  as  good  an  argument  as  an  antiquary  could  wish  for. 

ArbuOinol. 
Tliey  have  more  than  heart  cfMild  wish, —  Ps.  Ixxiii. 
I  utwft  above  all  tiling  tint  tlioii  nuiycsl  prosper.  — 3  John  2. 
Tbey  cist  four  ancJiore  out  of  tlie  etern,  and  wished  for  llic  day. 
—  Actd  xxvii. 

2.  To  be  disposed  or  inclined;  as,  to  wish  well  to 
another's  affairs.  .Addison. 

3.  It  sometimes  partakes  of  hope  or  fear.  I  wish 
the  event  may  pnne  fortunate,  or  less  calamitous 
than  we  apprehend. 

WISH,  V.  t.     To  desire.    I  wish  your  prosperity. 

La  them  be  driven  backwoi-d,  and  put  to  ehamc,  lli,it  wish  mo 
evil.  — Pd.  il. 

2.  To  long  for;  to  desire  eagerly  or  ardently.  It 
lias  this  sense  when  expressed  witii  emphasis. 

3.  To  recommend  by  wishing. 

I  would  not  wish  tliein  to  a  laircr  ilealli.  Shak. 

4.  To  imprecate ;  as,  to  wish  curses  on  an  enemy. 

Shak. 

5.  To  ask  ;  to  express  desire.  Clarendon. 
WISH,  71.      Desire;    sometimes    eager    desire.      Job 

xxxiii. 

2.  Desire  expressed.  Pope. 

ElisLcred  be  thy  tongue 
For  such  a  wixh.  Shak. 

3.  Tiling  desired.     He  has  his  wish. 

The  dillbrcnce  between  wish  and  deeixe  seems  to  I»o,  lint  desire 
i.s  directed  to  what  :s  ubuiinable,  and  a  lou/i  may  be  diii^tcd 
to  what  is  obLiiuable  or  not,  Kamee, 

WISH'£D,  (wisht,)  pp.    Desired,  or  ardently  desired. 
WISII'ER,  n.    One  who  desires  ;  cno  who  cx|>resse3 

a  wish.  Shnk. 

WISH'FIJL,  a.     Having  desire,  or  ardent  desire. 

9.  Showing  desire  ;  as,  wishful  eyes. 

3.  Desirable;  exciting  wishes.   [Bad.]    Chapman. 
WISII'FIJL-LY,  adv.    With  desire  or  ardent  desire, 

2.  ^Vith  the  show  of  desiring. 
WISH'ING,  ppr.     Desiring. 
WISII'LY,  adv.     Acc-^rding  to  desire. 
WlgK'ET,  7?.     A  basket.  Jlinsworth. 

WISP,  H.  [Dan,  risk,  a  wisp,  a  whisk;  viskcr,  to 
whisk,  to  ruh  rr  wipe  ;  G.  and  D.  wisck.] 


WIT 

A  small  bundle  of  straw  or  other  like  substance  ; 
as,  a  wisp  of  straw  ;  a  wisp  of  hay  ;  a  wisp  of  herbs. 
Shak.    Bacon. 
WIST,  pret.  of  Wis.     [Obs.] 

WISTTIJL,  a.  [from  wist.  The  sense  is,  stretching 
or  reaching  toward.]  Full  of  thoughts;  earnest; 
attentive. 

Why  —  do6t  tliQU  so  toUt/ul  sccin  ?  Cay. 

WIST'FUL-LY,  adv.    Attentively  ;  earnestly. 

JIudibras. 

WIS'TIT,  n.  Tlie  striated  monkey,  a  small.  South 
American  monkt-y,  with  sharp  claws  and  tquirrcl- 
like  habits  ;  tlie  ouistiti  of  Bufibn,  Hapales  Jacclius 
of  Illiger.  Cuvier. 

WIST'LY,  fl</(7.     Earnestly.     [Obs.]  Shak. 

WIS'TON-WISH,  n.  A  rodent  quadruped  of  Amer- 
ica, the  prairie-dog,  which  see.  Pike. 

WIT,  V.  i.  [Sax.  witan,  Goth,  wttav,  D,  weetcn,  G. 
wisscn,  to  know;  Sans.  vid.     See  Wise.] 

To  know.  This  verb  is  used  only  in  the  infini- 
tive, io  wit,  namely,  that  is  to  say.  [L.  videlicet,  i.  e. 
vidcre  licet] 

WIT,  n.  [Sax.  7cit  or  gc-wit ;  G.  wiiz  ;  Dan.  vid.  See 
the  verb  and  Wise,] 

1.  Primarily,  the  intellect;  the  understanding  or 
mental  powers. 

Will  puts  in  pracdce  wliat  the  joU  deviseth.  Daisies. 

For  wit  and  power  their  i:i£l  ciulcavors  bend 

1"  outfihine  each  other.  Dryden. 

2.  The  association  of  ideas  iu  a  manner  natural, 
but  unusuu!  and  striking,  so  as  to  produce  surprise 
joined  with  pleasure.    Wit  is  defined 

What  ofl  was  though!,  but  ne'er  so  well  expi-essed.  Pope, 

Wit  coiifl!sls  in  aKSCuihliiig,  and  putting  logi'lher  wilh  quickmss, 
ideas  in  whicli  can  be  found  R'seinUlance  and  congruily,  liy 
which  to  make  up  ple,uaiit  pictures  and  agreeable  VL&iun&  lu 
the  fancy.  Locke. 

Wit  consists  chiefly  in  joining  things  by  dlsl.ant  and  lan>:ilul 
relations,  which  surpiise  us  U'causc  Uiey  ure  unexpected. 

Karnes. 

Willis  a  propriety  of  ihoughts  and  words  ;  or,  in  other  terms, 
thoughts  and  words  elegantly  adapted  (0  the  subject. 

Ih-i/dcn. 

3.  The  faculty  of  associating  ideas  in  a  new  and 
unexpected  manner. 

4.  A  man  of  genius;  as,  the  age  of  Addison 
abounded  with  wits. 

A  wit  herself,  Amelia  weds  a  wit.  Youitg. 

5.  A  man  of  fancy  or  wit. 

Intemperate  wits  will  spare  neither  friend  nor  foe.  UBstvange. 

G.  Sense ;  judgment. 

He  wants  not  irii  the  danger  to  decline.  Drvden. 

7.  Faculty  of  the  mind.  Shak. 

8.  (f(£,5,  in  Mep^«a/,-soundness  of  mind  ;  intellect 
not  disordered  ;  sound  mind.  No  man  in  his  icits 
would  venture  on  such  an  cxpeiliiion.  Ifuveyoulost 
your  wits  1     Is  ho  c-^it  of  his  wds  1 

9.  Puwer  of  invention;  contrivance;  ingenuity 
He  was  at  his  wits^  end.  Hooker. 

WITCH,  n.     [Sax.  wicca.     See  Wicked.] 

1.  A  woman  who,  by  compact  with  tho  devil, 
jiractices  sorcery  or  enchantment. 

2.  A  woman  who  is  given  to  unlawful  arts. 

3.  [Sax.  wic]    A  winding,  sinuous  hank.     [OA5.] 

Spenser. 

4.  A  piece  of  conical  paper  which  is  placed  in  a 
vessel  of  lard,  and,  being  lighted,  answers  the  pur- 
pose of  a  taper.     [QM.wick.]     [Local.] 

WITCH,  v.  t.    To  bewitch  ;  to  lascinate  ;  to  enchant. 

I'll  wilch  sweet  ladies  with  my  words  and  looks.  Shak. 

WITCH'CRXFT,  n.     [witch  and  craft.]     The  prac- 
tices  of   witches  ;    sorcery ;    enchantments ;   inter- 
course with  the  devil.  Bacon. 
2.  Power  more  than  natural. 

He  hath  n  wiyhcraft 
Over  the  king  in  'a  toiis-u.-.  Shak. 

WITGH'-ED,  (witcht,)  pp.     Bewitched  ;  fascinated. 
WITCH'-ELM,  7f.    A  kind  of  elm,  the  Utniiis  mon- 

lana,  properly  Wych-Elm.  London. 

WITCU'ER-Y,  H,     Sorcery;  enchantment.    Milton. 

2.  Fascination, 
WITCH'-HA-ZEL,  71,    Tlie   Ilamanielis  virginica,  a 

shrub  which  flowers  in  autumn,  when  its  leaves  are 

fal  Ii  n  g.  Lee.     Bi'^elow. 

2.  The  name  has  sometimes  been  given  to  the 

witch-elm  or  wyclwdm,  the  Ulnms  montana. 
WITCH'ING,  a.     Suited  to   cnchantnunt   or   witcli- 

cratY  ;  as,  the  witching  time  of  night.  Shak. 

WITCH'ING,  ppr.     Fascinating;  enchanting. 
WIT'-GRACK-ER,  n.      [wit  and  cracker.]     One  who 

breaks  jests  ;  a  joker.     [J^ot  in  use.]  Shak. 

WIT'-€R.KFT,  n.      [wit  and  crujt.]      Contrivance; 

invention.     [  Obs.]  Camden. 

WITE,  1'.  t.     [Sax.  witan  ;  the  root  of  ttrit.] 

To  reproach  ;  to  blame,     [Obs.]  Spen.^er. 

WITE,  n.     Blame;  repmach.     [Obs.] 
WITE'LESS,  a.     Blameless.     [  Obs.]  .^ea.^er. 

WIT'E-NA-GE-MOTE',  71.      [Sax.   wiu^:,  to    know, 

and  gemot,  a  meeting,  a  council.] 
A  meeting  of  wise  men ;  the  national  council  or 

legislature  of  England,  in  the  days  of  the  Saxons, 

before  the  conquest. 
WITH,  prep.    [Sax.  with,  near,  or  against ;  Goth,  ga 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT — MeTE,  PR^Y.— TINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  —  NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  ROQK 


WIT 

triVtan,  to  join.  The  primary  sense  is,  to  press,  or 
to  meety  to  unite ;  lienee,  in  composition,  it  denotes 
opposition,  as  in  tcitfi^taitd  and  icUhUraw;  hence 
agaiiLst^  Sax.  tciUier,  G.  icidcr.] 

1.  By,  noting  cansc,  insimnient,  or  means.  We 
are  distressed  with  pain ;  we  are  elevated  wit/t  joy. 
IFith  study  men  bfconie  learned  and  respectable. 
Fire  is  extinguished  with  water. 

2.  On  the  side  of;  noting  friendship  or  favor. 

Fear  not,  for  1  am  teiih  thee.  — Gen.  ixvi. 

3.  In  opposition  to  ;  in  competition  or  contest ;  as, 
to  struggle  with  adversity.  The  champions  fought 
icitA  each  other  an  hour.     He  will  lie  icith  any  man 

f  living. 

4.  N^oting  comparison.  The  fact  you  mention 
compares  well  tcith  rmother  I  have  witnessed. 

5.  In  company.  The  geutlemeu  traveled  wit!i  me 
from  Boston  to  Philadelphia. 

6.  In  the  society  of.  There  is  no  living  witJi  such 
neighbors. 

7.  In  connection,  or  in  appendage.  He  gave  me 
the  Bible,  and  icith  it  the  warmest  expressions  of  af- 
fection. 

8.  In  mutual  dealing  or  intercourse. 

I  will  buy  vi:h  you,  sell  uiih  you.  Shak. 

9.  Noting  confidence.  I  will  trust  you  witk  the  se- 
cret. 

10.  In  partnership.  He  shares  the  profits  icith  the 
otiier  partners.  I  will  share  wtth  you  the  pleasures 
and  the  pains. 

11.  Noting  connection. 

Nor  iwist  our  fortunes  wUh  your  sJnkiiig  f;ite.  Dryden. 

12.  Immediately  after. 

Tfirt  this  he  pointed  to  Iiis  face.  Drylen. 

13.  Among.    I  left  the  assembly  with  tlie  last. 

Tntg^y  was  ori^inlly,  xaUh  Ui«  ancients,  a  piece  of  religious 
wonhip.  Rymer. 


WIT 


WIT 


14.  Upon. 

SmcIi  v*uroenta  bad  invincible  fora;  Kith  tboec  pagrin  pi 
phcrs.  Adms 

15.  In  consent,  noting  parity  of  state. 


S^ !  where  on  eajtli  the  flowery  glorios  lie. 
With  her  tbey  fiourijilicd,  and  wUh  her  they  die. 


Pope. 


With  and  by  are  closely  allied  in  many  of  their 
uses,  and  it  is  not  easy  to  lay  down  a  rule  by  which 
their  uses  may  be  distinguished.  It  is  observed  by 
Johnson  that  with  seems  rather  to  denote  an  instru- 
ment, and  by  a  cause  ;  as,  he  killed  an  enemy  wdk 
a  sword,  but  he  died  by  an  arrow.  But  this  rule  is 
not  always  obser\'ed. 

With,  in  composition,  sijinifies  sometimes  opposi- 
tion, privation  ;  or  separation,  departure. 
WITH-AL',  (witfi-aul',)  adv.    [icitk  and  alL]     With 
the  rest;   together  with;    likewise;   at  the  same 
time. 


If  you  choose  that,  then  I  am  voiirs  vrithal. 
How  modest  in  exception,  and  iriOial 
How  terrible  in  cooatant  resoUiiiiin  I 


Skak. 
Shak. 

9.  It  is  sometimes  used  for  ititA     But  the  word  is 

not  elegant,  nor  much  used. 
WITH'AM-!TE,  n.     A  variety  of  epidote,  of  a  red 

or  yellow  color,  found  in  Scotland.  Dana. 

WITH-DRAW,  r.  (.      [with  and  draic.J      To  take 

away  what  has  been  enjoyed  ;  to  take  from.     [Wtth 

here  has  the  sense  of  contranj ;    to  withdraw  is  to 

draw  the  anUrary  way.    See  With.] 

It  a  impossruie  that  God  should  withdraiff  his  presence  from  any 
thing.  Hooker. 

We  say,  to  witkdraiB  capital  from  a  bank  or  stock 
in  trade  ;  to  wiVidraw  aid  or  assistance. 

2.  To  lake  back  ;  to  recall  or  retract;  as,  to  wish- 
draw  charges. 

3.  To  recall;  to  cause  to  retire  or  leave;  to  call 
back  or  away.  France  has  withdrawn  her  troops 
from  Spain. 

WITII-DRAW',  p.  i.  To  retire  ;  to  retreat ;  to  quit  a 
company  or  place.  We  iciVidrcio  from  the  company 
at  ten  o'clock. 


She  from  her  hiuband  »ofl  wiVidreto. 


Milton. 


WITII-DRA WaNG,  ppr.    Taking  back;    recalling; 
relirins. 

WITII-DRAW'ING-ROOM,  n.     A  room  behind  an- 
other room  for  retirement ;  a  drawing-room. 

Mortimer. 

WTTH-DRAW'MENT,  |  n.    The  act  of  withdrawing  ; 

WITH-DRAW'AL,        (      the  act  of  taking  back  ;  a 
recalling.  '  Ch.  Obs. 

Their  wiOtdrawrrunt  from  the  EritUh  anfi  Foreign  Bible  Society, 
would  lend  to  paratyzc  ilieir  exertions.  Simton. 

WITHDRAWN',  pp.  of  Withdraw.  Recalled  ;  taken 

back. 
WITHE,  (with,)  n,  [Snx.  withig ;  Sw.  vidja;  G.weidcj 

a  willow  ;  L.  vitisy  vitcx.] 

1.  A  willow  twig. 

2.  A  band  consisting  of  a  twig,  or  twigs  twisted. 

IC.  Charles. 
WJTH'.ED,  (witht,)  a.    Bound  with  a  withe. 
WITH'ER,  V.  i.     [VV^  ^teiz,  dried,  withered  ;  ^wizoni, 
to  wither;  Sax.  gewitherodj  withered  ;  U./othadh.] 


1.  To  fade  ;  to  lose  its  native  freshness;  to  become 

sapless  ;  to  dry. 

It  aW.xW  uWicT  in  all  -Jic  leaves  of  her  Bprlng.  —  Ezclc.  xvii. 

2.  To  waste;  to  pine  away:  as  animal  bodies; 
as,  a  wttJtrrcd  hand.    Jifatt.  xii. 

3.  To  lose  or  want  animal  moisture. 

Now  warm  in  love,  now  idlJicring  in  the  jra»?.  Dry<ien. 

WITH'ER, i\  t.  To  catise  to  fade  and  become  dry; 
as,  ilie  sun  withcrcUi  the  grass.     James  i. 

2.  To  cause  to  shrink,  wrinkle,  and  decay,  fur 
want  of  animal  moisture. 

Affe  can  not  vnlher  her.  Shak. 

WITH'ER-BAND,  n.  [withers  and  band.]  A  pieccof 
non  laid  under  a  saddle  near  a  horse's  wiihera,  to 
slrengtlien  the  bow.  Far.  Diet. 

}}™'^'^'^"^-^*'  PP-  ""^  "•    Faded  ;  dried  ;  shnink. 

^\  XTH'ER-i,'D-NEtip,  n.  The  slate  of  being  with- 
ered. 

jy^^^''^J^'I^'*^.  PP^-    Fading;  becoming  dry. 

V\  ITH'EIMNG-LV,  adv.  In  a  manner  tending  to 
willier,  orcause  to  shrink. 

\\  ITH'ER-ITE,  71.  In  rnineralo^j,  a  native  carbonate 
of  bnrjta  first  discovered  by  Dr.  Withering.  It  is 
white,  Cray,  or  yellow.  Urc.     Cyc. 

WITH'ER-NA.M,  n.  [Sax.  w/fAer,  against,  and  naman, 
to  take.] 

In  law,  a  second  or  reciprocal  writ  or  distress  in 
lieu  of  a  first  distress  which  has  been  eloigned  ;  re- 
prisal- Blackstone. 

WITH'ER.*,  n.  [This  seems  to  signify  a  joining, 
from  llie  root  of  tc((/i.] 

The  juncture  of  the  shoulder-bones  of  a  horse,  at 
ilie  butlnm  (tf  tlie  neck.  Far.  Diet. 

WlTII'ER-WRUNr:,  (-rung,)  a.  Injured  or  hurt  in 
ilie  withers,  as  a  horse,  Cyc. 

WITH-HELIJ'.  yrcf.  and  pp.  of  Withhold. 

WlTH'Hol.D',  V.  t;  prd.  and  pp.  Withheld,  \icith 
and  hold.]  ^ 

1.  To  hold  back ;  to  restrain  ;  to  keep  from  ac- 
tion. 

Withhold  —  your  has ly  haml.  Sjienser. 

If  our  passions  may  lje  mlJiheUl.  KeOletceU. 

2.  To  retain ;  to  keep  back  ;  not  to  grant ;  as,  to 
If i'MAuW  assi'nt  to  a  proposition.  The  sun  does  not 
irirhhold  his  light. 

WlTH-HoLD'EN,/';).  The  old  participle  of  With- 
hold ;  iHiU'  obsolete.     We  use  Withheld. 

WITH-HOLD'EK,  n.     One  that  withholds. 

WITII-lIoLD'lNG,  ppr.  Holding  back  ;  rcstniiniug  ; 
retninini: ;  not  granting. 

WlTH-HoLD'-AIENT,  n.    Act  of  withholding. 

WITH-IN',77rf;>.     [Sax.  icithiiuian.] 

1.  In  the  inner  part ;  as,  the  space  within  (he  walls 
of  a  house  ;  a  man  contented  and  happy  within  him- 
self. THhtson. 

2.  In  the  limits  or  compass  of;  not  beyond  ;  r.sed 
of  place  and  time.  The  object  is  irithin  my  sight ; 
within  the  knowledge  of  the  present  generation  ;  with- 
in a  month  or  a  year. 

3.  Not  reacliing  to  any  thing  external. 

Wcru  every  action  concluded  wiOiin  itself.  Locke. 

4.  In  the  compass  of;  not  longer  ago  than. 

WiOiin  these  fue  houra  Hastings  lived 

Unttiintcd.  Shak. 

5.  Not  later  than  ;  as,  within  five  days  from  this 
time,  it  will  be  fair  weather. 

C.  In  the  reach  of. 

Both  he  and  slie  are  still  \riOdn  my  power.  Di-yden. 

7.  Not  exceeding.  Keep  your  expenses  within 
your  income. 

8.  In  the  heart  or  confidence  of.    [Inelegant.'] 

9.  In  the  house;  in  any  inclosure.  South. 
WITHIN',  adv.    In  the  inner  part;  inwaidiv  ;  ii'.ter- 

nally. 

The  wonnd  fcstciB  feiOiin,  CaniD. 

2.  In  the  mind. 

Ilia  from  within  lliy  runson  must  prevent.  Dryden. 

WITH-IN'SIDE,  ade.     [jcithin  and  side.]     In  tiio  in- 
ner parts.     [Bad.]  Sharp. 
WITH-OUT',  prep.     [Snx.  withutan  ;  xol'Jt  and  out.] 

1.  Not  with  ;  as,  without  success. 

2.  In  a  state  of  destitution  or  absence  from. 

Tliete  is  no  living  with  lliei;  nor  icWio^il  lli<!e.  TiUUr. 

3.  In  a  state  of  not  having,  or  of  destitution.  How 
many  live  all  their  life  without  virtue,  and  withoiU 
peace  of  conscience  ! 

4.  Beyond  ;  not  within. 


5.  Supposing  the  negation  or  omission  of. 

yVtthout  the  Bepamiion  of  the  two  monnrchlcs,  the  mo.--t  adv.-^n- 
tic^-'oua  '.cnna  from  the  French  must  cud  in  our  dc»lruction. 
Addison. 

6.  Independent  of;  not  by  the  use  of.     Men  like 
to  live  without  labor. 

Wis:;  m^n  will  rio  it  without  a  law.  Bacon. 

7.  On  the  outside  of;  ns,  without  the  gate  ;  xcithout 
doors. 

8.  With  exemption  from.    That  event  can   not 
happen  without  great  damage  to  our  interests. 


9.  Unle^'s ;  except. 

Without,  when  it  precedei  a  »enlcnc«  or  membw 
01  a  Bcnlenct:,  ba«  been  callrd  a  conjunction.  Thu 
18  a  mistake.  »  You  will  not  -..,  ...  \..  .i-..  trttUtU 
you  use  much  extrciie."    In  r  jriiJu>ut 

IS  a  prcpcjsiiion  Hlill,  but  follov.  ^i-  ©f  » 

senteuce,  instead  «.f  a  sincle  ii-  .;..     . 
erty  of  a  connective  t.r  conjuricti'j.i 
fall  within  the  definition.  You  will  n  ■ 
this  fact  fullowinK  beinc  removed, 
place  ;  you  uje  ezrreijc.    This  use  of  v 
HupcRfcded  by  untrjia  and  cicrpt,  amr  i. 
and  speakers;  but  i^i  common  in  pc:^L.. .;  _. 
or  parlance.  '       i 

WITH-OUT',  adc.    Not  on  the  inside  ;  not  wiUifiu        | 

ThcM  were  from  vtihout  tijc  powioj  mi»rri-«.  ^;  :  - 

2.  Out  of  doors, 

3.  Externally;  not  in  the  mind. 

Wit/ioul  were  fightinp,  wiUmh  wtm  (rwa.  — 2  C«r.  »|L  i 

W1TH-0UT'£N,  for  Withoutis,  ihc  Paxon  word,  ' 

is  obsolete.  gp..     . 

WITH-ST.\ND',  r.  (.     [with  and  fland.     Sec  r  . 
To  oppose ;  to  resist,  cither  with  phv«iral  •  r 
force  ;  as,  to  withstand  the  atLir';     *-  -'      - 
stand  clo4|ucncc  or  argument-).  I 

Wh'n  Vcirr  w.n  coisc  to  Atuweh,  I     .  -     ' 

Gal.  It. 

WITH-STAND'ER,  jr.    One  th.- 

nent ;  a  resisting  power. 
WITH-STAND'ING,  ppr.    Oppoaing  ;  making  tZ^al- 

nnce. 
WITHSTOOD',;^.    Opposed ;  resisted. 
WITH'- VINE,  I  It.    A  local  name  for  Ihc  couclHVafj. 
WITH'-Wi.NE,  i  c^ 

WITH'WINI),  ».    A  plant.    [L.  ainvolcmlus.]      ' 

WITH'V,  71.       [Sax.  Withifr.] 

1.  A  large  species  of  willow.  i 

2.  A  withe.  Cook^s  Vor-j  '■'. 
VviTH'Y,  a.    Made  of  withes ;  like  a  withe  ;  ilculjU; 

and  touch. 

WIT'LEfJS,  a.     [wit  and  less.]    Destitute  of  wit  or 
understanding;    inconsiderate;    wanting    il 
as,  a  witless  swain  ;  witles.^  youth.  r 

2.  Indiscreet;   not    under  tiie  guidance   ii 
ment ;  as,  witless  braver>'.  S\iik. 

WIT'LESS-LY,  arfr.  Without  the  exercise  of  judg- 
ment. 

WIT'LESS-NESS.  n.    Want  of  judgment.     Sa:idfs. 

WIT'LING,  7(.  [dim.  from  ifit.]  .\  per>^n  who  Uzs 
little  wit  or  understanding;  a  pretender  to  wit  or 
smiutness. 

A  beau  and  witling  perished  in  tbe  lhn>o;.  Po/4. 

WIT'NESS,  n.    [Sax.  trrtncMf,  from  Kitjn,  to  knir/ 

1.  Testimony;  attestation  of  a  fact  or  cvenL 

If  I  bear  tcilrtte  of  myself,  n.y  witnett  tf  n-'.  tr:*.  —  ?  ■     ' 

2.  That  which  furnishes  cvi'l 

Li!an  said,  This  tieap  li  a  %nineit  t-  . 

—  Gca.  XX  si. 

3.  A  person  who  knows  or  sees  any  thine ;  one 
personally  present ;  as,  he  was  witness :  he  wa^  an 
eyc-jcitness.     1  Pet*  v. 

Upon  my  lookinj  round,  I  wai  tntnert  to   - 
fill'd  me  with  mrlanciwly  and  rr^rrt.    ii 

4.  One  who  sees  the  execution  of  an  in^lrumeot, 
and  subscribes  it  for  the  purpose  of  confirming  its 
authenticity  by  his  testimony. 

5.  One  who'  gives  testimony  ;  as,  Uie  rit»essts  in 
court  agreed  in  all  essential  fact?. 

With  a  iritness ;  effectually  ;  to  a  great  degree ; 
with  great  force,  so  as  to  leave  some  marl^  as  a  tes- 
timony behind.  He  struck  vith  a  ititjuss,  [-Vtrf 
fie  rr  ant.] 
WIT'NESS,  r.  (.  To  see  or  know  by  personal  pres- 
ence. I  witnessed  the  cercmonie.x  in  New  York,  with 
which  the  ratification  of  the  constitution  was  cele- 
brated in  178S.  ^'-  T. 

Er-TT  one  has  tcitJ%ettcd  the  effects  cf  the  Toltaic  flaU. 

Good,  Ltet.  X. 
Gcnernl  Wnshinrton  did  not  lire   to  ttHjiCn  tbs  rr»;:tf»too  of 

peace.  Martian. 

Thi*  is  but  .1  fvint  sK'tch  of  the  incalcoUMe  ralAmJtwa  and  fcv*- 

roT3  we  must  expect,  shoukl  wc  Cfcr  kjOwm  \'V-  ir^sr^jba 

ol  modem  infidelitr.  i*^-  «'»-'^- 

Wc  have  t-iftwmrf  aU  the  TAiietin  mddcil  to  recha  r^ifv-tS 

accommod-ition.  Bridf.  TVoiaw. 

Angles,  thai  make  thy  church  Ibcir  cate, 
Shall  taitMSt  my  tl'-vntioii  there.  W-attt,  rt.  I*. 

Wc  have  livc^  to  \eiinttt  \h-\K  lurpnKiig  paPR»li;x- 

2.  To  attest;  to  give  testimony  to;  to  testify  to 

something. 

Behold  how  many  thlnpi  they  iriinttt  a  jatnrt  Ihee.  —  M«k  xr. 

3.  To  see  the  execution  of  an  instrument,  and 
subscribe  it  for  the  purnose  of  cstablisbingiisauthcn-  , 
ticity  ;  as,  to  witness  ft  bond  or  a  deed.  I 

In  the  imverarive  node,  see,  in  evidence  or  piwf ; 
as,  witness  the  habeas  corpn?,  the  mdepcndcnce  of 
judges.  &c.  ^*''-*»  *^'-       I 

WIT'NESS,  c.  i.    To  bear  testimony. 

Tlie  r.^r.  nf  R-lial  KUnettfd  ajainst  him,  cm  ^fah*  N»tc<h. 

—  I  Kii^ffs  xxi. 


TONE,  BULL,  IJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.— C  as  K ;  6  as 


J ;  S  as  Z ;  Cn  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  TIUS. 

law 


WOE 

2.  To  give  evidence. 

The  shew  of  their  couDtenance  doth  witnese  ttifainst  them.  — 
la.  iii. 

WIT'NESS-ED,  (wit'nest,)  pp.  Seen  in  person ;  tes- 
tified J  subscribed  by  persona  present ;  as,  a  deed 
imtnessed  by  two  persons. 

WIT'NESS-ING,  ppr.  Seeing  in  person  ;  bearing  tes- 
timony ;  givizig  evidence. 

WIT'-SNAP-PER,  n.  [wit  and  snap.]  One  who  af- 
fects repartee.     [JVot  in  tu^c]  Sha?c 

WIT'-STARV-£D,  a.  Barren  of  wit;  destitute  of 
penius.  Examiner, 

WIT'TED,  a.  Having  wit  or  understanding;  as,  a 
i}\uck-ipitted  boy. 

WJT'TI-CISM,  H.  [from  wit]  A  sentence  or  phrase 
which  is  affectedly  witty ;  a  low  kind  of  wit. 

He  is  foil  of  cctncoplions,  points  of  cpigi-am,  and  vtUicisins ;  all 
which  are  below  the  iligniCy  of  heroic  verse.        Addison. 

"WIT'TI-LY,  adi\  [from  wit.]  With  wit;  with  a 
delicate  turn  or  phrase,  or  with  an  ingenious  associ- 


ation of  ideas. 
2.  Ingeniously;  cunningly;  artfully. 

^Vho  his  own  harm  so  wiuily  contrives. 

WIT'TI-NESS,  n.      [from  w/H?/.]      The 


Sidiic}j. 


DrydcK, 

quality  of 
Spenser. 
Knowingly ;  with 


beins  witty. 
WIT'TING-LY,  adtj.     [See  Wit. 
knowledge ;  by  design. 

He  knowingly  .ind  vnl&ngly  broiight  evil  into  the  world.    More. 

WIT'TOL,  71.     [Sax.,  from  witm^  to  know.] 

A  man  who  knows  his  wife's  infidelity  and  sub- 
mits to  it ;  a  tame  cuckold.  Shak. 

WIT'TOL-LY,  adv.     Like  a  tame  cuckold.       Shak. 

WIT'TY,  a.  [from  wit.]  Possessed  of  wit,  full  of 
wit ;  as,  a  witty  poet. 

2.  Judicious  ;  ingenious  ;  inventive. 

3.  Sarcastic  ;  full  of  taunts 

UoDCycomb  was  umnercifuUy  ici((y  upon  the  women. 

Spectator. 

WIT'WALL,  71.    A  bird,  the  golden  oriole;  also,  the 

great  spotted  woodpecker.  P.  Cyc. 

WIT'-WORAf ,  (wurm,)  n.    [wit  and  worm,]     One  that 

feeds  on  Vt'it.     [J^ot  in  nse.]  B.  Jonson. 

WIVE,  V.  i.     [from  wife]     To  marry.     [JVb£  in  use.] 

WIVEjjJ.  (.     To  matcli  to  a  wife.  Shak. 

2.  To  take  for  a  wife.     [JVot  in  use]  Shak. 

WiVE'HOOD,  71.    Behavior  becoming  a  wife.     [Obs.] 

Spenser. 
[It  should  be  Wifehood.] 
WIVE'LESS,  a.    Not  having  a  wife. 

[It  should  be  Wifeless.] 
WiVE'LY,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  wife.  Sidney. 

[It  should  be  Wifely.] 
WTV'ER,      f    71.    A  kind  of  heraldic  dragon. 
WIV'ERN,   i  Thymic. 

WIVES,  p/.  of  Wife. 

WIZ'ARD,  7i.  [from  wise.]  A  conjurer ;  an  en- 
chanter; a  sorcerer.    Lev.  xx. 

The  wily  wizard  must  be  caught.  Dryden. 

WIZ'ARD,  a.     Enchanting;  charming.  ColUns. 

2.  Haunted  by  wizards.  JMilton. 
AVIZ'SN,  V.  i.     [Sax.  wisnian,  ineosnian.] 

To  wither  ;  to  dry.     [Local.] 

W6AD,  w.  [Sax.  wad  or  waad;  G.  waid,  zccid ;  D. 
2cecdc;  Fr.  ^ede;  It.  guado.     Q,u.  weed.] 

A  plant  of  tlie  genus  Isalis,  formerly  cultivated  for 
the  use  of  dyers,  but  now  chiefly  superseded  by  in- 
digo. The  woad  bhie  is  a  very  deep  blue,  and  is  the 
base  of  many  other  colors  or  shades  of  color.  Woad 
is  first  bruised  in  a  mill,  and  tlien  made  into  balls. 
It  grows  wild  in  France,  and  along  the  coasts  of  the 
Baltic.  Cijc. 

WoAD'-MILL,  71.  A  mill  for  bruising  and  preparing 
woad. 

Wo'DEN,  71.  An  Anglo-Saxon  deity,  supposed  to 
correspond  to  RIercury  of  the  ancients,  from  wJiom 
Wednesday  derives  its  name.  Brande. 

WoE,  71.     [Sax.  wa;  L.  va;  Gr.  ovai ;  W.g^cae;  G. 
wek  ;  D.  loee  ;  Sw.  vc.] 
1.  Grief;  sorrow  ;  miserj' ;  a  heavy  calamity. 

One  woe  is  pael-  und  behokl  there  come  two  woes  more  here- 
after. —  Rev.  IT.. 
They  weep  each  other's  woe.  Pope. 

9.  A  curse. 

Can  there  be  a  woe  or  curse  in  all  the  stores  of  vengeance  equal 
to  the  malignity  of  auch  a  pmctice  i  SouUi. 

3.  Woe  is  used  in  denunciation,  and  in  exclama- 
tions of  sorrow. 

Woe  is  me  ;  for  I  am  undone.  —  Is.  vi. 

This  is  properly  the  Saxon  dative,  "  woe  is  to  me." 
"  IVoc  worth  the  day."     This  is  aljso  the  dative ; 
woe  be  to  the  day  ;  Sax.  wurtkan^  wcortkan,  or  wyr- 
than,  to  be,  to  become. 

Woe  is  a  noun,  and  if  used  as  an  adjective,  it  is 
improperly  used.  "  Woe  to  you  that  are  rich." 
"  fVae  to  that  man  by  whom  the  offense  coraeth  ;" 
that  is,  misery,  calamity,  be  or  will  be  to  him. 
WoE'-BE-GONE,(-gawn,)  a.  [looe,  be,  and  gone.] 
OverwhPlrned  with  woe  ;  immersed  in  grief  and  sor- 
row. 

So  woe-begone  was  he  with  pains  of  love.  I-iurfax. 


WOM 

WfJE'FljL,  I  a.    Sorrowful;  distressed  with  gi-icf  or 
WO'FJjL,     (      calamity;  atliicted. 

llow  many  woeful  widows  left  to  bow 

To  sad  disgrace  1  Dcniel. 

2.  Sorrowful  ;  mournful  ;  full  of  distress ;  as, 
woeful  day.    Jer.  xvii. 

3.  Bringing  calamity,  distress,  or  affliction  ;  as,  a 
woeful  event ;  woeful  want. 

4.  Wretched ;  paltry. 

What  woeful  JtulT  this  madrigal  would  be  I  Pope. 

WoE'FUL-LY,  j  arfy.    Sorrowfully;   mournfully;   in 
Wo'FlJL-LY,     \      a  distressing  manner. 

2.  Wretchedly  ;  e.'ctremely  ;  as,  he  will  be  wocfidbj 
deceived. 

W§'^FUL-NEif '  i  "•     ^^^'^^'-y  '  ^^'=^"*i^y- 

WoE'-'SHAK-i^N,  a.    Shaken  by  woe. 

WoE'SOME,  (wo'^sum,)  a.    Woeful,     [JVot  in  use.] 

Lanirhorne. 

WOFT,  for  Waft.     [JVot  in  use]  Shak. 

WoLD,  in  Saxon,  is  the  same  as  Wald  and  Wealo,  a 
wood,  sometimes,  perhaps,  a  lawn  or  plain.  IVald 
signifies,  also,  power,  dominion,  fromwaWaH,  to  rule. 
These  words  occur  in  names. 

WOLF,  Cw«Jf,)  n.  [Sax.  widf;  G.  and  D.  wolf;  Sw. 
ulfi  Dan.  w/y ;  Russ.  volk  ;  L.  vulpcs,  a  fox,  the 
same  word  differently  applied.    The  Gr.  is  aAwirjyf.J 

1.  An  animal  of  the  genus  Canis,  a  beast  of  prey 
that  kills  sheep  and  other  small  domestic  animals  ; 
called  sometimes  the  Wild  Dog.  The  wolf  is  crafty, 
greedy,  and  ravenous. 

2.  A  small  white  worm  or  maggot,  which  infests 
granaries.  Cyc. 

3.  An  eating  ulcer.  Broityn. 
WOLF'-DOG,  71.     A  dog  of  a  large  breed,  kept  to 

guard  slieep.  Tickel. 

2.  A  dog  supposed  to  be  bred  between  a  dog  and 
a  wolf.  Johnson. 

WOLF'-FISH,  n.  A  fish,  the  Anarrhichas  lupus  of 
I^inneeus ;  a  fierce,  voracious  fish  of  the  northern 
seas.  This  fish  is  called  also  Sea-Cat,  Cat-Fish, 
and  Sea- Wolf.  Jardinc^s  JVat.  Lib. 

WOLF'ISIl,  n.  Like  a  wolf;  having  the  qualities  or 
form  of  a  wolf;  as,  a  wolfish  visage  ;  wolfish  designs. 

Shak. 

WOLF'ISH-LY,  ado.    In  a  wolfish  manner.    Borrow. 

WOLF'-NET,  n.  A  kind  of  net  used  in  fishing, 
which  takes  great  numbers.  Cijc 

WOL'FRAM,  n.  In  mineralogy,  an  ore  of  tungsten. 
Its  color  is  generally  a  brownish  or  g'^y-sh  black. 
It  occurs  massive  and  crystallized,  and  in  concen- 
tric, lamellar  concretions.  Cyc. 

WOLF'S'-BANE,  n.    A  poisonous  plant  of  the  genus 
Aconitum  ;  aconite. 
2.  The  winter  aconite,  or  Helleborus  hyemalis. 

Lee. 

WQLF'S'-GLAW,  n.  A  cryptogamous  plant  uf  the  ge- 
nus Lycopodium,  or  clubmoss  kind.  Lee. 

WOLF'S'-MILK,  71,    An  herb.  AinsioorOi. 

W6LF'S'-PeACH,  71.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Sola- 
num,  (Lycopersicum  esculentum ;)  tho  tomato  or 
love-apple. 

WOL'LAS-TON-tTE,  n.  [from  Dr.  Wollaston.]  A 
variety  of  tabular  spar.  Dana. 

WOL-VER-kNE',  j  n.     A  carnivorous  mammal,  the 

WOL-VER-'JiVE',  ]  Gulo  Luscus,  a  quadruped  in- 
habiting the  coasts  of  the  Arctic  Sea.  It  is  some- 
times called  Q,uick-Hatcu,  and  Hudson's-Bav 
Bear. 

WOL-VER-tNE',  71.  A  cant  term  given  to  an  inhab- 
itant of  Michigan. 

WOL'VISH,  a.     More  properly  Wolfish,  which  see. 

WOM'.^N,  71.;  pi.  Women.  [A  compound  of  womb 
and  77ia?[.  It  is  the  same  word  as  1..  famina;  the 
Latins  writing  /  for  to.  The  plural,  as  written, 
seems  to  be  womb-men.  But  we  pronounce  it  wimen^ 
and  so  it  ought  to  be  written,  for  it  is  from  the  Saxon 
wifman,  wife-man.] 

1.  The  female  of  the  human  race,  grown  to  adult 
years. 

And  the  rib,  which  the  Lord  God  had  taken  from  the  man,  made 
he  a  woman.  —  Gen.  ii. 

Women  aro  soft,  mild,  pililui,  and  flexible.  Shak. 

Wv  see  every  day  women  perish  with  infamy,  by  having  been 
too  willing  to  set  their  beauty  to  show.  Rarraier. 

1  have  observed  among  all  nations  that  the  women  ornament 
themselves  more  than  the  men;  that  wherever  found,  they 
are  the  same  kind,  civil,  obliging,  humane,  tender  beings, 
inclined  to  be  gay  and  cheerful,  timorous  and  modest. 

Ledyard, 

2.  A  female  attendant  or  servant.  Shak. 
WOM'AN,  V.  t.  To  make  pliant.  Sltak. 
WOM'AN-£I),  a.      Accompanied  or  united  with    a 

woman.     [JVnt  Jised.]  Shak. 

WOM'AN-IIAT-ER,  n.  [woman  and  hater.]  One 
who  has  an  aversion  to  the  female  sex.       Swift. 

WOM'AN-HOOD,  n.  [jcoman  and  hood.]  The  state, 
character,  or  collective  qualities  of  a  woman. 

Spenser. 

WOM'AN-IZE,  V.  t.  To  make  effeminate.  [JVot 
used.] 

WOM'AN-ISH,  a.  Suitable  to  a  woman  ;  having  the 
qualities  of  a  woman  ;  feminine;  as,  womanish  hab- 
its ;  womanish  tears;  a  leomanish  voice. 

Drydcn.     Shale 


WON 

WOM'AN-KIND,  n.     [woman  and  kind.]     The  female 

B6X;  the  race  of  females  of  the  human  kind. 

.dddisoiu 
WOM'AN-LIKE,  a.    Like  a  woman. 
WOM'AN-LY,  a.    Becoming  a  woman  ;    feminine ; 

as,  womanly  beJiavior.  ArbuthnoL 

A  blusliing,  womanly  discovering  grace.  Donne, 

WOM'AN-LY,  adv.    In  the  manner  of  a  woman. 
WOMB,  (woum,)  71.     [Sax.  wainb  ;  Goth,  wamba;  Sw. 

vdmb;    Dan.  7J07tt ;    Scot,  wame;    G.  wampe,  belly,  a 

dewlap  ;  D.  warn,] 

1.  The  uterus  of  a  female;  that  part  where  the 
young  of  an  animal  is  conceived  and  nourished  till 
its  birth.  Cyc. 

2.  The  place  where  any  thing  is  produced. 

The  womb  of  earth  the  gcni.il  seed  receives.  Dnjtlen. 

3.  Any  large  or  deep  cavity.  Addison. 
Womb   of  Ihc  inurmng;    in   Scriptnre,  the  clouds, 

which  distill  dew  ;  supposed  to  be  emblematic  of 
the  church  bringing  forth  multitudes  to  Christ. 
Ps.  ex. 

WOMB,  V.  t.  To  inclose  ;  to  breed  in  secret.  [Jfot  in 
it^-e.]  Shak. 

WOM'BAT,  7j.  A  marsupiate  mammal,  the  Phas- 
colomys  Wombat,  of  the  opossum  family.  Il  is 
about  the  size  of  the  badger.  It  inhabits  New  Hol- 
land. 

WOMB'Y,  (woom'y,)  a.    Capacious.     [JVot  in  itsc] 

Shak. 

WOM'EN,  (wim'en,)  v.;  pi.  of  Woman.  But  it  is 
supposed  the  word  we  pronounce  is  from  Sax.  wif- 
Tuan,  and  therefore  should  be  written  Wimen. 

WON,  (wun,)  prct.  and  pp.  of  WrN  ;  as,  victories  won. 

WON,  (wun,)  )v.  i.     [Sax.  wunian;  G.  wohnen ;  D. 

W6NE,  (      tcoonen,  to  dwell,  to  continue  ;  Ir. 

fanaim.] 

To  dwell ;  to  abide.  [06s.]  Its  participle  is  re- 
gained in  wont,  that  is,  waned.  JlHton. 

WON,  (wun,)  n.    A  dwelling.     [Obs.]  Spc7iscT. 

WON'DER,  (wun'der,)  7(.  [Sax.  wander;  G.  wiinder; 
D.  wonder;  Sw.  and  Dan.  under;  qu.  Gr.  ^(Kt-w,  to 
show  ;  and  hence  a  sight ;  or  from  the  root  of  Sp. 
espanto^  a  panic] 

1.  That  emotion  which  is  excited  by  novelty,  or 
the  presentation  to  the  sight  or  mind  of  something 
new,  unusual,  strange,  great,  extraordinary,  or  not 
well  understood  ;  something  that  arrests  the  at- 
tention by  its  novelty,  grandeur,  or  inexplicable- 
ness.  Wonder  expresses  less  than  astonishment,  and 
much  less  than  amazement.  It  differs  from  admi- 
ration in  not  Iieing  necessarily  acco.mpanied  with 
love,  esteem,  or  approbation,  nor  directed  to  persons. 
But  wonder  sometimes  is  nearly  allied  to  a^tonish- 
mcnt,  and  tl'.e  exact  extent  of  the  meaning  of  such 
words  can  hardly  be  graduated. 

They  were  filled  with  wonder  and  ainazcnient. —  Acfa  iii. 
Wonder  a  the  effect  of  novelty  upon  igncirance.  Johnson. 

2.  Cause  of  wonder;  that  which  excites  surprise j 
a  strange  thing  ;  a  prodigy. 

To  try  things  oft,  and  never  to  give  over,  dolh  woTidere. 

Bacon. 
I  am  as  a  wonder  to  many.  — Fs.  Ixxi. 

3.  Any  thing  mentioned  with  surprise. 

Babylon,  the  wonder  of  ail  tongues.  Milton. 

4.  A  miracle.     Exod.  iii. 

Wonders  of  the  world.  The  seven  wonders  of  the 
v/orld  were  the  Egjptian  pyramids,  the  mausoleum 
erected  by  Artemisia,  the  temple  of  Diana  at  Ephe- 
sus,  the  walls  and  hanging  gardens  of  Babylon,  the 
Colossus  at  Rhodes,  the  statue  of  Jupiter  Olympius, 
and  the  Pharos  or  watchtower  of  Alexandria. 
WON'DER,  (wun'der,)  v.  i.  [Sax.  wundrian.] 
To  be  affected  by  surprise  or  admiration. 

I  could  not  sufficiently  wonder  at  the  intrepidity  of  thcaC  diminu- 
tive mortals.  Sto\fl. 
We  cease  to  wonder  at  what  we  understand.             Johnson. 

WON'DER-ER,  ti.    One  who  wonders. 
WON'DER-FUL,  a.      Adapted  to  excite  wonder  or 

admiration  ;  exciting  surprise  ;  strange  ;  astonishing. 

Job  xlii. 
WON'DER-FIJL-LY,  adv.      In  a  manner  to  excite 

wonder  or  surprise. 

I  will  praise  thee,  for  I  am  fearfully  and  wonderfully  made. — 
Ps.  cxxxix. 

WON'DER-FIJL-NESS,  n.  The  stateorquality  of  be- 
ing wonderful.  Sidney. 

WON'DER-ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Indulging  or  feeling  won- 
der.    Gen.  xxiv.     Luke  xxiv. 

WON'DER-ING-LY,  adv.     In  a  wondering  manner. 

WON'DER^MENT,  n.  Surprise;  astonishment;  a 
wonderful  appearance.     [T'ulgar.] 

WON'DER-STRUCK,  fl.  [icomfcr  and  struck.]  Ptruck 
with  wonder,  admiration,  and  surprise.      Dryden. 

WON'DER-WORK'ING,  (-wurk'ing,)  a.  Doing  won- 
ders or  surprising  things. 

WON'DROUS,  a.  Admirable ;  marvelous ;  such  as 
may  excite  surprise  and  astonishment;  strange. 

That  I  may  publish  with  the  voice  of  thanksgiving,  and  tell  of  all 
thy  worulrou$  works.  —  Ps.  xxvi. 

WON'DROUS,  adv.  In  a  wonderful  or  surprising  de- 
gree ;  as,  a  place  TTonrfroits  deep;  you  are  wtwtrfroiw 


FATS,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — 1^1  t:TE,  PREY.  —  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BOOK.- 
1^70         ~  ■  ■  - 


woo 

fair;   wondrous  fond  of  peace.    Tliese  phrnsGS  of 
Cowley,  Dryden,  and  Pope,  are  admissible  only  in 
the  ludicrous  and  burlesque  style. 
\V0X'DROUi?-LV,  ado.    In  a'strange  or  wonderful 
manner  or  degree. 

Chloe  complains,  and  itondrouslt/  's  a^grieveJ.        G'.anviile. 

WoN'T,  a  contraction  of  woU  not,  that  is,  will  not, 
WONT,  (wunt,)  a.  [Wont  is  strictly  the  participle  pas- 
sive of  won,  wane ;  Sax.  wunian,  to  dwell,  to  remain, 
to  endure,  to  exist,  to  consist ;  G.  took.ten,  D.  tooonen. 
But  Ifis  D.  has  wennen,  Sxv.  vania,  Dan.  vcsnncr,  to 
accustnm ;  Ir.jiinaim,  to  remain.  In  English,  the 
verb  is  obsolete  ;  but  wo  retain  tlie  particii)ie  in  use, 
and  furra  it  into  a  verb.     Pee  tlie  verb.] 

Accustomed  j  Iiabituat^d  j  using  or  doing  custom- 
arily. 

If  tUe  ox  were  iconl  lo  path  wilh  liu  horn.  — Ex.  xxi. 
Thev  were  xcont  to  sprak  iu  oM  time,  savio*. — 2  Sam.  ix. 
See  Matt,  xxvii.  15.     Luke  xxii.  39. 

WONT,  (wunt,)  n.    Custom  ;  habit ;  use.    [Obs.] 

Sidjtcy.     Hooker. 
AVONT,  (wunt,)  r.  i.    To  be  accustomed  or  habitu- 
ated ;  10  be  used. 

A  yearly  soletr.a  f«ist  she  isont  to  malce.  Spenser. 

■\VhijreUi-tlh  b?  -.wni  to  soar  ao  high.     [Oiff.J  Waller. 

WONT'ED,  (wuni'ed,)  pp.  or  a.    Accustomed ;  used. 

Agaiu  his  uonled  woa^a  prove<l.  Spenser. 

3.  Accustomed  ;  made  familiar  by  use. 

She  uras  tc^nced  to  the  place,  luiil  would  not  remove. 

L'Estrange. 
WOXT'ED-NESS,  (wunt'ed-,)  n.    The  state  of  being 

accustomed.  ■ff'"^"  Charles. 

WONT'LESS,  (wunt'Iess,)  a.      Unaccustomed  ;   un- 
used.    [Obs.]  Spenser. 
WOO,  V.  t.     [Sax.  wogan,  whence  aicogodj  wooed.] 

1.  To  court ;  to  solicit  in  love. 

My  proui]  rival  looota 
Another  partaer  lo  his  thnine  and  bed.  PhUips. 

Each,  like  the  Grecian  artist,  lecoea 
The  ima^  lie  himsd/  has  utou^U  Prior. 

2.  To  court  solicitously  ;  to  invite  with  importunity. 

Thee,  chanlrcsa,  oil  the  woods  among, 

I  'MM  to  hear  thy  even  soog.  MUlon, 

WOO,  tf.  i.    To  court ;  to  make  love.  Dnjdcn. 

WgpD,  a.     [Sax.  wod.] 

Mad  ;  furious.    [Obs.]  Spatscr. 

WOOD,  n.     [Sax.  wuda,  wuda  ;  D.  trotul ;  W.  gTCi/z.J 

1.  A  large  and  thick  collection  of  trees  j  a  forest. 

Light  thickens,  and  Uw  crow 
Makes  wing  (o  the  rooky  leootl.  SJiaic. 

2.  The  substance  of  Ireea  ;  the  hard  substance 
which  composes  the  body  of  a  tree  and  its  branches, 
and  which  is  covered  by  the  bark. 

3.  Trees  cut  or  sawed  for  the  fire.  TVood  is  yet 
the  principal  fuel  in  the  Unitt-d  Slate.^. 

4.  Timber  ;  trees  cut  for  architectural  purposes. 

5.  An  idol.     Hab.  ii. 

WOOD,  V.  i.    To  supply  or  get  supplies  of  wood. 

WOOD'-A-XE.M'0-.\E,  71.  A  plant.  Anemone  nemo- 
ro^.     [See  Anemone.] 

WOOD'-ANT,  n.  [itood  and  ant]  A  large  ant  living 
in  society  in  woods  and  forests,  and  constructing 
large  nests.  £.  C.  Merrick. 

WOOD'-A.SH-ES,  n.  pi  [wood  and  ashes.]  The  re- 
main=  of  burnt  wood  or  plants. 

[This  word  is  used  in  England  to  distinguish 
these  ashes  from  the  remains  of  coal.  In  the  United 
Slates,  where  wood  chiefly  is  burnt,  the  people  usu- 
ally say  simply  asftes.  But  as  coal  becomes  more 
u^ed,  the  English  distinction  will  be  necessary.] 

WOQUTIND,  }  n.      A  name    given  to  the    honey- 

WgOD'BINE,  i  suckle,  a  species  of  Caprifolium 
or  LoTiicera.  Lee. 

WOOD'-BOUXD,  a.  [wood  and  bound.]  Encum- 
bered wilh  tall,  woody  hedgerows. 

WOOD'CHAT,  n.  A  species  of  butcher-bird  or 
shrike,  Lanius  rufus.  Jardine. 

WOOD'CHUCK,  ji.  [wood  and  Persian  chuk,  a  hog. 
See  Chuk.] 

In  JVew  England,  the  popular  name  of  a  rodent 
mammal,  a  species  of  the  .Marmot  tribe  of  animals, 
the  Arctomys  monax-  The  ground  hog.  It  burrows 
and  is  dormant  in  winter. 

WOOD'€HOIR,  (-kwire,)  n.    Songsters  in  a  wood. 

WgOD'-eoAL,  77.  [wood  and  coal.]  Charcoal ;  also, 
lignite  or  brown  coal. 

WOOD'COCK,  n.  [wood  and  cock.]  A  bird  of  the 
genus  Scolopax  of  Linnaeus,  allied  to  the  snipes,  but 
with  a  more  robust  bill.  Two  tipecies  are  known  by 
this  name,  and  these  are  widely  distributed.  Their 
flesh  is  esteemed  a  delicacy.         JVuttaU.    Jardine. 

WppD'COCK  SHELL,  n.  A  name  given  by  Eng- 
lish naturalists  to  the  shells  of  certain  mollusks  of 
the  senus  Murex,  which  have  a  verj'  long  tube  with 
or  without  spines.  Rees^s  Cyc.    P.  Cijc. 

WOOD'-€RaFT,  7).  Skill  and  practice  in  shooting 
and  fifher  sports  in  the  woods. 

WQOD'-€UT,  71,    An  engraving  on  wood. 

WOOD'-eUT-TER,  tj.    A  person  who  cuts  wood. 

WOOO'-eUT-TLVG,  a.     Cutting  wood. 

WC)6D'-eUT-TIXG,  7J.  The  act  or  employment  of 
cutting  wood. 


woo 


woo 


1 


VVOOU'-DRINK,?!.  [wood  and  drink.]  A  decoction 
or  infusion  of  medicin:il  woods. 

VVOOD'-ECH'O,  (-elt'o,)  ji.    An  eclio  from  the  wood. 

WOOD'EO,  o.  Supplied  or  covered  with  wood:  as, 
lund  wooded  and  watered.  Jlrbutlinot. 

WOOD'EN,  a.     [from  wood.']     Made  of  wood ;  con- 
sisting of  wood  i  as,  a  wooden  bol ;  a  wooden  leg ;  a 
wooden  horse. 
2.  Clumsy ;  awkward. 

When  a  lK)ld  man  la  put  out  of  cour.lcoancc,  he  ma](M  a  very 
reooden  figure  on  it.  Ca'Msr. 

WOOD'-EN-GRaV'ING,  n.  Xylography;  the  act  or 
art  of  engraving  on  wood,  or  of  cutting  figures  of 
natural  objects  on  wood,  Cyc. 

2.  An  euKrnviiig  on  wood. 

WOOD'-FRET-TEK,  «.  [wood  and  fret.]  An  insect 
or  worm  that  eats  wood.  jiinnicortfi. 

WOOD'-UoLE,  7(.  [wood  and  hole.]  A  place  where 
wood  is  laid  up.  Philips 

WOOD'-HOUSE,  n.  [wood  and  Iiouse.]  A  houso'or 
shed  in  which  wood  is  deposited  and  sheltered  from 
the  weather.  U7iitcd  Slates. 

WOOD'ING,  ppr.    Getting  or  supplying  with  wood. 

fFashintrton. 

WOOD'-LAND,  n.  [wood  and  land.]  Land  covered 
with  wood,  or  land  on  which  trees  arc  suft'ered  to 
grow,  either  for  fuel  or  timber.  America. 

9.  In  EnrrUmd,  a  soil  which,  from  its  humidity  and 
color,  resembles  the  soil  in  woods.  Cijc. 

WOOD'LXRK,  n.  [xcood  and  lark.]  .\  bird,  a  species 
of  lark,  the  Alauda  arborea,  which,  like  the  sky- 
lark, utters  its  notes  while  on  the  wing. 

Jardinc^s  JVat.  Lib. 

WOOD'-LaY-ER,  n.  [wood  and  laijrr.]  A  young 
oak  or  other  timber-plant,  laid  down  in  a  hedge 
among  the  white  thorn  or  other  plants  used  in 
hedges.  Cyc. 

WOOD'LESS,  a.    Destitute  of  wood.  Mitford. 

WgOD'LESS-NESS,  7i.  State  of  being  destitute  of 
wood. 

WOOD'-LOCK,  n.  [wood  and  lock.]  In  ship-buildinji, 
a  piece  of  elm,  close  fitted  and  sheathed  with  cop- 
per, in  the  throating  or  score  of  the  pintle,  to  keep 
the  rudder  from  rising.  Cyc. 

WOOD'-LOUSE,  71.  [wood  and  louse.]  An  insect, 
tile  inill.-[i<d.  Diet.  jK'at.  Hist. 

WOOD'MAN,  71.  [wood  and  ?7mn.]  A  forest  officer, 
appointed  to  take  care  of  the  king's  wood. 

England. 

2.  A  sportsman  ;  a  hunter.  Milton,    Pope. 

3.  One  who  cuts  down  trees. 
WOOD'-MEIL,  n.     A  coarse,  hairy  stuff  made  of  Ice- 
land wool,  used  to  line  the  ports  of  ships  of  war. 

Cyc. 

WOOD'-MiTE,  H.  [wood  and  nute.]  A  small  insect 
found  in  old  wood. 

WOOD'-M0N"GER,  (-mung'ger,)  n.  [iPootZ  and  mon- 
ger.]     A  wood-seller. 

WOOD'-MoTE,  n.  [wood  and  mote.]  In  England, 
the  ancient  name  of  the  forest  court ;  now  tiie  court 
of  attach  tnent.  Cyc. 

WOOD'NESS,  7^    Anger;  madness;  rage.    [Obsi.] 

Ftshcr. 

WOOP'-NTGHT'SHaDE,  71.  A  plant,  Solanuni  Dul- 
camara ;  woody  nightshade. 

WOQD'-NoTE,  11.    [wood  and  note.]     Wild  music. 

Or  swoelcst  Shakspi'iire,  fancy's  child, 

Wiiitjie  hia  uativt-  wood-notes  wild.  Afilton. 

WOOD'-NYMPH,  (-nimf,)  n.  [wood  and  nijmph.]  A 
fabled  goddess  of  the  woods  ;  a  dryad. 

The  leoD'l-Tiyjnphs  ilcckeil  with  dajsiea  trim,  A/t/Ion. 

WOOD'-OF'FER-ING,  n.    Wood  burnt  on  the  altar. 

JV-r'h.  X.  _ 

WOOD'-o-PAL,  n.  A  striped  variety  of  coarse  opal, 
having  some  resemblance  to  wood.  Dana. 

WOOD'PECK-ER,  n.  [wood  and  peck.]  A  name  of 
numerous  species  of  scansorial  birds,  of  the  genus 
Picus,  which  have  strong  bills,  and  peck  holes  in  the 
wood  or  bark  of  trees,  in  pursuit  of  insects. 

WOOD'-PIG'EON,  (-pid'jun.)  ?;.  [wood  and  pigeon.] 
The  rinn-dove,  ((.'olumba  palumbus.)     Ed.  Encyc. 

WOOD'-PO'CE-KON,  ti.  [wood  and  puceron.]  A 
small  insect  of  a  grayish  color,  having  two  hollow 
horns  on  the  hinder' part  of  its  body.  It  resembh;s 
the  puceron  of  the  alder,  but  it  penetrates  into  the 
wood.  Cyc. 

WOOD'REEVE,  n.  [wood  and  reeve.]  In  England, 
the'  steward  or  overseer  of  a  wood. 

WOOD'-ROCK,  n.    A  compact  variety  of  asbestus. 

Dana. 

WOOD'-ROOP, ;  n.     [wood  and  roofoxruff.]     A  plant 

VV06D'-RUFF,  i     of  the  genus  Asperula.  Lotulon. 

WO^D'-SaGE,  71.  [wood  and  sage.]  A  plant  found 
in  woods,  Teucrium  scorodonia,  having  the  smell  of 
garlic.  lAiiidon. 

WOOD'-SaRE,  71.    A  kind  of  froth  seen  on  herbs. 

Baco7i. 

WOOD'-PCREW,  n.  The  ordinary  screw  made  of 
iron,  for  uniting  pieces  of  wood. 

WOOD'-SkRE,  71.  The  time  when  there  is  no  sap  in 
a'lfee.  T^ser.      > 

WpOD'-SnOCK,  71.  The  wejack,  a  quadruped  of 
the*  weasel  kind  in  North  America.     It  is  the  Mus- 1 


tela  Canademiis  of  Linnarn-, 
rouB  mammal,  w^melimt 
FisHctt  Weaiel,  etc.     It 
nia  to  the  Great  Slave  L 

nent  to  the  whores  of  the  Kv 
W(X)D'-S99T,  71.     [wood  :ind 


>^'T.l'.Tr 


'.n  r.irrjv(>- 


i^tjiA  (r-.in  burnt 


wood,  which  hzA  been  found  UMrful  aji  a  loanure. 

Cvc 
\VOpD'-S0R-REL.  71.     [wood  nr.^l  torriL]     A.  S^nt 

of  the  genus  Oxalis,  having  an  acid  laTr.         L"^. 
WOOU'-SPITE,  71.     [wood  7a\^  tpile.]      ' 

in  some  parts  of  England  lo  the  irrecn  ■ 
WOOD'-.STONi:,  71.     A  Klrlpcd  var    ty  . 

forriewhat  resembling  wo*id  In  api    arair    .    i>.~:. 
WOpD'-TIN,  71.    A  nodular  vari»rly  of  tijd  of  tin, 

of  a  brown  color,  found  in  Cornwall.  Bramde. 

WOOD'WARr>,n.    [reood  and  ward.]    An  officer  of 

the  forcBt,  whose  duty  is  to  g<:ard  the  woodj.  [£mf- 

land.]  Kc 

WOOD'-WAPH,      )  71.      Naiiips  applltd    to   dyw'i 
VVOOD'-WAX,         }       broom,  or   dycr*«  wwl,  Ge- 
WOOD'-WAX-£N,)       nista  iinct.^a.     r%.r.    fi^.i,, 
WOOD'WORK,    n.       That   part      ' 

which  is  wrought  of  wood. 
WOOD' WORM,  (-wurm,)  n.     >■ 

worm  that  is  bred  in  wood. 
WOOD'Y,  a.    [from  wood.]    Aboundin;: 

as,  woody  lanii ;  a  woody  re^on. 

or  uoody  Idft'a  Lnn 

"2.  Consisting  of  wood  , 
parts  of  plants. 
3.  Pertaining  to  woods  ;  sylvan  ;  a*,  vocx/y  nymph*. 

Spetuer. 
Woody  fiber  consists  of  slender,  membninr>us  lubes 
tiifiering  at  each  end.  on  the  lisFtie  of  wood. 
WOQD'V-MGIIT'SHaDE,  n.    A  plant ;  bitltriwr-rt ; 
f^olanum   Dulcamara ;   originally  from  Europe,  but 
naturalized  in  North  America.  , 

WOO'ER,  7[,    [from  woo.]    One  who  courts,  w  so- 

licits  in  love.  Baca*. 

WOOF,  71.  [Sai.  weft,  from  ve/an,  lo  weave;  Sw. 
vUf;  Gr.  vipr.] 

1.  The  threads  that  cross  Iho  warp  :-  •■—---  : 
the  weft. 

2.  Texture  ;  cloth  ;  as,  a  pall  of  soft- 

WOOF'Y,  a.    Having  a  close  texture;  dense; 
woofy  cloud.  Miss  J.  B-:i' 

WOO'ING,  ppr.  [from  woo.]  Courting  ;  sulicuii.g 
in  love. 

WOO'ING-LY,  adv.  Enticingly;  with  persuasive- 
ness ;  so  as  lo  invite  to  Slav.  Skak. 

WOOL,  7(.    [Sax.  wuii  G.'wolle;  D.  wot:  Sw.  mU; 
l)a'n.«W,-  liu^.rolna;  ISasque,  u/ra.    Qu.  Gr. -^lA  ■(, 
soft :  iaijA<j$,  down  :  or  L.  vcUils,  from  rtJlo,  lo  puJI    < 
off.] 

1.  That  s*)fl  species  of  hair  which  grows  on  sheep  ' 
and  some  other  animals,  which  in  fin- "•   -^  w..f.,.r, 
times  approaches  to  fur.    The  word  c 

fies  the  fleecy  coat  of  the  sheep,  whici 

most  essential  material  uf  clulhiag  iu  —  . .« 

temjierale  climates.  | 

2.  Short,  thick  hair.  I 

3.  In  botany,  a  sort  of  pubescence,  or  ■>  ■ '  •!•"■-■'  "f  ' 
dense,  curling  hairs  on  the  surface  of 

WQOL'-BALL,  «.    A  ball  or  mass  of  u. .* 

the'  stomach  of  sheep.  Cyc 

WOOL'-CoMH-ER,  (-kom'er,)  n.  One  whose  occu- 
pation is  lo  comb  wool. 

M'OOLD,  r.  t.     [D.  woelen,  betroelen ;  G.  w'-ihlrn.] 

To  wind,  particularly  lo  wind  n  rope  round  a  mwt 
or  yard,  when  made  of  two  or  more  pieces,  at  Uie 
place  where  they  are  fished,  for  confining  and  »up- 
pi'rting  them.  Mcr.  Diet. 

WOOLU'ED,  pp.  Round  fast  with  ropes;  wound 
round. 

WOOLD'ER,  71.    A  stick  used  in  wo<Jdinp. 

Mar.  Diet. 

WOOLD'IXG,  ppr.  Binding  fast  with  ropes;  wind- 
ins  round. 

WOOLD'I.N'G,  n.      The  act  of  winding,  as  a  rope 
round  a  mast. 
2.  The  rope  used  for  binding  masts  and  spais. 

WOOL'-DRIV-ER,  ti-  [wool  and  drirer.]  One  who 
b'uvs  wool  and  carries  it  to  markcL 

WppL'EN,  a.     Made  of  wool ;  consisting  of  wool ; 
as,  wi'olen  cloth. 
2.  Pertaining  to  wool  ;  as,  woolen  manufacture*. 

WOOL'EN,  «.     Cloth  made  of  wool.  F-^pe. 

WpOL'EX-DRA-PER.  n.  One  who  deals  in  woolen 
coods. 

WOOL'FEL,  71.    [wool  nnd/rJ,  U  ^fiUs.] 

*  A  skin  with  the  w«il ;  a  skm  from  which  the 
wool  has  not  been  sheared  or  pulled.  Diries. 

WOOL'-G.\TH-ER  IXG,  a.  or  m.  A  lenn  applied  lo  a 
vasrant  or  idle  exercise  of  the  imagination,  oiten 
leading  to  a  neglect  of  present  object*.        Sil-t 

WOQL'-GR6AV-ER,  n.  [wool  and  jror.]  A  f  " 
who  raises  sheep  f.ir  the  pn^luction  of  wool. 

WOOT,'-GR6W-I.\G.  a.    Producing  sheep  and  wooL 

^V()6L'I-XESS,  rt.  [from  ifocWy.j  The  stale  of  be- 
ii'iL-  •.viully. 


TCNE,  BULL,  T^NITE,  —  AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — 6  as  K  :  0  03  J;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


VJ7i 


WOR 

WOOL'LY,  a.  Consisting  of  wool ;  as,  a  ivooUy  cov- 
ering ;  a  woolly  Heece.  Dnjden, 

2.  Resembling  wool ;  as,  woolly  Iniir.  Shak. 
'3.  Clotlied  with  wotil ;  as,  icoolly  breeders.  SUak, 
4.  In  6o£a«(/,  clotlied  with  a  pubescence  resembling 

wool.  Marttfu. 

WOOLTA'-PAS'TI-NUiM,  ru     A  name  given  in  the 

East  Indies  to  a  species  uf  red  orpinient  or  arsenic. 

Cyc. 
WQOL'PACK,  7t.     [icool  and  pad:.]    A  pack  or  bag 

of  wool. 

3.  Any  thing  bulky  without  weight.  Cleavcland. 
WOOL'SACK,  n.     [wool  and  sack.]     A  sack  or  bag  of 

wool. 

'J.  Tile  seat  of  the  lord  ch;uicc'l!or  of  England  in 
the  Iiousc  of  lords,  bein*;;  a  lar;;e,  square  hag  of  wool, 
witliout  back  or  arms,  covered  with  red  cloth. 

B  ramie. 

AVOOL'-STa-PLK,  7(.  [wnol  and  .staple]  A  city  or 
town  where  wool  used  to  be  brought  to  the  king's 
staple  fur  sale. 

WOOL'-STa  PLER,  n.     One  who  deals  in  wool. 

AVQQL'-TRaOE,  n.  [icool  and  trade]  The  trade  in 
wool. 

WOOL'VVARD,  adi\    In  wool. 

To  go  woolward,  was  to  wear  woolen  next  the 
skin,  as  a  penance.  Toonc.     Shak. 

WOOL'-WiND^EK,  7(.  [iDool  and  wind.]  A  person 
employed  to  wind  or  make  up  wool  into  bundles  to 
be  packed  for  sale.  Cyc. 

WODP,  71.     A  bird. 

WOOS,  71.    A  plant ;  a  sea  weed. 

WOOTZ,  71.  Indian  steel,  a  metallic  substance  im- 
ported from  The  East  Indies ;  valued  as  tlie  material 
of  edge-tools.  It  has  in  combination  a  minute  por- 
tion of  alumine  and  silica.  Wib.st(r's  Manual. 

WOltD,  (wurd,)  71.  [Sax.  word  or  wvrd  ;  G.  wort ;  D. 
jpoord;  Dan.  and  Svv.  ord;  Sans,  wurtfia.  This  word 
is  probiibly  the  participle  of  a  root  in  Br,  and  radi- 
cally the  same  as  L.  verbnm  ;  Ir,  abairim,  to  speak. 
A  word  is  that  whicli  is  uttered  or  thrown  out.] 

1.  An  articulate  or  vocal  sound,  or  a  combination 
of  articulate  and  vocal  sounds,  uttered  by  the  human 
voice,  and  by  custom  expressing  an  idea  or  ideas  ;  a 
single  component  part  of  human  speech  or  language. 
Thus  a  in  English  is  a  word  ;  but  few  words  consist 
of  one  letter  only.  Most  words  consist  of  two  or 
nmre  letters,  as  go,  do,  shall,  culled  monosT/llablcs,  or 
of  two  or  more  syllables,  as  honor,  goodness^  amia- 
ble. 

2.  The  letter  or  letters,  written  or  printed,  which 
represent  a  sound  or  combination  of  sounds. 

3.  A  short  disccturse. 

Shnll  I  vouchsafe  your  worsliip  a  word  or  two  ?  Sliak. 

4.  Talk  :  discourse. 


Why  slioiild  cahimily  Iw  full  of  ico^-ds? 
He  lliy  words  severr. 


SJmk. 
Drydeit. 

5.  Dispute  ;  verbal  contention ;  as,  some  words 
grew  between  us. 

G.  Language ;  living  speech  ;  oral  expression. 
The  message  was  delivered  by  word  of  mouth. 

7.  Promise.  He  gave  me  his  word  he  would  pay 
me. 

Obey  Ihy  parrn(s;  keep  thy  tcord  Justly.  Shak. 

8.  Signal;  order;  command. 

Give  the  word  throuslu  Shak. 

9.  Account;  tidings;  message.  Bring  inc  word 
what  is  the  issue  of  the  contest. 

10.  Declaration;  purpose  expressed. 

1  know  you  tirave,  and  Uikc  you  at  your  tcord.  Dnjdcn. 

11.  Declaration;  aflirmation. 

1  dcaire  not  the  rcider  sliouUl  uke  luy  word.  Dnjdcn. 

1*3.  The  Scrfpture  ;  divine  revelation,  or  any  part 
of  it.    This  is  called  the  icord  of  God. 

13.  Christ.    John  i. 

14.  A  motto  ;  a  short  sentence  ;  a  proverb. 

Svcnarr. 
./i  good  tcord ;  commendation;  favorable  account. 

And  g'ave  die  harrnli.'sa  follow  a  good  icord.  Poj^c. 

In  word;  in  declaration  only. 

Let  U3  not  love  in  word  only,  iiriUicr  in  tongue  ;  IjuI  in  dcoil  mid 
in  trulh.  —  1  John  ui. 

WORD,  (wurd,)  v.  i.    To  dispute.     [LiUle  used.] 
,,,.„^  ,  ,  IJ*  EM  range, 

WORD,  (wurd,)  v.  t.    To  express  in  words.    Take 
care  to  word  ideas  with  propriety. 

The  npolo^  for  Ihe  king  is  the  same,  but  worded  with  fn\iler 
deference  to  that  great  pnnc?.  Addison. 

WORD'-€ATCH-ER,  n.    One  who  cavils  at  words. 

Pope. 
WoUD'ED,  ;)p.    Expressed  in  words. 
WTjRD'ER,  71.     A  speaker.     [J^ot  in  n^-c.]    Tfhithck. 
WORD'I-LY,  adv.     In  a  verbose  or  wortly  mannei. 
VVORD'I-NESS,  71.     [from  wordrj.]     The  state  or  rpial- 

ity  of  abounding  with  words.  jl-.fi. 

WORD'ING,  7>;)7-.     Expressing  in  words. 
WORD'ING,  71.    The  act  of  expressing  in  words. 

2.  The  manner  of  expressing    in   words.      The 
v'i^^'iiHg  of  the  idea3  is  verv  judicious. 
WORDaSH,  a.     Respecting  words.     [Ao(  used.] 

Sidney. 


WOR 

VVORD'ISH-NESS,  n.     Manner  of  wording.    [J^ot 

used.] 

WORD'IiESS,  a.    Not  using  words  ;   not  speaking ; 

silent.  Skali. 

j  WORU'V,  (wurd'e,)fl.    Using  many  words;  verbose; 

as,  a  wordy  speaker ;  a  wordy  orator.  Spectator. 

2.  Containing  many  words  ;  full  of  words. 

Wc  need  not  lavisli  lionra  in  wordy  periods.  Ph'dijis. 

WORE,  prct,  of  Wk.vh.  He  icorc  gloves. 
WORE,  jjrff.  of  Ware.  They  wore  ship. 
WORK,  (wurk,)  v.  i.  y   pret.  and   pp.  Worked   or 

Wrought.     [Sax.  wcorcan,   leircan,   wyrcan;   Goth. 

waurkyan;  D.wcrkcn;  G.  wlrkcn  ;  Sw.  virka,verka ; 

Dan.  virkcr;  Gr.  cpjui^o^iaf.l 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  to  iriwe,  or  to  move  one  way 
and  the  other;  to  perforin,  as  in  popular  language 
it  is  said,  a  mill  or  machine  loorks  well. 

2.  To  labor  ;  to  be  occupied  in  performing  manual 
labor,  whether  severe  or  moderate.  One  man  worlcs 
better  than  another;  one  man  works  hard;  another 
work-i  lazily. 

:i.  To  be  in  action  or  mction;  as,  tho  working  of 
the  lieart.  Sliak. 

4.  To  act ;  to  carry  en  operations. 

Our  b.-((cr  purt  icniains 
To  work  in  close  dfsi^n.  AlUton. 

5.  To  operate  ;  to  carry  on  business ;  to  be  cus- 
tomarily engaged  or  employed  in.  Some  tcork  in  the 
mines,  others  in  t!ie  h)om,  others  at  the  anvil. 

They  IhU  work  iu  fine  flax.  —  Is.  lix. 

P.  To  ferment;  as,  unfermentcd  liquors  7ror/c  vio- 
lently in  hot  weather. 

7.  To  operate;  to  produce  elfects  by  action  or  in- 
fluence. 

All  things  work  together  for  good  to  them  thai  love  God.  — 

Kom.   vjii. 
This  so  wrought  upon  the  child,  that  afterward  he  desired  lo  be 

tang'hl.  Locke. 

8.  To  obtiin  by  diligence.     [Little  iiscd.]     Shak. 
1).  To  act  or  operate  on  the  stomach  and  bowels, 

as  a  cathartic. 

10.  To  labor;  to  strain  ;  to  move  heavily;  as,  a 
ship  works  in  a  tempest. 

11.  To  be  tossed  or  agitated. 

Confused  with  working  sands  and  rolling  waves.        Addison. 

12.  To  enter  by  working  ;  as,  to  work  into  the 
earth. 

To  work  on;  to  act  on  ;  to  influence. 
7'o  wo7-k  vp  ;  to  make  way. 

Body  sliiill  up  to  spirit  work.  lifdlon. 

To  work  to  windward  :  among  .''camcn,  to  sail  or  ply 
against  the  wind  ;  to  beat.  Mar.  Diet. 

WORK,  (wurk,)  v.  t.    To  move ;  to  stir  and  mix  ;  as, 
to  xDork  mortar. 

2.  To  form  by  labor  ;  to  mold,  shape,  or  manufac- 
ture ;  as,  to  work  wood  or  iron  into  a  form  desired, 
or  into  a  utensil ;  to  work  cotton  or  wool  into  cloth. 

3.  To  bring  into  any  state  by  action.  Afoul  stream, 
or  new  wine  or  cider,  icorks  itself  clear. 

4.  To  influence  by  acting  upon;  to  manage;  to 
lead. 

And  work  your  royal  father  to  hia  rnin.  Philips. 

5.  To  make  by  action,  labor,  or  violence.  A  stream 
works  a  passage  or  a  new  channel. 

Sidelong  he  icorka  his  way.  Milton. 

C<.  To  produce  by  action,  labor,  or  exertion. 

We  miglit  leork  any  effect  —  only  by  the  unity  of  natuf?. 

Bacon. 
Each  herb  he  knew,  that  works  or  good  or  ill.  Uarte. 

7.  To  embroider;  as,  to  ?PorA- muslin. 

8.  To  direct  the  movements  of,  by  adapting  tlie 
sails  to  Ihe  wind  ;  as,  to  work  a  ship. 

9.  To  put  to  hiJior  ;  to  exert. 

Work  every  nerve.  Addison. 

10.  To  catise  to  ferment,  as  liquor. 

To  work  out  i  to  effect  by  labor  and  exertion. 

Work  out    your  own  ealvaliou   with   fear   .ind    tri'inblin-T.  — 
Phil.  ii. 


2.  To  erase  ;  to  efface.     [JVot  used.] 
'.i.  To  solve,  as  a  problem. 


To  work  up  ,■  to  raise  ;  to  excite  ;  as,  to  icorh  vp  the 
passions  to  rage. 

The  sun,  th.it  rolls  his  chariot  o'er  their  heads, 

Works  up  more  fire  and  color  in  their  cliceks.  Addison. 

2.  To  expend  in  any  work,  as  materials.  They 
have  worked  up  all  the  stock. 

To  work  double  tide-: ;  in  the  language  of  seamen,  to 
perform  the  labor  of  three  days  in  two;  a  phrase 
taken  from  the  practice  of  working  by  the  night  tide  as 
well  as  by  the  day. 

To  work  into  ;  to  make  way,  or  to  insinuate  ;  as,  to 
work  one's  self  into  favor  or  confidence. 

To  work  a  passage;   nmong  seamen,  lo  pav  for  a 
passage  by  doing  duty  on  board  of  the  ship. 
WORK,   (wurk,)  n.     [Sax.  weorcf   D.  and  G.  locrk ; 
Dan.  and  Sw.  vei-k  ;  Gr.  epyoi'.] 

1.  Labor;  employment;  exertion  of  strength  ;  par- 
ticularly in  man,  manual  labor. 

2.  State  of  labor  ;  as,  to  be  at  jmrk. 

3.  Awkward  performance.  What  ^rfr/'.- vou  make  ! 


WOR 

4.  That  which  is  made  or  done  ;  as,  good  work,  or 
bad  work.  Milton. 

5.  Embroidery ;  flowers  or  figures  wrought  with 
the  needle. 

n.  Any  fabric  or  manufacture. 

7.  The  matter  on  which  one  is  at  work.  In  rising, 
she  dropped  lier  work. 

8.  Action  ;  deed  ;  feat ;  acliievement  ;  as,  the 
works  of  bloody  Mar.s.  Pope. 

9.  Operation. 

As  lo  the  composition  or  dissolution  of  mixed  bodies,  which  U  ihe 
chief  worK  oi  elemenlB.  Digby, 

10.  Effect;  that  which  proceeds  from  agency. 

Fancy 
Wild  work  produces  oft,  and  most  in  dreams.  Mdton. 

11.  Management ;  treatment.  Shak. 

12.  That  which  is  produced  by  mental  labor;  a 
composition  ;  a  book  ;  as,  the  works  of  Addison. 

13.  Works,  in  the  plural;  walls,  trenches,  and  the 
like,  made  for  forlificalions. 

14.  In  theology,  moral  duties,  or  external  perform- 
ances, as  distinct  from  giace. 

To  set  to  icork,    )  to  employ  ;  to  engage  in  any  busi 
To  set  on  work  :  \       ness,  Jlnoker. 

WORK'A-BLE,  (wurk'a-bl,)  a.  Capable  of  being 
worked,  as  a  metal.  Ure. 

2.  I'liat  can  be  worked,  or  that  is  worth  working  , 
as,  a  Workable  mine.  Hitchcock.      Comibcarc. 

WORIC'-BAG,  n.  A  lady's  reticule,  or  bag  for  holding 

work. 
WOKK'-DaY,  71.    See  Woukinc-Day. 
WORK'/Jl),  (wurkt,)  pp.  Moved  ;  labored  ;  performed  ; 

managed  ;  fermenteti. 
WORK'ER,  71.     One  that  works  ;  one  tliat  performs. 
WORK'-FEL-LoW,  ti.      One  engaged  in  tlie  same 

\^ork  with  another.     Rom.  xvi. 
WOPvK'-FoLK,  71.    Persons  that  labor.     [Obs.] 

Beatim.  ^  Fl. 
^\*ORK'-IIOU.SE,  )  n.     A  house  where  any  man- 

WORK'ING-IIOUSE,  \      ufacture  is  carried  on. 

2.  Ornernlly,  a  house  in  which  idle  and  vicious 
persruis  are  confined  to  labor. 
WORK'ING,  (wurk'ing,)  ppr.  ova.     Moving;  operat- 
ing ;  laboring;  fermenting. 
WOUK'ING,  n.     Motion  ;  the  art  of  laboring.      Shak. 

2.  Fermentation.  Bacon. 

3.  IMovement ;  operation;  as,  the  woi-AiKjrsoffancy. 
WORK'ING-DaY,  n.      [icork  and  day.]      A  day  on 

wliich  work  is  performed,  as  distinguished  from  the 
Sabbath,  festivals,  &c. 

2.  a.  Plodding;  hard-working;  as,  this  working- 
day  «'orId.  Shak. 

WORK'MAN,  v..     [work  and  man.]     Any  man  em- 
ployed in  labor,  whctlier  in  tillage  or  manufactures. 
2.  By  way  of  eminence,  a  skillful  artificer  or  la- 
borer. 

WORK'MAN-LIKE,  (wurk'-,)  a.  gkillful ;  well  per- 
formed. 

WOKK'MAN-LY,  fwurk'-,)  a.  Skillful  ;  well  per- 
formed. 

WORK'MAN-L'-  (wurk'-,)  adi\  In  a  skillful  man- 
ner ;  in  a  matii  n  becoming  a  workman.      Tusser. 

WOUK'MAN-SIUP,  (wurk'-,)"'  Manufacture;  sonie- 
tliing  made,  particularly  by  manual  labor.  Exod. 
XX  xi. 

2.  That  which  is  efl'ected,  made,  or  produced. 
Eph.  ii. 

3.  Tiie  skill  of  a  workman  ;  or  the  execution  or 
manner  of  making  any  thing.  TIio  workmanship  of 
this  cloth  is  admirable. 

4.  The  art  of  workinc.  Woodward. 
WOKK'-MAS-TER,  (wurk'-,)  w.     [teork  and  master.] 

The  perfiirmer  of  any  work.  Spenser. 

WORK'.SHOP,  (wurk',)  v.  [tncrk  and  shop.]  A  shop 
where  any  manufacture  is  carried  <in. 

WORK'-Ta-BLE,  (wurk'-,)  31.  A  small  table,  con- 
taining drawers  and  other  conveniences  for  ladies 
in  riispect  to  their  needlework. 

WORK'-WOM-AN,  (wurk'-,)  v.  A  woman  who  per- 
forms any  work,  or  one  skilled  in  needlework. 

Spenser. 

IV^ORK'Y-DaY,  ti.  [Corrupted  from  workingday.]  A 
day  not  tiic  Pai)bath.  Shui:. 

WORLD,  (wurld,)  71.  [Sax.  wcorold,  woruld  ;  D. 
wacrcld;  Sw.  verld.  This  seems  to  be  a  compound 
word,  and  probably  is  named  from  roundness,  the 
vault,  but  this  is  not  certain.] 

1.  'ilie  universe  ;  Ihe  whole  system  of  created 
globes  or  vast  bodies  of  matter. 

2.  The  earth;  the  terraqueous  globe;  sometimes 
called  the  lower  leorld. 

3.  Tlie  heavens  ;  as  when  wo  speak  of  the  heav- 
enly world,  or  upper  tcorld. 

4.  System  of  beings;  or  the  orbs  which  occupy 
space,  and  all  tho  beings  whidi  inhabit  thcin. 
Jlcb.  xi. 

(jod  —  hath  in  thrs-  bst  dnys  spokrn  to  ns  by  his  Son,  whom  h? 

huth  appointed  heir  of  all  tninga  ;  by  whom  also  he  made  the 

worlds.  —  Hob.  i. 
There  may  be  other  worlds,  where  tho  inhabitants  have  never 

violated  their  allegiance  to  their  Almighty  Sovereign. 

W.  B.  .9j>rasuc. 

.'j.  Present  state  of  existence  ;  as,  wliile  we  are  in 
the  icorld. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.- MeTE,  rRgV.- PINR,  MAEJXE,  BIRD.-NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.- 


1^72 


WOK 

G.  A  secular  life.  By  the  icorld  we  sometimes  un- 
dorstatul  (lie  Ihinss  of  lliis  world,  its  pleasures  and 
interests.  ,V  great  part  of  niankiiul  are  more  anx- 
ious to  enjoy  Ihe  icorld  than  to  secure  divine  favor. 

7.  Public  life  or  society  j  as,  banislieU  from  the 
itorU.  Sha!:. 

8.  Business  or  trouble  of  life. 

From  this  uw/d-wearied  flesli.  Shai. 

9.  A  great  multitude  or  quantity ;  as,  a  tcorld  of 
business  ;  a  world  of  charms.  Jililton. 

10.  Mankind;  people  in  general  j  in  an  iiulefinite 
senst.    Let  the  world  see  your  fortitude. 

Miliose  dispoEitioD  all  ihe  iron'd  wcti  knows.  Shak. 

11.  Course  of  life.  He  begins  the  world  with  little 
properly,  but  with  many  friends. 

12.  Universal  empire. 

Tbis  through  the  East  just  vengeance  burteil, 

And  tosl  poor  AiiloD^  the  xoorld.  Prior. 

13.  The  customs  and  manners  of  men  ;  the  prac- 
tice of  life.  A  knowledge  of  the  vorld  is  necessary 
for  a  man  of  business  ;  it  is  essential  to  politeness.  * 

14.  All  the  world  contains. 

Had  I  s  thoiisanit  vsorlds,  I  would  give  ih^m  all  for  one  ycnr 
more  to  devote  to  God.  LaiB. 

15.  The  principal  nations  or  countries  of  the  earth. 
Alexander  conquered  the  world. 

lt>.  The  Komau  empire.  Scripture. 

17.  A  large  tract  of  country  ;  a  wide  compass  of 
tilings. 

I  must  descry  new  teorldr.  Cowlq/. 

18.  The  inhabitants  of  the  earth  j  l!ic  whole  hu- 
man race.    John  iii. 

19.  The  carnal  slate  or  corruption  of  the  earth  ;  as, 
the  present  evil  world;  the  course  of  tliis  world. 
Gal.  i.     F.pft.  ii. 

20.  The  ungodly  part  of  the  world. 

I  pray  not  for  the  toorld,  but  fur  Ih-m  thai  thou  hast  ^ven  mo. 
—  John  xvii. 

21.  Time  ;  as  in  the  phrase,  world  without  end. 
93.  A  collection  of  wonders.     rJV'of  in  u,se.] 

In  Vic  wnrld;  in  possibility.    All  the  precaution  in 
the  world  would  not  save  him. 
For  all  t/ie  world :  Qxnclly.    [LiUlc  used.]   Sidneij. 
9.   For  anv  consideration. 
\VORLD'-HAJlD-£X-£D,  fwurld'hArd-nd,)  a.    Hard- 
ened liy  the  love  of  worldly  itiiufis. 
WORI.D'LI-XKSS,?!.     [from  world.]     A  predominant 
passion  for  obtaining  the  good  things  of  this  life ; 
covetonsness ;   addictedncss  to  gain  and  temporal 
enjoyments. 
WORLD'LING,  n.    A  person  whose  soul  is  set  upon 
gaining  temporal  possessions;  one  devoted  to  this 
world  and  its  enjoyments. 

Jf  we  consider  the  rxjuxtailoiis  of  fuUirity,  the  worldling  pvca 
tip  the  ar^.imcnt.  Rogcra. 

WCRLD'LY,  (wurld'le,)  a.  Sccubr;  temporal;  per- 
taining to  this  world  or  life,  in  contradistinction  to 
the  life  to  come;  as,  wordbj  pleasures  ;  wortdtij  af- 
fairs ;  worldly  estate  ;  worldly  honor ;  worldly  lusts. 
Tit.  ii. 

9.  Devoted  to  this  life  and  its  enjoyments;  bent 
on  gain  ;  as,  a  worldly  man  ;  a  worldly  mind. 

3.  Human  ;  common  ;  belonging  to  th2  world  ;  as, 
wm-ldh  actions;  worldly  maxim.-J. 

WOULD'I.V,  adc.    With  relation  to  this  life. 

SobTCTlin  J  tcorldly  slroog  and  worUHy  wiic 

By  siaifly  n^.eek.  Milton. 

WORLD'LY-MTXD-ED,  a.  Devoted  to  the  acquisi- 
tion of  property  and  to  temporal  enjovmc-nfc^. 

WORLD'LV-MIXD-ED-NESS,  n.     A  predominating 
love  and  pursuit  of  this  world's  goods,  to  the  exclu- 
sion of  piety  and  attention  to  spiritual  concerns. 
9.  Stale  of  being  worldly-minded. 

WORM,  (wurm,)  n.  [Sax.  wyrm  :  G.  warm  ;  D.  icorm  ; 
Dan.  onn  ;  Sw.  lA,  a  serpent.  This  word  is  probably 
named  from  a  winding  motion,  and  the  root  of 
swarm.] 

I.  In  common  usa^e^  any  small,  creeping  animal,  or 
repiili*,  cither  entirely  without  feet,  or  with  very 
shf<rt  ones,  including  a  great  variety  of  animals  of 
dilferent  classes  and  orders,  viz.,  certain  small  ser- 
pents, as  the  blind-worm  or  slow-worm  ;  the  larvas 
of  injects,  viz.,  grnbs,  calerpill.irs,  and  magjioU,  as 
the  wood-worm,  canker-worm,  silk-worm,  (lli!,-  larva 
of  a  moth,  {PhaleEna,)  which  spins  the  filauienls  of 
which  silk  is  made,)  the  grub  that  injures  corn, 
gn?s,  &,c.,  the  worms  that  breed  in  putrid  llesh,  the 
bots  in  the  stomach  of  horses,  and  many  others  ; 
certain  wingless  insects,  as  the  glow-worm  ;  the  in- 
testinal worms,  or  such  as  breed  in  the  cavities  and 
organs  of  living  animals,  as  the  tape-worm,  thn 
round-worm,  the  fluke,  &c. ;  and  numerous  animals 
found  in  the  earth,  and  in  wati-r,  particularly  in  the 
sea,  as  the  earth-worm  or  lumbricua,  the  hair-worm 
or  (TordiuM,  the  t/^rrjo^  or  worm  that  hnres  into  the 
bottom  of  ships,  &c.  Worms^  in  the  phiral,  in  com- 
mon usage,  is  used  for  intestinal  worms,  or  those 
which  breed  in  the  stomach  and  bowels,  particularly 
the  round  and  thread  worms,  {asraridcs  and  oti/u- 
Txdes,)  which  aro  often  found  there  in  great  numbers ; 
as  we  say,  a  child  has  worm^. 


WOR 


WOR 


2.  In  zoblotry^  the  term  Vermes  or  worms  has  been 
applied  to  dilFerent  divisions  of  inverlebral  animal:^, 
by  dilferent  naturalists.  Linnoius's  class  of  ycrmes 
inchules  the  following  orders,  viz.,  Inttsttna,  in- 
cluding the  proper  intestinal  worms,  the  earth-worm, 
the  hair-worm,  the  teredo,  and  some  other  marine 
worms  ;  Midlusca,  including  the  slug,  and  numerous 
soft  animals  inhabiting  the  water,  particularly  the 
sea;  Testacca,  including  all  the  proper  shellfish; 
Zvophyta,  or  compound  animals,  including  corals, 
polypes,  and  sponges  ;  and  Infusoria,  or  simple 
microscopic  animalcules.  His  character  of  the  claas 
is,  spiracles  obscure,  jaws  various,  organs  of  sense 
usually  tentacula,  no  brain,  ears,  nor  nostrils,  limbs 
wanting,  frequently  hermaphrodite.  This  class  in- 
cludes all  the  invei'tebral  animals,  except  the  insects 
ami  Crustacea.  The  term  Vermes  has  been  since 
greatly  limited,  particularly  by  the  French  natural- 
ists. Lamarck  confined  it  to  the  intestinal  worms, 
and  some  othci-s,  whose  organization  is  equally 
simple.  The  character  of  his  class  is,  suboviparous, 
body  soft,  highly  reproductive,  undergo  no  metamor- 
phosis ;  no  eyes,  nor  articulated  limbs,  nor  radiated 
disposition  of  internal  organs.  Limitrus.     Qyc. 

3.  Remorse  ;  that  which  incessantly  gnaws  the 
conscience  ;  that  which  torments. 

Wliere  llieir  worm  diclli  iioi,  —  Mark  is. 

4.  A  being  debased  and  despised. 

I  am  a  worm,  and  no  man.  —  Fs.  xiii. 

T^.  .A.  spiral  instrument  or  iron  screw,  used  for 
drawing  wads  and  cartridges  from  cannon  or  small 
arms. 

G.  Something  spiral,  vcrmiculaled,  or  resembling 
a  worm,  as  the  threads  of  a  screw.  Moxon. 

7.  In  chemistry  and  distilleries^  a  spiral  metallic 
pipe  placed  in  a  tub  of  water,  thiongli  which  llie 
vapor  passes  in  distillation,  and  in  whicli  it  i;*  cooled 
and  condensed.    It  is  called  also  aSKRrEr^TiNE. 

8.  A  small  worm-like  part  situated  beneath  a  dog's 
tongue.  Cyc. 

■\VORM,  (wurm,)  v.  i.    To   work  slowly,  gradually, 
and  secretly. 

hen  debates  and  freHin»  jeal 

""' — ■■'*—  ■■""!  more  anu  more. 

Ilcrberl. 


Did  worm  and  work  within  you  more  and  more, 
Your  color  faded. 


WORM,  (wurm,)  v.  U    To  e.xpcl  or  undermine  by 
slow  and  secret  means. 


They  find  ilieiiiselves  wormed  out  of  all  power. 


Swffl. 


2.  To  cut  something,  called  a  worm,  from  under 
the  tongue  of  a  dog.  Cyc. 

3.  To  draw  tho  wad  or  cartridge  from  a  gun ;  to 
clean  by  the  worm. 

4.  To  wind  a  rope  spirally  round  a  cable,  between 
the  strands ;  or  to  wind  a  smaller  rope  with  spun 
yarn.  JUar.  DicL 

To  worm  one'*s  self  into;  to  enter  gradually  by  arts 
and  insinuations  ;  as,  to  worm  oiic^s  self  into  favor. 

WCRiM'-KAT-£N,  (vvurm'eet-n,)  a.     [warm  and  eat.] 
Gnawed  by  worms;  as,  worm-eaten  boards,  planks, 
or  timber. 
9.  Old  ;  worthless.  Rnlcgk. 

WORM'i^n,  pp.    Cleared  by  a  worm  or  screw. 

WOR.M '-FENCE,  7f.  Azigzag  fence,  made  by  placing 
the  ends  of  the  rails  upon  each  other;  sometimes 
called  a  .Stake  Fence. 

WORM'-GKASS,  V.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Spigelia, 
used  as  a  vermifuge. 

WORM'-HoLE,  u.  A  hole  made  by  the  gnawing  of  a 
worm. 

WOIl.'M'ING,  (wurm'ing)?!.  The  act  or  operation  of  cut- 
ting a  worm-like  ligament  from  under  a  dog's  tongue. 

WORM'ING, /i/jr.  Entering  by  insiimation  :  drawing, 
as  a  cartridge  ;  clearing,  as  a  gun;  cutting  out  the 
worm  from  under  a  dog's  tongue. 

WOKM'-LIKE,  a.  Resembling  a  worm ;  spiral ;  ver- 
micular. 

WORM'-POW-DER,  n.  A  powder  used  for  expelling 
worms  from  the  stomach  and  intestines. 

WORM'-SEED,  n.  A  seed  which  has  the  property  of 
expelling  worms  from  the  stomach,  bowels,  and  in- 
testines. It  is  said  to  be  brought  from  Pei-sia,  and  to 
be  the  produce  of  a  species  of  Artemisia.  Cue, 

2.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Chenoporiium.  Lrr. 

WORM'-TIXe-TQRE,  v.  A  tincture  prepared  from 
earth-worms  dried,  pulverized,  and  mixed  with  oil  of 
tartar,  spirit  of  wine,  saffron,  and  castor.  Cyc. 

WORM'WOOD,  n.     [Sax.  wcrmod;  Cw.  wennnth.] 

A  plant',  ihe  Artemisia  .Absinthium.  It  has  a  bit- 
ter,  nauseous  taste  ;  but  it  is  stomachic  and  corrob- 
orant. Q"^- 

Tree-wormwood ;  a  species  of  Artemisia,  with  wooily 
stalks.  Q'c- 

WOIlM'Y',(wurm'e,)a.    Containingaworm;  abound- 
ing with  worms. 
2.  Earthy  ;  groveling. 

WoRX,  pp.  of  Wear  ;  as,  a  carment  long  wont. 

WoRN'-OUT,  pp.  or  a.  Consumed  or  rendered  use- 
less by  wearing. 

WOR'XIL,  II.  A  maggot  that  infests  the  backs  of 
cows.  Dcrham. 

WOR'RAL,  n.  An  animal  of  the  lizard  kind,  about 
four  feet  long  and  eight  inches  broad,  with  a  forked 


tongue.    It  feeds  on  flim,  and  i»  hormlcM.    Ii  \m 

foimd  in  EgypL  Poeccke.     Cfc 

WOR'RI-£D,  (wur'rid,) /y.  [fromrffiry.]   ILuzBtcd: 

falieucd. 
WOR'Ur-ER,  n.    [from  wvrrjf.]    One  that  worries  or 

hara*<.ieH. 
WpR'RV,  (wur'rc,)  r.  £.    [Sax.  wcrig,  m-.!irn.  rni- 

tious ;  werigan,  werian,  to  diifturb,  to  i. 

to  weary;  or  Ltan.  uroe,  trouble,  Kw.  c 

of  Uartnff  docs  not  properly  bclon;;  t*^  : 

may  have  th;it  sense  om  secondary.] 
I.  Toleas^;  to  trouble;  to  haruM  nith  In; 

nily,  or  with  care  and  anxiety.    Penoiu  a/'.-  -  '.:■■.> 

worried  with  care  and  solicitude. 

I>ct  thrm  r»a, 

Arirl  then  worry  otn  anoOter  at  iJjrtr  pieajwr.  /.      * 

Worry  tiitn  out  tfll  be  pFe*  b^  canarM.  trvi,-i. 

A  churtli  uorrud  with  i^onoMUJo,  rdiwil 

9.  To  fatigue;  lo  hanus  with  labor;  «  p^mlm 
scnxe  of  the  word. 

3.  To  harass  by  pursuit  and  barking;  u,  ilus« 

worry  sheep. 

4.  To  tear;  to  mangle  willi  llic  teeth. 

5.  To  vex  ;  to  i)cr»ccutc  bnitally. 
WOR'RY-ING,  j>pr.    Tcaaing;  troubling;  harufing  ; 

tntiguing;  tearing. 

AVOR'RY-ING-LY,  adc.    Tcasingly;  harusindr. 

WORSE,  (wursc.)  a.     [.Sax.  w^nc,  wyrst :  Itari.  rn-rr, 
Swwdrre.    This  adjective  ha-i  Hk  •■"  •-   •    -     f 
the  comparative  degree,  and  as  bid  h  ; 
tive  and  superlative,  wor^e  anrl  wont  .-- 
of  them,  although  radically  they  bavu  i... .. , ....  <.  i,, 
had.]  I 

1.  More  evil ;  more  bad  or  ill ;  more  depraved  and 
corrujit ;  iii  a  moral  sense. 

Kvil  nfR  nnd  Kduc-ra  •h.ill  ir3.z  irorM  utd  mrm.  —  'i 
Th'^rc  fiw  men  wlw  irrm  to  brbrrc  tlyy  are  iwt  tr 

Another  cad  be  found  worn,  itc^^^. 

G.  In  a  physical  sensCy  in  regard  to  health,  mere 
sick. 

She  W.1B  no'.hlng  bettered,  f       -  .  -»«.  —  %Ut\  t. 

3.  5Iore  bad  ;  less  pti!     ■  This  carriage 

is  worse  for  wear. 

Thcwor.re;  the  loss;  Uic  dicaJvaiitzge. 
Jud.ih  was  fiut  to  Oie  vorte  Irfore  ]«racl.  — 3  Kis^  xjr. 

2.  Something  less  good.  Think  not  the  lecrse  tf 
him  for  his  enterprise. 

WOK;^£,  adv.    In  a  manner  more  evil  or  bad 

Wc  will  de.T.1  i«»r«  with  Uicc  than  with  tbem.  —  Gen.  jix. 

WORSE,  to  put  to  disadvantage,  is  not  ia  u*c.    [See 

WoRsT.l  MUUn. 

WORS'K.V,  r.  (.    To  worse.    [Xvt  in  ■ust.]    MiUcm. 
WORS'ER,  for  Woiuc,  is  a  vulgar  word,  and  not  u*cd 

in  good  writing  or  speaking. 
WOR'SHir,  (wur'ship,)  n,     [Sax.  wxorthscype ;  rvrilt 

and  skip ;  tho  state  of  worth  or  worthirics*.     Sec 

WoETK.] 

1.  ExceJlenco    of    character;     dignity;     worth; 

worthiness. 

Elfin,  horn  cf  noWc  stAt^, 
And  muckic  worahip  iii  his  tutire  Uod.  Sfow, 

In  this  sense,  the  word  is  ncaily  or  quite  obsolete ; 
but  hence, 

Si.  A  title  of  honor,  used  in  addresses  to  certain 
magistrates  and  others  of  respectable  character. 

My  fjllier  di-sin-s  your  vonhip'a  ecsjTaoy.  .S^^.        , 

3.  A  term  of  ironical  respecL  Pa^t.       \ 

4.  Chiejiy  and  cminTntly,  the  act  of  payin"  divine   | 
honors  to  the  Supreme  Heing  ;  or  the  reverence  and   , 
homage  paid  lo  him  in  religious  exercises,  consisting   , 
in  adonition,  confession,  prayer,  thanksgiving,  and 
the  like. 

The  i«w*Ai;io.''Gcd  ij  anenuHeDl  pMtof  rrlijico.     T. 
Pnyer  is  .-v  chief  p.ir;  c<  rel^ioc*  Korthip,  T. 

5.  The  homage  paid  to  idols  or  false  gods  1;.  ;-! 
gans ;  as,  the  worship  of  IsL". 

6.  Honor;  respect;  civil  deference 

Then  sh-ilt  Ibou  hA^c  worthip  in  the  proesce  of  iheto  that  *:i  »1 
meat  with  liicr.  —  l^ita:  xir. 

7.  IdoIatr>'  of  lovers  ;  obsctiuious  or  siibmi^ivc  rr- 
spect.  S^ai. 

WOR'SniP,  (wur'ship,)  r.  f.  To  adore  ;  to  pay  divine 
honors  to;  to  reverence  with  supreme  rcspt'ci  an^l 
veneration. 

Thon  »h.iU  vorahip  no  olhcr  Ocd.  —  Ex.  xxxi*. 
Atiuic  sml  vvrsfup  GcU  tupreinc. 

2.  To  respect ;  to  honor ;  to  treat  with  civil  rvcr- 

ence. 

Nor  worrhiptd  widi  a  «Tixen  er^ar^  W-w. 

3.  To  honor  with  cxtraragnnt  love  and  cilrcmc 
submission,  as  a  lover. 

Willi  bended  knc«  I  djdiy  vort^,ip  brr.  Ounr. 

WOR'SIUP,  c.  t.    To  perfonn  nets  of  ailoralion. 

2.  To  perform  religious  scr^'icc. 

Our  fnOKTi  i^rttiipd  in  lhi»  rr^-'untiia.  —  JtAa  I* 

Wi5R'SHir-KD,  (wur'sliipt,)  rp.  Ade^rcd  .  Iteatcd 
with  divine  honors;   ircalcd  with  civd  le^pKl 

WOU'SHIP-ER,  n.  One  who  worships,  onf  V  - 
pays  divine  honors  to  any  being :  one  who  .i! 


TCNE,  BULL,  UNITE. -  AN"GER,  Vl"CIOUS.-e  as  K ;  (5  as  J ;  S  as  Z;  CH  as  Sll ;  Til  as  in  TIIIS, 


;6o 


i2r3 


won 


wou 


\Vt)R';^HIP-FyL,  a.  Claiming  respect j  worthy  of 
honor  from  iis  character  or  dignity. 

TliU  is  worshipful  suciely.  iSTioA. 

^.  A  term  of  respoct,  sometimes  ironically, 
WOR'SHIP-FIJL-LY,  aJr.    Respectfully.  Siak. 

WOR'SHIP-ING,  ppr.    Adoring;  paying  divine  hon- 
ors to;  treating  with  supreme  reverence;  treating 
with  extreme  submission. 
WORST,  (wursl,)  a.    Isuperl.  of  WonaE,  which  see.] 

1.  Most  bad  ;  most  evil ;  in  a  moral  scTise ;  as,  the 
wont  man  ;  the  worst  sinner. 

9.  Most  severe  or  dangerous  ;  most  difficult  to 
heal ;  as,  the  loorst  disease. 

'3.  Most  afflictive,  pernicious,  or  calamitous;  as, 
the  icorst  evi!  that  can  befall  a  state  or  an  individual. 
WORST,  71.    The  most  evil  state  ;  in  a  moral  sense. 

2.  The  most  severe  or  aggravated  state  ;  the  hight ; 
as,  the  disease  is  at  the  worst. 

3.  The  most  calamitous  state.  Be  armed  against 
the  worst. 

WOR:?T,  (wurst,)  v.  t.  To  get  tlie  advantage  over  m 
contest ;  to  defeat ;  to  overthrow.  It  is  madness  to 
contend  when  we  are  sure  to  be  worsted 

WOUST'ED,  (wurst'ed,)  pp.    Defeated  ;  overthrown. 

WQKST'ED,  (wust'ed,)  n.  [The  origin  of  this  word 
is  uncertain.  It  is  usually  supposed  to  take  its  name 
from  a  town  in  England  or  in  Flanders.] 

Yarn  made  of  wool  drawn  out  into  long  filaments 
by  passing  it,  when  oiled,  through  heated  combs.  It 
is  used  for  stockings  and  various  other  fine  fabrics. 

Dre. 

WpRST'ED,  a.  Consisting  of  worsted  ;  made  of 
worsted  yarn ;  as,  worsted  stockings. 

WORT,  (wiirt,)  «•  [Sax.  wyrt;  G.wurt;  Sw.  ort; 
Dan.  urt ;  Fr.  vert,  verd ;  from  the  root  of  L.  vireo,  to 
grow  ;  viridisj  green.] 

1.  A  plant;  an  herb;  now  used  chiefly  or  whol- 
ly in  compounds ;  as  in  mugwortj  liverwort^  splecn- 
wort. 

2.  A  plant  of  the  cabbage  kind. 

3.  New  beer  unfermented,  or  in  the  act  of  ferment- 
ation ;  the  sweet  infusion  of  malt.      Bacon.     Cijc. 

WORTH,  (wurlh,)  a  termination,  signilies  a  farm  or 

court ;  as,  in  TVordsiDorth. 
WORTH,  (wurlh,)  v.  i.     [Sax.  wcortJian,  to  be.] 

This  verb  is  now  used  only  in  the  phrases,  woe 

worth  the  day,  woe  worth  the  man,  &c.,  in  which  the 

verb  is  in  the  imperative  mode,  and  the  noun  in  the 

dative  ;  woe  be  to  the  day. 
WORTH,  (wurlh,)  n.     [Sax.  weotk^  wurtJi,  imjrtli ;   G. 

wertli ;  D.  waarde  ;  Sw.  v'drd :  Dan.  va^d  ;  W.  gwertJi  ; 

L.  virtus,  from  the  root  of  virco.    The  primary  sense 

is  strenfith.] 

1.  Value ;  that  quality  of  a  thing  which  renders  it 
useful,  or  which  will  produce  an  equivalent  good  in 
some  other  thing.  The  worth  of  a  day's  labor  may 
be  estiumted  in  money,  or  in  wheat.  The  worth  of 
labor  is  settled  between  the  hirer  and  the  hired.  The 
worth  of  commodities  is  usually  the  price  they  will 
bring  in  market;  \n\X price  is  not  always  worth. 

2.  Value  of  mental  qualities  ;  excellence;  virtue; 
usefulness ;  as,  a  man  or  magistrate  of  great  worth. 

As  none  but  she,  who  in  ih-it  court  diil  dwell, 
Coiilii  Itnow  such  worlh,  or  worth  describe  so  well.       Waller. 
All  wotOi  cousisU  in  doing  good,  and  in  the  disposition  by  which 
it  is  iluiie.  Dicight. 

:!.  Importance ;  valuable  qualities ;  applied  to 
tliinirs  ;  as,  lliese  things  have  since  lost  their  worth. 
\VORTH,  (wurth,)  a.  Equal  in  value  to.  Silver  is 
scarce  worth  the  labor  of  digging  and  refining.  In 
one  country,  a  day's  labor  is  70or(/i  a  dollar  ;  in  an- 
other, the  same  labor  is  not  wortli  fifty  cents.  It  is 
icortk  while  to  consider  a  subject  well  before  we 
come  to  a  decision. 

if  vour  iirg-umenU  produce  no  conviclJon,  they  are  worth  noth- 
'iiig  (o  me.  Bcauie. 

2.  Deserving  of;  in  a  good  or  bad  sense,  but 
chiejly  in  a  good  seitse.  The  castle  is  worth  defend- 
ing. 

Tc  D'ign  is  icorth  ambition,  though  in  hell.  MUton. 

Ttiis  is"life  indceil,  life  worih  presemng.  Addison. 

3.  Equal  in  possessions  to;  having  estate  to  the 
value  of.  Most  men  are  estimated  by  their  neigh- 
bors to  be  worth  more  than  they  are.  A  man  worth  a 
hundred  thousand  dollars  in  the  United  States  is 
called  rich  ;  but  not  so  in  London  or  Paris. 

Worthiest  of  blood  ;  an  expression  in  law,  denoting 
the  preference  of  sons  to  daughters  in  the  descent  of 
estates. 
WOR'THI-ER,  a.  comp.    More  worthy. 
WOR'THI-EST,  a.  siiperl.     Most  worthy.      Borrow. 
WOR'THI-LY,  (wur'the-le,)a(/r.    In  a  manner  suited 
to  ;  as,  to  walk  loorthily  of  our  extraction,     [^tirf.] 

Ray. 

2.  Deservedly  ;  according  to  merit. 

You  tuorlhily  succeed  not  only  to  the  bouore  of  yotir  aiicestora, 
but  hIso  to  their  virtues.  Drydxn. 

3.  Justly  ;  not  without  cause. 

1  aiSrm  that  some  mav  verj  worthily  deseire  to  be  hated. 

SomUi. 

WOR'THI-NESS,  (wur^the-ness,)  n.      Desert ;  merit. 
The  prayers  which  our  Savior  made  were  for  hifl  own  tsorthi 


2.  Excellence;  dignity;  virtue. 

Who  13  sure  he  h.ith  a  bouI,  unless 

It  see,  and  Judge,  mid  follow  iD0rSJdne»a7  Donne. 

3.  Worth  ;  quality  or  state  of  deserving.      Sidney. 
WORTH'LESS,  a.     Having  no  value;  as,  a  icortA^css 

garment ;  a  woi-UUess  siiip. 

2.  Having  no  value  of  character  or  no  virtue  ;  as, 
a  worthless  man  or  woman. 

3.  IIa\'ing  no  dignity  or  excellence ;  as,  a  worthless 
magistrate. 

WORTH'LESS-LY,  adv.    In  a  worthless  manner. 

WoRTH'LESS-NESS,  n.  Want  of  value  ;  want  of 
useful  qualities  ;  as,  the  worthless7icss  of  an  old  gar- 
ment, or  of  barren  land. 

2.  Want  of  excellence  or  dignity ;  as,  the  wortli- 
lessncss  of  a  person. 

WOR'THY,  (wur'the,)  a.  [G.icurdig;  D.  waardig  ; 
Sw.  vardig/\ 

1.  Deserving  ;  such  as  merits ;  having  worth  or  ex 
cellence ;  equivalent ;  with  of  before  the  thing  de- 
served.   She  has  married  a  man  worthy  of  her. 

Thou  art  worthy  of  tlie  sway.  Sliak. 

1  am  not  worthy  of  the  le.i8t  of  all  the  mercies.  —  Ceo.  xxxii. 

2.  Possessing  worth  or  excellence  of  qualities ; 
virtuous  ;  estimable  ;  as,  a  worthy  citizen  ;  a  worthy 
magistrate. 

MUton. 
Davies. 


Happier  lliou  niaysl  be,  wortJiicr  canst  not  be. 
This  worthy  mind  sboiUd  wortJiy  things  embrace. 


ness  accepted. 


3.  Suitable;  having  qualities  suited  to  ;  cither  in  a 
good  or  bad  sense ;  equal  in  value  ;  as,  flowers  worUiy 
of  paradise. 

4.  Suitable  to  any  thing  bad. 

The  merciless  Macdonald, 
Worthy  to  be  a  rebel.  ,  Sliak. 

5.  Deserving  of  ill ;  as,  things  worthy  of  stripes. 
Luke  xii. 

WOR'THY,  (wur'the,)  n.  A  man  of  eminent  worth  ; 
a  man  distinguished  for  useful  and  estimable  quali- 
ties ;  a  man  of  valor ;  a  word  much  u^ed  in  the  plural ; 
as,  the  worthies  of  the  church;  political  worthies; 
military  worthies.  Hohjday.     Milton. 

WOR'THY,  (wur'the,)  v.  t.    To  render  worthy  ;  to  ex- 
alt.    [JVbt  in  use.]  Shak. 
WOT,  V.  i.      [Originally  Wat;  the  preterit  of  Sax. 
witanf  to  know,  formerly  used  also  in  the  present 
tense.] 
To  know  i  to  be  aware.     [0/»5.]               Spenser. 
WOULD,  (W99d,)pre(.  of  Will.     [G.  wollcyi ;  L.  volo.] 
'  Would  is  used  as  an  auxiliary  verb  in  conditional 
forms  of  speech.    "  I  would  go  if  I  could."    This 
form  of  expression  denotes  will  or  resolution,  under  a 
condition  or  supposition. 
You  would  go,  )  denote  simply  an  event  under  a 
He  would  go,     \      condition  or  supposition. 
The  condition  implied  in  icould  is  not  always  ex- 
pressed.   "  By  pleasure  and  pain  I  would  be  under- 
stood to  mean  what  delights  or  molests  us  ; "  that  is, 
if  it  should  be  asked  what  I  mean  by  pleasure  and 
pain,  I  would  thus  explain  what  I  wish  to  have  un- 
derstood.   In  this  form  of  expression,  which  is  very 
common,  there  seems  to  be  an  implied  allusion  to  an 
inquirj',  or  to  the  supposition  of  something  not  ex- 
pressed. 

Would  has  the  sense  of  wish  or  pray^  particularly 
in  the  phrases  "  7P07ild  to  God,"  "  would  God  we  had 
died  in  Egypt,"  '*  I  would  that  you  knew  what  con- 
flict I  have  ;"  that  is,  I  could  wish  such  a  thing,  if 
the  wish  could  avail.  Here  also  there  is  an  implied 
condition. 

Would  is  used  also  for  wish  to  do,  or  to  Itave.    What 
wouldst  thou  ?    What  would,  he  .' 
WOULD'ING,  (wud'ding,)  H,   Motion  of  desire.   [JVo£ 

in  use.]  Hammond. 

WOUND,  (wound  or  woond,)n.  [Sax.  tojindj  D.wond; 
G.  wunde;  W.gwanu,  to  thrust,  to  stab.] 

1.  A  breach  of  the  skin  and  flesh  of  an  animal,  or 
of  tlie  bark  and  wood  of  a  tree,  or  of  the  bark  and 
substance  of  other  plants,  caused  by  violence  or  ex- 
ternal force.  The  self-healing  power  of  living  beings, 
animal  or  vegetable,  by  which  the  parts  separated  in 
wounds  tend  to  unite  and  become  sound,  is  a  lemark- 
able  proof  of  divine  benevolence  and  wisdom. 

2.  Injury;  hurt;  as,  a  wound  given  to  credit  or 
reputation. 

[Walker  condemns  the  pronunciation  tcoond  as  a 
'*  capricious  novelty."  It  is  certainly  opposed  to  an 
important  principle  of  our  language,  viz.,  that  words 
in  ou,  of  Saxon  origin,  retain  the  regular  Saxon  sound 
of  ow,  as  sound,  ground,  found,  &c.,  while  words  de- 
rived from  the  French  have  the  sound  of  ou  in  that 
language,  as  soup,  group,  &.c.  It  is  very  undesirable 
to  break  in  upon  this  rule,  though  7coond  is  undoubt- 
edly the  fashionable  pronuncntion.  —  Ed.] 
WOUND,  (wound  or  woond,)  t  t.  To  jiurt  by  vio- 
lence ;  as,  to  wound  the  head  or  the  arm  ;  to  wound  a 
tree. 

He  was  wounded  for  our  transgressions.  — Is.  liii. 

WOUND,  pret.  and  pp.  of  Wind. 
WOUND'ED,  pp.     Hurt;  injured. 
WOUND'ER,  lu    One  that  wounds. 
WOUND'ING,  ppr.     Hurting  ;  injuring. 
WOUND'IiNG,  n.     Hurt;  injury.     Gen.  iv. 


WRA 

WOUND'LESS,  a.  Free  from  hurt  or  injur}'. 
WOUND'WORT,  n.  The  name  of  several  plants  ;  one 
a  species  of  Achillea  ;  another  of  the  genus  Stachys 
or  Hedgenettle  ;  another  a  species  of  Laserpitium; 
another  a  species  of  Solidago;  and  another  a  species 
of  Senecio  Cye. 

WOUND'Y,  a.     Excessive.     [  Vulgar.]  Qay. 

"WOVE,  jfret.  of  Weave,  sometimes  the  participle. 
Wo V'£N,  pp.  or  a.  from  Wjiave. 
WOX,  WOX'i:N,  for  Waxed.     [JVo(  itsw?.] 

JVofc. —  W  before  r  is  always  silent. 
WRACK,  (rak,)  n.     [See  Wreck.]     A  name  given  to 
a  marine  plant,  out  of  which  kelp  is   ni;idc,  and 
which  is  also  of  great  utility  as  a  manure.     It  is 
sometimes  called  Sea-Wrack  or  Sea-Wkeck,  and 
Sea-Oak  and  Sea-Tawgle.     It  is  the  Fucus  vesicu- 
losus  of  Linnreus,  a  plant  found  on  rocks  left  dry  at 
low  water.    The  stalk  runs  along  the  middle  of  the 
leaf,  and  is  terminated  by  watery  bladders.      Cyc. 
Tlie  grass-wrack  is  of  the  genus  Zostera.       Lee. 
Wrack,  and  to  wrack.    See  Wreck. 
WRACK'FIJL,  a.    Ruinous ;  destructive. 
WR.^IN'-EoLT.    See  W^ring-Bolt. 
WRAITH,  n.    An  apparition  of  a  person  in  liis  exact 
likeness,  seen  before  death  or  a  little  after.    {Scot- 
tislu]  Jamicson. 

WRAN"GLE,  (rang'gl,)  v.  i.  [from  the  root  otwritiir, 
Sw.  vrdnga;  that  is,  to  wring,  to  twist,  to  struggle, 
to  contend  ;  or  it  is  from  tne  root  of  ring,  to  soiind.] 
To  dispute  angrily  ;  to  quarrel  peevishly  and  nois- 
ily ;  to  brawl  ;  to  altercate. 

For  a  score  of  kingdonia  you  should  wrangle.  Shak. 

He  did  not  know  what  it  was  (o  wrangle  on  iudifierent  roinla. 

Aadison. 


WRAN"GLE,  (rang'gl,)  v.  t.  To  involve  in  conten- 
tion.    [Little  used.)  Sanderson. 

WRAN"GLE,  (rang'gl,)  n.  An  angry  dispute ;  a  noisy 
quarrel.  Swift. 

WItAN"GLER,  (rang'gler,)  n.  An  angry  disputant; 
one  who  disputes  with  heat  or  peevishness;  as,  a 
noisy,  contentious  wrangler.  Watts. 

Senior  7crangler  ;  in  Oie  university  of  Cambridge,  the 
student  who  passes  the  best  ixxam'ination  in  the  sen- 
ate-house. Then  follow  the  second,  third,  <Si.c.,  wran- 
glers. 

WRAN"GLE-SOME,  (rang'gl-sum,)  a.  Contentious  ; 
quarrelsome.  Moore. 

WRAN''GLING,  ppr.  or  a.  Disputing  or  contending 
anffrilv. 

WRAN'"'GLING,  n.    The  act  of  disputing  angrily. 

WRAP,  (rap,)  v.  1. 1  pret.  and  pp.  Wrapped  or  Wrapt. 

1.  To  wind  or  fold  together.    John  xx. 

2.  To  involve ;  to  cover  by  winding  something 
round  ;  often  with  up  ;  as,  to  wrap  up  a  child  in  its 
blanket;  wrap  the  body  well  with  flannel  in  winter. 


I,  wrapt  iu  mist 
Of  midnight  vapor,  glide  obscure. 


HTdton. 


3.  To  involve ;  to  hide  ;  as,  truth  wrapt  in  tales. 

4.  To  comprise  ;  to  contain. 

Leontine's  young  wife,  iu  whom  all  his  happiness  was  !rro/ip«d 
up,  died  iu  a  few  days  after  the  death  of  her  daughter. 

Addison. 

5.  To  involve  totally. 

Thiugs  reflected  on  iu  gross  and  transiently,  are  thouglit  lo  be 
wrapped  in  impenetrable  obscurity.  Locke. 

G.  To  inclose. 

7.  To  snatch  up  ;  to  transport.     [This  is  an  error ; 
the  true  si>elling  is  Rap  or  Rapt,  from  the  verb  ra- 
pio.] 
WRAP'PAGE,  71.     That  which  wraps. 

wIapt,^^'  ^"^^''^ !  PP-   w°^*^  J  ^''^'^'^ '  ^"^'"^^**- 

WRAP'PER,  n.    One  that  wraps. 

2.  That  in  which  any  thing  is  wrapped  or  in- 
closed. 

3.  A  loose  garment ;  applied  sometimes  to  a  lady's 
undress,  and  sometimes  lo  a  loose  overcoat. 

WRAP'PING,  ppr.  Winding  ;  folding  ;  involving; 
inclosing. 

2.  a.  "^Used  or  designed  for  wrapping  or  covering ; 
as,  torapping  paper. 

WRAP'RAS-€AL,  ti.  An  old  cant  term  for  a  coarse 
upper  coat.  Smart, 

WRASSE,  n.  The  English  name  of  a  number  of  fish- 
es inhabiting  the  rocky  parts  of  the  coast,  and  be- 
longing to  the  family  Labridcp,  (genus  Labrus,  Linn.) 
They  are  prickly-spined,  hard-boned  fishes,  with  ob- 
long, scaly  bodies,  and  a  single  dorsal  fin.  I^Iany  of 
them  present  vivid  colors.  P.  Cijc. 

WRATH,  (rath,)  k.  [S-a-x.  wrath,  wrteth:  Sw.  and  D. 
vredef  W.  irad,  of  which  L.  ira  is  a  contraction  ;  Ar. 


[  *'  I .)  eratha;  Gr.  cocdu 


to  provoke.  Class  Rd,  No. 


1.  Violent  anger  ;  vehement  exasperation;  indig- 
nation ;  as,  the  ufrath  of  Achilles. 

When  the  wrath  of  King  Ahasuents  was  appeased.  — Eath.  it. 
O  Lord  —  in  wraih  remember  meicy.  —  Halj.  iii, 

2.  The  effects  of  anger.    Prov.  xxvii. 

3.  The  just  punishment  of  an  offense  or  crime. 
Rom.  xiii. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MeTE,  PREY.— PINE,  MARXNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.- 
__  __ 


C«aie  lereaJe  his  Joss,  whom  bootless  yc  compUln. 
Aooiher's  wron^  lo  tcrtai  upon  IbjsclC 


WRE 

Ood's  xcrath^  in  Scripture,  is  his  holy  aiij  just  in- 
digiiaiioii  against  siu.     Rom.  i. 

WRXTH'FIJL,  (rathS)  tz.  Yen*  aiiCTj' ;  greatly  in- 
censed.   The  king  was  ver>-  -tcrathfuL 

•2.  Springing  from  wmth,  or  expressing   it;  as, 
trrathful  pnssions;  a,  icratAfui  countenance. 

WRATH  FI;L-LV,  adc.     Wiih  violent  anger.     Shak. 

WKATHFl^'I^XESS,  lu    Vehement  anger. 

WRATIM 'LV,  adc.     Very  angrilv. 

WRATH'LESS,  a.    Free  from  anger.  Waller, 

WRATH'Y,  a.     Very  angry  ;  a  coUoquicd  icord, 

WRAWL,  (rawl,)  r.  i.    [S\v.  rrdZc,  to  bawl.] 

To  cr>'  as  a  cat.     [Ao£  m  it?e.J  Spenser. 

■\VReAK^  (reek,)  c.  t.  [Sai.  tcrtccan,  irrtrccafi ;  D. 
wreeken :  G.  rd^fn ;  perhaps  allied  to  break.  The 
sense  is,  to  drive  or  throw,  to  dash  with  violence. 

See  At.  ^  yS^    Class  Rg,  No.  33,  and  No.  48.] 

1.  To  execute;  to  inflict ;  to  hurl  or  drive;  as,  to 
icreak  vengeance  on  an  enemy. 

Od  roe  let  Dealii  tDreak  all  hb  rage.  MUlon. 

2.  To  revenge. 

Speraer, 

[This  latter  sense  is  itearbi  or  quite  obsolete.} 

WReAK,  for  Reck,  to  care,' is  a  mistake.  Shak. 

WREAK,  n.    Revenge;  vengeance;  furious  passion. 

[Obs.]   ' Sftak.     Spenser. 

WReAK'FIJL,  a.    Revengeful ;  angry.  Shak. 

WReAK'LESS,  a.     Unrevengeful ;  weak.        Skak. 
WReATH,  (reeth,)  n.      [Sai.   icn^th,  vireoth.     See 
Writhe.] 

1.  Something  twisted  or  curled;    as,  a  wreath  of 
flower?.    Hence, 
*2.  A  garland  ;  a  chaplet. 

Nor  wcif  his  brows  victorioas  urcciJW.  Anon. 

WREATHE,  p.  t. ;  pret.  Wreathed  ;  pp.  Wreathed, 
Wreathes. 

1.  To  twist ;  to  convolve  ;  to  wind  one  about  an- 
other ;  as,  to  tcretuhe  a  garland  of  flowers. 

2.  To  interweave;  to  entwine;  as,  chains  of 
tereathed  work. 

3.  To  encircle,  as  a  garland. 

The  flowers  thai  wreatAc  Uae  sparkliBg  bowl.  Prior. 

4.  To  encircle  as  with  a  garland  ;  to  dress  in  a  gar- 
land. 

And  with  thy  wiadiog  hy  vrea:kes  her  lance.  Zhyien. 

WREATHE,  r.  i.  To  be  interwoven  or  entwined  ; 
as,  a  bower  of  tereaihin^  trees.  Dnjdeii. 

WRf.ATH'-ED,  (reetfid,)  pp.  or  o.  Twisted;  en- 
twincrl ;  interwoven. 

WRkATH'ING,  ppr.  Twisting;  entwining;  encir- 
cling. 

WKKATH'LESg,  a.    Destitute  of  a  wreath. 

WReATII'Y,  (ree'tfie.)  a.  Twisted  ;  curled  ;  spiral ; 
as,  a  ttrcathy  spire. 

WRECK,  (refc,)  n.  [Dan.  craff,  a  wreck,  shipiereck; 
Sw.  vrak,  refuse ;  &ai.  ittitc,  lorscca,  an  exile,  a 
wTetch  ;  D.  vn-ak,  broken,  a  wreck.  This  word  sig- 
nifies properly  that  which  is  cast,  driven,  or  dashed, 
or  that  which  is  broken-] 

1.  Destruction  ;  propeny^  the  destruction  of  a  ship 
or  vessel  on  the  shore.    Hence, 

2.  The  niins  of  a  ship  stranded  ;  a  ship  dashed 
against  rocks  or  land,  and  broken,  or  otherwise  ren- 
dered useless,  by  violence  and  fracture. 

3.  In  law,  goods,  &;c.,  which,  after  a  shipwreck, 
are  cast  upon  the  land  by  the  sea.  Bouvier. 

4.  Dissolution  by  violence ;  ruin  ;  destruction. 

The  fcreck  of  mailer  suid  the  cnish  of  worlds.  A^Mison. 

5.  The  remains  of  any  thing  mined ;  dead  weeds 
and  grass. 

6.  In  metallurgy,  the  vessel  in  which  ores  are 
washed  the  third  time. 

7.  Wreck,  for  Wbeak,  Is  less  proper.  [See  also 
Rack.] 

WRECK,  V.  U    [Sw.  vr'dka,  to  throw  away.] 

1.  To  strand  ;  to  drive  against  the  shore,  or  dash 
against  rocks,  and  break  of  destroy.  The  ship  Dia- 
mond of  Xew  York  was  vreckod  on  a  rock  in  Cardi- 
gan Bay,  on  the  rjxist  of  Wales. 

2.  To  ruin  :  as.  they  icreek  their  own  fortunes. 

3.  Wreck,  for  Wrkak,  is  improper.  Shak. 
'"RKCK,  77.  i.    To  sulTcr  wreck  or  niin.        Milton. 

YICK'KD,  (rekt,)  pp.    Dashed  against  the  shore  or 
1  rocks;  stranded  and  ruined. 
KRCK'ER,  n.    One  who  seeks  ihc  wrecks  of  ships. 
i:KCK'FUL,  c.    Causing  wreck. 
■  ■  .:f:CK'lXG,  ppr.    Stranding;  running  on  rocks  or 

on  shore ;  ruining. 
WRECK'-MAS  TER,  n.    A  person  appointed  by  law 
to  take  charge  of  goods,  &c.,  thrown  on  shore  after 
a  shipwreck. 
WREN,  (ren,)  «■     [^w.  wrenna;  Ir.  drrnn.] 

One  of  a  group  of  small  insessorial  birds.  Wrens 
feed  on  insects,  &c.,  and  are  often  very  familiar 
with  man.  According  to  Cuvier's  arrangement,  the 
common  wrens  are  of  the  genus  Trogtod>-tes ;  the 
gold-crested  wrens  of  the  genus  Regulus,     P.  Ojc. 


WRE 


WRENCH,  (rench,)  r.  (.     [Q.verrenke^ij   D.  rcrufrm- 
gC7x.     SeeWRtsG.     Q.\x,  Is.  freanc.] 

1.  To  pull  with  a  twist ;  to  wrei^l,  twist,  or  force 
by  violence ;  as,  to  mreneh  a  sword  from  another's 
hand. 

2.  To  strain  ;  to  sprain  ;  to  distort. 

You  -mrenched  your  foot  against  a  Konc.  5W/1. 

WRENCH,  (rench,)  n.    A  violent  twist,  or  a  pull  with 

twisting. 

2.  A  sprain  ;  an  injury  by  twisting;  as  in  a  joint. 

Locke. 

3.  An  instrument  for  screwing  or  unscrewing 
iron  work. 

4.  Means  of  compulsion.    [JVot  used.] 

5.  In  the  plural,  sleights  ;  subtUties.    [ ' 


WRI 

WRtG,  for  Wp.iccle.     {.\'ot  in  k^cI 
WUIG'GLE,  (rig'gl,)  r.  i".      v**    - 
briskly  ;  D.  icri^trelen  or 
To  move  lUc  body  to  :: 


R.'.l.  I)-  an.l  !;U 
Ion  5  04  Ujr 


Pulled  with 


f.v  !.•:[: 


(rencht,)  pp. 

Pulling  with  a  twist;  wresting 


\VKEXCH'£D, 

spniined. 
WREXCH'ING,  ppr. 

violently :  spraining, 
WREST,  (rest,)  c.  (.     [Sas.  wrcestan;  G.  relssm,  lo 

wrest,  to  snatch  or  pull,  to  burst,  to  tear;  Dan. 

vrister.    Ciu.  L.  restis,  a  rope.] 

1.  To  twist  or  extort  by  violence  ;  to  pull  or  force 
from  by  violent  wringing  or  twisting;  as,  to  wrest 
an  instrument  from  another's  hands. 

2.  To  lake  or  force  from  by  violence.  The  enemy 
made  a  great  eflort,  and  wrested  the  victory  from 
our  hands. 

But  file  has  wrested  ihe  coafcssion  from  me.  Additon. 

3.  To  distort ;  to  turn  from  truth  or  twist  from  its 
natural  meaning  by  violence  ;  to  pervert. 

Wrtst  once  the  Isw  to  your  aothoriry.  Shak. 

Thou  sbajt  Qot  wrest  the  jadga^iit  of  the  poor.  —  Ex.  xzili. 
Whjcb  they  that  are  ualearaeil  and  unstable  yerest,  as  they  do 

also  the  other  scriptures,  to  their  own  destruction.  —2  Pet. 

iii. 

^VREST,  (rest,)  n.      Distortion;   violent  pulling  and 

twisting ;  perversion.  Hooker. 

2.  Active  or  moving  power.    [A'o(  -asc^l.']    Spmscr. 

3.  An  instrument  to  tune. 

_  WREST'ED, /jp.     Pulled  with  twisting;    distorted; 

perverted. 
WREST'ER,  71.     One  who  wrests  or  perverts. 
WRE.ST'ING,  ppr.    Pulling  with  a  twist ;  distorting  ; 

pervertins. 
WRES'TLE,  (res'l,)  v.  i.    [Sax.  mrtrstUan  or  wraxfian  ; 

D.  tcorstclen.     If  wraxlian  is  the   true   orthography, 

this  v/ord  belongs  to  Class  Rg;  otherwise  it  is  from 

wrest.] 

1.  To  strive  with  arms  extended,  as  two  men,  who 
seize  each  other  by  the  collar  and  arms,  each  endeav- 
oring to  throw  the  other  by  tripping  up  his  heels  and 
twitching  him  off  his  center. 

Acoiher,  hy  a  fall  in  wrestling,  stane<l  the  end  of  the  clavicle 
from  the  steraum.  Wiseman. 

2.  To  struggle ;  to  strive  ;  to  contend. 

We  wrestle  not  a^^iDSt  flesh  and  blood.  —  Eph.  ti. 

WRES'TLER,  n.    One  who  wrestles  ;  or  one  who  is 

skillful  in  wrestling. 
WRES'TLING,  ppr.    Striving  to  throw  ;  contending. 
WREri'TLING,  n.    Strife  ;  struggle  ;  contention. 
WRETCH,  (retch,)  n.      [Sax.   wr<£cca,  one  who   is 

driven  ;  an  esile.    See  Wreck,  and  p~iy,  Class  Rg, 

No.  48.] 

1.  A  miserable  person ;  one  sunk  in  the  deepest 
distress  ;  as,  a  forlorn  wretch. 

2.  A  worthless  mortal ;  as,  a  contemptible  itretch. 

3.  .\  person  sunk  in  vice  ;  as,  a  profligate  wretch. 

4.  It  is  sometimes  usc-d  by  way  of  slight  or  iron- 
ical pity  or  contempt. 

Poor  wreUk  was  never  frighted  so.  Drttyton. 

5.  It  is  sometimes  used  to  express  tenderness;  as 
we  say,  poor  thing.  . 

WRETCH'ED,  a.  Ver\-  miserable ;  sunk  into  deep 
affliction  or  distress,  either  from  want,  anxiety,  or 
grief.  _    . 

The  wretched  find  no  friends.  Dryeten. 

2.  Calamitous;  very  afflicting;  as,  the  wretched 
condition  of  slaves  in  Algiers. 

3.  Worthless ;  paltrj' ;  very  poor  or  mean ;  as,  a 
wretched  poem  :  a  vrretched  cabin. 

4.  Despicable ;  hatefully  vile  and  contemptible. 
He  was  guilty  of  wretched  ingratitude. 

WRRTCH'ED-LY,  crfr.     Most  miserably;  ver}- poor- 
ly.   The  prisoners  were  wretchedly  lodged. 
"  •'    UnhaDpily;    as,  two    wars  wretchedly  entered 
upon  Clarendon. 

3.  Meanly;  despicably;  as,  a  discourse wre(cA/<f/y 
delivered.  .  . 

WRETCH'ED-NESS,  r..  Extreme  misery  or  unhappi- 
ness,  cither  from  want  or  sonow  ;  as,  the  wrctcheu- 
Tiess  of  poor  mendicants. 

We  have,  with  ihefMing,  lost  the  very  memory  of  ^mh  wretch- 

ednesi  as  our  {otvhxhers  endured.  ff  'a 

The  pnxiieal  brou-ht  n^ilhiaj  W  his  father  but  ha  rap  and 

2.  Meanness;  despicableness  ;  ^,lhe wretchedness 
of  a  performance. 
WRETCH 'LESS,  for  Reckless,        ) 
WRETCH'LESS-NESS,  for  Keck- >  arc  miproper. 

LE59NE33,  ' 


rtL  Smi/t 

WRIG'GLE,  (rig'gl,)  c.  f.    To  pnt  into  a  rrnlrk,  re- 
ciprocating mctibn;  to  int-   '         ";        '  ' 
tion. 

Wrigglir.g  Li»  bo-Jj  to  f  ■ 

Ilifl»-a:,  Hid  ca»t  t=s  ri.^i-.  .  .^  -  _. 

WRIG'GLER.  n     One  r/ho  wripc:  ] 

WRIG'GLING.ppr.  ora.    Movinr  wmy  1 

and  tho  other  with  quick  tumf.  | 

ARIGHT,  (rile,)  n.    [Sax.  vrykta;  from  tbe  root  of 

work.  ]  I 

An  artificer;  one  whose  occupation  :■  -  —    ''  ■-' 

of  mechanical  busincsa;  a  workm""" 

lurer.    This  word  is  now  chiefly  uetd  ir. 

as  in  shipicriirht,  wheelterigkL 
WRING,  (ring,)  r.  L;  preL  and  pp.  V. 

WHt;sfl.    The  latter  is  chiefly  u«ra.    {■ 

G.  ringen ;  D.  wrin^en  ;  Dan.  vr^n^^er  i  .  ...  ..  -  .j.. , 

Dan.  ringer.    The  sense  ii*,  to  strain.l 

1.  To  twi<a ;  to  turn  and  i^rain  witb  violroce  ;  mm, 
to  wring  clothes  in  washing 

2.  To  wjiicirze;  to  pre£.-' ;  to  force  b>-lwUliog  ;  as, 
to  wrins  water  out  of  a  wet  £ann/.'nL 

3.  I'o  writhe ;  aa,  to  wring  the  body  in  pain. 

4.  To  pinch. 

The  king  bcnn  to  Csd  vbrrc  bis  iboe  dli  orisf  ttet. 

If  be  bad  tiol  bwn  loo  nodi  uiicTcJ  loJ  wru-  ■ 
aiid  ctTAJt  (<,niia?.    t^^-1 

5.  To  distress ;  to  press  with  pain. 

DkUt  tbcu  tuic  bo:  tuU  (i»  ericA 

That  wring  my  foal,  thoa  couldat  do(  talk  thai  tokHf. 

Aiidu- 

6.  To  distort ;  to  pervert-  ^ 

How  dire  these  rmen  thai  lerin*  C.-  SczipLiral       WiiSf^fit. 

7.  To  persecute  with  extortion. 

Tli<r»e   mcrctiatt  adTcntaren  have   been  oT. 
wringed  lo  ih-:  quick. 

8.  To  bend  or  strain  out  of  its  posiii"M  ;  :l-,  t  • 
wring  a  mast.  -Vnr.  ptct. 

To  wring  off;  to  force  off  or  separate  by  wringing  ; 
as,  to  wring  o^llis  head  of  a  fowl. 

To  wring  out  j  to  force  out ;  to  squeeze  out  by 
twisting  ;  as,  to  wring  out  dew  or  water.    Judge.*  vu 
2.  To  free  from  a  liquor  by  wringing  ;  as,  to  tning 
out  clothes. 

To  wring  from  ;  to  force  from  by  violence  ;  to  ex- 
tort;  as,  revenues  xcrnng  from  the  poor;  lo  teriKg 
from  one  his  rights  ;  lo  lerinij  a  secrcl/rum  onf. 

WRING,  r.  i.    To  writhe  ;  to  iwbt ;  as  with  anguish. 
'  Skak. 

WRING,  n.    Action  of  anguish.  ^o^ 

WRING'-BOLT,  n.  [wrin^  and  bolL]  A  boll  n«ed 
bv  shipwrights,  to  bend  and  secure  the  plank*  ami:  : 
the  timbers  till  they  are  fastened  by  bolts,  spik'  •  ,.  : 
tree-nails.  •V'J''-  ^''    ■ 

WRING'ED,  (ringd,)  pp.  Twisted;  pressed;  dis- 
tressed ;  extorted. 

WRIXG'ER,  n.  One  who  wrings;  one  that  forces 
water  out  of  any  thing  by  wringing. 

WRIXG'IXG,   ppr.     Twisting  :  wnthinE;  "lortinj. 

WRL\G'[.\G-WET,  a.  So  wet  as  to  reqiure  wnng- 
in".  or  that  writer  may  bo  wrung  ouL 

WRl'NG'-STIvns,  «.  pL  Strong  bars  of  wood  tisrd 
in  ai>plviug  wrinc-bolt^  Mar.  theU 

WRINK'LE,  (rink'l,)  n.  [Sax.  vrinde;  Sw.  rv^ka: 
Dan.  rynke.  This  coincides  with  ring,  a  circl.-. 
The  Dutch  write  this  word  krirMe,  and  kn%g  i* 
rintr.  The  G.  runul  is  probably  of  the  same  family, 
fornied  on  Rg :  Ir.  r>ing.  If  «  is  c-isual.  the  root 
coincides  wiUi  L.  rvga^  a  wrinkle,  and  W.  r*yf,  a 
furrow.] 

1.  A  small  ridge  or  prominence,  or  a  furrow, 
formed  bv  tho  shrinking  or  contraction  of  any 
smooth  substance  :  corrugation  ;  a  crease  ;  a-s 
jcrinkles  in  the  face  or  skin. 

2.  A  fold  or  rumple  in  cloth. 

3.  Roughness;  unevei:: 

Nol  the  lra*t  wrvMt  t  ■■ 

WRIXK'LE,    (rink'l,)    r. 

rynka:  Dan.  rynker.]  

1  To  contract  into  furrows  and  prominences;  lo 
corrugate ;  as,  to  wrinkle  the  skin ;  lo  mjii.'/  ihe 
brow. 

Hex  avinkted  form  in  black  and  wWts  tmyed. 

2.  To  make  rough  or  uneven. 

A  k«-cti  iior-J)  wind,bIo»inf  drr,  ^ 

H'rini.W  the  la«  of  dduff,  «  dtoywl. 

WRIXK'LE  r.  i.    To  shrink  into  furrows  and  uuar^. 
WRI.XK'Lf:i),  (rink'Id,)  fP-  «f  '^    Contracted   into 

ridces  and  furrows.  __.        .  . 

WRIXK'I.IXG,  ppr.      Shrinking;   contracting    mio 

furrows  mid  ridges.  „^.v,vi-  ,- 

WRIST,  (nst,)  B.     [Sai.  imrtf   alhfi  pn^bably  to 

urcst  anii  wrestle  :  t^at  is,  a  twist  «  JuncUon.] 
1,  The  joint  by  which  the  hand  is  united  to  the 

arm.  . 


TuNE,  BIJLL,  UNITE.- 


.AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.-€  as  K ;  6  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS 


1275 


WRI 

2.  In  tAc  manege,  Ihe  bridle  wrist  is  that  of  Ihe 

cavalier's  left  ]iand.  Ctjc. 

WIUST'LET,  71.    An  elastic  band  worn  by  ladies 

around  the  wrist,  to   confine   the  upper  part  ot"  a 

stove. 
WRIST'BAND,  n.     [wrist  and  band.]     Tliat  band  or 

part  of  a  shirt  sleeve  which  covers  the  wrist. 
WRIT,  (rit,)  7i.    [from  write.]    That  which  is  written- 

In  this  sense,  writ  is  particularly  applied   to  the 

Scriptures,  or  books  of  the  Old  and  New  Testament ; 

as,  holy  writ ;  sacred  icrit. 

2.  In  /air,  a  precept  issued  from  the  proper  au- 
thority to  the  s  her  ill",  his  deputy,  or  other  subordinate 
otTicer,  commanding  him  to  pertbrm  some  act,  as  to 
summon  a  defendant  into  court  to  answer,  and  the 
like. 

In  Entrlandj  writs  are  issued  from  some  court  un- 
der seal.  In  some  of  the  United  States,  writs  are 
issued  by  any  single  judge  or  justice  of  tlie  peace, 
in  the  name  and  by  the  authority  of  the  State. 

In  some  of  the  United  States,  the  writ,  in  a  civil 
suit,  contains  both  the  summons  and  the  plaintilf 's 
declaration  or  cause  of  action  set  forth  at  large,  and 
a  writ  is  either  a  summons  or  an  attachment. 

\\''rit3  arc  original  or  judicial.  An  original  writ,  in 
En;j;land,  is  issued  from  the  high  court  of  chancery. 
A  judicial  writ  is  issued  by  order  of  a  court  upon  a 
special  occasion,  during  the  pendency  of  the  suit. 

Writs  are  of  various  kinds ;  as,  writs  of  assite, 
writs  of  capias,  writs  of  distringas,  &c.  Skak. 

3.  A  legal  instrument.  Shak. 
WRIT,  prct.  of  Write,  is  not  now  used.     [See  Wbite 

ami  Wrote.] 
WRITE,  (rite,;  v.  t. ;  prct.  Wrote  ;  pp.  Writ,  Writ- 
ten. [Sax.  writan,  awritaii,  gcwritan ;  Ice.  rda; 
Goth,  writs,  a  letter.  The  sense  is,  to  scrape,  to 
scratch,  to  rub  ;  probably  from  the  root  of  gratCy  and 
L.  rado.] 

1.  To  form  by  a  pen  on  paper  or  other  material,  or 
by  a  graver  on  wood  or  stone  ;  as,  to  write  the  char- 
acters called  letters ;  to  write  figures.  Wc  write 
cliaracters  on  paper  with  pen  and  ink  ;  we  tcritc  them 
on  stone  with  a  graving  tool. 

2.  To  express  by  forming  letters  and  words  ou 
poper  or  stone ;  as,  to  write  a  deed  ;  to  icritc  a  bill 
of  divorcement.  The  ten  commandments  were 
written  with  the  tinger  of  God  on  tables  of  stone. 
Exod.  xxxi. 

3.  To  engrave.     [See  the  preceding  definition.] 

4.  To  impress  durably.     ^Frite  useful  truths  on  the 

5.  To  compose  or  produce,  as  an  author,      [heart. 
G.  To  copy  ;  to  transcribe. 

7.  To  communicate  by  letter. 

I  rhose  to  write  the  tiling  I  dursl  not  speak 

To  her  I  loxad.  Prior. 

WRITE,  (rite,)  P.  i'.  To  perform  the  act  of  forming 
characters,  letters,  or  figures,  as  representatives  of 
sounds  or  ideas.     Learn  to  write  when  young. 

'2.  To  be  employed  as  a  clerk  or  an  amanuensis. 
A  7criics  for  B.    D  writes  in  one  of  the  public  ollices. 

3.  To  play  llic  autlior ;  as,  he  thinks,  lie  speaks, 
lie  ?ci'itcs,  he  sings. 

4.  To  recite  or  relate  in  books.  Josejihus  icrote  of 
the  warsof  tlie  Jews. 

5.  To  send  letters. 

He  wrote  for  all  the  Jews  concemiiij  tlr.'lr  freedom.     Esdras. 

6.  To  call  one's  self;  to  be  entitled  ;  to  use  the 
style  of. 

Those  who  be"^n  to  write  themselves  men,  but  thcmghl  it  no 
Bli.iine  to  learn.  Fell. 

7.  To  compose;  to  frame  or  combine  ideas  and 
express  them  in  words. 

They  can  nrrite  up  to  the  dignity  and  chamctcr  of  their  authorg. 

Felton. 

WR  iT'ER,  (rit'cr,)  7t.    One  who  writes  or  has  written. 

2.  An  author. 

3.  ,\  clerk  or  amanuensis. 

IVriter  to  the  sijnict ;  one  of  a  class  of  lawyers  in 
Protland,  answering  to  the  highest  class  of  nttornevs 
in  England.  Brande.' 

Writer  of  the  tnlliea ;  an  officer  of  the  exchequer  of 
England  ;  a  clerk  to  tbi^  auditor  of  the  receipt,  who 
wntes  upon  the  tallies  the  wJiole  of  the  tellers'  bills. 

Cue. 
WRITHE,  (rilhe,)  v.u      [Sa.x.  writhan;  Sw.  vrida; 
Dan.  vrider.] 

1.  To  twist ;  to  distort. 

Her  moiuh  ehe  writhed.  Dryrlen. 

2.  To  twist  wif:  violence  ;  as,  to  writhe  the  body. 

Addisoiu 


WRO 

3.  To  wrest  i  to  distort ;  to  torture  ;  us,  to  writhe 
words.     [  Obs.\  Hooker. 

WRITHE,  r.  i.  To  twist;  to  be  distorted;  as,  to 
writhe  with  agony.  Jiddison. 

WRITH'ZrD,  (rithd,)  pp.    Twisted  ;  distorted. 

WRITH'ING,  ppr.     Twisting;  distorting. 

WRITH'LE,  (rith'l,)  t\  t.  [from  writhe.]  To  wrin- 
kle.    [J^ut  in  use.]  Spenser. 

WRIT'ING,  77)r.  Forming,  as  characters,  with  a 
pen,  style,  or  graver. 

2.  a.  Used  or  intended  for  writing;  ns,  writing 
paper. 

WRTT'ING,  n.  The  act  or  art  of  forming  letters  and 
characters  on  paper,  wood,  stone,  or  other  imitcrial, 
for  the  purpose  of  recording  the  ideas  whicli  charac- 
ters and  words  express,  or  of  communicating  thein 
to  others  by  visible  signs.  We  hardly  know  which 
to  admire  most,  the  ingenuity  or  ilie  utility  of  the  art 
of  writing. 

2.  Any  thing  written  or  expressed  in  letters; 
hence,  any  legal  instrument,  as  a  deed,  a  receipt,  a 
bond,  an  agreement,  &c. 

3.  A  book  ;  any  written  composition;  a  pamphlet; 
as,  the  writings  of  Addison. 

4.  An  inscription.    John\\x, 

5.  Writings,  pi. ;  conveyances  of  lands  ;  deeds;  or 
nnv  official  papers. 

WRIT'ING-IIOQK,  n.  A  book  for  practice  in  pen- 
manship. 

WRiT'L\G-I\lAS-TER,  «.  One  who  teaches  the  art 
of  penmanship. 

W^RiT'ING-SenOOL,  71.  A  school  for  instruction  in 
penmanship. 

WRIT'TA'^J,  pp.  or  a.    Expressed  in  letters. 

IVriUcn  laws ;  statutes  ;  laws  enacted  by  the  su- 
preme power  and  recorded  ;  as  contradistinguished 
from  vmorittcn  or  cmnmon  law. 

WRIZ'ZLioD,  fur  Writhled.     [.Vof  hi  u.^e.]    Spenser. 

WRo'K£N,  for  Wreaked.     [A'ot  in  ilsc.]     Spenser. 

WRONG,  (rong,)  a.  [Sw.  vrang;  Dan.  vrang;  projv 
erly  the  participle  of  wring,  Sw.  vrcinga,  Dan.  urir/i- 
gcr.]  Literally,  v.'mr.^,  twisted,  or  turned  from  a 
straight  line  or  even  surface.    Hence, 

1.  Not  physically  right ;  not  fit  or  suitable ;  not 
appropriate  tor  use  ;  as,  thewron^  side  of  a  garment. 
You  iiold  the  book  the  wrong  end  uppermost.  There 
may  be  something  wrong  in  the  construction  of  a 
watch  or  an  edifice. 

9.  Not  morally  right ;  that  deviates  from  the  line 
of  rectitude  prescribed  by  God  ;  not  just  or  equita- 
ble ;  not  right  or  proper  ;  not  legal ;  erroneous  ;  as, 
a  wrong  practice  ;  wrong  ideas  ;  a  wrong  course  of 
life;  wrong  measures;  wrong  inclinations  and  de- 
sires; a  wrong  application  of  talents;  wrong  judg- 
ment.   Hab.  i". 

3.  Erroneous  ;  not  according  to  truth;  as,  a  wrong 
statement. 
WRONG,  (rnng,)  v.  Whatever  deviates  from  moral 
rectitude  ;  any  injurj'  done  to  another  ;  a  trespass  ;  a 
violation  of  right.  Wrongs  are  private  or  public.  Pri- 
vate wrons^s  are  civil  injuries,  immediately  alfccting 
individuals;  public  wrongs  are  crimes  and  misde- 
meanors which  atfect  the  community.    Blackstone, 

Saoi  snid  tu  Abraham,  My  irron^  l>e  on  thee.  —  Gen.  xvi. 
Fricn'l,  [  do  iliee  nn  wrong, —  Mnlt.  xx. 

Tlie  oMigrillnn  to  n;drcss;i  wrong,  is  at  icztsl  as  binding'  as  that 
of  paying  .1  dcbl.  £.  EvereU. 

WRONG,  (rong,)  arfy.  Not  rightly;  amiss;  morally 
ill ;  erroneously. 

Ten  censure  wrong'  (i.'t  one  lliat  writes  amiss.  Pope. 

WRONG,  (rong,)  P.  (,  To  injure;  to  treat  with  in- 
justice ;  to  deprive  of  some  right,  or  to  withhold  some 
act  of  justice  from.  We  wrong  a  man  when  we  de- 
fraud him,  and  when  we  trespass  on  liis  prnjterty. 
We  wrong  a  man  when  we  neglect  to  pay  him  his 
due.     Philemon  13. 

2.  To  do  injustice  to  by  imputation  ;  to  impute  evil 
unjustly.  If  you  suppose  me  capable  of  a  base  act, 
you  wron^  me. 

WRONG'-DO-ER,  n.     One  who  injures  another  or 
does  wrong. 
2.  In  law,  one  who  commits  a  tort  or  trespass. 

Bom'icr. 

WRONG'-DO-ING,  n.    Evil  or  wicked  act  or  action. 

WRONG'£D,  pp.    Treated  unjustly;  injured. 

WRONG'ER,  n.    One  who  injures  another. 

WRONG'FIJL,  fl.  Injurious;  unjust;  ^b,ix.  wrongful 
taking  of  property;  wrontrful  dealing. 

WRONG'FyL-LY,  adc.  Unjustly  ;  in  a  m.inner  con- 
trary to  the  moral  law  or  to  justice;  as,  to  accuse 
one  icrongfulhj  i  to  suffer  icrongfulhj. 


AVYV 

WRONG'ilEAD,  (rong'hcd,)  jt.  A  person  of  a  per- 
verse nnd.^rstanding. 

WRONG'HEAD-ED,  a.  [wrong  and  head.]  Wrong 
in  opinion  or  principle;  having  a  perverse  under- 
standing ;  perverse. 

WUONG'HEAD-ED-NESS,  n.  Pcrvcrsencss  ;  erro- 
neousness. 

WRONG'ING,  ppr.  Injuring;  treating  with  injus- 
tice. 

WRONG'LESS-LY,  adc.  Witiiout  injury  to  any  one. 
[A^ot  used.]  Sid.ictj. 

WltONG'LY,  ai/i*.  In  a  wrong  manner;  unjuslly  ; 
amiss.     He  judges  wrongly  of  my  motives. 

WRONG'NESS,  7(.    AVrong  disposition  ;  error.  Butler 

WRONG'-TIM-£D,  a.    Done  at  an  improper  time. 

WROTE,  prct.  of  Write.     He  wrote  a  letter  yester- 
day.    Herodotus  wrote  his  history  more  than  two 
thousand  years  ago. 
J\''ote.  —  Wrote  is  not  now  used  as  the  participle. 

WROTH,  (rawth.)  a.  [Sax.  wrsth,  icrath.  See 
Wrath.] 

Very  angry  ;  much  exasperated. 

Ciiin  was  very  loroth,  and  his  conut'-innce  fell.  — Gen.  iv. 
1  \\  .IS  tcrotJi  with  my  p<^ople.  —  Is.  xivii. 

[.4/1  excellent  word,  and  not  I'bsolete.j 
WROUGHT,  (rawt,)  prc(.  anl  pp.  or  n.  from  W*ork. 
[Sax.   worhte,  the  prct.  ami   .ip.   of  wircan,  wcvrcan, 
to  work.] 

1.  Worked  ;  formed  by  work  or  labor. 

2.  Effected ;  performed. 

She  halh  wrought  a  good  work  npon  nie.  —  Matt.  xxvj. 

3.  Effected;  produced.  He  wrought  the  public 
safety.    A  great  change  was  wrought  in  his  mind. 

This  wrought  the  greatest  confusion  in  Ihe  unb-Micving  Jews. 

Addison. 

4.  Used  in  labor. 

Til?  elders  of  tint  city  shall  t-ike  a  bcif.-r  that  hath  not  bc.u 
■tcrnugkl  Willi. —  bcut.  xxi. 

5.  W'orked  ;  driven  ;  ns,  infection  tcrought  out  of 
the  body.     [J^ot  used.]  Bacon. 

G.  Actuated. 

Vain  Moral,  by  his  own  r.ishncis  wrought.  Dryden, 

7.  Worked  ;  used  ;  labored  in.    The  mine  is  still 

8.  Formed  ;  fitted.  {lorought. 

He  that  hn\h  wrought  us  fi>r  the  self-same  lhii:g  is  God.  — 2 
Cor.  T, 

9.  Guided  ;  managed.     [JVot  used.]  Milton. 

10.  Agitated  ;  disturbed. 

My  dull  hraiii  was  wrought 
Willi  tilings  forgot.  Skak. 

Wrought  iron  ;  iron  deprived  of  its  carbon,  usually 
by  the  process  called  puddling,  which  see.  WroiiglU 
iron  is  tough,  flexible,  mallciible,  and  ductile. 

Wrought  on  or  upon;  intlucnced  ;  prevailed  on. 
His  mind  was  wrought  xipon  by  divine  grace. 

Wrought  to  or  up  to ;    excited  ;    inflamed.    Their 
minds  were  zrrou^ht  up  to  a  violent  passion.     She 
was  wrought  up  to  the  tenderest  emotions  of  pity. 
WRUNG,  (rung,)  prct.  and  pp.  of  ^Vring. 
W^R'S',  (rl,)  a.     [Goth,  wraicwa,  or  Dan.  vrier,  to  twist, 
contracted  from  vrider,  Eng.  to  wrtt/te.] 

1.  Twisted;  turned  to  one  side;  distorted;  as,  a 
wry  neck  ;  a  wry  mouth. 

2.  Deviating  from  the  right  direction  ;  ns,  lory 
words. 

3.  Wrested  ;  perverted  ;  as,  to  put  a  wry  sense  on 
an  author's  words.  jJticrbiiry. 

WR?",  V.  I.    To  be  writhed  or  distorted.     [A"o(  used.] 
WR-?,  V.  t.    To  distort ;  to  wrest.     [A^(  used.] 
WRY'NECK,  n.    [iPry  and  neck.]  A  twisted  or  distort- 
ed heck  ;  a  deformity  in  which  the  neck  is  drawn 
to  one  side, and  at  the  same  tiniesomewJiat  forward. 

Cyc. 

2.  A  disease  of  the  spasmodic  kind  in  sheep,  in 
which  the  head  is  drawn  to  one  side.  Cyc. 

3.  In  ornithology,  a  small  bird  of  the  eastern  con- 
tinent, resembling  the  woodpeckers,  the  Yunx  tor- 
quilla  ;  so  called  from  th-j  singular  manner  in  which, 
when  surprised,  it  turns  its  head  over  its  shouldtrs. 

Ed.  Knciic. 

U'R^-'NECK-f:D,(ri'nekt,)a.  Havinga  distorted  neck. 

WR-2'NESS,  n.     The  slate  of  being  wry  or  distorted. 

JJountaiTue. 

WYCH'-ELM,  n.  A  variety  of  the  elm,  or  a  peculiar 
specifs,  (Ulmtis  montana,)  which  is  said  by  some  to 
be  only  a  variety  of  Ulmus  campestris,  a  native  of 
Europe.  Cyc. 

WTND,  71.     A  narrow  lane  or  alley.     [Scottish.] 

W^'VERN,  n.  A  kind  of  Jlying  serpent,  sometimes 
represented  in  coats  of  arms.  Buchanan. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  W^H^T.  — MeTE,  FRgY PI\E,  MARINE,  BIRD— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQQK.— 


127() 


YAN 


XTHE  iwenty-fourth  letter  of  the  English  alpha- 
y  bet,  is  bonowed  from  the  Greek.  In  the  middle 
and  at  the  end  of  words,  it  has  the  sound  of  ks,  as 
in  ifii/:,  //IT,  luiurtj.  At  the  be^inninp;  of  a  word,  it 
has  precisely  the  sound  of  i.  It  Is  used  as  an  initial 
in  a  few  words  borrowed  from  the  Greek. 

As  a  numrral^  X  stands  fur  10.  It  represents  one 
'  V,  which  sUinds  for  5,  placed  on  the  top  of  another. 
When  laid  horizontally,  thus,  >i ,  it  stands  for  1000  j 

and  with  a  dash  over  it,  thus,  X,  it  stinds  for  10,000. 
As  an  abbreviation,  X.  stands  for  Christ,  as  in  Xn. 
Christiany  Xm.   Christmas. 

XAX'TIiI€,  a.     [Gr.  lavdoi,  yellow.] 
Tending  toward  a  yellow  color. 

XAN'TIIie  ACID,  n.  An  acid  consisting  of  bisul- 
phurel  of  carbon,  water,  and  oxyd  of  ethyl  or  ether. 

Graham. 

XAN'TIII€  OX'VD,  ri.  A  brown  substance  compos- 
ing a  urinary  calculus.  Oraham. 

XAN'THID,  (zan'thid,)  M.  A  term  applied  to  a  sup- 
posed compound  of  zantJwgcii  wilh  some  basjfiable  or 
acidiiiable  element. 

XAX'THIXE,  C-ihin,)  n.  The  yellow  dyeing  matter 
contained  in  madder.  Ure. 

XAX'THO-GEN,  (zan'iho-jen,)  n.  [Gr.  iafOo?,  yel- 
low, and  J  ivvaa^,  to  generate,  from  the  yellow  color 
of  its  compounds.] 

A  supposed  basifying  and  acidifying  compound 
principle,  C4in:^idered  to  be  analogous  to  cyanogen, 
and  believed  to  consist  of  sulphur  and  carbon, 
which,  wilh  certain  metals,  forms  xanthids,  and 


YTIIE  twenty-fifth  letter  of  the  English  alphabet, 
9  in  taken  from  the  Greek  i-.  At  the  beginning  of 
words,  it  is  railed  an  articulation  or  consonant,  and 
With  some  propriety,  perhaps,  as  it  brings  the  root  of 
the  tungue  in  close  contact  with  the  lower  part  of  the 
palate,  and  nearly  in  the  position  to  which  the  close  ^ 
brings  iL  Ifence  it  has  hapiwueil  that  In  a  great  num- 
ber of  words,  p-  has  been  rhangrd  into  ij,  as  the  iSnx. 
gear  into  year,  gcorntan  into  yearn,  gyllan  into  yell, 
gealciD  into  yelloic. 

In  the  middle  and  at  the  end  of  words,  y  is  pre- 
cisely the  same  as  i.  It  is  sounded  as  i  long,  when 
accented,  as  in  df/ij,  rely;  and  as  i  short,  when  un- 
accented, as  in  vanity,  gtoT^i,  sirnonyjiious.  This  lat- 
ter sound  is  a  vowel.  At  the  beginning  of  words,  y 
answers  to  the  German  and  Dutch  j. 

Y,  as  a  TiMmeraZ,  stands  for  150,  and  with  a  dash 
over  it,  Y,  for  150,000. 

YACHT,  (yot.)  n.  [D.  jagt;  G.  jadu,  (lom  jagcn.  It 
is  originadly  a  boat  drawn  by  horses.] 

A  light  and  elegantly  furnished  vessel,  used  either 
for  private  parlies  of  plea.sure,  or  as  a  vessel  of  slate 
to  convey  princes,  Slc,  from  one  place  to  another. 

YACriT'ER,  n.    One  engaged  in  sailing  a  yacht. 

YACHT'ING,  (yot'ing,)  tu  Sailing  on  pleasure  ex. 
cnrsions  in  a  yachL 

VA'GER.  CyaWger,)  n.  [G.  jager^  from  jagcn,  to 
chase.] 

One  belonging  to  a  body  of  light  infantry  armed 
with  rifles.  Brande. 

YA'HOO,  n.  .\.  name  given  by  Swift,  in  one  of  his 
imaginary  voyages,  to  a  race  of  brutes  having  the 
form  and  all  the  degrading  passions  of  man.  They 
are  set  in  contrast  with  the  Houyhnhnms,  or  horses 
endowed  with  reason,  and  the  whole  is  designed  as 
a  satire  on  our  race. 

YAK,  n.  A  riminant  mammal  of  the  bovine  tribe, 
the  Bos  Poephagus,  or  Bison  Poephagiis  ;  a  species 
of  ox,  with  cylindric  horns  curving  outward,  long, 
pendent  hair,  and  villous,  horse-like  tail  ;  the  grunt- 
ing ox  of  Pennant.    This  ox  is  found  in  Thibet.   Cyc. 

YA>f,  n.  A  large,  esculent  tuber  or  root  of  various 
climbing  plants,  of  the  genus  Dioscorea,  growing  in 
tropical  climates,  and  forming,  when  roasted  or 
boiled,  a  wholesome,  palatable,  and  nutritious  food. 
The  yam  sometimes  grows  to  the  lengtii  of  three 
feet,  and  weighs  thirty  pounds.  Loudon. 

YAX'KEE,  (yank'e,)  n.  [A  corrupt  pronunciatioii  of 
the  word  English  by  the  native  Indians  of  America, 
or  more  probably  of  the  French  word  Jinglai^:] 

Heckewelder. 


YKR 


X. 


Willi  liydrogcn  forms  jniitlmli)  ilric  .-iciil,  an^li>gou9 
to  cy:imihydric  acid.  'J'lie  above  viuws,  however, 
in  regaid  to  these  compounds,  are  not  considered  as 
Well  established. 
Xlc'DEf,  (ze'bek,)  17.  A  small,  three  nia.stcd  vessel, 
used  in  the  Mediterranean  Sea.  Wilh  a  fair  wind, 
in  good  weather,  it  carries  two  large  square  sails: 
when  close  hauled,  it  carries  large  lateen  sails. 

XE-NOD'0-eHY,  (ie-nod'o-ke,)  n.     [Gr.  <cJoiox^a.] 
Reception  of  strangers  ;  hospitality.      Cockeram. 

XEN'0-TiME,  n.     [Gr.  (f,„{,  a  stranger.] 

A  native  phosphate  of  yttria,  having  a  ycllowisli- 
brown  color.  Dana 

XE-RO-eOL-I.YR'I-U51,  n.     [Or.    f,,™?,    dry,    and 

A'oXXlipt'.'l'.] 

.A _tJiy_collyriuni  or  eye-salve.  Coxc. 

XE-Ro'DkS,    j(.     Any  tumor   attended    with    dry- 
ness. 
XE-KO-.M?'RUM,  n.      [Gr.  f>,o<,5,  dry,  and  /ivooi., 
ointment.] 
\  drv  ointment.  Coic. 

XE-EOPH'A-GY,  (ze-rof  a-je,)  n.      [Or.   Ino^i,  dry, 
and  (pa^  w,  to  eat.] 

The  eating  of  dry  meats,  a  sort  of  fast  among  the 
primitive  Christians. 
XE-ROPH'THAL-,AIY,  (ze-rof  thal-me,)  n.  [Gr.  ^,005, 
dry,  and  <j(/»OaX/i(a.] 

A  dry,  red  soreness  or  itchin:::  of  the  eyes,  without 
swelling_or  a  discharge  of  humors. 
XE-Ro'TeS,  (ze-to'tez,)  n.    A  dry  habit  or  disposi- 
tion. 


YAW 


T 


Y. 


The  popular  name  for  the  citizens  of  New  Eng- 
land, but  applied,  among  foreitjuers,  to  all  the  inhab- 
itants of  the  United  Slates  indiscriminately. 

YAN'0-LITE,  7).     A   mineral,  called   also  Axinite, 
whose  crystals  resemble  an  ax.  Ure. 

YAP,  to  bark,  is  not  a  legitimate  word. 

Ya'PON  or  YA'PON,  n.    The  cassine  or  South  Sea 
tea. 

The  Hex  Cassine  or  youpon,  is  a  shrub  growing  in 
the  Southern  States,  used  as  a  tea  and  a  medicine. 

YaRD,  71.     [Sax.  gcard,  gerd,  gyrd,  a  rod,  that  is,  a 
simot.] 

1.  A  measure  of  three  feet  or  tliirty-slx  inches.  It 
is  just  seven  ninths  of  the  Paris  ell. 

2.  [Sax.  gyrdav,  to  inclose  ;  Dan.  oicrde,  a  Iiedge, 
on  inclosiire  ;  gterdcr,  to  hedge  in,  S\v.  gdrda.]  An 
inclosure  ;  vsunlly,  a  small,  inclosed  place  in  front  of 
or  around  a  house  or  barn.  The  yard  in  front  of  a 
house  is  called  a  Court,  and  sometimes  a  Coukt- 
Yard.  In  the  United  Slates,  a  small  yard  is  fenced 
round  a  barn  for  confining  cattle,  and  called  Baen- 
Yard  or  Cow-YAno. 

3.  In  skips,  a  long,  slender  piece  of  timber,  nearly 
cylindrical,  suspended  upon  tlie  mast,  by  which  a 
sail  is  extended. 

Yard  of  land ;  in  old  books,  a  certain  quantity  of 
lanil,  but  diflerent  in  diJferent  counties.  In  some 
counties  it  was  15  acres,  in  others  20  or  24,  and 
even  40. 
Dock-yard  ;  a  place  \vhere  ships  are  laid  up. 
Prison-yard ;  prijnnrily, an  inclosure  abouta  prison, 
or  attached  to  it.  Hence  liberty  of  the  yard,  is  a  lib- 
erty granted  to  persons  imprisoned  for  debt,  of  walk- 
ing in  the  yard,  or  witlirn  any  other  limits  prescribed 
by  law,  on  their  giving  bond"  not  to  go  beyond  those 
Ijniits.  United  States. 

YARD,  V.  t.    To  confine  cattle  to  tlio  yard  j   as,  to 
vard  cows.     [A  farmer's  word.] 

YXRD'-ARM,  II.     [yard  and  arm.]     Either  half  of  a 
ship's  yard,  from  the  center  or  mast  to  the  end. 

Ships  are  said  to  be  yard-arm  and  yard-arm,  when 
so  near  as  to  touch,  or  interlock  tlieir  yards. 

YaRD'-I.AND,  n.  See  Yard  of  Land,  under  Yard. 

YXRD'STICK,  71.       [ijard  and  stick.]     A  stick  three 
feet  in  length,  used  as  a  measure  of  cloth,  &.O. 

YARD'WAND,  n.     [yard  and  wand.]     A  measure  of 
a  yard  ;  now  Yardstick. 

Y.aRE,  a.     [Sax.  gearic,  prepared;  from  the  root  of 
gear.    See  Eaoer.] 

Ready  ;  dextrous  ;  eager.     [Obs.]  Shak. 


XIPiri-AS,  (ziPc-M,)»i.    (Gr.,  ffomf. 

1.  The  Hword-fifb.  In  -naivrai  hi- 
nt a  genus  of  II«ben,  to  which  the  .\ 
or  common  «word-fi,<(h,  belong'. 

2.  A  comet  Hhn|Md  like  a  Hword. 

XIPpoil),   (ziPoid,)   a.      Uir.   f.-^of,   a  rworJ,   :tni 
*:iri'>c,  likene-fs,  i.  e.,  eword-like.l 

The  xiphoid  or  auif^/rm  cartihi^e,  \<s  a  tfnall  rai'.i 
lage  placed  at  the  bottom  of  the  brcut -U.ne. 

XV'MTE,«.    [Gr.  (t>9»-,  wood.] 

A  liquid  which  exists  in  comincrcia]  p.* 
spirit.  (f, 

XY-LO-BAI/SA-MUM,  n.    The  wood  of  lb*r  i 

tr«c. 
XV-uO-GRAPII'ie,  a.    Bt-longing  to  xylocra,!.,.    .• 

wood-engravmc 
XV-LCMJ'RA-PMY,    (zMog'ra-fc,)   m.       [Gr.    {.-JUr. 
wood,  and  jo,i.;.w,  to  engrave.) 

Wood-*-ngriving;  the  aclurartof  ' 
in  wood,  in  representation  of  natunJ  ■ 
XY-LOPil'A-GOUS,  0.     [Gr.  ft  Ac . ,  u 
to  eat.] 
Eating  or  feeding  on  wood. 
XYST,  (/.ist,)         *„     rrr  r 
XYS'TOS,  (zisS)  i  "■    [^f-  (^^-c-J 

In  ancient  architecture^  a  \onz  and  open,  *: 
times  covered,  court,  with  porticos,  for  athi' : 
ercises,  as  wrestling,  running,  tec  Bni».u. 

XYS'TER,  (r.is'ler,)  iu    [Gr.  (va^rjwy.  from  (t.^,  lu 
scrape.] 
A  surgeon's  instrument  for  scraping  booe*. 


YaPE'LY,  adv.  Readily ;  dextroiisly ;  skillfullv 

YARN,  n.     [Sax.  gcam;  G.  Ice.  and  Sw.  ^-   - 
garen.] 

1.  Spun  wool ;  woolen  thread ;  but  it  Ij  applH-d 
also  toother  species  of  thread,  as  to  cotttm  and  linrn. 
3.  In  rope-making,  one  of  the  Uiread-i  uf  ubich  a 
rope  is  composed.    It  is  spun  from  hemp. 

3.  Among  seamen,  a  stor\-  spun  out  by  a  kiHi  r  f  r 
ihe  auHisement  of  his  comjianions.  [Lot.]    .V  -- 
YARR,  r.  t.    [Low  L.  hirrio;  Celtic,  /or,  \V 
rough.] 
To  growl  or  snarl,  as  a  dog.    [.Vt-e  in  uje.] 

.iiMrrvrik. 
YARTJSH,  a.  Having  a  rough,  dry  taste.  [LtcoL] 
YAR'RoW",  71.     [Sa-T.  geetnce  :  Sp.  ycro.] 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Achillea;  ine  mUfoa,  or 
plant  of  a  thousand  leaves. 
YAT^\-GH.\^',  n.    A  long,  Turki>h  dafgrr.     [:v* 

Ataghan.] 
YaTE,  71.     A  gate.  SfrnjtT. 

[Still  used  in  the  nortli  of  England.] 
YAULP,  )r.i.    To  yelp ;  to  crj-  out  like  a  child. 
YAUP,     j  Jaiaifsfn,     Brackets. 

[Scottish,  aiul  sometimes  used  in  .itmeriuL,} 
Y^W,  r.  i.    To  rise  in  blisters,  brc.ikinf  in  wbil« 
troth,  as  cane-juice  in  tlie  sugar-works.    (Qti.  yrr. 
See  Yew.]  ITe^  ImditA. 

2.  In  navigation^  to  steer  wild,  or  ont  of  the  hne 
of  her  course,  as  a  ship.  Mar.  Diet. 

YAWL,  n.    A  small  ship's  boat^  usually  rowed  by  four 

or  six  oars. 
V'AWL,  r.  i.       To  en'  out  like  a  dog;  tifsaVf  pr^ 

nmiTiMdyowI.    [SeeVsu-] 
YAWN,  r.  L      [Sax.  geonan,  gynian ;  G.  ^(lAwra  ;   W. 
agenu ;  Gr.  xaiKo.] 

"  1.  To  gape;  to  oscilatc  ;  to  Imve  the  mt*ilb  open 
involuntarily  through  drowsiness  or  dullness. 


Thf  laxy,  yax^ning  c!runt*. 

An<l  while  aloTC  It!  spcixU  liU  Urilh, 

The  yiiemnf  audicDCS  Otx)  U-ooib. 


2.  To  open  wide  ;  as,  wide  poms  the  pilf  bektwr. 

3.  To  express  desire  bv  vawning  :  as,  to  vcx^  fv* 
fat  livings.  //.vln-. 

Y.\WN,  n.    A  gaping;  an  involnntarr  opening  of  th« 
iiiouth  from  dKtwsiness  ;  oscilalion. 

One  person   ysa-ninj  in  compuy  viSl  iraSiiee*  »nBUi>noot 
yaten  in  all  pr«coL  •^-  C*tfmia». 

2.  -An  opening  wide.  -$^i»«. 

YAWX'iJD,  pp.    Gaped;  opened  wide. 


TONE,  BlITX,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.— €  as  K ;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  TIHS. 


YEA 

iCAWN'ING,  ppr,  or  a.     Gaping;  opening  wide. 
2.  a.     Sleepy  ;  drowsy  ;  dull.  Skali. 

V  AAVN'ING,  H.    The  act  of  gaping  or  opening  wide. 

V  AW.V'ING-LY,  (kJo.    In  a  yawning  manner. 

VAWS,  71.    [African  yaw,  a  raspberry.]  " 

A  disease  called  "by  Good  Rubula,  from  rubus,  a 
raspberry.  It  is  characterized  by  cutaneous  tumors, 
numerous  and  successive  ;  gradually  increasing  from 
specks  to  the  size  of  a  raspberry ;  one,  at  length, 
growing  larger  than  the  rest ;  core  a  fungous  excres- 
cence ;  fever  slight,  and  probably  irritative  merely. 
It  is  commonly  supposed  to  he  contagious,  and  to  oc- 
cur but  once  during  life ;  but  both  of  these  points 
are  doubtful.  It  is  sometimes  called  FRiMBusii,  a 
liarbarnus  name  derived  from  the  French  framboise, 
a  raspberrj-.  There  are  two  varieties  of  this  disease, 
which  differ  considerably  ;  the  one  occurring  in  .Af- 
rica, the  other  in  America.  It  is  scarcely  known  in 
Europe.  (juoi/. 

\-eL.\D',  Ce-klad',)pp.  Clad.  [This  word  and  the 
following  retain  the  y,  which  is  the  remains  of  the 
Saxon  ge  prefixed  to  verbs.  But  it  is  obsolete,  ex- 
cept in  poetr}',  and  perhaps  in  burlesque  only.] 

Y-ei-EP'£D,  (e-klept',)  pp.  of  Sax.  gcchjpian,  depart, 
to  call.  [See  YcLin.]  Called  ;  named.  It  is  obso- 
lete, except  in  burlesque. 

Y-DRAD',  (e-drad',)  H).    Dreaded.     [Obs.l 

YE,  proii.     [Sax.  ge.] 

The  nominative  plural  of  the  second  person,  of 
which  tlw:i  is  the  singular.  But  the  two  words  have 
no  radical  connection.  Ye  is  now  used  only  in  the 
sacred  and  solemn  style.  In  common  discourse  and 
writing,  ijQu  is  exclusively  used. 

But  ye  are  washed,  but  j/e  arc  satictiried I  Cor.  vi. 

YEA,  (ye  or  ya,)  adv.  [Sax.  gea,  geae;  G.  D.  and 
Dan.  ja  :  Sw.  jaka,  to  consent.  Glu.  G.  bejaken,  to  af- 
firm.   Class  Cg,  No.  25,  26.] 

1.  Yes ;  a  word  that  expresses  affirmation  or  as- 
sent. Will  you  go  ?  Yea.  It  sometimes  introduces  a 
subject,  with  the  sense  of  indeed,  verily,  truly,  it 
is  so. 

Yea,  hath  God  said,  Ye  shall  not  eat  of  every  tree  m  the  gar- 
den? —  Gen.  iti. 
Let  your  conini'uiicatioQ  be  yea,  yea  ;  nay,  nay.  —  Matt.  v. 

2.  It  sometimes  enforces  the  sense  of  something 
preceding  ;  not  only  so,  but  more. 

Therein  I  do  rejoice,  yea,  and  wiU  iisjoice.  —  Phil.  i. 

3.  In  Scripture,  it  is  used  to  denote  certainty,  con- 
sistency, harmony,  and  stability. 


YEL 


YES 


AH  the  protnUes  of  God  h 
2  Cfor.  1. 


him  are  yea,  and  in  him  are  amen.  — 


[In  this  use,  the  word  may  be  considered  a  noun.] 
Yea  is  used  rarely  except  in  the  sacred  and  solemn 
style.     [See  Yes.] 
YeAD  ) 

GEAD,'!"-'-    '""S"-     [O*^'-]  Spenser. 

Ye  AN,  V.  i.     [Sax.  eanian.] 

To  bring  forth  young,  as  a  goat  or  sheep  ;  to  lamb. 
[Obsolete  or  locaL] 
YeAN'£D,  (yeend,)  pp.    Brought  forth. 
YeAN'LING,  n.      The  young    of  sheep;    a  Iamb. 

^Obsolete  or  local.] 
Ye.'\R,  n.     [Sax.  ^ear  ;    G.  jahr ;   D.  jaar ;    Sw.  ar ; 
I>an.  aar;  Sans.  joAron  ,■  probably  a  course  or  circle  ; 
the  root  gar,  ger,  signifying  to  run.] 

1.  The  space  or  period  of  time  in  which  the  sun 
moves  through  the  twelve  signs  of  the  ecliptic,  or 
whole  circle,  and  returns  to  the  same  point.  This  is 
the  solar  year,  and  the  year  in  the  strict  and  proper 
sense  of  the  word.  It  is  called  also  the  tropictU  or  equi- 
noctial year.  This  period  comprehends  what  are  called 
the  twelve  calendar  months,  or  365  days,  5  hours, 
48  minutes,  and  47  7-10  seconds.  But  in  popular 
tisagc,  the  year  consists  of  3C5  days,  and  every 
fourth  year  of  366 ;  a  day  being  added  to  February 
on  that  year-,  on  account  of  the  excess  above  305 
days. 

2.  The  time  in  which  any  planet  completes  a  rev- 
olution ;  as,  the  year  of  Jupiter  or  of  Saturn. 

3.  The  time  in  which  the  flxed  stars  make  a  rev- 
olution is  called  the  Great  Yeah. 

4.  Years,  m  the  plural,  is  sometimes  equivalent  to 
age  or  old  age  ;  as,  a  man  in  years. 

In  popular  language,  year  is  often  used  for  years. 
7  he  horse  is  ten  year  old. 

Sidereal  year :  the  time  in  which  the  sun,  depart- 
ing from  any  fixed  star,  returns  to  the  same  This 
is  365  days,  6  hours,  9  minutes,  and  9  6-10  seconds. 

Baity. 

Jimmalisltcal  year  ;  the  time  that  elapses  from'the 
sun's  leaving  its  apogee  or  perigee,  till  it  returns  tu  it  ; 
which  is  305  days,  6  hours,  14  minutes,  nearly. 

Baity. 

Civd  year;  the  year  which  any  nation  has  con- 
trived for  the  computation  of  time. 

Bissextile  or  leap  year ;  the  year  consisting  of  366 
days. 

LuTtar  year,  consists  of  13  lunar  months. 

Lunar  a-^tronomicat  year,  consists  of  12  lunar  synod- 
ical  months,  or  354  'days,  8  hours,  48  minutes,  36 
seconds. 


Common  lunar  year,  consists  of  12  lunar  civil 
months,  or  354  days. 

Embolismic  or  intercalary  lunar  year,  consists  of  13 
lunar  civil  months,  and  contains  384  days. 

Julian  year,  established  by  Julius  Cesar,  consists  of 
365  days,  0  hours. 

Qregorian  year,  is  the  Julian  year  corrected,  and  is 
the  year  now  generally  used  in  Europe.  From  the 
difference  between  this  and  the  Julian  year  arises 
the  distinction  of  Old  and  New  Style.  [See  Sttle 
No.  13.]  ' 

Sabbatic  year,  among  ttie  Israelites,  was  every 
seventh  year,  when  their  land  was  suffered  to  lie 
"I'llled.  Cyc.     Ejun/c 

The  civil  or  legal  year,  in  Enrrland,  formerly  com- 
menced on  the  aoth  day  of  Afarch.  This  practice 
continued  throughout  the  British  dominions  till  the 
year  1752. 
YeAR'-BPQK,  n.  [year  and  book.]  .\.  book  con- 
taining annual  reports  of  cases  adjudged  in  the 
courts  of  England. 
YeAR'£D,  a.    Containing  years.    [JVot  in  use.] 

_  B.  Joiison. 

ieAR'LING,  n.     A  young  benst  one  year  old,  or  in 

the  second  year  of  his  age. 
YEAR'LING,  a.     Being  a  year  old  ;  as,  a  yearliwr 
heifer.  " 

YeAR'LY,  a.    Annual;  happening,  accruing,  or  com- 
ing every  year  ;  as,  a  yearly  rent  or  income. 

2.  Lasting  a  year;  as,  a  yearly  plant. 

3.  Comprehending  a  year  ;  as,  the  yearly  circuit  or 
revolution  of  the  earth. 

YeAR'LY,  iiA'.  Annually;  once  a  year;  as,  blessings 

yearly  bestowed. 
YEAR>f,  (yern,)  v.  i.    [Sax.  geomian, gicrnan,  gyrnan, 

earnian, to  desire;  to  yearn;  Sw.  ^cnia,  willingly  ; 

Dan.  gierne,  G.  gem,  D.  gaarne.    The  sense  is,  to 

strain,  or  stretch  forwaiu.     VVe  have  earnest  from  the 

same  root.] 

1.  To  be  strained  ;  to  be  pained  or  distressed  ;  to 
suffer. 

Palatair,  he  is  dead. 
And  we  must  yearn  therefore.  £7tni, 

2.  Usually,  to  long ;  to  fee!  an  earnest  desire ;  that 
is,  literally,  to  have  a  desire  or  iDCliriation  stretching 
toward  the  object  or  end.    1  £^.ngs  iii. 

Joseph  made  haste,  fur  his  lotrels  did  yearn  upon  his  brother.  — 

Gtrt.  xUii. 
Your  moUier's  heart  yearrtg  toward  you.  Addison, 

Aoticius,  unable  to  control, 
Spoke  loud  the  langu.igc  of  his  yearning  soul.  Pope. 

YEARN,  (yern,)  v.  t.    To  pain  ;  to  grieve ;  to  vex. 
She  laments  for  it,  that  it  would 
Yearn  your  hean  to  see  it.  Shak. 

It  yeorns  me  not  if  men  my  garmenu  wear.     [Obs,]      ShaJ:'. 

YEARN'F{JL,  a.     Mournful;  distressing.    [04s.] 

YEARN'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Longing;  having  longing 
desire. 

Y'EARN'ING,  n.  Strong  emotions  of  desire,  tender- 
ness, or  pity. 

YE.IRN'ING-LY,  adv.    With  yearning. 

Y^EAST,  (yeest,)  n.  [Sax.  gist,  yeast,  a  guest,  also  a 
storm  ;  yst,  a  storm ;  G.  gdsekt,  yeast,  and  gast,  a 
guest,  gd.';c/ten,  to  foam  or  froth  ;  D.  gist,  yeast ;  ^;>- 
ten,  to  ferment.  This  coincides  with  gas  and  gitost. 
The  primary  sense  of  the  noun  is  winil,  spirit,  flatu- 
lence, or  froth,  from  rushing ;  Ch.  DDJ,  to  inflate. 
Class  Gs,  No.  18.] 

1.  Barm  ;   the  foam,  froth,  or  flower,  of  beer  or 
other  liquor  in  ferment.ation ;  any  preparation  used 
for  raising  dough  for  bread  or  cakes,  and  making  it 
light  and  puffy. 
_  2.  Spume  or  foam  of  water.     [JV'ot  in  use.]    Skak. 

YE.iST'Y,  a.    Frothy  ;  foamy  ;  spumy  ;  like  yeast. 

YELK,  n.  [Sax.  gealcw,  yellow ;  G.  gelb,  yellow.  See 
Gold  and  Yellow.] 

The  yellow  part  of  an  egg;  the  vitellus.  It  is 
sometimes  written  and  pronounced  Yolk,  but  Yelk 
is  the  proper  word.     Yolk  is  a  corruption. 

YELL,  V.  i.  [Sax.  giellan,  gijllan ;  D.  gillen ;  Sw. 
gdlta,  to  ring.    It  agrees  in  elements  with  Call.] 

To  cry  out  with  a  hideous  noise  ;  to  cry  or  scream 
as  with  agony  or  horror.  Savages  yell  most  fright- 
fully when  they  are  rushing  to  the  first  onset  of 
battle. 


Speiuer. 


Nor  the  night  raven,  that  stiJI  deadly  yetla. 
YELL,  n.    A  sharp,  loud,  hideous  outcry. 

Tlieir  hideous  yetU 
Rend  tlic  d.ark  wclldn.  Pliitipa, 

YELL'£p,  pp.     Uttered  hideous  cries  ;  shrieked. 

YELL'ING,  ppr.  or  a.     Uttering  hitleous  outcries  ; 
shrieking  ;  as,  yelling  monsters.  Jililton. 

YELL'ING,  /(.    The  act  of  screaming  hideously. 

YEL'LoW,  a.  [Sax.  gealew,  yellow  ;  geatia,  gall ;  G. 
gelb  ;  D.  gecl ;  Dan.  guul :  Sw.  gaal,  gal.  Hence 
gold,  Dan.  guld.  The  Fr.  jaune  is  the  same  word, 
contracted  from  ja»?7ic,  as  it  is  written  in  the  Nor- 
man ;  It.  giallo ;  Russ.  jetknu,  to  become  yellow ; 
jdtnie,  yellow  ;  L.  galbanus.  Qu.  gilrus.  The  root 
is  the  Celtic  gal,  geal,  bright.  (See  Gold.)  Class 
Gl,  No.  7.] 
Being  of  a  bright  color;  of  the  color  of  gold. 

J^ewton. 


Y'EL'LoW,  n.  A  bright  golden  color,  reflecting  the 
most  light  of  any,  after  white.  It  is  one  of  the  sim- 
ple or  primitive  colors. 
YEL'LoW-BIRD, -II.  A  small  singing-bird  of  the 
genus  Carduelis  of  Brisson,  common  in  tho  United 
States.  It  is  the  Fringilla  tristis  of  Linnsus.  I'he 
summer  dress  of  tho  male  is  of  a  lemon  yellow,  with 
the  wings,  tail,  and  fore  part  of  the  head'black.  The 
female  and  the  male,  during  the  winter,  are  of  a 
brown  olive  color.  IVit-ion^ 

YEL'L6W-BLOS'S0M-£D,  a.    Furnished  or  adorned 

with  vellow  flov^ers.  OolUsmith. 

YEL'LoW-I30Y,  n.     A  gold  coin,     rrul^ar.] 
YEL'LoW-EARTH,  (-crth,)  n.     A"  yellowish  clay, 

colored  by  iron.  Ure. 

Y'EL'LoW-Fe'VER,  71.  A  malignant  febrile  disease 
of  warm  climates,  which  is  often  attended  with  yel- 
lowness of  the  skin,  of  some  shade  between  lemon- 
yellow  and  the  deepest  orange-yellow,  and  often  also 
with  what  is  called  black-vomit. 
YEL'LoW-GoLDS,  71.     A  flower.  B.  ./oiis-on 

YEL'Lo\\'-I1.5IR-A'D,  a.     Having  yellow  hair. 
YEL'LoW-IIAiVI-JiER,  71.    A  European  bird  of  the 
genus  Emberiza  ;  also  called  the  Yeli.ow-Bu.xtino. 
Its  principal  colors  are  shades  of  gamboge,  yellow 
and  brown.  Jardine. 

YEL'LoW-ISII,  (7.    Somewhat  yellow;  as,  amber  is 

of  a  yellowish  color.  Woodward. 

YEL'LolV-ISH-NESS,  ii.    The  quality  of  being  some- 
what yellow.  Boyle. 
YEL'LoW-NESS,  71.    The  quality  of  being  yellow; 
as,  the  yellowness  of  .an  orange. 

2.  Jealousy.     [JVoi  171  use.]  Shall. 

YEL'LoWS,  71.    A  disease  of  tho  bile  in  horses,  cat- 
tle, and  sheep,  causing  yellowness  of  eyes, 

2.  A  disease  of  peach-trees  in  the  United  States, 
causing  them  to  produce  abortive,  yellow  sprouts  on 
the  trunk  and  limbs,  and  soon  destroying  them. 

Prof.  E.  Ices. 
YEL'LoV'-THRoAT,  71.    A  small  North  American 
singing-bird,  of  the  genus  Sylvia,  a  species  of  war- 
bier.  Peabody's  Mass.  Rep. 

YELP,  71.  i.     [Sax.  gealpan,lo  bray;  Dan.  gylper,  to 
croak.] 

To  bark,  as  a  beagle-hound  after  his  prey,  or  as 
other  dogs. 
YELP'ING,  ppr.  Barking  in  a  particular  manner. 
Ye'NITE,  71.  A  mineral  of  a  black  or  brownish-black 
color  and  sub-metallic  luster,  inclining  to  resinous, 
occurring  massive  and  in  prismatic  crjstals.  It  con- 
sists of  o.\yd  of  iron,  lime,  and  silica,  and  is  prop- 
erly an  ore  of  iron.  It  was  first  obtained  at  Elba, 
and  was  called  Jenite,  in  commemoration  of  the 
battle  of  Jena.  It  is  also  called  Lievrite,  from  its 
discoverer.  Dana. 

YEo'MAN,  (yo'man,)  71.    [Sax.  gcmmie,  common,  Sw 
getnen,  Dan.  gemeen.    See  Common.] 

1.  A  common  man,  or  one  of  the  plebeians,  of  the 
first  or  most  respectable  class  ;  a  freeholder ;  a  man 
free  born.  A  yeoman  in  England  is  considered  as 
ne.xt  in  order  to  the  gentry.  The  word  is  little  used 
in  the  United  States,  unless  as  a  title  in  law  pro- 
ceedings and  instruments,  designating  occupation, 
and  this  only  in  panicular  States.  But  Yeomanry 
is  sometimes  used. 

2.  .\n  officer  in  the  king's  household,  of  a  middle 
rank  between  a  gentleman  and  a  groom.  England. 

3.  In  s/i(/75,  an  inferior  officer  under  the  boatswain, 
gunner,  or  carpenters,  charged  with  the  stowage, 
account,  and  distribution  of  the  stores. 

Mar.  Diet. 

4.  Yeomen  of  the  guard,  are  a  body-guard  of  the 
English  sovereign,  consisting  of  100  men,  armed 
with  partisans,  and  habited  in  the  costume  of  the 
16_th  centuiy.  p.  Cyc. 

YEo'M.\N-LlKE,  (yo'man-,)  a.     Like  yeomen. 
YEo'MAN-LY,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  yeoman. 
YEo'AIAN-RY,  (yo'man-re,)  71.    The  collective  body 

of  yeomen  or  freeholders.    Thus  the  common  people 

in  America  are  called  the  yeomanry. 
YERK,  !!.  (.     [This  seems  to  be  the  Heb.  and  Ch.  p-il, 

Eth.  VU^T  waraka,  to  spit,  that  is,  to  thrust  out.  It 

is  the  same  as  Jerk.    Class  Rg,  No.  3.').] 
To  throw  or  thrust  with  a  sudden,  smart  spring ; 

as,  horses  ycrk  their  heels.  Far.  Diet. 

YERK,  71.    A  sudden  or  quick  thrust  or  motion. 
YERK'ING,  ppr.     Thrusting  with  a  quick  spring. 
YERN.     See  Yearn. 

YER'-NUT,  I  n.    An  earth-nut ;  a  pig-nut. 
YXR'-NUT,  I  mibrahame. 

YES,  ado.     [Sax.  gise.] 

A  word  which  expresses  affirmation  or  consent ; 

opposed  to  No  ;  as,  are  you  married,  madam  .■■    Yes. 
It  is  used,  like  Yea,  to  enforce,  by  repetition  oratl- 

dition,  something  which  precedes.    You  have  (lone 

all  this ;  yes,  yon  have  done  more. 

Yes,  you  despise  the  man  to  books  confined.  Pope. 

[Walker's  pronunciation  of  this  word  as  yis  is  now 
considered  vulgar,  and  no  polite  speaker,  as  Jamie- 
son  remarks,  would  so  pronounce  it  on  his  author- 

YEST.    See  Yeast. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.-MeTE,  PREY.  -  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF    BQOK 


]27d 


YIE 

YES'TER,  a.     [G.  gcsUrn ;  D.  gisteren ;  Sai.  gystern; 

Last  \  last  post ;  next  before  the  present ;  as,  yts- 
ter  sun.  Dryden. 

J^'ote.  —  This  is  seldom  used  except  in  the  com- 
pounds which  follow. 
TES'TER-DaY,   n.      [Sax.    gyrstan-dteg,  gyrsterlnic 
diTg.    See  Yesteb.] 

1.  The  day  last  post;  the  day  next  before  the 
present. 

An  our  yesterdaxfs  hare  %bted  focb 

Tbe  war  (o  dusty  death.  Shak. 

We  are  bul  of  i/esUrday,  and  know  cothin  j.  —  Job  viii. 

2.  Yestt-rdatf  is  used  generally  without  a  preposi- 
tion ;  as,  I  went  to  town  yesterdaij.  Yesterday  we 
received  letters  from  our  friends.  In  this  case,  a 
preposition  is  understood  ;  as,  on  yesterday,  or  during 
yesterday.  The  word  may  be  considered  as  adverl>- 
iallv  useti. 

YES 'tern,  71.    Relating  to  the  day  last  past. 
YES'TER->nGHT,C-nKe,)n.    [yester  ;ind  night]  The 
last  night. 

3.  It  is  used  without  a  preposition.  My  brother 
arrived  yesternight ;  where  on  or  during  Is  under- 
stood, but  it  may  be  considered  as  adverbially  used. 

YEST'Y.     See  Yeasty. 

YET,  cvnj.    [Sax.  gct^  gyt ;  Gr.  f  n  ,*  W.  etto.    It  seems 

to  be  from  the  root  of  the  verb  geL] 
Nevertheless;  notwithstanding  J  however.  I  come 

to  you  in  the  spirit  of  peace ;  yet  you  will  not  receive 

me. 

Yet  I  say  to  you,  that  Solooion.  io  all  his  glory,  was  not  arrayed 
iiJEe  one  of  Ibese.  —  MaU.  tL 

YET,  adv.  Beside ;  over  and  above.  There  is  one 
reason  yet  further  to  be  alleged. 

2.  Still ;  the  state  remaining  the  same. 

Tliey  auest  £icts  ihey  had  b?anl  while  they  were  yei  h^lhens, 

AdSson, 

3.  At  this  time ;  so  soon.     Is  it  time  to  go :    Xot 

4.  At  least ;  at  all. 

A  tnaa  thai  would   form  a   comparisoQ   belH-eeo  Qujnliliau's 
declamadoos,  if  yet  they  aie  Q.tiintilmi's.  Baker. 

5.  It  is  prefixed  to  words  denoting  extension  of 
time  or  continuance. 

A  litile  IcBf  pr ;  yet  a  IhL'e  !ong;er.  Dryden. 

6.  Still ;  in  a  new  degree.  The  crime  becomes 
yet  blacker  by  the  pretense  of  piety. 

7.  Even  ;  aAer  all  j  a  kind  of  eniphatical  addition 
to  a  negative. 

Men  nKiy  Qol  too  rashly  believe  ibe  coofsssions  of  nrHcbes,  nor 
yet  ihi  evidence  agaiiut  them.  Bacon. 

8.  Hitherto.  You  have  yet  done  nothing ;  you 
have  as  yet  done  less  than  was  expected. 

YEY'-EN,  for  Gitex,  is  not  in  use.  Spenser. 

YEW,  (yii,)  n.  [Sax.  iw;  W.yw  or  ywen;  G.  eibe  or 
Cibenbaum ;  D.  wenboom ;  Fr.  i/.] 

An  evergreen  tree  of  the  genus  Taxus,  allied  to 
the  pines,  valued  for  its  wood  ur  timber.  The  yew 
frequently  occurs  in  British  churchyards. 

YEW,  r.  L  To  rise,  as  scum  on  Uie  brine  in  boiling 
at  the  salt  works.     [See  Yaw.]  Cye. 

YEW'EX,  (yu'en,)  a.     Made  of  yew.  Hubbcrd. 

YEX,  iu    [Sax.  geocsa.    See  Hiccough.] 
A  hiccough.     [Little  used.] 

YEX,  r.  i.    To  hiccough. 

YEZ'I-DEES,  7u  pi.  A  small  nation  bordering  on 
the  Euphrates,  whose  religion  is  said  to  be  a  mixture 
of  the  worship  of  the  devil,  with  some  of  the  doc- 
trines of  the  Magi,  Mohammedans,  and  Christians. 

P.  Cue. 

Y-FeRE',  (e-fEre'j)  ado.    Together.     [JVoi  in  use.] 

Spenser. 

YIeI.D,  (yeeld,)  v.  t.  [Sax.  gxeidany gildan^  ffyidan,  to 
render,  to  pay.  But  the  word  seems  to  be  directly 
from  the  W.  gildiaw,  to  produce,  to  yield, to  concede, 
to  contribute.    The  sense  is  obvious.] 

1.  To  produce,  as  land,  stock,  or  funds ;  to  give 
in  return  for  labor,  or  as  protit.  Lands  yield  not 
more  than  three  per  cent,  annually  :  houses  yidd 
four  or  five  per  cent.  Maize,  on  good  land,  yields  two 
or  three  hundred  fold. 

9.  To  produce,  in  general.  Most  vegetable  juices 
yield  a  salt. 

3.  To  afford ;  to  exhibit.  The  flowers  in  spring 
yield  a  beautiful  sight. 

4.  To  allow  ;  to  concede  ;  to  admit  to  be  true  ;  as, 
to  yield  the  point  in  debate.  We  yidd  that  there  is  a 
God. 

5.  To  give,  as  claimed  of  right  j  as,  to  yield  due 
honors  -,  to  yield  due  praise. 

6.  To  permit ;  to  granL 

Life  ii  but  air, 
That  yield*  a  paasage  to  the  whistling  sword.  Dryden. 

7.  To  emit ;  to  give  up.  To  yield  the  breath,  is  to 
expire. 

8.  To  resign;  to  give  up;  sometimes  with  up  or 
over;  as,  to  yield  up  their  own  opinions.  We  yield 
the  place  to  our  superiors. 

9.  To  surrender  ;  sometimes  with  vp  ;  as,  to  yield 
a  fortress  to  tbe  enemy  ;  or  to  yietd  up  a  fortress. 


YON 


YOU 


YIELD,  V.  i.    To  give  up  the  contest  j  to  submit. 

He  saw  the  faloiiag;  Grecians  ywW.  Dryden. 

2.  To  comply  with ;  as,  1 7jiclded  to  his  request. 

3.  To  give  way  ;  not  to  opi)ose.  We  readily  yield 
to  the  current  of  opinion;  u'e  yield  to  the  customs 
and  fashions. 

4.  To  give  place,  as  inferior  in  rank  or  excellence. 
They  will  yield  to  us  in  nothing. 

Tell  me  in  wlwl  more  happy  fr.-ld( 

The  thistle  springs,  to  wliich  the  IDy  yields?  Pope. 

YIELD,  71.  Amount  yielded  ;  product ;  applied  par- 
ticularly to  products  resulting  from  growth  or  culti- 
vation. 

YIeLD'A-BLE-NESS,  It.  Disposition  to  comply.  [Ji 
bad  word,  and  not  used.] 

YIeLD'ANCE,  n.  Act  of  producing ;  concession. 
[AVt  iised.]  Jiaii, 

YIeLD'ED,  pp.  Produced;  afforded;  conceded;  al- 
lowed ;  resigiied  ;  surrendered. 

YIELD'ER,  n.    One  who  yields. 

YIeLD'IXG,  ;j;?r.  Producing;  affording;  conceding; 
resigning;  surrendering;  allowing. 

2.  a.  Inclined  to  give  way  or  comply  ;  flexible : 
acconimoilaling;  as,  a  yielding  temper. 

YIeLD'ING,  n.  Act  of  producing^  act  of  surrender- 
ins  ;  submission.  Shak. 

YIeLD'ING-LY,  adr.    With  compliance. 

YIeLD'ING-NESS,  n.  Disposition  to  comply  ;  quali- 
ty of  yielding.  Paley. 

Yo'J.\X,  71.  In  the  East  LidieSy  a  measure  or  distance 
of  five  miles.  .^siaU  Res. 

Yoke,  Ji.  [Sax.  geoc  or  ioc ;  D.  juk ;  G,  jock  ,•  S w.  ok ; 
Sans,  yuga  or  yuj ;  Pers.  yugh^  yoo;  W.  jau;  Fr. 
joug;  It.  giogo;  tfp.  yugo ;  1..  jngiun ;  Gr.  Ctvyos ; 
Slav.  Russ.  igo  :  Ch.  Syr.  and  Ar.  iit  zug,  to  join,  L. 
jungo,  Gr.  ^vyooi.] 

1.  A  piece  of  timber,  hollowed  or  made  curving 
near  each  end,  and  fitted  with  bows  for  receiving  the 
necks  of  oxen;  by  which  means  two  are  connected 
for  diawing. 

2.  A  frame  of  wood  fitted  to  a  person's  shoulders 
for  carrying  a  pail,  &c.,  suspended  on  each  side. 

3.  A  mark  of  servitude  ;  slavery  ;  bondage. 

O-^  couutry  einks  beneath  the  yoVe.  Shak. 

4.  A  chain  ;  a  link ;  a  bond  of  connection  ;  as,  the 
yoke  of  marriage.  2>ryden. 

5.  A  couple  ;  a  pair  ;  as,  a  yoke  of  oxen. 

6.  Service. 

My  t/oke  is  easy.  —  MaU.  xi. 

7.  A  frame  at  right  angles  to  the  head  of  a  boat's 
rudder,  from  the  end  of  which  are  lines  by  which  the 
boat  is  steered.  Tvtfcn. 

Y6KE,  V.  ^  To  put  a  yoke  on  ;  to  join  in  a  yoke  ;  as, 
to  yoke  oxen,  or  a  pair  of  oxen. 

2.  To  couple  ;  to  join  with  another. 

Cassias,  yon  are  yoked  wilh  a  lamb,  Skak. 

3.  To  enslave;  to  bring  into  bondage.  Shak. 

4.  To  restrain  ;  to  confine.  Libertines  like  not  to 
be  yoked  in  marriage. 

The  words  and  promises  (hat  yoke 

The  Conqueror,  aro  quickly  broke.  Hudibras. 

YoK'£D,  (yokl,)  pp.    Confined  in  a  yoke;  joined; 

coupled. 
YoKE'-ELM,  7J.    A  tree. 

YoKE'-FEL-LoW,  >  ;?.  [ijoke  unA  fellow  or  mi:/-,  i  An 
YoKE'M.aTE,  i      asjociate  or  companion. 

2.  A  male  ;  a  fellow.  Speetator. 
YoK'lSG,  ppr.    Putting  a  yoke  on  ;  joining;  coupling. 
YoLD,  for  Yielded.     {Ji'ot  in  use.]  Spenser. 
YoLK,  71.    The  yelk  ot  an  egg.     [See  Yelk.] 

9.  The  unctuous  secretion  from  tiie  skin  of  sheep, 
consisting  of  a  peculiar  potash  soap,  which  renders 
the  pile  soft  and  pliable.  t/re. 

3.  The  vitcllus,  a  part  of  the  seed  of  plants,  so 
named  by  Gicrtner,  from  its  supposed  analogj-  to  the 
yelk  o(  an  egg.  It  is  characterized  as  very  liruily 
and  inseparably  connected  with  the  embryo,  yet 
never  rising  out  of  the  integuments  of  the  seed  in 
germination,  but  absorbed,  like  the  albutneny  (see 
White  and  PEnisPEnM,)  for  the  nourishment  of  the 
embr>o.  \Vhen  the  albumen  is  present,  it  is  always 
situated  between  it  and  the  embr>o.  In  the  grasses 
it  forms  a  scale  between  the  embryo  and  albumen. 
It  is  considered  by  Smith  as  a  subterraneous  cotyle- 
don. Ctjc.    Smith. 

YON,  )  a,  [Sax.  gcond.  This  seems  to  be  formed 

YOXD,        >     from  gan^  to  go,  or  its  root,  and  signi- 

YOX'DER,  )     fies  properiy^07i£ ;  or  it  is  from  geonan, 

to  open;  whence  distant.  TheG.  jcner,  andli.  gins, 

gindcr,  may  be  the  same  word,  or  from  the  same 

root.] 

Bemg  at  a  distance  within  view. 

Yonder  moo  are  too  many  Tor  an  embassy.  Baron. 

Ri-ad  Uiy  li'l  in  yon  celestial  sign.  MUton. 

Yon  flowery  arbors,  yonder  alleys  gnen.  AltlUtn. 

YON,  )  adv.    At  a  distance  within  view.  ^Vlien 

YOND,         }     we  use  this  word,  we  often  point  the 
YON'DER,)     hand  or  direct  the  eye  to  the  place  or 

object. 

First  and  chier^st,  with  thee  brin» 
Him  that  yon  soars  on  golden  wm?. 
Yonder  are  two  apple-women  scol£ng. 


Miiion. 

Arbuthaol. 


YO.VD,  a.  Mad  ;  furious,  or  alienated  ji. 
is,  ^on«,  wandering:  and  allied  to  tl- 
[Obs.]  ^  c-.^cr  ' 

YfiNK'ta,  (yunk'er,)  n.    A  young  fellow,     ' 

YORE,  adc.    [Sax.  /ftara.    It  pro!, 
goii**,  from  the  root  of  year.] 
Long.     [Obt.] 
Of  yore  ;  of  old  time  ;  1 
daya  of  yore. 

But  Oitaa  avm  \m  wWrr 

YOO,  (yujpron.     [Sax.  to»,  »,  t«a;  C 
chuy;  D.  gu  ur  yu,  thoti.     Y»it   hi*  b^- 
as  m  the  phiral  only,and  : 
grammar.    Hut  from  (hr   . 
to  be  in  the  singular  zs  ■■■ 
universal  f>opular  usag*-.  . 
person  with  a  verb  in  tb 
rect.     Yourself  id  in  thr;  >,  _ 

1.  The  promiun  of  the  ttr. ...  , 
native  or  objective  ca.-'e.    In  fan 
applied  to  an  individual,  tin  t'-. 
style.    Ill  the  plural,  it  is  u«cd  ii. 
the  objective  case. 

In  rain  yoa  tell  yoor  parting  lam, 

Yo'j  wail  fjjr  virub  ujay  ntl  bin  o*  ..  /  f--,-. 

He  ih^t  d^sptacth  you,  detpMcOi  ux.^Immx  z. 

2.  You  is  used,  like  on  in  French,  for  any  one. 
This  at  a  distance  looks  like  a  rock  ;  but  as  tcm  ap- 
proach it,  you  see  a  lillle  cabin. 

YOUNG,  (yung,)  a.     [Sax,  iong,  gtmr :  n.  iitmy  -.  it. 
jong ;  Sw,  and  Dan.  luig;  Arm.  :  -■     —     v      - 
Sans.  ifuiroRa;  Ij.  juvenit.     Qu.  ' 
Sam.   pi-^y  to  suck,  or  Goth.   i 
Welsh  makes  the  word  a  com[>jUij.j,  ilu  ii,_ ...... 

is  not  cvidenL] 

1.  Not  having  been  long  bom;  being  in  the  fint 
part  of  life ;  not  old  ;  uaed  of  animcUi  as,  i  rrv-  - 
child  ;  a  young  man  ;  a  young  fawn- 

2.  Reing  in  tlie  fir=t  [art  of  growth;  ai,  ai.-  .- 
plant ;  a  young  tree. 

3.  Ignorant ;  weak ;  or  rather,  having  tittle  expe- 
rience. 

Cora*,  cider  brother,  ihou'n  ito  young  In  liii-.  S^^ 

YOUNG,  (yung,)  n.    The  offspring  of  anJmaU.  <  t:    - 
a  single  animal,  or  ofiVpring  collectively.    Tli*.  c 
will  take  care  of  her   young,ns  will  the  hen.    A:i- 
imal^  make  provision  for  their  younir. 

YOUN'GER,  (yung'ger,)  a.  camp.  Not  so  oli  a*  an- 
other. A  person  of  ninety  years  old  is  youncer  Utan 
one  of  a  hundred,  though  certainly  not  a  ^oung  man, 
nor  in  the  first  part  oflife. 

YOUN"GEr^T,  (yung'gest,)   a.  sitpg.L      Uavine    :; 
least  age.  There  are  three  pennons  living,  the  «.  >.   ;■ 
est  of  whom  is  ninety  years  old. 

YOUNG'I.^H,  (yung'isb,)  a.    Somewhat  yonnit. 

YOUNG'LING,  (yung'ling,)  n.    [Sax.  granghm^.} 

Anv  animal  in  the  first  part  oflife.  Dr^i-n. 

YOUNG'LY,  (yuug'le,)  adc.    Eariy  in  life.         4i*<ii.. 

2.  Iffnoranilv  ;  wcaklv.     [little  used.} 
YOUNG  STER,'  (yung'sier.)  n.    A  yourr  • 

lad.     [A  coUuquuU  word.'l 
YOU.VGTH,  for  Voith,  is  not  in  use. 
YOUNK'ER,  71.     Among  seamen. 

service. 
Y<)C'K,  (yure.)  a.pronoun.     ffniii 

cuer.\ 

1.  Belonging  to  you  ;  f-. 
hers:  as,  your  I'ather;  your 
subjects. 

2.  It  is  used  indefinitely. 

Your  med.ilal  and  yoiir  cru: 

world  ini.\^ie.  .*  ^  - 

3.  Yours  is  used  as  a  substitute  for  a  noiin  m  ',■ 
nominative  or  objective.  This  b*»ok  is  »>-i.- .    I 

no  pen  ;  give  me  yours.     My  sword  n- 
kin. 
YOuR-SELP',  prffa.cpi-YoCRSKLTr'. 
A  word  added  to  you,  to  cxpre?- 
ically  between  you  and  other  ; 
you  must  do  vjurself:  or  you  ; 
that  is,  you  anil  no  other  person. 
Sometimes  it  is  used  without  trii. 

Allov  obcdionce,  if  ^ar#eipf*  ir.;  ...i-  -  '-^^ 

It  is  used  as  Ihe  reciprocal  prunoun.    Yoo  Jotc 
only  yourself  i  you  have  brought  this  calamity  oo 
yourselves  ;  be  but  yourselves. 
YOuTII,  (yulb,)  n.     [Sax.  iugutk^  iuFcti,  wjpw»*T  f^^ 
gath;  Goih.  yuirgs  :  G.  jugatd;  Ti.J^tl£v.^ 

1.  The  |Kirt  of  life  that  succeeds  to  r!;  '  "  '  '•' 
a  general  sense.,  yput.\  denotes  the  wht*I 

lite,  from  infancy  to  manhood  ;  but  it  i 
to  divide  the  slages  of  life  into  w/dj.*...    - 
youthy  and  manhood.     In  this  sense,  the  wor: 
iiave  no  plural. 

Those  who  r^us  Ujeir   joulA  i.i  -no,  mK  Jcody  copJrj-f?.-  -« 
epeii.)  Ui:;r  ag^  in  lolly.  JtonKn-- 

2.  A  young  man.    In  this  sense,  it  bos  a  pluraL 

Seven  yoaiA*  from  XtiKzis  yrailj  •cnu  Dryse^ 

3.  A  young  person,  male  or  female. 


TuXE,  BULL,  UNITE. -AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.-€  as  K;  6  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TU  as  in  THIS. 


127?t 


ZEA 

4.  Young  persona,  collectively. 

It  la  fit  to  yoiit!i  to  read  tlic  best  n.uthon  Tint,  B.  Jonson. 

yOuTirrUL,  a.    Young  ;  as,  two  yoiUhftd  knights. 

Dry  den. 
9.  Pertaining  to  ilio  early  part  of  life  j  as,  youUiful 
days  ;  youthful  age. 

3.  Suitable  to  the  first  part  of  life;   aa,  youthful 
tlioughts ;  youthful  sports. 

4.  Fresh  ;  ricorous  ;  as  in  youtli.  Bentlcy. 
YOuTII'FULr-LY,  adv.     In  a  youthful  manner. 
YOt'TH'FiiL-NESS,  n.    Fullness  of  youth. 
YOUTH'LV,  a.    Young;  early  in  life.     [Obs.] 

Spenser. 
YOOTJI'Y,   a.     Young.     [Bad,  and  not  ttscd.] 

Spectator. 
YriGIIT',  (c-pite',)a.  Fixed,  that  is,  pitched.  [06.s-.] 

Spc'iser. 
YT'TRI-A,  71.     [So  called  from  Yttcrhy,  a  quarry  in 
Su'fden.] 
A  metallic  oxyd.    It  lias  the  appearance  of  a  fine, 


ZTIIE  last  letter  of  the  English  alphabet,  is  a  sibilant 
9  articulation,  and  is  merely  a  vocal  .?.  It  I»ears 
the  same  relation  to  5  as  «  docs  to  /.  With  us  it  has 
not  a  compound  sound,  nor  is  it  a  double  Cf^isonant, 
as  in  the  Italian  and  German.  It  is  as  simple  in  its 
sound  as  ^4. 

As  a  vumcral,  Z  stands  for  2000,  and  with  a  dash 
over  it,  Z,  for  2,0U0,000.    It  is  pronounced  zee. 

Za'R.VISM.     See  Sabianism. 

ZACeilO,  n.  The  lowest  part  of  the  pedestal  of  a 
column. 

Z.A.F'FER,  71.  Impure  oxyd  of  cobalt.  The  residuum 
of  cobalt,  after  the  sulpiuir,  arsenic,  and  other  vola- 
tile matters  have  been  expelled  by  calcination  ;  so 
that  it  is  a  gray  or  dark-gray  oxyd  of  cobalt,  mixed 
with  a  portion  of  silux.  Cyc. 

ZAM'BO,  7(.  The  child  of  a  mulatto  and  a  negro, 
also  sometimes  of  an  Indian  and  a  negro. 

HuinboMt. 

Za'.MI-A,  n.  A  genus  of  plants,  pos:wssing  nearly 
equal  affinities  witli  palms  and  tree-ferns,  and  bear- 
ing heads  of  ilowurs  like  pine  cones.  P.  Cyc. 

Za'iMITE,  7i.    A  fossil  plant  of  the  genus  Zamia. 

Brandc. 

ZA'NY,  71.     [It.  zamii,  a  buflbou.] 

A  iTien\'-anclre\v  ;  a  buflboTi.  Poiic. 

Za'NY,  V.  i.    To  mimic.  Bcaum.  ^  Fl. 

Za'NY-IS>[,  71.    The  state  or  character  of  a  zany. 

ZAPH'A-RA,  71.  A  mineral  u^ed  by  potters  to  pro- 
duce a  sky-color  in  their  wares. 

ZAP'OTE,  71.  In  Mexico,  the  general  name  of  fruits 
which  are  roundish  and  contain  a  hard  stone. 

ZAR'Nieil,  (zdr'nik,)  n.  [See  Arsemc]  A  name 
applied  to  the  native  sulphurets  of  arsenic,  sanda- 
raeh  or  realgar,  and  oriiimcnl.  Recs's  Cyc. 

ZAX,  11.    An  instrument  fur  cutting  slate. 

ZA'Y.^T,  71.  A  Burraan  caravansary,  or  resting-place 
for  travelers. 

Zk'A,  u.  In  natural  history,  the  generic  name  of 
maize.  Two  species  only  of  Zea  are  known,  viz., 
Zea  Mays  and  Zea  Caragua.  The  former  is  common 
Indian  corn  ;  the  latter  is  quite  different  as  respects 
t^lie  ear  and  seeds. 

ZkAL,  (zeel,)  n.     [Gr.  C'Ao?  ;  L.  zelus.] 

Passionate  ardor  in  the  pursuit  of  any  thing.  Ex- 
cessive zeal  may  rise  to  enthusiasm.  In  genera.,  zeal 
is  an  eagerness  of  desire  to  accomplish  or  obtain 
some  object,  and  it  may  be  manifested  either  in  favor 
of  any  person  or  thing,  or  in  opposition  to  it,  and  in 
a  good  or  bad  cause. 

Zcdl,  thu  blind  conduclor  of  tbe  will.  Dryden. 

Th:y  have  a  zeal  of  God,  but  not  according  to  kiiowledgo.— 

Rom.  X. 
A  zeal  for  liberty  is  Bomotimes  an   cagcraesa  to  subvirt,  v,  iih 

liille  dre  wh-U  sUjJI  be  esLabliahc-d.  Johnson. 

Zr.AL'LESS,  a.     Wanting  zeal.  Hammond. 

ZEAL'OT,  (zel'ot,)  71.  One  who  engages  warmly 
in  any  cause,  and  pursues  his  object  with  earnest- 
ness and  ardor.  It  is  generally  used  in  dispraise,  or 
applied  to  one  whose  ardor  is  intemperate  and  cen- 
surable. The  fury  of  zealots  \\ms  one  cause  of  the 
destruction  of  Jerusalem.  k.  Charles. 

ZEA-LOT'ie-AL,  c.     Ardently  zealous.    [LiUlc  used.] 

ZEAL'OUS,  (zel'us,)  a.  Warmly  engaged  or  ardent 
in  the  pursuit  of  an  object. 

Eeiiig^  thus  saved  himself,  h3  may  be  zealous  in  the  salvation  of 
etJuls.  Law. 

ZEAL'OUS-LY,  (zePus-le,)  adv  With  passionate  ar- 
dor ;  with  eagerness. 

U  i»  cood  to  be   zealously  :iffect«j  alwavs  in  n  -rood  thin"-.  — 
Gal.  iv.  -  o 


ZEO 

white  powder,  without  taste  or  smell.  It  is  insolu- 
ble in  water,  and  does  not  affect  vegetable  blues.  It 
combines  wilii  acids,  and  forms  salts.  Its  metallic 
base  is  yttrium.  It  was  discovered  in  1794,  by  Pro- 
fessor Gadolin,  in  a  mineral  found  at  Yttcrby.  The 
metal  of  which  it  is  an  o.vyd  was  first  obtained  by 
Woehler  in  1828.  Cue.     Ure.     Davy. 

YT'TRI-OUS,  a.  Pertaining  to  ytiria  ;  containing  yt- 
tria  ;  as,  the  i/Hrto«s  oxvd  of  columbium.  Chavcland. 

YT'TRI-UM,  71.  The  metallic  base  of  yttria.  It  was 
first  obtained  pure  in  1S28,  by  Woehler.  Its  texture 
is  scaly,  its  color  grayish-black,  and  its  luster  perfect- 
ly metallic.  Its  oxyd,  called  Yttria,  was  discovered 
in  1794,  by  Professor  Gadolin,  in  a  mineral  found  at 
Ytterby,  in  Sweden. 

VT'TRO-Cic'RiTE,  77.  A  mineral  occurring  very 
sparingly  at  Finbo  and  Brodbo,  near  Falihin,  imbed- 
ded in  quartz.  Its  color  is  violet-blue,  inclining  to 
gray  and  white.  It  is  sometimes  white.  It  consists 
of  riuorid  of  calcium,  fluorid  of  yttrium,  and  fiuorid 
of  cerium. 


ZIM 

YT'TRO-eO-LUM'BTTE,  )  n.     An  ore  of  columbium 

YT'TRO-TAN'TA-LITE,  \  and  j  ttrium  found  in 
Sweden.  It  occurs  of  yellow,  brown,  and  black  col- 
ors. Dana. 

YUCK,  V.  i.     To  itch.     [Local]  Qrose. 

YUFTS,  71.  Russia  leatlier,  prepared  from  ox  hid<s  in 
a  peculiar  manner.  To(d:c 

YUG,  ( 71.    In  the  inijtholo^i  of  India,  an  age  ;  one  of 

YOG,  J  the  a^es  into  which  the  Hindoos  divide  the 
duration  or  existence  of  the  world. 

Yu'LAN,  71.  A  beautiful  flowering  tree  of  China; 
the  Magnolia  yulan,  a  tree  of  30  or  40  feet  in  its  na- 
tive country,  but,  in  European  gardens,  of  not  more 
than  12  feet.  Orosicr. 

YuLE,  n.  [Sax.  hde,  ffcohol^  gchul,  ffcol;  Arm.  ffouel, 
gouil,  a  feast ;  W.  g-icijl,  a  liohday.f 

Tlie  name  anciently  given  to  Christmas,  or  the 
feast  of  the  nativity  of  our  Savior 

YUX,  71.     A  hiccough.     [JVot  uscd.'\ 

YUX,  V.  i.    To  hiccough.     [Obs.] 


ZEAL'OUS-NESS,  (zel'us-ness,)  w.  The  quality  of 
being  zealous  ;  zeal. 

Zk'BRA,  71.  A  pachydermatous  mammal,  the  Equns 
Zebra,  a  quadruped  of  Southern  Africa,  nearly  as 
large  as  a  horse,  white,  with  numerous  brownish- 
black  bands,  of  greater  or  less  int*?nsity,  and  lightt-r 
down  the  middle  of  each  band.  It  is  one  of  the  six 
species  which  constitute  the  genus  to  which  the  horse 
belongs. 

Ze'BU,  71.  A  ruminant  mammal  of  the  bovid  tribe, 
the  Taurus  Indicus  or  Bos  Indicus  of  the  naturalists. 
This  bovine  quadruped  varies  in  size,  from  a  large 
mastitf-dog  to  a  full-grown  European  bull.  It  is  or- 
dinarily furnished  with  a  fatly  excrescence  or  hump 
on  the  shoulders,  \vhich  has  been  said  sometimes  to 
reach  the  weight  of  fifty  pounds.  It  is  found  exten- 
sively in  India  and  also  in  Northern  Africa.  It  is 
often  called  the  Indian  Bull  or  Ox  and  Cow. 

Ze'CHIN,  (ze'kin,)  n.  [It.  zecchino.]  An  Italian  gold 
coin  ;  usually  written  Sequin,  wliich  see.  If  natncd 
from  Zecha,  the  place  where  minted,  tliis  is  the  cor- 
rect orthography. 

ZEeil'STElN,  11.  [Ger.]  A  magnesian  limestone, 
inferior  in  relative  position  to  the  lias.         Brande. 

ZED,  71.    A  name  of  the  letter  Z.  Shak. 

ZED'0-A-RY,  n.  A  medicinal  root,  belonging  to  Cur- 
cuma Zf-doaria,  a  plant  growing  in  the  East  Indies, 
whose  leaves  resemble  those  of  ginger,  only  they 
are  longer  and  broader.  It  comes  in  oblong  pieces, 
about  the  thickness  of  the  little  finger,  an(l  two  or 
ihxee  inches  in  length.    It  is  a  warm  stomachic.    Cijc. 

Ze'IN,  n.  The  gluten  of  maize  ;  a  substance  of  a  yel- 
lowish color,  soft,  insipid,  and  elastic,  procured  from 
the  seeds  of  the  Zea  .Mays,  or  Indian  corn.  It  is  said 
to  differ  essentially  from  the  gluten  of  loheat. 

Go  rhavi. 

ZEM-IN-DJ^R',  71.  [from  icm,  :r7/M»,land.]  In  India, 
a  feudatory  or  landholder  under  the  government,  with 
the  right  of  underletting  the  land  and  certain  otlier 
privileges,  leading  to  much  oppression.        Malcom, 

ZEM'IN-DA-RY,  71.  The  jurisdiction  of  a  zemin- 
dar. 

ZEND,  n.  A  language  that  formerly  prevailed  in 
Persia. 

ZEND'A-VES-TA,  71.  A  sacred  book  of  the  Guebers 
or  Parsees,  ascribed  to  Zoroaster,  and  reverenced 
as  a  bible,  or  sole  rule  of  faith  and  practice.  It  is 
often  called  Zend,  bv  contraction. 

Ze'NITH,  ?i.  [Fr. ;  'it.  zcniti  Sp.  ze}iit  or  ccnii.  I 
have  not  found  the  oriental  original.] 

That  point  in  the  visible  celestial  liemisphere 
which  is  vertical  to  the  spectator,  and  from  which  a 
direct  perpendicular  line  passing  through  the  spec- 
tator, and  extended,  would  proceed  to  the  center  of 
t\\e  earth.     It  is  opposed  to  Nadir. 

Ze'NITH-SEGT'OR,  71.  An  astronomical  instru- 
ment for  measuring  with  great  accuracy  the  dis- 
tances from  the  zenith  of  stars  wliich  jiass  near 
t^hat  point.  Brande. 

Ze'0-LTTE,  re.  [Gr.  ^cio,  to  boil,  to  foam,  and  \1O05, 
stone.] 

A  mineral  species  in  the  early  works  on  mineral- 
ogy, but  now  subdivided  into  several,  both  on  chem- 
ical and  crystallographic  grounds.  Some  of  them 
are  Stilbite,  Natrolite,  Apophyllite,  Scolccite,  Lau- 
monite.  The  term  is  now  used  to  tlesignate  a  family 
including  these  and  other  hydrous  silicates  of  alumina^ 
with  s07ne  of  the  earths  or  alkalies.  Tliese  species  are 
most  abundant  in  the  cavities  of  amygdaloids,  ba- 
salts, and  lavas,  though  occasionally  found  in  granite 
or  gneiss.  Tliey  are  always  subsequent  in  origin  to 
the  formation  of  the  containing  rock.  Dana. 


ZE-0-LIT'IC,  a.  Pertaining  to  zeolite  ;  consisting  of 
zeolite,  or  resembling  it. 

ZE-O-LIT'I-FORIM,  a.     Having  the  form  of  zeolite. 

ZEPH'YR,  (zef'er,)  71.     [L.  zcphijrus ;  Gr.  ^£.^.17)05.] 
The  west  wind  ;   and  poetically,  any  soft,  mild, 
gentle  breeze.    The  poets  personify  Zephyrus,  and 
make  him  the  most  mild  and  gentle  of  all  the  sylvan 

■    deities.  Cyc. 

Mild  as  wLen  Zephyrus  on  Flora  breathes.  IHUlon. 

ZEPH'Y-RUS,  re.    [L.]    The  west  wind  or  zephyr. 

Spenser. 

ZER'DA,n.  [.-Vfrican.]  A  canine  quadruped  of  Africa, 
with  large  ears,  belonging  lo  the  genus  JMegalutis  of 
Illiger.  It  bears  some  resemblance  to  the  fox  and 
jackal,  but  is  smaller.  C.  //.  Smith. 

Ze'RO,  71.  [It.]  Cipher ;  nothing.  The  point  of  a 
therniometer  trom  which  it  is  graduated.  Zero,  in 
the  thermometers  of  Celsius  and  Reaumur,  is  at  the 
point  at  which  water  congeals.  The  zero  of  Fahren- 
heit's therniometer  is  fixed  at  the  point  at  which  the 
mercury  stands  when  immersed  in  a  mixture  of 
snow  and  common  salt.  In  Wedgwood's  pyrome- 
ter, the  zero  corresponds  with  1077°  on  Fahrenheit's 
scale. 


ZEST,  V.     [Pers.       a-v^'  zistan,  to  peel.  Class  Sd.] 

1.  .\  piece  of  orange  or  lemon  peel,  used  to  give 
flavor  to  liquor  ;  or  the  fine,  thin  oil  that  spurts  out  of 
it  when  squeezed  ;  also,  the  woody,  thick  skin  quar- 
tering the  kernel  of  a  walnut.  Cye. 

2.  Relish;  something  that  gives  a  pleasant  taste; 
or  the  taste  itself. 

ZEST,  V.  t.  To  give  a  relish  or  flavor  to ;  to  highten 
taste  or  relish. 

2.  To  cut  the  peel  of  an  orange  or  lemon  from  top 
to  bottom  into  thin  slips ;  or  to  squeeze  the  peel  over 
Uie  surface  of  any  thing.  Cyc, 

Zk'TA,  re.  A  Greek  letter,  i;  or  g*,  corresponding  to 
our  :. 

2.  A  little  closet  or  chamber,  with  pipes  running 
along  the  wails,  to  convey  into  it  fresh  air,  or  warm 
vapor,  from  below.  Cye. 

ZE-TET'ie,  a.     [Gr.  ^nrcoi,  to  seek.] 

That  seeks  ;  that  proceeds  by  inquiry.  The  zetetic 
method,  in  mathematics,  is  that  used  in  investigation, 
or  the  solution  of  problems.     [Rare.]  Hutton. 

ZE-TIC'IT-LA,  re.    A  small  withdrawing  room. 

ZEuG'MA,  (zug^nia,)  71.  [Gr.  ^evypay  from  i^cujj'uw, 
lojoin.    See  Yoke.] 

A  figure  in  grammar  by  which  an  adjective  or 
verb  which  agrees  with  a  nearer  word,  is,  by  way  of 
supplement,  referred  also  to  another  more  remote. 
Thus,  in  Virgil,  "  Hie  illius  arma,  hie  cjirrusfuit;" 
where  fait,  which  agrees  directly  with  currus,  is  re- 
ferred also  to  arma.  Cyc. 

ZIB'ET,  n.  [See  Civet.]  A  digitigrade  carnivorous 
mammal,  the  Viverra  Zibetha.  Tliis  is  a  small  quad- 
ruped, somewhat  resembling  ihe  weasel.  It  inhabits 
both  India  and  Africa.  It  is  distinct  from  the  civet, 
though  nearly  allied  to  it. 

ZIG'Z.\G,  a.     Ilavinc  short  turns. 

ZIG'ZAG,  71.  Something  that  has  short  turns  or 
angles. 

2.  In  architecture,  a  molding  running  in  a  zigzag 
line.  Ojf-  Gloss. 

ZIG'ZAG,  V.  t.    To  form  with  short  turns. 

ZIG'ZAG-G/:D,  pp.     Formed  with  short  turns. 

ZIG'ZAG-GING,  ;^;ir.     Forming  with  short  turns. 

ZIM'ENT   WA''1'EK,  or  COPTER  WA'TER,  is  a 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— MeTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  ftLVRKNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.— 


ZON 

name  given  to  waier  found  in  cnjipcr  mines ;  water 
i'npregnaled  with  copper. 

ZI'MOME,  n.     See  Zysiome. 

ZfNG,  ti.  [G.Sw.  and  Dan.  zirL^,  The  spellingZixK, 
in  accordance  with  the  Geiinim,  Swedish,  and  Da- 
nish, Would  be  preterable.] 

A  metal  of  a  brilliant  white  color,  with  a  shade  of 
blue,  and  appearing  as  if  conipused  of  plates  adher- 
ing together.  It  is  not  brittle,  but  less  malleable  than 
copper.  lead,  or  Uu.  When  lieated,  liowever,  it  is 
malleable,  and  may  be  rolled  into  plates.  Cyc. 

zrx-ciF'EK-ors,   )  „    r  -     „a  t  ^    -, 

ZI.VCK-IF  ER-OUS,  S  '^     l'"'^  "»*^  L.fero.-\ 

Conlaiiiiug  or  affording  zinc  ;  as,  zviciferotts  ore. 
Jouj-n.  of  Science. 
ZIXe'ODE,  n.    The  positive  pole  of  a  galvanic  bat- 
ter)'. Graham. 
ZIN€'OUS,  a.    Pertaining  to  zinc,  or  to  the  positive 

pole  of  a  galvanic  batten,-.  Oraham. 

ZINCK'Y,  a.  Pertaining  to  zinc,  or  having  its  ap- 
pearance. 

Some  eSeivoce  with  adds,  some  not,  thoa^  stjluble  therein^  as 

to  (he  sincty  part.  Kinsan. 

The  nndry  ores  ar«  sajd  lo  be  grayer  than  other  ores. 

KiriMin. 

ZINKT:X-TTE,  n.     [from  M.  ZinJien.] 

A  steel-gray  ore  of  antimony  and  lead.       Dana. 

ZI'ON,  n.    A  hill  in  Jerusalem,  which,  after  the  cap- 
ture of  that  city,  became  the  royal  residence  of  Da- 
vid and  his  successors.     Hence, 
9.  The  theocracy,  or  church  of  God.  Kkto. 

ZXR'CON,  n.  .\  mineral  containing  the  earth  zir- 
conia  and  silica,  occurring  in  square  prisms  with 
pyramidal  terminations  of  a  brown  or  gray  color, 
occasionally  red,  and  orten  nearly  transparent.  Hya- 
cinth is  the  red  variety.  Dana. 

ZIR-€o'XI-A,  n.  An  oiyd  ol  the  metal  zirconium, 
discovered  by  Klaproth,  in  the  year  1789,  in  the 
:irc(m  of  Ceylon,  and  subsequently  in  the  hyacinth 
of  Eipaily  in  France.  It  resembles  alumi7ie  in  ap- 
pearance. It  is  so  hard  as  to  scratch  glass.  When 
pure,  it  is  a  white  powder. 

ZIReO-XTTE,  n.    A  variety  of  the  zircon 

ZIR-C5'NI-t7M,  n.  The  metallic  basis  of  zirconia. 
Berzelius  first  obtained  zirconium  in  1^4  ;  but  Davy 
had  previously  rendered  its  existence  quite  probable. 
It  is  commonly  obtained  in  the  form  of  a  black  pow- 
der.   Its  metaJlic  character  is  questioned  by  some. 

ZIZ'EL,  n.  A  rodent  mammal,  the  Arctomys  Citillus. 
It  is  found  m  Russia  and  Germany,  and  also  in  Asia. 
It  is  the  ScsLiK,  often  called  the  Earless  Marmot. 
It  is  a  small  quadruped. 

Z0€'€0,         » 

ZCCLE,         >n     ^It.  zoccolo;  from  L.  50cc(w,  a  sock.] 

zoceo-LO, ) 

A  socle,  which  see. 
Z6'Dl-Ae,  n.     [Fr.  zodiaque;  It.  and  Sp.  zodiaeo;  L. 
zodiacus ;  Gr.  ^'.-c'ldjco?,  from  ^woi',  an  animal.] 

1.  A  broad  circle  in  the  heavens,  containing  the 
twelve  signs  through  which  the  sun  passes  in  its 
annual  course.  The  center  of  this  belt  is  the  eclip- 
tic, which  is  the  path  of  the  sun.  It  intersects  the 
equator  at  an  an  ^le  of  about  twenty-three  degrees  and 
twenty-eight  minutes.    This  is  called  its  obliquity. 

2.  A  girdle.  Miltoiu 
ZO-DrAe-.\L,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  zodiac. 

Zfodiaeal  light;  aluminous  track,  of  an  elongated, 
triangular  figure,  lying  nearly  in  the  ecliptic,  its 
base  being  on  the  horizon,  and  its  apex  at  varying 
altitudes.  In  the  evening,  after  twilight,  it  is  in  this 
latitude  most  conspicuous  from  January  to  April, 
and  in  the  morning,  before  dawn,  from  September  to 
December.    Its  nature  is  unknown.  E.  C  Herrick, 

Zo'HAR,  V.  [Heb.]  A  Jewish  book  of  cabalistic 
commentaries  on  Scripture.  Brande. 

ZOISITE,  V.    [from  Van  Zois,  its  discoverer.] 

A  grayish  variety  of  Epidole.  Dana. 

ZONE,  n.     [L.  zona;  Or.  t^'^vj].] 

1.  A  girdle. 

Au  eir.brosJcrml  zom  lurroundsheT  iraisL  Dryden. 

2.  In  geoirraphy,  a  division  of  the  earth,  with  re- 
spect to  the  teni[ieniture  of  different  latitudes.  The 
zones  are  five  ;  the  tonid  zone,  extending  from  trop- 
ic to  tropic  46^*  5&,  or  23"  28',  on  each  side  of  the 
equator ;  two  temperate  or  variable  zones,  situated 


ZOO 


ZYT 


between  the  tropics  and  polar  circles,  and  two  frigid 
zones,  situated  between  the  polar  circles  and  the 
poles. 

X  In  natural  history,  a  band  or  stripe  ninnlng 
round  any  object.  Gardner. 

4.  Circuit;  circumference.  Milton. 

Cihary  zone  i  In  a«afo/n)/,  the  black  impression  of 
the  ciliary  processes  on  the  vitreous  Immor  of  the 
e\'e.  Q,,f.^ 

ZOX'£D,  a.    Wearing  a  zone.  Pope. 

2.  Hnving  zones  or  concentric  bands. 

ZONE'T.ESS,  a.     Not  having  a  zone. 

ZOX'NaR,  n.  A  bell  or  girdle,  which  the  Christians 
and  Jews  in  the  Levant  are  obliged  to  wear,  to  dis- 
tinguish them  from  the  Mohammedans.  Cyc. 

ZO-OG'RA-PHER,  n.  [See  ZoaciiAPHY.]  One  who 
describes  animals,  their  forms,  and  habits. 

ZO-0-GRAPH'ie-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  descrip- 
tion of  animals. 

ZO-OG'RA-PHV,  n.  [Gr.  ^loov,  an  animal,  and 
ypo'pti),  to  describe.] 

A  description  of  animals,  their  forms,  and  habits. 
[But  ZoduooT  is  generally  used,] 

ZO-OL'A-TRY,  n.     [Gr.  ^cj'jc  and  Xarpua.] 
The  worship  of  animals. 

ZO'O-LITE,  71.  [Gr,  ^oj-u',  an  animal,  and  AiOoj, 
stone.] 

.\n  animal  substance  petrified  or  fossil.  [JVo(  in 
w^'f-]  Morin. 

ZO-O-LOG'IG-AL,  a.  [from  loblotpj.]  Pertaining  to 
zodlogv.  or  tlie  science  of  animals. 

ZO-O-L'OG'IC-AL-LY,  adc.  According  to  the  princi- 
ples of  zoblogv.  Lawrence. 

ZO-OL'0-Grsf ,  n.  [from  ioo7o/ry.]  One  who  is  well 
versed  in  the  natural  historj'  of  animals,  or  who  de- 
scribes animals. 

ZO-OL'0-GY,  n,  [Gr.  ^coor,  an  animal,  and  "koyoi, 
discourse.] 

Tii.it  part  of  natural  history  which  treats  of  the 
structure,  habits,  cla^^sification,  and  habitations  of 
all    animals,  from    r.^an  to  the  lowest  of  all  the 

ZO-ON'ie,  c.     [Gr.  c;wMi',  an  animal.]  [tribes. 

Pertaining  to  animals  ;  obtained  from  animal  sub- 
stances. 

ZO-ON'O-MY,  Tt.  [Gr.  ^i^ov,  an  animal,  and  i/o/ioj, 
law.] 

The  laws  of  animal  life,  or  the  science  which 
treats  of  the  phenomena  of  animal  life,  their  causes 
and  relations.  Darwin. 

ZO-OPH'A-G.\N,  71.  [Gr.  ^^uov,  an  animal,  and  ^aj  oj, 
to  eat.] 

An  animal  that  feeds  on  animal  food  ;  a  carnivo- 
rous quadruped. 

ZO-OPH'.VGOUS,  (zo-ofa-gus,)  a.  [Gr.  l^cjovj  an  ani- 
mal, and  ipay  (J,  to  eat.] 

Feeding  on  animals.  Kirhy. 

ZO'O-PHITE.     See  Zoophtte. 

ZO-O-PHOR'ie,  a.  [Gr.  ^tuf-c,  an  animal,  and  (hopeui^ 
to  bear.] 

The  zob'phoric  column  is  one  which  supports  the 
figure  of  an  animal. 

ZO-OPH'O-RUS,  77.  [Supra.]  In  ancient  architecture, 
the  same  with  the  Frieze  in  modern  architecture  ;  a 
part  between  the  architrave  and  cornice  ;  su  called 
from  the  Ccures  of  animals  carved  upon  it.     DicU 

ZO'O-PHVTE,  n.  [Gr.  ^cojv,  an  animal,  and  ^uroj',  a 
plant.] 

A  general  term,  applied  to  simple  polyps,  and  com- 
pound individuals  consisting  of  many  polyps  united 
together,  as  in  most  corals.  They  often  branch  like 
vegetation,  and  the  polyps  resemble  flowers  in  form. 
The  term  formerly  included  sponges  and  corallines, 
in  addition  to  the  ^bove.  Dana. 

ZO-O-PHYT'ie,  a.     Pertaining  to  zoophytes. 

ZO-O-PHY-TO-LOG'IC-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  zo&- 
phvtolog\-. 

ZO-0-PHV-TOL'O-GY,  n.  [zoophyte,  and  Gr.  Aoj  of, 
discourse.] 

The  natural  history  of  zoophytes.        Ed.  Eneyc 

ZO-0-TOM'I€-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  zootomy. 

ZO-OT'0-MIST,  71.  [See  Zootomy.]  One  who  dis- 
sects the  bodies  of  animals ;  a  comparative  anato- 
mist. 

ZO-OT'O-MY,  n.  [Gr.  C;cjoc,  an  animal,  and  rfficw, 
to  cut.l 


The  anatomy  of  all  Tnimt!*  :  the  ri:'?*rrii->n  rf  n?! 

animals  fur  the  pur  '  .  • 

ture,  the  functions 

omy  is  divided   xiiu> 

man  ;  omUJwtomy,  r.r  '.ri:  r.rnr    !  r.   <.|    ».  • 

omy,  or  the  analimiy  of  fuhtw,  Uc.     'J'h- 

bnjte  animals,  and  rnorc  eupccially  qi.. 

called  CoufARATiTE  AxATiiur. 
ZOR'IL,  n.     A  fetid  animal,  a  mere  rarfety  cf  i 

Mempliitiif  Americana,  or  ikunk,  found    in   .*-■■■. 

America.     [In  Sp.  zotto  u  a  ff»i,  and  lorVt,  '.■ '■ 

whelp  of  a  fox.]  c 

ZOUNDS,  n.   An  exclamation  contracted  from  "  i.    . 

wounds  ;  "  formerly  used  at  an  oath,  utd  an  cxpr<-»- 

»ion  of  anger  or  wonder.  HmarU 

ZUF'FO-LO,  71.     [It.  zuf^lo,  from  t«/Ware,  lo  btM  or 

Whi>-lle,  L.  mtfio.] 
A  little  (lute  or  flageolet,  especially  that  wh.'.i 

used  to  teach  birds.  Bmjl 

ZO'MATE.    SeeZrWATE. 
ZO'Mie.     SccZtmic  Acid. 
ZU-MO-LOG'ie-AL,  a.    [Sec  Zcmoloct.]    PertaiD- 

ing  to  zumology. 

[This  word  nhould  he  written  ZruoLoctCAt.' 
ZU-.M0L'0-CIST,  n.    One  who  is  akilltd  m  Ui?'  '.  r- 

menlation  of  liquor?. 
VrWi-i  word  should  be  written  Ztiiou>gi>t.] 
ZU-.\I0L'0-C;V,  71.     [Gr.  Ovr,  fcnnenl,  from  {veu, 

to  ferment,  and  >oyoi,  dtecour«e.] 
A  treatise  on  the  ftrinentatirin  of  Uqaon,  or  :*.'■ 

doctrine  of  fennentation.  Ci  -. 

[This  word  should  be  written  Zymoloct.! 
ZU-.MOM'E-TER,        i  n.      [Gr.   rruwiric,   f«fm'--v 
ZU-MO-SDI'F^TER,  i      lion,  or  ^r^n,  ferment,  i  . : 

fiCTocti),  to  measure.] 
An  instrument  proposed  by  Swammerdun  f^r  i- 

certaining  the  decree  of  fermentation  occuiom  1   ' 

the  mixture  of  different  liquids,  and  the  dejrrr  cf 

heat  which  they  acquire  in  frrroenuition.  Cye. 

[These  should  be  written  ZruoiiMcTEi  and  Zt- 

MuMETEB.] 

ZUR'LITE,  n.  A  nenly-discorcrcd  Vesuvian  n.  - 
eral,  whose  primitive  form  ia  a  cube,  or,  ace-- r;  : 
to  some  authors,  a  rectangular  prism. 

Juunu    ■' 

ZYG-O-DAC-TYL'ie,      )  a.    [Gr.  Zvyot^. 

ZYG-O-DAC'TVL-OUS,  (      oiktv\o(,  a  fr 

Having  the  toes  disponed  in  pairs  ;  diiiiii^Liuii..iz 
an  order  of  birds  which  have  the  ft-<-t  fumijilicd  wiih 
two  toes  before  and  two  behmd,  aa  the  parrot,  wc-:J- 
pecker,  &c.  Partington.    Ed.  Sjir-,: 

ZYG-O-MAT'ie,  o,    [Gr.  fn-j  m',  a  joining] 

Pertaining  to  a  bone  of  the  he.id,  called  al-  ■  . 
jusale,  or  cheek-bone,  or  to  the  bony  arch  undtr 
which  the  temporal  muscle  passes.  Tha  term  rjf- 
goma  is  applied  both  to  the  bone  and  the  arch. 

Zygomatic  arch.    See  ZrcouATic. 

Zygomatic  bane  :  the  check -bone. 

Zygomatic  muscles  ;  two  rnuficle:^  of  the  fac*,  w  ! 
rise  from  the  zygomatic  bone,  and  are  inserted  .; 
the  corner  of  the  mouth. 

Zygomatic  processes :  the  processes  of  the  Kni;.  ■ 
and  cheek-bones,  which  unite  to  form  the  xyg^  ^.- " 
arch. 

Zygomatic  suture  ;  the  suture  which  Joins  Ibe  7  .  : 
omatK;  processes  of  the  temjNjral  and  check  U-:.-  ■ 

Pcr- 

ZT'MATE,  I  71.     A  supposed  compound  of  the  ir;    .- 
ZO'MATE,  i      nary  zymie  aciil  with  a  b.ve.     .\s  L    : 
is  no  such  acid,  there  can  he  no  such  salL 

i?;.^lll::i^:!S:i-  tcr.;...,fo™e„M 

A  supposed  peculiar  acid  obtained  bylbe  acet'wi* 
fermentation  of  vegetable  substances.    No  oich  ;•  - 
ciiliar  acid  exists. 
ZT'MOME,  >         rf..   .„„„T 
ZI'MOME,   1  "      tGr.  .r^'J.] 

One  of  the  supposed  proximate  princi(Jc«  of  the 
gluten  of  wheal.     Il  is  a  tough  siibsUncc,  in.«oluhle 
in  alcohol.    There  are  doubts  x-j  rcsperis  the  cjtisl- 
ence  of  zvmome.  as  a  tnily  distinct  sul-aancc. 
ZV-THEP'SA  RV,  n.    .\  brewcn-,  or  brew-boose. 
ZT'TUUM,  n.    [Gr.  s£''S»«>t*»il.] 

A  beverage  :  a  liquor  made  frwm  malt  and  wbeaL 


TC.NE,  BULL,  UNITE. -AN"GER,  Vl"CIOUS— C  as  K  ,  0  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  :.5  SU ;  TH  •"■^  m  THIS. 


Jbt 


1-3?  I 


TABLES 


SCRIPTURE  NAMES, 


GREEK    AND    LATIN    PROPER    NAMES. 


MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES; 


DE5:r:?JBT) 


TO  EXHIIUT  THE  PRONMCTATTON  OF  Ej\CH  ; 
WITH  RULES,  ETC.; 

PREPARED  FOR 

WEBSTER'S   LARGER  DICTIONARY   OE  THE   ENGLISH   LANGUAGE, 

UNDER  THE  DIRECTION  OF 

N.    PORTER, 

PROFESSOR  IN  YALE  COLLEQE. 


1->S;1 


w'l 

■MM 


PREFACE. 


The  publishers  of  Webster's  larger  English  Dictionary,  desiring  to  append  to  it  tables  prepared  expressly 
for  their  edition,  which  should  exhibit  the  correct  pronunciation  of  Scriptural,  Classical,  and  Modern  Geographi- 
cal Names,  requested  the  subscriber  to  undertake  the  direction  of  the  work.  This  service  has  been  performed 
in  the  following  manner  :  — 

The  list  of  Scriptural  Names  added  by  Taylor  to  his  edition  of  Calmet's  "  Dictionary  of  the  Bible,"  has 
been  carefully  collated  with  that  prepared  by  Walker.  In  those  cases  in  which  the  pronunciation  of  Walker 
differs  from  Taylor's,  Walker's  method  has  been  subjoined,  or  substituted  in  its  place.  The  methods  of  Walker 
and  of  Taylor  generally  coincide,  and  the  authority  of  Taylor  has  been  preferred  to  that  of  Walker  in  those 
instances  only  in  which  Walker's  is  opposed  by  the  best  and  the  established  usage.  The  words  omitted  by 
Taylor  have  been  added  from  Walker,  and  the  table,  in  the  number  of  names  and  in  their  pronunciation,  is 
substantially  the  same  with  that  which  usually  accompanies  Walker's  "  Key." 

The  table  of  Greek  and  Latin  Proper  Names  contains  all  the  classical  names  which  are  found  in  Walker's 
table,  together  with  such  as  are  furnished  in  addition  by  Trollopc,  in  his  edition  of  Walker's  "  Key,"  and  by 
Thomas  Swinburne  Carr,  in  his  "Classical  Pronunciation  of  Proper  Names."  A  few  have  also  been  taken  from 
Pauly's  "  Encyclopedia  of  Classical  Antiquities,"  and  from  Freund's  "  Dictionary  of  the  Latin  Language." 

This  table  has  been  revised  by  Professor  Thaclier,  of  Yale  College.  In  conducting  this  revision,  he  found 
it  necessary  to  correct  numerous  errors,  especially  in  the  division  of  words  into  syllables,  which,  from  errors  of 
the  press,  a  confusion  of  principles,  and  a  want  of  care  in  the  applicatimi  of  the  rules,  have  been  accumulated 
in  other  published  tables  of  Proper  Names.  It  will  be  seen,  on  noticing  the  changes  which  have  been  intro- 
duced, that  the  aim  hns  been  to  remove  all  inconsistencies  in  the  r.pplication  of  the  rules  of  pronunciation 
which  have  been  adopted  by  Walker  in  common  with  many  othiCrs. 

A  few  errors  of  accent  have  also  been  corrected,  as  more  recent  investigations  have  ascertained  the  quan- 
tity of  some  words,  which  earlier  lexicographers,  guided  only  by  the  general  rules  of  «iuantity,  had  given  errone- 
ously. 

The  pronunciation  of  these  names  is  in  all  cases  determined  by  tlic  place  of  the  accent,  and  by  the  forms 
of  the  syllables  which  the  accent  determines.  To  attempt  to  indicate  to  the  English  ear  the  sonndf  of  the 
vowels  by  marks  which  in  classical  usage  aro  employed  to  indicate  their  quantity,  would  only  lead  to  con- 
fusion, and  cannot  fail  to  be  especially  disadvantageous  to  students  of  the  languages.  The  classical  table  is 
accompanied  by  a  few  rules,  designed  to  guide  the  scholar  in  settling  those  questions  of  pronunciation  which 
are  not  answered  in  the  table  itself  These  rules  do  not  disagree  with  those  adopted  in  Walker's  "Key;"  but, 
in  connection  with  the  table,  will  guide  to  ih;-.t  pronunciation  which  is  in  vogue  at  the  University  of  Oxford 
and  other  learned  schools.  It  is  believed  that  lhe.se  few  rules  will  be  found  to  be  more  convenient  and  useful  | 
than  the    corresponding   ones    in    Walker's  "  Key." 


lasG 


PREFACE. 


Tlie  same  preference  will  be  given,  it  is  believed,  to  the  rules  abridged  from  Walker,  which  accompany  the 
Scripture   Proper   Names. 

The  Modern  Geographical  Names  were  mostly  selected  from  Black's  "General  Atlas,"  (Edinburgh,  1846,)  as 
being  the  latest  and  best  authority.  The  design  of  the  compiler  was,  primarily,  to  present  the  names  of  the 
countries,  provinces,  important  towns,  rivers,  &-c.,  on  the  continent  of  Europe  and  Spanish  America,  and  to 
indicate  their  pronunciation  as  perfectly  as  this  can  be  represented  by  English  sounds.  As  these  names  fre- 
quently occur  in  books  of  all  kinds,  and  occasion  great  perplexity  to  the  reader  and  public  speaker,  and  as 
their  pronunciation  is  conformed  to  that  of  the  languages  to  which  they  belong,  it  was  thought  advisable  to 
prepare  a  copious  list  of  words  of  this  character,  and  to  give  them  the  chief  place  in  the  table.  When  tlicse 
words  have  been  Anglicized,  tlie  Anglicized  has  been  subjoined  to  the  native  pronunciation. 

To  these  European  names  many  others  have  been  added  of  places  in  Great  Britain  and  the  United  States, 
in  respect  to  the  pronunciation  of  which,  it  was  thought,  information  would  be  esteemed  of  any  value,  or 
could  be  given  with  any  exactness.  In  a  few  instances,  a  provincial,  and  what  will  be  thought  by  some  an 
improper,  method  has  been  given.  It  was  thought,  however,  to  be  impossible  and  useless  to  attempt  to  fur- 
nish a  complete  list  of  English  and  American  names,  with  their  pronunciation.  The  pronunciation  of  the  great 
majority  of  these  names  is  familiar  to  all,  and  is  never  sought  for  in  a  dictionary,  while  that  of  a  very  large 
number  can  hardly  be  considered  as  fixed. 

A  fev/  names  of  places  in  other  and  ruder  countries  are  given.  There  are  two  reasons,  however,  why  it 
was  not  thought  expedient  to  swell  the  list  with  names  of  this  character.  They  are,  in  most  cases,  the  result 
of  an  effort  to  rejircscnt  native  sounds  by  English  spelling.  If  this  representation  is  imperfect,  it  is  of  little 
authority,  and  is  liable  to  constant  changes.  If  it  is  perfect,  or  nearly  so,  the  pronunciation  is  indicated  by 
the  name  itself. 

The  catalogue  of  European  names  was  prepared  by  a  gentleman  familiar  with  the  countries  and  the  lan- 
guages in  which  the  names  occur;  and  it  is  believed  that  tlic  i>ronunciation  and  the  accent  are  as  well  repre- 
sented as  the  nature  of  the  work  and  the  njeans  at  hand  would  allow.  No  pains  have  been  spared  to  render 
this  table  as  complete  and  convenient  as  any  within  reach  of  the  public. 

N    PORTER. 
Yale  Cui.lebe,  Aug-ust  10,  18'17. 


1286 


PRONOUNCING  YOCABULAUY 


OF 


SCRIPTURE    PROPER    NAMES. 


L.. 


i: 


l',W 


RULES 

FOR    THE 

PRONUNCIATION  OF  SCRIPTURE  PROPER  NAMES, 

[ABRIDGED    FROM    WALKER'S    KEY.] 


1.  Is  the  pronunciation  of  the  letters  of  the  Hebrew  proper 
names,  we  find  nearly  the  Baine  rules  prevail  as  in  those  of  Greek 
and  Latin.  Where  the  vowels  end  a  syllable  with  the  accent  on 
it,  they  have  their  long,  open  sound;  as,  JVa'/ial,  Jc'hu,  Si'rach, 
Go'shcn,  and   Tii'hal. 

2.  When  a  consonant  ends  the  syllabic,  the  preceding  vowel  is 
short;  as,  Sam'it-cl,  Lem'u-el,  Sim'c-on,  Sol'o-mon,  Suc'cotli,  Sijn'a- 
goguc. 

3.  Every  final  i  forming  a  distinct  syllable,  though  unaccented, 
has  the  long,  open  sound;  as,  A'i^  A-ris'a-i. 

4.  Every  unaccented  i  ending  a  syllable  not  final,  is  pronounced 
like  c  ;  as,  Jl'ri-d,  .ih'di-cl,  pronounced  j1'rc-cl,  M'dc-el. 

r>.  Tlie  vowels  "/  are  sometimes  pronounced  in  one  syllable,  and 
sometimes  in  two  ;  as,  Bcn-ai'iili,  Hu'sliiii,  Hu'rnl,  iScc.  ;  or,  as 
Sk<im'ma-i,  Shiifli'a-i,  Bcr-a-i'ali,  &c.,  following  in  these,  as  in 
most  Hebrew  proper  names,  the  pronunciation  of  tl'.e  Septuagint 
version  of  the  Bible. 

6.  Cli  is  pronounced  like  /,: ;  as,  Cliemnsh,  E?wch,  &c.,  pronounced 
Krmns/i,  Eriok,  &c.  Clicruhim  and  Rachel  seem  to  be  perfectly 
Anglicized,  as  the  cli  in  these  words  is  always  heard  as  in  the  Eng- 
lisli  words  rkecr,  child,  riches,  &c.  Tile  same  may  be  observed 
of  Cherub,  signifying  an  order  of  angels  ;  but  when  it  means  a  city 
of  the  Babylonish  empire,  it  ought  to  be  pronounced  Kc'rnb. 

7.  Almost  the  only  ditference  in  the  pronunciation  of  the  lie- 
brew  and  the  Greek  and  Latin  proper  names,  is  in  the  sound  of 
the  g  before  e  and  i.  In  the  last  two  languages,  this  consonant  is 
always  soft  before  these  rowels  ;  as,  GcUius,  Gippius,  &c.,  pro- 
nounced JcUins,  Jippius,  &c. ;  and  in  the  first,  it  is  hard  ;  as,  Gcra, 
Gcrizim,  Gideon,  Gilgal,  Mrgiddo,  &c.  This  difference  is  without 
foundation  in  etymology  ;  for  both  g  and  c  were  always  hard  in  the 
Greek  and  Latin  languages,  as  well  as  in  the  Hebrew ;  but  the 
latter  language  being  studied  so  much  less  than  the  Greek  and 
Latin,  it  has  not  undergone  that  change  which  familiarity  is  sure 
to  produce  in  all  languages.  The  solemn  distance  of  this  language 
has  not  been  able,  however,  to  keep  the  letter  c  from  sliding  into  5 
before  c  and  i,  in  the  same  manner  as  in  the  Greek  and  Latin. 
Thus,  though  Gchazi,  Gideon,  &.C.,  have  the  g  hard,  Ccdrom,  Cc- 
dron,  Cisai,  and  Cittern,  have  the  c  soft,  as  if  written  Sedroni,  Se- 
dron,  &c.  The  same  may  be  observed  of  Jgcuharim,  Igcal,J\'aggc, 
Sliagc,  Pagiel,  w  ilh  the  g  hard  ;  and  Ocidclus,  Ocina,  and  Pkara- 
cion,  with  the  c  soft,  like  s. 

8.  Gentiles,  as  they  are  called,  ending  in  incs  and  itcs,  as  Philis- 
tines, Hirites,  Hitlilcs,  &.c.,  being  Anglicized  in  the  translation  of 
the  Bible,  are  pronounced  like  formatives  of  our  own  ;  as,  Philistins, 
H'hitfieldiles,  Jacolnles,  &c. 

0.  The  unaccented  termination  ah,  so  frc-ncnt  in  Hebrew  proper 
names,  ought  to  be  pronounced  like  the  a  in  father.  The  a  in  this 
termination,  however,  frequently  falls  int.,"  the  indistinct  sound 
heard  in  the  final  a  in  Africa,  JEtna,  &c. ;  nor  can  we  easily  per- 
ceive any  distinction  in  this  respect  between  Elijah  and  Elisha ; 
but  the  final  h  preserves  the  other  vowels  open,  as  Colhozch,  Shi- 
loh,  &c.,  pronounced  Colhozce,  Shilo,  &c.  The  diphthong  ci  is 
always  pronounced  like  ce ;  thus  Sa-niei'iis  is  pronounced  as  if 
written  Sa-mcc'vs.  But  if  the  accent  be  on  the  iih,  then  the  a 
ought  to  be  pronounced  like  the  a  in  father  ;  as,  Tulde-ra,  Tah'pc- 
iies,  &c. 

10.  It  maybe  remarked,  that  there  are  several  Hebrew  proper 
names,  which,  by  passing  through  the  Greek  of  the  New  Testa- 
ment, have  conformed  to  the  Greek  pronunciation  ;  such  as  Acel- 
duwa,  Genczarcth,  Bcthphagc,  &c.,  pronounced  A-scl'da-ma,  Jc- 
ncz'a-rclh,  Bcth'pha-jc,  &c.  Tliis  is,  in  my  opinion,  more  agreeable 
to  the  general  analogy  of  pronouncing  these  Hebrew-Greek  words 
than  preserving  the  c  and  g  hard. 

12SS 


Rtdes  for  the  Quaniily  of  lite  Vowels. 

11.  In  dissyllables,  with  but  one  middle  consonant,  the  first  vowel 
is  accented  and  pronounced  long  ;  as,  Ko'rah,  Mo'loch.  The  same 
analogy  is  observed  in  the  penultimate  of  polysyllables;  as,  Hal- 
thd'sar. 

12.  When  the  accent  is  on  the  antepenultimate  syllable,  the 
vowel  is  always  short,  except  when  followed  by  two  vowels  ;  thus, 
Jc-hos'a-phat.  The  secondary  accent  has  the  same  shortening 
power  when  the  primary  accent  is  on  the  third  and  the  secondary 
on  the  first  syllable  ;  as,  Oth-o-nl'as. 

Rtdes  for  placing  the  Accent  on  Hebrew  Proper  JVumes. 

13.  The  accent  of  Hebrew  words  cannot  be  better  regulated  than 
by  the  laws  of  the  Greek  language.  63-  this  it  is  not  intended  that 
every  word  which  is  Grajcized  in  the  Septuagint  should  be  ac- 
cented exactly  according  to  the  Greek  rule  of  accentuation.  For 
man}'  words,  that  are  purely  Greek,  do,  when  they  are  Anglicized, 
receive  the  Latin  accentuation,  instead  of  retaining  the  Greek. 
When  the  Ilebrev/  v^'ord  has  been  Grrecized  i7ito  the  same  number 
of  syllables,  we  prefer  the  Latin  accentuation  to  what  may  be  called 
our  own.  Thus  we  accent  Catltna  on  the  penult,  since  it  comes  to 
us  through  the  Greek  KuRuvu,  and  because  the  Latins  would  have 
placed  the  accent  on  this  syllable,  and  notwithstanding  that  the  Eng- 
lish ear  would  be  better  pleased  with  the  antepenultimate  accent. 
But  when  the  Hebrew  word  does  not  contain  the  same  number  of 
syllables  as  the  same  word  in  the  Greek, —  as  Mes'o-bnh,  JSUau^ia, 
Id'u-cl,  'iSurilaug,  —  it  comes  under  our  own  analogy,  and  we  place 
the  accent  on  the  antepenultimate. 

14.  As  we  never  accent  a  proper  name  from  the  Greek  on  the 
last  syllable,  so,  if  the  Greek  word  be  accented  on  any  other  S3'lla- 
bk,  we  seldom  pay  any  regard  to  it,  unless  it  coincide  with  the 
Latin  accent.  Thus  the  word  Ged-c'rah  is  accented  on  the  penulti- 
mate, because  it  is  Grtccized  by  T'ui'j.na,  though  it  is  accented  on 
the  antepenultimate,  and  this  because  the  penultimate  is  long,  and 
the  long  penultimate  in  Latin  always  has  the  accent. 

15.  All  words  ending  in  ias  and  iah  have  the  accent  on  the  i, 
without  any  foundation  in  the  analogy  of  Greek  and  Latin  pro- 
nunciation, except  the  ver}'  vague  reason  that  the  Greek  word  has 
the  accent  on  this  syllable.  This  reason  is  called  vague,  because 
the  Greek  accent  has  no  influence  on  words  in  acl,  iel,  ial,  &c. ; 
as,  Innai]).,  'yl^6n]X,  IW/.'utX,  x.  t.  >..  Hence  the  impropriety  of  pro- 
nouncing Messias  with  the  accent  on  the  first  syllable.  It  is  the 
broad,  diphthongal  sound  of  the  English  i,  with  the  accent  on  it, 
which  makes  the  word  sound  so  much  better  in  English  than  it 
does  in  French,  or  even  in  the  true  ancient  Greek  pronunciation. 

IG.  The  termination  aim  seems  to  attract  the  accent  on  the  a 
only  in  words  of  more  than  three  syllables  ;  as  E'phraim,  Miz'- 
raim,  have  the  accent  on  the  antepenultimate,  but  Horona'im, 
Ramatha'im,  &c.,  on  the  penultimate.  This  is  the  general  rule  ; 
but  if  the  Greek  word  have  the  penultimate  long,  the  accent  ought 
to  be  on  that  syllable  ;  as,  Pharra'im,  <t*af>ovlti,  *fec. 

17.  Kcmuel,  Jemucl,  jXejnucl,  and  other  words  of  the  same  form, 
having  the  same  number  of  syllables  as  the  Greek  words  into 
which  they  are  translated,  ought  to  have  the  accent  on  the  penul- 
timate, as  that  syllable  is  long  in  Greek  ;  but  Emanuel,  Samuel, 
Lemuel,  are  irrecoverably  accented  on  the  antepenultimate,  and 
follow  the  analogy  of  the  English  accentuation. 

13.  It  is  plain  from  these  observations,  that  the  Hebrew  accent 
is  regulated  by  a  sort  of  compromise  between  this  ancient  language 
and  our  own  :  and  the  best  we  can  do  is  to  form  a  kind  of  com- 
pound ratio  of  Hebrew,  Greek,  Latin,  and  English,  and  to  let  each 
of  these  prevail  as  usage  has  permitted  them. 


PRONOUNCING  VOCABULARY 


SCRIPTURE    PROPER    NAMES, 


The  basis  of  the  foll< wing  Vocabulary  is  that  of  Taylor,  in 
''Calmet's  Dictionary  of  ilie  Bible."  To  lUla  have  been  added 
several  hundred  names  from  Walker.  In  tlie  cases  in  which  the 
pronunciation   of  Walker   differs   from    that   of  Taylor,    that   of 


Walker  is  added  or  substituted  in  IIb  place.  The  proaunciaUon  1 
of  Walker  is  not  always  to  be  preferred,  nor  is  it  followed  in  ac-  j 
tual   usage   by  the  best  authorities.     The  notation  of  the  rowel 

sounds  may  be  consulted  below.  —  Ed. 


Aaron 

Abacue 

.Abadah 

Abaddon 

Abadias 

Abaslha 

Abal 

Abana 

Abarim 

Abnron 

Abba 

Abda 

Abdiaa 

Abdiel 

Abednego 

Abel 

Abel  Maim 

Abel  .Meholath 

Abesan 

Abez 

Abiah 

Abialbon 

Abia?aph 

Abiathar 

Abib 

Abidah 

Abidan 

Abiel 

Abiezer 

Abieziite 

Abi^il 

Abibail 

Abihii 

Abihud 

Abijah 

Abijara 

Abilene 

Abimae! 

Abimelech 

Abinadab 

Abinoam 

AbJram 

Abi^ei 

Abishag 

Abishai 

Abi^hahar 

Abishalom 

Abiahua 

Abishur 

Abisiim 

Abilal 

Abitub 

Abiud 

Abner 

Abram 

Absalom 

Abu  bus 

Acaron 

Aralan 

Arcad 

Aceldama 

Achaia 

Achaichiis 

Achan 


a'a-iitr 

a'ron 

db'a-cue 

ab'a-dah 

a-bdd'don 

db-a-dl'us 

a-bag'thah 

d'bal 

db'a-nah 

db'a-rim 

db'a-ron 

db'bah 

db'dah 

db~di'as 

db'di-el 

a-bed'ne-go 

a'bel 

a'bel  mS'im 

d'bd  mf^hO'latA 

db'besan, 

a'bez 

a~bVah 

a-b'i-dl'bon 

a-bVa-mf 

a-bVa-thar 

a' bib 

a-bVdak 

db'i~dan 

db'i-el  or  a-6t'ci 

db-t-t^zer 

db-'i-ez'rite 

db't-ffole  or  db'i-gdl 

db''i-haU 

a-bl'hu 

a-bVh\id 

a-bVjah 

a-bvjam 

db-bi-ld'ne 

db-bi-m&'d 

ab-im'mn-Uk 

ab-in'a-ddb 

ab-in' no-am 

a-bVram 

ah-'i-sl'i 

db'bi-ska^  or  a-hVshog 

db-b'i-sha'i 

db-hj-fha'har 

db-b't-s'iS'hm 

db-b'i-shu'ah 

db'i-shur 

db'l-yiim 

db't-tal 

db'i-tub 

db'i-ml  or  a-bVud 

db'ner 

d' brant 

db'sa-lom 

a-bn'bus 

dk'a-ron 

dk'a-tan 

dk'kad 

a-ccl'da-mah 

a-kd'yah 

a-k&'i-kus 

H'kan 


AcbiaclKuus 

Achiiii 

Afliiiuclccli 

Acbior 

Arhiraiu 

Acbish 

Arliituh 

Ai-liiti.pliel 

Acliinttha 

Achor 

Achsah 

Achsbaph 

Arhzib 

Acrplia 

Acitbo 

Acua 

Ad ad ah 

Adndczcr 

Adadrimmon 

Adaiah 

AdalJa 

Adam 

A  dam  ah 

A  da  mi 

Adasa 

Ad  at  ha 

Adbeel 

Addi 

Ad.'r 

AdiH 

Adida 

Adina 

Aditha 

Adithaim 

Adiai 

,'\dmah 

Admatha 

Adunai 

Adonias 

Adonibesek 

Adonijah 

Adonikam 

Aiioniram 

Adonis 

Adonizedek 

Ad  era 

Adoraim 

Adnrani 

Adraiimiclecli 

AdramyHium 

Adria 

Adriel 

Adutl 

Adullam 

Aclimirniin 

A ''dins 

j^neas 

/Ethiopia 

Agaba 

Agabua 

A  gag 

Agagite 

Agnrenes 

Agate 

Agee 


dk-lii-dk'a-ru$ 

a'kim 

a-kim'i-lck 

a'ki-or 

a-kl'ram 

d'kish 

dk'i-tob 

a-kit'o-fel 

ak-me'tJiall 

d'kor 

dk'sah 

dk'sfuif 

dk'iib 

ds''i-fah 

ds'i-tho 

a-kU'a 

dd'a-dah 

dd'dcl-S'zer 

dd-dd-rim'mon 

dd-a-Vah 

dd-a-Wa 

dd'am 

dd'a-mah 

dd'a-mi 

dd'a-sa 

dd'a-tiia 

dd-bS'd 

dd'di 

d'der 

dd'i-cl  or  d'di-cl 

dd't-da 

a-di'nah 

dd'i-tka 

dd-'i-thd'im 

dd-la'i  or  dd'la-i 

dd'mdh 

ddhna-tha 

dd'o-nd 

dd-o-nVas 

a-don'i-bS' zck 

dd-o-nVjah 

dd-o-nVkam 

dd-o-nV  ram 

a-d5'nis 

a-don'i-zc'  dck 

a-du'ra 

dd'O-rd'im 

a-dd'rain 

dd-rdm'ine-lFk 

dd-ra-mit'  Vi-um 

d'dfi-ah 

d'dr'i-el 

a-du'el 

a-dul'lam 

a-dinn'mim 

a-t-dl'as 

e-7iS'as 

e-thi-5'p'i-a 

dg'a-ha 

dir'a-bus 

d'gag 

d'gag-itc 

dg-c-rents' 

dg'ate 

dg'e-e 


A. 


Agnaihtaliur 

Agiippa 

Agur 

Ahab 

Aiinrah 

Aharal 

Aliasai 

Ah:i?I.;ii 

Alia^-iicrti3 

Ahavu 

AhuT: 

Ahazai 

Ahaziah 

Ahban 

Ahi 

Aliiab 

Ahiam 

Ahiezer 

Ahihtid 

Ahijah 

Ahikam 

Alidud 

Ahiniaaz 

Ahtman 

Ahiinelech 

Ahimoth 

Ahinadab 

Aliinoam 

Ahio 

Ahira 

Abiram 

Aliiramites 

AJiisamach 

Ah  is  hah  ur 

Ahisham 

Ahishar 

Ahitob 

Ahiiophel 

Abitub 

Ahlah 

Ahlai 

Ahoah 

Aholiile 

Ahnlah 

Aliulbali 

Aholial) 

Aholibah 

Aholibamah 

Abumai 

Almzam 

Almzzah 

Ai 

Aiah 

Aiath 

Aijali 

Aijaleth  Shahur 

Ain 

Aioth 

Airus 

Ajah 

Ajrilon 

Akkub 


dg-gS'iis 

dg-nothAd'bor 

a-grip'paJi 

d'giir 

d'kab 

a-hdr'ah 

a-hdr'al 

a-hds'a-i 

a-hds'ba-i 

a-hd-i-ti-^'rus 

a-hd'vak 

d'haz 

a-hdi'a-i 

a-ha-zVah 

dk'ban 

d'ki 

a-hVah 

a-hi'am 

a-ki-£'zer 

a-hVud 

a-kVjnh 

a-kVkam 

a-hVlud 

a-kim'a-dz 

a-kVman 

a-him'  me-lek 

d'hi-rnvth  or  a-hVmolh 

a-hin'a-dab 

a-hin'o-am 

a-hl'o 

a-hVrah 

a-hVram 

a-hVram-ites 

a-his'a-mdk 
{ a-hi-shd'hur  or  a-hV- 
(      sha-hiir 

a-hVsham 

a-hV:haT 

a-hVtab 

a-hit'o-fd 

a-hi'liib 

dh'lah 

Hh'ld 

a-hO'ah 

a-ho'kxU 

a-hd'hih 

a-hid'bah 

a-hG'Ci-ab 

a-kol'i-bah 
J  aJio-Ti-bd'mali  or  aho 
\      tib'a-mah 

(I'hu'ma-i 

a-hu'zam 

a-huz'zah 

d'i 

o-I'nA 

a-Vath 

a-l'jah 

dd'ja-lethrsk&'hur 

a'in 

a-Voth 

a-Vrtis 

d'jah 

dd'ja-lon 

dk'^kub 


Akrabbim 
^Vlatninelcch 


Alamoth 

dVaaaOi 

Ale  ma 

dl'e-aia 

Alemcth 

dlVnuU 

Alexandria 

dl-ci-dn  >l  3 

Aliali 

a-n'oA 

Allan 

a-ti'an 

Allehijah 

i  cl-ie-iQ'yck  or  al-U-li 
dlLn-b^mtk 

Allonbachuth 

Almodad 

al-mU'dcd 

Alniondiblathaira  dl'mondih-U-tMA'im 

Almng 

dl'mu^ 

Alnathan 

dl'na-Vtan 

Aloth 

a'ictA 

Alpha 

dl'/ah 

Alpheus 

alfl'iu 

Altaneus 

al-la-nl'KJ 

Aliaschith 

al'tjis'kii.\ 

Allt^kon 

dl'U4wn 

Alvah 

dt'rah 

Alush 

a'lush 

Amadathus 

d-mdJ'd-au 

A  ma  I 

d'nal 

A  ma  Ida 

a-^dVdak 

Amalek 

dm'a-Uk 

dm'a-itk^trs 

Amanah 

d-nd'ujl  or  4m'c-*ak 

4m^-rVek 

Amasa 

am^'sak  or  im'c^c  '• 

Amasai 

dm-a-si'i  or  •■mis  -  » 

dtn-a-tS&'t 

Amashiah 

dm-a-.'^kVok 

.\matJiei3 

dJI^-o-i^^*w 

Amaihi.-J 

dm'a-Vus 

Amaziah 

dn-a-zVoM 

Amen 

a 'aim 

Ameihvsl 

dm'e-tJtut 

Ami 

A'mi 

Aminadab 

a-nm'fl-rfflft 

Amizabad 

a---' .  '  - ' 

Amittai 

c                   ■  ra'i 

Ammah 

r- 

Ammi 

Ammidioi 

:-*."» 

Ammiel 

Ammishaddai 

c-^  -.1  .'Ud'da-* 

Amtnihud 

£m'rii->.sid 

Ammizabad 

dm-rnii'^-bis 

Ammonites 

dn^nci-iUj 

Ammonites^ 

flm-Tn.'n-riTJ* 

Amok 

S-r-.ct 

A  monies 

rf.iVrifM 

Amo3 

&'m»z  or  a 'km 

,-\mphipoI:3 

Amplias 

Amramites 

dm'mai-tta 

Amraphel 

dn'raffl 

Amzi 

dni':! 

A  nab 

5-r.:ih 

£-r.j-A 

Anaharath 

dyt-c-:^..Z'rctX 

Anaiah 

dTt-^l  ak 

Anak 

d'lUi 

Fate,/dr,  baL  —  MlU, 


help Pine,  marine.  — j\Ztr.—  TVne,  tinite.  —  g  asj;  fA  as  sh. 


J  62 


1289 


PRONUNCIATION   OF   SCRIPTURE   PROPER   NAMES. 

• 

1 

Anakiin3 

dii'a-kinis 

Artaxerxcs 

dr-taz-erz' cs 

Azur 

u'zur 

t  Behemoth 

b£  hc-v\oth 

Anamraelech 

a-nAiJi'mC'lck 

Arlenias 

dr'tc-mas 

Azuran 

di'u-ran 

■-  Bokah 

bc'kak 

Anani 

a.n-Q.'id 

Arubotb 

dr'ru-both 

Azy  mites 

dz'i-mites 

Bi-Ia 

he'lah 

Ananiab 

an-^-nVah 

Arum  ah 

a-ru'mah 

Azzur 

di'zur 

Belcmna 

heU  p.-'mii\ 

Ananiaa 

dn-a-ni'as 

Arvaditea 

dr'cad-itcs 

Belgai 

V  1  »     l/^lll  I40 

biV  ga-i 

bc'li  (d  or  bc-rVal 

bel'  nia-iirt 

Ananiel 

a-ndn'i-el 

Asa 

a'sah 

Belial 

Anath 

3'nath 

Asadiaa 

ds-a-dVas 

Be!  maim 

Anathema 
Anatholh 

a-ndtk'e-m&h 
dn'a-thoth 

Asahcl 

Asaiah 

ds'a-el 
ds-a-l'ah 

B. 

Bel^hazzar 
Belleshazzar 

heLshdJar 
hi't-ti-shdz'tir 

Andronicus 

(  an-dro-nV kus  or  an- 
f      dron'i-kus 

Asana 
Asaph 

ds'a-na 
d'suf 

Benaiah 
Benanimi 

beit-d'tjnh 
hvn-din'ml 

Ancni 

a  'nem 

Asara 

ds'a^a 

Baal 

ba  al 

Benebcrak 

b^ii'th'c-rak 

Anes 

d'lies 

Asa  reel 

ds-a-re'el  or  n-sdr'e-cl 

Baalah 

bd'al-ak 

Bencjaakan 

hen-e  jd'a-kan 
(  ben-fih'dadoi  binka- 

(      dad 

Ancth 

a'nith 

Asarelah 

ds-a-rS'lah 

Baalatb 

bd'nl-ath 

\  npf  hnlliiti" 

(  a-^ieth'o-tkite  or  dn'eth- 

Asbazaretb 

as-bd-J  a-rcth 

Baal  Ilaniun 

bu'al  hdin'oii 

Benhadad 

4  KD^bJl^tiAibL' 

\      o-thUc 

Ascalon 

ds'ka-lon 

Baal  Hanan 

bd'at  hdn'iin 

Ben  hail 

bt-ii-hd'il 

Aniara 

a-m'ain. 

Asebia 

ds-e-bVa 

Baali 

bd'id-i  or  bd'aUl 

BenhaDan 

b^U-ha  ' DCTTl 

Antilibanus 

j  dn-ti-lib' a-nu3  cr  an-ti- 

Asenath 

ds'e-nath 

Baiilim 

bd'al-im 

Beninu 

bni-Vnii  or  bhi  i-nu 

\      li-ba'nus 

Aserar 

a-si',  ar 

Baalia 

ba'ul-is 

Benjamin 
Beiijamito 

hi-n'ja-min. 
hrn'ja-mitc 
bS'i'io 

Anlioch 

an'Vi-ok 

Ashabiab 

dsh-a  bl'ah 

Baa  nail 

ba-u'vah  or  bu'a-iia 

Aniiochis 

an-tl'o'kis 

Ashael 

ds'}ia-d 

Baanan 

bu'a-uaii 

Bono 

Antiochus 

an-tl'o-ktcs 

Asban 

d'shan 

Baanatli 

ba-a'natJi  or  bd'a-nath 

lii-iU'iii 

bht-d'n'i  or  bc-nu'ni 

Antipas 

dn'ti-pas 

Ashbea 

dsh'bc-ah 

Baanias 

ba-a-ni'as 

Bcnui 

V  1.  '•     V     tt  t     I'i     1/c     /(  1^     lie 

ben-ii'i 
bfii-zo'hfth 

Antipater 

dn-ti-pa'ter 

Asbcbenaz 

dsh'ke-naz 

Baara 

ba-d'rah  or  ba'a-rah 

Benzobc'lli 

Aiitipatris 

i  dn-ii-pd'tris  or  an  tip'- 

Ashdothites 

dsh'  dotk-ite-3 

Baaseiab 

ba-a-sl'ah 

Bcra 

be' rah 

l      a-tris 

As  bean 

d'shc-aii 

Baasbab 

ba-d'shak  or  bd'a-skah 

Berachah 

bir-d'kak  or  bcr'a  kah 

Antipiia 

dn'ti-fah 

Asher 

dsh'cr 

Babel 

bd'bcl 

Berachi:ili 

br'r-a-kl'ah 

Aniothijah 

dii-to-tJii'jah 

AsbiDia 

dsh'i-mdi 

Babylon 

hdb'i-lon 

Bcraiah 

brr-a-i'aJl 

An  tot  lute 

du'toth-ite 

Asbon 

d'skun 

Babylonians 

bab-'i-ld'n'i-ans 

Berea 

be-rS'a 

Aiuib 

a' nub 

Ashpenaz 

dsh'pc-naz 

Baca 

bd'kah 

Bered 

hS'red 

Applies 

a-pil'les 

Ash  rial 

ilsh'ri-el 

Bacchurus 

bdk-ku'nis 

Be  1 1 

he'rl 

Apliarairn 

df-a-ra'im 

Ashtaroth 

dsh'ta-rotJt 

Baclirites 

bak' rites 

Beriah 

bc-rVah 

Apharsathchite. 

a-fdr'sdth-kites 

Ashtemoth 

dsh'ic-moOi 

Bachuth  AUon 

bdk'uth  dVlon 

Berites 

Apliarsiles 

a-f'dr' sites 

Asbteratbiles 

dsh-t  er'ra-th  Jtcs 

Bagoaa 

ha- go' as 

Beritb 

be'riVi 

Aphek 

a'fek 

Asbuath 

a-shn'oth 

Bagoi 

bdg'o-i 

Bernice 

bt'r-7ii'rr  nr  7>ti r' iilri' 

Apliekah 

a-fe'kah 

Ashur 

dsh'iir 

Baiiarumite 

ba-hd'rnm-itc 

Berodach 

1/  1    *        fit       Hj     \Jt      V\,l        Jtll't 

bc-ru' dak 

Apherema 

a-fer'c-ma 

Asliurim 

ash  u' rim 

Bahurim 

ha-hu'rim 

Bi.Tothai 

bc-rO'thd  or  btr'o-tha  i 

Aplierra 

a-fer'ra 

Ashiiritos 

dsk'ur-itea 

Bajiih 

hdd'jitk  cr  bd'jith 

Berotbath 

hc-ro'chr.th 

Apiiiah 

a-fl'ah 

Asibias 

as-i-bi'as 

Bakhakker 

bdk-bdk'kcr 

Beryl 
B'Tzelus 

bir'ril 

Aphra 

dfrak 

Askelon 

ds'kC'hn 

Bakbuk 

hdk'huk 

brr-iU'lus 

Aphses 

df'sti 

Asioadai 

as' ma-da 

Bakbukiah 

bdk-huh-VaJi 

Besai 

bC'dd 

Apocalypse 

a-pok'a-tipa 

As  in  a  vet  h 

ds'ma-vcVi 

Balaam 

bd'tam 

Bcsodeiali 

hes-o-di'ah 

Apocrypha 

a~pok'ri-fah 

Asmoneans 

as-mo-nS'ans 

Baladan 

bdl-d'dan  or  bdl'a  Jan 

Betah 

be'tah 

Apolloiija 

dp~pol-lO'n'i-a 

Asnapper 

as-ndp'per 

Balak 

bd'lak 

Ucten 

be'tai 

A  poll  03 

a-pol'los 

Asochis 

a-so'kis 

Balamo 

hdVa-mo 

Betiiabara 

bitk-db'  a-rak 

ApoUyon 

a-pol'yon 

ap-pa'im  or  dp'pa-im 

Aspatha 

ds'pa-thah 

Balanus 

bdl'a-mia 

Bethanath 

bWi'a-nath 

Appaim 

AspharasU3 

as-fdr'a-sus 

Balihasar 

halAhfi'sar 

Bctlianolh 

bt'th'a-nolh 

Apphia 

dfi-ali  or  df-fVah 

Asriel 

ds're-d 

Banioth 

bu'muth 

Bethany 
Betharabali 

beth'a-n'i 

Apphus 

df'fus 

Assaliraotb 

as-sdV  i-motk 

lianaias 

ban-a-t'as 

h('tk-dr'a-bah 

Appii  Forum 

dp'pi-i-fti'rum 

Assanias 

ds-tia-nVas 

Bani 

hd'nl 

B..'lbaram 

btth'a-Tam 

Aquila 

dk'qiiil-lah  or  dk-quWlah 

Assidcans 

ds-si-da' atis 

Can  Has 

ban' 11 -us 

Betliaibcl 

hith-dr'bcl 

Ara 

d'rah 

Assir 

as' sir 

Barabbas 

hn-rdb'bas 

lietliaven 

brtk-u'vcii 

Arab 

a' rah 

ASS03 

ds'sos 

Baracliel 

bdr'a-kd 

Belhazmavetli 

bith-dz'  Jiia-vrth 

; 

.\rabah 

dr'ra-bah 

Assyria 

ds-sir'i-a 

Barachiab 

bdr~a-kVah 

Bcthliaalmeon 

betk-bd'  al-mS'  on 

m-' 

Arabattine 

dr-Ta-bdt'i-ne 

Astarle 

as-tdr'te 

Barak 

bd'rak 

Bethbarah 

beth-b  d'rah 

i|' 

Arabia 

a-ra'b'i-a 

Asuppim 

a-sup'pim 

Barcenor 

b'dr-cc'vor 

Bctlibasi 

bi'th'ba-si 

■; 

Arad 

a'rad 

Asyncritus 

a-sin'kr'i-tus 

Bnrliuraites 

bdr-hfi'  mites 

Betlibirei 

btfk-bir'  c-i 

P 

Aradite 

a'rad-ite 

Atad 

a'tad 

Bariah 

ba-rVah 

Betlidagon 

hvth-da'<Ton 

1 

H 

Arab 
Aram 

d'rah 

Atargalls 

a-tdr'  ga-tis 

Barjesus 

bdr-jS'sus    ■ 

Betbdiblathaira 

bHh-dib-la-Vid'im 

1 

R 

a' ram 

Ataroth 

dfa-roth 

Barjonah 

bdr-jo'ltah 

Bethel 

bith'cl 

H 

Aiamites3 

a-rdm-Vtcs 

Athack 

d'thak 

Barodis 

ba-ro'dis 

Betbemek 

betft-S'mck 

Ararat 

dr'a-rat 

Atbaiab 

dUi-a-V  ah 

Barsabaa 

bdr'sa-haa 

betJi-es'daJi  or  be  'Ais'- 
dah 

Arauiiah 

a-raio'nak 

Athaliah 

dth-a-lVah 

Bartacua 

bdr'Ut-kns 

Gelliesda 

Arbab 

iir'bah 

Atbarias 

dth-a-ri'as 

Bartholomew 

bdr~[jiii!'o-mew 

Bethezel 

bethr-S'zel 

Arbatbite 
Arbattis 

dr'bath-ite 
dr-bdVtis 

Athens 
Atbenobius 

dtk'ciis 
dth-e-nO'bi-us 

Bartinieus 

{  hdr^tt -7,1  c' us  or  hUr- 
1      tim'e-us 

BelhgadfT 
Betbiranuil 

btth-gd'der 
beth-gd'mul 

1 

Arbite 

dr'bite 

Atblai 

dtk'ia 

Baruch 

hd'ntk 

r.tbliaccerim 

b  iihf-hdk'ce-rim 

Arbonai 

'dr-b6'nar-i 

Altai 

dt'td. 

Barzillai 

bdr-zd'la-i 

Bclliliaran 

beth-kd'ran 

■ 

Archclaua 

Hr-ki-ld'us 

Attaliah 

dt-ta^l'ak 

Bascama 

bds'ka-ma 

Bcthlioglab 

betk-hoff'lah 

Arcbestratus 

dr-kes' tra-tus 

Attharalea 

at-thdr' a-te^ 

Bashan 

b  d'shan 

1!:  ililmron 

bith-hO^ron 

Arcbevitea 
Arcbi 

dr'kt-vite^ 

Augia 

au'g'ira 

Basbemath 

bdsh'e-mnth 

Betlijesiiuolh 

btth-jes'si-motk 

. 

d/r'kl 

Augustus 

au-gus'tus 

Basmath 

bds'matli 

Belhlebnotli 

beth'ltb'  a~otk 

Arcbiataroth 

dr-ki-di'a-rotk 

Auranitis 

ati-ra-nVtis 

Bastai 

bds'ta-i 

Bethlehem 

hi'tk'le-hem 

Arcbippus 

dr-kip'piLS 

Auranus 

au-rri'nus 

Hatano 

bi'it'a-ve 

Beliilomnn 

bHh-lO'  mon 

: 

A re  bites 

dr' kites 

Auteus 

aii'tS'us  or  aiL'tc-iis 

Hathabilb 

bdlh'adoth 

Betlunaac-afi 

b  etk-m  d  'a~knk 

' 

Arcturua 

Areli 

Arelites 

drk'tu'ms 

Ava 

d'vak 

Ballirabbim 

bdOi-rdb'bini 

Bflinnartaljuth 

beat-mdr'ka-boUi 

': 

tt 

a-rS'li 
a-re'lite^ 

A  varan 
Aven 

dv'a-ran 
d'ven 

Bathsbebah 

J  bdth^shc'bah  or  hdth'- 
\      she-bfi/i 

Bolluneon 
Bftbnimrah 

betkr^iS'oit 
helh-nim'raJi, 

1 

Areopagite 

1  dr-e-op'a-gite  or  d-re- 

Avims 

d'vims 

Batbshua 

bdtJi'shnn 

Bel'lnruM 

beth-d'roii 

I'C^ 

{      op'a-^ite 

Avith 

d'vith 

Bavai 

bda'a-i  ov  ba-va'i 

r.Ltlipaht 

hith-pd'let 
htVi-pdz'ier 

ill 

Areopagus 

I  dr-c-op' a-gits  or  fl-re- 

Azaelus 

dz-a-S'lus 

Bealiah 

hc-a-lVah 

Bt-tbpazzer 

V^ 

Ares 

Aretas 
Arsob 

r      op'a-gm 

Azaliab 

di-a-lVah 

Realolh 

be-a'loth  or  bc'a-loth 

Bethpu'or 

beth-pS'or 

bWi-fd'ge  or  heth'fagc 

bHIi-fc'let  or  beUi'/e-Ict 

I  b^'Jt-rd'bah  or  beUi'ra- 

1 

f"- 

a'rcz 
a-r&'tas 

Azapbion 
Azara 

a-zd'phi-on 
dz'a-ra 

Bean 
Bebai 

bS'an 
bib'a-i 

Beth  phage 
B.thpliclot 

dr'  gob 

Azareel 

di-a-rS'cl  or  a-zd're-cl 

Becber 

be'kcr 

Eetliiabah 

11 

Aridai 

a-nd'a-i 

Azariah 

dz-a-rt'ah 

Bechoralb 

beko'rnt.h 

}      halt 

1*1 

Aridaiha 
Arieh 

a-rid'a-thak 
a^Veh 

Azarias 
Azaz 

dz-a-rVas 
Q'zaz 

Becblilcth 
Bcdaiali 

bek'ti-hth 
b^d-a-z'ali 

Bctlirehob 

\  bilh-rS'kob  or  btth'r(h 
I      hob 

Co 

Ariel 
Ariinathea 

d'ri-el 

Azaz  el 

a-zd'zcl 

Bedad 

bc'dad 

Bctluapha 

brtk'rafa  or  b^tk-rd'fa 

TliL 

dr'i-ma-thl'ah 

Azaziah 

dz-a-zt'ak 

lledan 

bc'dan. 

Belhsaida 

(  beth-sQ' dak  or  beth-sd'i- 

■16 

Arioch 

d'Ti-ok 

Azbazareth 

di-bdz'a-reth 

Beeliada 

bc-cl-Va-dah 

l      da 

ts 

Arisai 

a-ris'a-i 

Azekab 

a-zS'kah 

lieelsarus 

bC'H'sa-rus 

Bethshean 

hcth-shS'aiL 

iU; 

Ariatarchua 

ar~is-tdr'kus 

Azeni 

d'zem 

Betltctbnius 

bc-rl-tnk' mas 

Betbsheniesb 

bttJi'shS'mcsh  or  hiih' 

rl 

Aristobulua 

,  ar-iS'tO'bu' lus  Of  ar-is- 

Azephurith 

dz-ze-fu'rith 

Beelzebub 

bc-H'zc-hab 

shc-mesh 

1^ 

\      tob'u-lus 

Azetaa 

a-zS'tas 

Beer 

b£'er 

Betlishemile 

bHh'  she-mite 

f  Lflf; 

Armageddon 

dr-ma-ged'don 

Azgad 

dz'gad 

Beera 

bc-c'rah 

Belhshittah 

beth-shil'tah 

Armenia 

dr-mC'n'i-a 

Aziel 

d'ztel 

Beerelim 

bc-vr'C'llm  oi"  bc-cr-S'lim 

Cethsimoa 

hitk-sVmos  or  btth'si 

Armishadai 

ar-mi-shdd'ori 

Aziza 

a-zVzah 

Beeri 

be-S'ri 

mos 

A  r  muni 

dr-m5'ni 

Azmavetb 

di'ma-veth 

Beerlabairoi 

1  be'cr-la-hd'roy  or  bS'cr- 
'      la-ka'i-roij 

Beth sura 

beth-sil'ra 

Arnepher 

dr-ttE'fer  or  Hr'nc-fer 

Azor 

a'zor 

[Jethtappua 

bffh-tdp'pu-oA 
beUt-n'cl  or  bc-t!iu'd 
hS'thul 

A  r  Dili 

a-rO'dl  or  dr'o-di 

Azotus 

a-i5'iiis 

Bceroth 

be-S'rvlJi 

Betlmel 

Aroer 

a-T&'er 

Azriel 

di'fi-cl 

Bcersheba 

i  hS'cr-shC'ba't  or  bc-cr'- 

fJelhul 

Arphaxad 

dr~fdx'ad 

Azrikam 

ai-rVkam  or  dz'rl'ham 

\      shc-bak 

islhulia 

betk-^idl  a 
be-t^'U-iLf 

Arsaces 

'dr'sa-ees 

Aziibab 

ai'ii'bah  or  a-zft'btUi       1 

Beeshterah 

bc-esh'tc-rah 

Jctoliua 

( 

I 

Fat 

Bj  fdr,  bdL  —  MStej  htlp.-^rinCy  mafinc- 

—  JVtifc. —  Tvncj 

TlTiite — g  as  j:   TA  as  s) 

, 

TRONUNCIATION  OF  SCRIPTURE  PROPER  NAMES. 


Beiomestham 

Betouim 

BeulaJi 

Bezai 

Bezaleel 

Bezek 

Biauis 

Bichri 

Bigt  liana 

Bigyai 

BileaiQ 

Bilcjn: 

Binea 

Binnui 

Birza  villi 

Bilhtah 

Bithron 

Bilhynia 

Bizjothiah 

BizJoitiJaJi 

Boanerges 

Boaz 

Bocheru 

Bocbim 

Bosor 

Buzez 

Bozrah 

Brisaadine 

Bukki 

Bui 

Buuah 

Bunni 

Buzi 

Buzito 


bct'O-mes'thant 

bit'o-7tim 

bU'lah  or  bc-u'lah 

be'zQi 

bez-a-li'd  or  6c:  dVeel 

be'zek 

bVa-tas 

bik'rl 

bi^thorna 

bi^~cd'i 

bu'e-can 

bU-ga'i 

biu'e-a 

bin'nu-i 

brr-zd' vith  or  bir^za-vUh 

bith-Vah 

bitk'ron 

b'i-tAin''i-a 

biz-jo-thl'ah 

biz'joth'jtih 

bo-a-nePgcz 

bo'az 

bok'er-rii 

bd'kim 

bo'zor 

bo'zez 

boz'rah 

bri^an-dine 

bJi'ki 

bal  (as  doll) 

bu'ttoh 

buu'nt 

bH'a 

bui'iU 


c. 


Cabul 

ka'bul 

Cades 

ka'des 

Osar 

cc'zar 

Caiaphaa 

ka'a-ftis 

Cain 

kain 

Cain  an 

ka'min  or  ka-Vnun 

Cain  tea 

kaVriUa 

Calah 

kd'lah 

Calaninlalui 

lud-a-moVa-bus 

Calamus 

hdl'a-mus 

Calcol 

kdVkcl 

Caldeea 

kdl-decz* 

Caleb 

kd'Ub 

Calima 

kdVUas 

Calneh 

kdl'nch 

Calvary 

kdVva-ri 

Cambyses 

kdm-bVscz 

Camon 

kd'mon 

Can  a 

ka'nah 

Canaan 

kd'naa 

Canaan  i  tea 

1  kd'nan.-ite3  or  kdn'aiv- 
\      ites 

Cnnaanilish 

ka-nan-i'tisk 

Caiidace 

kan-dd'ce  or  kdn'da-ce 

Cannrh 

kdn'neh 

Canticles 

kdn'li-kfU 

Capernaum 

k^'per' rut-urn 

Caphai^alama 

kdf-ur-sdV  a-mah 

Caphenatha 

ka-fen' a-Uia 

Caphira 

ka-fi'raJi 

Caphtor 

kdftor 

Caphtorim 

kdfto-rtm 

Cappadocia 

kdp-pa-do  'shi-a 

Carabasion 

kdr-a-bd'zi-cn 

Carbuncle 

kdr^ban-kd 

Carchamia 

kdr'ka-mis 

Carchemiah 

kdr'ke-tnUk 

Careah 

kaTS'ah 

Carkas 

kdr'kas 

Carmel 

kdrfmel 

Carmelite 

kd.j^mil~H.f. 

Carmeliiesa 

kdr'mfl-i-tcsa 

Carnii 

kdr'mt 

CamaJm 

kdr'na-im 

Carsbena 

kar-she'jui 

Casipliia 

{ kds-si-ft'aJi  or  Ltsifi- 
}     ah 

Casluim 

kds-lu'im 

Ci'sia 

kdsh'i-a 

CathuatU 

korihn'aVi 

Cedron 

ci'ilrpit  or  kl'dran 

Ceilan 

ce'lan  or  cl'lan 

Ceiemia 

cc-le-mVa 

Cenchrea 

cen-kre'ah 

Cendebeua 

ccn^lf'be'iu 

Cephas 

U'fii^ 

Cesarea 

ces-n-rS'ah 

Chadias 

k&'di-^ 

Chalcedony 

kdl'ce-do-ny 

Chalcol 

kdl'knl 

Chaldea 

kal^de'ah 

Charoelion 

ka^mS'lf-on 

Cl.anes 

kd'nez 

Channuneaa 

kan-nu-tir' ,1.1 

Cbanaihiilar 

Characa 

C'banishioi 

Cliarea 

Charrau 

Chaseba 

Chebar 

Chederlaomer 

Chflal 

Chelcias 

Chelleh 

Chelubai 

ClK'lubar 

Cbeoiarims 

Chemosh 

Chenaanah 

Chenani 

Chenaniah 

Chepharhaam-    ) 

monai  \ 

ClicphiraU 
CI  It-ran 
Cliereas 
Cherethima 
Cherctiiites 
Chcritli 
Cherub  (a  city) 
Chenib  (a  spirit) 
Cherubim 
Chesalon 
Chescd 
Chesulloth 
Chezib 
Chidon 
Chileab 
Chilion 
Chilmad 
Chimham 
Chinueretli 
Chioa 
Chisleu 
Chislon 
Cbisloth 
Chisloth  Tabor 
ChiUim 
ChiuH 
Chloe 
Choraslian 
Cnorazin 
Chosameus 
Chozeba 
Chronicles 
Clirj'solile 
Chrysoprasus 
Chub 
Chusa 
Chushan  Risha- , 

thaim 
Cilicia 
Cinnereth 
Cirama 
Cisai 
Citherns 
Clauda 
Claudia 
Claudius 
Cleasa 
Clement 
Clei'phas 
Cloe 
Cnidus 
Colhozeh 
Collius 
Colosse 
Colossians 
Conaniah 
Coniaii 
Corbe 
Core 
Coos 
Corinth 
Corinthians 
Cornelius 
Cosam 
Cozbi 
Crescens 
Crete 
Cretes 
Cretians 
Crispus 
Cubit 
Cu-vh 
Cushan  Risha- 

thaim 
Cu:ihi 
Culhah 
Cut  beans 
Cyprus 
Cyrene 
Cyrenius 
Cyrus 


kar-G-dOt' a-lar 

kdr'a-ka 

kdr'a-shim 

kd're-a 

kdr'ran 

kd^C'ba 

kS'bar 

ked-er-ld-0'mer 

ki'lal 

kd'shi-as  or  kel'ci-as 

kiVleh 

ke-lu'ba 

kc-lii'bar 

kem'a-rims 

kS'mnsh 

ke-nd'a-nah 

ken'a-ni 

ken-a-nVah 

ke'far-}ia-dm'o-nS 

kef -V  rah 

ke'ran, 

ke'r£-as 

ker'eth-ima 

ktr'eik-itcs 

kS'rith 

kc'ruh 

cher'ab 

diir'u-bim. 

kes'a-lon. 

kVscd 

ktsul'loth 

ke'zib 

kVdvn 

kiVe^ab 

kd'i-on  or  ki4Von 

kU'mad 

kim'ham 

kin'er-etA 

kVos 

kis'lu 

kis'lon 

kis'toth 

kis'loth  td'bor 

chit'tim  or  kit'tim, 

kt'un 

k!d'e 

ko^a'skan 

ko-rd'zin 

kos-a-me'us 

ko-zS'bak 

krun'i-kles 

krii'o-litc 

kris~</p'ra-sus 

kub 

ku'sak 

kash'an  rish-aUiu'im 

cil-ish'i-a 

cin'ncT-eth 

cir'a~ma 

cis'sd'i 

cith'e-rits 

klaw'dak 

klatc'di-a 

klaxo'di-iis 

kle-d'sa 

kWmeni  or  klem'ent 

kWo'fas 

klo'e 

nVdas 

kcl-ho'zck 

kol'ti-us 

ko-lus'se 

ko-htsh'i-ans 

ka-na-nl'ah 

ko-nVak 

kor'be 

kd're 

ko'oa 

ko'rinth  or  kor'inth 

ko-rinth'i-ans 

kor-nSTi-us 

kd'iam 

koz'b'i  or  koz'bi 

krcs'cens 

krSte 

Urates 

krS'sh'i-ans 

kris'pus 

ku'bit 

kiLsh 

I  kush'anrish'O-thd'ijnoT 
j      ku'skan  r'tsk-aUid' im 

kiLsh'i 

kuth'ah 

ku'the-ans 

cy'prus 

cy-rS'nc 

qf-rS'ni'lLS 

cy'nis 


D. 


Dababrh 

Dabbasheth 

Dabcrath 

Dabria 

Dncobi 

Dyddeua 

Dagon 

Daisan 

Dalaiah 

iJalilah 

Dalmanutha 

Dalmalia 

Dalphon 

Daniaris 

Damascenes 

Damascus 

Danites 

Danjaan 

DancibraLh 

Dara 

Darda 

Darian 

Darius 

Darken 

Dathan 

D;Uheraah 

Dsbir 

Deborah 

Decapoli 

Decapolis 

Dp  dan 

Dedanim 

Dehavites 

Dekar 

Delaiah 

Delilah 

Deraas 

Demetrius 

Derbe 

Deuel 

Deuteronomy 

Diana 

Diblaim 

Diblath 

Dibon 

Dibri 

Dibza[;ab 

Didrachm 

Didymus 

Dilean 

Dimon 

Dimonah 

Dinaites 

Dinhabah 

Dionysius 

Diotrephea 

Dishan 
Dizahab 

Dodai 

Dodanim 

Dodavah 

Dodo 

Doeg 

Dophkah 

Dorcas 

Dorymenes 

Dositheus 

Dothaim 

Dothan 

Drachma 

DrusUla 

Dumah 

Dura 


EArfAs 

Ebal 

Ebed  Melech 

Ebenezer 

Eber 

Ebiasaph 

Ebronah 

Ecanus 

Ecbatana 

Ecclesiastes 

Ecclesiastic  U9 

Edar 

Eden 

Edias 

Edom 

Edoniilcs 

Edrei 


dab' arch 
ddb'ba-sfuth 
ddb't-rath 
dd'bri-a 
da-c/i'bi 
dad-di'us 
dd'gon 
dd'ean 
ddl-a-Vah 
ddV'i-lah 
ddl-nta-nft' ihak 
dul-md'shia 
ddVfvti 
ddm'a-ris 
ddm-a'.trena' 
I  da-jitdi'kuj  or  da  lads' 
i      kus 
ddn'ittJi 
dai-Ja'an     * 
ddii'o-brath 
dd  'rail 
ddr'dah 
dd'fi-an 
da'rVus 
ddr'kon 
dd'thnti 
ddth'c-mah 
di'bcr 

de'bo-raJi  or  deb'o-rch 
dc-kdp'o-li 
d(>-kdp'a-lis 
de'daii 

ded'd'nim  or  did'a-nim 
I  de'fui-tUcs  or  dc-kd'- 
t      vites 

de'kar 

de-la-Vah 

deV'i'lah. 

dS'moj 

dc-me'tfi-us 

der'be 

de-y-'cl  or  dc-tVcl 

deu'tcr-on'  o-nii 

dl'd'nah 

dib'ld'im  or  dib'ld-im 

dib'lutJi 

di'ban 

dib'rt 

dib'za-hnb 

dVdrain 

did'i-inus 

dVlc-an  or  dU'i-an 

di'mon 

di-mo '  Jiah 

dl'na-ites 

diii-hu'bah 

dy-Q-nisWi-us 
i  di-ot'rc-fci  or  di-ot-r£'- 
\     fez 

di'shan 

diz'za-hfdt 

do-dd'i  or  dod'd-i 

do-dd'nim  or  dod'n-nim 

do-dd'vaJi  or  dod'a-vah 

do' do 

do' eg 

dofkah 

dor'kas 

do-rim' e-ncs 

dos'i-thi'us 

do'thd'im  or  do'tha-ita 

do' than 

drdk'maJt 

du'mah 
du'roA 


E. 


S'a-nas 

S'bal 
i  Z'bed  mc'Uk  or  e-bed'- 
\      mc-lfk 

(b-en-^'zcr 

e'bcr 

C'bi'a-si^f 

cb-rO'nah  or  c-br6'nah 

e-kd'ntis 

(k-bdt'a-na 

di-kh'ie-ds'tes 

tk-kle-zcds' ti-kus 

e'dar 

e'den 

e'di-as 

S'dom 

S'dom-ite3 

(d're-i 


Eglah 

E^laim 

Ebi 

Ekrebel 

Kkron 

Ekrooites 

Eladah 

Elah 

Elamites 

Klasah 

KIlKribel 

Elcia 

Eldaah 

F:icad 

Elealeb 

EloaKih 

Kleazar 

Eli:azunu 

Elcloho 

Eleph 

KIciitbcnifl 

Kli-uzai 

Elhav-nan 

Eli 

Eliab 

Etiada 

Eliadun 

Eliah 

Eliahba 

Eliaka 

Klinkioi 

Eliali 

El  tarn 

Elias 

Kli:i^ph 

Elia<hib 

Eli  as  is 

Eliatbah 

Eliazar 

Klidad 

Elicl 

Elicnai 

Eltezer 

Elihorcph 

Elihu 

Elijah 

Klika 

Eliinelech 

Elim 

ElioDnai 

Elionas 

Eliphal 

Eliphaleh 

EIi|fbalel 

Eliphaz 

Eltsxus 

Eliseus 

Elisha 

Elishama 

Elishapbat 

Elishcba 

Elishua 

Eli^iuius 

Eliu 

Eliud 

Eliznpban 

Kii/.ur 

Elkanah 

Etkosbito 

Eilasar 

£1  mod  am 

Elnaam 

Elnailian 

Eloi 

Eton 

Eton  Bethlianan 

El  on  ites 

Elolli 

Elpaa! 

E![>3lct 

Elparan 

EUckch 

EUekon 

Eltolad 

Elul 

Etiizai 

Klyntais 

El  V  mas 

Elzabad 

Elzaphan 

EinalcucI 

Emanuel 

Emims 

Emmaus 

Emmor 

Enam 

Eneas 

Eneglaim 

Enemessar 

Enenias 

Enirannim 

Enccdi 

Enhaddnh 

Enhakkore 


ee-l^'im  or  tr'li m 

e'ki 

ik're-ld 

I'krcn  or  fk'roa 

ik'roA-ittJ 

d-^'dak  or  Wa  — 

flak 

i'tawt-ilu 

d-^'taJi  tjf  il'a  • .. 

ei^WcMui  fl  ..     . 


el-d'o~kc  or  Hh-U'U 
tl-c»-za'i 

il-k&'lUUL 

I'a 


e-Vio-taf 
trli'a-tkih 
e-il'a-tis 
tM'a-dUh 

c-li~&'zcr 

e-n'd^i 

iti-<l 

e~li-t'na-< 

e-li-i'irr 

U-e-k^'ref 

C-Xi'Hk 

cAVkah  (.r  ti  tick 

c-iim'c-UJt 

t'lim 

cl-'i-i'nd'i  or  »4c-£'jid-i 

e-U-^'nas 

il'i-fal 

tMfad'Ji 

e-lifc-Ui 

H'tt'/uz  or  e-Il'/ui 

H-t-sl'ns 
eM'siak 

e-iijk'c-mak 
e-tisk'c-rat 

clifk'e-hih 
ihi'.':\u'ak 
t-iis'i-mms 

c-Uz'c-foM 

C-li'Zitr 

d-k&'ndik  or  rrU-««A 

€Vk0-ikit£ 

ild&'ior  or  e{'Ui-4Kr 
il-aiS'dem  cr  irtm»~d*m 

H'mA-em 

il-n&'tioL  or  ii'MM-Uta* 

I' Ion 

i'hm  Irtk'kc-nc* 

I'lvn-iUj 

t'ltOi 

H-pA'el  or  rrp" 

il-pii'lH  or  f i  ,-  :  ' 

el-ptl'ra*  or  «* ;  :  ---' 

iUl'kfh  or  fl :~  •■■ 

iVte-kcJi 

il-tv'hd  or  il  i.-'Ud 

I'lml 

edU'ia-i  I 

el-'i'9t&'is 

il^'i-aas  or  t-tt'mu 

it'za-bsd 

^,'-:J/js  cr  iVia-ftm 

i'mias 
cti-uS'us  or  f- 

I'nsm 

{-^nt'as  or  fx^-ca 

fK-r-tsc-f'ser 
f-af '«>'-<-♦ 

cn-ri'ii'i  or  r*',"  -"» 

ai'Udc-z\ 

tn-kaX-'ti^-re 


FdU,  far,  bat.  —  JilSte,  h^lp.  • 


-Ptnt,  viafine.--.\otc.—  TUnc,  nmtc  —  g  as  j ;  ?h  as  sh. 


\aoi 


PRONUNCIATION   OF   SCRIPTURE   PROPER  NAMES. 

Enhazor 

cji-h&'zor 

Gabbatha 

gdb'ba-tliah 

Giuites 

git'titcs 

Hareph 

hd'ref 

I^nmishpat 

en-mi^h'pat 

Gabrias 

gd'bri-a.'i 

Gizonile 

gVzo-niic 

Haretii 

hd'reth 

Eiidcli 

E'lwh 

Gabriel 

gd'bri-cl 

Gnidus 

nVdus 

Harhaiah 

hdr-ha-Vah 

Enrinimon 

en-rini'  mon 

Gadara 

gdd'a-ra 

Goatli 

gd'ath 

Harliata 

hUr-hd'tah  or  hdr'Iia-tah 

Eiirogel 

ai-r5'gel 
j  in-shehiicsh  or  eii'bhe- 

Gadarencs 

gdd-a-Tcens' 

Golan 

gU'lan 

Harim 

hd'Hm 

Ensheniesh 

Gaddes 

gdd'des 

Golgotha 

goVgoth-ah 

Ilarnepher 

hdr-iiS'fer  or  kdr'nc-fcr 

l      mesh 

Gaddi 

gdd'dy 

Goliah 

go-li'ah 

Harod 

hd'rod 

Entappuali 

en-tdp'pii-ah 

Gaddiel 

gdd'di-el 

Gomer 

gO'mer 

Haroeh 

hdT'o-eh 

Epaphras 

ep'a-fras 

Gadi 

gd'di 

Gomorrah 

go-vwr'rah 

Harorite 

ka'ro-rite 

ICpapIiroditua 

c-pdfro-dVtus 

Gadites 

gdd'itcs 

Gopher 

go'fcr 

Hariishelh 

kdr'o-sketJi 

Epenetus 

e-pe-ne'tiisoier-peu'e-tus 

Gaius 

ga'yws 
gdVa-dad 

Goshen 

go'tiheii 

Harsha 

liUr'slmh 

Ephah 

c'fah 

Galadad 

Gothoniel 

go-thoji' i-cl 

Ha  rum 

h&'rum 

Epliai 

e'jn 

Galal 

gd'lal 

Gozan 

gO'zan 

Harumaph 

ha-ru'maf 

Eplies  Dammim 

e'/es  ddm'mim 

Galatia 

ga-ld'shi-a 

Grecia 

grS'shi-a 

Haruphite 

ha-rO'fite 

Ephesians 

c-fe' zk'i-ans 

Galbanum 

gdVba-num 

Greece 

grSccc 

Haniz 

hd'riLZ 

Ephesus 

fffe-sits 

Galecd 

gdVc-cd 

Gudgodah 

gud'  go-dah 

Hasadiah 

hdza-dVah 

Ephlal 

ef'lal 

Gal  gala 

gdl'ga-la 

Guni 

gu'in 

Hasenuah 

hdz-e-mi'ah 

Ephod 

c'fod 

Galikans 

gaUi-U'ans 

Gunites 

gu'mtes 

Hasiiabiah 

hdsh-a-bVah 

Epiiphallia 

effa-Viah 

Galilee 

gdVl'i-lce 

Gurbaal 

gur-bd'al 

Hashabnah 

hdsh-db'nah 

Ephraim 

efra-im  or  ^'fra-im 

Gallio 

gdVli-o 

Hashabniah 

hds}i-ab-7u'ah 

Ephraimites 

S'fra-im-ites 

Ganiael 

gdrn'a-d 

Hashbadana 

hcsh-bdd' a-nah 

Ephrntah 

^'ra-tah 

Gamaliel 

ga-ma'lc-d 

H. 

Hashem 

hd'shcin 

EphraUi 

efraih 

Gaminadiras 

gdm'ma-dims 

Haphmonah 

hdsk-^nu' nah 

Ephrathitea 

ifTath-iics 

Gamul 

gd'mul 

Ha^hub 

hdsh'uh 

Ephron 

G'fron 

Garob 

ga'rcb 

Hashubah 

hash  ^'bah 

Epicureans 

cp-€-ku'ri~sns 

Garizim 

gdr'i-zhn. 

Haahashtari 

kd-a-hdsh'ta-rl 

llashum 

hdsh'um 

Eran 

e'ran 

Gashmu 

gdsfi'meio 

Habaiah 

hd-bd'ynh 

Hashupha 

luL'Sku'fah 

Eranites 

c'rdn-itcs 

Gatam 

gd'tam 

Habakkufc 

hdb'a-kuk  or  ha-hak'uk 

Hassenaah 

has-se-nd'ali 

Erastu3 

c^ds'tus 

Gathhepher 

gdth-kc'fer 

ilabaziniah 

luib-a-zi-nV  ah 

Hasupha 

has-u'fah  or  ha-su'fah 

Erech 

e'rek 

Gathrimmou 

gdth-rim'moii 

Habergeon 

ha-ber' gc-oii 

Hatach 

h&'tak 

Esaias 

ez-zd'yas  or  e-zahjas 

Gaza 

gd'zak 

Habor 

lid'bOT 

Hal  hath 

hd'thath 

Esar  Haddon 

S'sar  hdd'don 

Gazabar 

gdz'a-bar 

Hachaliah 

Mk-a-lVah 

Hatita 

hdVi-tah 

Esau 

e'saw 

Gazara 

ga-zd'ra 

Hacliclah 

hdk'e-lah 

Hattaavah 

hat-td'a~vah 

Esdrelon 

es-drS'lon 

Gazathites 

gd'zatk-itcs 

Hachmoni 

hak-mv' III  or  hdk'mo-ni 

Hattipha 

hdi'ti-fah  or  hat-tVfah 

Esebon 

ts'e-bon 

Gazera 

ga-ze'ra 

Hadad 

hd'dad 

Hauran 

haw' ran 

E^ebrias 

e.-se'bri-as 

Gazez 

g&'zcz 

Hadadezer 

hdd-ad-e'zcr 

Havilah 

hdfJi-Jah 

Esek 

e'sck 

Gazites 

gaz'ites 

Hadad  Rimmon 

hd'ddd  rim'won 

Havoth  Jair 

hd'voth  Jd'ir 

E^hbaal 

esh-hd'al  or  esh'ba-al 

Gazzaiu 

gdz'zaiTi 

Hadar 

hd'dar 

Hazael 

hdz'a-el  or  ha-zd'd 

i:shcol 

esh'kol 

Gebal 

ge'bnt 

Hadarezer 

hdd-a-rc'zcr 

Hazaiah 

ha-zd'ynh 

E?hcan 

ish'c~an  or  e'she-tiJi 

Gebcr 

ge'ber 

Iladashah 

i  had-d' shah  or  hdd'a- 

Hazar  Hatticon 

hd'zar  hdt'fi-kon 

Eshkalon 

e^h'ka-lon 

Gebiin 

gc'bim 

\      shah 

Hazaroth 

ha-zd'roth 

Eshtao! 

esh'ta-ol 

Gedaliah 

ged-a-Wah 

Hadassah 

ha-dds'sah 

Hazel  Elponi 

hd'zd  el-po'vi 

Esbtaulitea 

esh'taw-Utes 

Gcder 

glider 

Hadattah 

lia-ddt'tah 

Hazerim 

haz-e'rim  or  ha~zS'rim 

Esbtemoa 

esk-tem'o-ah 

Gederah 

ge-de'rah 

Had  id 

hd'did 

Hazeroth 

haz-e'roth  or  ha-ze'roth 

Eslitemoth 

esh'tc^moth 

Gedcrathite 

ge-dc'ratJt-ite 

Hadlai 

hdd'la-i 

Hazezon 

kdz'e-zon 

Esli 

es'li 

Gederite 

ged'c-rite 

Hadoram 

ha~do'ram 

Haziel 

ha'zi-d 

Esmacbiah 

es-via-kV  all 

Gederotb 

ge-dc'roth 

Hadrach 

hd'drak 

Hazor 

hd'zor 

Esora 

e-so'ra 

Gederothaim 

gc-dcr-otfird'im 

Hagab 

ha' gab 

Hazubah 

hdz'ti-bah 

Esrom 

es'roia 

Gehazi 

ge-hd'zi 

Ilagabah 

hdg'a-bah 

Heber 

he'ber 

Essenes 

cs-seens'  or  cs-sS'ncs 

Geliloth 

giVi-loth 

Hagai 

kdg'a-i 

Heberites 

hi'ber-ites 

Esthaol 

ist'ha-ol 

Gem  alii 

ge-mdVn 

Hagar 

kd'gar 

Hebron 

he' bran 

Esther 

es'tcr 

Gemariah 

gem-a-rVak 

Hagarenes 

hdg-a^ccns'  or  ha-ga- 

Hebron  ites 

he'bron-ites 

Etam 

5'tam 

Genesarelh 

ge-nes'a-rcth 

TCClis' 

Hfgai 

hc-gd'i  or  keg'ori 
ke^ge 

Eibanim 

eth'a-nim 

Genesis 

gcn'e-sis 

Hagariles 

hd'gar-ites 

Hege 

Ethbaal 

cth-bd'al  or  eth'ba-al 

Genezar 

gc-iie'zar 

Haggai 

hdg'ga-i 

Helah 

hc'lah 

Ether 

e'ther 

Genneus 

gen'ne-us  or  gc7i-ne'us 

Hageeri 

hdg'gc-Ti 

Helchiah 

hd-kVah 

Ethiopia 

e-m-O'pi-a 

Gentiles 

geti' tiles 

Haggi 

hdg'gi 

Heldai 

hd'da-i 

Eihnan 

ithhtan 

Genubath 

gm'u-hath  orgc'nu-bath 

Haggiah 

hdg-gVah 

Hfleb 

he'leb 

Eiiasibus 

il-ns'i-bus 

Gera 

gS'rah 

Haggites 

hdg'gites 

Helekites 

hS'lek-ites 

Euhiilus 

7(.-hu'lllS 

Gerasa 

ger'a-sah 

Haggith 

hdg'gUk 

Helcph 

M'W 

Eunatban 

%'na-than 

Gergasenes 

gcr-ga~seens' 

'^ai 

ha^i 

Helkai 

UVka-i 

Eunice 

il-nVsc  or  ti'msc 

Gerpishi 

ga-'gn-sfti 

Hakkatan 

hdk'ka-tan 

Helkath  Hazzu- 

\  keVkath  haz'ii-rim 

Euodias 

•tl-u'd'i-as 

Gergasbites 

ger'ga-shites 

Hakkoz 

hrik'koi 

rim 

Euphrates 

y.-fra'tes 

Gerizim 

ger'rC'Zim 

Hakupha 

hak-i('fah  or  ha-ku'fah 

Helkias 

het-ki'as 

Eupolemus 

y.'pol' c-mus 

Gerrreans 

geT~rS'aiis 

Halac 

hd'hik 

Helon 

he'lon 

Euroclydon 

Ti-^ok'lc-don 

Gerrinians 

gir'rin-i-aiis 

Hali 

kd'll 

He  man 

he'vian. 

Eutycbus 

ti'ti-lcus 

Ger^hom 

ger'sfiom 

Hallelujah 

hiil'k-W'mh  or  -jih 

Hena 

he'nak 

Eve 

eve 

Geshem 

gS'shem 

Halloesh 

hal-l5'csh 

Henadad 

hrn'a-dad 

Evi 

e'vl 

Geshuri 

gtsk'l^'ll 

Raman 

kd'mait 

Henoch 

ke'nok 

Evil  Mcrodach 

e'vil  mc-ro'dak 

Gesim  rites 

gcsh' ii-rites 

Ha  math 

hd'ma(k 

Hepher 

he'fer 

Exodus 

ez'o-dus 

Gether 

ge'thcr 

Hamathite 

ham'aih-iie 

Hophc  rites 

he'fcr-itcs 

Ezar 

c'zar 

Getbolias 

getk-O'U'as 

Hamalh  Zobah 

hd'mafh  zo'hah 

Hephzibah 

hifzi-baJi 

Ezbai 

ez'ba-i 

Getbsemane 

geUi'Sem'a-ne 

Hameleth 

hdm'e-leth 

Heres 

he'res 

Ezechias 

f.z-c-kVas 

Geuel 

ge-^'d 

Haniital 

hdm'Ual 

Hennas 

her' mas 

Ezekias 

cz-e-ki'as 

Gczer 

ge'zer 

irammedatba 

ham-mid'  a-tliah 

Hermes 

hcr'mes 

Ezekiel 

c-zi'ki~d 

Gez  elites 

gc'zer-ites 

Hammelech 

hdm'me-lck 

Hennogenes 

hcr-mog'c-nes 

Ezel 

c'zd 

Giah 

gVah 

Hammoleketh 

(  hdm-mo'le-kcth  or  ham- 

Hermouites 

her'nwii-ites 

Ezerias 

H-e-rVas 

Gibbah 

gib' bah 

\      mol'e-kcth 

Herod 

her' rod 

Ezias 

e-zVas 

Gibbethon 

gtb'be-thon 

Ha  mon  ah 

hdm-d'nah  oThdm'o-nah 

Hrrodians 

hc-ro'di-ans 

Ezion 

e-ii'on  or  ^'zi-on 

Gibca 

gib'c-ah 

Ilamoiigog 

hd'mon-gog 

Hriodias 

be-ro'  di-as 

Eziou  Gebcr 

e'z'i-c'Ti  ai'bcr 

Gibealh 

gib'c-ath 

Hamotbdor 

It  a' moth-dor 

Flerodinu 

he-ro'd'i-on 

Ezraliite 

ez'ra-hUe 

Gibcon 

gib'c-on 

Hamuel 

hd-mu'd 

Hes.-d 

hc'sed 

Ezricl 

ez'fi-d 

Gibeonites 

gib' c~an-itC3 

Hamu! 

hd'mul 

Heshbon 

htsk'bon 

Ezronites 

ez'ron-itcs 

Giblites 

gib'litcs 

Hamutal 

hd~mit'tal 

Hezeki 

hez'e-kl 

Giddaiti 

gid-ddVtl 

Han  am  eel 

hd-ndm'  c-cl 

Hezckiah 

hei-c-kl'ah 

Giddel 

gid'dd 

Hanan 

hd'nan 

Hezion 

hl'z'i-on 

F. 

Gideon 
Gideoni 

gid'e-on 
gid-c-o'nl 

Hananeel 

I  ha-ndn'c'doT  han'nan- 
i      c-el 

Hezir 
Hezrai 

hVz&r 
hez'ra-i 

Gidom 

gVdom 

Hanan i 

ha-nd'nl 

Plez:  .n 

hez'ron 

Gier 

gi'cr 

Hananiah 

han-a-nVah 

H  ezronites 

hfz'ron-ites 

Felix 

feniz 

Gihon 

gl'hon 

Hanes 

hd'ncz 

Hiddai 

hid'da-i 

Festus 

fPs'tus 

Gilalai 

gil-a-ld'  or  gil'a-ld 

Haniel 

hd'ni-al 

Hiddekel 

hid'de-kd 

Forlunalus 

for-tu-nd'tus 

Gilboa 

git'bu'ah  or  giVbo-ah 

Hannathon 

hdn'na-tlion, 

Hiel 

hVd 

Gilead 

gil'e-ad 

Hanniel 

hdn'ni-el 

Flicrapolis 

hi-er-rdp' o-lis 

Gilcadite 

gil'e-ad-ite 

Hanoch 

hd'nok 

Hiereel 

hi-er'e-d 

G. 

Gileal 

gil'gal 

Hanochites 

hd'nok-itcs 

Hie  re  moth 

hi-er'e^moth 

Giloh 

gVlo 

Hanun 

hd'niui 

Hierielus 

hi-er^i-e'liis 

Gilonite 

gi'lo-nite 

Hapharahn 

haf-a-rd'im 

Hiermas 

hi-er'mas 

Gimzo 

gbn'zo 

Hara 

hd'rah 

Higgaion 

hig-gd'yon 

Gaal 

g&'al 

Ginath 

gVnath 

Haradah 

hdr'a-dah 

Hilen 

hi'len 

Gaash 

gd'ask 

Ginnetho 

gin'ne-tho 

Haraiah 

hdr-a-Vah 

Hsikiah 

hil-kVah 

Gaba 

gd'ba. 

Girgashitea 

gir' gorshitcs 

Hararite 

hd'ra-rite 

Hi  rah 

hVrah 

Gnhael 

gdb'a-d 

Girgasite 

gir'ga-site 

Harbonah 

1  hdr-bo'rjah  or  h'dr'bo 

Hiram 

hi'ram 

Gabbai 

gdb'bd  or  gah'baA 

Gitt-aim 

git-td'im  or  git'ta-im 

1      nah 

Hirca...is 

hir-kd'nvs 

FG 

if, /tir,  bat,— 

Ml'Cy  help.  —  Pincj  marine 

~J^te.~  Tune 

%nite,  —  g  as  j  ,•  ck  as 

sh. 

I 


1W2 


PRONUNCIATION   OF   SCRIPTURE   PK,OrE:i  NAMES. 


muites 

Hivites 

Hizkijah 

Hobab 

Hoiiaiah 

Uodaviah 

Hode\'ah 

Hodiah 

Hodijah 

Hoglah 

Holofernes 

HoIoQ 

Homam 

Hophni 

Hophra 

Horani 

Horbagidgad 

Hon 

Horims 

Horiles 

Horonaim 

Horonites 

Uosah 

Hosannah 

Hosea 

Hoshaiab 

Hoshama 

Hosbea 

Hotbam 

Ilotbir 

HupbaDi 

Uuphaiuiies 

Hurai 

Husbah 

Hushai 

Hiisham 

Hushatbile 

Uusliubah 

Huzoih 

Hydaspes 

Hyena 

Hymeneua 


Ibleah 
Ibneiah 

Ibnijab 

tchabod 

Icoiiitim 

Idaluh 

Idalan 

Iddo 

Idiiel 

Jdumxa 

Idu  means 

IgJaUah 

Igeabarim 

Igeal 

lim 

Ijon 

Ilai 

Illyricum 

Immanuel 

Ipbedeiah 

Ira 

I  ram 

Iry 

Irijali 

Imahash 

Irpeel 

Irdhemesh 

Iru 

Isaac 

Isaiah 

Iscah 

Iscariot 

Isdael 


IshbosbeUi 

l3hi 
Ishiab 
Ishtjab 
Is'.imael 

Is  b  ma  elites 

Uhmaiab 

Ishraerai 

Ishod 

Isbuab 

Ishuai 

lamacbiah 

Ismaiah 

Israel 

Israelites 

ldi«acbar 

r^tatcurus 

fiui 


hit'tites 

hi' dies 

Itiz-kt'jah 

hd'bab 

hod-a-Vah 

hod~a-cVah 

ho-di'vah 

ho-di'ah 

ho-al'jah 

kot-o-fer'nti 
hS'lon 

ho'inam 

ho_fai 

Iwfrah 

kd'ram 

kor~rii-g'id'  gad 

hS'ri 

hd'rims 

h5' rites 

kor-o-nd'im 

hor'ro-nites 

ho'saA 

hi>-zdTi'iiah 

ho-ze'ah 

hosh-a-Vah 

hosh'a-mah 

ho-she'a 

hd'thaia 

hd'tkir 

hu'fam 

hu'/am-ites 

Au'ra 

hu'shah 

Jtii'sftd 

hu'sham 

hfi'shatJi-itc 

hii-shu'baA 

ha'zoth 

kij-das'pes 

hy-€'nah 

?iif-mcn-B'u3 


I. 


ib-nVaJt 

ib-nt'jtih 

ik'a-bod 

i-tiS'n'i-um 

i-dd'tuh  or  id'a-lah 

id'a-taJi 

id'ilo 

id'^-d 

id-u-me'ah 

id-u-mc'ans 

Vgal 

ig-da-WaJ 

ig'e-db'a-rim 

itr-c'al  or  ig'e-al 

z'tm 

Vjon 

Via 

il-itfr''i-kum 

im-radn'if-ci 

if-e-dl'aU 

Vrah 

Vram 

Vry 

i-rt'jah 

xr-nd'kash  or  ir'na-kash 

ir-pe'el 

irshe'mesh 

t'rii 

Vzak 

i-zd'yah 

is'caJt 

is-kdr'ri-ot 

is'da-el 

Sish'hi  bc'nob  or  iali-bV- 
be-nob 
{  ish-bo'sheHi  or  ish'bo- 
i     sheth 

Vshi 

ishVah 

inshVjah 

ish'ma-el 

ish'ma-d-ius 
K  iihym.d'vah  or  Lsh-jna- 
\      i'oA  ' 

isfi'me-rd 

Vshod 

ish'ii-ah 

isTna-ki'ali 

w-ma-i'oA 

ta'ra-e* 

is'ra-el-ites 

is'sO'kar 

is-taUku'rus 

i8'^-i 


[suites 

is'u-itcs 
iOi'a-i 

[thai 

[tbamar 

ith'a-mar 

Elbiel 

iUi'i-d 

[t  bream 

ith're-am 

[thrites 

iUt'rUes 

[ttab  Kazio 

il'tah  kd'zi 

[Itai 

it'ta-i 

tturea 

it-u-ri'ah 

Ivah 

I'vaJi 

Izebar 

iz'e-kar 

Izbar 

iz'hoT 

Izhante 

iz'liar-xte 

Izraliiah 

iz-TOrhVah 

I  :rahite 

iz'TO-hite 

Izraiab 

iz-ra-I'oA 

Izreel 

iz're-el 

Izrites 

iz'rites 

J. 


Jaakak 

Jaakobab 

Jaala 

Jaalam 

Jaanai 

Jaareoragim 

Jaasania 

Jaasau 

Jaasiel 

Jaazali 

Jaazaniah 

Jaaziah 

Jaaziel 

Jabal 

Jabosli 

Jabcz 

Jab  in 

Jahm-el 

Jaclian 

Jacbin 

Jachinitea 

Jacintb 

Jacobus 

Jada 

Jadnu 

Jadilua 

Jadoii 

Ja<l 

Jagiir 

Jabaleel 

Jabalelel 

Jahaz 

Jabaza 

Jabazael 

Jabaziali 

Jaliaziel 

Jabdai 

Jahdiel 

Jabdo 

Jableflitea 

Jablitl 

Jahmai 

Jabzeelites 

J  ah  Zf  rail 

Jabziel 

Jair 

Jairites 

Jairu3 

Jakan 

Jahkim 

Jalon 

Jambres 

Jambri 

Jamin 

Janiinitea 

Jamlech 

Jamnaan 

Jamiiia 

Jamnites 

Janna 

Jannes 

Janoah 

Janiim 

Japhetb 

Jap'iiab 

Japrilet 

Japhleti 

Japbo 

Jarah 

Jareb 

Jaresiah 

Jaroah 

Jasael 

Jashem 

Jasher 

Jashobcam 

Jasbub 

JashubiLehem 

I  Jashubites 


ja'a-Ican 

id.-dk'v-bah 

jd-&'lah 

ja-a'laiii 

jd-d'na 

ja-ar-C'Or' a-gim 

ja-ds-a-iiV  ah 

la-d'saiD  orjd'a-saw 

ja-d' si-el 

ja-a'zah 

jd-dz-za-nVah 

ja-a-zl'ak 

ja-d'z'i-el 

jd'bal 

jd'besh 

jd'bez 

jd'bin 

jdb'ne-el 

jd'kan 

jd'kin 

jd'Icin-ites 

jd'sinth 

ja-ko'bus 

jd'dak 

ja-dd'ii 

jad-du'ah 

jd'don 

jd'd 

jd'gur 

ja-hd'le-el 

ja-hdVe-ld 

ja'httz 

ja'hd'zak 

ja-luiz-d'el 

ja-ha-zl'ah 

ja-kdz'i'Cl 

jdh-dd'i  or  jdli'da-i 

jdh'di-d 

jail' do 

jdh'le-el-ites 

jdk'ti-d 

jdh-md'i  or  jdh'ma-i 

jiiJi'zC'el-Ucs 

jdh'zc-raJi 

jdh'zi-el 

jd'er 

jd'i^ites 

ju'i-TUS 

jd'kan 

jdk'kiin 

jd'lon 

jdm'brez 

jdm'brl 

jd'viin 

jd'min-itos 

jdm'lek 

jdmhia-an 

jdm'n'i-a 

jdm'nites 

jdn'nah 

jdn'nei 

ja-jiO'ah 

jd'num 

jd'fetk 

ja-fl'ah 

jdflet 

jdf-lS'tl  or  jdf'lc-ti 

jd'fo 

jd'rak 

ju'rcb 

jdr-e-ii'ah 

jorrO'ah 

jAs'a-el 

jd'skem 

jd'sker 

ja-shO'be-am 

jd'shub  OTJdsh'ub 
Ijd'shit'bl  IS'kem  or 
J     jdsh'u-bi  IS'hem 

jdsh'ub-ites 


Jasiel 

Jason 

Jasper 

Ja.siibiis 

Jatbiiiel 

Jattir 

Javan 

Jazer 

Jaziel 

Jearini 

Jealerai 

Jeberecbiah 

Jebus 

Jebusi 

Jebusites 

Jecamiab 

Jecr.liab 

Jeconiali 

Jcdaiab 

Jed  lac  I 

Jeilidiab 

Jediel 

Jeduthun 


Jeezer 

Jei^ar  Saliudutba 

Jebaleleel 

Jebalelfl 

Jehaziel 

Jebdciuh 

Jebeiil 

Jchezekel 

Jebiab 

Jehiel 

Jehicli 

Jehishai 

Jebiskiab 

Jeboadali 

Jeboaddan 

Jeboabai 

Jeboasb 

Jebolianaii 

Jehoiacbin 

Jeboiada 

Jeboiakiin 

Jehoiarib 

Jehonadab 

Jehonatban 

Jeburam 

Jehosbabeath 

Jeboshapbat 

Jehosheba 

Jehosbua 

Jehovah 

Jehozabad 

Jebozadak 

Jehu 

Jehubbah 

Jehucal 

Jehudi 

Jehudijah 

Jebush 

Jeiel 

Jecabzeel 

Jekameam 

Jekamiali 

Jekiuhiel 

Jemima 

Jemuel 

Jephthab 

Jephunneh 

Jerali 

Jerabmeel 

JerabmeeliteJ 

Jerechus 

Jered 

Jeremai 

Jeremiah 

J  ere  moth 

Jeriah 

Jeribai 

Jericho 

Jeriel 

Jcrijab 

Jerioth 

Jeroboam 

Jerodon 

Jerobam 

Jenibbaal 

Jerubesheth 

Jeruel 

Jerasaleni 

Jenisba 

Jesaiah 

Jesbaiah 

Jeshanah 

Jesharebb 

JesJicbeab 

Jesbebeah 


jd'.ii-d 
jd'aon 
jds'per 
ja-su'boA 
jdtk'n'i-d 
jdl'Ur 
jd'vaii 
j&'zer 
jQ'zi-d 
jS'a-rim 
je-dt'e-rd 
jcb-er-rc-kVah 
jS'bus 
je-ba'ni 
jib'u-sites 
yk-a-mV  alt 
yk-o-ll'ah 
jek-o-nVak 
jc-dd'ijak 
jid-i-ii'd 
jed'i-di'ah 
jt-d'i-d  oxjVdi-el 
{jed-ii'thun  or  jid'^.- 
\      Ihnn 
jc-S'zer 

jS'gar  sa-ha-du' tJiak 
tje-hdl'eled  ot  jc-hd'ti- 
{      Ic-d 
jp-hal'e~ld 
je-hdz'i-d  or  jc-hd'z'i-d 

jdi-dVah 

je-hVd 
jt-ht-z'e-kd 

je-hVah 

jc-hVd 

je-hi'c-li 

je-kish'a-i 

je-his-kl'  ah 

jc-ho  'a-dah 

jc-ho-dd'dan 

je-h5'a-haz 

je-hO'a.vh 

fije-Jio  hd'nan  or  je-hO'- 
I      ha  nan 

je-fioy'a-kin 

je-hoij' a-dah 

jc-Iioy'a-kim 

je-hoy'a-rib 

je-hon'a-dab 

je-lion'a-than 

je-h5'ram 

je-ho-shdh' c-ath 

je-lwsh' a-fat 

je-hosh'  e-bah 

je-hv.-ih' >{-ah 

jC'hd'pak 

je-huz'a-bad 

je-liot'a~dak 

je'hu 

jc-hub'bak 

je-hu'kal  urjS'hu-kal 

je-hu'dl 

je-hu'dl'ja!i 

je'hush 

je-l'd 

je-kdb'zC'd 

jek-a-mS'am 

jdi-a-mi'ah 

jc-ku'thi-€l 

je-mVmah  oT  jem'i-mah 

jem'U'd  or  jem-u'd 

jefOmh 

je-fun'ndi 

jS'rah 

ijcr-a}i-vi£'cl  or  je-rdh'- 
(     me-d 

jc-rdh'mc-d-ites 

jfr'e-kus 

ja'red 

j^r'e-md 

jer-e-mV  ah 

jer'  e~moth 

jc-rVah 

jer'i-bd 

jer'i-ko 

je-rVd  ovjS'ri-d 

jer-rVjah 

jer't-oth 

jer-O'bZ'am 

jer'o-don 

jer-5'hatn  or  jrr'o-ham 
\je-rub-bd'at  or  jt-niV- 
i      ba-al 

{je-rub-esh'ctA  oijc-rub'- 
j      e-shetJi 

jc-ru'd 

jc-ritUa-ian 

jc-rii'sliah 

jesa'yah 

jcsh-<i-Vah 

jesh-Q'nah 

jesh'dr'e-l^ih 

jcsh-eb'e-ab 

jesh'eb'e-ah 


Jesber 
Jcshifnon 
Jctihitihai 
Jcftbobaiah 

JeKbua 

Jcitbui 

Jeshurun 

JcKlali 

Jcifimicl 

J  esse 

Jc^ua 

Jesui 

Jesus 

Jtiher 

Jelblab 

Jelbro 

Jctur 

Jru.l 

J',usb 

J'.UZ 

Jczaniab 

jLZcIiel 

Jczf'bis 

Jeztr 

Jeze  rites 

Ji^ziab 

Je-ziel 

Jczliab 

Jezoar 

Jezrabiab 

Jezrcel 

J  ez  reel  lie 

Jezreelitcss 

Jidlaph 

Jiphlali 

Jiplilbahel 

Jiretb 

Joab 

Joab 

Joahaz 

Juakim 
Joanna 

Joash 

Joatbam 

Juazabdus 

Job 

Jobab 

Jocbebed 

Joed 

Joel 

Joclab 

Joezer 

Jof-beah 

Jogli 

Joha 

Jobanan 

Joliii 

Juiadab 

Joiakim 

Joiarib 

Jukdi-am 

Jokim 

J  ok  in  earn 

Jukneam 

Jok^lian 

Jokthcel 

Jonadab 

Jonah 

Jonan 

Jonathan 

JonatbHlimRc- 
cbocbim 

Joppa 

Jorah 

Jorai 

Joram 

Joriba:j 

Jorkoam 

Josabad 

Josapbat 

Josapbias 

Jose 

Joscdccb 

Joseel 

Joscs 

Josbabad 

Josbah 

Josbaptiat 

Joshaviah 

Joshbckashah 

Joshua 

Josiab 

Josias 

Josibiali 

Josipbiah 

Josipbns 

Jctbatha 

Jotbani 

Jozabad 

Jozachar 

Jozadak 

Jutial 

Jucal 

Judsa 


je'skef 

je^isk'oH 

juk-»-ka-t'aJk 

jhk'u~ah 

jfjk'u-i 

jisk'mr^na 

je-jVoA 

jis-im'm'i-H 

ji'ns 

jt'tker 
jHM'tck 
jitkro 
je'tMr 

jt'miA 

jl'MZ 

jiZi-^nVak 

jil'e-hd 

jt-zi'lmj 

jl'ziT 

jVzer-iUM 

je-iVak 

jl'zi-el 

jez-tt'ek 

jiz'^-^r 

jiz'rer<l 

jit*re-H4l£ 

jid'Uf 

jiftJUik.<l 

jl'reth 

jo'ak 

jo-d'kaz  or  Jw'o-Aa: 

j&'a-kua 

jo-An'mtJk 

jS'ash 

joS'than  or  j^'O'them 

jo-a-zdl/diu 

jObe 

jO'bab 

jok'e-bc4 

jO'ed 

jU'd 

jo-e'tah 

jo^'zcr 

jog-bc'ak  oTJcg'he-Mk 

jog'U 

jo-kd'nojL 
jon 

joy'a-dak 

joya-kaa 

joya-rih 

jok-dVc-*. 

jp'ktm 

jok-ml'c^.  -:^   . 

jofiu-am 

jtm'a-dch 
jti'iuiM 

jen'a-Otai 
j  jS'itmk  i'lim  n-t^kim 

jQ'rck 

iS'rz-i 


:■ ' 

jos-a-ft'os 

ji'st 

j<^e-dtk 

ja'sc-<l 

jH'sez 

josk'a-had 


jo-si'ch 

Jcs-c-bl'ek 
jct~e/l'GX 


Fate,  far,  bdU—Jillte,  hilp.  —  Flne,  marine  — JfSte.— Tilne,  yiUe.—  g  as  j  : 


?»  IS  sh. 


1203 


f 

PRONUNCIATIOiN    OF   SCRIPTURE   PROPER   NAMES. 

Jii(l:ih 

jii'dah 

Lcbanah 

Ub'anah 

Mahlah 

vidh'lah 

Mellicu 

mel'ti-kil 

JiHhtli 

jii'iUth 

Lebanon 

leb'a-iion 

Maldi 

mdh'll 

Memplns 

mem'jis 

Julia 

j&'li-a 

Ltibaoth 

le-ba'oUi  nr  leh'a  oth 

Mablitca 

vid]i'litcs 

Meniucan 

me-mfi'kan 

Julius 

ju'Vi-us 

Lcbbeua 

leb-bS'us 

Mahlon 

vtdJi'ton 

Meiialicui 

mhi'a-hcm 

Junia 

jxtha-a 

Lebonah 

le-bO'naJt 

Mahut 

vi&'hul 

Men  an 

mS'nan 

JUjliUT 

ju'pit'ter 

Lee hah 

le'kah 

Maianeaa 

ma-dn'e-as 

Mene 

mShic 

JusliaMifislii'il 

jUr-shdh' hc-shed 

T<ehaliiin 

le-ha'bim  or  hVlui  bim 

Makas 

in&'kas 

Mcnnthai 

men'othO. 

Lehi 

IS'hl 

fthikhehjth 

mdk-he'luth 

Meoneiu'in 

inc-on'C'Uvni 

Lemuel 

lhn'%-d 

Makkedah 

vidk-kc'dah 

Mfphaath 

me-f&'ath  or  mefa-oth 

K. 

Leshem 

Wshcm 

I\Ialachi 

mdl'a-kl 

Mephibosheth 

ine-fib' o-shith 

Lclushim 

Ic-tu'shim 

:\Ialchatn 

indVkam 

Merab 

m£'rab 

Leu  minim 

le-um'mim 

Mak'hiali 

mdl-kVah 

Meraiah 

vie-ra-i'ah 

Levi 

Wvi 

MalchicI 

mdVk'i-d 

Meiiiiutii 

mc-rd'yoth 

Kahzekl 

k&b'ze-el 

Leviathan 

Je-vVa-than 

Malchielites 

mdVkUtUes 

ftienin 

mc-rd'ri  or  mir'a  rl 

Kades 

ka'dez 

Levites 

U'vites 

Malciiijah 

tnal-kJ'jah 

MeraiiteH 

m^r'a-rites 

Kadesli  narnca 

hd'drsh  bdr'nc-a 

Leviticua 

le-vit'i-kus 

Malchiram 

vial-ki'ram 

Meraihaim 

mir-a-ikd'im 

Kadniifl 

kdd'mi-cl 

Libni 

lib'nl 

Malchishuah 

mal-ki-sJiii' ah 

Mttcurius 

mer-ku'r'i^us 

Katluionitfs 

kdd'nwn-ites 

Libnites 

tib'nitcs 

.Malchoni 

mdVkom 

Me  red 

in£'red 

Kallai 

kiU'la-i 

Liyn  aloes 

litirdl't'CS 

Malclms 

indl'kus 

Mere  moth 

mir're-vtotli 

Kituali 

lia'nah 

Ligure 

ll'o-urc 

Malek-el 

mdl-lc-Wd 

Meres 

mS'rcz 

KniL-ali 

ka-rc'ah 

Likhi 

lUi'hi 

Mallollii 

viAl'lo-thi 

Meribah 

mir''i'bah 

Kaikaa 

kdr-h&'iih  or  kdr'ka-ak 

Linus 

W  nua 

Malhich 

vidVluk 

Meribbaal 

K  mcr'i-ba'al  or  mc  rib'- 

Karuaiiii 

kdr-n&'ini  or  kdr'iia-iin 

Loainmi 

lodm'ml 

ManiaiaH 

vta-md'yas 

i      ba-al 

Kaita 

kdr'tah 

Lode bar 

lo-d&'bar  i>x  lu.l'c-bnr 

Mamiiitanainiug 

mdm'ni-ta-iiQ'mus 

Merodaclibala 

i  mc  rO' dak-hdV a-dan 

Kideinah 

kt-d'c-mah 

liois 

lo'u 

Mature 

mam' re 

dan 

J-a-iieniulli 

kid' e~  moth 

Lo  Ruhamah 

lo  ru-ha'iiinh 

Matiiucus 

ma-m&kus 

Merom 

viS'roin 

KfdtT 

k^'dcr 

Lot  an 

I5'tan 

Maiiaen 

ma-nd'en 

Meionothile 

me-Ton'o  thitc 

Kfhelalliah 

ke-hi-i' a-tltah 

Lulhasubus 

luth'a-sft'bus 

Manahath 

mdn'a-Jiath 

Meroz 

mS'roi 

Keilah 

kl'lah 

Liibim 

lil'bim 

Manabem 

mdn'a-hcm 

Mcsech 

mS'sck 

Kclaiah 

ke-lu'iiah 

Lutas 

Ift'kas 

Manahethitea 

via-ndh' cth'ites 

Mesha 

mc'shah 

K.-lita 

kH'i-iaJi 

Lucifer 

lH'ci'flT 

Manasseaa 

mdn-as-sC'as 

Meshech 

viS'shek 

K(lk;illiliazunrn 

kel'kaOi-ha'Zfi'riin 

Lucius 

lii'shi-us 

Manassph 

7n(i-nds'srh 

Meslieleniiah 

mish-d'C-mf'ah 

Kcmucl 

kem'n-cl  or  ke^nn'd 

Lybia 

Ub'e-ah 

Manasaitea 

ma-nds' sites 

Meshczabeel 

viedt-H'a-be-d 

Kt-nali 

kS'nak 

Lycannia 

ly-ka-o'  it'i-a 

Manliauaira 

vidn-ha-nd'tni 

Meshilamttli 

(  mish-il'la-iiiith  or^Hf,-;?!- 

Ken  a/. 

kS'naz 

Lycra 

Idi'kah 

Manna 

mdn'nah 

1      ih-Wmith 

Kenites 

k£'nUes  or  ken'Ues 

Lydda 

lid'dah 

Manoah 

ma-nb'ah 

Meshobab 

me-sho'bab 

Kenniz/.itt^s 

hen'nii-zite^ 

Lydia 

lid'i-a 

Maoch 

md'ak 

Mesliullain 

Vic-shiil'lam 

Keren  Ilappuch 

kir'cn  hdp'puk 

Lysanias 

lij-S'Vni'KS 

Maon 

md'oii 

Mesdbah 

in  es'u'bah 

Keriolh 

ktr'i-oth 

Lysias 

lish'i-as 

Maoniles 

mQ'on-ites 

Mesobaite 

( vih-o-bd'ite  or  mf^i'p- 

Keroa 

ke'roz 

Lystra 

lis'tra 

Marah 

md'rah 

i      ba-ite 

Keturati 

ke-UVrah 

Maralah 

mdr'a-lah 

Mesopotamia 

mes-O'po-td.' m'i-a 

Kf;zia 
Ktziz 

ke-iVaJi 
kS'zii 

Maranatha 

(  vidr-an-d.' thah  or  vidr- 
\      a-ndth'a 

Mess  1  all 
Meterus 

mes-sVah 
mc-tS'rns 

Klbrotli  Ilallaa- 
vali 

?  kib'ruth  hat-ta'a-valt 

M. 

M  arena 
Mardoclieus 

mdr'kus 
mdr-do-kc'  us 

Metheg  Animi 
Melliredath 

h    mc'thrir  dm'mah 

mHh'rc-dath 

Kihzaini 

kib-ia'im  nr  kib'za-im 

Mareshah 

t  vidr'c-shah  or  via-rc'- 

Mtlhusael 

vie-thii'^a-d 

Kill  run 

kiiVrun  or  kl'droii 

j     sha 

Meibusalah 

me-thn'sn-lah 

Kiiiuh 

kVnah 

Maacathi 

ma  dk'a-tJn 

iMarisa 

ma-ri'sah  or  mdr'i-sa 

Meunim 

mf-n'iiim 
viei'ahiib 

Kirharaseth 

kir-har'a-scth 

Maachah 

vin-a'kah  or  vi^'a-kah 

Marsena 

m'dr-se'  nah 

Me/ahab 

Kirharrsh 

{  kir-ka'rc.-ih  or  kir'ha- 

\        T&Sk 

Maacbaliiiles 
Maadai 

viit-dk'a-thitcs 
vitL-dd'dd  nr  ina-a-<la'i 

Marten  a 
Masa 

mdr'tc-na 
md'sak 

Mianim 
Mmhar 

vn-u'tiun 
mib'har 

Kiriatliaim 

kir-c-a-ih&' im 

Maadinh 

tna-a-dVah 

Maschil 

mds'kil 

Mica 

mVkah 

Kiriulli 

kir'cMith 

Maai 

ma-d'i 

Maseloth 

mds'e-loth 

Micaiah 

mi'kd'yah 

Kirjalli  Aim 

kcr'jath  S'im 

Maaleh  Acrabbim  7n/i-a'/r/(  ak-rdb'him 

iVIashal 

vid'shal 

Micha 

viVkah 

Kiijarh  Arba 

kf-r'jath  dr'bah 
kcr'jath  u'rim 
ker'Jatk  a'r'i-iis 
kcr'jath  ha'al 
kcr'jath  hu'zotk 

Maanai 

lufi'a-iiu. 

Ma><rekah 

mds're-kah 

Michael 

ml'kad 

Kiijallt  Arini 

Maarath 

vta-U'ridh 

Massah 

mds'sah 

Mirhaiah 

mi-kd'yah 

Kiijath  Alius 

Maaseiah 

vn-a-sVah 

Massia-s 

vtas-sl'as 

Michmash 

mik'vuLsh 

Kirjatli  [!aa! 

niaasiai 

wa-nsi'd 

Matred 

vid'trcd 

MiihmLihah 

mik'vic-thah 

Kirjatli  lluzoth 

Maatli 

via' at  h 

Matri 

vid'trl 

Michri 

rnik'rl 

K'lijnlli  Ji-aniii 

kcr'iat!iji"a-rim 
kcr'jaUi  siinhiah 

Maaz 

jnS'nz 

Mattanah 

vidt'tn-nah 

Michtani 

mik'tam 

Kiijalli  j-'aiitiatl 

Maaziah 

ma-a-zV  ah 

Mattaniab 

indt'ta-nVah 

Midiun 

viid't-an 

Kni;illl  .SeplKT 

kcr'jath  sS'fcr 

Mabdai 

Vtdb'da-i 

Matlatlia 

vidt' Ui-iluih 

Midianites 

mid'i-auAtcs 

ICislii 

klsh'i 

Macalun 

vidk'a-lon 

Maltalhias 

mat-ta-thi'as 

Mi-.i:ilel 

viig' da-Id 

Kisljiiui 

kish'i'on 

Maccabit'us 

mak-ku'bV  us 

Malleiiai 

mat-tc-nd'i 

Mii'.ron 

mig'rnn 

Ivisliuu 

ki'shon 

Maccabcea 

mdk' ka-fjcez 

Matthat 

mal't}iat 

iMijamin 

jul'ja-viin  or  mij'n-win 

Kitron 

kiVron 

Macedonia 

viaS'Sv-do'n'i-a 

Matthew 

mdlh'thn 

MikhUh 

viik'loth 

Kna 

ko'ah 

Machbana 

vidk-bd'na 

Maitbi.-ifl 

vidthA'ns 

Mikneiali 

m'di'iiVah 

Kuliath 

ka'hath 

Machbena 

wdJc-bc'nah 

Matlilliiah 

mdt-tithA'ah 

Mihilai 

mil-a-ld'i 

Kohnthiteg 

kQ'hath-itea 

Machbenai 

mdk'br-nil 

Mazilias 

mai-i-tVas 

Milrali 

mil'kah 

Knlaiah 

kol-a-Vah 

Mac  li  helot  h 

mnJc-hd'loih 

Mazzaruth 

■mdz'zor^oth 

Miletum 

mi-lc'tnm 

Knrali 

kG'rah 

Mac  hi 

via'kl 

Meah 

viC'ak 

Mil.-tus 

vii-le'tiis 

Kuraliites 

k6'ra!i-itr.f 

Machir 

vid'kir 

Moan! 

me-S'ni 

Miiiiamin 

vitn-nl'tt-itiin 

Korathites 

kO'rath-itcs 

Maciiirites 

vid'kir-itcs 

Mearah 

vic&'rah 

Mmui 

miu'nl 

Korc 

ka're 

Machnadebai 

malC'iiii-de'bd 

Mebunai 

mc-bu'nd 

Miplikad 

mifkad 

Knrliiti3 

kor'hite 

Machpelah 

mak-pS' lah 

Mecheralh 

mik'crath 

Miriam 

miT'i-am 

Kushaiah 

k\Lsh-&'yah 

Madai 

vidd'a-i 

Mecheralhite 

mik' c-rath-ite 

Mirmah 

mcrhnah 

Madiabun 

via-di'a~bnn 

Medad 

inS'dad 

ft!isf;ab 

inis'gnb 

Madiah 

via-dVah 

Medalah 

mid'a-lah 

Michael 

mt'Shd'd 

L. 

Madian 

md'di-an 

Medebah 

med'e-bah 

Mishal 

mVshal 

Madmannah 

viad-mdn'  nah 

Medes 

mSSds 

Misliam 

mVsham 

Mndmenah 

vtojl-vi!^'  nah 

Media 

mVdi-a 

Mislieal 

vii'$hi"al 

Ma  don 

jita'dvn 

Median 

mVdi-an 

Mi.shma 

mish'mah 

IjAadah 

la'a-dah 

Magdala 

vidft'da-lah 

Meed  a 

m(ye'da 

Mishniannah 

7msh-iiinn'}i(th 

Laadan 

hi~G.'daii  or  in.'a-dan 

Majidab-n 

md'g'da-lrn 

Meg  id  do 

me-gid'do 

Mishraites 

jitLh'ra-itrs 

I.aban 

la'han 

Mnydahno 

mdg-daAa'ne 

Megiddon 

mc-ffid'don 
mc~lid.'li 

Mispereth 

mis-pf-'rctJi 

Labana 

labn'imh  or  Idb'a-iiah 

Magdiel 

vias-dS'd  or  mdg'de-cl 

Meh.ali 

Misrepholh  MR\m  vii^'rr-foth  inS'im 

Lachish 

la'kish 

Ma«og 

Mchctabel 

mC'het'  a-bcl 

Mithredath 

mith're-duth 

l,acuiiu9 

la-kii'mts 

iMagor  Missal 

ib     ind'gor  mWsa-bib 

Mehida 

mc-hi'dah 

Mitylene 

mit-'i-ls'iic 

Lacl 

la'd 

Ma;;piaHh 

mag' pi-ash 

Mehir 

mS'ker 

Mizraim 

miz-rd'ini  or  miz'r.z  ini 

Lahad 

lu'had 

Mahalnh 

ma-hd'lah  or  m&'ha-lah 

Meholalhito 

me-hoV  ath-ite 

Mizar 

mVzar 

liahaimi 

la-h^'rinj 

Mahalalc(d 

t  ma-hdl'a-li'd  vTvia-h^'- 

Mehujael 

me-hfi'ja-d 
vic-huhnaii 

Mnason 

jiQ'son 

I.ahnian 

IWi'man 

(      la4cd 

Mehuman 

Muabites 

mO'ab-itcs 

J/ihini 

Idh'ml 

Mahuli 

ma-hU'll 

Mehunini 

mc-hu'nim 

Muadiah 

•mo-a-dVah 

l.aish 

Id'i^h 

Mahanaim 

7na-ha-nQ.'im 

Mejarktui 

me^dr'kon 

Moladah 

mol'a-dalL 

I/ikuin 

l&'kum 

Mahanchdan 

via-htX'neli-dan 

Mekonah 

me-kO'jtah  or  mek'o-nak 

Molech 

mO'lck 

l-aniecli 

l&'mek 

Mahan.in 

\  ina-ha'ncm  or  mfl'ha- 

Melatinh 

nid-a-tVah 

Molid 

mG'lid 

I.aodicea 

iS-od-'i-cS'ah 

/      nem 

Melchi 

mil'kl 

Moloch 

mb'lok 

Laodiceans 

l&-od-i-ce'a}ui 

MaJiarai 

ma-hdr'a-i 

Melchiah 

md-kVah 

Moosias 

vw-n-sVas 

Ijupidoth 

Idp'i-doUi 

Mahath 

ma'hnth 

Melchie! 

md'ki-d 

Morashite 

m5'r<i.<h-itc 

liasca 

la-^t'di 

Mahavile^ 

niQ'hii'Vitcj 

Melchisedek 

md-kii'ie-dck 

Morasthite 

mo-rds'ihiic 

Lashali 

Wskah 

Mahaziolh 

rna-lui  I'i-utJi  or  via-hS.'- 

Me!chishua 

md-ki-shu'a 

Mordecai 

mor'do  kd 

Lasharon 

lask&'ron 

zi-oth 

Melea 

me-lS'ah 

Moreh 

7nO    eh 

Lazarus 
l-'.-ah 

Idz'a-riis 
Wah 

Maher  shalal 
liayhbaz 

mu'hrr  shdl'al  hdsh'baz 

Melech 
Melila 

mS'ldc 

me-l'i'tah  or  mH'i-ta 

Moresheth  Gat 

.   J  7h5  rcsh-etb  ffath  or 
;      jnoresh-ctjh  gath 

F& 

te, /ar,  bdU^ 

MStc,  help,  —  Pine,  marine 

—  JV5te.  —  TUne 

^nite. — g  na  j ;  Zh  as 

sk. 

I 


I' 


lite 
Site 

m 

m 

u 

^a 

Ilgta 

Sm 

Mu 
Site 

Silu 


la-. 

Sai 

hai 

fa,; 

!4l 


I 


1294 


PRONUNCIATION   OF  SCRIPTURE  PROPER  NAMES. 


Mori  ah 

Muses 

>K>sorti;;i 

McisuUiiiii-m 

.MozhIi 

Muppnn 

Mush: 

MusliiJes 

MuthlabbcR 

Mvra 

Mysia 


mo~ri'ah 

inosdl'lam 

mo-str'ah  or  m&^c'rah 

mo'iez 

viasor^otJiOT  mo-sO'rotli 

imisul'la-mon 

mO'zak 

mup'phn 

viU'shl 

mQ' whites 

muth-ldb'tien 

mVrah 

mish'i-a 


N. 


Naam 

Nartmah 

Xaaman 

Naamathites 

Naarah 

Naarai 

Naaran 

Naashon 

Naa[hu3 

Nabal 

Nabarias 

Nabalheans 

Nab;uhites 

.Vabolh 

Xachori 

Nachor 

\adab 

Xadabatha 

Natrse 

N;vhabi 

Xalialiel 

Nab  alia! 

Nahalol 

Naham 

Nahamaui 

N'aharai 

Nab  ash 

Nahbi 

Nahor 

>'ai(lu3 

Nairn 

Nain 

Naioth 

Xanea 

Naomi 

Napliish 

Naphisi 

Naphthali 

Napbtuim 

Narcissus 

Naaor 

Nathan 

Nathanae! 

Nalhaniaa 

Nathan  Melech 

Naum 

Nave 

Nazarene 

Naiiareth 

Nazaritc 

Neah 

Nea  polls 

NL-ariaJi 

N«bai 

Nebaioth 

Nebnjoth 

Ne  ball  at 

Nehat 

Nelw) 

Nebuchadnezzar 

N'-buchadrezzar 

Nebuchasban 

Nebuchodonosor 

Nebuzaradan 

Nee  boh 

Necodan 

N-'!abiah 

N's'miaa 

Ne:rinoih 

Nehelainite 

Nebemiah 

N';hum 

Nehi:shtah 

N..-isI 

Nekeb 

Neboda 

Nemuel 

Nemiieliles 

Nephf» 

N-'phwhrsiin 

Nnphihoah 

Ni'phUiim 

Nephiiaini 

NcrcUd 


nS'am 

nQ'ii-mah  or  na-Q'mah 

jtH'a-man  or  na-d'maii 

nS'a-ma-thitcs 

r.&'a-ra!t 

na'a-rd 

7id'a-ran 

na-dsh'on 

nd'a-thus 

nd'bal 

ndb-a-rVas 

na-ia-VtS'ans 

nH'bath-ites 

nd'both 

nd'kon 

nd'kor 

n&'dab 

na-ddb'a-tka 

nd^fM-bi 

na-ha'ti-d 

na-hdl'lal 

nd'ha-lol 

nd'liam 

iia-hdm'a-ril 

na-hdr'a-i 

n&'futsh 

ndh'bl 

nd'kor 

nd'i-das 

nd'im 

nd'in 

nd'yoth 

na-nC'a 

na  O'm'i  or  nd'o-vd 

nS'Jifh 

ndfi'sl 

ndftha-tl 

ndftu-itn 

ndr-cis' iius 

nd'sor 

na'than 

na-tJidn'a-el 

ndth-a-nVa.^ 

nd'Lhan  me'lck 

nd'um 

nd've 

ndz-a-rSne' 

ndz'a^ith 

ndz'a-riU 

ni'ah 

ne-dp'po-lia 

ne-a-ri'ah 

Tte-bd'i  of  neb'a-i 

nt-bd'ijoVi 

n&-hd'}oth 

ne-bdl'lat 

nS'bat 

nl'bo 

ncb-n-kad-nhJ  zar 

neb-y.-kad-rez'za.r 

ncb-t^-kds'ban 

7ieb-i^-kod'On'o-sor 

n^ii-zdr'a-dan 

ne'ko 

ne-kS'dan 

ned-a-bl'ah 

ne-e^ml'as 

nig''i-noth 

ne-ke-mV  ah 

nS'kum 

n£-ku3h'tah 

nS'i-el 

nS'keb 

nc-kG'dah  » 

nem-%' elrites 

nZ'feg 

ne-Jlsh' e~sim 

nff-th6'ah  or  nffiko-ak 

neph't}L~im 

nS' re-US 


Nergal  Sharezcr 

Neri 

Neriah 

Nero 

Nethaneel 

Nethaniah 

Nethinima 

Netophatiiites 

Neziali 

Nezib 

Nicanor 

Nicodenms 

Nicolaitaiis 

Nicolas 

Nicopolis 

Nimrali 

Nimshi 

Nineveh 

Ninevites 

Nisan 

Nisroch 

Noadiah 

Noah 

Noe 

Nobali 

No£iah 

Noph 

Nophah 

Noiophah 

Nymph  as 


Obadiah 

Obal 

Obed  Edom 

Obil 

Oboth 

Ochiel 

Ocidelus 

Ocina 

Ocnm 

Oded 

Odollam 

Odonarkes 

Olamus 

Olymplias 

Oniaerus 

Omar 

Ome^a 

Omri 

Onam 

Onesimus 

OncsipUorus 

Onias 

Ono 

Onyas 

Onycha 

Onyx 

Ophd 

Ophir 

Ophni 

Op  h  rah 

Oreb 

Orion 

Orphah 

Orthosias 

Osaiaa 

Oseas 

Osee 

Oshea 

Olhni 

Othniel 

O/.em 

Ozias 

Oziel 

Ozni 

Oznites 

Ozora 


Paiian  Aram 

Pad  on 

Pagi'I 

Pahath  Muao 

Poi 

Palal 

Palestina 

Palestine 

Palbi 

Palbiitfd 

Paiti 

Paltjpl 

Pamphylia 


ner'gal  sharS'zcr 

nS'rl 

ne-rl'ah 

nE'ro 

nC'thdii'C'Cl 

neth-a-ni'ak 

iteth' in-i7ns 

nc-tofa-thiles 

nc-zVah 

iiS'zib 

nl-k&'?ior 

nili-o-dS'mus 

7iik'ii-ld'i-tans 

nik'o-las 

nl-kop'o-lis 

nivi'rdJi 

nim'shl 

niii'e-veh 

iiin'e'Vitcs 

nl'san 

nui'rok 

no-ah-dVah 

nH'ah 

nG'e 

TiO'baJi 

noff 
nu'fah 
r.o-Wfah 
nhn'ftis 


0. 


o-ba-dl'ah  or  ob-a-dVah 

S'bal 

O'bed  I'dom 

O'bil 

O'bolh 

O'ki-el 

os-i-dS'ltis 

os'i-na 

ok' ran 

O'ded 

o-dol'lam 

od-on-'dr'kcs 

ol'a-miis 

o-Um'fas 

om-a-S'rus 

S'mar 

O'mc-ga  or  o-mS'^a 

ofii'rl 

&'nam 

o-nes'a'i^mus 

on-e-sifo-riis 

o-nl'as 

6'tw 

o-ni/as 

O'luj'kah  or  on'i-kah 

5'niz 

C'fd 

G'Jir 

off' rah 

d'rcb 

o-rl'on 

or'fah 

or-tho-sVas 

o-z5'ijas 

o-zP.'as 

5' zee 

G'she-ah 

oth'nj 

otli'n'i-cl 

D'zem 

o-zl'as 

d'z-i-el 

oi'nl 

oz'nites 

o-zd'ra 


P. 


p&'a-rd 

pd'dan  d'ram 

pd'don 

pd,'^'i-cl  or  pd'ffi-cl 

pa'luith  mfi'ab 

pd'i 

pG'lal 

paUcs-lV  nah 

pAl'cs-tlnc 

pdl'in 

pAVlu-itcs 

pdl'ti 

pAl  t'i'd  or  pdl't'i-el 

pdm-fd'i-a 


Paphos 

Paradise 

Paran 

Parmashta 

Parnieiiaa 

Parnach 

Parosli 

i'arshandatha 

Parthirin-t 

Paruah 

Parvaiin 

Pasach 

Pasdammim 

Paseah 

Pashur 

Passover 

Patara 

Pateoli 

Patheua 

Pathros 

Pathrusim 

Patrobaa 

Pau 

Pedahcl 

Pedalizur 

Pedaiah 

Pekah 

Pekahiah 

Pekod 

Pelaiah 

Pelaliah 

Pelatiah 

Peleg 

Peleth 

Pelethites 

Pelonite 

Peniel 

Peninnah 

Penninali 

PenlapoHs 

Pentateuch 

Pentecost 

Penuel 

Peor 

Perazim 

Perez  Uzzah 

Pcrga 

Perganios 

Perida 

Pcrizzitcs 

Persia 

Peru da h 

Pethahiah 

Pethor 

Pethuel 

Peulthai 

Phaldaius 

Phalec 

Phaiti 

Phaltiel 

Plianuel 

PharaoJi 

Pharauli  Ilophra 

Pharathoni 

Pharez 

Pharezites 

Pharisees 

Pharphar 

Pharzites 

Phaseah 

Phebe 

Phenice 

Phenicia 

Phibeselh 

Phicol 

Philadelphia 

Philarches 

Phik-mon 

PhlletUS 

Philip 

Philippi 

Phihslia 

Phiiislim 

Philistines 

Philologus 

Philometer 

Phinehas 

Phi  son 

Plilegon 

Phrviiia 

Phubah 

Phud 

Phurah 

Phut 

Phygelliis 

Phylacterioa 

Pihahiroth 

Pilate 

Pildasb 

Piletha 

Piltai 

Pinon 

Piram 


pd'f03 

pdr'a-diie 

pd'ran 

p'dr-mdsh' tah 

pdr'rne-ntu 

p'dr'nak 

pd'rosk 

pdr-shdn'da  thaJi 

pdr'thi-aru 

pdr't^-ak 

pdr-vd'im 

pd'sak 

pas-ddm'mim 

pa-sS'aJi 

pdsh'uT 

pass'  o-ver 

pdt'a-rah 

pOr-tS'O'li 

pa-ihl'iLS 

pd'thros 

pdtft~ril' Sitn 

pat-rO'bas  »'r  pdt'ro-bas 

pd'ha 

ped'a-hel 

pcA-'dh'zuTOXprd  ah-zuT 

ped'd'ijah 

pVkah 

ptk-a-hi'iih 

pS'kod 

pil-a-V<ih 

piUa-lVah 

piUa-tVah 

pVleg 

pS'letJi 

pS'letJi-ites 

pH'o-niic 

pe-nVel 

pc-iiin'naJk 

pen'ni-nah 

peji'tdp'o-lis 

pen'ta-tuke 

penn'tc-k5ste 

pen-y.'el  or  pcnfi'cl 

pl'or 

per'a-zim 

pS'rez  uz'zah 

pcr^gah 

per'  ga-vios 

pe^Vdah 

per'it-iites 

per'slii-a 

ptr-yJdah 

peth-a-hV  ah 

pS'thor 

peth'ii'el  or  p^thxi'el 

pe-ul'lhd 

fal-dd'yus 

fd'lek 

fdl'ti 

fdl'ti-cl 

fan-%'cl  oxfa-nii'd 

fd'ro 

fd'TQ  fwf'rah 
Ifar-a-thU'iu  ovfar-uCk'- 
(      0  n'i 

fd'rei 

f^'rez-itcs 

fdr'isces 

fdr'fdr 

fdr'ziles 

fa-sl'ah 

fS'be 

fe-nVce  oTfc'nke 

fe-nish'i-a 

fib'eseth 

fi'kvl 

fd-a-del'fi-a 

Ji'ldr'kes 

Ji-lS'mon 

Ji-lS'tus 

fiVlip 

JU'lip'pl 

Jil-lis'li-a 

JiUis'tim 

JU'lu'tinx 

Jil4ol'o-f^us 

JH-o-mS'ter 

Jin'ne-as 

fVson 

fleg'on  or  fi^'gon 

fridj''i-a 

fu'oah 

fud 

fu'rah 

fut  (as  trntl 

fy-geV!u3 

fy-Uk'tc-rre- 

pi-ha-hVroth 

pVlat 

piVdash 

pil'c-thah 

pU'td 

pVnon 

pVram 


FinUhoii 

PIrathonJtc 

Pittpih 

Pi«idiah 

PiHon 

Pilhon 

Pleiadea 

Pociiercth 

Pollux 

Pontius 

Poraiha 

Port  i  UK  Fctttu 

Foliphar 

Potiphtra 

Prise  a 

Priscilla 
Procbonja 
Ptob.ineus 
Piiab 

PubluH 

Pudcns 

Puhitea 

Pul 

Punilcii 

Punoii 

Put 

PuKfoli 

Putiel 


pii'fttk 

Pl  Mld'i-<1 

pl'tcm 
pi'tXffn 
pn'a4Ui 
poV^ttk 
pol'lux 
p«m'tk1'iu 
por^Ordtak 
por'skuM  /ist'uM 
pot't-/ar 
j  pU-i-h'rak  Of  p0  a'/t- 

prif'kaM 

prU^'Uk 

prok*o-ruM 

tol-6-mi'us 

pC'ak 

pub'ti-iu 

pU'dau 

p&'kiUM 

pml(%MdMU) 

p^'mUs 

put  (ai  nmi) 

p^-a'o-li 

p1i'U-<l 


R. 


R  A  AM  A  II 

Raamiali 
Raauises 
Rabbah 
Rabbi 

Rabboni 

Rabsaces 

Rabsaris 

Rabshakch 

Raca 

Racbal 

Racliel 

Radilai 

Ragau 

Rages 

Ragua 

Kagucl 

Rabab 

Raktni 

Rakkath 

Rukkon 

Ram  ah 

Raiiiathaim 

Raniathem 

Raniathite 

Ranialh  I.rhl 

Ratnath  Misiwh 

Ranieses 

Ramcsis 

Raiimth 

Raniiah 

Raphael 

Raphah 

Raphaim 

Raphu 

Ratbumus 

Reaiah 

Reba 

Reb.kah 

Rirliab 

Rechabites 

Rechah 

Rcelaiali 

Re  e  lias 

Ree,<aias 

Regem 

Regem  Melek 

Rehabiah 

Rebob 

Rfhdboam 

Rrliolwth 

Relium 

Rci 

Rekim 

Remaliah 

Renieth 


r&'t 

ra-O'mVaJk 

ra-4m'ttM 

rdb'baJi 

rdb'bl 

rih-bS'nJ 

rdb'sa-ces 

rdb'sa-rit 

rdb'stui-ktM 

r&'kah 

ra'kal 

rd'dul 

rdd'da-i 

r&'gaw 

ra'*M 

rdp^-a\ 

rd^y^-tl  or  ra-g^'et 

rlThab 

rd'kfm 

rik'kaiM 

rdkfkffm 

rS'mah 

ra-malAS'im 

rdm'a-iJum 

rA'wutX-iu 

ra'wuuM  tl'U 

r&'maiM  ni/pfM 

rAm'tsis 

ri'mfflM 

ro-wa'9k 

rS'fa-H 

rd'/ak 

rdpk'a-im 

rdlk'u-mus 
r»^i-ak  or  rf-a-Vml 
rt'bak 

ri'kah 

rt'kayUes 

rt'kak 

re-ei-Jl'ycM 

re-dA'cs 

rt'ttm  or  rl'fem 
rt'gem  ml'Uk  or 

re-ka^i'a\ 

ri'koi 

re~luhhS'am 

rt'k»*9tk  or  TtM'htik 

rt'kmm 

H'i 

rt'kim 

rtm-c-n'ak 

rt'mtVk 


Rrnimnn  MetlioarrfHi'iitflW  nttkS'er 


Reinphan 

Repbael 

Rtphaiah 

Repbaim 

Rephidim 

Res.^;! 

Ren 

ReulH'n 

Reuel 

Rt'umah 


rfm*/tn 

r#/a'yttA  or  n/^A'tk 

r*/a'wi 

rt^J'tm  or  rffi-iiM 

rirseK 

rt-\'H 
ra'msk 


Fau^fdr,  bdt  —  Metr,  kelp.—  Ptne,  marine.^  J^lc— Tunc,  ijnite.  —  g  as  j  :  a  as  f A. 


12£» 


PRONUNCIATION   OF   SCRIPTURE   PROPER   NAMES. 


Rezcph 

Rezia 

Rezon 

Rhouium 

Rhesa 

Rhixia 

Rhodes 

Rhoclocus 

Ribai 

Riininon  Parez 

Riphath 

Rogclirn 

Roh^'ah 

Roimua 

Roinamti  Ezer 

Rufus 

Rulianiah 

Ruslicus 

Ruth 


bABACTHANI 

Sabaolh 

Pabatiis 

Sabballifiis 

Sabbcus 

Sabdeus 

Sabdi 

Sabeans 

Sabtechah 

Sacar 

Sack but 

Sail  ami  as 

Saddeus 

Sadducees 

Sadoc 

Sahadutha 

Salah 

Salamis 

Salasadai 

Salathiel 

Salcah 

Salem 

Sailai 

Salliimus 

Salnioni 

Salome 

Sainael 

Samaias 

Samaria 

Samaritan 

Samalus 

Sameius 

Samgar  Nebo 

Samlah 

Samos 

Samotiiracia 

Sampsames 

Samuel 

Sanabassarus 

Sanasib 

Sanballat 

Sauhedrira 

Sansannah 

Saph 

Saphalias 

Saphir 

Sappliira 

Sapphire 

Sarabiaa 

Sarah 

Sarai 

Saraiah 

Saraias 

Saramael 

Saramel 

Saraph 

Sarchedonus 

Sardine 

Sard  is 

Sardites 

Sardiua 

Sardonyx 

Sartia 

Sarepta 

Sargon 

Sarid 

SarotUi 

Sar.'sekim 

Saruch 

Satan 

Satiirabaznes 

Sathrabouzancs 

Saul 

Savaran 

Savias 

Sceva 

Scythians 


rl'ief 

re-zVah 

rS'zon 

rS'g'i-um 

Ts'sah 

r  5' daft 

rSdz 

rod'o-kus 

rVba. 

Tim'mon  pa'rez 

rVfath 

ro-^S'liin 

ro'gah 

rd'i-jnn.t 

ro-mdm'ti  S'zer 

ru'fus 

ru-ka'mah  or  ru'ha-viah 

Tus't'i-kas 

rootk 


s. 


sa-bak-thU' ni 

sab-d'otJi  or  sdb'a-oth 

si'ib'a-tiis 

sab-ba-the' us 

sab-be' us 

snb-de'tis 

sdb'dl 

sa-be'ans 

sdb'te-kah 

sa'kah 

sdk'but 

sad-a-mVas 

sad-de'ns 

add'du-cei 

su'dok 

sa-ha-du' thah 

sa'lah 

sdl'a-m  is 

sdl-a-sdd'a-i 

sa-la'th'i'Cl 

sdl'kah 

sS'lein 

sdl'la-T 

sal-lu'mns 

sal-mo'iii 

sa-l5'me 

sdm'a-el 

na-md'yas 

sa-md'ri-a 

sa-mar'i-tan 

sdm'a-tus 

sa-me'yits 

sdm'irar  nS'ho 

sdm'tah 

sH'mos 

sdm-o-ihrd.' sKi-a 

sdmp'sa-mes 

sdm'u-el 

san-a-bds' sti-rus 

sdn'a-sib 

san-bdl'lat 
I  san-hC'drim  or  sdn'h& 
I      drim 

san-sdn'nah 

sdf 

sdf-a-tVas 

sdf'Jir 

saf-fVrah 

sdf'jire 

sar-a-bVas 

sd'rah 

sa'rd 

sdr-a-Vah 

sa-ra-i'as 

sa^dm'a-cl 

sdr'a-mel 

sS'raf 

sar-ked'o-nua 

sijr'diiie 

sdr'dis 

s'dr'dites 

sdr'di-jis 

sdr-d5'nix  OT  s'dr'don-ix 

sa're-a 

sa-rep'tah 

sdr'gon 

sd'rid 

sa-rO'thi 

sdr-sS'kim 

s&'ruk 

sS'tan 

sdth-ra-bdz'  nes 

sath-ra-bou-zd'  nes 

tawl 

sdv'a-ran 

sS'v'i-as 

sS'vaJi 

sith''i-ans 


Scvthopulitans 

Seba 

Sebat 

Secacah 

Secheniaa 

Sechu 

Secundus 

Sedecias 

Segub 

Seir 

Seiralh 

Selah 

Sela    Ilammalt 

Lekotli 
Seled 
Selemias 
Seleucia 
Semachiah 
Semaiah 
Semei 
Semelleus 
Senaah 
Senir 

Sennacherib 
Senua 
Seorim 
Sephar 
Sepharad 
Sepharvaiin 
Sepharvites 
Sephela 
Serah 
Seraiali 
Seraphim 
Sered 
Sergius 
Serug 
Sether 
Shaalabbin 
Shaalbim 
Sliaalbonite 
Shaaph 
Sliaaraim 
Shaashgaz 
Shabbethai 
Siiacbia 
Shaddai 
Shadrach 
Shage 

Shahazimath 
Shalem 
Shalisha 
Shallecheth 
Shallum 
Shalmai 
Shalmanezer 
Shamariah 
Shamgar 
Shamir 
Sliammai 
Shammua 
Shamsherai 
Sliaphan 
Shaphat 
Shapher 
Sharai 
Sharaira 
Sharar 
Sharezer 
Sharmaira 
Sharon 
Sharonite 
Sharulien 
Shashai 
Shashak 
Shaul 
Shaulites 
Shausha 
Sliaveh 
Sheal 
Shealtiel 
Sheariah 
Shear  Jashub 
Shebah 
Shebam 
Shebaniah 
Shebarim 
Sheber 
Shebnah 
Shebuel 
Shecaniah 
Shechera 
Shechinah 
Shedeur 
Shehariaii 
Shelanites 
Shelemiali 
Sheleph 
Shelesh 
Shelomi 
Sheioinoth 
Slielumiel 
Sliemaah 
Sheniah 


sith-o-pol'i-tans 

sc'bak 

sS'bat 

se-kd'kah  or  sek'a-kah 

sek-e-ni'as 

sS'ku 

se-kun'dus 

sid-e-ci'as 

se'gub 

sS'ir 

sS'ir-ath 

se'laJi 

I  sS'lakhdm'mak  Wkoth 

se'led 

sel-e-ml'as 

se-lu'shi-a 

sem-a-kVak 

sem-a-Vah 

sem'e-i 

se-mH'le-us 

se-nd'ah  or  sH'a-ah 

sS'ner 

scn-ndk'  e-rib 

sen'ii-ak 

se-5'rim 

se'far 

sef'a-rad 

sef-ar-va'tm 

sS'far-vites 

sef'fe-lah  or  sef-fS'lak 

se'rak 

ser-a-Vah 

ser'ra-Jim 

se'red 

ser'gi'US 

sS'rug 

se'tker 

sha-al-db'bia 

sha-dl'bim 

sha-dl'bon-iU 

shd'af 

sha-a-rd'hn 

ska~dsh'  <raz 

skab-bHk'a-i 

shak-i'ah 

shdd'da-i 

skd'draJc 

shd'ge 

sha-hdi't-^nath 

ska' lent 

skdl'i-sliah 

shdl'lc-keth 

skdVlum. 

shdl'ma  or  shdl'morl 

skdl'Via-nS' ler 

shdm-a-rV  ah 

skdm'gar 

shd'mcr 

shdm'ma-i 

sham-mu'ak 

shdm-she-rd'i 

ska' fan 

skd'fat 

skd'fer 

sha~rd'i  or  shdr'a-i 

sha-rd'im 

skd'rar 

ska-re' zer 

shdr'ma-im 

skd'ron  or  skdr'on 

shd'ron-ite 

sha-rii'hen 

skdsh'a~i 

shd'sliak 

skd'ul 

skd'ut-ites 

ska-u'shii 

ska' p  eh 

shS'al 

skc-dl'ti-el 

ske-a-rVah 

sk^'arjd'shub 

she'bah 

sk^'bam 

sheb-a-nVak 

skeb'a-riiii 

skc'ber 

skeb'nah 

skeb'^■el 

shek-a-ni'ah 

shS'kem 

skek'i-nah  or  ske-kVnah 

shed'e-ur 

ske-Iia-rV  ah 

ske'lan-itea 

sket-e-mVah 

sh^'lef 

skS'lesh 

ske-l6'ml 

shel'o-viotk 

ske-lti'mi-el 

shha'a-ak 

shS'mah 


Sheinaiah 
Slicmariah 

Shemeber 

Shemida 

Sheminith 

Shemir 

Sli  emir  a  moth 

Shemuel 

Shenazar 

Slienir 

Shephaliah 

Shephi 

Shephuphan 

Slierah 

Sherebiah 

Siieresh 

Sherezer 

Sheshach 

Sliesliai 

Slieshan 

Sheshbazzar 

Sfiethar 

Shetliar  Boznai 

Shibboleth 

Shicron 

Sliiggaion 

Shihon 

Shihor  Libnah 

Shiihim 

Shilemites 

Shilhi 

Shiloah 

Shiloh 

Shiloni 

Shilonites 

ShUshah 

Sliimea 

Shimeath 

Shimeathites 

Shimei 

Shimeon 

Shimi 

Shimites 

Shimon 

Shimrath 

Shimri 

Shimronites 

Shimshai 

Shinab 

Shinar 

Shiphi 

Shiphrah 

Shiphtan 

Shisha 

Shishak 

Shitrai 

Shiza 

Shea 

Shoab 

Shobab 

Shobach 

Shobal 

Shobai 

Sbochob 

Shoco 

Shopliach 

Shophan 

Shoshannim 

Shua 

Shual 

Shubael 

Shuhamites 

Shuhites 

Shulamite 

Shumathitcg 

SI]  una  mite 

Shunem 

Shuni 

SImnites 

Shupham 

Shushan  Eduth 

Shuthalites 

Shuthelah 

Sia 

Siaha 

Sibbechai 

Sibboleth 

Sibraim 

Sichera 

Sidon 

Sigionoth 

Sihon 

Silaa 

Siloah 

Siloas 

Siloe 

Silla 

Silvanua 

Simalcue 

Simeon 

Simeonites 

Simon 

Sinai 


skim-a-V  ah 
$hem-a-rl'ak 

ishem-S'bcr  ur  shem^e- 
bet 
skc-mi'dah 
skein' i-nith 
shc'mer 
ske-mir'  a-moth 
skC'mu-d  or  ske-viil'el 
ske-nd'zar 
skS'ncr 
shef-a-tVah 
she' ft 
ske-fu'fan 
she'raJt 
sker-e-bVah 
shS're.'fk 
ske-rc'zer 
skc'shak 
shS'sha 
ske'shan 
sheslt-bdz' zar 
shi'tkar 

skS'thar  boz'na-i 
shib'bo-lctk 
shi'kron 
skiff-gd'yon 
ski'hon 
skVhor  lib'vah 
shi-Vhim 
skiV  lem-ites 
shiVhl 
ski-lQ'ah 
skl'Io 
sk'i-ldhn 
sk'i-l5'nites 
shU'shah 

shim-e'ah  or  skim'e-ah 
skim'c-atk 
shim' e-aUi-itee 
skim'e-i 
skim'e-on 
skVml 
skim'ites 
shi'mon 
shim' rath 
shim'ri 
shijn'ron-ites 
skim'sha 
skVnab 
skVnar 
shVfi 
shif'rak 
ski f  tan 
shi'skdJt 
sht'shak 
skit' r  a. 
shi'zaJt 
shd'ah 
shG'ab 
shd'bab 
sko'bak] 
shG'bai 

sko-bd'i  or  shO'ba~i 
shd'kob 
shU'ko 
skd'fak 
skQ'fan 
sko-shda'nim 
skxi'ak 
shu'al 
sku'ba-d 
skii' ham-ites 
skxi'hites 
shu' lam-it  e 
sku'math-ites 
shu'nam-ite 
shu'nem 
skii'nl 
shti'nites 
sku'fam 
shxi'shan  S'dtith 
sku'lkal-ites 
shu'the-lah 
si'ah 
si-d'hah 
sib'be-ka 
sib'bo-leth 

$ib-rd'iin  or  sib'ra-im 
sVkem 
sVdon 
s'i-gV  o-noth 
si' lion 
st'las 
sil'o-ah 
sil'o-as 
sil'o-e 
sil'lah 
sil-vd'nus 
si-mal-cu'e 
sim'c-on 
sim' e-on-itcs 
sVmon 
si'nd  or  sVna-i 


Sinim 

Sinites 

Sion 

Si|ihmoth 

Sippai 

Sirach 

Siriun 

Sisamai 

Sisera 

Sisinneg 

Sivan 

Smyrna 

Sochoh 

Sodi 

Sodom 

Sodoma 

Sodomites 

Solomon 

Sopater 

Sophereth 

Sorek 

Sostlienes 

Sotai 

Stachys 

Slacte 

Stephanas 

Suah 

Subai 

Succolh  Benotli 

Sucliaathites 

Sudias 

Sukkiims 

Susa 

Susanchites 

Susannah 

Susi 

Sycamine 

Sycene 

Sychar 

Syelus 

Syene 

Syntiche 

Syracuse 

Syria 

Syrion 

Syrophenicia 


si'nim 

sin'ites 

si'on 

sif'inoth 

sip'pd 

st'rak 

sir'i-on 

sis-dm'a-i 

sis'erah 

si-sin' lies 

si'van 

smir'nah 

sQ'ko 

s5'di 

sod'om 

sod'o-via 

sod'um-ites 

sol'o^non 

sop'a-ter 

so-fe'reth  or  sofe-relk 

so'rek 

sQs'te-ncs  or  sos'ikc-nes 

sd'ta-i 

sld'kcs  or  std'kis 

stdk'te 

slf'f'a-nas 

sit' ah 

su'ba-i 

suk'kotk  bc'noth 

suk'a-a-thu'es 

sii'di-as 

suk'k'i-iiiis 

su'sak 

su'san-kitcs 

sti-sdn'  nah 

sti'sl 

sik'a-mine 

si'se'ne 

sVkar 

si-e'ius 

si-e'ne 

sin'ti-ke 

si7''a'k2ise 

sir'i-a 

sir'i-oii 

slro-fi-nisk'i-a 


T. 


Taanac  Shilok 

Tabbaoth 

Tabeal 

Tabeel 

Tabellius 

Taberah 

Tabitha 

Tabor 

Tabrimon 

Tachmonite 

Tahan 

Tahapanes 

Tahaphanes 

Tall  penes 

Tahrea 

Taltlim  Hodshi 

Taliiha  cumi 

Talmai 

Taniar 

Tanimuz 

Tanacli 

Tanhumeth         J 

Taphath 

Tappuah 

Tarah 

Taralah 

Tare  a 

Tarpclitea 

Tarshish 

Tarshisi 

Tatnai 

Tebah 

Tebaliah 

Tebeth 

Tehftphnehea 

Tehinnah 

Tekel 

Tekoah 

Tekoites 

Telabid 

Telah 

Telahim 

Telassar 

Tel  em 

Telharesha 

Telharsa 

Telmelah 

Tenia 

Teman 

Temani 


ta-d'nak  skVloh 

tdb'ba-oth 

ta-bc'al 

td'be-el 

ta-bel'i'i-us 

ta-be'rak  or  tdb'e-rah 

tdb'i-thah 

td'bor 

tdb'r'i-mon 

tdk'mo-mte 

td'han 

ta-hdp'a-7iSs 

ta-kdf'a-nSs 

tdli'pe-nes 

tdh're-ak 

tdJi'tim  bod'sk\ 

tdl'e-thak  ku'ial 

tdl'mS 

td'inar 

tdm'muz 

td'nak 
i  tan~hn'mcth  or  tdn'hn- 
\       initk 

td'fath 

tdp'puali 

td'rak 

tdr'alah 

td're-ah 

tdr'pcl-itea 

tdr'skisk 

tar-shVsi 

tdt'na-i 

tS'bak 

teb-a-Wuh 

te'beth 

te-hdfne-hes 

te-kin'nak 

tS'kd 

te-ko'ah 

te-kS'ites 

UUd'bib  or  tH'a-bib 

U'lak 

te-ld'im 

te-lds'sar 

tS'lem 

tel^ta-rS'sha 

tel-hdr'  sak 

tel-mS'lak  or  tel'me-lah 

tS'mah 

tS'man 

tem'a-nl 


Fdte,fdr    bdt.  —  Mcte,  help.  — Pine,  marine,  ~-J^6te.—  TSiic,  iinitc  —  g  aa  j  ;   ch  as  ah. 


12m 


!  L-maniles 

rail 
■raphim 

■  ■  rllus- 

.  rtullus 

iiarch 

fiddeus 

'.  li^imDatba 

■J'hara 

Thecoe 

Thelasser 

Thelersas 

Theocaniis 

Theodotus 

Theophilus 

Tliermelelh 

Thesj:aIonica 

Theudas 

I'bimnatbab 

Thoinoi 

TbrtLseas 

Tbvatira 

Tiberias 

Tiboi 

Tidal 

Tikrab 

TUon 

Timelus 

Timeus 

Timna 

Timnab 

Timnatbab 

Tiaioaib  Heres 

Timon 

Timoiheua 

Tipbsah 

Tiras 

Tiratbites 

Tirbakah 

Tirhanab 

Tina 

Tirshatba 

Tishbite 

Titus 

Tiziie 

Toah 

Toanab 

Tobiab 

Tobias 

Tobiel 

Tobijah 

Tocben 

Togajmab 

Tobu 

Toi 

Tola 

Tolad 

Tolbanes 

Tolmai 

Topbel 

Tophet 

Tracbonitia 

Trogyllium 

Tropliimas 


tf'man-ites 

Wrah 

ter'a-jim 

te'rtsh 

ttr'sh'i-us 

ter-tuVtus 

Ut'rdrk  or  ti'tr'drk 

tJuid-de'  tts 

t/tdm'na-tka 

the-kO'e 
the-ids'ser 

tfie-ok'a-ntis 
tAe-od'o-tus 

thes-a-la-in' kah 
thu'das 
thim-na' thah 
thom'o-i 
thrasS'as 
thi-^-ti'rah 
ti-dS'r'i-as 
tib'ni 
tVdal 
tik'vah 
tVlon 
.  ti-mi'lus 
ti-mS'iLs 
tim'nii 
tim'juih 
tim'na-thaA 
tim'nath  he'res 
tVmon 
ti-mO'tXt-iLS 
tif'sak 
a'ras 
ti'rath'Ues 
tir-hd'kah 
tir-hd'naJl 
tir'i-a 
tir'sha-th'dr 
tish'bUe 
a'tus 
ti'zite 
a' ah 
tQ'a-nah 
to-bVah 
to-bVas 
tS'b'i^l 
to-hVjah 
to' ken 
to-adr'mah 
to^hu 
to'i 
td'lah 
to' lad 
tol'ba-nes 
toVihd 
ta'fel 
tb'fet 

trdk-o-nVtU 
tro-ffil'le-um 
tro/'i-mus 


PRONUNCIATION   OF   SCRIPTURE   PROPER   NAMES. 


Tn'phena 

Trj-phosa 

Tubal  Cain 

Tubieni 

Tychicus 

TjTannus 

Tvre 

T^nis 


XJCAL. 

Uel 

Ulai 

Ulani 

Ulla 

Ummah 

Unni 

Upbarsin 

Upba/. 

Urbane 

Uri 

Uriah 

Uriel 

Urijab 

Urim 

Utbai 

Uzai 

Uzal 

Uzzah 

Uzzen  Sberah 

Uzzi 

Uzziah 

Uzziel 

Uzzleliles 


Vajesath-i 

Vaniah 
Vashni 
Vasbti 
Vophsi 


X-lSTHlCtJS 

Xeneas 

Xerolybe 

Xerophagia 

Xystua 


trt-fc'nah 
tri-fo  'sa.'t 
tii'bal  kdn 
tu-bVe  ni 
tik'i-k-us 
ty-Tdn'nu3 
tir 
tVras 


U. 


U'kat 

■k(.'el 

■u'ta-i 

li'lam 

ul'laJt 

um'mah 

un'ni 

y.-fdr'sin 

U'faz 

ur'ba-ne 

1^'rt 

u-rVah 

ri'r'i-el 

'li-rl'jah 

'ii'ritn 

tl'Via-i 

if.'za-i 

y:'ial 

uz'zah 

uz'zea  she'rak 

uz'tl 

uz-iVah 

uz-zz'el 

uz-zVel-ites 


V. 


va-jes'a-thah 

va-nVah 

vdsh'nl 

vdsk'll 

vof'sl 


X. 


zdn'thi-kus 

zS'ne-as 

ze-Tol'i-be 

ze-ro-phd'ji-i 

zis'tus 


Zaasaim 

za-a-nd'im 

Zaanan 

za' a-nan 

Zaunanitim 

Zaavan 

zd'a-van 

Zabad 

zd'bad 

Zabadu^ans 

Zabadaias 

zab-a-dd'yas 
zab'ba 

Zabbai 

Zabdeus 

zab-di'us 

Zahdi 

Zahdiel 

zdb'dUd 

Zabina 

zdb-bVnali  or  la-bVnah 

Zatiiilou 

zdb'u'loti 

Zaccai 

zdk'ka-i 

Zacchcus 

zak-kS'us 

Z:iccu 

zdk'ku 

Zachariah 

zdk-a-rVah 

Zacher 

zd'kcr 

Zadok 

iG'dok 

Zaham 

zu'ham 

Zair 

zu'ir 

Zaiaph 

zd'laf 

Zaimonah 

zal-mO'nah 

Zalmunnah 

zal-mun'nah 

Zam/.ummims 

zam-zum'mims 

Zanoab 

zan-O'afi 

Zaplinalh 
Paaneah 

j  zdf'nath  pa-a-nVah 

Zaphon 

zd'fon 

Zaraces 

Zarah 

zd'rah 

Zaraiaa 

zar-a-t'as 

Zareah 

za-rS'alt 

Zareatbiles 

zu'rc~ath-ites 

Zared 

zd'red 

Zarephath 

zdr'e-fath 

Zaretan 

zdr'e-tan 

Zart-ih  Sbahar 

za'reth  shu'fiar 

Zarhites 

zdr' kites 

Zartanah 

idr-td'na/i 

Zathui 

za-thu'i 

Zaltbu 

zdl'thu 

Zaza 

zd'zah 

Zebadiab 

zeb-a-dVaJt 

Zebab 

ze'bah 

Zebaim 

zc-bd'im 

Zebedee 

zeb'be-dee 

Zebina 

ze-bi'niifi 

Zeboira 

ze-bd'ijii 

Zebuda 

zf-bu'dah 

Zebul 

zi^'bul  (as  dull'. 

Zebu  Ion 

zeb'u-lan 

Zebulonites 

zeb'u-lon-Ues 

Zechariah 

zek-a-Tl'ah 

Zedah 

zS'dah 

Zedekiali 

zed'C-kVah 

Zeeb 

ze'eb 

Zelah 

ze'lah 

Zelek 

ze'lek 

Zelopbehad 

ze-lO'fe-had 

Zclottj 

uAs'a, 

Zol/_-ih 

•■'I'lcM 

Ztmaraira 

Zeinarile 

Z<;inirah 

Zenan 

:*;i.jii 

Zfiia.n 

:<  «u 

Zeofim 

l£-vr^tm 

Zeiihaniah 

uf-t-nVck 

'/-cpliath 

■J'folk 

ZepliaUuJi 

■jf't<JuX 

y.*'-\i\iun 

U'fn 

ZephuliiUrf 

Itfan-iUa 

Zorah 

■J'rcX 

Z»rahiah 

z^a-iVti 

Zf.'raia 

ler-n-Va 

Zcreda 

■.^e-daJk 

Zercilaiha 

u-rtilM^Uuk 

Zereretli 

zt-rf'rriA 

Zcroh 

Zcror 

Zenjah 

Zcrubbabcl 

Zerniah 

Zcrriali 

Ztihain 

.,   .        J 

Zclho 

-.I'tU 

Zia 

zVaJ, 

Ziba 

:1'»eA 

Zibeon 

zib't-tm 

Zibiah 

:<i  I'luk 

Zibion 

uyi~6n 

Zichri 

:avi 

Zidkijah 

tid-Ll'JcJi 

Zidon 

:i',/,m 

Zidonians 

zi-tiv'Tt'l-aju 

Ziha 

sI'ioA 

Zilthai 

id'tia 

Zimri 

rm'rt 

Zina 

-.VmaA 

Zipb 

■■'/ 

Ziphah 

■.VM 

Ziphion 

zif'i-n 

Ziphilc.-* 

-.tf'iUM 

Zipbron 

zi/'ron 

Zipporab 

zip-pS'rak 

Zilliri 

zilk'rl 

Ziza 

zVzdk 

Zoan 

Zu'qa 

Zoar 

zQ'ar 

Zobcba 

z,>^l'h<A 

Zoheletll 

zi'ht-lak 

Zonaras 

zan'a-rtu 

Zophah 

zi'fak 

Zophai 

zyfi 

Zophim 

zi'fim 

Zorah 

zi'raJi 

Zorathites 

zS'mX-iUi 

Zoreah 

Z3-rf'ai 

Zorilea 

zC'rJti 

Zorobabel 

Z'>-n>ya-id 

Zuar 

iti'cr 

Zuriel 

zifrl-et 

Zuri  Shaddai 

za'rt  sUt*  i 

Zuzims 

Ifl'tiu 

\w> 


FlUe,fdr,  bit. Wlte,  help. —  Pint,  marine. Yeir.—  Trtnf,  ^aite.  —  g  33  j  ;  ci  as  .<h. 


JVJ7 


PRONOUNCING   VOCABULARY 


OP 


GREEK  AND  LATIN  PROPER  NAMES. 


^ 


12119 


RULES 


PRONOUNCING  THE  VOWELS  AND  CONSONANTS 


GEEEK   AND   LATIN   PROPER  NAMES 


It  will  be  perceived  by  a  glance  at  the  following  table,  that  the 
indicated  accentuation  of  the  words,  and  their  separation  into  sylla- 
bles, prevent  the  necessity  of  inserting  any  thing  here  to  guide  to  a 
correct  pronunciation,  except  the  rules  for  the  sounds  of  the  vow- 
els and  consonants. 

In  settling  the  place  of  the  primary  accent,  which  is  the  first 
and  most  important  point  in  the  pronunciation  of  a  word,  the 
aim,  of  course,  has  been  to  follow  the  ancient  and  simple  rules, 
which  direct,  that,  in  words  of  two  syllables,  the  penult  be  ac- 
cented, and  in  words  of  more  than  two  syllables,  that  the  penult  be 
accented  if  long  in  quantity,  if  not,  the  antepenult.  The  words 
have  been  divided  into  syllables,  in  accordance  with  the  commonly 
received  rules  on  that  subject.  The  rules  that  follow  have  been 
derived,  in  the  main,  from  Walker.  Sometimes  the  lan<'uai>'e  of 
Grant,  or  some  other  grammarian,  has  been  preferred. 

Rules  for  the  Vowels. 

1.  Any  vowel  at  the  end  of  an  accented  syllable,  and  e,  o,  and  u, 
at  the  end  of  an  unaccented  syllable,  have  the  long  English  sound  ; 
as,  Ca'to,  Ce'crops,  Di'do,  So'lort^  Cu'ma,  Me-lis'sa,  Mo-los'sus, 
Tu-Iin'gi ;  in  which  words  the  final  vowels  of  the  first  syllables 
have  the  same  sound  as  the  corresponding  vowels  in  the  first  syl- 
lables of  the  English  words  pa'per,  cc'dnr,  si'lcnt,  co'loii,  du'tij. 

2.  .^,  ending  an  unaccented  syllable,  has  the  sound  of  a  in  fa'thcr  ; 
as,  Ga-bi'na,  Ji-re'ne,  pronounced  Gah-bi'na,  Jlh-rehie. 

3.  /,  ending  a  final  syllable,  or  preceding  an  accented  vowel, 
has  the  long  sound  ;  as,  I-u'li. 

In  all  other  cases,  i,  ending  an  unaccented  syllable,  is  pronounced 
like  e;  as,  Fa'bi-i,  Ho-ra'ti-i,  pronounced  Fa'bc-i,  Ho-raHe-i. 

4.  yis  pronounced  as  i  would  be  in  the  same  situation. 

5.  JE  and  (c  are  pronounced  as  c  would  be  in  the  same  situation. 

6.  If  a  syllable  end  in  a  consonant,  the  vowel  has  the  short  Eng- 
lish  sound  ;    as,   DiiVhus,    Dcl'jilil,   Ciii'na,  Mos'i^liiia,    Tiis'ciig,  in 


which  the  vowels  have  the  same  sounds  as  in  the  English  words 
maii'ncr,  sel'dom,  din'ncr,  scoffer,  mus'tcr. 

Exception.  —  E,  in  final  cs,  is  pronounced  as  in  the  familiar 
proper  name  £n'dcs. 

Rules  for  the  Consonants. 

1.  C,  before  c,  i,  y,  (c,  and  a,  is  pronounced  like  s  ;  before  a,  o, 
and  u,  and  before  consonants,  like  k  ;  as,  Ce'a,  Cic'e-ro,  Cifprus, 
Ca'sar,  Ca'li-a^  Ca'to,  Co'cles,  Cu'm<E. 

2.  G,  before  e,  i,  y,  ce,  c,  or  another  g  followed  by  c,  has  the 
sound  of_y' ;  before  a,  o,  and  a,  and  before  consonants  other  than  g, 
as  above  excepted,  the  hard  sound,  as  in  the  English  words  gave, 
gone ;  as,  Gc'lo,  Gi-gan'tes,  Gy-ga'us,  Jig'gcr,  Ga'bi-i,  Gor'gi-as, 
Sa-gtm't7im. 

3.  CIi  has  the  sound  of  /■:,  except  when  preceding  a  mute  con- 
sonant at  the  beginning  of  a  word,  when  they  are  silent;  as, 
Chlho'ni-a,  pronounced  Tho'ni-a. 

4.  T,  s,  and  c,  before  ia,  ie,  ii,  io,  in,  and  eu,  preceded  Immedi- 
ately by  the  accent,  in  Latin  words,  as  in  English,  change  into 
sh  and  zh.  But  when  the  accent  falls  on  the  first  of  the  vowels 
following,  the  consonant  does  not  change  into  sh  or  zh,  but  pre- 
serves its  pure  sound  ;  as,  Mil-ti'a-des,  &c.  T,  in  the  termination 
tio7i,  also  retains  its  original  sound  ;  as,  Thc-o-do'ti-on. 

5.  S  has,  in  general,  the  sound  of «  in  this. 

Final  s,  preceded  by  e,  or  a  liquid,  has  the  sound  of  z. 

6.  Initial  x  has  the  sound  of  j. 

7.  Initial  ph,  before  a  mute,  is  silent;  as,  Phthi'a,  pronounced 
Thi'a.  Initial  p,  before  s,  is  silent ;  as,  Psy'che,  pronounced  Sy'hc. 
Initial p,before«, is  silent;  as,  Plol-e-m<B'us,  pronounced  Tul-c-tna'us. 

8.  At  the  beginning  of  Greek  words  we  frequently  find  the  un- 
combinable  consonants  mn,  tm,  &c. ;  as,  Mnc-mos'ij-nc,  Tmo'lus,  *fcc. 
These  are  to  be  pronounced  with  the  first  consonant  mute,  as  if 
written  jXc-mos'y-7ic,  .^fo'lllS,  &c 


1300 


PRONOUNCING  YOCABULAliY 


GREEK   AND    LATIN    PROPER    NAMES. 


The  words  in  the  following  table  to  which  a  *  is  prefixed  are 
taken  from  "The  Classical  Pronunciation  of  Proper  Names,"  &c. 
by  Thomas  Swinburne  Carr. 

Those  to  which  a  t  is  prefixed  are  such  as  Trollope  has  added 
to  his  edition  of  Walker's  Key. 

Those  marked  with  a  }  are  taken  from  Freund's  "  Worterbuch 
der  lateinischen  Sprache.  " 

Those  marked  with  a  Ti  are  taken  from  Pauly's  "  Real-Encyclopa- 
die  der  classischen  Alterthumswissenschaft." 


Those  to  which  no  mark  is  prefixed  are  found  in  the  lilt  lis . 
published  with  Walker's  Key. 

It  will  be  observed,  by  any  who  may  compare  this  table  with 
those  of  Walker  and  Trollope,  that  many  changes  in  the  division 
of  words  for  pronunciation  have  been  introduced  ;  but  it  is  be- 
lieved that  these  changes  are  all  required  by  a  consistent  applica- 
tion of  the  rules  of  classical  pronunciation,  as  they  are  generally 
received. 


A. 


A'ba,  and  A'b* 

Ab'a-a 

Ab'a-ba 

*A-bac'e-na 

Ab-a-ce'ne 

fA-ba'a 

Ab'a-ga 

*A-bag'a-ra3 

fAb'a-la 

Ab'a-Iu3 

A-ba'na 

A-ban'tes 

Ab-an-ti'a-des 

A-ban'ti-aa 

A-ban'ti-daa 

A-ban'tis 

Ab-ar-ba're-a 

Ab'a-ri 

A-bar'i-mon 

Ab'a-ris 

A-ba'ru3 

A'baa 

A-ba'sa 

*Ab'a-sa 

Ab  a-si'tia 

Ab-as-se'na 

Ab-as-se'ni 

A-bas'su3 

Ab'a-tos 

Ab-da-1on'i-mu3 

Ab-de'ra 

Ab-fle'ri-a 

Ab-dc-ri'tes 

Ab-de'rus 

A-be'a-tae 

*A-be-a't2B 

A-bel'Ia 

tAb-el-la'ni 

lAb-el-li'num 

Ab-eI-Ii'nu3 

*A-be'Iu3 

fAb'e-Iux 

A-ben'da 

•Ab-e*-sa'lon 

Ab'ga-ru3,  or  A-bag'a^ 

ni3 
A'bi-a 
A'bi-i 
Ab'i-la 
A-bU'a-rea 
A-bis'a  ri3 
Ab-i-9on'tea 
♦A-b!e'ru3 
A-ble'tes 
fAli'no  ba 
•Ab'no-bi 
A-bob'ri-ca 
A-bf)'bii3 
A-btec'ri-ius 
Ab-o-la'ni 


A-bo^us 

A-bon-i-tei'chos 

Ab-o-ra'ca 

*Ab'o-ras 

Ab-o-rig'i-nes 

A-bor'raa 

*Ab'o-tis 

Ab-ra-da'ta3 

Ab-ra-^a'tea 

*A-bra'ha-niu3 

A-bren'ti-u3 

A-broc'o-mas 

Ab-ro-di-s^tu3 

fA'bron 

A-bro'ni-us 

A-bron'y-cu3 

Ab'ro-ta 

A-brot'o-num 

fA'brus 

A-br)'p'o-Ii3 

Ab-se'us 

Ab-sin'lhi-i 

Ab'so-nis 

fAb-syr^ti-des 

Ab-syr'tos 

Ab-syr'tus 

*Ab^u-Ia 

Ab-u-Ii'tes 

tA'bus 

Ab-y-de'ni 

Ab-y-de'nus 

A-by'di 

A-by'dos 

A-by'du3 

Ab'y-Ia 

Ab'y-Ion 

Ab-ys-si'ni 

Ab-ys-sin'i-a 

Ac-a-cal'iis 

Ac-a-ce'si-ura 

A-ca'ci-us 

tAc'a-cu3 

Ac-a-de'rai-a 

Ac-a-de'mus 

*A-CtBn'i-tu3 

Ac-a-Ian'dru3 

A-cal'Ie 

Ac-a-mar'chis 

Ac'a-ma3 

A-camp'sia 

A-can'tha 

*A-can'ihi-nc 

A-can'thu3 

Ac'a-na 

A-ca'ri-a 

*Ac-ar-na'nc3 

Ac-ar-na'ni-a 

A-car'na3 

A-cas'la 


Ac-a-than'tu3 

*Ac'a  ton  ' 

fAc'ca  Lau-ren'ti-a 

Ac'ci-a 

Ac'ci-Ia 

Ac'ci-U3 

fAc'co 

Ac'cu-a 

A'ce 

Ac-e-di'ci 

Ac'o-la 

*Ac'e-le 

fAc'e-Ium 

*A-ceph'a-li 

Ac-e-ra'tus 

A-cer'bas 

Ac-€-ri'na 

A-cer'rs 

Ac~er-sec'o-mes 

A'ces 

A-ce'si-a 

Ac-e-si'nes 

Ac-e-si'nu3 

A-ce 'si-US 

A-ces'ta 

A-ces'tes 

A-ces'ti-um 

A-ces-to-do'rus 

Ac-es-tor'i-des 

A-ce 'tea 

Ach-a-by'to3 

A-chffi'a 

A-chffi'i 

A-chffi'i-um 

A-cheem'e-neg 

Ach-JB-me'ni-a 

Ach-iE-men'i-des 

A-chee'us 

A-cha'i-a 

*A-cha'i3 

Ach'a-ra 

Acli-a-ren'se3 

A-char'n® 

A-cha'tes 

Ach-e-Io'i-de3 

AcI]-e-Io'ri-uni 

Ach-e-Io'us 

*A-che'Iu3 

*A-che'ras 

A-cher'du3 

A-cher'i-mi 

*Ach'e-ro 

Ach'e-ron 

Ach-e-ron'ti-a 

Ach-e-ni'si-a 

Ach-e-ni'si-as 

A-che'tiis 

*A-chi'las 

A-chii'Ias 

Acli-iMe'a 


A-cliil-lei-en'ses 

*AcIi-il-le'i3 

A-chil'les 

Ach-il-le'um 

A-chiDeus 

*Acli-il-Ii'de9 

A-chi'vi 

Ach-la-dre'us 

*Ach'oIa 

Ach-o-la'i,  or  fAcIi-o- 

a'li 
Acli-o-lo'e 
*A-cho're-U3 
*A-clio'nis 
Ach-ra-di'na 
*Ach'ra-dns 
Ac-i-cbo'ri-us 
Ac-i-da'Ii-a 
Ac-i-da'sa 
*A-ci'la 
A-cil'i-a 
Ac-i-li^'e-na 
A-cil'i-iis 
A-cii'Ia 
•*Ac-in-di'nus,  and 

*A-cin'di-nu3 
A'cis 
Ac'mon 
Ac-mon'i-des 
*Ac-(E -rae'lK 
A-cce'tea 
*Ac-o-Iy'li 
A-co'nK 
*Ac'o-na 
A-con'tes 
A-con'te-us 
A-con'ti-us 
*Ac-nn-tob'o-Ii 
A-con-to-bulas 
A-ro'ris 
Ac'o-Tiis 
A'cva 

Ac-ra-di'na 
A'cr® 
A-crre'a 
A-cr^ph'ni-a 
Ac-ia-gal-liM® 
Ac'ra-gas 
A-cra'tus 
fA'cri-ffi 
A'cri-as 
Ac-ri-doph'a-gi 
A-cri'on 
A-cris'e-us 
Ac-ris-i-o'ne 
A-cris-i-o-ne'ug 
A-cris-i-o-ni'a-des 
f  A-cn3'i-U3 
A-cri'tns 
Ac- ro -a 'til  on 


*A-cro  a-tho3 

*Ac-ro-ce-rau'iii-a 

A  r  -ro  -ce  -rau '  ni-u  m 

*Ac-ro-ce-re'tes 

*A-croc'o-ms 

Ac-ro-co-rin'thU9 

*A-cro'ma 

A'cron 

*A-crop'a-thos 

Ac-ro-pa'to3 

A-crop'o-lis 

-*Ac-ro-re'a 

*Ac-ro-re'i 

Ac'ro-ta 

A-crot'n-tU3 

*Ac-ro-tIio'i 

*Ac-rn-t]iu'on 

Ac-roth'o-03 

*Ac-ro-tlio'uni 

Ac'ta 

Ac-ta:  ^i 

Ar-ia;'on 

Ac-i;k'us 

Ac'Ie 

Ac'ti-a 

Ar.'tis 

Ac-tis'a-ncs 

Ac'ti-mn 

Ac'ti-ii3 

Ac 'tor 

Ac-tor'i-de3 

Ac-to'ri-s 

*Ac'to-ri3 

tA-cn'le  o 

A-cii'phis 

A-cu-si-Ia'tis 

A-cu'li-ciis 

*A-cy'rus 

*Ac'y-tiis 

A'da 

A-iL-n'tis 

Ad-a-nian-la;'a 

Ad'a-maa 

Ad-a-inas'tus 

*A-da'mus 

fAd^i-na 

A-das'pi-i 

Ad'a-lha 

Ad-de-pha'gi-a 

Ad'du-a 

A-deI'phi-u3 

A-de'mon 

*A-deph'a-cus 

A'des,  or  Ha'des 

Ad-s^n-des'tri-us 

Ad-hcr'bal 

Ad-her'bas 

♦A-di-a-bc'ne 

A-dUan'te 

A-di-at'o-rix 


Ad-i-man'lU9 
Ad-i-me'tc 
Ad-me'la 
Ad-me'tu3 
*A-du'ne-U3,  or  *Ad- 

o-nc'us 
A-do'ni-a 
A-don'i-ciis 
A-do'nis 
Ad-ra-myt'li-um 
A-dra'na 
*A-dra'ne 
A-Jra'ttum 
A-dras'la 
A-dras'li-a,  or  fAd- 

ras-li'a 
*Ad-ras-ti'i  Cam  . 
*Ad-ras-li'ne 
A-<Iris'tus 
*A-dre'ne 
A'dri-a 

A-dri-an-op'o-lis 
A-ilri-a'iium  | 

A-dri-a'nii:5 
A-drt-at'i-«-':M 
Ad-ri-me'in;.. 
Ad-ii-at'i-*.i 
•A-<lu'la 
♦A-du'Ias 
•A-du'Ii9 
•Ad-u-li'lon 
A-dyr-nia-chi'dn-.    - 

•Ad-vr-mach'i  .: 

.r/a 

.tl-a-cc'a 

.I'l-ac'i-das 

./K-ac'i-dcs 

^'a-cus 

JE'x 

^^-«'a 

.iE-a-iue'ne 

jE-an-te'um 

iE-aii'li-«io3 

jE -an 'tis 

^'as 

JE'a-ins 

^ch-niac't>-ras 

.-Ech'mis 

jE-<]cp'?um 

jE-de='sa 

JE-dic'u-la 

».«d'i-la 

.^di'Ies 

•A=;-4li*lis 

'--Kd'i-lii^ 

iE-tlip'su.^ 

^'dim 

•A-<;-do'nis 

iEd'u-i,  or  Hed'ui 

'  1301 


.iRcl'lo,  er  A-<-l 
^t-e'la,  cr  U^  ■- 
-il-t'ti-as 
iE'ga 

.■E-pe'on 


.r  -  '15,  «■  •JE'ge-«i 
-on 


y.-: 

1  Ic-as 

.i:: 

-.•1'li.a 

Mz 

'i-lus 

o-tO 

.-  -i 

:.  !-r  -JEgiJa 

-:.~  la 
:-.  _  TK-'lcs 
.*:-;;i\>-chu3 

-E-gi'fvin,  rr  •-Ef'i- 

pan 
•.ts-i-pa'nca 
-E-pi'ra 
.f^gir-o-c*'?a 
.E  sis 

.^E-ri'tum 
j^'zi-itm 


-iv-piic'c-nss 
X'sron 


PRONUNCIATION   OF   GREEK   AND   LATIN   PROPER  NAMES. 


.'E'giis 

/E-thaKi-dea 

Ag-grain'mes 

fAl'ba  Lon'ga 

A-le'tum 

A'Ins,  or  Al'u-us 

A-min'i-us 

JE''^y 

*/EiIi-a-li'a 

Ag-gri'no; 

Al'ba  Syl'vi-U3 

Al-eu-a'dffi 

A-ly-at'tes 

A-min'o-cles 

*.Eg'y-la 

*^-rha'li-03 

fAgg-thyl'Iua 

|AI-ba'ni,  or  Al-ben'- 

*A-leu'a-d*e 

Al'y-ba 

Am-i-se'na 

i-Eg-y-pa'nes 

*iE-lhi'ces 

Ag'i-dre 

ses 

A-le'us 

*AUy-bi'da 

fAm-i-si'a 

-■E-gyp'sus 

*iEth'i-cu3 

Ag-i-Ia'u3 

Al-ba'ni-a 

*A'le-u3 

Al-y-ca;'a 

A-mis'i-as 

tM'gyp'ta. 

tjE-thi'oii 

A'gis 

Al-ba'nus 

A 'lex 

Al-y-ta?'u3 

A-iiii<'sas 

^-g}'p'ti-i 

*^E-tlii'o-pes 

Ag-Ia'i-a 

fAl'bi-a  Te-ren'li-a 

A-lex-a-me'nua 

tAI'y-mon,  or  ♦A-ly'- 

A-im'suin,  or  A-mi'- 

yE-'iyp'li-um 

iE-tlii-o'pi-a 

Ag-la-o-iii'ce 

Al-bi'ci 

Al-e.\-an'der 

moii 

sus 

^-iryp'tus 

^lll'li-U3 

Ag-Ia'o-pe 

AI-bi-e'lcE 

Al-ex-an'dra 

*A-Iy'pu3 

Ani-i-ter'num 

vE'h  a 

^'tlion 

*Ag-Ia'o-pes 

fAI-bi-gau'num 

*Al-ex-an'dri-a,  (a 

A-!ys'su9 

Am-i-tha'on,  or  Am-y 

wE-li  a'nus 

^'thra 

Ag-Ia-o-phce'na 

Al-bi'ni 

woman) 

Ai-yx-oth'o  e 

tha'nn 

*.^l'Uno3 

/E-thu'sa 

Ag-Ia'iH'lii>n 

Al-bi-no-va'nu9 

*Al-ex-au-dri'a,  (a 

*Al-y-7-e'a 

Am-ma'lo 

^'li-us,  and  JB'h-i 

^'ti-a 

Ag-ia-os'tlie-nes 

Al-bin-te-me'li-um 

city) 

A-mad'o-ci 

Aiii'iiii-a'nua 

^-lu'ms 

M'ti-ouy  or  E-e'ti-on 

Ag-lau'ro3 

Al-bi'nus 

Al-e.\-an'dri-des 

A-niad'o-cus 

fAm  mn-ch.:.3'tos 

t-'E-ma'tlii-a 

*.'E-ti-o-ne'a 

Ag-la'us 

Al'bi-on 

Al-ex-an-dri'na 

Aiu'a-ge 

Ani'iTiun,  or  Ham' 

^-niil'i-a 

*^-ti'te3 

*Ag']a-U3 

*Al-bi'o-nea 

Al-ex-an-drop'o-lia 

Ani-aUIiai'a 

men 

^m-il-i-a'nus 

.E'ti-us 

Ag'na 

fAl'bis 

Al-ex-a'nor 

Ain-al-lhc'um 

Am-ino'ni-a 

^E-mil'i-us 

*A-e'ti-us 

Ag'no 

Al'bi-U9 

Al-ex-ar'cliu3 

Ain'a-na,  or  jAm'a- 

Am-mo'ni-i 

-'Erii-nes'tus 

^t'na 

Ag-nod'i-ce 

Al-bu-cil'la 

A-lex'as 

nus 

Am-mo'ni-us 

^'inon 

*JE-to'\i 

Ag'non 

Arbu-Ia 

A-lex'i-a 

tA-nir,n'du3 

Am-mo'tho-a 

jEm'o-na 

iE-to'li-a 

*Ag-no-iii'a 

*Al-bu'na 

Al-px-ic'a-cus 

*A-man'i-cce 

*Am-nem'o-nes 

ir*^-E*mo'na 

yE-to'lu3 

Ag-nun'i-des 

A!-bu'ne-a 

Al-ex-i'nu3 

A-man'tes,  or  Am-an- 

Am'ni-as 

.^-mo'ni-a 

fiEx 

*Ag-no'te3 

Al-bur'nus 

A-!ex'i-o 

ti'ni 

Am-ni'siis 

uE-mou'i-des 

*A-ex-o'ne 

*Ag-noth'e-ta3 

Al'bijs  Ta'gus 

fA-lex'i-on 

A-ma'nu?,  or  fO-ma'- 

*Am-ni'tes 

*.Em'o-ni3 

A'fer 

Ag-o-na'li-a,  and 

Al-bu^ti-U3 

Al-ex-ip'pua 

nus 

Am-tE-ba;'ug 

.lE'mus 

A-fra'ni-a 

A-go'ni-a 

*.\I-c;Bn'e-tug 

Al-ex-ir'a-e3 

A-mar'a-cug 

Am-o-me'tu3 

^-myi'i-a 

A-fra'ni-us 

A-go'nes 

AI-Cffl'U9 

Al-ex-ir'ho-e 

A-mar'di 

*Am-om-pliar'e-lus 

.-Em-vl-i-a'nus 

Af'ri-ra 

Ag'onis 

Al-cam'e-nes 

A-lex'ia 

A-mar'tug 

A'mor 

^-myl'i-i 

Af-ri-ca'nus 

*A-go'nia 

Al-can'der 

A-lex'on 

Am-a-ryl'lig 

A-mor'ges 

iE-myl'j-us 

Arri-cuin 

A-go'ni-U3 

Al-can'dre 

Al-fa-ter'na 

Ain-a-rj-n'ce-ug 

A-mor'cos 
Am'pe-Tus 

^-na'ri-a 

*APri-cus 

*A-go'nu3 

Al-ca'nor 

Al-fe'nu9 

tAin-a-ryn-thi'a 

t^^-na'si-us 

*Ag'a-bu3 

*Ag'a-ra 

Al-cath'o-€ 

Al'gi-dum 

Ani-a-on'thu3 

Am-pe-lu'si-a 

^-ne'a,  or  f^-ne'i-a 

*A-gac'Iy-tU9 

Ag-o-rac'ri-tus 

AI-cath'o-U3 

*AI-go'num 

fAm-a-rys'i-a 

Am-phe'a 

^-ne'a-dffl 

A-ga-gri-a'iiJB 

Ag-o-rffi'a 

Al'ce 

A-Ii-ac'mon 

A 'mas 

Ani-plii-a-Ia'us 

.E-ne'a-dea 

Ag-a-las'ses 

Ag-o-ra'nis 

Al-ce'nor 

A-li-ar'tum 

*Am-a-se'a 

*Am*phi'a-Iii3 

^  ne'aa 

A-gal'Ia 

Ag-o-ran'o-ini 

Al-ces'le  or  Al-ccs'tis 

A-Ii-ar'tU3 

Am-a-se'nu3 

Am-piii'a-nax 

^-ne'i-a 

*Ag'a-me 

*Ag-o-re'sus 

Al'ce-tas 

Al'i-ci9 

A-ma'si-a 

tAui-pJii-a-ra'i-des 

-(E-ne'i-des 

*Ag-a-me'de 

A'gra 

Al'chi-daa 

A-li-c'nus 

A-ma'sis 

Am-phi-a-ra'us 

*.E-ne-i'deg 

Ag-a-me'des 

tA-grie'a 

Al-cliim'a-chus 

Al'i-fre,  or  fA-Ii'fa 

A-mas'trig 

*Am-pbi-ar-a-o'nm 

iC-ne'is,  and  *JE'ne-ie 

Ap-a-mem'non 

A-gra;'i,  or  fA-gren'- 

Al-ci-bi'a-dcs 

Al-i-Ice'i 

A-nias'tms 

Am-phi-cle'a 

^E-nes-i-de'inus 

Ag-a-mem-no'ni-U9 

Ag'ra-gas               [ses 

*AI-ci'dfe 

Al-i-men'tu3 

A-ma'ta 

Am-phic'ra-tes 

/E-ne 'si-US 

Ag-a-me'tor 

A-grau'le 

Al-cid'a-raas 

*A-lim'e-nus 

Ani-a-tlic'a 

Aui-phic'ly-on 

.iE-ne'tu9 

A-gam'ma-tffl 

A-grau'li-a 

AJ-ci-da-me'a 

A-Iin'dtE 

tAni-a-the'i 

tAm-phic-ty'o-ncs 

vE'ni-a 

Ag-am-nes'tor 

A-grau'Io9 

Al-ci-dam'i-das 

Al-in-do'i-a 

Am'a-lhus,  or  *A-ma'- 

Am-piiid'a-nius 

vE-ni'a-cus 

*Ag'a-mus 

A-grau-o-ni'tffi 

Al-cid'a-nius 

*A-li'plirB 

lluis 

*Am-pbid'o-Ii 

*/En'i-cus 

Ag-a-nip'pe 

A-gri-a'nes 

*Al-ci-da'mU9 

*A'.-i-plia'nu9 

A-max-am-pe'us 

Am-phi-dro'nii-a 

*.E-ni'dffl 

*Ag-a-nip-pe'ug 

A-gric'o-la 

Al-ci'das 

Al-i-phc'ri-a,  or  *Al-i 

*A-max-an-ti'a 

Am-phi-ge'ni-a,  or 

-E-ni'o-chi 

A-gan'za-ga 

Ag-ri-gen'tum 

Al-ci'des 

plie'ra 

A-max'i-a 

Am-phi-ge-ni'a 

/En  o-bar'bus 

*Ag'a-p;e 

A-grin'i-um 

Al-cid'i-ce 

*Al-i-phe'rus 

Am-ax-i'ta 

Am-phil'o-chus 

.En'o-cle3 

Ag-a-pe'nor 

*A-gri'o-do3 

*Al-cid'o-cus 

Al-ir-ro'thi-us 

*Am-ax-o'bi-i 

Am-phil'y-tus 

^'no3 

*Ag-a-pe'tus 

A-gri-o'ni-a 

Al-cira'e-de 

*AI-i-son'ti-a 

Am-a-/.e'ncs,  or 

Am  phim'a-chu9 

/E'num 

tA'gar 

A-gn'o-pas 

Al-cim'e-don 

*A-li'sum 

tMaz'e-neg 

Ani-pliim'e-don 

TvE'iius 

Ag-a-re'ni 

A-gri'o-pe 

Al-ciin'e-nes 

AI  le'di-us 

JA-iiia'zon 

Am-pliin'o-me 

-<E-ny'ra 

Ag-a-ris'ta 

*A-gri-opli'a-gi 

*Al-cim'o-us 

Al'ii-a 

A-maz't)-nea 

Am-phin'o-niug 

^-o'li-a 

A-gas'i-clea 

A-grip'pa 

Al'ci-mus 

AI-li-e'no9 

Am-a-zo'ni-a 

Atn-plii'on 

JE.o'n-s 

*A-ga'so 

*Ag-rip-pe'un) 

Al-cin'o-e 

*Al-li'fffi 

*Am-a-zon'i-cua 

*Ani-phip'a-giis 

.^ol'i-da 

A-gas'sre 

Ag-rip-pi'na 

Al'ci-nor 

Al-lob'ro-ges 

Am-a-zon'i-des 

Am-pliip'o-Ies 

^-ol'i-des 

A-gas'lhe-nes 

A-gris'o-pe 

Al-cin'o-us 

Al-lo-bry'gea 

Am-a-zo'ni-um 

Ani-phip'o-lis 

/E'o-Iis 

A-gas'ihus 

A'gri-ua 

*Al'ci-nu3 

*Al-lo  phy'lug 

Ani-a-zo'ni-ua 

Am-plitp'y-ro9 

^' 0-1  us 

A-gas'tro-phus 

Ag'ro-la3 

Al-ciH3'ne-U9 

Al-!ot'ri-gC3 

Am-bar'ri 

Am-phi-re'lus 

*/E-o'nes 

fAg'a-sus 

A'gron 

Al'ci-phron 

A!-lu'Ii-U3 

*Am-bar-va'les  Hos'- 

Am-pliir'o-e 

-■En^'ra 

Ag'a-tha 

A-gro'tas 

Al-cip'pe 

*Al-nie'ne 

ti-re 

Am'phis 

^.-pa'Ii-us 

Ag-at]i-ar'chi-da3 

A-grot'e-ra 

AI-cip'pu3 

fAI'mo 

Am-bar-va'Ii-a 

*Am-phi'sa 

.^.-pe'a 

Ag-ath-ar'chi-dea 

tA-gyi'e-U3 

Al'cis 

JAl'mon 

*Am-ba't£e 

Am-pliis-bx'na 

>Ep'u-lo 

Ag-nth-ar'chus 

A-gvI'e-us 

Al-cith'o-e 

*AI-nio'pe9 

Am'be-nus 

Am-phis'sa 

-E'py 

*Ag'a-thi  DoEin'o-nis 

A-pyl'la 

Alc-raie'on 

*AI-ray-ro'de 

Am-bi-a-li'les 

Am-pbis-se'ne 

^p'y-tus 

*Ag-a-thi'a 

Ag-yl-lie'us 

AlC'inaj-on'i-dfB 

A-Io'a 

Am-bi-a'num 

Ain-pliis'su9 

-^-qua'na 

A-ga'thi-as 

A-gyr'i-uni,  and 

Ale' man 

fA-lo'as,  or  f A-Io'is 

Ain-bi  a-ti'num 

Ani-pbis'Uie-ne8 

/E'rpn 

*Ag-a-thi'nu3 
Ag^a-tho 

A-gyrM-us 

Alc-me'na 

Al-o-e'ug 

*Arn-bi-har'e-ti 

Ani-phis-li'des 

.'E-qiiic'o-Ii 

A-gyr'te3 

fAI'con 

*A-lo'e-u3 

*Am-bi'cug 

vVin-phis'lra-lua 

-'Eq-ui-me'li-um 

Ag-a-tho-cle'a 

A-gy'rus 

*AI'co-ne 

Al-o-i'da;,  or  Al-o-i'- 

Am-bi-ga'tug 

*Am-pIii'sus 

^'ri-as 

A-gath'o-cles 

A-lia'Ia 

Al-cy'o-na 

des 

|Am-bi-o'rix,  or  Am- 

Am-phit'e-a 

-^r'o-pe 

Ag'a-thon 

Ai-do'ne-ua 

AJ-cy'o-ne 

A-lo'ne,  or  tA-lo'na 

bi'o-rix 

*Am-phi-the-a'tnim 

*A-cr'o-pe 

Ag-a-tho-ny'mus 

*A-i'Ia 

Al-cy-o'nc-us 

♦A-lo'nis 

Am'bla-da 

Am-phitli'e-mis 

^Er'o-pu3 

*Ag-a-lhon'y-mu8 

A-im'y-lus 

AI-des'cu3 

Al'o-pe 

Am-bra'ci-a 

Am-phitli'o-e 

*A-er'o-pus 

♦A-gath'o-pus 

Ai'u3  Locu'ti-ua 

Al-du'a-bia 

*A-lo[)'e-ca 

Am-bra'ci-us 

Am-phi-tri'te 

*.-Es'a-coa 

Ag-a-thos'the-nes 

A'jax 

A'U-a 

A-lop'e-co 

Ain'bri 

Am-pliit'ry-on 

■^s'a-cus 

Ag-a-thyr'num 

Al-a-ban'da 

A-Ie'ba9 

A-lop'e-ceg 

*Am-bro'dax 

Am-phit-ry-o-ni'a  des 

*/E-sa'ge-a 

Ag-a-thyr'si 

tAl-a-ban'di,  or  fAI-a- 

A-le'bi-on 

♦A-li>p-e-con-ne'8ti9 

Am-bro'neg 

Am'ptii-Uis 

^-sa'pus 

tAg-a-tliy'ru3 

ban-den'ses 

A-iec'to 

A-Ui'pi-ug 

Am-bro'si-a 

*Arn-phi'ug 

^'sar,  or  ^-sa'raa 

A-gau'i 

*AI-a-ban'di-cU3 

A-lec'tor 

*A-lo'ru3 

Am-bro'si-ua 

Am-phot'L'-riig 

*jE-sa'rus,  and  Ms'a.- 

A-ga've 

Al'a-bu3 

A-Iec'try-on 

A'los 

Am-bry'on 

Am*pliry'su3 

rus 

A-ga'vus 

A-lae'a 

A-Iec'tus 

A-lo'ti-a 

Aiii-brys'sus 

*Am'py-cu3 

yEs'chi-nes 

*Ag-bat'a-na 

A-ljE'i 

*A-le'i 

Al-pe'nn3 

tAui-bu-ba'jffi 

Amp'sa-ga 

^3'chi-ron 

Ag-des'tis 

A-liE'sa 

A-le'i-us  Cam'pus 

Al'peg 

Am-bul'li 

Amp'sa-gaa 

jEs'chri-on 

A-ge-e'na 

fA-ls'sus 

Al-e-man'ni 

Al-phe'a 

*Am'bu-li 

*Ain-pyc'i-dea 

^s-chy-li'des 

♦Ag-e-Ia'das 

A-la;'u9 

*AI-e-n)a'nus 

Al-phe'i-a 

Am'e-leg 

Am-pys'i-des 

/Es'cby-Iu9 

Ag-e-Ias'ius 

Al-a-go'ni-a 

A-le'nion 

Al-phe'nor 

Am-e-na'nu3 

Am'pyx 

.^s-cu-la'pi-us 

Ag-e-la'us 

A-la'la 

Al-e-nion'i-des 

Al-ithc'nug 

Am-e-ni'deg 

Am-sanc'tu3 

-(E-se'pus 

*Ag-e-Ie'a 

Al-al-cam^e-nse 

Al-e-nm'si 

Al-phe-si-bce'a 

A-men'o*cIcs 

A-mu'U-us 

^-ser'ni-a 

*Ag'e-les 

A-Ia'li-a,  or  fAI'a-lia 

A'lens 

Al-phe-si-bce'us 

*Am-e-no'phi3 

A-my'cIa 

.^-si'on 

A-gen'a-tha 

Al-a-ma'nes 

AMe-on 

Al-phe'us 

A-me'ri-a 

*Am'y-cItE 

.'E'son 

Ag-en-di'cum 

ITAI-a-ma'ni,  or  Al-a- 

*A-Ie'ri9 

Al-pbi'on 

A-mes'tra-tU3 

TTA-my'ciro 

iE-sun'i-des 

A-ge'nar 

inan'ni 

t  A-Ie'sa  OT  f  A-lne'sa 

Al'phi-ns 

A-mes'tris 

tAm-y-cliB'ug 

*.^?;s-ope'us 

Ag-e-nor'i-des 

Al-f-mun'ni,  or  IT Al- 

A-Ie'se 

Al-pi'nu3 

*A-mi-a'nug 

*A-my'clas 

^-so'pua 

Ag-e-ri'nus 

le-nian'ni 

A-le'si-a,  or  A-Iex'i-a 

Al'pia 

Am-i-clffi'u3 

*Am-y-cli'des 

JEg'in-a 

Ag-e-san'der 

A*)a'ni 

A-Ie'si-um 

*Ai'po'nu3 

A-mi'clas 

Am'y-cus 

,^s'u-a 

A-ge'si-as 

Al'a-res 

*A-le'su3 

Al'si-um 

A-niic'tas 

Am'y-dtm 

t^s'u-la 

*A-ges-i-da'mua 

Al-a-ri'cus 

A-!e'le3 

Al'siig 

A-mi'da 

Am-y-mn'ne 

*.ES'U-Iffi 

A-ges-i-la'u3 

Al-a-ro'di-i 

A-le'thes 

AMhaj'a 

A-mil'car 

A-myn'las 

^-sy'e-tes 

Ag-e-sip'o-Iia 

A-Ias'ior 

A-le'thi-a 

Al-iha?m'e-ne3 

Am'i-lo3 

A-myn-li-a'nus 

*JE-3y'me 

Ag-e-sis'ira-ta 

*A-las'to-rea 

A-Iel'i-das 

*Al-the'pu3 

A-mini'o-ne,  or 

A-myn'inr 

*^s-ym-ne'tro 

Ag-e-sis'tra-tua 

tA-lau'd;E 

*A-le'tis 

Al-ti'nuin 

A-mym'o-ne 

*Am-y-ri'cu9  Cam'- 

^s-yin-ne'tes 

*A-ge'tor 

fAl'a-zon 

fAl  e-lri-na'les 

Al'tis 

A-min'e-a,  or  Am- 

pus 

jE-sym'nus 

*A-ge'tus 

*A-la'7,an 

JAI  e-th-nen'eea 

fAl'lus 

min'e-a 

A -my 'rig 

*iEth'a-Ie 

*Ag-ge'nus 

*AJ-a-7,o'ne3 

A-Ie'lri-um 

A-lun'ti-um 

A-min'i-as 

A-myr'i-us 

1302 


PRONUNCIATlOiN   OF   GREEK   AND   LATIN   PROPER  NAMES. 


Am'y-ms 

A-niys'ti3 

Aiii-y-tha'on 

fAin-y-tlia-o^ai-us 

Am'y-lis 

*A-uab'a-sis 

*A-nab'atE 

fAn-a-ce'i-a 

An'a-ccs,  or  fA-nac'- 

tes 
An-a-c!iar'sis 
A-iui'ci-utn,  or  *An-a- 

ci'um 
*An-a-cle'tU3 
A-iia'cre-on 
An-ac-to'ri-a,  or  An- 

ac-io'ri-um 
*Aii-ac-to'ri-e 
•  V-iKic'to-mm 
An-a-<iy-oni'e-ne 
A-nag'ni-a 
Aii-a-g>--ron'iura 
♦A-nag'y-rus 
An-a-i'tis 
fAii-a-ni'as 
An'a-phe 
Au-a-pl)lys'tU3 
fA-na'pi-us 
A-ua'pus 
*A-nar'«y-ri 
A-nar'les 
A'nas 

*A'iiath'e-ma 
A-nat'o-lB 
A-iKiu'chi-das 
A-uau'nis 
A-nau'sis 
A'nas 

An-ai-ag'o-raa 
An-ax-an'der 
An-ax-an'dri-des 
Aii-ax-ar'ctius 
An-ax-ar'e-te 
An-ax-e'nor 
A-nax'i-as 
An-ax-ib'i-a 
Aii-ax  ic'ra-tes 
tAn-nx-iil'a-inu3,  or 

!T*A-nax-i-(la'mus 
A-nax'i-las,  or  A-nai- 

i-la'us 
An-ax-iri-dcs 
A-nax-i-man'der 
An-ax-im'e-ncs 
An-ax-ip'o-lis 
An-as-ip'pu3 
An-ax-ir'rbo-e 
A-nax'ia 
A-nax'o 
An-CtE'U3 
An-ca-Ii'le3 
An-ca.'ri-us 
•An-cha're3 
An-cba'ri~a 
An-cha'ri-ua 
♦An-cha'tes 
An-cbem'o-Iu3 
An-che-si'tes 
An-cbes'mus 
An-chi'a-la,  or  An- 

chi'a-le 
•An-chi-a-Ii'a 
An-chi'a'tu3 
An-chi-mo'Ii-U8 
An-chin'o-e 
fAn-chi'sa 
fAn-chi'se 
An-chi'des 
An-chis'i-a 
An-chi-si'a-des 
An'cho-e 
tAnch'o-ra 
An-chu'ni3 
An-ci'Ie 

An'con,  or  An-co'na 
An'cu3  51ar'ti-us 
An-cy'le 
tAn-cy'ra. 
\n-<:y'rffi 

An-cy'ron 

■n'da 

An-dab'3-!is 

-n-dab'a-la 

\ri-da'na 

■- n-da'ni-a 

'.n-de-ca'vl-a 

\n-de-ga'vTun 

\n-de'ra 

\n'des,  or  |An-de- 
ca'o-nes 
I    An-doc'i-des 
An-fIon)'a-ti3 
I    An-drre'tnon 
.\n-fira-?a'lhi-ti3 

'\!i-drnf:'a-thus 

An-drng'o-ras 


An-drain'y-les 

An-tlre'a3 

*An'dre-aa 

*An'd  re-US 

*An-dre'mon 

*An'dri-a 

An'dri-clus 

An'dri-on 

An-dris'cus 

An-dro'bi-us 

An-dro-cle'a 

tAn-dro'cles 

An'dro-cles 

An-dri>-cU'de3 

An-dro'clus 

An-dro-cy'des 

An-drod'a-raus 

tAn-dro'dus 

An-dro'ge-os 

An-dro'ge-us 

An-drog'y-ncB 

*An-drog'y-nu3 

An-drotn'a-che 

An-dro  ma-chi'ds 

An-drom'a-cbus 

An-droni'a-das 

An-droDi'e-da 

*An-drom''e-des 

An'droo 

An-dro-ni'cus 

An-droph'a-gi 

An-dro- pom 'pus 

An'dros 

An-dros'tbe-nes 

An-dro'U-on 

An-e-lon'tis 

,\n-e-moli-a 

An-e-mo'sa 

An-e-ras^tus 

*A-ne'tor 

An-fin'o-rau?,  or  jAni- 

pbin'o-mus 
*An'ga-ri 
An-gc'li-a 
An-ge'li-on 
An'ge-lus 
An-gi'te3 
t.\ng'li 
fAn-gli'a 
Aji'gms 
An-gru-it'i-a 
A'ni-a 
An-i-ce'tU8 
A-nic'i-a 
A-nic'i-ura 
A-nic'i-us  <5al']us 
*A-ni'gros 

A'ni-o,  A'ni-en 

*An'i-sus 

An-i-tor'gia 

A'ni-U3 

An'na 

fAn'na  Cora-ne'na 

An-ni-a'nu3 

An'ni-bai 

An'ni-bi 

An-nic'e-ria 

*An-ni-cho'ri 

fAn'ni-us  Scap'u-la 

*A-no'lu3 

An'non,  or  Han'no 

*An'o-nu3 

An-o-ps'a 

An'ser 

An-st-ba'ri-a 

An-tiE'a 

An-lai'aa 

tAn-tffi-op'o-lis 

An-tffi'us 

An-lag'o-raa 

An-tal'ci-das 

An-tan'der 

.■\ii-tan'dro3 

*An-te'a 

Aii-lei'u3 

An-tem'nae 

An-te'nor 

An-te-nor'i-des 

An-ter-bro'gi-us 

An'te-ros 

*An'te-ru9 

An-tbe'a 

An'the-as,  or  fAn- 

tbe'as 
An-tbe'don 
An-the'la 
An'tbe-mis 
An'the-mon 
An^the-mus 
An-the-mu'si-a 
An-the'ne 
An-tJier'mii9 
*An-lbe'ru3 
An'lbes 
An-tbes-pbo'ri-a 


An-tlics-ie'ri-a, 

An-tbe'u3 

An-thi'a- 

An-ilu'as,  or  *An'thi- 

as 
*An'lbi-nE 
An'tbi-um 
An'tbi-us 
An'tbo 
An-tbo'res 
An-thra'ci-a 
Aii-tbru-pi'nus 
*An-thro-pu-iiior-pbi'- 

An-thro-poph'a-gi 

An-thyl'la 

An-ti-;i-ni'ra 

An'ti-as 

*An-ti-bac-chi'u3 

*An-tic'a-ius 

*An-lic'a-lo 

*An-iich'lbo-nes 

*An-tic-i-no'U3 

An-li-cle'a 

An'ti-cles 

An-ti-cli'des 

An-tic'ra-gus 

An-tic'ra-tes 

An-tic'y-ra 

An-tid'o-mus 

Aii-lid'o-tus 

An-tig'e-nes 

An-ti-gen'i-daa 

*An-li-gt:-ni'das 

An-tig'o-na 

An-tig'o-ue 

tAn-ii-so-ne'a 

An-ti-go'ni-a 

*An-ti-go-ni'a 

An-tig'o-nus 

An-tii'co 

An-ti-lib'a-nus 

An-til'o-chiis 

An-litn'a-chus 

Aii-lini'c-nes 

tAn*iin'o-e 

*An-tin-o-e'a 

An-ti-iiffi'i-a 

An-ti-iiop'o-lis 

An-tin'o-U3 

Aii-li-u'cbi-a,  or  *An- 

ti-fi-chi'a 
An-ti'o-chis 
An-ti'o-chus 
*An-ti'o-pa 
An-ti'o-pe 
An-ti-o'ru3 
fAn-ti-pa'ro3 
*An-tip'a-ro3 
An-tip'a-ter 
An-ii-pa'tri-a 
*An-tUpa-tri'a 
An-li-pat'ri-da3 
An-lip'a-tris 
An-tiph'a-nes 
An-tiph'a-tes 
An-tiph'i-bjs 
An'ti-phon 
An-iiph'o-nus 
An'li-phus 
♦An-tip'o-des 
An-ti-pffi'nus 
An-tip'o-Iis 
*An-tir'rbi-um 
*An-tir^rho-do3 
An-tis'sa 
An-tis'ibe-nes 
An-li:^'ti-ns 
An-titb'e-us 
An'ti-um 
An-tom'e-nes 
An-to'ni-a 
An-to'ni-i 
An-to-ni'na 
An-to-ni'nu3 
An-to-ni-op'o-Iis 
An-to'ni-U3 
An-tor'i-de3 
A-nu'bis 
Anx'i'U3 
Anx'iir 
*Anx'u-ru3 
An'y-ta 
An'y-tu3 
An-za'be 
f  A-ob'ri-ca,  or 
f  A-bob'ri-ca 
A-ol'Ii-us 
A 'on 
A'o-nes 
tA-o'ni-3 
fA-on'i-des 
A-o'ris 

A-or'nos,  or  tA-or'nis 
fA-or'si 
+A-o'ru3 


A-o'ti 

*A-o'U3 

A-pa'i-ta; 
A-pa'ma 
A-pa'rae 
Ap-a-ine'a,  or  Ap-a- 

ini'a 
*Ap-a-me'ne 
A-par'ni 
Ap-a-tu'ri-a 
A-pe-au'ros 
*A-pe-li-o'te3 
A-pel'la 
A-pei'les 
*Ap-ei-le'us 
A-pel'li-con 
Ap-en-ni'nu3 
A' per 

*Ap-e-ran-ti'a 
Ap-e-ro'pi-a 
Ap'e-sus,  fAp'e-sas, 

or  fAp'e-san-tes 
Aph'a-ca 
*Aph'a-ce 
A-pbffl'a 
A'pbar 
Apb-a-re'tus 
Apii-a-re'us 
*A-plia' re-US 
A'phas 
A-phel'las 
Apb'e-sas 
Aph'e-tiE 
*A-pbe'tor 

Ap!i'i-das,  or  *A-pbi'- 
das 

A-phid'na 

A-pbid'nu3 
Aph-ne'um 

Aph-cE-be'lus 

A-phri'ces 
Apli-ro-dis'e-ua 

A()b-ro-dis''i-a 

tAph-ro-dis'i-as 

Aph-ro-di'sum 

Aph-ro-di'te,  or  *Aph- 
ro-di'ta 

tApb-ro-di-top'o-lis 

A-pby'te,  or  f  A-phv'- 
tis 

A'pi-a 

A-pi-a'nus 

Ap-i-ca^ta 

A-pic'i-us 

A-pid'a-nus 

*A-pid'o-nes 

Ap'i-na,  or  fA'pi-nEB 

A-pi'o-la,  orfA-pi'o-l!E 

A'pi-on 

A'pis 

A-pit'i-us 

*A-poc'o-pa 

*Ap-u-do'ti 

A-pol-li-na're3 

A-pol-li-na'ris 

Ap-oMin'e-us 

Ap-ol-lin'i-des 

A-poI'Ii-nis 

A-pol'io 

Ap-ol-loc'ra-tes 

A-pol-lo-do'rus 

Ap-ol-!o'ni-a 

A-pol-lo-ni'a-des 

Ap-oMo'ni-as 

Ap-oI-Ion'i-des 

Ap-oMo'ni-us 

Ap-ol-Iopb'a-nes 

*A-pol'Iy-on 

A-po-my-i'os 

A-po-ni-a'na 

A-po'ni-us 

Ap'o-nus 

Ai>-os-tro'phi-a 

Ap-o-the-o'sis 

Ap-pi'a-des 

Ap-pi-a'nus 

Ap'pi-a  Vi'a 

Ap'pi-i  Fo'nim 

Ap'pi-U3 

Ap'pu-la 

A'pri-es,  or  A'pri-us 

Ai)-sin'thi-i 

Ap'si-nus 

fAp'sus 

Ap'te-ra 

Ap-u-le'i-a 

Ap*u-le'i-U3 

A-pu'li-a 

*Ap'u-lus 

Ap-u-scid'a-mus 

*Ap'y-ri 

A-qua'ri-us 

*Aq'ui-la 

Aq-ui-Ia'ri-a 

Aq-ui-le'i-a,  or  fAq- 
uMe'gi-a 


A-quil'i-u3 

A-<iuiI'li-a 

Aq'ui-lo 

Ai|-ui-lu'ni-a 

*A-<iui'na3 

A-quin'i-U8 

A-ipii'iitim 

Aq-ui-ia'ni-a 

*x\q-ui-tan'i-cu8 

*Aq'ui-tes 

A'ra 

Ar-a-bar'cbes 

*Ar'a-bc3 

A-ra'bi-a 

A-rab'i-cus 

Ar'a-bi.>-,  or  Ar'bia 

A'rabs,  or  Ar'a-hiis 

A-rac'ca,  or  A-rcc'- 

ca 
A-racb'nc 
♦Ar-acb-ne'a 
Ar-a-cbo'ai-a 
Ar-a-cho'tai,  or  Ar-a- 

cbo'ti 
A-rac'lhi-aa 
Ar-a-cilMum 
Ar  a-co'si-i 
Ar-a-cyii'thu3 
Ar'a-dus 
A'ra; 

*Ar-a-phi'a 
A'rar 
*Ar'a-ri3 
Ar'a-rus 
*Ar-a-le'us 
Ar-a-ibyr'e-a 
A-ra'tii3 
*A-rau'ri-cus 
*A-ra'vus 

*Ar-ax-e'nu3 

A-rax'es 

Ar-ba'ces,  or  Ar'ba- 
ces 

Ar-be'Ia,  or  Ar'be-!a 

*Ar-be'lus 

Ar'bis 

Ar-bo-ca'la 

*Ar~bo'na 

Ar-bus'cu-la 

*Ar'ca-des 

Ar-ca'di-a 

Ar-ca'di-us 

Ar-ca'num 
,  Ar'cas 

jAr'ce 

Ar'ce-na 

Ar'cens 

*Ar-ce3'i-las 

Ar-ces-i-Ia'us 

Ar-ce'si-us 

Ar-chffi'a 

Ar-cb»'a-nax 

Ar-cba!-at'i-das 

Ar-cha2;'a-thus 

Ar-cban'der 

Ar-cliau'dro3 

Ar'che 

*Ar-rbed'i-cu9 

Ar-clieg'e-tes 

Ar-che-Ia'us 

Ar-chetn'a-cbus 

Ar-(.liPin'o-ru9,  or 
O-phel'tes 

Ar-cbep'o-Iis 

A  r-c  h  efvtol '  e-mu  s 

Ar<bes'ira-tU3 

Ar-cbe-ti'mus 

Ar-cbe'ti-us 

Ar'cbi-a 

Ar'clii-as 

Ar-ctii-bi'a-dcs 

Ar-cbib'i-us 

*Ar-chid'a-ma3 

Ar-cbi-da'ini-a 

*Ar-cbi-da-mi'a 

Ar-chi-da'iiuis,  or  .^T' 
cbid'a-mus 

Ar'cbi-das 

Ar-cbi-de'mus 

Ar-cbi-de'»s 

Ar-cbid'i-um 

Ar-cbi-gal'bis 

A^■chi^'^vn<■s 

Ar-chiro-Lbus 

Ar-cbi-uie'des 

Ar-cbi'nus 

Ar-cbi-pcra-gus 

Ar-chip'o-lis 

Ar-cbip'pe 

Ar-cbip'pus 

Ar-cbi'li3 

Ar'cbon 

Ar-cbon'tes 

Ar'cby-lus 

Ar-cliy'ias 

*Ar-cU'e-nens 


Arc-ti'niii 

Arc4(*ph'v-laj 

Arc'tfw 

Arc-lo'u8 

Arc-m'nu 

Ar'da-hiA 

Ar  da'iii-a 

Ar-dax-a'niu 

Ar'de-a 

Ar-de-a'lcii 

Ar  de-ric'ca 

Ar-diat'i 

Ar-dis'cus 

*Ar'di>-nc 

Ar-<Io'nc-a 

tArdu'a 

Ar-<iii-cn'na 

Ar-dii-i'n'j 

Ar  (Iy<*n'>es 

Ar'dya 

A'ru 

A -re 'a 

A-rc-ac'i-da; 

A-re'as 

*A-re'2i»n 

A-rcg'(>-iii3 

•Ar'c-Ias 

Ar-f-Ia'liim 

*Ar-«-la'tua 

A-rerii-iis 

Ar-c-rnor'i-ca 

tA-rc'na,  or  lA-ic'nE 

*A-rc'no 

A-ri.'n'a-cum 

A-rc-o-pa-gi'ta 

A-re-op'a-gua 

*A-re'o3 

lA'res 

A-res'ta; 

A-res'lba-nas 

A -res 'lor 

Ar-cs-tor'i-dea 

Ar'c-La 

Ar-c-tx'us 

Ar-e-la'le3 

Ar-<;-tapb'i-1a 

*Ar'e-las 

A-ro'le 

*Ar'e-te 

A-re'tes 

*Ar'e-thon 

Ar-e-lbu'sa 

fAr-e-ti'ni 

Ar-e-ti'num 

Ar'e-lus 

♦A-re'ius 

A're-U3 

Ar-gjB'iis 

Ar'ga-Ius 

•Ar-inin-tbo'na 

*Ar-gan-tho-ni'um 

Ar-gatb'o-na 

Ar-ga-tbo'ni-us 

Ar'ge 

Ar-ge'a 

Ar-ge-a'UiE 

Ar-gen'num 

Ar'gfS 

Ar-ges'tra-tus 

Ar-ge'us 

Ar'gi 

Ar-gi'a 

Ar'gi-as 

Ar-gi-le'ium 

Ar-gil'i-«s 

Ar-girius 

Ar'gi-bi3 

'Ar-gi'nus 

Ar-gi-nu's» 

Ar-gi'o-pe 

Ar-|:i-pbon'tes 

Ar-gip'pi-i 

*Ar-giih'e-a 

Ar-gi'va 

Ar-gi'vi 

*Ar-gi'vus 

Ar'gi-U3 

Ar'go 

*Ar-go'da 

Ar-gol'i-cus 

Ar'go-lis 

Ar'gon 

Ar-ga-nau'UD 

Ar'gos 

Ar-ea'u3 

Ar'giis 

Ar-g>n'nis 

tAr-gyn'nus 

Ar-gy'ra 

Ar-g>'-ras'pi-dw 

Ar'g>-re 

Ar-cjr'i-pa 

*Ar-gy-n'pa 

*Ar-g>-ro[  b-lis 

A'ri-a 

A-ri-ad'ne 


A-ri-ac'iu 

A-ri-a'ni,  cr  A-fie  il 
A-n-an'ta* 

•A-n    1  r>:h.-'3 
A 


A 
At  : 

Ai-i-'l-ii'nf 
A-ri-«'nU 
•A-ri'c-tu 
Ar-i-2*'mo 
•Ar-ij  ni*'lui 
\  r;'i 

i'i 

ir  i-iiii-'lliB 
*Ar-i-roa-ilic'» 

.\r  r  m-i'zca 


itD 


.   J    * 


A-f;  ■    III 

A-n'dn 

A-n-o-vU'tiu 

•Ari-pi'lUw 

A'n* 

A-ns'ba 

Ar-iFi-ts>n'c-lai 

Ar-i«-n'uni 

Ar-i*-4*'u4 

Ar-i*-tac'o-ni 

Ar-i'i-tan'dcr 

Ar-i^Lin'drrji 

Ar-i>-Uir'chc 

Ar-is-iar'cbus 

A-hs-Ui-ia'Dc« 

A-ns'le-as 

A-ris'te-ix 

A-ris'le-us 

A-rLs'ihc-nM 

A -rid' thus 

Ar-i*-ii'buB 

Ar-is-ti'dcs 

Ar-is-til'liu 

Ar-L*4ip'poa 

A-ris'li-iu 

fA-ris'U),  or  A-ri»*- 

ton 
A-ris-t*vtuTa 
A-nsu-l'-rius 
A-ri>-tt-^Ic'a 
A-rij'ti'-rli-i 
A-r;>-t..-^Ii  i1.-5 
Ar-.-  i'<'r,i-U^ 
Ar-:>4u'cr'.--*-n 
Ar-i--t<'r  n-Iui 
•A-n>-ti>'l:\  ma 
A-ri>-t.-l-   II.  .s 
Ar  i>-l-^  .   -.  » 
A-r.s-U'-c.  :-  n 
A-ns-io-l:\  us 
.\r-ts-tom'a-<b« 
Ar-is-lom' a -ciiu* 
A-ris-to-mc'dc* 
Ar  is-loro'e-nc* 
A-ris-tt>nau'ir 
A-ris-!o-ni'cu3 
Ar-i:i-lon'i-dcs 
•Ar-i*-*on'o-iis 
A-ris'to-nus 
.\r-i*4on'y-inm 
Ar-is-toph'a-nc* 
A-rii^-to-plii-bMcs 
A-hs'la-pb»tn 
•A-rii^i>-pbyli 
A-ris'tiT 
.\r-iM.:     :  • 
Ar-is-K : 
A-ris-i.'-ii  ■ii-i^ 

A-ri>-'tus 

Ar-iMyllus 

A'ri-ns,  (lif  kfrttk) 

•A-ri'us,  «r  Ar'KU 

■A-ri'us 

•A-n'i 

•Ar'mtsoc 

Ar'nu^nc? 

Ar-mo  ni-a 

\r--jn.  (i-:_i  r;-iis 

,_  ... 


'Armor'i-cus 


1303 


PRONUNCIATION   OF   GREEK   AND   LATIN   PROPER  NAMES. 


*Ar'mo-zon 

A-ru'ci,  or  fA-ruc'ci 

As-le-ru 'si-US 

At'ro-po3 

Av-en-ti'nus 

Bal'bus 

Bau'li 

Ar'ne 

A-ru'e-ris 

As-tin 'o-me 

Al'ta 

A-ver'nus,  or  A-vei'- 

*BaI-ce'a 

Ba'vi-U3 

Ar'ni 

A'riins 

As-ti'ochus 

*At-tac'o-r» 

na 

Ba-le-a'rea 

*Bav'o-ta 

fAr-ni-en'eis 
Ar-no'bi-ua 

A-mn'ti-U3 

As'to-mi 

*At-ta-Ii'a 

A-ves'ta 

Ba-le'tus 

Baz-a-cn'tea 

*Ar-u-pi'num 

As-trjB'a 

Ai-ta'Ii-a 

A-vid-i-e'nus 

*BaI-is-be'ga 

Ba-za'ri-a 

Ar'nus 

Ar-u-pi'nus 

As-trie'us 

At'ta-lua 

A-vid'i-us  Cas'si-us 

Ba-!is'ta 

*Bc-a'tnx 

Ar'o-a 

Ar-ver'ni 

As'tu 

At-tar'ras 

A-vi-e'iius 

Ba'Ii-ua 

Be'bi-us 

*Ar'o-e 

Ar-vir'a-gus 

As'tur 

jAt-teg'u-a 

*A-vi'tus 

Bal-Ion'o-li 

Be-bri'a-cum 

Ar'oma 

Ar-vis'i-uin,  or  Ar-vi'- 

As'tii-ra 

Al-te'i-us  Cap'i-to 

A'vi-um 

Bal-ven'ti-us 

Beb'ry-ce 

*A-ro'n)a 

sus 

As'tu-rf9 

At'tes 

Ax'e-nii3 

*Bary-ra 

Beb'ry-ces,  ajid  Be- 

*A-rom'a-ta 

A-ry-an'des 

*As-tu'ri-cii3 

At'tbi3 

Ax-i'o-chu3 

Bal'y-ras 

bryc'i-i 

tA-rora'a-tiim 

Ar'y-ba3 

As-ty'a-ge 

At'ti-ca 

Ax-i'on 

*Bam-by'ce 

Be-bryc'i-a 

*Ar'o-tJE 

Ar-yp-tfe'us 

As-ty'a-gu3 

At'ti-cus 

Ax-i-o-ni'cu3 

*Ba-mu'r® 

*Be-clii'rcs 

*Ar-o-te'res 

fA-ryx'a-ta 

As-ty'a-Ius 

At-ti-da'tes 

*As-i-o'ttE 

Bam-u-ru'a: 

*Be-cbi'ri 

*A-rot're-b» 

A-san'der 

As-ty'a-nax 

At'li-la 

Ax-iHD'te-a 

*Ba-ni-u'bE 

*Bel'a-Ies 

Ar'pa-ni 

As-ba-me'a 

*As-ty-cra-te'a 

At-til'i-us 

Ax-i-o'the-a 

Ban'ti-iE 

Bel-e-nii'na 

Ar'pi 

As-bea'tae,  or  As-bys'- 

As-ty-cra'tl-a 

At-ii'nas 

tAx'i3 

Ban'ti-U3 

*Be]'e-nus 

*Ar'pi-nas 

tffi 

As-tyd'a-mas 

At'ti-us  Pe-Iig'nu3 

Ax'i-us 

Baph'y-ru3 

Bel-e-phan'Iea 

Ar-pi'nura 

As'bo-lus 

As-ty-da-mi'a 

At-u-at'i-ci 

*Ax'o-na 

Bap'ta) 

Bel'e-sis 

*Ar'qiii-tU9 

*As-bo'tus 

As'ty-lus 

Al'u-bi 

*Ax-o'ncs,  (a  people) 

*Bar'a-do 

Bel'gfE 

*Ar-ra-bo'na 

*As-by'le 

As-lyni-e-du'sa 

*At'u-rii3 

*Ax'o-iies,  (tablets) 

Ba-riE'1 

Bel'gi-ca 

*Ar-ra-chi'on 

As-cal'a-phus 

As-tyn'o-me 

A-ty'a-ds 

Ax'ur,  and  Anx'ur 

Bar'a-thrura 

Bel'gi'Um 

Ar-riB'i 

As'ca-lon 

As-tyn'o-mi 

A'lys 

Ax'u3 

Bar'ba-ri 

BL-I'gi-ua 

*Ar-re'chi 

As-ca'ni-a 

As-tyn'o-u3 

*Avi-cha'tffi 

*A-zam'o-ra 

Bar-ba'ri-a 

*Be'li-a3 

Ar-itm-bs'ua 

As-ca'ni-ns 

As-ty'o-clie,  or  As-ty- 

*Au-de'ra 

A'z;in 

*Bar-ba'lu3 

:J:Be-li'de?:,  s'ln^.  (male 

Ar'ri-a 

*As'che-tas 

o-chi'a 

Au-fe'i-a  A'qiia 

*A-za'ni 

Bar-bos'the-ne3 

dcM.  of  Belus) 

Ar-ri-n.'nu9 

*As-che'um 

As-ty-pa-lff'a 

Au-fi-de'na 

*A-ze'ca 

Bar-by  th'a-ce 

JBe'Iis,  pi.  Bel'i-des, 

Ar'ri-us,  or  A'ri-us 

As-ci'i 

As-typli'i-lu3 

Au-fid'i-a 

*A-zi'de3 

Bar'ca 

(fan.  desc.  of  Belus) 

Ar-niu'ti-us 

As-cle'pi-a 

fAs-ty'ra 

Au-fid'i-us 

*A-zi'lis 

Bar-ca;'i,  or  Bar-ci'- 

Be-Iis'a-ma 

Ar-sa'bes 

*As-cle-pi'a 

*As'ty-ron 

Au'fi-du3 

A-zi'ris 

tJB 

BeI-i-sa'ri-U3 

Ar'sa-ces,  or  Ar-sa'- 

As-cle-pi'a-de3 

As-ty'ron 

Au'ga 

Az'o-nax 

Bar'ce 

Bel-is-ti'da 

ces 

As-cle-pi-o-dn'iu3 

As'y-chi3 

Au'ge,  and  Au-ge'a 

A-zo'ni3 

Bar'cha 

Bel'i-tffi 

Ar-sa'ci-a 

As-cIe-pi-o-do'tu9 

A-sv'Ias 

Au'ga-ru3 

A-zo'tus 

*Bar'ci-no 

*Bel-lag'i-nc3 

Ar-sac'i-dffi 

*As-cle-pi-od'o-tu9 

A-syl'ius 

Au'ge-ffi 

*Bar-ci'nus 

Bel-ler'o-phon 

Ar-sam'e-nes 

As-cle'pi-us 

*A-syn'cri-tiis 

*Au-gi'as 

Bar-da:'i 

BH-le'rus 

Ar-sam'e-tes 

As-cle-ta'ri-on 

A-tab'u-his 

Au'gi-as,  aiid  Au'ge- 

*Bar-da'ne3 

*Bfl'Ie-ru3 

Ar-sam-o-sa'ta 

As'clus 

At-a-by'ri3 

as 

B. 

Bar'di 

Bel-IJ-e'nu3 

*Ar-sa-mos'a-ta 

As-co'li-a 

*A-tab'y-ris 

Au'gi-lEB 

jBar-di'ne 

Bei-lo'na 

Ar-sa'nes 

As-co'ni-us  La'be-o 

At-a-by-ri'te 

Au-gi'nu9 

Bar-dyl'li3 

Bel-Io-no'ri-i 

Ar-sa'ni-aa 

As 'era 

At'a-ce 

Au'gu-res 

Ba-rc'a 

Bel-lov'a-ci 

Ar-se'na 

As'cu-Ium 

tAt'a-ce3 

Ati-gus'ta 

Ra-bil'i-U9 

*Ba're-a 

*Bcl-lo-o-va'cura 

Ar'ses 

As'dru-bal 

At-a-Ian'ta 

Au-giis-ta'Ii-a 

Bab'i-Iii3 

Ba're-as  So-ra'nu3 

Bel-Io-ve'sU3 

*Ar-sc'sa 

*A'se-a 

*At-a-Iy'da 

Au-gus-li'nus 

IJab'y-lon 

Ba'res 

Bu'Ion 

Ar'si-a 

A-sel'Ii-o 

At-a-ran'tes 

*Au-gas-to-nem''e- 

Uab-y-lo'ni-a 

*Bar'go-se 

*Ecrphe-gor 

Ar-si-dffi'us 

*A-se'U3 

A-tai'he-chis 

tiitii 

liab-y-lo'ni-i 

Bai-gii'si-i 

Bo'Iiis 

Ar-sin'o-e 

A'si-a 

A-tar'pa-tis 

Au-gus'tu-lus 

iJa-byr'sa 

Ba-ri'ne 

*Bein-bi'na 

fAr-si'tes 

*A-si-ag'e-ne3 

A-tar'ne-a 

Au-giis'tiis 

Ua-byt'a-ce 

*Bar'i-sas 

Be-na'cus 

Ar-ta-ba'nug 

A-si-at'i-cus 

A'tas,  and  A'lhas 

Au-Ies'tes 

ISac-a-l)a'sus 

Ba-iis'ses 

*Ben-di-di'a 

fAr-ta-ba-za'nes,  or 

*A-si-a-ge'tes 

A'tax 

Au-le'te3 

Bac'clia: 

Ba'h-um 

Ben-did'i-um 

tAr-tam'e-nes 

A-si'las 

A'te 

Aii'Iis 

*lJac-cha'nal 

Bai'nu-us 

Ben 'd  is 

Ar-ta-ba'zus 

*A-si'IU3 

A-Tel'la 

*Aii-lo-cre'ne 

[!ac-cha-na'li-a 

Bar-si'ne,  and  Bar-se'- 

Ben-e-did'i-um 

Ar'ta-bri,  or  Ar-ta- 

As'i-na,  or  As'i-ne 

At'e-na 

Au'lon 

I!ac-cbari'te3 

ne 

Ben-e-ven'tum 

hn'ta: 

As-i-na'ri-a 

At-e-no-ina'riis 

Au-Io'ni-us 

*l!:ic-cii(;'is 

Bar-za-en'tea 

Ben-the-sic'y-me 

Ar-ta-coB'as 

As-i-na'ri-u3 

*A-tfi-'ga-ti3 

Au'Iua 

♦IJac-cbe'us 

Bar-za'nes 

Be-pol-i-ta'nus 

Ar-ta-cie'na 

As'i-ne3 

Atli-a-ina'nea 

Au'ras 

B;ic'chi 

*Ba-se'ra 

Ber'bi-C£E 

Ar'ta-ce 

A-sin'i-u3  Gal'Ius 

Alh'a-nias 

Au-re'li-a 

JJac-chi'a-diE 

Bas-i-lc'a 

Ber-c-cyn'thi-a 

Ar-ta-ce'ne 

A'si-us 

Aih-a-inan-ti'a-des 

Au-re-li-a'nu9 

*Bac-cbi'das 

*Bas-i-Ii'a 

tBer-e-cyn'tbu3 

Ar-ta'ci-a 

As-na'u3 

Aih-a-na'si-us 

Au-re'ii-us 

Bac'chi-dea 

Bas-i-li'dte 

Ber-e-ni'ce 

Ar-t^'i 

A-so'pliis 

*A-tban'a-ti 

Au-re'o-lus 

Hac'ciiis,  or  jBa'Ius 

Bas-j-li'des 

Ber-e-ni'cia 

*Ar-ta-ge'ra3 

A-so'pi-a 

Ath'a-ni3 

Au-ri'ga 

iiac'chi-iun 

^Bas-i-li'i 

*Uer'gi-ne 

Ar-tag'e-ras,  or  fAr- 

^\s-o-pi'a-des 

A'the-as 

Au-rin'i-a 

*Bac-clii'uni 

Ba-sil-i  -o-pol  'a-mos , 

Ber'gi-on 

ta^-i-cer'ta 

A-so'pis 

A-the'na 

Au-ro'ra 

*Bac-chi'us,  (^mctriml) 

or  *Ba-sil-i-o-pot'a- 

Ber-gis'ta-ni 

Ar-la-ger'ses 

A-so'pu3 

A-the'njB 

Au-run'ci 

Bac'chi-U3 

nnis 

*Ber'go-muin 

Ar-ta'nes 

*As-pal-a'thi'a 

Atli-e-ns'a 

Au-run-cu-Ie'i-U3 

Bac'chus 

Bas'i-Iis 

Bc'ris,  and  Ba'ri3 

*Ar-la'o-zU3 

As-pam'i-tbres 

Ath-e-na;'um 

Aus-chi'siE 

B;ic-chyl'i-des 

Ba-sil'i-u9,  (a  person) 

Eer'mi-us 

*Ar-ta-pa'nu9 

As-pa-ra'gi-um 

Ath-e-n:E'u3 

Aus'ci 

*Ba-cc'ln3 

*Bas-i-li'us,  (a  river) 

Ber'o-e 

Ar-ta-phei'nes 

As-pa'si-a 

Ath-e-nag'o-ras 

Au'ser,  or  Au'sc-ris 

Ba-ce'ni3 

Bas'i-lus 

Be-rtE'a 

Ar-la'tus 

As-pa-si'rus 

Ath-e-na'i3 

Au'ses 

Ba'cia 

Bas'sae 

Ber-o-ni'ce 

Ar-la-vas'des 

As-pa'si-us 

A-the'ni-on 

Au'soa 

*Bac'o-rus 

Bas-sa'ni-a 

Be-ro'sus 

Ar-tax'a,  or  Ar-la.\'i- 

As-pas'tc3 

A-then'n-clea 

*Au'so-nes 

Bac'tra 

Has-sa 're-US 

BLT-rh(E'a 

:is 

*As-pa-tbe'si3 

A-tben-o-do'nis 

Aa-si/iii-a 

Bac'iri,  and  Bac-tri-a'- 

fBas-sar'i-dcs 

*Be-ryb'ra-cea 

fAr-tax'a-res 

As-pa-tbi'nes 

A'the-oa 

*Aii-son'i-dEB 

ni 

Bas'sa-ris 

Ber'y-tus 

*Ar-tax-as'a-ta 

A.s-pen'dus 

Ath'e-sis 

Au-so'ni-us 

Bac-tri-a'na,  or  Bac'- 

Bas'siis  Au-fid'i-us 

*Be-ry'tU3 

Ar-tax'a-ta 

*As-piial-ti'tes  La'- 

*AlIi'mo-num 

Aus'pi-cea 

tri-a 

Bas-tar'nm,  and  Bas- 

*Bes'a-ra 

Ar-tax-erx'es 

cus 

A'th03 

*Atis-ta-ge'na 

Bac'iros 

tei'nffi 

*Bes'a-ro 

Ar-tax'i-as 

As'pis 

*A-tbo'ti9 

Aus'tur 

tBa-cun'li-U3 

Bas'ti-a 

Bf-sid'i-as 

Ar-la-yc'le3 

As-ple'don 

*A-tbruI'Ia 

Aiis-te'si-on 

B:id'a-ca 

Ba'la 

Be-sip'po 

Ar-la-yn'ta 

As-po-re'nus 

A-Iiiyiii'lira 

Au-ta-ni'tis 

Ba'di-a 

*Bai-a-no'cliU3 

lies'si 

Ar-ta-yn'tes 

As'sa 

*Ath'y-ras 

Au-to-bu'lus,  or  At-a- 

*Bad-i-cho'ra 

Ba-ta'vi 

]ics' SMS 

*Ar'te-m:is 

As-sa-bi'nus 

A'ti-a 

bu'lus 

Ba'di-us 

tBa-la'vi-a 

Bes'ti-a 

Ar-tem-ba'res 

As-sar'a-cu3 

A-iil'i-a 

*Au-loc'a-ne3 

Bad-u-hen'nEe 

*Ba-ia'vus,  or  Bat'a- 

*Bes-yn-gc'ti 

Ar-tein-i-do'rus 

*As-se'ra 

A-tiI'i-u3 

Au-toch'tho-ncs 

B;i!'bi-us 

VU3 

*Be-tar'nio-nes 

Ar'tu-mis 

As-se-ri'ni 

A-til'Ia 

Au'lo-cles 

*Ba'-so'la 

Ba'lhos 

fBet'a-si 

Ar-te-inis'i-a 

*i\s-se'siis 

A-ii'na 

Au-toc'ra-tes 

*Ga!-ilio'ron 

Batli'v-clea 

*Bc-tho'roa 

Ar-te-mis'i-ura 

tAs-so'rus 

A-ti'i)a3 

Ai!-to-cre'ne 

Bx''tia 

Ba  ibVl'Ius 

*B^!i.'i-ra 

Ar-te-mi'ta 

As'sos 

A-iin'i-a 

*Aii-t(il'e-raua 

Bie'ton 

Ba-ti'a,  or  Ba'ti-a 

Be'tis 

Ar'te-inon 

*As-su-e'rus 

At-lan'tes 

Au-toI'o-IiB 

*Bag-a-da'o-nes 

B:i-li-a'tus 

Bc-iu'ri-a 

fAr-te-mo^na 

As-syr'i-a 

At-Ian-ti'a-des 

*Au-tol'o-le3 

*Ba-ge'su9 

*Ba-tJ-e'a 

Bi'a 

Ar-te'na 

As'ta 

At-Ian'li-des 

Au-tnl'y-cu3 

lia-fiis'la-me 

Ba-ti'iia,  and  Ban-ti'- 

Bi-a'nor 

Arth'mi-ns 

fAs-tab'o-ras 

At'Ias 

All- torn 'a-te 

*Ba-gis'ra-na                 . 

iia 

Bi'as 

Ar-tim'pa-sa 

As-ta-ctfi'iii 

*At'mo-ni 

Au-tom'e-don 

Ba-gi-^'ta-nes 

*l!ai'i-na 

Bi  bac'u-lua 

fAr-to-bar-za'nes,  or 

As'ta-cus 

A-tos'sa 

Au-to-me-iiu'sa 

Ba-go'as,  and  Ba-gu'- 

Ba'lis 

Bib'a-ga 

fAr-to-bar'za-nes 

*As-ta-ge'ni 

At'ra-ces 

Au-tnm'e-nes 

sas 

Ba'to 

Bib'li-a,  and  Bil'li-a 

Ar-loch'nies 

As'ta-pa 

At-ra-rnyt'ti-um 

Au-toin'o-U 

Bag-oda'res 

Ba'ton 

tliih'li-na 

Ar-lo'na 

As'ta-pus 

At'ra-pe3 

Au-ton'o-e 

Ba-goph'a-nes 

Bat-ra-cho-niy-o-ma'- 

Bib-li'na 

AMo'iii-us 

As-tar'te 

A'lrax 

*Au-ton'o-u3 

*Ba-go'ii3 

cbi-a 

Hib'lis,  or  Wblis 

Ar-tun'tes 

*As-tcl'e-be 

At-rc-ba'tEB 

Au-toph-ra-da'tea 

Bag'ra-da 

*Bal'ra-chus 

Bib'Ius,  or  Bi'blua 

*Ar-lo-tru'g;u3 

As'ter 

At-rc-ba'tes 

*Aii-tri'cum 

Bai'a; 

*Bat'lu-rus 

Bi-brac'te 

Ar-tox'a-res 

As-le'ri-a 

A-lre'ni 

Au-trig'o-nes 

Ba'la 

Bat-ti'a-des 

Bib'ii-lua 

Ar-tu'ri-us 

As-te'ri-on,  or  As-le'- 

A'tre-ns 

fAu-lu'ra 

Ba-la'cru3 

Bal'tis 

Bi'ccs 

Ar-tj'iiea 

ri-us 

A-tri'da; 

Aux-e'si-a 

Bal-a-na'gTiE 

Bat'tu3 

Bi'con 

Ar-tjn'i-a 

*As't6-n3 

A-tri'des 

*Aux'i-nion 

Ba-Ia'mis 

Bai'u-lum 

Bi-cor'ni-ger 

Ar-tys'lo-na 

As-te-ro'di-a 

A-tro'ni-us 

Av-a-ri'cuin 

Ba-la'ri 

Bat'n-lus 

Bi-cur'nia 

Ar'ii-® 

As-ter-o-pa?'us' 

At-ro-pa-te'no 

*A-var'i-cus 

*Bal'a-rus 

Ba-Iyl'lii3 

*Bi-e'phi 

Ar-va'ies,  ortAiivbar- 

As-ter'o-pe,  or  *As-ter- 

At-m-pa'li-a 

*Av'a-se3 

Bal-bil'liis 

Bun 'bo 

Bi-fdi'inia 

va'les 

o-pi'a 

*A-trop'a  tus 

A-vel'la 

Bal-bi'nus 

Bau'cis 

Bi'frons 

4 


1304 


PRONUNCIATION   OF   GREEK   A^D   LATIN   PROPER   NAMES. 


BU'bi-lis 

Bi-ma'ter 

Bin'gi-uia 

Bi'on 

*Bi-o-ne'u3 

Bir'rhus 

Bi-sal'te 

Bi-sal'les 

Bi-sal'tis 

Bi-san'the 

Bis^ton 

*Bis'io-ne3 

tBis-to'ni-a 

Bis'lo-nis 

*Bi5-to'ni3 

Bi'thus 

Bith'y-E 

Bi-thyn'i-a 

*Bi-thy'ni 

Bit'i-as 

Bi'toa 

Bil-u-i'tus      4 

Bi-lun'tum 

*BUu'ri-cum 

»Bi-tu'ri-ge9 

*Bit'u-rii 

Biz'i-a 

•Bi-zo'ne 

Blfi'na 

BlE'si-i 

Blffi'sU3 

Blan-de-no'na 

Blan-du'si-a 

Blas-to-phce-ni'ces 

*BIe'my-« 

Blem'my-es 

Ble-ni'na 

Blit'i-U9 

Blu'ci-um 

t  Bo-ad- i-ce'a 

Bo-a-dic'e-a 

Bo'k,  and  Bo'e-a 

Bo-a'gri-U3 

•Bob-o-ne'a 

Bo-ca'U-as 

Boc'car 

Boc'cho-ri3 

Boc'chu3 

Bo-du-ag-na'ttis 

Bodu'ni 

B(E-be'i3 

Bce'bi-a 

*Bo-e-<lro'mi-a 

Bffi-or-o-bis'taa 

B(E-o-lar'chffi 

*B(E-0't! 

Boe-o'ti-a 

B<E-0'tU3 

Bo-e'thi-U3 

•Bo-e'thU3 

Bo'e-tus 

Bo'e-u3 

Bo'ges 

Bo'gud 

Bo'gus 

Bo'i-i 

Bo-joc'a-Iu3 

Bo'Ia 

Bol'be 

•Bol-be'ne 

Bol'bi-ti'num 

BoI'gi-u3 

Bo-li'na 

BoI-i-nx'u3 

Bo-Ii3'su3 

Bol-Ia'nus 

BoMn9 

Bo-mi-en'ses 

Bo-inil'car 

Bora-o-ni'cfB 

Bo-no'ni-a 

Bo-Do'si-us 

*B(>-os'u-ra 

Bo-o-su'ra 

Bo-o'tes 

Bo-o'tus,  or  Boe-o'tus 

Bo're-a 

Bo-re 'a-des 

Bo're-as 

Bo- re -as' mi 

*Bo-re'on 

I'  /re-U3 

'■■T'ges 

i  .r-go'di 

*Bo-h'nu3 

Bor'no3 

Bor-sip'pa 

Bo'rua 

Bo-rys'the-ne3 

Bos'pho-rus,  or  ♦Bos'- 

po-ru3 
*Bo3-tre'nu8 
•Bo-tro'du3 
Boi'ti-a 
Bot-ti-aK'i3 
Bo-vi-a'num 


Bo-vil'lce 

*Brac'a-ra 

*Brac-ca'ti 

Brach-raa'nes 

*Brach-nia'ni 

Brce'si-a 

Bran-chi'a-des 

Bran'chi-ds 

tBnin'chiis 

Bran-chyl'li-des 

Bra'si-s 

Bras'i-das 

Bni3-i-de'i-a 

tBras'i-Ias 

Brau're 

Brau'ron 

Breu'ni,  and  Breu'ni 

*Bren'ni-cu3 

Bren'mis 

Bren^the 

Bres'ci-a 

Bret'ti-i 

Bri-a're-u3 

Bri'as 

Bri-gan'tes 

Brig-ati-li'nus 

fBri-gan'ti-ura 

tBri-les'.su3 

Bri'mo 

tBri'na 

Bri-se'is 

Bri'ses 

Bri-se'u9 

Bri-tan'ni 

Bri-tan'ni-a 

Bri-tan'ni-cu9 

Brit-o-raar'lis 

Brit-o-raa'ms 

Brit'o-nes 

*Brit'o-nes,  or  Bri-to'- 

nes 
Brix-el'lura 
Brix'i-a 
*Brix'i-no 
Bri'zo 

Broc-u-beMus 
Bro'nii-us 
Bro'mus 
fBron'gus 
Bron'tes 
Bron-ti'nus 
Bro'te-as 
Bro'lhe-us 
Bruc'te-ri 
Bm-ma'li-a 
Brun-du'si-ura 
Bru-tid'i-u3 
Bru'ti-i,  or  |;Brul'ti-i 
Bru'tu-Ius 
Bm'tU3 
Bry'as 
Br>--ax'i3 
Bry'ce 
Bry'ges 
Bry'gi 
*Bry3'e-a 
*Brj-s'e-SB 
*Bry-se'® 
Bu-ba-ce'ne 
Bu-ba'cea 
Bu'ba-ris 
Bu-bas-ti'a-cus 
tBu-bas'ti3 
Bu'ba-su3 
Bu'bon 
Bu-ceph'a-Ia 
Bu-ceph'a-lus 
*Bu'clie-ta 
Bu-col'i-ca 
Bu-col'i-cura 
Bu-co'Ii-on 
Bu'co-Iu9 
*Bu-de'a 
*Bu-de'ura 
BuMi-i,  or  Bii-di'ni 
*Bu-do'ris 
Bu-do'rum 
*Bu'ge-ne3 
Bu'lis 
BuMa'ti-UB 
*BuMi'o-nes 
Bu'ne-a 
*Bu-iu'ma 
*Bii-no-me'a 
Eu'nus 
Bu'pa-lus 
Bii'pha-gu3 
B'i-pho'ni-a 
Bii -pra'si-um 
IJu'ra  or  fHu'ris 
Bu-ra'i-T-iis 
*Bur-dig'a-l.i 
Giir'rhii3 
Bur'L-a 
i;ur'3i-a 
Bu'sa: 

"164 


Bii-si'ri3 

Bu'ta 

Bu'te-o 

Bu'tes 

*Bu'lIio-e 

Bu-tliro'tum 

fBu-thro'tus 

Bu-tlivr'e-us 

Bu-to'a 

*Bu'to-ne9 

Bu-tor'i-des 

Bu'tos 

Bu-tun'tum 

Bu'tus 

*Bu'zy-ge3 

Bu-zy'ges 

Eyb-le'si-a,  and  By- 

bas'si-a 
Bvb'li-a 
Byb'li-i 
*By'bIi3 
ByMi'o-nea 
Byr'rliiis 
Byr'sa 
By-za'ci-iini 
Byz-an-ti'a-cus 
*By-zan'ti-on 
By-zan'ti-ura 
By'zas 
By-ze'mis 
Byz'e-res 
*By-ze'rc9 
Bv'zes 
Byz'i-a 


C. 


Ca-an'thus 

Cab'a-des 

tCab'a-Ia 

Cab'a-Ies 

*Ca-baMi-i 

Cab-a-Ii'nu3 

*Ca-ba'Iis 

*Ca-bal'Ia-ca 

Cab-al-li'num 

*Cab-aI-Ii'nu3 

Ca-bal'Ii-o 

Ca-bar'ni 

Ca-bar'no3 

Ca-bas'su3 

*Ca-bc'Ie3 

*Ca-be'su3 

Ca-bi'ra 

Ca-bi'ri 

Ca-bir'i-a 

Ca-bu'ra 

Cab'u-rus 

Ca'ca 

Cach'a-le3 

*Cac-o-dffim'o-nes 

Ca'cus 

Ca-cu'thi3 

Ca-cyp'a-ris 

Ca'di 

Cail-mc'a 

Cad-me'i3 

Cad'nm3 

Ca'dra 

*Cad're-ma 

Ca-du'ce-U3 

Ca-dur'ci 

Ca-diis'ci 

*Ca-du'si 

Cad'y-li3 

Ca:'a 

Ci-cc'ti-us 

Ca;'ci-a3 

CiB-cil'i-a 

CT-cil-i-a'nus 

Ca'-cil'i-i 

Ca;-cil'i-iis 

Ca:c'i-lus 

Cx-ci'na  Tus'cua 

Cryc'ii-biirn 

*(:a'c'ii-bu3 

C'jec'ii-Ius 

(^ip-dic'i-us 

♦Crcd'i-cus 

Ca?'li-a 

*Ca;I'i-nu3 

Caj'li-us 

Ca?m'a-ro 

Cx'nc,  or  fCx-nop'o- 

Ca:'ne-us 

*Ca:-ni'de3 

Ca;ii'i-des 

Ca;-ni'na 

C.T'nis 

Cte-not'ro-pa; 

Cie'pi-o 


C«-ra'Eu3 

Cffi're,  or  Cie'res 

Ca;r'e-si 

*Cter'i-te3 

Cffi'sar 

CiEs-a-re'a 

*Cae-sa're-u3 

CcE-sa'ri-oii 

CcB-sa-ro-du'num 

tCoes-a-rom'gus 

CK-se'ua 

CcB-sen'ni-us 

Cce'si-a 

Cffi'si-us 

Cs'so 

Cte-so'ni-a 

Cs-so'ni-us 

Cset'o-brix 

CfBt'u-lum 

CiE'yx 

Ca-ga'co 

Ca-i-ci'nu3 

Ca-i'cu3 

Ca-i-e'ta 

*Ca'i-pha3 

Ca'i-us,  and  Ca'i-a 

*Ca-je'ia 

Cal'a-ber 

Ca-la'bri-a 

Cal'a-bru3 

Cal-a-gur-rit'a-ni 

fCal-a-gur-ri-ta'ni 

*Cal-a-gu'ris 

Ca-lag'u-li3 

Cal'a-i3 

Cal'a-mis 

Cnl-a-mi'sae 

Cal'a-nios 

Cal'a-mus 

Ca-la'nu3 

Cal'a-on 

*Ca-laph'a-te3 

Cal'a-ris 

*Ca-Ia'ru3 

*Cal'a-tes 

Cal-a-tha'na 

Ca-Ia'thi-on 

Cal'a-thus 

Ca-la'ti-a 

Ca-Ia'ti-rB 

*Ca-lau're-a 

Cal-au-re'a,  and  Cal- 

au-ri'a 
Ca-la'vi-i 
Ca-la'vi-U3 
Cal'bis 
fCal-ca'gus 
Cal'ce 
Cal'chas 
Cal-che-do'ni-a 
Cal-chin'i-a 
CaI'dus  Cac'li-us 
Ca'le,  Ca'lis,  or  fCa- 

le'num 
*Ca-led'o-ne3 
Cal-c-do'ni-a 
tCa-len'tum 
Ca-Ie'nus 
*Ca-Ie'ru3 
Ca'les 
Ca-Ie'si-ua 
Ca-le'tcE 
*Cal'e-ti 
♦Cal'e-ior 
*Ca-Ie'tor 
Ca'lex 
Ca-li-ad'ne 
Cal-i-ce'ni 
Ca-lid'i-iis 
Ca-Iig'u-la 
fCa-Iip'e-des 
Cal'i-pu3 
Ca'Iis 

Cal-ltes'chrus 
Cal-Ia'i-ci 
*CnI-la'i-nus 
Cal'las 
Cal-la-le'bus 
tCal'le 
Cal-Ie'ni 
Cal-Ie-te'ri-a 
Cal'li-a 
CaMi'a-des 
*CaMi-a-ni'ra 
*C;.Mi';i-MJS 
Cal'li-Jts 
(_';il-lib'i-tis 
Cal-li-cc'rii?! 
CaMicli'ii-rus 
Cal'Ii  lic-^ 
Cal-li-ro-lo'na 
♦Cal-Ii-co-lo'ne 
Cnl-lic'ra^tcs 
Cal-li-crat'i-tlas 
*Cal-li-dani'a-tes 
Cal-lid'i-us 


CaMid'ro-mu3 

Cal-li-ge'lus 

*Cal-Ii-ei'tU8 

CaI-Iim'a-chii9 

Cal-lim'e-don 

Cal-Iim'e-Ie.i 

*CaI-li-ni'cu8 

Cal-li'nus 

*C'al-lJ-o-do'rus 

♦Cal-li'o-pas 

Cal-Ii'o-pe 

Cal-Ii-pa-li'ra 

Cal'li-plion 

Cal'li-phron 

Cal-ljp'i-dffi 

Cal-lip'o-lia 

Cal'Ii-pus,  or  fCa-Iip'- 

pua 
Cal-Iip'y-ges,  or  *Ca!- 

i-py'pes 
Cal-lir'lio-<; 
Cal-lis'te 
Cal-lis-te'i-3,  or  »CaI- 

lis-ii'a 
Cal-lis'tlie-ne3 
Cai-hs'to 
CaI-Iis-ta-ni'cii3 
Cal-lis'tra-tus 
Cal-!ix'e-na 
Cal-Iix'e-nu3 
Ca'loii 
*Cal'o-pna 
Ca'lor 
Cal'pe 
*Cal'pc-tUB 
Cal-phur'ni-a 
Ca!-phur'ni-us 
Cal-pur'ni-a 
Cal-u-sid'i-U3 
Cal-u'si-um 
Cal'vi-a 
Cal-vi'na 
*CaI-vi'nu3 
Cal-vis'Mi3 
tCal'vus 

Cal'y-be,  or  tCa-by'le 
Cal-y-cad'nus 
Cal'y-ce 
Ca-lyd'i-um 
Ca-Iyd'na 
Ca!'y-don 
Cal-y-do'nis 
Cal-y-do'ni-u3 
Ca-lym'ne 
Ca-Iyn'da 
Ca-Iyp'so 
tCa-iua-lo-dii'num 
Ca-man'ti-um 
tCa-mar'a-cum 
Cani-a-ri'na 
*Cam-a-ri'tffi 
Cam-bau'Iea 
Cam'be3 
Cam'bre 
Carn-bu'iii-i 
Cain-by'ses 
Cani-e-la'ni 
Carn-t;-Ii'ltE 
Cam'c-ra 
*Cam-e-ra'ciim 
Cam-e-ri'nuin,  and 

Ca-mer'ti-uni 
Cani-e-ri'nu3 
Ca-mer'lea 
Ca-mil'Ia 

Ca-mil'li,  and  Ca-mil'- 
Ia; 
Ca-mil'lu3 
Ca-iui'ro 
Ca-mi'r«s,  and  Ca-nii'- 

ra 
Cam-is-sa'res 
Cani'ina 
Ca-rncE'ncE 
Caai-pa'na  Lex 
Cam-pa'ni-a 
*Cani-p^'"US 
Carn-pas'pe,  or  fPaii- 

cas'le 
Cam'pe 
*Cain'pc-sii3 
Camp'sa 

Cain'pus  Mar'ti-us 
Cam-u-lo-gi'nua 
Ca'na 
(.'ati'a-co 
Can'a-cbo 
<.Tan'a-chii3 
Ca'n.x' 
tCa-na'ri-a 
Ca-na'ri-i 
Can'a-tlms 
Caii'da-ce 
Can-da'vi-a 
Can-<lau'Ies 
*Can-di'o-nl 


Can-<li'o-pe 

Ca'neuB 

L'an-e-pho'ri-a 

Can'c-thum 

Ca-nlc-u-la'rc*  Di'es 

Ca-nid'i-a 

Ca-nid'i-us 

Ca-nin-c-fa'tea 

Ca-iiin'i-u8 

Ca-nis'liuii 

Ca'ni-UB 

Can'nffi 

*Ca-no'bu« 

("a-nop'i-cum 

(■a-no'puH 

•Can'la-ber 

Can 'la-bra 

(;an'ia-bri 

Can-la'bri-a 

Can-U'bri-» 

♦Can-tha-rol'e-lhron 

Can'tha-rus 

*Can-lbe'Ia 

Can'lhus 

Can'lt-um 

Can-u-lc'i-a 

Can-u-Ie'i-u9 

Ca-nu'li-a 

Ca-nii'si-um 

Ca-nu'si-us 

Ca-nu'ti-u3 

Ca-pa'nc-U9 

Ca-pel'la 

Ca-pe'na 

Ca-pe'naa 

Ca-pe'ni 

Ca'per 

Ca-jie'tus 

*Cap'e-lii3 

Ca-pha're-us 

•Ca-phc'ri3 

*Ca-phy'a; 

*Caph'y-e 

Ca'pi-o 

|Ca-pis'sa 

Cap-is-se'ne 

Cap'i4o 

Cap-i-to-H'nu8 

Cap-i-to'li-um 

*Cap-nob'a-UE 

*Cap-pad'o-ce3 

Cap-pa-do'ci-a 

Cap'pa-dox 

Ca-pra'ri-a 

Ca'pre-ic 

Cap-ri-cor'nu-1 

Cap-n-fic-i-a'lia 

Ca-pri'ma 

Ca-prip'e-de3 

Ca'pri-as 

Ca'pri-U3 

Cap-ro-ti'na 

Ca'prua 

Cap'sa 

Cap'sa-go 

Cap' II- a 

Ca'pys 

Ca'pvs  Sil'vi-U9 

tear 

Car-a-bac'tra 

Car'a-bis 

Car-a-cal'la 

Ca-rac  'a-te^ 

Ca-rac'ta-cu9 

Ca'nD 

Ca-ra;'iis 

Car'a-Iis 

*Car-;i-ina'Iu3 

fCa-ram'bri 

*Ca-ran'lo-mi9 

Car'a-nus 

Ca-rau' si-US 

Car' bo 

*Car-bo'ne3 

•Car'bu-Ia 

Car-chc'don 

Car-ci'mis 

•Car'ci-nus 

Car-da'ccs 

•Car-da-mc'nc 

Car-dam'y-lo 

*Car-de*su9 

Car'di-a 

■•Car^dii-a; 

Car-d»'cbi 

»Car-dv'ius 

Ca'rcs 

Cnr'c-sa 

•Ca-re'sua 

Ca-rcs'sua 

Car-fin'i-a 

Ca'ri-a 

Ca'ri-oa 

Ca-ri'a-te 

tCa-ril'Ia 

Ca-ri'ni 


Ca-ri'ne 

Car'i-ne 

Ca-ri'jUB 

•(-"a-n'on 

Ca-ru'ta-Dom 

Ca-n*'tum 

•Carma'ni 

Car-Hia'oi-m 

Car-fua'oor 

Ccu'mc 

Car-m*r'!u« 

Car-in«n'ta,  and  Cu- 

mfro'tu 
Car-men-la'Jrt 
Car-mrnti'lii 
Car'nii-dt» 
Car'i.a,  aid  Car-dii.'- 

•r-a 
Car-na'fiu* 
Car-nc'a-dci 
Car-ne'i-« 
tCar'nc-ui 
Cai'ni-on 
•Car'no-nc* 
Car'out 
Car-ou'tc* 
•Car-nu'ium 
•Car-o»-cfr'pi 
Car-pa'ii-a,  axA  Car- 

pa'»i-Qni 
•Car'pi-tcs 
Car'pa-thut 
♦Car-pe'i-a 
Car'pi-a 
•Car-pi'a 
Car'pu 
Car'po 

Car-pophV'-r^ 
Car-poj'V 
Car'r«.  . 
Car-n-ua  i  r-- 
Car-ru'ca 
Car-»e'o-li 
Car4a'li-«« 
•Car 'tare 
Car-ic'i-« 
•Car'ic-nus 
Car-tbx'a 
Car-ihai:- i-ni -e  n 'flcj 
Car-tha'n> 
•Car-iha"lo 
Car^lha-sis 
•Car-lhc'a 
Car-vU  'i-us 
Ca'rus 
Ca'ry-a 
•Ca'n-« 
Ca-r>-a'l« 
;Ca"r>-ai'i-dc9,^ 
Ca-r>-a'lu 
•Ca-r>'o-De« 
•Car-y»-le'ua 
Ca-rrs'ti-iis 
Ca-f^-s'tua 
Ca'rv-um 
•Ca-sa'lo 
Cas'ca 
Caft<«rii-a9 
Cas-i-Ii'num 
Ca-ei'na,  «r  Ca-«'- 

num 
•Cas'i-na 
Ca'si-us 
•Ca5'roe-na 
Cas'me-nc 
Cas-milOa 
Cas-pe'ri-a 
Ca>-j»er'u-U 
Cas-pi-a'na 
Cas'pi-* 
•Cas-pi'r» 
Cas'pi-«m  Ma're 
Cas-«an-da'ne 
Cas-sin'dcr 
Cas-san'dm 
iCa5-san-dr*'a 
■Cas-*an-dri'a 
Ca5-san'dri-4 
Cas'si-a 
tCa5-5i-o-<lo'nw 
Cas-si'o-pc,  cr  Ca»  si- 

o-pc*a 
'Cas-«ii'c-ra 
Cas-sMcr'i-des 
Cas'5i-«a 
ra5-si-re4au'nu< 
•Ca*-so'pc 
Ca»-so'lis 
Cas-tab'a-la 
Cas' la-bus 
Cas-ia '!»-«,  IT  Cas-ta'- 

U-u?  Fons 
•Cas'Li4is 
Cas-ta'ne-* 
tCas-ibc'nes 
Cas-u-a-ai'ra 


1305 


w 


PRONUNCIATION   OF 

GREEK   AND   LATIN   PROPER   NAMES. 

11 

1   L 

*Cas-to'Ius 

Cel'e-res 

Cer-ci'na,  or  Cer-cin'- 

Cha-ma'ni,  and  Clia- 

Chi'ron 

Cin'ci-a 

Cle-on'y-mus 

Cas'tor  and  Pol'lui 

Cel'e-trum 

na 

ma'vi 

Chit'o-ne 

Cin-cin-iia'tU3 

♦Cle'o-pas 

*Ca3'to-res,  pi. 

Ce'le-us 

Ccr-cin'i-um 

Cha'ne 

*Chi-to'ne 

Cin'ci-us 

Cle-op'a-ter 

Cas-tra'ti-us 

Cel'mus 

Cer'ci-us 

Cha'on 

tChit'ri-um 

Cin'e-as 

Cle-op'a  Ira 

^1 

, 

*Cas'tri-cus 

Cel'o-na 

Cer-co'pea 

Cha'o-nes 

Clilo'e 

Ci-ne'si-as 

Cle-op'a-tris 

■ 

Cas'tu-Io 

Cel'su3 

Cer'cops 

Chn-o'ni-a,  and  Cha-o- 

ChIo're-u3 

Cin'e-thon 

Cle-oph'a-nns 

11 

1 

*Cat-a-ba'neg 

Cel'toB 

Cer'cy-on,  or  Cer-cy'- 

ni'tis 

Chlo'ris 

Cin'ga 

Cle-o-plian'tlius 

f^\ 

*Cat-a-clo'lhe9 

*CeI'ti-ber 

o-nes 

Cha'os 

Chlo'rus 

Cin-get'o-rix 

Cle'o-phes 

^,    ■ 

Cat-a-du'pa 

*CeMi-Le'rea 

*Cer-cy'on 

*Cliar-ac-mo'ba 

Clio-a-ri'na 

fCin'gu-Ia-iii 

Cle-opli'o-Uis 

*Cat-a-du'pi 

Cel-ti-be'ri 

*Cer-cypii'a-Ia2 

*C])ar-a-co'ma 

Cho-as'pes 

Cin'gu-lura 

Cle'o-phon 

*Cat-a-ke-kau'me-ne 

Cel'ti-^a 

Cer-cy'ra,  or  Cor-cy'- 

Char'a-dra 

*Cho'a-tnE 

Cin-i-a'ta 

Cle-o-plr''Ius 

Cat-a-men'te-les 

Cel'ti-ci 

ra 

Char'a-dros 

Cho'bus 

Ci-nith'i-i 

Cle-o-pt.!.T'pus 

Cat'a-na 

Cel-til'!u3 

*Cer-do'us 

fCha-ra'drus 

Choer'a-des 

Cin'na 

Cle-op-toi'e-mus 

■| 

.        "( 

*Ca-ta'o-ne3 

*Cel-to- gal'a-Ue 

Cer-dyl'i-um 

*Char'a-drus 

*Cii(E're-K 

Cin'na-don 

Cle'o-pus 

1 

1  c 

Cat-a-o'ni-a 

Cel-to'ri-i 

Ce-re-a'li-a 

Clia-ra?'a-das 

Ghosr'i-lus 

Cin'na-inus 

Cle-o'ra 

% 

,  I 

*Ca-tapIi'ry-gea 

Cel-tos'cy-thffi 

Ce'res 

Char-an-da;'! 

*CIio!-on-ti'chU3 

Cin-ni'a-na 

Cle-os'tra-tus 

Cat  a-rac'ta 

tCe'ma 

Ce-res'sus 

Cha'rax 

Chon'ni-das 

Cinx'i-a 

Cle-ox'e-nus 

Cat-a-rac'tes 

Cem'me-nu3 

Cer'e-1® 

Cha-rax'es,  and  Cha- 

*Cho-nu'phi3 

Ci'nyps,  and  Cin'y- 

Clep'sv-dra 

*Ca-tar'rhy-tU3 

*Ceinp'!?i 

*Ce-re'te3 

rax'us 

*Cho-ra'gu3 

phus 

Clu'ri* 

Cal'e-nes 

ITCen'a-biim,  or  Gen'- 

Ce-ri-a'lis 

Cha'res 

Clio-ras'mi 

Cin'y-ras 

Cles'i-des 

Ca-thE'a 

a-buin 

Ce'ri-i 

Cliar'i-cleg 

Cho-rin'e-us 

Ci'os 

Cle'la 

Cath'a-ri 

Ce-nrE'um 

fCe-ril'li 

Ciiar-i-cli'des 

Cho-rffi'bus 

*Ci-pe'rus 

*Clet-a-he'ni 
Clib'a-nug 

Ca'ti-a 

Cen'chre-ae 

Ce-rjl'lum 

Cliar'i-clo 

Clior-om-nEB'i 

Cip'pus 

1 

Ca-ti-e'na 

Cen'ch  re-is 

Ce-rin'thus 

Cliar-i-de'mus 

*Chor'o-ne 

*Cir-ca!  um 

Cli-de'mus 

Ca-ti-e'nu3 

Cen'chre-us 

*Cer'i-te3 

Char'i-la 

Chos'ro-es 

Cir'ce 

fClj'max 

, 

Cat-i-Ii'na 

*Cen-clire'u9 

Cer-ma'nu3 

Cliar-i-la'us,  and  Cha- 

Chre'mes 

Cir-cen'ses  Lu'di 

Cliin'e-nus 

1 

tCa-tiia-u3 

Cen'chri-us 

Cer'ne 

ril'Ius 

Ciireni'e-tes 

Cir'ci-us 

Cli'nas 

' 

Ca-til'li 

Ce-nes'po-li3 

Cer'nes 

Cha-ri'ni,  and  Ca-ri'- 

Chres^i-plion 

Cir'cus 

Clin'i-as 

' 

Ca-til'lus,  or  Cat'Mua 

Ce-ne'ti-um 

Ce'ron 

ni 

Chres-phon'tes 

Ci'ris 

Cli-nip'pi-des 

Ca-ti'na,  or  *Cat'i-na 

Ce'ne-us 

Cer-o-pas'se-das 

Cha'ris 

Chres'ttis 

Cir-rjE'a-tum 

Cli'nus 

Ca'ti-U3 

Cen-i-mag'ni 

Ce-ros'sus 

Cha-ris'i-a 

Cliro'mi-a 

Cir'rha,  and  Cyr'rha 

Cli'o 

r 

Cat-i'zi 

Ce-ni'na 

Cer'phe-res 

Char'i-tes 

Chro'mi-03 

Cir'tha,  and  Cir'ta 

Cli-sith'e-ra 

r. 

Ca'to 

*Ce-ni'ne3 

fCer-re-ta'ni 

Char'i-ton 

Chro'mis 

Cis-al-pi'na  Gal'li-a 

Clis'the-nes 

(■ 

Ca'tre-us 

Cen-o-ma'ni 

Cer-rliE'i 

fC  liar' ma-das 

Cliro'mi-us 

Cis'pa 

Cli'tae 

Cat'la 

Ce'non 

Cer-so-blep'tea 

Char'me,  and  Car'me 

Cbro'ni-us 

Cis'sa 

Cli-tar'chus 

Cat'li 

Cen-so'res 

Cer'ti-ma 

Char'mi-das 

Chro'nos 

Cis'se-is 

Cli'te 

'^ 

lU 

Cat-u-li-a'na 

CeD-so-ri'nus 

Cer-to'ni-um 

Char'mi-des 

Chry'a-su3 

Cis-se'us 

Cli-ter'ni-a 

■ 

ibi 

Ca-tiil'Ius 

Cen'sug 

Cer-va'ri-us 

Char-mi'mis 

Chry'sa,  and  Cliry'se 

Cis'si-a 

Clit-o-de'mus 

SI 

It 

Cat'u-Iu3 

Cen-ta-rc'tug 

*Cer'vi-u3 

Cfiar-nii'o-ne 

C)irys'a-me 

Cis'si-E 

Cli-toni'a-clms 

wk 

<; 

tCa-tu'ri-gea 

Cen-tau'ri 

t*Ce-ry'ce3 

Char'inis 

Chry-.san'ta3 

Cis'si-des 

Cli-ton'y-mus 

M 

r»- 

Cau'ca-sus 

*Cen-tau'ri-cus 

Ce-ryc'i-iis 

Char-inos'y-na 

Cliry-san'thi-us 

Cis-soBs'sa 

Clit'o-plion 

9i 

■■* 

*Ca-u'ci 

Cen-tau'ru3 

Cer-y-mi'ca 

Char'mo-tas 

Chry-san'tis 

fCis-so-es'sa 

CI  i 'tor 

3W 

Can 'con 

*Cen-tini'a-nu3 

*Cer-y-ne'a 

Cliar'mus 

Clirj'-sa'or 

Cis'sus 

Cli-to'ri-a 

1 

. 

*Cau-co'nes 

Cen-tob'ri-ca 

Cer-y-ni'tes 

Cha'ron 

*Chrys'a-or 

Cis-su'sa 

Cli-tum'nus 

J 

,,- 

Cau'co-nes 

Cen'to-res 

Ce-sel'li-u3 

Cha-ron'das 

Clirys-a-o 're-US 

Cis-te'nffi 

Cli'tus 

(*, 

Cau'di,  and  Cau'di- 

Cen-tor'i-pa,  or  tCen- 

Ce-seo'ni-a 

Cliar-o-ne'a 

Cliry-sa'o-ris 

*Cis-tlie'ne 

*Clo-a'ca 

Iw 

urn 

tu'ri-pa 

Ces'ti-U3 

Cha-ro'ni-um 

Chry'sas 

*Cis-to-bo'ci 

Clo-a-ci'na 

\f' 

*Cau-di'nu3 

*Cen-tu'ri-pe 

Ces-tri'iia 

Cha'rops,  and  Char'o- 

*Chry-sas'pi-de3 

Ci-tliffi'ron 

Clo-an'tlius 

kn 

Cau-lo'ni-a 

Cen-tri'tes 

Ces-tri'nu3 

pes 

Chry-se'is 

Cith-a-ris'ta 

Clu'di-a 

Iw 

tCaii'ni-i 

tCen-tro'ne3 

*Ce-te'i 

*Char'o-pu3 

Chrv-ser'mu3 

*Ci-the'las 

Clo'di-us 

Ica, 

Caii'ni-us 

Cen-tro'ni-us 

Ce'tes 

Cha-ryb'dis 

*Chrys'e-ru3 

*Cith'e-ron 

Clre'li-a 

Cau'nus 

Cen-tum'vi-ri 

Ce-the'gus 

*Chat'ra-mi3 

Chry'ses 

Cit'i-um 

Cloe'li-ae 

|-  " 

Cau'ros 

Cen-tu'ri-a 

Ce'ti-i 

Chau'bi,  and  Chau'ci 

Chry-sip'pe 

Ci'us 

Clce'Ii-us 

Can 'r  us 

Ce'os,  and  Ce'a 

Ce'ti-us 

Chau'Ia 

Chry-sip'pus 

Ci-vi'lis 

Clo'naa 

Ca'us 

Ceph'a-Iaa 

Ce'to 

Chau'rus 

Cliry'sis 

Ciz'y-cum,  or  fCyz'i- 

Clon'di-cus 

fCav'a-res 

Ceph-a-le'di-on 

Ce'us,  and  Cae'us 

*Chav'o-nes 

Clirys-o-as'pi-des 

cus 

Glo'ni-a 

r ; 

Cav-a-ril'Iug 

Ce-plml'len 

Ce'yx 

*Cha-y'ci 

*Chry-soc'e-ros 

Cla'de-us 

Clo'ni-us 

Cav-a-ri'nu3 

Ceph-a-le'na,  and 
Ceph-al-le'ni-a 

*Cha-be'ra3 

*Cha-ze'ne 

*CIirys'o-clier 

Cla'ncs 

Clo'tho 

,• 

Ca'vi-i 

Cha'bes 

tChe'a 

Cliry-sog'o-nus 

Cla'nis 

Clii-a-ci'na 

|-'. 

Ca-y'ci,  or  Chau'ci 

*Ceph-al-le'ni 

Cha-bi'nu3 

Che'lE 

Chrys-G-Ia'us 

Cla'ni-us,  or  fCla'nis 

Clu-en'ti-us 

f: 

Ca-y'cu9 

Ceph'a-!o 

tCha-bo'rus 

Che'les 

*Uhrys-o-lo'ras 

*CIa-ra'nus 

Chi'pe-a,  n7i(i  C,yp'e-a 

f- 

Ca-ys'ter,  or  Ca-ys'- 

Ceph-a-lre'dis,  and 

Clia'bri-a 

Chel-i-do'ni-a 

fChry-sou'di-um 

Cla'nis,  or  fCla'ros 

Clu'si-a 

[-1 

tru9 

Cepli-a  la'di-um 

Cha'bri-a3 

Chel-i-do'ni-ffi 

Chry-sop'o-lis 

Clas-tid'i-um 

Clu-si'ni  Fon'tes 

|. ; 

♦Caz'e-ca 

Ceph'a-Ion 

*Cha'bry-i3 

Clie-lid'o-nis 

Chry-sor'rho-n?,  or 

Clau'di-a 

Clu-si'o-lum 

,-" 

Ce'a,  Ce'os,  or  Cos 

Ceph-a-lnt'o-mi 

Chae-an'i-tK 

*Clie-Iid-o-ni'sum 

Ciiry-sor'rlio-aa 

Clau'di-ce  A'quE 

Clu'si-uin 

Ce'a-des 

Ceph'a-lu3 

*ChK're-a 

Chel'o-ne 

*Chry-sos'to-mu3 

Clau-di-a'nu3 

CI  u 'si-US 

tCe'ba 

*Ce-phe'is 

Ch£E're-as 

Cliel'o-ni3 

*Clir3'-sotli'e-niis 

Clau-ili-op'o-lis 

Clu'vi-a 

!'.-• 

Ceb-al-!i'nus 

Ce-phe'ne3 

Ch£er-e-de'mu3 

Chel-o-noph'a-gi 

Chryx'us 

Clau'di-U3 

Clu'vi-iis  Uu'fus 

Ceb-a-ren'ses 

Ce'plie-U3 

Chae-re'mon 

Cliel-y-do'ri-a 

Chtho'ni-a 

Clau'sus 

Clym'e-ne 

Ce'bes 

Ce-phis'i-a 

Chcer'e-phon 

Chem'mia 

Chtho'ni-us 

Cla-vi-e'nus 

*C]ym-e-ne'i-dcs 

,.  "■ 

Ce'bren 

Ceph-i-si'a-des 

Chs-res'tra-ta 

Che'na 

*Chllion-o-phy'Ie 

Clav'i-ger 

CIym'e-nu3 

Ce-bre'ni-a 

Ce-phis-i-do'ru3 

Ch;e-rin'thus 

Che'nte 

*Ci-a-gi'si 

Cla-zom'e-nffi,  and 

CIy-son'y-mu3 

*Cc-bre'ni3 

Ce-phis'i-on 

Chip-rip'pus 

Ctie'ni-on 

tCib'a-Iffi 

Cla-zoni'e-na 

Cly-son-y-niu'sa 

Ce-bri'o-nes 

Ceph-i-sod'o-tug 

ChtE'ro 

Che'ni-us 

Cib-a-ri'tis 

Cle'a-das 

Ciyl-em-nes'tra 

••~- 

fCe'bms 

Ce-phi'sus,  or  Ce- 

Cliar-o-ne'a,  and 

*Che'o-pe3 

♦Ci-bo'tus 

*Cie-a;r'e-ta 

CIvt'i-a,  or  Clyt'i-e 

r- 

Cec'i-das 

pliis'sus 

Cher-ro-ne'a 

Clie'ops,  and  Che-os'- 

Cib'y-ra 

Cle-an'der 

Ciyt'i-us 

Ce-cil'i-u3 

Ce'phren 

Cha-liE'on 

pes 

Cic'e-ro 

Cle-an'dri-das 

Cly'tus 

tCe-ci'na 

Ce'pi-o,  or  jC^'pi-o 

Chal-cs'a 

Che'phrcn 

fCich'y-ris 

Cle-an'tlic3 

Cna-ca'di-um 

' 

Cec'i-na 

Ce'pi-on 

Chal'ce-a 

Cher-e-moc'ra-tes 

Cic'o-nes 

Clc-ar'cliu3 

Cnac'a-lis 

Ce-cin'na 

Cer'a-ca 

*Chal-ce'a 

Che-ris'o-phu3 

Ci-cu'ta 

Cle-ar'i-des 

*Cnac'a-!ug 

Ce-cro'pi-a 

Ce-rac'a-te3 

Cliai-ce'don,  ajid  Chal- 

Cher'o-pljon 

*Cic-y-ne'thus 

Clc'mens 

Ciia'gi-a 

Cc-crop'i-diB 

Ce-ram'bu3 

ce-do'ni-a 

Cher'si-as 

*Cil'i-ce3 

Cle'o 

Cne'mus 

*Cec'ro-pis 

Cer-a-mi'cus 

*Cba!-c9t'o-re9 

Cher-sid'a-mas 

Ci-lic'i-a,  and  Ci-Iis'sa 

Cle'o-bis 

Cne'us,  or  Cna'us 

'ir 

Oe'crop3 

Ce-ra'mi-ura 

Chal-ci-de'ne 

Cher'si-pho 

Ci'Iix 

Cle-o-bu'la 

Cni-din'i-uin 

*Ce-cryph-a-le'a 

Cer'a-mus 

CiKil-ci-den'sea 

fCher'si-phron 

Cil'la 

Cle-ob-u-ii'na 

Cni'dus,  or  Gni'dus 

Ce'don 

Ce'raa 

Chal-cid'e-U3 

*Cber-so'na 

Cil'Ies 

Cle-o-bu'lus 

Ciio'pus 

*Ce-dre'a 

Cer'a-sus 

Chal-cid'i-ca 

C]ier-so-ne'sus,  or 

Cil'Iua 

Cle-o-cha'res 

Cnos'si-a 

Cedre-a'tis 

Cer'a-ta 

Chal-cid'i-cus 

Cher-ro-ne'su3 

Cil'ni-us 

Cle-o-cha'ri-a 

jCnns'sus 

Ce-dru'3i-i 

*Ce-ra'thns 

*Chal-ci-fle'cus 

Che-rus'ci 

Ci'lo 

Cle-o-dce'us 

Cuo'i-us 

Ceg'lu-sa 
Ce"i 

*Ce-ra'ton 

Chal-ci'o-pe 

Chid  nre'i 

Cim'ber 

Cle-od'a-inus 

Co-a-ma'ni 

Ce-ra'tus 

Chal'cis 

*Chi-do'ru3 

Cim-he'ri-us 

Cle-o-de'mus 

Co-as'tr^,  and  Co-ac'- 

'■'■;-■ 

Cel'a-don 

Ce-rau'ni-a 

*CliaI-ci'tes 

Cbil-i-ar'chus 

Cim'bri 

Cle-o-do'ra 

tra; 

*■ 

Cel'a-diis 

Ce-rau'ni-i 

Chal-ci'tis 

CliiJ'i-us,  aTui  Chil'e- 

Ciin'bri-cum 

Cle-o-dox'a 

Cob'a-res 

ry 

Ce-lffi'nffi,  0'  JCe-le'- 

Ce-rau'nus 

Cbal 'co-don 

us 

*Cini'bri-cu9 

Cle-og'e-nea 

Coc'a-Ius 

■'•■: 

ne 

Ce-rau' si-US 

Chal'con 

Chi'lo 

Cim'i-nus 

Cle-o-la'us 

Coc-ce'i-us 

^■'■'• 

Ce-lffi'no 

fCer'ba-Ius 

Clial'cus 

Clii-lo'nis 

Cim-me'ri-i 

Cle-om'a-cbus 

Cnc-cyg'i-us 

*Ce'le-iE 

Cer-be'ri-on 

Chal-dffi'a 

Chi-ma'ra 

Cim'me-ris 

Cle-o-man'tes 

Co'clf'S 

■-■^L 

Ce-le'i-a,  and  Ce'Ia 

Cer'be-rus 

Cbal-diE'i 

Chim'a-rus 

*Cim-me'ri-um 

Cle-om'bro-tus 

*Coc'Ii-tc3 

'■J-; 
Chbs 

Cel-e-la'tes 

Cer'ca-pbus 

Cha-les'tra 

*Chim'e-ra 

Ci-mo'lis,  and  Ci-no'- 

Cle-o-me'des 

Coc'ti-jp,  and  Cot'li  ff 

i 

Ce-len'drfe,  Ce-len'- 

Cer-ca-so'rum 

*Chai'e-tos 

Chi-me'ri-um 

lis 

Cle-om'e-nes 

Co-cy'tU3 

dris,  and  Ce-len'de- 

!        ris 

Cer-ce'is 

Chal-o-ni'ds 

Chi-om'a-ra 

Ci-mo'lus 

Cle'on 

fCo-da'nus  Si'nu3 

1 

Cer-ce'ne 

Chal'y-bes,  and  Cal'y- 

Chi'on 

Ci'mon 

Cle-o'nm,  and  Cle'o-na 

Co-dom'a-nu3 

! 

■"k 

Ce-Ie'ne-U3 

Cer-ces'tes 

bes 

Chi'o-ne 

Ci-n:e'thon,  or  Ci-ne'- 

Cle-o'ne 

Cod'ri-da; 

v»< 

Ce-Ien'na,  or  Ce-l®'- 

*Cer'ce-tEe 

jChal'v-bon 

Chi-on'e-des 

tlion 

Cle-o-ni'ca 

Civdrop'o-lig 

,' 

^ 

na 

Cer'ci-deg 

Cha!-y-bo-ni'lis 

Chi'o-nis 

*Cin'a-ra 

CIe-o-ni'cu3 

Co'drus 

' 

^* 

Ce'Ier 

Cer'ci-i 

*Cha'lyb9 

Chi'os 

Ci-nar'a-das 

Cle-on'nis 

Coe-cil'i-us 

j 

1^ 

1306 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  GREEK  AND  LATIN  PROPER  NAMES. 


Car 'I  a 

tCffi'le 
C(pl-e-syr'i-a,  and 

CtBl-o-syr'i-a 
Cm'li-a 
C(El-i-ob'ri-ga 
Cce'li-us 
Cce'Ius 
Coe'nus 
C(Er'a-nii3 
Co'es 
*Cces'v-ra 
Co; 'us' 
Cog'a-mus 
Co£r-i-<iu'nu3 
Co'hi-bus 
Co'hors 
*Col-a-<:e'a 
Co-te'nus 
*C&-I an 'co-rum 
Co-lax 'a- 13 
Co-lax'es 
Col'chi 

Col'chis,  and  Col'chos 
Co-leu'da 
Co'li-as 
Col-Ia'ti-a 
CoI-Ia-ti'nu3 
Col-Ii'na 
CoUu'ci-a 

Cono 

Co-Io'n® 

Co-Io'ne 

tCo-Io'ni-a 

Co-Io'nos 

Col'o-phon 

Co-Ios'se,  and  Co-Ios'- 

Co-Ios'sas 

tCo-lo'tes 

Col'pe 

•Col-the'ne 

♦Col-u-bra'ri-a 

Ci.»-lum'ba 

Ci>!-u-mt'I'la 

tCo-!iii  /r-^  Her'cu-iis 

Co-lu'thu> 

Co-lyt'tus 

Com-a-ge'na 

Com-a-<:e'Di 

Co-ma'na 

Co-ma 'iii-a 

tCo-ma're-a 

Com'a-ri 

Com'a-ni3 

Co-mas 'tu3 

•Co-ma'la 

Com-ba'bus 

Com'bti 

Com'bi 

Com-^bre'a 

Cora'bu-ti3 

*Co-me'daE 

Co-me'tea 

Com'e-iho 

Co-min'i-oa 

Co-mit'i-a 

Co' mi-US 

♦Com-ma-^e'nas 

Com'mo-du3 

Co'mon 

Com-pi-ta'li-a 

♦Com-plu'tara 

Comp'^a4u3 

Com-pu'sa 

fCVmum 

Co'mu3 

Con'ca-ni 

Con-cor'di-a 

Con'da-lus 

Con'da-te 

Tr*Con-da'te 

tCon-di-vic'num 

Con-do-cha'te3 

Con-dru'si 

Con-dyl'i-a 

♦Con-dy'Iris 

Cf/ne 

Con-e-to-du'nus,  and 

fCot-u-a'tus 
Con-firci-u3 
Cnn-ge'du3 
fCo-ni'a-ci 
Co'ni-i 

fCo-nim'bri-ca 
Con-i-saI'iu3 
Co-nis'ci 
Con-ni'das 
Co'non 
♦Co-no'pe 
•Con-o-pe'um 
*Co-no'pe-um 
Con-sen 'lea 
Con-sen 'ti-a 
Con-si  d'i-os 


Con-si-!i'num 

Con'sians 

Con-Stan 'ti-a 

*Con-stan-ti'a,  (a  city) 

Con-stan-ti'na 

Cun-slan-ti-nop'o-Iis 

Con-stan-li'nus 

Con-Stan 'ti-u3 

fCon'su-les 

Con'sus 

Con-syg'na 

Con-ta-des'dus 

*Con-to-po-n'a 

Con-tu'bi-a 

*Co'nu3  Con-col'o-rU3 

*Con've-nK 

Co'on 

Co'os,  Cos,  Ce'a,  and 

Co 
Co'pffi 
*Cop'a-is 
Co'phas 
Co-phon'tis 
Co'pi-a 
Co-pil'lu3 
Co-po'ni-U3 
Cop'ra-tes 
Co'pre-us 
Cop'tus,  or  Cop'los 
Co'ra 
Cor-a-ce'si-ura,  or 

Cor-a-cen'si-um 
Cor-a-co-na'sas 
♦Cor-a-co-ne'sus 
Co-ral'e-l3  . 
•Co-ra'U 
Co-ral'li 
Co-ra'nus 
Co'ras 
Co 'rax 
Co-rax'i 
Cor'be-us 

Cor'bis  and  fOr'su-a 
CorT)U-lo 
*Cor'co-ba 
*Cor^co-ra5 
Cor-cy'ra 
Cor'du-ba 
Cor-du-€'ne 
*Cor-dy'la 
Co're 
Co-res'su3 
Cor'e-sus 
*Co-re'sus 
Cor'e-tas 
Cor-fin'i-um 
Co'ri-a 
*Co-ri'a 
Co-rin'e-um 
Co-rin'na 
Co-rin'nu3 
Co-rin'thii3 
Co-ri-o-la'nus 
Co-ri'o-li,  and  Co-ri- 

ol'la 
Co-ris'sus 
*Co-ri'iha 
Cor'i-tu3 
Cor'ma-sa 
Cor'mus 
Cor-ne'li-a 
Cor-ne'Ii-i 
Cor-nic'u-lum 
Cor-ni-fic'i-u3 
Cor'ni-"er 
Cor-nu'iu3 
Co-rcB'bus 
Co-ro'na 
Cor-o-ne'a 
tCo-ro'ni-a 
*Cor-o-niMes 
Co-ro'ni3 
Co-ron'ta 
Co-ro'nu3 
*Co-ro'pe 
Cor-rha'gi-um 
*Cor-se'a 
Cor'si 
Cor'3i-a 
Cor'si -ca 
Cor'so-te 
■fCor-su'ra 
fCor-to'na 
Cor-lo'ns 
*Cor-ty'na 
Cor-un-ca'nus 
Co'rua 
Cor-vi'nus 
Cor-y-ban'tes 
Cor'y-bas 
Cor-y-bas'sa 
Cor'y-bus 
Co-ryc'i-a 
Co-r>c'i-des 
Co-ryc'i-u3 
Cor'y-cu3 


*Co-r>-'cu3 
Cor'y-don 
Cor'y-la,  or  Cor-y-le'- 

um 
Co-iym'bi-fer 
Cor'y-na 
Cor-y-nc'la,  or  Cor-y- 

ne'tes 
Cnr-y-pha'si-um 
tCor'y-phe 
*Ca-ry'tha 
Cor-y-then'ses 
Cor'y-thus 
Co-ry'tus 
Cos 

Co'sa,  Cos'sa,  Co'ss 
Cos-co'ni-us 
Co-sin'gas 
Co'sis 
Cos'mus 
Cos'se-a 
Cos'sus 
Cos-su'ti-i 
*Co3-to-bo'ci 
Cos-to-b(E'i 
Co-sy'ra 

Co'tes,  or  Cot'tes 
Co'lhon 
Co-tho'ne-a 
*Col-i-nu'sa 
Cot 'i- so 
Cot^ta 

Coi'ti-ffi  Al'pes 
Cot-to'nis 
Cot'tiis 
Co-ty-ffi'um 
*Co-ty-a-i'on 
Cot-y-l;E'us 
Co-tvl'i-us 
Co-ty'o-ra 
*Co-ly'o-ru3 
Co'lvs 
•Co-ty'to 
Co-lyl'to 
Cra'<^'U3 
Crani-bu'sa 
*Cram'bu-ti3 
*Cran'a-e 
Cran'a-i 
Cran'a-pes 
Cran'a-us 
Cra'ne 
*Cra-ne'a 
Cra-ne'iim 
Cra'ni-i 

Cra'non,  or  Cran'non 
Craii'tor 
*Crap'a-thu3 
fCras'si-pes 
Cras-sit'i-us 
Cras'sus 
Cras-ti'nus 
ir*Cras'ti-nua 
Crat'a-is 
Cra-is'us 
Cra'ter 
Crat'e-rus 
Cra'tes 
Crat-cs-i-cle'a 
Crat-e-sip'o-lis 
Crat-e-sip'pi-das 
fCra'te-us 
Cra-te'vas 
Cra'ihis 
Cra-:i'nu3 
Cra-tip'pus 
Crat'y-lu3 
Crau'si-E 
Crau'sis 
Cra-ux'i-das 
Crem'e-ra 
Crem'i-des 
Crem'ma 
*Cre'my-on 
Crem'my-on,  or 

Crora'my-on 
Crem'ni,  or  Crera'nos 
Cre-mo'na 
Cre-mu'ti-u3 
*Cre-na'cu3 
Cre'on 

Cre-on-ti'a-des 
Cre-oph'i-bis 
*Crc-o-phy'Ius 
*Cre-o-po'lU3 
Cre-pe'ri-us 
♦  C  reph-a-ge-ne  'tus 
Crc3 

Cre'sa,  or  Cres'sa 
fCres'sas 
Cre'si-us 
Cres-pbon'tes 
Cres'si-U3 
Cres'ton 
*Cre8-to'ne 
Cre'sus 


Cre'ta 

Cre'tte-us 

Cre'le 

Cre'ie-a 

Cre'tra 

Cre'te-us 

Cre'the-ia 

Crc'the-us 

♦Cre-tbi'des 

♦Cre'lhon 

Creth'o-na 

Cret'i-cu3 

Cre-u'sa 

Cre-u'sis 

Cri'a-sus 

Cri-nip'pus 

Cri'nis 

Cri-ni'sus,  or  Cri-mi'- 

SU3 

Cri'no 

*Cri-o'a 

Cri'son 

Cris-pi'na 

Cris-pi'nus 

Crit'a-la 

fCri-the'ls 

Cri-lho'te 

Crit'i-as 

Cri'to 

Crit-o-bu'lus 

tCrit~o-de'mu3 

Crit-og-na'tus 

Crit-o-Ia'us 

*Cri'u-Me-to'pon 

Cri'us 

Cro-bi'a-lus 

Crob'y-zi 

Croc'a-le 

Cro^ce-ffi 

*Croc-o-di'Ion 

C  roc-o-d  i-Iop'  o-l  is 

Cro'cus 

*Croc-y-le'a 

Crce'sus 

Cro-i'tes 

Cro'rai 

fCro-nii'tis 

Crom'oiy-on 

Crom'na 

Cro'mus 

Cro'ni-a 

Cron'i-des 

Cro'ni-ura 

Cro'pbi 

Cros-sie'a 

*Crot'a-le 

Crot'a-Iu3 

Cro'ton 

Cro-to'na 

fCrot-o-ni'a-ts 

*Cro-ta-ni-a'tsB 

Crot-o-ni'a-tis 

Cro-to'pi-a3 

Cro-to'pu3 

tCro'tus 

Cru'no3 

Cru'sis 

Crus-tu-me'ri 

*Crus-tu'me-ri 

Crus-tu-nie'ri-a,  or 

Crus-iu-rae'ri-um 
rrus-tu-mi'num 
Cni3-tu'mi-um,  Crus- 

tu'nus,  and  Cru3- 

tur-ne'ni-us 
Crv'nia 
*Cn'p-te'a 
Cte'a-tu3 
Ctem'e-ne 
Cle'nos 
Cle'si-as 
Cte-sib'i-U3 
Ctes'i-cles 
Cte-sil'o-chU3 
Cles'i-phon 
Cte-sip'pus 
Ctim'e-ne 
*Cu'cu-fa3 
Cu'la-ro 

Cu'ma,  or  Cu'mx 
Cu-nas'a 
*Cu-ni'na 
Cu-pa'vo 
Cu-pen'tus 
Cu-pi'do 
Cu-pi-en'ni-us 
Cu'res 
Cu-re'tes 
Cu-re'tis 
Cu'ri-a 
Cu-ri-a'ti-i 
Cu'ri-o 
*Cu-n-o'nes 
Cu-ri-o-sol'i-tiE 
Cu'ri-um 
Cu'ri-us  Den-ta'tus 


Cur'tl-a 

Ciir-lil'lus 

Cur'li-U8 

Cu-ru'Iis 

Cus-sffi'i 

fCu'sus 

Cu-til'i-um 

Cy-am-o-so'rua 

Cy'a-ne 

Cy-a'ne-j£ 

*Cy-a'ne-e,  or  Cy-a'- 

nc-a 
Cy-a'nn-u9 
Cy-a-nip'pe 
Cy-a-nip'pus 
Cy-a-rax'es,  or  Cy- 

ax'a-res 
*Cyb'a-Ic 
Cy-be'be 
*Cy-be'Ia,  and  Cyb'e- 

la 
Cyb'c-le 
Cyb'e-hi3 
Cyb'i-ra 
fCy-bis'tri-a 
Cy-ce'si-um 
Cych're-ua 
*Cyc'la-de3 
*Cy<iob'o-ru3 
*Cy-clo-paedi'a 
Cy-clo'pes 
*Cyc-lo-pc'u3 
Cyc'nu3 
Cy'da 
tCy'das 
Cyd'i-as 
*Cyd'i-mos 
Cy-dip'pe 
Cyd'nus 
Cy'don 
*Cyd-o-ne'a 
♦Cy-do'nes 
*Cyd-o-nc'us 
Cy-do'ni-a 
*Cy-do'ni-u8 
Cjd'ra-ra 
*Cy-dre'Ius 
Cyd-ro-la'us 
Cvg'nus 
Cji'a-bus 
tCyl-bi-a'ni 
Cyl'i-ces 
Cy-lin'dU3 
Cyl-lab'a-ris 
Cyl'la-nis 
Cyl'Ien 
Cyl-Ie'ne 
Cyl-le-ne'i-u3 
*Cyl-le-ne'us 
Cyl-!vr'i-i 
Cy'lo'n 

*Cyl-o-ni'um 
Cy'ma,  or  Cy'raie 
*Cy-rae'lus 
*Cym'i-nu3 
Cy-inod'o-ce 
Cy-mod-o-ce'a 
Cy-iiiod-o-ce'a3 
Cy'me,  or  Cy'nio 
*Cy-mo'lus,  or  Ci- 

mo'lus 
Cym-o-po-li'a 
Cy-moth'o-e 
Cyn-K-gi'ru3 
C)'-nx'thi-um 
Cy-na'ne 
C>-na'pes 
Cyn'a-ra 
Cy-nax'a 
Cyn'e-as 
*Cy-neg'e-ta! 
*Cyn-e-fri'r«3 
Cv-ne'si-i,  or  Cyn'c- 

ta 
*Cv-ne'ta5 
♦Cyn-e-ty'a 
Cyn-e-tlms'sa 
Cyn'i-a 
Cyn'i-ci 
♦Cyii'i-cns 
Cy-nis'ca 
Cy'uo 

Cyn-o^:eph'a*le 
Cyn-o-t-tpli'a-li 
Cyn-o-pbuii'tis 
*C'y-iiop'o-li3 
Cy-nor'tas 
Cy-nor^U-on 
Cy'nos 
Cyn-o-sar'gea 
Cvn-os-se'ma 
Cyn-tHsu'ra 
Cyn'lhi-a 
Cyn'thi-us 
Cyn'thus 
Cyn-u-rcn'ses 


Cy'niia 

Cyp-a-rU'ai,  or  Cyp-a- 

rift'ii-a 
Cyp-a-rJB'iua 
Cyph'a-ra 
Cyp-rl-a'niu 
Cy 'pruj 
•Cyp-w'la 
Cyp-»el'ide« 
Cyp'sc-Ius 
Cy-rau'niii 
Cy're 

Cyr-e-na'i-ca 
Cyr-e-na'i-ci 
Cy-rt-'nc 
•Cy-re-f'cha-ta 
Cy-ri'a-dca 
Cy-ril'lui 
Cy-ri'nua 
Cyr'ne 
Cyr'nua 
•Cy-rtt-pae-di'a 
Cyr-rc'i 
Cyr'rha-d» 
Cyr'rhts 
tCyr-rh*;s'li-ca 
Cyr'rhus 
Cyr-ri-a'na 
tCy-rop'o-lis 
Cyr-si'luH 
♦Cyr'tii-Iua 
*Cyr-to'na 
Cy'rus 
Cy'ia 
Cy-ta'is 
Cy-lhe'ra 
Cyih-e-ra'a,  or  Cylli- 

e-re'a 
Cylh'e-ria 
•Cy-lhe'ria 
Cy-tbe're-us 
Cy-the'ri-ua 
Cy-the'ron 
Cy-ihe'nin 
Cyth'e-ru3 
Cytli'noa 
Cy-lin'e-um 
Cyt-is-so'rus 
*Cy-lo'ri-us 
Cy-lo'ru3 
Cyz-i-ce'ni 
Cyz'i-cum 
Cyz'i-cus 


Da-mi  p'ptu 


t>aai'o-cle« 

I>:i-m  -r'ra  tr-« 


1 


D. 


Dx'x,  or  Dk'hjk 

Da'ci,  or  Da'ae 

Da'ci-a 

tDa'ci-us 

Dac'tyli 

Dad'i-c« 

*I>a-dit'chi;s 

RTd'ii-Ia 

*Ua:d-a-le'a 

Ds-da'li-on 

Dard'a-Ius 

DK'mon 

•Dxm'o-nes 

*Da;m'o-num 

Da'i 

Da'i-clea 

fDa'i-dea 

Oa'i-dis 

Da-im'a-chus 

Da-im'c-nea 

Da'i-pbron 

Da-i'ra 

DaI'di-a 

»Dal'ma-taB 

Dal-ma'ti-a 

Dal-ma'ti-us 

fDarmi-uia 

Dam-a-pc'lus 

Dani'a-lt3 

•  Da-mar 'e-tus 

Da'mas 

Dam-as -cc'na 

•Dam-as  cc'no 

Da-mas'ci-us 

Da-mas'cus 

*Da-nia'si-n 

Dam-a-sic'lbon 

Dani-a-sip'pu3 

l>am-a-3is'lra-lHS 

*Dam-a-si-ihy  mua 

Dam-a-*iib'y-nus 

•Dam-a-si'lon 

Da- mas 'lea 

«Dam'a-su3 

•Da'me-aa 

Da'mi-a 


I  'i  -^ 


I 
I' 

D:i 

;  Dan  .1  1 
Da-na  i-<l-  * 
D.Tri'.i-Li 

D;^ri'da-n,  cr  l' . 

I         '1  If   I  'iX 

Dan'J'-n 

Da>DU'tiHu 

Da'o-chiu 

*Da'o-iK« 

Dapb'nx 

*Daph-oe'iu 

Daub'nr: 
'  1' 

I 

I' 
I  Dax  a-La 

•Dax'a-bM 
I  tDar-an-La's-a 

iDa'raps 
Dar'da-ni 
Dar-da'nt-a 
,  Dar-dan'i-dea 
Darila-nts 
Dar^da-nuj 
•Da-rc'ium 
Da'rej 
Da-rt'lia 

•Da-re'ii3,  ar  Da-fi'a* 
Da-r/a 
Da-ri'a-vrt 
•Da-ri'cos 
Da  ri'lz 


Da5-sa-r(r'ai,  er  Uz^- 


I  Dai-s  .!-  Di  ^*n 

Dau'Iia 
I  Dau'ni 

Dau'Di-a 

Dau'naa  1 1 

Dau'ri-fer,  #r  Du'ri- 

\  Dav'a-ra 


•n.c-^-:.  a 
I>e<c'lc-um 
•Dt'C-«-!rcucQ 
Dcc'iMus 
Dc-^cmvi-ri 
Do-«c  li-a 
•De-ci-a'tiim 
De-cidi-us  Sai'a 


D^id-a-mi'a 


I  I'e-w^-pc'i^ 
I  •DcH-oc'a-ras 


1307 


PROiVUNCIATION  OF   GREEK   AND   LATIN   PROPER  NAMES. 


iK-iDh'i-la 

Di-a-du-me-ni-a'nus 

Di-os'po-Iis 

*Dn-sith'e-us 

*Eb-ro-i'ce3 

*El-eu-si'nu3 

Kp-i-char'mus 

Df-ipli'o-be 

Di-ffi'tis 

Di-o-ti'me 

Do-se'nus 

fR-bu'da: 

E-ku'sis 

Ep'i-cles 

T)(-iph'n-bu3 

Di'a-gon,  or  Di'a- 

Di-oti'mu3 

tDo'son 

♦Eb'u-ra 

E-leu'ther 

E[vi-cli'des 

Tie'i-phon 

gura 

Di-ot're-phe3 
Di-ox-ip'pe 

Dot'a-das 

*Eb'u-ro 

E-leu'the-icE 

*Ep-ic-ne-mid'i-i 

Pe-i-phon'tes 

tDi-a-con'das 

Do'to 

Eli-u-ro'ncs 

El-eu-tlie'ri-a 

E-pic'ra-tes 

De-ip'y-Ie 

Di-a"'o-ras 
Di-a'lis 

Di-ox-ip'pus 

Do'tus 

*Eb  u-ro-vi'ce3 

E-Ieu-tiier-o-ciKi-ccs 

*Ep-i-cre'ne 

Df-ip'y-lus 

Di-pffi'ffi 

Dox-an'der 

Eb'u-sus 

*E-k-u-the-rG-la-co'nes 

Ep-ic-te'tus 

De-jp'y-rus 

Di-al'Ius 

Diph'i-las 

TTDrac'a-non,  orDi-ac'- 

Ec-a-me'da 

*E-leu'the-ru3 

*Ep-i-cu-re'i 

Dej-a-ni'ra 

Di-a-mas-ti-go'sis 

DJph'i-lus 

o-non 

Ec-bat'a-na 

E-Ieu'tho 

Ep-i-cu'ru3 

*Dej'o-ce9 

Di-a'na 

Di-phor'i-das 

Dra-ca'nus 

Ec-c-chir'i-a,  or  Es-c- 

tE-leu'tlie-ros 

E-pic'y-des 

De-jot'a-rus 

Di-an'a-sa 

*0iph'rj'-ge3 

*Drac'a-nus 

kir'i-a 

E-lic'i-us 

*Ep-i-cy-di'de3 

Del  M  on 

tDi-a'ni-um 

Di-p(E'ncc 

Dra'co 

tE-ce'tra 

E-Ii-en'si3,  or  E-Ii'a- 

*Ep-i-dam-ne'u3 

De'Ii-a 

*Di-apli'a-nes 

fDip'o-Iis 

Dra-con'ti-des 

*E-che'a; 

ca 

Ep-i-dam'nus 

De-Ii'a-dea 

Di-a'si-a 

Dip'sas 

*Dnic'o-num 

E-chec'ra-tes,  or 

El-i-me'a 

Ep-i-daph'ne 

De'Ii-ura 

fDib'i-o 

*Dip'y-Ium 

Dra'cus 

E-kek'ra-tes 

El-i-pha'si-i 

E-pi-dau'ri-a 

De'li-us 

Di-cffi'a 

Di'ra 

*Dra-ho'nus 

*Ech'e-d<e 

E'lis 

Ep-i-dau'ru3 

Del-raa'ti-us 

*Di-CE-ar-che'u3 

Dir'ce 

Dran'ces 

Ecli-e-da'mi-a 

*E-n'sa 

tE-pid'i-ura 

Del-niin'i-um 

*Di-CEE-ar-chi'a 

Dir-cen'na 

Dran-Ei-a'na 

1T*Ech-<;-da-rai'a 

E-li?'sa 

E-pid'i-us 

De'los 

Di-CJe'us 

Dir'phi-a 

Dran-gi'na 

E-chel'atus 

E-lis'sus 

Ep-i-do'ta: 

Del'phi 

Di'ce 

fDir-phy'i-a 

Dra'pes 

E-chel'ta 

*E-lo'ne 

*E-pid'o-tus 

Del'plii-cus 

Dic-e-ar'chus 

Dis-cor'di-a 

Drep'a-na,  or  Drep'a- 

Ech'e-Iu3 

El-Io'pi-a 

E-pig'e-ne3 

Del-pliin'i-a 

Di-ce'ne-us 

*Dis'co-rum 

niim 

E-cheni'bro-tU3 

E-lo'rus 

E-pig'e-us 

Del-phin'i-uin 

Dic'o-raas 

♦Dis'o-n-e 

Drim'a-chus 

E-che'mon 

E'los 

E-pig'o-ni 

Del'phus 

Dic'ts 

Dith-y-ram'bus 

*Dri-od'o-ne9 

Ech'e-mus 

El-pe'nor 

E-pig'o-nu3 

Del-phy'ne 

DJc-tam'num,  or  Dic- 

*Dit-i-o'ne3 

Dri-op'i-dea 

Ech-e-ne'us 

Kl-pi-ni'ce 

fEp-i-gra'ne-a 

Del'ta 

lyn'na 

Dit'ta-ni 

Dri'os 

Ech'e-phron 

El-u-i'na 

E-pi'i,  or  E-pe'i 

*De!-lo'ton 

Dic-ta'tor 

tDi'um 

Dro'i 

E-chep'o-lis 

El'y-ces 

E-pil'a-ris 

Dem'a-des 

Dic-tid-i-«n'ses 

Div-i-ti'a-cus 

*Dro-niach'e-tus 

*Ech-e-po'la3 

El-y-ma'is 

Ep-i-mel'i-des 

De-niien'e-tus 

Dic-tyn'na 

fDiv-o-du'rum 

Dro-miB'us 

E-ches'fra-tu3 

EPy-mi 

E-pim'e-nes 

De-mag'o-ra3 

Dic'tys 

*Div'o-na 

Drop'i-ci 

*Ech'e-tla 

El'y-mus 

Ep-i-nien'i-des 

Dem-a-ra'ta 

Did'i-us 

Di'vus  Fid'i-U3 

Dro'pi-on 

*Ech'e-ira 

El'v-rus 

Ep-i-me'ihe-us 

Dem-a-ra'tus 

Di'do 

Di^yl'lus 

Dru-en'ti-us,  or  Dni- 

*Ech'e-tus 

*El''y-sa 

Ep-i-me'this 

De-mar 'thus 

Did'y-ma 

*Di-ze'ru3 

en'ti-a 

E-chev-e-then'sc3 

E-Iys'i-um 

E-pi'o-chus 

Dem-a-re'ta 

Did-y-ma'us 

Do-be'res 

*Dru-ge'ri 

E-chid'na 

E-ma'lhi-a 

E-pi'o-ne 

Dem-a-hs'te 

Did-y-ma'on 

*Do-be'rus 

Dru'ce-ri 

Ech-i-do'rus 

E-ma'llH-on 

tEp-i-pha'ne-a 

fDe-ma'tri-a 

Did'y-me 

*Doc'i-Iis 

DruT-dfe 

E-chin'a-de3 

Era'ba-tum 

JEp-i-pha-ne'a 

De'me-a 

Did'y-mum 

*Doc-i-me'um 

Dru-sil'ia  Liv'i-a 

E-chi'non 

Em-bn-Ii'ma 

j*Ep-i-pha-ni'a 

*De-me'ter 

Did'y-mu3 

*Doc'i-mus 

Dru'so 

E-ciii'nu9 

E-mtr'i-la 

E-piph'a-nes 

De-nie'tri-a 

Di-en'e-ces 

Do'cle-a 

Dru'sus 

Ech-i-iius'sa 

E-Ries'sa,  or  E-mis'sa 

Ep-i-pha'ni-us 

De-me'tri-as 

Di-es'pi-ter 

Do-do'na 

Dry 'a -d  63 

E-chi'on 

E-mo'da,  or  E-mo'dus 

fE-pip'o-iai 

De-me'tri-U3 

*Di-ge'na 

Dod-o-me'us 

Dr}'-an-ti'a-des,  or 

E-chi-on'i-des 

*E-mo'di 

E-pi'rus 

De'mo 

Di-gen'li-a 

Do-do'ne 

Dry-an'ti-des 

E-cbi-o'ni-us 

Em-ped'o-cles 

tE-pis-co-pi^um 

Dem-o-a-nas'sa 

*Di-ge'ri 

Do-do  n'i-des 

*Dry-an-ti'des 

*E'chi-us 

*Em'pe-dus 

E-pis'tro-pbua 

Dem-o-ce'des 

Dig'ma 

*Do'i-i 

Dr}'-mE'a 

*E'clio 

Em  pe-ra*mus 

E-pit'a-des 

De-moch'a-rea 

*Di-i-po-li'a 

Dol-a-bel'Ia 

Drj-'mo 

fEc-no'mos 

Em-po'clU3 

*Ep~i-tbe'ra3 

Dem'o-cles 

Di'i 

Dol-i-cha'on 

*Dr>'-rao'des 

E-des'sa,  or  E-de'sa 

Em-po'ri-a 

*Ep'i-tos 

De-moc'(i-on 

Di-mas'sus 

Dol'i-clie 

Drj-'inu3 

E^dis'sa 

tEm-po'ri-» 

E'pj-um 

De-raoc'ra-te3 

Di-nar'chus 

*Dol'i-chos 

*Dry-naem'e-lum 

E'don 

Em-pu'sa 

Ep'o-na 

De-moc'ri-lus 

*Din'dy-ma 

*Do-li'on 

Dry'o-pe 

*E-do'nes 

*Eni-pyr'i-um 

*E-pon'y-niu3 

De-mod'i-ce 

*Din-dy-me'ne 

*Do-Ii'o-nes 

Drj'-o-pe'i-a 

*Ed'o-nes 

*E-na;s'i-mu3 

*E-po'pe 

De-mod'o-cus 

Din'dy-mus 

♦Do-li'o-iiis 

Dry'o-pes 

E-do^ni 

En-cel'a-dus 

E-po'pe-us 

*Dem-o-do'ms 

Din'i-a 

Do'li-U3 

Dry'o-pis,  or  Diy-op'i- 

■•^E-du'sa 

*En-chfe'le-JE 

Ep-o-red'o-rix 

De-mo 'le-on 

Din'i-as 

Dnl-o-me'na 

da 

E-dyl'i-us 

En'de-i3 

Ep'u-lo 

De-rao'ie-us 

Din'i-che 

*DoI-o-me'ne 

Dry 'ops 

E-e'li-on 

En-de'ra 

E-pyt'i-des 

De'mon 

Di-noch'a-res 

Do'Ion 

Dryp'e-tis 

*E-ga'le-os 

*En-de'riim 

Ep'y-tus 

Dem-o-nas'sa 

Di-noc'ra-le3 

Do-lon'ci 

tDu'bis 

E-gel'i-du3 

En-dvm'i-on 

Eq-ua-jus'ta 

De-mo'nax 

Di-nod'o-chus 

DoKo-pcs 

fDu'bris 

E-ge'ri-a 

E-ne'ti 

E-quic'o-lus 

Dem-o-ni'ca 

*Din-o-ge-ti'a 

Do  lo'phi-on 

Du-ce'li-us 

E-ges-a-re'tus 

*En'e-ti 

*E-quir'i-a 

Dem-o-ni'cus 

Di-nol'o-clms 

Do-lo'pi-a 

Pu-U'Ii-a 

Eg-e-si'nus 

*En-gon'a-sis 

*Eq'ui-les 

Dem-o-phan'tus 

Di-nom'e-nes 

*DoI-o-pi'on 

Du-il'li-us  Xe'pos 

E-ges'ta 

En-gy'um 

Eq-uo-tu'ti-cura 

De-moph'i-lu9 

Di'non 

Do'Iops 

Du-Iich'i-um 

*E-ge'ta 

E-ni-en'ses 

Er'a-coQ 

Dem'o-plion 

Di-nos'the-nes 

*Dom-i-du'ca 

*Du-Iop'o-li3 

Eg-ria'ti-a 

E-ni-o'pe-U3 

E-rtE'a 

De-moph'o-on 

Di-nos'tra-tus 

Dom-i-du'cus 

Dum'no-rix 

Eg-na'ti-us 

E-ni'pe-us 

Er-a-se'nu3 

De-mop'o-lis 

♦Di-o-CcBS-a-re'a 

Do-min'i-ca 

Du'nax 

E-i'on 

E-nis'pe 

*Er-a-si'nus 

De'mos 

Di-o-cle'a 

Do-mit'i-a 

*Du'ra-nu3 

E-i'o  neg 

En'na 

Er-a-sip'pus 

De-mos'the-ne3 

Di^o-cles 

Do-mit-i-a'nus 

Du-ra'ti-us 

E-i-o'ne-us,  or  E-jo'- 

En'ni-a 

Er-a-sis'tra-tus 

De-mos'tra-tus 

Di-ocIe-ti-a'nu9 

Do-mi-til'Ia 

*Du'ra-lo 

ne-us 

En'ni-us 

Er'a-to 

*De-mu'chiis 

Di-o-do'ru3 

Do-mit'i-u3 

Du'ri-us 

*E-i-7.e'lus 

En'no-mu3 

Er-a-tos'the-nes 

Dem'y-lu3 

Di-o'e-tas 

*Dom-nol'i-num 

*Du-ro-cor'to-rum 

El-a-bon'tas 

En-iios-i-ga:'us 

Er-a-tos'tra-tus 

*Den-se-le't3e 

Di-og'e-nes 

*Doin-not'i-nu3 

Du-ro'ni-a 

E-Is'a 

En'o-pe 

E-ra'tus 

De-od'a-tus 

Di-o-ge'ni-a 

Do-na'tus 

Du-um'vi-ri 

E-1eb'u3 

E'nops 

Er-bes'sus 

De-o'is 

Di-og'e-nu3 

Don-i-la'us 

Dy-a-gon'das 

*E-Iffi-u-ti'clius 

E'nos 

tEr-chi'a 

tDer'be 

Di-og-ne'tus 

Do-nu'ca 

Dy-ar-den^ses 

El-a-ga-ba'lus,  or  El- 

En-o-sic'thon 

Er'e-bus 

Der'bi-ces 

*Di-o-me'a 

Do-ny'sa 

Dy'miE 

a-gab'a  lus 

E-not-o-ca3'laj 

*Er-ech-the'ura 

ITDer'bi-ces 

Di-o-me'da 

Do-rac'te 

Dy-mffi'i 

*E-ia'ig 

En-tel'la 

E-recJ)'tbe-us 

*Der-bi'ces 

*Di-om-e-de'a 

*Dor-ce'a 

Dy'ma3 

El-a-i'tes 

En-tel'Ius 

*Er-ecli-thi'd(B 

Der'ce 

*Di-om-e-de'a; 

Do'rea 

Dym'nus 

E-la'i-ii3 

E-ny-a'Ii-us 

E-rech'thi-de3 

*Der-ce'bUi 

Di-o-rae'des 

tDo'ri 

Dy-nara'e-ne 

El-a-phe-bo'Ii-a 

E-ny'o 

E-rem'bi 

Der-cen'nus 

Di-o-me'don 

*Dor^i-ca 

*Dy-na3'te 

El-a-phi-s'a 

E'u-ne 

E-re'mus 

Der'ce-to,  or  Der'ce- 

*Di-o'mu3 

Dor'i-cus 

Dy'ras 

El'a-phus 

E'os 

Er-e-ne'a 

tis 

Di'on 

*Dor'i-da3 

Dy-ras'pes 

El-ap-to'ni-us 

E-o'us 

E-res'sa 

Der-cyl'Ii-das 

Di-o-naj'a 

Do-ri-en'se3 

tDy^ris 

E-Ia'ra 

*E-psn'e-tus 

E-re'sus 

Der-cyl'lus 

Di-o'ne 

tDo-ri-e'us 

*Dy-ra'cbi-um 

El-a-te'a 

E-pa'gris 

*Er'e-sus,  or  E-rcs'sus 

■*Dt;r'cy-lo3 

*Di-on-y-se'us 

Dor'i-las 

Dy-sau'les 

E-Ia'tus 

E-pani-i-non'da9 

E-re'tri-a 

Der'cy-nus 

Di-o-nys'i-a 

Dor-i-Ia'u3 

Dys-ci-ne'tus 

*El'a-tus 

*Ep-an-te'li-i 

E-re'tura 

Der-sae'i 

Di-o-ny-si'a-des 

Do'ri-on 

Dy-so'rum 

E-la'vei 

E-paph-ro-di'tU3 

Er-eu-tha'Ii-on 

tDer-tho'na 

Di-o-nys'i-a3 

Do'ris 

*Dy-so'ru3 

E'le-a 

Ep'a-phus 

Er'ga-ne 

De-ru-si-ffi'i 

Di-o-nys'i-des 

Do-ris'cus 

Dys-pon'ti-i 

E-le-a'les 

Ep-as-nac'tu3 

*Er-gan'i-ca 

♦Des'p<)-ta 

Di-o-nys-i-o-do'rus 

Do'ri-um 

E-lec'tra 

E-peb'o-lus 

Er-gen'na 

*De-su'da-ba 

Di-o-nys'i-on 

Do'ri-us 

E-Iec'tnc 

E-pe'i 

Er'gi-as 

Deu-ca'li-on 

Di-o-Dy-sip'o-lis 

*Do-ros'to-lum 

E-lec'tri-de3 

*Ei>-e-tri'mi 

Er-gi'nus 

Deu-ce'ti-u3 

Di-o-nys'i-us 

Do-rcs 'to-rum 

E. 

E-lec'tn'-on 

E-pe'ns 

Er-gin'nus 

Deu'do-rix 

*Di-o-ny'su3 

Dor-3en'nu9 

*El-e-gi'a 

*E-phe'bi 

Er-i-bce'a 

*Deu-ri'o-pu3 

Di-oph'a-neg 

Dor'so 

E-le'i 

Epb'e-sus 

*Er-i-bo'tes 

*Dev'o-na 

DJ-<>-phan'tU3 

Do'nis 

EI-e-Ie'u3 

Eph'e-tae 

♦Er-i-ca'le3 

Dex-am'e-ne 

Di-o-pae'nus 

Do-rj-'a-Rus 

E'a-nes 

E 'le-on 

Eph-i-al'tes 

*Er-i-ce'a 

Dcxam'e-nua 

*Di-o-pi'tes,  or  *Di-o- 

Do-rj-'cUis 

E-a'nus 

E-le-on'tum 

Epii'o-ri 

Er-i-ce'tcs 

Dex-ip'pus 

pi'thes 

Dor-y-l.T'um,  or  Dor- 

E-ar'i-nu3 

*El-e-phan'ti-ne 

Eph'o-ru3 

E-rich'tho 

Des-ith'e-a 

Di-op'o-Iis 
Di-o'res 

y-Is 'us 

E-a'si-um 

El-e-phan'tis 

*Eph'ra-ta 

Er-icli-tho'ni-us 

Dex'i-us 

Dor'y-!as 

Eb'do-me 

El-e-phan-toph'a-gi 

Eph'y-ra 

Er-i-cin'i-um 

Di'a 

Di-o-ryc'tus 

Dor-y-la'u3 

*Eb'o-da 

*El-e-phan-to-the'ra2 

*Eph'y-re 

Er-i-cu'*a 

Di-ac-o-pe'na 

Di-os-cor'i-des 

*Do-r}'pli'o-ri 

tE'bon 

El-e-phe'nor 

*Ep-i-ca'rus 

E-rid'a-nus 

*Di-a-cre'a 

*Di-os'co-rum 

Do-rys'su3 

JEb'o-ra 

El-e-po'rus 

Ep-i-cas'te 

*Er-ig-du'pus 

*Di'a-cris 

Di-os'co-rus 

Dos'ci 

E-bor'a-cuia 

*El-eu-chi'a 

Ep-i-cer'i-de& 

E-rig'o-ne 

Di-ac-tor'i-des 

Di-os-cu'ri 

fDn-si'a-das 

ITEb-o-ra'cum 

E'le-us 

Ep-i-cha'i-de. 

tE-rig-o-ne'i-u3 

*Di-a-du'ine-nus 

Di-os'pa-ge 

Do-si'a-des 

*Eb'o-ruin 

El-eu-sin'i-a                   1 

E-pich'a-ris 

E-rig'o-nu3 

1308 


PRONUNCIATION   OF   GREEK   AND   LATIN   PROPER   ^Am,.^ 


Er-i-py'us 

E-ririu3 

E-hn'des 

*E-rin'e-03 

E-rin'na 

E-rin'ny3 

E-ri'o-pis 

E-riph'a-ni3 

E-riph'i-das 

Er-i-pbyHe 

E'ris 

Er-i-sich'thon 

Er'i-thus 

E-rix'o 

E-ro'chus 

E-ro'pus,  and  £i'o- 

pas 
E'ros 

E-ros'tni-lU3 
*E-ro'li-a 
Er-ni'ca 
Er'se 
Erx'i-as 
tE-r>'a-Ius 
E-ryt>'i-»ni 
Er-y-ci'na 
Er-y-maa'thi3 
Er-y-roan'ihu3 
Er'y-mas 
E-rym'na 
E-rym'ne-us 
Er'y-mus 
*Er-Ts-the'a 
Er-v"-the'a 
*Er-y-lhi'a 
Er-y-ihi'ni 
tEr-y-Uia'um 
Er'y-ilira 
*E-oth-ni-bo'lus 
Er'y-ihnE 
Er'y-lhras 
E-ryth'ri-on 
E-ryth'ros 
E'ryi 
E-ryx'o 
E-ser'nus 
Es-quil'i-«,  and  Es- 

qui-li'nu3 
Es-sed'o-nes 
Es'se-nes 
Es'su-i 
fEs-ti-ffi-o'tia 
Es-ti-ai'a 
Es'u-la 
E-te-ar'cliU3 
E-te'o-cIe3 
E-te'cM:lu3 
Et-e-o-cre'ia 
E-te'o-nea 
E-te-o'ne-U3 
E-le-o-ni'cu3 
*E-le-o'nu3 
E-te'si-ffi 
E-lha'li-on 
E-the'Ie-um 
»E-ihe'lu3 
E-tbe'mon 
Eth'o-da 
E'ti-as 
E'tU 

E-tni'ri-a 
fE-trus'ci 
Et'y-lus 
Eu'ba-ges 
Eu-ba'tas 
Eu'bi-U3 
Eu-bcB'a 
Eu-bo'i-cu3 
Eu'bo-te 
Eii'bo-te3 
Eu-bu'le 
Eu-bu'li-des 
£u-bu'lu3 
Ea-ce'rus 
Eu-che'nor 
Eu'chi-dea 
Eu-cli'des 
Eu'clu3 
Eu'cra-te 
Eu'cra-te9 
Ea'cri-tas 
EuC'te^mon 
Euc-tre'si-i 
Ea-d^'mon 
Eu-dam'i-da3 
Eu'da-mus,  or  *Eu- 

da'mus 
Eu-de'mu9 
Eu-do'ci-a 
Eu-doe'i-mus 
Eu-do'ra 
Eo-do'rtis 
Eu-dox'i-a 
£a-dox'u3 
•Eu-€l-ge'a 
Eu-e-mer'i-das 


*Eu-es'pe-ri3 

Eu-ga'ne-i 

Eu-ge'ni-a 

tEu-ge'ni-um 

Eu-ge'ni-U3 

Eu'ge-on 

*Eu-gi'a 

Eu-hem'e-ni9 

*Eu'hy-dra 

Eu'hy-dmm 

Eu'hy-us 

Eu-Iiin'e-ne 

Eu-raa'chi-u3 

Eu-niE'us 

*Eu-ma'ras 

*Eu-me'ces 

Eu-meMes 

Eu-me'Iis 

fEu-me'Ius,    (^son    of 

Eu'me-lus 

Eu'rae-ae3 

Eu-me'ni-a,  (afernale) 

*Eu-nie-ni^a,  (a  city) 

Eu-men'i-des 

Eu-me-nid'i  a 

Eu-me'ni-u3 

Eii-raol'pe 

Eu-mol'pi-d® 

Eu-raol'pus 

Eu-mon'i-des 

*Eu'ne-03 

Eu-nffi'u3 

Eti-na'pi-us 

*Eu-ni'ce 

*Eu-no'mi-a 

Eu'ao-mus 

*Eu-nu'chus 

Eu^nus 

*Eu'o-dus 

tEu-on'y-mo3 

Eu'o-ras 

Eu-pa'gi-um 

Eu-pal'a-moa 

*Eu-paI'a-mo3 

Eu-pal'a-mus 

Eu' pa-tor 

Eu-pa-to'ri-a 

*Eu-pat'o-ri3 

Eu-pei'ihe3 

Eu'pha-cs 

Eu-phan'lu3 

Eu-phe'me 

Eu-phe'mus 

Eu-phor'bus 

Eu-pho'ri-on 

fEu-pbra'nor 

Eu-phra'tes 

Eu'phron 

Eu-phros'y-ne 

*Eu-pi'the3 

Eu-pliE'a,  or  Eu-plcB'a 

Eu'po-lis 

*Eu-po'Ius 

Eu-poni'pu3 

Eu-ri-a-nas'sa 

Eu-rip'i-<ip-s 

Eu-ri'pu3 

*En-rt>4q'uUlo 

*Eu-roc'Iy-don 

Eu-ro'mu3 

*Eu-ron'o-lu9 

Eu-ro'pa 

Eu-ro-pa'u3 

Eu'rops 

*Eu-ro'pu3 

Eu-ro'LaH 

Eu-ro'to 

♦Eu-ro'us 

Eii'ru3 

Eu-ry'a-le 

Eu-ry'a-liis 

Eu-ryb'a-tc3 

Eu-ryb'i-a 

Eu-ry-bi'a-des 

Eu-ryb'i-u3 

*Eu-ryb'o-lu3 

Eu-ry-cie'a 

Eu'ry-cles 

Eu-ry-cli'des 

Eu-ryc'ni-t€S 

Eu-ry-crat'i-das 

Eu-ryd'a-mas 

Eu-ryd'a-me 

Eu-ry-dam'i-das 

Eu-ryd'i-ce 

*Eu-ry-e'lu3 

Eu-ry-pa'ni-a 

*Eu-r>'l'e-on 

Eu-ryl'o-chus 

Eu-ryra'a-chu3 

Eu-rym'e-de 

Eu-ryin'e-<Jon 

Eu-rym'e-nea 

Eu-ryn'o-me 

Ec-ryn'o-mus 


Eu-ry'o-ne 

Eu'ry-pon 

*Eu-ry-pon'li-dffi 

Eu-rj"p'y-'e 

Eu-ryp'y-lus 

Eu-r>'s'the-ne3 

Eu-rys-lhen'i-dcE 

Eu-rys'the-U3 

Eu'ry-te 

Eu-ryt'e-cE 

Eu-rjt'e-le 

lEu-ry-the'mis 

Eu-r>'th'i-on,  aTid  Eu- 

ryt'i-on 
Eu'r>--tis 
Eii'r"y-tU3 
*Eu'se-bes 

*Eu-se'bi-a,  (a  tcoman) 
*Eu-se-bi'a,  (a  city 

near  Mt.  Taurus) 
Eu-se'bi-us 
*En-setn'a-ta 
Eu'se-pus 
Eu-sta'thi-us 
Eu-sto'li-a 
Eii-sto'li-us 
Eu-is'a 
Eu-tel'i-das 
Eu-ter'pe 
Eu-tha'li-a 
Eu-tha'li-us 
*Eu-lhe'nJB 
Eu-thyc'ra-tes 
Eu-thy-de'iuus 
Eu-thy'mus 
*Eu-thyn'o-us 
Eu-trap'e-lu3 
*Eu-tre'sis 
Eu-tro'pi-a 
Eu-tro'pi-U3 
Eu'ty-ches 
Eu-tych'i-de 
Eii-lych'i-des 
*Eu'ty-chus 
Eux-an'ihi-us 
Eux'e-nu3 
Eiix-i'nu5  Pon'tus 
*Eux-ip'pe 
*Eux-yu'the-tus 
E-vad'ne 
£v''a-ge3 
*Ev'a-gon 
E-vag'o-ras 
E-vag'o-re 
E'van 
E-vanMer 
E-van'ge-lus 
Ev-an-gor'i-des 
E-van'thes 
E-var'chus 
E'vas 
E'vax 
E-vel'lhon 
E-vem'e-rus 
*E-ve'nor 
E-ve'nu3 
Ev-e-phe'nus 
Ev'e-res 
E-ver'ge-lie 
E-ver'ge-tes 
tEv-es-per'i  des 
E-vip'pe 
E-vip'pu3 
Ex-a'di-us 
Ex-EE'lhes 
Ex-ag'o-nu3 
*Ex-om'a-tfE 
ExH3m'a-lrcE 
*Ei-quU'i-a 


F. 


fF\-BA'RI-A 

Fab'a-ris 

Fa'bi-a 

Fa-bi-a'ni 

Fa'bi-i 

Fa'bi-us 

Fab-ra-te'ri-a 

Fa-bric'i-U3 

Fa-bul'Ia 

fFa-cel'i-na 

*Fac-€-li'na 

Fa'diis 

F.'ps'u-Is 

Fal-cid'i-a 

fFa-le'ri-a 

Fa-lc'ri-i 

Fa!-e-ri'na 

Fa-ler'nu3 

Fa-lis'ci 

Fa-lis'cU3 


Fa'ma 

Fan'ni-a 

Fan'ni-i 

Fan'ni-us 

Far'fa-rus 

*F:ir'si-na 

Fas'ce-Iis 

Fas-cel'li-na 

*Fa-tic'a-nu3 

Fau-cu'Ia 

Fau'Ia 

Fau'na 

Fau-na'li-a 

Fau'ni 

Fau'nus 

Faus'ta 

Faus-ti'na 

*Faus-ri'nu3 

Faus'ti-tas 

Faus'tu-Ius 

Faus'lu3 

Fa-ven^li-a 

Fa-ve'ri-a 

Fa'vo 

tFav-o-ri'nus 

Feb'ru-a 

Fe-ci-a'les 

Fel'gi-nas 

*Fe-lic'i-tas 

*Fel'si-Tia 

Fen-es-tei'la 

fFen'ni 

Fe-ra'Ii-a 

Fer-en-li'num 

Fe-ren'tum,  or  fFo- 

ren'tum 
Fe-re'tri-us 
Fe-ro'ni-a 
Fes-cen'ni-a 
*Fes-cen-ni'nus 
fFes'cu-lffi 
Fes'tus 
Fi-bre'nus 
Fi-cul'ne-a 
Fi-de'na,  or  Fi-de'nffi 
t*Fid-e-na'tes 
Fi-den'ti-a 
*Fid-en-ti'nu3 
Fi'des 
Fi-dic'u-Ice 
Fim'bri-a 
Fir'mi-ii3 
Fis-cel'lu3 
Flac'cus 
Fla-cel'li-a 
Fla-cil'Ia 
Fla-cil'Ia  ^E'li-a 
*Flani'i-nes 
Fla-min'i-a 
Fla-min'i-us,  or  Flam- 

i-ni'nus 
Fla'vi-a 
Fla-vi-a'num 
*Fla-vi'na 
Fla-vin'i-a 
Fla-vi-ob'ri-ga 
Fla'\n-U3 
*Fia-vo'na 
Flo'ra 
Flu-ra'li-a 
*Flo-ra'Iis 
jFIo-ren'ti-a 
Flo-ri-a'nus 
Flo'rus 
Flu-o'ni-a 
Fo'li-a 
*Fon-la'nus 
Fon-te'i-a 
Fon-Ie'i-us  Cap'i-to 
For'mi-ffi 
For-mi-a'num 
Ftir'nax 
Fiir-tu'na 
For'u-li 
Fo'rum  Ap'pi-i 
Fran'ci 
'  Fre-gel'ia 
Fre-ge'nffi 
Fren-ta'ni 
Frig'i-dus 
Fris'i-i 
Fron'ti-nus 
*Fron-ti'niis 
Fron'to 
Fru'si-no 
Fu-ci'na 
Fu-ci^nus 
t*Fu'ci-nus 
Fu-fid'i-us 
Fu'fi-us  Gem'i-nus 
fFu-ga'li-a 
Fu!-2i-na'les 
Ful-iri'nus 

Ful'li-num,  and  Ful- 
Ful'vi-a  fgi'num 

Ful'vi~us 


Fiin-da'r.us 
Fnn'di 

Fn'ri-a 

Fu'ri-iB 

Fu'ri-l 

Fu-ri'na 

Fu-ri'nre 

Fu'ri-us 

Fur'ni-U3 

Fus'cui* 

*FiiH-ci'na 

Fu'si-a 

Fu'iii-us 


G. 


Gad'a-les 

*Gab'a-lU3 
*Gab'a-ru3 
*Gab'a-/.a 
Ga-be'ne,  and  Ga-bi- 

c'nc 
Ga-bi-e'nU3 
Ga'bi-i 
Ga-bi'na 
Ga-bin'i-a 
Ga-bin-i-a'nus 
Ga-bin'i-U3 
*Ga-bi'nU3 
*Gad'a-ra 

Ga'des,  and  fGa-di'ra 
Gad-i-ia'nus 
Gx-sa'ta; 
*Ga'-lu'li 
Ga:-tu'Ii-a 
GE-tu'li-cus 
Ga-Ia'bri-i 
Gal-ac-toph'a-gi 
Ga-l«'sus 
Ga-lan'this 
Gal'a-ta 
Gal'a-tffi 
Gal-a-ts'a,  and  Gal-a- 

ths'a 
*G3l-a-te'a 
Ga-Ia'ti-a 
Ga-lax'i-a 
Gal'ba 
*GaI'bu-la 
Ga-Ie'nu3 
Ga-le'o-l:E 
*Ga-ie-o'tE 
Ga-Ie'ri-a 
Ga-Ie'ri-us 
Ga-Ie'sus 
Gal-i-Iae'a 
Ga-iin-thi-a'di-a 
Gal'li 
Gal'li-a 
Gal-li-ca'nus 
*Gal-lic'i-nu3 
*Gal'li-cus 
Gal-U-e'nus 
Gal-Ii-na'ri-a. 
Gal-lip'o-Iis 
*Gal-U'ta 
GaMo-gHE'ci-a 
Gal-lo'ni-us 
Gal'Ius 
Ga-max'us 
*Gam-bre^um 
Ga-me'ii-a 
Gan-da-ri'liE 
Gan'ga-ma 
Gan-gar'i-ds 
*Gan-garl-des 
Gan'ges 
*Gan-ge'ti3 
Gan-nas'cu3 
Gaii-y-me'de 
Gan-y-me'dcs 
*Ga-raet'i-cum 
Gar-a-man'tes 
Gar-a-man'lis 
Gar^a-mas 
Gafa-tas 
Ga-re'a-UB 
Ga-re-aih'y-ra 
Gar-ga'nus 
Gar-ga'phi-a 
Gar'ga-ra 
*Gar-gar'i-diB 
Gar'"a-ris 
tGarga-rus 
i*Gaf-get'tus 
Gar-git'ti-us 
Ga-ril'i-us 
*Ga-ri'te3 
Ga-mm'na 
Gas'lron 
*Ga'the-JB 
Ga-Uie'a-tas 


t*Gati-Ka-mr-'!i 

Gau'lUH,  or  I. 

*Gau-ra'ni. 
Gau'nu 
Ga'uB,  or  ('. 

Ge  b*n'na 

•Ge-dra'ai 

Ge-dro'sl-a 

Gc-ga'ni-i 

Ge'Ia 

Ge-Ia'nor 

G-'l'li-a 

Gcrii-aa 

fiel'li-u8 

Ge'lo,  or  Cc'Ion 

•Gel'o-i 

Gel't>-nc«,  or  Ge-lo'nl 

Ge'Ios 

*Gcm'i-ni 

Ge-min'i-u8 

Gem'i-nua 

♦Ge-ini'nu3 

Ge-na'bum 

Gf-nau'ni 

•Ge-ne'tefl 

Ge-ne'va 

*Gen'e-va 

^Gc-ne'va,  orllG 

na'va 
Gc-ni'sus 
Ge'ni-us 
*Gen-na'i-de3 
•Ge-no'ni 
Gen'sc-ric 
Gen'li-U9 
Gcn'u-a 
Ge-nu'ci-as 
1TGe-nu'ni9 
Ge-nu'su3 

t*Gen'u-su3 

Ge-nu'ti-a 

•Gen'y-su3 
,  •Ge-om'a-ri 

Ge-or'gi-ca 

Ge-pby'ra 

(Jc-phyr'K-i 

•Geph-y-n2'i 

*Ge-pby're3 

*Geph-y-ro'le 

*Gep^i-dffi 

Ge-nes'tus 

*Ger-a-ne'a 

Ge-ra'ni-a 

Ge-ran'thne 

*Ger'a-sa 

*Ge  re'a 

Gc-rcs'ii-cu3 

Ger'gi-thum 

Ger-go'bi-a 

Ge'ri-on 

Ger-ma'ni-a 

*Gcr-man-i-ci'a 

Ger-raan'i-cus 

Ger-ma'ni-i 

*Ger-ma'nu3 

*Ger-on-le'u3 

Ge-ron'thne 

Ger'rbx 

Ge'rus,  and  Gt Krbus 

Ge'rj'-on,  and  Ge-ry'- 
o-nes 

•Ge-sith'o-us 

Ges'sa-tffi 

tGes-so-h'a  cum 

Ges'sos 

Ges'sus 

Ge'ta 

Ge'lffl 

•Ge-Uios'y-ne 

*Geth  sen»'a-ni 

•Gtfl'i-cus 

Ge-tu'ii-a 

Gi-gan'tes 

*Gig-an-te'us 

Gi-gar'tura 

Gi'gi3 

*Gi-go'nus 

GU'do 

Gillo 

Gin-da'nes 

Gin'des 

Gin'ge 

Gin-gu'num 

Gip'pi-us 

Gis'co 

Gla-di-a-to'ri-i  Lu'Ji 

»Glan-do-me'rum 

Gla'uis 

Gla'num 

Glaph'y-re.  .:-- 
Glaph'y-ni 

Glaph'y-nis 

Glau'ce 

Glau'ci-a 


.;/pe 

IJUS 


Gnoi'kUi 

GotKa-oit'i^ 

Go'bv 

Gob'B-r« 

G<t'hry'%M 

Col'R, 

*Goai'o-n 
Gom'pfai 

nonn'taM 
1« 


Gor'^-u 

Got' go 

Gor'gD-nc« 

•Gof-go'ne-oi 

Gor-eo'ot-a 

Gor-go'iil-aa 

Gor-gopb'o-oe 

Gor-foph'o-ca 

•Gor-go'pi* 

Gor'gu* 

Gor-pylh'l-oo 

Gor'm-« 

Gor^lyn,  Gor  t;.  ^     - 
Gorty'na 

GoMvD'i-a 

*Go-tbo'oes 

ITGo'tht 

Got'thi 

Grac'cbos 

Gra-dTrus 

Gra'ci 

Grx'ci-a 

Gr«'ci-a  Ma^'ni 

Gr«-cj'nus 

•Gnc-cos  Li-su 

Gre'ciii 

Gra'i-us 

•Gra-ju'fc-nr 

Gni-nrcuj 

Gra'ni-us 

•Gra-ie*«  ln'» .    - 

Gra'li-* 

Gra-u^'ntu 

Gra-tid't-a 

Gra't^on 

Gra'ti-us 

Gra'vM 

Gra-ris'ca 

Gra'Ti-as 

Gnsco'n-af 

Grin'oes 

•GiTMie'a 

Gros'phiu 

Gryl'lus 

Gry-oc^um 

Gry-ne'us 

Giy'-ni'am 

•Gv'a-ra 

Gy 'a-ni$,  and  Gy'a-ra 

Gy'as 

Gy-gx'us 

Gy'f« 

Gy'e«s  cr  Gj'M 

•Gyl-a-cc'a 

Gy-Iip'pti» 

Gym-na'H-a 

Gym-iia>i-uai 

G>ii-ne'$i-« 
I  Oynin(Mi^ 
,  •Gym-no 'irj 

•tlyni  nivpai-dra 
I  G>m  oi>#-o-phtt'i« 

i:\     .v-co-tlxe'tiai 

,  ■i.;;r-to'na 
GyUheom 


1309 


PRONUNCIATION   OF 

GREEK   AND   LATIN   PROPER   NAMES. 

He'brus 

tileph-Es-ti'a-des 

*He-si'o-nes 

t*Hip-po'iiax 

Hyd-ra-o'tes 

*I-a'on 

H. 

*He-bu'des 

He-phffis'ti-i 

Hes-pe'ri-a 

Hip-po-ni'a-tea 

*Hyd're-a 

*I-a'o-ne3 

Hec'a-le 

Ile-pbffis'ti-o 

Hes-pei'i-des 

*Hip-po-ni'cu3 

*Hy-dre'la 

I-ap-e-ron'i-des 

Hec-a-Ie'si-a 

He-piiffis'ti-on 

Hes'pe-ris 

Hip-po'ni-uni 

IIy-droch'o-U3 

I-a-pet'i-de3 

Hec-a-me'de 

Hep-ta-piio'iios 

fHes-pe-ri'tis 

Hip-pon'o-us 

Hy-dro-pbo'ri-a 

tl-ap-e-ti-on'i-deg 
I-ap'e-lus 

Ha'bis 

tHec'a-ts 

Ht'p-tap'o-lis 

Hes'ptJ-rus 

*Hip-poph'a-gi 

Hy'drus 

Ha-dri-a-nop'o-Us 

Hec-a-ta3'U3 

*n(?p-tap'o-rus 

Hes'ti-a 

Hip-pop'o-des 

Hy-dru'sa 

I-a'pis 

lla-dri-a'nus 

Hec'a-te 

Hep-tap'y-los 

tHes-ti'a 

Hij)-pos''tra-tU9 

Hv'e-la 

*I-ap'o-deg 

Ila-tiri-al'i-cum 

Hec-a-le'si-a 

*Hep-ta-yd'a-ta 

Hes-ti-as'a 

Hip-pot'a-dcs 

*Hy'e-le  ' 

fl-a-pyd'i-a 

*Hai]-y-lc'utn 

fHec'a-to 

He'ra 

*Hes-ti-o'nes 

Hip'po-tas,  or  Hip'po- 

Hy-erap'sal 

*I-a-py'gea 

Ila^'iiuiii 

Hec-a-tom-bo'i-a 

Her-a-cle'a 

He'sus 

tes 

Hy-et'tus 

I-a-pyg'i-a 

]Ia;-mo'iii-a 

Hec-a-tom-pho'ni-a 

Her-a-cle'i-a 

He-sytli'i-a 

Ilip-poth'o-e 

*Hy-ge'a 

I-a'pyx 

*llxm'o-niB 

Ilec-a-tom'podis 

*H(;r'a-clc3 

He-sycli'i-us 

Hip-pntli'o-on 

Hy-ge'i-a 

I-ar'bas 

Ilifi'mus 

Hec-a-tom'py-I(is 

ile-rac'lc-uin 

He-tric'ii-Iuiii 

nip-poth-o-on'tia 

Hy-gi'a-na 

*I-ar-bi'ta 

Ua'aas 

*Hec-a-tom'py-!u3 

He-rac-Ie-o'tes 

He-trii'ri-a 

Hip  potli'o-us 

Hy-gi'nus 

I-ar'chas,    and    Jai'- 

Hag-nag'o-ra 

*Hec-a-ton-ne'si 

Her-a-cli'dae 

Heii-rip'pa 

Hip-po'ti-on 

Hy'la 

chas 

Ha;;' no 

*Hec-te'nffi 

Her-a-cli'dc3 

Hcx-ap'y-hmi 

*Hip-po-Iox'o-tK 

Hy-lac'i-des 

I-ar'da-nus 

Ha-la;'sus,  and  lia-Ie'- 

Hec'tor 

Her-a-cli'di3 

fHi-ai'bas,  or  I  ar'bas 

Hip-pu'ris 

Hy-Iac'tor 

I-as'i-des 

sus 

Hec'u-ba 

Her-a-c!i'tus 

Hi-bcr'ni-a,  and  Hy- 

*Hip-pu'rus 
Hip'pus 

Hy'iffi 

I-a'si-ou,  and  I-a'si-u3 

Ilal'a-la 

*Hec'y-ra 

He-rac'li-us 

bci'ni-a 

*Hy-le'a 

*I-a'si3 

Hal-cy'o-iie 

Hed'i-la 

*Her-a-cU'us 

*Hi-be'ru9 

Hip'si-des 

Hy-Ice'us 

I'a-sus 

tHa-Ien'tiim 

fHed-o-nffi'um 

He-ix'a 

Hi-brd'des 

Hi'ra 

Hy'Ias 

*I-ax-am'a  tie 

t*Hal'e-sa 

*Hed'u-e3 

He-ra;'um 

Hic-e-ta'on 

Hir-pi'ni 

Hy'lax 

tl-ax'ar-tes 

Ha-le'sa 
Ila-Ie'si-us 

Iled'u-i 

*Her-be'su3 

1[*Uic'e-tas 

Hir-pi'nus 

Hyl'i-as 

I-be'ri 

*IIed'y-lus 

Iler-bes'sus 

Hi-enip'sal 

Hir'l,i-a  (Lex) 

Hyl-Ia'i-cus 

I-be'ri-a 

*Ha-Ie'sus 

He^iym'e-les 

tHer-bi'ta 

V*Hi'c-ra,(fl;i  island) 

Hir'ti-us  An'IU3 

Hyl'lus 

*I-ber'i-cu3 

Ha'Ii-a 

He-gcl'o-clms 

iler-ce'i-ns 

1T*Hi-e'ra,  or  I-ie'ra,  (o 

Hir'tus 

Hy-lon'o-me 

I-be'rus 

Ila-li-ac'nion 

He-ge'mon 

*IIcr-ce'us 

person) 

His'bon 

Hy-loph'a-gi 

I'bi 

*Ha-li-ac'e-lus 

Heg-e-si'a-nax 

Iler-cu-Ia'ne-um 

U*Hi-e-ra-co'iue 

fHis'pa-lis 

Hym-e-ntE'u3,  and 

I'bis 

Ha-Ii-ar'tu3 

He-ge'si-as 

*Her-ca-la'ne-us 

Hi-D-rap'o-lis 

His-pa'ni-a 

Hy'men 

Ib'y-cus 

*HuI-i-car-nas'se-us 

Ileg-e-sii'o-clius 

Hcr'cu-les 

Hi'e-rax 

*His-pa'nus 

Hy-met'tus 

i-ca'ri-a 

Hal-i-car-nas'sus 

Heg-e-sin'o-U3 

Her-cu'le-uin 

*Hi'e-ri 

His-pel'lum 

*Hy-o'pe 

I-ca'ri-U5 

Ha-lic'y-© 

Heg-e-si'nu3 

Her-cu'le-us 

*Hi-er'i-chus 

His'po 

Hy-ps'pa 

Ic'a-riis 

Ila-li'e-is 

Heg-e-sip'pus 

Her-cy'na 

Hi'e-ro 

His-pul'la 

Hy-pae'si-a 

Ic'ci-us 

Ha-Iiin'e-de 

Heg-e-sip'y-le 

Her>cyn'i-a 

Hi-e-ro-ce'pi-a 

His-tas'pfis 

Hyp'a-iiis 

Ic'e-los 

Hal-ir-rho'ti-us 

Ht'g-€-sis'tra-tu3 

*Her>cyn'i-U3 

*Hi-e-ro-ce'pis 

His'ter  Pa-cu'vUus 

Hvp-a-ri'nus 

*Ic'e-Ius 

Hal-i-ther'sus 

Heg-e-syp'o-Ie 

Iler-do'ni-a 

Hi-er'o-cles 

His-ti-a'a 

*Hyp'a-ta 

I-ce'ni 

*Ha-li'um 

Heg-e-tor'i-des 

Her-do'ni-us 

*Hi-e-r&-ca?s-a-re'a 

His-ti-iE'o-tis 

Hy-pa'te3 

Ic'e-tas 

Ha'Ii-us 

Hel'e-na 

Ile're-a 

*Hi-e-ro-du'li 

His-ti-a;'iis 

Hyp'a-tba 

Ich'niB 

Hal-i-zo'nes 

He-le'ni-a 

*He-re'a 

Hj-e-ro-du'lum 

His'tri-a 

*Hyp'a-tus 

*lch-nob'a-te3 

*IIal-mo'ne3 

*HeI-e-ni^us 

He-ren'ni-us  Se-ne'- 

*Hi-e-ro-ke'ryx 

Ho'di-us 

Hy-pe'nor 

Ich-nu'sa 

Hal'mu3 

He-Ie'nor 

ci-o 

fHi-er-ora-ne'mon 

*  Hoi- mi' urn 

Hyp-e-ra'on 

Ich-o-nu'pbis 

llal-my-des'sus 

Hel'e-nus 

He're-us 

*Hi-er-om-nem'0'ne3 

Hol'o-cron 

*Hy-per'ba-tu« 

Ich-thy-oph'a-gi 

+Hal'my-ris 

*He'le-on 

He-ril'lu3 

Hi-e-ro-iie'sos 

*Honi-e-i-c'ii3 

Hy-per'bi-us 

Ich'thys 

*HaI-iiiy-ro'tes 

He-Ier'ni  Lu'cus 

Her'i-Ius 

Hi-e-ron'i-ca  (Lex) 

*Ho-mer'i-dffi 

Hyp-er-bo're-i 

I-cil'i-us 

*Ha-Io'u 

fHe'les,  or  jHa'ies 

*Hc-ii'us,  and  *He'ri- 

*Hi-e-ro-ni'cte 

|Ho-me-ro-mas'tix 

Hy-pe're-a,  and  Hy 

Ic'i-us 

Ha-Ioc'ra-tea 

*He'li-a 

us 

Hi-er-o-ni'ces 

*  Ho-me-ro-nias-li'ges 

pe'ri-a 

fl-co'iii-um 

Ha-Io'ne 

He-Ii'a-des 

Her'ma-chus 

Hi-e-roii'i-cus 

Ho-me'ru3 

Hyp-e-re'si-a 

I'cos 

Hal-on-iie'sus 

He-li-as'tce 

lier^mcE 

Hi-e-ron'y-nius 

*Ho-mi'lie 

*Hyp-e-ri'a 

Ic-ti'nus 

Ila-Io'ti-a 

Hel-i-ca'on 

Her-mffi'a 

Hi-e-ropli'i-Ius 

Hom'o-le 

Hy-per'i-dcs 

tlc-u-lis'ma 

Ha-Io'tus 

Hel'i-ce 

Her-mce'um 

Hi-e-ro-sol'y-ma 

Ho-mo'le-a 

Hy-pe-ri'on 

I'da 

Ha'Ius 

Ilcd'i-con 

Hcr-mag'o-ras 

*Hi-gi'nU3 

Hom-o-lip'piis 

Hyp-e-ri'on 

I-dffi'a 

Ha-lv-a;'tu3 

Hel-i-co-ni'a-des 

jHer-man'di-ca 

Hig-na'ti-a  Vi'a 

Hoin-o-lo'i-des 

Hyp-erin-nes'tra 

I-da;'us 

Ha-ly-at'tcs 

HeUi-co'nis 

Her-man-du'ri 

Hi-Ia'ri-a 

Ho-mon-a-den'ses 

Hy-per'o-chua 

fl-da'lia,  or  *Id'a-li3 

jlla-ly'cus 

*Hel-MTie'na 

Her-man'ni 

Hi-Ia'ii-us 

*Hoin-o-ti'mi 

Hyp-cr-och'i-des 

Id'a-las 

Ha'lys 

*Hcl'i-mu3 

Her-maph-ro-di'tus 

*Hi-nian-top'u-des 

fHo'nor 

Hy-pba;'ns 

Id-an-thyr'sus 

Ha-Iyz'i-a 

Ile-Ii-o-do'ru3 

fHer'mas 

Hi-mel'la 

J^o-no'ri-us 

*Hyph-an-te'on 

I-dar'nes 

Hani-a-dry'a-des 

Ile-li-o-gab'a-Iiis 

Her~ma-tiie'na 

Hiin'e-ra 

+Ho-pIe'tes 

'Hyp-o-lbe'bae 

I'das 

*Ila-m:id'iy-as 

*He-U-o-ga-ba'lus 

Her-me'as 

Hi-niil'co 

Ho'ra 

*Hyp-o-tlie'cEe 

Id'e-a 

*Harn-ar-to'lu3 

He-Ii-op'o-lis 

Her-me'i-as 

nip-pag'o-ra3 

Ho-rac'i-Uc 

Hyp'sa 

*l-de'ra 

Ha-iiiax'i-a 

He-li3'son 

Hei'mes 

*Hip-pag're-tus 

Ho'rs 

Hyp-sc'a 

I-des'sa 

*Ha-niax'i-tus 

*Hc-li'um 

Iler-me-si'a-nax 

Hip-pal'ci-mus 

Hor-a-pol'!o 

*Hyp-se'la 

ti'dex 

='=Haui-:ix-o'bi-i 

He'li-us 

Her-mi'as 

Hjp'pa-lu3 

fHo-ra'li-a 

Hyp-se'ruir 

tl-dis-ta-vi'su8 

Ila-mil'car 

He-Iix'u3 

Iler-min'i-us 

Hip-par'chi-a 

Ho-ra'ti-U3 

Hyp-se'us 

Id'mon 

Ha-inil'lus 

*Hel'la-da 

Her-mi'o-ne 

Hip-par'chus 

Hor'ci-a3 

Hyp-si-cra-le'a 

I-doni'e-ne 

Haiii'inon 

H<;l-Ian'i-ce 

*Her-mi'o-ne3 

Hip-pa-ri'nu3 

*Ho-ri'zon 

Hyp-sic'ia-les 

I-doin-e-ne'u9,or 

Han'ni-bal 

IleI-Ian'i-cu3 

Her-mi-o'ni-£B 

Hip-pa'ri-on 

Hor-niis'da3 

Hyp-sip'y-le 

fl-dom'e-nous 

Hai'ca-lo 

Hel-Ia-noc'ra-tes 

Hor-mi-on'i-cus  Si'niis 

*Hip'pa-ris 

Hor-ra'lU9 

Hyr-ca'ni-a 

I-dti'Uie-a 

Har-nia-te'li-a 

*Hel-!a-nod'i-ca: 

*Her-ini'o-nis 

Hip'pa-Bus 

fHor'ta 

Hyr-(;a'ntim  Ma're 

I-dri'e-us 

Har'rna-tris 

riel'Ias 

Her-mip'pus 

Hip'pe-U9 

Hor-ten'si-a 

Hyr-ca'nus 

I-du'be-da 

*IIar'ina-lua 

Hel'Ie 

*Her-mo-cop'i-dffi 

Hip'pi 

Hor-len'si-U3 

Hyr'i-a 

I-du'me,anrf  Id-u-ine'a 

*Har-men-o-pu'lU3 

Hel'len 

Her-nioc'ra-tes 

Hip'pi-a 

Hor-ti'num 

*Hyr'i-e 

I-dy'a 

riar-ino'di-us 

Hol-Ie'nes 

Her-mo-do'nis 

Hip'pi-as 

Hor-to'na 

Uy-ri'e-iis,  and  Hyr'e- 

I-dy'i-a 

Har-mo'ni-a 

Hel-les-pon'tus 

ner-raog'e-ne3 

Hip'pis 

Ho'rus 

us 

I-e'ta; 

Ilai-num'i-des 

*Hel'Io-pes 

Her-mo-Ia'u3 

Hip'pi-U3 

Hos-til'i-a 

H}i-nii'na 

Ig'e-ni 

*Har-in()s'y-ni 

Hel-lo'pi-a 

*Her-nio'nax 

Hip'po 

Hos-ti!'i-U3 

*Hyr-nii'iie 

Ig-na'ti-u3 

*Har'ni(Vzon 

Hel-]o'ti-a 

*IIer-moii'du-ri 

Hip-pob'o-tea 

Hun-ne-ri'cus 

Hyr'iu'-lo,  and  Hyr'ne- 

*lg-ne'tes 

*Har-pa'yi-a 

He-Io'iis 

fHer-mop'o-lis 

*Hip-pob'o-tum 

tHun'ni,  or  Hun-iii'a- 

tho 

fl-gu'vi-um 

♦Har-pay'i-des 

He-lo'mm,  and 

Her-mo-ti'mus 

Hip-pob'o-tU3 

des 

Hyr-nilli'i-um 

Il-a-i'ra 

Har'pa-;:;u3 

He-lo'ru3 

HtT-nmn-du'ri 

Hip-po-ceii-tau'ri 

Hy-a-cin'llii-a 

Hyr'ta-cus 

Il'ba 

llar-pal'i-ce 

He'ios 

Her'mus 

*Hip-po-co'me 

Hy-a-cin'lJiQs 

Hys'i-a 

*ll-e-!i'tes 

Har-pa'li-on 

He-lo'tffi,  and  Hc-lo'tes 

Her'ni-ci 

Ilip-poc'o-on 

Hy'a-des 

Hys'pa 

H-e-ca'o-nes,  and  H-e- 

Har'|ia-lus 

He'lum 

He'ro 

Hip-po-co-rys'tes 

Hy-ag'nis 

Ilys'sus,  fliirf  Hys'si 

ca-o-nen'ses 

Ilar-pal'y-ce 

Hel-ve'ti-a 

He-ro'de3 

tHJi>-poc'ra-te 

Hy'a-la 

Hys-tas'pes 

I-ler'da 

Har-pal'y-cus 

Hel-ve'ti-i 

He-ro-di-a'nu3 

Hip-poc'ra-tes 

*Hy'a-le 

Hys-ti-e'us 

*H-er-ge'tes 

Har'[ia-sa 

*Hel-ve'tuin 

He-rod 'i-cu3 

Hip-po-cra'ii-a 

*Hy-a-me'a 

H'i-a,  or  Rhe'a 

Hiir'pa-sus 

Ilel'vi-a 

*Her-o-di'um 

Hip-po-cre'ne 

*Hy-am-i>e'a 

I-]i'a-ci  Lu'di 

Har-poc'ra-tes 

tllel-vid'i-a 

He-rod 'o-tu  9 

Hip-pod'a-ma3 

Hy-am'po-li3 

I-]i'a-cus 

*nar-py'i-a 

Hel'vi-i 

*Her-o-du'ius 

Hip-pod'a-me,att<i  Hip- 

Hy-an'thes 

I. 

I-li'a-des 

Har-py*'i-a3 

tHel-vd'luni 

Her'o-es 

po-da-mi'a 

Hy-an'ti3 

H'i-as 

tllai'u-de3 

Hel-vt'na 

t*He-ro'e3 

Hip-pod'a-mua 

*Hy-a-pe'a 

fll-i-en'ses 

*Ha-ru'des 

Hel'vi-us  Cin'im 

He-ro'is 

Hip-pod'i-ce 

Hy-ar'bi-ta 

il'i-on 

Ila-rus'pex 

Hel'y-mus 

He'ron 

*Hip-po-du'rus 

*Hy-ar-bi'ta 

I'a 

I-li'o-ne 

*Has-l>y'te 

He-ina'tlii-on 

He-roph'i-la 

Hip-pod'ro-mus 

Hy^^3 

I-ac'chus 

II-i-o'ne-U3,  or  fl-Ii'o- 

Has'dm-bal 

*Heiii-e-ros-co-pi'uni 

*He-roph'i-le 

Hip'po-la 

*Hyb'e-la 

I-a'der 

IICUS 

Ha-tc'ii-us 

*He-inic'y-ne3 

He-ropii'i-lus 

Hip-pol'o-chus 

Hy'bla 

I-a-!e'mu9 

I-lis'sus 

Haiis'tii-ncs 

He-mith'e-a 

Ilo-ros'tia-tns 

Hip-iiol'y-te 

Hy-bre'as,  or  Hyb're- 

*r-aKme-nua 

I-lith-y-i'a,  or  *n-tliy'- 

*He-au-ton-ti-mo-ru'- 

*He-mo'dua 

Jler'pa 

Hip-pol'y-tus 

as 

I-al'y-sus 

i-a 

irie-no3 

He'mon 

Her'se 

Hip-pom'a-chus 

Hy-bri'a-nes 

I-am'be 

H'i-iini,  or  Il'i-on 

Heb'do-le 

*He-mo'na 

Her-sil'i-a 

Hip-pom'e-don 

Hyc'ca-ra 

I-am'bli-cuB 

*H-lih'a-nu3 

*IIeb'do-me 

He'miis 

Her'tha,  and  Her'ta 

fHip-poin-e-du'ea 

Hy'da,  and  Hy'de 

I-ani'e-nU8 

H-lib'e-ris 

Hb'be 

Hen'e-ti 

Her'u-li 

ilip-poin'e-ne 

Hyd'a-ra 

I-am'i-dfB 

li-lip'-.a 

Ile-be'sus 

He-ni'o-chi 

*Her'u-Ius 

Hip-poiii'e-nes 

Hy-dai'nea 

I-a-ni'ia 

Il-Ii-tur'gis 

*Heb'ri-nii3 

*He-ni-o-clii'a 

He-ss'nus 

Hip-po-mol'gi 

Hv-das'pes 

I-an'thc 

H-lyr'i-cum,  HMy-ris, 

*He-broin'a  gum 

He-phffis'ti-a 

He-si'o-dus 

Hip'pon,  and  Hip'po 

Hy'dra 

I-an'tlie-a 

and  Il-Iyr'i-a 

*lIe-brom'a-nus 

1 

*Heph-LBS-ti'a 

He-si'o-ne 

Hip-po'na 

Hy-dra'ini-a 

*I-an-llie'a 

H-Iyr'i-cu8  Si'nua 

1 


1310 


PRONUNCIATION   OF   GREEK   AND   LATIN   PROPER  NAMES. 


IMyr'i-us 
Il'u-a 
I'lus 
*Il-ur-ge'a 

i-lyr^gis 

I  -muu-u-en'ti-us 

•I-ma'on 

Im'a-us 

Im'ba-rus 

Im-brac'i-des 

Ira-bras'i-des 

Iiii'bra-sus 

im'bre-us 

Im'bri-U3 

Im-briv'i-uni 

Ira'bros 

*Im'o-Ia 

Iii'a-chi 

I-na'ctii-a 

I-nach'i-ds 

I-nach'i-des 

I-na'chi-uui 

lu'a-chus 

I-nam'a-mes 

I-nar'i-me 

In'a-rus 

In-ci-ta'tus 

In-da-thyr'sus 

Iii'di-a 

flii-dib'i-lis 

*lD'di-CU3 

In-dig'e-tes 

*In-di-ge'te3,  (apeople) 

In-dig'e-ti 

In'dus 

*In-gaev'o-nes 

*In-ne'£a 

I'no 

I-uo'a 

I-no^pus 

I-no're3 

I-no'u3 

In'su-brea 

tl[i-su'bri-a 

tln-ta-rae'Ii-um 

In-ia-pher'nes 

Iii-te-ram'na 

In-ter-ca'ti-a 

In'u-us 

I-ny'cu3 

I'o 

I-ob  'a-tes,an  J  Jo-ba'les 

I'o-bes 

I-o-Ia'i-a 

I'o-ias,  OT  1-o-la'us 

I-ol'ch03 

I'o-Ie 

I'on 

I-o'ne 

I-o'nes 

I-o'ni-a 

*I-on'i-cu3 

I-o'pa9 

I'o-pe,  aiid  Jop'pa 

I'o-phon 

*I-o'pi3 

I'09 

*I-o-taph'a-ta 

Ip'e-pa; 

Iph-i-a-nas'aa 

Iph'i-clu3,  or  Iph'i-cles 

I-phic'ra-les 

*Iph-i-crat'i-de9 

*Ipb-i-da-mi'a 

I'phid'a-mns 

Iph-i-de-mi'a 

Iph-i-ge-ni'a 

Iph-i-me-di'a 

I-phtni'e-don 

Iph-i-me-du'sa 

I-phin'o-e 

I-phin'o-us 

I'phis 

I-phii'i-on 

Iph'i-tu3 

Iph'thi-rae 

Ip-se'a 

flp'sus 

I'ra 

*l-ra'js 

*Ir-a-phi-o'le3 

Ir-«-nffi'u3 

I-re'ne 

I-re'aus 

I'm 

I'ru? 

*I-9a'cua 

[(4'a-da3 

I-9ffi'a 

I-flae'ii3 

Is'a  mu9 

1-san'der 

l-«a  pU 

I'sar,  ana  is'a-ra 

I'sar,  and  I-Hte'ua 


I-sar'chus 

I-sau'ri-a 

[-sau'ri-cus 

I-sau'rus 

Is-che'ni-a 

Is-cho-la'us 

*Is-chom'a-clie 

Is-cliop'o-lis 

*Is-chy'ras 

Is-com'a-clius 

Is-de-ger'des 

*I-se'a 

*I-se'pus 

Is'j-a 

*I-si'a-c! 

*I-si'a-cu5 

Is-i-do'rus 

I'sis 

*[3-ma-e'!a 

Is'ma-rus,(mii  Is'uia-ra 

Is-me'ne 

Is-rae'ni-as 

Is-men'i-des 

Is-me'nus 

I-soc'ra-lcs 

Is'sa 

Is'se 

*[3-seMon 

*l3-sed'o-nL'S 

Is'sus 

*[3-t;ev'o-ne5 

Is'ter,  and  Is'lnis 

Isth'nii-a 

Is  til 'mi-US 

Isih'mus 

Is-ti-ic'o-tis 

*ls-to'ne 

Is'tri-a 

Is-trop'o-lis 

I'sus 

*Il'a-li 

I-ta'li-a 

I-tal'i-ca 

I-tal'i-cus 

It'a-Ius 

I-tar'gria 

It'e-a 

I-tem'a-Ies 

Ith'a-ca 

flih-a-ce'si-ffi 

I-thob'a-lus 

I-tlio'me 

Ilh-o-ina'i-a 

*Ith-o-iiin'ta3 

fl-llioiu'a-les 

*I-tlio'ine 

I-tho'raus 

*I-tho'ne 

*Uh-u-re'i 

Ilh-y-phal'lu3 

I-to'ni-a 

I-io'nu3 

*U'o-runi 

tit'u-na 

It-u-ra;'a 

I-lti'rum 

It'y-lus 

It-y-ra;'i 

I'tys 

*I-u-Ie'us 

*I-u-li'a-cum 

I-u'Ius 

Ix-ib'a-tre 

Ix-i'on 

*Ix-i-o'ne-us 

Ix-i-on'i-des 


J. 


*Ja-co'bus 
*Jad'e-ra 

*Jara'ni-a,»r''Jam-ni'a 
Ja-nic'ii-lum 
*Ja-no'ca 
Ja'nus 
Ja-pet'i-des 
Jap'e-tus 
Jar'chaa 
Ja'son 
*Jaz'y-ge3 
Jen'i-su3 
Je'ra 
^Jer'ne 

Je-ro'raU3,  and 
Je-ron'y-mus 
Je-ni'sa-lein 
*Je'su3 
Jo-ba'tes 
Jo-cas'ta 
Jop'pa 
Joi-Ja'ncr' 
*Jor'da-nes 


Joi-nan'dt;s 
Jo-se'phus,  FIa'vi-U3 
Jo-vi-a'mis 
*Jo-vi'uus 
*J<>'za 
Ju'ba 
Ju-d:R'a 
Ju-ga'Iis 
Ju-gan'tes 
Ju-ga'ri-us 
Ju-gar'tlia 
Ju'li-a 
Ju-li'a-des 
Ju-li-a'uus 
Ju'li-i 

*Jii-Ii-o-I)o'na 
Ju-li-o-ina'gus 
Ju-li-op'o-lis 
Jii'lis 

Ju'Ii-us  Cs'sir 
Ju'ni-a 
Ju'iio 

Ju-no-iia'Ii-a 
Ju-no'nes 
Ju-no'ni-a 
Ju-no'nis 
Ju'pi-ter 
*Ju'ra 
Jus-ti'nus 
Ju-tur'na 
Ju-ve-na'lis 
Ju-ven'tas 
Ju-ver'na,  or 
Hi-ber'ni-a 


La-an'der 

I,a-ar'chus 

Lab'a-ris 

*Lab'a-rus 

Lab'da 

tLab-dac'i-des 

Lab'da-cus 

Lab'da-lon 

La'be-o 

La-be' ri-us 

*La-be'ru3 

La-bi'ci 

La-bi'cuiu 

*La-bi'cu3 

La-bi-e'nus 

Lab-i-nt-'lus 

La-bo'hi-us 

La-bob'ri-gi 

*Lab-o-ri'iH 

*La-bo'tas 

La-bra'de-us 

fLa'bron 

*La-by'cas 

Lab-y-riii'thus 

La-cEE'na 

Lac-e-da;'mon 

*Lac-e-d!E-nion'i-cu3 

Lac-e-d»;-nio'ni-i,  or 

Lac-e-diL'in'o-nes 
fLac-e-de-mo'ni-us 
La-cer'ta 
tLac-e-la'ni-a 
Lach'a-res 
La'ches 
Lach'e-sis 
Lac'i-das 
tLac'i-de3 
La-cin'i-a 
La-cin-i-en'sis 
La-cin'i-um 
Lac'mon 
La'co 

La-cob'ri-ga 
*La-co'nes,  pi. 
La-co'ni-a,  and 

La-con'i-ca 
Lac'ra-tes 
Lac'ri-nes 
Lac-tan'ti-us 
Lac'ter 
Lac'y-des 
JLac'y-dfs 
*La-cy'des 
Lac'y-dns 
La'daa 
La'de 
La'des 
|Lad-o-ce'a 
La'don 
*La-e'a 
Lae'laps 
LiB'Ii-a 
Lffi-li-a'niis 
Lae'li-us 
Lae'na,  and  Le-as'na 


Lffi'nas 

Li«'ne-us 

L!L''pa  Mag'na 

L:i-er'tt;s 

*La-cr-ti'a-deB 

La<*r'li-us,  Di-og'e- 

nes 
*Lais-try'goii 
La!-stryg'o-nes 
La; 'la 

La'-to'ri-a  (Lex) 
La:'tiis 
Lie'vi 
L^-vi'nus 
La-f:a'ri-a 
*La-m''us 
La'gi  a 
Lag'i-dcs 

*La-giri'i-a,  (in  Carta) 
*Lag-i-ni'a,(m  Bithyn- 

ia) 
La'gus 
La-gii'sa 
La-gy'ra 
La-i'a-des 
La'i-as 
La'is 
La'i-us 
Lal'a-ge 
La-his'sis 
Lani'a-clius 
La-nial'inon 
*L;»iii-be'ca 
Laiii-bia'iii 
Laiu'bius 
La' mi -a 

La-mi'a-cum  Bel'lum 
La'mi-ffi 

La'mi-as  ^E-U'ua 
La-mi'rus 
Lam'pe-do 

*Lam-pe'ti-a,(a/f»ia?e) 
*Lam-pe-ti'a,  (a  city) 
*Lani-pe-ti'um 
Latn'pe-to,  and 

*Lam-pe'do 
*Lani'pe-lus 
*Lam-pe'uSj  Lam-pi'a 
Lain'pon,  Lam'pos,  or 

Lam 'pus 
Lam-po-ne'a, 

Lam-po'ni-a,  and 

Lam-[io'ni-um 
Lam-po'iii-us 
Lam-prid'i-us  J£i'\\a\s 
Lani'pro-cles 
Lam'j)His 
Lamp'sa-cus,  and 

Lainp'sa-cbuin 
Lamp-tK'ri-a 
Lam'pus 
La'nms 
*Lain'y-ra 
*LaiTi'y-ro3 
Lam'y-rus 
La-nas'sa 
Lan'ce-a 
*Lan-ce'a 
Lan'ci-a 
Lan'di 
Lan'gi-a 
*Lati-gi'a 
Lan-go-bar'di 
La-nu'vi-uni 
La-o-bii'tas,  or  Lab'o- 

tas 
La-oc'u-oii 
La-od'a-iiias 
t*La-od-a-ini'a 
La-o-da'mi-a 
La-od'i-ce 
La-od-i-ce'a 
La-od-i-cc'ne 
La-od'o-cliMs 
La-og'o-nus 
La-og'o-ius 
La-og'o-re 
La-o-me-di'a 
La-nm'e-don 
*La-om-e-don-te'us 
La-om-e-don-ti'a-dui 
*La-om-e-don-ti'a-dc3 
*La-om-e-don'ti-us 
*La-oii'i-cus 
La-on'o-me 
La-on-o-mo'ne 
La-oth'o-e 
La'o-us 
Lap'a-thus 
*La-pe'lhus 
Lapli'ii-a 
*La-pliy'ra 
La-phys'ti-um 
La-pid'e-i 
La-pi  d'o-us 
La|>'i-tliui 


La[)-i-tha;'um 

Lap'i-tho 
Lap'i-thus 
lia'ra,  or  La-ran'da 
La-reri'ti-a,  hnd 

Lau-rcn'li  a 
La'rea 
Lar'ga 
Lar'gus 
La-ri'dcs 
La-ri'na 
La-ri'nnm 
La-ris'sa 
La  ris'sufc 
La'ri-us 
Lar'nns 
La-ro'ni-a 
tLarsTo-lum'ni-U8 
Lar'li-us,  Fla'vi-us 
Lar-to-lJEl'a-ni 
Lar'va; 
La-rym'na 
La-rys'i-um 
Las'ii-a 

Las'sus,  or  La'sue 
Laa'the-nes 
Las-Ill  e-ni'a 
Lat'a-gus 

Lat  e-ra'nus  Flau'tus 
La-to'ri-um 
*Laih'u-rus 
La-ti-a'Iis 
La-li-a'ris 
La-ti'ni 
La-iin'i-us 
La-ti'nus 
La'ti-um 
La'ti-us 
Lat'mus 
La-to'i-a 
tLa-to'bi-u9 
fLa-lob'ri-gi 
La-tn'is 
*Lat'a-is 
La -to' n  a 
La-top'o-Hs 
*Lat-o-re'a 
La-to'us 
La' lie- us 
jLa-tu'mi-ae,  or 

fLa-to'mi-iB 
|Lau-da'mi-a 
Lau-do'ni-a 
Lau-fel'la 
Lau'ra 

fLaii-re'a-cum 
Lau-ren-ta'li-a 
Lau-ren'tes  A'gri 
Lau-ren'ti-a 
Lau-reii-li'ni 
Lau-ren'ti-us 
Laii-ien'tum 
*Lau-re'o-  us 
Lau'ri-on,  or  Lau-rl'on 
Lau'ron 
tLa'us 

La'us  Pom-pe'i-a 
Lau'sus 
Lau'ii-um 
La-ver'na 
tLa-vt-r'ni-um 
La-vi-a'na 
La-vin'i-a 
La-vin'i-um,  or 

La-vi'num 
*Laz'a-rus 
Le'a-des 
Le-tE'i 
Le-:e'na 
Le-an'der 
Le-an'dre 
Lc-an'drt-as 
*Le-an'dri-us 
Lc-ai'chus 
LL-b-a-de'a 
*Leb-a-di'a 
Leb'c-dus,i>r  Leb'e-dos 
Le-bc'na 
Le-bin'thos,  and 

Le-byn'tho3 
Le-cbffi'uui 
Lcc'tiim 
Lec'y-tlius 
Lc'da 
Le-da;'a 
Le'du3 
Lt-'gi-o 
Le'i-Uis 
Le'Iaps 
Lnl'e-ges 
Li-'lcx 
ii<;-man'nus 
•l,f-ma'nus 
I. e  III 'n  OS 
Le-mo'vi-i 
*Lem-o-vi  ce3 


I^m'u-retj 
Lc-mu'ri-a,  and 
Lcm-u-ra'H'a 
Le-me'ua 

LcTl'tU-lUB 

Le'o 

^Le-iib'o-tcfl 

Lc-o-ca'di-« 

♦Le-och'a-re» 

Le-o-<uj'ri-on 

Le-oc'ta-ten 

I^-od'a-maii 

I>c-od'o-cii8 

Lc-og'o-raa 

Le'on 

Le-o'na 

Le-o-na'tufl 

♦I>:-on'i-da 

Le-un'i-daji 

*Le-on'ti-<:bu8 

Lc-on'ti-um,  and 

Lc-nn-li'ni 
*  I>:-on  -to-cepli  'a-le 
I^-on-to-ceph'a-lm 
Ix*-on'ton,  or 

Lc-on-top'o-lii 
Lc-on-iych'i-deji 
*Le-oph'o-ra 
*Le'i»-phron 
*Le-op're-pcB 
♦Le-o-prep'i-dt* 
Le'os 

Lf-os'thc-ncs 
Le-o-tych'i-de3 
Le-pbyr'i-um 
Lfp'i-da 
Lt-p'i-dus 
Le-pi'nufl 
Lti-pon'ii-i 
Le'pre-os 
Le'pri-um 
Lep'ii-ne3 
Lcp'iis 

Lt'ri-a 

Le-ri'na 

Ler'na 

Le'ro 

Le'ro3 

*Lc!»-bo-ni'cu8 

Lfs'boa 

♦Le3-bo'U3 

Les'bus,  or  Les'bos 

Les'ches 

Les-tryg^o-nes 

♦Les'u-ra 

Le-ta'niim 

Le-thffi'u3 

Le'the 

Le'tus 

Leu'ca 

*Lcu-ca'di-a 

Leu-ca'ni 

Lcu'cas 

Leu-ca'si-on 

Lcu-cas'pis 

Leu-ca'le3 

Leu'ce 

Leu'ci 

Leu-cip'pe 

Leu-cip'pi-des 

Lcu-cip'pus 

*Iieu-co-ge'i 

Leu 'co-la 

Leu'con 

Leu-co'ne 

Lcu-co'nes 

*Leu-cou'i-cu 

I^u-con'o-e 

•Lou-con'o-ii  . 

Lfu-cop'e-tra 

*Lou-co-phry'ne 

Lt'tr'civpiir.3 

Lfu-cop'tvlis 

Leu'cos 

Leu-co'3i-a 

•  Leu-cos 'y-rt 

Leu-co-syVi-i 

Leu-colh'o-e,  cr 
Le»-co'Uie-a 

Leuc'tra 

Leuc'trum 

Leu'cus 

Lou-cy-a'ni-*s 

Leu-lych'i-dea 

Le-va'na 

Le-vi'ims 

LeXHi'vi-i 

*Lib'a-ii« 

Li'ba'ni-us 

Lib'a-nus 

Ijh-en-ti'na 

LibV'-ra 
Lib-e-ni'li-a 
Li-btVtas 
Li-be'lhra 


Li-be{ii'ri-4]r« 

Lib-i-ti'n.. 
Li'bo 

Li"  ■  • 
•L 

Lii.  - 

Lib* 

Ll-buf'itt 
LijMir^i^ 
L>4/ur'oi-<le* 
Li-bur'num  Ma'rr 
Ll'bur'aus 
LlbW-a 

Lib'v-cum  Ma'k 
U)A  '    -   '-■• 

I, 
Li 
Li 
•L 
Li' 
L.-. . 
•L- 

tLi'     . 
Li'ci.^ 
Li'clie-t 
Li-cin'j-a 
Li-ciri'i-ua 
*Ljc'i-nuj 
Li-ci'ii'j* 
Li-r\'-r  ■  ■■. 
Li'.: 
Li  : 
Li-i;.  . 
U'gu-r 
Li'ger,  or  Uf'e^ru 

Li^o-ra< 

Lig'u-rej 

Li-gu'n-4 

Lig-u-n'n'j* 

Li'gus 

tLi-guj'ti 

Lig'y-es 

Li-Byr's^n* 

Li -Is 'a 

Lil-r-bc'uQi 

•Lii'y-bc 

Li-msr'a 

Li-me'ni-a 

•Li-me'ra 

Lim'no: 

L)m*n5;'mn 

Lim-oa-tid  f-a 

Lim-nt'a-c«- 

*Lun-ni'a-dc3 

Lim-nt-o'UF 

Lim-na'ni-4 

•Lim-no-rt'a 

Li'mon 

*Li-mo'nc 

tLi-mo'Dum 

tLi-my'rm 

Lin-ca'si-l 

•Lin'di-'is 

tLin'dom 

Lin'dui 

Lin'po-nes 

•Lm-gon'i-ciw 

Lin-tcr'na  ra1a« 

Lia-ter'num 

Li'nu9 

Li'o-des 

Lip'a-ra 

•Lip'a-rc 

•Lip-a-re'uj 

Lip  a-ns 

Liph'lum 

Ltp-cMlo'nu 

Li-qiien't)-* 

Lir-<-,T'ii!i 

Ll-Hivpo 

Li'ris 

I^i-sin'i-a3 

Lt3'$on 

Lis'sus 

Lis '13 

Lil'a-bmm 

Lii'a-na 

Li  lav  !-<•«■ 

iJ-ter'nnm 

LiUi-<>-bi>  li-» 

Li'llinis 

Li-ihuliMim 

Li-iu'bi-tim 

Lii-v-cr'sas 

Uv'i-a  Dni-sil'la 

U-rilla 

Liv-i-nc'i-ui 

Liv'i-us 

tLix'us 

Lo'bon 

Lo  ce-us 

Lo'cha 

•l<^^cha■g*Ja 

Uu'ci;i-u 


13]  I 


PRONUNCIATION   OF   GREEK   AND   LATIN   PROPER  NAMES. 


*L0C'O-2U9 

Lo'cri 

Lo'cris 

Lo-cirs'ta 

Lo-cu'ti-us 

*Lo-gi'ura 

Lol'li-a  Pau-Ii'na 

LoI-li-a'nu3 

Lol'li-u3 

Lon-di'num 

Lon-ga-re'nua 

Lon-gitn'a-nus 

Lon-gi'nu9 

Lon-go-bar'di 

*Lon-go'ne 

Lon'gu-Ia 

Lon-gun'li-ca 

fLon'Rus 

Lor'di 

Lor'y-nia 

Lo'tis,  or  Lo'tos 

Lo-toph'a-gi 

Lo'us,  or  A'o-U9 

*Lox'i-a3 

Lu'a 

Lu'ca 

Lu'ca-gxis 

Lu-ca'ni 

Lu-ca'ni-a 

*Lu-can'i-cu3 

Lu-ca'ni-U3 

Lu-ca'nus 

Lii-ca'ri-a,  or  Lu-ce'- 

ri-a 
Luc-ce'i-us 
Lu'ce-res 
Lu-ce'ri-a 
fLu-ce'ri-us 
Lu-ce'ti-us 
Lu'ci-a 
Lu-ci-a'nu3 
Lu'ci-fer 
Lu-cil'i-us 
Lu-cil'la 
Lu-ci'na 
*Lu-ci'o-lu3 
Lii'ci-U3 
Lu-cre'ti-a 
Lu-cret'i-lis 
Lii-cre'ti-U3 
Lu-cri'mim 
Lu-cri'nus 

Luc-ta'ti-ua 
Lu-cul'Ie-a 
tLu-cul'Ii  Hor'ti 

Lu-cul'Ias 
Lu'cu-rao 

Lii'ciis 

Lug-du'num 

Lu'iia 

Lu'pa 

liU-per'cal 

I.u-per-ca'H-a 

Lu-per'ci 

Lu-pcr'cus 

Lu'pi-as,  or  Lu'pi-a 

*Lu-po-du'nuni 

Lu'pus 

Lu-si-ta'ni-a 

*Lu-si-ta'nU3 

Lu-so'nes 

Lus'tri-cua 

Lu-ta'ti-us 

Lu-te'ri-U3 

Lu-te'ti-a 

Lu-to'ri-us 

Ly-ffi'us 

Ly'baa 

*Ly-b(i'tus 

Lyb'y  a,  or  Ly-bis'sa 

Lyc'a-bas 

Lyc-a-be'tU3 

Ly-cffi'a 

Ly-cffi'um 

Ly-cffi'us 

Ly-cam'bes 

*Lyc-am-be'u9 

Ly-ca'on 

Lyc-a-o'ni-a 

*Ly-ca'o-ne3 

Ly'cas 

Ly-cas'te 

Ly-cas'tum 

Ly-caa'tus 

Ly'ce 

*Lyc'e-a9 

Ly'ces 

Ly-ce'uni 

*Ly-<;e'n3 

Lych-ni'des 

Lych-ni'dus 

Lyc'i-a 

J^yc'i-daa 

liy-cini'na 

I^y-cim  ni-a 

Ly-cis'ca9 


*Ly-ci'ua,  (EpiUi.) 

*Lyc'i-uSj  adj. 

*Lyc'o-a 

Lyc-o-me'des 

Ly'con 

Ly-co'ne 

*Ly-co'pes 

Lyc'o-pliroji 

Ly-cop'o-lia 

Iw-co'pus 

fLyc-o-re'a 

JLyc-o-re'us 

Ly-co'ri-aa 

Ly-co'ria 

Ly-cor'mas 

Ly-cor'laa 

*Ly-cos'the-ne 

Lyc-o-su'ra 

*Ly-co'tas 

*Lyc-o-ze'a 

Lyc'tua 

Ly-cur'gi-des 

*Lyc-ur-gi'de3 

Ly-cur'gu3 

Ly'cua 

Ly'de 

Lyd'i-a 

Lyd'i-as 

Lyd'i-us 

Ly'dus 

Lyg'da-mis,  or  Lyg'- 

da-mus 
Lyg'i-i 

fLyg-o-dfa'raa 
Ly'gua 
Ly-mi're 
*Lym'i-re 
Ly'uiax 
Lyn-ces'tiB 
.  Lyn-ccs'teg 
Lyn-ces'ti-u9 
Lyn-ce'us 
fLyn'ceus 
Lyn-ci'de3 
Lyn'cus,  Lyn-cs'ua, 

or  Lynx 
Lyr'cae 
Lyr-CcB'us 
Lyr-ce'a 
*Lyr-ci'u9 
Lyr'cus 
*Lyr'i-ce 
Lyr-nes'aua 
*Lyr'o-pe 
Ly-san'der 
Ly-san'dra 
Ly-sa'ni-as 
Ly'se 
Ly-si'a-des 
Lys-i-a-nas'sa 
Ly-si'a-nax 
Lys'i-aa 
Lys'i  clea 
Ly-sid'i-ce 
Ly-sim'a-che 
Lys-j-ma'chi-a 
J*Ly-sim-a-chi'a 
Lys-i-mach'i-de3 
Ly-sim'a-chua 
Lys-i-me'li-a 
*Lys-i-me-li'a 
Ly-sin'o-e 
Ly-sip'pe 
Ly-sip'pus 
Ly'sis 

Ly-sis'tra-tus 
*Lys-i-thi'de3 
Ly-sith'o-us 
Ly'so 
tLys^tra 
Ly-tEE'a 
*Lyx-e'a 
Ly-za'ni-as 


M. 


Ma'cje 

Ma'car 

*Mac-a-re'is 

Ma-ca' re-US 

ISla-ca'ri-a 

Mac'a-ri3 

*Mac'a-ron 

*Ma-car'ta-tU3 

Ma-ced'nus 

Mac'e-do 

Mac-e-do'ni-a 

Mac-e-don'i-cus 

I\Ia-ct;l'la 

Ma'cer  j-E-myl'i-us 

*Ma-ce'ris 

*Mac'e-tE 

1312 


i\la-cli!e'ra 

*Ma-cling'e-ni 

Ma-chaii'i-das 

Ma-clia'on 

♦Ma-cha'o-nes 

*iMa-che'ru3 

Ma'cra 

Ma-cri-a'nU3 

Ma-cri'nus 

*Mac'ri-tus 

Ma'cro 

Ma-cro'bi-i 

Ma-cro'bi-us 

Mac'ro-chir 

Ma-cro'nes 

*Mac-ron-ti'chu3 

♦Mac-rop-o-go'nes 

*Mac-ry-ne'a 

Mac-to'ri-um 

Mac-u-lu'nus 

fMa-dau'ra 

Ma-des'tea 

Ma-de'les 

*Ma-dre'ni 

tMad-u-at'e-ni 

Sla'dy-ea 

Mce-an'der 

Mffi-an'dri-a 

Mce-ce'naa 

Mce'di 

*M£e-dob-i-thy'ni 

Mae'li-us 

M^ra-ac-te'ri-a 

Msn'a-dea 

Mffin'a-la 

Mien'a-las 

MfB'ni-U3 

*MfEn-0'bo'ra 

*MiE-nom'e-na 

MJB'non 

Mie'nua 

Mte-o'ni-a 

♦M^'o-nea 

Mffi-on'i-dje 

RlK-on'i-dea 

Mffi'o-nia 

Mffi-o'tBe 

*M!E-0t'i-CU3 

*Mffi-ot'i-de3 

Ms-o'tis  Pa'hia 

Mas'si-a  Syl'va 

*MK-so'li 

*Mat'o-na 

Mffi'vi-a 

Mte'vi-ua 

Ma'gas 

*Mag-do'lu3 

Ma-gol'la 

Mag'e-tae 

Ma'gi 

*Ma'gi-a 

Ma'gi-us 

Mag'na  Grse'ci-a 

Mag-nen'ti-u3 

Mag'nea 

Mag-ne'si-a 

*Mag-ne'tes 

Ma'go 

Ma'gon 

Mag-on-ti'a-cum 

Ma'gus 

Ma-her'bal 

Ma'i-a 

*Mai-u'ma 

*Mai'u-mas 

Ma-jes'taa 

Ma-jor'ca 

Ma-jo-ri-a'nus 

ti\Iak'a-reu3 

*Mal'a-ca,  or  Mal'a- 

cha 
*Malach-be'IU3 
Ma'la  For-tu'na 
*Mal'chi-on 
Ma-Ie'a,  or  *Ma'le-a 
*]\la-le'ba 
*Ma-le'o3 
fMal-e-ven'tum 
Mal'Jiu,  or  Ma'tho 
Ma'Ii-a 
Ma'li-i 
Ma'lia 

Mal']e-a,  or  Mal'U-a 
Mal'Ii-us 
*Mal-loph'o-ra 
tMal-lo-pho'ra 
Mal'Ios 
*Ma-Io'de3 
M:il'Uii-nu3 
*Mal-thi'nus 
*Ma-Iu'ca 
Mal-va'na 
Ma-ma'ua 
Ma-mer'cU3 
Ma-mer'thea 
Mam-er-ti'na 


Mam-er-ti'ni 

*JM:ini-er-ti'nu3 

Ma-mil'i-a  (Lex) 

Ma-inil'M 

Ma-md'i-us 

Mam-niEE'a 

Main-rae'a 

*Mani-mo'nas 

*Ma-mu-ri-a'iiU3 

iMa-mu'ri-U3 

Ma-mur'ra 

*Ma-nK'tbon 

Ma-nas'ta-bal 

Man-ci'nua 

Man-da'ne 

Man-da'nes 

Man-de'Ia 

Man-do'ni-U3 

Man'dro-clea 

Man-droc'li-das 

Man'dron 

Man-du'bi-i 

Mun-du-bra'ti-us 

f.Man-du'ri-a 

*Man'e-ros 

Ma'nes 

*Man'e-tho 

Ma-ne'tho 

Ma'ni-a 

Ma-nil'i-a  (Lex) 

Ma-nil'i-us 

RIan'i-mi 

Man'Ii-a  (Lex) 

Maii'li-U3  Tor-qua'tus 

Man'nua 

RIan-sue'tus 

*iMan-te'uin 

Man-ti-ne'a 

]\Ian-ti-ne'u3 

Man'ti-U3 

Man'to 

Blaii'tu-a 

Mar-a-can'da 

IMar'a-tha 

Mar'a-thon 

Mar'a-thos 

*Mar'a-thus 

■Mar-cel'la 

31ar-cel-U'nu3,  Ain- 

nji-a'iius 
Mar-cel'ius 
IMar'ci-a 

Mar-ci-a'na 

Mar-ci-a-nop'o-lis 

Mar-ci-a'nus 

*Mar'ci-on 

*Mar-ci'ta 

iMar'ci-us  Sa-bi'iius 

*Mar-com'a-iii 

Mar-co-inaii'ni 

*.Mar-coni'e*res 

Mar'cus 

Mar'di 

Mar'di-a 

*Mar'do-ne8 

Mar-do' 11  i~u  a 

Mar'dus 

*Ma're-a,  or  Ma-re-o'- 
tia 

♦Ma-re-ot'i-cus 

*Mar-ga-ri'ta 

Mar-gin'i-a,  arif/  Mar- 
gi-a'ni-a 

Mar-gi'tes 

Ma'ri-a  (Lex) 

*Ma-ri'a 

Ma-ri'a-ba 

Ma-ri-am'ne 

Ma-ri-a'na:  Fos'a;!; 

*Ma-ri-an-dy'ni 

IVIa-ri-an-dy'nuin 

Ma-ri-a'nii3 

IMa-ri'ca 

Ma-ri'ci 

Mar'i-cua 

Ma-ri'na 

Ma-ri'nus 

RIa'ri-on 

Ma'ria 

Ma-ris'sa 

Mar'i-aus 

Mar-ri'ta  (Lex) 

*Ma-rit'i-ina 

Ma'ri-us 

Mar'ma-cua 

Mar-nia-ren'sea 

Mar-mar'i-ca 

Mar-mar' i -da; 

Mar-ma'ri-on 

Ma'ro 

Mar-obu'du-i 

Ma'ron 

Mar-on  e'a 

Mar-pe'si-a 

Mar-pea'sa 

Mar-pe'aua 


Mar'res 
*;\lar-ru'bi-i 
Mar-ru-ci'ni 
Mar-ru'vi-uni,  or  Mar- 

ru'bi-uni 
Mara 

Mar-sffi'u3 
I\Iar'sa-la 
Mar'se 
Mar'si 
Mar-si  g'ni 
*Mars'pi-ter 
Mar-ay'a-ba 
*.Mar'sy-as 
Mar'iha 
Mar'ti-a 
Mar-ti-a'lia 
Mar-ti-a'nua 
*Mar-tig'e-na 
Mar-ti'na 
Mar-tin-i-a'nu3 
Mar'ti-U3 
Ma-rul'lua 
Mas-JE-syl'i-i 
*Mas-ce'zel 
*Mas'cli-on 
*Mas-i-gi'ton 
Mas-i-nis'sa 
Mas'sa 
Mas'aa-ga 
Mas-sag'e-t® 
Mas-sa'na 
Mas-sa'ni 
Mas'ai-ctis 
Mas-sil'i-a 
Mas-sy'la 
*ftLas  sy'li 
*Mas-syI'i-a 
*Mas-syl'i-U3 
*Mas-train'e-Ia    " 
Ma-su'ri-ua 
♦Mathi'on 
Ma'tho 
Ma-ti-e'ni 
Ma-ti'nu3 
Ma-tia'co 
Ma-tra'li-a 
*Ma'tre-a3 
*Mat'ro-na,  (a  river) 
Ma-tro'iia 
Mat-ro-na'li-a 
Mat-ti'a-ci 
*Ma-tu'ce-tEe 
Ma-tu'ta 
*Mat-u-ti'nus 
Mnu'ri 
*Mau'ri-cus 
I\Iau-ri-ta'ni-a 
Mau'rus 
fMau-ru'si-a 
Mau-ru'si-i 
*i\lau*su-Ie'um 
*Mau-so'Ii 
Mau-so'Iua 
Ma'vora 
Ma-vor'ti-a 
Max-en'ti-u3 
*Max-e'ra; 
Max-i-mil-i-a'na 
Max-im-i-a'nus 
Max-i-mi'nus 
Max'i-niu3 
Maz'a-ca 
*Maz'a-ce3 
Ma-za'ces 
Ma-zic'us 
Ma-za'res 
*Maz'a-res 
Maz'e-ras 
Ma-zi'ce3,  aiid  Ma-zy'- 

gea 
*!\le'a-rua 
Me-Cffi'nas,  or  Me-cce'- 

na3 
*Mec-(E-na'tes,  (pZ.) 
Me-cha'ne-us 
Me-cis'te-U3 
Mec'ri-da 
Me-de'a 
*Me'dc-on 
Me-dea-i-cas'te 
Me'di-a 
Me'di-a3 
Med'i-cua 
Me-di-o-Ia'num 
*Me-di'o-lum 
Me-di-o-ma-tri'cea,  or 

Me-di-o-ma-tri'ci 
*Me'di-on 
.Me-di-ox'a-ini 
Med-i-tri'na 
Me-do'a-cus,  or  Me- 

du'a-cua 
Med-o-bith'y-ni 
Me-dob'ri-ga 
Me'don 


Me-don'ti-aa 

*Me-do'rea 

Med-u-a'na 

*xAled'ti-Ii 

*Me-dul'li-a 

Med-iil-li'na 

Mc'dus 

Me-du'sa 

Me-gab'i-zi 

*Meg-a-by'si 

Meg-a-by'zus 

Meg'a-clea 

Me-gac'li-des 

Me-ga;'ra 

Me-ga'le 

Me-ga'Ie-aa 

Meg-a-Ie'si-a 

Me-ga'li-a 

Meg-a-lop'o-li3 

Meg-a-ine'de 

Meg-a-ni'ra 

Meg-a-pen'thea 

Meg'a-ra 

*Meg'a-reuaj  or  Me- 

ga're-us 
*Mee-a-re'us,  adj. 
Meg'a-ria 
Me-g;ir'su9 
Me-gas'tbe-nea 
*Meg-a-ti'chus 
Me'gea 
Me-gil'la 
Me-gis'ta 
Megis'li-a 
jMe-gis'ti-as 
Me-ls'njE 
*Mel-am-pe'a 

Me-Iam'pua 

Mel  am-py'gea 

*i\lel-am-py'giia 

IMe'Ia,  Poin-po'ni-ua 

fMel-an-chiE'tea 

Mel-an-chlffi'ni 

Me-Ian'chru3 

Mel'a-ne 

*Mel'a-ne9 

Mel'a-neu3 

Me-la'ne-us 

*Me-Ia'ni-a 

Me-lan'i-da 

Me-la'ni-on 

Mel-a-nip'pe 

Mel-a-nip'pi-dea 

Mel-a-nip'pua 

Rlel-a-no'pua 

Mel  a-nos'y-ri 

Mel-an'tlii-i 

*.^le-lan'thi-on 

Me-lan'thi-us 

Me-lan'tho 

Me-lan'lhua 

Me 'las 

*Mt:l-coni'a-ni 

Me-k'-a'ger 

*Mc-le'a-ger 

Me-le-ag'ri-dea 

Mel-e-san'der 

Me'les 

Mel'e-se 

Mel-e-sig'e-nea,  or 
Mel-e-sig'e-na 

*Mel'e-te 

Me'li-a 

*Me-Iib'o-cu3 

fMel-i-boe'a 

Mel-i-bce'ua 

Mel-i-cer'la 

*.Mel'i-chus 

*MeMi-e 

Mel-i-gu'nia 

Me-Ii'na 

*Mel'i-nus 

Me-li'sa 

*Mel'i-se 

Me-ljs'sa 

Me-lis'aus 

Mel'i-ta,  or  Mel'i-te 

*MeI-i-te'na 

Mel-i-te'ne 

*Mel'i-to 

Mel'i-tu3 

Me'Ii-us 

Mel-ix-an'drua 

jMel'la  An-na;'us 

Me-lob'o-sia 

Me'Ion 

Me'los 

Mel'pi-a 

Mel-poni'e-ne 

Me-raac'e-ni 

Mem'nii-a  Sul-pit'i-a 

Mein'ini-U3 

MeTn'nou 

♦Mem'no-nea 

*Meni-no-n>'ura 

*Meni-no'n*.  113 


Mem'phia 

♦Mem-pbi'tes 

Mem-piii'tia 

Me'na,  or  Me'nea 

Me-na!'caa 

Me-nal'ci  das 

Men-a-lip'pe 

Men-a-lip'pus 

Me-nan'der 

Men-an-dre'us 
*Men'a-pi 
Rle-na'pi-i 
Men'a-pia 
Me^nas 
Men-che'res 
Men'des 
Me-ne'cles 
Men-e-cli'des 
*Mi;n-e-co'lu3 
]Me-nec'ra-tea 
Mon-e-dc'inus 
Me-neg'e-taa 
Mcii-e-la'i-a 
*ML>n-e-la-i'a 
>Icn-e-Ia'us 
iMn-nu'iii-iis  A-grip'pa 
Men'e-pbron 
Me'nes 

Men-es-tbe'i  Por'tua 
Rle-iies'tlie-us, 
Miies'tlie-ua,  or 
Me-nes'te-ua 
Me-nes'thi-us 
Men'e-tas 
Me-nip'pa 
Me-nip'pi-dea 
Me-nip'pus 
Me'ni-us 
Men'iiis 
Me-nod'o-tU8 
Me-nce'ce-ua 
Me-iiOB'les 
*Men-0B-ti'a-de3 
Me-noe'ti-ua 

Me'non 

Me-noph'i-lus 

Men'ta,  or  Min'tlie 

Men'tes 

Men-tis'sa 

Men 'to 

jMen'tor 

*iMen'to-res 

Me-nyl'lus 

*Me-phi'ti3 

Me'ia 

Me'ia,  or  Mce'ra 

*Mer-ce-di'nus 

Mer-cu'ri-us 

Me-ri'o-nc3 

Mer'me-roa 

Mer'nie-rus 

Mcrm'na-dK 

*Mei'mo-das 

Mer'o-e 

Mer'o-pe 

*Mer'o-pi3 

Me'rops 

Me'ros 

Mer'u-Ia,  Cor-iie'li-ua 

Me-sab'a-lea 

Me-sa'bi-ua 

Me-sa'pi-a 

Me-sau'bi-ua 

Me-sem'bri-a 

Me-se'ne 

*Me-sob'o-a 

Mes-o-nie'des 

Mes-o-po-ta'mi-a 

*Mes-sab'a-t£e 

Mes-sa'la 

Mes-sa-li'na  Va-le'ri-a 

Mes-sa-Ii'nus,  M.  Va- 
le'ri-us 

Mes-aa'na 

Mes-aa'pi-a 

*Mes-sa'pU3 

Mcs'sa-tia 

Mes'se 

Mes-se'rs 

Mes-ae'ne,  o?-  Mes-ae'- 
na 

Mca-se'ni-a 

*Mcs'o-a 

*Mes-so'gis 

Mes'tor 

Me-su'la 

Mel'a-biis 

Met-a-git'ni-a 

*Met'a-gon 

*Met-a-mor-pho'si3 

Mei-a-ni'ra 

*Met-a-pon-ti'ni 

Met-a-pon'tuni 

Mel-a-pon'tU3 

Me-laii'rua 

*AIe-te'lis 


Me-tel'Ia 

'Me-temp-sy-cno  sis 

•  Jlet-e-re'a 
*Meth'a-na 
Me-lliar'raa 
Me-tlii'on 
Me-iho'di-u3 
^le-Iho'^e 
■Melb'o-ra 
Me-ihyd'rUum 
Me-tiiym'na 
-Me-ti-u-du'sa 
Me-til'i-a  Lex 
Me-tU'i-i 
'3Ie-ti'Ii9 
Me-liI'i-U3 
."Me-ii'o-chug 
Me'ti-on 

Me '1 13 

Me-tis'cas 

>le'ti-us 

Me-itE'ci-a 

Me 'ion 

.Met'o-pe 

•Me-tc/pe 

*M.'l't>-re3 

Jfe'tn 

tMet-rn-g)'r'to 

*  Me-tro'a 
Me-tro'bi-U3 
Slet'ro-cles 
Met-ro-<Io'ru3 
Me-troph'a-nes 
Me-lrop'o-li3 
Met'ti-us 

tM<:t'mg  Cur'li-us 
fMe-ta'lum 
Me-va'ni-a 
-Me'vi-us 
Mc-zon'ti-us 
*Mi-a-co'ni.s 
*.Mic-co-tro'gU3 
Mi-re 'a 
*Mi-ce'!B 
Mi-cip'sa 
*Mic'i-te 
Mi-cy'thii3 
•Mi-I-a-i'on 
Mi'dag 

Mid'e-a 

Mid-e'a 

*Mi'e-za 

Mi-Ia'ni-on 

Mi-le'si-i 

Mi-Iu'si-u3 

>Ii-le'ti-a 

Mi-le'ii-um 

Mi-Ie'tiis 

Mil'i-os 

Mi!'i-chus 

Mi-li'nu3 

Mii-i-o'ni-a 

*.MiI-iz-i-ge'ris 

Mi 'in 

Mi-Io'ni-U3 

Mil-li'a-des 

Mil'io 

3Iil'v-i-u3 

Mil'y-as 

Mi-ma]']o-ncs 

Mi 'mas 

*Mim-ne'du3 

Mim-ner'mua 

5Iin'ci-us 

Min'da-ru3 

ili-re'i-des 

Mi-ncr'va 

Min-er-va'li-a 

Min'i-o 

Min-nx'i 

Mi-no'a 

Mi-no'ia 

Mi'nos 

Min-otau'rus 

Min'the 

Min-tur'nffi 

Mi-nu'li-a 

Mi-nu'ti-U3  Au  gu-ri'- 

nus 
Min'y-ffi 
Min'y-aa 
Min'y-cu3 
Mi-ny'i-a 
Blin'y-tDs 
Mir'a-ces 
*Mis'ce-ra 
Mi--?e'nuin 
Mi-^e'nua 

"■      •:;'e-U-' 

Ti-censeg 
"1  liri  l/js 


Mila-ri-da'tis 

Miiii-ro-bar-za'nes 

Mit-y-Ie'ne 

Mit-y-le'ncB 

Mi'iys 

Mi-Z!B'i 

Mna-sal'ces 

*Mna'se-a3 

Mnas'i-cles 

Mua-sip'pi-das 

Mna-sip'pus 

Mna-sith'e-us 

Mna'son 

tMna-sy^us 

Mna-sjT'i-um 

•Mne-mi'tim 

Mne'mon 

Mne-mos'y-ne 

Mne-sar'chus 

*Mnes-i-bu'tus 

Mne-sid'a-mus 

•Mnes-Ma'mus,  or 

*Mnes-i-de'mus 
Mnes-i-la'us 
Mne-sim'a-che 
Mne-sim'a-chus 
*Mne-sith'e-us 
Mnes'ter 
Mnes'the-us 
Miies'ii-a 
Miies'tra 
Mne'v^is 
Mo-a-pher'nes 
*Mo-<;or'e-tffi 
-Mo-des'tus 
Mo'di-a 
*Mod'o-nus 
SIffi'ci-a 
Mffi'nus 
Moe'di 
Moe'on 
McB-on'i-des 
Moe'ra 

M(B-rag'e-te3 
Moj'ria 
Mcb'si  a 
♦Mo-gun'U-a 
Mo-sy'ni 
Mole'i-a 
*Mo-li'a 
fMo-Ii'on 
Mo-Ii'o-ne 
Mo'Io 
Mo-l(c'is 
Mo-lor'chus 
Mo-Ios'si 
Mo-Ins'si-a,    or    Mo- 

Ios'si3 
Mo-los'su3 
Mol-pa'di-a 
Mol'pus 
Mo'lus 

*Mol-y-cre'uin 
*Mo-Iyc'ri-a 
Mo-Iyc'ri-gn 
*Mo-Iy'nis 
Mo-mem'phi3 
Mo'nius 
Mo'ni 
•Mon'a-chi 
♦Mon-a-cbi'um 
Mo-na'ses 
♦Mo-ne'sea 
Mo-ne'sug 
Mo-ne'ta 
*Mon'i-ca 
Mon'i-ma 
Mon'i-raug 

*  M  cn-cMlac'ty-lu  s 
Mon'o-dus 
Mo-n(E'cu3 
Mo-no'le-us 
*Mon'o-mus 
Mo-noph'a-ge 
Mo-noph'i-Iu3 
*Mc>-nos'ce-]i 

*  M  o-n  o-th  e-1  i  'ue 
Mon-ta'nu3 
i\inn'y-cbU3 
M(m'y-mu3 
Slu'pjiis 
Mop's  i -urn 
Mop-so'pi-a 

*M0p'3O-pU3 

*Mop-su-c3'ti-a 

Mop'3U3 

Mor-gan'li-um 
*iIor-ge'te3 
*Mor-i-me'ne 
Mor'i-ni 

Mor-i-las'gus 
Mo'ri-u3 
Mi)r'phe-U3 
JMora 

Alo'sa 


PRONUNCIATION   OF   GREEK   AND   LATIN   PROPER  NAMES. 


Mos'cha 

Mos'clii 

Mos'chi-on 

*Mos-cho-pi!'l;is 

Mos'chu3 

Mo-sel'la 

Mo'ses 

fllo-sych'lus 

Mos-y-nff'ci 

*Mo-sy'ni 

Mo-tho'no 

*Mo-li-e'iii 

Mo-ly'a 

*Mo'y-ses 

Mu-ci-a'nus 

Mu'ci-us 

Mu'crffi 

Mul'ci-ber 

Mu-Iu'cha 

IMuI'vi-us  Pons 

Mum'mi-us 

Mu-na'ti-iis 

Mim'da 

Mu-ni'tu3 

Mu-nych'i-a 

Mu-nych'i-a: 

Mu-r:E'na 

Mur'cus 

Mu-re'tus 

iMur-gan'ti-a 

*Miir-ra'nii3 

Mur-rbe'mi3 

Miir'ti-a 

IMus 

i^Iu'sa  An-to'ni-us 

Mu'SJD 

Mu-sie'u3 

*M»-sag'e-tcs 

*Mu-se'a 

*Mu-se'uni 

Mu-so'ni-u3  Eu'fits 

Mus-le'Ia 

tiMu'ta 

Mu-thul'lus 

iilu'ti-a 

fMu-il'ca 

Mu-til'i-a 

Mu'li-na 

Mu-ti'na 

!Mu-ti'ne3 

Mu-li'nu3 

Mu'ti-us 

Mu-tu'nus 

I\In-lus'ca; 

fMu-ze'ris 

My-a'gnis,  orMy'o- 

des 
Myc'a-Ie 
Myc-a-les'sus 
My-ce'nE 
Myc-e-ri'nus 
Myc-i-ber'iia 
Myc'i-llius 
My 'con 
Myc'o-ne,  or  jMyc'o- 

nos 
My 'don 
My-ec'pho-ris 
My-e'nu3 
*Myg'a-Ie 
MygMon 
♦ilyg'do-nes 
J!yg-do'ni-a 
Myg'do-nu3 
fMyg-do'nus 
My-i'a-gru3 
My-Ias'sa 
My'le,  or  My'Ias 
My'Ies 
My-Iit'ta 
*Myn'du-nes 
Myn'dus 
My'nes 
Myn'i-s 
*My'o-nes 
*My-o-ne'su3 
My-o'«i-a 
fMy'ra 
*Myr'a-ces 
*Myr'gc-taB 
*My-ri'ca 
*My-ri'ce 
My-ri'cu3 
My-ri'na 
|:*'My-ri'nU3,  (Epith.  qf 

Apollo) 
*Myr'i-nu3,  (a  man) 
Myr'i-ffi 

*Myr-i-on'y-ma 
*iMyr-le'a 
Myr-mcc'i-des 
*Myr-me'ci-iun 
Myr-iiiid'o-nes 
My'nm 

M>-ro-ni-a'nus 
iMy-ron'i-des 


My-ro'nu3 

Myr'rha 

*Myr'vlii.ni!3 

Myr'si-lus 

Myr'si-nus 

i\Iyr'sus 

Myr'ta-!e 

Myr'te-a 

Myr'ti-lus 

Myr'l!^ 

Myr-io'um  Ma'rc 

Myr-iun'ti-um 

Myr-tu'sa 

My-sceKlus 

Mys'i-a 

I\Iy-so-raa-ced'o-nes 

My 'son 

Mys'tes 

Mytli'e  CU3 

iMyt-i-Ie'ne 

My'U3 


N. 


NaR-AR-2a'nE3 

Nali-a-tliiu'a 

*Nab'a-tlie3 

Na'bis 

*Nac'o-Is 

♦Nac'o-ne 

N'a-dr.g'a-ra 

N;i''ni-a 

*A':[*'vi-a 

Nm'vi-us 

NiRvVJiis 

*Na-ge'ri 

Na-har'va-li 

Na-i'a-des 

fNni'a-des 

*Na'i-as 

*Na'i-cu3 

iVa'is 

fNa-is'sus,  or  Ncs'sus 

♦Nam-ne'tes 

N'a-pa;'^ 

*Na-p^-'a; 

Na-pa'ta 

*N'a-pe'gus 

Naph'i-lua 

Nar 

Nar'bo 

*Nar-bo'na 

Nar-bo-nen'sis 

Nar-ca;'ii3 

fNar-ce'a 

Nar-tis'sus 

A'ar'j;n-ra 

Na-ris'ci 

Nar'iii-a,  or  Nui'na 

Nar'ses 

Nar-tlie'cis 

Na-ryc'i-a 

*Nas'a-inon 

Nas-a-nio'nes 

Nas'ci-o,  or  Na'ti-o 

*Nu-si'ca 

Na-sid-i-e'nus 

IVa-sid'i-u3 

Na'so 

Nas'sus,  or  Na'iius 

Nas'u-a 

Na-ta'li-a 

Na-ta'lis 

Nat 'la 

Nau'bo-ltis 

Nau'clos 

Nau'cra-tcs 

Nau'cra-iis 

*Nau-cy'des 

Nau'lo-cliiis 

Nau-pac'tus,  or  NaU' 

pac'tuiji 
Nau'pli-a 
Nau-pli'a-des 
Nau'pli-us 
fNau-por'tus 
Nau'ra 
Nau-sic'a-a 
*Nau-sic'a-e 
Nau'si-cles 
Nau-sim'e-ne3 
*Nau-i:i-ni'cus 
Nau-sitli'o-e 
Nau-silh'o-us 
Nau'tea 
Na'va 

Na'vi-us  Ac'li-us 
Nax'os 
Ne-;c'ra 
Nt-rc'thus 
Nc-al'ccs 
I  Ne-al'i-cc3 


♦Xo-an-dri'a 
Ne-an'llies 

*.\(:-an'a-plio3 

Xe-ap'o-Iis 

Nc-:ir'clm3 

Xe-broMcs 

Ne-broph'o-nos 

*Ne-broph'o-nu3 

♦Ncb'u-Ia 

Nf'clio?) 

*Xe-crop'o-li8 

,\cc-ta-iie'bus,  and 

Nec-lan'a-bis 
*Ncc-li-bc're3 
Nc-cys'i-a 
Ne'is 
*Ne-i'la) 
Ne'lc-U3 
*Ne-U'de3 
Nc'Io 

Ne-mar'a,  (games) 
*Ne-mo'a,ffr  Ne'me-a, 

(town) 
Ne-ms-si-a'nu3 
Nein'csis 
Ne-nie'.si-u3 
Ncm'e-ic3 
Nc-me'us 
Nem-o-ra'li-a 
Nc-nios'sus 
Nc-o-bii'le 
Nc-n-tiL'3-a-rc'a 
Ne-ocIi'a-bi3 
Ne'o-cles 
♦iN'e-o-cli'deg 
''Xe-o-ca'nis 
No-og'e-ncs 
*Ne-oni'a-gijs 
''Nc-o-me'ni-a 
Ne-oiu'o-rid 
Ne'on 

Nc-oii-n'chos 
*Ne-on-ti'clnis 
*Ne'o-p]in;ii 
Ne-op-tul'e-!nu3 
Ne'o-ris 
*Ne-o'thc-iis 
Ne'pt- 
*Ncp'c-te 
Ne-j)ha'li-a 
Kepli'e-le,  *Nepli-0- 

lL''is 
Nepli-c-ri'tes 
Nu'pbus 
Ne'[rt-a 
No'pos 

Ne-po-ti-a'nus 
Nep'ihya 
Nep-lu'ni-a 
*Nep-lii-ni'ne 
i\fp-iii'iii-um 
Nep-tii'ni-u3 
Nep-lu'nus 
Ne-re'i-des 

*Ne-re'i3,  or  *Ne'ro-is 
Ne-re'i-us 
No're-ii5 
fNc-ri-c'iio 
Nc-ri'iifi 
Ncr'i-plius 
*Ne-ri'lffi 
Ner'i-tos 
Ne'ri-us 
Ne'ro 
Ne-ro'ni-a 
Ner-lo-brig'i-a 
Ner'ii-luni 
N<:r'va  Coc-cc'i-us 
iVL-r'vi-i 
Ne-sa^'a 
*Xc-si'de3 
Ne-sim'a-clms 
Ne-si-o'pe 
-Ve'sis 

*Ncs'pe-tos 

*Ncs-so'nis 

Nos'sus 

Nes'to-cies 

Ncs'tor 

♦Nfs-tor'i-des 

Nes-to'ri-us 

Nes'tus,  or  Xcs'sus 

Ne'tuni 

Ne'u-ri 

Ni-cffi'a 

*Ni-ca;n'e-lU3 

Ni-ca^'o-ias 

Ni-can'der 

Ni-ca'nor 

Ni-car'clms 

•Xi-car'e-te 

Nic-ar-lhi'des 

Ni-ca'lor 

♦Ni-cal'o-ri3 

Ni'ce 


*Nic'e-a 

Nic-<:-pJio'ri  um 

\ic-c-ptio'ri-ab 

Ni-ccpb'o-ru» 

Ni'cer 

♦Ni-ccKa-tiu 

*\ic'e-ro« 

Ni-ce'taji 

Nic-c-lfc'ri  a 

Nic'i-a 

Nic'i-an 

Ni-cip'fK: 

Ni-cip'pus 

Ni'co 

*.Vic-o-bu'lua 

Ni-coch'a-rt-B 

Nic'o-clea 

Ni-coc'ra-ifcH 

Ni-co'cre-fm 

•Nic~o-da'mua 

Nic-o-de'rouH 

Nic-o-do'ms 

Nj-cod'ro-muj 

Nic-o-la'u3 

•Ni-co'Ie-os 

Xi-com'a-cba 

i\i-coni'a-chus 

Nic-o-me'des 

l*Nic-o-me-dFa 

Nic-o-me'di-a 

Ni'con 

Ni-co'ni-a 

Ni-coph'a-ne3 

Nic'o-phron 

Ni-coj/o-Iid 

Ni-cos'lra-ta 

IVi-cos'tra-tus 

Nic-o-te'le  a 

♦Nic-o-le-lu'a 

Ni-cot'c-les 

Ni'ger 

Ki-gid'iu8  Fig'u-lua 

*Ni-gre'tfcj 

Xi-gri'ta; 

*iN'i-la'nion 

Nil'e-ns 

*.\i-li'a-cu3 

*Xi-lo'ii3 

Ni'Iiis 

*Nin'i-ve 

Nin'i-as 

Niu'n  1-113 

*Nin'o-e 

Ni'nus 

Xin'y-as 

Ni'o-be 

Ni-pbffi'u3 

Ni-pha'tes 

Ni'pbc 

Nir'e-U9 

Ni-?a?  a 

Ni-si-'e 

Ni-se'i-a 

Nid'i-bis 

*\i-so'pe 

Ni'sus 

Ni-sy'ros 

•Ni-sy'rus 

Ni-te'li3 

*Nii-i-ob'ri-ge3 

Ni-to'crL5 

Nit'ri-a 

tNi-va'ri-a 

No'as 

Noc'mon 

I*Joc-ii-lu'ca 

•No-di'nus 

*No-e'mon 

No'la 

•No-la' nus 

Nom'a-de3 

No'maj 

Nom-en-ta'nus 

No-mcn'ium 

No'mi-i 

*\o-nu'ou 

No'mi-us 

*No-nu>pb'_v-*ax 

•No-nioih'i'  Ui 

«\on-a-cri'nu3 

*Non'a-cri3 

No-ua'cri3 

tNo-na'cris 

No'ni-u3 

Non'ni-us 

Non'nuj 

fNo'nus 

No'pi-a,  or  Ci  rio'pi-a 

No'ra 

No'rax 

Nor'ba 

Nor-ba'nu3 

".Wric'i-i 

Nor'i-rum 

N'l.r-ibip'i'i;:^ 


NrVii-a 

*  \o«-o-co-  mi  'am 

No'lhai 

S(J-tk'tUD 

No'Uu 

N'o-Ta'ri-« 
No-ra'uu 
•N'oT-cm-tft'r. 

*Sov^'-  ■- 
*S:  ■■ 

•S'.: 

Nov, 
.\o-% 
\o-% 

t.\o'-. 
.Vo'v 

•So: 

•Xt>-, 

Noi 

.Vu^ 

.Vu-;- 

Nu'i 

Sa'ii.  .  .      .,..._ 

.\t*-nun'ii  a 

Nil-inni.  1     r,  i 
•Nri  ' 
Nu-r; 
Nil':;  . 

Nu-liic'iii-;i,  cr  lie- 
tofr'ni-x 

Stl'Di'-'lH  tl* 
tNu--:       • 
\U  :. 
Nu-iii 
•Nii-iiiic'i-uji 

Nu-Bll'fU* 

Nu'nii-da 

♦Nirmi-dc 

Nu-niul'i  r. 

Nu-tni'l  t-<i« 

tNu-mw'iio 

Nu'mi-tof 

Nu-mi-to'ri-u* 

Nu-DKyni-uj 

Niin-c<»'rc-us 

Nun'di-na 

Nur'sa 

Nur'frci-a 

Niir'ii-a 

Nu'tri-a 

Nyc-tcr'in 

tNyc-le'li-a 

Nyc-leli-u« 

Nyc'tesuf 

•Nyc'u-lus 

Nyc-lJm'cnc 

Nyc'ii-mui 

Nym-l-i''u!n 

Nvm 

Nyn. 

Nyin- 

Nyiu-pi.iJ;  -i 

Nyrn'phis 

Nym-['!M.-tI.  'p:  > 

Nym 

•Nyi 

Nym  ; 

Nyp'ai-Ui 

Ny'sa,  or  Ny*    -. 

Ny-sx'tts 

Ny'sas 

•Ny-se'um 

Ny-»e'i-mn 

Ny-si'a-dci 

N>-s'i-«  Porta 

•N^'i-as 

•Ny-4ig'c-na 

Ny-«i'm9 

tNjVMis 

Ny  b'sa 


0. 


•0-a'bi-o» 

0-ar's« 

O'a-raa 

*0'A-SCS 

O'a-sis 

O-ax'cs 

O-ax'u* 

•Ob'txla 

•Ob'ri-ino 

•Ob'se-qurns 

Ob-ul-tro'nMn 

0-ca1<sn,  cr  0-ci1i-ft 

O-co'a-m 

O. 


I  Co 


PRONUNCIATION   OF   GREEK   AND   LATIN   PROPER  NAMES. 


O  ce'a-nus                     ] 

Ol-cliin'i-um 

*0-pi'ma  Spo'li-a 

Oi'phe-us,  or  Or'- 

*Pa!-a'iies 

*Pa-)ieg'y-ris 

*Par'rha-i5is 

0-ce'i-a 

O-le'a-fos,  or  Ol'i-rog 

*0-pim-i-a'nus 

pheua 

*P:e-dar'e-tus 

*Pan'e-lu9 

Par-riia'si-ua 

*0-ce'Ii3 

O-le'a-trura 

O-pim'i-us 

*Or'pbi-tus 

PK'di-U3 

*Pan'e-inus,  (river) 

Par-tba-mis'i-ris 

0-cel'Ius 

O'len 

O'pis 

Or-sed'i-ce 

PiE-ina'iii 

*Pa-ne'mus,  (matt) 

Par-lha'on 

*Oc'e-lura 

*Ol'e-no3 

*Op-is-tiioc'o-mffl 

Or-se'is 

Pa? 'on 

Pan'e-nu3,  or  Pa-ne'- 

Par-the'ni-a 

O'cba 

01'e-nu3,  or   Ol'e- 

Op'i-ter 

Or-sU'lu9 

Pse'o-nes 

nus 

Par-tlie'ni-CB,  and  Par- 

*0-che'ni-u9 

num 

Op-i-ter-gi'ni 

Or-sil'o-clms 

Pte-o'ni-a 

Pan-ga-'us 

tlie'ni-i 

0-che'si-u3 

0-le-o'ni3 

O-pi'tes 

Oi-si'nes 

Pie-on'i-des 

*Pan-lieI-lo'nes 

Par-lhe'ni-a8 

*Och'ro-na 

*01'e-rus 

*Op'o-is 

Or-sip'pug 

*Pffi'0-plK 

*Pa'ni-a 

*Par-ihen'i-ce 

O'chus 

Ol'ga-syg 

*0-po'pe-n3 

Or'ta-lus 

Pa: '03 

Pa-ni'a-si3 

Par-tlie'ni-on 

*Och-y-ro'm:i 

Ol-i-gyr'tis 

*0-por'i-nus 

Oi-thai'a 

Pae'sog 

*Pan-i-ge'ri3 

Par-tbe'ni-iis 

Oc'mia 

O-lin'i-a; 

Op'pi-a 

Or-thag'o-ras 

Pa^s'tum 

Pa-ni-o'ni-um 

Par'the-non 

*0-co'liim 

0-lin'thus 

Op-pi-a'nus 

Or'the 

Pa?-to'vi-um 

Pa'ni-iis 

Par-tben-o-piE'us 

*0-cnc'o-la 

*OI-i-si'po,  *Ol-i-sip'- 

Op-pid'i-U9 

Or'tbi-a 

Pffi'tus  Cs-cin'na 

Pan-no'ni-a 

Par-then 'o-pfc 

0-ciic'u-Iura 

po,  or  *0-lv8'si-po 

Op'pi-us 

*Or-tho'sig 

*Pa-ga'ni 

*Pan'no-nes 

Par'tlii-a 

0-crid'i-on 

Ol-i-tin'gi 

tops 

Or'tbrus 

Pag'a-sce,  or  Pag'a-sa 

Pan-oiu-piine'us 

tPar-thi'ni 

0-cris'i-a 

*0-li'zon 

Op-ta'lus 

*Or-to'na 

Pag'a-su3 

Paii'o-pe,  or  Pan-O- 

Par-tliy-e'ne 

Oc-ta-cil'li-us 

Ol'li-us 

Op'ti-mus 

Or-tyg'i-a 

fPa'giiE 

pe'a 

*Pa-ry'a-dres 

Oc-ta'vi-a 

Ol-lov'i-co 

*0-pun'ti-a 

Or-tyg'i-u3 

Pa'gus 

*Pa-no'pe-JB 

Pa-rys'a-des 

Oc-ta-vi-a'nus 

Ol'mi-K 

O'pus 

O'rus 

Pa-la'ci-um,  or  Pa-la'- 

Pan'o-pes 

Par-y-sa'tis 

Uc-ta'vi-us 

01 'mi-US 

O'ra 

0-ry-an'der 

ti-um 

Pa-no'pe-us 

Pa-sar'ga-da 

tOc-to-ge'sa 

*01-mi'ua 

0-rac'u-lum 

O-ry'us 

Pa-ire 'a 

Pa-no' pi-on 

*Pa-sar'ga-dfe 

Oc-tol'o-phum 

*01-mo'ne3 

0-rK'a 

O'ryx 

Pa-I[e-ap'o-li3 

*Pan'o-pis 

Pa'se-as 

0-cy'a-lu3 

Ol-o-phyx'u3 

Or'a-siis 

jO-sa'^ces 

*Pa-la!b'y-blus 

Pa-nop'o-lis 

Pas'i-cles 

0-cyp'e-te 

*01'o-ru3 

Or-be'lus 

Os-clio-pho'ri-a 

Pa-Iai'mon,  or  fPal'e- 

fPa-nop'tes 

Pa-sic'ra-tes 

0-cyr'o-e 

*Oi-ym-pe'ne 

Or-bil'i-us 

Os'ci 

111  on 

Pa-nor'mus 

*Pas-i-pe'da 

Od-«-na'tU9 

O-Iym'pe-um 

Or-bo'na 

Os'ci-ua 

Pa-le'mon 

Pan'sa 

Pa-si  ph'a-e 

0-(ies'sug 

O-Iym'pi-a 

Or'ca-des 

Os'cus 

Pa-I;ep'a-pIios 

*Pan-tiETi'e-tus 

*Pa-siph'i-le 

*0-de'um 

*OI-ym-pi'a-des 

Or-cba'Iis 

tO'si 

*Pa-Ia;ph-ar-sa'IU3 

*Pan-tag'a-thus 

Pa-sith'e-a 

0-di'nus 

0-lyra'pi-as 

Or'clia-mug 

0-sin'i-U9 

Pa-!;pph'a-tu3 

*Pan-ta'gi-a 

*Pa-sith'o-e 

O-di'lfS 

*0-lym'pi-cu3 

*0r-chis4e'ne 

O-si'ris 

Pa-I»p'o-lis 

Pan-tag-nos'ttis 

Pa-sit'i-gris 

*0-do'a-cer 

*0-Iym-pi-e'um 

Or-chom'e-nus,  or  Or- 

O-sis'mi-i 

Pa-IfEs'te 

Pan-ta'gj'-as 

Pas'sa-roii 

OdH3-a'cer 

O-lym-pi-o-do'riis 

chom'e-num 

Oij'pha-gU3 

Pa]-.TS-li'na 

Pan-ta'io-on 

*Pas-se-ri'nu9 

*0-dci'ca 

*0-lym-pi-o-ni'ce3 

*Or-chom'e-nos 

Oy-rho-e'ne 

Pal-IE  s-ti'nus 

Pan-tau'chus 

Pas-si-o'iiu3 

Od-o-man'ti 

0-lym'pi-us 

*Or-ci'nus 

Os'sa 

*Pa-lxl'y-ru3 

Pan'te-us 

Pas'sus 

Od'o-ncs 

0-lyin'pu3 

Or'cus 

Os-te-o'des 

Pal-a-me'des 

Pan-til  e 'a 

*Pat'a-ge 

Od'ry-SE 

01-ym-pu'sa 

Or-cyn'i-a 

Os'li-a 

Pa-lan'ti-a 

Pan'the-on,  or  *?an- 

*Pat'a-!us 

O-dys'se-a 

0-lyn'thus 

Or-des'sus 

*Os-ti-o'ne3 

Pa-lan'ti-ura 

the'on 

Pat'a-ra 

*Od-ys-se'a 

0-ly'ras 

^Or-do-vi'ccs 

Os-to'ri-us 

P;il-a-ti'nus 

Pan'the-us,  or  Pan'- 

*Pat-a-vi'nus 

*Od-ys-se'um 

O-Iy'zon 

O-re'a-des 

Os-tra-ci'ne 

*Pa-Ie'a 

tllU3 

Pa-ta'vi-um 

GS-ag'a-rus,  and  GE'a- 

0-ma'ri-us 

O're-as 

Os-trog'o-tlii 

Pa'Ie-iy,  or  Pa'Ire 

Pan-thi-ca-pre'um 

*Pa-te'r!E 

per 

Om'bi 

*0're-os 

Os-y-man'dy-as 

Pa'Ips 

Pan'thi-des 

Pa-tei'cu-ln3 

*aL'a-«ni3 

Om'bri 

*Or-e-sit'ro-phus 

*Ot'a-ceg 

Pal-fn'ri-uf  Su'ra 

Pan-Uio'J-des 

Pa-tiz'i-tlics 

(E-au'lhx,and  (E-an'- 

*Oni'bri-ci 

O-res'tE 

Ot-a-cil'i-U3 

*Pa-l)b'o-tlim 

*Pan'tho-U3 

*Pat-i-zi'thes 

thi-a 

*Om'hri-os 

O-res'tes 

O-ta'nes 

*Pa-Ii'ce 

Pan-tic'a-pes 

Pat'mos 

*CE-an-the'a 

♦Om-bro'nes 

O-res'te-um 

Oth'ma-rus 

Pa-li'ci,  or  Pa-lis'ci 

Pan-tiPi-us 

Pa'trce 

rE'ax 

Om'o-!e 

Or-es-ti'dffi 

O'tho,  M.  Sal'vi-U3 

Pa-lil'i-a 

*Pan-tol'a-biig 

Pa'tro 

Q^.  ba'li-a 

Om-o-plia'gi-a 

*Or-es-ti'dcs,  and 

*0-thro'nii9 

*Pa.H'lis 

Pa-ny'a-sis 

*Pat'ro-ba3 

CEb'a-lus 

*Om'pha-ce 

*0-res'ti-des 

*0-tliry'a-de3 

■*Pa-lin'dro-mos 

Pa-uy'a-sus 

Pa-tro'cles 

a^b'a-res 

Om'pha-Ie 

Or-es-til'la 

Oth-ry-o'ne-us 

Pal-i-nu'ru3 

Pa-pie'us 

Pa-tro'cli 

*(E-bo'ta8 

Om'pha-lo3 

Or'e-tte 

O'tlirys 

Pal-i-sco'nimj  or  Pal- 

Pa-pha'ges 

Pat-ro-cli'd<^s 

CE-cha'li-a 

fOm'piiis 

Or-e-ta'ni 

*0-thr}'sM-us 

i-co'rum 

Pa'phi-a 

Pa-tro'clus 

(E'cle-U3 

O-ntE'um,  or  O-rc'ne- 

Or-e-til'i-a 

O'tre-us 

tPa-li-u'nis 

*Pa'phi-iis 

*Pat'ro-clus 

(E-cli'deg 

urn 

O-re'um 

O-troe'da 

*Pal-lac'o-pas 

*Papli'Ia-gon 

Pa'tron 

(Ec-u-me'ni-Ti3 

*On'a-ger 

*0're-us 

*0t-rvii-ti'des 

Pal'la-des 

Papli-Ia-go'ni-a 

Pat'ro-us,  or  *Pa-tro' 

CEd-i-po'di-a 

0-na'ru3 

Or'ga,  or  Or'gaa 

*Ot-to-rcic'o-rfc 

Pai-la'di-um 

Pa'phos 

us 

''(Ed-i-po-di'on 

0-nas'i-mU3 

*0i-'ga-na 

O'tus 

Pal-Ia'di-iis 

Pa'phus 

Pa-tul'ci-us 

CEd'i-pu3 

O-na'tas 

Or-ges'siim 

O'tya 

Pal-Ian-te'um 

Pa-pi-a'nus 

Pau'ia 

(E'mti 

*On-ce'um 

Or-set'o-rix 

0-vid'i-us 

Pal-lan'ti-as 

Pa'pi-as 

Pau-li'na 

CE-nan'lhtiS 

On-ches'tus 

Or'gi-a 

O-vin'i-a  (Lex) 

Pal-Ian'ti-dea 

I'a-pin-i-a'nus 

Pau-li'nus 

CE'ne 

*On'cho-e 

0-rib'a-siis 

O-vin'i'US 

Pal-Ian'ti-on 

Pa-pin'i-u9 

I'au'luy  ^-myFi-ns- 

ChVnc-a 

O-ne'i-on 

*Or'i'Coa 

Ox-ar'tes,  and  *Ox'a- 

Pal 'lay 

Pa-pir'i-a 

Pau-sa'ni-as 

*CE-ne-o'ne 

On-e-sic'ri-tii-' 

Or'i-eum,  or  Or'i-cus 

trcs 

Pat-lc'ne 

Pa-i)ii'i-us 

Pau'si-as 

CE'ne-us 

O-nes'i-miis 

O'ri-eiis 

Ox-a'lhres 

Pal'nia 

Pap' pus 

*Pau-si-Ii'pon 

(E-ni'dea 

On-e-sip'pus 

Or'i-gen 

*Ox-ViB 

jPal'mc 

Pa-pyr'i-u3 

Pa'vor 

CEn'o-e 

O-no'si-us 

*0-rig'c-iie3 

Ox-id'a-tes 

PaI-mi'so3 

Par-a-bys'ton 

Pax 

(E-iioin'a-U3 

On-e-tor'i-des 

O-ri'go 

Ox'i-mes 

Pal-my'ra 

*Par-a-€he!-o-i'ta; 

Pax'os 

O^'non 

O'ni-nm 

*0-ri''ne 

Ox-i'o-iiae 

*Pal'pe-tns 

*Par-a-cli'lU3,  or  Par- 

Pe'ilS 

tE-no'na 

*0-ni'on 

0-ri'nus 

Ox'us 

Pal-phii'ii-us 

a-cle'tus 

Pc-da'ci-a 

(E-no'ne 

*0-ni'um 

0  li-ob'a-lea 

Ox-y'a-re3 

tral-iiin-bi'num 

*Pa-rac']y-tU9 

Po-dffi'us 

(E-no'pi-a 

On'o-ba 

O-ri'on 

Ox-y-t'u'nus 

Pain'me-nes 

Par-a-di'aus 

Pe-da'ni 

Q'l-mtp'i-des 

*On-o-chft'nus 

O-ris'susi 

Ox-yd'ra-cK 

Paiii'mon 

Pa-raH'a-ca) 

Po-da'ni-ns 

Q^-no'pi-on 

On-o-muc'ri-tus 

()i-i-sul'l:i  LivM-a 

Ox'y-liis 

Pam'pa 

*Par-a!-to'ni-i 

tPod'a-sa 

t*CE-nu'lri 

On-o-mar'chns 

0-ri'tfH 

*Ox-y-ne'a 

Pam'phi-Uis 

Par-ffi-to'ni-um 

Pcd'a-sna 

(E-no'tri-a 

On-o-mas-hii'i-des 

*0-rith'i-a5 

*Ox-y-o'pum 

Pam'phos 

Par'a-li 

Pf-di'a-di^ 

CE-no'riu3 

On  o-nias'tiis 

0-rith-y-i'a 

Ox-yn'thea 

Pam'phy-la 

*Par-a-li-pom'- 

Pe^ii-a'nus 

tE-iiu'saj 

On'o-piias,  or  On'o- 

*Or-i-thy'os 

Ox-yp'o-ras 

Pam-phvl'i-a 

e-na 

Pp'di-as 

O^'o-nus 

phis 

O-rit'i-as 

Ox-y-ryn-chi^tic 

*Pam-piiy'li3 

Par'a-Ius 

Pc'di-us  Blte'sua 

CBi'o-e 

On-o-san'dcr 

O-ri-un'dus 

Ox-y-ryn'chus 

Pan 

*Par-a-po-ta'mi-a 

Po'do 

*CE-sy'nie 

*0-mig'n:i-tbiis 

*0-ii'iig 

O-zJ'nes 

Pan-a-ce'a 

Pa-ra'si-a 

Pe'dum 

(E'ta 

*0-ny'the3 

Or'me-ims 

Oz'o-Ije,  or  Oz'o-li 

*Pan'a-cra 

Pa-ra'si-U3 

tPc'ga; 

OSt'y-lus,  orCEfy- 

0-pa'li-a 

*0r'me-no8 

Pa-iire'ti-ua 

Par'cEE 

Pe-gas'i-<lc3 

lum 

*0-peI'i-cus 

Or'ne-a 

Pan'a-res 

*Par'e-dri 

P(^g'a-sis 

0-rcl'lu3 

0-pbe'as 

*0r'ne-ffi 

*Pa-naT'e-tU3 

Pa-re  n-ta'li-a 

Peg'a-su3 

O'fi 

O-plie'Ias 

Or'ne-u3 

P. 

Pan-a-ris'te 

*  Pa-ret' ro-nes 

*Pe-Ia'gi-tis 

Og-dol'a-pis 

O-phel'iea 

*0r-ne'us 

Pan-ath-e-nw'a 

Pa'ris 

Pel'a-gon 

0<r-do'nis 

O-phen'sis 

Or-ni'thon 

Pan-cha.''a,  Pan-ctie'a, 

Pa-ris'a-de3 

*Pe-lag'o-nes 

*0[5'e-no3 

O'pbi-a 

Or'rii-tus 

ur  Pan-cha'i-a 

Pa-ris'i-i 

Pe-lar'go 

fO-glo'sa 

O-piii'a-des 

Or-nos'pa-des 

Pa-ca-ti-a'nu3 

*Pan'che-a 

Par'i-sus 

Pe-las'gi 

O-j' mi-US 

O'plii-as 

Or-nyt'i-on 

Pac'ci-us 

*Pan-cra'li-um 

Pa'ri-um 

Pe-las'gi-a,  or  fPe  Ia»- 

Osi'o-a 

*0-phi-<i'des 

tOr-o-an'da 

Pa'ches 

Pan'da 

*Pa'ri-u9 

gi-o'tis 

*0-<;u'a 

*0-phi-og'<;-TH-s 

*Oi'o-ba 

Pa-chi'nu3 

Pan'da-ma 

Par' ma 

Pe-las'gus 

O-giil'ni-a 

0-pbi'on 

O-ni'bi-a 

*Pa-chy'iiU3 

Pan-da'ri-a 

*Par'nie-na9 

*Pel'a-tes 

Og'y-jies 

*0-phi'o-nes 

O-ro'bi-i 

Pa-co'ni-u3 

Pan'da-rus 

Par-men'i-de3 

*Pe-le'ces 

O-gyg'i-a 

O-phi-o'ne-us 

*Or'o-bis 

Pac'o-rtis 

tPan-da-la'ri-a 

Par-me'ni-o 

*P(i-len'do-nes 

*0-gyg'i-dic 

tO'phis 

O-ro'des 

*Pac'ti-a 

Pan'da-tes 

*Par'me-no 

Pel-e-thro'ni-i 

Og'y-ris 

*Opb-i-tc'a 

O-roB'tt'8 

Pac-to'lus 

tPan-de'mi-a 

*Par-na'sus 

*Pe-let'ro-nes 

0-ic'le-us 

*0-phi'te9 

O-rom'e-don 

Pac'ty-as 

Piin-dt!'Tnu3 

Par-nas'sus 

Pe'Ie-u3 

O-il'e-us 

*0-phi-u'clius 

O-run'tas 

Pac'ty-es 

fPan-di'a 

Par'nes 

Pe-li'a-des 

O-i-Ii'dea 

O'pbi-us 

O-ron'tes 

Pa-cu'vi-u8 

*Pan-di'on 

Par-nes'sus 

Pe'li-as 

Ol^a-ne 

O-phi-u'sa 

*Or-on-te'U8 

Pa-diB'i 

*Pan-(U'o-ni3 

Par'ni 

Pe-li'des 

O-Ia'nus 

*0-phlo'nesi 

Or-o-pher'nea 

*Pa-de'i 

*Pan-(Io-chi'um 

Pa'ron 

Po-Iig'ni 

Ol'ba,  vr  Ol'bUB 

"iOph-ry-ntj'um 

0-ro'pus 

Pad'u-a 

Pan-do'ra 

*Par-o-pam'i-sU£ 

Pe-lig'nu3 

*0I-be'IU3 

Op'i-ci 

*Or'o-i^a 

Pa'du3 

Pan-do'si-a 

Par-o-rt-'i-a 

Pt'l-i-na;'uni 

Ol'bi-a 

O-pig'e-na 

0-ro'si-us 

Pa-du'sa 

Pan'dro-sos 

Pa'ios 

Pcl-i-naa'us 

Ol'ui-us 

0-pil'i-us 

*0-ros'pe-da 

Pa; 'an 

*Pa'iic-as 

Par-rha'si-a 

Po'li-on 

I 


J314 


Pe'Ii-um 

Pel'la 

Pel-la'u» 

Pel-le'ne 

•Pero-pe 

rel-t>-i>e'a,  cr  Pcl-o- 

|.ia 
PeI-o-pe'i<i 
♦Pi-I-tt-pe'us 
Pe-lup'i-das 
•Pe-lu'tti-us 
Pel-o-pon-ne'*us 
Pe'Iops 
Po'kir 
Pe-lo'ri-a 
Pe-lo'ruuij  cr  Pe-lo'- 

Pe-lu'si-um 

Ptj-na'les 

Peii-d:i'U-um 

Pe-ne'i-a,  or  Pe'iie-is 

Pe-:!c'is,  [SchUlcr  and 

«  FucciutatLI 

*Pe-ue'Mi3 

•Pc-ne'lf-tis 

Pe-ne'li-us 

Pe-iiL-l'ij-jie 

Pf'nti-iis,  or  Pe-ne'us 

P*_n'i-.la< 

Pt'ii-lnp'o-lii 

*I*eii-i;ip'y-Ion 

•Pen-la'tlilum 

*P(ii-le-dac'ty-Ion 

*lVn'ii'  le 

tPen-tfl'i-cns 

Prn-thosi-lc'a 

P(  ii'tlir-us 

*Pf  n-thi'des 

Pcir'Itii-Ius 

IVii'thy-lus 

Fc(>-a-re'thos 

Pe-phrc'(Io 

Pe-r;e'a 

PtT-a-si[)'pii3 

•Pcr'a-liia 

Per-co'pt: 

*Per-co'-!i-a 

Per-co 'si-US 

Pcr-ri.'te 

Per-dic'cas 

Per'dix 

Pe-ren'n:i 

Pe-ren'ms 

Pe're-us,  or  Po'reus 

P.r'ga 

*iVr  :m.'me-u3 

pLT'?,1-mU3 

*Per'sa-se 

Per'ge 

Per'gus 

Pe-ri-an'der 

Pc-ri-ar'chus 

Per-i-hce'a 

*Pe-hh'o-lu3 

Per-i-bo'mi-us 

Per'i-L'les 

Per-i-clyra'e-nua 

Pe-rid'i-a 

*Per-i-di'a 

Pe-ri-e-ge'tes 

Pe-ri-e'res 

Pe-rig'e-nea 

Pe-rig'o-ne 

Per-i-la'u3 

Per-i-le'ua 

Pe-ril'la 

*Pe-ril'li-us 

Pe-ril'lus 

Per-i-me'de 

Per-i-me'Ia 

*Per-i-rae'le 

♦Per-i-ineKi-dea 

Pe-rin'thas 

Per-i-pa  tet'i-ci 

•Pe-rip'a-tns 

Pc-riph'a-nes 

Per'i-phaa 

Pe-riph'a-tu3 

Pi;r-i-plie'mu3 

*Per-i-phe'te3 

Per-i-pho-re'laa 

Pe-ris'a-des 

•Pe-ris'te-re 

Pe-ris'the-neg 

*Per-i-3iy'lmn 

*Pc-ris'iy-lum 

Pe-ril'a-nus 

Per'i-tas 

Per-i-tt/ni-um 

P«.T-me3'su3 

Pe'ro,  or  fPe-rt/ne 

[er'o-Ia 
r-pcn'na 
ir-pe-re'ne 
■pfao-re'tns 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  GREEK  AND  LATIN  PROPER  NAMES. 


Per-mn'ihes 

Per-rhce'bi-a 

Per'sa,  or  Per-se'is 

Per'sffi 

Per-sffi'us 

Verse' e 

Per-seph'o-ne 

Per-sep'o-lis 

Per'ses 

Per'ae-us 

Per'si-a 

Per'sis 

I*er'si-U3  Flac'cus 

Per'li-nax 

Pe-ru'si-a 

*Per-ii-3i'nus 

Pes-cen'ni-ui 

Pes-si'nus 

*Pet'a-Ie 

Pe-lu'Ii-a 

Pet'a-liis 

Pe-teMi-a 

Pet-e-Ii'nu3 

*Pe'ie-on 

Pe'te-iis 

Pe-til'i-a 

Pe-til'i-i 

Pe-til'i-us 

Pel-o-si'ris 

Pe'tra 

Pe-ir®'a 

Pe-tre-i'us 
Pe-tri'nnm 

Pe-tro'nt-a 

Pe-lro'ni-us 

Pct'ti-U3 
Peu'ce 

*Peu-ced'a-iios  ' 

I*eu-ces'le3 

Pen-ce'ti-a 

*Peu-ce'ti-i 

Peu-ci'ni 

Peu-co-Ia'iis 

Pex-o-do'rus 

PhK'a 

*Phffi-a'ces 

Pba;-a'ci-a 

Pha'ax 

Pha-d'i-mus 

Phi'don 

Plis'dra 

PhjcMri-a 

Piia;'drU3 

Phaed'y-ma 

PhjB-nion'cM; 

*PhiE-nag'ore 

*P]iiE-nar'e-te 

Phien-a-re'te 

PhE'ni-as 

Phan'na 

Pha;n'ni3 

*PhEen-o-rae'ri3 

Pliffi-oc'o-nies 

PhiEs'a-na 

PhKs'ium 

*Pha'e-thon 

*Pha-e-thon-te'us 

*Pha-c-Uion'ti-us 

Pha'e-toD 

Plia-e-ton-li'a-des 

Piia-e-m'sa 

Phai'us 

Pha-ge'si-a 

*Pha'i-nus 

fPhal-a-cri'ne 

Plia'lx 

Piia-I;e'cu3 

Pha-lffi'si-a 

Pha-]an'thu9 

*PIm-la'ra 

Phal'a-ris 

Phal'a-rus 

*Pha-ia'ru9 

Phal'ci-don 

Pha'Je-as 

Pha-Ie'rc-U3 

Pha-Ie'ri-a 

Pha-le'ria 

Plia-Ie'roiij  or  Plial'e- 

nim 
Pha-le'rus 
Plia'Ii-a3 
PhaPli-ca 
*Pha-lo're 
PJia-lys'i-us 
*Pham-e-no'plii3 
*Pha-na'ce3 
Pha-n^'u3 
*Pha-nag'o-ra 
Phan-a-rffi'a 
Pha'naa 
*Pha-na'te3 
Pha'ne3 
♦Pha'ni-um 
Pban'o-cles 
Phan-o-de'mus 


*Plian'o-iis 

Phan-ta'si-a 

Pha'nus 

Pha'on 

Pha'ra 

Pha-rac'i-des 

Pha'ra,  or  PIic'r.T 

*Phar'a-o 

Ptia-ras'uia-nes 

Pha'rax 

*Phar-be'his 

*Ptiar-ce'duu 

Plui'ris 

*Pba'ri-us 

Phar-me-cu'sa 

Phar-na-ba'zus 

Pliar-na'ce 

Phar-na'ce-a 

Ph.ir-na'ces 

*Phar-iia'ci-a 

Pliar-na-pa'tes 

Phar-nas'pes 

PJiar'nns 

Pha'ros 

Phar-sa'ii-a 

*Phai-sa'liis 

Phar'te 

Pha'nis 

Pha-ru'si-i,  or  Phau- 

ni'si-i 
PIiar'y-bu3 
Pha-r\r'a-don 
Plmr'y-;;e 
*Flias-a-e'li3 
Plia-se'lis 
Plia-si-a'na 
Pha'si-as 

Phas'siis 

I'hau'da 

Phav-ii-ri'ims 

Pha-yl'Ius 

J'liL-'a,  iir  P!i(;'i-a 

Phe-ca'dtiiu 

*Pht'-Sf'a 

Pl»e'ge-iis,  or  Plilc'ge- 

Phel'Ii-a 

Phel'lo-e 

Ph(;l'Iu^ 

*Plie'ini-;e 

Plic;'mi-ii^ 

Phe-mnri'.i-c 

*Plu*n-i'-hc'this 

PI  le- hi;' 11  111 

PliiNne'iis,  (a  man) 

*Pluyne-U5,  (^aUikc) 

Phe'ne 

Plur-riE'iis 

Phe-rau'les 

Phe-re'clus 

Phe-rec'ra-tfs 

*Pher-c-cy'ji-d:p 

Plier-e-cv'dcs 

Ptl0r-CII-d:i't;'3 

Plier-i!-ni'c(; 

fPhe-repii'a  tu 

Pile 'res 

Phe-re'ti-:t3 

PJier-e-ti'ina 

PJitT'i-niiin 

fPhi'-n'miin 

Phe'ron 

Phi'a-Io 

Plii-a'li-a,  or  Plii-ga'- 

li-a 
Phi'a-ius 
*Phi-ce'on 
Phic'orcs 
Pliid'i-as 
Pliid'i-Ie 
Plii-dip'pi-des 
Phi-dit'i-a 
*Phi-do'la3 
Phi'don 
Phid'y-Ie 
*Pliig-a-le'a 
Phi-ga'lc-i 
Plii'ia 

i*liil-a-dcl'plu-a 
*PIiit-a-deI-pIn'a 
Phil-a-del'pims 
Plii'Ia 
Phi-lK'ni 
I'hi-Iie'ud 
*Plii-la'tnon 
I'lii-lani'iiiou 
Pln-i;ir'chiis 
*Plii-Iar'e-lu3 
*Plii-Iar'gy-iu3 
*Pliil'e-as 
Phi-le'mon 
Phi-Ie'ne 
Phi-le'ris 
PhiI'e-ro3 
Phi-Ie'ai-us 


PhiI-e-iiB'ru3 

Plii-le'ias 

Phi-le'ti-us 

Pliil'i-das 

Phil'i-des 

Phi-lin'na 

Plii-ii'ims 

Phi-lip'pe-i 

*Pliil-ip-pe'u3 

Phi-lip'pi 

Plii-Iip'i:;-des 

Phil-jp-pop'o-lid 

Plii-Iip'pus 

Plii-lis'cus 

*Phi!-is-li'des 

*Phi-Iis'ti-o 

Phi-lis'ti-on 

Phi-Iis'tus 

Phil'Io 

Phi'lo 

tPliil-o-ba;-o'tiis 

Pbi-loch'o-rus 

Phil'o-cles 

Plii-ioc'ra-tes 

PtiiI-oc-te'te3 

Pliil-o-cy'prus 

PI)il-o-da-nie'a 

Pliil-o-de'mus 

Plii-lod'i-ce 

*Piiii-o-du'Ius 

Pliil-o-Ia'us 

Phi-lol'o-gU3 

Phi-Iom'a-che 

Phi-ioiti'luv  t;i:5 

PJul-(H,,.  'li-a 

Phil-o-nio'du3 

Plid-o-me'la 

Piiil-o-me'his 

*PlHl-o-ine'tor 

*PiiU-a-mu'sus 

Phi'lon 

PliMon'i-des 

Phil'o-nis 

Phi-lon'o-e 

Plii-lon'o-me 

Plii-Iaii'o-mus 

Phil'u-nus 

Phi-lop'a-tr.r 

tPhi-l.)'[.i..    :i 

Pl!il'u-lJtlR;(! 

Phil-Li-pa?'niL'u 

*Phi-lop'o-nus 

♦riiil-ii-ru'nuis 

''Pliil-u-steph'a-iius 

Phi-l(is'tia-tU3 

Phi-Ui'tas 

Phi-It>t'e-ra 

*Phi-Io'tlie-a 

*PJiiI-o-tIie'rus 

*Phil-o-li'inu3 

Phi-In'tis 

Phi-lox'e-nu3 

PliMyl'li-us 

Pliii'y-ra 

Phil'y-res 

Phi-lyr'i-dea 

*Phi-iie'uin 

PJiin'e-us,    Plii-ne'- 

(1:^,    adj. 
*Phi-niMes 
Phiii'la 
Pliiii'U-a 
Pliin'ti-a3 
Piila 

Plileg'e-las 
Phleg'e-llion 
Piile'gi-as 
Piile'gon 
Phle'gra 

Phle'gy-a,  Phle'g)'-^ 
Plile'gy-a3 
Phli'as 
Phli-a'si-a 
Piili'us 
PhlcB'us 
+Pblo'gi-u3 
Pho-be'tor 
fPho'boa 
Pho-ca;'a 
*Pho-ca'i-cus 
*PIioc'a-is 
Phivcen'ses,  and 

Plioc'i-ci 
PIu>-ril'i-des 
Pho'ci-on 
Pho'cis 
PJio'ciis 
Pho-cyl'i-dt'S 
Phffi'be 
tPh(E-be'um 
*Plioe-he'us 
Phreb'i-das 
PhcE-big'a-na 
Phtr'bus 
PIke'uios 
PhCB-ni'ce,  or 


Phip-nic'i-a 
*Pli<B-ni'ces 
PhoB-nic'e-ns 
Phaj-nic'i-dea 
Phct-ni'cus 
Phfrn-i-cti'ija 
Phffi-nis'sa 
Plioc'riii 
♦Pliffi'te-um 
Phol'o-c 
PhoMus 
*Phn-mo'thia 
Phor'baH 

Phor'cufl,  or  Phor'cys 
*Phor-cy'nia 
Phor'niiH) 
Phor'iniH 
Pho-nt'nc-iiB 
*Phor-o-nc'us,  adj 
*P}ior-o-iii'd(e 
Pho-ro'nis 
PIm-ro'ni-um 
*I'hos'plio-ru3 
Pho-ti'nus 
Phn'ii-us 
Phox'iis 
I'hra-a'tes 
Phia-at'i-ces 
Plira-da'tes 
tPIira-^'aii'da 
Phra  ba'ies 
Plira  iiir.'a-tes 
Phra-or'lcs 
Pliras'i-clfs 
Pliras'i-mus 
Phra'ai-U3 
Phrat-a-plier'nes 
*PI»re-ge'iia 
Piiri-a-na'ti-us 
*PIiric'j-on 
Pinix'us 
Pliron'i-ma 
Phron'tis 

*Plini-gmi-di'o-nes 
Phru'ri 
Phrv'ges 
Phryg'i-a 
*Pliryg'i-u9 
Phry'ne 
Pliryn'i-cu3 
Phry'uis 
Phry'no 
*Phryx'e-us 
Pbryx'us 
Pbthi'a 
Plillii-o'lis 
Phy'a 
*Phy-a'ce3 
Pliy'cus 
*PJiyg'e-Ia 
Phyl'a-ce 
*PhyI-a-ce'u3 
Phyl'a-cu3 
Pliy-Iar'clius 
Pliv'las 
Phy'le 
Pliyl'e-is 
Pliy-Ie'iis 
*Pliv-Ii'de3 
Phvl'i-ra 
Phvl'Ia 
Piiyl-Ia'li-a 
PItvl-l<;'i-US 

Phvl'lis 

Phji'li-iis 

Phvl-Iod'o-ce 

Plivl'los 

Pliji'lus 

Pliv-rtmi'a-chiis 

Phys-Cfl'la 

Pliys'co-a 

Phys'con 

Piiys'cos 

Phys'cus 

*  Pbys-i-og-no'moa 

Pliv-tal'i-des 

Phyl'a-his 

*Phy-te'um 

Pliy'lon 

Piiyx'i-nm 

Pi'a,  or  Pi-a'Ii-a 

Pi'a-sus 

Pj-ce'ni 

Pi-con'lia 

Pic-en-li'ai 

Pi-ce'num 

Pi'cra 

Pic'lre,  or  Pic'li 

Pic-la'vi,  or  Pic'lo-nes 

Pic-ia'vi-um 

*Pic'to-ne3 

Pir'tor 

Pi'cus 

Pi  do'rua 

Pid'v-lcs 

♦Pi-dy'les 


Pi'e-hw 
Pi'c-ra 
Pi-e'ri-a 
Pi-tr'i-de* 
Pi'e-ris 
Pi'e-rua 
Pi'e-las 
Pi'erea 
•Pi-Ia'tiu 
*Pi-le'8UB 
•Pi-lo'ni9 
Pi-Ium'niu 
Pini'pla 
♦Piiii-plp'a 
Pim-pIi;'iHdc«,  or 
tPiiii-pIe'a-des 
Ptmpra'na 
Pin 'a -re 
Pi-na'rr-u9 
*Piii'a-ru» 
Pin'da-ruB 
Pin'da-Jiis 
Pill  de-nui'stis 
Piirdu.4 
fPin'gus 
Pin'na 
Pin'Uil-aa 
fPi'o-ne 
Pi-o'iiia 
*Pi'o-ni3 
Pi-HK'us,  or  Pi-raeV 

U9 

Pi-re'ne 

*PJ-ri'cus 

Pl-ritli'o-us 

*Pi-ro'mU 

Pi'nia 

tPi-rus'tffi 

Pi'sa 

Pi'ST 

Pi-sa;'u3 

Pi-sati'der 

*Pi-sa'nus 

Pi-sa'tes,  or  Pi-sjc'i 

Pi -sun' ru  9 

Pi-se'nor 

Pis'e-us 

Pis'i-as 

*Pis'i-<la; 

Pi-sid'i-a 

Pi-si  d'i-ce 

Pi'sis 

Pis-is-tral'i-dae 

Pis-is-lrat'i-dcs 

Pi-sis'ira-lU3 

Pi'so.  [*Pi-9o'nes,  pL] 

Pi-so'iii9 

Pis'si-rus 

Pis'uir 

Pi'siis 

Pi -su 111 'lies 

Pit'a-ne 

*Pi-tJie'con  CoPpoa 

Pith-e-cn'sa 

*Pi^Il<•-c^'^■ffi 

Pitli'e-[i3 

Pi'ilio 

Pitti-o-la'iis 

Pi  tlio'lf-on 

Pi'thun 

Pi'lhys 

Pil'ta-cus 

Pit 'til  en 

Pit  the'is 

PiMlit-'us 

Pit-u-a'iii-u9 

Pit-u-Ia'iii 

Pit-y-ae'a 

Pit-y-as'sus 

Pil-yo-ne'sas 

tPii'y-""* 

Pii-y-ii'sa 

Pla-ceii'ii-a 

Pla-cid-e-i-a'nus 

Pla-cid'i-a 

Pla-cid'i  U3 

Pla  iia'si-a 

Plaii-ci'iKi 

Plaii'cu3 

Pla-la;'a 

Pla-ia:'a3 

*Plai'a-ge 

»Plat-a-nio'dc3 

Pla-la'ni-us 

•Plal'a-nus 

•Plate 'a 

*Pla-tc'ic 

PI  a 'to 

•Pla-ton'i-ci 

Plau'li-a  (Lex) 

Plau-ti-a'nus 

PlaiMil'Ia 

Plau'ii-us 

Plan'lus 

tPIa'vis  , 


|Fl«l'a-dea.  ffrne-lV 
I     de4 

[•Plr'MI 


Pki  ip'pm 


lo'nax 
Pll»-ti>niVi^ 

•PIl*-to-lilVi;i 

Plo'ta- 

♦Plo-the'» 

Ploii'na 

Plr-t-l-ncp'o-lK 

I'I'j  ti'nui 

Piu'(l-UI 

Plu-tar'cliaf 

Plu'ti-a 

Plu'eo 

Plu-to'ni-aiB 

Plu'ui. 

Plu'ri-ui 

Plyn  u^'ri-* 

♦Pn.'b'f-bU 

Pnie'c-iu 

tPliVX 

Pf>-lilic'i-u« 

•PiMl-a-le'a 

Pod-a-lir'i-uK 

PiMlnr'cc 

Po^lar'ce* 

Po-da'rr* 

P'l-dar'cc 

Po-dar'pjn 

Pu»'a3 

Prtc'i-Ie 

•P(»m'c-nl< 

P(E'ni 

*P<»n'i-cu* 

Prp'on 

PiE-o'ni-3 

Pff'u* 

Po'pon 

Po'la 

Pt'l-c-mo-cra'ii  a 

Pol  'e-nion 

Po-lf'ncr 

Po'li-a« 

tPu-li-«i'a 

•Po-li-c'iim 

•Po'li-ru« 

Po-li-or-cc't« 

Po-lis'ma 

Po-lis'tra-tud 

•P.>I  i-lc'a 

Pivh'te* 

Pol-i-iu'ri-um 

Pi>l-tcn'U-a 

Pol-lin'c-a 

Pul'li^> 

Pol 'lis 

PuHim*  Feaii 

Pol-lu'U-a 

Pol 'hi  X 

tPnl'iis 

Po'Uis 

Po-Ius'ca 

Po-ly-:r-nion'l-Jc« 

Po-ly-x'nus 

•Pi.v-|y-a-ra'(u$ 

Ptvjy-ar'chus 

*Pol  y-be'lc« 

Pi>ly'h'i-da3 

Pfvlyb'i-us,  or  Pol'jr- 

bus 
Pol-yNr'a 
Pol-)-ba!'t« 
Pol  v-fK^'trs 
•Po-lvb\*-iun) 
■Pol'>-6iis 
Pol  y-c.i'i'n 
Pul->-car'(»us 
Pol-y-c.v'ic 
Pa-lych 'a-rc« 
Pol-wle'a 
Pol'v-clfJ 
PoI-y-cJc'm« 
PivIyc'ra4o» 
Pol-v<re'ta,  •r  Pti-f - 

cri'ta 
Ptvlvc'ri-tu* 
Pivlyc'tor 
PoI-y-<3x'm»>n 
Po-lyd'a-mas 


PRONUNCIATION  OF   GREEK   AND   LATIN   PROPER   NAMES. 


rol-y-dam'iia 

Pol-y-dec'les 

Pol  y-deu-ce'a 

ro!-y-do'ra 

}'oI-y-do'ru3 

l*oI-y-gi'ton 

ro-lvs'i-us 

l'o!-yj;-no'tii3 

Pii-lyj;'o-nii3 

Po-ly-hyiu'iii-a,  or  Po- 

lym'ni-a 
Po-ly-id'i-iis 
'^Po-ly-i'dus 
Pol-y-la'us 
Po-lyni'e-nes 
Pol-'y-me'ile 
Po-lyin'e-doii 
Pol-y-nie'Ia 
Pol-ym-nes'tfs 
Pol-ym-nes'tor 
Pol-y-ni'ces 
I*o-lyn'o-e 
PoiV-ii"s 
Pol-y-pe'mon 
Po!-y-per'chon 
Pol-y-plie'mua 
Pol-y-plion'tes 
Pol'y-phron 
Pol-y-poe'tes 
*Pi.l'y-rt'n 
*Pol-y-stepIi'a-nu3 
Po-lys'tra-tus 
Pol-y-tech'nus 
*Po-ly'te9 
Pol-y-ti-me'tu3 
*PoI-y-ti'inu.s 
Po-lyt'i-on 
Po-Iyt'FO-pu3 
Po-Iyx'e-iia 
Po-Iyx'e-niis 
Po-lyx'o 
Pol-y-ze'Iiis 
Poni-ax-ffi'thres 
Po-me'ti-a,  or  Po-mc'- 

ti-i 
Pom-e-ti'na 

Po-iiio'na 
Pom-pe'i-a 

Pom-pe-i-a'nus 

PoiH-pe'J-i,  or  Poni- 
pe'i-um 

Poni-pe-i-op'o-lis 

Pom-pe'i-us 

Pom'pe-Ion,  or  Pom- 
pe-io'na 

Poin-pil'i-a 

Pom-pil'i-us  Nu'ma 

Poni-pi'Ius 

Pom-pis'cus 

Poni-po'ni-a 

Pom-po'ni-us 

Pom-po-si-a'nus 

Pomp-ti'na 

Pomp-ti'ne 

Pomp-ti'nua 

Pum'pus 

Pon'ti-a 

Pon'tUcum  Ma're 

Pon'ti-cu3 

Pon-ti'na 

Pon-li'nus 

Pun'ti-U3 

*Pon-to-po-ri'a 

Poii'tiis 

Fon'tus  Eu-xi'nu3 

Po-pil'i-us  Lae'nas 

Po-plic'o-la 

Pup-pu;'a  Sa-bi'na 

Pitp-pa;'U3 

Pop-u-lo'ni-a 

*Por'a-ta 

Por'ci-a 

Por'ci-iis 

*Por-do-se-le'ne 

Po-red'o-tax 

Pivri'na 

Por-o-se-le'ne 

Pur-phyr'i-on 

Pur-phyr'i-us 

*Pur-pliy-rug-en-ni'- 

lus 
Por'ri-ma 
Por-seii'na,  or  Por'se- 

na 
Por'ti-a,  and  Por'ti-us 
Port'mos 
Por-tuni-na'U-a 
Por-tum'nus 
*Por-tu'nus 
Po'rus 
*Po-sid'e-on 
Po-si'des 
Pos-i-dtj'um 
Po'Si'don 
Po3-i-do'ni-a 
Pos4-do'ni-us 


Po'si-o 

tPos-si-do'ni-um 

Po."thu'mi-a 

Pos-lliu'mi-us 

*Pust'hu-mus 

Pos-lu'nii-us 

Post-vt-r'ta 

Po-tam'i-des 

Pdt'a-iiion 

''Pdt'a-nms 

Po-llii'nua 

Pot-i-dai'a 

Po-ti'na 

Po-Iit'i-us 

*Pot-ni'a-de3 

Poi'ni-tE 

Prac'ti-uin 

Pros' ci-a 

Pra'-nes'te 

*Pra^n-es-ti'ni 

PriB'sos 

Pra^s'ti 

Prx-'tor 

Pr:E-to'ri-U3 

PiJE-tu'ti-um 

*Pram'ni-uin,  or 

Pram-iii'uni,  ailj. 
fPra'si-i 
*Pras'i-nus 
Prat'i-nas 
Piax-ag'o-ras 
Prax'i-as 
*Prax-i-hu'Uig 
Prax-id'a-mas 
Prax-id'i-ce 
Prax'i-la 
Prax-iph'a-nes 
Prax'is 
Prax-it'e-les 
Prax-ith'e-a 
tPre'U-u3 
*Pies-byt-e-ri'um, 

(dumicilc  for  jiricst) 
*Pres-by-te'ri-um, 
(^sacerdotal  order) 
Pre-u'yc-nes 
Prt'x-as'pea 
Pri-am'i-des 
Pii'a-mua 
Pri-a'pus 
Pii-e'ne 
Pii'ma 

*Prim-i-pi'lii3 
*Pri'o-la 
Pri'on 

*Pri-o-no'tU3 
*Pns-ci-a'nus 
Piis-cil'la 
Pris'cus 
Pris'tis 
Pri-ver'num 
Pri-ver'nus 
Pio'ba 
Pro'bus,  M 
Pro 'c  as 
P)och'o-ru3 
Proch'y-ta 
Pru-cil'i-us 
Piu-cilMa 
Procil'lus 
Pro'cle-a 
Pro'cles 
Pm-cU'dffi 
Proc'ne 
Proc-un-ne'sus 
Pro-co'pi-us 
Pro'cris 
Pro-crus'tes 
Proc'u-la 
Proc-u-Ie'i-us 
*Proc-ii-Ii'na 
Proc'u-lus 
Pro'cy-oii 
Prod'i-cus 
*Prud'ro-mu3 
*Pru'e-dri 
Pftt-er'na 
Prffil'i-dea 
Prffi'tus 
Prog'ne 
Pro-Ia'us 
Pruin'a-clms 
Prc>-niath'i-da3 
Pro-ma'thi-on 
Proni'e-don 
Proni-e-nac'a 
Pro-ine'tiie-i 
Pro-me'the-us 
Pro-ine'tliis,  and 
Pruin-e-thi'dea 
Pruiii'e-tlius 
Prom'u-lu3 
Pro-iuip'i-de3 
*Pro-iia'uni 
Pro'iiax 


Pr(in'o-t^ 

Pion'o-mus 

Proii'n-us 

Pron'u-ba 

Pro-per'ti-us 

*Propb(»'ta 

Pro-p(Et'j-des 

Pro-pon'tis 

Priip-y-le'a 

Pros-chys'ti-ns 

*Pros-c-le'ni 

^Pro-sel'y-tus 

Pro-ser'pi-na 

*Pro-so'pis 

fPios-o-pi'tes 

Pros-o-pi'tis 

Pro-sym'na 

Pro-tat;'o-ras 

Prot-a-gor'i-des 

Pru'te-i  Co-liim'nnj 

Pro-tes-i-la'vi3 

Pro'te-us 

Pro'the-us 

Proth-o-e'nor 

Pruth'o-U3 

Pro'to 

Prot-o-ge-ne'a 

Pro-tog'e-nes 

Prut-o-ge-ni'a 

Prot-o-medi'a 

Prot-o-ine-du'sa 

*Pio-tot'y-pon 

*Prot-ry-ge'a 

Prox'e-nus 

Pru-den'ti-us 

Prum'ni-de3 

Prii'sa 

Pru-sffi'ua 

Pru'si-as 

*Prym-ne'3i-a 

Pry  in 'no 

Pryt'a-neg 

Pryt-a-ne'iim 

Pryt'a-nis 

Psara'a-the 

Psam'a-tbos 

P^am-me-ni'tus 

Psam-met'i-chus 

P:sam'mis 

Psa'phis 

Psa'pho 

*Pse-bo'a 

Pse'cas 

*Pse-ne'riis 

*Pseu-dft-ce'li9 

*Pseu-do-nian-ti'a 

*Pseu-dos'to-ma 

*Psit'ta-ce 

*Psit'ta-cus 

Pso'phis 

Psy'che 

♦Psy-cbo-man-te'um 

Psy'cIirU3 

Psyl'li 

*Psyt-la-li'a 

*Pte'le-03 

Pte'le-um 

*Pter'e-las 

Pter-e-la'u3 

Pte'ri-a 

*Pte'ri-on 

*Pto-cbi'um 

Ptol-e-der'ina 

Ptol-e-mai'um 

Pt,oI-e-nia''u3 

Ptol-e-ma'J3 

Ptol'y-cus 

Plo'us 

Piib-lic'i-a  (Lex) 

Pub-Iic'i-us 

Pub-lic'o-la 

Pub'li-U3 

*Pu-di'ca 

Pul-che'ii-a 

Pul'dirum 

tPul'lus 

Pu'ni-cuin  B(-l'luiu 

Pu'pi-us 

Pu-pi-e'niis 

Pup'pi-us 

Pu-te'o-li 

Py-a-nep'si-a 

Pyd'na 

Pyg'i'-la 

Pyg-in.-e'i 

fPyg-inffi'on 

Pyg-nia'li-on 

Pvl'a-des 

Py'l;e 

Py-la'm'e-nes 

Py-lag'()-nB 

Py-Uig'o-ras 

Py-Ia'on 

Py-lar'ge 

Py-Iar'tes 

Py'las 


Py-le'ne 

Pyl'e-us 

*PyI'i-us 

PvlMe-on 

Py'lo 

Pv'lo3 

Py'ius 

■•■Pyni'a-tus 

Py'ra 

Py-rac'tnon 

Py-rac'mos 

Py-TiEcb'nies 

♦Py-raj'cus,  or  Py-rffi'- 

113 

*Py-ratn'i-des 

Pyr'a-inus 

*Pyr'a-sus 

*Py-re'i-cns 

Pyr-e-na;'i 

Pyr-e-niB'us 

Py-re'ne 

*Py-rt.''tus 

*Pyr'e-tus 

Py'r'gi 

Pyr'gi-on 

Pyr'go 

Pyr-got'e-les 

Pyi'gus 

Py-rip'pe 

Py'ro 

fPyr'o-dea 

*Pyr'o-eis 

*Pyr-o-ge'ri 

Pyr'o-i3 

Py-ro'ni-a 

*Py-ro-pIileg'e-tbon 

Pyr'rha 

Pyr'rin-a3 

Pyr'rbi-ca 

Pyr'rhi-cu3 

Pyr'rhi-diE 

Pyr'rho 

Pyr'rlms 

*Pyr'ri-cha 

Pys'te 

*Py-thcEn'e-tus 

Py-ihag'o-ras 

*Pytli-a-go-re'i 

*Py-than'ge-hi3 

Pytb-a-ra'tus 

Pyth'e-a3 

Py'lhe3 

Pyth'e-U3 

Pyth'i-a 

Pyth'i-as 

Pyth'i-on 

*Pytb-i-o-ni'ce 

♦Pyth-i-o-ni'ces 

Pylh'i-um 

Pytb'i-us 

Py'tbo 

Py-thocb'a-ris 

Pytli'o-cle3 

*Pyth-o-de'lu3 

Pyth-o-do'rus 

Pytli-o-la'u3 

Py'tbon 

*Py-tbo'ne3 

PyUi-o-ni'ce 

*Py-thon'i-ci 

*Pytb-o-ni'cu3 

Pv'tb-o-nis'sa 

P'yl'na 

Pyt'ta-lus 

*Pyx-ag'a-thu3 


Q. 


Q.UA-DEn'.Ni 

Cliia'di 
*Q.iia-dra'ta 
tiua-dra'tus 
Uuad'ri-fions,  or 

Q.uad'ri-ceps 
Uua^s-to'res 
Uua'ri 
Uua'ri-us 
Quer'cens 
Uui-e'tus 
Q.uinc-ti-a'nus 
CJuinc-til'i-a 
Q,uinc'ti-us,  T. 
tQ,uin'da 
Ciuin-de-cem'vi-ri 
Quin-qua'tri-a 
*Q,uin'qua-trus 
Qiiin-quen-na'Ie3 
*Uiiin-quev'i-ri 
*tiuin-iil'i-a 
Q,uin-til-i-a'nu3 
*Ciuin-ti'U3 
(iuin-tiPi-us  Va'rus 


Quin-til'Ia 

Q,uin-til'lus 

Q,uin'ti-U3 

Uuiu'tus,  ur  Q.uinc'ti- 

U3 

Uuin'tns  rui'ti-us 

tiiiii-i-na'li-a 

Uuir-i-ua'lis 

Uui-ii'nus 

Uni-ri'tes 


E. 


Ri-BIR'l-U3 

Ra-cil'i-a 

Ra;-sa'ces 

Ua-ini'ses 

Ram'nes 

Ran'da 

*Ra-pIia'ne-te 

Ra'po 

Ra-scip'o-lis 

*lla-tu'nie-na 

Raii-ni'ci,  or  Rau-ii'ci 

Ra-veii'na 

*Rav-en-ua'te3 

Rav'o-!a 

Re-a'te 

Re-dic'u-lus 

Red'o-nes 

Ke-gil'lffl 

Re-gil-li-a'nus 

Re-gil'lus 

*Re-gi'na 

tRe-gi'num 

Reg'u-lu3 

Re 'mi 

Reni'u-lii3 

Re-ma'ri-a 

Re'nius 

Re'3U3 

tRe-ti'na 

Re-ii-dig'ni 

fRba 

*Rliab-du'chi 

*Rha-ce'lus 

Ilha'ci-a 

Rba'ci-us 

*Rha-co'tes 

Rha-co'ti3 

Rbad-a-nian'tliii3 

Rhad-a-mis'lU3 

*Rhad'i-ne 

Rba'di-U3 

*Rlnes'e-na 

Rh^'te-um 

Rba;'ti,  or  Rte'ti 

Rbie'u-a 

*Rlia-ge'a 

f^Rha-me'bis 

Rbani-nen'se3 

Rliani'nes 

Rhani-si-ni'tus 

Rhaiu'nua 

*Rham-nu'si-a 

Rba'nis 

*Rba-pbe'a 

*Rliap-so'di 

*Rlia'ri-U3 

Rba'ios 

*Rhas-cii'po-Iis 

Rhas-cu'po-ris 

♦Rbn-to'us 

Rbe'a 

Rhe'bas,  or  Rhe'bug 

Rlied'o-ne3 

Rbe'gi-um 

Rlie-gus'ci 

Rlie'ini 

Rhc'ne 

*Rbe-ne'a 

Rbe'ui 

Rbe'nus 

Rhc-o-mi'tre3 

Rbe'sus 

Rliet'i-co 

Rbe-tog'e-neg 

Rhe-u'nu3 

Rhex-e'nor 

Rhex-ib'i-u3 

Rbi-a'nu3 

Rbid'a-go 

Rbi-mot'a-cles 

*Rbi-noc-o-lu'ra 

Rbi'on 

Rbi'pha,  or  Rhi'phe 

Rhi-pbffi'i 

Rbi-phaj'us 

Rbi'uni 

♦Rbo-be'a 

*Rbod'a-bi3 

Rbud'a-nu3 


Rbo'de 
Riio'di-a 
*Rbo'di-i 
Rhod-o  gy'ne,  or 

Rhod  o-gu'ne 
Rbod'n-pe,  or  Rlio- 

dci'pis 
Rlio'dus 
Rliffi'hus 
RbcG'cus 
Rbce-le'uni 
Rbce'tus 
*Rbo:n-bi'tc3 
Rho-sa'ces 
Rho'sa3 
Rbox-a'na,  or  Rox-a'- 

na 
Rbox-a'ni 
Rhu-te'ni,  and  Ru- 

the'ni 
Rhyn'da-cu3 
Kbyn'thon 
Ilhy'pfB 
*Rhyt'i-us 
*Ric'i-inei 
*Rin-gi-be'ri 
Ri-pliie'i 
Ri-plie'u3 
*Riq-ue-be'lu9 
*Rix'a-maB 
Rix-am'a-rje 
Ro-bi'go,  or  Rii-bi'go 
Rod-c-ri'cus 
Ro'iiia 
Ro-ina'ni 
Ro-ina'nu3 
Ro-mil'i-us 
Rom'u-la 
Ro-inu'li-dte 
Roni'u-lus 
Ro'nm3 
Ros'ci-u3 
Ro-sil'la-nU3 

Ro'3i-U3 

Ro-tom'a-gus 

Rox-a'na 

Rox-o-la'ni 

Ru-beI'li-U3 

Ru'bi 

Ru'bi-con 

Ru-bi-e'nus  Lap'pa 

Ru-bi'go 

Ru'bra  Sax'a 

*Ru-bre'nus 

Ru'bri-us 

Ru'di-ae 

Ru'fs 

Ruf-fi'nu3 

Ruf'fu3 

Ru-fiI'lU3 

Ru-fi'nus 

*Ru'fi-us 

Ru'fus 

Ru'gi-i 

*Ru'mi-na 

Ru'mi-nu3 

Run-ci'na 

Ru-pil'i-us 

*Rus'ci-no 

Rus'ci-us 

Rus-co'ni-a 

Ru-sel'liE 

Riis'pi-iia 

Rus'li-cu3 

Rti-te'ni 

*Ru-the'ni 

Ru'ti-la 

Rii'ti-bi3 

Ru-til'i-u3  Ru'fus 

Rvi'tu-ba 

Ru'tu-bu3 

Ru'lu-li 

Ru'tu-pK 

Ru-tu-pi'nu3 


S. 


Sa'ba 

Sab'a-chu3,  or  Sab'a- 

con 
Sa'bJB 
tSa-bifi'i 
Sa-ba'ta 
tSa-ba'tha 
*Sab'a4bK 
fSa-ba'lra 
Sa-ba'zi-ua 
Sab'bas 
Sa-bel'la 
Sa-bel'li 
tSa-bePlug 
*Sa-bid'i-us 


P;i-bi'iia 

Sa-bi'iii 

Sa-biii-i-n'nus 

Sa-bi'nus  Au'lus 

*Sa-bi'ra 

Pa' bis 

*Sa-bo'ci 

*^^a-bo'lba 

Sab'ia-cie 

Sab'ra-ta 

?a-bii'na 

Sab'u-ra 

Sab-u-ra'nus 

Sa'bus 

Sac'a-daa 

Sa'ciE 

*Sac-a-pe'ne 

Sa'cer 

*Sach-a-li'tiB 

Sach-a-li'tcs 

Sa-cra'ni 

Sa-cra'tor 

Pa-crat'i-vir  ^ 

*Sac'ro-ne 

Sad'a-le3 

Sa'dus 

Sa-dy-a'tcs 

*Sa*g-i-nie'rii3 

*SKt'a-bes 

fSag-a-las'sus 

Sag'a-na 

Sag'a-ris 

Sa-git'ta 

Sa-gun'tiiin,  or  Pa- 

gun'lus 
*j?ag-mi-ti'mis 

Sa'ia 

*Sa-i'tiD 

Sa'la 

*.Sa-la'ci-a 

Sal'a-con 

*Sal-a-gi'sa 

Sal-a-niin'i-a 

Sul'a-niid 

Sal-a-mi'na 

flr^u-laiu'ti-ca 

Sa-!a'pi-a,  or  Sa-la'- 
pi-ffi 

Sal'a-ra 

fSa-lar'i-ca 

Sa-Ias'ci 

Sa-le'i-us 

Sa-le'ni 

Sal-en-ti'ni 

Sa-ler'imm 

Sal-ga'ne-us,  or  Sai- 
ga'ne-a 

tSa'li-a 

*Sa-li-a'ri3 

Sa'li-i 

Sal-i-na'tor 

Sa'li-us 

Sal-lus'ti-us 

Sal'ma-cis 

Sal-mo'ne 

Sai-mn'ne-us 

*SaI-ino'ni3 

Sal'nms 

Sal-niy-des'sU3 

Sa'io 

Sa-lo'me 

*Sal'o-raon 

Sa'lon 

Sa-Io'na.    or    Sa-lo  - 
ns 

*Sal-o-ne'a 

Sal-o-ni'na 

Sal-o-ni'nu3 

Sa-Io'iii-us 

*Sal-pi'na3 

Sal'pis 

*Sal-tii-a'res 

Sal'vi-an 

Sal-vjd-i-e'nus 

Sal'vi-us 

*Sa'ly-e3 

Sa-ma'ri-a 

*Sam-a-ri'a 

*Sam-a-ri'ta 

*Sam'a-tJE 

Sam-bu'los 

■fSain'bus 

Sa'me,  or  Sa'mos 

*Sa-nie'ni 

Sa'ini-a 

*Sa'rai-us 

Sam-ni'lce 

Sani-ni'te3 

Sam'ni-uni 

fSam-o-cbo-ni'lus 

*Sa-rnun'i-ru3 

Sa-mo'ni-uiii 

Sa'mds 

Sa-inus'a-ta 

Sam-u-thra'cc,  or 
Sam-o-tbra'ci-a 


1316 


I'ROiNUiNCIATION   OK   GREEK   AND   LATIN   PROPER   NAMES. 


♦Sani-o-lhni 'ces 

Sa'mus 

»Sa-n)  yl  *i-a 

Sa'n:i 

San'a-o3 

Saa-cbo-ni'a-thoQ 

San-da'ce 

*San-da-li-o'ti3 

San-da'li-um 

San'da-nis 

S;m'da-nu3 

San-di'on 

*:;an-4o'ce3 

?an-<lro-cot'lu3 

San'ga-la 

San-ga'ri-U3,  or  San'- 

ga-ns 
San- gain 'i-us 
San-nyr'iHDn 
San'to-nes,  and  San'- 

*San-ion'iH:u9 

•?a-o'ce 

*Sa-oc'o-ra3 

Sii'oa 

•:=a-o'tes 

Sa-p:B'i,  QT  Sa-phs'i 

*Saph'a-rus 

fSap-i-re'ue 

•Sa-pi'res 

Sa'por 

Sa-po'res 

Sap'pho 

*Sap-pho'us 

?ap'ti-ne 

?ar-a-ce'ne 

•Sar-a-ce'ni 

Sa-rac'o-ri 

*:;ar-a-me'ne 

Sa-ran'ges 

Sar-a-pa'ni 

:?ar'a-pu3 

Sar'a-sa 

Sa-ras'pa-dea 

•:^a-ra'vu3 

Sar-<ia- ua-pa'I  us 

*Sar-de'ne 

Sar'di 

Sar'di-ca 

Sar-din'i-a 

Sar'dis,  or  Sar'des 

•i^ar'do-nea 

Sar-don'i-cus 

•Sar'do-nyx 

♦Sar-dop'a-iris 

*?ar-<lo'u3 

Par'dus 

Sa-ri-aa'ler 

•Sar'ma-ts 

Sar-ma'ti-a 

Sar-mea'tus 

Sar'ni-u3 

Sa'ron 

Sa-ron'i-cus  Si'nus 

♦Sa-rc^nia 

Par-pe'don 

tSar'ra 

•Sar-ra'nu3 

*Sar'ra-pi3 

Sar-ras'te3 

tSara 

Sar'si-na 

Par-san'da 

Sa'son 

•Saa'o-nes 

*Sas'i-na 

*Sat-a-gy'la 

'Sat'a-naa 

Sa-taa'pes 

Sa'li-,-c 

Sat-i-bar-za'nc3 

Sa-lic'ii-Ia,  mid  Sa- 

tic'u-lua 
Sa'tis 

*Sa-tra'i-d;E 
*Sat-ra-pe'a 
Sat-ni-pe'ni 
*3at'ra-pts 
Sa-tri'cum 
Sa-lrop'a-cea 
Pal'u-ra 
SaMi-re'i-um,  or  Sa- 

tu're-iim 
Pat-u-re'i-aa 
Sa^u^-na'Ii-a 
?a-lur'ni-a 
^at-ur-ni'nus 
Sa-tur'ni-aa 
Sa-mr'nu3 
Pai'a-nim 
Sat'y-ri 
Sal'y-ma 

Sau-fe'i-us  Trtygua 
Sau-rom'a-laE 
Sau'nia 
Sav'e-ra 


Sa'vo,  or  Sa-vo'iia 
Sa'vus 
*Sax'(>-nes 
Saz'i-ches 
j  Sca'a 
Scce'va 
Sc®v"o-Ia 
Scal'pi-um 
Sca-man'der 
Sea-man 'dri -us 
Scan-da' ri-a 
*Scan-de'a 
Scan-di-na'vi-a 
Scan-til'Ia 
Scap-tes'y-Ie 
Scap'ti-a 
Scap'ii-U3 
Scap'u-Ia 
Scar'di-i 
*Scar-phe'a 
Scar-phi'a,  or  Scar'phe 
Scau'rus 
Sced'a-su3 
Scel-e-ra'tus 
*Sce-ni'ta 

Sche'di-a,  or  Ske'di-a 
Sche'di-us 
Sche'ri-a 
*Sch(E-ne'i3 
Scb(E'ne-u3 
Schce'nus,  or  Sche'no 
♦Sci-ap'o-des 
Sci'a-this,  or  Si'a-this 
Sci'a-Uio3 
SciMros 
ScUMua 
Sci'nis 
Scin'ihi 
Sci-o'ne 
Sci-pi'a-ds 
*Sci-pi'a-des 
Scip'i-o 
Sci'ra 

Sci-ra'di-um 
Sci'ras 
Sci'ron 
*Sci-ron'i-dcs 
Sci'rus 
♦Scol'o-ti 
Sco'Ius 
Scom'braa 
Sco'pas 
*Scop'e-lo3 
Sco'pi-um 
Scor-dis'ci,  and  Scor- 

dis'cs 
Sco-ti'nns 
Sco-tus'sa 
Scri-bo'ni-a 
Scri-bo-ni-a'nu9 
Scri-bo'ni-u9 
♦Scyl'a-ce 
Scyl-a-ce'um 
Scy'lax 
Scyl'Ia 
Scyl-ls'um 
Scyl'Ii-aa 
Scyrii3 
Scyl'Iua 
Scy-Iu'ru3 
Scyp'pi-ura 
Scy'ras 
*Scy-ri'a-<lc3 
Scy'ros 
tScyr'pi-um 
*Scyt'a-le 
Scy'lhffi 
*Scy-ihe'Di 
Scy'lhes,  or  Scy'tha 
Scyth'i-a 
Scyth'i-des 
Scy-tbi'nu3 
Scy'thon 
Scy-thop'o-lis 
Se-bas'U 
*geb-as-ie'a 
*Seb-as-ie'ni 
Se-bas'ti-a 
*Seb-a3-top'o-lis 
*Seb'e-da 
Seb-«n-ny'ta3 
*Se-be'tbis 
*Se~bc't03 
Se-be'tus 
Se-bu-si-a'ni,  or  Se- 

gu-si-a'ni 
*Sec'e-Ia 
Sec-ta'nus 
*Se-<lig'i-ta3 
Sed-i-ta'ni,  or  Sed-en- 

ta'ni 
Se-da'ni 
Se-du'?i-i 
Se-2es'ta 
Se-ges'les 
fSe-ge'ii-a 


Seg'nl 

Se-gob'ri-ga 

Seg'o-nax 

Se-gon'ti-3,  or  Be- 
gun'ti-a 

Seg-on-ii'a-ci 

Se-go'vi-a 

Se-gun''ti-um 

Pe-gu-si-a'ni 

tSe-gu'si-o 

Se-ja'nus  iE'li-us 

*Se-i-sach-ihi'a 

Se'i-us  SlraTjo 

*Sel-do'nius 

Se-leai'nus 

Se-le'ne 

Sel-eu-ce'na,  or  Se- 
leu'cia 

Se-leu'ci-a 

*Sel-eu-ci'a 

Se-leu'ci-dffi 

Se-Ieu'cis 

*Se-leu-co-be'lus 

Se-Ieu'cus 

Sel'ge 

Se-lim'nus 

Se-li'nun3,  or  Se-Ii'- 
nus 

*Se'li-u3 

SeMa'si-a 

Sel-Ie'is 

Sel'li 

Se-lyra'bri-a 

Sera'e-le 

*Sem-en-ti'nu3 

*Se-n)id'e-i 

Sem-i-ger-ma'ni 

Sem-i-gun'tU3 

Se-mir'a-niis 

Scm'no-nes 

*Sera-no'lhe-i 

Se-mo'nes 

Sem-o-sanc'tus 

Sem-pro'ni-a 

Sem-pro'ni-U3 

Se-mu'ri-uju 

Se'na 

*Se-na'tor 

Se-na'tus 

Sen'na,  or  Se'na 

Sen'e-ca 

tSe'ni-a 

Sen'o-ne3 

*Se-no'ne3 

Sen'ti-U3 

*Se'pi-aa 

fSe'pi-us 

*Se-pIa'si-3 

*Sep-lem'pe-da 

*Sep-tem'tri-o 

Sep-te'ri-on 

Sep-tim'i-us 

Sep-ti-mu-Ie'i-us 

Sep'y-ra 

Seq'ii  I  la 

Seq'ij.:  1.1 

*Se-qiian'i-cus 

Se-<juin'i-us 

*Se-ra'pes 

*Ser-a-pe'um 

Se-ra'pi-o 

*Se-ra'pi-on 

Se-ra'piB 

Se'rea 

Ser-bo'nis 

Se-re^na 

Se-re-ni-a'nu9 

Se-re'nus 

Ser-ges'tus 

Ser'gi-a 

Ser-gi'o-lus 

Ser'gi-us 

*Ser'i-cu3 

Se-ri'phus 

Ser'my-la 

Se'ron 

Ser-ra'nu3 

*Ser-re'um 

Ser-to'ri-U3 

Ser-vi'u3 

Ser-vi-a'nus 

Ser-vil'i-a 

Ser-vil-i-a'nu3 

Scr-vil'i-us 

Ser'vn-us  Tnl'Ii-us 

*Ses-a-me'ni 

♦Ses'a-muin 

Ses'a-ra 

*Ses-a-rc'thu3 

*Ses-o-o3'trJs,  or  Se- 
pos'tria 

Ses'ti-U3 

Ses'tos,  or  Ses'nis 

S«;-su'vi-i 

Scl'a-bia 

Se'thon 


Se'ii-a 

Seu'lhes 
Se-ve'ra 
Se-ve-ri-a'nus 
Se-ve'rua 

tSe'vo 

Sei'ii-a 

Sex-lil'i-a 

*Sex-ii'Us 

Sex-til'i-us 

Sex'ti-U3 

Sex'tU3 

Si-bi'ni 

*Sib'o-te3 

Si-bur'ti-U3 

Si-byl'ls 

*Sib-yI-Ii'niis 

Si'ca 

Si-cam'bri,  or  Sy- 

gam'bri 
Si-ca'ni 
Si-ca'ni-a 
*Si-ca'nu3 
*Sic'a-nus 
Sic'e-Iis,  or  Si-cel'i- 

des 
*Si-ce'mue,  and  Si- 

ce'ma 
*Si-ce'nu8 
Si-chffi'us 
Si-cil'i-a 

Si-cin'i-u3  Dcn-la'tus 
Si-ci'nus 
*Sic'o-r^ 
Sic'o-rus 
Sic'u-Ii 
*Sic'u-IU3 
Sic'y-on 
Sic-y-o'ni-a 
*Sid-a-ce'ne 
Si'de 
*Si-de'Ie 
*.Si-de'ne 
Si-de'ro 
Sid-i-ci'num 
Si'don 
*Si-do'nes 

*Sid'o-nis,  or  Si-do'nis 
Si-do'ni-us 
Si'ga 

Si-grp'ura,  or  Si-ge'um 
Sig'ni-a 
*Sig-ni'nu3 
Sig-o-ves'sus 
Sig'u-iicP,  Si-gy'ni,  or 

Si-g)'n'nE 
Si'Ia,  or  Sy'la 
*Si-!a'i 

Si-la'na  Ju'Ii-a 
Si-Ia'nus 
Sil'a-ru3 
Si-Ie'ni 
Si-Ie'niis 
Sil-i-cen'se 
Pil'i-us  I-tal'i-cus 
Sil'phi-um 
tSil'pi-a 
Sil-va'niis 
*Si-nian'ge-!us 
Sim-briv'i-us,  or  Sini- 

bru'vi-u9 
*Si-me'na 
Si-ine'tUus,  or  Sj'- 

nie'thu3 
Sim'i-lK 
Siin'i-li3 
Sim'nii-as 
Si'rao 
*Sim'o-ei3 
Sim'o-is 
Sim-o-is'i-U9 
Si'inon 
Si-mon'i-de3 
Sim-plic'i-u3 
Sim'u-lus 
Si'mus 
Sini'y-ra 
fSin'da; 
Sin^tli 
♦Si-ne'ra 
Sin-gn;'! 
*Sin-gii-lo'ncs 
tSin'gus 
Si'nis 
SJn'na-<:e3 
Sin'na-cha 
9in'o-e 
Si'non 
Si-no'pe 
Si-no'pc-us 
Sin'o-rix 
tSin-n'ce 
Sin'ti-i 
Sin-u-es'sa 
♦Sin-u-es-sa'nus 
*Si-o'pe 


Siph'nt)? 

Si-pon'luni,  or  Fi'pua 
Sip'y-luai,  and  Sip'y- 

lU3 

tSir'bo 
*Sir-bo'ni8 
*Si-rcd'o-nes 
Si-re'nes 

Si'ris 

Sir'i-iis 

Sir'mi-um 

•Si-ro'mu9 

♦Sir-o-pae'o-nes 

*Sis'a-pon 

Si-sam'nea 

Sis'a-pho 

*Sis'a-ra 

tSis-ci'a 

Sis'e-nefl 

Si-sen'na 

Sis-i-gam'big,  or  Sis- 

y-gam'bis 
Sia-o-cns'tus 
Sis'y-pbus 
Si-tal'ces 
*Si-the'ni 
Silh'ni-des 
Si'thon 
*Siih'o-nes 
*Silh'o-ni3 
Si-tho'ni-a 
Sit'i-us 
Sit'o-ncs 
*Sil-le-be'ris 
*Siz'y-gc3 
fSma-rag'diis 
Sme'nus 
Smer'dis 
Srai'Iai 
Smi'lis 

Smin-dyr'i-des 
Smin'tlie-us 
Sniyr'na 
So-a'na 
So-an'da 
So-a'ne3 
Soc^ra-tes 
*Sod'o-nia 
ScE'mi-as 
Sog-di-a'na 
Sog-di-a'nus 
♦So-Ia'nus 
*SoI'e-nus 
fSo-li'mus 
*So-U'nns 
*Sol-l8'uia 
Sol'o-e,  07-  So' I  i 
So-l(E'i3 
So' Ion 
So-Io'ni-um 
So'lus 
fSol'va 
*Sol-y-ge'a 
Sory-ma,  and  Sol'y- 

^Sol'y-nii 

Som'nus 
Son'chis 
Son-ti'ates 
Sop'a-lcr 
So'pbai 
So-plie'ne 
*So-phsn'e-ius 
*So'phi-a 
Soph'o-cles 
Soph-o-nis'ba 
So'phron 
*Soph'ro-na 
So-phro'ni-a 
So-phron'i-cus 
Sopb-ro-ni3'cu3 
*So-phnt'ni-us 
So-phros'v-ne 
*So-pi'the3 
Sop'o-Iis 
So'ra 

So-rac'tes,  and  So- 
me'le 
So-ra'nus 
*Sor'di-ce 

So-rit'i-a 

So'si-a  Gal'la 

So-*ib'im3 

Sos'i-cles 

So-sic'ra-ies 

So-sig'e-nes 

So'si-i 

Sos'i-Ins 

So-sip'a-ler 

*So-sip'o-li3 

So'sis 

So-5is'tra-tu3 

*Sivsiih'e-U3 

So'si-us 

|Sos'pi-ta 


Sos'tbe-nc» 

♦Sm'xe-*ra 

Sol'a-dei 

80'ier 

•So-le'rC9 

Po-le'ri-a 

So-ler'i-CTis 

So'Uiii 

tSo-ti-a'les 

So'ti-on 

*So-ti'ra 

So'ti-us 

&>'U8 

*Sox'o-Ub 
Soz'o-mcn 
♦So-zom'c-nos 

Spa'co 

•Sparc-ihra 

•H[iar-ga-pi'lhca 

Spar'la 

Spar'ta-cus 

Spar'la:.  or  Sjiar'li 

Spar-la'ni,  or  Spar-tl- 
a'li 

*Spar-ta'nu8 

Spar-Ii-a'nu9 

*Spar-lo'Iua 

•Spat'a^Ie 

Spc'rhi-a 

Spen'di-ua 

Spen'don 

*Sper-chi'a 

Sper-cbi'us 

Sper-ma-toph'a-gi 

Speu-sip'pus 

Sphac-te'ri-« 

•Sphe-ce'a 

Sphe'nis 

sphinx 

Spho'dri-as 

;*phra-gid'i-ura 

Spi-cil'lus 

Spin'tba-nis 

Spin'thcr 

Spi'o 

Spi-tam'e-nes 

Spi-Uiob'a-tes 

Spiih-ri-da'ies 

Spo-le'li-um 

*Spo-le'tum 

Spor'a-des 

Spu-ri'na 

Spu'ri-us 

Sta-be'ri-ua 

Sta'bi-s 

*Stab'u-Ium 

Sia-gi'ra 

Sta'i-iis 

*Stam'c-ne 

Siaph'y-lus 

Sta-san'der 

St3-«il'e-ua 

|Su-ie'nu3 

Sla-lil'i-a 

Pta-til'i-us 

Slai'i-nK 

St3-ii'ra 

Sia'ti-«s 

Sta-5c'a3 

Sta-sic'ra-tcs 

Sta'tor 

•r^tcg'a-nos 

Stel-la'les 

StcI'li-o 

Ste'na 

?len-o-b<p'a 

Ste-noc'ni-tcs 

Sten'lor 

*Slcn'to-ris 

»Sicn-y-cIc'ni3 

?Jleph'a-na 

Sifph'a-nus 

Slcr't-vpe 

Slcr'o-pes 

Sier-sich'o-nis 

Ster-tin'i-U3 

Ste-sag'«vras 

•Ste-sich'o-nis 

Stes-i-cle'a 

tStcs-i-lr'u3 

Sles-i-Ie'U3 

Sle-sim'bn>-*.iis 

•Sthcn-e-Ia'i-da* 

SUien'e-Ie 

Sihcn'e-lus 

Sthe'nis 

Sthe'no 
i  Pthen-<vb(E'a 
!  Stil'be,  orStil'bi-a 
'  Std'i-cho 
■  Stil'po 
]  Stim'i-con 

^tiph'ilus 
1  "Sii-ri'tE 
I  Sto-bx'us 


t^Kty  tttua 

•:»tyc'i-u« 
Styff'Dc 
•ity-lol/a-te« 
Stym-ptn'li-«,  ar 

Stym-pha'lu 
•Stym'(rf«4ii 
Stym-piu'liu 
Siy'ra 
Sty'nii 
Siyi 
*Su-a'da 
*Su-»5'e-U 
tSu-a  iin 

Su-r  r 

•Sui 
Su-f 

Sut 

tSuN  -: 

Su'boU 

•Su-tra'ra 

Su-bur'n 

Su'cro 

•Su-de'ti 

•So-e'boj 

Su-cs'sa 

•Su-e5-fa'nui 

•Su-c9-si-o'DC« 

SQea'so-nef,  «r  JSa 

Sae-to'ni-tu 
Sne'Ti 
:*Su-e'n 
Sue'ri-o« 
•Sue'vTU,  #r  *Pu-*'- 

vus 
Suf-fc'nos 
•Suf-fe't*!- 
Suf-fc'li-o*. 

fe'li-«i 
Sui'du 
•Su'i-das 
•Su-d-Iarw 
Su-il'MU 
Su-i'o-oea 
Sul'chi 
Surci-ua 
tSu!'pi 
Sul'mo,  er  ^ 
Sul-ptt»-a 
Sul-pil'i-us,    -  ^ 

pic'l-UJ 

Sum-tna'oua 

Su'n»-ci 

Sii'ni-dcs 

Sii'ni-iim 

"r^u-<Mi'»>-na 

::=UHvvt*-tau  -h!  'i-a 

Su'pe-n:m  Ma'rr 

Su'ra  <&niyr»-o« 

Su-rc'na 

•Su-re'na$ 

fSu'h-um 

bnr-ren'ium 

Su'nis 

Su'sa 

Su'sa-aa 

Su-ra'ri-oB 

Sa-5i~a'na,  *r  Sa'«s 

tSii'ibiil 

Su'ui  um 

Sy-a'pras 

Sjb  a-ria 

Svb-a-ri'ta 

*^vb*e-iiis 

•Syb'(M» 

S\"b*o-«as 

Sy-c:n'nus 

Sy>-dra 

Sy'e-ne 

Sy  *-«e'si-a3 

Sy-e-ni't« 

•Sv-en'ne-sia 


1317 


PRONUNCIATION   OF   GREEK   AND   LATIN   PROPER   NAMES. 


Sy-le'a 

*Sv-le'ura 

SyVc-us 

*Sy-li'o-ne3 

Syl'ta 

Syl'lis 

Syl'o-es 

Syl'o-son 

Syl-va'nus 

Pyl'vi-a 

Syl'vi*us 

Sy'ma,  or  t^y'mo 

*Sym'bo-Ia 

*Syni-bo-Io'iiini 

Syni'bo-him 

Syin'nia-f  lius 

Syin-pleg'a-des 

*Syn)-pIe'gas 

Py'mua 

Syn-cel'lus 

Syii'i;e-lu9 

*Syn'e-dri 

*Syn-e-phe''l)i 

Sy-ne'si-tis 

*Syn'ha-Ui3 

*Syn'na-da 

Syn-na-lax'is 

Pyn'nas 

Pyii'nis 

*t^yn'no-on 

*Syu'o-dus 

Sy-no'pe 

Syn'ly-cbe 

Sy-pbffi'uiu 

S>  'phax 

i^yi'n-ces 

^yr-a-co'si-a 

Syr-a-cu'sK 

Syr'i-a 

Sy'hnx 

*Syr'ma-tE 

*Syr-ne'tho 

*Syr-o-cil'i-ce3 

*j?yr-o-me'di-a 

Syr-o-phce'nix 

Syr-o-phce-ni'ces 

Sy'ros 

Syr'tes 

^y'rua 

Sys-i-gam'bi3 

Sy-sini'e-thre3 

Sys'i-nas 

Sy'tbaa 


T. 


Ta-AU'tE3 

*Tab'a-nus 

*Ta-bB'ni 

fTa'bor 

Tab'ra-cu 

tTa-bii'da 

Tu-bur'nus 

fTa-ca'pe 

*Tac-a-pho'ris 

fTac-a-tu'a 

Tac-fa-ri'nas 

Ta-champ'so 

*TaLh'o-ri 

Ta'cbos,  or  Ta'chus 

Tac'i-ta 

Tac'i-lus 

*Tac'o-Ia 

Ts'di-a 

*Tce-dif'e-ra 

*Tffin'a-ros 

Tjen'a-rus 

Tffi'ni-as 

*Ta-e'pa 

Ta'ges 

Ta-go'ni-us 

Ta'gus 

Ta-la'si-us 

Tal'a-us 

Ta-ia'y-ra 

Tal'e-tiim 

'J'al-thyb'i-ufl 

Ta'lus 

Tam'a-rus 

Ta-ma'se-a 

*Tani'e-sis 

Ta-me'sis 

Ta'mos 

Tam'pi-us 

Tam'y-raa 

Tam'y-ria 

Tan'a-gra 

*Tan-a-gre'us,  or 

*Tan-a-gr*'us 
Tan'a-grus,  or  Tan'l 

ger 
Tan'a-ia 


Tan'a-quil 

Ta-ne'tuin 

tTa'nis 

Tan-tal'i-de3 

Tan'ta-lus 

Ta-nu'si-us  Ger'mi- 

nus 
*Ta-o'ca,  Ta-o'ci 
Ta'phi-ffi 
*Ta'pbi-i 
Ta'pbi-us,  or  Ta-phi- 

as'stis 
*Tap'o-n 
*Tap-o-si'ris 
Ta-prob'a-ne 
Tap'sus 
Tap'y-ri 
Tar'a-nis 
Ta'ras 
Ta-ras'co 
Tar-ax-ip'pu8 
Tar-be  I  Mi 
*Tar-bel'li-cus 
Tar-cbe'ti-us 
*Tar'chi-a 
Tar 'ebon 

*Tar-cbun-dim'o-tus 
*Tar-en-ti'nus 
Ta-ren'tum,  or  Ta- 
re n't  us 
*Tai-i-cbe'a 
*Ta-rich'e-a 
Tar'nse 
Tar 'pa 
Tar-pe'i-a 
Tar-pe'i-us 
Tar-qiiin'i-a 

Tar-tiuiii'i  i 

Tar-quin'i-us 

Tar-qnit'i-us 

Tar'qui-tus 

Tar-ra-ci'na 

Tar'ra-co 

Tar-ru'ti-u9 

Tar'sa 

Tar'si-us 

Tar'sus,  or  Tar'eos 

*Tar-tar'i-nU3 

'J'ar'ta-ms 

*Tar-te'su9 

Tar-tes'sus 

Ta-run'ti-us 

tTa'rus 

fTar-vis'i-um 

Tas-ge'ti-us 

*Tas'si-to 

Ta'ti-an 

'J'a-ti-en'ses 

*Ta'ti-i 

Ta'ti-us 

Tal'ta 

*Tau-cbi'ra 

Taii-iaii'ti-i 

Tau'nus 

Tau-ra'ni-a 

Tau-ran'tes- 

Tau'ri 

*'l'au-ri'a 

Tau'ri-ca  CTier-sfo-ire'- 
sus 

Tau'ri-€a 

Tau-ri'ni 

Tau-ris'ci 

Tau'ri-um 

*Tau'ri-us 

*Tan-roh^o-lua 

*Tau'ru-i3 

*Tau-roni'e-no8 

I'au-ro-niin'i-uini 

*Tau-ro-po-ii'a 

♦Tau-iop'o-lus 

*Tau-ru'bu-laj 

Tau'rus 

Tax'i-la 

*Tax'i-U 

Tax'i-lus,  or  Tax'i-k'S 
Tax-i-inaq'ui-lus 
Ta-yg'e-te,  or  Ta-y- 

ge'Ui 
Ta-yg'e-tus,  or  Ta- 

yg'e-ta 
Te-a'num 
Te'a-rua 


Te'i-09 
Te'i-um 

*Te'i-us 

tTe'la 

Tel'a-mon 

Tel -a-nin  ni'a-des 

Tel-clii'nes 

Tei-chin'i-a 

Ttl-cbin'i-us 

Tel'cliis 

Te'Ie-a 

*Tel'e-ba 

Tc-leb'o-as 

Te-lcb'o-EB,  or  Te-leb'- 

o-ea 
Tel-e-bo'i-des 
Te-le'cles,  or  Te-le' 

cliis 
Tel-e-cli'des 
Tc-leg'o-nus 
Te-Iem'a-cbus 
Tel'e-nms 
Tel-e-pbas'sa 
Tel'c-phtis 
Te-Ie'si-a 
Te-les'i-iUas 
Te-lcs'i-clea 
Te-le-sil'la 
Tel-e-sin'i-cus 
Tel-e-si'nus 
Tel-e-sip'pus 
Te-les'pbo-uua 
Tel-e-stag'o-roa 
Te-Ies'tas 
Te-les'tes 
Te-les'lo 
Tel'e-thus 
Te-leHhu'sa 
Te-leu'ri-as 
tTe-leu'le 
Te-leu'ti-as 
*Tel'i-nus 
Tel-Ie'ne 
Tel'les 
Tel'li-as 
Tel' lis 
TelMus 
*Tel'me-ra 
Tel-mes'sus,  or  Tel- 

niis'sus 
Te'Ion 
Tel-thu'sa 
Te'lys 
Te-ma'tbe-a 
*Tem'bri-um 
*Tera-e-ni'a 
Tein-e-ni'tes 
Te-me'ni-um 
*Teni'e-nos 
Tem'e-nus 
Tem-e-rin'da 
Tem'e-sa,  or  Tem'e-se 
*Tem'i-sus 
*Tem-mi'ces 
Tem'nes 
Tem'nos 
Teui'pe 
*Tem'pe-a 
*Tencb-te'ri 
fTe'nc-a 
*Te-ne'ffi 
Ten'e-dos 
*Tcn'e-rus 
Te'nes 
Ten'e-sis 
*Te-ne'um 
Ten 'n  63 
Te'nos 

Tcii'ty-ra,  (in  Egypt) 
Ten-ly'ra,  or  *TL-ni- 
py'ra,  {in  Thrace) 
Tc'os.  or  Tc'i-03 
Tc-re'don 
Te-ren'ti-a 
Te-ren-ti-a'nu3 
Te-rcn'ti-us  Pub'li-us 
Te-ren'tus 
Te-'re-us 
*Ter-gtin'i-nus 
Ter-ges'lc,  and  Ter- 

ges'tuin 
T(?'ri-as 
T(r-i-ba'zus 


Te-a'te-a,  *Te-a'tOj  or    Te-ritl'a-e 


Te-ge'a-te 
IJe'ches 
Tech-mes'aa 
Tech'nn-tis 
Tec'ta-nms 
Tec-tos'a-gea,  or  Tec- 

tos'a-grc 
♦T^x'to-sax 
Te'ge-a,  or  Tc-ga-'a 
*Te-ge-a'tes 
Teg'u-la 
Teg'y-ra 


Ter-i-(bi'tes 

Ter'i-gnm 

*Tc-ri'na 

Ter-incn'ti-a 

*Ter'me-ra 

'I'er'ine-nis 

Tcr-nie'sus 

'J'cr-mi-iia'Ii-a 
I  Ter-rni-na'iis 
!  'J'(.T'mi-iius 
I  Tcr'nii-sus,  or  Tcr- 
i       r.ies'sus 


Ter-pan'dcr 

Terp-sich'o-re 

Terp-sic'ra-te 

Ter'ra 

Ter-ra-ci'na 

Tcr-ra-sid'i-us 

Ter'ti-a 

Ter'ti-U3 

Tei-iiil-li-a'nu3 

Te'tbys 

*Tet-ra-co'mum 

*Tet-ra-go'nis 

Te-trap'o-lis 

Tet'ri-cus 

Teu'cer 

*Teu-chi'ra 

Teu'cri 

Teu'cri-a 

Teuc'le-ri 

*Teu-me'sos 

Teu-ines'sus 

*Teu-o'cbi3 

Teu'ta 

Teu-ta'nii-as,  or  Teu'- 
ta-niis 

Teii'ta-nuis 

Teu'tas,  or  Tfu-ta'tes 

Teu'thras 

*Teii-lhro'ne 

Teu-tom'a-tus 

Teii'to-ni,  pnti  leti'to- 
nes 

*Teu-ton'i-cu3 

Tha-ben'na 

*Tbac'co-na 

Tba'is 

Tha'Ia 

Tbal'a-me,  or  Tlial'a- 

*TIia-las'8i-o 
Tlia-i  as 'si-US 
Tha'les 
Tba-les'tri-a,  or  Tba- 

les'tris 
Tha-Ie'tes 
*Tha-le'us 
Tba-li'a 
*^TIia'li-u3 
tTbal'lo 
Tbal'pi-us 
jTbam'u-ila 
Tbam'y-ras 
Tbani'y-ris 
*Tban'a-tus 
Tbap'sa-cus 
Tbar-ge'li-a 
*Tbar-gib'u-Uis 
Tba-ri'a-des 
Tba'rops 
Tba'si-us,  or  Tbra'si- 

us 
Tlia'soa 
Tba'sus 
*Tbau-ma'ci-a 
Tbau-uiau'ti-ad,  and 

Tbau-nian'iis 
Tliau'nias 
'i'bau-ma'si-us 
The'a 

*Tlie-ffi-te'tus 
Tbe-ag'c-nes 
Tlie-a'ges 
The -a' no 
Tbe-a'num 
The-ar'i-das 
The-ar'nus 
The-a-te'tes 
The'biE 
Theb'a-is 
*The-ba'nu3 
Tbe'be 

*Tbeg-a-nu'sa 
Tlie'i-a 
Tbe'i-as 
*Thel-a-i'ra 
Tbel-e-phas'sa 
*'J'hel-e-si'nua 
♦Tbel'i-ne 
Tbel-pu'sa 
Thel-.xi'on 
Tbel-xi'o-pe 
Thein'e-nus 
The-me'si-on 
Tbe'mis 
The-mis'cy-ra 
Tbem'i-son 
Tbe-niis'ta 
Tbe-niis'ti-u3 
Tbe-niis'to-clc9 
Tbein-i-stog'e-nes 
The-o-cle'a 
The'o-cles 
TJie'o-clus 
Tbe-o-clvin'e-nus 
«The-ocMy-tus 
Tbc-uc'rl-tus 


Tbe-od'a-mas,  or  Thi- 

od'a-mas 
*Thc-u-da'inus 
*Tbe-od'a-tU3 
The-o-dec'tes 
tTbe-o-do'ni9 
Tbenj-do'ra 
The-o-do-re'tus 
*Tbe-o-do-ri'cus 
Tbe-o-do-ri'tu3 
Tbe-o-do'rus 
Tbe-o-do'si-U3 
Tbe-od'o-ta 
The-o-do'ti-on 
Tbe-od'o-tus 
*The-o-riu'lU3 
*The-o-gi'ton 
The-og-nc'tes 
The-og'nis 
Tbe-om-nes'tus 
The'on 

Tbe'on  0-che'ma 
*Tbe-o'na3  and  *Tae- 

o-ni'cu€ 
The-on'o-« 
Tbe'o-pe 
The-opl>  a-ne 
T^iC-opb'a-nes 
The-o-pba'ni-a 
*Thc-opb-a-ni'a 
*Tbe-oph'i-la 
Tlie-oph'i-lu3 
Tbe-o-pbras'lus 
The-o-pby-lac'tus 
TIie-o-poi'e-inu9 
The-o-pom'pus 
*The-o[>'io-pu3 
*The-o'ris 
Tbe-o'ri-us 
The-o-ti'inus 
The-ox'e-iia 
Tbe-ox-e'ni-a 
The-ox-e'ni-us 
Tbe'ra 
Tbe-ram'bus 
The-ram'e-nes 
Tbe-rap'ne,  or  Te- 

rap'ne 
Tbe'ras 
*Tbe-rid'a-maa 
The-rim'a-chU8 
*Ther'i-nus 
Tlie-rip'pi-<laa 
Tber'i-tas 
Tber'ma 
Tber-mo'don 
Tber-niup'y-laj 
fTlier'nium 
Tlier'nius 
Tlie-iod'a-mas 
Thc'ron 
Tber-|)an'iier 
Tber-san'der 
Tber-sil'o-clma 
'J'ber-sip'pus 
Ther-si'tes 
Tlies-bi'tes 
*Tbe-se'a 
Tbe-se'i-dEE 
Tbe-se'is 
*The-se'um 
Tbe'se-us,  The'seus 
The-si'da; 
Tbe-si'des 
*Tbes-moph'o-ra 
Thes-mo-pbo'ri-a 
Tbcs-nioih'e-tK 
*Tbes'o-a 
*Tlies-pc'a 
Tbes-pi'a 
Thes-pi'a-djE 
Thes-pi'a-des 
Tbes'pi-a; 
Tlies'pis 
Tbes'pi-us,  or  Tlics' 

us 
*Tbes-pro'ti 
Tbes-pro'ti-a 
Tlies-pro'lus 
Tbes-sa'Ii-a 
Thes-»a'li-on 
Tbes-sa-Ii'o-tes 
Thes-ba-lo-ni'ca 
Tbes'sa-lus 
Thes'ta-lus 
Tbes'te 
Thcs'ti-a 
Tiies-ti'a-dte,  and 

Thes-ti'a-des 
Tbes'ti-as 
*Tbes-ti-di'um 
Tbes'ii-us 
Thes'tor 
Tbes'ty-lis 
*Tbes'ty-lus 
Tbe'tis 


*Tbeu'do-tu8 

Tbea'tis,  or  Teu'this 

Tbi'a 

*Tbi-al-le'la 

Thi'as 

Thim'bron 

Tbi-od'a-mas 

fTbir-niid'i-a 

Tbis'be 

Tbis'i-a9 

Tbis'o-a 

*Tlio-an-te'us 

Tho-an'li-um 

Tbo'as 

Tbo'e 

Tbo'Ius 

Tlioni'y-ris 

Tbon 

Tbo'nis 

*Tho-ni'tes 

Tbo'on 

Tbo'o-sa 

Thii-o'teg 

Tfio-ra'ni-us 

Tliu'rax 

Tbu'ri-a  (Lex) 

Tbor'nax 

Tbor'sus 

tTbotb 

Tbo'us 

Tlira'ce 

Thra'ceg 

Tlira'ci  a 

Tbrac'i-ds 

Tbra'cis 

Tlira'se-as 

Tbra-sid'e-us 

TIira'si-u8 

T  bra' so 

Tliras-y-bu'lus 

Tbras-y-da^'us 

l"hra-syl'Ius 

Tlira-;>'yni'a-cbu3 

Tbra^-y-nie'dcs 

*Tbras-y-nie'nu9 

Tbre-ic'i-us 

Tbre-Js'sa 

Tlirep-sip'pas 

Tbii-am'bus 

Tliro'ni-um 

Tbry'on 

Tbry'us 

Tbu-cyd'i-de3 

Tliu-is'lo 

Tbu'le 

Thu'ri-£E,  or  Tlm'ri- 

uni 
t*Tbu-ri'nug 
Tlius'ci-a 
Tby'a 
Tliy'a-des 
*Tby-a-mi'a 
i  Tby'a-mis 
Tby'a-na 
Tbv-a-ti'ra 
Tby-bar'ni 
Tliy-es'ta 
Tby-es'tes 
*Thy-es-te'us 
*'J"by'i-as 
Tbym'bra 
Tltym-bra:'u3 
*Tbyni'bri-a 
Tliyui'bris 
Tbym'bron 
Tbym'e-le 
Tby-mi'a-tbis 
Tliy-mocb'a-res 
Tby-ince'tes 
Tbv-od'a-mas 
Tiiy-o'ne 
Tby-o'ne-us 
Tby'o-les 
Tby're 
Tbyr'e-a 
■''Tbyr-e-a'tis 
Tbyr'e-us 
*Tbyr'i-de9 
Tbyr'i-on 
Tbyr-sag'e-lac 
*Tbyr-sag'e-te9 
Thys'sos 
Tby'us 
*Ti-a'ra 
Ti'a-sa 
Tib-a-re'ni 
Ti-be'ri-as 
Tib-e-ri'nu3 
Tib'e-ris 
Ti-be'ri-us 
*Ti-be'rus 
Ti-be'sis 
*Tib-i-se'nu3 
*Tib'u-la 
Ti-bul'lus 
Ti'biir 


*Tib-ur-li'nu3 

Ti-bur'ti-us 

Ti-bur'tus 

tTi'cbis 

Tich'i-us 

Tic'i-da 

Ti-ci'nu3,  (a  river) 

*Tic'i-nus,  (^aman) 

Tid'i-us 

Ti-es'sa 

t*Tira'la 

Ti-!er'num 

Tig'a-sis 

Tigel  li'iiUB 

Ti-gel'li-us 

Ti-gra'i;c8 

Tig-ian-o-ccr'ta 

Ti'grtJ 

Ti'giis 

Tig-u-ri'ni 

Til-a-tffi'i 

fTil-a-veinp'tus 

fTil-phus'sus 

Ti-iiiJE'a 

♦Ti-niten'e-tus 

Ti-nia;'iis 

Ti-mag'c-ne9 

*Tim-a-gu'ie3 

Ti-niag'o-ra3 

Ti-inaii'dra 

Ti-nian'dri-dea 

*Ti-nian'ge-lus 

Ti-nian'tbes 

Ti-inar'cbus 

Tini-a-re'la 

Ti-uia'si-nu 

Tim-a-silh'e-us 

Ti-ina'vuu 

*Tim'e-a9 

Ti-uie'si-us 

Ti-nincb'a-ris 

Tim-t)-cle'a 

♦Tiiu'o-cles 

Ti-nioc'ra-tes 

Ti-mo'crc-on 

Tini-o-dc'mus 

Tini-o-la'us 

Ti-nio'le-on 

Ti-mo'lus 

Ti-mom'a-chus 

Ti'nion 

*Ti-ino'nax 

Ti-niopti'a-nes 

'i'i-nio'tbe-us 

Ti-niox'c-nus 

Tin'gis 

fl'in'i-a 

Ti'pba 

Ti'pbys 

Tipb'y-sa 

Ti-re'si-as 

Tir-i-ba'ses 

Tir-i-da'tes 

Ti'ris 

Ti'ro 

Ti-ryn'thi-a 

Ti-ryn'Ums 

'i'i-ss'um 

Ti-sag'o-ras 

Ti-sain'e-nes 

*Ti-sani'e-nu3 

Ti-san'drus 

Ti-sar'cbus 

tTis'dra 

Ti-si'a-rus 

Tis'i-as 

*Ti-siin'a-ne3 

Ti-sipb'o-iie 

Ti-sjpli'o-nus 

*Tis'o-bis 

tTis'sa 

Tis-sam'e-nus 

Tis-sa-phcr'nes 

Ti-ta;'a 

Ti'tan,  or  Ti-ta'nuB 

Tit'a-na 

Ti-ta'nes 

*Tit-a-ne'us 

Ti-ta'iii-a 

Ti-ian'i-des 

lTi-ia'niis,  (a  giant) 

|Tit'a-nus,  (o  river) 

Tit-a-rc'si-U9 

Tit-a-re'su3 

Tit'e-nu3 

Titb-c-nid'i-a 

Ti-tbo'nus 

*Ti-tbo're-a 

Ti-tbraus'tes 

Til'i-a 

Tit-i-a'na 

Tit-i-a'nu8 

*Tit'i-es 

Til'i-i 

Ti-tin'i-ua 

Tit'i-U3 


i-:lH 


rRONUNCIATION   OF   GREEK   AND   LATIN   PROPER   NAMErJ. 


Ti-tor'rau3 

*Tit-tbe'um 

Ti-tu'ri-us 

Ti'tus 

Tit'v-ru3 

Tit'v-us 

Tle-pol'e-mus 

Tma'rus 

Tnio'Uis 

*Ti>cb'a-ri 

To-?a'ta 

fTo-le'lum 

*Tol-i^to'b:-i 

Tol'mi-des 

*Tol'o-phon 

Ti>-lo'sa 

To-lum'nus 

Tc':us 

Trwms'um 

Tom'a-rus 

Tora'i-sa 

*To-i]ii'l£e 

*Tom'o-ri,  or  *To- 

rau'ri 
To'inos,  or  To'mis 
'J'om'y-ris 
*Ton-do'ta 
To'ne-a 
Ton-giI'li-U3 
*To-ni'a 
To-pa'zo3 
*To-pa'zus 
Top'i-ris,  or  Top'nis 
*Tur'o-laJ 
Tor'i-ni 
To-ro'ne 
'I'or-qvia'ta 
Tor-qua'lU9 
Tor'lor 
To'rus 
Tor'y-ne 
*To-ry'ne 
Tox-a-rid'i-a 
Tox'e-u9 
Tos-ic'ra-le 
*Tox'i-U 
*Tt>-yg'e-ni 
Tra'bt-a 
Trach'a-Jus 
Tra'clias 
*Tra-che'a 
Tra-chin'i-a 
Tracb-o-ni'tis 
*Tra-g(E'di-a 
'i'ra'gus 
Traj-a-nop'o-lia 
Tra-ja'nus 
Tml'les 

*Trans-aI-pi'nus 
*Tran3-pa-da'nus 
Trans-lib-er-i'na 
*Trans-tib-o-ri'nu9 
*Trap'e-za 
♦Trap'e-zon 
Tni-pe'zu3 

*Trap'e-zu3 

*Tra-phe'a 

*Tnir-i-me'nus 

Tra-sul'lus 

rTre'ba 

Tre-ba'ti-U9 

Tre-beMi-a'nu9 

Tre-bel-Ii-e'nus 

Tre-bel'li-u3 

Tre'bi-a 

Tre'bi-us 

Tre-bo'ni-a  (Lex) 

Tre-bo'ni-ua 

Trcb'u-la 

Tre'rus 

*Tres'vi-ii 

Trev'e-ri 

Tri-a'ri-a 

Tri-a'ri-u3 

Tri-bal'li 

Trib'o-ci 

Tri-bu'ni 

+Tri-cas'se3 

Tric-as-ti'ni 

Tric'cffi 

*Thch'i-na3 

»Tri-cht>'ni9 

Tri-cla'ri-a 

*Tric-o-lo'ni 

*Tri-€or'y-thus 

*Tri-cra'na 

Tri-cre'na 

fTri-den'tum 

*Tri-e're9 

Tri-e-tcr'i-ca 

*Tri-e-te'ris 

Trif-o-li'nus 

tTri-gem'i-ni 

*Tri-go'nura 


Tri-go'nus 

Tri-tia'cr  j-n,  or  Trin/a- 

•Tri-iie'inc-is         [cris 

Trin-o-ban'tL'3 

Tri-oc'a-la,  urTri'o-cIa 

■*Tri'<>-dus 

*Tri-o'iit!s 

Tri'o-pas,  or  Tri'ops 

*Tri-o-pe'i-U3 

Tri-pbil'Iis 

Tri-pbi'Ius 

Tri-phyl'i-a 

*Tri-pliy'lis 

*Trip'o-di 

Trip'o-lis 

Trip-tol'e-mus 

Triq'ue-tra 

Tris-me-gis't»3 

*Tri-le'a 

Trit'i-a 

Trit-o-ge-ni'a 

Tri'ton 

*TrMo'nes 

Tri-to'nis 

*Tri-to'nu3 

Tri-um'vi-ri 

Tri-veu'tuin 

Triv'i-a 

Triv'i-ie  An'tnim 

Triv'i-iB  Lu'cus 

Tri-vi'ctiiw 

Tro'a-de3 

Tro'as 

Troch'a-ri 

Trocli'o-is 

Trce-ze'ne 

Trog'i-lu3 

Trog-lod'y-U-E 

*Trog-!od'y-tes 

Tro'gus  i*om-pe'i-us 

Tro'ja 

Tro'i-lus 

*Tr<>-ju'ge-nEB 

Trom-en-ti'na 

Troph'i-mus 

Tro-pho'ni-us 

Tros 

*Tros'su-li 

Tros 'su-1  urn 

Trot'i-lum 

Tru-en'lum,  or  Tru- 

en-ti'num 
*Try  g-o-d  IE  m 'o-nes 
Tryph'e-nis 
Trypb-i-o-do'rus 
Try'phon 
Try-pho'sa 
Tu'be-ro 
Tuc'ci-a 
*Tuc-cil'o-ra 
Tu'ci-a 

Tu'der,  or  Tu-der'li-a 
Tu'dri 

Tu-gi'ni,  or  Tu-ge'ni 
Tu-gu-ri'nu3 
Tu-is'to 
Tu-lin'gi 
Turin 
Tul'i.-a 
*TuI-li-a'num 
Tul-li'o-la 
Tul'li-U3 

TuI'lus  Hos-til'i-u3 
Tu-ne'ta,  or  Tu'uis 
Tun'gri 
Tu-ra'ni-us 
Tur'bo 
Tur-de-ta'ni 
*TurMu-Ii 
Tu-re'si3 
*Tu-ri-a'so 
Tu'rl-ua 
Tur'nu3 
Tu'ro-nes 
Tu'ro-ni,  {a  people  of 

Gaul) 
*Tu-ro'ni,  (a  people  of 

Oermany) 
Tur'pi-o 
Tii-rul'li-ua 
Tus-ca'ni-a,  and 

Tiis'ci-a 
Tus'ci 

Tus-cu-la'niini 
Tus'cu-lum 
Tu3'cus 
Tu'ta 
*Tu-ta'nu3 
*Tu'iho-a 
Tu'li-a 
Tu-ti-ca'nus 
Tn'ti-cutn 
*Tu-tii-U'na 
Ty'a-na 


Ty-a'iie-us,  or  Ty-a- 

Tv-a-iii'tis        [nffi'us 

Ty'bris 

Ty'bur 

Ty'clie 

Tycli'i-cus 

Tych'i-U3 

Ty'de 

Tyd'e-us 

Ty-di'dcs 

Ty-e'nis 

tTy'Ios 

Tyra'ber 

Ty-mo'lus 

Tym-pa'ni-a 

Tyin-phje'i 

Tyn-dar'i-des 

Tyn'da-ris 

Tyn'da-rus 

Tyn'ni-cbus 

Ty-phOi'us,  or  Ty'- 

phon 
*Ty-pbo'e-us 
*Typh-o-c'us 
*Ty-pho'nis 
*Tyr-an-gi'tae 
fTy-ran'iii-on 
Ty-ran'ims 
Ty'ras,  or  Ty'ra 
Ty'res 
Tyr-i-da'tes 
Tyr'i-i 
Ty-ri'o-tes 
*Tvr'i-us 
Ty'ro 

Ty-rog'ly-pbus 
Ty'ros 
Tyr-rhe'i-die, 

Tyr-riie'i-des 
Tyr-rlie'ni 
Tyr-rhe'num 
Tyr-ihc-'rma 
Tyr'rbe-us 
Tyr-vhi'ds 
*Tyr-se'ta 
Tyr'sia 
Tyr-tre'us 
Ty'nis,  or  Ty'ros 
Tys'i-as 
*'rzac'o-nes 


U. 


V. 


U'bi-i 

U-cai'e-gou 

IJ'cu-bis 

U'feiis 

U-fen-ti'na 

Ul-pi-a'nus 

U'lu-br^ 

U-lys'ses 

Um'ber 

Uni'bra 

*Um-bre'nus 

Ura'bri-a 

Um-brig'i-ua 

Um'bro 

Un'ca 

Un'cbffi 

Un-de-cem'vi-ri 

U-nel'li 

Unx'i-a 

tU'pi3 

*Up-sa'lum 

*U-ra'ca 

*U-ra'gu3 

U-ra'ui-a 

U-ra'ni-i,  or  U-ri'i 

U'ra-nu3 

Ur-bic'u-a 

Ur'bi-cus 

*U-re'uni 

*Ur'ge-num 

U'ri-a 

•■U-n'on 

U'ri-tes 

Ur-sid'i-us 

*Ur-si'nu3 

Us-ca'na 

*Us'ce-nuin 

U-sip'e-tes,orU-sip'i 

Us'pi-i 

Us-ti'ca 

■fUs'ti-cas 

U'ti-ca 

*Ux'a-ma 

fUx-an'lis 
Ux-eMo-du'unm 
Ux'i-i 
Ux-ia'a-ma 
U'zi-ta,  or  fU-zi'ta 


fVAc'cA 

Vac-caj'i 

Va-cu'na 

*  Va-dav%-ro 

*Vad-i-mo'nis 

Va'ga 

Vag-e-dru'sa 

Va-gcl'li-ua 

Va-ge'iii 

*Va-ge'su3 

*Va'ha-li3 

*Vii-i'cus 

Va'la 

*Val-a-mi'rus 

Va'lens 

Va-len^ti-a 

Va-k-n-tin-i-a'nus 

*Val-en-ti'nus 

Va-)e'ri-a 

Va-le-ri-a'nus 

Va4e'ri-U3 

VaFe-rus 

Val'gi-us 

*Val-leb'a-na 

*Van'du-Ii 

Van-da'li-i 

Van-gi'o-nes 

Van'iii-iis 

Va-ra'nes 

Va'ri-a 
*Var'i-cU3 
Va-n'ni,  or  Va-ria'ti 
\'a'ri-U3 
Vai'ro 
Va'rua 
*Va-sa't:E 
t*Vas'co-nC3 
Vat-i-ca'nus 
Va-ti-e'nus 
Va-tin'i-us 
*Va-tic'nus 
*Ve-chi'res 
,  Vec'li-U3 
*Vec-to'nes 
Vu'di-us  Pol'Ii  o 
Ve-ge'ti-u3 
Ve'i-a 
Ve-i-a'nu3 
Ve-i-en'tes 
Vc-i-en'to 
Ve'i-i 
Vej'o-vis 
Ve-Ia'brum 
Ve-la'cium 
Ve-Ia'iii-us 
*Vel'c-da 
Ve'li-a 
*Ve-Iib'o-ri 
Vel'i-ca 
Ve-li'na 
Ve-!i'num 
Ve-li-o-cas'si 
Vel-i-ler'na,  Ve-li'trre 

or  *Vel'i-tr:B 
*V(l'i-tes 
lV{;-li'trai 
Vel'Ia-ri 
Vcl'le-da 
Vel-le'i-us  Pa-ter'cu- 

lus 
Ve-na'frum 
*Ven'e-dv 
Ven'e-di 
Ven'e-Ii 
Wii'e-ti 

Ve-ne'ti-a 

VtJii'e-tiis 

Ve-nil'i-a 
*Ven-no'nes 

Ve-no'iies 

Ve-no'ni-us 

Ven-tid'i-us 

Ven'ti 

Veu-u-le'i-us 

fVe-nu'ius 

*Vcn'u-!us 

Ve'nns 

Ve-nu'si-a,  or  Ve-nu 
si-«in 

*Ve-pi'cu3 

Ve-ra'gri 

Ve-ra'ni-a 

Ve-ra'ni-us 

Ver-big'e-nus 

Ver-€elM(C 

Ver-ciivget'o-rix 

Vc-re'im 

*Ve-rc'tum 


Vcr-gas-i-lau'nuB 

Ver-gcI'Ius 

Vnr-gil'i-a 

Vcr-gil'i-ffi 

Vcr-giii'i-u3 

Vcr'gi-iirii 

*Vcr-gob're-tU3 

Vcr'i-tas 

Ver-«-doc'ti-ii8 

Ver-o-iiian'du-i 

Vc-ro'na 

Ve-ru'nes 

Ver-o-ni'ca 

Ver-ru-gi'nuni 

Ver'res 

Vcr'ri-tu9 

Vev'ri-ua 

Ver-ru'go 

*Ver'ta-gua 

Vt'r'li-ci) 

ViT-ti-cor'di-a 

Ver-tis'cii9 

Vrr-tuiii'nus 

Vei'-u-la'nus 

Vc'rus 
*Ves'a-gus 

Vos'bi-us,  or  Ve-«u'- 
bi-u3 

Vi-s-ci-a'num 

Vcs-^:u-Ia'ri-us 

*Vt;-st!'vii3 

Ves-pa-si-a'iius 

Vcs'e-ris 

Ve-su'vi-usj  and  \'v- 
se'vus 

Ves'ta 

Ves-ta'Iea 

Ves-ta'li-a 

*Vos-la'lis 

Ves-tic'i-u« 

Ves-til'i-ii9 

Vcs-til'Ia 

Ves-li'iit 

Ves-li'nu3 

Ves'a-Iu3 

Ve-sii'vi-U3 

*Ves'vi-U3 

Vet'ti-U3 

Vet-to 'lies,  or     «o-tc 

11 C3 

Vet-u-lu'ni-a 

Ve-tu'ri-a 

Vf-lti'ri-u3 

Vc'lus 

Vi-a'drus 

*Vi-a'lis 

Vi-bid'i-a 

Vi-bid'i-us 

Vib'i-us 

*Vib-i-o'nes 

Vi'bo 

Vib-u-Ie'nus 

Vi-bul'li-us 

Vi'ca  Po'la 

V;-cel'li-us 

Vi-ce»'ta,  or  Vi-cc'- 

ti-a 
Vic 'tor 
Vic-to'ri-a 
Vir.-tinri'na 
Vic-to-ri'nu3 
Vic-to'ri-us 
Vit:-tum'vi-a! 
Vi-en'na 
Vil'li-a  (Lex) 
Vil'li-iis 
Vim-i-uaMis 
Vm-cen'ti-us 
Vin'ci-u3 
VLn-da'li-u3 
Vin-del'i-ci 
Vin-de-mi-a'ior 
*Vin-dem'i-tor 
Vin'dex  Ju'li-us 
Viii-dic'i-us 
Vin-do-nis'sa 
Vi-nic'i-us 
Vi-nid'i-us 
Vin'i-us 

Vin'ni-us 

Vip-sa'ni-a 

*Vi-ra'go 

Vir'bi-ii3 
*Vir-dii'ina-rus 

Vir-gil'i-us 

Vir-gin'i-a 

^ir-gin'i-us 

Vir-i-a'tbus 

Vir-i-dom'a-nis 

t*Vir-i-p1a'ca 

Vir'ro 

Vir'tus 

Vi-sci'ii-ns 

Vi-s.?l'lus 


tVi«'tu-!a 

Vi-sur'gJJ! 

Vi-lel'Ii-a 

Vi-ielMi-uB 

Vit'i-a 

*Vi-(is'a-tor 

Vil'ri-cuB 

Vi-iru'vi-u9 

Vil'u-Ia 

Vu-*:o'ni-a(Ijex) 

Vo-co'iii-u9 

Vf>-con'ii-a 

Vug'e-rtUS 

Voi-a-giii'i-UH 

Vo-la'na 

Vo-tan'dum 

Vol-a-ter'ra 

Vol'ca:,  or  Voir. 

*Vol'e-!<ii8 

Vo-log'e-ses 

Vo-biE'e-Hus 

Vol'jn:ons 

Vol'sci,  or  Vol'ci 

Vol-sin'i-um 

Vol-iiii'i-a 

fVa-lum'na,  and  Vt>- 

luin'iius 
Voluni'iia;  Fa'num 
Vo-Uim'ni-a 

Vo-luni'ni-u3 

Vo-Ium'nu8 

Vo-bip'tas,  and  Vo- 
\     lu'pi-a 

Viil-u-3c'nu9 

Vo-Iu-ai-a'iius 

Vo-lu'si-iis 

Vol'u-sus 

Vo'tux 

Vo-ina'nus 

Vivno'nes 

Vo-pi3'cus 

V(*-ra'nus 

t:*Vus'c-gus,  or  ♦Vo- 
se'gus 

Vo-ti-e'nu3 

Vul-ca-na'li-a 

Viil-ca'ui 

Vul-ca'ni-u3 

Viil-ca'nu3 

Vnl-ca'ti-ua 

Vul-f-i'num 

Viil'so 

tVul'tiir 

Viil-tu-rc'i-us 

Vul  lur'num 

Vul-tnr'nus 

|Va!-lur^li-U3 


Xyn-o-ich'ia 

•Xyp'e-lc 

•Xy.'Uci 


X. 


Xan'the 
Xan'tbi 

Xaii'thi-a 

*Xan'thi-as 

Xan'ibi-ca 

Xan-iliip'pe 

Xan-tbip'pus 

Xaci'tbo 

•Xari  ibo-pu'Uis 

Xan'thus 

Xan'ti-cles 

Xan-tip'pc 

Xan-tip'pus 

Xe-nas\»-nis 

Xf  nar'chus 

tXen'a-lea 

Xrn'e-lus 

Xc' IK-US 

Xf-ni'a-dus 

Xe'iii-us 

Xcn-o-cle'a 

Xen'o-cles 

Xen-o-cli'dea 

Xe-noc'ra-lc9 

Xe-no<l'a-mu9 

*Xen-tvda'mus,  or 

Xcn-o-ile'mus 
Xe-nod'i-ct> 
Xe-nod'o-cbus 
XeiiHi-do'rus 
tXe-nod'o-tes 
Xe-nod'o-ius 
Xe-noph'a-ncs 
Xe-noph'i-lus 
X'-n'o-pbon 
Xen-t»-pIion-li'U3 
Xen-i>-pi-ttu'a 
*Xt'r<>-Ub'y-a 
*Xcrx-e'ne 
Xerx'es 


Z. 


Za-cyn'Uiuji 

/a'gni* 

ZaI'a-tcK 

7-a-Iru '*■!:■» 

Za'rii 

'/.a'l.. 

Za-ii, 

ZanVi  ■ 

Zafi'UiC-nr* 

Zan'lbi-^! -1 

Za'riT 

Zar-r.  ' 

•Xard 

•Zar  I  lar 

Za-naji'pt* 

*Zar-inaa-o^bL '  jpu 

Za'Uiu 

•Xa-vc'cc* 

Z*'-bi'na 

•Ze-i-ic'um 

Ze'Ia^  vrZe'b-a 

•Zf-le'a 

Zi''lc9 

Zc-lot'y-po 

Zc'lus 

Zv'no 

Zc-no'bi-a 

tZc-no'bi-i 

Zt-n'o-clcj* 

Zcn-ivfli'dcs 

Zcn-o-du'rui 

Zcn-o-di>'li-a 

Ze-nwl'o-tm 

Z*'-nopb'a-n« 

•Zcn-t>-po-*i'don 

Ze-nolli'c-mis 

Ze-pliyr'i-uni 

Zcph'j-n:ni 

Zcph'y-nis 

Zt'-nn'Uiti- 

Zt'lilC--*,  '•'•  Zt    ilis 

Zcu-p4.-i'ua 

Zeug'ma 

Ze'us 

Zeux-id'a-muj 

•3>ui-i-da'mus 

Zrux'i-dos 

Zpux-ip'pc 

Zeuz'ij 

Zcui'o 

Zv-p'ni 

•Zic'Ia 

ZU'i-a,  PT  Zctu 

Zi-ma'ra 

Zi-my'ri 

Zi-ob'e-ris 

Zi-pi'les 

Zi'Uia 

Ziuil'a<c5 

•Z<Mli'a<u3 

Zo'i-lus 

Zo-ip'pu:* 

•Zo-i-U''uni 

Zo'na 

Zon'a-ra» 

Zoph'o-nis 

Zo-p>'r't-o 

Zo-pyr'M^n 

Zop*y-ni:« 

Zor-i»-a>trr 

Zor-i>-.v-ire'Ui 

Z«wt'i-mus 

Zos'i-ne 

Zo<  t      r.  -. 

7. 

'/^ 

!  /A  . 
'  7.KZ  .  .1 

*'/.\  i;  '  i 

?a"^^  inVla 
;  7v-C'-p'»>-lis 
I  Zvgn't* 


iZVJ 


PllONOUNCING  VOCABULARY 


OF 


MODERN   CtEOCtHAPHICAL  NAMES, 


iG'J 


1^1 


BRIEF  IIULES 


FOR   THE 


PEONUNCIATION  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  EUROPEAN  LANGUAGES. 


FRENCH. 

1.    Vowels. 

.4,  ah,  long  and  short,  (marked  (I.) 

ai,  as  c  in  there,  when  followed  by  c,  re,  rs,  ts,  s,  and  when  it 
has  the  circumfle.x,  thus,  ai,  (^.) 
When  in  the  middle  or  at  the  end  of  words,  it  has  the  sound 
of  the  open  acute  i    (c.) 
an  has  the  sound  of  o,  (o.) 
E  has  three  sounds  :  — 
d  as  the  English  vowel  a  mfate,  (c.) 
^  and  t'  are  similar  to  the  e  in  there,  (S.) 
E,  not  accented,  is  either, 

(1.)  open  acute,  as  c  in  the  English  words  met,  cbli,  when  it 
is  followed,  in  t!ie  same  syllable,  by  a  consonant  that  is 
pronounced,  or  when  the  following  syllable  begins  with 

(2.)  guttural,  and  like  c  in  her  at  the  end  of  monosyllables, 
or  the  first  syllable  of  polysj'llables,  (e  ;)  or, 

(3.)  is  entirely  mute  at  the  end  of  polysyllables.  It  is  like 
the  second  c  in  there,  and  generally  serves  to  length- 
en or  open  the  preceding  vowel.  In  other  places, 
waere  it  is  more  perceptible,  it  is  like  the  e  in  battery 
or  over  ;  and  even  then  the  French  suppress  it  as  often 
as  they  can,  especially  when  the  preceding  or  following 
syllable  has  a  full  sound.  —  Rem.  £5,  not  accented,  in 
polysyllables,  is  silent. 
Ei  has  the  sound  of  e  in  then,  (tu.) 
Eu  has  three  sounds  :  — 

(1.)  long  and  close.  This  sound  has  no  standard  in  Eng- 
lish, but  it  may  be  obtained  by  pressing  the  lips  a  little 
forward,  in  such  a  manner  as  to  leave  to  the  breath  a 
narrower  passage  than  for  the  e  in  over,  and  by  dwell- 
ing longer  upon  it,  (eu.) 

(2.)    short,  somewhat  more  open  than  e  in  over,  (cm.) 

(3.)   long  and  open,  by  opening   the  lips  somewhat  wider 
and  in  a  more  circular  form  than  for  the  e  in  over,  and 
by  protracting  the  sound,  {eii.) 
I  is   long,    as   in    the    English   v^ord   marine,  and    short,  as   in 

fig<  {',  ?•) 
0  has  three  sounds  :  — 

(1.)    long  and  open,  as  in  the  English  word  robe,  (0.) 
(2.)    short,  as  in  rob,  (o.) 
(3.)    long  and  broad,  (o.) 
01  as  wa. 
ou  has  two   sounds,  —  long,  as   in  mood ;  short,  as  in  good, 

(??■) 
fhas  two  sounds,  —  long,  as  in  vue,  (A;)  short,  as  in  but,  (it.) 

There  is  no  standard  for  these  sounds  in  English.  To  form  the 
first,  observe  the  situation  of  the  tongue  in  pronouncing  the  Eng- 
lish letter  a.  It  widens  itself  into  the  cheeks,  so  that  it  touches 
the  first  grinder.s.  When  the  tongue  is  in  this  situation,  advance 
both  lips  a  little  forward,  shutting  them  at  the  same  time  in  such  a 
manner  as  to  leave  a  narrow,  oval  passage  to  the  breath.  This 
movement  will  lightly  press  the  tongue  between  the  grinders,  and 
its  tip  against  the  fore  teeth  of  the  inferior  jaw,  and  thus  let  the 
breath  pass,  which  is  necessary  to  emit  the  sound  of  the  French  u. 
The  short  sound  is  formed  by  dwelling  less  upon  it. 


2.    Consonants. 

Division  oi'  Syllables.  —  When  syllables  in  any  word  are 
separated  by  a  single  or  compound  consonant,  that  consonant  is  to 
be  spelled  and  articulated  with  the  following  vowel,  and  not  with 
the  preceding  one.  By  several  consonants  which  cannot  form  a 
compound  consonant,  the  first  must  be  spel.ed  with  the  preceding, 
and  the  remainder  with  the  succeeding,  simple  or  compound  vowel. 

Compound  consonants  are  the  following  :  —  bl,  br,  eh,  cl,  chr,  cr, 
dr,  fl,  fr,  gl,  gn,  gr,  il,  and  ill,  (when  liquid,)  ph,  jM,  phr,  pi,  pr, 
rh,  sc,  sg,  si,  S7n,  sii,  sp,  st,  sr,  th,  tht,  tr,  tl,  vr. 

The  French  syllables  are  divided  into  masculine  and  feminine 
syllables,  the  latter  being  those  that  contain  c  mute. 

General  Rule.  —  Every  masculine  syllable  before  another 
masculine  syllable  is  sliort,  so  that  the  accent  lies  upon  the  last 
syllable  that  is  pronounced. 


B  has  the  same  sound  as  in  English. 
C  has, 

(1.)    the  sound  of  English  h  before  a,  0,  n,  and  before  con- 
sonants ; 
(2.)    the  sound  of  hard  s  before  e,  i,  y,  and  before  ttie  hard 
vowels,  a,  o,  u,  when  with  a  cedilla,  (f .) 
c,  before  q  and  c,  and  after  a  nasai  sound,  is  always  silent. 
eh  has  the  sound  of  sh,  and  followed  by  a  consonant,  it  is  like  k. 
At  the  end,  it  sounds  like  Ic. 
D  is  like  English  d.     It  is  sounded  at  the  end  of  words,  unless 

followed  by  s  or  preceded  by  r  or  n. 
F  is  like  English/. 
G  has  two  sounds  :  — 

(1.)    the  sound  of  |f  in  go,  before  a,  o,  u. 
(2.)    the  sound  oi s  in  pleasure  before  e,  i,  y. 

The  hard  g  is  rendered  soft  before  n,o,  u,  by  inserting  the 
letter  e  between  "■  and  a,  0,  u.     The  e  after  the  g  is  then 
not  to  be  sounded,  but  is  considered  as  a  mark  to  show 
that  the  g  must  be  pronounced  soft. 
The   soft  g,  on  the  other  hand,  is  rendered  hard  before 
e,  i,  y,  b)'  writing  the  letter  v  between  g  and  e,  i,  y. 
Therefore  the  ?«  that  is  immediately  after  the  g  must 
not  be  sounded,  but  is  to  be  considered  as  a  sign  that  g 
must  be  articulated  hard. 
gji  is  pronounced  like  711  in  onion,  minion,    (final   g7ie,    repre- 
sented in  the  table  ny.) 
Final  g  is  silent  e-xcept  in  the  noun  bourg,  and  in  nouns  ter- 
minating in  berg,  where  it  has  the  sound  of  A:. 
H  is  either  aspirated  or  silent. 

Remakk.  —  When  h  is  deemed  aspirate,  it  only  communicates  to 
the  vowel  the  properties  of  a  consonant;  that  is  to  say,  when  the 
preceding  word  ends  with  a  vowel,  that  vowel  is  never  suppressed  ; 
if  it  ends  with  a  consonant,  that  consonant  is  never  connected  with 
the  vowel  that  follows. 

J  has  always  the  sound  of  s  in  azure,  or  *  in  pleasure. 
L  has  two  sounds:  — 

(1.)    It  is  like  the  English  I. 

(2.)    It  is  liquid,  like  I  in  brilliant. 

N.  B.  —  The  modern  pronunciation,  however,  lets  the  I  entirely 
disappear,  and  substitutes  a  long  e  sound  (?,  XI)  for  it. 
Exception.  —  All  nouns  in  ville  are  not  liquid. 


1322 


BRIEF  RULES  FOR  THE  PRONUNCIATION  OP  THE  PRINCIPAL  EUROPEAN  LANGUAGES. 


II,  ill,  preceded  by  another  vowel,  are  always  liquid,  in  which 
case,  il,  ill,  are  compound  consonants,  the  i  beino-  con- 
sidered as  a  mere  sign  to  make  the  I  liquid ;  therefore 
the  i  must  not  be  combined  with  the  preceding  vowel, 
which  preserves  its  natural  sound. 

;.'  >  when  not  nasal,  are  like  the  English  m,  n. 

ni,  n,  preceded  in  the  same  syllable  by  a  vowel,  are  always 
nasal,  unless  followed  by  a  syllable  that  begins  with  a 
vowel  or  A  mute,  lu  which  case,  m  and  n  resume  their 
natural  sound. 

Nasal  Sound.  —  An  exact  standard  for  the  nasal  sound  is  not 
to  be  found  in  the  English  pronunciation.  However,  something 
like  it  is  found  in  the  sound  of  en  in  encore.  But  if,  in  pronoun- 
cing these  sounds,  the  tongue  should  once  touch  the  roof  of  the 
mouth,  the  French  nasal  sound  would  be  ruined. 

There  are  four  nasal  sounds  :  — 


em,  ara 
en,  an 


:} 


(ins- 


•onir,  or  on  a. 


im, 

in, 

aim, 

ain,  yii'ig.  un,  >  eimcr. 

eim, 

ein, 
o-in,J 

P  is  like  the  same  letter  in  the  English  language. 

Q,  except  in  a  few  words,  is  always  followed  by  «,  and  these  two 

letters  together  nave  the  sound  of  English  k  in  king. 
R  is  much  more   rolled  than  the  English   r.     At  the  end  of  a 
word  it  is  always  pronounced,  when  preceded  by  a,  i, 
o,  u,  y,  and  their  compounds. 
r,  preceded  by  c  in  polysyllables,  is  silent,  and  in  this  case  the 
c  has  the  acute  sound  e.     In   monosyllables,  the  r  is 
pronounced,  and  the  e  has  a  more  open  sound,  resem- 
bling S. 
rli  is  like  r. 
S  has  two  sounds  .  — 

(1.)    the   soft  of  rose,  phase,  between  two  vowels  and  fol- 
lowing h. 
(2.)    the  hard  sound  of  sister,  in  the  beginning,  and  in  the 
middle  of  a  word,  when  preceded  or  followed  by  a  con- 
sonant. 
Final  5  is  silent,  with  a  few  exceptions. 
T has  two  sounds :  — 

(1.)    soft,  like  c  in  cedar,  ciril,  in  the   syllable  tion,  unless 

preceded  by  s  or  x,  in  which  case  the  t  is  hard. 
(2.)    hard,  like  t  in  tit,  in  all  other  cases 
th  has  the  single  sound  of  <  hard. 
t,  St,  rt,  final,  are  silent. 

V  is  like  English  v. 

X,  (1.)  is  like  a-5  in  all  words  beginning  in  x  or  ex,  followed  by 
a  vowel  or  the  letter  A. 
(2.)  like  k  in  words  beginning  in  exec,  cxci,  exs. 
(3.)  like  5*,  in  Jlix,  Mx  la  Cluipelte,  Auxerrc,  Auxonne,  Brux- 

elles,  Luxeuil,  and  some  few  others. 
(4.)  like  ks  in  all  other  cases. 
Final  X  is  silent. 
Z  is  like  :  in  zone. 

Final  :  is  silent. 

Y  is  like  single  French  i,  but  like  double  « between  two  vowels. 


ITALIAN. 

1.    Vowels. 

A  is  sounded  as  ali  in  English,  (rt.) 
E  has  two  sounds  :  — 

(1.)  the  open,  as  in  the  English  word  J'uir,  (e  and  t.) 

(2.)  close,  as  in  the  word  pain,  (c  ) 
/  is  sounded  like  ec  in  English. 
0  has  two  sounds  :  — 

(1.)  the  open  o;  (2.)  the  close  0. 
Ui3  sounded  like  oo. 

N.  B.  — When  these  vowels  are  at  the  end  of  words,  marked 
with  an  accent,  they  have  a  quick  and  sharp  sound. 


2.     CONSO.NANTS. 

B  is  like  the  same  letter  in  English. 

C  is  like  //  before  a,  o,  u.    Followed  by  the  Towel*  e,  i,  it  ie  ;  • 
nounced  like  ch  in  the  words  cherry,  chilly, 
cc  followed  by  e,  i,  is  pronounced  like  tch  in  the  Eoglisb  word 

match, 
cid,  cid,  ciu,  are  pronounced  cha,  cho,  choo. 
ch,  followed  by  c,  i,  is  pronounced  like  English  k. 
D  and  F  are  like  the  Englisli  d  and/. 

G  is  like  the  English  g  in  go,  when  followed  by  a,  o,  u.  Fol- 
lowed by  the  vowr-ls  c,  i,  it  is  like  j  in  English,  or  like 
g  in  the  words  gem,  ginger. 


I 


IS  pronounced  like  dg  in  the  Engliah  word 


gg,  followed  by  e,  i 

lodge. 

gh,  followed  by  e,  i,  has  the  sound  of  ^  in  ga. 
gl,  followed  by  i,  and  in  all  words  in  which  i  if  followed  by 
anotlier  vowel,  is  pronounced  like  II  in  brilliant. 
But  in  all  words  in  which  f'i  is  followed  by  a  consoDUit, 
it  is  pronounced  like  gl  in  glimmer. 
gn,  followed  by  a,  e,  i,  o,  u,  is  somewhat  like  the  English  ni  in 

onion,  m.inion. 
gid,  gid,  giu,  are  pronounced  like  ja,  jo,  joo. 
gua,  gue,  gui,  are  like  gwa,  gwei,  gicee,  in  language,  ian^jci, 
languid. 
Hhas  no  sound.     It  is  only  used  to  denote  the  hard  lound  of  the 

consonants  c,  g,  before  the  vowels  e,  i. 
J  is  considered  a  vowel.     It  is  used  instead  of  ii  at  the  end  of 
words,  and  sounds  like  ec  in  the  English  word/«,  etch 
e  being  distinctly  pronounced. 
L,  M,  JV",  and  I',  are  like  the  corresponding  English  iL-tterj. 
Q.    Qua,  qui ,  (jiii,  ijiui,  arc  pronounced  like  qua,  que,  qui,  qtio,  in 
the  English  words  quality,  question,  quibble,  quote  ;  the 
vowels  a,  e,  i,  o,  adhering  to  their  proper  pronunciation, 
as  stated  above. 
R,  in  the  beginning  of  words,  or  in  the  middle  when  ' 
syllabic,  is  like  r  in  the  words  ruin,  marine. 
of  words,  or   when   it  ends  a  syllable,  or  prcceU'.d   t>y 
another  consonant,  or  doubled,  it  has  a  rolling  sound. 
S,  in  the  beginning  of  words,  preceded  or  followed  !"•  "••  ■''   - 
consonant,  or  when  doubled,  is  pronoimccd  : 
sister.     Betwecij  two  vowels,  and  in  the  last  s_. . 
all  substantive  and  adjective  nouns  that  end  in  cse,  usv, 
usa,  it  is  pronounced  like  s  in  the  English  word  rose. 
In  the  last  syllalile  of  all  adjective  nouns  in  oso,  osa,  s 
preserves  its  sharp  sound. 
sc,  followed  by  e,  i,  is  pronounced  like  sh  in  shell 
sell,  followed  by  e,  i,  is  pronounced  like  sk. 
scid,  scid,  sciti,  arc  like  ska,  sho,  shoo. 
T  is  always  hard,  and 
Klike  the  English  v. 

Jfand  X  are  not  found  in  the  Italian  alphabet. 
Z.     General  Rule.  —  In  the  beginning  of  words,  or  when  sin- 
gle, it  is  like  ds  in  the  English  word  Windsor.     When  preceded  by 
a  consonant,  or  w-hen  followed  by  two  vowels,  or  when  doubled, 
it  is  pronounced  sharp,  like  is  in  the  word  benefits. 

Remark.  —  Italian  words  are  pronounced  exactly  as  Ihey  arc 
written,  there  being  no  silent  letter,  except  A.  Every  vowel  al- 
ways preserves  its  proper  sound,  independently  of  the  consonants 
which  accompany  it. 


SPANISH. 
1.    Vowels. 

A.     This  letter  is  pronounced  as  ah  in  English,  (a.) 

E  is  pronounced  as  a  in  the  alphabet  in  English,  (£,)  except  tw- 
fore  n,  r,  s,  z,  in  which  case  it  is  more  open,  as  in  the 
English  word  care. 

I  is  pronounced  as  c  in  English.  It  is  long  when  under  the 
acute  accent,  (£.) 

O  is  crcnerally  pronounced  as  in  English.     It  is,  however,  neces- 
"      sary  to  observe,  tliat  it  is  sometimes  open,  (g,)  sometimes 
close,  (o,)  and  sometimes  long,  ((5.) 
It  is  open  in  words  of  one  syllable,  w!.        '    -  "  •'■  ;~ 
mediately  followed  by  anotlier  vowel,  r. 

r  at  the  end  of  a  syllable  ;  at  tlie  end  oi" _  ^: 

is  accented.     It  is  long  whenever  it  is  immediately  fol- 
lowed by  anotlier  vowel. 

13-33 


BRIEF  RULES  FOR  THE  PRONUNCIATION  OP  THE  PRINCIPAL  EUROPEAN  LANGUAGES. 


V  is  pronounced  oo. 

N.  B.  —  From  tliis  rule  must  be  excepted  the  syllables  guc,  gui, 
que,  out,  in  which  the  u  is  not  sounded,  unless  the  u  has  two  dots 
over  it,  (a.) 

v.    This  letter  is  sometimes  a  vowel  and  sometimes  a  consonant. 
It  is  a  vowel  when  it   is  preceded  by  another  vowel, 
making  with  it  a  diphthong;  and  then 
aij  and  cy  are  like  i,  (J;) 
o!j  and  ^IIJ,  like  oi. 

In  almost  every  other  case,  it  is  a  consonant. 

2.   Consonants. 

/>,  in  the  beginning  of  a  word,  is  always  pronounced  as  in  Eng- 
lish. In  the  middle  of  a  word,  between  two  vowels,  b 
is  softened  into  nearly  a  v. 

C  has  tlie  sound  of  th  in  English,  as  in  the  word  pith,  before  e 
and  i;  and  the  sound  of /c  before  a,  o,  u. 
Formerly  the  c  with  the  cedilla  (f)  was  used  to  soften 
the  c  before  a,  o,  u.     The   letter  2,  however,  has  now 
been  substituted  for  it. 
Double  cc,  followed  by  c,  i.     The  first  c  is  hard,  the  second 

soft. 
ch.     These  two   letters  are  pronounced  as  in  English  in  the 
word  check. 

D  is  pronounced,  in  the  beginning  of  a  word,  as  in  English  ;  but 
when  the  d  is  between  two  vowels,  it  is  as  soft  as  the 
th  in  the  words  though,  the.  It  is  pronounced  lisping  at 
the  end  of  a  word. 

F  is  pronounced  as  in  Englisli. 

G  is  pronounced  as  in  English  before  a,  o,  u.     It  is  guttural  be- 
fore c,  i,  (^.)     Before  n,  it  has  the  English  pronuncia- 
tion. 
For  the  syllables  true,  gui.,  see  the  vowel  U. 

II  is  mute,  and  only  lightly  usjiirated  before  ue.     The  letter  h 
has   been   retained  in   many    words,   though    not    pro- 
nounced, and  in  several  it  has  taken  the   place  of  the 
letter  /,  formerly  used. 
ih.   The  Academy  suppresses  /;  after  «,  and  instead  of  ph  uses/. 

./  is  guttural  before  all  the  vowels,  (g,  ch.) 

L  is  pronounced  as  in  Enolish. 

//.    When  U  occurs  in  a  word,  it  is  liquid,  and  pronounced  as 
in  the  words  brilliant,  seraglio,  WiUiam. 

JI7  and  JVare  pronounced  as  in  KngUsh. 

n,  having  this  mark,  (',  n,)  winch  the  Spaniards  call  n  with 
tilde,  (lii'dc,)  has  tlie  same  sound  as  n  in  ouiun,  niiuion. 

P  and  Q  are  pronounced  as  in  Enghsh. 

As  to  the  syllables  que,  qui,  look  for  the  vowel  U. 

N.  B.  —  Q  is  changed  into  c  in  all  words  where  it  is  followed  by 
mi,  vo,  ue,  ui,  (the  u  in  tlie  latter  two  preserving  its  natural 
sound.) 

R,  in  the  beginning  and  middle  of  words,  is  pronounced  a  little 
stronger  than  in  English  ;  but  double  r  is  much  stronger 
than  the  English  rr. 

S  is  always  pronounced  hard,  like  double  s,  even  between  two 
vowels. 

7' is  always  hard. 

F.  The  Spaniards  often  confound  the  sound  of  this  letter  with 
that  of  A;  but  the  Academy  disapproves  of  it,  and  rec- 
ommends that  it  sliuuld  bo  pronounced  as  in  English. 

X  is  pronounced  as  s  when  followed  by  a  consonant ;  and  it  is 
lightly  sounded  s  when  followed  by  cc,  ci.  It  is  pro- 
nounced like  As  between  two  vowels.  In  a  few  words 
ending  in  r,  it  is  guttural. 

N.  B.  —  X  was  formerly  used  as  a  guttural,  (unless  the  followin<i 
vowel  had  the  circumflex  accent;)  but  j  ij  now  used  instead  before 
a,  o,  u,  and  g  before  e  and  i. 

Z  is  only  used  now  before  a,  o,  ti,  and  is  pronounced  like  the  e 
before  e  and  i.  It  is  always  pronounced  lisping  after 
a  vowel. 


The  pronunciation  of  Spanish  by  the  Mexicans  is  different  from 
that  by  the  Spaniards  :  — 

(1.)    Tliey  pronounce  the  liquid  II  like  the  modern  French  pro- 
nunciation long  ec. 
(2.)    They  pronounce  0  and  v  interchangeably, 
(o.)   They  substitute,  in  general,  the  s  sound  for  the  th  sound. 

i,i2i  ' 


PORTUGUESE. 
1.    Vowels. 

The  vowels  are  the  same  as  in  the  Spanish  language. 

Mo,  the  0  having  a  deep  sound,  nearly  00,  is  somewhat  like  oung. 

2.    Consonants. 

The   consonants,  with   the   following  exceptions,  are  like  the 
English  :  — 

C.    f  is  like  the  same  French  letter. 

ch  is  like  English  sh. 
G  is  like  the  French  g. 
H  is  always  silent,  and  serves  only,  when  immediately  preceded 

by  I  or  n,  to  make  these  letters  liquid. 
J  is  like  the  corresponding  Frencli  letter. 
Jit  and  jV  are  like  the  same  English  letters,  but  have  sometimes 

a  nasal  sound. 
Q  is  like  the  French,  being  always  accompanied  by  a  silent  u. 
R  is  like  the  Spanish,  rolling. 
X  is  like  English  sh. 


GERMAN. 

1.    Vowels. 

Ji  has  two  sounds  :  — 

(1.)    long,  ((?,)  asin  the  English  word  half. 
(2.)    sliort,  UI,)  whicli  has  no  corresponding  sound  in  English. 
ae,  or  a.   (1.)  long,  as  tlie  sound  between  name  and  care ;  (2.) 

short,  nearly  like  c  in  the  word  rent, 
ai  and  aij  sound  broader  than  the  English  i  in  liite. 
an  approaches  the  sound  of  tlie  English  ou  m  our,  loud, 
aeu  or  au  has  nearly  the  same  sound  as  the  English  oi. 
E  has  three  sounds  :  — 

(1.)  long;  ]st,  the  close  or  acute  sound  (t),  the  French  e 
fcrmi.     2d,    the   open  sound,   (e,)  the   c  ouvcrt  of  the 
French. 
(2.)  short,  (c,)  nearly  like  e  in  the  word  help. 
(3.)  obscure  in  all  unaccented  syllables,  like  a  in  the  Eng- 
lish word  sofa,  'xcept  before  liquids,  where  it  sounds 
like  c  ill, the  last  syllable  of  tliu  word  heaven, 
ci,  or  ey,  are  like  i  in  fine,  hind. 
ru  is  similar  to  oi,  oy,  in  boil,  toil,  joint. 
I  has  two  sounds  :  — 

(1.)    long,  as  in  mrtc,  (*.) 
(2.)    short,  nearly  as  i  m  pin,  fig,  (;'.) 
ic  is  like  long  i,  {1.) 
0  is,  (1.)  long,  as  in  bone,  (0;)  (2.)  short,  (0,)  as  in  got. 
oe,  a.  (1.)  long,  French  1% ;  (2.)  short,  French  eu. 
oi,  oy,  are  like  the  English  oi,  oy. 
f/ has  two  sounds;  — 

(1.)  long,  (00,)  as  in  to,  do,  move,  prove. 
(2.)  short,  (no,)  resembling  ?/.  in  bull,  full,  bushel, 
uc,  11.  (1.)  long'French  11 ;    (2.)  short  Frencli  «. 
N.  B.  —  .4a,  00,  cc,  are  pronounced  as  a  single  long  a,  0,  e. 

2.   Consonants. 

B  is  like  the  English  b.  But  when  it  ends  a  syllable,  or  stanils  next 
to  the  final  consonant  or  consonants,  not  being  liquids, 
or  the  consonant  i,  it  approximates  to  the  sound  of  ;;. 

C  before  a,  o,  u,  au,  and  before  a  consonant,  is  pronounced  like  Ic. 
Before  the  other  vowels,  with  a  few  exceptions,  it  is  like  ts. 

D  is  like  the  English  d.  But  at  the  end  of  a  syllable,  it  approxi- 
mates  to  the  sound  of  t. 

Fis  like  English/. 

G,  in  the  beginning  of  a  syllable,  is  always  like  g  m  the  English 
word  go.  After  «,  o,  n,  c,  i,  a,  0,  «,  I,  r,  it  has  a  peculiar 
lintrual  sound,  somewhat  softer  than  the  guttural  ch. 
(See  Ch.) 
When  preceded  by  n,  g  (except  in  derivative  and  com- 
pound words)  has  the  sound  of  a  gentle  k. 

II,  in  the  beginning  of  a  word  or  syllable,  is  aspirated,  as  in  the 
Eno-lish  words  have,  hold.  Between  two  vowels,  the 
aspiration  is  less  strong,  and  sometimes  hardly  per- 
ceptible. At  any  other  place  than  in  the  ^''ginning  of 
a  word  or  a  syllabic,  li  is  mute,  and  indicates  then  the 
length  of  the  preceding  vowel. 
th  is  pronounced  as  a  single  t. 


I 


BRIEF  RULES  FOR  THE  PRONUNCIATION  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  EUROPEAN  LAXGUAGF... 


J  is  pronounced  as  y,  and  always  followed  by  a  vowel. 

K  is  like  English  A. 

L,  M,  jV,  and  P,  are  like  tlie  corresponding  English  letters. 

Q  is  always  joined  with  u.  It  has  the  sound  /no,  but  is  uttered 
shorter  than  in  English. 

R  is  sounded  stronger  than  in  English. 

S  is  always  like  :,  except  bolVire  a  consonant  and  at  the  end  of  a 
word  or  syllable,  whore  it  is  pronounced  sliarp.  It  is 
also  pronounced  like  z  between  two  vowels  and  after  a 
liquid. 

T  is  like  English  t.  Before  i  and  a  following  vowel,  t  is  pro- 
nounced like  ts.  But  when  *  precedes  (,  t  keeps  its 
proper  sound. 

F  is  nlwa^'s  like/. 

Ji'is  like  v.     The  w  in  final  ow  is  always  silent. 

X  is  like  ks. 

2  is  like  ts. 

3.    Compound  Conson.-vnts. 

CK  is  always  guttural  when  preceded  by  a  vowel,  or  a  vowel  and 
a  liquid.  Ch,  in  the  beginning  of  a  word,  followed  liy 
a^  Oj  u,  or  a  consonant,  is  like  k. 

Cits,  in  primitive  words,  is  like  ks. 

Sell,  in  primitive  words,  is  like  sli. 

Gn  and  Kn.     Both  the  g  and  k  are  hard. 

Ph  is  like  /. 

S:  is  like  hissing  s. 

Tz  doubles  the  sound  of  i. 

Spf.i.i.ixg.  —  When  two  vowels  are  divided  by  a  single  or  com- 
pound consonant,  that  consonant  is  spelled  and  articulated  with  tlie 
second  vowel;  by  more  than  one  consonant,  all  but  the  last  sino-le 
or  compound  consonant  belong  to  the  first  vowol. 


DUTCH. 

1.    Vowels. 
jj  hag  two  sounds,  like  the  German  a. 
""'  {  are  pronounced  like  long  a. 

E  has  the  three  sounds  of  the  German  e. 

f.e  is  like  long  open  «. 
/  has  the  two  German  i  sounds. 

ie  is  like  the  German  ie. 
0  has  the  two  German  o  sonnds. 

00  is  long  o. 

ot  is  pronounced  as  oo. 
U  has  the  two  French  u  sounds. 

ui  resembles  the  English  oi  in  hnxj. 
Y,  or  sometimes  spelt  ij,  is  equivalent  to  the  German  ci,  cy,  or 
the  English  long  i  sound. 

2.     CoNSON-\NTS. 

The  consonants  are  the  same  as  the  German,  except  the  follow- 
ing ones : — 

G  is  always  strong  guttural,  unless  spelt  gh,  which  is  like  g  in 
the  English  word  go,  or  at  the  end  ol  a  word  preceded  by  n. 

Sell  is  not  pronounced  as  sh,  but  as  sk. 


SWEDISH. 

There  are  nine  vowels,  a,  c,  i,  o,  a,  y,  a,  a,  (ffi,)  a,  (a; ;)  and  it  is 
to  be  remarked,  that  they  are  never  found  compound. 

1.    Vowels. 

A  is  like  the  German  a. 
a  is  long  o,  (o.) 

a  ((e)  is  like  the  German  a,  {a.) 
E  has  two  different  pronunciations:  — 

(1.)  long,  (the  close  and  acute  sound  of  the  German 
in  the  beginning  of  words,  where  c  makes  a  syl 
itself,  and  at  the  end  of  a  syllable  or  a  word,  ns 
all  syllables  that  have  the  tonic  accent,  and 
words  terminating  in  hr.t. 
(2.)  like  m,  or  German  e  short,  when  it  precedes  the 
nants/,  I,  m,  n,  t,  s. 


f,) 

able  by 

ilso  in 

in    all 


/  is  like  the  German  i. 

0.  (I.)  0  is  like  a  deep  no,  in  the  beymn;:;^-  of  words,  when  it 
JS  a  syllable  by  itself,  and  at  the  end  ofa  syllabic  or  a 
word. 
(2.)  It  is  like  a  long  o,  when  it  is  immediately  followed  by 
one  of  the  consonants  /,  /,  m,  n,  r,  5,  /,  and  bf  fr- 
double  consonants. 
a:  {!])  is  like  the  corresponding  German  letter. 

V  has  almost  always  a  sound  like  that  of  l-o?  combined. 

V  id  like  the  French  v. 


2.     CONSONA.NTS. 


Th( 


lie  consonants  are  the  same  as  the  English,  with  the  following 
modifications  :  — 

G,  before  a,  o,  -u,  a,  is  always  hard,  as  in  the  Engliih  word  go, 
and  also  before  c,  when  it  is  pronounced  like  ac. 
Before  i,  y,   <e,  ffi,  and  before  the  close  and  acute  t,  it  i* 
like  the  Englisli  y ;  but  the  "■  retains  \u  hard  Muiui 
when  the  acute  e  terminates  the  syllable.     Se»  J 
SJ"-!  ?]"<  lias,  in  common   pronunciation,  the  sound  - 
U  ia  always  aspirated,  except  before  v  and  j,  when- 

and  in  cli,  which  in  pronounced  like  /;. 
J  is  like  the  English  y.     In  all  those  words  where  j  ia  cUiuigcd 

into  ir,  that  g  has  a  very  slight  guttural  sound. 
K  is  hard  before  a,  o,  u,  d,  and  £,  (having  the  sound  of  <r, 
before  c  acute,  terminating  the  syllable  or  word. 
/.-,  before  the  vowels  i,  y,  a,  a,  and  c  acute,  is  pr":. 
if  there  were  Swedish  j  between  /;  and  the  V' 
in  common  pronunciation, /:  before  the  mention»:u  s-... -/ii, 
and  hj  before  a,  o,  u,  &,  sound  like  Engli.Hh  ch. 
L,  beginning  a  word,  and  ibllowedbyy,  is  almost  silent,  thf  »  jl  .n.' 

being  pronounced,  with  a  slight  liquid  soum! 
S  is  like  English  «.     When  followed  by  /;,  it  is  like  . 
in  all  those  cases  where  /;  has  its  hard  soun  . 
sit  (or  French  eh,  or   German  sch)  when  /; 
by  i,  y,  a,  ie,  and  c  acute,  or  when  followed  i. ,    ;    .:.  ; 
any  of  the  hard  vowels. 
T  is  always  hard. 
tj,  lollowed  by  a  vo'.vel,  has,  in  common  language,  a  sound 
like  Engli-sh  c//,  but  much  softer;  slj,   followed   by  n 
vowel,  like  sli. 


DANISH. 

1.    Vowels. 

The  Danish  language  has  eight  vowels:  —  a,  e,  i,  o,  u,  y,  a,  («,) 
If,  (ffi.)  There  is  but  one  combined  vowel  that  changes  pronui:cii- 
tion.  The  doubling  of  the  other  vowels,  which  hardly  Likes  pbco 
except  with  c,  i,  u,  indicates  only  the  length  of  the  syllable. 

Tlie  diphthongs  are  at,  ci,  oi,  (Ji,  (ffl/,)  au,  cu,ou,  ui.    These  make 
two  distinct  sounds,  pronounced  by  a  single  emission  of  the  voice. 
.1  has  the  two  sounds  of  German  a,  (a.) 

aa  is  pronounced  long  o,  (o  ;)  ae  (a)  is  like  the  corrcspc: 

German  ac. 
ai  is  similar  to  the  German  ai,  (i;)  au  is  like  the  German  au. 
E  has  the  three  German  sounds :  — 
c  is  mute  after  a  vowel,  which  it  then  lengthens; 

(1.)  at  the  end  of  substantives  terminating  in  i,  when  ;      . 

derive  from  the  Latin  ia  ; 
(2.)  at  the  end  of  the  infinitive  of  verbs  after  a  vowel,  (« 
being  the  proper  termination  of  the  infinitive  of  all  verbs ;) 
(3.)  at  the  end  of  adjectives  that  terminate  in  a  vowel,  under 

the  inflection ; 
(4.)  in  the  middle  of  some  words,  after  a  long  vowel,  to  dis- 
tinguish two  words,  which  without  thee  would  have  the 
same  orthography,  though  tlie  vowels  have  a  diScrcnt 
length  in  pronunciation. 
ec.   The  vowels  c,  i",  «,  are  doubled  in  tlie  middle  of  mono- 
syllables, to  indicate  the  f,  t,  «,  long,  except  before  the 
consonants  b,  d,  g,  T,p. 
ei  is  like  the  German  ci. 
cv  is  like  the  German  cu. 
I  is  like  the  German  j. 

it.    See  ee. 
0  is  like  the  German  o. 
oi,  ipi,  or  a-i,  resemble  the  English  oi. 
a:  (<p)  is  like  the  German  <r. 
ou  is  like  the  English  ou. 


1335 


1 


BRIEF  RULES  FOR  THE  PRONUNCIATION  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  EUROPEAN  LANGUAGES. 


U  is  like  the  German  u 

111  resembles  u  French. 
Y  is  like  French  u. 

2.    Consonants. 

The  consonants  are  like  the  English,  with  the   following  e.\cep- 
tioiis  :  — 

D  is  not  sounded  after  a  consonant ;  and  this  omission  is  ob- 
served  even    when,  by  addition,  the  d  passes  into   the 
following  syllable. 
After  a  vowel,  d  is  pronounced  like  th. 
G  is  pronounced  slightly  guttural  after  a  vowel,   and  when  it 
terminates  the  syllable. 
Preceded    by  n,  it  gives  a  certain  nasal  sound  to  the  n, 
without  the  g  being  distinctly  pronounced. 
H  is  always  aspirate,  and  only  mute  before  v  and  j. 
J  is  like  the  English  y. 
R  is  like  the  German  r. 

F  is  sometimes  found  aftera,  in  which  cases  it  takes  the  place  of 
the  vowel  u,  and  combines  with  the  preceding  vowel. 
IV  is  actuall}'   no  Danish  consonant,   but   borrowed    from  the 
German  language,  and  is  only  employed  in  words  bor- 
rowed from  Uiis  lani;uage.     It  has  the  sound  of  b. 


NORWEGIAN 


The  written  language  being  the  same  as  the  Danish,  the  Nor- 
weorian  pronunciation  differs  chiefly  from  the  Danish  in  the  fol- 
lowing instances  :  — 

D  is  always  like  the  English  d. 

G  is  always  hard. 

0  is  like  the  same  Swedish  vowel 


HUNGARIAN. 
1.    Vowels. 

A  accented  (a)  has  always  the  long  a  sound  in  father,  (a  ;)  un- 
accented, has  the  French  short  o  sound. 

E  accented  (d)  resembles  the  e  indicated  in  the  following  list 
by  e  ;  unaccented,  it  has  the  German  short  sound  in 
help. 

I  has  the  two  German  i  sounds. 

0  accented  (rf)  has  a  long  and  deep  o  sound,  (o;)  unaccented, 
has  the  two  sounds  of  morn,  lot. 
m  (a)  has  the  two  sounds  of  the  corresponding  German  letter. 

U  accented  («)  has  the  deep  and  full  sound'  of  the  Swedish  let- 
ter o;  unaccented,  like  English  oo. 
uc,  or  a,  has  the  two  sounds  of  the  German,  ue,  (it.) 

Y,  when  a  vowel,  has  the  sound  of  the  Hungarian  i. 

2.    Consonants. 

The  consonants  are  like   the   English,  with  the   following  ex- 
ceptions :  — 
C  is  always  joined  with  some  other  consonant. 
cs  is  like  ch. 
cz  is  like  is. 
D  is  like  English  d.     Followed  by  j  or  y,  is  like  d  and  a  gentle 
aspiration,   nearly    like   the  Italian  gg  followed   by   a 
vowel. 
G  is  always  hard,  like  g  in  the  English  word  go. 
gh  is  like  a  simple  g. 
g,  followed  by  j  or  y,  is  like  dj,  dy. 
H  is  always  aspirate. 

J  is  like  English  e,  unless  preceded  hy  d,g,t.    (See  these  letters.) 
R  is  like  the  German  r 
S  is  like  English  sh. 

sz  is  like  s5. 
T  and  th  are  always  hard. 
ts  is  like  the  English  cli. 
tz  is  like  ts. 

tj  and  ty  is  like  t  followed  by  a  gentle  aspiration,  nearly  like 
the  Italian  cc  followed  by  a  vowel,  though  the  pro- 
nunciation does  not  sound  as  sharp. 


Zs  is  like  the  French  j. 

Y  is  almost  always  a  consonant.  (See  dy,  gy,  ty.)  Immediatelv 
preceded  by  I  and  n,  it  serves  to  make  these  letters 
liquid,  corresponding  to  the  Spanish  II,  ii,  as  in  brii- 
liant,  onion. 


POLISH. 

1.    Vowels. 

A  has  the  two  sounds  of  the  German  a. 

E  accented  (i)  has  the  German  long  ic  sound;  unaccented,  the 

German  short  c  sound. 
/  corresponds  to  the  German  i. 

O  accented  is  like  English  oo  ;  unaccented,  like  long  o,  (6.) 
U  is  like  the  German  u. 
Y  is  like  the  German  short  i. 

2.    Consonants. 

B  is  always  hard. 
C  is  like  the  German  c. 
ch  like  the  German  ch. 
cz  like  the  English  ch. 
D,  F,  and  G,  are  always  hard. 
H  is  always  aspirate. 
J '\s  like  the  German  j. 
it,  L,  M,  jV,  P,  like  the  corresponding  English  letters  :   but  n 

accented  (h')  is  like  the  Spanish  n. 
R  is  like  the  German  r. 

S  is  always  sharp.     S  accented  (,?  )  has  a  sound  of  «  mixed  with 
German  j. 
sc,  both  accented,  (s'c',)  resembles  sts. 
sz  is  like  English  sh. 
T\s  always  hard. 
JV  is  like  the  German  w. 

Z  is  like  English  i.  Z,  with  a  point  over  it,  (:,)  is  like  French 
j;  and  :  with  an  accent,  (:',)  whiuli  has  no  e.xact 
equivalent  in  English,  resembles  somewhat  the  z. 


WELSH. 

The  consonants  are  divided  into  mutes  and  semivowels,  and 
again  into  labials,  dentals,  and  palatals. 

The  vowels  are  of  two  kinds  — the  immutable  and  the  mutable. 

The  mutable  vowels  are,  a,  c,  o,  id;  the  vowels  that  suffer  no 
change,  i,  u,  y. 

The  consonants,  under  the  class  of  mutes,  are  h,  ]>,  c,  g,  d,  t. 

The  semivowels  are  vocal  and  aspirated. 

Vocal  semivowels,  :,  x,  I,  m,  n,  r ;  and  the  aspirates,  <•,  ng,  nirh, 
f,  h,  th. 

L,  m,  n,  r,  are  also  distinguished  by  the  name  of  liquids. 

The  consonants  may  be  thus  classed  :  — 

Labials.  Dentals.  Palatals. 

b,  v,  f,  m,  p,  mh.  |  d,  z,  n,  t,  th,  nh,  s.  |  c,  i;,  ngh,  g,  ng,  h,  II,  1,  r. 

There  are  various  combinations  of  the  vowels  in  the  Welsh, 
forming  diphthongs,  triphthongs,  and  others,  to  the  extent,  in  some 
cases,  of  si.x  coming  together. 

All  the  vowels  preserve  their  own  primitive  sounds  under  every 
circumstance  of  combination,  without  any  devi.ition.  So,  there- 
fore, whatever  number  come  together,  the  sounds  to  be  expressed 
are  those  of  all  such  combined  vowels,  but  rapidly  passed  over. 
There  are  instances  of  six  vowels  coming  together,  requiring  so 
many  quick  inflections  of  the  voice  to  express  them. 

The  following  is  a  list  of  the  common  combinations  of  the 
vowels :  — 


■y 


uy 


wy 


ae 

ei 

la 

oa 

ua 

wa 

ya 

ai 

eo 

le 

oe 

ue 

we 

ye 

aw 

eu 

10 

01 

uo 

Wl 

yo 

ay 

ew 

iw 

ou 

uw 

wo 

yw 

aea 

aia 

aua 

awa 

awy 

eia 

euo 

ewy 

iau 

ieu 

wao 

wei 

aeo 

aie 

aue 

awe 

eai 

eio 

ewa 

lae 

law 

oea 

wai 

wiw 

aew 

aio 

auo 

awo 

eaw 

eua    ewi 

lai 

lei 

oia 

waw 

wyw 

3336 


BRIEF  RULES  FOR  THE  PRONUNCIATION   OF  THE  PRmciPAL 


;;an  la: 


1.    Vowels. 

.i,  (1.)  short  or  open  «,  in  wan,  bar,  us,  glass. 

(2.)  long,  or  d,  is  the  same  sound  extended,  as  in  care,  dare. 
E,  (1.)  short,  as  in  vicit,  bed,  fervent. 

(•■i)  long,  or  e,  as  the  French  £,  as  in  meme. 
I,  (1.)  long,  as  in  street,  keep 

(2  )  short,  as  in  king,  sing. 
0,  (1.)  long,  or  o",  as  in  the  words  note,  bone,  gone. 

(2.)  short,  as  in  go,  no,  got,  not,  lot,  from. 
U  has  the  sound  of  English  u  in  busij,  and  of  j  as  in  sin,  thin,  live. 
W,  (1.)  is  sounded  as  oo  in  good,  hood;  and  as  u  in  the  word/wH. 

(2.)  long,  or  fe,  has  the  sound  of  oo  in  mood,  rood. 
Y,  (1.)  has  the  sound  of  a,  as  in  the  words  run,  turn,  and  of  j  as 
\n  first. 

(2.)  long,  or  p,  is  sounded  like  the  English  y  in  Sunday,  and 
is  like  the  "Welsh  u,  or  less  open  than  the  y  short. 

2.     CcfNSON.VNTS. 

The  names  of  the  consonants  were  anciently  formed  by  sounding 
the  vowel  i  after  all  of  them  ;  but  in  the  present  popular  mode,  the 
following  are  exceptions  to  that  rule,  and  they  begin  their  sounds 
with  e,  c,  f,  :,  v,f,  g,  ng,  ngh,  h,  II,  I,  m,  n,  r,  s. 

The  sounds  of  the  consonants,  like  the  vowels,  are  preserved  in- 
variably in  all  their  combinations.  The  sounds  of  the  letters  must 
be  considered  as  the  perfect  standard  of  the  pronunciation  of  the 
Welsh  language. 

(a.)    Labial  Sounds. 

The  letters  h,  v,f,  m,  p,  have  the  same  sound  as  in  English. 

The  mutation  of  the  p,  denoted  by  nth,  is  a  kind  of  aspirated  7n, 
whose  power  may  be  found  by  uniting  the  sound  of  ?)!,  in  the  word 
am,  to  A,  in  the  word  here,  by  a  quick  pronunciation  of  the  phrase 
I  am  here. 

(b.)    Dental  Sounds. 

The  d,  n,  s,  are  the  same  as  the  corresponding  English  letters. 

The  :,  which  is  a  mutation  of  d,  has  the  soft  or  flat  sound  of  th, 
as  in  the  words  thus,  neither. 

Tlie  t  has  the  sound  of  English  t  in  not,  ten,  to,  but  does  not 
take  the  sound  of  s  in  any  case. 

The  th,  which  is  a  mutation  of  t,  has  always  the  sharp  and  hard 
sound  of  English  th,  in  t!ie  words  thank,  both,  nothing. 

The  nh,  another  mutation  of  t,  is  a  sort  of  aspirated  n,  whose 
power  is  perceivable  in  the  word  inherent. 

(c.)    Palatal  Sounds. 

The  A,  I,  n,  r,  are  similar  to  the  same  English  letters. 

The  c  is  always  sounded  like  English  k. 

The  f,  (or  ch,)  being  a  mutation  of  c,  is  a  sound  which  has  no 
standard  in  English,  but  is  the  same  as  the  ch  of  the  German,  or 
the  X  of  the  Greek. 

It  is  produced  by  the  contact  of  the  tongue  and  the  palate  about 
the  eighth  of  an  inch  farther  back  than  when  /;  is  expressed. 

The  ngh  is  another  modification  of  c,  the  power  of  which  may  be 
made  out  in  the  word  jVoUingham,  by  suspending  tlie  breath  on 
the  letter  i,  instead  of  the  proper  division  of  the  word. 

The  g  is  always  like  the  English  hard  g,  as  in  go,  give,  again, 
leg,  peg. 

The  U  is  a  sound  peculiar  to  the  Welsh;  but  the  Spanish  U 
approaches  very  near  to  it.  The  sound  is  produced  by  touching 
the  palate  with  the  tongue,  about  an  eighth  of  an  inch  farther  back 
than  when  I  is  articulated. 


The  accentuation  of  all  words  is  known  by  one  general  rule ; 
that  is,  such  as  consist  of  several  syllables  have  the  accent  on 
the  penultima,  and  upon  every  second  syllable  backwards.  The 
same  principle  is  applied  to  several  monosyllables  coming  together, 
by  accenting  every  second  word  to  the  last  but  one  inclusively. 


GAELIC. 

The  Gaelic  language  has  five  vowels  and  thirteen  cor 
I.   Vowels. 

.4  is  sounded  as  in  the  English  words  hall,  halt ;  hot  befor.-  • 
and  gh,  it  has  often  the  Bound  of  the  diphthong  ac. 

E  represents  two  dilierent  sounds  :  — 

(1.)  that  of  the  Greek  t,  c-  "ngliah  word  bear. 

(2.)  that  of  tt  in  care. 

/is  hke  ee  in  English. 

0  has  the  different  sounds  of  6on«,  mom,  lot. 

V  is  like  00  in  moon,  fool. 

The  vowels  are  divided  into  broad,  o,  o,  u,  and  small,  t,  i. 

In  a  word  of  two  or  more  syllables,  if  the  form»r  '■ndt  wiOi  a 
broad  vowel,  the  next  syllable  must  begin  v.!'' 
with  a  small  vowel,  with  a  small,  though  i 
are  never  pronounced.     But  in  compound   n  ,.'^,,  -.i.t-.  m:-  ; 
often  be  properly  dispensed  with. 

All  the  vowels  are  either  long  or  short.     When  long,  they  l:_ 
generally  accented. 

In  all  the  syllables  of  polysyllables,  except  the  fir»».  tl;-  rorrrjr 
have  a  short  and  obscure  sound,   as  in  the  Enj 
bird,  mother ;  and  the  broad,  and  sometimes  the 
for  one  another. 

There  are  thirteen  diphthongs,  which  are  either  proper  or  im- 
proper. 

Jlo  and  eu  are  improper,  representing  simple  sounds :  • 
of  which  is  only  attainable  by  the  ear  ;  the  latter  is  like 
Greek   j,    (epsilon.)     All   the   other   diphthongs   arc   , 
sound  of  each  of  the  vowels  being  more  or  less  heard,     i 
oi,  io,  ia,  7ia,  vi,  the  last  vowel,  and  in  ia,  io,  iu,  the  firsi  •.'■•.•..  i.  ii 
but  faintly  sounded. 

There  are  five  triphthongs,  aoi,  eoi,  iai,  iui,  Tiai.    Th*-^'  ^*'   f--  - 
nounced  like  the   diphthongs  ao,  eo,  ia,  iu,  ua,  with  ti. 
of  a  short  i.     They  are  all  long,  and  never  occur  bi;'.     . 
syllables,  or  the  first  syllable  of  polysyllables. 

2.     CONSO.NANTS. 

The  consonants  are,  4,  c,  d,  f,g,  h,  I,  m,  n,  p,  r,  s,  I. 
Consonants  are  mutable  or  immutable. 

Mutable  are  such  as,  by  having  an  A  subjoined  to  them,  either 
alter  or  lose  their  usual  sound,  viz.,  b,  c,  d,f,  g,  m,  p,  s,  t. 

Immutable  are  such  as  are  never  aspirated,  or  hive  an  k  sub- 
joined to  them,  viz.,  the  liquids  /,  n,  r. 

After  a  short  vowel  or  diphthong,  the  con-  generally 

pronounced  as  when  written  double  in  Enghsn. 

A  consonant  standing  alone  is  sounded  as  if  it  were  the  i?i.' 
letter  of  the  following  word,  if  it  begins  with  a  vowel,  or  a.<  .  .• 
final  letter  of  the  preceding  word,  if  it  ends  with  a  vowel. 

Bh  and  mh  have  the  sound  of  v  in  English.     Mk,  in  the  middle 
or  end  of  polysyllables,  is  either  silent  or  stands  for  a 
gentle  aspiration. 
C  is  always  sounded  as  English  /.-.     Ch  has  the  s"- ■  '  -'"  "■ 
t  Greek  /,  or  of  wA  in  lough,  as  the  Irish  pmr. 

Dh  and  gh,  in  the  beginning  of  words,  are  commo;-,'. 

like  the  English  consonant  tj.     In  ti>e  middle  or  end  of 
words,  they  are  often  silent,  or  have  the  sound  of  a 
Fit  is  silent.  [faint  aspiration. 

G  is  always  sounded  as  in  the  English  words  get,  good. 
Ph  has  the  sound  of  English  /. 

S,  before  or  after  a  broad  vowel  in  the  same  syllable,  is  as  in 
English.      But   when   inmiediately   before   or   af:.-r   .-> 
small  vowel,  it  has  the  sound  of  sA.     S,  in  the  be^n; 
of  words,  when  preceded  by  the  article  with  (  i:.'.   .- 
vening,  is  silent. 
SA  and  th,  in  the  beginning  of  words,  have  the  sonnd  of  4  alone. 
Th,   after   a   long   vowel,   diphthong,  or  triphthong,   is   n' 
silent;  but  after  a  short  vowel  or  diphthong,  it  hr.s 
force  of  a  rapid  aspiration. 
The  immutable  consonants  /,  71,   r,  when  init'.als  01 
connected  with  others  in  a  sentence,  have  a  soft  doub! 
be  learned  only  by  the  ear.     But  whenever  the  order  c- 
tion  requires  that 'the  mutable  consonants  should  be  as; 
immutable  lose  their  double  sound,  and  are  pronounced  T-.eiriv  -..^ 
in  English.  .     , ,  j 

When  the  consonants/,  n,  r,  have  ''■    -  ^  '  - ' "'  '"   •* 

middle  or  end  of  words,  they  are  wrilti 


im 


OBSERVATIONS    ON    THE    TAELE 


In  tlic  preparation  of  the  following  tabic,  the  compiler  has  aimed 
at  tiie  utmost  possible  simplicity.  For  this  reason,  he  has  employed 
in  his  key  as  small  a  number  of  English  sounds  as  was  possible, 
and  has  preferred  to  refer  most  of  the  sounds  in  the  several  kn- 
rruages  to  their  nearest  English  equivalents,  rather  than  to  intro- 
duce a  separate  notation  and  key  for  each  language  To  do  the 
last,  would  have  been  to  destroy  the  simplicity,  and,  in  a  great 
measure,  to  defeat  the  object,  of  the  table,  which  was  designed 
f^)r  easy  reference,  by  all  classes  of  readers.  It  will  be  sufficient, 
once  fur  all,  to  observe,  tliat  certain  sounds  in  several  of  the  lan- 
guirges  of  Europe  can  be  but  imperfectly  represented  by  the  Eng- 
lish letters  and  syllables  which  are  given  as  their  equivalents. 
The  Swedish  u  is  represented  by  the  English  oo  or  the  French  7t. 
Tlie  Danish  ^  final,  not  preceded  by  n,  corresponds  nearly  to  the 
English  h  guttural.  The  Dutch  ui,  uy,  is  represented  by  the 
English  oi.     In  the   German,  a  is  indicated  by  the  English  a  in 


far;  g  and  ck  are  manned  as  gutturals;  a^  (t,  and  «,  3ic,  corre- 
spond to  the  French  cu  and  u;  at  is  indicated  by  i  long;  eu  by  tlie 
English  oi.  The  Polisli  z  Iias  no  corresponding  Englisli  sound. 
The  Spanish  g  soft  and  j  differ  from  the  German  ch  guttural  in 
being  pronounced  also  from  the  palate.  In  the  French,  u  has  no 
corresponding  English  sound;  cu  is  nearly  like  the  u  in  the  Em*-- 
lish  spur  ;  tn  and  7t  nasal  are  indicated  by  7ig,  but  the  sound  of  g 
should  not  be  heard  in  the  pronunciation;  I  viouilU  final  is  in- 
dicated by  ?y,  gne  final  by  nij ;  in  both  these  cases,  the  sound  of  y 
consonant  being  added  to  that  of  the  I  and  n,  as  in  hrilliant  and 
vugiwncUc;  oi  is  also  expressed  by  zca,  a  being  sounded  as  in  far, 
except  oluj  in  which  a  is  sounded  as  in  lat.  In  all  names  not 
English,  ck  at  the  end  6f  syllables  not  guttural  is  tch. 


The  several  countries  are  indicated  by  the  following  abbrevia- 
tions :  — 


Af. Africa. 

As Asia. 

Austr Austrian  Dominions. 

Austr.  As Australasia. 

Austral  i  ^'*'^^''  Australia  and  New 

(      South  Wales. 

Braz Brazil. 

Can Canada. 

Oil China. 

Den Denmark. 

East.  Isl Eastern  Islands. 

Eg Ef^ypt. 

En:; England. 

Fr Fiance. 

Ger. Germany. 

Gr Greece. 

Hmd Hindostan. 

Ind East  Indies. 

Ir Ireland. 

It Italy. 

Jap Japan. 

Rlex. Mexico. 

N.  Am North  America. 

Neth  ...     .      i  Nethrrlanda,  Holland  and 

(     Ilclcium. 


N.  9 Nova  Scotia. 

r  Nov/  Zealand,  Western 
N  Zeal <       Australia,  Van   Die- 

C      men's  Land. 

I'al Palestine. 

p  j  Peninsula,    Spain    and 

(       Portugal. 

r,  \  Persia,    Cabool,   Beloo- 

Per \  '  ' 

(      chistan,  Bokhara. 

Port Portugal. 

Pruss Prussia. 

U Russian  Empire. 

„    .  I  South  and  Central 

'      America. 

Scot Scotland. 

S.  Isl Sandwich  Inlands. 

C  Scandmavian   IVninsu- 
Sc  Pen s       la,      Sweden      and 

C      Norway. 

Sic Sicily. 

Soc.  Isl Society  Islands. 

Sp. Sjtain. 

Switz Switzerland. 

Syr. Syria. 


rp  {  Turkey,    Asiatic    and 

'       European. 

U.  S United  States. 

W.  Ind.     .        .  .  West  Indies. 

b bay. 

c cape. 

CO.  cy county. 

distr. district. 

dcp ilcparlment. 

ft fort. 

S g'l'f- 

k. harbor. 

i^L island. 

/ lake. 

mtij-.  6ta.    ,      ...  missionary  station. 

Hit mountain. 

pr province. 

pL port  and  jioint 

r river. 

st sciail. 

I tower. 

raL valley 


1388 


PRONOUNCING  VOCABULAKY 


MODERN    GEOGRAPHICAL    NAMES 


Aabte, (Den  ) 
A.ich,(Ger.)r. 
Aaaerup,  (Den.) 
Aalbek,  (Den.) 
Aalborg,  (Den.) 
Aalsund,  (Sc  Pen  ) 
Aar,  (Ger.)  r. 
Aar,  (Switz.)  r. 
/Varberg,  (Swilz.) 
Aarburg,  (Swilz.) 
Aargau,  (towilz.) 
Aarhuus,  (Den.) 
Aanip,  (Den.) 
Aanvangen,  (Swilz.) 
Abbakan 
Abbave,  (Switz.) 
Abbeville,  (Fr.) 
AbbeviUe,  (U.  S,) 
Abenberg,  (Ger.) 
Abensburg,  (Ger.) 
Aberdeen,  (bcol.)  e. 
Abergavenny,  (Scot) 
Abervrach,  (Fr.)  A. 
Aberysiwiih 
Abingilon,  (U.  S.) 
Abla,  (Pen.) 
Ablasserdam,  (Xelb.) 
A  bits,  (Fr.) 
Abo,  (R.) 
Abonaie,  (Swilz.) 
Aboukir,  (Eg) 
Abrets,  les,  (Fr.) 
Abruzzo,  (IL) 
Abvigo,  (Switz.) 
Abyssinia,  (Af.) 
Acadia 

Acadie,  (Can.) 
Acaponeta,  (Mel.) 
Acapuico,  (>Iex.) 
Acamania,  (Gr.) 
Acallan,  (Mex.) 
Accumuli,  (It.) 
Acebedo,  (Pen.) 
Acerenza,  (It.) 
Acema,  (IL) 
Acerra,  (It.) 
Ach,  (Ger.) 

Acha,  Sierra  de,  (Mex.) 
Achaia,  (Gr.) 
Acherings,  (Ger.) 
Acbem,  (Ger.) 
Aciorolo,  dell,  (It.) 
Aci  Reale,  (IL) 
Acinar,  (Pen.) 
Acoma,  (Mex.) 
Acqua  Sparta,  (Pen.) 
Acqui,  (Pen.) 
Acqs 

Acre,  (Pal.) 
Aculapa,  (Mex.) 
Adalia,  (Tur.) 
Adamello,  (It.)  mL 


AdamuZjjPen.) 
Adana,  (Tur.) 
Adda,  (IL)  r. 
Adel,  (Af.) 
Adel^berg,  (Auslr.) 
AdeUheim,  (Ger.) 
Aden,  (As.) 
Adige,  (IL)  r. 
Adironlack 
Adler,  (Auatr.)- 
Adnlf;  (Sc.  Pen.' 


m'bek 
Cl'bor§ 

Hr 

dr 

dr^beri 

dr'bQifri 

dr'gou 

dr'hQifa 

dr'cdng-en 

db-ba-kdn' 

d-bi' 

Ub'v'iU 

db'be-ville 

a'ben-beT§ 

a'bens-b^Qr^ 

db'er-dctn, 

db-er-ga-ven'ny 

dbr-vrak' 

ab-CT-yst-w'ith' 

db'ing-don 

Wbla 

db'ldsser-ddm 

d-bCi' 

a'bqg 

d-bong-di' 

d-bQ<fkiT' 

It  za-&ra' 

d-brQQdi'zo 

db-v'i'go 

db-ys-sin'i-a 

a-k&'di-a 

d-kd-di' 

ii-kd^pQ-ne'ta 

dk'd'p^ifl'ko 

dridr-nd'n'i-a  or  a-kdr-nd'- 

d-kdt'lan  \ni-a 

ak-kt}Q-mQQ'ti 

a-Vie-be' do 

drche-ren'dza 

d-cher'na 

'd-cher'ra 

Uh 

s'i-er'ra  de  'd'cka 

a-k&'ya 

dlh-er-ings' 

dlh'ern 

deU  d-cki-o-rS'lo 

d'eh'i  re-d'le 

d-th'i'nds 

d-lcH'ma 

dk'kQ^-a  spdr'ta 

dk'ki 

dks 

d-kr' 

d-kQif-ld'pa 

d-dd'ti-a  or  a-da'ti-a 

d-dd-mel'to 

d-dd-rrtQ^tJi' 

d'dd-na 

dd'da 

a' del  or  a' del 

d-deU-btr^' 

d'dels-hlme 

d'den  or  S'den 

d'di-dgs 

&d-di^on'lak 

dd'ler  ' 

d'dolf 


A. 


Adorf,  (Ger.) 
Adra,(Pen.) 
Adria,  (It.) 
Adrianople,  (Tur.) 
Adriatic,  (II.) 
iEgean 

Aelberg,  (Austr.) 
Aeroe,  (Den.)  isL 
.\erschot,  (Neth.) 
Aersen,  (Neth.) 
Aesdi,  (Switz.) 
iEtna,  (It.)  mt. 
Aflerden,  (Neth.) 

Afghanistan,  (Per.) 

Afoninska,  (R.) 
Africa 

Agatha,  S.  (Austr.) 
Agers,  (Den.)  isl. 
Agerskov,  (Den.) 
Aggebye,  (Den.) 
Agger,  (Den.) 
Aggerhuus,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Agincourt,  (Fr.) 
Agiie,  (It.) 
Aguuni,  (It.) 
Agoa  de  Paco,  (Pen.) 
Agoa  de  Pei.\es,  (Poii.) 
Agoas  de  Muilra,  (Pen.) 
Agordo,  (It.) 
Agra,  (Ind.) 
Agram,  (Austr.) 
Agri,  (It.)  r. 
Agua,  (Mex.) 
Aguajo,  (Mex.) 
Aguaiuico,  (Mex.) 
Agua  Nueva,  (Mex.) 
Aguas  Calienles,  (Mex.) 
Agudo,  (Pen.) 
Aguiar,  (Pen.) 
Aguila  Point,  (Pen.) 
Aguilar  e  Campo,  (Pen.) 
Aguilas,  de  los,  (Pen.) 
Ahaus,  ((5er.) 
Ahmedabad,  (Hind.) 
Ahraednuggur,  (Hind.) 
Ahrensboek,  (Den.) 
Aibling,  (Ger.) 
Aich,  (Ger.) 
Aichsladt,  (Ger.) 
Aiebach,  (Ger.) 
Aigle,  (Switz.) 
Aigle,(Fr.) 

Aigrefeullle,  (Fr.) 

Aigueperse,  (Fr.) 
Ain,  Dep.  of,  (Fr.) 
Aina,  (Pen.) 
Aire,  (Fr.) 
Aisne,  Dep.  of,  (Fr.) 
Aisne,  (Fr.)  r. 
Aiterbach,  (Ger.)  r. 
Aiirach,  (Ger.) 
Aix,  (Fr.) 

Aix  la  Chapelle,  (Ger.) 
Ajaccio,  (IL) 
Ajaccio,  Gulf  of,  (It.) 
Ajasaluek 
Ajo,  (Pen.) 
Akasyto,  (Austr.) 
Akbarrabad,  (Hind.) 
Akernian,  (R.) 
Akieva,  (R.) 


■d'dorf 

Akknim,  (Neth.) 
Aksai,  (R.)  r. 
Akseriska,  (U.) 

d'dra 

d'dri-a  or  Wdfi-a 

dd^i-d-nG'pt 

Ala,  (Austr.) 

dd-ri-a'tik 

Alabama,  (U.  8.) 

e-je'an 

Alacranw,  (Mex.)  isL 
Alachua,  lu.  8.) 
.\lagon,  (Pen.) 

cU'bir^ 

ar'A 

Hr'skat 

Alazon,  (Pen.)  r 

dr'seri 

Al.afs,  (Fr.) 

uihe 

Alalo,  (R.) 
Alniiir.la,  (Pen.) 

it'na 

df-fir'dai 

Al:ilnilla,  (Me.l.) 

(  df-gd'nis-tdn^  or  df  gd' 

Alamillo,  (Pen.) 

\      nis'tan 

Alainoniocho,  (Mex.) 

d-fH-nuis'kd 

Alamora,  (Pen.) 

dfri-ka 

Aland,  (R.)  ul. 

d-gd'id 

Alaohehr 

d'g^ri 
Wgir-skSvc' 

AlaOrillodolRio,(Mci.) 

djr'ge-hu' 

Alassio,  (It.) 

'dg'ger 

Alatamaha,  (U.  S.) 

dg'  ^er-k<iQce* 

Alaymos,  los,  (Mex.) 

d-ffang-kQ(^' 

Alb,  (Ger.)  r. 

Alba,  (It.) 

dn-ynij'n'i 

Alba  de  Tornies,  (Pen.) 

d-gO'a  de  pd'ka 

Alba  Longa,  (It.) 

d-gS'a  de  pVihds 

Albacete,  (Pen.) 

d-gG'ds  de  mdil'ra 

Alban,  (Fr.) 

d-gqr'do 

Albania,  (Tur.) 

d'gra 

Albano,  (It.) 

d'grom  or  d'grom 

Albans,  (Eng.) 

d'gri 

Albany,  (U.  9.) 

d'gi^Q-a 

.\tbarracin,  (Pen.) 

d-g<jQ-d'Zho 

Albatana,  (Pen.) 
.Mbatcra,  (Pen.) 

d-g<^i}-d-li^l'kt 

'd'gQQ-d  nQ(}-e'va 

Albepna,  (It.)  r. 

d'gi^Q-ds  kd-ti-en'tesse 

Albemarle,  (U.  S.) 

d-gm'dS 

Albena,  (Ger.)  r. 

d-gi-dr' 

Albenga,  (It.) 
Alberea,  (Pen.) 

d-gi'la 

d-g'i-ldr'  e  kdm'po 

Alberche,  (Pen.)  r. 

de  los  d-g'i'lds 

Albergaria,  (Pen.) 

d'kouse 

Alberoni,  (It.) 

dhm-med-a-lad' 

Albert,  (Fr.) 

dhm-med-nug'  gur 

Albertas,  (Fr.) 
Albert!,  (.\ustr.) 

dh'rens-b^k' 

I'bling 

Albidona,  (It.) 
Albincn,  (Swilz.) 

m  ' 

Uh'stdt 

Albinona,  (IL) 

Ve-hdlh' 

Albo,  (It.)  mt. 

a-gV 
a-gl' 

Alboz,  (Pen.) 

Albreojos,  los,  (Mex.) 

I  a-gT^-fek-'V  or  S-in''- 

Albuera,  (Pen.) 

\     fA,jV 
ag-perce 
eng 

.Mbufera  de  Valencia,  (Pen. 

Albula,  (Switz.)  r. 
Albuquerque,  (.Mex.  t  Pen. 

ifi'na 

Alburno,  (It.)  rat. 

air 

Alc.ila,  (Pen.) 

He 

Alcala  Ic  Re.al  (Pen.) 
Alcala  de  Guidara,  (Pen.) 

6nc 

Vter-hdlh 

Alcala  de  los  Gazules,  (Pen 

I'trdlh 

ace 

Alcaniz,  (Pen.) 

uks'ld  shd-fiW 

Alcantara,  (Pen.) 

d-ydtch'iS 
ti-ydich'iS 

Alcantarilla,  (Pen.) 

Alcanuaro,  (IL)  r. 

d-jds-se-fQQk' 
d'lho 

Alcarez,  (Pen.) 

Alcazar  de  S.  Juan,  (Pen.) 

d-kdsh'to 

Alcino,  (It.)  mU 
Alcira,  (Pen.) 

ak-bdr-ra-hdd' 

G'ker-mdit 

Alcobaca,  (Pen.) 

d'kir-va 

Alcobend;i.<,  (Pen.) 

dk'ti 
dttiiu'kM 

U-t-mmm 

d-ldtra'taM 

a-lidt'a-t 

it'la-^au 
d'td-gon 
AM' 

dAd'mf'ia 

d  Id-mi 'm  or  »IS-air|« 

d.Jil-Bii>* 

d-IdH>0'ra 
i'U%d 

I  it'ta  i^rU'f  (t-rTf)  tU 
I      rt'o 
IHdi'ji-c 

los  d-tl'mos 
dip 

iU'ha 

di'frj  Jf  tnr^ac  ' 

dl'b%i  Ltu'ft 

nl-bi-ijti'tt 


»'  -  «y 

al-iOr-rd'Mm 

dl-id-ufiM 

dJ-bd-tt'n 

dl-iea'fc 

dl'^-ma 

dl-ben'gn 

dJ-*;-rt'c 

albrr-cXt 
dl-ber-gA-ri'm 

oi-^^^o'rllr 

al-hir-lds' 

ai-ifr'n 

dl-ii-dS'ii* 
m-bi'nrn 
blbl-ni't 
Itl'bt 

Ias  dl-hrt-^'ci*--f 
dj-h^^-t'ra 
.)  d!\'f'ft-ra  it  TAVm'lkK 

)  aJ-iw-'^r't; 

dl-to(r'«K 

al-iald' 

dl-ia-la'  1{  rt-"- 

«/ td-Id"  rfj  f>-i«'r« 
,  B.'-id-Zd'  it  k'  r«'«*« 

■•'      ffJW 
iltdnili 


al-riff 
dl-tit'rs 
dl-U-Hfltm 
dl-t^-tra'ddt 


Fate,  fdr,  m,  v,IM,  bat.  -  MUe,  prey,  hilp,  Mre,  her.  -  Pme,  marine,  b\rd,  ftg.  -  Mte,  dive,  mSve,  Wflf,  if  ji 
Fr.  long  A  and  short  eH,  neatly  03  in  spur.  -  Final  ly,  French  I  mouilU.  -M'ger,  vV'mm.  -  g  as  »  in 


,  hrd.—TOne,  bijll,  tinilc  —  Fr.  long  rite ;   Fr.  sliof.  ^£t  — 
pleasure;  |  and  «  guttural ;  ■»  liQuiJ  ;  U  as  in  .-'.li. 


167 


13!}9 


I"" 


PRONUNCIATION   OF   MODERN    GEOGRAPHICAL   NAMES. 


AlLMlea,  (Pen.) 
Alcoy,  (Pen.) 
Ainiy,  (Pen.)  r. 
A\di-'.i  Gallega,  (Pen.) 
Aldea  Fonle,  (Pen.) 
Al.iea  Davila,  (Pen.) 
Aiile.i  Nueva,  (Pen.) 
Ahienau,  (Ger.) 
AUJerney,  (Fr.)  isl. 
AlJiimen,  (Ger.) 
Aledo;  (Pen.) 
Alek!^aniirou3k,  (R.) 
Ak-ksandrooka,  (R.) 
Aleksievsk,  (it.) 
Aieksiecvka,  (R.) 
Aleksin,  (R.) 
Alcksopal,  (K.) 
.Mencon,  (Kr.) 
Ak-ntcjo,  f  Pen.) 
Aleppo,  ('J  ur.) 
Aleria,  (h.)(. 
Alessandria,  (It.) 
Aleijsandro,  (As.)  isl 
Alet,  (Fr.) 
Aleur,  (Netli.) 
Aleutian,  isl. 
Alexandria,  (Ej.) 
AJexandioo,  (R.) 
Alexandrooka,  (U.) 
Alexievka,  (R.) 
Alfajariii,  (Pen.) 
AUainbiii,(P<'n.) 
A|{VId,(G(-r.) 
Alfcrcvka,  (R.) 
Alfuiena,  (II.) 
Alfontcs,  (Pen  ) 
Alfsta,  (He.  Pen  ) 
Algajola,  (It.) 
Alf^arve,  (Pen.) 
Aifieciras,  (Pen.) 

Ali^llLTO,  (It.) 
Alters,  (Af.) 
Alijonquins,  (Can.) 
Alliaina,  (Pen.) 
Alliandia,  (Pun.) 
Alilnmar.  (Aiistr.) 
Alicante,  (Pen.) 
Alii-ala,  (U.) 
Alicndi,  (U.)  isl. 
AWCi-,  (Ii.) 
A!inc';as,  {^c.  Pon.) 
Aljczur,  (Pen.) 
Alkieva,  (R.) 
Alkinaar,  (Neth.) 
All  Falu,  (Aiistr.) 
Allahabad,  (Ind.) 
Allaines,  (Fr.) 
Allaman,  (.Svvitz.) 
Alle,  (!S\vilz.) 
Alk-'^'hanv,  (U.  S.) 
Aliendoif,  (Ger.) 
Alk-nsteig,  (Oer.) 
Allciisteiii,  (Ger.) 
AiU'i-,  (Gfr.)r, 
AllevLip,  (Uen.) 
Ailia,  (It.)  r. 
Allicr,  {Fu)dep. 
Ailua,  (Srot.) 
AllKiie,  (Fr.) 
.Miscltiiwylcr,  (Switz.) 
All.siarU,  (Priis.) 
Alinadri»nDs,  (Pen.) 
Ahiiayro,  (Pen.) 
Ahiianza,  (Pen.) 
.\lui!wizor,  (Pen.)  r. 
Ahnaii-.'.nra,  (Pen.)  r. 
AIniarez,  (Pen.) 
Alinazarrun,  (Pen.) 
Almeira,  Gulf  of,  (Pen.) 
Alinenara,  (Pen.) 
Alinondulaia,  (It.) 
Ahneria,  (Iiilf  of,  (Pen.) 
Alniernihi,  (Ger.) 
Alinetcva,  (R.) 
Alniuzafes,  (Pen.) 

Alnwick,  (Eng.) 

Alonxo,  (Pen.) 
Ak)ni,  (Pen.) 
Alp,  (Svvi.z.) 
Alpeiiriz,  (Pen.) 
Atpeia,  (Pen.) 
Alpbach,  (Switz.) 
Alfdien.  (Noth.) 
A![ns,  Lower,  (Fr.)  dcp. 
Aip-s,  Upper,  (Fr.)  dt^). 
AI|J!,  (It.)  int. 
Alps,  (Ger.  Wurtemburg) 
Alpiijarras,  (Mex.) 
Alsace,  (Fr.) 
Al^bjerj-,  (Den.) 
Aken,  (Deii.)isi. 
AUfeld,  (Ger.) 
.'Uscog,  (Sc.  Pen.) 


m-kd'U'a. 

al-ko'i 

dl-ko'-i 

(il-de'a  g'dUU'ga 

al-de'a  jion-U 

Hl-de'a  dd-v'i'la 

dl-de'a  ntj^e'va   , 

aJ~de-nou' 

al-der~n£'  or  'dl'der^ity 

'dUding'm 

d-le'do 

ti-lek-sUn-drQQ.'ik' 

'd-Uk~s(in-drQt}'ka 

cl-leks'ievsk' 

(l-Uk-s'ie-iv'Ua 

U-lek'sin 

d-lek' so-pdl 

d-l'dng-song'  or  aUhi'son 

d-len-te'lho 

U-Up'po  or  al-ep'po 

'dr-lt'T'i~a 

d-les-s'dii' dr'i-a 

d'les-sdn' dro 

a-le' 

d-i^r' 

al-d'sk'i-ari 

di-ex-dit'di'i-a 

r^l-ex-d}i'dr(^<} 

d-lex-da-drQQ'ka 

d-Ux-'iev'ka 

iH-fd-chd'r'in 

dl-fdm'brd 

dl'/m 

dl-fe-rcw'ka 

al-f'i-de'na 

dUfon'tc:ise 

(ilfi'sta 

dl-gd-yo'la 

dl-gdr've 

dl~che-th'i'r'ds 

dl-gfi'ro 

al-jeers' 

dl-gan'quin.  or  dng-gon'~ 

ill-y'd'ma  [qain 

al-ydn'dra 

dl-'i~hnn-ndr' 

d-l'i-kdii' i.c 

d-li-kd'ta 

d4'i-ki}^'di 

H-li'ft 

d-ling'sosR 

dl-lhP'thQ(}T' 

dl-k'icu'a 

dlk'mdr 

dilfd'l<jQ 

al-ld-hd-hdd' 

d-lduc' 

dl'ld-mdn' 

dl'h 

dUh-gha'  luj 

dl'Usi-dqrf 

dVUii-sn^' 

dl'len-stiiic' 

dl'ler 

dl-le-rQf)]}' 

dVli-d 

dl-ti-c' 

dl'ld-a 

al-lone' 

dl~sfii}Q-vt'lir 

al'stdt 

dl-md-dro'nessc 

dl-md'gro 

dl-mdn'fJia 

dl-mda'lhor 

al-iiidn'tltO'Ta 

dt-vid'  retk 

'dl-m'd-thdr'ron 

dl-mei'ra 

iH-me-u'd'Ta 

'dX-nihir-dij-ld'ra 

dl-me'ri-a 

dl-me-r5'de 

dl-we-te'va 

dl-vio^Vid'fc3se 
(  aln'wir.k^  sometimes 
\      Qyi'uik 

Hlqn'sQ 

d-lO'ra 

dip 

'dl-pt' drWi 

'dUpe'ra 

dlp'h'dlk 

dl'fhi 

dip 

dip 

hl'pt 

aipa 

dl'PQQ-Tih'dr'r'ds 

dl-sdcc' 

iUs-hyfr^' 

iil's(-n 

ah-'pit 

Cil'.\ki;.{ig 


Alstctten,  (8witz.) 
Altamaha,  (U".  S.) 
Altamura,  (It.) 
Aitels,  (Switz.) 
Altai,  (As.) 
Alten,  (Sc.  Pen.)  r. 
Alten,  (Switz.) 
AUenburg,  (Ger.) 
Altenfeld,  (Ger.) 
Altengard,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Altenkirchen,  (Ger.) 
Altonsteig,  (Ger.) 
Altinghausen,  (Switz.) 
Altkircb,  (Fr.) 
Alto,  (It.)  mt. 
Altona,  (Den.) 
Aiuiniera,  (It.) 
Aiva,  (Pen.) 
Alvarado,  (Mex.) 
Alvarado,  (iMex.)  r. 
Alvito,  (Pen.) 
AIz,  (Ger.)  r. 
Aiznnne,  (Fr.) 
Aniager,  (Don.)  isl. 
Ajnal,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Amazon,  (S.  Am.) 
Amarante,  (Pen.) 
Amatlan,  (Mes.) 
Amberg,  (Ger.) 
Anibert,  (Fr.) 
Amiileteuse,  (Fr.) 
Anihoy,  (U.  S.) 
Arnboynu,  (Eastern  Isl.) 
Ambrieres,  (Fr.) 
Ameland,  (Netli.)  isl. 
America 

Amersfort,  (Netli.) 
Ainerstol,  (Netli.) 
Amhara,  (Af.) 
Amherst,  (U.  S.) 
Atniens,  (Fr.) 
Amieva,  (Pen  ) 
Aniiiiabad,  (Mex.) 
Aniiie,  (U.  S.) 
Amlwch,  (Ehr.) 
Ammer,  (Ger.)  /. 
Ammer,  iGer.)  r. 
Ammon  St.  Gallen,  (Svvitz. 
Animonoosnck 
Amoor,  (As.) 
Ampilley,  (Fr.) 
Amretsir,  (Hind.) 
Atiijiosta,  (Pen.) 
Anioieg,  (Svvitz.) 
Anislerdam,  (Ncth.) 
Anadnlia,  (Tnr.) 
Anagaila  de  Fiiera,  (Mex.) 
Anahiiac,  (Mex.) 
Anahuac,  (Mex.)  mt. 
Anatolia,  (As.) 
Anclani,  (Trus.) 
Ancona,  (It.) 
Ancy  le  i'ranc,  (Fr.) 
Andalu.sia,  (Pen.) 
Andance,  (Fr.) 
Andefingeu,  (Switz.) 
Andermalt,  (Switz.) 
Aridernacli,  (Ger.) 
Andenx,  (Fr.) 
Andes,  (S.  Am.) 
Andorno,  (It.) 
Andorra,  (Pen.) 
AndovcT,  (U.  S.) 
Andreasberg,  (Ger.) 
Andrews,  St. 
Andro,  (CIr.) 
Androscopijin,  (U.  S.) 
Angil.^k,  (11.) 
Angerlo,  (Neth.) 
Angerman,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Angerniunde,  (I'rus.) 

Angillon,  (Fr.) 

Anglesey,  (Eng.) 
Angora,  (As.) 
Angostura,  (S.  Am.) 
Angouleme,  (Fr.) 
Angoumois,  (Fr.) 
Angra,  (Af.) 
Angreville,  (Fr.) 
Angula,  (Af.) 
Angura,  (Tur.) 
Anhalt,  (Ger.) 
Anholt,  (Den.)  isl. 
Anholtbye,  (Den.) 
Anialarra,  (Pen.)  int. 
Aninas,  (iMex.)  r. 
Anio,  (It.)  r. 
Anjou,  (Fr.) 

Ankenaes,  (Sc.  Pen.)  wt. 
Annapolis,  (Nova  Scotia) 
Annunay,  (Fr.) 
Anpen,  (Nelh.) 
Anspacli,  (Ger.) 


dl-stet'ten 

dl-ta-ma-haw' 

dl-td-viQ(}'ra 

dl'tcls 

dl-td'i 

dl'teii 

dl'thi 

dVten-hQ^r^ 

dl'ten-feW  " 

dl'ten-^ord' 

iil-teii-kir'Zhen 

dl-ten-sh^' 

dl'liiig-kuii'sen 

dW'kirlh 

dl'to 

dl'tO-na 

d-lf^Q-nii-e'ra 

dl'm 

dl-vd-rd'do 

dl-vd-rd'do 

dl-v'i'to 

dlts 

d'ltid-gtr 

o'mdl 

dvi'd-thoii  or  dm'a-zon 

tt-md-rd>t't^ 

d-wdt'idn 

dm'ber^ 

dng'bekr 

(ing-bl't^se 

dnt'boy 

am-boy'na 

dng'br'7-§re' 

a'me-ldnt 

a-mer'i-kg. 

d'mers-Jvrt' 

d'mir-stOle' 

am-hd'rd 

dm'herst 

d-vii-dng' 

d-m'i-e'va 

d-mi'nd-bdd' 

dm-'ite.' 

dm'lQQk 

dm'iuer 

dm'mer 
)  dni'mon  s'dnkt'  gal'Utt 

dm-mon-ijQ' suck 

d-niQ^r' 

dng~p'il-yt' 

dm-ret-s'ir' 

dm-pos'ta 

dm's'i^ 

dm' strr-ddm 

dii-a-dd'ti-a 

d-nd'gd'da  deftjQ-e'ra 

d'nd-QQ-dJz' 

d'nd-Qf^dk' 

d~nd-to'li-a  or  dn-a-tO'li-a 

dn'kldin 

dn-ko'iia 

dng-cV  ie'  frdng' 

di}-dd-l(j(}'  xi-a 

dng-ddngce' 

divde-fing-en 

dn-dir-m.'dt' 

dn-tUr-iidlk' 

dng'd^' 

dn'dez 

dn-dqr'no 

dn-dor'ra 

dn'do-vcr 

dn-dre'ds-bir^ 

dn'drQQz 

dii'dro 

an-dros-kog'  gin 

dn'gitsk 

dn'ger-lo 

dif  g'  cr-vidn' 

dng'h'-muii'iJe 
\  d'lg-g'i-ong  or  diig-g'il- 
(      yong' 

dn'gl'Sey 

dn-go'ra 

dii-gos-tQQ'ra 

d]ig-g(iQ'Umc' 

dng-gQQ-mwa' 

dn'gra 

dng-gr-v'ile' 

dn^goQ-la 

dn-CQ<}'ra 

dn'hdlt 

dn'kolt 

dn'holUhTi! 

d-iii-d'ldr'ra 

d-ni'nds 

d' 112-0 

dng-grt(i' 

du'k(>i>d.sc' 

an-nd'pu-Hssc  or  dn-ndp'- 

dn-no-nd'  [po-lis 

dn'phi 

dns'spd'ih 


S' 


Antino,  (U) 
Antrim,  (Ir.) 
Antwerp,  (Neth.) 
Anzico,  (Af.) 
Apaclies,  (Mex.) 
Apelduorn,  (Neth.; 
Apen,  (Ger) 
Apennines,  (It.) 
Apeniade,  (Den.) 
Apcnrade,  (Den.)  g. 
Appalachicola,  (U.  S.) 
Appelsclie,  (Neth.) 
Appelturn,  (Neth.) 
Appenzell,  (Switz.) 
Appia  Via,  (It.) 
Appomattox,  (U.  S.) 
Aquafreddo,  (It.) 
Aqnaiia,  (It.) 
Aquaverde,  (Mex.) 
Aquila,  (Pen.) 
Arabia,  (As,) 
Aracan,  (Eastern  Isl.) 
Aragon,  (Pen.) 
.\ragon,  (Fen.)  r 
Aragona, 
Aral,  (As. 
Aran,  (Fr.) 
Aranda,  (Pen.) 
Araudon,  (Fr.) 
Arangos,  (Austr.) 
Aranjuez,  (Pen.) 
Ararat,  mt. 
Aras,  (R.) 
Aras,  (R.)  n 
Arau,  (Switz.) 
Arboga,  (Sc.  Pen  ;  id 
Arbois,  (Fr.) 
Arboleda,  (Mex.)  c. 
Arbos,  (Pen.) 
A^x,  (Svvitz.) 

Aicaclian,  Bassin  de  (Fr.) 
Arcadia,  (Cor.) 
Arcadia,  Gulf  of 
Archangel,  (R.) 
Archangelsk,  (R.) 
Archipelago,  (Tuv.) 
Arcuenta,  (It.)  viL 
Arcij,  (It.)  r. 
Arcoli,  (It.) 
Arcos,  (Pen.) 
Arcos,  lo.^,  (Pen.  Sc  Mex.) 
Arcot,  (Hind.) 
Ardara,  (R.) 
Ardato,  (R.) 
Ardeche,  (Fr.)  dep. 
Ardennes,  (Fr.)  dep. 
Ardetz,  (Switz.) 
Ardolievo,  (R.) 
Arduz,  (Pen.) 
Ardres,  (Fr.) 
Arefina,  (R.) 
Arega,  (Pen.) 
Arena,  (It.)  r. 
Arenas,  (Pen.) 
Arenas,  (Mex.)  c. 
Arendal,(Sc.  Pen.) 
Arendonk,  (Neth.) 
Arensburg,  (R.) 
Arciiswalde,  (Prus.) 
Arequipa,  (S.  Am.) 
Areskutan,  (Sc.  Pen.)  mt. 
Arevalo,  (Pen.) 
Arezzo,  (It.) 
Arganda,  (Pen.) 
Argen,  (Ger.)  r. 
Argent,  (Fr.) 
Argenta,  (It.) 
Argenlaro,  (It.)  mt. 
Argeiital,  (Fr.) 
Argenteiiil,  (Fr.) 
Argenton,  (Fr.) 
Arguisuelas,  (Pen.) 
Argyle,  (Scot.) 
Ariano,  (It.) 
Arica 

Arignano,  (It.) 
Arispe,  (Mex.) 
Aristovo,  (R.) 
Arizona,  (Mex.) 
Arjes,  (Pen.) 
Arjonilla,  (Pen.) 
Arkansas,  (U.  S.) 
Aries,  (Fr.) 
Arlesheim,  (Switz.) 
Arlinsk,  (R.) 
Armagh,  (Ir.) 
Armenia.  (R.  Sz  Tur.) 
Annilio,  (It.)  mt 
Arniiiiio,  (Pen.) 
Arnau,  (Ausir.) 
Arnay  le  Due,  (Fr.) 
Arnemuiden,  (Neth.) 
Arnheirn,  (Neth.) 
Arno,  (It.)r. 


dii-t'i' jw 

dn'trim 

dnt'werp  or  diU'verp 

dii-tlii'ko 

U-pd'ckessc 

dp'pel-ddrn' 

d'pen 

dp'pen-iiines 

d'pen-rd'de 

d-pen-rd'de 

dp-pa-ldk-'i'kO  'la 

dp'ptls-ske 

dp'ptl^tQ^tV 

dp'pen-tstV 

dp'p'i-a  v'i'a 

dp-po-mdt'tox 

d'kwd'fred'do 

d-kwd'iia 

d-k<jQ~'d^ver'de 

d'ki-la 

a-rd'bi-a 

d'rd-kdii 

dr'a-gon  or  d'r'd-gqn 

dr'a-gon  or  d'rd-gqn 

d'rd-gd'na 

d'rat 

d-Tdng' 

d-rdn'da 

d-rdng-dong' 

d-rdn'gos 

d'rdn-choQ'eth 

d'rd-rdt  or  dr'or^dt 

d'rds 

d'rds 

d'rou 

d/'bii  ga 

dr-htca' 

dr-bo-le'da 

dr'bos 

drk 

h'ds-sdng'  ddr-kU'Shdng' 

iar-kd'di-a  or 
ar-ka'di-a 
dr'ihdiig-i-l  or  drk'anc-jel 
dr'Udng-^lsk 
dr-ki-pei'a-go 
dr-kQQ-tn'ta 
dr'ko 
dr'ko-l'i 
ar'kos 
Ids  dr'kds 
dr-kot' 
dr-dd'ra 
'dr-dd'to 
dr-de.sh' 
dr-d$Hc' 
dr'dets 
dr-do-be'vo 
dr'ddth 
dr-dr' 
'd-rc'f'i'iia 
Or^e'ga 
d-re'na 
d-re'nds 
d-re'nds 
d'ren-ddkl' 
d-7'en-donk' 
d'rens-bQQr^ 
ii'Teiis-vdl'de 
d-re-k'i'pa 
d'res~kii'tdiL 
d-re'vd-Iu 
d-ret'so 
dr-gdit'da 
dr'  gen 
'dr-gdng' 
dr-jeii'ia 
dT~jhi-ta'ro 
dr-gdng-ta' 

dr-gdng-t'd-'i'  or  dr'g'dng- 
dr-gdng-tqitg'  [tHy 

dr'g'i-sQf^-e'lds 
dr-gyW 
'd-¥i-d'no 
d-r'i'ka 
d-r'in-yWno 
d-r'is'pe 
d-r'is-td'vo 
d-r'i-th^'  (so')  na 
dr'Skesse 
dT-lho-niVya 
dr-kan'sas  or  dr'knn-nqw 
drlc 

dr'leS'kJme' 
dr-linsk 
dr'magh 
dr-^me'n'i-d 
dr-in'i'ti-o 
dr-7nQQ'no 
dr'nnic 
dr'nil  le  dSk 
dr'ne-inoi'den 
tim'kime 
dr'no 


Fate,  far,  frilly  what,  hat.~Mett;  prnj^  help,  tkSre,  hVr.  —  Pine,  marine,  bird,  fig.  —  J^Tote,  dove,  move,  wqlf  bQok,  hrd.  —  TfinCy  bull,  ignite.  —  Fr.  long  pftc ;  Fr.  short  biit.  — 

J  330  "^^ 


Arnould,  (Fr.) 

Arnsiadi,  (Ger.) 

Arnstein,  (Ger.) 

Aiviostook,  (U.  S.) 

Arpajon,  (Fr.) 

Arpino,  (It.) 

Arques,  ?  Fr.) 

Arras,  (Fr.) 

.\rreau,  (Fr.) 

Arriege,  (Fr.)  dep 

Arroue,  (It.)  r. 

Arsk,  (R.) 

Artcliatiiusk,  (R.) 

Artesna,  (It,) 

Arlenay,  (Fr.) 

Arth,  (Swiiz.) 

Artois,    Fr.) 

Aruela,  (Pen.) 

Aruudel,  (U.  S.) 

Arve,  (lt.)r. 

.Irvika,  (Sc.  Pen.) 

A:icaUan,  (Mex.) 

Ascliaffenbur::,  (Ger.) 

.Aschber?.  (Den.) 

Aschersleben,  (Prtis.) 

Ascoli,  (It.) 

Ascutney 

Asele,  (Sc.  Pen.) 

Ashamee,  (Af.) 

Ashiabula,  (U  S  ) 

.Asia 

Asinara,  (It.)  tr. 

Asiiiani,  (It.)  Id 

Askersund,  (Sc.  Pen.^ 

Aspehier,  (Neth.) 

Asperen,  (Xelli.) 

Assam,  (Irul.) 

As?en,  (Xeih.) 

Astarali,  (R.) 

Asterabad 

Ani,(It.) 

AstJey,  (Mex.)  r 

A^^tnikhan 

A^luria^,  (P^n.) 

Atarnnia 

Atailaucn,  (Mex.) 

Alchalalaya,  (U.  S.) 

Airhit;ka 

Atliapescow,  (U  S.) 

Alliens,  (Gr.) 

.\thlone 

Atlantic,  oc 

Atlas,  (.\f.)mt. 

Aliica,  (Gr.) 

Ami 

AulKinchceuil,  (Fr.) 

Aube,  (Fr.)  dep. 

Aiibe,  (Fr.)  r. 

Aubigiiy,  (Fr.) 

Audt;,  (Ft.)  dep. 

Audieme,  (Fr.) 

Aue,  (Ger.)  r. 

.Auerbach,  (Ger.) 

Aiige,  (Fr.) 

Aufisburg,  (Gftf.) 

An-nista,  (U.  3.) 

Aula,  Lower,  (Ger.) 

Aulne,  (Fr.)  r. 

Aiilt,    Fr.) 

Auiiiale,  (Fr.) 

Auinelz,  (Fr.) 

Aumontjj^Fr.) 

Aiini3,  (Fr.) 

.^immgabad,  (Hind.) 

AiisL-rrliiz,  (Ger.  Neth.) 

Au^^lralasia 

Atistralia 

Austria,  Oesterreicli,  (Ger.) 

Autauga,  (U.  S.) 

-•\uvergtne,  (Fr.) 

Afixerre,  (Fr.) 

Aaxon,  (Fr.) 

AuTonne,  (Fr.) 

-Avtyron,  (Fr.)  dep 

Avellino,  (lU) 

Averno,  (IL)  L 

Avesnes,  (Fr.) 

AvJcnoii,  (Fr.) 

Avila,  (Pen.) 

Arranche?,  (Fr.) 

Avry,  [?;witz.) 

Axel,  (Neth.) 

Ayamonte,  (Pen.) 

Ayasnoloiik,  (As.) 

AjT,  (Scot.)  ro. 

Ayrsljire,  fScoL) 

Azf.v,  {(I.) 

Azov,  (R.)  s. 

Azores 

Azuaga,  rPen.> 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


drn'^ttU 

itrn'sttnc 

d-rQQs'took 

dr-pd-gong' 

dr-pi'no 

ark 

dr-ra' 

Hr-ro' 

dr-riSge' 

dr-ro'ne 

drsk 

drt'ckd-dinsk 

dr~ten'ya 

dr-te-na.' 

drt 

dr-tira' 

d-r^f}-e'la 

dr'un-del 

dr've 

dr-v'i'ka 

ds-kdi'tdn 

dsk~shdf/i  ;t-6p^r  S 

d^h'brr^ 

dsh'ahers-ie'bcn 

ds'ko^i 

ds  kiU'ny 

d'se-ie 

a-shdn'tS 

dsh-la-b\i'la 

d'ahi-a 

ds'i-nd'ra 

ds'i-nd'ra 

'ds  'kcrs-sntfnd' 

ds'pe-IdJir' 

'ds'pt-ren 

ds'sam 

ds'sin 

as-td'rah 

OJi-ter-a-bdd' 

dst'n 

iWtrd-Zh'dn'  or  as-trd- 

ds-t<}<i'ri-'ds  [  f  Ad  n.' 

dt-d-kd'ma 

d-tat-lou'ka 

ttch-n-fa-W  a 

ach-iu'ka 

dtJt-a-pes'ko 

dth'ens 

aUi-lOnr' 

at-Idn'tU: 

dt'lus 

dt'Ci-ka 

o-bdn^-shH-'i' 

6bc 

Sbe 

5-biti-y'i' 

ade 

d-di-eme' 

ou'e 

ou'er-h'^h' 

OUks'bnQT^ 

aU'Ous'ta 

ou'la, 

One 

0 

d^dl' 


d-rang'a-ldd' 
ou'ster-lils 
aus-tral-d'sh't-a 
aus-trd'ti-a 

au-tau'ga 

6-vemt/' 

5s-sire' 

ossSng* 

6s-s5ne 

d-vd-rqn^ 

d'velrti'no 

d-vkr'no 

d-viru' 

d-v'tn-yoii^ 

d-vi'la~ 

d-rrdngshf 

d'VrV 

dk'si 

d'yd-mSn'te 

d'yd'if^Q-lfQkf 

air 

air'sKirc 

d'zon 

d'zQv 

fi-tiSrc*' 

o-thqQ-d'ga 


B. 


Haarowvi;,  (Neth.)  hdrd'wike 

lialitlniaiideb,  (OT--del,)  h\!.)ha'bd-min'del 

BahEiisk,  (U.)  bii'b.n^k 

Baliinovilchi,  (K.) 

Babiocora,  (Jlcx.) 

Babispc,  (.Mix.) 

Babocsa,  (-Austr.) 

Bacalar,  (Mex.) 

Baccara,  Plain  of,  (Eg.) 

Bacchiglone,  (It.) 

Bachanuchi,  (.Mcx.) 

Bachmatclia'.;ovsk,  (R.) 

Barovioza,  (.Austr.) 


Bacs,  (.\f.) 
Baiiasry,  (.Vf.) 
Badajos,  (.'if.) 
Badalona,  (Pen.) 
Baden,  (Ger.  Sivitz.) 
Baden  Weiler,  (Ger.) 
Baeza,  (Pen.) 
Bagajo,  (Pen.) 
Bagdad,  (Tur.) 
Bagdat,  (R.) 
Bages,  (tr.) 

Bagneres  de  Bigorre,  (Fr.) 
Bagneres  de  Luchon,  (Fr.) 
Bagnols,  (Fr.) 
Bagnuoh,  (It.) 
Bahamas,  Ul. 
Bahar,  (,\ustr.) 
Bahia,  (Braz.)  jir. 
Bahia,  c.  i*r  San  Salvad.,r, 
Bahireli,  (Eg.) 
Bahlow,  (Ger.) 
Baiern,  or  Bavaria,  (Ger.) 
Baikal,  (As.) 
Bailleul,  (Fr.) 
Bain,  (Fr.) 
Baita,  (Mei.) 
Baja,  (It.) 
Bakel,  (Neth.) 
Bakonyer  Wald,  (Austr.) 
Bala,  (.\ustr.) 
Balaghauts,  (Hind.) 
B.olaigue,  (Switz.) 
Balakna,  (R.) 
Balasore,  (Hind.) 
Balaton,  (Austr.) ;. 
Balhec  or  Baalbec,  (Syr.) 
Balbigny,  (Fr.) 
Baldeker,  (Switz.)  I. 
Balfiir.isli,  (Per.) 
Balici,  (It.)  r. 
Balize,  (Mcx.)  I.  &  r. 
Balk,  (Friesland,  Neth.) 
Balkan,  (Tur.)  nit 
Balki,  (R.) 
Balferod,  (Austr.) 
Ballinasloe,  (Ir.) 
Ballon  d'.\lsace,  (Fr.) 
Bally  Shannon,  (Ir.) 
Balmontr,  (Pen.) 
Balok  Stein,  (Den.) 
Balta,  (R.) 
Baltrum,  (Ger.)  isl. 
Balzers,  (Switz.) 
Bamberg,  (Ger.) 
Banibook,  (.Af.) 
Sana,  la,  (Pen.) 
Baneveld,  (Neth.) 
Banff,  or  BarnlT,  (Scot.) 
Banff,  (Scot.)  co. 
Banfv  Hunvad,  (.Vustr.) 
Bangkok,  (As.) 
Banhalma,  (Austr.) 
Bannat,  (Austr.) 
Bannettes,  Ics,  (Fr.) 
Banovcze,  (Austr.) 
Bansach,  (Ger.)  r. 
Bapaiinie,  (Fr.) 
Bar,  (R.) 

Barbadoes,  (W.  Tnd.) 
Barilla,  (Me.v.) 
Barle  Due,  (Fr.) 
Bar  sur  Aube,  (Fr.) 
Bar  sur  Seine,  (Fr.) 
Baran,  (R.) 
Baranow,  (Austr.) 
Baranvavar,  (Austr.) 
Baraqi'ie,  la,  (Fr.) 
Baraques,  (Fr.) 
Baratto  Points,  (It.) 
Barau,  (Austr.) 
I!arbar>',  (Af.) 
Barbastro,  (Pen.) 
Barbezieu.v,  (Fr.) 
Barbouue,  (Fr.) 
Ilarbiula,  (W.  Ind.) 
i  Baria,  (Pen.) 


bd'hi-no^U'chi 

bd-bl-o-ka'ra 

hd-h'i»'pe 

bd'bo'cha 

b.i-kd-ldr' 

bWi-kd'rd 

bdk-ki-glo'n^ 

bd-ctid-iiQif'cM 

b'dch-mduk-d-irovsk' 

bd-ko-vi'dia 

bach 

ba-ddfr'ry 

bd-dd^lhoth' 

b'd-dd-lo' ita 

bd'den 

bd'din  vVlir 

bd-e'tha 

bd-gd'^ho 

hag-ddd' 

bdg'ddt 

bdgt 

bdn^jerc'  d^  b't-gJirc' 

bdii-'ySre'  dg  Ik-ahong' 

bdit^ySV 

bdn^QQ-S'li 

b<t-hd'nias 

b-i-kdri 

bd-bi'a 

bd-h'i'a 

bd-hi'reU 

bd'la 

bi'eni 

bl'kal 

bd-'i-md'  Ar  b'dl^mV 

bang 

bVta 

hafy'd 

Vd'kil 

bd-knil'ycr  v'dlt 

bii'ln 

bill' a- ghauts 

bd-li'f 

bd'ldJi'na 

bdl'a-sore 

bd'ld-ton 

bdl-tek'  or  bd-dl'bek 

bdl-tnn-i/i' 

bdl'de-ker 

bal-fu-rosh' 

bd-n'cKi 

bd-li'ttte  (or  5e) 

balk 

bdl-kdn' 

bdl-ki 

bdl'n-grdd 

bdl-lin-as-loe' 

bdl-lqng'  ddl-s'dce' 

baVhj  shan'non 

bdl'mon-te 

bd'lock  stlnc 

bdl'ta 

bdl'trQQm 

bdU'sers 

bdm'ber^ 

bam-b<^Qk 

Id  bd'na 

hd'ne-ftlt 

bdntf 

bdiif 

bdiijj  fn^iyn'yiki 

bang-kok' 

bdn-hdl'ma 

bdli'ndt 

U  bdn-Tietc. 

bd-nop'chc 

bdn'zdlh 

bd-pomc' 

bar 

bdr-ba'doz 

bd-fiVya  or  bd-fVya 

bar  Ic  dUk 

bdr  sur  iibe 

bar  stir  sane 

bd'rdit 

bd'Td'iio 

bd'rdn-yd'v'dT 

hi  bd-rdke' 

bd-rdkc' 

bd-rdt'to 

bd'rdU 

bdr'ba^y 

bdr-bds'lro 

bdr-be-z'i-i^ 

bdr-bqne' 

bdr-bQ^'ila 

bd-ri'a 


Barcarotla,  ^Pen.) 

Barcellan,  (Pen.) 

Barcelona,  (Pen.) 

liarccloncue,  (Fr.) 

Barco,  el,  (Pen.) 

Bardi,  (It.) 

Bareges,  (Fr.) 

Bareu,  (Neth.  &  Oct.) 

Barfleur,  (Fr.) 

Bargen,  (Switz.) 

Bar  le  Due,  (Fr.) 

Bari,  (It.  i.  Pen  ) 

Harletta,  (IL) 

Ilamcville,  (Fr.) 

Barnol,  (.Neth.) 

Bamsturf,  (Ger.) 

Baroach,  (lljnd.) 

Baroccro,  (iL)iiiX. 

Ilarota,  (Austr.) 

Barra  d'Arena,  (Mei.) 

Barra  del  Toirlo,  (.Mel.) 

Barra  de  Ista;Kl 

Barra  .\ova,  (Pen.) 

Barracaji,  (Pen.) 

Barre,  la,  (Fr.) 

Barrenie,  (Fr.) 

Barrosa,  (Pen.) 

Barthelcniey,  (Fr.) 

Baruth,  (Prus.) 

lias,  (Fr.)  isl. 

B:uile,  (Switz.) 

Basilicala,  (IL) 

Basques,  Rade  Act,  (Fr.) 

Bassano,  (IL) 

Bassarova,  (R.) 

Basserslorf,  (SwiU.) 

Bassora,  (Tur.) 

Bastia,  (It.) 

Bastide  de  Seron,  (Fr.) 

Bastogne,  (.Neth.) 

Batak,  ( Eastern  Isl.) 

Batal  Patcliinsk,  (R.) 

Batavia,  *.\uslni.  dt  Bruu) 

Bateal,  (.Mex.) 

Bath,  (.\eth.  k.  Hungary, 
Austr.) 

Bathursl,  (.Austral.) 

Baton  Rouge,  (U.  S.) 

Batonva,  (.Austr.) 

Batou'rinsk,  (R.) 

Batrina,  (.Austr.) 

Battaglia,  (It.) 

Baturin,  (R.) 

Bauge,  (Fr.) 

BauQia,  (Switz.) 

Baume  les  Dames,  (Fr.) 

Bausset,  le,  (Fr.) 

Bauterseni,  (Neth.) 

Bautzen,  (Ger.) 

Bavaria,  or  Baiem,  (Ger.) 

Bavay,  (Fr.) 
Eaxeni,  (.Neth.) 

Bayarid,  (.Arm.) 
Bayeux,  (Fr.) 
Bayona,  (Pen.) 
Bayona,  (.Mcx.)  r 
Bayonne,  (Fr.) 
Bayonne,  (Mex.) 
Bayonne,  (Fr.)  fr. 
Bayonno,  (.Mcx.) 
Bayrculh,  (Ger.) 
Bazage,  la,  (Fr.) 
Bazagona,  (Pen.) 
Beard,  (Fr.) 
Beaufort,  (Fr.) 
Beaugency,  (Fr.) 
Beauharnois,  (Can.) 
Be.aujolais,  (Fr.) 
IJeaulieu,  (Fr.) 
Beaumes,  Ics,  (Fr  ) 
Beaumctc,  (Fr.) 
Beaumont  le  Chelif,  (Fr.) 
Beaucnont  le  Vjconitc,  (Fr.) 
Beaumont  lAiniaque,  (Fr.) 
Beaupreau,  (Fr.) 
lieauvais,  (Fr.) 
Iteauvoir,  (Fr.) 
li.rhin,  (Austr.) 
Beilfordshin-,  (Eng.) 
Beilrt-ttt,  (Switz.)  r. 
Bedrelto,  (Switz.) 
Beeder,  (liind.) 
Beck,  (Neth.) 
Beets,  (Neth.) 
Behrend,  (Prus.) 
Bcini,  (Pen.) 
Bejapoor,  (Hind.) 
Bclfott,  (Fr.) 
Belgium 
Belgnule,  (Tur.) 
Beliebei,  (R.) 
Belin,  (Fr.) 
Belilz,  (Prus.) 
Bella,  la,  (It.) 


bar-kti^oi'ta 
bdr-tJktt'fvt 
bdr-lkf-U'wut 
bar-cf't^-nit^ 

tibaykt 

bar'dt 

ba-rt^t 

b'JreK 

barlAi' 

bijr^gen 

bd'rl 

bar-Ut'ta 

barm-viUf 

bOr-mi' 

bam^iUrff 

ba-r6'di^-re 

ba-ri''-  .' 

bar'Tc 

bOr'T.. 

bar'ra  i.r   I.   ■ .     . 

btir'm  nS'ra 

bOr^riiidM 

Id  bare 

hdr-rlmt 

bOr-ri'm 

btrit-tt-ma'  (or MT) 

ba'T<^ 

id 

frdVI,  Ene.  Ul- 

ba-:l-ii-ka'tA 

Tiit  ii  bt^ 

bdj-td^Mjo 

ba^id-rS'rm 

bdt'tfrp-taff 

bayir,  •-' 

bOi'ti   . 

bam. 

bili-Vify 
ba'Vlii 

ba'tal  pdt'cAix  i 
ba-ia'ti-t 
ba-tt-iU' 
j  biU 

bd'tXitTSt 

bd'tong  r^^t 

bd-tqu'i/a 

baU/M-rijuk' 

bd-tr't'tui 

bat-tdl'fa 

biUu-rin' 

big, 

ton'ma 

bSnf  tf  iAml 

le  b^j-ti' 

bov'Ur^fm 

boat'Uim 

ba-rS'rl-* 

frd-ra' 

battim 

bVa-r'td' 

bd-)lt' 

ba-ifb'ma 

bd-ifb'ml 

ba-fitu' 

ba^m'lts 

td-jr^u' 

bd-fin'tu 

bl'rtU 

la  ba-jigt' 

bd-tXa-rt'mt 

bfJilu^ 

beflr' 

bi-gaMt-4/f 

H-tutr-tiw.' 

bi-gr4a' 

bi^i-tm' 

Itt9mt 

bo-mitz' 

bo-mgug*  tit  *4|-.'t/" 

bo-isnf'  la  rf.*tK/t 

bo-tioiii'  U-makt' 

bt>-pri' 

hif-cS' 

bo-vitiit' 

tr-Ulm' 

btiTfiTj-siln 

bf-drtt'fi 

b't-drrt'U 

btf'iitr 


Iin-yiVr' 

tel'g'l-mm 

brVgrOit 

krff!-*i 

b{Ji»t' 

be'UU 

la  irl'l4 


Ft  long  lA  and  short  «B,  nearly  as  in  spur.  —  Final  ly. 


French  I  matiUli.  -An" ger,  m"cions.  -g^s  in  pleasure ;  »  and  M  gtitturrU  ;  .»  Uqoid  ;  t»  iL«  in  yitA. 


1331 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


Bellani).  (It.) 

bil-Ia'no 

riellavisla,  (It.)  c 

bel'la-uis'ta 

Kclle  Alliance,  (Neth.) 

bel  UUi-dngce' 

Belle  Etoile,  (Fr.) 

htl  e-twiUe' 

Belle  Isle,  (Fr.) 

HI  tic 

Bellechase,  (Can.) 

bit-shiise' 

Bolloqarde,  (Fr.) 

bil-gitrde' 

Belleville,  (Fr.) 
llellevue,  (Fr.) 

iil^-iy 

bel-vM 

Belliconrt,  (Fr.) 

bil-li-ci/Qr' 

Bellinge,  (Den.) 

hH'lln<r-ge 

Bellinzona,  (Switz.) 

btl-liii-dzd'7ia 

Bello,  (It.)  mt. 

biVlo 

Bellunese,  (It.) 

bel'tf/iyiie'ie 

Belliino,  (It.) 

bil-l<iQ'no 

Bclniez,  (Pen.) 

beUuiUi' 

Behnont,  (Fr.) 

bil-mqng' 

BelTiionte,  (Pen.) 

brl-mijn'le 

Keloochistan,  (Per.) 

be-tQQ-chi-i-tdn' 

Belonido,  (Pen.) 

be-lo-rd'do 

Belp,  (Switz.) 

b'ilp 

Belt,  Great  and  Little,  (Den 

.)  belt 

Bemlteza,  (Pen.)  r. 

bem-be'tlia 

Benibibre,  (Pen.) 

bm-li/'bre 

Benalva,  (Pen.) 

be-ndi'va 

Benameji,  (Pen.) 

be'nd-me-^h'i 

Benarez,  (Hind.) 

bin-d'rp.z 

Benaudet,  (Fr.)  li. 

be-no-de' 

Benavente,  (Pen.) 

be-nd-aen'te 

Benavento,  (It.) 

be-nd-viit'to 

Bonder,  (R.) 

bin'dir 

Benjal,  (Ind.) 

bcn-gdV 

Benin,  (,At.) 

ben-tn' 

Beningnet,  (Fr.)  isl. 

be-ndng*  gud 

Benito,  Don,  (Pen.) 

don  he-n'i'to 

Benken,  (Switz.) 

bmg'km 

Bennehrock,  (Neth.) 

ben'ne-brOk' 

Bennitville,  (Fr.) 

be-miyd-vilc' 

Bentheim,  (Ger.) 

bhtt'klinc 

Bents^ciien,  (Prus.) 

b^nt'sflni 

Ber,  Kleine,  f.Austr.) 
Berar,  (Hind.) 

ktl'ne  behr' 
be-Tdr' 

Bcrat,  (Tiir.) 

be-rdt' 

Beraun,  (Hind.)  r 

be'roun 

Berlierino,  (It.) 

ber-be-rVno 

Berda,  (Se.  Pen.)  r. 

ber'da 

Berda,  (R.) 

ber'da 

Bere,  (Switz.) 

be're 

Berenbacli,  (Ger.) 

be'ren-hdT-h' 

Beresina,  (U.) 

be-rfi-z'i'na 

Berg,  (Switz.  Sc  Ger.) 

ber'^ra 

Bersa,  (Pen.) 

BerL'arno,  (It.) 

btr'jTtir^mo 

Bergedorf,  (Den.) 

btr' i^e-dqrf 

Beryen,  I'Ger.  Neth.  Sc.  Pen 

)  ber'iren 

Bergen-up-Zoom,  (NetU.) 

ber'^m-up-zHin 

Bergere,  la,  (Fr.) 

Id  bt-r-o-^rc' 

Bergschehook,  (Neth.) 

h^rn-'.ske-hOkc' 

Beriklei,  (R.) 

be'rtMJ 

Beringen,  (iVetil.) 

btt'rina-eTi 

Berislav,  (E.) 

beans' Idv 

Berkel,  (Neth.)  r. 

ber'kil 

Berki,  (Austr.) 

btr'ki 

Berkshire,  (Eng.) 
Berlikum,  (Neth.) 

burk' shire 

her'l'i-kQQin 

Berlin,  (Prus.) 

ber-line' 

Berlingas,  (Pen.)  ist. 

ber-liii'ffds 

Bern,  (Switz.) 

birti' 

Bernalda,  (It.) 

ber-ndl'da 

Bernard,  (Switz.) 

ber'ndrd 

Bernau,  (Ger.) 

bir'iiou 

Uernicourt,  (Fr.) 
Bernst.idt,  (Ger.) 

ber-ni-cQi^' 

b  em' Stat 

Bernstein,  (Ger.) 

berii'stlne 

Berre,  (Fr.)  I. 
Berri,  (Fr.) 

bar 
bcr^V 

Berschis,  (Switz.) 

ber' skis 

Bersnva,  (Austr.) 

ber-sS'va 

Berthier,  (Can.) 

ber-ti-e' 

Bertischwyl,  (Switz.) 

bkr'tisk-vlle- 

Bertngne,  (Neth.) 

her-tqny' 

Berum,  (iVclh.) 

be'rQQiTi 

Berwick,  (Scot.)  co. 

ber' rick 

Bery  au  Bac,  (Fr.) 

be-rV  0  bWc' 

Besancon,  (Fr.) 

be-s'dn^song' 

Bessarabia,  (R.) 

bes-s(i-rd''bi'a 

Bessel,  (Neth.) 

bes'.-iH 

Bessem,  (Nah.) 
Bessiere  de  Lif,  le,  (Fr.) 

bes'sim 

l^  bessi-Sre'  d^  Irf^ 

Best,  (Neth.) 

best 

Betanzos,  (Pen.) 

bt-tdn'thos 

Bethon,  (Fr.) 

be-tongt 

Bethune,  (Fr.) 

b6-tl.ne' 

Bettivissen,  (Switz.) 

betrt'i-vis'sm 

Bettona,  (It.) 

bet-to' na 

Belz,  (Neth.) 

beL<i 

Beugen,  (Neth.) 

boi'gen 

Beulhen,  (Prus.) 

boi'tin 

Beveland,  North  and  South, 
(Neth.) 

.  bt've-ldnt 

Beveren,  (Neth.) 
Bevers,  (Switz.) 

be'vi-ren 

be'vers 

Beverwyk,  (Neth.) 

be'mr-vVce 

Bevilagua,  (It.) 

be-v'i-ld' gwa 

Beyra,  (Port.) 
Beysagoly,  (R.) 
Beyroot,  or  Beirut,  (As.) 
Beziers,  (Fr.) 
Bhatgong,  (HinJ.) 
Bliotan,  (Inil.) 
Bluirtpoor,  (Hind.) 
Biafra,  (AC.) 
Bialvsiolt,  (It.) 
Bianco,  (It.  &  Gr.)  c 
Biasca,  (Switz.) 
Biasco,  (It.) 
Bibbiejio,  (it.) 
Bibbona,  (It.) 
Biberac,  (Fr.) 
Biberach,  (Ger.) 
Biberist,  (Switz.) 
Bidart,  (Fr.) 
Biecz,  (Austr.) 
Bielila,  (Switz.) 
Biul  Gorod,  (R.) 
Bielaia  Tscrliov,  (R.) 
Bielefeld,  (Ger.) 
Biella,  (It.) 
Bielo,  (R.)/. 
Bielo  Ozero,  (R.) 
Eieloe  More,  (K.) 
Bielokalitvensk,  (R.) 
Bielotch,  (R.) 
Bielovodsk,  (R.) 
Bielsk,  (R.) 
Bienne,  (Switz.)  I. 
Bienvenida,  (Pen.) 
Bierbve,  (Den.) 
Bieriia,  (R.) 
Bicssen,  (Neth.) 
Biesverskov,  (Den.) 
Biferno,  (It.)  r. 
Bignasco,  (Switz.) 
Biguglia,  (It.)  /. 
Bikity,  (Austr.) 
Bilbao,  (Pen.) 
Biliarsk,  (R.) 
Bille,  (Den.)  r. 
Billesborg,  (Den.) 
BJlson,  (Neth.) 
Bilten,  (Switz.) 
Bilt?y,  (R.) 
Bilzberg,  (Switz.) 
Binasca,  (It.) 
Bingen,  (Ger.) 
Binnen,  (Ger.)/. 
Binnenbultel,  (Ger.) 
Bionville,  (Fr.) 
Biobio,  (S.  Am.)  r. 
Bircarcara,  (It.) 
Birdaan,  (Neth.) 
Birr,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Birkenfeld,.(Ger.) 
Birket-el-Manot,  (Eg.) 
Birmah 

Birnbach,  (Ger.) 
Birnbaum,  (Ger.) 
Biron,  (Fr.) 
Bironico,  (Switz.) 
Birse,  (Switz.)  r. 
Birsk,  (R.) 
Biscay,  (Pen.) 
Bischoff^^tein,  (Ger.) 
Bischofsburg,  (Ger.) 
Bischofswerda,  (Ger.) 
Bischofszell,  (Switz.) 
Bisignano,  (It.) 
Bissone,  (Switz.) 
Bistritiza,  (Austr.) 
Bi3tritzora,  (.\ustr.) 
Bisztra,  (Austr.) 
Biszica,  (Austr.) 
Bitesch,  (Austr.) 
Bivers,  (Neth.) 
Bizesc,  (R.) 
Bjorko,  (R.) 
Bjorkon,  (Sc.  Pen.)  isl. 
Bjorna,  (Sc.  P^n.) 
Bjorn'^borg,  (R.) 
Bjornholin,  (D^n.) 
Bjornoer,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Blaavancl's  Ildok,  (Den.) 
Black  Forrest,  (Ger.) 
Bladel,  (Nelh.) 
Blain,  (Fr.) 
Blainville,  (Fr.) 
Blamont,  (Fr.) 
Blanc,  le,  (Fr.)  ml. 
Blanca,  (Pen.) 
Blanco,  (Pen.)  c 
Blankenberg,  (Neth.  &  Ger. 
Blankenburg,  (Ger.) 
Blankenliain,  (Ger.) 
Blankenlieim,  (Ger.) 
Blankensiein,  (Ger.) 
Blaye,  (Fr.) 
Bledas,  (Pen.)  isL 
Bleegum,  (Neth.) 


bt'ra  or  ba'ra 
bcij'sa-irO'ly 
hl~rQ<}V  or  bi-riit' 
be-ii-e' 
hat- gong' 
ho'tdii 
bQi/rt-pQQv' 
hi-d'fra 
bid'lis'tqk 
h'i-dn'ko 
hi'iis'ka 
b'i-ds'ko 
bib-h'i-e'no 
bib-bo' na 
hi-b'^-Tdk' 
b'i'be-rdlh 
b'i'be-^ist 
bt-dki*' 
bi'itch 
b'i'la 

b'iel  gS'rqd 
b'iel-d'ya  tser'kov 
bVh-nit 
bi-H'la 
bie'lo 

h'ic'lo  5'ze-ro 
bic'loe  mo're 
b'ie-lo-kd-lit'vensk 
bie-lutdi' 
b'ie'lo-vodsk' 
bi-chk' 
hi-Sne' 

bt'hi'ce-n'i'da 
hir'hu 
b'i-er'  na 
b'i's^ii   . 
bice'vers-kOve 
b'i'fer'no 
hui-yds'ko 
bi-gQQl'ya 
bi'ki'fi 
b'il-bd'o 
h'iUydrsk' 
bil'le 

bil'les-bor^ 
bit' son 
bit' ten 
b'xWsy 
bills' ber  ^ 
bi-nds'lca 
bin^'eii 
biivncn 

hill' neii-bQnl' I'd 
b'i-ong-v'ilc' 
h'i'~o-hi-o 
bir-kdr-kd'ra 
bir'ddne 
hi'ri 

bir'km-feW 
b'ir'ket-el-ynan-Qct' 
bjtr'ma 
birn'bdik 
birn-houm' 
hi -rang' 
b'i-rO'n'i-ko 
bir'ze 
birsk 
bis'kay 

bisk'skof-sttnc' 
bish'skqfs-bQor^ 
bish'sliqfs'ver'da 
blsh'shof:i-t3el' 
bi-zxn-^jd'no 
his'sOne 
bis-tr'i-t'i' tsa 
bis-trit-tsO'ra 
bitch' tra 
bi-cki'ka 
bi'tesh 
b'i-vere' 
b'i'tsech 
bij^r'ko 
hy^r'kon 
byeur'na 
byeiir'ne-bor^ 
hymr'ne-kQlm 
byeXir-nm'er 
hlo'vdnd 
black 
bld'del 
hldng 
bldng-v'ile' 
bld-mong' 
l^  bldng' 
bldn'ka 
bldn'ko 
)  btdn"ken-ber§ 
hldti"  hcn'h(^(^r^ 
bldn"  kcH'/tt  nc 
bldn"  ken-h'tme 
bldfi"  km-siine 
bid 

hle'dlis 
ble'g(j(}m 


Blegno,  (Switz.)  val. 
Bleiswyk,  (Neth.) 
Blenheim,  or  Blendbeim, 

(Ger.) 
Bleybach,  (Switz.) 
Bligh,  (Australia) 
Blois,  (Fr.) 
Bludeiiz,  (Austr.) 
Blue  Munntains, (Australia, 

Austral.  W.  Ind.  Eng.  N. 

Am.) 
BIytterswyk,  (Neth.) 
Boback,  (Sc.  Fen.) 
Bober,  (Prus.)  r. 
Bobersberg,  (Prus.) 
Bobina,  (R.) 
Bobr,  (R.) 
Bobrinetz,  (R.) 
Bobrouisk,  (R.) 
Bobrouska,  (R.) 
Bobrov,  (R.) 
Bobty,  (R.) 
Bocage,  (Fr.) 
Boccheta  Pass,  (It.) 
Bochnia,  (Austr.) 
Bocholz,  (Neth.) 
Buckelo,  (Neth.) 
Hoco,  (It.)  c. 
Boda,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Bodal,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Bodago,  (Jlex.) 
Bodenburg,  (Ger.) 
Bodensee,  (Ger.) 
Bodrog,  (Austr.)  r. 
Boehmen,  or  Bohemia, 

(Austr.) 
Boeotia,  (Gr.) 
Banif 

IJogato,(R.) 
Bogensee,  (Den.) 
Bogognano,  (It.) 
Bogorodsk,  (R.) 
Bogoroditsk,  (R.) 
Bogoroslan,  (R.) 
Bogota 
Bohemia,  or  Boehmen, 

(Austr.) 
Bohorodezany,  (Austr.) 
Bois  !e  Due,  (Neth.) 
Boissy  S.  Leger,  (Fr.) 
Boisne,  (Fr.) 
Boisseuil,  (Fr.) 
Boitzen,  (Den.) 
Boizenburg,  (Ger.) 
Bojador,  (Af.)  c. 
Bojano,  (It.) 
Bokenlin,  (Den.) 
Bokhara,  (Tur.) 
Bocowiec,  (Prus.) 
Bol  Solechinki,  (R.) 
Boladore,  (It.) 
Bolivar,  (Me.x.) 
BoHvia,  (S.  Am.) 
Bolmen,  (Sc  Pen.)  I. 
Bologna,  (Ger.) 
Bolugnese,  (It.) 
Bolsas,  (Mex.)  r. 
Bolsena,  (It.) 
Bolsena,  (It.)  I 
Boitigen,  (Switz  ) 
Bomba,  (It.) 
Bombay,  (Ind.) 
Bomeni,  (R.) 
Bommal,  (Neth.) 
Bonimel,  (Neth.) 
Bommel  Fjord,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Bommeloe,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Bonacco,  (iVIex.) 
Bonaventure,  (Can.) 

Bonboillon,  (Fr.)  ' 

Bonchamp,  (Fr.) 
Bonelles, 
Bonete,  (Pen.) 
Bonifacio,  (It.) 
Bonifacio,  Strait  of,  (It.) 
Bonilla,  (Pen.) 
Bonita,  (Mex.) 
Bonne,  (Fr.) 
Bonniaque,  (Fr.) 
Bunnit-res,  (Fr.) 
Bonny,  (Fr.) 
Bono,  (It.) 
Bonorva,  (It.) 
Bonpas,  (Fr.) 
Bonsaint,  (Neth.) 
Boraga,  (Austr.) 
Boraas,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Borchorsdorf,  (Prus.) 
Bordes,  (Fr.) 
Borgholm,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Borgo,  (Swuz.)  r. 
Borgoforte,  (It.) 
Borgsjo,  (Sc.  Pen.) 


blen'yo 
bllcc'vlke 

hlen'hime  or  blhxt'h\-nc 


blVbdlh 
bit 
blwa 
blQQ'dints 

>  Mqq  moun'lains 

blit' ti-rs-Vikc 

bt'bdk 

bO'ber 

bo'bers-ber§ 

ho-b'i'na 

bObr 

ho-br'i'netz 

bO'broU'i'sk 

bo-brnus'ka 

bO'brov 

bob'tij 

bo-kdge 

hok-ke'ta 

bolh'ni-a 

holh'hohs 

bok'ke-lo 

bO'ko 

bo' da 

bO'ddhl 

bo-dd'go 

bo'den-bQQr§ 

ho'den-ze 

bo'drq^ 

I  lev,' men 

bS-o'sk'i-a 

bo-gd'to 

b6'gen~ze 

bo-gon~yd'no 

bo'  go-rndsk' 

bo-go-ro'ditsk 

bO-go-ros'ldn 

bO-go'ta 

[  ho-h&'mi-a 

bO-ho-ro  -de  -shd'n'i 

bwa  is  dii.k 

bjods-s'i'  sang  le-gi' 

b  IP  due 

bicd^-s^-'i  or  hw'ds-sdtihj 

boit'lseiL 

boit'tsen-bnQr§ 

ho-jd-dOrc' 

bO-'i-d'no 

bo'ken-l'ine 

bok-hd'ra 

bO-kO-vyet^' 

bol  sO-lc-c!U7i'k'i 

bh-ld-dq're 

bO-l'i-vdr' 

bo'li'vi-a 

hql'men 

bu-lqn'ya  or  bo-long'na 

bO-lon-ye'se 

bol'sds 

bql-se'na 

bqUse'na 

bql-ti'gen 

bqm'ba 

bom-baij' 

hO'me-n'i 

hqvi'mal 

buni'mnl 

bqvi'mel  fyOrd 

bom'  incl-^' 

bo-vdk'ko 

bqii'  d-vUv  g-tUre 

bqng-bO  'i'ong'  or  bong- 

bql-ynng"' 
bqng-shdufr' 
bq-n^W 
ho-ne'te 
hO-iii-f  d' tcho 
bO-n'i-fd'tcko 
ho-nil'ya 
bO'iii-ta 
bone 

bO-n'i~dke' 
bO-n'i-ire' 
bch-nV 
bO'no 
bo-nqr'va 
bong-pd' 
bqng-sdng' 
bo-rd'ga 
bo-rOse' 
hqr'lhqrs-dqrf 
horde 
bqrg-hqlm' 
bqr^go 
bqr'gO-Jqr'tQ 
bqrg^'sk^ 


I 


i  I 


> 

■ 

i  ! 
I'lE 


Fate, /dr,  fall,  what,  bat.  —  Mite,  prey,  help,  Uiirc,  hir.  —  Pine,  marine,  htrd,  fig.  —  ^^Ste,  dSve,  move,  wf!/,  bf<!k,  lord,  —  rrrac,  biM,  %nite.  —  Fr.  long  iiftc ;  Fr.  short  lit.- 

133^  •  — 


i:^. 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


Itorisov,  (RO 
Buriziskowa,  (Pnis.) 
Kurkulo,  (Nfth.) 
Rorkuin,  (Nelh.) 
Borineo,  (Pr.) 
IJormida,  (It.)  r. 
Bortnio,  (It.) 
Bornbersum,  (XelJi.) 
Borne,  (Xetli.) 
Borneo,  (Eastern  Isl.) 
I>unihoim,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Bomou,  (Af.) 
Borodino,  (R.) 
Boros  S^bcs,  (.Vuslr.) 
Borovitchi,  (R.) 
Borovsk,  (R.) 
Borro^aard,  (Den.) 
Borrev,  (Austr.) 
Borstle,  (Neth.) 
Borsk,  (R.) 
Bos,  (Aiislr.) 
Bosa,  (It-) 
Bosco,  (Switz.) 
Boscone,  (It.) 
Boskani,  (Neth.) 
Boskoop 
Bosnia,  (Tnr.) 
Bosphorus,  (Tur.) 
Bostrop,  (Den.) 
Bosweyl,  (Switz.) 
Boszonneny,  (Austr.) 
Bothnia,  Gulf  of,  (R.) 


bS'r'isoo 

bd'rt-^fiis-liO'va 

bor'k^^lo 

bi)T-mf-5' 

bi)r-mVda 

bnr'm'i'O 

bqrn'ber-gQ^7n 

bor'ne 

bor'ne~o 

bqrn-hqhn' 

bor-jiQt;}' 

bu-TO-di'no 

bd'ros  s^'bessc 

bd-ro-vii'clt'i 

bo-rovsk' 

bqr're-gord 

bqr'rev 

bqr'se-le 

borsk 

bos 

bs'sa 

bqs'ko 

bos-k5'ne 

bqs'kUm 

bqs-kSpe' 

bqs'ni-a 

bus'fo-riis 

bos' trap 

bqs'viie 

bq' skqr-me-n'i 

botJl'ni~a 


Bothnia,  N.  &  W.  (Sc.  Pen.)    botn'ni-a 


Bottaro,  (It.)  ist. 
Bolte,  (It,)  1^,7. 
Botzen,  (Austr.) 
Bouchain,  (Fr.) 
Boucheresse,  (Fr.) 
Boudri,  (Switz.) 
Bouilly,  (Fr.) 
Bonlopif,  (Fr.) 
Bourhon  I«ancy,  (Fr.) 
Bourbon  Vendee,  (Fr.) 
Bourbonnois,  (Fr.) 
Bourbours,  (Fr.) 
Bourdeau.x,  (Fr.) 
Bourdonnicre,  la,  fFr.) 
Boiirdonnaye,  (Fr.) 
Bours,  (Switz.) 
Bourcd'tJn,  le,  (Fr.) 
Bour^neuf,  fFr.) 
Bourns,  (Fr.) 
Bourgntuf,  (Fr.) 
Boiir-ioin,  (ir.) 
Boussac,  (rr.) 
Bouvisnois,  (N'elh.) 
Boveda,  (Pen.) 
Bovedo,  la,  (Pen.) 
Boveret,  (Switz.) 
Bovemier,  (Switz  ) 
Boviano,  (It.) 
Bovino,  (It.) 
Boxmeer,  (N'clh.) 
Bo\tel,  (Neth.) 
Bozenn^en,  (Switz.) 
Bnadf,  (Den.) 
Brabant,  N.  8c  S.  (Neth.) 
Bracrianno,  (It.) 
Brarciano,  (It.) 
Brad,  (Austr.) 
Braderup,  (Den.) 
Braeschaet,  (Xelh.) 
Brahma  Poolra,  (As.)  r. 
Brahestad,  (R.) 
P»raine,  (Fr.) 

Braine  le  Compte,  (Neth.) 
Brakenhoim,  (Ger.) 
Flram,  (Den.)  r. 
Rramois,  (Switz.) 
Bramon,  (Sc.  Pen.)  Ut. 
Bramsrhc,  (Ger.) 
Brarnstedt,  (Den.) 
Branca  Nova,  (It.) 
Brancaluone,  (It.) 
Bran<Ieis,  (Austr.) 
Brandenhurs,  (Pnis  ) 
Brando,  (It.) 
Brannen,  (Switz.) 
Bransk,  (R.) 
Bra.'ikari 

Bratbjerg,  (Den.) 
Braunau,  (Austr.) 
Braunsberg,  (Prus.) 
Brazil 

Brazza,  (Austr.)  ?.,  ijL 
Brechin,  (Scot.) 
Brecknockshire,  (Eng.) 
Breda,  (Neth.) 
Brcdevoord,  (Neth.) 
Bree,  (Neth.) 
Bre^cnz,  (Austr.) 
Bre::lio,  (It.) 
Breisach,  Old,  (Ger.) 
Breiningegaard,  (Den.) 


bot-td'ro 

bqt'U 

bqf'sen 

b^Q-shdn^' 

b(}^shig'resse' 

bQ^-dri' 

*P(*-W''  01"  bQQl-yV 

bnif-lqny' 

bQt^'bont^'  tdng-s'i' 

b(\irr-bqng'  vUng-de' 

bQQr-bqn-nwa' 

bQt^r-bQQrf 

b<}<,  r-d5' 

Id  b<}Qr-dqn-ni-Sre' 

botjr-dqn-na' 

b'tiQr 

Id  Appr-rf^T?^' 

bQ<yr-^'d'n^ 

b^Orge* 

bfjQr-n^f 

bQi^-gwdng' 

bi^QS-sd/c' 

b<}Q-vin-ySa' 

bo-ve'(!a 

Id  bo-ve'do 

bS^'i^t' 

bo-ver-n'i-e' 

bo-v'i-d'no 

bo-v'i'no 

boJcs'mere 

bqks'Ul 

bo't^eng-iti 

bro'de 

brd'bdnt 

brdt-ckdn'no 

brdt-ckd'no 

bTdil 

brd'fle-rQt^ 

brd'skdte 

brd'ma  pQtj'lra 

brd'he-stitt 

brain 

brain  I'i  cqngtc' 

brd'ken-kime 

brdm 

brd^mwa' 

brd'mon 

brdm' she 

brdm'stet 

brdn'ka  nU'va 

brdn'kd-lt-^'ns, 

brdnt'ice 

brdn'deri'bqi^^ 

brdn'do 

brdn'nen 

brdnsk 

brds-kd'ri 

br'dl'byer§ 

broji'nov. 

brouns'bcr§ 

bra-zil'  or  bra-z 

brdt'.'ia 

brtlh'in 

breck' nodi-shire 

brf-da' 

bre'd^-ford 

bre 

bre'gints 

brdhjo 

brVldlk 

brVninge-gord' 


zW 


Bremen,  (Ger.) 
Hrenicrliafen,  (Oor.) 
ItreiiKvurde,  (Glt.) 
HrcudL'^aaid,  (Den.) 
Breno,  (It.  &  Switz.) 
Breiito  d'Alba,  (It.) 
Brescia,  (It.) 
Bresciauo,  (It.) 
Brescon,  Ft.  de,  (Fr.) 
B^pskens,  (Neth.) 
Brcslau,  (Prus.) 
Bre^se,  (Fr.) 
Brest,  (Fr.) 
Bretagne,  (Fr.) 
Breteuil,  (Fr.) 
Breuil,  le,  (Fr.) 
Brevine,  (Switz.) 
Breznicze,  (Austr.) 
Brezno  Banya,  (Austr.) 
Rrian(;on,  (Fr.) 
Brie,  (Fr.) 
Brielle,  (Netii.) 
Brienz,  (Switz.) 
Brienz,  (Switz.)  I. 
Brienne  le  Chat,  (Fr.) 
Brigels,  (Switz.) 
BrJKiuilles,  (Fr.) 
Brindisi,  (It.) 
Brion,  (Fr.) 
Brione,  (Fr.) 
Brisago,  (Switz.) 
Britannia 
Britannv,  (Fr.) 
Brives,  (Fr.) 
Brix,  (Fr.) 
Brixen,  (Austr.) 
Broby,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Brocca,  della,  (It.) 
Brockel,  (Ger.) 
Brocken,  (Ger.) 
Br.H-kluiiszen,  (Neth.) 
Brndv,  (Austr.) 
Brndslev,  (Den.) 
Broglio,  (Switz.) 
Bromberg,  (Prus.) 
Bromlev,  (Eng.) 
Bron,  (Fr.) 
Bronkliorst,  (Neth.) 
Brnnnitzi,  (R.) 
Broto,  (Pen.) 
BroQwersliaven,  (Neth.) 
Brovary,  (It.) 
Bruges,  (Fr.) 
Brugiasco,  (Switz.) 
Brunecken,  (Austr.) 
Brunn,  (Austr.) 
Brunswick,  f  Braun- 

sc!iwcig,|  ((Jor.) 
Bruqiiien\  la,  (Fr.) 
Bmsa,  (Tur.) 
Bruskow,  (Prus.) 


brt'men 
brt'mir-fi'd'frn 
brS'mp-for'd{^ 
lirrn'de-gurde 
bre'no' 
brhi'lo  d'di'ba 
brp'sha 
brt'shd'no 
for  rfi?  bres-kqng' 
bres'kcns 
bres'lou 
bresse 
bri-st 
bre  t  am/ 

brp-t^-i  or  hre-t^nj' 
Id  br^'i  or  It*  br^uj 
bre-vine' 
bresh-n'i'ch^ 
brfs'no  hQn'yo 
bfi'dng-sonir' 
bfi      ^    -  " 
brf-file' 
br'i'mts 
br'i'cnts 
br'i-Sne'  I'd  ska 
br'i'gcls 
bfin-yolc' 
brin'di-si 
bfi-qng' 
bfi~5ne' 
br'i-id'  go 
bfi-tdn'i-a 
brit'lan-ny 
br'ive 
bfi 

brik'sen 
br'j'biL 

dH'la  brok'ka 
brqk'kel 
brQk'kcn 
brok' hot' sett 
brqd^h 
brddc'  slave 
brol'yo 
brqm'  bfr^ 
brum' ley 
brnng 

brqngk'hqrst 
hron-n'it'ii 
br5'to 

brou'ers-hd'fcn 
bro'vd-^y 
briige 

brQQ-dj'ds'ko 
br<^<}' nek-km 
bran 

J  briLns'ioik  or  broun'shvl^ 

Id  hru-ki-Sre' 

brQQ'sa 

brgQs'ko 


Bnissels,  [BruxeIIes,](Nelh.)irus'j.-et?  or  hru-siV 


Brusztura,  (Austr.) 
Brzcsc,  (Austr.) 
Brzezany,  (Austr.) 
Brzozow,  (Austr.) 
Brzuchowice,  (Austr.) 
Btiblitz,  (Prus.) 
Biicellas,  (Pen.) 
Buchs,  (Switz.) 
Bufkow,  (Prus.) 
Buda,  or  Ofen,  (Austr.) 
Buda,  (R.)  14. 
Budamer,  (Austr.) 
Boodendikghof,  (R.) 
Budweis,  (Austr.) 
Budwitz,  (Austr.) 
Budzanow,  (Austr.) 
Buena  Vista,  (Mex.) 
Buenos  Ayres,  (S.  Am.) 
BufTalora  Pass,  (Switz.) 
Buliler,  (Switz.) 
Buhlerthal,  (Ger.) 
Biiknria,  Little,  (As.) 
Bukke  Fjord,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Biikowina,  (Austr.) 
Bulgaria,  (Tur.) 
Bumassa,  (Austr.) 


br(}(}s-t<^<)'ra 

br^-zHck' 

br*-zhe-ih(i-n'{ 

br'-zkd-shd 

br^-zhn(}-lhd-v'i'ts^ 

bQQ'bhts 

bQQ-tUH'yas 

bQt;iks 

hf^Q'kd 

bn<\'da,  o'/in 

bQQ'da 

bQQ'dd-vierr. 

bQQ-de  n-di'k'ghSf 

bQQt'vlce 

bi^nt'vits 

hQ^t-zd'no 

bQ(^r'na  v'is'ta 

b(}Q-e'iu)s  I'rcssC 

b(}ftf-fd-lo'ra 

b^Q'lt'r 

bf>Q'li'r-md 

bt)(}-kd'  (or  k(l')  fi-a 

bQQk' ke-fijord 

bQQ-ko-v'i'na 

b^tjl'gd'  (OT  gd')  r'i-a 

bq^mds'sa 


Buna  Braddrn  Head,  (Scot.)  bu'na  brdd'dcn  hed 


Buntzlau,  (Prus.) 
Bnrbaguena,  (Pen.) 
Buren,  (Switz.) 
Burg,  (Den.  &  Neth.) 
Burgdorf,  (Switz.) 
Burghausrn,  (Ger.) 
Burgia,  (It.) 
Burgos,  (Pen.) 
Burgundy,  (Fr.) 
Burica,  (Mex.) 
Bursa,  (Tur.) 
Bursztvn,  (Austr.) 
Burzlair,  (Prus.) 
Busca,  (It.) 
Bussein,  (Neth.) 


bQQ'its'loii 

bQ^r-b'd-ge'na 

bfte'rcii 

bi><}r$'dqrf 

b<;for^-ltou'zcn 

bQi^rd'ja 

bgtjr'  gosse 

bur- gun' dy 

bQQ-r'i'ka 

btiQr'sa 

bQQrs'tine 

btifrrts'l'df 

bQQs'ka 

b^Qs'sem 


Buswrach,  (Switz.) 
Bus-i,  (Switz.) 
Bus.-iitn-,  la,  (Fr.) 
Byeii,  (Ucn.)  ist. 


tf{U-4V 


C. 


Crihanes,  (Pen.) 
(':il»arie»,  k-w  (Fr.) 
Cabarran,  (U.  H.) 
f-'alK  llo,  (.Mm.) 
Caliifilo,  (.Swilz.) 
C'ahool,  or  Cabul,  (A«.) 
CaljQVillano,  (EVn.) 
Cabra,  (Pen.) 
Cabra,  r. 
Cabnis,  (P<-n.  k  It.) 


ka-h4r*r«M 
klUil'fo  «  tat;  ! 

ka-l^' 

ka'hrtl 
ka'brn 
kfX'trMM 


Cabras,  Siimi  fli,-  Ian,  (Pen.)  tln^n  Jf  Ui  btfhr-,, 


f:abriTd,  (P.n.)i.(. 
Cabriac,  (Fr.) 
Cabul,  or  Cabool,  (A».) 
Cabuli.itan,  (As.) 
Cacalutta,  (.Mex.) 
Caccrcs,  (Pr-n.) 
Cariaujac,  (Fr,) 
Oadenaz/.'i,  (.S\vil7„) 
Cadcrcite,  (.Mex.) 
Cadiz,  (Pen.) 
Ca(la.inil,  (.N'elh.) 
Caen,  (I"r.) 
C.acnnarthen,  (Walei*) 
Cagli,  (It.) 
Cnjliari,  ^It.) 


Cacny,  (I'r.) 
-     ir,  (Ir.) 


Cabii 

Cahors,  (Fr.) 
Cairo,  (It.  &  Eg.) 
Caitbnens,  (Scot.) 
Cajurirhi,  (^lex.) 
Cala,  Ras  el,  (It.) 
Cala,  (Pen.)  r. 

Calabria,  Citra,  (It.) 

Calabria,  Ultra,  (lu) 
Calafuria.  (It.) 
Calais,  (Fr.) 
('aiais,  (Fr.)  dep. 
Calainocha,  (Pen.) 
Calanda,  (Pen.) 
('alas[)arra.  (Pen.) 
Calatabalolta,  (It.) 
Calatabaldtia,  (It.)  r. 
Calatavalnra,  (lu) 
Calci,  (It.) 
Calcasieu,  (IT.  S.) 
Calcutta,  (Ind.) 
Calderon,  Point,  (Pen.) 
Calenbcr;,  (Gor.) 
Calicut,  (Ind.) 
California,  (N.  Am.) 
Calipso,  (IL) 
Callands  Oo;,  (.N'eth.) 
Callao,  (Pen.) 
t'allunbori:,  (Den.) 
Calore,  (It.)  r. 
C.altagilMne,  (Sic) 
Calva,  (It.)  ml. 
Calvados,  (Fr.)  ttrp, 
Calvados,  Kocks  of,  (Fr.) 
Calzadilla  (Pen.) 
Catnaloa,  (.Mex.) 
Carnbe,  la,  (Fr.) 
(.'atnbodia,  t'Ind.) 
Cainhrav,  (I'r.) 
Canibresis  le  Chat,  (Fr.) 
Cainbridee, 

Cambridgeshire,  (Eng.) 
Carai-nz,  (Ger.) 
Caniillare,  (It.)  I. 
Caininin.  (1  riis.) 
Camocask,  (Switz.) 
Caniiiasna,  (It.) 
Campana,  (Pen.)  r. 
Cain|tana,  la,  (Pen.) 


,  (Pen.) 
(It.)c 


Canipanella,  Qu)  c 
CaintK'che,  (Mex.) 
Cani|icl,  (Switz.) 
Cainpi^lia,  (iL) 
CamiMiIorinio,  (IL) 
(\un[Ki  Rosso,  (.\ustr.) 
Cainpomshena,  (It.)  mU 
Campos  .\ncos,  (Pen.) 
Canada,  (N.  Am.) 
Can.ada,  la,  (>lei.) 
Canada,  del  IIoto,  (Pen.) 
Can.ajobanie,  (C.  S.) 
Canandaicua,  (L*.  S.) 
Canara,  (Ind.) 
Candahar,  (Ind.) 
Candela.  (.Mex.) 
Cancas  dc  Onis.  (Pen.) 


k>J-ln-''t 
ka-brl-alf 

kn-tx^' 
k4-b^'U-Un' 

ka'tX^-rc*!^ 

ka-ils  iat' 

kd-di-ma'M 

kOrir-rVt^ 

ka'dttX,  IlnK.  Li'it: 

kiU'-.OMt 

k(Ug 

kfrmHr'Om 

ioi'jT 

kal-^rl 

kaa-fl' 

hik'ktr  or  ktn 

kn^inf 

kd-'i'ro  or  kl'r* 

k^tk'ntu 

kaik^^rt'ckl 

Till  a  ka'la 

kA'U 
I  ka4ithrl-c  dl'tr«.  Eat 
\     La-U'krl-a 

kild'brt-a  f^'fra 

kaAa-f^Ti-^ 

k(Ha\ ,  ,. 

kiln  .  .''^ 
ka'U 
kd-la .     -. 
id-ldi  pdr'ro 
kdla-Ui-H-lat'lx 

kd-la-td-i,i-'  .:■■ : 

kd-l:  ■ 

kal'r 


kil-ifor'mi-a 

kd-rip'M 

kal'lOnts  elk 

kaj-yd'e 

kd2  l^n-b^^ 

kd-iS'r( 

kdUa-jl-r»'*t 

kal'ra 

kdl-zd'ii>t 

kdl-ltd  ■•■.•:■,: 
kd—.  - 
Ul 
kOm 

ka.g:  - 1 

kdJic-hr^-'.t'  If  rhi 
kSm'hniyt 
kZ'n'hri^j^-Atn 
iil'nnib 

IS-nV'ra'rf 


Fi 


Id  i , 

ltd™  ;  . 
kdm-p'J<>.i 
kdn'fH 
ktixi-flVtI-Jl 
kdsif'^r'mi-* 
kdm'p*  r^jv 
kdm-ftt-rd-fft'** 
kdm'p^  ai'tM 

ldki'rt<-s 
ka'y 
bSr. 
t.i«   , 

ta'».i-.i 
kdii'd'.-U 


'*Ta, 


Fr.  long  A  and  .hort  <™,  nearly  as  in  sp.r.-  Final  ly,  French  I  n.ouiile.-M'ffer,vi"cu.„s.-g  ^smpU.surc;  g  .and  a  gutmral ;  ..-.  hna.d  ;  a«  in^ 


1333 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


Cannes,  (Ft.) 
C;nH),  tlL'l,  (Pen.) 
Canst.idl,  ((ier.) 
C'anlal,  (Fr.)  drp. 
Canlaica,  (It.)  /. 
Cantire,  or  Kmlyre,  (Scot.) 
l^antoniank,  (Austr.) 
Canton,  (As.) 
Cantos,  Fuente  do,  (l*en.) 
Caparrosa,  (Pen.) 
Cape  IJreton,  (Can.)  isL 
Capel,  (Den.)  isl. 
CapL-lla,  (It.)  mt. 
Capellc,  la,  (Fr.) 
Cappna,  (ft.) 
Capitanata,  (It.) 
Capo  di  Caglip.ri,  (It.) 
Capo  di  Gallo,  (ll.) 
Capo  di  Ponte,  (It.) 
Capo  di  .Sassaii,  (It.) 
Cappacio,  (It.) 
Capiera,  (It.)  iil. 
Capri,  (It.)  M. 
Captieu-v,  (Fr.) 
Capua,  (It.) 
Capuio  Rock,  (Pen.) 
Caracas,  (S.  Am.) 
Caramania,  (Tur.) 
Carapella,  (It.)  r. 
Carapelle,  (It.) 
Carapipi,  (It.) 
Caratasca,  (IVIex.)  I. 
Caravaca,  (Pen.) 
Carboni,  (It.) 
Caibonara,  (It.)  c. 
Carcagente,  (Pen.) 
Carcastillo,  (Pen.) 
Carcans,  (Fr.)  /. 
Carcassonne,  (Fr.) 
Carcelles,  (Switz.) 
Cardenosa,  (Pen.) 
Cardigan,  (Eng.) 
Cardiganshire,  (Eng.) 
Cardinale,  (It.) 
Cardona,  (Pen.) 
Cardosa,  el,  (Pen.) 
Carigliano,  (It.)  r. 
Carinthia,  or  Kternthen, 

(Austr.) 
Carizal,  el,  (Mei.) 
Carl  Johanstad,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Carleton,  (Can.) 
Carlo,  Fort,  (It.) 
Carlopago,  (Austr.) 
Carlow,  (Ir.)  co. 
Carlowitz,  (Austr.) 
Carlsbad,  (Austr.) 
Carlsburg,  (Austr.  &.  Ger.) 
Carlshamn,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Carlscrona,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Carlslund,  (Den.) 
Carlsruhe,  (Ger.) 
Carlstadt,  (Sc.  Pen.  i  Austr.) 
Carmagnola,  (It.) 
Carniel,  (Pal.)  mt. 
Carmen,  (Mex.)  isl. 
Carmona,  (Pen.) 
Carnatic,  (Ind.) 
Carniola,  (Austr.) 
Carolina,  (U.  S.) 
CaroiJiaiia,  Fort,  (It.) 
Carpathian,  (Austr.)  mt. 
Carpentaria,  (Austral.) 
Carrara,  (It.) 
Carreira,  (Pen.) 
Carriso,  (Mex.) 
Cartago,  (Mex.) 
Carvin,  (Fr.) 
Casa  del  Cuervo,  (Pen.) 
Casa  de  Serra,  (Pen.) 
Casaccia,  (Switz.) 
Casal  Maggiore,  (It.) 
Casale,  (It.) 

Casas  lie  Don  Antonio,  (Pen.) 
Casas  de!  Puerto,  (Pen.) 
Casas  Giandes,  (Mes-) 
Casavieja,  (Pen.) 
Casbin,  (Pen.) 
Cascantes,  (Pen.) 
Cascia,  (It.) 
Cascio,  Point 
Cashel,  (Ir.) 
Cashmere,  (As.) 
Ca.^pian  Sea,  (As.)' 
Ca^sa,  (It.) 
Cassel,  (Ger.) 
Cassia  Via,  (It.) 
Castagnetto,  (It.)  t^ 
Castagnola,  (It.) 
Cast-'inuela,  (Mex.) 
Castel  a  Mare,  (It.) 
Caste!  a  Mare,  (It.j^- 
Castel  Doria,  (It.) 
Castel  Franca,  (It.) 


kdnne 
del  kd'no 
hdii'stdt 

hdllir~t(il' 

Icdn-tdr'ka 

hdn-lire.' 

kuii'tO'indngk' 

kdu-ton' 

J\>i}'hi'(K  lie  kdti'tos 

kd~pdr-?-o-sa 

hre-tonir'  iM  bril'oii 

ka'pd 

kd-pel'la 

Id  kd-nSW 

kd-prna 

kd-pi-l.d-nd'ta 

kd'po  di  kdl-yd'r'i 

kd'po  di  trdl'lo 

hd'jHi  '/>  pnu'te 

kd'po  di  sds-$d'ri 

kdp~pd'chi-o 

kd-prp'ra 

kd'pr'i 

kdp-s'i-m,' 

kd'pQQ-a 

kd-pQij'to 

kdr-rdii'ds  or  ka-rak'as 

kdr-a-iiid'ni'U 

kd'rd-pH'la 

ka'rd-pH'h 

kd'rd-pi'pi 

kd'rd-tds'ka 

kd'rd-va'ka 

kdr-bo'ni 

kdr'bo-nd'ra 

kdr'kd'Uht'lfi 

kdr-kds-til'yo 

kdr-kdiifr' 

kdr-kds-ioii' 

kdrsSW 

kdr'de-nd'sa 

kdr'di-gan, 

hdt'di-rra  n  -ski  re 

kar-di-nd'le 

kdr-do'na 

el  kdr-do'sa 

kd-fil'yi-d-no 

ka-rirt'thi-a  or  kir^'Un 

el  kd-ri-itidl  or  ~sdl 

kdrl  yo-hdn'stdd 

kdrl'ion 

kdr'ln 

kdr'lo-p'd'go 

kdr'low 

kdr'lo-vits 

kdrls'bdt 

kdrh'hQ<}r^ 

kdrls'hdmn 

kdrls-krO' na 

kdrls-lQ^>nd' 

kdrls-TQQ'  he 

kdrVstdt 

kdr-mdn~yd'la 

kdr'viel 

kdr'men 

kdr-md'na 

kar-^id'tik  or  kar-ndt'ik 

kdr-n'i-o'la 

kdr-o-ti'  (or  W)  na 

kd-ro-TiLd'  na 

kar-pd'Lht-an 

kdr-phi~td'ri-a 

kdr-rd'ra 

k'dr-rVra 

kdr-r'i'so 

kdr-td'ffo 

kdr-vdng' 

kd'sa  del  kQQ-er'vo 

kd'sa  de  aer'ra 

kd'iat' ch'i-a 

kd-zdl'  mdd-gi-d're 

kd-zd'le 

kd'sds  de  don  dn-tohti-c 

kd'sds  del  pf^(^-er'to 

ka'sdj  irrdii'desse 

kd'sd-v'i-e'lha 

kds-bine' 

kds-kdn' tcsse 

kd'sk'i-a 

kd'sh'i-o 

hash' el 

kdsk-rnHrc' 

kds'p'i-aii 

kds'.ia 

kds'sH 

kds'si-a  v'i'a 

kds-tdn-yet'to 

kds-idn' yo-la 

kds-tH'  d  Tflu'.-j; 
kds-teV  d  via'rs 
Jids-ti'l'  do'r'i-a 
Jcds-teV  frdn'ka 


Castel  Guelfo,  (It.) 
Castelnau  de  Medoc,  (Fr.) 
Castelnaudarv,  (Fr.) 
Castel  Novo  ili  Monte,  (II.) 
Castel  Vetrano,  (It.) 
Castel  Volturno,  (It.) 
Casiiglione,  (It.) 
(lastiglione  I'icirente,  (IJ.) 
Castillo  dc  lus  Guardi;ui, 

(IVn.) 
Caslillon,  (Fr.) 
Castine,  (U.  S.) 
Castre,  (Nelh.) 
Castres,  (Fr.) 
Castril,  Siena  de,  (Pen.) 
Castrillo,  (Pen.) 
Castro,  (Pen.  &  It.) 
Castro  Giovanni,  (It.) 
Castua,  (Austr.) 
Casza,  (Austr.)  isl. 
Catalioola,  (U.  S.) 
Catalanii,  (It.) 
Catalonia,  (Pen.) 
Catamarca,  (Am.) 
Catania,  (It.) 
Catania,  (It.)  ^. 
Catanzaro,  (It.) 
Catarroja,  (Pen.) 
Cati,  (Pen.) 
Cattaraugus,  (U.  S.) 
Cattaro,  (Austr.) 
Cattegat,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Cattenbnrg,  (.^uslr.) 
Caucasus,  (R.) 
Caucasus,  (II.)  mt. 
Caussade,  (Fr.) 
Cavado,  (Pen.)  r. 
Cavalaire,  (Fr.) 
Cavalerie,  la,  (Fr.) 
Cavallo,  (It.)  r. 
Cavallo,  (It.)  ijl. 
Cavan,  (Ir.)  co. 
Cavignac,  (Fr.) 
Cavoli,  (It.)  isl. 
Cavria,  (Austr.) 
Cayo,  (Mex.) 
Cayuga,  (U.  S.) 
Cazenovia,  (\3.  S.) 
Ceciano,  (It.) 
Cecina,  (It.)  r. 
Celano,  (It.) 
Celano,  (It.)  I. 
Celebes 

Celigny,  (Switz.) 
Cetle,  (Ger.) 
Cellette,  (Fr.) 
Cellino,  (It.) 
Cenelos,  (Mex.) 
Cenis,  (It.)  mt, 
Censo  di  Falcone,  (It  ) 
Cento,  (It.) 
Cephalunia,  (It.) 
Ccppo,  (It.)  r. 
Cerentino,  (Switz.) 
Cerignola,  (It.) 
Cerigo,  (Gr.) 
Ceri.sv,  (Fr.) 
Cern;iv,  (Fr.) 
Cerrclo,  (It.) 
Cerro  Colbrado,  (Mex.) 
Cerro  Gorda,  (Mex.) 

Cerro  de  S.  Claro,  (Mex.) 

Cerros,  (Mex.)  isl, 
Cervaro,  (It.)  r. 
Cesano,  (It.) 
Cesareo  Port,  (It.) 
Cesone,  (It.)  r. 
Cette,  (Fr.) 
Ceva,  (U.) 
Ceylon,  (Ind.) 
Chaam,  (Neth.) 
Chaharicha,  (R.) 
Chabarina,  (It.) 
Chabonois,  (Fr.) 
Chabour.sk,  (R.) 
Chagre,  (S.  Am.) 
Charibv,  (Fr.) 
Chagny,  (Fr.) 
Chagouta,  (R.)  r. 
Chagovarsk,  (R.) 
Chailly,  (Fr.) 
Chaisedicu,  la,  (Fr.) 
Chak  Bouhik,  (U.) 
Chalam,  (Fr.) 
Challet,  (Fr.) 
Chalonne,  (Fr.) 
Chalons  sur  Marne,  (Fr.) 
Chalons  sur  Soane,  (Fr.) 
Chama,  (.Me.x.) 
Chaniarga,  (Mex.) 
Cliambcret,  (Fr.) 
Chambi-ry,  (Fr.) 
Cliambrois,  (Fr.) 


ka^-td-Ho'  d(^  vie-dgk' 

kd^-teV  no-dd-rV 

hds-tel'  no'vo  di  vtqn'te 

kds-lel'  VP-trd' no 

kds-tM'  vol-tfj(,-r'no 

kds-til-yo'ne 

kds't'il-yo'ne  f'i-o-rai'le 
i  kds-t'il'yo  dt  los  ^^<i-dr'- 
\      d'i-ds 

kd^-t'i-iyong'  or  kds-til- 

kds-t'iuc'  [y'J'tg' 

kuLstr" 

s'i-er'ra  de  k'ds-tfil' 

ku^-i-tril' yo 

k'ds'tro 

kds'tn)  ji-u-vdn'n'i 

/.■ao.'ipn-tt 

kas'sa 

hdt-U'hti.f/la 

kd-ld-la'no 

kd'td-lo'n'i-a 

kd-td-vidr'ka 

ka-ta'n'i-a  or  !ui-ta,'n'i-a 

ka-ta'n'i-a  or  ka-ta'ui-a 

kd~tdnd-zd'ro 

kd-tdr-To'Zlia 

kd'ti 

kat-td-ravJ  gus 

kdt'td'ro 

kdt'te-gdt 

kdt' teiir-bQQT^ 

kau'kd-srios  or  kaii'kd-sus 

kau'kd-ftoQs  or  Icau'kd-siis 

kossdde' 

kd-va'do 

kd-vd-l6re' 

Id  kd-rdl-ri' 

kd'Vdl'lo 

kd'Vdl'lo 

kdv'uii 

ka-vin-ydk' 

ka-vo'li 

kd-vri'a 

kd'yo 

ka-yi^ii'^a 

kdz-cn-d'v'i-a 

cke-ch'i-d'no 

cht_'chi'na 

fke-la'no 

die -la'  no 

cel'c-bccs 

ce-liu-yi' 

UeVle 

ccl-lfte' 

chelAi'no 

tTie-  (or  se-)  ne'los 

che'nisse  or  ce-n'i' 

chen'zo  di  fdl-ko'ns 

cken'to 

chvf-d-lo' n'i-a  - 

ckep'pu 

che-ren-tV  no 

che-rin'yo-la 

cher'  i-go 

ce-ri-sV 

cer-na' 

cher-rc'to 

ther'  (or  ser')  ro  kid-brd'do 

thi'r'  (or  ser')  ro  gor'da 
( ther'  (or  ser')  ro  de  sdn 
\      kld'ro 

iUer'  (or  ser')  ros 

cher-vd'ro 

che-zdhw 

che-zdr^e'o 

che-zO'ne 

cette 

che'va 

cil-one'  or  c'i'loii 

ikdhm 

ckd-bd-rVcha 

ckd-bd-fi'na 

s/td-bo-nwa' 

chd'biiursk 

skd-irr' 

shdf-fwa' 

shdii-yV 

chd-gon'ta 

chd'  go-vdrsk 

skd-i-y'i'  or  shal-yV 

Id  shdsc-f/i-ifk 

ckdk  boii'lak 

shd-idng' 

skdl'U' 

shdrlone' 

shd-long'  sur  m'dmc 

skd-lqng'  sur  sQhit 

chd'ma 

chd-mdr'ga 

skdng-bre' 

skduf^-bri' 

shdng-brwa 


Chanibry,  (Fr.) 
Champaigne,  (Fr.) 

Cliamouny,  (Switz.) 

Champlaiii,  (Can.) 
Chauipotou,  (Mex.) 
Chapala,  (Me.\.) 
Chaitceaiix,  (Fr.) 
Chantenay,  (Fr.) 
Chaulcn()V,  (Fr.) 
Chapelle,'la,  (Fr.) 
Chapelle  Royale,  (Fr.) 
Charento,  (Fr.)  dep. 
Cliarente,  Ijowcr,  (Fr.)  dcp. 
Charcnton,  (Fr.) 
Chaiite,  la,  (Fr.) 
CharUi,  (R.) 
CiiailatsUui,  (R.) 
Cliarlemont,  (Tr.) 
Cliarleroi,  (iNeth.) 
CharloUcnberg,  (Prus.) 
Cluuhivoix,  (U.  S.) 
Chaimes,  (Fr.) 
Charniey,  (Switz.) 
Cliarny,  (Switz.) 
Charuilcs,  (Fr.) 
Charot,  (Fr.) 
Charriore,  (Fr.) 
Chars,  (Fr.) 
Chartre.s  (Fr.) 
Chasseral,  (Swit/..)  mt. 
Ciias:>cr()n,  (Switz.)  vd. 
Chat  la  Valiere,  (Fr.) 
Chat  Ligny,  (Fr.) 
Chatahooche,  (U.  S.)  r 
Chataigneraye,  (Fr.) 
Chatauque,  "(U.  S.) 
Cbateaubourg,  (Fr.) 
Chatcaubriant,  (Fr.) 
Ctiateau  Canibrcsis,  (Fr.) 
Chateau  Chiiion,  (Fr.) 
Chateau  Loir,  (Ft.) 
Ciialeaulin,  (Fr.) 
(.'hateauneui,  (Fr.) 
Chateauroux.  (Fr.) 
Chateau  Renault,  (Fr.) 
Chateau  Salins,  (Fr.) 
Chateau  Thicrrv,  (Fr.) 
Chatelet,  (Neth!) 
Chatellerault,  (Fr.) 
Chatellier,  (Fr.) 

Ciiatillon,  (Fr.) 

ChatiMon  en  Razois,  (Fr.) 
Cliatillun  sur  Loire,  (Fr.) 
ChatiUoii  sur  Loing,  (Fr.) 
Chatilhiti  sur  Indre,  (Fr.) 
Cliatillon  sur  Seine,  (Fr.) 
Chatre,  la, 
Chatsk,  (R.) 
Chaudenay,  (Fr.) 
Chaudiere,  (IT.  S.) 
Chaumont,  (Fr.) 
Chaussee,  la,  (Fr.) 
Chaux  de  Fonds,  (Switz.) 
Chaux  dti  Milieu,  (;:5\vjtz.) 
ChavigiHin,  (Fr.) 
Chechkieev,  (R.) 
Cheki,  (R.) 
Cheles,  (Pen.) 
Chelmsford,  (Eng.) 
Chelsea,  (Eng.) 
Clieltenham,  (Eng.) 
Chemille,  (Fr.) 
Clienmitz,  (Ger.) 
Chemung,  (U.  S.) 
Chenango,  (U.  S.) 
Chenisegorsk,  (R.) 
Chenkoursk,  (R.) 
Chcpovska,  (R.) 
Cher,  (Fr.)  dcp, 
Cheran,  (It.)  r. 
Cherbourg,  (Fr.) 
Chermorilanc  Glacier, 

(Switz.) 
Cherokee,  (U.  S.) 
Cherso,  (Aiislr.)  isL 
Chertsey,  (Eng.) 
Chesapeake 
Chesseaux,  (Switz ) 
Chetchkova,  (R.) 
Chetimaches,  (U.  S.) 
Chcvagnes  le  Roy,  (Fr.) 
Chovenceau,  (Fr.) 
Chcveney,  (Switz.) 
Cheviot,  (Scot.)  mt. 
Chiana,  Marsh  of,  (It.) 
Chiaro,  (It.)  mt. 
Chiavarj,  (It.) 
Chiavenna,  or  Cieven,  (It.) 
Chicapee,  or  Chicopee,  ( U.  S. 
Chicago,  (U.  S.) 
Chichester,  (Eng.) 
Chichis,  (Mex.) 


shdng-bfi' 
shdng-pdny' 

ishd-mQ(j-ni' J  Eng.  shd- 
m(f9'/iy 

shdng-pldng' J  Eng.  chdm- 

ckdin-pO'tuii  [jtldne' 

chd-pd'la 

skdn.g-s6' 

skdngt-nd' 

shdngt-nwa 

Id  skd-p£le 

skdr-pcle  rwd-^dJW 

shd-rdngt' 
.    shd-rdngU 

shd-r'dng-tqvg' 

Id  shd-ri-te' 

chdr'k'i 

chdr-ldtji'koi 

shdrl-mnng' 

shdrl-rwa' 

shdv-lQi'ten-ber§ 

shdrlc-voy' 

shdrm 

shdr-md' 

skdr-n'i' 

skd-^Ole' 

skd'Vo 

shdr-r'i-ijrt,' 

shdr 

skdrtr' 

skfhi-se-rdV 

.shds-rqng 

alid  la  nd-li-Cre' 

shd  I'in-yV 

chdt-a-hQQ'che 

skd-tdny-ra' 

cha-taw'gae 

skd-tu-bQQr 

shd-to-bri-dng' 

shd-tO'  kdng-br-z'i' 

shd-tv'  shi-nimg' 

sha-to'  hoar 

shd-iu-ldng' 

shd~td-n^f 

skd-ttJ-r^Q' 

skd-tO'  re-no' 

shdr-tO'  sd-ldn^' 

shd-to'  i'i-e-r'V 

shdt-ia' 

shd-td-rO' 

shd-tr/-li-i' 
j  shd-til-ynng'  or  skd-fi-'i- 

shd-t:l-ynng'  dug  hd-zica 

shd-til-yvng'  sur  lindr 

skd'tii-yqug'  sur  Iwdng 

shd-fil-yong'  sur  dn-dr' 

shd-t'il-yong'  »■&■  sdue 

Id  ^katr'~ 

didtsk 

skode-na' 

s/id-d'i-ire' 

sku^nong' 

Id  shus-se' 

shCi  df*  fOng 

sbo  dii  vii-ii-eu, 

skd-rin-yong' 

cher/i'kyccu 

cbe'ki 

clie'lesse 

chenii'ford 

diel'sy 

dte.l' ten-ham  or  dtrh'nuvi 

shc-vii-i'  or  ske-nizly' 

Shiin'mts 

she-mung' 

she-ndn'go 

die-n'i'  se-gqrsk 

dien-ktmrsk' 

dit-pnc-^ka 

shire 

ke-r'dn' 

shirc-bQQr' 
)  shSrc-mnng-tdlm'  gld~ 
j      si-t'  -  ° 

dier-o-kee' 

ker'so 

ckes'se 

dies' a-pSake 

shes-sd' 

ck^tdi'ko-va 

shet-'i-rndsh' 

.^he-zidny'  Id  rwa 

sbe-vdng-sd' 

skive-nd' 
diic'i-ot 

ki-d'na 

k'i-d'ro 

ki-d'Vd'ri 
k'i'd-ven'na 
)dtik-o-pcc.'  or  diik'o-pec 

shi-kaw'  go 

chjck'es'tcr 

dti'diis^ 


Fute^fdr^fallj  whtJ.,  bat.  —  Mitt,  7""£y,  kilp,  tJi6re,h<^r.  —  PinCy  vuir'ine,  b'irdjfig. — JVDtc,  dSvc,  mote,  wtjlfj  bg^k,  lurd. — Tujic,  hull^  y.nitc,  —  Fr.  long  v^c;  Fr.  short  but. — 

■         1334  '  ^ 


PRONUiNCIATION   OF   MODERN   GEOGRAi'lIICAL   NAMES. 


Chicot,  (U.S.) 
Chicnti,  (R.) 
ChisVK-s.  (.\elh.) 
Cliiiiiogna,  (?vvilz.) 
Chihuahua,  (>Ie.x.) 
Chili,  (S.  Ai:i.) 
Chilicothe,  (V.  S.) 
Chilpan^inri,  (Mei.) 

.  (.Mes.) 

I,  (.M.-X.) 

^.iiburi^o,  (S.  Am.) 
Ch-p.a,  (.As.) 
Cliiiianilega,  ^Me.x.) 
Cliiiie.-ie  Empire 
Chir.on,  (Kr.) 
ChiTiv,  (N'cth.) 
<"Ii;i)[K'nha!n,  (Enj;.) 
(•I:i;ip<;«ay,  (U.  S.) 
Chiruw,  (.\ustr.) 
rhiusa,  (It.) 
t'Sii'.isano,  (It.) 
riiMsi,  :rt.) 

Austr.) 
:■  (K-) 

Austr.) 

:..  (Pr.) 
■<.(R.) 
ry,(R.) 

■ie.v) 

.  (Austr.) 
Vostr.) 

■:us.) 
,.  (Pr.) 

..  (Sc  Pen.) 

^^ uiJ,  (Sc.  Pen.) 

Chri^iiuDsfeld,  (Den.) 
CIiri:?[iansoe,  (Sc.  Pen.) 

Christianstadt,  (Sc.  Pen.) 

Chri.-Jlinehamn,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
«^hr)>tincstadt,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Chrisloval,  (.Mm.) 
CImcinisaca,  (S.  Am.) 
Cif^zanow,  (Austr.) 
Cilicia,  (.As.) 
Cilician  Gates 
'"imnres,  (Pen.) 
I '.iiiltri^hainn,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
!■  .M;ti.  (It.)  c. 
*'iin(ine,  (IL) 
Cincinnati,  (t'.  S.) 
Ciney,  (Xelh.) 
Cintra,  (Pen.) 
Circassia,  (R.) 
Cirencester,  (Com.,  Eng.) 
Citta  Nuova,  (It.) 
Citta  Vecchia,  (It.) 
Cittadella,  (It.) 
Ciiidad  Real,  (Me.T.) 
Ciudad  RodriEo,  (Pen.) 
Ciud.idcla,  (Pen.) 
Ciurnna,  (Pen.) 
C'ivila  Vecchia,  (It.) 
Cb.t.bceck,  (Xeth.) 
Cla.low.  (Ger.) 
i';:ii'':nfurt,  (Austr.) 
I  l.iiborne,  (U.  S.) 
l'::iii.  (.=c.  Pcn.)i. 
(  :i:>.-,  la,  (Fr.) 
r!ir-i.  ?:■.,  (Pen.) 

"UitZ.) 

:/..) 
•-',  (.AiLstr.) 
.  fben.) 

';er.) 
Fr.) 

Fr.) 
(It.) 

Fr.) 
'  .  .-;ii  ;.:  ^iy  Lodeve,  (Fr.) 
<"'!  riiu^iiL '  n  Ar2onne,  fFr.) 
Clrrmont  Fermnd,  (Fr.; 
Cieven,  or  Chiavenna,  (It.) 
Cleves,  (Ger.) 
Clevf.s  und  Berg,  (Ger.) 
ri:.^-a,  (Austr.) 
:;litlieroc,  (Eng.) 
Closher,  (Ir.) 
ri.>2hnaj!ilty,  (Tjf.) 
ChL'one,  (It.)  T. 
Cnua  Germ,ana,  (Austr.) 
Cdhadonsa,  (Pen.) 
Coblentz,(Gcr.) 
Coburj,  (Ger.) 
Cochin,  (Hind.) 
Coclnis,  (Fr.) 
'■"-'■   ■•■'■'..) 

:ia<<,  (Mex.) 

It.) 
...,(rt.)c. 


shi'ko 
ch'i-en'Ci 

ch'i'ti 

chtt-pizn-tTiin.'  (or  s'in')  ^a 

ck'il-te-pe'ke 

ch'i-md-ia'pijn 

chi-md-Wpa 

chim-bo~rd'so 

chVna 

ch'i-n'dn-de' ga 

cftl-nSse' 

sh'i'Tiong' 

sh'i-n'i' 

chip'num. 

chip'pc-wHy 

Ik'VrQ 

k'i-QQ-zd'no 

k'i-<}^'it 

^hti-nit'sa 

ihri'zi'Ugi^i 

cMov 

Shot'ts'i-zen 
chqh-ch'in^k' 
chol-md£^~ho-ry 
cko-lQ^'ld 
Zhqr'bro 
iho-TOst'ko 
ihqt'sen 
kowz 

kfist'bfjQr^ 
krist-'i-ii' ni-a 
kr'i'sfi-^ikn-siind' 
kri  'st'i-Wins-filt 
krVst'i-dhTis-t^ 
,  krVst'i-dhn-stdt  or  kr'i- 
'      s!td/in-stiU 
l:fi-st:i'nt-kdm.n 
kristV  nestdt 
kr'is-to-Tdl' 
ckq^ki-sd'ka 
tsi-shd'no 
ct-Iish'i-a 
c'i-lish'an 
tKim'br^sse 
cim'bris-kdJtm 
ch'i-mVt'i 
ch'i-mo'ne 
cin-cin-ndt'i 
c'i-nd' 
tKin'tra 

c'ir-kds's't-a  or  cir-kds'- 
sis'e-ter .  [sh'i-a 

chit-td'  nt^Q'S'ra 
ch'it-td'  Vfh'ki-a 
chil-td'dr.Vla 
mi-  (or  si-)  t}(}-dM'  re-dV 
t1i'i-Q<}-ddd'  Ttf'dr'i'go 
tJl'i-Q^dd' de-la 
tKi-QQ-rd'na 
chVv'iAa  rek'k'i-a 
kidb'bake 
ktd'do 

kid' shi'fijijTt 
kid' borne 
kldhn 
Id  ktdpe 
3dn'ta  kld'ra 
kld^e'iio 
kid'ro 

klou'zen-bQgr§ 
klous-holmJ 
khus'tdkl 
Idklite 
fde-mong' 
kle-m~eTi-t'i'no 
klirC'TTion^' 
klSre-mqng'  dd  lo-dSoe' 
kiere-m/tng'  dn  dr-^5ne' 
klire-mqng'  fer-rdng 
ch'i-e'ven 
kit' t  esse 

kle'vesse  <fijnt  ber§ 
kfis'sa 
klith'cr-5 
kiq^'hXr 
klq^-Tia-kil'ttf 
kl<j(}-zd'ne 
kntiQ'a  ger-md'/ut 
ko-bd-don' ga 
k5'blenl3 
kd'b(}f/r^ 
k^-cKiiuf 

kS-klwa' 

kd'ko 

kd'ko^md-r'i-ka  'p'ds 

k/i-ko-nd'to 

ka'dd-kd-viUUo 

kon-ydk' 


Cosollo  Point,  (Pen.) 

Coquiiias-,  (It.)  r. 
Coigneres,  (Fr.) 
Coiinbra,  (Pen.) 
Colberq,  (I'r.) 
Colburn,  (Netli.) 
Col  do  CuhiL's,  (Fr.)  mt. 
Coliiilx,  (Ger,) 
Coleggio,  at.) 
Coligny,  (Switz.) 
Collallo,  (It.) 
Colianzo,  (Pen.) 
Coliares,  (Pen.) 
Colima,  (Mox.) 
Colimies,  (.Mex.) 
CoIIoroe,  (Sw.) 
Colinar,  (Fr.) 
Colnett,  (Mex.)  c. 
Cologne,  or  Ktcln,  (Ger.) 
Colombia 

Colorado,  (S.  Am.)  r. 
Colorados  Point,  (Mes.) 
Coloma,  (It.) 
Columbrettis,  (Pen.)  isl. 
Coraaron,  (Austr.) 
Cooiayagua,  (S.  Am.) 
Combeau  Fontaine,  (Fi.) 
Combrondes,  (Fr.) 
Comero,  (It.)  mt. 
Comino,  (It.) 
Como,  (It.) 
Como,  (It.)  /. 
Comorin,  (Hind.) 
Comporta,  (Pen.) 
Compostella,  (Pen.) 
Conccntayna,  (Pen.) 

Concepcion,  (Chili,  Am  ) 

Concise,  (Switz.) 
Concordia,  (It.) 
Cond6,  la,  (Fr) 
Conegliano,  (It.) 
Congaree,  (ll.  S.) 
Congleton,  (Eng.) 
Congo,  (Af.) 
Coni,  (It.) 
Connaughl,  (Ir.) 
Connaux,  (Fr.) 
Connecticut,  (U.  S.) 
Connemara,  (Ir.) 
Conquista,  la,  (Pen.) 
Constance,  or  Constanz, 

(Ger.) 
Constance,  fSwitz.) 
Constance,  (Switz.)  l. 
Constantinople,  [Stam- 

boo!,]  (Tur.) 
Conza,  (It.) 
Coos,  (U.  S.) 
Cooshatchie,  (U.  S.) 
Copenhagen,  [Kjobnhavn,] 

(Den.) 
Copiapo,  (S.  Am.) 
Coquet,  (Eng.) 
Coquille,  la,  (Fr.) 
Coquirabo,  (S.  Am.) 
Corbeil,  (Fr.) 
Corbiere,  (Switz.) 
Cordillera,  (Brazil,)  mt. 
Cordouan,  (Fr.)  t. 
Cordova,  or  Hinojosa,  (Pen. 
Corea,  (As.) 
Corella,  (Pen.) 
Corfu,  (Gr.)  i.^1. 
Corsemont,  (Switz.) 
Coria,  (Pen.) 
Corinth,  (Gr.) 
Corinthia,  (Gr.) 
Corioli,  (It.) 
Cork,  (Ir.)  ca. 
Cormedles,  (Fr.) 
Comellana,  (Pen.) 
Cornia,  (It.)  r. 
Corno,  (It.)  mt. 
Coniwall,  (Eng.) 
Coronata,  (Austr.)  isl. 
Corps,  (Fr.) 

Coral  de  Almaguer,  (Pen.) 
Corrfeze,  (Fr.)  dt-p. 
Corsica,  (Fr.)  isl. 
Corso,  (It.)  c. 
Corsoer,  (Den.) 
Corle  Figueira,  (Pen.) 
Cortea,  (Pen.) 
Corunna,  (Pen.) 
Corzola,  (Austr.)  wi. 
Coscia,  (It.)  isl. 
Coselitz,  (Prus.) 
Coshocton,  (U.S.) 
Coslin,  (Prus.) 
Cosse,  le  Nivier,  (Fr.) 
Cosseir,  (Af.) 
Cosgonex,  (Switz.) 
Cotanes,  (Pen.) 


kO-nql'ya 

kd-kieVn'ds 

k^rdn-y&re' 

kd-'iiiJbra 

kqVbir^ 

kol'bo(frn 

knl  tVk  Ua)}r' 

kqVdits 

kO-Ud'ji-o 

kO-lin-7ji' 

kqlrtdl'to 

kd-li-dn'tlio 

kO-li-d'ressc 

kQ-li'ma 

ko-Vi'm'i-esse 

hu'lo-rdh.' 

kid-on'dr' 

kqVntt 

kd'ldny',  ktfkUf  Eng.  k5- 

ko-lom'b'i-a  \lCnc' 

kd-ld-rd'do 

ko-lo-rd'dos 

k5-lqr'iia 

ki)-lQom-bre'tcsse 

ko-md-ron' 

kd-md-yd'  giod 

kqng-bu'  fung-tane' 

kgng'brqng-de' 

ko'me-To 

ko~m'i'no 

ko'mo 

ko'mo 

kqiiio-rin 

kqm-pqr'ta 

kqm-pos-tfVya 

Jion-theii-tVna 
(  kon-tTiep-thi-qn' J  Eng. 
J      kon-sip'skiLn 

kqng-c'ise' 

kon-kqr'di-a 

Id  kqng-de' 

ko-nH'yd-no 

kon"gd-ree' 

kon-gl'tori 

kon'go 

kO'ni 

koji'nqwt 

kqn-no' 

kon-nH''{-kut 

kon-ne-md'ra 

Id  kqn-k'is'ta 

J  kqn-stdnts 

kqn-stdnts  or  kong-stdngs' 

kqn-stdnts  or  kong-stdngs' 

)  kon-stdn-t'i-no'ple  or  stdm- 

kqnd'za 
ko'os 

kQQs-hdtch'y 
J  ko-pen-kd' gen 

Jco-p'i-'d-pO' 
kok'ct 

Id  ko-k'i-'i'  or  ko-kthj' 
kS-k'im'bo 

kor-be-'i  or  kqr-belij 
kqr-b'i-Sre' 
kqr-diVye-ra 
kqr-d^Q-dng' 
)  kor-do'va 
kfj-re'a 
ko-rt-Vya 
kqr'/QQ     • 
korge-mqng' 
ko'r'i-a 
kor'inth 
ko-rin' tk'i-a 
kd-r'i-OTi 
kqrk 

kqr-me-'i'  or  kor-mebj' 
kqr-nel-yd'na 
kqr'ni-a 
kqr'no 
kqm'wall 
kS-rO-Jid'ta 
kohr 

k5-rdl'  de  dl-m'd-ger' 
kqr^Sze' 
kor's'i-ka 
kqr'so 
kqr-z(^'er 
kqr'te  f'i-gi'ra 
kqr'tessc 
ko-rQij'na 
kord'zo-la 
ko'sh'ia 
ko'ze-lits 
kos-hok'ton 
keus-line' 
ko/isse  la  n'i^'i-e' 
kos-sSrc' 
kqs'sa-nex 
ko'td'ite^se 


Cetc  d'Or,  (Fr.)  drp. 
C'Ae^ilii  XorJ,  (Pr.)  <■ 

Coilijn,  (Prurt.) 

Cu!o|iaxi,  (.S.  Am.) 

Coltbiirf,(Pni».) 

Cotien/t,  (Switz.) 

Couilly,  (Fr.) 

Coii^ai^cs  aur  Yannc,  (Fr.) 

CoupoiR,  lo,  (Fr.) 

Cour  Chevemy,  (Fr.) 

Co'ircenay,  (.Switz.) 

Courland,  or  Kurland,  (R.) 

Covftitr)',  (Ehk.) 

Covington,  (Eng.) 

CowcH,  (Eng.) 

Coy n a,  (Pen.) 

Cozzolina,  ffi.) 

Cracow,  ^,r  kr|ikow,  (Austr.) 

Cran,  (Switz.) 

Crana,  (Switz.) 

Crnon,  (Fr.) 

Craato,  (Pen.) 

Cremona,  (It.) 

('rL'.^cerilino,  (IL) 

Crt-iAy,  (Fr.) 

Creuse,  (Fr.)  dep. 

Crimea,  (it.) 

Criniit^chau,  (Ger.) 

Cris-sier,  (Swilz.) 

Croatia,  (Austr.  At  Tur.) 

Croiscllcs,  (Switz.) 

Croisy  la  ilaye,  (Fr.) 

Croi.t,  (Swilz.) 

Croix  Verte,  (Fr.) 

Cronsladt,  (R.) 

Croiipit-re,  (Fr.) 

(.'ru^iuinerium,  (ft) 

Cruz  di!  Miidela.  Sla.  (Pen.) 

Cruz,  Sa.  (Pen.) 

Csaba,  (Austr.) 

Cti-alm,  (Austr.) 

CsL-rth,  (.Austr.) 

Csege,  (Austr.) 

Cseszlrej:,  (Austr.) 

Csongrad,  (Austr.) 

Csorna  Kapuvar,  (Austr.) 

Cso^niond,  (Austr.) 

Csucsa,  (Austr.) 

Cuba,  (Pen.) 

Cucale,  (It.)  mt. 

Cudazzoni,  (It.)  mL 

Cuenija,  (Pen.) 

Cuerva,  (Pen.) 

Cueva.s,  l:is,  (Pen.) 

Culla,  (Pen.) 

Cully,  (Swilz.) 

Culm,  (Au*tr.)  pr. 

Culinsce,  (Prus.) 

Cumbach,  (Ger.) 

Cuniberl.-uid,  (Eng.) 

Cunitz,  (Ger.) 

Curacao,  or  Curacoa,  (W.    / 

InJ.)  ) 

Curdistan,  or  Koordistan,  / 

(As.)  ) 

Cures,  (It.) 
Curicatore,  (II.) 
Curische  Nehmng,  (Pnis.) 
Ciirische  Half,  (Prus.) 
(Gusset,  (Fr.) 
Cussy,  (Fr.) 
Cusiriu,  (Prus.) 
Cutigliana,  (IL) 
Cuiro,  (It.) 
Cu.Thiiven,  (Ger.) 
Cuvahoga,  (U.  S.) 
Cyilenia,  (Gr.) 
Czakova,  (.Vustr.) 
Czakvar,  (.-Vustr.) 
C7-.iniikow,  (Prus.) 
Czarnowo,  (Prus.) 
Czarskoselo,  (R.) 
Czaslau,  (Austr.) 
Czempin,  (Prus.) 
Czen>;tecliau,  (R.) 
CzejHidl.ik,  (Austr.) 
C/ernalioni,  (Austr.) 
Czernowice,  (.\ustr.) 
Czichen,  (Pnis,) 
Czirknicz,  (Austr.) 
Czorikow,  (.Vustr.) 
Czueza,  (.\ustr.) 


-  '^-te^^TTki 


k/)t'ttv 
k^yy^-V  rrr  i'- 


hut  i  .J-CS 

kovt 

koi'na 

kqt-z/y-Tt'na 

krd'ko  or  kriik^^ 

krdne 

krd'na 

kr'd-rtug 

krdito 

kr^-iaQ'tui 

kre~gkimi'aa 

kri»-4V 

kr^je 

krVoL^'a 

i,T't'm!t-*S»% 


knea 
knct  T^n* 


chisji'tri^ 
c-\qa-ifr<ti' 


h)4}-ddi-^*m'i 
k^if-en'ta 
kn^rr^ca 
Ids  k^-^^^'e'ds 

kn^'ya 

km-tt'.kS'fr.vrkut'^ 

kQ^Jm 
knrJm'zf 


k^'rejst 
kr^r^4J:H-tS'rt 


k^i^'kH-feM 

ki-a-itS'fra 

sH-lc'ni-a 

tsd-k5'va 

tsdk'rdr 

ckdr^ni-k^ 

dkdr-n^^ro 

cJUir-siu' si-le 

tsds'hu 

ekim-pUe' 

cAra-itr'Sktni 

tser-nd-JtS'rm 
tseJtrr^*y-vtt'fC 

tsirfuyu 
cJu^rt'k^ 


D. 


Fr.  long  <a  and  abort  eS,  nearly  as  in  spur.  -  Final  ly,  French  t  mouiUc.-jln"gcr,m"cious.-gas  .  in  ; ' 


DiBEK,  (Pius.) 
Dacca,  (Hind.) 
Dadizecl,  (NeUi.) 
naelen,  (.VelU.) 
Daencniark,  .ir  Denmark 
Dagcrhort,  (R.) 

da'Ur 

dai'U 

rf.l'-;-::,'r 

17.: '.'.-.n 

c  J  --■-:.:- 

■ :  r.r  ■ ;  .^'  a'u!  7^  piuural: 

in  fii. 


1335 


PRONUNCIATION   OF   MODERN    GEOGRAPHICAL   NAMES. 

Dasliestan,  (B.) 

da' ghis-tM 

Den  Berg,  (Netli.) 

dfnc  berih 

Dixmude,  (Neth.) 

diz'm{}^'de 

Uaso,  (R.)  isl 

dd'go 

Den  Ilitzert,  (Neth.) 

dine  liiO-.irt 

Djavat,  (JL.) 
Djura,  (Sc.  Pen.) 

djd'vdt 

Dalilen,  (Ger  ) 

ddli'len 

Den  lloek,  (Neth.) 

dine  hQt^k 

dju'ra 

Dalioniey,  (Af.) 

ddh'  ho-mHy 

Denbigh,  (Ir.) 

den'bc 

Dmitriev,  (E.) 

dmi'tri-iv 

Dakota,  (U.  S.) 

da-kO'ta 

Denbighshire,  (Eng.) 
Dcnder,  (Neth.)  r. 

den'hc-sh'ire 

Dniitrievsk,  (E.) 

dmi'  tr'i-nsk 

Dal,  (Sc.  Pen.)  r. 

d'hhl 

den'der 

Dmitrievskoe,  (R.) 

dm'i'tri-ev'skOc 

Dalburgh,  (Scot.) 

dal'hur^ 

Denia,  (Pen.) 

dfi'n'i-a 

Dmilroy.  (R.) 

dm'i'troy 

Dnlby,  (Sc.  Pen.) 

dnl'hii. 

Denklingen,  (Ger.) 

denk'lin-gen 

Dnieper,  (R.) 

dn'ic'per 

D.ilecarlia,  or  Dalama, 

ild-lrkdr'ti-a  or  dd'ldr- 

Denmark,  or  Daneniark 

den'mdrk 

Dniester,  (R.) 
Doab,  (Ind.) 

dnies'ler 

(Sc.  Pen.) 

na 

Dennevitz,  (Prus.) 

dirn'ne-vils 

dO'db 

Dalen,  (Sc.  Pen.) 

dd'lrn 

Dennoksenye,  (Anslr.) 

dtn'nnk-sin'ye 

Dobberan,  (Ger.) 

dob-be^^dn' 

Dallbrs,  (Sc.  Pen.) 

ddVfars 

Dent  de  Midi,  (Switz.)  inf. 

ddng'de  mt-tfi' 

Dohbertin,  (Ger.) 

dob-ber-fin' 

Dalhousie,  (U.  S.) 

dai-h(}(i'zy 

Dent  de  llortle,  (Switz.)  mt.  ding  da  mS-riW 

Dobrianka,  (E.) 

do-br'i-dn'ka 

Dalinatia,  or  Dalmazien, 

\  ddl-ma'slli-a  or  ddlr-mU'- 

Dento,  (Austr.) 

den'to 

Dobrokoz,  (.Austr.) 

d5'bru-km' 

(Aiistr.) 

!      isi-en 

Deptlbrd,  (Eng.) 

dH'furd 

Dobrornil,  (Austr.) 

do'brS-miV 

Dalnacardocli,  (Scot.) 

dnUna-kdr'  doZh 

Derevaragh,  (^Ir.) 
Der  Teers,  (iVeth.) 

der-e-va^rdgk' 

Dobrzvce,  (Prus.) 

dObr-shiOse 

Dalpc,  (Switz.) 

dal'H 

der  tShrs 

Dockc'hitsy,  (R.) 

dock-chit' .<nj 

Dalton,  (Eng.) 

dqVton 

Demis,  (Austr.) 
Derpt,  (R.) 

der'nis 

Doeblitz,  (Ger.) 

dA'blits 

Dalva,  (Austr.) 

da'li-a  or  ddl'ija 

derpt 

Doesburg,  (Neth.) 

rf(i(»s'6p(wf 

Dalziel,  (Scot.) 

daV-.crl 

Ders,  (Austr.) 

ders 

Doetinchein,  (Neth.) 

d(H)-fi7i'(^Aem 

Damascus,  (Tur.) 

da-mds'kus 

Derval,  (Fr.) 

der-vdl' 

Dogliani,  (It.) 

dql'y'd-ni 

Daniaun,  (Per.) 

da-tnatni' 

Derwent,  (Eng.) 

der'wcnt 

Dognacska,  (Austr.) 

dog-ndtch'ka 

Darnct,  (Fr.) 

dd-ms' 

Derzow,  (Prus.) 

dert'so 

Dole,  (Switz.)  mt. 

do'le 

Damietta,  (Eg.) 

dd~m'i-et'ta 

Desaguadero,  (S.  .Am.) 

des-d-gwd-da'ro 

Dolgelly,  (Ir.) 

dol'gcth'ly 

Datnni,  (Prus.) 

ddm 

Desconocida  Poiut,  (Me,\.) 

des'ko-nO-tm'  (or  si')  da 

Dolghinov,  (R.) 

dql-ghi'nov 

Daiiim,  (Prus.)  L 

ddm 

Desha,  (U.  S.) 

dKh-a.' 

Dolgovka,  (R.) 

dol-gov'ka 

Damniartin,  (Fr.) 

d'dm-mdr-tdng' 

Desiderada,  (W.  Ind.)  isl. 

de's'i-de-r&'da 

Dolina,  (.Austr.) 

do-li'na 

Damme,  (Neth,  &  Ger.) 

ddm'me 

Des  Jloines,  (U.  S.) 

dd~moin' 

Doljitska,  (E.) 

dol-fits'ka 

Dampier's  Archipelago, 

•\ 

Desna,  (R.)  r. 

des'na 

Dolores,  (.'^lex.) 

do-lb'resse 

Group,  and  Strait, 

>  dam'pecr 

Dessau,  (Prus.) 

des'soiL 

Dolores,  los,  (Mex.) 
Dolsk,  (Prus.) 

los  do-lo'risse 

(.Vustral.) 

} 

Detmold,  (Ger.) 
Detroit,  (U.  S.) 

dil'molt 

dolsk 

Damsdurf,  (Den.) 

ddms'dorf 

Fr.  de-tTiPd 

Dolstadt,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Doltzig,  (Prus.) 

dol'stdt 

Dannig,  (Den.) 

ddm'sig 

Dettelbach,  (Ger.) 

det'til-bdBl 

dqWtsii 

Damvjlle,  (Fr.) 

ddng-Vile' 
ddn'ber-rc 

Dettingen,  (Ger.  &  Switz.) 

dH't'in-gen 

Domanovitchi,  (E.) 

do-md'-ho'rit'tchi 

Danburj',  (u.  S.) 
Danilov,  (k) 

Deux  Ponts,  or  Zwey- 

I  di^-p5ng'  or  tsjct'bruck'- 

Domau,  (Prus.) 

do'moa 

dd'n'i-hv 

bruecken,  (Ger.) 

1      en 

Dombresson,  (Switz.) 

dong-bressc-song 

Danilovka,  (R.) 

dd-n'i-lov'ka 

Deva,  (Austr.) 

de'va 

Donibroka,  (.Au.str.) 

dam'bro'ka 

Dankov,  (R.) 

ddn'kov 

Develiers,  (Switz.) 

di>-re-ti-e 

Donibrovitza,  (R.) 
Dombrowsk,  (R.) 

dom-bro-vit'za 

Dannemarie,  (Fr.) 

ddn-md-rV 

Deventcr,  (Neth.) 

dp'vi'n-ter 

dom-brosk' 

Dannemoine,  (Fr.) 

ddn-micdnc' 

Devizes 

de-vVzes 

Domhurg,  (Neth.) 

ddme'bQQT^ 

Dantsic,  or  Danzig,  (Prus.) 

ddn'lsilh 

Devon,  (New  Zealand) 

dev'on 

Domdidier,  (Switz.) 

dong-di-di-e 

Danube,  or  Donau,  (Ger.) 

ddn'xibe  or  ds'nou 

Devon,  North,  [Barrow's 

I  dev'on 

Doml'ront,  (Fr.) 

dong-frong' 

Daoudputra,  (Ind.) 

dd-^^d-pQ^'tra 

Strait,]  (N.  Am.) 

Domo  d'Ossola,  (It.) 

do' mo  dos'so-la 

Darda,  (.\ustr.) 

ddr'da 

Dezna,  (Austr.) 

d^sh'na 

Domremy,  (Fr.) 

dong-re-m'i' 

Dardanelles,  or  HeUespont, 

j  ddr-dS-niWi' 

Dharwar,  (Hind.) 

dhdr-wdr' 

Domusnoas,  (It.) 

dd'i'uQQS-nd'ds 

Strait,  (Tur.) 

Dhcrbieres,  (Fr.) 

der-bi-trcf 

Don,  (R.)  r. 

don 

Darfo,  (It.) 

ddr'fo 

Dhuy,  (Neth.) 

dot 

Donaghadee,  (Ir.) 

don-a-lhd-dee' 

Darfour,  or  Darfur,  (Af.) 

ddrifi)i/r 

Diableretz,  (Switz.) 

in-dM-rrl-J 

Donau,  or  Danube,  (Ger.) 

r.  do-nou 

Dargal,  (Australia,)  m(. 
Dariel,  Pass  of,  (R.) 

ddr'gal 

Diarhekir,  (Tur.) 

di-dr-bek-ir'  ot  di-dr-bckr 

Donaueschingen,  (Ger.) 

dd'nou-e'shing-en 

dd'Ti-H 

Diamante,  (It.) 

di-d-mdn'te 

Donauwerth,  (Ger.) 

do'nou-virie' 

Darien,  (S.  Am.) 

da'ri-eii 

Di.atkovo,  (R.) 

iti-dt-kS'vo 

Doncos,  (Pen.) 

ddn'kos 

Darmstadt,  [Hessen,]  (Ger. 

)  ddrm'stdt 

Dibeja,  (It.) 

di-be'i-a 

Donegal,  (Ir.) 

dqn-e-gaV 

Daroca,  (Pen.) 

dd-ro'ka 

Dikkebusch,  (Neth.) 

dik'ke-bo^k' 

Donga,  (Af.) 

dSn'ga 

Dartmoor  Forest,  (Eng.) 

ddrt'mtftjr 

Diekirch,  (Neth.) 

d'ik'kirlh 

Donga,  (Af.)  mt. 

dSn'ga 
don'jo 

Dartuch,  (Pen.)  c. 

ddr't'}i}tcll 

Diromano,  (It.) 

di-k5-md'no 

Dongio,  (Switz.) 

Danvar,  (Hind.) 

ddr'war 

Die,  (Fr.) 

di 

Dongola,  (Af.) 

don'gS-Ia 

Dauphinc,  (Fr.) 

rfo-/i-7ie' 

Die  Clus,  (Ger.) 

di  klt^Qs 

Donjurn,  (Neth.) 

dqn'yc^c^m 

Daverdisse,  (Neth.) 

dd'fir-dis'se 

Dieboldsau,  (Switz.) 

di'bolt-zou 

Don  Kossacks,  (E.) 

dan  kos-sdcks' 

Davidov,  (R.l 

dd'vi-dov 

DielTelt,  (Ger.) 

dIffiU 

Donnatto,  (It.) 

dSn-ndi'to 

Dayara,  (Af.)  m(. 

dd'ya-ra 

Diego,  (Mex.) 

di-e'go 

Donnersberg,  or  Mt.  Ton- 

I  dmi-ners'ber^  or  mSng 

Da.x,  (Fr.) 

ddx 

Diemens  Land,  Van, 

v'dn  di'mens  Idnd' 

nere,  (Ger.) 
Donska,  (E.) 

j    'ton-iilre' 

De  Bill,  (Neth.) 

dt  biU 

(New  Zealand) 

dUns'ka 

De  Brack,  (Neth.) 

de  brdck 

Diepenheim,  (Neth.) 

di'pen-hlme 

Donzenac,  (Fr.) 

dong-ze-ndJi' 

De  Chats,  (Can.)  (. 
De  Haag,  (Neth.) 
De  Ham,  (Neth.) 

d'eshd 

Diepholz,  (Ger.) 

dip'hoUs 

Donzere,  (Fr.) 

dqng-zSre' 

de  hdih 

Dieppe,  (Fr.) 

di-rp' 

Doom,  (Neth.) 

dohm 

de  hdm 

Diesbach,  (Switz.) 

dis'bdfh 

Doornspvk,  (Neth.) 

dohm'splke 

De  Haule,  (Neth.) 

de  hou'le 

Diessen,  (Ger.  &  Switz.) 

(fi.s-'sm 

Dora  Baitea,  (It.)r. 

dq'ra  bdl-te'a 

De  Hond,  or  Western 
Scheldt,  (Neth.) 

\  de  hont 

Diest,  (Neth.) 
Dieu,  (Fr.)  isl. 

dist 
di-m 

Dora  Ri|)aria,  (It.)  r. 
Dorat,  le,  (Fr.) 

do'ra  r'i-pd'fi-a 
ledo-ra' 

De  Ilunse,  (Neth.) 

de  hQQnJse 

Dieulonard,  (Fr.) 

di-m'l3-ndre' 

Dorchester,  (Can.) 

dqr'chcs-tcr 

De  Kruis  Schans,  (Neth.) 

de  krois  skdns 

Dievenbrug,  (Neth.) 

di'fin-bri}i)lh' 

Dordogne,  (Fr.)  dcp^ 

dijr-dony' 

De  Ki-.inder,  (Neth.)  r. 

de  koin'der 

Diezina,  (Pen.) 

di-etn'ma 

Dordrecht,  (Neth.) 

dort'rilM 

De  Maaren,  (.Xeth.) 

de  ind'reii 

Dignac,  (Fr.) 

din-ydk' 

Dorfli,  (Switz.) 

d'orfti 

De  Meden,  (.'^eth.) 

de  me'den 

Dignato,  (.Austr.) 

din-yd'to  or  din"lld'to 

Dorgali,  (It.) 

dor-gd'ti 

De  Pampel,  (.Neth.) 

De  Pol,  (Neth.) 

De  Witt's  Land,  (.\ustra].) 

de  pdm'pil 

Digne,  (Fr.) 

dim/ 

Dormans,  (Fr.) 

dor-mdng 

depBl 
devita 

Digny,  (Fr.) 
Digoin,  (Fr.) 
Difou,  (Fr.) 

din-yV 
di-go-dng' 

Dorna,  (Austr.) 
Domes.  (Pen.) 

dor'na 
dor'nessc 

Dead  Sea,  or  BaJlr  Lut, 

j  bdr  lUf 

di-g^f' 

Dornocii,  (Scot.) 

dor-nok' 

(Pal.) 

Diknau  Jljot,  (.Af.) 

dik-nau  mjSt 

Dorpat,  or  Doerpt,  (R.) 

dor'pdt  01  dorpt 

Deba,  (Pen.) 

de'ba 

Dillenburg,  (Ger.) 
Dillengen,  (Ger.) 

dil'Un-boQr^ 

Dorset,  (New  Zealand) 

dnr'sct 

Debretzin,  (.\ustr.) 

de'brit-tsim' 

dil'len-gfn 

Dorsetshire,  (Eng.) 

dor'sct-shire 

Deccan,  (Ind.) 

dek'kdn 

Dinaburg,  (R.) 

di'nd-bQ^r^ 

Dorsgaden,  (Den.) 

dohrs'gd-dcn 

Dechkin,  (R.) 

dctclt-kin' 

Dinan,  (Fr.) 

di-ndng' 

Dorsten,  (Neth.) 

dor'sthi 

Deda,  (.\iistr.) 

de'Ja 

Dinaut,  (.Neth.) 

di-nS' 

Don,  (Neth.) 

d'qrt 

Dee  Sleeder,  (Netli.) 

de  mp'dcr 

Dingelfangen,  (Ger.) 

ding'el'favg-en 

Dos  Aguas,  (Pen.) 

dos  d'gQQ-ds 

Deetz,  (Prus.) 

dets 

Dingelstadt,  (Prus.) 

ding'eUsldV 

Dos  Barios,  (Pen.) 

dos  bd-r'i'os 

Deinhof,  (Ger.) 

dmc'hqf 

Dinkelsbuhl,  (Ger.) 

dink'ils-bfiil' 

Dosterland,  (Netli.) 

dos'ler-tdnt' 

Delaware,  (N.  Am.) 
Delden,  (Neth.) 

del'a-ware 
diVdin 

Dinne  Fjord,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Dino,  (It.)  Ul, 

din'ne  f'i-trd 
di'no 

Dotis,  (.Austr.) 
Dotra,  (Austr.) 

do'tis 
do'tra 

Delderbroek,  (Stlb.) 
Delemara,  (It.) 

dil'der-brifijk 

Dintenheim,  (Ger  ) 
Dinwiddle,  (U.  S.) 

din'ten-hime 

Douarnenez,  (Fr.) 

rffp-ani-ne' 

de-le-md'ra 

din-wid'dy 

Douay,  (Fr.) 

d(itf~a' 

Delen,  (Sc.  Pen.)  (. 
Delfiiio  Castel,  (It.) 

de'len 
dH-ft'iul 

Dies  Gvor,  (.Austr.) 
Dioukdva,  (R.) 

dj'os  jor 
dyou-ko'va 

Doiibrka,  (Austr.) 
Doubrovka,  (It.) 
Doubrovsk,  (It.) 

dt^qbr'ka^ 
dou-brqiyka 

Delft,  (Neth.) 

delft 

Diourmcn,  (R.) 

dyour'men 

don^brnvsk' 

Delgada  Point,  (Mex.) 

diUgd'da 

Dipach,  (Neth.) 

ii'pdlh 

Doubs,  (Fr.)  r. 

(/(Htfiz 

Delhi,  (Ind.) 

dil'lii  or  dil'hl 

Dippeldswald,  (Ger.) 

dip'pelts^dlt' 

Doubs,  (Fr.)  dep. 

rf()pti 

Dclitsch,  (Prus.) 

de'litch 

Dirkshorn,  (.N'eth.) 
Dirschau,  (Prus.) 

dirks'home 

Done,  (Fr.) 

rfco-?' 

Delos,  (Gr.) 

de'l'os 

dir'sbmi 

Doukovebina,  (R.) 

doiL-k5-re-h'i'  na 

Delsperg,  (Switz.) 

deU'perlh 

Dischingen,  (Ger.) 

di'shing-en 

Doulens,  (Fr.) 

dQQ-ldiig^ 

Delta,  (Eg.) 

dil'ta 

Di.sna,  (E.) 

dis'na 

Doulevant,  (Fr.) 
Dounstin,  (E.) 

dQQ-le~vdng' 

Delvlno,  (Austr.) 

del-^i'no 

Distamo,  (Gr.) 

dis-td'mo 

doun-stin' 

Demarara,  (S.  Am.) 

dem-U-rd'ra 

Distriana,  (Pen.) 

dis-tfi-A'na 

Dournovsk,  fR.) 
Douro,  (Pen.)  r. 

douT^novsk' 

Demer,  (Neth.)  r. 

de'mer 

Diu,  (Ind.)/?.  &  isl. 

rfi-ft 

di^i^'ro 

Demnia,  (.\ustr.) 

dtm'ni-a 

Divassa,  (Austr.) 

di-v'ds'sa 

Douvanoi,  (R.)  isl. 

dou'vd-noi 

File,  fdr, fall,  what.,  bdt.—Mltc,  prey,  help,  thCrc,  hir.  — 

Piw    marine,  bird,  fig XUe,  dive,  mSve,  kqI/,  bQijk,  lo 

rd.—Tanc,  bull,  mite.  —  Fr. 

long  rfte ,-  Fr.  short  but.  — 

II V- 


1336 


rRONUNClATION  OF  MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


Douve,  (Fr.)r. 
Dovre,  jfSc.  Pen.) 
Dovre  Field,  (Sc.  Pen  ) 
Dowlalabad,  (Uind  ) 
Down,  (It.)  m. 
Dovet,  (Ft.) 
Draaby,  fDen.) 
Dragoiicella,  (It.) 
Dragoneni,  (Pen.)  id. 
Dragton,  (Neth.) 
Dra?ui£nan,  (Fr  ) 
Draraburs,  (Prus.) 
Drammen,  (Sc  Pen.) 
Drauze,  (It.jr. 
Drausen,  (I*rus.)  L 
Drave,  (Auslr.)  r. 
Dni."tholni,  (Den.) 
Dreisen,  (Pnis.) 
Drensteinfurth,  (Gcr.) 
Drenthe,  (Xeth.) 
Drepko,  (Pnis,) 
Dresden,  (Ger.) 
Dreui,  (Fr.) 
Drewitz,  (Ptus.) 
Dreyoe,  (Den.)  isL 
Driburda,  (XeUi.) 
Drillo,  (It.)  r. 
Drissa,  (R.) 
Dritt2ee5te,  (Ger.) 
Drobakka,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Drosp,  f  Prus.)  r. 
Dro^heda,  (Ir.) 
Droitwich,  (Eng.) 
Drome,  (Fr.)  r. 
Drome,  (Fr.)  drp. 
Drompjerre,  (Switz.) 
Drontheim,  or  Trondhjem, 

(Sc.  Pen.) 
Drosendorf.  (Auslr.) 
Drosselber::,  (Den.) 
Drossen,  (Prus.) 
Druue,  (Fr.) 
Dniceac,  (Fr.) 
Dniling-n,  (Fr.) 
Drummon  Castle,  (\eth.) 
Dniramond,  (Can.) 
Dru>enheini,  (Fr.) 
Dubdendorr*,  (Switz.) 
Dubicza,  (Austr.) 
Dubiecko,  (Austr.) 
Dublin,  (Ir.) 
Dubovac,  (.Auslr.) 
Dubrovka,  (R.) 
Dubuque,  (U.  S.) 
Dubuskoro,  (R.) 
Ducali,  (IL)  c 
Duckerow,  (Prus.) 
Dudeldorf,  f<Jer.) 
Dudzeele,  (S'etb.) 
Duejra,  (It.) 
Ducme,  (Fr.) 
Duffel.  (Neth.) 
Duaato,  (IL) 
Duida,  (S.  Ara.)  rnL 
Duina,  (Austr.)  e. 
Duiveland,  (Neth.) 
Duiven,  (Neth.) 
Dukella,  (Af.) 
Dukla,  (Auslr.) 
Dulce,  (Mcx.)  ^.&.l. 
Duhvich,  (En?.) 
Dumberionshire,  (Scot.) 
Dumel,  (Fr.)  isL 
Dumel,  (Ger.)  r. 
Dumfries,  (Scot.)  co. 
Dun,  (Fr.) 
Dundal,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
DunUalk,  (Ir.) 
Diindas,  (Can.) 
Dundee,  (Scot.) 
Dun<lcrst.idt,  fGer.) 
Dun^rannon,  (Ir.) 
Dunkirk,  or  Dunkircfacn, 

(Fr.) 
Dunoamara^,  (Ir.) 
Duran^o,  (Mex.  &  Pen.) 
Duranno,  (It.) 
Durasno,  (Mei.) 
Durbiiy,  (Neth.) 
Durdat,  (Fr.) 
Durliam,  (En;;.  Can.) 
Durlach,  (Ger.) 
Dus3.=!dorf,  (Gcr.) 
•^■■^-r^n,  (Neth.) 

.:no,  (Prus.) 

r.:i,  (R.)  r. 
\.)\  I.:,  (Neth.) 
Dynapoor,  (Hind.) 
Dyjirenroth,  (Switz.) 


cfppce 
dd'vrH 

dO'crU  fihld 

doa'la-ta-bdd' 

dotett 

dd^ye' 

drd'bu 

drd'  g5n~cJifl'la 

drd-^o-ne'ra 

drd^h'ton 

dr'd  -ghiii-ydnf 

dranx'bfi<}r^ 

drdm'mcn 

drdiul'ze 

drou'zca 

drdve 

drdx-hntm' 

drVzen 

dren!  sttne-fQqrV 

dren'te 

drtp'ko 

dris'den  or  dre'Jdtn 

drea 

dre'vits 

dri'eii 

drj-b^ifrda 

driVlo 

dri-:'sa 

dnf'je'ste 

drO-'^ak'ka 

drS '  ire 

drqh'he-da 

droit' itch 

drome 

drome 

drqng'p'i~6re' 

>  drQnt'hJme 

dro'zen-dqrf 

drns'sel-ber^ 

dros'sen 

dr(}(^t' 

dru-idk' 

drQi}' ling-en 

dr(j<jm'mqn 

drum-mon^ 

drijn' len-iiijne 

dQ^b' den-dorf 

dtjQ-h'it'cha 

d^<ybi-e'ko 

dub' I  in 

rfpp-iw  riit' 

da-brqv'!cu 

du-bQQk'  or  du-bitque' 

da-bus-ko'ro 

dijti-kd'Ti 

dQf^k'ke-ro 

dQti'dH~dqrf 

dqi^d-ze'li 

rfpp-i'rrt 

du-'im' 

dqtiffd 

dQ^gd'to 

doQ-i'da 

dQQ-'t'na 

doi'ff-lant 

dot' fen 

dt><}-kH'ija 

dt}t}'kla 

dntjl'tKe  (or  se) 

did' itch 

dum'bir-ton-sh'irc 

du-meV 

dQQ'mel 

dam-freece' 

d^ntr 

dun'ddhl 

dun-dalk' 

d^n^-da* 

dun-dee' 

di}<jn' der-sf.'dt 

dun-gdn'non 
t  d^n-k'irk'  or  dun'k'ir- 
i      chkn 

dun'Tia-md-r'dgh' 

dijQ-rdn'^o 

d^c-rdivno 

d(jQ-rd^no 

di}f/r'boi 

dn  r-da' 

dur'haTTi 

dt^Qr'ldZh 

dns'sH-dnjf 

dus'sen 

dfit^fh'no 

dwi'na 

dtU 
d^f-na-pt^t^r' 

dix'ren-rote 


E. 


East  India 
Eauzp,  (Fr.) 
Ebbclvkke,  (Den.) 
Ebeltall,  (Den.) 
Ebeltofl,  (Den.)  4 
Eberb.icli,  (Ger.) 
Ebersfeld,  (Ger.) 
Eberswalde,  (Ger.) 
Ebesfalva,  (Austr.) 
Ebis,  (Switz.) 
Ebrach,  (Gcr.) 
Ebracli  Bare,  (Ger.) 
Ebracll  Rauhe,  (Ger.) 
Ebrach  Reiche,  (Ger.)  r. 
Ebro,  (Pen.) 

Ebsambul,  (As.) 

Eccica,  (It.)  ist. 

Ecclesfechan,  (Scot.) 

Echten,  (Neth.) 

Echternach,  (Neth.) 

Ecija,  (Pen.) 

Eckartsber;,  (Prus.) 

Eckcmforde,  (Den.) 

Eckemfurde  Haven,  (Den.) 

Eckinuhl,  ftr  Eggnmhl,  (Ger.)  ek'mhhi 


in'jt-a 

oze 

eb'hf-luk'k^ 

e'brlto/t 

tbiUqfl 

^'ber-baik 

t'btrs-fdt 

i'htrs-vcU'de 

t'fie..<is-f(il'va 

f'bis 

e-bril!k 

C-brd^k  b(}t}T^ 

f-brdlh  rou'hf 

e-brdlh  rVlhf 

e'brn 
1  cb'Sdm'bQ^l  or  eb-sdm' 
!      I'QQl' 

et'clit-ka 

rk-kPs-filh' an 

ilh'tai 

eck'trr-niilh 

r-mVlka 

ik'kdrU-ber^ 

ek'kem-fAr'ilf 

tk'kem-fifiir'dn 


Eclose,  (Fr.) 
Ecomoy,  (Fr.) 
Ecouis,  (Fr.) 
Eerehou  Rocks,  (Fr.) 
Ecuador,  or  Equator,  (S. 

Am.) 
Edam,  (Neth.) 
Ede,  (Neth.) 
Edeforssen,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Edel's  Land,  (.\ustral.) 
Edenhall,  (Eng.) 
Eder,  (Ger.)  r. 
Edgecorab 
Edfatsk,  (R.) 
Edinburgh,  (Scot.) 
Edir,  (Tur.) 
Edisto,  (U.  S.) 
Edumia,  (P.al.) 
Eelde,  (Neth.) 
Eelde  Til,  (Neth.) 
Eem  Til,  (Neth.) 
Ecrden,  (Neth.) 
Eerzel,  (Neth.) 
Etat,  (Af.) 
Efferden,  (.\ustr.) 
Egelshofen,  (Switz.) 
Egemark,  (Den.) 
Eger,  (Ger.  &,  Austr.) 
Eger,  (Austr.)  r. 
Egeri,  (Switz.) 
Egeri,  (Switz.)  1. 
Ecerlingen,  (Switz.) 
Egersheim,  (Fr.) 
Eqersund,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Egerberg,  (Switz.) 
E?gen,  (Switz.) 
Eggiweiler,  (Switz.) 
Eglecht,  (K.) 
Egletons,  (Fr.) 
Egmondaan  Zee,  (Neth.) 
Egmont-binncn,  (Neth.) 
Eginont,  or  Taranaki, 

(New  Zealand)  mt. 
Egypt 

Ehrenbrcitstein,  (Ger.) 
Ehrenburg,  (Ger.) 
Ehrendingea,  (Switz.) 
Eibenstock,  (Ger.) 
Eichstadt,  (Gcr.) 
Eiderslatit,  (Den.) 
EUa,  (R.)  ml. 
Einansau,  (R.)  r. 
Eindhoven,  (Neth.) 
Einersdal,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Einsiedein,  (Switz.) 
Eisach,  (.Aii^tr.)  r. 
Eisbach,  (Ger.) 
Eisenach,  (Ger.) 
Eisendorf,  (Gcr.) 
Eiskoe,  (R.) 
Eislcben,  (Ger.) 
Eixen,  (Prus.) 
Ekaterinburg,  (R.) 
Ekaterinigorad,  (R.) 
Ekatcrininsk,  (R.) 
Ekaterinoslav,  (R.) 
Ekerbcrga,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Ekesjo,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Ekotrovska,  (R.) 
Elatma 

El  Plan,  (Pes.) 
El  VVah,  or  Great  Oa.sis, 

(Eg.) 


e-kloze' 
f~ks-mma' 
e-kt^i}-'i' 
e-kre-Q(f' 

I  ek-wdnldrc' 

e'ddtn 

e'de 

i'dp-fors'sen 

e'deU' 

S'd/rn-tidll 

e'der 

ij'kum 

e-dl-dLik' 

ed'irt'bur-rO  or  id'in-bur§ 

t'iir 

ed'is-to 

e-dQ(}'mi-a 

n'de 

a'd't  til 

erne  til 

ir'dm 

er'iel 

e'fitt 

ff^fir-den 

e'  ^etS'hii'fcn 

S'ge-mdrk 

e'gir 

t'gir 

&'gt-r'i 

e'gir-lin^-en 

e'  gers-hlme 

e'  ger-zi^Qnd 

t'  ger-bir§ 

eg'gcn 

eg'a'i-vt'icr 

eg-leZltt 

^•^I'tqng 

eSlt-mo  n'ddJni'  le 

ech'mnnt-b'in'nen 

i  e^k'mont  or  td'rd-nd'k'i 

c'jipt 

c'ren-brttc-stine' 

S'ri^n-bfytyr^ 

e'ren-ditig-in 

z'ben-stnk 

Uh'stdf 

Vdtr-stdt 

I'ld 

t'ndn-zon 

tnt'hO'/en 

I'lifrs-ddltl 

in'zi-dHn 

Vzdlh 

U'bHh 

I'zp-nd^k 

Vz^n^dorf 

Is-kA 

zs'IS-bcn 

ik'scn 

e-kdt't-fin-'i-gipr'dd 

e-kd't^-rin-'insk' 

7-kdt-f-ri'nqs'tdo 

f-k^r-ber'ga 

e'kf-sh^ 

e-ko-trnv'ska 

e-ldt'ma 

ilpldn 


a  Wall  cl  GhurbL  or 
Le>i>.r  Oaaia,  (Eg.) 
Elateah,  (Gr.)  ml. 
Elba,  (It.)  i.(. 
Elbe,  or  Elb,  (Ger.)  r. 
Elberftld.  (Gcr.) 
Elbeu,  (Fr.) 
Elbine,  (Pni».) 
Elbrouz,  (R.)m£. 
Elbur,  (|-cr.)m(. 
Elburg,  (Neth.) 
Elcli.aiicn,(R.) 
Elchc,  (I'en.) 
Klchinc  n,  (Gcr.) 
Elda,  (I'.-M.) 
Elde,  (Ger.)  r. 
Elden,  (N'elh.) 
Elcnuvtik,  (R.) 
Eletol,  (Fr.) 
Elcusis,  (Gr.)  i. 
Eleuthcra,  (W.  InJ.)  ut 
Elfkarlcby.fScPcn.) 
Elfros,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Eirvedal,  (.sc.  Pen.) 
Elga,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Elcc,  (Switz.) 
Elgin,  or  .Morayshire,  (ScoL)  r/jri 


ilwdX'Ugkmr'H 
i-ld~tt't 

rl'bc 

tl'b'  or  Hk 
iVbtrfilt 

irtrout 
U'bAr 

iUiaJu 
il'ckt 

U'da 


Eli.s,  (Gr.) 

I'lii 

Ehzavctpol,  (It) 

lH-zH^Hfftt 

Ellada,  (Gr.)  r. 

nld'ila 

Ellingegaard,  (Den.) 

iVUti^t-ftrie 

Ellwangcn,  (Ger.) 

rl'tdtMi-im 

Elm,  (Gcr.) 

IIOL 

Elovalka,  (R.) 

C-U-rdfU 

Elp,  (Neth.) 

Up 

Elpidio,  (It) 
Elsa,  (It.)  r. 

it-fi'H-o 

Elsanl,  (Fr.) 

it-tiMg" 

Elsinorc,  or  Helsingoer, 
(Den.) 

|«/V<^i««,«ttim^Ar' 

Elspcel,  (Neth.) 
Elsicr,  (Pnis.)  r. 

ii'irtu 

tVair 

Elsterivarda,  (Pro».) 
Elvedal,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Elz,  (Neth.)r. 

tl'tUr-rdr'i* 

ilfdiU 

itu 

Elzach,  (Ger.) 

it'UdU 

Elze,  (Ger.) 
Ematsbach,  (Gcr.) 

rl'tjj 

r'mau-ialx 

Emba,  (As.)  g. 

r   iV  J 

Emba,  (.\s.)  r. 
Embrach,  (Neth.) 

Embnin,  (Fr.) 

Emd,  (Switz.) 

'Ti 

Emden,  (Gcr.) 

tiB.'it* 

Emeln,  (Ger.) 

^mtU 

Emmen,  (Switz.  t  Neth.) 

na'an 

Empoli,  (It.) 

a^r^i 

Ems,  (Ger.  Neth.) 

CKf 

Enara,  (R.) 

{•■d'ra 

Encanizado  de  Murcia, 

1  n'idHi|.(!ii  w  if,  affr'. 

(Pen.) 

1      Ai-o 

Endelave.  (Den.^  W. 

n'if. .    ■ 

Endovichtcha,  (R.) 

n-d-  ■ 

Endrachl's  Land,  (Austral.)  tkt'n- 

Eneanizado  dc  Mucir, 

|£'«t-^ 

(Pen.) 

1    a, 

Eneboc,  (Sc.  Pen.) 

£'.{* 

Encda,  (Switz.) 

£»r" 

En^elherg.  (Switz.) 

f«..ei-»<rf 

F.ugclhartzell,  (Austr.) 

enf^il-kartttW 

Engillwlm,    Sc  Pen.) 

emf.il-Uim' 

Engon,  (Ger.) 

enf^tm 

Knger,  (Ger.) 

ing'tr 

Enghien,  (.Veth.) 

a-r'r'-^y 

England 

i^f'giwU 

Engticra,  :Pcn.) 

<*-    -C   '3 

Enkhuizen,  (Xeth.) 

Enkoping,  (Sc,  Pen.) 

Ennctbuhl,  (Switz.) 

Enniscorlhy,  (Ir.) 

Enniskillen.  (Ir.) 

Enns,  (.Xustr.)  r. 

Eno,  (R.) 

f   to 

Enontckeis,  (K.) 

t-mtt%'t^\M 

Enter,  (Xeth.) 

in'th- 

Entlibucli.  (Switz.) 
Entradas,  (Pen.) 
Enlmgiies,  (Fr.) 


i^^tnl'dMs 
djk^^rd^' 


Entrc  Douru  c  Minho,  (Pen.)  io'trr  i^'rt  j  Kia'w 

T7„._^    n:.^..      rC       An.    \  i^'trt    t-\' AM 


Entre  Rios,  (S.  .\ni.) 
Entrec-lstcaus,  il',  (X. 

Zeal.)  ch. 
Entrevaul,  d',  (Fr.) 
Envike.  (Austr.) 
Enz,  (Gcr.  Nctli.) 
Epauvillers,  (Switz.) 
Epe.  (Neth.) 
Epemay,  (Fr.) 
Eperno'n,  (Fr.) 
Epidauros,  (Gr.) 
Epidauros  Limcra.  (Gr.> 
Epila,  (Pen.) 
Epinal,  (Fr.) 
Epine.  (Fr.) 


ixtri  r\  ta 

iSxffr'kHs-W 

intu 

f'K 
f-prr^mS 

{-pt^dtm'rff 
t-pl~d/v'r\is  Ti-r'.'/r-A 
i'pi-ia 


Fr.  long  A  and  ,hort  cS,  nearly  as  in  spur.  -  Final  ly,  French  I  mouiUi.  -M'ger,  ^i"cious.  -  g  as  .  in  pUasurc ,-  j  and  a  cuttural ;  n,  liquid ;  a  as  in  ^ 


168 


i3jr 


PRONUNCIATION   OF   MODERN    GEOGRAPHICAL   NAMES. 


l^inator,  or  Ecuador,  j 

(Cenir.  Am.)  i 

Er,  (Fr.)  Id. 

Va-i\,  (It.)  r. 

tCrasiiio,  Fort,  (It.) 

V.vhw  Spina,  (It.) 

ICibacli,  (Gcr.) 

ICrcoIe,  (It.)  isl. 

Kn.'k,  (Austr.) 

Erctria,  (Gr.) 

Erfa,  (Ger.)  r. 

Erfurt,  (Prus.) 

Eria,  (It.)  r- 

Ericeyra,  (Pen.) 

Erick,  (Switz.) 

Erit;ue,  (Fr.) 

Erivan,(R.) 

Erivdde,  (Neth.) 

Eriaa,  (R.) 

Erlach,  (Switz.) 

Eriaf,  (Austr.)  r. 

Eriau,  (Austr.) 

Erlau,  (Austr.)  r. 

Erlangen,  (Ger.) 

Eribach,  (Ger.) 

Erlenbach,  (Switz.) 

Ermalingen,  (Switz.) 

Ermelo,  (Neth.) 

Erne,  Lough,  (Ir.) 

Ernee,  (Fr.) 

Err,  (Austr.)  r. 

Erscliweiler,  (Switz.) 

Ervedeira  (Pen.) 

Ervillers,  (Fr.) 

Ervy,  (Fr.) 

Erz  Gebirge,  (Austr.) 

Erzen,  (Ger.) 

Erzeroom,  (Tur.) 

Escaculles,  (Fr.) 

Escalao,  (Pen.) 

Esc:iro,  (It.) 

Esch,  (Neth.) 

Esclie,  (Switz.) 

Esclielles,  les,  (Fr.) 

E:>chcrhausen,  (Ger.) 

Escholzniatt,  ^witz.) 

Escomhrera,  (Pen.)  isL 

Edcorial,  ei,  (Pen.) 

Escucho,  (Pen.) 

Esens,  (Ger.) 

Es2uiva,  (Pen.)  r. 

Esiinot,  (Af.) 

Esino,  (It.)  r. 

Eskilstuna,  (Sc.  Pen.) 

Esuc,  (Ec) 

Esnnu,  (Fr.) 

Espalion,  (Fr.) 

Espalmador,  (Ppn.)  isl. 

Espanillo,  (Pen,) 

Espinar,  (Pen.) 

Espinosa,  (Pen.) 

Espinosa  de!  Key,  (Fen.) 

E^pirito  Santo,  or  Victoria,  i 
(Braz.)  j 

Espiritu  Santo,  Tierra  del,  \ 
(Austral.)  \ 

Espiritu  Santo,  (Mex.)  b. 

Esporlas,  (Pen.) 

Esquimaux,  (N.  Am.)  I. 

Esscck,  (Austr.) 

EsscI,  (Ger.) 

Essen,  (Ger.  &  Neth.) 

Essequibo,  (S.  Am.) 

Essera,  (Pen.)  r. 

Essertines,  (Switz.) 

Essex,  (Eng.  &  Can.) 

Essone,  (Fr.) 

Estafort,  (Fr.) 

Estagle,  (Fr.) 

Estain,  (Fr.) 

E.^te,  (It.) 

Estella,  (Pen.) 

Estcpa,  (Pen.) 

Estepar,  (Pen.) 

E«toi)ona,  (Pen.) 

Estivareilles,  (Fr.)  ' 

Estrolla,  la,  (Pen.) 
Estrelle,  (Fr.) 
Estreilos,  (Mex.) 
Estremoz,  (Pen.) 
Estremadura,  (Port.,  Pen.) 
Estremadura,  (Sp.,  Pen.) 
Estrica,  Fort,  (Pen.) 
Etampcs,  (Fr.) 
Etangs,  (Fr.) 
Staples,  (Fr.) 
Etauliers,  (Fr.) 
Etay,  (Fr.) 
Elrhemin,  (N.  Am.) 
Etna,  (It.)  ml. 
Etole,  (Neth.) 
Etolia,  (Gr.) 
Etowah,  (U.  S.) 


e-kw'd'tnr 

ir 

c'ra 

e-^'ds'mo 

ir'bds-p'i'na 

ir'h'dlh 

er'kd-le 

e'rek 

e-^e'tr'i-a 

er'fa 

e'r'i-a 
e-r'i^JlVra 

e'rik 

R-rinij' 

e'fi-v'dn 

e-r'i-fel'de 

er'la 

er'ldih 

er'ldf 

Ir'loiL 

i-r'lo^ 

ir'ldn^-eri 

irl'b'dih 

er'Un-bdlh 

er'm'd-ling-en 

er'me-to 

lolh  em 

er-ne' 

er 

ersU'vi-Ur 

er-ve-dVra 

er-v'i-'i-ye'  or  er-vil-ys.' 

er-vV 

erts  ir^-b'ir'ge 

vr'isen 

erz-TQom' 

es-k'd-kiUe* 

(•s-k'd-ld'o 

es-kd'ro 

esk 

esk'e 

le  ze-sheV 

e'sker-kou'zen 

e' shqlts^ndt 

es-kovt'bre-ra 

el  es-kO'fi-dl 

is-kq(}'cha 

e'zcTts 

es-g'i'va 

esh'QQt 

e-s'i'no 

es'kils-t^Q'nu 

eg-ne' 

e-noiig' 

es-pd-l'i-qng' 

es'pdlr-md-ddr' 

es-pd-n'Wyo 

es-p'i-ndr' 

es-p'i-no'sa 

(■.s-p'i-nu'sa  del  rz 

is-p'i'r'i-to  sdn'to 

t'i-er'ra  del  es-p'i'T'i-tQQ 

sdn'to 
es-p'i'r'i-lQQ  sdn'to 
es-por'lds 
cs'k'i-mo 
es'sck 
es'sel 
es'sen 
es-se-k'i'bo 
es'se-ra 
vs-sir-t'ine' 
es'sez 
essone 
es-id-forc 
es-tdgV 
es-tdng' 
is'te 
es-teVya 
es-te'pa 
es-te-p'dr' 
es-te-po'na 
es-t'i-vd-re-'i  or  e$-t'i-v'd- 

rely 
Id  es-frH'ya 
is-trile 

es-trel'yos  or  es~tre-'i~yos 
€s'tre-7noth' 
es'tTe-md'd(}()'ra 
fs'tre-vid-dQQ'ra 
es-tfi'ka 
e-tilngp' 
e-tdng' 
e-tdpt' 
e-to-l'i-e' 
t-ta' 
itch'min 
et'jia 
e-tole 
e-t5'l'i-a 
com.  hVto-wah 


Etre,  (Fr) 
Etrechv,  (Fr.) 
Etrelat,  (Fr.) 
Etrcux  Landcrnat,  (Fr.) 
Etruria,  (It.) 
Ettisweiler,  (Switz.) 
Ettlebruck,  (Neth.) 
Etzthaler  Fcclicr,. Great,       j 
(Austr.)  I 

Eu,  (Fr.) 
Eiibcea,  (Gr.) 
Eufemia,  St.  (It.) 
Eufemia,  (It.)  ,t. 
Eulalia,  Sta,  ( Pen.) 
Eulau,  (Ger.) 

Eupatona,  or  Kazlov,  (R.) 
Eupel,  (Austr.)  r. 
Eupheniia,  Sta,  (Pen.) 
Euphrates,  (As.) 
Eure,  (Fr.)  r. 
Eure,  (Fr.)  dep. 
Eure  and  Loire,  (Fr.)  dep. 
Europa,  (Pen.)  b. 
Europa,  (Pen.)pt. 
Europe 

Eurytania,  (Gr) 
Eutin,  (Den.) 
Evanovsk,  (11.) 
Eve,  (R.) 
Evenagh,  (Ir.) 
Everdinghe,  (Neth.) 
Evolena,  (Switz.) 
Evora,  (Pen.) 
Evoramonte,  (Pen.) 
Evreux,  (Fr.) 
Eyalet,  (Tur.) 
Eyder,  (Den.)  r. 
Eyiau,  (Prus.) 
Eymontiers,  (Fr.) 
Ezcaray,  (Pen.) 
Ezerska,  (R.) 


&tr' 

e-trH-shV 

e-tr'(f-ta' 

e-trdh  Vdng-der-na' 

p_-trQ(}' fi-a 

v.t' tis-vV  lir 

H'ie-br(}Qk 

eU'td'lir  fe-lhir 


y.-bc'a 

c-^f>-fe'  m'i~a 

e-Q<}^fe'm'i-a 

sdn'ta  e-QQ-ld'l'i-a 

oi'lou 

pl'p'd-lo'r'i'a,  Udi'lqv 

ol'pcl 

sdn'ta  e-QQ-fe'm'i-a 

y.-frd'tez 

Shre 

^rc 

^rc,  Iw'dr 

e-QQ-ro'pa 

c-fQ-^o'pa 

If.' rope 

Tl-r'i'td'ni-a 

oi-tine' 

e'vd-novsk' 

e-ve 

e-vc-ndgh' 

e'ver-ding-e 

e-vo-le^na 

e-vo'ra 

e-vo-rd-mon' te 

e-vr^' 

i-ya'lct 

I'dcr 

Vlou 

a-mimg-ti-e' 

Hh-kd-rV 

e-zers'ka 


F. 


Faaboro,  (Den.) 
Faarup,  (Den.) 
Fabregues,  (Fr.) 
Fabriauo,  (It.) 
Faemundsjo,  (Sc  Pen.) 
Faenza,  (It.) 
Fagaras,  (Austr.) 
Faiilheim,  (Ger.) 
Fahlun,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Fahmenbach  Burg,  (GJer.) 
Fahrsand,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Fahrtoft,  (Den.) 
Faioom,  (Eg.)  jjr. 
Falaise,  (Ft.) 
Falco,  (It.) 
Falconara,  (It.) 
Falcone,  (It.) 
Falkenberg,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
FalkensteJn,  (Ger.) 
Falkirk,  (Scot.) 
Falkland,  (Fifeshire,  Scot.) 
Falkland,  (S.  Am.)  isl. 
Falkoeping,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Fall,  (Switz.) 
Fallforg,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Falsterbo,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Falster,  (Den.)  isl. 
Falu,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Falu,  (Sc.  Fen.)  r. 
Falun,  [Fahlun,]  (Sc.  Pen  ) 
Falun,  copper  mmea,  (Sc.     j 
Pen.)  I 

Falvaterra,  (It.) 
Falmagosta,  (Tur.) 
Fanari^  (Tur.)  c. 
Fanari,  (Gr.)  mt. 
Fanjcaux,  (Fr.) 
Fano,  (It.  Gr.) 
Fanoe,  (Den.)  isl. 
Fantvanncs,  (Fr.) 
Fanum,  (It.) 
Faou,  le,  (Fr.) 
Faouel,  le,  (Fr.) 
Faraga,  (It.) 
Farara,  (It.) 
Faratissa  Wells,  (Af.) 
Faro,  (Pen.) 
Faroe,  (Sc.  Pen.)  isl. 
Farquhar's  Isl.  (Austral.) 
Farrarese,  (It.) 
Fars,  or  Farsistan,  (Per.) 
Fas,  or  Fez,  (Af.) 
Fatianovo,  (R.) 
Faucarmonl,  (Fr.) 
Fauquemberg,  (Fr.) 
I  Fauquier,  (U.  S.) 


fd'hor§ 

fd'rt^op 

fd-ln-Sgi 

fd-hr'i'd'no 

fd '  m<}  (1  ndr-skdu 

fd-end'za 

fdsrd'rds 

fdhl'hime 

fd'lQQn 

fd'mH-hdlh  bQ(^^ 

fdr'sdnd 

fdr'tqft 

f'i-Q(rm.' 

fd-ldze' 

fdl'ko 

fdl-ko-n'd'ra 

fdl-kiVne 

fdl'ken-berg 

fdVkrn-stlnc 

fal'kirk 

fa  Ilk' land 

fauk'land 

fdl'ch^-ping 

fdl 

fdl'fqrs 

fdVsleT'bo 

fdVster 

fd'lQQ 
fd'lQQ 

fd'lQQn 

{ fd'Ujon 

fdJ'vd-ter'ra 

fdl'ind-gos'ta 

fd~nd'ri 

fd^nd'fi 

fdnrr-shd' 

fd'no 

fd'voTt 

fdn-^  vdnt' 

fd'nQom 

l^fd-QQ' 

I'^fd-QQ-e' 
fd-rd'ga 
fd-rd'ra 
fd-rd-tis'sa 
fd'ro 

fd'reu.  or  fd'rQ 
fdr'k^n-dr 
fdr--r'dr-rn-ze 
fdrs,  fdr-s'is-tdn' 
fds  or  fez 
fd-t'i-'d'Hd'vo 
fG'kar-mdna' 
fd-kd^r.g-birk' 
fau-kire' 


Fauville,  (Fr.) 
Fauvillers,  (Neth.) 
Faviguana,  (It.)  isl. 
Favone,  (It.)p£. 
Fav,  le,  (Fr.) 
Fayde  Billot,  (Fr.) 
Fayctteville,  (U.  S.) 
Fecamp,  (Fr.) 
Fadcrovka,  (R.) 
Fedotovo,  (R.) 
Feerwert,  (Neth.) 
Fehraltorf,  (Switz.) 
Fehrbelin,  (Prus.) 
Fekete  Ugy,  (Austr.) 
Feldkirch,  (Austr.) 
Feldsberg,  (Switz.) 
Felegyhaza,  (Austr.) 
Felicudi,  fit.)  isl. 
Felines,  (Fr.) 
Felizzano,  (It.) 
Fcllin,  (R.) 
Felsobanva,  (Austr.) 
Feltz,  (Neth.) 
Femeren,  (Den.)  isl. 
Femeren  Sound,  (Den.) 
Femina,  (It.)  isl. 
Fenestrella,  (It.) 
Feodosia,  or  Kaffa,  (R.) 
Ferden,  (Switz.) 
F^re  Champenoise,  (Fr.) 
F^re,  la,  (Fr.) 
Fering,  (Austr.) 
Fermanagh,  (Ir.)  co. 
Fermo,  (It.) 
Ferrara,  (It.  Switz.) 
Ferrato,  (It.  Switz.) 
Ferreira,  (Pen.) 
Ferrex  Valley,  (Switz.) 
Ferriere,  la,  (Switz.) 
Perrieres,  (Neth.) 
Ferro  de  Vacas,  (Pen.) 
Ferroe,  (Den.)  isl. 
Ferru,  (It.)  mt. 
Fert6  sur  Aube,  la,  (Fr.) 
Fert6  Ber,".ard,  la,  (Fr.) 
Fert6  sous  Jouarre,  la,^Fr. 
Ferte  Sennetcrre,  la,  (Fr.) 
Feticux,  (Fr.) 
Fettrona,  (It.) 
Feuchtwangen,  (Ger.) 
Feuillat,  (Fr.) 
Fi'uill^e,  (Fr.) 
Feurs,  (Fr.) 
Fez,  or  Fas,  (Af.) 
Fezzan,  (Af.)  pr. 
Fianona  Gemino,  (Austr.) 
Fiascone,  (It.)  mt. 
Fichtel,  or  Fichtelgebirge, 

(Ger.)  mt. 
Fichtel  Naab,  (Ger.)r. 
Fidesd,  (Austr.) 
Fiel,  (Den.)  I. 
Fiesole,  (It.) 
Fifeshire,  (Scot.) 
Figari,  c. 
Figueira,  (Fen.) 
Figueira  dos  Cavalieirog, 

(Pen.) 
Figuera,  (Fen.) 
Figueras,  (Pen.) 
Fiji 

Filefjeld,  (Sc.  Fen.) 
Filk'tta,  (It.) 
Filonovsk,  (R.) 
Fils  and  Rems,  (Ger  ) 
Finale,  (It.) 
Finana,  (Pen.) 
Finestra,  (It.)  c. 
Finhault,  (Switz.) 
Finingia,  (N.  Zeal.) 
FiniiFterre,  (Fr.)  dep. 
Finistierra,  (Fen.) 
Finland,  (R.) 
Finland,  (R.)  g. 
Finmark,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Finstcr  Aarhorn,  (Switz.) 
Finzino,  (It.)  r. 
Fioro,  (It.)  7*. 

Firenze,  or  Florence,  (It.) 
Fiorenzola,  (It.) 
Firenzuola,  (It.) 
Fisibach,  (Switz.) 
Fismes,  (Fr.) 
Fitte,  la,  (Fr.) 
Fitton,  (Can.)  mt. 
Fiume,  (Austr.) 
Fiumicino,  (It.) 
Fix,  (Fr.) 
Fixe,  (Neth.) 
Flacey,  (Fr.) 
Fladd,  (Den.) 
Flad?trand,  (Den.) 
Flagstadt,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
FIagstad<jc,  (Sc.  Pen.)  U. 


fa-vilc' 

fo-vi-'i-ye'  OT  fd-v'il-yt' 

fd-v'i-s<}Q~'d'  na 

f'd-voGie 

V6fa 

fade  bil-yS'  or  hi-'iyd' 
,  fd'et-vil 

fe-kdn'g' 

fe-de-rav'ka 

fe-do-td'vo 

fehr'vt-rt 

fehr'al'tnrf 

fehr'be-l'ine' 

fe-ke'tQ  Q<jdj 

feW'kirlk 

felts' ber^ 

fe'ledg-hd'za 

fe-l'i-ki}Q'd:i 

ferine' 

fe-tit^s'd'no 

fel-Vin.' 

fel-sko-bon'yo 

felt^ 

fe'mem 

fe'meni 

fe'm'i-na 

fe'nes-treVla 

fe-o-do'sz-a 

fer'den 

fdre  shdngp-nwdic' 

IdfSre 

ft' ring 

fer-md'na^ 

fer'mo 

fer-rd'ra 

fer-rd'to 

fir-rVra. 

fer'rez 
Id  fi'r-T'i-6rc' 

fer-r'i-ire' 

fer'ro  de  vd'k'da 

fer'r^ 

fer-rQQ' 

Id  fer-te'  sftr  5be 
Id  fer-te'  ber-u'dre' 
)   Id  fer-te'  j;()p  sh<}<}-drC' 

Id  f^r-te'  sat'tSrc' 

fe-si~dk' 

fet-trS'na 

foilkt'vdng^en 

f^-i~ya  or  ft^l-^a' 

feU-'i-ye  or  fS.U/^ 

f^r 

fez 

fH-zdn' 

f'i-d-n6'na  je-m'i'no 

f'i-ds-ko'nc 

]f\ZhHelge-bir'gi_ 

fiZh'tel  ii'dhQ 
f'i'deskd 
file 

f'i-e'so'le 
fife' shire 
f'i-gd'r'i 
f'i-gVra 
)f'i-gVra  dos  kd  v'd-ti-V 
)  ros 
f'i-ge'ra 
f'i-ge'rds 
fi-l'i 

fi'le-fi-m 
fiUet'ta 
fi'lo-novsk' 
fils,  rems 
fi-nd'le 
f'i-nd'na 
f'i-nes'tra 
f'i-no' 
f'i-n'in'fi-a 
f'i-n'is-tire' 
f'i-n'is-t'i-ir'ra 
fin'ldnd 
fin'ldnd 
JiTt'mdrk 
fin'ster  Wir'hom 
f'ind-z'i'no 
f'i-5'ro 
f'i'rend'zi 
f'i-o-reTtd'zO-la 
fi-rend-zQQ-5'la 
f'i'z'i-bdth 
f'imo 
Id  file 
fU'ton 
fi~QQ'me 
f'i-QQ-m'i-ck'i'jio 
fi 
fix 
fid-sd.' 
Jldd 

jidd'strdnd 
fidg'stdt 
Mg'stdt-^' 


II 


• 


l||l 


FatCjfdr,  fait,  wkat^  hat. — JiTete^prey,  help,  thire,  hUr.  —  Fine,7nari7te,btrd,fi^.  —  J^te,dSve,  Tiuivc,  WQlf^bQ^k,  lord, — THiie,  bull,  -unite Fr  long  vhe;  Fr.  short  but,- 


1338 


PROxNUNCIATION  OF  MODERN   GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


Flakkee,  or  Uormgrliet, 

(\eth.)  r. 
Flamuuviile,  (Fr.) 
Flaiulere,  or  Flandre.fNetli, 
Klamlers,  East  anC  VVcst, 

(Xeth.) 
Fhivia,  ((t.)  (, 
Flavisny,  (Fr.) 
Flavion,  (Neth.) 
Fleche,  la,  (Fr.) 
Flekketjont,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Fleii>bor2,  (Den  ) 
Fleron,  (Ncih.) 
Flers,  (Fr.) 
Flesch,  (Switz.) 
Fleure,  (Fr.) 
Flevirier,  (Ndh.) 
Flintshire,  (Eng.) 
Flix,  (Pen.) 
Flixecourt,  (Fr.) 
Flotia,  (Se.  Pen.) 
Flogny,  (Fr.) 
Flomc,  (Fr.) 
Floree,  (Neth.) 
Florence,  or  Firenze,  (IL) 
Florenville,  (Xeth.) 
Flore3,  or  Brazos  de  Dios, 

(Mes.) 
Florida,  (i;.  i?.  &  Mes.) 
Floris,  (East.  Isl.)  sL 
Florrenne,  (Neth.) 
Flums,  (Swiiz.) 
Flushing,  or  Vliisiiigen, 

(Neth.) 
Fluvanna,  (IT.  S.) 
Foehr,  ar  Foi^hrde,  (Den.) 
F.R'inoe,  (Den.)  w( 
Foasia,  (It.) 
Fo;;lia,  (It.)  r. 
Foi.\,  (Fr.) 
Fokien,  (Ch.) 
Fnhlea,  (Austr.^ 
Foldinir,  (Den.) 
Fuldva,  (Austr.) 
Fuld\"ar,  (Austr.) 
Foltsno,  (It.) 
Foininska,  (R.) 
Fomin-'keu,  (R.) 
Fotiari,  (It.) 

Fundi,  (U.)  * 

Fondo,  (.Viistr.) 
Fonelos,  (Pen.) 
Fonglchcoti,  (Ch.) 
Fon!*eca,  or  Arnp,-ila,  (Mex.) , 
Fontaini;  rF.veque,  (Neth.) 
Fonlainehleaii,  (Fr.) 
Fontarabia,  or  Fuentarabia, 

(Pen.) 
Fontana,  (It.)yi. 
Fonle  CntM!rti,  (Pen.) 
Fontenaille.  (Neth.) 
Fontenay,  (Fr.) 
Fontenuy,  (Xeth.) 
Fontiroux,  (Fr.) 
Fontiveroj",  (Pen.) 
Foolah,  or  Foulah,  (Af.) 
Fori,  (Den.)  isl. 
Ford  Sand  Isle,  (Den.) 
Forestan.  (R.) 
Forez,  (Fr.) 
Forfar,  (SroL)  co 
Forses,  (Fr.) 
Forii,  (It.) 
ForlimpopolL  (It.) 
Formari,  (It.) 

Fonna/.za  Valley,  (Switz.) 
Fonnona,  (H.) 
Fornos,  (Pen.) 
Forro,  (Anstr.) 
Fors,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Forsheda,  (Sc.  Pen  ) 
Forsyth,  (IJ.  9.) 
Port  Loui.-*,  (Fr.) 
Fortanete,  (Pen.) 
Fortore,  (It.)  r. 
Fossano,  (It.) 
F,>ssa  Niinva,  (It.) 
Fosse,  (.Vi?th.) 
Foiise,  la,  (Fr.) 
Fotschiel,  (Switz.) 
Foncerais,  la,  (Fr.) 
Fong^res,  (Fr.) 
Foii^erolle-s.  (Fr.) 
Fonrche,  La,  (V.  S.) 
Foui,  la,  (Fr.) 
Fowey,  or  Foway,  (Eng.) 
Foy.  SL,  le  Grande,  (Fr.) 
Foyera,  (Scot.) 
Foyle,  Louijh,  (Ir.) 
Fraiiure,  (Neth.) 
Frameriea,  (Neth.) 
Franca,  la,  (Pen.) 
Francavfdla,  (It.; 
France 


fi'd-mifiing-v'ile' 
)Jid!t'ders^  fidngdr 

Ijld'i'ders 

Jld-v'in^'i' 

Jl'd-v'i-o7ig' 

Idfidshe 

fiek'ke-ndrd 

jlens'bqr^ 

fie-rong' 

flere 

Jlesh 

fidhre 

JtvU-ri-e' 

Jlinl'shira 

fiis 

JCiks-k^Qr' 

M'da 

fion-yV 

Jlo-rdk' 

fio-re' 

Jlq'renceyfi-rind'ze 

Jld-rdng-v'ifc' 

ifid'resse,  brd'tkos  de 
di'os 
fiqr'i-da 
fio'ris 
fid-rSne' 
Jiggtits 

5  jlvLsh'ing 

jlu-vdn'na 
f^r,  /fir'de 

fdd'ga 

foVya 

fwa    . 

fo'kecti 

fqt-de'a 

fql'diitg 

fold'va 

Jqld'c'dr 

fo-l'in'yo 

fii-mins'ka 

Jd-riiins'kea 

Jo-nd'ri 

fon'di 

foil' do 

fo-nt'los 

fqng  teApp' 

fong-tdne'  le  vuke 
fqng-tane-blo' 

ifqn-td-rd'b'i-a 

Jon-td'na 

fon'te  ko-bh-'ta 

fqngt-nfi-i  or  Jtyiigt-ndlij 

fqngt-nd' 

fqngt-uwa' 

fqng-ti-rQ<}' 

Jvn-ti' ve-ros 

/o'ra 

ford  sdnd 

fd^eJtdn 

fd-re.' 

fqr'/dr 

Jorge 

f5r4i' 

fbr-l'im-po'pd-U 

for'jnd'r'i 

f3r-mdt'sa 

for-mo'sa 

for'nos 

for'ro 

fqrs 

fqrs-h^'da 

fbr-slthe' 

for  l<}(^'i 

for-td-ne'te 

for-to're 

foS'Sd'no 

fo.t'sa  TU}i}-o'va 

fosse 

Id  fdsse 

foVsKile 

Id  fi}<}^e-ra.' 

fo<}-gire 

fi}(}ge'rdW 

Id  ff^Qrshe 

IdfQQ 

foy 

sdng  fwa  la  grdngd 
fi'erz 

lolkfaU 
frd-lkrc' 

frdm^V 

'd  fritn'ka 
frdnrkd-vel'la 
frdncc  or  frdngs 


Franclie  Compte,  (Fr.) 
Frankeiilhal,  (Gcr.) 
Franconia,  (Ger.) 
Frankenburg,  (Gcr.) 
Fraiikeiihaii£en,  (Gcr.) 
FrankeiisiL-iii,  (Ger.) 
Frankfort  (-fnrt)  on  the 

Maine,  (am  iMain,)(Ger.) 
Frankfort  (-fiirt)  on  the 

Oder,  (an  der  Oder,) 

(Pnis.) 
Franklin,  (Can.)  I. 
Franks,  Mt.  of  tlie,  (Pal.) 
Franqueyra,  (Pen.) 
Frasca,  (It.)  c. 
Frascali,  (It.) 
Frasno,  el,  (Pen.) 
Fraiienhnrsi,  (R.) 
Fraueiifelii,  (Switz.) 
Frechilla,  (Pen.) 
Fredobuis,  (Ger.) 
Fredunsborg,  (Den.) 

Fredericia,  (Den.) 

Fredcricksberg,  (Den.) 

Fredericksborg,  (Den.) 

Fredericksdal,  (Den.) 

Fredeiickslmmn,  (R.) 

Frederickstadt,  (Den.) 

Freju-s,  (Fr.) 

Fronna,  (It.) 

Freswick,  (Scot.) 

Freyberg,  (Ger.) 

Freyburg,  ((ier.) 

Freystadt,  (Ger.  Prus.  Austr. 

Frias,  (Pen.) 

Fribourg,  (Switz.) 

Fridau,  (Austr.) 

Friderirhshafen,  or  Buc- 
liorii,  (Ger.J 

Friedberg,  (Ger.) 

Friedburs,  (Gi-r.) 

Friedland,  (Pru:<.) 

Friederielisi,,[l;i,  (Pnis.) 

Friesland,  (Nfilu) 

Friesland,  Ea:sl,  (Ger.) 

Frisangc,  (Neth.) 

Frische  Half,  (Prus.) 

Frische  Nehrung,  (Prus.) 

Fritzlar,  (Ger.)  " 

Friuli,  (It.) 

Frodinghaui,  (Eng.) 

FiudslKun,  (En?.) 

Frnidniont,  (Fr.) 

Frontcuae,  (t^au.) 

Fruerniarek,  (Den.) 

Fruges,  (Fr.) 

Freienwalde,  (Prus.) 

Fucgn,  Terra  del,  (S   Am.) 

Fuemhillido,  (Pen.) 

Fuenrjilientc,  (Pen.) 

Fuentatnada,  (Pen.) 

Fuentarabia,  or  Fontara- 
bia, (Pen.) 

Fuentc  del  Fresno,  (Pen.) 

Fuente,  de  la,  (Pen.) 

Fuente  Palniera,  (Pen.) 

Fuente  del  iMaestre,  (Pen.) 

Fuente  Lapena,  (Pen.) 

Fucntepelayo,  (Pen.) 

Fuenterable,  (Pen.) 

Fuentes,  (Pen.) 

Fuenles  de  la  Compana, 
(Pen.) 

Fuhrherg,  (Gcr.) 

Fuhu,  (R.) 

Fulmicino,  (It.) 

Fulda,  (Ger.) 

Fulda,  (Ger.)  r. 

Fuidera,  (Switz ) 

Fullonica,  (It.) 

Funchal,  hi. 

Funen,  (Den.)  isL 

Furiauda,  (Pen.) 

Furnes,  (Neth.) 

Furruckabad,  (Hind.) 

Furstenaii,  (Prus.) 

Furstenburg,  (Ger.) 

Furst.nfeld,  (Ger.) 

Furstenwald,  (Gcr.) 

Furlii,  (Ger.) 

Fusina,  (It.) 

Futter,  (Sc.  Pen.)  r. 


frdntT.sk-konff-t^' 

frdii"ken~tdle 

frdn-ko'n'i-a 

frdn>r'  k^n-bQQT^ 

frdnff'keit-ltou'zcn 

frdng'ktTir-siine 

/rdrtn-^'/pert  am  wJnc 

^  frdnrrk'fy^rt  iln  der  6'dir 

frank' lilt 

franks 

frdn-hl'ra 

frds'ka 

frd-i-kd'tt 
H  frdi'no 

frou'rn'b<^<}r§ 

frou'  en-felt/ 

frp-ch'il'ya 

frU' dr-bQQT^ 

fr^'dhis-bor^ 
ifre'de-ri'is'i-a  OT  frS-de- 
'      r'it'sha 

fre'd^  -riks-brr^ ' 

fr<} '  dt-riks-hqr^ 

frS'ile-ri'ks-ddlc 

frS' de-riks-hdmn 

fr6'ilQ-i'iks-stdt 

fri-j<ji}CG' 

frhi'na 

frH'ik 

frVbtr§ 

fr't'b<^nr§ 
)frt'stdt 

fr'i'as 

fri-bQ^' 

fr'i'difu. 

fr'i'de-ric/iS'hd'fctt 

ffid'bh^ 

fr'id'ho^ir^ 

fTid'ldiit 

fri  'di^-ri?Jis-ru'da 

fris'Uiiit 

fr'is'ldnt 

fr'i'sdnsk 

fri^h'c  hdf 

frisk' e  ne-r<jong 

frits' I  dr 

fri-(}Q'lj 

frod'hier-nm 

frqds'iuit 

frmd-irw  ii  rr' 

frqn<rt'iidk' 

fro<i'  h--mdrk 

fritge 
frVen-vdl'de 

trr'ra  dH  /pp-f'.jo 
fQQ~f  m-h'i}--ifi'  do 
fnn-i-ti'kd-li-t-n'te 
f(}Q-tn'tdhrd'da 

fQo-m'td-rd'b'i-a 

f^<;i-m'te  del  fres'iw 

de  hi  fo(y-en'le 

foQ-en'te  jidl-me'ra 

foQ-hi'le  del  md-e'stre 

f^Q-en'te  Id-pe'na 

fyQ-en'te-pe-ld'yo 

fQQ-en'te-rd'ble 

fQ<i-eTi'tessc 
\fQ<}-en'tesse  de  Id  kOm 
i      pdn'yii 

f<}or'bi'T§ 

f()(i'hoo 

fQQl-m'i-ch'i' no 

fQQl'da 

fQ<}l'da 

fO^l'de-ra 

fqi}l-ld'n'i'ka 

fQQn-skdl' 

J%.'nen 

fQtyri-dn'da 

film 

fur-rhli-d-hdd' 

ftir'ste-7iou 

fiir'sten-liQtfr^ 

Jllr'strn-felt 

fiir'j^ten-v'dlt 

flirt 

fQ(}-ii'na 

fygt'ter 


G. 


Gabahus,  (Can.)  h. 
Oabella,  (Tiir.) 
Gahi.i,  (Pen.) 
Gabo  do  Girao,  (.\f.) 
Gaboon,  (Af.)  r. 


tr'drhii'riis 

gd-heVla 

•rii'b'i-a 

rrd' ho  iloji-ra'o 


Gabrovo,  (Gr.)  mt. 

Gacliun  .Vur,  (Ind.) 

GadamiB,  (Af.)  e<^a'mu 

(;a.l.  l.uMb,  [Mecklenburg   );„... 

G.-liLl,  (It.) 
Gaela,(lt.)»'. 
Gafor,  (Ind.) 
Gaci;  Boails,  fN.  ZcaL) 
Gat'c»,  (Fr.) 
GaBSiano,  (It.) 
Gaelntsk,  (It.) 
Gagliano,  (It.) 
Gallon,  (E.i.-;t.  Inl.) 
Gahyba,  (\ir.vi.)L 
Gaian.  (itf!.) 
Gaidronixi',  (Gr.) 
Gaidtiri,  (Gr.) 
Gaih,  (Per.) 
Gaillar,  (Fr.) 
Gair  I.H  h,  (ScoU) 
GairiJi;ii,  (Scot.)  r 
Gairitiofcn,  (<;i;r,) 
Gaisliorn,  (Gur.) 
Gai«in,  (R.) 
<;ala  Waur,  (Scot.) 
(^ilapaL'tLt,  ul. 
Galaslilfls,  (.*cot.) 
Galat/.,  (Tur.) 
Galavidi,  ((ir.) 
(iaic-na,  (I/.  .S.) 
Galura,  (Aiistnil.)  vd. 
Gajibon,  (V.s.)  ft. 
(iaiiria  arrti  I^^ltimir,  or 

Kalanon  lA)doniir, 

(.Viislr.) 
Galin.am,  (It.)  Lit. 
Gallna/.,  (.'^.  .-Vni.)  r. 
Galilcli,  (K.) 
Callifo,  (IVn.)r. 
Gallicw,  (S.  Am.)  r. 
Galkn,  .-it.  (Switz.) 


gage 

ga'Mn 
gi-Vta 
t<fl-dx 

ea-'l-dir'l 
ftflk 

jfd-i'di/  of  gai  ■  , 
itr  UH 
ffir'dtn 

giyu/tu 
gtyivr, 

g'i-i.$itf 


ga'li-TQ 
ga4t'bj 


\' 


i$4t't:  . 


ui^J^  ^til'lem 


Gallen,  St.,  Canton,  (Switz.)  zonkt  gol'loL 
Gallt,  (IL)  i-f.  raJ  .'i 

Gallicia,  (Pen.)pr.  '^^-a 

Gallipoli,  (It.  icTiir.)  ,  J-W 

Gallo,  (U.)c. 
Galong,  (Ch.)  ft. 
(lalice,  (Ir.)  mt. 

Galveston,  (.Mex.)  b.  ^  :  ■■-i-tan 

Calway,  (Ir.)  gizi'icijy 

I'.nndiia,  [Ba  IIcama,3  (M.)r.gdm'bl'a 
(Janiliicr,  (Austral.  Ac  Aus-  )     ,    ,..._ 

liaha)  r.'-J.  )  " 

GunibuT,  (.\nslralia}  aU         gdm'bier 
Ganitoos,  (.-if.)  r.  gtim't<,-<}s 

Gand.  li,  \Vell  of,  (Tur.)         gdji-deTt 
Gandia,  (Pen.)  gOM'di-m 

Gandolfo  Casilc,  {IX.)  g<L-\-dMfo 

Ganges,  or  Gunga,  (Ind.)  r    sdm'Jii 
Gangnd.  (R.;  c.  gcn'^gui 

Ganning,  (Ch.)  i'-i-t-ma*' 

Ganspach,  (<;tT.)  'i'h 

Gara,  (.-Vusir.) 
Ganipe,  (S,  Am.)  r. 
Garbanup,  (N.  Zeal.)  L 
Garbieh,  (Ez.) 
Gari-ia:^.  (Pen.) 

Card,  (Fr.)  drp.  g>^ 

Garda,  (II.)/.  gitr^dA 

Garden,  (Prus.)  L  gdr^drn 

Gare  I^ch  Cottage,  (Scot)    gArt  l^k 
Garcep  Ky,  or  Yellow  R.     j  ,^.^^  j^^ 

Gareep  Nn,  nr  Black  R.(Af.)  c'd'rfrp  *S 
(Jareepj  or  Orange  R.  (Af.)    gci'rcrp 
Gareepine  Walls,  (.Vf.)  j.-aVr-pr«« 

Gargano,  (It.)  rnt.    -  ,'-t-  .-I'ff* 

Gargrave,  (Eng.)  -   -  .— ^-ri 

Garnet.  (Af.)*. 
Garnigel  Baths,  (?witz.) 
Garonne,  Fppcr,  [Haute       ) 
Garonne.]  (Fr.)  dep.  ) 

Garragh,  ((r.)  /iAr-rdgi 


ar'iii'gd 


hSie 


Garrangura,  (.\uslnJia)  rat.   gfir-rOn-juryra 
Garrodi,  (Scot)  "'       '^ 

Garrows,  (Ind.) 
Garshuiitcn,  (Neth.) 
Garvagh,  (Ir) 
Garvan,  (Ir.)  isL 
Garz,  (Prus.) 
Gascony,  [Gascogne,^ 
Caspar  Ula,  CE;ist.  Isl'.)" 
Gaspar,  (Ea-^t.  Isl.)  st. 
Gaspo,  (Can.)  disU 
Gatineau,  (Can.)  r. 
Gaucher,  Fcrt  la,  (Fr.) 
Ganen,  (Switz.) 
Gauts,  Eastern  and  West- 
ern, (Ind.) 
Gav.ala.s  (Gr.) 
Ga\'ata,  (Tur.)  f, 
Gaviami,  (P<-n.)  mL 
Gavio,  (It,   "i. 


g6r-rOcJl 
gdr'mrj 
gUrj'lui-U* 


rdf'pitr 
fir  W  fiS.dlf' 

gCl'lA 


Fr.  long  A  and  short  ra,  nearly 


,  in  ,,,rr.  -  Final  hj,  French  I  imuUlc.  -M'gcr,  vi"ciaas.  -^  a.  ..  in  Hr,..™«  ■■  J  and  a  g-m^tial;  »>  liquid  ;  U  a»  In  ;iia. 


1339 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


«ii 


(iayali,  (Ind.) 
(Iiivur.  nnd.)  r. 
Ceauga,  (U.  S.) 
Cubel  el  iieslieur,  (Tur.) 
(Jeer,  (Af.)  c. 
Geel,  (Neth.) 
Gcfle,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
(lefle,  (Sc.  Pen.)  dust. 
Gfbgan-well,  (Per.) 
Gcislingen,  (Ger.) 
Gclderland,  [Geldern,]         ) 
(Neth.)  pr.  j 

Genemuiden,  (Neth.) 
Geneseo,  (U.  S.) 
Genessee,  (0.  S.) 
Geneva,  ( U,  S.  &  Swilz.) 
Geneve,  [Genf,]  (Swilz.) 
Geneve,  Canton,  ^Switz.) 
Genevieve,  (U.  S.) 
Genevre,  (It.)  mt. 
Genlis,  (Fr.) 
Genoa,  (It.) 

Gent  or  Ghent,  (Neth.) 
Gentilly,  (L.  Can.) 
George,  (Af.J  dist. 
Georgenbnrg,  (Prus.) 
Georgia,  (K.) 
Georgia,  (U.  S.  &  R.) 
Georgievsk,  (R.) 
Gera,  [Reiiss,]  (Ger.) 
Gerati,  Great,  (Ger.) 
Gerdoba,  (Af.)  mL 
Germany,  Gerniania,  ) 

Deut?chland.  J 

Germain,  St.  (Fr.) 
Germa,  ancient  capital  of     ) 
Fezzan,(Af.)  j 

Gennano,  (It.) 
(krolstein,  (Ger.) 
Gerona,  (Pen.) 
Gers,  cFr.)  dcp. 
Gerlruidenburg,  (Neth.) 
Gex,  (Fr.) 

Gharendil,WeUof,  (Eg.) 
Gharian,  (Af.)  7nL 
Ghazeepoor,  (Ind.) 
Ghenneh,  (Ec.) 
Ghent,  or  Gent,  (Xelh.) 
Ghenvartsov,  (R.) 
Ghil,  (Per.) 
Ghilan,  (Per.) 
Ghiliaik,  (As.) 
Ghizeh,  (Eg.) 
Ghor,  el,  (Eg.) 
Ghousgiuir,  (Ind.) 
Ghieznoucha,  (R.) 
Gibio,  (Australia)  mt. 
Gibraltar,  (Pen.) 
Gibraltar,  (Pen.)  sU 
Giedser,  (Den.)^. 
Gicp,  (.'\f.)  r. 
Gie^sen,  (Ger.) 
Giland,  (Ind.)  r. 
Gilolo,  (Ind.) 
Giniont,  (Fr.) 
Gioia,  (It.) 
Gioja,  (It.)^. 
Giorslov,  (Den.) 
Giour  Jebel,  (Eg.) 
Giovi,  (It.)  mf. 
Gird  Koh,  (Per.) 
Girdleness  Light,  (Scot.) 
Girgeh,(Eg.) 
Girnar,  (Ind.)  mt. 
<Jironde,  (Fr.)  dcp. 
Gjat,  (R.) 
Gliidsmuir,  (Scot.) 
Glamorganshire,  (S.  Wales) 
Glanitz,  (Ger.) 
Glanz,  (Austr.) 
Claris,  (Switz.) 
Glarus,  (Switz.) 
Glarus,  Canton,  (Switz.) 
Glasgow,  (Scot.  N.  Scotia) 
Giatta,  (Tur.) 
Glatz,  [Klodsh-ko,]  (Pms.) 
Glau,  (Ger.)  r. 
Glauchnvi,  (Ger.) 
Glazov,  rR.) 
Gleisdort,  (Austr.) 
G^;i2cardoch,  (Scot.) 
Glenade,  (Ir.)  /. 
Gienainadda,  (Ir.) 
Glenavy,  (Ir.) 
Glencairn,  (Scot.) 
Glenorchy,  (Scot.) 
Glina,  (Austr.) 
Glindon,  (Pru.s.) 
Glogau,  (Prus.)  dijt. 
Glogau,  Great,  (Prus.)  ft. 
Glommen,  (Sc.  Pen.)  r. 
Glossa,  (Gr.) 
Gloucester,  (Eng.) 
Glouceslei-shire,  (Eng.) 


gd'y'dh 

sd'y  t^r 

je-aw'ga 

ffc-bcl  H  be-sh^r 

ffcer 

ihele 

vffh 
vtPk 

geb'  (rdn~7Dcl 
ffls-linff'en 
geVder-ldnd 

^^'ne-moi'dcn 

jm-e-se'o 

jen-e-sce' 

jc-ne'va 

ge-nive'j  genf 

ge-ntvc' 

jen-c-vccve 

Je-ne^vre 

^dng-lV 

je-no'a  and  jbi'o-a 

gdng-Vil-yV  or  gdng-t'i-y'i' 

Jorge 

ge-qr'  gea-bQQr§^ 

ge-or'g'i-a 

jor'ji-a 

ge-or' g'i~'dvsk 

ge'ra 

ge'rou 

ger-dO'ba 

jer'ma-ny,  gir-mWiii-a^ 

doich'ldnt 
sang  gdr-mang' 

ger'ma 

jer-md'7io 
ge'rol-sflnt 
ike-ro'na 
giro 

Zher-tro  i'den-bQQrg 
ge.z 

ghd-ren'dil 
ghU'ri-an 
ghd-zcc-poQr' 
ghen'ncli 
gent 

gkin-vdH'sov 
ghil 
gWlan 
gk'i'li-'d-ili 
gh'i'zeh 
cl  gkqr' 

g(}QS<'g^T 

gk'i-e.z-iwit'Zha 

ihVblo 

Ih'ib-rdVtar  or  ji-braVtdr 

Ih'ib-rdl'fdr 

g'id'ser 

gecp 

g'is'sen 

g'i'ldng 

^'i4d'ld 

g't-mang^ 

jo't-a 

jo'i-a 

g'i-ors'Iov 

g'i'Our'  je'bcl 

jo'v'i 

g'ird  koh 

gir'dle-ncss 

gir'gek 

g'ir'ndr 

g'i-rnngd' 

j^  ' 

glddi'mure 

gld  m~or'  gan-sh'irc 

gld'nils 

gldnts 

gld' r  IS 

ffldh-Qi^s  (or  -r'is) 

gld'r(i<)s  (or  -^ts) 

glds'^o 

gldl'id 

gl'dts 

glou 

glou'lhou 

gld' 10 V 

glis'dorf 

gUn-<t-kdr' dolk 

glen-dde' 

glni-a-mdd'da 

gltn-d'vy 

gUn-kaernc' 

gliii-or'Zhij 

gl'i'na 

glin'dqn 

glo'gou 

glo'gou 

glom'mcn 

glOa'sa 

glqs'ttr 

ghs'tersk'irc 


Glovoler,  (Switz.) 
Gluckstad,  (Den.) 
Gmunden,  (Austr.) 
Gnesen,  (Prus.) 
Gnief  kowo,  (Prus.) 
Goa,  (Ind.) 
Gobi,  (As.)  dcs. 
Goch,  (Ger.) 
Godavcrv,  (Ind.) 
Goddelsheim,  (Ger.) 
Godlinse,  (Neth.) 
Godolio,  (Austr.) 
Goedereede,  (Neth.) 
Goelland,  (Den.)  isl. 
Goerz,  (Austr.) 
Goes,  (Neth.) 
Gogna,  (It.)  r. 
Gogoschi,  (Tur.) 
Gohrisch,  (Ger.) 
Goito,  (It.) 
Golconda,  (Ind.) 
Gold  Coast,  (Af.) 
Goldastchelsk,  (R.) 
Goldbeck,  (Ger.) 
Goldburg,  (Ger.) 
Goldberg,  (Prus.) 
Goldingen,  (R.) 
Golegao,  (Pen.) 
Golo,  (It.)  r. 
Golsen,  (Prus.) 
Golubinsfca,  (R.) 
Golzow,  (Prus.) 
Gomera,  (Canary  Isl.) 
Gomez  Farias,  (Me.t.) 
Gomez  Velasco,  (Pen.) 
Gommern,  (Prus.) 
Gondar,  (Af.) 
Gondrecourl,  (Fr.) 
Gondrin,  (Fr.) 
Gonzalo,  Don,  (Pen.) 
Gonzalo,  (Mcx.)pt. 
Goochland,  (U.  S.) 
Goor,  (Neth.) 
Gora,  (Ger.) 
Gorbatov,  (R.) 
Gordola,  (Switz.) 
Gorgonzola,  (It.) 
Gorialchinskoi,  (R.) 
Gorioutchki,  (R.) 
Gorjdy,  (R.) 
Gorkorietska,  (R.; 
Gorkum,  (Neth.) 
Gorlitz,  (Prus.) 
Goroditch,  (R.) 
Gorodnia,  (R.) 
Gorodok,  (R.) 
Gorochov,  (R.) 
Gorredyk,  (Neth.) 
Gorsel,  (Neth.) 
Gortel,  (Neth.) 
Gortynius,  (Gr.) 
Gortz,  (Austr.) 
Goslar,  (Ger.) 
Goslina,  (Prus.) 
Gospich,  (Austr.) 
Gossau,  (Switz.) 
Gossia,  (It.) 
Gostyczyn,  (Prus.) 
Gotaland,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Gotha,  (Ger.) 
Gothard,  St.  (Switz.)  int. 
Gothland,  (Sc.  Pen.)  isl. 
Gothem,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Gotschec,  (Austr.) 
Gotschka,  (Austr.) 
Golheborg,  [Gotteziborg,] 

(Sc.  Pen.) 
Gottingen,  (Ger.) 
Goltska  Sands,  (Sc  Pen.) 
Gottswakle,  (Prus.) 
Gouda,  (Neth.) 
Goudcrak,  (Neth.) 
Gouja,  (Pen.) 
Gouriev,  (R.) 
Gourievsk,  (R.) 
Gour,  Ruins  of,  (Ind.) 
Govino,  (Gr.) 
Gownagh,  (Ir.) 
Gowripatnam,  (Ind.) 
Gozo,  (It.) 

Grabbenvorst,  (Neth.) 
Graben,  (Neth.) 
Grabow,  (Ger.) 
Gracharz,  (.\ustr.) 
Grachenicza,  (Austr.) 
Gradiska,  N.  (Austr.) 
Graditza,  (Gr.) 
Gradizza,  (Gr.) 
Graefenberg,  (Ger.) 
Grafenburg,  (Ger.) 
Grafenthal,  (Ger.) 
Grafenworth,  (Ger.) 
Graigueuemaragh,  (Ir.) 
Grain  Coast,  (.\f.) 


glO've-Ur 

gWi'stdt 

gmun'den 

gn^'zin 

gn'if-kQQ'vo 

go' a 

gS'bi 

gqlh 

go-dd'vc-ry 

gqt' dils-himc 

gqt'liii'Se 

gd-do'ii-o 

g<}<}'de~re'd^ 

gexd'ldnd 

g^rts 

gon'ya 

go-gos'ch'i 

go 'risk 

go-'i'to 

gol-kqn'da 

goldkost 

gol'dds-tclielsk 

gqlt'bek 

gqlt'bQ(}r§ 

gqlt'bir^ 

gql' ding-en 

go-le-gd'o 

go'lo 

gql'zen 

gd-lub-ins'ka 

gqlt'so 

go-me'ra 

go-metJi  (-7HCs)  fd-r'i'as 

go-meth  (-"t£5)  ve-lUs'ko 

gom'mern 

gqn'ddr 

gqngdr-kqtyr' 

gqng-drdng' 

don  tToii'tJid'lo 

gon-tJid'  {-sd')  lo 

g(}Qtch'land 

gor 

gd'ra 

goT-bd'tov 

gor' do-la 

gor-gond'zo-la 

go-fi-dt'ch  ins'koi 

gd^'i-ouich'k'i 

g(2rj'dy 

gqr-ko  -r'i-its'ka 

gqr'kQQm 

gear'Hts 

go-ro-ilitch' 

go-rqd'ni-a 

go^o-dok' 

go-ro'lkov 

gor-re-dzkc 

gqr'sel 

gor'ifl 

gor-tii'n'i-us 

gdhrts 

^q.f'ldr 

gqs-ti'na 

gqs'pilh 

gqs'sou 

gds's'i-a 

gos-ti'ckin 

y^h'td-Vdiid 

go'ta 

zdnkt  gqt'hdrt 

got' I  dull 

g5'tem 

gqVshets 

gotsh'ka 

I  ydii'te-bqrg 

gmt' ting-en 

ydkts'ka 

gqts'vdl'de 

gou'da 

gou'de-r'dk 

g5-(i<}'Zha 

gou'rt-ev 

gou'r'i-evsk 

gour 

gS-v'i'no 

gow-ndgk' 

goiD-r't-pdt'na7n 

gSd'zo 

grdb'ben-fqrst 

grd'ben 

grd'bo 

grd'Zhdrts 

grd-7he-n'i'cha 

grd-dis'ka 

grd-dit'za 

grd-diz' za 

gra'fen-ber§ 

grd'frn-bQCjrg 

gTd'fen-Uilr. 

grd'fen-vqrt 

grdge-nc-ma-rdgh' 

gr&n  kost 


Grainville,  (Fr.) 
Grajanejos,  (Pen.) 
Gram,  (Den.) 
Gram,  (Den.)  r. 
Grammoni,  (Neth.) 
Grammos,  (Tur.)  mt. 
Granip'bergen,  (Neth.) 
Gramtzow,  (Prus.) 
Gran,  [Esztergom,]  (Austr.) 
Gran,  (Austr.)  r. 
Grana,  (It.)  r. 
Granada,  (Pen.) 
Granadiilu,  (Pen.) 
Grand  Pr6,  (Fr.) 
Grandval,  (Switz.) 
Granger,  (U.  S.) 
Graiiichen,  (Switz.) 
Granja,  la,  (Pen.) 
Grantham,  (Eng.) 
Granville,  (Fr.) 
Grasse,  (Fr.) 
Gratrhevsk,  (R.) 
Gratem,  (Neth.) 
Gratia,  Pt.  Delia,  (Gr.) 
Gratz,  (Austr.  Prus.) 
Graubunden  (-dten)  or  Lcs  j 

Grisons,  (Switz.)  | 

Graudentz,  (Prus.) 
Grauzelie,  Grau  de,  (Fr.) 
Grave,  (Neth.) 
Gravesend,  (Eng.) 
Gravina,  (It.) 
Gravone,  (It.)  r. 
Grazalena,  (Pen.) 
Great  Britain 
Greece 
Greenland 
Greenock,  (Scot.) 
jtJreenwich,  (Eng.) 
Greifen,  (Switz.) 
Greifen,  (Switz.)  I. 
Greifenburs,  (Austr.) 
Gr-etfenhagen,  (Prus.) 
Greis,  (Den.; 
Greitz,  (Ger.) 
Grenada,  isl. 
Grenade,  (Fr.) 
Grenchen,  (Switz.) 
Grendstrup,  (Den.) 
Grenoble,  (Fr.) 
Greussen,  (Ger.) 
Grevelingen,  (Neth.) 
Grevismuhlen,  (Ger.) 
Grcz,  les,  (Fr.) 
Griazovetz,  (R.) 
Grciffswald,  (Prus.) 
Grigorevska,  (R.) 
Grimaud,  (Fr.)  g. 
Griniis-ois,  (Switz.) 
Grimsell  Pass,  (Switz.) 
Grinsted,  [Jutland,]  (Den.) 
Griguas,  (Af.) 
Gris  Nez,  (Fr.)  c. 
Grlsola,  (It.) 
Grisons,  les,  [Graubunden 

or  -dten,]  largest  canton   \ 

in  Switz. 
Grii^selhamn,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Grodno,  (Tur.) 
Grodno,  (R.) 
Groesholra,  (Den.)  isL 
Groix,  (Fr.)  i^l. 
Groningen,  (Ger.  Neth.) 
Groot  Zunderl,  (Neth.) 
Groote  Keet,  (Nelh.) 
Groposu,  (Austr.)  7nt. 
Grosselto,  (It.) 
Gross  Wardein,  [Hung 

Nagy  Varad,]  (Austr.) 
Grube,  (Den.) 
Grubenhacen,  (Ger.) 
Grudek,  (Austr.) 
Grunberg,  (Prus.) 
Grutamaun 

Grutli,  or  Rutii,  (Switz.) 
Gniyeres,  (Switz.) 
Gsteig,  (Switz.) 
Guadalaviar,  (Pen.)  r, 
Guadalaxara,  or  Guada-       i 

lajara,  (Pen.)  [ 

Guadalemar,  (Pen.)  r. 
Guadalerza,  (Pen.) 
Guadalijorce,  iPen.)  r. 
Guadalmez,  (Pen.)  r. 
Guadalon,  (Pen.)  r. 

Guadalquivir,  (Pen.)  r. 

Guadalupe,  (VV.  Ind.) 

Guadalupe,  [Badajos,]  (Pen 
Guaiiamellata,  (Pen.)  r. 
Guadarama,  (Pen.)  r. 
Guadarniena,  (Pen.)  r. 
Guadarraina,  (Pen.) 


grdng-v'ile' 

grd-ihd-^it' ihoa 

grdm 

gram 

grdm-ind'n'i 

grdm' m  OS 

grdmps'btr-gen 

grdmt'so 

grdn 

gran 

grd'jia 

grd-nd'da  or  gr3-nd'da 

grd-nd-(TiVyo 

grdng  pre 

grdng-vul' 

grdn'jcr 

grd'nir-cken 

Id  grdn'l]ta 

grdnt'um 

grdng-v'ilc' 

gr'ds 

grdt'ckivsk 

grd'tem 

del'la  grd't'i-a 

grdts 

grou'bun'den  (^-tcn) 

gr  oil' dents 

gro  lie'  gTu-zile' 

grd'fi 

graves'end 

gr'd-v'i'na 

grd-vo'ne 

grd-tUd-le' lie. 

great  brit'an 

greece 

grecn'land 

green' tik 

grin'idje 

grVfcn 

grVfm 

gri'fin-b<}Qr^ 

gri-fin-hd'  gen 

grts 

grits 

gre-nd'da 

gre-n'dde' 

grin'Zhcn 

grend'strQ^p 

gre-no-bW 

grois'sen 

gri'fe-lin  tr-en 

gre-vis-viu'Un 

le  grk 

gr'i-d'i^-xetz 

grlfs'vdlt 

gr'i-go~revs'ka 

gr'i-md' 

gT'i~m'i-2Wa' 

grim'zel 

grin'sted 

gri'goQ-ds 

gr'i  nt' 

gfi'zd-la 

\  i«  gfi-iqng' 

gris'sel-h'dmn 
grod'no 
grod'no 
gr^-holm' 
gncd 

gro- (gr^-)  ning'in 
grote  znQn'deri 
gro'te  kete 
grd-po'zQQ 
gros-set'to 
)  grus-rdr-dlnc  iiodj  v'd'- 

gTQi^'be 

gTQQ'ben-hd'gen 

gTQQ'dek 

griin'bt:r§ 

grQ<}'td-mdn 

griit'li 

grit-'i-yBre' 

gstt$ 

gij^d-dd'ld-vi-Ur' 

{ gt}Q-d-dd-ld-lhd'ra 

g<}Q-ct-dd'le-7ndr' 

gQfj-d-dd-ler't^a 

gt^^d-dd-ti-ch  or' the 

gQi^d-itdl-mi-tK' 

gifQ-d'dd-lon 
j  g(}Q-d-ddl-k'i-v'ir\  Eng. 
\      gau-dH-qitir>'cr 
\  gQQ-d-dd'lQo'pe^  Eng. 
^      gau-da-l(^(^e' 
■)  g<l<}-d-dd-l<)<}'pt  bd-dd'lhos 

gi^Q-'d'dd-mel-yd'ta 

gtjQ-d-dd-rd' ma 

gt}Q-(i-ddr'vie-7ia 

gQQ-d-ddr-rd'  ma 


I 


Fdte,fdr,faUjwJiat,  bat.  —  Metej  prey  ^  help,  tkirc,  h'4r.  —  Pine,  mafinCjb'ird,  fig.  —  A'oic,  dovBy  mdve,ic^lfjbi^Qkj  lord. —  Tw/ic,  buUj  ignite.  —  Fr.  long  cfte;  Ft.  short  but,  — 
1340 


Guadiana,  (Peu.)  r. 
Guadiata,  (Pen.)!-. 
Guadiola,  (Pen.)  r. 
Guadix,  (Pen.) 
Guajuco,  (Mex.) 
Gualau,(Mex.) 
Gualdo,  (IL) 
Guanabai,  (Mex.)  r. 
Guanazuato,  or  Guanas- 

ualo,  (Mex.) 
Guarda,  (Switz.  Pen.) 
Guardafui,  (Af.) 
Giiardaiiiar.  (Pen.) 
Guardia  Alliera,  (IL) 
Guarisaniey,  (Mex.) 
Gua^jtalla,  ([t.) 
Guatiiuala,  (Mex.) 
Gualla,  (Mex.) 
Guayaiiuil,  (i?.  Am.) 
Guavinas,  (Mex.) 
Gubbio,  (tt.) 
Guben,  (Prus.) 
Gudar,  (Pen.) 
Gudina,  la,  (Pen.) 
Gudiiin,  (Deu.) 
GueMers,  Gut-lderiand, 

[see  Gtlderland,]  (Neth.) 
Gueret,  (Fr.) 
Guernsey,  (Fr.)  isL 
Guesselard,  (Fr.) 
Gussisberg,  (Switz,) 
Guglielraa,  (II.) 
Guiana,  Guyana,  Guayana 
Guienne,  (Fr.)  form.  pr. 
Guignes,  (Fr.) 
Gtiiguela,  (Pen.)  r. 
Guimaraens^,  (Pen.) 
Guinea,  (Af.) 
Guiuchav  la  Chap,  (Fr.) 
Guiues,  (Fr.) 
Guiulle,  la,  (Fr.) 
Guipuzcoa,  (Pen.) 
Guisando,  (Pen.) 
Guisborousn,  (Eng.) 
Guise,  (Fr.) 
GujenU,  (Ind.) 
Guliopoli,  (It.) 
Gulznw,  (Prus.) 
Guinbeschen,  (Switz.) 
Gumii'l  dc  Morco,  (Pen.) 
Guiiiinen,  (Swiiz.) 
Guiiimerup,  (Den.) 
Giihmii,  (Prus.) 
Gundflliiiiien,  (Ger.) 
Gundi;l-bye,  (Den.) 
Gunderup,  (Den.) 
Gunza,  or  Ganges,  ^Ind.)  r.   <run'^a,  f^dn'jez 


PRONUNCIATION   OF   MODERN   GEOGRAPHICAL   NAMES. 


g^^d'ldii 

g<j<}~d-nil-b'd''i 
\  g>,-<^dnd-  C-^Afp)  tTlQQ- 

g^^dr'da 

g^o-dr-dd-mdr' 
gQQ~dr^di-a  dl-fi-e'ra 
g^^d-r'i-jid-mV 

g<:.Q-<u-tma 

gfQ-d-t'i-md'la 

g^'Q-dt'ta 

g<}o-J-d-k'iV 

g^{fl'mds 

g^'^b'b'i-o 

gQQ'ben 

g<jg-ddr* 

g^'}'d^^m 

gil'derSj  giVder-ldnt 

ge-re' 

geni-sa'j  Eng.  geru'zy 

giS'ldr' 

gOifg'sis-ber^ 

g<}<il--yeVma 

g'i-d'na  or  g'i-yd'na 

g'i-inc' 

giny 

g'i-ge'la 

g'i'md-rd-ens' 

gi-ne'a  or  gitt'a 

gengshd'  Id  ska 

gine 

Id  g'i-uW 

gi-f}Q<^th'kO-a 

g'i-sdn'do 

gii'to-ro 

gO'?-'i'e 

guj'e-r'dt 

goQ-ti-o'pli-Ci 

gul'tso 

gQi>m'besh-eii 

gQQ-m'i-W  de  mqr'ho 

g^<^mi'nen 

g<j(}m.'  mt-rqop 

g<lQ'rua 

g<;><jn' del-fin  g' e)l 

g<}qn'del-bu 

g(}i;fii'de-rogp 


Gunnebye,  (s^c.  Pen.) 
Gunz,  (Ger.)  r. 
Gunzburg,  (Ger.) 
Gurdizzolo,  (It.) 
Guria:;liana,  (It.) 
GurkfL-Id,  (Austr.) 
Gurrebye,  (Uen.) 
Gur-^koe,  (-^c.  Pen.) 
Gurivan,  (R.) 
Gu.<taf  .\dolph,  (R,) 
Gu-SUifsvcrn,  (R.) 
Gii.strow,  (Ger.) 
Gula,  (A'lstr.) 
Guiles  Fjord,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Gullingen,  (Svvitz.) 
Gutzinerow,  (Pnis.) 
Guyandolte,  (I*.  S.) 
Guynqiiil,  (S.  Am.) 
Gwal),  (Switz.) 
Gwozdziec.  (.Austr.) 
(>ylltnge,  (Den.) 
Gzudin,  (Austr.) 


g(}^t'm-b^ 

gujits 

gu3tts'h(}Qr§ 

gqijr-dit'sd-lo 

gQiy-ri-dl-y'd'na 

gi}Qrk'felt 

gQ^fr're-bu. 

goQrsk'eu, 

gur'i-vdn 

gus'tdf  d'dolf 

gus'tdfs-zeni 

gUn'tro 

gtjQ'ta 

ggQt'tes  fi-ord 

gO^t'ling-en 

gilts' me-ro 

gVan-dot 

gi-a-k'iU 

gvdl 

gvoshd-sh'i-ets 

guL'ling-e 

gshQQ-dinc' 


H. 


I 


Haag,  or  Hague,  (Nelh.) 
Haarlem,  Haerlem,  Har- 
lem, (Netb.) 
Haaae,  (Ger.)  r. 

Habana,  or  Havana 

Harienda,  (Mex.) 
Haddington,  or  East  Lo- 
thian, f^Cttt.)  CO. 
Haderdleben,  (Den.) 
Haderup,  (Den.) 
Hadramaiit,  (Ar.) 
Haerlebeke    (.Veth.) 
Ha/trlem,  (U.  S.) 
Haff,  Great,  (Pru3.) 
Haff,  Little,  (Pms.) 
Ilafveroe,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Hagdanger,  (Sc.  Pen.) 


hdi 
j  kdr'lrm 

hd'ze 
(  Ad-Ad'  (-»a    n«,  F.iig.  iui- 
\      vdn'na 

hd-Vii-  (-*>-)  en'da 

I  lidd' ding-ton 

kd'ders-Wbm 

hd'dt-rt}iyp 

kad-ra-mdte' 

kdr'Ie-b^'ke 

hdr'lcm 

hiif 

hdf 

fui'v^-rm 

hdff'dctng-er 


Hagen,  (Ger.  Den.) 
Hagenow,  (Ger.) 
Hague,  de  la,  (Fr.) 


ltd' gen 
hd'gf-n5 
de  Id  hdrr 


Hague,  [S'GravcnliaaE,!  ;  , ..     ^  '    . 

(NethO  ""^  (  Ad-,  Eng.  hSg 

Haguenau,(Fr.)  if-no' 

Haha,  (Af.)  a^'a^ 

Hahn,  (Ger.)  /,^(„ 

Hain,  [Somme,]  (Fr.)  kdn-r 

HainauU,  (Neth.)  ha-jto' 

Hajypoor,  (Ind.)  hdju-pnrfr' 

Hala,  (Per.  Ind.)  7n(.  hd'ld 

Halberstadt,  (Prus.)  hdl'hi-i^sCdi' 

HaJdensleben,  (Prus.)  hdl'dhui-Wben 

Iluldenstein,  (Switz.)  kdl'dhi-stlne' 

Ilaldiinand,  (Can.)  hdi-dimdn'f' 

Halem,(Nclh.)  hd'Um 

Halicz,  (Austr.)  hd'lUk 

Halifax,  (X.  Scotia)  hal'i-fdz 

Halkier,  (Den.)  lidl'ki-er 

Hall,  (Nelh.  Ger.)  hdl 

Hallaiid,  (Sc.  Pen.)  hdVldnd 
Halland's  As,  (Sc.  Pen.)  mt.  hdl'ldnds  Gs 


Halle,  (Prus.) 
Halloweii,  (U,  S.) 
Halmstadt,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Halsted,  (Den.) 
Haltorp,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Halvan,  (Austr.) 
Hamburg,  (-burgh,)  (Ger.) 
Hamein,  (Ger.) 
Hamm,  (Ger.) 
Hamme,  (Neth.  Sc.  Pen.) 
Hamtnerdal,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Hammerstein,  (Prus.) 
Hanau,  (Ger.) 
Hangtcheou,  (Ch.) 
Hangtclieoufou,  (Ch.) 
Hannover,  (Ger.) 
Hansted,  (Den.) 
Hants,  (N.  Scotia) 
Har.ildsby,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Harbiirg,  (Ger.) 


hdl'lfi 

com.  hoVlo-il 

kdlm'stdt 

hdl'sttd 

hdl'tqrp 

hdl' van 

hdm'bQi}r^^  Eng.  hdm'berg 

hd'mvlti 

h'dm 

hdm'me 

hdm'jner-ddl' 

ham' mcr-iitine 

hd'nott 

hdng-ch<jQ' 

hdng-clwi^fQQ 

hdn-no'hr 

hdn'sLU 

hdnU 

hd'TdltU-biH 

kdr'boQr^ 

'      "  Id 


Hardanger  Fjcld,  (Sc.  Pen.)  hdr'ddng-h  ft- 
Hardanger  Fjord,  (Sc.  Pen.)  kdr'ddn'if-er  fi-drd 
Hardenberg,  (\etli.)  '      ■-■'--- 

Hardenwvk,  (Neth.) 
Hare,  (Ca"n.)  tsl. 
Hareidiand,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Harfleur,  (Fr.) 
Haringsvlict,  or  Flakkee, 

(Neth.)  r. 
Harkebruecke,  (Ger.) 
Harle,  (Den.) 
Harlemnier  Meer,  (Neth.) 
Harlingcn,  (Nelh.) 
Haro,  (Pen.) 
Haromfa,  (Austr.) 
Hartberg,  (Austr.) 
Hartheini,  (Ger.) 
Hartz,  ((^r.) 
Hartz,  (Ger.)  vit. 
Harwich,  (Eng.) 
Hasli,  (Switz.) 
Hassan,  Ben  Ali,  Tomb  of,  I 

(Tur.) 
Hass  Berg,  (Ger.) 
Hasselt,  (Neth.) 
Hassli,  (Switz.)  vat. 
Hastrup,  (Den.) 
Haubourdin,  (Fr.) 
Hausen,  (Ger.) 


hdr'drn~b^r^ 

kdr'den-clke 

hare 

hd'rJdc-ldnd 

kdr-Jl^r' 

hd' rin  gs-f,'ite 

hdr'ke-hruk'ke 

kdr'lp 

hdr'lem-mer  meUr 

hdr' ling-en 

d'ro' 

hd-rojn'fa 

hdrt'bt-r^ 

hdrt'h'tme 

hdrts 

harts 

hdr' ridge 

hds'li 

ben  d'l'i  hd^'^dn 

has  6rr* 

hda'sfU 

hd.^'sii 

hds'tr<^(;tp 

hij-h^nr-dditg' 

kou'zrn 


Havanna,  Havana,  or  Habana /id-?d'«a  or  ha-Edn'na 


Havel,  (Ger.)  r. 
Havelburg,  (Ger.) 
Ilivre  de  Grice,  (Fr.) 
Hlvre,  (Fr.) 
Hawaii 
Hayger,  (Ger.) 
Haynichen,  (Ger.) 
Hayons,  les,  (Fr.) 
Hayti,  or  Haiti 
Hazebrouck,  (Fr.) 
Hebecourt,  (Fr.) 


hd'fcl 

hd'f^l-b(}Qr§ 

hdvr  d^  grdsse 

hdvr 

hd-wd'i-'i 

hi' ger 

hVni-lhe.n 

le  hd-'i-yon^' 

hd-i'ti^'hah'i 

dze-br^^k' 

ehc-CQQr^ 


Hebrides,  ..rWest.  Isl.  (Scot.)  heb-ri'dcz 


Hechemin,  (Ger.) 
Hechingen,  (Get.) 
Hecla,  (Icel.)  ml. 
Hedegaard,  (Den.) 
Hedenfors,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Iledingen,  (Neth.) 
Hedemora,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Hednaes,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Heerenberg,  (Neth.) 
Heerlem,  (Nelh.) 
Heerle,  (Neth.) 
Heesch,  (Neth.) 
Hegisland,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Heidelheck,  (Ger.) 
Heidelberg,  (Ger.) 
Heiden  Naab,  (Ger.)  r. 
Heidenburg,  (Ger.) 
Heidenheim,  (Ger.) 
Heilbronn,  (G«r.) 


heZh-e-viin' 

he£h'itig-en 

he'kUi  or  hik'ia 

he'dp-gOrd 

he'den-fqrs 

he' ding-en 

he'de-ni^^'ra 

hed'ndse 

he'ren-bir^ 

her' Ian 

hkr'le 

hesk 

he'yis-ldnd 

kV'del-bek 

hVdel-berr^ 

ki'dhi-ndbe 

hVdin-b(}(}r§ 

ht'dhi-htme 

hUe'bron 


Hclligcnhafen,  (Den.) 
HeiligenKladt,  (Prus.) 
lUiiiif,  (Ger.,  r. 
HL-l:s(Prn.) 
Helderi,  (.\(  th.) 
Hdder,  (.Veth.) 

Hfcl.;na,  St.  (Eng.)  irf. 

HeliiTf.Iand,  or  Helgoland, 

(Den.)  is/. 
Hcllefuri!,  (Sc  Pen.) 
HelIet*iK>nt,  or  Dardanclte*,  / 


hVet-ffm.kH'fin 
hVtt-geU'^tdt 


/  Jkf'/f-M  or 


(Tnr.)  rf. 
Hcllevoctsluij,  (Neth.) 
Hfllitrsne,  (Den.) 
Iklmbrecht,  (Ger.) 
Hehnbiirg,  (Ger.) 
Helsingocr,  or  Elsioorc, 

(Den.) 
litis  in  gborg,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Helsingfurs,  fR.) 
Ilelvellyn,  (Enc.) 
Htmmosjoc,  (Den.) 
HengersbtTg,  (Ger.) 
Henkart,  (Switz.) 
Henkeluni,  f.Nelb.) 
IIenlop<:n,  (U.  S.) 
Heniiebon,  (Fr.) 
Henrico,  (U.S.) 
Hensival,  (.Veth.) 
Herat,  (Per.) 
Heratilt,  {Ft.)  dep. 
Herbolsheim,  (Ger.) 
Hirdal,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Herefordshire,  (Eng.) 
Heremenu,  (Sivitz.) 
HtTencia,  (Pen.) 
Herenlhals,  (Neth.) 
Herkenbusch,  (Neth.) 
Hennagor,  (.Austr.) 
Hennana.s,  dos,  (Pen.) 
Iltrniansburg,  (Ger.) 
Ilennaristadt,  (Austr.) 
Ilennnsa,  Villa,  (Pen.) 
Hernam,  (Pen.) 
Herningsliolm,  (Den.) 
Hernoesand,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Mcron,  (Ndh.) 
Herrcra,  (Pen.) 
Herres,  (Pen.) 
Herrnhiilh,  (Ger.) 
IlLTtfordshire,  (Eng.) 
Herve,  (Ne;h.) 
Herv,  le,  (Fr.) 
llrrzberg,  (Ger.) 
Herzegovina.  (Tur.) 
Her/cle,  (Neth.) 
Hesdin,  (Fr.) 
Hesmedgnard,  (Den.) 
Hfssen  C:L-^seI,  (Ger.) 
Hessen  Darmstadt,  (Ger.) 
Hessen  Honiburg,  (Ger.) 
Hessfloc,  (Den.)  is). 
Het  Dorp,  (.Veth.) 
Del  Loo,  (.Veth.) 
Ih-t  Zand,  (Nelh.) 
Heval,  (En?.)  mL 
Hcynau,  (Prus.) 
Ikvno,  (.Veth.) 
HjaltiTup,  (Den.) 
Hjardoniaal,  (Den.) 
iljarup,  (Den.) 
Hjelm,  (D.'n.)i>-L 
Iljihnar,  Hjehnaren,  (Sc 

Pen.)  /. 
Hiclmeland,  (Sc  Pen.) 
Hjelnistadt,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Hiercs,  (Fr.) 
Iliersac,  (Fr.) 
Highlands 
lliguen,  (Pen.) 
Higiicm,  la, 
Hiemra.  de  la, 
Hildbnrghaus<Mi.  (Ger.) 
Hildesheim,  (Ger.) 
Hilcis,  (Af.) 
Hillah,  (Tur.) 
Himalaya,  (Ind.)  mL 
Hindoen,  (t-c.  Pen.)  isL 
Hindoo  Coosti 
Hindooslan 
Hingham,  (U.  S.) 


\  k*'ti-f^-laW  or  ktl 
kHUt-f(*ra 
kiVliM-nnt 


M'hmgAr 


kcr^dat 
krrt'fnd^irt 

ire-mtf-K^' 
f-rem'tXt-a 
ki'rrntaU 
hrr'krn-^^^k 


er'ndai 
hrr'aimgt-k^lm 

t-ron^ 


rc  ki-rV 
hrr-zs-g^^VtLS 

k^je'a  : : 
kir'sr- 


Hiniijosn,  or  Cordova,  (Pen.)  i-tkiJki'sa 

Hinter  Rhcin,  (Sniuu)  »>>'tr-  -i.f 

Hjorinc,  (Den.) 

Ilirschbcrs,  (Prus.) 

Hirschliolin,  (Den.) 

Ilinion,  (Fr.) 

Hirtzholraen,  (Den.)  ti 

lli.spnniol3,  ( VV.  Ind.) 

Ilitzkircli,  (Swilz.) 

Hoans  Ho,  iir  Yellow  R.  (.\5. 

IlobriK..,  (Den.) 

Hoch,  (.Viistr.) 


•ri'B{4da4 

'uilm'tiat 

i-trt' 

i-lrt-iik' 

com.  in  ScoC  kt^la^ 

fa  *--»'« 


ki-m.1 
kiwir 

»ill'o^^ 
kinf'mrn 


Fr.  Ion  J  «a  and  short  ei,  nearly  as  in  spur. —  Final  ly. 


Frencli  I  mouUU.  -Miger,  vVcious—g  as  s  in  p'm -:-•'•  •  ^  ^n.l  ?»  jiullural ;  ny  Ikjuid ;  a  M  in  yut.  ^ 


1341 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


H:i.-ii  Vogel,  (Gcr.) 
lloch.iurf,  (Swilz.  Gcr.) 
Hnclk-itftl,  (Gcr.) 
Hoclisrttten,  (Switz.) 
IIcPiliH,  (Fr.)  isl. 
Hoeii-sbiock,  (Neth.) 
Iloftphitlzen,  (Neth.) 
Ili)evel:ikpn,  (Neth.) 
liDir,  {Ocr.  AwstT.) 
Hoirweiler,  (Switz.) 
Hoi^n^or,  (Den,) 
IloliL-nbukow,  (Prus.) 
Ilohcn  Fi-iodburff,  (Prus.) 
}!nlieiiliiulen,  (Ger.) 
Holieiistein,  (Prus.) 
Hohcn  Zi;i/,,  (Pms.) 
Ilohmizollprn,  (Ger.) 
Huii;;iKl,  (Sc.  Ptin.) 
Muliicck,  (Den.) 
Uulcar,  (Ind.) 
Hnlliibnnin,  (Austr.) 
Ilollaiul 

l!<.ll.tmrs  Diop,  (Notli.) 
Ilnliiini,  (Xetli.  &  Ger.) 
Huliii,  (Den.) 
Holmeiliil,  (.-ic.  Pen.) 
Ilohncn,  (t?c.  Pen.)  rs?. 
Hnliiifslrarid,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Holailaiid,  (D.^i.)  w/. 
Hol^rrbrou,  (Den.) 
Hu1st;-in,  (Den.) 
Ilnlsteiibors,  (Den.) 
Holyhead,  (Wales) 
Ilolzapfcl,  (Ger.) 
Hul/Jieim,  (Ger,) 
Iliimbery,  (Ger.) 
riombuur^,  (Fr.) 
Hnmbur;.',  (Gev.) 
Haitioiia,  (Au9tr.) 
Ito-nrin,  (Oh.) 
HMiidshoImdyk,  (Neth.) 
Huiuluras,  (Wex.) 
Ilonenve,  (U.sS.) 
lii.iilleiir,  (Fr.) 
Hnmiibia,  (Pen.) 
Iloiitanava,  (Pen.) 
iJoo^e  Jlierde,  (Nelh.) 
Ihui^erheidc,  (Neth.) 
II002  Haaien,  (Noth.) 
Hnni;siratt.-n,  (Nelli.) 
Ihh.iii,  (Xelh.) 
Ho[)ital,  (Switz.) 
I!o|jit:tIet,  fFr.) 
HoiTajo,  (Pen.) 
HniiiJiuas,  (Pen.)  Lil. 
lluriiachos,  (Pen.) 
Jiuniar\'an,  (Sc.  Pen.)  /. 
[Idinbi^ru,  (Ger.) 
Tli.riihnrg,  (Ger.  &  Pruy.) 
Iloitiillo,  (Pen.) 
llDriili,  (Switz.) 
Ilonnis,  (Pen.) 
llnniusrien,  (Switz.) 
Ilurodeiika,  (Austr.) 
IlMrsoii,  (Den.) 
Ilors-Mi's  Fjnrd,  (Den.) 
Ilui-st,  (Xelll.  a  Deii.) 
nur/.uerude,  (Pnis.) 
Ilusprlal  del  Obispo,  (Pen. 
Ilu.<|.ital,  [Mt.St.Giitliard, 

(Switz.) 
Ild^si'loe,  (Den.)  isl. 

Hnstdmitz,  (Austr.) 

Ihis/.ume/,,  (Austr.) 

Ih.tellrrie,  (Fr.)  id. 

Koiiat,  (Fr.)  id. 

Iloudan,  (Fr.) 

Iloudelaincnuit,  (Fr.) 

Ilou-nan,  (t.'h.) 

Hououanu,  (Fast.  Isl.) 

Ilotipe,  (Ch.) 

Huusatoiiic,  (U.  S.) 

Howick,  (Eng.) 

Hoya,  (Ger.) 

Hoyhambre,  (Pen.)  c. 

Huz,  (Pen.) 

Ifradisch,  (Austr.) 

KndvicksvalJ,  (Sc.  Pen.) 

THiebla,  (Pen.)  r. 

Hiielma,  (Pen.) 

Iluelva,  (Pen.) 

Iluen,  or  llveen,  (Den.) 

Hnereal,  (Pen.) 

Ilnercalovera,  (Pen.) 

liucrta,  (Pen.) 

Hueitas,  de  las,  (Pen.) 

Iluesca,  (Pen.) 

Ilucscar,  (Pen.) 

Hiiisseau,  (Fr.) 

Hukange,  (Fr.) 

Iliiline,  (Ger.)  r, 

liiimbria,  de,  (Pen.) 

Humminge  Lund,  (Den.) 

Ilumora,  (Aiistr.) 


holh'dqrf 
hdth'stit 
hdih'. "tit-ten 

hf^op' kuUten 
h<}o'ft-l'd-lieil 

hof 

hofvt-l^r 

ho'  hi-.n-fnd'  brr^ 

hO'lien-liri'dvn 

hO'hhi'.-itiitc 

h5'lieii  ts'i'dts 

ho'lim-tsol'lerti 

hoi'ldnd 

hol'beck 

hoi' lair 

kql'ld-brQQn 

bAjl'ldnd 

hol'lUnts  d'ipe 

hql' I  QQin 

holm 

hqVme-d'dl 

hnl'mm 

hoi'  me-strmid 

hnlm'ldiid 

hul'stt-hrO 

hql'stinr 

hqV  slen-bnr^ 

livV'i-hid 

holts'dp'fil 

hqlts'hJme 

hqm'ber^ 

hqn^-b(^Qr 

hqiii'b(;>Qi'g 

ho-w5'iia 

kO-nnn 

hqnds'hqlm-dike 

Qn-d<}Q'rd£ 

him'i-oy 

hqng-fii^r' 

5it^^Q't/'i-a 

5n-td-7id-ija 

hO-lke  vsir'i't 

hO-lhrr-lu'de 

h5?h  hd'lhi 

hOlh-ntrd'tck 

horn 

G-jii-td-lc' 
5r-kd'i/io 
or-m'i'i'ds 
fjr-nii'ihos 
h^r'nd-vdn 
hqrn'lii-r^ 
hqrn'b<^(}r§ 
ur-nil'ijo 
hqrn'U 
5r'nos 
hor-nQQs'-iti^n 
lib-r5~denk'a 
hqi-'sm 

hqr'sens  fiord 
hqrst 

hqrts'ffe-rt}'de 
,)     Ob-p'i-tdl'  dil  0-b'is'po 

']  I  kos-pi-ldV 

kos'sil-^ 

hosh'to-viits 

hos' siiQ-mrss 

u-tH-rV 

<i(^-di 

QQ-UdTirr' 

md-lnn.^-k<^Qr 

kou-vdn 

h'u'  ou-ang 

hnupe 

hQo-sa-ton' ik 

ho'ick 

ho'ya 

oi-dm'hre 

hun 

rd'dish 
hud'v'iks-vdl 
(^Q-e'bla 
CQ-H'mn 
<^Q-H'va 
isl.  vine 

^Q-e-re-dJ' 

oQ-er-kd-lu-vfi'ra 

t^Q-er'tii 

de  Ids  oty-er'i'ds 

QQ-ess'ka 

QQ-es'kdr 

H-'is-sd' 

^-kdngsh 

hQQl'mP; 

de  t^Qm'brt-a 

h()Qni'minff~s.  ^^^^ 

hQQ-md'ra 


Ilundshoved,  (Den.) 
Hungary,  (Au^tr.) 
Hunne,  (Den.) 
Hunnetorp,  (Den.) 
Huntin^donsliir.:,  (Eng.) 
Hurdwar,  (tnd.) 
Husuni,  (Den.) 
Hulweiler,  (Switz.) 
Hvalp  Sound,  (Dcii.) 
Hyderabad,  (Ind.) 
Ilyllestad,  (Sc.  Pen.) 


Iadlonovo,  (R.) 
lagotin,  (R.) 
lakinivara,  (R.) 
lalta,  (U.) 
lainburg,  (R.) 
lanipol,  (R.) 
laniehki,  (R.) 
lanichut,  (Fr.) 
lanisia,  (R.) 
lancovacz,  (Austr.) 
I.anolouk,  (R.) 
lantchonrino,  (R.) 
laransk,  (R.) 
larensk,  (R.) 
laroslavi,  (R.) 
laryniovo,  (R.) 
lavchildina,  (R.) 
Ibach,  (Switz.) 
Ibbcnbuhren,  (Ger.) 
Ibeas,  (Pen.) 
Iceland,  (Den.) 
Idanha,  (Pen.) 
Iderstnip,  (Den.) 
Idice,  (It.)  r. 
Idre,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Idria,  (Austr.) 
Idru,  (It.) 
lebedevsk,  (R.) 
[efreniov,  (R.) 
Icgorievsk,  (R.) 
lekaieridonar,  (R.) 
lekaterinbourg,  (R.) 
lekaterinoslav,  (R.) 
Iclatom,  (R.) 
lenotaevsk,  (R.) 
lereniinka,  (R.) 
lerne,  (Den.) 
levlouchina,  (R.) 
Igal,  (Austr.) 
Igen,  (Den.) 
Ighafer,  (R.) 
Iglau,  (Austr.) 
Iglau,  (.Austr.)  r. 
Iglesias,  (It.) 
Ifilo,  (Austr.) 
Igney,  (Fr.) 
Tgualada,  (Pen.) 
tiden>;alnii,  (R.) 


Ijcm:>ka,  (K.) 
Ijima,  (R.)  r. 


Ijo,  (R.) 
Ikahs,  (R.) 
Ikervar,  (Austr.) 
II  Horst,  (Neth.) 
Ihtnz,  (Switz.) 
llek,  (R.)  r. 
Ilicha,  (R.)r, 
Ilinka,  (U.) 
Illanesa,  (.\uslr.) 
Hlasi,  (It.) 
Ille,  (Fr.) 

Illii  and  Vilaine,  (Fr.)  dep. 
Iller,  (Ger.)  r. 
Illgau,  (Switz.) 
Illinois,  (U.  S.) 
Illkircheu,  (Fr.) 
illora,  (Pen.) 
Illovaitsk,  (R.) 
Illiwlinska,  (R.) 
Illyria,  (Aiislr.) 
llm,  (Ger.)  r. 
Dmen,  (R.) 
llinen,(R.)  L 
Ihnenau,  (Ger.) 
Uuienau,  (Ger.)  r. 
Ilscnbach,  (Ger.) 
IIz,  (Austr.) 
IIz,  (Ger.)  r. 
IIzhofen,(Ger.) 
Ilzstadt,  (Ger.) 
Ima,  f  Mex.)  /. 
Iniandra,  (R.)  I 
Iinbro,  (Tur.)  isl. 
Imeretia,  (R.) 
Itnmcnstadt,  (Ger.) 
Iniola,  (It.) 


hQQmls'hO-ved 

hiiji  g' ffa-ry 

hQQii'ne 

h^Qn'ne-tqrp 

hun'  ting-don-bh 

hurd-wdr' 

hoQ'zQ^m 

hi^Qt'vl-ler 

vdlp 

hy-de-rd'bdd' 

hUl'le-stdd 


'id-hlo-no'vo 

'id-gd'tin' 

'id-klin-vd'ra 

'i-dl'ta 

ydm'b^nr^ 

'idin'p'jl 

'id'iiich'k'i 

'i-d-ni-shii' 

id-iii' s'i-a 

ydn'kQ-v'dtsk 

ia'no-louk 

'id  n  t~  chott-ri'ii  0 

'i'd'rdiidi 

'id'rhisk 

'id-rqs-ld'v'i 

id-ry-mo'vo 

'jfw-S/Ul-di'na 

'i'bdlh  . 

ib'ben-bQQ^rin 

'i-be'ds 

Icc'ldnd 

'i-diiii'ys. 

'i'di'r-strQQp 

'i-di'chf. 

■i'dre 

'i'dr'i-a 

'i'd'o 

'ie'be-devsk 

'iK~frt'n'i-ov 

te-ffd'ri-evsk 

'ie-kd-te-r'i-dd'ndr 

'ie-kd-te'rin-bour^ 

'ie-kd-tp-r'i-nos'ldo 

ie'ld-tom 

'ie-no~td-ev.sk' 

je-re-^i'in'ku 

'ie.r'ne 

'iev4oii-lhVna 

i-gdl' 

'i'tren 

'i^'hd-fer 

vgloxL 

'i'glou 

'i-gle's'i-as 

■i'gl'o 

'in-yd.' 

'i-gnQ-Hrl'd'da 

yi-de.n~sdV  mi 

'i-jevis'ka 

'i-ji'ma 

'i'jo 

'i-kd'l'is 

't-ker'rdr 

n  hnrst 

'i'tdlits 

■i'Mi 

'i-h'rha 

■ilin'ka 

'il-id-ne'sa 

■il-ld'si 

•ilc 

ile^  vi-ldne' 

il'Ur 

il'trOU 

il-lhiiqi'  (nr  -lints') 

il-kir'lhen 

'il-lo'ra 

'il'l5-vd-'itsk 

'il-lOv-li7Ls'ka 

il-lir't-a 

ibii 

il'men 

il'men 

iVme-vmi 

il'me-noit 

iVzen-bdlh 

'ilts 

ills 

UL^'h^-ftn 

ilts'st'dt 

'i'ma 

'i-mdn'dra 

'im'hro 

'i-'TJie-re'Si-a 

iin'men-stdt 

'i'Vio'la 


Imoschi,  (Austr.) 

Inist,  (Austr.) 

Inares,  (Austr.) 

Inca,  (Pen.)' 

Incisa,  (It.) 

Indal,  (Sc.  Pen.) 

Indal,  (Sc.  Pen.)  r. 

Inden,  (Switz.) 

India 

Indiana,  (U  S.) 

Indies 

Indre,  (Fr.)  r. 

Indre,  (Fr.)  dep. 

Indre  and  Loire,  (Fr.)  dep. 

Ingen,  (Neth.) 

Ingistnre,  ( Austr.  > 

Ingolstadt,  (Bavaria,  Ger.) 

Ingrande,  (Fr.) 

Ingweiier,  (Ger.) 

Iniesta,  (Pen.) 

Inn,  (Austr.  Ger.)  r. 

Innichen,  (Austr.) 

Innlstrahul,  (Neth.)  isl. 

Innspruck,  (Austr.) 

Inowraclaw,  (Prus.) 

Insara,  (R.) 

Insterburg,  (Prus.) 

Interiaken,  (Switz.) 

Inverary,  (Scot.) 

Inverlochy,  (Scot.) 

Inverness,  (Scot.) 

lona,  (Scot.) 

Ionian  Isl. 

lora,  (R.)  r. 

loroisi,  (R.) 

louchnov,  (R.) 

louksieevsk,  (R.) 

lourlev,  (R.) 

Louroraa,  (R.) 

Iowa,  (U.  S.) 

Ips,  (Austr.)  r. 

Ipswich,  (Eng.  &  U   S.) 

Irakajenii,  (Per  ) 

Irati,  (Pen.)  r. 

Ireland 

Imiz,  (R.)  r. 

Irkoutsk,  (As.) 

Iroquois 

Irrawaddy,  (As  ) 

Irtish,  (R.) 

Iruecha,  (Pen.) 

Irurzan,  (Pen.) 

Isalka,  (K.) 

Isar,  (Ger.) 

Isar,  or  Isser,  (Ger.)  r. 

Isbaiktchi,  (R.) 

Ischia,  (It.)  isl. 

Ischim,  Steppe  of,  (As.) 

Isenheinij  (Fr.) 

Iser,  (Austr.)  r. 

Iserable,  (Switz.) 

Iseran,^It.)  mt. 

Isere,  (Fr.)  dep. 

Isernia,  (It.) 

Isidoro,  (Mc.\.) 

Isignv,  (Fr.) 

Isili,'(lt.) 

Islamabad 

Isle,  (Fr.) 

Isle,!'  [Vaud,]  (Switz) 

Isleta,  (Mex.) 

Islington,  (Eng.) 

Ismail,  (R.) 

Isni,  (Ger.) 

Isola,  (It.) 

Isola  Sacra,  (It.) 

Ispahan,  (Per.) 

Isque,  (Fr.) 

Isselhorst,  (Ger.) 

Issen,  (Ger.)  r. 

Isser,  or  Isar,  (Ger.)  r. 

Issert,  (Swilz.) 

Isserhufen,  (Ger.) 

Issoire,  (Fr.) 

Issudun,  (Fr.) 

Istcholno,  (R.) 

Isto,  (Austr.)  id. 

Istria,  (Austr.) 

Istria,  Capo  d'.  (Austr.) 

Italy 

Itama,  (Gr.)  v>t. 

Ithaka,  (Gr.) 

Ithome,  (Gr.)  int. 

Itri,  (It.) 

Itzehoe,  [Holslcin,]  (Den.) 

lussy,  (Switz.) 

Ivanich,  (Austr.) 

Ivankov,  (R.) 

Ivanovskoe,^R.) 

Iveroe,  (Sc.  Pen.) 

Ivi^a,  (Pen.) 

Ivica,  (Pen.)  isl. 

Ivory  Coast,  (Af.) 

Ivrea,  (It.) 


'i-moi^k't 

imst 

'i^d'resse 

'iii'ta 

'in-ch'i'za 

■in'ddl 

'in'ddl 

in'den 

in'ja 

in-di-d'na 

in'jez 

engdr 

ingdr' 

engdr' ^  Iw'dr 

'in- Vie  n 

'in-jis-to're 

'ing'  gol-stdl 

eng-grdnga' 

ing-vi'lir 

'i-n'i-es'ta 

■inn 

in'ni-lhi'ii 

in-vis' trd-hull 

in'spTQQk 

'i-no-rd'kla 

in-s'd'ra 

in' ster-bqQr^ 

in'ter'ld'ktn 

in-ver-d'ry 

in-ver4qWy 

pi-ver-niss' 

'i-d'na 

^-5'n'i-an 

'iG'ra 

'io-roi's'i 

'ioulh'nov 

'iouk'  s'ie-evsk 

tour' lev 
'iou-rd'ma 

1'0-wa 

ips 

'ips'wich  or  ip  sidg 

i-rd-kd-je'm'i 

'i-rd't'i 

ire' hind 

ir'  git 

'ir-kQQtsk' 

ir-Q~quois'  or  ir-o-^w'd' 

ir^a-wdd'dy 

'ir-tish' 

'i-r^Qi'cka 

'i-^Q^r'tKdn 

'i-sdl'ka 

'i'sdr 

'i'sdr  or  is'ser 

is-bd-'ikt'ch'i 

'is'k'i-a 

'is'ck'im 

'i'zen-hlme 

'i'ser 

'i-se-rd'ble 

'i-se'rdn 

'i-s&re' 

'i-ser'n'i-a 

'i~s'i-tf5'ro 

'i-z'iti-y'i' 

'i-sVn 

is-ldiR-a-bUd' 

He 

tile 

is-le'ta 

is' ling-ton 

i^'m'd-'il 

is'n'i 

'i-so'la 

'i-jO'la  s'd'kra 

is-pa-Ii'dn' 

'isk 

is's^l-hqrst 

is'sen 

'is'ser  or  'i's'dr 

is'sert 

is-ser-hQQ'fen 

'is'sicdr 

'is'sH-dt'hng' 

'ist'Chol'no 

'is'to  ~ 

'is'tr'i-a 

kd'po  dis'tri-a 

it'a-ly 

'i-ld'ma 

'i'thd-ka 

'i-thb'me 

i'tr'i 

it'se-ko 

'i^is-s'i' 

'i-vd'nWi 

'i'V'dn'kov 

'i-vd-novs'kd 

'i've-r^ 

'i-v'i'sa 

'i-v'i'sa 

I'vo-ry  kSst 

'i-nre'a 


Fate,  far,  fall,  what,  bat.— Mete,  prey,  help,  th&re,  kifr.  ^Pine,  marine,  bird,  fig. -^JVTite,  iUine,  rn'ooe,  waif,  bngk,  lord.—Tfme,  bull,  -jnitc.  -  Fr.  long  T>fte ;  Fr.  short  buL  - 


1342 


Ivr\-,  (Fr.) 
Uar.  (U.) 
Uachicii,  (Austr.) 
Izbinsk,  (R,> 
Izbitchc,  (fL. 
Izioum,  (K.) 
Izjtina,  (K.) 
Izvaig,  (R.) 


JiBiLox,  (Pen.)  r. 
Jablonitza,  lAustr.) 
Jsblonow,  (Austr.) 
Jabron,  (Fr.) 
Jacn,  (Pen.) 
Jucobsladt,  (R.) 
Jacobstat,  (K.)     • 
Jacluwice,  (Austr.) 
Jailmtiue,  (Pen.) 
J;icM,  (Pen.) 
Jaera,  (Pen.) 
JalTa,  (Pai^ 
JatTuapaCana,  (As.) 
Ja20,  Si.  [Santijago,]  (Pen.) 
Jasst,  (Gar.) 
Jau-^t,  (Ger.)  r. 
Jacslbers;,  (Ger.) 
Ja!k,  (R.)  r. 
Jako,  (Au-sir.) 
Jatriciiiga,  (Mex.) 
Jal  ;i:i,  (Fr.) 
J;il:i[ja,  (Mex.) 
J..U-S  (Pen.) 
Jaloiis,  (Fr.) 
Jalowice,  (Austr.) 
Jamaica,  isL 
Jamnilz,  (Austr.) 
Jainllialer,  (.Vastr.)  nU. 
Jaimuid,  (Prus.)  L 
Jauaru,  (Ii.)  r. 
Janiliila,  (Pen.)  r. 
Januw,  (Aurflr.) 
Japan,  [\iplion,  by  the         ) 
Japanese]  '  { 

Jaraiccjo,  (Pen.) 
Jarania,  (Pe:!.)  r. 
JarJ,  la,  (Fr.) 
Jamac,  (Fr.) 
Ja^Io,  (.Austr.) 
Ja^ogne,  (Xeth.) 
Ja  :;trow,  (Pruti.) 
Jasz  Ap;ithi,  (.\ustr.) 
Jaska,  (Aii^tr.) 
Jaruslau,  (Austr.)  r. 
Ja.i-^',  (Tur.) 
Jaszberens,  f  Ausir.) 
Jaucr,  (Prus.y 
Java,  isl. 
Jaulnais,  (Fr,) 
Jauraii,  (IV.) 
Javinat,  (.Mex.) 
Jean  d'.\n;;ely,  Se.  (Fr.) 
Jf-an  dc  Luz,  Si.  (Fr.) 
JtdbuFsh,  (Scot) 
Jetn,  (Per.) 
Jf  pen,  (pen.)  isL 
Jeka,  (R.) 
Jellins,  (Den.) 
Jelniiioe,  (Sc.  Pen.)  ist 
JcUioin,  (per.) 
Jeltcha,  (R.) 
Jena,  (Ger.) 
Jenatz,  CS-.vitz.) 
Jenisber^,  (Switz.) 
Jerez  do  ia  Frontera,  (Pen.) 
Jeridiarvi,  (Pen.) 
Jersey,  (Fr.)  isL 
Jesjo^i,  (?c.  Pen.)  r. 
Jessbers,  (Ger.) 
Jetlendal,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Jevna^er,  {Sc.  Pen.) 
Jeypijor,  (Hind.) 
Jezcrana,  (Austr.) 
Jezewo,  (Prus.) 
Jeziema,  (Austr.) 
Jimeoadu,  (Pen.) 
Jinzo,  (Pen.) 
Jirdra,  (R.) 
Jilomir,  (R.) 
Joannes,  (Braz.)i9i. 
Joiiar,  (Pen.) 
Joh-nni'-Horff,  (Prus.) 

r  len,  (Den.) 
.  I.  Isl.) 
-> 
.;  ::nv;;„..  fr.) 
Jtib.n,  (Pen.)  r. 
Jdlbns,  (,Mes.)  UL 
Joenkj'iciJtng,  (Sc.  Pen.) 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


t-prr 

tz'b'insM 
iz-b'it-cht 
'i-z'i-ouiJi 
'i-zo~ti'na 

iz'vii-t^ 


ik'd'b'dr^on 

'id-bld-nj't'sa 

yd-blO'nQof 

skd-brOit^ 

Ihd'ka 

yd'kqb-.^lcn 

y(i'kob->tdt 

id-kio-vit'se 

ih'd-drd'ke 

c.hd'in 

Shd-t'ra 

Jaffa  or  y'dffa 

jdjf-na'pa-idm' 

sdn  ihd'go 

yd^st 

yii^st 

yd^st'ber^ 

jd^ik' 

yd'ko 

Ihd-ld-tKiii'  (sin')  ga 

shd-ldng' 

chd-id'pa 

Shd'Uss 

shdrlong' 

yd'lo-vit'se 

ja-md'ha 

y  dm' nits 

ydrn'td-ltr 

yd'mQ<}nd 

'i-d-nd'ro 

i/idn-dQi}'la 

yd'iu}cf 

ja-pdn'j  nipfi-on' 

ikd-Td-'i-ViefSfto 
ihd-rd'ma 
Id  shdr 
sfiUr-ndk' 
yds'lo 
ahds'sony' 
yds'tro 
yds  d-pd't'i 
yas'ka 
ydr'os-liio 
yds'sy 
yOs-be-reag* 
you'er 
jd'vd 
shol-nH' 
shQ-rdnvf 
chd-iii-ndl' 

sdntf  s'ldn^  ddntrshrii' 
mntr  shdnlr  d'd  Inz 
jed'buTg  or  jrd'bo-ro 
jces 
ye'gm 
je'ka 
y  el' ling 
yetias'tfh 
yel'stine 
jHt'cha 
yS'na 
ye'ndts 
y^'niS'her^ 

Hr-rHTt  ds  Vi  frGn-tfi'ra 
ihr'Tt'H'i-iir'n'f 
shKr-scJ  or  jir'zy 
ypss-yo'y'i 
yis'br:r^ 
y^l't^iv-ddl 

ytcn'  (or  yen')  'differ 
jl'poor 
ye-tse-rd'na 
ye-ti^'vo 
'ied-z'i-Kr'na 
iki-me-r.d' do 
Ih'in'Uio 
fir'dra 
ji-td-m'ir' 

shS-  (or  iho-)  Hn'akis 
iko-ddr' 
yo-hdn'nis-bir^ 
yo-hdii' niis-^i^r  den 
j5-hilre 
shwdit-y'i' 
skusdnfr-viW 
iAG'ldn 
UGl'bos 
yt^itn-ch^'jiing 


Jonzac,  (Fr.) 
Jordanuw,  (Aui^lr.) 
Jorquera,  (Pen.) 
Jniullo,  (Mcx.) 
Josselin,  (Fr.) 
Joue,  (Fr.) 
Jouey,  (Fr.) 
Joursa,  (R.)  r. 
Joyeuse,  'Fr.) 
Juan  de  Ulua,  San,  (Mex.) 
Jucar,  (Pen.)  r. 
Judenlj.'tch,  (Ger.) 
Judenbuiii,  (.Vustr.) 
Ju^jnn,  rFr.) 
Juist,  (Neth.)  isi. 
Jiikk;isj;irvi,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
J;ik(i:;ui>:ka,  (R.) 
Jiilelia,  (Prus.) 
JuiiauaJiede,  (Den.) 
Julieis,  [Judich,]  (Ger.) 
Ji^ljcr-sbarg,  or  Juehchburg, 

(Prus.) 
Jiilimcs,  (Mex.) 
Jumilia,  (Pen.) 
Juniine,  (Ger.)  r. 
Junghinizlaw,  (Austr.) 
Juimfrriu,  (Swiiz.)  int. 
.luniaia,  (U.  S.) 
Junkershuf,  (Prus.) 
JupiUf,  (Neth.) 
Jura,  (Fr.)  dep. 
Jura,  (Switz.)  mt. 
Jusledal,(Sc.  Pen.) 
Jutlanii,  [Jylland,]  (Den.) 
Jypour,  (In'd.) 


skonfT-zdU' 

ij5r'iid-ni}tjf 

Ihur-k^'ra 

Zho-rQ<jVyo  or  Iko-TQti'i' yo 

shOssC-ldiig' 

shQQ 

jour'aa 

shwd-yi^se 

sdn  ilu}(}'dn  rfg  Cfh'?^ 

Zh<}i}-kdr' 

yQV'dm-b'dch 

yQO' din-bijQr^ 

sfiii-ffung' 

yoi-it 

yuk'U'ds-ydr'n'i 

jH-kfi-gord'ka 

yQQ'le-fui 

yQQ-li-d'n'd-hfi'de 

uku-liSy  yu'lilh' 
)  shu-tit-bkT§\  yH'UZh^ 
(       ber$ 

Vi^Q-li'mrss 

IhQQ-m'il'Tia 

yQQm'me 

yQ^ng-bQQns'lao 

V'^Qng'frou, 

ju-n'i  dt'a 

yVQiik' irs-hqf 

shu'jyi'i  or  shup'ily' 

sku'ra 

yOji'ra 

yits'te-ddl 

yTu'ldnt 


K. 


Kaaban,  (Per.) 
Kaarup,  (Den.) 
Kaas,  (Den.) 
Kanstrup,  (Den.) 
Kuba,  (Austr.) 
Kabakds,  (Tur.)  b 
Kabasdah,  (R.) 
Kabna,  (Austr.) 
Kachin,  (R.) 
Kachira,  (R.) 
Kachovka,  (R.) 
Kadelburtr,  (Switz.) 
Kady,  (R.) 
Kaedekirchsn,  (Ger.) 
Kaenilhen,  or  Carinthia, 

(Austr.) 
Karta,  or  Feodnsia,  (R.) 
Kalllrrland,  (Al*.) 
Kairu'aii,  ( Af.) 
Kaisari'jh,  (Tur.) 
Kaistrslautern,  (Ger.) 
K:us(>r=t[ild,  (Switz.) 
Kaitaia,  (New  Zeal.) 
Kajemsk,  (R.) 
Kajska,  (R.) 
Kaka)uva,  (R.) 
Kakinda,  (.A,ustr.) 
KakuiiJLva,  (Austi.' 
KalaiL-ka.  (R.) 
Kalalavsk,  (R.) 
Kalamazoo,  (U.  S.) 
Kalanon  Liidomir,  or  Gali- 

cia  and  Lodomir,  (Austr.) 
Kalautcliak,  (R.) 
Kalaratch,  (R.) 
Kalpalakclia,  (R.) 
Kuliusk,  (R.) 
ICalisz,  (R.) 
Kalitva,  (R.) 
Kalix,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Kalix,  (Sc.  Pen.)  r. 
Kalla,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Kallfihoe  Sound,  (Den.) 
Kallerup,  (Den.) 
Kallmo,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Kalln,  {Sc.  Pen.) 
Kallu,  (Sc.  Pen.)/. 
Kalmar,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Kalnach,  (Switz.) 
Kalo,  (R.) 
Kalooga,  (R) 
KaliKilsk,  (R.) 
Kalsnhing,  (Austr.) 
Kaltliruiin,  (Switz.) 
Kalusz,  (Austr.) 
Kalvari,  (Ii) 
Kalvas,  (R.) 
Kama,  (R.)  r. 
Kamarovka,  (.Austr.) 
Kamenitz,  (Austr.) 
Kamenka,  (R.) 
Kainenoka,  (R.) 


kaa'ban 
ko'rQffp 
kos 

ko'strQQp 
kd'ba 
kd-bd'kos 
kd-bdi'dak 
kdh'na 
kd-ch'irJ 
kd-ck'i'ra 
kU-?.kov'ka 
kd'Jel-b()i^r^ 
kd'dy 

ka'-de-kir'Zkm 
i  kem'ten 

kdffa 

kdffcr-ldnd 

kaii^wdii' 

kl-sar-'i'ch 

ki'zi:rs-lou'tem 

kt'ier-stiigl 

kd'i-td'zu 

kd'jansk 

kdj'ska 

kd-kd-lo'va 

kd-kin'da 

kd-ki^^ti-ye'va 

kd-ld-'ie'ka 

kd-ld-ldv$k' 

kdl~a-ina-zQ<)' 

'  kd'ld-noyi  I5'd5-7n'ir 

ka  UnVchdJi 

kd'ld-rdtck 

kal-fTd-ldk'dia 

kd'linsk 

kd'lisz 

kd-lh'va 

kd'lix 

kd'l'ix 

kWla 

kdl'le-bo 

kdl'lt-r<j(!p 

kdl'mo 

kdln 

kdln 

kdl'mdr 

kdl'ttdSk 

kd'lo 

kd-lQ^'ga 

kdl'pdl^k 

kdl'.shi!tg 

kdlt'brijffn 

kd'li;tfss 

kdl'Vd'r'i 

kdl'vd^ 

kd'ina 

kd-md-TOtj'ka 

kd'mp-nits 

k(i-"^tn'ka 

kdrme-nd'ka 


I  Katnienitz,  (R,) 

KarninMi-  ■      i'    ■  ■  ' 
I  Kainin 
I  Kainii  ■ 

Kamo.,    .    .  .    ,,.    .. 

Kamw^ruHka,  (Can.; 

Kamp,  (.\L-th,) 

Kaniix-n,  (Xdh.  Dcii.> 

KamjK-rberR,  (.NuiJi.) 

K;inip<rvetn,  (NeUi.) 

Kamtaclntko,  (AJ.) 

KarnycJim,  (R.) 

Kanawija,  (U.  8.) 

Kandahar,  (A*.)  • 

Kandalx^ka,  (0.) 

Kandalxska,  (R.)  g. 

Katii»a,  (Aostr.) 

Kanw:i,  Great,  (AuAtr.) 

Kanisa  Kin,  fAuslr.) 

KanL^a  Zt-mlia,  (H.) 

Kaniialand,  (Ai".) 

Kannulta,  (It.) 

Kanova,  (R.) 

Kan^uli,  (Ch.) 

Kapcllen,  (Switz.) 

Kappol,  (Den.) 

Karabarh,  (It.) 

Karahi.-!ian,  (Tar.) 

Karakoolan,  (R.)  r. 

Karalitskoi,  (R.) 

Kara.-cli,  (Austr.)  r. 

Kara--;iuki,  (Sc  Pen.) 

Kani-vji.ki,  (Sc.  Pen.)  r. 

Karatavly,  (IC) 

K;iralcbev,  (IL) 

Karaldjaur,  (Sc.  Pen.)  L 

Karin,  (Au«tr.) 

Karniska,  (R.) 

Karkiecvoi,  (IE.) 

Karlbnrj:,  (.\udlr.) 

Karlcby  Gamla,  (R.) 

KarMiavcn,  (Ger.) 

Karl.-tadt,  (Ger.) 

Karonda,  (R.) 

Karotcha,  (R.) 

Karotyfalva,  (Austr.) 

Karova,  (R.) 

Karpclska,  (R.) 

Karup,  (Den.) 

Kar>sios,  (Gr.) 

Kaschau,  (.Vuslr.) 

Kasiinov,  (R.) 

Kaskaskia,  (U.  S.) 

Kaskinova,  (R.) 

Kaslausk,  (R.) 

Kassieliec,  (Pni3.) 

KaUahdin,  (U.  S.)  mt. 

Katrhalinsfc,  (R.) 

Kattlnikov,  f R.) 

Katelnui,  (R.) 

Katrine,  Loch,  (ScoL) 

Katwyk,  (Nelh.) 

Katz,  (Prus.) 

Katzbacli,  (Pnis.)  p 

KaudtTste^,  (Switz.) 

Kaufiingen,  (Ger.) 

Kaukalin,  (U.  S.) 

Kay.sersche,  (Ger.) 
Kazan,  (R.) 
Kazarma,  (IL) 
Kazbek,  (R.)  mt 
Kecskemet,  (.-Vustr.) 
Kefa,  (R,) 
Kehl.  (Ger.) 
KciaJjord,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Keii,'lilv,  (Eog.) 
Kclat,  (.As.) 
Kelliii;:tiuscn,  (Den.) 
KLMni,(R.) 
Kendiz,  (Pms.) 
Kenipe,  (Den.) 
Keinpcn,  (Ger.  Prus.) 
Keniplen,  (Ger.) 
KenjisbniK,  (R.) 
Kennebec,  (L.  S.) 
Kennebunk,  (U.  S.) 
Kent,  (Eng.  Can.) 
Kentucky 
Kenzincen,  (Ger.) 
Kcokucfc,  (U.  S.) 
Kcppcl,  (Neth.) 
Ker,  (.Austr.) 
Kera^,  (R.) 
Kcrensk,  (R.) 
Kerenzcrn,  (Switx.) 
Kercout,  (Fr.) 
Kernau,  (Ger.)  r. 
Keroviec,  (Austr.) 
Kerr\',  (Ir.)  co. 
Keswick,  (Enp.) 
KeL-jkeinol.  or  KcTskcmel. 

(Austr.) 
Kewaunee,  (IT.  S.) 
Kexholm,  (R.) 


td-mtf'm.'rt 


'^-HWkM 


ka-mi'zji  ku 


hcMla'trlAt 


kc'fa 

kf\: 


krrx'ixL^ 


krnt 
t/ji-fcM-iOf 

kip'rii 

kfr 

kt'rd* 
kh-'ivX 
kf-rrvt  'Ssrnt 
k^^~c^ 
i'r'itom 

krr'ry 
kes'iii 

)  .  .      . 


Fr.  long  (ft  and  short  eu,  nearly  as  in  .^^/r,-  Final  ty,  French  I mouiUc. - J9n-'gtr,  vVcioiis, -gas sin  pJeasure ,  # and  a  gutters) ;  ny  liquid  ;  U  a-^ 

-    "  1343 


PRONUNCIATION   OF   MODERN    GEOGRAPHICAL   NAMES. 


^ 


Kezdi  Vasarhely,  (Austr.) 
Khaiideisli,  (Ind.) 
Khaiisk  Khodrook,  (R.) 
Kiiarkow^  or  better  Char-      j 

kow,  (R.)  ' 

Khai'sookool,  or  better  Char-  j 

sookool,  (R.)  r. 
Kherson,  or  better  Cherson, 

CH.)  i 

Khin-pran,  or  Chin-gan,        ) 

(As.)  mt.  i 

Khojend,  (As.) 
Khokaiid,  (As.) 
Khohn,  or  Gholin,  (R.) 
Khohnogorsk,  or  Cholmo-     j 

gursk,  (R.)  i 

Kholyvan,  (As.) 
IChoozistan,  (Per.) 
Khorassan,  (Per.) 
Kliorel,  or  Chorel,  (R.) 
Khotoutchi,  or  Chotoulchi,  j 

CR-)  ! 

Khoy,  (Per.) 

Klivalinsk,  (R.) 

Kjallernp,  (Den.) 

Kiang  Si,  (East.  Isl.) 

Kiang-se,  (Ch.) 

Kiangsu,  (Ch.) 

Kiarivo,  (R.) 

Kia^kuwo,  (Austr.) 

Kichinev,  (R.) 

Kickapoo,  (U.  S.) 

Ki.ldflia,  (k.) 

Kiel,  (Den.) 

Kicldal,  (Den.) 

Kielfjord,  (Den.) 

Kienburg,  (Switz.) 

Kiesen,  (Switz.) 

Kiev,  (R.) 

Kilburg,  (Ger.) 

Kjidare,  (Ir.)  co. 

Kildina,  (R.)  isl. 

Kili:i,  (R.) 

Kj!i:i,  (Tin.)/}. 

Kilion,  (Gr.)  isl. 

Kilkenny,  (Ir.)  co. 

Killarney,  (Ir.) 

Killingsvando,  (Sc.  Pen.) 

Kilmarnock,  (Scot.) 

Kilmes,  (R.) 

Kiltis,  (R.) 

Kilva,  (Sc.  Pen.) 

Kiiiinierow,  (Ger.)  I, 

Kincardine,  (Ir.)  co. 

Kindberg,  (Austr.) 

Kinr-china,  (R.) 

Kinclsk,  (R.) 

King,  (Australia) 

Kinnardy,  (Scot.) 

Kinross,  (Scot.1  co. 

Kinsale,  (Scot.) 

Kinten,  (Priis.) 

Kintore,  (Scot.) 

Kintvre,  (Scot.) 

Kinzig,  (Ger.) 

Kinzig,  (Ger.)  r. 

Kioway,  (U.  S.) 

Kircudbright,  (Scot,) 

Kirkaidy,  or  Kerkaudi, 
(Pcot.) 

Kji.bing,  (Den.) 

Kjoebnhaun,  or  Copenha- 
gen, (Den.) 

Kjnebstad,  (Den.) 

Kjoege,  (Den.) 

Kjoege,  (Den.)  b. 

Kjoerup,  (Den.) 

K'iolnie,  (R.)  I. 

Kiralv,  (Austr.) 

KirheVg,  (Ger.) 

Kirthberg,  (Ger.  Austr. 
Switz.) 

Kirchdorf,  (Switz.  Ger.) 

Kirrhangel,  (Ger.) 

Kirchinskoi,  (R.) 

Klrchliadach,  (Switz.) 

Kirguis,  Great  Korde,  (As.) 

Kirfatch,  (R.) 

Kirkcudbright,  (Scot.) 

Kirkebye,  (Den.) 

Krrtnan,  (Per.) 

Kirn,  (Ger.) 

Kirriemuir,  (Scot.) 

Khsanov,  (R.) 

Kirtcliany,  (R.) 

KisfaUid,  (Austr.) 

Kishinauku,(U.  S.) 

Kiskiminelas,  (U.  S.) 

Kistrand,  (Sc.  Pen.) 

Kittatinny,  (U.  S.) 

Kittila,  (R.) 

Kitzka,  (R.) 

Kiiikots,  (R.) 

Kizil  Agatch,  (R.) 


k^s'dl  vd-shdr-ht!j' 

kdn-disk' 

Ih'dnsk  lh(}<2d'r<i<ik 

Ihdr'kfi 

lh'dr-SQ(^k<}(iV 

Iher-soJi' 

Zh'in-gdn 

kd-jhid' 
hko-kdnd' 
ffkolm 

IhoUmo-gnrsk' 

khU-hj'vdn 
kQQ-zis-tdn' 
kkO-rds'sdn 
Ihd-rH 

IhQ-tQut'ch'i 

koy 

!hQQ-'d'linsk 

k'i-<iI'le-rQgj> 

k'ian^  si 

k'iang-se 

k'ian}r-m 

k'i-d-fi'vo 

k'i-'ds-kQQ'vo 

kich-i'ncv 

kik-d-pQQ' 

kid-(le'l'i-a 

kite 

kieVddl 

k'ilc'fiord 

k'Jne'bQQr^ 

k'i'zen 

k'iev 

k'il'bQQT^ 

kO-dM 

k'il-di'na 

ki'li-a 

k'i'U-a 

k'i'li-on 

kil-ken'ny 

Jcil-ldr'nij 

kit'  /j  iiffS'V'dn'do 

kil-rndr'nock 

kiV  711^3 

k'il'tis 

kjl'va 

kivi'me-ro 

kiii-cdr'diiic 

liinVbrr^ 

Tii-n^-ch'i'na 

k'i'nHsk 

king 

kin-ndr'dy 

kin-ross' 

kin-sale' 

kin' ten 

kin-tSre' 

kin-tyre' 

kin'tsi^ 

kpi'tsig 

liVo-way 

ker-kgQ'br'i 

•  Idr-kdl'dy,  kcr-kau'd'i 
k'i^'bing 

k'ii^bii'  (or  hainh')  houn 

k'i^h'stdd 

k'i^'ge 

k'i^'ge 

k'i^'r<}(ip 

k'ioVme 

k'i'raly 

kir'ber^ 

•  kirlh'her^ 

kirWdorf 

kirW  dn  g-el 

kirch-itis' koi 

kirlh''li-d-ddlh 

ker-^is 

kir'jdich 

ker-kQi}' br'i 

kir'ke-bu. 

k'ir-md.i' 

kirn 

ker-^n-mnre' 

Jdr-sd'nov 

kirt'chd-ny 

k\s-f'd' lo<id 

ktsh-mau'ku 

ki  s-k'i-min' e-tas 

kis'trdnd 

kit-tor-tin'ny 

Ht-ti'la 

Htz'ka 

Jciii-k5ts' 

k'i'zil  d-gUtch 


Kizil  Irmak,  (Tur.)  r. 
Kizliar,  (R.) 
Kizylsk,  (R.) 
Klanyecz,  (Austr.) 
Klas,  (Switz.) 
Klattau,  (Austr.) 
Klaus,  (Austr.) 
Klausen,  (Austr.) 
Klausenburg,  (Austr.) 
Klein  Berg,  (Austr.) 
Klein  Drienen,  (Neth.) 
Kleine  Keet,  (Neth.) 
Kleisevatz,  (Austr.) 
Klenak,  (Austr.) 
Klenovka,  (R.) 
Kleptow,  (Prus.) 
Klesnau,  (Prus.) 
Kliazina,  (R.)  r. 
Klimovitchvi,  (R.) 
Klinovo,  (R.) 
Klopaniki,  (R.) 
Kloppenburg,  (Ger.) 
KIossow,  (Pnis.) 
Klosters,  ('Switz.) 
Kloten,  (Switz.) 
Kniaja,  (R.) 
Kniajeva,  (R.) 
Kniaz,  (R.)  /. 
Kniserstahi,  (Switz.) 
Knistineaux,  (Can.) 
Knock,  Ft.  di',  (Neth.) 
Knockiiialion,  (Ir.) 
Knnckmaledawn,  (Ir.)  mt 
Knonau.  (Switz.) 
Knuds  Hoved,  (Den.) 
Knudstrup,  (Den.) 
Kobberup,  (Den.) 
Kobfu,  (Prus.) 
Kobra,  (R.) 
Kobrin,(R.) 
Kobyliaki,  (R.) 
Kocheini,  (Ger.) 
Kochel,  (Ger.) 
Kocher,  (Ger.) 
Kocher,  (Ger.)  r. 
Kodiazinska,  (R.) 
Kodma,  (R.) 
Kodos,  (R.)  b. 
Koedyk,  (Neth.) 
Koenig,  (Ger.) 
Koeniggraelz,  (Austr.) 
Koenigs,  (Ger.)  I. 
Koenigsberg,  (Prus.) 
Koenigshof,  (Ger.) 
Koenigshofen,  (Ger.) 
Koenigstein,  (Ger.) 
Koenigswinter,  (Ger.) 
Koeverden,  (Neth.) 
Kohistan,  (Per.) 
Kohlberg,  (Ger.) 
Kokou,  (R.) 
Kolberg,  (Den.)  ft. 
Kolby,  (Den.) 
Kolding,  (Den.) 
Koldozero,  (R.)  /. 
Kolgarn,  (R.)  mt. 
Kolin,  (Austr.) 
Kolind  Sound,  (Den.) 
Kolkengcn,  (Neth.) 
Koiki,  (R.) 
Kologriv,  (r.) 
KoBln,  or  Cologne,  (Ger.) 
Kolinoovatka,  (R.) 
Kolokythia,  (Gr.) 
Kolokythia,  (Gr.)  g. 
Kolomea,  (iVustr.) 
Kolva,  (R.)  r. 
Komarova,  (R.) 
Komlos,  (Austr.) 
Komlos,  Tot,  (Austr.) 
Komogovina,  (Austr.) 
Konetska,  (R.) 
Kongelf,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Kongsberg,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Kononova,  (Austr.) 
Konotop,  (R.) 
Konstantinograd,  (R.) 
Konstantinova,  (R.) 
Konstantinovsk,  (R.) 
Konptanz,  (f!er.) 
Koordistan,  (Per.) 
Kootanai,  or  Kootanye, 

(U.S.) 
Kopchik,  (R.) 
Roping,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Kopreinitz,  (Austr.) 
Kora,  (R.) 
Korana,  (Austr.)  r. 
Koras,  (Austr.) 
Kordofan,  (Af.) 
Korenicza,  (Austr.) 
Kornenberg,  (Austr.) 
Korti,  (Austr.) 
Koros,  (Austr.) 


k!z-V'  ir~mdk' 

kiz'l'idr 

ki'zyhk 

hldii'yets 

kids 

kldt'tou 

klotis 

klou'zfn 

klou'zen-hQQr^ 

Mine  ber^ 

kllnr.  dr'i'nen 

kll'ne  kdte 

klt-ze-vUt^ 

kJe'ndk 

kle-nov'ka 

klep'td 

kles'nou 

kl'i-dz'ma 

kl'i-m6-vitch'vi 

kl'i-nS'vo 

kl5-p'd-n'i'k'i 

klop'pm-lQ(}r^ 

kibs'sG 

klQs'ters 

kWten 

k''n'i-d'ja 

khii-'d-je-va 

k^n  j-dz 

k^n'i'ier-st'dle 

k^nis-t'i-n5' 

de  k^nok 

knock' lua-hqn 

knosk^nale'  dawn 

k^nb'nou 

k^jiQQds  h^'vfd 

k^  DQQd' strQQp 

kqh'h^-T<j<}p 

ko'hhi 

ko'bra 

ko-br'in' 

ku-hy-tid'ki 

ko'^hlme 

ko'lUl 

ko'lkir 

kq'lher 

kd-d'iii-iins'ka 

kod'ma 

ko'dos 

kQQ'dlke 

k^'ni^ 

k(fii'ni$'gr3tsc 

k^'ni^s 

k^'njS-s-ber^ 

k^'ni$s-lLOf 

k^'ni^s-kS'fen 

kdh'fi($s-stlne 

k^'ni^s-vin'ter 

k<i(i'  ver-d^n 

kb-h'i-stdn! 

km'bir^ 

ka'koiL 

koVberi 

koVbTi 

kold'ing 

kql-dd'ze-^o 

kol'gdm 

kO-lin' 

kO'lind 

kolk'eng-en 

kql'ki 

kO-W-gr'iv' 

ketdn 

kol-7n(^(j-vdt'ka 

kl-W-ki'tTii-a 

kd-l5-ki'tJii-a 

kO-W-me'a 

kqVva 

k5-4nd^5'va 

kqm'los 

tot  knm'los 

kd-mo  -gS-o'i'na 

k5-nets'ka 

kqng'elf 

kojigs'berg 

ko-no-no'va 

k5'n0'tqp 

kqu'stdn-t'i-nd-grdd' 

kon-st'dn-t'i-no'va 

kq  n'stdn-t'i-nqvsk' 

k57i'stdnts 

kQQr'dis-tan  or  k^p'-dis- 


kQi}-td-ni' 


[tdn' 


kqp'ch'ik 

ch^'ping 

kd-pri'nit3 

kO'ra 

kO-rd'na 

kS'rds 

kqr'dS-fdn  or  kor-dS-fdn' 

Itb-re-nV  cha 

kor'nin-bir^ 

kh'ro 

kd'ros 


Koros,  (,\ustr.)  r. 
Koros  Fches,  (Austr.)  r. 
Koros  Fokete,  (Austr.)  r. 
Koros  Sebes,  (Austr.)  r. 
KorrostL'llevo,  (Austr.) 
Korsberga,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Kors  Fjord,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Korsnaes,  (R.) 
Korsvig,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Korva,  (R.) 
Kosinsk,  (R.) 
Kostainicza,  (Austr.) 
Kostanitz,  (Austr.) 
Kosternitz,  (Prus.) 
Kostova,  (R.) 
Kostroma,  (R.) 
Kosva,  (R.)  r. 
Kosvensk,  (R.) 
Koszenice,  (R.) 
Kosztara,  (Austr.) 
Kotlovka,  (R.) 
Kotzing,  (Ger.) 
Kouban,  (R.)  /.  &c  r. 
Koubinsk,  (R.)  I. 
Kouchewanda,  (R.) 
Kouchilev,  (R.) 
Kouchouktchkoi,  (R.) 
Knuda.  (R.) 
Kniidi'kerke,  (Neth.) 
Knuderkerk,  (Neth.) 
Kuulinsk,  (R.) 
Koulioi,  (R.)  r. 
Kouma,  (R.)  g.  &  r. 
Kouniia,  (R.) 
Kour.  (R.)  r. 
Kounanovska,  (R.) 
Kourilovka,  (R.) 
Kourinsk,  (R.) 
Koursk,  or  Kuorsk,  (R.) 
Kouvachi,  (R.) 
kouzinitchi,  (R.) 
Kovdozcro,  (It.)  I. 
Kovrov,  (R.) 
Kozelsk,  (R.) 
Kozlinsk,  (R.) 
Kozlov,  (R.) 
Kosmodemiansk,  (R.) 
Krabdendyk,  (Neth.) 
Krakow,  or  Cracow,  (Austr. 
Krajova,  (Austr.) 
Kranichfeldt,  (Ger.) 
Kranowitz,  (Prus.) 
Krasnoslobolsk,  rR.) 
Krautlieim,  (Ger.) 
Kreig,  (Ger.)  r. 
Krenienetz,  (R.) 
Krenmitz,  (R.) 
Krestzi,  (R.) 
Kreutzberg,  (Prus.) 
Kreutzburg,  (Prus.) 
Kreuznach,  (Ger.) 
Krimpen,  (Neth.) 
Krogdahl,  (Den.) 
Krolov/,  (Prus.) 
Kromau,  (Austr.) 
Kronach,  (Ger.) 
Kronberg,  (Den.) 
Kronenburg,  (R.) 
Kronobi,  (R.) 
Kropsmolde,  (Neth.) 
Kroscienko,  (Austr.) 
Krumenau,  (Switz.) 
Krykova,  (R.) 
Krylov,  (R.) 
Kubin,  (Austr.) 
Kublis,  (Switz.) 
Kuesnacht,  (Switz.) 
Kuessel,  (Ger.) 
Kuessen,  (Prus.) 
Kuestrin,  (Prus.) 
Kufstein,  (Austr.) 
Kuhrdorf,  (Ger.) 
Kuhstedt,  (Ger.) 
Kuik,  (Neth.) 
Kuikel,  Great,  (Austr.)  r. 
Kuilenburg,  (Neth.) 
Kuinder,  (Neth.) 
Kukel,  (Austr.)  r. 
Kukeniz,  (Den.) 
Kukullovar,  (Austr.) 
Kulebye,  (Den.) 
Kulikuw,  (Austr.) 
Kulkoun  Isles,  (East.  Isl.) 
Kulm,  (Switz.) 
Kulpa,  (Austr.)  r. 
Kumdon,  (Ind.) 
Kumelsbach,  (Ger.) 
Kuniiljensk,  (R.) 
Kummer,  (Ger.) 
Kunich,  (Austr.) 
Kunpolung,  (Austr.) 
Kunzelau,  (Ger.) 
Kuopis,  (R.) 
Kuppenheiin,  (Ger.) 


ko'i-os 

kQ'ros  fft'hes 
kO'ros  fe-k^'te 
ko'ros  sft'besse 
kqr-ros-tH-le'vo 
kqrs-b^r'ffa 
kors'  f'iOrd 
kors'nSs 
kqrs'v'i^ 
kqr'va 
k5-sinsk' 
kqs-tl-nVcha 
kos'td-mits 
kqs'ter-nits 
kos-td'va 
kqs-tr&'ma 
kqs'va 
kqS'Veiisk' 
k5-she-n'i'tse 
kqsi-td'ra 
kqt-lov'ka 
kqt'stng 
kou'bdn 
kou'binsk 
kou-cfte-vdn'da 
kou-ch'i-liv' 
kou-cko  ulctck  'koi 
kou'da 

kou'de-ker-ke 
kou'der-kerk 
kou'linsk 
kou'ii-oi 
koti'ma 
kou'm'i-a 
kour 

kou^'i'd-nqvs'ka 
kou-r'i-lnv'ka 
koa'rinsk 
koursk 
kou~vd'ck'i 
kou-zi-nit'ch'i 
kqv-do' ze-ro 
kd'crou 
kO'zelsk 
kqz'linsk 
koz'lov 

kos^n  5  -de  'm'i-'dnsk 
krdb' dht-dike 
)  krd'kQof 
krd-jij'vii 
krd' Hi  ch-jy.lt 
krd'iio-vlts 
kras-nos-W  bqlsk 
krout'ktme 
krt§ 

kre'me-nets 
krim'mtz 
kresht'ii 
kroits'ber§ 
kroits'b^QT^ 
kroits'ndSfi 
kHiTi'pen 
kr'o^'ddJd 
kru'lu  or  krO'lgq/ 
kro'mou 
kr'b'ndlh 
krdn'ber^ 
krb'nen-b(}<yr^ 
krU-no'  b'i 
krops'mql'de 
krO-ck'i-en'ko 
krQQ'me-nou 
kry-kO'va 
kry'lov 
kqt^bijie' 
k<;i<}'btis 
kus'nd^kt 
kus'sH 
kits' sen 
kus-tr'ine' 
kQQf'stlne 
kQQr'dorf 
kQf}'stet 
koik 
koi'kH 

koi'len-h<}<}r§ 
koin'der 
k(i<}'kel 
kQQ'ke-jiits 
kQQ' kQQl-l5-vdr 
kQQ'le-bu. 
k<?Q'!i-k5  (-k(}Qf) 
kui'koun 
kQQhn 
k(}<}l'pa 
kum'don 
kQQ'inel.t-bd7:h 
ku'mil-jeiLsk 
kQnm'mer 

k<?<jn'tsr.lou 

ku-d'pis 

kqi^p'pcn-htme 


ha 


luafc 


Fate,  fdrj fyll,  wltat^  bat.  —  JifSte,  prey,  help,  thSre,  ASr.  —  Pine,  marine,  bird,  fig.  —  JVGte^  dGve,  move,  wglf,  b^tjk,  lord  —TTme,  bull,  ignite.  —  Fr.  long  vtie ;  Ft.  short  bJit.  • 


1344 


Kurland,  orCounand,  (R.) 
Kurravara,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Kurth,  (Austr.) 
Kuril,  (Anstr.) 
Kustala,  (R.) 
Kutaiyeh,  (Tur  ) 
Kullau,  (Prus.) 
Kutno,  (R.) 
Kuisani,  (Aiistr.; 
Kvraenesard,  (R.) 
Kyritz,  (Pnis.) 
Kyvel,  (Den.) 


kur-rd-vd'ra 
koQrt 

Icus-td'la 

k<^t>-tt'yek 

ktj^t'lou 

kit' no 

kni}t-sii'ttt 

fiu'me-n«-gtird' 

k'i'riis 

K-ii'vil 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMF.S 


La,  (It.)  vat. 
Laaland,  (Den.)  isJ. 
Laapersdorf,  (Switz  ) 
Laaren,  (Neth.) 
Laas,  (Austr.) 
Laastrup,  (Den.) 
I^a.T,  (Swilz.) 
Liiba,  (R.)p. 
I^ibaban,  (Fr.) 
Laber,  (Ger.)  r 
Labiau,  (Prus.) 
Labicum,  (It) 
Labinska,  (R.) 
Lnbi-schin,  (Pnis.) 
Labrador,  (A.  Am  Kng.) 
Lacarre,  (Fr.) 
Laccadives 
Lacedom<inia»  fGr.) 
Lacedogna,  (it.) 
Lachen,  (Switz.) 
La  Chenay^,  (N.  Am.) 
Lachlan.  (Australia) 
Lackawanriock,  or  Lack-     ) 
awaniia,  (U.  S.)  j 

Lackawaxen,  (U.  S.) 
Lacko,  (Austr.) 
Laconia,  (Gr.) 
Lacovie,  (VV.  Ind.)  mt 
Lacuna,  la,  (P<-'n-) 
Ladelund,  (Den.) 
Ladoga,  (R.) 
Ladoga,  (R.)  /. 
Ladrone,  (East.  Isl.) 
Laei^kov,  (I)cn.) 
Laga,  (Sc  Pen.)  r. 
La^rtas,  (Mex.) 
Lajrartas,  (.Mex.)  r. 
Lage  Mierde,  (Neth.) 
Lagni,  (It.)  r. 
La^ni^re,  (Fr.) 
La^ny.  (Fr.) 
Lagoaca,  (Pen.) 
Lagai,  (Pen.  &.  Mex.) 
Lasfosta,  (.Austr.)  isl. 
Lagow,  (Prui.) 
La  Grande  Chartreuse,  (Fr.) 
Laguna,  (Mex.) 
Lazunilla,  (.Mex.) 
Lahaina,  (&andw  Isl.) 
Lahn,  (Ger.)  r. 
Laholm,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Lahore,  (As.) 
I^hr,  (Ger.) 
Lai^es,  (Fr.) 
Lajella,  (It.) 
Laka,  (Austr.)  r. 
Lalsk,  (R,) 
Lam  bach,  (Au^ftr.) 
Lamballe,  (Fr.) 
Lambert  Schagen,  (Neth.) 
Lambrcin,  (3witz  ) 
Lamego,  (Pen  ) 
Laniine,  (Den.)  ^. 
Lamitz,  Kirciien,  (Ger.) 
Lammermuir,  (Scot.) 
Lamoile,  (U.  3.) 
Lamone,  (It.)  r. 
Lampojerska,  (R.) 
I«ampon2,  (Ka.<t.  Isl.) 
Lana,  (Austr.) 
Lanakala,  (R.) 
I-mark,  (iScot.) 
Ijancashirc,  (Ene-) 
Lancairter,  (Eng.)  b. 
Lancat,  (Austr.) 
Lanriano,  (It.) 
landau,  (Ger.) 
Landeck,  (Prus.) 
Landenbur?,  (Ger.) 
I^indrcneau,  (Fr.) 
Landeron,  (Switz.) 
I^andes,  (Fr.)  dqj. 
Landivizian,  fFr.) 
Ijandrecifrs,  (F*r.) 
Landsbcri?,  (Ger.  Pnis.) 


Id 

lo'ldiid 

Id'pers-dorf 

Id'ren 

Ids 

to' Strom 

Idks 

Id'ba 

Id-bd-hdng' 

Id'ber 

Id'bi-ou 

ld-bi'ki}(fm 

Id-bins' ka 

Id-b'i-sftine ' 

Id-brd-dijr'  or  lab-Tddor' 

Id-kdr' 

lah'ka-dives 

Ids-eMlc-mii'ni'a 

Id-che-don'ya 

Id'lhhi 

Id  sh'f'-nd-'ze' 

Idch'ldn 

Idh-a-icdn'nock  or  W:-a- 

Tcdn'na 
Idh-n-wdz'en 
Idk'ko 
Id'kQ'n-i-a 
Id-ko-v'i' 
Id  Id-koQ'na 
Id'de-lnQnU 
Id-d'd'ga 
Id-do' ff  a 
td-dru'jie 
Idrs'kOve 
Id'ga 
Idradr'fds 
Id-gdr'tds 
Id' ge  m'lre'de 
Idn'yi 
Idn-y'i'&re' 
Idn-y'i' 
ld-fT5-d'ka 
Id'gos 
Id'gqs'ta 
Id'go 

Id-grdngd  sh'dr-tr^zc' 
ld-gQ<i'na 
Id-gQtynil'ya 
Vd-hVna 
luhn 
Id' holm 
Idrl^t' 
tdhr 
liny 

ld--i-el'la 
Id'ka 
Idlsk 
Idm'bd^k 
Idng-bdlt' 
Idm'bert  sk'd'gen 
iHng-brdng^ 
Id-me'go 
Id-m'i'ne 
Id'mits^  kir'lhen 
ldm^mer-)aiir' 
tdrmoile' 
ld-m5'ne 
Idm-pO-jers'ka 
Inin'pong 
la'na 

Id'Tid'k'drla 
Id  ii'ark 
Idn'kas-sk'ire' 
Idn'Juis-ter 
Idn'kdt 
tdrir-ekd'no 
Idn'dou 
Idn'dek 
ldn'den-b(j<^^ 
ldngdr'-n5' 
Idng-d^-Tong' 
Idngd 

Idng-di-v'i-zi-dn^ 
Idngdr-sV 
IdnU'bir^ 


Landscrona,  (Austr.) 
Landshut,  (Ger.  Prus.) 
L:uul?jarf,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Lanil^krona,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Laiidstuhl,  (Ger.) 
L:ni^oais,  (Fr.) 
Laniiefeld,  (Ger.) 
Langeland,  (Den.)  isl. 
Langelot,  (So,  Pen.) 
Langen,  (Ger.) 
Lan;,'eiiaes,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Laneenah,  (Den.)  Ul. 
Langenau,  (Prus.) 
Lang  Fjeld,  (Sc.  Pen.)  vit. 
Langensniza,  (Prus.) 
Langenlhal,  (Switz.) 
Langhemareg,  (Neth.) 
Langholt,  (Ger.) 
Langnau,  (Switz.) 
Langoen,  (Sc.  Pen.)  isl. 
Langogue,  (Fr.) 
Langon,  (Fr.) 
Langres,  (Fr.) 
Languedoc,  (Fr.) 
Lanjaron,  (Pen.) 
Lann,  (Ger.) 
Lannilis,  (Fr.) 
Lannion,  (Fr.) 
Lantadilla,  (Pen.) 


Lanuvium,  (U.) 
Lanveau,  (Fi 
Laon,  (Fr.) 


Laos,  (East.  Isl.) 
Lapatitchi,  (R.) 
Lapinska,  (11.) 
Lapland,  (K.)r. 
La  Plata,  (S.  Am.) 
Lapos,  (Austr.)  r. 
Lappo,  (R.) 
Laragne,  (Fr.) 
Lardoza,  ?Pcn.) 
Laredo,  (Pen.) 
Lareto,  (Switz.) 
Largentiere,  (Fr.) 
Lari,  (It.) 
Larice,  (N.  Zeal.) 
Lari  no,  (It.) 
Larissa,  (Tur.) 
Laristan,  (For.) 
Larrika 
Laron,  (Pen.) 
Laroumo,  (Pen.) 
Larres,  (Pen.) 
Larigues,  (Fr.) 
Larnika,  (Tur.) 
Larwald,  (Ger.) 
La  Salle.  fU.  S.) 
Laselle,  (t\.) 
Lashult,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Lassahn,  (Prus.) 
Lastra,  (It.) 
Lasirea,  (Pen.) 
Lataclity,  (R.) 
Latakia,  (Tur.) 
Latcha,  (R.)  /. 
Latchkuvo,  (R.) 
Laterina,  (It.) 
Laloreza,  (.-Vustr.)  r 
Lattaja,  (It.) 
Lauban,  (Prus.) 
Lauenburg,  (Den.  Prus.) 
Laufen,  (Switz.) 
Lauferbach,  (Ger ) 
Laukischken,  (Prua.) 
Launoy,  (Fr.) 
Laupersweiler,  (Switz.) 
Laupo,  (Switz.) 
Laurentum,  (It.) 
Laurium,  (It.) 
Laurvig,  (Sc.  Pen  ) 
Lausanne,  (Switz.) 
Lauter,  (Switz.) 
Lauter,  (Ger.)  r. 
Lauterburg,  (Ger.) 
Lauter  Bruiinen,  (Switz. 
Lautres,  (Fr.) 
Lauwer  Zee,  (Neth.) 
Laval,  (Fr.) 
Lavandara,  (It.)  r. 
Lavaos,  (Pen.) 
Lavardec,  (Fr.) 
LavcHo,  (It.) 
Lavelsk,  (R.) 
Laventina,  (Switz.)  vol, 
Lavertezza,  (Switz.) 
Laveur,  (Fr.) 
Lavin,  (Switz.) 
Lavinium,  (It.) 
Lavizzara,  (Switz.)  vat. 
Lavoncourt,  (Fr.) 
Lawrence,  St.  (Can.)  r. 
Laybach,  (Auslr.) 
Lave,  (Fr.) 
Lavs  Fjord,  (Sc.  Pen.) 


ldnLi-kr5'  na 

Idnf.i'hoQt 

land.-^' •idrf 

IdndshrH'na 

hint' st<>fjl 

Idng'sha 

VdRg'r-felt 

Idng'e-ldnd 

Idng'c-ht 

Idng'en 

Idng'e-nQs 

Idnir'cna 

Idnif'e-nou 

Iditg  firUl 

ldng-rn~i'dl'tsa 

Idng-en-tdle' 

Idng.t-md'relk 

Idtlg'hqll. 

Idng'nov. 

Idng'^n 

Idng-guny' 

htiv'gdng 

Idngr 

Idiig-doh' 

ldii-lh.'d'ron 

Idti 

Idn-nWi' 

Idiv-iiiOng 

Idn-td-dii'ya 

id-nQ(i'v>'i-(}(}m, 

Idng-vu' 

Idng 

Id'os 

Id-pd-tWcKi 

Id-pins' ka 

Idp'land  or  Idpldnd 

Id  pld'ta 

Id'poft 

Idp'po 

Id-rdny' 

Idr-da'tJia 

Id-re' do 

Id-re' to 

Idr-^dng't'i  £re' 

Vd'r'i 

Id'r'ice 

Id-ri'no 

Id^ris'sa 

Idr-T'is'tdn 

Idr'r'i-ka 

Id' mil 

Idr'ri'sse 
Id-ri.r' 
ldr'>ii-ka 
Idr'vdlt 
Id  sdlle 
la-zSlt' 
lds'ki}t}tt 
Ids-sdkn' 
Ids'tra 
Ids'tresse 
Id-tdch'tij 
Idt-a-ki'a 
Idt'cha 
Idtck-kd'vo 
Id-te-ri'na 
Id-to-red'za 
Idt-td-'i-a 
lou'bdn 
lou'en-b^Qr§ 
lou'fen 
lou'fer-bdik 
lou'kish-ken 
lo-mca 

lou'pers-vVUr 
lou'po 

lou-ren'tQ(jm 
lou'r'i-QQm 
loiir'v'ig 
l5-sdne' 
luu'ter 
tou'ter 
lou'ltr-hQQr^ 
.)       hu'ter  brQon'jien 

mr 

lou'ver  ze 

Id'Vdl' 

Id-vdn-dd'ra 

Id-vd'os 

Id-vdr-dik' 

Id-vH'lo 

Id'vebk 

Id-ven-ti'na 

Id-vir-tH'sa 

Id-v^r' 

Id-v'in'  or  Idr-vdng' 

Id-v'i'n'i-i^Qtn 

Id'V'it-sd'ra 

Id-vOng-kQQv' 

liuc'rcnce 

Wbdlk 

Id 

Us  f'iSrd 


I.a/ji,  (Prn.) 
I^aininet<jn,(Kng) 
Uau,  (.Neth.) 
L<;ba,  (Pni^.)  f. 
Ixdiaiiun,  (Pnl.)  mL 
Lfbiag«k,(ll.) 
Ubnja,  (Pen.) 
LebrtlU,  (Pcn.> 
Lecci",  (It.) 
Leccirj,  (IL) 
Lecco,  (IL) 
I^ch,  (Cer.)r. 
Lcck,  (Xcih.)r 
Lecti.ufc,  (Fr.) 
Ledana,  (Pen.) 
Iy;de«ma,  (Pen.) 
Leeds,  (Eng.) 
Lecnde,  (Neth.) 
I^er,  (Ger.) 
Ijeerau,  (Switz.) 
I^ferdam,  (Neth.) 
Ijeersuin,  (Neth.) 
I/;euwarden,  (Nclh.) 
I/?cuwen,  (Neth.) 
LccuwinN  or  Liun'ii  I^and, 

(Austral.) 
Ixtfsina,  (Prus  ) 
Leganc.^,  (Pi-n.) 
Lecanger,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Lcge,(Fr.) 
Legeia,  (Switz.) 
Leghorn,  JL  IJvomo,  Fr. 

Livoume,  (IL) 
Legnano,  (U.) 
Irfgua-s,  (Pen.) 
lithata,  (.Austr.) 
Lehberg,  (Ger.) 
I.*he,  (Ger.) 
Lehen,  (Pnis.) 
Lehentze,  (Austr.) 
Leibnitz,  (Ger.) 
Leicester,  (Eng.) 
Leicestershire,  (Eng.) 
Leignitz,  (Prus.) 
Leiinuiden,  (Nelli.) 
Leine,  (Ger.) 
Leinroden.  (Ger.) 
Leinstcr.  (Ir.)  tbI. 
LeinZj  (Ausir.) 
Leipnik,  (Austr.) 
Leipzig,  or  Leipsic,  (Ger.) 
I.eira,  (Pen.) 
Leitli,  (Scot.) 
Leitrim,  (Jr.)  eo. 
Leiizen,  (Austr.) 
Lejah,  El,  (Pal.) 
Lekcha,  (R.)  L 
Lekma,  (R.) 
I^ekoe,  fSc.  Pen.) 
Leksanu,  (Sc.  Pen) 
Ltllingen.  (.Veth.  Ger) 
Lcnian,  (It.)  /. 
Lenian,  Lae,  or  Lomonus, 

(Switz.) 
Lemberg,  (.\ustr.) 
Lemketulorf,  ^Prus,) 
Leiiifiier,  (Nelli.) 
Leiuno,  or  LcmnoSj  (Tur.) 
Lemvig,  (Den.) 
Lenawee,  (U.  S.) 
Lenboyska,  (R.) 
Lendera,  (R.) 
Leniliiiara,  (iL) 
Lenguau,  (Switz.) 
Lenhoefda,  (Sc,  Pen.) 
Lenkonui,  (R.) 
Lenkzl,  (Pnis.) 
Lcnnard,  (N.  Zeal.)  m(. 
Lennc,  (Ger.)  r. 
Lens,  (Neth.) 
Lenss,  (Switz.) 
Lenle,  (.Neili.) 
Lenttevo,  (R.) 
Lentini,  (It,) 
Lenzcn,  (Prus.) 
Lcnz.  (Switz.) 
Leiizeuhof,  (R.) 
Lettb.vrhulz.  (Pnis.) 
Leuganc,  (\V.  Ind.) 
Leominster,  (Eng.) 
Leon,  (Pen.  &  .M'e.x.) 
Leon,  (Pen.)  i-f/. 
Leonarda,  (It.)  r. 
Leone,  (It.  vt  Switz.)  ao. 
Leonessa,  (It.) 
Leopoldshafen,  (G«r.) 
Irfopoldstadt,  (.Auslr.) 
Lepanto,  (Gr.)  -^ 
Lcpanio,  (Gr.)  g. 
Lept^I,  (R.) 
Lepsenv,  (.\nstr.) 
Lerdal,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Leria,  (II.) 
Lerida,  (Pen.,'' 


itm'tmg-t0n 

le 

li'ba 

li-^i'iU 

ti-^tl'ym 

Ut'dts 

IH'du, 

Uk'U 

Ulk 

Uck 

lek-t^r* 

li-da'mt 

li-diji'wka 

U14m 

It-^'dt  Of  t^rm-^ 


Iff -it' MA 

ti'gttmg-4r 
Ud'"-. 


It'kr* 

U'krnt-ti 

lip'miu 

tct'ter 

Us'ter-tktre 

n^'niu 

tl-mot'drn 

tl'ttf 

l}ae-r!i'dim 

lin'tier  of  UtftUr 

tlRtt 

tip'nik 

lip-Ui^ 

tl'ra' 

hctA 

Ice' trim 

tl'Urn 

il  Ir'jdk 

Uk'cJka 

Uk'ma 

Irk'A 

Uk'tOxd 

IH'liug.in 

l^-mdM' 

Irn'bfr^ 

lf>n'^rr 
Um'nc,  ItTii'nfi 

lin'a-itte 

ten'di-rd 
Um-di-mit'r^ 

1^     -'-- 


leTt'ncrd 
Irn'ni 

lens 

Irn'ti 

/<ji./i-*'r* 

trm'ufn 
leHtA 

In'tfiJt-A^f 
li}p'^i.U 

iea'i-ier 

lf~c-^' 
it-*n' 
If-o-mdr'dd 
liC'n, 


Fr.  long  A  and  short  ei,  nearly  as  in  spur.  —  Final  Itj,  frencli  I  vimuUi.  —  An"  ger,  vt"dous.  —  j  as  s  in  pleasure :  j  and  ;a  gulluial ;  »» liquid  ;  a  as  in  yiH. 


169 


1^9 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


Lerkenbnrs,  fDen.) 
Lerinn,  (Pen.) 
Lerwick,  (Scot.) 
Lesbein,  (Fr.) 
Lea  Bois,  (Switz  ) 
Lesijiiiie,  (Fr.) 
Lesina,  (It.) 
Lesmahago,  (Scot) 
Lesmant,  (Fr.) 
Lfsperon,  (Fr.) 
Lessina,  (Austr.)  isl 
Lessinglie,  (Netli.) 
Lessinnes,  (Ncth.) 
Lessoe,  (Den.) 
Leszinovv,  (Austr.) 
Lftadinitci,  (R.) 
Lclala,  (R.) 
Leti-Iioii'!,  (Fr.) 
LetitclifV,  (U.) 
L('ri:ca,(Pen.) 
Lette,  (Ger.) 
Lette,  (Fr.)  r. 
Letterkenny,  (Ir.) 
Lettiii,  (It.) 
Leiica,  Cape  di,  (II.) 
LcuU,  (Switz.) 
Leiiker,  (Switz.) 
Ltm?3en,  (Neth.) 
LeiitfTiberw,  (Ger.) 
Ijfiivenuin,  (Nelh.) 
Lcir/inVen,  (riwitz.) 
Levanger,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Levano,  (It.) 
I^evanso,  (It.)  isl. 
Levant 
Levct,  (Fr.) 
Levier,  (Fr.) 
Levlgneu,  (Fr.) 
Levroux,  (Fr.) 
Lewes,  (En«:.) 
Ltyden,  (Neth.) 
Leye,  (Ger.) 
Leyjia,  (Austr.) 
Lf"/,:irdriaiix,  (Fr.) 
Libau,  (R.) 
Libanus,  (Tiir.)  7r(, 
Libeiitz,  (Austr.) 
Libunrn.?,  (Fr.) 
Liburnia 
Libya 

Liciitenau,  (Ger.) 
Lichtenfels,  (Ger.) 
Lirlitenstei^,  (Switz.) 
Liehtenvoorde,  (Nelli ) 
Lichteveldn,  (Ncth.) 
Licodia,  (ft.) 
Lirosa,  (It.) 
Lida,  (R.) 
Lichles,  (Switz.) 
Liddisdale,  (Scot.) 
Lidkoepiuf,',  (Sc.  Pen.) 
L!(ln,(Ir.)/t. 
Liaovians,  (R.) 
Licbenwaldc,  (Pnis.) 
Lieberose,  (Prus.) 
Lirue,  (Xelh.) 
Lirr,  (Neth.) 
Liesopilotrh,  (R.) 
Lic:;--el,  (Net)).) 
Lic^tal,  fSwitz.) 
Lietba,  (R.) 
Lien,  (Switz.) 
Lim.y,(rr.) 
Lim-e,  (Fr.) 

Lirlaiui,  or  Livonia,  (R.) 
Li;;if<dlingen,  (Switz.) 
Liiinieres,  (Fr.) 
Liuaevillc,  (Fr.) 
Li^ny,  (Fr.) 

Liim,  oj-Liiin  Fjord,  (Den 
Likochkiiio,  (R.) 
Lille,  (Fr.) 
IJIIers,  (Fr.) 
Liilesand,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Lillo,  (Ncth.)  ft. 
Lima,  (S.  Am.) 
Lima,  Porta  de,  (Pen.) 
Lima,  (Pen.)  r. 
Limaii,  (Tur.) 
Liinari,  Volcano,  (9.  Am. 
Liiiiato,  (It.)  L 
Limbonrg.  (Neth.) 
Liinbur?,  (Ger.) 
Limerick,  (Ir.)  co. 
Lim.-iiil,  (Fr.) 
Liminco,  (K.) 
Liiiiniat,  (Switz.)  r 
Limoces,  (Fr.) 
Limousin,  (Fr.) 
Limoux,  (Fr.) 
Linaro,  (It.)  c. 
Liucohi,  (Eng.  &  Can.) 
Lincolnshire,  (Eng.) 
Liudan,  (Ger.) 


ler'ma 
Ur'rik 
h-hdng' 
le  hwa 
lesimj' 
le-z'i'na 
les-nn'd-h'd'  go 
le-mdng' 

less'i'na 

le.s'tiing-kt 

les's'iiie 

Zts'5Y-npo/(-7to) 

le-fdclir-ni'ki 

le-tU'la 

te-tel-lonff' 

le-tit'ckev 

le-tr'i'ka 

let'te 

IH'te 

IH-ter-ken'ny 

UUin' 

hd'pe  di  le-t^Q'ha 

loik 

loi'ker 

lois'sen 

loi'tcn-bi'r§ 

loi'ffi-iiQom 

loi'tfing-hi 

le-vdnn'^r 

U-vd'no 

le-viia'so 

Ic-vdnV 

iS-vt-e' 

lu'is 

IVdhi 

We 

IV pa 

Ic-zdr-dr'i-H' 

I'i'bOil 

li-bd.'nits 

ii' bents 

l'i-b<i<yni' 

h'-bQor' ti'i-a 

Vi'b'i-a 

IWi'te-non 

iWi'thi-fils 

lllh'len-sli^ 

Itlh'ten-fur'ile 

hlh'tP-M'dt 

I'i'ku'di-ii 

If'kS'sa 

I'i'da 

lid'desse 

tid'dii-d^:Ie 

lid-chcV inng 

li'do 

l'i-dd-V'l-di)rr' 

li'beH't^ni'd^ 

li'bp-ro'iP 

Vi'fhg 

I'i-ir' 

l'i-e-sd'p'i-1otch 

I'is'sel 

li'sfdl 

li'ta 

ti^. 

Jiffy 

tjfr 

tifc'Vdnt 

iJ-U'j'fil-fni^r'en 

lin-y'i-Brc' 

liny-mlc 

iin-y'i 
.)  g.l'imc  f'i'drd 

ti'kOch-ki'iio 

We 

li-'i-e  or  Ul-v^' 

UVle-sdnd 

iil'lo 

li'jiia  or  ti'ma 

jidr'ta  d^  l-i'ma 

li'uui 

li'mdn 
)      li-iiid'r'i  vol-k'd'no 

l'i~md'to 

lan<T-bQQr' 

lim'er-ick 

I'i-m^-'i  or  'C-^n^hf 

I'i-iiiin^'o 

lini'mdt 

li-mdge' 

li-mQQ-zdng' 

li-nU'ro 
liiik'wi 
Itiik'un-idi'ire 
lix'dou 


Linde,  (Ger.) 
Linden,  (Ger.) 
Lindcrup,  (Den.) 
Lindesnaes,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Liiidholm,  (Den.) 
Lingen,  (Ger.) 
Linkoping,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Linlithgow,  (Scot.)  co. 
Linola,  (Pen.) 
Linsburg,  (Ger.) 
Lintgen,  (Neth.) 
Lintiial,  (Switz.) 
Lintz,  (Austr.  Ger.) 
Linz,  (Ger.) 
Lion,  (Fr.) 

Lion  d'Angers,  le,  (Fr.) 
Lipari,  (It.)  isl. 
Lipetsk,  (R.) 
Lipovacz,  (Austr.) 
Lipowica,  (Anstr.) 
Lippa,  (Austr.) 
Lippe,  (Ger.)  r. 
Lippe  Detmold,  (Ger.) 
Lippe  Schaumburg,  (Ger.) 
Lippsprug,  (Ger.) 
Lippstadt",  (Ger.) 
Liri,  (It.)  r. 
LirJa,  (Pen.) 
Lisbon,  (Pen.) 
Lisca-bianca,  (It.) 
Liscia,  (It.) 
Liriienx,  (Fr.) 
Lisko,  (Austr.) 
Liskor,  (Austr.) 
Lissa,  (Prus.) 
Lissa,  (Austr.)  isl. 
Lisse,  (Neth.) 
liithuania 
Litin,  (R.) 
Litiz,  (U.  S.) 
Littau,  (Switz.) 
Livensk,  (R.) 
Livenza,  (It.)  r. 
Liverut,  (Fr.) 
Liverpool,  (Eng.) 
Livonia,  or  Litland,  (R.)  g. 
Livorno,  or  Leghorn,  (It.) 
Ijjiisau,  (Sc.  Pen.)  r. 
Ljusmedal,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Llandaff,  (Eng.) 
Llanelly,  (Eng.) 
Llangadock,  (Eng.) 
Llangov.'er,  (Eng.) 
Llanos,  (S.  Am.) 
Tilanos  de  Chaco,  (S.  Am.) 
Llanos  do  Manso,  (S.  Am.) 
Llanrwst,  (Eng.) 
Llanwrtid,  (Eng.) 
Llona  Sacra,  (Pen.) 
Llerona,  (Pen.) 
Llinas,  (Pen.) 
Llosa  del  Obispu,  (Pen.) 
Lloutsk,  (R.) 
Loangcr,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Loangiri,  (Af.) 
Loango,  (Af.) 
Loano,  (It.) 
Loarre,  (Pen.) 
Lobau,  (Ger.) 
Lobenstein,  (Ger ) 
Lobiska,  (11.) 
Loburg,  (Ger.) 
Locarno,  (Switz.) 
Lochaber,  (Scot.) 
Loch  Leven,  (Scot.) 
Locb  Lomnrid,  (Scot.) 
Lochciu,  (Neth.) 
Lnches,  (Fr.) 
Locliuisen,  (Neth.) 
Locknitz,  (Prus.) 
Lode,  (Switz.) 
Locniaria,  (Fr.) 
Locmine,  (Fr.) 
Lodeve,  (Fr.) 
Ludi,  (It.) 
Lodomir,  (Austr.) 
Loenon,  (Netii.) 
Lort'oden,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Lofer,  (Austr.) 
Lofoden,  (Sc.  Pen.)  isl. 
Logo,  la,  (Fr.) 
LogeF,  Grand.  (Fr.) 
Logos,  Petit,  (Fr.) 
Logis,  Ncuf,  (Fr.) 
Lngrono,  (Pen.) 
Lobto,  (R.) 
Loir,  (Fr.)  r. 
Loir  and  Cher,  (Fr.)  dep. 
Loire,  (Fr)  dep. 
Loire,  (Fr.)  r. 
Loiret,  (Fr.)  drp. 
Loitz,  (Prus.) 
Lqja,  or  Loxa,  (Pen.) 
Lojano,  (It.) 


Un'de 

lilt' din 

Ijn'de-TQQp 

lin'des-nhs 

lind'hohn, 

iins'ta 

I'in-ch^'ping 

liii-Uth' <foiD  or  lin'lith-goiD 

li-no'la 

litis' bt^nr^ 

linVihi'n 

iiii'tdle 

lints 

lints 

li-Sriirf 

le  li-iing  d'dnrr-ge 

li-p'd'r'i  or  lip'u~r'i 

I'i'pitsk 

l'i-yo~vdts' 

li-pG-v'i'ka 

lip'pa 

lip'pe 

lip'pe  det'molt 

lip'pa  shoiun'bQQr^ 

lip-S'proQ^ 

lip' slot 

li'r'i 

I'i'r'i-a 

tis'bon^  Eng.  lis'bon 

lis'ka-b'i-dn'ka 

U'shi-a 

Vi-zi-m.' 

I'is'ko 

I'is'kor 

lis^sa 

lis'sa 

lis'se 

litk-u-a'n'i-a 

I'i-t'in' 

lit' its 

iit'tou 

I'i-vensk^ 

I'i-vend'za 

I'iv-rO' 

liv'er-pool 

I'i-vO'ni-a 

I'l-vor'uo 

hjh'  (7/ft')  t'dn 

lyiis'  (yiis')  mt-d'dl 

Idn-daf' 

lan-tVly 

Idn'  rra-doW 

Idii-gou'er 

lid' no  s 

I'i'd'nos  de  Zk'd'ko 

lid'vos  dfi  mdn'so 

ldji'r''.st 

Idn'ar-tid 

lie'mi  s'd'kra 

lie-re'na 

I'i-'i'nas 

tio'sa  del  d'b'is^po 

Vi-QQUk' 

lo'dng-er 

lo'dn-g'i'r'i 

Id-'dn'  go 

W-'d'no 

lo'dr're 

lo'bo^i 

l^'hfn-sttne 

W-bis'luL 

WbQ<}r§ 

Id-kdr'no 

lolh-d'ber 

loSk  lev' en 

loU  Id'vioiul 

iQ'lUm 

1 5  she 

iQ-lhoVzcn 

lok'nits 

lokl  ' 

Ink-md-r'i'a 

lok-m'ine' 

iG-dSve' 

W'di 

lo-dn-m'ir' 

iQQ'nen 

lof'tu'den 

W'fer 

lo'fb'dm 

Id  logc 

gr'dng  loge 

pe-ti'  lose 

n^  lO-gV 

iQ-gro'no 

Wi'to 

Iwdr 

Iwdr,  sher 

ItPd 

Iwdr 

Iwd-re' 

loits 

15'fha 

iS-'id'no 


Lokeren,  (Neth.) 
Lochvitsa,  (R.) 
Loiin,  (Swilz.) 
Lolie,  (Avistr.) 
Lombardy,  (It.) 
Lombovskoi,  (R.)  isl. 
Lommatzsch,  (Ger.) 
Lommeii,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Lomond,  (Scut.) 
Lomza,  (R.) 
Lonato,  (It.;- 
London,  (Eng.) 
Londonderry,  (Ir.) 
Longarome,  (It.) 
Loiigchanips,  (Fr.) 
Loni;cau,  (Fr.) 
Longford, ^Ir.)  co. 
Longue,  (Fr.) 
Longueiros,  (Pen.) 
Lonjumeau,  (Fr.) 
Lonny,  (Fr.) 
Lonsle  Sauhiier,  (Fr.) 
Loochristy,  (Neth.) 
Loiin,  (Fr.) 
Lousduizen,  (Neth.) 
Lootenhalle,  (Neth.) 
Lopadinska,  (R.) 
Lojiow,  (Prus.) 
Loppen,  isl. 

Lora  del  Rio  Alcolea,  (Pen.) 
Lorca,  (Pen.) 
Lorch,  (Ger.) 
Lorenzana,  (Neth.) 
Lorenzana,  {'Pen.) 
Lorenzo,  (It.)  (. 
Loreto,  (It.) 
Loretto,  (Mex.) 
Lorgues,  (Fr.) 
Lorio,  (It.) 
L6riol,  (Fr.) 
Lorraine,  (Fr.) 
Lossini,  (It.)  isl. 
Lot  and  Garonne,  (Fr.)  dep. 
Lot,  (Fr.)  dep. 
Lotier,  (Fr.) 
Lothian,  (Scot.) 
Lottum,  (Neth.) 
Louaille,  (Fr.) 
Loudinska,  (R.) 
Louga,  (R.) 
Loughborough,  (Eng.) 
Loughrea,  (Ir.) 
Lough  Erne,  (Ir.) 
Lough  Neagh,  (Ir.) 
Louis,  St.  (U.  S.) 
Louisiana,  (U.  S.) 
Louja,  (Austr.)  r. 
Louch,  (R.) 
Lounovsk,  (R.) 
Loupiac,  (Fr.) 
Lourdes,  (Fr.) 
Louristan,  (Per.) 
Louroux,  le,  (Fr.) 
Lourtier,  (Switz.) 
Louta,  (R.)  r. 
Louth,  (Ir.)  CO. 
Louveigne,  (Neth.) 
Louvigne  du  Desert,  (Fr.) 
Lovo,  (Austr.) 
Lovrana,  (Austr.) 
Lowenberg,  (Prus.) 
Lowinsk,  (R.) 
Lowisa 

Lowosilz,  (Austr.) 
Loxa,  or  Loja,  (Pen.) 
L&zere,  (Fr.)  vtt. 
Lozere,  (Fr.)  dep. 
Lozovka,  (R.) 
Loz  Verknia,  (R.) 
Luarca,  (Pen.) 
Lubasz,  (Prus.) 
LMl)ben,  (Prus.) 
Lubeck,  (Ger.) 
Luben,  (Ger.) 
Liiiiiewo,  (Prus.) 
Lublin,  (R.) 
Lublinitz,  (Prus.) 
Lublo,  (Austr.) 
Lue,  (Fr.) 
Lnc,  !e,  (Fr.) 
Lue  en  Diois,  (Fr.) 
Lucca,  (It.) 
Luciensteig,  (Switz.) 
Lucena,  (Pen.) 
Lucenay  I'Evequc,  (Fr.) 
Lucerano,  (It.) 
Luchow,  (Ger.) 
Luchy,  (Austr.) 
Luckaw,  (Prus.) 
Lucknow,  (Hind.) 
Lucy  les  Dois,  (Fr.) 
Ludbreck,  (Austr.) 
Lude,  le,  (Fr.) 
Ludenscheid,  (Ger.) 


I5'k«-ren 

lolh-v'iVsa 

ib-Vin' 

lol'le 

lovi'bar-dy 

lom-bov'skoi 

lom'mdt-ih 

lom'men 

lo'nwnd 

lom'za 

lO-nd'to 

hm'd^n 

Inn'don-der-ry 

Iqn-gd-rO'mK 

long-shdng' 

long-gu' 

long'ford 

long 

lon-gVros 

long-shu-mo' 

lon-n'i' 

long  IS  so-n'ie' 

l5-kris'ti 

lo-ong 

los-doi'im 

lO'ten-hdl'le 

lo'pd-dins'ka 

Wpo 

lop'ptn 

lo'rd  del  r'i'o  tU-kH-Je't 

Wr'ka 

Iqrik 

lu-ri-nd-z'd'na 

lo-ren-lTid'na 

l5-rtnd'zo 

lO-re'to 

l5-ril'to 

Iqrg 

lo'r'i-o 

U-ri-qV 

lor^Snc' 

Ids-s'i'n'i 

lo^  gd-rtine.' 

lo 

l6-tie 

lo'ihi-an 

lnt't()nm 

iQ^d'i  or  li}Q-'dly' 

lou^dins'ka 

lou'ga 

liif'biir-r'ik 

loh-rd' 

lolh'ern 

loifir-ne' 

iQQ'is  or  ?pp'y 

Igiy'i-z'i-dn'a 

iQQ'ya 

loulk 

loti'nSvslc 

l<>i?-pi-'dk' 

iQqrd 

lou-ris'tan 

is  Iqq-tqq' 

iQQr-t'ie' 

lou'ta 

loiUk 

l(^(i-vmy' 

l(}(yinny'  dH  de-ztr^ 

lo'vo 

lO-vrd'na 

l^'ven-ber^ 

15'v'insk 

iD-v'i'za 

lO'vO-zits 

Wlha.  ■ 

lo-zSrc' 

l5-zire' 

Id-zoo'ka 

loz  virk'n'i-a 

Ig^-dr'ka 

^Q'bdsh 

iQQb'ben 

lu'brk 

lii'ben 

loQ-lne'vo 

Ixib-Un' 

li}(}' hli-nits 

l^Q'blo 

m 

le  Id 

Id  dng  d'i-wa' 

iQ^k'ka 

iQQ'ts'i-Kn'Stig' 

lijQ-tT.^'na 

l^Qs-jid  le-vSkc' 

lQ<yche-rd'iio 

Itjq'^ho 

iQQT.ky 

iQQk'kou 

luck-now' 

lu-s'i'  le  bwa 

lQ<}d'brek 

Id  lud 

l^f/dcn-sMd 


FatCjfdr,  fall,  what,  bat. — Jifelc,  ^rrey,  ktlp,  tMre,  hi^r.  ^-~  Pine,  marine,  btid,  fig.  — J^te^dSve,  ni'dvc,  wrilf,  bQok^  lord. — TSne,  bull,  iiiiite.  —  Fr.  long  efte;  Fr.  short  buL- 


1346 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  ^^ML^. 


Luder,  (Ger.)  r. 
Luderup,  (Den.) 
Ludlow,  (Pnis.)  r. 
Ludwigsbnrs,  (Ger.) 
Luiiwigslu^t,  ((Jt-T.) 
Lin.'tr\',  (Switz.) 
Lueilen,  (CJer.) 
Liietierber?,  (Ger.) 
Lui-l2en,  (Prus.) 
Luezens,  (Switz.) 
Lug-.uio,  (lU) 
Lii!,':ino,  (It.)  L 
Lu^o,  (Pen.  It.) 
Lusos,  (Austr.) 
Luliies,  (Fr.) 
Luiro,  (R.) 
Luisiana.  (Pen.) 
Lulefi,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Lumbin,  (Fr.) 
Limibrera^,  (Pen.) 
Lumino,  (Swiiz.) 
Lund,  (Sc  Pen.) 
Lundbeck,  (Den.) 
Lundbye,  (Den.) 
Lunden,  (Den.) 
Lundgaard,  (Den.) 
Lunebura,  (Ger.) 
Lund  la'Ville,  fFr.) 
Lunenburgh,  (Nova  Scotia) 
I^nneville,  (Ft  ) 
Lunsern,  (^witz.) 
I.un^wiiz,  (Ger.) 
Lunteren,  (\eth.) 
luipala,  Serra  de,  (Af.) 
Lupone,  (It.)  mt. 
Lupoto,  (It.)  mt. 
lAipoxv,  (Prus.) 
Lupp,  (Pru=,)  r. 
Lnpiow,  (Prns.) 
Liirbe,  P.iso  de,  (S.  Am.) 
Lure,  (Fr.) 
Luschinsen,  (Switz.) 
Lusijnan,  (Fr.) 
Lusino,  (Prus.) 
Liijsac,  (Fr.) 
Lulerine,  (It.) 
Luthem,  (Swiu.) 
I'Utisb'jrs,  (Switz.) 
Liitke  Ga=t,  (Xelh.) 
Luvino,  (It.) 
Luxrmhours.  (Xeth.) 
LtLxeuil,  (Fr.) 
Luzerche.5,  (Fr.) 
Luzem,  (Swiiz.) 
Luzcrn,  (Switz.)  /. 
Luzerne,  (U.  S.) 
Luzon,  (Pen.) 
Luzv.  (Fr.) 
Ly/{Neth.)r. 
Lyakoura,  (Gr.)  mt. 
Lyft,  (Den.) 
I>ygum  Klostcr,  (Den.) 
LykoJima,  (Or.)  mt. 
Lyroanow,  (Au^tr.) 
Lymbara,  (lU)  mt. 
Lyndelsee,  (Den.) 
Lyncaa^,  (Den.) 
Lynjibye,  (Den.) 
Lyngdal,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Lyoe,  (Den.)  isL 
Lyon,  (Fr.) 
Lyonnois,  (Fr.) 
Lyons,  (Fr.)  ff. 
Lyse  Fjord,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Lyg^,  (Switz.) 
Lystnip,  (Den.) 


l(;>»;fd'o'i^s-i(!Qsi' 
lu-trV 
liit'ten 
lut'ter-ber^ 

l^'tsens 

lu-'ine' 
lu.-'i'ro 
l^Q-'i-s'i-H'na 

IcQm-bre'rds 

l^Q-mt'no 

lo^nd 

iQQnd'b^k 

It^qnd'bu 

li}Qn'dr-n 

iQQnd'gord 

la-net'  Id  vile 
liihten-bQi^r^ 
l^ne-v'iW 

iQ^nS^vits 

tQ^n'tern 

ser'ra  de  l^<j  p'd'tn 

iQQ-pO'ne 

li^ij-po'to 

l(}<}'po 

tQQP 
l^Qp'tO 

pd'so  de  iQt^r'be 

litre 

!<)(}' shi7ig-en 

lit-zin-yitig' 

l^^s'i'no 

IZs^dk' 

lgQ-te-r'i'n« 

l^<}l'tern 

lf}(f't}S-b(}<}r§ 

lut'ke  gdst 

lo^v'i'no 

luksdntr-bijQr' 

lu-si^'i'  or  lu-s^bj 

Iti^iersh' 

iQQ'tsern 

iQQ'tsem 

lu-lCTTl' 

iQQ-thone' 

lu-zi' 

a 

lS.-'d-kQQ'ra 

luft 

Ui'gQijm  klii'stcr 

la-ko-dt'ma 

ti'md-no  {-nf}f}f) 

tim-b'd'ra 

lun'del-zt 

tun'gOs 

liing'bu. 

lS.nir'ddl 

Id'tliX 

ti'Ong' 

lion-jiwa' 

I'i-OHg' 

tiiise  fiJird 
Us 

iii'strgop 


M. 


Ma*re:t,  (Neth.) 
Maamm,  (Den.) 

Ma.'u^eyek,  (Xetli.) 
Maa^^land,  (Xcih.) 
Maaso*:,  (Sc.  Pen.)  isl. 
Macao,  (Ind.) 
.Maccarese,  (It.) 
Macedonia 
Machede,  (Pen.) 
Machias,  (U.  3.) 
Machichaco,  (Pen.) 
Mackinav,-,  oitee  Michili-       J 
mackinac,  (U-  S.)  ) 

Mach-an,  (U.  8.) 
Macomb,  (U.S.) 
Maron,  (Fr.) 
Mncnn,  (IT.  3.) 
Macotera,  (Pen.) 
Macoupin,  (U.  S.) 
Mncplierson,  (Australia,)  mt. 
Miiaiuarie,  (Australia) 


md'ren 

md'zl-ek 

mds'ldnt 

mds'tfil 

md-kd'o 

mdk-kd-T^'ze 

7nds-e-dO'ni-a 

vid-ehe'de 

Taalck~Vas 

vid-ch'i-chd'ko 

',  mack'iriuiio 

mali-lane' 

ma-kt^Qm' 

md^song* 

ma'kon 

mdrko-tc'ra 

via-Jif)f/pin 

mnk-fer'.ior. 

miik-k^t^-'d-rvi 


Wadajrascar,  (Af.)  ist. 
Mudiillena,  (It.)  i4. 
I^Iadawasca,  (U.  S.) 
JEadaras,  (.-Vuifir,) 
Maddai-na,  (It.) 
Madeira 

Madeira,  (Ar.)w;. 
iMadrano,  (Pwitz.) 
Madras,  (lud.) 


m'd-dd-gdn'kdr 

md-ddl-U'na 

mdd-a-w'dd'ka 

v'.d-dd'rds 

mad-dd-le'na 
}  md-dVra^  Eng.  ma-dd'ra 
\      or  vm-dee'ra 

md-drd'no 

vi'd'drda^  Eni;,  ma-tlrds' 


Madre  do  Dids,  (S.  Am.)  bl  md'dre  de  di'on 

Madrid,  (Pt-n.) 

Madridejos,  (I'en.) 

Madrigal,  (Pen.) 

31adriga!ejo,  (Pen.) 

Madris,  (P<'n.  Switz,) 

iM^idris,  (Switz.)  t. 

Madronero,  (Pen.) 

Madura,  (Ind.) 

Madura,  (Au;?tral.)  isl. 

Madura,  (East.  Isl.) .«/. 

INlaehren,  or  Moravia, 

(Auslr.) 
MaelKi,  (Pen.) 
Maelstroem,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Maesniel,  (Xeth.) 
Maestre,  Ares  del,  (Pen.) 
Muestricht,  (Neth.) 
Magadinn,  (fcwitz.) 
Magas,  (Pen.) 
Magazpiio,  (It.) 
Magdalen;i,  (Pen.) 
Magdeburg.  (Prus.) 
.Magellan,  (S.  Am.)  st. 
I\!ageltving,  (Den.) 
Maggia,  (Switz.) 
Maggiore,  (It.)  /. 
MagIiano,|lt.) 
iNIagnac,  (Fr.) 
Magnisi,  (It.) 
Magnor,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Magny,  (Fr.) 
Magoras,  (It.)  r. 
Magra,  (It.)  r. 
Magro,  (Pen.) 
Maiilburg,  (Prus.) 
Malion,  (Pen.) 
Mahoning,  (U.  S.) 
Mahora,  (Pen.) 
Mahratta,  (End.) 
Mahrenbvu-g,  (Austr.) 
Mailleray,  (Fr.) 
MaiUy,  (Fr.) 
Maina,  (R.) 
Mainburnheim,  (Ger.) 
Maine,  (Fr.) 

Maine  and  Loire,  (Fr.)  dei 
Maine  and  Tauber,  (Ger.) 
Maine,  Lower,  (Ger.) 
Maine  Rother,  (Ger.)  r. 
Maine  Weiss,  ("Ger.)  r. 
Mainhardt,  (Ger.) 
Maison,  Xeuve,  (Fr.) 
Majadas,  las,  (Pen.) 
iMajesa,  (It.)  c. 
Majorca,  (Pen.)  isl. 
Ma'karev,  (R.) 
IMakariev,  (R.) 
Makarovo,  (R.) 
Makasanas  Plains,  (Af.) 
Machnovak,  (R.) 
Makkinger,  (Neth.) 
Makkum,  (Nelh.) 
Mako,  (Austr.) 
Makri,  (Tur.)  g. 
Malabar,  (Ind.) 
Malaczka,  (Austr.) 
Maladeta,  (Pen.)  mt. 
Maladelta,  or  Maudit,  (Fr.)  j  ^^./a-t/ef'W,  mH-^i' 


^iid^lr'id'  UT  mdd'rid 

vH-dfi-d^'lkoa 

via-ilr'i-gdV 

vid'dfi-gd-le'lho 

ma'dr'is 

vxd'dr'is 

md-dro-nt'TO 

>  md-dk'ra  or  mrfd'i^-ra 

>  m&'ren 

m'd'vlhja 

mUl'str^vi 

vids'n'ih 

d'rfji  del  md'is'tre 

mds'trifht 

vid-gd-d'i'no 

vid'  g'ds 

md-gd'dzt'no 

m'dg-dd-le'na 

m'^' d^-b(}fjr§ 

m'd'lhH'ijdn' 

md's'i-tioing 

■..:':i(L'gii 

mdd-gS'Te 

mdl'yd-no 

mda-ydk' 

mdn-yi'z'i 

mdng'nor 

mdn-yi' 

md-gd'rds 

md'gra 

Tiid'iTro 

m'dVb(}<yr^ 

md'on,  Eng.  m'd-kHne'  or 

mH-Iiu'ning  [md-Zne* 

md-o'ra 

mdh-rdt'ta 

md'rcii-bQQr§ 

r.i:l-'ie-ra'  or  m'dt-yt-ra' 

md-'i-y'i  or  mdl-y'i' 

mViia 

mlne-bQ^*7'ii'hline 

TJi&ne 

manCj  Iw'dr 

mine,  tou'bir 

mtne 

mine  rO'ter 

mine  via 

mlnc'hdrt 

n^ve  md-zong' 

Ids-  md-ihd'd'ds 

m'd-'i-ye'za 

md-Zhor'ka 

md-kd'rcv 

md-kd'fi-ev 

md-kd-rO'vo 

md-kd-sd'nds 

mdlh-no'vdk 

mdlc'king-ir 

mdk'kQQiii 

vid'ko 

md'kr'i 

vid-ld'bdr'y  Ens..mdl'a-bar 

md-tdts'  i-ldch')  ka 

vid-ld'de'ta 


mt 

Malaga,  (Pen.) 
Malagon,  (Pen.) 
Malaia  Zemlia,  (R.) 
Malans,  (Switz.) 
Malaren,  (Sc.  Pen.)  /. 
Malatiera,  (Pen.) 
Malax,  (R.) 
Malay,  (East.  IsI.);)C.i 
Maiazzo,  (It.) 
Malbort!et,  (Austr  ) 
Maldeghen,  (Neth.) 
Maiden,  (Neth.) 
Maldive,  (Ind.)  isl. 
Maldiventre,  (It.)  uil. 


vtd'ld-ga,  Eng.  mdl'a-ga 

vid'ld'^oti 

vtd-la'ia  zem'ti-a 

md'ldvg' 

md.'ld-rtn 

md-ld-ti-e'ra 

vid'ldz 

md'laxj 

md-ldt'io  _ 

mdl-hnr^  ;ei 

md!t-e'gen 

indl'den 

vidl'd'ive 

vidl-di-vm'trc 


Male,  or  Maidivas,  (Ind.)  iil  md'le  or  m'dl-di'vds 
'■  ■  -^  -----  ^  vid-U^ko 

mdlc-zerbc' 
mdt-e-trwa' 


aiale-^co,  (Switz.)  r. 

MaUsherhes,  fFr.) 

Malotroit,  (Fr.) 

Malevo,  (Gr.)  mt. 

Mal'^nenac,  (Fr.) 

Maliian.  (As.)  mt. 

Malicbeva,  (R.) 

Maliiav,  (Fr.) 

Manila,  (Sc.  Pen.) 

Woline^,  or  Mecblin,  (Neth.)  md-tinc'  melh-tin' 


md-ie'vo 

iiidlg-ndi^ 

mdl'htin 

md-ti-cJtf'va 

md'li-gii' 

md-Ul'la 


R:.iiit-;:.  m.' 

M  '     ...) 

M  -tb.) 

M;-l!u..,,  ;.-v.  ly-n,) 
Malmvsclt,  (U.) 
Malo,'(It.) 

Malo-irchancflsk,  (R.) 
Malujarir-lrivclj,  (tt.) 
Malpica,  (Ii.) 
Mais,  (.«c.  Pen.)  r, 
MalHiL-.id,  (Ueu.) 
Malstrum,  (Pc.  Pen.) 
Malla,  fit,  Af.) 
Mailers,  (Switz.) 
.Malvaglia,  (Switz.) 
Mnlwa.  (Ind.) 
.MamafivKcIi,  (R.) 
Mamai,  (K.) 
Main;ironLrk,  (U,  8.) 
Mamaro.-ti,  (Ptn.) 
Mamom,  (Switz.) 
Manirrs,  (Fr.) 
Maiiiurc,  (S.  Am.)  /. 
Manacor,  (Pen.) 
Manaii,  (Mei.) 
Manaynuk.  (U.  S.) 
Maurha,  (Pen,) 
Mancha  Real,  (Pen.) 
Manche,  (Fr.)  dtp. 
Manchester,  (W.  Ind.) 
.Mandas,  (It) 
Mandenicheid,  (Ger.) 
Mandingo,  (Af.) 
Mandoe,  (Den.)  uJ, 
Mandrigalcjo,  (Fen.) 
Maneroo,  (Australia) 
Manl'rcdonin,  (IL) 
Manfrici,  (IL) 
Mangderai,  (East.  Isl.)  gt. 
Manireroe,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Manhasseil,  (U.  S.) 
.ManhaUan,(U.  8.) 
Manheim,  (Ger.) 


md-mO'Tf 
md  '\'l  l'-' 


mdA  ^tk 

mOA'dti 


md-ni'dffm 


U  adnp* 


man^-tri' 
mOMt-M^la 


Maniago,  (It) 

Maniesa,  (Pen.) 

Manichina,  (R.) 

Manilim,  (Pen.) 

Manilla,  (East.  Isl.) 

.Mannedorf,  (Switz.) 

Mannersdorf,  (.Austr.) 

Mannu,  (It.)  c. 

Alanosquu,  (Fr.) 

Man.s  if,  (Fr.)      • 

Mansfeld,  (Prus.) 

.Mansilla,  (Pen.) 

Man^ctum,  (Eg.) 

Mantclu,  (Gr.)  c. 

Mantcrn,  (.■\ustr.) 

Manb-y,  (Fr.) 

Mantinea,  (Gr.) 

Maiitrv,  (Fr.) 

Mant^^'ala,  (R.) 

Mantua,  (It.) 

Manzanal,  !  Pen.) 

]\Ian7.aiiares,  (Pen.) 

Miuizanilla,  (Pen.) 

Matin,  Wilderness  of,  (Pal.)   r  .  .  t 

Mapiini,  (.Me.v.)  «a-pi'Bi 

Mapinii,  liulson  do,  (Mex.)     fad-»>'«]f 

Matpieda,  (Pen.)  md-k*'<U 

Mar,  (I'en.jc  Hdr 

Manibodty  Wells,  (Af.)  v>.i-rd^^tm 

Mamcaibo,  (S.  .\m.)  '  • 

Manicaibo,  or  Venezuela,     - 

(S.  Am.)^. 
Maranchon,  (Pen.) 
.Aiaranham,  (Braz.) 
Marano,  (It.) 
Slarans,  (Fr.) 
Manuiiiu,  (lU)  c 
Marasca,  r  Austr.) 

Marns.<,  (EasU  \s.\.)  .    i^-.. 

Maralca,  (It.)  na-rd-ff* 

."ilaralhon,  (Gr.)  -id  rdJAi»« 

Marbacb,  (Ger.  Switz.) 
xMorbella,  (Pen.) 
Marburg,  (Ger.  Au?tr.) 
Marcli,  or  Moravu,  (Austr.)  r. 
Marche,  (Fr.) 
Marclieua,  (Pen.) 

Marciano,  (it.l  m/.  '■  ■  -'-—  -• 

.Marcillac,  (Fr.)  mar~si~'iakn 

Marecchia.  (R.  It)  md-«*'tT-< 

Marengo,  (It)  ■"  ^  """  '^ 

Marenncs,  (Fr.) 
Mareuil,  (Fr.) 
Marcaiita,  (S.  .\w.)  isL  .  ^   .....  .- 

Margitta,  (.Austr.)  mar-jn-tM 

MargoUes,  (Pen.)  mdr-tfriU 

Maria,  (Pen.) 
Maria,  (.N'etfi.)A 
.Maria,  So.  (It)  L^L 
I  Mana  Kis,  (.\usU.) 


wd-rra 

fBd-rV'« 
sdx'lA  njt  ri'3 


1,1,,     M,„    M         ---   - .».-...-V.....»e....-.a..>u>^»^^a„a».m„n.;,,.^^^^ 


1347 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


Maria,  Sta.  (Pen.) 
Manager,  (Den.) 
Mariager  Fjord,  (Den.) 
Mariana,  (I*en.) 
Marianne,  (As.)  isl. 
Mariensee,  (Prus.) 
Marie  Galante,  (\V.  Ind.)  15/. 
Marieboe,  (Den.) 
Mariefred,  (Den.) 
IMaricliolm,  (Den.) 
iMarieinalcne,  (Den.) 
Marienburu,  (Prus.  R.  Ger  ) 
Mai'ienwerder,  (Prus.) 
Mariestad,  (Sci.Pcn.) 
Marietta,  (U.  S.) 
Marinha,  (Pen.) 
fllarino,  (It.) 
Maritime  Alps,  (It.) 
Maritimo,  (It.) 
Marken,(Ncth.)  isL 
Markova,  (U.) 
Maikowiec,  (Prus.) 
Marki,  (Switz.) 
Marktbreit,  (Ger.) 
Marie,  (Fr.) 
Marlovv,  (Ger.) 
Marly,  (Switz.) 
Marmande,  (Fr.) 
Marmentada,  Beira,  (Pen.) 
Marmiiolo,  (It.) 
Marmora,  (Tur.)  isl. 
Marmora,  Sea  of,  (Tur.) 
Marnay,  (Fr.) 
Marne,  (Den.) 
Marne,  (Fr.)  r. 
Marne,  (Fr.)  dep. 
Marne,  Upper,  (Fr.)  dep. 
Maro,  (It.)  mt. 
Marocco,  (Af.) 
Maroggio,  (It.) 
Maromono,  (It,) 
Maros,  (Auatr.) 
Marostica,  (It.) 
Marozaltu,  (Austr.) 
Marquardslein,  (Ger.) 
Marquesas 
Marquion,  (Fr.) 
Marquisf,  (Fr.) 
Marsa,  la,  (It.) 
Marsa  Scala,  (It) 
Marsa  Scirocco,  (It.) 
Marsala,  (It.) 
Marschina,  (Austr.) 

MarscUIe,  (Fr.) 

Marsico  Nuovo,  (It.) 
Marstetten,  (Switz.) 
Marstrand,  (Sc.  Pen.)  isl. 
Marta,  (It.)  r. 
Marlendyk,  (Nelh.) 
Martigao,  (Pen.) 
Martigne,  (Fr.) 
Martigny,  (Switz.) 
Martinique,  (W.  Ind.) 
Martinlongo,  (Pen.) 
Martinov,  (R.) 
Martinsbruck,  (Switz.) 
Martun,  (Austr.) 
Martos,  (Pen.) 
Martros,  (Fr.) 
Marum,  (Netli.) 
Marvao,  (Pen.) 
Marvejois,  (Fr.)    • 
Marwar,  (ind.) 
Marza  el  Forno,  (Tt.) 
Masaccio,  (It.) 
Masalovka,  (It.) 
Mascali,  (It.) 
Mascliwanden,  (Switz.) 
Mascouta,  (U.  S.) 
Maslay  le  Roy,  (Fr.) 
Masone,  (It.)  r. 
Massa,  (It.) 
Massafra,  (It.) 

Massay,  (Fr.) 

Masserano,  (It.) 

Massfere,  (Fr.) 

Mass\iccio,  (Switz.)  7h(. 

Masulipatam,  (Hmd.) 

Masla,  (R.)r. 

Matagalpa,  (Mex.) 

Matamoras,  (Mex.) 

Matanilla  Reef,  (W.  Ind.) 

Matanzas,  (W.  Ind.) 

Matapan,  (Gr.) 

Mataporguera,  (Pen.) 

Mataro,  (Pen.) 

Malauro,  (R.  It.) 

Mathtira,  (Hind.) 

Matiagua,  (Mex.)  I. 

Matina,  (Mex.)  r. 

.Matotonta.s,  (Af.) 

Matt,  (Switz.) 

Matta,  (Australia,)  mt. 


iidn'la  m'd-r'i'a 

m'd-r'i-d' ger 

md-r'i-d'ger  fi5rd 

vid-r'i-d' na 

vid-r'i-dn'ne 

md-r'i'm-ze 

md-rV  gd-ldngV 

md-r'i'e-bd 

md-r'i'e-frSd 

vid-r'i'  e-h()hii 

vid'fi'  e-iud-h'n^ 

vid-r'i'  lin-bQQr^ 

ma-ri'tU'Ver'der 

md-r'i'e-stdd 

ma-^-'i-H'ta 

md-i''in'ya 

m'd-^-'i'no 

vi'd-r'i-t'i'me 

vid'fi-t'i'mo 

jndr'ken 

vidr-ko'va 

mdr-kO'v'i-ets 

vidrht 

mdTht'brite 

mdr-le' 

vidr'lQ 

mdr-W 

mdr-m'diigd 

mdr-meii-td' da 

mdr-m'i~rd' lo 

■mctr-inC'ra 

m'dr-mo'ra 

mar -ltd' 

m'dr'ii£ 

mdrii 

■mdni 

vidrn 

md'ro 

wd-rok'ko 

md-rod'jn 

md-ro^iio'no 

vi'd'ros 

md-rGs't'i-ka 

mdr-rod'Zdl'to 

vidr'qiidrt-stinc 

iiiar-ku'.'^as 

mdr-k'i-Ung' 

mdr-k'iz' 

mdr'sa 

mdr'sd  skd'la 

mnr'sd  sh'i-r5k'ko 

vidr-sd'la 

mdr-sk'i'na 
i  mdr-sCi'i'  or  nidr-si-bf, 
\      Eng.  vidr-s&les' 

mdr'si-ko  n<}o-u'vo 

mar' stetr-teii 

mdr'sti-dnd 

m'dr'ta 

mdr'trn-dik 

vidr-ti-gd'o 

mdr-tim/ 

•mdr-iin-yi' 

mdr-tin-'ik' 

mdr-tin-hn'go 

vidr-Vi'nov 

vcdr't'iiis-brtik 

indr'lnii 

vidr'tos 

mdr'tros 

m.d'r<}(}vi 

mdr-vd'o 

mdrv-jwa' 

mar' war 

mdr'dza  el  for'no 

md-zdl'cho 

Tnd^sd-lqv'ka 

mds-kd'l'i 

vi'dsh'vdn-dm 

mas-k(}(}'ta 

mds-ld  le  nca 

md-sH'ne 

in'ds'sa 

m'ds  sd'fra 

mds  s&' 

mdS'S^-i-d'no 

mds  sere' 

7nds-sQ{}t'cho 

7Hds-s<^Q-l'i-pu-tam' 

m'ds'ta 

lad-id-frdl'pa 

md-td-mu' rds 

m'd~td~nil'ya 

ind-ida'tJi(is  (-s'ds) 

mat-a-pan' 

md'td'pqr'  gfi-ra 

md'td'ro 

md-tnii'ro 

mdt't}Q-ra 

md-t'i-d'  gQQ-a. 

md't'i'na 

md-ta-ton'tas 

mdlt 

mdl'ta 


Mattauiiscontis,  (U.  S.) 
Mattan,  (East.  Isl.) 
Mattapuiselt,  (U  S.) 
Mattapony,  (U.  S.) 
Matteawa'n,  (U.  S.) 
Manila,  (R.) 
Matto  Grosso,  (Braz.) 
Mattola,  f  Af.) 
Maubert  Fontaine,  (Fr.) 
Maubeuge,  (Fr.) 
Maubourguet.  (Fr.) 
Maui,  (S.  Isl.) 


niat-ta-viis-koii' lis 

vt'dt'Uin 

mat-la-poV  sit 

mat-tap' o-nij 

vidt-te-waw 

vidt't'i-la 

jtidt'ti)  grus'so 

■mdl'tu-la 

lao-ber'  fong-tdne' 

•inO-bifkge 

mo-bQ<^r-gu-e' 

vwu'i 


Maulbronn,  (-brunn,)  (Ger.)  vwul'bron  {~brQ<^ij) 

Maulc,  (S.  Am.) 

Mauniee,  (U.  S^ 

Maur,  (Switz.) 

Maurepas,  (U.  S.) 

Mauritius,  (W.  Ind.) 

Maurizzio,  (Port.  It.) 

Mauro,  (It.)  tU. 

Mauron,  (Fr.) 

Maurs,  (Fr.) 

Mautli,  (Austr.) 

Mauves,  (Fr.) 

Mauvesin,  (Fr.) 

May,  (Fr.) 

May,  (Scot.)  isl.  &  liglUhoiise  md 

Mayenne,  (Fr.)  dep. 

Mayenne,  r. 

Mayn,  or  Maine,  (Ger.)  r 

Maynooih,  (Ir.) 

Mayo,  (Ir.)  cc 

Mayor,  (Ausir.) 

Mayor,  (Pen.)  isl. 

Mayorga,  (Pen.) 

Mazanderan,  (Per.) 

Mazapil,  (Mex.) 

Mazappa,  (Af.) 

Mazatlin,  (Mex.) 

Mazzara,  (It.) 

Meath,  East,  (Ir.)  co. 

Meath,West,  (Ir.)  co. 

Meaux,  (Fr.) 

I\Iecca,  (Per.) 

Mecblin,  or  Malines,  (Austr.)  vU-lh-Vin' 

Mecklenburg  Schwerin,        )  mek'le.n-bdQr^  shwe- 

(Ger.)  i      rin' 

Mecklenburg  Strelitz,  (Ger.)  vielc'len-ii^t^r^^  stre'lds 

me'ddk 

vif'dds 


viQii'le 

mau-mcc' 

vtoiir 

vi5'rc'-pa 

maa~rislt''i-us 

vioit-rit'si-a 

muu'ro 

vw-rong' 

more 

mout 

111  ove 

7iwvc-sdng' 

via 


m&-'ien' 
ma-ien' 
viiiie  (?H(i7ip) 

Viail-llQQth' 

laa'o 

VI  a' y  or 

vid'ytir 

vid-yor'ga 

vid-tTidn'  de-rdii 

vid-lTid'  (-sd')  p'il 

md-tfidp'  (^-zd/t')  pa 

■md-tVidt'  {-sdl.')  lilt 

mdt'Sd'ra 

viccth 

mteth 

mo 

viek'ka 


Medak,  (Austr.) 

Medas,  (Pen.)  isl. 

Hedenblik,  (Neth.) 

MLdfjord,  (Sc.  Pen.) 

Mcdgyes,  (Austr.) 

Mediano,  (Pen.) 

Medina,  (Pen.) 

Medina  Sidoiiia,  (Pen.) 

Medina  de  Rio  Seco,  (Pen.)    jm-di'na  de  r'i'o  st'ko 


vip'dni-blik 

vml'f'jord 

juM'dges 

vie-di-d'no 

vie-tWiia 

mp-di'na  s'i-do'n'i-a 


Medina,  (Ar.) 
Medinilla,  (Pen.) 
Mediterranean,  sea 
Medveditsa,  (\l.)  r. 
Medves  Brock,  (Austr.) 
Medviedova,  (R.) 
Medvnsk,  (R.) 
Meerle,  (Neth.) 
Mcersburg,  (Ger.) 
Meersen,  (Neth.) 
Mees,  les,  (Fr.) 
Megantic,  (Can.) 
Megantic,  (Can.)  /. 
Mcgara,  (Gr.) 

Meggelem,  (Neth.) 
Meggen,  (Switz.) 
IMegra  Ferba,  (It.) 

Mebadia,  (Austr.) 

Mehedia,  or  Africa 

Mehlsack,  (Prus.) 

Melmn,  (Fr.) 

Mcicnburg,  (Prus.) 

Meiensdorf,  (Den.) 

]\leillan,  (Fr.) 

Meiningen,  (Ger.) 

Meissau,  (Austr.) 

Meissen,  (Ger.) 

Mejares,  (Pen.)  r 

Mccha,  (R.) 

Mekka,  (As.) 

Melada,  (Austr.)  isL 

Melano,  (Switz.) 

Melbourne 

Melrose,  (Scot.) 

IVIelencze,  (Austr.) 

Melenki,  (R.) 

Melcntevska,  (U.) 

Melfa,  (It.) 

Melgago,  (Pen.) 

Melgar,  (Pen.) 

Melice,  (Switz.) 

Melides,  (Pen.) 

Melilla,  (It.) 

Melissa,  (It.) 

Melito,  (It.) 

Mella,  (It.)  r. 
I  Melle,  (Fr.) 


vit-dihxa  or  vic-dVva 

vie-d'i~n'Jl'ya 

VI  id-'i-iir-rd'nc-an 

vied-ve-dit'sa 

vied'ves  brok    - 

vted-v'ie-do'va 

iiit'dyiisk 

mer'le 

mers'bQQr^ 

virr'sen 

le  ;«£ 

me-gdn'tik 

vie-gdn'tih 

vie-gd'ra 

meg'  ge4ein 

vieg'gcn 

me'gra  fir'ba 

mt'hd'd'i-a 

vie-he'di-a 

viH'zdJc 

mr-h;^-ng' 

mV  en-bt^QT^ 

mV  eiis-dqrf 

m'c-idng'  or  wel^jdng 

viVning-ca 

mis' sou 

mis'sen 

mc-lhd'rtss 

me'tha 

viek'ka 

me-ld'da 

vie-ld'vo 

mel-boQrnc' 

vicl-rOsc' 

me-len'che 

me-len'k'i 

vte-lm-tiv'sJ[a 

viel'fa 

mel'gd'go 

mil'gdr' 

me-liss' 

me-l'i'des 

vie-Til'la 

me-l'is'sa 

me-l't'to 

mil'la 

mil 


Melle,  della,  (It.)  c. 
Mellen,  (Switz.) 
Mellendorf,  (Ger.) 
Mellingcn,  (Switz.) 
Melnik,  (Austr.) 
Meloe,  (Sc.  Pen.)  isl. 
I\leloine,(Fr.)i5/. 
:\Iulora,(It.)  isl. 
M^-lts,  (Switz.) 
Meinbno,  (Pen.) 
Membroles,  la,  (Fr.) 
Mcmel,  (Prus.) 
Memel,  or  Niemen,  (R.)  r. 
Memphis,  Ruins  of,  (Kg.) 
Meniphreniagog,  (U.  S.) 
I\Ienaggio,  (It.) 
Menan,  Great  and  Little, 

(U.  S.) 
Mendavia,  (Pen.) 
.Mendoza,  (S.  Am.) 
Mcnehould,  (Fr.) 
Menet,  (Fr.) 
Menil  Grand,  (Neth.) 
Menil,  le,  (Fr.) 
Menileglisu,  (Neth.) 
Menin,  (Neth.) 
Menjibar,  (Pen.) 
I\Iennomonie,  (U.  S.) 
Menouf,  (Eg.) 
Mentano,  (Ii.) 
Mentone,  (It.) 
Meuzelinsk,  (R.) 
Meppel,  (Nelh.) 
I\Ieppen,  (Ger.) 
Mequinenza,  (Pen.) 
Mer,  (Fr.) 
Meran,  (Austr.) 
Mercalo,  (It.) 
Mercel  del  Oro,  (Mex.) 
j'Merchault,  (Neth.) 
Mercoeur,  (Fr.) 
Mercopaly,  (Austr.) 
Mer  de  Glace,  (Switz.) 
Mereda,  (Pen.) 
Merekhem,  (Neth.) 
Merey,  (Fr.) 
Merida,  (Pen.) 
Merille,  (Pen.) 
Merionethshire,  (Eng.) 
Merishausen,  (Switz.) 
Mermentau,  (U.  S.) 
Mcroe,  (Af.) 
Merrimack,  (U.  S  ) 
Mersburg,  (Prus.) 
Merscbe,  (Neth.) 
Mertola,  (Pen.) 
Meru 

Mescala,  (Mex.) 
Meseritsen,  (Austr.) 
Meshed,  (Per.) 
jMessenia,  (Gr.) 
Messina,  (It.) 
Messina,  (It.),s£. 
Messines,  (Neth.) 
Messingeweer,  rNeth.) 
Mestcbovsk,  (R.) 
Mesterhaza,  (Austr.) 
Metercn,  (Neth.) 
Metijah,  Plain  of,  (Af.) 
Mctso,  (R.) 
Mettau,  (Switz.) 
Meurthe,  (Fr.)  dep 
Meurthe,  (Fr.)  r. 
i\Ieuse,  (Fr.)  dep. 
Meuse,  (Fr.)  r. 
Mevvar,  (Ind.) 
Mexico 

Mexico,  (Mex.)  b.  or  g. 
Mexilles,  (Fr.) 
Meyd,  (Neth.) 
Meyenfeld,  (Switz.) 
Meykirch,  (Switz.) 
M^ze,  (Fr.) 
RIeziere,  le,  (Fr.) 
Mczo  Telead,  (Austr.) 
Mezo  Tur,  (Austr.) 
Mezquila,  (Pen.) 
Miaco,  (Jap.) 
I\Iiajadas,  (Pen.) 
MiiUmatlan,  (Mex.) 
Miami 

Micabba,  (It.) 
Michigan,  (U.  S.) 
Michoacan,  (Mex.) 
Middelrude,  (Neth.) 
Middelbeers,  (Neth.) 
Middclburg,  (Neth.) 
Middleburv.jU.  S.) 
Middlesex,  (Eng.  Can.  W. 

Ind.) 
Midland,  (Can.)  dist. 
Mielec,  (Austr.) 
Mier,  (Mex.) 
Miescisko,  (Prus.) 


del'la  mel'le 

meVlen 

laH'len-dorf 

vtf-M  ling-en 

viil'n'ik 

vie'l^ 

vie-liodne' 

vic-ld'ra 

rants 

vitm'br'i-o 

Id  mdng-brolc' 

me'mel 

vii'mel,  n'iefmai 

vinn'f'iss 

vian-frc-vi^'  gog 

n'.e-ndd'go 

(  me-ndn' 

mcii-dd'v'i-a 

men-dij'tKa 

me-n^-hQi}' 

vte-ne' 

grUng  m'd-n'iV 

le  m'^-niV 

vie-n'i-U-gl'ize' 

7n'(!-ndng' 

men'lh'i-bdr 

7Hen-nqvt' 0'7iec 

711  t'noiif 

jain-td'no 

vien-tu'nc 

viiri-ie-linsk' 

jnep'pH 

mep'pen 

mc-lci-ntn' tUa 

7ner 

vie' ran 

vier-kd'lo 

vier-tUeV  (-seV)  iH  o'ro 

7iiC'r-s}io' 

mir-kShr' 

laC'r'ko-pdly 

mer  d'd  gldss 

my~re'da 

me'rek-hem 

me-rd' 

mt'fi'da 

7ne-r'il'ye 

7ner''i-v-neth'Sh'ire 

7He-j-is-hoii' zen 

7ner-min~to' 

vit-ro 

vierhn-mak 

mers'bQ^^ 

mirs'ke 

7ner'tO-la 

vie-rH' 

7nes-kd'la 

me'ze-^jt'ien 

viesh'ed 

7nes-se'n'i-a 

vies-s'i'iia 

mes-s'i'na 

7nes-s'inc' 

7aes'si7tg-e-vphr' 

mest'cliucsk 

mes'ter-hd-sa 

me'te-rea 

me-t'i'jah 

met' so 

viet'tau 

m^rt 

viifilrt 

7n^ze 

mdkze 

mc-jodr' 

7ncz''i-kOf  Sp.  vieli'Zlii-ko 

mez'i-ko 

7nek-s'ile 

mite 

mVhi-felt 

7nt'k'irih 

viaze 

le  7ne-z'i~&rc' 

7ne'so  te'le-'dd 

7ne'so  t<}Qr 

metn'k'i-la 

m'i-d'ko 

vi'i-d-lhd' d'ds 

vi'i-'dl-mdt'lda 

7ni-djn''i 

7n'i-kdb'ba 

7nisk-'i-gdn'  or  mitch''i-gan 

vti-ckfi-d-kdii' 

mid-dtl-ro'de 

rnid'del-behrs 

7uid'del'bf}Qr§ 

7nid' dl-ber-nj 

7nid'dl~sex 

7nid'land 
mi' lets 
7n'i'er 
7n'ish-ts'i$h'ko 


m 


m 


I 


Fate,  fdr,  fgll,  what,  bat.  -  Mltc,  prey,  hilp,  thire,  hdr.  -  Pine,  marine,  bXrd,  fig.-mu,  dive,  mttve,  VKjlf,  bQQk,  iQrd.  -  Tune,  Ml,  ^jnUe.  -  Fr.  long  vflc;  Fr.  short  hut.  - 


1348 


i 


PRONUNCIATION   OF   MODERN    GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


Michalevks,  (R.) 
Mia^arro,  (It.)  b. 
Mibaly,  (Austr.) 
Mijas.  (Pen.) 
Mikaoovcze,  (Austr.) 
Mil,  (Netb.) 
aiilacro,  (Pen.) 
Milan,  It,  Milano,  (It.) 
Milazzo,  (It.) 
Milbun-,  (U.  S.) 
Milei:^,  (It.) 
Mi)fontes,  Villanova  de, 

(Pen.) 
Milicia,  (It.) 
>Iilitsch,  (Prus.) 
Millesimo,  (It.) 
Miltenber?,  (Ger.) 
Miltschim,  (Austr.) 
Milwaukie,  (U.  S.) 
Mina,  (Af.)r. 
.Minas,  Post  of,  (R.) 
Minas  Geraes,  (Braz.) 
Slindel,  (Get.)  r. 
Minden,  (Ger.) 
Minervino,  (IL) 
Minesota,  (C.  S.) 
Minslaniila,  (Pen.) 
Mingrelia,  (R.) 
Mingueres,  (Ft.)  isL 
Jlinietj,  (E?.) 
Minieres,  (Fr.) 
Minnetaree,  (U.  S.) 
Minorca.  (Pen.)  isL 
Minsk,  (R-) 
Minska,  (K.) 
Mimo,  (\,  Zeal.) 
Mjoesen  (Sc.  Pen.)  L 
Mir,  (R.) 
Mira,  (Pen.) 
Mirabella,  (Ic) 
Mirambeau,  (Fr.) 
Miranda,  (Pen.) 
Mirande,  (FY) 
Mirandena,  (Pen.) 
Mirandola,  (lu) 
Mira:5  del  Caraino,  (Pen.) 
.Mirebeaii,  (Fr.) 
Xlirgorod,  (R.) 
IVIiropoIie,  (R.) 
M:^a,  (It.)  r. 
Mi.^asna,  (IL) 

Mishawaka,  (0.  S.) 
Mi5occo,  (Swilz.)  raL 
Missiones,  (S.  Am.) 
Missisinewa,  (U.  3.) 

Missisque,  (U.  S.) 

Mississaguas,  (Can.) 

Mississippi,  (U.  S.) 

Missolonghi,  (Gr.) 

Missouri,  (U.  S.) 

Missouri,  (Mei.)  vaL 

Mistefc,  (Austr.) 

Misteibach,  f  Austr.) 

Mislepec,  (Mex.) 

Miuu,  (R.) 

Miiroviz,  (Austr.) 

Mitlel  Franken,  (Ger.) 

MitltQwalde,  (Prus.) 

Mittweyda,  (Ger.) 

Mlinsk,  (Prus.) 

Moab,  Plains  of,  (Pal.) 

Moanalua,  (Sandw.  Ui.) 

Moboghdinsk,  (R.) 

>lDchkova,  (U.) 

Mncho,  (:^.  Am.)  mL 

Mf^hok,  (R.) 

Mockelby,  (Sc.  Pen.) 

Mirf-ordo,  (.Mei.) 

MiKlnne,  (U.) 

Mudderv.'eice,  (Prus.) 

Mo<iena,  (It.) 

Modem,  (Austr.) 

^lof^^das,  (Pen.) 

Moen,  (Den.)  isl. 

Moes,  (Austr.) 

Moe3a,  (Swilz.)  r. 

Mogadore,  (At. 

Mochilev,  (R.) 

Mo^ilicza  Post,  (Tur.) 

Mo^^ior,  (Pen.) 

.Mohacz,  (Austr.) 

3[uha\vk,  (U.  S.) 

Mohli,  (Swilz.) 

Moifetia,  (It.) 

Moirans,  (Fr.) 

3Io)sdon,  (Fr.) 

Sloissac,  (Fr.) 

Moiselles,  (Fr.) 

Moita,  (Pen.) 

Mojaisk,  (R.) 

Mokau,  (iV.  Zeal.) 

Mokchansk,  (E.) 

Mokrani,  (R.) 

3IokuoIa,  (Sandv7.  Isl.) 


rn'id-giinr'To 

vii-hiUj 

ni'Ukiis 

m'i-kd-nov'che 

vnl 

m'i-ld'gTo 

mVldn  or  m'i-idn'y  It.  m'i- 

m'i'ldt'so  \la.'no 

mil'ba-ry 

mi-le'ta 
I  v'il-yd'nd'va  de  mil-fdn'- 
\      Its 

m'i-ti'cha 

m'i'litsh 

m'il-U' si-mo 

mil'tt'n-ber^ 

iiiili'ihim 

mti-wau'kie 

mVna 

m'i'nds 

mVniLs 

min'dil 

min'den 

TJii-ner-vVno 

min-e-so'ta 

min-gld-iiiV  ya 

vim-grejti-a 

mdn^-g^ire' 

mViii-eh 

m'i-n'i-tre' 

TTtin-ne'tdr'ree 

vii-nor'ka 

vipisk 

mins'ka 

jnin'to 

m'iy^'sen 

m'ir 

m'i'Ta 

m'i-ra-beVIa 

vii-rdn^-bo' 

vti-rdn'da 

mi-rdngde^ 

mi-rdn-diVya 

mi -ran' do-la 

m'i'rds  del  k'd-vti'iio 

mire-bo' 

m'ir' go-rod 

m'i-ro'po-Vie 

m'i'za 

m'i-'.dn'ya 

mushr^-wa'ka 

m'i-zok'ko 

m'is-s'i-o'nis 

mis-sis''i-ney}-a 

mis-sis'que 

mts-siS'.sd'0QQ~as 

mis-sis-sip^'i 
misso-hii'g'i 

mis-SQ^'r'i 

mis-sQQ'r'i 

mis-'tel-bdZh 

m'is'U-pek 

m'i'Um 

m'i-trO'v'is 

mit'tel  frdnk'en 

mit'tenrvdl'de 

mit-m'da 

vilinsk 

mb'db 

m5-d-nd-lQQ'a 

mo'bogh-diTisk 

moch-ko'ca 

mo'cho 

mo'chok 

mqk'kclr^a 

mo-kor'do 

mo-dd'ji^ 

mqd'dcr-ci-tse 

mo-dt'na  or  mo-de'na 

mo' dim 

mo-t'dda 

7nAn 

m^Ls 

mtfii'za 

moff-d^ore' 

mb^ghi-lev 

mo-ji-l'is'sa 

mo-ger^ 

mb'hdss 

mb'hawk 

m'jh'H 

md-'i-fet'Ui 

mwd-rdng' 

mwd-ddn^' 

mwd-sdk.' 

micct-ziW 

mb'i'ta 

md'jd'isk 

mo'kou 

mok'chdnsk 

mO-krd'n'i 

mo-kQ^f-i'la 


Slola,  fit.) 
Moland,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Molar,  el,  (Pen.) 
Molara,  (It.)  U. 
Moldau.  (Austr.)  r. 
Moldavia,  (Tur.) 
Moldova,  (Aiislr.) 
Moline,  (Fr.)  isL 
Moleto,  (It.)  (. 
Molevo,  (Gr.)  mt. 
Molina,  (Pen.) 
Molitemo,  (It.) 
Molk,  (Austr.) 
Molkweren,  (Netli,) 
Mollerusa,  (Pen.) 
Molodetchno,  (R.) 
Mologa,  (R.) 
Molokai,  (Sandw.  Isl  ) 
Molokini,  (Sandw.  Isl.) 
Molsee,  (Den.) 
Molucca  Passage,  (As.) 
MoUvitz,  (Prus.) 
Molwolde,  (Neth.) 
Molykut,  (Austr.) 
Monibuoy,  (Pen.) 
Monachi,  (It.)  isl. 
Monacisso,  (It.) 
Monaco,  (It.) 
Monadnock,  (U.  S.) 
Monaghan,  (Ir.)  co. 
JMonast  Douvanei,  (R.) 
Monasterzyska,  (Austr.) 
Monastyricha,  (R.) 
Monberte,  (Fr.) 
Moncao,  (Pen.) 
Moncontour,  (Fr.) 
Moncorvo  Torrede,  (Pen.) 
Moncuq,  (Fr.) 
Mondego,  (Pen.)  c. 
Mondorff,  (Neth.) 
Mondovi,  (It.) 
Mondragone,  (It.) 
Mondsee,  (Austr.) 
IVIoneva,  (Pen.) 
Monforle,  (Pen.) 
Mouforte  de  Lemas,  (Pen, 

Monges,  los,  (S.  Am.)  Ul. 

Mongolia,  (As.) 

IMoniteau,  (U,  S.) 

Monkowarsk,  (Prus.) 

Monlong,  (Fr.) 

Monmouilishire,  (Eng.) 

Monnikendara,  (Neth.) 

Monongahela,  (11  S.) 

Monovar,  (Pen.) 

Monreal,  (Pen.) 

Monreale,  (It.) 

Monrejeau,  (Fr.) 

Mons,  (Neth.) 

Monserrat,  (Pen.) 

Monsteris,  (Sc.  Pen.) 

Mont  d'Aspe,  (Fr.) 

Mont  Billari,  (Fr.) 

Mont  Blanc,  (Switz.  &i  It. 

Mont  Cenis,  (Fr.) 

Mont  Dauphm,  (Fr.) 

Mont  Desir,  (Fr.) 

Mont  Genevre,  (Fr.) 

Mont  Louis,  (Fr.) 

Mont  Maraull,  (Fr.) 

Mont  de  Marsan,  (Fr.) 

Mont  St.  Michel,  (Fr.) 

Mont  Mezene,  (Fr.) 

Mont  d'Or,  (Fr.) 

Mont  Perdu,  (Fr.) 

Mont  SalV}',  (Fr.) 

Montagny,  (Switz,) 

Montaigu,  (Fr.) 

Montalban,  (Pen.) 

Montalegre,  (Pen.) 

Montalto,  (It.) 

Montalvao,  (Pen.) 

Montanches,  (Pen.) 

Montargis,  (Fr.) 

Montastrue,  (Fr.) 

Monlauban,  (Fr.) 

Montcalm,  (U-  S.) 

Montdidier,  (Fr.) 

Monte,  (Pen.)  r. 

Monte  Campell,  (Pen.) 

aionte  Figo,  (Pen.) 

Monte  Santo,  (It.  &  Tur. 

Monte  Santo,  (Tur.)  mt. 

Monte  Video,  (S.  Am.) 

Monteagudo,  (Pen.) 

Mnntealegre,  (Pen.) 

Montebello,  (It.) 

Montechiaro,  (It.) 
Montecristo,  (It.)  isl. 

Montenegro,  (Tur.) 

Montereau,  (tr.) 
Monterrey,  (Mes.)  b. 
Montesi,  (It.) 

1  Montesoro,  (It.) 


mo' la 

mS'ldnd 

U  mo-ldr^ 

mO-ld'ra 

vinVdou 

mijl-dd'v'i-a 

mdl-dd'va 

vt5-linc' 

md-le'to 

mO'le'na 

mb-Wna 

mb-l'i'tir'no 

molk 

mnlk-rp'ren 

mOl-y-rQQ'sa 

mo-lO-detch'no 

m5-lo'ga 

mo-lO-kV 

md-ld-kVn'i 

Tnql'ze 

vib-lQQk'ka 

mol'vits 

7nol-vql'dK 

mgly'lc^i^t 

inbm-bQQ-oi' 

mO-nd'k't 

md-nd-ck'is' so 

mb-nd'ko 

nin-ndd'nock 

mqn'a-gan 

mO'n'd'it  dou-rd'nei 

mH-n'ds-tvr-s'is'  ka 

rio-nds-Uj'fi'lha 

mung-bert' 

mdj^id'o 

m.Gng-kHng-lQtjr' 

mSii-kSr'vo  tbr-re'de 

monrr-kiik' 
■mdn-de'go 

viqn'dqrf 

won-do'v'i 
vwn-drd~gb'nt 

mond'ze 

mo-ne'va 

mon-for'U 
)     mdn-Jor'U  de  U'm'ds 

los  mOn'ikess 

vwn-gb'ti-a 

mon-'i-tb' 

mbn'ko-vdrsk 

r.ton<^-lbng' 

vwn' mnth-sfiirc 

mon'n'i-ken-ddin.' 

viu-von-ga-fiS'ia 

mo-n5-vdr' 

mon-re-dl' 

muii-rc-d'le 

mong-re-shb' 

mon.1 

7nbn'ser-rdt' 

7ndn-ste-Tbs' 

mong  ddsp 

mong  b'i-ijd-fi'  or  b'il-y'd~ 
..)     mong  bldng  [ri 

rnoitg  se-n'i' 

mong  db-fdnn' 

mong  de-zir° 

mong  ^e-nivr' 

mo7ig  l<}Q-'i' 

mong  indr-ro' 

mong  d'A  mdr-s'dng' 

mong  sang  mi-shiV 

viong  me-zine.' 

mong  dSre 

mong  per-dh' 

mong  sdl-v'i' 

mong-tdn-^jV 

mong-tS-git' 

vioit-tal-bdn' 

mon-td-le'gr^ 

mon-tdl'to 

mon-tdl-vd'o 

mdn-tdn'clies 

mong-idr-gi' 

mong-t'ds-ir^' 

mong-o-bdng' 

vionl-kdm' 

mong-di-di-i' 

mojvte 

mon'U  kdm'pehj 

viQu'te  fi'go 
)  c.  jnon'te  sdivto 

inon'te  sdn'to 

rnOn'te  vi'de-o 

vi(}n-te-d'^Q(}'do 

mon-te-iue'gre 

muit-te-bel'lc 

mon-ti-k'i-d'ro 

mon-te-kfis' to 

jnOii-te-7ie'  gro 

mong-te-rd' 

mon-tir'ri  (or  -rfi) 

mQn-le'zi 

inbn-te-so'ro 


Montfau^jon,  ^Swjlz.) 
Monifocrt,  (Ntili.) 
Montfurt,  (.Vtth.) 
Montc;oint:r>bhirc,  (Eng.) 
MonlhaJ,  (Swjtz.) 
Monlhex,  (J^witz.) 
Montijo,  (Pen.) 
Monlillo,  (Pen.) 
Montmorcnci,  (Can.) 
Montpelier,  (U.  8.) 
^fonlpellicr,  (Fr.) 
Montreal,  (Can.) 
Montrcu,  (Switz.) 

ilontrcuil,  (Fr.) 

Moorshedabad,  (Hind.) 
Moosbcuren,  (Ger.) 
Mo'juis,  (Mci.) 
Mora,  (Pen.) 
Mora,  (Sc  Pen.) 
iMorateda,  (Pen.) 
Moraleja,  fPtn.) 
^lorales,  (>Icx.) 
Morat  (Swilz.)  I. 
Montana,  (Pen.) 
Moravia,  or  Maehrcn, 

(Austr.) 
.Morbihan,  (Fr.)  dtp. 
Morchansk,  (R.) 
Moreau,  (L*.  S.) 
Morel,  (Switz.) 
Mort-Ua,  (Pen.) 
.Morelta,  (IL) 
Moreuil,  (Fr.) 
.^lorgarten,  (Switx.) 
Morjeporsk,  (R.) 
.Morjovetz,  (R.)  isl. 
Morlaix,  (Pr.) 
Moron,  (Pen.) 
Jlorro  di  Porco,  (It.)  c 
Mortagne,  (Fr.) 
Mortorii,  (It.)  iiL 
^^losburg,  (G«r.) 

Moschel,  (Ger.) 

Mosciska,  (Austr.) 

Moscow,  (R.) 
,  Moselle,  (Fr.)  r. 

^loselle,  (Fr.)  dep. 

Mosieu,  (R.) 

Mosievsk,  (R.) 

Moskoenes,  (Sc.  Pen.)  iaL 

Mosnocz,  (Austr.) 

Mosquito,  (U.  S.) 

Mosfi,  (Sc.  Pen.)  * 

Mos-^'ska,  (R.) 

Mosskirch,  (Ger.) 

Mostevro,  (Pen.) 

Mosul',  (Tur.) 

Motagua,  (.Mci.)  r. 

Moting,  (Austr.) 

Motka,  (R.)  r. 

Motril,  (Pen.) 

Mottn,  (IL) 

Molle,  la,  (Fr.) 

Motte  .\rchard,  la,  (Fr.) 

Motte  llcauvron,  la,  (Fr.) 

Motlola,  (It) 

Mouki  Kaksi,  (R,) 

Moulins,  (Fr.) 

Moull,  (Fr.) 

Mount  Annan,  (ScoL) 

Mount  Belk-w,  (Ir.) 

Mount  llcnger,  (Scot) 

Mourn,  (Pen.) 

Moiirao,  (Pen.) 

Mourom,  (R.) 

:Mourscele,  (Xeth.) 

Moutier,  (Switz.) 

Mouticr,  la.  (Fr.) 

I\(outiers.  (Fr.) 

Slouzon,  (Fr.) 

Moxac;ir,  (Pen.) 

Mo.Tsaco,  (Pen.) 

.Moya,  (Pen.) 

Mojamcnsing,  (U.  S.) 

Mozambique,  (.-U".)  id. 

.Mozdek,  (R.) 

>Iozvr 

JIuchaniicI,  (Pen.) 

Mucla,  la,  (Pen.) 

Mufaloti,  (It) 

Muga,  la,  (Pen.) 

Mugden,  (Switz.) 

Mugcm,  (Pen.) 

Muceres,  (Mex.)  isi. 

Muglitz,  (.\ustr.) 

Muhlburg,  (Ger.) 

Muhldorf,  (Ger.) 

Muhlen.  (Switz.) 
Muhlcnbadi,  (Austr.) 
Muhlhauscn,  (Prus.) 
Muhlstedt,  (Gt'r.) 
Muiden,  (Neth.) 
Muirkirk.  (Xeth.) 


m&Kl'f&rt 
vung-ftrr^ 

mqn'taU 
non'tiks 

m^jn-tri-^' 
namg-tr^' 
mong-tr^i'  or  ■ 

mS»-^i'rem 

mC'kU 


nOrMi'ri-t 


mC'ZlU' 
mH-UW 

vias'kA-mAM 


TttijS-tl' 


mSt'tc 


hfl-Uie^ 


Id  of^'r* 


tsn'dni 


Fr.  long  eft  and  short 


ea,  nearly  as  in  .p.r.-  Final  ly,  Fr<=nci>  I  ,nouiac.  -M'gcr,  ,i"c.»..-g  as  .  in pUas^r. ,-  i  ^n^  »  P>»""'  -,  .y  ...u... ;  a  «  .n  ^         ,| 


1349 


PRONUNCIATION   OF   MODERN    GEOGRAPHICAL   NAMES. 


Miikrain,  (Per.) 
IVIula,  (Pen.) 
iMullicas,  (U.  S.) 
fliulzen,  (Pnis.) 
Muriii-s,  (Pen.) 
Mimciialtorf,  (Switz.) 
Miincliberg,  (Ger.) 
Miinclien,  or  Munich,  f  Ger 
Munciiengratz,  (Austi.) 
Munchmunstcr,  (Ger.) 
iMuiichwuilei,  (Switz.) 
Mundelstrup,  (Den.) 
Mundo,  (R.)  r. 
flliinora,  (Pen.) 
Munich,  or  Munchen,  (Ger. 
MuniHschweiler,  (Switz.) 
Munsingen,  (Switz.) 
Munster,  (Switz.  &  Ger.) 
Munsterberg,  (Prus.) 
Muonio,  (R.)  r. 
Mnonioniska,  (R.) 
Muotta,  (Switz.) 
Murat,  (Fr.  &,  Switz.) 
Muravera,  (It ) 
Murca,  (Pen.) 
Murcia,  (Pen.) 
Murel,  (Fr.) 
Murg,  (Switz.) 
Murg,  (Ger.)  r. 
Muri,  (Switz.) 
Murmansk,  (R.)  mU 
Muro,  (It.) 
Miiroutsee,  (Af.) 
Murten,  (Switz.) 
Murthalen,  (Switz.) 
Murviedro,  (Pen.) 
Muscat,  (Ar.) 
Muschaken,  (Prus.) 
Muschau,  (Austr.) 
Muscina,  (Austr.) 
Rluscogee,  (U.  S.) 
Musingen,  ?Switz.) 
Muskau,  (Prus,) 
Muskingum,  (U.  S.) 
Musdon,  (Neth.) 
Mussttraali,  (It.) 
Muttcra,  (It.) 
Muiterstadt,  (Ger.) 
Muy.  Ic,  (Fr.) 
MuzUlac,  (Fr.) 
Mysore,  (Ind.) 


mii'kT'dm 

vnd'ii-has 
viQnVtsen 
mnr^'iuts 
vmn^h-tXl'tqrf 

,)  viun'lhni 

7iiU'i'f:heii-frrdts 

iin'mlk-mriii'sUr 

munch-vi'ler 

vi^i^n' dil-strg^ 

viiiu'do 

m(}(}''ie-ra 
,)  mil'iiik 

inQQ'n'i-lisk-^Vlir 

mQQii-zing'  ill 

mS.li' stir 

viun'stir-hir§ 

mu-o'n'i-o 

mu-o-n  i-o-n'is'ka 

vinQ-ut'ta 

mu-rd' 

vK^Q'Td've'ra 

viQQr'Ica 

mu-re' 
mQQr^ 
mQQrg 

WQQ'r'i 

mur'mdnsk 

viQQ'ro 

mii-roiU'scc 

mQQr'ten. 

mQ(yr'td4in 

m<}Qr-v'i-e' dro 

mus-cdt' 

7nQ^'shd-kai 

inijQ'shou 

mQ<;^ch'i'na 

mus-kO'jee 

m(fQ' ling-en 

iriQQs'kou 

mus-king' um 

mus-song' 

lUQQS-SQQ-'md'l'i 

iHQQt'te-ra 

vK^Qt'ter-stdl 

I'd  mui 

mu-zi-yWc'  or  mU-zil-ydk' 

my-sdre' 


N. 


Naab,  (Ger.)r. 
Naarden,  (Neth.) 
Naas,  (Ir.) 
Nabaja,  (Mex.)  r. 
Nabloua,  or  Nabnius,  (Syr.) 
Narhes,  (R.) 
Nachod,  (Austr.) 
is'cicogdnches,  New  and        ) 

Old,  (Mex.)  j 

Nacori,  (Mex.) 
Nadaco,  (Mex.) 
Nadvoitzka,  (R.) 
Naffis,  (Switz.) 
Nagansk,  (R.) 
Nagera,  (Pen.) 
Naghersk,  (R.) 
Nagpoor,  (Ind.) 
Nagy  Alraas,  (A«?tr.) 
Nagy  Becskerk,  (Austr.) 
Nagy  Karoly,  (Austr.) 
Nagy  Koros,  (Austr.) 
Nagy  Varad,  or  Gross  j 

Wardein,  (Austr.)        '[     j 
Nagybanga,  (Austr.)       "" 
Naiianioura,  (As.) 
Nahant,  (U.  S.) 
Nahr,  (Ger.)  r. 
Nairn,  (Scot.) 
Naitravutty,  (Ind.) 
Najac,  (Fr.) 
Nakel,  (Prus.) 
Nachchivan,  (R.) 
Nacliitchevan,  (R.) 
Nakskov,  (Deu.) 
Nalda,  (Pen.) 

Namagualand,  Grant,  (Af.) 
Nainaquipa,  (Mcs.) 
Nambre,  (Mex.) 
Namiszto,  (Austr.) 
Nampont,  (Fr.) 
Namur,  (Neth.) 
Nanadores,  (Mex.) 
Nanas,  (Austr.) 
Nanawale,  (Sandw.  Isl.) 
Nangasaki,  (Jap.) 
Nankin,  (Ch.) 


nal/e 
jidr'dett 
ndcc 
na-hd'^ha 

nd'cIUssc 
nd'lhod 

nd-k5g-du  'cJiess 

nd-kfi'r'i 
nd-dd'ko 
ndd-voiti'ka 
nd'fils 
nd-gdjisk' 
nd'che-ra 
nd'gersk 
ndif-pQQr' 
nod}  dVm'ds 
nod}  bich'kcrk 
nqdj  kd-rohf 
nodj  ko'ros 

Jiodj  vd'rod 

nodj-b'dn' ga 

nd-hd-viQQ'ra 

nd-hdnt' 

ndre 

n&rn 

nd-trd-rut'ty 

nd-skdJi' 

nd'kel 

nd^h-tckV  v'dii 

n  dZh-iuk'  e-vd?i 

■ndk'skovc 

■ndl'da 

-.td-md' g<}(^'d-idnd 

nd-ind-k'i'pa 

7idm'bre 

nd-mis'to 

ndiig-pong' 

nd-mitrc' 

jid-nd^dd'resse 

ndhids 

7ld-7ld-tD'd'lC 

■sning-ga-sd'Hi 
■jian-Jciiif 


Nannay,  (^Fr.) 
Nantes,  (Fr.) 
Nantucket,  (U.  S.) 
Nao,  de  la,  (Pen.) 
Naolwyk,  (Neth.) 
Napi,  (Switz.)  mt. 
Napier,  (Australia,)  mt. 
Naples,  or  NapoU,  (It.) 
Naponoch,  (U.  S.) 
Napoule,  (Fr.)  "■. 
Narbonne,  (Fr.) 
Nardo,  (It.) 
Narenta,  (Austr.)  r. 
Narkcnby,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Narni,  (It.) 
Naro,  (It.)  r. 
Naiol,  (Austr.) 
Nariaganset,  (U.  S.) 
Narraguagus,  (U.  S.) 
Narrenbach,  (Switz.) 
Narva,  (R.) 
Nashawn,  (U.  S.) 
Nashua,  (U.  S.) 
Nashville,  (U.  S.) 
Naso,  (It.) 
Nassau,  (Ger.) 
Nassoge,  (Neth.) 
Nastetten,  (Ger.) 
Nastvig,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Natavvasauga,  (U.  S.) 
Natcliaug,  (U.  S.) 
Natcliitoches,  (U.  S.) 
Naters,  (Switz.) 
Nattavare,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Nauders,  (Austr.) 
Naugarten,  (Prus.) 
Naugatuck,  (U.  S.) 
Nauniburg,  (Prus.) 
Nauplia,  (Gr.)  ir. 
Nauvoo,  (U.  S.) 
Nava,  (Pen.) 
Nava  de  Coca,  (Pen.) 
Navacerado,  (Pen.) 
Navahennosa,  (Pen.) 
Navahoa,  (Mex.) 
Navailles,  (Fr.) 
Navalacru/.,  (Pen.) 
Navalcarnera,  (Pen.) 
Navalnianzano,  (Pen.) 
Navalpino,  (Ten.) 
Navariuo,  (Gr.) 
Navarra,  (Pen.) 
Navarre  and  Beam,  (Fr.) 
Navarreins,  (Fr.) 
Navjis,  (Pen.) 
Navasola,  (Mex.)  r, 
Navata,  (Pen.) 
Navidad,  Porte  de,  (Mex.) 
Naville,  (Switz.) 
Navinki,  (R.) 
Navolok,  (R.)  c. 
Naxia,  (Mex.) 
Nazareth,  (Neth.) 
Nazaro,  (Switz.) 
Neagh,  Lougli,  (Ir.) 
Neant,  (Fr.) 
Nebel,  (Den.) 
Neberlingen,  (Ger.) 
Nebo,  (Pal.)  mt. 
Neches,  (U.  S:) 
Neckar,  ?Ger.) 
Neckar  Elz,  (Ger.) 
Neckar,  Lower,  Middle, 

and  Upper,  (Ger.) 
Neckar,  r. 

Ned  Thomas,  (Mox.) 
Neder  Erakel,  (Neth.) 
Needen,  (Neth.) 
Neer,  (Neth.) 
NeeiuoD,  (Den.) 
Neften,  (Switz.) 
Negino,  (R.) 
Negres,  les,  (Fr.) 
Negrete,  (Pen.)  c. 
Negrillo,  (Mex.) 
Neidenburg,  (Prus.) 
Neisse,  (Prus.) 
Neisse,  (Prus.)  r. 
Nellingen,  (Ger.) 
Neinahaw,  (II.  S.) 
Nemethi,  (Austr.) 
Neniirov,  (R.) 
Nemiscau,  (U.  3.) 
Nemouis,  (Fr.) 
Nenagh,  (Ir.) 
NenfoUIe,  (Neth.) 
Neon,  (Switz.) 
Neoslio,  (U.  S.) 
Nepaui,  (Ind.) 
Nepomuceno,  (Me.x.) 
iNeponset,  (U.  S.) 
Nera,  (Austr.)  r. 
Nerac,  (Fr.) 
Nerv':^ia,  (Austr.) 


7iUu~nd' 

ndngt 

ndii'tuk'H 

de  Id  iid'o 

ith-5l'vtke 

nd' p'i 

■lid.' pier 

na'p^Ls,  n'd'pO-l't 

ndp'o-jtok 

nd-p(y^V 

ndr-bonc' 

ndr'do 

nd-rtiii'ta 

ndr'ken-bii  ' 

ndr'iii 

nd'ro 

nd'rol 

ndr-rd-gdji'set 

ndr-rd-gwd'  gas 

nar'ren-bdi/L 

ndr'va 

ndsh-awn' 

ndsh'QQd 

ndsh'vil 

tid'zo 

nds'sou  ^ 

nds-sogc- 

nd'stit-lai 

rtdst'v'ig 

nat-d-wdsaiij  ga 

ndtch'aug 

ndtch-'i-iotoh' cs 

nd'lers 

ndt-td-v'd're 

nou'ders 

nou-gdr'ten 

nan'ga-tuck 

noam'b<)()r^ 

no\i'pti-a 

nd'va 

lid'va  de  ko'ka 

nd-vd-tUe-rd'  do 

nd'vd-er-mu'sa 

nd-vd-0'a 

nd-vd~'i'  or  Jid-^dly' 

7id-vd'ld-krQ(;ith' 

nd-odl'kdr-ne'ra 

nd-vdl'mdn-thd'jto 

nd-vdl-p'ihio 

nd-vd-r  i'  no 

Tid-odr'ra 

vd~^dr'^  be-dr' 

nd-vdr-rdng' 

nd'vds 

nd-vd^o'ta 

jid-vd'ta 

pSr'te  de  n'd-v'i-ddd' 

nd-v'ilc' 

nd'Vin'k'i 

nd'vU'lQk 

nd'lk'i-a 

ndz'd-rKth 

nd-d'.d'ro 

IMh  nd' 

nc-diig' 

nl'bU 

nS'bir-ling'en 

ne'bu 

iietch'Sz 

nik'dr 

nck'dr  elts 

i  nek'dr 

nek'dr 

ned  to' mas 

ne'der  brd'kil 

ni'deri 

nSre 

riGre'o 

listen 

ne-g'i'no 

le  itigr' 

ne-gre'te 

iie-ffrWyo  or  M-grVyo 

nl'den-bgi^r^ 

nJs'se 

nis':ie 

net' ling-en 

7ie-ntaw' huto 

ne~mt'ti 

ne'iiii-rov' 

liS-jiiU'kaii 

7ic-nd' 

ndiig-fobj'  or  ndng-jo-'i 

liE'dng' 

ne'o-s/i5 

7ie-panl' 

ne-pd-mQQ-ihe'  {-se')  no 

nc-poji'sit 

ne'ra 

ne-rdJc' 

7i^-7'e' z'i-a 


Nerja,  (Pen.) 
Neinio,  (Pen.) 
Nerondes,  (Fr.) 
Nertchinsk,  (As.) 
N^sbcrg,  (Den.) 
Nescopeck,  (U.  S.) 
Nesfiaminy,  (U.  S.) 
Neshanock,  (U.  S.) 
Nesslau,  (Switz.) 
Nesteri,  (R.) 
Nesterova,  (R.) 
Nesvij,  (R.) 
Nelherhmds 
Nether  Stowcy,  (Eng.) 
Neto,  (It.)  r. 
Nettuno,  (It.) 
Nctz,  (Prus.)  r. 
Neuberg,  (Austr.) 
?,'eucliatcl,  (Switz.) 
Neuchatel,  (Switz.)  I. 
Neudorf,  (Switz.) 
Ncuenburg,  (Pius.) 
Neuf  Brisach,  (Fr.) 
Neufchateau,  (Fr.  &.  Neth.) 
Neufclialel,  (Fr.) 
Neugedeyn,  (Austr,) 
Neuliaus,  (Austr.) 
Neuhausen,  (Switz.) 
Neuille  Pierre,  (Fr.) 
Neukirch,  (Switz.) 
Neumark,  (Prus.) 
Neumarkt,  (Austr.) 
Ncusiedlcr,  (Austr.)  /. 
Neusiedel,  (Austr.) 
Neustadt,  (Ger.  Prus.  & 

Austr.) 
Neustaedtel,  (Prus.  &  Austr 
Neustadtz,  (Austr.) 
Neirtra,  (Austr.) 
Neutra,  (Austr.)  i: 
Neuvie,  (Fr.) 
Neuville,  (Switz.) 
Neuwedel,  (Prus.) 
Neva,  (R.) 

Nevada,  la  Sierra,  (Pen.) 
Nevel,  (R.) 
Nevers,  (Fr.) 
Neville,  (Me.x.) 
Nevinna,  (R.) 
New  Asselt,  (Neth.) 
Newberry,  or  Newbury, 

(U.  S.) 
New  Brunswick,  (Can.) 
Newcastle,  (Eng.) 
New  Echota,  (U.  S.) 
New  Fane,  (U.S.) 
New  Granada,  (9.  Am.) 
New  Mexico,  (Mox.) 
New  Orleans,  (U.  S.) 
New  Paltz,  (U.  S.) 
New  Shoal,  (Mex.) 
Newent,  (Eng.) 
New  Rochelle,  (U.  S.) 
Nexel,  (Den.)  isl. 
Nexoe,  (Den.) 
Ngateruanui,  (N.  Zeal.) 
NiKarleby,  (R.) 
Niagara,  (Can.) 
Nianguin,  (East.  Isl.) 
Nicaragua,  (Mex.) 
Nicaragua,  (Mex.)  I. 
Nice,  or  Nizza,  (It.) 
Nicobar,  (As.) 
Nicolaasga,  (Neth.) 
Nicomedia,  (Tur.) 
Nicolel,  (Can.) 
Nicoya,  (Mex.)  g. 
Nider  Kerschen,  (Neth.) 
Nieder  Baiern,  (Ger.) 
Niedcrsfehl,  (Ger.) 
Niederwald,  (Switz.) 
Niederweiler,  (Swiiz.) 
Niemen,  (R.)  r. 
Nii;niirow,  (Austr.) 
Nienberg,  (Ger.) 
Nienhuic,  (Neth.) 
Nicswile,  (Neili.) 
Nieuport,  (Nelli.) 
Nieuwenooin,  (Neth.) 
Nieuwersluis,  (Neth.) 
Nieuwpoort,  (Neth.) 
Nienwveld  Bergen,  (Af.) 
Ni^vre,  (Fr.)  drp, 
Nigur,  or  Ciuorra,  (Af.) 
Niihau,  (Sandw.  Isl.) 
Nikolsburg,  (Austr.) 
Nikolsk,  (R.) 
Nikopolis,  (Tur.) 
Nikoulino,  (R.) 
Nile  Bahrnii,  (Eg.) 
Nilgherry,  (Ind.)  jn(. 
Ninore,  (Nelh.) 
Niokta,  (R.) 
Nions,  (Fr.) 


ner'Zfia 

ner'n'i-o 

ne-ro7igd' 

ner'tch'jnsk 

nds'ber^ 

ne^-kO'pek 

nes-shdTn'i-vij 

iiis' skd-iiok 

nes'loiL 

nes'tfi-fi 

nes-tt-rd'va 

lies' v'ij 

ni-tfl'  er-ldnds 

ncth'er  stO'y 

ne'to 

JlH-tQ^'llO 

nets 

noi'bir^ 

noi-shd-teV  or  ntrfi-sli'd-teV 

noi-skd'teV  or  n<^-shd~tH' 

noi'ilqr/ 

iioi'  in-bnqr^ 

7((*il  br'i-zdk' 

?it'h-iihd-td' 

7i^-shd-ti-L' 

noi'ge-dlne' 

7toi'hoiis 

7ioi'hou'zi'n 

ni^-'i  or  ndtlly  p'i-irc' 

7ioi'k'irZh 

noi'indrk 

noi'mdrkt 

iioi'z'id'ler 

7ioi' si-del 

>  iioi'stdt 

.)}7oi'sta-ttl 
nol'stdt3 
iLoi'tra 
noi'trc 
71  ^-vV 
nt^-v'ilc' 
iioi'vt'dil 
iiK'vd 

Id  s'i-er'rd  7ie-v'd'dd 
ne'vel 
HR-vere' 

Tie-v'ile'y  ne-v'il'y!^  or  nfi- 
iie-v'in'na  [p(-£' 

7iui  ds'silt 

nu'bh--rij 

7in  brum'ik 

nu'kass^l 

nu  e-tcho'td 

7tu  Jane 

nu  grd-nd'da 

7it7.  me'ch'i-ko 

nu  or'le-dnz 

nu  paltz 

nu  :ihotU 

iiu'eiit 

7m  ToskiV 

nck'.-iel 

neks' eh 

ngd-te-7^t-d-nu-'i 

7iiL  kdr'le-bil 

n'i-d.'gd-ra  or  ni-dg'orra 

n'i-dn-gni7i 

n'i-kd-ra' gQQa 

n'i-kd-rd' g<j<ja 

n'fsc 

nik'O-bdr' 

ui-k6-ld$'ga 

7ii-kG^m&'di-a 

7ii-kO-le' 

n'i-ko'ya 

n'i'der  kns'kin 

n'i'd6r  bVern 

7i'i' dira-fvlt 

n'i'der-vdlt 

ni' der-vV  ler 

nye'men 

n'ie-m'i'ro  (-tqq/) 

nV  en-bKr^ 

ni'm-hfiih 

n'is-vVle 

no  i' port 

not'  Dt-7tdm 

noi'vcr-slois 

noi'pBrt 

noi'frlt  bcr'geii 

n'i-Svr' 

7it'jir 

n'i-'i-hou' 

n'i' kols'bqijr^ 

n'i-kalsk 

ni-kop'o-lis 

n'i-knu-l'i'no 

Tiitc  bdr-Tiil 

nil'gkcr-i-y 

n'i-7wre' 

ny5k'ta 

lii-OTig' 


I    ■'^'Sec./dj-j/jiH,  ir.hqty  bdf.  —  .MStc,  preij,  kr.lp,  tJiSre,  hcr.—Pinc^  marine,  bird,  fig.— JiTdtc,  dove,  mSvc,  wnlf,  bQ^k,  lord.—Tilnej  bull,  linile Fr.  long  vile  ;  Fr.  short  but.- 

1350  ^^^^'^  ~~        " 


G 


PRONUNCIATION   OF   MODERN    GEOGHAnilCAL   NAMES. 


Ninrt,  (Fr,) 
Niplioii,  (As.) 
Xipissiu^,  (\.  Am.) 
Ni^hnebiUor.a,  (U.  S.) 
Nisi,  (It.) 

Niskayvuia,  (IT.  S.) 
Xissedal,  (Si-.  Feu.) 
Nissila,  (K.) 
Nissinn,  (.Den.) 
Kissuui  Fjiinl,  (Den.) 
Nisielrode,  (Nl-Uu) 
Xisue  Point,  (Can.) 
Niiilu,  (Sandw.  Isl.) 
Nivflies,  (Xcth.) 
Niveniois,  (Fr.) 
.\i7^,  (Pen.) 
Nizabad,  (R.) 
Xizam,  (!ud.) 
Xizampatam,  (Iiid.) 
Nizib,  (Syr.) 
Nizraow,  (.■\ustr.) 
Nizsra,  (Austr.) 
Xizza,  or  Nice,  (JL) 
Njumnda,  (i>c.  Pen.) 
Noble  Mt.  (Switz.) 
Nohloslofca,  (R.) 
Nobre,  la,  (Fr.) 
Nocera,  (It.) 
Nod,  (Switz.) 
Nods,  (Switz.) 
.\oe,  (Fr.) 
No-ent,  (Fr.) 
Nogent  stir  Seine.  (Fr.) 
Noguera  Palleresa,  (Pen.)  r 
Nogtiera,  (Pen.)  r. 
Noiremont,  (Fr.) 
Noiretable,  (Fr.) 
Noirnionl,  (S;vilz.) 
Noirraontier,  (Switz.) 
Noja,  (IL) 
Noli,  (It.) 
Nohnsk,  (R.) 
Nomao,  (Pen.) 
Nonibre  de  Dios,  (Mei.) 
Nona,  (Au?tr.) 
Nonaiicourt,  (Fr.) 
Nonant,  (Fr.) 
N.Mird  Dorp,  (Neth.) 
Noord  Dyk,  (Neth.) 
Noordbruek,  (Neth.) 
Nootdorp,  (Neth.) 
Nora,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Norberg,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Norcia,  (il.) 
.\ord,  (Fr.)dcp. 
Nordal,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Nordborg,  (Den.) 
Nordbye,  (Den.) 
Nordenbroe,  (Den.) 
Nordfield,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Nordliau^cn,  (Prus.) 
Nordland,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Nordnialmge,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Nordsimnd,  (Den.)  isl. 
Nordwyk,  (.\eth.) 
Norenburg,  (Pms.) 
Norfolk,  (Can.  &.  Eng.) 
Norgci,  (Fr.) 
Norgh,  (Neth.) 
Norre  Va^bore,  (Den.)^ 
Norreiaard,  (Den.) 
Norridscwock,  (U.  S.) 
Norrkoepmg,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Nonrielgc,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Norte,  del,  (Mex.) 
Northumberland,  (Eng. 

Can.  .-\ustnilia) 
Nortong,  (Den.) 
Norup,  (Uen.) 
Norwalk,  (U.  S.) 
Norway,  (He.  Pen.) 
Norwich,  (U.  S.) 
Notaro,  (It.) 
Noto,  (It.) 
Noto  Antico,  (IL) 
Notozero,  (R.) 
Nottinghamshire,  (Eng.) 
Nouan,  (Fr.) 
Nouan  le  Fiizilier,  (Fr.) 
Noucha,  (R.) 
Nouvelle,  la,  f  Fr.) 
Noiivion,  (Fr.) 
Nova,  (Pen.) 
Novallo,  (Pen.) 
.N'ovalmoral,  (Pen.) 
.\ovamie9to,  (R.) 
Nova  Scotia,  (N.  Am.) 
Novara,  (It.) 
Novegno,  (IL)  mL 
Novelda,  (Pen.) 
Novensk,  (R.) 
Noventa,  (It.) 
Novgorod,  (R.) 
Novi,  (II.) 


n'i'Orc' 
nt-phgn' 

itisk'ne-ba-to'iia 

nVzi 

nis-kd-yg^'na 

nis^se-fleite' 

nissi'la 

nis'sQi}m  fijord 
Tits' tei-rd'de 

7li~ziL' 

n'i-vSW 

n'i-veT-7uoa' 

n'i'tha 

n'i-zd-bdd 

n'i'zam 

ni-zdm'pa~tdm 

n'i'zib 

n'isk'mo  {-m^of) 

n'i'skra 

nit'za 

nuu-r<iqn' da 

nobl 

nQ-blQslu'ka 

Id  nobr 

no'che-ra 

nod 

nods 

nd 

no-g'dng 

no-gdng-  siir  sane 

no-ge'rn  pdl-ye-r^'sa 

no-gt'ra 

niodr-monff' 

njcdr-tdbl' 

nwdr-mong' 

Tiwdr-nwtig-tie' 

no'ya 

no'ti 

nd-l'znsk' 

no-md'o 

nom'bre  de  di'os 

no'na 

nb-ndng-kQ^' 

no-ndng' 

n5rd  dorp 

nord  dike  . 

ndrd'brQQk 

note'dorp 

uQg'ra 

nOr'berg 

ndr'tcha 

n5re 

nor' dale 

nqrd'bor§ 

nord' bit 

nqr'den-brd 

nOrd'fyeld 

nort-hou'zen 

nord'ldnd 

nord'md'ting-e 

■nord'strdnd 

nqrt'vtke 

7ib'ren-bQ<}r§ 

nor' f ok 

nOrshe 

nor^ 

norre  v'ds'bor§ 

nqr're-gorde 

nor-ridj'uk 

nor-ck^'ping 

nqr-tel'ye 

del  nOr'te 

I  noT-thum'ber-land 

ndr'tong 

TMr'wak 

nor'tch. 

com.  nor'ridje 

no-id'ro 

nG'to 

nO'to  dn-ti'ko 

nO-tO'ze-ro 

nol'ting-ha  msh'ire 

nQ(}-dng' 

n<}Q-dnir'  16  /u-ii-ft-e' 

nou'Zha 

Id  n<}i^vile' 

n4jQ^'iqng' 

nS'va 

nO-vdl'yo 

nd-^dlhno-rdl' 

nQ-zd-myes'to 

nO'va  skQ'sh'i-a 

nQ-vd'ra 

nO-v^.n'ijo 

nG-vil'da 

n^'vhtsk 

nO-vin'ta 

noT)'g5^od 

nd'v'i 


Noville,  (Neth.) 
Novo  Ilielitsa,  (R.) 
Novogrodek,  (It.) 
Novoselitsa,  (U.) 
Novo  Tchcrkask,  (R.) 
Nowaweis,  (Prus.) 

Nowe  Miastow,  (Austr.) 

Nowysandek,  (Austr.) 
Noya,  (Pen.) 
Noyer,  (Fr.) 
Noyer,  ie,  (Fr.) 
Noyon,  (Fr.) 
Nueces,  (Mex.) 
Nuenbrach,  (Den.) 
Nueva,  (Pen.) 
Nueva  Leon,  (Mex.) 
Nafenen,  (Switz.) 
Nuggiir,  (Ind.) 
Nuits,  (Fr.) 
Nulegan,  (U.  S.) 
Niiles,  (Pen.) 
Nullize,  (Fr.) 
Nulvi,  (It.) 
Numspeet,  (Neth.) 
Numen,  (Neth.) 
Nuovo,  (It.) 
Nuovo,  (It.)  c. 
Nura,  (it.) 
Nura,  (It.)  r. 
Nuralleo,  (It.) 
Nuremberg,  or  Nuernberg, 

(Ger.) 
Nurlingen,  (Gcr.) 
Nurmansheer,  (Per.) 
Nurmis,  (R.) 
Nuernberg,  or  Nuremberg, 

(Ger.) 
Nurva  Steffhest,  (Austr.) 
Nusairiyeh,  (Syr.) 
Nusplingen,  (Ger.) 
Nusterup,  (Den.) 
Nutrias,  (Mex.) 
Nuyts,  (Fr.) 
Nvack,  (U.  S.) 
Nyby,  (Sc.  Pl-h.) 
Nyeborg,  (Den.) 
Nyehye,  (Den.) 
Nyegaard,  (Den.) 
Nyekioebing,  (Den.) 
Nykerk,  (Neth.) 
Nykoeping,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Nyon,  (Switz.) 
Nyslotl,  (R.) 
Nystad,  (R.) 
Nyszas,  (Tur.) 
Nyvir  Bates,  (Austr.) 


nd-v'ile' 

vu'vo  byt-tft'ea 

nu'va-grO'dsk 

nO'vO-se-iit'sa 

lio'vu  Icker'kdak 

nu'va^Js 
(  no'v^  mida'tO  or  nj^'u* 
\      mids't(}(if 

no-v'i-sUn'deh 

no'ya 

no-yit' 

Id  n5-yfi' 

iiWci-yntig' 

v<^^r-tJiesse  (sesse) 

na'hi-brdlh 

vQQe'va 

'HQ^^e'va  h-onc' 

^tQQ'f£-nm 

7tng'^i^r 

nu-'i' 

nul'c-frayi 

nQQ'li^ssc 

nnl-l'ize' 

■n<i<}l'v'i 

n()<}ia'sp&tc 

nQQ'miii 

71<}Q-6'V0 

nQQ-o'vo 
n^Q'ra 
nQtf'ra 
nQQ-rdh-h'o 

f  ngQ'rem-ber§ 

nQQr'ling-in 
nur' man-sheer 


nQQr'va  steff^hisht 

7iu-Sf2-fi'y(i 

7U}(}s'plinfr.at 

TK^t^s'te-r^fp 

7>i;iQ-tr'i'as 

V  ui 

nVak 

■nii'bji 

7iu'bqr§ 

nji'hfi 

7iSi'gordc 

nu-liii^'blng 

nVkerk 

7iu-chdh'ping 

iii-ojig 

7iii'slqt 

nH'stdd 

ny'is'sds 

ny'i'vir  b'd'tos 


0. 


Oahd,  (S.  Isl.) 

Oasis,  Great,  Lesser,  and 

Western,  (Eg.) 
Oaxaca,  (Mex.) 
Ob  Furen,  (Switz.) 
Obenberg,  (Austr.) 
Ober  Baiern,  (Gcr ) 
Ober  Frankini,  (Ger.) 
Obtr  Sachsen,  (Switz.) 
Oberlangen.  (Ger.) 
Obemiki,  (Prus.) 
Ober  Pfalz,  and  Regens- 

berg,  (Ger.) 
Oberstein,  (Ger.) 
Obertin,  (Austr.) 
Oherwald,  (Switz.) 
Oberweiler,  (Switz.) 
Obidos,  (Pen.) 
Obidos,  Lago  de,  (Pen.) 
Obodovka,  (R.) 
Obra,  (Prus.)  r. 
Obriesh,  (Austr.) 
Obrovaszo,  (Austr.) 
Ocana,  (Pen.) 
Ocana,  Porto  de,  (3   Am.) 
Occia,  (II.)  r. 
Occoquaw,  (U.  S.) 
Oceanica 
Ocfola,  (U.  S.) 
Ochiltree,  (Scot.) 
Ochmiani,  (R.) 
Ochsenfurth,  (Ger.) 
Ochten,  (Neth.) 
Ocker,  (Ger.)  r. 
Ocmulgee,  (U.  S.) 
Ocoa,  (W.  Ind.)  b. 
Oconee,  (U.  S.) 
Ocosioga,  (Mex.) 
Ocracoke,  (U.  S.) 
Ocroni,  (Mex.) 


od'IiQQ 

{i-d'sis 

S-d-Ba'ka 

(ipfw'ren 

d'btn-ber^ 

^'bi'r  bVem 

o'ber  frdnk'en 

O'ber  zdlc'se.n 

5'ber-ldng*en 

0'ber-7ii'k'i 

u'ber  pfdlts,  rc'gens 

o'ber-stine 

O'ber-t'ine 

O'bcT-odlt' 

o'bir-vVUr 

5-b'i'dos 

Id' go  de  O~b'i'dos 

o-bo-dov'ka 

d'bra 

o  'brisk 

o-brd-vds'so 

5-kd'na 

pSr'to  de  d'kd'Jta 

ol'tcha 

ok'kS-kwa70 

i5-sk'i-dn''i-kii 

o-sc-5'la 

o-kil'trce 

otch-Tiii-d' ni 

oz'  tn-fijart' 

qlh'ten 

qk'kir 

ok-mulg'ee 

0'k5'a 

o-ko'nea 

0-k5-s'i'&'ga 

ok'ra-kdke 

ij-krd'n'i 


Ocaod,  (Aiulr.) 

ouK'od 

Oclmar«ufn,  (\clh.) 

<j'.^.-fn/lr.4^^m 

Oil.l.irn,  (iJcn.) 

"  1 

OildiTi.  (Sc.  P,:ri.) 

Odeiiiira,  (!'''fi.) 
OdiMiw,  (bin.) 

Oderberir,  (I'niH.) 

■'/  i-r-irrf 

Oiler,  (Pnn.)  r. 

OdcseixaM,  (Pen.) 
OdMsa,  (B.) 

s-iit-ti'iUt 

i-4t^M 

OdicI,  (I'en.)  r. 

i^l^V 

Odivar,  (!Vn.)  r. 

li.<H-ctH 

Odoorn,  (.\clli.) 

i'dSnu 

Oebrinmn,  (Gcr.) 

fit'lritt^-ir. 

Ocdcriljurc  (Austt) 

Ocini",  (Pen.)  r. 

Ochind.  (Sc.  Pen.)  itl. 
Oel9,  (Pru«.) 

f- 

OescI,  (B.)  uL 

r'j     ' 

OeitinB,  (Ger.) 
Ofaiilo,  (IL)  r. 

f     ■• 

Ofen,  or  Uuda,  (Aimr.) 

Oirenlicrf,  (Gcr.) 

Oircrd.il,  (So.  Pen.) 

Oricr  Kalix,  (Sc.  Pen.) 

Olvor  llogd.il,  (Sc  Pen.) 

Occcchee,  (IJ.  H.) 
OglLlliuriic,  (IJ.  S.) 

Ogliaslro,  (IL) 

Ogliastro,  (II.)  mL 

Oglio,  (IL)  r 

Ogogna.jflL) 
OhI.iu,  (G«r.) 
Ohof,  (Gcr.) 

fk..f 

Oi,it,  (tt.)  r. 

Oignon,  (Fr.)  r 
Oise,  (Fr.)  dtp. 

Oise,  (Fr.)  r. 

Ojo  do  .\cua,  (Mcl.) 

Ojo  Clliento,  (Moi.) 

Ojo3  Oricnt.-Ues,  (Jlel.) 

Ojos  di'  la  Yunta,  (Mcl) 

Ok.i,  (R.)  r. 

Ochansk,  (II.) 

Okhotsk,  (As.) 

Okkonbrock,  (Nclh.) 

Ola,n,  (S.  Isl.) 

Olalla,  Sla,  (Pen.) 
Olanl,  (Den.)  iil. 

iX-.  :.;  y-iu.  va 

i'lM 

Olarques,  (Fr.) 

R-iirf 

Olchaiisk,  (It) 

ol'lcJiiUtk 

Oldehoorn,  (.Neth.) 

vfJc-hHnu 

Oldcdvk,  (Our.) 

'''.'■^f-^h*- 

Oldeleriuiier,  (.Veth.) 

Olden,  (Sc.  Pen.) 

Ol.knbroek,  rXeUl.) 

Oldcnbure,  (Ocr.  &  Den  ) 
Oldelizaal,  (\elh.) 

Oldeslnh.  (Don.) 

Ojeilto,  (It.)  r. 

Oleron,  (Fr.) 

Oleron,  (Vr.)  nl. 

(delta.  (11.) 

I.-.-'  :j 

Oletzko,  (Pnis.) 

a-itukc 

Oininate,  (It.) 

ri-'t.^ii'i* 

Oliana,  (Pen.) 
Oliena,  (It.) 
Olirnuju,  (Sc.  Pen.)  /. 
Olilta,  (R.) 
Oliva,  (Prus.  Pen.) 
Olivares,  (Pen.) 
Oliven7-.a,  (^Pen.) 
Olivone,  (Switz.) 
Olchoticn,  (II.) 
Olla,  (Switz.) 
Ollcnilorf,  (Gcr.) 
Olleria,  (Pen.) 
Olincdilla,  (Pen.) 
Olmedo,  (Pen.) 
Olmcto,  (It.) 
Olmi,  (It.) 
Olnnitz,  (.Xiistr.) 
Ololielz,  (R.) 
Olschar.  (Austr.) 
Gist,  (Neth.) 
Olslead,  (Den.) 
Olstvkke,  (Den.) 
Olualu,  (S.  Isl.) 
Ohila  del  Rio,  (Pen.) 
Olveia,  (Pen.) 
OlvmiMis,  (Per.  Tur.)  nt 
Oiiinhaw,  (U.  S.) 
Oman,  (As.) 
Ontana^,  (Pen.) 
Oiubria,  (II.) 
Ombrone,  (IL)  r. 
Omeano,  (II.) 
Omcssa,  (IL) 
Omeleque,  J.Mex.) 
Ommcn,  (TSeth.) 
Omoa.  (.Mex.) 
Omoc,  (nen.)K</. 
Onionville,  (Fr.) 
Onit'^""P-^"*"**"c 


o'-»£'ri^ 
il-at-ill'f 

iUmt'U 

ol'mSlx 


Sm'mfn 

0-.  - ;->-pcmft'tmt 


Fr.  long  A  and  short  mi.,  nearly  as  in  spur. -Final  ly,  French  I  momlli  -M'gcr,  vi"cwus.-g  r 


I  ptcasurt:  *  and  .'A  gtittnral ;  ».»  liquid  ;  I*  M  in  fM. 
'  1351 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


u 


Onahns,  (IVIex.) 
Ondnrroa,  (Pen.) 
Onilava,  (Ausir.)  r 
Ouc-in,  (K.) 
Oneca,  (U.)  yr. 
Onega,  (R.)  L  &.  r. 
Oncglia,  (It.) 
Oneida,  (U.S.) 
Oneonta,  (U.  S  ) 
Onnd,  (Austr.) 
Oiu>niiaga,(U.  S.) 
Ontario,  (tJ.  S.) 
Ontenienle,  (Pen.) 
OoItL'enspIarit,  (Neth.) 
OoiKiIaslika,  (As.)  iV. 
Ooriieghein,  (Neth.) 
Oorfa,  (Tin-.) 
Oostcanip,  (Neth.) 
Coster  Blokker,  (Netli.) 
Ooster  Leek,  (Neth.) 
Oostr'rhrsseit,  (Ncih.) 
OofltiThniit,  (Neth.) 
Onstf rtnerr,  (Neth.) 
Onsterwolde,  (Neth.) 
On?t(T\vvk,  (Neth.) 
Oostliuisen,  (Neth.) 
Ooslrnahorn.  (Neth.) 
Opdal,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Onflousas,  (U.  S.) 
Ophir,  (East.  lel.)  mt. 
Opioo,  (Neth.) 
Opoezno,  (R.) 
Oporto,  (Pen.) 
Opo?iira,  (Mex.) 
Oppa,  (Prus.)  r. 
Oppeln,  (Prus.) 
Oppenheim,  (Ger.) 
Opperdoes,  (Neth.) 
Oppido,  (It.) 
Opstad,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Opwych,  (Neth.) 
Opvnen,  (Neth.) 
Oqiiawka,  (U.  S.) 
Orabovicza,  (AuFlr.) 
Orada,  (Pen.) 
Orange,  (Fr.) 
Orani,  (It.) 

Oranienhfium,  (R.  &  Ger.) 
Oranienbiirg,  (Prus.)  r. 
Orba,  (It.)  r. 
Orbe,  (Switz.) 
Orbe,  (Switz.)  r. 
Orbcval,  (Fr.) 
Orbey,  (Fr.) 
OrbiteMo,  (It.) 
Orbye,  (Den.) 
Orra,  (It.)  r. 
Orcha,  (R.) 
Orrhami)?,  (Fr.) 
Orrinno,  (^It.) 
Ordona,  (It.) 
Orduna,  (Pen.) 
Oie,  (Sc.  Pen.)  r. 
Oerebro,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Oeregrund,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Oeresund,  (Sc.  Pen.)  /. 
Oregon,  (U.  S.) 
Oreliana,  (Pen.) 
Orenburg,  (R.) 
Orgarraja,  (Pen.) 
Orgialo,  (It.) 
Orgiano,  (It.) 
Orgon,  (Fr.) 
Oria,  (Pen.  It.) 
Orient,  (Fr.)  /. 
Origny,  (Fr.) 
Oribuela,  (Pen.) 
Orimatila,  (U.) 
Orinoco,  (S.  Am.) 
Oriskany,  (U.  S.) 
Orissa,  (Pen.) 
Oristagno,  (It.)  ^r. 
Oristano,  (It.) 
Orizaba,  (Me\.) 
Orjiba,  (Pen.) 
Orkel,  (Sc.  Pen.)  r. 
Orlamunde,  (Ger.) 
Orlando,  (It.)  c. 
Orleannois,  (Fr.) 
Orl6ans,  (Fr.) 
Orleans,  (Can.)  isl 
Orloir,  (Prus.) 
Ortov,  (R.) 
Ormsjoe,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Ormus,  (-nuiz,)  (Per.) 
Ornaso,  (It.) 
Orne,  (Fr.)  dcp. 
Orne,  (Fr.)  r. 
Oro  Bernina,  (S^vitz.)  mt. 
Oronoco,  (S.  Am.) 
Orontes,  (Syr.) 
Oroomiah,  or  Urmiah,  (Per 
Oropesa,  (Pen.) 
Oroshaza,  (Austr.) 


oii-(V(lr-ro'  o. 
on-dd'va 
o-np'ga 
o-vp'ga 

u-nl'ila 

O-tiS-oji'ta 

O'lu'td 

vn-oH-Ouw'  ga 

on-ta'r'i-o 

on-te-ni-en'U 

o't'ifihts-pldt 

f:n-ud-ldsk'ka 

Or'dS-gtm 

cor' fa 

ost'lidmp 

u'-v'cr  blok'ker 

o.-it't^r-Iies'si-lt 
ost'er-hfiut 
o.-it'er-mrrc 
Ost'tT-vol'de 
ost'tr-rlhc 
ost'/ini'iin 
Osthnd'hOriie 
vp'ddlc 
op-e-lfj<}'sas 
G'f'ire 
vp'lO 

o-p5-ez']io 
o-por'to 
o-p6-sQQ'ra 
Cp'pa 
qp'pHn 
op'pen-hlmc 
op'per-dQQS 
op-pi' do 
iip'stdd 
Op'viih 
dp-l'nen 
6-quaxD'k'd 
d-Td-ho-v'ii'  clia 
5-rd'da 
6-rdngsh' 
o^d'n'i 

o-Td' n'i'hi-boum' 
d-r'd-ni-en-b<}<}r^ 
vr'ba 
or' be 
or'be 
5rb-vdl' 
Or-ba' 
dr-b'i-tiVlo 
or'bu 
or'ka 
or'tcka 
or-sh'dng' 
or-tchd'no 
or-dd'na 
or-dQQ'na 
o're 

t^'re-brd' 
vh'rf-gr<j<)nd' 
^'rfi-soQiid' 
or'c-gon  or  d'rc-gon 
o-rei-ijd'na 
O'ren-bQor^ 
or-gdr-rd'iha 
or-jd'lo 
6r-jd'no 
dr-gdng' 
o'r'i-a 
o^'i-dng' 
o^'in-yV 
o'r'i-btjg-p'Ia 
o'r'i-indti' la 
o-r'i-nQ'ko 
d-ris'ka~ny 
o^'is'sa 
o^'is-t'dii'yo 
o-r'is't'd'iio 
o-ri-fJtd'  (sd')  ha 
Gr-lhi'ha 
Or'kH 

l5r-l(t-ino<^n'de 
Or-ldn'do 
or-lc-dn-^wa' 
or-le'dn'r' 
Or-}e.-d'na 
dr'lqf 
5r'lov 
drill' sh^ 
or' muz 
or-nd'zo 
orne 
Orne 

o'ro  be.r-n'i'na 
o-ron-o'ko 
o-rnn'tSz 
)  Q<T-rQ<?'m'i-a!i 
o-rb-pe'sa 
d-ros'hd'sd 


Oroszi,  (Austr.) 
Orsay,(Fr.) 
Orsi^res,  (Switz.) 
Orsk,  (R.) 
Orsova,  (Austr.) 
Orsova,  (It.)  ■mf. 
Ortegal,  (Pen.)  c. 
Ortelsbtirg,  (Prus.) 
Ortenburi;,  (Ger.) 
Ortilla,  (Pen.) 
Orth-r,  (It.)  mt. 
Orlona,  (It.) 
Orvicpano,  (It.) 
Orvieto,  (It.) 
Or/.inovi,  (It.) 
Orzio,  (It.) 
Osa,  (R.) 

Osa  de  la  Vega,  la,  (Pen.) 
0.^age,  (U.  S.) 
Osch,  (Neth.) 
Oschatz,  (Ger.) 
Oschiri,  (If.) 
Osen,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Osilo,  (It.) 
Osima,  (As.)  isl. 
Osnia,  (Pen.) 
Osnabnieck,  (Ger.) 
Osnaburg,  (Ger.) 
Osogna,  (Switz.) 
Osoli,  (Mex.) 
Osopo,  (It.)  ft. 
Osperin,  (Nelli.) 
Ossa,  (Pnis.)  r. 
Ossendreclit,  (Netli.) 
Ossenisse,  (Neth.) 
Ossipee,  (U.  S.) 
Ostachkov,  (R.) 
Oste,  (Ger.)  r. 
Ostelsheim,  (Ger.) 
Ostende,  (Neth.) 
Oster,  (R.) 
Osterburg,  (Pms.) 
Ostcrbye,  (Den.) 
Oslergarn,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Ostergarnsholm,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
0?terode,  (Prus.  &  Ger.) 
Ostersiind,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Osterwyk,  (Prus.) 
Ostia,  (It.) 
Ostiaks,  (As.) 
Ostiano,  t't.) 
Ostland,  (X  ih.) 
Ostritz,  (Ger.) 
Ostrometzo,  (Prus.) 
Ostrovizza,  (Austr.) 
Ostula,  (Mex.) 
Osuna,  (Pen.) 
Oswegatchie,  (U.  S.) 
Oswego,  (U.  S.) 
Oszlan,  (Austr.) 
Otaheite,  or  Tahiti,  (Soc. 

Isl.) 
Olar,  (R.) 
Otopakov,  (R.) 
Otranto,  (It.) 
Ot.-^ego,  (U.  S.) 
Otla,  (It.) 
Ottawa,  (Can.) 
Ottawa,  (Can.)  co.  \ 

Ottawa,  ?Can.)  r. 
Olttnbuch,  (Switz.) 
Oltenhavii,  (Ger.) 
Otterndorf,  (Grr.) 
Ottobeuren,  (Ger.) 
Oitochalz,  (Austr.) 
Ouachita,  (U.  S.) 
Oucha,  (R.) 
Oucbaniir,  (R.) 
Oude,  (tnd.) 
Oude  Marduni,  (Neth.) 
Oudega,  (Neth.) 
Oudeholtwoude,  (Neth.) 
Oiidenarde,  (Neth.) 
Oudenbuscli,  (Neth.) 
Oudcnburg,  (Nclb.) 
Ondenhorst,  (Netli.) 
Ouderkerk,  (Neth.) 
Oudewater,  (Neth.) 
Oudon,  (Switz.) 
Oufa,  (R.) 
Oufa,  {K.)r. 
Ouglitch,  (R.) 
Ougor,  (R.) 
Ouinson,  (Fr.) 
Ouisconsin,  (U.  S.) 
Ouj,  (R.)r. 
Ouchta,  (R.)  r. 
Oulchv,  le  Chate!,(Fr.) 
Oulino,  (R.) 
Ouhnc,  (Fr.) 
Our,  (Neth.)  r. 
Oural,  or  Ural,  (R.)  7/i(. 
Ouralsk,  (R.) 
Ourdabad,  (R.) 


o-ros'sz 

Or-sd' 

or-s'i-Src' 

orsk 

or-sd' va 

orso'va 

Or'te-gdl' 

nr'tels-bQQ}-!^ 

or'ten-b^^r^ 

dr-til'ya 

ort'lrr 

or-to'na 

or'vi-p-pd'no 

dr-v'i-p'to 

or'dzi'Uo'v'i 

or'dti-o 

d'sa 

Id  d'sa  de  I'd  vf^'ga 

o'sajc 

osk 

o'sh'dts 

ds-k'i'fi 

d'sen 

os'i'lo 

d-s'i'ma 

ds'ina 

os'nd-brnk 

ds'nd-b<^tj7-§ 

o-son'ija 

5-so'ti 

d-sd'po 

qs-pe-r'inc' 

os'sa 

qs'  sen-dreZH' 

qs'se-n'is's^ 

os's'i-pee 

ost-dtck^kov 

os'te 

os'tels-hlmc 

os-tai'de 

os'ti-r 

os'ter-bn^r§ 

Os'tcr-bii 

ds'ter-gdrn. 

ds'tir-gdrns-hqhiL' 

us't^-ro'dr 

ds'ter-sfiQiid' 

ds'ter-vikc 

ds'ti-a 

ds'ii-dks 

ds-t'i-d'no 

ost'ldnd 

os'tr'its 

dS'tro-^net'so 

vs-trd-v'i'sJia 

os'tQQ-la 

Q-SQO'lia 

os-we-gdtch'y 

os-we'go 

os'ldii 

o-ta-liltc'j  td-h'i'li 

d'tdr' 

d-td-pd'kov 

u-trdii'to 

ot-sS'go 

ot'ta 

ot'td-ica  or  oi'ta-wd. 

qt'ten-bdZh 

ot'ten-kzne' 

qt'tem-dorf 

qt'td-boi'ren 

ot'td-Vidts 

0(1(1-  (rod-)  shit'ta 

oxi'cha 

ou'chd-inir' 

ou'dt 

ou'de  Tn'dr'dQQm 

oii-de'  ira 

ou'dfi-hqU'voii'de 

ou'de-ndr'de 

oii'dni-bnQsk' 

ou'drn-bQ(p-§' 

oii'den-hqrst 

ou'dcr-kfrk' 

ou'de-vd'Ur 

Qo-dong' 

oa'fa 

oil' fa 

oil' glitch 

ou'gor 

Qn-dng-sd7ig' 

(^<^is-  (irij,--)  kon'sirt 

on} 

ouch' la 

Qi}l-.yhi'  U  shd-tW 

ou'li'no 

()(imc 

uu'  ((>r»')  ral 
on' r  disk 
our-dd-b'dd' 


Ourdal,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Ourte,  (Neth.)  r. 
Ousa,  (R.) 
Oiisa,  (R.)  r. 
Oust  Pojog,  (R.) 
Oust  Sy.soisk,  (R.) 
Oust  Tsylemska,  (R.) 
Oust  Zaiichn,  (R.) 
On  Zouer  le  Marche,  (Fr.) 
Ovar,  (Pen.) 
Ovelgone,  (Den.) 
Over  Flakkee,  (Neth.) 
Overbyc,  (Den.) 
Overn,  (Den.) 
Overyssel,  (Neth.) 
Oviedo,  (Pen.) 
Owasco,  (U.  S.) 
Owego,  (U.  S.) 
Owhvliee,  or  Hawaii, 

(Sandxv.  Isl.) 
Oxebye,  (Den.) 
Oxenheede,  (Den.) 
Oxcnvadt,  (Den.) 
Oxenvang,  (Den.) 
Oxfordshire,  (Eng.) 
Oxnaes,  (Sc.  Pen.)  isl 
Oxstede,  (Ger.) 
Oye,  (Fr.) 
Oyestreham,  (Fr.) 
Ozark,  (U.  S.)  mt 
Ozerki,  (R.) 
Ozernoi,  (R.) 
Ozersk,  (R.) 
Ozieri,  (It.) 
Ozinovo,  (R.) 
Ozora,  (Austr.) 


our'ddle 

^()i-te 

oii'sa 

oii'ifa 

oiist  pd'jog 

«[(.<(  .^'i'sGlsk 

oust  t.'i'i-li'ins'ka 

oust  id-l'i'Iha 

fiQ  Z(}(^e_'  Id  vidrsk 

0-rdr' 

o'vil-ijonc' 

d'ver  Jldk'ke 

d'ver-bu 

d'vern 

d've.r-is'sel 

O-v'i-t'do 

O'Wds'ko 

d-wS'gfl 

o-whi'hce.,  h'd-ic'di''i 

qx'hn 

qx'en-he'de 

gx'en-vddP 

oz'en-vdng 

oz'ford-sk'ire 

oz'iiUse 

oz-sti'de 

wa 

wdlT^-'dng' 

6-z'drk' 

d-zer'k'i 

o'zir-noi 

o'zersk 

v-dii-e'r'i 

o'z'i-nd'vo 

6-dzd'ra 


P. 


Paar,  (Ger.)  r. 
Paaslov,  (Netli.) 
Pabilonis,  (It.) 
PalKdorf,  (Ger.) 
Pacaiuiiire,  la,  (Fr.) 
Pacaraiiia,  Sierra,  (ti.  Am.) 
Pactieco,  (Pen.) 
Pacliuca,  (Me.\.) 
Pacinioni,  (S.  Am.)  r 
Pacolet,  (U.  S.) 
Pacuri,  (Draz.) 
Pacy,  (Fr.) 
Pudaiisk,  (R.) 
Padenshe,  (It.) 
Paderliurn,  (Ger.) 
Partria,  (It.) 
Padron,  el,  (It.) 
Padua,  (It.) 
Paducali,  (U.  S.) 
Paganico,  (It.) 
Pagaiika,  (R.) 
Pagliaro,  (It.) 
Pago,  (Austr.)  isl. 
Paiiaquarrj',  (U.  S.) 
Paillasse,  (Fr.) 
Painiboeuf,  (Fr.) 
Paimpol,  (Fr.) 
Paisley,  (Seut.) 
Pajarcs,  (Pen.) 
Pajaron,  (Pen.) 
Pajeplohju,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Pachomochka,  (R.) 
Pakracz,  (Austr.) 
Paks,  (Austr.) 
Palace.  (It.) 
Palacio,  (Pen.) 
Palafurgell,  (Pen.) 
Palanios,  (Ger.) 
Palanria,  (Pen.)  r, 
Palanka,  (R.) 
Palanza,  (It.) 
Palatinate,  or  Pfalz,  (Ger.) 
Palazza,  (It.) 
Palazzuolo,  (It.) 
Palegiano,  (It.) 
Palena,  (It.) 
Palencia,  (Pen.) 
Palenque,  or  Cultiuacan, 

(Mex.) 
Palermo,  (It.) 
Palestine,  or  Palsestina, 

(Tur.) 
Paleslrina,  (It.) 
Palia,  (R.) 
Paliporto,  (It.)j?. 
Palisades,  (U.  S.) 
Palisse,  la,  (Fr.) 
Palissons,  (Fr.) 
Palizeul,  (Neth.) 
Palk,  (Ind.).«A. 
Palnia,  (Pen.) 


pare 

■p'ds'lqv 

■pd-bi-lo'iiis 

pdbs'dorf 

Id  pd-kd-di'h-c' 

s'i-er'ra  jid-kd-rl'tia 

pd-cke'ko 

pd-dtQQ'ka 

pd-th'i-ynd'n'i 

pdk'o-let 

pd^kQQ'r'i 

pd-sV 

pd'ddnsk 

pd'den'ge 

pd'der-borne 

pd-dfi'a 

rlpd'drdn' 

pd'd<^n-a,  Eng.  pad'ii-a 

pa-du'kdh 

p'd'gdr-n'i'ko 

pd~gdn'ka 

p'dJ-yd'ro 

pd'go 

pa  hd-qiiar'ry 

pdUy'ds'  or  pd-'i-'ds' 

pdng-b^f 

pdng-i>dl' 

pdzc'lnj 

pd-^hd'resse 

p'd-^hd~run' 

pd'ii^-pld'yQQ 

pd-lhu-viqtck'ka 

pd'krdtch 

p'dJcs 

pd-ld'che 

pd-ld'thi-o 

pd' IdrfQQr-gel 

pd-ld'mos 

pd-ldn'th'i-a 

pd-ld)i'ka 

pd-ldn'dza 

pd-ldt'i-nate,  pfdli 

pd-ldt'dta 

pd-ldt~dzQQ-d'lo 

pd-'-t-jd'vo 

pd-Ie'jia 

pd'lat'tk'i-a 

i  pd-lin'ke,  kQQl-QQd'kdn 

p'd-ler'ino 

I  pdl'es-tlne 

pd-lis-tri'na 

pd'li-a 

pd'l'i-pdr'to 

pdU'i-sades 

id  pd'l'is' 

pd'l'is-sdng' 

pd-li'Z^l' 

pdlk 

pal' ma 


I     Futc,  fdr,  fall^  what,  bat.  -~ MHe^  prey,  help,  tbSrc,  Acr.  —  Phic,  marine,  bird,  fig.—JVdtc,  dSve,  inovc,  wQlf,  bq<}kj  lord.  —  Time,  bull,  iinUc.  —  Fr.  Ion g  »0c ;    Fr.  short  bilt.  ■ 
'    1*352 


^M 

h. 

^H 

k, 

1 

Is? 

H 

N 

H 

l») 

H 

Is 

)H 

la> 

'H 

)« 

'  ^1 

Ik 

^1 

Ik> 

H 

•S. 

Palma,  (Pen.)  b 
r;Oma,  (It.) 
Palmaiutva,  (It.) 
PiUraar^  (S.  Am."* 
PaUn^u-ia,  (lu)  ij. 
Paliuarola,  fit.)  ist. 
Palmas,  (It.)  ». 
Palineira,  (Pen.) 
PalmUlas,  (Met.) 
Palcno,  (.Mei.)  c. 
Palmyra,  (U.  S.) 
Palo,  (Pen.  It.) 
Pato  Sto,  (S.  .Vui.) 
Palos,  (Pen.) 
Palota,  (.\usitr.) 
Pauier,  (.As.) 
Paniiers,  (Fr.) 
Pamlico,  {U.  S.) 
Pampas,  (>.  Am.^ 
Pampas,  (S.  .Am.)  r 
Pampeluna,  (Pen.; 
Pampigny,  (Switz.) 
Panipola,  (K.) 
Pamunky,  (U.  S.) 
PanaJ,  (.Austr.) 
Panama,  (S.  Am.) 
Panama,  (S.  .Am.)  ^r. 
Panaria,  (11.)  isl. 
Panaro,  (It.)  r. 
Pancas,  (Pen.) 
Pancsova,  (Austr.) 
Pandeiros  de  Bai-tc,  (Uraz.) 
Pando,  (Braz.) 
Paneas,  (Pal.) 
Panlou,  (Fr.) 
Pankov,  (Prus.) 
Panly,  (Fr.) 
Panoyos,  (Pen.) 
Fantellaria,  (It.)  ist 
Panuco,  (.Mex.) 
Paola,  (IL)  ;. 
Paoli,  (U.  S.) 
Papa,  (.Austr.) 
Papaiayo,  (.Mel.)  4. 
Paphlaconia 
Papanlia.  (.Mej.) 
Papas,  (.■?.  .Am.) 
Papendaal,  (.Nelh.) 
Papendrecht,  (Neth.) 
Papitenhcim,  (Ger.) 
Papua,  (.Austral.) 
Para,  (Uraz.) 
Para,  (Braz.)  r. 
Paracucllos,  (Pen.) 
Paradas,  (Pen.) 
Paradella,  (Pen.) 
Paraguay,  (Ilraz.) 
Parahyba,  (Braz.) 
Paramaribo,  (S.  .Am.) 
Paramo,  (Pen.) 
Paramos,  (Pen.) 
Parana2ua,  (S.  .Am.) 
Paran,  Desert  of,  (Pal.  Eg.) 
Parantis.  (Fr.) 
Paray,  (Fr.) 
Parchim,  (Gcr.) 
Parchwilz,  (Prus.) 
Pardo,  el,  (Pen.) 
Parades,  (Pen.) 
PariUas,  (Pen.) 
Paris,  (Fr.) 
Parkstettin,  (Gcr.) 
Parlanna,  (It.) 
Parma,  (It.) 
Parnc,  (Fr.) 
Parnes,  (Or.)  mi. 
Parsippany,  (U.  S.) 
Partalobo,  (Pen.) 
Parthia 

P-Tsargo,  (Pnis.)  r. 
Pascagoula,  (U.  S.) 
P.T-scwalk,  (Prus.) 
Pxskack,  (tj.  S.) 
Paskuma,  (R.) 
Paso  de  Vera,  (S.  Am.) 
Paso  del  Caballo,  (Mex.) 
Paso  del  Norte,  (.Mm.) 
Paso  Grande,  (S  Am.) 
Pas»;uerin,  (.Me-t.) 
Pasquotank,  (U.  S.) 
Pas'<adurokcag,  (U.  3.) 
Pa-ssase,  (Pen.) 
Passaic,  ;('.  3.) 
Paasainaquoddy,  (TJ.  S.) 
Passaro,  Cape,  (It.)  U 
Passau,  (Ger.  Den.) 
Pa^senheim,  (Prus.) 
Passo  di  Gualette,  (It) 
Pasrtyunk,  (U.  S.) 
Pasumsic,  (U.  9.) 
Pa-izto,  (Aiistr.) 
Palada,  (It.) 
P.iugoRia,  (S.  Am.) 
Patapsco,  (U.  S.) 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  MODERN   GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


p'dVma 

piil'ma 

pdl'm'd-no'va 

pdl-mdr' 

pHl-mii'r'i-a 

palmii-TS'la 

pal'mUs 

pdl-ml'ra 

piil-mil'yii3  or  pUl-mVi/'ds 

pdl'mo 

pat-inVrd 

pd'lo 

sUrt'to  pd'Io 

pd'los 

pd-lo'ta 

pd-mir' 

p'd-m'i-e' 

pdm'ti'ko 

parrJp'ds 

pdm'p'ds 

pdm-pe-lQQ'nti 

pd:i^-p'in-ijV 

pam'pd'la 

pd-nmnkhj 

pd-iidd' 

pd'Ud-ma' 

pd-nd-md' 

pd-i'd'r'i-a 

pd-iui'ro 

pdn'Uds 

pdn-tckd'va 

pdn-dl'ros  de  bViht 

p'dn'do 

pd'ttg-ds 

pdns-f<)<i' 

pdiVko  (-k^of) 

pdngAv 

pd-nd'yos 

pdn-tel-ld' r'i-a 

pd-riQn'ko 

pd'o-ia  or  p'd-o'la 

pd'o'ti 

pd'pa 

pd'pd-jrd'ijo 

pd'fid-go'ni-a 

pd-pdnt  la 

pd'pds 

pd'pen-ddlt' 

pd'pen-drelht' 

pdp'pen-hlmc' 

pd'ptjga 

pd'ra 

pd'ra 

p'd-rd-k(i(}-tViJos 

pd-Td'dds 

P'd^d-^el'ya 

p'd-rd' ffQtji  or  pdr'd-^cu' 

pd-rd-'i'ba 

pdr-a-mdr'i-bo  or  pd-r'd- 

pd-rd'mo  [ma-r'i'bo 

pd-rd'mos 

pd-rd-nd' go(ja 

pdr-rdn' 

pd-rdng-tV 

pd-rd, 

pdr'lhim 

pdrch'vits 

el  pdr'do 

pd-rr'desse 

p'd-riVyds 

pd-fi\  com.  pdr'js 

pdrk'sUt-t'inc' 

pdr-ldvJna 

pdr'ma 

pdme 

pdr^nesne 

par-sip' pa-wj 

pdr-td-lo'bo 

pdr'lh'i-a 

pd-zdr^go 

pds-kd-gQQ'ta 

pd'ze-vdlk 

pds-fidk' 

pds-kQ^'ma 

pd'sa  de  ve'ra 

pd'so  dH  kd-baV  (bdi')  yo 

pd'so  del  nor'tr 

pd'so  grdn'de 

p'ds-ke-r'iii' 

pds-quo-tdnk' 

pdS'Sa-dum' ki§ 

pds-sd'lke 

pdS'Sd'ik 

pas-sd  m-a-k  wnd'dij 

pds-sd'ro 

pds'sou 

pds'sen-himc' 

pd/so  di  ^f,io-dUt'ti 

pds-y-unk' 

pa-sum' sik 

pd-i'to 

p'd-td'da 

pd-td-gd'n'i-a 

pa-tdp'sko 


Palcliogue,  (U.  S.) 
Paterno,  (It.) 
Patna,  (Hind.) 
Patoka,  (U.  S.) 
Patras,  (Gr.) 
Patria,  (It.)  I. 
Patrinionio  di  San  Pielro, 

(U.) 
Pattensen,  (Ger.) 
Paltawalomies,  (U.  S.) 
Patti,  (It.)  ^^. 
Patu.xent,  (U-  S.) 
Patzquaro,  (Mex.) 
Pan,  (Fr.) 
Paiiles,  (Pen.) 
Pauvre,  (Fr.) 
Pavcrne  Peterlincen, 

(Su-itz.) 
Pavia,  (It.) 

Pavia,  (Alenlejo,)  (Pen.) 
Pawcatuck,  (\J.  S.) 
Pawnee,  (U.  S.) 
Pawtuxet,  (U.  S.) 
Paymago,  (Pen.) 
Pavpolon,  (Mex.) 
Paz,  la,  (California,)  (Mex 
Paz,  la,  or  Pneblo  Nucvo, 

(S.Am.) 
Peban,  (Mex.) 
Pechtchana  Kopani,  (R.) 
Pecora,  (It.)  c. 
Pecs,  (Austr.) 
Pecsvar,  (Austr.) 
Pecuris,  (Mex.) 
Pedernales,  (S.  Am.) 
Pedorosk,  (R.) 
Pcdiaza,  (Pen.) 
Pedro  liluff,  (Pen.) 
Pedro,  Don,  (Pen.) 
Pedro,  S.  (Pen.) 
Pedroneras,  (Pen.) 
Pedrosa,  (Pen.) 
Pcdrosa,  el,  (Pen.) 
Peebleshire,  (Scot.) 
Peel,  The,  (Nelh.) 
Peer,  (Neth.) 
Peese,  (Neth.) 
Peesl,  (Prus.) 
Pegalajar,  (Pen.) 
Pegnilz,  (Ger.)  r. 
Pegu,  (As.) 
Peillac,  (Fr.) 
Peim,  (Austr.) 
Peisern,  (Prus.) 
Peist,  (Switz.) 
Peitz,  (Prus.) 
Pekatonica,  (U.  S.) 
Pekin,  or  Peking,  (Ch.) 
Peko,  (R,) 
Pelaccia,  (It.) 
Pelegosa,  (It.)  isl. 
Pelerine,  la,  (Fr.) 
Pclleroso,  (Pen.) 
Pellina,  (Switz.)  val. 
Pellouailie,  (Fr.) 
Peloponneisus,  (Gr.) 
Pelosa,  (It.)  isl. 
Peloso,  (It.)  mt. 
Pelsocz,  (Austr.) 
Pemadumcook,  (TJ.  S.) 
Pembrokeshire,  (Eng.) 
Pcna  de  Aravi,  (Pen.) 
Penagolosa,  (Pen.)  mt. 
Pcnalva,  (Pen.) 
Penamacor,  (Pen.) 
Penaranda,  (Pen.) 
Pcnarroya,  (Pen.) 
Penas  de  R  Pedro,  (Pen.) 
Pcnkina,  (R.) 
Pennila,  (R.) 
Pennsylvania,  (U.S.) 
Penobscot,  (TJ.  S.) 
Pensacola,  (U.  S.) 
Pentacotah,  (Pen.) 
Penuehis,  (.^tex.) 
Penza,  (Pen.) 
Penzance,  (Eng.) 
Peoria,  (U.  S.) 
Pcquannock,  (TJ.  S.) 
Peqiiawket,  (U.  S.) 
Pequot,  (U.  S.) 
Pera,  (Tur.) 
IVra,  (Pen.)  c. 
Peraea,  (Pal.) 
Perales,  (Pen  ) 
Peralvillo,  (Pen.) 
Perche,  (Fr.) 
Perdido,  (Pen.)  mL 
Perdigao,  (Pen.) 
Perdiguera,  (Pen.) 
Perelada,  (Pen.) 
PercIIo,  (Pen.) 
Pergatnos,  or  Pergamus, 

(Tur.) 


pdtch-og' 

pd-ter'iio 

pdVna 

pa-tO'kd 

pd-lrds'  or  pH-trds' 

pd'tri-a 
)  pd-tr'i-mO'n'i-o  dt  sdn 
)      p'i-f'tro 

p'dt'ttn-zen 

I'fit-a'Wfft'o-miea 

pdl'ti 

pa-tux'ent 

path- (-pds-)  kQi^U'ro 

p5 

pou'Usse 

pOvr 

j  pd-ver'n£  pr'trr-ltng'in 
pd'v'i-a 

pd'vi-a  (il-len-ti'iho) 
paw'ka-tuk 
paiD-iuc' 
paw-tuz'ct 
pl-md'go 
pVpo-ton' 
.)   Id  pdtk  (pds) 

I  Id  pdlh  {pds) 
pe-bdn' 

petch'tchd' na  kO-p'd'n'i 
pr-kO'ra 
petch 
pitck'Vdr' 
pe-kQQ'r'is 
pejder-jid'lhse 
pfi'dO-rqsk' 
pK-drd'iha 
pp'dro  bl^Qf 
don  pp'dro 
san  pe'dro 
pi-dro-nt'rds 
pt-dro'sa 
H  pe-dro'sa 
pr.c'blcs-shirc 
ptlc 
pirc 
pc'se 
pestc 

pe-gd'ld-lhdr' 
ping'mtJi 
pe-gQQ> 
pel-  {pe'i-)  y'dk' 
ptme 
pi'iern 
piste 
pits 

pek-a-tqn't-ka 
pC'kiil' 
pt'ko 
pe-ldt'tcha 
pp-le-gd'sii 
Id  pe-ie-r'inc' 
pel-ye-ro'so 
pel-ti'na 

pe!-lQQ~d-'i  or  pH-l^^dly' 
pel'o-pon-nis'sus 
pe-la'.^a 
pe-lo'so 
pH'sqich 
pein-a-du?n'kQQk 
pem'br^<^k-shirc 
pp^'jia  rfc  d-rd'v'i 
pe'nd-gd-lo'sa 
pe-ndl'va 
pe'nd-md-kor' 
pe-nd-rdn'da 
pp-ndr-ro'ya 
pe'nds  de  sditpc'dro 
peii-k'i'na 
pen-n'i'la 
pm-sil'va'ni-a 
pe-nob'skot 
pea-sa-ko'ld 
pen'ld-ko-ta' 
pe-nQQ-e'lds 
pen'Uia 
pm-zdns' 
pc-o'fi-d 
pc-q\itvi' nock 
pc-qunio'kct 
pc'quot 
pe'ni 
pe'ra 
pc-rd-e'n 
pe-rd' Jesse 
pe-rdl-vWyo 
persh 
pir-di'do 
per-di-gd'o 
per-di-ge'ra 
pe-re-ld'da 
pp-rd'jjo 

i  per-gd'mos  {-mQQs) 


Pergola,  (It.) 
Percouln.  (R.) 
Pcri,  (Ic.y 

Peribonaca,  (Can.)  r, 
Pcriers,  (Fr.) 
Perigueux,  (Fr.) 
Perija,  Sierra,  (S.  Am.) 
Perina.s(iL) 
Perchina,  (R.) 
Perlaa,  Arcbipebso  dc  lu 

(S.  Am.) 
Pt^rlcberj;,  (Prun.) 
Pcrlom,  (R.) 
Perm,  (K.) 
IVrnambiico,  (Bmz.) 
Pernau,  (R.) 
PemcH,  (Fr.) 
Pcron,  (Aualr.  An.  N. 

Zeal.)  mt. 
P<:ronne,  (Fr.) 
Pcrusa,  (It.) 
Perouse,  la,  (As.)  gt 
Pcrjtignan,  (Fr.) 
Fcrqiiimanfl,  (U.  8.) 
Pcrrot,  (Fr.) 
Perroman,  (Switz.) 
Pcrsal,  (Switz.) 
Persantc,  (Prufl.)  r. 
PersciwUs,  Ruias  of,  (rcr.) 
Persia 

Perthshire.  (Scot.) 
Perluis,  (Swiu.) 
Peru,  fS.  Am.) 
Peru,  tipper,  or  Bolivia,  (S. 

Am.) 
Peruagua^u,  (Braz.)  r. 
Pcrucha,  f  Pen.) 
Perugia,  (It.) 
Perugia,  (It.)  L 
Perugino,  (It.) 
Peruweiz,  (NeUi.) 
Pes,  (R.) 
Peaa,  (It.)  r. 
Pcsaclas,  (Pen.) 
Pesaro,  (It.) 
Pcscara,  (It.) 
Pescara,  (IL)  r. 
PescUici,  (It.) 
Peschicra,  (IL) 
Pcscia,  (It.) 
Pescina,  (It.) 
Pese  Puerto,  (Ind.) 
Peshawer,  (^As.) 
Pesquera,  (Pen.) 
Pesth,  (Austr.) 
Petatlau,  (.Mex.) 
Pe-lche-lce,  (As.)^ 
Petchora,  (R,)  r. 
Peten,  (.Mci.) 
Petepan,  (Mex.) 
Petersburg,  or  Petcrburg, 

(R.) 

Pelershauscn,  (Gcr.) 
Petershock,  (N'cth.) 
Petenvardcin,  (.Austr.) 
Pctcrzcll,  (Switz.) 
Pctignac,  (Ft.) 
Petite  Nation.  (Can.)  r 
Pctra,  (.As.)  isl. 
I'etra,  Ruins  of,  (i;g.) 
Pelricova,  (R.) 
Petrikau,  (R.) 
Petrinia,  (.Austr.) 
Petrizza,  (It.) 
Pctrola,  (Pen.) 
Petiosa,  (IL)  Lv/, 
Petrova,  (.Auslr.) 
Pctrovo,  (R.) 
Pelscliow,  (Gcr.) 
Pctlau,  (.Austr.) 
Pevales,  (Pen.) 
Pewaukic,  (U.  S.) 
Pevrat,  (Fr.) 
Pcvrollcs,  (Fr.) 
PeVrtiis,  (Fr.) 
PeVrusse,  (Fr.) 
Peza,  (R.)  r. 
Pfatr,  (Snitz.)  f. 
PfiitlVnhofen,  (Ger.) 
Pfairenkirchcn,  (Get.) 
Pfaltikon,  (Switz.) 
Pfalinau,  (Switz.) 
Pl'alz,  or  Palatinate,  .Ger.) 
Plal?..arafcn\veilcr,  (t»cr.) 
PfeBers,  (Swit.-,.) 
Pfolins.  (Ger.) 
Pforzheim,  (Ger.) 
Pfrcinibt,  (Ger.) 
Pfreimbt,  (Gor.)  r 
Pfrim,  (Grr )  r 
Pfara,  (Es.) 
Pfaraoh,  Rums  of,  (Fez,) 

(Af.) 
Philadelphia,  (U.  S.) 


prrfi'la 

pfr-ffou'im 

pi'rt 


p*~Tt  mOd 
prr-iJu'ua 

(      pir'la, 
ptr'tt-Url 

p'r'Iia 


p'r'rv-mJM' 

prT'toT 

per-lOM'tl 

pir  i^fHU 

prr^til 

prrtX'iktn 

prr-ti-l' 

pi-rv)' 

pl/rti^Hi' 

pllM 
pfflA 
pr-ta'dds 

prxir-ka'r^ 
pfjjt^^a'rd 
pfJM^Jit'UJkt 


yrjjf-tif  re 


pr-tf^fH*' 


Pi  Ira 

p'.'tra 


pt:';tJka 

prt'tam 

pt-riftlM 

pt-v-au'kU 

)>a-n' 

piTiK' 
pi^rissr* 
pt'za 


pj,:::s 


Fr.  long  A  and  short  &,  nearly  as  in  spur.-  Final  bj,  French  I  mouillc.-M'gcr,  vi"cio^.-g  as  ^  in  ;.;.■■.--;:- 


170 


1333 


PRONUNCIATION   OF   MODERN    GEOGRAPHICAL   NAMES. 

Philippeville,  (Netli.) 

fi-Upe^'W 

Plata,  (Pen.)  c. 

pla'ta 

Ponza,  (It.)  isL 

p5n'dza 

Pliilipjiine 

l']iililj|jine  Isl.  (East.  Isl.) 

Philippolis,  or  Philippopo- 

ft-tip-pi:ie'  orfil'ip-pint 

Plata,  la,  (S.  Am.) 
Plata,  Rio  de  la,  (S.  Am.) 

Id  pld'ta 

ri'o  de  Id  pld'ta 

Poonah,  (Ind.) 
Popadia,  (.\ustr.) 

PQif'n'dh 
po-pd'di-a 

fi-np'pS-lis  or  /Wijj- 

Tid'pH-tis 

Platana,  (Pen.) 

pld-tdn'ya 

Po[)ayan,  (S.  Am.) 

po-pd'iidn 

lis,  (Tur.) 

Platani,  (It.)  r. 

pld-td'rii 

Popoli,  (It.) 

pa'po-'ii 

Pliilipsburg,  (Ger.) 

fi'lips-br/vr§ 

PlataniUa,  (Mex.) 

pld-td^iV  <-nTi')  m 

Poppenbiiettol,  (Den.) 
Poquetanock,  (U.  S.) 
Poquonock,  (U.  S.) 

pgp'pen-but'tH 

Ptlilipst.^dt,  (Sc.  Pen.) 

fVUps-stdt 

Platta,  (Switz.) 

plWta 

po-que-tdn'ok 

Pliilipsthal,  (Ger.) 

fi'lips-title 

Plau,  (Ger.) 

ploti 

po-qnqn'ok 

Philip,  (.Australia,) 

fillip 

Plau,  (Ger.)  (. 

plau 

Porcarizza,  (It.) 

p5r-kd^'it'dza 

Philip,  (.Australia,)  isl. 

fi'lip 

Pleigne,  (Switz.) 

pliny 

Porcuna,  (Pen.) 

por-koQ'na 

Philophska,  (R.) 

fi-lqfs'ka 

Plencia,  (Pen.) 

plen'th'i-a 

Porquerulles,  (Fr.)  isl. 

pSrk-rHle' 

Phinzanil  Enz,  (Ger.) 

fin'tsdnt  ents 

Pleska,  (R.) 

pUsse'ka 

Porri  Rocks,  (It.) 

pSr'ri 

Phocis,  (Gr.) 

fS'cis 

Plibiscken,  (Prus.) 

pVi'bis-ken 

Porsal  Rocks,  (Fr.) 

pir-sdl' 

Phcenice,  or  Plicenicia,  (Pal.)/«i'is 

Ploen,  (Den.) ;. 

pl^itc 

Pors<ange,  (Sc.  Pen.) 

p5r'sdng-e 

Phrygia 

frig'-t-a 

Plomb  da  Cantal,  (Fr.)  mt. 

plong  d'g  kdn^-Vdl' 

Port  au  Prince,  (\V.  Ind.) 

pOre'to-prdngsc,  Cora. 

Piaiania,  (R.)  (. 

p'i-a-^jd'n'i-a 

Plombieres,  (Fr.) 

pl5ug-bi-ere° 

Porte  Fermo,  (It.) 

por'te  fer'tno           [prince 

Pianezzo,  (Switz.) 

p'i-ii-nH'izo 

Plonval,  (Fr.) 

pKng-vdU 

Port  Royal,  (Fr.  VV.  Ind.^ 

p5rc  rwd-ydle',  com.  rui/'- 

Pianosa,  (It.)  isl. 

p'i-d-no'za 

Plouav,  (Fr.) 

pl<)i^-&' 

Port  S.  Marie,  (Fr.) 

piire  sang  jnd-rV          [yal 

Piauby  Serra,  (Braz.) 
Piaiiby,  (Braz.) 

pi-o'bi  sir'ra 

Pluck'emin,  (U.  S.) 

pluk'e-min 

Portuelos,  (Mex.) 

por-tQQ-e'los 

pi-o'bi 

Plume,  la,  (Fr.) 

Id  ptkme 

Portaguesa,  (S.  .-Vm.)  r. 

por-td-ge'sd 

Piave,  (It.)  r. 

pi~d've 

Po  dclla  Folic,  (It.) 

pd  dil'la  fol'le                    ^ 

Portalban,  (Switz.) 

pSr'tdl-bdn' 

Piavozero,  (R.)  I. 

pi-d-vh'z^.^0 

Po  della  Maestra,  (It.) 
Po  di  Fossone,  (It.) 

pO  del'la  md-essc'tra 

Portalegre,  (Braz.  Pen.) 
Portimao,  (Pen.) 

pHr-td-le'  gre 

Piazza,  (It.) 

Pic  du  Midi,  (Fr.  Pen.) 

pi-dt'dia 

;)5  di  fos-sO'ne 

p5r-ti-ind'  0 

pik  (in  m'i'H 

Po  di  Goro,  (It.) 

po  di  go'ro 

Portncuf,  (Can.) 

pore-n<%f 

Picardy,  (Fr.) 

pi-kdr-iV 

Po  di  Levante,  (It.) 

po  d'i  'le-vdn'te 

Porto  Alegre,  (Uraz.) 

por'to  d-le'gre 

Picenza,  (It.) 

p'i-tclien'dza 

Po  di  Volano,  (It.) 

po  di  vO-ld'7io 

Portobcllo,  (S.  Am.) 

por'to-hH'yo 

Picierno,  (It.) 

p'i-tchter'no 

Po,  Mouths  of,  (It.)  r. 

po 

Porto  Calvo,  (Braz.) 

por'to  kdl'vo 

Picota,  (Pen.) 

pi-lcS'ta 

Pobla,  (Pen.) 

po'Ua 

Porto  d'.-inzo,  (It.) 

por'to  ddn'dzo 

Picquigny,  (Fr.) 

pik-kiiMjV 

Pocahontas,  (U.  S.) 

po-ka-lion'tas 

Porto  da  Cruz,  (Af.) 

por'to  da  ir(»piA 

Pictou,  (Can.) 

p-ik-tQfi' 

Pocasset,  (U.  S.) 

po-kds'set 

Porto  da  Ribcira  da  Janella, 

( pSr'to  dd  ri-bl'ra  da  llid- 

Piedmont,  (It.) 

p'i-e-mdnsr',  com.  peed'' 
p'i-e'drd-D^^e'na        [rnont 

Pochutla,  (Mex.) 

po-tchQQt'la 

(Af.) 

i     nel'ya 

Piedrabuena,  (Pen.) 

Pocomoke,  (U.  S.) 

pok'o-moke 

Portoda  SorradaAgoa,(Af.)j5r'(i)  rfcjsir'roiZa  U'gO-a  \ 

Piedrabita,  (Pen.) 

pi-e-drd-i'Ca 

Pocotalico,  (U.  S.) 

pok-o-tal'i-ko 

Porto  Pino,  (It.) 

por'to  f'i'no 

Piedras  Point,  (Mex.) 

p'i-e'dr'ds 

Pocska,  (.\ustr.) 

potch'ka 

Porto  Greco,  (It.) 

por'to  gre'ko 

Pielis,  (R.) 

pye'lis 

Podelsk,  (R.) 
Podolia,  (R.) 

po'diUk 

Porto  Real,  (Pen.) 

pir'lo  re-dl' 

Pielis,  (R.)  I. 
Pierre  Biiffiire,  (Fr.) 

pye'lts 

po-dd'Vi-a 

Portorico 

por'tO'fi'ko 

pi-Ire'  huf-fi-ire' 

Poel,  (Ger.)  is!. 

pMe 

Porto  Santo,  (Af.) 

por'to  sdn'to 

Pierre  Ecrite,  (Fr.) 

p'i-Sre'  e-kr'ite' 

Pogstall,  (Austr.) 

pog'st'dl 

Porto  Vecchio,  (It.) 

por'to  eek'ki-o 

Pierrelatte,  (Fr.) 

pi-ire'ldte 

Poissine,  (Switz.) 
Poitiers,  (Fr.) 
Poitou,  (Fr.) 

pw'ds-s'ine' 

Porto  Vecchio,  (It.)  g 

por'to  vek'k'i-o 

Pierse,  (Fr.) 

p-i-ersc' 

ptoO-fi-e' 

Portugal,  (Pen.) 

port'tl-gal 

Pietra,  (It.) 
Pietra  Nera,  (It.) 

pi-e'tra 

pw'd-U]t}' 

Poitugalete,  (Pen.) 

por-tifQ-gd-le'te 

p'i-t'tra  ne'ra 

Poix,  (Fr.) 

pm'd 

Posada,  (It) 

po-za'da 

Pietra,  (It.)  r. 

pt-e'tra 

Pojana,  (Austr.) 

po-'i-d'na 

Posadas,  (Pen.) 

pd-sd'dds 

Pietra  Santa,  (It.) 

p'i-e'tra  sdii'ta 

Pokrzydow,  (Prus.) 

pokr-sht'do 

Poschiavo,  (Switz.)  I. 

po-ski-a'vo 

Pictro,  (It.) 
Pieve,  (Neth.) 

pi-e'tro 

Pola,  (Austr.) 

Pola,  Cape  Sta,  (Pen.) 

po'ta 

Posen,  (Prus.) 

pd'zen 

pi-lM' 

po'la 

Posteherg,  (Austr.) 

pos'  (pSsh')  (e-6crf 

Pila,  (It) 

pi'la 

Poland,  (R.) 

po'ldild 

Piistel,  (Neth.) 

po'stel 

Pilate,  (Switz.) 

pUd'te 

Polarra,  (Pen.) 

p5-ldr'ra 

Poteau,  le,  (Fr.) 

Kpo-a' 

Pilgram,  (Austr.) 

ptl'grdm 

Polchink],  (R.) 

pql-tcKin'k'i 

Potenza,  (It)  r. 
Pothier,  (Can.)  I. 

pH-ten'dza 

Pillau,  (Prus.) 

pil'lou 

Polesina,  (It.) 

po-le-z'i-na. 

pH-a-e' 

Pilsen,  (Austr.) 

pil'iin 

Policastro,  (It.)  g. 
Policzka,  (Austr.) 

pS-H-kOs'tro 

Potomac,  (U.  S.) 

pS-to'mak 

Pilsno,  (Austr.) 

p'ils'no 

pS-titch'ka 

Potosi,  (Mex.  Sl  Peru) 

po-to'st 

Pina,  (Pen.) 
Pinarello  Point,  (It.) 

ft'na 

Polignano,  (It.) 

p5-Un-yd'no 

Potosi  Cerro  del  Mine, 

\  pi-to'si  titer'  (sir')  ro  del 

p'i-n'd^eVltt 

Polignv,  (Fr.) 

po-tin-yV 

(Me.x.) 

j      viVne 

Pinczcliely,  (Austr.) 

pintch'lkily 

Polkevitz,  (Prus.) 
Pollcnza,  (Pen.)  4 

pot'ke-vits 

Potsdam,  (Prus.) 

pots'ddm 

Pindus,  Chain  of,  (Gr.) 

pin'dQi}s  (,-dus) 

p5l~yen''t/ia 

PouancS,  (Fr.) 

pfO-dng-se' 

Pindus,  (Tur.)  ml. 

p'in'di^Qs  (-t/w5) 

Pollina,  (It.)  mt. 

pol-l'i'na 

Pouclieux,  (Fr.) 

pt^i^sh^' 

Pinega,  (R.) 

p'i-ne'^a 

Polnitz,  (Ger.) 

pqVnits 

Poughkeepsie,  (U.  S.) 

po-kip'sec 

Pinega,  (R.)  i-. 

p'i-ne'fTd 

Polonina,  (.Vustr.) 

pU'ld-ni'na 

Pouiily,  (Fr.) 

PQf^i-^V  or  PQijl-ifi' 

Pinerolo,  (It.) 

pi-ne-To'lo 

Polovino,  (R.) 

p5-ld-v'i'no 

Pourcieux,  (Fr.) 

jj(>()r-si-£a' 

Piney,  (Fr.) 

pi-nH' 

Polsbrokedam,  (Neth.) 

pols'bro-ke-ddm' 

Pouzat,  le,  (Fr.) 

ie'  pQ<}-za' 

Pinguento,  (Austr.) 

p'in-gi}fjln'to 

Poltava,  (R.) 

pol-td'va 

Povoa,  (Pen.) 

po-vo'a 

Pinheira,  (Pen.) 

p'in-^l-ra 

Polynesia 

pol-i-nl'sk-i-a 

Poyais,  (.Mex.) 

po-yls' 

Pinheiro,  (Pen.) 

p'iji-yi~TO 

Polzin,  (Prus.) 

pol-tsine' 

Pozo  Estrecho,  (Pen.) 

po'tho  esse-tre'cho 

Pinneberg,  (Den.) 

mn'ne-bir§ 

Pomba,  (Af.)  b. 

pdm'ba 

Pozoblanco,  (Pen.) 

po'thS-bldn'ko 

Pino,  (It.) 

pVno 

Pomerania,  or  Pommern, 

,  pom-er-'d'n'i-a 

Prada,  (Ger.) 

pra'da 

Pinos,  (Mex.) 

p'i'Tws 

(Prus.) 

Pradelles,  (Fr.) 
Pradilla,  (Pen.) 

prd^dlW 

Pinos  del  Rey,  (Pen.) 

p'i'nos  del  rl 

Pomieczyn,  (Prus.) 

po-mi-tchine' 

prd-d'iVya 

Pinotepa,  (Me.x.) 
Pinsk,  (R.) 

p'i-no-te'pa 

Pommern,  or  Pomerania, 

i 

Praestce,  (Den.) 

prest'^ 

pinsk 

(Prus.) 

i  pom'mem 

Praga,  (R.) 

prd'ga 

Pintlala,  (U.  S.) 

pint-la'm 

Porno,  (It.)  id. 

po'mo 

Prague,  (.Austr.) 

prdg  or  prd^ 

Piorabino,  (It.) 

pi~om-b'i'no 

Pomosdin,  (R.) 

po-mos-d'ine' 

Prairie,  la,  (Can.) 

Id  pra-rV 

Piota,  (Switz.) 

p'i-o'ta 

Pompeii,  Ruins  of,  (It.) 

ponv-pe'y'i 

Prasas,  (It.)  isl. 

prd'z'ds 

Piorrowo,  (Prus.) 
Piperno,  (It.) 

p'i-Sr-ro'vo 

Pompejano,  (It.) 

pom-pe-'id'no 

Pr.atica,  (It.) 

prd'a-lM 

p'i^er'no 

Pondicherrv,  (Ind.) 

pon-disker'ry 

Prats  de  Llasanes,  (Pen.) 

pr'dt  de  lyd-sd'nesse 

Piqua,  (U.  S.) 

p'i'gua 

Pont,  (Switz.) 

pong 

Prausnitz,  (Prus.) 

prous'nits 

Pirna,  (Ger.) 

pir'tia 

Pont  i  Marque,  (Fr.) 

pong  id  mark 

Prautoy,  (Fr.) 

pro-twa' 

Pisa,  Ruins  of,  (Gr.) 

pVsa 

Pont  k  Mousson,  (Fr.) 

pong  td  7nQ<^~sSng' 

I'r<;  .■^.  Didicr,  (It) 

pre  sang  d'i-di-e' 

Pisa,  (It.) 

pi'za 

Pont  au  Beaux,  (Fr.) 

pdng  to  b5 

Predmir.  (.-Vustr.) 

pred-m'ire' 

Pisano,  (It.) 

pt-zd'no 

Pont  Andemer,  (Fr.) 

pong  tdiigd-^mere' 

Preetz,  (Den.) 

prels 

Pisapejunova,  (Mex.)r. 

p'i'sd  pe-^kQ^n5'va 

Pont  au  Mur,  (Fr.) 

pong  to  latirt 

Preg:iro,  (It.) 

pre-gd'ro 

Piscataqua,  (U.  S.) 

pis-kdi'a-ijiia 

Pont  Charra,  (Fr.) 

pong  skdr-ra' 

Pregel,  (Prus.)  n 

prV'gel 

Piscataquis,  (U.  S.) 

pis-kdt'a-quis 

Pont  Chlteau,  (Fr.) 

pong  .v/i(/-(5' 

Premuda,  (Austr.)  isl. 

pre-mQQ'da 

Piscatawav,  (U.  S.) 
Pisciotta,  (It.) 

pis-kat'a-way 

Pont  Croix,  (Fr.) 

pong  hned' 

Prenzlow,  (Prus.) 

prents'to 

pi-shU'ta 

Pont  d'.'iin,  (Fr.) 

pong  dang 

Presburg,  (.Vustr.) 

presse'  (prish')  6(ipr^ 

Piseco,  (U.  S.) 

pis'e~ko 

Pont  de  I'.Vrche,  (Fr.) 

pong  de  Idrsk' 

Presentation,  la,  (Can.) 

la  pre-zdng'ta-sidng' 

Pissen,  (E.) 

pis'sen 

Pont  Russeau,  (Fr.) 

pong  ros-so' 

Prettigau,  (Switz.) 

pret'ti-goii 

Pissevache,  (Switz.) 

p'is-vitsh' 

Pont  St.  Prix,  (Fr.) 

pong  sang  pr'i 

Pretzel,  (Ger.) 

irrt'tsel 

Pistoja,  (It.) 

p'is-tQ''i-a 

Pont  sur  Yonne,  (Fr.) 
Ponta  da  Cruz,  (Af.) 

pontr  sitr  ySnc 

Preuszen,  or  Prussia,  (Ger.; 

prois'sea 

Pisuerga,  (Pen.)  r. 

pi-SQ<^cr'  ga 

pon^ta  da  krQoth 

Primavera,  (Braz.)  r. 

pr'i-'md-ve'ra 

Pitea,  (Sc.  Pen.) 

pi'te-o 

Ponta  da  Galera,  (Af.) 

pon'ta  da  gU-le'ra 

Principato  Citra,  (It.) 

pria-tcll'i-pd'to  tcKi'tra 

Pitea,  (Sc.  Pen.)  r. 

pi'te-o 

Ponta  do  Sol,  (.\f.) 

pon'ta  do  .v5i 

Principato  Ultra,  (It) 

pr'in-tclii-pd'to  QQt'tra 

Pilianano,  (It.) 

pi-ti-d-nd'no 

Pontarlier,  (Fr.) 

pong-tdr-li-e' 

Principe,  (Mex.) 

prin'th'i-  (-5I-)  lie 

Pitigliano,  (It.) 

pi-m-ijd'no 

Pontchartrain,  (U.  S.) 

pontcli-dr-t7'hic' 

Pritschwitz,  (Ger.) 

pritch'i:its 

Pitres,  (Pen.) 

p'i'lrisse 

Ponte,  (It.  Switz.) 
Ponte  Corvo,  (It.) 

pon'le 

Pritzig,  (Prus.) 
Pritzwalk,  (Prus.) 

prit'lsi^ 

Piltenween.  (Neth.) 

pit'tm-vSne' 

pSn'te  kor'vo 

prits'v'Wc 

Pizzighettone,  (It.) 

pil-dzi-git-to'ne 

Ponte  Tresa,  (Switz.) 
Pontevedra,  (Pen.) 

pdn'te  tre'za 

Probencio,  (Pen.) 
Procida,  (It.)  isl. 

prd-ben'tlt'i-o 

Plaffeven,  (Switz.) 

pldffl-m 

pdn'te-ve'dra 

pro-ch'i'da 

Plan, '(Austr.) 

pldne 

Pontevedra  Ria,  (Pen.) 

pon'te-ve'dra  r'i'a 

Prona,  (.Austr.) 

prS'na 

Plana,  or  Tabarca,  (Pen.)  L 

I.  pld'na,  td-bUr'ka 

Pontiac,  (U.  S.) 

pon't'i-aJi 

Propriano,  (It) 

pro-pri-a'no 

Planchenoit,  (Neth.) 
Plaquenune,  (U.  S.) 
Plasclnnan,  (Prus.) 

pldngsh-nwa' 

Pontine  Marshes,  (It.) 

pqn't'ine 

Proter,  (Prus.) 

pro'ter 

pldk-m'ine' 

Pontlaville,  (Switz.) 

pdng-ld'V'ilc 

Protsr,  (Prus.)  *. 

pro'ter 

pldsh'mdn 

Pontons,  (Fr.) 

pong-t5ng' 
poji'to-tok 

Provence,  (Switz.  Fr.) 

pro-vdngse 

Plasencia,  (Pen.) 

pld-sen'tlii-a 

Pontotoc,  (U.  S.) 

Provcnzale,  (It.) 

pro-ven-dzd'U 

Fate,fdr,fan,  what,  bat.— 

Mete,  prey,  help,  there,  h'dr.  — 

-  Ptne,  marine,  bird,  fig.  —  JVofe,  dorc,  vwve,  w^lf,  Jppfc,  h 

>rd.  —  Tme,  bull,  i(;ii(c.—  Fr.  long  title;  Fr.  short  6iit  — 

n 


Itta 


1354 


: 


PRONUNCIATION   OF  aiODERN    GEOGKAl'HICAL  NAMES. 


fttiTenzale,  (Pen.l 
Pnwitienciales,  (\V.  Ind.) 

Pninelli,  (It.)  r. 
Pnrssia,  or  Preuszen,  (Ger.) 
Pniszka,  (Austr.) 
Pucanilla,  (S.  Am.) 
Puchow,  (Austr.) 
Piid?.siar%i,  (R.) 
Puebia  Cazalla,  (Pen.) 
Puebl-i,  la,  (Mex.  &  Pen.) 
Pueb!:i  i!e  Fminq-.ie,  (Pen.) 
Pu( 'jl;i  •.'.:■  Torn- a,  (Pen.) 
Pucbb  .:■'  K.viriri,  (Pea.) 
Puebia  Xueva,  or  Paz,  (S. 

Am.) 
Pueblo,  el,  (S.  Am.) 
Puente  dtl  Arzobispo,  (Pen, 
Puerto,  (Mei.)  r. 
Puerto^,  (Pen.) 
Puerto,  (Pen.) 
Puerto  de  la  Mala  Mnger, 

(Pen.) 
Puerto  Principe,  (W.  Intl.) 
Puis,  (Fr.) 
Puiseux,  (Fr.) 
Pulaski,  (Ir.  8.) 
Pulciano,  (It.)  vU, 
Pullv,  (Switz.) 
Pullusk,  (AusJr.) 
Puna,  (S.  Isl.) 
Punahou,  (S.  Isl.) 
Pun:;..t--a:i]e,  (U.  S.) 
P-nij-iMb,  ^Iiid.) 
Puntu  Desccnocida,  (W. 

Ind.) 
Purchena,  (Pen.) 
Puricue^:,  (Mei.) 
Purification,  la,  (Mex.  S. 

Am.) 
Pun>ima,  In,  (Mex.) 
Piirissinia,  la,  (Mex.) 
Purmerend,  (.\eth.) 
Puspoki,  (Au^ir.) 
Puszia,  (Austr.) 
Puti^ano,  (lu) 
Puinok,  (Austr.) 
Putten,  (Neth.) 
PutUitz,  (Prus.) 
Puizilor,  (Austr.) 
Puv  de  Dome,  (Fr.)  dep 
Pu'v  GuiIIaume,  (Fr.) 
Puy,  le,  (Fr.) 
PuzzuoU,  (IL) 
Pvaara,  (Neth.) 
I^loa,  (Gr.) 
P>-matuninc,  (U.  S.) 
Fyrenfeed,  East,  (Fr.)  dep, 
P>Tenee3,  Lower,  (Fr.)  dep. 
Pyrenees,  Upper,  (Fr.)  d^. 
P>Teneu3,  (Braz.)  mL 
Pyrgo?,  (Cr.)  rU. 
Pyntz,  (Prus.) 
Pyssanilzcn,  (Prus.) 


prd'Ven-tJtd'U 
}  pr5-c'i-<!cr.-th'i-  {-si-)  'd'~ 
\      Ifsse  or  prd-vi-ddne-s't- 

proQ-nd'ti  [iii^ 

pr(!i^sh'Ct 

prij^'ka 

pi^^d-jiWya 

p^^'Vto 

p^^d-s'i-dr'v'i 

p<}<}-e'bla  kiirihdl'ya 

Id  p^Q~e'bla 

p<}^e'b!a  de  fd-drVke 

p^^e'bla  de  tor-nr'a 

p<}q~e'bla  de  ro-dr'i'ga 

( P9<?-«'&.a  n(}Q-e'va 

.)pQ9-in'te  del  dr-thS-h'is'po 

p^i^er'ko 

ptj^er'tds 

pf}<}-er'to 
\  p^^er'to  de  Id  md'la  moo- 

PQQ-er'to  prin'tA'i-  (s'i-)  pe 

pu-i' 

pu-'i-z^' 

pit-ids'k-t 

p<}<}lrich'i-d'Tio 

pul-ti' 

P^'tQQSk 

pi}<}'na 

pQif-nd-hou' 

pttjtg-go-ttg^ 

pun-jaub' 
}  pQ^'to  disse^o-nd-th'i'- 
j      (.-/')  da 

PQ(jr-tche'7ta 

PQQ-ri'kQi^isse 
}  td  pi?Q^i-fi-kd'tk'i-  (-si-) 
)      on' 

Id  pQ^-T'i' si-TTta 

Id  ptjo-r'is' si-ma 

PQ^r^mer-htd' 

pQi^s-pd'k'i 

pi}^ta 

P99-ftrt-jfd'iw 

PQpt'nqk 

p^t't&n 

PQ^'lits 

PQQt's'i-lqr 

piL-V  da  dome 

pu-'i'  s'i-'i  yom^  or  g'il- 

Vi  pu-'V  [jfOme' 

pi}^t-d:n(}-Q'ti 

pVdhm 

pt'lqs 

pitnra-tu'ning 

>pi-re-B<',  Eng.  i'iVc-:tct 

p'i-re-ne'os 

pianos 

pi'rits 

pis' sd-nit' sea 


Q. 


Q.L'AcsE^BRaECE,  (Ger.) 
Q.uadema,  (It.) 
(luajuea,  (S.  Am.)  mC 
Qualsund,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Qriaranla,  (IL) 
Qiiarantania,  (Pal.)  mL 
CXuamebeck,  (Prus.) 
Uuamerolo,  (.\u3tr.)  ch. 
Uiiarto,  (.S.  Am.)  r. 
auartu,  (It.) 
Qiiajchin,  (Prus.) 
Uuasael,  (Ger.) 
Uuatre  Bras,  (Neth.) 
Quebec,  (Can.) 
Quebec,  (Can.)  duL 
UueiJah,  (E.ast.  Isl.) 
Quedlmbiirs,  (Prus.) 
Uueecbe,  (CC  3.) 
Queich,  (Ger.)  r. 
Qiicmada,  (Pen.) 
Uuerctaro,  (Mex.) 
Qirerfurt,  (Pru.-*.) 
Querinda,  (Af.)  isL 
Quemdnip,  (Den.; 
Quero,  (iL) 
U'i'-n-.  'Fr.) 

<.  Am.)  r 

-  ;Fr.) 

u  (Fr.) 
Fr.) 

Am.)  id. 

,  (Den.) 
U<a.i.iii.i.'i,  (S.  Am.)  r. 


kic'dk'ken^bruk 

Ined-der'na 

k<}^-ii'gis3e 

kwdl's<}ijnd 

kwd-rdn'ta 

kicd--rdn-td'n'i-a 

kwdr' ne-bike 

kwdr-ne-^o'lo 

kicdr'to 

kwdr-t/}^' 

kwd-sh'ine' 

ktcds'.-iil 

kdtr  bra' 

kwe-i>eh' 

kwS-bek' 

ke-dah' 

ku!ed'li7i-bQ^§ 

kwe'tehe 

kictlk 

ke-md'da 

ke-retd'ro 

kiEp^fi)nrt 

ke-fin'da 

kwern'drtjQp 

kwe'ro 

kine 

ke-t'i'bo 

kdte-i}r/ 

Id  k^y'  or  JtA-C 

k'i-be-rOn^' 

ki'bo 

kwik'bnm 

kV'li-md-rV 


Quilla,  (Mex.) 
Quilmas,  (Pen.) 
Quinisdal,  (Sc.  Pen.)  r. 
QuinnebaujS,  (U.  S.) 
Quinnipiac.'(U.  S.) 
Quinlana,  (Pen.) 
Quintanar,  (Pen.) 
Quinlen,  (Swiiz.) 
Quipar,  (Pen.)  r. 
Quito,  (S  .^m.) 
Quogc,  (U.  S.) 
Quoregnon,  (Neth.) 
Quorra,  (Af.) 


k'i'va  or  tCiVtja 

kil'inds 

kicVnis-ddlef 

kiein-vc-bauff' 

kwin^nip''i'ik 

k'in-td'na 

kin-td-vdr' 

htin'ten 

k'i-pdr' 

kt^u> 

kwoave 

ko-rin-yong' 

kieor'ra 


E. 


Raab,  (Austr.) 
Raab,  (.Austr.)  r. 
Raabjerg,  (Den.) 
Raalfe,  (Neth.) 
Rabanera,  (Pen.) 
Rabbato,  (It.) 
Rabbi,  (It.)  r. 
Rabozee,  (A'elh.) 
Raches,  (Fr.) 
Racine,  (U.  S.) 
Raconitz,  (Austr.) 
Rada,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Radeburs,  (Ger.) 
Radenforth,  (Ger.) 
Radkersburg,  (.\ustr.) 
Radnorshire,  (Eng.) 
Radoe,  (Sc.  Pen.)  isL 
Radogast,  (Ger.) 
Radolfzell,  (Ger.) 
Radom,  (R.) 

Radomzyl,  (R.  &  Austr.) 
Radomyst,  (Austr.) 
Radona,  (Pen.) 
Radonia,  (R.) 
Radowitz.  (Prus.) 
Radsse,  (Neth.) 
Radstadt,  (Austr.) 
Radymno,  (Austr.) 
Ragaz,  (Switz.) 
Ra^usa,  (Austr.) 
Rahde,  (Ger.) 
Rahden,  (Ger.) 
Railway,  (tl.  S.) 
Rajpuotana,  (Ind.) 
Rakolaks,  (R.) 
Rakos,  (Auslr.) 
Raleigh,  (U.  S.) 
Ramah,  (Af.)  misA.  sta. 

Raraapoo,  (U.  S.) 

Rambla,  (Pen.) 

Rambouillet,  (Fr.) 

Ramillies,  (Neth.) 

Ramla,  (It.) 

Ramsele,  (Sc.  Pen.) 

Ramsen,  (Switz.) 

Ranapungern,  (R.) 

Ranees,  (Switz.) 

Rancherio,  la,  (Mex.) 

Rancho,  (Mex.) 

Ranco,  (S.  Am.)  L 

Randa,  (Switz.) 

Randasso,  (It.) 

Randers,  fDen.) 

Randers  Fjord,  (Den.) 

Ranea,  (Sc.  Pen.) 

Ranea,  (Sc.  Pen.)  r. 

Rangoon,  (Ind.) 

Raniczow,  (Austr.) 

Ransel,  The,  fNeth.) 

Ranu,  (Austr.) 

Ranuzzi,  (It.) 

Ranzau,  (Den.) 

Raon  I'Etape,  (Fr.) 

Rapallo,  (It.) 

Rapita,  (Pen.) 

Rapola,  (It.) 

Rapes,  (Austr.)  r. 

Rappahannock,  (U.  S.) 

Rappersweiler,  (Switz.) 

Raritan,  iU.  S.) 

Raron,  (Switz.) 

Rasaculm,  (It.)  c 

Raschow,  (Prus.) 

Rasigerbi  Point,  (It.) 

Rasquera,  (Pen.) 

Rastadt,  (Ger.) 

Rastede,  (Ger.) 

Rastekais,  (Sc.  Pen.)  viL 

Ralcha,  (R.) 

Rathenau,  (Prus.) 

Ratisbon,  or  Regensberg, 
(Ger.) 

Raloneau,  (Fr.) 

Rattan,  (Mei.)  isL 


robe 

rdbe 

ro'b'ier^ 

rdhVfe 

rd-hd-ne'ra 

Tdb-bd'to 

rdb'bi 

rd'bS-ze' 

rdske 

ra-cint' 

rd'kO'iiits' 

rd'da 

rd'  de-h(\QTg 

rd' den-fort 

rdt'keri^Qi}r§ 

rdd'nor-sh'irc 

rd'defii 

rd'do-g'dst 

rd'dqlf-tsH 

r'd'dom 

rd'dom-z'ile 

rd'do-misfil 

rd-do'na 

rd-do'n'i-a 

rd' do -vita 

rdl'tse  ' 
rdt-stdt 
rd-dim'no 

rd'gdts 

rd-g<}Q'za 

rd'de 

rd'den 

rah'wa 

rdj-pQQ-td'Tta 

rd'ko-ldks 

rd'kos 

ra'le 

rd'mah 

ra-tna-po' 

rdm'bla 

rdng-bQQ-'i-ye'  or  rdnn 

rd-mil-y'i'  [^Cfl*- 

Tdm'la 

rdm'st-li 

rdm'sm 

rd'nd-pQ<rng'ern 

rdiigse 

Id  rdn-che-fi'o 

rdn'eho 

r'dn'ko 

rdn'da 

rdn-dds'so 

rdn'ders 

rdn'ders  f'iSrd 

rd'ne-a 

rd'ne-a 

rang-^Q<yn.' 

rd-n'i^eho 

rdn'zil 

rd-n<}Q' 

rd-JiQQt'di'i 

rdnt'sou 

rdhng'  le  tdpe' 

rd-pdVlo 

rd-pi'tn 

rd-po'la 

rd'pos 

rdp-pa-hdn'uock 

rdp'persh-cVler 

rdr'i-tan 

rd-rong' 

rd'zd-kQ^m' 

r'dsh'o 

rd-ii-jer'b'i 

rds-ke'ra 

rds'tdt 

rds-tc'de 

rdi'U-kts 

rdt'UAa 

rd'le-nou 

I  rd'tis-bon 

Td-to-n6' 
rdt-tdn' 


■yf 


Ralwln:hr.  /■Pni.,) 


R. 


.-.ir.j 


'.  '■t-tlml 


Handler  Puj,  rgnriu.) 
KajcM,  (Au^tr.) 
Raynham,  (U.  S.) 
Uazcfl,  (Fr.) 
KazvalniJI,  (R.) 
Ri,  (Pr.)  o/. 
Readini:,  (En».  t  V.  8.) 
Real,  PMrtn,  (liraz.) 
Realc,  (IL)  mL 
Realign,  (JIci.) 
Realmonl,  (Fr.) 
Rebotufisa,  (Pcu.) 
Rccco,  (II.) 
Rectiurche,  Arrhipelago  of 

tli>-',  (Austral.) 
RecugDC,  (Nclh.) 
Recousse,  (Fr.) 
Rt-don,  (Fr.) 
Rtilnndela,  (I'cn.) 
Redon.lo,  (P.?n.) 
Redondu,  (S.  Am.)  mt. 
Rcekbergcn,  (.Ndb.) 
Rccr,  (Den.)  uL 
Reesl,  (.Neth.)  r. 
Rectz,  (Prus.) 
Rifusio,  (Mci.) 
Refucio.  c  1,  f  .M.S.) 
Reca,  (Pnis.)  r. 
Rcgalbulo,  (II.) 
Regen,  (Ger.) 
Recenwcisxc,  (Ger.)  r, 
Re^cudhcrg,  or  Ralubon,     ' 

(Ger.)  ) 

Rcgenspcrc,  (Switz  ) 
Kissiu,  (IL) 
Rchiia,  (Pnis.) 
Rcli.Jiolii,  (U.  S.) 
Reiclienati,  .Swiu.) 
Reicllenbac)],  (Swtts.  Ger.   ' 

Prus.)  . 

Reichcnb<rr2,  (,\ustr.) 
Reiclienstein,  (Pnis.) 
Rcicht-hiifcn,  (Fr.) 
Reifnltz,  (Aunr.) 
Rcifriilzweiler,  (Switz.) 
Reiu'.vasser,  (Pnis.) 
Reiseiiburs,  (Pnis.) 
Reisuiarkl,  (Austr.) 
Reiss,  (Ger.) 
Rekkem,  (Xcth.) 
Rcma,  (Gr.)  c 
Remetc,  (Au»tr.) 
Remich,  (.\cth.) 
Remireiimnt,  (Fr.) 
Remmatli,  (Ger.) 
Remus,  (Switz.) 
Remusat,  (Fr.) 
Rona,  (Gr.)  c 
Reii.ic,  (Fr.) 
Rcuail,  (?witz.) 
Renco,  (II.)  r. 
Rendek,  (.\ustr.) 
Rcndsburg,  (Den.) 
Rcm-sso,  (.Neth.) 
Reninghe,  (Neth.) 
Renligin,  (Switz.) 
Rennen,  (K.) 
Rennes,  (Fr.) 
Reno,  (It.)  r. 
Rensselaer,  (U.  S.) 
Renswoude,  (Netb.) 
Reoiie,  la,  (Fr.) 
Repnrata,  (It.) 
Requena,  (Pen.) 
Ucquileco,  (Pen.) 
Ecss  Ness,  (Den.) 
R,:ul)en,  (Pal.) 
Reucll,  (Oer.)  r. 
Reuss,  (Ger.) 
Reuss,  (Switz.)  r. 
Reuttilinizen,  (Ger.) 
Revel,  (R.) 
Revclhia,  ML)  e. 
Revisnv,  (Fr.) 
Revilla,  (Pen.  .Mel.) 
Rev,  le,  (Fr.) 
Rev,  Villa  .Nora  del,  (Uraz.^ 


ro-rl';/r 
r'  ■!(  '.da 

Tii'inl 


■  'U-t 


rirrt-ftrt 

Ttd'jo 

r.'iM 


ri/.tr  Aw  /e 
ri/e'mtl 


Tikfkim 


rt&  Mi2t« 
rf'a^^  oc  r;  ■ 

ri-mi-ts' 


rem'n-gn 

rrn'uin 
rtnt 


ra'tm 

ntU 

rviss 

rpist 

rt'rrJ 

rf-rf.  t T* 


ReVes,  (Mcl.  S.  Am.) 
Re'ves,  (.Me.\.)  r. 
Rheda,  (Ger.) 
Rheen.  n,  iXeta.) 
Rheims,  (Fr.) 
Rhein.  or  Rhine,  (Pm-<. 

Nclh.) 
Rhein,  er  Rhine,  (Plus. 

Xcth.  Get.)  r. 


rffMX 

rt!i» 

ri-'nrn 

r^^  or  Hm 


Fr  long  ^  and  ?hort  iv.,  nearly  ■ 


-  Final  /y,  French  I  mouUle. — J3n' 


'ger,  vi"eiotL^.  —  *  as  :^  in  pteasurt:  *  and  a*  gniuiral .  »?  tN"'**:  t\  .1- 
'  ~  1353 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


i|r 


Rheinfall,(Switz.) 
Rheinnu,  (Switz.) 
RUeine,  (Ger.) 
Rlieinek,  (Switz.) 
Rheinfelden,  (Switz.) 
Rlieintlial,  (Switz.) 
Rheinwald,  (Switz.) 
Rhin,  Lower,  (Fr.)  dep. 
Rhin,  Upper,  (Tr.)  dcp, 
Rhine,  or  Rliein,  (Netii.)  r. 
Rliine,  (Bavarian,)  (Ger.) 
Rhine,  Lower,  Grand 

Duchy  of,  (Ger.) 
Rhodes,  or  Rbodus,  (Tur.) 

isl. 
Rhone,  (Fr.)  dep, 
Rhone,  Mouths  of  the, 

(Fi-.)r. 
Rhone,  Mouths  of  the, 

{Fr.)dcp. 
Ria  Arosa,  (Pen.) 
Ria  Retanzes,  (Pen.) 
Ria  Mures  y  Noya,  (Pen.) 
Ria  Vigo,  (Pen.) 
Riace,  (It.) 
Riano,  (It.) 
Riazan,  (R.) 
Ribadavia,  (Pen.) 
Rihadeo,  (Pen.) 
Kibas,  (Pen.) 
Ribay,  le,  (Fr.) 
Ribe,  (Den.) 
Rihecourt,  (Fr.) 
Ribera,  (It.) 
Ribnitz,  (Ger.) 
Richelieu,  (Can.) 
Richtenberj;;,  (Prus.) 
Richtensweiler,  (Switz.) 
Ricote,  (Pen.) 
Rideau,  (Can.)  I. 
Rir;^n,  (Pen.) 
Riel,  (Neth.) 
Riera,  (Mex.) 
RiesenEcbirge,  (Austr.) 
Ricti,  (It.) 
Rieupcyroux,  (Fr.) 
Riga,  (R.) 
Righiherg,  (Swilz.) 
Rille,  (Fr.)r. 
Rilvas,  (Pen.) 
Rinia  Siombatli,  (Austr.) 
Rimini,  (It.) 
Rimouski,  (Can.) 
Rimouski,  (Can.)  r. 
Rimout,  (Fr.) 
Rimpa,  (Ger.) 
Rinaldn,  (It.)  wZ. 
Rinpcrbruck,  (Neth.) 
Hingkjoebing  Fjord,  (Den.) 
Ringoes,  (U.  S.) 
Ringsager,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Ringvaldsoe,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Rinne,  (Neth.) 
Rinsumageest,  (Neth.) 
Rio  Grande  do  Norte,  (Braz. 
Rio  Janeiro,  (Braz.) 
Rio  Negro,  (Braz.) 
RioTigre,  (Mex.) 
Riocabado,  (Pen.) 
Riocorho,  (Pen.) 
Rioja,  (Pen.  &  S,  Am.) 
Riolobos,  (Pen.) 
Rioni,  (R.)  r. 
Riposto,  (It.) 
Rislinge,  (Den.) 
Rilzebuttel,  (Ger.) 
Riva,  (It.) 
Rivalgo,  (It.) 
Riviere  a  Jacques,  (U.  S.) 
Rivoli,  (It.) 
Roanoke,  (U.  S.) 
Robbe  Sand,  (Neth.) 
Robechies,  (Neth.) 
Robigen,  (Switz.) 
Robiilanle,  (It.) 
Rjbleda,  (Pen.) 
Roc  St.  Andro,  le,  (Fr.) 
"oca,  (Pen.)  c. 
Roca,  la,  (Pen.) 
Rnoca  Contrado,  (It.) 
Rocca  Imperialc,  (It.) 
Rocca  Partida,  (Mex.)  isl. 
Roccdia,  (It.) 
Roche,  la,  (Fr.  Neth.) 
Rochecliouart,  (Fr.) 
Rochefon,  (Fr.  &:  Neth.)i 
Roc hf?Ibu caul t.  (Switz.)  L 
Rochelle,  la,  (Fr.) 
Rocheinaure,  (Fr.) 
Roclietta,  la,  (it.) 
Rockaway,  (U.  S.) 
Rockbridge,  (U.  S.) 
Rockenhausen,  (Ger.) 
Roda,  (Sc.  Pen.) 


r1nc'f~dl 

rVnou 

rlne 

rVnek 

Ttne'f el-din 

rine'tcUc 

rlne' volt 

rang 

rang 

rlne 

rine 

[  riJic 

j  rddes 

rone 

J  r5ne 

j  rdne 

rVa  d-rd'sa 

ri'a  re-tdn'thos 

r'i'a  ingQ'ros  V  nii'ya 

r'i'a  v'i'go 

r'i-a'tche 

r'i-'d'no 

r'i-d'zdn 

r'i-hd'dd-v'i'a 

ri-bd-de'o 

rVbds  " 

IS  ri-ba' 

r'i'be 

r'ibe-kQQr' 

r'i-be'ra 

rip'nits 

r'i-shc-l'i^' 

rWi'ten-ber^ 

riZh'lins-vi'ler 

r'i-kO'te 

ri-da'  ~ 

r'i-e'go 

rile 

r'i-e  'ra 

r'i'zen-ge-bir'gfi 

T'i-e'tt 

r'i'ga  or  rl'ga 

r'i'  g'i-hsr§ 

rile 

rWvds 

r'i'ma  stdni'b'dte 

r'i'm'i-n'i 

r'i-mi}Qs'ki 

r'i-m<}<}s'k'i 

rim'pa 
ri-ndl'do 
ring'  er-brVtk 
rinir'k'i^-bingh  f'iSrd 
riivgocs 
rings' d-ffer 
ring'vdtds'dii. 
rinhie 

rm'sQij-mii-g^ste' 
)  ri'o  grdn'de  do  ndr'ie 
r'i'o  ih'd-nVro 
r'i'o  ne'g7'o 
tVo  t'i'gre 
r'i'd-kd-bd'do 
r'i'6-kor'bo 
r'i-b'lha 
ri'5-ld'bos 
T'i-o'n'i 
r'i-p5s'to 
Tis'ling-e 
rW  st-bh.' til 
r'i'va 
r'i-vdl'go 
T'i-v'i-Src'  d  jtik 
r'i'v5-l'i 
ro'ntike 
rob'be  sdnd 
robe -ski' 
ro'b'f-^m 
ro-hil-ldn'te 
r  0-bit' da 

I'c  rSlc  sang  dng-dro' 
To'ka 
Id  ro'ka 

Tok'ka  h5n-trd'do 
rok'ka  'itn-pe-r'i-'d'le 
rok'ka  pdr-tVda 
rot'tchH'la 
Id  TO  she 
rdshe-sk<}()-dre' 
rOshe-fore' 
Toshc'fQO-ko' 
Id  ro-sheV 
roske-mOre' 
Id  r5-kH'ta 
rnk'a-way 
rok'bridge 
rqk'ken-hou'zen 
rQ'da 


Rodome,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Roekcl,  (Neth.) 
Roer,  (Neth.)  7-. 
RoeskiUie,  (Den.) 
Rogaguala,  (S.  Am.)  I, 
Roggenberg,  (Switz.) 
Roggeveld,  Agter,  (Af.) 
Roggeveld,  Bergen,  (Af.) 
Roggeveld,  Karro,  (Af.) 
Roggeveld,  Klein,  (Af.) 
Roggeveld,  Middel,  (Af.) 
Rogliano,  (It.) 
Rohan,  (Fr.) 
Rohilcund,  (Ind.) 
Rohrbach,  (Switz.) 
Rohrbrunn,  (Ger.) 
Rokitzan,  (Austr.) 
Rokko  Point,  (It.) 
Rolde,  (Neth.) 
Roiduc,  (Neth.) 
Rolgesbuttel,  (Ger.) 
Rolle,  (Switz.) 
Rom,  (Den.)  ul. 
Roma,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Roma,  or  Rome,  (It.) 
Romagna,  (It.) 
Roraagnano,  (It.) 
Romala,  (Tur.) 
Roraaramotiers,  (Switz.) 
Romanel,  (Switz.) 
Romanov,  (R.) 
Romanova,  (R.) 
Romans,  (Fr.) 
Rome,  or  Roma,  (It.) 
Romishorn,  (Switz.) 
Romont,  (Switz.) 
Romorantin,  (Fr.) 
Romos,  (Switz.) 
Rorasdal,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Ronbo,  (R.)  /. 
Roncas,  (Pen.) 
Roncesvalles,  (Pen.) 
Ronciglione,  (It.) 
Ronco,  (It.) 
Roncq,  (Fr.) 
Ronda,  (Pen.) 
Rondout,  (U.  S.) 
Ronkebye,  (Den.) 
Ronne,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Ronnehy,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Ronquiflo,  el,  (Pen.) 
Roode  Kruis,  (Neth.) 
Roon,  (Neth.) 
Ropezyce,  (Austr.) 
Roquefort,  (Fr.) 
Roquetas,  (Pen.) 
Roquevaire,  (Fr.) 
Roeraas,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Rosa  de  Castilla,  (Mex.) 
Rosa,  (It.)  isl. 
Rosa  Monte,  (It.) 
Rosario,  (It.) 
Rosario,  el,  (Mex.) 
Rosario,  (Mex.)  r. 
Rosart,  (Neth.) 
Rosas,  (Pen.)  g. 
Roscommon,  (Ir.)  co. 
Rosenau,  (.'Vuslr.) 
Rosenberg,  (Austr.  Prus. 

Ger.) 
Rosenburg,  (Prus.) 
Rosendal,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Rosenheitn,  (Ger.) 
Rosenholm.  (Den.) 
Rosetta,  (Eg.) 
Rosi,  (It.)  vit. 
Rosignol,  (Can.)  I, 
Rosia,  (Ger.)r. 
Rossa,  (Switz.) 
Rossano,  (It.) 
Rosflhach,  (Pnis.) 
Rossignol,  (Neth.) 
Rossiniere,  (Switz.) 
Ross  (shire,)  and  Cromartv, 

(Scot.) 
Rostock,  (Ger.) 
Rota,  (Pen.) 
Rotels,  (Switz.) 
Roth,  (Ger.  Switz.) 
Rothaus,  (Ger.) 
Rothenbach,  (Ger.) 
Rothenberg,  (Prus.) 
Rothenbrunn,  (Switz.) 
Rothenburg,  (Ger.) 
Rothenthurm,  (Sv/itz.) 
Rotondo,  (It.) 
Rotondo,  (It.)  int. 
Rotterdam,  (Neth.) 
Rotlum,  (Neth.) 
Rouen,  (Fr.) 
Rouge,  (Fr.) 
Rouilliac,  (Fr.) 
Roulans,  (Fr.) 
Rousillon,  (Fr.) 


r5'rf3-wic 

rbk'kil 

rQQr 

rds'klUdt 

ro-gd-gQff-d'la 

rOg'gen-bir§ 

dik'trr  rqg'gf-feW 

ber'  (Ten  rqg' ge-feW 

kdr'ro  rqg'ge-feW 

ktine  rog' ge-ftW 

vdd'dtl  rog'gt-fkW 

rolr-yd'no 

ro-d'ig' 

ro-hil-kund' ' 

Torc'bdZh 

rore'brQQTi 

ro'kit-sdn' 

ruk'ko 

rol'de 

role-duk' 

rqV  gtssc-but'iel 

rql'le 

romc 

ro'ma 

ro'ma 

ro-indn'ya 

ro-indn-yd'no 

ro-md'la 

ro-mdm-mQ-ti-e' 

ro^nd-neV 

ro-md'nov 

rd^nd-no'va 

r5-mdng 

rome 

rd'mis-horne' 

rd-m5n'g' 

ro-mO-rdiig't  a  ng' 

rd'mxjs 

rqms'd'dle 

rqn'bo 

ron'kds 

roJi'thesse-v'dl'yessc 

ron-tck'il-7jo' 71S. 

ron'ko 

ron^k 

row  da 

rqn-dout' 

rqnk'e-bil 

rqji'ne 

rq7t'ne-bTl 

el  ron-k'iVyo 

ro'de  krois 

rdne 

rv'pe-slii'tse 

rok-fore' 

ro-ke'ids 

rukc-vdrc' 

r^r'os 

ro'sa  de  kdst'il'ya  or  kd- 

r5'za  [sCi'ya 

ro'za  mUn'te  . 

rS-zd'r'i-o 

it  rd-sd'T'i-o 

ro-sd'r'i-0 

r5-zdre' 

ro's'dbi 

ros'kom-vion 

ro'if-nou. 

ro'zen-bir§ 

ro'zhi-bnQr^ 

ro'iai-ddlc' 

ro'zen-hime' 

ro'zen-kqlin' 

rO-set'ta 

r5'z'i 

ro-z'in-y5V 

rqs'la 

ros'sa 

ros-sd'no 

roA'bdlk 

rus-s'in-ijoV 

rds-s'i^i-erc' 

hrom'ar-ty 

rqs'tqk 

To'ta 

ro'tels 

rote 

rote'Iious 

rij'tin-bdZh 

ro'ttn-ber§ 

rd'te.n-brijgn' 

ro'ten-bQ(yr§ 

To'tin-tQnrni' 

ro-ton'do 

ro-ton'do 

rql'ter-ddm' 

rqt't^rim 

rQQ-dng' 

rQQge 

r^Ql^ydk  or  rQQ-'i-ydJi' 

r^iQ-ldng 

rQQ-z'il-  (-z¥-)  y5ng' 


Rousses,  les,  (Fr.) 

le  rf!^s 

Rouville,  (Can.) 

rQ(}-vilc' 

Rovanenii,  (R.) 

rQ-vd-nt'm'i 

Roveen,  (Neth.) 

rO'vSne' 

Roverbella,  ('It.) 
Roveredo,  (Austr.  Switz.> 
Rovieno,  (Austr.) 

r5-ver-bil'la 

r5-ve~re'do 

rd-v'in'yo 

Rovigo,  (It.) 

ro-vi'go 

Roville,  (Fr.) 

ro-vile' 

Roxbureh,  (Scot.)  co. 

rox'burgh 

TOlh~M 

Roxen,\?en.)  I. 

Roxo,  (Mex.)  c. 

rd'Zho 

Roya,  (It.)  r. 

ro'ya 

Roye,  (Fr.) 

rwd 

Rozaus,  (Fr.) 

ro-zdngf 

Rozas,  las,  (Pen.) 

Ids  rO'tkds 

Rozendaal,  (Neth.) 

rd-zen~ddle' 

Rozuelo,  (Pen.) 
Rubano,  (Pen.) 

ro-HtQtye' lo 

r<}<i-bd'no 

Uubenstem,  (Prus.) 

r(}(}'ben-stlnc' 

Rubielos,  (Pen.) 

r(}(}-bi-t'las 

Rubiera,  (It) 

rQ<}-b'i~e'ra 

Rucello,  (It.) 

rQQ-tcheV  io 

Rucine,  (It.) 

r^Q-tdti'ne 

Rucky,  (Austr.) 

TQQk'ki 

Rudkjabing,  (Den.) 
Kudolstadt,  (Ger.) 

rild'kiek'bingh 

TQQ'dqls-stdt 

Rueda,  (Pen.) 

TijQ-e'da 

Rueda  de  I'Amiraute,  (Pen 

)  rt}Q-e'da  de  Id  mi-rdn'tf. 

Ruegno,  (It.) 
Ruelle,  (Fr.) 

rQo-en'7jo 

ru-Hc' 

Ruexas,  Casto  de,  (Pen.) 

kds'to  de  rQi}-e'Zh'ds 

Riigen,  (Prus.)  isl. 

ril'gm 

Rugenwalde,  (Prus.) 

rh'gen-vdl'de 

Ruggisberg,  (Switz.) 

^^'J^'gi^-lfir^ 

Rugiero,  (It.) 

rQQ-ji-'e'ro 

Ruhr,  (Ger.)  r. 

rQQr 

Ruhwarden,  (Ger.) 

rQQ'vdr-den 

Ruighuizum,  rNeth.) 
Ruinas,  (.Mex.) 

roi^'hoi'zgqm 

TQf^-i'n'ds 

Ruinerwold,  (Neth.) 
Rum.  (Austr.) 

roi'ne;r-voW 

rQQm 

Rama,  (.-Vustr.) 

rQQ'ma 

Rumberg,  (Austr.) 
Rumilla,  (Tur.) 

rQ!^7i'ber§ 

rQQ-mWla 

Runiu^  -n,  (Switz.) 

r^Qin'l'i-gen 

Rummej.^biira,  (Prus.) 

rtjQin'mtls-bQQr^ 

Runafer,  (R.) 

rqn-n'd'ver 

Runen,  (Neth.) 

TQQ'nen 

Ruoti,  (It.) 

rtjQ-^'ti 

Rupelmonde,  (Neth.) 

r^i^'pe.l-mon'de 

Rusi,  (Austr.) 

roQ'zi 

Russ,  (Prus.) 

TQ^S 

Russ,  (Prus.)  r. 

rQ^ 

Russia,  .-Vsiatic 

rt^Qs'shia  or  rus'sh'ia 

Russia,  European 

roos'sliia  or  rtis'sh'ia 

Russian  Territory,  (N.  Am.)  r^Qs'sIiian  or  ras'sh'ian 

Russoczyn,  (Prus.) 

rQtfs-sotck-'inc' 

Russweiler,  (Switz.) 
Ruti,  (Switz.) 

TQQs'm'ler 

Tffa'ii 

Rutli,  or  GrutH,  (Swilz.) 

Hit'H 

Ruvis,  (Switz.) 

r(i9'ri*5 

Ruvo,  (It.) 

rtjq'vo 

Ruysselede,  (Neth.) 

rois'sel-le'dfi 

Rykevorsel,  (Neth.) 

rVke-fSr'sel 

Rvnarzewo,  (Prus.) 

rihidr-ze'vo 

Rys,  (Sc.  Pen.)  /. 

rus 

Rysbergen,  (Neth.) 

ris'ber'gen 

Rvssen,  (Neth.) 

rls'sm 

Ryswyk,  (Neth.) 

rw'vtkc 

s. 


Saaksomhuisen,  (Neth.) 
Saal,  (Ger.)  r. 
Saala,  (Ger.)  r. 
Saalburg,  (Gor.) 
Saale,  (Prus.)  r. 
Saalfelil,  (Prus.  Ger.) 
Saane,  ar  Sarine,  (Switz.)  r. 
Saanen,  (Switz.) 
Saarbruck,  (Ger.) 
Saarburg,  (Ger.) 
Saariarvi,  (R.) 
Saarlouis,  (Ger.) 
Saas,  (Switz.) 
Sabana,  (S.  Am.) 
Sabancui,  (Mex.) 
Sabbianetta,  (It.) 
Sabine,  (Mex.)  L&^r. 
Sabioncella,  (Austr.) 
Sabium.  (It.) 
Sable,  (Fr.) 
Sables  d'Olonne,  (Fr.) 
Sabroso,  (Pen.) 
Sacandaga,  (U.  S.) 
Sacarappa,  (U.  S.) 
Sacatecoluco,  (Mex.) 
Sacco,  (It.) 
Sacco,  (It.)  r 


sdlic'sQijnifkoi'  lin 

zdle 

id'la 

zdlc'b()(ir^ 

z'd'le 

idlcifilt 

zd'ne 

zdhien 

zdre'briik 

zdre'boQr§ 

sd-r'i-dr'v'i 

sdre-lQ^'i' 

zds 

sd-bd'  (-1)3')  na 

sd-bdn-kQi}-'i' 

s'dh-bi-d-nH'ta 

sd-b'i'ne,  Eng.  sa-b'inc' 

sd-b't-5n-tchH'fa 

sd' b'i~Q<}-m 

sdbl 

sdbl  dd-l5nc' 

sd-bro'so 

sd-kaii~dd'ga 

sd-kd-rap'pa 

sd-kd'te-ko-l^Q'ko 

sdJi'ko 

sdJi'ko 


yfite,fdr^faU,wkqtj  bat. — J\'lSte,  prey ,  help,  there,  her.  —  Pine,  viarine,  bird,  fig. — JVote,  dSvejmbve,WQlf,bQQk,  lard. —  Tune,  bull,  iinite.  —  Fr.  longrftc;  Fr.  short  62J.— 


1356 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


Sacconex,  (Switz.) 
Sacedon,  (Pen.) 
Sacer,  (It.) 
Sacernela,  (Pen.) 
Sachsen,  or  Saxony,  (Ger. 

Prus.) 
Sachsen-Altenburg,  (Ger.) 
Saclisen-Coburg-Gotiia, 

(Ger.) 
Saclisenhausen,  (Ger.) 
Pachsen-Meiningen,  (Ger.) 

-  "li^n-Weimar,  (Ger.) 

^       :>,  fit.) 

-  -.(O.S.) 

rSjortmisnto,  (Mex.) 
Pado,  (Pen.)  r. 
?atl02ura,  (Ausir.) 

-  -y,  (Deu.) 
n^erhausen,  (Prus,) 

^  -.  :it.) 

.  ,?Jien,  (.\s.) 

.  ::aw,  (17.  S.) 
-  ae,  (It.)  «-. 

-  -1,  (Pen.)  mt. 

-  .  ■■■n^.y,  (Can.) 

:ntuni,  (Pen.) 
S^tiuria,  (Austr.) 
.Sahara,  (Af.) 
Sahl,  (Den.) 
Said,  (Eg.) 
Saii:nes,7Fr.) 
Saillon,  (bwitz.) 
Sailly  de  la  Poinme,  (Fr.) 
St.  Afrique,  (Fr.) 
St.  A?reve,  (Fr.) 
St.  Alberto,  (It.) 
SL  Alessin,  (It.) 
St.  Amand,  (Fr.) 
St.  ^Vinaii^,  (Fr.) 
SL  Araanles,  (Neth.) 
St.  Ambroix,  (Fr.) 
St.  Amour,  (Fr.) 
SL  .\na,  (Mex.) 
St.  Andeol,  le  Bourg,  (Fr.) 
PL  Andioi,  (Fr.) 
St  Andre,  (Fr.) 
St.  Andrea,  (It.)  c  &  isL 
St.  Angelo,  (It.) 
St.  Antioco,  (It.)  isL 
St.  Antonio,  (Mex.  Pen.) 
Su  Antonio  de  la  Huerla,     ) 

(Mex.)  i 

St.  Antonio,  (Mes.)r. 
St.  Anionius,  (Neth.) 
SL  ^Vmould,  (Fr.) 
Sl  .\nbin,  (Fr.  &  Switz.) 
SL  Aurica,  (II)  c 
SL  Avertin,  (Fr.) 
SL  Avit,  (Fr.) 
SL  .^vold,  {Vr.) 
SL  Barbara,  (Pen.  Mex.) 
SL  Bartolome,  (Pen.) 
Sl  Bartoloineo,  (IL) 
SL  Benedetto,  (IL) 
SL  Benedioco,  (Mex.) 
St.  Benevento,  (IL) 
PL  Benin,  (Fr.) 
Sl  Benito,  (Mex.)  isL 
PL  Bernard,  (U.  Switz.)  mL 
PL  Bernardo,  (Mex.)  b. 
PL  Blain,  (Fr.) 
Sl  Blaise,  (Switz.) 
SL  Bias,  (Mex.)pL 
PL  Rlasien,  (Ger.) 
SL  Brail,  (Switz.) 
Sl  Kranchier,  (Switz.) 
SL  Bras,  (Pen.) 
Sl  Braz,  (Pen.) 
SL  Brice,  (Fr.) 
SL  Bneue,  (Fr.)  b, 
SL  Brw,  (Fr.) 
Sl  Bnenaventura,  (Mex.) 
PL  CalaiJ,  (Fr.) 
Sl  Canat,  (Fr.) 
Sl  Carlos,  (Mex.) 
Sl  Carlos  del  Monterrey,     , 

(Mex.) 
Sl  Catalina,  (M*^x.)  ist. 
SL  Catharina,  (Braz.) 
Sl  Catharine,  (3.  Am.) 
Sl  Celoni,  (Pen.) 
Sl  Chamand,  (Fr.) 
PL  Chamond,  (Fr.) 
PL  Chinian,  (Fr.) 
Sl  aair,  (Fr.) 
Sl  Clemens,  (Den.) 
St.  Clemente,  (Mex.)  irf. 
St  Clemente  volcano,  (S.    i 

Am.)  ! 

SL  Clond,  (Fr.) 
PL  Cnloma,  (Pen.) 
SL  Colombe.  (Fr.) 
SL  Croce,  (It.) 
Sl  Croix,  (Switz.) 


sdk'kd-nelis 
sdnthe-dSii' 
sd-tcher' 
sH-tJiir'ne-la 

J  idfe'sen,  sdx'o^y 

idk'sen  iil't^bQ^§ 

I  z'dJ^sen  kS'bQ^r^  go'ta 

zdk'zen-hou'  zcti 

zdk'sen  mt'ning-en 

zdk'seii-vVmar 

sd'ch'i-ie 

aq'ko 

sd-kra-men'to 

sd'do 

sd-dd~gQ<}'ra 

sa'bS. 

zan^er-hou'zen 

sd'fi 

sa^-hd'ti-en 

sdg'i-naw 

sa-gO'ne 

sd'  gra 

sdg-nd' 

s'd-gqqn't/j^m 

sd-gQ^'r'i-a 

sa-kd'ra 

zdle 

sa-'id' 

sany' 

sdl-yong'  or  sai-yo7ig' 

sdi-y'i  {s'di-y'i)  de  Id  some' 

sang  td-fr'ike' 

sang  td-grScc' 

sdn  dl-ber'to 

sdii  d-les's'i-o 

sdng  td-m'dng' 

sang  td-mdng' 

sdng  td-m'dngt' 

sd}tg  tang-brtcd' 

sd7tg  td-mogr' 

sdwta  d'na 

sdng  tdng-de-ole'  ic'  ippr 

sdng  tdng-di-ole' 

sdng  tdng-drg' 

sda  dn~dre'a 

sdn  itn'je-h 

son  dn-(i-5'ko 

sdn  dn-td'n'i-o 

Ssdn  dn-ta'n'i-o  de  I'd  (}(^ 
ir'ta 
sett  'dn-Wn'i-o 
zdnkt  dn-to'n'i-QQs 
sdng  tdr-nQQ' 
sdng  td-bdng' 
sdn  ou'ri-ka 
sdng  td-ver-tdng' 
sdng  t'd-vV 
sdng  td-vo' 
sdn  b'dr-bd'ra 
sdn  bdr-to-lo-me' 
sdn  bdr-tG-ld-mt'o 
sdn  be'ne-det'to 
sdn  be-ne-dik'Uj 
sdn  be-ne-v6n'to 
sdng  be-ndng' 
sdn  b^-n'i'to 
sdng  ber-ndre' 
sdn  ber-ndr'do 
sdng  bldng 
sdng  blaze 
sdn  bids 
zdnkt  btd'zi-en 
sdng  brd. 
sdng  brdng'Sh'i-^' 
sdn  brds 
sdn  broth 
sdng  brisse 
sdng  br'i'^' 
sdng  bfi 

8'dn  bt}^K-nd-ven-tQQ'Ta 
sdng  kd-ld' 
sdng  kd-na' 
sdn  kdr'los 

isdn  kdr'los  dil  mUn-tir- 
tV 
sdn  kd-til-l'i'na 
sdn  k'd-td-fi' na 
sdn.  kd-td-fi'ne 
sdn  Uie-lo'n'i 
sdng  shdr^mdng' 
sdng  shd-mong' 
sdng  ski-n'i-dng' 
sdng  kldre 
zdnkt  kle'men^ 
sdn  kle-mm'te 

I  sdn  kU-men'te  vdUtd'no 

sdng  kIi}Q 
sdn  kS^.o'raa 
sdng  kfi-ldngb' 
sdn  kro'ehe 
sdng  krwd 


PL  Cruz,  (Pen.  Mex.  S.  Am.)  sdn'ta  krmtA 
PL  Dalmazo,  (iL)  •         '' 

St.  Dalraazzio,  (It.) 
Sl  Denis,  (Fr.  Switz.) 
Sl  Didier,  (Fr.) 
SL  Diego,  (Mex.) 
Pt.  Dizier,  (Fr.) 
St.  Domiano 

Sl  Domingo,  (Braz.  Mex. 
"   r\m.) 


sdn'ta  ddi-md'dzo 
sdn'ta  ddt-mdt'z'i-o 
sdng  de-n'i' 
sdng  di-di-e' 
sdn  di-e'go 
sang  di-z't-f' 
sdn  dO-m't'd'no 
>  sdn  (sdng)  dS-m'fn'go 


Pt.  Domingo  de  la  Calzado,    sdn  dO-mHn'go  rfe  Id  kdl- 

(Pen.)  '     -'  ■'  ■ 

St.  Domingo,  or  Hayti,  (W. 

Ind.) 


tnd'do 

saint  do^n'ffOf  hU'ti 

sdn  dH-n'i'no 

sdn'ta  don'na 

sdn  e-le-drthO'  i-so')  r'i-o 


PL  Donino,  (U.) 
SL  Donna,  (U.) 
Sl.  Eleazorio,  (Mex.) 

Sl  Elena,  (Pen.  S.  Am.)  sdn  e4e'na 

PL  Elisabelta,  (IL)  sdn  e-ti-sd-bet'ta 

St.  Endre,  (Austr.)  sdn  en'dre 

SL  Erga,  (K.)  sdnkt  er'ga 

SL  Esprit,  Pont,  (Fr.)  sdng  tisse-prV 

SL  Etionne,  (Fr.)  sang  tf-fi-Sne' 

Pt.  Eulalie,  (Pen.)  sdn'ta  e-no-ld'ti-f- 
Sl.  Eustatius,  (VV.  Ind.)  isl.  u-std' shi-ua 

SL  F6,  (S.  Am.)  sdn'ta  ft 

St.  Felices  el  Chico,  (Pen.)  sdn  ff-H'tHisst  il  UKi'ko 

Sl  Felipe,  (Mex.)  sang  fe-lipe' 

PL  Fernando,  (Mex.  Pen.)  sdn  f^r-ndn'do 
St.  Fernando,  silver  mines,  ' 
(S.Am.) 


PL  Fiorenza,  (XL) 
St.  Florent,  (Fr.) 
St.  Florentin,  (Fr.) 
PL  Flour,  (Fr.) 
St.  Fons,  (Fr.) 
St.  Francisco,  (Mex.) 
St.  Francisco,  (Mex.)  r. 
Sl  Francisco  de  la  Silla, 

(Mex.) 
PL  Francisco  Xavier, 

(Mex.) 
Sl  Francois,  (Can.) 
PL  Gabriel,  (Mex.) 
St.  Gailen,  (Switz.) 
Sl  Gaudens,  (Fr.) 
SL  Gauitier,  (Fr.) 
St.  Gene\ieve,  (Fr.) 
PL  Genis,  (Fr.) 
SL  George,  (S.  Am.) 
St.  Georoes,  (Fr.) 
Sl  Gerand,(Fr.) 
Sl  Gerard,  (Fr.) 
Sl  Germain,  (Fr.) 
St.  Germain  en  Loz^re, 

(Fr.) 
St.  Germain  Lambron, 

(Fr.) 


>  sdn  fer-ndn'do 

son  fi-d-ren'dza 

sdng  JlS-rdng' 

sang  JlO-rdng-tdng' 

sdng  JiQQr 

sdng  fSng 

sdn  frdn-tKis'  (-sis')  ko 

sdn  frdn-triis'  (-sis')  ko 
i  ^dn  jrdn-tKis'  (sis')  ko 
\      de  Id  s'il'ya  (s'i'ya) 
}  s'd}i  frdn-tTiis'  (-sis')  liO 
\      ikd-v'i-er' 

sdng  frdng-swd' 

sdn  gd'br'i-el 

zdnB.  gdl'len 

sdng  gO-ddng' 

sdng  go-'i-ti-e* 

sdng  shP-r.e-viSve' 

sdng  shs~n'i' 

sdn  Ske-Sr'Zke 

sdng  shorske 

sdng  ske-rdng 

sdng  ske-rdrc' 

sdng  sher-mdng' 
\  sdng  sker-mdrin 
)      zdre' 

\  sdng  sher-mdng'  lUnQ 
brona' 


'  'dng  Id- 


St.  Germain  sur  Seine,  (Fr  )  sdng  sktr-^ndng'  sur  sSne 


SL  Geronino,  (Mex.)  isl. 
SL  Giacomo,  (Switz.) 
Sl  Giles,  (Nelh.) 
PL  Gilles,  (Fr.) 
Sl  Gioinfiore,  (IL) 
Sl  Giorgio,  (U.) 
Sl  Giovani,  (IL) 
PL  Giovanni,  (IL) 


sdn  Ihe-TO-iii'no 
sdn  ji-'d-ko'mo 
sdng  gih 
sdng  gily  (g'i-'i) 
sdn  ji5-in-f'i-u're 
sdn  jior'j'io 
sdn  ji5-vd'n'i 
sdn  jio-vdn'n'i 


Sl  Giovanni  di  Sallaro,  (It.)  sdn  jid-v'dn'n'idi  sdl-ld'ro 

St.  Giraldo,  (Pen.)  "' 

PL  Girons, '■Fr.) 

SL  Giuliano,  (IL) 

Sl  Goar,  (Ger.) 

Sl  Got  hard,  (Switz.)  ttjL 

Sl  Guisto,  (IL) 

St.  Gyarg}',  (Austr.) 

Sl  Heerenbrock,  (Neth.) 

St.  Helena,  (Af.)  isl, 

Pt.  Helena  Tonnara,  (It.) 

Sl  Helene,  (Fr.) 

SL  Helier,  (Fr.) 

PL  Hermite,  (Fr.) 

Sl  Hilaire,  (Fr.) 

Sl  Hubert,  (Neth.) 

PL  Hyacinthe,  (Can.) 

SL  Hypolite,  (Fr.) 

SL  lago,  (W.  Ind.) 

Sl  Ignacio,  (Mex.) 

Sl  Inier,  (Switz.) 

Sl  Ines,  (Mex.) 

Sl  Jacob,  (Neth.) 

PL  Jacques,  (Fr.) 

SL  Jean,  (Fr.) 

PL  Jean  d'Angely,  (Fr.) 

St.  Jean  Day,  (Fr.) 

Sl  Jean  dcGard,  (Fr.) 

Pt.  Jean  Pied  dn  Port,  (Fr.) 

SL  Joaninho,  (Pen.) 

Sl  Joao,  (Pen.) 

PL  Joao  de  Foz,  (Pen.) 

SL  Joao  de  Sines,  (Pen.) 

SL  Joaquim,  (Mex.) 

Sl  Johan,  (Den.  .^ustr.) 

PL  Johann,  (Austr.) 

St.  Jooris  Weert,  (Neth.) 


sdn  Ihi-rdl'do 

sdng  g'i-rO}tg' 

sdn  jiiiQ-li-d'no 

zdnkt  g'"dr 

zdnkt  got'hdrt 

sdn  gw'is'to 

jdrj 

zdnU.  he'rm-brqk' 

sdn'ta  e'le-Tia  or  helS'na 

sdn'ta  e'U-na  t^n-wi'va 

sdng  tS'lSne' 

sdng  te-ti-e' 

sdng  tir-m'itd 

sdng  t'i-lare' 

sdng  tii-ber' 

sdng  t'i-d-sdngt' 

sdng  t'i-pO-titt' 

sdn  Ihd'go 

sdn  'ig-nd'th'i-  (-s'i-)  o 

sdng  ti-n'i-f' 

sdn'ta  i'ncsse 

zdnkt  yd'kob 

sdng  shdk 

sdng  shdng 

sdng  shdng  ddngsk-li' 

sdnff  shhng  da 

sdntr  shdng  de  g'dr 

sdnfT  shdng  p>>  d^  pOre 

sdn  chd-d-n'in'o 

sdn  lk6-d'o 

son  ihO-d'o  de  JvtJl 

sdn  ^hS-d'o  de  si'ttesse 

sdn  ShO-d'k'im 

zdnkt  yo-hdn' 

zdnkt  y5~hdn' 

zdnkt  'y5'fis  verle 


.Mex.)  c 


i  MOM  ir. 

\     a'li-- 


SL  Jorffc.  rPcn.)  B^tm  nih^H* 

St.  '-'■-■'■■  o!incho,(51ei.:    -    ^  •    -  ' 

^115,  (Mei.) 
:i:.  J..-.  >i.,  J  <i.uoaIipan,       t  j^i    .i'.  .'  .^  i 

(Mex.)  i     pda' 

Sl  Josef,  (Mex.)  #44  ;V/'»»  f 

Sl  Jouan,  (Fr.) 
PL  Jouin,  (Fr.) 
.Sl  Juan,  (y\fix.) 
Sl  Juan  Itapti^la,  (M'^i.) 
Sl  Juan  Baptijfta,  (Mex.)  «;. 
St.  Juan  de  Nicarapia,         * 

(Slex.)  , 

PU  Juan  dc  Ulua,  (Mci.) 
SL  Jiianico,  (Mi;x.)  uL 
St.  Jiili.M,  (Pen.)/1. 
Sl  Julicti,  (Fr.) 
Bl  JulteQ  du  Vourraii' 

(Fr.) 
."^L  Jiilkn  Ic  Chap,  (Fr.) 
Sl  Jurt,  (Fr.) 
Sl  Jiwu,  (II) 
Sl  Kirali,  (Au«tr.) 
SL  Kuiistantinov,  (R.) 
Sl  Limbcrt,  (Fr.) 
SL  Lary,  (Fr.) 
St.  Lattier,  (Fr.) 
Sl.  I.aiircnt,  (Fr.) 
St.  I.azaro,  (M 
Sl.  Leo,  (II.) 

St.  Lwinardo,  (Ft  &  Pen.) 
Sl  I^nnliard,  (Switz.) 
SL  Leonovo,  (R.) 
SL  Ixj,  (Fr.) 
St.  Lorenzo,  (.Mcl.) 
SL  Ixircnzo,  (IL) 
SL  Louis,  (Fr.  .Af.) 
Sl  Louis,  In.  S.) 
Sl  Lilcar  de  Barameda, 

(Pen.) 
St.  Lucar  de  Guadiana, 

(Pen.) 
Sl  Lucar  la  Mayor,  (Pen.) 
Sl.  Lucas,  (.Velb.)  c 
Sl  Lucia,  (.Mei.) 
Sl  Lucida,  (IL) 
Sl  Luis,  (.Mei.) 
St.  Luiz,  (Mox.) 
St.  Liissurgiu,  (IL) 
SL  .Ma:uten,  (Xetll.) 
SL  .MadJalcna,  (IL) 
Sl  .Alaurtens,  (.\eth.) 
SL  Majno.  (It.) 
St.  Mi'o,  (Fr.) 
Sl  Marano,  (ID 
SL  M.arc,  (Fr.  W.  Ind.) 
SL  .Marco,  (IL) 
Sl  Marcos,  (Pen.) 
SL  Marganda,  (Pen.) 
Sl.  Margarita,  (Mei.)  uL 
SL  .Maria,  (.\Iei.) 
SL  Maria  de  la  Charcas, 

(.Mex.) 
St.  Maria  del  Oro,  (Mex.) 
Sl  Maria  di  Leuca,  (iL) 
Sl  M.iria,  (Switz.) 
Sl  Maria  Monte,  (IL) 
Sl.  JIarie,  (Fr.) 
Sl  Marino,  (iL) 
Sl.  .Marten,  (.Austr.) 
Sl.  Marlinsdvk,  (.\elh.) 
Sl  .Martin,  (Fr.) 
SL  Martin  d'Estrraui,  (Fr.' 
SL  Martin  do  .Montalban, 

(Pen.) 
Sl  Martin,  (.\ustr.  Switz.) 
Sl  Mateo,  (Pen.) 
Sl  Mallhicu,  (Fr.) 
Sl  Slaurice,  (Can.) 
Sl  -Maurice,  (iL) 
Sl  .Maurice,  (Fr.  Swili.) 
Sl  Mauro,  (II) 
Sl  Maxencc,  Font  de,  (Fr." 
PL  Mclain.  (Fr.) 
SL  .Merino,  (IL) 
SL  Michel,  (Pr.) 
SL  Miguel,  (.Mex.  Pen.) 
SL  Mijulila,  (Mex.)  ■ 
SL  Miklos,  (.Austr.) 
St.  Moritz,  (Switz.) 
SL  .\azairc.  (Fr.) 
SL  N'icolo,  (IL) 
Sl.  Nicolaia.  (It) 
St.  Oedenrvxle,  (Nelh.) 
Sl.  Olava,  (Pen.) 
SL  Omcr,  (Fr.) 
SL  Orcste,  (IL) 
SL  Pablo,  (Pen.  Mei.) 
SL  PalaLs  (Fr.) 
SL  Pardoui,  (Fr.) 
Sl  Paul  Cap  de  Joux.  (Fr.; 
SL  Paul  de  FenouUlet, 

(Fr.) 


time  ■ 


Fr.  lonj  A  and  short  A,  nearly  as  in  ^r.  -  Final  Uj,  F,encht  ^ouU,e.-M'ger,Ti".k:  ■ .  -  r  .s^mjlecs^^»^^^nilkpn^ 


1357 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


SI.  I'a\Il-vcl's  Polder,  (Noth.)  ■.dnkt  pour'vels 

?t.  Payo,  (Pen.) 

Si.  I'e,  (I'r.) 

gt.  Pedro,  ( Met.) 

St.  P^dro,  (Mex.)  i.  &.  r. 

St.  P6re  i  Vy,  (Fr.) 

St.  Peter,  (Austr.)  | 

St.  Petersburg,  (11.) 

St.  Pioro,  (It.) 

St.  Pierre,  (Cati.) 

St.  Pierre  de  la  Fage,  (Fr.) 

St.  Pierre,  (Switz.  W.  Ind.) 

St.  Pol,  (Fr.) 

St.  Pol  de  Lion,  (Fr.) 

St.  Pourcain,  (Fr.) 

St.  (iuirico,  (It.) 

St.  Rafael,  (Me.x.) 

St.  Rafael,  ?Mex.)  r. 

St.  Heme,  (It.) 

St.  Kemv,  (Fr.) 

SI.  Ilomain,  (Fr.) 

St.  Rome,  (Fr.) 

St.  Rome  de  Cernon,  (Fr.) 

St.  Rosa,  (Mex.) 

St.  Rosa,  (Mex.)  isl. 

St.  Rosario,  (.Mex.) 

St.  Salia,  (Mex.) 

St.  Saba,  (Mex.)  isl 

St.  Salvador,  (Mex.) 

St.  Saphorin,  (Fr.) 

St.  Sauveur,  (Fr.) 

St.  Sebastian,  (Pen.  Mex.'> 

St.  Sebastiao,  (Pen.) 

St.  Seine,  (Fr.) 

St.  Sever,  (Fr.) 

St.  Severina,  (It.) 

St.  Silvestre,  (Fr.) 

St.  Stefano,  (It.) 

St.  Thiebault,  (Fr.) 

St.  Toiiias,  (.Mex.) 

St.  Tomntaso,  (It.)  6. 

St.  Ursanne,  (Switz.) 

St.  Vilier,  (Fr.) 

St.  Veit,  (Austr.) 

St.  Ver  Tcllirska 


pou'(Ur 


S(in  pdijo 

san  pp'tlro 

sdn  pe'itro 

sdn^r  ptrc  d  v'i 

zdiiT-t  pe'ter 

idnlit  (sQiHt)  p^'fh-s-bQor^ 

or  saittt  pS't^rs-hifr^ 
sdit  p'i-e'ro 
sdn^  p'i-drr' 
sdiig  p'i-?rc'  ilif  Id  fdgc 
sdn^  p'i-^rc' 
sdn^p^lr. 
stinff  p5lc  tie  Is-ijit^' 

sdn  kw'7-r't'l:o 
sdn  rU'fd~H 
sdn  rd'fd-H 
sdn  rs'mo 

sang  rd-mang' 

stiiif^  r5mc 

sdntr  rOinc  d'i  sh^-n^n^' 

sdiOta  rd'sa 

sdn'ta  rO'sa 

sdn  rS-sd'r'i-o 

sdn'ta  sd'ba 

sdn'ta  sd'ba 

sdn  sdl-vd-dor' 

sdni^f  sd-fo-rnvg' 

sdn^  s5-ve1lr' 

sdn  se-bds-t'i-dn' 

sdn  se-bds~il-d'o 

sang  siinc  - 

sdn^  se-ver' 

sdn'ta  se-ve-r'i'na 

sang  s'il-vistr' 

sdn  ste-fd'nu 

sang  t'i-bo' 

sdn  to'mds 

sdn  lom-nid'^o 

sang  t{ir-sdiic' 

sting  vi-li-e' 

zdiikt  vile 

vir  tch'irs'ha 


St.  \'incent,  (.\ii3tralia,  Fr.)  sang  vdng-sdng' 

St.  Vincente,  (Mox.)  *  ■  ■  • 

St.  Vito,  (It.) 

St.  Viviens,  (Fr.) 

St.  Xavier  del  Bac,  (Mex.) 

Saintes,  (Fr.) 

Saiiitonge,  (Fr.) 

Sajo  St.  Peter,  (Austr.) 

Sala,  (It.  Sc.  Pen.) 

Salajna,  (Mex.) 

Salamanca,  (Pen.  Mex.) 

Salamon,  (.^ustr.) 

Salandrella,  (It.) 

Salas,  (Pen.) 

Salbris,  (Fr.) 

Salerno,  (It.) 

Salerno,  (It.)  g. 

Salicetto,  (It.) 

Salin.a,  (It.) 

Salinas,  (Pen.) 


sdn  v'in'tlien'  (-sen')  tft 

sdn  v'i'to 

sang  v'i-v'i-nng' 

sdnikd-vi'tr  dtl  bdk 

stingt 

sdng-tSngsh' 

sd'yo  zdnkt  pe'ter 

sd'la 

sd-ld'ir.a 

sd-ld-mdn'Ua 

zd'ld^noii 

sd-ldn-drH'la 

sd'lds 

sdl-biX' 

sd-ler^no 

sd-Iif'no 

sd-ti-ijiet'to 

sd-Ti'na 

sd'Vi'nds 


Salinas  de  Oricliuela,  (Pen.)  sdJi'nds  de  d-ri-chttif-i'la 

Salinello,  (It.)  r.  sd-li-nfl'lo 

Salino,  (It.)  r.  sd4i'no 

Salo,  (It.)  sd'lo 

Salobrena,  (Pen.)  sd-!S-hre'na 

Salona,  (Gr.)  ntf.  sd-lo'na 

Salonica,  (Tur.)  sd-lS'n'i-ka 

Salpi,  (It.)  sdl'p'i 

Salpi,  (It.)!.  sm'pi 

Salsadella,  (Pen.)  sdl'sd-drVya 

Salso,  (It.)  r.  sdl'so 

Salsola,  (It.)  r.  sdl'sS-la 

Salta,  (S.  Am.)  sdt'ta 

Saltilla,  (Mex.)  sdl-til'ya  or  s'dl-fi'ya 

Saltilio,  (Mex.)  sdl-t'il'yo  or  sdl-t'i'yo 

Sallino,  (It.)  sdl-fi'no 

Salto  Ganobo,  (Pen.)  sdl'to  gd-no'ho 

Saltza,  (Ger.)  r.  zdU'sa 

Sallzburg,  (.Austr.  Ger.)  zdlts' hti(yr^ 

Saluzzo,  (It.)  sd-lt^i^'zo 

Saluzzola,  (It.)  sd~li^t^t'z5-la 

Salvador,  (S.  Am.)  sdl-va-dorc' 

Salvaterra,  (Pen.)  sdl-vd-tir'ra 

Salvatierra,  (Pen.)  s'dl-vd-ti-er'ra 

Salza,  (Ger.)  r.  zdl'tsa 

SalzH-edel.  (Prus.)  zdlis'vi-del 

Samara,  (R.)  ad-md'ra 

Samara,  (R.)  r.  sd-md'ra 

Samarang,  (East.  Isl.)  sam-a-ring' 

Saniarcanil,  (As.)  sdm'ar-kdnd 

Samaria,  (P:il.)  sd-mS'ri-a 

Samassi,  (It.)  s'd^m'ds's'i 

Sambre,  (Neth.)  r.  sdm'bre  or  sdngbr 

Sampayo,  (Pen.)  sdm-pd'yo 

Samre,  (Fr.)  s'dnmr 

Samsoe,  (Den.)  isl.  idm't^ 

San  Bonifacio,  (It.)  sdn  bS-iiv-fd'chio 

San  Boy,  (Pen.)  sdn  boi 


San  Clemonte,  (Pen.) 
San  Ildefonso,  (Pen.) 
San  Juan,  (S.  .Am.) 
San  Luis,  (S.  Am.) 
San  Luis  Potosi,  (Iilex.) 
San,  (.Austr.)  r. 
Sancerrc,  (Fr.) 
Sanctispiritus,  (Pen.) 
Sandager,  (Den.) 
Sandersleben,  (Den.) 
Sandeneer,  (.\etli.) 
Sanrtoe.  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Sandusky,  (U.  S.) 


sdn  kle-men'ts 

sdn  il-de-fdn'so 

sdn  ^A(n>-tfa' 

sdn  If^'jsse 

sdn  tt;Q''isse  p5-t0's'i 

zdn 

sdng-sSrc' 

sdiik-fi^-p'i'ri-t^tjs 

zdnd'd-ger 

zdn'iltrs-Wben 

sdn'dp-vihr 

zdn-dA' 

sdn-tlus'ky 


Sandwich,  (Eng.  &  U.  S.)  sini'wich  or  santl'idgc 

Sangamon,  (U.  S.)  sang'g'a-mon 

Sangonera,  (Pen.)  r.  sdn-gu-ve'ra 

S.angro,  (It.)  sdn'gro 

Sangro,  (It.)  r.  sdn'gro 

Sanguesa,  (Pen.)  sdn-ge'sa 

Sangulian,  (Scot.)  sdnk'en 

Sannco,  (It.)  sdn'ni-i> 

Sannikeda,  (Sc.  Pen.)  zdn-ni-kt'da 

Sansego,  (Austr.)  isl.  sdn-se'go 

Santa  .Ana,  (Pen.)  sdn'ta  d'na 

Santa  Cruz,  (W.  Ind.)  int.  sdti'la  Ar(i(.(S  or  7n-ens 

Santa  F6,  (Me.x.  S.  Am.       j  5^,,'^  y. 
Pen.)  I 

Santa  Manza,  (It.)  sdn'ta  mdn'tha 

Santa  Manza,  (It.)  g  sdn'ta  mdn'dza 

Santa  Rosa,  (Mes.)  isl.  sdn'ta  rS'sa 

Santandcr,  find.  Mex.  Pen.)  sdn-tdn'dir 

Santarem,  (Pen.)  s'dn-td'rem 

Santerno,  (It.)  r.  sdn-tfr'no 

Santhofen,  (Ger.)  zdnt'hS-fin 

Santiago,  (Pen.  S.  .Am.  Mex.)  sdn-t'i~d'go 

Santillana,  (Mex.)  sdn-t'il-yd' na  or  s'dn-fi- 

Sanlomera,  (Pen.)  sdn-iH-me'ra  [yd'na 

Santona,  (Pen.)  sdn-a'na 

Santos,  los,  (Pen.)  Iqs  s'dn'tos 

Saone,  Upper,  (Fr.)  dep.  sone 

Saone  and  Itoir,  (Fr.)  dep.  sGne^  Iwiire 

Saragosa,  (Pen.)  sd-rd-gd'sa 

Saranac,  (U.  S.)  sdr'a-ndk 

Saransk,  (R.)  sd'rdnsk 

Saratoga,  (U.  S.)  sar-a-tH' ga 

Saratov,  (R.)  sd-rd-tov' 

Sarcoxie,  (U.  S.)  sdr-koz'ic 

Sardas,  (Pen.)    '  sdr'dds 

Sardara,  (It.)  sdr-dd' m 

Sardinia,  (It.)  isl.  sdr-ti'ni-a 

Sardis,  (Tur.)  sdr'dis 

Sargans,  (Switz.)  zdr'gdns 

Sarmas,  (Austr.)  sdr'mds 

Sarmatia  sdr-mS' sh'i-a 

Sarnen,  (Switz.)  zdr'nin 

Sarnon,  (Switz.)  !.  zdr'nin 

Sarno,  (It.)  sdr'm 

Saros,  (Tur.)  g.  sd'ros 

Sarrbourg,  (Fr.)  sdrc-btjtir' 

Sarrebnick,  (Fr.)  sdre-brOk' 

Sartlie,  (Fr.)  (icp.  &  r.  sdrte 

S.artilly,  (Fr.)  sdr-t'il-yV  or  sdr-t'i-y'i' 

Sassar'i,  (It.)  sds-sd'ri 

Salara,  (Ind.)  sB-ta'ra 

Satorallya  Ujely,  (AiKtr.)  sd-id^al'ya  f<)^jily' 

Sau,  or  Save,  (Austr.)  r.  zou 

Saugatuc,  (U.  S.)  san'ga-tuk 

Saugerlies,  {U.  S.)  sau'gtr-tSSz 

Sauley,  (Switz.)  sS-fd' 

Sault  de  Xouailles,  (Fr.)  s5  ift  nti^-diy'  or  ii()(ia-'i 

Saut  du  Doubs,  (Switz.)  so  du  dtjijbt 

Sautour,  (.\eth.)  5«-((i(>r' 

Sauveterre,  (Fr.)  save-ttre' 

Sauze,  Ai,  (.Mex.)  d'i  son'ttte  (-se) 

Savalletro,  (It.)  sd-vdl-le'tra 

Savanna  de  la  iMar,  )  sd-Vdn'na  di  Id  mdr 

[Ilavli,]  (VV.  Ind.)  ) 
S.ivanna  la  Mar  and  Har-       ^a-.>a«'«a  Id  mdr 

bor,  (V\.Ind.)  ) 
Savannah,  (U.  S.)  sd-vin'niVt 

Save,  01-  Sau,  (Austr.)  r.         la'ee 
Savena,  (It.)  sd-ve'na 

Saverne,  (Fr.)  sd^virn' 
Savisne,  (Fr.)  sd-tfiny' 

Savio,  (It.)  r.  sd'vi-o 

Savona,  (It.)  sd-ro'na 

Saxkjobing,  (Den.)  s'dks'ki^'bing 

Saxony,  t>r  Sachseu,  (Ger.    j  ^^^t 

Prus.)  )  ■' 

Sayamen,  (Tur.)  mt.  s'd-^jd'min 

Scagliosa  iMonte,  (It.)  skdl^yH'sanSn'tt 

Scala,  (It.)  skd'la 

Scala,  la,  (It.)  liski'la 

Scalesta,  (Switz.)  skd-lisse'ta 

Scanderoon,  (.As.)  skdn-dh--^^' 

Scantic,  (U.  S.)  skdn'tik 

Scardona,  (Austr.)  skdr-di'na 

Schaffhausen,  (Switz.)  shdf-hoa'zen 

Schaghticoke,  (U.  S.)  skagh'Ci-koke 

Setleemda,  (Neth.)  skcm'da 

Schelde,  East,  (Neth.)  skel'de 

Schekle,West,orDe  Hond,  j    j.,,^     ^^  „„^ 


skm-ek' ta-dy 

sher'tsin^-en 

she-shtj^'va 

ske've-ning-en 

sk'i'ddm 

sk'ire'mSn-n'ik 

shints'n'dth 

sk'i'0-v5'n'i-a 

ski-^^s-sk't-QQ' 

sldint 

shlent 

[  slde'z'i-en 

i  skles'vi^ 

shhs'scr 

slim'dl'Un-h(j(^^ 

shmdl-kiH' den 

shne'ber^ 

sko'dak 

sh^ne'  ber^ 

sk^ne'birg 

sJt^'ning~etl 

skoft'tdnt 

skb-hdr'ie 

sk^Q'dik 

sk^^'ly 

ski^Ql'te 

skon'vm 

skrt;it^n 

slii^t^'bel-bdih 

skoi'len-bQt^^ 

skVler 

skWkil 

shwd'bdlh 


(Ne 
Scheldt,  (Neth.) 


skelt 


Schenectady,  (U.  S.) 
Scherzingen,  (Switz.) 
Scheschuwa,  (Prus.)  r 
Scheveningen,  (Neth.) 
Schiedam,  (Neth.) 
Schiermonnik,  (Neth.)  isl. 
Scliinzn.ach,  (Switz.) 
Schiovonia,  (It.) 
Schiuschiu,  (It.)  mt. 
Schlent,  (Den.) 
Schlent,  (Den.)  (. 
Schlesien,  or  Silesia, 

(.Austr.  Prus.) 
Schlesw-ig,  or  Sleswick, 

(Den.) 
Schlosser,  (U.  S.) 
Schmallenburg,  (Ger.) 
Sclimalkalden,  (Ger.) 
Sclmeeberg,  (Austr.) 
Schodac,  (U.  S.) 
Schoenberg,  (Austr.) 
Schoenberg,  (Prus.) 
Schocningen,  (Ger.) 
Schoftland,  (Switz.) 
Sclioharie,  (U.  S.) 
Schoodic,  (U.  S.) 
Schooley,  1  U.  S.) 
Sclioolte,  (Neth.) 
Schouwen,  (Neth.) 
Sehroon,  (U.  S.) 
Schubelbach,  (Switz.) 
Schuilenburg,  (Neth.), 
Schuyler,  (U.  S.) 
Schuylkill,  (U.  S.) 
Schwabach,  (Ger.) 

Schwaben,  or  Suabia,  (Ger.)  shwd'baij  sQQ'd'b'i-a 
Schwartzburg,  (Ger.)  shwdrts'btj^^ 

Schwartzburg-Rudolstadt,    /  shwdrts'bQtp'^  rQ^'dOl- 

(Ger.)  S      «'<*' 

S"chwartzburg-Sondershau-  i  shwdrts'bQi^r^  zSn'dhs- 

sen,  (Ger.)  \      kou'zen 

Schwarza,  (Ger.)  r.  skwdrt'sa 

Schwarzach,  (Ger.)  r.  shwdr'tsdZk 

Schwarzwald,  (Ger.)  shwdrts'v'dlt 

Schw-edt,  (Prus.)  shwedt 

Scbweidnitz,  (Prus.)  shwit'nils 

Schweiz,  or  Switzerland        shie^tse 
Schwerin,  (Ger.)  shwe-r'ine' 

Schwiebas,  (Prus.)  shw'i'bHs 

Schwyz,  (Switz.)  shwUs 

Sciarra  Point,  (It.)  shi^r'ra 

Scindia,  (Ind.)  sh'in'di-a 

Scinosa,  (It.)  sh'i-nQ'sa 

Scio,  (Gr.)  s'i'o  or  shVo 

Scioto,  (U.  S.)  siS'ta 

Scituate,  (U.  S.)  sit'%-ate 

Sclavonia,  or  Schlavonien,  )  skld-v5'nt-Uj  sM'd-vd^'i- 
(-Austr.)  )      en 

Sconondoah,  (U.  S.)  sko-non'do~ah 

Scorna,  (Austr.)  skor'na 

Scotland  skot'land 

Sculetta,  (It.)  skf/(f-lH'ta 

Scutari,  (Tur.)  ski)f!-ta'Ti 

Scylla,  (It.)  sliil'la 

Scythia  sith''i-a 

Seaconnet,  (0.  S.)  sc-kon'net 

Sebasticook,  (U.  S.)  se-bds't'i-k</fk 

Sebec,  (U.  S.)  sc'bek 

Seca,  la,  (Pen.)  Id  se'ka 

Sedan,  (Fr.)  se-ddng' 

Seedorf,  (Switz.  Gev.)  ze'dorf 

Seeliausen,  (Prus.)  ze'hou-ien 

Seekonk,  (U.  S.)  see'konk 

Segarra,  la,  (Peii.)  Id  se-gdr'ra 

Segeberg,  (Den.)  ze'ge-iirg 

Seg.ies  Pass,  (Switz.)  sdny 

Sego,  (R.)  ;.  se'go 

Segovia,  (Pen.  5Icx.)  se-g5'v'i-a 

Seiire,  (Pen.)  r.  se'gre 

Segua,  (Pen.)  se'gijf-a 

Segura,  (Pen.)  se-got^'ra 

Seiimutter,  (Ger.)  r.  zeh'mQft'tfr 

Seine,  (Fr.)  dep.  sSne 

Seine,  Lower,  (Fr.)  ilep.  sane 

Seine  and  Murne,  (Fr.)  drp.    sane,  mdme 

Seine  and  Oise,  (Fr.)  dep.       sdne,  utdsc 

Seine,  (Fr.)  r.  sane 

Selaya,  (Pen.)  se-ld'ya 

Sele,  (It.)  r.  se'le 

Selitska,  (R.)  se-lits'ka 

Selkirk,  (Scot.)  sel'kirk 

Sella,  (Pen.)  c.  sil'ya 

Selzach,  (Switz.)  zel'tsdlk 

Semja,  (R.)  setn'ja 

Semlin,  (.Austr.)  zim-ttne' 

Semmaria,  (It.)  sem.^d'ri-a 

Sempach,  (Switz.)  lem'pdlk 

Sempach,  (Switz.)  I.  zem'p'dlh 

Semur,  (Fr.)  se-m(lrc' 

Seneca,  (tJ.  S.)  sen'e-kd 

Senegal,  (Af.)  r.  sen-e-giil' 

Senegambia,  (Af.)  sen~e-gim-(fi-a 

Senio.  fit.)  r.  se'iii-o 

Senlis,  (Fr.)  sdng-tV 


*) 

*' 


Fate,/ib;fyll,whqt,  bdL-Mete,  prey,  help,  thSre,  ItXr.-Pine,  marine,  btrd,fig — JV^Ie,  diSve,  raSre,  wffV,  »(■(>*,  lord.— Tune,  bnit,  ^nite.  —  Fr.  long  Bft«  .•  Fr.  short  hut.  - 


1358 


FRONU-NCIATION   OF  MODERN   GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


(It.) 


Seniitiar,  (jVl'.) 

Senne,  (Xtrth.)  r. 

Sennivalil,  (Swilz.) 

Sentier,  le,  (Swilz.) 

Sepulcro  de  Scipion,  (Pen.) 

Seraincourt,  (Fr.) 

Semmpore,  (-poor,)  Jlntl.) 

SemvaUe,  (lU) 

Seriiao,  'Pen.) 

Sereii,  (Austr.)  r. 

Serechova,  (R.) 

Seriiigapataui,  ((find.) 

Serk-,  (.Xuslralia,)  in!. 

Seruiii-TS,  (Fr.) 

Stnnoise,  (Fr.) 

Scrnano,  (It.) 

Scnion  la  Doire,  (Fr.) 

S>Tp.i.  (Pen.) 

Ser^K  iit.iria,  (It.)  isl. 

Serp  u,!,..v,  (R.) 

S>Tr:   rvs.  (Fr.) 

S  r:  _',  ^.-^wilz.) 

Jen.r.ru-,  (Fr.) 

:?ervia,  (Tur.) 

Ser>-,  (.Nelll.) 

tv'sia,  (IL)  r. 

Sesto  Caleiide,  (II.) 

Se:i!to  Varese,  (It.) 

Sestri,  (II.) 

.<.-^!ri  di  Lerante, 

S.  tjuket,  (U.  S.) 

s.  i-cli,  (.A'ostr.) 

.-rMimu,  (!t.) 

.~-  rubal,  (Pen.) 

s  u  Iv,  (.\ustr.) 

S;;vcrac,  Ic  Chateau,  (Fr.) 

Pcvilla,  (Pen.) 

;-i-v-r<:s,  (Fr.) 

■^  vres  Deux.  (Fr.)  dep. 

r-   uestan,  (Per.) 

-  -'/.iirinva,  (.-\ustr.) 

lllO,  (IL)  C 

■  ;u.  s.) 

■I,  (U.S.) 
;-uaiiii(»u,  (Ir.) 
Sh~rkidl,  (E2.) 
.-^hiron,  Plain  of,  (PaJ.) 
^  :  uvni-e,  (U.  S.) 
>  1  hnygan,  (U.  S.) 
r-:    i-rness,  (Enj.) 
s   ,  Ibourne,  (Can.) 
-..  iluhs,  (.\f.) 

-  :  <■!■■   'U.S.) 

:ll,   (U.  S.) 

(U.  S.) 

.-    c,  (Can.) 

Shesheqiiin,  (U.  S.) 
Sheliicket,  (U.  S.) 
Shiawassee,  (U.  S.) 
Shirar,  (Per.) 
Shoa,  (AC) 
Shmimla.  (Tur.) 
?;,. -h  .r.,_i-,  (U.  S.) 
S.'irr.L'Tia,  (Ai.) 
:?hrup.-stnre,  (Ens.) 
SLak,  (East.  Isl.) 
Siaru,  (.\s,) 
Siberi.1,  (.\s.) 
Sibilla,  (IL)  nt 
Sichem,  (.Neth.) 
Pirjiy,  (IL)  isl 
.<;.!,  (Austr.) 
Siilikhuren,  (Ncth.^ 
?;i!cn3joe,  (Sc.  Fen.) 
;  :  lemo,  (IL) 
-Hira,  (A(.)  g. 
.'^lebenlinsen,  (Austr.) 
.^i.-na,  (IL) 
.^i'jnne,  (Fr.)  r. 
r^icna  de  Estrclla,  (Pen.) 
Sierra  JIadre,  (?I(?x.) 
Sierra  de  los  Mjiubres, 


(.Me.T.) 


sen-n'diir' 

zen'tu  or  sine 

iett'va!t 

le  sdt^-t'i-e' 

se-poi^l'kTo  de  s'i'p'i-dn 

se-rdHg'k^^' 

sh'-tiiii-pore' 

s^rii-r'dl'le 

se'red 

Sf-re-ih5'va 

ser-ing'  ga-pa-tdni' 

ser'le 

ser-m'i-e' 

ser-mjpdsc' 

srr-tiii'uo 

ser~nOng  Id  die'dre 

ser'pa 

str-pm-tU'ri-a 

s^r-pott'lhov 

Sfr-r'i-Sre^ 

serc'e-reli^ 
sfr'v'i-a 
sH-ri' 
se'z'i-a 

siss'to  k'd-len'de 

sess'to  vd-re'ie 

sess'tr'i 

siss'tr'i  di  U-v'dn'te 

se-tatt'kct 

zetsh 

set-Ci-m^Q' 

se-tt;iy-ddl' 

setjk 

se-ve-rck'  I'd  shd-iO' 

st-v'il'ya 

sStT 

sicr  d^ 

se-ais-tan' 

sh^se-s<}^ro  'va 

sfir'ra  kd-vdl'lo 

shd^mS'kin 

shdn-dS'ken 

shdn'non 

sftdrfk-i-ch 

shdr'on 

shc'boi'gan 

shSr-n  ess' 

skvl' bourne 

skel'lclis 

shc-lok'ta 

shcn-dn~iiO' d?i 

she-nan^'  go 

sh'^r'brijijke 

skesh' c-facin 

she-tuk'ct 

shi-O'-was'sce 

sh'i-rdr' 

sk5'a 

ahnQm'ld 

skosh'o-nte  . 

shrdg'nn 

shrop'sk'ire 

si' am 

sl-hi'ri-a 

si-biVla 

zi'lhern 

sis'i-bj 

sU 

zid'de-bnQ'rm 

z'i'dea-sh^ 

si-der'no 

i'i'drfi 

z'i'bir.-ling-bn 

st-e'na 

si-er'-m  de  esse~ireVija 
s'i'er'ra  m'd'dre 
I  s'i-rr^ra  de  los  vi'im'- 
brisse 


de  SFonchiqae,  (Pen.)  s'i-ir'ra  de  mUn-ch'i'ke 


Fierra  Nevada,  (Pen.) 
SiLrle  Carreras,  (Pen.) 
^'j^m:^r!n^en,  [Hohenzol-     ) 
Icrr.,]  (Ger.)  J 

.«ii:nau,  (Ger.) 
i^i:;risweiler,  (Swilz.) 
t^iETtuna,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Si^uantancjo,  (Mex.) 
?i2iienza,  (Pen.) 
Sieueyro,  (Pen.) 
Siklo,  (Austr.) 
Siklos,  (Auatr.) 
Silbodal,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Silde  Rivet,  (Den.)  Ul 
Silden,  fSc.  Pen.) 
Silesia,  or  Scblcsien,  (Anstr.)  si-Wsi-a 
Siliqiia,  (IL)  si'Ci'kwd 

Siljan,  (t^r.  Pen.)  /.  sil'y'dn. 

Sillery,  (Fr.)  sH-fi' 

Silora,  (ll.)  r.  stWra 


$'i-rr'ra  -n^-va'da 
s't-f'tt  kdr-re'rds 

■.'i^md-ring^en 

zi'gr'is-ri'lir 

sig-t^Q'na 

g-i-gcQ-'dn-Vl-ne'Vio 

s'i-TCii'tJia 

s'i-Tl'ro 

si'Uo 

s'i'ktos 

zH'b5-ddlc' 

zH'de 

zil'den 


Sils,  (Switz.) 
Silser,  (Swiiz.)  /. 
Silslli,(E2.) 
Silvano,  (ll.) 
Silvaplana,  (S\vit/..) 
Silveiras,  (Pen.) 
Silvi,  (Ii.) 
Simaiid,  (Austr.) 
i^iinbirli,  (ttcr.) 
Simhirsk,  (R.) 
Siniedii,  (Pal.) 
Siinione,  (It.) 
Siinlyana.  (Austr.) 
Sininif-n,  (.Swii/..)  r. 
Simmi^ni,  (Ger.) 
Simiilon,  (^wii/„) 


ziU 

zfl'zer 

sil'si'Ii 

s'il-vd'no 

8'il'vdypld'na 

sVvVrds 

i^'il'o't 

zi'mdnd 

ztm'bdih 

s'im'btrsk 

s'i'me-un 

s'i-m'i-lf'ne 

s'im-rtd'va 

z'im'ntirt 

z'im'meni 

sdn-^-jilQn 


SimpUiii,  Hoiite  du,  (Sivitz.)  roiit  du.  sdufr-pldner' 
Sinai,  (Pal.  K;:.)  ml.'  -'  -  "  ^      " 

Sinai,  (Pal.  Ki:.)  pen. 
Siualva,  (Mt;x.) 
Sinalva,  (Me\.)n 
Sinde,  (Per.  Ind.) 
Singapore,  (-poor,)  (Ind.) 
Siniga^lia,  (ll.) 
SinnenKiluuiiiis,  (U.  S.) 
Sinnour,  Plain  of,  (Eg.) 
Siout,  (Kg.) 
Sioux,  (U.  S.) 
Sippican,  (U.  S.) 
Sirante,  (Pen.) 
Siriani,  (R.) 
Sisal,  (Mex.) 
Sisarga,  (Pen.)  isl. 
Sissach,  (Switz.) 
Sissigen,  (Switz.) 
Siltard,  (Neth.) 
Sitte  Agua?,  (Pen.) 
Siverier,  (Switz.) 
Skagen,  (Den.)  c. 
Skagstol,  (Sc.  Pen.)  mU 
Skamproy,  (Neth.) 
Skanderberg,  (Den.) 
Skane,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Skara,  fSc.  Pen.) 
Skarsta,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
SkellefteS,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Skellefiel,  (Sc.  Pen.)  r. 
Skeneateles,  (U.  S.) 
Skibberreen,  (Ir.) 
Skippack,(U.  S.) 
Skoefde,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Skog,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Skoliapa,  (R.) 
Sbowhegan,  (U.  S.) 
Skye,  (Scot.) 
SligpUf,  (Deii.) 
I    [Xetli.) 
.  k,  or  Schleswi^. 
,LVn.) 
Sligo,  (Ir.)  CO. 
Slooten,  (Neth.) 
Slykenburg,  (Neth.) 
Smaland,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Smolensk,  (R.) 
Smyrna,  (Tur.) 
SnoehalUm,  (Sc.  Pen.)  mt. 
Snovviien,  (Eng.) 
Soana,  (It.)  mt. 
Sobrades,  (Pen.) 
Sobrado,  (Pen.) 
Sobral,  (Pen.) 
Sobreira  Formoza,  (Pen.) 
Soconusco,  (Mex.) 
Socorro,  (Mex.)  isl. 
Socuellamos,  (Pen.) 
Soederlianin,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Suederkjoping,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Soedertiili-e,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Soest,  (Ger.) 
Sogne  Fjeid,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Sogne  Fjord.  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Pognedal,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Soignes,  (Neth.) 
Soi-nie3,  Forest  of,  (Neth.) 
Soi?5ons,  (Fr.) 
Solanillos,  (Pen.) 
Soleure,  (Su-itz.) 
Solingen,  (Ger.) 
.SoJola,  (Mex.) 
Solvitabur?,  (^c.  Pen.) 
Sohvay,  (Scot.) 
Soinbrete,  (Mex.) 
Sombrief,  (Neth.) 
Someren,  (N'eth.) 
Somers,  (L.  S.) 
Somerset,  (Af.  N.  Am.) 
Somersetshire,  (Eng.) 
Somme,  (Fr.)  dcp. 
Somme,  (Fr.)r. 
Somme  Velo,(Fr.) 
Sommelsdyk,  (Neth.) 
Sommen,  (Sc.  ren.)i. 
Sommi^res,  (Fr.) 
Sonderborg,  (Den.) 


sVnd 

st'nd 

s'i-ndl'va 

a't-ndl'va 

sin'de 

slng-gd-pOre' 

s'i-iii'-g'dVya 

sin' ne-m'd-h^'ning 

sin-n^<}r' 

S'i-QQt' 

com.  5?p 

sip'p'i-kan 

s'i-rdn'te 

si-ri-d'n'i 

si-s'dl' 

s'i-sdr'ga 

zis'sdSh 

zis's'i-gin 

sil'tdrd 

s'il'it  d'gQi^ds 

si-ve-ri-e^ 

skd'gen 

skd^'stOU 

skdm'proi 

skdn'der-bir^ 

gkO'ne 

skd'ra 

skdrs'ta 

shjil-Uf'U'o 

skyH-lff-U'o 

sken'c-dt'e-les 

sktb'ber-reen' 

skip'paJ: 

skyextfdt 

sk<}<}^ 

sku  ti-'d'pa 

skow'hc~gdn 

skff 

sld'geUzt' 

sUnc 

sUs'wik 

sWgo 

sld'ten 

sli'ken-bQQT^ 

smo'ldnd 

smd'lensk 

smifr'na 

snt^'hdt'Vdn. 

snO'din 

sO'd'iia 

sD-brd'desse 

su-brd'do 

sD-brdl' 

so-brVra  fdr-mO'tHa 

sj-ku-n^Qs'ko 

sO-kur'ro 

s5-kij^tl-i/d'mos 

z^' dr:r-hdmn 

zdh'der-  {-kydh')  cMA'ping 

z^'dtT-tel'ye 

zOstc 

zOiig'ne  field 

zo}tg'ne  f'idrd 

zung'ne-ddle 

stcdny 

si'dn-y'i' 

swds-sSng^ 

sd-ld-n'il'yos 

su-lt^rc' 

zO'lin!r-cn 

sO'lO'la 

zol'vits-borg 

sol'te'ay 

s5m-bre'te 

s5ng-bri-^ 

sO'mdrK 

sum'cTS 

sum'cr-sH 

snm'er-set-sh'irf 

s5mo 

sQme 

sume  ve'lo 

sqm' mels-dtke' 

zdm'men 

sO'ini'&re' 

zqn'der-hOT^ 


I  Sonder^hautien,  [Schwarx-  t  t^'rf^»JU«'t>«, 


rioiinenburi;,  (Pnii.) 
I  .^'.n'.r.i,  f-M..-x.) 
'"■■'■    ■'  ■'■■    '■■»"«.) 
iir.) 

J-) 

(it.  J 
>l"rg,(Ger.) 

>  ■  .  (P»;n.) 

.-^uryui.-,  (Fr.)  r. 

Snria,  (Pen.) 

HortK:,  (Den.  Sc.  Pen.) 

Sorrento,  (ll.) 

Sofrttle,  (Sc.  Pen.) 

Sorsjoen,  (.Sc  Pen.) 

Sorso,  (lu) 

Sortcs,  (Pen.) 

Pomp,  (Den.) 

SofpiJIo,  (IL) 

Si»stri,  (iL) 

Sotc  Fjord,  {Sc.  Pen.) 

Solo  dc  la  Marina,  (Mex.) 

Solrcs,  (Pen.) 

Sottcghem,  (.Neth.) 

Soubcs,  (Fr.) 

Sou-choo,  (Ch.) 

Souchnna,  ^r.) 

Soucirac,  (Fr.) 


l6rf 
z6'rA 


Souhe?au,  (U.  S.) 
Souillac,  (Fr.) 
Souilly,  (Ft.) 
.Soulaines,  (Fr.) 
Souloni,  (Fr.) 
Soulvachc,  (Fr.) 
Sourbes,  (Fr.) 
Sources,  lo!<,  (Mex.) 
Soutt^miinc,  la,  (Ft.) 
Southampton,  (Eni:.) 
Souihbury,  (6*.  S.)' 
Soutliingtim,  (U.  S.) 
Southwark,  (Enp.) 
Southwick,  (U.  S.) 
Sovry,  (Fr.) 
Sovhiere,  (Swilz.) 
Spa.  (Neth.) 
Sp:ula,  (Tur.)  e. 
Spadicinlo,  (Pen.) 
Spain,  Sp.  EspaSa,  Fr.  E^ 

pasne 
Sp;ikenburg,  (.\eUi.) 
S;xiI;tlro,  (Austr.) 
Spanberg,  (.\usu.) 
Spaubrock,  (Neth.) 
Spmdau,  (Prus.) 
Spangenberg,  (Ger.) 
Spatinam,  (Nelh.) 
Pparre,  le,  (Fr.) 
Sparta,  (Gr.) 
Spartimento,  (It)  e. 
Spartivonlo,  (IL)  c 
Spas  ot"  Kissengen  and 

Bocklel,  (Ger.) 
Spsili,  (Gr.)  c 
Speicher,  ^witr.) 
Speier,  trr  Spcycr,  (Ger.) 
Speierbach,  (Ger.)  r. 
Spenicz,  (.-Vustr.) 
Sperlonga,  (IL) 
Spelzia,  (Gr.)  UL 
Ppey,  (Scot.) 
Speyor,  or  Speier,  (Ger.J 
Spezzia,  (IL) 
Ppiez,  (Swilz.)    ■ 
Spigno.  (lu) 
Spina,  (IL)  of. 
Spincio,  (iL) 
Spipt-Ipaede,  (Neth.) 
Spirding,  (Prus.)  L 
Spirebach,  or  Speierbach. 

(Ger.) 
Spiridione,  (Gr.) 
Spirilu  Santo.  (U.  S.)  b. 
Spilzbcrgen,  {K.) 
Splugen,  (Svvitr-) 
Spbig4'n,  (ll.)  ml. 
Spo!L'to.(Il.) 
Spoorndonk,  (Neth.) 
Spree,  (Pnis.l  r. 
Sprcmbei^,  (Prus.) 
SprL-&;?iano.  (It.) 
Springhir-ch.  (Den  ) 
Sproe,  (Den.)  u*i. 
Sproltau,  (Pnis.) 
Sprundcl,  (Nelh.) 
Spulico,  (lu)  c 
St]uam,  ;U.  S.) 
Squillaoc.  (IL)  0. 
Stobijotten,  (Ptua) 
Stadc,  (Ger.) 


rzi.  Hn?.  fT.jtr 


ij^,Kr'«^V>^*9^1« 


rpl'er 

rpft'd:'t-c 

rpiu 


»?i'- 


Fr.  long  ^  and  short  c^.  nearly  a.  in  sp...-  Final  /,,  French  I  m..///c.-..n"^cr,  .i-'^.u.-# as  .in  ,1^^^.  # and  a  guttural;  ,,lw. 


1359 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  MODERN   GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 

. __ 

Sladolitza,  (R.) 

std-rfS-W'ia 

Strehla,  (Ger.) 

stre'la 

Sviatoi,  (R.)  u?. 

sw'id'toi 

Stadtberg,  (Ger.) 

sldt'hir^ 

Strelitz,  (Ger.) 

stre'lils 

Svinoe,  (R.)  /. 

sw'i-n^ 

Sladthagen,  (Ger.) 

stdt-lid'gcn 

Strik-a-poor,  (Per.) 

strik-a-pQi^ 

Swnbin,  Suabia,  or  Schwa- 

swd'b'i-a 

Slaeden,  (Netli.) 

stit'den 

Stroe,  (Neth.) 

striiq 

ben,  (Ger.) 

Stafa,  (Switz.) 

std'fa 

Strogonova,  (As.)  g. 

str5-gS-nO'va 
)  strOl'ndti,  grotz'ka 

Swalnien,  (Nelh.) 

swiU'min 

Staffel,  (Ger.)  t. 

staffil 

Strolnatz,  or  Grotzka,  (Tur 

Swansea,  (Eng.) 

swqn'sea 

Stafleld,  (Prus.) 

stdffilt 

Stroem,  (Sc.  Pen.) 

str/^ute 

Sweden,  i^j-  Svcrige 

swe'dcn,  sccr'ye 

Staffora,  (It.)  r. 

slif-fiS'ra 

Stromboli,  (It.)  isl. 

strOm'bo-l'{ 

Swellendani,  (Af.) 

sicel'len-ddm' 

Slaffordsliiie,  (Enj.) 

Staffordshire 

Strocmstadt,  (Sc.  Pen.) 

str^m'stdt 

Swienemuende,  (Prus.) 

^c'i'ne-miin'de 

Stalamata,  (Gr.)  c. 

std-ld-md'ta 

Stry,  (Austr.)  n 

stri 

Swigteler,  (Netli.) 
Switzerland,  die  Hchvveiz 

sv>i^'te-Ur 

Staklen,  (Switz.) 

stdl'dm 

Strvszow,  (Austr.) 

stris'so 

swit'zer-laiid,  dS  shwlts 

Staniljuul,  or  Constanti- 

\ stdm-hn(!V 

Stu'bbekjoebing,  (Den.) 

st<;inbfbe-k'i^'btng 

Syl  Faellen,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Sylvan,  (Sc.  Pen.)  I. 

si'lfni'lin 

nople,  (Tur.) 

Stuhlweiszenburg,  or 

}  sttji^l-Vis' sen-bonr^ 

siil'vdn 

Slamfen,  (Austr.) 

stdm'fen 

Svekes  Fejervar,  (Austr.) 

1 

Syracuse,  (U.  S.) 

sir'd'ktise  or  sl'rd-kuse 

Slamheim,  (Switz.) 

stdm'hlme 

Stuifzand,  (Neth.) 

stoifz'dnt 

Syria 

sir'i-d 

Staniphane,  (Gr.)  isl. 

stdmfd'ne 

Stuolovitcbi,  (R.) 

sti}Q-5-l5-vU'cht 

Szada,  (Austr.) 

sd'da. 

gtandia,  (Tur.)  is/. 

stdn'di-a 

Stura,  (It.)  r. 

st^Q'ra 

Szakal,  (Austr.) 

sd'kal 

Stanki,  (R.) 

stdn'kt 

Stutgard,  or  Stuttgart,  (Ger 

)  stQQt'gdrt 

Szalonia,  (Austr.) 

sd-lo'n'i-a 

Slano,  (Gr.)  vit. 

std'no 

Stuyvesant,  (U.  S.) 

stVvC'Saiit 

Szaresia,  (Austr.) 

sd-re'shi-a 

Suanovoi,  (As.)  int. 

std'nO-voi 

Stvpe,  (Neili.) 

stVpe 

Szarvas,  (Austr.) 

sor'vSsh 

Stanstcad,  (Can.) 
Stantzia,  (Per.) 

stdn'sted 

Stvria,  or  Steiermark, 

j  stVri-a 

Szaazvaros,  (Austr.) 

suS'Vd'rosh 

stdnt'ii-a 

"(Austr.) 

Szatyraatz,  (Austr.) 

sotj'mots 

Stanz,  (Switz.) 

stdnts 

Suanca,  (Me.\.) 

s(}Q-'dn'ka 

Szczurowice,  (Austr.) 

stcliQQ-ro-v'i't^e 

Staphorst,  (Netli.) 

stdforst 

Suances,  (Pen.) 

sQQ-'dn't'hhse 

Szegedin,  (Austr.) 

se-ge-dine' 

Staramara,  (.^ustr.) 

sM'ra-mava 

Suarez,  (S.  Am.)  r. 

s<^n-'d'reni  {-^tssc) 

Szekefalva,  (Austr.) 

st'ke-fOl'va 

Stare  Miastow,  (Aiistr.) 

.itd're  m'i-ds'lo 

Snaiiiro,  (S.  Am.) 

SQQ-d-^QQ'rO 

Szekes  Fejervar,  or  Stulil- 

se'kesk  fe^jer'vdr 

Stargard,  (Prus.) 

stdr'irdrt 

Suabia,  or  Schwaben,  (Ger 

)  sw&'b'i-a 

weiszenburg,  (Austr.) 

Starucca,  (U.  S.) 
Statitza,  (li.) 

sta^uk'ka 

Subhiano,  (It.) 

s^^b't-'dhio 

Szereda  Zik,  (Austr.) 

se-re'da  z'ik 

std-fit'za 

Subiaco,  (It.) 

SQ<j-bi~d'ko 

Szeszuppe,  (Prus.)  r. 

she-sbi^tjp'pe 

Start,  (.Austral.) 

sldrt 

Suchenthal,  (Austr.) 

zQf}'lhen-taU' 

Szikszo,  (Austr.) 

sik'so 

Starup,  (Den.) 

std'rn^p 

.Sucio,  (S.  Am.)  r. 

SQQ'iKi-  (-Si~)  0 

Szokefalva,  (Austr.) 

so-ke-fvVva 

Statjen  Isl.  (U.  S.) 

stdt'eti 

Suckasunnv,  (U.  S.) 

suk-a-sun'jiy 

Szolnok,  (.\ustr.) 

sot'nuk 

Staubach,  (Switz.) 

stou'bd^h 

Suckow,  (Prus.) 

ZQQ'liO 

Szroda,  (Prus.) 

shrS'da 

Staunton,  (U.  S.) 

stdn'ton 

Sucumbio,  (S.  Am.) 

sQQ-kt^gm'h'i-o 

Szurul,  (Austr.) 

SQu'r^Ql 

Staranger,  (Sc.  Pen.) 

std'vdn^-er 

Suczawa,  (Austr.) 

sQQ-cha'va 

Szuszko,  (Austr.) 

SQQs'ko 

Stavenhaj;en,  (Ger.) 

std'vfn-hd'gen 

Suedoog,  (Den.) 

sfid'dor 

Stavros,  (Tur.) 

st(l*vro.<i 

Sudrata  Plain,  (Af.) 

s(}(;>-dr'd'ta 

Steenbergen,  (Neth.) 

stme'bi^r-iren 

Sueca,  (Pen.) 

sQty-e'ka 

Steensade,  (Den.) 

stem'sd-de 

Suecadana,  (E,ist.  Isl.) 

sQQ-e-kd-dd'na 

FT 

Steenwyk,  (Nctli.) 

stfne'v'ike 

Suenderwall,  (Den.) 

zun'deT-vdV 

T 

Stefano,  (It.)  tnl. 

sle-fd'no 

Sues,  (Switz.) 

zUs 

J. 

" 

Stefanos,  (Tur.)  f. 

stifd'nos 

Suessenheim,  (Neth.) 

zus'sen-hlme' 

Stegtenhorst,  (Neth.) 

ste'^'ttn-hqrst 

Suevre,  (Fr.) 

swSvr 

Ti,  Esaui  DE,  (S.  Am.) 

esse'ka  de  la 

Steiermark,  or  Styria, 

stl'er-mdrh,  st'i'r'i-a 

Suez,  (Eg.) 

T,aarlo,  (Neth.) 

tdre'lo 

(Austr.) 

Suez,  (Eg.)  g. 

^- sQo'ez  and  sp^-ei' 

Taars,  (Den.) 

tOrse 

Stein,  (Neth.  Ger.  Switz.) 

si'me 

Suez,  (Eg.)  istli. 

Taasinge,  (Den.)  isl. 
Tabacal,  (S.  .Am.) 

to'sing-e 

Steinamanper,  (Austr,) 

stVnU-Tndiig'er 

SufTolk,  (Eng.) 

suffok 

td'b'd-kdl' 

Steinfort,  (Neth.) 

siine'fort 

Sugachi,  (S.  Am.)  r. 

s<}(^gci'chi 

Tabahuelto,  (Mex.) 

td.hu-<j(}-et*to 

Steinfurth,  (Ger.) 

sitne'f(^Qrt 

Suhr,  (Switz.) 

tpore 

Tabarca,  (Af.) 

td-bdr'Icx 

Steinweiss,  (Ger.) 

stinc'vtce 

Suippe,  (Pr.) 

sw'ip 

Tabarca,  or  Plana,  (Pen.)  is 

.  Id-bdr'ka,  pld'na 

Stella,  (It.)  r. 

stil'la 

Sulen,  Outer,  (Sc.  Pen.)  isl 

ou'ter  SQQ'len 

Tabarieh,  (Svr.) 

td-bii-rVek 

Stellenbosch,  (Af.) 

stel'len-bosk 

Sulgen,  (Switz.) 

ZQQl'gen 

Tabasco,  (Mex.) 

ta-bds'ko 

Stenbidskjarra,  (Sc.  Pen.) 

stene-h'ids-chdr'ra 

Sulimao,  (Per.)  iitt. 

sQ^li-mdn' 

Tabernas,  (Pen.) 

td-bir'nUs 

Stephanswerth,  (Neth.) 

ste'fdtis-vert 

Sulingen,  (Ger.) 

zQQ'lintr-eii 

Tabita,  (It.) 

ta-bVta 

Sternberg,  (Austr.  Prus. 

(  stern'ber^ 

Sulifelma,  (Sc.  Pen.)  mt. 

sQn-ii-feVma 

Tablas,  (East.  Isl.)  isl 

td'Uds 

Ger.) 

Sulmona,  (It.) 

snt^l-mo'na 

Tableau,  le,  (Can.) 

le  Id-blB' 

Stettin,  (Prus.) 

stet-tine' 

Sulpiee,  (Switz.) 

sit  Lp  ice' 

Taboca,  (Braz.)  r. 

td-ba'ka 

Steuben,  (U.  S.) 

com.  atu-ben' 

Sulz,  (Ger.) 

ZOQltS 

Taboleiro,  (Braz.) 

td-bd-Wro 

Steyer,  (Austr.) 

stt'er 

Sulzbach,  (Ger.) 

zoglts'bdlh 

Tabor,  (Austr.) 

td'bqr 

Stia,  (It.) 

sti'a 

Sulzbacher,  (Austr.) 

ZQQlts'bdH-er 

Tabor,  (Pal.)  mt. 

td'bor  or  ta'bnr 

Stibingen,  (Switz.) 

sti'bing'in 

Sulzburg,  (Ger.) 

ZQQlts'  (zitlts')  bQ(}r^ 

Tabriz,  (Per.) 

td-briz' 

Stjerna,  (.Sc.  Pen.) 

sher^na 

Sumatra,  (East.  Isl.)  isl. 

soo-mdhra 

Tacoara,  (Braz.)  r 

td-kO-d'ra 

Stigliano,  (It.) 

st'il-yd'no 

Sumbawa,  (Austral.)  isl. 

sQQm-hahoa 

Tadousac,  (Can.) 

a-diiQ-zdk' 

Stillwater,  (U.  S.) 

still' aa-tir 

Sumbilla,  (Pen.) 

SQ(>m-b'iVya 

Tafalamah,  (Af.) 

td-fdAd'ma 

Stilo  Point,  (It.) 

sii'lo  " 

Sumidoro,  ( Braz.)  r. 

sQQ^mi-dO'TO 

TalTalva,  (Pen.) 

tdf-fdl'va  " 

Stirling,  (Scot.)  CO. 

st'^r'ling 

Suraiswald,  (Switz.) 

ZQt^'mis-v'dW 

Taffers,  (Switz.) 

tdffers 

Stoboresti,  (Tur.) 

stS-bh-res'a 

Sumjacz,  (Austr,) 

skfjQm'ydtch 

Tafflelt,  (.\f.) 

idflell 

Stocken,  (Ger.) 

stok'in 

Summatino,  (It.) 

SQQTii'md-t'i'no 

Tagerschen,  (Switz.) 

td'ger-shen 

Stockhausen,  (Ger.) 

stqk-hou'ien 

Sunapee,  (U.  S.) 

sun'a^pee 

Taghkanic,  (U.  S.) 

td^h-kan'ik 

Stockholm,  (Sc.  Pen.) 

stnk'holm 

Sunda,  (.\ustral.)  sL 

sogn'da 
shn'ddle 

Tagliamenlo,  (It.)  r. 

tdt^jd-men'to 

Stockemark,  (Den.) 
Stolatz,  (Tur.) 

stok'ke-mdrk 

Sundal,  (Sc.  Pen.) 

Tagomago,  (Pen.)  isL 
Tagus,  Sp.  Tajo,  (Pen.)  r. 

td'gS^md'go 

sib-ldt-J 

Sundbye,  (Den.) 

sQipid'bit 

ta'gus,  Sp.  td'iho 

Stolberg,  (Prus.) 

stot'ber§ 

Sundsvall,  (Sc.  Pen.) 

s^fjnds'viU 

Tahiti,  or  Otaheite,  (Soc. 

td-hi'ti,  S-ta-mte' 

Stoipe,  (Prus.  Den.) 

stql'pe 

Sungora,  (East.  Isl.) 

SQ^n-gO'ra 

Isl.)' 

Stolpe,  (Prus.)  r. 
Stongoli,  (It.) 

stoVpe 
stSn'gB-U 

Supa,  (S.  Am.)  r. 
Superga,  (It.) 

SQQ-ptr'^a 

TaUlemontier,  (Fr.) 

tdly-mdng.fi-e'  or  tdi- 
mong-ii~et 

Stonne,  (Fr.) 

stone 

Surat,  (Hind.) 

sQ(^rdt' 

TaUles,  (Neth.) 

tdhj  or  td'i 

Stoer,  (Den.)  r. 

stitUr 

Sure,  (Neth.)  r. 

iQQ're  or  sUre 

Takanova,  (.\ustral.) 

td-kd-nS'ra 

Stora,  (Af.)  g. 

Stora  Umen,  (Sc.  Pen.)  I. 

sta'ra 

Surenen  Pass,  (Switz.) 

ZQQ-re'nai 

Takina,  (As.) 
Talabo,  (East.  Isl.)  c. 

td-ki'na 

sto'ra  Q(}'men 

Surgires,  (Fr.) 

sur-gire 

td-ld'bo 

Storafvan,  (Sc.  Pen.)  /. 

stdre-d'ven 

Surig,  (Neth.) 

SQQ'ri^ 

Talamone,  (It.) 
Talant,  (Fr.) 

td-ld-mB'ne 

Storbacken,  (Sc.  Pen.) 

stdre-tdk'kea 

Surigao,  (East.  Isl.)  isl. 

SQn-ri-gd'o 

tdJdag 

Storsjoe,  (Sc.  Pen.) 

storeshA' 

Surinam,  (Braz.)  r. 
Surrein,  (Switz.) 
Surrey,  (Eng.) 

s<}Q-T2-ndm'  or  s^^(^-rI-n(im' 

Talanti,  (Gr.)  ch. 

ta-ldrJti 

Storsjoen,  (Sc.  Pen.)  t. 

stdre-sh^nc' 

sur-rdng' 

Talava,  (It.)  r. 

td-ld'va 

Storta,  la,  (It.) 

Id  stUr'ta 

s'cr'rij 

Talavera,  (Pen.) 

td-ld'Ve'ra 

Stouters  Gat,  (Neth.) 

stou'ters  giU 

Sursee,  (Switz.) 

zQQr'ze  or  sHr'ze 

Talavera  de  Puna,  ^S.  Am.) 

td-ld-ve'ra  de  p^,Q'na 

Straabe,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Strabane,  (U.  S.) 

strO'be 
strd-bane' 

Susa,  (It.) 
Suse,  (Af.) 

s(}Q'za 

Talavera  de  la  Reyna,  (Pen. 
Talavera  la  Ke;il,  (Pen.) 

)  td-ld-ve'ra  de  Id  rVna 
td-ld-ve'ra  Idre-dl' 

Strakonitz,  (Austr.) 

stril-ko-nits' 

Susquehanna,  (U.  S.) 

sas-que-hd^i' na 

Talavera  Vieja,  (Pen.) 

td-ld-ve'ra  vi-e'lka 

Stralen,  (Ger.) 
Stralsund,  (Prus.) 

strd'len 

Sussex,  (Eng.) 

sus'sex 

Talbot,  (U.  S.) 

tal'bot 

strdlc-zi/i^nt'  or  strdle' z</Qnl 

Susten  Pass,  (Switz.) 
Sutherland,  (Eng.) 

z^Qs'ten 

Talcahuano,  (S.  Am.) 
Taliaferro,  (U.  S.) 

tdl-kd-Qo-d'no 

Strandhuus,  (Den.) 

strdnt'ltQi^s 

suth' er-land 

TUlg.  tol'e-ver 

Stranraer,  (Scot.) 

strdn'rawr 

Suvaiki,  (R.) 

su-v'dl'k'i 

Tal  Kans,  (Ger.) 

Vdl  kdns 

Strasbourg,  or  Strasburg, 

strds-bQi^r' ,  strdsbQ^^ 

Suvero,  (It.)  c. 

snQ-ve'ro 

Talladega,  (U.  S.) 

tdl-ld-de'ga 

(Fr.) 

Suvers,  (Switz.) 

sU'Vere 

Tallahassee,  (U.  S.) 

tdl-td-hds'sec 

Strasburg,  (Prus.) 

str'ds'hqtfr^ 

Suwanne,  (U.  S.)  r. 

su-wq'nee 

TalKahatchie,  (U.  S.) 
Tallapoosa,  (U.  S.) 

tdUd-hdtch'ie 

Straskirchen,  (Ger.) 

str'ds-kir'lheii 

Svanecke,  (Sc.  Pen.) 

swd'ne-ke 

tdl-ld-p^Q'sa 

Strass,  (Austr.) 

strds 

Svanholm,  (Den.) 

siDdne'holm  or  swdnc-kolm' 

Tallara,  (Pen.) 

tdl-yd'ra 

Stratus,  (Gr.) 

atrd'tos 

Svartla,  (Sc.  Pen.) 

swdrt'la 

Tallassee,  (U.  S.) 

tal~ids'see 

Straubing,  (Ger.) 

strou'bing 

Svartsjoe,  (Sc.  Pen.) 

siodrt'sk^ 

Talmaz,  (It.)  e. 

tdl-madz' 

Striusburg,  (Prus.) 

stroiis'hf^(^§ 

Sveaborg,  (R.) 

swe'd-borg 

Ta-lou-che,  i^ast.  Isl.) 
Talvig,  (Sc.  Pen.) 

td-lou'che 

Strechonetz,  (Austr.) 

stre'ihu-ntts 

Svendborg,  (Den.) 

swejid'bor^ 

tdl'Vif 

Stree,  (Neth.) 

strf 

Svensmark,  (Den.) 

sweTis'mdrk 

Tamalameque,  (S.  .Am.) 

td-mii'ld-vie'ke 

i 

Strega,  (Ger.) 

stre'gd 

Sviatjsk,  (R.) 

sw'idtjsk 

Tamameo,  (Pen.) 

td-md-m^'o 

! 

Fate,  fdr,  fyll,  what,  Ut.  — 

Jilete,  prey,  help,  there,  her.  — 

Fine,  marine,  b-ird,fig.  —  J^!,te,  dive,  mooe,  Wflf,  boQk,  Iq 

rd.—Tme,  bull,  ^nite.  —  Vr. 

longffte,-  Fr.^hort  iuf. — 

1360 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


TaiDan'iun,  (Bmz.) 
Tauiapava.  (S.  Am.)  r. 
Taiuaqu'a,  (U.  S.) 
Tamarwa,  (U.  S.) 
Taniasi,  (.^ustr.) 
Tamaulipa:',  (.Mex.) 
Tanibaeh,  (Ger.) 
Tanjbelan,  (E.Tst.  Isl.)  ijt 
Tainbo,  (S.  \m.) 
Tanitwbamba,  (S.  Am.) 
Tambov,  (R.) 
Tamega,  (Pen.)  r. 
TamenVrs,  (R.) 
Tamiagua,  (Me.x.) 
Tami^qiie,  (S.  Am.) 
Tamlaght,  (Ir.) 
Tampa,  or  Espirilu  Santo, 

(U.  S.)  4. 
Tampico,  (Mex.) 
Tampico  Bar,  (.Mex.) 
Tanipicn,  (.Mex.)  ft. 
Tamurejo,  (Pen.) 
Tan,  (Ger.) 
Tana,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Tana  Fjord,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Tan.ajra,  (II.) 
Tanakeken,  (East.  Isl.)  iaL 
Tanas-serim,  (.-Vs.) 
Taiicha  Porta,  or  Sable 

Point,  (U.  S.) 
Tancitaro,  (Me.x.) 
Tanco3,  (Pen.) 
Tangeniiuende,  (Pras.) 
Tanjier,  (Af.) 
Tanjore,  {Hind.) 
Tanna,  (Ger.) 
Tanum,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Taormina,  (It.) 
Taos,  (.Mex.) 
Tapacari,  (S.  Am.) 
Tapncures,  (S.  Am.)  r. 
Tapajos,  or  Toyapos, 

(Braz.)  r. 
Tapaquilcha,  (S.  .^m.) 
Tapera,  (Braz.) 
Tapiau,  (Prus.) 
Tapio  Szele,  (.\U3tr.) 
T:ipira,  (S.  Am.)  vu. 
Taiwlera,  (R.) 
Tapoliza,  (.Austr.) 
T.ipiciliannock,  (U.  S.) 
Tappanooh,  (E.-l,<L  Isl.) 
T,iqiie3lrele,  (Mex.) 
Taranaki,  (.V.  Zeal.) 
Tarancon,  (Pen.) 
Tarancuena,  (Pen.) 
T.iranto,  (IL) 
T.araraa,  (.\.  Zeal.) 
Tarawon,  (Fr.) 
Tansp,  (Switz.) 
Taravilla,  (Pen.) 
Tarazona,  (Pen.) 
Tarb«,  (Fr.) 
Tarrhiurnia,  (IL) 
Tarekheim,  (Ger.) 
Tarjovibci,  (R.) 
Tanfa,  ( Pen.) 
Tanja  Rio,  (S.  Am.) 
Tarn,  (Fr.) 


ta-md'tjii'  ya 

tdm-d'oua 

taw-dr  ica 

td-mii'zi 

td-niou' ti.pds 

t<tm'ia!h 

tctm-be.l(ia' 

tdm'bo 

tdm'bO-bdm'ba 

tdm'bqv 

td-me'oa 

td'mer-jqrs' 

td-itii-d'  gQ^^ 

td-mis'ke 

tam-ldghi' 
)  tam'pGj  esse-p'i'ri.tfQ 
(      sdn'ta 

tdin-pt'ko 

tam-pt'ko  bdr 

tdiit-pi'ko 

td-m^Q-re'Ihc 

tan 

td'tia 

td'na  fiSri 

td-nd'ffra 

td-nd-^e'kin 

td-nds'se-^'im 

I  tdii'cha  pSr^td 

Idn-tKi-  (-J1-)  Id'ro 

tdn'kos 

tdng'ir-mvin'dt 

tdn-jfer^ 

(dn-j5r«' 

liia'ni 

td'n^^m 

td'Qr-mi'na 

td'oi 

td'pdrkd'rt 

td'pA.k4j<j'  risst 

\  td-pd'fhos,  t5-tjti'pos 

td-pd-k'iVcha 

td-pe'ra 

td'pi.oa 

ta'pi-o  se'le 

td-pi'ra 

td-po-ie'ra 

td-pQ-le'ga 

tdp-pd-hdn'nok 

tdp-pd-n^q* 

Id'kisse-tre'lt 

td-rit-nd'ki 

td'rdn-kdii' 

td-rdn-kQ^e'na 

td-rdit'to 

td-rd-r^'d 

td-rds-kong' 

Wrd'p 

{d'ra-r'it'tia 

td'rd-tm'nd 

tdrbt 

t4r.k'i'Qi>'rS-la 

td'rek-htrne 

tdT'g5-vU'  za 

Id-Ti'fa.  ' 

tH'Ti'Via  tVo 

tdms 


Tam  et  G.aronne.  (Fr.)  dep.    tdmg'  {  gd^Ont' 

T.TTna,  (Sc.  Pen.)  .^-i... 

Tartincz,  (Anstr.) 

Tarnocora,  (Austr.) 

Tarnoiv,  (Ger.) 

Tanmwilz,  (Prus.) 

Taro,  (It.) 

Taro,  (It.)r. 

Tarragona,  (Pen.) 

Tanus,  (Tur.) 

Tartanedo,  (Pen.) 

Tartiry,  (.\s.) 

Tartigo,  (f'an.)  r. 

Ta^rh,  (Swilz.) 

Taschendiirf,  (Ger.) 

Tasro,  (.Mex.) 

Ta.<joc,  (.«c.  Pen.) 

Tatnall,  (U.  S.) 

Tatra,  (.Austr.)  ml. 

Taiiber,  (Ger.)  r. 

Taunton,  (U.  S.) 

Taiinda,  (R.) 

Taiiroa,  (N.  Zeal.) 

Tauru«,  (Tur.)  mU 

Tausz,  (.Austr.) 

Tanves,  (Fr.) 

Tavan?a,  (R.) 

Tavanne3,  (Switz.) 

Tav.x^lehus,  (R.) 

Tavenrte,  (Sc.  Pen.) 

Taverne,  (Switz.) 

Tavemes,  les,  (Fr.) 

Taviano,  (It.) 

T,ivier,  (.Nelh.) 

favlgnano,  (It.)  r. 


tdr'na 

tdr' notch 

tdr'n^-g5'ra 

Idr'no 

tdr'n5-vits' 

Id' TO 

Id'ro 

tOr'rd-^O'na 

tdr'sQtj.t 

tar'td-nf'do 

tdr'ta-ry 

tdr'ti-go 

td-Hk 

Idjh'en-dorf 

(dj'Aai 

Ul'shA 

tdt'nall 

td'tra 

lou'ber 

tdn'ton 

toit-ri'da 

tou^d'a 

tau'rg^ 

tous 

tone 

td-Bdn'ga 

td-vds'tt-ktj<i» 

td'ven-di 

td-veme' 

le  td-vem' 

Ut-vi-d'no 

id-ot-t' 

td-Btn~yd'no 


Tavira,  (Pen.) 
Tavolara,  (It.)  is!. 
Tawe,  (Ger.) 
Taivitaivi,  (East.  Isl.)  isl. 
Tazewell,  (U.  S.) 
Tchablar,  (Tur.)  c. 
Tchala,  (R.) 
Tchanonia,  (R.) 
Tcherkask,  (R.) 
Tctierniiiov,  (R.) 
Tchernowitz,  (Auslr.) 
Tchiprovatz,  (Tur.) 
Tclurkakema,  (R.) 
Tchocunna,  (U.  S.) 
Tcluila,  (U.  S.) 
Tecklenburg,  (Ger.) 
Tecolotlan,  (.Mex.) 
Tecoman,  (Mex.) 
Tecumseh,  (U.  S.) 
Tedia,  (Af.) 
Teenlhal,  (Switz.) 
Teeslrup,  (Den.) 
Tefalene,  (Af.)c. 
Tegelen,  (Neth.) 
Tegualema,  (S.  Am.) 
Tegueco,  (Mex.) 
Teguisate,  (Mex.) 
Teheran,  (Per.) 
Tehuacan,  (Mex.) 
Tehuanlepec,  (.^Iex.) 
Tellyantepec,  (.Mex.)  b. 
Teigumuuth,  (Eng.) 
Teining,  (Ger.) 
Teinitz,  (.Auslr.) 
Teipan,  (Mex.) 
Teisz,  (.Austr.)  r. 
Teixido,  (Pen.) 
Tejada,  Sierra,  (Pen.) 
Tekeri,  (It.)  (. 
Tekla,  (Gr.)  ft. 
Telchanka,  (R.) 
Telek  Tis,  (Austr.) 
Teles,  (.Austr.) 
Telese,  (It.) 
Telessad,  (Af.) 
Teletlirus,  (Gr.)  vd. 
Telgl,  (Ger.) 
Telhco,  (U.  S.) 
Tellin,  (.N'eth.) 
Tellingsted,  (Den.) 
Teinascaltepec,  (Mex.) 
Tembia,  (.Af.) 
Tembleque,  (Pen.) 
Tenu-gua,  (Tur.) 
Temenn,  (.Austr.) 
Tenies,  (.Austr.)  r, 
Temesvar,  (Austr.) 
Tempe,  (Tur.) 
Tenipelburg,  (Prug.) 
Tempic,  (It.) 
Templuux,  (Neth.) 
Terasena,  (Af.) 
Tenasserim,  (Ind.) 
Tenda,  Col  de,  (It.) 
Tcnilra,  (Ger.)  inL 
Tendff,  (Switz.)  mt. 
Tenerife,  (Colombia,)  (S. 

Am.) 
Teneriffe,  (Af.)  isl 
Tenna,  (It.)  r. 
Tennessee,  (U.  S.) 
Tenoxtitlan,  (Mex.) 
Tenpisque,  (-Mex.)  r. 


td-vVra 

td-vO-ld'ra 

td'ce 

Ifl'i-Cd'l 

tdz'ierl 

Uhdbldr' 

tcha'la 

tchd~n&'ma 

Uhir'kdik 

tchtr'nt'gov 

tsher'nO-vits 

tsk'i'prG-rdtz 

tsk'ir'kd.kf' ma 

teho-kun'Tia 

tck^Q'la 

tek'len.btj^§ 

U-kS-Wt'lan 

te'ko-mdn' 

te-kum'seh 

trd'la 

terie'tdle 

U'strijQp 

te'fd-le'ne 

te'^e-Un 

tdrgijQ-d-U'Taa 

te-ge'ko 

U-g'l-sd'le 

teh-he-rdn' 

te-QQ-d'kdn 

te-ijQ-dn'te.ptk' 

te-ydn' te.pek' 

com.  tin'muth 

ti'ning 

ti'nits 

tVp'dn 

ti3 

a-lKi'do 

s'i-er'ra  te-lhd'da 

U'ke-ri 

U'kla 

trl-chda'ka 

te'lek  tish 

ii'tesh' 

tc-le'ze 

ie-les-sdd' 

te-le'thrt}^ 

lelh 

lini-ka 

til-tine' 

td'ling-sted 

te-mds-kdl'ti-p(k 

tem'bi-a 

tem-bh'ke 

te-me'gQtf-a 

te-me-T'ine' 

te'viesh 

te-mesK-vdr' 

tem'pe 

tem'pet-bffr^ 

tem'pi~o 

tdng-plQij' 

thwse-na 

ten-ds' ser-im 

kdl  de  teu'da 

tin'dra 

Idngdr 

[  tt-ne-^'i'ft 

te-ne-r'ife' 

ieii'na 

ten-nessee' 

te-n<S!k-tU-ldn' 

ten-pis'ke 


Tensift,  or  Morocco,  (Af.)  r.  ten'sift 


Tentigny,  (Neth.) 
Tenlschbrod,  (Austr.) 
Tepeaca,  (.Me.x.) 
Tepic,  (Mex.) 
Teiioa,  (Me.x.) 
Teposcolula,  (_Mex.) 
Teposlitlan,  (Mex.) 
Tequila,  (Mex.) 
Ter,  (Pen.)  r 
Ter  ileirte,  (Neth.) 
Ter  Sclielling,  (Nelh.)  isl. 
Tera,  (Pen.)  r. 
Teramo,  (It.) 
Teran,  (Pen.) 
Terbleil,  (Neth.) 
Tercero,  (S.  Am.)  r. 
Terebes,  (.Au-^tr.) 
Teregovaer,  (.Austr.) 
Terena,  (Pen.) 
Terera  d'Oliveira,  (Pen.) 
Teresa,  (Pen.) 
Teresa,  (Braz.)  /(. 
Terh,appel,  (Neth.) 
Terjan,  Plain  of,  (Tur.) 
Termes,  les,  (Fr.) 
Termini,  (It.) 
Terminos,  ^Mex.)  L 
Tenno,  (IL)  r. 
Termoli,  (It.) 
Temeuse,  (Neth.) 


tdng-tin'y'i 

lenUk'bTiiu 

te-pe-d'ka 

tepik' 

te-pS'a 

U-pQs-ka' li}i}4a 

ii'pSs-ttt-ldn' 

ii-ki'la 

ter 

ter  hVde 

ter  skel'ling 

te'rd 

te-rd'mo 

te-rdn' 

tir-bme' 

ter-tXe'  (-«£')  ro 

ts-re'besh 

te-re-g5-cd'er 

te-re'na 

te-re'rd  d5'ti'cVra 

ts-re'sa 

te-re'sd 

ter-hdp'pil 

ter-jdii' 

le  terme 

ter'mi-n^ 

ter-mi'iio$ 

ier'mo 

ter'inH-U 

ter-nAze' 


Temi,  (It.) 

Terra  del  Fucgo,  (8  Am.) 
Terra  di  Uari,  (It.) 
Terra  di  Lavi.ra,  (IL) 
Terra  di  Olranto,  (IL) 
Terra  Nova,  flu) 
Tcrracina,  (It.) 
Temilba,  (It.) 
Terrana,  Maria  de,  (IL) 


t^tl 

ter'ra  M  fyfs'gt 
ter'ra  dl  Mrt 
ter'TH  dl  td-r^'rm 
t^r'ra  dl  6-*rdM't* 

t^ra<Jkt'»* 

t^r~rat'i* 

mO-rl't  df  lir.r&m* 


Terreboli  SL  Andri,  (Ctn.)    llrt-bx&  Umg  to*/.**' 

Terrebonne,  (Can.)  .^..j 

Terrible,  (.'fwilz.)  mL 

Terricciola,  (It.) 

Terrida,  (Eg.) 

Tenih,  (R.)  r. 

Tenvalde,  (.Neth.) 

TeKlien,  (Auitr.) 

Te»chendi>rf,  (Pnu.) 

TeMin,  (Svvitz.) 

Teslii!o«,  (S.  Am.)  ui. 

TetiUa,  (.Mex.) 

Tete  de  Mort,  (U.  S.) 

Teticliem,  (Pni«.) 

TeufelHbruecke,  (Switz.) 

Teufen,  (Switz.) 

TeulTelen,  (Swill.) 

TeuLida,  (lu)  c 

Teuschnitz,  (Ger.) 

Tevego,  (Braz.) 

Teverone,  (IL)  r. 

Texaman,  (.Mex.) 

Texana,  (if.  S.) 

Teia.i,  (U.  S.) 

Texel,  (Neth.)  uL 

Tezcuco,  (.Mex.) 

Thalkirch,  (Switz.) 

Thalheim,  fSwitz.) 

Thames,  (Eng.) 

Thanisbrueck,  (Pnil.) 

Thaso,  (Tur.)  iaL 

Thebaid,  Desert  of,  (Eg.) 

Thebes,  (Eg.) 

Thebes,  (Gr.) 

Theiss,  or  Tisza,  (Auitr.) 

Thelpusa,  (Gr.) 

Thenon,  (Fr.) 

Theodosia,  (iL) 

Thera,  (Gr.)  ijl. 

Theresianopel,  (Austr.) 

Thessalia,  (Tur.) 

Theux,  (.N'eth.) 

Thibault,  (IL) 

Thibet,  or  Tibet,  (As.) 

Thiel,  (Neth.) 

Thielt,  (Neth.) 

Thierachem,  (Switz.) 

Thierache  Forest,  (Neth.) 

Thiers,  (Fr.) 

Thil,leChat,  (Fr.) 

Thionville,  (Fr.) 

ThivieRi,  (Fr.) 

Tholen,(.Vet]i.) 

Tlioinar,  (Pen.) 

Thomaschovalz,  (Austr.) 

Thone,  (Ger.) 

Thorda,  (Auslr.) 

Thorigny,  (Fr.) 

Thorn,  (.Neth.  Pnis.) 

Thorout,  (.Neth.) 

Thouars,  (Kr.) 

Three  Rivers,  or  Trois  Ri-   ) 

vieres,  (Can.)  i 

Thronium,  (Gr.) 
Tlnleringen,  Fr.  Thurjo-      ( 

vie,  (Ger.)  j 

Thum,  (tier.) 
Tliun,  (Switz.) 
Thur,  (Swilz.)  r. 
Thurgau,  (Switz.) 
Thuruiger  Wald,  (Ger.) 
Tiandijari,  (Sc.  Pen.)  1. 
Tiber,  IL  tevere,  (It.) 
Tibtl,  or  Thibet,  (.As.) 
Tibiquari-guaza,  (S.  Am.)    | 

isL  I 

Tiburon,  (Mol.)  W. 
Ticino.  (It.) 
Ticonderoga,  (U.  S.) 
Tidone,  (lu)  r. 
Tiefens,  (Prus.) 
Tieh,  el.  Desert  of,  (E|!.) 
Tierra  del  Fuego,  (S.  Am.)  ui  I; 


Ur-rlW 
tiT.rlflrU  U 
ttr-n'dt 

trrik 
Urtdl'di 

ua'u 

Utk'tM-dfrf 
UsWfM 

ttu  dtmtn 

tat' I  kern 
Vlx'f-U-^rik'if 
te\'fr% 
loi'/iim 

t^z  a'aj 

lilXia  or  Ux  u 

lekJil 

HIX.  (t^iM-)  i^hm 

taWkirlk 

taWUmt 

com.  lewa 

tamybriX 

Ud'aa 

IXe-U'U 

aiba' 

tlct,  riyaa 

tt-'i-t' 

tt-i-di'if-* 
C^t'ra 

te.r{-z1-A.U&'fti 
tXu.4i'll.* 

b« 

tii'et 

iiu 

tlHi 

[tre'a.fUm 

llrr'a-Un 

tl-trl' 

CUUsU 

n-<af.clV 

a-riV 

tj'ln 

13-mar' 

a.mutk't.vmi' 

U'«{ 

tar's* 

li-rlm'tt 

Um 

tA-rn' 

&tM  n.^i.trt' 

li'rin^.**,  Fr.  "'-  ;' 
vir' 

'«■«« 

'rr» 

ti  r\vtf.rr  rdU 
tVHr,  It.  tf'rt-^ 

ii.tiJ:ff-i>'n-ftf-ai»* 

(■*«) 

fi-cMt'nt 

(I-toa-a'/r-.^  fi 

(i-io  >: 

ti'ff^ 

etlt(. 


Tiesa,  (Mex.) 
Tiet.ar,  (Pen.)  r. 
Tirtis,  (R.) 

Tigre,  l.ago  del,  (S.  .Am.) 
Tigre,  (Mex.)  r. 
Tigris,  (Tur.)  r. 
Tilap.a,  (.Mex.) 
Tilbiira,  (N.Ui.) 
Tillires,  (Fr.) 
Tilligte,  (Neth.) 
Tillv,  (Fr.) 
Tils'it,  (Prus.) 


Vi-i'M 
D.fJJir' 

itt'ce  dn  nf/n 
K'rx 

U'frit 

It-la  f 

ul-r^rt'  at  eft-fi 
tilfilX-tt 
Ul-ft'  or  tn-^v' 

tilzit 


Fr.  long  ^  and  short  ^,  nearly  as  in  spur-  Final  ly,  Ftenc^  l^uiUe.-An''ger,v,''cio.s.-g  >.  .inplcasure^^lX^^^r^^^  .,  liquid  ,  a»  in  ^ 


171 


1361 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


riinbncto,  or  Tombucto, 

(AfO 
Tiinea,  (It.)  r. 
Tiiriolus,  (Tur.)  mt. 
Timor,  (East.  Isl.)  s(. 
Timpabaches.  (Mex.) 
Tiiigelslad,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Tinicuni,  (U.  S.) 
Tinoso,  (Pen.)  c. 
Tinto,  (Pen.)  r. 
Tiiizen,  (Svvitz.) 
Tioga,  (U.  S.) 
Ti|)iinacho,  (iMex.) 
Tippecanoe,  (U.  S.) 
Tipperary,  (Ir.)  co 
Tipperary,  (Ir.) 
Tirara,  (It.) 
Tirlemont,  (Neth.) 
Tirone,  (It.)  (. 
Tirschenreit,  (Ger.) 
Tirsi,  (It.)  r. 
Tisted,  (Den.) 
Tlsza  Furea,  (Austr.) 
Tilicaca,  (S.  Am.)  I. 
Tivoli,  (It.) 
Tizzano  Point,  (It.) 
Tjakelvas,  (Sc,  Pen.)Z. 
Tjoeriiip:,  (Uen.) 
Tjucrn,  (Sc.  Pen.)  isl. 
Tjoernelierg,  (Den.)  isl 
Tlapa,  (Mex.) 
Thiscala,  (Mex.) 
Tobailo,  (It.) 
Tobarra,  (Pen.) 
Tobehanna,  (U.  S.) 
Tobiqiie,  (Can.)  r. 
Tobolsk,  (As.) 
Tocco,  (It.) 
Todal,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Todars,  (It.) 
Todi,  (It.) 

Todos  Santos,  (Mex.) 
Todtenau,  (Ger.) 
Toenningen,  (Den.) 
J  Toeplitz,  (Austr.) 
Toeppingen,  (Ger.) 
Toipahua,  (Mex.) 
Tokay,  (Austr.) 
Toko-Iabo,  (N.  Zeal.)  karbor 
Tula,  Desert  of,  (As,) 
Tolapampa,  (S.  Am.) 
T(iiedo,  (Pen.) 
Tolentino,  (It.) 
Tolgen,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Tolhuis,  (Neth.) 
Tolima,  (S.  Am.) 
Tolima  Volcano,  (S,  Am.) 
Tolna,  (Austr.) 
Tolosa,  (Pen.) 
Tolsager,  (Den.) 
Tohica,  (Mex.) 
Tolzt,  (Ger.) 
Tomaszau,  (R.) 
Toniatlan,  (Mex.) 
Tombigbee,  or  Tombeek-      ) 

bee,  (U.  S.) 
Tom^,  (Fr.)  w/. 
Tomini,  (East.  Isl.)  ^. 
Tomo,  (S.  Am.)  r. 
Tonal,  (It.) 
Tonala,  (Mex.) 
Tonawanda,  (U.  S.) 
Toncado,  (Pen.) 
Tonder,  (Den.) 
Tongo,  (East.  Isl.) 
Tiingres,  (Neth.) 
Tonnara,  (It.) 
Tonneins,  (Fr.) 
Tonnerre,  (Fr.) 
Tonnin,  (Ger.) 
Tonquin,  (As.) 
ToMsherg,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Tuorkistan,  (As.) 
Toorkinania,  (Per.) 
Toorsheez,  (PtT.) 
Topaufalva,  (Austr.) 
Topayor,  Rio,  (Braz.) 
Topelias,  (Gr.)  l. 
Topolya,  (Austr.) 
Tofiool,  (East.  Isl.)  ist. 
Tor,  (Pen.) 
Torhay,  (Eng.) 
Torliel,  (Switz.) 
Torcisi,  (It.) 
Torrsa,  (Austr.) 
Ti.idendorf,  (Ger.) 
Tordera,  (Pen.) 
Tnrdesillas,  (Pen.) 
Tordillo,  (S.  Am.)  I. 
Torefors,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Torello,  (It.) 
Torga,  (Prug.) 


Tfirgau,  (Prus.) 
Torkan,  (R.) 


tim-biik'to 

t'i-mt'a 

ti'mo-lQ(j3 

t'j'mSr 

t'im-pd-b'd' cktsse 

tinfr'el-st'dt 

tin'i-kum 

t'i-n5'so 

tin' to 

tin'tsen 

ii-6'ga 

ti-pi-md'cho 

tip-pe-kd-n^ff' 

tip-pe-r'd'ry 

tip-pe-rd'ry 

ii-rd'ra 

t'ir!e-m6ng' 

ti-rd'ne 

tirsh' eit-rlte 

tir's'i 

t'i'sted 

tis'sa  fQQ^e'a 

ti-ti-kd'kd  ' 

ti'vo-li 

tit-dzd'no 

jd'kel'Vds 

tii^'riniT 

ti^r'ne-bvr§ 

tld'pd  " 

tlds'kd-la 

to-bdVlo 

tO'bdr'ra 

to-be-hdn'na 

to -bike' 

td-bolsk' 

tok'ko 

to'ddlc 

to'ddrs 

tO'di 

tij'dos  sdn'tos 

to'Un-ou 

t((hn'jiing-in 

t^p'lits 

tf^p'ping-eji 

toi-pd'QQ-a 

to-kV 

to'ko-ld'bo 

to'la 

td'Id-pdm'pa 

to-Ie'do 

td-Ien-t'i'no 

tol'yrn 

tol'hois 

to-IVna 

W'l'i'ma  v5l-kd'no 

toVva 

td-lo'sa 

toL-'d'sr^r 

toltst 

tS-mds'so 

to-mdt'ldn 

tom-big'be 

to-me' 

to-mi'n'i 

to' mo 

tG-ndl' 

to-nd'ta 

lon-a-wqn' dd 

toii-kd'do 

tqn'der 

t5n'  go 

tnngr 

tdn-nd'ra 

tdn-ndng' 

t5n-nire' 

tdn-n'ine' 

t5n-kj7i' 

t5ns'ber§ 

tQQr-kis~tdn' 

t<j<irk^md' n'i-a 

tl}(}TS'hH 

to-pou-fdl'va 
r'i'o  tO-pd-ySr' 
td-pb'Vi-'ds 
td-pHVya 

t6-pQQl' 

tor 

tor-bay' 

ior'bel 

tHr-tchi' s'i 

tGr'tcha 

tor' den-dqrf 

t6r-de'ra 

tor-de-siVyds 

tQr-dil'yo 

tG're-fqrs' 

tS^H'lo 

tqr'ga 

tor'  gou 

tqr-kdn' 


Torma,  (R.) 
Tormaleo,  (Pen.) 
Tornies,  (Pen.)  r, 
Tornaii,  (Ger,) 
Turiiavacus,  (Pen.) 
Tornaya,  (Austr.) 
Tornea,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
TorneS,  (R.) 
Tornea,  (Sc.  Pen.)  /. 
Tomeafors  Foundery,  (Sc. 

Pen.) 
Tomella,  (Pen.) 
Tornese,  (Gr.)  c.  &c  castle 
Torni,  (Switz.) 
Tornos,  (Pen.) 
Toro,  (Pen.) 
Toro,  (It.)  isl. 
Toro,  (S.  Am.)/. 
Toroczko,  (Austr.) 
Torek,  (Austr.) 
Toiok  Becse,  (Austr.) 
Torpa,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Torquemada,  (Pen.) 
Torr,  (Sc.  Pen.)  I. 
Torralba,  (Pen.) 
Torrao,  (Pen.) 
Torrberg,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Torre  Rbssa,  (It.) 
Torrebianca,  (Pen.) 
Torrecilla,  (Pen.) 
Torrejoncillo  (Pen.) 
Torremochal,  (Pen.) 
Torrenate,  (Mex.) 
Torrenueva,  (Pen.) 
Torres  de  Orcas,  (Pen.) 
Torres,  (Austral.)  isl. 
Torres  Vedras,  (Pen.) 
Torrestro,  (Pen.) 
Torri,  (It.) 
Torrijos,  (Pen.) 
Torrubia,  (Pen.) 
Torsas,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Torsken,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Torsted,  (Den.) 
Tortola,  (Pen.) 
Tortoles,  (Pen.) 
Tortoli,  (II.) 
Tortona,  (It.) 
Tortosa,  (Pen.) 
Tortuga,  (S.  Am.)  isl. 
Torvirscan,  (Pen.) 
Tosens,  (.A,ustr.) 
Toss,  (Switz.) 
Toss,  (Switz.)  r. 
Tossa,  (Pen.) 
Tost,  (Prua.) 
Tostes,  (Fr.) 
Totana,  (Pen.) 
Toth  Vavard,  (Austr.) 
Totonacapan,  (Mex.) 
Tolora,  (S.  Am.) 
Tourques,  (Fr.) 
Toukoulan,  (As.)  mt. 
Toul,  (Fr.) 
Toula,  (R.) 
Toulon,  (Fr.) 
Toulouse,  (Fr.) 
Tourdu  Pin,  la,  (Fr.) 
Tour,  la  Blanche,  (Fr.) 
Touniine,  (Fr.) 
Touriers,  (Fr.) 
Tournay,  (Fr.  &  Neth.) 
Tourniquet,  (Fr.) 
Tournon,  (Fr.) 
Touron,  (East.  Isl.) 
Tourouvre,  (Fr.) 
Tours,  (Fr.) 
Towamensing,  (U.  S.) 
Toxvanda,  (U.  S.) 
Tracadie,  (Can.) 
Tracadie  Lagoon,  (Can.) 
Trachenbtirg,  (Prus.) 
Traen,  (Austr.)  r. 

Trafalgar,  (Pen,)  c. 

Trafeya,  (Austr.) 
Tragaccte,  (Pen.) 
Tragoso,  (It.) 
Traiskirchen,  (Austr.) 
Tranielan,  (Svvitz.) 
Tranbach,  (Switz.) 
Tranen,  (Sc.  Pen.)  isl 

Tranquebar,  (Ind.) 

Transylvania,  Transylva- 
nien,  or  Siebenbuergen, 
Erdely  Orszag 

Trapa,  (Pen.) 
Trapani,  (It.) 
Trapano,}Tur.)c. 
Trapes,  (Fr.) 
Trarbach,  (Ger.) 
Trasen,  (Austr.)  r. 


tqr'tna 

tOr-md-h' o 

tOr'jiitsse 

tqr'nou 

tqr-nd-vd'ko^s 

tqr-nd'i/a 

tqr'ne-o 

tqr'ne-o 

tqr'ne-o 

I  tqr'ne-5-fqrs 

tqr-TiH'ya 

tor-lie' se 

tqr-n'i' 

tur'nos 

to'ro 

to'ro 

to'ro 

tO-rSfch'ko 

tO'rdk 

tS'rSk  bet'sS 

tor'pa 

tqr-ke^md'da 

tor 

t5r-rdVba 

tdr-rd'o 

tdr'ber^' 

tdr're  rds'sa 

tor'ri'b'i-dn'ka 

tOr'rf-tliiVya 

tSr'r^-ihOn-tfi'H'yo 

t5r're-m0-chdl' 

tor're-nd'te 

tor're-nQQ-e'va 

tOr'resse  de  dr'k'ds 

tdr'resse 

tdr'resse  i^e'drUs 

tor-resse'tro 

tor'r'i 

tor^'i'Zhas 

tor-TQQ'  b'i-a 

tors' dee 

tdre'sken 

tore'sted 

t5r-to'la  or  tGr'tS'la 

tor-to'  Ussa 

tor'to-ti 

tor-to'na 

tor-to'sa 

tOr-t<}Q'ga 

tdr'v'iskdn' 

td'zens 

tos 

tos 

tos'sa 

tdst 

tdste 

ta-td'na 

tqtr-vd'v'drd 

td't&-nd-kdrp'dn' 

td-lG'ra 

tt^Qk 

Vu'kon-ldn' 

t(^Ql 

tou'la 

tQQ-long' 

t^if^lQQse' 

Id  t()or  du  piirtg 

Id  bldngshe  (p^n- 

t<;}r}-rQne' 

tn^>-r'i-e' 

tntir-nS' 

tQor-n'f-kfi' 

(^>l^r-H57^o■' 

ti)u'r5n 

(for 

toiD~d-m^n'sing 

toiD-an'da 

trd-kd-tlj' 

trd-kd-dV  I'd-gQQn' 

trdT'h'  en-bqqr§ 

trd'en 
1  trdf-dl'gar,  trd-fdl'g'dr, 
\      or  trd-fdl-gdr' 

tr'dfe'ya 

trd-ird-tne'te 

ird-!j6'so 

trls-kir'lhin 

trd'wi*-ldn' 

trdnr'hdlh 

trdhifii 
I  tran-qae-b'dr'  or  t-^'dn-kf- 
\      bdr' 

■  trdnsiil-vd'n'i-a  cr   trdn- 
I      s'il-vd'n'i-a  (-n'i-en,)  z'i- 
f      bm-bur'gen,  h-'dehj 
Sre'sdg 

trd'pa 

trd-pd'ni 

trd-pd'no 

trdpe 

trdr'b'dZh 

trd'zen 


Tras  OS  Montes,  (Pen.) 
Trau,  (Austr.) 
Traun,  Falls  of,  (Austr.) 
Traunstein,  (Ger.) 
Travancore,  (Ind.) 
'J'ravasos,  (Pen.) 
Trave,  (Ger.)  r. 
Travemuende,  (Ger.) 
Travers,  (Switz.) 
Travis,  (U.  S.) 
Tre  Ponti,  (It.)  (. 
Tre  Santi,  (It.) 
Tiebbin,  (Prus.) 
Trebia,  (It.)  r. 
Trebisacche,  (It.) 
Trebizond,  (Tur.) 
Trebnitz,  (Pnis.) 
Trebujena,  (Pen.) 
Treen,  (Den.)  r. 
Treglie,  !e,  (It.) 
Treib,  (Switz.) 
Treilli^res,  (Fr.) 
Treis,  (Ger.) 
Treischarn,  (Ger., 
Trementine,  (Fr.) 
Tremiti,  (It.)  ul 
Trende  Espinos,  (S.  Am.) 
Trent,  (Austr.  Den.) 
Trentino,  (It.)  r. 
Treptow,  (Prus.) 
Tres  Barras,  (Braz.) 
Tres  Colunas,  (As.)  isl. 
Tres  Montes,  Peninsula  de,  ) 

(S.  Am.)  i 

Tres  Portns,  (Braz.) 
Tresbes,  (Fr.) 
Treuenbnezen,  (Ger.) 
Treves,  or  Trier,  (Ger.) 
Trevi,  (It.) 
Treviglio,  (It.) 
Trevignano,  (It.) 
Treviso,  (It.) 
Trevnux,  (Fr.) 
Tri  Sinara.  (Gr.)  mt. 
Triagons,  iFr.) 
'i'riangeros.  (Pen.) 
Tricherie,  (Fr.) 
Trichinopoly,  (Hind.) 
Trichonia,  (Gr.) 
Triel,  (Fr.) 
Trient,  (Switz.)  r. 
Trier,  or  Treve.<;,  (Ger.) 
Trieste,  (Austr.) 
Trigno,  (It.)  r. 
Trigoraano,  (Gr.) 
Trigueros,  (Pen.) 
Trikula,  (Tur.  It.) 
Trinadad,  (Cuba,)  (W.  Ind.) 
Trinadad,  (Guatimala,)        i 

(Mex.)  i 

Trmcomalee,  (Ind.) 
Trindelen  Point,  (Den.) 
Trinidad,  (Mex.  S.  Am.        ) 

Braz.)  j 

Trinidad,  Real  de  la,  (Mex.) 
Trinilie,  !a,  (W.  Ind.) 
Trino,  (It.) 
Trionto  Point,  (It,) 
Triou,(Pr.) 
Triphylia,  (Gr.) 
Tripoli,  (Af,  East.  IsL) 
Tripoli  Vecchi,  (Af.) 
Tripolis,  (Tur.  Gr.) 
Trivento,  (It.) 
Trochtelfingen,  (Ger.) 
Trodda,  (Pen.)  l<;/. 
Trois  Pistolles,  (Can.) 
Troja,  (lU) 
Troldtoft,  (Den.) 
Trolhaetta,  Fails  of,  (Sc. 

Pen.) 
Troinmoe,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Tronisoe,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Tronaes,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Trond,  St.  (Neth.) 
Trons,  (Switz.) 
Trondhjem,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Tronto,  (It)  r. 
Tropea,  (It.) 
Troppau ,  ( Austr.) 
Troves,  ( Fr.) 
Tru'n,  (Fr.) 
Trunz,  (Prus.) 
Truxillo,  (Mex.) 
Trvggevelde,  (Den.) 
Tsareva,  (R.) 
Tschakathurm,  (Austr.) 
Tschapina,  (Switz.) 
Tschierf,  (Switz.) 
Tuat,  or  Twal,  (Af.) 
Tual,  Oasis  of,  (Af.) 
Tuban,  (East.  lal.) 
Tubbus,  (Per.) 
Tuebingen,  (Ger.) 


frits  OS  mOn'ttsiC 

trou 

troiin 

troun'stine 

trdv-dn-kOre' 

trd-vd'sos 

trd'v^ 

trd-ve-mUn'dt 

trd-vrr' 

trdv'is 

tre  pOn't'i 

tre  sdn'ti 

treb'b'ine' 

tre'b'i-a 

tr^-hi-s'dk'ke 

treb'i-zoiid 

treb' Jilts 

tre-bijq-lhe'na 

trene 

le  trel'ye 

trip 

trel-y'i-ire'  or  tr'^-'i-yire' 

trls 

tri'slidm 

tre-mdng-t'ine' 

tre-mi'ti 

trhi'de  es-p'i'nos 

tri  lit 

trin-ti'no 

trep'to 

tresse  bdr'r'ds 

tresse  kd-lQi}' nds 

pe-nin-sQQ' la  de  tresse 

mon'tesse 
tresse  pOr'tos 
trSbc 

troi'en-br'i'tsfn 
trivc 
tre'v'i 
tre-v'iVyo 
tre-vm-yd'no 
tre-v'i'zo 
tre-roQ' 
tri  s'i-nd'ra 
tri-d-gdiig' 
tfi-an-ikt'  ros 
tfish-r'i' 
trik-vv-op' o-ly 
tfi-lho'  {-ko')  n'i-a 
tri-el' 
tfi-enV 
tr'i'er 

tfi-est'e  or  tr'i-ist' 
tr'in'yo 
tri- go -md' no 
tri-ge'ros 
tfi-kd'la 
tri-nd-ddd' 

tr'i-nd-d'dd' 

tring-kd-md-lee' 
trill' del  n 


tr'i-n'i'ddd' 

re-dl'  de  Id  tri-ni-ddd' 

Id  tr'i-n'i-ti' 

tri' no 

tri-da'to 

tr'i-<}Q' 

tri-fy'l'i-a 

tri'pO-li 

tri'ud-lt  vik'ki 

tri^p6-lis 

tr'i-ven'to 

trqtk-tfl-fing'in 

trQd'da 

trwd  p'is-tGW 

trU'ya 

trqld'toft 

\  trql-het'ta 

trqm'm^ 

irqms'^ 

trO'ndse 

sang  trUng 

trUng 

trond' y  em 

trdn'to 

trO-pe'a 

trop'pou 

tried 

trung 

trQ(^nts 

tr<}(^lh'iV  (-HYi')  yo 

trug'ge-fH'de 

tsd-rPva 

tshd'kd-tQQrm' 

tshd-p'i'na 

tsh'irfe 

tu-dV y  ticat 

tu-dt',  twdt 

tH-bdn' 

tub' bus 

tH'bing-en 


Fate.,  far,  fall, lokqt,  bat  — M^te,  prey,  help ^  tkire,  ftf'r.  —  Pine^marine, bfrd,  fig.  —  J\rsts,  diSve,  mUve,  tap?/,  ft(>pfc,  Iqrd. — Tiine,  bull,  vnite. —  Fr.  long  v^e;  Fr.  short  but 


1362 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMKS. 


Tuboc,  (East.  Isl.) 
TuburlKi,  (Af.) 
Tuckahoe,  (U.  S.) 
Tuckasaga,  (U.  S.) 
Tucuiuaii,  (S.  Am.) 
Tuilthi,  Jen.) 
Tudela  de  Douro,  (Pen.) 
TuetVlsbrucke,  Teufels- 

brucke,  or  Devil's  Bridge, 

(Switz.) 
Tuejar,  (Pen.) 
Tuel.l,  (Pen.)  r. 
Tuil,  (Neth.) 
Tuille,  la,  (It.) 
Tula,  (Mei.) 
Tula,  (.Mei.)  r. 
Tule,  (Me.\.) 
Tiillamore,  (Ir.) 
Tulle,  (Fr.) 
Tullins,  (Fr.) 
Tullslor]!,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Tulutepoque.  (Mc.x.) 
Tumb.ach,  (Ger.) 
Tuna.  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Tunbridae,  (Eng.) 
Tunis,  (Af.) 
Tunktiannock,  (U.  S.) 
Tunkovitchi,  (R.) 
Tupiico,  (ilex.) 
Tupinamb.onuuas,  (Braz.) 

isL  &  r. 
Turbenlhal,  (Switz.) 
Turco,  (Gr.)  mt. 
Turienzt>,  (Pen.) 
Turin,  (It.) 
Turka,  (.\ustr.) 
Turkestan,  (.\s.) 
Turkey,  (Eur.  As.) 
Turkomania,  (.Is.) 
Turn,  (Nelh.) 
Tursi,  (It.) 
Turturano,  (It.) 
Tun-es,  fFr.) 
Tur\o,  (Braz.)  r. 
Tuscahoma,  (U.  S.) 
Tuscaloosa,  (U.  S.) 

Tuscany,  (Etmria,)  (It.) 

Tuscarawas,  (U.  S.) 
Tuscarora,  (U.  S.) 
Tusrumbia,  (U.  S.) 
Tusillo,  (It.) 
TuslunU,  (Den.) 
Tuspan,  (Mei.) 
Tved,  (Den.) 
Tvede.  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Tvenstrup,  (Den.) 
Tver,  (R.) 
Twame,  (Switz.) 
Twello,  (N'eth.) 
Twiss,  (.V.  Zeal.) 
Twyzel,  (Neth.) 
Tyeberff,  (Den.) 
Tymochtee,  (U.  S.) 
Tymau,  (Auslr.) 
Tyrol,  (Auslr.) 
Tyrone,  (Ir.) 
Tys  Fjord,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Tzapoteca,  (.Mex.) 
Tzum,  (N'elli.) 


■\ 


tu~bok' 
tu-b5T^bo 
tuk'a-hoe 
ttik-Usd' ga 

toi'feU'brUk'ke 

tZ-fl' 

lit  (<yQ-U'le 

tid-id-mOre' 
tul 

tiil'ldng^ 
tQQl'stgrp 

tQQ'na 

tun'bridje 

ttjQ'n'is  or  tii'jiis 

tunk-fiqn'nok 

tQQn'kS-vit'cIt'i 

t<}Q-pil'ko 

\  tQti'p'i-n'dm-bd-rd'mds 

t(}<jr'ben-idi€' 
tt^r'ko 

tu-r'in'y  Fr.  tu-rdnfr^  It. 

tt^ar'ka  [t5-ri'no 

tt^^'ke-stdn' 

tur'keii 

t^nr-ko-md'n'i-a 

t^ortt 

t^t^r-t^Q^d' no 
tdrve 
tQfjr'vo 
tiLs-kd-ho'ma 

J  tus'kd-nij,  It  tos-kd'na, 
t       e-tr^Q'rj-a 

tuS'kd-ra' was 

tus-kd-r5'rd 

tuS'kum' b'i-a 

t^^l}s'lQ^Hd 

t^QS-pdit' 

twfde 

ttre'de 

tiern'strij^p 

twere 

twd'me 

tiCfVlo 

txcis 

twi'zH 

tii'ber^ 

ti-mof?te 

tir'nou 

ii-r5le\  Eng.  tyr'ol 

ti-TOnt' 

(&5  f'iHrde 

Lid'  (thd-)  pG-te'ka 


U. 


U  Khaboeh,  fEg.) 
Uacngi  Ville,  (Mex.) 

TTaaituba,  (Braz.) 
Ubfda,  CPen.) 
TTbrirjiie,  (Pen.) 
Uchau,  (Fr.) 
Uchee,  (U.  S.) 
Uch»;ten,  (Neth.) 
Urhte,  (Ger.) 
Uckermuende,  fPras.) 
Uflhina,  (Aiistr.; 
Udbyp,  (Den.) 
TJddc,  (Neth.) 
T.Mfl*,valla,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Uddjaur.  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Uden,  (N'eth.) 
Udine,  (It.) 
Udvar,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Udvariifly,  (Austr.) 
tVbfrlins,  (Ger.) 
T>h4-r>»torf,  (Switz.) 
Uebijriii,  (Pni9.) 
T'ptpr^en,  (Den.) 
UlT'-nheim,  (Ger.) 
rjalinn,  (Me.T.) 
Uff^t-tbolle,  (Den  ) 
Ughano,  (Auatr.)  ist. 


If  khfir'^eh 

qi}d-k6's'i 

^Qd-si'tQ<}' ba 

<}(}~be'da 

QQ-br'i'ke 

U'sh5' 

Tf'tthee 

Qff'kh-'inun'de 

(f<}d  b'i'na 

Qf^d'bii 

<ii}d'de 

Qt}d'  de-v'dl'la 

ijQd'dyour 

<)f}'d^n 

^Q'di-ne  or  Q«^di'ne 

<}t}d'vdr 

ilfrid'rdr-hily' 

ii'b^r-ling 

ft  'b'i-gou' 
it't^r-zen 
QOf'/en-hlme 
^t^gd't'i'no 

<)Qn'nel-bqVle 


Ucra,  (Austr.) 
Uhist,  (PriH.) 
Uliliniien,  (Ger.) 
Ulinuw    (Au8lr.) 
Uiden  Anwen,  (Neth.) 
Uied  Salvalor,  (It.) 
Uitdam,  (Neth.) 
Uitenha£;e,  (Af.) 
Ujesl,  (Prus.) 
Ujhely,  (Austr.) 
Ujijar,  (Pen.) 
TTjvaros,  (Austr.) 
Ukraine,  or  Ukraina,  (R.) 
Ulbe,  (Austr.)  isl, 
Ulbjerg,  (Den.) 
Uldecona,  (Pen.) 
Uldum,  (Den.) 
UleS,  (Pen.) 
UleS,  (R.)  I. 
UleSborg,  (R.) 
Ulfors,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Ulla,  (It.)  r. 
Ullerslov,  (Den.) 
Ullerup,  (Den.) 
Ulm,  (Ger.) 
Ulrikehainn,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Ulrichstein,  (Ger.) 
Ulster,  (Ir.) 
Ulstrup,  (Den.) 
Uluk  Tag,  (As.)  mt. 
Umhagos,  (U.  S.) 
Uiiibrail  Pass,  (Switz.) 
UmeS,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
UmeS,  (Sc.  Pen.)  r. 
Urastadt,  (Ger.) 
Umtrask,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Unadilla,  (U.S.) 
Unchales,  (S.  Am.)  ft. 
Underbye,  (Den.) 
Underland,  (Den.) 
Undersvik,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Underup,  (Den.) 
Underweiier,  (Switz.) 
United  States,  (N^  Am.) 
Unna,  (Ger.) 
Unsersellen,  (Ger.) 
Unslruth,  (Prus.)  r. 
Untcr  Franken,  (Get.) 
Unier  Vas,  (Switz.) 
Unterbach,  (Switz.) 
Unterschachen,  (Switz.) 
Unterseen,  (Switz.) 
Unterwalden,  (Switz.) 
Uomo  .Morto,  Point,  (It.) 
Upolu,  (S.  Isl.) 


<}t}'ffTa 

<}l}'kist 

QQ'ling-en 

<}f}'no 

oi'drn  dn'vtne 

Q^'ted'  gdl-vU'tor 

oit'ddm 

oi'tenkd'ge 

f}t}'yist 

ijif-mihdT' 

^^'i-vd'ros 

r^-kr&ne'y  ^^rdVna 

ij^l'be 

^t^l'bi/er^ 

Q^l'dekO'fut 

Qnl'df^i^m 

Q^'le-o 

l^o'le-5-borg 
<}<}V  lerS'lGv' 

t}Ql'li-T(}(lp 

Qnl-rVke-hdmn' 

ul'sltr 
^Ql'strQifp 
fjQ'lQ«}k  idg 
um-ba'  gog 
^nfT-hrd-V  (-frrdiy) 
<}(}'Tne-o 

pp/n'&ldj 

ti-nd-diVla 

(fQn~chd'lesse 

^i^n'der-bil' 

fiQTi' der-ldnV 

QQn'ders-v'ike' 

^Qn'de-rQQp 

(;/Qn'der-vVler 

ii~nlt'ed  stdles 

fif^n'na 

l^^n'zer-zH'len 

^QTi'ti'r  frdnk'en. 
{l-ni-e'  vdf 
^Qn'ter-bd^k 
(j<}n' ter-shdlh' en 
Qt}n'ter-zev.e' 
<}Qn'ter'Vdl'deii 
(jQ-Q'mo  viOr'to 
(jp-pOVpp 


Upsala,  or  Upsal,  (Sc.  Pen.)  t^^p-sU'la,  up'sal 


Uracil,  (Ger.) 
Ural,  (.\s.)  r. 
Ural,  orOiiral,  (R.)  mt 
Uranienbura,  (Den.) 
Urbaniao,  (It.) 
Urbanna,  (U.  S.) 
Urbino,  (Jt.) 
Urboo,  (Per.) 
Urdache,  (Fr.) 
Ures,  or  Sunora,  (Mex.)  r. 
Uri,  (Switz.  Mex.) 
Urique,  (Mex.) 
Uniiuillii,  (Mex.) 
Urk,  (Nelh.)  isl. 
Urinond,  (Neih.) 
Urnaschen,  (Switz.) 
Urnen,  (Switz.) 
Urszad,  (Austr.) 
Uruara,  (Braz.)  r. 
Unibuguara,  (Braz.)  I. 
Uruguay,  or  Banda  Ori- 
ental, (Braz.) 
Usclades,  (Fr.) 
Uscz,  (Prus.) 
Usedom,{Prus.) 
Uselbach,  (Ger.)  r. 
Ushant,  (Fr.)  isl. 
Usingen,  (Ger.) 
Usinovsk,  (R.) 
Usiar,  (Ger.) 
Ussel,(Fr.) 
Ustica,  (It.)  isl. 
Ust-Urt,  (As.) 
Usumasinta,  (Mex.)  r. 
ITtah,  (U.  S.) 
Ulica,  ah  S.) 
Utiel,  (Pen.? 
Utila.fMex.)  isl. 
Uto,  (Sc.  Pen.)  isl. 
Utrdclit,  (Nt-th.) 
Utrera,  (Pen.) 
Utslrup,  (Den.) 
Utwriler,  (Switz.) 
Uwchlan,  (U.  S.) 
Uzerclif,  (Fr.) 
Uz^3,  (Fr.) 
Uznach,  (Switz.) 
Uzweiler,  (Switz.) 


<}(}'rdlh 

(jQ-rdX' 

i}Q-rdl' 

Q<}-rd'n'i-en'hgQr^' 

^Qr-bd'7ii'd'o 

ur-bdn'na 

iftyr-b'ihio 

ppr-6np' 

{ir-dd^he' 

Qo'resse,  sd'Ttd'ra 

Qtj'ri 

<}<}'ri-ke 

ijQ-r'i-kiV  {-kii')  yo 

ppre'ni^A'en 

QQr'nen 

^Qrs'sdd 

^Q-r<^<}-'d'ra 

QQ-rQQ-bQQ-gQQ-d'ra 

I  ec-r(-p-n-pc.'i,  E]ig.  ^'ru- 

ds-kldde' 

<}Qstch 

Q^'ze-dqm 

Q^'zel-bdZh 

u-shdng 

^<}'iing-en 

QQ-s'i-novsk' 

^ijs'ldr 

^-seV 

^Qs't'i-ka 

^t-drte 

^Q-sijQ-md-sin'ta 

if'tak 

ti't'i-ka 

<}Q-t'i-H' 

4}<}'ti-la 

QQ'tO 

ijij'treUt,  Eng.  n'trtkt 

<}<}-tre'ra 

QQt'strQQP 

Qgt-vVler 

h-iersh 
(i-idce 
i)<^ts'n'dch 
^(jts'cVler 


VAAELBBrz,  (Den.) 
Vaapjoc,  (8c.  Pen.) 
V'aalicen,  (N'cih.) 
Vaarsaac,  (Den.) 
Vacaria,  (Braz.) 
VacaHanna,  (U.  0.) 
Vaca«an««i,  (U.  8.)*. 
Varca,  fll.)ui. 
Vado,  (\i.) 
VadovBltoe,  (R.) 
Vapa,  (R.)  r. 
Vaida,  (AuJstT.) 
Vaida  Ilunvad,  (.KuAt.) 
Vailly,  (Fr.') 
Vai^on,  (Fr.) 
Val  de  Bagnc,  (Switz.) 
Val  de  JuzM,  (Pon.) 
Val  de  Rhone,  (Swiiz.) 
Val  de  Pt:nas,  (Pen.) 
Val  di  Diinune,  (ll.) 
Val  di  .Mazzara,  (IL) 
Val  di  NoUi,  (II) 
Valais,  (It.) 

Valais,  or  Wallis,  (Switz.; 
Valan«jay,  (Fr.) 
Valazole,  (Pen.) 
Valcour,  (U.  S.) 
Valdrazores,  (Pen.) 
Val  de  Caballerus,  (Pin.) 
Valrlelacasa,  (Pen.) 
Valdemaqucda.  (Pei;. 
Valdcinuro,  (Pen.) 
Valdcpa^so,  (Pen.) 
Valdt-pielaco,  (Pen.) 
Valdesantiago,  (Pen.) 
Valdesiillx-*,  (Pen.) 
Valdivia,  (Chili) 
Valcggio,  III.) 
Valcn^ja,  (Bnz.) 
Valen<;a  do  Minbo,  (Pen.) 
Valence,  (Fr.) 


ro-i 


Valencia,  or  Valcntia,  (Pen.)  tA-it-'''  ■ 
Valencia  de  Alcantara, 

(Pen.) 
Vera'^ua,  (W.  Ind.) 
Valenciennes,  (Fr.) 
Valcndas,  (Swiu.) 
Valeni,  (Tur.) 
Valentano,  (IL) 
Valentine,  (Fr.) 
Valenza,  (It.) 
Valelta,  (IL) 
Valgarana,  (iL) 
Valhalla,  fGer.) 
Valines,  (I'r.) 
Valjesara,  (.Austr.) 
Valladolid,  (Pen.  .Mex.) 


Valle  Ferlil,  (S.  Am.) 
Vallo,  le,  (FrO 
Valle,  Rio  del,  (S.  Am.) 
Vallegio,  (It.) 
Vallensved,  (Den.) 
Valles,  {Mex.) 
Vallenisi,  (Tur.) 
Vallo,  (II.) 
Valmasoda,  (Pen.) 
Valmojado,  (PcD.) 
Valognes,  (Fr.) 
Valona,  (Tur.) 
Valuna,  (Tur.)  g. 
Vnlonc,  (It.) 
Valparaiso,  (Chili) 
Valsequillo,  (Pen.) 
Valleline,  (It.) 
Valtcllina,  (II.) 
Valvasnre,  (II.) 
Valverda,  (Pen.) 
Van,  (Tur.) 

Vancouver's  Isl.  (X.  Am.) 
Vandalin,  (U.  S.) 
Van  Dieinen's  Land, 

(Austral.) 
Vnnncn,  (Sc  Pen.) 
Vannes,  (Fr.) 
V,ins,  les,  (Fr.) 
Vansburc,  (Prus.) 
Var,  (FrO  dep, 
Var,  (It.)  r. 
Vara,  (ID  r. 
Vanillo,  (IL) 

Varanger  Fjord,  (Sc  Pen.) 
Varano,  (It.) 
Varano,  (lL)r. 
Varchmin.  (Pnis.) 
VardiK-huu.s  (Sc  Pen.) 
Varvn,  (Swiiz.) 
Varenne,  (Fr.)r. 
Varennc-s,  (Fr.) 
Varick,  (U.  S.) 


valoMf  ti-i»f 
vd-len'da» 
val  f' mi 

ViS-iaMf-lin^ 
rd-lnUzM 
rd-ift'U 
rd/f  d-rtf'aa 

Tdi'ja  _:..;- 

Ti'0  dil  r^fi 

vai'loi'twdd 

TttTmesst 

ntiJt-mt'st 


vdt'U 


9tii-tf-fi'mt 
rai-iW-fii'M 
wdi-rd-^'rt 

Tda 

r*- 

rdr 

rd-rdTI* 

T^tr^'ms 
rtf-Ht'M 

ra'rrM 

rd-r/ii/' 
vAr'idt 


Fr.  long  (!ft  and  short  «i,  nearly  as  in  jTmr.—  Final  /y, 


French  /  mouiUe.-^"ger,  vi-cio^.  _ff  as  .  in  pleasure ;  i  and  «  guttur^  ;  m  liquid  ;  a  a«  »n  |^ 


1363 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


=1 


Varin.  (Ausir.) 
Varinas,  (S.  Am.) 
Varna,  (U.  S.) 
Vas  Kon,  (Austr.) 
Vasa,  (U.) 
Vasilevka,  (R.) 
Vasilika,  (Gr.) 
Vasquez,  (Austral.)  isL 
Vassy,  (Fr.) 
Vasto  d'Arnnione,  (It,) 
Vataka,  (Gr.)  b. 
Vattis,  (."^wilz.) 
Vaubacourt,  (Fr.) 
Vaubadon,  (Fr.) 
Vaucluse,  (Fr.)  dcp. 
Vaud,  or  VVaadt,  (Switz.) 
Vaudreuil,  (Can.) 
Vaudrey,  (Fr.) 
Vaulion,  (Switz.) 
Vauvrier,  (Swilz.) 
Veccliiol  Point,  (It.) 
Veclit,  (Neth.)  r. 
Vechta,  (Ger.) 
Veczk,  (Anstr.) 
Vedelsborg,  (Den.) 
Veendani,  (ISeth.) 
Veenendaal,  (Neth.) 
Veer,  (Neth.) 
Veere,  (Neth.) 
Vega,  la,  (W.  Ind.  Pen.) 
Vega  de  Snpia,  (S.  Am.) 
Vega  de  Tera,  (Pen.) 
Vegalomoso,  (Pen.) 
Vegesack,  (Ger.) 
Veglia,  (Austr.)  iiZ. 
Veile,  (Den.) 
Veiros,  (Pen.) 
Veirum,  (Den.) 
Vejer,  (Pen.) 
Velaine,  (Fr.) 
Velan,  (Switz.) 
Velas  Point,  (Max.) 
Velasco,  (U.  S.) 
Velasquez,  (Mex.) 
Velden,  (Ger.) 
Veldhoren,  (Neth.) 
Veletre,  (tt.) 
Velez  Blanco,  (Pen.) 
Velez  de  Bendudalla,  (Pen.) 
Velez  Malaga,  (Pen.) 
Velez  Rubio,  (Pen.) 
Vtiha  Barra,  (Braz.) 
Veiha,  Cabella  da,  (Braz.)  b 
Velhas,  (Braz.)  r. 
Velho,  (Pen.) 
Velilla,  (Pen.) 
Velillas,  (Pen.) 
Velinco,  (It.)  r. 
Velines,  (Fr.) 
Velkermarkt,  (Austr.) 
Vtllin,  (Neth.) 
Vtrloinela,  (Gr.)  mt. 
Velp,  (Neth.) 
Velpke,  (Ger.) 
Velsique.  (Neth.) 
Velva,  (R.)r- 
Venidalen,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Vemeiro,  (Pen.) 
Ven,  (Den.)  iM. 
Venafro,  (It.) 
Venasque,  (Pen.) 
Venda  Nova,  (Pen.) 
Vendee,  (Fr.)  dep. 
Venden,  (R.) 
Vendeuil,  (Fr.) 
Vendola,  (Austral.)  isl 
Vendome,  (Fr.) 
Venezia,  or  Venice,  (lU) 

Venezuela,  (S.  Am.)  j 

Venhuisen,  (Neth.) 
Veni  Valley,  (Switz.) 
Venice,  or'Venezia,  (It.) 
Venlo,  (Neth.) 
Venloo,  (Neth.) 
Vennergaard,  (Den.) 
Venosa,  (It.) 
Venta  de  la  Guia,  (Pen  ) 
Venta  de  S.  Lucia,  (Pen.) 
Venle  la  Fuente,  (Pen.) 
Ventaillac,  (Fr.) 
Venles,  Grande,  (Fr.) 
Ventilegtie,  (It.)  g. 
Ventiila,  la,  (S.  Am.) 
Venzone,  (It.) 
Vera,(Pen.) 
Vera  Cruz,  (Mex.) 
Vcraggia,  (It.) 
Verberie,  (Fr.) 
Verbier,  (Switz.) 
Vercelli,  (It.) 
Verde,  (W.  Ind.)  c. 
Verde,  (Mex.  S.  Am.)  r. 
Verden,  (Ger.) 


v'd-r'jne' 

vd-rihiiis 

vdr'na 

vds  kqn 

vd'sa 

vd-n'i-lev'ka 

vd~si'l'i-ka 

vds'keth 

vds-s'i' 

vds'to  ddm-^mo'ne 

vd-ta'ka 

vat' Vis 

vo-bd'kQ^' 

v5-bd'dgng' 

vo'kliize' 

DO,  rdf* 

vo-drt:'iily' 

v5-drd' 

vo-Vi-qng' 

vd-vri-p 

vek'k'i-ol 

veSh'ta 

vHckk 

vS'dils-bor§ 

v&ne'ddni 

v£'nen-d'dle 

vere 

ve're 

Id  ve'ga 

ve'ga  de  s(^(j'p'i-a 

ve'ga  de  te'ra 

ve-gd'lo-jnO'so 

vi'ge-zHk 

vel'ya 

vVle 

vi'ros 

vl'rQQm 

ve-Zher' 

ve-lane' 

ve-ldng' 

ve'lds 

ve-lds'ko 

ve-lds'keth  (-kesse) 

fel'den 

veh'ho-rin 

ve-h'tre 

ve'IetTl  bldn'ko 

re'UiJl  de  bhi-dQQ-dWya 

ve'lHK  jnd'ld-ga 

ve'lit?l  TQQ'bi-o 

vel'ya  b'dr'ra 

kd-bel'ya  da  vil'ya 

vel'yds 

vel'yo 

ve-Til'ya 

ve-til'y'ds 

ve-lin'ko 

ve-line' 

fel'ker-yndrkt 

vel-l'ine' 

ve-lo-me'la 

velp 

felp'ke 

vel-s'ike' 

vel'va 

vem-dd'len 

ve-mVro 

vene 

ve-nd'fro 

ve-ndji'ke 

ven' da  nS'va 

vdncr-de' 

ven' den 

vdn(T-d^ly'  (-d^V) 

ven^do-la 

vdng-ddme' 

ve-7te'dz'i-a 
(  ve-rte-tJitji}-e'la,  Eng.  ven- 
(      e-zQQ-e'la 

ven'hoi-zin. 

ve-nV 

ven'iss 

ven'lo 

ven'lo 

ven'ner-g^rde 

ve-no'sa 

ven'ta  de  Id  g'i'a 

ven'ta  de  sdn'ta  lQ(}'tKi-<l 

ven'te  Id  /^(^'en'te 

vditg-tdl'  (-Id?')  ydk 

grdnade  vdngte 

ven'ti-le'ge 

Id  ven-t'iVya 

ven-dzG'ne 

ve'ra 

ve'ra  kr^Qtfl  (kn^Qs) 

ve-rdd'cha 

ver-brV 

ver-b'i-e' 

ver-cheVTi 

ver'de  (virde) 

ver'de 

fer'den 


Verdo,  (It.)  mt. 
Verdun,  (Pen.) 
Verdun,  (Fr.) 
Vere,  (W.  Ind.) 
Verga,  (Af.)  c. 
Vergennes,  (U.  S.) 
Venn,  (Pen.) 
Verlanie,  (Neth.) 
Vt^rnianton,  (Fr.) 
Vcrnielho,  (Braz.)  r. 
Vermont,  (U.  S.) 
Vernamo,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Vernet  Bas,  le,  (Fr.) 
Vemeuil,  (Fr.) 
Verneuse,  (Fr.) 
Vernon,  (Fr.) 
Vernoux,  (Fr.) 
Verocze,  (Austr.) 
Verona,  (It.) 
Verplanck,  (U.  S.) 
Verri^res,  (Switz.) 
Verrua,  (It.) 

Versailles,  (Fr.) 

Verseignes,  (Fr.) 
Versentino,  (It.) 
Versoix,  (Switz.) 
Vert  Galant,  le,  (Fr.) 
Verviers,  (Neth.) 
Vervins,  (Fr.) 
Vescia,  (Swilz.) 
Vescovato,  (It.) 
Vesebye,  (Den.) 
Vesin,  (Neth.) 
Vesle,  (Fr.)  r. 
V^soul,  (Fr.) 
Vessaux,  (Fr.) 
Vesi  Fjorden,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Veslvig,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Vesuvius,  IL  Vesuvio,  (It.) 

mt. 
Velroz,  (Switz.) 
Veue,  (Fr.) 
Veurdre,  la,  (Fr.) 
V^euves,  (Fr.) 
Vevay,  (U.  S.) 
Vevey,  (Switz.) 
Viana,  (Pen.) 
Vianen,  (Neth.) 
Viar,  (Pen.)  r. 
Viareggio,  (It.) 
Viarouge,  (Fr.) 
Viatka,  (R.)  r. 
Viborg,  or  VViborg,  (Den.) 
Vibro,  (Den.) 
Vic,  (Pen.) 
Vic  le  Fesq,  (Fr.) 
Vic  sur  Losse,  (Fr.) 
Vicchio,  (It.) 
Vicencio  Villa,  (S.  Am.) 
Vicentino,  (It.) 
Vicenza,  (It.) 
Viciosas,  (Mei.)  isl. 
Vico,  (It.) 

Vice  Soprano,  (Switz.) 
Vicolosano,  (P^n.) 
Vidigueira,  (Pen.) 
Vidio,  (Pen.)  c. 
Vidreras,  (Pen.) 
Viechtach,  (Ger.) 
Viechtag,  (Ger.) 
Vieiile,  la,  (Can.)  I. 
Vieille,  Ville  la,  (Fr.) 
Vieira,  (Pen.) 
Vieja  Villa,  (S.  Am.) 
Viejas  Guardias,  (Pen.) 
Viejo  Porto,  (S.  Am.) 
Viejo  Porto,  (S.  Am.)  r. 
Viel  Salra,  (Neth.) 
Vienna,  or  Wien,  (Austr.) 
Vitnne,  (Fr.)  dep. 
Viennois,  (Fr.) 
Viersoe,  (Den.) 
Vierzon,  (Fr.) 
Viesti,  (It.) 
Vieux  Boucau,  (Fr.) 
Vifvild,  (Den.) 
Vigevano,  (It.) 
Vignano,  (It.) 
Vignola,  (It.) 
Vigo,  (Pen.) 
VigoRia,  (Pen.) 
Vigten,  (Sc.  Pen.)  isl. 
Vihiers,  (Fr.) 
Viibye,  (Den.) 
Viig,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Vilacastin,  (Pen.) 
Vilasos,  (Austr.) 
Vilaiiie,  (Fr.)  r. 
Vilalla,  (S.  Am.) 
Vilarchao,  (Pen.) 
Vilcabamba,  (S.  Am.) 
Viligudino,  (Pen.) 
Villa  Bella,  (Braz.) 


ver'do 

ver-dt}fyn' 

ver-d^ng' 

ve're  or  vSre 

ver'ga 

ver-d  gens' 

ve-r'in' 

ver-ldme' 

ver~vidng-tdng' 

ver^neVyo 

ver-mont' 

ver-nd'mo 

V^  ver-ne  ba 

ver-n^Iy'  or  ver-n^V 

ver~Ji^ze' 

ver-n5ng' 

ver-nQQ^^ 

ve-^a'cke 

ve-T5'na 

ver-pldnk' 

ver-ri-ire' 

ver-T<}Q'a 

ver-sdly'  or  versdV,  Eng 
ver-sdles' 

ver-seny' 

ver-sen-ti'no 

verswd' 

l^  vere  gd-ldng' 

ver-v'i-e' 

ver-vdng' 

ve'sh'i-a 

ves-kO-v'd'to 

vi'se-bil 

ve-s'ine  or  ve-sdr.g' 

vSU 

ve-zQQl' . 

vessesS' 

vest  Jidr'den 

vest'vig 
I  ve-su'v'i-us.  It.  ve-z<^Q'- 
\      v'i-o 

ve-troi' 

Id  v^rdr' 

v^ve 

ve-va' 

ve-nd' 

v'i~d'na 

v'i-d'nen 

v'i-dr' 

v'i'd-red'go 

vi-d-r^^ge' 

v'i-dt'ka 

v'i'bor^ 

v'i'bro 

v'ik 

v'ik  le  fesk 

v'ik  siir  lOce 

vik'ki-o 

v'i'ttien' tKi-o  v'it'ya 

v'i'Chen-ti'no 

v'i-chfn'dia 

v'i-th'i~  (-si~)  5'stts 

v'i'ko 

v'i'ko  so-prd'no 

v'i'ko-lo-sd'no 

v'i'di-gVra 

v'i'di~o 

v'i-dr  e'r'ds 

vWie' tdlh 

vilhe'td^ 

Id  vi-ely'  (-iV) 

vile  Id  v'i-ily'  (-iV) 

v'i-J'ra 

v'i-e'lha  v'il'ya 

vi-e'ihds  gQgdr'di-'ds 

v'i-t'lho 

v't-e'iho 

v'iel'sdlm 

v'i-en'nd^  v'ine 

v'i-^jte' 

v'i-en-nwa' 

v'ire's^ 

v'i-er-iqng' 

v'i-isse'l'i 

v'i-^'  h<}(}~kli' 

vVfilde 

v'i-je-^d'no 

v'in-yd'no 

v'in'yO-la 

v'i'go 

v'i'go  r'i'a 

vig'tm 

v'i-'i-e' 

v'i'b^ 

v'ig 

vi'ld-k'ds-fin' 

v'i-ld'gos 

v'i'ldne' 

v'i-ldl'ya 

v'i-ldr-chd'o 

vil-kd-bdm'ba 

vi'ti-g<jQ-di  'no 

v'il'la  bel'la 


Villa  Blanca,  (Pen.)  vil'ija  bldn'ka 

Villa  Boa,  or  Goyaz,  (Braz.)  v'il'ya  bo'u^  gG-ydtK 


Vdlade  Frades,  (Pen.) 
Villa  de  Rey,  (Pen.) 
Villa  de  Sta  Cruz,  (.\f.) 
Villa  Flor,  (Pen.) 
Villa  Franca,  (Pen.) 
Villa  Franca,  (It.) 
Villa  Maria,  (Braz.) 
Villa  Nova  da  Rainha, 


(Braz.) 
Villa  r 


Real,  (Pen.  9.  Am.) 
Villa  Rica,  (S.  Am.) 
Villa  Verde,  (Braz.) 
Villabrazara,  (Pen.) 
Villach,  (Austr.) 
Villacidro,  (It.) 
Villafermosa,  (Pen.) 
Villafranca,  (Pen.) 
Villafranca,  (It.) 


vil'ya  de  fra'desse 

v'il'ya  de  ri 

v'il'ya  de  sdn'ta  krQQtJl 

vil'ya  Jidrf' 

v'il'ya  frdn'ka 

v'il'la  frdn'ka 

v'il'ya  md-r'i'a 

[  v'il'ya  n5'va  d'd  rin'ya 

v'il'ya  re-dl' 
v'il'ya  ri'lia 
v'il'ya  ver'de 
v'il'ya-brd-thd'ra 
v'il'ldih 
v'il'la-ch'i'dro 
v'il'ya-fer-m5'sa 
v'il'ya-frdn'ka 
v'iV  la-frdti' ka 


Villafranca  de  Ids  Abujas,   \  v'il'ya-frdn'ka  de  los 


(Pen.) 
Villafruela,  (Pen.) 
Villagrusa,  (Pen.) 
Villaharta,  (Pen.) 
Viltaherniosa,  (Mex.) 
Villajoyosa,  (Pen.) 
Villalaco,  (Pen.) 
Villalar,  (Pen.) 
Villalba,  (Pen.) 
Villalpardo,  (Pen.) 
Villamanan,  (Pen.) 
Villamaurique,  (Pen.) 
Villaniejor,  (Pen.) 
Villamiel,  (Pen.) 
Villamorchante,  (Pen.) 
Vdlamoros,  (Pen.) 
Villanova,  (It.) 
^:JlIanubla,  (Pen.) 
Villanueva,  (Mex.  Pen.) 


i      d-bQQ'lhds 
v'il'y  d-frQ  Q-e'la 
v'il'yd-grQQ'sa 
v'il'ya-ar'ta 
T'il'yd-er-mo'sa 
V'iV  yd'lho-yo' sa 
v'iVyd-ld'ko 
v'il'y  d-lar' 
v'iUydX'ba 
v'lt-yal-pdr'do 
V'iV  yd-ntd-ndn' 
v'iVyd-mou-fi'ke 
V'iV  yd-mt-thor' 
v'il'yd-m'i-eV 
viVyd-mor-diiin'ti 
v'il'yd-mo'ros 
v'il'ld'n5'vd 
viVyd-^(}<i'bla 
v'iVyd-nQQ-e'va 


Vdlanueva  del  Duque,  (Pen  )  v'iVyd-nQQ-e'va  del  d^Q'ks 


Villaodrid,  (Pen.) 
Villapadierna,  (Pen.) 
Villapuzzu,  (it.) 
Villar,  (Pen.) 
Villar,  el,  (Pen.) 
Villar  de  Frades,  (Pen.) 
Vdlar  de  Gana^,  (Pen.) 
Villarabledo,  (Pen.) 
Villard,  (Fr.) 
Villareal,  (Pen.) 
Villarica  Volcano,  (S. 
Villarino,  (Pen.) 
Villarios,  (It.) 
Villarodngo,  (Pen.) 
Villarrobexo,  (Pen.) 
Villars,  (Swilz.) 

Villars  Bocage,  (Fr.) 

Villarta,  (Pen.) 

Villarzei,  (Switz.) 

Villasipliz,  (Pen.) 

Villaloro,  (Pen.) 

Villavanez,  (Pen.) 

Villaviciosa,  (Pen.) 

Villcanas,  (Pen.) 

Ville  Contal,  (Fr.) 

Ville  Dieu,  (Fr.) 

Villeau  Brun,  le,  (Fr.) 

Villedieu,  (Fr.) 

Villefanx,  (Fr.) 

Villefort,  (Fr.) 

Vdlefranche,  (Fr.) 

Villel,  (Pen.) 

Villeinpui,  (Fr.) 

Vdlena,  (Pen.) 

Villeneuve,  (Switz.) 

Villeneuve,  (Fr.) 

Villeneuve  la  Guiard,  (Fr.)    v'ilc-n^ve'  Id  g'i-'dre' 

Vnieneuve  I'Archeveque,     j  ,,,,^„^„,  ,ar5A-reie' 

Villeneuve  le  Roy,  (Fr.)         v'ile-n^ve'  Ic  nea 
Villeneuve  d'Agen,  (Fr.)        v'ile-nehve'  dd-gdng' 
Villeneuve  de  Marsan,  (Fr.)  v'ile-n^ve'  d'€  mdr-sdng' 


v'iVyd-d-drid' 
V'iV  yd-p'd-d'i-er'  na 
viVld-pQ^t-dzg^/' 
v'il-ydr' 
el  vil-ydr' 

v'il-ydr'  de  fr'd'desse 
v'il-ydr'  de  gdn'y'ds 
v'iVyd-ra-ble'do 
x'il-ydre'  or  v'ii-'dre' 
viVyd-re-dl' 
Am.)   v'iVijd-r'i'ka  v5l-kd'no 
v'il-yd-ri'vo 
v'iV  Id-fi'  OS 
v'iVyd-ro  -dr'i'go 
v'iVydr-rQ-be'Zho 
v'il-ydre'  or  v'fi-dre' 

!v'il-7/dre'  {v'fi-dre')  65- 
kiige 
v'il-ydr' ta 
v'il'ldr-tsH' 
V'iV  yd-s'i-pl'itK 
v'iVyd-td'ro 
viV  yd-vd-neth' 
v'iV  ijd-vi-lKi-Q'sa 
v'il-kd'nds 
V'ilc  kdng-tdV 
v'ilr  dieiL' 
I'e  r'i-lo'  brdkng 
v'ile-di^' 
v'ile-ft' 
vile-fore' 
v'ile-frdngshe 
v'il-yeV 
v'i-ldng-piX'i' 
v'il-ye'iia 
vile-n^re' 
vile-n^ve' 


Villestrup,  (Den.) 
Villeta,  (S.  Am.) 
Villimpenta,  (It.) 
Vdlingen,  (Ger.) 
Villmanstrand,  (R.) 
Vdlo  do  Bispo,  (Pen.) 
Villoslada,  (Pen.) 
Villstrup,  (Den.) 
Vilmar,  (Ger.) 
Vilna,  (R.) 
Viloyo,  (S.  Am.) 
Vils  Sound,  (Den.) 
Vilvestre,  (Pen.) 
Vimeiro,  (Pen.) 
Viinontier,  (Fr.) 
Vinaros,  (Pen.) 
Vinay,  (Fr.) 
Vincennes,  (Fr.) 
Vincennes,  (U.  S.) 
Vincenzo,  (It.) 


V'iV  cestrQ(fp 

v'il-ye'ta 

vil-lim-pen'ta 

fil'tin-gen 

V'iV  mdn-str'dnd 

v'iVyo  do  b'is'po 

v'iVyGs-l'd'da 

v'iVstrqqp 

v'iVmdr 

v'iVna 

v'i-ld'yo 

v'ils  sound 

v'il^esse'  tri 

v'i-ml'ro 

vt^mOng-fi-i' 

v'i-nd'ros 

v'i-na' 

vdng-senne' 

vin-ceTis' 

v'in-chen' dzo 


Fat€,fdr,faUj'trhat^bdL  —  MSte,  prey^  kelp,  tkSre,  h'^.  —  P7ne,  marine,  I  "ird,  fig. — JV5(e,  rfflrc,  more,  W()//,  6()pJt,  lord. —  Tflne,  bull,  ^ni7e.— Fr.  longrfte;  Fr.  abort  &iii. — 


1364 


Vincz,  (Austr.) 
Vinkebek,  (Den.) 
Vinttebye,  (Den.) 
Vindicari,  (It.) 
Vindo,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Vinge,  ^Den.  Sc.  Pen.) 
Vinnitsa,  (R.) 
Vinon,  (Fr.) 
Vintimigiia,  (It.) 
Vinuesa,  (Pen.) 
Vipperuw,  (Ger.) 
Viques,  (Switz,) 
Vire,  (Fr.) 
Vireux,  (Switz.) 
Virginin,  (tJ.  S.) 
Virtingsbeck,  (Xeth.) 
Vimeburz,  (Ger.) 
VirtoD,  ;Xeth.) 
Visborg,  (Den.) 
Visbye,  (Den.) 
Viscardo,  (Gr.)  c 
Visdal.  (Sc-  Pen.) 
Vise,  (Neth.) 
Visekerke,  (Xeth.) 
Viserum,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
VisiUo,  (Pen.) 
Viso,  el,  (Pen.) 
Visp,  (Switz.) 
Visp,  (Switz.)  r. 
Visselhovede,  (Ger.) 
Visso,  (IL) 
Vissoye,  (Switz.) 
Vistula,  (Ger.)  r 
Viterbo,  (ly) 
Vitoria,  (Pen.) 
Viiray,  (Fr.) 
V:tre,  (Fr.) 
Vito",  (Fr.) 
Viir>-  sur  >fame,  (Fr ) 
Vitteam.  (Fr.) 
Vittoria,  (Mei.) 
Viizi,  (Tur.)  ml, 
Vivaros,  (Austr.) 
Vivegnis,  (Xeth.) 
Viver,  (Pen.) 
Vivero,  (Pen.) 
Viverup,  (pen.) 
Viviers,  (Fr.) 
Vivonne,  (Fr.) 
Vivoras,  (&,  Am  )  U 
Vizzini,  (iL) 
Vlaardinaen,  (Xelh.) 
Vladikaukas,  (R.) 
Vlndimir,  {R.) 
Viand  en,  (N'eth.) 
Vheland,  (Xeth.) 
■\nodorp,  (N'eth.) 
Voerhierg,  (Den.) 
V4)erd;ilsc>ren,  (Sc  Pen.) 
Vngel  Sand,  (Xelh.) 
Vopelsberg,  (Ger.)  mi. 
Voeelsdorf,  (Pius.) 
Voehera,  (IL) 
Vogoana,  (It.) 
Vug-hagen,  (Prus.) 
Vohnng,  (Ger.) 
Voltage,  (Fr.) 
Voko,  (Austr.)  r. 
Voieu,  (Fr.) 
Volga,  or  Wolga,  (R.)  r 
Volgara,  (Tur.) 
Volhynia,  (R.i 
Vollf^ge,  (Switz.) 
Vcllenhoven,  (Xeth.) 
Vollezeels,  (Xeth.) 
Volo,  (Gr.)  g. 
Volone,  (Fr.) 
Volta,  (IL) 
Volterra,  (It.) 
Vollri,  (It) 
Voltiirna,  (IL)  r. 
Voocburg,  fXelb.) 
Voorrien,  (Neth.) 
Voom,  (Neth.) 
Voon,  (Xeth.) 
Voorthuizen,  (Neth.) 
Voray,  (Fr.) 
Voreppe,  (Fr.) 
Vnrgten,  (Xelh.) 
Vori^-dudpr,  (Sc  Pen.)  mL 
Vornez,  (R.) 
Vornnov,  (R.)  c 
Vorwalde,  (Ger.) 
Vorwerk,  (Ger.) 
Vcjsges,  (Fr.)  dfp. 
V(jsge>i,  I'Fr.)  mi. 
Vo?9evangen,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Voulgara,  (Gr.)  mU 
Votille,  la,  (Fr.) 
Vouziers,  (Fr.) 
Vrana,  or  Ivarina,  (Tur.) 
Vreden,  (Ger  ) 
Vreile,  fDen.) 
Vries,  (Neth.) 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


v'intch 

v'iuk'e-bek 

v'in'de-bh 

vin-di-kU'ri 

v'in'do 

v'ing'e 

x'in-n'iVsa 

v'in'ti'm'il'ya 

vip'pe-ro 
v'ike 

v'tre 

v'^r~ffin''ia 

v'ir'Tings-brk 

z'ir-tdng' 
v'is'borg 

v'is-kdr'do 
vts'diile 
v'i'se 
vVsc-ker'ke 

visit' yo 
el  v'i'so 
visp 

visp 

v'is^sH-hOve'de 
v'is'so 

ViSSTCd' 

vts'tt}Q-la 

T'i-ter'bo 

v'i-lO'ri-a 

vi-tra' 

vitr^ 

vi-tri' 

vi-tr'i'  s^r  m'drjte 

Vit-tH' 

vit-tS'r'i-a 

vH'zi 

V'i-v'd'ros 

v't-ven'y't 

v'i'ver 

vt've~ro 

v'i've-rQQP 

v'ivi-e' 

v'i-rOne' 

v'i-vS'rds 

ri(-d:i'n'i 

vtdre' ding-en 

vid'di-kou'k'ds 

vld'di-mire  or  vld-di-i 

vldn'den 

vti'ldnd 

vWdorp 

ftfUr€~bier§ 

f^re'ddls-S'ren 

vH'gH  s'dnd 

fo'gils~bir^' 

/^'grls-<tqrf 

vo-ge'ra 

T^'S^n'ya 

fo^s'hd'  gen 

fo  ring 

vwd-zdge' 

/5'ko 

vwd 

vql'ga 

vql-gd'ra 

vol-hi'ni-a 

vql-lSge 

vol'len-ho'ven 

voVle-z€Us 

vo'lo 

vd-lSne' 

vql'ta 

vol-ter'Ta 

vql'tr'i 

vol-tt}nr'na 

vdre'bQ(^§ 

vfh-e'den 

vorne 

vdrse 

vorte-hoi'sin 

TO'TO.' 

v5-rep' 

vi>r^'ten 

vore'ye-dqQ'der 

vor'nez 

Td'rG-nqv 

f5re'rdt-de 

f5re/cerk 

v5ge 

v6^e 

rqpse-vdng'en 

TQi}l-gd'ra 

Id  vi}t^lte 

rrd'jw,  i-vd-r'i'na 

fri'dht 

vrVU 

vrUe 


Vriezen  Veen,  (Neth.) 
Vrigsta,  (Sc  Pen.) 
Vrin,  (Switz.) 
Vrin,  (Switz.)  /, 
Vuarens,  (Switz.) 
Vuchin,  (Austr.) 
Viika,(Ausir.) 
Vukovar,  (Austr.) 
Vulgan,  (Ger.) 
Vullen,  (Ger.) 
Vumitorio,  (Braz.) 
Vurenn,  (Neth.) 


vr'i'zfn  vine 

vr'ig'sUi 

fr'ine 

fr'ine 

f^fy-U'reru 

VQif-^h'ine' 

v<}i)'ka 

VQ^kO-vdr' 

fQQl'gdn 

fQQl'len 
VQg^mi-Uf'r'i-o 


W. 


VVaag,  (Austr.)  T. 
Waagen,  (Sc.  Pen.)  isl. 
Waal,  (Ger.) 
Waalwyk,  (Nelh.) 
Wabash,  (U.  S.)  r. 
Wabern,  (Ger.) 
Wachenroth 
Wachuseit,  (U,  S.) 
Wacoochee,  (U.  S.) 
Wacousta,  (U.  S.) 
Waden,  The,  (Neth.) 
Wadstena,  (Sc  Pen.) 
Waerghen,  (Neth.) 
Waerschoot,  (Neth.) 
Waesmuenster,  (Xeth.) 
Wagenening,  (Neth.) 
Wagram,  (Austr.) 
Wah  el  Dakkel,  (Eg.) 
Wah  el  Karceh,  (Eg.) 
Wahlen,  (Ger.  &  Swilz.) 
Wahlsassen,  (Ger.) 
Wahlstadt,  (Get.) 
Waisenhard,  (Ger.) 
Waitzen,  (Austr.) 
Walachia,  or  Wallachia, 

Tur.  Iflak,  (Tur.) 
Walchen,  (Ger.)  L 

Walcheren,  (Nelh.) 

Walchweiler,  (Switz.) 
Walcourt,  (Nelh.) 
Wald,  (Switz.) 
Waldau,  (Prus.) 
Waldeck,  (Ger.) 
Walden,  (Ger.) 
Waldenburg,  (Switz.) 
Waldheirn,  (Ger.) 
Waldkirch,  (Switz.) 
VVaUliiiuenchen,  (Ger.) 
Waldsee,  (Ger.) 
Waldshut,  (Ger.) 
Waldstatt,  (Switz.) 
Walkriiisen,  (Swilz.) 
Walla  Walla,  (N.  Am.) 
Walle,  (Ger.) 
Wallenff-ls,  (Ger.) 
Wallensladl,  (Switz.) 
Walleiistadl,  (Swilz.)  I. 
Wallkil),  (U.  S.) 
Wallingford,  (U.  S.) 
Walloomsack,  (U.  S.) 
Walloosiook,  or  St.  Johns, 

(Can.)  r. 
Walpertsweiler,  (Switz.) 
Walpole,  (U.  S.) 
Waisrude,  (Ger.) 
Waltersdorf,  (Prus.) 
Waliershausen,  (Ger.) 
Waltham,  (U.  S.) 
Wanahglaugen,  (Prus.) 
Wandschuw,  (Prus.) 
Wangen,  (Switz.) 
Wangerin,  (Prus.) 
Wanroy,  (Nelh.) 
Wansiedel,  (Ger.) 
Wansmn,  (Nelh.) 
Wansleben,  (Prus.) 
Wapahkonetta,  (U.  S.) 
Wapistanisrou,  (U.  S.)  r. 
Warasdin,  (Auslr.) 
Warberg,  (Sc  Pen.) 
Warern,  (Nelh.) 
Wareti,  (Ger.) 
Warez,  (Austr.) 
Warnemuende,  (Cer.) 
Waralowaha,  (Can.)  r. 
Warsaw,  Fr.  Varsovie, 

Pol.  Warszawa,  (K.) 
Warta,  (R.) 
WartenbHrg,  (Prus.) 
Wartenburg,  (Prus.) 
Warth.i,  (Prus.) 
Wartha,  (Prus.)  r. 
Warwickshire,  (Eng.) 
Wasen,  (Switz.) 


vd§ 

vd^gen 

vdle 

v'dle'vtke 

wa'bash 

vd'beme 

vd^h'  en-rSU' 

wa-kg^'ckee 

wa-kous'ta 

vd'den 

vdd-ste'na 

vdre'gen 

vdre'skote 

vd-s-mfin'stfr 

v'd-^e-ne'ning 

I'd'grdm 

vah  el  ddk'kel 

teak  el  kdr'geh 

Td'len 

vale' zd,<t-sen 

vdie'stdt 

vi'zen-hdrt' 

vit'tsen 

I  wql-ld'k'i-a,  'if-ldke' 

Tdl'^hen 
(  vdl'liiemey  Eng.  w'dl'ker- 
}      en 

vWh'vi-ler 

vdl'kQQT  (^-kgifrt) 

vdlt 

vdl'doii 

vdl'dlk 

vid'din 

v'dV  den-b<}iyr^ 

v'dlt'hime 

vdU'kirlh 

vdlt'mdn'Zhen 

vdlt'ze' 

Vdlts'hQQt' 

vdlt'stdt' 

v'dlk'ring'en 

wal'la,  icql'la 

vdl'le 

vdl'ifin-fels' 

vdilen-sldt 

vdl'lr'n-stxit 

iraWkiU 

waV  ling -ford 

■wal-lqQm'sak 

>  wMQQs'tQQk 
f'dl'perts-vt'ler 
wal'pole 
vdls'rd'de 
vdl'tirs-dqrf' 
v'dl'ters-hou'zen 
wql'tfium  or  wall'um 
vd'nd-glou'gen 
vdnt'sko 
vdng'en 
van  g-e -vine' 
vdn-7~tDd' 
Tdn'z'i-dil 
vdn'sQQm 
vdns-Wben 
va-pak-kd-nH'ta 
wa-pis-Uin-iskou 
vd-rds-  {-rdsh-)  dint' 
Tdr'berg 
rd'rfm 
vd'rhi 
vd'resse 
vdr' ne-m(tn' df 
lea-ra-tO-icq' h^ 

j  vdrsO-vi'i  vtb^^H'ta 

v'dr'ta 

v'dr'ten-ber^ 

vdr'Un-b^ijr^ 

vdr'ta 

vdr'ta 

tpqr'rik-sh'ire 

vd'zen 


Wa^hiLi,  (formerly^  Oua- 
chita,) (U.  e.) 

Wa,hlr;iiaw,  (U.  8.) 

Wa-iJ-trburg,  (Ger.) 

Wa^sonaar,  (Xeth.) 

^Vanijaur,  (Sc  Pen.) 

Wajfiingen,  (Gtt.) 

Watala,  (R.) 

Watauga,  (V.  8.) 

Walcrford,  (lr.)«, 

Wateringf;,  (\clh.) 

Waterlfjo.  (.Vth.) 

WaU^rvhel,  (U.  8.) 

VVattenwtdtr,  (Swlti.) 

Wattweilcr,  (Switx.) 

VVaupan,  (U.  S,) 

Wavignies,  (Fr.) 

Wavr*;,  (.\eih.) 

Wawa,  (Slei.)  r. 

Wavaeainack  (Can.)  L 

Wcd.-l,  (Den.) 

W.-drlbrok,  (Den.) 

Wedne»bury,  (Eng.) 

Wecner,  (Ger.; 

Weerdinger,  (Neth.) 

Ween,  (Neth.) 

Wecsp,  (Xeth.) 

W-ggiH,  (Swilz,) 

Wegrow,  (R.) 

Wecscheid,  (Ger.) 

Wehlau,  (PnjB.) 

Weibye,  (Den.) 

Weida,  (Pni9,)  r. 

Weiden,  (Ger.) 

Weidenburg,  (Ger.) 

Weikerdorf,  (Austr.) 

Weikersheim,  (Ger.) 

Weil,  (Wyl,)  (Switz.) 

Weila,  fWvIa,)  (Swilz.) 

Weilburg,  (Ger.) 

Weilheiin,  (Ger.) 

Wei[n;ir,  (Ger.) 

Weinheim,  (Ger.) 

Weinsperg,  (G«r.) 

Weiscbau,  (.\ustr.) 

Weischenfeld,  (Ger.) 

Weisen,  (Ger.) 

VVeisknrchcn,  (Aurtr.) 

Weissenburg,  (&witz.  ie. 
Ger.) 

Weissenstein,  (Switz.) 

Woisshom,  (Switz.) 

Wei^thiigen,  (Swilz.) 

Wei-^el,  (Austr.) 

Weixv'btirg,  (Austr.) 

Wekemiuende,  (Ger.) 

Wellf,  (Ger.) 

Wellmich,  (Ger  ) 

Wehia,  (Prus.)r 

Wcl.-^bilhch,  (Ger.» 

WeI>chrono,  (Switz.) 

Welsee,  (Den.) 

Welsein,  (Neth.) 

W.'lum.  (.Veth.) 

WendenbueiU'l,  (Ger.) 

Weiides.<en,  (Ger.) 

Wendhngeri,  (Ger.) 

Wener,  (Sc  Pen.)  L 

Went'r^berg,  (Sc.  Pen.) 

Weners[)org,  (Sc  Pen.) 

Wenigerode,  (Switz.) 

Weiimgen,  (Switz.) 

Werben,  (Prus.) 

Werdrnberg,  (Switz.) 

W.Tfcn,  (.Austr.) 

Weringen,  (G«r.) 

Werne,  (Ger.) 

Wernilz,  (Ger.)  r. 

Werra,  (Ger.)  r. 

Werschiiz,  (Austr.) 

Weriach,  (Ger.)  r. 

Wertb,  (Ger.) 

Wesel,  (Ger.) 

Wesen,  (Swilz.) 

Wesenberg,  (R,) 

Wesenbiire,  (Ger.) 

Wescndort",  (Ger.) 

Weser,  (Ger?) 

Weser,  ?Ger.)  r. 

Weslingcuiren,  (Den.) 

Wesstin,  (Nelh.) 

Wesselin,  (.\uslr.) 

We!it  Indies 

Wesuras,  (Sc  Pen.) 

Westerdorf,  (Xeth.) 

Wcsierholl,  (G«t.) 

AVester\elde,  (Nrlh.) 

Westervik,(Sc.  Pen.) 

Westhcini,  (Ger.) 

Westland.  (Nelh.) 

Wcslnioreland,  (Eng.) 

Westphalia,  Wcslphalen, 
(Ger.) 

Wcsirum,  (Ger.) 


I  «««4'<^ 


ratrlUr 
tOer 

rfmir 

ttrU  ' 

tif'gU 
rc'/r. 

Ti'M 
d'i* 

Tl'Ia 

rIVllw 

rUyUma 

rl':« 

rlf.'Z 

r<'iVr-ali«'2c 

Tilli 

til'mta 

rti'ma 

rel-MM'mt  or  ttit-trt't 

vil'tt 

vrt'jrm 

vtn'dfm-k^r'ttt 

vriWUmg-^ 
tt'ner,  Eaf.  WmA. 
ri'mrrt-hfrf 

Vfr'uif-n 
Ttr'nt 

Tir'tliU 

vrr'tkilt 

rrriaill 

rfru 

Tttil,  En|.  ri  -J. 

t*'ifr,  En(.  wftr 

rfs'srm 

r*jr  ff-f-a*r' 
rrf'trr-iiJi' 
rrrtrr^ikt' 

j»Vje-fiSfl-«,rM«/».< 


Fr.  long  A  and  short  <6,  nearly  m  in  q,ur.-  Final  ;,,  Fr.-ncl,  I  n,omUe.-^n"gcr,  n"cious.-g  M  s  .n 


plrasurt :  »  and  M  pitmral ;  »«  li<rJ'<i ;  U  «»  "i  j 

1365" 


PRONUNCIATION  OF   MODERN    GEOGRAPHICAL   NAMES. 


Westrup,  (Nclh.) 

vesl'rQQp 

Wittelsbach,  (Ger.) 

vit'tels-bdlk 

Ximenado,  (Pen.) 

Zki-me-nd'do 

Wetter,  (Ger.) 

vit'ter 

Witten,  (Xeth.) 

vit'ten 

Ximenes,  (S.  Am.) 

Zhi-me'nesst 

Wetterliom,  (Switz.) 
Wettern,  or  VVetter,  (Sc. 

vH'ter-hqmt 

Wittenberg,  (Prus.) 

vit'teii-ber^ 

Ximiltepeque,  (Mex.) 

Zh'i'm'il-te-pe'ke 

\  vet't^rn    vfi'ter 

Wittenburir,  (Ger.) 

v'it'ten-bQQr^ 

Xinju,  or  Xingu,  (Braz. 

r      sKin'gQi}  or  Zhin'ZliQQ 

Pen.) ;. 

r    t^cb  (.C't,   l/c  ici 

Wittewierum,  (Xeth.) 

vit'te-v'i'TQQm 

Xipajapa,  (S.  Am.) 

Zhi-pd-Zkd'pa 

Wettesj.irvi,  (Sc.  Pen.) 

j  vH'tesse-y'dr'v'i  or  vit'te- 
)      shtir'Vi 

VViitinj^en,  (Neth.) 
Wittlich,  (Neth.) 

v'U'tins-in 
v'it'iilh 

Xitiquaro,  (Mex.) 
Xivara,  (S.  Am.)  r 
Xucar,  (Pen.)  r. 

Zki-t'i-kQQ-d'ro 
Zhi-vd'ra 

VVettin,  (Ger.) 

vet-Vine' 

Wittmund,  (Neth.) 

Vit'vtQQTU 

Zhi^Q-kdr' 

Wetiiiiipka,  (U.  S.) 

we-iiiinp'ka 

VViltnau,  (Switz.) 

vit'nou 

Xaguiriania,  (S.  Am.)  r 

Zh(}<^gi~ri~d'ma 

VVetzlar,  (Ger.) 

vets'ldr 

Winstock,  (Prus.) 

vit'stok 

Xuruma,  (S.  Am.)  r. 

Zh^Q-rQif' ma 

We.xford,  (Ir.)  co. 

w ex' ford 

Witzendorf,  (Ger.) 

vit' sen-dqrf 

Wexjoe,  (Sc.  Pen.) 

vik'sh^ 

VVitzenhausen,  (Ger.) 

vit'sen-hoti'zen 

Way,  (Switz.) 

VI 

Witzhafen,  (Den.) 

vits'kd'fm 

Weyila,  (Ger.) 

vi'da 

VVodden,  (Den.) 

vod'den 

Y. 

VVh.imel,  (Neth.) 

vd'mil 

VVodnian,  (Austr.) 

vod'n'i-'dn 

White  Sea,  or  Bieloe  More 
(R.) 

'  1  bie'loe  md're 

Woelz,  (Austr,) 
Woerden,  (Neth.) 

vore'den 

Wi.tschim,  (Austr.) 

Vi-dsh'im 

Wohlau,  (Prus.) 

vo'lou 

Yadkin,  (U.S.) 
Yaik,  or  tiral,  (R.)  r. 

ydd'kin 

Wicomico,  (U.  S.) 

w'i-kom'i-ko 

Woiileo,  (Switz.) 

vo'len 

yike  ■ 

Wiconisco,  (U.  S.) 

w'i-kun-is'ko 

Wolrott,  (U.  S.) 

WQqVkut 

Yamaska,  (Can.) 

yd-mds'ka 

Widau,  (Den.)r. 

v'i'dou 

WoltVnbuettel,  (Ger.) 

rol'fen-bdt'til 

Yambari,  (S.  Am.)  r. 

ydm-bd'fi 

Widawa,  (R.) 

v'i-dd'va 

Wolfenschiess,  (Switz.) 

vol'fen-sh'is 

Yameos,  (S.  Am.) 

yd'me-os 

Wiecht,  (Neth.) 

vUht 

Wolfersdvk,  (Neth.) 

v5l'fers-dike' 

Yamparaes,  (S.  Am.) 

7jdm-pd~rd' esse 

Wiedlisbach,  (Switz.) 
Wiefels,  (Ger.) 

vid'Us-bdZh' 

VVolJfen,  (Ger.) 

volffen 

Yana,  (As.)  r. 

yd'na 

vi'feU 

VVolfratshausen,  (Ger.) 

volf  rdts-kou'  sen 

Yanatilda,  (S.  Am.) 

yd-nd-til'da 

Wieliczka,  (.^ustr.) 

vi-litch'ka 

Wolfsber*;,  (Austr.) 

volfs' be  r§ 

Yao,  (S.  Am.)  r. 

yd'o 

Wieruszow,  (R.) 

v'i-rQQ'sho 

Wolfsburg,  (Ger.) 

TQlfs'btjnr^ 
vglfs' kd' frhl 

Yapa,  (S.  Am.) 

yd' pa 

Wiesbaden,  or  Wisbaden, 

(  vis'bd-den 

Wolfshagen,  (Ger.) 

Yarkand,  (As.)  r. 

ydr'kdnd 

(Ger.) 

Wolfshausen,  (Ger.) 

volfs'hoa'zen 

Yary,  (Braz.)  r. 

lid'ri 

Wiesen,  (Switz.) 

v'i'zen 

VVoIgang,  (Switz.) 
Wolgast,  (Prus.) 

vql'gdngh 

Yauca,  (S.  Am.)  r. 
Yaugueda,  (S.  Am.) 

you'ka 

Wiesensteig,  (Ger.) 

vi'  zen-st1§ 

vol'irdst 

you-ge'da 

Wis'it,  (Eng.)  isl 

■wife 

Wolka,  (Prus.) 

vol'ka 

Yazoo,  (U.  S.) 

Vd-ZQQ' 

Wiiiton,  (Scot)  CO. 

wiff'ton 

Wollin,  (Prus.) 

vol-tine' 

Yberg,  (Switz.) 

Vberi 

Wika,  (Sc.  Pen.) 

v'i'ka 

Wollisholten,  (Switz.) 

vql'lis-koVtm 

Ybicuy,  (S.  Am.) 

e'bt-koi 

Wildbad,  (Ger.) 

vih'bdt 

Wolniar,  (R.) 

vgl'indr 

Ycari,  (S.  Am.) 

■i-kd'ri 

Wildenscharen,  (Den.) 

v'iVden-shd'ren 

Wolmirsladt,  (Prus.) 

vqVmir-stdt 

Yebenes,  (Pen.) 

ye-be'nisse 

Wildhaus,  (Switz.) 

v'jlt'hoiis 

Wolsgo,  (Sc.  Pen.) 

vqls'gd 

Yecla,  (Pen.) 

ye'kla 

Wildungen,  (Ger.) 

v'iVd(}<}n^-ht 

Woluwe,  (Neth.) 

TO-lQQ've 

Yelames.  (Pen.) 

ye-ld'messe 

Wilhelnistein,  (Ger.) 

viVhelm-stlne' 

Wulvertham,  (Neth.) 

vqVver-tdm 

Yemen,  (Ar.) 

yem'en 

Willielmsthal,  (Ger.) 
Willcesbarre,  (U.  S.) 

viVhHms-me' 

Woinmels,  (Neth.) 

vom'meh 

Yenisei,  (As.)  r. 

yen-'i'Se'i 

■tcUks' baT-re 

Wungrowitz,  (Prus.) 

von' g^rd-vits' 

Yerbabaena,  (S,  Am.) 

yej^hd-bd-e'na 

Willammette,  or  WaJlah- 

1  wil-ldm'mit 

WooUvich,  (Eng.) 

WQQVitcfl   ' 

Yerd,  (Per.) 

yerd 

mutte,  (N.  Am.) 

Worb,  (Switz.) 

vqrb  ' 

Yezd,  (Per.) 

yezd 

Willcmstad,  (Neth.) 

viVlem-stdt' 

Worbis,  (Prus.) 

vqr'bis 

Yffnioc,  (Fr.) 

if-ni-dk' 

Willenburg,  (Pnis.) 

vil'Un-b<)(}r^ 

Worcester,  (Eng.) 

WQtjrst'er 

Yic,  (Braz.)  r. 

yik 

Willimanset,  (U.  S.) 

wil-Ti-mdn'  sH 

Worcestershire,  (Enc.) 

w<}Qrst' er-sktre 

Yija,  (R.) 

yVja 

WUIimantic,  (U.  S.) 
Williihmen,  (Prus.) 

wil-li-mdn'tik 

Wordingbore,  (Prus.) 

vqr'  dingh-bqr^ 

Ylleberir,  (Deu.) 

iil'le-ber^ 

vil-l^tj'men 

Wurgl,  (Austr.) 

vqrgi 

Yl3t,  (Neth.) 

lU 

Wilna,  or  Vilna,  (R.) 

vil'na 

Wnrbiim,  (Neth.) 

vqr'kQi^ 

Ymassa,  (S.  Am.)  r. 

'ir-n'ds'sa 

Wilnis,  (Neth.) 
Wilsdcirf,  (Ger.) 

Vil'nis 

Wormdit,  (Prus.) 

vgrm'dit 

Yrnouvilie,  (Fr.) 

ir-ndng-v'iW 

viWd<}Qrf 

WornihoTit,  (Fr.) 

vor-mong' 

Yocallo,  (S.  Am.) 

yo-kdl'yo 

Wilsnack,  (Prus.) 

vils'ndk 

Worms,  (Ger.) 

vqrms 

Yonne,  (Ft.)dep. 

yone 

Wilster,  (Den.) 

vil'ster 

Worth,  (Ger.) 

vorte 

Yonne,  (Fr.)  r. 

ydne 

Wilt,  (Neth.) 

v'ilt 

Wossegau,  (Prus.) 

vqs'se-gou' 

Yopez,  (Mex.)  r. 

yd'petJi  (-pesse) 

Wiltshire,  (Eng.) 

■wilt'sKire 

Wotterstn,  (Den.) 

vqt'ier-zrn 

York,  (Eng.) 

yqrk 

Winiinis,  (Switz.) 

vi'm'i-nis 

Woudrichem,  (Neth.) 

tou'driih^em 

Yorkshire,  (Eng.) 

yqrk'sk'ire 

Wiminerby,  (Sc.  Pen.) 

vim'vier-bfi 

Woxna,  (Sc.  Pen.) 

vqks'na 

Youghioghenv,  (U.  S.) 

yok-h5-g&'ny 

Windiscli  Felstritz,  (.-Vustr.)  vin'dishfH'slrils 

Wreschen,  (Prus.) 
Wrietzin,  (Prus.) 

vresh'en 

Youta,  or  Salt  Lake,  (M 

ex.)  you'ta 

Windischgarten,  (Austr.) 

vin'dish-gdr'trn 

vri-tsine' 

Youtas,  (Mex.) 

you'tds 

Windischcraetz,  (Austr.) 
Windsbach,  (Ger.) 

rin'  du^h-ordtse 

Wninme,  (Ger.)  r. 

VffQjn'me 

Ypene,  (Braz.) 

■i-pe'ne 

vinfs'bdSh 

Wuren,  (Switz.) 

tQQ'ren 

Ypoa,  (Braz.)  I. 

'i-po'a 

Windsheim,  (Ger.) 

vi  Ills' bJme 

Wureweiler,  (Switz.) 

VQQ're'vVUr 

Ypres,  or  Ypern,  (Xeth. 

ipr,  Vpem 

Winigen,  (Switz.) 

v'i'ni-^en 

Wurm,  (Ger.)  I.  ■ 

TQQrm 

Ypreville,  (Fr.) 

'ipr-vUe' 

Winnebago,  (Can.)  I, 

win-ne-ba'  {TO 

Wurmansquick,  (Ger.) 

VQQr'vidnS'kwik' 

Ypsilanti,  (U.  S.) 

ip-s'i-ldn'ti 

Wirineperween,  (Neth.) 

vin'jiP-per-vSne' 

Wuerteuiberg,  or  Wirtem- 

viir'tem-ber^ 

Ysendyke,  (Neth.) 

i'sen-dtke' 

Winnipeg,  (N.  Am.)  (. 

win'ni-peg- 

berg,  (Ger.) 

Yssel,  (Neth.)  r. 

Is'sH 

Winnipiseogee,  (U.  S.)  i. 

(  win-n'i-pis-e-d'ge^  vwlg. 
(     win-n'i~pis~sok'ke 

Wuerzburg,  or  Wuertz- 
burg,  (Ger.) 

vhrts'bQQr^ 

Ysselmond,  (Neth.) 
Ysselsten,  (Neth.) 

is'sel-jnqnd' 
is'sel-stene' 

Winnweiler,  (Ger.) 

vtti'vl'ler 

Wurzen,  (Ger.) 

v^^r'tsen 

Yssengeaux.  (Fr.) 

'is-sdng-go' 

Winsen,  (Ger.) 

vin'zen 

Wust,  (Prus.) 

rppsf 

Ystad,  (Sc.  Pen.) 

Wstdd 

Winsum,  (Neth.) 

vin'sQi}m 

Wusterhausen,  (Prus.) 

vqq' steT^kou' zen 

Yucatan,  (Mex.) 

yg^kd-t'dn' 

Winter  Berg,  (Af.)  mt. 

vin'ter  ber^ 

Wunrow,  (Ger.) 

v(ff}'stro 

Yun  Nan,  (East.  Isl.) 

yppn  ndn 

Winter  Bergen,  (Af.) 

vin'ter  ber'gm 

Wularh,  (Ger.)  r. 

VQQ'tdlh 

Yunta,  la,  (Pen.) 

td  yQf^n'ta 

Winterberg,  (Austr.) 

vin'ter-ber^ 

Wiitzin,  (Prus.) 

VQQ-ts'ine' 

Yverdun,  (Switz.) 

'i-ver-d^ng' 

Wintersinge,  (Switz.) 

vin'ttT-zinjr'e 

Wvalusing,  (U.  S.) 

VII  q-Iqq' sing 
vtkc  bi  d(f^'sU-de 

Yvelut,  (Fr.) 

ive-to' 

Winterweiler,  (Neth.) 

vin'ter-vVler 

Wyk  by  Duurstede,  (Neth.) 

Yvi,  St.  (Fr.) 

sang  ti-vV 

Winterthur,  (Switz.) 

vin'ter-tQQr' 

Wyoming,  (U.  S.) 

wij'5'ming 

Yvorne,  (Switz.) 

■i-vOmt' 

Winterneld,  i  .Af.) 

rin'ter-nett 

Wytgaard,  (Neth.) 

vite' garde 

Yvre,  (Fr.) 

ivr 

Wiodawa,  (Austr.) 

V  i-S-d  d'va 

Wythe,  (U.  S.) 

toltJte 

Yvri,  (Fr.) 

■i-vr'i' 

Wipper,  (Ger.)  r. 

vip'per 

Wipperfurth,  (Ger.) 

Tiyper-fQQTt 

Wirithjaur,  (Sc.  Pen.) 

vi'rit-your' 

Wirmo,  (R.) 

V'ir'mo 

Wirsitz,  (Prus.) 

Vir'zits 

X 

z. 

Wirtemberg,  or  Wuertem- 

1 

• 

berg,  (Ger.) 

>  vir'tem-ber§- 

Wirtheim,  (Ger.) 

virt'klme 

Xaoua,  (Port.  W.  Ind.) 

Zhd'gQff~a 

Zaamslao,  (Neth.) 

zdme'sld^ 

Wisbaden,  or  Wiesbaden, 

i  Vis'bd-den 

Xaia,  (Mex.) 

Ikd'ta. 

Zaandam,  (Neth.) 

zdne'ddm 

(Ger.) 

Xalana,  (Mex.) 

Ikd-ld'pa 

Zabbar,  (It.) 

dzab-bdr' 

Wisby,  (Sc.  Pen.) 

vis'bit 

Xalayo,  (VV.  Ind.) 

Ihd-ld'yo  (-ll'yo) 

Zaborovia,  (R.) 

zd-bS^o'v'i-a 

Wiscasset,  (U.  S.) 

wis-kds'set 

Xanten,  (Ger.) 

ksdn'ten 

Zaborska,  (R.) 

zd-bors'ka 

Wischwill,  (Prus.) 

rish'vil 

Xativa  San  Felipe,  (Pen.) 

Ihd-ti'ca  s'dii  fe-li'pe 

Zacatecas,  (Mex.) 

tnd~{sd-)  kd-te'kds 

Wisconisco,  (U.  S.) 

wiS'kO-nis'ko 

Xavier,  (S.  Am.) 

Ud'vi-er 

Zacatula,  (Mex.) 

tKd-  \sd-)  kd-tQQ'la 

Wisconsin,  or  Wiskonsan, 

j  wis-kon'sin  {-sdn) 

Xeberos,  (S.  Am.) 
Xenia,  (U.  S.) 

Zhe-be'ros 

Zacualipan,  (Mex.) 

thd-  isd')  k<}Q-d-lt'pdn' 

(U.  S.) 

zS 'n'i-a 

Zaftlirana,  (It.)  c. 

dzdf-fd-^dfna 

Wislok,  (Austr.)  r. 

vis'lok 

Xenil,  or  Jenil,  (Pen.)  r. 

Ihe-niV 

Zafra,  (Pen.) 

tJid'fra 

Wisloka,  (.\ustr.)  r. 

r'is-lo'ka 

Xeres,  (Pen.) 

Zke'resse 

Zafrilla,  (Pen.) 
Zasora,  (Tur.) 

thd-fTil'ya 

Wismal,  (Austr.) 

vis'mdl 

Xeres  de  la  Frontera,  (Pen.) 

Zhe'resse  de  I'd  frOit-te'ra 

zd-go'ra 

Wismar,  (Ger.) 

vis'mdr 

Xero  Nisi,  (Gr.) 

ike'ro  n'i'ii 

Zagora,  (Gr.)  mt. 

zd- gO'ra 

Wisowitz,  (.Austr.) 

vi'zO-vits 

Xertigny,  (Fr.) 

gser-fin-y'i' 
Ue'ZhijQ-i 

Zagrivotchna,  (R.) 

zd-gr'i-rqtch'na 

Wissck,  (Pms.) 

vis'sek 

Xexui,(S.  Am.)  r. 

Zugyra,  (Austr.)  r. 

s'd-g'i'ra  or  sdj'ra 
zd-Zhd-fi-evs'ka 

Wissembourg,  (Fr.) 

v'is-sdng^-bQ^' 

Xilo  Ka^lro,  (Gr.) 

ihi'lo  kds'tro 

Zacharievska,  (R.) 

Wissen,  (Ger.) 

vL'i'sen 

Ximari,  (S.  Am.) 

Ik'i-md'fi 

Zalamea,  (Pen.) 

ihd-ld~me'a 

Wiszkow,  (R.) 

vish'ko  (-fc("p/) 

Ximena,  (Pen.) 

Zhi-me'na 

Zalamea  la  Real,  (Pen.) 

thd-ld-me'a  Id  re-dl' 

fate,  fitr,  faU,  what,  bat.  — 

MSte^  prey^  kelp,  thirty  Mr.  — 

Pine,  marine,  bird,  fig. N'dte,  ddve,  movt,  w<}lf,  bQ^k,  lo 

rd,  —  Tane,  bull,  linite.--' 

Fr.  long  rfte;  Fr.  short  bUt.— 

1366 


Zilatllna,  (Austr.) 
Zala^zekzj  kv,  (Austr.) 
Zalosee,  (Austr.) 
Zainba,  (U".  Ind.)  b. 
Zambujal,  (Pen.) 
Zaniora,  (Pen.  Mex.) 
Zandpoon,  (Xeth.) 
Zandvocn,  (Netli.) 
Zanguibar,  (Af.) 
Zannone,  (It.)  isL 
Zanow,  (Prus.) 
Zante,  (Gr.)  isL 
Zanzibar,  (Af.) 
Zaonela,  (It.) 
Zapote,  (.Mel.) 
Zara,  (.\ustr.) 
Zarben,  (Prus.) 
Zart-n  de  Fuera,  (W.  Ind.) 
Zansco,  (Austr.) 
Zarniela,  (Pen.) 
Zarten,  (per.) 
Zanen,  (Prus.) 
Zauditz,  (Prus.) 
Zavista,  (Gr.)  vU. 
Zboro,  (Austr.) 
Zborow,  (.\ustr.) 
Zealand,  (Nelh.) 
Zealand,  or  Sjaelland, 

(Den.)  bi. 
Zechlin,  (Prus.) 
Zeeland,  (Xeth.) 
Zegveld,  (Xeth.) 
Zehdeji,  (Prus.) 
Zeblentefeld,  (PrU3.) 
Zeiblilz,  (Prus.) 
Zeidenib,  (Prus.) 
Zeillem,  (Ger.) 
Zeilz,  (Prus.) 
Zelava,  (.Mei.) 
Zeis',  (Xeth.) 
Zelhem   (Xelh.) 
Zelle,  (Ger.  Switz.) 
Zelline,  (It.)  r. 
Zelt,  (Ger.) 
Zemliansk,  (R.) 
Zeneta,  (Pen.) 
Zens,  or  Segna,  (Austr.) 
Zenta,  (.\iistr.) 
Zerlisl,  (Prus.) 
Zerellera,  la,  (Pen.) 
Zerezal  Porto,  (Pen.) 
Zerf,  (Ger.) 
Zerkow,  (Prus.) 
Zerro,  (Gr.)  r. 
Zesch,  (.N'eth.) 
Zeteleka,  (Austr.) 
Z«uenroda,  (Ger.) 


PRONUNCIATION   OF   MODERN   GEOGRAPHICAL   NAMES. 


sd-liit  na 
sd-leu'sik-si'ki 

Zeven,  (Ger.) 
Zevenaar,  (Neth.) 

Ul'fin 

sd'ld-:e' 
aam'  {Sim')  ba 
tJldm-bQ^ihdl' 
«d-  (sit-)  ma'ra 

Zevenbergen,  (Neth.) 
Zhitomir,  or  Zitomirz,  (R.) 
Zibanisz,  (Austr.) 
Zicavo,  (It.) 

zCvht-bir'  ghi 
zl'to-mlre,  ahl^O'mirih 
3'i' bd-rdssc' 

zand'pSrte 

Zichidorf,  (Austr.) 

tsWi-dnrf 

Zicker,  (Prus.) 

zitn-gi-bdr' 

Zickhusen,  (Ger.) 

tsik-hi^Q'im 
UVbing-ln 

dzdn-nO'ne 

Ziebingen,  (Prus.) 

zibi'U 

Ziesenhayn,  (Ger.) 

tsi'grn-Mne 

Zicgenkals,  (Prus.) 

ts'i'  gen-kitU 
Wi'gm-ri}(;k 
tsfJent'sji 
z't'rik-ze' 

dzd~6-ne*fa 

Ziegenruck, (PrusO 
Ziefentzig,  (Prus.) 

ISa-  (sit-)  pB'u 

Zienkzee,  (Nelh.) 

Zierniki,  (Prus.) 

sfitre-nVki 

Ziesar,  (Prus.) 

shi-sdr' 

aid-  (sd-)  ren'  dr  ffif-e'ra 

Ziest,  (Neth.) 

sd-riVAo 

Zieza,  (Pen.) 

tni-e'tta 

Vidr-rtj^ta 

Zilah,  (.lustr.) 

sl-ld' 

Udr'ten 

Zillis,  (Nelh.) 

ziVlis 

tidl'ten 

Zimerwald,  (Swilz.) 

ts't'mtr^illt' 

tsou'dits 

Zimnietshausen,  (Ger.) 

tsim'mets-ltou'  ztn 

zd-ris'ta 

Zmal,  (Switz.) 

dzi-ndl' 

sbd'ro 

Zingst,  (Prus.)  is/. 

Ziph,  Wilderness  of,  (Pal.) 

tsingst 

sbd'ro  (-rqv) 

zif  or  s!/e 

Zirez,  (Austr.) 

s'i'rksst 

ze'ldnd,  s'i-al'ldild 

Zirknilz,  (AuslrJ 

sirk'nits 

Zirl,  (Austr.) 

sirt 

tselh-tiitc' 

Zillau,  (Ger.) 

tsit'tOil 

ze'ldnd 

Zizers,  (Switz.) 

tsi'tsirs 

zii'fild 
tsPden 

Zloczow,  (,\uslr.) 

slb'iso 

Zmygrod,  (.\uslr.) 

sm'i'gTOd 

tst'ten-U-fiU' 

Znaim,  (Austr.) 

snime 

tsibc'lits 

Zneisten,  (Swilz.) 

tsnVsten 

tsVde-nik 

Znin,  (Prus.) 

skn'ine 

tsiU'Utht 

Znudacao,  (S.  Am.) 

sn^O-dd~kd'o 

tsfls 

Zobern,  (Ger.) 

tso'bem 

aie-  (je-)  td'ya 

Zobten,  (Prus.) 
Zocco,  (Pen.) 

Isbb'lin 

u'le 

Olbk'ka 

zeVhtm 

Zuehnonde,  (Neth.) 

ZQQl'mbn-de 

tsH'lt 

Zoesl,  (.Nelh.) 

ippste 

dziUi'nt 

Zoelerwoude,  (Neth.) 

iQi^'ter-vou'ds 

Isilt 

Zolingen,  (Switz.) 

ts5'fiitg-en 

zim-ti-dnsk 

Zogenweil,  (Ger.) 

tsb' gm-vlle 

Vie-ne'ta 

Zogno,  (It.) 

dzSn'yo 

seno,  sen'ya 
sMta 

Zogria,  (Gr.)  isL 

zb'gr'i-a 
Uof'hQQS 

Zolhuus,  (Ger.) 

tserbst 

Zollenspeiker,  (Den.) 

"  Im-spVker 

Id  tXt-reVye-ra 

Zombor,  (Austr.) 

^^'in'bor 

Oie-re-mai' 

Zonnebeke,  (Neth.) 

•.on' nt-be'kt 

tsirf 

Zorge,  (Ger.) 

sor-ge 

Uir'ko 

Zorita,  (Pen.) 

IM-rt'la 

zir'ro 

Zorneling,  (Ger.) 

tsor'ne-ting 

zesk 

Zotlscanip,  (Nelh.) 

zots'kdmp 

st-tt-lt'ka 

Zsainbok,  (Auslr.) 

sdm'bok 

Isoi'en-rS'da 

Zsarnovia,  (Austr.) 

sdr-nb'v'i-a 

Zscho,  (Ger.) 
Znolna,  (Aiiittr.) 
Zubincen,  fGer.) 
Zucherio,  (W.  lod.) 
Zucllichau,  (Pnu.) 
Zuclpich,(Pru«.) 
Zuelz,  (Pnj..) 
Zucra,  (Pen.) 
Zufrc,  (Pen.) 
Zug,  (Switz.) 
Zug,  (Swilz.)  L 
Zug  der  RubMn,  (Swiu  . 
Zuid  Laren,  (Nrtii.) 
Zuiddorp,  (.S'clli.) 
Zuidor  Zee,  (Neth.) 
Zuidwolde,  (.\cUi.) 
Zuilichem,  (.Nelli.) 
Zujar,  (P.n.)  r. 
Znkau,  (Pnu.) 
Zuluctzin,  (Aujftr.) 
Zula  Lagua,  (Aostr.) 
Zulch,  (Ger.) 

Zulia,  or  Sulia,  (S.  An*.;  r. 
Zuinaya,  (Pen.) 
Zumutij  (hwilz.) 
Zuri,  (Austr.)  uL 
Zuerich,  (Swiu.) 
Zuerich,  (Switz.)  I. 
Zusam,  (Ger.)  r. 
ZusmarshaUAen,  (Ger  ) 
Zntplien,  (.Nelh.) 
Zuurbrak,  (Af.) 
Zuure  Il.ay,  (Af.) 
Zuure  Berg,  (Af.)  r. 
Zuure  Berg,  f  Af.) 
Zuz,  (Switz.) 
Zwartdoon,  (.\f.)  r. 
Zwartc  Ruggcntt,  ( \' 
Zwarte  Shis,  (.Nell; 
Zwartklip,  or  Oorl'  .■ 

Kloof,  (Af.)r. 
Zwartland,  (Af.) 
Zweihausen,  (Ger.) 
Zwettel,  (Ausu.) 
Zweybniecken,  or  Deux 

Ponls,  (Ger.) 
Zwoyzimuien,  (Switz.) 
Zwickau,  (Ger.) 

Zwiel    (Ger.) 
Zwinaer,  (Nelh.) 
Zwingeuburg,  (.Austr.) 
Zwittau,  (.Austr.) 
Zwittau,  (Auslr.)  r. 
Zwolle,  (.Neth.) 
Zwyndrcchl,  (Nelh.) 
Zydaczow,  (Auslr.) 
Zydoivo,  (Frus.) 


zx^rWlami 

tKCftlH 

tsrVtjim'niu 

Uic\U 
zrim'drr 
tnriJi/^  rn^birf 

zml'lt 
IKtmtdrfat 
llda'tf  (-UfT) 


Ft.  long  A  and  short  mi,  nearly  sa  in  spur.—  Final  ly,  French  I  momUe.  —An"ger,vi"aom.  —  ^ 


-  »  aa  .  in  plaiiw;  j  and  »  gii«ur»l ;  »»  ViyM ;  a 


QUOTATIONS, 

WORDS    AND   PHRASES,    PROVERBS   AND   COLLOQUIAL    EXPRESSIONS, 

PROM  THE 

LATIN,  FRENCH,  ITALIAN,  AND  SPANISH, 

FEEQUENTLY   OCCUKKING  IN   ENGLISH  BOOKS,   IN  PERIODICALS,   AND   IN  C0NVEB6ATI0V 

RENDERED    INTO    ENGLISH. 


SELECTED   AND   ARRANGED    liV 

WILLIAM    G.    WEBSTER. 

[The  collection  of  the  materials  for  the  following  Tables,  was  comrnencea  by  Mr.  Wkhstep.  many  yoi-  ■  ' 
and  a  large  number  of  the  translations  are  his  own.  Not  a  few  of  these  have  found  their  way  into'  oth. 
evidencing  thus  their  convenience.  The  remark  of  Roget  in  regard  to  a  similar  collection,'  applies  as  well  to 
this : — "  The  words  and  phrases  in  the  following  collection  are  such  as  are  current  in  moilera  litoratiire.  The 
words  are  not  always  classical,  and  the  sense  in  whieh  they  are  used  is  often  peculiar,  differing  Hometimes  mito- 
rially  from  the  standard  of  the  languages  from  which  they  are  taken.  The  definitions  are  necessarily  lirief,  and 
therefore  could  not  always  be  literal."  The  V<  >'■  t-'ii  >  - 1 

PROVERBS,    PHRASES,    ETC.,    FROM    THE    LATIN. 


A  or  Ah.    From,  by,  of. 

Ah  extra.    From  without. 

Afj  hoc  €t  ah  hue.    From  this  and  that ;  confusedly. 

Ah  inconrenienti.     From  the  inconvenienco. 

Ah  initio.    From  the  beginning. 

Aft  intra.    From  within. 

Ah  origine.    From  the  origin. 

Ab  oto.     From  the  eirg. 

Ah  ovo  unique  ad  mala.  From  the  egg  to  the  apples; 
from  bei^ionins  to  end. 

Ahnente  reo.    The  defendnnt  being  absent 

Ahitit  iutidia.    AU  envy  aparL 

AOs^/'ie  hoc  Witliout  this  or  tliaL  In  hnc,  words 
used  in  traversing  what  has  been  alleged  aud  is  re- 
peated. 

Absque  uUit  conrfitioue.    Unconditionally. 

Ahundnt  dulcibas  citii-9.  lie  abounds  with  pletisant 
faults. 

Ah  uno  disce  omnes.  From  a  single  instance  yon  may 
infer  the  whole. 

Ah  urhe  conditi.    From  the  ftnindin^  of  the  city. 

A  capite  ad  ralrem.     From  head  to  foot. 

Ac*'^pt*t.    TIjc  receipts  in  accounts. 

Acerratitn.    By  heaps. 

Ac  etiain.     And  als»). 

Acrihnu  initHA^  iiicuHosa  fine.  Alert  in  the  begin- 
ning, ne^Iiirt'Mt  in  the  end. 

A  criice  9itlus.     Salvation  from  the  cross. 

Acta.    Proceedini:s  in  court. 

Actum  e»t  de  republica.  It  is  all  over  with  thp  com- 
monwealth. 

A  dato.    From  date,  or  from  this  time. 

Ad  nrhitriarn.    At  ph-asure. 

Ad  a-ntra.    To  the  sUirs,  or  to  an  exalted  state. 

Ad  atptandttm.    To  attract  or  ple:u*e. 

Ad  capUindam  vnlgnt.    To  catch  the  r.abble. 

Ad  CaUndas  G  (etts.  At  the  Greek  Calends,  i.  e., 
never,  as  the  Greeks  had  no  (kalends. 

Addenda.    Thin:rs  .-vlded  ;  a  supplement 

A  deo  et  reffe.     From  Gorl  and  the  king. 

Ad  etindem  {sc.  gradum).    To  the  same  in  degree. 

Ad  extremum.    To  the  extreme. 

Adjinem,    To  the  end. 

Ad  gu^tttm.    To  one's  tasto. 

Ad  hominem.  Tu  the  int^^re^^t*  or  passions  of  the  man. 

Adhwj  ^lUijiuliit  lia  etd.  The  atfair  is  not  yet  decided. 

A  die.    From  that  day  on. 

Ad  infinitum.     To  infinity. 

Ad  infptirendum.     For  Inquiry;  (a  Judicial  writ) 

Ad  injft/ir.     Aft«r  the  manner  of. 

Ad  iTiterim.     In  the  mean  while. 

Ad  libltnm.    At  pleasure. 

Ad  modum.    Afur  the  manner  of. 

Ad  naiueam.    To  disgust. 


Ad  patres.    To  his  fathers  ;  i.  e.,  dead. 
Ad  I'er'c  rend  urn.    To  be  further  con-^idcrcd. 
Ad  rem.     To  tlie  point 
AdHcriptua  gleb<v.     Belonging  to  the  soil. 
Ad  fminmaui.    To  the  hi;;lu*st  point,  or  amount. 
Ad.  winm  omnea.     All,  to  a  man. 
^■1*;  utrumque  paratas.    I'repared  for  either  contin- 
gency. 
Ad  valorem.    According  to  the  v.iliie. 
Jil'jrescit  medcndo.    The  remedy  is  worse  than  the 

disease. 
^/uam  sernare  mentem.  To  preserve  an  equal  mind. 
^^jiianintiter.    With  equanimity. 
^/uo  aniino.     With  an  equal  uiiud. 
^E  e  perennius.     Enduring  ever. 
yEfatis  stice.     Of  his  ai;c ;  of  her  age. 
Alfirmatim.     In  the  attirmative. 
A  fortiori.     With  stronger  reason. 
Agendii.    Thiugs  to  be  done. 
Alerefiammam.    To  feed  the  flame. 
Alias.     Otherwise. 
Alia  tentanda  -via,  est.     Another  method  must  bo 

tried. 
Alibi.    Elsewhere. 
Alieni  (ip/it'ten'i,  siU  proffiJ^H-'i.     Lavish  of  his  own' 

property  wliilc  covetint;  that  of  dthers.  | 

Aliquando  bonus  dormitat  Ilomerus.  Even  the  good  j 

Homer  sometimes  nods.  | 

AOs  i-nfnt  propriis.     She  flies  Trith  her  own  wings. 

[motto  of  Oregon.]  j 

Alititr  ritium,  rii-Hque  tegaulo.     Vice  thrives  and! 

lives  by  concealment.  _      I 

Ahna  mater.     A  benign  mother;  generally  applied 

to  the  University. 
Alter  ego.    An()tlitT  self. 
Alter  idem.     Another  precisely  similar. 
Alteritm  tantuvi.     As  much  inoro. 
Alumni.    Those  who  have  received  tacir  education 

at  a  college. 
AlumniuH.     A  graduate. 
Amanflum  irw.    Lovers'  quarrels. 
A  maximis  ad  minima.    From  the  greatest  to  the 

least 
Ambiguas  in  ■vnlgnm  spargere  voces.     To  spread 

doubtful  reports  among  the  peorde. 
A  7nensa  ef  tm-o.     From  bed  and  board. 
Aniiriis  rwiiF.     A  friend  of  the  court 
Amir  II <tlnnn>ini  generis.  A  friend  of  th'i  human  race. , 
A  micas  usque  ad  aras.  A  friend  to  the  last  e.Mremity. 
Amur  nummi.    Love  of  money. 

Amor  patriiP.     Love  of  country.  | 

Auglice.     In  English,  or  according  to  the  Engusb^ 

manner. 
Anguis  in  herhn.    A  snake  in  the  grass. 
Animtd  disputanJi.    A  disputatious  creature. 
Animo  etfide.     By  courage  and  faitiu  I 


Animiui.    The  mind  or  Intention. 

Anivxitt opihu9qu<  paratt.    Beadr  with  oor  hxr*  v  ' 

property. 
Animo  filfandi.    With  Intent  tr>  *:^\ 
Anjio  a-tatiH  sii<r.     In  the  > 
Anno  Domini  {A.  P.).     Itj 
Anno  mnndi  {A.  -V.).     in  t 
Anno  urbi.t  conduct  (A.  C.  (.).     itj'.-.  y  ^-  :-tc,:r 

(Home)  «*as  built. 
Annua  viirabilis.    The  wonderful  year. 
Ante.     Befxre. 

Ante  helium.     Before  th^-  irar. 
Ante  liicem.     Before  liirbt 
Ante  meridiem.    Before  noon. 
Anti.     Au'ainst 
Antiqua  homo  rtrtitte  etfide.    A  iroa  of  aadtat  t^ 

tue  antl  fidelity. 
A  posse  ad  e^ne.     From  the  pftwiW.*  to  tV^  m^. 
A  posteriori.     From  the  ctfk-ci  I"  thr  ram--. 
Aperto  ciceri  toto.    To  lire  »Uh  dc»trvt»  trf^'ij  n* 

pressed. 
Appetituji  rationi  parent    Lei  »pp<HI*  fit'A  to  r«- 

son. 
A  p  -iori.    From  the  canw  tn  the  '•ff'-^l. 
Aptatst  pugna^.     He  pre[»are5  fur  ihr  (v.nt#«t. 
Aqua  et  igne  inierdii:tiu.      lotcrxUctc-l   ^'  **-  ■■^* 

water. 
Aqua  Regiti  (mrn!  water).    Nllrrv-mnri^* 
Aqua  C(7<r(w.alorof hfeV     nf:indr:  »f». 
Arbiter  eiegantiarium.     M&.^ler  of  tcrc: 

umpire  in  matter?  uftAslo. 
Arc<tnii  cele^iia.    Heavenly  secPtt* 
Arcana  imperii.  Themysterlosof  gorcninirn* ;  »i»s* 

sec  re  til. 
Arcanum  :  pK  Arcana.    A  »cr*t,  or  swT^t^ 
Ardentit  rerha.     Words  lUal  burn;  txprv*.  x»  «/ 

creat  force. 
Argumentum  ad  incidiam.    An  »pp*al  to  !o»-  pw- 

slons  or  re-vonlns. 
Argumentum  ad  crumenatn.    An  irpmnrAl  t'^ 

purse  ;  an  appeal  to  iiitervsL 
Argumentum  ad  hominetn.     An  «Tis«nvM  Ar-^      z 

it*  f.irco  fW>m  the  situation  of  lb*  |*rsoo  Iw  * 

it  is  addressed. 
Argumentum  ad  ignortintiiim.     .\rru'" 

on  ail  advers.ary*s  i::norance  of  bctv 
Argumentum  att Judicium..    Arpun»cnt  t 

nient  , 

Argumentum  ad  verectindiam,    Arfomcnl  to  »m^ 

Argumentum  haculiiium.    Club  Uw;  cooTkOoi  by 

force. 
Arrecti.^  aurihus.    With  .nit. >nt  ^  ■>  .*i-* 
Ar-te^teel-ireartem.    The  '^  tri.  ^^ 

Artt  hmga.  rita  hreri*.    A-  c  to  »*ort* 

Artes  honorabit.    He  will  I, 


172 


13t.^.' 


C  L  A 


PROTERBS,  PHRASES,  ETC.,  FROM  THE  LATIN. 


EXP 


Artiimi  mnuistar.     Master  ol"  Aits. 

A  tene--i--i  anni^.     From  tnider  years. 

At  spes  noit/racta.     But  bopo  is  not  broken. 

Atictor  precloaa  facit.    The  giver  makes  the   gifl 

precious.  „  .,     , 

Andaces  foHuna j aval.     Fortune  favors  the  brave. 
Aiidaxei  caiUas.     Bold  anil  wary. 
Aitiii  alteram  parUm.     Hear  tlic-  ntlior  side. 
Aui-a  popularis.     Tlie  gale  ()f  ptiptilar  favor. 
A  urea  mediocriias.   Neither  wealth  nor  poverty;  the 

cdIiUmi  mean. 
Aari  sacra /antes.    The  accursed  tliirstfor  gold. 
A  iisphdum  mt>} iorlt  ccvi.     An  omen  of  better  times, 
Autamat,  aut  odit  mulier.    A  woman  either  loves 

or  hates. 
Aut  Cuesar  nut  nihil.     C;psar  or  nothing. 
Aut  vlnvere  aut  inori.     Victory  or  death. 
Au^iliuJn  ah  alto.     Help  is  from  tm  hi£:h. 
A  verhvi  ad  verhera.    From  vimds  to  blows. 
A  vinculo  matrimonii.     From  tlie  tie  of  marriage. 
Avito   rirtt  honore.     He  nourishes  upon  ancestral 

honors. 


Basiis  virtutum  constantia.     Constancy  the  basis  of 

virtues. 
BentiB  memorice.     Of  blessed  memory. 
Bella  /  horrida  7/ella  !    "Wars!  horrid  wars  I 
Bella  matroniti  detesta.    Wars  are  the  aversion  of 

women. 
Bellnm  iiiternecinum.     A  war  of  e.^tcrmination. 
/ii-llum  lethale.     A  deadly  war. 
Bifneficium  accipere,  liherUtiem  tcndere.  To  receive 

a  favor  is  to  sell  your  lilx-rty. 
Benigno  nuwiiie.'  By  the  favor  of  Providence. 
Biennium.     A  period  of  two  years. 
Bifi.    Twice;  repeated. 

Bis  dat  qui  cito  dat.     lie  who  gives  promptly  or  sea- 
sonably gives  twice  as  much. 
Bispeccareiii  hello  nan  licet.    To  blunder  twice  is 

not  allowed  in  war. 
Bis  piticit,  qui  se  vincit  in  t^iciorid.    He  conquers  a 

second  time,  who  controls  himself  in  victory. 
Bona  fide.     In  gixtd  faith  ;  in  reality. 
Bonis  7iocit,  qui.sqnis  peperrerit  malls.     Hu  huits 

tlie  good  who  spares  the  bad. 
Bonus.    A  consideration  for  something  received. 
Brachium  seculare  aut  civile.     The  secular  or  civil 

power. 
B  -evis  e3se  lahoro,  ohscurusfio.    In  endeavoring  to 

be  concise,  1  bectune  obscure. 
Brutumfabnen.    A  loud  but  harmless  menace. 


C. 


Caooeihe-s.     An  evil  habit. 
C'woethes  loqucndi.     A  rage  f()r  speaking. 
Cacoetltes  scrihendi.     An  itch  for  scribhling. 
Cieca  eiit  invidia.     Envy  is  blind. 
CiB'.-us  iter  monstrare  vult.    A  blind  man  wishes  to 
point  out  the  way. 

Coitera  desuiit.     The  remainder  is  -wantinir. 
Oeteris  paribus.     Other  thinirs  being  equal. 

Campu-<  Martins.     A  place  of  nulitary  exercise. 

Candida  pax.     White-robed  peace. 

Candide  etconstanter.     Candidly  and  constantly. 

Capias  nidore  culincB.     Captivated  by  the  kitchen 
o.liirs. 

Caput  inortuum.    The  worthless  rem.ains. 

Caret  initio  etfne.    It  wants  btttii  beginningand  end. 

Carpf,  diem.    Knjoy  the  present  day  ;  seize  the  op- 
portunity. 

Casiiis  tutissinin  virtus.    Virtue  the  safest  defense. 

Casus  belli.    That  which  involves  or  justifies  war. 

Ciisus  consHentuB.     A  case  of  conscience. 

Casus /Uderis.    The  end  of  the  league. 

Casu-^/ortuituJi.    A  ftirtuitnus  occurrence. 

Cdiisa  latt't,  vLt  e--it  jioti-ssima.    The  cause  is  hidden, 
but  the  effc-ct  is  notiubms. 

Caiisa  sine  qua  nun.    A  condition  which  is  indispen- 
sable. 

Caveat  actor.    Let  the  doer  beware. 

Caveat  emptor.    Let  the  buyer  beware. 

Cavendo  tutus.    Safe  throusli  caution. 

Cedant  arma  toffoi.  Let  arm^  yield  to  the  gown  :  i.  e., 
let  nnlitary  authority  yield  to  the  civil  power. 

Cede  deo.    Siilimit  to  Providence. 

Centum.    A  hundred. 

Certiorari.    To  be  made  more  certain. 

Cerium  petejinem.     Aim  at  a  certain  end. 

Censante  causa,  cesaai  effectus.  The  cifect  ceases  with 
the  cause. 

Cingulum  Veneris.    The  girdle  of  Venus. 

Cis.    This  side  of. 

Cito.    Quickly. 

Cito  niaturum,  cito  put  ndum.  Soon  ripe,  soon  rotten- 

Clcilitas  snccesHtt  harharvm.     Civilization  succeeds 
barbarism.     [Territorial  motto  of  Minnesota.] 

Clarior  e  tenehri-s.     More  bright  from  obscurity. 

Clarum  ei  venerabiU  nomen.  An  illustrious  and  ven- 
erable name. 


Ccena  Bomini.     The  Lord's  Sujiper.  j 

CogitOy  ergo  sum.     1  think,  therefore  I  exist. 
Mllectanea.     Passages  collected  from  authors. 
Colahrem  in  sinu  Jbvere.    To  cherish  a  serpent  In 

one's  bosom. 
Comitus  inter  gentes.    P<diteness  between  nations. 
Commune  honum.     A  common  good. 
Commnni  consensu.    By  common  consent. 
i''ommunihus  ojinix.     On  the  annual  average. 
Componere  Hies.    To  settle  disputes. 
i^ompos  mentis.     Of  a  scuuid  mind. 
'  'oncio  ad  rlenim.     A  disct>urso  to  the  clergy. 
'^ncordiip  dij^cors.     Discor-iant  harmony. 
Conditio  siiifi  qua  nor.     A  necessary  condition. 
Coujunttis  riribus.     With  united  ]iowers. 
Conqiiie^vat  in  pace.     May  he  rest  in  peace. 
Consensus /a  rit  legem.    Consent  makes  the  law. 
Consilio  etanimis.    By  wisdom  and  couraire. 
Consilio  ei  prudentid.     By  counsel  and  prudence, 
Con^taiitid  ct  virtu'e.     By  con^tancy  an<l  virtue. 
Contra  Oonos  morei'.    Against  good  m.anners. 
Copia  terhorum.     Fluency  of  speech. 
Coram  nobis.     Before  us. 

Coram  nonjudice.    Not  before  the  proper  judge. 
Corpus  delitti.     The  whole  nature  of  the  offense. 
Corpus  juris  canonici.    The  body  of  the  canon  law. 
Corpus  juris  civilis.    Tlie  body  of  civil  law. 
Corpus  sine  pectore.    A  body  without  &oul. 
Corrigenda.     Correctioi.s  to  be  made. 
Corrupiio  optimi  pe^sima.     The  corruption  of  the 

best  becomes  the  worst. 
Cor  unum.^  rid  una.     One  heart,  one  way. 
Credat  Judotus  Apella!    Let  the  circumcised  Jew 

believe  it! 
Credo  quia  impossibile  est.    1  believe  because  it  is 

impossible. 
Credula  res  amor  e-'^t.    Love  is  a  credulous  affair. 
Crescite,  et  multiplicamini.     Grow,  or  increase  and 

multiply.     [-Motto  of  Maryland.] 
C- esc  it  eundo.     It  increases  as  it  goes. 
Crescit  sub  pondere  xtrtits.    Virtue  increases  under 

weight. 
CrimeJi falsi.    Falsehood;  perjury. 
Crimen  Iobscb  tnajestatis.    Higli  treason. 
CrtiX  critirornm.     Tho  cross  or  puzzle  of  critics. 
Crux  7natkematicorum.     The  puzzle  of  mathemati- 
cians. 
Cruj:  mihi  ancliora.    The  cross  is  my  anchor. 
Cni  honof    For  whoso  benefit  is  it?    Proverbially/^ 

Whatg-md  will  it  do? 
Cum  bona  reuid.     With  kind  permission. 
Cum  grano  salts.     "With  a  grain  of  salt;  with  some 

allowance. 
Cu7n  privilegio.     With  privilege. 
i.^uneus  cnnenm-  trudit.    One  wedge  drives  another. 
Curiosa  felicitas.     A  felicitous  tact. 
Currents  adamo.     With  a  running  or  rapid  pen. 
Curriculum.    A  career  ;  a  course  of  life  i)r  of  study. 
Custos  morum.     The  gnanlian  of  morality. 
Curios  rotulorxtm.    Keeper  of  the  rolls. 


Da  locum  meliorihus.    Give  place  t'l  yonr  better?. 

Oaninantqitod  non  intelligunt.  They'condenm  what 
they  do  not  comprehend. 

Damnum  absque  injurid.    A  loss  wifuout  au  injury. 

Data.    Things  granted. 

Data  et  accepta.     Expenditures  and  receipts. 

De  auctoritaie  mihi  commiesd.  By  the  authority  in- 
trusted to  me. 

Dehito  justitice.     By  debt  of  justice. 

De  bonis  non.    Of  the  goods  not  yet  administered  on. 

Deceptio  visti^.     An  illusion  of  the  sight. 

Deciphnur  specie  recti.  We  are  deceived  by  the  ap- 
pearance of  rectitude. 

Derori  decus  addit  avito.  He  adds  honor  to  ancestral 
honors. 

De  die  in  diem.    From  d.ay  to  day. 

De. facto.  From  the  fact;  really;  by  one's  own  au- 
thority. 

De  gnstibus  no?i  est  disjnitanduni.  There  is  no  dis- 
put  i  ng  about  tastes.  9 

Dei  gratia.     By  the  grace  of  God. 

De  integro.     Anew;  from  the  start. 

De  jure.     From  the  law:  by  right, 

DeliCtando  pariterque  jnonendo.  By  pleasing  while 
admonishing. 

Delenda  est  Carthago.    Down  with  Carthage. 

De  ninimis  non  curatur.    Tritles  are  not  noticed. 

De'.nortu/K  nil  nisi  honum.  Say  nothing  but  good 
of  the  dead. 

Di  novo.    Anew, 

Deo  date.     Give  to  God. 

Dtio  dure.     Goil  being  my  leader. 

Deo/avente.     With  God's  favor. 

Den  gratias.     Thanks  to  God. 

Deo  jnvaiiie.     With  God's  help. 

Deo,  non  fortund.     From  God,  not  fortune. 

Deo  vohiidfi-.    With  God's  will. 

De  profnndis.     Out  of  the  depths. 

Denidei-atum.     A  thins  desired. 

Desipere,  in  loco.    To  jest  at  the  proper  time. 


Desvnt  ca'tera.    The  remainder  is  wanting. 

Deter  dlgniori.     Let  it  be  given  to  the  more  worthy. 

Deim  vohi-^cum.     God  be  with  you. 

Dicta  probaniia.     Proof  texts. 

Dictum.     A  saying;  a  decision. 

Dictum  de  ditto,     lieport  upon  hearsay. 

Dies/a  ustus.    A  hicky  day. 

Dies  injaustus.     An  unlucky  day. 

/)/(.-«  irce.     Day  of  wrath. 

Dies  non  (in  law).     A  day  on  which  judges  do  not  sit. 

Dii  penates.     Household  gods. 

Dirigo.     i  direct.     [Motto  of  Maine.] 

Disjecta  membra.     Scattered  limbs. 

Divide  et  impern.    Divide  and  rule. 

Dixi.     I  have  said  it. 

Dorendo  disrimus.     We  learn  by  tenchine. 

Dcjninus  vohisc-uni.    The  Lord  be  with  you. 

Dcjyuis  et plncen^'i  uxor.     A  house  and  pleasing  wife. 

Diamatis  persona.      Characters  represented    in    a 

drama. 
Dt  cit  amorpatrifp.    The  love  of  country  guides  nie. 
Dulce  et  decorum  est  pro  patrid  inori.     It  is  sweet 

and  gh)rious  to  die  for  one's  country. 
Dum  spiro,  spero.     While  I  breathe,  I  hope. 
Dum  tacent,  clamant.   While  they  are  silent,  they  cry 

out. 
Dum  vivimus,  rivamns.     While  we  live,  let  us  live. 
Dura  mater.     A  membrane  covering  the  braiu. 
Durante  heneplacito.     During  pleasure. 
Durante  ritd.     During  life. 
Dux/ixmina/acti.     A  woman  was  the  leader  to  tho 

deed. 

E. 

Ecce  homo.  Behold  the  man.  [A  u:imc  given  to  any 
picture  representing  the  Saviourgiveu  up  to  the 
people  by  Pilate.] 

Ei-ce  signu7n.     Behold  the  sign. 

E contrario.     On  the  contrary. 

Editio  princejjs.     The  first  edition. 

£"170  et  rex  mens.     1  and  niy  king. 

^170  spem  pretio  non  emo.  1  do  not  purchase  hope 
with  money. 

Elupso  temjiore.    The  time  having  elapsed. 

Emeritn.t.     One  retired  from  active  oflicial  duties. 

En<ie petit placidum  suh  Ubertute  qniettim.     By  his 
sword  lie  seek.s  tic  cilm  repose  of  liberty.     [.Motto 
of  Massachusetts.] 
I  Ens  rationis.     A  creature  of  reason. 
I  E<)  animo.     Wi  h  that  design. 

Eo  7iomine.     By  that  name. 

Ejilnrihus  niii'im.  One  composed  of  many.  [Motto 
of  the  United  States.] 

Eqnanimiter.     With  equanimity, 

E  regione.     Opposite. 

E  re  natii.     According  to  the  exigency. 

E'-rare  e.\t  humanum.     T<i  err  is  human. 

Erratum.     An  erroi- ;  pi.  Errata.    Errors. 

Erubuit,  s.tlva  rex  e-^t.     He  blushed,  all  is  safe. 

Ejise.    To  be  ;  existence. 

Ease  quam  videri.     To  bo,  rather  than  to  seem. 

Est  modus  in  rehus.    There  is  a  medium  in  all  things. 

Esto  perpetua.     Bo  thou  perpetual. 

E\to  quiid  ease  videri-t.     Be  what  you  seem  to  be. 

Et  ca'tera.     And  the  rest ;  Arc. 

Et  hoc  genus  omnc.     .And  every  thing  of  the  sort. 

Et  sic  de  similihus.     And  .-^o  of  the  like. 

Et  in.  Brute  !     And  thou  also,  Brutus! 

Ji  restigio.     Instantly. 

Ex  ahrupto.     Abruptly;  suddenly. 

E.r  fthundantid.    Out  of  the  abum'ancc. 

Ex  iidrerso.     From  the  opposite  side. 

Ex  animo.     Heartily. 

Ex  bene  jdacito.     At  pleasure. 

Ex.  capite.     From  the  head  ;  from  memory. 

Ex  cathedra.     Friun  the  chair. 

Excelsior.  Higher ;  more  elevated.  [Motto  of  New 
York.]  [rule. 

E.rrepfio  prohat  regulajn.    The  exception  proves  the 

Excepti.s  excipiendia.    Exceptions  being  made. 

Excerjjftt.     Extracts. 

Ex  coucesso.     From  what  has  been  conceded. 

Er  curid.     Out  of  court. 

Ex  delicto.     From  the  crime. 

Ex  dono.    By  the  gift. 

Exempld  sunt  odiosa.    Examples  are  odious. 

Exempli  gi'atld.     By  way  of  example. 

Exeunt.    They  go  out. 

Exeunt  omnes.     All  retire. 

Exit.     He  goes  out ;  death. 

Exitns  acta  probat.  The  event  justifies  the  deed. 
[Washiniiton's  motto,] 

Ex  merd  gratid.     Through  mere  favor. 

Ex  mero  motu.  Of  his  own  accord.  [.\  pTirase  oc- 
curring in  grants,  charters,  etc.] 

Ex  more.    According  to  custom. 

Ex  necessitate  rei.     From  the  neces.sity  of  the  case. 

Ex  niliilo  nihiljit.    Nothing  comes  of  nothing. 

Ex  officio.     By  virtue  of  his  office. 

Ex  opere  operato.     By  (mtward  acts. 

Ex  parte.     On  one  side  only. 

Ex  pede  Herculem.  Judge  of  the  whole  from  the 
specimen. 


1370 


GRA 


PR0VKRB3,  PHRASES,  ETC.,  FROM  THIi  LAii.v 


Lab 


Erpertmentitm  cruci.^.  A  <leeisiv6  experiment;  a 
test  of  the  iinist  si-arching  nature. 

Exif^ftuA.     An  <*-\pt;rL 

Krpe-tu^  r7ntuit     Havins:  experienced,  he  fears  it. 

Exjto^t  Jiuto.  After  the  fact,  or  couiuussiou  uf  a 
crime. 

Exp'-exsifi  verbis.     In  express  terms. 

Ex  prrtfi!^.     rrofessetlly. 

-£>  prop"iis.     From  one's  own  resources, 

Exttcito.     Tat'itlr. 

Er  tempor-e.     Woltout  premeilitation. 

Ext -it  mwox.     Ucyond  the  walls. 

Extra  onfinem.     Extraortlioary. 

Ex  HHft  dture  oimie-i.     Frum  one  you  may  learn  alL 

Ex  118H.     From,  or  by  use. 

Ex  mtf}.     According  to  vow. 

Ex  ci  termini.  By  the  meaning  or  force  of  the  ex- 
pression. 

F. 

Faher  sua  forttince.  The  architect  of  his  own  for- 
tune. 

Fifcetuv.     Humorous  writinj^s  or  payiners  ;  jokes. 
F>tcif9  non  omnibus  tiua.    AH  have  not  the  same 

face. 
Ftcilfi  princep*.    The  ."vlmittoil  chief. 
Fari^-'f*  edt  desvertsuji.     Pescciit  is  easy. 
Fite  xi'iiiie.     A  close  imitation. 
FiFX  populi.     The  (Irei.'S  of  the  people. 
Ftisi  crimen.     A  crime  <>f  forirery. 
Fttma  clamo^a.     A  prevailing  report;  current  scan- 
dal. 
F'tmn  »tmpef  rirat.     May  his  r-inio  endure  forever. 
Fas  est  ah  hostt  doceri.     It  is  allowable  to  learn  evcu 

from  an  enemy. 
Fata  mor^amt.     Singular  atmospheric  appearances 

in  St«''!y. 
Fitt  "'■''  ntt.     The  Fates  oppose  it. 
Firete  Unguis.      Favor  with  your  tongues;  bo  si- 
lent. 
Ffcit.     He  made  or  executed  it — put  after  an  artist's 

name. 
FeiiciUtit  mulios  habet  amico9.    Prosperity  has  many 

friends. 
Felo  'ie  se.     A  snicide. 
/'f'  -tr  naturm.    Of  a  wild  nature. 
F-"ititui  Unte.     Hasten  slowly. 
FiatJHxtitia  rtiat  ctvluw.   Liet  justice  be  done  tbougli 

the  heavens  should  f:;!!. 
Fiat  lux.    Let  light  be. 
Fide  et  nmo^'f.     By  faith  and  love. 
Fide,  noil  iirmi-t.     By  faith,  not  liy  arms. 
Fides  et  /(^'«(t7^(^     Fidelity  and  justice. 
Fides punica.     Punic  faith;  treachery. 
FidHJ*  Arkntes.     A  faithful  friend. 
Fid  lis  et  ttudax.     Faithful  and  h*Ai\. 
Fieri  fii>n<iA.     A  Iciral  term  directing  an  execution  to 

be  levied  on  the  e*>'**is  "f  ft  debtor. 
Filiiis  niUlius.     A  son  of  nobody. 
Filins  te'-r(t.     One  of  low  birth. 
Finem  respice.     Look  to  the  end. 
Finiit.    The  end. 

Finis  r/»-nji»it  opiis.    The  end  crowns  the  wnrk. 
Ff  tg^anfi  l>elln.     Daring  hostilities. 

Ffngrant^  delicto.     In  thfl  commission  of  tlie  crime. 

Fle<-ti  non  frftJiffi.     To  benrl.  not  to  break. 

FioAcwi  xententiarum.    Flowers  of  wit 

Fonjt  et  origo.     The  source  and  origin. 

Formaliter.     In  form. 

Fortes  foHunnjacdt.    Fortune  assists  the  brave. 

Fortit^r  et  rerte.     With  fortitude  and  rcUitude. 

Fortit^r  in,  re.     With  firmness  in  acting. 

Forum.     A  court  of  justice. 

F'-nngns,  non^Hectes.  You  may  break,  you  shall  not 
bend  mo. 

FrnuA  pin.     A  nions  fraud. 

Fronti  nuUafides.  There  is  no  trusting  to  appear- 
ances. 

Ftifjii  hora.    The  hours  fly. 

Fiiit  Ilium.    Troy  hn»  been, 

Fnlmen  hnituni.     Harmless  thunder. 

Functus  offUno.     Out  of  orttcc. 

Furor  loipiendi.     K  ra^e  fur  speaking. 

Furor  poe.ticit^.     Poetic  fire. 

Furor  scribendi.    A  rage  for  writing. 


Or. 

Onllire.    In  French. 

Gntuiedmns  igitur.    L^t  U3  be  joyful— a  celebrnted 

college  Sons. 
Goiulet  tentamine  tirius.    Virtue  rejoices  in  tcmpt.v 

lion. 
Genius  loH.    The  renins  of  a  place, 
Gewt  togatn.     Civilians. 

Gt^mis  irriUibile  catum.    The  irrit.able  race  of  poets. 
Glebm  ftscriptits.     A  servant  belonsins  to  the  soil. 
GtO'itt  in  exj-eJfds.    Glory  to  God  in  the  highest. 
GU>ria  ri'-tutis  umbra.    Glory  the  shadow  of  virtue. 
Grndatim.     Grailuallv:  step  by  step. 
Grndi^  nd  Parmiss'utn.    Aid  in  writing  Greek  or 

Latin  poetry. 


Gratis.    For  nothine. 

Gratis  dictum.     Mere  assertion 

Gravamen.    The  thing  complained  of 

Granora  manent.     Greater  afflictions  await  us. 

Grcgatim.    Gregariously. 


ITahea^^  cnrpm.  (In  laic),  a  writ  for  delivering  a  per- 
son from  imprisonment. 

IFabitat.     Residence;  ahoilo. 

Ilaud  ignura  ina/i,  ^nalis  /tureiirrere  ditro.  Not 
Ignorant  of  misfortune,  I  learn  to  succor  the  unfor- 
tunate. 

flaud  lough  intervaUis.    At  brief  intervals. 

I/aud  pa.s.'iihica  a-tjiiix.    Not  with  eq^jal  steps. 

//i<!t>is  nilde  deJlcMlus.  A  deficiency  much  to  be 
resvetted. 

Ilic  et  idtique.    Here  and  everywhere. 

ir«'  rinisfandi.     Here  w.is  nn'en<l  to  thedlscoursc. 

in,-)a<-et.    Here  lies.     [Kpilaph.] 

flinc  illm  lacrimfp-.     Hence  procecil  these  tears. 

f/oc  age.    Do  this  ;  attend  to  what  you  are  doing. 

J/oc  anno.     In  this  year. 

Hoc  lege.    With  this  law  or  condition. 

Hoc  loco.    In  this  place. 

I/oc  opu'*,  hie  lahor  est.    This  is  labor  ;  this  is  work. 

Ifo,'  temj/ore.     At  this  time. 

ffadie.    To-day. 

/lodie  mihi,  eras  till.  To-day  to  mo,  to-morrow  It 
beltings  to  you. 

riwno  alieni.     A  man  under  a  suardian's  control. 

flomo  homlni  lupi/s.    Man  is  a  w<df  to  man. 

/fomo  muHiirniiiliterarum.   A  man  of  manv  letters. 

Flomo  nui  jurif<.     A  man  who  is  his  own  master. 

Homo  sum  :  humani  nihil  a  m6  aliennm  pido.  I 
am  a  man,  and  deem  nothing  that  relates  to  man 
foreign  to  my  ft'elini's. 

ITonores  mtd^tnt  more.i.  Honors  cliange  men's  char- 
acters or  manners. 

florcB  canonica".    Prescribed  hours  for  prayer. 

Ihrrenfo  re/erens.    I  shudder  to  relate. 

flortns  fiicoiis.    A  collection  of  dried  planK 

Hastis  humani  generis.  An  enemy  of  the  huraan 
race. 

[Tnmani  'nihil  alienum.  Nothing  relating  to  man  is 
foiei:^'n  to  me. 

ITunianum  eat  errare.  It  is  the  lot  of  human  nature 
to  err. 

llunctu  eaveto.    Beware  of  hhn. 


Ibidem;  Und.  In  the  same  place;  a  nolo  of  refer- 
ence. 

I'h'iii.    The  same. 

/(/•m  sonans.    Meaning  the  same. 

Id  est  (i.  e.).     Th.it  is. 

I'l  genns  omne.     All  of  that  sort. 

Idoneu'i  homo.    A  fit  man  ;  a  man  of  known  ability. 

Ignoraidia  legit  neminem  excitsat.  Ignorance  of 
the  law  excuses  no  one. 

Ignuii  nulla  cupido.  No  desire  is  felt  for  a  thing 
unknown. 

Ili'in  midovum..    A  host  of  evils. 

Ilium  fnit.    Troy  has  existed  ;  such  thincrs  have  been. 

Illotis  manibus.  With  unwashed  hands  (without 
preparation). 

liuitatores,  serimm  pecus.    Servile  herds  of  imitators. 

Imo  pectore.    From  the  lowest  breast. 

Imparl  Jfarfe.    With  unequal  strength. 

Imperinm  in  imperio.  A  government  within  a  gov- 
ernment. 

Imp'icite.    By  implication. 

Impos  a/iimi'    Of  weak  mind  :  imbecile. 

Imprimidur.    Let  it  be  printed. 

Imprimi'i.    In  the  first  place;  especially. 

Im}>rnmptn.     Without  study. 

In  artu.     In  act  or  re.ilky. 

Ill  ambiguo.     In  doubt. 

fn  armis.    Under  arms. 

In  arti-uh  mortis.  lu  the  article  of  death;  in  the 
last  struggle. 

In  cnpitd.     By  the  head. 

In  capite.    In  the  head. 

In  rrrlo  giiies.    There  is  rest  in  Heaven. 

Incognito.    Unknown. 

In  commendam.    In  trust,  or  recommendation. 

In  ruriii.    In  the  court. 

Inde  ircp.     Hence  these  resentments. 

Index,  expurgatoriu-t.    A  list  of  prohibited  boots. 

In  duhiis.     In  matters  of  doubt. 

In  duldo.     In  doubt. 

In  equUibrio.     Equally  balanced. 

In  esse.     In  being. 

In  ete'-n  um.     Forever. 

In  exienso.     At  full  length. 

In  extremis.     At  the  point  of  death. 

Infandum  renovare  dolorum.  To  recall  unpleasant 
recollections. 

lofinito.     Perpetnally.  .    ,v    ^    . 

/ji  flagrante  delicto.    Taken  m  the  fact. 


In  formA  pauperis.    To  «  ■-  ■     '  - 

Ruc  as  a  pfKjr  man.  whi- 
In  frfo  co/iscientia.      t, 

.Mrfonc*. 
Infra.     Bftow. 

In/ra  diguiVtttm.    Bflow  ooe't  dl^ff. 
Infntaro.     In  future;  facncrforth. 
Ingeuf  telain  necejudtas.      *fi  nrMll/  b  a 

weafton. 

In  h  or  nig  no  »pes  men.     I"  •'   -  ''—-  ■•  —  » -^  - 
In  ho-'  idgno  rlru-es.     In  t 
In  limine.     At  the  thn-^u 
In  Uu-n.     In  the  [iUc«. 
In  loro  narentU.     In  ih--  ■ 
In  medlax  rts.     IdIo  lL«  , 
In  metlio  txUiMimi*  4Mm.     -  *.- 
In  nomine.    In  the  name  ol 
In  nu>/ibHM.    In  the  cloud*. 
In  mice.     In  a  niit-nhfll. 
In  omnia  paratu*.     R*^ii\v  Prr  all  tblikpL 
Inopi  conxiUi.     Without  couoarL 
In  oro.     In  the  e^g. 
In  pace.     I  n  fwari'. 

In  partihiit  iiijldeltum.     In  InlVlrl  f*K  • 
In  perpetnam  rei  mtmoriaok.     lo  |»c  , 

ory  of  the  afTatr. 
In  perpetunm.     Forcrcr. 
In  pleno.     In  full. 
In  poMAe.     In  |-*>M|ble  rx(*ten«». 
Inprejienti.     Al  the  pri-M  ni  time. 
In  proprid  per  non  A.      In  '-  ■■-  *^ 
In  puris  n'lturidlhn.t.    »; 
In  re.     In  the   niali*^-r  of 
In  rem.     In  latr,  again>t  ' 
In  rernm  natnrd.      la  t\. 
InMtecull  M^ecidor-um.     I 

fit  ftnno  nen^it.     In  a  pr«»; 

Insculpsit.    Ho  encrivt-d  lu 

Innitu.    In  Its  oriirlnal  tlluatioo. 

Inntanter.     Instant' v 

Inxtar  omnium.      I  •» 

In  htatn  quo.     In  t 

In  MHHpenso.     In  s  .  ,    .. 

In  te,  Dnmine^  sj^raci,     iu   liicc,  L«/<u,  hMf  I  p^i. 

my  trust. 
Inter  alia.     Amone  other  thInrL 
Inter  armn  legtA  silent.     In  Ibo  mbl-* 

laws  are  silent. 
Inter  canem  et  lupum.     Between  do;  i 

twllisliu 
Inter  no*.    Between  onrwlves. 
Inter  pncida.     At  one's  cuffc^ 
In  terrorem.    As  a  warnlnff. 
Intersex    Amonj  lbems4dvefl. 
Inter  Kpem  ft  metani.     Brtwe-*-  '    , 
In  toto.     In  the  whole;  entirely. 
Infra  muroM.     Within  the  wal'^. 
Int''a  pariete*.     Within  w.iUs  orin  prlraf*. 
In  transitu.    On  the  passo^ 
In  ustu.    In  use. 

fn  utrumqne  paratns.     rrvrirrl  f'r  r^r\--  ^T.--t. 
In  vacuo.    In  empty  sp".-- 
InverK.i  ordine.     In  an  i:. 
In  r>no  reritiiA.     Tin:  • 

toM  unilor  the  in' 
Inrita  Mim-r.i.     ^' 
Ipxe  dixit,     lie  s..i 
Ipsij^dnia  rerba.     Tao  -.t.-y  u^r^ 
IpsitfiximiA  rerhit.     In  t*.e  very  worda, 
loso/iicto.     In  the  firt  l^vlt 
I/Mo'iure.    Tiv  the  law  Iticlt 
rta  <'st.    It  is  "so. 

Ira  fwnr  brerin  est    .Xn^crls  hrtef  nadiM'**. 
Pa  fex  fccripta  fjtt.    Thai  liio  law  b  wrili^'n. 
Italice.    In  Ilnlian. 
Item.    Likewise;  also. 


Jactn  est  nlen.    The  die  is  cast 

Janitor.    A  diH>rk<vpor. 

Januis  clausis.     With  e!f«sed  dnors. 

Jori  r«iiM(i.     For  the  sake  of  a  jote. 

Jucundi  acti  laborer.     Past  Iar*or«  .\re  p:<>As>kBL 

Jiidirium  dfi.    The  jud:n"enl  ofOt-L 

Jnnio-eit  ad  biborex.    Young  men  k*  ]abtm. 

Jure  dirino,     Bv  divine  law. 

Jure  humano,    Yly  human  law. 

dnrix  pe-'itus.    One  vensotl  ta  lair, 

JiiA  canonicum.     Canon  law. 

Jus  cirite.    Civil  law. 

Ju.t  dirinum.     Divine  law. 

Jus  gent  in  nK    Law  ofnallrtn*. 

JuJt  fiosvs^ionis.     Right  of  p-vane^ti. 

Ju4tiii(t  jWY>rn"'/w.     Faith  is  Ib^*  *i*l<" 

JuJttum  et  ten'aceni  p'r»ponIe  rirww- 

and  steady  to  his  purpose 
Juxia,    Near  by. 


Lahore  ei  honore.  Br  labor  and  honor 
htbor  ipxe  ro/*<  ntiis.  I.^bor  It^lf  is  p" 
labor  omnia  rincit     T-iS>r  ^>n.v'<''>  f 


1371 


MIX 


PROVERBS,  PHRASES,  ETC.,  FROil  THE  LATIN. 


PER 


Zrtyj/v^j^i^osopAt'/'"'"-     The  [iliilosopUer's  stone. 

Lupous  Unguie.     A  slip  of  the  tont,'ue. 

Lapsm  meino'-iue.     A  slip  ol"  nu-mory. 

Liti-es  etpenutes.     Uousehold  gods. 

Lcitecit  scintillula  forsan.  A  small  spark  may  lurk 
nnst'en. 

lutet  angnis  in  Jierhd.     There  's  a  snake  in  the  grass. 

Lotine  dictum.     Spoken  in  Latin. 

Laus  deo.     Praise  to  God. 

LegitUcH  a  latere,     A  papal  embassador. 

Leges  leg tim.    The  law  of  laws. 

Leonina  soaietas.     A  lion's  company. 

l,e.r.  loci.    The  law  or  cubtotn  of  the  place. 

LeJ^  110)1  scripta.     The  common  law. 

Le.i-  sctipiu.     Statute  law. 

Lex  tulionis.     The  law  of  retaliation. 

Lex-  terrcB.     The  law  of  the  laiul. 

Liberum  arbitriwn.     Free  ^vill. 

Lihertaa  et  natale  solum.  Liberty  and  my  native 
land. 

Lis  suhjiidice.     A  case  not  yet  decided. 

Lite  pendente.     Dining  the  tiia!. 

Lltera  scripta  vutnet.    The  written  letter  remains. 

Literdti.    Literary  men. 

Literatiin.     Literally  ;  letter  for  letter. 

Loci  commujiefi.     Common  places. 

Lovo  citato.     lu  the  place  cited. 

Loeiun  tenenn.     A  deimty  or  substitute. 

Locus  rri/ninis.     Place  of  the  crime. 

XcJc'Mw  i)i  quo.     The  place  in  which. 

Locus  pen itentiie.     Place  for  repentance. 

Locus  sigilll  [L.  S."].     The  place  of  the  seal. 

Longo  intervullo.     By  or  with  long  interval. 

Lifidus  ordo.     A  clear  arranKement. 

Lucri  caicsd.     For  the  sake  of  ^ain. 

Lucus  a  noti  lucendo.  A  Jen  d'esprit  in  etymology, 
which,  assuming  that  Ituus,  a  daik  wood  or  erove, 
must  be  derived  tvttm  the  verb  luceo,  to  shine,  sup- 
poses it  must  be  o  non  lucendo,  from  its  not  being 
li-ht. 

Ludere  outn  sacris.    To  trifle  with  sacred  things. 

Lupus  infahidd.    The  wolf  in  the  fable. 

LAi^truin.    A  term  of  five  years. 

Lusus  naturcc.     A  spurt  or  freak  of  nature. 


M. 

Jfacta  tirtute.    Proceed  in  virtue. 

Magister  ceremoniarujn.     Master  of  the  ceremonies. 

Magiatratus  indicat   mruni.     Magistracy  indicates 
the  man. 

Magna  civilas,  7nt:gna  solitudo,    A  great  city  is  a 
great  desert. 

JLtgna  est  Veritas^  et  prevahhit.    Truth  is  mighty 
and  it  will  prev:td. 

Mitgmts  iJtter   opes  inoj^s.     Poor  in  tlie  midst  of 
great  wealth. 

Magni   noniitiis  unibra.      The  shadow  of  a  great 
name. 

Magnum  optts.     A  great  work. 

Magnus  Apollo.     Great  Apollo ;  one  of  hi^rb  author- 
ity. 

Major  doTno.     Master  of  the  house  ;  a  steward. 

Mala  fide.     Treacherously. 

Mali  exempli.     4.>f  a  bad  example. 

M  il(}  modo.     In  a  had  manner. 

Mil/am.  in  se.     Bad  in  itself 

Malum  prohihitujn.     Bad  because  prohibited. 

Malus pudor.     False  shame. 

M  met  in  alia,  mente  repostum.    It  remains  deeply 
lixed  in  the  mind. 

Mania  a  potu.     Madness  caused  by  drunkenness. 

Manibus pedibusque.     With  hands  and  feet;  tootb 
and  nail. 

Manu/orti.     With  a  strong  band. 

Manu  propHd.     Witli  one's  own  hand. 

Mare  cluusum.      A  closed  sea  ;  a  bay. 

M tterfiimilias.     The  mother  of  a  family. 

M  tteria  medica.     Substances  used  in  the  healing  art. 

Materiaob  superalat  opus.    The  workmanship  sur- 
passed the  materials. 

Maximum.     The  greatest  possible. 

Maxii/ut.i  ill  minimis.     Very  great  in  trifling  things. 

M>!diocraJirma.     The  middle  station  is  surest. 

Medio   tuilssimus  ibis.     A  medium  course  will  bo 
safest. 

Mejtulice.    I  beins;  judge ;  in  my  opinion. 

Memento  mori.     Kemember  death. 

Memorabilia.     Things  to  be  remembered. 

Memorid  in,  eternd.     In  everlasting  remembrance. 

Memoriter.     From  memory  ;  by  rote. 

Mensd  et  toro.     From  board  antl  bed. 

Mens  conscia.  7'ecti.     A  mind  conscifnis  of  rectitude. 

Mnns  dirinior.     The  inspired  mind  of  the  poet. 

Mens  Zegis.     The  tpirit  of  the  law. 

Mens  Sana  in  corpor6  saiio.    A  sound  mind  in  a 
sound  body. 

3feo  periculo.     At  my  own  risk. 

Meo  voto.     By  my.  desire,  or  according  to  my  wish. 

Meriim  sal.     Pure  snlt;  gt-niiine  Attic  wit. 

Meuinei  tuum.     Mine  and  yours. 

Mi^d  cura  futnri.     My  anxiety  is  for  tlie  future. 
1    Minimum,.     The  least  amount. 


Multnm  in  parvo.     Much  in  little. 

Mundns  rult  decipi.     The  world  will  bo  deceived. 


I 


Minus.     Less. 

Mirabile  dictu.     "Wonderful  to  be  told. 

Mirabiie  visu.     M' onderful  to  be  seen. 

Mirabilia.     Wonders. 

Mirurn  in  modum.     In  a  wonderful  manner. 

Miserabiie  vulgus.     A  wretche<l  crew. 

Mittimus.     Wusend;  a  writ  to  commit  an  offender 

to  prison. 
Mobile  perpetuttm.    Something  in  constant  motion. 
Modicum.     A  small  quantity. 
Modo  et/orjnd.     In  manner  and  form. 
Modus.     Manner;  mode. 
Modus  opera7idi.     Manner  of  operation. 
Mole  ruit  sud.     It  is  crushed  by  its  own  weight. 
Mollia  tempora.     Happy  times. 
Monumentum.  cere  perentiis.      A  monument  more 

durable  than  brass. 
More  LLibernico.     After  the  Irish  fashion. 
.Vo'e  m<(jorinn.     After  the  manner  of  our  ancestors. 
More  suo.     In  his  own  way. 

Mors  omnibus  communis.    Death  is  common  to  all. 
Motu  proprio.     Of  his  own  accord. 
Mos  pro  le(fe.     Custom  for  law. 
Malta  gemens.    Groaning  deeply. 
Itnm  in  pari\ 
ndiis  ■r/ilt  dec  ^ 
Mutatis  mutandis.     The  necessary  changes    being 

maile. 
Mutdto  7wniine.    The  name  being  changed. 
Mutuus  consensus.    Mutual  consent 


N. 

yatale  solum.    Natnl  soil. 

Xee  cupiaSy  nee  wetuus.    Neither  desire  nor  fear. 

A^e  cede  nialis.     Yield  not  t(»  misfortune. 

Necessitas  7ion  hahet  legem.     Necessity  has  no  law. 

Xec  inora,  nee  requies.     No  rest  or  repose. 

yec  plui'ibus  impar.  Not  an  unequal  match  for 
numbers. 

Nee  prece  nee  pretio.  Neither  by  entreaty  nor  by 
bribe. 

N'ee  scire  fas  est  omnia.  It  is  not  permitted  to  know 
all  things. 

Xe  exent.    Let  him  not  depart. 

Nefasii  dies.     Unlucky  days. 

Xefronti  crede.    Trust  not  appearances. 

A't'w.  con.  i^nemineeontradicente).  W^ithout  opposi- 
tion. 

Xemo  ine  impune  lacessit.  No  one  wounds  mo  with 
impunity. 

Nemo  solus  sapit.    No  one  is  wise  alone. 

Xcmo  repente  fuit  turpissimus.  No  man  ever  be- 
came a  villain  at  once. 

Xe  pilus  ultra.    Nothing  further:  the  uttermost  point. 

Xe  quid  nimis.  Literally.,  not  too  much;  i.  e.,  go 
not  too  far. 

Xervus  prohandi.    The  chief  argument. 

Xe  sutor  ultra,  crepidavi.  Let  not  the  shoemaker  go 
beyond  his  last. 

Xihil  ad  rem.     Nothing  to  the  point. 

Xihildebet.    He  owesnothimr ;  apl»-a,  denyingadobt. 

Xihil  quod  tetigit  non  ornavit.  He  touched  nothing 
without  embellishing  it. 

Xil  admirari.     To  wonder  at  nothing. 

Xil  desperandwm.     Never  despair. 

Xit  dicit.  He  says  nothing  ;  i.  e.,  tho  defendants,  in 
law,  make  no  answer. 

Ximium  ne  crede  colori.  Trust  not  too  much  to  ap- 
pearances. 

Nisi  prius.  Unless  before.  In  laic,  the  name  of  cer- 
tain courts  for  the  trial  of  causes  in  the  several 
cwunties. 

Nodius  Gordius.    The  Gordian  knot. 

Xolens  volens.     Whether  he  will  or  not. 

Xoli  me  tangere.     Don't  touch  me. 

X"lle  prosequi.    To  be  unwilliuL'  to  proceed. 

Xolo  ejiisi  opari.     I  do  not  wish  ti>  be  marie  a  bishop. 

Xon  assumpsit.  The  pk-a  of  a  defendant  in  an  ac- 
tion of  assumpsit  that  *'■  he  did  not  undertake  and 
promise,"  etc. 

Xvn  compos  mentis.     N(»t  of  sound  mind. 

Xoii  conscire  sihi.    Con.'^ciiuis  of  no  fault. 

Xon  constat.     It  does  not  appear. 

Xon  ens.     Nonentity. 

Xon  est  inventus.     lie  has  not  been  found. 

Xon  libet.     It  does  not  please  me. 

Xon  liquet.  It  is  not  clear;  applied  to  one  undecided 
in  mind. 

Xonmulta.,  sedm-ultum.  Notmany  things,  but  much. 

Xun  nobis  solum.    Not  merely  for  ourselves.. 

Xon  nostrum  tst  iantas  componere  Utes.  It  is  not 
our  duty  to  settle  such  grave  disputes. 

Xon  obstante.     Notwithst^andina. 

Xon  omnia  possumus  omnes.  ^Ve  can  not,  all  of  us, 
do  all  things. 

Xon  oninis  moriar.     I  shall  not  wholly  die. 

Xon  guis,  ,sed  quid.  Not  who,  but  what ;  not  the  per- 
son but  the  deed. 

Xon  quo,  .<^ed  quomodo.    Not  by  whom,  but  how. 

Xon  seqnitur.  It  does  not  follow;  an  unwarranted 
conclusion. 

Xon  6-iOi,  ited  omnibus.    Not  for  itself,  but  for  all. 


Xon  sum  qualis  eram.     I  am  not  what  I  was. 

Xoscc  teipsum.     Know  thyself. 

Xoscitur  a  .^ocHs.     He  is  known  by  his  companions. 

Xot((  be)ie  {X.  B.).     Mark  wi'll. 

Xotatu  dignum.     Worthy  of  note. 

Xorushoino.     A  new  man. 

Xndis  verbis.     In  plain  words, 

Xudum  pactum.     An  invalid  agreement :  a  contract 

made  without  any  agreement,  and  therefore  vuid. 
Xug,v  canora.     Melodious  trifles. 
Xugis  armaius.     Armed  with  trifles. 
Xulla  dies  sine  lined.    Not  a  day  without  something 

done. 
XuUi  secundus.    Second  to  none. 
Xulliusfilius.     The  son  of  nobody. 
Xunc  ant  nunquain.     Now  or  never. 
Xunquam  tninus  solus,  quuni  cum  solus.      Never 

less  alone  titan  when  alone. 
Xunquum.  von  parutus.    Never  iinprepared. 
Xupti(e.     Nuptials;  weddinir. 
Xusquam  tuta  Jides.      Our^  confidence  is   nowhere 

safe. 

O. 

Ohiit,     He  or  she  died. 

Obiter  dictum.  A  thingsaid  by  the  w.ay,  or  in  passing. 

Obnervaiida.     Thing.s  to  be  observed.' 

Obsta  prinripiis.     Resist  the  first  beginnings. 

Ocrurrent  nubes.     Cl<)urls  will  inter\ene. 

Oderint  dum  metuant.  Let  them  hate,  provided  they 
fear. 

Odi  pro/annm-.     I  loathe  the  profane. 

Odiutn  medicum.  The  hatred  of  contending  physi- 
cians. 

Odium  iheologicuin.  The  hatred  of  contending  di- 
vines. 

Ohc  !  jam  satis.     Ob,  there  is  now  enough. 

Omenfaustum.    A  favorable  omen. 

Omne  bonum  super.     All  good  is  from  above. 

Omnia  bona  bonis.  All  thiuL's  are  good  with  the  good. 

Omnia  cum  Deo.     Every  thing  with  Gods  help. 

Oiiiuia  vincit  amor.     Love  conquers  all  tilings. 

Onntia  viutit  labor.     Labor  overcomesall  things. 

Omnibus  hoc  t'iiium  est.     All  have  this  vice. 

071US  probandi.    The  burden  of  proving. 

Ope  et  co7isilio.     With  assistance  and  counsel. 

Oper(P  pretium  est.     It  is  worth  while. 

Opprobrium  medicorum.  The  reproach  of  physi- 
cians. 

Optimaies.    Of  tho  first  rank. 

Opus  operatum.     A  mere  outward  work. 

Ora  et  labora.     Pray  and  work. 

Ora  pro  nobis.     Piay  fur  us. 

Orator  Jit.,  poeta  iiascitur.  The  orator  is  made  such 
by  education,  but  a  l)oet  must  be  bom  such. 

0}'e  rotundo.     With  round,  full  voice. 

Ore  tenus.     From  the  mouth. 

Origo  mail.     Origin  of  the  evil. 

0!  si  sic  omnia. ^  Oh  I  that  he  bad  always  done  or 
spoken  thus. 

Os  rotund um.     A  round  mouth;  eloquent  delivery, 

0  tempora  I  0  mores!  Oh  the  times  I  Oh  the  man- 
ners'. 

Otia  dant  viiia.     Idleness  tends  to  vice. 

Otinm  cumdignitate.  Ease  with  dignity;  dignified 
leisure. 

Otium  sine  dignikite.    Ease  without  dignity. 


Pace  iud.     With  your  consent. 

Pacta  conventa.    The  conditions  agreed  upon. 

Pallida  mors.     Pale  death. 

Palmam  qui  77ieruit  fei^at.     Let  him  who  has  won  it 

bear  the  palm. 
Parew  nonjert.     He  endures  no  equal. 
J'ar pari  refero.     1  return  like  for  like. 
Pan  passu.     With  equal  pace;  together. 
Paritur  pax  bello.     Pe.ace  is  produced  by  wnr. 
Par  nohilefratrmn.     A  noble  pair  of  brothers;  two 

just  alike,  or,  one  as  bad  as  the  other. 
Par  oneri.     Equal  to  the  burden. 
Pars  adter.Ra.    The  adverse  party. 
Pars  pro  toto.     Part  for  the  whole. 
Particeps  crimini.t.     An  accomplice. 
Parturiunt  ^nontrs.     The  tnountain  is  in  labor. 
Parva  componere  magnis.     To  compare  small  things 

with  great. 
Parva  leves  capiunt   animus.     Little  Tuinds   are 

caught  with  trifles. 
Passim.     Everywhere. 
Paterfamilias.     The  father  of  a  family. 
Pater  noater.     Our  Father  ;  the  Lord's  prayer. 
Pater  patries.     Father  of  his  country. 
Patres  conscripti.      Conscript  Jutliers— the  lioman 

senators. 
Patriis  mrtutihu^.     By  ancestral  virtue. 
Pax  in  bello.     Peace  in  war. 
P<  Ci-irvi.     I  have  sinned. 
Pendente  lite.     Pending  the  suit. 
Penetralia.    Secret  recesses. 
Per  ambages.     By  circuitous  ways. 


1372 


QUI 


PROVKUBS,  PHUASEJi,  ETC.,  FROAl  THE  LATIN. 


Ptr  anmitn.    By  the  year. 

Per  capiUi.    By  the  head. 

Pef  veHtttiiK     By  the  hundred. 

Per  cont.-ii.    Cyntntriwise. 

Per  dUtn.     By  the  day. 

PerfiUi  et  »<?/(/«.     Thrungh  right  and  wrong. 

Per'qradu-K     Step  by  step. 

Per  inUrim.     lu  the'meamiine. 

Per  mare  per  terras,    Tbrough  sea  and  laod. 

Per  pares.     By  one's  peers. 

Perpiitunm  niUntium.     Perpetual  silence. 

Per  ittUum.     By  a  leap  or  jump. 

Per  se.     By  itself  considered. 

Ptititio  prin.-ipiL     A  besinng  of  the  question. 

Per  tiatn.     By  the  way  of. 

Pe«.'<imi  exempli.    Ol"  the  wurst  example. 

Pinxit     Ue  iK.inted  it — put  alXer  au  artist's  name. 

Pleb-t,    Common  people. 

Pienojwe.     With  full  .authority. 

Ptit-'i  m  in  lift.    More  or  less. 

Poeta  nascitur^  nonjit.     Nature,  not  study,  must 
form  the  poet, 

Pon«  asiiwrum.    An  ass's  bridge ;  a  help  to  dull  pu- 
pils. 

pftMse  vuleor.    The  appearance  of  bein?  aMe. 

Po-<t  br'Hum  auxHiitm.     Aid  after  the  \v::i-. 

PoMt  mnrtein.     After  death. 

p!>.^f  »hlhtm.     Alter  death. 

/'  -■    ■   '  r.     Things  required. 

'tfi.    Things  previously  known- 
^•t^tprinmunitus.    Forewarned,  forearmed. 
''iin.     A  thini;  prescribed. 
'  :''ie.    On  the  fifbt  view. 

/  ■  F.    The  first  passages. 

Pri.ni}.     In  the  first  place. 

Primutn  mobile.  The  first  mover ;  the  first  impulse. 

P'-imuA  inter  pares.     Chief  among  equals. 

/'  •  '  I.    First  principles. 

*.  non  komin*>8.     Principles  not  men. 

/  i-^  obsta.  Oppose  the  first  appearance  of  evil. 

prior  tempore,  prior  Jure.     First  in   time,  first  by 
riarbt ;  or  first  come,  fir^it  served 

Pro  tirijt  tt  foci'i.     For  our  altars  and  firesides. 

Pro'Hitiii/i  est.     It  is  proved. 

P/-0  bo  to  publico.     For  the  public  good. 

Pro  con/eMfio.     As  if  conceded. 

Pro  Deo  et  eccle.nd.     For  God  and  the  church. 

P'-o  et  con.     For  and  a^tainst. 

Pro/unurn  cul(;u--i.     The  profline  vulgar. 

Pro  forma.     For  the  sake  of  form. 

Pro  hac  rice.     For  this  turn  or  occasion. 

Proh  pudor.     Oh,  for  shame. 

Pro  memor-id.     For  a  memoriaL 

Pro  nunc.     For  the  present. 

Pro  parte  Zfirili.     According  to  one's  power. 

Pro piitrid.     For  our  country. 

Propaganda  jide.     For  extending  the  faitlL 

Pro  raid.     In  pmpiirlion. 

Pro  rege,  lege  et  grege.    For  the  king,  the  law,  and 
the  p*Miple. 

pro  re  natd.     For  a  special  emergency  ;  according  to 
the  circumstances. 

Pro  salute  oniime.    For  the  soul's  health. 

Pro  tanto.     For  so  much. 

Pro  tempore.     For  the  time  being. 

Proximo.    'Sent  month. 

Prudensfuturi.    Thoushtful  of  the  future. 

PulM.e.     Publicly. 

Pugnvt  it  calcibus.     "With  fists  and  heels;  with  al! 
the  mi^lit. 

PunicKiJid^,    Punic  iaith ;  treachery. 


Or 

Q'lare.    Qaery ;  inqnirr. 
Quaritttr.     Thequestitm  arises. 
Qaalii*  ab  inrepto.    The  Mine  as  from  the  beginning. 
Qualvi  rex,  ttfliA  grex.     Like  kins,  like  people. 
Quamditt  se  bens  geft>ierit.     Dnrinir  good  behavior. 
Quantum.    The  quantity  or  amount. 
Quantum  libet.     As  much  as  you  please. 
Quantum  merntit.     As  much  as  he  deserved. 
Quantum  mutatus  ab  illo.     How  changed  from  what 

he  once  was. 
Qiiftntum  xujficit.     A  snARcient  quantity. 
Quantum  r«.     As  much  as  you  will. 
Quati.     Aaif;  in  a  manner. 
Quern  deuA  xuU  perdere.  priuA  dementat.     "Whom 

G04]  purposes  to  destroy,  he  previously  deprives  of 

understanding. 
Qui  ca pit,  fat-it,     Ue  who  takes  it,  makes  it 
Quid  nuncf     What  now  ?  a  newsmonger. 
Qui  docet^  dincit.     He  who  teaches  others,  learns 

himself. 
Quid  fariendum  f    What  is  to  be  done  ? 
Quifl  pro  quo.     One  thing  fur  another;  tit  for  tat; 

an  equivalent. 
Quid  riden  f    Why  do  yon  laugh  ? 
Quiff  timeM  t     What  do  you  fear  ? 
Quinimium  probat  nihil  probat.     n»r  who  proves 

t*K>  mucii  proves  nothing. 
Qui  non  profU-it,  deficit.     He  who  does  not  a(';vance, 

goes  backward. 


Qui  tarn  f    Who  as  well  ? 

Quis  ciiHtodiet  ipms  cttntodest    Who  shall  guard  the 

guards  themselves? 
Qui  fallere  posait  amantem?    Who  can  deceive  a 

lover? 
Qui  transtulit,  sustinet    He  who  transpbatcd,  still 

sustains.    [Motttt  of  Connecticut] 
Quoad  hoc.     To  this  extent 
Quo  iinii/io?    With  what  mind  or  intention? 
Qnoi-unque  modo.    lu  whatever  manner. 
Quocunque  nomine.     Under  whatever  name. 
QiuhI  tivertat  Dtn^s  !     Which  may  God  avert 
Quod  bene  nutandum.     Which  must  bo  especially 

noticed. 
Quod  erat  detnonstrandum.    Which  was  meant  to 

be  shown. 
Quod  erdt  faciendum.    Which  was  to  be  done. 
Quod  hoc  &ibi  vult  ?    What  <loes  this  ine:m  ? 
Quo  fata  voeant.     Whither  the  Fates  cull. 
Quod  vide.     Which  see. 
QLOjuref    By  what  right? 
Qaomodo?    In  what  manner?  how? 
Quondam.    Formerly ;  former. 
Quorum  parsfui.    Of  which,  or  whom,  I  was  a  part. 
Quot  homines,  tot  Siyiitentlas.    So  many  men,  so  many 

minds. 
Quotidiamis  Jiomo.    An  every-day  sort  of  man.  " 
Quo  tourranto  ?    By  what  authority  ? 


K. 

Radix.    Root 

I'ara  avi-i.    A  rare  bird  ;  a  prodigy. 

J^ata.     Rate  ;  one's  own  share. 

I^erte  et  auin-iter.    Justly  and  mildly. 

Rectus  in  curia.    Upright  in  the  court;  with  clean 

hands. 
Redolet  lucerna.    It  smells  of  the  lamp  ;  it  is  a  la- 
bored production. 
Reductio  ad  absurdum.    A  reducing  a  position  to 

an  absurdity. 
Re  infectd.    The  business  being  unfinished. 
Religio  loci.    The  religious  spirit  of  llie  jdace. 
Rem.  acu  tttigiM.    You  have  touched  the  thing  ex- 
actly {lit.  with  a  needle.] 
Remisso  animo.    "With  listless  mind. 
Renovate  animoa.    Renew  your  courage. 
Reiiovato  n^omine.     By  a  revived  name, 
Requiescat  in  pace.    May  he  rest  in  peace. 
Rerum  pHmordla.    The  first  oluiiieiiis  of  things. 
Res  angusta  dotni.    Narrow  circumstances  at  homo; 
poverty. 

Respicefinein.    Look  to  the  end. 

Ret<  gestip.    Exploits. 

Re-ipublica.    Tlic  commonwealth. 

Resurgam.    I  shall  rise  again. 

Re.  rerd.    In  truth. 

Ridf,  si  fiapif!.    Laugh,  if  you  are  wise. 

Rifium  ten  fat  in,  amice?    Can  you,  my  friend,  for- 
bear lauching? 

Ruat  calum.     Let  the  heavens  fall. 

Ruit  mole  sud.     It  falls  to  ruin,  by  its  own  weight 

Ruii  in  urbe.    The  country  in  town. 


AfZ  Atti^um.    Attic  wit 

Salitfi  pnpuli  suprema  eat  lex.    The  welfare  of  the 

people  is  the  supreme  l;iw.  [Motto  of  Missouri.] 
Salvo  jure.    The  riirht  beini:  safe. 
Salvo  pmlore.    Without  offence  to  modesty. 
Sanctum  Sanioru/n.     Holy  of  Holies. 
Sajiere  aude.    Dare  to  be  wise. 
Sartor  renarius.    The  cobbler  mended. 
Sat  cito,  si  sat  bene,     Soou  enough,  if  but  well 

enough. 
Satis  ehquenti(T,  sapieniio}  parvum.     Eloquence 

enough,  but  little  wisdom. 
Satin,  iuperque.    Enough,  and  more  than  enough. 
Satis  verbormn.    Enough  of  words;  you  need  say 

no  more. 
Scifji.  Mag.  {ncandalum  magnatum].    Defamatory 

speech  or  writing  to  the  injury  of  persons  of  dig- 
nity. 
Scienter.    Knowingly;  with  skill. 
Scilicet.    That  is  to  say  ;  to  wit. 
Scire  fitcias.     Cause  it  to  be  known. 
Scribendi  recte  mpere  est  et  principium  et  font. 

The  jirinclplc  and  source  ofgood  writing  is  to  think 

rightly.  ,  , 

Scribimus  indocfi,  doctique.  Learned  and  unlcarnca, 

we  all  write. 
Sculpsit.    He  engraved  it— put  after  an  engravers 

name.  ,  .     ,.„ 

Sei-undum   artem.      According  to  rule;   scientiHc- 

allv. 
Secundum  mtturam.    According  to  the  Course  of 

nature. 

Seru7idu7Ji  ordinem.     In  order. 
1  Se  defendendo.     In  self- dele  use. 

Semel  et  aimul.    Once  and  together. 
I  Sejytel  pro  semper.    Once  for  all. 


I  Simper  felix.     Aiwa.  -  f^n  ^r.  .t.- 

Scmp.r  VJein.     A. 
I  S^mptrfididiM,     A 

St_iaptr  jfparotwt. 

Semper  zirit  in  a  ■ 

Sf.nex,  bi^  paer.     < 

Sentu  boiuj.     In  a  .  '* 

S'jifu  malo.     In  a  U..  ^u^:. 

Seriatim.     In  rei^br  order. 

Sequiturqne  JMltnui  hnnd  u"» 

lows  his  father,  ' 
8tro,  Hid  herio.  \. 
Sertabofidtm.  1 
Sertare  milium. 

Sic  it'ir  ad  a*tra.  ^    . , 

Sic patudm.     So  et*  '    ■  .- 
Sic  ttemptr  tyranui*.     Lw;  *-., 

of  Virj:inia.f 
Sic  trantU  gloria  mundi.     r  . 

Stcut  ante-    Ab  before. 

Sic  tolo,  fdc  juiito.     A«  1  •■■ 

Sic  ton  non  tobig.    Tbu*  j*«,  u«  u^    ■,-  /  i,;  1    , ■ 

selves. 
Si  diijtplacit.     If  It  plmtc*  the  t^>A^ 
Silent  Ugt«  inter  arma.    TLc  U«»  ftr^  ■ 

anns. 
Silentium  altum.    De^p  tiUace. 
Similia  itimilii/u4  curaniur.    L  - 

by  like. 
Similia  simiti  gaudet.     Lit-  ■* 
Simplex  in  u  nffitHM.     Of  - 
Sine  curd.     Without  cl,;. 
Sine  die.     Without  a  dav  , 
Sine  dufdo.     Wiihout  duuLt 
Sine  intidid.     Without  vnvy. 
Sine  mord.     Without  drlay. 
Sine  odio.     Without  httrcL 
Sine  prt^udicio.     Without  pr^ 

tage. 
Sine  qua  non.     An 
lift  fpucrtAvionuuf  u  ■  i 

bis  monument  h- 
Si  (putrin  penin^nl-H/i  ',1    .  •  '      '.' 

thou  seekest  a  beautiful  pcnit.  -  r' 

[Motto  of  Michigan.) 
Si  nit  prudentia.     If  iher*  U  but  i  ri- ; 
Sii>te.  viator.     Slop,  IraM-Irr. 
Sit  tibi  terra  Ucis.     May  the  earth  lie  .  . 

grave. 
Si  vis  pactm„  para  IcUum,     1/  yoo  wlii,  t-r  ;    .  ' 

prepare  for  war. 
Sola  nobilitat  HrtuA.     Tirtuf,  t* 

Si'rtes  /Inmeridr,     I  Ilomuric  t-r    ■  ^-^^  • 

Sortes  Virgdiamr.  \      Dic!f"n-.- 
Spero  7neliora.     I  hope  f  ■ 
Spesmea  CliriAtu*.     Cb- 

Spes  tuti--'sima  ctrlif*.     T.  a  In  IIcsvYtt. 

Spolia  opima.    The  rich*-:  ;--*Tr, 
Spontesud.    Of  one's  onn  a'^'rd. 
Sfans  pede  in  una.     Standing  on  onf  P*< 
Stat  magni  nominis  vmbra,    II      ' 

of  a  mii'hty  name. 
Stat  pro  raiione  rolun/aM.    W... 
Statu-tquo.    The  state  In  which. 
Statu  quo.    As  tbintrs  werv-  Wfor.% 
Statu  quo  ante  beltum.    The  suic  In  « 

before  the  war. 
Stet.    Let  it  stand. 

^'^ratum  iiiip<  r  stmtum.    LftjTT  tboT*  lftj«r. 
ff^l/lo  inverse.     With  the  b*ck  of  Uir  pen. 
Sua   cuique  xoiuptat.      Ever^r  maa  bA*  kU  ovd 

pleasures. 
Sua  Filer  in  modo,  forfiter  im  rt.    Gcs'"-    -  •"  ■  ■ 

ncrs.  but  resolute  in  dee^l. 
Sub  colore  jnriA.     I'ndt-r  color  «»f  U«. 
Suh  condiiione.     I'nder  the  condition 
Sub  hoc  signo  rinc«JL    Cnder  iMs  Ma&'v 

conquer. 
Suhjudicf,    Under  considenlion. 
Sub  pivnd.     Under  a  |H'naliy. 
Sub  pra}textdjuri4i.     Todcr  the  prrttx'. 
Sub  ratd.     Inder  the  ro6c;  priralciy. 
Sub  t.ilentio.     In  ^ileneo. 
Sub  tipecie.     Under  the  appcAnuce  ot 
Sub  voce.    Under  the  voice. 
Succedaneum.     A  suhslituto. 
Suggestio fiiM.     The  succesilor. 
Sui  gener'iit.    Of  its  own  kind. 
Sui  Juris.    In  one's  own  ncht 
Summa  summarum.     Sum  total. 
Snmmum  t-onum.     The  chirf  ptv-l 
Summumjus^  summa  i'ijuria.  Tl»  r - 

is  the  rigor  of  oppres*ien. 
Sumittibus  publictA.     At  r     r.-^    ,-  fi 
Sunt  lac-rim<r  rem ri.     T  ^ij- 

Suo  marte.     By  his  own 

Super  visum  corjx^riA.  ■  »"     ^ 

SuppreAsio  reriy  tugge- 
\     the  truth  is  the  su^m*: 
I  Surgit  aniari  aliquiJ,     .- 
I  Suum  cuique*    Lei  caeh  have  u»>  ^«r. 
Suns  cuique  mot.      Every  OM  bM 
habit 


AHA 


PROVERBS,  PHRASK3,  ETC.,  FROM  THE  KIENGH. 


ATO 


T. 


T'lhnhi  raaa.    A  smooth  or  blank  tablet. 

Tirrfium  vitiv.     Weariness  of  life. 

riw"jf,u-te  quam  JJinervi.    Possessed  equally  of 

courage  ami  genius. 
Tanaere  t)uliu(H.    To  touch  the  wound. 
Tinitum.    So  much.  _ 

Tf  iuilii-e     You  beini  the  .iud2e. 
7V/',m  ««'-*;?«  sine  iclu.    A  feeble  weapon  thrown 
without  etfect.  .       ,.       rri,„ 

Temnora  mutantui;  et  no«  mutnmur  in  ittui      Ibe 

times  are  ohanscd  and  we  are  ehansed  w.tli  them. 
Tempus  edax  rei-um.     Time  the  devourer  of  all 

thin':;:?. 
Temniis  lurteiirll.    The  time  for  play.  . 

T",'  uniis  omnia  renelnt.    Tiuie  revenh  all  thmgs. 

Tf  «rr:J!  propouil.    Tenacious  of  his  purpose. 

TmUinda  via  est.    A  way  must  be  tried. 

Termin-ua  A  (/iia.    The  time  from  which. 

Terminiliitilt/'Um.     The  time  to  which. 

Terriv  filhts:.    A  son  of  the  earth,  or  one  of  low  blrtli. 

Terrii  'firnui.     Soliil  earth  ;  a  safe  footing. 

Terra  inror/nita.     An  unknown  country. 

Tertiiim  ,/iwl.     A  third  soniethiiisr ;  a  nondescript. 

Toaii  cii'iVi.v.    Tiio  gown  of  manhood. 

Tat  homilies,  qiiot  sentential.  So  many  men,  so 
iiirniv'  riiinds. 

Tiilidem  re-his.    In  just  so  many  words. 

Totirs  tjuotie'<.     As  ofti'n  as. 

Tolig  lurihus.     With  all  bis  misht. 

Tofo  cielo.  By  the  whole  heavens;  diametrically  op- 
posite. 

Totum.    The  whole. 

Tolus  miiniitis  agit  histrionem.    All  the  world  a  a. 

Totu's  Uren.  atque  rotandus.  Completely  smooth 
and  rotintl. 

Tmnmil  in,  exemplum.  May  it  pass  into  an  ex- 
ample. 

Tria  jiinrta  in  )inn.    Three  ioined  in  one. 

Troja  fnit.    Trov  was,  i.  e.,  Troy  is  no  more. 

Trudilui-  dies  die.  One  day  is  pressed  onward  by 
another. 

Til  ne  rede  miilin.     Do  not  yield  to  evils. 

Til,  qiioipte,  Brute  !     And  thou  too,  Brutus! 

Tutor  et  iiltor.     Proteclor  and  avenger. 

Tuum  est.     It  is  your  own. 


Uberrima  fide.<!.     Implicit  relinneo. 

Vliijus  incertum,  ibi  jus  nullum.  Uncertainty  de- 
stroys law. 

Ulii  lapsus  !    Where  have  I  fallen  ? 

Vbl  lihertas,  ihi  pairia.  Where  liberty  dwells,  there 
is  my  cnnntry. 

Wiique.    Everywhere. 

Vtiique  patriii'm  reminiscl.  To  remember  our  coun- 
try everywhere. 

Uta  supra.     Where  above  mentioned. 

Ultima  ratio  reijuni.  The  last  argnment  of  kings 
military  weapons. 


Ultima  thule.    The  utmost  boundary  or  limit. 

Ultimatum.    The  last  or  only  condition. 

Ultim  us  regum.    The  last  of  ty i  ants. 

Ultra  licitum.     Beyond  what  is  allowable. 

Una  ei'i-i--     With  one  voce  ;  unanimously. 

Unauis  in  lUcere.     A  claw  in  the  wound. 

Uno  animo.    With  one  min.l ;  unanimously. 

Usque  ad  aras.    To  the  very  altars. 

Usque  ad  nauseam.    To  disgust. 

Usiis  loqnendi.     Usage  in  speaking. 

Utcunque  placuerit  Deo.    As  it  shall  please  God. 

Ut  infra.    As  below.  .  ,     ,       , 

Utile  dulci.    The  useful  with  the  pleasant. 

Uti  possedetis.     As  you  possess ;  state  of  present 

possession.  ,        „,  .      ,  ,  . 

Utpifinus  amicitia:    Aa  a  pledge  of  friendship. 
Ul  nros-im.     That  I  may  do  good. 
Ut  quocunque  parntu-H.     Prepared  for  every  event. 
Ut  supra.    As  above  stateiU 


Vade  merum.    Go  with  me ;  a  constant  companion. 
Va  viciis.     Woe  to  the  vanquished. 
Vale.    Farewell.  .     ,    .  -^  <■     „>,„> 

Valeat  quantum,  valere  potest.    Let  it  pass  for  what 

it  is  worth.  ,,       ,        ,      , 

rah-te  ar  plaudite.    Farewell  and  applauil. 

Variie  lediones.     Various  readings. 

Variorum  nota.    The  notes  of  various  authors. 

Varium  et  mutilMU  semper  fmmiua.  Woman,  ever 
(diangel'ul  and  capricious. 

Vehim'ur  in  uUmn,     We  are  borne  on  higli. 

Velis  et  remis.  With  sails  and  oars;  by  every  pos- 
sible means. 

Vel  prere,  vel  preHo.    For  cither  love  or  money. 

Veluti  in  speculum.     As  in  a  mirror. 

Veiulidit  Ida  anro  patriam.  This  man  sold  his 
country  for  gold.  - 

Veni,  vi'di,  viei.     I  came,  I  saw,  I  conquered. 

Venire  facias.  Tou  will  cause  to  come ;— the  writfor 
suminoningajury. 

Venlii  secundis.     With  prosperous  winds. 

Vera  pro  gratiis.    Truth  before  favor. 

Vcrhatim  et  literatim.  Word  for  word  and  letter  for 
letter.  ,  .  .   . 

Verhum  sat  sapienti.    A  word  is  enough  for  a  wise 

Veritas  odium  parit.     Truth  often  canses  hatred. 

Veritas  Jir,'r:ileliit.     Trulh  will  prevail. 

Veritas  ciuri).    Truth  conquers. 

Ver  non  semper  viret.      Spring    does  not  always 

flourish. 
Versus.    Asainst;  toward. 
Vestigia.    Tracks;  vestiges. 
Vestigia  nulla  retrorsum.    There  are  no  returning 

footsteps. 
Vexitta  quastio.    A  disputed  question. 
Via.    By  the  way  of. 
Via  media.     A  middle  course. 
Via  militaris.     A  military  road. 
Vice,    la  the  place  of. 


Vice  versa.     The  terms  being  exchanged. 

Videlicet,  viz.:   To  wit;  namely. 

Vide  et  crede.     See  and  believe. 

Videtur.     Itapiiears. 

Vide  ut  supra.    See  what  is  stated  above. 

Vi  et  armis.     By  main  force. 

Vigiliite  et  orate.     Watch  and  pr.ay. 

Vincit  amor  patrier.     Luve  td"  country  prevails. 

Vincit  omnia  Veritas.     Truth  conquers  all  things. 

Vincit,  qui  se  vincit     lie  conquers  who  overcomes 

himself. 
Vinculum  matrimonii.     The  bond  of  marriai;?. 
Vires  acquirit  eundo.    She  acquires  strength  in  her 

progress.  „  .         .      .  „ 

Vir  sapit  qui  pauea  loquitur.    He  is  wise  who  talks 

but  little.  •  ,  ,, 

Vii-tus  incendit  vires.     Yirtue  kindles  the  strength. 
Virtute,  non  verbis.     By  virtue,  iu>t  by  words. 
Virtiite,  non  viris.     From  virtue,  not  from  men. 
Virtute  offKii.     By  virtue  of  olflce. 
Virtute  qules.    Itest  or  conUut  in  virtue. 
Virtute,  non  armis,  jido.     I  trust  in  virtue,  not  in 

arms.  .    ,  .    , 

Via  a  tergo.    A  propelling  force  from  behind. 
Vis  comica.     C'>mie  talent. 

Visinertim.    The  power  of  inertness;  resistance. 

Vis  preserratrix.    A  preserving  power. 

Vis  vitce.    The  visor  of  life. 

Vita  hreris,  ars  longa.     Life  is  short  and  art  is  long. 

Villi  sine  Uteris  mors  est.    Life  without  literature  is 
death. 

Vitw  via  virtus.    Virtue  the  way  of  life. 

Vitam  impendere  vera.    To  stake  one's  hfe  fur  the 
truth. 

Virat  respuhlica.    Live  the  republic. 

Vivai  rex.     Long  live  the  king. 

Vivd  voce.     Bv  the  living  voice  ;  by  oral  testimony. 

Vivememorlethi.     Live  mindful  of  death. 

VJvere  sat  vincere.     To  conquer  is  to  live  enough. 

T7!'c,  vale.    Farewell  and  be  happy. 

Vii'ida  vis  animi.     The  lively  vigor  of  genius. 

Virit  post  funera  virtus.     Virtue  survives  the  gr.ave. 

Volente  Dm.    God  willing. 

Volo.  non  valeo.     I  am  willing,  but  unable. 

Vota  vita  men.     My  life  is  devoted. 

Votiim  casiitatia.    A  vow  of  chastity. 

Vox  et  preterea  nihil.    .\  voice  and  nothing  more. 
i.e.  sound  without  sense. 

Voxfawibas  luesit.    The  voice  (or  words)  stuck  in 
the  throat. 

Vorpopidi,  vox  dei.    The  peo[de's  voice  is  Gods 
voice 

Vulgo.    Commonly. 

Vidiiusimmedicabile.     An  Irreparable  injury. 

Viiltus  est  index  animi.    The  face  is  the  indei  of 
the  mind. 


Znnam  perdidit.     He  ha,s  Inst  his  purse. 
Zonam  solvere.    To  loose  the  virgin  zone. 


WOEDS  AND  PHRASES  FROM  THE  FRENCH,  WITH  ENGLISH  TRANSLATIONS. 


A. 

A  has.    Down. 

Abattoir.     A  public  slanghter-hnii^e. 

A  bis  et  a  blanc.    From  brown  to  white ;  by  fits  and 

starts. 
..1  bon  chat,  bon  rat.    To  a  good  cat.  a  good  rat ; 

well  matched  ;  set  a  tliiefto  catch  a  thief. 
A  bon  marclie.     Cheap. 
Absence  d'esprit.     Ahsence  of  mind. 
A  chaqne  saint  sa  ciiandeile.     To  each  saint  his 

candle. 
.t  rhertU.     Oil  horseback. 
.1  cnrnpte.     On  account;  in  part  payment. 
A  ronrert.     Undercover. 
A  discritinn.     At  discretion. 
AfTaire  iVamour.     A  love  alfair. 
J/faire  d'honneur.    An  affair  of  honor. 
Affaire  du  cceur.     An  affair  of  the  heart. 
A  fin.    To  the  end. 
A  fin  de.    To  the  end  that. 
Aganche.    To  the  left. 
A  genoux.    On  the  knees. 
A  grands  frais.     At  great  expense. 
A  ha  uie  voix.    Aloud. 


Aide-tni,  le  del  t'aidera.    Help  yourself  and  Heaven 
will  help  you. 

.4  raliaudon.     At  random. 

A  la  bonne  lieure.     Well  timeil ;  at  an  early  hour. 

A  I'abri.     Under  shelter. 

A  la  campagne.    In  the  country ;  simple. 

A  la  deroljee.     By  stealth. 

A  la  Francaise.    After  the  French  mode. 

A  V Amiricaine.     After  the  American  fashion. 

A  la  Grecque.     After  the  Greek  fashion. 

A  la  mode.    According  to  the  custom  ;  in  fashion. 

A  rAnglaise.     After  the  English  custom. 

A  la  (Viinoise.     After  the  Chinese  custom. 

A  la  Parisienne.     After  the  Parisian  fashion. 

A  I'envi.    Eniulously. 

A  raventure.     At  a  venture. 

A  levant.     To  the  East. 

A  I'exlerieur.     E.xternally. 

A  Vextrhnite.     At  the  point  of  death ;   without  re- 
source. 

A  1 1  m  iiroinste.    Unaw.ires. 

A  rllalie.nne.     In  the  Italian  mode. 

Aitous.     Let  us  go. 

A  I'outrance.    To  the  utmost 

A  ma  puissance.    To  my  power. 


*  Much  inquiry  has  been  made  .as  to  the  ongin  of  this  line_    _ 
Borhouius,  a  German  writer  of  Latin  poetry,  who  represents  it  as  a  saying  of  Lothauus  1, 
in  illis.— See  Pres.  Sears"  edition  of  Koget's  Thesaurus. 

1374 


Amainarmfe.    With  force  of  arms. 

Amendeiiouorabl-e.  Satisfactory  npoloL'r;  rep.aration. 

A  merveille.    To  a  wonder;  iiiarvelously. 

.imi  de  cour.    An  uncertain  friend. 

Ami  de-1  nnirs.     .\  friend  of  the  negro. 

A  moitii  de  moitic.     By  h.alves.      ^  ^  .,  ^     ^  ., 

Amonr  rail  tieauconp.  mau  argent  fait  tout.  Love  is 

potent  but  money  is  omnipotent 
Amour propre.    Self-love,  vanity. 
Ancien  regime.    Ancient  m-der  of  things. 
A  pas  de  geant.     With  a  giant's  stride. 
A  peindre.     A  model  fm-  a  painter. 
A  perte  de  vie.     Beyond  one's  view. 
A  pied.    On  foot. 
A  pen  pres.     Nearly. 
Appui.     Point  of  support;  prop. 
t;)<-o;w»,  To  the  point;  pertaining  to;  seasonably. 
A  propos  de  rien.     Apropos  to  nothing. 
A  reculons.     Backward. 
A  rex  de  chausee      Even  with  the  arnund. 
Arriere  pensce.    A  mental  reservation. 
Atelier.     An  artist's  room. 
A  tort  et  a  trovers.    At  cross  purposes. 
A  loiite  force.     With  all  one's  lorce. 
A  tout  hazard.    At  all  hazards;  at  all  events. 


i-itings  of  Matthias 


It  has  been.  .„ind,  at  ^^s^.^^X^Jf;S:^^:i^:i:;i.^'&^^^:^...os  motamus 


COM 


PROVERBS,  PHRASES,  ETC.,  FROi£  THE  FRENCH. 


uou 


A  tout  prij!'.     At  nny  price. 

Attache.    One  ot';iu  eiub;u-^s;i(lor'3  suite. 

An  oori  droit.    To  ifu-  jll^t  rii-ht. 

Art  tofitftiire.     Oti  the  cuntrury. 

Ati  courunt.    To  tbe  present  time. 

A>i  (ititespinr.     In  despair. 

Aiifuit.     Well  iostructeti;  master  of  it 

Aiifortil.     A:  the  bottom. 

Aujounrhui  »»/,  d<tmnin  t*ieti,    Tu-Jay  a  kiiij,  to- 
morrow nothins:. 
[    An  pis  alter.     At  tbe  worst. 

Alt.  re-st^.    As  for  tlie  rest. 

Ai6  revtnr.    Adieu,  until  we  meet  again. 

A  w-*Tt/oi  'itt,  tttt-^sitjt/itit.    No  sooner  said  tban  done. 

Autant  d'hommes^  atttani  d^avis.  So  many  men,  so 
many  minds. 

Autre  droit.  Another's  right.  (Thus  a  person  may 
sue  or  be  sued  in  anot/ie/'^s  right.,  as  an  executor, 
etc) 

AtU-e  PiV.     Another's  life. 

An  troisieme.    On  the  third  floor. 

Aux  nriJi^Jt.    To  arms. 

Arant-courier.    A  forerunner. 

Ace  -  pefmi.t-uon.     By  citnsent. 

A  votr€  santi.    To  vo'ur  health. 


Bus  hlen.    A  blue-stockin;?;  a  litorarv  woman. 

Benu  ideal.     A  p.-rfetit  model  of  beauty. 

Beau  monde.    Ttie  fiishioiiuhle  world. 

Bc-l  eaprit.     A  biilliunt  mind. 

Beaux  eftprits.    (lay  spirits;  men  of  wit 

Bihliotfiequ.e  dii  Rui.    A  celebrated  library  in  Paris. 

5'>rtJ*e'/rtc'«.     Civility ;  decorum. 

Billet  d'amouf.   \  .  .  ,„^  ,  ,.„„ 

Billet  dottx.  f  A  lo^-e-letter. 

Bizarre.     Odd  ;  fantastic. 

Bfase.     Faded. 

Bon  ami.    Good  friend. 

Bim-bon.     A  sweetmeat;  confectionery. 

/?oi  Qre,  mal  gre.     Willing  or  unwilling. 

B'.-ihomis.    Good-natured  simplicity. 

B'mjour.    G  'Od  day  ;  good  inorning. 

B  '•>  joiir,  homi^  ceiivre.    The  better  day,  the  better 

d-ed. 
B  }ine.    A  nurse  or  governess. 
B'TiJiiihoitche.     A  delicate  bit 
Bonne  foi.     Good  faith. 

Bonne  et  helU  anitez.    Good  and  handsome  enough. 
Bon.  soir.    Good  evening. 
Bon  ton.    Tno  heisrht  (tf  fishion. 
Bon-rictint.    A  jovial  companion;  a  luxurious  liver. 
Bouillon.     Soup. 
B^urgeoi^.     A  citizen. 
Botitez  en  aviinL     Tush  forward. 
Bretetf.    Patented. 
Brusqut.    Kougli ;  rnde ;  boisterous ;  uncourteous. 


Cahuret.    An  inn  or  tavern. 

Cache.    Concealed;  a  place  of  sadden  deposit. 

Canaille.    The  rabble. 

Cap-d-pie     From  heati  to  foot;  nil  over. 

Carte  blanche.     A  blank  sheet  of  paper  ;  full  powers. 

Oitalogne  raiAonne.     A  catilugue  of  books  ai-ranged 

according  to  their  subjects. 
Ce  monde  eAt  plein  defo nst.  The  worM  i^  full  of  fools. 
Cen  est  fait  ae  lui.     It  is  all  over  with  bim. 
Ce^it  d  dire.    That  is  to  say. 

Ce>tt  une  autre  chone.     It  is  quite  a  diflferent  thinsr. 
Ce  n'ejft  que  le  premier  ptt  qui  cofUe.    It  is  only  the 

first  step  which  is  diflicuU. 
CfMcnn  d  unn  goiit.     Kvery  one  to  his  taste. 
Champn  Elynees.    Elysian  fields ;  a  beautiful  public 

park  in  Paris. 
Cfianson.    A  song. 

Ouipean  de  bras,    A  military  cocked  hat 
C'tapelle  ardente.    Candles  set  round  a  cofSn. 
ChapeUe  e^rpiaUnre.     An  expiatory  chapel,  on  the 

site  of  a  murder,  etc. 
Cimque  paijn  a  ta  gaiss.      So  many  countries,   so 

manv  customs. 
Ot'iteiax  en  Espugne.     Castles  intlioair;  fanciful 

plans. 
Chef.     A  professed  coot. 
Chefde  battaillon.     A  major. 
CheJ  de  cuisine.     He.ad  cook. 
Cte/d'ieHr.re.     A  master-piece. 
Ciemin  convert.    A  covered  way  or  passage, 
C'lere  amie.     A  dear  friend  ;  a  mistress.  [ence. 

Chenl  de  hatnille     A  w.ir-horse;  the  ra.ain  depend- 
Chttalier  d imi uHrit,    A  knight  of  industry;  one 

who  lives  by  pf-r.-^overing  fraud. 
Ct-devant.     Formerly. 
Coiffenr     A  hair-clresscr 
Coiffure.     A  head-dress. 
Commit  il/uut.     As  it  shooM  be. 
Comm^  )efuA.     As  I  was, 

Compngnon  de  votjage.     A  traveling  companion. 
Compte  rendu.     Account  rendered  ;  report. 


Concierge.    The  keeper  of  a  prison. 

Conge  d'llire.     A  leave  to  elect 

i^onscil  de/amille.    A  family  consultation. 

Comeil  d'itat.    Privy  council. 

Contre-tanpH.    A  mischance;  disappointment 

Cordon  aanitaire.  A  line  at  guards  ugarnst  coota- 
giou. 

''"orpH  diplomatique.    The  diplomatic  body. 

f'orte-^e.    An  escort 

Cou/eur  de  ruse.  Hose  color;  of  flattering  or  pleas- 
ing appearance. 

<\mp  (/  eMiiL     A  first  essay  ;  attempt 

Coup  d\tat.  A  stroke  of  policy  or  of  violence  Id 
state  afl'aiia. 

(\>up  de  grdce.    A  finishing  stroke. 

i.ynp  de  main.     A  sudden  enterpiiso  or  effort 

'  'I'up  •/,'  iiKiitre.     A  master-stroke. 

'  '(uij,  il'.&il,     A  vapid  glance  of  the  eye. 

'  '•mp  ./,',  pir  I.     A  kick. 

'  'oiip  de  pimne.     A  literary  attack, 

<.\>iip  d,-  si'lfil.     A  stroke  of  the  sun. 

t  'ouji  tie  thfdtre.     A  theatrical  effect 

'  ounige  fians  peiir.     Courage  witlmut  fear, 

Coide  qui  coiite.    Let  it  cost  what  it  may. 

Ciil  de  sac.  The  bottom  of  the  bag;  a  difficulty  ;  a 
street  or  liine  that  h:is  no  outlet. 

Cuisine.    Kitchen ;  cookery. 


D'accord.    Agreed;  in  tune. 
D-tme  d^konneiir.    Maid  of  honor. 
f>iii/icsi  de  hi  halle.    Market  women. 
!>'•  honne  grdce.    With  good  grace  ;  willingly. 
fh'hut.     A  first  appearance  on  the  stage. 
A  'jiigi:    Kasy  nnd  unconstrained. 
iKijoid.    Disrelish;  disgust 
Ih- mi-jour.     Twilight. 
De  U't'tdc  de  et&ur.    Sportively. 
De  haute  lutte.    By  a  violent  struffglo. 
De'iors.    Without;  out  of;  foreign;  irrelevant. 
A  /''liner  d  htfonrchette.    A  meat  breakfast 
[>,'  mid  en  pi-f.     From  bad  to  worse. 
Dcnioi-'^elte.     A  yonns  lady. 
fhnofieinent    'the  unvavelin^of  a  plot 
/fc-»ier  rt'.^'tori.     A  lii'^t  resou  ee. 
Drsitgreiiieiit.     Soinethinii  disagreeable, 
D.to'ur.     A  circuitous  march. 
!>>'  trop.    Too  much,  or  too  many. 
l>cri>ir.     Duty;  respect 
Dun-  av'-f  nous.     God  with  us. 
/>iH>i  d.fvn.l  le  droit    God  defends  the  right 
fHi'ii  et  i/ioii  droit.     God  and  my  riglit 
Dieu  i-ou'i  garde.    God  bless  you. 
Distingue.    Distiniruished ;  eminent 
Distrait.    Absent  in  thought 
Dit^ertisfiement.    Amusement:  sport 
Dout'le  entendre.    Double  meaning. 
Douceur.    Sweetness,  a  bribe. 
Douj'  1/eux.    Sott  elances. 
Drap  (fargetit.    Silver  lace. 
Drap  d'or.     Gold  lace. 
Drod  de.'i  (/''hs.    The  law  of  nations. 
Droit  ,t  o'r.nit.     liiL'Iit  and  forward. 
Droit  (■/  !'>//, it.     Upright  and  loyal. 
Prule.     A  comical  fellow  :  a  buffoon. 
Dtt/ort  anfaih/e.    From  the  strong  to  tho  weak 
oiio  with  another. 


E. 

Enudevie.    Brandy. 

f^au  de  Cologne.    Cologne  wati?r. 

K'lu  de  luvande.    Lavender  water. 

ErtiiircisHement.     Kxplanation. 

Rdat.     Splendor;  pomp;  glory. 

E--ole  de  droit.    Law-school. 

Elite.     Tlie  be^t  part 

Elof/e.     A  funeral  oration. 

Eloignment.    Estrangement 

Emeute.     Insurrection;  uproar. 

Euiplni/e.     A  person  employed  by  another. 

Enipre.isemeni.     Ardor;  zeal. 

Ell  ami.     As  a  friend. 

En  attenjlant.    In  the  meanwhile. 

En  arant  !     Forw;ird  ! 

En  haguti'lle.    Tritlingly;  contemptuously. 

Eu  desh<dnlk.     In  undress. 

Eiifamilfe.     In  a  domestic  state. 

Enfitni^  de  famine.     Children  ot  the  family. 

Enfans  pe'rdus.     Lost  children  ;  the  forh>rn  nopo. 

Enfant  gate.     A  spoiled  child. 

Enfant  troiire.     A  foundling. 

En  n(dc     Armed  with  guns  only  on  tho  upper  dock. 

En  foiile.     In  aciowd. 

Cnhahiles  gens.    Like  able  men. 

E'l  hunt.     On  high;  above. 

E'l  ina.'ise.     In  a  body. 

Ennui.     Weariness;  lassitude. 

En  pamtnt.    In  passing;  hy  the  way. 

En  pleinjour.     In  broad  day. 

En  regie.     In  order. 


En  recaiiche.     In  return. 
En  route.    On  lb,.-  way. 
En  Huitt.     In  coiniKiny. 
Ell  Muicant  Ut  ccntc.     Ir,  ' 
Entfutc  cordiaU.     tvi.: 

towar'I  each  otUer,  txt.. . 

of  two  SiaU-». 
En  tout.    In  all;  wholly, 
Entre  dtuxjtwr.     li.lween  two  flrtt 
hntrt  deux  riuJt.     Half  drLr.k. 
tntreineU.     Small  and  dainty  db.be*  »«l  Ut» 

principal  onen  at  table. 
EiUre  uomi.     Iktwt<  n  ourM-Ir«. 
Entrepi'.t.     A  warihou"^-  ttr  tu^^iXttA. 
En  verite.     In  trulh  ;  vi nly. 
Enroye.     An  envoy  or  me%H  necr, 
Equitoque.    Of  double  UK-anin;:. 
E-<ijrit  de  corpi.     Tl.r  r.ntn.ttrj  .;::■ 

body,  as  ■  I  the  :.-; 
Exprlt  den  oi».     *- 

Enprit/ort.    A  fr-  sa 

P^atM  geueraur.    II     ^; 
Etat-major.     A  specific  u 

to  the  same  c«ri>s. 
Etonrderie.     Improdrn*-' 
Erigrtint.     Exaclinc ;  r- 
Ej-intmr.    An  txiMr^ition  ,  . 
ExplicUe.    Kx]ilicilly, 


Farheur.    Ontofhnmor;  nd. 

Eu;on.     Manner  ;  Mvtc. 

Fa^on  de  purler.    Manner  of  iprakln^ 

Faineant.     Idle. 

Faire  rnon  deroir.    To  d 

Fai''e  nann  dire.    To  iwi 

Fait  accompli.    A  tliln;;  .. 

Fantenil.     An  ox'-y  cliatr. 

Faux  pas.    A  fabe  ^tcp;  a  mUlake. 

Femme  courerte.    A  manlwl  wmnan. 

Femme  de  chamhre,    A  rh.iinl<T-iiialJ. 

Femme  de  charge.    A  hmi.M'-krf  (.«»■- 

Femme  xole.     A  woman  nnmiimcJ. 

Ffcme  ornre.     A  d<T"ra»cd  farm. 

F'te  champ'Are.    A  ruril  festival. 

Feu  dejoie.    A  firing  of  guns  m  token  of  joy ;  &  : 

fire. 
Feuilleton.    A  small  leaf;  •%  snpplrmcBt  tn  a  i 

paper  devoted  to  licht  cnt.-riainlnp  MLSti*>r 
Fille  de  chamhre.    .K  chaintN-ntiai't 
Fille  de  jnie.     A  woman  uf  licmllon*  j     . 
Fluj:  de'boHA'he.     A  flow  of  words;  ya  ■ 
Foil.     A  fool. 

Friponnerie.     RoCTierr  or  rocnlsh  Iri^ 
Froideit  mainA,  chaude  amour.    A  '. 

warm  love. 
Front  d  front.    F.ice  to  (ac<?. 
Faiubre.    Funereal ;  muumfuL 


G. 

Gaiete  d«  ceeitr.    Gayely  of  bf  srl 

danoiu    A  boy  or  a  waiter 

(iarde  du  corpt.     A  Uwly  pninl. 

(f'arde  rounle.    Royal  iniani 

Ourdez.    Take  care  ■  K*  on  yonr  cuanL 

Garde:i  hien.     Take  po«»l  ca-e. 

Gardez  la  fid.     Keep  the  fiilh. 

Gen9  (rarme-f.     Arnu-d  pvdlw. 

Genf^  de  condition.     Ptopte  of  ruk. 

Genu  d'igUxe.     Chnrchmcn. 

Gfn.t  de  gtten'f.     Military  m«n. 

Gen.^  de  loi-".     I-iwvf  r». 

Gen*  de  mf/nefamtlU-    Birti?  of  i  fritbcr. 

Genit  de  /H'li      Meaner  !^rt  of  pcopl*. 

Gentilhomme.     .K  ci'ntlem.An 

Goutte  a  gontte,     D^op  hr  drop. 

GouterfUtHte.    A  covernc». 

GrAce  a  DIeu.    Th.-»nk»  to  God. 

Grande  pnrnre.    Full  dresa.  ...  »„. 

Grosie  (tie  et  pen  de  *4nf.     A  larpe  btmd  »ith  UUM 

sense. 
Guerre  d  mort.     War  till  death. 
Guerre  d  CQUtt\:nc4.    War  to  tlie  ull*nxK»L 


/labile.    Skillful :  aWe- 
Iltrdiesxe.    K-.ldnesA. 

fjanteur.     ll.-iuchtin***.  

Haul  gout,     lladi  flavor:  fine  nr  drcwt  t»ft#- 
ihmme  de  rof-e.     A  man  in  <-'.ti1  ot^..-*. 
I/omme  des  .x.-fai'V.*.     A  bu^in.  k  ic-it  zaS  a  !&--'» 
ffomme  ./V^;>riV.    A  man  of  talent  or  of  wit. 
Ifmtmed'etaL    A  stat^man.  v    .,  i 

I/oni  soit  qui  fncl  y  ;v««     ^»linw  ^•^  ^'"  *-^^  «'  -^ 

thinks.  ^        ,        ....      .    -., 

/Tors  de  combat    Ont  of  conMion  l"  urtt 
f/ors  de  la  tm.    In  the  comlltk^n  of  an  .^:i  »» 
/fort  de  Aiiwft.    Oat  of  season. 


J 


137 


LKS 


PROVERBS,  PHRASES,  ETC.,  FROM  THE  FRENCH. 


SAN 


mtel  df,  ville.     A  town  lir.ll. 

JlJd  des  liivaUdes.    The  military  hospital  in  Paris. 
JfjU'l  dieu.    Tiio  naiiio  of  a  lur^e  hospital  in  Paris. 
llottl  garni.    Furnished  lodgings. 


//  n  l&  fJiahle  mi  corp^.    The  devil  is  in  him. 

//  a  Is  vi)i  muuoiiis.  He  is  quarrelsome  when  in  his 
cups. 

Jf  cnuiu'e  d  qui  attend.     Traitinc  is  tedious. 

77  iitat  de  Vargcnt.     Money  is  waotiug. 

IfUcite.     Unlawful. 

11  n'a  ni  boiiche,  ni  epei'ou.  IIo  has  neither  month 
nor  spur  ;  neither  wit  nor  couriice. 

11  n'a  put  inverite  la  potidre.  lie  wa?  not  the  in- 
ventor of  gunpowder;  be  is  no  conjurer. 

11  )ie  faut  jamais  difier  uiifou.  One  must  never  bid 
di'Qance  to  a  f<>oI. 

1/  n'est  sauce  que  irappctit.  Hunger  is  the  best  sauce. 

U  sent  le  fagot.     IIo  smells  of  the  fatjot. 

Innanciance.     Inilitfi.'r("nre ;  caielesanuss. 

liitritjuant.    An  intriguiuij  fellow. 


iPai  bonne  cause.     I  hr.ve  n  gnnd  cause. 

J'lilounie.     Jealousy;  a  Yunetiau  window-blind. 

Jamais  an-icre.     Never  behind. 

Jardliides  i)laiites.  The  famous  botanical  garden  in 
Paris. 

Je  maintiendraile  droit     I  will  maintain  the  right. 

Je  n6  cherche  qiCun.     I  seek  but  one. 

Je  }>e  NitiM  i/uoi.     I  know  not  what. 

Jf  ii'oiddierai  jamais.     I  will  never  forget. 

Je  S'lis  prH.     t  am  ready. 

Jet  d'eaii.    A  jet  of  water. 

Jea  de  7not<.     A  play  on  words;  a  pun. 

JfU  d'e^fp'^it.     A  witticism. 

Jeit  de  thcrifre.     Stage-trick  ;  clap-trap  ;  attitude. 

Je  ris  en  espoir,     1  live  iu  ho£)u. 

Jftli.     Pretty. 

Ju(je  de  paix.    Justice  of  the  peace. 

Jusie  ■milieiL  The  golden  mean.  In  French  poli- 
tics^ a  party  holding  a  middle  point  between  the 
oltt  monarchical  and  recent  rei)ul)iican  principles. 

«7'y  suis  jjour  jnon  coat.     1  paid  dear  for  it. 


La  henute  san.'s  ferfii  ett  une.  fefir  gan.t  parfum. 
Beauty  without  virtue  i.s  liku  a  Ilnwcr  without  fra- 
grance. 

Ldche.     Lax. 

L'liffaire  s'lichemine.     The  business  is  progressing. 

La  fortune  passe  partout.  Fortune  passes  every- 
where. 

Z(^  Id.     So,  so;  indifferently. 

L'avenir.     Tlie  future. 

L'lisKez  faire.     Let  alone;  to  neglect;  to  permit. 

Laisxe::  )inii'i  faire.     Let  us  act  for  ourselves. 

La  mfdiidie  saiis  maladie.     Hypoehondriacisui. 

/.(/  jjatienre  est  ani^re,  tnnis  son  fruit  est  doux.  Pa- 
tience is  bitter,  but  its  fruit  is  sweet. 

L'argeni.    Money. 

La  rerta  est  la' seule  noblesse.  Virtue  is  the  only 
nobility. 

ZVfHt  eii  vieni  d  la  bowhc.  That  ni.akcs  one's  mouth 
water. 

Le  fienu  monde.    The  fa.-^hionahle  vojjd. 

Le  ban  temps  eiendra.     Tlie  giiinl  time  will  come. 

Lcs  hras  croinef.     With  hands  folded. 

Le  coiU  en  6te  le  gout.  The  cost  takca  away  the  taste. 

Le  diable  boiteux.  Tho  lame  devil,  or  the  devil  on 
two  sticks. 

Lcgerite.     Lishtnos'^;  Icvily. 

Le  grand  monaraue.  Tho  great  monarch,  i.  c. 
Louis  XIV. 

Le  grand  ceuvre.  The  great  work  ;  the  philosopher's 
stone. 

Lejeu.  iVeJi  vnni  pas  la  chandelle.  The  object  is  not 
worth  the  trouble. 

L.e  monde  est  le  livre  des  fL')nmes.  Tho  world  is 
woman's  b(iok. 

Le  mot  d'enigme.    The  key  of  the  viystory. 

L'empire  den  lettres.    Tho  republic  of  letters. 

Le  pas.     Pi-ccedence  in  place  or  rank. 

Le  point  de }onr.     Day-break. 

Le  roi  ei  Fetat.    Kine  and  State. 

Le  roi  le  veut    The  king  wills  it. 

Les  affaires  font  les  liommrs.     Business  makes  men. 

L.e  sa  voir  /aire.  The  knowledge  liow  to  act;  ad- 
diess. 

Ze  savoir  vivre.  Acquaintance  with  life  and  man- 
ners. 

Les  doux  yenx.     Soft  glances. 

Les  extremes  se  touchent.    Extremes  meet. 

Zc5  larmes  <nix  yeux.    Tears  in  one's  eyes. 

Les  inuraiUe^  ont  des  oreillea.     Walls  have  ears. 

Lcse  maje^te.     High  treason. 

1376 


Vetoile  du  Nord,  The  star  of  the  North.  [Motto  of 
Minnesota.] 

Le  tout  ensemble.    All  together. 

Lettre  de  cachet.    A  sealed  letter;  a  royal  warrant. 

Lettrc  de  creance.     Letter  of  credit. 

Lettre  de  marque.    A  letter  of  marqno  or  of  reprisal. 

Vhomme  propose  tt  Dieu.  dispose.  Man  proposes, 
and  God  disposes. 

Liaisons  dangereiises.  Dangerous  aUiances  or  con- 
nections. 

Litterateur.    A  literary  man. 

Locale.    A  place  or  station. 

Lorgnette.     An  opera-glass. 

Loyal  devoir.     Loyal  duty. 

Loyal  en  tout.     Loyal  in  everything. 

Loifiiute  m'ohligp.     I.,oyalty  binds  mc. 

Loijautc  jt'ti  hojite.    Loyalty  has  no  shame. 


Ma  cliere.     My  dear. 

Mademoiselle.     A  young  lady, 

Mafois.    Upon  my  faith. 

Jlaigre.    Fish-diet;  fasting. 

Maintien  le  droit.    Maintain  the  right. 

Maison  de  campagne.     A  country-seat. 

Maison  de  saiite.     Private  hospital. 

Mitlson  de  mile.    Tho  town-house. 

.Ua'dre  d'hutel.     A  ho  use -steward. 

.Ualade.    Sick. 

Maliulle  du  pays.     Ilorac-sicknoss. 

Jfidifdroit.     Awkward ;  unskillful. 

Jfal  a  propos.     Ill-timed. 

Mai  entendre.    An  error;  mistake.    " 

Jlaigre  noun.     In  spito  of  us. 

Mtdgre  sol.     In  spite  of  himself. 

Malheur  ne  vient  jamais  seul.  Misfortunes  seldom 
come  alone. 

Miinege.     Horsemanship;  a  riding-school. 

Marseillaise.  A  famous  national  hymn  of  the  French 
Revolution. 

Maucais  gout.     Bad  taste. 

Miinvais  honte.     False  modesty. 

Miiurais  ."iujei.     A  bad  subject;  a  worthless  fellow, 

Medeciii  e;rpectaiU.    Trusting  to  time  foi-  the  remedy, 

Medecin^  gueris-toi  toi-mane.  Physician  cure  thy- 
self, 

Mediocre.     Moderate,  indifferent 

Mtlange.     A  medley. 

Melee.     A  riot  or  figlit. 

Mesalliance.  Iiniiropcr  association  ;  marriage  with 
one  of  hiwer  station. 

Mise  en  scene.  The  getting  up,  or  puttiug  in  pre- 
paration, for  the  theatiical  stage. 

Man  ami.     My  friend. 

Modiste.     A  f;ishionable  milliner. 

Mon  clter.     My  dear. 

Morfde.  The  qualities  of  mind,  as  opposed  to  physi- 
cal qualities. 

Morceau.     A  morsel. 

.)fot  du  giiet.     A  watch-word, 

.\Lits  d'usage.     Words  in  common  use. 

Muct  cumme  un  poisson.     Mute  as  a  fish. 


]sr. 


Xaissanre.     Birth. 

ya'it:>e.    Showing  unaffected  simplicity;  ingenuons. 

Xa'ivete.     Inirenuousness. 

Nee.     Born  ;  as,  Madame  Rumpf,  nee  (that  is,  whose 

maiden  name  was)  Neckar. 
Neglige.    A  morning  dress. 
.Viaserie.    Foolishness. 

M  Pnu  ni  Pautre.    Neither  the  one  nor  tho  other. 
Nimporte.     It  matters  not. 
Nom  de  guerre.     A  war  name ;  a  traveling  title. 
Xom  de  plume.     A  literary  title. 
Nonrhala  n  ce.     Carelessness ;  indi  fferenco. 
NoncJudant.    Careless ;  indifferent. 
Notre  Dame.     Our  lady;  the  famous  cathedral   in 

Paris. 
N^iublies  pas.     Don't  forget. 
Nous  verrong.     We  shall  see. 
Nul  bi&n,  satis  peine.    No  pains,  no  gains. 


O. 

(Eil  de  bmuf.    A  bull's  eye. 

On  commence  par  etre  dupe ;  on  Jtnit  par  Hre 
fripon.  TIr-v  begin  by  being  fools,  aud  end  in  be- 
coming knaves. 

On  connait  rami  au  btsoin.  A  friend  is  known  in 
time  of  need. 

Oti  dit.     A  flying  rumor. 

Oni  dire.     Hearsay. 

Ontrc.     Ont  of  the  usual  limits;  extravagant 

Oublierje  nepuis.    I  can  never  forgot 

Ouvert.     Open. 

Ouvriers.    Operatives;  workmen. 


P. 

Papier  maclie.  A  substance  made  of  paper  reduced 
to  a  pulp. 

Par  acces.    By  snatches  or  starts. 

Par  accident-     By  chance. 

Par  accord.    By  agreement 

Par  exemple.     For  example. 

L*ar  exceUence.     By  way  of  eminence. 

L\ir  precaution.    By  way  of  jirecaulion. 

l*ar  signe  de  mepris.     As  a  token  of  contempt. 

Partout.     Everywhere. 

Parvenu.    A  new  comer;  an  upstart. 

Pas  d  pas  on  va  bien  loin.  Step  by  step  one  goes  a 
long  way. 

Passe  partout.     A  master-key. 

Patience  passe  science.  Patience  exceeds  knowl- 
edge. 

Patois.     A  corrupt  or  provincial  dialect. 

Pare.     Pavement. 

Peine  forte  et  dure.     Strong  and  severe  pain. 

Penchant.     Inclination;  propensity;  dcairo. 

Perdu.    Lost 

Pere  de  famille.    The  father  of  a  family. 

Petit    Small. 

Petit  maitre.     A  fop. 

Peii-d-peu.    A  little  by  little;  by  degrees. 

Pill  de.  chose.     A  trifle. 

P. 7/  de  bien,pCH  de  soin.     Little  wealth,  little  care. 

Pen  de  gens  savent  ctre  vieux.  Few  persons  know 
how  to  be  old. 

Pied  d  terre.     A  temporary  lodging. 

Plein  pouvoir.     Full  grown. 

Plus  on  est  defous^  plus  on  int.  The  more  fools  the 
more  fun. 

Plus  sages  que  les  sage^^t.     More  wise  than  the  wise. 

Point  d'tippjui.     Point  of  support;  prop. 

Poj'te  crayon.     A  pencil-case. 

Portt-monnaie.     A  flat  money-purse. 

Poste  restante.  To  remain  until  called  for.  (Ap- 
fdied  to  letters  in  the  post-ofTice.) 

Pour  comble  de  bonheur.    As  the  height  of  happiness. 

Pour  faire  rire.    To  excite  laughter. 

Pour  faire  visite.     To  pay  a  visit. 

Pour  passer  le  temps.     To  pass  away  the  time. 

Pour  prendre  conge.     To  take  leave. 

Pour  y  parvenir.    To  accomplish  the  object 

Pn't  d\tccoinplir.     Keady  to  accomitlish. 

Pri-t  pour  mon  pays.     Ready  for  my  country. 

Preux  chevalier.     A  brave  knight 

Pro-es  verbal.     A  written  statement. 

Projet.     A  jilan  or  project. 

Projei  de  lot.    A  legislative  bill. 

P/oprittaire.    A  proprietor. 

Protege.     One  protected  or  patronized  by  another. 


Q 

Quand  onvoitla  cliose  on  la  croit.  Seeing  is  be- 
lieving. 

Qnelqne  cJiose.     A  trifle. 

Qui  tiiine  hien,bien  ckuiie.  He  loves  well  who  chas- 
tises well. 

Qui  donne  tat  donne  deux  foix.  He  who  gives 
jtromptly  gives  twice  as  much. 

Qui  nVaime^  aime  ^non  chien.  Love  me,  love  my 
dog 

Qui  n''a  smite  n''a  rien.  He  that  wants  health  wants 
every  thine:. 

Qui  pense?     Who  thinks? 

Qui  va  la  ?    Who  goes  there? 

Qui  Vive?  Who  goes  there  ?  on  the  qui  vive,  on  tho 
alert 


Jiabat.    Reduction  of  price. 

Poison  d^etat.     A  reason  of  state. 

Paisonne,     Rational ;  arraniied  in  regular  system. 

Rapport.     Returns;  relation;  account. 

Rtivissement.     Ravishment. 

Recherche.  Nice  to  au  extreme;  uncommon  and  de- 
sirable. 

Reconnoissnnce.     Acknowledgment ;  survey. 

Reculer  pour  mieux  sauter.  "To  go  back  in  order  to 
get  a  better  leap. 

Rtgirne.    Mode  of  living;  government;  system. 

Ren contre.    Encou nter. 

Pendezrous.  Appointment  to  meet;  place  of  meeting. 

Ri pond  re  en  Normand.     To  give  an  evasive  answer. 

Restaurant.     An  eating-house. 

Restaurateur.     Keeper  of  an  eating-house. 

Resume.    An  abstract  or  summary. 

Revenoiis  d  nos  moutons.  Let  us  return  to  our  sub- 
ject 

Rien  n^est  beaii  que  levrai.  Nothing  is  beautiful  but 
the  truth. 

Rire  cntre  cuir  ei  chair.    To  laugh  in  one's  sleeve. 

Pohe  de  chambre.  A  dressing-%own  or  morning- 
gown. 

Role.     Character  in  a  drama. 

Ri'de  d''€qvipage.     A  list  of  the  crew. 

Roue^    A  dissipated  fellow ;  a  rowdy. 


( 


CHI 


PROVERBS,  PHRASES,  ETC.,  FROM  THE  ITALI.VN  A.ND  Sl'ANISIL  INT 


Rotige,     Ke»J  color. 

Jiiise.    Stnilaiiem  ;  trick. 

Rnjie  contre  ittse.     Dtiimoncl  cut  diamond ;  trick  for 

trick. 
Rttse  de  ffiurrA    A  stratagem  of  war. 


S. 

Salon.    A  saToon. 

S'ttmttser  (i  la  /noiittirde.    To  stand  on  trifles. 

Stin^  C4fremonie.     Witlnmt  cert-mony. 

Sin(//roiii.     ludiffiTtnce ;  aj»;ithy. 

Sins  chancer.     Witlunit  cban^inL'. 

Sittis  compliinens.     Without  compliments. 

Sittut  cHlottes.     Kairsed  men ;  tbe  lower  classes. 

Sanji  DUu,  rien.     Nntbing  without  God. 

Stns  (loiite,     "Without  doubt. 

S<ins/Ui'on.     Witlumt  form  or  trouble. 

Sitn^ pifeil.     Witiioiit  C(]nnl. 

&tns peine.     Without  dittioulty. 

&i'i^  p^ttr  et  stilts  reproche.  NVitbout  fear  and  with- 
out reproach. 

Saiut  rime  et  san8  raUoti,  Without  rhyme  or  rea- 
son. 

Sans  souci.    Without  care ;  free  and  easy. 

Sttns  tdcki.    Stiiinless. 

Sauce  qui  peitt.     Save  himself  who  can. 

Savant.     A  man  of  learning. 

Satoir /aire.     Ability  ;  contrivance  or  skill. 

Saroif  vitre.    Good  breedins;  refined  manners. 

Selon  l^s  regies.     Accordins  to  rule. 

Stje  puis.     If  r  can. 

Sobriqa4>t.    A  nickname. 

Sn-flvtant.    SeIf-^tylod. 

Soiree.    Evening,  or  an  evening  party. 

Solitaire,    A  reduce. 


Songes  sont  metisonges.    Dreams  arc  lies. 

Sorbonne.    A  famous  colloire  in  France. 

Soittfler  le  ekaitd  et  lefroifi.    To  blow  hot  and  cold. 

Sotis  torn  lea  rapportn.     In  all  resnects. 

Souvenir.    A  memento  or  keep-Bake. 

Snyezferme.     He  lirtn. 

Surveillance.     Supervision;  inspection;  oversight. 


T. 

Tahle  d'hote.     A  common  table  for  (racsts. 

Tableau.  A  picture-like  repre.si;ntation,  or  still  pan- 
tomime. 

Tdcke  sans  tdche.     A  work  without  a  stain. 

T<int  mieux.     So  much  the  better. 

Taiit  pis.    So  much  the  worse. 

Tinit  soi  peu.    Never  so  little. 

Tel  f.sY  iiutre  plaisir.     Such  is  our  pleasure. 

Tt!  mtiitre,  id  valet.     Like  master,  like  man. 

T.te  a  tt-te.     Head  to  head;  in  close  cunversailon. 

T/eus  d  la  verite.     Maintain  the  trutii. 

Tiens  tafoi.     Keep  thy  faith. 

Tiem  Hat.  Third  estate;  middling  or  lower  classes 
in  France. 

Toujours  prSt.     Always  ready. 

Tour  (FexpressioJi.  An  idiom  or  peculiar  mode  of 
expression. 

Toat-d-fait.     Entirely ;  wholly. 

ToiU-d-rheure.     I^^ta^tiy. 

To}it  an  fontraire.     On  tlie  contrary. 

Tout  a  vofcs.     Wholly  yours. 

ToiU  hien  on  rie7i.    The  whole  or  nothing. 

Tout  cnart.     Very  short. 

T"/t  ife  rahne.     Precisely  the  same. 

Tout  de  9uitc.     Iiiituediately. 

Toai  en^s^mbU.    The  whole  taken  together. 


Tout  est pris.    AU  Is  takcD;  evcrj  i 

pied. 
Tout  U  TTumde  est  taye  apres  coup. 

wise  after  the  event. 
Tout  lui  rit.    All  ypM:»  well  with  Uio. 
Trotloir.    Sidewalk. 


U. 

Un^  affaire  flamf tee.    A  i- 
C'n  ffUn/aiC  n'e^t  Jamais 

lost. 
i'ne  fois  rCejA  pas  c&uiunu.    Ooe  Kt  4ot»  mat 

a  habit 
i'a  eot  a  trij/te  ctage.    An  -r-  -        '  '     L '    :, ' 


V. 

Valet  fie  e^ambrg.    An  aUeoiUnt ;  &  ftw^*nf 
Vnu^leHUe.    A  balUd 
V^ritf  KUTiM  peur.    Truth  without  le>r. 
Vldeites.    Scntlni.-U  on  horwbark. 

Vigueur  (le  t/essu^.     -'■  >  •■     ' .-*. 

Fis  d  cis.    Opi»<islt 

Fire  hi  bagatrlle  .' 

VireUroi!     Lont*  ;■   ■   •   -  *  -'. 

Vinut.    A  shout  of  *•  L-jntr  lire. ' 

Voihl     Behold;  tht^re  la,  or  there  ktc 

VoiU  tout.    That  *s  alL 

Voild  uju  autre  chose.    ThAt't  qoite  • 

ter. 
Voir  le  deswts  d<s  rartes.    To  l>«  (a  i:.,   . 
Voitiyenr.     .\  H;^ljl-hbrb(;niaa, 
VouM  1/  perdrea  com  /yi*.     V«»u  will  la>e  joar  U 
Vrai^eml/liince,    FrubabUity, 


PROVERBS  AND  PHRASES  FROM  THE  ITALIAN  AND  SPANISH. 


A  coder  Tdchi  iroppo  alto  sale  [It.]     WTio  climbs 

too  hizh.  gnes  to  fait. 
A  caJu*d  perfta,  parole  aAsai  [It]     When  the  cause 

is  lost,  there  is  enough  of  word?'. 
Acs'-tit  erran/lo  [Sp.]    He  blunders  into  the  right. 
Ad  ogni  uccello.,  sua  nido  e  hello  [It.]     With  every 

binl  its  own  nest  is  charming. 
Armada  [SpJ     A  fleet. 
Albino  [Sp.J     A  whit*'  negro. 
Alfresco  [It-]     In  fresco  ;'  cool. 
Alpiu  [It.]     At  most. 
AU  aVia  [It.]     At  daybreak. 
Alia  breve  \\i\.     Quick. 
Alia  pezza  [It.]     Piece  by  piece. 
AU^t  Polacfo  fit]     In  the  Polish  mode. 
AlUgro^\.'\     Sprightly;  cheerful. 
Alto  rehtro  [It]     In  hish  relief. 
Amoroso  [It]     A  lover ;  tendc-rly. 

j  ^m;;^!,i,««o  }['«.]  In  equal  or  jast  time. 

Auto  dafi  [Sp.]  An  act  of  faith  ;  the  name  given  in 
Spain  and  Portngal  to  the  burning  of  Jews  and 
heretics. 

Avinndo  pregonndo  vino,  ^endere  vinagre  [Sp.] 
Aft*-r  having  prai.sed  their  wine,  they  sell  us  vinegar. 

A  tostra  saluU  [It.]    To  your  health. 

B. 

Bettafemlna  eke  ride,  vuol  dir,  bona  che  piange 
[IL]  The  smiles  of  a  pretty  woman  are  the  tears 
of  the  purse. 

Bene  [Affito  [IL]     At  pleasure. 

Ben  Irornlo  [It.]    Well  found— an  ingenious  solution. 

Ben  cieneJi.  n  cienen  nolo  [Sp.]  Welcome,  if  thou 
come.st  alone ; — spolcen  of  misfortune. 

Braro.'  [It]    Well  done  I 


Camlio  non  ifurto  [It.]    Exchange  is  no  robbery 

Cunttitru-e  [It]     A  female  singer. 

C'tnzfine  [It]     A  .song. 

Carbonari  [It]  Members  of  a  secret  political  society 
in  Italy. 

Che  eirft,  aard  [It.]    Whatever  will  be,  will  be. 

CAiaroKuro  [It]  Distribution  of  light  and  shade  m 
painting. 

Chi  da  presto  riuldoppia  it  dono  [It]  He  that  gives 
quickly  doubles  the  gift. 

Chi  riAptynrle  prexlo,  eapoco  [It.]  Who  answers  sud- 
denly, knows  little. 

CId  ntm  t'arrUchla,  non  guadagna  [It.]  Nothing 
venture,  nothing  have. 


173 


C!ii  non  sn  niente,  non  duhita  de  niente  [It]  Ho  1 
who  knows  nothing,  doubts  of  nothing. 

Clti  face  confe/isa  [It]    Silence  is  confession. 

Cv'eroiie  [li}     A  guide  who  explains  curio.sities. 

Cirisheo  \\i.\     A  male  attendant  on  a  married  lady. 

Cognoscente  [It  ]     .V  connoisseur. 

Conamore  [It,]     Witli  love;  earnestly. 

Co7l  dlUgema  [It.]^  With  diligence. 

Con  dolore  [It]     Witli  grief 

Conto  spesso  e  nmi>-iziii  hinga  [It]  Short  reckon- 
ings make  h»ng  friendships. 

Contra  fortuna  no  rude  arte  ninguna  [Sp.]  There 
is  no  fence  against  fortune. 

Conrersiizioni  [It]  Conversation ;  a  moetmg  fur 
conversation. 

Com  benfiittii,  e/attn  due  volte  [It.]  A  thing  well 
done  is  twice  done.  ,    .     ,        . 

Com/aUa  capo  ha  [It]  A  thing  which  is  done  has 
a  head. 

D. 

Del  credere  [It.]     A  guaranty  given  by  factors  hind. 

in-  them  to  warrant  the  solvency  of  the  purcha.sers 

of  goods  which  they  sell  on  credit    This  is  done  for 

a  preuiiuni. 
Del  segno  [It.]     Repeat  from  the  sign. 
Di  gfudo  [It]    A  movement  by  joint  intervals. 
Dilettayite  [It.]     A  lover  of  the  fine  arts.  ,    ., 

Di  il  vero  e  effronterai  il  diavolo  [It]    tpcak  tnc 

truth  and  shame  the  devil. 
Di  I'oto  [It]    Devotedly. 

Dolce  [It]     In  music,  soft  and  agreeable.  .     _ 

Dolce  cose  a  vedere.  e  dol  i  ingimni  [It.]     Thrngs 

sweet   to   see.    and  sweet  deceptions— applied  to 

specious  but  deceitful  appearances. 
Dolce  far  niente  [It]    Sweet  doing  nothing;  sweet 

idleness. 
Do/cemente  [It]    Softly. 
Doloroso  [It]    Soft  and  pathetic. 
Domino  [It]     .V  silk  masl;  robe. 
Z)o»[ltl     A  man  of  rank. 

Donmint.']     A  latly  ofhighrank.  ,      , 

Due  teKte  ragliano  piu  che  tma  tola  [It]  Two  heads 

are  better  than  one. 

E. 

Ecativo  venlo  cht  non  e  huono  per  qualfiumo  [It] 

•T  is  an  ill  wind  that  blows  nobody  SW"''-.  „,„ .  „,„ 

El  corazon  ,nand,t  las  carnes  [^p.]     1  he  he«rt  bears 

EmegHo  caHer  dalle finestrt  che  dal  tettn  [It.]  It  is 
better  to  fall  from  a  window  than  the  root 


E  meglio  Uirdi  che  mni  [It]    B4>tt«r  N. 
Escritura,buenamemoria  [Sp.]     Wr  . 

meimiry. 
ExtraraganzaWX-l    A  wild  mod  ioeohcrcal  c- 

composilioD. 

p. 

FaUetto  [It]    A  Tolce  ar 

pilch. 
Fanltitia  [IL]    A  tinta.-: 
Fantoccini  [It]  DnmaUc  r<;  -. 

pct.- 
Far  niente  [It]    Doiog  nothln.- 
Fata  morganit  [It.]     Atmo-pln 

the  co.a..t  of  Sieilv. 
Finale  [It]    The  conclusion. 


Giorint  Italia  [It]    Tonne  Itilr. 

Giotine  Santo,  Diacolo  rtetiio  [IL]    A  naax  ••!»». 

an  olil  devil. 
an  asMenti  luinno  torto  [It]    Tb«  tbKst  tn  .-  :  . 

wrong. 
ffiiM/o  [It]    Injustandstfidy  tlm«- 
Guerra  al  ciirMllo  [if\    ^"  ^  "■*  kalfc. 
Giuto  [It]    Tast«. 

H. 

rra'ilen  carl/lit.  y  eaUei  '  !-»<  wrtUaji 

speak  and  l>eards.  that  .est 

//<))<f  e  wmp'*  [It]     It  ;•  ■ 
Hurtar  para  dar  por  Diti'i  ^^i^.    T.  i 
to  give  to  God. 


77  sahio  miida  cf^r 

man  sometimes  - 
//  rollo  sciolto.  i  , 

nance  op^'n.  but  i 
In\broglio  [Itl^^Wso';'^ ' 
Jmprc 
Imprt 

Inl>ilnro[U.]     — 

Incognito  fit]    In  distiii.w  :  nnklwwB. 

In  n'/tto  rill     Within  the  bPMst :  In  rr«eTT», 

Intaglio\\A    A  pr»cioas  m<l«wllhe5o««.afT»T»d 

on  it 
InUrmttso  [It]     Interlndf. 


i7iAroi7/i.>  [It]    Disont- 
mprorittatO'-^  [It.]     .Vn 
i)iBrori><//'*iVtf  [It]     .Vn  ....,-■■     , .-  i^ 
n  himco  [It.]     Bl.int. 


1377 


COM 


J. 

Joco  (11  manojoco  villano  [It.]    Practical  jokes  be- 

Innil  onlv  ti>  the  low. 
Jiuita  [rip"]    A  party;  a  state  council  iu  Spain. 


La  fame  non  mwl  leggi  [It.]    Hunger  obeys  no  laws. 
La  g&nU  pone,  y  Diua  dispono  [Sp.]     Men  purpose, 

but  Uod  (liith  aispose. 
L(i(/un<i  [It.]     A  moor;  a  fen. 
La  menttra  tien&  las pienias  cartas  [Sp.]    A  lie  has 

short  Iei;s. 
La  poverty  e  la  madrf  di  tuite  U  aril  [It.]    Poverty 

is  tho  mother  of  all  arts. 
La  speranza  e  U  pan  de  niiseri  [It.]    Hope  is  the 

poor  man's  breail. 
Las  riquezas  son  hagajesde  lafortaiia  [It.]    Riches 

are  the  baiTLjatiti  of  Fortune. 
Lauda  la  miiglle  e  tienti  dnmello  [It]     Commend  a 

wife,  but  remain  a  bachelor. 
L<nziit-oni  [It.]    Street  beggars  in  Italy. 
Lihrftto  [It.]     A  little  book  or  pamphlet. 
Loco.<i  ij  ni  lOfi  dlzeii  la  verdad  [Sp.]    Children  and 

foois  speak  truth. 


M. 

Madonna  [It.]    The  Virgin  Mary,or  a  picture  of  her. 
Magqior'  fi-etia  minor  atto  [It.]    The  more  haste 

tlie  worse  speed. 
Mits  vale  saber  que  haber  [Sp.]    Better  be  wise 

than  rich. 
Ma/i  viile  ser  necio  qxiQ  poraiado  [Sp.]    Better  be  a 

foul  than  obstinate. 
J/'/s  vale  tarda  que  nunca  [Sp.]     Better  lato  than 

never. 
Mezzo  [It.]    Mirklle. 
Meszo  tinto  [It.]     A  kind  of  enirravin*. 
Ml  date  creta  per  casio  [It]     You  give  me  chalk  for 

cheese. 
Mucho  en  el  sueln,  poco  en  el  Cielo  [Sp.]     Much  on 

earth,  little  in  Heaven. 


27'atura  lo/ece,  epoi  rr/ppe  la  fttampa  [It]     Nature 

made  him  and  then  broke  the  mold. 
No  ay  cerradwa  xi  et  de  oro  la  ganzua   [Sp.] 

There  is  no  lock  but  a  golden  key  will  open  it. 


MOTTOES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES, 

Xo  ea  todo  oro  lo  que  reluze  [Sp.]    All  is  not  gold 

that  glitters. 
Non  far  ma  medico  tuo  herede  [It.]    Never  make 

your  physician  your  hyir. 
Non  mi  rerordo  [It.]     I  don't  remember. 
Nnl/a  nuova,  buona  nuova  [It]    The  best  news  is 

no  news. 


Ofrecer  mucho,  especie  es  de  negar  [Sp.]  To  offer 
much  is  a  kind  of  denial. 

Ogni  medalfjla  ha  il  suo  riverso  [It]  Every  medal 
has  its  reverse. 

Ogni  uno  per  si  medesimo,  e  Dlo  por  tutti  [It] 
Every  man  for  himself  and  God  for  us  all. 

Olla  podrida  [Sp.]  An  incongruous  mixture;  a  med- 
ley. 


Padrone  Wi."]    Ruler;  protector. 

Per  cassa  [It]     In  cash. 

Per  troppo  dihatter  la  veritd  si  perde  [It.]    Truth 

is  lost  by  too  much  controversy. 
Pietra  mo-ssa  non  fa  muschio  [It]    A  rolling  stone 

gets  DO  moss. 
Pin  [It]     More. 
Piu  tosto  mendioante  che  ignoraidi  [It.]     Better  be 

a  beggar  than  ignorant. 
Poca  Oarha,  poca  vergiicnza  [Sp.]     Little  beard,  lit- 
tle shame. 
Poca  robha ,  poca  pensiero  [It]    Little  wealth,  little 

care. 
Poco  [It]     A  little. 
Poco  a  poco  [Sp.]     Little  by  little. 
Presto  madttro,  presto  podrido   [Sp.]     Soon  ripe, 

soon  rotten. 
Presto  matnro^  preato  marzo  [It.]     Soon  ripe,  soon 

rotten. 
Prima  donna  [It]    The  principal  female  singer  or 

actress. 
Pronunciamiento  [Sp.]    A  public  declaration. 


Q. 

Questo  venio  no  crihra  la  biada  [It.]    This  wind 

sliakes  no  corn. 
Quien    macho    abraza   poco   aprieta  [Sp.]     "Who 

grasps  mncli,  holds  little. 
Quicn  pregunta^  no  y&rra  [Sp.]    "Who  asks  errs  not 


HOR 


E. 

Rerojc  tu  heno  mientras  que  el  sol  luziere  [Sp.] 

Make  hay  while  thy  sun  shines. 
Reinuda  de  pasturage  haze  bizerros  gordos  [Sp.] 

Change  of  pasture  makes  fat  calves. 
Rio  \j6\).]     lliver. 

S. 

Saggio  fanchiUo  e  chi  cognosce  il  suo  vero  padre 
[It]     He  is  a  wise  child  who  knows  his  own  father. 

Sempre  il  mal  non 'Cien  per  nuocere  [It]  Misfor- 
tune d  I  s  not  always  come  to  injure. 

Se  non  e  vero^  e  ben  trovato  [It.]  If  not  true,  'tis 
well  feigned. 

Sefior  [Sp.]     Lord  ;  sir. 

Siesta  [Sp/|    Sleep  alter  dinner;  repose. 

Signora  [It.]     Lady. 

Soccorso  non  venue  mat  tardi  [It.]  Help  never 
comes  too  late. 

Stavo  bene,  ma,  per  star  meglio,  sdo  qui  [It.]  I  was 
Well,  but  wishing  to  be  better,  I  am  here. 


Tanto  hnon,  che  val  niente  [It.]    So  good  as  to  be 

good  for  nothing. 
Terra  cotta  [It.]    Baked  earth. 
Tomava  la  por  }'osa,  mas  devenia  cardo  [It]     I 

took  her  for  a  rose,  but  she  proved  a  thorn. 
Trop2?o  disputare  la  veritd  fd  errare  [It.]     Too 

much  dispute  puts  truth  to  flight, 

U. 

Uiia  scopa  nuova  spazza  bene  [It]    A  new  broom 

sweeps  clean. 
Una  vrltaforfante,  e  sempre fojf ante  [It.]     Once  a 

knave,  always  a  knave. 
Un  cahello  haze  sombra  [Sp.]    The  least  hair  makes 

a  shadow. 


V. 


'Tis 


Vera  prosperiia  e  -non  haver  mcessita  [It.] 

true  prosperity  to  have  no  adversity. 
Verdad  ef  rerde  [Sp  ]    Truth  is  green. 
Vfftnra  [It.]     A  hackney-coach. 
Vtttnc/)>ii  [It.]     A  hackni'V-coflchman. 
V/rtii  [It]     A  taste  for  curiosities,  or  a  love  for  the 

fine  arts. 
Virtuoso  [It]    One  versed  in  the  curiosities  of  art 


MOTTOES    OF    THE    UNITED    STATES. 


tlNTTFD  States.     E  pluribus  unum.     Chie  composed 

of  m<iny. 
Ai.Aii.\MA.    {No  motto.) 
Ark.\xsas.     Keirni.nt  populi.     The  X)eopjl6  rule,  or 

gore'^nnient  by  the  people. 
California.     Eureka.    Ihavefonnd  it. 
Cauomna,  N.    {No  motto.) 
Cauomna,  S.    Animis  opibusqne  parati.    Ever  ready 

with  our  live.-i  and  p-ope-tt/. 
CoNN'KOTicnT.     Qui    transtulit,    Bustinet     He   who 

tntnuplanted  utill  siistains. 
Df.lawai'.e.    Liberty  and  Independence. 
Florida.     In  God  is  our  trust. 
Geoucia.     Wisdom,  .lustice,  and  Moderation. 
Illinois.     Slate  Sovereignty  and  National  Union. 
Indiana.    {No  motto.) 


Iowa.    Our  liberties  wo  prize,  and  our  rights  we  will 

maintain. 
Kentuckv.    United  wc  stand,  divided  wo  fall. 
Louisiana.     Union  and  confidence. 
Maine.     Dirigo.     I  direct. 
Massachusetts.     En.se  petit  placid.am   sub  libertate 

quietera.    £y  his  fiword  he  seeks  the  calm  repose  of 

liberty. 
Maryland.    Crescite,  ot  multiplicamini.     Grow.,  or 

increase  and  multiply. 
MmriiOAN.    Si  qna^ris  peninsulam  amoenam,  circum- 

spice.    If  thou  seekest  a  beautiful  peniyisula,  be- 

hold  it  here. 
Minnesota.   L'etnile  du  Nord.    The  star  of  the  North. 
Mis,souRi.    Sains  popuU  suprema  lex.     The  welfare 

of  the  people  is  the  first  great  law. 


Mrs<;issippi.    {No  motto.) 

New  Hamp9iiii:e     {No  motto.) 

NewJkuskv.     Liberty  and  Independence. 

New  York.     Excelsior.    Jlore  elevated ;  onward. 

Ohio.     {No  motto.) 

Oregon.    Alis  volat  propriis.     lie  flies  with  Ids  oicii 

wings. 
Pennsylvania.    Virtue.  Liberty,  and  Independence. 
Rhode  Island.    In  God  we  hope. 
Tensrsske.     {No  motto.) 
Tr.\as.    {No  motto.) 
Utah.    {No  motto.) 
Vermont.     Freedom  and  Unity. 
Virginia.    Sic  temper  tyrannis.    So  be   it  ever  to 

tyrants. 
Wisconsin.    Forward. 


ABBREVIATIONS    EXPLAINED. 


A. 

A.  or  Ans.    Answer. 

.4.  or  a.  Adjective;  Afternoon;  Acre. 
In  commerce.  Accepted;  To. 

A  l—'-'A  No.  1."    Of  the  first  class. 

A.  A.  P.  S.  American  Association  for 
tlie  Promotion  of  Science. 

A.  A.  S.  Fellow  ofthe  American  Acad- 
emy. 

A.  A.  S.  S.  Member  of  the  American 
Antupiarian  Society. 

A.  B.  {A rtimn  Bacculaureus).  Bache- 
lor of  Art.s. 

A.  B.  0.    Tho  Alphabet. 

1378 


Ahbr.     Abbreviated. 

A.  B.  0.  F.  M.  American  Board  of  Com- 
missioners for  Foreign  Missions. 

Abp.     Archbishop. 

Abr.     Abridiied. 

A.  B,  S.     American  Bible  Society. 
I  -1.  G.  {Ante  Christum).    Before  Christ. 
'  Acct.     Account. 
I  A.  C  A?.  American  Colonization  Society. 

A.  D.  {Anno  Domini),     in  the  year  of 
I      our  Lord. 

Ad.  or  ad\i.    Adverb. 

Adj.     Adjutant. 

Acim.     Admiral. 


Adm.  Co,    Admiralty  Court. 

Adv.    Advocate. 

Admr.     Administrator. 

^.  or  ^t.     Aged. 

A.  F.  B.  S.  American  and  Foreign 
Bible  Society. 

A.  fir.     Firkin  of  ale. 

Agric.     Acricultnre. 

A.  O.  S.  S.  Americnn  Ge05raphic.1l 
and  Statistical  Society, 

A.  n.  M.  S.  American  Uome  Mission- 
ary Society. 

Ala.     Alabama. 

Aid.    Alderman. 


Al/.     Alfred. 

Alt.     Altitude. 

A.  M.  {Artinni  MagiMer).     Master  of 

Arts     {Avte  Meridiem),  Before  noon. 

{Anno  Mundi)y  In  the  year  of  the 

world. 
Am.     American. 
Anit.     Amoiuit. 
An.  {Amio).     In  the  year. 
Ana.     In  medicine,  in  like  quantity. 
Anat.     Anatomy. 
Anon.     Anonymous. 
Ans.     Answer. 
Antiq.    Antiquities. 


CHE 


ABBREVIATIONS  EXPLAINED. 


K  V 


A.  O.  S.  S.    Meinlier  of  the  American 

Oriental  Society. 
Apf.    April. 
Ap,    Apustle. 
AiiOC.    ApiH*iilypse. 
A.  S.    (_An)io  htijiii).  Tear  of  the  reign. 
Ar,    Arabic. 
JrcA.    Architecture. 
Arith,    Arithmetic 
Ark.     Arkansas. 
At^m.    Armenian;  Armoric 
Arr.     Arrived. 
^.  .S  .S  .^.    Fellowof  the  Kof  al  Society 

of  Antiquaries. 
A.  S.    .\n^lo-Saxon. 
-1.  &  &  C    American   Sunday  School 

Union. 
Aittrol.    Astrology. 
Astron,    Astronomy. 
A.  T.  S.     American  "Tract  Society. 
Att.  or  AUt/.     Attorney. 
AUi/.  G>  71.    Attorney  General. 
A.  F.  C.    (Anno  Uriis  CondiUr),  In  the 

;fear  from  the  boildiog  of  the  city, 

i.  e.  Rome. 
Aug.     .\ugust. 
.'1  tuii.     Austria 
Ac.    Average. 


B.    Base  or  B.•ls^  in  mtt^ic  ;  h.  born. 

R  A.  Bachelor  of  Arts ;  British  Amer- 
ica. 

Bib.     Barbara. 

Btth.     Bahamas. 

*:/.     Balance. 

Rtrb.    Barbadoes. 

Bft.  or  Bt.    Baronet. 

B'd.     Barrel. 

S.  C.    Before  Christ. 

B.  a  L.     I!achoI..r  of  Civil  Law. 

B  D.    B.achelor  of  Divinity. 

Bil.    BonniL 

Biigs.     BiiiidiniTS. 

Bis.     Boards. 

B^nj.     Benjamin. 

B^rkf.     Berkshire. 

Be».%    Elizabeth. 

Bk.     Bank  ;  Book. 

B.  L.  (Buccalaureiu  Legum),  Bachelor 
of  Laws. 

Bl.     Barrel. 

B.  Jf.  {BarrtiUinreu^ Medicin<B),BtLQh- 
elor  of  Medicine, 

Bor.     Botany. 

Bp.     Bishop. 

Br.    Brother. 

B'-ig.     Brigadier ;  Brigade. 

Brig.  Gen.'    Brigadier  General 

Bro.     Brother. 

B'vJi.     Bushel. 

£.  r.{Btiita  rirao).  Blessed  Virgin  ; 
(Benf  c(tlf).     FarewclL 

S.  V.  U.    Blessed  Virgin  Mary. 


C.(Ctntum\    .\  hundred;  cent;  cen- 
time ;  conductor. 

C.  or  Cap.  (Caput).     Chapter. 

(?.  or  CtnU  XCenttam).     A  hundred. 

Ct/f.    California;  calendar. 

Cam..,  Camh.    Cambridge. 

Cani.    Canticles. 

Cap.    Capital. 

Capi^,    Capitals. 

Capt.    Captain. 

Car.    Charles  ;  Caroline  ;  Carat. 

C.  A.  S.     Fellow  of  the  Connecticat 
Academy. 

Caxh.    Cxshier. 

Calh.    Catholic;  Catherine. 

C.  B.    Companion  of  the  Bath. 

C.  C.    Two  hundred. 

C.  C.  C.   Corpus  Cbristi  College  ;  Three 
hundred. 

C.  C  P.    Court  of  Common  Pleas. 

C.  E.     Canada  East;  Civil  Engineer. 

Ctnt.  (centum).     A  humlred. 

Cf.atrf.  (Con/erre).    Compare;  as,  p. 
40  cf.  p.  15. 

C.  G.    Captain  of  the  Guard. 

C.   IT.     Court-House;   Captain  of  the 
Host. 

'A.    Church ;  Chapter ;  Charles ;  Char- 
lotte. 
Chat.    Chaldron. 
f'hanc.    Chancellor. 
'  Imp.    CTiapter. 
Chftfi.     Charlea. 
t.'htm.    Chemistry. 


Chr.    Christopher;  Christian. 

Chr.  Ch.    Christ's  Church. 

Cliron.    Clironicles. 

C.  J.    Chief  Justice. 

CI.     Clerk. 

Clk.    Clerk. 

Co.    Comp.any;  County. 

Cocld.  (Cocld'eure).    A  spoonful. 

Col.    Colonel ;  Colossians. 

Coll.    College;  Collector. 

Com.  Commissioner;  Commodore; 
Committee ;  Commerce  ;  Comment- 
ary. 

Comp.     Comparative ;  Compound. 

Con.  (Contra).     In  opposition. 

Conch.     Conchology. 

Cong.    Congress. 

Con).    Conjunction. 

Conn,  or  Ct.    Connecticut 

Connt.    Constable. 

Cor.    Corinthians. 

CoK    Cosine. 

C.  P.    Common  Pleas;  Chief  Patriarch. 

C.  P.  S.    Keeper  of  the  Privy  Seal. 

Cr.    Credit  or  creditor. 

C.  R.  Charles  (;'e»)  king ;  Caroline  (re- 
gina)  queen;  (Citstos  Rotulomm) 
Keeper  of  the  Rolls. 

CHm.  Con.  Criminal  conversation,  or 
adulterv. 

C.  a.  (Custom  Sigilli).  Keeper  of  the 
Seal. 

'V.  Cont. ;  Connecticut;  Count;  Court. 

Clt.    Cents. 

Car.    Current 

('.  IF.     Canada  West. 

Owt.    A  hundred  weight. 


D.  (Denarin'i).    A  penny ;  500 ;  David ; 
Duke  ;  Duchess  ;  Dowager  ;  Dutch. 
D.  or  il.    Day;  Died;  Dime. 
Dan.    Danish;  Daniel. 
D.  C.    District  of  Columbia; 
DC.    61)0. 
Dec.    700. 
DCCC.    SOO. 

D.  C.  L.    Doctor  of  Civil  Law. 
D.  D.  (Ditlnitatvi  Doctor).    Doctor  of 

Divinity. 
Dea.     Deacon. 
Dec.     December. 

Deq.     Degree. 

Del.    Delaware;  Delegate. 

Del  (Delineamt,  he  drew  if).  En- 
graved on  a  copper  jtlate,  with  the 
name  of  the  draughtsman. 

Den.     Denmark. 

Dep.     Deputy. 

Dept.     Dei»artment. 

Dent.     Deuteronomy. 

Dft.    Defendant. 

D.  G.  (Dei  gratia).  By  the  grace  of 
God.  • 

Diam.    Diameter. 

Diet.    Dictionary;  Dictator. 

/>w.  or  Dhct.    Discount, 

DUt.    District. 

DUit.  Attn.    District  Attorney. 

Dlv.    Dividend;  Division. 

D.  J/.     Doctor  of  Music. 

Do.    Ditto;  The  same. 

Dolls.    Dollars. 

Doz.    Dozen. 

D.  P.    Doctor  of  Philosophy. 

Dr.    Debtor;  Doctor;  Drain. 

D.  T.  (Doctor  TkeologUv).  Doctor  of 
Divinity. 

Duiil.    Dublin. 

D.  V.  (Deo  colente).    God  wilUng. 
Dtot.    Pennyweight. 

Dx.  510. 
Dxi.  511 
Dt/.     Diana. 

E. 

K    East;  Earl. 

Eccl.    Ecclesiastes. 

Ecrlu.'i.    Kcclesiasticns. 

M.    Edition;  Editor. 

I-:  E.    Errors  eiicepted;  Ells  English. 

E.  F.    East  Florid.!. 

E.  G.  or  c.  g.  (Exempli  grattd).     I  or 

example. 
E.  I.     East  Indies. 
E.  I.  Co.     East  India  Company. 
E.  Long.    East  longitude. 
Em.    Emma ;  Emily  ;  Emanuel. 
Emp.    Emperor;  Empress. 
Enn/c.    Encyclopedia 
E.  N.  E.    East-Northeast. 


Eng.    England ;  English. 

Ent,    Entomology. 

Ep.    Epietle. 

Ejjh.    Ephesians. 

E'l.  or  eq.    Equal ;  EqniTalenL 

E.  S.  E.    East-Southeast. 

j&V/.    Esquire. 

El  al.  ( Et  alii).    And  others. 

Etc.  (etcirtera).    And  so  forth. 

EiT.    Example ;  Exception ;  Exodiu. 

Exc.    Excellency. 

Exck.     Exchequer. 

Exr.    Executor 

Ez.     Ezra. 

Ezek.    Ezeklel. 


F.  France;  Frances;  Florin-  Fred- 
crick. 

Fuhr.    Fahrenheit 

F.  D.  (Fides  Dejentor).  Defender  of 
the  Faith. 

Feb.    February. 

Fee.  for  Fecit.    Uo  did  It. 

Fern.    Feminine. 

F.  G.  S.  Fellow  of  the  Geological  So- 
ciety, 

F.  U.  S.  Fellow  of  the  Uorticaltaral 
Society. 

Fig.     Figure. 

Fir.    Firkin. 

Fk.     Frederick. 

Ft.    Florin. 

Flor.  or  Fa.    Florida. 

F.  if.     Field  Marshal. 

Fo.  or  Fol.     Folio. 

Fort.     Fortification. 

Fr.    France;  Francis;  French. 

F.  R.  A.  S.  Fellow  of  the  Eoyal  Aa- 
tronomical  Society, 

Frerl.    Frederick. 

F.  R.  S.     Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society. 

F.  S.  A.  Fellow  of  the  Society  of  Arts, 
or  of  Antiquaries. 

Ft.    Feet;  Foot;  Fort 

F.  T.  C.  D.  Fellow  of  Trinity  College, 
Dublin. 

Flh.    Fathom. 

Fur.     Furlong. 

F.  Z.  S.  Fellow  of  the  Zoiilogical  So- 
ciety. 

G. 

G,  Guide. 
Ga.     Georgia, 
Gal.     Galatians. 
Gall.     Gallons. 

G.  B.    Great  Britain. 
G.  C.  B.    Gnmd  Cross  of  the  Bath. 
G.  C.  II.     Grand  Cross  of  Hanover. 
G.  C.  L.  n.     Grand  Cross  of  the  Legion 

of  Honor. 
G.  D.    Grand  Duke  ;  Grand  Duchess. 
Gen.    Genesis;  General. 
Gent.    Gentlemen. 
Geo.    George ;  Georgia. 
Geog.    Geography. 
Geol.    Geology. 
Geom.    GeoTnctry, 
Ger.    German. 
Gov.    Governor. 
G.  M.    Grand  Ma.ster. 
G.  P.  0.    General  Post  Office, 
G.  R.  (Georgim  Rex).     George   the 

King.  „    .        „ 

Gr.    Great ;  Greek ;  Grams ;  Gross. 
Gram.     Grammar. 


H. 

II.  or  nr.    Hour. 

II.  B.  C.    Hudson's  Bav  Company. 

ff.  B.  it.    His  or  Ilcr  Britannic  Maj 

IL^cI  .V.    His  or  Her  Catholic  M:0"'y- 

liar.    Harold;  Harriet 

Ileh.    IK-brews. 

U.  E.  1.  C.  Honorable  East  India  Com- 
pany. 

Her.    Heraldry. 

nil.     Hilarv. 

WhI.    Hothead.  .,„,,. 

//.  I  II.  His  or  Her  Imperial  Highness. 

Hist.     History. 

//  M.     His  or  Her  Majesty. 

//.  .V.  5.  His  or  Her  Majesty's  steamer, 
sliip,  or  service. 

lion.    Honorable;  Honona. 

Ilort.    Horticulture.  [p>T- 

H  P.  High  Priest ;  horse-power ;  hair- 


n.  n.    Hou-  ..r  I:,  ■  •. 
Il.R.II.    H 

IlKdlir 

II.  .i.  II.    1 1 

II.  S.  H.    l\t^v  U  ux  "--l-TTr 

clitjr. 
Ilamh.     Hurnblc 
Hand.    UuiMlred 


I.otltl.    l-lin/I. 

Ja.    Indlau. 

Ih.  or  It/ill.  (Ibidtm).    la  tL     ' 

place. 
I'-h.     Ictbyolrpffy. 
/'/.  (Itltni ).    1  Im)  ulat. 

/'!/.    I  «...:: 

/.  c  (/''  >■■ 
I  G.  In-. 
/.  //.  ,K  i.l 

Ji-l'K  Iht-  .Tj,.-: 
III.     Illu,..iv 

Imp.     loqwrtal;  1;:  ; 

In.     Inch. 

Incog.  (IneoQntio\    CnkD^^rv. 

Inloc.  (lit  l-'A     la  I'.  ;   .  *. 

Inil.     In.li 

In>l.  Ttr. 

In*t.     Intv. 

Int.    Inttr. -t. 

In  Iran*.  (In  lraiuU»\    Oa  i 

BOgC. 

lo.    Iowa. 

/.  O.  of  O.  F.    Indrp^Ddtmt  Oria  af 

O.ld  Fcllotr-. 
/  O.  V.      1  .-.  KtAOVMC- 

nient  for  ■ 
/.  &     Insl 
ha.     Ivalah. 
/(.     Italian  ;  Italy. 
Itin.    Itinerary. 


J.    .ludce. 

J.  A.    AxxAst  AdrocaU. 

Jae.    Jacob. 

Jaa.    James. 

Jam.    Jainalcn- 

Jan.    Januarv. 

J.  C.  D.     Doctor  of  Cuil  Ll*. 

J.  U.  (Jiirum  Ax*"-'    ft-tU-tULMin. 

J.  D.    Junli.r  I>. 

J.  a.  S   i.-leiiu 

•lesus.  Savior  o.' 
Jno.    John. 
Jona.    Jonathan. 
Jo^    Joseph. 
Joth,    Josnoa. 
J.  P.    JusUce  of  the  Taf. 
Jr.  or  »fiin.    Junior. 
J.   r.    D.   (Junt    n-iuiru   .'  ,- 

Doctor  of  twth  caaoD  aad  <i*u  i*v. 
Jul.    JnlT. 

JvL  P.    Julian  Period. 
Jiu.  P.    Ja'aiee  of  the  Vme*. 
J.  W.    Junior  Wardea, 


K.    King. 

A'.  A.    Kntoht  of  St  AbJkw, 

Kan.     Kansas, 

A'.   R.     Knight  ct  tb«    BoOi. 

Bench. 
K.  B.  E    Knight  e*  lli»  n  -.^  - 
A'.  C.    Knlghl  of  the  I  - 
Council. 

A'.  C.  B.    Knlcht  C<a.-- 

Bath. 
Ken.  or  Kji.     KentOfiT. 
A'.  G.    Knight  of  the  G-uir  r 
A'.  <;.  (■".     Kniihl  ofU.  ■ 
A".  G.  C  R    Knight  >.' : 

of  the  Bath.  ,      , 

A",  (r'.  //.     Knlfbt  of  Vm  O^^r^  ti 

H.inover. 
K  II.    Knirfitof  IfiaoTtr. 
A'  -If.     Kn;,rht  of  MaJu. 
Kn.     Kin^nlom. 
A".  -V.    Know  XMhlBt 
A'  P.    Knight  of  St.  Patrick. 
A"  /?  <'.    Knight  o^ib»  Bed  Or  v^ 
Al.    Knight. 
K.  r     KnUht  TempUr ;  K»'. 

ThbUe.  .    ,     _ 

jr.    r.  .<    Knighl  o^  th«    1 

ri^r!"]!:    Knight  of  the  ■Whit*  Ta^ 
Ky.    Kentucky. 


IST' 


MR  A 


ABBREVIATIONS  EXPLAINED. 


THE 


L     Lafiy ;  L^tin;   Lord;  50. 

L.  {Liber),     liuuk. 

L  or  lb.  {Lihro).     A  pound  in  weight. 

Z.  I.  or  £■     ^^  T'lUnd  ateriing. 

l7i.     LouisiaD;i.  ^    ,      . 

Z.  .4.  C  Licentiate  of  the  Apothecaries 

CoTnpany. 
Lad'p.     La^iyship. 
Lam.    Ltinientations. 
Lat.    Latin  ;  Latitude. 
L.  C.  Lower  Canada:  Lord  Chancellor, 
L.  C.  or  I.  c.  {Loco  citato).    In  the  place 

before  cited. 
Z.  0.  'I-    Lord  Chief  Justice. 
Ld.    Lord. 

L.  D-     Lady  Day  ;  Light  Dragoons. 
L'ip.     Lordship. 
Lea.     Leaiiue. 
Leg.  or  Legis.     Legislature. 
Lev.    Leviticus. 

L.  L    Lon-^  Island;  Light  Infantry. 
Lieut.     Lieutenant. 
Lieut  Col.     Lieutenant  Colonel. 
Lieut.  Gen.     Lieutenant  General. 
Lieut.  Qfit).    Lieutenant  Governor. 
LL.B.  {Leguin  Baccala itreus).     Bach- 
elor of  Laws. 
LL.D.    {LeguTti   Docto.-).     Doctor    of 

Laws. 
Lou.    Londtude. 
Lorul.     London. 
Lou.  or  La.     Lo^iisiana. 
Z.   S.   {Lorua    SigiUi).      Piace    of  the 

Seal ;   Loft  si<le. 
Lt.     Lieutenant. 
Z.-B.     60. 
ZaM?.     70. 
LXX3!.     80. 

M. 

M.  Marquis;  Meridian;  Mile;  Mon- 
sieur; .Nlornini:;   (.t/^i'^. ),  Tbnu-?and. 

M  A.  {A '•Hum  Jfagi-stfr).  Master  of 
Arts;  Military  Academy. 

J/  tc.     Maccabees. 

M  cd.     Madam. 

Jfi).     Major. 

Ml).  Gen.     Major  General. 

Mil.     Malachi. 

Mir.     March;  Mari.a. 

Mt-i.    Mivsculine. 

Mi.'is.     Massachusetts. 

Mtt.    Matilda. 

M  tth.     Mathematics. 

Mitt.     M;itthew. 

M.  B.  {Medi  ■inoi  Bacculaureus).  Bach- 
elor of  Physic. 

M.  B.  {M't.siv(B  Buccalaureus),  Bach- 
elor of  Music 

M  C.  Mtfin'jcr  of  Congress;  Master  of 
Ceremonies;   Master  Commandant. 

M.  a  S.     Madras  Civil  Si-rvice. 

M.  D.  (MedicincB  Doctor).  Doctor  of 
Phy.sic. 

MD.     1.500. 

Ml.     Marvland. 

M.  E.  Methodist  Episcopal ;  Military 
or  mechanical  engineer ;  Most  Excel- 
lent. 

Me.     Maine. 

Mech.     Mechanics. 

Med.     Medicine. 

M.  E.  G.  n.  P.  Most  Excellent  Grand 
Hiuh  Priest 

Mem  {Memento).  Remember;  Memo- 
randuiii- 

3fessrs.  ( MeMieur.^).    Gentlemen  ;  Sirs. 

M'it.     Me  tap  hy  si  cs. 

Meteor.     Meteorology. 

M.  G.     M.ijor  General. 

M.  Ilm.     Most  Honunible. 

M.  11.  S.  Massachuseila  llistorical  So- 
ciety, 

Mich.    Michigan. 

Mid.    Midshipman. 

MiUij.     Mildred. 

Miu.     Mineralogy. 

Min.  Plen.     Minister  Plenipotentiary. 

Minn.     Mi  n  nesota. 

Mia.^.  or  Mi.     Mississippi. 

MM.     Messieurs;  Gentlemen. 

M.  .U.  S.  Moravian  Missii'uarv  Society. 

M.  M.  S.  S.  Member  of  the  Massachu- 
setts Medical  Society. 

Mo.     Missouri  ;   month. 

M,  P.     Membf-r  of  Parliament. 

M.  P.  C.  Member  of  Parliament  in 
Canada.  i 

Mr.     Master  or  Mister. 

M.  R.  A.  S.  Member  of  the  Royal 
Asiatic  Society. 


13S0 


M.  P.  C.  5.  Member  of  the  Royal  Col- 
lege of  Surgeons. 

Mrs.     Mistieis. 

M.S.     Manuscript 

M.  S.  {Memoriui  sacrum).  Sacred  to 
the  Memory. 

JZlsb".     Manuscripts. 

Mt.     Mount  or  mountain. 

Mus.     Music;  Museum. 

Mus.  B.     Bachelor  of  Mu^ic. 

Mus.  D.     Doctor  of  Music. 

M.  W.  G.  C.  P.  Most  Worthy  Grand 
Chief  Patriarch. 

M.  W.  G.  M.  Most  "Worthy  Grand 
Master ;  Most  "Worshipful  Grand  Mas- 
ter. 

Myth,     Mythology. 


w. 

iV.    North ;  Note  ;  Number. 

.A''.  A.     North  America. 

Nan.     Nancy. 

Xap.     NajKMeon. 

Xat     Natural ;  Natal. 

Xatfi.     Nathanael. 
Naiii.     Nautical. 

N.  B.  {Nota  Bene).  Note  well ;  Take 
notice;  North  Britain;  Ne^v  Bruns- 
wick, 

A'.  C.     North  Carolina. 

-A^.  E.     Northeast;  New  England, 

Neh.     Nebraska. 

AV.     Nelly  ;  Elennor. 

AVm.  Co7i.  {Nemi'ie  Contradicente). 
No  one  contradicting;  unanimously. 

Nem.  Diss.  (Nemine  I>isseniienie). 
No  one  ('issenting. 

N^h.     Netherlands. 

N.  F.     Newfoundland. 

N.  G.     New  Granada. 

A^  IT.     New  Hampshire. 

N.  J.     New  Jersey. 

N^.  Lat.     North  Latitude. 

A',  M.     New  Mexico. 

A^.  A'".'^.     North-Northeast 

y.  N.  W.     North-Northwest 

No.  {Numero).     Number. 

Kmn.     Nominative. 

Non  Pros.  (Xon  proftequiftn').  Inhiic. 
a  judgment  entered  against  the  plain- 
tiff when  he  does  not  appear  to  prose- 
cute. 

Ntyp.     November. 

A''.  P.  New  Providence  ;  Notary  Pub- 
lic. 

X.  S.     Nova  Scotia ;  New  Style. 

a:  T.     New  Testament. 

Num.     Numbers. 

A^.  W.    Northwest. 

A'".  W.  T.     Northwest  Territory. 

a:  }-.     New  York. 

a:  y.  U.  S.  New  York  llistoricxl  So. 
ciety. 


O.     Ohio. 

Ob.  {Ohiif).    Died. 

Ohj.    Objective;  Objection. 

Ohs.     Obsolete ;  Observation. 

Oht.     Obedient 

Oct.    October. 

O.  F.     Odd  Fellows. 

0.  G.    Outside  Guardian. 

01.  Oliver;  Olivia. 

O.  M.    Old  measurement. 

Opt.    Optics. 

Or.     Oregon. 

Ord.     Ordnance;  Ordinary. 

Ornith.    Ornitholoiry. 

O.  S.    Old  Stvie;  Outside  sentinel. 

O.  T.    Old  Testament. 

Oxon.  (Oronia).    0.\ford. 

0£.    Ounce;  Ounces. 


P. 

P.  or  p.    Page;  Pint;  Pipe. 

Pa.     Pennsvlvaiiia  ;  Papa. 

Pari.     Parliament 

Part.     Participle. 

Pay't.     Payment 

P.  C.  {Patre.<i  Conf^cripti).  Conscript 
Fathers;  Privy  Councillor;  Police 
Constable  ;  Principal  Conductor. 

P.  a  p.     Past  Chief  Patriarch. 

Pd.     Pnid. 

P  E.     Protestant  Episcopal. 

Penn.     Pennsylvania, 

P*r.     Persian. 

Per  or  pr.  or  <M.     By. the  ;  as,  per  yard. 


Per  an.  (Per  annum).    By  the  year. 

Per  ct.  {Per  ceniuin)-  ^y  the  hundred. 

Peri.     Perigee. 

Perap.     Perspective. 

Pet.     Peter. 

P.  G.     Past  Grand. 

Phil.    Pliilip;  Philippians;  Philosophy. 

Philu.     Phihulelphix 

Pkilom.  {Philumatkts).  Lover  of  learn- 
ing. 

Philomath.  A  lover  of  the  mathematics. 

Phren.     Phrenoloo;y. 

P.  11.  S.  Pennsyhania  llistorical  So- 
ciety. 

Pk.    Peek. 

PI.  or  Plur.     Plural. 

P.  M.  {Post  Meridiem).     Aflernoon. 

P.M.     Post-Master;  Past  Master. 

P.  M.  G.     Post-Master-General. 

P.  O.     Post-Office. 

Pnj^     Population. 

Port.     Pt»rtngal. 

Pns.     Possessive. 

PP.  ox  pp.     Pages;  past  p.articiple. 

P.  P.     Popish  or  Parish  Priest. 

P.  P.  C.  {Pour  prendre  conge).  To 
take  leave. 

Pr.     By  the. 

Prep.     Preposition. 

Prcs.     President 

Pret.     Preterit 

Pro.     For;  In  favor  of. 

Prob.     Problem. 

Prof.     Piofessor. 

Pron.     Pronoun ;  Pronunciation. 

Prop.    Proposition. 

Prot.     Pi-otestant. 

Pro  tern.  {Pro  tempore).  For  the  time 
being. 

Prov.  "  Proverbs, 

Prox.  {Proximo).  Next,  o' n'^xt  month. 

P.  S.  {Post  s'-Hptum).  p. .sr script; 
Permanent  SecreUiry ;  Principal  So- 
journer. 

Ps.     Psalma. 

Pt.     Pint 

Pub.     Public;  Published. 

Puff.  Doc.     Public  Documents. 

Pun.     Punche<in. 

Pwt.    Pennyweight. 


Q.  or  Qu.    Query;  Question  ;  Queen. 

(J.  B.     Queen's  Bench. 

Q.  (\    Queen's  Council. 

Q.  D.  {Quasi  dicat).  As  if  he  should 
sav. 

Q.  E.  D.  {Quod  erat  demonstrandum). 
Which  was  to  be  demtmstrated. 

Q.E.  F.  {Quod  er  at  faciendum).  "Which 
w.as  to  be  done. 

Q.  L.  {Quantutn  Ubef).  As  much  as 
you  please. 

Qr.    Quarter;  2S  pounds. 

Qrs.    Quarters;  Farthincs. 

Q.  S.  {Quantum  suffirit).  A  sufficient 
quantity ;  Quarter  Section. 

Qt.    Quait;  quantity. 

Qu  t  {Qufvre).     Query. 

Q.  y.  {Quod  ride  )  \Vhich  see;  (Quan- 
tum vis).    As  much  as  you  will. 


B. 

P.  {Hex.)    King;  {Pegin/t)  Queen. 

P.  oT  r.     Rnnd  ;  Rod;  Rises. 

P.  A.  Royal  Academy  or  Acailemician  ; 
Royal  Artillery  ;  Rear  Ailmuul. 

P.  A.  C.     RoyalArch  Captain, 

R,  E  Royal  Engineers;  Right  Excel- 
lent 

Pec.  or  P.    Recipe. 

Rec'd.     Received. 

Recpt.     Receipt. 

Pec.  See.     Recording  Secretary. 

Red.    Rector;  Receipt 

Ref.    Reformed. 

Reg.     Register ;  Regular  ;  Regent 

Reg.  Prof.     Regius  Professor. 

Pigt.     Regiment. 

Pep.     Represent^ative;  Republic. 

Pei\     Revelations ;  Reverend. 

R.  n.  A.  Royal  Hibernian  Academy; 
Royal  Horse  Artillerv. 

Phet.    Rhetonc. 

R.  J.     Rhode  Mand. 

P.  I.  II.  S.  Rhode  Island  Historical 
Society. 

R.  M  Royal  Marines;  Resident  M.agis» 
trnte. 

R.  M.  S.     Rov.ll  Mail-Steamer. 


R.  N.     Ruyal  Navy. 

Robt.     Robert. 

Horn.     Romans. 

Rom.  Cath.     Roman  Catholic 

R.  R.     Railroad. 

R  S.    Recording  Secretary;  Right  side. 

R.  S.  S.     Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society. 

lit.     Right.  ' 

Rt.  Hon.     Ri^'ht  Honorable. 

Rt.  Rev.     Right  Reverend. 

Pt.   Wpful.     Risht  Worshipful. 

R.  W.  IK  G.  M.  Right  Worshipful 
Deputy  Grand  M.a-<ter. 

R.  W.  G'.  S.  Right  Worthy  Grand  Sec- 
retary. 

R.  ir  G.  R.  Right  Worthy  Grand 
Representative. 

R.  W.  G.  T.  Right  Worthy  Grand 
Treasurer. 

R.  W.  G.  17.  RightWorthy  Grand  War- 
den. 

R.  W.  J.  G.  W.  Eight  Worshipful  Ju- 
nior Grand  Warden. 

R.  W.  X  G.  W.  Riirht  Worshipful  Se- 
nior Grand  Warden. 

R.  W.    Right  Worthy. 


S.     Seconds;   Shilling;    Sign;    South; 
Sunday;  S.aturday ;  Sigriur;  Scribe. 

S.  A.    South  America;  South  Africa; 
South  AtTstralia. 

S.  A.  {Secundum  Artem).     According 
to  art 

Sam.    Samuel. 

.-^iins.    Sanscrit 

S.  A.  S.  {Sociuit  AntiquaHum).      Fel- 
low of  the  Society  of  Antiquarians. 

.Sax.    Saxon. 

.S\  C.     South  Carolina. 

So.  or  Sculp.  {Sculpsit).     Engraved. 

ScJir.    Schooner. 

Scil.  {Scilicet).    To  wit;  N:.mely. 

S.  C.  L.    Student  olCivil  Law. 

Scot.     Scotland. 

Scr.    Scruple. 

.'>.  D.     Senior  Deacon. 

S.  E.     Southeast 

Sec.     Secretary ;  Second. 

Sect.     Section. 

Sell.     Senator ;  Senior. 

Sept     September;  SeptuaginL 

SerJ.     Sergeant. 

Serv.     Servant. 

Sh.  or  S.     Shilling. 

Shak.     Shakspeare. 

V/Hg-.     Sinsular. 

-S:  Lat.     South  Latitude. 

>'.  M.     Sergeant  Major, 

Sol.     Solomon;  Solution. 

Sol.  Gen.     Solicitor  General 

>'/->.  Spain ;  Spanish. 

V.  P.  A.  S.     Member  of  the  American 
Philosophical  Society. 

5.  P.  G.     Society  for  the  Propagation 
of  the  Gospel. 

-^.  P.  Q.  R.  {Senatus.  Popnlusque  Ro- 
mani).     Senate  and  People  of  Rome. 

Vy.     Square. 

s'/.  Ft.     Square  Feet 

S/j.  M.     S<|u:iie  miles, 

Sr.     Sir  or  Senior. 

SS.  (ScUicei).     Namely. 

S.  S.  C.     Solicitor  Supreme  Court. 

iV.  S.  E.     South-Southeast 

S.  S.  W.     South-Southwest 

St.     Saint;  Street;  Stime. 

S.    T,   D.    {Sacrce    TJieologicB  Doctor). 
Doctor  of  Divinity. 

StQ.     Sterling. 

X  7!  P.  {Sacra'  TlieoUgice,  Professor). 
Professor  i>f  Theology. 

Sitjy.     Superior. 

Sup.  C.     Superior  Court. 

Superl.     Superlative. 

Supt.     Superintendent 

Surg.     Surgeon. 

S.  W.     Southwest;  Senior  Warden 

Sw.     Swedish ;  Sweden. 

Switz.     Switzerland. 

Syr.     Sj'ria ;  Syriac. 


T.    Town  ;  Township  ;  Territory. 

Tab.    Tabitha. 

Ta'en.     Taken. 

Ta?i.     Tangent 

Tenn.     Tennessee. 

Tex.     Texas. 

7>j(  Per.     Rpceived  Text 

Theo.    Theolorc:  Theodosia. 


APO 


PROPER  NAMES  IN  THE  OLD  AXD  XEW  TE^TAMFNTS. 


ICH 


T^ieof.     Theolo^r. 
T'muph.     Theuphilus. 
,'  (Or.     Theuri'ui. 

r  -^'S.    TUouiiis. 
Tier,     Tierce. 
T.  /.    Thrice  illastrioos. 
Tim.    Titnothv. 
Tit.    Titus;  Title. 

Tr.     Translation;   Translator;   Trans- 
pose :  Treasurer. 
Trin.    Trinity. 
T  T.L.    To  Tike  Leave. 
Tin*.    Tuesday. 
Titrk.    Turkey;  Turkish. 
Typ.    Typographer. 


n  C.    Upper  Canad.1. 

C  J-   C  iCiriwiqu*   Juris   Doctor). 

Poctor  of  both  L:iw-s. 
Clt.   (CUiiiw).    Last,  or   Of  the   last 

month. 
Unie.    Uniyersity. 
V.S.    United  States;  (Ri^uprn).   As 

aboye. 
r.  ^  A.    United  Stites  of  America; 

Uni'ed  States  -Vrmy. 
r.  S.  L.     United  States  Leealion. 
r.  .X  il.    United  States  Mail.  ' 


r.  S.  3r.  A.    United  States  Military 

Academy. 
r.  &  ^V.    I'nited  States  Nayy. 
U.  S.  S.    United  States  Senate. 


V. 

r.(TicU).    See;  Verb;  Terse. 

]  .  or  Vs.    Versus. 

K.  a.    Wrb  actiye. 

la.    Yir^nia. 

r.  C.    Vice  Chancellor. 

V.  D.  L.     Van  Dieman's  Land. 

r.  D.  M.(  Verbi  Dei  Mini^Ur).    Min- 
ister of  the  Word  of  God. 

Yen.    Venerable. 

r.  G.    Vicar  General ;  Vice  Grand. 

V.  i.    Verb  intransitive. 

Vis.    Viscount. 

n^.  (  TiiUlicet).    Namely  ;  To  wit. 

V.  n.    Verb  neuter. 

Vol.    Volume. 
'VoU.    Volumes. 

U  P,    Vice  President 

V.  R.  (  VictojHa  Regina).    Queen  Vic- 
toria. 

V.  Rtr.     Very  Reverend. 

r«.  (  VersiiK).    Against ;  In  opposition. 

Vt.    Vermont. 

V.  t.    Verb  transitive. 


\V 


ir.     West;     ■WUliam;      Wednesday; 

Wanlen. 
W.  A.     West  Africa ;  West  Australia. 
KW.    Wednes<lay. 
If.  F.    West  Florida. 
If;   G.  C.    Worthy   Grand    Chaplain; 

Worthy  Grand  Conductor, 
ir.  G.  G.    Worthy  Grand  Gaardlans ; 

Worthy  Grand  Guide. 
IT.  G.  II.     Worthy  Oranrl  Iltrald. 
ir.  G.  il.     Worthy  Grand  .\Iar-lial. 
If.  G.  S.    Worthy  Grand  Sentinel. 
Wk.    Week, 
ir./.     \ye»l  Indies. 
II  i>.    Wisconsin. 
ir.  Um.    West  Lonritude. 
Il'm.     William. 
H:  if.    Worshipful  Master. 
VT.  M.  ,v.   Wesleyan  Mi^?  if. nary  Society, 
ir  X.  W     West-Xorthwest. 
Wud.    Would. 
Hp.    Worship. 

it:  y?.Winiatn  (7?«r)Kine;  West  Elding. 
It'.  S.    Writer  to  the  Sit-net. 
IT.  S.  W.    Wcst-SouthwesL 
in.    Weight. 

X 
X.    10;  Xavier;  Christ;  Sign  of  mnl- 

tiidication. 
Xc    90. 


Xtna*.     f'hri'triii^ 

Xh.     i 

Xnty. 

Xljcr. 

.VI.      Chr.;L 

-I'.r.    ai:  .K 
XXX    &J  ;  _ 


T.  or  Tr-     T  1.-. 


Yd,. 
I  It 
I'm. 
IV, 


^ 


1 

T..tu^ 
...    Th.n. 
You'd    Vfm  wfinML 
You'U.    Voo  wtil. 
Your'n,    Yuur  vwa. 
IV.    Yoor. 
Yrt.    Voun. 
1«.    ThU. 

I't     TLit. 


Znrh.     7   '    -- 
Z-cA.     : 

Zool.    Z        ,... 

<£.    And. 

<tc.    («  cetera),  Jl- 
Ibe  tmt. 


TIIE  PRIXCIP-VL  PEOPER  NA3IES  OF  PERSONS  IN  THE  OLD  AND  xNEW  TEST.AMEXTS. 

Ti.    -minE   WITH   TUE   MEAXtXG    OS   SIGXIFICATION    OF  THE   WOF.DS   IN   TIIEIP.   OEIGINAL  LASGUAGES.      ACCENTED    AGCEEABLT   TO    TAUCKS**   KXT. 


A'.vp.oN'.  Ti  teacher,  or  lofty, 

Ab'dikl,  the  servant  of  Go:l, 

A'iKt>'NEi;o,  a  s^Tvant  of  li:rlit. 

A'bel,  vanity,  brcatti^  vapor. 

A'bl  oiy  f:iCher. 

Abi'am.  the  Lofil  i.<  my  father. 

Ar.i'ATUAR.  excellent  thther. 

AB'iGAtL.  the  father's  joy. 

ABt'ni',  be  U  my  f:ither. 

Abi'jaii.  the  Lord  is  my  (Uthor. 

Abi'jam,  father  of  the  se;i. 

Abi^'elecu,  father  of  the  kins. 

Abin'adab,  father  of  willingness. 

Ab'i^iiag,  isnorance  of  the  father. 

Ablshai,  the  present  of  my  father. 

Ab'nek.  father  of  lisht. 

A 'BR  AM.  a  hish  father. 

A'BK.iiiAM.  the  lather  of  a  ^eat  multi- 

tuile. 
Ab'sauom.  father  of  peace. 
A'ciiAS,  or  AcuAB.  he  that  trouMoth. 
Am'sAH.  a*h>rneil.  bursting  the  vaiL 

Ad' AM,  earthy  man,  T'ul. 

Adon'i-bk'zek.    the    li<;htnini    of    the 
Lor*!,  or  the  Lord  of  lightning. 

Adom'jail,  the  Lord  is  my  master. 

Adoni-ze'oek.  justice  of  the  Lord. 

A'gag,  root  floor. 

A'gae,  see  Hagar. 

Agp.ip'pa,  one  who  causes  great  pain  at 
hia  birtli. 

A'gi'r.  stranzer,  ^thered  toeether. 

A'liAB.  ancle!,  or  father's  brother. 

AnASCK'Ei's,  prince,  head,  or  chief. 

A'liAZ,  one  that  takes  anrl  possesaee. 

Aiiim'aa7,  br^»ther  of  the  council. 

AniM'KLE'-U,  my  brother  is  a  kin-j. 

Aiiith'opiieu  brother  of  ruin  or  folly. 

Ani'TCB.  brother  of  gtKMlnc.vs. 

Aiio'LiAii,  the  tent  or  tabernacle  of  the 
lather. 

AiiotiB'AMAu,    my    tabernacle    is   ex- 
»lt«-d. 

ALEtAN'DKE.  One  who  assists  men. 

ALPHE'ca.  a  thousand,  learned,  chief. 

Asia'sa,  sjjarin^  the  people. 

Am'.hox.  faithful  and  trae,  or  tutor. 

A'MOrt,  UtofliBZ.  weighty. 

Am'eam.  an  exalted  f.e«ple,tlieir  sheaves, 
or  hanlfuls  of  com. 

A'nak,  a  collar,  or  orn.amcnt 

Anaxi'as,  the  cloud  of  the  Lord. 

As'dbew.  a  stout  and  stronir  man. 

An'sa,  CTacion.'?.  or  one  who  gives. 

As'sAS,  one  who  an.«wers,  humble. 

An'ttpas,  for  all  or  a£rain?t  all. 

Apol'loa.  who  destroys,  or  waste*. 

Apol'lyos,  one  who  extcnniuates. 


AHCiTELA'rs.  the  prince  of  the  people. 
Arist.vk'ciil'9,  a  good    prince,  or  the 

best  prince. 
Aephax'ad,  a  healer  of  dcscdation. 
Aetaxeex'es,  the  silence  of  light. 
A'sA,  physician,  or  cure. 
As'aiiel,  work  or  crc:ttiire  of  God. 
A'SAPn,  who  assemble,s  the  pcojile. 
Ash'ee,  happiness. 
Asu'cp.,  who  is  happy,  w.ilks.  looks. 
Athali'ah,  the  time' of  the  Lord. 
Acgcs'tis,  increased,  augmented. 


B. 

Ba'al.  he  that  rules  and  subdues. 
Ua'lak,  who  Inys  waste,  or  destroys. 
iiABAB'BAS.  son  of  slianic,  confusion. 
IJAE-JE'srs.  son  of  Jesus  or  Joshua. 
Bae-jo'na.  son  of  Jona,  or  tif  a  dove. 
Bae'sabas.   son  of  the  jirophet,  or  of 

consolation. 
Baethol'o.mew,  a  son  that  suspends  the 

waters. 
BAp.TiME'rs,  son  of  the  honorable. 
Bauzil'lai.  son  of  contempt. 
Batu'sheba,  the  seventh  daughter,  or 

the  duntrhter  of  satiety. 
Eelsiiaz'zar,  master  of  the  tre.isnre. 
Beltesiiaz'zae,  who  lays  up  treasures 

in  secret. 
Besai'ah,  son  of  the  Lord. 
Bes'uadad,  son  of  Hadad.  or  noise. 
Bes'jamis,  son  of  the  risht  hand. 
Beno'si.  son  of  my  sorrow  or  p:iin. 
BeeniVp..  one  that  brinirs  victory. 
Bethu'el,  filiation  of  God. 
Bil'kap,  old  friendship,  ol.l  motion. 
Eil'haii,  who  is  old  or  confused. 
Boaner'ges.  son  uf  thunder. 
Bo'az,  or  Booz,  in  strength. 


C. 

CAi'APnAS,  he  who  seefes  with  diligence, 

one  thiit  vomiteth. 
Cain,  possession,  or  possessed. 
Ca'leb,  a  dog,  a  crow,  a  basket 
Cas'dace.  who  possesses  contrition. 
Ce'ph.vs,  a  rook,  or  stone. 
CiiiLi'os.  finished,  complete,  perfect. 
Chim'uam.  as  they,  like  to  them. 
('ni.o''p..  green  herb. 
Cle'ophas.  the  whole  glory. 
Cokse'lics,  of  a  horn. 
Cp.is'pcs,  curled. 
Cv'bcs.  as  miserable,  or  as  heir. 


Dan,  judgment,  or  he  that  jud;^cs. 
Uan'iel,  judgment  of  God. 
l>AKi'i  s,  he  t^iat  informs  liimsclf. 
D.v'viD,  well-bfloveil.  dear. 
Deb'okah,  word,  thing,  or  a  bee. 
Df.l'ilah,  poor,  small. 
De'mas,  po]nilar. 
Deme'teil'S,  beloncins  to  corn. 
Did'vmus,  a  twin,  or  double. 
Di'naii,  judgmr-nt,  or  who  judges. 
Do'eg,  who  acts  with  uneasiness. 
Dor'cxs.  the  fem.ile  of  a  roebuck. 
Dklsil'la,  watered  by  the  dew. 


E'bed.  a  servant,  or  laborer. 
KuKD'.MELF.rii,  the  kings  servant. 
Kukn-e'zer.  the  stone  of  help. 
EuER.  o.ie  that  passes,  or  anger, 
lyinm,  red,  earthy,  or  of  bU/od. 
Kg'laii,  heifer,  chariot,  round. 
Eg'lon,  the  same  as  Eglah. 
E'lirn,  he  that  praises. 
E'lam,  a  younii  man,  a  virpn. 
Elea'zae.  help  of  Goii.  court  of  God. 
E'li,  the  offering  or  lifXinc  up. 
Eli'ab.  God  is  my  father,  or  God  of  the 

father. 
Eu'akiu,  resurrection  of  God. 
Eli'as,  see  Elijah. 
Elie'zeb.  help,  or  court  of  my  God. 
ELi'tir,  ho  is  mv  God  himself. 
ELi'JAn,God  the  Lord,  the  strong  Lonl. 
Elim'ei.ecu,  mv  God  is  kini:. 
ELipn'Ai.ET.  the  God  of  deliverance. 
El'ipiiaz.  the  endeavor  of  God. 
Elis'abeth.  the  o.ath  of  God. 
Eli'siia,  salvation  of  Go<l. 
Eli'zib.  God  is  my  strength,  my  rock, 

or  rock  of  God. 
El'ymas.  a  macician. 
Ene'as,  laudable. 
E'nocii,  dedicated,  or  disciplined. 
E'NOS,  mortal  man,  sick,  despaired  ot, 

forgetful. 
EpAPiiEODi'Trs,  agreeable,  handsoma. 
E'piiEAiM,  that  brings  fruiL 
Eras'tcs.  lovelv,  amiable. 
E'sAiT,  he  that  acts  or  finishes. 
Es'TiiER,  secret,  hidden. 
E'xiiAN,  strons.or  the  gift  of  Iho  tsund. 
EvF.,  livinc.  enlivening. 
EtTNi'cE.  eood  victory. 
Er'TVciiis,  happy,  fortunate. 
EzE'KiEU  tbo  strength  of  God. 
Ez'ea,  help,  or  court. 


F. 

Fe'loc,  happr,  or  pmfpcrtiQft. 
Fis'TfB,  feMval,  or  joyfuL 


O. 

Ga'srifl.  God  Is  my  strength. 
Gad.  a  band,  hap[ty. 
Ga'IIS  lord,  sn  n.rtliT  man. 
Gama'ucu  r '  God. 

GkHA'ZI.  Vi. 

Gek'siiom.  -. 

GiD'roN.  h^'  ;.. -  '  ■*— «i« 

cutting  off  mqnUT. 
Gou'atu,  jta&usc,  rtrt^tL 


TlAB'AirKrK.  he  thai  embr»rrv 
Hachali'aii.  who  »aH.»  U>r  iL*  L  -- 
IIa'pad.  joy.  r     •      ■■  *'      • 

UAD.iS'ftAlI. 

ITa'gae.  a  *•  fean. 

IIag'gu.  f.-  :.  . 

Ham.  hot.  Uau  br..»tt. 
IIa'han.  noiv,  tttmult 
Uanani'au,  grace,  meirr. 

Lonl. 
Uan'naix,  gracious  mcrcUkl,  h* 

give*. 
n.V'TAcn,  h^ 
IIaz'aci-.  V. 
IIk'ber,  nnt 
IIe'man.  their  u. - 
IIe'uan.  much  or  ; 
HEPn'H-BAll-  I!  \  _  ■ 

IIezeki'aii.  -■  ■-  ■- 

Hilki'au.  »■  ■ 

IIo'BAB.  fa-    - 

lIo'B\m  lOTf.  Uu  '    ' 

Uoi'ii'M.  he  that  ■ 

IhviE'A.  and  Ht**it  i 

IIul'dah,  the  wor:i 

I,  J. 

Ja'bcx,  sott»'''w,  ■•'T  :^•'>■:^*'. 

Ja'o»>b,  tJist  - 
I  jA'Euhe  i:  ■ 
I  jA'is;,my  I  - 

Ja'iri-s^.  the  .-ill  (, 

JamcSs  the  **.*ne  with  Jtevh^ 

jA'pncm.  h-'  '"^ ■''  :  --^•.**». 

Ja'rkp,  he  t  ■     *  rnita. 

J  A 'son.  he  : 

Icn'AEoi\ "  T* 


13M 


LEV 


PROPER  NAMES  IN  THE  OLD  AND  NEW  TESTAMENTS. 


ZIM 


Jrdi'daii  well-bplovod,  amiable. 
Ji-uiin'Ai..  Uduv-edul'  the  L(.nL 
JijD'UTiiuN,    liis    law,    or    win>    gives 

praise.  c  *i     t      i 

Jkiih'aiiaz,  possession  of  t  le  Loni. 
JiuiDi'ADA,  knowledgo  ot  tbe  Lord. 
Jkiioi'akim.  resurrection  ot  tUo  L.oid. 
Jbiio^ii'aphat,  God  judges. 
Jb  iiu,  himself  wIki  exists. 
Jei'Ii'tiiaii,  he  th:it  opens. 
Jkuemi'aii.  exaltation  of  the  Lord. 
Jeiiobo'a.m,  he  that  opposes  the  people. 
Jkuu'siia,  exiled,  or  banished. 
Jesii'ua,  a  savior. 
Jes'sr,  to  be,  or  who  is. 
jK'stie.  Savior. 

jB'Tiiito,  his  excellence,  or  posterity. 
Jkz'ewkl,  island  of  the  habitation. 
iMMAN'trEL,  God  with  lis. 
Jo'ap.,  jiaternity,  voliintai\v. 
Jo'aii,  fraternity,  biother  of  the  Lord. 
Jo'asii,  wiio  despairs,  or  burns. 
JuH,  lie  that  weeps  or  cries. 
Joch'kukd,  glorious,  honorable. 
Jo'kl,  he  that  wills  or  coiu'imnds. 
John,  the  gi-ace  or  mercy  of  the  Lord. 
Jo'naii,  or  Jonas,  a  dove,  or  be  that 

oppresses. 
Jon'atiian,  given  to  God. 
Jo'sKiMi,  increase,  or  addition. 
Josu'uA,  the  Lord,  the  Savior. 
Josi'ah,  the  Lord  burns,  the  fire  of  tlie 

Lonl. 
I'sAAC,  laughter. 

Isai'ah,  the  salvation  of  the  Lord. 
Iscar'iot.  a  man  of  murder. 
Isii'nosnETii,  a  man  of  .shame. 
Ish'mael,  G()d  that  bears. 
Is'kaei.,  who  prevails  with  God. 
Is'SACiiAB,  reward,  or  recompense. 
Ju'DAii,  the  praise  of  the  Lord. 
Ju'DAS,  the  same. 


K. 

KEREN-HAP''pTTr:n,  thc  horn  or  child  of 

beauty. 
Ketu'bah,  he  tliat  makes  the  iucenso 

to  fume. 
Ko'eau,  bald,  frozen,  icy. 


LA'nAN,  white,  or  a  brick. 
Lax'akus,  assistance  of  God. 
Le'aii.  weary,  or  tired. 
LF.BUK'tTs,  a  man  of  lieart. 
Lrm'uel,  God  with  them  or  him. 
Le'vi,  who  is  held  and  associated. 


Lo'is,  better. 

Lot,  wrapt  up,  hidden,  covered. 

Lu'cuTEU,  bnugiiit^  light. 


M. 

Ma'halath,  melodious  song 

Maii'laii,  see  Maiialaih. 

Mah'lon,  song,  or  inlirmity. 

Manas'seh,  forge Lfuluess,  he  that  is  for- 
gotten. 

Mano'am,  rest,  or  a  present. 

Ma'r.v,  bitter,  bitterness. 

Mau'cus,  polite,  shining. 

ALiKK,  the  same. 

Mar''tiia,  who  becomes  bitter. 

iMa^iiv,  see  Miiuam. 

Mattatui'as.  the  gift  of  thc  Lord. 

M.\t'tiirw,  given. 

Melcuiz'edeic,  king  of  juf.tice. 

Mephib'osuktii,  out  of  my  mouth  pro- 
ceeds reproach. 

Mer'aui,  bitter  to  provoke 

Mercit'iuus.  an  orator,  an  interpreter. 

Mrssi'mi,  anointed. 

Metiiu'srlah.  be  has  sent  his  death. 

Mi'OAH,  poor,  humble 

Micai'au,  who  is  like  to  God? 

Mm'tAM,  exalted,  bitterness  of  the  sea. 

Mu'au,  of  his  father. 

Moi:'dec.\i,  contrition,  bitter  bruising. 

Mu'SES,  taken  out  «f  the  water. 


Na'aman.  boantiful,  agreeable. 
Na'ual,  fool,  or  senseless. 
Na'p.otii,  words,  iirophecics. 
Na'dab,  free  and  volimtary  gift. 
Na'uum,  comforter,  penitent. 
Na'omi,  beautiful,  agreeable. 
Naph'tali,  that  strugtrles  or  fi^dits. 
Na'th-vn,  who  sives,  or  is  given. 
Nathan'aei.,  the  gift  of  God. 
NRiiUCHADNEz'zAR,  tears  and  groans  of 

judirment- 
Nkuemi'ah,  consolation,  repentance  of 

the  Lord. 
NinoDE''M(Ts,  innocent  blood. 
No'aii,  repose,  rest,  consolation. 


OTt,\T>i'An,  servant  of  the  Lord. 
O'isED,  a  servant. 
D'hep-e'dom  the  slave  of  Edom. 
0(/kan.  di.sturber,  that  disorders. 
Oa,  a  cake,  bread  baked  in  ashes. 


0.m'p.i,  sheaf,  or  bundle  of  corn. 
G'nan,  power,  strength,  iniquity. 
Ones'imus,  profitable,  usefuL 
UNP:sfPu'u-UL'S,  wlio  brings  profit. 
Ott'PAii,  the  neck  or  skull. 
Oxu'mel,  thc  hour  of  God. 


Par'menas,  that  abides,  or  is  perma- 
nent. 

Paul,  small,  little. 

Pau'i.us,  the  same. 

Pelati'ah,  let  the  Lord  deliver,  or  de- 
liverance of  the  Lord. 

Pe'leg,  division. 

PiiA'itAou.  that  disperses,  that  spoils. 

Pua'hez,  division,  rupture. 

Piie'be.  shining,  pure, 

Pirii.K'MON,  who  kisses. 

Piiil'ip,  warlike,  a  lover  of  horses. 

Pi''late.  who  is  armed  with  a  dart. 

Pot'ipiiau,  bull  of  Africa,  a  fat  bull. 

Pris'ca,  ancient. 

Priscii-'la,  thc  same. 


RAn'snAKEn,  mp-bearer  of  thc  prince. 
Ra'ohel,  sheep. 
Ra'oau,  a  friend,  n  neighbor. 
Ragu'el,  a  shepherd,  or  friend  of  God. 
Ua'hab,  large,  extended,  the  name  of  a 

woman.- 
Rebf-r'ah,  fat,  fattened,  a  quarrel  ap- 

pease<l. 
Reu'ijen.  who  sees  the  son,  the  vision 

of  the  son. 
Reu'el.  tho  shepherd,  or  friend  of  God. 
Riio'da,  a  rose. 
BuTU,  drunk,  satisfied. 


S, 

Sal'mon,    peaceable,    perfect,  he    that 

rewards. 
Salo'me,  the  same  as  Salmon. 
Sam'son,  his  son,  his  service,  here  the 

second  time. 
Sam'uel.  heard  of  God,  asked  of  God. 
Saithi'ra,  that  relates  or  tells. 
S-\'i:aii.  lady,  princess,  princess  of  the 

multitude. 
Sarai'.  my  lady,  my  princess, 
Saul,  dunianded,  lent,  ditch,  hell. 
Setii,  put,  or  who  puts. 
SfiA^DKAcn,  tenrler  nipple. 
SuE.M,  name,  renown. 


Suim'ei,  that  hears,  or  obeys,  my  repu- 
tation, uiy  fame. 
Si'las,  three,  or  the  third 
Silva'nus,  who  loves  the  forests. 
Si'.MON,  that  hears,  that  obevs. 
t^OL'oMON,  peaceable,  perfect. 
Steph'anas,  crown,  crowned. 
Ste'phf,n,  the  same. 
buSAN'KA,  lily,  rose,  joy. 


Tab'itha,  clear-sighted. 

Tah'penes,  standard,  flight,  temptation. 

Ter'tics,  the  third. 

TKx'BAUcn,  governor  of  a  fourth  part, 

THADDE''us,\hat  praises  and  confesses. 

Theopii'ilus,  a  friend  of  God. 

Tiiom'ab,  a  twin. 

Tibe'rius.  the  son  of  Tiber. 

TiMON,  honorable,  worthy. 

Timo'theus,  honored  of  God,  valued  of 

God. 
Ti'tus,  honorable. 
Tobi'ah.  the  Lord  is  good. 
Tf,opu'i.mus,    well    educated,    or    well 

brought  up. 
Tryphf/na,  delicious,  delicate. 
Tyrak'ni-'s,  a  prince,  one  that  reign.s. 


U. 

Uri'ah,    or    I'RiJAif,    the   Lord    is   my 

li^ht  or  fire. 
Uzzi'.^H,  the  strength  of  the  Lord. 


V. 
Yasu'ti,  that  drinks,  or  thread. 


Zab'di,  portion,  dowry. 

ZACCHE'irs,  pure,  clean,  just. 

Zaciiari'aii,  memory  of  the  Lord. 

Za'uok,  just,  justified. 

Zebapi'aii,  portion  of  the  Lord,  or  thc 

Lord  is  my  portion. 
Zeb'edee,  abundant,  portion. 
Zeu'iilpn,  dwelling,  habitation. 
ZEriiARi'An,  see  Zachauiaii. 
Zepf.ki'ah,  the  Lord  is  my  justice,  or 

tbe  justice  of  the  Lord. 
Zelo'tes.  jealous,  full  of  zeal. 
Zf.phani'ah,  the  Lord  is  my  secret. 
Zeki'i'ah,  pain,  tribulation. 
Zii/PAii,  distillation. 
Zlm'ki,  my  field,  my  vine. 


1382 


ARBITRARY      SIGNS. 

Is  addition  to  the  letters  of  the  Alphabet,  there  are  certain  arbitrary  signs,  or  characters,  each  with  if 
tion,  of  great  convenience  among  men  employed  in  the  arts,  sciences,  or  otherwise  in  human  affaire,  tlie  imponol  wt^iUicuy.. .  / 
may  not  improperly  explain. 


I.  MATHEMATICAL. 


1.    Of  Numerals. 

ARABIC 

EOMAX. 

1 

I 

One. 

2 

II 

Two. 

3 

III 

Three. 

4 

IT 

Four. 

5 

V 

Piva 

6 

TI 

Six. 

7 

vn 

Seven. 

8 

vm 

Eight. 

a 

IX 

Nino. 

10 

X 

Ten. 

11 

XI 

Eleven. 

12 

XII 

Twelve. 

13 

XIII 

Thirteen. 

14 

XIV 

Fourteen. 

13 

XV 

Fifteen. 

16 

XVI 

Sixteen. 

n 

xvri 

Seventeen. 

13 

XVIII 

Eighteen. 

19 

XIX 

Nineteen. 

20 

XX 

Twenty. 

30 

XXX 

Tliirty. 

40 

XL 

Forty. 

50 

L 

Fifty. 

60 

LX 

Sixty. 

70 

LXX 

Seventy. 

SO 

LXXX 

Eighty. 

90 

XC 

Ninetv. 

100 

c 

One  hundred. 

200 

cc 

Two  hundred. 

300 

ccc 

Tliree  hundred. 

400 

CCCG 

Four  hundred. 

500 

D 

Five  hundred. 

600 

DC 

Six  hundred. 

700 

DCC 

Seven  hundred 

800 

DCCC 

Eisht  hundred. 

900 

riCCCC,  orCil  Nine  hundred. 

1000 

M 

One  thousand. 

2000 

MM 

Two  thousand. 

MDCCCLIX 

One  thousand 

eight  hundred  and 

fifty-nine. 

The  Roman  nnmerKls  are  now  used  chiefly  for  dates, 
headlDgs  of  cliapters,  dials  of  time-pieces,  <S:0. 

2.   Of  the  Relations  of  Quaniiiies. 

-\-  plm  or  a-nd,  denoting  addition ;  a.%  2  -t-  C 
equals  8. 

—  minus  or  less,  denoting  sultradion ;  as,  G— 2 

equals  4. 

—  eqtial,  showing  that  the  quantities  between 

which  it  is  placed  are  equal ;  as,  2  -I-  6  = 

10-2. 
X  into  or  times,  denoting  multiplication;  a.<i, 

2X6  =  2  times  6  =  12. 
~  divided  by,  a-s,  10-=- 2=10  divided  by  2=5. 
~  dijererce  between  two  quantities  without 

designating  which   is  the  greater;   as, 

a~6. 


<  is  less  than;  as,  a  <6  signifies  that  a  is  less 

than  h. 

>  is  greater  than:  as,  o>6  signifies  that  a  is 
greater  than  b. 
:  is  to  I  denoting  proportion ;  as,  2  :  6 ::  5 :  15, 
::  as     )      i.e.,  2  is  to  6  as  5  is  to  15. 
y/  square  root  or  radical  sign ;   thus,  y/x  de- 
notes the  square  root  of  x. 
\/  cuhe  root ;  and,  generally,  any  root  may  be 
denoted  by  the  radical  sign  with  the  ' 
index  of  the  root  placed  over  it;   as,  ] 
^.c=aah  root  ofx. 

A  small  figure  (called  the  index  or  expon- 
ent) placed  above  and  to  the  right  of  a  quan- 1 
tity,  denotes  its  power;  as,  8',  8',  &c.,  the 
square,  cube,  &e.,  of  8. 

vinculum      -i  indicate  that  the  quantities 

[  ]  -{    J-   brackets  i      inclosed  by  thera  are  to 
(  )  parerdhesis      f     be  taken  together. 

1  bar  J 

.  • .  therefore,  or  consequently. 
• .  •  because. 

2  sum.,  denoting  the  algebraic  sum  of  several 

quantities  of  the  same  nature. 
f,F,ij>  function ;  as,  y='F  {x).  denoting  that  y  is 
a  function  of  x,  or  is  dependent  for  its 
value  on  x. 
f  denotes  an  integration  to  be  performed. 
A   triangle;  asAABC=AADC. 
A  angle. 
X  perpendicular. 

TT  =.3.14159265^a(to  of   cirmmfererta   to 

diameter  of  a  circle,  or  area  of  a  circle  to 

radius,  or  surface  of  a  sphere  to  diameter. 

f  =base  of  NaperianLogarithms=2.7182818 

M=Log.  f  =  Modulus    of   Com.   System  of 

Logarithms=0.4342945. 
g  =  force  of  gravity =xe\tx.  acquired  by  a  fall- 
ing body,  in  one  sccond=32.1908  ft  in 
lat.  of  London. 
°  degrees  of  arc.     R°=radiu3  in  degrees  of 

arc=57°  .29578. 
'    minutes  of  arc.     R'=radius  in  minutes  of 

arc=3437'  .7468. 
"  seconds  of  arc.     R"=radius  in  seconds  of 
arc=20G264.8. 


2.  Of  the  Art-r 


Ceres. 

Pallas. 

Juno. 

Vest.1. 

Astroea. 

Ilebo. 

Iria 

Flora. 

Metis. 

Hygea. 


Parthcnope.  S) 

Clio. 

Egeria. 

Irene. 

Eunomia. 

Psvehe. 

Th'etLs. 

Melpomene. 

Fortunx 


MuHsili-i. 
Lut«lia. 
Calliope. 

Tlialia. 

Themi.". 

p|,r-.-. 

Pr 

Eu' 

BcUui.i>. 

Amphitriv 

Cr, 

Eui 

Po 

Po.. 

Cir 

Lcuouliiea. 

A'alnnti. 


O  The  Sun. 

f)  The  Moon. 

^    Mercury. 

5    Venus. 

©  or  5  The  Earth 

J   Mars. 

y  Jupiter. 


n.   ASTKOWOMICAIi. 

1.    Of  the  Planets,  Jcc 
^  Saturn. 


IJ)  Uranus. 
¥    Neptune. 
«  New  Moon. 
Q)  First  Quarter. 
O  Full  Moon. 
(9  Last  Quarter. 


3. 


Spring 
Signs. 

Summer 
Signs. 

Autumn 
Signs. 

■Winter 
Signs. 


Signs  of  the  Zodiac 
(    1.  T  Aries. 
•!    2.   8   Taurus. 
(    3.   rr   GcminL 


25  CaucCT. 


5.  rt  Lea 

6.  nj  Virea 

7.  =2:  Libra. 

'    8.  "1.  Sc^-'- 

9.  ;  s.T^ 

10.  yj  C.-V1  - 

11.  ~    Aquanus. 

12.  K  Pi»--Ci 


4.  Aspeett. 

d  'Conjunctioa  or  h.'iving  th      . 

or  Riglit  A.scensii>n. 
D  Quadmtun:',  or  diiTering  J  ■ 

or  Right  .Xscension. 
8  Opposition,  or  didcring  ISO'  in 

or  Right  AscenaoD. 

6.  AbbreriatkDO. 
Q  Ascending  Node.       '     MiniitM  of  .4re. 


53  Descending  Node. 
N.  North.  S.  Soutk 
K  E,i.st.  W.  West. 
Degrees. 


I! 

M - 

Scoixii»  o(  Tvna. 


6.  Elements  of  Orinkf. 
2r   s  Longitude  of  Perihelion. 
V    Q  Longitude  of  Ascending  Node. 
<;>     i  Angle  of  occentridtr.  or  whcec 
»■      1  Inclin.ation  to  o  ' 
n     fi  Mean  daily  mo' 

t     L  Mean  longitude  _. ~ 

a     a  Me:ui  dttance. 
e  Eccentricity. 
Note.— Tho  jrmtx-l?  in  the  fl"^' 
tho  British  Nj"I.  .Mnunif ;  th 
from  the  .Mtii-ricAn  tph.  adJ  X.. .- 


J 


ARBITRARY     SIGNS. 


III.   MONETARY  AETB  COM- 
MERCIAL. 

$  Dollars. 

£  Pounds  sterling. 

@  at,  or  to,  as,  10  yds.  of  silk,  @  $2 
per  yd. ;    Flour,  $5,  @  $6  50. 

1|)  per ;  as.  Sheep,  $4  1>  head. 

5)  pound  weight ;  as.  Butter,  "^  tt,  25 
C<4  28o 

%  perceni;as,  DiscouutG^. .  .$10  21. 

1i  or  A/,  account;  as,  J.  Smith  m  % 

with  J.  Joues. 
C   Cartons. 

Apothecaries^  Weights. 

t>  pound. 

I  ounce;  as,  3!,  one  ouuoe,  3SS,  half 
an  ounce. 

3  drachm ;  as,  31,  one  drachm,  333, 
half  a  drachm. 

3  scruple;  as,  3i,  one  scruple;  3 S3, 
half  a  scruple. 

Apothecaries'  Measure. 

0  pint. 

5    ounce,  or/ 3  fluid  ounce. 

3    drachm,  or  /  3  fluidrachm. 
TT1_  minims,  or  drops, 
aa,  or  ana,  o-'"  each. 

IJ  recipe. 

IV.   GKAMMATIOAL. 

,  comma;  as.  Sun,  Mercury,  Venus, 

;  semicolon ;  as,  From  law  arises  se- 
curity ;  from  secm'ity,  curiosity; 
from  curiosity,  knowledge. 

:  colon. 

.  period ;  denoting  a  completed  sen- 
tence. 

—  dash;  marking  a  break  in  a  sen- 
tence, or  an  abrupt  transition. 

?  interrog.ation ;  as.  When  shall  you 
return  ? 

!  exclamation ;  as.  How  are  the 
mighty  fallen! 

(  )  parenthesis ;  including  some  ex- 
planatory clause  not  essential  to 
the  sentence  ;  as.  We  (that  is, 
Charles  and  myself)  leave  to-day. 


[  ]  brackets;  including  a  word  or  sen- 
tence to  supply  some  deheiency 
or  rectify  some  mistake;  as,  "  He 
[Mr.  Canning]  was  of  a  different 
opinion. 

'  apostrophe  ;  noting  abbreviation,  or 
the  gi-Miitivecaso;  as,  'tis  for  it  is; 
"  John's  hat." 

-  hyphen ;      connecting      compound 

words,  or  the  parts  of  a  word 
divided  at  the  end  of  a  line ;  as, 
to-morrow. 

'  acute  accent,  or  rising  inflection. 

"^  grave  accent,  or  falling  inflection. 

"   circumflex  accent. 

-  pl.iced   over  a  vowel   marks  it  as 

long ;   as,  "  Rosy." 

"  in  Uke  manner  denotes  a  short 
vowel ;  as,  "  Folly." 

••  diieresis,  separating  in  pronuncia- 
tion two  vowels,  which  would 
otherwise  make  a  diphthong. 

i  cedUla,  g  sounded  as  s  before  a,  0,  u. 

\  caret,  denoting  that  some  word  has 
been  omitted  in  writing. 

^  paragraph,  denoting  the  beginning 
of  a  new  topic — used  chiefly  in 
the  Bible. 

"  "  quotation  marks. 

§  section,  marking  the  division  of  a 
treatise  or  cliapter  into  less  por- 
tions. 

eg"  index  or  hand,  pointing  out  a  re- 
markable passage. 

*  *  *  or  ,    ellipses,    denoting    the 

omission  of  some  letters  or  words ; 
as  L**d  Kr***h,  for  Lord  North. 


References  to  the 
margin  or  bot- 
tom of  the  page. 
Letters  and  Hg- 
urcs  are  also 
used. 


*  asterisk 

f  obelisk  or  dagger 

\  double  dagger 

II  paraUeliS 

§  section 

f  paragraph 

+  -|-  cross,  sometimes  used  before  the 
signature  of  bishop?;  ;  also,  as  tlie 
mark  or  signature  of  persons  m> 
ablo  to  write  their  names ;   as, 

his 

John-j-Smith. 

mark. 


V.  COEKECTION  OF  THE  PKESS. 

Peter  Schoefler  is  said  to  bo  the  person  whi      Caps. 
invented   cast  metal  typej,  having   learned 
(x  the  arl-ef  of  cutliti^  the  letters  fr/m  the  Gut-      0 

tcmbergs,  he  is  aUo  supoiosed  to  have  been      ^ 
iff  the  first  whoengravc J  on  copper  plates      The     —  j 
following  testimony  is  prescved  in  the  family,      v 
^1    by    Jo.    Fred.    Faustus    of    Ascheffenburg :         iff 
Tf   ^Peter  SchoefTer  of  Gemsheim,  perceiving  his    s.cup^. 
\'/  master    Fausts    design,   and    being    himself 
Ir.   (desirous  v*''<i2"''.v)'<*  improve  the  art,  found 
out   (by  the   good   providence  of  God)   the 
+  niethod  of  cutting  {inciihntli)  the  characters        stcl. 

in  a  matrix,  that  the  letters  might  easily  be 
,1    singly  cas<?  instead  of  bieng   cut.     He  pri-        eil 
y   vately  cut  marr/'ces  J  for  the  whole  alphabctyA 
Faust  was  so  pleased  with  the  contriyaiice 
/"(i^at  he  promised  f'eter  to  Rive  hirp^is  only       w./ 
/j^ughter  Christina   in  marrmg^  a   promise     itai. 
/ „uich  be  soon  after  perfojmed.'*  no  H. 

as       (But  there  were  many  diiru-nlties  at  first 
ram.  with  these  lette/%  as  there  had  be  en  before       ^  | 
ital.  with  woodjjn  ones,  the  metal  being  by  mixing     out  s.c 

-ys a      1  '  ^ 

tr.  the  a^hstance  with  metal  which  hardened  it/      O 

(and  -vjhen  he  shotoed  his  master  the  Icttern 
cast  from  these  matrices, 

EXPLANATIONS. 

dele — take  out  tho  superiluous  word  "of." 
0\     turn  the  reversed  letter  "  p." 
^     insert  a  space  between  "  who"  and  "  engraved." 
-—     less  space  between  the  words. 
^      make  a  new  paragraph. 

tr.     b-anspose  the  words  "  desirous"  and  "  ardently." 
stet.  let  incidendi  (accidentally  erased)  remain, 
w./.  "  wi'ong  font"  type  to  be  changed. 
out  s.  c.  "  out,  see  copy."     The  words  omitted  being  too 
ntmierous  for  the  margin,  the  compositor  is 
referred  to  the  original  copy  for  them. 
The  other  mai-ks  are  self-explanatory. 


^ 


1384 


PECULIAR     USE 

OF 

WORDS  AND  TERMS  IN   THE  BIBLE 


[THE    COMMON   ENGLISH   TRANSLATION    OR  KING  JAMES'   VERSION. 


[The  followmg  is  taken  by  permission  from  Prof.  Busn's  Notes  on  Genesis,  to  the  author  and  publisher!,  of  which,  Oietm.  Irt^. 
Phts-xet,  Xew  York),  we  would  express  our  obligations  for  tbis  courtesy.  Bush's  Notes  on  Gentsl»,  Exodua,  Urixiau.  uyJ  X-.;- 
constitute  an  aid  hardly  less  than  indispensable  to  the  student  of  the  BMc.—PublisJurd.] 

The  following  list  ot  obsolete  or  antiquated  terms  it  is  proper  to  adviso  the  show,  however,  that  several  of  tht-m  .lo  not  r- 

rea.!er.  IS  t.iken  from  the  «,,A«r  copies  of  King  Jauies' Version,  and  contains  a  but  have  Riven  place  to  their  more  iao.k-rT, 
considerable  nnniber  which  have  been  since  altered,  but  by  whom,  or  iijion  •uu..irii 

what  authority,  doea  not  appear.    Eecurrence  to  the  passages  indicated   will 


column.    In  sonic  cases,  morcovur,  it  U  not  li.. 

become  antiiiuated. 


Advisement 

connsel,  1  Chron.  12. 19. 

Molten 

Afore 

before,  2  KiniS,  20.  4. 

Peeled 

Albdt 

altlioiiah.  Ezek.  18.  7. 

Poll  and  polled 

Aliant 

nlion,  Job,  19. 15. 

Purtenanco 

Anon 

soon.  Mat.  13.  20. 

Carriage 

Bestead 

reduced  to  straits,  Is.  8.  21. 

Conversation 

Bewray 

e.tpose,  Is.  16.  .3. 

Thief 

Blains 

blisters,  Es.  9.  9. 

"Worship 

Beast 

liviuff  creature,  Rev.  4.  6,  7. 

Meat 

Chaws 

jaws,  Ezek.  29.  4. 

Cunning 

Cracknels 

cakes,  1  Kings,  14.  3. 

Il.jnest 

Coast 

border,  limit,  Dcut.  19.  S. 

More 

Chapiter 

capital,  Ex.  86.  83. 

Quick 

Daysman 

umpire.  Job,  9.  83. 

St.iblish 

Deal 

part,  Ex.  29.  40. 

Prevent 

Ket 

fetched,  Acts,  23.  13. 

Ensuo 

Fray 

frighten,  Zech.  1.  21. 

Provoko 

Fenced 

fortified,  Deut  8.  5. 

Entreat 

IlahergeoD 

armor,  breastplate,  El.  2S.  82. 

Instantly 

llolpen 

helped,  Ps.  33.  S. 

Jlithevto 

Ilosen 

stockings,  Dan.  8.  21. 

Ravin 

Iloush 

hamstring.  Josh.  11.  9. 

Bruit 

Kerchieft 

caps,  Ezek.  13.  IS. 

Marvel 

Kinc 

cows.  Gen.  82.  15. 

Eschew 

Lad 

youth.  Gen.  21.  12. 
lies.  Ps.  4.  2. 

To  skill 

Leasing 

Wax 

Lceso 

lose,  1  Kings,  18.  5. 

L.lek 

List,  listed 

id.ase,  M.at.  IT.  12. 
binder,  Rom.  1. 13. 

Trow 

Let 

Twain 

.Mainifical 

stately,  I  Chron.  22.  5. 

Clean 

Marishcs 

marshes,  Ezet.  47.  11. 

Sore 

.MufHers 

thin  vails.  Is.  3. 19. 

Mo 

Munition 

fortiflcation,  Nah.  8. 1. 

Straitly 

1.— SINGLE    TERMS. 


melte.l,  Ezek.  24. 11. 

smoothed.  Is.  18.  2. 

cut  the  hair  off,  Ezek.  14.  20. 

inwar<!  parts.  Ei.  12.  9. 

Lag-age,  1  .Simii.  17.  22. 

behavior,  1  Tim.  4.  12,  J:c 

robber,  Mat.  27.  S3,  44. 

honor,  civil  respect,  Lu.  14. 10. 

food.  Mat.  8.  4. 

skillful,  Ex.  3S.  23. 

decent,  becoming,  2  Cor.  S.  21. 

greater.  Acts,  19^32. 

living.  Acts,  10.  42. 

establish,  1  Pet.  5. 10. 

go  before,  1  Thcs.  4.  15. 

pursue,  1  Pet.  8.  11. 

excite,  Ileb.  10.  24 

treat,  Luke,  20.  11. 

earnestly.  Luke,  7.  4. 

thus  far.  Job,  SS.  11. 

prey,  Gen.  49.  27. 

rumor,  Nah.  3. 19. 

wonder,  Eccl.  5.8. 

avoid,  Job,  2.  8. 

to  be  knowing  in,  1  Kings,  5.  6. 

become.  Is.  51.  6. 

to  be  wanting.  Gen.  IS.  28. 

think,  Luke,  17.  9. 

two,  1  Sam.  IS.  21. 

entirely,  Josh.  .8.  17. 

severe,  very  much,  occurs  often. 

more,  Deut.  1.  11. 

strictly,  Gen.  43.  7. 


Dnrcth 

Camp 

MInlsh 

.i.i. 

An  hiiDgcrcd 

bur,. 

Garner 

(!T»: 

Sith 

^n. 

Ensaoiplo 

MI) 

MIds 

ml' 

Gralfed 

r 

BacksUdlngi 

/. 

Unto 

fur. 

Of 

1>J-  ' 

Of 

fit. 

Pa.ssion 

Bnl' 

* 

Oweth 

Ott  ! 

t. 

Harness 

ani 

Ear 

em. 

Wist,  wit,  wot 

kn 

Tacho 

but- 

Tale 

niif 

Straw 

sea'- 

Seethe 

boll.  . 

Servitor 

ttr^ 

:  ta. 

Silvcrllnra 

t^. 

T.  a 

S04l,  sodden 

Stature 

hel.- 

i 

Sw4dlen 

5W, 

Tablets 

tipi 

Terrises 

hih 

B.  1.11 

I'nwittingly 

un..- 

:*. 

W.astncs3 

wa- 

*. 

Wench 

gir..  . 

2  .— P  H  R  A  aJi:  S . 


Good  man  oftho  honaa  masterofthefamiljr,Mat.20.11. 
CTppennost  rrK)ms  chief  places  at  table,  Mat.  23.  6. 

Hunger-bitten  weakened  with  hunger,  Job, 

18.  12. 
Take  no  thonght  be  not  anxioiis,  Mat.  6.  25. 

Laughed  to  scorn  derided,  Mat.  9.  24. 


.44. 


Cast  the  same  in  his    reproved  him,  Mat.  27 

teeth 
Chodo  with  quarreled  or  disputed    with, 

Gen.  31.  36. 
We  do  von  to  wit  we  inform  you,2  Cor.  8.  3. 

It  repented  him  ho  repented,  Gen.  G.  C. 


lie  Topontwl  himwlf     h?  w»f-»TtfM.  V««.  f?  « 

Stricken  in  ace  ailv^^      '  -•   -   ^ 

Know  anvthincbT  mr-  k- 

self      * 
Sat  at  moat  ,-.».-  ,ir   . 


Learned  Termx.—ln  the  following  list  of  learned  terms  retained  in  the  com- 
mon version,  it  i.^  readily  .idiiiitted  that  several  may  be  specified  which  through 
long  MAG  Iiave  become  both  familiar  anri  intelligible,  anrl  that  in  rc?rar<i  to  others 
It  woiiM  be  difficult  to  expr._'.«,s  their  meaning  well,  without  a  tedious  or  chimsy 
circumlocution.  Bnt  a  simple  diction  is  more  accordant  with  the  general  stylo 
of  the  version,  which  Is  remarkable  for  its  use  of  pure  English  words  in  prefer- 


ence to  those  of  Roman  origin.    Tlius  the  t--. 

l-e^phnck  (orAuppre^;  call  uiH>n  for  tnivi 

for  eiTdU  :  stretch  out  for  extend:  put  out  for  <■ 

put  away  for  divorce  ;  put  amnder  for  «yKinif<' .  -■■.:  ._-  :-^r  •-'  ■ 

diiiwiKH,  Jcc    Wo  cite  the  followini;  instances  therefor*,  rather  is 

the  general  practice  of  the  Iranslaiors. 


Tctrarch 

Synagf^ue 

Proselyte 

Centurion 

Quartern  ion 

Legion 

Kaster 

Scribe 

Infldel 

Matrix 

Occurrent 

Vocation 

Consolation 

Hemission 


Roman  Governor. 

assembly. 

convert. 

Roman  officer. 

party  of  fonr  soldiers. 

body  of  Roman  «oldicr». 

passover. 

writer. 

unbeliever. 

womb. 

incident. 

calling. 

comfort. 

forgivenf3«. 


Omnipotent 

almiu'hty. 

Illuminated 

enliuhtened. 

Delectable 

delightful. 

Immutable 

uncliangeablo. 

Celestial 

luMvenlv. 

Tern-strial 

cartlilv. 

Partition 

division. 

Divination 

foretelling. 

variety. 

Importunity 

earnest  enlrcaty 

Inquisition 

inquiry. 

Prognosticator 

foreteller. 

Ambassago 

<>mb:t.v-y. 

Cogitation 

thought. 

Ex.iction 

demand.  tTlbot& 

R.-xrbed 

bcanled. 

Inordinate 

irregular. 

Laud 

prUso. 

Ai^nro 

pnt  on  oath. 

Implead 

i:»>  t.->  l*w. 

Disannul 

m.ilo  vo-.X 

Prodcstinata 

decr.elH-.forf"  -.r  '. 

Consort 

partner. 

rlno- 

Amcrco 

cnntcr«l. 

Mollified 

t^fteneA. 

Exorcist 

on*  who  drim  oat  evil  if^Tita. 

174 


VrORDS    A'ND    TERMS    IN    THE    BIBLE. 


Wont  ofuniformtiv  in  Proper  Karnes.— Ovw  translators  have,  in  many  in- 
etances  remlereM  fioin  tlio  Grt-.^k.  Ht'bri'\v  names  with  Greek  terminations;  and 
those  nliincs.  thus  Gracised,  lliey  have  yiven  in  our  tratislatiun  without,  if  we 
may  so  s;ty,  Hebraizing  them  again ;  insomucli  that  it  is  not  to  be  doubted,  that 


many  unU  :rn-"  1  readers  are  ignorant  that  some  of  the  persons  spoken  of  >>y  one 
name  in  the  l\o\v  Testament,  are  the  same  witli  those  spoken  uf  by  another  in 
the  Old  Testament.    The  lullowiug  are  examples. 


Agar 

Azotas 

Charran 

Cis 

Elias 

Eliseus 

Esaias 

Jeremy 


Hasar.  Gal.  4.  24,  25. 

Asiidod,  Acts,  S.  40. 
Haran,  Acts,  T.  2,  4. 
Kish,  Acts,  18.  21. 
Elijah,  Mat.  11.14. 
Elislia,  Luke,  4.  27. 
Isaiah,  Kom.  1).  27. 
Jeremiah,  Mat.  2.  17. 


Jeremias 

Jesus 

Jonas 

Jo  ram 

Josaphat 

Judas 

Messias 

Noo 


Jeremiah,  Mat,  16. 14. 
Joshua,  Acts,  7.  45.    Ileb.  4.  8. 
Jonah,  Mat.  12.  39. 
Jehoram,  Mat.  1.  3. 
Jehosaphat,  Mat.  1.  8. 
Judah,  Mat.  13.  55. 
Messiah.  Jolm,  1.  41.-^.  25. 
Noah,  Mat.  24.  37. 


Osee 

Phaleg 

Roboam 

Sem 

Tyrus 

Urias 

Zach  arias 


Hosea,  Rom.  9.  26. 
Peleg.  Luke.  8.  85. 
Rehoboam,  Mat.  1.  7. 
Sliem,  Luke,  8.  36. 
Tvre.  Jer.  25.  22. 
Uriah,  Mat.  1.  6. 
2ecliariab,  Mat.  28.  55. 


"Where  a  word  entls  in  iaJi,  it  is  peculiarly  wrong  thus  to  transform  it,  be- 
cause in  nearly  everv  case  tlio.--e  names  have  a  reference  to  Jtih  or  Jehoimh,  and 
are  compouniled  with  it,  as  are  those,  tlwtt  end  in  el  with  Efohim,  God. — TTpon 
the  same  principles  of  simplicity,  uuiformiiy,  and  information,  the  words  Tho- 


mas DidytnuJi,  Lucas,  Marcut^,  and  Timothens,  would  lie  more  intelligible  to 
a  common  English  reader,  and  tend  more  to  the  identifying  of  the  persons 
spoken  of,  if  they  were  translated  Thomas  the  Twin^  Mark,  Luke,  and  Ti- 
mothy. 


VARIOUS    PECULIARITIES. 


For  the  sake  of  the  English  reader  it  may  be  well  to  group  together,in  tabu- 
lar form,  a  few  supplementary  items  tending  to  illustrate  several  points  which 
are  less  obvious  in  a  version,  but  which  are  still  important  to  the  intelligent 
study  of  the  Scriptures; 

Ikhnn-wiK. — 'I'he  Hebrew  language  is  distinguished  for  the  use  of  certam 
nouns  which  in  connection  with  other  words,  form  an  idiomatical  expression 

Com,  VersioiU  Hehrew. 

Gen.  37.  19.  dreamer  lord  of  dreams. 

(i.  e.  addicted  to  dreaming.) 
Gen.  49.  23.  archers  b*nl  of  arrows. 

(i.  c.  addicted  to  shooting.) 
Ex.  24, 14.  man  having  matters  lord  of  words, 

(i.  e.  one  addicted  to  controversies.) 


2  Kings,  1.  8.  an  hairy  man 
Prov.  1.  16.  bird 
Prov.  23.  24.  angry  man 
Gen,  14. 13.  confederate 
Piov.  23. 2.  given  to  appetite 
Prov.  IS.  9.  great  waster 
1  Sam.  23.  7."'a  woman  that  has  a  familiar 
spirit 


lord  of  hair. 

lord  of  a  wing 

master  of  anger. 

lords  of  covenant. 

master  of  appetite. 

master  of  waste. 

mistress  of  a  familiar  spirit 


and  .acquire  a  sense  that  couldjnot  be  cnllected  from  the  known  meaning  of  the 
separate  terms.  Of  these  the  most  remarkable  are  ^TZ  Bam,']'Z  fion,  and  Tf'^H 
man,  which  in  their  various  connections  express  the  relations  of  possession^ 
dominion,  addictedness,  &.C.,  in  a  manner  which  will  best  be  gathered  from  the 
following  examines. 


Com.  Version. 
1  Sam.  10.  IS.  a  comely  person 
1  Kings.  2.  25.  worthy  of  death 
Gen.  9.  20.  husbandman 
Is.  46. 11.  man  that  eseeuteth  my  counsel 
1  Sam.  14.  o'2.  valiant  man 
Gen.  17. 12.  eight  days  old 
Bent.  25.  2.  \vortby  of  beating 

1  Sam.  20.  31.  shall  surely  dio 
Jon.  4.  li>.  perished  in  a  night 
Is.  5. 1.  a  very  fruitful  hill 
Job.  41.  2S.  arrow 

2  I-iiuL's,  14.  14.  hostages 
Job,  5.  7.  sparks 


ITehrew. 
man  of  form, 
man  of  death, 
man  of  the  ground, 
man  of  my  counseL 
son  of  valor, 
son  of  eight  days, 
son  of  bt-ating, 
a  son  of  death, 
son  of  a  night, 
horn  of  the  son  of  oil. 
eon  of  the  bow. 
sons  of  pledges, 
sons  of  the  burning  coaL 


OTHKR     HEBRAISMS. 


Is.  5.  24.  a  tongue  of  fire 
Job,  39.  28.  the  tooth  of  a  rock 
Ex.  14.  30.  the  lip  of  the  sea 
Prov.  5.  4.  a  sword  of  mouths 
Ps.  55.  6.  who  shall  give? 
Job,  5.  20.  the  hand  of  the  sword 
Ps.  49.  16.  the  hand  of  the  grave 
Ex.  2.  5.  at  the  hand  of  the  river 
Ps.  140.  5.  the  hand  of  the  way 


a  flame. 

a  cr.ag,  or  sharp-pointed  rock. 

the  sea-shore. 

a  two-edged  sword. 

O  that,  (optative.) 

the  power  of  the  sword. 

the  power  of  the  grave. 

bv  the  side  of  the  river. 

the  way  side. 


Ex,  15.  S.  the  heart  of  the  seas 

Job,  3.  9.  the  eye-lids  of  the  morning 

Gen.  49.  U.  the  blood  of  the  grape 

Jon.  8.  3.  a  great  city  to  God 

2  Cor.  10.  4.  Weapons  powerful  to  God 

Ps.  HO.  10.  cedars  of  God 

Ps.  36.  7.  mount.ains  of  God 

Acts.  7.  20.  beautiful  to  God 

Gen.  23.  6.  a  prince  of  God 


the  middle  of  tho  sea. 
the  dawning  of  the  day. 
red  wine 
a  very  large  city, 
weapons  divinely  sti'ong. 
goodly  or  tall  cedars, 
liigh  iTUJuntains. 
exceedingly  beautifuL 
a  mighty  prince. 


SOUL    put    for    PERSON. 


Ps.  106.  15.  he  sent  leanness  into  their  soul  (i.  e.  into  them.) 

Job,  16.  4.  if  your  soul  were  in  my  sotiVs  stead,  (i.  e.  if  you  were  in  my  stead.) 

Prov.  25.  25.  to  a  thirsty  soul.  (i.  e.  to  a  thirsty  person.) 

Rom.  13.  1.  let  every  sozd  be  subject,  (i.  e.  every  person.) 


Acts,  2.  81.  his  sonl  was  not  left  in  hades.  (I.  e.  he  was  not  left.) 
Mat.  12.  If^.  in  whom  my  soul  is  well-pleased,  (i.  e.  in  whom  1  am  well-pleased.) 
Heb.  10.  3S.  my  soul  shall  have  no  pleasure,  (i.  e.  I  shall  have  no  pleasure.) 
Gen.  19.  20.  and  my  soul  shall  live.  (i.  e.  and  I  shall  live.) 


STRIA^MS. 


Mat.  5.  22.  Raoa 
Mat.  6.  'H.  Majnmon 
Mat.  27.  6.  Corban 
Mark,  5.  41.  Talitha-cuml 
Mark,  7.  37.  Ephphatha 


miscreant, 
riches, 
a  gift. 

damsel,  arise, 
be  opened. 


Mark,  15.  34.  Eloi,  Eloi, 
lama  sabachthani 

John,  1.  43.  Cephas 
John,  5.  2.  Bothesda 


my  God,  my  God,  why 
hast  thou  forsaken 
me? 

a  rock  or  stone. 

the  house  of  mercy. 


Acts,  1.  19.  Aceldama 
Rom.  8.  15.  Abba 
1  Cor.  16.  22.  Maran-atha 
Rev.  16. 16.  Armageddon 


the  field  of  blood, 
father. 

our  Lord  cometh. 
the  excision  of  a  mul- 
titude. 


ITALICS. 


It  has  sometimes  been  objected  to  our  received  version  that  it  is  encum- 
bered with  a  load  of  awkward  and  useless  Italics.  Words  and  phrases  printed  in 
this  character,  it  is  well  liiiown,  are  introduced  for  the  purpose  of  making  out  a 
eoniplfte  sense  in  our  hiniruage.  wheie  the  expression  in  the  original  is  elliptical, 
or  where  the  idioms  of  the  two  laiiLruases  are  so  different,  that  a  literal  trans- 
lalion  would  leave  the  writer's  meaning  obscure  or  unintelligible.  The  first 
object  of  the  translators  undoubtedly  was  to  express  in  intelligible  English  what 
they  believed  to  be  the  full  signification  of  a  sentence;  and  their  next  object  ap- 
pears to  have  been  to  point  out,  by  the  mode  of  printing,  such  supplementary' 
words  as  had  been  required  for  the  complete  development  of  the  sense.  In  some 
cases  indeed  the  elliptical  form  of  the  original  would  not  bo  attended  with  any 


great  uncertainty  as  to  the  writer's  meaning ;  and  yet  as  different  modes  of  sup- 
jdying  the  ellipses,  giving  different  shades  of  meaning,  may  be  adopted,  it  seems 
di'sirable  even  in  such  oases,  that  the  words  actually  supplied  should  be  desig- 
nated. In  other  cases,  the  elliptical  form  is  productive  of  so  much  obscurity,  that 
.scholars  will  entertain  different  opinions  as  to  tlie  mode  in  which  the  ellipsis 
should  be  supplied.  Under  such  circumstances,  therefore,  it  woiihi  seem  to  be 
obvious  that  in  translating  a  work  of  such  vast  moment  to  mankind  as  the 
Oiacles  of  Truth,  whatever  is  thus  added  for  the  fuller  explication  of  the  mean- 
ing of  the  original  ought  to  have  some  mark  by  which  it  may  be  distinguished 
from  the  rest.  It  was  with  this  view  that  our  translators  bad  recom-se  to  the 
expedient  of  Italics. 


1386 


TABLE     OF     SYNONYMS 

BY    CHAUNCEY    A.    OOODKICH. 


lif  W»T 


Tliese  words  are  here  grouped  and  compared,  not  for  the  purpose  of  making  those  minute  discriminations  v.-' '  ■ 
lar  treatise  on  Synonyms,  but  of  carrying  out  a  distinctive  feature  of  Dr.  Webster's  original  plan.     He  was  l 
a  word,  to  select  at  times  some  other  word  of  nearly  the  same  import,  and  by  comparing  the  two,  was  able  • 
the  use  and  significance  of  the  term  under  consideration.     This  plan  is  here  adopted,  and  applied  to  many  huii 
portant  words  in  our  language.     The  object  is  to  give  the  leading  sense  of  the  several  words  thus  compare<l,  and  in  U,i 
those  who  may  wish  to  pursue  the  subject,  in  making  those  nicer  discrkainations  to  which  the  inquiry  will  natural'v  '  ■    '      i 
numerous  schools  and  academies  where  this  Dictionary  has  been  placed  as  a  book  of  reference,  this  aid  may  be  f 
value.     It  may  furnish  the  means  of  making  the  "discriminations  of  synonyms"  a  regular  exercise  for  the  higiicr  ■  -;.  ■  ■  :  i  .. 
As  to  the  benefits  of  such  an  exercise,  the  following  remarks  are  made  by  Dr.  TRENca  m  his  book  on  the  Study  of  Wnn!" : 

"In  words  is  a  material  ever  at  hand  on  whicli  to  train  the  spirit  to  a  skillfidness  in  this  [discrimination],  on  •■• 
its  sagacity  through  the  habit  of  distinguishing  there  where  it  would  be  so  easy  to  confound.     Nor  is  lliis  habit  • 
only  valuable  as  a  part  of  our  intellectual  training ;  but  what  a  positive  increase  is  it  of  mental  wealth  when  wc 
discern  between  things  which  really  diifer,  but  have  been  hitherto  confused  in  our  muids ;  and  have  made  these 
manently  our  own  in  the  only  way  by  wliich  they  can  be  made  secure,  that  is,  by  assigning  to  each  its  appropriate 
liar  sign.     *     *     *    Jfor  let  us  suppose  tliis  power  of  exactly  saying  what  vfo  mean,  and  neither  more  nor  1 
be  merely  an  elegant  mental  accomplishment.     It  is  indeed  tliis,  and  perhaps  there  is  no  power  so  surely  im: 
accurate  training  of  the  intellectual  faculties.     But  it  is  also  much  more  than  this:  it  has  a  moral  meaning  as  w 
allied  to  morality,  inasmuch  as  it  is  nearly  connected  with  truthfulness.    *     *    *     I  can  not  promise  you  that  llv 
nyms,  or  the  acquaintance  with  derivations,  or  any  other  knowledge  but  the  very  highest  knowledge  of  all,  will  deliver  you  : : 
the  temptation  to  misuse  this  or  any  other  gift  of  God — a  temptation  which  always  lies  so  near  us— yet  I  am  sure  that  t}-.-  - 
rightly  pursued  will  do  much  in  loaiUng  us  to  stand  in  awe  of  this  divine  gift  of  words,  and  to  tremble  at  the  thought  c:" 
to  any  other  than  those  worthy  ends  for  which  God  has  endowed  us  with  it." 


ABA 

To  Abandon,  Desert,  Foksake. 

These  words  agree  in  representing  a  person 
as  jiving  up  or  leaving  some  object,  but  differ 
as  to  the  mode  of  doing  it. 

The  distinctive  sense  of  ahaMon  is  that 
of  giving  up  a  thing  absolutely  and  finally, 
as  if  placed  under  a  ian;  as,  to  abandon 
one's  friends  or  profession.  Crabb  is  wrong  in 
saying  that  it  is  always  used  in  a  bad  sense, 
since  we  speak  of  abandoning  a  hopeless  en- 
terprise, or  ahandcming  a  shipwrecked  vessel. 
— Desert  is  from  de  and  sero,  to  cease  cultiva- 
ting or  taking  care  of  one's  land.  As  this 
ordinarily  supposes  crimimU  neglect,  the  verb, 
when  applied  to  persons  in  the  active  voice, 
has  usually  or  always  a  bad  sense,  implying 
some  breach  of  fidelity,  honor,  &c. ;  as,  to  desert 
one's  colors,  to  desert  one's  post,  to  desert  one's 
principles  or  duty.  "When  used  in  the  passive, 
the  sense  is  not  necessarily  bad;  as,  the  fields 
were  deserted,  a  deserVid  village,  deserted  halls. 
— Forsake  is  from  the  Saxon  for,  and  sacan,  to 
seek  no  longer,  or  to  seek  forth  and  away  fi-om. 
It  therefore,  as  its  distinctive  sense,  sup- 
poses previous  union;  as,  the  blood /orsoofc  his 
chocks;  or  that  the  thing  left  had  been  famU- 
iar  or  frequented;  as,  to  forsake  old  friends, 


ABA 

to  forsake  the  paths  of  rectitude,  4c.  It  may 
be  used  either  in  a  good  or  a  bad  sense. 

Abandoned,   Profligate,  Repeo- 

BATE. 
These  adjectives  agree  in  expressing  the 
idea  of  great  personal  depravity. 

Profligate  (from  profligates,  broken  or  ruined,) 
has  reference  to  open  and  shameless  immorali- 
ties either  in  private  hfo  or  poUtical  conduct; 
as,  a  profligate  court,  a  profligate  ministry. 
Ton  are  so  witty,  profligiite  .ind  tliin, 
At  onco  we  tbiuk  theo  Milton's  Dc-itli  anil  Sin. 

ElMOllAM  ON   VoLTAIRK, 

—Abandoned  is  stronger,  and  has  ref -rcnee  to 
the  searing  of  conscience  and  hardening  of 
heart  produced  by  a  man's  givmg  hunself  whol- 
ly up  to  iniquity ;  as,  an  abandoned  villain,  a 
man  o(  abatidoiied  character.— fleproftate  (from 
reprobaius,  rejected  or  condemned,)  is  still 
stronger,  and  describes  the  condition  of  one 
who  is  so  entirely  abandoned  as  to  leave  no 
hope  of  his  recovery.  Thus,  we  speak  of  a  per- 
son as  "given  over  to  a  reprobate  mind." 

To  Abase,  Debase,  Degrade. 

These  words  agree  in  the  idea  of  bringing 
down  from  a  higlier  to  a  lower  state. 


ABA 

Abase  has  reference  to  a  1  - 
condition  or  feelinRs;  as,  to 
to  ail!*!  one's  self  before  tj  -i.— 
reference  to  the  bringing  down  o(' 
purity,  or  mcJsing  it  base.     It  U,  ; 
w,nys  used  in  a  had  sense:  a^.  s 
coin  of  the  kingdom,  i  ' 
vicious  indulgence,  to 
ccirso  or  vulgar  cxi  ■ 
reference  to  a  bringing 
grade  or  di^ree  of  elcvat  o-,. 
degraded  from  the  clerical  o:" 
in  a  moral  sense,  it  denotes  a  i  r. .. , 
character  and  just  cstinution:  a.", 
intemperance,   a  ifcjrvKii'ij  • 
In  gcolo:,:\-,  degrade  has  the  • 

down  phvsically;  ns,  the  rcvk,-  "i:\>  •►.  >• 

by  the  action  of  the  elements. 

The  nouns  abasemml,  dtboffmnl,  A;  ■"•'■ 
Hon,  follow  the  distinclioos  of  tbar  x<:  - 
given  above. 

To  Abash,  CoNmtK,  CovrorxD. 

Abash  is  a  stronger  w.v>i  Jhaa   -  -  '  ■■   ^  •  * 
not  so  stning  as  ootifcmKd.    TTe 
(coimected  with  atiox  .■\d1  ^as*AJ)  v. ,,  .. 
cither  with  sudden  slume  or  with  a  hxsr,  i 


13S7 


ABD 


TABLE    OF    STNONYMS. 


ABS 


sense  of  inferiority;  as,  Peter  was  abashed  by 
the  look  of  his  master,  "abashed  the  Devil 
stood."  So,  a  modest  youth  is  abashed  in  the 
presence  of  those  who  are  greatly  his  superi- 
ors.— We  are  confased  when,  from  so:ne  une-x- 
pected  or  startling  occurrence,  we  lose  clear- 
ness of  thought  and  self-possession.  Thus,  a 
witness  is  often  confused  by  a  severe  cross- 
examination,  a  timid  person  is  apt  to  be  co7i- 
fused  in  entering  a  room  full  of  strangers. — 
We  are  confounded  (from  cmn,  with,  and  fundo, 
to  pour,)  when  our  minds  are  overwhelmed,  as 
it  were,  by  something  wholly  unexpected, 
amazing,  dreadfiil,  &c.,  so  as  to  have  nothing 
to  say.  Thus,  a  criminal  is  usually  confounded 
at  the  discovery  of  his  guUt. 

Satan  stood 
Awhile  as  mute,  confounded  what  to  say. 

MlLTOIf. 

To  Abate  (intransitive),  Subside. 

These  words,  as  here  compared,  imply  a 
coming  down  from  some  previously  raised  or 
excited  state. 

Abate  (Fr.  abatlre)  expresses  this  in  respect 
to  degrees,  and  implies  a  diminution  oi  force  or 
intensity ;  as,  the  storm  abates,  the  cold  abates. 
the  force  of  the  wind  abates ;  or,  the  wind  abates, 
a  fever  abates. — Subside  (from  sub  and  sido,)  to 
settle  down,)  has  reference  to  a  previous  state 
of  agitation  or  commotion ;  as,  the  waves  sub- 
side after  a  storm,  the  sea  subsides  into  a  calm. 

When  the  words  are  used  figuratively,  the 
same  distinction  should  be  observed.  If  we 
conceive  of  a  thing  as  having  different  degrees 
of  intensity  or  strength,  the  word  to  be  used  is 
aJ)ate.  Thus  we  say,  a  man's  anger  abates,  the 
ardor  of  one's  love  abates,  "winter's  rage 
aljales."  But  if  the  imago  be  that  of  a  sinking 
ilou-n  into  quiet  from  preceding  excitement  or 
commotion,  the  word  to  bo  used  is  subside; 
:i?,  the  tumult  of  the  people  subsides,  the  pub- 
lic mind  subsided  into  a  calm.  Tho  same  is 
(ho  caso  with  those  emotions  which  are  tu- 
1  ]Hiltuous  in  their  nature ;  as,  his  passion  sub- 
.•sides,  his  joy  quickly  subsided,  his  grief  sub- 
sided into  a  pleasing  melancholy.  Tet,  if  in 
such  cases  we  were  thinking  of  the  emotion  as 
intense,  wo  might  use  abate;  as,  his  joy  will 
abate  in  tho  progress  of  time :  and  so  in  other 
instances. 

To  Abdicate,  Resign. 

Abdicate  (from  ab,  from,  and  dico,  to  speak 
off,)  expresses  the  act  of  a  monarch  in  yielding 
up  sovereign  authority;  as,  to  abdicate  tho 
crown,  to  abdicate  one's  throne,  to  abdicate  the 
government.  King  James  II.  of  England  was 
held  to  have  abdicated  (and  not  merely  de.'serted 
his  post),  when  ho  fled  from  the  country,  and 
thus  ceased  to  administer  the  government. — 
Resign  (from  resigno,  to  break  the  seal  of  ofBce,) 
is  applied  to  the  act  of  any  person,  high  or  low, 
who  gives  back  an  ofBce  or  trust  into  the  liands 
of  him  who  conferred  it.  Thus,  a  minister  re- 
signs, a  military  officer  resigns,  a  clerk  resigns. 
The  expression,  "  the  king  resigned  his  crown," 

1388 


sometimes  occurs  in  our  later  literature,  im- 
plymg  that  he  held  it  from  his  people. — There 
are  other  senses  of  resign  which  ai'e  not  here 
brought  into  view. 

Aberration.     See  Insanity. 
Abettor,  Accessary,  Accomplice. 

These  words  denote  different  degrees  of  com- 
plicity in  some  deed  or  crime. 

An  abettor  is  one  who  incites  or  encourages 
to  the  act,  without  sharing  in  its  performance. 

An  accessary  is  one  who  is  neither  present  nor 
takes  part  in  the  act,  but  accedes  to  or  becomes 
involved  in  its  guilt,  either  by  some  previous 
or  subsequent  act,  as  of  aiding,  concealing,  &c. 

An  accomplice  (from  the  verb  to  accomplish,)  is 
one  who  is  directly  engaged  in  doing  the  deed, 
or  is  held,  by  construction  of  law,  to  have  been 
so  engaged.  Thus,  in  treason,  there  are  no 
abdtors  or  accessaries,  but  all  are  held  to  be 
principals  or  accomplices. 

Abettors  propose,  incite,  instigate  or  pro- 
mote; accessaries  assist,  aid,  help  forward; 
accomplices  carry  into  effect,  execute  or  com- 
plete. 

Abbey.     See  Cloister. 

To  Abhor.     See  To  Hate. 

Ability,  Capacity. 

These  words  come  into  comparison  when 
applied  to  the  higher  intellectual  powera 

Ability  (Fr.  hdbilite,  ease  of  execution,)  has 
reference  to  the  active  exercise  of  our  faculties. 
It  implies  not  only  native  vigor  of  mind,  Ijut  that 
ease  and  promptitude  of  execution  which  arise 
from  superior  mental  training.  Thus,  we  speak 
of  the  ability  with  which  a  book  is  written,  an 
argument  maintained,  a  negotiation  carried  on, 
&c.  It  always  supposes  something  to  be  done, 
and  the  power  of  doing  it. —  Capacity  (from 
capio,  to  take  in,)  has  reference  to  the  receptive 
powers.  In  its  higher  exercises,  it  supposes 
great  quickness  of  apprehension  and  breadth  of 
intellect,  with  an  uncommon  aptitude  for  ac- 
quiring and  retaining  knowledge.  Hence  it 
carries  with  it  the  idea  of  resources  and  unde- 
veloped power.  Thus,  we  speak  of  the  extra- 
ordinary capacity  of  such  men  as  Lord  Bacon, 
Blaise  Pascal  and  Edmund  Burke.  "  Capacity," 
sa.\3  H.  Taylor,  "  is  requisite  to  devise,  and 
ability  to  execute  a  great  enterprise." 

The  word  abilities,  in  tho  plural,  embraces 
both  these  qualities,  and  denotes  high  mental 
endowments. 

To  Abolish,  Repeal,  Abrogate, 
Revoke,  Annul,  Nullify. 

These  words  have  in  common  the  idea  of 
setting  aside  by  some  overruling  act. 

Abolish  apphes  particularly  to  things  of  a 
permanent  nature,  sucli  as  institutions,  usages, 
customs,  cStc. ;  as,  to  abolish  monopohes,  serf- 
dom, slavery,  &c. — Repeal  describes  the  act  by 
which  the  legislature  of  a  state  sets  aside  a 
law  which  it  had  previously  enacted. — Abro- 


gate (from  ab  and  rogo,  to  call  back,)  was  orig- 
inally applied  to  the  repeal  of  a  law  by  the 
Roman  people ;  and  hence,  when  the  power  of 
making  laws  was  usurped  by  the  emperors, 
the  term  was  applied  to  their  act  of  setting 
aside  the  laws.  Thus  it  came  to  express  that 
act  by  which  a  sovereign  or  an  executive 
government  sets  aside  laws,  ordinances,  regu- 
lations, treaties,  conventions,  &c. — Revoke  (from 
revoco,  to  call  back,)  denotes  the  act  of  recall- 
ing some  previous  grant  wliich  conferred 
power,  privUege,  &c. ;  as,  to  revoke  a  decree,  to 
revoke  a  power  of  attorney,  &c.  Thus,  also, 
we  speak  of  the  revocation  of  the  Edict  of 
Nantes. — Annul  is  used  in  a  more  general 
sense,  denoting  simply  to  make  void;  as,  to 
annul  a  contract,  to  annul  an  agreement,  &c. — 
Nullify  (from  nullus  and  fio,  to  make  of  no 
effect,)  is  an  old  word  recently  revived  in  this 
country,  and  applied  to  the  setting  of  things 
aside  either  by  force  or  by  total  disregard ;  as, 
to  nullify  an  act  of  Congresa 

To  Abominate.     See  To  Hate. 

Abridgment,  Compendium,  Epitome, 
Abstract,  Synopsis. 

An  abridgment  is  made  by  omitting  the  less 
important  parts  of  some  larger  work;  as. 
Bacon's  Abridgment. — A  compendium  (from 
the  Latin)  is  a  brief  exhibition  of  a  subject  or 
science  for  common  use ;  as,  a  Compendium  of 
American  Literature,  a  Compendium  of  Logic. — 
An  epitome  (Gr.,  a  cutting  down,)  corresponds 
to  a  compendium,  and  gives  briefly  the  most 
material  points  of  a  subject ;  as,  an  Epitome  of 
History. — An  abstract  is  a  brief  statement  of  a 
thing  in  its  main  points. — A  synopsis  (Gr., 
literally  a  looking  at  collectively,)  is  a  bird's 
eye  view  of  a  subject  or  work  in  its  several 
parts. 

To  Abrogate.     See  To  Abolish. 

Absent,  Abstracted. 

These  words  both  imply  a  want  of  attention 
to  surrounding  objects,  but  for  different  causes. 

We  speak  of  a  man  as  absent,  when  his 
thoughts  wander  from  present  scenes  or  topics 
of  discourse;  we  speak  of  him  as  abstracted 
when  his  mind  (usually  for  a  brief  period)  is 
strongly  drawn  off  to  some  remote  object  or 
train  of  thought,  and  is  thus  prevented  from 
giving  attention  to  what  is  going  on  around 
liim.  Absence  of  mind  is  usually  the  result  of 
loose  habits  of  thouglit;  abstraction  commonly 
arises  cither  from  engrossing  interests  and 
cares,  or  unfortunate  habits  of  association. 

To  Absolve,  Exonerate,  Acquit. 

Wo  speak  of  a  man  as  absolved  (Lat.,  absolvo, 
to  release,)  from  something  that  binds  his  con- 
science or  involves  the  charge  of  wrong-doing ; 
as,  to  absolve  fiom  allegiance  or  from  tho  obh- 
gation  of  an  oath,  to  absolve  from  the  imputa- 
tion of  criminal  conduct. — We  speak  of  a  per- 
son as  exonerated  (from  ex,  from,  and  omu^,  a 
load,)  when  ho  is  released  from  some  burden 


ABU 


TABLE    OP   STNONYilS. 


A  '■  'J 


which  had  rested  upon  him;  as,  to  exonerate 
from  suspicion,  to  exonerate  from  blame  or 
odium. — We  speak  of  a  person  as  acquitted 
(fipom  Fr.  acquitter,  to  exempt  from  charge), 
when  a  decision  has  been  made  in  his  favor 
cither  by  a  jury  or  by  disinterested  persons ; 
as,  acquitted  of  all  participation  in  the  crime. 


To  Absokb,  Exgeoss,  Swallow  up, 
Engulf. 

These  words  agree  in  one  general  idea,  that 
of  completely  taking  up.  They  are  chiefly  used 
in  a  figurative  sense,  and  may  be  distinguished 
by  a  reference  to  their  etymology. 

"We  speak  of  a  person  as  absorbed  (lit.,  drawn 
in  as  by  a  whirlpool,)  in  study  or  some  other  em- 
ployment of  the  highest  interest. — "We  speak  of 
a  person  as  engrossed  (lit,  seized  upon  in  the 
gross,  or  wholly,)  by  something  which  occupies 
his  whole  time  and  thoughts,  as  the  acquisition 
of  wealth  or  the  attainment  of  honor. — "We  speak 
of  a  person  (under  a  stronger  image,)  as  swal- 
lowed up,  and  lost  in  that  which  completely 
occupies  his  thoughts  and  feelings,  as  in  grief 
at  the  death  of  a  friend,  or  in  the  multiplied 
cares  of  lile. — We  speak  of  a  person  as  engulfed 
in  that  which  (like  a  gulf),  takes  in  all  his 
hopes  and  interests,  as  engulfed  in  misery, 
engulfed  in  ruin. 

Lethean  ^nlfs  receive  them  as  they  fall, 
And  dark  oblivion  soon  absorbs  them  k11. 

COWPEE. 

Too  lon^  hath  love  engross'd  BritUnia's  sta::o, 
And  sunk  to  softness  all  our  tragic  ra'„'e. 

TiCKELL. 

Should  not  the  Siirt  occasion  twallow  up 
All  other  cares?— Addison. 
And  in  destniction's  river 
£nffu^/and  gtcallow  up. — Sir  P.  Sidney. 

Abstract.     See  Abridgment. 

Abstracted.     See  Absent. 

Absurd,  Irrational,  Foolish,  Pre- 
posterous. 
Of  these  terms  irrational  is  the  weakest,  de- 
noting that  which  is  plainly  inconsistent  with 
the  dictates  of  sound  reason ;  as,  an  irrational 
course  of  lite.— Foolish  rises  higher  and  implies 
either  a  perversion  of  that  faculty,  or  an  ab- 
solute weakness  or  fatuity  of  mind  ;  as,  foolish 
enterprises.— ^6^"^  (from  aisurdu!,  deaf  or 
stupid,)  rises  still  higher,  representing  a  person 
as  deaf  to  the  voice  of  reason,  and  his  opinion 
or  conduct  as  opposed  to  the  dictates  of  com- 
mon sense;  as,  an  ahmrd  scheme,  an  absurd 
hypothesis,  an  absurd  argument,  kc— Prepos- 
terous (from  pice  and  pono,  to  place,)  rises  still 
higher,  and  supposes  an  absolute  inversion  in 
the  order  of  things ;  or  in  plain  terras,  a  "  put- 
ing  of  the  cart  before  the  horse ;"  as,  a  prepos- 
terow!  suggestion,  preposterous  conduct,  a  pre- 
posterous regulation  or  law. 

Abundance,  Plentt,  Exuberance. 


Plenty  (from  planus,  full,)  denotes  a  sufficiency 
to  supply  every  want;  as,  plenty  of  food,  jjlenty 
of  mouey,  &e. — Abundance  (from  ahundo,  to 
overllon-.)  expresses  more,  and  gives  the  idea 
of  superfluity  or  excess;  as,  aburulance  of 
riches,  an  abundance  of  wit  and  humor.  Often, 
however,  it  only  denotes  plenty  in  a  high  de- 
gree.— Exuberance  (from  exubero,  to  grow  lux- 
uriantly,) rises  still  higher,  and  implies  a  burst- 
ing forth  on  every  side,  producing  great  super- 
fluity or  redundance;  as.  an  exuberance  of 
mirth,  an  exuberance  of  animal  spirits,  &o. 

Whoso  grievance  is  satiety  of  ease, 
Ficedum  their  pain,  and  plenty  their  disease. 
IIai'.ti;. 

At  the  whisper  of  thy  word, 

Crown'd  abundance  spreads  my  board. 

Chasiiaw. 

Eurke  was  equally  distinguished  for  richness  of 
thought  and  exuberance  of  imagery. — Anon. 

Abundant.     See  Ample 

Abuse,  Inteotive. 

These  words,  as  hero  cofnpared,  are  applied 
to  the  language  of  insult  uttered  under  differ- 
ent circumstances  of  excitement. 

Abuse  is  generally  prompted  by  anger,  and 
vented  in  words ;  invective  is  more  frequently 
used  in  writing  or  in  public  debate.  Abuse 
generally  takes  place  in  private  quarrels ;  in- 
vectire  in  discussions  before  the  public.  Abuse 
is  the  weapon  of  the  vulgar ;  invective  is  the 
instrument  of  the  higher  orders. 

I,  dark  in  licht.  exposed 
To  daily  fraud,  contempt,  abuse  and  wron^. 

Samson  Agonistes. 

And  more  to  make  him  puhlicly  despised. 
Libels,  inrt^diveH,  r.iiling  rliymes  were  sowed 
Among  tho  vulgar  to  prepare  his  fall. 


To  AccoiiPAN-y,  AriK.sD,  Escoirr. 

\to  acctnr,ptany  <'''—■  -  ■     ^^ 

companions. — W- 
upon  or  follow. — 
tend  with  a  vitv.-  • 

A  gentlcmau  u.  . ,    , 
public  place,  ho  aUend- 

disciples  at  Miletus  «k.: , 

ship ;  one  of  the  tlcrjn"  in  i; 
present  day  would  expect  t^  w-. 
least,  if  not  i  tarried. 


ACCOUPLICK. 


To 


Daniel. 


To  Accept. 
Accessory. 


See  To  Receive. 
See  Abettor. 


Accomplish,   Effect, 
Achieve,  Pei;: 

These  words  ajiw?  in  (' 
carrjing  out  to  f 
ferences  will  bo  t . 
ing  examples.    Wo  u 
compteo,  to  fill  up  to  i 
we  ejp.cl  (from  e  and 
out,)  a  purpose ;  we  ' 
to  follow  out,)  a  'I 
perform  (from  jf 
tlirougli,)  a  work  or  u^--. 
Fr.  acheier,  to  finish.) 
dertaking  of  iniportaocc 

Accordingly,  Con 

These  wonls  indicate  a  c 

two  things,  the  latter  of  wbidi  id 
count  of  tho  fonner. 

Accordingly  marks  the  c  • 
simple  accordance  or  congr 
ally  to  tho  result  which  foil 
absent  when  I  called,  and  1 
card;"  "  our  preparations  w  ■ 
we  accordingly  set  sail."' — C 
closer  connection,  that  of  I 
quonce ;  as  "  the  pnpors  w 
consequently  could  not  lio  .«iL-nod 
tion  is  power;  contequerjly  to  d 
weaken." — Sotrrn. 


See  Abettob. 

EiEcnx, 


Accidental,  Incidental,  Casual, 
Fortuitous,  Contingent. 

"We  speak  of  a  thing  as  accidental  (from  ad 
and  cado,)  when  it  foils  to  us  as  by  chance, 
and  not  m  the  regular  course  of  things;  as,  an 
accidental  meeting,  an  accidental  advantage, 
4e.— Wc  call  a  thing  incidental  (from  in  and 
cado,)  when  it  falls,  as  it  were,  into  some  regu- 
l,ir  course  of  things,  but  is  secondary  and  forms 
no  essential  part  thereof;  as,  an  incidental  re- 
mark, an  incidental  evil,  an  incidental  benefit. 
—We  speak  of  a  thing  as  ca^al  (from  cado,  to  , 

fall )  orfortuitiou,  (from  fors,  chance.)  when  it ;  incident^  such  as  one  fncnd  mu 
falls  out  or  happens,  as  it  were,  by  mere  chance. 
without  being  prearranged  or  premeditated; 
a.  a  casual  remark  or  e.icotmter;  a  '^fortuiHous 
concourse  of  atoms."  R-.T.-Wo  call  a  tlnng 
contingent  when  it  is  such  that,  considered  m 
itself,  it  may  or  may  not  h.appen,  but  is  de- 
pendent for  its  existence  on  .something  else ; 


Account,  NARUATivr,  Xakratiox, 
Recitau 

These  words  are  applied  to  di:^ 
of  rehearsing  a  scries  of  events. 

Account  (from  Fr.  conte,  a  tate  or  riior. 
turns  attention  not  so  much  to  t\. 
to  the  fact  rcbtcd ;  and  more  prt>i ' " 
the  report  of  some  single  event, 
incidents  taken  as  a  whole ;  .-»». .-. 
biittle,  of  a  sliipwreck,  .to,— A  r 
narro.  to  tell,)  U  a  continuous  stor. 


the  time  of  my  coming  will  be  contingent  on 


These  words  Hse  upon  each  other  in  ^  \^;^^^-l'^-.a. 
pressing  the  idea  of  fullness.  inteuueii     y ^ 


other ;  as,  a  r.arrauve  cf  the  cr.  : 

a  narrative  of  ones  life,  ic.—yc:- 

ally  the  same  .is  narr.ri.Ki.  but 

used  to  describe  tho  mode  of  re" . 

as,  his  powers  of  r.arraUc'i  are 

gre.it.    In  oratory,  the  wwi  is  ^ 

narrative  part  of  .in  oration. — ■■ 

and  cilo.  to  summon  up.)  donot 

events  drawn  Oiit  into  minute  pa- 


ACK 


TABLE    OF    SYNONYMS. 


ADJ 


ally  expressing  something  -which  peculiarly  in- 
terests the  feeUngs  of  the  speaker ;  as,  the  re- 
cital  of  one's  T.Tongs,  disappomtments,  suffer- 
ings, &c. 

Accurate,  Coerect,  Exact,  Precise. 

■We  speak  of  a  thing  as  correct  (from  corredus, 
made  straight,)  with  reference  to  some  rule  or 
standard  of  comparison ;  as,  a,  correct  account, 
a  correct  likeness,  a  man  of  correct  deportment. 

We  speak  of  a  tiling  as  accurate  (from  ad 

and  euro,  to  do  ear-fully,)  with  reference  to 
the  care  hestowed  upon  its  execution,  and  the 
increased  correctness  to  be  expected  there- 
from; as,  an  accurate  statement,  an  accurate 
detail  of  particulars. — "We  spoak  of  a  thing  as 
excu:t  (from  exactit-s,  carried  out  completely,) 
with  reference  to  that  perfected  state  of  a  thing 
in  which  there  is  no  defect  and  no  redundance; 
as,  an  raac(  coincidence,  the  exact  truth,  an 
exact  likeness. — Wo  speak  of  a  tiling  as  precise 
(from  prmcisus,  cut  down,)  when  we  think  of  it 
as  strictly  conformed  to  some  rule  or  model,  as 
i^cul  down  thereto  ;  as,  a, precise  conformity  to 
instructions ;  precisely  right ;  he  was  very  pre- 
cise in  giving  his  directions. 


To  AccusF,  Charge,  Ijipeacu,  Ar- 
raign. 

These  words  agree  in  bringing  homo  to  a 
person  the  imputation  of  wrong-doing. 

To  accuse  (li'om  ad  and  causam,  a  suit,)  is  a 
somewhat  formal  act,  and  is  apphed  usually 
(though  not  exclusively)  to  crimes ;  as,  to  ac- 
cuse of  treason. — Charge  is  informal,  referring 
more  commonly  to  moral  delinquencies ;  as,  to 
charge  with  disiionesty  or  falsehood. — Arra-ign 
(old  Fr.  ad  reson,  from  ad  rationem  ponere,  to 
bring  to  account,)  is  the  bringing  of  a  person 
before  a  tribunal  for  trial ;  as,  to  arraign  one 
before  a  court  or  at  the  bar  of  public  opinion. 
—Impeach  is  simply  a  word  of  more  dignity 
than  arraign  ;  as,  to  impeach  a  minister  of  higli 
crimes;  to  impeach  one's  motives.  It  shows 
the  curious  changes  which  take  place  in  lan- 
guage, that  peach,  which  was  originally  tlie 
same  as  impeach,  is  now  one  of  our  lowest 
words  for  accuse,  and  is  used  only  among 
tliieves,  &o. 

To  AcniETE.     See  To  Accomplish. 
Acknowledge,  Recognize. 

AcUnoxoledge  is  from  the  Sax.  cnaman,  to 
know,  and  lecgan,  to  lay,  or  lay  open.  It  is, 
therefore,  opposed  to  keep  hack  or  conceal;  and 
supposes  that  something  had  been  previously 
known  to  us  (though  perliaps  not  to  others) 
wliieh  we  now  feel  bound  to  lay  open  or  make 
public.  Thus,  a  man  w-knowledges  a  secret 
marriage,  one  who  has  done  wrong  acknov.i- 
edges  his  fault,  an  author  acknowledges  his  obli- 
gations to  those  who  have  aided  liim. — Recog- 
nize (from  re  and  cognosco)  supposes  that  we 
have  cither  forgotten  or  not  liad  the  evidence 
of  a  thing  distinctly  before  our  minds ;  but 
that  now  we  know  it  (as  it  were)  anew,  or  re- 


ceive and  admit  it  on  the  ground  of  the  evi- 
dence it  brings.  Thus,  we  recognize  a  friend 
after  a  long  absence.  We  recognize  facts,  prin- 
ciples, truths,  &c.,  when  their  evidence  is 
brought  up  fresh  to  the  mind  ;  as,  "  bad  men 
usually  recognize  the  providence  of  God  in 
seasons  of  danger."  A  foreign  minister,  con- 
sul or  agent  of  any  kind,  Ls  recognized  on  the 
ground  of  his  producing  satisfactory  credentials. 

Acquaintance,  Familiarity,  Inti- 
macy. 

These  words  mark  different  degrees  of  close- 
ness in  social  intercourse. 

Acquaintance  arises  from  occasional  inter- 
course ;  as,  our  acquaintance  has  been  a  brief 
one. — Familiarity  springs  fiom  persons,  being 
frequently  together,  so  as  to  wear  off  all  re- 
straint and  reserve  ;  as,  the  familiarity  of  old 
companions. — Intimacy  is  the  result  of  close 
connection  and  the  freest  Interchange  of  thought ; 
as,  the  intimacy  of  established  friendship. 

Onr  artmivation  of  a  famous  man  lessens  upon  our 
nearer  acquaintance  ■i\'ith  him. — .\pdisos. 

We  contract  at  last  such  ss. .familiarity  with  them 
as  makes  it  diflioalt  and  irksome  for  us  to  call  off  our 
uiintli. — Atterbup.t. 

It  is  in  our  power  to  confino  our  friendships  and  in- 
timacies to  men  of  virtue. — Rogers. 


Acquire.     See  To  Oestaix. 

Acquit.     See  To  Absolve. 

Acrimony,  Asperity,  Harshness, 

Tartness. 

These  words  express  different  degrees  of 
angry  feeling  or  language. 

Tartness  springs  from  an  irritable  temper 
united  to  quickness  of  intcUect. — Aq?erity  and 
harshness  arise  from  angry  feelings  connected 
with  a  disregard  for  the  feelings  of  others. — 
Acrimony  is  a  biting  sharpness  produced  by  an 
embittered  spirit. 

Tartness  of  reply ;  harshness  of  accusation  ; 
acrimony  of  invective. 

No  order  of  men  have  an  enmity  of  moro  acrimony 
or  longer  continuance. — Ramuler. 

It  is  no  very  cynical  asperity  not  to  confess  obliga- 
tions where  no  benefit  has  been  received.— .JonNsoN. 

A  just  reverence  of  manliind  prevents  the  growth 
olharslmesa  and  brutality.— Shaftesburt. 
The  grand  debate. 
The  popular  harangue,  the  tart  reply, 
The  logic,  and  the  wisdom.  an<l  the  wit, 
And  the  loud  laugh—  I  long  to  know  them  all. 

COWPEE. 

Actual.     See  Real. 

Acute.     See  Subtile. 

Adage.     See  Axiom. 

To  Add,  Join,  Annex,  Unite, 

Coalesce. 

Wc  add  by  bringing  things  together  so  as 
to  form  a  whole. — Wo  join  by  putting  one 
thing  to  another  in  close  or  continuous  con- 
nection.— We  annex  (from  ad  and  necto,  to 
fasten,)  by  attaching  some  adjunct  to  a  larger 
body. — We  unite  (from  unitas,  state  of  one- 


ness,) by  bringing  things  together  so  that 
their  parts  adhere  or  intermingle. — Things 
coalesce  (from  coalesce ,  to  grow  together,)  by 
coming  into  an  entire  cohesion  of  all  their 
parts. 

To  add  quantities;  to  join  houses;  to  annex 
territory  ;  to  unite  kingdoms ;  to  make  parties 
coalesce. 

Addicted,  Devoted,  Consecrated, 
Dedicated. 

Addicted  (from  ad  and  dico,  to  declare  for,) 
was  formerly  used  in  a  good  sense;  as,  ''ad- 
dicted to  letters,"  but  is  now  employed  only 
in  a  liad  one;  as,  "  addicted  to  vice." — Devoted 
(from  de  and  voveo,  to  give  up  by  vow,)  is  al- 
ways taken  in  a  good  sense,  expressing  an 
habitual  earnestness  in  the  pursuit  of  some 
favorite  object;  as,  ''devoted  to  science." — 
Consecrated  (from  consecro,  to  devote  as  sa- 
cred,) and  dedicated  (from  dedico,  to  give  relig- 1 
iously,)  express  devotion  of  a  higher  kind  in- 
volving religious  sentiment;  as,  "consecrated 
to  the  service  of  tUo  Church;"  "dedicated  to 
God." 

Adherence,  Adhesion. 

These  words,  which  were  once  freely  inter- 
changed, are  now  almost  entirely  separated. 

Adherence  is  no  longer  used  to  denote  phys- 
ical union,  but  is  applied  to  mental  states  or 
habits;  as,  "a  strict  adherence  to  one's  duty;" 
"close  adherence  to  the  argument,"  &c. — Ad- 
hesion is  now  confined  chiefly  to  the  physical 
sense,  except  in  the  phrase  "to  give  in  one's 
adhesion  to  a  cause  or  party." 


Adhesion.     See  Adherence. 

Adjacent,  Adjoining,  Contiguous. 

Things  are  adjacent  (from  ad  and  jacio.) 
when  they  lie  near  to  each  other  without  act- 
ually touching;  as,  adjacent  fields,  adjacent 
villages,  &c.  Things  are  adjoining  (ad  and 
jungo,)  when  they  meet  at  some  hue  or  point 
of  junction;  as,  adjoining  farms,  an  adjoining 
highway.  What  is  spoken  of  as  contiguous 
(from  con  and  tango,  to  touch,)  should  properly 
touch  on  the  whole  of  one  side  ;  as,  a  row  of 
contiguous  buildings,  a  wood  contiguous  to  a 
plain.  In  some  cases,  however,  especially 
among  the  poets,  contiguous  is  applied  to  things 
that  are  very  near,  but  not  in  absolute  con- 
tact ;  as, 

"  "Where,  then,  ah !  where  shall  Poverty  reside. 
To  "scape  the  pressure  of  contiguous  Pride." 

Adjoining.     See  Adjacent. 
To  Adjourn,  Prorogue. 

Tlicse  words  are  used  in  respect  to  public 
bodies  when  they  lay  aside  business  and  sep- 
arate. 

Adjourn,  both  in  Great  Britain  and  tliis 
country,  is  applied  to  all  cases  in  which  such 
bodies  separate  for  a  brief  period,  with  a  view  1 


1390 


ADO 


TABLE    OF   SYNONYMS. 


AFF 


to  meet  again.  Prorogue  is  applied  in  Great 
Britain  to  that  act  of  tlie  executive  govern- 
ment wliidi  brings  a  session  of  Parliament  to 
a  close.  Tho  word  is  not  used  in  this  coun- 
try, but  a  legislative  body  is  said  in  such  a 
case,  to  adjourn  sine  die.  "  A  prorogation  is  the 
continuance  of  Parliament  fi'om  one  session  to 
another." ' — Blacksiose. 

Acinssiox.     See  Admittance. 
Admittance,  Admission. 

These  words  are,  to  some  extent,  in  a  state 
of  transition  and  change. 

AdmiUance  is  now  chiefly  confined  to  its 
primary  sense  of  access  into  some  locality  or 
building.  Thus  we  see  on  the  doors  of  facto- 
ries, ic,  "  J\o  admitlance."  Its  secondary  or 
moral  sense;  as.  "  admiUance  to  the  church," 
is  almost  entirely  laid  aside. — Admission  has 
taken  to  itself  the  secondary  or  figurative 
senses ;  as,  admission  to  the  rights  of  citizen- 
ship; admission  to  the  church;  the  admissions 
made  by  one  of  tho  parties  in  a  dispute.    And 

■ven  when  used  in  its  primary  sense,  it  is  not 
.  lentical  with  admittance.     Thus,  we  speak  of 

'.{mission  into  a  coimtry,  territory,  and  other 
!  irger  localities,  &c.,  where  admittance  could 
.:ot  be  used.  So,  when  we  speak  o(  admission 
;  )  a  concert  or  other  public  assembly,  the 

Meaning  is  not  perhaps  exactly  that  of  admit- 

■nee,  viz.,  access  mthin  the  walls  of  the  build- 
ing ;  but  rather  a  reception  into  the  audience, 

ir  access  to  the  performances. — But  the  lines 

f  distinction  on  this  subject  are  not  fully 

irawn. 

Admonition,  TJeprehexsion,   Re- 

PKOOF. 

Admonition  is  prospective  and  relates  to 
moral  deUnquencies ;  its  object  is  to  prevent 
further  transgression.  Reprehension  and  re- 
proof axe  retrospective,  the  former  being  milder 
than  the  latter,  and  involving  less  that  aQ'ects 
personal  independence.  A  person  of  any  age 
or  station  may  be  liable  to  reprehension  in  case 
of  wrong  conduct,  but  reproof  is  confined  to 
children  or  inferiors.  "The  master  of  a  school 
mav  be  exposed  to  the  reprehension  of  the 
parents  for  any  supposed  impropriety ;  his 
scholars  aro  subject  to  his  frequent  reproof."— 
Crabbe.  "When  a  man  feels  tho  reprehen- 
sion of  a  friend,  seconded  by  his  own  heart,  he 
is  easily  heated  into  resentment.'' — Johnson. 
"  Tliere  is  an  oblique  way  of  reproof  which 
takfs  off  from  the  sharpness  of  it.'' — Steele. 

To  Ado  UN-,  Ornament,  Decoratb, 
Embellish. 

Wo  decorate  and  ornament  by  putting  ou 
some  adjunct  which  Li  attractive  or  beautiful 
and  which  servi-s  to  heighten  the  general  ef- 
fect Thus,  a  lady's  head-dress  may  be  orna- 
menkd  or  dectyrcUed  with  flowers  or  jewelry ;  a 
hall  may  be  deccrraMd  with  carving  or  gilduig, 
and  ornamented  with  wreaths   of  flowers. — 


We  embellish  (Fr.  emhellir,  to  render  beautiful,) 
not  so  much  by  mere  adjuncts,  as  by  so  modi- 
fying tlio  tiling  itself  in  its  constituent  parU,  as 
to  render  it  more  beautiful  and  attractive. 
Thus,  a  book  may  be  emlellislted  with  rich  en- 
gravings, which  are  not  strictly  adjuncts,  but 
an  inti!gral  part  of  the  volume  itself.  So,  the 
grounds  around  a  house  may  be  emIicUiihed 
with  flower-beds  and  shrubbery,  which  form  a 
constituent  part  of  the  scene.— Jrforn  is  some- 
times identical  with  decorate,  as  when  wo  say, 
a  lady  was  adorned  with  jewels.  In  other 
cases,  it  seems  to  imply  something  more. 
Thus,  we  speak  of  a  gallery  of  paintings  as 
adorned  with  tho  works  of  some  of  the  great 
masters,  or  adorned  with  noble  statuary  and 
columns.  Here  decorated  and  ornamented  would 
hardly  be  appropriate.  There  is  a  value  in 
these  works  of  genius  beyond  mere  show  and 
oruament. 

All  these  words,  except  decorate,  are  used 
in  a  secondary  and  figurative  sen.se;  as,  a 
character  adorned  with  every  Christian  grace ; 
a  style  embellished  with  rich  and  beautiful 
imagery.  Still,  there  is  at  times  a  certain  de- 
gree of  vagueness  in  their  use ;  and  these  re- 
marks are  only  designed  to  show  what  is  be- 
lieved to  be  a  well-founded  difference  between 
them. 

Adula-hon,  Flattest,  Compliment. 

Men  deal  in  compliments  from  a  desire  to 
please ;  they  use  flaiterjj  either  from  undue  ad- 
miration, or  a  wish  to  gratify  vanity;  they 
practice  adulation  from  sordid  motives  and 
with  a  mingled  spirit  of  falsehood  and  hypoc- 
risy. Gomplimsnis  are  often  unmeaning; 
fl/itlery  is  apt  to  become  gross ;  aduUUion  is 
always  servile  and  usually  fulsome.  Adula- 
tion is  practiced  by  courtiers;  flattery  by  lov- 
ers ;  compliments  are  used  by  the  fashionable. 

Advantage,  ADVANTAGEors,  Bene- 
fit, Beneficial. 

We  speak  of  a  thing  as  a  benefU  (from  bene, 
well,  and  faeio,  to  do,)  or  beneficial,  when  it  is 
simply  productive  of  good ;  as,  "  the  benefits  of 
early  discipline,"  "  the  beneficial  effects  of  ad' 
vcrsity." — We  speak  of  a  thing  as  an  advan- 
tage or  as  advantageous  (connected  with  ad- 
vance,) when  it  affords  us  tho  meaus  of  getting 
forward,  and  places  us  on  a  "  vantage  ground" 
for  further  elfort.  Hence,  there  is  a  difl'ercnce 
between  the  benefits  and  the  advantages  of 
early  education ;  between  a  beneficial  and  an 
advantageous  investment  of  money. 

Offered  lifo 
Neglect  not,  and  tbe  Itnf/H  einbraco 
By  faith,  not  void  of  works.— Miltox. 

Count  all  the  adva;ita(re  prosrero"'  vice  atuins, 
'Tis  but  what  virtae  flies  from  and  disdains. 

Port 

Adtantageous.  See  Advantage. 

ADVENTUEors.  See  Rash. 


.i^VEESAEY,   ESKUY,    OpPUXKST. 

A««TA'; 

Enemy  is  the  only 
necfrssarily  impK 
Men  may  Lc  ». 
nen^  to  each  otlicr  m 
have  no  f.tliugs  of   : 
adversary  may  1 
a  time  in  a  ho?'i 
in  chc-s8  playing.     A  . 
ranged  again.«t  anotl.  .- 
the  opposing  Hide.     .'. 
struggles  a;.'airL-t  an 
either  in  a  litenU  %hl  or  m  . 

Advep^sb.     S:-;  ,V.i,tL-.E. 
To  Advert,     ."y^  To  Ru-ek. 
AFFEcnoN.     See  ATTACiuaorr. 

Affiant.     See  T) 
Affidavit.     See  1'^      ....... 

To   Affirm,  Asseteeate,  Arm.    I 
Pu....  ' 

'We  ai^rm  (from  o/i  _;.  _  _ 
or  sure,)  when  we  declare   . 
tain,  and  such  as  ought  to 
credit.     We  asKvemie  it  (fr 
claro  rigidly  or  ssvert'ly,)  w.- 
liveness  as  what  cannot 
aver  it  with  solemnity,  as  if 
in  behalf  of  Truth  herself:     '. 
pro,  before,  and  te«fc»,   w.' 
others  around  us  can  verify  by  Ibetr  l«0-  ;| 
mony. 

People  asseverate  in  ordt : 
viction  of  their  veracity ;  li 
are  peculiarly  desirous  to 
protest  when  they  w  !-!.  !  ■  •■ 
imputations,  or  '. 
iimocence. 

i, 

Affliction,    Sorrow,   Gnirr.   r^'«- ' 

TRKSi?. 

Affliction  and  sorrm^  are  • 
general  application:   grief  . 
reference  to  particular  cast.v     .;. 
ad  and  fiigo,  to  smite  or  di^Ji 
stronger  term.    Tho  suffer'  • 
the  soul,  and  arises  from  s> : 
such  as  tho  loss  of  what  is  i.. .   . 
hraltli,  property,  ic.    We  do  not  - 
sicknc.^^orpainas  "afHictJon^    t 
who  suffers  from  Uicm  U  > 
but  deprivations  of  every  r. 
ness,  blindness,  loss  of  lii:  : 
afflictions,  showing  tliat  tl.e   ;., . 
ticularly  to  prolonged  sources  * 
Sorrow  (from  Sax.  sprg,  anxic; 
(from  L.  gratis,  heavy,)  always 
suffering.   CnV/ is  tho  ftrocwr  U  r 
usu.-Uly  denoting  sorrow  from    ■ 
cause,  and  that  always  in  t'  •>  r  > 
feel  grief  for  the  death  of  .-. 
during  his  illness ;  tlie  piv; 
child  are  remembered  with : 
conduct  is  !^>'^:.^i 'l^H^n  wit:.    - 


1.391 


ALL 


TABLE    OF    SYNON"TMS, 


AM  A 


(from  disiringo,  to  strain  or  tear  asunder)  im- 
plies extreme  sufi'ering,  either  bodily  or  mental. 
In  its  higher  stages  it  denotes  pain  of  a  restless, 
agitating  kind,  and  almost  always  supposes 
some  struggle  of  mind  or  body.  Affliction  is 
allayed,  grief  subsides;  sorrow  is  soothed; 
distress  is  mitigated. 

Affront,  Insult,  Outrage 

An  affront  (from  ad,  to,  andfrons,  the  face) 
is  a  designed  mark  of  disrespect,  usually  in  tlie 
presence  of  otiiers.  Au  insult  (from  in  and 
suUo,  to  leap  upon)  is  a  personal  attack  either 
by  words  or  actions,  designed  to  humiliate  or 
degrade.  An  outrage  (from  out  or  utter,  and 
rage  or  violence)  is  an  act  of  extreme  and  vio- 
lent insult  or  abuse.  An  affront  piques  and 
mortities  ;  an  insult  irritates  and  provokes ;  an 
outrage  wounds  and  injures. 

Captious  persons  construe  every  innocent  freedom 
into  an  affront.  When  pooi)le  are  in  a  state  of  ani- 
mosity, tliey  seek  opportunities  of  offoring  each  otlier 
ijinulis.  Intoxication  oi-  violent  i»assion  impel  men  to 
tlie  commission  of  owi/'a £/«*.— Ckaeb. 

Agitation.     See  Emotion. 
Agont,  Anguish,  Pang. 

These  words  agree  in  expressing  extreme 
pain  of  body  or  mind. 

Agony  (Gr.  struggle)  denotes  acute  and  per- 
manent pain,  usually  of  the  whole  system,  and 
often  producing  contortions. — Anguish  (from 
angor,  choking)  denotes  severe  pressure,  and 
considered  as  bodily  suffering  is  more  coramnuly 
local  (as  the  anguish  of  a  wound),  thus  dilfering 
from  agony. — A  pang  (from  Sax.  pinan,  to  tor- 
ture) is  a  paroxysm  of  excruciating  pain. 

The  agonies  of  death ;  the  anguish  of  a  dis- 
eased hmb ;  the  pangs  of  dissolution 

The  agonies  or  pangs  of  remorse ;  the  an- 
guish of  a  wounded  couscience. 

Aid.     See  Help, 
Agreeable.     See  Pleasant. 

Alarm,  Fright,  Terror,  Conster- 
nation. 

These  words  express  different  degrees  of  fear 
at  the  approach  of  danger. 

Fright  is  the  least  vivid  emotion,  and  chiefly 
affects  tho  nerves  and  senses.  Alarm  (It.  all' 
arme,  to  arms)  is  the  hurried  agitation  of  feel- 
ing which  springs  from  a  sense  of  immediate 
and  extreme  exposure.  Terror  is  agitating 
and  excessive  fear,  which  usually  benumbs  the 
faculties.  Consternation  (from  con  and  sterno, 
to  smite  down)  is  overwhelming  terror,  which 
usually  overpowers  the  mind. 

Alarm  agitates  the  feelings ;  terror  disorders 
the  understanding ;  fright  seizes  on  tho  senses ; 
consternation  takes  possession  of  the  whole  soul 
and  subdues  its  faculties. 

Alienation.     See  Insanity. 
To  Allay.     See  To  Alleviate. 

1392 


Allegiance,  Loyalty. 

These  words  agree  in  expressmg  the  general 
idea  of  fidelity  and  attachment  to  the  "  powers 
that  be." 

Allegiance  from  ad,  to,  and  ligo,  to  bind)  is 
a  principle ;  loyally  (from  lex,  law)  is  a  feehng 
or  sentiment.  Allegiance  may  exist  under  any 
form  of  government,  and  in  a  republic  we  gen- 
erally speak  of  allegiance  to  the  government,  to 
tho  state,  &o.  In  well-conducted  monarchies, 
this  sentiment  takes  the  form  of  loyalty,  and  is 
a  warm-hearted  feeling  of  fidelity  and  obecUence 
to  the  Sovereign.  It  is  per.sonal  in  its  nature ; 
and  hence  we  speak  of  the  loyalty  of  a  wife  to 
her  husband,  not  of  her  allegiance.  In  cases 
where  we  personify,  loyalty  is  more  commonly 
the  word  used ;  as,  loyalty  to  the  Constitution, 
loyalty  to  the  cause  of  virtue,  loyalty  to  truth 
and  rehgion,  &o. 

near  me,  recreant,  on  thine  allegiance  hear  mo  I 
— Shakespeaee. 
Abdiel  faithful  found, 
Unshaken,  unseduced.  unterrified, 
His  loyalty  he  kept. — Milton. 

To  Alleviate,  Mitigate,  Assuage, 
Allay. 

These  words  have  in  common  the  idea  of  re- 
lief from  some  painful  state;  and  being  all 
figurative,  they  differ  in  their  application  ac- 
cording to  tho  image  under  which  this  idea  is 
presented. 

Alleviate  (from  Zrais,  light)  supposes  a  load 
which  is  lightened  or  taken  off;  as,  to  alleviate 
one's  cares.  Mitigate  (from  mitis,  mild)  sup- 
poses somethhig  fierce  which  is  made  mild ;  as, 
to  mitigate  one's  anguish.  Assuage  supposes 
something  violent  which  is  quieted ;  as,  to  as- 
suage one's  sorrow.  AUay  (from  Sax.  alegan,  to 
lay  or  depress)  supposes  something  previously 
excited  but  now  brought  down;  as,  to  allay 
one's  suffering. 

To  alleviate  tho  distresses  of  life ;  to  mitigate 
the  fierceness  of  passion ;  to  assuage  angry 
feeling ;  to  allay  wounded  sensiblhty. 

To  Allow.  See  To  Permit. 

To  Allude.  See  To  Refer. 

To  Allure,  Entice,  Decoy,  Seduce. 

These  words  agree  in  the  idea  of  acting  upon 
the  mind  by  some  strong  controlling  influence, 
and  differ  aceorchng  to  the  image  under  which 
this  is  presented.  They  are  all  used  in  a  bad 
sense,  except  allure,  which  has  sometimes 
(though  rarely)  a  good  one. 

We  are  allured  (from  lure)  by  the  prospect  or 
offer  (usually  deceptive)  of  some  future  gooiL 
We  are  commonly  enticed  (from  Romaic  enticer, 
to  excite)  into  evil  by  appeals  to  our  passions. 
We  are  decoyed  into  danger  by  false  appear- 
ances or  representations.  We  are  seduced  {from 
L.  se  and  duco,  to  lead  astray)  when  drawn 
aside  fi'om  tho  path  of  rectitude. 

What  allures  draws  by  gentle  means ;  what 
entices  leads  us  by  promises  and  persuasions ; 
what  decoys  betrays  us  as  it  were  into  a  snare 


or  net ;  what  seduces  deceives  us  by  artful  ap- 
peals to  the  passions. 

-Also,  Likewise,  Too. 

These  words  are  used  by  way  of  transition 
in  leaving  one  thought  and  passing  to  another. 

Also  (from  all  and  so)  is  the  widest  term.  It 
denotes  that  what  follows  is  all  so,  or  entirely 
like  that  which  preceded,  and  may  be  affirmed 
with  the  same  truth;  as,  "if  you  were  there,  I 
was  there  also,"  "if  our  situation  has  some 
discomforts,  it  has  also  many  sources  of  enjoy- 
ment."— Too  is  simply  less  formal  and  pointed 
than  also ;  it  marks  the  transition  with  a  lighter 
touch;  as,  "I  was  tliere  too;"  "a  courtier  and 
a  patriot  too." — Pope. — Liliewise  denotes  liter- 
ally "in  like  manner,"  and  hence  has  been 
thought  by  some  to  be  more  specific  than  aUo. 
"  It  implies,"  says  Whately,  "some  connection 
or  agreement  between  the  words  it  unites.  We 
may  say,  '  He  is  a  poet,  and  likewise  a  musician ;' 
but  we  should  not  say,  '  He  is  a  prince,  and 
likewise  a  musician,'  because  there  is  no  natural 
connection  between  these  qualities." — This  dis- 
tinction, however,  is  hardly  sustained  by  gen- 
eral usage ;  and  likewise  is  very  nearly  of 
exactly  identical  with  also. 

Altercation,  Dispute,  Wrangle. 

The  term  dispute  (from  dis  and  puto,  to  think 
differently)  is  in  most  cases,  but  not  neces- 
sarily, applied  to  a  verbal  contest ;  as,  a  dispute 
on  the  lawftdness  of  war. — An  altercation  (from 
L.  altercatio,  a  strife  alternate)  is  an  angry  dis- 
pute between  two  parties,  involving  an  inter- 
change of  severe  language. — A  wrangle  (fi-ora 
the  root  of  wring  or  twist)  is  a  confiised  and 
noisy  altercation. 

Dispute  it  like  a  man. 

I  shall  do  so  ; 
But  I  must  also  feel  it  as  a  man. 

SlIAKESPEAEE. 

Their  whide  life  w.is  little  else  than  a  perpetual 
wrangling  and  aWercuWon.— Hakewill. 

Although,  Though. 

These  words  differ  only  in  one  respect ;  al- 
though is  the  stronger  and  moro  emphatic  of 
the  two,  and  is  therefore  usually  chosen  to  be- 
gin a  sentence;  as,  "Although  I  have  many 
competitors,  I  stUl  hope  to  succeed."  See 
While. 

Me  the  gold  of  France  did  not  seduce, 
Although  I  did  admit  it  as  a  motive 
The  sooner  to  effect  what  I  intended. 

SnAliESrEARE, 

Even  tho  favored  isles 
So  lately  found,  although  the  constant  sun 
Cheer  all  their  seasons  with  a  grateful  smile. 
Can  boast  but  little  virtue.  Cowpeb. 

To  Amaze,  Astonish. 

We  are  amazed  (lost  in  a  maze)  at  what  is 
incomprehensible  ;  we  are  astonished  (attonitus, 
thunderstruck)  at  what  is  great  or  striking  in  a 
high  degree.  Both  words  express  surprise  and 
wonder,  each  however  under  its  peculiar  rela- 
tions. Both  may  bo  used  in  a  good  sense,  as 
applied  to  what  gives  us  a  high  degree  of 


I 


AMI 


TABLE    OF    SYNONYMS. 


of  pleasure  ;  or  in  ;i  bail  sense,  when  applied  to 
persons  or  things  which  we  regard  with  strong 
disgust  or  reprobation.  In  deciding  which  to 
use,  we  are  to  be  governed  by  the  etymology ; 
and  there  are  cases  in  wliich  eitlier  word  may 
be  employed,  though  of  course  in  a  difierent 
sense.  Thus  we  may  speak  of  being  amazed 
and  of  being  astonisfwd,  at  the  bounties  of  Pro- 
Tidence,  or  the  rich  provisions  of  divine  grace, 
according  to  the  emotion  which  we  wish  to 
indicate  as  awakened  by  these  objects.  T\"e 
may  be  amazfi  at  a  man's  foliy,  when  we  can- 
not account  for  his  being  betrayed  into  it;  we 
may  bo  astonished  at  it,  when  struck  with  won- 
der at  its  enormity.  IVhen  the  Duke  of  Bedford 
reproached  Lord  Thurlow  in  the  House  of 
Lords,  as  a  mere  laioyer  who  had  recently  been 
elevated  to  the  peerage,  the  Lord  Chancellor 
exclaimed,  "  I  am  amazed,  my  Lords,  I  am 
amazed  at  his  grace's  speech.  He  cannot  look 
before  him,  or  behind  him,  or  on  either  side  of 
him,  without  seeing  some  noble  peer  who  owes 
lus  seat  in  this  house  to  his  successful  exertions 
in  the  profession  to  which  I  belong."  'Wlien 
Lord  Suffolk,  in  tho  same  body,  proposed  to 
employ  American  savages  to  carry  on  the  war 
against  tho  Colonies,  Lord  Chatham  broke 
forth,  "  I  am  astonished  to  hear  such  principles 
expressed,  I  am  shocked  to  hear  them  avowed 
in  this  house  or  in  this  country."  In  each  case, 
the  word  chosen  exactly  represented  the  emo- 
tions awakened  in  tho  speaker's  mind. 

To   AiiENB,   Ement>,  Coekect,   Ri:- 
FORiT,  Rectify. 

The-W  words  agree  in  the  idea  of  bringing 
things  into  a  more  perfect  state. 

We  correct  (literally,  make  straight)  when  we 
conform  things  to  some  standard  or  rule ;  as, 
to  correct  proof  sheets. — 'We  amend  (literally, 
take  away  blots)  by  removing  blemishes  or 
faults,  and  thus  rendering  a  thing  more  perfect ; 
as,  to  amend  our  w-iys. — Emend  is  only  another 
form  of  amend,  and  is  applied  chiefly  to  editions 
of  books,  &c.— To  reform  is  literally  to  form 
over  again  or  put  into  a  new  and  better  form ; 
as,  to  reform  one's  life.— To  rectify  is  to  make 
right ;  as,  to  rectify  a  mistake. — We  speak  of 
correcting  what  is  erroneous,  of  amending  the 
moral  conduct,  of  emending  the  edition  of  some 
book,  of  reforming  what  is  faulty  in  ourselves 
or  others,  otrectifjing  (applied  chiefly  to  tilings 
past)  abuses,  inadvertences,  &c. 

Amicable,  Friexdlt. 

Neither  of  these  words  denotes  any  great 
warmth  of  affection,  since  friendly  has  by  no 
means  tho  same  strength  as  its  noun  friemhhip. 
I  It  does,  however,  imply  something  of  real  cor- 
diality; while  amicable  supposes  very  little 
•-nore  than  that  tfie  parties  referred  to  are  not 
disposed  to  quarrel.  Hence,  we  speak  of  amic- 
able relations  between  two  countries,  an  amica- 
hU  adjastment  of  difficulties.  "Those  who 
entertain  friendly  feelings  toward  each  other, 
ean  live  amicably  together." 

175 


From  side  to  side,  with  amicable  aim, 
Each  to  tho  other  darts  tho  niniblu  bolt. 

DVEB. 

If  he  hQ/ciendlij,  he  comes  well ;  if  not 
Defense  is  a  good  cause,  and  llcaven  be  for  ns. 

MlLTON'8  CoMUt). 

AinDST,  Among. 

These  words  differ  to  some  extent  from  each 
other,  as  will  be  seen  from  their  etymology. 

Amidst  denotes  in  tho  midit  or  middle  of, 
and  hence  surrounded  by ;  as,  this  work  was 
written  amidst  many  interruptions. — Amow] 
(from  the  Sax.  inengan,  to  mingle)  denotes  a 
mingling  or  intermixture ;  a-s,  "  he  fell  among 
thieves,"  "blessed  art  thou  among  womea" 
Hence,  we  s,<iy  among  the  moderns,  among  the 
ancients,  am  ong  tlie  thickest  of  tho  trees,  among 
these  considerations,  among  tho  reasons  I  liavo 
to  offer ;  in  none  of  which  cases  could  amidst 
be  used.  So,  also,  we  say,  they  kept  on  amidst 
the  storm,  he  was  sinking  amidst  tho  waves, 
lie  persevered  amidst  many  difficulties ;  in  none 
of  which  cases  could  among  be  used.  In  like 
manner,  it  is  said  by  Milton  of  tho  seraph  Ab- 
diel,  that  ho  was 

"  Faithful  fmm<I 
Among  the  faithless,  faithful  only  he," 

because  he  was  then  in  the  mingled  mass  of  tho 
fallen  angels,  and  had  been  one  of  their  num- 
ber. But  when  he  decides  to  leave  them,  and 
thus  ceases  to  bo  of  their  number,  tho  poet 
adds, — 

"From  cmidat  them  forth  he  passed." 

AiioNG.     See  Between. 
.\.?.[PLE,  Conors,  Abundant,  Plen- 
teous. 

These  words  agree  in  representing  a  thing 
as  large,  but  under  diii'orent  relations  according  j  injury  or  insult  [see  RtSE> 
to  the  imago  which  is  used.  |  is  too  often  a  moody  fo>  i 

Ample  unplies  largeness   producing   a  suf- ;  brood  over  liis  supi»?--!  '■ 
iicieney  or  fullness  of  supply  for  every  want ;    and  lasting  liatroiL — 
as,  antjtle  stores  or  resources,  ample  provision. 

Copious  carries  with  it  tho  idea  oi  flow  or  of 

collection  at  a  single  point ;  as,  a  copious  foun- 
tain, a  copious  supply  of  materials,  "copious 
matter  for  song." — Milton. — Abundant  and 
pknieovs  refer  to  largeness  of  quantity;  as, 
abundant  stores,  plenteous  harvests. 


AxciEST,  A.vTigrATKD,   Obsolcte, 
Antk^ie,  Axtic. 

Ancient  is  opposed  to  mo<li>ni  :■  • 
ence  to  antiquity;  ag,  ^ 
landmarks,    artcient    i- 
tliought,  tc. — AiUupuj'- 
has  gone  out  of  uae  o: 
furniture,  ardiipiaial  la«  •:,  r 
Ls  commonly  ui«yj  iunti^ad  <  ■ 
fercnco  to  langi; . 
l:U  trord  or  pt.-  . 
Anlijue  is  appi.'.  1  i:. 
that  which  haa  come  ' . 
as,  an  anligwe  >  . 
which  is  made  t 
art;  as,  an  anio/'  •    '. 
Shakespeare,  arUiqw.  v, 
as,  "an  antique  - 
and  hence,  from  ■ 
to  what  is  ancient,  jt 
grotcsqao;   as,  "an  i 
peeps  out;"  and  hto' 
antic,  denotiog  grotcs 

Anger,  Indignation,  Reskxtvi:vt 
WRAxn,  Ibe,  Rage,  Fcbt. 

Anger  (from  ango,  to  cl 
keen  displeasure  (usually  « 
ish)  for  wliat  wo  regard  as 
solves  or   others.      It   rr.-.- 
misplaced,  but  is  nf  • 
Indignation  is  a  gencr 
view  of  things  which  arc  tmifjiai. 
to  be  done,  involving  wh.it  hf   ■ 
flagitious,  Ac,  in  charartiT 
senlment  (from  re  and  se'.: 
feeling)  is  anger  inll.Arac<l  b;. 


To  AjirsE,  Divert,  Entertain. 

We  are  amused  by  th.at  which  occupies  us 
lightly  and  pleasantly,  drawing  off  the  mind  (a 
JItisis)  from  study  or  severe  employments.— Wo 
are  entertaiml  (from  Fr.  entretenir.  to  hold  to- 
getlier  or  in  company)  by  that  which  brings  our 
minds  into  agree.ablo  contact  with  others,  .as 
conversation  or  a  book.— Wo  are  diverted  ((nm 
diverto,  to  draw  aside)  by  that  which  turns  off 
our  thoughts  to  something  of  livelier  intcre.'Jt, 
especially  of  a  sportive  nature,  as  a  humorous 
story  or  a  laughable  incident. 

■Whatever  amuses  serves  to  kill  time,  to  hill  tho 
faculties,  and  to  banish  reflection.    Wh.atcvcr  fM<er-       _     _ 

tnlns  usuallv  awakens  tlie  understanilinc  or  gratifies  i  ^i„j^,.,n,  („  a  state  of  lur- 
the  fanev.  Whatever  <lirfrt.9  is  lively  in  its  nature  ,  ..^/V^,,,,^,^^^^  ajes.  Tlv, 
and  sometimes  tumultuous  in  its  efTecls.— t  kabb. 


poetical)  express  the 
terly  provokc^l. — Pagi  is  ;. 
of  anger;  aud/ury  is  an  cxl. 
ing  almost  to  madness.  i 

Wannth  of  constitution  oft»>ii  eiira  ria»  ta  1 
anger ;  a  high  sense  -  ' 
(ion  at  crime ;  a  m.ir. 
apt  to  cherish  rcfentn-.ci-  ;  '■ 
men  are  usually  conncctol  \ 
vindictive  spirit;  rage  and 
of  the  soul  to  bo  rcgardi  . 
rencc. 

AxGUisn.     Sic  Agont. 
ANiiLvnoN.     L*yr  LrrKLisESii. 

AnIMOSITT,    ENMtTT. 

Enmity  may  be  domvint  or  «ioc««J' 
mosity  is  •■u.-tive  enmity  ii.' 
and  mutu.al  injury  belwe 
The  animosities  which  wer 
ing  up  among  tho  cLins  in  - 


I  lor  successive  ages. 


1393 


ANT 


TABLE    OF    SYNONYMS. 


APP 


havo  been  engendered  among  Christian  seet?, 
have  always  been  the  reproach  of  the  chureh. 

Such  coniinct  naturally  conduces  to  inflame  liati-edr 
and  make  eJtmitiev  irreconcilable. — Spectatok. 

Tlie-so  factions  never  susijended  tlu'ir  animosities 
till  tlicy  ruined  tliat  unliajipy  government. — UuaE. 

Annals.     See  IIistokt. 
To  Annex.      See  To  Add. 

To  Announce,  Publish,  Proclaim, 
Peomplgate. 

Wo  publish  what  we  give  openly  to  the 
world  eitlier  by  oral  communication  or  by  means 
of  the  press;  as,  io  j>uhlish  abroad  the  faults  of 
our  neighbors. — Wo  announce  (from  ad  and 
nuncius,  news)  what  we  declare  by  anticipation, 
or  make  known  for  the  first  time ;  as,  to  aii- 
nounce  the  speedy  publication  of  a  book,  to 
announce  the  approach  or  arrival  of  a  distin- 
guished jjersoniige. — Wo  proclaim  (from  pro 
and  clamo,  to  cry  before  or  abroad)  anything 
to  which  wo  give  tlie  widest  publicity ;  as,  to 
proclaim  the  news  of  victory. — We  promuhjaie 
when  wo  proclaim  abroad  what  has  hitherto 
Ijoen  known  to  only  a  few  ;  as,  to  promulgate 
the  gospel 

To  Annul.     See  To  Abolish. 

Answer.     See  Reply. 

Antic.    See  Ancient. 
Antagonist.    See  Adversary. 

To  Anticipate,  Expkct. 

These  words,  as  hero  compared,  agree  in  re- 
garding some  future  event  as  about  to  take 
place. 

Expect  (from  ex  and  specie,  to  look  forward 
to)  is  the  stronger.  It  supposes  some  ground 
or  reason  in  the  mind,  for  considering  the  event 
as  likely  to  h  ppen.  Anticipate  is,  literally, 
to  take  beforehand,  and  here  denotes  simply  to 
take  into  the  mind  as  a  conception  of  the  fu- 
ture. Heneo,  to  say,  "I  did  not  anticipates 
refusal,''  expresses  something  less  definite  and 
strong  than  to  say,  "  I  did  not  expect  it."  Still, 
anticipate  is  a  very  convenient  word  to  be  in- 
terchanged with  expect  in  cases  where  the 
thought  wiU  allow. 

Good  with  bad 
Expect  to  hear,  supernal  grace  contending 
With  sinfulness  of  man. — Milton. 
In  such  a  case,  the  antlcipiiiion  of  future  good  or 
evil,  would  give  me  neither  pleasure  nor  pain.— Beat- 
tie. 

Antipathy,  sco  Aversion. 
Antiquated,  see  Ancient. 

Antique,  see  Ancient. 
Anxiety,  see  Care. 

Aphorism,  see  Axiom. 

Apology,  Excuse. 
An  apology,  in  the  original  sense  of  the  word, 
was  a  p>leaiUnfj  vjf  from  some  charge  or  imputa- 
tion, by  explaining  and  defending  one's  prin- 

1394 


ciples  or  conduct.     It  therefore  amounted  to  a 
vindication. 

One  who  now  offers  an  ai)ology,  admits  hmi- 
self  to  have  been,  at  least,  apparently  in  the 
wrong ;  but  brings  forward  some  p;illiating 
circumstance,  or  tenders  a  frank  acknowledg- 
ment, by  way  of  reparation.  We  make  an 
apology  for  some  breach  of  propriety  or  de- 
corum (like  rudo  expressions,  unbecoming  con- 
duct, &c.),  or  some  deficiency  in  what  miglit 
be  reasonably  expected. — Wo  offer  an  excuse 
when  we  have  been  guilty  of  somo  Ijreach  or 
neglect  of  duty ;  and  we  do  it  by  v/ay  of  ex- 
tenuating our  fault,  and  with  a  view  to  be  for- 
given. When  an  excuse  has  been  accepted,  an 
apology  may  still,  in  some  cases,  be  necessary 
or  appropriate.  '^  Am  excuse  is  not  grounded  on 
the  claim  of  innocence,  but  is  rather  an  appeal 
for  fiivor  resting  on  some  collateral  circum- 
stance. An  apology  mostly  respects  the  con- 
duct of  individuals  toward  each  other  as  equals ; 
it  is  a  voluntary  act  produced  by  feelings  of 
decorum  or  a  desire  for  the  good  opinion  of 
others." — Ckabb. 

In  her  face  excuse 
Came  prologue,  and  apology  too  prompt, 
Milton. 

To  Appal,  see  To  Dismay. 

To  Appear,  see  To  Seem. 

Appellation,  see  Name. 

To  Applaud,  see  To  Praise. 

Arbitrator,  see  Judge. 

To  Appreciate,  Estimate,  Esteem. 

Estimate  is  an  act  of  judgment;  esteem  is  an 
act  of  valuing  or  prizing,  and  when  applied  to 
individuals,  denotes  a  sentiment  of  moral  ap- 
probation.    \_See  KsTillATE.] 

Appreciate  (from  ad  and  pretium-,  price)  lies 
between  tlic  two.  As  compared  with  "  estimate," 
it  supposes  a  union  of  sensibility  with  jutlg- 
ment,  producing  a  nice  and  delicate  perception. 
As  compared  with  "  esteem,'"  it  denotes  a  valu- 
ation of  things  according  to  their  appropriate 
and  distinctive  e.xccllence,  and  not  simply  their 
moral  worth.  Thus,  with  refereuco  to  the  for- 
mer of  these  (delicate  perception),  an  able 
■s^tiler  says,  "  women  have  a  truer  appireciation 
of  character  than  men  ;"  and  another  remarks, 
"  it  is  difficult  to  appreciate  the  true  force  and 
distinctive  sense  of  terms  which  wo  are  every 
day  using."  So,  also,  wo  speak  of  the  dilTor- 
cnce  between  two  things,  as  sometimes  h„rdly 
iippreciable.  With  reference  to  the  latter  of 
tliese  senses  (that  of  valuation  as  the  result  of 
a  nice  perception)  we  say,  "  it  requires  a  pecu- 
liar cast  of  character  to  appreciate  the  poetry 
iif  Wordsworth ;"  "  he  who  has  no  delicacy 
himself,  can  not  appreciate  it  in  others;"  "the 
thouglit  of  death  is  salutary  because  it  leads  us 
to  appreciate  worldly  things  aright." 

Appreciate  is  much  used  in  cases  where 
Foraetliiug  is  in  danger  of  being  overlooked  or 
undervalued;  as  when  we  speak  of  appreciat- 
ing the  dilnculties  of  a  subject,  or  the  risk  of 


an  undertaking.  So  Lord  Plunket,  referring  to 
an  "ominous  sUence"  which  prevailed  among 
the  Irish  peasantry',  says,  "  If  you  knew  how 
to  appreciate  tliat  sUenee,  it  is  more  formidable 
than  the  most  clamorous  opposition."  In  like 
manner,  a  person  who  asks  some  favor  of  an- 
other, is  apt  to  say,  "  I  trust  you  wiU  appreci- 
ate my  motives  in  this  request."  Here  we 
have  the  key  to  a  very  frequent  use  of  the 
word. 

It  is  hardly  necessary  to  say  that  appreciale 
looks  on  the  favorable  side  of  things.  We 
never  speak  of  apjireciating  a  man's  faults,  but 
his  merits.  This  idea  of  regarding  things  fa- 
vorably, appears  more  fully  in  the  word  "  ap- 
preciative ;"  as  when  we  speak  of  an  appre- 
ciative audience,  or  an  appreciative  review, 
meaning  one  that  manifests  a  quick  perception 
and  a  ready  valuation  of  excellence. 

To  Apprehend,  Cosiprehend. 

These  words  come  into  comparison  as  de- 
scribing acts  of  the  mind. 

Apprehend  (ad  and  j^rehendo,  to  lay  hold  ofj) 
denotes  the  laying  hold  of  a  thing  mentally,  so 
as  to  understand  it  clearly,  at  least  in  part. — 
Comprehend  (from  comprehendo,  to  take  in,) 
denotes  the  embracing  or  understanding  it  in 
all  its  compass  and  extent.  We  may  appre- 
hend many  truths  which  we  do  not  comprehend. 
The  very  idea  of  God  supposes  that  he  may  be 
apprehended,  though  not  comprehended  by  ra- 
tional beings.  "  Wo  may  apprehend  much  of; 
Shakespeare's  aim  and  intention  in  the  charac- 
ter of  Hamlet  or  King  Lear;  but  few  will 
claim  tliat  they  have  comprehended  all  that  is 
embraeed  in  these  characters." — Trench. 

Apprehension,  Alarm. 

Apprehension  springs  from  a  sense  of  danger 
when  somewhat  remote  but  approaching; 
alarm  (It.  aW  arme,  to  arms,)  arises  from  dan- 
ger when  announced  as  near  at  hand.  Appre- 
liension  is  calmer  and  more  permanent ;  alarm 
is  more  agitating  and  transient.  Apprehension 
may  be  felt  by  a  single  individual  when  alone ; 
alarm  is  ordinarily  social,  spreading  by  conta- 
gion among  all  around. 

And  he  the  future  evil  shall  no  less 

In  apprehension  than  in  substance  feel. 

Milton. 
Taught  by  this  stroke  renounce  the  war's  alarms. 
And  learn  to  tremble  at  the  name  of  arms. 

Pope. 

Approbation,  Approval. 

Approbation  is  a  state ;  approval  is  an  act. 
The  former  denotes  the  feeling  awakened  in 
the  mind;  a.s,  tho  approbation  of  one's  con- 
science, the  approbation  of  the  wise.  The  lat- 
ter denotes  the  sentence  or  decision  by  which 
the  mind  approves ;  as,  the  plan  received  the 
appj'oval  of  the  committee ;  his  conduct  merits 
the  ajyproval  of  tiie  world  at  large.  "We  may  be 
anxious  for  the  approbation  of  our  friends ;  but 
we  should  be  still  more  anxious  for  the  ap- 
proval  of  our  own  consciences." 

"  He  who  is  desirous  to  obtain  universal  ap- 


AKT 


TABLE    OF    SYNONYMS. 


ABS 


probation,  will  leam  a  good  lesson  from  the 
lable  of  the  old  man  and  his  ass." — "The-svork 
has  been  examined  by  several  excellent  judges, 
who  have  expressed  tlieir  unqualified  approval 
of  its  plan  and  execution." 

Arbitkator.     See  Ji^dge. 
Ardok.     See  Felicitt. 

ARDrors,  Hard,  Difficult. 

Vo  call  a  thing  difimli  when  it  requires 
more  or  less  of  exertion  to  perform  it ;  as,  a 
difficuU  problem  to  solve. — ^^\"e  call  it  hard 
when  the  effort  required  Is  decidedly  greater ; 
as,  a  hard  task,  a  hard  duty  to  be  performed. 
— ^e  call  it  arduous  (from  ardui^s,  steep,) 
when  it  requires  strenuous  and  persevering 
exertion,  like  that  of  ono  who  is  climbing  a 
precipice;  as,  an  arduous  task,  an  arduous 
duty.  "  It  is  often  difficult  to  control  our  feel- 
ings ;  it  is  still  harder  to  subdue  our  will ; 
but  it  is  an  arduous  undertaking  to  control  the 
unruly  and  contending  wiU  of  others." 

To  Argue,  Dispute,  Debate. 

These  words,  as  here  compared,  suppose  a 
contest  between  two  parties  in  respect  to  some 
point  at  issue. 

To  arjue  (from  arguo,  to  set  forth  or  assert,) 
is  to  adduce  arguments  or  reasons  in  support 
of  one's  cause  or  position. — To  dispute  (from 
dis  and  puto,  to  think  contrary,)  is  to  call  in 
question  or  deny  tho  statements  or  arguments 
of  tho  opposing  paity. — To  debate  (from  Fr.  de- 
batire,  to  beat  or  fight.)  is  to  contend  for  and 
against,  or  to  interchange  arguments  in  a  some- 
what formal  manner. 

"  Men  of  many  words  sometimes  argue  for  tlic  .<ake 
of  talking;  men  of  ready  tongues  frequently  rfi«/)ii(« 
for  the  sake  of  victory  :  men  in  public  life  often  de- 
bntt  for  the  sake  of  opposing  tho  ruling  party,  or  from 
any  other  motive  than  the  love  of  truth." — Ccabb. 
Unskilled  to  arfjue,  in  dispute  yet  lond, 
Bold  without  caution,  without  honors  proud. 

Falcoxek. 
Betwiit  the  dearest  friends  to  raise  debate. 

B&YDEN. 

Argusientation.     See  Reaso^ting. 

To  Arraign.     See  To  Accuse. 

Arrogaxce.     See  Haughtiness. 

Arrogant.     See  Magisterial. 

Art.     See  Science. 

Artful.     See  Cunning. 

Artificer.     See  Artisan. 

Artisan,  Artist,  Artificer. 

An  artist  is  one  who  is  skilled  in  some  one 
of  the  fine  arts ;  an  artisan  is  one  who  exer- 
cises any  mechanical  employment.  A  portrait- 
painter  is  an  artist;  a  sign-painter  is  an  arti- 
san. The  occupation  of  the  former  requires  a 
fine  taste  and  delicate  manipulation ;  that  of 
the  latter  demands  only  an  ordinary  degree  of 
j  contrivance  and  imitative  power. — The  word 
j  artificer  neither  suggests  the  idea  of  vulgarity 


which  attaches  to  tho  term  artisan,  nor  the 
ide,^  of  refinement  and  peculiar  skill  which 
belong  to  tlie  term  artist. — H.  Tatlor. 

Artist.     See  Artisan. 

Asperity.     See  Acrimony. 

As.     See  Because. 

To  Ascribe,  Attribute,  Impute. 

Attribute  denotes  (1.)  to  refer  some  quality  or 
attribute  to  a  being ;  as,  to  atirihtde  power  to 
God.  (2.)  To  refer  something  to  its  cause  or 
source;  as,  to  attribute  a  b.ickward  spring  to 
icebergs  off  tho  coast. — Ascribe  is  used  equally 
in  both  these  senses;  and  its  chief  peculiarity 
seems  to  He  in  the  image  which  it  involves.  It 
comes  from  ad  aud  scriho,  to  write  or  put  on 
paper.  It  is,  therefore,  the  stronger  word,  and 
emphasizes  the  tliouglit  more  ftiily.  Hence,  ii 
is  now  tho  word  more  commonly  used.— To 
impute  usually  denotes  to  ascribe  something 
doubtful  or  wrong,  and  hence  in  general  litera- 
ture has  commonly  a  bad  sense ;  as,  to  imjmie 
unworthy  motives.  [The  theological  sense  of 
impute  is  not  here  taken  into  view.] 

More  than  good-will  to  me  attribute  naught. 

Spensed 

Ascribes  his  gettings  to  his  parts  and  merit. 

Pope. 

And  fairly  quit  him  of  the  imputed  blame. 

Spenser. 

To  Ask.     See  Beg. 
Asperity.     See  Acrimontt. 

To  Asperse,  Defame,  Sl.vndee,  Ca- 
lumniate. 

These  words  have  in  common  tho  idea  of 
falsely  assailing  tlie  character  of  another. 

To  asperse  {ad  and  spergo,  to  bespatter),  is 
figuratively  to  cast  upon  a  character  hitherto 
unsullied,  the  imputation  of  blemishes  or  faults 
which  render  it  offensive  or  loathsome — To 
defame  (from  de  and  fama)  ia  to  detract  from  a 
man's  honor  and  reputation,  by  charges  calcu- 
lated to  load  him  witli  infamy. — Slander  from 
the  Norman  French,  and  calumniate  from  tlio 
Latin,  have  in  common  tho  sense  of  circul.iting 
reports  to  a  man's  injury  from  unworthy  or 
malicious  motives. 

Men  asperse  their  neighbors  by  malignant  in- 
sinuations ;  they  defame  by  advancing  charges 
to  suUy  their  fair  fame ;  they  slander  or  calum- 
niate either  by  spreading  injurious  reports  of 
their  own  invention,  or  by  magnifying  slight 
faults  into  serious  errors  or  crimes. 

To  Assail.     See  To  Attack. 
To  Assassinate.     See  To  Kill. 
To  Assaext.     Sec  To  Attack. 

Assemblage,  Assembly. 
An  assembly  consists  only  of  persons ;  an  as- 
semblage  may  be  composed  of  things  as  well  as 
persons;  as,  an  assemblage  of  incoherent  ob- 
jects. Nor  is  every  .assemblage  of  persons  an 
assembly;  since  the  latter  term  denotes  a  body 
who  have  met,  and  are  actmg,  in  concert  for 


some  common  end,  such  as  to  hear,  to  deliber- 
ate, to  unite  in  music,  dancing,  &c.,  &c.  An  as- 
semblage of  skaters  on  a  lake,  or  of  horse  jockeys 
at  a  race-course,  is  not  an  assembly ;  but  might 
be  turned  into  one  by  coUecting  into  a  body 
with  a  view  to  discuss  and  decide  as  to  some 
object  of  common  interest. 

TVith  innocence  ,™d  meditation  joined 
In  soft  aisemOlage,  listen  to  my  song. 

TuoMSOX. 

An  aftiemhly  such  as  earth 
Saw  never,  such  as  heaven  stoops  down  to  see. 

COWPEP.. 

Assent,  Consent. 
Assent  is  an  act  of  the  unders;tanding.  con- 
sent of  tho  will  or  feelings.  We  assent  {ad  an  1 
sentio)  to  the  views  of  others  when  our  minds 
eome  to  the  same  conclusions  with  thcira,  as  to 
what  is  true,  right,  or  admissible.  We  consent 
when  there  is  such  a  concurrence  {conserisus)  of 
our  will  with  thou-  desires  and  wishes,  that  we 
decide  to  comply  -n-ith  their  requests.  The  king 
of  England  gives  his  assent,  not  his  consent,  to 
acts  of  Parliament,  because  in  theory,  at  least, 
ho  is  not  governed  by  personal  feelmgs  or 
choice,  but  by  a  deliberate  judgment  as  to  the 
common  good.  TVe  also  use  assent  in  cases 
where  a  proposal  is  made  which  involves  but 
little  <jf  interest  or  feeling.  A  lady  may  assent 
to  a  gentleman's  opening  the  window ;  but  if 
he  oflers  Iiunself  in  marriage,  he  must  wait  for 
lier  consent.  [There  is  an  obsolete  use  of  con- 
sent for  union,  which  is  not  here  brought  into 
view.] 

You  said  tho  same  ;  and  are  you  discontent 
With  laws,  to  which  you  gave  your  own  assent  f 

Pope. 
"When  thou  canst  truly  call  these  virtues  thine, 
Bo  wise  and  free  by  heaven's  cotisetit  and  mine. 

Brydex. 

To  Assert,  Maintain,  Vindicate. 

To  assert  is  from  assero,  to  fasten  to  one's 
self,  and  hence  to  claim.  It  is,  therefore,  ad- 
versative in  its  nature.  TTo  assert  our  rights 
and  privileges,  or  the  cause  of  free  iustitutions, 
as  against  opposition  or  denial.  So,  also,  in 
respect  to  our  declarations,  if  we  regard  them 
as  mere  statements  of  what  is  true,  we  use  the 
word  affirm ;  if  we  claim  them  to  be  undeni- 
able, wo  use  the  words  assert  or  assertion. 

To  maintain  (Fr.  maintenir,  to  hold  by  force 
of  h.and)  is  to  uphold  and  insist  upon  with 
earnestness,  whatever  we  have  once  asserted ; 
as,  to  maintain  one's  cause,  to  maintain  an 
argument,  to  maintain  the  ground  we  have 
taken. — To  vindicate  (from  vim  and  dicere)  is  to 
use  language  and  measures  of  tho  strongest 
kind,  in  defense  of  ourselves  and  those  for 
whom  we  act. 

"We  assert  with  boldness  and  constancy ;  we 
maintain  our  assertions  by  adducing  proofs, 
facts,  or  arguments;  we  are  ready  to  vindicate   ' 
our  rights  or  interests  by  the  utmost  exertion 
of  our  powers. 

To  Asseverate.     See  To  Affirm,     i 
To  Assist.     See  To  Help. 

~  1395 


ATT 


TABLE    OF    SYNONYMS. 


AUT 


To  Assuage,  see  To  Alleviate, 

also,  To  Mitigate. 

Atheist,  see  Infidel. 

At  Last,  At  Length. 

These  words  both  denote  that  some  end  or 
result  lias  been  reached. 

At  length  implies  that  a  long  period  was 
spent  in  so  doing;  as,  "after  a  voyage  of  more 
than  tliree  months,  we  at  length  arrived  safe." 
— At  last  implies,  that  something  has  occurred 
(as  interruptions,  disappointments,  &c.)  which 
leads  us  to  emphasize  the  idea  of  having  reached 
tlie  end ;  as,  "  in  spite  of  every  obstacle,  we 
have  at  last  arrived."  But  these  interruptions, 
disappointments,  &c.,  need  not  have  occupied 
any  great  length  of  time.  If  a  man  had  called 
repeatedly  at  the  post-ofBce  while  the  mail 
was  delayed  for  a  single  hour,  he  might  say, 
''At  last  it  has  arrived,"  not  referring  to  the 
delay  as  a  long  one,  but  as  having  finally  come 
to  an  end.  At  last,  therefore,  is  not  neces- 
sarily the  same  as  at  length. 

At  Least.     See  Howevee. 
At  Length.      See  At  Last. 

Atrocious,  Flagitious,  Flagrant. 

Flagiiious  (from  flagitium,  an  infamous  crime) 
points  to  an  act  as  grossly  wicked  and  vile ;  as, 
a  flagitious  proposal. — Flagrant  (from  flagraiis, 
(laming)  marks  the  vivid  impression  made  upon 
tlie  mind  by  something  strikingly  wTong  or  er- 
roneous ;  as,  a  flagrant  misrepresentation,  a 
flagrant  violation  of  duty. — Atrocious  (from 
air  ox,  cruel)  represents  the  act  as  springing 
f.om  a  violent  and  savage  spirit.  If  Lord 
Cliatham,  instead  of  saying  "the  atrocious 
crime  of  being  a  young  man,"  had  used  either 
of  tlie  other  two  words,  his  irony  would  have 
lost  all  its  point,  in  his  celebrated  reply  to  Sir 
Robert  Walpole,  as  reported  by  Dr.  Johnson. 

ATTAcniiENT,  Affection. 

The  leading  idea  of  affection  is  that  of  warmth 
and  tenderness;  the  leading  idea  oi attachment 
(Fr.  attacker,  to  tie  or  fasten)  is  that  of  being 
l)ound  to  some  object  by  strong  and  lasting  ties. 
There  is  more  of  sentiment  (and  sometimes  of 
romance)  in  affection,  and  more  of  principle  in 
persevering  attachment.  We  speak  of  the  ar- 
dor of  the  one,  and  the  fidelity  of  the  otlier. 

There  is  another  distinction  between  the  use 
and  application  of  these  words.  The  term  at- 
tachment is  applied  to  a  wider  range  of  objects 
than  affection.  A  man  may  have  a  strong  at- 
tachment to  his  country,  to  his  profession,  to 
his  .principles,  and  even  to  favorite  places :  in 
respect  to  none  of  these  could  we  use  the  word 
affection. 

To  Attack,  Assail,  Assal-lt, 
Invade. 

Tliese  words  all  denote  a  violent  onset ;  at- 
tack being  the  generic  term,  and  the  others 
specific  forms  of  attack. 

1396 


To  attack  is  to  commence  the  onset ;  to  as- 
sail (Fr.  assailUr,  to  spring  at)  is  to  make  a  sud- 
den and  violent  attack  ;  to  assault  (literally,  to 
leap  upon),  is  to  attack  with  still  greater  vehe- 
mence; to  invade  {in  and  vado,  to  go),  is  to 
cuter  by  force  on  what  belongs  to  another. 
Thus,  a  person  may  attack  by  offering  violence 
of  any  kind;  he  may  assail  by  means  of  missile 
weapons ;  ho  may  assault  by  direct  personal 
violence ;  a  king  may  invade  by  marching  an 
army  into  a  country.  Figuratively,  we  may 
say,  men  attack  with  argument  or  siitire  ;  they 
assail  with  abuse  or  reproaches ;  they  may  be 
assatdted  by  severe  temptations ;  the  rights  of 
the  people  may  be  invaded  by  the  encroach- 
ments of  the  crown. 

Attempt,  Endeavor,  Effort, 
Exertion,  Trial. 

These  words  agree  in  the  idea  of  calling  forth 
our  powers  into  action. 

Trial  is  the  generic  term  ;  it  denotes  a  put- 
ting forth  of  one's  powers  with  a  view  to  de- 
termine what  they  can  accomplish ;  as,  to  make 
trial  of  one's  strength. — An  altemiit  is  always 
directed  to  some  definite  and  specific  object ; 
as,  "  the  attempt  and  not  the  deed  confounds 
us."  Shakes. — An  endeavor  is  a  continued  at- 
tempt ;  as,  "  the  high  endeavor  and  the  glad 
success."  CowPER. — An  effort  (from  effero,  to 
set  forth)  and  exertion  (from  exsero,  to  stretch 
out)  are  a  straining  of  the  faculties  in  order  to 
carry  out  an  attempt,  exertion  being  the  strong- 
er term ;  as,  "  to  make  one  united  effort,  with 
the  utmost  exertion  of  our  powers,  for  the  at- 
tainment of  the  high  object  which  is  set  before 
us." 

To  Attempt.     See  To  Try. 

To  Attend,  Listen,  Hearken. 

Wo  attend,  with  a  view  to  hear  and  learn ; 
we  listen  with  fixed  attention,  in  order  to  hear 
correctly,  or  to  consider  what  has  been  said ; 
we  hearken  when  we  listen  with  a  willing 
mind,  and  in  reference  to  obeying.  It  is  of 
great  importance  for  the  learner  to  attend  to  the 
rules  that  are  laid  down ;  it  becomes  the  young 
to  hearken  to  the  counsel  of  their  elders,  and  to 
listen  to  the  admonitions  of  conscience. 

But,  thy  relatimi  nnw!  for  I  attend. 
Pleased  with  thy  words." — Miltu.n. 

Come,  listen,  listen,  ladies  Ray, 
No  haughty  feats  of  arms  I  tell. — Scott. 
But  heartien,  lady, 
One  thing  I  must  entreat,  ymr  leave  and  sufferance. 
Beaumont  &  Fletcoee. 

To  Attend.     See  To  Acco.mtant. 
Attentive.     See  Youthful. 

Attitude,  Posture. 

These  words  both  describe  the  visible  dis- 
position of  the  hmbs. 

Posture  (from  pono,  to  place)  relates  to  their 
position  merely ;  attitude  (from  apto,  to  fit,  con- 
nected with  aptitude)  refers  to  their  fitness  for 


some  specific  object.  The  object  of  an  attitude 
is  to  set  forth  and  exhibit  some  internal  feeling; 
as,  an  attitude  of  wonder,  of  admiration,  of 
grief,  &c.  It  is,  therefore,  essentially  and  de- 
signedly ex2>ressive.  Its  object  is  the  same  with 
that  of  gesture,  viz.,  to  hold  forth  and  represent 
emotion.  Posture  has  no  such  design.  If  we 
speak  o( posture  in  prayer,  or  the  posture  of  de- 
votion, it  is  only  the  natural  disposition  of  the 
limbs,  without  any  intention  to  show  forth  or 
exhibit. 

'Tis  the  business  of  a  painter  in  his  choice  of  atti- 
tudes (pnsiiiira)  to  foresee  the  effect  and  h.armony  of 
the  lights  and  shadows. — Detden. 

Never  to  kceji  the  body  in  the  same  po>iturehn\f  an 
hour  at  a  time.^BACON.    Medical  Eemalnb. 

To  Attribute.     See  To  Ascribe. 

Auction — sale  by,  sale  at. 

In  America,  the  more  prevalent  expression 
has  Ijeen  "sales  at  auction,"  as  if  referring  to 
the  place  where  they  are  made.  In  England, 
the  form  has  always  been  "sales  by  auction," 
i.  e.,  by  an  increase  of  bids  (Lat.  auciione.)  This 
latter  form  is  more  correct,  and  is  now  coming 
into  use  in  some  of  our  leading  newspapers. 

Auspicious.     See  Propitious. 

Authentic,  Genttine 

These  words,  as  hero  compared,  have  refereace 
to  historical  documents. 

We  call  a  document  genuine  when  it  can  be 
traced  back  ultimately  to  the  author  or  authors 
from  whom  it  professes  to  emanate.  We  call 
a  document  aiithentic  (in  the  primary  sense  of 
the  term)  when  on  the  ground  of  its  being  thus 
traced  back,  it  may  be  relied  on  as  true  and 
authoritative ;  and  in  this  sense  the  term  is 
used  in  respect  to  legal  instruments.  But  in 
general  literature,  it  has  obtained  a  wider  sig- 
nification. We  can  often  rely  upon  statements 
as  true,  without  knowing  the  name  of  the  per- 
son with  whom  they  originated.  Their  claun 
to  be  behoved  may  rest  on  collateral  evidence 
of  the  most  unquestionable  nature ;  and  such 
statements  are  accordingly  spoken  of  as  autlien- 
tic.  This  secondary  sense  of  the  term  is  now 
the  one  most  in  use.  Thus  we  speak  of  an 
authentic  report  of  facts,  authentic  history,  &c. 
Hence  writers  on  the  evidences  of  our  religion, 
speak  of  the  genuineness  and  the  authenticity  of  | 
the  Sacred  Scriptures;  meaning  by  the  former 
th.at  the  books  have  come  down  to  us  uncor- 
rupt  from  their  original  sources ;  and  by  the 
latter  that  they  may  be  relied  upon  as  true  and 
authoritative  in  all  matters  of  faith  and  practice. 
Bisliop  Watson,  who  took  the  lead  in  making 
this  distinction,  remarks, — 

A  fjennine  book  is  that  which  was  written  by  the 
person  whose  name  it  bears,  as  the  author  of  it.  An 
authentic  book  is  thatwhich  relates  mattersof  fact  as 
they  really  happened.  A  book  m.ay  be  genuine  with- 
out being  authentic,  and  a  book  m.ay  be  authentic 
without  being  genuine.  The  hiUory  of  the  Idand  of 
Formosa  is  a  genuine  book  :  it  was  written  by  Ps.al- 
manazar;  but  it  is  not  an  authentic  book  fthough  it 
was  long  esteemed  as  such,  and  translated  into  dif- 
ferent lan^uasres).  for  the  author,  in  the  latter  part  of 
his  life,   took  shame  to  himself  for  having  Imposed 


ATE 


TABLE    OF    SYNONYMS. 


B  AF 


upon  tlie  world,  and  confessed  tliat  it  was  a  mere  ro-  j  being  the  strongest) 

luance.    Arv»ou'i  Voi/^iye  may  be  considered  as  an  ! 

•tiUlientic  book  :  it  probably  conUiins  a  true  narrative  ; 

of  the  principal  events  recorded  in  it;  but  it  is  not  a  ■ 

gfnuim  boot,  ha\ins  not  been  written  by  Walter,  to 

whom  it  is  ascribed,  but  by  Eobins.  " 


Avaricious,    Covetous,  PAEsmoNi- 
ors,   Pesteious,   Misekxy,    Xig- 

GARDLT. 

The  avaricious  eagerly  desire  wealth  vrith  a 
view  to  hoard  it. — The  covetous  gra^p  after  it 
at  the  expense  of  others,  though  not  of  neces- 
sity with  a  design  to  save,  since  a  man  may  be 
covetous  and  yet  a  spendthrift. — The  penurious, 
parsimonious  and  miserly,  save  money  by  dis- 
graceful self-denial;  and  the  niggardly,  by 
meanness  in  their  dealing  with  others.  TVe 
speak  of  persons  as  covetous  in  getting,  avari- 
cious in  retaining,  parsi/noniot^  in  expending, 
penurious  or  miserly  in  modes  of  living,  nig- 
gardly in  dispensing. 


To  AvEXGE,  Revexge. 

To  avenge^  in  modem  usage,  is  to  inflict  just 
punishment  upon  evil-doers  in  behalf  of  our- 
selves or  others  for  whom  we  act ;  as,  to  avenge 
1  one's  wrongs,  to  avenge  the  injuries  of  the  suf- 


as,  a  j-eluctance  to  make  |  he  is  awkward  iu  his  gait  and  the  movement 
the  necessary  sacrifices,  and  a  repugnance  to  of  his  limbs.  Clumsiness  is  seen  at  the  first 
the  submissions  required. — Disgust  (from  dis  view.  Awkwardness  is  discovered  only  when 
and  gustus,  taste)  is  repugnance  either  of  taste  a  person  begins  to  move.  Hence  the  expres- 
or  moral  feeling ;  as,  a  disgust  for  gross  exhibi-  sions,  a  clumsy  appearance,  and  an  awkward 
tions  of  selfishness. — Antipathy  (from  Gr.  di'vi,  manner.  When  we  speak  figuratively  of  an 
and  —ado;,  an  opposing  affection  of  body  or  awkward  excuse,  we  think  of  a  want  of  ease 
mind)  is  primarily  a  constitutional  di.^gust  or  and  grace  in  making  it ;  when  we  speak  of  a 
loathing  of  a  thing,  such  as  most  persons  feel  :  clumsy  excuse,  we  think  of  the  whole  thing  as 
for  a  snake.  liVhen  used  figuratively,  it  de-  coarse  and  lumpish. — We  apply  the  term  un- 
notes  a  correspondent  dislike  for  certain  per-   couth  (literally  unknowing)  to  that  which  results 


sons,  modes  of  acting,  &c. 

Men  have  an  aversion  for  what  breaks  in 
upon  their  habits ;  a  reluctance  and  repugnance 
to  what  crosses  their  wUl;  a  disgust  for  what 
oSends  their  sensibilities  ;  and  are  often  gov- 
erned by  antipathies  for  which  they  can  give 
no  good  reason. 

To  Avoid,  Shu:n'. 

Avoid  is  literally  to  leave  a  void  space  be- 
tween ourselves  and  something  else.  It  is,  in 
a  certain  sense,  negative,  and  simply  denotes 
care  taken  not  to  come  near  or  in  contact ;  as, 
to  avoid  certain  persons  or  places. — Shun  (from 
Sax.  ascunian,  to  flee  fi-om)  is  positive  and  de- 
notes an  habitual  intention  to  keep  clear  of; 
as,  to  shun  evil  companions.     Prudence  may 

fering  and  innocent— To  revenge  is  to  inflict  j^^^  ^^  ^^  ^^^^.  f^^^.  ^r  disgust  induces  us  to 

pain  or  injtuy  for  the  simple  indulgence  of  re-     , 

No  man  can  pray  from  his  heart  to  be  kept  from 
temptation,  if  he  take  no  care  of  himself  to  avokl  it. 

Mason. 
So  chanticleer,  who  never  saw  a  fox. 
Yet  ehunntd  him  as  a  sailor  shuns  the  rocks. 

Deyden. 


from  the  want  of  instruction  or  trainiug 
uncouth  manners,  urtcouth  language. 


as, 


To  Avow.     See  To  Contess. 


sentful  and  malicious  feelings.  The  former 
may  at  times  be  a  duty,  the  latter  is  one  of  the 
worst  exhibitions  of  human  character. 

Arenye^  O  Lord,  thy  slaughtered  saints,  whose  bones 
Lie  scattered  on  the  Alpine  mountains  cold. 

Milton. 
Bnt  his  face 
Deep  scars  of  thnnder  had  intrenched,  an    care 
Sat  on  his  faded  cheek  ;  but  under  brows 
Of  dauntless  courage  and  considerate  pride 
Waiting  retenge.  Miltos. 

To  AvEE.    See  To  Atfiem. 

Averse,  RELrcTANT,  Adverse. 

Averse  (from  a  and  verio,  to  turn  from)  ex- 
presses an  habitual,  though  not  of  necessity,  a 
very  strong  dislike;  as,  averse  to  active  pur- 
suits, averse  to  study. — Reluctant  (from  re  and 

luctor,  to  strive  against)  is   stronger,  and  im-      

plies  an  internal  struggle  as  to  making  some  I  strongest  manifestations. 


sacrifice  of  interest  or  feeling ;  as,  reluctant  to 
yield,  reluctant  to  make  the  necessary  arrange- 
ments, a  reluctant  will,  or  consent. — Adverse 
(from  ad  and  verstts,  turned  against)  denotes 
active  opposition  or  hostility ;  as,  adverse  inter- 
ests, adverse  feelings,  adverse  plana  or  move- 
ments, the  adverse  party. 

Aveesiox,  Reluctance,  Repug- 
nance, Disgust,  ANTiPATnY. 

Aversion  (from  a  and  verto,  to  turn  from) 
denotes  a  fixed  and  habitual  dislike,  though 
not  necessarily  a  very  strong  one;  as,  an  aver- 
sion for  business. — Rd'iciarice  (from  re  and  luc- 
tor) and  repugnance  (from  re  and  pugno)  are 
stronger,  and  denote  a  mental  strife  or  hostil- 
ity against  something  proposed,  (repfignance 


Awe,  Reverence,  Dread,  Vene- 
ration. 

Reverence  is  a  strong  sentiment  of  respect 
and  esteem,  sometimes  mingled  slightly  with 
fear ;  as,  reverence  for  the  divine  law. — Awe  is 
a  mixed  feeling  of  sublimity  and  dread  in 
view  of  something  great  or  terrible,  but  not 
necessarily  implying  love ;  as,  awe  at  the  Di- 
vine Presence. — Dread  is  strong  personal  fear 
in  view  of  something  terrible;  as,  dread  of 
punishment. — Veneration  is  reverence  in  its 
It  is  the  highest 
emotion  we  can  exercise  toward  human  beings. 

Exalted  and  noble  objects  produce  rever- 
ence;  terrific  objects  awaken  dread;  a  sense 
of  the  divine  presence  fills  us  with  awe;  a 
union  of  wisdom  and  virtue  in  one  who  is  ad- 
vanced in  years,  inspires  us  with  veneration. 

A"WFUL.     See  Frightful. 

Awkward,  Clumsy,  Uncouth. 

Clumsy  (fi-om  clump)  is  connected  with  lump 
or  lumpish,  and  denotes  the  quality  of  heavi- 
ness, and  unseemliness.  This  shows  itself  in 
the  whole  exterior  of  the  thing  in  question. — 
Awkward  (from  awk,  out  of  the  way  or  irregu- 
lar) has  a  special  reference  to  outward  deport- 
ment.    A  man  is  clumsy  in  his  whole  person. 


Axiom,  Maxim,  Aphorism,  Adage. 

An  axiojn  (C4r.  an  authoritative  sentence) 
is  a  self-evident  truth  which  is  taken  for 
granted  as  the  basis  of  reasoning. — A  maxim 
(from  Lat.  maximus,  of  the  greatest  import- 
ance) is  a  guiding  principle  ever  to  be  received 
and  admitted,  especially  in  the  practical  con- 
cerns of  life. — An  aphorism  (from  the  Gr.  to 
separate)  is  a  detached  sentence  expressing 
some  weighty  truth  or  sentiment. — An  adage 
(from  L.  ad  agendum  apta,  applicable  to  Ufe) 
is  a  sajnng  of  long  established  authority  and 
of  universal  appUcation. 

B. 

Badly,  Greatly. 

In-  some  parts  of  this  country,  not  by  the 
vulgar  alone  but  by  educated  persons,  the  word 
haily  is  used  for  greatly.  Instead  of  saying, 
"  I  wish  g^-eathj  to  see  him,"  they  say,  "  I  wish 
to  see  him  very  badly:'  This  is  not  only  an 
error  in  language,  but  often  becomes  ridicu- 
lous, because  the  words  seem  to  say  of  a 
friend,  "I  wish  to  see  him  in  a  very  had  state 
of  health,"  &c. 

Balance,  Remainder. 

It  is  a  peculiarity  of  many  in  this  country, 
especially  of  those  who  are  engaged  in  trade, 
to  use  the  word  balance  in  certain  connections, 
as  havmg  the  same  sense  with  remainder.  We 
may,  indeed,  properly  speak  of  the  balance  of 
an  account,  because  it  is  this  which  makes  the 
two  sides  even.  But  to  transfer  this  to  the 
general  concerns  of  life,  and  speak  of  the 
''balance  of  the  week,"  "the  balance  of  the 
evening,"  "the  balance  of  the  company,"  kc, 
meaning  remainder,  is  a  gross  vulgarism,  to  bo 
avoided  by  every  one  who  does  not  mean  to 
"  smell  of  the  shop." 

To  Baffle,  Frustrate,  Defeat. 

We  speak  of  a  person  or  thing  as  baffled 
(from  Fr.  to  mock  or  elude)  by  any  thing  that 
serves  to  cross  or  check  by  interruption  or 
artifice ;  as,  baffled  in  one's  attempts,  designs, 
plans,  &c. — ^We  usefi-ustrated  in  such  cases  (from 
frusira,  in  vain)  when  an  eflectual  stop  is  put,  at 
least  for  a  time,  to  all  further  progress;  as,  he 
was  frustrated  in  all  his  efi^orts.— We  use  the 
word  defeat  (Fr.   defaire,  to  make  an  end  of) 

"^  1307      "  " 


B  AE 


TABLE    OF    SYNONYMS. 


EEC 


when  the  frustration  is  absolute  and  final,  as, 
the  army  was  defeated  in  a  pitched  battle;  he 
was  defeated  in  argument. 

The  mere  intricacy  of  a  question  should  not  dis- 
courage or  baj^  us. — Locke. 

I  could  not  live 

To  see  your  hopes  ma.i\*i  frustrate. — Massinceb. 

Ilis  designs  were  defeated,  his  desires  thwarted,  his 
offers  refused.— Baeeow. 

Ball.     See  Globe. 
Baggage.     See  Plunder. 

To  Bamsii,  E.xile,  E-ipel. 

The  idea  of  a  coercive  removal  from  a  place, 
is  common  to  these  terms. 

A  man  is  banished  (from  Gcr.  hannen,  to  put 
out  of  a  community  by  a  ban  or  civil  interdict) 
when  he  is  forced  by  the  government  of  a 
country  (bo  he  a  foreigner  or  .1  native)  to  leave 
its  borders. — A  man  is  exiled  when  ho  is  driven 
into  bauiihmeut  from  his  native  country  and 
home.  Thus  to  exile,  is  to  banish,  but  to  banish 
is  not  always  to  exile:  the  Tarquins  were  ban- 
ished from  Rome ;  Coriolunus  was  exiled.— To 
expel  is  forcibly  to  eject,  and  usually  under 
circumstances  of  disgrace ;  as,  to  expel  fi'om  a 
coUege ;  expelled  from  decent  society. 

BaninheiJ  from  r.ome? 
"Wliat's  haniahed  but  set  free 
From  daily  contact  with  the  things  I  Inatlie? 

Ckolt. 
To  thee  behold  an  exiled  band  we  come. 

EOWE. 

Sedition's  civil  broils 
E:cpellcd  thee  from  thy  native  Crete. — "West. 

Bank-bill,  Bank-note. 

These  words  are  used  in  America  as  identi- 
cal in  their  meaning,  both  terms  being  ap- 
plied to  the  circulating  meilium  put  forth  by 
banks. 

In  England  they  .are  never  thus  confounded. 
A  bank-note  is  the  promissory  note  of  a  bank 
payable  to  the  bearer  on  demand,  and  forms 
part  of  the  cun'ency ;  a  bank-bill  is  made  payable 
to  order,  and  usually  at  some  future  specified 
time.  It  is  therefore  negotiable  paper,  and 
forms  no  part  of  the  general  circulation. 

Banquet.     See  Feast. 

To  Banter,  Rally. 

We  banter  (from  Gr.  mock  or  laugh  at)  in 
good  humor,  turning  tlio  laugh  upon  a  person 
for  something  ho  has  done  or  neglected  to 
do.  We  rally  (rouse  up)  when  we  attack  a 
person  with  ridicule,  raillery  or  sarcasm.  Tliis 
is  always  more  pungent  and  often  ill-natured. 

If  your  companions  at  Cambridge  hanter  you  on 
yoar  regularity,  order,  decency,  and  love  of  studv, 
banter  them  in  return  on  their  want  of  these  quali- 
ties.— Lord  Chatham. 

If  you  find  yourself  in  a  humor  rather  to  ratl/j  .and 
ridicule  than  to  comfort  me,  I  desire  you  would  throw 
this  letter  into  the  fire. — Addison. 

Barbarism.     See  Solecism. 
Barbarous.     See  Ferocious. 

1398 


Base,  Vile,  Mean. 

These  words,  as  expressing  moral  qualities, 
are  here  arranged  in  the  order  of  then-  strength, 
the  strongest  being  placed  first, 

Base  marks  a  high  degree  of  moral  turpitude ; 
vile  and  mean  denote,  in  different  degrees,  the 
want  of  what  is  valuable  or  worthy  of  es- 
teem. What  is  hose  excites  our  abhorrence; 
what  is  vile  provokes  our  disgust  or  indigna- 
tion ;  what  is  mean,  awakens  contempt.  Base 
is  opposed  to  high-minded ;  vile,  to  noble ; 
mean,  to  liberal  or  generous.  Ingr.atitude  is 
ba.se;  sycophancy  is  vile;  undue  comphanoes 
are  mean, 

Bashfuxness,  Modesty,  Diffidence, 

Shyness. 

Modesty  arises  from  a  low  estimate  of  our- 
selves ;  bashfulness  is  an  abashment  or  agitation 
of  the  spirits  at  coming  into  contact  with  others ; 
diffidence  (from  dis  and  fido,  to  trust)  is  pro- 
duced by  an  undue  degree  of  self-dislrust;  shij- 
ness  usually  arises  from  an  excessive  self-con- 
sciousness, and  a  painful  impression  that  every 
one  is  looking  at  us. 

Modesty  of  deportment  is  becoming  in  all ; 
bathfulness  often  gives  rise  to  mistakes  and 
blundering ;  diffidence  in  society  frequently 
makes  a  man  a  burden  to  himself;  shyness 
usually  produces  a  reserve  or  distance  which  is 
often  mistaken  for  haughtiness. 

Battle,  Combat,  Figut,  Engage- 
ment. 

These  words  agree  in  denoting  a  close  en- 
counter between  contending  parties. 

Fi(jht  is  a  word  of  less  dignity  than  tho 
others.  Except  in  poetry,  it  is  more  naturally 
applied  to  tho  encounter  of  a  few  individuals, 
and  more  commonly  an  accidental  one ;  as,  a 
street  jidht. — A  combat  (from  Fr.  com,  and 
battre,  to  beat  mutually)  is  a  close  encounter, 
whether  between  few  or  niauy,  and  is  usually 
premeditated. — A  battle  is  commonly  more  gen- 
eral and  prolonged. — An  engagement  supposes 
large  numbers  on  each  side,  engaged  or  inter- 
mingled in  the  conflict 

The  tftttUe  proved  decisive  in  favor  of  the  House  of 
York,  anil  nearly  40,000  people  were  killed  in  that  cn- 
gagement. — Fawkes. 

The  combat  deepens;  on,  ye  bravo  I 
"Who  rush  to  glory  or  the  grave. 

T.  Campbell, 

To  Be,  Exist. 

The  verb  to  be,  except  in  a  few  rare  cases 
like  that  of  Shakespeare's  "To  be  or  not  to  be,'' 
is  used  simply  as  a  copula  to  connect  a  subject 
with  its  jiredicate ;  as,  man  is  mortal ;  tho  soul 
is  immortal. — The  verb,  to  exist  (from  exsto,  to 
stand  forth)  is  never  properly  used  as  a  mere 
copula,  but  points  to  things  that  stand  forth,  or 
have  a  substantive  being;  as,  "When  tho  soul 
is  freed  from  all  corporeal  alhance,  then  it  truly 
exists."  Hughes.  It  is  not,  therefore,  prop- 
erly synonymous  with  to  be  when  used  as  a 
copula,  though  occasionally  made  so  by  some 


writers  for  the  sake  of  variety;  as  in  the  phrase 
"there  exists  [is]  no  reason  for  laying  new 
taxes."  We  may,  indeed,  say,  "a  friendship 
has  long  existed  between  them,  instead  of  say- 
ing "there  has  long  been  a  friendship  between 
them  ;"  but  in  this  case,  exist  is  not  a  mere 
copula.  It  is  used  in  its  appropriate  sense  to 
mark  the  friendship  as  having  been  long  in  ex- 
istence. 

To  Become,  Grow. 

To  become  marks  progress  and  transition  into 
some  other  state.  Thus,  we  may  say,  though 
formerly  rich,  he  has  now  become  poor,  i.  e.,  has 
come  to  bo  so ;  it  is  cold,  and  is  becoming  colder. 
— To  grmo  is  to  become,  by  a  gradual  process, 
an  idea  not  necessarily  attached  to  "become." 
A  man  may  become  vUe  and  degraded  at  once, 
by  some  single  act ;  or  he  may  grow,  bj'  vicious 
indulgence,  into  a  low  and  degraded  character. 

Beast,  Brute. 

When  we  use  these  words  in  a  figurative 
sense,  as  applicable  to  human  beings,  we  think 
of  betists  (from  bestia,  a  wild  creature)  as  mere 
animals  governed  by  animal  appetite ;  and  of 
brutes  (from  brutus,  irrational  or  stupid)  as  being 
destitute  of  reason  or  moral  feeling,  and  gov- 
erned by  unrestrained  passion.  Hence  we 
speak  of  beastly  appetites,  beastly  indulgences, 
&e.,  and  of  brutal  manners,  brutal  inhumanity, 
brutal  ferocity.  So,  also,  we  say  of  a  drunkard, 
that  he  first  made  himself  a  beast,  and  then 
treated  his  family  like  a  brute. 

Medea's  charms  were  there,  Circcan  feasts, 
"With  bowls  that  turned  enamored  youth  to  beasts. 

Detden. 

Strange !  that  a  creature  rational,  and  cast 
In  human  mold,  should  brutalize  by  choice 
Ills  nature. — Cowpek. 

Because,  For,  Since,  As,  Inas- 
much  AS. 

These  particles  are  used,  in  certain  connec- 
tions, to  assign  the  reason  of  a  thing,  or  that 
"  on  account  of"  which  it  takes  place. 

Because  (by  cause)  is  the  strongest  and  most 
emphatic ;  as, "  I  hid  myself,  because  I  was  afraid." 
— For  is  not  quite  so  strong;  as,  in  Sliake- 
speare,  " Ihate him/o?'lic isa  Christian." — Since 
(seeing  that)  is  less  formal  and  more  incidental 
than  because ;  as,  I  will  do  it  .lince  you  request 
mo.  It  more  commonly  begins  a  sentence ;  as. 
Since  your  decision  is  made,  I  will  say  no  more. 
— As  is  still  more  incidental  than  since,  and 
points  to  some  existing  fact  by  way  of  assign- 
ing a  reason.  Thus  we  say,  as  I  knew  him  to 
be  out  of  town,  I  did  not  call. — Inasmuch  as 
seems  to  carry  with  it  a  kind  of  qualification 
which  does  not  belong  to  the  rest.  Thus,  if  we 
say,  I  am  ready  to  accept  your  proposal,  inas- 
much  as  I  beheve  it  is  tho  best  you  can  offer, 
we  mean,  it  is  only  with  this  understanding 
that  wo  can  accept  it.  Becatise  would  take 
away  this  qualification,  and  declare  the  readi- 
ness to  be  absolute  as  resting  on  acknowledged 
grounds. 


BEJI 


TABLE    OF    SYNONYMS. 


BES 


I 


Beautiful.     See  Fixe. 
To  Becohe.     See  To  Be. 

To  Beg,  Ask,  Request. 

To  ash  (not  in  tho  sense  of  inquiring)  is  the 
! generic  term  -nhicli  embraces  all  these  -n-ords. 
— To  request  is  only  a  polite  mode  of  asking. — 
To  btg  in  its  original  sense  was  to  ask  with 
earnestness,  and  impUed  submission  or  at  least 
deference.  At  present,  however,  in  poUte  life 
beg  has  dropped  its  original  meaning  and  has 
taken  the  places  of  both  aik  and  request,  on  tho 
ground  of  its  expressing  more  of  deference  and 
respect.  Thus,  we  beg  a  person's  acceptance 
of  a  present ;  we  btg  liim  to  favor  us  with  his 
company;  a  tradesman  begs  to  announce  the 
arrival  of  new  goods,  4;c.,  &e.  Crabb  remarks 
that  according  to  present  usage,  "we  can 
never  talk  of  asking  a  person's  acceptance  of  a 
thing,  or  of  asking  him  to  do  us  a  favor."  This 
is  more  true  of  society  in  England  than  in  this 
country. 

Behatioe,  Conduct'. 

Behavior  (from  be  and  have)  is  the  mode  in 
which  we  ftai'e  or  bear  ourselves  in  the  pres- 
ence of  others  or  toward  them ;  conduct  (from 
con  and  duco)  is  the  mode  of  our  leading  our- 
selves forward  in  the  concerns  of  life.  Beltavior 
respects  our  manner  of  acting  in  particular 
cases ;  conduct  refers  to  the  general  tenor  of 
our  actions,  ^o  may  say  of  soldiers,  that  their 
conduct  had  been  praiseworthy  during  the  whole 
campaign,  and  their  behavior  admirable  in  every 
instance  when  they  met  the  enemy. 

Lest  thronch  thy  wild  heharior 
1  bo  inbconBtrucd  in  the  place  1  go  to. 

SOAKESPEABE. 

■What  in  the  conduct  of  our  life  appears 

So  well  ilesigocil.  Detdes. 

Below,  Beneath. 

A  thing  is  below  us  when  its  position  is  sim- 
ply lower  than  ours ;  it  is  beneath  us  wlitn  it 
13  very  iar  below,  as  if  it  were  in  tho  "  neHier" 
regions. 

"This  sai<1,  ho  led  them  np  tho  mountain's  hrow, 
And  showed  them  all  the  shining  fields  beloio." 

"  Trembling,  I  view  the  dread  abyss  beneath,^^ 

In  speaking  figuratively  with  a  view  to  put 
a  thing  very  low  by  way  of  contempt,  we 
should  use  beneath  not  below;  as,  such  conduct 
is  beneath  the  dignity  of  a  man  ;  such  charges 
are  beneath  tho  notice  of  a  gentleman ;  a  man 
of  his  character  is  beneath  contempt. 

To  Besioan.     See  To  Deploee. 

Bexeath.    See  Below. 

Bexeficexcb.     See  Bexevolence. 

Bexeficext.     See  Bexevolext. 

Beneficial.     See  Advantageous. 

Benefit.     See  Advantage. 

il 


Benevolence,   Beneficexce,   Be- 
nignity, Munificence. 

Benevolence  (from  bene,  well,  and  volo,  to  wish 
or  desire)  marks  a  disposition  made  up  of  a 
choice  and  desire  for  the  happiness  of  others. — 
Beneficence  (from  bene,  well,  and  faeio,  to  do) 
marks  the  working  of  this  disposition  in  dis- 
pensing good  on  a  somewhat  broad  scale. — 
Munificence  (from  muntis,  a  gift,  and  facio,  to 
make)  shows  tho  same  disposition,  but  acting 
on  a  still  broader  scale,  in  conferring  gifts  and 
favors.  These  are  not  necessarily  confiued  to 
objects  of  immediate  utility.  One  may  sliow 
his  vwnificence  in  presents  of  pictures  or  jewel- 
ry, but  this  would  not  be  beneficence. — Benig- 
nity marks  tho  same  disposition  as  shown  to 
dependents  or  inferiors  in  station,  age,  &o. ;  it 
is  condescending  kindness. 

Benevolence  of  heart;  beneficence  of  Ufe; 
munificence  in  the  encouragement  of  letters; 
the  benignity  of  di%-ine  Providence. 

Benevolent,  Beneficent. 

Etymologically  considered  benevolent  implies 
merely  wishing  well  to  others,  and  beneficent 
doing  well.  But  by  degrees  the  word  bene- 
voler.l  has  been  widened  to  include  not  only 
feelings  but  actions.  Thus  we  speak  of  bene- 
volent operation?,  benevolent  labors  for  tlie  pub- 
lic good,  Benevolent  Societies.  In  like  manner 
beneficent  is  novi'  often  applied  to  feelings. 
Thus  we  speak  of  the  beneficent  intentions  of  a 
donor.  This  extension  of  the  terms  enables 
us  to  mark  nicer  shades  of  meaning.  Thus, 
the  phrase  benevolent  labors,  turns  attention  to 
the  source  of  these  labors,  viz.,  benevolent  feel- 
ing ;  while  beneficent  would  simply  mark  them 
as  productive  of  good.  So  beneficent  intentions 
points  to  the  feeling  of  the  donor  as  bent  upon 
some  specific  good  act ;  while  benevolent  inten- 
tions, would  only  denote  a  general  wish  and 
design  to  do  good. 

Benignity.     See  Benevolence. 

Bent,  Bias,  Ixclinati'ox,  Pke- 
possession. 

These  words  agree  in  describing  a  permanent 
influence  upon  the  mind  wliich  tends  to  decide 
its  actions. 

Bent  (from  to  bend)  denotes  a  fixed  tendency 
of  the  mind  in  a  given  direction.  It  is  the 
widest  of  these  terms,  and  applies  to  tho  will, 
the  intellect,  and  the  affections,  taken  con- 
jointly ;  as,  the  whole  bent  of  liis  character 
was  towanl  evU  practices. — Bias  is  Hterally  a 
weight  fixed  on  one  side  of  a  ball  used  in 
bowlmg,  and  causing  it  to  swerve  from  a 
straight  course.  Used  figuratively,  bias  ap- 
phes  particularly  to  the  judgment,  and  denotes 
something  wliich  acts  with  a  permanent  force 
on  the  character  through  that  faculty ;  as,  the 
bias  of  early  education,  early  habits,  &c. — In- 
clination (from  inclino,  to  lean,)  is  an  excited 
state  of  dosiro  or  appetency ;  as,  a  strong  in- 
clination to  tho  study  of  tho  law. — Preposses- 


sion (from  j^vcs  aud  possideo,  to  take  hold  of! 
beforehiiud)  is  a  mingled  state  of  feeUng  and 
opinion  iu  respect  to  some  person  or  subject, 
which  has  laid  hold  of  aud  occupied  the  mind 
previous  to  inquiry.  The  word  is  commonly 
used  in  a  good  sense,  an  unfavorable  impres- 
sion of  this  kind  being  denominated  a  preju- 
dice, j 
"  Strong  minds  will  be  strongly  bent,  and 
usually  labor  under  a  strong  bias ;  but  there  is 
no  mind  so  weak  and  powerless  as  not  to  have 
its  inclinations,  and  none  so  guarded  as  to  be 
without  its  prepossessions." — Crabb. 

To  Bequeath,  Devise. 

Tliese  words  both  denote  tho  giving  or  dis- 
posing of  property  by  will. 

Devise,  in  legal  usage,  is  confined  to  the  dis- 
posal of  real  estate,  and  he  to  whom  it  is  given 
is  called  tlie  devisee. — Bequeath  is  properly  con- 
fined to  the  giving  by  will  of  personal  prop- 
erty ;  the  gift  is  called  a  legacy,  and  he  who 
receives  it,  is  called  a  legatee.  In  popular 
usage,  the  Word  bequeath  is  sometimes  widened 
so  as  to  embrace  devise;  but  as  stated  by 
Bouvier,  this  is  improperly  done. 

To  Beseec!!,  Entreat,    Solicit, 
Implore,  Supplicate. 

These  words  agree  in  marking  that  sense  of 
want  wliich  leads  men  to  beg  some  fiivor. 

To  solicit  (from  solliciio,  to  stir  up)  is  to  make 
a  request  with  some  degree  of  earnestness  and 
repetition,  of  one  whom  wo  address  as  a  su- 1 
perior. — To  entreat  (from  in  and  tracto,  to  treat  j 
with)  implies  greater  urgency,  usually  en- 
forced by  adducing  reasons  or  arguments. —  • 
To  beseech  (from  Sax.  gesecan,  to  seek  earnest- 
ly) is  stUl  stronger,  and  belongs  rather  to  the 
language  of  poetry  and  imagmation. — To  m- 
phre  (from  im  and  ploro,  to  cry  out)  denotes  i 
increased  fervor  of  entreaty,  as  addressed  either 
to  equals  or  superiors. — To  supplicate  (from 
sub  and  plico,  to  bend  down  or  prostrate  one's 
self)  expresses  the  extreme  of  entreaty,  and 
usually  implies  a  state  of  deep  humiliation. 
Tims,  a  captive  supplicates  a  conqueror  to 
spare  his  life. 

Men  solicit  by  virtue  of  their  interest  with 
another ;  they  entreat  in  the  uso  of  reasoning 
and  strong  representations ;  they  beseech  with 
importunate  earnestness ;  they  implore  from  a 
sense  of  overwhelming  distress ;  they  suppli- 
cate with  a  feehng  of  the  most  absolute  inferi- 
ority and  dependence. 

Beside,  Besides. 

These  words,  whether  used  as  prepositions 
or  adverbs,  have  been  considered  strictly 
synonymous,  from  an  early  period  of  our  Uter- 
ature ;  and  liave  been  freely  interchanged  by 
our  best  writers.  There  is,  however,  a  tendency 
in  present  usage  to  make  the  following  distinc- 
tion between  tliem. 

(1.)  That  beside  be  used  only  and  always  as 
a  preposition,  with  the  original  meaning  "by 
the  side  of;"  as  to  sit  beside  a  fountain ;  or  with 

1.399 


BLA 


TABLE    OP    STNON"YMS. 


BUT 


the  closely  allied  meaning  "  aside  from"  or  "  out 
of"  (in  a  state  deviating  from) ;  as,  this  is  heside 
our  present  purpose ;  "  Paul  thou  art  heskle 
thysi-UV  The  adverbial  sense  to  be  whoUy 
transferred  to  tho  cognate  word. 

(2.)  That  besides  as  a  preposition  take  the 
remaining  sense  '"in  addition  to;"  as,  besides 
all  this;  besides  the  considerations  here  offered; 
"  there  was  a  fomino  in  the  land  besides  the  first 
famine." — Gen.  xxvii.  And  that  it  also  take 
the  adverbial  sense  of  "moreover,"  "beyond," 
&c.,  which  had  been  divided  between  the 
words;  as,  besides,  there  are  other  considera- 
tions which  belong  to  tliis  case. 

The  following  passages  may  serve  to  illus- 
trate this  use  of  the  words. 

The  lovely  Thais  sits  hejfuie  thee. — Dhyden. 

Only  be  patient  till  wo  have  appe.ised 

Tho  multitude,  heside  themselves  with  fear. 

Shakespeare. 

It  is  hefiide  my  present  business  to  enlarge  on  this 
speculation. — Locke. 

Sgxides  this,  there  are  persons  in  certain  situations 
who  are  expected  to  bo  charitable,  &c. — Bishop  Poe- 

TEtJS. 

And.  hfsidea,  the  Moor 
May  unfold  me  to  hini ;  there  stand  I  in  peril. 
Shakespeare. 
He  who  does  not  know  these  things  is  but  an  igno- 
rant man  whatever  he  may  know  besides.— Tii-j-ot- 

80N. 

The  men  said  to  Lot.  Hast  thou  terc  any  besides  T — 
Gen.  xlx. 

Besides.     See  Moeeotek. 

Between,  Asro:xG. 

Between  (from  Sax.  betweonan,  by  two,  or  by 
twain)  applies  properly  to  only  two  p.irties; 
as,  a  quarrel  between  two  men,  two  nations ;  to 
be  between  two  fires,  &c. — Among  (from  the 
Sax.  viengan,  to  mingle)  denotes  a  mass  or  col- 
lection of  things,  and  always  supposes  more 
than  two;  a",  the  prize  money  was  equally 
divided  amonj  the  ship's  crew.  It  is,  there- 
fore, a  gross  blunder  to  speak  of  diriding  a 
thing  among  two  persons. 

Sentinels,  7*etween  two  annies 
With  nothini;  better,  in  the  chill  night  sir, 
Than  their  own  thoughts  to  comfort  them. 

WoRDSWOP.'nT. 

They  heard. 
And  from  his  presence  hid  tliemselvci  mnong 
The  thickest  trees,  both  man  and  wife. 

MiLTOX. 


To  Bewail. 
Bias. 


See  To  Deplore. 
See  Bent. 


Blameless,  Spotless,  Fattltless, 

Staint,ess. 
■Wo  speak  of  a  thing  as  blameless  when  it  is 
free  from  blame,  or  the  just  imputation  of  fault ; 
as,  a  blameless  life  or  character.  The  others  are 
stronger. — "We  speak  of  a  thing  as  faultless, 
stainless,  or  spotless,  only  when  we  mean  that 
it  is  absolutely  without  fault  or  blemish ;  as,  a 
spotless  or  stainless  reputation ;  n  faultless  course 
of  conduct.  The  last  three  words  apply  only  to 
tho  general  character,  while  blameless  may  be 
used  in  rcfereico  to  particular  points;  as,  in 
this  transaction  ho  was  wholly  blameless.     "Wc 

1400 


also  a.-pp\y  favMess  to  personal  appearance ;  as, 
afaidtless  figure;  which  can  not  be  done  in  re- 
spect to  any  of  the  other  words. 

To  Blanch,  Whiten. 

To  whiten  is  tho  generic  term,  denoting,  to 
render  white;  as,  to  whiten  the  walls  of  a 
room,  whited  sepulchers.  Usually  (tliough  not 
of  necessity)  this  is  supposed  to  be  done  by 
superinducing  a  white  color  upon  the  object 
in  question. — To  blanch,  is  to  whiten  by  the  re- 
moval of  darker  coloring  matter ;  as,  to  blanch 
linen,  to  blanch  almonds.  So  the  cheek  is 
blanched  by  fear;  i.e.,  by  the  withdrawal  of 
the  blood,  which  leaves  it  white. 

And  sin's  black  dye  seems  blanched  by  age  to  virtue. 

Dp.yden. 
Striking  her  cliff,  the  storm  confirms  her  power, 
The  waves  but  tchiten  her  triumphant  shore. — Pkiob. 

Blaze,  Flame. 

A  blaze  and  a  flame  are  both  produced  by 
burning  gas.  We  call  it  a  hlaze  in-  so  Cir  as  it 
gives  hght,  and  aflame  in  so  far  as  it  gives 
heat:  the  one  shines,  and  the  other  bums. 

Every  house  iu  the  street  was  in  a  blaze  on 
tho  night  of  tho  illumination ;  every  house  was 
in  aflame  on  the  night  of  the  fire. 

"What  trroans  of  men  sh.ill  fill  the  martial  field! 

How  fierce  a  blaze  his  flaming  pile  shall  yield. 

DnvDEN. 

Tho  wild  confusion  and  the  swarthy  glow 

Oi  flames  on  high,  and  torches  from  below. 

BVEOX. 

Blessedness.     See  Happiness. 
Bliss.     See  Happiness. 

Bltindee,  Erroe,  Mistake,  Bull. 

An  error  (from  erro,  to  wander)  is  a  depart- 
ure or  deviation  fi-om  that  which  is  right  or 
correct;  as,  an  error  of  the  press ;  an  error  of 
judgment. — A  mistake  (from  mis  and  take)  is 
the  interchange  or  taking  of  one  thing  for  an- 
other, through  haste,  inadvertence,  &c. ;  as,  a 
careless  mistake. — A  blunder  (connected  with 
flounder)  is  a  mistake  or  error  of  the  grossest 
kind.  It  supposes  a  person  to  flounder  on  in 
Ms  course,  either  from  carelessness,  ignorance, 
or  stupidity. — A  bidl  is  a  verljal  blunder  con- 
taining a  laughable  incongruity  of  ideas. 

An  error  may  be  corrected  or  forgiven ;  amis- 
take  may  bo  rectified  or  overlooked ;  a  blunder 
is  always  considered  blameable,  and  usually 
exposes  a  person  to  shame  and  ridicule. 

Bodily.     See  Corporeal. 

Bound,  Certain. 

To  a  limited  extend,  bound  has  been  made 
in  this  country  synonymous  with  certain  or 
sure.  Thus,  it  is  said  of  a  young  man  of  tal- 
ents entering  on  life,  "  he  is  bound,  to  succeed ;" 
of  a  candidate  for  political  office,  "  he  is  bound 
to  be  elected ;"  of  a  young  and  growing  vil- 
lage, "  it  is  bound  to  become  a  large  place." 
This  is  a  revival  of  an  old  sense  of  the  term, 
which  has  become  obsolete  or  provincial  in 


England,  and  has  no  sanction  from  Johnson, 
Richardson,  or  any  of  our  leading  lexicograph- 
ers. As  bound  has  its  established  sense,  de- 
noting obligation,  it  seems  undesirable  to  bring 
again  into  use  so  very  difierent  a  meaning  of 
the  word.  Nor  is  it  in  favor  of  this  usage,  that 
we  say,  a  ship  is  bound  to  a  given  place,  since 
there  is  here  reference  to  an  engagement  on  the 
part  of  tho  owners  to  send  it ;  but  this  by  no 
means  involves  the  idea  of  certainty  as  to  its 
arrival.  It  seems  desirable,  therefore,  in  every 
point  of  view,  to  discourage  so  peculiar  and 
grotesque  a  use  of  the  word  "  bound." 

Boundary.     See  Limit. 

Brave.     See  Gallant. 

Bravery.     See  Courage. 

Brilliant.     See  Shining. 

Brute.     See  Beast. 

Bull.     See  Blunder. 

Bulwark.     See  Rampart. 

Burden,  Load. 

A  burden  (from  bear)  is  in  the  literal  sense 
a  weight  to  be  borne ;  a  load  is  something  laid 
upon  us  to  be  carried.  Hence,  when  used 
figuratively,  there  is  usually  a  difference  be- 
tween the  two  v/ords.  Our  burdens  may  be 
of  such  a  nature  that  we  feel  bound  to  bear 
tliem  cheerfully  or  without  complaint.  They 
may  arise  from  tho  nature  of  our  situation ; 
they  may  be  allotments  of  Providence ;  they 
may  be  the  consequence  of  our  errors.  What 
is  cast  upon  us  as  a  load,  we  commonly  carry 
with  greater  reluctance  or  sense  of  oppression. 
Men  often  find  the  charge  of  their  own  families 
to  be  a  burden ;  but  if  to  this  be  added  a  load 
of  care  for  others,  the  pressure  is  usually  severe 
and  irksome. 

Strive 
In  offices  of  lore  how  we  may  lighten 
Each  other's  burden,  in  our  share  of  woe. 

MiLTOX. 

And  all  that  freedom's  highest  aim  can  roach. 
Is  but  to  Jay  proportioned  loads  on  each. 

GOLPSMITII. 

But.     See  Except. 

But,  However,  Still. 

These  words,  as  here  compared,  mark  cppo- 
siiion  in  passing  from  one  thought  or  topic  to 
another. 

Bui  marks  tho  opposition  with  a  medium 
degree  of  strength ;  as,  this  is  not  winter,  but 
it  is  almost  as  cold ;  he  requested  my  assist- 
ance, but  I  shall  not  aid  hira  at  present. — 
However  is  weaker,  and  throws  the  opposition 
(as  it  were)  into  the  background;  as,  this  is 
not  winter;  it  is,  however,  almost  as  cold;  he 
requested  my  assistance ;  at  present,  hmoever, 
I  shall  not  afford  him  aid.  Tlie  plan,  however, 
is  still  under  consideration  and  m.ay  yet  be 
adopted. — Still  is  stronger  than  but,  and  marks 
the  opposition  more  emphatically ;  as,  your 
arguments  are  weighty,  still  they  do  not  con- 


OAL 


TABLE    OF    STXOXTMS. 


CAU 


vince  me.  SiM  is  here  the  imperative  of  ilio 
Sax.,  stiUan,  to  set,  and  denotes  '"set  tliatdowTi 
as  fixed  and  certain."'    iS«e  also  However. 

BuTCHEKT.     See  Massacre. 


c. 


Cabal,  Combixation,  Faction. 

An  association  for  some  bad  purpose  is  the 
idea  common  to  these  terms. 

A  combination  is  an  organized  union  of  in- 
dividuals for  mutual  support,  in  urging  their 
demands  or  resisting  the  claims  of  others;  as, 
a  combination  of  workmen  to  procure  higher 
prices. — A  cabal  is  a  secret  association  of  a  few- 
individuals  who  seek  by  cunning  practices  to 
obtain  office  and  power. — A  faciion  (from  /ac- 
tio, a  thing  wrought  up)  is  a  larger  body  tlian 
a  cabal,  employed  for  selfish  purposes  in  agi- 
tating the  community  and  working  up  an  ex- 
citement with  a  view  to  change  the  existing, 
order  of  things. 

"Selfishness,  insubordination,  and  laxity  of 
morals  give  rise  to  combinations,  w;hich  belong 
particularly  to  the  lower  orders  of  society. 
Restless,  jealous,  ambitious  and  little  minds 
are  ever  forming  cabals.  Factions  belong  es- 
pecially to  free  governments  and  are  raised  by 
busy  and  turbulent  spirits  for  selfish  purposes." 

— CRABa 

Calaihtt,  Disaster,    MisFORTtrNT!, 
MiSH.vp,    Mischance. 

Of  these  words,  calamity  is  the  strongest. 
It  supposes  a  somewhat  continuous  state  pro- 
duced, not  usually  by  the  direct  agency  of 
man,  but  by  natural  causes,  such  as  fire,  floo<l, 
tempest,  disease,  &c. — Disaster  (from  dis  and 
Fr.  astrc,  a  star)  denotes  hterally  iUrstarred,  and 
is  some  unforeseen  and  distressing  event  which 
comes  suddenly  upon  us,  as  if  from  a  hostile 
planet. — Misfortune  is  often  due  to  no  specific 
cause,  it  is  simply  the  bad  fortune  of  an  indi- 
vidual ;  a  link  in  the  chain  of  events;  an  evil 
independent  of  his  own  conduct  and  not  to  be 
charged  as  a  fault. — Mischance  and  mishap  are 
misfortunes  of  a  trivial  nature  occurring  usually 
to  individuals. 

"A  calamity  is  either  public  or  private,  but 
more  frequently  the  former ;  a  disaster  is  rather 
particular  than  private;  it  affects  things  rather 
than  persons;  journeys,  expeditions,  and  mili- 
tary movements  are  commonly  attended  with 
disasters :  misfortunes  are  usually  personal ; 
they  immedi.-itely  affect  the  interests  of  the  in- 
dividual. Mishaps  and  mischances  are  alto- 
gether of  a  domestic  nature." — Cbabb. 

To  Calculate,  Compute,  Reckon, 
Count. 

These  words  indicate  the  means  by  which 
we  arrive  at  a  given  result  in  regard  to  quanr 
tity. 

We  calculate  with  a  view  to  obtain  a  certain 

176 


point  of  knowledge ;  as,  to  calculate  an  eclipse. 
— We  compute  by  combining  given  numbers  in 
order  to  learn  the  grand  result. — We  reckon 
and  count  in  carrying  out  the  details  of  a  com- 
putation. 

These  words  are  also  used  in  a  secondary 
and  figurative  sense. — "  Cakulate  is  rather  a 
conjectural  deduction  Irom  what  is,  as  to  what 
may  be ;  computation  is  a  rational  estimate  of 
what  has  been,  fi-om  what  is;  reckoniny  is  a 
conclusive  conviction,  a  pleasing  assurance 
that  a  thing  wiU  happen;  counting  indicates 
an  expectation.  We  calculate  on  a  gain ;  com- 
pute any  loss  sustained,  or  the  amount  of  any 
mischief  done ;  we  reckon  on  a  promised  pleas- 
ure; we  count  the  hours  and  minutes  until  the 
time  of  enjoyment  arrives." — Crabb. 

To  Call,  Contoke,  Su^nioN. 

Call  is  the  generic  terra ;  as,  to  call  a  pubho 
meeting. — To  convoke  (from  con  and  voco,  to 
call  together)  is  to  require  the  assembling  of 
some  organized  body  of  men  by  an  act  of  au- 
thority ;  as,  the  king  convoked  Parliament. — 
To  summon  (from  sub  and  moneo,  to  place  un- 
der a  monition  or  injunction)  is  to  require  at- 
tendance by  an  act  of  stringent  authority;  as, 
to  summon  a  witness. 

Xow  call  we  our  high  court  of  parhament. 

SUAKESPEAEE. 

■WTicn  nest  the  morning  warms  the  purple  cast. 
Convoke  the  peerage.  Pope's  OoTSSEr. 

Love,  duty,  safety  summon  ns  away; 
'Tis  natui-c's  voice  and  nature  we  obey.      Pope. 

Callous.     See  Obdurate. 
To  Calumniate.     See  To  Asperse. 

CjVN  bit.   Cannot  but. 

It  is  an  error  of  many  persons  in  this  coun- 
try to  use  the  former  of  these  phrases  where 
the  sense  requires  the  latter. 

If  we  say,  "  I  can  but  perish  if  I  go,"  "  but" 
means  only ;  and  denotes  that  tliis  is  all  or  the 
worst,  that  can  happen.  When  the  Apostle 
Peter  said,  "  We  camiot  but  speak  of  the  thinfrs 
which  we  have  seen  and  heard,"  he  referred  to 
a  moral  constraint  or  necessity  which  rested 
upon  him  and  his  associates ;  and  the  meaning 
was,  "  We  cannot  (morally)  do  an3"thing  ex- 
cept thus  speak."  Ttiis  idea  of  a  moral  ne- 
cessity or  constraint,  is  of  frequent  occurrence, 
and  is  also  expressed  in  the  phrase,  "  I  cannot 
help  it."  Tlius  we  say,  "I  cannot  but  hope." 
"I  cannot  but  believe,"  "I  cannot  but  beHcve," 
"1  cannot  but  think,"  "I  cannot  but  remark," 
ic,  &c. ;  in  all  which  cases  it  would  be  a  gross 
error  to  use  the  phrase  can  but.  It  is  an  error, 
however,  into  which  some  of  our  writers  fre- 
quently fall,  who  are  otherwise  distinguished 
for  their  accuracy. 

Candid,  Faik,  Open,  Frank,  In- 
genuous. 

A  man  is  fair  when  he  puts  things  on  a  just 
or  equitable  footing;  he  is  candid  when  he 
looks  impartially  on  both  sides  of  a  subject, 


'  doing  justice  especially  to  the  motives  and  con- 
'  duct  of  an  opponent ;  he  is  open  and  frank 
I  when  he  declares  his  sentiments  without  re- 
serve ;  he  is  ingenuous  when  he  does  this  from 
a  noble  regard  for  truth. 

Fair  dealing ;  candid  investigation ;  an  open 
temper ;  a  frayik  disposition ;  an  ingenuous  an- 
swer or  declaration. 


Capacity. 
Capricious. 


See  Ability. 
See  Arbitrary. 


Captious,  Caviling,  Petulant 
Fretful. 

One  who  is  captious  (from  capio,  to  lay  hold 
of)  is  ready  to  catch  at  the  slightest  faults;  one 
who  is  caviling  (from  cavillur,  to  criticise)  does 
it  on  trivial  or  imaginary  grounds ;  one  who  is 
petulant  (L.  peto,  to  attack)  is  apt,  from  irrita- 
bility, to  make  hasty  but  slight  attacks ;  fretful- 
ness  is  complaimng  impatience. 

A  captious  disposition;  a  caviling  review; 
petulant  remarks ;  a  fretful  temper. 

Care,  Anxiety,  Solicitude,  Con- 
cern. 

These  words  express  menta.  pain  in  different 
degrees. 

Care  (from  curd)  belongs  primarily  to  the  in- 
tellect, and  becomes  painful  from  overburdening 
thought. — Anxiety  (from  ango,  to  press  upon, 
lit.,  to  strangle)  denotes  a  state  of  distressing 
uneasiness  from  the  dread  of  evil. — Solicitude 
(fi'om  sollicito,  to  rouse  or  stir  up)  expresses  the 
same  feeUng  in  a  diminished  degree. — Concern 
(from  con  and  cjirno,  to  look  after)  is  opposed  to 
indifference,  and  implies  but  little  exercise  of 
anxious  thouglit. 

Care  respects  equally  the  past,  the  present, 
and  the  future ;  solicitude  and  anxiety  have 
reference  chiefly  to  the  future.  We  are  careful 
about  the  means ;  solicitous  and  anxious  about 
the  end ;  we  are  solicitous  to  obtain  a  good, 
we  are  anxious  to  avoid  an  evil 

Carnage.     See  Massacre. 

Carousal.     See  Feast. 

Cars.     See  Train.     , 

Cash.     See  Money. 

Castle.     See  Fortress. 

Casual.     See  Accidental. 

Catalogue.     See  List. 

Category,  Predicament. 

Category  and  predicament  are  both  popularly 
used  to  express  the  idea  of  condition  or  sittior 
tion,  but  with  this  difference,  that  predicament 
supposes  it  to  be  a  bad  or  unfortunate  one. 
Hence  to  say,  '■  I  am  in  the  same  category  with 
you,"  is  not  of  necessity  to  say,  "I  am  in  the 
same  predicament." 

Cautious,  Wary,  Circoispect. 
A  man  is  cautions  (from  caveo,  to  avoid) 
chiefly  as  the  result  of  timidity;  one  may  be 

1401 


CHA 


TABLE    OF    SYXONTMS. 


COE 


wary  (connected  with  ware  and  ward,  to  guard 
against,)  i.  e.,  watcliful  in  a  higli  degree  against 
daao-er,  and  yet  bold  and  active ;  a  man  wlio 
IS  circumfpect  {(torn  circumspicio,  to  look  round,) 
liabitually  examines  tilings  ou  every  side  in 
order  to  weigb  and  deliberate. 

It  is  necessary  to  be  cautious  at  all  times;  to 
be  wary  in  cases  of  extraordinary  danger ;  to 
be  circmnsjiect  in  matters  of  peculiar  delicacy 
and  difficulty 

Cayilixg.     See  CArTious. 

To  Celebrate,  Comiiemoeate. 

We  commemorate  (from  commenioro,  to  bring 
up  to  memory)  events  which  we  desire  to  oher- 
isli  in  affectionate  remembrance  by  appropriate 
rites;  as,  to  commemorate  the  death  of  om-  Sa- 
viour.— We  celebrate  (from  celebro,  to  treat  with 
public  honor,)  by  demonstrations  of  joy  in  ap- 
propriate ceremonies  expressive  of  respect  or 
affection ;  as,  to  cekbrale  the  Lord's  Supper ; 
to  celebrate  the  birth-day  of  Wasliingtou;  to 
celebrate  the  birth-day  of  our  Independence. 

"We  are  called  upon  to  commemorate  a  revolution 
.as  surprising  in  its  manner,  as  happy  in  its  conse- 
quences.— Atterbuhy. 

Earth,  water,  nir  and  iiro,  with  feeling  ploe, 
Eiult  to  celelfntU  thy  festival.         Thomson. 

Celebrated.     See  Distinguished. 

To  Censure.     See  To  Accuse. 

Ceremonious.     See  Formal. 

Certain.     See  Bound. 

Cessation,    Stop,    Pause,    Rest, 

Intermission. 

Stojy  is  the  generic  term,  denoting  a  suspen- 
sion of  progressive  motion ;  cessation  (from  cesso, 
to  cease)  is  a  ceasing  from  action,  either  tem- 
porary or  final ;  jjause  (from  Gr.  Travu,  to  cease) 
is  a  temporary  stopping  with  a  view  to  go  on ; 
rest  (from  Sax.  raest,  to  cease  or  lie  down)  is  a 
stopping  for  the  salve  of  relief  or  repose ;  inter- 
mission (from  inter  and  mitto,  to  send  or  put 
between)  is  a  stopping  at  intervals  to  recom- 
mence. 

A  cessation  of  hostilities ;  a  stop  put  to  evil 
practices ;  a  pause  in  tlie  rfiidst  of  labor ;  rest 
after  fat^e ;  an  intermission  of  public  exer- 
cises. 

Chagrin,  Vexation,  Mortification. 

These  words  agree  in  the  general  sense  of 
pain  produced  by  untoward  circumstances. 

Vexation  (from  vexo,  to  shake  or  agitate)  is  a 
feeUng  of  disquietude  or  irritating  uneasiness 
from  numerous  causes,  such  as  losses,  dis- 
appointments, &e. — Mortification  (from  mors, 
deatli,  and  facio,  to  make)  is  a  stronger  word, 
and  denotes  tliat  Iceen  sense  of  pain  whicli  results 
from  wounded  pride  or  humiliating  occurrences. 
—  Chagrin  is  literally  the  cutting  pam  produced 
by  the  friction  of  shagreen  leather;  in  its  figu- 
rative sense,  it  varies  in  meaning,  denoting  in 
its  lower  degrees  simply  a  State  of  vexation,  and 

1402  ~  ■ 


in  its  higher  degrees  the  keenest  sense  of  mor- 
tification. 

Veatiiion  arises  chiefly  from  our  wishes  and  views 
beingcrossed  ;  vMirtiJzcatioii  from  our  self-importance 
being  hurt;  cltai/rin  from  a  mixture  of  the  two. — 

CUACD, 

To  Chaege.     See  To  Accuse. 

To  Chasten,  Punish,  Chastise. 

Punish  and  chasten  differ  In  the  object  aimed 
at.  The  former  Is  designed  to  uphold  law  by 
the  infliction  of  penalty  ;  the  latter  is  intended, 
by  kind  correction  to  prevent  tlie  repetition  of 
faults  and  to  reclaim  the  offender. —  Chastise  in 
its  earlier  meaning,  as  found  in  the  Scriptures, 
had  tlie  same  sense  as  chasten.  At  present, 
however,  it  more  commonly  denotes  to  punisli 
pubhcly  with  stripes  and  with  a  view  to  dis- 
grace. 

I  follow  thoe,  safe  guide !  the  path 
Thou  leadest  me ;  and  to  the  hand  of  Heaven  submit, 
However  chaatcning,  ,    Milton. 

The  name  of  Cassius  honors  this  corruption, 
And  eha&tiseineni  doth  therefore  hide  its  head. 

SnAKF,SPZAUE, 

To  Chastise.     See  To  Chasten. 
To  Cherish.     See  To  Nourish. 

Chief,    Chieftain,    Commander, 
Leader. 

These  words  fluctuate  somewhat  in  their 
meaning  according  to  circumstances,  but  agree 
in  tlio  general  idea  of  rule  and  authority. 

The  term  chief  (from  Fr.  chef,  head)  is  now 
more  usually  applied  to  one  who  has  the  pre- 
eminence or  rule  in  civil  matters  ;  as,  tlie  chief 
of  the  police,  the  chief  of  an  Indian  tribe. — A 
chieftain  (sometimes  a  chief)  is  one  who  has  tlie 
preeminence  and  lead  in  military  concerns, 
especially  among  small  clans  or  tribes, — A 
commander  is  one  wlio  has  tho  rule  and  au- 
thority in  warlike  concerns;  .a  leader  is  one 
who  takes  tho  command  and  gives  directions 
in  particular  enterprises. 

A  chief  needs  sagacity  and  force  of  charac- 
ter ;  a  chieftain  requires  skill  and  dexterity  for 
trying  emergencies ;  a,  commander  shovdCL  be  dis- 
tinguished for  liis  foresight  and  energy ;  a  leader 
needs  a  union  of  sagacity,  penetration,  and  in- 
domitable energy. 

Chieftain.     See  Chief. 
Choice.     See  Option,  a&o  Volition. 

To  Choose,  Prefer,  Elect. 

To  choose  is  the  generic  term,  and  denotes  to 
take  by  an  act  of  the  will. — To  prefer  (from  pre, 
before,  and  fero,  to  bring  or  place)  is  to  choose 
one  tiling  as  compared  with  and  more  desirable 
than  another. — To  elect  (from  e,  out  of,  and  lego, 
to  take)  is  to  choose  or  select  out  of  a  body  or 
mass  which  is  presented  for  the  purpose ;  and 
is  more  specifically  applied  to  a  selection  of  this 
,  kind  for  some  office,  employment,  use,  kc 


To  choose  a  profession;  to  prefer  private  life 
to  a  public  one ;  to  elect  members  of  Congress. 

I  may  neither  choose  whom  I  would,  nor  refuse 
whom  I  dislike, — Shakespeare. 

O  spirit,  that  doth  prefer 
Before  all  temples  the  upright  heart, 

Milton, 
Ilenry  his  son  is  chosen  king,  though  young; 
And  Lewis  of  France,  elected  first,  beguiled, 

Dan  IK  L, 

Chronicle.     See  History. 

CiRcuMSFECT.     See  Cautious. 

Circumstance.     See  Eyent. 

Circumstantial.     See  Minute. 

Citadel,     See  Fortress. 

To  Cite.     See  To  Quote. 

City.     See  Village. 

Clear.    See  Manifest. 

Clearness,  Perspicuity. 

CViarness  has  reference  to  our  ideas,  and 
springs  from  a  distinct  conception  of  tho  sub- 
ject under  consideration, — Perspicuity  lias  ref- 
erence to  the  mode  of  expressing  our  ideas,  and 
belongs  essentially  to  style.  Hence  we  .speak 
of  a  writer  as  having  clear  ideas,  a  clear  ar- 
rangement, aXkA  jyerspicuous  phraseology.  We 
do  at  times  speak  of  a  person's  having  great 
clearness  of  style ;  but  in  such  cases  we  are 
usually  thinking  of  the  clearness  of  his  ideas  as 
manifested  in  language.  "  Whenever  men 
think  clearly  and  are  thoroughly  interested, 
they  express  themselves  with  perspicuity  and 
force." — Robertson'. 

Clever.     See  Smart. 

Cleverness.     See  Ingenuity. 

To  Clo.\.k.      See  To  Palliate. 

Cloister,  Monastert,  Nunnery, 
Convent,  Abbey,  Priory. 

Cloister  (from  clausus,  enclosed)  is  the  generic 
term,  and  denotes  a  place  of  seclusion  from  the 
world, — A  monastery  (from  the  Gr,  /u'vnr,  alone) 
is  a  place  for  men  called  monks. — A  nunnery  is 
always  for  women,  called  nuns. — A  convent 
(ft-om  con  and  venio,  to  meet)  is  an  assemblage 
or  community  of  recluses. — An  abbey  and  a 
priory  are  named  fi-om  theu-  heads,  an  abbot  or 
prior. 

Clumsy.     See  Awkward. 
To  Coalesce.     See  To  Add. 

To  Coerce,  Cosipel. 

To  compel  (from  cum  and  pello,  to  drive)  de- 
notes to  urge  on  by  force  which  can  not  be  re- 
sisted. The  term  applies  equally  to  physical 
iind  moral  force ;  as,  compelled  by  hunger ; 
compelled  by  adverse  circumstances ;  compelled 
by  parental   affection. —  Coerce  (from   co  and 


COM 


TABLE    OF    SYKONTMS. 


CON 


arcco,  to  press  or  drive)  had  at  first  only  the  : 
negatiTe  sense  of  checkmg  or  restraining  by 
force ;  as,  to  coerce  subjects  within  the  bounds 
of  law.  It  has  now  gained  a  positive  sense, 
viz.,  that  of  driving  a  person  into  the  perform- 
ance of  sojie  act  which  is  required  of  him  by 
another ;  as,  to  cotrce  compliance  with  the  con- 
ditions of  a  contract ;  to  coerce  obedience.  In 
tliis  sense  (which  is  now  the  prevailing  one), 
cot^ce  diflers  but  little  from  coniptl,  and  ytt 
there  is  a  distinction  between  them.  Coercion 
is  xisuaUy  accomplished  by  indirect  means,  as 
by  the  operation  of  law  or  the  force  of  circum- 
stances. Tliroats  and  intimidation  are  very 
often  resorted  to.  Physical  force  is  more  rarely 
employed. 

Collusion,  Coxxtta^sce. 

A  person  who  is  guilty  of  connivance  (con 
and  nii'eo,  to  wink  at)  intentionally  overlooks, 
and  thus  sanctions  what  he  was  bound  to  pre- 
vent— A  person  who  is  guilty  of  collusion  {con 
and  biJo,  to  play)  unites  with  others  (playing 
into  their  hands)  for  fraudulent  purposes.  The 
connivance  of  public  men  at  what  is  wrong  is  i 
often  the  result  of  the  basest  collusion. 

These  miracles  were  done  publicly  in  tlie  faceof  tbo 
world,  that  there  might  be  no  room  to  susi>ect  artifice 
or  coilu^ion. — ATTEimrRY. 

In  many  of  tbe$e  the  tlirectors  were  heartily  concur- 
ring; in  most  of  them  they  were  encouraging,  and 
sometimes  commandiDg ;  in  all  they  were  conniving. 

— BCK££. 

Combat.     See  Battle,  also  Contest. 
Combination.     See  Cabal. 

To  Comfort,  Console,  Solace. 

These  verbs  all  suppose  some  antecedent 
.=tate  of  suffering  or  sorrow. 

Console  (from  con  and  sobr,  to  ease  or 
soothe)  is  confined  to  the  act  of  giving  reUef  to 
the  mind  under  affliction  or  sorrow,  and  points 
to  some  definite  source  of  that  relief;  as,  the 
presence  of  his  friend  consoled  him ;  ho  was 
much  consoled  by  this  intelligence,  etc. — Com- 
fort (from  con  and  fortis,  strong  or  invigorating) 
points  to  relief  afforded  by  the  communication 
of  positive  pleasure,  as  well  as  tlie  diminution 
of  pain;  a.s,  "they  brought  the  young  man 
alive,  and  were  not  a  little  comforted." — Acts, 
XX. — Solace  is  from  solatium,  w'liich  means, 
according  to  Dumesnil,  consolation  inwardly 
felt  or  applied  to  the  ease  of  the  sufferer. 
Hence,  the  verb  to  solace,  denotes  the  using  of 
things  for  the  purpose  of  affording  relief  under 
sorrow  or  suffering;  aa,  to  solace  one's  self 
with  work  or  with  active  employments. 

Comfort,  Consolation. 

Cmnfort  has  two  meanings,  (1)  strength  and 
relief  received  under  afiliction,  (2)  positive  en- 
joyment of  a  quiet,  permanent  nature,  together 
with  the  sources  thereof;  as,  the  comfort  of 
love;  surrounded  with  comforU.  Tliis  latter 
is  the  meaning  now  in  general  use ;  but  it  is 
with  the  former  only  that  the  word  consolation 
is  brought  into  comparison.    As  thus  compared. 


consolation  points  to  some  specific  source  of  re- 
lief for  the  afliicted  mind ;  as,  the  consolations 
of  religioiL  Comfort  supposes  the  relief  to  be 
afibrded  by  imparting  positive  enjoyment,  as 
well  as  a  diminution  of  pain. 

"  Consolalvm,  or  comfort,  signifies  some  alle- 
viation to  that  pain  to  which  it  is  not  in  our 
power  to  afford  the  proper  and  adequate  rem- 
edy ;  the}'  imply  rather  an  augmentation  of  the 
power  of  bearmg,  than  a  dhuiuution  of  the  bm-- 
den." — Jouxsox. 

Comical.    See  Droll. 
Commander.     See  Chief. 
To  Commemorate.     See  To  Cele- 
brate. 
Commercial.     See  Mercantile. 
Commiseration.     See  Sympathy. 

To  CoMJtiT,  Intrust,  Consign. 

These  words  have  in  common  the  idea  of 
transferring  from  one's  sell'  to  the  care  and  cus- 
tody of  another. 

Commit  is  the  widest  term,  and  expresses 
only  the  general  idea  of  delivering  into  the 
charge  of  another ;  as,  to  commit  a  lawsuit  to 
the  care  of  an  attorney. — To  intru.st  rises  high- 
er, and  denotes  the  act  of  committing  iu  the 
exercise  of  couiidcnco  or  trust ;  as,  to  irdrust  a 
friend  with  the  caro  of  a  child. — To  consign 
(from  con  and  signo,  lit,  to  transfer  under  seal) 
is  a  more  formal  act,  and  regards  the  thing 
transferred,  as  placed  chiefly  or  wholly  out  of 
one's  immediate  control ;  a,s,  to  consign  a  pupil 
to  the  charge  of  his  instructor  ;  to  consign 
goods  to  an  agent  for  sale. 

These  words  are  also  used  m  a  secondary  or 
figurative  sense  ;  as,  an  author  commits  liis 
thoughts  to  writing ;  he  intrusts  a  friend  with 
the  secret  of  having  done  so ;  and  finally  con- 
signs his  work  to  the  press. 

All  things  committed  to  thy  trust  conceal. 

Dexiiam. 
Intrusted  riches  to  relieve  the  poor.— Detden. 

Must  I  pass 
Acain  to  nothing,  when  this  vital  breath, 
Ceasing,  consigns  me  o'er  to  rest  and  death. 

rmoK. 

Common.     See  Mutual. 
CoMsioN  Law.     Sec  Latt. 

To  Communicate,  Impart,  Reveal. 

Communicate  (from  L.,  communis,  in  com- 
mon with  others)  is  tlie  generic  term,  and  de- 
notes the  aUowmg  of  others  to  partake  or  en- 
joy in  conamon  with  ourselves. — Impart  (from 
in  and  pars,  part)  is  more  specific  ; — it  is  giv- 
ing to  others  a  part  of  what  we  had  held  as  our 
own,  or  making  them  our  partners ;  as,  to  im- 
part our  feelings,  to  impart  of  our  property,  &c. 
Hence  there  is  something  more  intimate  in  m- 
7)ar(i?)3  intelligence  than  in  communicating  \t. 
— To  reveal  (from  revtlo,  to  unveil)  is  to  dis- 
close something  hidden  or  concealed ;  as,  to 
I  reveal  a  secret. 


Whatever  can  be  enjoyed  in  common  with 
others,  is  communicated ;  whatever  caa  be 
shared  by  another,  is  imparted ;  whatever  can 
be  laid  open  or  disclosed  to  another,  is  revealed. 

Compact.     See  Covenant. 

To  CoMTAiiE,  Compare  avith, 
Compare   to. 

Things  are  compared  with  each  other  in 
order  to  learn  their  relative  value  or  excellence. 
Thus,  we  compare  Cicero  with  Demosthenes, 
for  the  sake  of  deciding  which  was  the  greater 
orator. — One  thing  is  compared  to  another  in 
order  to  show  the  likeness  or  similarity  which 
exists  between  them.  Thus  it  has  been  com- 
mon to  compare  the  eloquence  of  Demosthenes 
to  a  thunder-bolt,  on  account  of  its  force,  and 
the  eloquence  of  Cicero  to  a  conflagration,  on 
account  of  its  splendor. 

"  In  point  of  learning,  he  is  not  to  be  com- 
pared with  his  rival  candidate,  though  he  is  far 
superior  to  him  in  natural  abilities."  "  Burke 
compares  the  parks  of  Loudon  to  the  lungs  of 
the  human  body.'' 

Compassion.     See  Pity. 

Compendium.     See  Abridgment. 

Competent.     See  Qualified. 

Competition.     See  Emulation 

Complaisant.     See  Obliging. 

Complete.     See  Whole. 

Complex.     See  Intricate. 

Complicated.     See  Intricate. 

Compliment.     See  Adulation. 

To  Compreuent).     See  To  Appre- 
hend. 

Compulsion.     See  Constraint. 

Compunction,  Kemorse,  Contrition. 

Remorse  (from  re-mordeo,  to  have  a  gnawing 
pain)  is  anguish  of  soul  under  a  sense  of  guilt, 
and  dread  of  punishment. —  Compunction  (from 
compungn,  to  pierce  deeply)  is  the  pain  occa- 
sioned by  a  wounded  and  awakened  conscience. 
— Neither  of  them  implies  trae  contrition  (from 
con  and  fero,  to  wear  out),  which  denotes  the 
protracted  and  severe  sorrow,  appropriate  to 
one  who  has  been  in  a  state  of  peculiar  sinful- 
ness. 

We  speak  of  the  gnawings  of  remorse;  of 
compunction  at  the  remembrance  of  some  act 
of  trangression ;  of  deep  contrition  in  view  of 
our  past  hves. 

To  CoiiPUTE.     See  To  Calculate. 

To  Conceal,  Hide,  Disguise, 
Dissemble,  Secrete. 

To  hide  is  the  generic  term,  which  embraces 
all  the  re.st. — To  conceal  (fi-om  con  and  celo,  to 
withliold  from   sight)  is   simply  not  to  make 

1403 


CON 


TABLE    OF    STNONYMS. 


CON 


known  what  we  wish  to  keep  secret. — To  dis- 
guise (from  (lis  and  guise,  covering)  and  dissem- 
ble (from  d^s  and  siinvJo,  to  pretend)  is  to  con- 
ceal by  assuming  some  false  appearance. — To 
secrele  (fi-om  secenio,  to  separate)  is  to  hide  m 
some  place  of  secrecy.  A  man  may  conceal 
facts,  disguise  his  sentiments,  dissemble  his 
feehngs,  or  secrete  stolen  goods. 

But  doable  griefe  afflict  concealing  hearts. 

Spenseb. 

Or  both  dis-semhle  deeply  their  affections. 

Shaeespeabe. 

Wc  hare  in  these  words  a  primary  sense  which  re- 
vcali  a  future  state,  and  a  secondary  sense  which  hides 
and  secretes  it. — WAr.BtriiTON. 

CoxcEEX.     ASt'e  Care. 

Concise.     See  Laconic,  also  Terse. 

Conclusion.     See  Inference. 

Conclusive.     See  Final. 

Concussion.     See  Shock. 

Condition.     See  State. 

Conduct.     See  Behaviour. 

To  Confer.     See  To  Give. 

To  Confess,  Acknowledge,  Avow. 

Acknowledge  is  opposed  to  conceal.  We  ac- 
knowledge what  we  feel  must  or  ought  to  be 
made  known.  [See  Acknowledge.] — Avoiu  is 
opposed  to  withhold.  We  avoto  (from  Fr. 
avoxier,  to  make  known)  when  we  make  an 
open  and  public  declaration  as  against  obloquy 
or  opposition ;  as,  to  avow  one's  principles,  to 
avow  one's  participation  in  some  act. — Confess 
is  opposed  to  deny.  We  confess  (in  the  ordinarv' 
sense  of  the  word)  what  we  feel  to  have  been 
wrong ;  as,  to  confess  one's  errors  or  faults. 

We  sometimes  use  confess  and  acknowledge, 
when  there  is  no  admission  of  our  being  in  the 
wrong;  a?,  "this  I  cow/ess  is  my  opinion;"  "I 
acknowledge  I  have  always  thouglit  so."  But 
m  these  cases,  we  mean  simply  to  imply,  that 
others  may  perhaps  tliink  us  In  the  wrong,  and 
hence  we  use  the  words  by  way  of  deference 
to  their  opinions. 

It  was  in  this  way  that  the  early  Christians 
were  led  to  use  the  Latin  confiteor  and  confessio 
fidei,  to  denote  the  public  declaration  of  their 
faith  in  Christianity ;  and  hence  the  correspond- 
ing use  in  English  of  the  verb  confess  and  the 
noun  confession. 

Conflict.     See  Contest. 

To  Confound.     See  To  Abash. 

To  Confuse.     See  To  Abash. 

To  Confute,  Refute. 

These  words  rest  on  the  old  Latin  verb  futo, 
tho  same  s,sfundo,  to  pour. 

Refute  is  literally  to  pour  (re)  back ;  and 
hence  denotes  to  repel  by  appropriate  and  de- 
cisive evidence ;  as,  to  refute  an  argument, 
charge,  &c. —  Confute  is  literally  to  pour  (cum,) 
together,  as  when  cold  water  is  poured  upon 
hot,  thus  serving  to  aUay,  bring  down  or  neu- 

1404 


traUze  completely.  Hence  as  applied  to  argu- , 
ments,  (and  the  word  is  never  apphed,  like  re- 
fute, to  charges,)  it  denotes  to  overwhelm  by 
evidence  which  puts  an  end  to  the  case,  and 
leaves  an  opponent  nothmg  to  say;  as,  "the 
atheist  is  confuted  by  the  whole  structure  of 
things  around  him." 

But  since  no  rcison  can  confute  ye, 

I'll  try  to  force  you  to  your  duty.    HriDiBKAS. 

Instead  of  racking  fancy  to  refute, 
Eelbrm  thy  manners  and  the  truth  enjoy. 

Totrxa. 

To  Congratulate,  Felicttate. 

To  felicitate  (from  L.  felix,  happy)  is  simply 
to  wish  a  person  joy. — To  congratulate  (from 
con  and  gratulor,  to  rejoice  with)  has  the  addi- 
tional signification  of  uniting  m  the  joy  of  him 
whom  we  congratulate.  Hence  they  are  by  no 
means  synonymous.  One  who  has  lost  the  ob- 
ject of  his  affections  by  her  marriage  to  a  rival, 
might  perhaps  felicitate  that  rival  on  his  suc- 
cess, but  could  never  be  expected  to  congratu- 
late with  him  on  such  an  event. 

"Felicitations  are  httle  better  than  compli- 
ments ;  congratulations  are  the  expression  of  a 
genuine  sympathy  and  joy." — Trench. 

Connivance.     See  Collusion. 

To  Conquer,  Vanquish,  Subdue, 
Subjugate,  Overcome. 

These  words  agree  in  the  general  idea  ex- 
pressed by  overcome,  viz. :  that  of  bringing 
under  one's  power  by  the  exertion  of  force. 

Conquer  (from  con  and  quero,  to  seek  eagerly, 
con  being  intensive)  is  wider  and  more  general 
than  vanquish,  denoting  usually  a  succession  of 
conflicts. —  Vanquish  (Fr.,  vaincre,  from  L.  vincio, 
to  bind)  is  more  individual,  and  refers  usually 
to  a  single  conflict.  Thus,  Alexander  conquered 
Asia  in  a  succession  of  battles,  and  vanquished 
Darius  in  one  decisive  engagement. 

Subdue  (perhaps -from  sub  and  duco)  implies 
a  more  gradual  and  continual  pressure,  but  a 
surer  and  more  final  subjection.  We  speak  of 
a  nation  as  subdued  when  its  spirit  is  at  last 
broken,  so  that  no  further  resistance  is  of- 
ered. — Sidijugate  (from  sub,  under,  and  jugum, 
a  yoke)  is  to  bring  completely  under  the  yoke 
of  bondage.  The  ancient  Gauls  were  never 
finally  subdued  by  the  Romans  until  they  were 
completely  subjugated. 

These  words,  when  used  figuratively  have 
correspondent  meanings. — We  conquer  our  prej- 
udices or  aversions  by  a  succession  of  conflicts; 
but  we  sometimes  vanquish  our  reluctance  to 
duty  by  one  decided  eflbrt:  we  endeavor  to 
subdue  our  evil  propensities  by  watchful  and 
persevering  exertions.  Subjugate  is  more  com- 
monly taken  in  its  primary  meaning :  and  when 
used  figuratively  has  usually  a  bad  sense ;  as, 
his  reason  was  completely  subjugated  to  the 
sway  of  his  passions. 

Consecrated.     See  Addicted. 
Consent.     See  Assent. 


Consequence.    See  Effect. 


Consequently. 

To  Consider. 

Considerate. 

To  Consign. 


See  Accordingly. 

See  To  Ponder. 
See  Thoughtful. 
See  To  Convict. 


To  Consist,  Consist  of,  Consist  in. 

The  verb  consist  is  employed  chiefly  for  two 
purposes,  which  are  marked  and  distinguished 
by  the  prepositions  used. 

When  we  wish  to  indicate  the  parts  which 
unite  to  compose  a  thing,  we  use  of;  as  when 
we  say,  "  Macaulay's  Miscellanies  consist  chiefly 
of  articles  which  were  first  pubhshed  in  the 
Edinburgh  Review." — Wlien  we  wi.sh  to  indi- 
cate the  true  nature,  object,  or  result  of  a  thing, 
we  use  in;  as,  "  Our  safety  consists  in  a  strict 
adherence  to  duty."  "There  are  some  artists 
whose  skill  consists  in  a  certain  manner  which 
they  have  affected."  "  A  great  beauty  of  let- 
ters does  often  consist  in  little  passages  of  pri- 
vate conversation,  and  references  to  particular 
matters. ' ' — Walsh. 

The  use 
Of  such  set  entertainments  more  consists 
In  custom,  than  in  course.  Fo&d. 

Consolation.     See  Comfort. 

To  Console.     See  To  Comfort. 

Conspicuous.     See  Distingltshed. 

Constancy.     See  Firmness. 

Constant,  Continual,  Perpetual. 

These  words  are  sometimes  used  in  an  abso- 
lute and  sometimes  in  a  qualified  sense. 

Constant  (from  L.  constans,  standing  to)  de- 
notes in  its  absolute  sense  unchangeably  fixed ; 
as,  a  constant  mind  or  purpose.  In  its  qualified 
sense,  it  marks  something  as  a  "  standing"  fact 
or  occurrence ;  as,  liable  to  constant  interrup- 
tions, constantly  called  for. —  Continual  in  its 
absolute  sense  coincides  with  continuous,  which 
see.  In  its  qualified  sense,  it  describes  a  thing 
as  occurring  in  steady  and  rapid  succession; 
as,  a  round  of  continual  calls ;  continually  chang- 
ing.— Perpetual  (from  perpetuus,  unceasing)  de- 
notes in  its  absolute  sense,  what  literally  never 
ceases  or  comes  to  an  end ;  as,  perpetjial  motion. 
In  its  quahfied  sense,  it  is  used  hyperbolically, 
and  denotes  that  which  rarely  ceases;  as,  per- 
petual disturbance ;  perpetual  noise ;  perpetual 
intermeddling. 

Consternation.     See  Alarm. 

Constraint,  Compulsion. 

Constraint  (from  con  and  stringo,  to  bind) 
impUes  strong  binding  force  ;  as,  the  constraint 
of  necessity ;  tho  constraint  of  fear. —  Compul- 
sion (from  com  and  pello,  to  drive)  imphes  the 
exertion  of  some  urgent  impelling  force ;  as, 
driven  by  compulsion.  The  former  prevents  us 
from  acting  agreeably  to  our  wishes ;  the  latter 
forces  us  to  act  contrary  to  our  will.   A  soldier 


CON 


TABLE    OF    SYXONYilS. 


CON 


in  the  ranks  moves  with  much  constraint ;  and 
is  often  subject  to  much  compulsion  to  make 
him  move  as  desired.  Compulsion  is  always 
produced  by  some  active  agent ;  a  constraint 
may  be  laid  upon  us  by  the  forms  of  civil  so- 

I  ciety,  or  by  other  outward  circumstances. — 
CRABa 

I      Commands  are  no  constraints    If  I  obey  them 
I  do  it  freely.  Milios. 

CoxsriiPTioN.     See  Decline. 
Contagion.     See  Ijtfection. 

CoxTAGiocs,  Infectious. 

These  words  have  been  used  in  very  diverse 
senses;  but,  in  general,  a  contagious  disease 
has  been  considered  as  one  which  is  caught 
(irom  another  by  contact,  by  the  breath,  by 
bodily  effluvia,  &c. ;  while  an  infectious  disease 
supposes  some  entirely  different  cause  acting 
by  a  hidden  influence,  like  the  miasma  of 
prison-ships,  of  marshes,  it,  inficling  the  sys- 
tem with  disease. 

This  distinction,  though  not  universally  ad- 
mitted by  medical  men,  as  to  the  hteral  meaning 
of  the  words,  certainly  applies  to  them  in  theu- 
figurative  use.  Thus  we  speak  of  the  con- 
toTioiis  influence  of  evil  associates;  tho  coniagior^ 
of  bad  example,  the  contagion  of  fear,  &c.,  when 
we  refer  to  trausmision  by  proximity  or  con- 
tact On  the  other  hand  we  speak  of  infection 
bv  bad  principles,  4c.,  when  we  consider  any- 
thing as  diffused  abroad  by  some  hidden  influ- 
ence. 

To  CoNTEirN-,  Despise,  Scoen,  Dis- 
dain. 

Conitmn  is  the  generic  term;  to  despise 
(literally,  to  look  down  upon)  is  to  regard  or 
treat  as  mean,  unbecoming,  or  worthless ;  to 
scorn  is  stronger,  expressing  a  quick,  indignant 
contempt:  disdain  (from  dudignor,  to  regard 
as  unworthy)  is  still  stronger,  denoting  either 
a  generous  abliorrence  of  what  is  base,  or  un- 
warrantable pride  and  haughtiness. 

Let  not  yoar  ears  dt^pise  my  tongne  forever. 
Which  shall  possess  them  with  the  heaviest  soand 
That  ever  yet  they  heard.  SnAEESPEAEE. 

This  my  Ions  snfferance,  and  my  day  of  Errace, 
They  who  neglect  and  acorn  shall  never  taste. 

Milton. 
Tell  him,  Cato 
Di4dain4  a  life  which  he  has  power  to  offer. 

Addison. 

To  Contemplate,  Meditate,  In- 
tend. 

We  meditate  (from  meflitor,  to  muse  on)  a 

design  when  we  are  looking  out  or  waiting  for 

'  the  means  of  its  accomplisliment ;  we  contem- 

I  plate  it  (from  contemplor,  to  regard  attentively) 

when  the  means  are  at  hand,  and  our  decision 

is  nearly  or  quite  made ;  to  intend  (from  intendo, 

to  strain  toward)  is  stronger — we  have  decided 

to  act  when  an  opportunity  may  offer. 

A  general  meditates  an   attack   upon   the 


enemy ;  he  contemplates  undertaking  it  at  the    cause  it  is  fearful  lest  others  should  obtain  too 
earliest  convenient  season  ;  and  in  the  mean-  |  much. 

^ 

By  these  acts  of  hateful  atnfi.  hateful  to  all, 
llow  hast  thou  disturbed  heaven's  blessed  peace. 

MlLTOM. 

Contention  bold,  with  iron  lungs. 

And  slander,  v.-ith  her  hundred  tongues.   Mookk. 


time  conceals  his  intention  with  the  utmost 
care. 

Contemptible,  Despicable,  Pittfctl, 
Paltry. 

Despicable  is  stronger  than  contemptible,  as 
despite  is  stronger  tlum  contemn.  It  implies 
keen  disapprobation  with  a  mixture  of  anger. 
A  man  is  despicable  chiefly  for  low  actions 
which  mark  his  life,  such  as  servihty,  baseness 
or  mean  adulation.  A  man  is  contemptible  for 
mean  qualines  which  distinguish  his  character, 
especially  those  which  show  him  to  be  weak, 
foolish  or  worthless.  Treachery  is  despicable, 
egotism  is  contemptible. — Pitiful  and  paltry 
(connected  perhaps  with  palter)  are  applied  to 
cases  which  arc  beneath  anger,  and  are  simply 
contemptible  in  a  high  degree.  Anything  that 
shows  meanness  or  timidity  is  pitiful;  anything 
that  is  low,  shuBUng  or  marked  by  equivoca- 
tion, is  paltry.  Thus  we  speak  of  a  pitiful  ex- 
cuse, a  pitiful  pretense,  pitiful  weakness;  and 
of  a  paltry  subterfuge,  a  paltry  evasion,  a  pal- 
try equivocation.  The  distinction  between  the 
two  words  is  not,  however,  a  marked  one,  and 
they  are  frequently  interchanged. 

Contemptible.     See  Contemptuous. 

Contemptuous,  Contemptible. 

These  words,  from  their  similarity  of  sound, 
are  .sometimes  erroneously  interchanged,  as 
when  a  person  speaks  of  having  "  a  very  con- 
temptible opinion"  of  another. 

Contemptible  is  applied  to  that  which  is 
the  object  of  contempt;  as,  cvniemptible  con- 
duct, a  contemptible  fellow.  Contemptuous  is 
applied  to  that  which  indicates  contempt ;  as, 
a  contemptuous  look,  a  contemptuous  remark, 
contemptuous  treatment.  Hence,  we  may  speak 
of  athmg,  (an  observ.itiou  for  example,)  as  con- 
temptuo'is  or  as  contemptible ;  meaning  in  the 
former  case,  that  it  expresses  contempt,  and  in 
the  latter  case  that  it  deserves  contempt. 

P.ome,  the  proudest  part  of  the  heathen  world,  en- 
tertained the  most  contemptuous  opinion  of  the  Jews. 

ArrEEBl-EY. 

To  Content.     See  To  Satiate. 

Contention,  Strife. 

A  struggle  between  two  parties,  is  the  idea 
common  to  these  two  words. 

Strife  is  a  struggle  for  mastery ;  contention  is 
a  straggle  for  the  possession  of  some  desired 
ol;ject,  or  the  accomphshmeut  of  some  favorite 
end.  Neither  of  the  words  is  necessarily  used 
in  a  bad  sense,  since  there  may  be  a  generous 
strife  or  contention  between  two  friends,  as  to 
which  shall  incur  danger  or  submit  to  sacri- 
fices. Ordinarily,  however,  these  words  de- 
note a  strugKlo  arisinq;  from  bad  passions.  In 
that  case,  strife  usually  springs  from  a  quarrel- 
some temper ;  and  contention  from  a  selfish  spirit 
I  which  seeks  its  own  aggrandizement,  or  be- 


Contest,  Conflict,  Combat,  En- 
coustek. 

Contest  is  the  broadest  term,  and  had  origin- 
ally no  reference  to  actual  fighting.  It  was, 
on  the  contrary,  a  legal  term  from  L.  conies- 
tor,  to  call  \\-itnesses ;  and  hence  came  to 
denote  first  a  struggle  in  argument,  and  then  a 
struggle  for  some  common  object  between  op- 
posing parties,  usually  one  of  considerable 
duration,  and  implying  successive  stages  or 
acts.  Conflict  is  from  the  L.  confiigo,  to  come 
to  blows;  and  denotes  literally  a  close  per- 
sonal engagement,  in  which  sense  it  is  applied 
to  actual  fighting.  It  is,  however,  more  com- 
monly used  in  a  figurative  sense  to  denote 
strenuous  or  direct  opposition;  as,  a  menial 
conflict,  conflicting  interests  or  passions,  a  con- 
flict of  laws. — An  encounter  (L.  contra)  is  a 
direct  meeting  face  to  face.  Usually  it  is  a 
hostile  meeting,  and  is  then  very  nearly  coin- 
cident with  conflict ;  as,  an  encounter  of  oppos- 
mg  hosts.  Sometimes  it  is  used  in  a  looser 
sense;  as,  "this  keen  encounter  of  our  wits." 
Shakes. —  Combat  (from  Fr.  combattre,  to  beat 
mutually)  is  commonly  applied  to  actual  fight- 
ing ;  but  m.ay  be  used  figuratively  in  reference 
to  a  strife  of  words  or  a  struggle  of  feeUng. 

Contiguous.     See  Ad.joinlng. 

Contingent.     See  Accidental. 

Continual.     See  Constant,  also 

CONTINTTOUS. 

To  Continue.     See  To  Persevere. 

Continitous,  Continual. 

Both  these  words  are  from  con  and  iineo,  to 
hold  together. 

Continuous  is  the  stronger,  and  denotes  that 
the  continuity  or  union  of  parts  is  absolute  and 
uniutertupted  ;  as,  a  continuous  sheet  of  ice ;  a 
continuous  flow  of  argument.  So  Daniel  Web- 
ster speaks  of  "a  continuous  and  unbroken 
strain  of  the  martial  airs  of  England." — Con- 
tinual, in  most  cases,  marks  a  close  and  un- 
broken succession  of  things,  rather  than  ab- 
solute continuity.  Thus  we  speak  of  continual 
showers,  implying  a  repetition  with  occasional 
interruptions;  we  speak  of  a  person  as  liable 
to  continual  calls,  or  as  subject  to  continual  ap- 
plications for  aid,  &C.  To  say  "it  rained  con- 
tinually during  the  day,"  would  not  of  neces- 
sity imply,  that  there  was  no  intermission  what- 
ever: to' express  that  we  should  be  apt  to  use 
continuously.  It  is  common  to  say,  "  there  are 
continual  rains  in  the  tropics  at  certain  sea- 
sons." If  continuous  were  used,  it  would  im- 
i  ply  that  there  was  absolutely  no  cessation  at 

~1405 


CON 


TABLE    OF    SYNONYMS. 


COW 


all  during  the  whole  period,  wliioli  ia  rarely  if 
ever  the  case. 

Contract.     See  Covenant. 

Contrition,   Repentance. 

Contrition  (literally  bruising)  is  <a  continuous 
state  of  grief  and  self-condeniuation ;  repent- 
ance is  an  act  in  which,  with  sorrow  for  our 
sins,  wo  renounce  them.  Contrition  has  all 
tlio  pam  of  repentance,  without  the  relief  it 
affords. 

The  contrition  of  .Jiulas  ended  in  remorse  and  sui- 
cide ;  that  of  Peter  led  to  true  rcpeiitiince,  and  a 
renewed  consecration  to  his  Master's  service. 

My  future  days  shall  be  one  whole  contrition. 

Dktden. 

Who  by  repenianc6  is  not  satisfied. 

Is  not  of  lieaven  nor  .oarth  ;  for  these  are  pleased ; 

Ey  penitence  the  Eternal's  wrath  's  appeased. 

Shakespeare. 

Contrivance.     See  Device. 
Control.     See  Direction. 
Convent.     See  Cloister. 

Conversation,  Talk. 

There  is  a  looser  sense  of  these  words,  in 
which  they  are  synonymous ;  there  is  a  stricter 
sense  in  which  they  differ. 

Talli  is  usually  broken,  familiar  and  versa- 
tile.— Conversation  is  more  continuous  and  sus- 
tained, and  turns  ordinarily  upon  topics  of 
higher  interest.  Children  talk  to  their  parents 
or  to  their  companions ;  men  converse  together 
in  mixed  assemblies.  Dr.  Johnson  once  re- 
marked, of  an  evening  .spent  in  society,  that 
there  had  been  a  great  deal  of  tali:,  but  no  con- 
vsrs'Uion.  "  Talkers,"  says  Lord  Bacon,  "  are 
commonly  vain,  and  credulous  withal ;  for  ho 
that  ialketh  what  he  knoweth,  will  also  iaik 
what  ho  knoweth  not." 

Convert,  Proselyte,  Pervert. 

A  convert  is  one  who  turns  from  what  he  be- 
lieves to  have  been  a  decided  error  of  faith  or 
practice.  Such  a  change  may  relate  to  religion, 
politics,  or  other  subjects.  Properly  considered, 
it  is  not  coniined  to  speculation  alone,  but  af- 
fects the  whole  current  of  one's  feelings,  and 
the  tenor  of  his  actions.  As  such  a  change 
carries  with  it  the  appearance  of  sincerity,  the 
term  convert  is  usually  taken  in  a  good  sense. 
— Proselyte  is  a  term  of  more  ambiguous  use 
and  application.  It  was  first  applied  to  an  ad- 
herent of  one  religious  system  who  had  trans- 
ferred himself  externally  to  some  other  religious 
system ;  and  is  also  applied  to  one  who  makes 
a  similar  transfer  in  respect  to  systems  of  phil- 
osophy or  speculation.  The  term  has  little  or 
no  ref'renco  to  the  state  of  the  heart. — Puriert 
is  a  terra  of  recent  origin,  designed  to  express 
the  contrary  of  convert,  and  to  stigmatize  a  per- 
son as  drawn  off  or  perverted  from  the  true 
faith.  It  has  been  more  particularly  applied 
by  members  of  the  Church  of  England,  to  those 
who  have  joined  the  Roman  Catholic  Church. 

1406 


To  Convince,  Persuade. 

To  convince  is  an  act  of  the  understanding ; 
to  persuade,  of  the  will  or  feelings.  The  one  is 
effected  by  argTiment,  the  other  by  motives. 
There  are  cases,  however,  when  persuade  may 
.seem  to  be  used  in  reference  only  to  the  assent 
of  the  understanding;  as  when  we  say,  "I  am 
persuaded  it  is  so;"  "I  can  not  persuade  my- 
self of  the  fact."  But  in  such  instances,  there 
is  usually  or  always  a  degree  of  awakened  feel- 
ing, wliich  has  had  its  share  in  producing  the 
assent  of  the  understanding. 

"  Conviction  is  the  effect  of  substantial  evi- 
dence, and  is  soUd  and  permanent  in  its  nature ; 
persuasion,  depending  on  our  feelings,  is  ex- 
posed to  v.irious  changes,  and  may  vary  both 
in  the  degree  and  in  the  object.  Conviction 
answers  in  our  minds  to  positive  certainty; 
persuasion  answers  to  probabLUty." — Crabb. 

To  Convoke.     See  To  Call. 

Copious.     See  Ample. 

Cordial.     See  Hearty. 

Corporal.     See  Corporeal. 

Coepokeal,  Bodily,  Corporal. 

Bodily  is  opposed  to  mental;  as,  JofZ%  affec- 
tions.— Corporccd  refers  to  the  interior  animal 
structure;  as,  corporeal  substance  or  frame. — 
Corporal,  as  now  used,  refers  more  to  the  ex- 
terior; as,  corporal  punishment.  To  speak  of 
corporeal  punishment  is  now  a  gross  error. 

Bodily  austerities ;  the  corjioreal  sense ;  cor- 
poral inflictions. 

Corpulent.     See  Stout. 

Correct.     See  Accurate. 

To  Correct.      See  To  Amend. 

To  Correspond,  Correspond  with, 
Correspond  to. 

The  verb,  to  correspond  is  used  in  two  very 
diverse  senses.  In  the  one  case  it  denotes  the 
carrying  on  of  intercourse  by  means  of  letters, 
and  it  is  then  alw.ays  to  be  followed  by  with ; 
as,  to  cwrespond  zoilh  a  friend.  In  the  other 
case  it  denotes,  that  things  stand  off  against 
each  other  in  such  a  manner  as  to  bo  mutually 
correspondent,  and  the  word  is  then  to  bo  fol- 
lowed by  to;  as,  "this  corresponds  to  what  I 
predicted." 

To  Count.     See  To  Calcut.ate. 

Corruption.     See  Depravity. 

Courage.     See  Heroism. 

Courageous.     Sec  Gallant. 

Courtesy.     See  Politeness. 

Covenant.     See  Contract. 

Covert.     See  Hid. 
Covetous.     See  Avaricious. 


Courage,  Bravery,  Fortitude,  In- 
trepidity, Gallantry,  Valor. 

Courage  (Low  Latin,  coragium,  from  cor,  the 
heart)  is  that  firmness  of  spirit  and  swell  of 
soul  which  meets  danger  without  fear. — Brav- 
ery (Low  Latin,  bravium,  from  Gr.  (ipaPnov, 
the  reward  of  victory)  is  daring  and  impetuous 
courage,  like  that  of  one  who  has  the  reward 
continually  in  view,  and  displays  his  courage 
in  daring  acts. — Fortitude  (from  fortis,  strong) 
has  often  be  en  styled  passive  courage,  and  con- 
sists in  the  habit  of  encountering  danger  and 
enduring  pain  with  a  steadfast  and  unbroken 
spirit. —  Valor  (from  vako,  to  have  force)  ia 
courage  exhibited  in  ^\ar,  and  can  not  be  ap- 
plied to  single  combats ;  it  is  never  used  figura- 
tively.—  InirepidUy  (from  intrepidus,  without 
trembling)  is  firm,  unshaken  courage. — Gal- 
lantry (perhaps  from  the  Celtic  gal,  gay  and 
animated)  is  adventurous  courage,  which  courts 
danger  with  a  high  and  cheerful  spirit.  A  man 
may  show  courage,  fortitude,  or  intrepidity  in 
the  common  pursuits  of  life,  as  well  as  in  war. 
Vahr,  liroAvry,  and  gallantry  are  displayed  in 
the  Contest  of  arms.  Valor  belongs  only  to 
battle  ;  bravery  may  be  shown  in  single  com- 
bat; gallantry  maj'  be  manifested  either  in  at- 
tack or  defense ;  but  in  the  latter  case,  the 
defense  is  usually  turned  mto  an  attack. 

Coyenant,  Contract,  Compact, 
Stipulation. 

These  words  all  denote  a  mutual  agreement 
between  two  parties. 

Covenant  (from  convenio,  to  come  together) 
is  now  chiefly  used  in  a  religious  sense ;  as, 
the  covenant  of  works  or  of  grace,  a  church 
covenant ;  the  Solemn  League  and  Covenatil. — 
Contract  (from  contraho,  to  bring  together)  is 
the  word  most  used  in  tlie  business  of  life. 
Crabb  and  Taylor  are  wrong  in  saying,  that  a 
co7itraci  must  alw.aj'S  bo  in  writing.  There 
are  parol  and  implied  contracts  as  well  as 
written  ones,  and  these  are  equally  enforced 
by  law.  In  legal  usage,  the  word  covenant  has 
a-a  iraportant  place  as  connected  with  con- 
tracts.— A  compact  (from  cum  and  pango,  to 
bind  firmly  together)  is  only  a  stronger  and. 
more  solemn  contr.ict.  Tho  term  is  chiefly 
applied  to  jiolitical  alliances.  Tlius,  our  Fedl- 
eral  Constitution  is  a  compact  between  tho 
States;  and  no  individual  Statu  can  without 
consent  of  Congress  enter  into  a  compact  with 
any  other  State  or  foreign  power.— A  stipula- 
tion (from  stipulatio)  is  one  of  the  articles  or 
provisions  of  a  contract.  It  is  said  by  Vos- 
sius  to  bo  from  stipula,  a  straw,  because  par- 
ties who  bought  land  among  the  Latins,  at  an 
early  period,  held  a  straw  iu  their  hands  which 
represented  the  whole  land. 

Coward,  Craven,  Poltroon, 
Dastard. 

Coward  is  from  Fr.  couard,  supposed  to  be 
from  Low  Latin  codardus,  referring  to  the  tail, 
and  denoting  to  slink  back  like  terrified  beasts 
with   the  tail  between   the  legs. — A   craven 


CRA 


TABLE    OF    SYNONYMS. 


DEB 


(Irora  crave)  is  literally  one  who  begs  off,  or 
shrinks  at  the  approach  of  danger. — A  poltroon 
I  (supposed  by  Richardson  to  be  from.  polUce  iruii- 
j  cus,  one  deprived  of  his  thumb  to  avoid  mili- 
tary duty,  an  offense  so  common  as  to  occasion 
severe  laws  against  it)  is  a  mean-spirited  cow- 
ard.— Dastard  (from  Sax.  adastrigan,  to  dismay 
utterly)  has  become  one  of  the  strongest  terms 
of  reproach  in  our  language. 

A  coward^  a  most  devout  ctyward^  religious  in  it  I 
Shakespeare. 
Is  it  fit  this  soUiior  keep  his  Ofith  ? 
— He  is  u  craven  and  a  villain  elscl 

SUAKESPEABE. 

For  who  bnt  a  poltroon  possessed  with  fear, 
Such  haughty  insolence  can  tamely  bear  ? 

Dkyden. 
Danturd  and  drunkard,  mean  and  insolent ; 
Tongue-valiant  hero,  vauntor  of  thy  might, 
In  threats  the  foremost,  but  iho  laat  in  fight  I 

Dkyden. 

CoTETous.  See  Avaricious. 

Cot.  See  Shy. 

Ckaptt.  See  CrxNiNG. 

Craven.  See  Coward. 

Crime,  Six,  Vice. 

Sin  is  the  generic  term  embracing  wicked- 
ness of  every  kind. —  Crime  (L.  crimen,  from 
Gr.  Kpii'u,  to  condemn)  is  strictly  a  violation 
of  law  either  human  or  divine,  but  in  present 
Uiige  the  term  is  more  often  applied  to  actions 
contrary  to  tho  laws  of  the  state. —  Vice  (L. 
vitium,  a  spot  or  blemish)  is  more  distinctively 
that  which  springs  from  the  inordinate  indul- 
gence of  tho  natural  appetites,  which  are  in  them- 
selves innocent.  Thus,  intemperance,  unehas- 
tity,  dupUeity,  &c.,  are  fiws;  while  murder, 
forgery,  eta,  which  spring  from  tho  indulgence 
of  seliish  passions,  are  crimes. 

It  is  a  CTeat  nin  to  swe.ar  unto  a  *£«, 
But  greater  ain  to  keep  a  sinful  oath. 

SnAKESPEAEE. 

Undergo  with  me  one  guilt,  one  crime 

Of  tasting.  Miltos. 

Ungoverned  appetite  a  brutish  vice.      MiLTOX. 

No  vice  so  simple  but  assumes 

Some  mark  of  virtue  on  its  outward  parts. 

SUAKESPEABE. 

Cross.     See  Fretful. 
Crowd.     See  Throng. 

Cunning,  Artful,  Slt,  Wilt, 
Craftt. 

These  epithets  agree  in  expressing  an  apti- 
tude for  attainmg  some  end  by  peculiar  and 
secret  means. 

Cunning  is  usually  low  ;  aa,  a  eimning  trick. 
— Artful  is  more  ingenious  and  inventive ;  as, 
an  artful  device. — Sly  implies  a  turn  for  what 
ia  double  or  concealed ;  as,  sly  humor,  a  sly 
evasion. — Crafty  denotes  a  talent  for  dextrous- 
ly  deceiving;  as,  a  crafty  manager. —  Wily  de- 
scribes a  talent  for  tho  use  of  stratagems  ;  as, 
a  wily  politician. 

"  A  cunning  man  often  shows  his  dexterity 
in   simply  conceahng.     An  artful  man   goes 


further  and  exerts  his  ingenuity  in  misleading. 
A  crafty  man  mingles  cunning  with  art,  and  so 
shapes  his  actions  as  to  lull  suspicions.  The 
yotmg  may  be  cunning,  but  the  experienced 
only  can  be  crafty.  Slyness  is  a  vulgar  kind 
of  cunning ;  the  sly  man  goes  cautiously  and 
silently  to  work.  Wiliness  is  a  species  of  cun- 
ning or  craft,  applicable  only  to  cases  of  attack 
and  defense." — Cbabb. 

Curious.     See  Incjuisitive. 

Current.     See  Stream. 

Curse.     See  Malediction-. 

Custom.     See  Habit,  also  Usage. 


D. 


Daily,  Diurnal. 

Daily  is  Saxon,  and  diurnal  (from  diurmis) 
is  Latin.  The  former  is  used  in  reference  to 
tlie  ordinary  concerns  of  life  ;  as,  daily  wants, 
daily  cares,  daily  employments.  The  latter  is 
appropriated  chiefly  by  astronomers,  but  is 
sometimes  used  by  poets  as  a  word  of  greater 
dignity.  It  is  applied  especially  to  what  be- 
longs to  the  astronomical  day  ;  as,  tho  diurnal 
revolution  of  the  earth. 

Man  hatli  his  dally  work  of  body  or  mind 
Appointed,  which  declares  his  dignity. 
And  the  regard  of  heaven  on  all  his  ways. 

!NhLTON. 

Half  yet  remains  unsung,  but  n.arrow  bound 
■Within  tho  visible  diurnal  sphere.       Milton. 

Dainty,  Delicacy. 

These  words  are  here  compared  as  denoting 
articles  of  food. 

The  term  delicacy  (from  delicate)  is  appUcd 
to  a  nico  articlo  of  any  kind,  and  hence  to 
articles  of  food  which  are  particularly  attract- 
ive. Dainty  is  stronger,  and  denotes  some 
exquisite  article  of  cookery. 

A  hotel  may  be  provided  with  all  the  deli- 
cacies of  the  season,  and  its  tablo  richly  covered 
with  dainties. 

Those  ddicacirs 
I  mean  of  taste,  sight,  smell,  herbs,  fruits  and  flowers. 
Walks  and  the  melody  of  birds.  Milton. 

A  tablo  furnished  plenteously  with  bread. 
And  dainties,  remnants  of  the  last  regale. 

COWPER. 

Damage.     See  Mischief. 

Danger,  Peril,  Hazard,  Risk, 

Jeopardt. 

Danger  is  the  generic  term  and  implies  some 
contingent  evil  in  prospect. — Peril  is  instant 
or  impending  danger;  as,  in  perd  of  one's 
life. — Hazard  {lit.,  a  die  or  throw)  arises  from 
something  fortuitous  or  beyond  our  control; 
as,  the  hazard  of  the  seas. — Risk  (lit.,  dar- 
ing) is  doubtful  or  uncertain  danger,  often  in- 
curred voluntarily ;  as,  to  risk  an  engagement. 


— Jeopardy  (lit.,  Fr.  jeu  perdu,  a  lost  game)  is 
extreme  danger. 

Danger  of  a  contagious  disease ;  the  perils 
of  shipwreck;  the /iOzartZs  of  speculation;  the 
risk  of  daring  enteri^rises;  a  life  brought  into 
jeopardy. 

Darkness,  Dimness,  Obscueitt, 
Gloom. 

Darkness  arises  t'ora  a  total,  and  dimness 
from  a  partial  want  of  light.  A  thing  is  ob- 
scure when  so  overclouded  or  covered  as  not  to 
be  easily  perceived.  As  the  shade  or  obscurity 
increases,  it  deepens  into  gloom.  ^What  is  dark 
is  hidden  from  view ;  what  is  obscure  is  difficult 
to  perceive  or  penetrate;  the  eye  becomes 
dim  with  age ;  an  impending  storm  fills  the  at- 
mosphere with  gloom. 

When  taken  figuratively,  these  words  have  a 
like  use;  as,  the  darkness  of  ignorance — di'm- 
ness  of  discernment — obscurity  of  reasoning — 
ghom  of  superstition. 

Dastard.     See  Coward. 

To  Daunt.     See  To  Dismat. 

Dead.     See  Lifeless. 

Death,  Decease,  Demise,  Depart- 
ure, Release. 

Death  applies  to  tho  termination  of  every 
form  of  existence  both  animal  and  vegetable ; 
tho  other  words  only  to  the  human  race. 
Decease  (decessus)  Ls  tho  term  used  m  law  for 
the  removal  of  a  human  being  out  of  hfe  m 
tho  ordinary  course  of  nature.  Xlmnse  was  for- 
meriy  confined  to  the  decease  of  princes,  but 
is  now  sometimes  used  of  distinguished  men 
in  general;  as,  the  demise  of  Mr.  Pitt. — De- 
}}arture  and  release  are  pecuUarly  terms  of 
Christian  affection  and  hope. 

A  violent  death  is  not  usually  called  a  decease. 
Departure  implies  a  friendly  taking  leave  of  hfe. 
Release  implies  a  deliverance  from  a  life  of  suf- 
fering or  sorrow. 

To  Debase.     See  To  Abase. 

To  Debate 


See  To  Argue,  also  To 
Discuss. 


Deeilitt,  Infirmitt,  iMBKCILin-. 

An  infirmity  belongs,  for  the  most  part,  to 
particular  members,  and  is  often  temporary; 
as,  of  the  eyes,  &e.  Debility  is  more  general, 
and  prevents,  while  it  lasts,  tho  orcUnary  func- 
tions of  nature.  Imbecility  attaches  to  the  whole 
frame  and  renders  it  more  or  less  poweriess. 
Debility  may  be  constitutional  or  may  be  tho ' 
result  of  superinduced  ciuses ;  imbecility  is  al- 
ways constitutional;  infirmity  is  accidental, 
and  results  from  sickness  or  a  decay  of  tho 
frame. 

These  words,  in  their  figurative  uses,  have 
the  same  distinctions;  we  speak  oi  infirmity 
ot  will,  dMlity  of  intellect,  and  an  imbecility 
which  affects  the  whole  man. 

1407 


DEC 


TABLE    OF    SYNONYMS. 


DEP 


Decat.     See  Decline. 

Decease.     See  Death. 

Deceit.     See  Deception. 

Deceitek,  Impostoe. 

A  deceiver  operates  by  stealth  and  in  private 
upon  individual.-i ;  an  impostor  practices  his 
arts  on  the  community  at  large.  The  one  suc- 
ceeds by  artful  falsehoods,  the  other  by  bold 
assumption. 

The  faithless  friend  and  the  fickle  lover  are 
deceivers ;  the  false  prophet  and  the  pretended 
prince  are  impostors. 

Men  were  deceivers  ever; 

One  for)t  in  sea,  .ami  one  on  shore; 

To  cue  tiling  constant  never. 

SnAKESPEART:. 

But  now  -n-lien  time  has  made  the  impoiture  plain, 
What  new  delusion  charms  your  cheated  eyes  again? 

Dkvdkn. 

Deception,  Deceit,  Feaud,  Impo- 
sition. 

Deception  iLsually  refer,'?  to  the  act,  and  deceit 
to  the  habit  of  the  mind;  hence  we  speak  of  a 
person  as  skilled  in  deception  and  addicted  to 
deceit.  The  practice  of  deceit  springs  altogether 
from  design,  and  that  of  the  vi-orst  kind;  but 
a  deception,  does  not  always  imply  aim  and  in- 
tention, since  it  may  be  undesigned  or  acci- 
dental. 

An  imposiiion  is  an  act  of  deception  practiced 
upon  some  one  to  his  annoyance  or  injury ;  a 
fraud  implies  the  use  of  stratagem,  with  a 
view  to  some  unlawful  gain  or  advantage. 

Decision.     See  Determination. 

Decided,  Decisive. 

TVe  call  a  thing  decisive  when  it  has  the 
power  or  quality  of  deciding;  as,  a  decisive 
battle ;  we  speak  of  it  as  decided  when  it  is  so 
fully  settled  as  to  leave  no  room  for  doubt ;  as, 
a  decided  preference,  a  decided  aversion.  Hence, 
a  decided  victory  is  one  about  which  there  is 
no  question ;  a  decisive  victory  is  one  whie'u 
ends  the  contest. — Decisive  is  appUed  only  to 
things ;  as,  a  decisive  sentence,  a  decisive  de- 
cree, a  decisive  judgment.  Decided  is  applied 
equally  to  persons  and  things.  Thus  we  speak 
of  a  man  as  decided  in  his  whole  course  of  con- 
duct ;  and  as  having  a  decided  disgust,  or  a  de- 
cided reluctance  to  certain  measures. 

"  A  politic  caution,  a  guarded  circumspection, 

were  among  the  ruling  principles  of  our  fore- 

i  fathers  in  their  most  decided  conduct." — BuRKB. 

"The  sentences  of  superior  judges  are  final, 

decisive  and  irrevocable." — ^Blackstone. 

Decision,  Determination,  Hesolu- 
tion. 

Each  of  these  words  has  two  meanings,  one 
implying  the  act  of  deciding,  determining  or 
resolving ;  and  the  other  a  Jiahit  of  mind  as  to 
so  doing.  It  is  in  the  last  sense  that  the  words 
are  here  compared. 

1408 


Decision  (from  de  and  cido)  is  a  cutting  short. 
It  implies  that  several  courses  of  action  have 
been  presented  to  the  mind,  and  that  the 
choice  is  now  finally  made.  It  supposes,  there- 
fore, a  union  of  promptitude  and  energy. — De- 
termination (bringing  to  terminus  or  end)  is  the 
natural  consequence  of  decision.  It  is  the 
settling  of  a  thing  with  a  fixed  purpose  to  ad- 
here.— Resolution  is  the  necessary  result  in  a 
mind  which  is  characterized  by  firmness.  It  is 
a  spirit  which  scatters  (resolves)  aU  doubt,  and 
is  ready  to  face  danger  or  suffering  in  carrying 
out  one's  determinations.  Martin  Luther  was 
equally  distinguished  for  his  prompt  decision, 
his  steadfast  determination,  and  his  iuflesible 
resolution. 

Decisive.     See  Decided. 

Decline,  Decay,  Consumption. 

Decline  (from  dc  and  clino,  to  turn  away  or 
lean  aside)  marks  the  first  stage  in  a  down- 
ward progress ;  decay  (from  de  and  cado,  to  fall) 
indicates  the  second  stage,  and  denotes  a  ten- 
dency to  ultimate  destruction ;  consumption 
(from  consume,  or  waste  away)  marks  a 
steady  decay  from  an  internal  exhaustion  of 
strength. 

Tlie  health  may  experience  a  decline  from  va- 
rious causes  at  any  period  of  life  ;  it  is  natu- 
rally .subject  to  decay  with  the  advance  of  old 
age ;  consumption  may  take  place  at  almost 
any  period  of  life,  from  disease  which  wears 
out  the  constitution. — By  a  gradual  decline 
states  and  communities  lose  their  strength 
and  vigor ;  by  progressive  decay  they  are 
stripped  of  their  honor,  stabihty  and  great- 
ness ;  by  a  consumption  of  their  resources  and 
vital  energy  they  are  led  rapidly  on  to  a  com- 
pletion of  their  existence. 

To  Decorate.     See  To  Adorn. 

Decorum,  Dignity. 

Decorum  in  .accordance  with  its  etymology, 
(L.,  decorus)  is  that  which  is  becoming  in  out- 
ward act  or  appearance ;  as,  the  decorum  of 
a  public  assembly. — Dignity  (from  dignitas, 
greatness)  springs  from  an  invrard  elevation 
of  soul  producing  a  correspondent  effect  on 
the  manners;  as,  dignity  of  personal  appear- 
ance. 


lie  kept  with  princes  duo  decorum. 
Tet  never  stood  in  awo  before  'em. 


Swift. 


Name  to  mc  yon  Achaian  chief  for  bulk 
Conspicuous,  and  for  port.    Taller  indeed 
I  may  perceive  than  he,  but  with  these  eyes 
Saw  never  yet  such  dignity  and  irrace. 

Cowpek's  Iliad. 

To  Decrease,  DiinNisn. 

Things  usually  decrease  (fi-om  de  and  cresco, 
to  grow)  or  fa.ll  off  by  degrees,  and  from  within, 
or  through  some  cause  which  is  imperceptible ; 
as,  tlie  flood  decreases ;  the  cold  decreases ; 
their  affection  has  decreased.  Things  commonly 
diminish  (from  diminuo,  to  become  smaller)  or 
are  diminished  by  an  action  from  without,  or 


one  which  is  apparent ;  as,  the  army  was  di- 
minished by  disease ;  his  property  is  diminish- 
ing through  extravagance ;  their  affection  has 
diminished  since  their  separation.  The  turn  of 
thought,  however,  is  often  such  that  these 
words  may  be  interchanged. 

Never  snch  joy  was  since  the  world  be^nn, 
As  in  the  ark,  when  Noah  and  his  behold 
The  o'^ve  leaf,  which  certainly  them  told 
The  flood  decreased. 

Drayton.    Noah's  Flood 
Crete's  ample  fields  diminish  to  our  eye ; 
Before  the  Boreal  blasts  the  vessels  lly. 

Pope's  Odtssey. 

Decree.     See  Law. 

To   Decry,    Depreciate,    Detract, 
Disparage. 

Decry  and  depreciate  refer  to  the  estimation 
in  which  a  thing  is  held,  the  former  seeking  to 
cry  it  down,  and  the  latter  to  run  it  down  in 
the  opinion  of  others. — Detract  (from  de  and 
traho,  to  draw  away)  and  disparage  (from  Low 
Latin,  disparago,  to  put  below  one's  true  level) 
refer,  to  merit  or  value,  which  the  former  assails 
with  caviling,  &e.,  while  the  latter  wilfully  un- 
derrates and  seeks  to  degrade  it.  Men  decry 
theu-  rivals  and  depreciate  their  measures.  The 
envious  detract  from  the  merit  of  a  good  action, 
and  disparage  the  motives  of  him  who  per- 
forms  it. 

Dedicated.  See  Addicted. 

Deduction.  See  Induction. 

To  Defame.  See  To  Asperse. 

To  Defeat.  See  To  Baffle. 

Defect,  Fauxt. 

Defect  (from  de  and  factum,  left  undone)  is 
negative,  denoting  the  absence  of  that  which 
is  necessary  to  a  thing's  completeness  or  per- 
fection; fault  (from  fallo,  to  deceive,  or  fall 
short  in  duty)  is  positive,  denoting  something 
improper  or  wrong.  The/(j«te  of  a  friend  are 
too  often  palliated  or  explained  away  into  mere 
defects. 

Trust  not  yourself;  but,  yonr  defects  to  know. 
Make  use  of  every  friend — and  every  foe. — Pope. 
lie  that  but  conceives  a  crime  in  thought, 
Contracts  the  danger  of  an  ixctM^/auli. 

Detden. 

To  Defend,  Protect. 

To  defend  (from  de  and  fendo),  is  literally  to 
ward  off;  to  protect  (from  pro  and  tego)  is  to 
cover  over  so  as  to  secure  against  approaching 
danger.  We  defend  those  who  are  attacked ; 
we  ptrotect  those  who  are  liable  to  injury  or  in- 
vasion. A  fortress  is  defended  by  its  guns,  and 
protected  by  its  wall. 

And  here  th'  access,  ft  frloomy  prove  defends. 
And  here  th'  unnavigable  lake  extends. 

Dryden. 
Leave  not  the  faithful  side 
That  fiave  thee  being,  still  shades  thee  and  protects. 

MiLTOX. 


DEL 


TABLE    OP    STNONTMS. 


D  E  P 


Deference,  Reterexce,  Respect. 

Deference  (from  de  and  fero,  to  defer)  mai-ks 
aa  iucliuation  to  yield  one's  opiuion,  and  to  ac- 
quiesce in  the  sentiments  of  another  in  prefer- 
ence to  one's  own. — Respect  (from  respicio,  to 
look  back  upon)  marks  the  estimation  that  we 
have  for  another,  which  makes  us  look  to  him 
as  worthy  of  hij^h  confidence  for  the  qualities 
of  his  mind  and  heart. — Reverence  (from  re  aud 
vereor,  to  fear)  denotes  a  sliglit  mingUng  of  fear 
with  a  high  degree  of  respect  and  esteem. 

A<^,  rank,  dignity,  and  personal  merit  caU 
for  deference ;  respect  should  be  paid  to  the  wise 
and  good ;  reverence  is  due  to  God,  to  the  au- 
thors of  ovir  being,  and  to  the  sanctity  of  the 
laws. 

Defi:sition,  Explaxatiox,  Desceip- 

TIOX. 
A  definition  (lit.,  tracing  of  limits)  is  ae- 
signed  to  settle  a  thing  in  its  compass  and 
extent ;  an  explanation  (lit.,  making  plain) 
is  intended  to  remove  some  obscurity  or  mis- 
understanding, and  is  therefore  more  extended 
and  minute;  &  description  enters  into  striking 
particulars  with  a  view  to  interest  or  impress 
by  graphic  e£f;ct.  It  is  not  tlicrefore  true, 
though  often  said,  that  description  is  ouly  an 
extended  definition. 

Logicians  distingnish  dejinitioni  into  essential  and 
itccidentat.  An  essential  dejiniticm  states  what  are 
regarded  as  the  constituent  parts  of  the  essence  of  that 
which  is  to  be  defined;  and  an  accidenUtl  dejinition 
lays  down  what  are  regarded  as  circumstances  belong- 
\nz  to  it^  viz.,  properties  Or  accidents,  such  as  causes, 
effects,  &c — FixiUNS. 

Degeadatiox.     See  Abasement. 

To  Degrade.     See  To  DEifEAX,  also 
To  Abase. 

Deist.     See  Ixfidbx. 

Delicacy.     See  Dainty. 

Deuciocs,  Delighifll. 

Delicious  refers  to  the  pleasure  derived  from 
certain  of  the  senses,  particularly  the  taste  and 
1  smell ;  as,  delicious  food,  a  delicious  fragrance. 
Delightful  may  also  refer  to  most  of  the  senses; 
as,  ddightfid  music ;  a  delightful  prospect ;  de- 
lightfil  sensations ;  but  has  a  higher  applica- 
tion to  matters  of  taste,  feeling  and  sentiment ; 
as,  a  delightful  abode,  conversation,  employ- 
ment ;  delightful  scenes,  &c. 

In  his  last  hoars  his  easy  wit  display; 

Like  the  rich  fruit  he  sings,  delicious  in  decay. 

Smith. 
No  sprine.  nor  summer,  on  the  mountain  seen, 
Smiles  with  gay  fruits  or  with  diUghtfal  green. 

Addison. 

Delighted.     See  Glad. 

Delightful.     See  Delicious. 

Delineation.     See  Sketch. 

Delieium.     See  Insanity. 

~"  177 


To  Deliver,  Give  Forth,  Dis- 
charge, Liberate,  Peonounce, 
Utter. 

Deliver  (from  Fr.  delivrer,  from  L.  Uber,  free) 
denotes,  literally,  to  set  free.  Hence  the 
term  is  extensively  apphed  to  cases  where  a 
thing  is  made  to  pass  from  a  confined  slate  to 
one  of  greater  freedom  or  openness.  Hence  it 
may,  in  certain  connections,  be  used  as  synon- 
ymous with  any  or  aU  of  the  above-mentioned 
words,  as  will  be  seen  from  the  following 
examples : — One  who  delivers  a  package  gives 
it  forth ;  one  wlio  delivers  a  cargo  discharges  it ; 
one  who  delivers  a  captive  liberates  him ;  one 
who  delivers  a  message  or  a  discourse  utters  or 
pronounces  it ;  when  a  platoon  of  soldiers  de- 
liver their  fire,  they  stt  it  free  or  give  it  forth. 

To  Delude.     See  To  Mislead. 

Delusion,  Illusion. 

These  words  both  imply  some  deception 
practiced  upon  the  mind. 

An  illusion  (from  illado,  to  make  sport  of) 
is  a  false  show,  a  mere  cheat  on  tlio  fancy  or 
senses.  It  is,  in  other  words,  some  idea  or 
image  presented  to  the  bodily  or  mental  vision 
which  does  not  exist  in  reaUty.— A  delusion 
(from  deludo,  to  lead  astray)  is  a  false  judgment 
usually  affecting  the  real  concerns  of  Ufc.  It 
is,  in  other  words,  an  erroneous  view  of  some- 
thing which  exists  indeed,  but  has  by  no 
means  the  qualities  or  attributes  ascribed  to 
it.  Thus  we  speak  of  the  illusions  of  fancy,  the 
illusions  of  hope ;  illusive  prospects,  illusive  ap- 
pearances, &o.  In  like  manner,  wo  speak  of 
the  delusions  of  stock-jobbing,  the  delusions  of 
political  jugglers,  delusive  appearances  in  trade, 
of  being  deluded  by  a  seeming  excellence.  "  A 
fanatic,  cither  religious  or  political,  is  tho  sub- 
ject of  strong  delusions  ;  while  the  term  illusion 
is  apphed  solely  to  the  visions  of  an  uncon- 
trolled imagination,  the  chimerical  ideas  of  one 
bhnded  by  hope,  passion,  or  credulity,  or  lastly, 
to  spectral  and  other  ocular  deceptions,  to 
which  the  word  delusion  is  never  apphed." — 

WtlATELY. 

To  Demean,  Degrade. 

Tliese  words  have  sometimes  been  inter- 
changed by  our  leachng  Enghsh  writers,  de- 
mean being  considered  as  connected  with  tho 
adjective  mean.  Thus  we  find  in  Shake- 
speare : — 

Now,  ont  of  doubt,  Antipholus  is  mad. 
Else  he  would  never  so  demean  himself. 

This,  liowever,  was  by  no  means  the  established 
usage  among  our  early  writers :  by  whom,  to  a 
great  extent,  the  word  was  taken  to  bo  connect- 
ed with  mien  and  demeanor ;  as  in  Chaucer:  — 
Come  on  with  me  demeane  you  liche  a  maid 
With  shamefast  dredc,  for  ye  slial  speke  1  w.s 
With  her  that  is  the  myrrour,  joy  and  hlisse: 
But  somewhat  strange  and  sad  other  demeane 
She  is. 
This  use  of  tho  word  has  long  been  established 
as  the  only  one  admissiijle;  and  it  is  a  gross 


error  now  to  speak  of  a  man's  demeaning  [i.  e., 
degrading]  himself  by  improper  conduct. 


Dementia. 
Demise. 


See  Insanity. 
See  Death. 


To  Demolish,  Overturn,  Destroy, 
Dismantle,  Ra_ze. 

That  is  overturned  or  overthrown  which  had 
stood  upriglit ;  that  is  destroyed  (from  de  and 
struo,  to  scatter)  whose  component  parts  are 
scattered ;  that  is  demolished  (from  de  and 
moles,  a  pile)  which  had  formed  a  mass  or 
structure ;  that  is  dismantled  (from  dis  and 
mantle,  a  covering)  which  is  stripped  of  its  cov- 
ering ;  as,  a  vessel  of  its  sails,  or  a  fortress  of 
its  bastions,  &c. ;  that  is  razed  which  is  brought 
down  smooth  and  level  to  the  ground.  An 
ancient  pillar  is  overturned  or  overthrown  as  the 
result  of  decay ;  a  city  is  destroyed  by  an  m- 
vasion  of  its  enemies ;  a  building  is  sometimes 
demolished  to  make  way  for  warlike  operations ; 
a  fortress  may  be  dismantled  from  motives  of 
prudence,  in  order  to  render  it  defenseless ;  a 
city  may  be  razed  by  way  of  punishment,  that 
it  may  be  left  as  a  monument  of  pubUc  ven- 
geance. 

Denomination.     See  Name. 
Departure.     See  Death. 

To  Deploee,  Mourn,  Lament,  Be- 
wail, Bemoan. 

Mourn  (lit,  to  be  sad)  is  the  generic  term, 
denoting  a  state  of  grief  or  sadness.  To 
lament  (L.  ktmentor,  to  cry  out)  is  hterally  to 
express  grief  by  outcries,  and  denotes  an  earn- 
est and  strong  expression  of  sorrow.  To  de- 
plore (from  de  and  ploro,  to  weep  over)  marks 
a  deeper  and  more  prolonged  emotion.  To 
bewail  (from  be  and  u'ail)  and  to  bemoan  (from 
be  and  vwatt)  are  appropriate  only  to  cases  of 
poignant  distress,  in  which  the  grief  finds 
utterance  either  in  wailing  or  in  moans  and 
sobs. 

A  man  laments  his  errors,  and  deplores  the 
ruin  they  have  brought  on  his  family;  mothers 
bewail  or  bemoan  the  loss  of  their  children. 

Deponent,  Affiant. 

These  are  legal  terms  describing  a  person 
who  makes  a  written  declaration  under  oath, 
with  a  view  to  estabhsh  certain  facts. 

An  affiant  (from  ad  and  fido,  to  confirm  by 
one's  faith)  is  one  who  makes  an  affidavit,  or 
declaration  under  oath,  in  order  to  establish 
the  truth  of  what  he  says.  A  deponent  (from 
de  and  pono,  to  lay  down  as  true)  is  one  who 
makes  a  deposition,  or  gives  written  testimony 
under  o.ith,  to  be  used  in  the  trial  of  some 
case  before  a  court  of  justice. 

Deposition,  Affidavit. 

-  Affidavit  is  the  wider  term.  It  denotes  the 
statement  of  an  individual  reduced  to  writing 
and  sworn  or  affirmed  to  before  some  officer 

~~  1409  ~~ 


DER 


TABLE    OF    STXONYMS. 


D  I  L 


who  lias  authority  to  administer  an  oath. 
Thus  an  individual  makes  an  affidavit  (as  lay- 
inc  llie  ground  of  asking  an  injunction)  that  he 
is  liable  to  suQ'er  some  injury,  &c.,  from  an- 
other. So  a  sea-captain  makes  an  affidavit  of 
something  extraordinary  he  lias  witnessed  at 
sea. — A  deposition  is  the  testimony  of  a  wit- 
ness who  is  unable  to  attend  a  trial,  reduced 
to  writing  in  due  form  of  law,  and  sworn  or 
afErmed  by  the  deponent.  It  must  be  taken 
before  a  magistrate  under  such  cinmrnstances, 
tliat  both  parties  may  have  an  opportunity  to 
attend  and  ask  questions. 

Depot.     See  Station. 

Depeavatiox.     See  Depkavitt. 

Depraved.     See  Abandoned. 

Depravity,    Depravation,    Cor- 
ruption. 

Depravity  (from  de  and  prams,  wicked)  is  a 
vitiated  state  of  mind  or  feeling;  as,  the  de- 
pravity of  the  human  heart,  depravity  of  public 
morals. — Depravation  (from  the  same)  points 
to  the  act  or  process  of  making  depraved,  and 
hence  to  the  end  thus  reached ;  as,  a  gradual 
depravation  of  principle ;  a  depravation  of  man- 
ners, of  morals,  of  the  heart,  &c. —  Corruption 
(from  con  and  rumpo,  to  break  asunder)  is  the 
only  0110  of  these  words  which  apphes  to 
physical  substances,  and  in  that  connection 
denotes  the  process  by  which  tlieir  component 
parts  are  dissolved.  Hence,  when  figuratively 
used,  it  denotes  an  utter  vitiation  of  principle 
or  feeling. 

Depravity  applies  only  to  the  mind  and 
heart ;  we  can  speak  of  a  depraved  taste,  but 
not  of  depravity  of  taste.  The  other  two  words 
have  a  wider  use :  we  can  speak  of  the  de- 
jiravation  or  the  corruption  of  taste  and  public 
sentiment. — Depravity  is  more  or  less  open ; 
corruption  is  more  or  less  disguised  in  its  ope- 
rations. TVliat  is  depraved  requires  to  be  re- 
formed ;  what  is  corrupt  requires  to  bo  purified. 

To  Depreciate.     See  To  Decry. 
Derangeiient.     See  Insanity. 

To  Deride,  Ridicule,  Mock,  Taunt. 

A  man  may  ridicule  (from  rideo,  to  laugh 
at)  witliout  any  unkiuducss  of  feeling:  his 
object  may  be  to  correct;  as,  to  ridicule  the 
follies  of  the  age. — He  who  derides  (from  de 
and  rideo,  to  make  an  object  of  laughter)  is 
actuated  by  a  severe  and  contemptuous  spirit ; 
as,  to  deride  one  for  his  religious  principle. — 
To  mock  (lit.,  to  imitate  by  way  of  deriding) 
is  stronger,  and  denotes  open  and  scornful 
derision ;  as,  to  mock  at  sin. — To  taunt  {lit,  to 
pierce  with  bitter  words)  is  to  reproach  with 
the  keenest  insult;  as,  to  taunt  one  for  his 
misfortunes. 

Bidicule  consists  more  in  words  than  in  ac- 
tions ;  derision  and  mockery  evince  themselves 
in  actions  as  well  as  words ;  taxints  are  always 
expressed  in  words  of  extreme  bitterness. 

1410 


Description.     See  Account  and 

Definition. 

To  Desert.    See  Abandon. 

Design,  Intention,  Purpose. 
Design  (from  de  and  signo,  to  mark  out)  has 
reference  to  something  definitely  aimed  at. — 
Intention  (from  inteiido,  to  strain  after)  points 
to  the  feelings  or  desires  with  which  a  thing  is 
sought. — Purpose  (from  pro  and  jtono,  to  set 
before  one's  self)  has  reference  to  a  settled 
choice  or  determination  for  its  attainment. 
"I  had  no  design  to  injure  you,"  means,  it 
was  no  part  of  my  aim  or  object.  "  I  had  no 
intention  to  injure  you,"  means,  I  had  no  wish 
or  desire  of  that  kind.  "My  purpose  was 
directly  the  reverse,"  makes  the  case  stiU 
stronger. 

No  prntlent  man  lays  his  (te.<!i(fns  only  for  a  day, 
without  any  prospect  to  the  remaining  part  of  liis  life. 

TiLLOTSON. 

I  wish  others  the  same  good  intention,  anil  greater 
snccesses.  '     Temple, 

Change  this  purpose, 
"Which  being  so  horrible,  so  blootly,  must 
Lead  on  to  some  Ibul  issue.  Suasespease. 

To  Desire,  Request. 

To  desire  (L.  desidero)  is  to  feel  a  wish  or 
want. — To  request  (L.  re  and  qucero,  to  seek)  is 
to  ask  for  its  gratification.  A  man  desires  food, 
and  requests  to  have  it  prepared.  Desire  may 
be  used  for  request  when  the  relations  of  the 
parties  are  such  that  the  expression  of  a  wish 
is  all  that  is  felt  to  be  necessary  to  secure  com- 
pliance. A  man  desires  his  friend  to  write 
often  ;  a  merchant  desires  his  clerk  to  be  more 
careful  in  future.  In  this  latter  case,  from  the 
relations  of  the  parties,  desire  is  stronger  than 
request;  it  imphcs  a  command  or  injunction. 

Despicable.     See  Contemptible. 

To  Despise.     See  To  Contemn. 

Despite  of.     See  ISTotwitustanding. 

Destined.     See  Bound. 

To  Destroy.     See  To  Demolish. 

Determination.     See  Decision. 

To  Detest.     See  To  Hate. 

To  Detract.     See  To  Decet. 

Device,  Contrivance. 
Device  (from  Fr.  deviser,  to  invent)  implies 
more  of  inventive  power;  and  contrivance 
(from  Fr.  con  and  trouver,  to  find  out)  more  of 
skill  and  dexterity  in  execution.  A  device  usu- 
ally has  reference  to  something  worked  out  for 
exhibition  or  show;  a  contrivance  usually  re- 
spects the  arrangement  or  disposition  of  things 
with  reference  to  securing  some  end.  Devices 
were  worn  by  knights-eiTant  on  (heir  shields; 
contrivances  are  generally  used  to  promote  the 
practical  convenience  of  life.  The  word  device 
is  often  used  in  a  bad  sense;  .as,  a  crafty  device; 
contrivance  is  almost  always  used  in  a  good 
sense ;  as,  a  useful  contrivance. 


To  Devise.     See  To  Bequeath. 

Devoted.     See  Addicted. 

Dexterity.     See  Skill. 

Dialect.     See  Idiom,  also  Lan- 
guage. 

Diction,  Style,  Phraseology. 

Style  relates  both  to  language  and  thought ; 
diction  to  language  only;  jjltraseology  to  the 
mechanical  structure  of  sentences  or  the  mode 
in  which  they  are  phrased.  The  style  of  Burke 
was  enriched  with  all  the  higher  graces  of  com- 
position ;  his  diction  was  varied  and  copious ; 
his  phraseology,  at  times,  was  careless  and 
cumbersome. 

"  Diction  is  a  general  term  applicable  alike 
to  a  single  sentence  or  a  connected  composi- 
tion. Errors  in  grammar,  false  construction,  a 
confused  disposition  of  words,  or  an  improper 
apphcation  of  them,  constitutes  bad  diction; 
bat  the  niceties,  the  elegancies,  the  peculiari- 
ties, and  the  beauties  of  composition,  which 
marlf  the  genius  and  talent  of  tlie  writer,  are 
what  is  comprehended  under  the  name  of 
style." — Crabb. 

To  Differ,  Differ  "with.  Differ 

FROM. 

Differ  loith;  dxScr  from. — Differ  ivith  is  used 
in  reference  to  opinions ;  as,  "  I  differ  with  my 
friend  on  that  point."  In  all  other  cases,  ex- 
pressing simple  unlikeness,  differ /f-om  is  used; 
as,  "  These  two  persons  or  things  differ  entirely 
from  each  other."  This  distinction  is  fiiUy  es- 
tablished in  England,  and,  to  a  great  extent,  in 
America 

"  I  differ  with  the  honorable  gentleman  on 
that  point." — Lord  Brougu.^m. 

"  If  the  honorable  gentleman  differs  with  me 
on  that  subject,  I  difier  as  heartUy  with  him, 
and  shall  always  rejoice  to  differ." — Mr.  Can- 

NIXO. 

Difficult.     See  Aeduotts. 

Difficulty.     See  Impediment. 

Diffidence.    See  Humility,  also 

Bashfulness. 

Diffuse.    See  Prolix. 

Dignity.    See  Decorum. 

Dilatory.    See  Slow. 

Diligence,  Industry. 

Industry  has  the  wider  sense  of  the  two,  im- 
plying an  habitual  devotion  to  labor  for  some 
valuable  end,  as  knowledge,  property,  &c.  Dili- 
gence (from  diligo,  to  prefer  or  love)  denotes  earn- 
est application  to  some  specific  object  or  pur- 
suit, which  ivore  or  less  directly  has  a  strong 
hold  on  one's  interests  or  feelings,  A  man  may 
be  dilige:7t  for  a  time,  or  in  seeking  some  favor- 
ite end,  without  meriting  the  title  of  industri- 
ous. Such  was  the  case  with  Fox,  while  Burke 
was  eminent  not  only  for  diligence,  but  indus- 


DIS 


TABLE    OF    SYNONYMS. 


DIS 


ti-y ;  he  n-as  always  at  work,  and  al \TOys  look- 
iug  out  for  some  new  field  of  mental  eflbrt. 
Tho  sweat  of  incfuJitrt/  would  dry  and  die, 
But  for  the  end  it  works  to.         Suakespeare. 
jyUigence  and  accuracy  are  the  only  luerils  which 
-.a  historical  writer  may  asciibe  to  liim:>elf. — Gibbon. 

To  DiirixisH.     See  To  Decrease. 
DiiiSKSS.    See  Darkxess. 

DlRECnOiN',  COXTEOL,  ComiAXD. 

These  words,  aa  here  compared,  have  refer- 
ence to  the  exercise  of  power  over  the  actions 
of  others. 

Control  is  negative,  denoting  power  to  re- 
strain; command  is  positive,  implying  a  right 
to  enforce  obedience;  directions  are  couimands 
containing  instructions  how  to  act.  A  ship- 
master has  the  command  of  his  vessel :  he  gives 
directions  to  the  seamen  as  to  tho  mode  of  sail- 
ing it;  and  exercises  a  due  control  over  the 
conduct  of  the  passengers. 

DlRECTLT,  ImMEDIATELT,  IxSTANTLT. 
Directly  denotes,  without  any  delay  or  diver- 
sion of  attention;  immediately  impUes,  without 
any  interposition  of  other  occupation ;  instant- 
ly implies  without  any  intervention  of  time. 
Hence,  '"I  will  do  it  directly,"  means,  "I  will 
go  straightway  about  it." — "I  will  do  it  imme- 
diately," means,  '■!  will  do  it  as  the  very  next 
thing.'' — •'!  will  do  it  instarUly  or  instantane- 
ously,^ allows  not  a  particle  of  delay. 

Dirty.    See  Nasty. 

Disability,  Ixabtlity. 

Inability  i.?  an  inherent  want  of  power  to 
perform  the  thing  in  question  ;  disability  arises 
from  some  deprivation  or  loss  of  the  needed 
competency.  One  who  becomes  deranged-  is 
under  a  disability  of  holding  his  estate;  and 
one  who  is  mado  a  judge,  of  deciding  in  his 
)vrn  case.  A  man  may  decline  an  office  on 
account  of  his  inability  to  discharge  its  duties ; 
he  may  refuse  to  accept  a  trust  or  employment 
oa  account  of  some  disability  which  prevents 
liim  from  entering  into  such  engagements. 

To  Disappoint.    See  To  Tantauze. 
Disaster.    See  Cai^amity. 

DiSBEUEF,  Unbelief. 

Unbelief  is  a  mere  failure  to  admit ;  disbelief 
is  a  positive  rejection.  One  may  bo  an  unbe- 
liever in  Christianity  from  ignorance  or  want 
of  inquiry ;  a  disbeliever  has  the  proofe  before 
him,  and  incurs  the  guilt  of  setting  them  aside. 
Unbelief  is  usually  open  to  conviction ;  diibe- 
lief  is  already  convinced  as  to  the  Cilsity  of 
that  which  it  rejects. 

Men  often  tell  a  story  in  such  a  manner  that 
we  regard  every  thing  they  say  with  unbelief. 

Familiarity  with  the  worst  parts  of  human 
nature  often  leads  us  into  a  disbelief  in  many 
good  qualitiea  which  really  exist  among  men. 

To  Discern.    See  To  Peecefte. 


DisOEEJriiEiJT,  Penetration,  Dis- 

CKIillNATION. 

Discernment  (from  dis  and  cerno,  to  distin- 
guish) is  accuracy  and  keenness  of  mental 
vision ;  penetration  (from  penetro,  to  enter  mto) 
is  the  power  of  seeing  deeply  into  a  subject  in 
spite  of  every  thing  that  intercepts  the  view ; 
discrimination  (from  discrimen,  a  distinction)  is 
a  capacity  of  tracing  out  minute  distinctions 
;md  the  nicest  shades  of  thought.  A  discern- 
ing man  is  not  easily  misled  ;  one  of  a  penetra- 
ting mind  sees  a  multitude  of  things  which 
escape  others;  a.  discriminating  iMA'^meni  de- 
tects the  slightest  differences. 

To  Discover,  Intent. 

"We  discover  (from  dis  and  cover,  to  lay  open) 
what  existed  before  but  remained  unknown ; 
we  invent  (from  ir.venio,  to  find  out)  by  forming 
combinations  which  are  either  entirely  new  or 
which  attain  their  end  by  means  unknown  be- 
fore. Coltunbus  discovered  America;  'Uliitney 
invented  the  cotton-gin.  Newton  discovered  the 
law  of  gr.avitation ;  GalUeo  invented  the  tele- 
scope. 

DiscRiiiiNATiON.    See  Discernment. 

To  Discuss,  Examine,  Debate 

■We  speak  of  examining  a  subject  (from 
examino,  to  weigh)  when  we  ponder  it  with 
care,  in  order  to  discover  its  real  state  or  tho 
truth  respecting  it. — We  speak  of  disciissing  a 
topic  (from  discutio,  to  shako  asunder)  when 
we  examine  it  thoroughly  in  its  distinct  parts. 
— We  speak  of  debating  a  point  (from  Fr.  de- 
battre,  to  beat,  or  contend  about)  when  we  dis- 
cuss it  in  mutual  argumentation  between  op- 
posing parties. 

Discussion  often  serves  more  for  amusement 
than  for  any  sohd  purpose  ;  examination  is  of 
great  practical  utility  in  the  direction  of  our 
conduct;  debate  often  elicits  important  tniths 
from  the  conflict  of  mind,  which  might  other- 
wise have  been  overlooked. 

To  Disdain.     See  To  Contemn. 
Disdain.     See  IIaughtiness. 

Disease,  Disorder,  Distemper, 
Malady. 

Disease  is  the  leading  medical  term. — Dis- 
order means  the  same,  though  pcrliaps  with 
some  slight  reference  to  an  irregularity  of  tho 
system. — Distemper  (lit.,  bad  temperament)  is 
now  used  by  physicians  only  of  the  diseases  of 
animals. — Malady  (lit.,  a  bad  condition)  is  not  a 
medical  term,  and  is  less  used  than  formerly  in 
literature. 

A  disease  is  usually  deep-seated  and  perma- 
nent, or  at  least  prolonged ;  a  disorder  is  often 
slight,  partial  and  temporary ;  malady  has  less 
of  a  technical  sense  than  the  other  terms,  and 
refers  more  especially  to  the  suffering  endured. 
In  a  figurative  sense  we  speak  of  a  diseased 


mind;  of  disordered  faculties;  and  of  mental 
maladies. 


Diseased. 
To  Disguise. 
Disgust. 
To  Dismantle. 


See  Morbid. 
See  To  Conceal. 
See  Aversion. 
See  To  Demolish. 


To  Dismay,  Daunt,  Appall. 
Dismay  (lit.,  loss  of  strength)  denotes  a  state 
of  deep   and  gloomy  apprehension. — To  daunt 
(lit.,  overpower)  supposes  something  more  sud- 
den and  startling. — To  appall  (lit.,  strike  pale) 
is  the  strongest  term,  implying  a  sense  of  ter- 
ror which  overwhelms  the  faculties. 
So  fiics  a  herd  of  beeves,  that  hear,  dismayed. 
The  lions  roaring  through  the  midnight  shade. 

Pope. 
Jovo  got  such  heroes  as  my  sire,  whose  soul 
No  fear  could  daunt,  nor  earth  nor  hell  control. 

Popz. 
Now  the  last  ruin  tho  whole  host  appttlU  ; 
Now  Greece  has  trembled  in  her  wooden  walls. 

Pope. 

Disorder.    See  Disease. 

To  Disparage.     See  To  Decry. 

Dispatch.     See  IIaste. 

Disposition,  Inclination,Tent)ency. 

These  words  agree  in  describing  a  prevalent 
and  controlling  state  of  the  human  mind. 

A  man's  disposition  is  the  prevailing  spirit  or 
governing  purpose  of  his  mind.^His  incliYM- 
tions  (lit.,  leanings)  are  excited  states  of  desfre 
or  appetency. — Tendency  (lit.,  straining)  is  a 
strong  determination  or  proclivity  toward  some 
particular  mode  of  action.  Our  inclinations  are 
variable ;  our  natural  tendencies  axe  apt  ulti- 
mately to  prevail ;  but  a  disposition  formed  and 
sustained  on  tlie  side  of  virtue  will  give  us  the 
control  of  both. 

Dispute.     See  Altercation. 
To  Dissemble.     See  To  Conceal. 

Dissembler,  Hypocrite. 

A  dissembler  conceals  what  he  is. — A  hypo- 
crite feigns  to  be  what  he  is  not.  When  An- 
dre passed  within  tho  American  lines  in  a 
citizen's  dress,  he  was  a  dissembler;  Arnold, 
whom  he  went  to  visit,  had  long  been  a  h!/po- 
crite. 

Thou  Host,  disfiemhler  ;  on  thy  brow 

I  read  distracted  horrors  figured  in  thy  look?. 

F..r,-.. 
Fair  hypocrite,  you  seek  to  cheat  in  v.nin  ; 
Your  silence  argues  you  ask  time  to  reign. 

Detden. 


Di.stance. 
Distemper. 


See  Piece. 
See  Disease. 


Distinguished,  Eminent,  Conspic- 
uous, Celebrated,  Illustrious. 

A  man  is  eminent  when  he  stands  high  as 
compared  with  those  around  hun ;  conspicuous 

1411 


DRO 


TABLE    OF    SYNONYMS. 


EFF 


when  lio  is  so  elevated  as  to  bo  seen  and  ob- 
served ;  distinguished  when  ho  has  something 
which  makes  liiin  stand  apart  from  others  in 
tlie  public  view ;  celebrated  when  ho  is  widely 
spoken  of  with  honor  and  respect ;  illvMrious 
wlien  a  splendor  is  thrown  around  him  which 
confers  the  highest  dignity.  A  man  eminent 
for  professional  skill ;  distinguislted  for  his  pub- 
lie  service3 ;  coiv^j'icuous  for  his  achievements ; 
celebrated  for  his  deeds  of  beneficence ;  illus- 
trious for  his  virtues. 

Distress.     See  Affliction. 
DiuENAL.     See  Daily. 

Doctrine,  Precept. 

Doctrine  (from  doceo,  to  teach)  denotes  what- 
ever is  recommended  as  a  speculative  truth  to 
the  belief  of  others. — Precept  (from  2^recipio,  to 
take,  or  assume  in  advance)  is  a  rule  laid  down 
to  be  obeyed.  Doctrine  supposes  a  teacher; 
precejit  supposes  a  superior  with  a  right  to  com- 
mand. The  doctrines  of  the  Bible ;  the  pre- 
cepts of  our  holy  rehgion. 

Unjiracticeil  he  to  fawn  or  seek  for  power 
By  doctrines  fashioned  to  the  varying  hour. 

Goldsmith. 

Esporience,  s\ovr  preceptress,  teaching  oft 
Tlie  way  to  gJoi-y  by  miscarriage  Ibul, 
Must  prompt  liim. — Cowpee. 

Dogma,  Tenet. 

A  tenet  (from  feneo,  to  hold)  is  that  which  is 
maintained  as  true  with  great  firmness  ;  as,  the 
tenets  of  our  holy  religion.  A  dogma  (Gr.  set- 
tled doctrine  or  article  of  faith)  is  that  which  is 
laid  down  with  authority  as  indubitably  true  ; 
as,  the  dogmas  of  the  church.  A  tenet  rests  on 
its  own  intrinsic  merits  or  demerits ;  a  dogma 
rests  on  what  is  regarded  as  competent  power 
to  decide  and  determine.  Dogma,  has  in  our 
language  acquired,  to  some  extent,  a  repulsive 
sense,  from  its  carrying  with  it  the  idea  of  au- 
thority or  undue  assumption.  This  is  more 
fully  tlia  case  with  its  derivatives,  dogmatical 
and  dogmatism. 

Tlie  dogmas  of  the  Romish  church  are  admitted  by 
none  but  such  as  admit  its  authority:  the  tenets  of 
republicans,  levelers,  and  freetliinkers,  have  been  un- 
blushingly  maintained  both  in  public  and  private. — 
Crabb. 

Dogmatical.     See  Magisterial, 

Domineering.     See  Imperious. 

Donation.     See  Gift. 

Dread.     See  Awe. 

Dreadful.     See  Frightful. 

Drive.     See  Ride. 

Droll,  Laughable,  Comical. 

Laughable  is  the  generic  term,  denoting  any- 
thing calculated  to  excite  laughter;  comical 
denotes  something  humorous  of  the  kind  ex- 
hibited in  comedies ;  droll  stands  lower  on  the 
scale,  being  derived  from  the  French  drole,  a 

14l2 


buffoon  or  antic,  who  awakened  laughter  by 
queer  tricks,  &c. 

A  laughable  incident ;  a  comical  adventure ; 
a  droll  story. 

They  'U  not  show  their  teeth  in  way  of  smile. 
Though  Nestor  swear  the  jest  be  laughable. 

Shakespeare, 
a  comic  subject  loves  a  humble  voice. 

Roscom,mos. 
Dcmocritus  dear  <h-ott,  revisit  earth. 
And  with  our  follies  glut  thy  heightened  niirtli, 

Priok. 

Drunkenness,   Intoxication,  Ine- 
briation. 

Drunkenness  refers  more  to  the  habit  of  ex- 
cessive drinking ;  intoxication  and  inebriation 
to  specific  acts. 

The  first  two  words  are  extensively  used  in 
a  figurative  sense  ;  a  person  is  intoxicated  with 
success,  and  is  drunk  with  joy.  "  This  plan  of 
empire  was  not  taken  up  in  the  first  intoxica- 
tion of  unexpected  success." — Burke. — "  Pas- 
sion is  the  drunkenness  of  the  mind." — South. 

Dull.     See  Lifeless. 

Dumb.     See  Mute. 

Durable.     See  Lasting. 


E. 

Eager,  Earnest. 

Eager  {lit,  sharp,  keen-set)  marks  an  ex- 
cited state  of  desire  or  passion ;  thus  a  child 
is  eager  for  a  plaything,  a  hungry  man  is  eager 
for  food,  a  covetous  man  is  eager  for  gain. 
Crabb  is  too  strong,  liowever,  in  saying,  "  Ea- 
gerness is  mostly  faulty,  it  cannot  be  too  early 
restrained."  He  might  more  properly  have 
said,  "  It  is  liable  to  frequent  abuses,  and  is 
used  in  a  bad  as  well  as  good  sense." — Earnest 
{lit,  reaching  out,  yearning)  denotes  a  per- 
manent state  of  rairid,  feeling  or  sentiment.  It 
is  always  taken  in  a  good  sense;  as,  a  preacher 
is  earnest  in  his  appeals  to  the  conscience ;  an 
agent  is  earnest  in  his  solicitations. 

Of  actions  eager,  and  intent  of  thought, 
The  chiefs  your  honorable  danger  sought. 

Dp.yden's  Ovid. 
On  that  prospect  str.ange. 
Their  earnest  oyes  tliey  fixed  ;  imagining, 
For  one  forbidden  tree,  a  multitude 
Now  risen,  to  work  them  further  woe  or  shame. 

MlLTO.V. 

Earnest.     See  Eager. 

Earnest,  Pledge. 

These  words  are  here  compared  as  used  in 
their  figurative  sense. 

An  earnest,  like  first-fruits,  gives  assurance 
that  more  is  coming  of  the  same  kind  ;  s,  pledge, 
like  money  deposited,  affords  security  and 
ground  of  reliance  for  the  future.  Washington 
gave  earnest  of  his  talent  as  a  commander  by 
saving  his  troops  after  Braddock's  defeat ;  his 
fortitude  and  that  of  his  soldiers  during  the 


winter  at  Valley  Forge,  were  a  pledge  of  their 
ultimate  triumph. 

Whic  I  leader  shall  the  doubtful  victory  bless. 
And  give  an  earnest  of  the  war's  success. 

Waller. 
That  voice  their  WvcWe^i  pledge 
Of  hope  in  fears  and  dangers.  Milton. 

Economy,  Frugality,  Parsimony. 

Economy  avoids  all  waste  and  extravagance, 
and  applies  money  to  the  best  advantage  ;  fru- 
gality cuts  off  all  indulgences,  and  proceeds  on 
a  sj'stem  of  rigid  and  habitual  saving ;  parsi- 
mony is  frugality  carried  to  an  extreme,  involv- 
ing meanness  of  spirit  and  a  sordid  mode  of 
living.  Economy  is  a  virtue,  and  parsimony  a 
vice.  Frugality  may  lean  to  the  one  or  the 
other,  according  to  the  motives  from  which  it 
springs. 

I  have  no  other  notion  of  economy,  than  that  it  is 
the  parent  to  liberty  and  ease. — Swift. 

The  boundaries  of  virtues  arc  indivisible  lines:  it  is 
impossible  to  march  up  close  to  the  frontiers  of  fru- 
gality, without  entering  the  territories  of /)a;'6/j«o«y. 
— Aebdthnot's  John  Bull. 

Edict.     See  Law. 

Education,  Instruction,  Teaching, 
Breeding. 

Education  (from  educo)  is  properly  to  draw 
forth ;  and  implies,  not  so  much  the  communi- 
cation of  knowledge  as  the  discipline  of  the 
intellect,  the  establishment  of  the  principles, 
and  the  regulation  of  the  heart. — Instruction 
(from  instruo,  to  equip)  is  that  part  of  education 
which  furnishes  the  mind  mth  knowledge. — 
Teaching  is  the  same,  being  simply  more  famil- 
iar.— Breeding  relates  to  the  manners  and  out- 
ward conduct. 

"  What,"  says  Dr.  Trench,  "is  education?  is  it  a 
furnishing  of  a  man  from  without  with  knowledge 
and  facts  and  information?  or  is  it  a  drawing  forth 
from  within  and  a  training  of  the  spirit  of  the  true 
humanity  wliich  is  latent  within  him  ?  Is  tlie  process 
of  education  the  filling  of  the  child's  mind,  as  a  cis- 
tern is  filled  with  w.ater  brought  in  buckets  from 
some  other  source,  cir  the  opcnini:  up  of  its  own  foun- 
tains? It  is  to  draw  out,  and  not  to  put  in.  To  draw 
out  what  is  in  the  child,  the  immortal  spirit  which  is 
there,  this  is  the  end  of  education ;  and  so  much  the 
word  declares  The  putting  in  is  indeed  most  need- 
ful, that  is,  the  child  must  bo  instructed  as  well  as 
educated,  and  the  word  instruction  just  moans  fur- 
nishing; but  not  instructed  instead  of  educated.  lie 
must  first  have  powers  awakened  in  him,  measures  of 
spiritual  value  given  him  ;  and  then  he  will  know 
how  to  deal  with  the  facts  of  this  outward  world; 
then  instruction  in  theso  will  profit  him:  but  not 
without  the  higher  training,  still  less  as  a  substitute 
for  it."— Stddt  of  Woeds. 

Effect,  Consequence,  Result. 

These  words  indicate  things  which  arise  out 
of  some  antecedent  or  follow  as  a  consequent. 

Effect  (from  ejfficio,  to  produce)  is  the  strong- 
est term,  and  denotes  that  which  springs  di- 
rectly from  something  which  can  properly  be 
termed  a  cause. — A  consequence  (from  con  and 
sequor,  to  follow)  is  more  remote,  not  being 
strictly  caused  nor  yet  a  mere  sequence,  but 
flowing  out  of  and  following   sometliing  on 


ELE 


TABLE    OF    SYNOSYilS. 


EPI 


■which  it  truly  depends. — A  resafl  (from  re  and 
sitUo,  to  bound  back)  is  still  more  remote  and 
variable,  like  the  rebound  of  an  elastic  body 
which  falls  in  very  diiTereat  directions.  A 
consequence  may  be  compared  to  the  track 
which  follows  in  the  wake  of  a  ship  and  is  oc- 
casioned by  her  motioiL  A  result  may  be 
compared  to  the  action  produced  ou  a  ball 
when  thrown  against  the  side  of  a  house.  This 
will  Tary  according  to  the  force  of  the  throw, 
the  hardness  of  the  wall,  and  the  elasticity  of 
the  ball  We  may  foresee  the  effects  of  a 
j  measure,  may  conjecture  its  consequences,  but 
can  rarely  discover  its  final  results. 

Tlie  lightnins:  is  far  off,  yet  soon  as  seen, 

"We  may  behold  the  terrible  e^ect^ 

That  it  proiluceth.  MiSstSGEE, 

Shan  the  bitter  con^quence,  for  know. 
The  day  thoa  eatest  thereof^  thou  shalt  die. 

MlLTOX. 

Then  of  their  session  ended,  they  bid  cry 
"With  trumpets'  regal  sound  the  grand  rextilt 

MlLTOX. 

To  Effect.     See  To  Accomplish. 

Effect.     See  Coxseqcenxe. 

Effort.     See  Endeavor. 

Effrontery.     See  Lupcdence. 

EcoTisir,  Self-coxceit,  Yanitt. 

Sdf-conceit  is  an  overweening  opinion  of 
one's  talents  and  capabilities;  egotism  is  the 
acting  out  of  self-conceit  or  self-importance  in 
words  and  exterior  conduct ;  tanity  is  inflation 
of  mind  arising  from  tho  idea  of  being  thought 
highly  of  by  others. 

"  A  self-conceited  man  sees  by  intuition  what 
another  learns  by  experience  and  observation ; 
he  knows  in  a  day  what  others  want  years  to 
acquire ;  ho  learns  of  himself  what  others  are 
contented  to  get  by  means  of  in.structioD." — 
''Ths  egotistical  man  makes  himself  tho  darling 
theme  of  contemplation;  ho  admires  and  loves 
himself  to  that  degree  that  ho  can  talk  of 
nothing  else." — '■Vanity  shows  itself  by  its 
eagerness  to  catch  the  notice  of  others." — 
Craeb. 

To  Elect.     See  To  Choose. 
Elegance,  Grace. 

Elegance  (from  digo,  to  choose  out)  implies 
something  of  a  select  style  of  beauty,  which  is 
nstjally  produced   by  art,  skill,  or  training ; 
I  as,   elegance  of  manners,    composition,   hand- 
I  writing,   &C. ;      elegant    fixmiture,    an    elegant 
I  house,  &c. —  Grace,  as  the  term  is  here  used, 
refers  to  bodily  movements,  and  is  a  lower  or- 
der of  beauty.    It  may  be  a  natural  gift ;  thus, 
the  manners  of  a  peasant-girl  may  bo  graceful, 
but  can  hardly  be  called  degani. 

Tbes«  choicely  culled,  and  eleganttt/  arranged. 
Shall  f  >rm  a  garland  for  Narcissa's  touib: 
A  perad venture,  of  no  fading  flowers. 

TOTTNG. 

Grace  was  in  all  her  steps,  heaven  in  her  eye. 
In  all  her  gestures  dignity  and  lore.      Milton. 


To  Embarrass,  Puzzle,  Perplex. 

"We  are  puzded  (from  the  root  o(  pose,  to 
brmg  to  a  stand)  when  our  faculties  are  con- 
fused by  something  we  do  not  imderstaud.^ 
We  are  perplexed  (from  per  and  pLxus,  en- 
tangled, as  if  tied  up)  when  our  feelings  as 
well  as  judgment  are  so  aflected  that  we  know 
not  how  to  decide  or  act — We  are  emhar- 
rasfel  (from  Fr.,  embarras,  a  bar  or  restraint) 
when  there  is  some  bar  or  hinderance  upon  us 
which  impedes  our  powers  of  thought,  speech, 
or  motion.  A  school-boy  is  puzzled  by  a  diffi- 
cult sum ;  a  reasoner  is  perplexed  by  the  subtle- 
ties of  his  opponent ;  a  youth  is  sometimes  so 
embai-rassed  by  the  presence  of  strangers,  as  to 
lose  his  presence  of  mind. 

To  EiiBELLisH.     See  To  Adorn. 
To  Esiend.     See  To  Amend. 
Eminent.     See  Distinguished 

Emotion,  Feeling,  Agitation. 

Feeling  is  the  weaker  term,  and  may  be  of 
the  body  or  the  mind. — Emotion  is  of  the  mind 
alone,  being  the  excited  action  of  some  inward 
susceptibility  or  feeling ;  as,  an  emotion  of  pity, 
terror,  &c. — Agitation  may  be  bodily  or  mental, 
and  usually  arises  in  the  latter  case  from  a  ve- 
hement struggle  between  contending  desires  or 
emotions.     See  Passiox. 

"Agitations  have  but  one  character,  viz., 
that  of  violence ;  emotions  vary  wilh  tho  ob- 
jects that  awaken  them.  There  are  emotions 
either  of  tenderness  or  anger,  either  gentle  or 
strong,  either  painful  or  pleasing." — Cbabb. 

Empirical.     See  Transcendental. 

To  EjtPLOT.     See  To  I'se. 

Empty.     See  Vacant. 

Emulation,  CoiiPETinoN,  Rivalry. 

Competition  (ixom  cum  and  peto,  to  seek)  is 
the  struggle  of  two  or  more  i^ersons  for  the 
same  object. — Emulation  is  an  ardent  desire 
for  superiority  arising  from  competition,  but 
not  implying,  of  necessity,  any  unproper  feeling. 
— Rivalry  is  a  personal  contest,  and  almost,  of 
course,  gives  rise  to  envy,  resentment,  or  de- 
traction. 

"  Competition  and  emulation  have  honor  for 
their  basis ;  rivalry  is  but  a  desire  for  selfish 
gratification.  Competition  and  emulation  ani- 
mate to  effort ;  rivalry  usually  produces  hatred. 
Competition  and  emulation  seek  to  merit  suc- 
cess; rivalry  is  contented  with  obtaining  it." — 
Ceabb. 

Encomium.     See  Eulogy. 
Encounter.     See  Contest. 
Endeavor.     See  Attempt. 

Endeavor,  Effort,  Exertion, 
Struggle. 

Endeavor  is  the  widest  term. — An  effort  (from 


e  and /ero,  to  put  forth)  is  a  vigorous  endeavor 
or  taxing  of  our  powers  on  some  special  occa- 
sion.— An  exertion  {lit.,  straining)  is  a  peculiarly 
earnest  and  prolonged  cflbrt. — A  struggle  is  a 
violent  and  exhausting  efibrt  (lit.,  a  twisting  or 
contortion  of  the  body.)  "  Ordinary  endeavors 
will  not  now  avail ;  every  possible-  effort  must 
be  made ;  we  miist  strain  all  our  exertions,  and 
struggle  to  tiie  utmost." 

"A  tradesman  uses  his  best  endeavors  to 
please  his  customers;  a  combatant  makes  des- 
perate efforts  to  overcome  his  antagonist;  a 
candidate  for  public  honors  uses  great  exertions 
to  surpass  his  rivals." — Crabb. 

Enemy.     See  Adversary. 
Engagement.     See  Battle. 

To  Engulf.     See  To  Absorb. 

To  Enlarge.     See  To  Increase. 

Enmitt.     See  Rancor. 

Enormous,  Immense,  Excessive. 

We  speak  of  a  thing  as  enormous  (fix>m  e  and 
norma,  a  rule)  when  it  overpasses  its  ordinary 
law  of  existence,  and  becomes,  so  to  speak,  oft- 
normal  in  its  magnitude,  degree,  &c. ;  as,  a  man 
of  enormous  strength,  a  deed  of  ertormous  wick- 
edness.— Immense  and  excessive  are  figurative 
terms  used  to  intensify,  and  are  somewhat  in- 
definite in  their  degree  of  strength. 

Enormous  size,  an  enormous  crime ;  an  im- 
mense expenditure  ;  excessive  prodigality. 
"  Complaisance  becomes  servitude  when  it  is 
excessive." — Eochefoccauld. 

To  Ensue.     See  To  Follow. 
To  Entertain.     See  To  Amuse 

Enthusiasm,  Fanaticism. 

Enthusiasm  was  formerly  used  for  heat  of 
imagination,  especially  in  religion  ;  but  this 
sense  is  now  more  commonly  confined  Xo  fanat- 
icism, which  denotes  wild  and  extravagant  no- 
tions on  this  subject,  often  leading  to  the  most 
dangerous  delusions.  The  term  fanaticism  is 
also  sometimes  extended  to  other  subjects  be- 
sides reHgion. 

The  enthusiasm  of  genius;  enthusiastic  at- 
tachment to  the  fine  arts.  The  fanaticism  of 
opposing  religious  sects.  '"  Fanatia'sm  is  to 
superstition  what  rage  is  to  anger." — YoL- 
taire. 

To  Entice.     See  To  Allure. 

Entire.     See  Whole,  also  Radical. 

To  Entreat.     See  To  Beseech. 

Epithet,  Title. 

Tlie  name  epithet  was  formerly  extended  to 
nouns  which  give  a  title  or  describe  character 
(as  har,  &c.),  but  is  now  confined  wholly  to  ad- 
jectives. Some  rhetorical  writers  (as  Wliately 
restrict  it  still  further,  considering  the  term 
epithet  as  belonging  only  to  a  limited  class  of  j 

"  ITis  " 


EQU 


TABLE    OF    SYNONYMS. 


EVE 


adjectives,  viz.,  those  which  add  notliing  to  the 
sense  of  their  uouii,  but  simply  hold  forth  some 
quality  necessarily  implied  tlierein,  as,  the 
bright  sun,  the  lofty  heavens,  &c.  But  neither 
Jolmson,  Richardson,  nor  Webster  has  imposed 
this  restriction,  which  certainly  does  not  pre- 
vail in  general  literature. 

Epitome.     See  Abridgment. 


Epoch,  Era. 

These  two  words  have  been  greatly  inter- 
changed, but  are  now  undergoing  a  separation 
which  may  thus  be  stated : 

Epoch  (from  Gr.  M  and  f,t<J,  to  hold  or  rest) 
denotes  a  restin(j  iMce,  or  period  in  the  pro- 
gress of  event?,  where  some  important  occur- 
rence talies  place.  Thus  we  speak  of  the 
Cliristian  epoch,  or  period  of  Christ's  coming 
into  the  world;  we  speak  of  the  epoch  of  the 
Reformation,  the  epoch  of  maritime  discoveiy, 
&c. — An  era  (of  disputed  derivation)  is  a  point 
from  which  chronologers  reckon  their  dates. 
It  is  usually  (but  not  always)  some  epoch  ;  as, 
the  Christian  era,  the  Mohammedan  era,  &c. 
Hence,  era  is  applied  in  a  secondary  sense  to 
those  epodis  which  become  the  starting-pnints 
of  subsequent  events,  though  not  of  chronologj'. 
Thus,  we  speak  of  the  era  of  the  Reformation, 
when  we  think  of  it  as  opening  the  way  for  a 
new  scries  of  events ;  of  the  eras  in  geology, 
&o.  Had  we  been  thinking,  simply,  of  the 
time  at  which  these  events  took  place,  we 
sliould  have  called  them  epoclis. 

Equity.      See  Justice. 

Equivocal,   Ambiguous. 

We  call  an  expression  ambiguous  (from  Gr. 
ufi(pl,  around,  and  ayu,  to  lead)  when  it  has 
one  general  meaning,  and  yet  contains  certain 
words  which  may  be  taken  in  two  different 
senses ;  or  certain  clauses  which  can  be  so  con- 
nected with  other  clauses,  as  to  divide  tlio 
mind  between  different  views  of  part  of  the 
meaning  intended. — Wo  call  an  expression 
equivocal  (from  L.  equa,  and  vox)  when  taken 
as  a  whole,  it  conveys  a  given  thought  with 
perfect  clearness  and  proprietj',  and  also  an- 
other thought  with  equal  propriety  and  clear- 
ness. Such  were  the  responses  often  given  by 
the  Delphic  oraclo ;  as  that  to  Croesus  when 
consulting  about  a  war  with  Persia,  "  If  you 
cross  the  Ilalys  you  will  destroy  a  great  em- 
pire." This  he  applied  to  the  Persian  empire 
wliich  lay  beyond  that  river;  and  having 
crossed,  destroyed  his  own  empire  in  the  con- 
nict.  What  is  ambiguous  is  a  mere  blunder  of 
language ;  what  is  equivocal  is  usually  intended 
to  deceive,  though  it  may  occur  at  times  from 
mere  inadvertence.  Equivocation,  however,  is 
applied  only  to  cases  where  there  is  a  design 
to  deceive. 

To  Equivocate.     See  To  Pkevaiu- 

GATE. 


Ekeoe.     See  Blundee. 

Erudition.     See  Liteeatuee. 

To  Escort.     See  To  Accompany. 

Especial.     See  Peculiae. 

Esteem.     See  Estimate. 

Estimate,  Estimation,  Esteem. 

The  noun  estimate,  like  its  verb,  supposes 
chiefly  an  exercise  of  judgment  in  determining 
the  amount,  importance,  or  magnitude  of  things, 
with  their  other  exterior  relations ;  as,  an  esti- 
mate of  expenses  incurred,  a  true  estimate  of 
life,  &c. — Estiem  (from  estimo,  to  value)  is  a 
moral  sentiment  made  up  of  respect  and  at- 
tachment— the  valuation  of  a  person  as  posses- 
sing useful  qualities  or  real  worth.  Thus  wo 
speak  of  the  esteem  of  the  wise  and  good,  as  a 
thing  greatly  to  be  desu'cd,  Estimcdion  seems 
to  waver  between  the  two.  In  our  version  of 
the  Scriptures  it  is  used  simply  for  "  estimate:" 
as,  "  if  he  be  poorer  in  thy  estimation." — Levit., 
xxvii.  8.  In  other  cases,  it  verges  toward 
esteem ;  as,  "  I  know  him  to  be  of  worth  and 
worthy  estimation" — Shak.  It  will  probably 
settle  down  at  last  on  this  latter  sense. 

Esteem  is  tlio  Viiluc  we  pl.ico  upon  some  degree  of 
worth.  It  is  higher  than  simple  approbation,  which  is 
n  tleeision  of  ja<l??ment.  It  is  the  commencement  of 
alTeciion.— CoGAN. 

No  ;  dear  as  freedom  is  and  in  my  heart's 
Just  cstimutioii  prized  above  all  price. 

CoWPEK. 

To  Estimate.     See  To  Appreciate. 

To   Estimate,  Esteem. 

Both  these  words  imply  an  exercise  of  the 
judgment. 

Estimate  has  reference  especially  to  the  ex- 
ternal relations  of  things,  such  as  amount, 
magnitude,  importance,  &c.  It  usually  in- 
volves computation  or  calculation  ;  as,  to  esti- 
mate the  loss  or  gain  of  an  enterprise.  Esteem 
(from  estiim,  to  set  a  value  on)  has  reference  to 
the  tnio  character  or  standing  of  a  thing — its 
intrinsic  value  or  merits.  Thus,  we  esteem  it 
an  honor  to  be  inhabitants  of  a  free  country. 
Wlien  thus  applied  to  thmgs,  it  nearly  coin- 
cides with  consider,  differing  from  tho  latter 
only  as  implying,  that  we  value  the  thing  in 
question.  When  applied  to  persons,  esteem  is 
used  in  a  moral  sense,  and  implies  a  mingled 
sentiment  of  respect  and  attachment  Tlius, 
we  esteem  a  man  for  his  uniform  integrity ;  wo 
esteem  a  lawyer  for  his  candor  and  fairness ;  we 
esteem  a  magistrate  for  his  devotion  to  the  pub- 
lic good.     See  also,  To  Appreci-vte. 

Estimation.  See  Estimate. 
Eternal.  See  Everlasting. 
Eucharist.     See  Sacka^^iext. 


Eulogy,  Encomium,  Panegyric. 

The  idea  of  praise  is  common  to  all  these 
words. 

The  word  encomium  is  used  as  to  both  per- 
sons and  things,  and  denotes  warm  praise. 
Euh.gium  and  eulogy  apply  only  to  persons,  and 
are  more  prolonged  and  studied.  A  panegyric 
(from  Gr,  full  assembly)  was  originally  a  .=et 
speech  in  a  full  assembly  of  tho  people,  and 
hence  denotes  a  more  formal  eulogy,  couched 
in  terms  of  warm  and  continuous  praise. 

We  may  bestow  encomiums  on  any  work  of 
art,  or  production  of  genius,  without  reference 
to  the  performer ;  we  bestow  eulogies,  or  pro- 
nounce a  culogium  upon  some  individual  dis- 
tinguished for  Ins  merit  or  pulilic  services ;  we 
pi'onounco  a  panegyric  either  before  au  as.sem- 
bly,  who  are  met  for  the  occasion,  or  as  the 
spontaneous  expression  of  our  fecUngs  in  our 
ordmaiy  intercourse  with  others. 

To  Evade.     See  To  Prevaricate. 

Event,  Occperence,  Incident,  Cir- 
cumstance. 

An  event  (from  e  and  venio,  to  come  out  of) 
denotes  tliat  which  arises  from  a  preceding 
state  of  things.  Hence,  we  speak,  of  watching 
the  event ;  of  tracing  the  progress  of  ei-fJite.  It 
never  stands  insulated,  but  marks  au  effect  or 
result — An  occurrence  (from  ob  and  curro,  to 
strike  upon)  has  no  reference  to  any  antece- 
dents, but  simply  marks  that  which  meets  us 
in  our  progress  through  life,  as  if  by  chance,  or 
in  tho  course  of  divine  providence.  The  things 
which  thus  meet  us,  if  important,  are  usually 
connected  with  antecedents ;  and  hence  event 
is  the  leading  term.  In  our  Declaration  of  In- 
dependence, it  is  said,  "  Wlien  in  the  course  of 
human  events,  it  becomes  necessary,"  &c.  Here, 
"occurrences"  would  bo  out  of  place. — An  in- 
cident (from  in  and  cado,  to  fall  in)  is  (hat 
which  falls  into  a  state  of  things  to  which  it 
does  not  primarily  belong ;  as,  tho  incidents  of 
a  journey.  Tiie  term  is  usually  apphed  to 
things  of  secondary  importance. — A  circum- 
stance is  one  of  tho  circumstaniia,  or  things 
surrounding  us  in  our  path  of  life.  These  may 
differ  greatly  In  importance ;  but  they  are 
always  outsiders  which  operate  upon  us  from 
without,  o.^erting  greater  or  less  influence  ac- 
cording to  their  intrinsic  importance. 

A  per.son  giving  an  account  of  a  campaign, 
might  dwell  on  the  leading  events  which  it  pro- 
duced ;  might  mention  some  of  its  striking 
occurrences ;  might  allude  to  some  remarkable 
incidents,  which  attended  it ;  and  might  give 
the  details  of  the  favorable  or  adverse  circum- 
stances which  marked  its  progress. 

Everlasting,  Eternal. 

Eternal  denotes  that  which  has  neither  bo- 
ginning  nor  end ;  everlasting  is  sometimes  used 
in  our  vcr.=ion  of  the  Scriptures  in  the  sense  of 
eternal;  as,  "Thou  art  from  everlasting,"  but 


EXC 


TABLE    OP    SYNONYMS. 


FAL 


in  modem  usage,  eve  lasting  is  confined  to  the 
fiiture,  and  denotes  that  wliich  is  without  end. 

"Whether  we  shall  meet  a^in  I  know  not ; 
Therelbro  our  ererlastiiig  farewell  take: 
Forever  and  forever,  farewell,  Ca^^itus. 

SUAKESPKABE. 

EviDExcE.    See  Testijioxt. 

EvTDEXT.     See  Maxtfest. 

Exact.     See  Acctrate. 

To  ExA^rryE.     See  To  Discuss. 

Example,  Ixstaxce. 

This  comparison  relates  to  eases  in  which 
we  give  " instances'  or  "examples"  of  things. 

An  instance  (from  in  and  sio,  to  stand)  de- 
notes the  single  case  then  "standing"  before 
as:  if  there  be  others  like  it,  the  word  does 
not  express  this  fact.  On  the  contraiy,  an  ex- 
ample (from  exemplum)  is  one  of  an  entire  class 
of  hke  things,  and  should  be  a  true  representa- 
tive or  sampk  of  that  class.  Hence,  an  exam- 
ple  proves  a  rule  or  regular  course  of  things; 
an  instance  simply  points  out  what  may  be  true 
only  in  the  case  presented.  A  man's  life  mav 
be  filled  up  with  examples  of  the  self-command 
and  kindness  which  marked  his  character; 
and  may  present  only  a  solitary  ins!ar.ce  of 
haste  or  severity.  Hence,  the  word  "example" 
should  never  be  used  to  describe  what  stands 
single  and  alone.  'We  do,  however,  sometimes 
apply  the  word  instance  to  what  is  really  an  eoc- 
ampk,  because  we  are  not  thinking  of  the  latter 
tmder  this  aspect,  but  solely  as  a  case  which 
"stands  before  us." 

Example.    See  Peeckdent. 
To  Exasperate.    See  To  IitRixAXE. 

Except,  But. 

Both  these  words  are  used  in  excluding,  but 
with  this  difference,  that  except  does  it  more 
pointedly.  "  I  have  finished  all  the  letters  ex- 
cept OTie,"  is  more  marked  than  "  I  have  finished 
all  the  letters  but  one." 

The  same  remarks  apply  to  excepting,  and 
unVi  the  exception  of;  as,  "  excepting  -a  single 
case,  nothing  more  remains  to  be  attended  to." 

"  With  the  exception  of  one  individual,  I  have 
no  complaint  to  make  against  the  members  of 
that  family.    See  also  Unless. 

"  People  come  into  the  world  in  Turkey  the  same  way 
Ihey  do  here  :  and  yet,  ^xrrptin-^  the  royal  ijimily,  they 
get  bat  little  by  it  * — Collixp.. 

To  Excite,  Incite. 

When  we  excite  (from  ex  and  cito,  to  rouse) 
we  rouse  into  action  feelings  which  were  less 
strong;  when  we  incite  (from  in  and  cito,  to 
rouse)  we  urge  forward  to  acts  correspondent 
to  the  feelings  awakened.  Demosthenes  excited 
the  pasrions  of  the  Athenians  against  Philip, 
and  thus  incited  the  whole  nation  to  unite  in  the 
war  against  him. 

Antony  by  his  speech  over  the  body  of 
Csesar  so  excited  the  feelings  of  the  populace, 


that  Brutus  and  his  companions  were  compelled 
to  t!ee  from  Eome;  many,  however,  were  in- 
cited to  join  their  standard  not  only  by  their 
love  of  fiberty  but  their  hopes  of  plunder. 

Excursion.    See  Journey. 

Excuse.    See  Apology. 

Execration.    See  Malediction. 

To  Execute.    See  To  Accomplish. 

Exertion.    See  Attempt. 

To  Exile.    See  To  Banish. 

To  Exonerate.    See  To  Absolve. 

To  Expect,  Think,  Believe. 

Expect  (from  ex  and  ^pecto,  to  look  out  for,) 
has  always  a  reference  to  tlie  future.  It  may 
be  used  either  seriously  or  familiarly;  as,  a  per- 
son expects  to  die,  or  he  expects  to  survive,  but 
in  either  case,  it  always  has  reference  to  a 
coming  event. — Thiitk  and  believe  have  refer- 
ence to  the  past  and  present  as  well  as  to  the 
future;  as,  "I  think  the  mail  has  arrived,"  "  I 
believe  he  is  at  home."  T\'e  have,  in  this  coun- 
try, a  very  common  use  of  expect  which  is  a 
confiision  of  the  two ;  as,  "  I  expect  the  mail  has 
arrived,"  "I  expect  he  is  at  home."  TIjis  blun- 
der, which  is  for  too  common  among  even  edu- 
cated persons,  ought  to  be  studiously  avoided 
by  every  one. 

To  Expect.    See  To  Anticipate. 
Expeditious.    See  Prompt. 

Expel.    See  To  Banish. 

ExPERTNESS.    See  Facility. 

Explanation.    See  Definition. 

Explicit,  Express. 

Explicit  (from  ex  and  plico,  to  unfold)  denotes 
something  which  is  set  forth  in  the  plainest 
language,  so  that  it  can  not  be  misunderstood  ; 
as,  an  explicit  promise. — Express  (from  exprimo, 
to  form  by  pressure)  is  stronger  than  explicit  : 
it  adds  force  to  clearness. 

An  express  promise  or  engagement  is  not 
only  unambiguous,  but  stands  out  (expressed)  in 
bold  rehef;  with  the  most  binding  hold  on  the 
conscience. 

An  explicit  statement;  a  clear  and  explicit 
notion ;  explicit  directions ;  no  words  can  be 
more  explicit.  An  express  command,  an  express 
prohibition.  "In  express  terms,  I  deny  the 
competency  of  this  body  to  pass  an  act  which 
surrenders  the  government  of  Ireland  to  the 
English  House  of  Pariiament."— Pujxkett. 

To  Expostulate.    See  To  Remon- 
strate. 

Express.    See  Explicit. 

To  Extend.    See  To  Increase. 


To  Extenuate.     See  To  Palliate. 

To  Extol.     See  To  Praise. 

Exuberance.     See  Abundance. 


Fabrication.     See  Fiction. 

FAauiTY,  Expertness,  Readiness. 

These  words,  as  here  compared,  have  in 
common  the  idea  of  performing  any  act  with 
ease  and  promptitude. 

Facility  (from  facilis,  easy)  supposes  a  nat- 
ural or  acquired  power  of  dispatching  a  task 
with  Ughtness  and  dexterity. — Expertnesa  is 
facility  acquired  by  long  continued  practice. — 
Readiness  marks  the  promptitude  with  which 
any  thing  is  done.  A  merchant  needs  great 
facility  in  dispatching  business;  a  banker, 
great  expertness  in  casting  accounts ;  both  need 
great  readiness  in  passing  from  one  employ- 
ment to  another. 

ThQ/acUity  which  we  tret  of  doing  things,  by  a  cus- 
tom of  doing,  makes  them  often  pass  in  us  without 
our  notice. — Locke. 

The  army  w.as  celebrated  for  the  expertness  and 
valor  of  the  soldiers. 

A  readiness  to  obey  the  known  will  of  God  is  the 
surest  means  to  enlighten  the  mind  in  respect  to  duty. 

Fact.     See  Ciecumstaxce. 

Faction.     See  Cabal. 

Factitious,  Unnatural. 

A  thing  is  unnatural  when  it  departs  in  any 
way  from  its  simi>le  or  normal  state ;  it  is  fac- 
titious (from  factito,  to  make  or  do  frequently) 
when  it  is  wrought  out  or  wrought  up  by  labor 
and  effort ;  as,  a  factitious  excitement.  There 
is  much  that  is  unnatural  in  Europe,  but  far. 
more  that  is  factitious  in  America. 

An  unnatural  demand  for  any  article  of 
merchandise  is  one  which  exceeds  the  ordi- 
nary rate  of  constimption;  a  factitious  demand 
is  one  created  by  active  exertions  for  the  pur- 
pose. An  tinnatural  alarm  is  one  greater  than 
the  occasion  requires ;  a  factitious  alarm  is  one 
wrought  up  with  care  and  effort 

Failing.     See  Fault. 

Fair.     See  Can-did. 

Fallacy,  Sophistry. 

A  fallacy  is  an  argument  which  professes  to 
be  decisive,  but  in  reality  is  not ;  sophistry  is  i 
also  false  reasoning,  but  of  so  specious  and 
subtle  a  kind  as  to  i-ender  it  difficult  to  ex- 
pose its  fallacy.  Many  fallacits  are  obvious. 
but  the  evil  of  sophistry  lies  in  its  consummate  1 
art. 

"ilon  are  apt  to  suffer  their  minds  to  be' 
misled  hy  fallacies  whidi  gratify  their  passions. 
Many  persons  h,ave  obscured  and  confounded 
the  nature  of  things  by  their  wretchod  soph- 
istry: though  an  act  be  never  so  sinful,  they 
will  strip  it  of  its  guilt." — South. 

1415 


PAS 


TABLE    OF    SYNONYMS. 


FI  L 


Falsehood.     See  Falsity. 
Falsity,  Falsehood,  Lie. 

Falsity  denotes  the  state  or  quality  of  being 
false.  A  falseJiood  is  a  false  declaration  de- 
signedly made.  A  lie  is  a  gross,  unblushing 
falsehood.  It  is  a  vulgar  error  to  speali  of 
"  telling  a  falsity."  It  is  an  equal  error  to 
say,  "I  perceive  the  falsehood  of  your  declai'a- 
tion  or  statement." 

Tlie  falsiiij  of  a,  person's  assortion  may  be  prored 
by  the  evidence  of  others,  and  thus  the  charge  of 
falsehood  be  fastened  upon    im. 

Can  Tou  on  him  such  rahities  obtrude  ? 
And  as  a  mortal  the  most  wise  delude? 

Sandys. 
Artificer  of  fraud  :  he  was  the  first 
That  practiced  falsehood  under  saintly  show. 

MlLTOX. 

Familiarity.     See  Acquaintance. 

Famous,  Renowned,  Illustrious. 

Famous  (from  fama,  fame)  is  applied  to  a 
person  or  thing  widely  spoken  of  as  extraordi- 
nary ;  renowned  (from  Fr.,  re,  again,  and  nom- 
mer,  to  name)  is  applied  to  those  who  are  named 
again  and  again  with  honor ;  illustrious,  to  those 
who  have  dazzled  the  world  by  the  splendor  of 
their  deeds  or  theu-  virtues.  Napoleon  was 
famous ;  Alexander  was  renowned;  Wash- 
ington was  illustrious. 

Henry  the  Fifth  too  famous  to  live  Ions. 

Shakespeare. 
The  rest  were  long  to  tell  though  far  renowned. 

MlLTOX. 

Of  every  nation,  each  illustrio^is  name. 
Such  toys  as  those  have  cheated  into  fame. 

Detdex. 

Fanaticism.     See  Enthusiasm,  also 
Superstition. 

Fanciful,  Fantasticau,  Visionary. 

'^e  speak  of  that  as  fanciful  which  is  irregu- 
lar in  taste  and  judgment ;  we  speak  of  it  as 
fantastical  (from  fantasy)  when  it  violates  all 
propriety  as  well  as  regularity;  we  speak  of  it 
as  visionary,  when  it  is  whoUy  unfounded  in 
the  nature  of  things. 

Fanciful  notions  are  the  product  of  a  heated 
fancy,  without  any  support  in  reason  or  truth ; 
fantastical  schemes  or  systems  are  made  up  of 
oddly-assorted  fancies,  often  of  the  most  whim- 
sical kind;  visionary  expectations  are  those 
which  can  never  be  realized  in  fact 

Fancy.     See  Imagination. 
Fantasticax.     See  Fanciful. 

Fastidious,  Squeamish. 

We  call  a  person  fastidious  (from  fastus, 
pride)  when  his  taste  or  feeUngs  are  ofl'ended 
by  trifling  defects  or  errors;  wo  call  him 
squeamish  (i.  e.  qualmish,  having  a  stomach 
that  is  easily  turned)  when  he  is  excessively 

1416 


nice  or  critical  on  minor  points,  and  also  when 
he  is  over-scrupulous  as  to  questions  of  duty. 

Whoever  examines  his  own  imperfections 
will  cease  to  be  fastidious ;  whoever  restrains 
his  caprice  and  scrupulosity  will  cease  to  be 
squeamish. — Ceabb. 

To  Fatigue.     See  To  Jade. 

Fault,  Failing,  Foible. 

A  fault  is  positive,  something  definite  and 
marked  which  impairs  excellence ;  a  failing  is 
negative,  some  weakness  or  CiUiug  short  in 
a  man's  character,  disposition  or  habits;  a 
foible  is  a  less  important  weakness,  which  wo 
overlook  or  smile  at.  A  man  may  have  many 
failings,  and  yet  commit  but  few  faults;  or 
his  faults  and  failings  may  be  few,  while  his 
foibles  are  obvious  to  alL 

I  have  failings  in  common  with  every  human 
bein?,  besides  my  own  peculiar  faults  :  but  of  avarice 
I  have  generally  held  myself  guiltless.  Fox. 

Presumption  and  self-applause  are  the  foP-les  of 
mankind.  Vaterland. 


Falttless. 
Fealty. 


See  Blasieless. 
See  Homage. 


Feast,  Banquet,  FESTn'Ax,  Ca- 

EOUSAX. 

A  ft'ost  sets  before  us  viands  superior  in 
quantity,  variety,  and  abundance ;  a  banquet  is 
a  luxurious  feast ;  a  festival  is  the  joyfiil  cele- 
bration by  good  cheer  of  some  agreeable  event. 
A  feast  which  was  designed  to  be  a  festival, 
miiy  be  changed  into  a  banquet.  Carousal  is 
unrestrained  indulgence  in  frolic  and  wine. 

The  feast  of  reason  and  the  flow  of  soul. 

Pope. 
In  his  commendations  I  am  fed; 
It  is  a  hanqutt  to  me.  Siiakespeare. 

The  morning  tTwm^ct&festival  proclainu'd 
Through  each  high  street.  Miltcx. 

Ascanius  these  carousals  taught 
And,  building  Alba,  to  the  Latins  bronsrht. 

Drfden. 

Feeling.    See  Emotion,  Sentiment, 
also  Passion. 

To  Felicitate.     See  To   Congratu- 
late. 

Felicity.     See  Happiness. 

Female,  Feminine. 

We  apply  female  to  the  sex,  aa  opposed  to 
male ;  and  fe7ninine  to  the  characteristics  of  the 
sex,  as  opposed  to  mascuhne.  Hence  we  speak 
of  the  female  character,  dress,  habits,  manners, 
ic. ;  and  of  feminine  pursuits,  employments, 
&c.  In  a  female  school,  feminine  accomphsh- 
ments  should  bo  particularly  taught 

Once  more  her  haughty  soul  the  tyrant  bends, 
To  prayers  and  mean  sul)mis5ions  she  descends  ; 
^(*fi:male  arts  or  aids  she  left  untried, 
Norcounselsuuesplored,  before  she  died.    Deydex. 

Her  heavenly  form 
Angelic;  but  more  soft  an(\faninina 
Her  graceful  innocence,    Milton. 


Ferocious,  Fierce,  Savage,  Bar- 
barous. 

Wlicn  these  words  are  applied  to  human 
feelings  or  conduct,  ferocious  describes  the  dis- 
position ;  fierce,  the  haste  and  violence  of  an 
act ;  barbarous,  the  coarseness  and  brutality  by 
which  it  was  marked;  savage,  the  cruel  and 
unfeeling  spirit  which  it  showed.  A  man  is 
ferocious  in  his  temper,  fierce  in  his  actions,  bar- 
barous in  the  manner  of  carrying  out  his  pur- 
poses, savage  in  the  spirit  and  feelings  expressed 
in  his  words  or  deeds. 

Fertile,  Feuitfui-. 

Fertile  implies  the  inherent  power  of  pro- 
duction ;  fruitful,  the  act  The  prahies  of  the 
West  are  fertile  by  nature,  and  will  soon  be 
turned  by  cultivation  into  a  fruitful  field.  Tlie 
same  distinction  prevails  when  these  words  are 
used  figuratively.  A  man  oH  fertile  genius  has 
by  nature  great  readiness  of  invention ;  one 
whose  mind  is  fruitful  has  resources  of  thought 
and  a  readiness  of  application  which  enable 
Mm  to  think  and  act  to  effect 

Thy  very  weeds  are  beautiful,  thy  waste 
More  rich  than  other  cliaies^  fertiliti/. 

Byron,  of  Italy. 
Adonis's  gardens, 
That  one  day  bloomed,  andfruit/ul  were  the  nest 

SlIAKESPEAEE. 

Feetoe,  Ardor. 

Fervor  (from  ferveo)  is  a  boiling  heat ;  and 
ardor  (from  ardeo)  is  a  burning  heat  Hence,  in 
metaphor,  we  commonly  use  fervor  and  its 
derivatives  when  we  conceive  of  thoughts  or 
emotions  under  the  image  of  ebullition,  or  as 
pouring  themselves  forth.  Thus  we  speak  of 
the /eri'or  of  passion,  fervid  declamation, /dreid 
importunity,  fervent  suppUcation,  fervent  de- 
sires, &c. — Ardent  is  used  when  we  think  of 
any  thing  as  springing  from  a  deep-seated  glow 
of  soul ;  as,  ardent  friendship,  ardent  zeal,  ar- 
dent devotedness.  "  Burning  with  ardor  for 
the  fight."  Hence  Milton's  application  of  this 
term  to  angels : 

Nor  delayed  the  winged  saint, 
After  his  charge  received  ;  but,  from  among 
Thousand  celesti.al  ardors,  where  he  stood 
Veil'd  with  his  gorgeous  wings'  upspreading  light. 
Flew  through  the  midst  of  heaven. 

Festivax.     See  Feast. 

Fiction,  Fabrication. 

Fiction  is  opposed  to  what  is  real ;  fabrica- 
tion to  what  is  true.  Fiction  is  designed  com- 
monly to  amuse,  and  sometimes  to  instruct ;  a 
fabrication  is  always  intended  to  mislead  and 
deceive.  In  the  novels  of  Walter  Scott  we 
have  fiction  of  the  highest  order.  The  poems 
of  Ossian,  as  published  by  Mackenzie,  were 
chiefly  fabrications. 

Fierce.     See  Ferocious. 
Fight.     See  Battle. 
Fllthy.     See  Nasty. 


Il 


FIR 


TABLE    OF    SYNONYMS. 


FOR 


Fln'al,  Coxclusite,  Ultimate. 

Final  (Jinis)  is  now  appropriated  to  that 
which  brings  with  it  an  end ;  as,  a  final  ad- 
justment, the  final  judgment,  &c. — Cotidusive 
(lU.,  shuttiug  up)  implies  the  dosing  of  all  fu- 
ture discussion,  negotiation,  &c. ;  as,  a  conciu- 
sive  argument  or  fact,  a  conclusive  arrangement. 
— In  using  ultimate,  we  have  always  reference 
to  something  earlier  or  preceding ;  as  when  we 
say,  a  temporary  reverse  may  lead  to  an  nlti- 
mate  triumph.  The  statements  which  a  man 
finally  makes  at  the  close  of  a  negotiation,  are 
usually  conclusive  as  to  his  ultijnale  intentions 
and  designs. 

Fixe,  Beauttftji,. 

"WTien  used  as  a  word  of  pr  dso,  fine  (being 
opposed  to  coarse)  denotes  no  "  ordinary  thing 
of  its  kind."  It  is  not  as  strong  as  ieauiiful, 
in  reference  to  the  single  attribute  implied  in 
the  latter  term ;  but  when  we  speak  of  a  ^;!e 
woman,  we  embrace  a  greater  variety  of  par- 
ulars :  viz.,  all  the  qualities  which  become  a  wo- 
m.in — breeding,  sentiment,  tact,  Ac.  The  term 
is  equally  comprehensive  when  we  speak  of  a 
fine  garden,  landscape,  horse,  poem,  Ac,  and 
though  applied  to  a  great  vaiiety  of  objects, 
the  word  has  still  a  very  definite  sense,  denot- 
ing a  high  degree  of  characteristic  excellence, 
though  not  th3  very  highest.  Americans  are 
considered  by  the  EngUsh  as  overdoing  in  the 
use  of  this  word  'W^e  call  a  thing  fine,  when 
the  English,  according  to  their  present  usage, 
would  call  it  nice. 

Finical,  Spruce:,  Foppish. 

These  words  are  appUed  to  persons  who  are 
studiously  desirous  to  cultivate  finery  of  ap- 
pearance. 

One  who  is  spruce  is  elaborately  nice  m 
dress;  one  who  \a  finical  shows  his  affectation 
in  language  and  manner  as  well  as  dress ;  one 
who  Is  foppish  seeks  to  distinguish  himself  by 
tlie  cut  of  his  clothes,  the  tawdriness  of  his 
ornaments,  and  the  ostentation  of  his  manner. 

"A  finical  gentleman  clips  his  words  and 
screws  his  body  into  as  small  a  compa=s  as  pos- 
sible, to  give  himself  tiie  air  of  a  delicate  per- 
son ;  a  spruce  gentleman  strives  not  to  have  a 
fold  wrong  in  his  frill  or  cravat,  nor  a  hair  of 
liis  head  to  lie  amiss ;  a  foppish  gentleman 
seeks,  by  extravagance  in  the  cut  of  his 
clothes,  and  by  the  tawdriness  in  their  orna- 
ments, to  render  himself  distinguished  for 
finery." — Ceabb. 

Firmness,  Constancy. 
Firmness  belongs  to  the  will,  and  constancy 
to  the  affections  and  principles ;  the  former 
prevents  us  from  yielding,  and  the  latter  from 
fluctuating.  Without  firmness  a  man  has  no 
character ;  "without  constancy,"  says  Addi-son, 
'■  there  is  neither  love,  friendship,  nor  virtue  in 
the  world." 
Still  with  thyTtrmncM  steel  my  breast.— Blacklock. 

In  this  small  isle,  amidst  the  widest  Bcas, 
Triumpliant  cojmt/mc'j  has  fixed  her  seat.  Pkioe. 

178 


To  Fix,  Aeeaxge,  or  Put  ix 

OEDEE. 


day  succeeds  to  day,  and  night  to  niglit.  To 
ensue  means  to  follow  by  some  established  con- 
nection  or  principle  of  sequence.  As  wave 
Fx  denotes  to  set  firmly;  a.-.,  Uifix  the  eye   /o/to«,-s  wave,  revolution  succeeds  to  revolution- 

on  some  one ;  his  teeth  v.-cve  fixed;  and  hence   ^ad  nothing  ensues  but  accumulated  wretched- 

arises  the  vulgarism  to  be  in  a  "fix"  or  a  "  bad   Qgjg^ 


fix."  It  is  a  gross,  but  prevailing  error  in  our 
country,  to  give  this  word  the  sense  of  arrange 
or  to  put  in  order;  as,  to  fix  a  clock,  to  fix  the 
fire,  to  fix  one's  hair,  to  fix  up,  Ac.  Nothing 
strikes  a  visitor  from  England  so  ludicrously  as 
the  perpetual  recurrence  of  such  phrases ;  and 
unless  we  are  ready  to  go  the  whole  length  of 
"  chicken  _/?j;i>ijs,"  we  should  banish  all  such 
expressions  from  good  society,  and  use  the 
word  only  in  its  true  sense  as  given  above. 


Flagitious, 
Flagrant. 
Flame. 
Flattery. 

Fleeting. 

Flight. 
Fughtixess, 


See  Atrocious. 
/See  Ateocious. 
See  Blaze. 
See  Adulation. 
See  Teansient. 
See  Pair. 
See  Levity. 


To  Fluctuate,  Vacillate,  Waver. 
Fluctuate  (from  fiucius,  a  wave)  is  applied  I  stances,  force  of  habit,  Ac.     We  do,  mdeed. 


Welcome  all  that  lead  at  follow 

To  the  oracle  of  Ajiollo.  Ben  Jossox. 

Enjoy  till  I  return 
Short  pleasures ;  for  long  woes  are  \o  svccecd. 

Milton. 
Of  worse  deeds  worse  sufferings  must  emtifi. 

Milton. 

Foolhardy.    See  Rash. 

Foolish.     See  Absurd. 

Foppish.     See  Finical. 

For.     See  Because. 

To  Forbid.     See  To  Prohibit. 

Force,  Strength. 

Strength  (from  strain)  looks  rather  to  power 
as  an  inward  capability  or  energy.  Thus  we 
speak  of  the  strength  of  timber,  bodily  strength, 
mental  strength,  strength  of  emotion,  Ac.  Force, 
on  the  other  hand,  looks  more  to  the  outuard ; 
as,   the  force  of  momentum,  force  of  circum- 


both  to  things  and  persons,  and  denotes  that 
they  move  as  they  are  acted  upon.  The  stocks 
fluctuate;  a,  man  fluctuates  between  conflicting 
influences. —  Vacillate  (from  vaciUo,  to  sway  to 
and  fro)  and  tmrer  apply  only  to  persons,  and 
represent  them  as  acting  themselves.  A  man 
vacillates  when  he  goes  backward  and  forward 
in  his  opinions  and  purposes,  without  any  fixity 
of  mind  or  principles.  A  man  wavers  when  he 
shrinks  back  or  hesitates  at  the  approach  of 
difficulty  or  danger. 

One  who  is  fluctuating  in  his  feelings  is  usu- 
aUy  vacillating  in  resolve,  and  wavering  m  ex- 
ecution. 

Foible.     See  Fault. 

To  Follow  (y.  ?.),  Pursue. 

To  foUow  {v.  t)  denotes  simply  to  go  after ;  to 
pursue  denotes  to  follow  with  earnestness,  and 
with  a  view  to  attain  some  definite  object ;  a.s, 
a  hound  pursues  the  deer.  So  a  person  follows 
a  companion  whom  he  wishes  to  overtake  on  a 
journey ;  the  officers  of  justice  pursue  a  felon 
who  has  escaped  from  prison. 

What  could  I  do 
"Bnl  follow  strict  invisibly  thus  led  ?         Miltos. 

Impelled  with  steps  uuceasing  to  pursue 
Some  fleeting  good,  that  nioclis  me  with  the  view ; 
That  like  the  circle  bounding  earth  and  skies. 
Allures  from  dr,  yet  as  I  follow  flies. 

GoLDSUTTn. 

To    Follow    {v.   i.).   Succeed, 
Ensue. 

To  follow  (v.  i.)  means  simply  to  come  after,  as 
a  crowd  foUowed ;  to  succeed  means  to  come 
after  m  some  regular  series  or  succession,  as 


speak  of  strength  of  will  and  force  of  will ;  but 
even  here  the  former  may  lean  toward  the  in- 
ternal tenacity  of  purpose,  and  the  latter  toward 
the  outward  expression  of  it  in  action.  But, 
though  the  two  words  do  in  a  few  cases  touch 
thus  closely  on  each  other,  there  is,  on  the 
whole,  a  marked  distmction  between  our  u£f 
of  force  and  strength. 

Force  is  the  name  given  in  mechanical  science  to 
whatever  produces  or  can  produce  motion. — NicnoL- 

Thy  tears  are  of  vo/orce 

To  mollify  this  flinty  man.       IIatwaed. 

More  huge  in  strength  than  wise  in  works  he  was. 

Spessee. 

Adam  and  first  m.itron  Eve 
Had  ended  now  their  orisons  and  found 
Strength  added  from  above,  new  hope  to  spring 
Out  of  despair.  Milton. 

FOEGETFULX^ESS,  ObLIVION. 

Forgetfulness  is  Saxon,  and  oUivion  is  Latin. 
The  former  has  reference  to  persons  and  marks 
a  state  of  mind;  the  latter  has  reference  to 
things,  and  indicates  a  condition  into  which 
they  are  sunk.  We  blame  a  man  for  his/or- 
getfulness ;  we  speak  of  some  old  custom  as 
buried  in  oblivion.  The  expressions  could  not 
bo  interchanged.  We  can  not  speak  of  men 
as  characterized  by  oblivion;  nor  do  we  usually 
speak  of  thmgs  as  buried  in  forgetfulness ;  or  it 
we  do  it  is  in  reference  to  the  persons  who  for- 
get, and  not  to  the  stite  of  bemg  forgotten. 
And  steep  my  senses  ia/orgetfnhieii. 

&BAKESPEAEE. 

And  blind  oblivion  swallowed  cities  up. 

Sdakispeaek. 
The  swallowing  gulf 
Of  Aarkforgftjulnett  and  deep  ofjlirion. 

Sdakkspeaee. 


1417 


FOR 


TABLE    OF    STNONYirS. 


C-AI 


Forgiveness,  Pakdon. 

Forgiveness  is  Saxon,  and  pardon  H'orman, 
both  denoting  to  give  back.  The  word  pardon 
being  early  used  in  our  Bible,  has,  in  religious 
matters,  the  same  sense  as  forgiveness ;  but  in 
the  language  of  common  life  there  is  a  differ- 
ence between  them,  such  as  we  often  find  be- 
tween corresponding  Saxon  and  Norman  words. 
Forgive  points  to  inward  feelmg,  and  supposes 
alienated  affection ;  when  we  ask  forgiveness, 
we  primarily  seek  the  removal  of  anger.  Par- 
don looks  more  to  outward  things  or  conse- 
quences, and  is  often  applied  to  trifling  matters, 
as  when  we  he^  pardon  for  interrupting  a  man 
or  for  jostling  him  in  a  crowd.  The  civil  mag- 
istrate also  grants  a  pardon,  and  not  forgive- 
ness. Tlie  two  words  are,  therefore,  very 
clearly  distinguished  from  each  other,  in  most 
cases  which  relate  to  the  common  concerns  of 
life. 

T-.^c\ia.jx^c  forgiveness  -n-itb  me,  noble  ITamlet; 
Mine  anil  my  f;ithcr's  death  come  not  upon  thee, 
Nor  thine  on  inc.  Suakespeaee. 

"What  better  can  -n-o  do  than  prostrate  fall 
Before  him  reverent,  and  there  confess 
Humbly  our  faults,  and  pardon  beg ;  with  tears 
Watering  the  ground?  Miltos 

FoEiiAL,  Ceremonious. 

Wlien  applied  to  things,  these  words  usually 
denote  a  mere  accordance  with  the  rules  of 
form  or  ceremony ;  as,  to  make  a  formal  call, 
to  take  a  ceremonious  leave.  When  applied  to 
a  person  or  his  manners,  they  are  used  in  a 
bad  sense ;  a  person  being  called  formal  who 
shapes  himself  too  much  by  some  pattern  or 
sot  form,  and  ceremonious  when  he  laj-s  too 
much  stress  on  the  conventional  laws  of  social 
intercourse.  Formal  manners  render  a  man 
stiff  or  ridiculous;  a  cere77io7jio!«  carriage  puts 
a  atop  to  the  ease  and  freedom  of  social  inter- 
course. 

Formal  in  apparel. 
In  gait  and  countenance  surely  like  a  father. 

Suakespeaee. 

Ton  are  too  senseless  obstinate,  my  lord ; 
Too  ceremonious  and  traditional. 

Suakespeaee. 

To  FoKS.VKE.     See  To  Abandon. 
To  FoEswEAE.     See  To  Pekjuee. 

Fortification.     See  Foeteess. 
Fortitude.     See  Coueage. 

Foeteess,  Fortification,  Castle, 
Citadel. 

A  fortress  is  constructed  for  military  pur- 
poses only,  and  is  permanently  garrisoned ;  a 
fortification  is  buUt  to  defend  harbors,  cities, 
Ac. ;  a  castk  is  a  fortress  of  early  times  which 
was  ordinarily  a  palatial  dwelling ;  a  citadel  is 
the  stronghold  of  a  fortress  or  city,  &c. 

The  caitle  of  Macduff  I  will  surprise. 

Shakespeare. 
I'll  to  my  charge,  the  citadel,  repair. 

DP.TDEN. 

God  13  onr/ortress,  in  whose  conquering  name 
Let  us  resolve  to  scale  their  flinty  bulwarks. 

Shakespeare. 

lilb 


Foetcitous.     See  Accidental. 

Foetunate,   Successful,    Peospee- 
ous. 

A  man  is  fortunate  when  (so  to  speak)  he  is 
favored  of  fortune,  and  has  unusual  blessings 
fall  to  his  lot ;  successful  when  ha  gains  what 
he  aims  at;  prosperous  when  he  succeeds  in 
those  things  which  men  common!}'  desire. 
One  may  be  fortunate  in  some  cases  where  he 
is  not  successful ;  he  may  be  successful,  but,  if 
his  plans  are  badly  formed,  he  may  for  that 
reason  fail  to  be  prosperous. 

No,  there  is  a  necessity  in  fate, 

Why  still  the  bravo  bold  man  is  fortunate. 

Detden. 
lie  observed  the  illustrious  throng. 
Their  names,  their  fates,  their  conduct,  and  their  care. 
In  peaceful  senate  and  successful  war.    Diivde>\ 

"We  now  return 
To  claim  our  just  inheritance  of  old, 
Surer  to  jn-osper  than  prosperiti/ 
Could  have  assured  us.  Milton. 

Foul.     See  N>stt. 
To  Found.     See  To  Predicate. 

Fracture,  Ruptuee. 

These  words  denote  different  kinds  of  break- 
ing, accoriiing  to  the  objects  to  which  they  are 
applied. 

Fracture  (from  frango)  is  applied  to  hard  sub- 
stances ;  as,  the  fracture  of  a  bone.  Rupture 
(from  rumpo)  is  applied  to  soft  substances ;  as, 
the  rupture  of  a  blood-vessel.  Tlie  same  dis- 
tinction applies  to  tho  words  when  used  in  a 
flgurative  or  secondary  sense ;  as,  "  To  be  an 
enemy  and  once  to  have  been  a  friend,  does  it 
not  embitter  the  rupture?" — SouTU. 

And  o'er  the  hish-pilcd  hills  ot fractured  earth, 
"Wide  dashed  the  waves.  Tcouson. 

Frank.     See  Ingenuous. 
Fraud.     See  Deception. 

Feeak.     See  Whim. 

Freedom.     See  Liberty. 

Feeethinker.     See  Infidel. 

Frenzy.     See  Insanity. 

Fretful,   Peevish,  Cross. 

These  words  all  indicate  an  unamiable  work- 
ing and  expression  of  temper. 

Peevish  marks  more  especially  the  inward 
spirit ;  a  peevish  man  is  always  ready  to  find 
fault. — Fretful  points  rather  to  the  outward  act, 
and  marks  a  complaining  impatience ;  sickly 
children  are  apt  to  be  fretful. — Crossness  is 
peevishness  mingled  with  vexation  or  anger. 

She  is  peevish,  sullen,  froward. 

Proud,  disobedient,  stubborn,  lacking  duty. 

Suakespeaee. 
Are  you  positive  iindfreiful  T 
Heedless,  ignorant,  forgetful?  Swift. 

The  liLthter  sort  of  malignity  turneth  hut  to  a.  cross- 
ness or  aptne.'^  to  oppose ;  but  the  deeper  sort^  to 
envy  or  mcro  misehief.  Bacon. 


Friendly. 
Feight. 


See  Amicable. 
See  Alarm. 


Feightful,  Dreadful,  Awful. 

These  words  all  express  fear.  In  frightful  it 
is  a  sudden  emotion ;  in  dreadful  it  is  deeper 
and  more  prolonged ;  in  axvful  the  fear  is  min- 
gled with  tho  emotion  of  awe,  which  subdues 
us  before  the  presence  of  some  invisible  power. 
An  accident  may  be  frigldful ;  the  approach  of 
death  is  dreadful  to  most  men  ;  the  convulsions 
of  the  earthquake  are  awful. 

Death  was  denounced  ;  that  friffhtf  at  sound 
Which  even  the  best  can  hardly  bear.     Dryden. 

The  rigid  interdiction  which  resounds 

Yet  dreadful  in  mine  ear.  Milton. 

Nor  have  feared 
Thy  awful  brow,  more  aicfut  thus  retired, 
Fairest  resemblance  of  thy  Maker  fair !    Milton. 

Fro'ward.     See  Peeteese. 

Frugality.     See  Economy. 

Feuitful.     See  Fertile. 

Feuitless.     See  Useless. 

To  Frustrate.     See  To  Baffle. 

Fury.     See  Angee. 


G. 

To  Gain,  Win. 

Gain  implies  only  that  we  get  something  by 
exertion ;  win  that  we  do  it  in  competition 
with  others.  A  person  gains  knowledge  or 
gains  a  prize  simply  hj  striving  for  it ;  he  wins 
a  victory  or  wins  a  prize  by  taking  it  fi'om 
others  in  a  struggle  between  them. 

Compute  the  gains  of  this  ungoverned  ze.al, 
111  suits  his  cloth  the  praise  of  railing  well. 

Detden. 

Loyalty  is  still  the  same. 

Whether  it  nin  or  lose  the  gamo: 

True  as  the  dial  to  the  sun, 

Although  it  be  not  shlned  upon.        nt-DinsAB. 

To  Gain.     See  To  Obtain. 

Gallant,  Courageous,  Beave. 

Courageous  is  generic,  denoting  an  inward 
spirit  (cor)  which  rises  above  fear;  hrave  is 
more  outward,  marking  a  spirit  which  braves 
or  defies  danger ;  gallant  rises  still  higher,  de- 
noting bravery  on  extraordinary  occasions  in  a 
spirit  of  adventure.  A  courageous  man  is  ready 
for  battle ;  a  brave  man  courts  it ;  a  gallant 
man  dashes  into  tho  midst  of  the  conflict. 

The  king-becoming  graces, 
Devotion,  patience,  courage,  fortitude, 

Suakespeaee. 
With  firm  resolve  my  steady  bosom  steel, 
Bravely  to  suffer  though  I  deeply  feel. 

CumcniLL. 
The  gallant  man.  though  skiin  in  fi^ht  he  be, 
Yet  leaves  his  nation  s.afe,  his  children  free, 

Fo?3. 


GEX 


TABLE    OF    SYXOXYMS. 


GOO 


GALLA^iTKT.     See  CocRAGE,   ulso 
Hekoisji. 

To  Gape.     See  To  Gaze. 

GARRCLors,  Talkati\-:e,  Loquacious. 
A  garrulous  person  (from  garrio,  to  prate) 
'  indulges  in  long,  prosy  talk,  with  frequent  rep- 
l-itltions  and  lengthened  details — Taikative  im- 
plies simply  a  great  desire  to  talk ;  and  loqua- 
cious  (from  loquor,  to  talk)  a  great  flow  of 
words  at  command.     A  cbild  is   talkative :  a 
lively  woman  is  loquacious;  an  old  man  in  his 
dotage  is  garrulous. 

Every  absanlity  has  a  cfaampion  to  defend  it;  for 
Erro.-  is  always  talkative.  GoLDSiUTH. 

Thersites  only  clamored  in  the  throng. 
Loquacious,  loud,  and  tarbulent  of  tongne.  PoPB. 
Pleased  with  that  social,  sweet  garrulity. 
The  poor  di^baaded  refran's  sole  delight. 

SOMEETILLE. 

Gayett.     See  Litelixess. 

To  Gaze,  Gape,  Staee. 

To  gme  is  to  look  with  fixed  and  prolonged 
attention,  awakened  by  excited  interest  or 
elevated  emotion ;  to  gape  is  to  look  fixedly 
with  feelings  of  ignorant  wonder ;  to  stare  (lit., 
strain  the  eyes)  is  to  look  with  the  fixedness  of 
uisolence  or  of  idiocy.  The  lover  of  nature 
gazes  with  delight  on  the  beauties  of  the  land- 
scape ;  the  rustic  gapes  with  wonder  at  the 
strange  sights  of  a  large  city  ;  the  idiot  stares 
on  those  aromid  wita  a  vacant  look. 

I      So  checking  his  desire  with  trembling  heart, 
Gazing  be  stood,  nor  woald  nor  could  depart 

Detdek. 
Studying  his  looks  and  watching  at  the  board, 
lie  gapitt  to  catch  the  droppings  of  my  lord. 
i  Pnr. 

Bat  fixing  on  the  maid  bis  horrid  eye. 
He  stares  and  shakes,  and  finds  it  vain  to  fly. 

Detdex. 

Geneeae,  Common,  Unttersae. 

,      Common  (from  communis)  denotes  primarily 
that  in  which  many  share;  and  hence,  that 
which  is  often  met  with. — General  is  stronger,  j 
denoting  that  it  pertains  to  a  majority  of  the 
individuals  which  compose  a  genttt  or  whole. — 
Universal,  that  it  pertains  to  all  without  ex- 1 
ception.     To  be  able  to  read  and  wTite  is  so 
common  an  attainment  in  this  country  that  we 
may  pronounce  it  general,  though  by  no  means 
universal. 

Gexeeositt.     See  Magkanimttt. 
Generous.     See  Lebebax. 

Genius,  Talent. 

Genius  (lit.,  bom  with  us)  implies  high  and 
peculiar  gifts  of  nature  impelling  the  mind  to 
certain  lavorite  kinds  of  mental  effort,  and  pro- 
ducing new  combinations  of  ideas,  imagery, 
ic. — Talent  supposes  general  strength  of  intel- 
lect, with  a  pecuhar  aptitude  for  being  molded 
and  directed  to  specific  employments,  and  valu- 
j  able  ends  and  purposes.     Hence,  according  to 


Crabb,  the  name  talent,  the  highest  measure 
among  the  Greeks,  for  the  value  of  money. 
Genius  is  connected  more  or  less  with  the  ex- 
ercise of  imagination,  and  reaches  its  ends  by 
a  kind  of  intuitive  power.  Talent  depends  more 
on  high  mental  training  and  a  perfect  command 
of  all  the  fiiculties,  memory,  judgment,  sagacity, 
ic.  Hence  we  speak  of  a  genius  for  poetry, 
painting,  &c,  and  a  talent  for  business  or  diplo- 
macy. Among  English  orators.  Lord  Chatham 
was  distinguished  for  his  genius ;  Wilham  Pitt 
for  his  preeminent  tolenis,  and  especially  his 
unrivaled  talent  for  reply. 

Gentile.     See  Pagan. 

Genixe,  Tame,  Mild,  Meek. 

Gentle  describes  the  natural  disposition  ; 
tame,  that  which  is  subdued  by  training ;  mild 
implies  a  temper  which  is,  by  nature,  not  ea- 
sily provoked ;  meek,  a  spirit  which  has  been 
schooled  to  mildness  by  discipline  or  suffering. 
Tlie  lamb  is  gentle;  the  domestic  fowl  is  tam-e; 
John  the  Apostle  was  mild;  Moses  was  meek. 

Her  voice  w,is  ever  soft. 
Gentle  and  low  ;  an  cicellcnt  thing  in  woman. 

Sqaekspeake. 
A  most  poor  man  made  tame  to  fortune's  blows. 

SUAKESPEAEE. 

If  th.it  mild  and  gentle  God  thou  be, 

^ho  dost  mankind  bylow  with  pity  see.  Detden. 

Humbly  their  faults,  and  pardon  begged,  with  tears 
Watering  the  ground,  and  with  their  sighs  the  air 
Frequenting,  sent  from  hearts  contrite  in  sign 
Of  sorrow  unfeigned,  and  hamiliation  meeh. 

MiLTOS. 

Genuine.     See  Authentic. 
To  Get.     See  To  Obtain. 

Gift,  Present,  Donation. 

These  words,  as  hero  compared,  denote  some- 
thing gratuitously  imparted  to  another  out  of 
one's  property. 

A  gift  is  usually  from  one  who  is  in  some 
respects  a  superior,  and  is  designed  for  the  re- 
Uef  or  benefit  of  hun  who  receives  it. — A  pres- 
ent (Low  Lat.  presenlo)  is  ordinarily  fi-om  an 
equal  or  inferior,  and  is  always  intended  as  a 
compliment  or  expression  of  kindness. — Dona- 
tion (from  L.  don/>,  to  give)  is  a  word  of  more 
dignity,  denoting,  properly,  a  gift  of  consider- 
able value,  and  ordinarily  a  gift  made  either  to 
some  pubhc  institution,  or  to  an  individual  on 
account  of  his  services  to  the  pubUc ;  as,  a  do- 
nation to  a  college,  a  hospital  or  a  charitable 
society. 

But  oh !  thon  bounteous  Giver  of  all  good, 
Thou  art  of  all  thy  gifts  thyself  the  crown. 

COWPEE. 

Say,  heavenly  raose,  shall  notthysacred  vein 
Afford  a. present  to  the  infant  God.        MiLTOtf. 

To  GiTE,  Confer,  Grant. 

To  give  is  the  generic  word,  embracing  all 
the  rest. — To  confer  was  originally  used  of  per- 
sons in  power,  who  gave  permanent  grants  or 
privileges;  as,  to  confer  the  order  of  knight- 
hood ;  and  hence  it  still  denotes  the  giving  of 


something  which  might  have  been  withheld ; 
as,  to  confer  a  favor. — To  grant  is  to  give  in 
answer  to  a  petition  or  request,  or  to  one  who 
is  in  some  way  dependent  or  inferior. 

Glad,  Delighted,  Gratified. 

Delighted  expresses  a  much  higher  degree  of 
pleasure  than  glad. —  Gratified  always  refers  to 
a  pleasure  conferred  by  some  human  agent, 
and  the  feeUng  is  modified  by  the  consideration 
that  we  owe  it  in  part  to  another.  A  person 
may  be  glad  or  delighted  to  see  a  friend,  and 
gratified  at  the  attention  shown  by  his  visits.    I 

GUtd  of  a  quarrel,  strait  I  clap  the  door: 
Sir,  let  me  see  yon  and  your  works  no  more. 

Pope. 
So  on  they  fared  delighted  still  to  join 
In  mutual  converse.  Milton. 

To  Gleam,  Glimmer,  Glitter. 

To  gUani  denotes  a  faint  but  distinct  emis- 
sion of  Ught. — To  glimmer  describes  an  indis- 
tinct and  unsteady  fight. — To  glitter,  a  brigh  tnesa 
that  is  intense,  but  varying.  The  morning 
light  gleams  upon  the  earth ;  a  distant  taper 
glimmers  through  the  mist;  a  dew-drop  y/i'/fcrs 
in  the  sun. 

At  last  a  gleam 
Of  dawning  light  turned  thitherward  in  haste 
His  traveled  steps.  MlLTOX. 

And  from  the  walls  of  heaven 
Shoots  far  into  the  bosom  of  dim  night 
A  glimmering  dawn.  Milton. 

Yet  oft  before  bis  infant  eyes  wonld  mn 

Such  forms  as  glitter  in  the  muse's  ray.     Geat. 

To  Glimmer.     See  To  Gleaji. 
To  Glitter.     See  To  Gleam. 

Globe,  Sphere,  Orb,  "Ball. 

Globe  denotes  a  round,  and  usually  a  solid 
body ;  sphere  is  the  term  .".pplied  in  astronomy 
to  such  a  body,  and  hence  to  the  circuit  of  such 
bodies  in  the  heavens ;  orb  is  used,  especially 
in  poetry,  for  globe  or  sphere,  and  also  (con- 
tracted from  orbit)  for  the  pathway  of  a  hea- 
venly body ;  ball  in  this  connection,  is  applied 
to  the  heavenly  bodies,  conceived  of  as  thrown 
or  impelled  through  space. 

Thus,  roaming  with  adventurous  wing  the  globe, 
Fruui  scene  to  scene  excursive — Mallet. 
Kindly,  perhaps.  He  now  afflicts  ns  here. 
To  guide  our  views  to  a  sublimer  sphere. 

Jestss. 
Thousands  of  suns  beyond  each  other  blaze, 
Orbs  roll  o'er  ort/S,  and  glow  with  mutual  rays. 

Jenyns. 

Gloom.     See  Daekness. 
Gloomy.     See  Moodt. 

Good-natured,  Good-tempered,     | 
Good-humored.  i 

Good-natured  denotes  a  disposition  to  please 
and  be  pleased.  Good-tempered  a  habit  of  mind 
which  is  not  easily  ruffled  by  provocations  or 
other  disturbing  influences.  Good-humored  is 
apphed  to  a  spirit  full  of  ease  and  cheerfulness, 

1419 


GR  A 


TABLE    OF    SYNONYMS. 


HAP 


as  displayed  in  one's  outward  deportment  and 
in  social  intercourse. 

A  good-natured  man  recommends  himself  to 
all  by  the  spirit  which  governs  him.  A  good- 
humored  man  recommends  himseh'  particularly 
as  a  companion;  a  good-Umpered  man  is  rarely 
betrayed  into  anything  which  can  disturb  the 
serenity  of  the  social  circle. 

Grace.     See  Elegance. 

Geace,  Mt:kcy. 

These  words,  though  often  interdianged,  nave 
a  distinctive  and  peculiar  meaning  which  be- 
longs to  each. 

Grace,  in  the  strict  sense  of  the  term,  is 
spontaneous  favor  to  the  guilty  or  undeserv- 
ing; mercy  is  tmdness  or  compassion  to  the 
suffering  or  condemned.  It  was  the  grace  ol 
God  that  opened  a  way  for  the  exercise  ol 
mercy  toward  men. 

Oh  !  momentary  grace  of  mortal  men, 

"Which  we  more  hunt  for  than  the  grace  of  God. 

SUAKESPEAEE. 

But  infinite  in  pardon  was  my  Judge, 

That  I  who  first  brought  death  on  all,  and  graced 

The  source  of  life.  Milton. 

The  quality  otmercij  is  not  strained  ; 

It  dioppetii  as  the  gentle  rain  from  heaven, 

Upon  the  place  beneath.     It  is  twice  blessed ; 

It  blesseth  him  that  gives  and  him  that  takes. 

BUAEESPEAEE. 

Grant),  Magnificent,  Sublime. 

Grand,  in  reference  to  olijects  of  taste,  is 
applied  to  that  which  expands  the  mind  by  a 
sense  of  vastness  and  majesty ;  magnificent  is 
applied  to  any  thing  which  is  imposing  from 
Its  splendor ;  sublime  describes  that  which  is 
awful  and  elevating.  A  cataract  is  grand;  a 
rich  and  varied  landscape  is  magnificent;  an 
overhanging  precipice  is  sublime. 

"  Grandeur  admits  of  degrees  and  modifica- 
tions; but  magnificence  is  that  which  has  al- 
ready reached  the  highest  degree  of  superior- 
ity naturally  belonging  to  the  object  in  ques- 
tion."— Crabb. 

Geandeue.     See  SiJBLrMiTT. 

To  Geant.     See  To  Give. 

Gratified.     See  Glad. 

To  Gratify,  Indulgi:,  IltrMOE. 

Gratify  is  the  generic  term,  and  has  refer- 
ence simply  to  the  pleasure  communicated. 
To  indulge  a  person,  implies  that  we  concede 
something  to  his  wishes  or  his  weaknesses 
which  he  could  not  claim,  and  which  had  bet- 
ter, perhaps,  have  been  spared.  To  humor  is 
to  adapt  ourselves  to  the  varying  moods,  and, 
perhaps,  caprices  of  others.  We  gratify  a 
child  by  showing  him  the  sights  of  a  largo 
citv ;  we  indulge  liim  in  some  extra  expense 
on  such  an  occasion ;  we  humor  him  if  ho  is 
taken  ill  when  away  fi-om  home. 

Grave,  Sober,  Seeious,  Solemn. 

[      Sober  supposes  the  absence  of  all  exhilara- 
tion of  spirits,  and  is  opposed  to  flighty ;  as,  so- 


ber thought.  Serums  imphes  considerateness  or 
reflection,  and  is  opposed  to  jocose  or  sportive; 
as,  serious  and  important  concerns.  Grave  de- 
notes a  state  of  mind,  appearance,  &c.,  which 
results  from  the  pressure  of  weighty  interests, 
and  is  opposed  to  hilarity  of  fcelmg  or  iwacity 
of  manner;  as,  a  grave  remark;  ^rai'e  attire. 
Solemn  is  applied  to  a  case  in  which  gravity 
is  carried  to  its  highest  point;  as,  a  solemn 
admonition,  a  solemn  promise. 

The  sober  follies  of  the  wise  and  great.      Pope. 
There's  nothing  serious  in  mortality; 

All  is  but  toys.  SHAB.E8PEAEE. 

Youth  on  silent  wings  is  flown  ; 
Graver  years  come  rolling  on. 

There  reigned  a  solemn  silence  over  all. 

Spekbbc. 


Prioe. 


Greatly.     See  Badly. 

Greeting.     See  Salutation. 

Grief.     See  Atflictign. 

Grief,  Sorrow,  Sadness. 


H. 


Habit,  CrsTOsr. 
Sabit  is  an  internal  principle  which  leads  us 
to  do  easily,  nattirally,  and  with  growing  cer- 
tainty, wliat  we  do  often ;  custom  is  external, 
being  habitual  iLse  or  the  frequent  repetition 
of  the  same  act.  The  two  operate  reciprocally 
on  each  other.  The  custom  of  giving  produces 
a  habit  of  hberality;  habits  of  devotion  promote 
the  custom  of  going  to  churcli.  Custom  also 
supposes  an  act  of  the  will,  selecting  given 
modes  of  procedure ;  liabit  is  a  law  of  our 
being,  a  kind  of  "  second  nature"  which  grows 
up  within  us. 

Upheld  by  old  repute 
Consent  or  custom,  Milton. 

How  use  doth  breed  a  habit  in  a  man. 

Shaxespeabe. 

Hall.     See  Vestibule. 
Hamlet.     See  Village. 


Sorrow  is  the  generic  term ;  grief  is  sorrow 
for  some  definite  cause — one  which  commenced, 
at  least,  in  the  past;  sadness  is  applied  to  a 
permanent  mood  of  the  mind.  Sorrow  is 
transient  m  many  cases ;  but  the  grief  of  a 
mother  for  the  loss  of  a  favorite  child  too  often 
turns  mto  habitual  sadness. 

"  Grief  is  sometimes  considered  as  synonym- 
ous with  sorrow;  and  in  this  case  we  speak  of 
the  transports  of  grief  At  other  times  it  ex- 
presses more  silent,  deep,  and  painful  alTec- 
lions,  such  as  are  inspired  by  domestic  calami- 
ties ;  particularly  by  the  loss  of  friends  and 
relatives;  or  by  the  distress,  either  of  body  or 
mind,  experienced  by  those  whom  we  love  and 
value." — CoGAS. 

To  Grow.     See  To  Become. 

To  Grow.     See  To  Raise. 

To  Guess,  Think,  Reckon. 


Guess  is  lit.,  to  cast  or  cast  forward  in  one's 
mind.    Hence,  it  denotes  to  attempt  to  hit  upon 
at  random ;  as,  to  guess  at  a  thing  when  blind- 
folded; to  conjecture  or  form  an  opinion  on  hid- 
den or  very  slight  grounds;  as,  to  guess  a  riddle, 
to  guess  out  the  meaning  of  an  obscure  passage. 
It  is  a  gross  vulgarism  to  use  the  word  guess, 
not  m  its  true  and  specific  sense,  but  simply  for 
think  or  believe;  as,  "I  guess  the  maU  has  ar- 
rived;" "  I  sue«s  he  is  at  home."    It  is  equally 
vulgar  to  use  reckon  in  the  same  way;  as,   "I 
1  reckon  the  maU  has  arrived;"  "I  reckon  he  is 
at  home."     These  words  are  the  shibboleth  of 
the  North  and  the  South  in  this  country.     It 
would  be  better  for  each  (in  order  to  avoid  so 
gross  a  vulgarism)  to  drop  entirely  its  peculiar 
and  abused  term,  substituting  therefore  some 
such  word  as  think,  believe,  imagine,  fancy,  &.C. 

Grudge.     See  Pique. 


Hand,  At  hand.  On  hand. 

We  speak  of  a  person  being  at  hand,  i.  e., 
near  by  and  thus  virtually  prese7it.  We  speak 
also  of  a  merchant's  having  goods  on  hand. 
Some  persons  confound  the  two,  aud  speak  of 
being  "  on  hand "  at  a  given  time  or  place, 
meaning  present.  This  confusion  of  things  so 
entirely  dissimilar,  '•  smells  of  the  shop." 

Handsome,  Pretty. 

Pretty  appUes  to  things  comparatively  small, 
which  please  by  their  deUcacy  and  grace ;  as,  ' 
a  pretty  gfrl,  a  pretty  flower,  a  pretty  cottage. 
— Handsome  rises  higher,  and  is  applied  to  ob- 
jects on  a  larger  scale.  We  admire  what  is 
handsome,  we  aro  pleased  with  what  is  pretty. 
The  word  is  supposed  to  be  connected  with 
hand;  and  thus  to  have  acquired  the  idea  of 
training,  cultivation,  symmetry,  and  proportion 
which  enters  so  largely  into  our  conception  of 
handsome.  Thus  Drayton  makes  mention  of 
handsome  players,  meaning  those  who  are  well 
trained ;  and  hence  wo  speak  of  a  man's  having 
a  handsome  address,  which  is  tlie  result  of  cul- 
ture ;  of  a  handsome  horse  or  dog,  which  imphes 
w'ell  proportioned  limbs ;  of  a  handsome  face 
to  which  (among  other  qualities)  the  idea  of 
proportion  and  a  graceful  contour  are  essen- 
tial; of  a  handsome  tree,  and  a  handsome  house 
or  villa.  So,  from  this  idea  of  proportion  or 
suitableness,  we  have  in  a  diS'erent  connection 
the  expressions,  a  handsome  fortune,  a  hand- 
some offer. 


Happiness,  Felicity,  Blessedness, 
Bliss. 

Happiness  is  generic,  and  is  applied  to  al- 
most every  kind  of  enjoyment  except  that  of 
the  animal  appetites ;  felicity  is  a  more  formal 
word,  and  is  used  more  sparingly  in  the  same 
general  sense,  but  with  elevated  associations; 
blessedness  is  applied  to  the  most  refined  enjoy- 
ment arising  from  tlie  purest  social,  benevolent, 
and  rehgious affections;  bliss  denotes  still  more 


1420 


HAS 


TABLE    OF    STNONYIIS. 


HID 


exalted  delight,  and  is  applied  more  appropri- 
ately to  the  joy  anticipated  in  heaven. 

Oh  happiii^^  oar  b«ing*3  end  and  aim.    Pope. 

Others  in  rirtue  place  felicity  ; 

But  virtue  joined  with  riches  and  long  life. 

In  corporal  pleasures  he,  and  careless  ease. 

MlLTOX. 

His  overthrow  heaped  happiness  upon  him ; 
For  then  and  not  till  then  he  felt  himself, 
And  found  the  hl^ssedneni  of  being  little. 

SnAK£SPE.\£B. 

Dim  sadness  did  not  spare 
That  time  celestial  vis-ages  ;  yet  mixed 
"With  pity,  violated  not  their  blisa.        Milton. 

Haeaxgue,  Speecu,  Oeation. 

Speech  is  generic ;  an  oration  is  an  elaborate 
and  prepared  speech;  a  harangue  is  a  vehe- 
ment appeal  to  the  passions,  or  a  noisy,  dis- 
putatious address.  A  general  makes  a  ha- 
rangue to  his  troops  on  the  eve  of  a  battle ;  a 
demagogue  harangues  the  populace  on  the  sub- 
ject of  their  wrongs. 

Gray -haired  men,  and  grave  with  warriors  mixed 
As$embl«,  and  haran^/ues  arc  heard,  but  soon, 
In  foctioaa  opposition.  Milton. 

Ha  ED.     See  Aeduocs,  a!so  Solid. 

Haedexed.     Sec  Obdckate. 

IIaem.     See  Mischi:ef. 

Haemoxt,  Melody. 

Bamony  results  from  the  concord  of  two  or 
more  musical  strains  which  differ  in  pitch  and 
quality ;  the  term  may  also  bo  applied  to 
sounds  which  are  not  musicid.  Melody  de- 
notes the  pleasing  alternation  and  variety  of 
musical  and  measured  sounds,  as  they  succeed 
each  other  in  a  single  vetse  jt  strain. 

The  harmony  ofthings, 
As  well  as  that  of  sounds,  from  discord  springs. 

Denuam. 

Lend  me  yonr  songs,  ye  nightingales :    Oh  poor 

The  mazy  running  soul  ofmtlody 

Into  my  varied  verse  I  Thomson. 

Harshness.     See  Aceimoxt. 

Haste,  Hceet,  Speech,  Dispatch. 

Haste  denotes  quickness  of  action  and  a 
strong  desire  (lit.,  heat)  for  getting  on ;  harry 
(connected  with  curro,  to  run)  includes  a  con- 
fusion and  want  of  collected  thought  not  im- 
plied in  haste ;  speed  denotes  the  actual  pro- 
gress which  is  made ;  dispatch,  the  prompti- 
tude and  rapidity  with  which  things  are  done. 
A  man  may  properly  be  in  haste,  but  never  in 
a  hurry.     Speed  usually  secures  dispatch. 

Our  line?  reformed  and  not  composed  in  haste^ 
PoUslied  like  marble,  would  like  marble  lost. 

Wallee. 
For  whom  all  this  Tiatis 
Of  midnight  march,  and  hurried  meeting  here. 

Milton. 

Speed .'  to  describe  whose  swiftnesa  number  fails. 

Milton. 

So  saying,  with  dvrpatchfui  Ionic ?  in  haste 
She  tarns,  on  hospitable  thought.,  intent, 

Milton. 


To  Hate,  Abhok,  Detest,  Abomi- 
nate, Loathe. 

Rate  (connected  with  heat)  is  tlie  generic 
word,  and  impUes  that  one  is  inflamed  with 
extreme  dislike.  We  abhor  (from  ab  and  hor- 
eo,  to  shudder  at)  what  is  deeply  repugnant  to 
our  sensibiUties  or  feelings.  We  detest  (from 
de  and  testor,  to  bear  witness  against)  what 
contradicts  so  utterly  our  principles  and  moral 
sentiments  that  we  feel  bound  (as  it  were)  to 
lift  up  our  voice  against  it.  What  we  abom- 
inate (from  ab  and  omen)  does  equal  violence  to 
our  moral  and  religions  sentiments.  What  we 
loathe  (lit.,  regard  with  nausea)  is  offensive  to 
our  own  nature  auu  ?  scites  unmingled  disgust. 

Our  Saviour  is  said  to  have  hated  the  deeds 
of  the  Xicolaitane  I;  his  language  shows  that  he 
toatted  the  lukewarmness  of  the  Laodiceans; 
he  detested  the  hypocrisy  of  tlie  Scribes  and 
Pharisees ;  he  abhorred  the  suggestions  of  the 
tempter  in  the  wilderness. 

Hateed.    See  Odium. 

Haughtiness,  Aerogance,  Disdain. 

Haughtiness  (from  Fr.  haul,  high)  denotes  the 
expression  of  conscious  and  jiroud  superiority; 
arrogance  (from  ad  and  rogo,  to  make  claim) 
is  a  disposition  to  claim  for  one's  self  more  than 
is  justly  due,  and  enforce  it  to  the  utmost ;  dis- 
dain (from  dedignor,  to  reject  as  unworthy)  is 
the  exact  reverse  of  condescension  toward  in-  j 
feriors,  since  it  expresses  and  desires  others  to 
feel  how  far  below  ourselves  we  consider  them. 
A  person  is  haughty  in  disposition  and  de- 
meanor ;  arrogant  in  his  claims  of  homage  and 
deference;  disdainful  even  in  accepting  the 
deference  which  his  haughtiness  leads  him  ar- 
rogantly to  exact. 

To  Have.     See  To  Possess. 

Hazaed.     See  Dangee. 

To  Heaeken.     See  To  Attend. 

Heaety,  Coedial,  Sincere. 

Hearty  impUes  honesty  and  simplicity  of  feel- 
mgs  and  manners ;  cordial  (from  cor,  the  heart) 
refers  to  the  warmth  and  liveliness  with  which 
the  feeUngs  are  expressed;  sincere  {lit.,  with- 
out mixture)  unplies  that  tliis  expression  cor- 
responds to  the  real  sentiments  of  the  heart. 
A  man  should  be  hearty  in  his  attachment  to 
his  friends,  cordial  in  his  reception  of  them  to 
his  house,  and  sincere  in  his  oilers  to  assist 
them. 
But  the  kind  hosts  their  entertainment  grace, 
■With  haaHy  welcome  and  an  open  face  ; 
In  all  they  did  you  might  discern  with  ease, 
A  willing  mind  and  a  desire  to  please.      Detden. 

He  with  looks  of  cordial  love. 
Hung  over  her  enamored.  Milton. 

Pardon  my  tears,  'tis  joy  which  bids  thorn  flow, 
A  joy  which  never  was  sincere  till  now. 

Dkyden. 

Heathen.     See  Pagan. 
To  Help,  Aid,  Assist. 

These  words  all  ap^ree  m  tlie  idea  of  afford- 


ing rehef  or  support  to  a  person  under  difficul- 
ties. 

Help  turns  attention  especially  to  the  source 
of  relief.  If  I  fall  into  a  pit,  I  call  for  "  help;" 
and  he  who  ?ieips  me  out,  does  it  by  an  act  of 
his  own. — Aid  turns  attention  to  tlie  other 
side,  and  supposes  co-operation  on  the  part  of 
him  who  is  relieved ;  as,  "  he  aided  me  in  get- 
':mg  out  of  the  pit ;"  '•  I  got  out  by  the  aid  of 
;i  ladder  which  he  brought  mo." — Assist  (from 
■id  ard  sto,  to  stand  b}')  has  a  primary  reference 
to  reL  f  afforded  by  a  person,  who  "stands  by" 
in  order  to  relieve.  It  denotes  both  help  and  aid. 
Thus,  we  say  of  a  person  who  is  weak,  "I  as- 
sisted him  up-stairs,"  or  "  he  mounted  the  stairs 
by  my  assistance."  When  we  say,  "he  mounted 
by  the  assistance  of  bis  staSJ"  the  word  ■'staff"  < 
is  used  figuratively.  [ 

When  help  is  used  as  a  noun,  it  points  less  1 
distinctively  and  exclusively  to  the  source  of  i 
reheij  or  in  other  words  agrees  more  closely ' 
with  aid.  Thus,  we  say,  "I  got  out  of  a  pit  i 
by  the  lielp  of  my  friend." 

Heeetic,  Schismatic,  Sectaeian. 

A  hciXiic  is  one  whose  errors  are  doctrinal, 
and  usually  of  a  malignant  character,  tending 
to  subvert  the  true  faith.     A  schismatic  is  one 
who  creates  a  schism  or  division  in  the  church  \ 
on  points  of  faith,  discipline,  practice,  ic.,  usu- 1 
ally  for  the  sake  of  personal  aggrandizement. 
A  sectarian  is  one  who  originates  or  promotes 
a  sect  or  distinct  organization  which  separates 
from  the  main  body  of  behevers.     Hence  the  ! 
expression,  "  a.  sectarian  spirit,"  has  a  slightly 
bad  sense,  which  does  not  attach  to  "  denomi- 
national." 

Heroism,  Courage,  Fortitude, 
Beaveet,  Valoe,  Inteepldity, 
Gallantet. 

Courage  is  generic,  denoting  fearlessness  of 
danger ;  fortitude  is  passive  courage,  the  habit 
of  bearing  up  nobly  under  trials,  dangers,  and 
sufferings ;   bravery  and  valor  are  courage  in 
battle  or  other  conflicts  with  Uving  opponents; 
intrepidity  is  firm  courage,  which  shrinks  not  • 
amid  the  most  appaUing  dangers ;  gallantry  13 , 
adventurous  courage,  dashing  into  the  thickest 
of  the  fight.     Heroism  may  call  into  exercise  ' 
all  these  modifications  of  courage.     It  is  a  con- 
tempt of  danger,  not  from  ignorance  or  incon- 
siderate levity,  but  from  a  noble  devotion  to 
some  great  caase,  and  a  just  confidence  of 
bemg  able  to  meet  danger  in  the  spmt  of  such 
a  cause. 

Hid,  Secret,  Cotert. 

Hidden  may  denote  either  known  to  no 
one;  as,  a  hidden  disease;  or  intentionally 
concealed ;  a.s,  a  hid.len  purpose  of  revenge. — 
A  secret  must  be  known  to  some  one,  but  only 
to  the  party  or  parties  concerned ;  a«,  a  secret 
conspir.icy.— Cor(?r«  (covered)  hterally  denotes 
what  is  not  open  or  avowed ;  as,  a  covert  plan ; 
but  is  often  appUed  to  what  we  mean  shall  bo 
understood  without  openly  expressmg  it ;  as, 

1421 


now 


TABLE    OF    SYNONYMS. 


1  MA 


a  covert  allusion.     Secret  is  opposed  to  known, 
and  hidden  to  concealed. 

Thus  the  siro  of  gods  and  men  below: 
What  I  have  hidden,  hope  not  thou  to  know. 

DUVDEN. 

Jly  heart  which  by  a  secret  harmony, 
Still  moves  with  thine,  joined  in  connection  .sweet. 

Milton. 
By  what  best  way, 
Whether  of  open  war,  or  covert  guile, 
Wo  now  debate.  MtLTOS. 

To  Hide.     See  To  Conceal. 

High.     See  Tall. 

HianwAV.     See  Wat. 

HiNDERANCE.     Sea  Impediment. 

Hint.     See  Suggestion. 

HisTOEY,  Chronicle,  Annals. 
Hixtnry  is  a  methodical  record  of  the  im- 
portant events  which  concern  a  community  of 
men,  usually  so  arranged  as  to  show  the  con- 
nection of  causes  and  effects.  A  chronicle  is  a 
record  of  such  events,  when  it  conforms  to  the 
order  of  time  as  its  distinctive  feature.  Annals 
are  a  chronicle  divided  out  into  distinct  years. 

Justly  C.f  sar  scorns  the  poet's  l.ays ; 

It  is  to  hislory  ho  trusts  lor  praise.  Pope. 

No  more  yet  of  this ; 
For  'tis  a  chronicle  of  day  by  day. 
Not  a  relation  for  a  breakfast.       Shakespeare. 
We  are  assured  by  many  glorious  es.amples  in  the 
annals  of  our  religion.  Eogees. 

Homage,  Fealty. 

Homage  was  originally  the  act  of  a  feudal 
tenant  by  which  ho  declared  himself,  on  his 
knees,  to  bo  the  hommage  (homo)  or  bondsman 
of  the  lord ;  hence  the  term  is  used  to  denote 
reverential  submission  or  respect.  Fealty  (from 
L.  fidditas)  was  originally  the  fidelity  of  such  a 
tenant  to  his  lord,  and  hence  the  term  denotes 
a  faithful  and  solemn  adherence  to  the  obliga- 
tions we  owe  to  superior  power  or  authority. 
We  pay  our  homage  to  men  of  preeminent  use- 
fulness and  virtue,  and  profess  oar  fealty  to  the 
principles  by  which  they  have  been  guided. 

Go,  go,  with  homage  yon  proud  victors  moetl 
Go,  lie  like  dogs  beneath  your  masters'  feet ! 

Dryden. 
Man  disobeying. 
Disloyal  breaks  hSifenlty  and  sins 
Against  tho  high  supremacy  of  heaven.    Milton. 

House.     See  Tenement. 

However,  At  least,   Neverthe- 
less, Yet. 

These  words,  as  here  compared,  have  an 
adversative  sense  in  reference  to  something  re- 
ferred to  in  the  context. 

However  is  the  most  general,  and  leads  to  a 
final  conclusion  or  decision.  Thus  we  say, 
"the  truth,  however,  has  not  yet  fully  come 
out,"  i.  e.,  such  is  the  speaker's  conclusion  in 
view  of  the  whole  case.  So  also  we  say. 
"  However,  you  may  rely  on  my  assistance  to 
that  amount,"  i.  e.,  at  all  events,  whatever 
may  happen,  this  is  my  Anal  decision. — At 
least  is  adversative  in  another  way.     It  points 

l422 


out  the  utmost  concession  that  can  possibly  be 
required,  and  still  marks  the  adversative  con- 
clusion; as,  "at  hast,  this  must  be  done;" 
"  whatever  may  be  our  love  of  peace,  we  must 
at  least  maintain  the  rights  of  conscience." — 
Nevertheless  denotes  that  though  the  concession 
be  fully  made,  it  has  no  bearmg  on  the  ques- 
tion ;  as,  "  nevertheless,  we  must  go  forward." 
—  Yet  signifies,  that  however  extreme  the  sup- 
position or  fact  conceded  may  be,  the  conse- 
quence which  might  naturally  be  expected  does 
not  and  will  not  follow  ;  as,  "  though  I  should 
die  with  thee,  yet  will  I  not  deny  thee." 
"Though  ho  slay  me,  yet  wiU  I  trust  in  hun." 

Humility,  Modesty,  Diffidence. 

Diffidence  is  a  distrust  of  our  powers,  com- 
bined with  a  fear  lest  our  failure  should  be 
censured,  since  a  dread  of  failure  unconnected 
with  a  dread  of  censure  is  not  usually  caUed 
diffidence.  It  may  be  earned  too  far,  and  is  not 
always  (like  modesty  and  humihty)  a  virtue. — 
Modesty,  without  supposing  self-distrust,  implies 
an  unwillingness  to  put  ourselves  forward,  and 
an  absence  of  all  over-confidence  in  our  own 
powers. — Humility  consists  in  rating  our  claims 
low,  in  being  wiUmg  to  waive  our  rights,  and 
take  a  lower  place  than  might  bo  our  duo.  It 
docs  not  require  of  ua  to  underrate  ourselves. 
The  humility  of  our  Saviour  was  perfect,  and 
yet  he  had  a  true  sense  of  his  own  greatness. 

Be  silent,  always,  when  you  doubt  your  sense ; 
And  spcali  though  sure  with  seeming  dijfidence. 

PoPR. 

Modcstij  is  a  kind  of  shame  or  b.ishfulness  proceed- 
in;.'  from  tlie  sense  a  man  has  of  his  own  defects  com- 
pared with  the  perfections  of  hiui  v;hom  he  comes 
before.  South. 

numility  is  like  a  tree,  whose  root,  when  it  sets 
deepest  in  the  earth  rises  bishcr,  and  spreads  fairer, 
and  stands  surer  and  lasts  longer,  and  every  stqi  of  its 
descent  is  like  a  rib  of  iron.  Bp.  Tatloh. 

Humor.     See  Wit. 
To  Humor.     See  To  Gratify. 

Hurry.     See  Haste. 

Hypocrite.     See  Dissembler. 

Hypothesis.     See  Theory. 


I. 


Idiom,  Dialect. 

The  idioms  of  a  language  belong  to  its  very 
structure ;  its  dialects  are  varieties  of  expres- 
sion ingrafted  upon  it  in  different  locahties  or 
by  different  professions.  Each  county  of  Eng- 
land has  some  pccuharities  of  dialect,  and  so 
have  most  of  tho  professions,  while  tho  great 
idioms  of  the  language  aro  everywhere  the 
same.     See  Language. 

Some  that  with  care,  true  eloquence  shall  teach. 
And  to  just  idioms  fix  our  doubtful  speech. 

Pi'.ior. 

Then  all  those 
Who  in  the  dark  our  fnry  diil  escape, 
Ketnininii.  know  our  borrowed  arms  and  shape. 
And  different  dialect.  Denham. 


Idle,  Indolent,  Lazy. 

A  propensity  to  inaction  is  expressed  by 
each  of  these  words;  they  differ  in  the  cause 
and  degree  of  tins  characteristic. 

Indolent  (from  in  and  doleo,  to  avoid  pain  or 
effort)  denotes  an  habitual  love  of  ease,  a  set- 
tled dishke  of  movement  or  effort;  idle  is  op- 
posed to  busy,  and  denotes  a  dislike  of  contin- 
uous exertion.  An  idle  person  may  be  active 
in  his  way,  but  is  reluctant  to  force  himself  to 
what  he  does  not  like.  Lazy  is  only  a  stronger 
and  more  contemptuous  term  for  indolent. 

"  An  indolent  man  fails  in  activity  from  a  de- 
fect either  of  mind  or  body ;  and  trifling  exer- 
tions of  any  kind  aro  sufficient,  even  m  pros- 
pect, to  deter  liira  from  attempting  to  move." 

'^Laziness  is  opposed  to  industry,  and  is 
frequent  among  those  who  are  compelled  to 
work  for  others;  it  is  a  habit  of  body  superin- 
duced upon  one's  condition." — Craeb. 

Ignorant,  Illtterate. 

Ignorant  denotes  want  of  knowledge,  cither 
as  to  a  single  subject  or  information  in  gen- 
eral ;"!ZZifcrate  refers  to  an  ignorance  of  letters, 
or  of  knowledge  acquired  by  reading  and  study. 
In  the  Middle  Ages,  a  great  proportion  of  the 
higher  classes  were  illiterate,  and  yet  were  far 
from  being  ignorant,  e.=:peciaUy  in  regard  to  war 
and  other  active  pursuits. 

In  such  business 
Action  is  eloquence,  .and  tho  eyes  of  the  ignorant 
More  learned  than  the  ears.  Shaeebpeare. 

In  the  first  ages  of  Christianity,  not  only  tho  learned 
and  tho  wise,  but  the  ignorant  and  illiterate  em- 
braced torments  and  death.— Tillotson. 

Illiterate.     See  Ignorant. 

Illness,  Sickness. 

Originally,  sickness  was  the  English  term  for 
a  continuous  disease,  as  in  our  version  of  the 
Scriptures,  &c.  Within  tho  present  century, 
there  has  been  a  tendency  in  England  to  use 
illness  exclusively  in  this  sense,  and  to  confine 
sickness  morQ  especially  to  a  sense  of  nausea,  or 
"sickness  of  the  stomach."  Hence  it  is  there 
common  to  say  of  a  friend,  "he  has  been  ill  for 
some  weeks,"  "He  has  had  a  long  iUness." 
This  practice  is  gainmg  ground  in  America  to 
some  extent ;  but  as  the  Scriptures,  tho  Book 
of  Common  Prayer,  and  most  of  the  great  Eng- 
lish writers  use  "  sick'  and  "  sickness"  in  these 
cases,  it  is  probable  the  change  will  bo  slow 
in  its  progress  if  over  made. 

Illusion.     See  Delusion. 

Illustrious.     See  Distinguished, 

also  Famous. 

Imagination,  Fancy. 

Those  words  have,  to  a  great  extent,  been 
interchanged  by  our  best  writers,  and  consid- 
ered as  strictly  synonymous.  A  distinction, 
however,  is  now  made  between  them  which 
more  fuUy  exhibits  their  nature.  Properly 
speaking  they  aro  different  exercises  of  the 


IMM 


TABLE    OP    SYNONYMS. 


IN  A 


same  general  power — the  plastic  or  creative 
faculty. 

Imagination  consists  in  taking  parts  of  our 
conceptions   and    combining   tliem  into   new 
forms  and  images  more  select,  more  strildng, 
more  delightful,  terrible,  ic,  than  those  of  or- 
dinary nature.     It  is  tlie  higher  exercise  of  the 
two.    It  creates  by  laws  more  closely  connected 
with  the  reason;  it  has   stronj  emotion  as  its 
actuating  and  formative  cause ;  it  aims  at  re- 
sults of   a   definite    and    weighty  character. 
I  Milton's  fiery  lake,  the  debates  of  his  Pandemo- 
I  nium,  the  exquisite  scenes  of  his  Paradise,  are 
I  all  products  of  the  imagination. — Fancy  moves 
!  on  a  lighter  wing ;  it  is  governed  by  laws  of 
association  which  are  more  remote,  and  some- 
times arbitrary  or  capricious.     Hence  the  term 
fanciful^   which   exhibits   fancy  in  its  wilder 
flights.     It  has  for  its  actuating  spirit  feelings 
:  of  a  lively,  gay,   and  versatile  character ;  it 
,  seeks  to  please  by  unexpected  combinations  of 
thought,  startling  contrasts,  fiaslies  of  brilliant 
imagery,  kc     Pope's  Rape  of  the  Lock  is  an 
exhibition  of  fancy,   which   has   scarcely  its 
!  equal  in  the  literature  of  any  country. 

This,  for  instance,  Wordsworth  did  in  respect  of  the 

words  '"ima^nation"  .ind  ''fancy."  Before  he  wrote.  It 

!  was,  I  suppose,  obscurely  felt  by  most  that  in  "im- 

j  agination'*  there  was  more  of  the  earnest,  in  ''fancy" 

!  of  the  play  of  the  spirit,  that  the  first  was  a  loftier 

faculty  and  gift  than  tho  second  ;  yet  for  all  this  the 

words  were  continually  and  not  without  loss,  cnn- 

\  founded.    He  first,  in  the  preface  to  his  Lyrical  Bid- 

liids,  rendered  it  henceforth  impossible  that  any  one, 

who  had  read  and   mastered  what  he  has  -written 

■  in   Vai\  two  words,  should   remain  unconscious  any 

I-:ij  -r  of  the  important  difference  between  them. 

TuEscn. 

To  imarrinc  in  this  high  and  tme  sense  of  the  word, 
!  Is  to  realize  the  ideal,  to  make  intelligible  truths  de- 
scend into  the  forms  of  sensible  n.ature,  to  represent 
the  invisible  by  the  visible,  the  infinite  by  tho  finite. 
I  ti  this  view  of  it,  ima^nation  m.ay  bo  regarded  as  tho 
differentia  of  man — tlie  distinctive  mark  which  scpa- 
t  rales  him  a  Qi'efj6  muiorum.  That  the  inferior  an- 
'  Im.als  have  memory,  and  what  has  been  called  pajtsive 
inuigiiuidon  is  proved  l»y  the  fact  that  they  dream — 
and  that  Id  this  state  impressions  made  on  them 
li.  their  waking  honrs  are  reproduced.  But  they  show 
DO  trace  of  that  higher  faculty  or  function  which 
transcends  the  sphere  of  sense,  and  which  out  of  ele- 
ments supplied  by  things  seen  and  temporal,  can 
create  new  objects,  tho  contempl.ation  of  which  lifts 
us  to  the  infinite  and  the  unseen,  and  pivcs  us 
thoughts  which  wander  throufjh  eternity.  High  art 
is  highly  metaphysical,  and  whether  it  be  in  poetry 
I  or  music,  or  painting  or  inscription,  the  triumidi  of  the 
i  art  lies  not  in  presenting  ns  with  an  exact  transcript 
of  things  that  may  bo  seen  or  heard  or  handled  in  the 
world  aronnd  us,  but  in  carrying  ns  across  the  gulf 
which  separates  the  phenomenal  from  the  real,  and 
placing  us  in  the  presence  of  tl)e  truly  henutiful^  and 
surroimding  us  with  an  atmosphere  more  pure  than 
that  which  the  sun  enlightens.  Fleming. 

iMBEcrLiTY.     See  Deeilitt. 

Immediately.     See  Dieectlt. 

liiiiEssE.      See  Enor-mohs. 

Immixeve,  IirPEXDiNG,  Threatening. 

I  Imminent  (from  immineo,  to  hang  over)  is 
the  strongest:  it  denotes  that  soraetliiug  is 
ready  to  fall  on  the  instant ;  as,  in  imminent 

I  danger  of  one's  life. — Impendin//  (from  impen- 


deo,  to  hang  suspended,  or  to  threaten)  denotes 
that  something  hang-s  suspended  over  us,  and 
may  so  remain  indelinitely ;  as,  the  impendiwj 
evils  of  war. — Threatening  supposes  some  dan- 
ger in  prospect,  but  more  remote ;  as,  threaten- 
ing indications  for  the  future. 

Three  times  to-day 
Tou  have  defended  me  from  imminent  death. 

SUAKESPEARa 

No  story  I  unfold  of  public  woes, 

Nor  be.ar  advices  oi  impending  foes.  Pope. 

Death  to  be  wished 
Though  threatened,  which  no  worse  than  this 
Can  bring.  Milton. 

To  Impart.     See  To  Communicate. 

To  Impeach.     See  To  Accuse. 
Impediment,  Obstacle,  Difficulty, 

HiNDERANCE. 

An  impediment  (from  im  and  pedes,  the  feet) 
hterally  strikes  against  our  feet,  checking  our 
progress,  and  we  remove  it. — An  obstacle  (from 
obsto,  to  oppose)  rises  up  before  us  in  our  path, 
and  we  surmount  it. — A  difficulty  (from  diffl- 
cilis,  hard)  sets  before  us  something  liard  to  be 
done,  and  we  encounter  it  and  overcome  it. — 
A  hinderance  holds  us  back  for  a  time,  but  we 
break  away  from  it. 

May  I  never 
To  this  good  purpose,  that  so  fairly  shows, 
Dreaji  oi  impediment.  Shakespeare. 

Conscience  is  a  blushing  shame-faced  spirit, 
That  mutinies  in  a  man's  bosom  ;  it  fills 
One  full  of  ohaiacles.  Shakespeare. 

Thus,  by  dejrrees,  he  rose  to  .Jove's  imperial  seat: 
Thus  dij^culties  prove  a  soul  legitimately  great. 

Dryden. 

Impending.     See  Imminent. 
Imperious,  Lordly,  Domineering. 

One  who  is  imperious  (from  impero,  to  com- 
mand) exercises  his  authority  in  a  manner 
liiglily  offensive  for  its  spirit  and  tone ;  one 
who  is  lordly  assumes  a  lofty  air  in  order  to 
display  his  importance ;  one  who  is  domineer- 
ing (from  dominor,  to  rule  over)  gives  orders  in 
a  way  to  make  others  feci  their  inferiority. 

"  There  is  always  something  oCTonsive  in 
imperiousness :  there  is  frequently  something 
ludicrous  in  that  which  is  lordly ;  and  a  mi.x- 
turo  of  tho  ludicrous  and  offensive  in  that 
which  is  domineering.'" — Crabb. 

This  imperious  m.in  will  work  us  all 
From  princes  into  pages.  Shakespeare. 

So  dreaded  once,  may  now  es.asperato  them 
I  know  not:  lords  are  lordliest  in  their  wine. 

Milton. 
Go  to  the  feast,  revel,  and  domineer. 
Carouse  full  measure.  Shakespeare. 

I.yPERTINENT,  OfFICIOUS,  RuDE. 
A  person  is  officious  who  obtrudes  his  offices 
or  assistance  where  they  are  not  needed ;  he 
is  impertinent  (from  in  and  pertinens,  not  be- 
longing to  one)  when  he  intermeddles  in  things 
with  which  he  has  no  concern.  The  former 
shows  a  want  of  tact ;  the  latter  a  want  of 
breeding,  or,  more  commoidy,  a  spirit  of  sheer 
impudence. — A  person  is  rude  (from  rudis, 
rough,  unpolished)  when  he  violates  the  pro- 


prieties of  social  life  either  from  ignorance  or 
wantonness. 

"  An  impertinent  man  will  ask  questions  for 
the  mere  gratification  of  curiosity ;  a  rude  man 
will  burst  into  the  room  of  another,  or  push 
against  his  person,  in  violation  of  aU  decorum ; 
one  who  is  officious  is  quite  as  unfortunate  as 
he  is  troublesome — when  he  strives  to  serve, 
ho  has  the  misfortune  to  annoy." — Ckabr 

I  was  forced  to  quit  my  first  lodgings  by  reason  of 
an  nffiriotis  landlady,  that  would  be  asking  me  every 
morning  how  I  had  slept.  Addison. 

To  Implore.     See  To  Beseech. 

To  Imply.     See  To  Involve. 

Imposition.     See  Deception. 

Impossi.!LE.     See  Impracticable. 

iMPOfSTOR.     See  Deceivee. 

iMPRACnCABLE,  IMPOSSIBLE. 
A  thing  is  impraciicaJjle  when  it  can  not  be 
accomplished  by  any  human  means  at  present 
possessed ;  a  thing  is  impossible  when  the  laws 
of  nature  forbid  it.  The  navigation  of  a  river 
may  now  be  impracticable,  but  not  impossible, 
because  the  existmg  obstructions  may  yet  be 
removed. 

The  barons  esercised  the  most  despotic  authority 
over  their  vassals,  and  every  scheme  of  public  utility 
was  rendered  impracticable  by  their  continued  petty 
wars  with  each  other.  MrrKLE. 

What  is  impossible  with  man  is  possible  with  God. 

Imprecation.     See  Malediction. 

To  Impute.     See  To  Ascribe. 

Impudence,  Effrontery,  Sauciness. 

Impudence  (from  impudens,  without  shame) 
refers  more  especially  to  the  feelings  as  mani- 
fested in  action. — Effrontery  (Ut.,  meeting  face 
to  face)  applies  to  some  gross  and  public  exhi- 
bition of  shamclessness. — Sauciness  (/rt.,  giving 
the  sauce)  refers  to  a  sudden  outbreak  of  impu- 
dence, especially  from  an  inferior. 

Impudence  is  an  unblushing  kind  of  imper- 
tinence, and  may  be  manifested  in  words,  tones, 
gestures,  looks,  &c.  Effrontery  rises  still  higher, 
and  shows  J  totil  unconcern  for  the  opmions 
of  those  present,  and  a  disregard  for  all  the 
forms  of  civil  society.  Sauciness  discovers  it- 
self toward  particular  individuals,  in  certain  re- 
lations; as  in  the  case  of  servants  who  are 
saucy  to  their  masters,  or  children  who  are 
saucy  to  theu-  teachers. 

Inability.     See  Disability. 

Inactive.      See  Inert. 

Inadvertence.     See  Inattention. 

Inanimate.     See  Lifeless. 

Inasmuch.     See  Because. 

Inattention,  Inadvertence. 

We  miss  seeing  a  thing  through  inadvertence 
when  we  do  not  look  at  it ;  through  inattention 
when  we  give  no  heed  to  it,  though  directly 
before  us.  The  latter  is  therefore  the  worst 
Inadvcrterux  may  be  an  involuntary  accident ; 

1423 


INC 


TABLE    OF    SYNONYMS. 


ING 


inuUcnlion  is  culpable  neglect.  A  versatUe 
mind  is  often  inadvertent ;  a  careless  or  stupid 
one  is  inattentive. 

What  is  not  ill  csecuted  sbould  bo  received  with 
appiobation,  with  good  words  and  good  wishes ;  and 
small  faults  and  inadvertencies  should  be  candidly- 
excused.  JOKTIH. 
Wliat  prodirfes  am  power  divine  perform 
More  grand  than  it  produces  year  by  year, 
And  oil  in  sight  of  inattentive  man  ?        Cowpek. 

Incapable.  See  Incompetent. 
Incident.  See  Circumstance. 
Incidental.     See  Accidental. 

To  Incite.    See  To  Excite. 

Inclination.     See  Disposition. 

Inclination.     See  Bent. 

Incompatible.     See  Inconsistent. 

Incompetent,  Incapable. 
Incompetent  is  a  relative  term,  denoting  a 
want  of  tlie  requisite  qualifications  for  perform 
ing  a  given  act,  service,  &c. ;  incapable  is  abso- 
lute in  its  sense  and  meaning,  denoting  want 
of  power,  either  natural  or  moral.  We  speak 
of  a  man  as  incompetent  to  a  certain  task,  of  an 
incompetent  judge,  &c.  We  say  of  an  idiot,  that 
lie  is  incapable  of  learning  to  read ;  and  of  a 
man  distinguished  for  his  honor,  that  he  is  in- 
capable of  a  mean  action. 

Incongruous.     See  Inconsistent. 

Inconsistent,  Incongruous,  Incom- 
patible. 

Things  are  incongrtwus  when  they  are  not 
suited  to  each  other,  so  that  their  union  is  un- 
becoming ;  inconsistent  when  they  are  opposed 
to  each  other,  so  as  to  render  it  hiiproper  or 
wrong ;  incompatible  when  they  cannot  coexist, 
and  it  is  therefore  impossible  to  unite  them. 
Habitual  levity  of  mind  is  incongruous  with  the 
profession  of  a  clergyman ;  it  is  inconsistent 
with  his  ordination  vows;  it  is  incompatible 
with  his  permanent  usefulness. 

Incongruity  attaches  to  the  modes  and  quali- 
ties of  things ;  incompatibility  attaches  to  their 
essential  attributes ;  inconsistency  attaches  to 
the  actions,  sentiments,  &c.,  of  men. 

You  still  approve  some  absent  place. 
The  present's  ever  in  disgrace; 
And  such  your  special  ineonftitfenre. 
Mjke  the  chief  merit  in  the  dit-tanee. 

noKACE. 

Arms,  throngh  the  vanity  and  brainless  rage 
Of  those  that  bear  tlieni  in  whatever  cause, 
8cem  most  .it  variance  with  all  moral  frnod, 
And  incompatible  with  serious  thought. 

COWPER. 

To  Increase,  Enlarge,  Extend. 

Enlarge  implies  to  make  larger  or  broader 
in  size.  Extend  (from  ex  and  tendo,  to  stretch 
forth)  marks  the  progress  of  enlargement  be- 
yond wider  boundaries.  Increase  (from  in  and 
cresco,  to  grow)  denotes  enlargement,  by  growth 
and  accession,  as  in  the  case  of  plants.  A  king- 
dom is  enlarged  by  the  addition  of  new  terri- 
t  jries ;  the  mind  is  enlarged  by  knowledge.    A 


kmgdom  is  extended  when  its  boundaries  are 
carried  to  a  greater  distance  from  the  center. 
A  man's  riches,  honors,  knowledge,  &c.,  are 
increased  by  accessions  which  are  made  from 
time  to  time. 

Great  objects  make 
Great  minds,  enlarging  as  their  views  enlarge. 
Those  still  more  godlike,  as  these  mora  divine. 

Young. 

The  wise  extending  their  inquiries  wide, 
See  how  both  states  are  by  connection  tied  ; 
Fools  view  but  part  and  not  the  whole  survey. 
So  crowd  existence  all  into  a  day.  Jf.nvnb. 

May  they  increase  as  fast,  and  spread  their  boughs, 
As  the  high  fame  of  their  great  owner  grows. 

Wallbe. 

Incursion.  See  Invasion. 
Indigence.  See  Poverty. 
Indignation.     See  Anger. 

Indolent.     See  Idle. 
Inducement.     See  Motive. 


Induction,  Deduction. 

In  induction  we  observe  a  sufficient  number 
of  individual  facts,  and,  on  the  ground  of  anal- 
ogy, extend  what  is  true  of  them  to  others  of 
the  same  class,  thus  arriving  at  general  prin- 
ciples or  laws.  This  is  the  kind  of  reasoning 
in  physical  science.  In  deduction  we  begin 
with  a  general  truth,  and  seek  to  connect  it 
with  some  mdividual  case  by  means  of  a  mid 
die  term,  or  class  of  objects  known  to  be 
equally  connected  with  both.  Thus  wo  bring 
down  the  general  into  the  individual,  affirmtog 
of  the  latter  the  distinctive  qualities  of  the 
former.  This  is  the  syllogistic  mtthod.  By 
induction  Franklin  established  the  identity  of 
lightning  and  electricity;  by  deduction  he  in- 
ferred that  dwoUings  might  be  protected  by 
lightning-rods. 


To  Indulge.     See  To  Gratify. 

Industry.     See  Diligence. 

Inebriation.     See  Drunkenness, 

Ineffectual.     See  Useless. 

Inert,  Inactfte,  Sluggish. 

A  man  may  be  inactive  from  mere  want  of 
stimulus  to  effort ;  but  one  who  is  inert  has 
something  in  his  constitution  or  his  habits 
which  opcr.ates  Hke  a  weight  holding  him  back 
from  exertion.  Sluggish  (from  slug)  is  still 
stronger,  implying  some  defect  of  temperament 
which  directly  impedes  action. 

They  can  boast  but  little  virtue ;  and,  inert 

Through  plenty,  lose  in  morals,  what  they  gain 

In  manners— victims  of  luxurious  case.   Cowpee. 

Virtue  concealed  within  our  breast 

Is  inaetirity  aX  best.  Swirx. 

Slxtggish  idleness,  the  nurse  of  sin, 

Upon  a  slothful  ass  ho  chose  to  ride.        Spenseb. 

Infection,  Contagion. 
Medical  writers  in  Europe  do  not,  most  of 
them,  allow  there  is  any  difiTerenco  between 
contagion  and  infection.  In  America,  tho  dis- 
tinction referred  to  under  Contagiok  is,  to  a 
considenable    extent,   admitted.      In    general 


hterature,  this  distinction  is  well  established. 
We  use  contagion  and  contagious  in  respect  to 
things  which  spread  by  intercourse  or  imita- 
tion ;  as,  the  contagious  influence  of  example ; 
while  we  apply  infection  and  infectious  to  a 
more  hidden  and  diffusive  power ;  as,  the  in- 
fection of  vice ;  the  infectious  influence  of  evil 
principles. 

Infectious.     See  Contagious. 
Inference,  Conclusion. 

An  inference  (from  in  and  fero)  is  lit.,  that 
which  is  brought  in ;  and  hence,  a  deduction  or 
induction  from  premises — something  which 
follows  as  certainly  or  probably  true. — A  con- 
clusion (from  concludo,  to  shut  up)  is  stronger 
than  inference  ;  it  shuts  us  up  to  the  result,  and 
terminates  inquiry.  In  a  chain  of  reasoning 
wo  have  many  inferences  which  lead  to  tho  ul- 
timate conclusion. 

"An  ««/ere7ice  is  a  proposition  which  is  perceived 
to  be  true,  because  of  its  connection  with  some  known 
fact."  Taylok'8  Ele.\ient8  of  Tuougut. 

"  WJien  something  is  simply  affirmed  to  be  true,  it 
is  called  a  proposition  ;  after  it  has  been  found  to  be 
true,  by  several  reasons  or  arguments,  it  is  called  a 
eonclusion.^^       Tatloe's  Elements  of  TuouGnx. 

Infidel,  Unbeliever,  Freethin^kee, 
Deist,  Atheist,  Skeptic. 

An  infidel  is  properly  one  who  denies  Chris- 
tianity and  the  truth  of  the  Scriptures.  Some 
have  endeavored  to  widen  the  sense  of  infidel 
so  as  to  embrace  atheism  and  every  form  of 
unbelief,  but  this  has  failed.  A  freethinker  is 
now  only  another  name  for  an  infidel.  An 
unbeliever  is  not  necessarily  a  disbeliever  or  in- 
fidel, because  he  may  still  bo  inquiring  after 
evidence  to  satisfy  his  mind ;  the  word,  how- 
ever, is  more  commonly  used  in  the  worst 
sense.  A  deist  believes  in  one  God  and  a 
divine  providence,  but  rejects  revelation.  An 
atheist  denies  the  being  of  God.  A  skeptic  is 
one  whose  faith  in  the  reliability  of  evidence  is 
weakened  or  destroyed,  so  that  religion,  to  the 
same  extent,  has  no  practical  hold  on  his 
mind. 


Infirmity. 
Informer. 


See  Debility. 
See  Informant. 


Ingenuity,  Cleverness. 

Ingenuity  is  a  form  of  genius,  and  cleverness 
of  talent.  The  former  imphes  invention,  tho 
latter  a  peculiar  dexterity  and  readiness  of 
execution.  Sir  James  Mackintosh  remarks, 
that  tho  English  overdo  in  the  use  of  the  words 
clever  and  cleverness,  applying  them  loosely  to 
almost  every  form  of  intellectual  abihty.  Thus 
they  speak  of  a  clever  article  in  a  magazine ;  a 
clever  review  ;  a  clever  speech  in  Parliament ; 
of  a  book  very  cleverly  written ;  of  great  cUver- 
ness  in  debate ;  and  in  accordance  with  this 
use  of  language,  Mr.  Macaulay  would  bo  called 
a  very  clever  writer  of  history,  and  Mr.  Fox  a 
very  clever  debater. 


1424 


INR 


TABLE    OP    SYNONYMS. 


IN  V 


Ingexuous,  Open,  Fkaxk. 

One  who  is  open,  speaks  out  at  once  what  is 
uppermost  in  iiis  mind  ;  one  who  is  frank  does 
it  from  a  natural  boldness  or  dislike  of  self- 
restraint  ;  one  who  is  inyenuous  is  actuated  by 
a  noble  candor  and  lore  of  truth,  which  makes 
him  willing  to  confess  his  fau'ts,  and  make 
known  all  his  sentiments  without  reserve. 

'*  A//'anJfe  man  is  not  frank  to  all,  nor  on  all  occa- 
sions; he  is  frank  to  his  friends,  or  he  is  frank  in  his 
dealings  with  others;  but  the  open  man  lets  himself 
out  like  a  running  stream  to  all  who  choose  to  listen, 
anil  communicates  trivial  or  important  matters  with 
equal  eagerness."  Ckabb. 

If  an  ingenuorts  detestation  of  falsehood  be  but 
carefully  ami  early  instilled,  that  is  the  true  and  gen- 
uine method  to  obviate  dishonesty,  Lock£. 

LnQUiTors,  Wicked,  Nefarious. 

Wicked  is  the  generic  term;  iniquitous  is 
stronger,  denoting  a  violation  of  the  rights  of 
others  usually  by  ihiud  or  circumvention.  ^Ve- 
farious  (from  jiefas,  a  crime  of  the  deepest  dye) 
is  still  stronger,  implying  a  breach  of  the  most 
sacred  obligations. 

Go  and  succeed !  the  rivals'  aims  despise ; 
For  never,  never,  wicked  man  was  wise. 

Pope. 
Till  God  at  last 
■Wearied  with  their  inifjuitU",  withdraw 
His  presence  from  among  them.  Milton. 

But  to  worse  pnrpose  many  times 
To  flouri-sh  o'er  nefarious  ci  imes, 
And  cheat  the  world.  Ectlee. 

Injttendo,  Issixuation. 
An  innuendo  supposes  a  representation  so 
framed  as  to  point  distinctly  (lit.,  by  nodding) 
at  something  beyond,  which  is  injurious  to  the 
character,  &c.,  of  the  person  aimed  at.  An 
insinuation  turns  on  no  sucli  double  use  of 
language ;  but  consists  in  artftilly  winding  into 
the  mind  imputations  of  an  injurious  nature 
without  making  any  direct  charge:  and  is 
therefore  justly  regarded  as  one  of  the  basest 
resorts  of  malice  and  falsehood. 

To  INQUIRE.    See  To  Question. 

Inquisitite,  Curious,  Prying. 

Curious  denotes  a  feeling,  and  inquisitive  a 
habit.  Wo  are  curious  when  we  desire  to  learn 
something  new;  we  are  inquisitive  (from  in 
and  qutBTo,  to  seek)  when  we  set  ourselves  to 
gain  it  by  inquiry  or  research.  Prying  implies 
inquisUiveness  when  carried  to  an  extreme ; 
and  is  more  commonly  used  in  a  bad  sense,  as 
indicating  a  desire  to  penetrate  into  the  secrets 
of  others. 

Ah,  curiotiUy,  first  cause  of  all  our  ill, 

And  yet  the  plague  which  most  torments  us  still  [ 

STIEU.VO. 

This  folio  of  four  pages,  happy  work  I 
"Which  not  even  critics  criticise;  that  holds 
Jnqiiistitite  attention  while  I  read, 
Fast  bound  in  chains  of  silence,  which  the  fair. 
Though  eloquent  themselves,  yet  fear  to  break. 

CoWPEE. 


Nor  need  we  with  z  prying  eye  survey 
The  distant  skies,  to  find  the  milky  way. 


Ceeech. 


I.nroad.     See  Tnvasio.v. 


179 


Insanity,   Lunacy,    Madness,    De- 

RANGEitENT,     ALIENATION,      ABER- 
RATION, Mania,  Delirium,  Fren- 
zy, Monomania,  Dementia. 
Insanity  is  the  generic  term  for  all  such  dis- 
eases;  lunacy  has   now   an  equal   extent  of 
meaning,  though  once  used  to  denote  perio- 
dical insanity ;  madness  has  the  same  extent, 
though  originally  referring  to  the  r.igc  created 
by  the  disease;  derangement,  aberration,  alienor 
Hon,  are  popular  terms  for  insanity ;  delirium, 
mania,  and  frenzy  denote  excited  states  of  the 
disease ;  dementia  denotes  the  loss  of  mental 
power  by  this  means;  monomania  is  insanity 
upon  a  single  subject. 

Insinitation.     See  Innuendo. 
Insolent,  Insulting. 

In  the  word  insolent,  we  have  a  curious  in- 
stance of  the  change  and  progress  of  our  lan- 
guage. This  word  in  its  primitive  sense  (from 
L.  insolens)  simply  denoted  unusual;  and  to 
act  insolently,  was  to  act  in  violation  of  the 
established  rules  of  social  intercourse.  He 
who  did  this  was  insolent;  and  thus  the  word 
has  become  one  of  the  most  offensive  in  our 
language ;  indicating  a  spirit  of  bloated  pride 
or  unbridled  passion.  Insulting  (from  insulto, 
to  leap  at  or  upon)  denotes  a  personal  attack 
cither  in  words  or  actions  indicative  either  of 
scorn  or  triumph. 

Insolent  is  he  that  despiseth  in  his  judgment  all 
other  folks  as  in  re.'arilo  of  his  value,  of  his  conning, 
of  his  speking  and  of  his  bering.  Chaucer. 

Of  being  taken  by  the  insolent  foe, 

And  sold  to  slavery.  SniKESPEABE. 

Insulting  tyranny  begins  to  jut 
Upon  the  innocent  and  awless  throne  ; 
"Welcome  destruction,  blood  and  massacre ! 

Shakespeare. 

In  Spite  of.     See  Notwitustantd- 

ING. 

Instance.     See  Example. 

Instant.     See  Moment. 

Instantly.     See  Directly. 

Instruction.     See  Education. 

Insult.     See  Affront. 

Insulting.     See  Insolent. 

Insurgent.     See  Rebel. 

Insurrection,  Sedition,  Revolt, 

Rebellion. 
Sedition  is  the  raising  of  commotion  in  a 
state  without  aiming  at  open  violence  against 
the  laws  (Bouvier). — Insurrection  is  a  rising  up 
of  individuals  to  prevent  the  execution  of  law, 
by  force  of  arms. — Revolt  is  a  casting  off  the 
authority  of  a  government  with  a  view  to  put 
it  down  by  force. — Rebellion  is  an  extended  in- 
surrection and  revolt. 

That  sunshine  brewed  a  shower  for  him 
That  washed  his  father's  fortunes  forth  of  Fr.ance, 
And  heaped  sedition  on  his  crown  at  home. 

SriAKESPKARR. 


Insurrectio7is  vt  base  people  are  commonly  more 
furious  in  their  beginnings.  Bacon. 

He  was  greatly  strengthened,  and  the  enemy  aa 
much  enfeebled,  by  daily  rerolte.  Raleigh. 

Of  their  names  in  heavenly  records  now. 
Is  no  memorial,  blotted  out  and  razed. 
By  their  rehellion,  from  the  books  of  life. 

MlLTOS. 

Integrity.     See  Probity. 

Intelligent.     See  Sensible. 
To  Intend.     See  To  Contesiplatb. 

Intention.     See  Design. 

To  Interfere.     See  To  Interpose. 

To  Intermeddle.  See  To  Interpose. 

Intermission.     See  Cessation. 

To  Interpose,  Intermeddle,  Inter- 
fere. 

A  man  may  often  interpose  with  propriety  in 
the  concerns  of  others ;  he  can  never  iriter- 
meddle  without  being  impertinent  or  ofBcious; 
nor  can  he  interfere  without  being  liable  to  the 
same  charge,  unless  he  has  rights  which  are 
interfered  with. 

In  respect  to  this  distinction.  Trench  re- 
marks : 

In  ourpractical  use, in^r^renceissomethine offen- 
sive. It  is  the  pushing  in  of  himself  between  two 
parties  on  the  part  of  a  third  who  was  not  asked,  and 
IS  not  thanked  for  his  pains,  and  who,  as  the  feeling 
of  the  word  implies,  had  no  business  there  ;  while  in- 
terposition is  employed  to  express  the  friendly,  peace- 
making mediation  of  one  wliom  the  act  well  became, 
and  who,  even  if  he  was  not  specially  invited  there- 
unto, is  still  th.anked  for  what  he  has  done.  How 
real  an  increase  is  it  in  the  wealth  and  capabilities  of 
a  language  thus  to  have  discriminated  such  words  as 
these,  and  to  be  able  to  express  acts  outwardly  the 
same  by  difi'erent  words,  as  we  would  praise  or  blame 
them  I  Teench  on  the  Sudy  0/ ITord*.      [ 

To  Interrogate.    See  To  Question.  I 

Intimacy.     See  Acquaintance. 
Intoxication.     See  Drunkenness.  , 
Intrepidity.     See  Courage,  also 
Heroism. 

Intricate,  Complex,   Complicated. 

A  thing  is  complex  (from  complector,  to  em- 
brace) when  it  is  made  up  of  parts ;  it  is  corrir  ' 
plicated  (from  complico,  to  fold  together)  when 
those  parts  are  so  many  or  so  arranged,  as  to ! 
make  it  difficult  to  grasp  them ;  it  is  intricate 
(from  intrico,  to  entangle  or  perplex)  when  it 
has  numerous  windings  and  confused  involu- 
tions which  it  is  hard  to  follow  out.  Complex- 
ity puzzles;  complication  confoimds;  intricacy 
bewilders.  What  is  complex  must  be  resolved 
into  its  parts;  what  is  complicated  must  be 
drawn  out  and  developed ;  what  is  intricate 
must  be  unraveled. 

To  Intrude.     See  To  Obtrude. 

To  Intrust.     See  To  Commit. 

Invasion,  Incursion,  Irruption, 
Inroad. 

Invasion  is  the  generic  term,  denoting  a 
forcible  entrance  into  a  foreign  country. — In- 
cursion (from  incurro,  to   run   inl   sigJiifies  a 


IRE 


TABLE    OF    SYNONYMS. 


JUS 


hasty  and  sudden  invasion. — Irruption  (from  ir- 
i  runipo,  to  break  in)  denotes  a  particularly  violent 
invasion. — Inroad  (li'om  in  and  ride)  includes 
the  idea  of  frequent  or  repeated  invasion. 
The  nations  of  th'  Ausonian  shore 
Shall  bear  the  dreadful  rumor  fiom  afar. 
Of  armed  invasion,  and  embrace  the  war. 

DUTDEN. 

Now  the  Parthian  king  hath  gathered  all  his  host 
Against  the  Scythian,  whose  incursiona  wild 
Have  wasted  SogJiana.  Milton. 

Next  followed  a  wild  irruption  of  barbarians  from 
the  northern  hive.  Addisox. 

By  jiroof  we  feel 
Onr  power  sufEeient  to  disturb  his  heaven. 
And  with  perpetual  inro'tdfs  to  alarm. 
Though  inaccessible  his  fat.al  throne.     Milton. 

Invective.     See  Abuse. 

To  Invent.     See  To  Discover. 

Inventoet.     See  List. 

To  Involve,  Imply. 

Imply  (from  impUco,  to  enfold  or  wrap  up)  is 
opposed  to  express  or  set  forth  ;  thus,  an  im- 
plied engagement  is  one  faWy  to  be  understood 
from  the  words  used  or  the  circumstances  of 
the  case,  though  not  set  forth  in  form. — Involve 
(from  involve,  to  enwrap)  goes  beyond  the  mere 
interpretation  of  things  into  their  necessary  re- 
lations ;  and  hence,  if  one  thing  involves  (lit, 
inwraps)  another,  it  so  contains  it  that  t'le  two 
must  go  together  by  an  indissoluble  connjction. 
War,  for  example,  involves  wide-spread  misery 
and  death  ;  the  premises  of  a  syllogism  involve 
the  conclusion,  so  that  this  kuid  of  reasoning 
is  a  simple  process  of  evolution. 

Where  a  malicious  act  is  proved,  a  malicions  inten- 
tion is  implied.  Sueelock. 

We  can  not  demonstrate  these  things  so  as  to  show 
that  the  contrary  necessarily  i«i"o?t"es  a  contradiction. 

TiLLOTSON. 

Iee.     Sec  Anger. 
Irksome,  Wearisome,  Tediotis. 

These  epithets  describe  objects  which  give 
pain  or  disgust. 

Irksome  (horn  Scot,  iric,  to  weary)  is  appUed 
to  something  which  disgusts  by  fi-equent  rep- 
etition ;  as,  an  irksome  task. —  Wearisome  (ft'om 
to  wear)  denotes  that  which  wearies  or  wears 
us  out  by  severe  labor  ;  as,  a  wearisome 
employment. — Tedious  (from  L.  iaedet,  it  dis- 
gusts) is  applied  to  something  which  tires  us 
out  by  the  length  of  time  occupied  in  its  per- 
formance ;  as,  a  tedious  speech. 

Irksome  duties  or  employments.  "Weari- 
some nights  are  appointed  to  me." — Job. 

Pity  only  on  fresh  objects  stays, 

But  with  the  tedious  sight  of  woes  decays. 

Dkyden. 

Irrational.     See  Absurd. 

To  Irritate,  Provoke,  Exasperate. 

These  words  express  different  stages  of  ex- 
cited or  angry  feeling. 

Irritate  (from  irrito,  to  rouse  or  excite)  de- 
notes an  excitement  of  quick  and  slightly 
angry  feeling  ;  as,  irritated  by  a  hasty  remark. 
— To  provoke  (from  provoco,  to  call  forth)  im- 
plies the  awakening  of  some  open  expression 

1426  ^ 


of  decided  anger;  as,  a, provoking  insult. — Ej> 
asperate  (from  exaspero,  to  roughen)  denotes  a 
provoking  of  anger  in  its  nurestrained  exercise. 
"Whatever  comes  across  our  feeUngs  irritates ; 
whatever  excites  anger  provokes;  whatever 
raises  anger  to  a  very  high  point  exasperates. 

"  Susceptible  and  nervous  people  are  most 
easily  irritated ;  proud  people  are  quickly  pi-o- 
voked;  hot  and  fiery  people  are  soonest  exas- 
perated.''^— Crabb. 

Irruption.     See  Invasion. 


J. 


To  Jade,  Fatigue,  Tire,  Weary. 

Fatigiie  is  the  generic  term ;  tire  (from  Sax. 
ieorian,  to  consume  or  waste)  denotes  fatigue 
which  wastes  the  strength;  loeary  implies  that  a 
person  is  worn  out  by  exertion ;  jade  (connected 
with  jade,  a  wearied  horse)  refers  to  the  wea- 
riness created  by  a  long  and  steady  repetition 
of  the  same  act  or  effort.  A  Uttle  exertion  will 
tire  a  child  or  a  weak  person ;  a  severe  or  pro- 
tracted task  wearies  equally  the  body  and  the 
mind:  the  most  powerful  horse  becomes /arfed 
on  a  long  journey  by  a  continual  strainmg  of 
the  same  muscles. 

Wearied  with  labor  of  body  or  mind  ;  tired 
of  work,  tired  out  by  importunities ;  jaded  by 
incessant  attention  to  business. 

Jealous,  Suspicious. 

Suspicious  is  the  wider  term.  We  suspect 
a  person  when  we  distrust  his  honesty  and 
imagine  he  has  some  bad  design. — We  are 
jealous  (from  Low  Lat.  zelosiis,  burning  with 
emotion)  when  we  suspect  him  of  aiming  to 
deprive  us  of  what  is  our  own,  and  what  we 
dearly  prize.  lago  began  by  awakening  the 
suspicions  of  Othello,  and  converted  them  at 
last  into  the  deadliest  jealousy.     - 

"Suspicion  may  be  excited  by  some  kind  of 
accusation,  not  supported  by  evidence  sufScient 
for  conviction,  but  sufficient  to  trouble  the  re- 
pose of  confidence." — Cogan. 

"  Jealousy  is  a  painful  apprehension  of  rival- 
ship  in  cases  that  are  pecuUarly  Interesting  to 
us." — Cogan. 

To  Jeer.    See  To  Sneer. 
Jeopardy.    See  Danger. 

To  Jest,  Joke. 

One  jesis  in  order  to  make  others  laugh ;  one 
jokes  to  please  himself.  A  jest  is  always  at 
the  expense  of  another,  and  is  often  ill- 
natured;  a,  joke  is  a  sportive  sally  designed  to 
promote  good  humor  without  wounding  the 
feehngs  of  its  object. 

"Jests  are,  therefore,  seldom  harmless;  jokes 
frequently  allowable.  The  most  serious  sub- 
ject may  be  degraded  by  being  turned  into  a 
jest." — Crabb. 

But  those  who  aim  at  ridicule 
Sl'.onld  fi\-  upon  some  certain  rule. 
Which  fairly  hints  they  are  in  jest. 

Swrrr. 


Geat. 


How  fond  are  men  of  rule  and  place. 
Who  court  it  from  the  mean  and  b:ise  ; 
They  h  ve  the  cellar's  vulgar  j?oi-e. 
And  lose  their  hours  in  ale  and  smoke. 

To  Join.     See  To  Add. 
To  Joke.    See  To  Jest. 

Journey,  Tour,  Excursion,  Pil- 
grimage. 

The  word  journey  suggests  the  idea  of  a 
somewhat  prolonged  traveling  for  a  specific  ob- 
ject, leading  a  person  to  pass  directly  from  one 
point  to  another.  In  a  tour  we  take  a  round- 
about course  from  place  to  place,  more  com- 
monly for  pleasure,  though  sometimes  on  busi- 
ness. An  excursion  (fti.,  running  forth)  is  never 
on  business,  but  always  for  pleasure,  health, 
&o.  In  a  pilgrimage  we  travel  to  a  place  hal- 
lowed by  our  religious  affections,  or  by  some 
train  of  sacred  or  tender  associations. 

A  journey  on  important  business ;  the  tour 
of  Europe ;  an  excursion  to  the  lakes ;  a  pil- 
grimage to  the  rock  of  Plymouth. 

"Judge,  Umpire,  Arbitrator, 
Referee. 

A  judge,  in  the  legal  sense,  is  a  magistrate 
appointed  to  determine  questions  of  law.  An 
umpire  is  a  person  selected  to  decide  between 
two  or  more  who  contend  for  a  prize.  An  ar- 
bitrator is  one  chosen  to  allot  to  two  contest- 
ants their  portion  of  a  claim,  usually  on  grounds 
of  equity  and  common  sense.  A  referee  is  one 
to  whom  a  case  is  referred  for  final  adjust- 
ment. Arhitrations  and  references  are  some- 
times voluntary  and  sometimes  appointed  by  a 
court. 

Judgment.    See  Taste. 

Justice,  Equity,  Law. 

Justice  and  equity  are  the  same ;  but  human 
laws,  though  designed  to  secure  justice,  are  of 
necessity  imperfect,  and  hence  what  is  strictly 
legal  is  at  times  far  from  being  equitalle  or  just. 
Here  a  court  of  equity  comes  in  to  redress 
the  grievances.  It  does  so  as  distinguished 
from  courts  of  law ;  and  as  the  latter  are  often 
styled  courts  of  justice,  some  have  fancied  that 
there  is  in  this  case  a  conflict  between  justice 
and  equity.  The  real  conffict  is  against  the 
working  of  the  laiv :  this  a  court  of  equity 
brings  into  accordance  with  the  claims  of  jus- 
tice. It  would  be  an  unfortunate  use  of  lan- 
guage which  should  lead  any  one  to  imagine  he 
might  have  justice  on  his  side  while  practicing 
iniquity  (inequity). 

Justice,  Rectitude. 

Rectitude,  in  its  widest  sense,  is  one  of  the 
most  comprehensive  words  in  our  language, 
denoting  absolute  conformity  to  the  rule  of 
right  in  principle  and  practice.  Justice  refers 
more  especially  to  the  carrying  out  of  law,  and 
has  been  considered  by  moralists  as  of  three 
kinds:  (1.)  Commutative  justice,  which  gives 
every  man  his  own  property,  including  things 
pledged  by  promise,  &c.     (2.)  Distributive  jus- 


KI^T 


TABLE    OF    SYNONYMS. 


LEA 


tice,  which  gives  every  man  his  exact  deserts. 
(3.)  General  justice,  which  carries  completely 
out  all  the  ends  of  law,  though  not  in  every 
case  through  the  precise  channels  of  commu- 
tative or  distributive  justice ;  as  we  see  often 
done  by  a  parent  or  a  ruler  in  his  dealings 
with  those  who  are  subject  to  his  control. 

JrvENiLE.     See  Youtofcx. 


To  Keep,  Retain,  Peesekte. 

Keep  is  the  generic  term,  and  is  often  used 
where  retain  or  preserve  would  too  much  re- 
strict the  meaning;  as,  to  keep  silence,  &c. 
Retain  (from  re,  against,  and  teneo,  to  hold)  de- 
notes that  we  keep  or  hold  things,  as  against 
influences  which  might  deprive  us  of  them,  or 
reasons  which  might  lead  us  to  give  them  up; 
as,  to  retain  vivacity  in  old  age,  to  retain  coun- 
sel in  a  lawsuit,  to  retain  one's  servant  after  a 
reverse  of  fortune.  Preserve  (fi'om  prw,  before- 
hand, and  servo,  to  keep  or  watch  over)  denotes 
that  we  keep  a  thing  against  agencies  which 
might  lead  to  its  being  destroyed  or  broken  in 
upon ;  as,  to  preserve  one's  health  amid  many 
exposvires,  to  preserve  appearances,  &c 


Be  obedient  and  retain 
ITnalterably  firm  his  love  entire. 


observed  by  our  early  writers,  but  is  gaining 
ground. 

I  am  far  better  born  than  is  the  king; 

More  like  a  king,  more  kinghj  in  my  tbonghts. 

SliAKESPEAEE. 

"With  them  comes  a  third  of  regal  port, 
"Wilh  faded  splendor  wan,  who  by  his  gait 
And  fitrce  demeanor  seems  the  prince  of  hell. 

Milton. 

L. 

Labyrinth,  Maze. 

A  labyrinth  among  the  ancients  was  a  build- 
ing constructed  with  a  multitude  of  winding 
passages,  so  that  a  person  could  hardly  avoid 
being  lost.  Hence,  figuratively,  tlic  word  de- 
notes any  thing  extremely  intricate;  as,  the 
labyrinth  of  the  human  heart.  Maze  (lit., 
whirlpool)  denotes  the  perplexity  and  confu- 
sion in  which  the  mind  is  thrown  by  unex- 
pected or  inoxiilicable  events;  as,  a  maze  of 
thought. 

My  soul  is  on  her  jonrney ;  do  not  now 
Divert  or  lead  her  back,  to  lose  herself 
I'  th'  maze  and  winding  labyrinths  o'  th'  world. 

Denhaji. 

The  ways  of  Ileaven  are  dark  and  intricate, 
I'QZzIed  with  ma^es  and  perplered  with  error; 
Our  understanding  searches  them  in  vain. 

Addison. 


Milton. 


See  where  the  patriot  shines,  who?o  prudent  caro 
PreaertM  his  country  by  protracted  war. 

Pitt. 

To  Kill,  Mcrder,  Assassinate. 


Laconic,  Concise. 
The  term  laconic  is  derived  from  the  Lacones 
or  Spartans,  who  afltscted  to  give  short,  pithy 
answers.      Laconic,  then,  implies  few  words. 
Concise,  (from  concido,  to  cut  short.)  implies  only 
the  necessary  words.  A  work  may  be  a  long  one, 
To  kia  does  not  necessarily  mean  any  more  I  ^^^  ^^^  j,^^  language  be  concise ;  a  reply  can 
than  to  deprive  of  life.     A  man  may  kill  an- 1  ^oj  belong,  and  yet  laconic.     " 


other  by  accident  or  in  self-defense  without  the 
imputation  of  guilt.  To  murder  is  to  kill  with 
malicious  forethought  and  intention.  To  aasas- 
sinaix  is  to  murder  suddenly  and  by  stealth. 
The  sheriff  may  kiU  mthout  murdering;  the 
duelist  murders,  but  does  not  assassinate  his 
antagonist;  the  assassin  kiUs  and  murders  in 
the  meanest  and  most  ignoble  manner. 

The  fiery  yonng  hero  who  had  overcome  the  Cnriatii, 
being  upbraided  by  his  sister  for  bavins;  slain  her  lover, 
in  the  height  of  his  resentment  iJ'H«  ber.    Addison. 

Jfurdtm  and  cxecntlons  are  always  transacted  be- 
hind the  scenes  in  the  French  theater.       Addison. 

On  this  vain  hope,  adulterers,  thieves  rely. 
And  to  this  altar  vilo  amaaim  fly. 

Jentns. 

KrND.    See  Obliging. 
Kind.    See  Sort. 

Kingly,  Regal. 

Kingly  is  Saxon,  and  refers  especially  to  the 
character  of  a  king;  regaX  is  Latin,  and  now 
relates  more  to  his  office.  The  former  is 
chiefly  used  of  dispositions,  feelings  and  pur- 
poses which  are  king-like;  as,  kingly  senti- 
ment, kingly  condescension;  "a  kingly  heart 
for  enterprises." — Sidijet.  The  latter  is  more 
applied  to  external  state,  pomp,  &o. ;  as,  regal 
state,  regal  title,  4c.     This  distinction  is  not 


Laconic  carries 
with  it  the  idea  of  incivility  or  affectation ;  con- 
ciseness is  liable  to  no  such  imputation,  but 
may  sometimes  lead  to  obscurity  through  a 
want  of  more  filling  out. 
I  grow  laconic  even  beyond  laooniclsm.  Pope. 
The  concise  style,  which  expresseth  not  enough, 
but  leaves  somewhat  to  be  understood. 

Ben  Jonson. 

To  Lag.     Sec  To  Loiter. 
To  Lament.     See  To  Deplore. 


Lampoon,  Satire. 

The  appropriate  object  of  satire  is  found  in 
the  vices  and  follies  of  the  times.  It  is  asually 
general,  and  designed  to  expose  and  reform. 
A  lampoon  is  a  bitter  personal  satire,  dictated 
by  malignant  feelings,  and  intended  only  to 
distress  and  degrade.  Most  of  the  pieces  pub- 
lished by  Pope  under  the  name  of  satires  were 
a  string  of  lampoons. 

Libel  and  satire  are  promiscnously  joined  together 
in  the  notions  of  the  vulgar,  though  the  satirist  and 
libeler  dilTer  as  mnch  as  the  libelor  and  murderer.  In 
the  consideration  of  human  life,  the  satiri-it  never 
falls  upon  persons  who  are  not  glaringly  faulty,  and 
the  libeler  on  none  but  who  are  conspicuously  com- 
men.lable.  Tattlee,  No.  92. 

Like  her,  who  missed  her  name  in  a  lampoon. 

And  grieved  to  find  herself  decayed  so  soon. 

Detden. 


Language,  .'Speech,  Tongue,  Idiom, 
Dialect. 

Language  (L.  lingua,  the  tongue)  is  generic, 
deuotin.'  any  mode  of  conveying  ideas;  as,  the 
language  of  the  deaf  and  dumb,  tc. ;  speech  (lit., 
a  shooting  forth)  is  the  language  of  articulate 
sounds ;  tongue  {lit.,  a  shoot  or  extension)  is  the 
Saxon  term  for  the  language  of  a  particular 
people ;  as,  the  English  tongue.  Idiom  denotes 
the  forms  of  construction  peculiar  to  a  lan- 
guage ;  dialects  are  varieties  of  expreE.sion 
which  spring  up  in  different  parts  of  a  country ; 
or  in  different  professions,  &c. 

Lasting,  Perm^vnent,  Dcf.able. 

Lasting  is  more  commonly  applied  to  things 
abstract,  which  from  their  very  nature  endure; 
as,  a  lasting  remembrance,  effect,  ic.  Per- 
manent (from  per  and  maneo,  to  remain  through- 
out) applies  chiefly  to  things  established  and 
designed  to  remain  unchanged ;  as,  a  perma- 
»iC7!i  situation,  a,  jjcrmanent  change,  ic.  Duror 
ble  (from  duro,  to  continue  firm  cr  enduring)  is 
applied  to  material  substances  or  fabrics,  so  far 
as  they  resi.st  agencies  which  tend  to  destroy 
them ;  as,  a  durable  foundation,  &c. 

Frauds,  fears  and  fury,  have  possessed  the  stitc,       ' 
And  lised  the  causes  of  a  Uuling  hate.    Detden. 

Their  ioys  sincere  and  with  no  sorrow  mixed, 
Eternity  stand  permanent  and  fixed.      Detden. 

More  durable  than  brass,  the  frame 

Which  here  I  consecrate  to  fame.  Francis. 

Laughable.     See  Droll,  also  Lu- 
dicrous. 
Lavish.     See  Profuse. 
La'^v.     See  Justice. 

Law,  Statute,  Common-law,  Regu- 
lation, Edict,  Decree. 
Lavj  is  genetic,  and  denotes,  in  this  connec- 
tion, whatever  is  commanded  by  one  who  has 
a  right  to  require  obedience.     A  statute  is  a , 
particular  law  drawn  out  m  form,  and  distinctly  ' 
enacted  and  proclaimed.     Common-law  is  aj 
rule  of  action  founded  on  long  usage  and  the  . 
decisions  of  courts  of  justice.     A  regulation  is 
a  limited  and  often  temporary  law,  intended  to 
secure  some  particular  end  or  object     An  edict 
is  a  command  or  law  issued  by  a  sovereign, 
and  is  peculiar  to  a  despotic  government     A 
decree  is  a  permanent  order  either  of  a  court  or 
of  the  executive  government 


To  Lay. 
Lazy. 

Leader. 


See  To  Lie. 
Sea  Idle. 
See  Chief. 


To  Learn,  Teach. 

Learn  originally  had  the  sense  of  teach,  in 
accordance  with  the  analogy  of  the  French  ar.il 
other  languages,  and  hence  we  occasionallj- 
find  it  with  this  sense   hi   Shakespeare  audi 
Spenser.     This  usage  has  now  passed  away,  i 
To  learn  is  to  receive,  and  to  teach  is  to  give 

1427 


LIB 


TABLE    OF    SYNONYMS. 


LIS 


instruction.     He  who  is  taught  learns,  not  he 

who  tiiaches. 

Learn,  wretches  ;  learn  tlie  motions  of  the  miml, 
AdU  the  great  mor.il  end  of  liumuu  kiuJ. 

Drtden. 
I  am  too  sudden  bold  ; 
To  lecKh  a  teacher  ill  besecmeth  me. 

SUAKESPEARE. 

Learning.     See  Litekature. 
To  Leave.      See  To  Quit. 

Leave,  Liberty,  Permission,  Li- 
cense. 
Leave  denotes  that  he  who  obtains  it  may 
deoicie  whetlier  to  use  it  or  not ;  as,  leave  of 
absence.  Liberty  supposes  tliat  all  obstruc- 
tions in  the  way  of  his  using  it  are  removed 
and  set  aside ;  as,  liberty  of  access.  Permis- 
sion implies  a  formal  consent  given  by  one  who 
had  the  right  to  refuse  it;  as,  permission  to 
depart.  License  denotes  that  this  conseut  ex- 
tends to  a  mode  of  acting  for  which  special 
permission  is  required ;  as,  a  license  to  print. 
An  orator  asks  leave  to  speak ;  liberty  is  granted 
liim  ;  he  construes  this  permission  into  ^license 
to  abuse  his  opponents,  and  acts  accordingly. 

LEviTr,  Volatility,  Flightiness. 

AU  these  words  relate  to  outw.ard  conduct. 

Levity  (from  levis,  light)  springs  from  a  light- 
ness of  mind  which  produces  a  disregard  of  tlie 
proprieties  of  time  and  place.  Vulatility  (from 
volilo,  to  flit  about)  is  a  degree  of  levity  which 
causes  the  thoughts  to  fly  from  one  object  to 
another,  without  resting  on  any  for  a  moment. 
Flightiness  is  volatilily  carried  to  an  extreme 
which  often  betrays  its  subject  mto  gross  un- 
propriety  or  weakness. 

Lr'vily  of  deportment,  of  conduct,  of  remark; 
volatility  of  temper,  of  spirits ;  flightiness  of 
mind  or  disposition. 

Liable,  SrB.TECT. 
Liable  (from  Fr.  tier,  to  bind)  denotes  some- 
thing external  which  may  bcfaU  us;  suljixt 
(from  stib  and  jacio,  to  put  under)  refers  to  evils 
which  arise  cl  liefly  from  internal  necessity,  and  are 
likely  to  do  so.  Hence  the  former  applies  more 
to  what  is  accidental,  the  latter  to  things  from 
which  we  often  or  inevitably  suffer.  Every 
one,  from  his  temperament,  is  subject  to  certain 
dise.ases,  whilo  Lo  is  liable  to  be  attacked  by 
many  others. 

But  what  is  strength  without  a  double  share 
Of  wisdom?  vast,  unwieldy,  burthensome, 
rruudly  secure,  yet  tialj/a  to  fall 
By  weakest  subtleties.  Milton. 

All  hiunan  things  arc  subject  to  decay, 

And  when  fate  summons,  monarchs  must  obey. 

Dltl'DEN. 

Liberal,  Generous. 

Liberal  is  free  born,  and  generous  iahigh  born. 
The  former  is  opposed  to  the  ordinary  feelings 
of  a  servile  state  and  implies  largeness  of  spirit 
in  giving,  judging,  acting,  &c.  The  latter  ox- 
presses  that  nobleness  of  soul  which  is  pecu- 
liarly .appropri.ate  to  those  of  high  rank — a 
spirit  tliat  goes  out  of  self,  and  finds  its  enjoy- 

1428 


ment  in  consulting  the  feelings  and  happiness 
of  others.  Generosity  is  measured  Ijy  tlie  ex- 
tent of  the  sacritices  it  makes,  liberality  by  the 
warmtii  of  feeUng  which  it  manifests. 

The  liberal  are  secure  alone, 

For  what  we  frankly  give  for  ever  is  our  own. 

Granville. 
A  generous  virtue  of  a  viiiorons  kind, 
I'uro  in  the  last  recesses  of  the  mind.       Drtden. 


To  Liberate. 
Liberty. 


See  To  Deliver. 
See  liEAVE. 


Liberty,  Freedom. 

These    words,   though  often   interchanged, 
are  distinc-t  in  some  of  their  applications. 

Liberty  has  reference  to  previous  restraint, 
freedom  to  the  simple,  spontaneous  exercise  of 
our  powers.      A  slave  is  set  at  liberty;  bis 
master  had  always  been  in  a  state  of  freedom. 
A  prisoner  under  trial  may  ask  liberty  [exemp- 
tion from  restraint]  to  speak  his  sentiments 
with  freedom  [tlie  spontaneous  and  bold  utter- 
ance of  his  feelings].     The  liberty  of  the  press 
is  our  great  security  for  freedom  of  thought. 
Yet  know,  withal, 
Since  thy  original  lapse,  true  IWerty 
Is  lost,  which  always  with  right  reason  dwells. 

Milton. 

Oh  Freedom,  first  delight  of  human  kind! 
Slaves  arc  made  citizens  by  turning  round. 

Drvdes. 

License.     See  Leave. 
Lie,  Untruth.  * 

A  man  m.ay  state  what  is  untrue  from  ignor- 
ance or  misconception,  but  to  say  he  lies  is  to 
charge  him  with  the  highest  dishonor.  Hence 
the  word  untruth  is  sometimes  used  as  a  soft- 
ened expression  when  we  do  not  wish  to  make 
the  charge  of  lying  in  the  grossest  fonn. 

■When  I  hear  my  neighbor  speak  that  which  is  not 
true,  and  I  say  to  him,  This  is  not  true,  or  this  is 
false,  I  only  convey  to  him  the  naked  idea  of  his  er- 
ror; this  is  the  primary  idea;  but  if  I  say  it  is  a  lie, 
the  word  tie  carries  also  a  secondary  idea  ;  for  it  im- 
plies both  the  falsehood  of  the  speech,  and  my  re- 
proach and  censure  of  the  speaker.  Watts. 

To  Lie,  To  Lay. 

Lay  is  a  transitive  verb,  and  has  for  its  pre- 
terit laid ;  as,  "  He  told  me  to  lay  it  down, 
and  I  laid  it  down."  Lie  is  intransitive,  and 
lias  for  its  preterit  lay ;  as,  "  He  told  me  to 
lie  down,  and  I  lay  dowm."  Some  persons  blun- 
der by  using  laid  for  the  preterit  of  lie ;  as, 
"  Ho  told  mo  to  he  down,  and  I  laid  down." 
So  persons  often  say,  "The  ship  laid  at  an- 
chor," "they  toifZ  by  during  the  storm;"  "the 
book  laid  on  the  shelf,"  &o.  It  is  only  neces- 
sary to  remember,  in  aU  such  cases,  that  laid 
is  the  preterit  of  lay,  and  not  oUie.  This  would 
save  many  respectable  writers  from  a  gross  er- 
ror, which  seems  to  bo  increasing  among  us. 

Lifeless,  Dull,  Inanimate,  Dead. 

In  a  moral  sense,  lifeless  denotes  a  want  of 
vital  energy;  inanimate  a  want  of  expression 
as  to  any  feeling  that  may  bo  possessed ;  dnll 
implies  a  torpor  of  soul  which  checks  all  men- 


tal activity ;  dead  supposes  a  destitution  of 
feehng.  A  person  is  said  to  be  lifeless  who  has 
lost  the  spirits  which  he  once  had ;  he  is  said 
to  be  inanimate  when  he  is  naturally  wanting 
in  spirits ;  on ;  is  dull  from  an  original  de- 
ficiency of  mental  power;  he  who  is  dead  to 
moral  sentiment  is  wholly  bereft  of  the  highest 
attribute  of  his  nature. 

Likewise.     See  Also. 

Limb,  Member. 

A  member  of  the  body  is  any  part  capable  of 
perfonuing  a  distinct  office,  as  the  eye,  ear,  &c. ; 
a  litnb  is  one  of  the  extremities,  and  hence  the 
term  is  restricted  to  the  legs  and  arms.  So, 
in  reference  to  pubUc  bodies,  we  speak  of  their 
members,  though  an  attorney  is  sometimes 
sportively  called  "  a  limb  of  the  law." 

One  on  his  youth  and  pliant  limhs  relies. 

One  on  his  sinews  and  his  giant  size.        Drtdkii. 

Faint  sweats  all  down  their  mighty  memt>ers  run. 
Vast  hulks  which  little  souls  but  ill  supply. 

Dkvden. 

Limit,  Boundary. 

A  limit  (from  limes,  a  landmark)  is  a  pre- 
scribed termination ;  a  boundary  is  sometljing 
which  binds  or  hems  us  in.  The  former  arises 
from  tlie  nature  of  the  case,  or  from  some 
established  restriction ;  thus  we  speak  of  the 
limits  of  the  human  understanding ;  a  limited 
monarchy,  &o.  Tlie  latter  is  a  line  (either  real 
or  imaginary)  which  circumscribes  and  re- 
strains; as,  the  boundaries  of  an  empire,  of 
knowledge,  &c.  "  Providence,"  says  Johnson, 
"  has  fixed  the  limits  of  human  enjoyment  by 
immovable  boundaries.'''' 


But  still  his  native  country  lies 
Beyond  the  bouncTries  of  the  skies. 


Cotton. 


Ye  friends  to  truth,  ye  statesmen,  who  survey 
The  rich  man's  joys  increase,  the  poor's  decay, 
'Tis  yours  to  judge  how  wide  the  limits  staud 
Between  a  splendid  and  a  happy  land. 

Goldsmith. 

To  Linger.     See  To  Loiter. 
List.     See  Schedule. 

List,  Roll,  Catalogue,  Register, 
Inventory. 

A  list  is  properly  a  simple  series  of  names, 
&o.,  in  a  brief  form,  such  as  miglit  natur.ally  be 
entered  in  a  narrow  strip  of  paper.  A  roll 
was  originally  a  list  containing  the  names  of 
persons  belonging  to  a  public  body  (as  Parlia- 
ment, &c.)  which  was  rolled  up  and  laid  aside 
among  its  arcliives.  A  catalogue  is  a  list  of 
persons  or  things  arranged  in  order,  and  usu- 
ally contiiining  some  description  of  the  same, 
more  or  less  extended.  A  register  (lit.,  a  set- 
ting down)  is  designed  for  record  or  preserva- 
tion. An  inventory  {lit.,  what  is  found)  is  a 
list  of  articles,  &c.,  found  on  hand  in  a  store  of 
goods,  or  in  the  estate  of  a  deceased  person,  or 
under  similar  circumstances. 

To  Listen.     See  To  Attend. 


LOI 


TABLE    OF    STNONTMS. 


UAS 


LlTERATCKE,  LeAKXING,  EeuDITION. 
Literdure,  in  its  widest  sense,  embraces  all 
eompositious  except  those  on  the  positive  sci- 
ences, mathematics,  &c.  It  is  usually  coalined, 
however,  to  the  beUes-lettres,  or  works  of  taste 
and  sentiment  as  poetry,  eloquence,  history,  &c., 
excluding  abstract  discussions  and  mere  erudi- 
tion. A  man  odiiarature  is  one  who  is  versed 
in  tlie  helies-letlres ;  a  man  of  learning  excels 
in  what  is  taught  in  the  schools,  and  has  a  wide 
extent  of  knowledge,  especially  in  respect  to 
the  past;  a  man  of  erudition  is  one  who  is 
skilled  in  the  more  recondite  branches  of 
learned  inquiry. 

Men  give  a  repntition  to  literature,  and  convince 
the  worM  of  its  usefulness.  Addison. 

Learning  thy  talent  is,  but  mine  is  sense. 

Prior. 
Some  gentlemen  aboandin?  in  their  university  eru- 
dition, fill  their  sermons  with  philosophical  terms. 

Swift. 

LrTEEATURE.     See  Bctesce. 

LrcTLEXEss,  Meajn^ness. 
Littleness  and  meanness  both  produce  paltry 
actions ;  but  littleness  is  narrow  from  ignorance 
or  timidity,  and  nxeanness  from  a  sordid,  un- 
principled selfishness.  Littleness  dissembles 
for  want  of  spirit,  meanness  for  want  of  hon- 
esty. Littleness  is  the  reverse  of  magnanimity, 
and  meanness  of  generosity. — H.  Taylor. 

Liveliness,  Gatett,  Akimatiox, 

1  VlTACITT. 

I  Liveliness  is  an  habitual  feeling  of  hfe  and 
interest ;  gayety  refers  more  to  a  temporary 
excitement  of  the  animal  spirits;  animation 
implies  a  warmth  of  emotion  and  a  correspond- 
ing vividness  of  expressing  it,  awakened  by 
the  presence  of  something  which  strongly  af- 
fects the  mind ;  vivacity  is  a  feeling  between 
bvehness  and  animation,  having  the  perma- 
nency of  the  one,  and,  to  some  extent,  the 
warmth  of  the  other. 

Liveliness  of  imagination ;  gayety  of  heart ; 
animalion  of  countenance ;  vivacity  of  gesture 
or  conversation. 

Load.     See  Burden'. 

To  Loathe.     See  To  Hate. 

Lofty.     See  Taix. 

To  Loitee,  Lag,  Linger,  Saunter. 

I  Loiter  and  lag  have  a  bad  sense,  denoting 
that  a  person  moves  slow  through  laziness,  or 
remains  behind  while  others  are  advancing. — 
Not  so  with  linger.  One  may  linger  or  length- 
en out  his  time  or  stay  from  a  regret  to  leave 
scenes  which  had  been  dear  to  him. — To  saun- 
ter 13  the  act  of  a  mere  idler,  who  moves  about 
carelessly  with  no  definite  end  or  object. 

I  Whence  this  long  delay? 

Xou  loiter  while  the  spoils  are  thrown  away. 

Detdjhi. 

Bnperflaous  lags  the  vet'ran  on  the  stage. 
Till  pitying  nature  signs  the  last  release. 
And  bids  aiQicted  worth  retire  to  peace. 

JonxsoN. 

Nor  cast  one  longing,  lingering  look  behind. 

Geat. 


LoxELiNEss.     See  Solitude. 
Loquacious.     See  Garrulous. 

Lordly.     See  Imperious. 

Loyalty.     See  Allegiance. 

Lucid.     See  Luminous. 

Ludicrous,  Laughable,  Ridiculous 

Ve  speak  of  a  thing  as  ludicrous  when  it 
tends  to  produce  laughter ;  as  laughable  when 
tlie  impression  is  stronger,  resulting  in  a  hearty 
laugli ;  as  ridiculous  when  contempt  is  more 
or  less  mingled  with  the  merriment  created. 
"His  stories  were  highly  ludicrous,  represent- 
ing his  friends  some  in  a  laughable,  and  some 
in  a  ridiculous  point  of  view." 
And  others  of  such  vinegar  aspect 
That  they'll  not  show  tlieir  teeth  in  vrtiy  of  smile. 
Though  Nestor  swear  the  jest  be  laughable. 

Luggage.     See  Plunder. 

Luminous,  Lucid. 

A  thing  is  lucid  (from  lux,  lucis)  when  per- 
vaded by  hglit ;  as,  a  lucid  stream ;  it  is  lu- 
minous (from  lumen,  luminis)  when  it  sends  forth 
light  to  surrounding  objects ;  as,  a  luminous 
body.  Hence  we  speak  of  an  argument  as 
Ixicid  when  it  is  remarkably  clear,  and  as  lumi- 
nous when  it  pours  upon  a  subject  the  mingled 
light  of  reasoning  and  illustration. 

On  the  fertile  banks 
Of  Abana  and  Pharphar,  luuid  streams.    Milton. 

Its  first  convex  divides 
The  luminous  inferior  orbs  inclosed 
From  chaos.  Milton. 

Lunacy.     See  Insanity. 


Madness.    Sec  Insanity. 

Magisterial,  Dogmatical,  Ar- 
rogant. 

One  who  is  magisterial  assumes  the  air  of  a 
master  toward  his  pupOs ;  one  who  is  dogmat- 
ical lays  down  his  positions  in  a  tone  of  au- 
thority or  dictation ;  one  who  is  arrogant 
insults  others  by  an  undue  assumption  of  supe- 
rionty.  Those  who  have  long  been  teachers 
sometimes  acquire,  unconsciously,  a  manner 
whicli  borders  too  much  on  the  magisterial, 
and  which  may  be  unjustly  construed  as  dog- 
matical or  even  arrogant. 

lie  uses  a  maoisterial  authority  while  ho  instructs 
him.  SooTU. 

Most  critics  write  in  a  positive,  dogmatic  way. 

Si'ErTATOR. 

An  arrogant  way  of  treating  with  others  is  natural 
to  popular  governments.  Temple. 

Magnanimity,  Generosity. 

In  generosity  there  is  more  of  heart,  in  mag- 
nanimity more  of  soul.  The  former  is  the  vfr- 
tue  of  an  individual,  tlie  latter  of  one  who  is 
elevated  by  station  or  influence.  Magnanimily 
is  shown  not  only  by  giving,  but  by  enduring 
by  sacrificing  one's  feelings  and  interests,  or 


yielding  up  one's  claims  for  the  accoiiipUsh- 
ment  of  some  noble  object.  "  Strike,  but  hear 
me  1"  has,  in  like  cfrcumstances,  been  the 
responsa  of  magnanimity  in  eveiy  age. 

A  generous  virtue  of  a  vigorous  kind. 
Pure  in  the  last  recesses  of  the  mind.  DErDES. 
To  give  a  kingdom  bath  been  thought 
Greater  and  nobler  done,  and  to  lay  down 
Far  more  raagnanimous  than  to  assume. 

Miltox. 

Magnificent.     See  Grand. 

To  Maintain.     See  To  Assert. 

Malady.     See  Disease. 

Malediction,  Curse,    Imprecation, 
Execration. 
Malediction  (from  male  and  dico)  is  the  most 
general    term,   denoting    bitter    reproach    or ! 
■wishes  and  predictions  of  evil — Curse  implies  ' 
the  desire  or  threat  of  evil,  declared  upon  oath 
or  in  the  most  solemn  manner. — Jwprtcation  ] 
(from  imprecor)  is  UteraUy  the  praying  down  ' 
of  evil  upon  a   person. — Execration  (e  sacris  | 
excludere)  is  hterally  a  putting  under  the  ban  ! 
of  excommunication,  a  curse  which  excludes 
from  the  kmgdom  of  God.     In  ordinary  usage, 
the  last  three  words  describe  profane  swearmg, 
execration  being  the  strongest 

Malevolence.     See  Malice. 

Malice,  Malevolence,  Malignity, 
Malignancy. 

There  is  the  same  difference  between  male- 
volence and  malice  as  between  vHshes  and  I'n- 
tcntions.  A  malevolent  pian  desires  to  see 
others  tmhappy,  and  rejoices  when  they  are  so; 
a  malicious  man  is  habitually  bent  upon  in- 
juring others  ■without  cause.  Malignity  goes 
further;  it  is  not  only  bent  on  evil,  but  loves 
it  for  its  own  sake.  One  who  is  malignant 
must  be  both  malevolent  and  malicious;  but  a 
man  may  be  malicious  without  being  malig- 
nant. 

Proud  tyrants  who  maliciously  destroy 
And  ride  o'er  ruins  with  malignant  joy, 
lluuibled  in  dust,  soon  to  their  cost  shall  know 
Ileaven  our  avenger  and  mankind  their  foe. 

SOMEEVILLE. 

In  some  connections  malignity  seems  rather  rooro 
pertinently  applied  to  a  radical  depravity  of  nature, 
and  malignancy  to  indications  of  this  depravity,  in 
temper  and  conduct  in  particular  instances. 

CoGAS. 

M.vLicE.     See  Spite. 

Malignancy.     See  Malice. 

Malignity.     See  Malice. 

Manful.     See  Manly. 

Mania.     See  Insanity. 

Manifest,  Clear,  Plain,  Obvious, 
Evident.  | 

■ffiTiat  is  clear  can  be  seen  in  all  its  bear- 
ings ;  wh.at  IS  plain  can  be  seen  by  any  man 
without  study  or  reflection ;  what  is  ob- 
vious (from  6b  and  via  w.ay)  hes  directly  in  our 

"  1429 


MAR 


TABLE    OF    SYNONYMS. 


MET 


way,  and  must  bo  seen  by  every  one ;  what  is 
evident  (from  e  and  video,  to  see)  is  seen  for- 
cibly, and  leaves  no  hesitation  on  the  mind; 
what  is  manifest  (from  manifesto,  clearly  to 
exhibit)  is  evident  in  a  very  high  degree, 
striking  upon  the  mind  at  once  with  over- 
powering conviction. 

Bo  ole.ar,  so  sbinin?.  and  so  evident. 
That  it  will  glimmer  through  a  bliiiM  man's  eye. 
Shakespeare. 

Entertain?'!  with  solitude, 
Where  obvious  duty  ere  while  appeared  unsought. 

Milton. 

I  Ejvw,  I  saw  him  manifefit  in  view, 

His  voice,  his  figure  and  his  gesture  knew. 

Detden. 

Manly,  Mantul. 

Manful  points  to  the  eneri^y  and  vigor  of  a 
man  ;  manly  to  the  generous  and  noble  quali- 
ties of  a  man.  Hence  manful  refers  to  force, 
and  resolution  as  attributes  of  our  race,  and  is 
opposed  to  weak  or  cowardly ;  manly  has  ref- 
erence to  maturity  of  years  or  elevation  of 
spirit,  and  is  opposed  to  puerile  or  mean. 
Hence  we  speak  of  a  manftd  endurance  of  evil, 
and  of  manly  conduct  or  deportment. 

I  slew  him  vianfiiUy  in  fight, 
"Without  false  'vantage,  or  base  treachery. 

SuAKESPEAEE. 

Let's  briefly  put  on  manly  readiness, 
And  meet  in  the  hall  together. 

SUAKESPEAKE. 

Mannee.     See  Method. 
Maeine.     See  Maritime. 

Maritime,  Marine. 

Maritime  (from  Ttiaritimus)  denotes,  pri- 
marily, bordering  on  the  sea ;  as,  a  maritime 
town,  coast,  nation,  &c. ;  and  secondarily, 
belonging  to  those  who  border  on  the  sea ; 
as,  maritime  laws,  rights,  pursuits,  &c.  Marine 
(from  marinus)  denotes,  primarily,  of  or  per- 
taining to  the  sea;  as,  a  marine  shell,  marine 
productions,  &c. ;  and  secondarily,  "  trans- 
acted at  sea;"  as,  marine  service;  or  doing 
duty  on  the  sea ;  as,  marine  forces,  &c.  Hence, 
also,  marines  are  soldiers  who  do  service  in 
ships ;  the  marine  of  a  nation  is  its  shipping 
taken  collectively,  and  also  the  entire  economy 
of  its  naval  affairs. 

Marriage,  Matrimony,  Wedlock. 

Marriage  is  properly  the  act  which  unites 
the  two  parties,  and  matrimony  the  state  into 
which  they  enter.  Marriage  is,  however,  often 
used  for  the  state  as  well  as  the  act.  Wedlock 
is  the  old  Saxon  term  for  matrimony. 

"Hasty  marriages  cannot  be  exjiected  to 
produce  happiness;  young  people  who  are 
eager  for  matrimony  before  they  are  fully 
aware  of  its  consequences  will  purchase  their 
experience  at  the  expense  of  their  peace." — 
Crabb. 

"  The  men  who  would  make  good  husbands, 
if  they  visit  public  places,  are  frighted  at  wed- 
lock and  resolve  to  hve  single." — Johnson. 

1430 


Martial,  Warlike. 

Martial  (from  Mars,  the  god  of  war)  refers 
more  to  war  in  action,  its  array,  its  attendants, 
&c. ;  as,  martial  music,  a  martial  appearance, 
a  martial  array,  conrts-martial,  &c.  Warlike 
describes  the  feeling  or  temper  which  leads  to 
war,  and  the  adjuncts  connected  with  it ;  as, 
a  warlike  n.ation,  warlike  preparations,  a  war- 
like indication  of  things,  &e.  The  two  words 
thus  approach  each  other  very  nearly,  and  are 
often  interchanged. 

"When  our  country's  cause  provokes  to  arms, 
How  martial  music  every  bosom  warms. 

Pope. 
The  great  archangel  from  his  warlike,  toil 
Surceased.  Milton. 

Marvelous,  Wonderfiti. 

■VVe  speak  of  a  thing  as  wonderful  when  it 
awakens  our  surprise  and  admiration ;  as  mar- 
velous when  it  is  so  much  out  of  the  ordinary 
course  of  things  as  to  seem  nearly  or  quite  in- 
credible. The  victories  of  Napoleon  were 
wonderful;  the  sleight-of-hand  tricks  which 
are  sometimes  exliibited  are  so  marvelous  that 
they  would  appear  incredible  if  not  publicly 
performed. 

I  found 
The  new  created  world,  which  fame  in  heaven 
Lon.'  had  foretold,  a  fabric  uonJer/id 
Of  absolute  perfection.  Milton. 

■Whence  he  indued  was  with  skill  so  marvelous. 

Spenseu. 

Massacre,  Butchery,  Carnage. 

Massacre  denoted  origin;Jly  the  killing  of 
victims  for  sacrilice.  It  now  denotes  the  pro- 
miscuous slaughter  of  many ;  and  it  is  there- 
fore a  gross  error  (though  sometimes  com- 
mitted) to  speak  of  massacring  a  single  in- 
dividual. Butchery  refers  to  cold-blooded 
cruelty  in  the  killing  of  men  as  if  they  were 
brute  beasts.  Carnage  (from  cai-o,  flesh)  points 
to  slaughter  as  producing  the  heaped  up  bodies 
of  the  slain. 

I'll  find  a  day  to  maisacre  them  .all, 
And  razo  their  faction  and  their  family, 

SlIAKESFEABE. 

If  thou  delight  to  view  thy  heinous  deeds, 
Behold  this  patron  of  thy  butcheries 

SUAKESPEAEB. 

Such  a  scent  I  draw 
Of  carnage,  prey  innumerable !  and  taste 
The  savor  of  death  from  all  things  there 
That  live.  Milton. 

Maternal.     See  Motherly. 

Matrimony.     See  Marriage. 

Mature,  Ripe. 
Both  words  describe  fullness  of  growth. 
Mature  brings  to  view  the  process ;  ripe  indi- 
cates the  result.  "We  speak  of  a  thing  as  ma- 
ture when  thinking  of  the  successive  stages 
through  which  it  has  passed;  as  ripe  when 
our  attention  is  directed  to  its  ends  or  uses.  A 
mature  judgment,  mature  consideration ;  ripe 
fruit,  a  ripe  scholar.  A  character  is  matured 
by  experience  or  by  time ;  it  is  ripened  for 


great   usefulness    or   for   the   enjoyments  of 
heaven. 

How  shall  I  meet,  or  how  accost  the  sage. 
Unskilled  in  :peecb,  nor  yet  mature  of  age. 

Pope. 
O  early  ripel  to  thy  abundant  store, 
"Wliat  could  advancing  age  have  added  more. 

Detden. 

Maxim.     See  Axiosi. 
Maze.     See  Labyrinth. 
Mean.     See  Base. 
Meanness.     See  Littleness. 
To  Meditate.     See  To  Contem- 
plate.   • 
Meek.     See  Gentle. 
Melody.     See  Harmony. 
Member.     See  Limb. 

Memory,  Remembrance,  Recollec- 
tion, Reminiscence. 

Memory  is  the  generic  term,  denoting  the 
power  by  which  we  reproduce  past  impressions. 
Bemmilrance  is  an  exercise  of  that  power  when 
things  occur  spontaneously  to  our  thoughts.  In 
recollection  we  make  a  distinct  effort  to  collect 
again,  or  call  back,  v.'hat  we  know  has  been 
formorlj'  in  the  mind.  Reminiscence  is  inter- 
mediate between  remembrance  and  recollection, 
being  a  conscious  process  of  recalling  past  oc- 
currences, but  without  that  full  and  varied  ref- 
erence to  particular  things  which  characterizes 
recollection. 

When  an  idea  again  recurs  without  the  operation  of 
the  like  object  on  the  external  sensory,  it  is  remem- 
brance; if  it  be  sought  after  by  the  mind,  and  with 
pain  and  endeavor  found,  and  brought  again  into  view, 
it  13  recollection.  Locke. 

Menace.     See  Threat. 

Mercantile,  Commercial. 

Commercial  is  the  wider  term,  being  some- 
times used  to  embrace  mercantile.  In  their 
stricter  use,  commercial  relates  to  the  shipping, 
freighting,  forwarding,  and  other  business  con- 
nected with  the  commerce  of  a  country  (whether 
external  or  internal),  that  is,  the  exchange  of 
commodities;  while  mercantile  applies  to  the 
sale  of  merchandise  and  goods  when  brought  to 
market.  As  the  two  employments  are  to  some 
extent  intermingled,  the  two  words  are  often 
interchanged. 

The  only  procedure  (that  I  may  use  the  mercantile 
term)  you  can  expect,  is  thanks.  Howell. 

Every  man  thus  lives  by  exchanging,  or  becomes  in 
some  measure  a  merchant ;  and  the  society  itself 
grows  to  be  what  is  properly  a  commercial  society. 

A.  Smith. 

Mercenary.     See  Venal. 
Mercy.     See  Grace. 

Method,  Mode,  Manner. 

Method  implies   arrangement ;    mode,   mere 
action  or  existence.     Method  is  a  way  of  reach- 
ing a  given  end  by  a  series  of  acts  wliich  tend 
I  to  secure  it ;  mode  relates  to  a  single  action,  to 


MIS 


TABLE    OF    SYNONYMS. 


MOR 


the  form  or  mode  of  existenco  it  assumes  in  its 
por:brmance.  Manner  (from  manas)  is  literally 
tho  ?iaruUiir;  of  a  thiag,  and  has  a  wider  sense, 
embracing  both  method  and  mode.  An  in- 
structor may  adopt  a  good  method  of  teaching 
to  write  ;  the  scholar  may  acquire  a  bad  mode 
of  holding  his  pea ;  the  manner  in  which  he  is 
corrected  will  greatly  affect  his  success  or 
tiilure. 

It  will  be  in  vain  to  talk  to  you  concerning  the 
method  1  think  best  to  bo  observed  in  schools. 

Locke. 
Our  Savioxir  beheld 
A  table  richly  spread,  in  real  rnode, 
"With  dishes  piled.  Milton. 

Find  thou  the  manjier.  and  tho  means  prepiire. 

SlIAKEaPEAKB. 

Middle.     See  Midst. 
Midst,  Middle. 
Midst  is  the  superlative  of  mid  (middle),  de- 
•'  '    _'  the  very  center,  and  heoce  implies  ««»'- 
:cd  by,   involved  in,   in   the   thickest  of; 
ikj,  m  the  midst  of  a  forest,  of  the  waves,  of 
darkness,   Ac.    Middle  has  no  such  mtensive 
-onsc,  and  is  oflea  applied  to  extent  in  only 
one  direction;  as,  tho  middle  of  a  line,  of  the 
street,  ia     Midst  is  very  frequently  used  ab- 
stractly or  figuratively;   as,  ia  the  midst  of 
atTlictions,  cares,  &.c ;  middle  is  never  thus  used 
with  propriety.     We  can  not  say,  In  the  mid- 
dle of  my  contemplations  on  that  subject,  but 
in  the  midst. 

Mild.     See  Gentle. 

Minute,    Ciecliist-vntial,    Parti- 
cular. 
A  circumstantial  account  embraces  all  the 
leading  events ;  a  particular  account  goes  fur- 
t!i"r,  and  includes  each  event  and  movement, 
■'i  of  but  little  importance ;  a  minute  ac- 
.   :  goes  further  still,  and  omits  nothing  as 
to  person,  time,  place,  adjuncts,  &a 

We  ni.ay  be  generally  satisfied  with  a  circumt^tan- 
tittt  account  jf  ordinary  event.^  ;  but  whatever  inter- 
ests the  feelings  can  not  bo  detailed  with  too  much 
particuiaritfj  or  minuteness.  Ckxhb. 

Miscuaxce.     See  Calamity. 

Mischief,  Damage,  IIaksi. 

Damage  (L.  damnum)  is  an  injury  which 
diminishes  tho  value  of  a  thing ;  harm  is  an  in- 
!  jury  which   causes  trouble  or  inconvenience ; 
I  mischi-f\a  an  injury  which  disturbs  the  order 
I  and  consistency  of  things.     We  often  suffer 
'  damage  or  harm  from  accident,  or  from  the 
course  of   Providence,   but    mischief  always 
springs  from  tho  perversity  or  foUy  of  man. 
No  one  can  tell  the  mischiefs  which  restUt  to  a 
community  from  a  tattling  disposition. 
Bat  Calidore,  that  w.vi  well  skilled  in  flcht, 
nim  Ion?  forbore,  and  still  his  spirit  .spared, 
Lying  io  wait  how  him  be  damage  might. 

Spexsie. 
We  ignorant  of  onr^clvcs. 

Beg  often  our  own  harmty  which  the  wise  Powers 
Deny  ns  for  our  good.  SiliKtSPEiEE. 

Was  i  the  cansc  of  mi^chiff,  or  the  man, 
Whoso  lawless  lust  the  fatal  war  began  ? 
[  Deti>en. 


Miserly. 
Mishap. 


See  Avaricious. 
See  Calamity. 


To   Mislead,  Delude. 

To  mislead  is  to  lead  astray  in  any  manner ; 
to  delude  (from  de  and  ludo,  to  play  upon)  is  to 
do  it  by  exciting  the  imagination.  The  for- 
mer does  not  of  necessity  imply  any  bad  de.'ign ; 
a  man  may  mislead  us  through  false  niforma- 
tion  or  erroneous  judgment.  The  latter  always 
supposes  more  or  less  of  conscious  intention ; 
an  impostor  deludes  his  dupes  by  false  pretenses 
and  hypocrisy. 

Oh  give  me  leave,  I  have  deluded  you, 
'T  was  neither  Charles,  nor  yet  the  duke. 

SlIAKESPEAnE. 

'Tis  hard  to  say,  if  greater  want  of  skill 
Appear  in  writing  or  in  judging  ill : 
But  of  the  two.  less  dang'rous  is  the  offense, 
To  tire  our  patience,  than  mislead  our  sense. 

POPK. 

SIistake.     See  Bluxdek. 
To  Mitigate.      See  To  Alleviate. 

To   Mitigate,  Assuage. 

These  words  agree  in  marking  a  diminution 
in  respect  to  violence  or  pain. 

He  who  mitigates  (from  mitis,  soft)  relaxes  in 
respect  to  harshness ;  he  who  assziages  {lit.,  to 
bring  down  or  weaken)  is  active  in  lessening  the 
pain  of  others.  A  judge  mitigates  a  sentence ; 
friends  assuage  our  afflictions.  The  same  dis- 
tinction prevails  when  these  terms  are  more 
widely  applied. 

Mishaps  are  mastered  by  advice  discreet, 
And  counsel  mitigates  the  greatest  smart. 

Spenser. 
Itcfreshing  winds  the  summer's  heat  assuage. 
And  kindly  warmth  disarms  the  winter's  i;ige. 

Addison. 
Yet  is  bis  hate,  his  rancor  ne'er  the  less. 
Since  naught  assuageth  malice  when  'tis  told. 

Fairfax. 

Mob,   Populace. 

Populace  (It.  popolazzo)  signifies  the  lower 
orders  of  the  people  taken  collectively ;  a  mob 
(L.  mobilis,  movable)  is  a  riotous  assembly  of 
persons.  A  mob  may  bo  gathered  and  dispersed 
in  an  hour;  tho  populace  is  a  permanent  por- 
tion of  society. 

Kings  are  ambitious;  tho  nobility  haughty ;  .and  the 
populace  tumultuous  and  ungovernable.      Burke. 

He  shrunk  from  tho  dangers  that  threatened  him, 
and  sacrificed  his  conscience  and  his  duty  to  tho  men- 
aces of  a  oto6.  POKIEUS. 

To  Mock.     See  To  Deride. 

Mode.     See  Method. 

Modeex,  Recent. 

Modern  is  opposed  to  ancient ;  recent  to  what 
has  been  past   for   no  considerable  length  of 
time.     Modern  civilization,  improvements,  &c. ; 
recent  advices,  intelhgenee,  ic. 
Shall  he  among  the  ancients  rise  to  fame, 
Or  sink  with  moderns  to  contempt  and  shame  • 

Francis. 
Or  fthonlil  menace  with  his  spear 
Amphytriton  recent  from  the  nether  sphere. 

Lewis. 


Modesty.     See  Basufulxess,  also 
Humility. 

Moment,  Instant. 
A  moment  (L.  momentum,  a  very  small  par- 
ticle) allows  of  a  beginning   and  end ;  an  in- 
slant  (L.  instans,  standing  over  us)  is  indivis- 
ible.     The  I-atter,  therefore,   expresses  more 
brevity  and  urgency  than  the  former.     "  Do  it 
this  instant"  roquu-es  the  utmost  haste ;  "  Do  it 
this  moment"  admits  of  no  hesitation  or  delay. 
The  flighty  purpose  never  is  o'ertook 
Unless  the  deed  go  with  it :  from  this  moment 
The  very  firstlings  of  my  heart  shall  bo 
The  firstlings  of  my  hand.  Suaukspeae£. 

This  is  not  all:  Patroclus,  on  the  shora 
Now  pale  and  dead,  .shall  succor  Greece  no  more. 
Fly  to  the  fleet,  this  instant  fly,  and  tell 
The  sad  Achilles  how  hia  loved  one  fell.        PopB. 

Monastery.     See  Cloister. 

Money,  Cash. 

Money  {moneta)  was  originally  stamped  coin, 
and  afterward  any  thing  that  generally  takes 
its  place  in  buying  and  sellmg. —  Cash  (from 
Fr.  caisse,  a  chest)  was  originally  coin  kept  on 
hand  for  immediate  tise ;  and  hence  cash  pay- 
ments are  strictly  payments  in  coin,  though  cur- 
rent notes  are  ordinarily  received  in  such  cases, 
because  they  can  always  be  cashed  at  the  bank. 

To  prevent  abases,  it  waa  found  necessary  to  fix  a 
public  stamp  upon  certain  quantities  of  such  partien- 
lar  metals  as  were  in  those  countries  commonly  made 
use  of  to  purchase  goods.  Hence  the  origin  of  coined 
money  and  of  those  public  oIEces  called  mints, 

SMiTn.     WeoUh  of  Sationa. 

Tie  sent  the  thief  that  stole  the  caKk  away. 

And  punished  him  that  put  It  in  his  way.    Pope. 

MoxoMi\>fiA.     See  Insanity. 
Moody,  Gloomy. 

Moody  agrees  with  gloomy  in  being  an  un- 
happy state,  but  differs  from  it  in  ex|jressmg  a 
wide  range  of  fitful  emotions,  such  as  discon- 
tent, iU  humor,  peevishness,  anger,  i& 
Chide  him  reverently 

When  you  perceive  his  blood  inclined  to  mirth; 

But  being  moody,  give  him  line  and  scope. 

Till  that  his  passions,  like  a  whale  on  ground. 

Confound  themselves  with  working. 

SUAKGSPSA&E. 

.\nd  moody  madness  laughing  wild 
Amid  severest  woe.  Gray. 

I  have,  methinks,  akind  of  fevernponmc, acerUain 
gloominess  within  me,  doubting,  as  it  were,  betwixt 
tH'o  passions.  Beaumont  &  Fleicuee. 

Morbid,  Diseased. 

Morbid  is   sometimes  used  interchangeably 
with  diseased,  but  is  commonly  applied,  in  a 
somewhat  technical  sense,  to  cases  of  a  pro- 
longed nature;  as,  a  morbid  condition  of  the 
nervous  system,  a  nwrbid  sensibility,  ia 
We  are  all  di-teased. 
And  with  our  saifeiting  and  wanton  hours, 
Have  brought  ourselves  into  a  burning  fever. 

SnAKESPEABB. 

Of  morbid  hue  his  features,  sunk  and  sad ; 
Uis  hollow  eyne  shook  forth  a  sickly  light, 

Tuomsox. 
Whilst  tho  distempers  of  a  relaxed  fiber  prognosti- 
cate and  prepare  all  tho  mor!nd  force  of  convulsion  in 
the  body  of  the  state,  the  steadiness  of  the  physician 
is  overpowered  by  the  very  aspect  of  the  disease. 

Bcbke. 


1431 


JIUS 


TABLE    01'^    SYNONYMS. 


NEE 


JMoREovER,  Besides. 

Besides  (by  tlie  side  of)  denotes  simply  that 
a  couneetion  exists  between  what  has  been 
said  and  what  is  now  to  be  said ;  as,  "Besides, 
I  had  not  time  to  go  then." — Mmeover  (more 
than  all  that)  marks  the  adcUtion  of  something 
particularly  important  to  be  considered  ;  as, 
"  Moreovnr,  there  were  then  obstacles  in  the 
way  which  I  could  not  remove." 

Mortification".     See  Chagrin. 

Motherly,  Maternal. 

Motherly,  being  Saxon,  is  the  more  famihar 
word  of  the  two  when  both  have  the  same  mean- 
ing.— Besides  this,  maternal  is  confined  to  the 
feehngs  of  a  mother  toward  her  own  children, 
whereas  motherly  (mother-like)  has  a  secondary 
sense ;  as  in  the  expression,  raothcrly  care,  &c , 
denoting  a  care  like  that  of  a  mother  for  her 
offspring.  There  is,  perhaps,  a  growing  ten- 
dency thus  to  separate  the  two,  confining 
moOierly  to  the  latter  signification. 

They  termed  her  the  great  mother,  for  her  motherly 
care  in  clierisbiDg  her  brethren  whilst  young. 

RALETr.II. 

"When  I  see  the  •motherly  mr^  of  my  little  daughters 
^hen  playing  with  their  puppets,  I  can  nut  but  Hatter 
myself  that  their  husbands  and  cliildren  will  be  happy 
in  the  possession  of  such  wives  and  mothers. 

Addison. 

Motion.     See  Movement. 
MoTn^E,  Inducement,  Reason. 

Motive  is  the  word  ordinarily  used  iu  f^peak- 
ing  of  that  wliich  determines  the  choice. — We 
call  it  an  inducement  when  it  is  attractive  in 
its  nature,  leading  us  forward  by  an  appeal  to 
our  natural  desires  for  good. — We  call  it  a 
reason  when  it  is  more  immediately  addressed 
to  the  inteUeet  in  the  form  of  argument. 

By  motive  I  mean  the  whole  of  that  which  moves, 
excites,  or  invites  the  mind  to  volition,  whether  that 
be  ono  thing  singly,  or  many  things  conjunctively. 

Edwaeds. 
He  lives 
Sligher  degree  of  life  inducement  strong 

-For  us.  SUAKESPEAIIE. 

I  mask  the  business  from  the  common  eye 
JFor  sundry  weighty  reasons.      Shakespeare. 

"To  Moitrn.    See  To  Deplore. 

Movement,  Motion. 

Motion  expresses  the  general  idea  of  "not 
being  at  rest;"  movement  points  more  espe- 
cially to  the  agent  or  thing  that  moves,  or  the 
commencement  of  motion;  as,  the  movements 
of  an  army,  a  movement  in  society,  &c. 

Cease,  cease  thou  foaming  ocean. 
For  what's  thy  troubled  motion 
To  that  within  my  breast.  Geat. 

Could  tlie  whole  laws  the  rolling  planets  bind. 
Describe  or  fix  one  movement  of  the  mind. 

Pope. 

Multitude.    See  Throng. 

Munificence.    See  Benevolence. 

To  Murder.    See  To  Kill. 

To  Muse.     See  To  Ponder. 

1432 


Mute,  Silent,  Dumb. 

One  is  silent  who  does  not  speak;  one  is 
dumb  who  can  not,  for  want  of  the  proper 
organs ;  as,  a  child  born  dumb,  a  dumb  beast, 
&c. ;  and  hence  figuratively,  we  speak  of  a 
person  as  struck  dumb  with  astonishment,  &c. 
Ono  is  mute  who  is  )ield  back  from  speaking  by 
some  special  cause :  as,  he  was  mute  through 
fear,  mttte  astonishment,  &c.  Such  is  the  case 
with  most  of  those  who  never  speak  from  child- 
hood ;  they  are  not  ordinarily  dumb,  but  mute 
because  they  are  deaf,  and  therefore  never  learn 
to  talk ;  and  hence  their  more  appropriate  name 

is  deaf-mutes. 

Silenf  and  iu  face 
Confounded,  long  they  sat  as  stricken  mute. 

Milton. 

They  speak  not  a  word ; 
But  like  duml)  statues,  or  unbreathing  stones. 
Stared  each  on  other.  Shakespe-vee. 

Tliey  sung  no  more,  or  only  sung  his  fame  ; 
Struck  dumlj  they  all  admired  the  godlike  man. 

DnvDEN. 
All  sat  m7tie^ 
Pondering  the  danger  with  deep  thoughts. 

Milton. 

Mutual.    See  Reciprocal. 

Mutual,  Common. 

Common  is  appHed  to  that  which  belongs 
alike,  or  in  common,  to  the  parties  concerned ; 
as,  our  common  country,  a  common  friend. 
Mutual  imphes  an  interchange  of  the  thing 
spoken  of  between  the  parties;  as,  mutual 
ft'ieudship.  Hence,  to  speak  of  "a  mutual 
fiiend"  (as  if  a  friend  could  be  interchanged) 
is  a  gross  error;  while  it  is  proper  to  speak 
of  having  a  mutual  desire  to  promote  the  in- 
terests of  a  common  friend  or  of  our  common 

country. 

More  pleasant  is  the  life 
Of  faithful  friends,  that  spend  their  goods  in  common 
without  strife.  SUEKEY. 

Among  unequals  what  society 
Can  sort,  what  harmony  or  true  delight ; 
Which  must  be  mutual,  in  proportion  duo 
Given  and  received.  Milton. 

N. 

Name,  Appellation,  Title,  Denom- 
ination. 

Name  is  generic,  denoting  that  combination 
of  sounds  or  letters  by  which  a  person  or  thing 
is  known  and  distinguished.  Appellation,  (from 
appello,  to  call,)  though  sometimes  put  for  name 
simply,  denotes,  more  properly,  a  descrijMve 
term,  used  by  way  of  marking  some  individual 
peculiarity  or  characteristic;  as,  Charles  the 
Bold,  Philip  the  Stammerer.  A  title  is  a  term 
employed  to  point  out  one's  rank,  office,  &c. ; 
as,  the  Duke  of  Bedford,  Paul  the  Apostle,  &o. 
Denomination  (fl-om  de  and  nomino,  to  name)  is 
to  particular  bodies  wliat  appellation  is  to  indi- 
viduals; thus  the  Church  of  Christ  is  divided 
into  different  denominations,  as  Congregational- 
ists,  Presbyterians,  Episcopalians,  &c. 


Narration, 
Narrative, 


■I 


See  Account. 


Nasty,  Wet,  Filthy,  Foul,  Dirty. 

Any  thing  nasty  is  wet  or  damp,  (Ger.  nass, 
wet,)  and  disgusts  by  its  stickiness  or  odor. 
Not  so  with  filthy  and  foul,  which  imply  only 
that  a  thing  is  filkd  or  covered  with  offensive 
matter ;  as,  filthy  clothing,  foul  vapors,  &c.  The 
English  have  a  peculiar  use  of  this  word,  call- 
ing a  rain  in  fine  drops  a  nasty  rain,  a  day  of 
such  rain  a  nasty  day,  a  sky  which  portends  it 
a  nasty  sky,  thus  retaining  the  original  sense 
of  wet  as  the  leading  idea.  They  do  the  same 
with  the  word  dirty,  speaking  of  a  dirty  rain 
and  a  dirty  day,  &c. ;  and  it  is  not  improbable 
that  this  word,  like  the  other,  had  originally 
the  sense  of  loet. 

Natal.     See  Native. 
Nation.     See  People. 

Native,  Natural,  Natal. 

Natural  refers  to  the  nature  (naiura)  of  a 
thing,  or  that  which  springs  therefrom. — Na- 
tive (fi-om  nascor,  Jiatus)  to  one's  birth  or  origin ; 
as,  a  7iative  country,  language,  &c. ;  natal  (na- 
talis)  to  the  circimastanccs  of  one's  birth  ;  as,  a 
natal  day  or  star.  Native  talent  is  tliat  which 
is  inborn,  natural  talent  is  that  which  springs 
from  the  structure  of  the  mind.  Native  elo- 
quence IS  the  result  of  strong  innate  emotion ; 
natural  eloquence  is  opposed  to  that  which  is 
studied  or  artificial. 

To  leave  his  wife,  to  leave  his  babes, 

He  wants  tho  naturat  touch.       Siiakespeabe. 

And  as  a  child  when  scaring  sounds  molest. 
Clings  close  and  closer  to  the  mother's  breast; 
So  tho  loud  torrent  and  the  whirlwind's  roar. 
But  bind  him  to  his  native  mountains  more. 

Goldsmith. 
Propitious  star  whose  sacred  power 
Presided  o'er  the  monarch's  natat  hour. 
Thy  radiant  voyages  forever  run.  Pkioe. 

Natural.     See  Native. 
Nautical.     See  Naval. 

Naval,  Nautical. 

Naval  (from  navis)  is  apphed  to  ships  or  a 
navy;  nautical  (from  nauta)  to  seamen  and  the 
art  of  navigation.  Hence  we  speak  of  a  naval 
as  opposed  to  a  militai-y  engagement;  naval 
equipments  or  stores,  a  naval  triumph,  a  naval 
officer,  &c.,  and  of  nautical  pursuits  or  in- 
struction, nautical  calculations,  a  nautical  alma- 
nac, &c. 

Virgil  would  insinuate,  I  suppose,  the  great  advan- 
tages of  cultivating  a  naval  power,  sucli  as  extended 
commerce  and  the  dominion  of  the  ocean.    Jortin. 

Ilo  elegantly  showed  by  whom  he  was  drawn, 
which  depainted  the  nautical  compass.      Camden. 

Necessity.     See  Need. 

Need,  Necessity. 

Necessity  is  stronger  than  need;  it  places  U3 
under  positive  compulsion.  We  are  fi-equently 
under  the  necessity  of  going  without  that  of 
which  we  stand  very  greatly  in  need.  It  is 
so  also  with  the  corresponding  adjectives;  ne- 
cessiUms  cu-cumstauces  imply  the  direct  press- 


NIC 


TABLE    OF    SYNONYMS. 


OBJ 


ure  of  suffenng;  needy  circumstances,  the  vrant 
of  aid  or  relieC 

In  thy  native  innoconco  proceed, 

And  summon  all  thy  reason  at  thy  nted. 

Dbyden. 

The  art  of  our  necMsitU^  is  strange. 
That  can  make  vile  tlunga  precious. 

Shakespeare. 

Nefarious.     See  IxiQurrous. 

Neglect.    See  Negligexce. 

To  Neglect.     See  To  Slight. 

Negugexce,  Neglect. 

Tlieso  two  words  are  freely  interchanged  in 
our  older  wTiters ;  but  a  distinction  has  grad- 
ually sprung  up  between  them. 

As  now  generally  used,  negligence  is  the 
habit,  and  neglect  the  act  of  leaving  things  un- 
ilone  or  unattended  to.  Vl'e  are  negligent  as  a 
'.general  trait  of  character;  we  are  guilty  of 
neglect  in  particular  cases,  or  in  reference  to 
individuals  who  had  a  right  to  our  attentions. 
By  neglecting  to  do  what  ought  to  be  done  we 
soon  acquire  habits  of  negligence.  A  clerk's 
neglect  of  his  employer's  directions  often  de- 
prives him  of  his  place. 

Let  stubborn  pride  possess  thee  long. 

And  b«  thou  neotigent  of  fame  ; 

■With  every  muse  to  grace  thy  song, 

May'st  thou  despise  a  poet's  name.  Swirr. 

"Hi^scue  my  poor  remains  from  vile  neghci. 
With  virgin  honors  let  my  hearse  be  decked, 
And  decent  emblem.  Prioo. 

NEiGnBOP.nooD,  Tictnttt. 

'.'iighhorhood  is  Saxon;  and  vicinity  (from 

vicimts,  near)  is  Latin.     Hcr.co  they  differ  (as 

happens  in  respect  to  some  other  words)  in 

'  degree  or  strength.     Vicinity  does  not  denote 

I  so  close  a   connection   as   neighborhood.      A 

!  neighborhood  is   a   more   immediate    vicinity. 

The  houses  immediately  adjoining  a  square, 

are  in  the  neighborhood  of  that  square ;  those 

which  are  somewhat   farther  removed  aro  in 

[  the  vicinity  of  the  square. 

I  conlil  not  bear 
To  leave  thee  in  the  neighborhood  of  death, 
But  flew  in  all  the  haste  of  love  to  find  thee. 

Addkon. 
Ti-Te  is  a  law  of  neighborhood  which  does  not 
leave  a  man  perfectly  master  on  his  own  ground. 

The  reader  has  had  a  stetch  of  the  interior  of  the 
Alhambra.  and  may  be  dcsiroua  of  a  general  idea  of 
its  vicim'ti/, 

Neveetheless.     See  Howevee. 

New.     See  Novbx. 

News.     See  Tidings. 

Nice,  Pleasing. 

Aim  implies  a  union  of  delicary  and  exact- 
ness. In  nice  food,  cookery,  ta.sto,  &c.,  delicacy 
predominates ;  in  nice  duscrimination,  manage- 
ment, workmanship,  a  nice  point  to  manage, 
&c.,  exactness  predominates. 

Of  late,  a  new  sense  has  been  introduced 
which  excludes  them  both,  viz.,  phasing ;  as,  a 

180 


nice  girl,  a  nice  party,  a  nice  e.xcursion,  &c. 
We  even  hear  it  used  for  beautiful,  as  a  nice 
morning,  a  nice  day,  &c.  This  uso  of  the  word, 
thougli  sanctioned  by  no  le.N.ieographer,  is  ex- 
tremely common  among  the  English;  and  if 
Americans  overdo  as  to  "  fine,"  they  overdo  as 
to  "nice,"  but  with  this  difference,  that  we 
always  give  the  former  its  true  sense  [see 
Fine]  while  they  rob  the  latter  of  its  original 
and  distinctive  meaning. 

Niggardly.     See  Avaeicious. 

NoiSOJIE,    N0XIOU.S. 

These  words  have  to  a  great  extent  been 
interchanged ;  but  tliere  is  now  a  tendency  to 
make  a  distinction  between  them. 

A  tiling  which  is  noxious  inflicts  evil  direct- 
ly ;  as,  a  noxious  plant,  noxious  practices,  &c. ; 
a  thing  which  is  noisome  operates  with  a  re- 
moter influence;  as,  noisome  vapors,  a  noisome 
pestilence,  cScc,  and  has  the  additional  sense  of 
disgusting. 

A  garden  may  bo  free  from  noxious  weeds 
or  animals ;  but  if  recently  covered  with  ma- 
nure it  may  be  filled  with  a  noisome  smell. 

Kill  nOT^ous  animals,  where  'tis  sin  to  save, 
This  only  just  prerogative  wo  have.     Drtpe.n. 

The  only  prison  that  enslaves  the  soul 

Is  tlie  dark  habitation  where  she  dwells 

As  in  a  noisome  dungeon.  Bellinghasi. 

Normal,  Regulae,  Ordinary. 

Begular  and  ordinary  are  popular  terms  of 
well-known  signification;  normal  has  now  a 
more  specific  sense,  arising  out  of  its  use  in 
science.  A  thing  is  normal,  or  in  its  normal 
state,  when  strictly  conformed  to  those  prin- 
ciples of  its  constitution  which  make  it  what  it 
is.  It  is  abnormal  when  it  departs  from  those 
principles.  A  normal  school  is  one  where  in- 
struction is  given  in  the  art  of  teaching. 

To  Notice.     See  To  Remark. 

Notwithstanding,  In  spite  of. 
Despite. 

These  words  and  phrases  are  often  inter- 
changed, but  there  is  a  difference  between 
them  chiefly  in  strength. 

Notwitlistanding  is  the  weaker  term,  and 
simply  points  to  some  obstacle  that  may  ex- 
ist ■  as,  I  shall  go  notwithstanding  the  rain.— 
In  spite  or  despite  of  has  reference  primarily  to 
active  opposition  to  bo  encountered  from  others ; 
as  " I'll  be  in  man's  (fc5p!fc a  monarch ; "  "I'll 
keep  mine  own,  d-:spite  of  all  tho  world." — 
Shakespeare.  Hence,  these  words  when  ap- 
plied to  things  suppose  greater  opposition  than 
notwithstanding ;  as,  in  spite  of  every  difBculty, 
he  at  last  succeeded.  "  In  spite  of  all  applica- 
tions, the  patient  grew  worso  every  day." — 
Aebuthnot. 

The  nature  of  the  case,  therefore,  will  decide 
which  of  tho  two  shall  be  used.  We  should 
say,  "  He  was  thrust  rudely  out  of  doors,  in 
spite  of  his  entreaties,"  rather  than  "notwith- 
standing."    On  tho  other  hand,  it  would  be 


more  civil  to  say,  "  Xotwithstanding  all  you 
have  said,  I  must  still  differ  from  you."  "In 
spite  of,"  might  seem  rude  and  ungentlemanly. 

To  Noceish.     See  To  Nitetlke. 

Novel,  New. 
Every  thing  at  its  first  occurrence  tsinm;  a 
thing  is  novel  when  it  is  so  much  out  of  the  or- 
dinary course  of  things  as  to  strike  us  with 
surprise.  That  13  a  mne  sight  which  is  beheld 
for  the  first  time  ;  that  is  a  novel  sight  which 
was  either  never  seen  before  or  is  seen  but 
seldom.  We  have  daily  new  inventions,  but  a ' 
novel  one  supposes  some  very  peculiar  means ' 
of  attaining  its  end.  A'ovel  theories  are  re-' 
;,'arded  witli  distrust,  as  likely  to  prove  morel 
ingenious  than  sound. 

What's  the  netcest  grief? 
— That  of  an  hour's  age  doth  hiss  the  speaker  ; 
E.-ich  minute  seems  a  new  one.        SiiAKEsrEABE.      ' 
Scenes  must  be  beautiful  which,  daily  viewed. 
Please  daily,  and  whose  notelty  survives 
Long  knowledge  and  the  scrutiny  of  years, 

COWPEE. 

I 

Noxious.     See  Noisome.  | 

To  Nullify.     See  To  Abolish. 
Nunnery.     See  Cloister. 
To  Nurture,  Nourish,   Cherish.  | 

Nourish  (from  Fr.  nouricc,  a  nurse)  denotes 
to  supply  with  food  or  cause  to  grow ;  as,  to 
nourish  a  plant,  to  nourish  rebellion.     To  nur- 
ture (fi-om  nutrio,  to  support)  is  to  train  up  with 
a  fostering  care,  like  that  of  a  mother ;  as,  to  ' 
nurture  into  strength,  to  nurture  in  sound  prin-  [ 
ciples ;  to  cJierish  is  to  hold  and  treat  as  dear 
(Fr.  cherir);  as,  to  cherish  liopes  or  affections. 
Through  her  nniirished  powers  enlarged  by  thee. 
She  springs  aloft.  Thosiso.s'. 

For  this  did  the  .angel  twice  descend. 
Ordained  thy  nttrture  holy,  as  of  a  plant 
Select  and  sacred.  Miltos. 

Love  thyself  last ;  cht^risJi  those  hearts  that  bate  thee ; 
Corruption  wins  not  more  than  honesty. 

SflAEKSPEAEX. 


0. 


Obdurate,  Callous,  IIaedened. 

CaUous  denotes  a  deadening  of  the  sensibil- 
ities; as,  a  callous  conscience. — Hardened  im- 
pUcs  a  general  and  settled  disregard  for  the 
claims  of  interest,  duty,  and  sympathy ;  as, 
hardened  in  vice. — Obdurate  rises  still  higher 
(L.  obduraius),  and  impHes  an  active  resistance 
of  the  heart  and  will  against  the  pleadings  of 
compassion  and  humanity. 

Fattened  in  vice,  so  ealloux  and  so  grn.<a. 

He  sins  and  sees  not,  senseless  of  his  loss. 

Drvdkx. 
And  now  his  heart 
Distends  with  pride  and  hardening  in  his  strength,     ' 
Glories.  Miltox.     [ 

There  is  no  flesh  in  man's  obdurate  heart; 

He  does  not  feel  for  man,  Cowpee. 

OB,rECTivE,  Subjective. 
Objective  is  applied  to  things  which  are  ex-  j 
terior  to  the  mind,  and  objects  of  its  attention; 

1433 


0  BS 


TABLE    OF    SYNONYMS. 


ORB 


sMective  to  the  operatioas  of  the  mind  itself. 
Hence,  an  ohj^clive  motive  is  some  outward 
thiu''  awalienmg  desire  ;  a  suhjcdive  motive  is 
some  internal  feeling  or  propensity.  Objective 
views  are  those  which  are  governed  by  out- 
ward things;  s^d^cctive  views  are  produced  or 
modified  by  internal  feeling.  Y^^'^^^'°"f 
poetry  is  chiefly  or^ective;  that  of  Wordsworth 
is  eminently  subjective. 

In  the  ,,lulosopI,y  of  ,nina,  ««y«fc-!.«  denotes  what 
is  Ob.  nV-vcuitbo  t!>inki„^  subject,  the  ego;  otyeci- 
.  whatbelon^sto  the  object  of  tho„ghl,the  non  ego. 
Pbilosnphv,  being  the  esienceof  knowledge  an,l  the 
science  of  kno^vledgo  supposing,  in  its  most  fun.la- 
Tntal  nn.l  thorough  going  nn-.lysis,  the  d.sUnct.on  of 
"e  .subject  and  ol,Ject  of  knowledge,  >t  is  evident  that 
to  philosophy  the  mhject  of  knowledge  would  be  by 
pre' niinence  the  subject,  and-tbe  objeH  o  kno«-^e<|e 
the  oft;ec(.  It  was  therefore  natuva  that  the  object 
and  objeHive,  the  s,t7>)ect  and  subjective  should  be 
employed  by  philosophers  as  shnple  terms,  couipen- 
diously  to  denote  the  grand  discnm, nation  abon 
which  philosophy  was  constantly  employed,  and 
which  no  others  could  be  found  so  precisely  and 
promptly  to  express.  Sib  W.  Uamiltos. 

Obliging,  Kind,  Complaisant. 

One  is  kind  yrho  desires  to  see  others  happy; 
one  is  complaisant  who  endeavors  to  make 
them  so  in  social  intercourse  by  attentions  cal- 
culated to  please;  one  who  is  obliging  per- 
forms some  actual  service,  or  has  the  disposition 
to  do  so.  We  may  be  iind  without  being  ob- 
trusive, obliging  without  being  officious,  and 
complaisant  without  being  servile. 

Obliging  creatures!  make  me  see 
All  that  disgi-aced  my  betters,  mctin  me.  PoPi. 
Ey  the  kind  gods,  'tis  most  ignobly  done 
To  pluck  me  by  the  beard.  SnAKESPEAKE. 

■tcarce  to  wise  Peters  complainant  enough. 
And  something  said  of  Charters  much  too  rough. 

Pope. 

ObLITION.       See   ForvGETFDLNFSS. 

Obscurity.     iSee  Daekness. 
Obsequious.     iSee  Yielding. 

Observance,  Observation. 

These  words  branch  out  from  two  distinct 
senses  of  observe.  (1.)  To  observe  means  to 
keep  strictly  ;  as,  to  observe  the  Sabbath  ;  and 
hence  observance  denotes  the  keeping  of  a  rule 
or  law  with  strictness;  as,  the  observance  of  the 
Sabbath,  &c.  (2.)  To  observe  means  to  consider 
attentively,  or  remark ;  and  hence  observation 
denotes  either  the  act  of  observing,  or  some  re- 
mark made  as  the  result  thereof.  Hence  we 
ought  not  to  say  the  observation  of  the  Sab- 
bath, ic,  though  the  word  was  formerly  so 
used. 

The  Pharisees  were  curious  in  cst^mal  ob- 
servances ;  the  astronomers  are  curious  in  ce- 
lestial observations. 

Love  rigid  honesty. 
And  strict  olsarvance  of  imparti.al  laws. 

Roscommon. 

Observation.     See  Observance. 

To  Observe.     See  To  Remark. 

Obsolete.     -See  Ancient. 

Obstact>e.     See  Ijipedijient. 


Obstinact,  Pertinacity.  | 

Pertinacity  (bom  per  and  teneo)  denotes  great  | 
firmness  in  holding  on  to  a  thing;  as,  pertma-  ] 
city  of  opinion,  &c.— Obstinacy  (from  ob  and 
teneo)  is  great  firmness  in  holdmg  out  ag-amst 
persuasion,  attack,  &c. ;  as  obstinacy  of  will. 
The  former  consists  in  adlierence,  the  latter  in 
resistance.  Fertmacity  is  often  used  in  a  good 
sense ;  obstinacy  is  almost  always  taken  ui  a 
bad  one  ;  but  not  so  the  adjective  obstinate,  for 
we  speak  with  applause  of  the  obstinate  defense 
of  a  fortress,  &c. 

In  this  reply  was  included  a  very  gross  mistake,  and 
if  with  pertinacity  maintained,  a  capital  error. 

BnowTt. 

Every  degree  of  obstinacy  in  youth  is  one  step  to 
rebellion. 


South. 


Obstinate.     See  Stubborn. 

Obstrttction,  Obstacle. 

Obstacle  is  stronger  than  obstruction  ;  the 
latter  (from  obstruo)  serves  to  impede  or  hin- 
der; the  former  (from  obsto)  acts  with  du-ect 
resistance.  -V^e  vemoYe  obstruciiojts ;  we  sur- 
mount obstacles. 

Disparity  in  age  seems  a  greater  obstacle  to  an  in- 
timate friendship  than  inequality  of  fortune. 

COLLTEE. 

Here  the  king  met  with  all  the  obstructions  and 
difficulties  his  enraged  enemies  could  lay  in  his  way. 

CLAEE2JD0N. 


To  Obtrude,  Intrude. 

To  intrude  is  to  thrust  one's  self  into  a  place, 
society,  &c.,  without  right,  or  uninvited;  to 
obtrude  is  to  force  one's  self,  remarks,  opinions, 
&c.,  upon  persons  with  whom  he  has  no  such 
intimacy  as  to  justify  such  boldness.  i 

Forgive  me,  fair  one,  if  officious  friendship 
JntrudeJS  on  your  repose,  and  comes  thus  late 
Togreetyou  with  the  tidings  of  success.    KowE. 

"  Why  should'st  thon  then  obtrude  this  diligence 
In  vain,  where  no  accept.Lce  it  can  find !" 

Obvious.     See  Manifest. 

Occasion.     See  Opportunity. 

Odd.     See  Quaint. 

Odium,  Hatred. 

Hatred  is  a  thing  we  exercise  ;  odium  is  a 
thing  we  endure ;  in  this  sense,  the  former  is 
active  and  the  latter  passive.  We  speak  of 
having  a  hatred  for  a  man,  but  not  of  having 
an  odium  toward  him.  A  tyrant  incurs  the 
haired  of  all  good  men,  and,  by  his  actions, 
brings  upon  himself  the  public  odium.  The 
odium  of  an  offense  may  sometimes  fall  unjustly 
upon  one  who  is  innocent. 

"  I  wish  I  had  a  cause  to  seek  him  theto, 
To  oppose  his  hatred  fully." 
Inventors  of  new  taxes  being  hateful  to  the  people, 
seldom  fail  of  bringing  odium  on  their  master. 

Davekakt. 


To  Obtain,  Get,  Gain,  Acquire. 
The  idea  of  getting  is  common  to  all  these 
terms.     We  mav,  indeed,  with  only  a  shght 
change  of  sense,  substitute  get  for  either  of 
them°;  as,  to  get  or  to  gain  a  prize ;  to  get  or  to 
obtain  an  employment ;  to  gd  or  to  m:quire  a 
lant'uage.— To  gain  is  to  get  by  striving ;  and 
as  tiiisls  often  a  part  of  our  good  fortune,  the 
word  gain  is  peculiarly  appUc.able  to  whatever 
comes  to  us  fortuitously.     Thus,  we  gam  a  vic- 
tory, we  gain  a  cause,  we  gain  an  advantage, 
&c  —To  obtain  (from  ob  and  teneo,  to  hold  on 
to)  excludes  the  idea  of  chance,  and  implies 
some  effort  directed  to  the  attainment  of  that 
which  is  not  immediately  within  our  reach. 
Whatever  we  thus  seek,  and  get,  we  obtain, 
whether  by  our  own  exertions  or  those  of 
others;  whether  by  good  or  bad  means ;  wheth- 
er permanently  or  only  for  a  time.     Thus  a 
man  obtains  an  employment,  he  obtains  the  in- 
formation he  desired,  he  obtains  an  answer  to 
a  letter,  &&— To  acquire  (from  ad  and  qumro, 
to  seek' after)  is  more  limited  and  specific.   We 
acquire  bv  our  own  efforts,  whUe  we  obtain  by 
the  efforts  of  others  as  well  as  ourselves;  as, 
to  acquire  property,  reputation,  &e.  We  acquire 
what  comes  to  us  gradually  in  tbe  regular  ex- 
ercise of  our  abilities,  whUe  we  obtain  what 
comes  in  any  way,  provided  we  desire  it.  Thus 
we  acquire  Imowledge,  honor,  &o.     What  we 
acquire  becomes,  to  a  great   extent,   perma- 
nently our  own;  as,  to  acquire  a  language,  to 
acqn  ire  habits  of  industry,  &c.     Even  when  we 
speak  of  acquiring  property,  wo  regard  it  ^  for 
the  time  being  as  a  permanent   possession, 
though  it  may  afterwards  be  taken  away. 


Officious.     See  Impertinent. 

Offset.     See  Set  off. 

Open.     See  Candid,  also  Ingenuous. 

Opinion.     See  Sentiment. 

Opponent.     See  Adversary. 

Opportunity,  Occasion. 

An  occasion   (from  ob  and   cadere)  is  that 
which  falls  in  our  way,  or  presents  itseh"  in  the 
course  of  events;  an  opportunity  (from  o6  and 
partus)  is  a  convenience  or  fitness  of  time, 
place,  &c.,  for  the  doing  of  a  thing.     Hence,  \ 
opportunities  often  spring  out  of  occasions.  We  j 
may  have  occasion  to  meet  a  person  fi-equently 
without  getting  an  opportunity  to  converse  with 
him  (as  we  desire)  on  a  given  suiiject.    We  act 
as  the  occasion  may  require ;  we  embrace  or 
improve  an  opportunity. 
How  all  occasions  do  inform  against  mo. 
And  spur  my  dull  revenge !  Soakespeaei. 

Farewell !  I  will  omit  no  opportunitij. 
That  may  convey  my  greetings,  love,  to  thee. 

SllAKESPZAEE. 

Option,  Choice. 

Option(from  L.  optio)  is  Uberty  to  choose,  and 
has  respect  to  freedom  from  external  constraint 
m  the  act  of  choosing ;  choice  is  an  act  of  the 
will  itself  We  leave  a  thing  to  a  man's  option, 
and  he  makes  his  choice.  "  While  they  talk  wo 
must  make  our  choice,  they  or  the  jacobins. 
We  have  no  other  option." — BuTiKE. 


Oration. 
Orb. 


See  Harangue. 
See  Globe. 


1434 


OVE 


TABLE    OF    SYXONTMS. 


PAS 


Oedinaky.     *See  Xokmal. 

Ordinary,  Common. 

A  thing  ia  common  in  which  many  persons 
share  or  partaka ;  as,  a  annmon  practice.  A 
thing  is  ordinari/  when  it  is  apt  to  come  round 
ia  the  ordirly  or  regular  succession  of  events ; 
as,  the  ordinary  course.  AVhen  used  in  the 
sense  of  inferior,  ordinary  marks  a  want  of  that 
which  distinguishes;  as,  an  ordinary  face; 
comrrum  denotes  the  want  of  that  which  at- 
tracts or  intercuts. 

"It  was  long  the  common  opinion  tliat  the 
sun  turned  round  the  earth.  It  is  the  ordinary 
employment  of  astronomers  to  observe  the  mo- 
tions of  the  heavenly  bodies. — A  man  of  ordi- 
nary understanding  need  not  be  misled  by  false 
reasoning.  A  common  mind  busies  itself  with 
common  objscts." — Crabb. 

Origin,  Source. 
Origin  (Erom  orior)  denotes  the  rise  or  com- 
:n  -ncement  of  a  thing ;  source  presents  itself 
;:i  ier  the  image  of  a  fountain  flowing  forth  in 
a  continuous  stream  of  influences.  The  origin 
of  moral  evil  h^  been  much  disputed,  but  no 
one  can  doubt  that  it  is  the  source  of  most  of 
the  calamities  of  our  race. 

"  No.  I  think  ho  would  have  set  out  just  as 
ho  did,  with  the  origin  of  ideas :  tlie  proper 
starting  post  of  a  grammarian  who  is  to  treat 
of  their  signs." — Tooke. 

Famoos  Greece, 
Th.-vt  Mourci  of  art  and  cultivated  thonght. 
Which  tlioy  to  Rome,  and  Romans  hither,  bronght, 

Wallee. 

To  ORNAiiENT.     See  To  Adorn. 
Ostentation.     See  Parade. 

Ought,  Should. 

Both  words  imply  obligation,  but  ought  ia 
the  stronger.  Should  denotes  an  obligation  of 
propriety,  expediency,  &c. ;  ought  denotes  an 
obUgation  of  duty.  Wo  should  be  neat  in  our 
persons ;  we  slumld  avoid  giving  offense.  We 
ought  to  speak  truth;  we  ouglU  to  obey  the 
laws. 

Outline.     See  Sketch. 

Outrage.     See  Affront. 

To  Overcome.     See  To  Conquer. 

Otee  one's  signature,  &c.,  Under 
one's  signature,  &c. 

It  has  always  been  English  usage  to  .say 
'■UTider  one's  signature,"  as  wo  say  "under 
one's  hand,"  "under  one's  seaL"  Some,  in  this 
country,  have  imagined  " over  one's  signature' 
to  bo  more  correct;  but  they  forget  that  the 
reference  is  to  the  paper  containing  the  instru- 
ment or  mass  of  thought  to  bo  verified.  This 
is  under  the  hand  in  signing,  as  it  is  under  the 
seal  when  aRLsed,  though,  in  either  case,  the 
written  words  may  be  above.  Hence,  tmless 
we  are  ready  to  say,  "over  one's  hand  and 
seal,"  we  ought  not  to  say  over  one's  signa- 
ture. 


Mr.  Pickering,  in  his  Vocaljulary  of  Ameri- 
canisms, when  speaking  on  tliis  subject  says, 
"  A  few  of  Our  writers  still  countenance  this 
unwarrantable  innovation;  but  tlie  principle, 
on  wliieh  it  is  defended  would  unsettle  the 
whole  language.  Tlie  use  of  the  word  under, 
in  phrases  like  those  above  mentioned,  is  as 
well  established  as  any  English  idiom,"  and 
goes  on  to  prove  it  by  adducing  numerous  in- 
stances from  the  best  English  authors.  It  may 
be  doubted,  indeed,  whether  any  writer  in 
Great  Britain  was  ever  betrayed  uito  the  use 
of  over  for  under,  in  this  connection. 

ilr.  Hoffman,  editor  of  the  New  Tork  Liter- 
ary World  s.ajs  in  reply  to  a  correspondent, 
"Had  our  friend  TJ.,  of  PliUadelphia,  duly 
meditated  this  matter,  ho  never  would  have 
sent  us  a  letter  with  such  an  unpoetioal  ex- 
pression in  it  as  the  very  common  blunder  of 
^over  the  signature.'  As  a  lawyer  he  must  at 
least  be  more  or  less  familiar  with  the  plu'ase 
'given  under  my  hand  and  soal.'  as  a  true 
English  idiom,  albeit  the  hand  and  seal  (which 
in  this  instance  constitute  '  the  signature')  are 
placed  at  the  bottom  of  the  document.  We  do 
not  talk  of  a  vessel  saQing  '  over'  tho  flag  of 
the  United  States,  when  her  ensigns  are  sent 
below  at  sunset!" 


To  Overtiirov\-. 
To  Overturn 


ri« 


See  To  Demolish. 


Pagan,  Gentile,  Heathen. 

Gentile  (from  gens)  was  applied  to  tlie  other 
nations  of  the  earth  as  opposed  to  tlie  Jews. 
Pagan  (from  paganns,  a  villager)  was  the  name 
given  to  idolaters  in  the  early  Christian  church, 
because  the  villagers,  being  most  remote  from 
the  centers  of  instruction,  remained  for  a  long 
time  unconverted. — Heathen  (Sax.  heathen,  one 
Uving  in  the  country)  has  the  same  origin. 
Po'jan  is  now  more  properly  appUed  to  rude 
and  uncivilized  idolaters,  while  heathen  em- 
braces all  who  practice  idolatry. 

Painting.     See  Picture. 

Pair,  Flight,  Set. 

Originally,  pair  was  not  confined  to  two 
things,  but  was  applied  to  any  number  of 
pares,  or  equal  things,  that  go  together.  Ben 
Jonson  speaks  of  a  pair  (set)  of  chess-men ; 
also  he  and  Lord  Bacon  speak  of  a.  pair  (pack) 
of  cards.  A  "pair  of  stairs"  was,  in  like 
manner,  tho  original  expression,  as  given  by 
the  earUer  lexicographers,  Howell,  &c.,  and  is 
stiU  in  general  use,  thoMgh.  flight  was  also  m- 
troduced  at  a  later  period 

To  Palliate,  Extenuate,  CLO.^J^:. 

These  words,  as  here  compared,  are  used  in 
a  figurative  sense  in  reference  to  our  treatment 
of  wrong  action. 

We  cloak  (cover  .as  if  with  a  cloak)  in  order 
completely  to  conceal.  We  extenuate  a  crime 
(from  ex  and  tenuis)  when  we  endeavor  to  show 


that  it  is  kss  tlian  has  been  supposed;  -we pal- 
liate a  crime  (from  pallium,  a  cloak)  when  we 
endeavor  to  cover  or  conceal  its  enormity,  at 
least  in  part.  This  naturally  leads  us  to  soften 
some  of  its  features,  and  thus  pallia'-  - 
preaches  toward  extenuate  till  they  havt  i,  - 
come  neariy  or  quite  identical 

"  To  palliate  is  not  now  used,  though  it  once 
was,  in  the  sense  of  wholly  cloaking  or  cover- 
ing over,  as  it  might  be,  our  sins,  but  in  that 
of  extenuating;  to  palliate  our  faults  is  not  to 
hide  them  altogether,  but  to  seek  to  diminish 
their  guilt  in  part." — TEi;:;cii  on  Words. 

Paltry.     See  Contemptible. 

Panegyric.     See  Eulogy, 

Pang.     See  Agony. 

Pant.vloons.     See  Trowsees. 

Parade,  Ostentation. 

Parade  (from  paraius,  a  fitting  out  or  setting 
fortli)  is  a  pompous  exhibition  of  things  for  the 
purpose  of  display;  ostentation  (from  osiendo. 
to  show  forth)  now  generally  indicates  a  par 
rade  of  virtues  or  other  qualities  for  which  one 
expects  to  be  honored. 

"Parade  is  a  forced  effort  to  attract  notice; 
as,  when  a  man  m.ikes  a  parade  of  his  wealili, 
his  knowledge,  his  charities;  ostentation  in- 
cludes the  purpose  for  which  the  display  is 
made,  viz.,  to  be  seen  and  applauded  by 
others." — Crabb.  "It  was  not  in  the  mere 
parade  of  royalty  that  the  Mexican  potentates 
exhibited  their  power." — Rodertsok.  "  We 
are  dazzled  with  the  splendor  of  titles,  i! 
ientation  of  learning,  and  the  noise  of  ■..,._.• 
ries." — Spectator. 

Pardon.     See  Forgiveness. 
Parsijionious.     See  Avaricious. 

Parsimony.     See  Economy. 

Part.    See  Portion,  also  Section. 

Particular.     See  Minute. 

Passage.     See  Vestibule. 

Passion,  Feeling,  Emotion. 

When  any  feeling  or  emotion  completely  mas- 
ters tlie  mind,  we  call  it  a  passion ;  as,  a  pas- 
sion for  music,  dress,  &e. ;  especially  is  anger 
(when  thus  extreme)  called  passion.  The  mind. 
in  such  cases,  is  considered  as  having  lost  its 
self-control,  and  become  the  passive  instnuuent 
of  the  feeling  in  question. 

AH  the  other  passion.^  fleet  to  air, 

As  doubtful  thouglits  and  rash  embrac'd  dejpair. 

SlIASESrEACE. 

Cruel  his  eye,  bnt  e.ist 
Signs  of  remorse  and  passion,  to  behold 
Tho  fellows  of  Ins  crime  condemn'd 
For  ever  now  to  have  their  lot  in  pain. 

MltTOX. 

The  term  pnfixion,  and  its  adverb  pnsxionnteU; 
often  expre.-;s  a  very  strong  predilection  for  any  pur- 
suit, or  object  of  taste;  a  kind  of  enthusiastic  fond- 
ness for  any  Ihiog.  CoGiX. 

1435 


PES' 


TABLE    OF    STNONYHS. 


PER 


Patiexce,  Resignation. 

Patience  (from  patior,  to  suffer)  refers  to  the 
quietness  or  self-possession  of  one's  own  spirit 
under  suflerinys,  provocations,  &e. ;  resignation 
(from  re  and  signo,  to  sign  away)  to  his  submis- 
sion to  the  will  of  another.  The  stoic  may  be 
patient;  the  Christian  is  both  patient  and  re- 
signed. 

In  medical  language,  a  person  oppressed 
with  disease  is  called  a  patient,  or  an  involun- 
tary sufferer,  and  the  calmness  with  which  he 
submits  is  caWai  patience,  that  is,  the  mind  yields 
with  tranquillity  to  the  pains  and  indispositions 
of  the  body. — Cogan. 

Resignation  superadds  to  patience  a  submis- 
sive disposition  respecting  the  intelligent  cause 
of  our  uneasiness.  It  acknowledges  both  the 
power  and  the  right  of  a  superior  to  afflict. — 
COGAIf. 

Pauperism.     See  Poverty. 
Pause.     See  Cessation. 

Peaceable,  Peaceful. 

Peaceable  describes  the  state  of  an  individual, 
nation,  &e.,  in  reference  to  external  hostility, 
attack,  Ac;  peaceful,  in  respect  to  internal 
disturbance.  Tlie  former  denotes  "in  the 
spirit  ot  peace;"  the  latter,  "  in  the  possession 
or  enjoyment  of  peace."  A  peaceable  disposi- 
tion ;  a  peaceable  adjustment  of  difficulties;  a 
peaceful  life. 

"Wh.at  do  these  worthies, 
But  rob,  .inil  spoil,  bmu,  slaughter,  and  enclave 
Penceahte.  nations.  Milton. 

As  one  disarmVl,  his  an2:er  all  he  lost ; 
And  thus  wMla  peacefuL  wortU  upraised  her  soon. 

Milton. 

Peaceful.     See  Peaceable. 
Peculiar,  Special,  Especial. 

Peculiar  is  from  the  Roman  peculium,  which 
was  a  tiling  emphatically  and  distinctively  ones 
own,  and  hence  was  dear.  The  former  sense 
always  belongs  to  peculiar ;  as,  a  peculiar 
style,  peculiar  manners,  &c. ;  and  usually  so 
much  of  the  latter  as  to  involve  feehngs  of  m- 
torest;  as,  peculiar  care,  watchfulness,  satis- 
faction, &e.  Nothing  of  this  kind  belongs  to 
special  and  especial.  They  mark  suuply  the 
relation  of  species  to  genus,  and  denote  that 
there  is  something  in  this  caso  more  than  or- 
dinary ;  as,  a  special  act  of  Congress;  especial 
pains,  &c. 

And  beheld 
Beauty,  which  cither  waking  or  asleep 
Shot  {orlh  peculiar  graces.  Milton. 

The  gods  still  listen'd  to  their  constant  prayer. 
And  made  the  poets  their  peculiar  care. 

Pitt. 

Naught  so  vile  that  on  the  earth  doth  live, 
J3ut  to  the  earth  some  special  good  doth  give. 

SUAKESPEAKE. 

Peevish.     See  Fretful. 

Penetration.     See  Discernment, 

also  Sagacity. 

Penuriou.s.     Sec  Avaricious. 


1436 


People,  Nation. 

TVhen  speaking  of  a  state  we  use  people  for 
the  mass  of  tlio  community,  as  distinguished 
from  their  rulers,  and  yiulion  for  the  entire  polit- 
ical body,  including  the  rulers.  In  another 
sense  of  the  term,  nation  (from  natus)  describes 
those  who  are  descended  from  the  same  stock ; 
and  in  this  sense  the  Germans  regard  them- 
selves as  one  nation,  though  politically  subject 
to  diiferent  forms  of  government. 

If  lawe  stoude  with  the  right. 

The  people  is  glad  and  stout  vpright.     Gower. 

Mountains  interposed 
Make  enemies  of  nations,  who  had  else 
Like  kindred  drops  been  mingled  into  one. 

COWPEB. 

To  Perceive,  Discern. 

To  perceive  a  thing  (from  per  and  capio,  to 
take  in)  is  to  apprehend  it  as  presented  to  the 
senses  or  the  intellect ;  to  discern  (from  dis  and 
cerno,  to  separate)  is  to  mark  differences,  or  to 
see  a  thing  as  distinguished  from  others  around 
it.  TVe  m.ay  perceive  a  man  and  a  w'oman  afar 
off,  witliout  being  able  to  discern  which  is  the 
ono  and  ■which  the  other. — Discern,  however, 
is  more  commonly  used  in  a  figurative  sense. 

Vfe perceive  that  which  is  clear  or  obvious; 
we  discern  that  which  is  remote,  or  which  re- 
quires much  attention  to  get  an  idea  of  it. 

"  We  perceive  by  a  person's  looks  and  words 
what  he  intends ;  we  discern  the  drift  of  his 
actions.  We  perceive  light,  darkness,  colors, 
or  the  truth  or  falsehood  of  any  thing.  We 
discern  characters,  motives,  the  tendency  and 
consequences  of  actions,  &0.  A  child  may 
2)erceive  according  to  the  quickness  of  its 
senses ;  it  is  the  act  of  a  man  to  discern  ac- 
cording to  the  measure  of  iiis  knowledge  and 
understanding." — Ckaeb. 

Perception.     See  Sensation. 

To  Perform.     See  To  Accomplish. 

Peril.     See  Danger. 

To  Perjure,  Forswear. 

These  words  have  been  interchanged  to  a 
great  extent  by  our  best  writers.  In  modem 
usage,  however,  tliere  is  a  tendency  to  separate 
them,  unless  it  be  in  poetry. 

Forswear  (from  for,  against,  and  swear)  ap- 
plies to  all  kmds  of  oaths.  Perjure  (from  per 
and  J.uro,  to  swear)  appUcs  in  a  legal  sense, 
(which  IS  now  becoming  the  general  one,)  to 
oaths  admmistered  by  a  civil  magistrate.  A 
subject  forswears  himself  when  ho  breaks  Ins 
oath  of  allegiance ;  a  witness  perjures  hmiself 
when  he  swears  to  what  he  knows  to  be  false. 

I  firmly  vow 
Never  to  woo  her  more;  hat  Hoforsicear  her. 
As  ono  unworthy  all  the  former  favors. 

SnAKnspEAr.K. 

"  Perjury  is  a  crime  committed  when  a 
lawful  oath  is  administered  in  some  judicial 
proceeding,  to  a  person  who  swears  willfully, 
absolutely  and  falsely,  in  a  matter  material  to 
the  issue  or  point  in  question." — Blackstone. 


Permanent. 
Permission. 


See  Lasting. 
See  Leave. 


To  Permit,  Allow,  Suffer. 
To  permit  (from  permitto,  to  give  leave)  is 
more  positive,  denoting  a  decided  assent,  either 
directly  or  by  implicatioiL  To  allow  (from  ad  and 
hco,  to  let)  is  more  negative,  and  imports  only 
acquiescence  or  an  abstinence  from  prcvmtion. 
To  suffer  (from  sub  and  fero,  to  bear)  is  used 
in  cases  wliere  our  feelings  are  adverse,  but  we 
do  not  thmk  best  to  resist.  The  instructor  of 
a  school  may  suffer  some  things  to  pass  unno- 
ticed, which  he  does  not  alloiv ;  and  may  allow 
certain  practices,  at  least  for  a  time,  which  he 
would  by  no  means  directly  permit.  When  we 
say,  in  social  intercourse,  "  allow  me  to  do  this," 
the  expression  is  not  so  strong  as,  '-permit  me 
to  do  this,"  which  imphes  a  more  positive  ac- 
quiescence. "  Suffer  me  to  do  this"  is  stronger, 
and  supposes  that  there  may  be  something  un- 
pleasant in  the  thing  proposed. 

Perpetual.     See  Constant. 
To  Perplex.     See  To  Embarrass. 

To  Persevere,  Continue,  Persist. 

The  idea  of  not  laying  aside  is  common  to 
those  words. 

Continue  is  the  generic  term,  denoting  simply 
to  do  as  one  has  done  hitherto.  To  persevere 
(from  2ier  and  sevcrus,  very  stnct  or  rigid)  is  to 
continue  in  a  given  course  in  spite  of  discourage- 
ments, Ac,  from  a  desire  to  obtain  our  end 
To  persist  (from  /ler  and  sisto,  to  stand  firm 
throughout)  is  to  continue  from  a  determination 
of  will  not  to  give  up.  The  former  is  always 
used  in  a  good  sense,  the  latter  frequently  in  a 
bad  one. 

"Wo  continue  in  some  course  of  .iction  from 
habit  or  casualty ;  we  persevere  from  retiection 
and  the  exercise  of  one's  judgment ;  we  persist 
either  from  .attachment  or  from  a  general  fixity 
and  determination  of  character." — "Persevere  is 
applied  only  to  matters  of  some  importance 
which  demand  a  steady  purpose  ol  the  mind ; 
persist  is  used  in  respect  to  the  ordinary  busi- 
ness of  hfe,  as  well  as  on  more  important  oc- 
casions. A  learner per5«'6rfS  in  his  studies;  a 
child  may  persist  in  making  a  request,  until  he 
has  obtained  the  object  of  his  desire." — Cbabb. 

To  Persist.     See  To  Persevere. 

Perspicuity.     See  Clearness. 
To  Persuade.     See  To  Convince. 

Pertinacity.     See  Obstinacy. 

Perverse,  Frowaed. 

One  who  is  froward  (from  fro,  against,  and 
ward,  lit ,  looking  away  from)  is  capricious,  and 
reluctant  to  obey.  One  who  is  perverse  (from 
perversus,  lit.,  distorted)  has  a  settled  obstinacy 
of  will,  and  hkes  or  dislikes  by  tlie  rule  ot  con- 
tradiction to  the  will  of  others. 

"  Frowardness  Ues  in  the  temper  and  spirit ; 
It  chooses  to  please  itself  without   regard  to 


PIQ 


TABLE    OP    SYNONYMS. 


POL 


others;  it  is  fitful  and  changeable.  To  fret 
and  repine  at  every  disappointment  of  our 
wishes  is  to  discover  the  temper  of  froicdrd 
children." — Blair.  "Funersiiy  lies  deeper; 
taking  root  in  the  heart  it  assumes  the  shape  of 
malignity ;  a  perverse  temper  is  really  wicked ; 
it  likes  or  dislikes  by  the  rule  of  contradiction 
to  another's  will" — CiUBa  "  Interference  of 
interest,  or  perversity  of  disposition,  may  oc- 
casionally lead  individu:ils  to  oppose,  even  to 
hate,  the  upright  and  the  good." — Blair. 

Pervert.     See  Coxvert. 

Petilaxt.     See  Captious. 

Pheaseologt.     See  Diction. 

PlCTTTRE,  PaTNTIXG. 
Every  kind  of  drawing  is  a  picture,  whether 
in  pencil,  crayons,  or  india-ink,  ic. ;  a  painting 
is  a  representation  by  means  of  color.  This 
holds  good  in  a  figurative  sense ;  the  historian 
draws  a  lively  piciji re,  the  poet  ^amte  in  glow- 
ing colors. 

Justice  is  pictured  blind,  not  becaase  it  is  to  bo 
without  the  eye  of  knowledge,  but  the  eye  of  par- 
tiality. SUITIL 

True  poetTT  ib&painUr^s  power  displays ; 
True  painting  emulates  the  poi-t's  lays; 
The  riwal  sisters  fond  of  equal  fame. 
Alternate  change  their  office  and  their  name. 

Masox. 

Piece,  Distance. 

The  radical  idea  is  that  of  something  sepa- 
rate or  distinct ;  as,  a  piece  of  timber  or  land, 
a  piece  of  music  or  composition,  a  piece  of  work, 
a  piece  of  ordnance.  All  of  apiece  means  all  of 
the  same  sort.  Some,  among  our  common 
people,  use  piece  for  distance  in  phrases  like 
this :  "  He  went  forward  a  piece"  meaning 
over  a  piece  or  portion  of  the  road.  It  is  hardly 
necessary  to  say  that  such  an  expression  has 
no  sanction  in  good  usage,  and  ought  to  be 
avoided  as  a  gross  vulgarism. 

PiETT.     See  Reijgion. 
Pilgrimage.     See  Joukxet. 

Pillage,  Plcntjer. 
PSlage  (Fr.  pQler,  to  strip  or  peel)  refers  par- 
ticularly to  the  act  of  stripping  the  sufTerers  of 
their  goods,  while  plunder  (Gcr.  plundem,  to 
bear  off)  refers  to  the  removal  of  the  things 
thus  taken.  Under  these  aspects  the  words 
are  freely  interchanged. 

I  fear  me,  messenger,  to  feast  my  train 
Within  a  town  of  war  so  lately  pUUiged^ 
Will  be  too  costly,  and  too  troublesome. 

Mar  LOW. 
Let  loose  the  murmnring  army  on  their  raaster-s. 
To  pay  themselves  with  plunder.  Otwat. 

PiQCE,  Spite,  Grudge. 
PiqiM  fPr.  piijuer,  to  prick  or  sting)  denotes 
a  quick  sense  of  resentment  for  some  supposed 
neglect  or  mjury,  but  the  feeling  is  not  usually 
permanent  or  marked  by  malevolence.  Spite 
is  a  stronger  term,  denoting  settled  iU-will  or 
malice,  witli  a  desire  to  injure,  as  the  result  of 
extreme  irritation.     Grudge  (lit.,  a  murmuring) 


goes  still  further,  denoting  cherished  and  secret 
enmity  with  an  unlbrgiving  spirit. 

A  piqtie  is  usually  of  recent  date ;  a  grudge 
is  that  wliich  has  long  sub.sisted ;  spite  more 
usually  implies  a  disposition  to  cross  or  vex 
others  in  trifling  matters. 

Out  of  a  personal  pique  to  those  in  service,  he 
stands  ns  a  looker  on,  wlien  the  government  is  at- 
tack^-d.  Addisok. 

There  is  some  griulge  between  'em  ;  't  is  not  meet 
They  be  alone.  Shakespeahe. 

Done  all,  to  spitd 
The  great  Creator  ;  but  their  spite  still  serves 
His  glory  to  augment.  MiLTox 

Pitiful.     See  Contemptible. 
Pitt,  SriiPATnT,  Compassion-. 

Sympathy  is  literally  fellow-feeling,  and  there- 
fore requires  a  certain  degree  of  equality  in 
situation,  circumstances,  &c.,  to  its  fullest  exer- 
cise. Compassion  (from  cum  and  patior,  to 
suffer  with)  is  deep  tenderness  for  another 
under  severe  or  inevitable  misfortune.  Pity 
regards  its  object  not  only  as  suffering  but 
iveak,  and  hence  as  inferior.  Scott,  speaking  of 
the  Douglas,  says, — 

"  And  hist,  and  worst  to  spirit  proud, 
Dad  borne  tho  pitt/  of  the  crowd." 
True  love's  the  gift  which  God  b.as  given. 
To  man  alone  beneath  the  heaven. 
It  is  the  secret  si/mihtthy. 
The  silver  link,  the  silken  tie 
Which  heart  to  heart  and  mind  to  n^ind 
In  body  and  in  soul  can  bind.  Scott. 

Compassion  is  that  species  of  nlTeetion,  which  is 
excited,  either  by  the  actual  distress  of  its  object  or 
by  some  impending  calamity  which  appears  inevitable. 

COGAX. 

To  Place.     See  To  Put. 

Plain.     See  Manifest. 

Plan.     See  Scheme. 

Plausible,  Specious. 

Both  these  words  have  a  bad  sense. 

Plausihle  (from  plausihilis,  sounding  well)  de- 
notes that  wliich  seems  to  satisfy  the  ear,  and 
yet  leaves  distrust  in  tho  judgment. — Specious 
(from  speciosus,  making  a  fair  show)  describes 
that  which  carries  a  fair  appearance  to  the  eye, 
and  yet  may  cover  something  false.  Many 
plausible  arguments  and  specious  pretenses  have 
been  brought  forward  to  defend  the  cause  of 
wiekedncs.s. 

"  An  excuse  is  plausible  when  tho  well-con- 
nected narrative  of  tlio  maker  impresses  a  be- 
hef  of  its  justice ;  it  is  specious  when  its  fallacy 
is  easUy  discernible  through  the  thin  gviise  it 
wears." — Crabb. 

"In  this  superficial  way  indeed,  tho  mind 
is  capable  of  more  variety  oC plausible  talk,  but 
it  is  not  enlarged  as  it  should  be  in  its  knowl- 
edge."— Locke. 

"  The  guardian  directs  one  of  his  pupils  to 
think  with  the  wi-se,  but  speak  with  tho  vul- 
gar. This  is  a  precept  specious  enough,  but  not 
always  practicable." — Johnson. 

Pleasant,  Pleasing,  Agreeable. 
Pleasant    is  more    particularly  apphed    to 
things  in  the  concrete ;  as,  pleasant  weather,  a 


pkasant  day,  ride,  situation,  &c.     A  late  En- 
j  glish  writer  says,  "  It  was  formerly  used  to  de- 
^  scribe  merry  and  playful   conversation,  or  a 
I  jocose  and  hvely  pereon,  but  is  now  m  a  great 
J  measure  withdrawn  from  persons  and  applied 
^  to  things."— When  we  ayp^- pkasing  to  things, 
it  IS  usually  in  their  abstract  relations ;  as,  a 
'  phasing  variety,  interchange,  &c.    In  respect 
to  persons,  pleasing  is  generally  used  t'^    : 
scribe  personal   qualities;  as,  a  pleasing  ad- 
dress,  countenance,    &c.  — Agreeable  is  more 
used  of  social  qualities  and  relations ;  as,  an 
agreeable   conversation,    agreealle  society,   ic. 
These  distinctions,    however,   are  not  in  all 
cases  very  accurately  observed. 

Pleasing.     See  Xice,  also  Pleasant. 

Pledge.     See  Earnest. 

Plenteous.     See  Ample. 

Plenty.      See  iVuuNDANCE. 

Plunder,  Baggage,  Luggage. 

In  some  of  the  Western  States  a  traveler's 
luggage  is  familiarly  called  plunder.  This 
strange  uso  of  the  term  is  probably  derived 
from  the  Germans,  who  alwund  in  that  quar- 
ter, plunder  being  a  vidgar  term  in  German  for 
baggage,  from  pl'imdem,  to  bear  or  carry  oC 

"An  American. '  says  S.  T.  Coleridge,  "by  his  boast- 
ing of  the  superiority  r»f  the  Americans  generally,  but 
more  especially  in  their  language,  once  provoked  me 
to  toll  him  that '  on  that  head  the  least  said  the  better, 
ns  the  Americans  presented  the  extr.aordinary  anom- 
aly of  a  people  xcithout  a  languifge — tliat  they  had 
mistaken  tiie  English  lansuage  for  haggnge  (which  Is 
caWei 2>lunder  in  Ameiieal  and  had  stolen  it.'" 

CONVEHSATIOXS  AND  ReCOLLECTIOSB, 

Plunder.     See  Pillage. 

Poison,  Venom. 

Poison  (from  Fr.  poison,  derived  fi-om  Lat. 
potio,  a  drink)  usually  denotes  something  re- 
ceived into  the  system  by  tho  mouth,  breath. 
kc.  Venom  (from  L.  venenum)  is  something  ap- 
plied externally  or  discharged  from  animals,  as 
by  the  bite  or  sting  of  serpents,  scorpions,  it 
Venom  is  also  more  active  and  malignant  in  its 
operation  than  poison,  and  hence  is  a  stronger 
term. 

Tho  figurative  sense  of  these  terms  cor- 
responds to  tho  Uteral  one.  What  is  poisonous 
is  received  into  tho  mind ;  what  is  venomous 
acts  from  abroad.  Bad  principles  are  poison- 
ous ;  the  shafts  of  en%-y  are  venomous. 

Like  liim  that  know  not  poison's  power  to  kill. 
Until,  by  tasting  it,  himself  was  slain.        Da  vies. 

.\s  the  venom  spread. 
Frightful  convulsions  writhed  his  tortured  limbs. 

FtSTON. 

POLICT.       See  POLTTT. 

Politeness,  Courtesy. 
Politeness  (from  Gr.  polis,  a  city)  denotes  th.il 
ease  and  gracefulness  of  manners  which  firsi 
sprung  up  m  cities,  connected  with  a  desire  to 
please  others  by  anticipating  their  wants  ami 
wishes,  and  studiously  avoiding  whatever 
might  give  them  paiiL  Courtesy  is,  etymolog- 
icallv,   that  modification  of  politeness  which  | 


1437 


POS 


TABLE    OF    STNONTMa. 


PRE 


belongs  to  courts.  It  displa_v3  itself  in  tho  ad- 
dress and  manners ;  it  is  shown  more  espe- 
cially in  receiving  and  entertaining  others,  and 
is  a  union  of  dignified  complaisance  and  kind- 
ness. 
As  in  smootli  oil  the  razor  best  is  wlict, 
So  wit  is  by  poUieness  keenest  set.  Touno. 

Courtesy  is  sooner  found  in  lowly  sheds 
With  sinoliy  rafters,  than  in  tap'stry  halls 
And  courts  of  princes,  where  it  iirst  was  n.iraed. 

Milton. 

Polity,  Policy. 

Those  two  words  were  originaUy  the  same. 
Polity  is  now  confined  to  the  structure  of  a 
government ;  as,  civil  or  ecclesiastical  poliUj  ; 
while  policy  is  applied  to  the  management  of 
public  afl'airs;  as,  foreign  or  domestic  policy. 
Policy  has  the  further  sense  of  skillful  or  cun- 
ning management. 

Nor  is  it  jiossiblo  that  any  form  ot polity,  much  less 
polity  ccclesiastieal,  should  be  good,  unless  God  him- 
self be  author  of  it.  IIookek. 

The  best  rule  of  potirt/  is  to  prefer  tho  doing  of 
justice  before  all  enjoyments.  Charles. 

Poltroon.     See  Cowaed. 

To  Ponder,  Consider,  Muse. 
To  consider  {lit.,  to  sit  down  by)  moans  to 
view  or  contemplate  with  fixed  t'.iought.     To 
ponder  {lit.,  to  weigh)  denotes  to  dwell  upon 
with  long  and  anxious  attention,  with  a  view 
to  some  practical  result  or  decision.     To  muse 
is  simply  to  think  upon  continuously  with  no 
definite   object,  or  for  tlis  pleasure  it  gives. 
"We  consider  any  subj'ect  which  is  fiiirly  brought 
before  us ;  we  ponder  a  concern  involving  great 
mterests ;  wo  muse  on  the  events  of  childhood. 
Ye.?,  at  that  very  niouient. 
Consideration  like  an  aD;:el  came, 
And  whipped  tho  offending  Adam  out  of  him. 

Shakespeare. 
Tliis  pnn<7e7\  that  nil  nations  of  the  earth 
Shall  in  his  seed  bo  blessed.  Milton. 

Man  superior  -walks 
Amhl  tho  grand  creation,  musing  praise. 
And  looking  lively  gratitude.  Thomson. 

Populace.     See  Mob. 

Portion,  Part. 

Fart  (from  L.,  pars)  is  generic,  having  a  sim- 
ple reference  to  some  whole.  Portion  (from  L. 
portio,  a  share  or  part  divided  off)  has  the  ad- 
ditional idea  of  being  detached  fi'om  a  whole, 
usually  with  a  view  to  its  being  allotted  to 
some  object ;  as,  a  portion  of  one's  time,  a  por- 
tion olihs  day,  a  portion  of  Scripture. 

Of  heavenly  part,  and  part  of  earthly  blood, 
A  mortal  woman  mixing  with  a  god.       Detden. 
In  battles  won,  fortnno  a  part  did  claim. 
And  soldiers  have  their  portion  in  tho  same. 

Waller. 

To  Possess,  Have. 

Have  is  the  word  naturally  used.  To  possess 
denotes  to  have  "  as  a  possession."  A  man 
does  not  possess  his  wife  and  children :  they 
are  (so  to  speak)  part  of  himself  For  the  same 
reason,  we  have  (not  possess)  the  faculties  of 
reason,  understandnig,  will,  &o.,  an  elegant 
taste,   a  sound  judgment,  &c. :  they  are  ex- 

1438 


ercisea  of  tho  mind,  not  possessions.  TVe  can, 
however,  in  certain  connections,  speak  of  a  man 
as  possessing  an  elegant  taste  or  a  sound  judg- 
ment ;  but  in  such  cases  our  attention  is  com- 
monly turned  to  some  use  ho  is  to  make  of 
them,  and  hence  they  are  naturally  regarded  as 
distinct  from  himself,  and  as  part  of  liis  "pos- 
session." Some  overlook  the  fact  that  have  is 
the  leacUng  term,  and  use  possess  when  there  is 
notliing  specific  in  the  case  to  require  its  use. 

Possible.     See  Practicable. 

To  Postpone.     See  To  Adjourn. 

Posture.     See  Attitudk        . 

Poverty,  Indigence,  Pauperissi. 

Poverty  is  a  relative  term :  what  is  poverty 
to  a  gentleman  would  be  competence  for  a  day- 
laborer.  Indigence  implies  extreme  distress, 
and  almost  absolute  destitution.  Pauperism 
denotes  entire  dependence  upon  pubhc  charity, 
and  is  tlierefore  a  hopeless  and  degraded  state. 

Sneb  madness,  as  for  fear  of  death  to  die. 
Is  to  be  poor  for  fear  of  poverty.  Denham. 

For  even  that  iniligence  that  brincrs  me  low, 
Makes  mo  myself,  and  him  above  to  know. 

Dryden. 

Practicable,  Possible. 

A  thing  may  bo  possible,  i.  e.,  not  forbidden 
by  any  law  of  nature,  and  yet  may  not  now 
be  practicable  for  want  of  the  means  requisite 
to  its  performance.  Archimedes  thought  it 
possible  to  lift  tho  world,  but  this  has  not  been 
found  as  yet  practicable. 

To  Praise,  Applaud,  Extol. 

To  praise  is  literally  to  raise  high;  to  op 
plaud  is  to  greet  with  clapping;  to  extol  is  to 
bear  aloft.  We  may  praise  ra  the  exorcise  of 
calm  judgment ;  we  usually  applaud  from  im- 
pulse, and  on  account  of  some  specific  act;  we 
e.i-tol  under  tlie  influence  of  high  admiration,  and 
usually  in  strong  if  not  exfa-avagant  language. 

Will  God  incense  his  iro 
For  such  a  petty  trespass,  and  not  praise 
Rather  your  dauntless  virtue.  Milton. 

I  would  (ipplantl  thee  to  the  very  echo. 
That  should  applaud  again.        Shakespeare. 

Heaven  and  earth  sh.all  high  crtol 

Tliy  praises,  with  th'mnumerable  sound 

Of  hymns.  Milton. 

Precarious,  Unceetain. 

Precarioiis  is  stronger  than  uncertain.  De- 
rived originally  from  the  Latin  }>recor,  it  first 
signified  "granted  to  entreaty,"  and  henco 
"  wholly  dependent  on  the  will  of  another." 
Thus  it  came  to  express  the  higliest  species  of 
uncertainty,  and  is  applied  to  such  things  as 
depend  wholly  on  fiature  casualties. 

This  little  happiness  is  so  \ory  precarious,  fbAt  it 
wholly  depends  on  the  will  of  others.        Addison. 
With  certain  pain,  nncertiiin  of  relief. 
True  emblem  of  a  wretched  lover's  grief 

Granville. 

Precedent,  Exasiple. 

An  example  is  a  simil.ar  case  which  may  serve 
as  a  rule  or  guide,  but  has  no  authority  out  of 


itself.  A  precedent  is  something  which  comea 
down  to  us  ft'om  the  past  witli  the  sanction  of 
usage  and  of  common  consent.  Wo  quote 
examjyles  in  literature  and  precedents  in  law. 

So  hot  a  speed,  with  such  advice  disposed. 
Such  temperate  order  in  so  fierce  a  course. 
Doth  want  example.  Suakespeajie. 

No  power  in  Venice 
Can  alter  a  decree  established  ; 
'T  will  Ijo  recorded  for  a  precedent ; 
And  many  an  error,  by  the  same  example, 
W^ill  rush  into  tho  state.  Shakespeare. 

Precise.     See  Accurate. 
Peeciseness.     See  Precision. 

Precision,  Preciseness. 

Both  these  words  are  from  the  Latin  prm 
and  cido,  to  cut  down  to  some  rule  or  stan- 
dard ;  but  they  now  difier  in  their  sense  and 
application. 

Precision  denotes  a  strict  conformity  to  rule 
as  opposed  to  everything  vague,  indefinite  or 
uncertain,  and  is  always  used  in  a  good  sense ; 
as,  precision  of  tliought  or  language ;  precision 
in  military  evolutions,  &c.  Preciseness  is 
frequcntlj'  taken  in  a  bad  one,  especially  when 
applied  to  persons  or  their  conduct,  denoting 
an  excess  of  nicety,  formal  manners,  &c.  Pre- 
cise is  also  sometimes  applied  to  individuals  in. 
the  sense  of  over-strict  or  scrupulous  in  trifles. 

no  that  thinks  of  being  in  general  thinks  never  of 
any  particular  species  of  being:  unless  he  can  think 
of  it  with  and  without  ^/"ecmo/t  at  the  same  time. 

Locke. 

When  you  have  fixed  proper  hours  for  particular 
studies,  keep  to  them,  not  w  itli  a  superstitious  pre- 
ciseness, but  with  some  good  degrees  of  a  rcgul.ar 
constancy.  Watts. 

Predicable.     See  Predicate. 

Predicament.     See  Category,  also 
Predicate. 

To  Predicate,  Found,  or  Base. 

Some  able  men  among  our  lawyers  and 
statesmen  wse  predicate  for  found  or  base  ;  as, 
to  piredicate  an  argument  on  certain  principles, 
to  predicate  a  statement  on  information  re- 
ceived. Tills  is  wholly  opposed  to  English 
usage.  Predicate  is  a  term  in  logic,  and  used 
only  in  a  .single  case,  viz.,  when  we  affirm  ona 
thing  0/ another. 

Similitude  is  not  predicated  of  essences  or  sub- 
stances but  of  figures  and  qualities  only. 

Cadworth. 

Predicate,   Predicable,   a?2d  Pre- 
dicament. 

These  words  are  all  derived  from  prcedicare, 
to  affirm.  A  predicate  is  that  which  is  actually 
affirmed  of  any  one  ;  as,  wisdom  of  Peter.  A 
predicable  is  that  which  may  be  afiirmed  of 
many ;  as,  sun  may  be  afiSrmed  of  othi  r  suns 
besides  that  of  our  system.  A  predicament  is 
a  series,  order,  or  arrangement  of  predicates 
and  predicables  in  some  genus,  as  substance, 
or  quality. — Fleming. 


VR  E 


TABLE    OF    SYNONYMS. 


PRO 


To  Pkefek.     /See  To  Choose. 
Prepossession.     See  Bent. 


Pkepostekous, 
Pkeeogativt;. 

PliESE>'T. 
To  PllESERVE. 


See  Absced. 
See  Peitilege. 
See  Gift. 
See  To  Keep. 


Pketense,  Pretext. 

A  pretense  (prcetensum)  is  something  held  out 
as  real  when  it  is  not  so,  thus  falsifying  tlie 
truth.  A  pretext  {praiiexius)  is  something 
woven  up  in  order  to  cover  or  conceal  one's 
true  motives,  feelings,  or  ends  of  action.  The 
piety  of  the  Pharisees  was  all  a  pretense,  and 
their  long  prayers  were  a  pretext  to  conceal 
their  hypocrisy. 

Crabb  is  erroneous  in  saying,  that  a  "  pro- 
text"  is  always  wrong,  and  "  serves  to  hirto 
something  seriously  culpable  or  wicked."  Wo 
do  in  most  cases  use  tlie  word  in  a  bad  sense ; 
and  yet  wo  could  speak  of  a  person  in  com- 
1  pany,  as  "  making  a  pretext  for  leaving  the 
room,"  without  implying,  that  ho  was  guilty 
of  any  thing  ''culpable  or  wicked"  in  so  doing. 

■      AVith  fljing  speed  anil  seeming  great  2>retense 
Came  running  in  a  messenger.  Spensee, 

I      lie  made  prettvi,  that  I  should  only  go 

And  help  convey  his  freight  j  but  thought  not  so. 

Chapman. 

Peeterxaturai..     See  Super- 
natural. 
Pretest.     See  Pretense. 
PRErrrr.     See  IIandsoiie. 
Pr.E^-ALENT,  Prevailing. 

Wliat  customarily  prevails  is  prevalent ;  as, 
a  prevalent  fashion.  T."hat  actually  prevails  is 
prevailing;  as,  the  prevailing  winds  are  west. 
Hence,  prevailing  is  the  Hvehcr  and  more 
pointed  word,  since  it  represents  a  thing  in 
adion.  It  is  sometimes  tho  stronger  word, 
since  a  thing  may  prevail  sufficiently  to  be 
called  prevalent,  and  yet  require  greater 
strength  to  make  it  actually  prevailing.  —Wo 
may  add,  that  prevalent  may  be  used  cither 
before  or  after  its  noun ;  as,  the  prevalent  winds 
are  west,  or,  tho  west  winds  are  prevalent; 
whil'3  prevailing  can  be  used  only  before  its 
noun;  as,  tho  prevailing  -wind  is  west.  In 
other  words,  prevailing  can  not  be  used  as  a 
predicate. 

To  Prevaricate,  Evade,  Equivo- 
cate. 
Ono  who  eva/les  a  question  ostensibly  an- 
swers it,  but  really  turns  aside  to  some  other 
point;  he  who  equivocates  uses  words  which 
have  a  double  meaning,  so  that  in  one  sense 
he  can  claim  to  have  said  the  truth,  though  ho 
does  in  fact  deceive,  and  intends  to  do  it:  ho 


In  this  (loiDt  charge  hini  homt>,  that  he  affects 
Tyrannic  power;  if  he  evade  us  tht-M-c, 
Inforco  him  with  his  envy  to  the  people. 

SUAKESPEAUE. 

But  yet  your  false  fquivocating  tongue, 
Your  looks,  your  eyes,  your  every  motion  promised. 

Smitu. 

For  I  desire  to  thinlc  better  of  him  than  that  ho 
would  willfully  pret'Oricate.  Stilllsgfleet. 

Pride,  Vanity. 

Pride  is  an  ci'tr-valuing  of  one's  self  for 
some  real  or  imagined  superiority,  as  rank, 
wealth,  talents,  &c. ;  vanity  is  tho  love  of  being 
admired  (not  merely  approved)  so  that  he  who 
is  vain  has  a  secret  feeling  of  pleasure  at  being 
praised  for  excellence,  which  he  is  perfectly 
conscious  of  not  possessing.  Fride  is,  etymo- 
logicaUy,  a  being  "jmffed  up,"  and  denotes  an 
inflated  spirit  of  self-importanco,  with  a  cor- 
responding disregard  or  contempt  for  others: 
vanity  is,  etymologically,  " etn^itiness,"  and  llio 
term  was  transferred  to  the  feeling  in  question, 
because  nothing  can  be  more  empty  or  delu- 
sive as  a  source  of  cnjovmei.t.  If  the  former 
is  more  hateful,  the  latter  i3  more  contemptible. 

PriiU  hath  no  glass 
To  sliL'W  itself,  but  pride;  for  snr'[)le  knees 
Feed  arrogance,  and  are  tho  proud  man's  fees. 

SUAKESPEAEE. 

'Tis  an  ol.l  maxim  in  the  schools, 

That  vanUij  's  the  food  of  fools.  S-.vift. 

PiiiouT.     See  Cloister. 
Privilege,  Pkeuogative. 

Frivikge,  among  the  Romans,  was  something 
conferred  upon  an  individual  iij  a,  private  law 
(privata  lege),  and  hence  it  denotes  some  peou- 
har  benefit  or  advantage,  some  right  or  unmu- 
nity  not  enjoyed  by  the  worid  at  largo.  Pre- 
rogative, among  the  Romans,  was  the  right  of 
sjieaking  first,  and  hence  it  denotes  a  right  of 
precedence,  or  of  doing  certain  acts  or  enjoying 
certain  privileges  to  the  exclusion  of  others. 
It  is  tho  privilege  of  a  member  of  Congress  not 
to  be  called  in  question  elsewhere  for  words 
uttered  in  debate ;  it  is  the  prerogative  of  the 
President  to  ratify  treaties  with  the  consent  of 
the  Senate.  It  is  tho  privilege  of  a  Christian 
child  to  be  instructed  in  tlie  true  religion ;  it  is 
the  prerogative  of  a  parent  to  govern  and 
direct  his  offspring. 

He  claims  his  privilege,  and  8.iys  'tis  fit, 
Nothing  should  bo  the  judge  of  wit,  but  wit. 

Df.nham. 

Out  prerogative 
Calls  not  your  counsels,  but  our  natural  goodness 
Imparts  this.  Shakespeaks. 

Probity,  Integrity. 

Proiity  (from  proho,  to  prove)  means,  ety- 
mologically, virtue  which  has  been  tried  and 
proved  genuine.  Hence  it  denotes  unimpeach- 
able honesty  and  virtue,  shown  especiaUy  by 
the  performance  of  those  obhgatious  called 
imperfect,  which  the  lavrs  of  tho  state  do  not 
reach  and  can  not  cnRroe.     Integrity  (firom  in- 


mutual  dealings,  transfers  of  property,  and  the 
execution  of  trusts  for  others. 

So  near  approach  we  their  celestial  Aind, 
Ey  justice,  truth,  j^Qd probity/,  of  mind. 

Pope. 

Macduff,  this  noble  passion, 
Child  of  integrity,  hath  from  njy  soul 
"Wiped  the  black  scrnples,  reconciled  my  thoughts 
To  thy  good  truth  and  honor.  Suakespeaee. 


Proceeding. 
To  Proclaisi. 
Prodigal. 

Profligate. 


See  Transaction. 
See  To  Announce. 
See  Profuse. 
See  Abandoned. 


teger,  entire  or  unbroken)  denotes  a  wTiole- 
wto  ^^n^X''(LV"^addTc^The  point)7alks  |  hearted  honesty,  and  especially  that  which  ex- 
an  round  the  question,  hoping  to  "dodge"  it  eludes  all  injustice  that  m.ght  favor  ones  self. 
and  disclose  nothing.  I  "  ^^^  ^  P'^™"^^  ^^'^''^"'^^  *°  uprightness  m 


Profuse,  Lavish,  Prodigal. 
Profuse  (from  pro  and  fando,  to  pour  forth) 
denotes  pouring  out  (as  money,  ic.)  with  great 
fullness  or  exuberance;  as,  profuse  in  his  ex- 
penditures, thanks,  promises,  &a    Lavish  (sup- 
posed by  Richardson  to  be  from  lave,  to  draw 
out  or  exhaust)  is  stronger,  implying  unncces- 1 
sary  or  wasteful  excess ;  as,  lavisli  of  his  boun- 
ties, favors,  praises,  &c.     Prodigality  (from  pro- 
digus,  wasteful)  is  stronger  still,  denotmg  un- 
measured or  reckless  profusion ;  as,  prodigal  of 
one's  strength,  life,or  blood  to  secure  some  object 
Oh  liberty,  thou  goddess  heavenly  bright. 
Profuse  of  bliss,  and  pregnant  with  delight 

Addisox. 

Tho  dame  has  been  too  lavish  of  hor  feast. 
And  fed  him  till  he  loaths.  BowE. 

Here  patriots  live,  who,  for  their  country's  good. 
In  fighting  fields  were  prodigal  of  blood. 

Deydex. 

To  Prohieit,  Forbid. 

To  forbid  (from  for,  against,  and  bid,  to  say) 
is  Saxon,  and  is  more  famihar;  to  prohibit 
(from  ]}ro,  and  hdbeo,  to  have)  is  Latin,  and  is 
more  formal  or  oliiciaL  A  parent  forbids  his 
child  to  be  out  late  at  night ;  he  prohibits  his 
intercourse  with  the  profane  and  vicious. 

"To  forbid  is  a  direct  and  personal  act;  to 
prohibit  is  an  indirect  action  that  operates  by 
means  of  extended  influence ;  both  imply  the 
exorcise  of  power  or  authority  of  an  individual, 
and  the  latter  is  extended  to  tho  authority  of 
government." — Ceabb. 

Tho  father  of  Constantino  was  so  incensed  at  the 
father  of  Theodosius  that  ho  forbade  the  son  his 
house.  Addison. 

I  think  that  all  snch  persons  (that  is.  quacks)  should 
be  prohibited  from  curing  their  incurable  patients  by 
act  of  parUament.  Hawkeswoetil 

Project,  Design. 

A  project  (from  pro  and  jacio)  is  something 
?f  a  practical  nature  thrown  out  for  considera- 
tion as  to  its  being  done.  A  design  (from  rfc 
and  signo)  is  a  project  when  matured  and  set- 
tled, as  a  thing  to  be  accomplished.  An  inge- 
nious man  h;ts  many  projects,  but,  if  governed 
bv  SOU"'"  sense,  will  be  slow  in  forming  them 
into  designs.     {See  also  Scheme.] 

In  the  varions  projects  of  happiness  devised  by  hu- 
man reason,  there  appeared  inconsistencies  not  to  be 
reconciled.  Rogers. 

Is  he  a  prudent  man  as  to  his  temporal  esUte.  that 
lays  designs  only  for  a  day,  without  any  prospect  to 
the  remaining  part  of  his  life. 


TiLLOTSON. 


1439 


PKO 


TABLE    OF    SV^KOKYMS. 


QUI 


Prolix,   Diffuse, 

A  p'oVx  writer  delights  in  circumlocution, 
extended  detail,  and  trifling  particulars.  A 
dtffttse  writer  is  fond  of  amplifying,  and  abounds 
in  epitliets,  figures,  and  illustrations.  Diffust- 
ness  often  arises  from  an  exuberance  of  imag- 
ination ;  prolixity  is  almost  always  connected 
with  a  want  of  it.  Prolixity  is  one  of  the 
n'orst  qualities  of  style  ;  diffu-seness  is  not  neces- 
sarily a  fault,  but  requires  uncommon  genius  to 
relievo  it  from  being  wearisome. 

Slioukl  I  at  largo  repeat 
The  bead  roll  of  her  Ticioiis  tricks. 
My  poem  would  be  too  prolix.  Prior. 

A  Rentiinent  which  is  expressed  difitsch/,  will 
hiiclybe  admitted  to  be  just;  expressed  concisely, 
will  be  admired  as  spirited.  Blair. 

Prompt,  Ready,  Expeditious. 

One  who  is  ready  (from  Sax.  quick)  is  pre- 
pared at  the  moment.  One  who  is  prom2)t 
(from  promo,  to  draw  forth)  is  prepared  before- 
hand, so  as  to  start  at  the  moment  into  decisive 
action.  One  who  is  expeditiotis  (from  expeditus, 
free  from  impediments)  carries  through  an  un- 
dertaking with  a  steady,  rapid  progress. 

Satan  ready  now 
To  stoop  with  wearied  wings  and  willing  feet 
On  this  worhl.  Milton. 

To  the  stern  sanction  of  the  offended  sky 
My  p/'o?»7^^  obedience  bows.  Pope. 

I  .^pp^chend  it  as  a  safest  course, 
And  maybe  easily  accoiinilisbed  ; 
Let  us  be  all  most  expeditious.  Massinger. 

Prokulgate.     See  Announce. 

To  Pronounce.     See  To  Deliver. 

Peoof.     See  Te.stimony. 

Propitious,  Auspicious. 

Avspicioiis  (from  the  ancient  idea  of  auspices 
or  omens)  denotes  "  Indicative  of  success,  or 
lavored  by  incidental  occurrences  ;"  as,  an 
auspicious  opening,  an  auspicious  event.  Pro- 
pitious (from  props,  near,  implying  the  favorable 
presence  of  somo  higlier  power)  denotes  that 
which  efficaciously  protects  us  in  some  under- 
taliing,  speeds  our  exertions,  and  decides  our 
success;  as,  projiilious  gales,  propitious  influ- 
ences, s.  propitious  climate. 

"A  journey  is  undertaken  under  auspiciotis 
circumstances,  where  everytliing  incidental,  as 
weather,  society,  and  the  like,  bid  fair  to  afford 
us  pleasure ;  a  journey  is  undertaken  under 
propitious  circumstances  when  everything  fa- 
vors the  attainment  of  the  object  for  which  it 
was  begun. — Cr.a.bb. 

Let  not  my  word  offend  thee  ; 

My  Mailer,  he  propitious  while  I  speak.  Milton. 

Fortune  pbiy  upon  thy  prosperous  helm 

As  thy  ciuitpk-ioits  mistress.  Suakespeare. 

Proposal.     See  Proposition. 
Proposition,  Propo>3al. 

These  words  arc  both  from  the  verb  jiropojio, 
to  set  forth,  and,  as  here  compared,  tliey  mark 
dilTerent  forms  or  stages  of  a  negotiation. 

K  proposition  is  something  presented  for  dis- 
cussion or  consideration;  as,  propositions  of 
peace.     A  proposal  is  some  definite  thing  of- 

Ta40 


fered  by  one  party  to  be  accepted  or  rejected 
by  the  other.  If  tlie  proposition  is  favorably 
received,  it  is  usually  followed  by  proposals 
which  complete  the  arrangement. 

The  enemy  sent  propositions,  such  as  upon  deliv- 
ery of  a  strong,  fortified  town,  after  a  handsome  de- 
fense, are  usually  granted.  Clarendon. 
1(  OUT  proposals  once  again  were  beard, 
\yo  should  compel  them  to  a  quick  result. 

Milton. 

To  Prorogue.     See  To  Adjourn. 

Proselyte.     See  Convert. 

Prosperous.      See  Fortunate. 

To  Protect.     See  To  Defend. 

To  Protest.      See  To  Affirm. 

To  Prove.     See  To  Argue. 

To  Provoke.     See  To  Irritate. 

Prudence.     See  Wisdom. 

Prying.     See  Inquisitive. 

To  Publish.     See  To  Annoltstce. 

Puerile.     See  Youthful. 

To  Punish.     See  To  Chasten. 

Pupil.     See  Scholar. 

Purpose.     See  Design. 

To  Pursue.     See  To  Follow. 

To  Put,  Place. 

These  words,  as  here  compared,  agree  in  the 
idea  of  fixing  the  position  of  some  object. 

Put  is  probably  connected  with  the  Dutch 
pooim,  to  set  or  fix,  and  denotes  to  dispose  of 
in  any  situation.  To  put  on  a  shelf,  to  put  a 
question.  To  place  is  to  put  in  a  specific  sit- 
uation ;  as,  to  place  on  the  table. 

O  for  that  warning  voice  which  ho  who  saw 
The  Apocalypse  heard  cry  in  heaven  aloud, 
Then  when  the  dr.igon,  put  to  second  rout, 
Came  furious  down  to  be  revenged  on  men. 

Milton. 
Our  two  first  parents,  yet  the  only  two, 
Of  mankind  in  the  happygarden  placed,  Milton. 

To  PuziLE.     See  To  Embarrass. 


Q. 


Quaint,  Odd,  Whimsical. 

Quaint,  in  our  early  writers,  meant  strange 
or  hidden,  and  hence  ingenious.  In  this  sense 
it  often  occurs  in  Shakespeare ;  as,  a  quaint 
device,  quaintly  written,  &c.,  and  is  used  as  a 
term  of  praise. 

You  were  glad  to  be  employed. 

To  show  how  quaint  an  orator  you  are. 

Shakespeare. 
I  never  saw  a  better  fashioned  gown 
More  quaint,  more  pleasing  nor  more  commendable. 

Shakespeare. 
Entering  into  holy  orders,  he  [R.  Corbet]  became  a 
jno^t  quaint  preacher,  and  therefore  much  followed 
by  ingenious  men.  Wood.     Atiienjj:  Oion. 

Gradually,  however,  there  sprang  up  a  per- 
verted ingenuity  in  such  writers  as  Quarles, 
and  many  among  the  Puritans,  to  which  we 
now  give  the  name  of  quaininess.     It  is  some- 


tliing  quree  and  laughable,  but  not  foolish. 
The  quaint  writers  have  usually  strong  thouglit, 
but  a  strange  and  whimsical  way  of  expressing 
it.  Their  wit  is  sly,  but  odd ;  their  images 
are  often  far-fetched  or  unnatural,  and  there  is 
a  strange  contrast  between  the  gravity  of  their 
thoughts  and  the  Ihnoiful  or  whimsical  garb  in 
which  they  are  presented.  Hence  the  word 
became  a  term  of  dispraise,  denoting  affected, 
which  Johnson  declared  to  be  its  meaning  in 
bis  day.  At  present  (perhaps  from  a  deference 
to  the  old  writers  mentioned)  it  has  received 
the  united  sense  of  antique  and  odd.  Thus  we 
speak  of  the  qtiaint  architecture  of  many  old 
buildings  in  London ;  or  a  quaint  expression, 
uniting  at  onco  the  antique  and  the  fanciful,  &c. 

Qualified,  Competent. 

A  man  is  competent  (from  L.  covipctens,  fit- 
ting or  suitable)  to  a  task  or  duty,  wlieu  he  has 
the  powers  which  are  requisite  for  its  perform- 
ance ;  ho  is  qualified  for  it  (from  L.  qualis  and 
fio,  made  such  as  ho  ought  to  be)  when  those 
powers  liave  been  trained  into  an  acquaintance 
with  the  business  to  be  done,  and  expertness 
in  tlie'mode  of  performing  it.  Many  are  com- 
petent  to  employments  which  they  are  utterly 
unqualified  to  enter  upon  at  once. 

"  Competency  mostly  respects  native  charac- 
ter; qualification  artificial  acquirements.  Fa- 
miliarity with  any  subject  aided  by  the  requi- 
site mental  endowments  give  competency;  ac- 
quaintance with  the  business  to  be  done, 'and 
expertness  in  the  mode  of  performing  it  con- 
stitutes the  qualification."  Crabb. — "  Man  is 
not  competent  to  decide  on  the  good  or  evil  of 
many  events  which  befall  him  in  this  life." 
Cumberland. — "  Those  who  have  the  most 
learning  and  acquaintance  with  the  Holy 
Scriptures,  are  best  qualified  for  the  important 
and  sacred  office  of  mstructing  the  people." 
Ceabb. 

To  Question,  Inquire,  Inter- 

ROG.VTE. 

Vfe  inquire  for  the  sake  of  information ;  as, 
to  inquire  one's  way ;  we  question  with  close- 
ness in  order  to  gain  the  whole  truth ;  as,  to 
question  a  messenger  as  to  all  the  particulars ; 
we  interrogate  by  .asking  questions  repeatedly, 
and  often  with  authority;  as,  to  interrogate  a 
witness  or  a  culprit. 

Yon  hare  oft  inquired 
After  the  shepherd  that  complained  of  love. 

Shakespeare. 
Suddenly  out  of  this  delightful  dream 
The  man  awoke  and  would  have  questioned  moTc; 
But  he  would  not  endure  the  woeful  theme. 

Spenser. 

The  traveler  whoever  he  miglit  bo  coming  to  the 
fortified  habitation,  would  probably  have  been  inter- 
rogated from  the  battlements,  admitted  with  caution 
at  the  gate,  introduced  to  a  petty  monarch  fierce  with 
habitual  hostility, and  vigilant  with  ignorant  suspicion. 
Johnson.     Tour  to  ilie  Uetjridea. 

To  Quit,  Leave. 

Leave  is  the  generic  term;  quit  is  more  spe- 
cific and  distmctive.  Being  from  the  Low 
Latin  quieto,  to  leave  quiet  or  undisturbed,  it 


RAI 


TABLE    OF    STNOXTMS. 


REA 


denotes  that  we  go  from  a  place  either  witii  i 
the  intentioa  ot"  never  returning,  or  at  least, 
with  no  formed  design  of  so  doing.  Hence,  to 
say  that  a  man  has  l^j't  a  place  or  employment,  [ 
decides  nothing  as  to  his  returning  or  resuming 
it ;  but  to  say  that  he  has  quit  the  town  or  the 
business,  is  to  say  that  this  was  considered  and 
understood  at  the  time,  to  be  a  final  act. 

Leave  not  tbe  r:ittliful  side 
That  gare  tliee  b«ing,  still  sluulc6  tlieo  and  protects. 

Milton. 

Then  wilt  then  not  be  loath 
To  quit  this  paradise ;  but  shalt  possess 
A  parajlso  within  thee,  happier  far.  Miltok. 

To  QroTE,  Cite. 
To  cite  (from  cito,  to  rouse  up  or  call  in)  was 
originally  to  call  into  court  as  a  witness,  &c., 
and  hence  the  word  denotes  something  Tery 
specific  and  exact  in  adducing  evidence.  Quote 
(fixjm  Oid  Ft.,  quoter,  to  number  or  mark)  is 
used  in  a  more  loose  and  general  way,  often 
expressing  an  appeal  to  some  one  as  an  author- 
ity, without  adducing  his  exact  words. 

I  shall  tronble  the  reader  with  one  citation  more 
:"  Athen:lgoras.  Atteubuey. 

ransert  his  tropea,  and  preached  np  patience, 

Backed  hid  opinion  with  quoUition3.  Pbioc. 

R. 

Racy,  Spicy. 

Racy  (from  radix,  a  root)  refers  primarily  to 
that  strong  and  peculiar  flavor  which  certain  I 
wines  derive  from  the  soil,  and  hence  we  call  I 
a  style  or  production  racy  when  it  '•  smacks  of 
the  soil,"  or  has  an  uncommon  degree  of  fresh- ; 
nes3  and  distinctiveness  of  thought  and  lan- 
guage. Spicy  (from  spice)  when  applied  to 
style,  has  reference  to  that  pungency  which 
belongs  to  the  aromatics  of  the  East 

A  spicy  review ;  a  spicy  article  in  a  maga- 
zine ;  a  spicy  retort  Racy  in  conversation ;  a 
racy  remark. 

Kich  racy  verses  in  which  we 
The  soil  from  which  they  come,  taste,  smell  and  see. 

CoWLEV. 

Radicax,  Extip.e. 

These  words  are  frequently  interchanged  in 
describing  some  marked  alteration  in  the  con- 
dition of  things.  There  is,  however,  an  ob- 
vious difference  between  them. 

A  radical  cure,  reform.  &c.,  is  one  which 
goes  to  the  root  (radix)  of  the  thing  in  ques- 
tion ;  enlire  would  imply  that  it  extended  to 
every  part  of  the  system  referred  to.  Hence 
we  speak  of  a  radical  change ;  a  radical  im- 
provement; radical  differences  of  opinion; 
while  an  enlire  change,  an  entire  improvement, 
an  entire  difference  of  opinion,  might  indicate 
more  than  was  actually  intended. 

Rage.     See  Angeb. 

To  Raise,  Geow,  Reab. 

The  English  never  (like  the  natives  of  New 
England)  speak  of  raising  wheat,  Ac,  but  of 
jrowinij  it,  and  so  of  all  vegetable  productions. 

181 


It  is  a  peculiarity  of  tlie  Southern  States  to 
apply  the  word  raise  to  the  rearing  or  bringing 
up  of  men;  as,  "I  was  raised  in  Kentucky." 
In  England,  as  well  as  at  the  North,  raise  in 
this  sense  is  applied  only  to  animals ;  though 
we  do  speak  of  raising  a  sickly  child,  where 
the  reference,  however,  is  to  the  weakness  of 
his  animal  frama 

To  Rally.     See  To  BA^-TEK. 

Rahpart,  Bdxw.vrk. 

These  words  were  formerly  interchanged,  but 
in  modern  usage  a  distinction  has  sprung  up 
between  them. 

The  rampart  of  a  fortified  place  is  the  entire 
mound  or  wall  which  surrounds  it.  The  term 
bulwark  is  now  applied  to  peculiarly  strong 
outworks  wliich  project  for  the  defense  of  the 
rampart  or  main  work.  A  single  bastion  is  a 
bulwark.  Hence  m  u.sing  these  words  figura- 
tively, rampart,  or  vampire,  Is  more  properly 
applied  to  that  which  protects  by  walUng  out; 
while  bulwark  is  applied  to  that  which  stands 
in  tlie  forefront  of  danger,  to  meet  and  repel 
it  Hence  we  speak  of  a  distinguished  indi- 
vidual as  the  bulwark,  not  the  rampart  of  the 
state.  This  distinction,  however,  is  often  over- 
looked by  the  poets,  and  is  not  fuUy  introduced 
into  general  hterature. 

Ra>"coe,  E>tiity. 

Enmity  and  rancor  both  describe  hostile  feel- 
ings; but  enmity  Tnaj  \><i  generous  and  open, 
while  rancor  (Ut.,  a  featering)  is  deep-seated  and 
mahgnant.  It  implies  personal  malice  of  the 
worst  and*  most  enduring  nature,  and  is  the 
strongest  word  in  our  language  to  express  hos- 
tile feelings. 

Rancor  will  out,  proud  prelate  ;  in  thy  face. 
I  see  thy  fury.  Suakespe,vee. 

Rancor  is  that  degree  of  malice  which  preys  upon 
the  possessor.  Ilis  heart  is  torn  with  vexation  when 
he  contemplates  the  h.ippiness  of  another,  or  when 
he  is  foiled  in  his  evil  purposes  towards  him. 

Cog  AS. 

Rare,  Scarce. 

We  call  a  thing  rare  when  but  ferr  of  the 
kind  are  ever  to  be  met  with;  as,  a  rare  plant, 
&c. ;  we  speak  of  a  thing  as  scarce  which, 
though  usually  abundant,  is  for  the  time  being 
to  be  had  only  in  diminished  quantities.  A 
bad  harvest  makes  corn  scarce. 

a  perfect  union  of  wit  and  ju  ._Jient  is  one  of  the 
rarest  things  in  the  world.  Eceke. 

When  any  particular  piece  of  money  grew  very 
scarce,  it  was  oftun  recoiuod  by  a  succeedinjj  emperor. 

Addison. 

Rash,  Adventitrous,  Foolhardy. 
A  man  is  adventurous  who  incurs  risk  or 
hazard  from  a  love  of  the  arduous  and  the 
bold;  a  man  is  rash  (connected  with  rush)  who 
does  it  from  the  mere  impulse  of  his  feelings 
without  counting  the  cost ;  a  man  is  foolhardy 
who  throws  himself  into  danger  in  disregard  or 
defiance  of  the  consequences. 

Was  never  known  a  more  advcnVrous  knight. 

Dbtdev. 


Her  rank  hand  in  evil  hour. 
Forth  reaching  to  the  fruit,  she  plucked,  she  cat 

MltTO». 
If  any  yet  be  sn  foothardy 
To  cxiiose  themselves  to  vain  Jeopardy; 
If  they  come  wounded  off  and  lame. 
No  honor's  got  by  such  a  maim.     Ii'idibeas. 

Rasiixess.     See  Temehitv. 

Rational,  Reasonable. 

Rational  (from  raiio)  has  reference  to  reason 
as  a  faculty  of  the  mind,  and  is  opposed  to 
irrational  \i.  e.,  destitute  of  or  contrary  to 
reason]  ;  as,  a  rational  being,  a  rational  state 
of  mind,  rational  views,  &c.  In  these  cases 
the  speculative  reason  is  more  particularly  re- 
ferred to.  Reasonable  has  reference  to  the  ex- 
orcise of  this  faculty  for  practical  purposes,  and 
denotes  governed  or  directed  by  reason;  as, 
reasonable  desires,  plans,  ia,  a  reasonable  charge, 
a  reasonable  prospect  of  success. 

■What  higher  in  her  society  thou  find'st 
Attractive,  humane,  raiioiuil,  love  still. 

MiLTOK. 

A  law  may  be  reasonalle  in  itseH  although  a  man 
does  not  allow  it,  or  docs  not  know  the  reason  of  the 
hnvgivers.  Swin. 

To  Raze.     See  To  Demolisu. 

Readixess.     See  Facility. 

Ready.     See  PEOiiPT. 

Real,  Actual. 
Real  represents  a  thing  to  be  a  "  res"  or  sub- 
stantive existence ;  as,  a  real  occurrence,  not 
imaginary.  Actual  refers  to  it  as  acted  or  per- 
formed; and  hence,  when  we  «-ish  to  prove  a 
thing  real,  we  often  say,  '•  It  actually  exists," 
"  it  has  actually  been  done.''  Thus  its  reality 
is  shown  by  its  actuality.  Actual,  trom  this 
reference  to  being  acted,  has  recently  received 
a  new  signification,  viz.,  present;  as,  "the  ac- 
tual posture  of  afiairs;"  since  what  is  now  in 
action  or  going  on  has,  of  course,  a  s^resent  ex- 
istence. 

Actual  is  opposed  to  suppositious  ;  real  is  opposed 
to  imaginary,  feigned,  or  artificiaL  An  actual  fact; 
a  real  sentiment  Gbaiiul 

For  he  that  but  conceives  a  crime  in  thought 
Contracts  the  danger  of  an  actual  laulL  i 

Devdes. 
0:ir  simple  ideas  are  all  real, all  agree  to  the  reality  | 
of  things.  Loc£E. 

Rear.     See  To  Raise.  I 

Reasox.     See  Motiye,  also  Sexse. 
Reasoxable.     See  Ratioxal. 

Reasoxtxg,  Aegoiextatiox. 

Few  words  are  more  interchanged  than 
these ;  and  yet  there  is  a  difference  between 
them  which  it  may  be  proper  to  point  out 

Reasoning  is  the  broader  term,  including 
both  deduction  and  induction.  Argumenta- 
tion denotes  simply  the  former,  and  descends 
fi'om  the  whole  to  some  included  part ;  while  i 
reasoning  embraces  also  the  latter,  and  .iscends  I 
from  the  parts  to  a  whole.  [See  Ixdcctiox.]  ! 
Reasoning  is  occupied  with  ideas  and  their  re- 
lations ;  argumentation  has  to  do  with  the  forms 

1441 


REG 


TABLE     0  1^'     SYNONYMS. 


R  E  il 


of  los'ic.     One  reasons  often  with  cue's  self;  i 
you  can  not  anjus  except  between  two  parties,  j 
A  thesis  is  set  down— j-ou  attacli,  I  defend  it ;  ^ 
you  insist,  I  reply;  you  deny,  I  prove;  you  j 
distinguish,  I  destroy  your  distinctions;  your 
objections  and  my  replies  balance  or  overturn 
one  another.     Such  is  argumentation.     It  sup- 
poses that  there  are  two  sides,  and  that  both 
agree  to  the  same  rules.     Reasoning,  on  the 
other  hand,  is  often  a  natural   process;  by 
which  we  form  from  the  general  analogy  of 
nature,  or  special  presumptions  in  the  case, 
conclusions  which  have  greater  or  less  degrees 
of  force,  and  which  may  be  strengthened  or 
weakened  by  subsequent  experience. 

Rebst,,  Insurgent. 

Insurgent  (from  insurgo,  to  rise  up)  marks  an 
early,  and  reiel  (from  rebello,  to  fight  with)  a 
mora  advanced  stage  of  opposition  to  govern- 
ment The  former  rises  up  against  his  rulers, 
the  latter  makes  war  upon  them.  A  French 
writer  remarks  that  out  of  a  hundred  insurgents, 
not  more  than  ten  usually  bold  out  and  become 
confirmed  rchels. 

His  voice  like  tlumder  will  support  ber  cause, 
Enforce  liev  dictates  nn.l  snstnln  her  1.iws ; 
Kich  with  her  .■spoils  '"s  sanction  w  ill  dismay, 
Ami  bid  tbo  insurgents  tremble  and  obey. 

Falcoxeii. 
Sh.all  man  from  nature's  sanction  stray, 
A  rebel  to  her  rightful  sway.  Fekton. 


Rebellion. 
To  Rebuke. 


Sea  Insuekection. 
See  To  Repeote. 


To  Receive,  Accept. 
To  receive  (from  re  an  I  capio,  to  take)  de- 
scribes simply  the  act  of  taking.  To  accept 
(from  ad  and  capio,  to  take  to  one's  self)  de- 
notes the  taking  cordially,  or  for  the  purposes 
for  which  a  tiling  is  oflered.  Tims,  we  receive 
a  letter  when  it  comes  to  hand ;  we  receive 
news  when  it  reaches  us ;  we  accept  a  present 
when  it  is  offered  ;  wo  accept  an  invitation  to 
dine  with  a  friend.  A  lady  may  receive  the 
proposal  of  a  suitor  without  accepting  his  suit. 

"The  sweetest  cordial  we  receive  nt  last. 
Is  conscience  for  our  virtuous  actions  past." 

"^ho  ifwc  knew 
"What  we  receive,  would  either  not  accept 
Life  offered,  or  soon  beg  to  lay  it  down.    Milton. 

Recent.     See  Modern. 

Reciprocal,  Mutual. 

The  distinctive  idea  of  vintiial  (from  mutuus) 
is  that  the  parties  unite  by  interchange  in  the 
same  act ;  as,  a  mutual  covenant,  mutual  affec- 
tion, &c.,  &c.  The  distinctive  idea  of  reci^M-ocoi 
(from  reciproco,  to  move  backwards  and  for- 
wards) is  that  one  party  acts  by  way  of  return 
or  response  to  something  previously  done  by 
tlio  other  party;  as,  a  reciprocal  kindness,  re- 
ciprocal reproaches,  &c.  Love  is  reciprocal 
when  the  previous  affection  of  one  party  has 
drawn  forth  the  attachm  ?nt  of  the  other.  To 
make  it  mutual,  in  the  strictest  sense,  the  two 
1  parties  should  have  fallen  in  love  at  once ;  but 

~  '  r442 


as  the  result  is  the  same,  the  two  words  are  here 
used  interchangeably.  The  ebbing  and  flowing 
of  the  tide  is  a  case  where  the  action  is  recip- 
rocal, but  not  mutual.  Hence,  we  may  speak 
of  a  mutual  friendship,  because  this  feeling  may 
pass  and  re-pass  between  two  parties,  but  not 
so  of  a  mutual  friend  in  the  concrete.  In  this 
case,  we  say  a  covunon  friend. 

Recital.     See  Account. 

To  Receon.     See  To  Guess. 

To  Recognize.     See  To  Ackno-wx- 

edge. 

Recollection.     See  Memory. 

Recovery,  Restoration. 

Recovery  is  active,  restoration  is  passive.  I 
must  myself  be  instrumental  in  the  recovery  of 
property  that  is  stolen ;  not  so  in  restoration. 
for  which  I  am  wholly  indebted  to  the  act  of 
another. 

Any  other  person  may  join  with  him  that  is  injured, 
and  assist  him  in  recovering  from  the  offender  so 
much  as  may  make  satisfaction.  Gkauam. 

Let  us  study  to  improve  the  assistance  which  this 
revelation  affords  to  the  recovery  of  our  nature  and 
the  restoration  of  our  felicity.  Gp.aium. 

To  Rectiey.     See  To  Amend. 

Rectitude.     See  Justice. 

To  Refer,  Allude,  Advert. 

To  refer  is  very  oflen  used  in  pointing  to 
some  object  of  thought;  and  other  words  may 
be  needed  by  way  of  interchaisgo  and  variety. 
Allude  and  advert  may  often  be  used  fcr  this 
purpose. 

We  refer  to  a  thing  by  distinctly  introducing 
it  into  our  discourse.  We  all'Mls  to  it  more 
remotely,  by  introducing  something  collaterally 
allied  to  it.  Wc  advert  to  it  by  turning  off 
somewhat  abruptly  to  consider  it  more  at  large. 
Thus,  Macaulay  refers  to  the  early  condition  of 
England,  at  the  opening  of  his  histoiy ;  he  al- 
ludes to  these  statements  from  time  to  time ; 
and  adverts  (hi,  turns  off)  in  the  progress  of 
his  work,  to  various  circumstances  of  peculiar 
Interest,  on  winch  for  a  time  he  dwells. 

But  to  do  good  is  the  great  duty  to  which  Solomon 
refers  in  the'text.  Shakp. 

This  I  doubt  not  was  the  artificial  structure  here 
alludeit  to.  Buuxet. 

Now  to  the  universal  whole  advert; 
The  earth  regard,  as  of  that  whole  a  part 

Blackwall. 

Referee.     See  Judge. 
To  Reform.     See  To  Amend. 
Reform.     See  Reformation. 

Reformation,  Reform. 

Reformation  is  a  more  thorough  and  compre- 
hensive change  than  reform.  It  is  applied  to 
subjects  that  are  more  important,  and  results 
in  changes  which  are  more  lasting.  A  reform- 
ation involves  and  is  followed  by  many  partic- 
ular reforms. 

The  pag.in  converts  mention  this  great  reformntinn 
of  those  who  had  been  the  greatest  sinner."!,  with  that 


sudden  and  surprising  change,  which  the  christian  re- 
ligion made  in  the  lives  of  the  most  profligate. 

Addison. 
A  variety  of  schemes,  founded  in  visionary  and  im- 
practicable ideas  of  rejorm,  have  been  suddenly  pro- 

PlIT, 


duccd. 

To  Repute. 
Regal. 
Regard. 


See  To  Contute. 
See  Kingly. 
See  Respect. 


Register.     See  List. 

Regret,  Remorse,  Repentance. 

We  do  not  apply  the  word  regret  to  that 
sorrow  for  the  past  which  involves  a  sense  of 
guilt ;   this  belongs  to  rernorse  or  repentance. 
We  regret  the  loss  or  absence  of  friends,  &c. ; 
but  the  word  is  now  more  commonly  applied 
to  the  pain  we  feel  for  lost  opportunities  or  for 
early  follies,  carelessness,  &c. 
Calmly  he  looked  on  either  life,  and  here 
flaw  nothini;  to  regret  or  there  to  fear; 
From  nature's  temperate  feast  rose  satisfied. 
Thanked  ileaveu  that  he  had  lived  and  that  he  died. 

Pope. 

Regular.     See  Xormal. 
Regulation.     See  Law. 

To  Reiterate,  Repeat. 
To  repeat  is  to  utter  or  express  a  second 
time.      To  reiterate   is  to  repeat  again  and 
again ;  as,  "  he  was  not  satisfied  with  repeat- 
ing his  declaration,  but  went  on  to  reiterate  it 
in  various  forms." 
Beyond  this  place  yon  can  have  no  retreat: 
Stay  lu-re,  and  I  the  danger  will  repeat.  Detden. 
Th.at  with  reiterated  crimes  he  might 
Heap  on  himself  damuation.  Milton. 

Rejoinder.     See  Reply. 
Release.     See  Death. 

Religion,  Piety,  Sanctity. 

Religion  (from  re  and  ligo)  is  that  high  sense 
of  moral  obligation  which  binds  the  heart  of 
man  to  the  service  of  his  Maker.  Piety  (from 
the  Lat.  pietas)  first  expressed  the  feelings  of  a 
child  toward  a  parent,  and  was  hence  used  for 
that  filial  sentiment  of  veneration  and  love 
which  we  owe  to  the  Father  of  all.  Sanctity 
denotes  primarily  that  purity  of  heart  and  life 
which  springs  from  habitual  communion  with 
God,  and  a  sense  of  his  contmual  presence. 
By  her  informed,  we  best  religion,  learn. 
Its  glorious  object  by  her  aid  discern. 

Blackmors. 
Grown  ripe  in  years,  and  old  in  piety.     Peioe. 

God  attributes  to  place 
No  sanctity,  if  none  be  thither  brought 
By  men  who  there  frequent.  Milton. 

Relinquish.     See  To  Resign. 
Reluctance.     See  Aversion. 

Reluctant.     See  Averse. 
Remain-deb.     See  Balance. 

To  Remark,  Observe,  ^Notice. 

To  observe  (from  ob  and  servo)  is  to  keep  or 
hold  a  thing  distinctly  before  the  mind.  To 
remark  is  simply  to  mark  or  take  note  of  what- 


REP 


TABLE    OF    STKONTilS. 


EET 


t>er  mav  come  up.  To  notice  implies  still  less 
continuirv  of  attention.  Wlien  we  turn  from 
these  mental  states  to  the  expression  of  them  in 
language,  we  find  the  same  distinction.  An 
observation  is  properly  the  result  of  somewhat 
prolonged  thought;  a  remark  is  usually  sug- 
gesied  by  same  passing  occurrence ;  a  notice  is 
in  most  C-is:3  something  cursory  and  short. 
Tills  distinction  is  not,  howorer,  always  ob- 
served as  to  rejnark  and  observe,  which  are 
often  used  interchangeably. 

Ob^rring  men  may  form  many  jndgmentsbv  the 
rules  of  similitude  and  proportion.  Watts. 

He  can  not  distin^iisb  trifling  and  noble  specula- 
lions  from  trifling  and  vulgar  retmtrks.      Collyee. 

The  thing  to  bo  regarded,  in  taking  notice  of  a 
child's  miscarriage-,  is,  what  root  it  springs  from. 

Locke. 
REiTEJIBKANCE.  )    „       -ir 

_,  y  bee  ALemoey. 

KEilCnSCENCE.    ) 

To  REirOXSTKATE,  ExPOSTDXATE. 
We  expostulate  (Jit.,  beg  off)  when  we  unite 
argument  and  entreaty  to  dissuade  some  one 
from  the  course  he  has  chosen.  TThen  we  re- 
monstrate we  go  farther,  and  show  or  set  forth, 
in  the  strongest  terms,  the  danger  or  the  guilt 
of  his  pursuing  it.  TVe  remonstrate  with  a  per- 
son, and  against  the  course  ho  has  adopted. 

Erpostuhttion^  end  well  between  lovers,  but  ill  be- 
tween friends.  Spectator. 

To  remonstrate  against  any  growing  corruptions  in 
practice  or  in  principles  is  the  proper  business  of  a 
divine. 

Remoese.     See  CoirprxcxioN,  also 
Regret. 

To  Rexocxce,  Abjure,  Reca>t. 

"We  renounce  (from  re  and  nuncius,  news) 
when  we  make  it  pubUcly  known,  that  we 
give  up  a  thing  finally  and  forever ;  as,  to  re- 
nounce one's  claims,  to  renounce  a  profession,  to 
renounce  the  world.  V,'o  abjure  (from  ab  and 
juro,  to  swear  off  from)  when  we  renounce  in 
the  most  solemn  manner ;  as,  to  abjure  one's 
faith,  alliance,  Ac.  ^We  recant  (from  re  and 
canto,  to  sing  back)  when  wo  openly  and  for- 
mally disavow  some  principle  wo  had  previously 
maintained,  and  adopt  the  contrary  ono. 

From  Thebes  my  birth  I  own  ;  and  no  disgrace 
Can  force  me  to  renounce  the  lioaor  of  my  race. 

Deyden. 

Either  to  die  the  death,  or  to  ahjure 

Forever  the  society  of  man. 

SnAKESPEAEt 

Dow  goon  wonld  ease  recant 
Tows  made  in  pain,  as  violent  and  void. 

MiLIOX. 

Rexo'wxed.     See  Famous. 

Repartee.     See  Retort. 

To  Repeal.     See  To  ABOi>isn. 

To  Repeat.     See  To  Reiterate. 

Repentaxce.     See  Coxtkition',  also 

Recp-et. 

REPEnTiOM.     See  Tautology. 

Reply,  Rejoixder,  Answep.. 
A  rephj  (from  re  and  plico,  to  bend  back)  is 


a  distinct  response  to  a  formal  question  or  at- 
tack, in  speech  or  writing.  A  rejoinder  (from 
re,  again,  and  join)  is  a  second  reply  (a  reply  to 
a  reply)  in  a  protracted  discussion  or  contro- 
versy. The  word  answer  is  used  in  two 
senses,  viz.  (1),  in  the  most  general  sense  of  a 
mere  response ;  as,  the  answer  to  a  question, 
or  (2)  in  the  sense  of  a  decisive  and  satisfactory 
conftitation  of  an  advereary's  argument  ;  as 
when  we  speak  of  a  triumphant  answer  to  the 
speech  or  accusations  of  an  opponent.  Here 
the  noun  corresponds  to  a  frequent  use  of  the 
verb ;  as  when  we  say,  "this  will  ariswer  (i.  e.. 
fully  meet)  the  end  in  view"  "it  answers  the 
purpose." 

Repose.     See  Rest. 

Reprehension.     See  Adjioxition. 

REPRiiiAXD.     See  To  Reprove. 

Reprobate.     See  AsA^'DoyED. 

Reproof.     See  Adiioxitiox. 

To  Reprove,  Rebuke,  REPuniAXD. 

These  words  all  signify  the  exi^ression  of 
disapprobation. 

To  reprove  (from  re  and  probo,  to  express 
disapprobation)  implies  greater  calmness  and 
self-possession.  To  rebule  (said  to  bo  from  re 
and  Fr.  boucher,  to  shut  the  mouth  or  silence) 
impMcs  a  more  excited  and  personal  feeling. 
A  reproof  may  be  administered  long  after  the 
offense  is  committed,  and  is  usually  intended 
for  the  reformation  of  the  offender ;  a  rebuke  is 
commonly  given  at  the  moment  of  the  wrong, 
and  is  administered  by  way  of  punishment  and 
condemnation.  A  reprimand  (from  rejnimo, 
to  curb  forcibly)  proceeds  from  a  person  in- 
vested with  authority,  and  is  always  a  formal 
and  official  act. 

A  child  Ls  reproved  for  his  f  lults  and  rebuked 
for  his  hnpudenoe.  A  military  officer  is  repri- 
manded for  neglect  or  violation  of  duty. 

Repugxaxce.     See  Aveesiox. 

To  Request.     See  To  Desire,  also 

To  Beg. 

Resextmext,  Axger. 

Anger  is  the  broader  tenn,  denoting  a  keen 
sense  of  disapprobation  (usually  with  a  desire 
to  punish),  for  whatever  wc  R^el  to  bo  wrong, 
whether  directed  towards  oOTselves  or  others. 
Resentment  is  anger  excited  by  a  sense  of  per- 
sonal injury.  It  is,  etymologicaUy,  that  re- 
sentiment  or  reaction  of  the  mmd  which  we 
instmctively  feel  when  we  think  ourselves 
wronged.  Pride  and  selfishness  are  apt  to  ag- 
gravate this  feehng  until  it  changes  hito  a 
criminal  animosity,  and  this  is  now  the  more 
common  signification  of  tlie  term.  Being 
founded  in  a  sense  of  injury,  this  feeling  is  hard 
to  be  removed ;  and  hence  the  expressions 
biiler  or  implacable  resentment. 

Anger  is  like 
A  fiill  hot  horse,  who  being  allowed  his  way, 
Self-mettle  tires  him.  Siiakespeaee. 

Can  heavenly  minds  such  high  resentment  show. 
Or  eserciso  their  spito  in  human  woe.      Dstpex. 


To  Resigx.     See  To  Abdicate. 

To  Resigx,  Relixquish 
To  resign  (from  re  and  signo)  is  to  give  up. 
as  if  breaking  a  seal  and  yielding  all  it  had 
secured  ;  hence,  it  marks  a  formal  and  delibe- 
rate surrendry.     To  relinquish  (from  relinquo,  \ 
to  leave  behind)  is  less  foi-mal,  but  always  im-  I 
plies  that  th  ■  thing  given  up  has  been  long  an 
olijeot  of  pursuit,  and,  usually,  that  it  has  b'.en  j 
prized  and  desired.     We  resign  what  we  once  I 
held  or  considered  as  our  own ;  as  an  office, 
employment,  &a    "We  speak  oi relinquiihir.g  a 
claim,  of  relinquishing  some  advantage  we  had 
sought  or  enjoyed,  of  relinquisbijig  a  subject  we 
had  been  discussing,  of  relinquishing  some  rijjht  , 
or  privilege,  ia  j 

Men  are  weary  with  the  toil  which  they  bear,  bet 
can  not  And  it  in  their  hearts  to  relinquish  it. 

STEEtE. 

Resigxatiox.     See  Patiexce. 
Resolutiox.     See  Decisiox. 
Respect.     See  Deferexce. 

Respect,  Regard. 
The  phrases  in  respect  to  and  in  regard  to 
may,  in  most  or  all  cases,  be  interchanged  for 
ihe  sake  of  variety.  Some  have  endeavored  to 
introduce  the  exjjression  "in  that  regard," cor- 
responding to  "  in  that  re'peof,"  but  this  has 
not  been  sanctioned  by  general  usage.  See 
also  Deference. 

Rest,  Repose. 

Iiesi  (from  resto,  to  make  a  half)  is  a  ceasing 
from  labor  or  exertion ;  repose  (from  re  and 
pono,  to  lay  a  thing  down  or  backward)  is  a 
mode  of  doing  it  which  gives  rehef  and  refresh- 
ment after  toil  and  labor.  We  may  rest  in  a 
standing  posture;  we  usually  repose  in  a  re- 
clining one. 

"  The  dove  which  Tsooh  first  sent  out  could 
not  find  rest  for  the  sole  of  its  foot ;  soldiers 
who  are  hotly  pursued  by  an  enemy  have  no 
time  or  opportunity  to  take  repose;  the  night 
is  the  time  for  rest ;  the  pillow  is  the  place  for 
repose.  Kesi  may  be  properly  applied  to  things 
and  persons." — Ck.u;b. 
The  peaceful  peasant  to  the  wars  is  pressed, 
The  fields  lie  fallow  in  iuglorious  reft.     Dktdex. 

Repose  may  be  employed  figuratively  in  the 
same  sense. 

Nor  can  the  tortured  w.ive  here  find  repose. 
But  raging  still  amid  the  shaggy  rocks. 
Now  flashes  o'er  the  scattered  fragments. 

Thomsox. 

Rest.     See  Cessatiox. 

Resto ratiox.     See  Recovery. 

To  Restore.     See  To  Retukx. 

Result.     See  liFFEcr. 

To  Retaix.     See  To  Keep. 

Retirement.     Sec  Solitude. 

Retort,  Repartee. 

A  retort  (from  re  and  torqueo,  to  turn  back 

1443 


EID 


TABLE    OF    SYNONYMS. 


SAL 


upou)  is  a  slioit  and  pointed  reply,  turning 
back  oa  an  assailant  tiie  censures  or  derision 
he  had  thrown  out.  A  repartee  (from  Fr.  re- 
parlir,  to  give  a  prompt  reply)  is  usually  a 
good-natured  return  to  some  witty  or  sportive 
observation  of  another,  in  which  "diamond 
cuts  diamond"  without  any  loss  of  good-humor 
on  either  side. 

lie  passed  throusili  bnsfile  scorn: 

And  with  i-etorted  scorn  Lis  back  he  turned. 

Milton. 
A  man  renowned  for  repartee, 
"W'ill  scl.loin  scruple  to  make  free 
"U'lth  frienilsbip's  finest  feelings.  Cowper. 

To  Rettex,  Restore. 

'We  return  a  thing  when  we  turn  it  back  to 
its  appropriate  place ;  we  restore  a  thing  (from 
restauro)  when  we  put  it  back  to  its  former 
state  and  condition.  A  man  returns  what  he 
borrowed,  and  restores  what  he  stole.  A  pres- 
ent is  returned;  a  deposit  is  restored.  We  are 
restored  to  health  by  being  brought  back  to  our 
former  state. 

Wbo  knows 
But  God  bath  set  before  us.  to  return  thee 
Home  to  thy  country  antl  his  sacred  house? 

MiLTOX. 

She  lands  him  on  bis  native  shores, 

d  to  his  father's  longing  arms  restores. 

Dktden. 

To  Reveal.     See  To  CoMimncATE. 
To  Reveal,  Divtxge. 

To  reveal  is  literally  to  lift  the  vail,  and 
thus  make  known  what  was  previously  con- 
cealed; to  divulge  (from  de  and  vulgo)  is  to 
scatter  abroad  among  the  people  or  make  pub- 
licly known.  A  mystery  or  hidden  doctrine 
may  be  revealed;  something  long  confined  to 
the  knowledge  of  a  few  is  at  length  divulged. 

Time  which  revenU  all  other  things,  is  itself  not  to 
be  discovered,  or  l.iid  oi)en.  Locee. 

A  tragic  history 
Of  facts  divulged.  WonDswoRTu. 

To  Revenge.     See  To  Avestge. 

Rea':eeence.     See  Awe. 

To  Revoke.     See  To  Abolish. 

Revolt.     See  Ixsceuection. 

Ride,  Drive. 

Ride  originally  meant  (and  is  so  tised 
throughout  the  Enghsh  Bible)  to  be  carried 
eitlier  on  horseback  or  in  a  vehicle  of  any 
kind.  At  present,  in  England,  drive  is  tlie 
word  apphed  in  most  cases  to  motion  in  a  car- 
riage ;  as,  a  drive  around  the  park,  tc,  while 
ride  is  appropriated  to  a  motion  on  a  horse,  so 
that  a  "  ride  on  horseback"  would  be  tautolosy. 
Johnson  seems  to  sanction  this  distinction  bv 
giving  "  to  travel  on  horseback"  a-s  the  leading 
sense  of  ride;  though  ho  adds  "to  travel  in  a 
vehicle,"  as  a  secondary  sense.  This  latter  use 
of  the  word  still  occurs  to  some  extent ;  as, 
the  queen  ridrs  to  Parliament  in  her  coach 
of  state,  &C.  This  distinction,  though  gaining 
ground  in  America,  does  not  prevail  among  us 
to  any  considerable  extent. 

I444 


To  Ridicule.     See  To  Deride. 

Ridiculous.     See  Ludicrous. 

Ripe.     See  Mature. 

To  Rise,  Appreciate. 

To  appreciate. — Some  in  America  vise  the 
word  appreciate  for  "  rise  in  value ;''  as,  stocks 
appreciate,  money  appreciates,  &c.  This  is 
never  done  in  England,  and  by  only  a  few  in 
this  country.  It  is  undesirable,  because  rise 
sufficiently  expresses  the  idea,  and  appreciate 
has  its  own  distinctive  meaning,  which  ought 
not  to  be  encroached  upon  by  one  so  entirely 
diverse. 

Risk.     See  Danger. 

Rivalry.     See  Emulation. 

Road.     See  Wat. 

Robber.     See  Thief 

Robust,  Strong. 

Hohusi  (L.  rohur)  means,  literally,  made 
of  oak,  and  hence  implies  great  compactness 
and  toughness  of  muscle,  connected  with  a 
thick-set  frame  and  great  powers  of  endur- 
ance; Strong  (connected  with  strain)  denotes 
the  power  of  exerting  great  physical  force. 
The  robust  man  can  bear  heat  or  cold,  excess 
or  privation,  and  toil  on  througli  every  kind  of 
hardship;  the  strong  man  can  lift  a  greater 
weight  than  his  neighbor,  can  give  a  heavier 
blow,  and  a  harder  gripe. 

That  nsk  rohiist,  tough  sinews,  bred  to  toil, 
Servile  emplo}' !  but  such  as  may  amuse, 
Not  tire,  demanding  rather  skill  tbau  force. 

CoWPEE. 

Then  Van  the  villain  wax  so  fierce  and  strong. 
That  nothing  may  sustain  his  furious  force. 

Spessee. 

Rock,  Stone, 

Eock  (connected  with  crag)  always  denotes  a 
large  and  heavy  mass  of  stone.  Some,  how- 
ever, in  certain  parts  of  our  country,  apply  the 
terra  to  a  stone  of  any  size,  and  speak  of  boys 
as  throwing  rocks  at  each  other.  A  writer  has 
truly  called  this  a  "  supremely  ridiculous  ex- 
pression." 

Te  darksome  pines,  that  o'er  yon  rocl-s  reclined 
"Wave  high  and  nmrmur  to  the  hollow  wind. 

Pope. 

RoLi..     See  List. 

Romantic     See  SENTiirENTAL. 

Rude.     See  Impertinent. 

RuPTUP.E.     See  Fracture. 

Rural,  Rustic. 

Eural  (from  rus,  ruris)  refers  to  the  country 
itself;  as,  rural  scenes,  prospects,  delights,  &c. 
Szistic  (from  rusiicus,  a  boor)  refers  to  the  char- 
.icter,  condition,  taste,  &c.,  of  the  original  in- 
hal.iitants  of  the  country,  who  were  generally 
uncultivated  and  rude;  as,  rustic  manners,  a 
rustic  dress,  a  rustic  bridge,  &c. 

VTo  turn 
To  where  the  silver  Thames  first  rural  grows. 


Lay  bashfulness,  that  rustic  virtue,  bv  ; 
To  manly  confidence  thy  thoughts  apply. 

Dcyden. 

Rustic.    See  Rural. 


Sabbath,  Sunday. 

Sabbath  is  not  strictly  synonymous  with 
Siinday.  Salbath  denotes  the  institution  ; 
Sunday  is  the  name  of  the  first  day  of  the 
week.  Tlie  Sabbath  of  the  Jews  is  on  Satur- 
day, and  the  Sabbath  of  the  Christians  on  Sun- 
day. In  New  England,  the  first  day  of  the 
week  h.-is  been  called  "the  Sabbath,"  to  mark 
it  as  holy  time ;  Sunday  is  the  word  commonly 
used  in  the  southern  parts  of  our  coimtry  and 
in  England. 

So  if  we  will  be  the  children  of  our  heavenly  Father, 
we  must  be  careful  to  keep  the  Christian  Sat/lat/t-d^y, 
which  is  the  Sunday. 

HoiiiLiES  OP  TUE  English  Cuuecu. 

Sacrament,  Eucharist. 

Protestants  apply  the  term  sacrament  to  bap- 
tism and  the  Lord's  Supper,  especially  the  latter. 
The  Romish  and  Greek  churches  liave  five  other 
sacraments,  viz.,  confirmation,  penance,  holy 
orders,  matrimony,  and  extreme  unction.  As 
sacrarnent  denotes  an  oath  or  vow,  the  word 
has  been  applied  by  way  of  emphasis  to  the 
Lord's  Supper,  where  the  most  sacred  tows 
are  renewed  by  the  Christian  in  commemorat- 
ing the  death  of  his  Redeemer.  Eucharist  de- 
notes the  giving  of  thanks,  and  this  term  also 
has  been  applied  to  the  same  ordmance,  as  ex- 
pressing the  grateftil  remembrance  of  Christ's 
sufferings  and  death. 

Some  receive  the  Kaerameni  as  a  means  to  procure 
great  graces  and  blessings;  others  .asan  eucharitit  and 
an  office  of  thanksgiving  for  what  they  have  received, 

Taylok. 

Sadne.ss.     See  Sorrow. 
Sagacious.     See  Shrewd. 

Sagacity,  Penetration. 

Penetration  enables  us  to  enter  into  the 
depths  of  an  abstruse  subject,  to  detect  mo- 
tives, plans,  &c.  Sagacity  (from  sagax,  quick- 
scented)  adds  to  penetration  a  keen,  practical 
judgment,  which  enables  one  to  guard  against 
the  designs  of  others,  and  to  turn  everj-  thmg 
to  the  best  possible  advantage.  The  Ess.ays  of 
Lord  Bacon  show  a  degree  of  sagacity,  as  well 
as  penetration,  which  are  found  in  scarcely  any 
other  work. 

The  prondest  admirer  of  his  own  parts  might  con- 
sult with  others,  though  of  inferior  capacity  and  pene- 
tration. Watts. 

Sagacit//  finds  out  the  intermediate  ideas,  to  dis- 
cover what  connection  there  is  in  each  link  of  the 
chain,  whereby  the  extremes  arc  held  together, 

Locke, 

Salutation,  Greeting,  Salute. 

A  greeting  is  literally  an  outcry  or  exclam- 
ation, and  hence  usually  denotes  some  warm 
expression  of  feeling  when  one  meets  another. 


SCH 


TABLE    OP    STNOXYMS. 


SEL 


Salutation  ami  salute  (from  saius)  signity  lit- 
erally a  wishing  of  health.  Salutation,  how- 
ever, is  the  act  of  the  person  saluting,  while 
salute  is  the  thing  given,  i.  c,  the  thing  re- 
ceived by  the  person  addressed.  A  bow  is 
given  by  way  of  salutation^  and  a  lady  some- 
times receives  the  salute  of  a  kiss.  Salute  is 
used  also  for  something  more  formal ;  as  the 
firing  of  guns  by  way  of  salute. 

T  from  him 
Give  yoa  all  greetings,  thiit  a  king,  as  friend. 
Can  send  his  brother.  Suakespkaee. 

The  early  \iUage  cock 
Hath  twice  done  salutation  to  the  morn. 

SUAKESPEAEE. 

I  shall  not  tronblc  my  reader  wilh  the  first  snluUf 
of  our  three  friends.  Addison. 

Salite.     See  Saiutatiox. 

Sample.     See  Specijcen. 

Saxctitt.     See  Religiox. 

To  Satiate,  Satisfy,  Context. 

These  words  differ  principally  in  degree. 

To  content  is  to  make  contented,  even  though 
every  desire  or  appetite  is  not  gratified.  To 
satisfy  (from  satis,  enough,  and  Jio)  is  to  ap- 
pease fully  the  longings  of  desire.  To  satiate 
(irom  sattatus,  overfilled)  is  to  go  further,  and 
fill  so  completely  that  it  is  not  possible  to  re- 
ceive or  enjoy  more. 

What  satisfies  gives  us  pleasure ;  what  sor 
tiaie-i  produces  disgust. 

Content  with  science  in  tlio  vale  of  peace.    Pope. 

ni:j  whole  felicity  is  endless  strife, 

Xo  [>eace,  no  satixfaction  crowns  his  life. 

BEAtJMOST. 

A  person  may  be  satiated,  but  not  snit'iJie<K 

NOREIS. 

Satire.     See  Lampoox. 
To  Satisfy.     See  To  Satiate. 

Saucixess.     See  Impudence. 

To  Sacxteb.     See  To  Loiter. 

Savage.     See  Ferocious. 

Scarce.     See  Rare. 

Schedule,  Catalogue,  List. 
A  list  (lit.,  a  narrow  selvedge  on  cloth)  is  a 
bare  record  of  names,  titles,  &c.,  set  down  with 
or  without  regular  order.  A  catalogue  (from 
Gr.,  UL,  a  distribution  according  to  words)  is 
a  list  arranged  according  to  some  principle, 
and  is  usually  designed  to  describe  things  more 
or  less  particularly.  A  schedule  is  a  formal  hst 
or  inventory  prepared  for  legal  or  busmess 
purposes.  A  list  must  be  complete ;  a  catalogue 
must  be  properly  arranged ;  a  schedule  must 
have  the  titles  and  descriptions  explicitly 
given,  and  be  properly  attested. 

Sche.ve,  Pla;x. 
Scheme  and  plan  are  subordinate  to  design : 
they  propose  modes  of  carrying  our  designs 
into  effect  Scfteme  m  the  least  definite  of  the 
two,  and  lies  more  in  speculation.  A  plan  is 
drawn  out  into  details  with  a  -view  to  being 
carried   into  effect.       As  scltemes  are   specu- 


lative, they  often  prove  visionary ;  hence  the 
words  schemer  and  scheming.  Plans,  being 
more  practical,  are  more  frequently  carried  ioto 
effect. 

Tie  forms  the  well-concerted  scheme  of  mischief; 
'Tis  fixed,  'tis  done,  and  both  are  doomed  to  death. 

EowE. 
Artists  and  plans  relieved  my  solemn  hours ; 
I  founded  palaces,  and  planted  bowers.       Peiob. 

ScnisiiATic.     See  Heretic. 

Scholar,  Pupil. 
Scholar  refers  to  the  instruction,  and  pupil 
to  the  care  and  government  of  a  teacher.  A 
scholar  is  one  who  is  under  instruction ;  a  jJUjnl 
(Lat.  pupillus,  a  fatherless  cliiUl)  is  one  who  is 
under  the  immediate  and  personal  care  of  an 
instructor ;  hence  we  speak  of  a  bright  scholar 
and  an  obedient  pupil. 

For  such  is  all  the  mental  fond  purveyed 

By  public  hacknies  iu  the  schooling  tiadv.- ; 

Who  ft^ed  A  pupiVfi  intellect  with  store 

Of  syntax,  truly  but  with  little  more.      Cowpee. 

Science,  Literature,  Art. 

Science  (from  scientia)  is  hterally  knowledge, 
but  now  denotes  a  systematic  and  orderly  ar- 
rangement of  knowledge,  and  hence  we  speak 
of  reducing  a  subject  to  a  science.  In  a 
more  distinctive  sense,  science  embraces  those 
branches  of  knowledge  which  give  a  positive 
statement  of  truth  as  founded  in  the  nature  of 
things  or  established  by  observation  and  ex- 
periment. The  term  literature  sometimes  de- 
notes all  compositions  not  embraced  under 
science,  but  is  usually  confined  to  the  belles- 
lettres.  [See  LlTER.\TUEE.]  Art  is  that  which 
depends  on  practice  and  skill  in  performance. 

"Science  is  knowledge  certain  and  evident  in  it- 
self, or  by  the.  principle  from  which  it  is  deduced, 
or  with  which  it  is  certainly  coanected.  It  is  siiti- 
jectire  as  existing  in  a  mind — ohjective,  as  em- 
bodied in  truths — speculative,  as  resting  in  attain- 
ment of  truths,  as  in  physical  science — practical,  as 
leading  to  do  something,  as  in  ethical  science.'* 

Fleming  . 

'^  In  science,  scimtis  ut  sciamus  ;  in  art,  scimus  .f 
producamus.  And  therefore,  science  and  art  may 
be  said  to  be  invcstii^ations  of  truth  ;  but  science  in- 
quires for  the  sake  of  knowledge  ;  ai-t  for  the  K.ike  of 
production ;  and  hence  science  is  more  concerned 
with  the  higher  truths,  art  with  the  lower:  and 
science  never  is  engaged  like  art  in  protltictive  ap- 
plication. And  the  most  perfect  state  of  science, 
therefore,  will  be  the  most  high  and  accurate  inquivyi 
the  perfection  of  nrt  will  be  tiie  tnost  apt  and  efficient 
system  of  rules:  Art  always  throwing  itself  into  the 
form  of  rules."  Kaeslake.    Aids  to  Logic. 

To  Scoff.         See  To  Sxeer. 

To  ScoRX.     See  To  Coxtemx. 

Seclusion.     See  Solitude. 

Secret.     See  Hin. 

To  Secrete.     See  To  Coxceal. 

Sectariax.     See  Heretic. 

Sectiox-,  Part. 

The  Enghsh  more  commonly  apply  the  word 

section  to  a  part  or  portion  of  a  body  of  men ; 

as,   ''aseclion  of  the  clergy,"  "a  small  section 

of  the  ■\\'Iii:.r.s"  &e.     'U'e  have  no  such  use  of 


till!  word  in  this  country,  but  use  it  abundantly 
in  a  way  never  known  in  England,  as  in  the  ' 
phrases    •'  the  Eastern  section  of  our  country,"  \ 
&c.,  giving  the  same  sense  also  to  the  adjective 
sectional;    as,  sectional  feelings,  interests,  Ac' 
This,  perhaps,  arose  from  our  public  lands  be- 
ing surveyed  and  divided  into  squares  of  640 
acres  each,  called  sections,  which  has  made  the 
term  in  this  sense  prevalent  throughout  the 
United  States.  | 

Seditiox.     See  Ijtsueeectiox. 
To  Seduce.     See  To  Aixcbe.       | 

To  Seem,  Appear. 
To  appear  has  reference  to  a  thing's  being 
presented  to  our  view ;  as,  the  sun  appears ; 
to  seem  is   connected  with   the  idea  of  seni-  \ 
hlance,  and  usually  implies  an  inference  of  our 
mind  as  to  the  probability  of  a  thing's  being 
so;  as,  a  storm  seems  to  be  coming.     "The 
story  appears  to  be  true,"  means  that  the  lacts 
as  presented  go  to  .show  its  truth ;   "  the  story  I 
seems  to  be  true,"  means  it  has  the  semblance  , 
of  being  so,  and  we  infer  that  it  is  true. 

His  first  and  principal  care  being  to  appear  unto 
his  people  such  as  he  would  have  them  be.  and  to  be  \ 
sucli  as  he  appeared.  Eidset. 

ITam.     Aye,  madam,  it  is  common. 
Queen.    If  it  be;  | 

"Why  seem.'i  it  so  particular  with  thee?  j 

JJam.    Seems,  Madam  ?  Nay  it  is ;  I  know  not  seems. 

SUAKESPEAEE. 

Siiouxd  seeji,  Would  seeji.         > 

These  phrases  differ  only  in  strength.  TVe 
use  "  should  seem"  when  the  case  is  so  strong 
as  to  render  the  inference  almost  a  necessary 
one ;  we  use  "  would  seem"  to  express  a  pre- 
vailing semblance  or  probability,  with  perhaps 
a  slight  implication  that  the  case  may  be  other- 
wise. Mr.  Pickering  supposed  '^  would  seem" 
to  be  a  peculiarity  of  America;  it  is  used, 
however,  by  English  writers  in  the  sense 
given  above. 

Self-conceit.     See  Egotism:. 
Selfishness.     See  Self-love. 

Self-love,  Selfishness. 

The  term  self-love  is  used  in  a  two-fold  sense : 
(1.)  It  denotes  that  longing  for  good  or  for 
well-being  winch  actuates  the  breasts  of  all,  en- 
tering into  and  characterizing  every  special 
desire.  In  this  sense  it  has  no  moral  quahty, 
being  (from  the  nature  of  the  case)  neither 
good  nor  evil  (2.)  It  is  applied  to  a  voluntary 
regard  for  the  gratification  of  special  desires. 
In  this  sense  it  is  morally  good  or  bad  accord- 
iDg  as  these  desires  are  conformed  to  duty  or 
opposed  to  it  Selfishness  is  always  voluntary 
and  always  wrong,  being  th.at  regard  to  our 
own  interests,  gratification,  4e,  which  is 
sought  or  gratified  at  the  expense  and  to  the 
injury  of  others. 

So  long  as  self-love  docs  not  degenerate  into  selfi^i- 
ness,  it  is  quite  compatible  with  true  benevolence. 

Fleming. 

1445  ~ 


SEN 


TABLE    OF    SYNONYMS. 


SUY 


Sensatio2«',  Perception. 

The  distinction  between  these  words  when 
used  in  mental  pliiiosophy  may  be  thus  stated. 
If  I  simply  small  a  rose,  I  have  a  sensation;  if 
I  refer  that  smell  to  the  external  object  which 
occasioned  it,  I  have  a  perctplion.  Thus  the 
former  is  mere  feeling  without  the  idea  of  an 
object;  the  latter  is  the  mind's  apprehension 
of  some  external  object  as  occasioning  that 
feeling. 

''Sensation  properly  expresses  fficit  change  in  the 
aiate  of  the  minil,  which  is  proiluccii  hy  an  itiipros- 
siim  upon  an  organ  of  sense  (of  which  change  we  can 
cenceivo  the  mind  to  ho  conscious,  without  any 
knowledge  of  external  olijects) :  Perception,  on  the 
otlior  hand,  expresses  the  knowledge  or  the  intima- 
tions we  obtain,  by  means  ot  onv  tieiisationa,  concern- 
ing the  qn.-ilities  of  matter ;  and  consequently  in- 
volves in  eveiy  instance,  the  notion  oi e^vternality  or 
outness,  which  it  is  necessary  to  exclude  in  order  to 
seize  the  precise  import  of  the  word  aensation.'^ 

Fleming. 

SeXSE,  ITNDERSTAIJ"DiyG,  REASO^'. 

Some  philosophers  nave  given  a  technical 
-signilicatioa  to  these  terms,  which  may  here 
be  stated.  Sc7ise  is  the  mind's  acting  in  the 
direct  cognition  either  of  material  objects  or  of 
lis  own  mental  states.  In  the  first  case,  it  is 
called  the  outer,  in  the  second,  the  inner  sense. 
UnilirslandiiKj  is  the  logical  faculty,  i.  e.,  the 
|)ower  of  apprehending  under  general  concep- 
tions, or  tile  power  of  classifying,  aiTangiug, 
and  making  deductions.  Reason  is  the  power 
of  apprehending  those  first  or  fundamental 
truths  or  principles  which  are  the  conditions  of 
all  real  and  scientific  knowledge,  and  which 
control  the  mind  in  all  its  processes  of  invcsti- 
tion  and  deduction.  These  distinctions  are 
given,  not  as  established,  but  simply  because 
they  often  occur  in  writers  of  the  present  day. 

Sensible,  Intelligent. 

"We  call  a  man  S(,nsiUe  whoso  judgments  and 
conduct  are  marked  and  governed  by  sound 
judgment  or  good  common  sense.  We  call 
one  intelligent  who  is  quick  and  clear  in  his 
understanding,  i.  e.,  who  discriminates  readily 
and  nicely  in  respect  to  difficult  and  important 
di.stinctions.  The  sphere  of  the  sensible  man 
lies  in  matters  of  practical  concern ;  of  the 
intelligent  man,  in  subjects  of  intellectual  in- 
terest 

I  Lave  been  tired  with  accounts  from  sensihle  men, 
furnished  with  matters  of  fact  which  have  happened 
within  their  own  knowledge.  Addisox. 

We  tr.ace  the  footsteps  of  a  wise  and  intelligent 
architect  throughout  all  this  atupeudous  fabric. 

WuODFUUD. 

Sensibilitt.     See  Taste. 
Sentiment,  Opinion,  Feeling. 

An  opinion  is  an  intellectual  judgment  in 
respect  to  any  and  every  kind  of  truth.  Feel- 
ing describes  those  affections  of  pleasure  and 
pain  which  spring  from  the  exercise  of  our 
sentient  and  emotional  powers.  Sentiment 
(particularly  in  the  plural)  lies  between  them, 
denoting  settled  opinions  or  principles  in  regard 
to  subjects  which  interest  tlie  feelings  strongly, 

1440 


and  are  presented  more  or  less  constantly  in 
practical  lilb.  Hence  it  is  more  appropriate  to 
speak  of  our  religious  sentiments  than  opinions, 
unless  we  mean  to  exclude  all  reference  to  our 
feelings.  The  word  sentiment  iu  the  singular 
leans  ordinarily  more  to  the  side  of  feehng,  and 
denotes  a  refined  sensibihty  on  subjects  affect- 
ing the  hcai't. 

"Cn  questions  of  feeling,  taste,  observation,  or  re- 
port, we  define  our  sentiments.  On  questions  of 
science,  argument,  or  metaphysical  abstraction,  wo 
define  our  opinions.  The  sentiments  of  the  heart. 
The  opinions  of  the  mind.  There  is  more  of  instinct 
in  sentiment,  and  more  of  definition  u\  opinion.  The 
admiration  of  a  work,  of  art  which  results  from  first 
impressions,  is  classed  with  our  sentiments,  and  when 
we  have  accounted  to  ourselves  for  the  approbation, 
it  is  classed  with  our  optinions.^''  II.  Tayloe. 

Sentimental,  Romantic. 

Sentimental  usually  describes  an  error  or 
excess  of  the  sensibilities  ;  romantic,  a  vice  of 
the  imagination.  The  votary  of  the  former 
gives  indulgence  to  his  sensibilities  for  the 
mere  luxiu-y  of  their  excitement;  the  votary  of 
the  latter  allows  his  imagination  to  rove  for  tlio 
pleasure  of  creating  scenes  of  ideal  enjoyment, 
and  gazing  on  the  creations  which  he  has  made. 
One  who  is  seutimenlal  is  apt  to  be  laughed  at ; 
one  who  is  romantic  not  unfrequently  falls  into 
fatal  errors. 

Perhaps  there  is  no  less  danger  in  works  called  sen- 
timental. They  attack  the  heart  more  successfr.lly, 
because  more  cautiously.  Knox. 

I  can  not  but  look  on  this,  as  a  mere  romantic  fancy 
of  such  who  would  be  thought  to  be  much  wiser  than 
they  ever  were  or  could  be.  Stillingfleet. 

Serf,  Slave. 

A  slave  is  the  absolute  property  of  his  mas- 
ter, and  may  be  sold  in  any  way.  A  serf,  ac- 
cording to  the  strict  sense  of  the  term,  is  one 
bound  to  work  on  a  certain  estate,  and  thus 
attached  to  the  soil,  and  sold  with  it  into  tlie 
service  of  another.  In  some  cotmtries,  how- 
ever, serfs  are  mere  slaves. 

Serious.     See  Grave. 
Set.     See  Pair. 

Set-off,  Offset. 

Offset  originally  denoted  that  which  branches 
offer  projects,  as  a  shoot  from  a  tree,  but  has 
long  been  used  in  America  in  the  sense  of  set- 
off or  equivalent.  This  ijss  is  beginning  to 
obtain  in  England,  though  Macaulay  uses  set- 
off, and  so,  perhaps,  do  a  majority  of  English 
writers.  Sd-off  is  the  appropriate  term  m  legal 
proceedings. 

Severe.     See  Strict. 
Sharper.     See  Swindler. 

Shining,  Brilliant,  Sparkling. 

Shining  (Horn  shine)  describes  the  emission 
of  a  strong  hght  from  a  clear  or  polished  sur- 
face. Brilliant  (from  Fr.  hrilkr,  to  glitter)  de- 
notes a  sliining  of  great  brightness,  but  with 
gle.ams  or  flashes.  Sparkling  (from  sparJc)  im- 
plies a  shining  intensely  from  radiant  points  or 
sparks  by  which  tlio  eye  is  dnzzled.     Tlie  same 


distinctions  obtain  when  these  epithets  are 
figuratively  applied.  A  man  of  shining  talents 
is  made  conspicuous  by  possessing  them ;  if 
they  flash  upon  the  mind  with  a  peculiarly 
striking  effect,  we  call  them  brilliant ;  if  his 
brUUancy  is  marked  by  great  vivacity  and  oc- 
casional intensity,  he  is  sparkling. 

True  paradise  inclosed  with  sltiiiing  rock. 

MiLTOS. 

Some  In  a  hrilUnnt  buckle  bind  her  w.aist. 
Some  round  her  neck  a  circling  light  display. 

Gay. 
ITis  sparkling  blade  about  his  bead  he  blest. 
Anil  smote  off  quite  his  left  leg  by  the  knee, 
That  down  he  tumbled.  Spenseu. 

Shock,  Concussion. 

A  shock  is  literally  a  violent  shake  or  agita- 
tion ;  a  concussion  (from  concutio)  is  a  shaking 
of  things  together.  A  shock  may  affect  the 
body  or  the  miu.l ;  a  concussion  properly  affects 
only  the  body  or  material  objects ;  as,  a  con- 
cussion of  the  brain,  a  concussion  of  the  ele- 
ments. Tlis  effects  of  a  sJiock  may  or  may  not 
be  violent  and  lasting ;  those  of  a  concussion 
are  usually  severe  and  permanent. 

Long  at  the  head  of  bis  few  faithful  friends, 
lie  stood  the  shock  of  a  whole  host  of  foes. 

Addison. 

The  strong  concussion  on  the  heaving  tide 
Rolled  back  the  vessel  to  the  island's  side. 

Porn. 

Shop.     See  Store. 
Should.     See  Ought. 

Should  seem.      See  To  Seem. 

Shrewd,  Sagacious. 

Shrewd  originally  meant  keen,  but  fault- 
finding or  contentious.  This  latter  sense  is  now 
dropped,  and  yet,  perhaps,  it  slightly  influences 
the  present  apphcation  of  the  word.  One  who 
is  shrewd  is  keen  to  detect  errors,  to  penetrate 
false  cUsguises,  to  foresee  and  guard  against  the 
selfishness  of  others.  It  is  not,  therefore,  a 
word  of  as  much  dignity  as  sagacious,  which 
leads  us  to  think  of  a  man  as  possessing  a  com- 
prehensive as  well  as  penetrating  mind,  where- 
as shrewd  does  not. 

Professing  to  despise  the  Ill-opini(tn  of  mankind 
creates  a  shrewd  suspicion,  that  we  have  deserved  it. 

Secker. 

Only  sagacious  heads  light  on  these  observations, 
and  reduce  them  into  general  propositions.   Locke. 

To  SuuN.     See  To  Avoid. 

Shy,  Cot. 
Coy  (origin.ally  from  L.  catdii^)  has  reference 
to  that  caution  and  reserve  with  which  a  deli- 
cate female  shrinks  from  the  approach  of  the 
other  sex.  Shyness  is  a  characteristic  of  cau- 
tious or  sensitive  minds,  leading  the  one  to  be 
slow  in  adopting  opinions,  and  tlie  other  to 
shrink  from  the  intercourse  of  general  society. 

Nor  the  co;/  maid,  half  willing  to  be  pressed. 
Shall  kiss  the  cup  to  pass  it  to  the  rest. 

GoLDSMITn. 

It  can  be  no  oflfense  to  the  knowing  and  ingenious, 
that  men  have  a  sliyness  and  jealousy  against  such 
truths  as  they  have  not  been  acquainted  with. 

More. 
. I 


SKI 


TABLE    OF    SYNONYMS. 


SOL 


Shtxess.     See  Bashfulness. 

SicKXESs.     See  Illxess. 

Silent.     See  Mute,  also  TAcnuRir. 

SiLLT.     See  SuiPLE. 

'  Simple,  Silly,  Stttid. 

One  who  is  simple  is  unconscious  of  his  own 
ignorance,  and  falls  into  mistakes  either  from  a 
lieScicncy  of  intellect  or  want  of  experience 
and  intercourse  with  mankind.  One  who  is 
siUyis  not  only  weak  in  intellect,  but  (connected 
with  Ger.  selig)  is  self-satisfied  or  pleased  with 
his  folly,  and  even  mistakes  it  for  wisdom. 
One  who  is  stupid  (from  slupeo)  is  like  one  shi- 
pefied,  dull  of  apprehension,  and  slow  to  feeL 

I  am  A  simple  woman,  much  too  we.nk 

To  oppose  yoar  cuDDing.  Sdakespeaee. 

Tie  is  the  companion  of  (he  silliest  people  in  their 
most  tfillr/  pleasure  ;  he  is  re.^dy  for  every  impertinent 
entertainment  and  diversion.  Law. 

"  If  I  by  chance  succeed. 
Know  I  am  not  so  stupid  or  so  hard, 
Not  to  feel  praise  or  fame's  deserved  reward."' 

Six.    See  Ckime. 

Sixce.     See  Because. 

Srs'CERE.     See  IIk.vrtt. 

Situation.     See  State. 

Shceptic.     See  Ixfidel. 

Sketch,  Outline,  Delineation. 

An  ouUine  give.^  only  the  bounding  Unes  of 
■?ome  scene  or  picture.  A  sketch  fills  up  the  out- 
line in  part,  giving  broad  touches  by  which  an 
imperfect  idea  may  bo  conveyed.  A  delineation 
(from  de  and  /i>j<;a,  a  line)  goes  further,  carry- 
ing out  the  more  striking  features  of  the  pic- 
ture, and  going  as  much  into  detail  as  to  fur- 
nish a  clear  conception  of  the  whole. 

"  A  delineation  may  be  characterized  as  ac 
curate,  and  a  sfefc/j  as  striking,  or  liasty,  or  im- 
perfect, as  the  case  may  be.  So  in  the  secondary 
sense  of  the  word.<),  wo  speak  of  the  outlines  of  a 
plan,  of  a  work,  of  a  project,  £c.,  which  serve 
H3  a  basis  on  which  the  subordinate  parts  are 
formed.  In  like  manner  we  speak  of  the 
sketches  of  countries,  characters,  manners,  &c., 
which  give  us  a  general  view  of  a  nation  or 
people." — Cbabb. 

Skill,  Dexteritt,  Adroitness. 
SkiU  (from  Sai.  scylan)  is  more  intelligent, 
denoting  familiar  knowledge  united  to  readi- 
ness of  performance.  Dexterity  (from  dexier, 
the  right  hand)  when  applied  to  the  body  is 
more  mecham'cal  and  refers  to  habitual  case  of 
execution.  AdroiXnrss  (from  Fr.  adroit,  to  the 
right  hand)  involves  the  same  image  with  dex- 
terity, and  differs  from  it  only  as  implying  a 
general  facihty  of  movement  throughout  the 
whole  system.  The  same  distinctions  apply  to 
the  figurative  sense  of  the  wortls.  A  man  is 
skiRful  in  any  employment  when  he  undr-r- 
stands  both  its  theory  and  its  practice.     Ho  is 


dextrous  when  he  manoeuvers  with  great  light- 
ness and  success.  He  is  adroit  m  tlie  use  of 
quick,  sudden  and  well-directed  movements  of 
the  body  or  the  mind,  so  as  to  eflect  the  object 
he  has  in  view. 

To  Slander.     See  To  Asperse. 

Slave.     See  Serf. 

To  Slight,  Negutct. 

To  sliijht  is  stronger  than  to  neglect.  \7(j 
may  negkct  a  duty  or  person  from  inconsidera- 
tion,  or  from  being  over-occupied  in  other  con- 
cerns. To  slight  is  always  a  positive  and  in- 
tentional act,  resulting  from  feelings  of  dislike- 
or  contempt.  TVe  ought  to  put  a  kind  con- 
struction on  what  appears  neglect  on  the  part 
of  a  friend,  but  when  he  slights  us  it  is  obvious 
that  he  is  our  friend  no  longer. 

Ecw.ire 
Lest  they  transgress  and  iUght  that  sulo  command. 

Milton. 
Tliis  my  long-suffering  .ind  ray  day  of  grace, 
Tlioso  who  niatett  aud  scorn  shall  never  t:ste. 

Milton. 

Slow,  Tardt,  Dilatory. 

Slotv  is  the  wider  term,  denoting  either  n 
want  of  rapid  motion  or  inertness  of  intellect. 
Dilatory  (from  d^fero)  signifies  a  proneness  to 
defer,  a  habit  of  delaying  the  performance  of 
what  we  know  must  be  done.  Tardy  (con- 
nected with  iarrT/)  elcnotes  the  habit  of  being 
behindhand;  as,  tardy  in  making  up  one's 
accounts. 

Fixed  on  defense  the  Trojans  are  not  sliyio 
To  guard  their  shore  from  an  expected  foe. 

DnyDEN. 

These  cardinals  trifle  -nith  mo  ;  I  abhor 
This  dilatory  sloth,  and  tricks  of  Rome. 

SnAKESPEARS. 

"WTien  certain  to  overcome,  inclined  to  save, 
Tard'j  to  vengeance  aud  with  mercy  brave. 

Peior. 

Sluggish.     See  Inert. 
Sly.     See  Cunning. 

Sjiart,  Clever. 
Smart  has  been  much  used  in  New 
England  to  describe  a  person  who  is  in- 
telligent, vigorous,  and  active;  as,  a  smart 
yoimg  fellow,  a  smart  workman,  &c.,  coincid- 
ing very  nearly  with  tlie  English  sense  of 
clever.  The  nearest  approach  to  tliis  in  Eng- 
land is  in  such  expressions ;  as,  he  was  smart 
(pungent  or  witty)  in  his  reply,  &c. ;  but  syyiart 
and  smartness,  when  applied  to  persons,  are 
more  commonly  used  in  reference  to  dress,  as 
a  smart  appearance,  &.C. 

To  S.vEER,  Scoff,  Jeer. 
The  word  to  sneer  (from  the  L.  naris,  nose) 
is,  lit.,  to  turn  up  the  nose  at,  "  naso  suspenderc 
adunco,"  and  implies  to  cast  contempt  indi- 
rectly or  by  covert  expressions.  To  jeer  is 
stronger,  denoting,  lit.,  to  cut  upon  closely  (to 
shear)  and  denotes  the  use  of  severe  sarcastic 
rc-Scctions.      To    scoff  (from    Gr.  otottu)   is  I 


stronger  still,    implying  the   uso  of  insolent 
mockery  and  derision. 

And  micera  as  learnedly  as  they, 
Like  females  o'er  their  morning  tea. 


Midas  exposed  to  all  their  jeerg. 
Had  lost  his  art,  and  kept  his  ears. 

The  fop,  with  Icaminp  at  defiance. 
Scoffs  at  the  pedant  and  the  science. 


SWUT. 


Swift. 


Gay. 

Sober.     See  Gra-v-e. 

To  Solace.    See  To  Comfort. 

Solace.    See  Comfort. 

Solecism,  Barbarisjl 
These  terms  have  come  down  from  the  an- 
cient rhetoricians.  A  barbarism  (from  larlur 
rus,  a  foreigner)  is  a  word  either  foreign  or 
uncongenial  to  a  language,  and  not  yet  re- 
ceived into  it.  Sulxiim  is  derived  from  the 
Soli,  a  people  of  Attica,  who,  having  colonized 
in  Cilieii,  lost  the  purity  c.f  their  language. 
Hence  the  term  solecism  was  applied  to  a  vio- 
lation of  the  laws  of  syntax;  and  at  a  sub- 
sequent period,  to  any  expression  involving  an 
absurdity  or  violation  of  the  necessary  laws  of 
tho'jglit.  The  term  has  also  been  applied 
figuratively  to  absurdity  of  conduct,  as  will  be 
seen  in  the  following  passage. 

My  mind  lately  prompted  me,  that  I  shonld  com- 
mit a  great  solecism,  if  among  the  rest  of  my  friends 
in  England,  I  should  leave  you  onsaluted. 

HOWZLI. 

Solemn.     See  Grate. 

To  Solicit.     See  To  Beseecii 

Solicitude.     See  Care. 

Solid,  Hard. 
These  words  both  relate  to  the  internal  con- 
stitution of  bodies,  but  hard  denotes  a  closer 
adherence  of  the  component  parts  than  solid. 
Hard  is  opposed  to  soft,  and  solid  to  fluid  or 
liquid.  'Wood  is  always  solid,  but  some  kinds 
of  wood  are  hard  and  others  are  soft. 

Repose  you  there,  while  I  to  the  har^  honse. 
More  Itavd  than  is  the  stone  whereof 'lis  raised. 

SlIAKESPEAEE. 

I  near  his  thundering  voice  resound. 
And  tramping  feet  that  shake  the  solid  gronn-l. 

Dr.TDEX. 

Solitude,  IlE-nREMENT,  Seclusion,  i 
Loneliness. 

Sctirement  is  a  withdrawal  from  genera!  so- 
ciety, implying  that  a  person  has  been  en- 
gaged in  its  scenes.  Solitude  describes  the 
fact  that  a  person  is  alone ;  seclusion,  that  he 
is  shut  out  from  others,  usually  by  his  own 
choice;  loneliness,  that  he  feels  the  pain  and 
oppression  of  being  alone\  Hence,  rcUremcni 
is  opposed  to  a  gay  or  active  life ;  solitude,  to 
society;  seclusion,  to  freedom  of  .nccess  on  the 
part  of  others;  and  loneliness,  to  that  of  society 
which  the  heart  demands. 

Oh  blesicd  retirement  friend  of  life's  decline. 

Po»«. 

1447 


SPli 


TABLE    OF    SYNONYMS. 


STO 


They  who  can  enjoy  the  country  arc  prepared  for 
soUtuUt;  anil  in  that  [the  country]  solitude  is  pre- 
pared for  them.  Dktden. 

It  is  a  place  o!  seclusion  from  the  extornul  world. 
Up.  ll0l'.8LEY. 

These  eyils  seem  likely  to  reduce  this  city  ere  long 
to  the  loneliness  and  the  insignificance  of  a  village. 

Eustace. 

Some,  Somewhat. 

Tho  illiterate  of  our  country  often  use  some 
as  an  adverb  instead  of  somewhat,  or  an  equiv- 
alent expression ;  as,  "I  am  some  tired;"  "he 
is  some  better;  "it  rains  some"  &c.  This 
blunder  is  rarely  if  ever  heard  iu  England,  and 
is  a  decided  Americaniom. 

He  is  someiohnt  arrogant  at  his  first  entrance  and 
too  inquisitive  through  the  whole;  yet  the^^e  imper- 
fections hinder  not  our  compassion,  Dryden. 

Yet  for  a  dance  they  seemed  snmfichni  extravagant 
and  wild,  perhaps  for  joy  of  offered  peace. 

Milton. 

Somewhat.     See  Some. 
SoKKOw.     See  Affliction. 

SoKROW,  Geief,  Sadness. 

Sorrow  (from  tho  root  of  sore,  heavy)  denotes 
suffering  of  mind,  either  from  tlie  loss  of  some 
good,  real  or  supposed,  or  disappointment  in 
our  expectation  of  good.  Grief  expresses  a 
poignant  or  uncontrollable  degree  of  sorrow, 
which  weiijTts  (connected  with  grave)  or  presses 
down  the  mind  under  a  sense  of  loss.  Sadness 
is  that  depression  of  thought  and  feeling  which 
IS  a  frequent  but  not  invariable  result  of  sor- 
row.    [See  a&o  Gkief.] 

A  world  of  woe  and  sorrow.  Milton. 

I  will  instruct  my  sorrows  to  be  proud  ; 

For  grie^  is  jiroud,  and  mates  his  owner  stout. 

SlIAKEgl'EAI'.E. 

Dim  sadness  did  not  spare 
Celestial  visages.  Milton. 

Sort,  Kind. 

Kind  (connected  with  im  and  kindred)  orig- 
I  inally  denoted  things  of  the  same  family,  or 
j  bound  together  by  some  natural  affinity  ;  and 
hence,  a  class.  Sort  (from  tho  LaU  sors)  signi- 
fies that  which  constitutes  a  particular  lot  or 
parcel,  not  implying,  necessarily,  the  idea  of 
affinity,  but  of  mere  assemblage.  The  two 
words  are  now  used  to  a  great  extent  inter- 
changeably, though  sort  (perhaps  from  its  ori- 
gin, lot)  sometimes  carries  with  it  a  slight  tone 
of  disparagement  or  contenijit ;  as  when  wc 
say,  "that  sort  of  people  ;"  "that  sort  of  lan- 
guage," Ac. 

As  when  the  total  hind 
Of  birds,  in  orderly  array  of  wing, 
Came  summonerl  over  Eden,  to  receive 
Their  names  of  thee.  Milton. 

None  of  nobler  sort 
AYouId  £0  offend  a  virgin.  Suakespeaee, 

Source.     See  Origin. 

Sparkling.     See  Shining. 

Special.     See  Peculiar. 

Specious.     See  Plausible. 

Specimen,  Sample. 
A  specimen  (from  species)  is  a  representative 

1448 


of  the  class  of  things  to  which  it  belongs ;  as, 
a  specimen  of  photography.  A  sample  {en- 
sample)  is  a  2}art  of  the  thing  itself,  designed 
to  show  the  quality  of  tho  whole ;  as,  a  sample 
of  sugar  or  of  broadcloth.  A  cabmet  of  min- 
erals consists  of  specimens ;  if  a  part  bo  broken 
off  from  any  one  of  these  specimens,  it  is  a 
sample  of  the  mineral  to  which  it  belongs. 

Several  persons  have  e:thihited  specimens  of  this 
art  before  multitudes  of  beholders.  Addison. 

I  design  this  but  for  a  sample  iit  what  I  hope  more 
fully  to  discuss.  Woodwap-d. 

Speech.     See  Harangue,  also  Lan- 
guage. 
Speed.     See  Haste. 
Sphere.     See  Globe. 
Spicy.     See  Eacy. 

Spite,  Malice. 

Malice  has  more  reference  to  tho  disposition, 
and  spite  to  tho  manifestations  of  it  in  words 
and  actions.  Malice  denotes  a  spirit  which  de- 
sires evil  to  others ;  spite  is  a  temper  which 
delights  to  express  itself  in  bitter  and  cutting 
language,  or  in  low  and  irritating  actions.  It 
is  therefore  meaner  than  malice,  though  not 
always  more  criminal. 

"  Malice  expresses  the  disposition  of  inferior 
minds,  to  execute  every  purpose  of  mischief 
within  the  more  limited  circle  of  their  abUities." 
— COGAN. 

Consider  eke,  that  spite  availeth  naught. 

Wtatt.     To  his  Ladle. 

Spite.     See  Pique. 

Spontaneous,  Voluntary. 
Wh.at  is  voluntary  is  the  result  of  a  volition, 
or  act  of  choice;  it  therefore  implies  some  de- 
gree of  consideration,  and  may  be  tho  result  of 
mere  reason  without  excited  feeling.  "What  is 
spontaneous  (from  Lat.  sponte)  springs  wholly 
from  feeling  by  a  kind  of  outburst  of  the  mind 
which  admits  of  no  reflection ;  as,  a  sptonta- 
neof  /urst  of  applause.  Hence  tho  term  is 
sometimes  applied  to  things  inanimate. 

Abstinence  is  but  voluntari/  fasting,  and  exercise 
hwi  voluntary/ \ahoT.  Seed. 

In  man,  love  is  less  spontaneous  and  disinterested 
than  in  woman.  Amonod. 

Spontaneou'? y>ys  where  nature  has  its  play, 

Tho  soul  adopts  and  owns  their  first-born  bway. 

GOLDS-MITH. 

Spotless.     See  Blameless. 

Spruce.     See  Finical. 

Squeamish.     See  Fastidious, 

To  Stare.     See  To  Gaze. 

State,  Situation,  Condition. 

State  (from  sto,  to  stand)  is  the  generic  term, 
and  denotes  in  general  the  mode  in  which  a 
thing  stands  or  exists.  The  situation  (from 
situs,  mode  of  lying  or  position)  of  a  thing  is  its 
state  in  reference  to  external  objects  and  influ- 
ences; its  condition  (from  conditio,  putting  to- 
gether) is  its  internal  state,  or  what  it  is  in 


itself  considered.  Our  situation  is  good  or  bad 
as  outward  things  bear  favorably  or  unfavor- 
ably upon  us ;  our  condition  is  good  or  bad 
according  to  tho  state  we  are  actually  in  as 
respects  our  persons,  families,  property,  and 
other  things  which  comprise  our  sources  of  en- 
joyment. 

I  do  not 
Infer  as  if  I  thought  my  sister's  state 
Secure.  Milton. 

We  now  hope  to  enjoy  what  in  our  situation  might 
be  called  the  luxuries  of  life. 

Cook's  Second  Voyage. 

And.  oh,  what  man's  condition  can  be  worse 
Than  his  whom  blessingsstarvc  and  blessings  curse. 

Cowley. 

Station,  Depot. 

It  is  unfortunate  that,  in  America,  the  stop- 
ping-places on  our  railways  first  received  the 
name  of  depot — a  gross  misapplication  of  the 
term,  since  it  means  simply  a  store-house  or 
magazine.  In  England  the  name  has  always 
been  "  station"  or  "  station-house,"  and  there 
is  now  a  strong  tendency  to  adopt  this  m  Am- 
erica, as  the  only  proper  word. 

Statute.     See  Law. 

Stipulation.     See  Covenant. 

Stone.     See  Rock. 

Stop.     See  Cessation. 

Store,  Shop. 

The  English  call  the  place  where  goods  are 
sold  (however  large  or  splendid  it  may  be)  a 
shop,  and  confine  the  word  store  to  its  original 
meaning,  viz.,  a  warehouse  or  place  wliere 
goods  are  stored.  Our  application  of  the  word 
store  to  all  places,  except  the  lowest,  where 
goods  are  sold,  marks  a  tendency  to  "  scale 
upward"  in  the  use  of  terras  which  we  have  in 
common  with  tho  French,  among  whom  bou- 
tique  has,  in  like  manner,  given  place  to  magor 
sin  as  a  place  for  the  sale  ol  goods. 

In  his  needy  f>ltop  a  tortoise  hung, 
An  .alligator  stuffed,  and  other  skins 
Of  ill-shaped  fishes;  and  about  his  shelves 
A  beggarly  account  of  empty  boxes. 

SUAEESPCAKI. 

Sulphurous  and  nitrous  foam. 
Concocted  and  adjusted,  they  reduced 
To  blackest  grain,  and  into  store  conveyed. 

Miltom. 


Storm,  Tempest. 

Storm  (from  the  root  of  stir)  is  violent  agita- 
tion, a  commotion  of  the  elements  by  wind,  &c., 
but  not  necessarily  implying  the  fall  of  any 
thing  from  the  clouds.  Hence,  to  call  a  mere 
fall  of  rain  without  wind,  a  stnrm  (though  com- 
mon in  tliis  country),  is  a  departure  from  the 
true  seuse  of  the  word.  A  tempest  (L.  tem- 
pestas)  is  one  of  those  sudden  and  violent  storms 
common  on  the  coast  of  Italy,  where  tho  term 
originated,  and  usually  attended  by  deluge  of 
rain,  with  lightning  and  thunder. 

Storms  be.at  and  rolls  the  raain  ; 
Oh  !  beat  those  storms  and  roll  the  seas  in  vain. 

Pope. 
What  at  firjt  w.as  called  a  gust,  the  same 
Hath  now  a  storings  anon  u  tenipesCs  name. 

Donnr. 


STU 


TABLE    OF   SYiSONlTMS. 


SUP 


Stout,  Cokpulknt. 

Sleut,  in  our  early  vrritcrs  (as  in  tlio  English 
Bible),  was  used  cliiefly  or  wliolly  in  tlie  sense 
of  slrong  or  hold ;  as,  a  stout  champion,  a  atoui 
:  :i.'art,  a  stoul  resistance,  &c.  At  a  later  period 
'.t  was  used  for  thk/c-set  or  buVoj ;  and  more  re- 
\'atly,  especially  in  England,  the  idea  has  been 
■arried  still  further,  so  that  Taylor  says  in  iiis 
Sj-nonyms,  "  The  stout  man  (from  stot,  an  ox) 
iias  the  proportions  of  an  ox ;  he  is  corpulent, 
fat,  and  fleshy  in  relation  to  his  size."  Few  in 
America  entirely  drop  the  original  sense  of 
strong  and  bold;  and  many  among  us  who 
have  read  Washington  In'ing's  story  of  the 
'•  Stout  Gentleman,"  never  suspected  that  he 
was  merely  a  very /at  man. 

Stke^vji,  Cuerent. 
Current  (from  curro,  to  run)  gives  us  but  a 
single  idea,  that  o^ running;  stream  (from  Sax. 
stream,  to  ilow  steadily)  adds  the  idea  of  this 
onward  flow  being  the  result  of  somo  uniform 
force ;  hence  wo  speak  of  a  shifting  current  and 
a  steady  stream.  There  are  many  currents  in 
the  ocean,  but  there  is  only  one  Gulf  Stream. 
Tlie  stream  of  tho  Mississippi  rolls  on  with  in- 
creasing force ;  but  where  it  is  most  rapid  there 
are  rcfles  currents  on  the  sido  which  run  in  :v 
contrary  direction. 

The  current,  that  with  gsntlo  mnnnnr  glMe^ 
Thon  know'st,  bcin.;  5tiii>pc:J,  impatiently  doth  rago ; 
But  hii  fair  course  is  not  hindered  ; 
lie  makei  sweet  iniuic  with  th'  enameled  stones. 

SUACESPEAKE. 

Oh,  could  I  flow  like  thee.  «nd  make  thy  stream 
My  great  example,  as  thuil  art  my  theme  ! 
Tho"  deep  yet  clear,  tho"  p.-ntlc  yet  not  dnll, 
Strons  n-ithont  rage,  without  o'crflowinc  fall. 

Stkeet.     See  Road. 
Steexgtii.     See  Force. 

Strict,  Severe. 
Strict  (from  stringo,  to  bind)  points  to  a  per- 
son or  thing,  as  one  that  binds  closely  or  keeps 
under  control;  as,  strict  in  discipline,  strict 
rules,  ic.  Severe  (from  severus,  rigidly  strict) 
denotes  a  stem  adlierenca  to  principles  or  rules, 
which  shrinks  not  from  the  infliction  of  pain, 
and  in  some  case.?  even  finds  pleasure  in  that 
infliction.  Strict,  therefore,  is  ordinarily  taken 
in  a  good  sense ;  severe  is  commonly  used  in  a 
bad  one,  except  whore  the  circumstances  of 
the  ca33  imperatively  demand  the  exercise  of 
rigor. 

And  rnles  us  ttriei  his  labored  works  confine, 
As  if  the  Stagyrito  o'erlooked  each  lino.       Popb. 

Foon  moTed  with  touch  of  blame,  thus  Eve  ; 
What  words  have  pasaed  thy  lips,  Adam  tecert  f 

MltTOX. 

Strife.     See  Contention. 

Strong.     See  Robust. 
Struggle.     See  Endeavor. 

Stltjborx,  Obstinate. 
Stubbcim  {lit.,  firm  or  fixed  like  a  siuh  or 
.stock)  describes  a  liigh  degree  of  olslinacy. 

— - 


lie  wlio  is  obstinate  is  ono  who  will  not  yield 
to  the  appeals  we  mako  to  his  reason  and  his 
better  feehags;  ho  wlio  is  stubhorn  grows  more 
obstinate  tho  more  clearly  his  unreasonableness 
is  exposed,  and  the  more  powerfiilly  his  feel- 
ings are  addressed. 

Tic-Id, 
Except  you  moan  with  obstinate  repulse. 
To  slay  your  sovereign.  Suaeespbabe. 

The  queen  is  obstinate, 
Stu7,7>orji  to  justice,  apt  to  accuse  it,  and 
Disdainful  to  be  tried  by  it.      Suakespeaeb. 

Stupid.     See  Simple. 

Style.     See  Diction. 

To  Subdue.     See  To  Conquer. 

Subject.     See  Liable. 

Subjective.     See  OiuEnrvE. 

To  Subjoin.     See  To  Add. 

To  Subjugate.     See  To  Conquer. 

Sublime.     See  Grand. 

Sublimity,  Grandeur. 

The  mental  state  indicated  by  these  /o 
words  is  the  same,  viz.,  a  mingled  emotion  of 
astonishment  and  awe.  In  speaking  of  tho 
quality  which  produces  this  emotion,  we  call 
it  grandeur  when  it  springs  from  what  is  vast 
in  space,  power,  &e. ;  wo  call  it  sublimity  (L. 
s^Mimis,  raised  above  tho  earth)  when  it  springs 
from  what  is  elevated  far  above  the  ordinary 
incidents  of  humanity.  An  immen.se  plain  is 
grand.  Tho  hea%'ens  are  not  only  grand,  but 
sublime  (as  the  predominating  emotion)  from 
their  immenso  height.  Exalted  intellect,  and 
especially  exalted  virtue  under  severe  trials, 
gives  us  the  sense  of  moral  sublimity,  as  in  the 
case  of  our  Saviour  in  his  prayer  for  his  murder- 
ers. TVe  do  not  speak  of  Satan,  when  stand- 
ing by  the  fiery  gullj  with  his  '■  unconquerable 
will  and  study  of  revenge,"  as  a  sublime 
object  ;  but  there  is  a  melancholy  gran- 
deur thrown  around  liim,  as  of  "archangel 
ruined." 

To  Subside.     See  To  ^\.bate. 

Subsidy-,  Tribute. 
A  subsidy  (from  subsidium,  aid)  is  voluntary ; 
a  tribute  is  exacted.  A  subsidy  is  paid  to  an 
ally  for  his  services;  a  tribute  (from  iribiUio,  an 
assignment  or  impost)  is  given  in  acknowledg- 
ment of  dependence  or  subjection.  England 
gave  subsidies  to  most  of  the  German  powers 
for  carrying  on  tho  war  against  Bonaparte; 
tribute  was  paid  to  tho  Roman  Bcpubhc  by 
most  of  the  nations  of  tho  earth. 

'Tii  all  tho  suheiihj  the  present  age  can  raise. 

Dr.YnEN. 

To  acknowledge  this,  was  all  ho  did  esact; 
flmall  tribute,  where  tho  will  to  pay  was  act. 

Detdek. 

Subtile,  Acute. 
In  acute  (from  acus)  the  imago  is  that  of  a 
needle's  point;    in  subtile  (from  subiilis,  fine 
spun)  that  of  a  thread  spun  out  to  extreme 


fineness.  Hence  he  who  is  acute  has  a  pierc- 
ing judgment,  which  enables  him  to  discern 
and  discriminate  v.-ilh  the  nicest  accuracy ;  he 
who  has  a  suUUe  intellect  can  spin  the  fiiicst 
thread  of  tliought,  and  follow  out  a  subject  in 
its  most  complicated  relations,  without  letiiiig 
go  Ills  liold,  or  becoming  lost  or  pcq)lcxcd  in 
its  utmost  intricacies.  Acuteness  guards  against 
error;  subtiliy  carries  forward  our  investiga- 
tions into  tenuous  and  recondite  truths.  The 
former  belongs  more  to  speculative  and  .'.b- 
stract  inquiries;  tho  latter  to  the  piiilosophy  of 
the  heart  and  of  social  life.  Edwards  was 
singularly  acute ;  Lord  Bacon  had  a  suhtilty  of 
intcUeot  which  seemed  to  spread  itself  through- 
out every  part  of  a  subject  like  a  kind  of  "  dif- 
fiosive  touch." 

Tlio  genius  of  the  Spani.«h  people  is  eiquisittly 
mtbtiU,  without  beini;  at  ail  acute  :  hence  there  is  so 
much  humor  and  so  little  wit  in  tlicir  literature.  The 
genius  of  the  Italians  on  the  contrary,  is  acntt.  pro- 
found, and  sensual,  but  not  Siuhtile  :  hence  what  they 
think  to  bo  humorous,  ii  merely  witty. 

S.  T.  COLEBICGE. 

To  Succeed.     See  To  Follo'\\'. 

Successful.     See  Fortunate. 
To  Sltfek.     See  To  Permit. 

Suggestion,  Hint. 

A  hint  is  literally  a  nod,  and  is  tho  briefest 
mode  of  ealhng  one's  attention  to  a  subject ;  a 
suggestion  (from  sub  and  gero,  to  put  or  lay  un- 
der) is  literally  a  putting  of  something  before 
tho  mind  for  consideration,  an  indirect  or 
guarded  mode  of  presenting  argument  or  ad- 
vice. A  hint  is  usually  something  slight  or 
covert,  and  may  bo  merely  negative  in  its 
character;  a  suggestion  is  ordinarily  intended 
to  furnish  us  with  some  practical  assistance  or 
directions.  '•  lie  gave  mo  a  hint  of  my  dan- 
ger, and  added  siaio  kind  suggestioiis  as  to  tho 
means  of  avoidin^  it" 

Willing  to  wound  and  yet  afraid  to  strike. 
Just  hint  a  fault,  and  hesitate  dislike.       Pope. 
Arthur,  they  say,  is  killed  to-night 
On  your  suggestion.  Suakespeaee. 

To  Sum:sion.     See  To  Call. 
Sunday.     See  Sabbatti. 

SuPERNATUr..\.L,  PRETERNATURAL  . 
Preternatural  signifies  beside  natu.ro,  and 
supernatural  above  or  beyond  nature.  What  j 
is  very  greatly  aside  from  tho  ordinary  course 
of  tilings  is  prcternaiural :  what  is  above  cr 
beyond  the  established  laws  of  the  univeKO  is 
supernatural.  Tho  dark  day  which  terrified 
aU  Europe  nearly  a  century  ago  was  preter- 
Tiatural;  tho  resiu'rection  of  the  dead  is  super- 
natural. 

Th.at  form  which  the  earth  is  under  at  present  is 
preternattirat,  like  a  statue  made  and  broken  a-ain. 

BtKNirr. 

Cures  wrough.t  by  medicines,  are  natural  opera-  j 
tions;  but  ti>e  niiracnlous  ones  wrought  by  Christ! 
and  his  apostbs  were  supernatural.  Boyle. 


STN 


TABLE    OF    SYNONYMS. 


TEM 


SuPEKSTiTiOiV,  Fanaticism. 

Superstition  is  from  super  and  sto,  and  de- 
notes literally  a  standing  still  over  or  by  a 
tliin?  and  heuoo  amazement  or  dread,  espe- 
cially of  the  supernatural  or  divine.  It  springs 
from  the  imagination  in  a  dark  and  gloomy 
state.  Fanaticism  (literally  the  seeing  of  vis- 
ions) arises  from  this  same  faculty  in  a  state  of 
high-wrought  and  sclf-conlident  excitement. 
The  former  leads  in  some  cases  to  excessive 
rif'or  in  religious  opinions  or  practice ;  in  others 
tiTuuroundcd  belief  in  extraordinary  events  or 
inoinens  and  prognostics,  hence  producing  weak 
fears  or  excessivo  scrupulosity  as  to  outward 
observances.  The  latter  gives  rise  to  an  utter 
disregard  of  reason  under  the  false  assumption 
of  enjoying  a  direct  guidance  from  on  high. 

Fanaticism  has  a  secondary  sense  as  applied 
to  pohtios,  &c.,whlch  corresponds  to  the  primary. 
Tli.'v  the  truth 

With  super.stiiioiiH  alul  trailitiuns  taint.  Milton. 

From  lienco  wenk  .ind  wicked  men  have  taken  the 
handle  toawiilio  all  leligioii  to  fdiuttiiiDm;  th.at  is 
to  a  kind  of  frenzy  or  dotage.  Wateklasd. 

To  Supplicate.     See  To  Beseech. 

Suspicious.     See  Jealous. 
To  Swallow  up.     See  To  Absokb. 

S\\^XDLEK,  SlIAEPER. 
Theso  words   agree   in   describing  persons 
who  take  unfair  advantages. 

A  swindler  is  one  who  obtains  money  or 
goods  under  false  pretenses.  A  sharper  is  one 
who  che.at3  by  sharp  practice,  as  in  playing  at 
cards  or  staking  what  he  can  not  pay. 

Fraud  and  injustice  snon  folU>\v,  anil  tlio  dignity  of 
tlie  British  merchant  is  sunic  in  the  scandalous^  appel- 
lation oi  a  stcindlei:  Knoi. 
Perhaps  you'll  think  I  act  the  same, 
As  a  sly  'sharper  plays  Lis  g.ime.        Cottox. 

Sympathy.     See  Pitt. 

Sympathy',  Commiseration. 

Sympathy  is  litor.ally  a  feUow-feeling  with 
others  in  their  varied  conditions  of  joy  or  of  grief 
The  term,  howe\'er,  is  now  more  commonly  ap- 
plied to  a  fjPiOW-feeling  with  others  under  :;f- 
tliclion,  and  then  coincides  very  nearly  with 
commiscratioTi.  In  this  case  it  is  commonly 
followed  by  for;  as,  to  feel  sympathy /or  a 
friend  when  wo  see  him  distressed.  The  verb 
sympathize  is  followed  by  with ;  as,  to  sympa- 
tlii/,e  witli,  a  friend  ia  his  distrossesor  enjoyments. 
Every  man  would  he  a  distinct  species  to  himself 
were  there  no  sijmpalhij  among  individuals.  South. 

Fault 
Acknowledged  and  deplored,  in  Adam  wrought 
Cuiiimiseratwn.  Milton. 

Sy'xonymous,  iDEjrriCAi,. 

If  no  words  are  sijatr.viMous  except  those 
which  are  identical  in  use  and  moaning,  so 
that  the  one  can  in  all  cases  be  sub.-^tituted  for 
the  other,  we  have  scarcely  ten  such  words  in 
our  language.  But  the  term  more  properly  de- 
notes that  the  words  in  question  approach  so 
near  to  each  other  that,  in  many  or  most  cases, 
they  can  be  used  interchangeably.  (1.)  Words 
may  thus  coincide  in  certain  connections,  and 
so  be  int'jrchanged,  when  the}'  can  not  be  in- 
terchanged in  other  connections;  thus  we  may 
spe.ik  either  of  strength  of  mind  or  of  force  of 
minil,  but  wo  say  the  force  (not  strength)  of 
gravitation.  (2.)  Tv.'O  words  may  difl'er  slightly, 
hut  this  dilTercnce  ni.ay  bo  unimportant  to  the 
spe.-ikei-'s  object,  so  that  ho  may  freely  inter- 
change them;  tlius  it  makes  but  little  differ- 
once,  in  most  cases,  whether  we  speak  of  a 
man's  having  secured  hU  object  or  having  at- 
tained his  object.  For  iliesc  and  other  causes, 
wc  havo  numerous  words  which  may,  in  many 


cases  or  connections,  bo  used  iutercliangeably, 
and  theso  are  properly  called  synonyms. 

Si/nom/moits  words  "are  words  which  with  great 
and  essential  reseuibhinees  of  meaning,  have  at  the 
same  time  small,  subordmate,  anil  partial  diflerences 
— theso  differences  being  such  as  either  originally  anil 
on  the  ground  of  their  etymology  inhered  in  them; 
or  differences  which  they  havo  by  usiigo  acquired  in 
the  eyes  of  all;  or  such  as,  though  nearly  latent  now, 
they  are  capable  of  receiving  at  the  hands  of  wise  and 
discreet  masters  of  the  tongue.  Synonyms  aro  words 
of  like  significance  ia  tho  main,  but  with  a  certain 
unlikeness  as  well."  TitExcn. 

Synopsis.     See  Abeidgmenx. 


Tacitukn,  Silent. 

Silenthas  reference  to  the  act,  taciturn  to  the 
habit.  A  man  may  be  silent  from  cu-cum- 
stanees ;  he  is  taciturn  from  disposition.  The 
loquacious  man  is  at  times  silent ;  one  who  is 
taciturn  may  now  and  then  make  an  effort  at 
conversation. 

What  shall  Cordelia  do  ?    Lovo  and  be  silent. 

SlIAKESPEAKK. 

The  cause  of  Aildison's  taciturnitt/  was  a  natural 
diffidence  in  the  company  of  strangers.  K.noi. 

Talent.      See  Gexius. 

Talk.     Sec  Conveksatiox. 

Talkative.     See  Garrulous. 

Tall,  High,  Lofty'. 

High  is  tho  generic  term,  and  is  probably 
connected  with  tho  verb  to  lieave,  or  raise  up. 
Tall  describes,  etymologically,  that  which 
shoots  up,  like  a  spire  of  grass,  having  a  small 
diameter  in  proportion  to  its  height ;  hence  wo 
speak  of  a  tall  man,  a  tall  steeple,  a  taU  mast, 
&c.,  but  not  of  a  tall  hill  or  a  tall  house.  Lofty 
(Sax.  lufl,  the  air)  has  a  special  reference  to  the 
expanse  above  ua,  and  may  bo  applied  to  ex- 
tension in  breadth  as  well  as  height ;  as,  a 
lofly  mountain,  a  lofty  room.  Tall  is  applied 
only  to  phj-sical  objects;  high  and  lofty  have  a 
moral  .acceptation ;  as,  high  thought,  purpose, 
ic,  Ivfty  aspirations,  a  lofty  genius.  Lofty,  from 
its  etymology,  is  naturally  tho  stronger  word, 
and  is  usually  coupled  with  the  grand,  or  that 
which  excites  admiration. 

As  some  tail  cliff,  that  lifts  its  awful  form. 

GoLnSMITII. 

ni/;7i.  o'er  their  heads  a  mold'ringrock  is  placed. 

Dkydf.x. 


See 


Pope. 


ttif'i/  Lebanon  his  head  advance. 

Tame.     See  Gentle. 

To  Tantalize,  Disappoint. 

To  disappoint  is  literally  to  do  away  what 
was  (or  was  taken  to  be)  appointed;  hence  tlie 
peculiar  pain  from  hopes  thus  dashed  to  tlio 
ground.  To  tantalize  describes  a  most  distress- 
ing form  of  disappointment,  as  in  the  case  of 
Tantalus,  a  Phrygian  king  in  fabulous  history, 
who  was  condemned  to  stand  up  to  his  cliiu  in 
water,  with  a  tree  of  fair  fruit  over  his  head, 
both  of  which,  as  ho  attempted  to  allay  his 
hunger  or  thirst,  fled  from  his  approach. 
Hence,  to  tantalize  is  to  visit  with  the  bitterest 
disappointment — to  torment  by  exciting  hopes 
or  expectations  which  can  never  bo  realized. 

The  superior  Being  c:iu  defeat  all  his  designs,  and 
disappoint  all  his  hopes.  Thi.otson. 

What  greater  plaguo  c.^n  hell  itself  devise 
Thau  to  bo  willing  thus  to  tantalise  f 

AsswEit  TO  Ben  Jonson. 

Takdy.     See  Slow. 

Tartness.     See  Acrimony-. 

Taste,  Sensibility,  Junro.iENT. 

Some  consider  taste  as  a  mere  se:isibility,  and 
otiicr-i  as  a  aimplo  exercise  ai judjmenl ;  but  a 


union  of  Iwth  is  requisite  to  Iho  o.visteiice  of 
any  thing  which  deserves  tho  name.     An  orig- 
inal sense  of  the  beautiful  is  just  as  necessary 
to  esthetic  judgments,  as  a  sense  of  right  and 
^v^ong  to  the  formation  of  any  just  conclusions 
oa  moral  subjects.      But  this  '-.sense  of  the 
beautiful"  is  not  an  arbitrary  principle.     It  is 
under  the  guidance  of  reason ;  it  grows  in  del- 
icacy and  correctness   with   the   progress  of 
tho  individiiil  and  of  society  at  large ;  it  has 
its  laws,  which   are  seated  in  the  nature  of 
man ;  and  it  is  in  tho  development  of  tliose 
laws  that  we  find  tho  true  "standard  of  taste." 
What,  then,  is  iastt  but  those  internal  powers, 
Active  and  strong,  and  feelingly  alive 
To  each  fine  iniiuilse?  a  disceriiing  sense 
Of  decent  and  sublime,  with  quick  disgust 
From  things  deformed,  or  disan-nnged,  or  gross 
In  species?    Tills  nor  gems,  nor  stores  of  gold. 
Nor  purple  state,  nor  culture,  can  bestow, 
But  Go(l  alone,  when  first  his  s.acred  hand 
Imprints  the  secret  bias  of  the  soul. 

PlEASUKES   or   lilAGINATION. 

To  Taixt.     See  To  Deiude. 

Tautology,  Repetition, 
There  may  be  frequent  repetitions  (as  in  le.eal 
iiidtruments)  whicli  are   warranted  either  by 
necessity  or  convenience ;  but  tautology  is  al- 
ways a  fault,  l>cing  a  sameness  of  expression 
which  ^dds  notliing  either  to  the  sense  or  the 
sound. 
Snint  Anih'e'3  feet  ne'er  kept  raoro  equnl  time. 
1\i\l  t^\Qn  tlio  feet  of  tliy  own  Psyche's  rlivine  ; 
Tlumiili  tlu-y  in  miinbers  n.4  in  sense  excel. 
So  just,  bo  liko  iautolo'jy  they  fell.  Drtdes. 

If  you  conquer  liome,  the  benefit 
Which  yi)U  slirvU  thereby  rejip,  13  such  a  name 
"Whose  repetition  will  to  dogged  with  curses. 

SlIAKEaPEAKE. 

I  love  such  tears 
As  fall  fiom  fit  notes  ben-teu  throujrh  mine  ears, 
"With  rejieiitiona  of  what  Heaven  Imth  done. 

ClIAPUAS 

To  Teach.     See  To  Leaen. 
Teaciiixg.     See  Education. 

To  Tease,  Ykx. 

To  tease  is  literally  to  puil  or  scratch,  and 
imijlies  a  prolonged  annoyance  in  respect  to 
little  things,  which  is  often  more  irritating  and 
harder  to  bear  than  severe  pain.  Tex  (a  fre- 
quentative of  Latin  veho)  meant  originally  to 
seize  and  bear  away  hither  and  thither,  and 
hence  to  disturb ;  as.  to  vex  tho  ocean  with 
storms.  This  sense  of  the  term  now  rarely  oc- 
cur.';, but  vex  is  still  a  stronger  word  than 
tease,  denoting  tho  disturbance  or  anger  created 
by  minor  provocations,  losses,  disappointment?. 
Ac.  "Wo  are  teased  by  tlie  buzzing  of  a  fly  iii 
our  ears;  wo  are  vexed  by  the  carelessness  or 
stupidity  of  our  servants. 

Not  by  the  force  of  carnal  reason, 
But  IndefatiLiablo  teasing,  BrTLEn, 

In  disappointments,  where  Ihe  aCTections  have  be^^n 
.'tronsly  placed,  and  the  e.\i>ectations  sanguine,  par- 
ticularly where  the  asency  of  others  is  eoncerneil,  sor- 
row may  degenerate  into  vexation  and  chagrin. 

Cog  AN. 

Tedious.     See  Irksome. 
Temerity,  Rashness. 

These  words  aro  closely  allied  in  ser.se,  bnl 
have  a,  blight  difference  in  their  use  and  tippli- 
cation. 

Temerity  is  Latin;  and  rashness  (connected 
with  rash)  is  Saxon.  As  in  many  such  case.s 
the  Latin  term  is  more  tielcet  and  dignified ;  the 
Saxon  more  Cmiiliar  and  energetic.  W'o  sho-,v 
temerity  in  lia.sty  dceisinns  and  tlie  conduct  to 
which  they  lead.  "Wo  show  rashness  in  par- 
ticular actions,  as  dictated  by  sudden  impulse. 
It  is  an  exliibition  of  temerity  to  approacli  tl:i' 
vorgo  of  a  precipice;  it  i.-  an  act  f>t  rashness  to 
jump  into  a  river  without  being  able  to  .swim. 


TES 


TABLE    OF    SYXONYilS. 


THR 


Ihnerity,  then,  is  an  unreasouablo  contempt  of 
dauger ;  Ta^h^tss  is  a  rusliing  into  daiigor  irom 
thoughtlsssnoss  or  exciteil  fceliug. 

It  ii  notorious  temfi'itij  to  pass  soDtonco  npoa 
grouuJ:>  iucuiKilile  of  evidence.  Babkow. 

Her  ruih  hand  in  ovil  hour 
Forth  reaching  to  the  fruit,  slio  plucked,  she  ate. 

Milton. 

Tempf.st.     See  Sxoiiir. 

TEiiPouizixG.     See  Time-sektixg. 

Ten'db^'cy.     Sve  Disposition. 

Tes-ement,  HorsE. 

There  may  be  manr  houses  under  one  roof, 
but  they  are  complet^'ly  sepai-ated  from  each 
other  by  party- wuUs.  A  ieneme7it  may  be  de- 
tached by  itself,  or  it  may  be  part  of  a  iiouse 
divided  off  for  the  use  of  a  distinct  familj'. 

*Ti3  policy  for  father  antl  son  to  take  ditfereut  sides ; 
for  then  lands  and  tenements  commit  no  treason, 

Devces. 

Theotlosius  arrived  at  a  religious  7ious6  in  tlie  city, 
whero  now  Constantia  lived.  Addisos. 

Tenet.     See  Dogma. 

TEEii,  "Word. 

These  are  more  frequently  interchanged  than 
almost  any  thing  that  occurs  in  language. 
There  is,  however,  a  diiTerenco  between  them 
(as  shown  by  their  etymology)  which  ia  worthy 
of  being  kept  in  miud 

Word  is  goneric ;  it  hteraUy  denotes  an  ut- 
terance, and  is  that  which  represents  or  ex- 
preses  our  thoughts  and  feelings.  T&rm  (from 
fermiBtt?,  a  bound)  denotes  that  which  bounds 
or  circumscribes :  and  hence,  when  this  name 
is  given  to  one  of  these  "utterances,"  it  marks 
it  as  more  specific  and  determinate  than  loord. 
i'iius,  we  speak  of  a  scientific  or  technical  term 
(not  word),  and  of  st.iting  things  in  distinct 
t-r:ns.  Thai  wo  say,  "the  term  minister  lit- 
erally denotes  servant;"  "an  exact  definition 
of  terms  is  essential  to  clearness  of  thought;" 
"  no  term  of  reproach  can  sufficiently  express 
ray  indijmation ;"  "  every  art  has  its  peculi» 
and  distinetivo  terms,"  ic.  So  also  wo  say, 
'■  purity  of  stylo  depends  on  the  choice  of 
words,  and  precision  of  stylo  on  a  clear  under- 
standing of  the  terms  tiscd."  Term  is  chiefly 
applied  to  verbs,  nouns,  and  adjectives,  because 
these  are  especially  capable  of  being  limited  or 
determined  in  sense;  while  prepositions  and 
I  conjunctions  are  rarely  spoken  of  as  terms,  but 
simply  as  wards. 

It  need  hardly  bo  added,  that  term,  in  a 
looser  sense,  U  used  to  a  great  extent  inter- 
changeably with  word,  for  variety  of  expression. 

TEr.p.oi!.  See  Alabm. 
Tehse,  Concise. 
Terse  (from  tergeo,  to  wipe  or  dean)  was  de- 
fined by  Johnson  "cleanly  written,"  «.  «.,  free 
from  blemishes,  neat,  or  smooth.  Its  present 
sense  is  "free  from  excrescences,"  and  hence 
compact  with  smoothness,  grace  or  elegance,  as 
in  the  following  linos  of  Whitehead: 

^'■in  eii;ht  ter^e  lines  has  Phaedrus  told 
(:«(>  frugal  were  the  bards  of  old) 
A  talo  of  goats;  end  closed  with  grace. 
Plan,  moral,  all,  in  that  short  space." 

it  is  remarkable  that  this  sense  (which  is  now 
the  prevailing  one)  is  not  given  to  the  word  in 
any  of  our  dictionaries.  It  diifers  from  concise 
in  not  implying  perhaps  quite  a?  much  con- 
densation, but  chio!ly  in  the  additional  idea  of 
'•  grace  or  elegance." 

Tkst,  Tkial. 

Trial  (from  try)  is  the  wider  term;  test  is  a 
searching  and  decisive  trial.  It  is  derived  from 
the  Latin  testa,  (earthen  pot),  wliich  terra  waa 


e.aily  applied  to  the  fmi»g-pot,  or  crucible,  in  ; 
which  metals  are  moltc-d  for  trial  and  refine- 
ment.    Hence  the  peculiar  force  of  the  word 
as  indicating  a  tiial  or  criterion  of  the  most 
decisive  kind. 

I  leavo  him  to  your  jrraclous  acceptance, 
AYhoso  trial  shall  bettor  publish  Lis  commendation. 
Shakes  i*i:ap.e. 
Thy  virtue,  prince,  has  stood  the  ii-tt  of  fortune, 
Lilce  purest  golil,  that,  tortured  in  tho  furnace. 
Comes  out  more  bright,  and  brings  forth  all  its  weight. 

Addison. 

Te.stimont,  Proof,  Etidexce. 

Proof  (from  ]>roce),  being  Saxon,  is  most  fa- 
mihar,  and  is  used  more  frequently  (though  not 
exclusively)  as  to  lacts  and  things  which  occur 
in  the  ordinary  concerus  of  life.  Evidence  (Lat. 
evideniia,  that  which  makes  evident)  is  a  word 
of  more  dignity,  and  is  more  generally  apphed 
to  that  which  is  moral  or  intellectual ;  as,  the 
evidences  of  Christianity,  ic.  Testimony  (from 
Lat.  testis)  is  strictly  tho  evidence  of  a  ^\^tnes3 
given  under  oath ;  when  used  figuratively  or 
iu  a  wider  sense,  the  word  testimony  has  .still  a 
reference  to  some  living  agent  as  its  author,  as 
when  we  speak  of  tlie  i"'''nuj,yo(  conscience,  or  ! 
of  doingathingiui<»ii,/.>..7of  our  affection,  &c. 

To  conform  our  languase  more  to  common  use,  we  [ 
ought  to  divide  arguments  into  doriionstration3,/>/-oo/* 
and  probabilities.    By  proofs,  meaning  such  argu- 
ments from  experience  as  leave  no  room  for  doubt  or 
ojiposition.  Hl'mb. 

The  evidence  of  sense,  is  the  first  and  highest  kind 
o{  evidence,  of  which  human  nature  is  capable. 

WlLKIXS, 

The  proof  of  every  thinir  T^^\v,\.  bo  by  the  testimony 
of  such  as  the  parties  produce. 

Then,  Ti:r"i:For.E. 

Both  these  words  are  i.s^-d  iu  reasoning; 
but  tlierefore  takes  the  lead,  while  then  is  rather 
subordinate  or  incidental.  Tlierefore  states  rea- 
sons and  draws  inferences  in  form;  tJien,  to  a 
great  extent,  takes  the  point  as  proved,  and 
passes  on  to  the  general  conclusion — "  Tliere- 
fore being  justified  by  faith,  we  have  peace 
with  God;"  "So,  ttien,  faith  cometh  by  hear- 
ing, and  hearing  by  the  word  of  God." 

TiiEOF.T,  Hypothesis. 

TIio  following  statement  of  the  difference 
betv/ecn  a  theory  and  a  hypothesis,  is  derived 
from  the  writings  of  Do  Quincey.  With  some 
slight  variiition  it  is  giveu  in  his  own. words. 

"  A  tlieory  (Gr.,  Or/upia)  m-.xy  bo  tlms  de- 
scribed. Imagme,  in  any  science  or  specula- 
tion, that  all  the  elements  {i,  e.,  the  fores,  the 
modes  of  action,  the  phenomena,  &c.)  are 
given ;  but  as  yet  they  exist  to  the  i.iiiid  as 
an  unorganized  chaos.  Then  steps  in  contem- 
plation, or  rofiectivo  survey  (Btjupia)  to  assign 
to  thc'.u  all  their  several  places  or  relations; 
which  shall  be  first,  which  midelle,  which  last ; 
which  shall  be  end,  wliich  shall  bo  moans; 
which  subordinate,  which  co-ordinate;  wliich 
force  is  for  impulse,  which  for  regulation ; 
which  absolute,  which  conditional ;  which  pur- 
pose direct,  which  indirect  or  collateral ;  and 
so  on.  This  introduction  of  organization 
among  the  facts  or  data  of  science  is  Theory. 
A  theory,  therefore,  may  bo  defined — an  or- 
ganic development  to  tho  understanding  of  tho 
relations  between  the  parts  of  any  systematic 
whole.  In  a  hypothesis,  on  the  other  hand,  it 
is  only  one  relation  which  is  mvestigated,  viz., 
that  of  depend^my.  A  number  of  phenomena  j 
are  given,  and  perhaps  with  no  want  of  orderly  I 
relation  among  them;  but  as  yet  they  exist 
without  apparent  basis  or  support.  The  ques- 1 
tion,  therefore,  is  concerning  a  sufficient  ground  i 
or  cause  to  account  for  them.  I  therefore  step  j 
in  and  underlay  the  phenomena  with  a  sub- 1 


strui.'ttiro,  or  sidiposition  {'Tni'Seair)  such  as  I 
think  capable  of  supporting  them.  This  is  a 
hypothesis.  Briefly,  then,  in  a  theory,  I  organ- 
ize wliat  is  certain  enough  already,  but  unde- 
teiTuined  in  its  relations;  whereas,  ui  a  hy- 
pothesis I  assign  the  causahty  when  previously 
it  was  cither  unknown  or  uncertain.  For  ex- 
ample, wo  talk  properly  of  a  tfieory  of  combus- 
tion; lor  the  elements,  «',  e.,  the  phenomena 
and  results,  are  indeterminate  only  with  regard 
to  their  reciprocal  relations.  But  with  regard 
to  the  aurora  borealis,  it  is  a  hypothesis  that 
we  want  in  the  first  place,  for  the  phenomena 
are  of  uncertain  origin.  And  perhaps  this 
hypothesis  would  demand,  as  its  sequel,  a 
tlieory  of  the  whole  agencies  concerned ;  but 
this  could  not  be  until  the  causahty  should 
have  been  determmed.  Again,  suppose  the 
case  of  algebraical  equations,  here  all  possibil- 
ity of  hypotiiesis  is  excluded.  But  a  theory 
is  still  wanted.  Many  theories  have  started 
from  the  genesis  of  equations  first  proposed  by 
Harriot,  viz.,  that  which  views  the  higher  equa- 
tions as  generated  by  multiphcation  out  of  the 
lov.-cr.  But,  perhaps,  a  different  view  of  their 
origin  would  lead  to  more  comprehensive  re- 
sults, Hindenburg  with  his  disciples,  Stahl,  ic 
have  most  happily  apphed  an  approved  theory 
of  combinations  to  this  subject" 

There.     See  Thithee. 

Therefore.     See  Thex. 

Thief,  Robber. 

A  thief  takes  our  property  by  ste.alth ;  a 
robber  attacks  us  openly  and  strips  us  by  main 
force.  The  robber  braves  the  laws;  tho  thief 
endeavors  to  evade  them. 

"An  active  police  may  prevent  the  fi*equent  occnr- 
rencQ  ot  rohhe rij :  but  thieves  are  more  difficult  to 
catch  than  rubbers."  Gbauau. 

Take  heod,  have  open  eyes  ;  for  thieves  do  foot  by 
night  Shakespeare. 

Some  roving  robber  calling  to  his  fellows. 

Milton's  Couus. 

To  Thixk.     See  To  Expect,  also 

To  Guess. 

Thither,  There. 

Thither  denotes  motion  toward  a  place ; 
tliere  denotes  lest  in  a  place;  as,  " I  am  going 
thither,  and  shall  meet  you  there."  But  thither 
has  now  become  obsolete  except  in  poetry,  or  a 
stylo  purposely  conformed  to  the  past,  and  hence 
there  has  also  taken  the  sense  of  thither ;  as,  "  I 
shall  go  (/Kjre  to-morrow;  wo  shall  go  together." 

Though.     See  Although. 

Thoughtful,  Coxsiderate. 

Ho  who  is  habitually  thoughtful  rarely  ne- 
glects his  duty  or  his  true  interest ;  he  who  is 
considerate  (from  considero,  to  look  at  closely) 
pauses  to  reflect  and  guard  himself  against  er- 
ror. One  who  is  not  thoughtful  by  nature,  if 
ho  can  be  made  considerate,  will  usually  be 
guarded  against  serious  mistakes. 

"  He  who  is  thoughtful  does  not  forget  his 
duty;  he  who  is  considerate  pauses,  and  consid- 
ers properly  what  is  his  dutj-.  It  is  a  recom- 
mendation" to  a  subordinate  person  to  be 
thougtful  in  doing  what  is  wished  of  him ;  it  is 
the  recommendation  of  a  confidential  person  to 
be  considerate,  as  he  has  often  to  judge  accord- 
ing to  his  own  dLScretion."  Crabb. 

Threat,   Mexace. 

Threat  is  Saxon,  and  menace  (from  minor)  is 
Latin,  As  often  happens,  the  former  is  the 
more  familiar  term;  the  latter  is  employed 
only  in  tho  higher  classes  of  style,  We  are 
threatened  with   a   drought;    tlio   country  is 

1451 


TOI 


TABLE    OF    SYNONYMS. 


TRY 


inenaced  witli  war.  "  Wo  may  be  threatened 
with  eitiier  small  or  great  evils ;  but  vvc  are 
inenaced  only  witli  great  evils.  Cue  individual 
threatens  to  strike  another ;  a  general  menaces 
the  enemy  with  an  attack.  Wo  are  threatened 
bv  things  as  well  as  persons;  we  are  menaced 
by  persons  only ;  a  person  is  threatened  with  a 
look;  he  is  menaced  with  a  prosecution  by  his 
adversary." — Cracij. 
Bv  turus  put  (in  tlie  supiilinnt  luid  tho  lord; 
Tn/'eatemd  this  muuicnt,  ami  tuo  next  implored. 

Pkiou. 
Of  the  sharp  nxo 
Eecarclloss  that  o"er  bis  devoted  lieail 
Ilungs  menacing.  So-mektille. 

TlIREATBXIXG.       ScC   Ijnil-VENT. 

Throng,  Multitude,  Crowd. 
Any  great  number  of  persons  form  a  multi- 
tude (irom  multits,  many) ;  a  thromj  (from  drdn- 
gen,  to  press)  is  a  largo  number  of  persons  who 
press  together  into  a  collective  body;  a  crowd 
is  a  mass  of  persons  who  press  so  closely  to- 
gether as  to  bring  their  bodies  into  immediate 
or  inconvenient  contact.     A  dispersed  multi- 
tude— the  thronged  streets  of  a  city — a  crowded 
coach ;  a  crowded  table. 
So,  with  tliia  bold  opposer  rushes  on 
This  Diany-Iieaded  iiioiistci-,  mult'dndc.    Daniel. 
T?aek  to  the  assembly  rolled  tiie  ikvonginri  train. 
Desert  tlio  ships  and  pour  upon  tlie  plain.  IIcmee. 
I  eome  from  empty  noise,  and  tasteless  pomp, 
Prom  crowds  that  bide  u  raonareh  from  himself. 

JOHSSON. 

'l"'iDiNGs,  News. 

Tho  term  new:i  denotes  recent  intelligonoo 
from  any  quarter;  the  term  tidings  (from  Sax. 
iidan,  to  happen  or  betide)  denotes  intelligenco 
e.Kpoeted  from  a  particular  quarter,  sho«-ing 
what  has  there  hetided.  Wc  may  bo  iudifler- 
cnt  as  to  news ;  but  are  always  more  or  less 
interested  in  tidings.  We  road  tho  news  daily 
ill  the  public  prints;  we  wait  for  tidings  re- 
specting an  absent  or  sick  fri  iid.  Wo  may  be 
curious  to  hoar  the  Jiews ;  wo  are  always  anx- 
ious for  tidings. 

l!vil  7ieios  rides  fast,  while  good  7i6ws  baits. 

Milton. 

■Wliat  thlinfjs  dost  thon  briu?;?  methinks  I  see 

Unusual  gladness  sparkling  in  thy  eyes.  Addison. 

Time-serving,  Temporizing. 

Both  these  words  aro  applied  to  tho  conduct 
of  one  who  adapts  himself  servilely  to  times 
and  seasons.  A  time-server  is  rather  active, 
and  a  temporizer  passive.  One  whoso  policy 
is  time-serving,  comes  forward  to  act  upon  prin- 
ciples or  opinions  which  may  promote  liis  ad- 
vancement ;  one  who  is  temporizing  yields  to 
the  current  of  pubho  sentiment  or  prejudice,  and 
shrinks  from  a  course  of  action  which  might  in- 
jure him  with  others.  Tho  former  is  dishonest ; 
the  latter  is  weak  ;  and  both  are  contemptible. 
Trirnndnij  and  tune-sei'vlntj,  whieh  are  hut  two 
words  for  the  same  thing,  always  produce  oonfnsion. 

Souia. 
I  pronounce  thee  a  lioverin'^  temporizer,  that 
Timst  with  tliine  eyes  at  onee  see  good  ami  evil. 
Inclining  to  them  both.  Siiakespeaee. 

To  Tire.     See  To  Jade. 
Title.     See  Epithet,  also  Name. 

Toil,  Labor,  Drudgery. 
Labor  implies  strenuous  exertion,  but  not 
necessarily  such  as  overtasks  tho  faculties ; 
toil  {lit.,  sti'aining,  striving)  denotes  a  severity 
of  labor  whieh  is  painful  and  exhausting; 
drudjcrij  [lit.,  tugging  or  slaving)  imphes  mean 
and  degrading-  work,  or  at  least,  work  which 
wearies  or  disgusts  from  its  minuteness  or  duU 
uniformity. 

You  d<)  not  know  tho  heavy  grievances, 
The  ioilR.  the  labors,  weary  drudgerien, 
"Whieh  they  impose.  Southern. 

__- 


How  often  have  I  blessed  tho  coming  day. 
When  toil  remitting  lent  its  turn  to  nla3% 

Goldsmith. 


Tongue. 
Too. 
Total. 

Tour. 


See  Language. 

See  Also. 

See  Whole. 
See  Journey. 


Toward,  To^vards. 

This  is  a  compound  of  io  and  ^oard  (Latin, 
versus).  The  original  form  was  toioards  (Ijeiug 
the  genitive  of  ward),  as  appears  from  the 
Anglo-Saxon  toioardes,  and  a  comparison  of  the 
cognate  dialects.  Tho  s  was  dropped  in  our 
version  of  tho  Scriptures,  making  it  toward ; 
but  tho  original  form,  towards,  has  always 
remained  in  general  use. 

We  may  easily  observe  every  creature  about  us  in- 
cessantly workiiig  toward  tho  end  for  whieh  it  was 
designed.  Baukow. 

For  my  part,  I  am  totally  at  a  loss  to  eompreliend 
how  particles  streaming  from  a  center  should  draw  a 
body  towards  it.  Paley. 

Town.     See  Village. 
Trace.     See  Vestige. 

Train,  Caks. 

"Prain  is  tho  word  universally  used  in  En- 
gland with  reference  to  railway  traveling;  as. 
"  I  came  in  the  morning  train,"  &c.  In  this 
country,  the  phrase  "  the  cars"  has  been  exten- 
sively introduced  in  tho  room  of  train ;  ,ia, 
"  the  cars  are  late ;"  "  I  came  in  the  cars,"  &c., 
though,  in  fact,  a  person  travels  in  oiJy  one 
car.  Tho  English  expression  is  obviously  more 
appropriate,  and  is  prevailing  more  and  more 
in  our  country,  to  tho  exclusion  of  '•  the  cars." 

Transaction,  Proceeding. 

A  transaction  (from  trans  .and  ago)  is  some- 
thing already  done  and  completed ;  a  proceed- 
ing (Irom  proceed)  is  either  something  which  is 
now  going  on,  or,  if  ended,  is  still  contemplated 
with  reference  to  its  progress  or  successive 
stages.  The  proceedings  at  the  trial  of  Lord 
Russell  were  marked  by  deep  injustice,  and 
they  led  to  a  transaction,  in  his  beheading,  of 
flagrant  enormity. 

"  Wo  are  witnesses  to  the  whole  proceeding ; 
wo  inquire  into  tlio  whole  transaction.  The 
proceeding  embraces  every  event  or  circum- 
stance which  goes  forward  through  the  agency 
of  men ;  the  transaction  only  comprehends 
those  matters  which  have  been  deliberately 
transacted  or  brought  to  a  conclusion :  in  this 
souse  wo  use  tho  word  proceeding  in  applica- 
tion to  an  affray  in  the  street ;  and  the  word 
transactionto  somo  commercial  negotiation  that 
has  been  carried  on  between  certain  persons. 
Iho pjroceeding  marks  tho  matmer oi proceeding ; 
as  when  we  speak  of  the  proceedings  in  a  couit 
of  law.  Tho  transaction  marks  tho  business 
transacted;  as,  tho  transactions  on  the  Ex- 
change. A  proceeding  may  be  chai'acterized  as 
disgraceful;  a  transaction  as  iniquitous." — 
Cbabb. 

Transcendental,  Empirical. 

These  terms,  with  tho  corresponding  nouns, 
transcendentalism  and  empiricism,  aro  of  com- 
paratively recent  origin.  Empirical,  in  this 
connection,  refers  to  knowledge  whieh  is  gained 
by  the  experience  of  actual  phenomena,  with- 
out reference  to  the  principles  or  laws  to  which 
they  are  to  bo  referred  or  by  which  they  are  to 
be  explained.  Transcendental  has  reference  to 
those  behefs  or  principles  which  are  not  de- 
rived from  experience,  and  yet  are  absolutely 
necessary  to  make  experience  possible  or  use- 
ful    Such,  in  tho  better  sense  of  tlie  term,  is 


the  iratKcendental  philosophy  or  transcendental- 
ism. Each  of  these  words  has  also  been  used 
in  a  bad  sense.  Empiricism.,  in  this  case,  is 
applied  to  that  one-sided  view  of  loiowledgo 
which  neglects  or  loses  sight  of  the  truths  or 
principles  referred  to  above,  and  trusts  to  ex- 
perience alone.  Transcendentalism  has  been 
appUed  to  tho  opposite  extreme,  which,  in  its 
depreciation  of  experience,  loses  sight  of  the 
relation  whieh  facts  and  phenomena  sustain  to 
principles.  Hence  the  term  has  been  applied 
to  a  kind  of  investigation,  or  a  use  of  language, 
which  is  vague,  obscure,  fantastic  or  extrava- 
gant. 

Transient,  Transitory,  Fleeting. 
Transient  (from  transiens,  passing)  represents 
a  thing  as  short  at  the  best ;  transitory  (from 
transitorius,  of  a  passing  nature)  as  liable  at  any 
moment  to  pass  away.  Fleeting  goes  further 
and  represents  it  as  in  tho  act  of  taking  its 
Hight.  Life  is  transient ;  its  joys  are  transi- 
tory ;  its  hours  are  fleeting. 

What  is  loose  love?  a  iriinsient  gncit, 
A  vapor  fed  from  wild  desire.  PorE. 

Oiiranftitory  things  which  soon  decay, 
Age  must  be  loveliest  at  the  latest  day. 

Donne. 
Olijteeiing  }aya 
Of  Paradise,  dear  bought  with  lasting  woes  I 

MiLION. 

Transitoky.     See  Transient. 

Translucent,  Transparent. 
A  thing  is  translucent  (from  trans,  through, 
and  luceo,  to  shine)  when  it  merely  admits  the  | 
p;issage  of  light  without  enabling  us  to  distiu-  \ 
guish  objects  through  it ;  it  is  transparent  (fi'om 
trans,  through,  and  paro,  to  appear)  when  we 
can  clearly  discern  objects  placed  on  the  other 
side  of  it.     Glass,  water,  &c.,  are  transparent; 
ground  glass,  horn,  &c.,  are  translucent. 

Each  thought  was  visible  that  rolled  within. 
As  through  a  crystal  case  the  litrured  hours  aro  seen, 
And  heaven  tlid  this  transjjarent  veil  provide, 
Because  she  had  no  guilty  thought  to  hide, 

DllYDEN. 

Wherever  fountain  or  fresh  current  flowed, 
Against  the  eastern  ray,  irannlueent,  pure 
Witli  touch  letherial  of  heaven's  fiery  rod, 
I  dr.auk.  Milton. 

Tkaxspaeency.     See  Clearness. 

Transparent.     See  Translucent. 

Teiai,.     See  Test,  also  Attempt. 

Tribute.     See  Subsidy. 

Trouble.     See  Affliction. 

Trowsers,  Pantaloons. 

In  this  country  we  have  almost  laid  aside 
tho  original  word  trowsers,  applying  the  term 
only  to  the  loose  garment  of  sailors  or  laborers, 
and  using  pantaloons  in  all  other  cases.  Tho 
English  adhere  to  tho  old  term  in  respect 
equally  to  tho  dress  of  gentlemen  and  aU 
others,  making  much  less  use  than  we  do 
of  tho  word  pantaloons  in  this  connection. 

To  Try,  Attempt. 
To  iry  is  the  generic,  to  attempt  (from  ad 
and  iento,  to  grasp  at)  is  tho  specific  term. 
When  wo  try  wo  aro  usually  uncertain  as  to 
success;  when  wo  attempt,  we  have  always 
somo  defmite  object  in  view  which  we  seek  to 
accomplish.  Wo  may  be  indiflcrent  as  to  the 
result  of  a  trial,  but  we  rarely  attempt  any 
thing  without  a  desire  to  succeed. 

He  flrst  deceased,  she  for  a  little  tried 
To  live  without  him,  liked  it  not  and  dicxl. 

Wotto:;. 
I  am  alVaid  they  have  awaked. 
And  His  not  done;  tho  attempt  .and  not  the  deed 
Confounds  us.  Shakesi'Eake. 


rsE 


TABLE    OP    SYNOJfYilS. 


VB  S 


ULTnrATE. 
UilPLRE. 
UXBEUEF. 
UXBELIEVEE 


u. 

See  Fix.VL. 
See  Judge. 
See  Disbelief. 
,     See  IxFiDEL. 


UxcEKTAix.     See  Pkeoaeious. 

UxcoiTii.     See  Awkward. 
U>T)ERSTAXDixG.     See  Sejtse. 

UXDEK    OXE'S    SIGNATUKE,  &C.       See 

Over  oxe's  signatuee. 

Uxiox,  UxiTY. 
Union  is  the  act  of  bringing  two  or  more 
things  together  so  as  to  make  but  one.  Unity 
is  a  state  of  simple  OTiewss,  either  of  essence ; 
as,  the  unity  of  Grod :  or  of  action,  feeling,  &c. ; 
as,  unity  of  design,  of  affection,  &c.  Thus,  we 
may  speak  of  effecting  a  union  of  interests 
which  shall  result  in  a  perfect  unity  of  labor 
and  interest  in  securing  a  given  object. 
One  kingdom,  joy,  and  union  without  end. 

MlLTOS. 

Man  is  to  boict 
Like  of  his  like ;  l:is  iraa^c  multiplied 
In  ttnitfj  defective;  which  requires 
CoUatemi  love  and  dearest  amity.  Mfltox. 

To  UxiTE.     See  To  Add. 

UxiTY.     See  Uxiox. 
UxiYEKSAL.     See  Gen'eral. 

UxLESs,  Except. 
Except  and  an/ess  were  formerly  confounded ; 
as,  "  I  will  not  let  thee  go  exixpt  thou  bless 
me."  In  present  usage,  except  has  always  ref- 
erence to  some  general  fact,  rule,  ic,  of  which 
tlie  speaker  goes  on  to  stato  an  "  exception ;" 
as,  '•  none  can  enter  eoccept  by  permission."  Un- 
Uss  (Sax.  oniesan,  to  unlooso  or  set  aside)  has 
reference  to  some  result  as  aCl-ctcd  by  our 
takinj  away  or  seUiwj  aside  soaio  speciiiod 
t'ling ;  as,  "  unless  we  cat,  we  shall  di.- ;"  that 
is,  if  we  take  away  the  fact  or  supposition  of 
our  eating,  the  certain  result  is  death. 

UxiTE.     See  To  Add. 

UxxATi-KAL.     See  Factitious. 

UxTEUTU.     See  Lie. 

Usage,  Custoii. 

These  words,  as  here  compr.red,  agree  m  ex- 
pressing  the  idea  of  habitual  practice ;  but  a 
cu-s'om  is  not  necessarily  a  usaye. 

A  aiiiom  may  belong  to  many  or  to  a  single 
individiial  A  usaje  properly  belongs  to  the 
]  groat  body  of  a  people.  Hence  we  speak  of 
asaje,  not  of  custom,  as  the  law  of  language. 
Atrnin,  a  cu-stom  is  merely  that  which  has  been 
often  repeated,  so  as  to  have  become,  in  a  good 
degree,  estahlishecL  A  u-saye  must  be  both  often 
repeated  and  of  lonj  standmg.  Hence  we  speak 
of  a  "now  custom,"  but  not  of  a  "  now  usage." 
Thus,  also  the  "custom-^  of  pociety"  is  not  so 
strong  an  expression  a.stho  "  t^:;7gj3  of  society." 

Custom,  a  greater  power  than  nature,  seldom  fails 
to  make  them  worship.  Locee. 

Of  things  once  r^'ceircd  and  confirmed  bv  use,  long 
uwg6  is  a  law  sufficient.  IIookee. 

To  Use,  Ejiplot. 

iVe  'use  a  tljing,  or  ma';s  use  of  it,  when  wo 

derive  from  it  some  cnjuymoat  or  service.   T\  e 

employ  it  (from  Gr.,  ii  direct  to  some  object), 

when  wo  turn  thai  service  into  a  particular 

channel.   "Wc  ■!isi  \7o:i\n  to  express  our  gcnend 

meaning ;  wo  emphy  certain  technical  terms  in 

I  reference  to  a  givc:i  subject.     To  make  use  of, 

I  implies  a  kind  of  pa.ssivo  agency ;  a.',  to  malx 

\  use  of  a  pea ;  and  henco  there  is  often  a  mate- 


rial difference  between  the  two  words  when 
applied  to  persons.     To  speak  of  "  vmkinj  use 
of  another'  generally  implies  a  degrading  idea, 
as  if  we  had  used  hiua  as  a  tool ;  while  employ 
has  no  such  sense.     A  confidential  friend  is 
emjyioyed  to  negotiate ;    an  mferior  agent  is 
made  tiss  of  to  carry  on  an  intrigue. 
I  would,  my  son,  tliat  tbon  would'st  use  the  power 
Whicli  illy  discretion  frives  thee,  to  control 
And  ni.in,i5t*  .-ill.  Cowpee, 

To  study  iii'.tiirc  will  thy  time  employ ; 
Knowledge  and  innocence  are  perfect  joy, 

Dkyden. 

Usefulness.     See  Utility. 

UsELEs,?,  Fp.uitless,  Ineffectital. 

We  speak  of  an  attempt,  &o.,  as  useless  (not 
capable  of  being  used  to  efiect)  when  there  are 
in  it  inherent  difficulties  which  forbid  the  liope 
of  success :  as,  it  is  useless  to  contend  against 
tlio  decisions  of  Providence.  We  speak  of  it  as 
fruitless  v.'hen  it  fails,  not  from  any  such  diffi- 
culties, but  from  some  unexpected  hinderance 
or  calamity  arising  to  frustrate  it ;  as,  the  de- 
sign was  rendered  fruitless  by  the  death  of  its 
projector.  It  is  ziselcss  to  attempt  any  thing 
v."ithout  adequate  means  ;  and  even  when  wo 
do  possess  them,  our  efforts  are  often  fruitless. 
Ineffi-'ctual  nearly  resembles /ri«'(fe«s,  but  implies 
a  failuroof  aless  hopeless  character;  as,  "after 
several  ineffectual  efforts,  I  at  last  succeeded." 
Useless  are  all  words 

Till  you  have  writ  performance  with  your  swords. 
Ceaumont  and  Fletcher. 

All  searches  into  antiquity,  in  relation  to  this  con- 
troversy, are  either  needless  or  fruitless. 

AVATERL.\Nn. 

Even  our  blessed  Saviour's  preaching,  who  spake  as 
never  man  spake,  was  iuejfecttuil  to  many. 

Stillingfleet. 

Utility,  Usefulness. 
Usefulness  is  Saxon,  and  utilHy  is  latin ;  and 
hence  the  former  is  used  chicfij' of  things  in  the 
concrete,  while  the  latter  is  employed  more  in  a 
general  and  abstract  sense.  Tlius  we  speak  of 
the  utility  of  an  invention,  and  the  usefulness 
of  tlie  thing  invented  ;  of  the  utilitrj  of  an  insti- 
tution, and  the  usefulness  of  an  mdividual.  So 
'■  beauty  and  utility"  (not  usefulness)  are  brought 
info  comparison.  StiU,  tlio  words  are,  in  many 
cases,  used  interchangeably. 

To  Uttek.     See  To  Deliveh. 


YACArrr,  Empty, 
A  thing  is  crnply  v.-hen  there  is  nothing  in  it ; 
as,  an  empty  room  or  an  empty  noddle.  Vai:ani 
adds  the  idea  of  a  tiling's  having  been  previ- 
ously filled  or  intended  to  be  filled  or  occupied ; 
as,  a  vacant  seat  at  the  table ;  a  vacant  space 
betvs-ecn  houses,  vacant  hours,  kc.  When  wo 
speak  of  a  vacant  look  or  a  va'ymt  mind,  we 
imply  that  the  thought  naturally  to  bo  ex- 
pected, has  vacated  its  proper  place  or  office. 

Cold  is  the  hearth  within  their  bowers. 

And  shoidd  we  tiiither  roam  ; 

Its  cclioes  and  its  empty  tread 

"Would  sound  like  voices  from  the  dead. 

T.  Campbell. 
Tho  watch  dog's  voice  that  bayed  the  whispering 

wind, 
.\nd  the  loud  laugh  that  spoko  tho  vacant  mind. 

To  Vacillate.  See  To  Fluctuate. 
Valop..  See  Courage,  also  Heroism. 
V.AXiTT.  Sea  Egotis.m,  also  Pride. 
'tTo-'VAXQuisH.  See  To  Coxquee. 
Variety,  Diversity. 
.n.  man  h.as  a  variety  of  employments  (from 
varius,  manifold)  when  he  does  many  things 
which  arc  not  a  mere  repetition  of  tho  eamc 


act;  he  has  a  diversify  of  employments  (from 
diversus,  turned  in  different  directions)  when 
the  several  acts  performed  are  unlike  each 
other,  i.  e.,  diverse.  In  most  cases,  where  there 
is  variety  there  will  be  more  or  less  of  di- 
versity, but  not  always.  One  who  sells  rail- 
road tickets  performs  a  great  variety  of  acta  in 
a  day,  while  there  is  but  little  diversity  in  his 
employment. 

All  sorts  are  here  that  all  the  earth  yields ; 

Variety  without  end.  MlLIOS. 

But  see  in  all  corporeal  nature's  scene. 

What  changes,  what  diverttitics  have  been ! 

Clackmo&e. 

Vexal,  Mercexap.y. 
One  is  mercenary  (from  mxrces,  a  reward) 
who  is  either  actually  a  hireling ;  as,  mercenary 
soldiers,  a  mercenary  judge,  &c.,  or  is  governed 
by  a  sordid  lovo  of  gain :  hence,  we  speak  of 
mercenary  motives,  a  mercenary  marriage,  &c. 
Venal  (from  venalis,  up  for  sale)  goes  further, 
and  supposes  either  an  actual  purdutse  or  a 
readiness  to  be  purchased,  which  places  a  per- 
son or  thing  wholly  in  the  power  of  the  pur- 
chaser; as,  a  venal  press.  Brissot  played  in- 
geniously on  the  latter  word  in  his  celebrated 
saj-ing,  "  ily  pen  is  venal  that  it  may  not  be  Tner- 
cenary,"  meaning  that  he  wrote  books  and  sold 
them  to  the  publishers,  in  order  to  avoid  the  ne- 
cessity of  being  the  hireling  of  any  pohtica!  party. 
Thus  needy  wits  a  vile  revenue  made. 
And  verse  became  a  mercenary  trade. 

Devdes. 
This  vcr.'ic  bo  thine,  my  friend,  nor  thou  refuse 
This,  from  no  "venal  or  ungrateful  muse.      Porz. 

Vexeea-hox.    See  Awe. 
Vexom.    See  Poisox. 

Vest,  Waistcoat. 
In  England,  the  original  word  waistcoat  is 
always  used  for  the  garment  worn  immediately 
under  a  coat;  in  this  country,  vest  (from  tho 
Freneh)  has  been  univers.illy  substituted,  while 
vjaistcoat  is  more  generally  used  for  an  under 
garment,  as  "  a  flannel  icaistcoaL" 
Over  his  luci  1  arms 
A  military  re-^t  of  purple  flowed 
Livelier  than  Meliboian.  MlLTos. 

'Twas  a  sad  sight  before  they  marched  from  homo 
To  see  our  warriors  in  red  tcdi-'^tcoat-i  come. 
With  hair  tucked  up  into  our  tiring  room. 

Mabeiage  a  la  hods. 

Vestibule,  Hall,  Passage. 

A  vestibule  (from  vcstis,  a  garment)  means 
literally  a  chal:-room,  and  hence,  a  small  apart- 
ment within  the  doors  of  a  building.  ffaU  is 
the  first  large  apartment  beyond  the  vestibule, 
and,  in  this  country,  is  usually  long  and  nar- 
row, serving  as  a  passage  to  the  several  apart- 
ments. In  England,  tho  hall  is  gencndly 
square  or  oblong,  and  a  long,  narrow  space  of 
entrance  is  called  a  piassage,  not  a  hall,  as  in 
America.  In  a  figurative  sense  vestibule  de- 
notes the  place  of  entrance ;  while  hall  is  used 
for  any  largo  room,  and  often  in  the  plural 
for  any  large  budding. 

The  citizens  of  Rome  placed  tho  Images  of  their  an- 
cestors in  the  veaiilfuies  of  their  houses. 

BoLINGDnOKE. 

That  lig'ut  we  see  is  bnming  in  my  hall. 

SUAKESrEARE. 

Vestige,  Trace. 

These  words  agree  in  raarkmg  somo  indica- 
tions of  the  past  •"  but  diflcr  to  somo  extent  in 
their  use  and  application. 

Vestige  is  from  vestigium,  a  foot-print;  but 
is  now  used  only  in  a  figurative  sense,  as  de- 
noting the  remains  of  something  long  passed; 
as,  the  vestiges  of  ancient  times,  vestiges  of  the 
creation.  A  ti'ace  (from  tracJo,  to  draw)  is  liter- 
ally something  drav.-u  oat  in  a  line ;  and  may 

"1463 


WAT 


TABLE    OF    SYNONYMS. 


TOU 


be  used  in  this,  its  primary  sense,  or  figura- 
tively to  denote  tliat  wliich  leada  us  to  tlie 
knowledge  of  something  else  wo  are  seekinjr. 
Vestige  is,  therefore,  tlic  stronger  terin,  and  al- 
ways supposes  sonic  definite  object  of  the  past 
to  bo  left  behind ;  wliilo  a  trace  is  a  niero  ni- 
dication  that  something  has  been  present  or  is 
present ;  as,  traces  of  former  population,  a  trace 
of  poison  in  a  given  sulistance. 

To  Vex.     See  To  Tease. 

Vexatiox.     See  Chagrin. 

YiuE.     See  Crime. 

Vicinity.     See  Neigiiroriiood. 

Vile.     See  Base. 
Village,  Hamlet,  Town,  City. 
In  England,  a  hainlet  {lit.,  a  little  home  or 
confined  plaee)  denotes  a  collection  of  houses 
too  small  to  iiave  a  parish  church.     A  vilia^f 
has  a  churcli.  bat  no  market.   A  town  has  both 
a  market  and  a  church  or  churches.    A  city  i^. 
in  the  legal  sense,   an  incorporated  borough 
town,  which  is  or  has  been  the  place  of  a 
bishop's  see.     It  is  hardly  necessary  to  say 
that  the  last  three  words  have  a  different  ac- 
ceptation in  our  countTy. 
Those  were  thy  charms,  sweet  tillage  I  sports  liko 

these, 
"With  sweet  succession,  taught  e'en  toil  to  i.loa?i-. 

Goldsmith. 
Pnmotimo^  with  secure  delight 
The  u|il;inil  luiiiUcUi  will  invite.      Milton-. 
The  policv  of  Europe  has  hocn  more  favor.ibli-  to 
the  industry  of  towne,  than  to  agriculture,  the  indus- 
try ot'thc  country.  Smith. 

A  rit'i  is  a  town  incorporated,  which  is  or  has  t.ccn 
these.-'of  a  l>isbop;  and  though  the  bishopric  hath 
been  dissolved,  na  at  Westminster,  it  yet  rcmainctli  a 
(.,-(j,_  Blackstone. 

To  Vindicate.     See  To  Assert. 
Visionary.     Sec  Fanciful. 
Vivacity.     See  Liveliness. 
Volaitlity.     See  Levity. 

Volition,  Choice. 

Choice  is  Saxon,  and  volition  Latin.  The 
former  is  tlie  familiar,  and  the  latter  the  scien- 
tific term  fir  the  same  state  of  the  will,  viz., 
an  "elective  pref.Tence."  When  we  have 
"made  up  our  minds"  (as  wo  say)  to  a  thing, 
1  i.  c.,  have  a  settled  state  of  choice  respecting 
it,  that  state  is  called  an  iinmanent  volition ; 
when  we  put  forth  any  particular  act  of 
choice,  that  act  is  called  an  emanent,  or  exe- 
cutive, or  imperative  volition.  When  an  "  im- 
manent" or  settled  state  of  choice  is  one  which 
controls  or  governs  a  scries  of  .actions,  wo  call 
that  state  a  predominant  voUtion;  while  wc 
give  the  name  of  subordinate  volitions  to  those 
particular  acts  of  choice  which  carry  into  effect 
the  object  sought  for  by  the  governing  or 
"predominant  volition." 

Voluntary.     See  Spontaneous. 
Waistcoat.     See  Vest. 
Want.     See  Indigence. 
Warlike.     See  Martial. 
Wary.    See  Cautious. 
To  Waver.     See  To  Fluctt-ate. 
Way,  Strei-t,  Highway,  Ro.\d. 
Way  is  generic,  denoting  any  lino  for  pas- 
sage or  conveyance;  a  highway  is  literally  one 
raked  for  the  sake  of  dryness  and  convenience 
in  traveling ;  a  road  (from  ride)  is  strictly  a 
way  fiir  horses  and  carriages;  a  stre^^  (Latin, 
via"l,iiiidibus  strata)  i?,  ctymologically,  a  paved 
way,  as  early  made  in  towns  and  cities,  and 
hence  the  word  is  distinctively  applied  to  roads 
or  highways  in  compact  settlements, 

"  1454  — — 


All  keep  the  broad  highicay,  and  take  delight 
With  many  rather  for  to  go  astray.  bPESSER. 

There  is  but  one  road  by  which  to  climb  up. 

Addison. 
■When  night 
Darkens  the  «<rf<!(«,  then  wander  lortli  the  sons 
Of  Belial,  flown  with  insolence  and  wine. 

Wearisome.     See  Irksome. 

To  Weary.     See  To  Jade. 

Wet.     See  Nasty. 

Where.     Sec  Whither. 

Whim,  Freak. 

These  words  are  here  comp.ircd  in  respect  to 
variable  states  of  mind. 

K  freak  is  literally  a  sudden  start  or  change 
of  place,  and  hence  denotes  some  particular  act 
which  is  hasty  or  fanciful,  perhap.?  humorous  or 
childish;  a  whim  is  dictated  by  caprice,  and 
usuallv  implies  a  state  of  mind  more  eccentric 
than  childish.  The  young  are  apt  to  have  tlieir 
/'rert*5,andtheoldtoinili!lgcthemsclvesin!o7u'niJ. 
Wliere  mirth's  light  freaks  the  unheeded  hours  be- 
guile, „ 
And  airs  of  rapture  warble  on  the  pale.      Beattie. 

Jle  learned  hiswHiii'and  lii^h-flown  notions  too. 

Such  as  fine  men  adopt,  and  .Ine  men  rue. 

niUTE. 

Whimsical.     Sec  Qi-aint. 
To  Whiten.     See  To  Blanch. 

Whither,  Where. 

Whither  is  now  to  a  great  cxtc.it  obsolete, 

xcept  in  poetry,  or  in  compositions  of  a  pr.aye 

and  serious  character.     Where  has   taken   its 

place,   as  in   the  question,  "  Where  are  yon 

going  ?"  &c. 

Whole,  Entire,  Total,  Complete. 
When  wo  use  the  word  whole,  we  refer  to  a 
thino'  as  made  up  of  parts,  none  of  which  .ire 
wanting ;  as,  a  lohole  week,  a  luhole  year,  the 
whole  creation.  When  wo  use  the  word  total 
(from  L.  lotus)  we  have  reference  to  all  as 
taken  together,  and  forming  a  single  ioiality  ; 
as,  the  total  amount,  the  total  income.  When 
we  speak  of  a  thing  as  entire  (from  L.  integer, 
untouched  or  unbroken)  we  have  no  reference 
to  parts  at  all,  but  regard  the  thing  as  an  in- 
teger, i.  e.,  continuous  or  unbroken;  as,  an 
entire  year,  entire  prosperity.  When  we  speak 
of  a  thing  as  complete  (from  com  and  pleo,  to 
fill  out)  there  is  reference  to  some  progress 
which  results  in  a  Jilting  out  to  some  end  or 
object,  or  in  other  words  absolute  fullness ;  as, 
complete  success,  a  complete  victory. 
All  the  whole  army  stood  agazed  at  liim. 

tillAKESPEAKE. 

Lest  total  darkness  should  by  niaht  regain 

llcr  old  possession  and  extinguish  Iifi-.      Mli.Tort. 

One  entire  and  perfect  chrysolite.  Suakkspeaiie. 

So  absolute  she  seems, 
And  in  hcTse\{  complete.  Milton. 

Wicked,     See  Iniquitous. 

Wily.     See  Cunning. 
To  Win.     See  To  Gain, 

Wisdom,  Prudence. 
Wisdom  has  been  defined  to  be  "  the  use  of 
the  best  means  for  attaining  the  best  ends," 
and  in  Uiis  sense  implies  the  union  of  high 
mental  and  moral  excellence.  Prudaice  is  of 
a  more  negative  character;  it  rather  consist.-) 
m  avoiding  danger  than  in  taking  decisive 
measures  for  the  accomplishment  of  an  object. 
Sir  Robert  Walpolo  was  in  many  respects  a 
prudent  statesman,  but  ho  was  far  from  being 
a  wise  one.  Burko  has  remarked  that  pru- 
dence, when  carried  too  far,  degenerates  into  a 
"  reptile  virtue,"  which  is  the  more  dangerous 
for  the  plausible  appearance  it  wears. 


Wit,  Humor. 

Wit  (Saxon,  witian,  to  know)  formerly  meant 
genius,  and  now  denotes  the  power  of  s(i?ing 
on  some  thought  or  occurrence,  and,  by  a  sud- 
den turn,  presenting  it  under  aspects  wholly 
new  and  unexpected — apparently  natural  .-.:Mi 
admissible,  if  not  perfectly  just,  and  bearing  on 
the  subject,  or  the  parties  concerned,  vM\  a 
laughable  keenness  and  force.  "What I  want, ■' 
said  a  pompous  orator,  aiming  at  his  antagonist. 
"  is  common  sense."  "  Exactly .'"  was  the  whis- 
pered reply.  The  pleasure  we  find  in  mi 
arises  from  the  ingenuity  of  the  turn,  tlic  sud- 
den surprise  it  liring.s,  and  the  patncss  of  it,' 
application  to  the  case,  in  the  new  and  ludi- 
crous relations  thus  flashed  upon  the  viiw. 
Humor  is  a  quality  more  congenial  than  wit 
to  the  English  mind.  It  consists  primarily  in 
taking  up  tho  peculiarities  of  a  humorist  (a 
class  of  persons  in  which  England  abound,';), ' 
and  drawing  them  out,  as  Addison  did  those 
of  Sir  Roger  dc  Coverley,  so  that  we  enjoy  a 
hearty,  good-natured  laugli  at  the  unconscious 
development  ho  makes  of  his  whims  and  oiUli- 
ties.  From  this  oriirinal  sense  the  term  has 
been  widened  to  embrace  other  sources  of 
kindly  mirth  of  the  same  general  character.  In 
a  welUknown  caricature  upon  English  reserve, , 
an  O.-cford  student  is  represented  as  standing 
on  tho  brink  of  a  river,  greatly  agitated  at  the 
sight  of  a  drowning  man  before  him,  and  crying 
out,  "Oh,  that  I  had  been  introduced  \o  this 
gentleman,  that  I  might  save  his  life  I"  The 
Silent  Woman  of  Ben  Jonson  is  the  most  hu- 
morous production,  in  tho  original  sense  of  tho 
term,  which  we  have  in  our  language. 
Wonderful,  See  JIarvelous. 
Word.  Sec  Term. 
Would  Seem.  See  Seem. 
Wrangle.  Sea  Altercation. 
Wrath.     See  Anger. 

Y. 

Tet.     See  However. 

Yielding,  Obsequious,  Attentive. 

In  many  cases  a  man  may  bo  attentive  or 
yielding  in  a  high  degree  without  any  sacrilicc 
of  his  dignit}';  but  ho  who  is  obsequious  seeks 
to  curry  favor  by  excessive  and  mean  compli- 
ances for  some  selfish  end. 

I'm  never  merry  when  I  hear  sweet  music: 
— Tho  rcasou  is,  your  spirits  are  attentive. 

EnAKESPEABS. 

Life  is  but  air 
That  yieMf  n  passage  to  tho  whistling  sword, 
ADd  closes  when  'tis  gone.  Dp.yden. 

Let  neither 
Too  much  nh-^equiou-'ine.'iNiQarh  them  insnirney. 
Nor  any  ill-usage  brand  us  with  iutivility.  Shiui.et. 

Youthful,  Puerile,  Juvenile. 

Puerile  (from  puer,  a  hoy)  is  alw.ays  upcd  in 
a  bad  sense,  or  at  lea-t  in  the  sense  of  what  is 
suitable  to  a  boy  only  ;  as,  puerile  objection,';. 
puerile  amusements,  &c.  Juvenile  {(rom  juvenis. 
a  youth)  is  sometimes  taken  in  a  bad  sense- 
(though  less  strong  than  puerile),  as  whci; 
speaking  of  youth  in  contrast  t\  ith  manhood ; 
a.s.jia'ettite  tricks,  a.;ut'en!fe  performance.  Yculh- 
fal  is  commonly  employed  in  .a,  good  sense ;  as, 
youthful  aspirations,  or  at  least  by  way  of  ex- 
tenuating, as  youihful  indiserctions. 

Some  men,  imagining  themselves  possessed  w-ith  a 
divine  fury,  often'fall  into  toys  and  trifles,  which  are 
only  p'lerililirs.  Duydes. 

Raw  jrn-enile  writers  imagine  that,  by  pouring 
fortli  figiM-'s  often,  they  render  their  coInI^o^it^^Pll.-- 
warm  iitid  animated.  Rl.mh. 

In  his  years  were  seen, 
\       A  yonVifiil  vigor  and  autumnal  green.  Dp.vdcn. 


A.pp]E]srr>ix. 


ABS 


ACL 


ACT! 


A. 

AA'RON'S-EoP,  v.  In  arch.y  a  rod  with  one  ser- 
pent twiDed  around  it,  instead  of  two  as  in  that  of 
Mercury.  Wcalc. 

XB'A-€A,  71.  [ndd.]  Knmc  in  the  Pliilippinc  ishnds 
for  what  is  (.mHi'cI  Manilla  hcnm,  boinfr  the  libt-r  of 
a  kind  of  plantain.  (Jlnsa  tiXtiii.t).     !SimmondH. 

A-BXI'SKIv,  77.  A  term  applied  to  ivory  black  or 
animal  chaicoal.  Simniond^. 

A-BAN^DOK  Ca-ban'don^),  n.  [Fr.]  A  complete  frlv- 
in^  np ;  hence  used  sometimes  to  denote  an  utter 
disre^'nrd  of  self  arisini;  from  absorption  iu  some 
favorite  object*  or  cniotinn,  and  .sometimes  a  disre- 
gard of  appearances,  producing  cither  careless  negli- 
pence  or  unstudied  ease  of  manner.    C.  Kingsley. 

A-R.\N<J'GA,  71.  Fruit  of  a  kind  of  palm  tree  whose 
seeds  have  been  thought  useful  iu  diseases  of  the 
chest.  iJunylison, 

AB'A-TTZ£'D,  a.    Provided  with  an  abatis. 

QuKi't.  Rei). 

An'BKT-LAND,  v.  An  cst.alo  dependent  on  an 
al)bcy. 

AB'DI-eANT,  71.     One  who  abdicates. 

AB-n0M-IN-O,S'€O-ry,  n,  [L.  ahdomcn,  and  Or. 
(TKOTrti.),  to  examine.] 

Examination  of  the  abdomen  in  order  to  detect 
disease. 

A-BKAM',  adv.  In  i^avt  hni.,  on  tho  beam,  i.  a,  at 
right  anfjjes  to  the  ship's  keel. 

A-BK-Cl£-DA'liI-AN,  a.  —  At>ffccdarian  jwr;7H?«, 
those  (liku  tho  ]19th)  in  which  distinct  portion;} 
liave  the  verses  commence  with  eucccssivo  letters 
of  the  Hebrew  alphabet. 

AB-Er/R.\NT,  a.     [I.,  ahcrraiia,  wandorinff.] 

In  ii'it.  hist,  a  term  applied  to  plants,  anim.als, 
itc-,  which  de\iato  widely  from  tho  type  of  tho 
natural  irronp  tn  which  they  belong.       McLani. 

A-BEy'.\NT  (a-bfi'ant),  a.  'in  a  state  of  abeyance 
or  suspension. 

AB-I-ET'I€,  n.    fL.  nlU^,  the  fir  tree] 

BelondUL;  to  the  fir  tree  or  il»  products.    Craig, 

AB'I-GAIL(^-i;aI),  n.    A  lady's  waiting  maid. 

IK  rrrvuj. 

AB-LT-GU-IU"TION  (-rish'nn),  «.  [L.]  Prudi^al 
expen.se  upon  food.  JoJinmn. 

AB-LtJ'TION-A-KY,  a.  Tertaininj;  to  ablution  or 
washing. 

XB'NE-GA-TiVE,(7.  Noting  rejection  or  sclf-deni.il. 

AB-N(5R'MAL,  a.  [add.]  Contrary  to  a  recognized 
mode  of  structure  or  development^  or  to  any  law  or 
system  in  nature.  Tritu  h 

AB-0-Lt''TlON-IZE,  r.  t.  To  imbuo  with  aboH- 
tionism. 

A-B5rv'TIENT,  a.  [L.]    Iu  .'^a^.,  sterilo  ;  barren. 
,     .  Ogilvic. 

A-BOUT'-SLEDGE,  n.  The  largest  hammer  u.sed 
by  smiths.  Wtule. 

AB-RAUM',  a.  A  red  ocher  used  to  darken  maliogany. 

iSh/inionds.' 

A-BRAX'AS,  V.  A  mj-stical  word  engraved  (.-some- 
times with  pictures)  on  gems  among  the  ancients; 
a  ireni  or  stone  thus  eucraved.  Heync 

AB'SLNTIIE.  «.  [Er.]  A  cordial  of  brandr  ftavored 
with  wormwood.  Shnmond.'i. 

AB-SO-LUT-IST'ie  a.     Pertaining  to  ab,.o]utism. 

AB-S5UB'ENT,  «.  [subs.]  In  an  oro'iuir  heintf.  a 
medium  or  airent  in  absorption,  wlicther  external 
or  internal :  such  are  the  lacteals  and  other  parls  in 
Ihe  human  body,  tho  extremities  of  the  roots  of 
plants,  &c.  Carnenter. 

AB-SORP-TlVa-TT,  n.  The  pr'^ver  or  capacity  of 
absorption.  I)an\(. 

AB-STAIN'ER,  n.  One  who  abstains  ;  a  tec-totnler. 


A-BtT'NA,  n.    The  head  of  the  Abyjsinian  Church. 

Encyc.  Am. 

A-Bt$'A-BLE,  a.    Capable  of  being  abused. 

A-BUT^TEU,  n.    He  or  that  whicli  abuts. 

A-Iit^S'.'^AL,  (I.  Of  or  beloutrini;  to  the  abyss.— Tho 
nlnjssal  zone,  in  zoolocical  geography,  is  one  of  the 
belts  or  zones  into  which  Sir  E^  Forbes  divides  tho 
bottom  of  the  6ea  in  describing  its  plants,  animals, 
&c.  It  is  the  one  furthest  from  tho  ^hore,  embracing 
alljjoyond  one  hundred  fathoms  deep.   £.  Forbes. 

A-€A'DI-A,  n.     The  old  French  name  for  Nova 
I     trcotia. 

A-GA'DI-AN,  a.  Belonging  to  Acadia.    LovdfeJlow. 

AC'A-JOIT,  n.  The  cashcw-uut  tree  ;  also  a  French 
name  of  mahogany.  Simmonds. 

AC-A-LKTIIOID,  a.    [Gr.   amXri^ti,  tho  nettle  or 
jelly  lit>li,  and  titfo?.  form.] 
Ijesi-mbling  the  Medusa!  or  jelly  fishes.  Dana. 

A-€AL'Y-C;iNE,  a.    [Gr.  a  priv.  and  waAyf,  a  calyx.] 
Without  a  calyx  or  llowcr  cup. 

A-CAN'TIIO.     [From  Gr.  aKavOa,  n  spiny  plant.] 
Aj)refixden()tim:73ru'/i:^,orl:avingsp'ines.  i)(-mf7. 

A-€AN-TIIOPH'ER-OUS,  a.    [Gr.  aKG.vOa,  a  spine, 
an<l  ^epcj,  to  bear.] 
Having  or  producing  spines  or  prickles. 

Wells'  Annnal. 

A-CAU-LES'CENT,  a.  [L.  a  priv.and  <wf//s,  astern.] 
\\\  &o/.,  seeming  to  be  without  a  stem,  as  where 
the  stem  isshortnnd  hid  under  ground.  -1.  Gray. 

AC-CEL-EE-A'TOR,  ??.  That  which  accelerates ;  a 
light  van  for  carrying  mails  between  thopcst-oOico 
and  railway  stations,  &c.     \_Eng^ 

A€-€LA-MA'TION.  t\.  [add.]  A  choice  or  voto 
vivavocG;  as,  passed  by  acclainailon. 

AC-eLT-MA-Tl-ZA'TION.  n.  Act  of  Jmiring  to  ft 
climate. 

A€-€OM-M0-DA'TION,  «.  [add.]  An  accommo- 
dation note,  bill,  itc.,  is  one  drawn  or  accepted  as 
a  means  of  enabling  a  person  to  raise  money  ;  and 
not  in  payment  of  a  debt.  Craig. 

AC-<^OU.CnEUSE'  (a-koo-shcuzcO,  «■.  [Fr.]  A 
midwife.  ^  Dininlison. 

AC-COUNT^-efR'RENT,  n.  A  statement  of  ac- 
counts or  bill  of  partienlar.5  rendered  by  one  party 
to  another,  showing  the  pccuni.iry  transactions  be'- 
tween  them.  '  jSimwnnds. 

At'-€RES'CENCE,  n.  A  growing  together;  in- 
crease ;  accretion. 

A-CEN'TEI€,  a.    [Gr.  a  priv.  and  Kivrpov,  center.] 
Out  of  the  center.  Wright. 

A-CEPII'A-LO-CYST,  v.  [Gr.  a  priv.  and  kc^oAjJ, 
head,  and  Kiitrri?,  bladder.] 

A  bydatiform  vesicle,  without  head  or  visible 
organs,  ranked  among  tho  eutuzoa,  though  posscs- 
.'inir  few  animated  characteristics.        Dungliaon. 

A-CEP/RA,  «.  [aild.]  An  altar,  near  dead  bodies,  on 
which  iucenso  was  burnt  by  tho  ancients  till  burial. 

Foshi-oke. 

AC-ER-YATIOX, -?(.  A  heaping  up;  aheap.  Craig. 

AC-i:-TAB-r-LlF^ER-OUS.  a.  [L.  acctahuhim,  a 
little  cup,  and. /</■<>,  to  bear.] 

Furnished  with  tlcihy  cups  for  adhering  to  bod- 
ies, as  cuttle-fish.  Ac.  Dana. 

AC-E-TA-BU'LI-FOKM,  a.  [L.  aceUihnhnn.  a  cup.] 
In  hot.^  pbaped  like  a  cup  or  saucer.         Craig. 

AC-E-Tl^M'E-TEPv.  Often  used  for  wce^twder;  also 
tu'ciiinictry  and  addimctry,  for  acetimetry. 

A-ClN'A-CKS.  V.  [L.]  A  short  straiglit  sword  or 
daggcT,  worn  on  tho  right  side  by  the  Medes,  Per- 
sians, <te.  iSniith'lit  Dirt.  Antiq. 

A-CLTN'I€.  a.     [Gr.  o  priv.  and  /.-Amu,  to  incline] 
Without  inclination.    1\\o-  aclinic  line  i.s  a  line 
near  the  earth's  equator  on  whicli  the  magnetic 
needle  is  exactly  horizontal  and  has  no  dip  ;  called 
also  tlic  magnetic  equator.  August 


A-€5CK'-B7LI.  State  of  an  anchor  wlicn  lianging 
at  the  cat-head  rea<ly  for  letting  go.  Totten. 

At;'0-LYTK,  77.     [Gr.  dxdAoi'f^o^.  an  attendant.] 

In  the  early  r//«''(.7;,  an  inferior  olficer  who  at- 
tended or  waited  on  the  bishop. 
2.  In  astro-;:.,  an  attendant  or  companion  star. 

A-€OU'ME-TER,  n.  [Gr.  cucoiiu,  to  hear,  and  /^c- 
xpoi',  measure]. 

An    instrument   for  measuring   the  extent   or 

_  delicacy ,of  hearing.  Dinigliaon. 

A'GUE-AGE  (ii'kcr-aje),  n.  Acres  taken  collec- 
tively, or  amount  of  acres;  as,  the  acreage  of  Great 
Britain.  Wade. 

A-CRID'I-TY,^?.  Statoofbeingncrid  or  sharp.  Craig. 

A-CRiT'I€-AL,  rt.  Having  no  crisis,  ns  some  dis- 
(M-ses."  Dunglison. 

A€'RO-BAT,  n.  [Gr.  a<cpo9,  on  high,  and  jSmi  lo,  to  go.] 
One  who  practices  rope-dancing,  high  vaulting,  ic. 

M<n/hf7c. 

A€-PvO-BAT'I€,  a.  Pertaining  to  an  acrobat  or 
rope-dancer. 

XCTvO-6eN,  «.  [subs.]  A  plant  of  the  hipb.cst 
tribe  of  Cryptogams,  including  the  Ferns,  Arc. — 
The  Age  of  Acrogeini,  in  gcoL,  was  the  ace  of  ro:d 
idants,  or  the  Carbonifcrttus  era  ;  when  the  Siirilla- 
ria,  Lc])idodcndr;i.  Cahiiuitcs,  Ferns,  ite.,  were  the 
charaeterislic  ve;:ret;ition  of  the  globe.         Dana. 

A-CRilG'EN-OUa';  a.  [Gr.  a«pos,  at  tho  toj.,  and 
•yii'o/^ai,  to  rise  or  increase] 

In  hot.,  noting  growth  from  tho  extremity;   as 
an  acroge7ioufi  plant.  A.  Gray. 

A-€EO'MI-AL,  a.  In  anat.,  pertaining  to  the  acro-r 
mion.  Dungli.ton. 

A€-TIN'I€,  a.    Pertaining  to  actinism.     I)ra}>er. 

j\€'TIN-I$M,  n.     [Gr.  aKriv,  n  ray.] 

That  power  in  the  sun's  rays  by  which  chemical 
changes  are  produced,  as  in  daguerreotyping,  tVc. 

Ae-TT'NO-CIlEM'IS-TEV,  n.    Chemistry  in7ts're- 

lations  to  actinism.  Drajxr. 

A€-TiN'0-GEAPir,  n.  [Gr.  dKnV,  aray,  and  vp«<f>(i', 

to  describe.] 

An  instrument  for  measuring  and  recording  the 

^  ff  ("?;'» /cor  clUMuical  force  of  the  solar  ray.     Kichol. 

ACTIN-OID,  (/.     [Gr.  aKriv,  a  ray.  and  elSos,  form.] 

Ilavins:;  tin*  f"iin  of  rays;  r.-idiatcd. 
A€-TIN-OM'E.Tr:n,    7?.     [subs.]      An   instrument 
for  measuring   the  intensity  of  the  sun's  actinic 
rays.  Nichol. 

AC-TIN-0-MET'EIC,  a.   Belonging  to  the  mcasnic- 

inent  of  actinic  force  or  influence.  Dana. 

AC-TIN-OPIFO-ROUS,  a.      Having  straight  pro- 

jectintj  spines. 
AC'TION-SfeR'MON,   n.     A  sermon  preached  im- 
mediately before  the  communion  Bervicc  in  Scot- 
land. _  MvOifyne. 
A€'TI0N~TAK'1NG,  fi.  Bringing  lawsuits.  S'hal: 
AC-TON,  •».     A   quilted  leathcr'^jacket  often  worn 

under  a  coat  of  mail.  Wright. 

A€T-r-AL-I-ZA'TION,     «.      A  making  actual  or 

really  existent. 
A-CtT'LE-O-LATE,  a.     [L.  aculeu.^  a  prickle.] 
In  hot.,  liaving  small  prickles  or  6hari>  points. 
_  A.  Grau. 

A-CU'MI-NATE,  v.  t.    To  make  sharp  or  keen  ;  a^3, 

toa,cumi7iate  the  temper.  Co^cper. 

A-€TJ/MI-NATE,  v.  i.    To  Tisc  like  a  cone  to  a  sharp 

point.  Milton. 

A-Ct'T-XNG'GU-LAE,   a.     Having  an  acute  angle. 

Wright. 
A-er-TI-FO'LT-ATE,  a.      [L.  acxUuSy  sharp,  and 
folium,  a  leaf.] 
In  hot.y  having  sh.arp  pointed  leave?.    A.  Gray. 
A-€lT-TI-LO'BATE,  a.    [L.  acutus,  sharp,  and  lo- 
hi(K,  a  lobe] 
In  hot.y  having  acute  lobes  like  some  leaves. 

A.  Gray. 


A,  t;, 


^Q...    hmg.—A,    K,    &e,    nhovt.— 
DOVE,    WOLF,   BOOK;    Et?L 


CArE.    FAR.   LAST.    FALL,    WHAT;   THfiRE,    TfeEM;    MARINE,    BIRD; 
E,   BTjLL;   VI"CI0U3.-e   as   K ;    G   as   J ;    $    ns   Z ;    CH   as    SlI  ;    THIS. 


MoTi; 


1456 


t  -iS^c  Table  of  Syiionymg, 


APT 

A-D.V(jI-AL^  a.      Fert^uning  to  tho  adage ;    pro- 
verbial. Orat'i/. 
Al)-A-iL\NT'OID.  n,     [Gr.  iSa/ic?,  (Uamomi,  ami 
tlSot,  form.] 

A  Ibmi  oi'  crystal  bounded  by  43  equal  triaujlcs 

occurrinil  ia  tho  diamond;  a  heioctalicdroii.  Dana. 

A-DAPT'IVE,  a.    Suited  or  tending  to  fidaptation. 

[Rare.] 
A-DEL'PUI-A,  n.     [Gr.  aStX^oV] 

A  collection  of  stamens  into  a  bundle.     Wri'jht. 
A-DELTIIOUS,  a.    [Gr.  iSt\.Jiij,  n  brother.] 

Ia  bot^  notinji  iiniou  into  pairs  or  bundles,  by 
filaments;  as  rt<WpA(?K5  stamens.  A.  Gray. 

ADES,  [Gr.  iSriy,  .1  jland.] 

A  prefix  to  worcls  relating  to  the  structure,  dis- 
eases, Ac.,  of  tho  glands ;  .is,  adcnaVgia,  pain 
seated  in  a  gland;  adeni'th,  glandular  inflanmia- 
tion,  *c.  fJutiglitoi:. 

A-DEX'I-FOrwM,  (7.    Kcscmbling  a  gland  ;  .idenoid. 

Vuiifflison. 
AD-EX-OPII'TL-LOUS,  a.    Having  glands  on  the 

margin  of  the  leaves.  Ilenslcu: 

XD'ES-OSE,  o.  r.escmblini  a  gland.  Wright. 
AD  E-tJX'DE.M,  [!..]  Lit.,"  to  the  -Kme  (gradnm) 
degree. — Tho^c  who  jrradnato  at  ono  of  o-.u- colleire.-? 
arc  usually  admitted  cd  eundem  ia  others,  by  wciy 
of  courtcsv. 
AD-FLffX'iON'  (-fliik'shnn),  n.  [L.  tid,  to,  and  fltto, 
to  flow.] 

A  tlow  (as  of  sap)  from  a  drawing,  not  a  propel- 
ling force.  '  D:u:a. 
AD-flE'SIOX  (-hc'zhnnl,  v.  [add.]    To  g-v:;  in  one's 
ad/tejsioiu  is  to  declare  his  accession  to  sotiio  party 
or  itsprinciples. 
A-I)I-A-T!Ifir.'MI€,  (I.    [Gr.  a  priv.,  hi,  through, 
and  Oepijiaiyuj,  to  heat.] 
Notjjcrvious  to  heat.                              MeUoni, 
AD-I-POC'E-KOUS,  a.    Bcloaging  to  adipoccre. 
JD'I-POUS,  (I.    Fat;  of  thon:-.turo..fi;it.    Hooth. 
AD-JE€-TrVAL,  a.    Bcloniinj  tj  tho  adjoctive. 

Latham. 
AD-.l€'EA-TO-r.T,  a.      Containing  .1  solemn  in- 
junction. 
AD-jt'ST'A-ELE,  a.    C.-.pr.ble  ef  being  adjusted. 

Craw. 
A-DO'BE  (a-diVby),  «.    [Sp.]     .\n  unburnt  biiclc 

ilricd  in  the  sun.  .'^.  VTclU  WiUiamr.. 

XD'PUESS/iT)  (-pr,'5t%  17.    In  tof.,  pressed  close,  as 

leaves  to  a  stem,  Ac.  A.  Oruy. 

AD-VfiXTaVE,  It.  [.idd.]   A  term  applied  to  foreign 
pLonts  occidentally  or  sparingly  spontaneous  in  a 
country,  but  h.ardly  to  bo  called  native.    A.  Gray. 
AD-\'EIJ-SI-Fr)'LI-ATE,  a.    [L.  adtcrsiw,  against, 
anrl  folium,  leaf.] 

In  hot.,  having  oppo.sitc  leaveis. 
iE-Qn-L.\T'Ei:-AL.    [Seo  EQiii..'.TF.r.Ai..] 
A-ER-IF'EK-OCS,  a.     [L.  aer,  .-.ir,  and  fcro,  to 
carry.] 
Conveyin*:  air;  containing  air.         Dungliaon. 
A-Er.-0-I.I-TnOL'O-GT,    n.      [Or.    u-f.o,    air,    and 
A»9(K,  stone.] 
The  science  of  aerolites  or  meteors.         Dana. 
A-EE-0-MET'UI€,  a.    Pertaining  to  aeromctry. 
jE-EC'GO,  fl.    [L.]    Tho  rust  of  any  metal,  properly 

of  brass.  Dungiiaon. 

itS-Tl'V.'VL,  a.  Occurring  in  thosnmmer,  aadisei'-c.s. 

Craig. 
JiailRI-O-SeoPE,  n.    [Gr.  aiOpio?,  clcir,  and  ctx- 
ffe'w.  to  see.] 

An  inslniment  resembling  tho  differential  ther- 
mometer, used  for  measuring  the  cli.'^.nges  of  tem- 
perature produced  by  exposure  to  different  condi- 
tions of  tho  sky,  as  when  clear  or  clouded.  Erandr. 
ATFER,  h.    [L.]    The  southwest  wind. 

Ftotox  and  .^/tr  blaak  with  thunderous  clt^nds.         M''tnrt, 

.\r-l'EeTIOM-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  .iffections. 

AFTKIi-KNT,  a.  Scaring  or  pou.ving  into;.nsi;ic 
absorbent  vessels,  which  pas-s  into  a  lyuipliatic 
(/land.  Vunglisoii. 

AF-FI'AST,  n.   In  laic,  ono  who  makes  an  affidavit. 

Wiili^rntt. 

XFTLC-ENT,  71.    A  stream  flowing  into  a  river, 

lake,  Ae.  McCuUoch. 

A-FSaM',  nd.    In  a  foaming  state. 
AFIJIT.       I  71.    In    Jfohammcdan-   m'/thology,  a 
A-FKEET',  f     powerful  e\il  spirit,     [ftco  JlNxr.E.] 
AFTTii:,   f,vld.)     After-hnd.i,  n.    Tlio  hiniler  part 
oftheboiiv.    A/te'r-rahiii.  V.    One  near  the  stfin. 
After-rapHtmi,  71.    Ono  tow^ird  the  stern.     After- 
contract,  71.    One  of  a  l.it<r  ilate.     After-date,  11.  '. 
To  ilatc  .after  the  true  time.     Afler-dinncr,  a,  ad. 
Following  tho  dinner.    After-hatrlnray,  n.    One 
in  the  after  part  of  tho  sj.ar  ileek  of  the   vessel. 
AJUr-hotd.  n.    One  toward  the  stern.     Afler-'aw, 
■n.    Ono  of  subsequent  cnaetntcnt.    After-piece,  n. 
Tlio  heel  of  a  rudder. 


A  IK 

A-G.\M'I6,  a.    [Gr.  a  \mv.  and  -yaftfaj,  to  marry.] 
Produced  by  the  female  without  the  male;  as 
agamic  ci^^ti,  &:c.  liana. 

A-GAS'Tlllt),  (/.    [Gr.  a  priv.  and  yatrry/p,  stoititich.] 

Having  no  stoiiitieb.  Dana. 

AG-A-TIF'EU-OUS,  «.    Containing  agates.    Craig. 
AGa-TIZi?!),  a.    [adil.]      Petvilied  into   agate,   as 
_  Wood.  Dana. 

AGE,  71.  [add.]  A  i)eriotl  of  time  ifi  liistory,  dis- 
tinguished by  some  remarkable  step  or  stage  of 
progress.  In  geological  history,  there  are  said  to 
tio  seven  ages.  1.  The  Azoic  age.  when  there  was 
no  animal  life.  2.  Tlio  ago  of  Mollusks  or  tho  Si- 
lurian, when  tho  liighest  fonn  of  life  on  the  globe 
was  that  of  mollusks  or  shell-fish.  o.  The  ago  of 
Fishes  or  tlio  Devonian,  when  fishes  were  the  high- 
est race.  4.  Tiio  ago  of  Coal  Plants  or  Acrogens. 
0.  Tho  ago  of  Peptiles,  when  reptiles  prevailed  in 
great  numbers  antl  of  vast  size.  f>.  The  ago  of 
Mamm.als,  wlien  tho  m.aumialia  or  quadrupeds 
abounded,  antl  were  the  dominant  race.  7.  The 
•ngo  of  Man,  or  tlio  modern  er.a.  Dana. 

AGE,  'V.  i.  To  grow  old ;  as,  nothing  ages  faster  than 

indolence.  Halucr. 

AGE'LESS,  ;;,    "Without  ago  or  marked  limits  of 

dur.ation. 
AG-GP.iPPES',  71.  id.     Hooks  and  eyes  for  armor, 

ke.  Fairhvlt. 

AG'GEE-GATE,  a.      Aggregate,  flowers  in  botany 

arc  such  as  are  compo.seti  of  florets  united  by  means 

of  the  receptr.clo  or  calyx.  Jfeii^low. 

AG-GEKSS'iVE-NESS,  7).     Tho  qualify  of  being 

aggresive. 
iG'i-TA-TOE,  71.  [add.]    A  eontiivanco  for  shaking 
or  sifting,  as  in  a  furnace.    Applefoii's  Mecli.  Diet. 
aG'LET-IIEAD'ED,  a.    Having  an  aglet  or  tag  at 

tlic  head. 
A'COME,  1  71.     [Gr.  o.  priv.  and  701'iii,  an 

A-G0N'I€-LTNE,  )     angle.] 

Tho  name  given  to  a  lino  011  tb.o  earth's  surface, 
on  T^-hich  the  magnetic  needle  points  to  tho  true 
north,  and  thus  tihc  magnetic  meridian  coincides 
with  the  geographical.  There  is  ono  such  lino  in 
tho  Western  hemisphere  called  the  American  agvre, 
and  another  in  the  Eastern  hemisphere  called  tho 
Asi.atic  agmte.  August. 

AG-0-NiST'I€S,  71.  jil.    Tho  siienco  of  games  or 

prize  fighting. 
A-GROUP'UENT,  71.    [Fr.]    Groniiing.    [Used  by 

artists.]  Art  Jounnil. 

A'GtlA-TOAD,  71.    A  gigantic  species  of  toad  (fivfo 

agna,)  found  in  South  America. 
X'GUE-DROP,  71.    A  solution  of  tho  arsenito  of  po- 

tassa,  liquor  arsenali.?.  Craig. 

AI-LiS'TUS,  71.  A  tree  of  beautiful  .ippearoncc 
from  tho  E.ast.  Tlicro  are  two  kinds,  one  having 
an  ofTcnsivo  odor,  the  other  not.  Tlie  name  is  de- 
rived from  Ailanto,  the  name  of  ono  species  in  tl-.o 
Moluccas.  Loudon. 

AIL-LETTES',  71.  ^i;.  ■  [Fr.]  Zi«.,  sm.all  wings;  a 
term  ap]died  to  small  squ.aro  shields  on  tho  shoul- 
ders of  knights,  being  prototypes  of  tho  modern 
epaulets.  Fairholt. 

AlU,  71.  [add.]  In  tho  early  chemistry,  alkaline  air 
is  ammonia;  azotic  or  nitrons  air  is  nitrogen; 
dephlogisticated,  or  rital  air  is  oxy;:en ;  fixed  air  is 
carbonic  acid;  hepatic  air  is  sulphuretcd  hydro- 
gen; phospluiric  air  is  phosphurcted  hydrogen; 
nhlogisticated  air  is  nitrogen. 
A I  P.,  71.  [add.]  Air-bath,  n.  An  arrangement  for 
drying  substances  in  air  of  any  desired  temperature. 
Air-bed,  n.  a  case  of  India  rubber  cloth,  &c.,  made 
tiir-tight  and  inflated  through  tubes  closed  by  stop- 
cocks. Air-breathing,  a.  respiring  air  directly 
from  tho  atmosphere.  Air-rasing,  n.  a  easing  of 
sheet-iron  around  tho  funnel  of  a  steamboat,  &c. 
Air-cushion,  71.  ono  mado  .air-tight  so  as  to  b<^  in- 
flated with  air.  Air-drain,  n.  a  trench  for  the 
passage  of  air  along  the  external  fonndatiiin  ol  a 
building,  to  prevent  dampness.  Air-dried,  a. 
dried  in  the  atmosphere  without  artificial  heat. 
Air-dry,  a.  that  has  lost  no  water  except  from  ex- 
posure 'to  the  atmosphere.  Air-engine,  ti.  nn  en- 
gine moved  by  hot  air  instead  of  .steam  ;  a  caloric 
engine  called  also  Ericsson's  engine,  from  its  invent- 
or. Air-escape,  71.  a  contriv.anco  for  letting  oflt  air 
from  water  pipes.  Air-fountain,  n.  a  contrivance 
for  producing  a  jet  of  water  by  means  of  compress- 
ed air.  Air-machine,  V.  an  apparatus  for  forcing 
air  into  mines  for  ventil.itiim  and  for  withdrawing 
bad  air.  Air-ra/re,  n.  a  vrdvo  in  a  steam  boder 
for  the  escape  of  .air. 
Ain-TIIEn-MOJl'E-TF.i;,  71.  a  form  of  thermom- 
eter in  which  air  is  ptuployed  in  tlio  pl.acc  of  mer- 
cury or  spirits  of  wine,  to  mark  changes  of  tem- 
perature. 
AlP.'-WAT,  71.  A  tubular  passage  for  air  flowing  in 
pipes;  as,  the  air-way  of  an  air-pump. 


ALL 


AITCII'-PIECE.  71.  That  part  of  the  pkton  of  a 
pump  in  which  the  valve  ia  fixed.       Tornlin^on, 

Xlv'E-TON.    [See  Acxox.] 

A-KIll'BO,  a.    With  a  crook ;  as,  arms  akimbo. 

A  LA  FRAX-CAIS£' (■iSzo'),  [Fr.]  After  the  French 
manner.        ^ 

A  LA  GBE-C',  [Fr.]    After  the  Grecian  manner. 
A  DAXG-LAISB/  (-l;-izeO,  [Fr.]    After  the  English 

fashion. 

A-LARM'-GAL'GE,  71.    A  contrivanco  in  a  steam- 
engine  for  sluAving  when  the  preisurc  of  steam  is 
toijhigh,  orthc  water  in  the  boiler  too  low. 
A-LAEil'-GUN,  71.    A  gun  fired  to  give  an  alann. 
A  I.AT'EP.-E,   [L.]     Lit.,  from  tli-  side ;  applied  to 
the  highest  class  of  envoys  from  the  pope,  who  aro 
Ecntj^as  it  were,  directly  from  Lis  nide.  kncyc.  Am. 
AL-BATA,    n.     A  namo  in  Engbnd  for  German 

silver.  Simmondn. 

AL'BUM  Gr..fi'€CM,  n.  Name  given  to  the  whlto 
faeces  of  dogs,  consisting  chiefly  of  bone  earth,  for- 
merly used  in  medicine,  and  now  by  tinners  for 
some  sccondarv  purposes.  Dungliion. 

AL-BpOaiN-IZE,  V.  t.    In  pliotug.,  to  treat  or  cover 

with  albumen.  It.  JTtiTit. 

AL-nf''MIN'-TZ2rD,  pp.    Covered  with  albumen. 
AL-BC'?IIX-IZ-ING,  ppr.  Covering  with  albumen. 
AL-BX,''.\IIN-0C3-XESS,   71.     The  state  of  being 

•albuminous. 
AL-BP'illN-OID,  a.    Ecsembling  albumen. 
AL-BfJEN'OUS,  71.    Of  or  pertaining  to  .albnmnm. 
AL-€AP.-RA'Z.\,  77.  [?p.]    A  vessel  of  porons  nn- 

glazed  earthen  ware  usea  forcoolingliquors.    Ure. 
AL-CO-E-tNie,  a.    Of  or  belonging  to  tho  Alcoran. 
AE'CY-ON-OID,  71.    A  term  applied  to  ono  of  tho 
grand  divisions  of  tho  clasa  of  polyjis.    [See  Po- 
lyp.] vana. 
Xl/DE-HYDE,  71..  [Contr.aetcd  from  alcohol  dehy- 
droganatu.%  alcohol  deprived  of  its  hydrogen.] 

A  liquid  of  an  ethereal  odor,  obtained  !iy  passing 
ether  or  alcohol  through  a  red  hot  tnbe,  and  In 
other  ways.  Gregory. 

ALD'EF.-MAN-CT,  71.    Tlic  office  of  an  alderman. 
ALD-EE-mXn'IC,  a.    Eclating  to  or  becoming  an 
"  .alderman. 
ALD-EE-MXN'I-TT,  71.    Tho  body  of  aldermen. 

7>.  Joniott. 
ALDT.E-il.VX-SUir,  7i.    The  condition  of  an  ald- 
erman. 
A-Lll.iK',  adi\    In  a  leaking  condition. 
-I'LE-A-TO-ET,  a.    [L.  alea,  chance] 

Dependin::  on  some  contingent  event ;  as,  an  aUtt' 
tory  sale,  the  completion  of  which  depends  on  tho 
occurrcnco  of  some  uncertain  event.  Simmonds. 
A-LECTO,  71.     [Gr.  aA>j«Tii.]      One  of  the  furies  In 
the  Greek  mythology.  In  sool..  a  genus  of  the  star- 
fish family.    Also,  a  genus  of  fo.^il  zoophytes. 
AI,-E-1IaN''NI€,  a.  Belonging  to  tho  Alcmannf,  an 
ancient  people  of  Germany.  ~7!.    Thi!  language  of 
tho  Alemanni. 
A-LETTE',  71.    [It.  ttletta.]    Tho  face  of  the  pier  of 
an  arch,  extending  from  tho  arris  of  tho  reveal ; 
but  more  particularlv,  that  portion  betwist  tho 
arris  of  the  reveal  ant'l  the  pillar  or  pilaster  which 
is  used  to  decorate  tho  arch.  Imp.  Add. 

AL-EP-ROM'E-TEE,  7!.  [Gr.  iXtvpov,  flour,  and 
licTpoi;  measure.] 

An  instrument  for  determining  the  quantity  of 
duten  in  flour.  Simmondt. 

AL'GAL,  a.    Belonging  to  the  Algtp. 
AL-GE-EINE',   71,    [add.]    A  pirate.     Among  tho 

French,  one  who  has  served  in  Algiers. 
XL'GOSE,  a,    [h.  algosu!^,  cold.] 

Cold  in  a  high  decree. 
AL-nAM'BEA,"7i.    [Arab.  77i<i  Jled.'\    .\  palace  cf 
tlie  Moorish  kin-K  at  Grenada,  .-.flording  an  un- 
usually fine  exhibition  of  Saracenic  architecture. 

GkUL, 
AI.-IIXM'BP.ESQUE,  a.    After  the  faneifnl  manner 

of  tho  ornaments  in  the  Alhambra.      Art.  Jour. 
AI/IEN-OK,  71.    Ono  who  transfers  property  to  an- 
other. 
ALXE-CEET,  71.       Light  armor  useil  both  by  cav- 
aUv  and  infantrv  in  the  si.'steenth  century,   es- 
poci.allv  by  tho  Swiss.    It  consisted  of  a  breast- 
plate and  gusset.s  often  reaching  to  tho  middle  of 
the  thish.  ami  sometimes  below  the  knees.  FctirhoU. 
AL-LE-YI  ATOP,  77.    A  machine  with  a  w  indlass 
for  raising  an  invaliil  and  replacing  him  on  a  bed. 
Dungli.^n. 

XL'LI-G.t-TOP.  Ti^RTOIPE.  71.  A  l.anre  lortoiso 
(Chelydra  .■serpentina)  found  in  tho  rivers  and 
marshes  of  C.irolina. 

\L'LI-G  \-ZANT,  71.    A  kind  of  black  rosewood. 

Simmondt. 

AL-LtGX'MEST.    [Sec  Aijosmext.] 


A,   E,   &a,    long.—A,  E,    &o.,    Dhort. 


-CARE,  FXE,  east,  fall,  "n-nAT;    THfiKE,  T£RM;    MARi-XE,  BiRD;    MOVE, 


183 


t  Hee  Taile  of  Synonyms. 


1457 


AMB 


Ali-LlT-KK-A'TOli,  n.    One  who  uses  alliteration. 
iL'LO-€ATE,  V,  t.    To  distribute  or  assign.  [Hare.] 

Burke. 
AL-LO-eU'TION,  n.  [add.]    An  address  of  the  Popo 

to  bis  clergy. 
AL-LO'DI-AL-LT,  ad'O.    In  ftn  allodial  manner. 
AL-LONGE'  (al-luujO,  ^-  «'■    To  thrust  with  a  sword. 
AL-L6n6E',  n.  [add.]     A  paper  lengthening  out  a 
bill  of  exclianno  for  receiving  numerous  endorse- 
ments.    \_Eng.~\ 
AL-LOT'MKNT,  n.  [add.]    The  aimnunt  system  in 
England  is  that  of  assigning  .•^rnall  portions  of  land 
(from  the  Stb  of  an  acre  to  4  or  5  acres)  to  bo  cul- 
tivated by  day  laborers  after  their  ordinary  day's 
work.  Srande. 

AL-LO-TROP'I€,  ft.  Pertaining  to  allotropism. 
Tbe  term  oUotropic  strite,  is  applied  to  the  several 
conditions  which  occur  in  a  case  of  allotropism. 

Bej'seUius. 

AL-LOT'RO-PISM,  J  71.     [Gr.  oAAo?.  other,  and  rpo- 

AL-LOXaiO-PV,       f     iro;,  direction  or  way.] 

In  diemhtnj,  the  property  of  existing  in  two  or 
move  cunditi-His  wbicb  aro  distinct  in  their  phy- 
Bie;tl  or  chemical  relations.  Thus,  carbon  occurs 
crystallized  in  octahedrons  and  other  related  forms 
in  a  state  of  extreme  hardness,  in  the  diamond; 
it  occurs  in  hexagonal  forms  and  of  little  hardness, 
in  black  lead;  and  again  occurs  in  a  third  form 
with  entire  softness,  in  lampblack  and  charcoal.  In 
some  cases,  one  of  these  is  peculiarly  an  active  state 
and  the  other  a  passive  one.  Tlins  ozone  is  an 
active  state  of  oxygen,  and  is  distinct  from  ordi- 
nary oxygen  which  is  the  element  in  its  passive 
state.  Dana. 

AL-L(5T'TEE,  «.  One  to  whom  anything  is  allot- 
ted, or  dividerl  out,  as  in  tlio  case  of  newly  created 
shares  in  a  joint  stock  company,  &c  Simmonds. 

.^LL  O'VEE,  adv.    In  every  part.    [CoHorjuia?.'] 
Sir  G.  Sirnjjuon. 

ALL-T5,   a.  [G-.  alhit^  altogether.]     Entirely;  as 
'  "and  dfZ-to  brake  his  skull."  Judges  \K.bZ.   Such 
■was  the  original  reading  in  the  Emjiish  version  of 
the  Scriptm-es.  Prof.  JRohinJion. 

aL'MEII,  n.  A  dancing  girl  in  Egypt,  &c. ;  eame 
as  alme. 

ALOIUCE.  )n.    [L.  almutium.l     A  furred  tippet 

ALI'MDCE,  J      worn  by  the  clergy  in  tlio  middle 

"  ages.  Fairholi. 

AL-PA€'A,  n.  [add.]  Cloth  made  of  alpaca  wool 
or  other  wool  of  great  fineness.  Simmonds. 

AL-PA€'A,  a.    Belonging  to  the  alpaca  or  its  cloth. 

XLTEN-STHCK,  n.  A  long  staff  pointed  with  iron 
used  in  traveling  among  the  Alps.   O.  B.  Cheever, 

AL-PES'Tl:iNE,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Alps  or  to  any 
mountain  elevation;  as,  Alpestrine  disaases,  &c. 

^  Dana, 

AL'PriA-BET-lZE,  v.  t.   To  arrange  alphabetically. 

AL  SEGN'O  (-san'yo),  [It.]  Lit.,  to  the  sign;  a 
notice  for  a  musical  performer  to  recommence  a 
strain.  Eiicyc.  Am. 

ALTIM,  V.  t.  To  impregnate  with  alum  ;  as,  to  alum 
skins.  _  Tomlitisoji^ 

AL-'^-MlN'I-TTM,  n.    The  same  as  ALUMixuir. 

iL'VA  MA-K'rNA,  n.  [Corrupted  from  Ulva.]  A 
commercial  name  for  certain  kinds  of  dried  sea- 
weed used  for  stuffing  mattresses,  Slc.   Sim77wnds. 

AL'YE-A-TED,  a.  Having  a  prismatic  cellular 
structure  like  a  honey-comb. 

XL'VE-0-LATE,  a.  In  lot.,  pitted  like  a  honey- 
comb. 

A-MAL-GA-MZTOR,  IK  An  apparatus  for  amal- 
gamating. Daria. 

jCM'AN-DINE,  «.  A  kind  of  cold  cream  prepared 
from  almonds,  for  chapped  hands,  <S:c. 

A-MAS-SETTE',  n.  [Fr.]  An  instrument  of  liorn 
used  for  collecting  painter's  colors  on  the  stone,  &,c 

XM'A-ZON   ANT,    n.      The    Formica   rufescen,% 
whose  neuters   capture  the  larvfe  and  nymphs  of 
other  species,  to  obtain  workers  for  their  own  uses. 
Encyc.  Am. 

AM-BXS'SA-DOR,  n.  This  spellinK  still  prevails, 
but  e»ibassador  is  preferable  because  ennformed  to 
t'TJibass}'  which  i.s  now  universally  adopted. 

AM'BER-€6L'0R£'D  (kullurd),  a.  Having  the 
color  of  amber. 

AM'BER-WEEPJXG,  a.    Distilling  amber. 

AM'BER-TEL'LOW,  n.  An  amber  colored  ochcr 
yieldinsr  a  fine  brown  red  when  burned. 

AM-BOY>NA  WOOD,  n.  A  beautiful  mottled  and 
curled  wood,  varying  in  color  from  orange  to  chest- 
nut brown,  the  same  as  Kiahonca^  and  said  to  bo 
from  the  Pterospermiim  Indicum.     Appleton. 

AM'BRO-TYPE,  «.  A  dacncrreotype  taken  on  a 
plate  or  prepared  gla-ss,  in  which  the  liffhts  are 
represented  in  silver,  and  the  shades  are  produced 
l)y  ft  dark  back  ground  vi-;ib]o  tlir'iiiL'ii  tbe  nn- 
gilvered  portions  of  tbe  glass.  J.  A.  Porter. 


ANA 


AM-BU-LA'€EA,  n.  pi.  [L.]  avihiilacrvm,  on 
alley.] 

A  naniG  for  prominences  or  perforations  in  the 
sliell  of  the  Echinus  or  sea-urchin,  from  which 
extend  the  tentacles  or  spines  used  for  prehension 
or  locomotion.  J)ana. 

AM-BU-LA'€EAL,  a.    Pert.iining  to  ambnkcr.i. 

Dann. 

XM'BU-LA-TOR.  Same  as  Pekambclatoh,  which 
see. 

A-MEEH'  and  A-MIR',  n.  Same  as  Esmt,  which  see. 

A-^iKT,'IOU-A-TiyE,  a.     Producing  improvement. 

A  J/£.V'^-4  £!•  TMO'MO,  [L.]  From  bed  and 
board.  Hoii'Vier^s  Zazc  Diet. 

AM-niR'I€,  n.  Speech  of  South-Western  Abys- 
sinia. 

AM-I-fc'A-BIL'I-TT,  ii.    Quality  of  being  amicable. 

A-III'VrS  -etPEl-^,  «.  [L.i  Lit.,  a  friend  of 
the  court;  one  not  retained  in  a  case,  who  volun- 
teers to  express  his  views  for  the  information  of 
the  court.  Bouvier'a  law  I>ict. 

XM'ME-LINE,  n.    [Prom  ammonia  and  meUone.] 
In  o.'u'inLic  chemistry,  a  base  corresponding  in 
composition  to  one  part  of  .ammonia,  one  of  mcl- 

^  lone,  and  two  of  water.  Gregory. 

AM'I-DON,  n.    [Fr.,  a  corruption  of  a/xuAoc,  fine 
meal.] 
Farina  or  Starch. 

A-MCET3A,  n.;  pi.  A-MCE'BiE,  [Gr.  ijioi^i, 
change.] 

An  animalcule  capable  of  undergoing  many 
changes  of  form  at  will ;  hence  the  name.  ^Dana. 

A-M(i7B0US,  a.    Lil^e  an  amccha  in  structure. 

A-MON-TIL-LA'DO,  n.  [Sp.]  A  dry  kind  of  sherry 
of  a  light  color,  much  used  to  reduce  the  color  of 
other  sherries  when  too  high.  Simmonds. 

A-JIORPII'ISM,  n.     [Gr.  a  priv.  and  f^op^i,  form.] 
State  of  being  without  crystallization  even  in  the 
minutest  particles,  as  in  glass,  opal,  &c.      Dana. 

A-M0EPII'0U3,  a.  [add.]  Without  crystallization 
in  its  ultimate  texture.  Dana. 

A-MORPII-O-ZO'A,  m.  7)?.  [Gr.  a  priv.,  jiop.Ad»,,  to 
form,  and  ^woi',  animal.] 

Living  substances  without  a  mouth  or  regular 
internal  structure,  as  the  sponges,  ifcc.   Slainville. 

A-M0R'PnO-TiI3,  n.pl  [Gr. '"a  priv.  and  MOfx'.ia., 
to  form.] 

A  term  applied  to  stars  not  formed  into  any  con- 
stellation. 

A-MOR-TI-ZA'TION,  n.  [Fr.  amortissement.'i  The 
extinction  of  debt,  jiarticularly  by  means  of  a  sink- 
ingfund.  Simmonds. 

AM-PIII-eXE'Pie,  a.    [Gr.  ii^^i,  both  w.ays,  and 

Kapn-o?,  fruit.] 

Producing  fruit  of  two  kinds  either  as  to  form  or 
time  of  ripening.  .^ 

AM-PniP'0-DA,  n.  pi.    A  tribe  of  small  slender 
14  footed  Crustacea  abont  an  inch  or  less  in  length, 
of  the  same  general  character  with  the  sand-flea. 
-    .  Dana. 

AM-PHIP'O-DOUS,  a.  Belonging  to  tho  amphip- 
oda. 

AM-rni-THE-XT'Eie-AL-LT,  adr.  In  tho  form 
of  an  amphitlieater. 

AM-PIIIT'EO-PAL,    \a.  [Gr.  i^ij,.-.  both  ways,  and 

AM-rniT'EO-POUS,  )      TpdTOs,  n  turn.]  ' 

Having  tho  ovule  inverted,  but  having  tho  at- 
tachment near  tho  middle  of  one  side ;  nalf-ana- 
tropous.  A.  Gray. 

AM-PLE€'TANT,  a.    [L.  r.mpler.tnr,  to  embrace.] 
Embracing.      In  hot.,   clasping  tho  stem  by  the 
base  of  tho  leaves.  A.  Gray. 

AM-PLIF'I-€A-TO-ET,  a.  Serving  to  add  or  en- 
large. MorreU. 

XM'PUL,  n.    L.  [ampulla,  a  vase.] 

A  vessel  for  holding  consecrated  oil,  Tised  in 
baptism,  consecration,  Ac.  FairhoU. 

A-MtJCK',  11.  A  Malay  word  for  Villinq.  To  rnn 
amucl',  is  to  rush  out  frantically  attacking  all  that 
come  in  the  way.  Jotm-tton. 

A-MtfE'€0U9,  <r.    Full  of  dregs,  or  lees.     Wi-igtU. 

-XM'VLE,  n.  In  chem.,  a  radical  consisting  of  ten 
parts  of  carbon  and  eleven  of  hydrogen,  ^yith 
one  part  of  oxygen  added,  it  forms  amVlic  ether; 
and  with  a  fnrtuer  addition  of  one  part  of  water, 
it  forms  amylic  alcohol,  or  fusel-oil.        Gregory. 

A-MYL'I€,  a.  Pertaiinng  to  .amyle ;  as,  amylic 
ether. — AmyUc  fermentation  is  a  process  of  fer- 
mentation in  starch  or  sugar  in  which  amylic  al- 
cohol is  produced.  Gregory. 

XMTL-OID,  o.    Being  of  the  nature  of  amyle. 

AN'A-BAS,  «.       [Gr.  iriBnifai,  to  advance.] 

Tlie  name  given  by  Cuvier  to  a  genus  of  acan- 
thoptevidnna  bony  fishes,  reniark.able  for  their 
power  of  living  long  out  of  water,  and  nf  making 
their  way  on  laud  lor  eonsideralilo  distaiiees. 


ANG 


AN-^ES-TDE'SIS,  ffl.    [Gr.  a  priv.  and  alae^aii,  sen- 
sation.] 
A  state  of  insensibility  to  pain.        DungUnon. 

AN-^S-TIIET'I€,  a.    Capable  of  rendering  insen- 
sible tojiain;  .as,  aiicesthetia  agents:  char.abtcrizcd 
by  insensibility  to  pain,  as  undathetlc  effects. 
.„   _  ^  Diinnlifon. 

AN-,IS-TnET'I€',  n.  That  which  produces  insen- 
sibility to  pain  ;  as,  chloroform,  &c.     DlDiglison. 

AN-A-GLTP-TOG'EA-PHT.  n.  [Gr.  im,  up,  y\«- 
<JJ03,  to  engrave,  and  ypa<l>to,  to  write.] 

The  art  of  so  engraving  as  to  give  tho  subject  an 
embossed  appearance  as'ifiaised  from  the  surface 
of  the  paper  :  used  in  rcpresentine  coins,  lias- 
reliefs,  Ac.  Art  Journal. 

AN-A-GLTP-T0-GRXPH'I€,  a.  Pertaining  to  aji.a- 
gl.vptography. 

AN-AN'DEOUS,  a.    [Gr.  opriv.  and  iviip,  male.] 
Noting  female  flowers  which  are  destitute  of  sta- 
mens. 

A-NAL'0-GON.    See  Analogue. 

AN-A-LT-Z.\'TION,  v.    The  act  of  analyzing. 

AX-A-LYZ'ING,  a.  In  optics  and  thermoticn.  a- 
dapted  to  .analyze  or  make  manifest ;  a.s,  thcHKrt- 
^y~ing  plate  of  a  polariseope,  which  shows  tho 
qualities  of  ])oIarized  light  or  licit.         Brewnter. 

AN-AX'THER-OUS,  n.    [L.  a  priv.  and  anther.] 
In  hot.,  destitute  of  anthers.  A.  Gran. 

AN-AN'TIIOuS,  a.  [Gr.  a  priv.  and  CvOck,  a  flower.] 
In  ?^of.,  destitute  of  flo\^ors.  A.  Grcn/. 

AN'AEeil-IZE,  r.  t.  To  bring  into  astateof  anarchv. 

AN-AR'TnEOlTS,  a.  [add.]  In  entom.,  having 
neither  legs  nor  wings,  as  some  insects.    Ogilrie. 

A-NXT'I-FA,  n. ;  p)l..  A-NXT'I-F^.  In  nat.  hiH., 
an  animal  of  the  samo  tribe  with  tho  barnacle,  but 
differiag  in  having  a  fleshy  stem  or  peduncle,  and 
also  in  some  other  respects:  same  as  Lei>as.  Tlio 
term  anati/a;  in  the  pi.  is  often  used  for  tho  wholo 
group  of  tho  pedunculated  cerripeds. 

A-NAT'EO-PAL,    )  a.    [Gr.  iva,  up,  and  rps™,  to 

A-NAT'EO-POUS,  S     turn.] 

In  hot.,  having  tho  ovule  inverted  at  an  early 
period  in  its  development,  so  that  tho  chalaza  is 
at  the  apparent  apes.  A.  Gray. 

ANCIT'OR  ice,  n.  Ice  formed  at  tho  bottom  of 
running  streams,  and  thus  attached  or  anchored  to 

_  the  irround.  Dewey. 

AU'CIENT,  n.  [add.]  An  ensign  or  standard  bearer. 

/Shah. 
[Probablv  a  corruption  of  tho  v,'ord  ensiin.] 

AN'DRO-PnOEE,  n.    [Gr.  i^^p,  a  man,  and  <^epu, 
to  bear.] 
In  hot.,  the  stalk  or  united  stalks  of  a  stamen. 

A.  Gran. 

AN-DEO-SPnIXX'E$,«,i>^     [Gr.  i.^'p,  aman,'aud 
tr<i>ii'^.  a  sphin.v.] 
In  Egyptian  art,  lions  with  human  heads. 

_  Layard. 

AN-E€-T)OT'I€,  a.    Of  or  containing  anecdotes. 

AN'ji€-DO-TIST,  n.    One  given  to  anecdote. 

AN-E-LE€'TEI€,  a.  orn.    Non-electric.  Faradav. 

AN-E-LE€'TR0DE,  n.  Tho  positive  pole  of  a  gal- 
vanic battery.  Faraday. 

AN-E-MOM'E-TET,  n.  The  measurement  of  tho 
force  .and  velocity  of  wind  by  means  of  an  ano- 
mojneter.  £eiVs  Tech.  Diet. 

AN-ENTER-OUS,  a.    [Gr.  a  priv.  and  cn-spoi',  in- 
testine.] 
Destitute  of  intestines.  Prof.  Owen. 

ANTS-EOID,  n.  [Or.  a  priv.  and  jpeoj,  to  flow.] 
A  portable  barometer  which  dispenses  with  tho 
use  of  quicksilver,  (henco  the  name).  Its  action 
depends  on  tho  varying  pretsure  of  the  atmosphere 
upon  tho  elastic  top  of  a  metallic  box  (shaped  like 
a  wateli.)  from  which  tho  air  has  been  partially 
withdrawn.  An  index  shows  tlio  variation  of 
pressure.  Mchol. 

AN'G-I-0 — ,  [Gr.  ayyelov,  a  vessel  or  receptacle] 
A  prefix  to  numerous  words  in  anatomy,  refer- 
ring to  «eS6-«/«  ;  OS,  ange't'tit,  inflammation  of  ves- 
sels in  general.  Angiop^athy,  disease  of  the  ves- 
sels. Angiot'omy,  dissection  of  tlie  vessels.  An- 
giol'ogy,  the  science  of  the  vessels,  &c.       Dana. 

AN-(il-6-€XE'P0US,  a.  [Gr.  oyvclo-/,  a  receptacle, 
and  «ap7rd?,  fruit.) 

Having  the  seeds  or  spores  covered,  as  in  angio- 
carpouji  lichens.  A.  Gray. 

ANO'GLE,  71.  Angle  of  repose,  that  nngle  at  which 
one  bod.v  will  .just  rest  upon  another  without  slip- 
ping. Angle  of  traction,  the  anclo  wliicb  the  di- 
rection of  the  power  makes  with  the  inclined  plane. 

XN°'GLE-BAE,     In.    A  name  given  to  b.ars  of  iron 

AN<"GLE-I'R0N,  f  forged  of  an  angular  shape,  for 
forinin<r  the  edees  of  iron  safes,  bridges,  and  ships; 
or  to  bo  riveted  to  tho  corners  of  iron  boilers, 
tanks,  &.O.,  to  connect  tho  side-plates. 

Francis.    SimmonfM 


DOVE,   WtDLF,  BOOK;    RtjLE.  BULL;    Vi"CI0U3.  — 6  as  K  ;    6 


S  as 


C  as  Sn;     TnlS. 


li^ 


t  See  Table  of  Synonyms. 


JlNO'GLE-METEE,  ».  [nngle-measitre.']  An  in- 
strument among  geologists  for  measuring  tlio  dip 
of  strata. 

iU<='GIJ-€A2I-ISM,  n.  Attachment  to  tho  Estab- 
lished Church  of  England. 

AN-GO'LA,  n.  A  lisht  and  fashionable  cloth,  made 
from  the  ADiWra  gout's  -wool.  SimvwtKi-'*. 

AN-G6S-TU'KA  BiKK,  n.  Medicinal  bark  tios- 
ses.siDg  febrifugal  properties.  i^immonus. 

AX-GO'EA  WOOL,  n.  Tho  Ions  white  hair  of  the 
Angora  goat,  (finjtra  Anyorensis,)  which  is  highly 
prized  in  manufactures,  having  a  silky  appearance 
■niiich  fits  it  for  lace,  shawls,  braids,  and  other  de- 
corative purposes.  Simmonds. 

JSO'Gr-LAK,  <(.  [add.]  Attgtdar  )!eciwn!>,  that  part 
of  mathematics  which  treats  of  tho  division  of  an- 
gles into  equal  p.arts.  Baries'  3fat/i.  Diet. 

Angular  relociti/,  the  rate  at  which  a  body  re- 
volves around  a  fixed  axis. 

iSo'GC-LAE,  a.  [add.]  Sharp  and  stiff  in  char- 
acter. 

ANO-GCr-LOM'E-TEE,  n.  An  instrument  for  meas- 
uring external  angles.  Francis. 

AN-Gl'S-Tl-FO'Ll-ATE,  a.  [L.]  In  dot.,  narrow- 
leaved.  Wright. 

AN-H.XR-MC)N1€,  a.    [Or.  a  priv.  and  apiiovia.} 
Without  harmony. 

XN'I-LtNE,  n.  In  chem.,  a  base  analogous  to  am- 
monia, and  consisting  of  12  parts  of  carbon,  7  of 
hydrogen,  and  1  of  nitrogen.  It  is  yielded  by  in- 
digo and  some  other  substances  on  distillation,  and 
affords  a  deep  violet  blue  color  with  chlorid  of  lime. 

Gregorif. 

XS'I-MUS,  n.  [L.]  Lit,  mind;  hence,  intention 
or  purpose. 

iN'N  A,  n.  Tho  16th  part  of  a  rupee  or  about  ?  cents. 

iNTJALS,  n.  p!,    [add.]    A  periodical  containing 
records  of  discoveries,  transactions  of  societies,  »fcc.; 
as,  annal-1  of  science. 
AN-I-S0-M£R'I€,  a.    [Gr.  a  priv.,  ;<to5,  equal,  and 
/ifpo^,  part.] 
Not  consisting  of  simiki  or  symmetrical  parts. 

l)an(i. 
AN-Nl'HI-LA-TOE,  n.     He  or  that  which  anni- 
hilates. 
AS-NT'HI-LA-TO-ET,   a.    Tending  or  serving  to 

annihilate. 
AN'SO.    Anno  Regni,  in  the  year  of  tho  reign. — 
Anno  Vrhii  Condita,  in  the  year  of  tho  building 
of  the  City  (Rome). 
ANOJU-LAE,   a.    [add.]    Banded  or  marked  with 
circles,  dots,  &c    Annular  Jinger,  the  ring  finger. 

Dungtifton. 
AN-HU-LATA,  n.  pi    [L]    A  class  of  articulate 
animals  whose  bodies  are  composed  of  ring-like 
portions,  as  tho  earth-worm,  &c.  Linnaus. 

AN-SU-L0'3AS$,  n.  pi.    Same  as  A>->-trLATA. 
ANOJU-LUS,  n.    [L.]    A  ring;  an  encircling  ridge 
or  a  series  of  prominences,  Ac.    The  space  or  ring 
incloiied  between  the  circumferences  of  two  con- 
Centric  circles* 
AN-StS'CI-A-TO-ET,  a.   Making  publicly  known. 
XN'O-MAL,  n.    An  anomalous  verb  or  word. 
AN-OM-AL  I3T'I€-AL-LT,  ad.    With  irregularity. 
AN".0M'Oa-EAL,  a.    [Gr.  o  priv.,  6(i«,  regular,  and 
oiiari,  tail.] 

Irregular  in  the  character  of  the  tail  or  .abdomen ; 
as,  the  anomoural  crustaceans,  a  group  between 
the  crabs  and  the  shrimps.  Dana. 

A-NOTJA,  n.  A  genus  of  pl.ants  of  the  n.at.  order 
Annnaceffi.  A.  squamosa^  sweet  sop,  gro^vs  in  the 
West  Indian  islamls,  and  yields  an  edible  fruit  hav- 
ing a  thick,  sweet,  luscious  pulp.  A.  muricata, 
sour  sop,  is  another  species  cultivated  both  in  tho 
West  and  East  Indies,  which  produces  a  largo  oval 
fruit  of  a  greenish  yellow  color,  containing  a  sweet 
pulp,  mixed  with  a  most  •ig-»'"a  lo  aci'l'. 

jmp.  AM     Grande. 
iS'0-PHTTE,  m.    [Gr.  iva,  up,  and  iJOiu,  \i  grow.] 
A  moss.    The  aiwphyta,  in  bot,  are  the  .^.tosses. 
Sec  Cetptogam.  -d.  Ot\zy. 

AS-0E'TH1€,  a.     [Gr.  a  priv.  and  ipSos,  regular..' 
Having  unequal  oblique  axes;  as,  anorthia  ir 
tri-clinic  crystals.  Dana. 

AN-0U'E0C3   (an-ow'rns),    a.      [Gr.  o  priv.  antt, 
ovpri.  a  tail.] 
Without  a  tail.  Carpenter. 

AN-TAG-O-NiSTie,  a.  [add.]  Acting  against ;  as, 
the  antagonistic  screws  in  the  theodolite. 

Davits,  Math.  Diet. 
AST'-€iTCH-EE,  n.    A  genns  of  birds  livini  on 
ants,  and  known  by  their  long  legs  and  tails.    They 
belong  to  tho  genus  Myotbcra  of  Illigor. 

MrJfartrtc. 
AN-TE-CBD'ENTS,  ft.  rtl.     The  earlier  events  of 
one's  life.  Thackeruij. 


XN'TE-POETI-CO,  n.  An  outer  porch  or  vestibule. 

Wcale. 

AN-TE'EO-POS-TETvI-OE,  a.  [L.]  Lying  in  a 
direction  from  bcliind  forward ;  one  before  an- 
other ;  as,  an  antevo-poeierior  compression  of  tho 
skull.  Dr.  Warren. 

ANT-HEL'ION  (-hel'yun), «. ,-  pi.  ANT-IIEa-I-A. 
[Gr.  avri,  over  against,  and  ijAio?,  a  sun.] 

A  mock  sun,  being  a  luminous  nppear.ince 
through  clouds  somewhat  resembling  tho  sun,  but 
larger.  Jfichol. 

AN-THEE'I-FOPvM,    a.    [L.  anther,  and  forma, 
form.] 
Having  tho  form  of  an  anther.  Craig. 

INTUEP.-OID,  a.  Eescmbling  an  anther.  Dramle. 

AN-TIIE'SIS,  71.  [Gr.]  In  hot.,  tho  period  or  state 
of  full  expansion  in  a  flower.  JBrande. 

AN-TlIO-€Ar.'POUS,  a.  [Gr.  ovflot,  a  flower,  and 
KcpTTos,  fruit.] 

In  hot.,  a  term  used  to  describe  a  class  of  fruits 
formed  from  a  number  of  blossoms  nnitc<l  into  ono 
bodv ;  as  the  pine-apple,  &c.  Such  are  .il.so  called 
multiple  fruits.  A.  Gray. 

AN-THO-Cr'A-NINE,  n.    [Gr.  ii-ffos,  flower,  and 

Kif'al'O^,  blue.] 

The  blue  coloring  matter  of  plants. 
IN'TIIO-LITE,  n.    [Gr.  Ji'Ooj,  a  flower,  and  UiiK, 
a  stoue.] 
A  fossil  or  petrified  flower.  Dana. 

AN-TIIO-ZO'A.  ».  2'1-  [Gr.  ov9o5,  a  flower,  and  iiiav, 
animal.] 

A  name  given  to  polyps,   coral  animals,  zoo- 
phytes, &c.  Dana. 
AN-THO-ZO'ie,  a.    Of  or  belonging  to  zoiiphytes, 

polyps,  &c  Dana. 

AN-THRA-CiF'EE-OnS,  a.    [L.  antlirax,  coal,  and 

.f^ro,  to  bear.]    Yielding  anthracite. 
AN-THEA-COM'E-TEK,  n.     [Gr.  oKSpiif,   carbon, 
and  jucTpoi',  measure.] 

An  instrument  for  measuring  the  amount  of  car- 
bonic acid  in  a  given  case.  Deife  Tech.  Diet. 
JNTHP.O-POID,  a.    [Gr.  av^piuTros,  man,  and  tlSos, 
appearance.] 

Eescmbling  man ;  as,  tho  monkeys  aro  an  an- 
thropoid race.  Wesim.  Hev. 
AU-THEOP'0-LITE,  «.    [Gr.  oi^epioiros,  man,  and 
\iB<K,  stone.]  . 
Fossil  human  bones.                                 Craig. 
AN-THEO-POMTL-TRT,   n.     [Gr.  arSpiDiro!,  man, 
and  /xeTpof,  measure.] 
The  measurement  of  the  human  body. 

Dunglison. 
AN-THE0-P0-T5M'I€-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  an- 

thropotomv  or  tho  ditsection  of  human  bodies. 
AN-THEO-POT'O-MIST,    n.      One   who    dissects 

human  bodies. 
AN-TI-eLKSriU:,,  «.    The  crest  or  line  from  which 

strata  dip  in  opposite  directions.  Dana. 

XNTIC-JJESS,  n.    Quality  of  being  antic.    Foir!. 
AN-TI-FEieTION,  m.    A  term  applied  to  various 

things  used  to  diminish  friction. 
AN-TI-LE-GOM'E-NA,  n.  pi.    [Qr.  ivri,  against, 
and  \eyuiy  to  speak.] 

A  term  applied  by  biblical  critics  to  certam 
books  of  the  New  Testament  which  were  for  a 
time  denied  to  be  canonical,  though  now  generally 
received.  These  are  the  Epistle  to  the  Uebrcws, 
J.ames,  Jude,  the  second  Epistle  of  Peter,  tho  sec- 
ond and  third  Epistles  of  John,  and  Ecvelations. 
Encyc.  Am.  Craig. 
AN-TI-MEL'AN-€nOL-I€,   «.    A  remedy  against 

melancholr.  Dunglison. 

AN-Tl-ME-"PniT'I€,  a.     Destroying  mcpbitio  ex- 
halations. Dunglison. 
AN-TI-PU-TEi5S'CENT,  a.    Against  putrefaction. 
AN-TI-PY-EET'I€,  a.    [Qr.  ii-n',  against,  and  m- 
peTo?,  fever.] 
Efficacious  In  curing  fever.  Dunglison.  _ 
iN'Tl  EENT'EE,  n.    Ono  who  claims  that  rent  is 
no  longer  due  on  the  land  of  certain  entailed  estates 
in  the  State  of  New  York. 
AN-TI-EE-PtTB'Lie-AN,  «.    Ono  opposed  to  re- 
publican principles. 
AN-TI-SLAV'EE-Y,  a.    Opposed  to  slavery. 
Ak-TI-Zt'M'ie,   rt.     [Gr.  ii'ri,  against,  and  iyii.i\, 
leaven.]    Preventing  fermentation.  Craig.  ^ 
iNT'-Ll'ON,  n.  An  insect  or  fly  (Mymeleon/ormi- 
C  irius,)  which  prepares  a  kind  of  pitfall  for  ants,  &c. 

MaMurine. 

AS-'WE'CT,  «.  pi.    [See  Astceciax.] 
ANT-i3E'BIT-A1,  a.    [L.]    Anterior  to  the  orbit. 
AN-TEv^iESE',  a.     [L.  nntrorsum,  forward.] 
In  ioi,  noting  a  forw.ard  or  upward  direction. 

A.  dray. 
ANT-IIOW,  adv.    In  any  w.ay;  at  any  rate.  IColl] 
AN'Y'-Wnfiii'i;,  adn.    In  any  place. 


A'O-EIST,  a.    In  grammar,  indefinite  r.s  to  lime. 

AP-AsTEOX,  n.  [Gr.  6.716,  from,  and  q/ttpqv,  a  star.] 
Tiiat  point  in  the  orbit  of  a  double  star  where  it 
Is  farthest  from  its  primary. 

A-PA  UilEE,  n.  [Fr.]  A  name  given  in  heraldry, 
to  a  hand  open  and  extended,  so  as  to  show  tfaepalm. 

Wealt. 

APE'-BEAE-EE,  n.  Ono  who  carries  about  an  ape 
as  fools  were  wont  to  do.  Shale. 

A-PEEK',  adv.  An  anchor  is  (ipeek  when  the 
cable  is  hove  in  so  as  to  bring  the  vessel  nearly 
over  the  anchor.  The  yards  aro  apeek  when  h.ang- 
ing  obliquely  to  the  mast  TotUn. 

A-PEI/LOCS,  a.  [L]  Destitute  of  skin.  Brandt. 

A-PnlDT-AN,  n.    Of  or  related  to  the  AphU  (hmily. 

A-PI-lTJl-AS,  a.    [L.]    Eehiting  to  bees. 

AP'I€-AL,  a.    [L.  apex,  a  tip  or  summit.] 

At  or  belonging  to  an  apex.   In  lot.,  of  or  per- 
taining to  the  tip  or  summit.  A.  Gray. 

A-PI"ciAN  (-pish'un),  a.  Lit.,  belonging  to  Aiii'ing, 
a  celebrated  epicure  of  antiquity  ;  hence  ii^j.lier] 
to  whatever  is  peculiarly  refined  and  c-xpenfiv  In 
cookery.  -"^  P.ogert. 

AP-I-CH/LA-ET,  a.  [L.]  Situated  at  or  near 
the  apex.  nentlow. 

A-Pl€ir-LATE.    [See  AncrLATED.] 

A-PL'f ST-A,  n.  The  sca-h.are,  a  genus  ofmollntka 
of  the  order  Tectibranchiata.  Some  of  the  spedea 
have  the  power  of  throwing  out  a  deep  purplo 
liquor,  with  which  tho  animal  colors  the  water 
around  to  a  considerable  distance,  when  it  per- 
ceives any  danser.  Carptntfr. 

A-POe-A-LlT'TIST,  n.  A  writer  npon  the  apoo- 
alypse. 

Xp'od'-OUS  }"•    ■Wi"''"'"'"'-  Sieairuon. 

AP-O-GE'AN,  a.  Connected  with  the  apogee ;  ta, 
apogean  (neap)  tides,  which  occur  when  t!.e  moon 
has  passed  her  apogee.  Mouner. 

AP-O-NEp-EOTie,  a.    Pertaining  to  aponeurosis. 

Dunglison. 

AP-0S-TQI/I€,  a.  TTio  AporioUe  rathenvren 
eariy  Christian  w-riters  who  were  bom  in  toe  isl 
century,  and  thus  touched  on  the  age  01  the  Apos- 
tles Thev  were  Polycarp,  Clement,  IgnaUuf,  ana 
Hennas;  to  these  Barnabas  has  sometimes  been 
added.  nook:snurchD,ct. 

AP-OS-TO-LiC^-TT,  «.  The  quality  of  being  ap- 
ostolical. ,  ... 

AP'PE-TTZE,  v.  i.  To  increase  or  whet  the  appetite. 

AP'PE-TIZ^EE,  n.  Something  which  whets  the 
appetite. 

IP'PE-TIZ-ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Serving  to  Trhct  the 
appetite. 

AP-PLlED',  a.  [add.]  Having  reference  to  pr»c- 
tical  or  industrial  applications ;  a.s  applied  chem- 


istry, Ac 


Dana. 


AP-PLIQCE'-LACE,  n.  [Fr.  applmer,  to  put  on.] 
A  name  given  to  lace  when  the  patterns  h.ave 
been  cut  out  from  one  foundation  and  sewed  on  to 
another;  thus  a  pattern  may  bo  transferred  from 
n  vaU  to  a  srarf  and  so  be  made  to  wear  oi-.t  a  num- 
ber of  foundations.  Simmonclt. 

AP-PEE'CI-A-TITE.  a.  Noting  a  just  appreciation. 

AP-PRE'CI-A-TIYE-LT,  adv.  W'ith  just  appre- 
ciation. ,         1.       .  (.U 

AP-PEE-HEND',  f.  i.  To  believe,  though  not  with 
entire  certaintv- 

AP-PEOS'I-MATE-LT,  ad.  With  near  approxi- 
mation. 

XP'PVT  (ap'we),  [Fr.]  A  support;  protecUon; 
place  of  rest. 

iP'SI-DAX,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  ap^dcs.  In  arA. 
pertaining  to  tho  apsis  of  a  church;  as,  apnaai 
chapels, 

A-P'i'-1£T'I€,  a.    [Gr.  a  priv.  and  Tvpmk,  fever.] 
Lit.,  without  fever ;  applied  to  days  when  there 
is  an  intermission  of  fever.  Dunglison. 

A-QUA'EI-UM,  fl.  ,•  pi.  A-QUX'EI-A.  [L]  A  globe 
or  tank  of  glass  for  keeping  alive  aquatic  animals, 
(fish.  &c.,)  usually  in  connectioa  w-.ih  aqtiauo 
plants,  rock  work,  and  shells.  S>  "■  '-<"=<'«■ 

A'QUA  TO-FA'NA,  n.  A  fluid  containing  arsccits 
made  by  a  woman  named  Tofana,  and  used  for 
secret  poisoning.  irancu. 

A-QEiF'EE-OIJS,  a,    [Ti.  Oiua,  -water,  and  /ero, 

^"conducting  water  Or  a  watery  fluid;  as,  ^iC;"^ 
oiis  vessels  in  some  animals.  i/ana. 

XE'A-BI'V,  n.  In  chem.,  a  term  applied  to  any  gum 
which  U  easily  dissolved  In  water,  Uke  ■i'-'^^'^^f^'^ 

/n^A-nO  TE-DS.9€0,  .l  [it.]  a  .style  of  art 
combining  the  Moorish,  Roman,  and  Germ.a- 
Gothic. 


GirilL 


A,    E,  Ac.,    long. 


.-A,  t,  Ac,  short.-CAEE,  FAErX-LST,   FALL.   WH^T^TngEE,  TfeEM,-  MAELNE,  BiED^ 


10  VK, 


J 


t  *«  Taili  qf  Synonyms. 


1459 


ART 


A-KACH'NOID,  a.    [Gr.  apix'"!'  ■i  spider's  wcli.] 

1.  In  anaf.^  resembling  a  spiders  ^\eb;  as,  tiie 
avacliHOid  tunic.  DaufjliNon. 

2.  In  hot.,  covered  with  or  formed  of  soft  downy 
fibers;  cobwebby.  A.Gray. 

ili'A-GON-ITE,  n.  [From  Araqcn,  in  Spain.]  A 
mineral  identical  in  compusitinn  witii  c-dcite  or 
carbonate  of  lime,  but  liarjer  and  cryatallizint,'  in 
prismatic  forms.  In  pearly  shells,  the  pearly  part 
consists  of  aragonite  and  the  rest  nsually  of  caleite. 

l)anu. 

AE-A-NE'I-FOHM,  n.    [L.  aranea,  spider,  and  for- 
ma, form.] 
Having  the  form  or  shape  of  a  spider.      Kirhy. 

A-r>AN<5'G0ES,  11.  2}!.  Beads  of  rough  carnelian 
used  in  the  African  slave  trade,  and  imported  from 
Bomb.ay.  Sltnmotids. 

AE-AU-€A'EI-A,  n.  [Named  from  Araiicania, 
south  of  Chili.] 

The  name  of  agenus  of  Conifers  of  the  Pine  fam- 
ily. The  species  are  confined  mostly  to  South 
America  anil  New  Holland.  The  woody  fiber  dif- 
fers from  that  of  other  Conifers  in  having  the  dots 
in  their  outer  surfaces  in  several  rows  (2  or  3)  and 
the  dots  of  contiguous  rows  alternating.     Dana. 

AE-AU-€A'EI-AN,  a.  Eelating  to  or  of  the  nature 
of  the  Arauearia.  The  earliest  Conifers  in  geidog- 
Jcal  history  were  mostly  Araucarian.  Dana. 

ii.E-BO'EK-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  found  frequent- 
ing woods  or  trees  ;  as,  arboreal  in  its  habits. 

iiR'ROP.  VI'T.^,  V.  [L.]  An  overgi-een  tree  of 
the  cypress  kind  (genus  Thnja,)  from  40  to  50  feet 
Jiigh,  very  soft  and  light,  of  a  reddish  color,  and 
somewhat  odorous.  Appl/jton'-i  Merit.  Did. 

-XE-CAB'ED,  a.    Furnished  with  an  arcade. 

jLReil-^-OG'ltA-PHY,  n.    [Gr.  opxaiot,  ancient, 
and  ypatfyui,  to  w  rite.] 
A  discussion  or  treatise  on  antiquity. 

JLECII-BCT'TEESS,  m.  Same  as  flving  buttress, 
-which  ■sei:_  Oxford  «o,s,s.  of  Arch. 

JCeCII-E-TYP'AL-LT,  adv.  In  the  manner  of  an 
archetype.  Dana. 

AEeH-I-E-PIS'€0-rATE,  n.  The  office  of  an 
n^ch-bi^hop. 

-SE-CHI-ME'DES  S€EEW,  n.  [From  the  name  of 
the  supposed  invcntoi-.]  An  instrument  for  niiLiug 
'water,  formed  by  winding  a  flexible  tube  round  a 
cylinder  in  the  form  of  n  screw.  When  the  screw 
is  placed  in  an  inclined  position,  .and  the  lower  end 
immersed  in  water,  by  causing  the  screw  to  revolve, 
the  water  is  raised  to  the  upper  end.       Francis. 

SE-CIII-PE-LXa'I€,  a.  Pertaining  to  an  archi- 
pelago. 

AE-E-Nl€'0-LlTE,  n.  [L.  arena,  sand,  and  colo, 
to  cherish  or  live.] 

Name  given  to  ancient  worm  holes  in  .sand,  pre- 
served in  the  rocks.  Dana 

XE'GENT-ET,  n.  Silver  plato ;  as,  "  bowls  of 
frosted  argentry.''  Howell. 

XE'GEN-TINE,  n.    AVhito  metal  coated  with  sil- 

,.  "^'er.  ;^imjnonds. 

AE-G-IL-LA'CEOUS,  a.  [add.]    Argillaceous  sand-' 
atone,  is  a  sandstone  containing  much  clay.   Arfjil- 
laecous  iron  ore  is  the  clay-iron  ore.  Dana. 

A-KI.S'TU-LATE,  a.    In  hot.,  having  a  short  beard 

.."_'■  ■■>wn.  A.Gray. 

ARM,  n.  [add.]  A  branch  of  military  service ;  a 
weapon,  a  fire  ar7n. 

AUM'-CIIEST,  n.  A  military  chest  containing  arms. 

AEM'OE,  n.    [add.]    A  covering  for  one  who  de- 
scends into  the  water  to  seek  lor  lost  articles,  &c. 
Edin.  Encyc. 

.\E-MO-ZF,EN',  j^„.    A  thick  plain  silk,  tronerally 

Ai:-MO-ZINE',   )     black,  .and  used  for  cleric.al  robes. 

Simmonds. 

AE'NI-GA,  n.  [Possibly  a  corruption  of  Pt.armica  ] 
A  plant  (Arnica  montamt.)  nf  the  family  Com- 
po.-iiL'p.  It  is  used  in  medicine  as  a  narcotic  and 
stimulant.  Dunglison. 

Ali-RO'BA,  n.  A  Spanish  weight  of  25J  lbs.  and 
measure  of  about  -1  lbs.  ;  a  Portuguese  weight  of 

_.  about  32  lbs.  SimmmuU. 

AR'SEN-ID,  \n,  A  compound  of  arsenic  with 

AE-SEN-I'tT-EET,  I  "  metal  or  any  elementary 
substance.  Brande. 

AE-SEN-T'fl-.EF^-ED,  n.  Noting  the  union  of  ar- 
senic with  some  elementarv  substance  ;  a-i,  arscn- 
iureted  hydrogen.  "  Brandjt. 

XE-TI-FI'CI.VL  HO-RT'ZON.  «.  a  contrivance  for 
obtaining  altitudes  of  the  heavenly  bodies  wiien 
the  horizon  is  obscured  by  fnir.  or  concealed  by  in- 
tervening land.  It  geneV.'.llr  consi'-ts  of  n  .small 
trough  containing  quicksilver  or  sonu'  other  fluid, 
the  surface  of  wdnch  aliords  a  reflected  imago  of 
the  celestial  body.  Ktme. 


ATA 


AE-TIIKriP'O-DA,  n.  2>l.  [Gr.  apSpoi-,  a  joint,  and 
TTous,  a  lort.] 

Another  name  for  the  Articvlata  ;  animals  h.av- 
ing  jointed  _bodies  and  api>endagcs.  Dana. 

AE-TI€'U-LA-TOP.,  11.    One  who  articulates. 

AE-TO-eXR'PDS,  n.  The  bread-fruit,  a  genus  of 
plants  belonging  to  the  nat.  order  Urticaceie;  sub- 
order Artocarpeic.  Many  species  are  known,  some 
of  which  yield  valuable  timber,  in  the  forests  of 
Bengal  and  Malabar;  but  the  most  important  spe- 
cies are  the  A.  inclsa,  or  true  bread-fruit,  and  A. 
integrifolia,  or  jack-fruit.   /»/i^j.  Add.   Edin.  Enc. 

ART  PN'ION,  n.  An  association  for  encouraging  ar- 
tists by  the  purchase  of  their  works  which  are  usu- 

_  ally  distributed  by  lot  to  the  members.    FairhoU. 

A'RUM.  n.  The  name  applierl  to  certain  plants 
growing  in  d.amp  places,  including  the  Call.a,  Tare, 
*^e.  A.  Gray. 

AP.-UN-DlF'En-OnS,  a.  Producing  reeds  or  canes- 

AS-AR-A-BX6'€A,  n.  A  name  for  the  Asnrnm 
Eiirojncnm,  the  leaves  and  roots  of  which  are 
emetic,  and  used  in  farriery.  The  powdered  leaves 
form  the  basis  of  most  cephalic  snulfs.  Simrnomls. 

AS-B£S'TI€,  a.  Of  or  belonging  to  .asbestos ;  incon- 
sumable. 

AS-CeN'SION-AL,  a.    Noting  .ascent  or  ascension; 
ascensional iuvcc ;  a^cenJiionalCaiierGncc.    Craig. 
A-SEP'Tie,  a.    Not  liable  to  putrefaction. 
APII'-PIT,  II.    The  place  where  cimlcrs  fall  under  a 

furnace. 
AS-PECTANT,  n.    A  terra  used  in  Jieraldry,  when 
two  beasts,  birds,  *fcc.,  are  borne  face  to  face,  or  op- 
posite each  other.  Ogilvie. 
AS-PER-GIL'LI-FOEM,  a.    In  lot.  resembling  the 
aspergillus,  a  brush  used  to  sprinkle  holy  water  in 
Roman  Catholic  churches ;  as,  .an  asjie'rg^ll/fbnn 
stigma.                                                     A.  Gray. 
AS-P£E'SIVE,  <7.    Tending  to  asperse;  defamatory. 
AS-PIIaLT',  ;j.    [add.]    A  composition  of  bitumen, 
pitch  and  gravel  used  for  forming  pavements,  and 
as  a  water-proof  cement  for  bridges,  roofs,  &c. 

Francis. 
AS-PHXLT',  v.  t.    To  cover  with  asphalt;    as,  to 

asphalt  a  roof. 
AS-Pn.\LT'ING,  n.    A  covering  with  asphalt. 
AS-PHYX'l-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  asphy.-cia. 

Dunglisoil. 
AS-PIltX'I-A-TED,  ia.    In  a  state  of  asphv.'Jia. 
AS-PII?'X'irD,  i  Dun'gli.so:i. 

AS-PIIYX-I-.l'TION,  ».    Astatoofnsphyxv. 
XS'Vie,  V.   [Ft.]    As.avory  meat  jelly  moulded  into 
a  regular  form  and  containing  portions  of  fowl, 
game,  fish,  &c.,  usually  with  h.ard  boiled  eggs  and 
sliced  pkkles.  Tluickcray. 

AS-PI-RA'TOE,  n.    In  cliem.,  an  apparatus  for  pa.ss- 
ingair  through  liquids  by  means  of  .suction.  Dana. 
AS-SER'TION-AL,  a.    Containing  an  assertion. 

jMtham. 
AS-SlZE'JIENT,  V.  A  legalized  inspection  of  weights 
and  measures,  and  affixing  of  the  price  of  bread,  Ac, 
according  to  its  quality  and  weight.    Simmonds. 
A-.ST.\T'I€,  a.    [Gr.  a  priv.  and  io-tti^i,  to  stand.] 
Z^(..  not  stationary;  having  no  tendency  to  t.ako 
a  fixed  or  definite  po.sition  or^direction  :  th'us  a  sus- 
pended magnetic  needle  when  rendered  astatic, 
loses  its  polarity  or  tendency  to  point  in  a  given  di- 
rection. Ilenry. 
A-STAT'1€-;VL-LY,  a.    In  an  astatic  manner. 
AS-TER-0-LE'PIS,  n.    [Gr.  ia-rnp,  star,  and  KettL^, 
scale.] 

Lit,  starry-scale,  a  genus  of  fishes  found  in  a  fos- 
sil st.ate  i]i  the  old  red  sandstone,  IS  or  20  feet  lon^ 
Hugh  3Iillcr. "' 
AS-TEOG'NO-SY,  n.    [Gr.  io-rpor,  star,  and  ^lio-is, 
knowledge.] 

The  science  of  the  stars  in  respect  to  their  mag- 
nitudes, appearance,  &c.  Bouricr. 
AS-TEO-LI-TIIOL'0-GY,  «.  [Gr.  icrrpor,  star,  ,\<-(!os, 
stone,  and  Aoyos,  discourse.] 
The  science  of  aerolites.  Dana. 
AS-TE5M'E-TEB,  «.    £Qr.  iarpor,  st.ar,  and  M^rpo^ 
measure.] 

An  instrument  for  comparing  the  light  of  stars  in 
rc.-ipcct  to  it.s  intensity :  also,  one  \vho~'racasures  the 
light  of  the  stars. 
AS-TRoM'E-TRY,  n.  The  art  of  making  measnre- 
ments  among  tho  stars,  or  afiixing  their  relative 
magnitude.  EeiPs  Ttch.  Diet. 

A-STTTjAE,  a.    [Gr.  a  nog.  .and  o-TuAot,  pillar.] 
Without  columns  or  pilasters  where  thcv  might 
be  expected.  Weale. 

A  TAUNT'O,  or  A  TAUNT'.    A  plir.aso  applied  to 

a  vessel  when  she  is  fully  rigged. 
AT'.V-VISM,  n.     [L.  utn'rus.  ancestor.] 
The  recurrence  of  any  disease  or  peculiarity  of  an 


AZT 


r\nccstor  nfter  it  L:is  lio'u  intcruiitlcd  for  one  penc- 
raliun  (iriuore;  also  tho  recurrence  of  the  original 
type  of  a  species  in  the  progeny  of  its  varieties. 

DmiQlUon. 
A-TEL'IER  (a-tel'yii),  n.     [Fr.]    The -fforkroora  or 

studio  of  sculptors  and  paiuters.        Aj^I  Journal. 
A-TIli;R'MA-NOUS,  a.    [Gr.  a  ncg:.  and  ^tpj^aiVtu, 
to  heat.] 

Not  transmitting  heat;  opposed  to  diathenna- 
710US.  JleUoni. 

AT-M0S-PIIER'I€  KN'GIlSi:,  n.  A  steam  engine 
whoso  piston  descends  hv  the  pressure  of  the  at- 
mosphere, when  the  steam  which  raised  it  is  con- 
densed within  tho  cylinder.  TotnliJi/ion. 
AT-:\IOS-PITER'ie  RAIL'^^AT.  «.  A  cnntrivanco 
for  propelling  railw.iy  trains  by  tho  pressure  of  tho 
atmosphere  iu  a  tube  of  iron  placed  between  the  rails. 

ToinUnfion. 
A-TON'I^,  «.    In  gram.,  a  word  that  has  no  accent. 
AT'KO-PAL,      )  a.      [Gr.    a  priv.     and    i-ptVw,    to 
XT'EO-rorS,   *     turn.] 

Without  bendins; ;  ftniit  In  ?rt^,  not  iuTcrted  t 
applied  to  ovules  which  are  not  inverted  in  their 
early  development.  A.  Gray. 

ITOIO-PIII^T)  (at'ro.nd),  a.     Affected  with  atro- 
phy ;  abortive.  Carpenter. 
.XT'T A-BAL,  n.     Sco  Atacal. 

AT-TI-TL''DI-NIZE,  v.  -i.    To  assume  affected  at- 
titudes. Johnson., 
ATTLE,  n.  The  rubbish  or  refuse  of  mines.    Wcale. 
AT-TIlI'TED,  a.  FL.]    "Worn  by  rubbin^r  or  friction. 
A-Tl['P'I€,  a.     [Gr.  a  priv.  and  nl-o?.  type.] 

Devoid  of  typical  characters;  producing  a  loss  of 
tvpical  characters.  Dana. 

At  -earBAXT  {o  koo'ning),  [Fr.]  fJt.,  to  tho 
course  ot  2:)r ogress  of;  hence  we  say,  that  a  person 
keeps  himself  Oft  conrant  of  a  subject,  science,  ttc^ 
when  he  keeps  pace  witli  its  progress,  so  as  per- 
fectly to  understand  its  present  state, 
AU€-tlON-EEE'ING,    «.     Tho  act  of  selling  by 

auction. 
AUD'IT-ING,  a.  and  v.    Mr.kin:;  an  ar.dit. 
Ar-DI-TO'I^I-UJf,  V.     [L.]    Ar.ifp^r  the  liom-nns, 
an  apartinont  for  public  .--pr.-tkii:;^:  licnco  apjdietl 
to  any  audience-room,  as  of  a  church.  Wcale. 

AU-GUST'LY,  iulr.     In  an  august  manner. 
AUIvAL,  a.     Belonging  to  the  ear.       Dnnglifon. 
AUS-€UL-TjVTOE,  «.    One  who  practices  auscul- 
tation. 
AUS'PI-€A-TO-ET,  a.   Of  or  belonging  to  auspices. 
ALTS-Pl"CI  AL  (-pish'al),  a.    Pertaining  to  auspircs ; 
"  as,  aiispicial  rites.  Craig^ 

AUT'AEeil-T,  11.     [Gr.  aird?,  pclf,  and  v.px^,  gov- 
ern men  t. 
Complete  self-government ;  nutocracv. 
AU-TO-BI-OGTvA-PIIEPv,  n.    One  who  wrilcs  his 

own  life. 
AU-T(5€T.A.TRICE,    «.      A  female  absolute  sov- 
ereign. 
AU'TO-GRAPn,  a.    In  one's  own  Iiandwritiug. 
A'VA,  n.  A  fermented  drink  of  the  South  Sea  islands 
made  from  tho  root  of  tho  long-pepper  {^facro2>i' 
2)er  7ii€ihi/stic/im.)  Johnfiion. 

A-T£NT't;-RiNE,  /(.     [add.]     Brownish  glass  span- 
gled throu:::lKtut  with  cox>per  filings. 
A-VENT'^-illNE,    a.      Sp.anglcd  throughout  with 
minute  yellow  or  red  scales ;  as,  aventurine  quartz, 
or  feldspar.  Dana. 

A-WANT'ING,  a.    Missing;  wantine. 

Loud.  Quart.  Jiev. 
XX'I-AL-LY,  adv.     In  tho  line  of  the  axi.''. 
AT'AH,  n.    In  Iiidia^  a  native  waiting-maid. 

Malroin. 
ATE'-ATE.  n.  A  singular  noctnrnal  qnadrujicd 
found  in  Madagascar,  {Chciromys  Madagascarun- 
sis,)  rese:nbling  tho  sloth  in  its  habit.-;,  but  classed 
by  some  naturalists  with  the  monkey  tribe,  from 
the  hand -like  structure  of  its  hinder  feet.  It  is 
about  the  size  of  n  hare,  an<l  is  called  aye-aye  by 
the  natives  from  its  peculiar  cry.  ImjJ.  Add. 

A-ZA'LE-A,  H.  [Gr.  aiaMo';,  dry.] 

A  genu.i  of  flowering  plants  growing  best  in  dry 
ground.  Beautiful  species  of  the  I'hododendron  are 
cuUivatcd  under  this  name.  Craig. 

A-ZO'I€.  a.     [add.]    The  azoif.  age,  m  geology^  is 

the  (1110  prereiiing  that  of  animal  life.  Dana* 

A-ZOT'I€  AC'IO,  11.     Nilrie  acid. 
A-ZOO'OUS  AC'IB,  11.    Nitrous  acid. 
AZT^A-EL,  ??.    Tho  angel  of  death  amone  Moham- 

nied.Tri.s.  E.  1"  Lane. 

AZ'TE€,  Ji..   Name  of  one  of  the  early  races  In  Mex- 
ico. Prescott. 
XZ'TEfj,  n.    Of  or  belonging  to  tho  Aztecs,  which 
inhabited  the  great  plateau  of  that  country  at  tho 
time  of  tho  Spanish  conquest.                   Pr'escoit. 


DOVE,    WOLF,    BOOK;    R^-LE,    BULL;    Vl''CIOUS.-€   as    K;    G    as   J;    S   as   Z;    C    as   SH;    THIS. 


1460 


t  <Se6  TalfU  0/  Sytwriyms. 


B. 


BXB'BIT-M£T'AL,  re.  An  alloy  of  copper,  zinc  and 
tin,  also  called  anti-friction  uietal,  from  its  hard- 
ness and  smootliness  of  surface.      P,  R.  Delano. 

BA'BY— Jt'MP'ER.  «.  A  susjiensory  hoop  or  sup- 
port for  a  child,  attached  to  the  cei'Ung  of  a  room 
by  a  straj*  of  vulcanized  india-rubber,  and  used  for 
exercise.  Simmonds. 

BAl'liiisTt  ["•    ['"''^■]    ^'""l"-      Craig. 
1!-\CI1'E-L0E-U00D,  n.    Tho  stato  of  a  bachelor. 

Kitto. 
BacheloHxm  U  used  tbongh  less  frequently. 
BA-CIL-LA'EI-A,  n.pl.  [L.  V'icillum.!is,ms.\\  stick.] 
Name  of  microscopic,  siliceous  infasoria,  consist- 
in?  ofstentler  rcctaii?u!.ar  segments  wliich  bare  tho 
power  of  moving  or  sliding  on  each  other.    They 
are  now  regarded  as  plants.  Dana. 

BiCKT?OAED,  n.    [add.]     A  board  worn  on  the 

back  to  give  erectness  to  the  fiirure.     Thackeray. 
BACK'GI'.OUND,  k.  [add.]    Tho  space  behind  tho 
princip.ol  figures  of  a  picture,  scene,  &c.    Fairholt. 
BACK'LASil,  n.    In  viech.^  the  reaction  or  striking 
back  on   each  other  of  a  set  of  connected  wheels, 
produced  by  irregularities  in  their  velocity  when 
tho  moving  power  is  not  uniform,  or  the  load  is  va- 
riable.      "  Appleton^s  MecJi.  Diet. 
BACK'SHISU,       \n.    A  word  of  Persian  origin  for 
UCCK'SIIEEsn,  J     present  or  gratuity,  ranch  used 

in  the  East.  G.  TT.  Curtis. 

B.XCK-SLTD'IXG,  n.  A  falling  back  by  dcarces  from 

one's  iiiitk_or  duty.  Wriglit. 

BiCK'STKEAM,  n.    A  current  flowing  up-stream. 
B-lCK'-TUnC'ST,  n.    A  thrust  or  stab  behind. 
BiCii'-WA-TEC,   n.    [aiid.]     A  stream  of  water 
dischargeil,  (as  on  a  bar,  tic.,  in  a  harbor,)  to  clear 
a-va^-  obstructions.  Appleton's  Jfech.  Diet. 

B.\D'(5E11.  n.    [add.]    A  licensed  porter  or  carrier 

entitled  to  wear  a  badge.  Simnwntls. 

BiD'tjEE-DiG,  r.    The  act  of  worrying  with  eager 

pursuit. 
B-\G'GAGE-€XE,  n.  A  car  for  conveying  bag- 
gage, [^m.] 
E.vG'GA-LA,  h.  a  two-masted  Arab  boat  used 
botli  for  commerce  and  piracy  in  the  Indian  Ocean, 
between  the  Malabar  coast  and  the  Eed  tiea.  It  is 
generallv  of  "200  or  250  tuns  burden,  and  sails  with 
great  rapidity.  Imp.  Add. 

B.tG'GY,  <;.  Loose  like  a  bag ;  as,  a  laggy  umbrella.  I 
BXG'MAX,  n.    A  commercial  traveler  employed  to 

S4jlieit  orders  for  manufacturers,  &c.     Tliackiray. 
BAG '-NET,  n.    A  net  for  fishes,  shaped  like  a  bag. 
B-X.&'SnOT  S-\2fD,  n.    In  geol.,  sand  of  the  Eocene 
tertiary  around  Br^bot  in  Surrey  and  elsewhere 
in  England.  MantiH. 

BAIIET,  n.    [L.  lalli'im.] 

Originally,  a  court  within  a  fortress ;  now  often 

used  for  a'prison  or  court  of  justice,  as  the  Old 

SaiUy  in  London ;  the  2few  Saiiey  in  Manchester. 

Oxford  Gloss,  of  Arch. 

BA-J5€'€0  (ba-yok'ko),  n.    A  small  copper  coin  in 

the  Eoraan  States,  worth  about  three  farthings. 

Simmoiids. 
BA'LAAM.  n.    A  cant  term  in  newspaper  offices  for 
articles  describing  something  wonderful,  used  to 
fill  out  the  columns.  WriglU. 

EAL'A-CnONG,  n.  A  kind  of  cako  formed  of  small 
fishes  or  shrimps,  pounded  up  with  s.i!t  and  spices, 
and  then  dried.  It  is  much  esteemed  in  China  as  a 
condiment  for  rice,  &c.  Waterston. 

BA'LA-LIME'STOME,  n.  A  dark  limestone  asso- 
ciated with  slate,  containing  a  few  specimens  of 
shells  and  corals ;  it  forms  part  of  thj  Cambrian 
group.  Mantdl. 

EXL'AXCE-SIIEET,  n.    A  paper  giving  a  summa- 
tion and  balance  of  accounts. 
BALE'-GOODS,  n.  pi.    Goods  done  up  in  bales. 

Wright. 
EA-LEEN',  n.    [Tr.  hakine,  a  whale.] 

A  comiiiercial  name  for  plates  of  whale-bone. 
Tomlinson. 
E-XT-ING-rEESS,  n.    A  power  press  used  for  com- 
jircssing  wjtton,  goods,  &c.,  into  bales  for  transpor- 
tation. 
EjVLK  (bawt),  t,  >.      To  stop  sbrnptly  in  one's 
course;   a.-*,  the  fcorso  lalkJt;    ho  balked  in  his 
si»eeeh.    Tliis  has  been  r.-garded  as  an  American- 
ism, but  it  occurs  in  Spen.:er"3  Faery  Qneen,  Book 
v..  C.  10. 
B.\LK'Y,  <7.     Apt  to  stop  abruptly;   as,  a  balk'j 

hor^.    [.-im.] 
BALL,  Ti.    [add.]    A  hall  and  socket  joint  is  one  in 
which  a  ball  moves  within  a  socket,  and  admits  of 
motion  in  every  direction.  Francis. 


BALXAD-OP'E-EA,  n.    An  opera  in  which  only 

ballads  are  sung.  Vgilvie. 

BAL'LAST,  v.  t.  [add.]  To  cover  (as  a  rail-roiid) 
w-ith  gravel,  stone,  ,tc.,  in  order  to  make  firm  and 
solid.  Appleton'a  Meclt.  Diet. 

B-VL'LAST,  «.  [.add.]  Gravel,  stone,  ic,  bid  on  a 
rail-road  to  make  it  firm  and  solid. 

Apjileton's  Mech.  Diet. 
B.4L-L00N.ED',  a.    Swelled  out  like  a  balloon. 
BAL-LOON'-FISU,  n.    The  name  ot  a  kind  of  fish 
(genus,  Diodon)  which  have  the  power  of  inflating 
their  bodies  bladder-like,  by  swallowing  air  and 
making  it  pass  into  cavities  beneath  the  skin. 

Citvier. 
BAL-LOONISG,  n.  The  sending  up  of  balloons. 
BAL'LO'W,  n.    [Huloet  says,  from  haller.l    A  club 

or  cudgel.    [Ohs.\  Sluil: 

BALL'-PEOOF,  a.    That  can  not  be  penetrated  by 

balls  from  fire-arms. 
BALL'-EOOM,  n.    A  room  for  b.ills,  assemblies,  Ac. 
BALL'-VXLVE,  71.    A  contrivance  by  which  a  ball 
placed  in  a  circul.ir  cup  v,-itU  a  hole  in  its  bottom, 
oper.itC'S  as  a  valve.  Francis. 

BA-LOE'XI-CEPS,  V.  A  gigantic  grallatorial  bird, 
about  three  feet  and  a  half  in  height,  with  a  hirge 
beak  somewhat  resembling  the  boat-bill,  lately 
found  in  the  interior  of  Africa.  Its  large  fl.it  bill 
must  be  useful  to  it  in  capturing  and  crushing  the 
lizards  and  other  reptiles  on  which  it  feeds. 

Imp.  Add. 
BAL'SAM,  v.  t.    To  impresnato  with  balsam. 
BAL'SAMFD,  pp,  QT  a.    Impregnated  with  balsam. 
BiL'Z.V-EiXE,  n.      A  light    mi-icd    material  of 
worsted  and  cotton,  for  ladies'  dresses.  Siiiimonds. 
BX^I,  r..    An  imposition  ;  a  cheat.  [  Vtilg-I    Wrigld. 
BAM-BOO',  r.  i.    To  flog  with  the  bamboo.     In 
Chinese  courts,  it  is  done  on  the  l).aek  and  thighs. 
iS".  Wells  Williams. 
BAOJI-A.  n.  A  species  of  small  fish,  (Silartis.)  found 

in  the  Eed  Sea.  Ogilvie. 

B.lN'€A-Tiy,  n.  A  kind  of  tin  obtained  from  tho 
Eastern  Archipelago  (originally  Trom  tho  island  of 
lianca.)  equal  to  English  refined.  Si/nmonds. 

B.\NI>'AGE,  V.  t.    To  bind  up  with  a  bandage. 
BAN-D.X'L.i,  «.    Name  of  the  fiber  from  which  Ma- 
nilla white  rope  is  m.ade.  It  is  an  outer  layer  of  the 
abaca  (^Mti^a  textilis.)  a  variety  of  tho  plantain. 

tSijnmonds. 

B.VN1)0-LiNE.  n.    A  gummy  preparation  for  the 

hair,  raatle  usually  of  Iceland  moss  or  linseed  with 

v.ater,  and  perfumed.  Simmonds. 

EXXD'-SHAPi'D,  a.     Shaped  like  a  band ;    long 

and  narrow,  as  in  the  leaves  ot  Zoatera  marina. 

JTcn.'^loic. 
Ba;!sO'GLE-EAES,  n.pil.    Loose  hanging  ears  like 
tilose  of  a  dog,  an  ln:i)erfection  in  a  horse.    Wright. 
BXX'IS-TEE,  n.    This  word  w.as  originally  a  cor- 
ruption of   haluster,  but  is  now    (as  stated    by 
Clarke)  very  commonly  used  in  England.     Wright. 
BaN'JO,  n.    A  stringed  musical  instrument  used 

chiefly  by  negroes.  Simmonda. 

BXNK,  v.  {.    To  deposit  money  in  a  bank ;  to  carry 

on  banking. 
B.\XK'-FEXCE,  »;.    .V  funce  consisting  of  a  bank  of 

earth.  _ 

BAX'XOCE-FLriiE,  ;i.    Scotch  for  turbot. 

Walt.  Scott. 
EXXTAM-WOEK,  ;i.    "Sana  of  gaudily  varnished 

Japanned  work.  Simmonds. 

B.VP-TIS'MAL-LY,  adr.  In  a  baptismal  manner. 
BAll'BA-EA.  n.  A  term  used  in  logic,  being  the 
first  words  in  technical  verses  intended  to  repre- 
sent the  various  forms  of  the  syllogism  ;  it  indicates 
a  svllo<nsm  whose  three  propositions  are  universal 
nffirmattves.  WliUiely 

BAEBSD'-.XE'EOW,  «.      In  A<!ra?!?cy,  a  term  de- 
notin"  that  the  head  of  an  arrov.- is  barbed  or  .lagged. 
°  Ogilcie. 

BAE'BEL-L.VTE,  a.    [L.  larha,  beard.] 

In  lot.,  having  bearded  or  barbed  bristles.  A.  Gray. 
B\E-Bi5L'LU-LATE,  <i.    In  lot.,  a  diminutive  of 

barbcUate.  -^-  '^''"V- 

BAU'BI-CA^s.    See  B.iEEAC.iN.  . 

EAr.E'Bo:^fES,  n.  A  canting  fanatic.  [Coll.]  Wright. 
BA-EEGE  (bi-rSjeO,  «.  [Fr.]    A  gauze-like  material 
for  ladies'  dresses,  vails,  &c.,  ot  worsted,  or  silk  and 
worsted.  Simmonds. 

BXr.'GAIN-ING,  H.    The  making  of  bargams. 
BAIi'-GOWN,  «.    A  Lawyer's  gown  m  Enri.and. 

OgtlTis. 
BAEKT-ESS,  n.    ncstitutoofbark. 
BAEK'-LOUSE,  »>.  An  in5ect(J/)7iis)that  infests  trees. 
B'vE'LEY-€AKE,  n.     Cake  made  of  bariey. 
BXE'LEY-MEAL,  7!.    Meal  mode  of  barley. 
BAE'AI  V-CIDE,    c.    Imaginary  or  pretended  ;  ap- 
plied to  entertainments  :  From  a  story  m  the  Ara- 
bian Nights  concerning  a  beggar  who  asked  food  ol 


one  of  the  princes  of  the  Barmac  family  (L.  Darmt- 
cida:),  which  flourished  at  Bagdad  just  before  lla- 
roun  Al-Easchid.  The  Barmatide  ordered  food,  and 
before  it  could  be  brought,  called  on  the  bejrgar 
(naming  the  dishes)  to  fall  to  and  cat  The  beggar 
btmiored  the  joke,  pretending  to  eat,  and  praiiin;? 
each  imaginary  dish,  till  he  ended  by  declaring  that 
be  could  e.at  no  more.  Hence  the  expression,  a 
Barmacide  or  imaginary  feast,  «tc.  TItackeray. 
EAE'-?IAID,  rt.    -A  female  who  attends  the  bar  of  a 

tavern,  a  beer  shop,  or  a  spirit  shop,    Simmoudl. 
BAE'NA-EEE,  n.  A  familiar  name  for  the  lady-bird. 
BAE'X.V-<^LF,S  (b-ir'na-klz),  n.  pi.     A  familiar  or 
ca:'.t  n:ur;e  for  spectacles. 

WiAght.    Dickem.    \Eng.'\ 
BAEM'-YAED,  n.    A  yard  near  a  bam. 
BAEN'-YAED,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  barnyard,  as  fowlj. 
BA-EO€'0,  n.    A  term  in  logic,Xa  indicate  a  form 
of  syllogism  of  whicli  the  first  projiosltiou  is  a  uni- 
versal afiirmative,   and  the  other  two  T/articnIar 
negatives.  Whately. 

BA-E0L'O-6y,  n.    [Gr.  pipoi,  weight,  and  Ao-,ot, 
discourse.] 
The  scieneo  of  weight  or  p-'avity.  Ogllrit. 

BXE'OX,  n.  [add.]  A  tenn  used  among  the  modem 
Armenians  as  a  title  of  respect,  but  not  of  rank, 
like  Sir.  Seropyan. 

BAE'EA-€OON,  n.  [Sp.]  A  slave  warehouse  or 
fort  for  slavers  on  the  western  coast  of  Africa. 

Simm&ndH. 
B-XE'EEL-OE'G.AN,   n.    The  common  hand-organ 
containing  a  barrel   with  pins  whose  revolution 
opens  the^key-valves,  and  produces  the  music. 

Simmondt. 
BAE-EI-CAD'EE,  n.  One  who  raises  barricades. 
BAE'-WAY,  n.    A  passive  into  a  field  having  bar» 

which  take  out  of  the  posts.  Wright. 

B.XS'etXE  BEIDGE,  n.    [Fr.  lascuU,  a  swing.] 
A  swing  bridge  or  lifting  bridge  for  draws,  canals, 
ttc.  ~  Simmondt. 

BASE'-LINE,  n.    A  main  line  taken  as  a  l^ase  of 
operations,  and  on  the  correctness  of  which  iLo 
whole  depends ;  as  in  surveying,  in  military  opera- 
tions, in  perspective,  d:c.  Francis. 
BA'SI-FTrD  (bas'e-fidc),  pp.  or  a.   Converted  into 

a  salifiable  b.ase. 
B.i-SiS'0-LT7TE,  a.  In  lot.,  noting  leaves  Molongcd 

nt  the  base.  Wright. 

BASK'ET-eXE'EIAGE,  n.    A  small  pony   chaise 

made  of  basket  work.  Simmondt, 

E.lSK'ET-EY,  n.    Basketsin  generaL 
B.XS'NET,  n.    A  light  helmet,  generally  without  s 
visor,  so  called  from  its  resemblance  to  a  b^in. 

Fairholt. 
BaSQITE   (b:'isk),  a.     Belonging  to  Biscay,  or  it» 
people.— II .   A  lady's  jacket  with  a  very  short  skirt. 
E.\ST-XET.    See  b'asxct. 

B.XSS'-HOEX.  n.  A  wind-instrumentofmnsicoflow 
tone,  deeper  than  the  bassoon.   Moon's  C;,\:  Hut. 
B.XS'SO,  «.  [It]    A  bass-voice;  one  who  sink's  bass. 
B.XSTAED.  n.  [add.]   The  iastard-title  of  a  book  is 
an  abbreviated  or  half-title  on  a  page  preceding  tho 
full  title-page.  BeiTs  Tech.  Diet. 

BXSTAED-FILE,  n.  A  kind  of  file  intermediate 
between  the  coarsest  cut  and  the  second  cut 

AjtpUton's  Mech.  Diet, 
B-XS'TIOX£'D,  a.    Furnished  with  a  bastion. 
BA.S'TOX,  «.        [Fr.]     A  staff  or  cudgel  used  in 
tournaments;  in  heraldry,  a  staff  or  cudgel,  gene- 
r-Uy  borne  as  a  mark  of  bastardy,  and  properly 
should  contain  one-eighth  in  breadth  of  the  bend- 
sinister.  Ogdr,e. 
B XS'Y-LOUS,  a.    Partaking  of  tho  nature  of  basyle. 

Prof.  Graham. 
B.VT,   «.  [add.]    In  7,rM7<7?/(Vs' tcort,  a  piece  of  a 

brick  less  than  one-half  of  its  length.  Gvitt. 

BXTH'ING-MA-CniJTE',  n.  A  sm.all  room  on 
wheels  to  be  driven  into  the  water  for  the  conven- 
ience of  bathers,  who  undress  and  dres-i  therein. 

Simmonds. 
BATH'-MET-AL,  n.    An  alloy  consisting  of  four  and 
a  half  ounces  of  zinc  and  one  pound  of  brass. 

Francts. 
BATH-Y-MET'Eie-AL.  a.    Pcrtiining  to  bathym- 

BA-TIlt'M'E-TEY,  n.    [Gr.  ^<i«os,  depth,  and  iii- 

root;  measure] 
The  art  or  science  of  sounding   or  measuring 

depths  in  the  sea.  •??'"'',. 

BXTS'-WING.  n.    A  form  of  gas-burner  with  a  slit 


at  the  top'instead  of  a  round  hole,  so  that  the  gas 
i^suin"  from  this  burns  in  a  flame  shaped  like  a 
iafsiing.  J'rauci^ 

B.XTTEE.    1        He  who  holds  the  bat  in  cricket 

BXTT'EE,"'.!.    [Fr.   laitre.]     [.add.]     A  backward 
Vh.pe  in  the  face  of  a  wall,  so  as  to  make  tlie  plumb- 


clnpe  ._ 

line  fall  within  the  base. 


Ji'c-.-.fc 


A,  E.  &c,   long  —'X,  %    &c.,  short. 


z^i^jE^AErLA5T:^^iii:>n^T^jm^^ 


t  See  Taih  of  Synonyms. 


t  :r; 


BEN 


BIF 


BIV 


BAT'TEK-Y,  ».  [JiiM-]  A  body  of  caniiua  taken 
collectively;  ^s,  a  ship's  Z/flfttfry.  ^ 

Himmondn.    Craig. 
BXT'TLE-FIELD,  n.     A  place  of  fighting. 
BA^^'L,  n.    A  loiul  prolouijcd  ciy. 
EAY-A-DERE',  tTr.]     A  female  dancer  in  the  East 

Indies.  Ogilme. 

BA-YE'O'X'-TiP^S-TEY,  to.  A  lon^roU  of  linen 
cloth,  preserved  in  the  cathedral  of  Bayeux,  upon 
which  a  continuous  representation  of  the  events 
connected  with  the  conquest  of  England  by  the 
Normans  is  worked  iu  woolen  thread  of  different 
colors.  Fairholt 

BlY'lNG,  n.    The  barking  of  a  dog,  as  at  game,  .fee. 
BAY'-WiN-DOW,  V.    [subs.]     In  arcJi.,  a  window 
forniins  a  bay  or  recess  in  a  room,  and  projecting 
outward  from  the  wall,  either  in  a  rectangular, 
polyL'tinal.  or  semi-circular  form,  often  corruptly 
cnlK-d  a  how-icindow.        Oxford  Gloss,  of  Arch. 
BA-ZAAK',  I  71.  [add.]    A  sale  of  fancy  articles  for 
BA-ZAU       f     £0113"  charitable  or  religious  object. 

Shrvmomls. 
BDEL-LQ.M'E-TER,  n.  [Gr.  /SSe'AAa,  a  leech.] 

A  cuppui-C  tclass  to  which  arc  attachocl  a  scarifica- 
tor and  an  o.\liausting  syringe.  Dunfjlison. 
BEACH,  u  t.    To  run  upon  a  beach;  as,  to  Jjeach 

a  ship. 
BEACH'ING,  ft.    Tho  act  of  running  a  vessel  on  a 

beach. 
BEA'€0N-FTUE,  n.    A  fire  lighted  up  as  a  ei-nal. 

Prcucott. 
BEA'€0N-LES3,  a.    Having  no  beacon. 
BEAD,  v.  t.    To  ornament  with  beads  or  beading. 
BEAD'ED,  2^P-  or  a.    Having  beadi;  ornamented 

with  beads. 
EEAD'-HOUSE.    Sec  EEDE-IIoueE. 
EEAD'ING,  ?J.    In  areh.,  a  molding  in  imitation  of 

Ijeads.  Simmonds. 

BEAD'-M(3LD,  n.  A  species  of  fungus  or  mold, 
the  stems  of  which  consist  of  single  cells  loosely 
iointed  together  so  as  to  resemble  a  string  of  beads. 

Imp.  Add. 
BEAD'-TOOL,  11.    A  tool  having  its  cutting  faco  of 

a  convex  form,  to  make  fceac^work. 
BEAM'LET,  ft.    A  small  beam  of  light.       Drake. 
BEAK'ING,  ft.  [add.]     In  mech.,  that  part  of  a  siiaft 
oraxle  which  is  iu  contact  with  the  supports.  Wealc. 
BEA'VEK,  a.    Made  of  beaver ;  as,  a  heaver  hat. 
BECBE  DE  MER  (biishe'  do  mar'),  «■     French 
name  for  tho  sea-slug  or  trepan:;,  a  species  of  IIolo- 
thuria,  much  esteemed  as  a  culinary  delicacy  among 
the  Chinese.  S.  WdU  Williint/ff. 

BED'DI^G,  ft.  [add.]    In  geol,  tho  itato  or  po.sitioa 

of  beds  and  layers.  Ifaiia. 

BED'-PLATE.    See  Base-Plate. 
BED'-STEPS,  71.  ph     Steps  for  ascending  a  bed. 
BEE,  n.  [add.]     In  music,  a  combination  of  reeds 
connectfd  with   the  inoutli-pieco  of  an  oboe,  and 
other  similar  wind-instruments.    Ji.  /SUlinuiiL,  Jr. 
BEE-LINE,  ft.    The  shortest  and  most  direct  lino 
from  ono  place  to  another,  like  that  of  a  bee  through 
the  air.     [Am.]  BartlcU. 

BEER'Y,  a.     Of  or  resembling  beer ;    affected  by 

beer.  Frasier. 

BEE'TLE,  ft.  [add.]     A  machino  used  to   produce 
figured  fabrics  by  pressure  from  corrugated  or  in- 
dented rollers.  Appleton's  Mech.  Diet 
BEE'TLING,  a.  [add.]     Noting  the  process  of  pro- 

duciug  flguros  on  fabrics  by  means  of  a  beetle. 
BE-GUM',  V.  t.    To  daub  or  cover  with  gum. 
BE-LE€T'tXRE,  v.  t.    To  vex  with  lectures ;  to  lect- 
ure frequently. 
BEL-GRA'VI-A,  ft.    A  fashionable  quarter  of  Lon- 
don, round  Pimlico.  Thackevatf. 
BEL-GRA'VI-AN,  «.    Belonging  to  Belgravia,  or  to 

fashionable  life. 
BELL '-BIRD.  ft.  A  South  American  bird  (Procnias 
caruni-ulntn)  whoso  loud  sonorous  voice  resembles 
the  tolling  of  a  bell.  Edwards. 

BELL'-t'UXNK,  ft.  Tho  ornnk  used  to  ring  a  bell ; 
arectauiiular  lever  by  which  tho  direction  of  motion 
is  ohanged  through  an  angle  of  ninety  degrees. 

Era7ici3. 
BEL'LI-€0SE,  a.  [L.  lellicosxts.1    Disposed  to  con- 
tention ;  luiguacious,  Wright. 
BELI/-JXR,  ft.   A  bell-shaped  jar  used  by  chemists. 
BELL'-:MOUTn^D,  a.    Gradually  expanded  at  tho 

mouth  in  the  form  of  a  bell.  Marryatt. 

BELT'ING,  ft.     Tho  material  of  which  belts  are 

made ;  belts  talcen  collectively. 
BENCn,  n.  [add.]  A  long  table  at  which  artists 
and  mechanics  work. — BeiicJi-Saw,  a  circular  saw 
attached  to  a  bench. — Bench-Shears^  largo  shears 
secured  to  a  bench.— JSencA-  Kk^,  a  vice  fwtencd 
to  a  bench. 


BENCII'-MXRK,  ft.    In  fiurveying  and  IcctJiua^o, 
uiark  left  on  a  lino  of  survey  for  future  referent-c 

J''ra>tcis. 
BEND'EIi,  ft>   A  sprco  or  frolic.     [Am.  and  vtd</"-r.'] 

BartlcU. 
EEND'-LEATH-ER  (luth'er),  ft.    The  best  quality 

of  sole-leather.  UalliwiU. 

BE-NIG'NANT-LY,  adv.    "U'lth  benignity. 
BENNE'-OIL,  ft.    An  oil  expressed  from  tho  seeds 
oi  Sesamum  oi^icntale^  used  in  jnedicinc. 

V.  S.  Disp&nsaton/. 
BEN'-NUT,  ft.  [add.]   Oa'^f^/'&eft,  is  an  oil  expressed 
from  tlio  seeds  of  Meringa  aptcra.,  much  valued 
by  watchmakers  and  perfumers  for  its  sweetness 
and  fiuidity.  WelW  Annual. 

BENT'Y,  a.    Abounding  iu  bents  or  stalks  of  with- 
ered grass. 
BEN'ZSNE,  ft.    Another  name  for  benzoic. 
BEN'ZOLE,  ft.  [From  benzoin,  and  L.  oUum,  oil.] 
An  oily  substance    obtained    frum    bituminous 
coal,  consisting  of  twelve  parts  of  carbon,  and  six  of 
hydrogen.     It  has  great  solvent  powers  and  is  used 
by  manufacturers  of  india-rubber  and  gutta  percha ; 
also  for  cleaning  soiled  ki<l  gloves,  and  for  other 
purposes. — The  name  'benzoline  is  sometimes  given 
to  this  substanco  when  used  for  cleaning  purposes. 
Gregory.    Siminonds. 
BE-EE6E'.    See  Barege. 

BEBG,  ft._[add.]    A  contraction  of  icc-berg.    Kane. 
BfiRO'ME^VL,  ft.  [Gcr.  Berg,  mountain,  and  Mehl, 
meal.] 

An  earth  resembling  fine  flour  composed  of  tho 
shells  of  infusoria,  and  sometimes  eaten  to  stay 
hunger.  Johnston. 

EKRTII,  V.  t.    To  furnish  with  berths ;  as,  to  herili, 

passengers  in  a  ship. 
BEnnfL-LOID,  a.    [Gr.  pi}puAAos,  beryl,  and  elSoe, 
appearance.] 

in  cryataUography,  a  solid  consisting  of  two 
twelve-sided  pyramids  put  base  to  base,  as  in  the 
beryl.  Dana. 

BE-SET'MENT,  ft.    Tha  state  of  being  beset,  as  in 

ice.  Kane. 

BE-SLOBOiEE.    See  Eeslceeee. 
BETH'EL,    ft.    rileb.]     A  name  given   to  certain 

houses  of  worship ;  as  for  seamen,  <fcc. 
EE-TON'  (bo-tongO,  «■  [Fr.]    A  kind  of  concrete  or 
hydraulic  cement,  rendered  more  conipact  by  being 
mixed  with  gravel,  pebble?,  &c.,  and  used  iu  sub- 
marine works  as  a  foundation  of  masonry. 

Simmonds. 
BE-TWEEN'-DECKS,  ft.  pi.    Tho  open  space  be- 
tween two  decks  of  a  ship.  rotten. 
BE-ZO'NI-AN,  ft.  [It.  llsogno:\    A  low  fellow  or 

scoundrel.  Shak. 

BHANG.     See  Bangtte. 

BI. — In  most  branches  of  science  Id  in  couiposition 
denotes  two,  twice,  doubly;  as.  hidentate^  two- 
toothed;  Zji7er»((ie,  doubly  ternnte,  &c. 
Bi. — In  chemistry.,  hi  in  composition  denotes  that 
the  compound  contnins  two  parts  or  equivalents  of 
the  first  mentioned  ingredient  to  ono  of  the  other  ; 
thus,  a  hichromate  of  potash  contains  two  parts  of 
chromic  acid  to  ono  of  potash. 
BI-ACID,  a.    Capable  of  combining  with  two  parts 

or  equivalents  of  acid. 
BT-A-GU'MI-NATE,  a.    ILaving  points  or  extremi- 
ties in  two  directions.  JJenslow. 
BY-AN-TIIER-iF'ER-OUS,  a.    Having  or  producing 

two  anthers. 
BT-AU-Kl€'Xr-LATE,  a.  [add.]  In  hot.,  having  two 
caj-like  projections  at  tho  baso  of  a  leaf.    A.  Gray. 
BI-AX'I-AL,  a.    Iu  optics,  having  two  axes. 
Bl-BA'Sie,  a.    Capable  of  combining  with  two  parts 
or  equivalents  of  a  base;  or  containing  two  equi- 
valents of  a  base  to  one  of  acid.  Gregory. 
BIB-LI-0-GRAPH'I6-AL-LY,   ad.     In  a   biblio- 
graphical manner. 
BIB-LI-OL'0-G-Y,  ft.  [Gr.  /St/SXt'or,  book,  and  Adyos, 
discourse.] 
The  science  of  books.    Also,  biblical  literature. 
BIB-LI-OP'E-GY,  ft.  [Gr.  ^k^KLqv,  book,  and  n-^yi-uw, 
to  set  or  make  fast.] 
Tho  art  of  book-binding.  Ogilvie, 
BT-CAR'I-NATE,  «.    Having  two  keel-liliD  projec- 
tions.                                                            A.  Gray. 
BI-€HR0'MATE,  a.    Containing  two  parts  of  chro- 
mic acid  to  one  of  tho  other  iugrcilients;  as,  a  hi- 
ch}'omate_oi  potash.                    "             Gregory. 
EI-€0N'€AVE,  a.    Noting  a  double  concavity ;  as 

hi-concav8  vertebric.  Carjyenter. 

BT-€f^R'PO-RAL.  «.    Having  two  bodies.    Smart. 
BI-€OR'PO-E  ATE,  a.     In  heraldry,  double-bodied  ; 
as,  a  lion  having  ono  head  and  two  bodies.  Ogilvie. 
BT-€RE'NATE,  a.    Crenate,  or  toothed,  in  two  re- 
spects, as  in  the  case  of  leaves  whoso  crenatures 
^re  themselves  crenate.  Ogilvie. 

BIFTD-ATE,  a.    Having  two  clefts  ;  divided. 


BIF'1-LAU,  a.  [L.  hifi,  twice,  unAJilum,  thread.] 
Twu-llircaded;  involving  the  use  of  two  threads; 
as,  hifilar  suspension,  a  hijilar  balance.    A  bifilar 
micrometer  (often  called  a  hijilar)  is  an  instrument 
for  mcasuiiiig  minute  distances  or  angles  by  means 
of  two  very  minute  threads  (usually  spider-lines) 
ono  of  wliieb,  at  least,  is  movable.  77.  A.  Newton. 
El-FO'LI-0-LATE,  a.   [L.  his,  a.m\  folium,  a  leaf] 
In  hot.,  having  two  leaflets,  as  some  compound 
leaves.  A.  Gray. 

BIG'GIN,  ft.  [add.]  A  contrivance  for  holding  coffee- 
grounds  (being  a  small  ba^  or  a  metallic  vessel  min- 
utely perforated  at  tho  Dottom)  through  which 
boiling  water  is  poured.  Wright. 

BiG'-"WlG,  n.     A  cant  name  for  a  person  of  con- 
sequence; as,  the  hig-wlgs  of  society.     Thackeray. 
BlG'-WlGG^D  (-witjd),  fT.    Noting  consequence  or 

pomposity  of  manner.  {^Eng.] 
BILdr^,  a.     Having  the  smell,  &c.,  of  bilge- water. 
BILL,  ft.  [add.]    The  poiut  of  the  fluke  of  an  anchor. 

Totten. 
Bill  of  fare,  a  list  of  dishes  at  a  dinner,  he—True 
hill,  a  bill  of  indictment  )-eturned  by  a  prand-juvv. 
ElLLi7D  (bild),  a.     Furnished  with  a  bill,  as  a  bird. 
BILL'-BRO-KER,  7t.    Ouo  who  negotiates  tho  dii- 

cuunt  of  bills. 
EILL'HOOK,  ft.    A  email  hatchet  with  curved  edge. 

Ca7nphell\'i  Mil.  Diet. 
ElL'LY,  n.    A  cant  name  for  a  watchman's  club. 
EI-MEM'BRAL,  a.    Having  only  two  members. 
LI-MES'TRI-AL,  a.  [L.  himestris.l     Occurring  in 

or  lasting  two  months.  Ogilvie. 

EI-NO'MT-AL,  11.  In  math.,  i^  quantity  consisting 
of  two  terms  united  by  tho  sign  ^>/ifB  or  minus. 

Wright. 
El-Nr^'€LE-AR,  a,   [L.  bis,  twice,  and  nucleus,  a 
kernel.] 
Having  two  nuclei,  or  central  points. 
ET  0-B'5:'-NAM'I€S,  n.  pi.     [Gr.  (3tog,  life,  and  fium- 
/xK.  strensth.] 
The  doctrine  of  vital  forces.  Dunglison. 

BT-0-L(3(VI€-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  biology. 
EI-OL'O-G-Y.  11.  \G\:  jSi'os.  life,  and  Aoyo?,  discourse.] 
The  science  ol  life.  A  term  now  chiefly  applied  to 
a  theory  based  on  the  assumption  that  there  is  a 
life-force,  called  either  magnetic  or  odylic  force, 
which  obeys  laws  analogous  to  those  of  magnetism, 
and  through  which  one  in<lividual  may  by  mani- 
pulation, or  by  a  simple  action  of  his  will  or  mind 
under  certain  conditions,  control  tho  mental  states 
and  actions  of  another  individual.  I>ana. 

BI-PAL'MATE,  a.  Noting  a  palmate  arrangement 
on  seccmdary  petioles  which  are  palmately  arranged 
on  tho  primary  petiole.  I/ensloio. 

EI-PLI'CATE,  a.  [L.  11%  i\m\pUco,  to  fold.] 

Doubly  folded  iu  a  transverse  manner.   HenslouK 
El'-PONT,  J  ft.   A  name  applied  to  books  print- 

EI'-PONT'INE,  f     ed  at  Deuxponta  or  Eipontium 

in  Holland.  Clarke. 

Bl-PUNt'TaJ'-ATE,  a.    Having  two  punctures  or 

punctuations. 
EI-PY-RAM'I-DAL,  a.    Consisting  of  two  pyramids 
placed  baso  to  baso;  as,  a  i'i-^J/ramidrt^  dodeca- 
hedron ;  having  a  pyramid  at  each  of  tho  extremi- 
ties of  a  prism,  as  in  quartz  crystals.  Dana. 
BtRD'ING-PlECE,    ft.      A   fire-arm   for  shooting 

birds.  Craig, 

BI-EE€T-XNG'GU-LAR,  a.    Containing  two  right- 
angles  ;  as,  a  hi-rectangular  spherical  triangle. 
BtRK'-fi'N,  a.    Birchen  ;  as,  hirketi  groves.    Bums. 
BiRTIIT)AY,  a.     Pertaining  to  tho  day  of  birth,  or 

its  anniversary.  Wright. 

BiRTH'-SiN,  ft.    An  old  term  for  original  sin. 
BIS-CAY'AN,  ft.    A  native  of  Biscay. 
EIS-CAY'AN,  a.    Pertaining  to  Biscay  or  its  people- 
BifSE  (beeze),  ft.  [Fr.]    A  cold  north  wind  which 
prevails  on  the  northern  coasts  of  the  Mediterra- 
nean, nearly  tho  same  as  the  Jlistral. 

Did.  de  VAcad. 
BT-SE€'TRIX,  ft.     In   hi-axial  pfolarization,   the 
line  bi-secting  the  angle  between  tho  two  axes  of 
polarization.  Dana, 

BT-SE'Rl'-AL.    See  Bi-sekiate. 
Bt-SEKTIATE,  a.    Doubly  sen-ate,  or  having  tho 

serraturcs  serrate,  as  in  some  leaves.       A.  Gray. 
BIS-MIL'LAH,   €Tc.l.    [Turkish.]      An  exclamation 
much  used  by  Turks,  signifying  In  the  name  of 
God  I 
BISQUE  (bisk),  n.  [Fr.]    A  kind  of  unglazed  white 
porcelain.    It  is  much  used  for  statuettes,  &c. 

Art  Journal. 
ETT'ING-TN,  ft.  In  etching,  the  process  of  corroding 
or  eating  into  metallic  plates,  by  means  of  an  acid. 
(Sco  Etch.)— Tho  verb  bite-in  is  sometimes  used. 

Erancis. 
Sr-YALV^D    (-valvd),    a.     Furnished  with  two 
Ivad  moll 


valves ;  as,  a  bi'Valved  mollusk. 


Dniia. 


DOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK;    llt:rLE,  BULL;    Yi"CIOUS.-€  as  K;    fi-  as  J;    ffi  as  Z;    CH  as  SH ;    THIS. 


1462 


t  See  T^lh  of/Synonymt, 


BLACK'- A  111',  n.  [:iM.]    'Vhis  name  was  given  in 
tlie   Middle  Ajri-o  vu  necToinatwn  under  the  idc:t 
tii.it  tliB  latter  mm  wns  derived  IVom  niger,  black, 
(instead  of  ■-«(««,  o  dead  jwrson,  and  jiai-Te.a,  divi- 
nation) Wrtoht. 
BLXCK' €C-i;'KAST,  n.    A  garden  fruit  (Ri'je-ini- 
oi-um),  used  for  jellies,  jams,  &c.,  of  a  black  color. 
"        '                                                        Loudon. 
BLXCK'-BRSUGIIT,  n.    A  n.imo  given  to  a  form 
of  cathartic  medicine,  composed  of  senna  and  mag- 
nesia.                                                        DunglUoii. 
BL.\CK'-FLXG,  r„  The  flag  of  a  pirate.  Walt.  Scoit. 
BL.\CIvS,  K.  jil.    Name  of  a  kind  of  ink  used  in  cnp- 
per-plate  printing,  prepared  from  tho  charred  husks 
of  tho  graije  and  residue  of  tho  -Hine-prcss. 

Simmonds. 
BLitVDER-WK.XCK  (-rak),  «.  Tho  common  leath- 
ery sea-weed  (FuctiS  xeii^-tilvsa.t.)  Wright. 
BL.IXK.  n.    [add.]     A  piece  of  mct,-d  prep.ared  to  be 
luado  iuto  something ;  as,  a  coin,  a  woodscrew,  &c. 
AppUton's  3fcch.  Diet. 
BL.lST,  n.  [atld.]    A  current  of  air  directed  into  a 
farnaco  by  some  contrivance,  as  bellows,  &c.,  to 
quicken  combustion  ;  the  terms  hut-hiaxt  and  coU- 
lla»t  are  cmidoved  lo  desisnato  whether  the  cur- 
rent is  heated  o'r  not  heated,  before  entering  the 
furnace.                                                     Simmonds. 
BLAJ-TE'MA,  n.  [Gr.]     In  lot,  the  embryo  in  a 
seed  apart  from  the  cotvlcdon  ;  in  zool..  tho  i.rim- 
Itivo  basis  of  au  organ  yet  unformed,  from  wlucli 
it  proeeeds  or  grows.     "  Tho  lilailema  «(  bono  is 
a  sub-transparent  glairy  matter,  contaiuing^n  mul- 
titude of  niinuto  corpuscles."  Cian. 
BLAS-TE'MAL,  a.  [Gr.  p.\i(mi^o,  a  bud  or  shoot.] 
Notin-  tho  rudimental  mass  of  an  organ  in  its 
stue  of  lorm.itiou.                                Dmighson. 
BL.4.ST'-II5LE,  n.    A  hole  in  tho  bottom  of  a  pump, 

throuzh  which  water  enters.         Mining  Journ. 

BLiSTO-DfeKM,  «.    [Gr.  ^Kaxrri^,  a   germ,    and 

5^pao,  skin.]  .  1  .  „ 

The  so-called  germinal  membrane  in  an  ovum, 

enclosing  the  yolk.  Curpenta: 

BL.\STO-D£EiI'ie,   a.     Eclating   to  the    blaBto- 

derm.  Curpenta: 

BLATANT,  a.  [add.]    NoUy ;  brawling. 
BLSTS,  n./i;.     Spots  on  over-ripo  fruits  when  de- 
composition has  commenced.  Ogdvie. 
BLETTIN'O,  «.  [Fr.  lihttf,  over-ripe.] 

Tlie  spotted  appearance  of  over-npo  fruits  when 
dccompositioa  has  commenced.  Ltiidlci/. 

BLTN'D'AiiE,  n.    A  timber  framing  to  cover  troops, 

w.Irkmen,  sentries,  &c.  Clurte. 

BLTN'1)'-€5  S.U  "•     Coal  that  burns  without  (lame ; 

an'thraeite  coal.  Himnwnils. 

BLIXD'FR  «  IIo  or  th.at  which  blinds.  Blinders 
are  tho  broad  pieces  of  leather  on  a  bridle  near  tho 
tyei  of  a  horse,  to  binder  him  from  seeing  on  tho 

BLTVD'-FISII  n.  A  variety  of  fish  (Amblyopsia 
,pd.tM)  destitute  of  eyes,  found  in  the  waters 
which  occur  in  tho  Mammoth  Cave,  m  ^-^ntucky. 

BLTND'-M.XN  «.    1.  One  who  is  without  sight 
2    \  ticrson  who  makes  out  indistinct  addresses 
oflcttefs  in  a  post-office.    [&(/.]  Clarke. 

PlT-^TKR  "TKFL  1".     Steel  covered  on  the 

BLiS'TKliin-STKEL,  f  surface,  in  the  process  of 
mamifucture,  with  blisters  produced  by  the  foriiia- 
Uon  and  bursting  of  vesicles  filled  with  gaseous 
carbon.  ^^    ,   '      *   ^ 

BLOB  n  A  blunt  end;  a  small  drop  or  lunip  of 
something  viscid  or  thick ;  a  drop.  "  rvjM. 

BLOCK,  n.  [add.]  A  lot  or  open  space  of  grnunrt  in  a 
city,  corresponding  to  that  occupied  by  a  -"l';  !  •■'-^ 
ofbuildinL's-  hartlM.     noiull. 

"     A  choice  kind  of  silk  lace  used 
t^tjumonds. 


of  air  iiiio  something;  a.*^,  in  furn.aces,  cotton-.'^pin- 
iiin^-._Ae.  Jleil'o  Ter.h.  Diet. 

BLOW'-HOLE,  71.  A  cavern  in  a  clilf,  at  tlie  water- 
level,  opeuim:  to  the  air  at  its  further  extremity, 
so  thnt  the  waters  rush  in  with  each  surge  and  rise 
iii_a  lofty  jet  from  tho  extremity.  Dana. 

ELOW'-UFF'-PIPE,  )».  A  pipe  at  tho  foot  of  a 
steam-boiler,  through  which  tlio  sodiuieut,  &c.,  i:; 
driven  out  by  the  passage  of  steam.  This  is  llov:- 
ing  ojf.  Applcion's  Jlech.  Did. 

BLUE,  n.    A  well  known  color,  as  seen  in  tho  sky. 

BLUE,  a.  [add.]    Low  in  spirits ;  melancholy. 

ELUE'-BEliT.y,  It.  A  kind  of  whortleberry  (  Vac- 
einniiim  Pennsylvai} icum)  common  in  America. 

BLtJE'-BOOK,  n.  [add.]  In  Fng.,  a  name  given  to 
parliamentary  documents,  from  their  being  bound 
in  blue  covers.  Also,  a  book  containing  tho  address 
of  persons  in  the  higher  walks  of  life.    [Eng.1 

Sinr 


[add.] 


blOntjb, 

by  ladies.  , 

BLONDF,'  (7.  Having  a  fair  color  or  complc.Mon. 
BL60I)'-i'i!^:aT,  h.    Of  the  same  heat  with  tho  nat- 
ural tcniper.it.irc  of  blood.  ,,.,,, 
BLioD'-HE-LATIOX,  n.    Ono  connected  by  blood 

RnSfnraR  n.    A  name  nsed  to  denote  a  very  short 

dre-i  for  ladies,  and  also  a  broad  brimmed  h.at. 
BLOOM'IXG,  n.    1.  Tl;e  process  of  making  blooms, 

as  of'iron,  al^o  called  shingling. 
■>   A  clouded   appearance   which  varnish  some- 

timeiassuincs  upon  the  surface  of  a  picture.  Ogune. 
BLOTCIirn  (bl.-.teht),a.  Having  tho  coloHn  coarse 

siK)ts  or  blotches.  ,        UenUovi. 

BTOW  V  t   \m\<\.\  To  llovJiot  and  cold,  is  to  tayoT 

BLOW.  V.  I.  IM  n^^  ^^^  ^^^^^  .^  _,^,^|,^.  ^t        ther.- 


To  hl'M  up  a  personals  to  «t)Use^or  scold  hiuo-io- 


ft  thing  at  on»: 

lently.     [>'«i<7u»'.]-To  iUne  of,  is  to  let  off,  as 
A  contrivance  for  driving  a  current 


st^-ain. 

blOwe: 


iinmonds. 
BLtJE'-GE.4.S3,  «.   A  variety  of  grass  (Poa  com- 

pressa).  Iconog.  Encyc. 

BLtXE'ING,  n.    1.  Tho  act  of  rendering  blue ;  as, 

tho  lilueing  of  iron.  Wright. 

_2.  A  small  bag  of  indigo  used  by  washerwomen. 

BLCE'-PiLL,  n.    A  pill  of  prepared  mercury,  used 

as  an  aperient,  \ 
BLtJ'FF-OFF'  1'.  t.    To  repulse  rudely.    [Am.'\ 

Bartiat. 
BLt?NT,  n.    A  cant  name  for  money. 

Wright's  Prov.  Diet. 
BoARD'ING-NET'TINGS,  n.  pi  Strong  net-work 
of  cords  to  prevent  the  boarding  of  a  ship  in  battle. 

Tottcn. 
BOAKDTXG  pike,  «.    A  pike  used  by  sailors  in 

boarding  a  vessel.  Totten. 

BOAT'-llOUSE,  n.    A  house  for  sheltering  boats. 
BOAT'-SIIELL.  71.    A  faniiliar  name  of  a  common 

species  of  shell,  of  tho  genus  Cymbtl. 
BOB'EEE-Y,  n.    A  disturbance.    rr"'!7«''.] 

Vi'rigiiVn  Prov.  Diet. 

EOB'-'^IIITE,  11.    A  jiamo  of  the  eominon  partridso 

of  North  America  (Odoiitophorus   Virginiuiius) 

derived  from  tho  note  of  tho  bird.    leonog.  Encyc. 

iJO'DLE  (bo'dl),  «.    A  very  small  coin;   a  Scotch 

iienny.  Walt.  Scott. 

EOD'KIN,  n.    [add.]    A  printer's  tool  used  for  pick- 
in"-  out  letters  from  a  column  or  page  in  making 
'    corrections.  Danmrd's  Typ. 

B(3D'y-€0AT,  n.      A  gentleman's  swallow-tailed 

dress-coat.  Simmonds. 

EOG'-TEOT-TING,  a.     Living  among  bogs,  as  a 

hog-trotting  Irishman. 
BO'GCS,  a.    Spurious,  a  term  orisrinally  applied  to 
counterfeit  coin,  and  hence  denoting  any   thing 
counleifcit.    r-lm-l  ,  f'!''*''^'': , 

BOIL'EH,  «.  [add.]  In  m«c'/i.,  tho  vessel  in  which 
steam  is  prodiicod  for  giving  motion  to  a  steam 
ensine.  Craig. 

EOILTiE-PLSTES,  n.  pi.  N.ame  given  to  a  quality 
of  plates  of  iron  used  for  making  boilers,  tanks, 
vessels,  Ac.  DeiVs  Tech.  Diet. 

BoLL'-VVOEM,  n.    An  insect  that  destroys  the  cot- 

ton-jiod.  ,    ^  Burnett. 

bSLT'EK,  n.     One  who  bolts;  applied  to  a  hoiso 

who  starts  suddenly  aside,    and    to  a  man  who 

breaks  away  from  his  party.  Clarice. 

BO-LU'LI-FOEM,  a.  Having  tho  shape  of  a  sausage. 

Ilenslotc. 
B0M-Bi5T'I€-AL-LY,  adv.  With  infl.ation  of  style. 
BOND'ING,  n.    Tho  depositing  of  imported  goods 
in  government  warehouses  where  they  remain  un- 
til duties  are  paid. 
B0-NET'T.\,  n.  [.add.]    Tho  same  as  tho  bonito. 
BOOK'-POST,  71.  A  department  of  the  British  Post- 
Oilice,  devoted  to  tho  transmission  of  books. 

Simmonds. 
BOO:\t'lNn,  7!.    A  violent  rushing  with  heavy  roar ; 
n-i  ttw  hnnming  o!  Ilicsea;  a  deep  hollow  sound; 
.-IS  tlie  ?'00m«ij/ of  bitterns.  I/oicilt. 

BOOT'ING,  71.  A  kind  of  torture  formerly  inflicted 
in  Scotland,  by  means  of  instruments  culled  hoots 
into  which  were  put  the  legs  of  tho  criminals,  and 
wedges  were  driven  between.  Wright. 

BOO'ZT,  a.    A  little  intoxicated.         C.  Kingsley. 
EOK-NOUS'.    See  BoiniNous. 

BOSH  7!.  [add.]  Nonsense,  folly ;  used  .also  as  an 
exclamation.    It  is  said  to  bo  a  Turkish  word. 

C.  Kingsley. 
BOsri'ES,  7i.p;.    [Gcr.  i;osc7mn(7,  tt  slope] 

In  a  hlast-furnace,  the  lower  part  ol  tho  sliart 
sloTiing  downward  from  the  belly,  or  widest  part,  to 
the  hearth.  Appleton'a  Meek.  The... 

BOSK  71      A  thicket  or  Pinall  wood.        fennyson. 
BOS-WELI/I-AN,  a.     Eesembiing  the  manner  of 

Boswell,  the  biograi>her  of  Dr.  Johnson. 
BOT'A-nV-BAY,  n.     A  place  on  the  eastern  coast 
of  New  South  W,alcs,  formerly,  but  not  now,  used 
by  the  English  as  a  convict-station.  Wright. 


nOT'TLE-lIOLD'EIi,  n.    Ono  w  ho  aids  a  boxer,  by 
giving  him  attention,  as  v.-iping  off  tho  blood,  &c, 
between  the  rounds. 
EOTTLE-LA'BEL,  n.    A  pbte  hung  on  wine  or 
spirit  bottles  describing  tho  kind  containctL 

Simmonds. 
B0U'6ET  (boo'jot),  n.  [Fr.]  In  heraldry,  the  repre- 
sentation of  a  vessel  for  carrying  water.      Wright. 
BOUE'EON-ISil  (booi-^un'iim).  )i.  [Fr.]    Tho  doc- 
trines of  those  adhering  to  tho  house  ol  Bourbon. 
BOUET50N-IST,  n.    Ono  who  adheres  to  the  bom* 

of  Bourbon ;  a  legitimist. 
BOVP.-GEOW  (hoor-zhr.a'),  n.  [Fr.]    \-aFranct,% 
man  of  middlo  rank  in  society ;  a  citizen. 

BenchtriUt, 
BOUR-GEOVSIE  (boor-zhoa'zie),  7i.  [Fr.J  The 
middlo  classes  of  a  country,  particularly  Buch  as 
are  concerned  in  tr.ade. 
ECiUE-NOfS',  n.  [Ar.]  A  cloak  or  mantle  with  a 
hood,  worn  by  Arabs  and  Moors  in  the  north  of 
Africa.  BetcturtU4. 

BO'VI-FOEM,  a.   [L.  lot,  an  oi.] 

Resembling  an  ox.  Claris 

BOW'-B£LLS,  71.  pi.    Lit.,  tho  bells  of  tho  Bow 
Church  in  London ;  hence  the  central  iiart  of  Lon- 
don ;  cockneydom.  Knighfs  I'uii.  J-ondon, 
BOW-CUAS-EES,  71.  pi.    Guns  flred  from  tho  bow 

of  a  ship  in  chasing  auothcr.  Totten. 

EOW-O.VR,  71.    One  who  rows  at  tho  bow  of  a  boat 
BOW-SAW,  71.    A  saw  with  a  narrow  blade  set  in 

an  elastic  frame  like  an  archer's  bow.      Franci*. 
BOW-STEIN" G,  7-.  t.    To  strangle  with  a  bowstring: 
EOW-STEING.E'D  (by-stringd),  [add.]  pp.    I'nt  to 

death  with  a  bowstring ;  strangled.  Wright. 

EOWTELL,  71.  In  arch.,  tho  shaft  of  a  clustered 
pillar,  or  any  plain  round  molding. 

Oxford  Gloss.  o/ArcK. 
3(5X,  71.  [.add.]    The  driver's 'seat  on  a  coach  ;  also, 
ft  present  at  Christmas ;  as,  a  Christmas  hca. 

Dickens. 
Bi5X'IN6-D5.Y.      \n.     Tho  day  and  night  after 
E5X'ING-NIG1IT,  f    Christmas,  when  presents  or 

hoxes  are  given  in  England,  Wriglit. 

b6x'-I-E0N,  71.  A  hollow  smoothing  iron  contain- 
ing a  heater  within,  thus  differing  from  a  flat  iron 
which  is  itself  healed.  Simmonds. 

BOX'-KEEP'ER,  71.    An  attendant  at  a  theater  or 
any  other  place  of  public  amu-semcnt.    Simmonds. 
BOX'-TICK'ET,  71.    A  ticket  for  theater-boxes. 

aarte. 
EOY'-BISH'OP,  71.  A  boy  (usually  a  chorister') 
elected  bishop  in  old  Christuias  sports,  and  invested 
with  robes  and  other  insignia.  lie  practiced  a  kind 
of  mimicry  of  the  ceremonies  in  whieh  the  ILshop 
usually  officiated.  Hone's  Ecery  Dr.y  Book. 

BE.\€ri'Y-DOME,  71.  [Gr.  Ppoxus,  short,  and  iijic, 
structure.] 

In  crystalog.,  a  dome  parallel  to  the  shcrtcr  dia- 
gonal of  a  crystal.  Dana. 
BE.XCICET-ING,  ti.    In  arch.,  a  series  of  ribs  or 

brackets,  for  supporting  cornices,  Ac  GtciiL 

BE.\€T'LET,  7i.  In  lot,  a  bract  on  the  sl.a!k  of  a 
siusle  flower,  which  is  itself  on  a  main-stalk  that 
Bup'ports  several  flowers.  -i.  G-ay. 

BEXD'-A'WL,  71.  An  awl  to  pierce  holes  for  the 
insertion  of  brads.  Wealt. 


BE  .IE  (brii),  71.  [Connected  with  lreak.'\  \  de- 
clivity ;  broken  ground.  Burnt. 

BEAIN'-COE'AL,  I  71.     A  coral  of  tho  genus  .V<- 

BRAIN'-STONE,  i  andrina,  irrowiiig  in  hemi- 
spherical forms,  tho  surface  of  which  is  covered  with 
meandering  furrows  somewhat  like  those  of  the 
brain,  hence  the  name.  Dana. 

BEAM'AII-LOCK,  71.  .\  lock  peculiarly  difficult  to 
open,  invented  by  Mr.  Bramah  of  Loudon. 

Simmonds. 

BEAJI'AII-PEESS,  n.  A  hydrostatic  press  of  im- 
mense power  invented  by  Ulessis.  Br.imah.   Wtatt. 

BE.(nCII,  71.  [add.]  Ono  of  tho  four  highest  -snb- 
divisinns  of  the  animal  kinsdom.  Dana. 

EEANCII'I-AL,  n.  Pertaining  to  tho  branchi.T  or 
organs  of  respiration  and  aeration  of  fishes,  and 
other  animals  that  live  in  water;  as.  branchial 
arteries.  CarpenUr. 

ERAN€n'I-ATE,  a.  Having  branehiie ;  .vs  hranch- 
iaie  worms.  Dallas'  An.  King. 

BE.XXCIII-OSTE-G.VL.    Pee  Bn.iscmosTEoccs. 

BEAN€II'I-0-STEGE,  71.  [Gr.  Pfiyxio,  giUs,  and 
ffTL^yw,  to  cover.]  *  -  . 

The  membrano  which  covers  the  plls  of  nsnes 
lying  beneath  the  operculum.    It  is  supported  by 
rays  to  which  also  the  name  is  applied.       Dana. 
BEANCII'-WOEK.    See  BcixcuEO-'n'onK. 
BE.AND'EE.  71.    A  branding-iron.         Simmonds. 
BEXND'EES,  71,  pi    Andirons,  1. 1.  irons  which 
suiinort  the  brands  or  burning  wood  in  a  fire-place. 
' '  D.  B.  litid. 


TlIfiEE,  t£EM;    MAEINE,  EIUD;    MOVE, 


t  Sec  TalU  cf  Synonyms. 


1463 


BRO 


BUL 


BRANDISH-ING,  {ii. 
BK.\T'T161MNG,  f     c 


In  arch.,  a  name  given  to 
open  carved   work,  as   of  a 
cvcst,  io.  WeaU. 

BUXN'DIUTII,  n.    A  fence  or  curb  round  a  well. 

Frdjjcis. 
BRXSII,  71.     [Connected  with  rush  and  crci-fA.]    1.  A 
rushing  Ibrtu  or  eruption.  Wright. 

'2.  iircikeu  fmgments  ol'ico.  Kane. 

3.  Uet'iise  boughs  of  trees;  truck.  Wri'jht. 

BRAS'SKS,  n.  pi.  Monumental  engravings  on  brass 
jilate.s.  let  into  slabs  in  the  pavements  of  ancient 
churches,  containing  tho  elligies,  coats  of  arms,  itc, 
of  illustrious  persona.  Oxford  Gloss,  of  Arch. 

2.  In  mining,  lumps  of  pyrites  or  sulpliurct  of 
iron,  the  color  of  which  is  near  to  that  of  brass. 

JJana. 
BKAS3'-LEAF,  n.    A  name  for  brass  foil. 

6'.  W.  Williams. 
BRAV'iNG-LY,  adv.  In  tho  manner  of  defiance. 
BRlX^y,  n.     An  inllamuiatory  disease  among  sheep. 

Wkitts  Vet.  Diet. 
BRXX'V,  a.     Diseased  v.-ith  tho  hraxy ;  as,hr(ixt/ 

mutton.  Lond.  Quart. 

BRKAK'DOWX. n.    Tho  act  of  breaking  down;  as 

of  a  carriage;  downfall:  destruction.         Ilowiit. 

2.  In  ri'vMi't,  a  kind  of  dance. 

BREAK'ER,  n.    [add.]     A  small  flat -watcr-casl:  uaed 

in  boats  for  ballast  and  for  emergencies.      Totten. 
BRE.\.K'-NECK,  a.     I'roductng  danger  of  a  broken 

neck;  as,  hreak-nccJc  speed.  Ogili'ie. 

BKEAM'ING,  n,     Tho  burning  off  of  grass,  filth.  i:c., 

from  a  ship's  bottom.  Totten. 

BREKC!F-PiN,  n.  A  strong  plu^  firmly  screwed  in 
at  tho  extremity  of  tho  breech  of  a  gun. 

Appletoii's  Mech.  Diet. 
BREED'ING,  n.     [add.]     Breeding  in  and  in,  is 
breeding  from  animals  of  tho  same  parentage,  and 
is  found  injurious.  Gardner's  Farm.  Diet. 

BliET'ZEL,  71.     [Ger.]    A  kind  of  hard  brittle  cake. 

("'.  Kiagslei/. 
BRE-V£T',  a.    Taking  rant  by  brevet :  asahrcvet 

major.  Campbell  SaM it.  Die. 

BRE-VET'Cr,  71.    The  rank  or  condition  of  a  brevet. 
BUfiV'I-PEN,  a.     [L.  brevis,  and  penna.^     A  bird 

having  short  feathers,  as  the  ostrich. 
BKTB'ER-Y-OATII,  n.     An  oath  taken  by  a  person 

tliat  he  has  not  been  bribed  as  to  voting,    {hng.] 
ERiCK'-LAY-ING,  n.    The  laying   of  brick  with 

mortar  in_a  wall,  isc. 
BRiCK'-TEA,  n.     A  preparation  of  tea-leaves  made 
by  wetting  the  fresh  loaves  and  pressing  them  into 
largo  cakes  like  tiles  ;  it  is  used  throughout  Thibet 
and  Mongolia.  S.  ^Vd^s  Williama. 

BKiDGE,  ;i.     [add.]    BHdgeofa  steamer,  a  narrow 

Elatform  across  tho  deck,  connecting  the  whcel- 
ouses.     It  serves  also  to  brace  the  wheel-houses  to 
each  other.  Ogilvie. 

BRIDa'ING,  n.    Tho  act  of  making  a  bridge. 

BR!D(>'ING-J0I3T,  n.  In  arch.,  joists  sustained 
by  traniver.=!o  beams  below,  called  also  binding- 
joists  ;  also,  those  joists  nailed  or  fixed  to  tlio  floor- 
ing boards.  Wcalc, 

BRIT)LE-P5RT,  71.  A  port  hole  or  opening  in  tho 
foremost  part  of  a  sbip  for  getting  out  hawsers,  iz,c. 

OgilviQ. 

BRIEF,  1'.  t.  To  make  an  abstract  of;  as,  to  brief 
letters,  i.  e.  to  make  an  abstract  of  their  contents. 

BRIG,  n.    Scotch  for  bridge:  as,  Bothwell  brig. 

W.  Seott 

BRIGHT'^^-ING  (bri'tn-ing),  n.  The  etato  of  be- 
coming brighter. 

BRTNE'-PXJMP,  n.  In  marine  steam-engines,  .i 
pump  for  changing  the  water  in  the  boilcr.s,  so  as  to 
prevent  the  salt-water  from  reaching  an  inconve- 
nient degree  of  saturation. 

Appleton's  3fcch.  Diet. 

BRTST'LI-NE3S,  71.     Tho  stato  of  having  brietles. 

ERlS'TOL-BOARD,  n.  A  kind  of  fine  paste-board 
mjide  with  a  smooth  and  sometimes  glazed  surface. 

BEOACII,  n.  [adfl.l  A  tapcrinjr  steel  tool  or  bit  to 
open  or  smooth  holes  in  met;\l  plates. 

AppleioiVs  Mech.  Diet. 

£RO-CnURE'  (hro-shuvcO,  n.  [Fr.]  A  printed  and 
stitched  work  cont.-iining  only  a  few  le.avcs. 

Lcfichcrdle. 

BR0-MA-T5L'0-GY,  n.  [Gr.  ^pw/xa,  food,  and  Adyos, 
discourse.] 
The  science  of  aliments.  Dunglison. 

BRO'MTZE,  v.  t.  To  prepare  witb  bromine;  as,  to 
hromizQ  a  silvered  plate  for  photography. 

R.  Runt. 

BRO'MIZS'D  (bvo'mizd).  pp.  Treated  with  bro- 
mine; as,  iro7n*;tetZ  collection.  R.  Hunt. 

BR5M'(T-RET,  71.  A  basic  compound  of  bromine 
with  another  element. 

BRONZE'-POWDER,  n.  A  metallic  powder  re- 
sembliuc  bronze  used  for  covering  tin  and  iron 
gondi.  statues,  &c.  Francis. 

BRONZ'INE,  a.    Resembling  bronze,  bronze-colored. 


ERONZTST,    71.       On'3    who    makes    or     imitates 

bronze. 
BRONZ'Y,  a.    Like  bronze. 

BKOsE,  n.  A  Scottish  dith  made  by  pouring  some 
boiling  liquid  (as  beef-broth,  water,  itc.)  on  tho 
ineal  of  oats  or  pease,  and  stirring  it  until  small 
lumps  arc  formed  of  the  size  of  marbles,  it  is  called 
heef-hrose,  kaii-brose,  water-Orosej  &c.,  accord- 
ing to  the  nature  of  tho  liquid  used. 

Walt.  Scott. 

BROUGirAM  (broom"),  n.  A  kind  of  two-wheeled 
carriage,  for  general  use,  being  cither  single  or 
double,  i.  e.,  for  either  two  or  four  persons. 

Sim7nonds. 

BRC'€IITjS,  n.  [Gr.  PpvKio,  to  bite.] 
A  genus  of  coleopterous  insects  of  tho  group  Rliyn- 
chophora,  tho  females  of  which  deposit  their  eggs  in 
tlie  germ  of  the  bean,  pea,  and  other  leguniiuous 
plants.  The  seed  becoming  matured  is  devoured 
by  tho  larva,  and  the  boles  so  ollen  observed  in 
pease  arc  those  made  by  the  perfect  insect  to  effect 
its  escape.  The  genus  is  divided  into  several  sub- 
genera, constituting  a  family  named  Eruchidnc. 
Dallas^  An.  King. 

BRCSIF-TCR'KEY,  n.  The  name  given  by  colo- 
nists to  a  large  gregarious  bird  of  Australia  {Tallc- 
gaila  Laihami.)  'I'liis  curious  bird  was  at  one 
time  regarded  as  a  vulture.  It  collects  great  quan- 
tities of  sticks  and  leaves  with  which  it  raises 
mounds,  in  which  the  female  deposits  Iier  eg^s. 

Imp.  Add.    DalliiH'  Ann.  King. 

BRCsQUE  (britske),  a.  [Fr.]  EUmt  or  rough  in 
manner. 

BliOSQ'UE-NESS,  n.     A  blunt,  rough  manner. 

r>rit.  Quar. 

BPwC-TAL-T-ZX'TIOX,  n.  Act  of  maldng  brutal; 
sLtte  of  bL-i^ng  brutalized.  Tnckerman. 

EKI'-OL'O-GY,  n.     [Gr.  ppvoi',  moss,  and  Aoy&s,  dis- 

COUl'SO.] 

That  part  of  botany  which  treats  of  mosses. 

-4.  Gray. 

BU€-€A-NEER'IXG,  n.  The  occupation  of  bucca- 
neers; piracy. 

BL''''€1IU,  n.  in  med.  a  plant  (Diosma  crenatd)  used 
for  diseases  of  the  bladder.  Dungliiion. 

BUCK,  V.  t.  [add.]  In  mining,  to  break  up  or  pul- 
verize ores.  Pryce. 

BX'CK'ING,  n.  [add.]  In  mining^  tho  prcfcess  of 
breakint:  up  ores.  Prya. 

BUCKTNG-I'KON  (-i'uru),  n.  The  iron  or  tool  with 
which  ore  is  pujverized.  Pr>/ce. 

BITCK'ING-PLATE,  n.  An  iron  plate  on  which  oro 
is  placed  to  be  bucked  or  broken. 

BtTCKTSM,  72.  The  cliaracter  or  behavior  of  a  gay 
young  fellow ;  foppery. 

BtJCdC'LEU-SilAPAT)  (-shapte),  a.  Rounded  like 
a  buckler  with  a  thickened  or  elevated  rim. 

Ilenxlo-io. 

BuCK'RA.  n.  A  term  applied  to  white  men  by  ne- 
groes of  tho  African  coast,  West  Indies,  ik.c. 

Marryatt. 

EtrCK'SKIN,  a.  Made  of  or  pertaining  to  buckskin ; 
as,  ?'7((;/.-.s7/i7i  gloves. 

EU-€UA'>;I-A,  n.  p?.  [L.]  In  rr/v^.,  sculptured 
ornaments  representing  ox-skuUa  adorne(l  with 
wreaths,  Ac.  Fairholt. 

BCDD'IIIST,  n.  One  who  believes  in  Buddhism.— 
a.    Pertaininu'to  Euildhism.      iS.  WeUsWilliams. 

Et'F'FA-LO-EEiyiiY,  v.  Ap\a.i\t(Shepherdia  ar- 
genteu)  of  tlic  ui»per  Missouri.  A.  Gray. 

BtJ'F'FA-LO-€L0'\'ER.  n.  A  species  of  short 
clover.  {Trifoliicm  tw^/le.Tium')  common  to  tho  prai- 
ries whcro  buffaloes  feed.  --l.  Gray. 

EUF'FA-LO-NUT,  n.  A  nut  abo  called  oil-nut, 
{Pyridaria  oleifera.)  A.  Gray. 

BUF'FER-HEAD  (-hcd).  n.  The  head  on  which  tho 
buffer  of  a  raihv.ay  car  is  fastened. 

B'&'GLER,  n.     On^  who  play:*  on  r.  l>t;-^!o. 

EULE'LET,  71.  In  hot.,  a  small  bul!)  crowing  above 
ground  on  some  plants  which  never  bi'come  branch- 
es, bnt  drop  off.  and  falling  to  the  ground,  take  root 
and  foim  new  plants.  A.  Gray. 

BUL'B'OXE,  n.  [L.  hidbulus.]  A  little  bulb  ;  also  a 
name  given  to  little  seeds  growing  along  the  vines 
of  plants.  jJenslow. 

ElfL'LET-WOOD,  n.  A  West-Indian  wood,  close 
and  hard  in' texture,  of  a  greenish-hazel  color,  re- 
sembling grccnheart.        Apjileton's  Jfech.  Diet. 

EbTLVFINCII,  n.  [add.]  A  hedge  allowed  by  En- 
glish farmers  to  grow  high,  to  impede  hunters. 

BIJLL'9-E"T-E,  n.  ^[add.]  1.  Tho  bulb-marks  left  on 
a  sheet  of  plate-glass  by  tho  end  of  the  pipe  through 
which  it  wius  blown.  Appletoii'a  Mech.  Diet. 

2.  A  policeman's  lantern.  Dickens. 

Bri.'TO'W,  n.  A  mode  of  fishing  practiced  in  tho 
bank-fisheries,  by  stringing  a  number  of  hooks  on 
one  line,  which  is  hauled  into  the  boat  from  time  to 
time,  heavily  laden  with  codfish.  Simmonds. 

BIJL'WARKS,  n.  pi.  A  breastwork  of  timbers  and 
hoarding  around  a  ship's  deck.  Weale. 


CAB 

I  EUMP'TIOUS  (biimp'shus),  a.    Self-conceited;  for- 
I     ward ;  pushing.  Brixted. 

,  BUN<''GO,  71.    A  kind  of  canoe  used  in  Central  and 

South  America. 
BUN'KUM.  /  n.  A  term  first  applied  to  speeches 
BUN't^oMBE.  f  madeiu  Cougres.s  for  the  mere  pur- 
pose of  being  published  and  sent  home  to  gratify 
constituents  and  secure  their  votes.  IK-nce,  it  is 
opidied  both  in  England  and  America,  to  anything 
written  or  said  for  a  similar  purpose.  The  origin  ttt'j 
the  term  is  said  to  be  this:  a  tedious  speaker  in 
Congress  being  interrupted  and  told  it  was  no  use 
to  go  on,  for  the  members  were  nil  leaving  the 
house,  replied,  "Never  mind;  I'm  iidkiiig  to  Bun- 
combes^ that  being  tho  county  in  North  Carolina  in 
which  he  lived.  Burilett. 

EUuY'AG-E,  li.     Buoys  tnken  collectively  ;  scries  of 

buoys;  the  providing  of  buoy.s. 
Br-REAU-CRATTC,  rt.    Of  or  pertaining  to  bureau- 
cracy. 
BUR-trEE',  71.    A  fancy  flag  of  triangular  fchape  used 
by  yachts,  merchant  vessels,  I'ce.,  bearing  often  tho 
vessel's  name,  or  tome  characteristic  device. 

,  SimmondA. 

BUR'-GRASS,  71.     Gra.S3  of  the  genus  Cenehrus  tri- 

haloides.  A.  Gray. 

BIJRN,  V.  t.  [add.]  In  c/[?»i.,  to  combine  with  oxy- 
gen ;  as,  a  man  burns  a  certain  .".mount  of  carbon  at 
each  respiration.  Liebig. 

EltRNj5:i),  pp.  or  a.    [add.]    Combined  wdth  oxygon. 
BURN'ING-lilJSII,  -n.    An  urnnmental  thrub  {Eo- 
nymus  (tiropurpureiis),   which  bear.i  a   crimson 
berry.  A.  Gray. 

BUR-NOITS'.  See  BornNousR. 
Et5'IiR''Y,  a.     Aboundiug  in  burrs;  as,  hurry  wool; 

resembling  burrs. 
BUS,  K^    A  common  abbreviation  for  omnibus. 

^ijnmondff. 
BUSIFMAN,  71.     [add.]     One  who  settles  in  the  back 

settlements  of  Australi.i.  Ilowitt. 

BUS'TLE,  ti.  A  kin  1  td"  pad  worn  by  ladies  to  keep 
the  dress  from  clinging  too  close  to  the  body. 

Simmonds, 
BUTT,  n.    [add.]    1.  The  thickest  and  stoutest  part 
of  tanned  ox-ludes,  used  for  soles  of  boots,  harness, 
trunks,  Ac.  Tomlinson. 

2.  The  metal  ring  at  tho  ends  of  the  hose  of  a  fire- 
engine. 
Bt'T'TER-TREE,  n.    Tho  name  given  to  an  Afi-ican 
tree  discovered  bv  Park,  from  whose  kernels  is  ob- 
tained a  whUo  ricu  butti- r.  M'rig/d. 
BtJT'TON-MOLD,     n.     A  disk    of  bono  or  other 
material,  which  is  made  into  a  button  by  covering 
it  with  cloth  of  some  kind.    Fossil  hittton-molds, 
are  joints  of  enorinites.  Dana. 
B'UTTS,                   \n.pL    Name  of  the  hinges  now 
EUTTTIIN'6ES,  f     generally  used  in  banging  doors, 
&c.  ;  so  called,  because  they  arc  bciewed  on  to  tJiu 
hutt,  i.  c.  edge  or  end  of  tho  door,  and  not  on  to  tho 
face  of  it,  as  was  done  when  hinges  had  the  form  of 
the  letter  L.                                             Simmonds. 
BY'-PLACE,  71.    A  retired  or  private  place. 
EYS-SA'CEOUS,  a.     \Gv.  (iv(xoo':,  fine  flax.] 

Byssus-liko;  consisting  of  fine  filaments,  as  the 
roots  of  many  mushrooms.  IlenHlow. 

BYZ-XN'TINE.  a.  Noting  a  stylo  of  architecture 
developed  in  the  Bj-zantine  empire  about  a.  d.  .SOO. 
Its  leading  forms/iro  the  ronnd-areh,  the  dume.  the 
pillar,  the  circle,  anil  tho  cross.  The  capitnl.'^  nftho 
pillars  are  of  endless  variety,  and  full  of  invention. 
The  mosque  of  St.  Sophia,  Constautinttple,  .and  the 
church  of  St.  Marks,  Venice,  are  prominent  exam- 
ples of  Byzautino  architecture. 

Oxford  Gloss.  ofArcIi. 


C. 


■GA-BAS'  (ka-baO,  «.  [Fr.]  A  fl.at  basket  or  frail  for 
figs,  &c. ;  heuee,  a  ladies'  fl;it  wt)rk-brtsket  or  reti- 
cule. It  is  very  often  written  caba,  as  :iii  I'inglish 
word.  J/i>y  Bronte. 

€A-EAS'30U,7i.  a  large  species  of  armadillo  (Z>t/sy- 
pus  unici7ictH8),  a  native  of  South  America. 

IconoQ.  Encye, 

CXB'EAGE-PALM.    See  CAEn.vGE-xnEi;. 

€AB'BA(jE  rose,  71.  A  species  of  rose  {Rom  cen- 
iifolia),  having  a  thick,  compacted  form  like  a 
cabbage.  Booth. 

CAE'BLING,  n.  The  name  given  to  a  process  in 
ir(»n-making;  it  consists  in  breaking  uj)  fiat  masses 
of  iron  to  be  reheated  and  then  wrought  into  bar 
iron.  Simmonds. 

6A'BLE,  t'.  t.  To  fasten  with  a  cable,  as  a  ship.  In 
arch.,  to  fill  the  flutes  of  columns  with  cables. 

Ci'BLE,  n.  [add.]  The  wire  or  bundlo  of  wires 
used  as  a  sub-marino  connection  in  tho  electric 
telegraph. 

■ei'BLE-LXlD,   a.    Twisted  after  thenmnnerof  a 
cable ;  as,  a  gold  chain,  *fcc.  Simmonds. 


DOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK;    litTLE,  BTTLL;    Vl"CIOUS.-€  as  K;    &  as  J;    S  asZ;    CH  as  Sn ;   THIS. 


1464 


t  Sit  Tabln  ^/Syn</nyrm, 


CAL 


eX'BLE-MOUO'IXG,  n.    lo  arch,^  a  bead  or  torus 
DioMing;  cut  in  imitation  of  a  rope,  much  used  in 
the  later  Xorman  style.      Oit/ord  Gioss.  or  Arch. 
CA'BLING,  n.     In  nWh.,  the  putting  on  of  a  round 
molding  like  a  rop« ;  aiso  the  molding  thus  put  on. 
oxford  Giwss.  o/A/x-h. 
€A-B0B'.  ?j.    a  small  piece  of  meat  roasted  on  a 
skewer,  a  mode  of  cooking  practiced  iu  Turkey  and 
Pe  rsia.  Sim  mo  nds. 

€A-CHfN'DE  (-choon'day),  n.  [SpJ  An  aromatic 
preparation  used  in  Spain,  and  the  East,  as  a  cordial 
and  lo  sweeten  the  brjath.  I>ungli^on. 

€i€'0-DYLE.  n.    [Gr.  koxo^,  bad,  and  65aifi>7,  smell.] 
A  colorless  liquid  of  very   offensive  smell  and 
liijrhly  poisonous  vapor,  composed  of  arsenic,  car- 
bon and  hvdroirea.  Gregory. 
€A€-TA'C£0l'S,(7.    Pertaininstoorlike  the  cactus. 
€A-D.\STER.  n.   [Fr.  cadastre.']  The  French  name 
of  a  detailed  survey  of  lands,  their  divisions,  &c. 
It  is  still  used  in  Louisiana.                  Bescherelle. 
€A-DXV'EK-1€^,  a.     Pertaining  to  a  corpse,  or  the 
changes  produced  by  death ;  as,  cadaveric  rigidity. 

Dunglison^ 
CXlKGEE,  n.    [add.]     A  beegar.  Dickens^ 

CXD'T,  n,    A  street-porter  iu  Edinburg. 

Simmonds, 
C^'€AL  (sc^al),  a.    Having  the  form  of  a  ccecum, 

or  bag  wUh  one  opening;  bag-like.       Carpenter. 

C^-N0-ZO'I€,  a.     [Gr.  icaiwk,  recent,  and  ^a;^,  life.] 

In  ffeol.^  belongins  to  the  tertiary  and  later  pe- 

rlotls;  belongingto  the  age  of  mammals.    JDana. 

CA'EX  STONE,  n.     A  cream-colored  limestone  for 

tuilding  purposes,  brought  from  Caen,  in  France. 

Weale. 
CjETE'TiJS  PAR'I-BUS.    See  Cetebis  Paribus. 
CXFI-LA.     \^n.    [Ar.]    A  caravan  or  company  of 
€iF'Fl-LA,  )      travelers  or  merch.ints, 

Shnmonds. 
€Al-MA-€XX',  n.    A  Turkish  word  for  lic-utenant  or 

Houtenant-sovernor.  Bescherelle. 

Ci'R.V-lTF^  n.    Sec  Karaite. 
€A-TQrE'  (ka-oebOi  «*    [add.]  A  light  boat  used  on 

the  Bosphorus.  Simmonds. 

€AL'A-MAX-DER-'WOOD,  n.  A  valuable  furniture 
wood  from  India  and'  Ceylon,  of  a  hazel-brown 
color,  with  black  siripcs,  very  bard  in  texture, 
called  also  Cor&mandel-icood. 

Appleton'n  Meek.  DUt. 
€.\L'A-MlTE,  n.    [L.  <;rt/rt77iu«,reed.] 

A  fossil  plant  of  the  ancientcoal  formation,  having 
the  general  form  of  rushes,  but  rising  often  to  the 
height  of  trees.  Bucklaiid. 

€AL'CE-0-LATE,  a.  [L.  calceolatn.<i.-\  In  lot, 
having  the  shape  of  a  slipper.  Calceiform  is  also 
used-  A.  Gray. 

CAL-Cl-FI-eATION,  n.  The  process  of  change  into 
a  limy  substance,  as  in  the  formation  of  teeth. 

B.  Owen. 

€.\L'CT-FT£T>(-fTdc>./>/).  ora.     Become  stony  by 

deposition   of  a  lime  compound,  as   carbonate  or 

phosphate  of  lime.  B.  Owen. 

€AL'CI-FT,  r.  i.    [L.  ca/jr,  lime,  and/o,  to  become.] 

To  change  into  a  stony  condition,  in  which  lime  is 

a  principal  ingredient,  a.-*  in  the  formation  of  teeth. 

li.  Owen. 
CaL'CI-FT,  r.  t.    To  make  stony  by  depositing  or 

secreting  a  compound  ol'Iime,  B.  Owen, 

€iL'CI-FT-ING,  ppr.    Making  stony  by  lime  de- 

£osits. 
L'Cl-Mt>rE.  n.    [L.  calx,  lime.] 
A  superior  kind  of  whitewash  for  w.ills,  ceilings, 
Ac.  ^^»''^- 

€XL'CI-MINE,  f.  (.    To  wash  or  cover  with  calci- 
mine. ^^"^ 
€.\L-CTN^R,  n.    Tie,  or  that  which,  calcines. 
€XL'CTTE,  n,    [L.  calx,  lime.] 

Carbonate  of  Hmo,  consistingof  lime  and  carbonic 
acid.  It  is  rhombohedral  in  its  crystallization,  and 
thns  distinguished  from  aragonite.  Also  called  t*a/c- 
gpar.  It  includes  c<iinm<»n  lime-stone  with  all  the 
white  and  must  of  the  colored  marbles.  Dana. 
CAL-EX-D.YT.I-AL,  ft.  Belonging  to  the  calendar. 
€XL'I-A-T0UR  wood,  n.  A  dye-wood  from  India 
sometimes  confounded  with  red  sandal-wood. 

Simmondfi. 
CAL-I-BRATTOX,  n.    The  process  of  graduatinglho 
tube  of  a  thermometer  to  a  scale  of  degrees. 

JTicItol. 
€A-Ll€'tr-LAE,  n.    [L.  calir,  a  cnp.] 

Formed  like  a  cnp. 
CAL-I-FOROJI-AN,  n.    A  dweller  in  California,    a. 

Belonging  to  California. 
€A-LlP'Pie  PE'RI-OI),  n.  A  period  of  76  years 
proposed  by  Callippus.  an  Athenian  a.-tronoraer,  as 
an  improvement  on  the  Metonic  cycle ;  supposed 
by  ila  author  to  bring  around  the  new  and  full 
moon  to  the  same  day  and  hour.  Nichol. 

€ALL'-BtED,  n.    A  bird  taught  to  allure  others  into 

a  snare,  as  the  linnet,  goldfinch.  &c.  Clarke. 

€AL-LiG'EA-PHEi:,  n.    One  skilled  in  calligrapby. 


CAN 


CAR 


CAL-LI'O-PE,  n.  [aild.]  A  steam-organ,  or  instru- 
ment coustructed  like  an  organ,  in  which  steam  is 
used  insteail  of  wind,  for  producing  the  notes. 

€AL-L1-PAS1I',  n.    The  upper  part  of  the  turtle. 

Simmo7ids. 

€AL-LI-PEE',  n.    The  under  part  of  the  turtle. 
„        _  SimTnonda. 

€AL'LOSE,  a.     [L.  callum,  hard  skin  or  flesh.] 
In  &o<.  having  hard  spitts  or  callosities.   A.  Gray. 

€AL-OR-iC'I-fY,  n.  A  faculty  in  living  beings  of 
deveK)ping  heat  to  resist  c.\ternal  cold.        Dana. 

€A-L0R'I-DU€T,  n.      [L.  calor,  heat,  and  duco,  to 
lead.] 
A  tube  or  passage  for  conducting  heat. 

€A-LOR-I-Fi"ClENT  (-fish'ent),  «.   [L.  culor,  heat, 
and_/«(irt,  to  make.] 
Servins  to  produce  heat. 

€A-L0R-1-FF'CIENT  (-fish'cnt),  «.  A  term  ap- 
plied to  articles  of  food,  such  ns  fat,  gum.  sugar,  and 
starch,  which  are  supposed  to  produce  heat  in  the 
system.  Ogilvie. 

€  A  L-0-RIM'E-TR  Y,  n.  The  science  of  the  measure- 
ment of  specific  heat. 

f^ALQU'ING,  n.  Same  as  Calking,  Schick  see. 

CAL'VER,  v.  t.  A  term  applied  to  a  delicate  mode 
of  preparing  fijh.  Colvered  salmon  was  a  dainty 
celebrated  by  the  old  dramatists.  Macaulay. 

CA-MAIL',  71.  [It.  cnniagli*!.]  A  capuchin,  or  short 
cloak,  sometimes  made  of  fur ;  a  guard  for  the  throat 
in  ancient  armor,  made  of  chain-mail  coming  down 
from  the  helmet.  Ileyse. 

eAM'BRI-AN,  a.  In  geol.,  a  term  applied  to  the 
lowest  subdivision  of  the  rocks  of  the  Silurian  Age, 
as  found  in  Cambria  or  "Wales.  Dana. 

€A-MEL'LIA,  11.  A  genus  of  beautiful  plants,  of 
which  the  species  Jiipoiiica  is  most  cultivated. 
The  Jesuit  Camelli  is  said  to  have  brought  it  from 
the  East.  Loudon. 

CAMES,  n.  pi.  Slender  rods  of  cast  lead,  used  for 
making  the  sashes  of  windows.  Francis. 

CAM-PA-NOL'0-GIST,  n.  One  skilled  in  the  sci- 
ence of  bell-ringing. 

€AMP'BEL-LTfES,  n.pl.  [From  Rev.  Alexander 
Campbell  of  Virginia.]  A  sect  of  Baptists,  who  con-, 
sider  all  other  Christians  as  having  departed  from 
the  simplicity  of  the  gospel  through  their  formula- 
ries and  books  of  discipline.  There  lias  been  much 
dispute  as  to  their  distinctive  sentiment';,  and  prob- 
ably no  small  difference  of  opinion  between  differ- 
ent individuals  who  have  borne  the  name. 

Ila  If  ward. 
eXMP'-KETTLE,  n.     An  irou  r-ot  for  the  use  of 

soldiers  and  colonist.s.  Simmonds. 

€AMP-MEETaXG.  ti.      A  religious  meeting  held- 


chiefly  by  Mi^tbodists  in  some  retired  spot,  where        bcious  flavor. 


C.\N'IS-TER  SHOT,  n.    Sjjne  m  Cask  Suot. 
CAN'NI-BAL.  a.     Pertaining:  to  cannibals. 
t'ANOsON-LOCK,  n.     A    contrivance   idaced  over 
the  touch-hole  of  a  cannon  lo  explode  the  charge. 

ri  T  XT  y^-vT  '^""  ^'Ond9. 

CAN'ON,  n.  l-a  printing,  tho  largest  tizc  of  type  fn 
English  offices,  so  called  from  having  been  need 
for  printing  the  canons  of  the  church. 

Hansard" »  Tvp. 
2.  In  IjdliardM.  to  make  a  canon  fs  to  strike  both 
the  red  ball  and  the  advtrbary's  ball  at  one  stroke, 
thus  gaining  two  jHjints. 

//one's  //and  Book  of  Game*. 
C.XN'ON       \  (kan'vun),  n.  X^-n.cahort.,  a  lube  or  hol- 
eiN'YON,  f    low'.]    '       *■  * 

A  deep  gorge  between  high  and  Eteep  banks,  worn 
by  water-course*,  in  California,  ic-         Fremont. 
€.\N'0X-T2-EK,  n.    One  who  canonize?. 
,  €AN'OX  LA WTER,  n.  One  verted  in  the  canon  law. 
1  CANT,  a.    Vulgar;  inelegant;  affected;  a*,  a  carU 
term.  Wright. 

CANT,  v.  t.  In  carpentry,  a  term  used  to  express 
cutting  off  the  angle  of  a  £<juare  body.  Canttd,  fn 
arch.,  is  applied  to  pillars,  turrets,  or  towers  whoso 
plan  is  a  polygon.  Crj'ord  Glovi.  o/ArcJi. 

eAN-TANK'EE-OUS,  a.    Bitter,  conU-ntiousL 

Wright. 
eSXTA-TRlCE,  n.     A  fcmalo  professional  ^i^cer. 
CiXTEEN,  n.    [add.]    Tho  t-utler'a  ^hop  in  n  garri- 
son ;  also  a  chest  containing  culinary  anit  other  ves- 
sels for  officers.  CampKelVn  Mil.  IHct. 
CANT'-HOOK,  n.    A  wowlen  kver  with  an  iron 
hook  at  the  end,  for  canting  or  turning  ov.  r  » .  -i  w 
logs,    [^m,]  /.■ 
CANTING,  a.    [add.]    Affectedly  piou5  ; :. 

ing  fellow.  <_,  .,^. 

■€AX-  77A'V-£'y?£'(kan-tin'e-are),  n.   A  frmale  Hitler 

to  a  regiment  of  soldiers.  Simmondi. 

CAN'VAS.  a.    Made  of  can^'as  or  coarse  cloth ;  as,  a 

canvas  tent. 
CAOCT'CnoUC  (koo'chook),  a.     Made  of  India- 
rubber. 
CAP,  n.    In  arch.,  the  uppermost  of  an  assemblage  of 
parts,  as  the  moldingof  the  topof  apillar.    &wiU. 
2.  A  common  term  for  percussion -cap. 
CAP,  v.  t.    [add.]    To  provide  with  a  i>erctission-cap ; 

as,  to  cap  a  rifle. 
€APE,  71.    The  name  Eriven  to  a  kind  of  wine  made 

at  the  Cape  of  Good  Ilope.  Simmonds. 

CAP'LIN.     See  CArELAS. 
eAP'EL-MAS'TeR,  n.     A  director  of  music. 

Simmondt. 
CAP-EE-CAIL'ZIE.  n.    A  Scotch  name  for  a  species 
of  grouse  {Tetrao  urogaitu*),  of  large  size  and  de- 


/conogru/Jiic  Encye, 


they  encamp  for  continuous  devotion  during  some    CA'PER-SAUCE^n.  Sauce  or  catchup  made  of  capers. 


lays.  "  ^yr^{fJd. 

CaM'^IIEEL,  n.  A  wheel,  or  part  of  a  wheel  of 
irreirular  outline,  employed  to  produce  a  variable 
or  alternatintr  motion  in  machinery.        Francis. 

€AN'A-DA-BAL'SAM,  n,  A  resin  obtained  from 
the  American  silver-fir.  Simmonds. 

€A-NAL-I-ZATI0N,  n.    The  construction  of  canals. 

CA-NARD'  (kan-urO,  »■  [Fr.  canard,  a  duck.]  Lit. 
a  duck  story  ;  an  citravagant  and  riilicutous  fabri- 
cation. [A  French  writer,  in  ridicule  of  the  ox- 
travanant  stories  of  the  day,  framed  an  inirenions 
accou^nt  of  the  doincrs  of  certain  ducks  who  were 
confined  together,  which  took  for  a  time,  and  was 
widely  cireulateil  in  the  newspapers.  Hence  fabri- 
cations of  this  kind  were  called  canards.'^ 

€A-NA'RY-SEED,  n.  The  seed  of  a  native  grass  of 
Britain  (Phaleris  canuriensis)^  used  as  loiul  for 
birds.  Simmonds. 

€A-NATvT-STONE.  n.  A  yellow  species  of  car- 
nclian,  named  from  resembling  in  color  the  plu- 
ma::e  of  the  canary-bird.  Simmonds. 

€A-NA'RY  "WOOD,  ji.    A  close-grained  wood  {Lau- 
rics  Indica),  ot'a  lightly  orange  color,  from  Brazil. 
Appleton's  Mech.  Diet. 

CA-NASTER,  n.     A  name  given  to  tho  dried  lea\ 
of  the  tobacco-plant,  coarsely  broken,  for  smoking  ; 
said  to  be  socalledfrom  a  basket  iu  which  originally 
imported.  Johnston. 

CAN'CEL-ING,  a.    Acv  of  obliterating,  or  annulling. 

Wright. 

CAN-CEL-LATlE-ATE,  a.  Belonging  to  a  chancel- 
lor. Ogilvie. 

CAN'CROID,  a.    [From  cancer,  and  Gr.  eI5os,  form.] 
1.  Resemblinz  a  cr.ib  {-ancci-^',  pertaining  to  the 
Cancroidea,  one  of  the  grand  divisions  of  crabs. 

Dana. 
2.  Noting  anything  which  assumes  a  cancerous 
appearance.  Dunglison. 

CAN'DI-DATE-SniP,  n.    The  state  of  a  candidate. 

CANT)I-0T.  «.  An  inhabitant  of  the  island  of  Candia. 

CAN'-IIOOKS,  n.  pi.  N:mie  given  to  a  short  rope 
with  flat 'hooks  at  each  end  for  hoisting  barrels.  &c 

Tleale. 


€A'PER-TE.\,  n.    A  kind  of  black  tea.  of  which  the 
caper  congou  and  scented  caper  are  two  varieties, 
/i  Wells  Wiliiam*. 
€AP-I-TXN'  PA-rHAMn.  Thechief  admiral  of  the 
CAP-I-TAN'   PA-SIIAm'   Turkishfleet. 
CA-PIT'EL-LATE,  (7.     In  lot.,  terminating  in  quite 

small  heads,  as  some  stigmas.  A.  Gray. 

CA-PiTa^-LAR.  a.  [L.  "capitulum.]  Belonging  to 
a  chapter;  capitulary. — In  bot.^  growing  in  small 
beads,  ns  the  dandelion.  Wright 

CAP'-M6N-EY  (-mun'ny).  tk  Money  gathered  for 
the  huntsman  at  the  death  of  the  fox. 

ffcMitcelL 
C.VP'RIXE,  a.    Like  or  pertaining  to  a  goat 
CAP'Sl'-LAR.  a.    In  lot.,  having  Iho  nature  of  a 

capsule  or  bag;  like  a  capsule.  //entJow. 

CAP'SVLE,   fl.      [add.]     In    phys^  a  small  mem- 
braneous sac.  Carpenter. 
2.  A  gummv  envelope  for  nauseous  memcine. 

Dunglison, 
S.  A  metallicseal  or  cover  for  closing  a  bottle. 
JSimmon^Ig. 
€A-EAFFE'.  n.     [Fr.]    A  glass  water-bottle  for  the 
table  or  toilet  Simmonds. 

A  name  given  to  tho  dried  leaves  ,  ^XR'A-GIIEEN.    Sec  Cakr.^geex. 

■  _,     .    _    ^  1  cAU'vV-PACE,  i  7J.     [Ft.  carapace.]     The  shell  or 

CAE'A-PAX,  t  shield  which  covers  the  back  of 
such  animals  as  the  tortoise,  crab.  Ac- ;  the  front 
part  ofa  lobster,  and  also  nf  inferior  aniin.ils.  Car- 
apax  is  a  Latinized  form  of  carapace.  Carpenter. 
C;AR-BA-ZOT'ie-AC'ID,  «.  [sub.]  [f.\irhon,  and 
azote.]  A  product  of  the  decomposition  of  differ- 
ent substances  by  means  of  nitric  acid,  as  carbolic 
acid,  indigo,  salic'ine.  -Mlk.  aloes,  Ac-  It  consists  of  car- 
bon, nitrogen,  and  the  elements  of  water.  Used  for 
dyeing  it^gives  m:\£:nificent  slraw-c«^li>red  yellows 
oh  silk  antl  woolen  fabrics.  It  is  also  called  picric 
acid,  and  nitro-picric  acid.  Gregory. 

€AR-Bf)LT€  ACTI>,  tl    [Carhon,  and  L.  olenm^oW.] 
A  substance  nearly  resemblinK  creosote,  ot'lained 
from  coal  lar.  and  having  extraordinary  anli-sentic 
properties.    It  h.as  been  nsed  to  preserve  bodies 
for  dissection.  Ac  Simmonds.     Gregory. 


A.   E.    ^c.    U>n„.-:.,   E.    &c.   skort-CknE,   Fiji,  LAST.    r.U-L,    WHAT;   THSEE.   Tfir.M ;    MAEiXE.   BIRD;   MOVE. 


18t 


t  Se»  Table  of  St/ion  i/'ns. 


14C5 


CAR 

CXK-DO-NA'KI,  n.  2il.     [It.  carhonaro,  n  cuiil-ninii.] 
Members  of  a  secret*]  mlitical  nssociiitjon  in  Italy, 
for  clianging  tbo  guverauiciit  by  Ibrco  iiilo  a  icpub- 
jjg  Eiuyc.  Amer. 

€AR-B0-NA'R1SM,  n.  Tho  principles  of  the  Car- 
bonari. 
£!AR-B0N-Tr^U-OUS,  a.  The  carloniferoua  fo}'- 
mation^  in  gtol.,\s  Ihe  series  of  rocks  (inelnding 
san(l&.tones,  shftles,  Uinestoncs,  and  congloDierates, 
together  with  beds  of  coal)  which  make  up  the 
strata  of  tho  carboniferous  age  or  period.  Tlic 
carhoniferouH  age,  in  geol.,\s,  the  one  iminediatcly 
following  tlio  Devonian  or  age  of  fishes,  and  was 
characterizotl  by  the  vegetation  which  tonned  the 
coal  bods.  This  age  cmhraces  three  Periods,  the 
StihcarhonifcrouSy  the  Carhonijierozis,  and  the 
Permian.  Dana. 

•eAR'BON-SrAE,  «.    Any  carbonate  related  in  con- 
stitution to  carbonate  of  lime,  as  carbonate  of  mag- 
nesia, of  zinc,  &c.  Dana. 
6AR-CIN-0T/0-GY,  «.     [Gr.  KapKivo^,  a  crab,  and 
Aoyo9,  discourse.] 

The  science  which  treats  of  tho  Crustacea,  or 
crabs,  shrimps,  &c.,  called  also  Crustaccolo^y  and 
Malacostracology.  Dana. 

€JiR-CIN-0-LOGr'IC-AL,  a.     Pertaining  to  carcin- 

ology.  Dana. 

^ARD'-EASK'ET,  n.     A  basket  for  visiting  cards. 
€ARD'-B0ARD,  n.    A  stiif  paper  or  pasteboard  for 

making  c_aj-ds,  &c.  Slmmonds. 

€ARD'-€ASE,  n.     A  case  for  visiting  cards. 
€AR'DI-Ae   WHKEL,    n.       Lit.,   a     heart-wheel ; 

which  see. 
eXR-DI-AG'RA-PIIT,  n.    [Gr.  KapSia,  the  heart, 
and  7pa(/)-j,  to  describe.] 
An  anatomical  tlescription  of  the  heart. 

Dimglison. 
^ARDI-XAL-GRSS'BEAK,  fl.  A  name  given  to 
a  sub-family  of  the  Frangillidae.  {CardinaHs  Vir- 
ginianua)  having  i\  fine  scarlet  plumage,  and  a  high 
pointed  crest  on  its  head.  The  males  have  loud 
and  musical  notes  resembhng  those  of  a  fife,  which 
are  constantly  heard  during  the  spring. 

Ico7iographic  Encyc. 
€ARD'  PAR'TY,  71.    A  party  met  for  playing  cards. 
€ARD'-rLAY'ER,  n.    One  who  plays  cards. 
•GARD'-RACK,  n.    A  rack  for  visiting  cards. 
CA-REEN'AGE,  n.    Expense   of  careening  ships; 

place  for  careening.  Simmonds. 

^ARE'-WORN,  a.     Worn  or  vexed  with  care. 
€AR'IB,  n.    A  native  of  tho  eastern  portion  of  the 

West  IntUes.  Encyc.  Am. 

€AR-IB-BE'AN,  a.     Of  or  belonging  to  tho  Caribs 

or  their  country. 
€AR-IB-BE'AN  ISL'ANDS,  «.  pi.  The  eastern  por- 
tion of  the  West  Indies,  extending  in  a  semicircle 
from  Porto  Rico  to  Trinidad. 
eAR-IB-BE'AN  ?EA.  n.  A  part  of  the  Atlantic  en- 
closed by  Cuba,  Hayti,  and  Porto  Rico  on  tho  north, 
tho  Caribbean  Islands  on  tho  cast,  and  tho  Spanish 
Main  on  the  South.  Encyc.  Am. 

-GA-RI-OP'SIS,  n.    Same  as  Oartopsis. 
€AR'MINE.     \n.     In  chem.,  tho  coloring  matter  of 
■eXR'MElNE,  i"     cochineal.  Gregory. 

€AR-NAS'SI-AL,  a.    [L.  caro,  flesh,  and  cdo,  to  cat.] 
Adapted  for  eating  flesh,  as  carnasmil  teeth. 

7?.  Given. 
€AR-NlS'SI-AL,  11.     A  tooth  for  eating  flesh. 
6AP/NI-V0RE,  n.    A  carnivorous  animal ;  ono  of 

tho  C(iriiirora.  H.  Oweti. 

€AR'PET-W_AY.     See  Cabpet-Walk. 
€XR'P0-PII()RE,  11.     [Gr.  Kapn-cs,  fruit,  and  <Jepa), 
to  bear.]     The  stalk,  of  a  fruit  or  pistil  vv-ithin  tho 
flower.  A.  Gray. 

€AR-RA-GEEN',  }  «.      A    purplish    white,    nearly 
■6AR-RI-GEEN',    (     transparent  sea-weed,  the  Irish 
moss  of  tho  sliops,  {ChoJiiiru.'i  crisp>i>)  used  for  jol- 
lies, for  feeding  cattle,  nnil  several  mechanical  pur- 
poses.   Sometimes  written  carragheen. 

Dunglison.    Siwmond.i, 
€AR-RA'RA-MAR'ELE,   ".      [From    Carrara   in 
Italy.]     A  si)ecie3  of  whito  marble  of  peculiar  ex- 
cellence for  statuary.  Dana. 
CA^/RIAG-E-A-BLE,(7.     Passable  by  carriages  ;  that 

can  be  conveyed  in  carriages.  Jivx/cin. 

eXiiTE,  [Fr.]     Lit,  a  card  ;  a  bill  of  faro  at  an  eat- 
ing-house. /Stmmond.-'. 
€XR-TE'SI-AN-I$M,  «.    The  doctrine  or  philosophy 

of  Des  Cartes.  Ggilvie. 

€ART'FUL,  n.     As  much  as  a  cart  will  hold. 
eXR'TON,  n.     [Fr.]     A  pasteboard  box  for  nice  arti- 
cles, as  ribbons,  &c ;  also  spelt  cartoon. 

/Sinmiond.f. 
€A-Rt"N'€r'-LATE.     Fame  as  Cakunculated. 
•eAR-Y-AT'lD,  a.     Relating   to  caryatides,  or  like 
figures. 


CAW 


■GASE'-RACK,  ?!.  A  frame  of  wood  to  receive  print- 
ers' caries  when  not  in  use.  tiinimo^ids. 

€AyiI,  «.  [add.]  A  Chinese  copper  coin  perforated 
and  strung  on  a  thread,  worth  about  ono  tenth  of  a 
cent.  S.  Wills  Williams. 

€ASII'-€RED'IT,  «.  Tho  privilege  of  drawing  mon- 
ey from  a  bank,  obtained  by  personal  or  deposited 
securitj^  Craig. 

€ASIP:MERE,  «.  A  province  in  India;  a  stnff  of 
goat's  hair  (as shawls,  i^c.)  from  tliat  province;  a 
fine  woolen  stuff  in  imitation  thereof. 

Encyc.  Ain.    Simmonds. 

€AS'ING,  n.     [add.]     The  act  of  packing  in  a  ca.se. 

Bi'i!imondi<. 

€AS'SA-REEP,  «.  A  condiment  made  with  the  in- 
spi:-sated  juice  of  the  bitter  cassava  (•/airophti  ma- 
•nihoi);  it  forms  a  common  sanco  in  tho  tropics, 
and  is  the  foundation  of  tho  pepper-pot  of  the  West 
Indies.     See  Peppek-pot.  £immond.s. 

€AS'SO-LETTE,  n.  [Fr.]  A  box  of  ivory,  ^c.,  for 
perfumery,  perforated  to  allow  the  escape  of  tho 
odor.  Bescherelle. 

■GAS'TLE,  n.  [add.]  A  carved  piece  in  the  form  of 
a  tower,  used  in  playing  clioss.  PJiilidor. 

€AST'-OFr,  a.    Laid  aside ;  as,  cast-off  clothes. 

■CAS'TOR,  n.  [add.]  A  familiar  naino  for  a  beaver 
or  fur  hat  Pair/iolt. 

GAS'TOR,  a.  A  term  applied  to  a  heavy  quality  of 
broadcloth  used  for  overcoats. 

€AS'TOR  BEAN,  «.     Seed  of  tho  castor-oil  plant. 

€AS-TORa-D.E,  n.  The  beaver  tribe;  a  family  of 
rodent  animals,  comprising  the  bea\'er5,  lemmings, 
&c. 

€AS'TORS,  n.pl.     Sec  Casters. 

■CjVSUS  BEULl,  n.  [L.]  That  which  involves  or 
justifies  war. 

€AT-A-€LTS'MAL  (-kliz'mal),  a.  Of  or  belonging 
to  a  cataclysm  or  delusre. 

€AT'A-FALQUE,  (kat'a-falk),  n.     [Pr.]    See  Cata- 

FALCO. 

€AT-A-PnC>N'I€,  <7.     Relating  to  cat.^phonics. 

■eAT'A-PIIRA€T,  n.  [afld.]  An  armor  of  plates 
covering  some  fishes.  Dana. 

■CAT-A-STAL'TIC.  a.  Checking  evacuations  through 
a.'itrincent  or  styptic  qualities. 

€AT-A-STROPliae,  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  cata- 
strophe. D.  PoxciH. 

€A-TAW'BA,  n.  The  name  of  a  native  North  Amer- 
ican grape  of  a  licrht  claret  color  when  ripe. 

■CATCII,  in.    A  name  given  in  commerce  to  catechu. 

€tJTCiI,  S  Simmonds. 

■CATCII,  n.  [add.]  A  term,  among  fishermen,  for 
tho  amount  of  fish  taken. 

€ATCII'MENT,  n.  A  .rurface  of  ground  where  water 
may  be  caught  and  collected  into  a  reservoir. 

Ggilvie. 

eATCII'-PEN'NY,  a.  Gotup togainmoncy;  worth- 
loss;  as.  T\  catch-penni/  \ia,xx\\>h\(it.       Simmonds. 

€AT-E-€IlETa€S,  n.j^l.  Science  of  instruction  by 
catechisms. 

■eAT-E-CIIVMEX-ATE,  n.  The  stato  or  condition 
of  a  catechumen.  Schajf. 

€AT'E-G0-RY,  n.  [add.]  Stato  or  condition;  as, 
wo  are  both  in  the  same  category. 

■CAT'E-NA-RY,  n.  A  c.itenary  curve,  or  one  formed 
by  a  cord  h.anging  freely  from  ils  ends.  A-c. 

Davit.'i'  Jfath.  Diet. 

€AT'E-RAN,  n.  A  term  applied  to  lli-liland  rob- 
bers; also,  to  a  kind  of  irregular  soldiery.  [.Scotc/i.'\ 

Walt.  Scott. 

€ATn'E-RlNE  WHEEL,  n.  [add.]  A  revolving 
wheel  in  fireworks.  Simmonds. 

€ATiI-E-TOM'E-TER,  v.  [Gr.  «de£Tos,  vertical 
height,  and  iiirpov,  measure.] 

An  instrument  for  measuring  with  great  exact- 
ness small  difi'eronoes  of  vertical  heights  ;  especially 
the  rise  and  fall  of  liquid  columns  in  glass  tubes.  It 
consists  of  a  leveling  apparatus  which  slides  up  or 
down  a  perpendicular  metallic  standard  very  finely 
graduated.  As  tho  column,  Ac,  rises  or  falls,  tho 
leveling  apparatus  through  which  it  is  viewed,  is 
correspondingly  raised  or  depressed;  and  the  dif- 
ferences in  vertical  height  aro  thus  shown  on  tho 
graduated  standard.  Grmunc. 

€AU-€A'SI-AN,  n.  A  term  applied  to  the  Indo- 
Europeans  and  all  white  races  originating  near 
Mount  Caucasus.  Lt  Oicen. 

^AU'LI-CLE,  «.    A  short  caulis  or  stem. 

A.  Gray. 

^AU-LO-CAR'POrS,  a.  [L.  canlts,  a  stem,  and  Gr. 
KapTTotr,  fi'Uit,] 

In  hot.,  having  woody  stems  and  branches  that 
arc  perennial,  or  conlimie  alive  and  grow  year  after 
year,  as  most  trees  and  .shrubs.  Llensloic. 

CAUS'TI€-AL-LY,  adv.     In  a  caustic  or  severe  man- 
ner. 
€AU'TER-ANT,  n.    A  cauterizing  substance. 

Ogilvie. 


GET 

€A-YASS',    \n.     [Turkish.]     A  policeoflicer  in  Tur- 
€A-WA.SS',  (      key.    Foreign  ministers,  consuls,  &c., 
are  allowed  cavussen  for  their  special  service  and 
protection.  //.  Jessup. 

€AV'EN-DISn,  n.    A  name  given  to  tobacco  when 
softened  and  pressed  into  cakes,  called  also  negro- 
head.  Johnston. 
^AY'I-TA-RY,  a.     Noting  certain  intestinal  worms. 

See  Nematoid.  Dana. 

€AV'I-TiED,  (kav'c-tid),  a.    Having  cavities. 

P.  Gwen. 
€AX''TON,  «.    An  early  English  printer,  and  hence 

a  book  printed  by  him.       "         Ilansard^s  Typ. 
C'E'DAR,  (/.  Comiiosoil  of  cedar  ;  bolongine  to  cedar. 
CE-LEB'RI-TY,  n.     [add.]    A  term  applied  to  dis- 
tini£uishcd  persons;  as,  ho  is  one  of  the  celehrities 
of  the  place.  W.  B.  Sprague. 

CEL''I-BATE,  a.    I'nmarried;  as,  a  celibate  state. 
CELL-P)E-YEL'0P-MENT,  n.      The  evolution    of 
colls  in  organic  growth  by  a  process  of  re]iroduc- 
tion.        _  Carpenter. 

CEE-XI-PORE,  n.  A  genus  of  delicate  corals,  made 
up  of  minute  cells,  and  belonging  to  the  group 
P.ryozoa.  Dana. 

CEL'LU-LOSE,  «.  Ono  of  the  substances  making  up 
wood,  being  the  material  which  forms  the  walls  or 
sides  of  the  vegetable  cells,  while  lignine  is  that 
wlilch  fills  tiiose  cells  or  covers  their  walls.  Gregory. 
CELT,  n.  Tho  name  of  implements,  sometimes 
made  of  stono  and  sometimesof  metal,  found  in  the 
tumuli  or  barrows  of  the  early  Celtic  natir)ns. 

Wright. 
CEM'ENT,  or  I «.  [add.]  In  odontology,  the  name 
CE-MENT',  S  pven  to  the  tissue  which  forms  the 
outer  crust  of  the  tooth.  It  is  less  bony  than  dent- 
ine, and  commences  at  the  cervix  or  neck  of  the 
tooth  where  the  enamel  terminates,  increasing  in 
thick-ness  to  the  lower  extremities  of  the  root. 

P.  Oicen. 
CE-MENT'AL,  a.    Of  or  pertaining  to  the  cement  of 

.1  tooth  ;  n,^,  ccmevtal  tube?.  P.  Oicen. 

CEN'TRAL-ISM,  n.     Tho  state  of  being  in  tho  cen- 
ter ;  centralization. 
CEN-TRiC'I-TY   (sen-trls'e-ty),    n.      The  state  of 

being  centric. 
CEN-TRiP'E-TAL,  fT.  [add.]  Progressing  by  changes 
from  the  exterior  of  a  thing  tt>waid  its  center;  as, 
the  centripetal  calcification  (if  a  bone.    P.  Given. 
CEN-TRIP'E-TEN-CY,   h.      Tendency  toward  tho 

center. 
CEN-TRO-LIN'E-AL,  a.  [L.  centrum,  a  center,  and 
linea,  a  line] 
A  term  applied  to  lines  converging  to  -  center. 
CENTa'-RY  PLANT,  n.     The  Amc"iican  aloe,  for- 
merly supiioscd  to  flower  but  once  in  a  ceniury. 
CEPH-AL-AiyGl6,  n.  A  medicine  for  the  headache. 
CKPH-AL-AS'PIS,  V.       [Or.  kc^oA^,  head,  and  6.a- 
TTi's,  a  round  shield.] 

A  sonus  of  fishes  now  found  only  in  a  fossil  stato 
in  the  old  red  sandstone.  The  luad  is.vcry  large 
and  in  the  form  of  a  large  buckler  prolonged  behind 
into  two  points.  Agass-is. 

CEPn'A-L<  H'S,  a.     [Gr.  Kf*aA^,  head.] 

Having' a  bead.  Applied  chiefly  to  a  division  of 
of  nudlusks,  the  Cepkalata,  wliich  includes  tho 
Univalves,  &.c.  Dana. 

CE-RAM'I€,  a.     [Gr.  Kepa(xo<;^  earthen  ware.] 
Pertaining  to  pottery  or  the  art  of  pottery. 

Art  Journal. 
CER-€A'RI-AN,  n.    [Gr.  Kep^os,  a  tail.] 

An  animulcnlo  whoso  body  terminates  in  a  tail- 
like  appendage.  Lhina. 
CER-€A'RI-AN,  a.     Pertaining  to  the  cercarians. 
CER-CA'RI-I-FORM,  a.     Shaped  like  a  cercarian. 

P.  Cicni. 
CEOIF-ALS,  n.  pi.    A  term  applied   to  the  ediblo 

grains.  Edicard  Everett. 

CER-E-BELXOUS,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  cerebellum 

or  its  vessels.  Dunglison. 

CEF/E-BRO-SPI'NAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  that  part 
of  the  nervous  system  which  consists  of  the  brain 
and  spinal  cord.  Duuglikon. 

CE-RCIII-NOUS,  a.     Of  or  cont.aining  cerumt-n. 

Diingliton. 
CES'TOIP,  a.    [L.  cestus,  a  thong.] 

In  sooL,  iiertaining  to  a  tribe  of  intestinal  worms, 
of  a  long,  slender,  flattened  form,   like  the  tape- 
worm. Carpenter. 
CES'Tl'I  QVE  TPUST,  n.    [Fr.]     In  law,  the  per- 
son who  is  entitled  to  the  benefit  of  a  trust. 

Bouvier's  Law  Diet. 
CES'TUS,  n.    [add.]    A   covering  for   the   hnnds  of 
boxers,  made  of  leather  bands,  and  often   loaded 
with  lead  or  iron.  Smith's  Did.  Antiq. 

CET'E-PIS  PAP'I-BUS,    [L.]     Other  things  being 

equal. 
CET'"i'LE   (sCt'il),  n.     [Gr.  k^to?,  whale,  and  vAtj, 
njalter.] 
In  chem.,  a  radical  found  in  spermaceti,  homo- 


DOYE,    WOLF,    BOOK;    RCLE,    B;XL;    Yl"CIOUS.— €    as    K;    G    as   J;    S    as   Z;    C    as    SII;    THIS. 


1466 


t  See  Table  of  Synonyms. 


CHA 

ItfgoMS  with  I'tliylc.  Tho  solia  crystalline  mnsi  in 
siKTinaceli  (consisting  of  cotylo  and  pahuitic  acid) 
wj^onuHimes  called  atine,  Gregory, 

ClIAK'ING,  K.  [add.]  A  stato  of  irritation  or  fret- 
Hilness. 

CUAFF,  «.  [add.]  Fig,\\s\\t  idlo  talk  byway  of 
making  fun  or  turning  into  ridicule.  [An  old  souse 
of  the  term  lately  revive;!.] 


CHI 


CHR 


Ths  way 
kale  eKijfia  a 


whiirli 


CH.lFF,  f.  I.  To  uso  light  idle  language  br  way  of 
fuu  or  ridicule. 

At  tho  end  of  Strand  ttif  y  msite  a  atand, 

Swearing  that  they  aro  at  a  K-i ; ; 

And,  e\^iSn;,  sa;-,  ths'-'i  iso:  tt  •  way 

They  mmt  go  to  Cbariog  crosa.  O.'rf  S^n?. 

[Toonc,  on  (IioctouiuI  of  this  jiassaire,  rofors  this 
ami  the  o^^nato  words  to  the  miun  chui/i,  ami  not 
with  ll;il!i\vell  to  the  verb  €•/!<//«.] 

CHAFF,  r.  t.  To  make  ftm  of;"  to  turn  into  ridicuio 
by  addrossin*:  in  friv(>iou.s  or  ironical  lan';u.-ujo  ;  as, 
**  Morgan  saw  that  his  master  was  cha^hfj  liini." 

Tliackerity. 

CHAFTING.  n.  The  use  of  light  frivolous  language 
by  way  offun  or  ridicule. 

CHAIN'-BOLT,  n.  A  large  bolt  used  to  secure  to  a 
ship's  si.lc  the  links  or  dead-eyes  through  which 
the  Stan. ling  rigging  is  rove.  Simhionds. 

CHAIX'-EKID6e,  ^n.  A  bridgo  suspended  on 
chains.  Simmonds. 

CIIAIX'-€A^LF^    n.  A  caldo  made  of  iiuks  of  iron. 

Toiten. 

CUAIX'-GAXG,  ».  A  lino  of  convicts  cliained  to- 
gether. IToicitt. 

CHAIX'-MOLDIXG,  rt.  In  arch.,  n  form  of  mold- 
ing in  imitation  of  a  chain;  Ubed  in  the  Norman 
Style.  Guilt. 

CHAIN'-PLATE,  n.  A  thick  jdatc  of  iron  bolted 
to  the  side  of  a  vessel,  to  which  the  chains  and 
dead-eyes  of  the  shrouds  are  secured.  Totten. 

'  :i.VlN''-STtTCiI,  n.  A  kind  of  stitch  in  sewing, 
made  by  interlocking  threads,  so  as  to  leave  open 
spaces  like  the  links  of  a  chain.  iSimmonds. 

'IIAIN'-WHEEL,  n.      An  inversion  of  the  chain- 
pump,  by  which  it  becomes  a  recipient  of  power. 
_  Imp.  Add. 

€n.\T>-T)E'AN,  rt.    Of  or  pertiining  to  Chatdea. 

^^FA-LET  (?hi-Ia).  n.     [Fr.l    A  mountain  hut. 

'  i.VLK,  n.  [add]  Tlie  Chulh  or  Cretaceous  Period 
1  :i  fff'oA,  is  tne  latter  part  of  the  Secotidan/  or  Rep- 
tiHtn  Age,  iiruncdiately  preceding  the  Tertianj. 
Tiii;  CU'ilk  Formiition  comprises  the  rocks  of  va- 
ri'nis  kin  Is  (incbiding  chalk)  which  were  formed  in 
th^t  C'laik  Period.  Dana. 

CIIALK'-DR AWING,  n.  A  drawing  sketched  and 
fillc  I  in  wiih  blaekorcoloredcrayons.  Simmondft. 

CHAL'LV  (shal'ly). «.  This  is  now  a  common  sptU- 
Ing  instead  of  cftaUU. 

Cn.^M'PI-ON,  n.  [add.]  One  whohasthe  acknowl- 
ctlgcd  superiority  a-;  a  prize-fighter,  watcrm.m,  Ac. ; 
one  ready  to  flLrht  all  who  offer  airain:st  liim.  Tlie 
champion  a  belt  is  a  belt  awarded  to  a  chanii)ion. 

Clarke. 

Cn.\NGt:'FrL-LY,  adv.    In  a  chanceful  manner. 

Cn.\NGE'FfL-XE33,  n.  Quality  of  being  chani;e- 
ful. 

CIIANOTEL-ING,  n.  Act  of  grooving  longitudinal- 
ly; state  of  being  thns  crooved. 

CH.XP'EUM.VSTEU.      Sec  CAPEt-MASTFB. 

CHAU'€r)AT^BL.\CKS.  n.pl.  Fine  bl.ick  pigments 
consi^tin^  of  burnt  ivory,  bone,  cork,  i>each  stones, 
Ac  Tomlinson. 

CUARcVEEI,  rt.  [add.]  An  instrument  for  fillingor 
charsing  holes  in  blastin^-S  £zc. 

CnAK'Gfe-SIIIP  (sharOa  ship),  n.  The  office  of  a 
ch:;rgC'  d'affaires. 

€11.1 'RISM,".    [Gr.  x«P'<r^a.  -t  eift] 

A  term  applied  to  the  eitrnordinary  gifts  be- 
stowed upon  the  early  Christians;  as,  of  tongues, 
healing,  Ac  J.  E.  RijUnid. 

CnXP/EA-TAN-ISM,  n.    Qn.ackery  ;  charlatanry. 

COAR'QUi  (charOtc),  n.  A  term  in  South  America 
which  gaveri-^c  to  the  expres5ion.?<TX.V'/-&f<^/';  i.  e.^ 
"beef  cut  into  hmg  strips  and  dried  in  the  v>ind  and 
suu- 

CTIAR'KING,  n.     The  act  of  reducing  to  charcoal. 

CHART,  T.  t.  To  lay  down  in  a  chart;  as,  to  cJuirt 
a  coast. 

CHARTER-ER,  n.  One  who  hires  a  ship  for  a 
voyage.  ^immonds. 

CITAR-ToGTiA-PnT.    See  Cartogeaphv. 

CIlA^E'-PoriT-^.  n.  pi.     The  gun-ports  of  a  ship  at 
the  bow  and  stern,  used  in  chasingor  lieing  chased. 
Beits  Tech.  IHtt. 

cn.VT-EAU',  «.  [Fr.]  Chateanx  en  Enpnone,  cas- 
tl -sin  the  atr.  Spain  bcinir  the  region  of  romance. 

CTIAT'E-LAINE  (shat'e-lane),  «.    [Fr.]    An  orna- 


ment of  gold  worn  by  ;l  ladv  at  her  waist,  with 
ch^ains  for  a  watch,  keys,  &c.  Simmonds. 

Clli.CK'ElMiJ:li'i;V.  ».  A  name  sometimes  given 
to  the  paitridgo-herry  {Mttdulla  ripenn),  and  also 
to  the  wintergre^n  {OauWieria).  F.  Cooper. 
CIIfiCK'En-BOArvD,  71.  A  board  for  playing  check- 
ers. 
CIIECK'-STETNG.  n.  A  cord  by  wliijsh  the  occu- 
pant of  a  carriage  may  stop  the  driver,  or  call  his 
attention.  Marrijatt. 

CnED'DAR.  rt.    Noting  a  rich  and  hiahly-flavored 

cheese  fiom  Cheddar,  in  Englan<l.       ~  Johnston. 
CIIEEK'IXG,  n.    The  utterance  of  cheers. 
CIIEET,  r.  i.    To  chatterer  chirrup.       Tennyson. 
CIIE'LATE  (ke'-),  a.    Same  as  Ciielifeeous. 
€H£.\I'ie-ALS,  n.  pi.  Articles,  as  acids,  &c.  used  for 
producing  chemical  elTects;  as  in  the  laboratory, 
the  arts,  and  otherwise. 
CHEM-I-GLyPirie,    a.      [From    cUmi,   and   Gr. 
7.\  -itjj,  t')  engrave.] 
Engraved  by  means  of  a  galvanic  battery. 
_  SiUimaji'ii  Journal. 

CHE-NILLF/  (she-nTlO,  «.    [Fr.]    Lit,  a  caterpillar. 
Hence,  a  tufted  cnrd  us^ed  in  ladies'  dresses,  n|>plicd 
also  to  sha\vl3  with  atuftod  surface.    Simmonm. 
CHER'EY-BUaN'DT,  n.    Braudy  in  which  cherries 

are  steeped. _ 
CnER'RY-EITM,  n.     Rum    in  which  cherries  aro 

steeped. 
CIlESS'EL,  n,    Tho  wooden  vat  in  which  cheese  is 

pressed.  _  Gardner'^a  Farm.  Diet. 

CIIE3-TER-FIELDT-AN,  a.    Noting  the  manners 
and   principles  of  Lord  Chesterfield,  distinguished 
_  alike  fur  their  grace  and  their  looseness. 
CIIEV-RETTE'  (shev-rGf).  n.    [Fr.]    An  engine  for 
raising  guns  or  mortars  into  their  carriages. 

Sim/nonds. 
CIlEV'Y,  -p.  /.    To  shake  or  force  with  a  shivering 
motitjn ;  as,  "one   poor  fellow  was  cheiu'ed  about 
amcmg  the  casks  in  the  storm  ft»r  ten  minutes."" — 
Lo7id.  Times.   It  is  probably  the  same  with  the  old 
word  chcver  (connected  with  shiver)  as  used  by 
Digby  and  others.    See  Halliwell. 
Cin-B5rQUE,  Mtshe-bookO,    «.      [Turkish.]        A 
CIH-BOUK',       (     Turkish     tobacco-pipe,    usually 
■with  a  mouth-piece  of  amber,  a  stem  of  some  valu- 
able wood,  and  the  bowl  of  baked  clay. 
CIliCA,  11.    A  fermented  liquor  or  beer  made  of 
maize,  &,c.,  by  the  natives  of  South  America. 

Johnston. 
CniL-I-XST'ie,  a.     Relating  to  the  millenium. 
CillLL,  t\  t.     [add  ]     In  metaUurgy,  to  produce,  by 
cooling,  a  change  of  crystallization  at  or  near  the 
surface  of  cast  iron,  by  which  its  hardness  is  in- 
creased. Apphtoii's  Mcch.  Diet. 
CIIiLLfi'D  (chilld),  a.     [add].     Having  undergone 
the  process  of  hardenin*;;  as,  chilled  iron. 

2.  NotiuiT  that  cloudiness  or  dimness  in  a  picture 
called  blooming. 
CniLL'ING,  n.     A  process  of  hardening  cast-iron. 
Cni-MAi2RT-DAE,  n.  pi.       A  family  of  cartilagin- 
ous fishes,  distinguished  from  the  otiior  families  of 
the  cartil.aginous  order  by  the  head  being  furnisiicd 
with  appendages,  and  the  tail  terminatinc  in  a  point. 
Dallas'  An.  King. 
€ni-MAET?Oir>  (ki-me'roid),  a.    Related  to  or  like 

the  c;iimaeridae. 
CHIM'NEY  SWALTiOW,   n.     A  kind  of  swallow 
(the  Cypsalus  ji'clasgius,)  v.-\\\q\\  lives  in  chimneys. 
Iconographic  Encr/c. 
CHT'NA-XSTER,  n.    A  species  of  the  Aster  faiuily, 
bavin?  large  flowers,  formerly  called  A.^ter-chiuen- 
5i>,  now  referred  by  botanists  to  the  genus  OilliMe- 
phns.  Loudon. 

CIII'N.V-€L-\Y,  n.    K  volix— which  see. 
CIirX.V-iXK,  n.    See  Indtan-ink. 
CIIINS'ING,  n.  The  act  or  process  of  stuffing  oakum 
into  seams  or  cracks  with  the  point  of  a  small  iron. 

Simmonds. 
CniP'MUNK,  n.  A  familiar  name  for  a  SQuirrel-like 
animal  of  the  genus  Tamtai,  sometimes  called  the 
striped  squirrel.  The  common  species  of  the  United 
States  is  the  Tamias  striatus. 
CHiP'PING  BIRD,  «.  A  common  and  favorite  little 
eparrow  in  the  rnited  States  (Zonotrichia  socialis), 
called  also  Chippy.  Iconographic  Encyc. 

CIIIP'PY,  rt.     Abounding  in  chips. 
CniR'RirP.  'V.  i.     To  chirp. 
€ni-RUR'GEON-LY,  adi\     After  the  ni.tnner  of  a 

surgeon. 
CHITINE,  n.     [See  CniT<iN].     A  peculiar  principlo 
containing  nitroi^'en,  characteristic  of  the  skin  of  in- 
sects, amlfound  also  in  the  shell  of  Crustaceans, 

R.  Owen. 
CHFTIN-OTTS,  rt.     Having  the  nature  of  cldtine. 
CHI'TON  (ki'toni,  n.     [Or.  x'-'^'-i  corselet]. 

A  mollusk,  with  a  many-jointed  .shell  covering  its 
back.  Dana. 


CHIT'TA -GONG- WOOD,  n.  A  commercial  name 
for  several  woods  of  Southern  India,  as  Cedrela 
f^ona,  C/iicA-rassa  tabuUtH^,  ic.         Simmondft 

^\IEU'liie  ETHER,  n.  A  soluti-.n  of  ctherin  i^lco- 
hol,  having  a  pleasant  ethereal  fraKKince.  It  is  not 
a  true  ether,  but  was  oritrinally  ohiaint-d  bv  distil- 
ling alcohol  with  chlorid  of  lime  and  water.* 

CHLO'RID-ATE,  t.  t  In  phctog.,  to  treri^orpre- 
pare  with  chlorid  of  .silver.  R.  Hunt. 

CHLO'lilD-A-TED, />^.  ora.  Prepared  with  chlo- 
rid of  silver.  j{  jj^nt 

CHLfJTilD-IZE,  ff.  t.    Sec  Culobidate. 

CnLO'RID-IZ£'D,  pp.  or  a.    Sec  Culoeidattd. 

CIILO-RIM'E-TRY,  n.    Sec  CiiLOROMrrRT. 

CHLOTJTE  SLATE,  «.  An  olive-gre.  n  tlaty-rock. 
containing  chlorite.  Dana 

CHLO'RO-FORM,  n.     An  oily  nmiid,cfan  ::r  :.,:i'ii- 
ethereal  odor,  consisting  of  carbon,  liv<!r' 
chlorine.    It  evaporates  i-pecdily.  and  la- 
gravity,  1.5.    It  is  an  Importmt  an.x-sthc 
and  is  also  used  externally  to  alleviate  jain.    It  is 
remarkable    as  a  solvent,  dUs^dvinc   ea.*ilv  wax, 
.spermaceti,  resins;  and  is  ver>-  useful  in  reroovln^ 
paint  from  garments.  Gregory 

CHLOTiO-FORM,  r.  t.  To  treat  with  chlorofonmor 
to  place  under  its  influence. 

CIILOT.O-FORM^D  (-fonnd),  pp.  Treat«d  with 
chloroform. 

CHLOOiO-FOEM-ING,  ppr.  and  a.  Treating  with 
chloroform. 

€IILO'RO-FORM-ING,n.  The  administering  of  chlo- 
roform. 

CHLOOIOUS,  rt.  A  term  used  in  chemical'. 
to  denote  electro-ncgativo  ;  thusc/i/orou^  ■ 
are  electro-negatives.  O 

CHLCkROUS  acid,  n.    An  acid  contain     . 
])arts  of  oxygen  and  chlorine  ;  now  hypo- 
•tcjd.  6/t^., ,,. 

CIIOCK,  V.  t  To  fasten  with  a  wedge.  Ac;  as,  to 
chock  a  cask  ;  n.   A  block  or  wedge. 

ClioKE'-BER-RY.  n.  Tlic  fraitof  the  AdenorachU 
arVuiijblia,  related  to  the  apple.  A.  Gray. 

CIIOK-E-DAR',  7».  In  Inditt^  a  watchman ;  a  cus- 
tom-house ofliccr.  JIalcom, 

CHOL-E-RINE',  n.  The  Hrst  stage  of  the  Asiatic 
cholera.  Dnngli$on, 

CHOP,  Ji.  [add.]  A  cAoTJof  teaisanumber  oftoxes 
of  the  same  make  and  quality  of  Irjif;  grand  ifiop, 
a  ship's  port  clearance.  S.  Wtl/^  Wifliairut. 

CHOP,  V.  t.  [add.]  To  utter  volubly;  as  to  chop 
logic  KiTtgtJty. 

Ch6P'-B0AT,  n.  In  CJiina,  a  licensed  lighter  to 
transjjort  goods.  S-  WtUs  WiUiamtt. 

CIlOP'-HOrSE,  n.  [add.]  In  <7(in«. a custom-hon?e 
where  transit  duties  are  levied.  S.  W'dU  WiUiamt, 

CH(5P'PEK.  n.     He  or  that  which  chops. 

CH0-RAG'1€,  a.  Beliin::iDg  to  a  clioragnA,  one  In 
Athens  w-ho  defrayed  the  exiM?n>es  of  lie  chorus: 
ns  a  choragic  monument,  which  w.i-i;  creeled  in 
honor  of  a  choragn?,  who  cxhibitt-d  the  be:-l  niu-ical 
or  theatrical  enteriainnunt.   Smith's  Diet,  Autiq. 

CnO'KAL,  rt.    A  composition  to  be sunc  ty  a  choir. 

Encyc-  Am, 

CIIO'RAL-IST,  «.    A  mcmlter  of  a  choir. 

CHO'UIC,  rt.    Of  or  pertainins:  to  a  chorus. 

CHOWCIIOW,  a.  In  China,  a  term  used  to  de- 
note mixtures  or  sundries;  as,  choirrf.otc  sw<H'1- 
meats  aro  preserved  fruits  of  various  kinds  put  to- 
gether; chojcchoir  Writer  is  the  nndcrlow  made  by 
the  tide  and  ctinvnt  crossing  c;ich  other;  chMC' 
choio  chop  is  the  last  lishttT  eonl.-.inine  the  small 
suudrj-  packages  sent  off  to  Oil  ui*  a  .ship. 

.S  WdlA  xnuinmK 

CHOWCIIOW,  n.  A  name  given  to  a  kind  of  mi.\ed 
piekle?!.  Sintmondf. 

CHOWRY.  rt.  [Hin.]  A  brush  to  keep  off  flies,  used 
in  the  East  Indies;  often  made  of  the  tiil  of  the 
Thibet  ox.  Mahosn. 

CHRO-MA-Tt5L'0-6Y,  n.  [Gr.  XP«M«.  color,  and 
Aoyo^.  discourse.] 

A  treatise  on  cojors.  Imp.  Add. 

CIIRO-MAT'O-PHORE,  n.    [Gr.  xp^m*.  color,  and 
<*>€p<o,  to  bear.] 
A  name  given  to  the  pigment  cells  in  animali. 

Dana. 

CHRO'MA-TYPE,  «.  [Chrome,  and  Gr.  ri-:^.  type,] 

A  term  applied  in  i>/iotog.,  to  naiK-r  made  scn>i- 

tive  by  beim:  washed  in  the  bi-chrom.ate  of  jKUash. 

and  use<l  for  taking  pictures  of  a  delicate  kind,  as 

of  lace,  ferns,  vtc  ^^  Utttii. 

CniiO'MA-TfPE,  rt.  Of  orperUiining  to  the  cbro- 
niatype;  as,  a  chrojnatype  piauro.         R.  Hunt 

CHROME'  GREEN.  >».  A  iK-autiftil  dark  green 
pigment  prepared  from  the  oxyd  of  ciironiium. 

Front  it. 

CHROME'  RED,  n.  A  beauUftil  red  ptgm.nl  \>tc- 
pared  from  red-lead.  Fmnci*. 


A.    E,   Ac,    Ior,ff.-ji,   E,   Ac,   shon.-ClT.T.,   FAE,    LAST,    FALL,    ^TIIAT;    TUEIJE,   T^F.M;    MAEiXR   EiKD ;   MOTE, 


t  dee  Table  of  Synonyms. 


lio; 


CIT 


€HEOME'  TfiL'LOW,  n.  A  brilliant  yellow  pig- 
ment inuch  used  by  painters:  It  Is  a  chiomato  ol 
lca.1.  rrancis. 

€nit(3'MI€  XC'ID,  «.  An  acid  of  tlio  met:il  chro- 
mium lormiiis  sr.lts  of  an  orange  yellow  or  red  color, 
much  used  by  bleachers  and  calico-printers. 

Gyeffoyy/. 
€rrE01Iie  I'EON,  I«.     a  black  ore  sub-metallic 
eililO'MITE,  (     in  luster  consisting  of  oxyd 

of  chromi.im  and  iron.  Dana. 

€IIEiJ'MO-LITII-0-GnXPn'I€,  a.     Pertaining  to 

chrnino-!ithoi:rapli.v. 
€IIK0'MI)-LI-TIIOG'RA-PIir,     n.      Lithography 

adapted  ti>  printing  in  oil  colors.      Art  Journal. 
€IIIlO'.MtJLE,  «.    The  coloring  ingredient  in  pl.ints. 

lleimlow. 
eilRlfS-EL-E-PIlXNT'INE,  a.    [Gr.  x/""""!.  goM, 
and  ;A;->i:'Tira;,  made  ofiv(UT.] 
Composed  of  frohl  and  ivory.  C.  Kingaley. 

CntJCK,  »i.     [aiUl.]    The  c/iHcfcof  a  turninglathois 
a  contrivance  which  serves  to  connect  the  material 
to  be  operated  upon  with  tlie  mandril  of  the  latlic. 
Appleton's  M(ch.  Diet. 
CIlOCK,  r.  t  [add.]    To  place  in  a  chuck  or  bold  by 

means  of  a  chuck  ;  as  in  turning. 
CIIUNK'Y,  <r.    gh(^rl .and  thick.     {Am.]       Kann. 
ClIUECiriSM,  n.     rnduo  attachment  to  the  forms 

or  principles  of  some  church  organization. 
CIIURC'ir-E.ATE,  «.    A  tax  levied  on  parishioners 
for  the  repairs  or  maintenance  of  the  church. 

SimrnontU. 
CnURE,  J),  i.    Same  as  Wuirk.  C.  KinysUy. 

OnUTE  (slioot),  n.  [Fr.]  A  rajiid  descent  in  a  river  ; 
also,  an  opening  in  a  river-dam  for  the  descent  of 
logs,  Ac. 

2.  A  frame-work  or  tube  for  shooting  down  ar- 
ticles from  a  higher  to  a  lower  level;  a  place  on  the 
side  of  a  mountAin  for  shooting  down  wood,  &c. 

Simmonds. 
€IIY-L.\'QUE-OnS  <ki-la'fcwe-us),  a.  [From  chyle, 
an  1  L.  iiqnti.  water.] 

Nesting  a  liqni.l  consisting  of  chylo  much  diluted 
with  w.ater,  whicli  forms  tho  circulating  fluid  of 
some  inferior  animals.  Carpenter. 

€IIi'-LIF'ie,  II.    Same  OS  CimiFACTivE. 
eHYL-I-FI-e.l'TION,    n.      [Gr.   \vKhi,  chylo,  and 
Jj.fiicio.  to  make.] 
Formation  of  chyle  by  the  digestive  tirocesses. 
DiniglUon. 

CID,  «.  [Ar.  lord.]  Title  of  Eodrego  Diaz,  a  Spanish 
hero  of  tlio  Middle  Ages,  and  of  a  poem  which 
celebrates  his  exploits.  Braiule. 

CI'DEE-BEiN'DT,  71.    A  kind  of  brandy  distilled 

from  Ciller. 
CI'DEE-MILL,  11.     A   mill  for  crushing  apples  in 

order  to  make  cider. 
CI'DF.E-PEESS,  n.     A  machino  for  pressing  out  the 

juice  fr<)m  pumice  for  making  cider. 
ci'DEE-VIX'E-G.VE,  n.     Vinegar  made  from  cider- 
CIO- \E-ETTE',  n.     A  little  cigar  being  a  small  roll 
of  line  tobacco  rolled  in  paper  for  smoking. 

Simmonds. 
CI-GAR'-TrT>E,  7!.    A  mouth-piece  of  amber,  bone, 
&e.,  for  holding  a  cigar  whilo  it  issmokod. 

Simmonds. 
CIL'M-FOEM,  a.    Having  the  form  of  cilia;  very 

flue  .>r  slender.  Dana. 

CIN-eilO-NA'CEOtlS  (sin-ko-n5'shus),  a.     Of  or 

belonging  to  the  Cinchona  tribe  of  plants. 
€i-NE-MXt'I€S.    See  Kinematics. 
CIRQUE'  CEN'TO  (chink' chvn'lo),    [It.]    A  term 
applied  to  a  style  of  decorative  art  which  sprung 
up  in  Italy  about  155ft,  and  alined  to  revive  and 
elaborate  the  rieliest  and  most  conspicuous  charac- 
teristics of  Greek  and  Koman  art.  Fairholt. 
CiR'C'u-LA-TIVE,  a.     Circulating;   causing  circu- 
lation. 
CiR'3;j-L\-T0E.  n.    lie  or  that  wlikli  circulates. 
Ciii'GUM-FLEX,  a.     Moving  or  turning  round. 
OtE-e:TM-LtT'TO-RAX,    a.      [L.  circum,  around, 
and  littna,  sliorc.] 

Noting  shallow  depths  around  shores.  E.  Forbes. 
ClU'RII(5SE,  a.     Same  ns  Ciekous. 
CIR'EI-FOKM,  a.     Forme  1  like  a  tendril.     Clarke. 
ClE-EIG'En-OUS,  a.     Supporting  cirri.    E.Owen. 
ClE'RI-GRADE,  a.     Moved  by  cirri  or  hair-like 

appendages.  Carpenter. 

CiE'RUS,~«.,-   pU  CIR'EI.    [L.   cirrus,  a  tuft  of 
hair.] 

In  zool.,  a  term  applied  to  slender,  fringe-like 
appendages  in  some  inferior  animals,  which  ailin 
locomotion.  Also  written  cirrhi.  Carpenter. 
CiT'.V-BLE,  a.  That  may  bo  cited  or  quoted. 
ClT'EirTr-^IM'T'JIENT,  n.  The  common  name  of 
a  ine-n-  .  I  ointment,  the  itnguentum  hyilrargyri 
nitratin.  Dimglison. 

CiT'T.  a.  ;  idd.]    The  c*(y  arfeV^,  in  London  news- 
papers,  ij  one  which  gives  an  account  of  monc,v 


CLO 

matters.— The  city  editor  of  a  London  newspajier 
is  one  who  has  the  charge  of  the  commercial  de- 
|)artmcnt.  Sim77ionds. 

CIV-IL-IZ'A-BLE,  a.    That  may  bo  civilized. 
€L.\€iI'.VN,  n.     [Gaelic]    A  small  hamlet  about  a 

church.  "'"«■  S'Otl. 

eLACK'-YXLYE,   n.    A    valve  with  a  single  flap 
which  when  raised,  falls-with  a  clacking  sound. 

Fra7icis. 
€LAIM,  n.     [add.]     A  tract  of  land  claimed  nniler 
(he  pre-emption  or  other  laws  of  the  United  States; 
as.  a  settler's  c/{(?Vn,  a  miner's  claim.    A  kindred 
use  now  obtains  iu  Australia.  Ilowitt. 

■fc'L.\M'BEE-ING,  n.    The  act  of  climbing  with  dif- 
ficulty. 
€L.\MP,  n.  [add.]    A  mass  of  coal  heaped  up  for 
burning  into  coke ;  also,  a  heap  of  ore  for  smelting. 
Appleton's  3Iech.  Diet. 
€L,\MP'EE,  n.     An  implement  of  iron  for  holding 

oil  to  ice  when  traveling  on  its  surface.        Kane. 
CLAMP'ING,  n.    The  act  of  uniting  work  by  let- 
ting edges  into  each  other. 
2.  The  union  thus  made.  Weale. 

€L.\NS'.M-VN,  n.  One  belonging  to  a  particular  clan. 
CLXP-TE.\P,  a.  A.  term  applied  to  quackish  or 
exaggerated  represent-ations  of  any  thing.  Craig. 
€L.\E'I-0N,  a.  Noting  the  sound  of  a  cl.arion;  clear- 
toned  ;  as,  a  clarion  vt>iee.  Longfelloic. 
€L.VSP'-L0CK,  n.  A  lock  which  springs  of  itself. 
€LiS'SI-CISM,  n,    A  classic  idiom  or  expression. 

C,  Kingdey. 
CLXS'SI-FI-A-BLE,  a.    That  can  bo  classified. 

Brit.  Qiiar. 
€L.1TII'EATE,  a.     [L.  clathrns,  a  lattice] 
In  hot.,  shaped  like  a  lattice  ;  cancellate. 

A.  Gray. 
CLXVEES,  n.     Idle  talk.  '^alt.  Scott. 

CLS-Y'I-FOEM,  <i.    [L.  clavis,  a  club,  and  forma, 
form.] 

Club-shapcil;  a  term  applied  in  botany,  to  the 
or'-ans  and  appendages  of  plants  having  this  shape. 

Craig. 
6L  A-VIG'EE-OtTS,  a.    [L.  clavis,  a  club  or  key,  and 
gero,  to  carry.]  .     . 

Bearing  a  club  or  a  key.  Ogiline. 

CLAW,  «.    [add.]    In  toS", -the  taper  base  of  a  petal. 

London. 
CLAY",  a.    Formed  or  consisting  of  clay ;  as,  a  clay- 


pipe. 
;L)5AI 
to  the  jacket  or  outer  coverin 


CLEAD'HSTG,  n.  [Scotch,  clothingj     A  term  applied 
'nil  of   ' 


the  cylinder  of  a 
steam-engine;  also,  to  the  wooden  covering  of  a 
hicoinotive  boiler.  Weale. 

CLKAE'ING,  n.  [add.]  Among  &(Hti-«r.?,  a  method 
of  exchanging  drafts  on  each  other,  and  settling  dif- 
ferences. '  Clarke. 

CLEAE'-STUFF,  n.    Boards,  &c.,  free  from  knots. 

CLEV'EE-ISII,  n.    Somewhat  clever.        Bulicer. 

CLI'EN-CY,  II.    The  state  or  condition  of  a  client. 

CLJFF'-LIME'STONE,  n.  A  name  given  to  limestone 
strata  foimd  in  Oliio  and  further  west,  presenting 
bluffs  along  the  rivers  andv.alleys.  It  was  formerly 
supposed  to  be  of  one  formation,  but  is  now  know  n 
to  bo  partly  Silurian  and  partly  Dev<mian.  Dana. 

€LI'MA-TAL,  a.    Pertaining  to  climate. 

Dnytgli'ion. 

CLl-MA-TO-LOfrie-AL,  a.  Belonging  to  climatol- 
ogy. 

CLI-MA-T5I/0-GIST,  n.  One  versed  in  the  subject 
of  climates. 

CLIN-ifQrE'.  (klin-eckO,n.  [Fr.]  An  examination 
of  tlise.ased  persons  by  medical  professors  in  pres- 
ence (if  their  pupils.  This,  at  first,  literally  took 
-place  at  the  bed.<iirle  of  the  diseased,  but  is  now  ex- 
tended to'other  cases.  This"  w.ord' has  been  angli- 
cized into  clinic.  ".  Dnngli-wn. 

€LI-N0-DI-AG'0-NAL,  n.  That  diagonal  or  lateral 
.axisinamonoclinic  cryst!iUsc«  Crvstaiuzation'), 
whicb  makes  an  oblique  angle  with  the  vertical 
axis.  •    •       -    •  Dana. 

€LI-N0-DI-AG'0-N.\L,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  clino- 
diagoual ;  in  the  direction  of  the  clinodiagon.al. 

Dana. 

€LI'N0-D0ME,  n.  In  crystallngraphy,  a  dome  or 
horizontal  prism  parallel  to  the  clinodiagonal. 

Dana. 

eLI'NO-GP.XPII'IC,  a.  [Gr.  kA.i'o),  to  bend,  and 
■ypa-fir?,  drawing.] 

Noting  that"  mode  of  projection  in  drawing.  In 
which  the  rays  of  light  arc  supposed  to  fall  oblique- 
ly on  the  piano  of  projection. 
CLIP'PEE,  It.  A  term  used  to  denote  a  mode  of 
ship-building  for  great  speed  in  sailing ;  .as,  clipper- 
built,  a  clipper-ship. 
<:'LO-.\'€.\L,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  c/oaca  or  cavity 
at  tlie  extremity  of  the  intestinal  canal,  with  which 
the  intestines  .and  urinary  passage  terminate  in 
boasts,  birds,  fish,  reptiles,  "and  some  inferior  mam- 
mals. Car2-)e7iter. 


coc 

€LOAK'ING,  n.     Material  for  cloaks. 

_  Simmonds, 

CLo.iK'-PlN,  n.   Name  of  a  peg  for  banging  cloaks, 

caps,  &c. 
CLOCK,  n.    [.aild.]     Clock  movement,  the  moving, 
or  running  part  of  a  clock,  as  wheels,  &c.,  apart 
from  the  case. 
CLOCK-ET).  (klokt),  a.    Noting  a  worked  pattern,  or 

embroidery;  a>.  a  ctocA^fiZ-stocking.    Sirnmoiids. 
CLOTIIES'-IIUESE,  n.    A  frame  to  hang  clothes  on. 
CLOTlIES'-MiN,  n.     A  dealer  in  clothes. 
€LOTUES'-PiN,  n.  A  forked  piece  of  wood  to  secure 

clothes  on  a  line. 
CLOTlIES^jPEESS,  n.     A  receptacle  for  clothes. 
CLOTII-PA-PEE,  n.    A  coarse  kind  of  paper  used 
for  pressing  and  finishing  woolen  cloths. 

Simmonds. 
€L5TH'-PEESS'ING,  n.    Act  of  preising  cloth. 
CLOUD'LET,  n.     A  small  cloud. 
CLOYE'-IIITCH,  n.    A  bitch  formed  with  a  rope, 
leaving  the  ends  to  reach  out  in  contrary  direetions; 
it  is  formed  by  two  half-hitches  round  a  spar  or 
other  rope.  Tutten. 

CLUB'BISII.  a.     Disposed  to  club  together. 
CLUMP,  r.  i.     To  make  a  tramping  noise. 
CI.IT.MP'ING,  ti.     Noisy  tramping.      Hiss  Bronte. 
eLUMP'ING,  a.     Making  a  heavy  tramping  noise. 
CLC'MP'Y,  t(.     Composed  of  clumps  ;  massive. 
CLtJNCU,  n.     fadil.]    Close-grained  hard  linieston*. 

Wright. 
CLUTCn,  n,     A  name  given  to  the  cross-bead  of  a 

piston-rod.  AppletoJis  Jlech.  Diet. 

€Li'P'E-I-FOEM,  a.    Shield-.shaped  ;  clypeate. 

li.  Owen.     I/enslo^o. 
COACII'ING,  n.    Trade  of  conveying  in  coaches. 
2.  A  cant  term  in  English  unirersities,  for  the 
preparation  made  for  public  examination  by  the  aid 
of  a  special  tutor,  who  is  called  ;ieoaeh.    Bristed, 
€i)-A€-TIV'IJY,  a.     Unity  of  action. 
CO-AD-AP-TATION,  n.     Mutu.al  adaptation. 

R.  Owen. 
CO-.\D-.\PT'ED,  a.    Adapted  one  to  another;  as, 

co-adapted  pulp  and  tooth.  K.  Owetl. 

eo-AD-JUST',  V.  t.    To  adjust  by  mutual  adapta- 
tions. ^-  Oicen. 
CD-AD-jtJST'ED, pp.    Adjusted  one  to  anotlicr. 

It.  Oicen. 
€t>-AD-.irST'MENT,  n.    State  of  being  umtually 

adjusted. 
eo-XD'JiT-TANT,  n.    An  assistant.  Ogilvie. 

CO-AD-VfiNT'URE.  n.    A  mutu,al  adventure. 
eil-.XG'F-LA-TO-RY.  a.    Serving  to  coagulate. 
eO-XlD',n.     A  fellow  helper.  Pope. 

65.VK  (koke),   «.      The  metal  holes   in  a  sheave, 
through  ivhich  the  pin  goes. 

2.  A  piece  cut  out  of  a  spar  for  uniting  it  to  an- 
other spar.  ,    Totjen- 
CO.VK'ING,  n.    A  process  of  uniting  timbers  by  let- 

tin-*  a  projection  of  one  into  the  other.       Totten. 
COAL,  V.  t.    To  supply  with  coals;  as,  to  coal  a 

steamer. 
COAL.  r.  /.    To  take  in  coal ;  as,  the  steamer  coaica 

at  Southampton. 
eOAL'-FlT-TEE,  n.    See  Fitteb. 
COAL'IXG,  H.     The  net  of  t.aking  in  coals. 
COAL'-P-VSS'EE,  n.     One  who  passes  coal  to  the 

furnaco  of  a  .st.'am-engine. 
COAL'-PLXNTS,  71.  Jjl.    The  name  given  to  the  fos- 
sil remains  or  impressions  of  plants  found  in  con- 
nection with  co.al.  Dana. 
€0AL'-TAE.  71.     A  thick  viscid  substance  obtained 
by  the  distillation  of  bituminous  coal,  .is  in  gas- 
making,  *c.    It  is  used  in   making  printer's  ink 
and  for  various  other  purposes.             rnmlin.^on. 
€0.\L'-WHiP'PEE,  Tl.     One  who  raisesor  «!/iy)8Kp 
coal  out  of  the  hold  of  a  ship.     [Eng.] 

Simjnends. 
CO.VESE'-GR.VINB'D,  n.    Il.aving  a  coarse  grain,  as 

wood;  hence,  wanting  in  refinement. 
CO.VES'^N,  r.  t.     To  make  coarse  or  wanting  in  ro- 
flnement;  as,  to  coa)'«<;7K)ne'8  character, 

Woolsey. 
COAST'-GUAED,   71.     A  custom-house    force    em- 
ploved  along  the  coast  to  prevent  smuggling. 

C.  Kingsley. 
CTlvST'-LTNE,  71.    The  outline  of  a  coast. 
CO.VT'-LINK.  II.    A  jiair  of  buttons  or  studs  joined 
by  a  link,  to  hold  together  the  lapels  of  a  coat. 

Sintjnonds. 
COB,  r.  t.     [add]    In  mining,  to  break  the  ore  with 
h.amniers  into  cobs  or  round  pieces  in  order  to  sep- 
arate it  from  the  refuse  part.  Dana. 
COB'BLEE,  ?!.    [add.]    An  abbreviation  of  Siieeet 

Cobbler,  which  see. 
CO'BE.\  DI  €.\-PEL'LO,  71,.      The  Portuguese  name 
for  the  hooded  snake  (.V.71V7  tripiidiaiisx  a  highly 
venomous  reptile  inhabitinir  the  East  Indies. 

Iconographic  Encye. 
COCH'EE-ING.    See  Cosiierisg. 


DO'YE,    WOLF,    BOtJK;    RtlLE,    BULL;    Tl'CIOUS.^e   as    K;    G    as    J ;    S    as   Z;    CH    as    SH  ;    THIS. 


1468 


t  Sta  Table  of  Synonyms. 


COL 

^OCHa-:sEAL-FiG,  n.  A  South  Ainoriean  plunt 
of  the  cactus  family,  extensively  cultivated  lor  the 
sake  of  ihe  cochiut-al  iusect  which  lives  on  it. 

Loudoji. 

€Oen-LE-XK'l-FORM,  a.  [add.]  lu  lot,  shaped 
lifce  a  spoon.  ^1.  Gray. 

^v^CK.  rt.  Coch  of  ths  rocl\  a  n:inio  given  to  birds 
'f  the  ^cnas  Kupicola,  Avhichsco.  Cuvier. 

i  "tCK'KK,  n.  [add.]  A  J;imiliar  name  givon  to  a 
d«^>4  of  the  spaniel  kind,  used  for  slartinsr  up  wood- 
C'lcks  an>l  other  g:une  from  their  haunts  in  woods 
anil  niartshcs.  Ogilvif. 

♦  'OK'EK-XO-XY,  n.  The  pathorin?  of  a  young 
.voiuan's  hair  under  her  snood  or  fillet. 

Walt  Scott 

■tOCK'ERS,  n.  pi.  Ilii^h  laced  boots  worn  by  coun- 
trymen in  the  timn  of  Elizabeth.  Fairkott 

€OCK'lXG,  n.     The  act  of  hunting  wood-cocks. 

C.  Kinqdey. 

€OCK'!NG,  a.  [add.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  hunting 
wooilcocks. — Cocking-spanUi,  a  dog  of  the  breed 
called  Cocker.  Walt.  Scoti. 

€OCK'LE-SIl£LL,  n.  Tho  shell  or  covering  of  a 
cockle. 

COCK'XET,  a.     Rclrted  to  or  like  cocknev3. 

COCK'XET-DOM,  n.  The  region  or  homo  of  cock- 
nevs,  Tliackeratj. 

€OCK'XEY-FT",  v.  t  To  form  with  the  manners  or 
character  of  a  cockney. 

€OCK'NET-ISU,  a,     Kelating  to  or  like  cockneys. 

CO'eUS-WOOD,  n.  A  "West-Indian  wood,  used  for 
making  flutes  and  other  musical  instruments. 

Sijnmonds. 

f  '>D'BLTNG,  n.    The  act  of  making  much  of. 

t  '  t  DETT.V,  n.  [IL]  In  miisic^  a  short  passage 
connecting  two  sections,  but  not  forming  p.irt  of 
.  ither.  Adam^:i  JfuJi.  Diet 

t">D'-Ll\''ER  OIL,  n.  Oil  from  the  livers  of  tbo 
common  codfish  or  allied  species,  useful  in  consump- 
tion, scrofula,  Ac.  DunglUon. 

^0-EF-FE€T'.  71.     A  united  effect. 
C<EL'-.V-€ANTII,rt.  [Gr.  «o;Ao?,bollow,andicai'^o?, 
jpino.] 

Having  hollow  spines  o*  some  Ganoid  fislics. 

Dana. 
C(EL-0-SPfeRM'0U5,  a.    [Gr.  koUos,  hollow,  and 

tTJreoxa.  asced.] 

In  bot.,  a  term  describing  certain  fruits  of  umbel- 
liferous plants,  whoseseeds  are  curved  on  the  iujier 
elde,  by  the  bendiug  inward  towards  each  other  of 
the  top  an!  bottom.  Uendoio. 

€0-£R'CI-TIVE,  a.  Serving  to  coerce  or  restrain. 
— Coercitire  or  coercive  /orc^  in  magnet ifim,  is 
the  power  or  force  which  in  iron  or  steel  pro- 
duces a  slowness  or  difficulty  in  imparting  magnet- 
Ism  to  it,  and  also  interposes  an  obstacle  to  the  re- 
turn of  a  bar  to  its  natural  ".state  when  active  mag- 
netism has  ceased.  It  nlainly  .depends  on  the 
niolec'ilar  constitution  of  the  steel.  JiTichol. 

-C^F'FEE-UOO.M,  n.     A   room  in  English  inns  for 

refreshments,  newspapers,  &c 
COF'FLE,  n.    [Ar.  Kafahi.  a  caravan] 

A  gan^  of  slaves  going  to  market.     Simmonds. 
COF'FIN'-BON'EL  n.     The  foot-bone  of  a  horse  which 
is  enclosed  or  coffined  within  the  hoof. 

Wltite's  Vet.  Diet 
COG'-MXN,  n.    A  dealer  in  coarse  cloth. 

Wright. 
CDG^iVTE,  n.    A  terra  applied  to  things  which  arc 

allied  in  origin;  as, certain  letters  are  cognates. 
COG'^AKE,  n.    A  coarso  narrow  cloth  like  frieze. 

ITaWwcn. 
CO'nORN,  n.    [From  its  invents-.  Baron  Coohorn.] 
A  small  mortar  for  throwing  grenades. 

BfiTs  Tet-h.  I>iet 
CO-IN'-CI-DfiNT'AL,  a.      Having    a    coincidence ; 

coincident.  Lond.  Quart. 

CO^En-XtT,  n.     A  mode  of  spelling  cocoa-nut  in- 
troduced by  the  London  cnstom-house  in  order  to 
distinfftil'^h  more  widely  between  this  and  other  ar- 
tiek'S  spelt  much  in  the  same  manner.    Jlaykew. 
CoLD'-CnrSTL,  n.     A  chisel  of  peculiar  strength 

anil  h.ari'3053  f  >r  catting  cold  metal.  Weah. 
e5LD'-€REAM,  n.      A  mixture  of  spermaceti,  oil 
of  almonils    and    rose-water,   used    for    chapped 
hand5.  Ac. 
eO-LEG-A-TEE',  n.    One  who  is  legatee  with  an- 
other.        

CO-LE-OPTE-RIST,  n.    One  versed  in  coleopterous 

Insects. 
€0-LfiS-3EE'.  n.     \  frtrtner  in  a  leai^e  taken. 
€0-LES'50r;,  n.     A  partner  iu  giving  a  lease. 
COL  L.\T'ING,  n.   Tlie  act  of  comparing  or  examin- 
ing, as  manuscripts  anil  book^;  the  net  of  prescnt- 
in?.an'i  instittitinir,  as  a  clerirymnn  to  a  benefice. — 
Among  printer*,  the  examining.'  of  the  sheets  of  a 
hook  to  ascertain  whether  tliev  are  gathered  cor- 
rectly. Ilansard^s  Tijpog. 


COM 


CON 


1 


€OL-LK€T'i\'E,  a.  [.uld.]  A  coUcctire  fruit,  in 
hot.,  is  one  that,  instead  of  corresponding  to  a  single 
flower,  corresponds  to  a  head  or  group  of  flowers, 
as  the  pineapple,  fig,  mulberry,  ic. ;  called  also 
multiple  fruit.  A.  Gray. 

€OL-LE'GI-ATE,  a.     [add.]    Collected;  united. 
^__  -  Bacon. 

€OL-LE-TE'Rr-AL,  a.  Of  or  belonging  to  tho  col- 
leterium  of  insects.  ^      R.  Owen. 

€OL-LE-TE'R[-UM,  n.  An  organ  in  the  females  of 
insects,  containing  a  whitish  gluten  for  cementing 
together  the  ejected  ova.  Dana. 

€0L'LI-GATE.     See  CosjrGATE. 

€0L'LI-GA-TED.    See  Conjcgatk. 

€5LXI-MA-TIXG,  a.  Pertaining  to  coUimatlon.— 
A  co/^i  »!((?//)£/ eye-piece  is  used  to  observe  the  error  of 
coUimation  in  a  transit  instrument  by  reflection 
from  mercury.  C.  S.  Lyman. 

€5L'LI_-SiyE,  a.  With  collision ;  clashing.    Ogilvie. 

€OL-LO'DI-OX,  n.  A  solution  of  gun  cotton  in 
ether.  It  is  strongly  adhcsiTC  and  is  also  called 
liquid  cuticle.  U.^ed  in  photography  and  by  sur- 
geons to  close  up  wounds.       Dnnglimn.    Ilunt. 

€OL-LO'DI-ON-IZE,  v.  t  To  preparo  or  treat  with 
collo(Ijon.  li.  Hunt. 

£'OL-LO'DI-ON-IZ£'D,  pp.  and  a.  Treated  with 
collo(]ion.  li.  Hunt 

€0L-LO'DI-0N-TZ-IKG,  ppr.  Preparing  with  col- 
lodion. 

€OL-LO'DI-ON-IZ-1NG,  n.  Act  of  preparing  with 
collodion. 

€*OL'LY,  a.  A  term  used  to  designate  a  variety  of 
dog  much  esteemed  by  Scotch  shepherds. 

C-  King  ale  y. 

€OL'0-NEL  (kur'nel),  v.  i.    To  play  the  colonel. 

TTadihras. 

€OL'0-NEL-ING  (kur'nel-ing),  ppr.  or  a.    Roving 
about;  raking;  playing  the  partof  a  knii^ht-cvrant. 
_  I/udibras. 

€0-L0'NI-AL-IS\r,  n.  An  expression,  custom,  &c., 
peculiar  to  a  colony. 

eOL'O-XiZ-ER,  n.    One  who  founds  a  colony. 

COL'OU-BLIND,  a.  Having  an  imperfect  appre- 
ciation of  C()loV. 

€0L'0n-BLIXD'NESS,  n.  A  familiar  name  for  the 
imperfect  s^-nsatinn  or  appreciation  of  culors,  to 
which  the  name  of  Daltonism  has  been  given. 

BrciDster. 

€6L'0R-MXN",  n.     A  vender  of  paints,  &c. 

tSimmonds. 

€6L'0R-SER'GEANT  (sar^jenf),  n.  A  ^non-com- 
missioned military  officer  who  supports  the  ensign- 
bearer  of  a  resimont.  Stmmonds. 

€0La'-MEL'Ll-F0RM,  a.  Shaped  like  a  little  col- 
umn or  cnhunella.  Dana. 

€OL-UM-NA.R'I-Tr,  n.  The  state  of  being  col- 
umnar. 

€5L't'MN-RrLE.  n.  A  thin  piece  of  brass  used 
by  printers  to  separate  longitudin.ally  the  columns 
of  typo.  Simmnndfi. 

€0-Mi5'-RROACn,  n.    The  tooth  of  a  wool  comb. 

Simmon  da. 

€OMBTXG,  n.     [ndd.]    Act  of  using  a  comb. 

eoMETXGS.     See  Coamings. 

€OM-BO-LO'TO(-l.Vyo\  n.  A  Mohammedan  rotary 
consisting  of  ninety-nine  beads. 


And  bv  hfr  enmh  I'ni",  lies 
A  Koraa  of  illuiiiiacd  dyes. 


Bj/r»». 


COMB'SnAP^D  (komc'slmpto),  a.  Tootbeil  like  a 
cotnb  ;  iicctin^tc.  Jfcllx^oic. 

-eO-^^E'DI-EN'^'E,  n.  [Fr.]  A  female  player  of 
coincdF. 

€6ME-0UT'ER,  n.  A  cant  term  in  America  fnr 
one  who  comes  out  or  withdraws  from  the  regular 
cliurch  organizations,  under  tlie  pretense  of  tlieir 
bcina  corrupt.  irayicard. 

€0-MES'TI-ELES,  n.  pi.     [Fr.]    Eatables. 

Co7tt/hear^. 

eOM'ET-SEEK'ER.  n.  A  telescope  haviriq:  a  lar!;a 
field  of  view  and  low  magnifying  power,  used  for 
finding  comets. 

eOM-I-e.lL'I-TT,  11.  Tbat  which  is  comical  or 
ludicrous. 

€0-\I-MAXD'ER-SniP,  n.  The  office  of  a  com- 
mander. 

eOM-MF.M-O-EA'TOn,  n.  One  who  commemorates. 

€OM-MIS'Er.-A-TlVE,  a.    Noting  conimiser.ation. 

€OM-MIS'SION  (-raish'un),  n.  [idd.]  An  order 
for  executing  some  work  of  art;  as,  a  commi.-ision 
for  a  picture  or  statue.  Ari  Journal. 

€0>I-1IIS'SI0N.  1'.  t.  [a.ld.]  To  employ  in  tho 
oxecufion  of  some  work  of  art. 

€OM-MIS'Sr-RAL.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  com- 
missure or  line  of  junction  between  jiarts  that  are 
united.  Carpenter. 

€(5M'MON-PiTCn,  n.  A  building  term,  implymg 
that  the  length  of  the  rafter  is  three-quarters  of 
the  span. 


»    I 


Wcate. 


€O.M'MOX  SeilOOL,  n.  A  school  maintained  at 
the  iiublic_e.x|ienso  and  open  to  all,        Bartuird. 

€OM-.Mro>IIST'ie,  a.     Pcrtainins;  to  communisti 

fcOM-.MUT'KU,  n.  One  who  commuU^  or  pays 
gross  amount  at  once  for  the  enjoynienl  of  some 
right  or  privilege,  instead  of  paving  in  each  case 
as  it  occurs;  as  for  traveling  on  a  railroad,  nasslDe 
a  ferry,  &c.    ].1;h.]  •"- 1         6 

COMTASS  CAP.!),  n.  Tho  movable  part  of  a 
mariner's  comp.asa  on  which  tho  cardinal  i>oints  aro 
delineated.  Tomlimon. 

eoM'PASS-STCNALS,  n.  pt.  Signals  that  denote 
tlie  points  of  tho  compass.  Simmondt. 

eOM-PEN-SlTIOX.  n.  Noting  a  method  adopted 
in  many  cases  to  neutralize  errors  of  which  we  can 
not  get  rid.  Thus  the  cnrnpennatton.  balance  or 
pendnbim  of  a  time-piece.  Is  a  contrivance  fir  cor- 
recting the  errors  occasioned  by  variations  of  tem- 
perature. •  XUhot. 

eOM-PETI-TIVE,  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  compe- 
tition. Sir  W.  P.  Wood. 

€OM-PLE-ME>fT'A-P.Y,  a.  Supplying  a  deflciency; 
completing ;  as,  a  complemenUlry  number.  Wright. 

€0M-POS'INT,-Fn.\ME,  n.  A  printer's  elevated 
working  frame,  having  tho  type-cases  on  It. 

_  ^  ISanJuirdii  Typ, 

€OM-PO$aNG-P.CLE,  n.  A  thin  slip  of  brasslaid 
by  printers  on  t?io  composing-stick  In  arranclng 
the  type;  called  also  settinyj-rule.  JIansard'9  Typ. 

€0.M-P5$'I-T^E,  «.  pi.  In  hot.,  a  family  of  planU 
embracing  those  with  compound  flowere;  as,  dan- 
delions, &c.  IfentloiD. 

eOM-PO-Sl'TION,  a.  Noting  tho  union  of  different 
m.aterials  or  p.art3;  as,  compwi/ton-candles,  corw- 
position-mQXA\.  Simmondt. 

eOM'POTE,  n.  [Fr.]  A  preparation  of  fniit  in  synip 
for  immediate  use.  Wehntrr's  Dom.  Encyc 

€0irPOUND,  a.  [.add.]  A  compound  crytUil  Is  a 
twin  crystal,  or  one  seeming  to  be  made  up  of  two 
or  more  crystals  combined  acoirding  to  regular  laws 
of  composition  ;  as,  the  star-shaped  crj'stals  of  snow. 

Dana. 
A  compound  microscope  is  a  microscope  made  of 
a  combination  of  lenses  arranged  in  a  tube,  with 
usually  a  stand,  stage,  and  other  contrivances  for 
adjustment  and  convenient  use. 

eOM-PPvA-Dor.',  n.   [Port.]     In  CTiinfl.  a  steward ; 
a  provider ;  a  responsible  m.in  who  hires  and  se- 
cures the  other  servants,  and  acts  .as  pavmaster. 
S.  Wel/n  William*. 

€OM-PKE-nEX-SI-BII/I-Tr,  n.  The  state  of  being 
comprehensible. 

eOM-PECSS'OP.,  in.     [L.]    -in  app.ir3tii«  f 'r 

€OM-PEES-SU'ni-UM.  (     conaninganolj     ■ 
pressure  when  examined  through  the  mii  : 

U 

€0X-€A'T0-ei5N"'rEX,  a.  [add.]  In  <in<jl..  hav- 
ing the  opposite  surl'ices  concave,  and  convex,  with 
the  anterior  concave,  ns  in  co/icaro-<:onr«r  ver- 
tebrre.  R.  Otcen. 

eOX-CEN'TH  A-TITE,  a.    Serving  to  concentrate. 

€ON-CEP-TI-BiL'I-Tr,  n.  Quality  of  being  con- 
ceivable. 

€OX-C£PT'C'-AL.  a.    Pertaining  to  conception. 

COX-CEPTa'-AL-ISXI,  n.  The  doctrine  held  by 
conceptualists.  FleminQ, 

€ON-CSS'SION  (-sesh'un).  n.  [Fr.]  A  privilege  or 
right  granted  by  government  to  do  certain  thin^  ; 
as,  to  construct  "railways,  ic.  BeachertUe. 

eOxem-FORM,  a.     Conch-shaped. 

eOsen'O-SPm.VL.  n..and  a.  Noting  a  kind  of  spi- 
ral curve  exemplified  in  shells.  liana, 

€0N-€EE5'CIVE,  a.     [L.  concrtsco,  to  grow  to- 
gether.] 
Notiiig  tho  act  of  crowing  together,  or  nniling. 

€0N-€RETI0N,  n.  [add]  In  geol..  a  rounded  mass 
or  nodule  produced  by  an  aggregation  of  the  nwte- 
rial  around  a  center ;  as,  calcareous  concretion*.  Ac 

Dana. 

€ON-€KE'TiVT:-LT,  adr.    In  a  concrete  manner. 

€0N-DEMN£'D'-CELI,  m.  .Vcell  forcriminab  sen- 
tenced to  execution. 

■eOy-D  r-e'  TA,  n.  rSp.]  .V  train  or  convoy  of  rain- 
able  freight,  .as  gold.  Ac. :  sometimes  applied  to  a 
conveyance  by  sea  as  well  as  land.        Velasquez. 

€ON-DC'€T'I-nLE,  a.    Capable  of  being  conducted. 

€ON-Dr€-TTT'I-TT,  n.  The  quality  of  conducting 
or  giving  pass.age  to  some  molecuLar  action  :  as.  of 
heat;  light,  clectrieit.v.  .tc.  We  spe-ak  of  the  eon- 
ductimty  of  glass  or  "metal,  for  heat,  electricity.  Ac 

€ONE,  n.  In  cnnchol.,  a  shell  of  the  genus  Conut, 
having  a  conical  form.  Daua, 

€ONE,  r.  t.  To  render  cone-shaped ;  as,  to  cone  tho 
tires  of  railway-carriage  wheels. 

Appletons  JifecK  Diet, 

CONT'D,  a.    Having  the  form  of  a  cone, 

CONT.VB,  n.  [From  con;5i?)u7*r'ion.]  Familiar  talk 
or  conversation.    [CoIlbqniaL] 


A,  E,  &c.,  long.—X,  E,  &c.,   short. 


.-CAEE,  FAE.  last,  fall,  WHAT;    TlIgEE,  TEEM;   MAEINE,  BJED;    Mo\-E. 


t  See  Tallc  of  Synonyms. 


1469 


CON 


COR 


COR 


■eON-Fi:;D'i:U-A-'^lVE,   a.     Of  or  pertaining  to  a 

confcdoralioii. 
€ON'-FKI^«-I'J-i^',  «.     One  who  15  conferred  with. 
€ON-FEU-VA'CEOUS,   a.     Belonging  to  the  con- 
fer vco. 
CON-F^R'TOID,  a.    Like  or  related  to  the  confervre. 

Loudon. 
■GON-rtRM'ED-LY,  adv.     In  n  wny  to  cnnfinii. 
€ON-FORM-A-BIL'I-TY,  n.  Tho  state  of  being  con- 
formable. 

2.  In  neol.^  tbo  paranclisni  of  two  sets  of  strata 
which  arc  in  contact. 
CON-FOUM'A-CLE-NESS,  n.    Tho  Btato  of  being 

conformable. 
C0N-F6KM'ATE.  a.     ITaving  tlio  same  form. 
€0N-FU'CI-AN-1$M,  n.    The  doctrines  of  political 
morality   tau^'lit  by   Confucius  and   his  disciples, 
which  forms  the  basis  of  the  Cluueso  jurispnulence 
and  education.     It  can  banlly  be  called  a  religion, 
as  it  does  not  inculcale  tho  worship  of  any  pod. 
S.  Wells  Williams. 
■eON-FU'CI-AN-IST,  n.     In  China,  a  follower  of 
Cimfucius  as  di:itinguished  from  a  Buddhist;  but 
the  former  can  worship  any  idol  ho  chooses. 

S.  Wells  WiUiamn. 
€(5N'GE-N"EI?,  71.    [add.]     A  species  of  the  same 

cenus  with  another.  II.  Owen.     Gregory. 

^ON-ijE-NEU'It:,  fi.     Of  the  same  genus.  E.  Owen. 

€0N-G£ST''ED,  2-)p.  or  a.     In  hot.,  crowded  or  aecu- 

raulated  together.  A.  Gray. 

In  7ned.,  denoting  an  Tinnatural  accumulation  of 
blood  in  any  part  oi'tho  body.  Dtinglison. 

€0N-GL0M'ER-ATE,  a.  [aihl]  In  (;ro/.,  composed 
of  stones,  pebbles,  or  fragments  i)f  rocks,  cemented 
totretlior.  Dana. 

In  hot.,  closely  crowded.  A.  Gray. 

€ON-GLU'TI-NATE,    a.     Glued    together    in    ono 

mass. 
€ON'ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Forming  to  a  cone-liko  shape. 

Appletoii's  Mech.  Diet. 
CO-Nl'UM,  n.     A  shrub  ( Couium  -/mtculaUan)  called 

hemlock  oi^poison  jiarsley.  Dunglison. 

■eON-JE€T'URE,  v.  i.     To  form  conjectures. 
€0N-JIT-GAL'I-TT,  n.    Tho  conjugal  state. 
■eONMt_T-GATE,    a.    In    chem.,   containing  two  or 
more  radicals  acting  the  partof  asinijle  radical. 
J.  A.  Porter. 
CON'JU-GATE,  n.     Asul.ordinate  railical  associated 
with  another,  and  acting  with  it  tho  jiart  of  a  single 
railical.  J.  A.  Porter. 

■eON-JU-GATION,  n.  [add.]  In  organi-,  beings,  a 
kind  of  sexual  union;  applied  to  a  blending  of  the 
contents  of  two  colls  in  some  plant-infusoria,  which 
is  of  a  sexual  character,  and  results  in  producing 
spores,  i.  e.  the  germs  of  new  individuals. 

Carpenter. 
CONN  (kun),  1'.  t.    A  person  is  said  to  conn  a  shij) 
when  standing  on  the  lookout ;  ho  gives  directions 
to  tho  helmsman  how  to  sloer  lier  through  intricate 
passaires  ;  as,  amidst  ice,  &,c..  Kane. 

€0N-NE€T'1NG-R5D,  n.  In  wecJi.,  a  rod  intended 
to  transfer  motion  from  tho  place  of  its  generation 
to  a  pf)int  where  it  is  required.  It  is  attached  to 
one  point  which  moves  directly,  and  to  nnnther 
point  it  is  intended  to  move.  Tims,  in  a  steam-en- 
ginu  the  connectiy\q-rod  is  ono  which  joins  the 
beam  to  the  crank  of  tlic  wheel.  Nlchol. 

■eON-NEeT'OR,  n.     He  or  that  which  connects.     In 
chein.,  a  flexible  tube  for  connecting  tho  ends  of 
^la^s  tubes  in  pneumatic  experiments.       Wright. 
€6N'XER,  n.    A  small  sea-fish  of  the  New  England 

cnast,  called  also  blue-perch.  Siorer. 

€6N'NTNG  (kun'ning),  n.  The  act  of  directing  tho 
helmsman  how  to  steer  a  ship  through  intricate 
passa::es.  See  Gonn. 
€ON-S€iaP'TION-AL,  a.  Eelongingto  a  conscrip- 
tion. 
■G0N-SEN'3U-AL,  a.  Excited  or  cn.nsedby  sensation, 
and  not  through  an  intermediate  discriminating 
will  or  feeling;  as,  the  consensual  actions  of  many 
lower  animals.  Carjjenter, 

■eON'SOLE-TA'BLE,  v.  A  table  whose  leaf  or  slab 
is  supported  by  consoles  or  brackets  at  tho  two 
ends.  M'e7»iter's  Doni.  EnctfC. 

€ON-SO-N.\N'TAL,  a.    Pertaining  to  consonants. 
€ON-SPEe'TC:s,  n.     [L.]    A  view;  general  sketch 

or  outline  of  a  subject. 
€ON-ST/\N'TIA,  n.    A  kind  of  wino  from  the  Capo 

of  Good  Hope.  Wright 

€ON-STI-TU'TION-AL,  ?).  The  nnme  given  at 
Cambridge  University,  England,  to  a  walk  taken 
for  health  and  exercise.  The  verb  consHtniional- 
ize  is  fihn  used.  Thackeray.    Drifted. 

€0N-STRi€T'INO,  n.  Having  the  power  of  bind- 
in:;  hard  or  crushing;  ns,  ono  of  the  constricting 
serpents,  which  are  (listinot  from  the  poisonous. 

Dana. 


GON-STKI€T'iVE,  rt.  Serving  to  bind  or  constringc. 

Craig. 

€ON-STEt;€T'iVE-NESS,  n.  Tendency  to  form  or 
construct,  as  mechanical  contrivances,  systems  of 
thought,  &c.  Wright. 

€ON-SULT'A-RT,  a.  Formed  by  consultation  ;  as, 
a  consultary  response,  which  is  the  opinion  of  a 
court  on  a  special  case.  Ogilcie. 

GON-TEM-PU-RA-NE'I-TT,  ii.  Stateof  being  con- 
temporaneous; as,  "the  lines  of  contemporaneity 
in  the  oiilitic  system."  J.  Philips.     Craig. 

GON-TEST'ANT,  n.  One  who  contests  a  claim  ;  op- 
ponent.       _ 

eON-TOR-TU'PLI-GATE,  a.  Twisted  back  on  it- 
self. A.  Gray. 

€ON-TRA€TaVE,  a.     Serving  to  contract. 

€6n'TRA-R0-TA'TI0N,  n.  Circular  motion  in  a 
direction  contrary  to  some  other  circular  motion. 

GoN'TRA-STiMOJ-LANT,  n.  An  agent  which 
counteracts  tlie  effect  of  a  stimulant,  a.  Counter- 
acting the  cff^-cts  of  stimulants;  relating  to  a  style 
of  medical  treatment  based  on  a  tlieory  of  contra- 
stimulants._  Dunglisoii. 

CON-TRI-BIIO'ION-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  contri- 
bution, 

€ON-TU-MtT-LA'TION,  n.     [L.  con,  with,  and  tu- 
ynulus,  a  tomb] 
The  act  of  laying  in  the  same  grave  or  tomb. 

(Vaig. 

€ON-VEN'TrON-AL-IST,  n.  One  governed  by  con- 
ventionalism. 

GON-VEK-SA'TION-IST,  n.  One  who  excels  in 
conversation. 

CON-VEX'O-GON'GAVE,  a.  [add.]  In  a7iat.,  hav- 
ing the  opposite  surfaces  convex  and  concave,  witli 
the  anterior  convex,  as  in  convexo-coJicave  ver- 
tebra;. E.  Otoen. 

€0N-VIV'I-AL-IST,  n.  A  person  of  convivial  habits. 

CON-TiV'I-AL-LY,  adv.     In  a  convivial  manner. 

€0N-V0-€A'TI0N-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  convo- 
cation. 

■eOOL'lE  (koo'ly,)  n.  A  common  spelling  for  Coolt. 

COOMB,      in.     A  valley  on  the  declivity  of  a  hill, 

€OOMBE,   J    in  tho  shape  of  an  amphitheater. 

Ogilvie. 

€00N,  11.    An  abbreviation  for  racoon.     [Am.] 

niri/fltt. 

GOON'TEE,  n.    Name  of  the  arrow-root  in  Floiida. 

CO-OP'ER-ANT,  a.  Operating  together;  as,  co-ope- 
rant  forces. 

COOP'ER-ING,  ;);»•.  and  a.     Making  or  mending  of 

€pOP'ER-ING,  n.  Tho  making  or  mending  of 
casks,  &c. 

GO-OR'DI-NaTE,  v.  t.  To  bring  into  common  action 
or  system;  applied  to  dififerent  associated  parts  or 
to  objects  that  can  be  associated;  as,  the  nerves 
co-ord inate  i\iQ.  muscular  artiuns.        Carpenter. 

€O-0r/DI-NA-TED,  2^P-  Brought  into  commonac- 
tion. 

C0~ORa>IN-ATES,  11.  pi.  A  term  applied  to  things 
of  the  same  rank,  neither  of  which  is  subordinate  to 
the  other. 

C0-5R'DI-NA-TING,  ppr.  Brindng  into  harmoni- 
ous action  or  similarity  of  condition. 

€0-OR-DI-NA'TION,  n.  [rub'.]  Tho  bringing  of 
dilferent  parts  or  objects  into  harmonious  action  or 
similarity  of  condition.  Carpetiter. 

COP'PER-FAC/i'J).  a.  Faced  or  covered  with  cop- 
per ;  ns,  copj)cr-fiiced  type. 

GOP'PER-ING.  7V.  Act  of  covering  with  copper; 
the  copper  thus  put  ou;  as,  tho  coppei'ing  of  a 
ship's  bottom. 

COPTER-PLATE,  a.  P.elating  to  engraving  on 
copper,  or  jtrinting  from  a  copper-plate. 

GOP'PERS,  )„.  pi     The  cooking  apparatus 

SHIP'S  COP'PERS,  (  of  a  ship,  being  of  cast  iron 
with  copper  boilers.  Mar/'yatt. 

GOPT,  71.  [Ar.]  A  name  given  to  the  descendants 
of  an  ancient  Egyptian  race  belonging  to  the  Jaco- 
bite or  Monophysite  sect.  Encyc.  Am. 

Gt^P^T-RTGIIT,  V.  t.  To  secure  by  copyright,  as  a 
book. 

C<5P'T-RIGTIT-ET>,  2^^-  "^'f  "■  Having  the  copy- 
right secured. 

€0-QUlL'LA-NUT,  n.  Tho  fruit  of  a  Brazilian 
tree,  {Aitalea  funifera  of  Martins);  its  shell  is 
hazel-brown  in  color,  veiy  hard  and  close  in  tex- 
ture, and  is  much  used  by  turners  in  forming  orna- 
mental articles.  Appleton's  Mech.  Diet. 

CO-R.\L'LUM,  n.  The  coral  or  solid  part  of  a  zoo- 
phyte, whether  composed  of  stono  or  horn — it  being 
of  the  former  in  ordinary  corals,  and  mainly  of  the 
lattu-r  in  the  Gorgonia  or  sea-fan  tribe.        Dana. 

GOR'AL-ROOT,  n.  A  species  of  plants  of  the  genus 
Cnrrallorhiza,  so  called  from  its  brancheil  i-oots 
which  resemble  coral.  A.  Gray. 


GOR'AL-WOOJ,  n.     A  cabinet  wood  whieli  when 
first  cut  is  yellow,  but  soon  changes  to  a  line  red  or 
sujjerb  coral ;  it  is  hard  and  receives  a  line  polish. 
ApjActoji-N  Mech.  Diet. 
GOK'BEL,  v.  i.    To  supi)ort  on  corbels. 

2.  To  dilate  by  projecting  every  member  of  a  se- 
ries beyond  the  one  under  it.  Ogilvie. 
€OR-I)iI/LE-KA,  n.     [Sp.]     The  name  of  mountain 

ridges  in  Soutn  America  and  Mexico.      Prescott. 

Gr>na)U-ROY  ROaD,  n.     a  road-way  made  of  logs 

laid  close  together,  over  marshy  places;  so  called    ! 

from  their  resembling  corduroy  in  their  ribbed  ap-    I 

pearance.     [yl^/?.]  Barthtt.        \ 

GORE,  i\   t.     To  lake  out  the  core;  as,  to  core  an    1 

apple.  I 

G<->RE,  n.     [add.]    The  internal  mold  which  forms  a    | 

hollow  in  casting,  as  in  a  tube  or  pipe.  1 

Francis. 
GO'RI-UM,  7i,       [L.  coriiu}!,  leather.] 

Leather  body  -  armor,  formed  of  over-lapping 
leaves  or  scales,  worn  by  Roman  soldiers  and  those 
of  other  nations.  Its  use  continued  in  England  till 
the  reign  of  Edward  I.  Fosbroke. 

GORK-JAGK'ET,  n.     A  jacket  having  thin  pieces  of    i 
cork  enclosed  within  canvas,  and  used  to   aid  in 
swimming. 
GORK'-SoLE,  n.    A  shoe-sole  made  of  cork.  ^ 

t^imrnonds,       ' 
GORX'-BAD'GER,  n.     A  dealer  in  coi-n.     [Eng.] 

Clarke. 
GORN'-BODG'ER,  n.    A  cake  made  of  India.i  com 

baked  hard.     [Am.'\  Bartlett. 

GOR'NER,  v.  t.    To  drive,  as  it  were,  into  a  corner; 
to  shut  up  beyond  the  means  of  escape;  as,  to  cor- 
ner a  person  in  argument.     [J?//.]  Bartlett. 
GOR'NEXJXE,  n.     [Diminutive  of  L.  cor7i€<i.'\ 

In  zool.,  a  term  applied  to  one  of  the  cornea  of  a 
compound  eyejn  the  Invertebrates.     Carpenter. 
GORN'-EX-CIIANGE',  n.     A  place  of  meeting  for 
dealers  in  corn,  where  business  is  transacted  by 
means  of  samples.  Simmonds. 

GOR'NiC£^D  (kur'nist),  a.     Having  a  cornice. 
GORN'ING,  n.    The  act  or  process  of  salting  meat. 
2.  The  process  of  granulating  gunpowder. 

Simmonds. 
GORN'-LIFT,  n.     A  contrivance  for  raising  corn,  as 

to  the  higher  stories  of  a  mill.  Simmonds. 

GORN^-MEAL,  n.     Meal  from  Indian-corn. 
€0K-N0'PE-AN,  «.  A  wind-instrum«nt  of  the  trum- 

jict  kind,  with  \alves.  3[oore^s  Encyc.  Mus. 

€5RN'-PLAS'TER,  n.     A  plaster  for  curing  corns. 
GORN'-POP-PY,    n.      The    red    poppy    (Papaver 
j-hceas),  a  troublesome  weed  in  corn-fields. 

Zoudon. 
GORN'-RENT,  n.     Rent  j^id  in  corn.         Wright. 
G<3RN'-9IISLL-EE,  n.     A  machine  for  shelling  In- 
dian corn.  Gardner's  Farm.  Diet. 
G(^RN'-STXND.     See  Stack-Stand. 
GOR'NUTE,  a.    Having  horns  ;  horned. 

Henfilow. 
GUR'OL-LINE,  .7.     In  hot.,  of  or  pertaining  to  a  cor- 

(tl.  A.  Gray. 

COR-0-M.\N'T>EL,  a.    A  term  applied  to  the  eastern 

coast  of  Ilindostan.  Encyc.  Am. 

€0R-0-MAN'DEL    "WOOD.        See     Calamander- 

WOOD. 

G0-RO''NA.  71.  [add.]  A  crown  or  circlet  suspend- 
ed from  the  roof  or  vaulting  of  churches,  to  hold 
tapers  lighted  on  solenm  occasions.  It  is  some- 
times formed  of  double  or  triplet  circlets,  ar- 
ranged pvi'amidically.  Fairholt. 

GOR'O-NAGH  (k('r'o-nak),  n.  [Gael.]  A  funeral 
dirge  or  lamentation  for  the  dead.        Walt.  Scott. 

GDR'O-NA-RY,  71.  A  small  bone  in  the  foot  of  a 
horse.  Whitens  Vei.  Diet. 

GORPS  (kore),  7i.  [Er.]  [add.]  Corps  d'armee,  a 
very  largo  body  of  troops.  Corps  de  garde,  a  guard- 
house.    Corps  de  hallet,  a  boily  of  ballet  dancers. 

■COR'PVS  DE-LWri,  71.  [L]  Z//.,  the  body  of 
the  crime,  denoting  those  external  facts  or  cir- 
cumstances accompanying  a  crime,  without  the 
proof  of  which  the  crime  is  not  supposed  to  be  estab- 
lished. Hence,  corpus  delicti  is  equivalent  to  the 
proofs  essential  to  establish  a  crime. 

Enci/r.  Am. 

G0R-PU5-GU-L.\RT-TY,  n.  State  of  being  cor- 
puscular. 

GOR-RAL',  n.  [Sp.]  A  yard  or  enclosure,  especially 
for  cattle,  near  a  house.  Si^nmonds. 

€OR-REGT'0-RY,  n.  Containing  or  making  correc- 
tion. 

GOR'REI,  71.  [Gael.]  A  hollow  in  the  side  of  a  hill, 
where  game  usually  lies  ;  as,  "tleet  foot  on  the  cor- 
reir  Walt.  Scott. 

GOP/REL-A-TEP,  a.  Havin?  reciprocal  rtlations; 
having  parallel  or  corresponding  relations. 

Ogilvie. 


D6YE,  wolf,  BOOK;  RCLE,  BITLL;  Vi"CIOUS.— G  as  K;  O  as  J  ;  $  as  Z;  CH  as  SH ;  THIS. 


1470 


t  S&6  Table  of  Synonyjns. 


cou 

eOK-HE-L-lTIOX,  n.  [add]  Corresponding'  sim- 
ilarity or  parallelisui  of  relation  or  law.       Dana. 

COK-liES-POSD'tN'G-LY,  adi>.  In  a  corresponding 
manner, 

€OK-K0B'O-RA-TO-RY.rt.  Tending;  to  strengthen; 
corrobonitivo  ;  as,  t:orroboratory  facts. 

eOR'S.i.GE,  n.  [Fr.]  The  waist  or  bodico  of  a 
lady's  dress.  Simmonds. 

€0-Kf  M'BOSE,  a.  In  lot,  consisting  of  corymbs, 
or  resembling  them  in  form.  Uendow. 

t'O-Ef  M'BOSE-LY,  adv.    In  corymbs. 

tOKVE.    Sea  Cokf. 

t'OSUXR.  V.  t.  To  levy  certain  exactions  or  tribute 
under  the  old  Irish  us.ige3.  Miicaulni/. 

€OSirEK-EE,  n.  Ouj  who  coshers,  or  levies  exac- 
tions. Matjaidatj. 

€OSU'EK-IXG,  n-  A  kind  of  tribute  or  exaction 
formerly  levied  on  tenants  under  the  old  Iri^li  cus- 
toms, now  reduced  to  chief  rents.        Macaiday. 

«rOS'MI-€.VL,  a.  [sub.)  Pert.iining  to  the  uni- 
verse, and  bavins:  special  referenco  to  universal 
bw  or  order,  or  to  the  one  a:rand  harmonious  sys- 
tem of  tilings.  .\lso,  perUiining  to  tlio  solar  system 
a^  a  whole,  and  not  to  tho  earth  alone.        Dana. 

€OS-MOG'0-NAL,        la.  Belonging  to  cosmogony- 

eo$-MO-GC)X'ie-.VL,  f  B.  Powell. 

EOS-MO.M'E-TRY,  n,  [Gr.  jtoo-fioi,  the  world,  and 
jueTpoi-,  measure.] 

The  irt  of  measuring  in  degrees  tho  world  or 
jpnere.  Dana. 

€0S'-MO3.  n.    [Gr.  «d<ruo?,  order,  harmony.] 

The  universe  or  universality  of  created  things,  so 
called  from  its  perfect  arran;;ement;  hence  the  sys- 
tem of  law,  harmony  and  truth  combined  within  tho 
universe.  IIumhoMt. 

COSTEAN,  p.  i.  [Cornish,  ooMas  and  sfca'i,  dropped 
tin] 
To  search  after  metallic  lodes. 

_  Pnjce^s  Jfitteralogia  Com. 

€(5STEAN-ING,  n.  The  process  by  which  miners 
seek  to  discover  metallic  lodes  ;  it  consists  in  sink- 
ing small  pits  through  tlic  supertieial  deposits  to  the 
solid  rock,  and  then  driving  from  oue  pit  to  another 
across  the  direction  of  tho  vein,  in  such  manner  as 
to  cross  all  the  veins  between  the  two  pits. 

Pryce.     Leifckild. 

eOS-TEL'LATE,  a.    [E.  eoata,  a  rib.) 

Finely  ribbed  or  costated.  Dana. 

eOSTER,  n.  The  ordinary  abridgment  of  cosUr- 
monget\  being  one  who  hawks  about  frnit,  green 
veget'ible.s  ftsh,  Ac.  May/ieic. 

€OS-Tr.M'ER,  n.  One  who  makes  costumes  for  fancy 

balls,  theaters,  &c. 
€0-TI'D.\L,  a.    Marking  or  indicating  an  equality 
in  tho  tides;  as,  cotidat  lines,  which  are  lines  on  a 
map  passing  through  places  that  have  high  tide  at 
the  same  time.  Sichol. 

eOTTISK,  ».     [Fr.  cof<',  side] 

In  hirallry,  a  diminutive  of  the  bend,  being  one 
half  the  width  of  tho  bendlet;  generally  borne  in 
couplets,  with  a  bend  or  charges  between  them. 


CKE 


COUNTRI-FY  (.kiin'tri-fy),  v.  t.    To  make  rustic  in 

manners,  &c.  V.  Lamb. 

eOUN'TY  SEAT,  n.    A  county  town.     [Am.] 
yOUP'LE,  n.     [add.]    In  tjalvanic  electricity,  one 
of  the  pairs  of  plates  of  two  metals  which  compose 
a  battery  ;  called  a  galvanic  or  voltaic  couple, 

Nicliol, 
COtlP'LEE  (kiip'ler,)  n.  That  which  couiilc.^s.  A 
contrivance  in  an  org-in,  by  which  any  two  or 
more  of  tho  ranks  of  keys,  or  keys  and  peilals,  are 
conneetedsoas  to  act  together  when  tho  instrument 
is  played  upon.  3Ioore'3  Encyc.  jJIus. 

CoLMiANT'  (koo-rlint',)  a.  [Fr.]  Uuiming;  in 
heraldry,  noting  the  representation  of  running;  as, 
by  a  horse,  &c.  Oi/ilvie. 

COU'lU-ER,  71.    [.add  ]    In  Europe,  one  who  acts  as 

a  traveling  guide  and  attendant,  Thackeray. 

eoURT'-FOOL,  n.  A  buffoon  or  jester,  formerly 
kept  by  kings,  nobles,  ,tc.,  for  amusement. 

Eneyc.  Am. 
eoURT'-GUlDE,  «.    A  directory  of  tho  names  and 
addresses  of  tho  nobility  and  gentry  in  a  town. 

iiimmonds. 
COlTRT'-PARTY,  n.  A  party  attached  to  tho  court. 
eOUS'IN-IIOOD,  n.    State  or  condition  of  a  cousin. 

Biihcer. 
t'OVE,  n.    [add.]    A  slang  term  in  England  for  fel- 
low, as  cocey  is  used  iji  America.  Dickens. 

2.  In  tho  Southern  States,  this  word  is  used  not 
merely  for  a  recess  in  the  sea-shore,  but  also  for  a 
recess  in  tho  side  of  a  mountain. 
€OYED,  pp.  or  a.    Arched  over ;  as,  a  coved  ceiling. 

Wea/e. 
iron  frame  in  front 


CRIB'BING,         1 
CRIB'-EIT'IKG,  j 


Brande. 
€5T'TI3£'D,   a.      £n  heraldry,  bends,  fesses,  &c., 
when  borno  between  two  co'ttises,  are  said  to  be 
cnltiged.  Brande. 

eOTTON  VEL'YET,  n.    Velvet  made  of  cotton  in- 

steatl  of  silk^ 
€6tT0N-W.\STE,  n.    The  refuse  of  cotton  mills. 

tSimniond.^. 
COTTOM-WOOL',  n.    Cotton  in  its  raw  or  wooly 

"■''''^-  '  '  ... 

eOT-Y-LED'0-NAE,  a.  Having  the  form  of  a  coty- 
ledon. 

eOT-Y-LIGT3E-OU3,  a.  Having  cotyls  or  suckmg 
cops.  Dana. 

eOTHT-LOlD,  a.  Sh.apcd  like  a  cup  with  a  tube  at 
the  base  ;  as,  tho  cotyloid  cavity.        Dnnglisan. 

CO-TIT'TO,  «.    Tho  goddess  of  wantonness. 

Milton. 

eOUCn'AN-CY,  n.     State  of  lying  down  for  repose. 

eOUN'CIL-.MAN',  n.  A  member  of  the  common 
council.  Wright. 

COUNTER,  V,  i.  To  encounter  or  repel;  a  term 
used  by  boxers;  a-s,  "his  left  h.and  co«n(c«f7  pro- 
Tokinzly"  ('•  Eingdey. 

COUNTER  AP-PRoACII',  n.  A  trench  for  pre- 
venting tho  approach  of  those  who  are  attacking  a 
fortifleation.    .         ..  Wright. 

€OUNT'ER-eoU-RANT',  a.  In  heraldry,  noting 
the  act  of  running  in  opposite  directions;  as.  ani- 
mals so  borne  in  a  coat  of  arms.  Ogilrie. 

COUNTER  IR-RI-TATION,  n.  An  irritation  ex- 
cited in  one  part  of  the  body  with  the  view  of  re- 
lieving irritation  in  another  part.         Diuiglmon. 

COUN-TEE-MAND'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  coun- 
termanded. ^ 

COUNTER-WEIGHT  (wate),  n.  See  Cotistee- 
poiSE,  


€OW'-€iTCII'EI!,  n.    A  stron; 
of  a  locomotive-engine  for  cateliing  or  throwing  otf 
obstructions  on  a  railway,  such  as  cows,  ifec. 
eOWDlE,  11.      A  coniferous  tree  of  New  Zealand, 
(Dammara  australis)  which  grows  to  a  great  size  ; 
called  also  Kaiirie.  Appletons  Mech.  Diet. 

eOWL,  n.     [add.]    A  cover  for  tlie  top  of  chimneys, 
often  turning  with  the  wind  to  iiid  tho  draught. 

Wehater's  Dom.  Encyc. 
t'OW  PLXNT,  n.     A  plant  of  Ceylon  (Gymnema 

lactiferuin,)  affording  a  kind  of  milk.       Loudon. 
eoX'SWAIN.    Sco  Coolisw.us. 
CR  A'€0'\VES, '".  pi.    Long-toed  boots  or  shoes,  men- 
tioned by  tho  olil  writers.    Bo  called  from  Cracow, 
Poland.  Euirholt. 

CEA'DLE,  n.      [add.]      A  rocking-trough  used  by 
gold-diggers  to  separate  gold-dust  from  sand,  &c. 

Uotcitt. 
€E-\M,  «.  i.    [add.]    A  cn«*  term  applied  to  the  pro- 
cess of  preparing  a  student  for  a  public  examination 
at  English  Universities  by  persons  called  crammciy, 
or  crum'tntor.'i,  who  go  over  tho  studies  with  him 
and  furnish  the  necessary  answers.       Conyheare. 
CEAM,  !>.  ).     [add.]    To  make  prepar.ation  for  a  pub- 
lic examination  by  a  hasty  review  of  studies. 
GE.V-MOI'SlE,  n.     [Fr.]    Crimson  colored  cloth  ;  a. 

Crimson  colored.  J-  L.  Motley. 

€E.\NG.    See  Keeno. 

€EA'NI-AL.  a.    Belonging  to  the  cranium  ;  as  cra- 
nial char,acters.  "  Carpenter. 
€EANK.ED    (krankt),  a.    Formed  with  a  bend  or 
crank ;  as,  a  cranked  axle. 

Appleton's  Mech.  Diet. 
CEAPE'  FlSn,  n.    Name  of  salted  codfish  hardened 

by  pressure.  Kane. 

CEA'PY,  a.    Resembliug  crape. 
CEA-TER'I-FORM,   v.     [L.  crater,  a  bowl.] 

In  Int.,  shaped  like  a  goblet.  ffenslow. 

CEA-ViTTED,  a.     Having  on  a  cr.avat. 
t'EA'V£'N,  a.    Cowardly  with  meanness;   as,  "a 

craven  heart."  Shakes. 

CEAZE,  n.    State  of  craziness. 
€REA.M'-€6L.0E£'D,  a.    Of  the  color  of  cream ; 

ivory-white;  as,  c/'^(ini-co^o;'crf  horses.     Uazlitt. 
CREASE,  n.    Another  mode  of  spelling  Ckeese. 
CEE-AT'A-BLE,  o.    That  may  bo  created. 
CEE-BEI-COSTATE,  a.     [Ij.   crcber,  closely  set, 
and  co«(f/,  a  rib.] 

Marked  with  closely-sct  ribs  or  ridges,  as  in  tho 
shell  Fusns  crehrirostatus.  Ac.  Craig. 

CEE-BEl-SUiyCATE,  n.  [L.  creber,  and  sulcus, 
a  furrow.] 

Marked  with  closely-set  tr.ansvcrso  furrows.  ^  . 

Craig. 
CEiSn'RI-TUDE,  n.    [E.]    Frequency.      Wright. 
CEE'DENCE,  n.    [add.]    In  arch.,  the  small  table 
by  the  side  of  the  altu-  or  communion-t.able,  on 
which  the  bread  and  wine  are  placeil  before  being 
consecrated.  Oiford  Gloss,  of  Arch. 

CREEP,  n.  A  heaving  up  of  the  floor  of  a  mine,  oc- 
casioned by  the  weight  of  the  strata  eitlier  side. 
So  called  because  it  takes  place  very  gradually. 

Toinlinson. 


CRO 


€R£N'EL-ATE,  v.  t.     [Fr.  creneZgr,  to  indent.] 
To  fiiriibh  with  openiuiis  or  Thdcntations  along 
the  line  of  a  parapet,  for  soldiers  to  fire  through; 
as,  to  crenelutc  a  wall. 
euEN'EL-A-TKD, />/).  or  a.    Furnished  with  open- 
ings or  indentations.  Oxford  Ototin.  of  Arch. 
€REN-EL-A'TI0N,  n.    SUite  of  beint;  indented  or 

battlemented. 
€I*E-NELLE',  H.     [Fr.]     An  indentation;  an  open- 
ing in  a  parapet  through  whicli  tft  shoot. 

(hrford  GloHS.  of  Arch. 
€RE-NELL£T>  (kro-neld'),  <t.  Indented  or  notched  ; 

a5,  a  crcv'.lhd  leaf.  Ilejislow. 

€I11:;S-CeNT'1€,  a.    Crescent-shaped;  a&,  crescftitic 

lobes.  7?.  Oicen. 

CKES'CENT-LTKE,  a.    Resembling  a  crescent. 
€RiB,  «.  i.    To  crowd  together,  as  in  :i  crib.  OgilvU. 
€RlC'RAGE-BOARD,  n.     A  board  with  holes  used 
by  cribb:igc-playci"3,  to  score  their  game  with  jiegs. 

C.  Lamb. 
A  bad  trick  among  horses  of 
biting  the  crib  or  mancrer. 

WJiitea  Vet  Diet. 

IrIET;0S1?'[«-     ^-  criWum^^eieyo.] 

Perforated  like  a  sieve.  A.  Gray. 

CRICK'ET,  V.  i.    To  play  at  cricket       Tennymn. 
CRICK'ET  ING,  n.    The  act  of  playing  at  cricket 

Coui/heure. 
CRICOID,  a.    [Gr.  itpi««,  a  ring,  and  ei&n,  like.] 
Resembling  a  ring;  a.^  the  cricoid  cartilage  of 
the  larynx.  DunglUion. 

CEI-ME'AN,  a.    Belonging  to  the  Crimea. 

C  Kingslty. 
€RI.M'I-NA-TIYE,  a.    Bringing  the  imputation  of 

crime  ;  as,  criminative  charges.  Ogilvie. 

CRING'ING-LY,  adv.     In  a  cringing  manner. 
CIU'XOI  D,  n.    The  same  as  Ceixoideax. 
CRIN'0-LINE,  n.     Lit.,  hair  cloth  ;  cloth  for  ladies' 

skirts  stiffened  in  various  wavs. 
CEINZE,  n.  An  old  kind  of  drinking  cup.    W.  Scott. 
CEIS.    Sec  Creese. 

CEIT'I-CIS-A-BLE,  a.     Capable  of  beins  criticised. 
CEO-CHET'  (kro-shii'),  n.      [Fr.  croclut,  a  small 
hook.] 

A  kind  of  ladies'  fancy  work,  being  a  species  of 
netting  made  by  means  of  a  small  book,  the  mate- 
rial being  worsted,  cotton,  or  silk.       Simmonds. 
CEOCK'ET-ED,  a.    Ornamented  with  crockets,  or 
projecting  leaves,  bunches  of  foliage,  Ac.    Brande. 
€R0€-0-DTL'I-ANS,  \n.  pi.     A  family  of  saurians. 
CE06-0-DIL'I-D-E,   f     comprising  the  largest  liv- 
ing forms  of  that  order  of  reptiles.    It  comprehends 
the  alligators,  the  crocodiles  and  the  gavials. 

Iconog.  Eneyr. 
CEOOD'LE.  r.  ;.  To  bend  over.  Kingsley.  Wright. 
CEOP'PING-OUT.  n.    In  geol,  the  rising  of  a  team 

or  vein  or  inclined  beds  to  the  surface.       Dana. 
Cr.oEE,  n.     In  the  Eaxt  Indies,  ten  miinons;  as,  a 
c-/oi-eofrupees,bein2  nearly  J5,0|10.000.    Malcom. 
CEO'SIEEi'D  (kro'Ehurd),  (t.     Bearing  a  crosier-, 

as,  crosiered  bishops.  Pict.  Hist,  of  Eng. 

CROSS'-ACTION,  n.    In  tor.  when  a  plaintiff  has 
brought  an  action  airainst  a  dcfendent  and  he  in  his 
turn  brings  an  action  crowins  out  of  the  same  case 
a-ainst  the  plaintiff,  the  case  is  called  a  cross- 
action.    ..  Ogiltrie. 
CRSsS'-BAR,  «.    A  transverse  b.ar. 
CEOSS'-CUT,  n.    A  short  cut  across.    In  mining, 
a  horizontal  gallery,  not  in  the  veins  themselves, 
but  m.ade  to  connect  levels.                  Tomlmson. 
CROSS'-FIEE,  «.  In  mil.  affairs,  a  term  used  when 
the  lines  of  fire  from  two  or  more  parts  of  a  work 
cross  each  other.  Ogitvie. 
CEOSS'-HEAD,  n.    Abeam  or  rod  across  the  head 
or  top-part  of  anv  thing,  as  the  solid  piece  of  iron 
on  the  head  of  a  piston-rod.  Appletons  Mech.  Diet 
CEDSS'-TAIL,  n.    A  strong  iron  b.ar  connectingthe 
side-lever  of  a  marine-engine  with  the  piston-rod. 
Appletons  Mech.  Diet 
CRf'^SS'-TTE,  11.    A  cross  sleeper  connecting  the  rails 

of  a  railroad.  Appletons  Mech.  Diet 

CROW-MILL,  n.    A  machine  for  catching  crows. 

Bo'' ' ' . 
CRGWN,  n.     [add.]     Croicn  of  an  anchor,  that  i  .art 
where  the  arms  are  joined  to  the  .«hank. 

Beirs  Tech.  Diet 
CRCWN'-COCRT,  n.     A  court  in  England  for  the 

trial  of  criminal  cases.  '^'"'''.■v 

CEOWN'ER.  «.     Anabridgmcntof  coron*!'.- as,  tno 

croi-vier's  "quest.  Stakes. 

CROWN  JEWELS,  )i.  2>l.    The  royal  jewels. 

Ihackeratf. 
CROWN'-L.VW,  ».    In  Eng.,  that  part  of  the  com- 
mon law  w'iiich  applies  to  criminal  mattet^_ 

11  right. 
CROWN'-LAWYER.  n.    One  in  tho  Fcrvice  of  tho 

crowii  ■  one  who  pleads  in  criminal  cases. 
CEOWX'-SIDE.  n.    That  derarlment  of  an  assize 
court  where  criminal  trials  are  held.  Craig. 


A,  E,  &c.,  long.-\,  %  &e.,  short.-OkV.V.,  FAE, 


LAST.  F.VLL.  WHAT;    THERE,  T1>EM ;    M.VRlNE,    BiRP:    >'0'^-_ 


t  See  Table  of  Synonyms. 


1471 


CUR 


CYL 


CUOW'QUILL,  n.  The  quill  ofa  crow,  which,  being 
siiiiill,  is  often  used  in  ilelicate  penmanship. 

€1!0W'S'-N£ST,  n.  A  Inok-out  on  the  top-aallant 
luast-liead  in  wlialc-sliips,  &c.  heme. 

€Rp'CI-FER,  n.    One  of  thu  cruciform  plants. 

€KP'KT-STAND,  n.     A  fiame  for  holding  cruct.'5. 

f  FUNCn  r  i.  To  grind  or  press  forcibly  through 
obstructions;  as,  the  ship  crunched  through  the  ice. 

€RU-S\D'ING,  a.     Connected  with  the  crusades. 

€UYI'-TO-BRANfII'I-ATE,  a.     [Gr.  icpuirrot,  bid- 
den, and  3paYxia,  gills.]  -  ,.  ^.     ^    .,, 
Jlaving  concealed  gills;  destitute  of  distinct  giUs. 

Dana. 

Clit'PTO-GAM,  (1.  A  plant  belonging  to  the  class 
Cryptognmia.  /Ie.n.ilaw. 

CRtS'TAL-LINE,  n.  A  crystalline  rock  ;  as  granite, 
^f.  liufiK-in. 

CRYS-TAL-L0-6EN'ie,  a.  rertainiug  to  the  pro- 
duction of  crystals;  crystal  producing  ;  aSy  cri/«tal- 
Ingenic  attraction. 

€RVS-TAL-L0(3-'E-NT,  n. 
and  yivvoMi.,  to  proiliice.] 

The  science  which  pertains  to  the  production  of 
crystals.  Dana. 

CUYS'TAL-LOID,  a.  Crystal-liko  transparent  like 
crystal.  ^  ,  ,  Dana. 

€RYS-TAL-OL'0-GT,  n.  The  science  of  the  crystal- 
line structure  of  inorganic  bodies.  Dana. 

€TE'N0ID.    Same  as  Ctenoidan. 

■etJB'UY,  I  ".    A  sung,  confined  place. 

fUB'BY-HOLE,   (■  UuUiioell.    Bartlett. 

CpUfi'D  tkubd),  pp.     Eaised  to  the  cube  or  third 


Ihina. 
[Gr.  Kpi'CTTaAAo!,  crystal, 


€c'ck'6ld-ize. 


[L.  curvus,  bent,  aud/o//- 


i.     To  make  cuckolds. 

QgiU^ie, 
€UD'DLE,  K.     A  close  embrace.  Clarke. 

•eULLS,  ".  pi.     Ilefuse  timber  in  Canada,  from  which 

the  best  part  has  been  cuUeil  out.  .Kimmonda. 

€UL'MI-NANT,  (I.     Being  vertical;  predominating. 

Ogilvie. 
•eUL'TI-VATR,  v.  t.     [add.]     To  attend  to,  with  a 
view  to  rendering  advantageous;   as,  to  cultivate 
(he  favor  of  the  great. 
€UL'TRI-FORM,  a.     [L.  cuUralits,  made  sharp  or 
keen.] 
Shaped  like  a  pruning  knife;  keen  edged. 

Craig. 
€UL'TOS,  «.     [L.]     Mode  of  religious  worship. 

ifeander. 
etJM'SflA'W,    n.     [Chinese.     J.-nm-tlie.l     A  present 
or  bonus;  formerly  paid  on  ships  which  cntereil  the 
port  of  Canton.  .S'.  Wells  M'ilUania. 

€UM'SI1AW,  V.  t.     To  give  or  m.ake  a  present. 
€U-N.\B''U-LA,  11.  pi."  [L.]     /,;<.,  a  cradle  ;  hence, 

the  eailiest  abode  or  source.  Aiidreim. 

€;U-NE-AT'ie,  a.     Cuneiform. 

€LI-NETTE',  «.  [Fr.l  In  fort.,  a  deep  trench  sunk 
along  the  middle  ot  a  dry  moat,  to  drain  oil'  tho 
watnr  from  tlie  plaee.  Campbell's  Mil.  Diet. 

€UN"NEE.    See  Connec.        • 
€UP'FLJL,  a.     As  much  as  a  cup  will  hold. 
€tJ'PROID.  '»..    In  cri/.'itallograp?t.)/y  a  solid  related 
to  a  tetrahedron,   aiid  contained  under  12  equal 
triangles.  Dana. 

€U'PU-LATE,  o.    Bearing  cupules ;  cupiilifcrous. 

A.  Grati. 
CtJ'PlTLE,  n.  [add.]  A  fleshy  concave  disk  or  little 
cup,  used  by  the  cutfle  fish  and  some  other  animals 
for  clinging  orgrasfiin-r ;  itisapplied  flat  to  a  surface 
nnd  adheres  from  atmospheric  pressure  ;  an  acet.abu- 
lum.  Dana. 

CU-Pir-LIF'ER-0U3,  a.     Furnished  with  a  cupule. 

Dana. 
■etT-RA-BiL'I-TY,  n.  State  of  being  curable. 
■eU-R.XS'S(~)\V,  n.  A  gallinaceous  bird  of  a  deep 
black  color,  of  tlic  size  of  a  hen-turkey.  It  has  a 
round  h.ard  yellow  knob  on  the  upper  mandible  of 
the  bill  between  the  nostrils,  and  a  crest  of  long 
black  feathers  on  the  he.ad.  The  crested  curassow 
is  tho  Crax  nlector  of  Linnaeus,  a  native  of  Guiana, 
Mexico,  and  Brazil.  Ogilvie. 

€UE-€U-LI-(^N'I-DOUS,  a.     Pertaining  or  related 

to  the  curculionidae,  or  weevil  tribe. 
€URD'I-NESS,  «.    State  of  being  curdy. 
€PRD'LES9.  a.    Destitute  of  curd. 
€U-RE'  (kn-nT),  "■    [Fr.]    A  curate ;  a  parson. 
■€IT-RETTE',  n.     [Fr,]     A  small  scoop  for  removing 
opaque  matter  from  tho  eye  after  extracting  a  cata- 
ract. Uooper. 
€DE-MUE'RING,  a.     Grumbling  or  rumbling. 

Walt.  Scott. 
€ttE'r.T  POWDEE,    «.      A   condiment    used    for 
making  curry,  formed  of  various  strong  spices,  as 
cayenne  pepper,  turmeric,  .ginger,  &c. 

Wehater^n  Drim.  Enoyc. 


€UE-SO'EI-AL,  a.    [L.  cursus.  a  running.] 

Adapted  for  running  or  walking  and  not  for  pre- 
hension ;  as,  the  limbs  of  the  horsb  are  cursorial. 

Dana. 
€trE'TAL-XX,  I  n.    The  name  given  at  one  time  to 
€tjE'TLE-.\X,  f     a  form  of  sword  now  called  cut- 
lass.   The  original  name  coutel-liache  has  been  pro- 
gressively altered  into  coutel-ase,  curtle-axe,  cou- 
telace,  and  cutlass.  Meyrick. 

€!UE-TEIN',    I  7t.    The  pointless  sword,  carried  bc- 
€UR-TA'NA,  )      fore  English  monarchs  at  their  cor- 
onation,   and    emblematically    considered    as    tho 
sword  of  mercy.     It  is  also  called  the  sword  of  Ed- 
ward the  Confessor.  Brande.     Craig. 
€irE'VA-TIVE,   a.     [L.   curvus.]     In  bnt.,  baring 

the  leaves  only  a  little  curved.  ITennlow. 

€tJEV'ED-NESS,  n.    The  st.ite  of  being  curved. 
€UE-VI-e AU'D ATE,  a.    [L.  curvus,  bent,  and  cau- 
dua,  tail.] 
Curve-tailed.  Ogilrie. 

€rR-VI-€OS'TATE,  a.    [L.  curinu,  bent,  and  casta, 
rib.] 

Marked  with  small  bent  ribs. 
€UR-VI-DEN'TATE,   a.      [L.    curma,    bent,    and 
dena,  tooth.] 
Having  curved  teeth, 
€UR-VI-F0'LI-ATE,  a. 
iim,  a  leaf.] 

Having  leaves  bent  back. 
€tJE'VI-NfiEV.ffD,  a.  [L.  cnrvus,  bent,  and  nervua, 
a  nerve.] 

Having  the  veins  or  nervurea  curved.  Ctcrvi- 
nervate  and  Curve-veined  are  used  in  tho  same 
sense.  Ilenvlow. 

CUE-VI-EQSTEAL,  a.     {L.  curvua,  bent,  and  roa- 
triini.  a  beak.] 
Havings,  crooked  beak,  as  tho  bird  called  cross-bi II. 
el^SirlON,  n.     [add.]    A  name  given  to  the  rubber 
of  an  electrical  machine.  Nichol. 

2.  The  padded  side  ofa  billiard-table. 

Dohn'a  Book  of  Gameii. 
€USn'ION-eSP'I-TAL,  n.      In  arch.,  a  cajiital  so 
sculptured  as  to  ajipear  like  a  cushion  pressed  down 
by  the  weight  of  its  entablature.  Weale. 

CWP,  l«.     In  )n«ffi.,  the  point  formed  by 

eCSP-POINT,  f     two  curves  in  meeting. 

Daciea'  Math.  Diet. 
CUS-TO'DI-EE,  n.     A  keeper  ;  a  guardian. 
€UTCII,  n.    Abbreviation  otceiteckii,  a  dye-stuff. 

Dntigliaon. 
€UTCII'E-EY',  n.     A  Ilindoo  hall  of  justice,  &c. 

Malcom-. 
€UT'-r)FF,  n.  That  which  outs  off  or  shortens,  as  a 
shorter  passag.i  or  road.  In  a  steam-engine,  a 
contrivance  for  cutting  of  the  passage  of  steam 
from  the  steam-chest  into  the  cylinder  when  the 
piston  has  moved  through  part  of  a  stroke,  for  thesake 
of  economy  of  steam  and  fuel. 

Appleton'.a  Meeh.  Diet. 
eflTTLE-BONE.  n.    The  dorsal  plate  or  bono  of 
tho  cuttle-flsh  (Sepia  ojfcinaliji),  used  for  various 
purposes.  Simmonds. 

€UT'TY,  a.    A   Scotch  word   for  short;  as,   cutty- 

pipe.  Chaa.  Kingslei/. 

€U-VETTE',  n,    [Fr.]    A  large  pot  or  crucible  of 
clay  in  which  the  m.aterials  of  plate-glass  are  melt- 
ed. Appleton'a  Meeh.  Diet. 
CY-AN'0-SI8,  n.    [Gr.  /tuaro!,  blue,  and  wJuo!,  dis- 
ease.] 

The  bine  .jaundice  of  tho  ancients,  producing  an 
unnatural  blue  color  of  tho  skin,  and  arising  usually 
from  a  mal-formation  of  tho  heart,  causing  an  im- 
perfect artcrialization  of  the  blood.  Dunglison. 
CT-AN'O-TYPE,  n.  [Ci/anid,  and  Gr.  xiiiro?,  type.] 
A  photographic  picture  obtained  by  the  use  of  a 
cyanid.  R.  Dnnt. 

CY'eLE.  n.  [add.]  In  hot.,  ono  entire  round  in  a 
spire  or  circle  ;  as,  a  cycle  or  .set  of  leaves. 

A.  Grati. 
CT€'LI€-AL,  a.     [add.]     In  lot.,  rolled  up  into  a 

complete  circle.  Bcmhtw. 

CY'CLOID.     Same  as(.:vnLoiniAN. 
CT'-€LOID'I-AN,  a.    Belonging  to  the  cycloidians. 

Wright. 
CY'eLONE,  n.     [Gr.  kuVAo?,  a  circle.] 

A  rotary  storm  or  whirlwind  of  extended  circuit. 

Betlfield. 
CT'-€LriN'I€,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  cyclone. 

nedtield. 
CY-€LO-PED'I€,  a.     Belonging  to  tho  circl,  of  the 

sciences,  or  to  a  cyclopedia. 
CT-€LC)'SIS,  n.     [Gr.  iciiKAajtrit,  circulation] 

A  circulatory  movement  of  the  fluids  in  the  cells 
of  plants,  as  in  the  Cltara.  A.  Gray. 

CY L'IN-DEE,  n.  [add.]  CjiUnder  of  a  steam-en- 
gine, a  large  cylindrical  tube  of  rnctal  in  which  the 
piston  moves  by  the  alternate  admission  and  emis- 
sion of  steam.  Apptleton's  Mecli.  Diet. 


DAR 

CY'-LIN'DE0-€O-N0ID'AL,    a.      Noting    a    form 
combining  a  cylinder  and  conoid,  like  the  Minie 
ball. 
CY'-MIF'ER-OUS,  a.     Producing  cymes. 
CY'PEESS,  a.     Belonging  to  or  made  of  cypress. 
CY'PREf^^S  VINE.   n.     A   climbing  plant  with  red 

flowers,  the  Quamoclit  vulgaris.  A.  Gray. 

CYS-TID'E-AN,    n.      [Gr.   ki/o-th,  a  call,  and  fiSos, 
form.] 

A  fossil  related  to  an  encrinite.    See  EcniNO- 
DEUM.  Dana. 

CY'TO-BLAST,  n.  [Gr.  nv'crnt,  a  cell,  and  ^Aao-rai™, 
to  sprout.] 

The  germin.al  or  active  spot  of  a  cellule  through 
or  in  which  its  development  proceeds. 

R.  Owen. 
CY-T0-6EN'E-SI8,  n.     [Gr.  Kiiro!,  a  cell,  and  yei-i'aco, 
to  jiroduce.] 
Cell-development,  which  see.  Carpenter. 


D. 


D.V'CI-AN,  «.  An  Inhabitant  of  the  ancient  Bacia, 
which  embraced  Transylvania,  Moldavia,  and  other 
ad.ioining  regions.  Wright. 

DA'CI-AN,  a.    Belonging  to  Dacia  or  the  Dacians. 

Bi/ron. 
DA-€0IT',  n.     A  term  applied  in  India  to  robbers 
who  operate  in  gangs,  not  separately ;  hence  the 
expression,  a  dacoit  robbery.  Malcom. 

DA-€<}IT'Y,  11.    The  practice  of  gang  robbery  in 

India. 
DA€-TYL-Or'TEE-US,  n.      [Gr.  8<;ktuAo5,  a  finger, 
and  TTTcpoi',  a  wing.] 

Tho  scientific  name  given  byLac^pii'de  to  a  genus 
of  fishes  of  the  order  Acanthopterygians.    It  con- 
tains but  two  species  ;  the  flying  gurnard  or  flying 
fish,  and  the  D.  orienUd.ia  ofCuvier.         Cuvier. 
DiAGGESCdagzl,  11,  pi.     [From  rfncr,  to  cutintoslips.) 
The  ornamental  cutting  of  the  edges  of  garments 
introduced  about  a.  d.  1346,  according  to  the  Chro- 
nicles of  St.  Albans.  Ilalliwcll. 
DA'GON,  Ji,       [llcb.  dag,  a  fish.] 

A  divinity  among  tho  ancient  Phenicians. 

Kitto, 
DA-GUEEEE'0-TYPE  (da-ger'ro-type),  v.  t.     To 
make  a  photographic  picture;    hence,  yifir..  to  im- 
press with  great  distinctness;  to  imitate  exactly. 
'  _  Clarke. 

DA-GrEEEE'0-TYP.E'n  (-tipt),  pp.  or  a.    Pictured 
by  tho  process  of  photography  ;  distinctly  impressed. 
DA-GUEREE'O-TY'-PIST,  n.     Ono  who  takes  da- 
guerreotypes. R.  Hunt. 
DXIIL'GEEEN  GI'N,   n.      [From    its  inventor,  an 
officer  in  the  II.  S.  Navy.]     .\  gun  resembling  tho 
Paisban,  but  differently  shaped  and  more  secure 
against  explosion.     It  is  said  to  send  solid  shot  of 
174  pounds  weight  three  miles.            F.  Gregory. 
DAI'EY-FAE^I.  n.     A  farm  chiefly  devoted  to  the 
making  of  butter  and  cheese,  or  to'  supplying  milk 
to  a  town.                          Gardner's  Farm.  Diet. 
DAK.    See  Dawk. 

D.VLES'M.iN,  n.  One  living  in  a  dale,  a  term  ap- 
plied particularly  to  the  inhabitants  of  the  vafiies  in 
the  north  of  England,  Norway,  .Ssc.  Iloicitl. 

DAL-M.^T'I€,  71.      A  long  white  gown  with  sleeves, 
worn  over  the   alb  antl  stole,  by  deacons    in  the 
Eoman  Catholic  Church  ;  and  imitated  from  a  dress 
originally  worn  in  D.almatia.     A  similar  robe  was 
worn  bykings  in  tho  middle  ages  on  solemn  occa- 
sions. Fo.ihroke.. 
DAL'TON-ISM,  n.     A  name  among  scientiflc  men 
for  color-blindness,  or  an  imperfect  sensation  or  ap- 
preciation of  colors  ;  so  called  from  the  name  of  the 
great  chemist  Dalton,  who  had  this  inflrmity  in 
excess.  Nicliol. 
DAM'ASK,  v.  t.     [add.]     A  term  .applied  to  the  act 
by  which  the  Great  Seal  of  England  is  defaced  and 
set  .aside  when  a  new  one  is  substituted.     It  consists 
in  striking  the  ol:l  se.al  with  a  small  hammer. 
DAM'ASK,  a.    Of  or  concerning  tho  rose  called  dam- 
ask, or  its  color. 
DANTJEE,  n.    Anger.    [  Vulgar  in  Eng.  and  Am.'] 

nalliirell     Bartlett. 
DXN'DI-FY,  v.  t.     To  make  or  form  like  a  dandy. 

Thackereiy. 
D.INTJY-EOLL'EE,  n.    A  roller  sieve  used  in  a 
paper-making  machine  to  press  out  water  from  tho 
pulp,  anil  set  the  paper.     Appletou'a  Mech.  Diet. 
D.ANG'GLE  (drmg'gll,  V.  t.    To  swing  loosely. 

Wright. 
DA.V'SKtfSIS,  n.  [Fr.]  A  fem.ale  public  dancer. 
DAEK'Y,  «.    A  cant  term  for  negro,     [^-liii.] 

Bartlett. 


DOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK;  EOLE,  BULL;  TJE"CI0U9.— €  as  K;  6  as  J;  S  as  Z;  CHasSH;  THIS. 


1472 


t  Sei  Tahle  of  Synonyms, 


DEC 


DEN 


DET 


D.V-SVM'il-TKli,  rt.    [Gr.  Sturv^,  dense,  and  /Atrpoi', 
measure.] 
An  instrument  for  testing  the  density  of  .sases. 

^'ichol. 

DATE'-PLr.\t,  /!.  The  fruit  of  tho  Diospyros  Lotus, 
a  cou^euer  of  tho  persimmon.  I.oiLdon. 

D.VrB.  H.  A  viscous  sticky  api)lic;ititi:i ;  .1  coarse 
paiariu;^. 

DACXT'EE,  n.    One  who  daunts. 

DA-VID'I€,  II.  Of  or  bclongiug  to  David;  as,  tho 
D<ividic  [>salms. 

D.V'VT-JOXES,  n.    A  sailor's  term  for  the  devil. 
Davy  Jflnen*  Locker  is  a  sea-nauie  for  the  ocean. 
Wash.  Ircing, 

DATT-LXMP,  n.  A  lantern  in  which  the  light  is 
enclosed  within  fine  wire  irauzo,  for  use  in  coal- 
mines where  tho  sr.ises  are  ol^cn  explosive.  It  was 
invented  bv  Sir  llumplirey  Davy.  Kichol. 

DAWK,  n.  [add.]  In  IliiulosUiu.  to  travel  hij  daict, 
is  to  journey  in  palanquins  carried  by  relays  of  men 
taken  at  flxed  stations,  or  more  recently  by  govern- 
ment post-wnsons.  A  dawk  bungalow  is  a  house 
for  rest  at  the  end  of  a  stage  for  those  who  tr.avel 
daivk.  Malcom.    Buyurd  Taylor. 

D.\,Y'-MARE,  n.  A  kind  of  incubus  which  occurs 
durini;  wakefVdnpss,  attendeil  by  the  peculiar  pres- 
sure on  the  chest  which  characterizes  night-marc. 

Dicngliaoil. 

D-\Y'-Rt?I.E,  n.  In  English  laic,  an  order  of  court 
(now  abolished)  allowing  a  prisimer,  under  certain 
circum-ifcinces,  to  go  beyond  tho  prison  lirTiits  for  a 
single  day.  iV,-i{//,t. 

D.\T'-SIGHT,  n.  A  disease  (llemeralopiii)  in  which 
the  eves  can  see  clearly  by  day-light,  but  are  in- 
capable of  vision  by  means  of  artificial  liglit. 

l>ii  ngtUon. 

DEAD,  (7.  [add.]    D«a<i  aAunff,  directly  ahead. 

DE.VD'  GUOL'SD,  n.  In  mining,  that  portion  of  a 
vein  in  which  there  is  no  ore.  Tomlinsou. 

DE.VD'HEAD.  n.  One  who  received  free  tickets  for 
theatcr3._public  conveyances,  i%c.    [-Im.] 

DEAD'-HEAT.  ».  A  heat  or  courao  between  two  or 
more  race-horses,  in  which  all  come  out  exactly 
equal,  so  that  no  one  beats.  Sporting  Dirt. 

DSAD'ISII,  a.  Somewhat  dull  or  wanting  in  liveli- 
ness. 

DEAD'-LETTEE,  n.  [xU.\  Dend-Mter  office,  a 
department  of  tho  Post-ofhco  where  dead-letters 
are  examined  and  disposed  of. 

DEaD'  LOCK,  n.    A  lock  without  a  spring  catch. 
Beir.i  Tech.  Diet. 
2.   \n  interlocking  or  connter.action  of  thing.s, 
which  proflaces  an  entire  stoppage.     Tliackeraij. 

DE.VD'-SET,  rt.  The  fixed  position  of  a  pointer-dog 
in  indicating  game;  hence,  a  determineti  and  pro- 
longed attempt.  Clilrkr. 

DEAD'-WAliL,  ti.  A  blank  wall  unbroken  by  win- 
dows or  other  openings. 

DEaF'-MUTE,  ».    One  both  deaf  and  dumb. 

DEALS,  n.  pi.  The  nams  in  Enfit.md  nf  a  thin  sort 
of  fir  plank.  WftoU  deal,  is  that  which  is  H  inches 
thick,  and  dit  deal  is  half  that  thickness.    G-wilt. 

DEaTII'-BELL,  ".    The  bell  that  announces  death. 

DE  VTH'-DAMP,  rt.  S.  cold  sweat  at  the  coming  on 
of  death.  -W''«.  Iltmans. 

DEATH'-WARTiANT,  n.  An  order  from  the  proper 
anthoritv  for  the  execution  of  a  criminal. 

Z)£'-fl0r-C/7E'(da-boo-sh50,  n.  [Fr.]  /.«.,  a  place 
for  exit;  hence  a  market  for  goods.     BeschercUe. 

DEBr-TXNTEr  (da-bn-tantO.  n.  [Fr.]  A  female 
making  her  first  a|ipearance  before  the  pcibiic, 

Be!^che-'elle. 

DE-€AL-CI-FI-€A'TION,  n.  The  removal  of  cal- 
careous matter. 

DE-€.\L'CI-FI£'D,  pp.  Deprived  of  calcareous 
matter. 

DE-€AI/CI-FT',  «.  i.  To  deprive  of  calcareous  mat- 
ter; thus,  to  decalcify  bones  is  to  remove  the 
stony  part  and  leave  only  tho  gelatin. 

DE-€.iP'0-DAL,  a.    Belonging  to  the  decapods. 

d-nig. 

DE-CENTEAL-TZE,  t.  t.  To  prevent  from  central- 
izing; to  witlrlraw  from  the  Center. 

DE-CEXTEAL-IZ-ING,  n.  The  act  of  oi)posing 
centralization.  Ogiltiie. 

DE-Cl'PriEE-MEST,  n.    The  act  of  deciphering. 
DECK,  a.    Pertaining  or  confined  to  the  deck  of  a 

vessel ;  a.s,  a  deck  load,  a  deck  passenger,  Ac. 
DEK'LE  (dek-kl).  n.     A  thin  frame  of  wood  in  a 
paper-makini   machine,  set  on  the  edge    of   tho 
mol.l  .along  which  th-.-  pulp  passes,  and  .servmg  to 
regnkate  the  width  of  the  sheet. 

Appletrmt  Mech.  Diet. 
DE-€5I/LA.-TF,D,  pp.  [add.]     In  conrhol,  a  term 
-     -  ■     •        'lells  having  the  apex  worn  ott 


aoplied  to  univalve  shell 
in  process  of  growth. 


Dana. 


DE-eOM-PClSE',  V.  i.  To  undergo  decomposition  ; 
as,  htuies  decompose  slowly. 

DE-€OY'-BiUD,  n.  A  bird  uscrl  to  draw  others 
into  a  net,  &c. ;  hence,  a  person  employed  to  allure 
others_into  a  snare.  Clarke. 

DE-€UE'A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  decreed. 

DE-CEEE',  V.  i.  To  decide  authoritatively ;  a.s, 
"  our  council  did  decree.'''  Shak. 

DE--eRE^-CEX'DO,  [It.]  In  music,  denotes  with  a 
d'-'crea^ini  vokuno  of  sound.  Wright. 

DE-DU'CI-BLE-XESS,  n.  Quality  of  being  dedu- 
cible. 

DEED'-BOX,  n.    A  box  to  contain  or  carry  deeds. 

mlrryatt. 

DEED'FITL,  <i.    Abouniling  in  action  or  deeils. 

Tennyson. 

DEEP,  ad.  To  a  great  depth  ;  .is,  deep  seated ; 
deep  rooted. 

DEEK'IIOUND,  n.     A  hound  for  hunting  deer. 

Booth. 

DEEV,  M.    An  evil  spirit.  Wrigld. 

DEF'E-t'ATE,  a.  Purified  from  lees  or  foulness; 
refliieil..  Wright. 

DEF'K-eA-TOE,  n.  That  which  cleanse.s,  or  purifies. 

DE-FENSE'LESS-LY,  ade.  In  an  unprotected 
manner. 

DE-FEN'SO-EY',  a.  Tending  to  defend  ;  defensive  ; 
as  defeiisory  preparations. 

DE-FEUD'AL-IZE,  v.  t.  To  deprivo  of  the  feudal 
character  or  form. 

DE-FI'AXT,  rt.  Manifesting  defiance;  as,  "in  at- 
titude stern  and  deJianV^  Longfellow, 

DE-Fl'BEI-N'.lTE.  \\  t.  To  ileprivc  of  filirine.  Dana. 

DE-FI-BIU-NA'TION,  n.  The  .act  or  process  of  de- 
pri\ing  of  fibriue.  Dana. 

DEF-I-NI"TION-AL.  <r.  Employed  in  defining; 
abounding  in  definitions. 

DE-FO'LI-A-TED.  a.    Deprived  of  leaves, 

DE-(iEX'EU-A-TIVE,  a.    Tending  to  degenerate. 

DE-GLU'TI;;TO-EY,  a.    Serving  for  deglutition. 

DEG-EA-DA'TION,  n.  [ndil.]  The  exhibition  of  a 
type  by  degraded  forms,  species,  or  groups;  as,  the 
degraclation  of  the  species  man  is  observed  in 
some  of  its  varieties.  Dana. 

DE-GR.\DE',  11.  /.  To  present  degraded  forms ;  to 
exhibit  a  decrad.ation  of  a  typo  or  structure  ;  as,  a 
family  of  plants  or  anim.als  degrades  through  this  or 
that  genus  or  group  of  genera.  Dana. 

DE-GE.\D'ED,  a.  [add.]  Presenting  the  typical 
characters  in  a  partially  developed  or  imperfect 
condition  ;  as,  some  families  of  plants  are  degraded 
dicotyledons.  D,nia. 

DE-IIOR'TA-TIVE,  rt.    Tending  to  dissuade. 

DEI-NOE'NIS.    See  Dixok.ms. 

DE-LIB'ER-A-TOE,  n.    One  who  deliberates. 

DEL-I-QrES'CENT.  a.  [add]  In  hot.,  noting  a 
w.ay  of  branching  in  which  the  stem  is  lost  in  the 
branches.  -i-  Gray. 

DEL-I-TES'CENT,  a.    Lying  hid;  concealed. 

Wright. 

DE-LIV'EE-.\.N0E.  n.  [add.]  A  judgment  or  de- 
cision publicly  delivered  or  put  forth.     ISrnttish.l 

DEL-TA-FI-€A'TI0N,  n.  [Gr.  the  letter  A.]  The 
formation  of  deltas  at  the  month  of  rivers. 

DEM-A-GOS'ie,         |rt.     Eel.atingtoorlikoa  dem- 

DEM-A-GOiVie-AL,  !     agogue ;  factious. 

DE-MIS'SION-A-EY,  a.  Tending  to  lower  or  de- 
grade ;  pertaining  to  transfer  or  conveyance. 

DEM'I-StJIT,  re.    A  half  suit,  as  of  armor. 

Art  Jour. 

DE-MIT,  r.  t.  [add.]  This  term  is  .applied  in  tho 
Presbyteri.an  Church  to  the  .act  of  relinquishing  or 
laviii"'  aside  the  ministerial  oftice  ;  as,  lo  demit  tho 
ministry.  -»  ^'-  Jfiirtin. 

DE-M0€'EA-TIZE,  v.  t-.    To  render  democratic. 

DEM-OI-SELLE'(dem-wa-zi;l'),  re.  [Fr.j  A  young 
ladv;  a  ladv's  maid. 

DK'MON-lSt,  re.     -V  worshiper  of  demons. 

DE-MON-STEA-BIL'I-TY,  re.  Quality  of  being  de- 
mnn:;trable.   _  , ,        .  ■       t 

DEM-OX-STEA'TION.  re.  [add.]  An  expression  of 
feeling  by  outward  signs.  /rowilt. 

DE-M0N'9TEA-TIVE,  a.  [add.]  Expressing  feel- 
ing by  outward  signs.  Prcicott. 

DE-MOE-AL-I-Z.K'TION,  re.  [.add.]  The  act  of 
weakening  or  corruptiag  thediscipline,  cour.age,  &c., 

of  an  army,  navy,  &c. 

DE-MOE'  VL-IZE.  !i.  *.  To  injure  or  corrupt  as  to 
discipline,  courage,  .S:c. ;  as,  to  demoralise  aa  army 
or  navy.  _,    , 

DEN,  n.  [add.]  Good  den  in  Shakespeare  is  a  cor- 
ruption of  f/o(X^  ^''(Pre. 

DE-X.tT'U-EAL-IZE,  !'.  t.  [add,]  A  term  used  to  de- 
scribe a  practice  of  carlv  Spanish  nobles,  of  publicly 
renouncing  tlieir  alled.ance  to  their  sovereiOT,  and 
of  enlistini  under  the  banner  of  his  enemy ;  they 
thus  denaturalized  themselves.  J'rescott. 


DEX'IM,  re.  A  coarse  cotton  drilling  used  for  ovcr- 
all.s,  Ac. 

DliX-DIlOL'0-GIST,  re.    One  versed  in  dendrology. 

DEN'NET,  re.  A  light,  open,  two-wheeled  carriage 
like  a  gig,  hung  by  a  eombin.ation  of  three  springs, 
two  of  which  .arc  placed  across  the  axle  at  right  an- 
gles with  it,  and  the  third  is  suspcntled  from  them 
behind  by  shackles.  Wehffter's  Dom.  Envyc. 

DE-N5M'I-XATE,  rt.  That  which  may  be  named  or 
specified;  specified  in  the  concrete  as  ojiposed  to 
alr^tract;  thus,  1  feet  is  a  denoTnimite  quantity, 
while  7  isamere  abstract  quantitv  or  number. 

Daviet'  Math.  Diet. 

DE-XOM-I-X.ATIOX-AL-ISM.  n.  Attachment  to 
a  particular  religious  sect  or  denomination. 

T.  If.  Skinner. 

DEX'TAET,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  bearing  teeth  ;  as, 
tho  dentary  plate  in  fishes.  Dana. 

DENTATE-LY,  adv.  In  a  dentate  or  toothed  man- 
ner ;  as,  deniately  ciliated,  &.c.  Craig. 

DEX-TA'TIOX,  re.    The  form  or  formation  of  teeth. 

DEX'TI-LA-TED,  a.    Formed  like  or  having  U-eth. 

Imp.  Add. 

DEX'TI-XAL,  a.  Belonging  to  tho  dentine  ;  as, 
dentinal  tubes.  R.  Oicen. 

DEX'TIXE,  re.  \h.  dentinum.'l  The  bony  or  ivory- 
like  part  of  the  teeth  directly  beneath  the  enamel. 

It.  Oicen. 

DEX'TOID,  rt.    [L.  dens,  a  tooth,  and  ntot,  form.] 
Shaped  like  a  tooth.  Craig. 

DE-O'DOE-r-ZATION,  re.  The  art  of  depriving  of 
odor,  especially  of  bad  smell  rcsnlting  from  im- 
purities. Gregory. 

DE-0'DOE-IZE,  V.  t.  To  deprivo  of  odor,  especially 
of  bad  smell  resulting  l>om  impurities.  Gregory. 

DE-U'DOE-IZ£'D.  pp'  or  a.    Deprived  of  odor. 

DE-0'DOR-IZ-ER,  n.  He  who  or  tliat  which  de- 
priv'cs  of  odor. 

DE-O'DOE-TZ-IXG,  ppr.  or  a.  Depriving  of  odor 
or  bad  smell. 

DE-PAU'PEE-ATE,  a.  [L.  depaupero,  to  impov- 
erisb.] 

In  //ot.,  falling  short  of  the  natural  size,  from 
being  impoverished  or  starved.  A.  Gray. 

DE-PAi;'PEE-lZE,  ti.  (.  To  free  from  paupers ;  to 
resciie  from  poverty.  E/lin.  Iter. 

DE-PLOY',  I  re.    The  act  of  spreading  out  a 

DE-PLOY'MEXT,  (  compactbody  of  troops  intoan 
extended  front.  Imp.  Add. 

DE-PEE'CI-A-TOE  (de-pre'she-5-tor),  re.  One  who 
depreciates. 

DE-PEE'CIA-TO-EY,  a.     Tending  to  depreciate. 

DE  PRO-FUN'DIS.    [L]    Oat  of  the  depths. 

DEP'U-EA-TOE,  re.    He  who  or  that  wljieh  cleanses. 

DER'BY  {pro.  dar'byin  Etig.^  Xame  of  a  celelirated 
horse-race  which  is  held  annually  at  Epsom,  near 
London.  Viaekeray. 

DEP.-I-VA'TIOX-AL,  tf.     Eclating  to  derivation. 

DEEM-AP'TEE- AXS,  re.  pi.  [Gr.  tipiio,  skin,  and 
irrepo",  a  wing.] 

Au  order  of  insects  restricted  by  Kirby  to  the  ear- 
wigs, comprising  those  genera  which  have  their  an- 
terior pair  of  wings  coriaceoas,  not  cmploved  in 
flight.  /»'/>.  Add. 

DfiEM'ie,  n.  Eclating  to  the  skin.  Dermic  reme- 
dies, such  as  aetthrougb  tho  skin.        Dunglison, 

DEE'.MO-Ilft'.MAL,  a.  A  term  applied  in  the  anat- 
omy of  fishes  to  the  spines  or  rays  of  the  anal  fin 
and  the  inferior  of  those  of  the  caudal  fin. 

R.  Oicen. 

DER'MO-NEff'RAL,  o.  A  term  applied  in  theanat- 
oniy  of  fislies  to  the  spines  of  the  dorsal  fin  and  the 
inferior  of  those  of  the  caudal  fin.  R.  Oiren. 

DE-SlGX'  V.  i.  To  intend ;  as,  he  designs  to  stndy 
law.  Ogilrie. 

DE-SIL'VEE,  V.  t.  To  deprive  of  silver ;  as.  to  desiU 
rer  iead.  Karston, 

DE-SIL'VEE-IXG,  re.    Act  of  depriving  of  silver. 

DES-MID'I-AX.  re.     [Gr.  Sco-mo?,  a  cliain,  and  «rSo?.] 

A  microscopic  plant  of  the  family  of  Desmtdieir, 

a  group  in  which  the  species  have  a  greenish  color, 

anil  the  cells  generally  appear  as  if  they  consisted  of 

two  coalescing  halves.  Dana. 

DES-M')G'RA-'PIIY,  I  re.     [Gr.   &o-no>,  a  ligament, 

DES-M  CiL'O-iiY,  f  and  vjiaijwu,  or  Atpa.,  to  de- 
scribe] *  t     V    _, 

A  description  of  tho  liffitments  of  the  body. 

Dnngtison. 
DE-SPTTE',  prep.     In  spite  of;    notwithst-anding; 

as.  de.'tmte  bis  prejudices. 
DE-STEU€'TiVE,  re.    One  who  destroys ;  a  radical 

reformer.  _  Ogilvie. 

DE-Sf^/Pnr-EIZE.    See  DcstT.PiirE.4TF:. 
DE-TECT'.V-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  detected. 
DE-TE€T'IVE,  71.     A  police  otficer  employed  in  de- 
tecting criminals,    a.    Employed  in  detectini. 

Dickens. 


A.  E.   &c,    long,—X,   E,    &c.,  short. 


-ClEE,  FAE,  LAST,  FALL,   WHAT;    THgRE,  TERM;    MAP.TXE,  BiED;    MOVE. 


18.5 


t  iS6«  Table  of  Symnyms. 


1473 


DIG 


DIL 


Thcqnality  of  being 


The  quality  of  l>cing  de- 

n.    The  quality  of  being 

Pertaining  to  tho  pro- 


DE-TEKM'IN-A-BiL-I-TY, 
(k'tenniiiabk',_ 

DE-TERM-IN-A'TION,  n.  [add.]  In  lo(jic.,  the 
act  of  limiting  oi-  distingnishini;  a  conception  or 
notion  by  giving  its  essentia!  constituents,  filoie 
speciftcally,"it  is  the  act  of  passing  from  a  higher,  or 
Diin-o  £teneric,  to  a  lower  or  more  specific  by  adding 
the  distinguishing  quality  or  qualities  of  the  lower. 
I)etermhi(itifni  is  the  reverse  of  nlistraction;  we 
are  said  in  this  sense,  sometimes  to  deterynine  con- 
ceptions. ^.  Porter. 

DE-TEll'RENT,  n.    That  which  deters.      Hogers, 

DE-TfiK'SiVE-NES5,  n.    The  quality  of  cleansing. 

DE-TOR'SION.     See  Detortion. 

DE-TRAeX'iVE-XESS,  n. 
tractive. 

BKT-RI-MENT'AL-NESS, 
detviiiiental. 

DE-VEL-OP-MENT'AL,  a, 
cess  or  method  of  development;  as,  tho  develop 
mentiil  power  of  a  germ.  Carpenter. 

DEV'IL-ET.  ».     A  little  devil. 

DEV'ILS-DARN'IXG-NEET)LE,  «.  The  common 
name  of  some  species  of  the  dragon-fly,  so  calleil 
fiom  their  long  cylindrical  bodies  resembling  nee- 
dles.   [.Im.]  BartleU. 

DE-VO'NI-AX,  n.  In  geol.,  aname  denoting  the  ago 
or  formation  fornierly  called  the  old  red  sandstone, 
«nd  given  because  strata  of  this  kind  abound  in 
Devonshire,  Em:.  It  is  next  above  the  Silurian, 
and  citntains  fossil  fish,  shells,  corals,  &c.    Da7ia. 

DE-VO'NI-AN, '/.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Devonian 
aire  or  forniati(m. 

DEWFALL,  71.  Tho  falling,  or  time  of  falling,  of 
dew. 

DEX'TRO-^Y'RATE.  a.  In  ciraihrr  polnr-ization, 
hav'iiig  power  to  turn  the  raj'S  of  light  to  the  rigiit ; 
as,  a  dextro-0>/r(tte  crystal.  " 

DEXTRORSE,  n.     Noting 
baud,  as  in  climbing  i)lauts. 

DIIOOR'RA, 

DIIORR'.V, 


I>ami 
turning  to  tho  right 
A.  Gray. 


See  DuBTiA. 


DI-AB'LE-niE  [de-ah'!cr-y),  «-  [Fr.]  Deviltry; 
sorcery;  diabolical  deed ;  mischief. 

Dl-A-CrLtPiri€,  a.    [Or.  fii-i,  nn<l  ^Av^o..  to  carve] 
A  term  applied  to  a  kind  of  sculpture,  engrav- 
imr.  Ac,  in  which  tho  objects  are  sunk  into  tlic  gen- 
eral surface.  Francis. 

DI-AG-NOSE',  \v.  t    To  trace  out  by  di- 

Dl-AG-Nf5S'TI€-ATE,  f     agnosis,  as  a  disease. 

Dimglison. 

DI-A-GEXPn'I€3,  n,  pi.  The  art  of  design  or 
drawing.  Francis. 

DT-A.L'L0-6lTE,  n.  Native  carbonate  of  manganese 
of  a  rose-red  color.  Dana. 

DI-A-L^'T'ie,  a.     [Gr.  Sm,  and  Aww,  to  loosen.] 
llaviuij  the  quality  of  unloosing.  Clarke. 

Dl-A-MAG-NET'I€-AL-LY,  adv.  In  the  manner 
of,  or  according  to  diamaguetism. 

DT.A-M.\0'XEf-TSU  «.  That  form  or  condition  of 
muL'tiv'tism  which  causes  certain  substances  when 
freely  suspen  ierl,  to  t;ike  an  equatorial  i)osition, 
or  one  at  right  angles  to  tho  lines  of  magnetic 
force.  J^idiol. 

DT-A'X.\,  n.  [L]  In  myth.,  the  nanWof  a  virjiin 
Codde&s  who  presided  ovei'  the  chase,  and  also  over 
heallh. 

Dl-XS'TA-SIB.  n.  [Gr.  SuVnj.ae,  to  divide.] 

A  forcible  sep.iration  of  boues  without  fracture. 
D'vnnliami. 

Dl-A-TnER'MAN-CY,  v.  Tho  property  of  tvans- 
^nittinir  heat.  Mell-mi. 

Dl-A-THfiiy\II€,  a.  AfTmlini;  a  free  p.assase  to 
heat ;  as,  diathermic  substances.  MeUoni. 

DI'A-TOM,  n.  One  of  the  Diiitomacem,  a  nimilv  of 
silicious  animalcules  now  regarded  as  bebutiring  to 
the  vegeta!)le  kingdom.  Dana. 

DI-A-T5M'1€,    a.     [Gr.    5k,  twice,     and    artu^os, 
atom.] 
Consisting  of  two  atoms. 
DiB'BER,     I         -       ._ 

DIB'BLER.  r"--       ^'^'^    BlBBLE. 

DIBS,  I  n.     A  sweet  preparation  or  treacle  of  grapc- 
DiPS,  f     juiee,_mucli  used  iu  tho  Ea.t.    Johns'on. 
DI-€HOT'0-MIZE,  v.  i.     To  separate  or  divide  into 

P^irs.  li.  Owen. 

DT'€ITR0-I€,      {a.    ITavim;  the  property  of  dichro- 
Di'€UEO-OUS,  [     ism;  as,\a  dichroic  crystal. 

Dana. 
Dl'eilRO-SeoPE,  n.    An  instrument  for  examining 

^lie  dichroism  of  crystals.  Dana. 

Dl-€nRO-S€0P'ie.'  a.     Pertaining  to  dichroism  or 

observations  with  the  dichroscope.  Dana. 

DiCK'ER.  1'.  /.  or   i.     A  low  word  for  to  tr.?do  or 

bart.-r.    Usfd  .il.fo  as  a  nntm.     [.I  w]         SrrtUtL 


DT-€LiN'I€,  a.     [Gr.  61s,  twofold,  and  kMvui,  to  in- 
cline.] 

In  crystallography^    having  two  of  the  inter- 
sections'between  the  three  axes  ol)l!que.    Dana. 
Di€'LI-NOlTS,  a.     [Gr.  61?.  twofold,  and  KKivr),  bed.] 
In  hot.,  having  the  stamens  and  i)istil3  in  sepa- 
rate flowers.  A.  Gray. 
DI-€CE'L0US,    a.       (Gr.  5ls,   twice,  and  koI\oi;   a 
cavity.] 

Having  two  cavities.  H.  Owen. 

Dl-€R<5Tae,  a.     [Gr.  6W,  an<l  Kpovio,  to  heat] 

An  epithet  applied  to  a  rehoimding  pulse  which 
seems  to  have  a  double  heat.  Craig. 

Dl-D.\€'Tie3,  n.  p>l'    Tlie  art  or  science  of  teaching. 
DI-DfiL'PniS,   n.      [Gr.  6is,  twofold,  and    56,\<^v?, 
womb.] 

An  animal  of  the  Marsupial  tribe.  A  name 
given  by  Linnieus  to  animals  of  tho  Marsupial 
tribe,  now  restricted  to  .an  American  genus  which 
includes  the  opossum.  Cavier. 

DTE,  n.;  pi.  DIES  (dize).  [add.]  Pieces  of  hardened 
steel  adjusted  in  a  stock  or  holder  for 


tallic  screws. 


■  cuttinir  me- 
AppletoTi's  Mech.  Diet. 


One  skilled  in  diet. 


Dl-E-GE'SIS,  n.     [Gr.  Sirryeotiai,  to  describe.] 
A  narrative  or  history  ;  a  recital  or  relation. 

Dl-E-LE€'TRI€,  «.     [Gr.  5ia.  through,  and  electric] 
Any  substance  or  medium  that  is  a  conductor  of 
electricity  ;  as,  the  metals.  Nichol. 

DiE'-SlNK'ER,  n.  An  engraver  of  dies  for  stamping 
coins,  medals,  ttc.  Siminonds. 

DlE'-SiNE'ING,  "Ji.    Tho  process  of  engraving  dies. 

DTE'STOCK,  1).  A  contrivance  to  holil  the  dies  used 
for  cutting  screws.  A2?pleton's  Mevh.  Diet. 

Dl-E-TET'ie-AL-LY',  adv.     In  a  dietetical  manner. 

DT-E-TET'IST,  n.  A  physician  who  applies  the  rules 
of  dietetics  to  the  cure  of  diseases.        Dniiglison. 

DT'ET-IST, 

DT-E-Ti"TfAN 

DiF-FER-EN'TlA.  n.  [L.]  In  logic,  the  formal  or 
distinguishing  part  of  the  essence  of  a  species ;  spe- 
cific dift'erence. 

DiF-FER-EN'TIAL,  a.  [add.]  In  mecJi.,  notin?? 
the  difference  or  relative  amount  of  two  or  more 
motions  or  effects,  or  the  means  of  producing  such 
differences.  ('.  S.  Lyman. 

DiF-FER-EN'TIAL  €OtrP'LING,  n.  In  mech.,  a 
form  of  slip  coupling  used  in  light  machinery  to 
regulate  at  pleasure  the  velocitvof  the  connected 
shaft. 

DTF-FER-SN'TIAL  gear,  «.  In  meeJi.,  a  combi- 
nation of  toothed  wheels  by  which  a  differential 
motion  is  produced. 

DIF-FER-EN'TIAL-LY,  adv.  In  the  way  ofdiffer- 
cntation. 

DiF-FER-EN'TIAL  MOTION,  iu  ,  In  mcch.,  an 
ndjustuK  lit  by  which  a  .single  combination  is  made 
to  produce  such  a  velocity-ratio  as  would  by  ordi- 
n.a;y  arrangements  require  a  considerable  train. of 
m?chani^m. 

DiF-FER-SN'TIAL  SCRETv',  n.  In  mech.,  a 
compound  screw  by  which  a  motion  is  produced 
equal  to  the  difference  of  tho  motions  of  the  com- 
ponent screws. 

DIF-FER-EN'TI.VTE,  v.  t.  In  math.,  to  obtain  the 
differentials  of  quautitics.  //.  A.  Kewton. 

DiF-FER-EN-TLVTION,  n.  In  logic,  the  act  of 
distinguishing  or  describing  a  thing,  by  ^ivins  its 
ditferentia  or  specific  differences.  Ed.  liev. 

in  math.,  the  process  of  obtainiiiir  tho  dijeren- 
iials  of  quantities.  Jf.  A.  Xeictoyi. 

In  physio/.,  the  projlnction  of  a  diversity  of  parts 
by  a  jirocess  of  ovolutmn  or  development;  as  when 
from  the  seed  develops  the  root  and  the  stem,  the 
initial  stem  develops  the  leaf,  branches,  and  flower- 
buds,  &c.  So  in  animal  life,  the  germ  evolves  the 
ditjestive  and  other  organs  and  members  of  tho 
simple  worm  ;  and  by  a  higher  degree  of  differen- 
tiation the  more  varied  and  complex  organs  (exter- 
nal and  internal)  are  brought  forth  in  the  superior 
animals.  Carjienter. 

DI-GEN'E-SI9.     Pee  PARTnEXOOEXKsis. 

DI-6ESTa-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  di- 
gested. 

DIG'GING,  n.  The  act  or  place  of  dig^inc.— 7)/f7- 
gings,  a  term  originally  applied  in  Illinois  to  places 
where  lead  ore  was  due ;  now  employed  to  desig- 
nate localities  in  California  and  Australia,  where 
gold  is  obtained.  Bartlett.     JToiciii. 

DlGIIT,  pp.  Decked  or  arrayed  ;  as,  "  The  clouds  In 
thousand  liveries  dig/it.""     '  Milton. 

Dl-IIEX-AG'0-NAL,  [Gr.  5U,  twice,  ef,  six,  and 
yjivin,  an  ande.] 

Consistini:  of  two  hexagonal  parts  united;  thus, 
a  dihexagonal  pyramid  is  composed  of  two  hexag- 
onal pyramids  placed  base  to  base.  Dana. 

Dir/LTSK,  n.    An  Irish  name  for  Dulse. 


DIS 


DIL'LY-DAL'LY,  ■v.  i.    To  loiter  or  triile. 

DartUit. 

DI-LtJTE',  ^'.  e.  To  become  attenuated  or  thin;  as, 
it  dilutes  easily.  Ogilvie. 

DI'MER-OUS,  a.     [Gr.  51?,  twofold,  and  lUpo^,  j»art,] 
Composcrl  of  two  i>arts  ;  having  its  parts  in  twins; 
also,  consisting  of  two  unrelated  constituents. 

DlM'-ET'^D  (-ide),  a.    Having  indistinct  vision. 

DT-MORPIPOUS.  a.  [add.]  lixhot.,  occurring  under 
two  <listinct  forms.  A.  Gray. 

DiM'Y-A-RY,  11.  [Gr.  fitV.  twofold,  and  ^vw,  to 
shut] 

Name  of  any  bivalve  mollusk  which  closes  its 
shell  by  means  of  two  muscles.  Dana. 

DIM'Y-A-RY,  a.  Belonging  to  the  dimyaHes,  or 
bivalve  moUusks  which  have  two  muscles  for  clos- 
ing their  shell.  Dana. 

DIN'GIIY,  I  n.     [Ben-alec]     A  kind  of  bo.at  used  in 

DIN'GEY,  (  the  East  Indies ;  also  a  ship's  smallest 
boat,  rowed  by  two  men.     Malcom.     Marryatt. 

DlN^GO.  n.  The  Australian  wild-dog,  which  has  a 
wolf-like  appearance ;  and  is  very  fierce. 

Iloioitt. 

DI-NDR'NI3,  n.  [Gr.  Seifdy,  terrible,  and  opus, 
bird.] 

A  genus  of  extinct  birds  of  gigantic  size,  which 
formerly  inhabited  Now  Zealand  ;  called  also  Moa. 

Mantell. 

DrNO-TIIERE,  n.     Same  as  Dixotheridm. 

Dl-0-RiT'I€,  a.    Resembling  or  containing  diorite. 

DI-PAS'€HAL,  a.     Including  two  passovers. 

DI-POJ^AR,  a.     [Gr.  Si?,  twofold,  and  ttoAos,  pole.] 
Having  two  poles ;  as,  a  magnetic  bar. 

DIP'PEL'S-OIL.  n.  An  oil  ..btained  by  distilling  ani- 
mal matter,  and  named  from  tho  inventor;  it  is 
colorless,  aromatic  and  volatile.  Francis. 

DIPS,  11.  pjl.  A  common  name  for  a  cheap  kind  of 
tallow-cindlc,  made  by  dipping  the  wick  in  tallow. 

tSimmonds. 

DI-RE€T'.  v.  t.  [add.]  To  supei-Bcribe  with  a  name, 
&c. ;  as,  to  dire-ci  a  letter,  tfcc. 

DI-RE€T'0-RATE,  w.  A  body  of  directors,  or  the 
office  of  diieetor. 

DiRT'-KAT'IXG,  n.  A  diseased  state  of  the  nutri- 
tive functions  among  negroes  (Cachexia  Africana), 
in  which  there  is  an  irresistible  desire  to  cat  dirt. 

Diinglison. 
2.  The  practice  of  some  native  Indian  tribes;  as, 
the  Ottouiacs  of  South  America,  who  use  certain 
kinds  of  clay  as  an  article  of  food.  Ifuniholdt. 

DIS-A'BL^D.  pp.  or  a.  [add.]  Impeached;  as, 
'•he  disabled  my  judgment."  Shakes. 

DIS-A-CiD'I-FY,  V.  t.    To  free  from  ftcid. 

DIS-AL-LT',  -v.  t.  [add.]  To  undo  or  annul ;  as,  to 
disally  nuptmls.  Milton. 

DIS-AR-TI€-t'-LATION,  n.  The  sundering  of  joints 
of  articulation. 

DIS-BXND'MENT,  n.    The  act  of  disbanding. 

DIS-EAR'RING,  n.  In  laio^  the  expelling  of  a  bar- 
rister from  the  bar. 

DiSG'AL,  a.     PcKaining  to  a  disk. 

DIS-€A-P-\r'I-TATE,  v.  t.    To  deprive  of  capacity. 

DiS'CI-PLIN-AL,  a.    Of  or  relating  to  a  disciidino. 

Latham. 

D13-€L0$E',  V.  i.    To  burst  open  ;  to  gape. 

_  Thorjfion. 

DIS-€ON-DU'ClVE,  rt.    Not  conducinjr;  impeding. 

DIS-€0t;RT'E-OUS-NESS,  n.  Incivility;  discour- 
tesy.  _ 

DIS-€RlM'I-NA-TO-PwY,  a.     See  Discriminative. 

DIS-EN-CIIARM',  r.  i.  To  free  from  the  power  of 
charms.  Clarke. 

DIS-EN-FR.lN'CniSE,  v.  t.  To  deprive  of  privi- 
leges, &c  Ogilrie. 

DIS-EN-FRXN'CniSE-MENT,  v.  The  act  of  dis- 
enfranchising. 

DIS-EN-TOMB  (-toom),  v.  t.  To  take  out  from  a 
tomb. 

DIS-G.lGE',  V.  t.     To  free  from  a  jdedge. 

DIS-GUST'FUL-NESS,  n.    State  of  being  disgnstful. 

DiSH^'D  (dis"ht\  rt.      Hollowed  like  a  dish.    Dished 
tcheels,  are  concave  like  a  dish,  or  have  radii  set 
not  iu  a  plane  but  in  the  form  of  a  flattened  cone. 
C-  S.  Lyman. 

DTS-nER'I-TOR,  n.  One  who  puts  another  out  of 
his  inhcrituuee. 

DISII'FUL,  n.     As  much  as  a  dish  will  hold. 

DIS-llON'OR-A-BLE-NESS,  a.  The  quality  of  being 
dishonorable. 

DIS-1ION'0R£'D,  a.  A  commercial  term  for  the  re- 
turn, unpaid,  of  a  draft  or  acceptance  when  due. 

Simmond'i. 

DI3-IM-PRC'VE',  V.  t.  and  i.  To  render  or  grow 
worse. 

DIS-IN-nER'I-TANCE,  n.     Act  of  disinheriting. 

DIS-IN-TE-GRA'TION,  n.  [add.]  The  wearing 
down  of  rocks  by  atmospheric  action.  Dana. 


DOVE,    WOLF,    BOOK;    E^LE,    BULL;    Vl"0IOU3.— €   as   K;    6   as  J;    S   M   Z;    5H    as   SH ;   THIS. 


1474 


t  Scc  Tabic  0/  Synonyms. 


DOC 

DIS-LINK',  r.  t.    To  iinlink  or  separate. 

Temufson. 

DK-LO-CATIOy,  «.  [add.]  A  dislocation  is  said  to 
b«  simple  when  u da t tended  by  a  wound  coinuiuni- 
cating  intornally  with  tbo  joint  and  tsterualiy  with 
the  air ;  a  compound  dusiocalion  is  attended  by 
such  a  wound,  thi-ough  which  the  bone  protrudes, 
Jftlier's  6urfferi/. 

DIS-Lt5DG^ENT,  ;t.  Thoact  or  process  of  dislodg- 
Jii?.  ^  ^  Clari-e. 

DIS-PATCH'-lif5X,  n.  OHguKtlbj,  a  box  for  car- 
rying dispatches,  now  extended  to  a  box  for  papers 
and  otlier  conveniences  of  a  gentleman  when  travel- 
ing. TJutckeray. 

DI:?-rLACE'ABLK,  a.    That  may  be  displaced. 

DIS-PL.\CK'MEXT,  n.  [add.]  A  term  applied  to 
the  quantity  uf  water  displaced  by  a  floating  body. 
Its  weiiiht  equals  that  of  the  lotiv.       Imp.  Add. 

DIS-PLATfi'D'  (dis-phldcO.  <t.  ['add.]  In  Jieruld- 
rij,  noting  an  erect  position  ;  as,  of  a  bird  with 
winirs  expanded  or  spread  forth.  Booth. 

DIri-POXE',  T.  t  To  make  over  to  another;  as,  to 
dUpoiis  a  benefice.  Spot&icoud. 

DIS-POX'EK.  «.  Ono  who  legally  transfers  property 
from  Limself  to  another.  Simmonds. 

DIS-POS-SESS'OR,  71.    Ono  who  dispossesses. 

niS-PROV'AL,  n.    Act  of  disproving;  disproof. 

DIS'PC-TA-LLE-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  dispu- 
table. Richa  rdison. 

DIS-QLTI-SI'TIOX-AL,  a.     Relating  to  disquisition. 

DIS-Ql'ISa-TO-RY,  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  disquisi- 
tion. Ed.  liev. 

DIS-RE-SPE€T'FLX-XESS,  «.    Lack  of  respect 

DIS-RUPT',  r.  t.    to  separate,  to  break  asunder. 

DI^-aCPT'iVE,  a.  With  disruption  or  sudden 
force;  \.\i\islhQdUfuptlre  discharge  of  an  electrical 
battery  is  one  which  lakes  place  suddenly  antl  with 
noise  either  through  tbo  air  or  through  a  nou-coa- 
ductor  produoiug  a  spark.  Kic/toL 

DIS-SEM'I-NA-TiVE,  a.     Tending  to  disseminate. 

DIS-SENT'ER-ISM,  n.  The  spirit  or  principles  of 
dissent  or  of  dissenters.  Sd.  lievieto. 

DI6-SER-TATI0N-AL,  a.  Eclating  to  or  in  tho 
manner  of  disscrLitions. 

DiS'SI-DENT,  n.  [add.]  Ono  who  differs  from 
others  in. opinion,  voti.\  &c. 

Dis-SO'CIAL-IZE,  F.  t  To  render  unsocial ;  to  sep- 
arate. Clarke. 

DiS'S0-LU-BLE-NES3,  n.  Quality  of  being  disso- 
luble. 

DiS'SO-XAN-CY,  n.    Discord;  dissonance. 

Bishop  Tafflor. 

DI3-STL-r.AB-I-FI-€A'T10X,  n.  The  act  of  form- 
ing into  two  syllables.  Ogilvie. 

DI3-STL-LXEa-FT,  V.  t  To  form  into  two  sylla- 
bles Ogilvie. 

DISTANCE,  n,  [add.]  In  horse-racinr;,  dt^mice 
is  a  len:;th  of  240  yards  from  tho  winning-post ;  at 
tills  point  is  placed  the  dv<t(f  nee- pout.  If  any  horse 
*i,ij  not  reached  tht.s  distanco-post  before  the  first 
hirse  in  that  heat  has  rc.iched  the  winnin£:-post, 
sieh  horso  is  dittanced^  and  is  disqualified  for  rtm- 
nin2  airain  during  that  race.  Wright. 

DIS-TILL'ATE,  n.  In  chem.^  the  product  of  distil- 
lation. 

DIS-TIN«'GT:iSn-A-BLE-NES3,  «.  The  state  of 
bcia^  distinguishable. 

DIS-TiN'^'nriSn-A-BLY,  ado.  So  as  to  be  dis- 
tin::'ii>h'(|. 

DiS-TiN  -'GUISU^D-LY,  adv.  In  a  distinguished 
manner. 

DisTO-MA,  n.     [Gr.  ii^  double,  and  oroVc,  month.] 
A  name  given   to  a  ecnus  of  intestinal  worms, 
having  two  suckers  for  attaching  themselves  to  ob- 
ject*. Carpenter. 

DES-ToRT'IVE,  a.    Forming  or  having  distortions. 

DI3-TRA€T'I-ELE,  a.  Capable  of  being  drawn 
aside. 

DIS-TRAIX'EK,  n.    See  Disteainor. 

DIS-TRIB'C-TA-RY,  o.  That  distributes  or  is  dis- 
tributed. 

DITIIE-IST,  71.  One  who  believes  in  the  existence 
of  two  Gods.  Ciidworth. 

Dl-TRO'eilE-AN  (troTte-an),  a.  Containing  two 
trochi-c-i. 

DT-VAU'I-€ATE-LY,  ado.    "With  divarication. 

DI-V£RT',  t.  i.    To  turn  aside  ;  digress. 

DraTfton. 

DI-VE-ST'MENT,  n.    The  act  of  divesting. 

DT^I-DrVi,  n.  A  plant  of  tropical  America  {C<ux- 
(ifpinn  corinria),  whoso  lej^mos  contain  a  lartro 
proportion  of  tannic  and  gallic  acid,  and  aroused  by 
tanners  and  dyers.  Jlomana.     Tomlinson. 

DI-VI$'I-BLY,  adv.    In  a  divisible  manner. 

DO-CETyf;  n.pr.     [Or.  Sok^u>,  to  apnrar.] 

Ancient  heretics  who  held  that  Christ  acted  and 
snffcred  only  in  appearance.  Mosheim. 


DOR 


DRI 


Being  without  horns 


5,  dodOcd 
Wright. 
n.-iving  twelve  syl- 


DOD'DED, 

catlle. 
DO-DEe-A-SYL-LAU'ie, 

lullcs. 
DODGE,  71.     Orlrjinalbj,  the  act  of  cvadins;  by  some 

SKilllul  inovemint;  but  the  term  is  now  extended 

in  England  to  denote  a  dextrous  device  or  trick  of 

any  sort. 

"  Somo  who  have  a  (asto  for  good  living  liavo  nutDy  Iiarmlcsa 

arts  by  vliich  llicy  Improve  Oieir  banquet,  ar.d  Lmoccnt 

d'>/;7t  %  if  we  may  bo  permiUcd  to  uao  an  excellent  pliraso 

tnct  lifla  become  vernacular  einee  tho  appearance  of  itio  laet 

^dictionaries."  naciera;-. 

DODG'ER,  H.  One  who  dodires  ;  ono  "who  plays  fast 
and  loose,  or  uses  tricky  devices.  Smart. 

DODG'ING,  u.    Tricky  or  CTasive. 

DOG,  ft.  [add.]  A  catch  or  clutch  in  machinery ;  as, 
on  a  wheel. 

Dn-Gi.'NA,n.     [It]    The  custom-house  in  It.ily. 

D0G'-6AUT,  71.  A  two-v.-heelod  one-horse  vehicle, 
so  called  from  bein;;  used  to  carry  dogs  for  hunting, 
in  an  open  space  behind  Simmonds. 

DOL'DRL  MS,  n.  pi.  \  name  friven  by  seamen  to  a 
part  of  the  ocean  near  the  eq.iator  abounding  in 
calms,  squalls,  and  light  baffling  wintls,  which 
sometimes  prevent  all  progress  for  weeks.  ITenec, 
a  party  of  persons  arc  said  to  bo  in  the  do/drum.l 
when  conversation  subsides  into  a  listless  state  of 
fnnui.  Mdunj. 

DOL-E-KlT'It',  a.    Of  the  nature  of  dolerite. 

Dana . 

DOL-O-M-Z.V'TION,  n.  The  process  of  forming 
dtdomite.  Dana. 

DOL'0-MIZE,  r.  t.    To  convert  into  dolomite. 

DO-M.VNI-AL,  a.    Eclating  to  domains. 

DOME,  ft,  [add.]  In  crystalloyraphij,  a  termina- 
fion  of  a  prism  b.v  two  planes  meeting  above  in  a 
horizonttil  edge  I'ike  the  roof  of  a  house.  If  tho 
edge  is  parallel  to  tho  longer  diagonal  (macrodiago- 
nal)  of  the  jirism,  it  is  called  a  macrodomc;  if 
parallel  to  the  shorter  (br.achydiagonal),  it  is  a 
oracJn/dt/me  ;  if  par.^l!el  to  tho  inclined  diagonal  in 
monoclinic  crystals,  it  is  called  clinodome. 

Dana. 

DO-MESTieS,  n.  pi.  Cotton  goods  of  homo  i-.ianu- 
facture.  Simmonds. 

DOM'ETT,  re.  A  plain  cloth  of  which  the  w.arp  is 
cotton,  and  the  weft  woolen.  Simmonds. 

Di^Ml-CAL,  «.    Eclatin;;  to  or  shaped  like  a  dome. 

D(5M'I-N.\XCE,    in.     rredominance,    ascend.incy, 

DOM'I-NAN-CV,  f     authority.  Ogilvie. 

DOM'I-Xoi'S  (dom'e-nozc),  n.  pi.  A  game  played 
with  twenty-cigbt  pieces  of  ivory,  <fec".,  having  on 
them  spots  after  the  manner  of  dice  ;  also  the  i)rcces 
used.  Slriitt.      Wriglit. 

DOOtATE,  r.  t.    To  give  as  a  donation.     [Jm.] 

Bartldi. 

DO-NATION-PAK'TT,  ft.  A  party  of  tho  parish- 
ioners and  fi-iend.i  cf  a  clergyman,  assembled  at  his 
house,  each  ono  bringing  soino  present.    r.l»t.] 

BartMt. 

DON'KEV-EN'tjINE,  7i.  A  sm.all  engine  in  steam- 
vessels,  deriving  it5  steam  from  the  main  engine 
and  used  for  pumping  water  into  the  boilers,  ii.c. ; 
called  at  the  west  "doctor."'^         B.  SiUiman^  Jr. 

DOM'S  AT,  11.    A  good  for  nothing  fellow. 

Walt.  Scott. 

D5^f'ST-BEO0K,  n.  The  name  of  a  fair  near  Dub- 
lin. *  '  Sir  Francis  Head. 

DOOM'-PALM,  II.  A  species  of  palm-tree  {//'/- 
■phaenc  T/ie'jaica)  highly  valued  in  Egypt  for  va- 
rious f.scs.  Simmond.'i. 

DOOM'STEU,  «.  Formerly/^  the  public  executioner 
in  Scotland,  who,  when  criminals  were  condemned 
to  die,  repeated  over  the  sentence  in  the  judge's 
words,  adding,  "this  I  pronounce  for  doom.''^ 

Walt.  Scott. 

DOOR'GA,  I  ft.      A  Hindoo  divinity,  tho  consort  of 

D0E'G.\,    f    Siva,  represented  with  ten  arms. 

Malaom. 

DOOE'-PL.VTE,  n.  A  plato  on  a  door,  giving  tho 
name  or  business  of  the  resident.         Simmonds. 

DtVEIS,  n.  In  sool.,  a  genus  of  moUnsks  without 
shells,  having  a  llowcr-liko  branchial  tuft  on  tho 
back.  Carpenter. 

DOE'MI-TIVE,  a.  Causing  sleep ;  as,  the  dormitire 
properties  of  opium.  Clarice. 

DOR'-IIAWK,  n.  A  na-no  sometimes  given  to  tho 
Enrr.po'rin  species  of  tho  goat  sucker,  (aii))'(»iirf(7t(S 
europcctts.)  Booth. 

DoSTiL,     I  n.    [Fr.  dos,  back.] 

DfiP.'SEL,  J-        A  hanging  round  tho  w.alls  of  a  ball, 

DOS'EI;,  i  or  at  thtJ  east  end  and  sometimes  tlie 
sides  of  the  chancel  of  a  church;  also  tho  covering 
of  tho  back  of  a  seat,  whence  tbo  name. 

Oj-ford  Gloss,  of  Arch. 

DO'ET,  ft.  A  fish  called  .also  .Tohn-Dory,  much  es- 
teemed by  epicures  (corrupted  from  jattne-dorie, 
golden-yellow.)  IconograpMc  Encyc. 


2.  A  name  in  tbo  West  Indies  for  a  canoe. 

Simmonds. 

DOU-AJ^£P' ((loo-'in(/),n.    [Fr.]    A  custom-house. 

_  .  _  Bemherclle. 

DOIjB'LE-Ea'GLE,  71.  A  gold  coin  of  the  United 
States,  worth  twenty  dollars. 

DOl'B'LE-FlEST,  ft.  In  the  English  nniverrities, 
ono  who  gains  ;it  examinations  tho  highett  honor 
both  in  the  chissics  and  niathcuiatics.        Brinted 

DOUB'LE-FLOWEl:,  7i.  A  flower  having  several 
rows  of  petals.  As  tho  result  of  cnltivalitm  tho 
petals  may  be  multiplied  from  a  single  into  many 
rows  by  a  conversion  of  tho  stamens  or  stamens 
and  carpels  into  petals.  A.  Gray. 

DOUB'LE-MILL.FD,  a.  A  term  applied  to  cloth 
rendered  compact  by  being  fulled  twice. 

DOUB'LE-SALT,  ft.  A  componnd  salt  consisting  of 
two  salts  in  chemical  com!  ination  ;  as.  common 
alum  which  contains  sulphate  of  alumina  antl  sdI- 
phate  of  potash.    _  Tomlinson. 

DOUB'LE-WIN'DOW,  n.  A  second  window  put  up 
to  keep  out  the  cold. 

DOUB'LET,  ».  [idd]  An  arrangement  of  two  lenses 
for  a  microscope  designed  to  correct  spherical  aber- 
ration and  chromatic  tlisperiion,  thus  rendering  the 
object  more  clear  and  distinct.  WotUtttton. 

DOUB'LING,  ft.  [.add.]  In  navigation,  the  act  of 
sailing  round  a  cape,  A:c. — Drayton.  In  hunting, 
t_he_winding  and  turning  of  a  liare.  Ac.       Wright. 

DOUCHE  (iloosh),  ft.  [add.]  This  name  is  abio  ap- 
_Tlied  to  a_ci:rrtnt  cf  vapor  directed  rn  lie  lodv. 

DOUGII'-FACE  (do'lHse).  ft.  Ono  who  Is  flexible, 
and  easily  molded.    [Am.]  Burtlett. 

DOL'GII-F.\C£'D  (do'faste),  a.  Easily  molded:  pli- 
able.    [.Im.] 

DOVE'-EYiiD  (duv'Jde),  a.  Having  eyes  lite  a 
dovo  ;  meek-eyed    as,  dove-eyed  peace. 

DOVE'KIE  (ky),  71.  An  aquatic  bird  (tVio  gnjli  t 
of  the  Arctic  regions.  Kan^ 

DOW.      See  B.vggal.v. 

DOWN-CAST,  ft.  A  ventilating  shaft  down  which 
the  air  passes  in  circulating  through  a  mine. 

Mining  Journal. 

DOW:S'€OME  (-kum).  ft.  Downfall;  destruction; 
as,  "asair  (Zoic«cowie."  Wait.  Scott 

DO  WN'-DEAUGHT,  n.  The  draught  down  a  chim- 
ney. 

DOWN'ING-STEEET,  ft.  The  name  of  a  street  in 
London  where  arc  the  government  offices;  hence, 
used  for  tlie  Foreign  or^Colonial  OlBco  of  the  En- 
glish government.  "  Dickens. 

DOW'SEE,  1ft.  A  familiar  name  of  the  divin- 

DOWS'IXG  E5D,  f     ing  rod      Mining  Journal. 

DOZE,  ft.     A  light  sleep.  Tennyson.. 

DR.KB'BISH,  a.    Having  the  ch.araclcr  of  a  drab. 

Richardson. 

DEA-C5N'TINE.  fi.    CL.  f?raco,  a  dragon.] 
Bi_longing  to  a  dnagon.  Southfy. 

DR.VFT-EX'GiXE,  ft.  In  mining,  an  engine  used 
for  puuspiug.  Weale. 

DEAFT'-XET,  n.  [add.]  A  net  dragged  behind  s 
vessel  when  under  w.ay.  Simmonds. 

DEAG,  71.  [add.]  In  England,  a  cant  name  for  a 
carriage...  TJuickeray. 

DE.\G'-BAE,     I  „,      A  bar  or  link  for  attaching 

DE.\r/-LiNK,    J-      carriages    together,    or    to    tho 

DRAW'-LiXK,  )  moving  power,  .as  on  railroails; 
a  coupling.  iVeale.    Clarke. 

DR.^G'GLE-TAILiTD,  a.    Untidy.   Wiish.Ii-ctng. 

DR.VIN'IXG,  ft.  The  process  of  dr.iwing  off  water 
by  drains  or  trenches.        Gardner's  Farm.  Diet. 

DR.VIN'-TR.\P,  «.  A  contrivance  to  prevent  the 
escape  of  foul  air  from  drains,  but  to  allow  the  pas- 
sage of  water  into  them.  Simmonds. 

DE-\PE.  V.  t.  [add.]  To  cover,  with  drapery;  as,  a 
draped  bust  on  a  coin  or  medal  is  one  who'se  neck 
is  clothed.  n.  S.  Poole. 

DElS'TieS,  ft.  pi    Medicines  that  purge  quickly. 

*^im;;ioiiff.«. 

DRAUGIIT.  ft.  [add.]  A  current  of  air ;  a.s  to  sit 
ina  draught;  the  draught  of  a  chimney.  Ac. 

DE.VUGIIT,  «.  Used  for  drawing ;  .as,  a  draught- 
home.  Gardner's  Farm.  Encyc. 

DE.vUGIITS'MAN-SniP,  71,  The  office  or  work  of 
a  dranghtsinan. 

DRAW-C.\N'S1E,  ft.    A  blustering  bully.  Addiso/t. 

DEAW'-KXIFE.  III.    A  joiner's  tool  having  a 

DR  AW'I NG-KXTFE,  f  blade  with  a  handle  at  each 
eriil,  used  to  shave  oft"  surfaces  by  dratcing  it  to- 
wards one.  Beits  Tech.  Diet. 

DE.\.W'-LIXK.    Sec  Dr.vg-B.ii:. 

DEE.\JI'I-XESS,  71.    The  state  of  being  dreamy. 

DREE.    See  Okie. 

DEES'SIXG-€ASE,  ft.    A  caso  of  toilet  utensils. 

Thackeray. 

DRIE  (dree),  r.  <.    To  suffer  or  endure ;  asto  dri» 
I     ones  fate.  Welt.  Scott. 


A,   E.   4c.,   lono.-i.,   £,   &c,  short—ClR-E,   FAE,  LAST,    FALL,    WHAT;   THERE,    TfiRM;    MAElXE,   BIRD;   MOVE, 


t  &«  Table  of  Synonyms. 


1475 


DUE 


DiliFT,  a.  Movublt!  b}-  w  uil  or  currents;  us.  ih'if£ 
ice.  Kane. 

DKlFT-WAY,  «.  [a<l(l.]  In  7niiihiQ^  and  naviga- 
tion, the  snine  as  Di:ift. 

DliiLL'-SER'GKAJ^T,  n.  An  oflicer  who  drills  sol- 
diers. Simmond'S. 

DillLL'-J^T'lCK.  n.  In  mech.,  a  contrivance  for 
li..[tlinL'  :iri  1  turning  a  drill.  Francis. 

DlliNK'INU-liOUT,  71.    A  convivial  revelry. 

Oailpie. 

DRINK'-OF'FER-ING,  n.  A  Jewish  offt-rint,'  of 
wine,  &.C.  Kitio. 

DKIP'-STONE,  n.     [add.]    A  filtering-stone. 

SiiinnondR. 

DUTV^,  V.  t  or  i.  [aiUI.]  \n  mining^  to  dii;  horizon- 
tally; to  cut  a  horizontal  gallery  or  tunnel. 

Tomlinson. 

DRIVE,  n.  [add.]  A  course  on  which  carri.-ures  are 
drivt-n.  Offiivie. 

DUIVINO  SHAFT,    {n.     In  machinery,  the  shaft 

DKl\''IN<i-\VHl':KL,  (  or  wheel  by  which  motion 
id  communicated  to  somethinir  else. 

Ajt/j/(fo't's  Mech.  Diet. 

DROP'PER,  n.  Amon?  jni/ttvs,  u  luanch  vein  where 
it  leaves  the  vein  lode.  Jlining  Journal 

Dr6p'SI-€AL-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  drop- 
sical. 

DROP'SY,  n.  [add]  In  hot.,  a  disease  of  plants, 
occasioned  by  an  excess  of  wiiter.  Wright. 

DROVE.  H.  [add.]  In  hushanrlr?/,  a.  narrow  drain 
or  channel  used  in  the  irrigation  of  hind. 

Wr/(/?it. 

DROWN'ING,  11.  Death  caused  by  suffocation  in 
some  liquid. 

DRUDGE,  71.  [add.]  A  commercial  name  for  whis- 
key in  its  raw  state  from  which  alcohol  Is  made. 
[Au,.] 

DRUM'-HEAD,  n.  The  head  orupperpartofadrum- 
—Pale//.  The  drum-?iea(7.  of  a  capstan  is  the  top 
which  is  pierced  with  holes  for  levers  used  in  turn- 
inii  it.  Totten. 

DRC"'$E$,  n.  A  people  dwellingon  Mount  Lebanon, 
in  Syria,  and  speaking  the  Arabic.  Their  religion 
is  peculiar  to  themselves,  and  is  involved  in  some 
mystery.  3Iosheim. 

DRUX'V,  a.  A  term  applied  to  timber  with  decayed 
spots  or  streaks  of  a  whitish  color.  Weale. 

DRV'-eUP'PING.  71.  The  application  of  a  cuppmg- 
glass  without  scarification  of  the  skin. 

Dunglison. 

DRY'-DOCK,  71.  A  dock  from  which  the  water  is 
withdrawn  after  a  vessel  is  floated  into  it;  a  graving- 
dock.  Appleton's  Mech.  Diet. 

DRY'ERS,  n.  pi.  Substances  mixed  with  paints,  &c., 
to  promote  quickness  in  dr^'ing.  Siinmonds. 

DRY'-SALT'ER,  n.  [add.]  One  who  deals  in  chem- 
ical.-', (iiugs,  dye-wonds,  &c.    [Eng.}    Simmond-s. 

DtTB''BING,  n.    A  process  of  dres.sing  leather  with 
grease  by  cuirier.s. 
2.  The  greasy  dressing  used  by  curriers. 

Tomlinson. 

DULSE,  71.  A  membraneous  p-tlmate  sea- weed  (Rho- 
di/menin  palmata),  often  used  as  food.   Loudon. 

DU'ME-TO.SE,  a.     [L.  dumetmn,  a  bush.] 
_  Bush-like.  Uenslow. 

DU.M'MY,  «.  [add.]  In  a  game  of  cards,  tfec,  one 
who  hoMs  two  hands,  plays  duminij.     llaUlicell. 

2.  A  sham  or  fictitious  representation  of  some- 
thins  ;  as,  a  tailor's  duimmj. 

DUM'MY,  a.     Silent.  Clarke. 

2.  Fictitious  or  sham  ;  as,  a  dnmmi/  watch. 

Miojhew. 

Dt'MP'AGE.  n.    The  riijht  or  privilege  of  damping. 

Dl'MP'ING,  n.    The  act  of  pouring  from  a  cart. 

DCMP'Y-LEV'EL,  n.  A  leveling  instrument  having 
a  short  telescope  of  large  aperture,  above  which  the 
level  is  placed;  it  has  also  a  compass  for  taking 
be.irinss.     \_Eng.'\  Tomlinson, 

DON'DER-IIEAD,  n.     A  blockhead.       JIalliweU. 

DUN'LOP,  a.  A  term  applied  to  a  sweet,  rich  white 
kind  of  cheese  maLle  in  Scotlaml.  Simmonds. 

DUN'ST.V-nLE,  71.  The  name  of  a  town  in  Kndand  ; 
hence,  a  particular  kind  of  straw-plait  made  there. 

DUN'STA-BLE,  a.    Noting  a  kind  of  straw-work. 

Simmonds. 

DtJ'PLI-eATE,  V.  t.    To  become  double  ;  to  divide 
into  two  by  natural  growth;  as,  in  the  spontaneous 
'' sub'livi.-iion  in  infusoria.  Dana. 

DU'PLI-eA-TiVE.  a.  Having  the  quality  of  divid- 
iuiT  into  two-by  natural  growth.  D<niit. 

Dtl'RANCE,  71.  [add.]  A  material  for  garments, 
often  pimned  Mpnn  by  the  dramatists.  Shak. 

DU'RI-OX,  ti.      [Malay,  dur?/,  a  thorn.] 

An  East  India  i'rmi{Dnrin  zihethinn^')  about  the 
size  of  a  melon,  and  enclosed  in  a  jirickly  husk.  It 
is  much  esteemed  for  Us  delicious  flavor,  but  the 
smell  of  its  rind  is  offensive.  Craig. 


EDU 

DU'RA'TE,  71.  [It.]  In  7nusi(;  a  term  applied  to 
whatever  ottends  the  car  by  its  harshness. 

_  Moore's  Eiicyc.  Muft. 

DUTCir-LEAF,  \n.    A  composition  of  copper 

DUTOII'-MIN'EU-AL,  j  and  zinc,  beaten  out  into 
verv  thin  leaves.  App/etons  Mech.  Diet. 

DUTCU'-PiNK.  n.  Chalk  or  whiting  dyed  yellow, 
and  used  in  distemper,  and  for  paper-.staining,  &c. 

Weale. 

DWARF'ING,  n.  The  process  of  hindering  from 
crowing  to  the  natural  size. 

DWINE,  P.  i.  To  pine  away;  to  fade  or  decline  ;  as, 
^thus  dirineth  he."  Gower. 

DYE'-STUFFS,  n.  pi.    Materials  for  dyeing. 

Sim77iondi9. 

DYX-A-M0-M:ET'RI€,  a.  Indicatins  or  measuring 
f(»rce.  Appleion's  Mech.  Diet. 

DZiG'GE-TAI,  n.  The  Mongolian  name  for  the 
Epnif*  /lemioTiuSf  a  small  Tartarian  horse  resem- 
bling a  mule.  Booth. 


E. 


EAR'-DROP,  71..     An  car-ring  or  pendant  from  the 

_  ear.  Clarke. 

BAR'-DRUM,  n.     The  tympanum  of  the  ear. 

Derham. 

£ARN  (ern\  n.     The  ea-le.  Walt.  Scott. 

EAR'SIIELL,  w.  A  familiar  name  for  a  flattened 
univalve,  a  species  of  Ilaliotiti,  having  a  i»early 
iridescent  inner  coating,  which  is  m^qA  for  inlaid 
work.  Simmonds. 

fiARTir-FORK,  71.  A  pronged  fork  f.ir  turning  up 
the  eartlK 

fiARTlI'-UP,  V.  i.  To  heap  up  the  earth  round  some- 
thiuL.';  as,  a  filant,  ttc. 

gARTII'WARD,  adc.    Toward  the  earth. 

EAST'ER-DUE,  71.  Payment  due  at  Easter.  Ci-aig. 

EAST'ER-EGG,  n.    A  painted  egg  used  at  Easter. 

Fosbi-okc. 

EAST'ER-LING,  n.  [add.]  A  name  tciven  to  a  kind 
of  money  coined  in  the  East  bv  Richard  II.  of  En- 

_  glan<l.  '  Wright. 

EAST'ER-TfeRM,  n.  One  of  the  four  terms  for  the 
Superior  Court  at  Westminster.  Ogilvie. 

2.  The  third  collegiate  term  at  the  Encjlish  uni- 

_  versities.  Briated. 

EAST'ING,  n.    Course  or  distance  to  the  east. 

EA'SY,  a.  [add.]    In  7noney  inaiters,  not  straitened  ; 

_  as,  the  market  is  easy,  &c.        Ogilvie.    Bnrtlett. 

EA'SY  CIlAlR,  n.    An  arm-chair  fore.ise  or  repose. 

EAU  DE  VIE' i6-(\e  vee'),  7i.     [Fr.  from  L.  aqua, 
water,  and  vHis,  a  vine,] 
X/(.,  water  of  the  vine ;  French  name  for  brandy. 
Be-icherelle. 

EB'LIS,  n.     [Ar.]    In  Moha7nmeda!i  mifthnlogy,  an 

_  evil  spirit  or  devil.  E.  W.  Lane. 

EB'ON-IST,  n.     One  who  works  in  ebony. 

E-BUR-NI-FI-CA'TION,  n.  The  conversion  of  sub- 
stances into  others  which  have  the  ajipearanco  or 
characteristics  of  ivory.  Craig. 

E€-€LE-SI-AS'TI-CISM,  n.  Undue  attachment  to 
ecclesiastical  observances,  privileges,  ifec. 

£6'DY-SIS,  »..     [Gr.  ckSuw,  to  put  off.] 

The  act  of  putting  off  or  moultiuii ;  emerging ;  as, 
the  ccdijsis  of  the  [tupa  from  its  shell.  Dungli.Koii. 

E-€IliNT-TAL,  a.     Belonging  to  orlike  an  cchinite. 

EeiM-NO-DfiRM^V-TOLJS,  a.  Pertaining  or  related 
to  the  echinddernis.  Dttiia. 

E-€IliN'U-LATE,  a.    Set  with  minute  prickles. 

LTen.'ilow. 

E-€0-NOM'I€S,  n.  pi  [add.]  Political  ec.nomy  ; 
the  science  of  the  utilities  or  useful  application  of 
things;  as.  "in  politics  and  eco7iomir.^.'''     linox. 

E-€ON-0-MI-ZA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  using  to  the 
best  effect. 

E-'COR-CirE'E((i-koT-shU'),  n.  [Fr.]  In  paint,  and 
sculp.,  the  subject  (man  or  animal)  Jlayed  or  de- 
prived of  its  skin,  so  that  the  muscular  system  is 
exposed  for  the  purposes  of  .study.    ArtJournal. 

EC'TO-DfeRM,  71.  [Gr.  eKToi.  outer,  and  h^pfxa,  skin.] 
Tlie  e^xte^nal  skin  or  oiiter  layer.      Carpenter. 

E€-TO-DfiRMT€,  a.    Belonging  to  the  ectoderm. 
_  Carpenter. 

E-DENT'U-LOUS,    a.      [L.    c,   without,  and  dens, 
tooth.] 
^Without  teeth.  R.  Owen. 

3DGE,  a.    Having  an  edge ;  as,  edge  tools. 

EDG'Y,  a.     Sharp;  easily  irritated  ;  as,  .an  crff/T/ tem- 
per. 
2.  Sharply  defined  ;  as,anef/{7?/stvle  of  sculpture. 

Ilaulitt. 

SD'I-BLE-NESS,  n.    State  of  being  edible. 

ED-I-TO'RI-AL,  n.  An  article  hy  the  editorof  some 
newspajier  or  work.  Simmonds. 

ED-IT-C.VTION'-IST,  7t.  One  devoted  to  the  cause 
of  public  instruction. 

E-DU'CI-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  educed.       Craig. 


ELE 

E-D1J€'TI0N.   a.     Leading  forth  ;    as,  an  eduction 
I>ipo  in  a  steam-engine,  by  wluch   the  expanded 
steam  is  led  from  the  cylinder  to  the  condenser. 
Appleton^s  Meek.  Diet. 

E-DUL'€0-RANT,  n.  A  medicine  supposed  to  pu- 
rify the  fluids  by  taking  away  their  acrimony. 

Craig. 

E-DrL'eO-R\-T0R. -r?.  A  c«mtrivance  formerly  used 
to  supply  small  qirautities  of  water  to  te,--!  lubes,  &c. 
It  caused  the  water  to  drop  from  a  tube  inserted 
into  the  mouth  rif  a  vial,  by  expansion  of  the  li.^uid 
from  the  warmth  of  the  hand.  Ogilrie. 

EEL'-GR.\S3,  7*.  A  familiar  name  for  a  kind  of 
f^vASs{Zosteramari7ia)  growing  nlung  the  sea-fchore. 

fiE'RlE.  rt.  Beloncrine  to  the  air;  nerinl;  as.  the 
eerie  beauty  of  a  winter  scene.  7'e7iny8on. 

EF-FACE'V-BLE,  a.     That  may  be  effaced. 

EF-FE<;VIVE,  a.  [Fr.]  Lit.,  real;  a  term  used 
in  many  parts  of  Europe  to  denote  coin  in  distinc- 
tion from  paper-money,  a  draft  beinir  directed  to  be 
paid  in  effective  to  guard  against  depreciated  paper- 
currency.  Simmonds. 

EF-FECtTT-AL-NE3S,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
effectual. 

EF'FER-ENT,  a.     [L.  effero,  to  bear  out] 

Conveying  outwards  or  discharging  ;  as,  the  effei'- 
enti\\]c.is  of  the  body.  DungJinon. 

EF-FLA'TION,  «.  The  act  of  filling  with  wind  or 
puffins  out;  the  act  of  belching.  Wright. 

EF'FLU-ENT,  71.    [L.  ex,  out  ot;'  nvAfuere.  to  flow.] 
In  geog..,  a  stream  that  flows  out  of  another  stream 
or  lak^.  Ogilvie. 

EF-FLU'VI-AL,  a.    Belon^ring  to  effluvia. 

EF.-FtT'SiVE-NESS,  7i.    State  of  being  poured  forth. 

E-GE'AN,  n.  That  part  of  the  Mediterranean  sea  be- 
tween Greece  and  Asia. 

EGG,  It.  [add.]  Egg-devHo}j7n€7it,  the  process  of  the 
developinent  of  an  q%'^,  the  study  of  which  pertains 
to  the  science  of  embryology.  Fgg-'^tufe,  the  condi- 
tion of  an  egg  ;  the  earliest  stage  of  a  species  while 
it  is  yet  in  the  egg,  eitlier  heibre  geruunation  has 
commenced  or  before  the  embryo  is  fully  developed. 

Carpe7iter. 

EGG'ER,  n.     [add.]     One  who  gathers  eggs. 

EG-0-TlST'ie-AL-LY,  adv.    With  egotism. 

E-GYPT-OL'0-G1ST,  71.  One  skilled  iu  the  antiqui- 
_ties  of  Esypt. 

EID'ENT,</.    Diligent;  attentive.     iScottish.-] 

Burjis. 

EI'DO-GRAPH.     See  Paxtograpii. 

E-L.\-iD'I€-X('TD.  7?.  [subs.]  A  latty  acid  obtained 
from  oleic  acid,  by  adding  nitrous  or  hvponitnu:s 
acid.  Gregory. 

E-LAI-OM'E-TER,  n.  [Gr.  cXaCov,  olive  oil,  and 
fxerpou,  measure.] 

An  instrument  for  detecting  the  adulteration  of 
olive-oil.  Ogilrie. 

E'LAM-lTE,  n.  A  dweller  in  Elam  or  ancient  Persia. 

E-LS.STIC,  n.  A  common  abridgment  of  gum- 
elastic. 

EL'A-TER,  71..  In  bat.,  an  elastic  spiral  filament  for 
dispersing  the  spores  ;  as,  in  some  liverworts. 

IIenslo7c. 
In  zool.,  a  kind  of  beetle  that  has  the  power  of 
giving  a  sudden  leap,  by  a  quick  movement  of  the 
articulation  between  the  abdomen  and  thorax. 

Craig. 

EL'DER-BER-RY,  n.    The  fruit  of  the  elder. 

E-LE€-TOTvI-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  an  elector  or  an 
election  ;  as,  an  electorial  college.  Burke. 

E-LECT'OR-SniP,  71.     The  ofucc  of  an  elector. 

E-LE€'TRI€,  a.  [add]  This  term  was  formerly 
restricted  to  frictional  or  atmo.^pheric  electricity, 
but  is  now  used  to  include  voltaic  electricity. 

I^ichol. 

E-LE€'TRI€-€L0CK.  «..  A  time-keeper  moved  or 
controlled  by  electricity  or  electro-macneti.^m. 

2.  An  astronomical  clock  connected  with  an  elec- 
tro-magnetic register.  See  Electro  -  Ciikono- 
GiiAPU.  C.  S.  Lyman. 

E-L£€'TRI€  TEL'E-GRAPH.    See  Trlegrapii. 

E-LE€'TRiXE,  a.  [add  ]  Made  of  elcctrum,  an 
alloy  of  gold  and  copjier  u^ed  by  the  ancients. 

E-LEC'TRO-RI-i^L'0-GY,  n.  The  science  which 
treats  of  the  electrical  currents  developed  in  living 
orsranisms.  Carpenter. 

E-LECTRO  CHRON'O-GRAPH,  n.  \Y x^^n  electro, 
and  Gr.  ;i(pd['Oi;,  time,  and  ypdifno,  to  write.] 

An  instrunient  for  accurately  noting  time,  con- 
sisting of  an  electro-magnetic  register  connected 
with  a  clock;  it  is  used  iu  astronomical  observa- 
tions to  note  transits.  Locke. 

E-LE6'TR0-€I1R0N-0-GRXPH'I€,  a.  Belonging 
to  the  clectro-chi'onograph. 

E-LE€'TRO  DY-NAM'ie,  a.  [From  electro,  and 
Gr.  &vfafxi'i,  force.] 

Pertaining  to  the  movements  or  force  of  electric 
or  galvanic  currents  ;  dependent  on  electric  force. 

Gregory. 


DOTE,   WOLF,   BOOK;    RTJlE,   BFLL  ;    Tl"CIOUS.— €  as  K ;    G  as  J;    S   as  Z ;     CH  as  Sll ;    THIS. 


1470 


t  See  Table  of  Synonyms. 


EMB 


ENG 


EPI 


E-LE€TKO  GlLD'ING,  ».  The  process  of  gilding 
copper,  Jcc,  by  means  of  voltaic  electricity. 

To7nlinson. 

E-LE€TRO  MXG'NET-ISM.  n.  [subs.]  That  sci- 
ence which  treats  of  the  deveiopiiieui  of  m;i^ti(?t- 
ism  by  means  of  voUaic  electricity,  and  of  the  prt)p- 
erties  or  actions  of  the  current;*  evolved,    ^'ichol. 

E-L£€TUO-MOTiVE,  a,  [add.]  Moving  by  means 
of  electricity ;  as,  an  electro-motive  engine. 

y^ichoi. 

E-LE€TRO-NiiG'A-TirE,  a.  [subs.]  Having  the 
property  of  bein<:  attracted  by  au  efcctio-positivo 
body,  or  a  tendency  to  pass  to  the  positive  pole  in 
electrolysis.  XichoL 

E-LE€TE0  PHY$-I-0-LO<VI€-AL,  a.  Pertaining 
to  eleetricitl  results  produced  through  physiological 
agencies,  or  by  change  of  action  in  a  livinj;  beinsr. 

Miittsiicci. 
E-LE€TRO-PnYS-I-(5L'0-6T,  n.    Electric  results 
produced  through  physiological  agencies. 

Matteiccci. 
E-LE€TRO-PLA.T'ER,  n.    One  who  practices  elec- 
tro-plating. ToDiliihiion. 
E-LE€TRd-PL.\T'ING,  n.    Tho  process  of  plating 

by  means  of  volt:iic  electricity.  TomUiinoii. 

E-L6€TRU-P0S'I-TiVE,  a.  [subs.]  Tho  converso 
of  ehctro-neg'iiive;  of  such  a  nature  relatively  to 
some  other  associated  body  or  bodies,  as  to  tend  to 
tho  nesritive  pole  of  a  voltaic  battery,  while  tiio  as- 
sociated body  tends  to  the  positive  pole.  An  cle- 
ment that  is  ele'^tro- positive  in  one  compound  may 
be  eUctro-negatice  in  another,  aud  vice-vertm. 

mchol. 
E-LE€TRO  Pr'NeT-F-RA'TION,  |  n.    In  surgenj, 
E-L£€TKO  PC"X€T'f  K-IXG.         f     the  act  of  in- 
serting two  or  more  U'jedles  in  the  bo  iy,  and  cnu- 
necting  them  with  the  poles  of  a  galvanic  apparatus. 

Danfflison. 
E-LE€TR0  TINT,  n.  A  style  of  etching  by  means 
of  galvanism.  A  picture  is  drawn  on  a  metallic 
plate  with  some  varnish  or  material  which  resists 
the  fluids  of  a  battery;  so  that  in  electrotyping, 
the  parts  not  covered  by  the  varnish,  &c.,  receive  a 
deposition  of  metal  and  produce  the  required  copy 
in  intaglio.     _  Pefi.  Cyc. 

E-LEeTEO-Ti'PE,  n.    A  copy  or  stereotype  taken 

bv  electrotvpy.  jTichol. 

E-LECTRO-TVPE,  v.  t.    To   stereotype   or   take 

copies  of  by  electrotvpy.  Art  JotirnuL 

E-LEeTRO-TTP-Eli^  n.    One  who  praclices  elec- 

trotypy.  Art  Joariutl. 

E-LEe-TRO-T$"Pa€,  a.    Noting  the  act  of  electro- 

tvping. 
E-LEf:TRO-T?P-TNG.  n.    The  act  of  taking  copies 

or  stereotvpes  bv  clectrotj'py.  Xichul. 

E-LB€TR6-T?P'-Y,  fl.  [From  f^f^^ro,  and  Gr.niTTo?, 
type  or  impression.] 

The  process  of  copying  metals,  engravings,  Ac, 

and  of  making  stereotype  plates  by  means  of  electric 

deposition.  Art  Journal. 

EL'E-VA-TOR,  n.     [add.}     A  hoisting  maehine  for 

raising  goods,  »Scc.,  to  the  upperstoriesof  a  building. 

AppUton's  Jfech.  Diet. 

ELF'-CHILD,  n.    A  child  supposed  to  bo  left  by  elfs 

in  room  of  one  they  had  stolen. 
E-lJMl-NATE,  V.  t.     [ad.I.]     To  reduce  results  or 

remove  errors  by  elimination. 
E-LIM-I-XA.TION,  n.  [add.]  In  mfith.,  a  process 
of  combining  equations  so  as  to  throw  out  succes- 
sively the  unknown  quantities,  thus  deducing  tho 
definite  value  of  e.ach.  In  phyx-,  alike  process  of 
freeing  observations  or  experiments  from  ineilcntal 
errors.  Kidtol. 

E-LIN-GCATION,  «.  CL.  ecr,  and  lingua^  the 
tongue] 

In  old  law,  tho  punishment  of  cntting  out  tho 
tongue.  Ogilvie. 

EL-LIP'TO-GEAPTI.    Same  as  Ellipsooeapii. 
EL'0-IIIM,  n.    [Ilcb.]     One  of  tho  names  of  God. 
EI/VAX,  a.      [add.]     In   Cornish  milling,   noting 
broad  granitic  veins  Intersecting  schistose  rocks. 

TomlinHon. 
El/YAN,  n.    Tlie  rock  of  an  clvan  vein  intermediate 
between  porphyry  and  granite ;  also,  tlio  vein  itself. 
DsLa  Beche. 
EI/T-TROLD,  a.     [Gr.  €\vTpov,  sheath,  and  ct5os, 
form.] 

In  fiTifit.,  Tesembling  a  sheath.  Ilooper. 

Em.    The  letter  m.    This  formerly  being  a  square 

type,  used  by  printers  as  a  measure  of  tlio  matter  in 

a  page.  Jlansard'H  Typ. 

E-MAR-G-I-N.ATION,  n.    Act  of  taking  away  tho 

margin.  Ogilvie. 

E-MAS'eC-LA-TO-RT,  a.    Serving  to  emasculate. 
EM-BR^lNCHIIENT,  n.    Tlie  branching  forth,  as  of 

trees.  Clarke. 

EM-BRT-0-6ENa€,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  develop- 
ment of  an  cmbrvo.  Agamiz. 


EM-BRV-OG'E-NY,   n.     [Gr.   tV^H^"^'.  a:>  embryo, 
and  €vv6.iii  tu  produce.] 

The  science  of  the  production  and  development 
ofembryos.  Agassis. 

EM-BRY-OG'RA-PUY,  n.    A  general  description  of 

tho  fetus.  .  Craig. 

EM-15RY-0-LOG'I€-AL,  a.    Of  or  belonging  to  em- 

bryologv.  Oirpenter. 

EM-15KY-CVO-GIST,7i.  One  skilled  in  embryology. 
EM-BRY'O-NAL,  ((.     Pertaining  to  an  embryo,  or 

the  initial  state  of  any  organ.  Carpenter. 

EM-BRY'O-NA-RY,  a.     Pertaining  to  the  produc- 
tion or  development  of  an  embryo. 
EM'BRY-O-NA-TED,  a.    Formed  like  or  having  an 

embrvo. 
EM-BRY'-0TT€,  a.     Pertaining  to  the  earliest  state 

of  a  developing  organ.  R.  Owen. 

EM'E-RALD-GKEEN,  n.    A  very  durable  pigment 
of  a  vivid  light-green  color,  mado'from  tho  arseniate 
_  of  copper.  Weale. 

EAPER-Y  (cra'er-y),  «.    Covered  with  emery ;  as, 

an  emery  paper. 
E-MftRS^-D'  (c-merstO,  a.    In  lot.,  noting  tho  fact 

of  being  out  of  or  above  water.  ^-i.  Gray. 

EM'I-€ANT,  a.    Sparkling;  beaming  forth. 

Ogilvie. 
E-MIS'SIYE,  a.     Having  a  capability  of  forced  emis- 
sion ;  a.s,  water  has  great  einiftsico  power. 
EM-PAIS'TI€  "WORK,  n.     [Gr.  €t^TTa(<a,  to  force  in.] 
Inlaid  work  cont^isting  of  threadsor  lines  of  metal 
pressed  or  forced  into  some  other  metal. 

Fair/iolt, 
EMPTION-AL.  a.    That  may  be  purchased. 
EM-PiR'I-CISM,  n.     [add.]    In  philosophy,  empir- 
icisni  rejects  all  knowledge  a  priori,  ami  admits 
nothing  as  true  or  certain  but  what  is  given  by 
experience.  Fleming. 

EMP'TY.  n.    [add.]    Free ;  rid  ;  as,  "  I  shall  find  vou 

empty  of  that  f.mit,"  Shakt's. 

EMP'TY-II.\XD'ED,    a.    Having   nothing    in    the 

hands;  destitute. 
EMTT-LOUS-NESS.n.  The  quality  of  being  emulous. 
EN.     In  printers'  measure  half  an  em,  i.  e.,  half  the 

square  of  tho  type. 
EN-.\L'I-0-SAUR.  n.     [Gr.  ei/,  in,  oA?,  the  salt  sea, 
and  o-avpa,  lizard.] 

Name  of  marine  or  swimming  saurians  of  gigantic 
eize,  now  extinct  and  found  only  in  a  fossil  state  ;  it 
includes  tho  ichthyosaur,  and  allied  reptiles. 

Da  iia. 
EN-XM'EL,  a.    Relating  to  the  art  of  enameling  ;  as, 

enamel-pdinting.  Tomlihtion. 

EN-€AR'NAL-IZE,  v.  t.    To  make  carnal. 

Tenju/soji. 
EN-€AUS'TI€,  a.    Encausiic  tiles,  hrirk,  ic,  are 
paving  tiles,  &c.,  of  baked  pottery,  with  colors  burnt 
in  as  a  decoration.  Tomlinson. 

EN-CEPU-AL-I'TIS,  n.     [Gr.  ^yxi'^aXov,  tho  brain.] 

luflammation  of  the  bntin.  Dunglisoji. 

EN-CEPII'AL-OID,  a.     [Gr.   e7«c^aAoi',  the  brain, 
and  €(609,  form.] 

Resembling  the  material  of  the  brain;  cerebri- 
form.  DiinqUson . 

EN-€LIT1€S,  n.  pi.     In  gram.,  the  art  of  declining 

and  conjugating  words.  Craig. 

EN-CY-€L6-PtD'I€.     See  Encyclopedical. 
EN'D0-€IIROSIE,  n.   [Gr.  eV5oi',  within,  and  xP*^,'ia, 
color.] 

The  colored  material  which  fills  vegetable  cells, 
exclusive  of  tho  green,  whifh  is  Chlorophyll ;   as, 
the  coloring  matter  of  the  Algae,  &.c.    Carpenter. 
EN'DO-DER-M,   71.     [Gr.   eVSor,   within,  and  5tp^a, 
skin.] 

The  inner  skin  or  layer  of  some  simple  animals; 
as,  a  polyp,  itc,  Dana. 

EN-DO-DERM'ie,  a.     Pertaining  to  the  endoderm. 

Dana. 
EN'DO-SKEL'E-TON,   11.     [Gr.   ^v5ov,  within,  and 
CT/feAeTov,  a  dry  body.] 

The  internal  or  bony  skeleton  of  man  and  other 
animals.  R.  Oicen. 

EN-D0S-M(5M'E-TER.  n.    An  instrument  used  for 
measuring  tho  force  of  tho  endosmolic  action. 

Nichol. 
EN-DOS-MO-METTJe.  a.     Pertaining  to  tho  meas- 
urement of  endosmotic  action. 
EN-DOS-.MOS'MIt',  a.    Relating  to  endosmnse. 

Craig, 
EN-DO$-M0T't€,  a.    Pertaining  toendosmoso;  of 

the  nature  of  endosmose.  Carpenter. 

EN'DO-SPERM,  n.     [Gr.  ivBov,  within,  and  o-ire'p^a, 
seed.) 

The  albumen  of  a  seed  commonly  surrounding  the 
embrvo.  A.  Gray 

EN-DtTRTNG-NESS.  n.    Quality  of  enduring. 
EN-Fi^R'EST,  r.  t.    To  turn  into  forests. 
EX-FREE'.  V.  t    To  set  fr.-e  ;  to  release.     Sliakes. 
EN-G.'VG£'D'  (en-giiid'),  pp.  or  n.    [add.]     In  mech., 
two  wheels  are  said  to  be  engaged^  when  they  are 


in  ircar  with  each  other.     The  driver  is  the  engag- 
ing wheel,  and  the  follower  is  the  wheel  engaged. 

Tomlinnon. 

EN-GIX-EER',  v.  t.  To  use  art  and  eflFort  for  the  ac- 
complishment of  some  object 

EN-GiRD'LE  (-sir'dl),  v.  t.  To  inclose;  to  surround. 

EN-GOU-LEE'  \2iTn-^o\x-\e),  a:  l¥ t.  engouler^  to 
swallow  up.] 

In  keralfiry,  an  epithet  describing  crosses,  sal- 
tiros,  &c.,  when  their  extremities  enter  the  mouths 
of  lions,  leopard.s,  6ic.  Craig. 

EN-HEART'^N,  v.  t.    To  fill  with  courage. 

Duf. 

EN-XIY^DROUS,  a.    [Gr.  er,  within,  and  tSoip,  water.] 
A  term  ai)plied  to  crystals,  &c.,  which  contain 
drops  of  water.  Craig. 

EX-SEM'DLB  (iing-s^dm^]),  a.  [Fr.]  Z«.  the  whole  ; 
a  term  used  to  describe  a  general  effect  without 
reference  to  details  ;  as,  in  the  fine  arts  Ac. 

BfScherelU. 

EN'TENTE'  COR-DT-ALE'  (ang-tangt' kor-de-alO. 
n.  [Fr.]  In  politics,  the  evidences  of  good  will 
and  justice  toward  each  other,  exchanged  by  the 
chief  persons  of  twostites.  BeachirelU. 

EN-TER'I€,  a.    Belonging  to  the  intestines. 

Dunglison. 

ENTER-O-LITE,    n.     [Gr.  ivrtpov.   intestine,  and 
At'Pos,  stone.] 
A  concretion  in  tho  intestines  resembling  stone. 

EN-TER-PRISE,  «.  [ad<l.]  A  disposition  to  under- 
take new  designs  or  efforts.  OgUtie. 

EN-TER-TAIN',  v.  i.  To  receive  guests;  as,  bo 
entertains  generously. 

EN-TiRE',  a.  A  term  applied  in  England  to  a  kind 
of  beer  combining  the  properties  of  several  es- 
teemed qualities  of  malt-liquors;  as,  Barclay's  en- 
tire. Jlayhew. 

EN-T0-M53'TEA-€AN,  n.  [Gr.  tvrotxa,  insects, 
and  odTpcLKov,  shell.] 

An  animal  of  the  lower  grand  division  of  tho 
Crustacea  ;  this  term  includes  the  genera  Cyclops, 
Daphnia,  Limuhis  (or  Horse  shoe),  itc       Dana. 

EN-TO-MOT'O-MIST,  n.  Ono  who  practices  en- 
toinotomy-  Goadby. 

EN-TO-.MOT'O-MY,    71.     [Gr.   ctTo/10,   insects,  and 

Te>l'W,  to  cut  ] 

Tho  science  of  insect  dissection.  Goadby. 

EN-TO-ZO'AL,  \a.    Pertaining  to  the  Entozoa. 
EN-TO-Zt.>'ie.   S  Dana. 

EN-TO-ZO-OL'0-GIST,  71.     [Gr.  otos,  within,  iCtov^ 
an  animal,  and  A6yo?,  discourse.] 
One  versed  in  the  science  of  tho  Entoeoa. 

Dana. 
Ey^TRE-SOL  (line'ter-sol).  n.     [Fr.]     A  low  story 
in  a  building  between   two  higher  ones,  usually 
placed  above  the  first  floor.  Bescherelle. 

EN'VY,  n.  [add.]    An  object  of  envy.  Sicift. 

E'O-CEN'E.  n.     A  name  applied  to  rocks  pertaining 
to  tho  Eoceno  epoch,  or  the  earliest  part  of  the  ter- 
tiary period.  LyelL 
K'O-LIS,  11.    In  eool,  a  genus  of  shell-less  mollusks 
having  branchial  tufts  along  the  back.     Carpenter. 
EP'AU-LET^ED,   a.     Furnished  with  epaulets. 
EP-EX-E-GE'.SIS,  71.     [Gr.  en-l,  upon,  and  €|ih^7<r«, 
explanation.] 
An  esplanntion  of  something  that  has  gone  before. 
EPlI-iP'PI-AL,  a.      Saddle-shaped;    occupvin-.:  an 

ephijjpium.  Dana. 

EPil-lP'PI-UM,  n.     [Gr.  iiftirrrioi'.  a  saddle.] 

A  saddle-shaped  cavity  in  a  Crustacean  of  the 
genus  Daphni:u  Dana. 

EPll'OR-AL,  a.     Pertaining  to  an  cphor,  or  Spartan 

magistrate. 
EP-ICY-€L0ID'A1>WIIEEL,  n.  In  mech.,  & 
contrivance  for  converting  circular  into  alternate 
motion  by  me.ansof  two  wheels,  the  larger  of  which 
is  firmly  fixed  to  a  frame  work,  and  the  sm.aller, 
which  is  half  the  diameter  of  the  other,  revolves  on 
the  circumference  of  the  larger.  The  curve  gene- 
rated by  the  revolution  of  the  periphery-  of  tho 
smaller  "wheel  along  the  periphery  of  the  larger,  is 
an  epicycloid,  hence  the  name.  Francis. 

EP-I-DEi€TI€,  a.  That  shows  forth  or  explains; 
as,  epideiciia  oratory.  [A  preferable  spelling  to 
epidictic]  lord  Brougham. 

EP'I-DfeRM,  71.  [Gr.  €n-l,  upon,  and  5e>^a,  skin.] 

The  same  as  Epidehmis. 
EP-I-DfiRM'AL,  a.     Pertaining  to  tho  scarf-skin  or 

bark.  A.  Gray. 

EPI-DftRM'A-TOIB,  (a.   Resembling  the  opiderm; 
EP-I-D£UM'01  D,        f     pertaining  to  the  epiderm. 

R.  Oicen. 

EP-I-GEN'E-SlJ^.Ti.  [Gr.e-l, and YcVeo-ty, generation.] 

In  pht/siol..  the  tlieory  of  conceptian  which  holds 

tliat  the"  germ  is  created  entirely  n*.  >v.  not  merely 

expanded^  by  the  procreative  power  of  the  parents. 

It  is  opposed  to  the  theory  of  Evolution. 

Dunglison. 
EP-T-GRAM-M5.T'I€-AL-LY,  adc.     In  the  way  of 
epigram. 


A,  B,  &c,  lon,j.-li,  E,  &c.,  «Aor*.-CAEE,  FAE,  LAST,  FALL.   WHAT;    TIIfiEE,  TfeEM;    MAEiXE,   BiED;    MOVE. 


t  See  Table  of  Synonyms. 


1477 


ETH 


EXP 


FA  a 


EP-I-OUAM'MA-TiZE,  v.  t.    To  represt-nt  by  epi- 

EP-l-LEPT'l-FOliM,  a.     Ecsomblinr;  epilepsy. 
EP-I-P£T'AL-OUS,  a.   [Gr.  ctI,  upon,  and  TreVaAoi', 

Uniini  on  the  petals  or  corolla.  Wright. 

EP-I-PnY$'I-AL,  a.     Pertaining  to  or  having  the 

nature  ot';m  epiphysis.  -/?.  Otceti. 

EP-I-PII'5'T'I€-AL-LY,  adv.    After  the  manner  of 

an  I'pipliyte. 
EP-I-POL'I6,  a.      In  opfit%  producing,   or  noting 

epipolistn  or  fluorescence. 
E-PiP'0-LI$M,  n.     [Gr.  eTnTroATJ,  a  surface.] 
The  same  as  Elttoeescence,  which  see. 

Ilerschel. 
E-PiP'O-LTZ^D,    a.     Changed  to  the  cpipolic  con- 
dition, or  that  in  which  the' phenomenon  of  fluores- 
cence is  presented  ;  ns,  epipolized  light.    Stokes. 
EP-I-SO'DI-AL,  a.     Pertaining  to  an  episode. 
EP-I-STfiR'NAL,  a.     [Gr.   tn-i,  upon,  and  inipvov, 
the  breastbone.] 

Adjoining  thu  sternal  pieces  on  cither  side,  as  in 
a  turtle.  Ditnglison. 

E-PiS'TO-LET,  n.     A  short  letter  or  epistle. 

C.  Lamh. 
E-QUiP'E-DAL,  a.  [L.  eqims,  equal,  and /)d.9,  foot.] 
Eipml-lboted.     In  zool.^  having  the  pairs  of  feet 
equal.  Dmut. 

E-QUI-PijN'DEU-OUS,  <t.  [L.  equus,  equal,  and 
■pondic^  weight.] 

H.iving  t^qiial  weight.  Ogilc-ie. 

E-QUI-SE-TA'CEOaS,  a.     Boloniiing  to  the  family 

of  the  Kquisctuin.  or  horsc-tui!  plant. 
E-QUI-SE'TI-FOnM,  a.     Having  the  form  of  the 

Ecpiisetum.  Craig. 

EQ'UI-TAN-CY  (ek'wc-tan-py),  ».      Ilorseuiaiiship. 

E'QUI-VALVS'D,  a.     Having  the  valves  equal,   as 

in  somo  bualves.  Dwiia. 

ER'A-TO,  n-.      [Gr.  cpaw,  to  love.] 

In  mijthol.^  one  of  the  muses  who  presiilcs  over 
lyric  poetry.  She  is  represented  a^i  L-n.wned  wit!i 
roses  and  myrtles,  holding  a  lyre  in  her  hand  j  she 
was  especially  invoked  by  lovers. 

E-REe'TlLE,  n.  Susceptible  of  erection.  Erectile 
issue,  in  nnat.,  a  tissue  formed  of  arteries  and 
veins  intonni\'L-d  with  nervous  filaments,  and  ca- 
pable of  dilatation  ;  it  is  found  iu  the  lips,  nipples, 
penis.  Ac.  Dutigllsoii. 

Eli-E-MA-€A^''SI3,  n.  [Gr.  €p^^l.o?,  alone,  and 
/cautri?,  buiHing.] 

A  giadual  oxydation  from  e.xposnro  to  air  and 
moisture;  as,  in  the  slow  decay  of  wood.   ZlcOig. 

ER-I-€A'CKOU>*,  a.  Of  tho  heath  {Erica)  family  ; 
consistiu':;  of  hoatlis. 

ER-[N-A'CEOUS,  a.     [L.]     Of  the  hedgehog  tribe. 
_  D(ttia. 

E-RO'DENT.  n.     [L.  erodo,  to  gnaw  off.] 

A  medieino  which  eats  away  extraneous  growths ; 
a  caustic.  Craig. 

E-ROS'TPvATE,  a.     [L.  e,  and  rostrmn,  beak.] 
In  hot.,  without  a  beak.  A.  Gray. 

ER-IiXT'ie,  n.  In  genl.,  any  stone  or  material  that 
has  been  borne  away  by  natural  aironcies  from  its 
original  site  ;  a  boulder.  In  tho  pK,  the  ti-rm  errat- 
ics, is  applied  espi^ciatly  to  tlie  loose  gravel  and 
stones  on  tho  earth's  surface,  including  what  is 
called  drift.  Dana. 

ER-Y-SI-PEL'A-TOID,  a  [Gr.  cpuo-tVcAay,  and  elSo?, 
resemblance.] 
Resembling  erysipelas. 

ES-elPE'-PTPE,"??.  A  pipe  for  tho  discharge  of 
steam  after  being  used  in  a  high-pressure  steam-en- 
gine. 

ES-€0-PET',  n.  [Sp.  escopeta.-]  A  carbine.  IMex- 
i..'o.] 

ES'€ROD,  11.     A  small  fresh  cod  broiled. 

Dau:  Wehstcr. 

ES'SE-NISM,  "..     Life  and  doctrine  of  tho  Essenes. 

Dfl  Qicmcei/. 

E3-0-PIIA'GE-AN,  a.     Belonging  to  the  esoidiagns. 

Dana. 

ES-O-TER'I-CISM,  h.  Esoteric  doctrine  or  principles. 

E'SOX,  rt.  [L.]  The  scientific  name  of  a  genus  of 
abdomin.-il  llshes,  inehuling  tho  pike.  Curier. 

ET-A-GERE'  (et-a-zharc'),  n.  [Fr.]  A  piece  of  fur- 
niture having  a  number  of  shelves  or  stages  one 
above  another,  for  receiving  articles  of  elegance  or 
use.  Bench  erelle. 

ETCH'ER.  71.    One  who  etches. 

E-TER-NI-Z.V'TION,  n.     A  rendering  immortal. 
Sir  W.  P.  Wood. 

E-TnER-I-FI-€A'TION,  n.  The  production  of 
ether. 

'E-TUl-OV'ie,  a.  Brlonging  to  Ethiopia;  n.  The 
lan'.;iia<;e  of  Ktliiopia.  Booth. 

£TH''NaPv-€HY,  7}.  Tho  dominion  of  an  fthnareh; 
principality  and  rule.  Wright. 


E-TliUS'tlAN,  a.     Of  or  belonging  to  Etruna. 

Craig. 

ET'UE  (f^t'wee),  n.  [Fr.]  fadd.]  A  caso  or  box  for 
small  articles,  as  needles,  juns,  *tec.       Bischerelle. 

EU-UyE'MON-lSM,  n.  [Gr.  eiJ5ai^ioi'tcr/u,6s,  happi- 
ness.] 

That  philosophy  which  makes  happiness  tho 
highest  object  of  man,  and  the  ground  (f  all  his  du- 
ties. EncT/c.  Am. 

EU'PHE-MIZE,  V.  t.  or  v.  i.  To  express  by  a  euphe- 
mism 01"  ill  (k'licato  languaije.  ('.  Klng.sleT/. 

EU-PIIOll-BI-A'CEOUS,  tC  Of  the  Euphorbia  or 
Spurge  family.  Ogilvie. 

ElT-RlT'I-e,  a.     Pertaining  to  or  consisting  of  eurito. 

Craig. 

EUS-TA'€III-AN,  a.  [add.]  The  emtarhiafi  valve 
is  a  semi-lunar,  membranous  valvo  in  the  heart,  so 
called  because  discovered  by  Eustachius. 

Du?igUson. 

EtT'TEO-PIIia,  n.  [Gr.  eu,  well,  and  Tpotli->],  nourish- 
ment.] 

Healthy  nutrition ;  a  sound  state  of  tho  body 
from  suitable  nourishment.  Craig. 

E-VAD'-I-BLE,  rt.    That  can  be  evaded. 

E-VAN-GrfiL'I€-AL,  n.  One  of  evangelical  princi- 
ples. Ogileie, 

E-VAN-GKL'I-CISM,  «.    Evangelical  principles. 

K-VA'SI-BLE.  a.    That  can  be  evaded. 

t;'V£'N-Ti;M'PER£'D,  a.     Having  a  jiacid  temper. 

£V'ER-Y,  (/.  [add.]  Ever?/  noio  and  the?i,  repeat- 
edly ;  at  intervals. 

2V'ER-Y-B0D'Y,  n.     Every  person. 

EY-I-DEN'TIAL-LY,  adv.   In  an  evidential  manner. 

South. 

EV'I-DENT-NESS,  n.     State  of  being  evident. 

E-VIS-CER-ATIOJT,  ?^.    Tho  act  of  eviscerating. 
_  Dungli'iOii. 

EY-O-LU'TION.  n.  [add.]  In  2')h7jfiioL,  the  theory 
of  generation,  in  ■wliieli  tlie  germ  is  held  to  pro-ex- 
ist in  the  parent,  and  its  parts  to  ho  developed  but 
not  actually  formed  by  the  i)rocreativo  acts. 

DmigUson. 

EV-0-LtJ'TION-IST,  n.    One  skilled  in  evolutions. 

EX-AG'GER-A-TIVE.  a.     Tending  to  exaggerate. 

EX-AL-BU'Ml-NOUS.  v.  In  lot.,  having  no  albu- 
men about  the  embryo  of  seed,  or  iiono  but  that  of 
tho  cotyledons.  JTenslow. 

EX-CfiN'TRAL,  a.     In  lot.,  out  of  the  center. 

Wright. 

EX-CHANGE'  BEO'KEE,  ii.  A  dealer  in  bills  of 
es  change. 

EX-CrTANT,  a.     Tcndinij  to  excite. 

EX-CI'TO-MO'TA-RY,  a.  Exciting  motion,  but 
without  sensation  or  volition  ;  as,  tho  e^cito-motary 
noi-vcs.  Dunglison. 

EX-€L"U'SIQN-A-R  Y,  a.    Tending  to  exclude. 

]:X-€OM-MU'KI-t'A-TOE,  n.  One  who  excommu- 
nicates. Prynne. 

EX-€OURTaER,  n.  One  who  has  ceased  to  bo  a 
courtier. 

EX-eUE'SION-IST,  n.  One  who  goes  on  an  excur- 
sion.   _  Clar/ce. 

EX-E6T-TANT,  n.     Ono  who  executes  or  performs. 

EX-£MP'LI-Fl-A-BLE,  a.  That  can  bo  exempli- 
fied. 

EX-EN'TER-A-TED,  2:>p.  and  a.  Having  the  entrails 
removed  ;  emboweled.  Chas.  ICiiigsley. 

EX-HALE',  V.  i.  To  pass  off  or  vanish;  as,  "their 
inspiration  exhaled  in  elegies."  Prescoit. 

EX-IIAL'ENT,  a.  Serving  to  exhale  or  convey  out; 
as,  exh(de7iiyCiSSQ\s,.  Dunglison. 

EX-HAL'IXG,  It.    Aet  of  breathing  forth. 

EX-O-CS'TUS,  n.  [Or.]  A  scientific  namo  given 
byLinncus,  to  a  genus  of  abdominal  fishes,  of  which 
the  common  fiying-fish  {E.  volitans)  is  one  species. 

Cnvier. 

EX'O  SKEL'E-TON,  n.  [Gr.  i^ui,  without,  and  ckcK- 
eroc,  a  dry  body.] 

In  anai..,  a  term  applied  to  the  external  bony  en- 
casement of  many  animals;  as,  of  tho  lobster.  It 
may  be  merely  horny  scales,  quills,  Ac.    Ii.  Owen. 

EX-0-TER'I-CISM,  n.  Exoteric  doctrines  or  prin- 
ciples. 

EX-PE-Di"TIOUS-NESS,  n.  Quickness;  expedi- 
tion. 

EX-PE-RI-EN'TIAL,  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  expe- 
rience^ 

EX'PI-A-TOR,  n.    One  who  makes  expiation. 

Craig. 

EX-PI-RET:^  71.  [Fr.  eu-pirt:]  A  convict  who  has 
served  ont.liis  time  of  punishment.     [Eng.] 

EX'PLA-NATE,  a.     Noting  a  spreading  or  outward 

pxtensMm,  in  a  flat  form.  A.  Gray. 

EX'PLE-TIYE-LY,  adv.  In  the  manner  of  an  ex- 
pletive. 

EX'PLI-6A-BLE-NESS,  n.    Quality  of  being  expli- 
cable. 
£X'PLI-€ATE,  «.    Evolved;  unfolded. 

Dp.  Taylor. 


EX-P0-SJ"TION,  «.  [add.]  A  pubhc  exhibition 
of  tlie  products  of  art,  industry,  &c. ;  as,  the  Paris 
expoiiition.  Dacherelle. 

EX-PUESS', -i'. /.  [add.]  To  send  by  express,  as  a 
[tackage,  &c.  [Ttds  is  a  recent  use  of  tho  word, 
which  it  were  nctter  to  avoid,  because  this  verb 
properly  denotes  to  press  07if,  declare,  or  exhihit, 
with  whicli  tho  idea  of  sending  by  exjjress  has  no 
connection. ]_ 

EX-SCRTPT'l'R-AL,  a.    Not  found  in  Scripture. 

EX-TEN'U-A-TO-RY,  a.    Tending  to  palliate. 

Wright. 

EX-TIN€'TI0N,  n.  [add.]  Tho  causing  of  a  sub- 
stance gradually  to  disa])pear  by  inixing  or  uniting 
it  with  some  other  substance ;  as  tho  exi/nctioii  of 
mercury  by  triturating  it  with  other  substances. 

Craig. 

EX'TRA-XX'IL-LA-RY,  a.  In  lot.,  growing  from 
atiove  or  below  tho  axils;  as,  an  extra-axillary 
bud.  Craig. 

EX-TRA€T'A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  extracted. 

EX-TEA€T'I-FORM,  a.  In  chcm.,  having  the  ap- 
pearance or  nature  of  an  extract. 

EX-TRA-MU'RAL,  a.  [L.  ea.-tra,  beyond,  without, 
and  7ni/r7i.f,  a  wall.] 

Without  or  beyond  tho  walls,  as  of  a  fortified 
city.  _  Ogilvie. 

EX- TREM'IST,  ii.  A  supporter  of  extreme  doctrines 
or  practice. 

EX-TR5RSE',  a.     [L.  extrorsum,  outward.] 

In  hot,  turned  outwardly  ;  as,  an  extrorse  anther. 

A.  Grati. 

EX-TRO-Yt;R'SION,  n.  [L.  ea-i/wswm,  outward,  and 
■verto,  to  turn.] 

Tho  condition  of  being  turned  wrong  side  out; 
as,  in  the  mal-formatiou  of  tho  bladder. 

_  Dunglison . 

EX-L'-VI-A-BIL'I-TY,  n.  Capability  of  shedding 
tho_skin  periodically.  Craig. 

EX-TJ'VI-ATE,  's.  i.  To  lay  aside  an  old  coat  or 
condition  as  preliminary  to  taking  a  new  one;  as, 
a  crab  eamviatefi  yearlv-  Da7ia. 

EX-U-VI-A'TION,  n.     [L.  ex7i.vi,e,  things  cast  off.] 
The  rejeetinir  or  casting  off  of  sr>mo  part;  ns,  tho 
deciduous  teeth,  or  the  shells  of  crustaceans,  tho 
skin  of  serpents,  &e.  Dunglison. 

EYE'-IN-FIRM'A-RY,  n.  A  place  for  tho  cure  of 
diseased_eyes. 

EYl'7-SHADK',  n.    A  coverincf  for  weak  eyes. 

EYE'- WASH  (i'wush),  n.     A  wash  for  diseased  eyes. 


F. 


r.\B'Rl-€ANT,  n.  [Fr.]  A  manufacturer;  awork- 
i^ng  tradesman.  iSUmiionds. 

FACE-A'GXJE,  n.  A  common  name  for  a  form  of 
neuralgia,  characterized  by  acute  lancinating  pains 
returning  at  intervals,  and  by  twinges  in  certain 
parts  of  the  face,  producing  convtdt>ivo  twitches  iu 
the  corresponding  muscles.  It  is  also  called  Tic 
doloreuiP.,,  Dunglison. 

FACE'-GUARD^  n.  A  mask  of  wiie-gauze  or  other 
materials  to  protect  tho  face  in  certain  employments; 
as,  stone-breaking,  chemical  processes.  &e. 

FACE'-PIECE  (-pccce),  n.  In  ship-huildi7ig,  a  piece 
of  wood  wrought  on  tho  fore-part  of  the  knee  of  the 
head.  Tott€7i. 

FA'Cl£S,n.  [L.]  A  term  applied  in  Natural  His- 
tory to  the  general  aspect  or  habit  of  a  species,  or 
its  habit  lor  a  particular  region.  Craig. 

Facing,  «.  [add.]  in  carpentry,  the  wooden  cov- 
ering of  the  sides  of  doors,  windows,  &c.  In  plaster- 
icork,  tho  last  layer  of  stucco  or  fine  stuff  on  walls, 
&c.  In  hydraulic  tcoi^l:%v.n  outward  layerof  some 
material  over  tho  sides  and  bottoms  of  canals,  &c. 
Eacings  of  tYoo-ps,  front  movements  of  a  line  of  men 
in  different  directions,  as  riKht.  left.  Sec.  Facings 
of  a  military  uniform,  tho  lapels,  cuffs,  collar,  &c., 
which  are  usually  of  a  different  color  from  the  rest 
of  tho  carment.  Craig. 

FAC'ING-BIliCK,  n.     Brick  used  to  face  buildings. 
Beir.^  Tech.  Diet. 

FA€-TI"TI0US-NESS,  n.  Tho  quality  of  being  fac- 
titious. Clarke. 

FAC'70R-ING,  n.  In  moth.,  the.  act  of  resolving 
into  factors.  Davies"  Math.  Diet. 

FAe'lT-L/E.  );.  pi.  [L.]  In  astr.,  a  name  given  to 
bright  or  Innunous  spots  on  the  sun's  disc,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  darker  ones  called  macuke. 

Olmsted. 

FXGG^'D  (faiid),  pp.  or  a.  Worn  or  beaten  :  as,  the 
fagged  end  of  a  rope.  Tofteu. 

2.  Compelled  to  drudge  or  to  serve  as  the  fag  of 
another.     F<tggi'd  o7tt,  utterly  worn  by  fatigue. 

FAG'GING,  ppr.  Employed  in  wearisome  drudgery; 
actin:;  as  a  fag.  Ileter. 

FA'GOPTO,  n.  [It.]  A  musical  instrument,  the 
bassoon ;  so  called  from  being  divided  into  parts 


DOVE,    WOLF,    BOOK;    RtLE,    BULL;    VI"CIOUS.— €    as    K;    G    as    J;    ffi    as   Z;    ClI    as    SIX;    THIS. 


1473 


+  See  Table  of  /Syjiomjm^, 


for  conv.^nience  of  carriago,  making  as  it  were  a 
small  I'-iilot  Muoie »  I yi-.  J/««. 

FAHU'EX-IIEIT  (lar-en-ite), ».  [Git.]  The  name 
of  tha  inventor,  iiseJ  to  designate  a  thermometer 
commonlv  used  in  America  and  England  having 
the  zero  of  its  scale  marked  at  S2  degrees  below  tbe 
freezing  point  of  water,  and  the  boiling  point  at  21i 
decrees  above.  -\'<-*f^- 

FAin-LE  VD'ER,  n.    In  naval  affairs,  a  bloci  or 
thimble  Vlace'l  'i  ""X  position  or  part  of  a  vessel, 
to  lead  ropes  through  without  increasing  the  pur- 
chase.     _  lotten. 
F.i.ir.'-PLAT,  n.    Equitable  treatment 
FAIK'-ToLD,  a.    Well  told;  ple-asing;  as,  ti fair- 
toll  story. 
F  ilE'-WAT,  n.    la  naral  affairs,  the/aiilcatj  of  a 
channel  is  the  part  of  a  river,  bay,  &c,^throug!i 
which  vessels  enter  or  depart.                      i  otten. 
FAIR' WEaTH'EK,  <i.     In  pleasant  weather;  in  cir- 
cumstances involving  but  little  exposure  or  sacri- 
fice; as,  a  A"''"-"'<'aW<''"  voyage.  Pope. 
FALL,  r.  «.■  [add.]     To  fall  among,  to  come  .among 
promiscuously  or  unexpectedly.     To  fail  about,  to 
tumble  about.     To  fall  lunne,  to  curve  inward;  in 
Ml)  carpeutry.  applied  to  the  timbers  or  upper 
parts  of  a  ships  side  which  aro  much  within  a  per- 
l)enJicular.                                                       ToUen. 


FXL'LALS,  n.  pi. 


Gay  ornaments ;  frippery. 

JTr.UitceU. 


F  VL^E'-FIRF^  n.  A.  cotilbnstible  composition  used 
Vn  vessels  of  war,  for  making  night  signals. 

Jotten. 
FALSE'-PRE-TEX'SES,  n.  pi.    In  law,  false  rcpre- 
Ventations  made  in  onlcrto  obtain  monev,  &c..  vvith  , 
intent  to  cheat  i?3«r«/- .*  Law  Llict^ 

F  VLSE'-R^IL   n     In  ships,  a  thin  piece  of  timber 

VnAle  of  a  curved  head-rail.  .      Ogihie. 

F.\LS'l-FY-ISG,  1.    The  act  of  violating  truth. 
jFA'MA  ^LA-MOSA,  n.    [L.]     A  prevailing  report ; 

a  current  scandal.  Craig. 

F  \-N  \R'I-OTE5.  n.  p-'.  A  name  denoting  those  in- 
habitants of  Constantinople  who  live  in  the  F:inner 
or  Greek  quarter  of  tbe  city.  Craig. 

FAX'CY,  a.    Adapted  to  please  the  fancy  or  taste  ; 

&s,fancij  goods,  wares,  ttc 
F.VS'CY-FAIR.  n.    A  fair  or  Siilo  of  fancy  articles, 

generally  for  some  benevolent  purpose. 
F  W'.PALM.  )-..  This  name  is  given  to  the  talitjot- 
treu  ((^orypha  umhracunfera),s.  native  of  the  East 
In.Ues.  it  sttiins  the  height  of  sixty  or  seventy 
feet  with  a  straisht  trunk  crowned  at  the  top  by  a 
tuft  of  enormous  leaves.  The  leaves  when  they  first 
appear  are  folded  together  like  a  fan,  and  nllcrwards 
spreao  open ;  they  are  usually  eiu'litcen  feet  long 
and  fooneen  wide,  and  arc  used  for  umbrellas,  tents 
coverin45  for  house.i,  books.  &c.  Tlic  other  species 
of  thegeuus  Corypha  also  have  the  popular  name 
atfan-pai.^.  lj>udon. 

FAS'-T\IL,  t  .\  name  given  to  some  kinds  of 
birds  froui  ttl-!  fan-like  shape  of  their  tails;  also  a 
form  of  gas-bm  .'er.  Sim  monds. 

FAN-TASTie-ALA  n.  pi-     A  name  given  to  per- 
sons dressed  fantastically  In  imitation  and  riaiculo 
ofsoMiers.     [-'Im.] 
F.AN'-^tlEEL,  n.    A  "-heel  used  to  pro<lnce  a  cur- 
rent of  wind. 
FARCE,  n.    [a<ld.]    Ridiculous  or  empty  show. 
F  vn'DING-DE.VL,  n.     An  old  term  for  the  fourth 
'part  of  an  acre  of  land;  farthing-dale  is  .also  used, 
l,uts<ddom.  ,.   ,  .   Cm!!7. 

F\-Rt'NA.  [add.]  This  term  is  applied  in  the  P-n- 
glish  prices-cnrrent  to  the  flour  or  meal  of  finna- 
CCOU3  substances  senerally.  Simmonds 

In  America  it  is  applied  to  the  focnla  or  st.-iTchy 
matter  of  Indian  corn,  extracted  as  an  article  of 
foo<I. 
FXS'CETS,  «.  pi.    In  glaas-mahing,  irons  thnist  in- 
to the  mouths  of  bottles  to  convey  them  tp  tie  an- 
nealing furnace ;  Mllcdalso  punty-rods  and  puntils. 
Ogilrie.    Appleton  a  Mech.  Via,. 
FAS'CI-.\TE,  a.     \h.faHcia,  a  band.] 

In  hot    ban  led  ;  compacted  together.  A.  Gray. 
FXSU'IOS-A-BLI;,  «.    a  person  of  fashion. 
FAST  a    [add.]  A/;i«<  liver,  ora/<M(m.an.  isone  who 
is  wearingout  his  property  or  his  constitiition  rapidly 
by  lavish  expenditure  or  high  living.    Tluickeray. 
FAST  adn.    [add.]     To  lltie  fa«t,\i  so  to  live  as  to 
consume  rapidly  one's  property  or  %1t.nl  powers. 
I    FAT'-UfiAIVED,  a.    Stupid ;  thick-sculled. 
'  Vlnghi. 

FATIIER  n.  [add.]  Father  conffMor,  a  priest  ia 
whom  one  eoniess-s  his  Am.—Tathem  of  the  City. 
the  al.lormen.— /"./ZA*/-  "/  the  Ilonxe,  Ihe  mem- 
ber of  a  le<^slativc  bodv  who  h:.s  .served  longest 
—Father  of  ihe  Bar,  the  oldest  barrister. 

^  Clarke. 

j    FA-TIGUE'-DRESS,  n.    The  working  dress  of  sol- 
i        dievs. 


FA-TiGL'E'-l'AR'TT,  n.    A  party  of  soldiers  on  fa- 
tigue duty.  ,  ,  ,.         , 
FiT'-LUTE,  n.    A  mixture  of  pipe-clay  and  Imseed 

oil  for  filling  aiiertuies,  joints,  &e.        Simmonds. 
F\T'TY,  a.    [add.]    Tho  fatty  membrane  or  tissue 
is  the  areolar  tissue  beneath  the  skin,  containing  the 
vesicles  in  which  fat  is  deposited.         DiingMon. 
FA-TIT'I-TOUS,  <i.    Stupid;  foolish. 
FAr-TECIL  (lo-teul.)  «.     [Fr.]      An    arm    chaiv 
usually  highly  ornamented  ;  hence,  a  seat  or  mem- 
bership in'the  French  Academy;  used  also  for  the 
chair  of  a  presiding  officer.  Bexchere/le. 

FA  r.r,  71. 2>'-  -fA  OCE^  [L.l     In  lot.,  the  mternal 

opening  of  a  m'onopetalous  flower.  Craig. 

FA'YE-6-LATE.  a.    lL.favu.%  a  honey  comb.] 

llonev  combed.  Ilemlow. 

FEAST'-bAY,  «.    A  festival  day. 
FEATU'EK,  T.  t.    [add.]    To  feather  the  oars  in 
rowiu".  is  to  bring  their  blades  into  a  horizontal  po- 
sitionas  they  rise  out  of  the  water,  so  as  to  cut  the 
wind  and  not  to  hold  it  Dibtlin. 

FfiATII'EE,  n.  [add.]  A  name  given  by  stone-cut- 
ters to  small  half-round  pieces  of  iron  used  for  split- 
ting stone  by  inserting  two  of  them  in  a  hole  and 
driving  a  wooden  wedge  between  them 

ApjilelonsJfech.  Diet. 
Fi5  VTII'ER-IXG,  «.     A  covering  with  feathers  or 
with  foliase  in  a  feather-like  manner. 

2.  Act  o'f  turning  the  blade  of  an  oar  honzont-afly 
as  it  rises  from  the  water  in  rowing. 
FEATn'ER-VEIN.BD  (-van'J),  a.    In  6w<.,  having 
the  veins  of  a  leaf  branch  ofl?(asin  feathers)  from  the 
two  sides  of  a  mid  ril) ;  pcnni-velned.     A.  Gray. 
FEATII'ER  weight  (-watc),  n.    On  the  turf,  very 

exact  weight  wliieh  a  feather  might  turn. 
FEAT'OCS-LY,J^.    [From/frt<.]    Very  dexterously. 

Beaummit  &  Fletcher. 
FEAZE  n     A  state  of  anxious  or  fretful  cTOtement; 
a  worry  a  teaze     II.illiweIl  gives /«kc  as  a  verb, 
to  worry ;  to  teaze.    It  is  more  used  in  America  as 
a  noun.  .  ,  ,      ^   , 

FED-ER-.V'TION,  n.     [add.]     A  confederated  gov- 
ernment. 
FEED'-PUMP,  11.     The  force-pump  which  supplies 

tbe  boilers  of  steam-engines  with  water.     Weale. 
FEEL'ING,  7!.  [add.]  Syinpathy,  tenderness  of  licart. 

vPpk'  }  "•     ComP^"'""'  mate.  Burns. 

FEEZE,  71.  A  state  of  anxious  or  fretful  excitement. 
See  Feaze.  ,.        , .  ,.  . 

FELL,)!,  [add.]  In  K«afjn!7,  the  lino  which  termi- 
nates a  web  in  process  of  weaving,  formed  by  the 
Last  weft  thread.  ,         Ogilvie. 

FEL'LAII,  n.    [Ar.  falah.  to  dig  or  plow.] 

A  peasant  or  cultivator  of  the  soil  among  tbe 
Egvntians,  Syrians,  &e.  IK  J/.  Thomson 

FE-L0'NI-0US-NE3S,  n.    The  quality  of  being^folo- 

FEL'OX-RY,  «.  A  body  of  felons ;  the  mass  of  con- 
victs remaining  in  New  Holland  after  their  sen- 
tence has  expired.  .,    ,,^     JTo^mtt 

FELT,  T.  t.  [add.]  To  cover  with  felt;  as,  to  Jell 
the  cylinder  of  a  steam-engine  „    ,    „.< 

Appleton's  Mech.  Diet. 

FELT'ED,  W).  or  a.     [add.]    Covered  ^yith  felt. 

Appleton  s  Mech.  Did. 

FELT'-GPvAIN,  n.  A  name  given  to  the  grain  of  split 
timber  which  is  tr.ansverse  to  the  annular  rings  or 

plates.  ,    ,     ,.Vru- 

FELT'iNG,  n.  [add.]  The  material  of  which  felt  is 
made  ;  also  felt-cloth.  ,.,-,, 

2.  The  act  of  splitting  timber  by  the  felt-gi-ain. 

Gwilt. 
FEM'I-NAL,  a.    Pertaining  to  woman  ;  female. 
FEM-I-NE'I-TT,  n.    The  quality  or  nature  of  the 

fJmale'sex.  CWeridge 

FENCE,  u.  (.  [add.]  To  fence  the  tables  m  the 
Scottish  church,  is  to  make  an  address  to  those  who 
are  seated  at  the  Lord's  Ta'.le  with  a  view  to  com- 
mune, on  the  feelings  appropriate  to  such  an  occa- 
£ion.  McCheyne. 

FENCE,  n.    [add.]     A  receiver  of  stolen  goods. 

[Eng.}     Mayhem. 
FENCE'-MONTII,  71.    In  EHgbind,o.  montli  when 
hunting  in  a  forest  is  forbidden,  because  deer  then 
fawn  Craig. 

FEN-ES-TEL'LA,  n.  [L]  In  Roman  Catholic 
churches,  the  niche  on  the  south  side  of  .an  alt.ir, 
containing  the  piscina  and  frequently  the  crc- 
(lince  Oxford  Gloss,  of  Arch. 

FEN-ES-TP..\TI0N,  n.    In  liceA.,  the  arrangement 

and  proportion  of  windows.  Weale. 

FE-NESTR.^TE,  n.    [.idd.]    In  io^., perforated  with 

large  holes,  window-like.  A.  Gray. 

FENOflSH  a.  Abounding  in  or  belonging  to  fens. 
F£R'E-fO-RY,  n.  [add.]  Proper;!/,  a  portable  bier 
or  shrine  of  wood,  gold,  &c.,  variously  adorned,  for 
containing  relics  of  saints  ;  it  w.is,  also,  sometimes 
applied  to  fixed  shrines  or  tombs  in  which  their 
bodies  were  deposited.       Oxford  Gloss,  of  Arch. 


FER-MEN-TES'CI-BLE,  71.    A  body  that  enters  in 
to  fermentation  when  in  contact  with  a  fermentini, 
or  iiutrescent  bodv. 
FEU-MENT'ING,  »i.   The  act  or  state  of  effervescing. 
FEKN'ER-V,  !!.    A  place  for  rearing  ferns. 
FEE-RA'K  A,  71.     .\  name  formerly  given  to  a  sword 
of  excellent  temper,  made  of  steel  from  Ferrara, 
Italy;  the  qualitv  of  this  weapon  most  prized  was 
manufactured  by  a  celebrated  artificer  named  An- 
drea di  Ferrara.    The  Scottish  highlanders  called  a 
claymore  of  this  kind  their  Andrew  Ferrara. 

Putnam.     Walt.  Scott. 
FER-RtJ'GO,  71.    [L.]    A  disease  of  plants  caused  by 
fun"!,  ci^inmonlv  called  the  rust,  from  resembling 
iron  rust  In  OTlof.  Gardner's  Farm.  Diet. 

FKK-TIL-I-Z.VTION,  n.  The  act  or  jirocess  of  ren- 
dering fertile.  In  but.,  the  process  by  which  the 
pollen  renders  the  ovule  fertile.  Hensloic. 

In  physiol..,  the  act  or  process  of  fecundating  the 
ovum.  Carpenter. 

FER'TIL-IZ-EE,  71.    That  which  renders  fertile  ;  as, 

to  employ  guano  .as  afertilizer.         J.  A.  Porter. 
FES'TEE.'i!.     a  sore  which  rankles  and  discharges 

corrupt  matter. 
FES-TOON'Y,  a.    Of  or  resembling  festoons. 

Sir  J.  llerschel. 
FE-T.lTION,  7!.     [L.  /«<!«.]      The    formation   of 

young  in  the  womb  ;  pregnancy.  Diinglison. 

FETCH,  71.    The  apparition  of  a  living  person. 

Wright's  Proi:  Diet. 
FE'TI-CIDE,  7!.     [L.  fetus,  and  ca'do.  to  kill.] 

The  act  or  process  of  killing  the  fetus  in  the  womb. 
Dunglison. 
FETISH.    See  Fetich. 

FET'WAH,  71.  [Ar.]  A  written  decision  of  the  Turk- 
ish mul'tionsomcpolntof  law,  orastoitsexecution.    , 

ITeyse. 
FEC''AR,  71.    In  .S<;-o««7!(?,  one  who  holds  real  estate 
on  condition  of  paying  a  certain  rent  or  duty  to  his 
superior.  """"•  *'^''«- 

FEl-F'DAL-IST,  71.     An  upholder  of  feud.allsm. 
FEtJ'DA-EY,  !i.    A  tenant  who  holds  his  lands  by 
feudal  service.  Clarke. 

Also,  formerly,  an  officer  of  the  Court  of  W.ards, 
now  abidished.  ,        Craig. 

FEU'DA-TO-EY,   a.     Held  from  another  on  some 

conditional  tenme  ;  as,  a/V!ir/oto!7/ title 
FEVILLE-TOK  (feu'ie-ton),   ii.     [Fr.]     Part  of  a 
French  newspa[ier  (visually  towaril  the  bottom  of 
the    nage),   devoted  to  light  literature,  criticism, 
tasted  Bescherelle. 

FE'VER^D  (B'verd),  a.    Affected  by  fever ;  as./«- 

n,ered  lips.  ,      ,  Tliackeray. 

FEZ   7!      [Turk.]     A  red  cap  without  a  brim,  worn 

bv'Tilrks,  etc.  Bayard  Taylor. 

FI-'BEIL'LA-TED,  a.  Furni.shed  with  fibers ;  fringed. 

C'«rpe7ifer. 
FI-BEIL-LA'TION,  7!.    State  of  being  reduced  to 

fibers  Carpenter. 

FI'BEO-€AE'TI-LAGE,  7!.  A  union  of  fibrous  tis- 
sue with  ordinary  cartilage,  so  that  the  substance  is 
both  fibrous  and  cartilaginous.  Carpenter. 

FI'BRO-€AE-TI-L.\G'I-NOUS.    a.      Consislins  of 
fibrous  cartilage,  or  being  both  fibrous  and  cartilag- 
inous in  texture.  , 
FI'BEOUS-NESS.  7!.    The  quality  of  being  fibrous. 
FlB'STER  71.    One  who  tells  fibs.         Thackeray. 
FI-DAL'GO,  7!.     In  Portugal,  a  nobleman,  or  one 

royally  descended.  ^  ^  ,  ,T"Fl'\ 

FID'DLE  !i.     [.add.]     ro/>?nys€Co7t<J/fM/c  to  take 
a  subordinate  part  like  one  who  plays  the  wcond 
to  a  leading  performer  on  the  viohn.     {Coll.\ 
FIDDLE-TIEAD.  !i.    An  ornament  on  a  ship's  bow, 

curved  like  the  bead  of  a  fiddle  Marryatt. 

FlD'DLF.-SlI.lP£'D,    a.    In   hoi.,  inversely  ovate, 

with  a  deep  hollow  on  each  side.  A.  '>™y- 

FiD'DLEE,  7!,     [add.]     In   the   Vnited  States,  the 
popular  name  of  a  sm.all  crab,  having  one  large  claw 
and  one  very  small  one. 
FIDG'ET    7t      /•,V7(7e^',  In  pntto/.,  a  general  nervous 
restlessness,  with  a  desire  of  changing  the  position. 

Dunglison. 


FTDG'ET-I-NESS,  71.  State  or  quality  of  belni;  fiilgety. 
FIDG'ET-ING,  71.    Frequent  change  of  position  Irom 

restlessness.  ,        „    .*■ 

FIDG'ET-ING,   a.     Noting  a    frequent  change  ot 

position;  restless.  .^     -^""Mn'-fl^ 

FIELD'-EQ'UI-PAGE    (-ek'we-paje),  n.      Military 

apparatus  for  field  service.  ,         »  ■ 

FlELD'ER,  n.    A  cricket-player  who  stands  out  m 

the  field  to  stop  balls.  ,    ,,      ^      .  ,    ♦ 

FIKLD'ING  71.    The  act  of  stopping  balls  at  ericket 
FlEND'lSIl-LY,  adv.     In  a  fiendish  m.anner. 
FI'ER-Y-FOOT'ED,  a.    Eager  or  swift  in  motion , 

as,"/iery,rootedstccA!<."       .  Shakes. 

FIF'iNG,  n.     The  act  of  playing  on  a  fife 
FlG  7t     [add.]     A  term  of  contempt;  as.  not  to  care 

arfff-  also,  an  excrewnce  on  tbe  frog  of  a  horse  s 

foot  resulting  from  a  bruise.  Craig. 

FiCyC-L.i-TED,  a.    Same  as  Fioulite. 


■-.  E,  ^c,  ^.,t..-,x,  E^^c7^;j^ARE;jij;;^^ 


t  See  Table  of  Synonyms. 


1479 


,  «.     Ih.Jiliiinentit,  littlo  tlireaJ, 


FIKK.     Spo  Fyke 
FlL'A-MENT-OIU, 
anil  eWos.  l'"nii  ] 
Filamont-likc.  ^,       , , 

FI'LAU,  a.    [L./iliim,  a  threnil.]  »      »   , 

or  or  neitiining  to  a  thread  or  line  ;  constructed 
with  a  thread  or  threads  ;  as,  ajllar  micromoter. 
FiL'I-€VL  n.     Belonaina  to  the^jc'««  or  ferns. 
FI-LIF'FR-OUS,  a.     [h.Jilum,  a  thread,  andfero,  to 

'"p'oduL,  threads.  ^    .     Carpenter 

FIL'I-GEEE,'  a.     Kclating  to  worli  in  filigree  ;  as,  a 

jilifjree  basket. 
FIL'LHT-ING,  n.    The   material  of  fillets;    fillets 

t:d;en  collectively. 
FiL'LI-BtS'TEE,  n,   {-?T.flihvMer.-\    A  rame  piveii 
to  mere  lawless  adventurers,  either    on  .«ea  or  land, 
banded  together  for  predatory  excursions. 
FlL'LI-BUS'TEIi-lNG,  ».     The  act  of  making  luint- 

ical  expeditions.  .   .      ^       «„  >      . 

FIL'LI-BIJS'TEIMNG,  a.   Pertaining  to  afi'.libnster. 
FlL'LI-RtTS'TER-ISM,  )i.  The  character  or  conduct 

ofa  fillihuster. 
FIL'TER-ING-PA.'PEn,  n.     A  porous  unsized  pa- 
nel-, free  from  impurities,  used  for  filterina. 
*     '  Francis. 

FIM'BRI-A-TED,  a.    [add.]   In  hot.  and  conchology, 

h'aving  tlie  bonier  frlnse-like.  Dana. 

FlM'Bi;i-€ATE,  a.    Fringed  ;  jagged. 
FT-NXL'I-TT    n.     fadd.]     A   fln.al  an-angemcnt  or 

smlement.  '  0.  W.  Uolme.,. 

FI-NXN'CIAL-IST,  ».     One  skilled  in  financual  mat- 


i.    Tho  common  name  of  a  kind  of 
whale,  so  called  from  a  fin  on  tho 


FIN'-B-\CK 
FiN'NEli, 

back.  L      ^     f 

FiNCIIfi'D  (fincht),  a.     Having  a  spot  or  streak  ot 

wliite,  applied  to  cattle.     Onnlntr'^  Farm.  Diet. 
FIND,  ('.  i.    To  learn  by  inquiry  or  observation ;  as, 
lV«'f' iieisnot  at  home. 

2   To  determine  anil  declare  by  verdict;  as,  the 

niryfiiid  tliat  the  prisoner  is  not  guilty. 

FINE'-DEAWN,  pp.  and  a.     Dr.awn  together  very 

nicely.  as"a  rent ;  drawn  out  with  too  much  sub- 

tilty  ;  ai^,  fine-drawn  speculations. 

rINE'-DRi5S3/?D    (drest),    «.      Nicely    or    closely 

dressed,  as  cloth. 
FINE'-EDGfi'D  (-eid),  a.     Having  a  fine  edge. 
FI-NEER',  V.  i.    To  run  in  debt  by  getting  goods 
made  up  in  a  way  unsuitable  for  others,  and  then 
threatening  not  to  take  them  except  on  credit. 

Goldsmith. 
FIXE'  STUFF,  n.     The  second  eo.it  of  plaster  for  the 
walls  of  a  room,  made  otflnely  sifted  lime  with  sand 
and  hair.  .,^  f?"'"- 

FIN<"GER-ER,  ».    One  who  fingers;  a  pdferer. 
FIN"'GER-PLA.TE,  n.     A  strip  of  metal  or  porce- 
lain on  the  edge  of  a  door  to  prevent  flnger-m.arks. 

Simmonds. 
FIN«'EE-STALL,  n.     A  cot  of  leather,  &c.,  worn  by 
workmen  as' a  protection  for  tho  finger. 

FIN-I-€XL'I-TT,  ».    State  of  being  finical;  a  finical 

thing.  Ol/llrie. 

FlN'I'*II-ING,  n.  Noting  that  which  gives  the  high- 
est finish  or  perfection  ;  as,  the  finishino  U<»'-^\  or 
stroke;  a^nM/«"(/ school.  clar/.e. 

FIRE,  «.     [add.]     Tho  discharge  of  fire-arms;  as,  the 

troops  were  exposed  to  a  hcavy^ce. 
FtRE'-AEM  n.    A  weapon  which  acts  by  tho  force 

of  gun-iiowdor.  ^iU'^  Tech.  Diet. 

FTRE'-CARS,  -n.  The  bars  on  which  the  fuel  rests 
in  the  fire-box  or  furnace  of  ,i  steam-engine. 

Apptetoiis  Mech.  Diet. 
FIRE'-BOX,  n.    The  furnace  of  a  locomotive. 

Appleton^s  Meeh.  Diet. 
FIRE'-BRIDijE,  n.    A  partition  in  furnaces  over 
which  the  flame,  &e.,  passes  to  the  flues. 

Appteton'.^  Meeh.  Diet. 
FIRE'-BRIG-.VDE',  n.     An  orcranized  body  of  fire- 
men, especially  a  corps  in  London,  composed  of  men 
who'are  paid  by  Fire  Insurance  Offices. 

TomUiinnn. 
FIRE'FXNGSD  (rangdl,  n.    [From ./?«■,  and./;/ji;7,  a 
seizin".]     A  term  appled  to  manure  or  compo  t  in 
■which  heat  is  generated  so  .as  to  dry  up  and  de- 
stroy its  fertilizing  qualities. 

Gardners  Farm.  Enei/e. 
FTRE'FXNG-ING,  n.     State  of  being  firefanged. 
FTUE'-POLT-CT.  v.     The  writing  or  instrument  liy 
which  insurers  engage  to  pay  the  insured  for  a  loss 
sustained  bv  fli-e.    '  Simmoiuh. 

F1RF/-S€REEN,  71.      Amovablescreen  to  intercept 
the'lightor  beat  ofthe  fire.  .     Cki'l-e. 

2  In  naval  a  fairs,  a  screen  of  baize  or  fl.anncl 
placed  in  the  passage  way  from  tho  powder  maga- 
zine whenever  this  is  opened.  Jotten. 


FIPE'-SET  n  A  set  of  fire-irons,  including  com- 
nioniy  tongs,  sliovel  and  poker.  .'iimmoiids. 

FIEE'-TEl'E-GKAPII,  n.  A  telegraph  used  to  c.m- 
vey  intelligence  of  fire  to  diiTerent  parts  of  a  city. 

FIRE-UP',  «•  »■  To  kindle  the  fires  ot  a  steam-en- 
gine, &c.    lAm.:\  ,     »  .  . 

FIRST  n  In  musie.  tho  upper  part  of  a  duet,  trio, 
&c  either  vocal  or  instrumental;  so  called  because 
it  i'enerallv  exliresses  the  air  and  h.as  a  preeminence 
in  the  combined  effect.         Moore's  Encye.  J/«.9. 

FiRST'-€LASS  a.  Being  of  tlie  highest  rank  or  the 
best  qnalitv,  &c. ;  as,  ajirst-class  telescope. 

FiEST'-DAT.  71 .  The  name  given  to  Sunday  by  the 
Society  of  Frieuds. 

FtRST'-nXND  a.  Directly  from  the  producer  or 
wholesale  dealer.  ^  Si,n,nonds. 

FISH.  1".  t.     [add.]    To  try  -with  a  fishing-rod ;  as,  to 

fish'a  stream.  Tliaekeray. 

FISH'-BEAM,  n.    In  mech.,  a  beam  one  of  whoso 

1      sides  (commonly  the  under  one)  swells  out  like  the 

I      belly  ofa  fi.sh.  Francis. 

FISII'-BEL'LIED  (bel'lid),  <i.  Swelled  out  down- 
ward ;  as,  aflsh-bdUed  rail. 

'  AppUton  s  Ueeh.  Diet. 

FI3II'-DAT,  71.    A  day  on  which  fish  is  eaten;  a 

fast-day.  »,       . , 

Fisn'-OVRTH  71  A  dam  or  enclosure  on  tho  sines 
of  rivers  for  preserving  fishes  or  taking  thein  easily. 

FISH'I-NESS,  71.    The  state  of  being  fishy. 
FISII'ING-FLY,  71.     An  artificial  fly  for  Ashing. 
FISII'ING-ROD.  71.    A  long,  slender  rod  to  which 

the  line  is  attached  in  fishing. 
FISII'ING-TACK'LE  (-tak'kl),  n.     The  lines,  mil, 

&c,  used  in  fishing. 
FISH'-SLICE,  71.    See  Fisn-TuowEi,. 
FISII-TXCK'LE,  71.     A  tackle  lor  raising  an  anchor 

to  the  gunwale  ofa  ship.  ^f!""- 

FIS1I'-T\1L  <7.  or  71.  Term  applied  to  a  kinrl  ot 
cas-burner  which  gives  out  a  llame  sh.aped  like  a 
flsh-s  tail.  ,    ^     .     ,.   .  ^""f'"'*- 

FIS'SION  (fish'un),  71.    [L./mo,  division.] 

In  Bhi/s.,  a  sub-dividing  into  two  parts  from  the 
nrom-ess  of  natural  growth ;  as,  when  a  cell  in  an 
.aniinal  or  plant,  or  its  germ,  undergoes  a  spontantwus 
division  and  the  parts  again  sub-divide  ;  so  also  when 
an  animalcule  or  polyp  divides  in  an  analogous 
manner  into  two  parts.  JJaiia. 

FIS  SIP-iE'-I-TY,  7!.     The  same  as  fissiparism. 

Dana. 
FIS-TO-LA'EI- A,  ».      n..Jisttda,  a  pipe  or  tube] 
Tho  name  given  by  Linn.-Bus  to  a  K.-niis  of  acan- 
thopterygious  fishes,  characterized  by  having  the 
head  prolonced  into  a  slender  tube  with  the  inoutli 
at  t!v  extremity.  „„       ,.,' '"'"^'■■, 

FIST'U-LOSE,  a.    [L.>*rfff.]    Hollow, liko^n reed; 

FiTCl'l  7i'    [Contraction  of  i^i7c7irf.]    A  name  given 

l.v  furriers  to  the  fur  of  the  pole-cat.    Simmomls. 

FiT'TFE    71      [add.]     A  coal-broker  who  conducts 

the  sales  between  the  owner  of  a  coaVpit  and  the 

shipper  of  coals.     [En(;.]  Simmonds. 

FIT'TING-OUT,  )  7i.    A  supply  of  things  necessary ; 

FlT'TING-t?P,    !    equipments,  a.  Providing  things 

necessarv  or  .appropriate. 
FIT'TINGS,  71./)?.    The  fixtures  necessary  to  car.j 
on  some  business,  or  tho  apparatus  for  making  use 
of  something;  n.s  shop-Jittlngs,  gas-flttings,  &o. 

Simmonds. 
FITZ  n     [add.l    A  surname  given  in  England  gen- 
cral'ly  to  the  illegitimate  sons  of  kings  and  prmces 
ofthe  blood  ;  as,  Fitz-roy,  tho  son  of  the  kinc,  1  itz- 
cl  irence,  tho  son  of  tho  Duke  of  Clarence.  Cratg. 
FlVES-COUET,  71.     A  place  for  pKaying  fives. 
FiX'.V-TiVE,  71.     That  which  serves  to  set  or  fix 

colors;  as,  a  mordant.  ,.    ,  . 

FIZ'ZLE  7>.  7.    [add.]     To  fizzle  out,  applied  in  con- 
tcmiit  to  a  person  or  thinl'  when  much  is  promised 
and  little  or  nothing  is  nccompUsheil.       Bartlett. 
FiZ'ZLE,  71.     A  failure  or  abortive  effort 
FI  .\G'-BEAR'EE,  II.    One  who  carries  a  flag. 
Fl\-GEL'LATE.         l".     \h.Jlagelhtm,s.n\nn^'\ 
FIA-^ELtl-FOEM,  f     Long,  narrow  and  fiexible 

like  the  thong  of  a  whip.  ^-  Gray. 

FL;tG'-FE  VTII'EE,  7l.    A  feather  of  a  bird's  wing, 

next  the  body.  ,        .       ,       Dooth. 

FLAG'-MXN,  71.    One  who  makes  signals  with  Hags. 
FLXG'-STAFF,  71.    A  pole  or  staff  on  which  a  flag  is 

hung.  .      .,.^  ,., 

FLVIL  71     [add.]     An  .ancient  military  weapon  like 

the  common  flail,  having  tho  striking  mrt  armed 

with  rows  of  splices.  ^^    lair/iolt. 

FLAM-BOTAXT  (-boa-vanf),  a.     [Fr.]     In  arch.. 

Noting  a  jieculi.ar  ornamental  style,  having  wavy. 


FL.\NG£'D  (fl.anjil),  a.     Having  a  flange  or  flanges ; 

as,  a  flanged  wheel. 
FL-^vNGE'-IOINT,  7i.  Ajoint  in  piiies,  &c,  made  by 

two  flanges  bolted  together. 
FLiNGE'-EAIL,  71.     A  rail  having  on  one  side  an 
elevated  edge  or  Jlange  to  keep  wheels,  &c..  from 
running  off.  ,  ^  Toml.nson 

FLANK,  II.     [add.]    The  straight  part  of  the  tooth  of 

a  wheJl  which  receives  the  impulse.        Francis. 

FLANK'EES.  n.   pi.     Troops  (especially  cavalry) 

moving  on  the  flanks  of  an  army  to  guard  against 

attacks.  ,       .   .         Iraig. 

FL.ANKS,  71.  pi.    A  wrench  or  other  injury  sustained 

by  a  horse  in  the  back.  Craig. 

FLARE'-UP,  i>.  i.    To  be  suddenly  very  nngr.v. 

Tltackeray. 
FLASH,  71.  [add.]     A  reservoir  and  sluiceway  placed 
on  the  side  of  a  navigable  stream,  just  .above  a  slioal, 
with  a  view  to  pour  in  water  as  boats  pass,  and  thus 
bear  them  over  tho  shoal.  Craig. 

FL.\Sn,  a.    Low  and  vulgar;  as,.;?o8.'i  language. 
FLASH'-IIOUSE,  n.     A  liouse  frequented  by  thieves, 
&c,  where  stolen  goods  are  received. 

'  Police  Reports. 

FLASII'ING,  71.  A  sudden  bursting  forth  of  lisht&c. 
2.  Theereationof  an  artiflcial  flood  by  the  sudden 
pouring  in  of  water. 
FL  V3K,  71.     [add.]     In  founding,  a  name  given  to 
the  casting-box  for  containing  the  sand-mold. 

Appletons  Meeh.  Diet, 
a.      Firm-footed ;    determined. 


\a.    Notingfl.atnes3ofhe.ad;  the 
J     name  given  to  a  tribe  of  Am- 

PameasFLATLOxo;  "he struck 
Walt.  Scott. 
out  of  metal 


flame-like  tracery  in  the  windows,  panels, ^,fec.^ 


Oxford,  Gloss,  of  Arch. 
FLAME'LET,  n.    A  small  flame  ;  as,  "  the  flameUts 
flai.ped  and  flickered."  Longfellow. 


FLAT'-F(30T'ED, 
\Coll.  in  Am.} 

FL.lT'-IlEAD, 

FL.\T'-IIEAD  ED, 
erican  Indians. 

FLAT'LINGS,  adv 
me  fiatUngs.^' 

FLAT'TING,  71.    [add.]    The  rollini 
into  sheets  by  cylindrical  pressure. 

FL.AT'TING  mill,  71.     A  mill  for  rolling  out  metal 
into  sheets  by  cylindrical  pressure. 

Beits  Tech.  Diet. 

FL\.-VES'CENT,«.  [L]  Turningyellow;  yellowish. 

A.  Gray. 

FLAX'-WENCH,  71.  A  female  who  spins ;  a  prosti- 
*.,  f ,  Shakes. 

FLE\'71.  [add.]  To  have  a  flea  hi  the  ear,  is  to 
fail  in  some  scheme  in  a  way  to  throw  lidicule  on 
the  nerson  attempting  it. 

FLEUIIE  (flesh),  71.  [Fr.]  In  ./oi-<.,  a  flcldwoik  usu- 
ally at  the  foot  of  a  glacis,  consisting  of  two  laces 
forming  a  salient  angle  pointing  outward  fiein  the 
position  taken.  Camphells  Mil.  Diet. 

FLECK'LESS,  n.     Without  spot  or  blame. 

7>7l717/.i'071. 

FLEECE'-WOOL,  7t.     'Wool  shorn  from  the  bheep. 
•  •  £ooth. 

FLEECING,  71.     Tho   act   of   stripping  a  persiin  of 

money  hv  trickery.  "  '  'f'"- 

FLEET  7i"t  Among  seamen,  to  change  the  position 
ofa  tackle  by  drawing  asunder  the  blmks.  'Jotten. 
FLEET  n.  The  name  given  to  a  former  prison  in 
London ;  so  called  from  a  stream,  the  Fleet  (now 
filled  up),  on  wliich  it  stood.  Fleet-parson,  a  name 
given  to  clergymen  of  low  character,  in  the  vicinity 
ofthe  Fleet-prison,  who  formerly  united  persons  m 
marriage  at  .any  time  of  d.ay  or  night,  without  pub- 
lic notice  or  witnesses,  and  without  consent  ol 
iiarents.  Fleet-marriage,  a  marriage  by  a  ileet- 
narson,  gener.allv  sudden  and  clandestine. 
'  "=  ■        Knights  Pictorial  London. 

FLEET'-FOOT'ED,  a.  Swift  of  foot 
FLE1:T'-'\VING£'D,  n.  Swift  of  wing. 
FLESH,  7'.*.    [add.]     Toflesh  a  maiden  sicora, isio 

use  one's  .sword  for  the  first  time  in  battle. 
FLESII'FUL,  a.     Abounding  m  flesh  ;  fat 
FLESH'IS'G,  71.     A  thin  covering  to  imitate  skin, 

worn  by  actors  an  1  dancers.  Clarke. 

FLESll'LT-MlND'ED,  a.    Disposed  toward  sensual 

FIP^Ti'-TTNTS,  71.    pi.      In   painting,  the  colors 

wiii.li  b.  St  represent  the  human  body.  FairlaiH. 
FL''^'Sir-W,')l:M.  71.  A  worm  that  feeds  on  flesh. 
FLESir-WOUND  (-woond  or  wound),  7i.    A  wound 

not  reaching  beyond  the  flesh  ;  not  deep. 
FLI-BtJS'TIEE.     See  FiLLinrSTKR. 
FLICK  1'.  t.    To  flap  or  remove  by  flapping;  as,  to 

fiiek  the  dirt  from  boots.  Thackeray. 

FLIM'ST,  7!,.    Thill  or  tr.insfer  paper  ;  henc^e.  a  cant 

n.ame  for  a  banlc  note.     lEng.\  Clarke. 

FLING,  V.  i.     [add.]    To  rush  away  angi-ily  ;  as,  ho 

ftnna  out  of  the  house  in  a  rage. 
FLINT'I-NESS  71.    State  or  qu.ahtv  of  beinsr  liinty , 

hardness-  cnielty.  Beaumont  &  Fletcher. 

FLINT'  si'ONE,  71.    A  siliceous  stone  of  tlie  nature 

f  (1  i  Tit  Jtlt'tO^l- 

FIIP'-FLAP  71      The  repeated  stroke  of  something 

long  and  loose.'  ,     . '^"'"HZri 

FLiET'ING,  71.  A  quick  motion;  a  playing  at  court- 
1     ship.  (.lari.e. 


DOVE,  -WOLF,  B0(3K;  KtLE,  BULL;  Vi"CIOUS.-e  as  K;  G  as  J;  S  as  Z;  gH  asSH;  THIS. 


ueo 


t  See  TaUc  of  Synonyms. 


FLOaT'-€ASE,  «.  A  contrivance  forelevatins;  bod- 
ies bv  the  upward  pressure  of  water  under  ao  air- 
tight metallic  case  moving  in  a  well  or  shaft. 

Jle<rhanic«'  Jottrnal. 
FLSaT'ED  work,  n.    Plastering  made  level  by  a 

mason's  float.  GtcUt. 

FLOAT'ER,  Tt.     [add.]     A  contrivance  for  intlicalin-; 
the  height  of  level  of  a  fluid  in  a  vessel,  wbnse  depth 
we  cannot  at  the  time  directly  examine,  by  means 
of  a  body  floating  in  the  fluid,  and  beariug  :in  iudex. 
_  Xickol. 

FLOAT'IXG,  n.  The  act  of  being  conveyed  by  a 
stream  or  current.  In  agr-ic.^  the  overflowing  of 
meadows.  Craig. 

FLOC'CU^E,  \a.     {L.  floccus.'l    Marked  or  spotted 
FLOCK'Y,       1     ^th  small  tafls  like  wool. 

Wright 
2.  In  &o#.,  noting  the  failing  off  of  dense  hairy  pu- 
bescence in  little  tufts.  JUns/mc. 
FI.0€-€03E'LY,  adv.    In  a  floocoso  or  tufted  man- 
ner. Wright. 
FLOe'erS,  «.     [L.]    la  eool,  the  tuft  of  hair  termi- 
nating the  tail  of  mammals ;  a  fiber  of  wool. 

Cniig. 
FLOCK'-MASTEB,  ft.     In  Eng.,  an  owner  or  over- 

se.^r  of  flocks.  Simmonds. 

FLOCKS,  «.  pi.  A  commercial  name  for  the  refuse 
or  waste  of  cotton  or  wool,  which  is  used  for  stulfing 
mattresses,  chairs,  &c.  ^iinjtwnds. 

FLOOR,  «.  [add.]  To  get  the  floor,  to  obtain  the 
risht  of  speaking  In  a  public  assembly.  [.Im.]  The 
English  say,  ''to  be  in  possession  uf  the  House." 

BaHUtt. 
FL50R'-H£ADS,  n.  pi.    The  upper  extremities  of 

the  floor-timbers  of  a  vessel.       Beira  Tech.  Diet 
FL*^P'PT,  a.     Having  a  tendencv  to  flop;  as,  their 

caps  were  large  and  floppy.     [^ng.'\ 
FLO-RES'CENT,  <t.     Expanding  into  flowers. 
FLO'Ul-X-TED.    n.     In   arch.,  having  florid  orna- 
ments ;  as^floriate<f  capitals  of  Gothic  pillars. 
FLO-Rl-et'LT'TR-AL,  ci.  Pcrtaiaing  to  the  cultiva- 
tion of  flowerins  phmts. 
FLO-RI-etJLT'TRE,  n.     [L.flo8,  and  culture^  cult- 
ure.] 
The  cultivation  of  fiowcrins  plants.        Clarke. 
FLO-Rl-eCLTTR-IST.  n.    One  who  is  interested  in 

the  cultivation  of  flowers. 
FLORT-KEN,   n.    A  fine  species  of  bustard  (Oti^ 

aurit^t.)  Imp.  Add. 

FL^isST,  a.    Of  or  pertaining  to  floss. 
FLCVTANT,  rt.    In  heraldry,  notin?  any  thing  flying 
or  streaming  in  the  air ;  as,  a  tanner^o^-«7j<. 

Craig. 
FLO-TATION.  n.     [add.]    The  doctrine  of  floating 
b'ldie*.  Oailrie. 

2.  The  state  of  a  floating  body.     Line  o/flofutian, 
the  line  marked  by  the  surface  of  a  fluid  on  flo.iling 
bo^lies. 
FLOCRISH,  n.     [add.]     A  bold  and  ostentatious  or 
showy  movement ;  as,  he  made  a  grentflotirij^h. 

JfntcH-erfn/. 
2.  A  snccession  of  musical  notes  in  an  ostentatious 
or  showy  manni^r;  as,  nflourijih  of  trumpets. 
FLOl'R'Y,  a.     Of  or  like  flour. 
FLO\V'a6E,  n.     An  overflowing  with  water;  tho 

water  which  thus  overflows.  Ogilvie. 

FLOWKR-HE  AT),  n.  In  hot.,  that  mode  of  flower- 
in?  in  which  all  the  flowers  are  sessile  on  their  rc- 
ce[)t;icle,  as  in  the  case  of  the  daisy.  Craig. 

FLOWER-IXG-FfiRN.  n.  A  variety  of  fern  {Oa- 
mnnda  regnlis  of  Linn.)  growing  in  Dogey  and  wet 
places.  -A.  Gray. 

FLOWER-PIECE,  n.    A  picture  of  flowers. 

Clarke. 
FLt?€'€.\N,  n.    The  soflonefl  rock  which  often  forms 
the  walls  of  metallic  veins;  spelt  also  Flukkan. 

Wfule. 
FLUC-TlF'ER-OUS,  a.  [L.^^«^^^^,  a  wave,  and/^ro, 
to  produce.] 
Tending  to  produce  waves.  Wright. 

FLC'FF,  n.    The  nap  or  down  of  any  thing,  the  same 

as^«<.  Wright. 

FLt'FFT,  a.  Soft  and  downy;  as,  "the  carpets  were 

flufy.''  Tliackeray. 

FLt'lD-TZE,  V.  t.    To  render  fluid. 
FLCKES.  n.  pi     The  point-?  of  a  whale's  tail,  so 
called  from  their  resembling  the  arms  of  an  anchor. 
FLtT'KY,  a.     Formed  like  or  having  a  fluke. 
FLCME,  n.     r.add.]    An  artiflcia!  channel  of  water 

for  gold  washing.  Iforciit. 

FLCNK,  m.  i.  To  fail,  as  on  a  lesson;  to  back  out, 
ad  from  an  undertaking  through  fear.     [,-Im.] 

Bartlett. 
FLt'NK.  n.     A  failure  or  backing  ont     [^m.] 
FLCNKTIY-DOM,  n.  The  place  or  redon  of  flunkies. 

C.  Kinqtley. 
FLf'NK'EY-ISM,  n.    The  character  or  quality  of  a 
flimky.  Thackeray. 


FLU-O-RES'CENCE,  n.  That  property  which  some 
trau:>pareiit  bodies  have,  of  producing  surface  re- 
fli.H'tions  of  light  different  in  color  from  the  color  of 
the  muss  of  the  material;  as  when  red  crystals  ofa 
salt  of  platinum  afford  green  metallic  reflections; 
or  green  cryst.ils  of  fluor  spar,  blue  reflections;  or 
a  coliirless  suluiion  of  sulphate  of  quinine  in  dilute 
sulphuric  acid,  a  fine  blue.  It  is  duo  not  to  the 
dift'erence  in  the  color  of  a  distinct  surface  layer, 
but  to  the  power  which  the  siibstiince  has  at  its 
surface  of  modifying  the  lisht  iueideut  upon  it. 

Siofcea. 

FLU-O-RES'CENT,  a.  Having  tho  property  of  fluo- 
rescence. 

FLVOR-OID,  71.  [From  flum\  and  elfio?,  apfiear- 
ance.] 

A  kind  of  solid  (being  a  common  form  of  floor 
spar)  contained  un<ler  24  equal  triangles;  :md  re- 
sembling a  cube  with  a  low  four-sided  pyramid  in 
place  of  each  of  its  faces.  Dana. 

FLtT'OR-OUS,  «.  Obtained  from  or  pertaining  to 
fluor.  Brande. 

FLtT'OR-A-TED,  a.    Combined  with  fluoric  acid. 

Craig. 

FLUSH,  v.  t.  [add.]  To  wash  or  cleanse  with  wa- 
ter thrown  on  plentifully;  as,  to  flush  a  sewer,  or 
a  house-front.  Joinlinaon. — To  flii-ih  game,  is  to 
start  it  up  suddenly  so  as  to  give  the  opportunity 
of_shooting.  77iackeray. 

FLX'SH.  71.  [add.]  A  jot  or  stream  of  water  thrown 
suddenly  on  for  cleansing  purposes. 

FLVSH-ffD  (fldsht),  pp.  or  a.  [add.]  Cleansed  by  a 
jet  of  water. 

FLL'SH'ING,  n.  Tho  act  of  letting  on  water  to 
cli^anse.  Tom/in.son. 

FLLTTER,  v.  t.  [add.]  To  vibrato  or  move  quick- 
ly ;  as,  a  birdfluuers  its  wings.  Ogilvie. 

FL^'VI-O-Ma'-RINE',  a.  In  geol.,  noting  the  Joint 
action  of  a  river  and  the  bea,  as  in  Iho  deposits 
formed  at  the  mouths  of  rivers.  Dana. 

FLY,  r.  /.  [add.]  In  the  language  of  fiea men  thii: 
wind  is  saia  to  fly  ahnut  when  it  changes  frequent- 
ly in  a  short  time. —  To  fly  round,  is  a  ccdlo(|uial 
expression  for  to  move  about  in  haste.      Ogilrif. 

FLT,  n.  [add.]  That  part  ofa  printing-press  which 
throws  off  the  sheets  as  printed. 

Appleton'a  Mecli.  Diet. 
2.  A  hook  dressed  with  silk,  wuolen,  «.tc.,  in  imi- 
tation of  a  llv,  used  for  fishing;  as,  "the  fur-wrought 
flyy  '  Gay. 

8.  That  part  of  a  compass  on  which  the  points 
are  marked.  Totten. 

FLT'-BOOK,  71.  A  case  for  fishing  flies,  in  the  form 
ofa  boot.  C.  Kingsley. 

FLY'MAN,  7J.  The  driver  of  n  fly  or  light  carriage 
for  conveving  passenscrs.  MelriUf. 

FLY'ING  €6L'0R$,  71.  pi.  To  come  off  with./?y- 
ing  colors,  is  to  be  successful  or  triumphant. 

Craig. 

FLY'rNG-BUTCn'M.\N,  n.  The  name  given  by 
sailors  to  a  phantom  ship,  supposed  to  cruise  in 
storms  off  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  Tho  origin  of 
the  superstition  is  probably  the  image  of  some  ship 
out  of  siiiht,  reflected  from  clouds.     Wash.  Irving. 

FLT'ING— JIB,  n.  A  sail  extended  outside  of  tho 
standins-jib.  on  tho  f!t/ing-}ih  hoom.  Totten. 

FLY'ING-SHr>T.  7?.  "  A  shot  fired  at  somethint;  in 
mj;)tion.  as  a  bird  on  the  wing;  one  who  fires  thus. 

FLV'-LSAF,  n.  A  name  given  to  the  blank  leaf 
preceding  or  following  the  printed  matter  in  a  book. 

FO,  «.    The  Chinese  name  of  Buddha. 

S.  Wells  Williams. 

Fo'fAL-TZE,  T.t.  To  bring  to  a  focus.     Tomlinson. 

FO-CIM'I-TER,  n.  [L.  "focus,  and  Gr.  y-iTpov, 
me;isure.] 

An  instrument  for  bringing  to  a  focus.    Ji.  TTunt. 

FO'€LTS,  V.  t.  To  bring  to  a 'focus;  as,  to  fi>i-iiH  a 
camera.  ^-  Unnt. 

FO'CUS^D   (foTcnst),   pp.    Brought  to  a  focus. 

FU'€US-ING,  ppr.  Bringing  to  a  focus,  n.  Act 
of  doing  so.  R.  Hunt. 

F(E_^TAL,  a.    See  Fetal. 

FOK'TI-ClDE.    See  Fkticidr. 

FCE'TOR,  n.     See  Ff.tok. 

FOG'-BELL,  n.  A  bell  near  rocks,  shoals,  &c.,  rung 
by  machinery  to  warn  mariners  in  foggy  weather. 

LongfeUoio. 

FOG'LESS,  a.    Without  fog.  Kime. 

FOG'-SIG-NAL,  n.  A  signal  made  during  a  fog  on 
English  railways  by  putting  torpedoes  or  detonat- 
ing'powder  on  the  rails,  which  give  warning  by 
their  explosicm  that  the  train  is  approaching  some 
point  of  danger.  Simmbnds. 

FO'GY.    I  re.     One  who  rests  in  the  past  and  is  slow 

FO'GIE,  f  to  adopt  new  views  or  measures;  one 
who  is  hostile  to  change  and  progress.  [The  word 
is  said  to  be  connected  with  the  German  t'0(7^  a 
guard  or  protector;  it  is  defined  by  Jamieson  in 
his  Scottisn  Dictionary,  as  "an  invalid  or  garrison 
soldier,"  and  is  applied  to  the  old  soldiers  of  tho 


Royal  Hospital  at  Dublin,  which  is  called  the  Fo- 
gies' Hosi)ital.     In  the  fixeil  habits  of  such  persons,- 
we  see  the  origin  of  the  present  use  of  the  term.] 
Sir  F.  Head. 
FO'GY-I$M,  n.     Tho  principles  and  conduct  of  a 
fogy. 

FOIL'INQ,  )  ^'      U^- folium,  a  leaf.] 

The  space  between  the  cusps  of  featherings  in 
Gothic  architeeture ;  a  rounded  or  leaf-like  orna- 
ment, in  windows,  niches,  &c.,  called  tre-foil.  qua- 
tre-foil.  itc,  according  to  the  numbi-r  <if  arcs  which 
they  contain.  Oxford  G  loss,  of  Arch. 

FoLD'YARD,  n.    A  yard  for  folding  or  feeding  cat- 

Ue.  Ogilvie. 

FO^LI-AR,  a.    Consisting  of  or  pertaining  to  leaves; 

as.  folia  r  appendages.  lien^low, 

FO'LI-O-LATE,  a.    Of  or  pertaining  to  leaflets. 

A.  Gray. 
FO'LI-OSE,  a.    Having  or  abounding  in  leaves. 

'A.  Gray. 
FOLK'-LORE,  n.    Rural  tales  or  superstitions. 

Trench. 
FOL-Ll€'tJ-LAR,  a.    Like,  pertaining  to  or  consist- 
ing of  follicles;  as,  a  follicular  structure. 

A.  Gray. 
FOND'LING,  n.  Tho  act  of  caressing.  Jfickie. 
FOOT'-BATH,  11.    A  bathing  of  tho  feet ;  a  vessel  for 

th'is  purpose. 
FOOT'-BOARD,  7t.    A  support  for  the  foot;  aboard 

at  tho  foot  ofa  bed.  Webster's  Dom.  Encyc. 

FOOT'-HILL,  n.     A  term  applied  to  hills  lying  at 

tl/e  foot  of  a  range  of  mountains,  as  in  Piednion*. 
FOOT'ING.  n.     [add.]    The  act  of  a<hling  upacid- 
iimn  of  figures;  the  amount  or  sum-total  of  such  a 
column. 

2.  The  finer  refuse  part  of  whale  blubber,  not 
wholly  deprived  of  oil.  Simmonds. 

To  pay  footing,  is  to  pay  a  forfeit  or  fee  on  first 
doing  any  thing,  as  working  at  a  trade  or  in  a  ship. 

Wright. 
FOOT'- LIGHTS,  n.pl.     A  row  of  lights  in  front  of 
the  stage  in  a  theater,  &c.,  and  on  a  level  therewith. 
F.   W.  Shelton. 
FOOT'NOTE,  n.    A  note  of  rLferencc  at  the  foot  ofa 

FOOT'-PXVE-MENT,  n.  A  paved  way  for  foot  pas- 
sengers. ( larke. 

FOOT'-PRINTS,  n.2:>l.  In  gcol.,  impressions  of  the 
feet  of  extinct  birds,  reptiles,  &c.,  on  sandstone, 
made  when  it  was  in  a  soft  state.      E.  IHtcJicock. 

FOOT'-RACE,  n.    A  race  by  men  on  foot. 

F06ts.  n.  pi.  The  settlings  of  oil.  molasses,  Ac.  at 
the  bottom  ofa  barrel  or  hogshead.      Simmonds. 

FOOT'-WAY,  71.    A  path  for  foot  passengers. 

Goldsmith. 

FOOT'-WORN,  a.  Worn  by.  or  wearied  in.  the  feet ; 
as^  afoot-woni   path   or  traveler. 

FOOT'-SORE,  (T.  Having  tender  or  sore  feet  by  rea- 
son of  much  walking;  as,/oof-sore cattle. 

Blackwood. 

FOOT'Y,  a.  Having  foots  or  settlings ;  as,  footy  oil, 
molasses,  &.c.     [Eng.] 

F5R'A-GING-€iP,  n.    A  military  undress  cap. 

Si7n?nonds. 

Fi5R'A-6lNG-PAR'TY,  n.  A  party  sent  ont  for 
forage.  Simmonds. 

FORCE'-PUMP.    See  FoECiXG-PtrMP. 

FORCING-HOUSE,  n.    A  hot-house  for  fruits.  &c. 

FoUE'-BAY,  n.  The  part  of  a  mill-race  where  the 
water  flows  upon  the  wheel.  Ogilvie. 

FoRE'-B'^D'Y,  71.  The  front  part  ofa  ship  from  the 
HKiinmast  to  the  head.  BeiVs  Tech.  Diet. 

FORE'-BOW,  7i.  Theforepart  of  a  saddle.    Clarke. 

FORE'-CAB'IN,  7J..  A  cabin  in  the  fore  part  of  a 
ship,  having  inferior  accommodations. 

Simrnonds. 

F^RE'-GXX'^'GER.n.  A  short  piece  of  rope  grafted 
on  a  harpoon,  to  which  a  line  is  attached  when  used. 

Totten. 

FORE'-SLEEVE,  n.  That  part  of  a  sleeve  between 
tho  elbow  and  wrist.  Ogilvie. 

FOR'EST,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  forest.  Craig. 

FOU'EST-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  forests,  &s  forestal 
rights.  Ogilvie. 

F(5R'E3T-RY,  n.  The  art  of  forming  or  mani^ing 
forests.  Clarke. 

F5R'E3T-TREE,  n.  A  tree  of  the  forest,  not  a  fruit 
tree.  Booth. 

FOR-GATH'ER,  I',  i.  To  meet  or  convene.  [.sVo^*^.] 

Wdf.  Scott. 

FORGE,  V.  t.     [add.]     To  forge  aliead,  in  the  ^(^71- 

guage  of  seamen,  is  to  shoot  ahead,  as  in  coming 

to  anchor  after  the  sails  are  furled,  or  in  outsailing 

another  vessel.  Totten. 

F0RKT-NE>S,   n.    The  quality  or  state  of  opening 

in  a  fork-liki'  manner.  Craig. 

FORM'A-TIVE,  n.     A  word  formed  in  accordance 

with  some  rule  or  usage.  Smart. 


A,    E,   &c.,    I&ng.-X,   %    Ac,   sAor/.-CARE,    FAR,    LAST,    FALL,    WHAT;    THfiRE,    TfeRM;    MARINE,    BIRD;    MOVE, 


186 


t  See  Table  of  Synonyms. 


1481 


PRE 


PUS 


GAM 


FOiyMI-€ATE,  a.    [L./ormica,  an  ant.] 
Rcseinblini;  an  ant. 

rORM'LKSri-NESS,  n.   Tho  state  of  havincr  no  form. 

Carlijle. 

FOU'MYLE,  71.  In  chem.,  a  radical  unknown  in  a 
separate  form,  whose  existence  has  been  assumed 
as  a  means  of  classifying  a  number  of  facts.  It  is 
regarded  a3  a  compound  derived  radical, — derived 
from  inethylo  by  the  action  of  oxygen  which  re- 
moves from  it  two  equivalents  of  hydrogen ;  and  is 
the  starting-point  of  a  series  of  such  derived  radicals 
dilferiug  from  tluise  of  the  methyle  series  by  con- 
taining two  equivalents  less  of  hydrogen. 

F0R-SAK'.^N-NES3,  n.     State  of  beintc  forsaken. 
F.  W.  RoherUon. 

FOR-SPEAK,  i\  t.  To  injuro  by  undue  praise;  to 
foretell  evil  concerning  one.  Walt.  Scott 

FOS-SIL-I-FI-eiV'TION,  n.     Act  of  becoming  fossil. 

FOS'SIL-TZfi"!),  pp.  or  a.  [add.]  Fig.^  hardened 
bevoiid  tho  reach  of  change  or  progress. 

FDs''SIL-ISM,  n.    The  science  or  quality  of  fossils. 

Coleridge. 

FOS'TER-PAR'ENT,  71.  One  who  rears  up  a  child 
in  place  of  its  own  parent. 

FOUL,  y.  i.  To  become  entangled  or  clogged;  as, 
one  of  the  blocks  fouled.  Jfa,-ri/aU. 

FOC-LARD',  n.  [Fr.]  A  thin  fabric  of  silk  or  silk- 
cotton  oiii^inally  brought  from  India,  used  for 
handkerchiefs  ami  ladies'  dresses.        BeschereUe. 

FOUND,  V.  I.  To  rest  or  rely.  migh  Miller. 

FOUR-ClIETTE'  (fwr-shef),  n.  [Fr.]  A  table- 
fork,  k.  breakfast  a  liifoui'chette,  is  a  meat  break- 
fast, or  that  meal  taken  about  mid-day. 

Beacherelle. 

FuUR'-WAY,  a.  Allowing  passage  in  either  of  four 
directions,  as  a.  fo^ir-icfty  qoc^.,  or  valve.    Francis. 

FO'VE-ATE,  a.  [L.  fovea,  a  small  pit.] 

In  hot,  m;irked  with  deep  pits.  A.  Graf/. 

FO'VE-0-LATE,  a.  Marked  with  small  pits  or  de- 
pressions. A.  Gray. 

FRA€'TI0N-A-RY,  a.     Relating  to  fractions. 

WrigJd. 

FRXtlT'PR-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  dependent  on 
a  fracture. 

FRAG-MENT'AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  composed  of 
fia^'UK-nts;  fni'iinentary.  E<1.  Re-view. 

FRAME,  n.  [add]  The  constitution  or  natural  tem- 
per; as,  the//'a»i6  of  one's  mind.  Imp.  Add. 

FRA-TfiR'€U-LA,  n.  [L.]  A  name  given  by  Bris- 
son  to  a  genus  of  wi^b-fouted  birds,  commonly  calleil 
Puffin,  belonging  to  Cuvier's  division  uf  Brachyp- 
tereSy  or  short-winged  birds.  They  are  inhabitants 
of  the  northern  hemisphere;  they  live  on  the  ocean 
and  breed  on  tho  rocks.  Citvier. 

FRXN'GI-PAN-NI,  ».  Another  mod©  of  spelling 
Fii.\NGiPA.NE.  This  name  is  now  given  to  a  per- 
fume derived  from  or  imitating  the  sweet  odor  of  a 
flower  pro'hiced  by  a  West  India  tree  of  the  genus 
PZ«7n/e/'a.  the  French  name  of  which  is  Francki- 
paiiier.  By  a  corruption  of  this  name,  that  in  use 
has  been  formed. 

FREE'-BOOT'ER-Y,  n.  The  act  or  proceeds  of  free- 
boating.    „     ,  Booth. 

FREE'-CIIARGE,  n.  In  electrical  experiments  with 
alar  or  batti.*ry,  that  part  of  the  induced  electricity 
which  passes  through  tho  air  to  surrounding  con- 
ductors. Nickol. 

FREE'  CFlC'RCn,  n.  The  Free.  Ouu'cli  of  Scotland 
is  a  presbyterian  body  which  seceded  from  the  es- 
tablished church  on  the  ground  that  the  people 
ouglit  to  choose  their  own  ministers,  and  not  have 
pastors  imposed  upon  them  by  lay-patrons,  corpo- 
rate bodies,  &.C.  Hugh  Miller. 

FREE'-€IlURCn,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  connected 
witli  tlie  Free  Church  of  Scotlaml.    Hugh  Jflller. 

FREK'-H.lND-ED,  a.    Open  handed;  liberal. 

FREE'-PASS,  ?;..     A  permission  to  pass  free. 

FREE'-SOIL.  a.  Pertaining  to  the  non-extension  of 
slavery.     [.I?;?.] 

FREE'-SOIL'EU,  n.  One  who  holds  to  the  non-ex- 
tension of  slavery. 

FREE'-SOrVISM,  ?}.  The  principle  of  the  nou-cx- 
tension  of  slavery. 

FREE'-STUFF,  ■».    Timber  free  from  knots. 

Weale. 

FREE'-TRADE,  «.  Trade  or  commerce  free  from 
restrictions,     a.  Pertaining  to  such  trade, 

FREE-ViNTOIER,  «.  A  member  of  the  Vintner's 
Company ;  one  who  can  sell  wine  without  a  license. 

Simt/iDiidfi. 

FREIGHT'AG-E  (frfite'aje),  n.  Price  paid  for  freight- 
ing. 

FREIGHT'-€AR,  n.    A  railway  car  for  merchandise, 

&c.      [^Ht.]_ 

FR£NCiI'-LEAVE,  n.     An  informal  departure. 

FRENCn'-POL'I:>lI,  7i.  The  name  given  to  a  var- 
nish for  furnituri-,  invented  in  France,  giving  a 
brilliancy  superior  to  that  of  any  other  polish,  with 
less  liability  to  injury.     It  is  composed  of  shell-Iac, 


gum-copal  and  gum-arabic,  dissolved  in  spirits  of 
wine.  W6bvte?''8  Doin.  Eiicyr. 

FliEri'CO,  v.  t.  To  paint  in  fresco  ;  as,  to  fresco  walls. 

FK£S'€0-ING-,  n.  The  process  of  painting  in  fre.-.co. 

FRE;S1U£'N-ING,  n.  The  act  or  process  of  render- 
ing fresh  or  uf  reviving,  &c.  Clarke. 

FRID'CLIXG,  71.     Frivolous  trifling. 

FRIB'BLING,  a.    Frivolous;  foolishly  captious. 
WrighVs  Prov.  Did. 

FUi€'TION-AL,  n.  Relating  to  friction;  produced 
by  friction;  as,  frictioyia I  electricity.        Nlchol. 

FRILL,  ■y.  t    To  provide  or  decorate  withf.ills. 

FRTLL-CD  (frild),  pp.  or  a.  Furnished  or  adorned 
with  frills. 

FllIZ'ZLY,  a.    Curled  or  crisped,  ^s  frizzly  hair. 

FROG,  n.  [add.]  In  railways,  a  triangular  sujiport 
or  crossing  plate  for  the  wheels  where  one  track 
brandies  off  from  another.    Appletori's  Jfech.  Diet. 

FROGG£'D  (frogd),  a.  Furnished  with  an  ornament 
of  braid  called  a  frog;  as,  nfrogged  coat. 

FUi^G'GING,  n.    Tlie  act  of  decorating  with  frogs. 

FRON'DOSE,  a.  [h.  frondoms.]  Leaf-like  in>s- 
pansion  ;  leafy.  A.  Gray. 

FRONT,  n.  [add.]  Tho  piece  of  false  hair  worn  in 
front,  or  just  above  the  forehead,  as  by  ladies. 

77iack€ray. 

FRONT,  «.     In  front;  as,  tho. /7-(j?ii  door. 

FRnNT'AL,  11.  [add.]  Tho  hangings  or  ornamental 
piitRl  in  IVont  of  an  altar.      Oxford  Gloss,  of  Arch. 

FK'">N'T*)N,  n.  [Fr.]  In  arch.,  an  ornament  over 
a  door  ;  a  pediment.  Gicilt. 

FRONT'-VIEW,  n.  In  painting  and  perspective, 
a  rLpresentation  of  tho  front-part  of  an  edifice,  &c. 

Ogilvie. 

FROST'-FISH,  n.  A  common  name  for  tho  tom- 
cod,  genus  Morrhua.  It  becomes  abundant  on  our 
coast  soon  after  frost  commences,  hence  the  name. 

Storer. 

FR(5ST'-SM0KE,  n.  A  dusky  vapor  created  by  the 
melting  of  ice  or  snow.  Kane. 

FROTH,  v.  t.  [add.]  To  cover  with  froth;  as,  a 
\\OTSCi  froths  hi«  cliain.  Southey. 

FROW,  71.     An  instrument  for  splitting  cask-staves. 

FRtT'GAL-NESS,  n.     The  quality  of  being  frugal. 

FRUSII,  a.  Broken  or  crushed;  as,  tho  thatch  of  a 
room  becomes  friifih.  J.  WHsotu 

FRCsT'U-LENT,  a.    Abounding  in  fragments. 

FRYTNG,  «.  The  process  of  cooking  in  a  frying-pan. 

FtT'AR,  n.  In  A'coi/a^ii,  a  small  freeholder  of  land 
m_/£(r,  or  fee.  Walt  Scott 

FUCII'SI-A  (fu'sbe-a),  n.  A  flowering  plant  named 
in  honor  of  Leonard  Fuchs,  a  German  botanist.  F. 
coccinia  is  one  of  the  most  elegant  of  deciduous 
greenhouse  shrubs  ;  the  young  wood  and  leaves  are 
tinged  with  purplish  rod  ;  the  blossom  is  pendent. 
There  are  many  beautiful  varieties.  Loudon. 

FU-CiV'0-ROaS,  a.  [L.  fu,cua,  sea-weed,  and  voro. 
to  cat.] 

A  term  applied  to  animals  that  subsist  on  sea- 
weed. Dana. 

FULL,  a.  [add.]  Fidl  and  hy,  in  seanieii's  language, 
"is  used  to  denote  sailing  close-hauled  having  all  the 
sa.7[Afull,  and  lying  as  near  tho  wind  as  possible. 

Totten. 

FUL-MIN'E-OUS,  a.     [L.  falmen,  thunder.] 

Of  or  concerning  thunder.  Craig. 

FU'MA-ROLE,  n.  [It.]  A  hole  or  spot  in  a  vol- 
canic or  other  region,  Irom  which  vapors  issue. 

Dana. 

FU-M^^'LTY^'  I  "■    "^^^  ^^^^"^  of  being  smoky. 

FI^-NAM-BU-LA'TION,  «.     Rope-dancing. 

FtJNC'TION,  n.  [add.]  T7^<.-^///Hc^ion.?,  those  im- 
mediately necessary  to  life,  as  of  the  brain,  lungs, 
heart,  &c. — Katiiral  functions,  those  relating  to 
assimilation,  as  the  action  of  the  viscera,  of  the  ab- 
sorbent and  exhalent  vessels.  Dimgli-'ion. 

FITND'ED,  pp.  or  a.    [add.]     Invested  in  tho  funds. 

FU-NIL'I-FORM,  a.  [L./rmiS,  a  rope,  and /oz-ma, 
form.] 

Resembling  a  cord  in  toutihness  and  flexibility,  as 
the  roots  of  .some  endogenous  trees.         Heiislow. 

FUNK,  V.  i.    To  be  ia  great  fear.     IVulg.] 

C.  Reade. 

FXJNK,  \n.     Great  fear  and  shrinking  back. 

FUNK'ING,  r  HaUiwell. 

FUN'NEL-LTKE,  a.     Shaped  like  a  funnel. 

FUN'NEL-NET.  n.    A  net  shaped  like  a  funnel. 

FUR'^U-LA,  n.  [L.]  A  forked  process  or  pro- 
jection. 

FUR'€U-LAR,  a.     Shaped  like  a  fork.  Clarke. 

FUR-FU-RA'TION,  n.     [L.  furfur,  scurf  or  scales.] 
The  falling  of  scurf  from  tho  head.    Same  as  Des- 
QCAMATior*.  Chambers. 

FU-RI-O'SO,  ado.     [It.]     In  7niisic,  vehementlv- 
Moore's  Encyc.  ^fns. 

FUR'RI-ER-Y,  a.   [add.]     The  business  of  a  furrier. 

FUSE,  V.  t.  [add.]  Fig.,  to  unite  or  blend  into 
onenes.s,  as  if  melted  together.  C.  MeHoale. 


FV'SEL,  (         r^        ^      ,  V  ^      .  ..  -, 

FU'SEL-OIL,  \  '^-     t^^*"-  ■^""^^  ^^'^  s^\ni.-] 

An  alcohol  of  the  amylic  seiies,  having  a  nauseous 
odor  and  poisonous  properties;  it  accompanies  or- 
dinary alcohol  in  its  production  from  potatoes  and 
grain.  Brande. 

FC'SION  (fu'zhuii),  n.  i^/f/.,  the  union  or  blen.ling 
together  ofthings  into  oneness,  as  if  melted  together; 
as,  "so  far  did  the  emperor  advance  in  this  work 
if  fusion,  as  to  claim  a  place  for  himself  among  tho 
Gaulish  deities."  C.  Merivale, 

F^Sfl,  V.  i.    To  be  over-busy;  to  make  a  bustle. 

FUSS'ING,  n.    The  act  or  state  of  being  fussy. 

F'&SS'ING,  z»».  or  a.    Making  a  bustle  or  fuss. 

Walt  Scott. 

FUSST-LY^  adv.    In  a  bustling  or  fussy  manner. 

Byron. 

FUT'TOCK,  71.  [add.]  Futtock  shrouds,  small 
shrouds  over  the  lower  imcs.^ Futtock  plates, 
plates  of  iron  to  which  the  dead-eyes  are  secured. 

Toiten. 

FYKE,  n.  A  long  bag-net  distended  by  hoops  into 
which  fish  can  pass  easily  without  being  able  to 
return.  Cozsetis. 


G. 

GAB-ER-LtJN'ZlE  (-lun'zy),  n.  A  beggar;  one  who 
cannot  pay  for  his  entertainment.     [Scotch.'] 

Walt  Scott 

GA'EI-ON-AGE,  n.  Gabions  when  used  for  fortifi- 
cation. 

GAB'LOCKS,  n.  pL    Spurs  for  fighting  cocks. 

Wright 

GXDT)IS1I,  a.    Disposeil  to  gad  about. 

GAD-TLrNG,  n.     An  idle  vagabond.  Cfiaucer. 

GAD'LINGS,  n.  pi.     [Sax.  gad,  a  goad.] 

In  anc.  armor,  spikes  on  the  knuckles  of  gaunt- 
lets. Fosbroke. 

G.\FF,  n.  [add.]  An  artificial  spur  for  fighting 
cocks ;  a  game.  Wright's  Prov.  Diet 

GAIL-LON-EL'LA,  n.  A  genus  of  infusorial  plants 
related  to  the  Bacillaria.  Dana. 

GA.IN'PAIN,  n.  [Fr.  gagner,  to  gain,  and  pain, 
bread.] 

Bread-gainer ;  a  term  applied  in  the  middle  ages 
to  the  sword  of  a  hired  soldier.  I?np.  Add. 

GA-LX€'TI€,  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  galaxy ;  as, 
galactic  light.  Herschel. 

GALL'-DUCT,  «.  In  anat.,  a  duct  which  serves  to 
conduct  bile.  Imp.  Add. 

GAL'LER-Y.  n.  [add.]  In  mining,  a  naiTow  pas- 
sage or  level  in  underground  works.     Tottdinson. 

GAL-LOP-ADE',  v.  i.  To  perform  the  dance  called 
gallopade.  Ogilvie. 

GALXOW-SES  (gal1us-e2\  n.  pi.  A  common  name 
for  suspenders  used  to  support  pantaloons. 

Cl-arke. 

GIL'LOWS-BITTS,  n.  A  strong  frame  on  the  deck 
of  a  vessel  in  port,  to  support  spare  masts  and  spars. 

Totien. 

GlLXY-GAS-KINS,  n.pl.  [A  corruption  olgaUy- 
gascoynes.]     Wide  loose  trowsers." 

Ilalliwell.     Walt  Scott. 
2.  Leathorguards  worn  on  the  legs  bv  sportsmen. 
Simmonds. 

GAL-VANaC-BlTO'ER-Y,  n.,  An  arrangement  for 
producing  a  current  of  galvanism,  or  dynamical 
electricity.  A  common  form  is  that  of  the  trough- 
battery,  formed  of  a  series  of  copper  and  zinc  plates 
soldered  together  in  pairs  of  the  dis.simi!ar  metals, 
and  placed  in  a  trough  divided  into  compartments. 
"When  the  trough  is  filled  with  the  liquor  used,  a  gal- 
vanic action  ensues.  If  a  wire  is  connected  with  the 
plates  at  each  end,  and  the  two  wires  are  brought  in 
contact,  the  circuit  is  completed  and  the  effect  is 
felt.  Francis. 

GAL-VAN'I€-PILE,  n.  A  name  eiven  to  the  orig- 
inal form  of  apparatus  used  by  Volta  to  produce  a 
current  of  dynamical  electricity.  It  consisted  of  a 
pile  of  alternate  silver  and  zinc  discs,  laid  up  witli 
discs  of  paper  or  cloth  between  them,  moistened 
with  brine  or  acid  water.  The  more  usual  materi.ahs 
are  now  copper  and  zinc  in  alternate  discs. 

Fr  a  71018. 

GAL'VAN-TZ-ER,  n.     He  or  that  which  galvanizes, 

GAL'VAN-XZ-ING,  n.  Act  of  affecting  with  gal- 
vanism. 

GAL-VA'NO-eAUS'Tie,  a.  Noting  the  use  of  gal-  • 
vanic  heat  as  a'caustic. 

GAL-YA'NO-PLAsa'I€,  a.  [From  galvano,  and 
Gr.  Tr\d<T<T(a,  to  mold.] 

A  term  applied  to  tho  art  or  process  of  electro- 
typing.  Tomlinson. 

GAM'BIER,  n.  Tho  inspissated  juice  of  the  Cncaria 
f;<f/«?n/'(aplantin  Malacca),  being  a  powerful  astrin- 


BOYE,  WOLF,  BOOK;  RCLE,  BULL;  Yi"CI0U3.— €  as  K;  6-  as  J;  ffl  as  Z;  Dn  ae  SU  i  TRft. 


14S2 


t  See  Table  of  Synonijms. 


gent  much  used  in  dyeiDgand  tanning;  also,  eaten 
with  K'tel-nut.  *       '        *?.  Weli^  Wmiams, 

6AM-BOv>I€.  a.     Pertaining  to  gamboge.    Craig. 

GAM-BUOOX',  rt.  A  kind  of  twilled  li'nen  cloth  for 
liatng.  Simnwnds. 

GS-MF.  a.  Having  a  resolute  unyielding  spirit  like 
that  of  the  game-cock ;  ready  to  fight  to  the  last; 
as,  "I  was  game — I  felt  that'  I  could  have  fought 
even  to  the  death."  Wash.  Irting, 

To  dis  game^  is  a  common  expression  denoting  a 
bold  unyielding  spirit  to  the  last. 
2.  Of  "or  pertaining  to  animals,  &c.,  called  game. 

GiME'-LAWS,  ft.  pi.  In  Eng.,  laws  for  the  preser- 
vation of  those  animals  which  constitute  game.  Any 
person  who  purchases  a  certiticate  or  license  may 
kill  game  on  nisown  Ian d»  or  the  landof  others  with 
their  permission,  Ji'rigkt. 

GAM-0-PHfLXOCS,  a.    [Gr.  yofxiu},  to  marry,  and 
4tvWov,  a  leaf.] 
In  bot,  noting  the  nnion  of  leaves.       J.  Gray. 

GAOdY,  a.  In  cookery,  denoting  the  flavor  or  con- 
dition of  dead  game  when  kept  uncooked  until  it 
Terges  on  the  state  of  being  tainted,  which  is  con- 
«dered  its  highest  excellence;  as,  gamy  venison. 
Cookery  Book, 
2.  Amon»  sportsmen,  showing  an  unyielding 
spirit  to  the  last ;  as,  a  gamy  trout. 

GXXG'  €A9KS.  n.  pi.  Small  casks  used  for  bringing 
water  aboard  ships  in  boats.  Ogilme. 

G  aN'^'GLI-FOKNI,  a.  Having  the  form  of  a  ganglion. 
„         _  C.dig. 

GaN'0-INE,  n.  A  peculiar  kind  of  bony  tissue  be- 
neath the  enamel  of  the  scale  of  a  ganoid  fish. 

Dana. 

GXXTEY.    See  GArsTEEE. 

GAP'ING.  n.    The  act  of  opening  the  mouth  wide. 
.,  2.  Opening  in  fissures. 

GXR,  11.  [a  Id  J  Fish  of  the  Ganoid  tribe  and  genus 
Lepidosteus.  Iinm<l  in  the  streams  and  lakes  of  North 
America.  The  alligator-gar  of  the  Mississipjii  at- 
tains a  length  of  lo  feet.  Dana. 

GARD'ANT.  a.  [Ft.  garder.']  In  Jieraldry,  noting 
a  fiill-faced  position,  or  the  act  of  looking  at  an  ob- 
server; a  term  appHi-d  to  an  animal  thus  repre- 
sented, whether ^a**a7i^,  rampant,oT  otherwise. 

Bran/ie. 

GAR'DEN-fiN'fiiXE,  «.  A  machine  for  watering 
gardens.  Simmonds. 

G  AR'DEN-STXXB,  n.  A  stand  or  support  for  flow- 
er poLs  and  in  gardens. 

GAR-DY-LOO',  n.  [Fr.  gardes  reau,  beware  of  the 
water.] 

An  oM  cry  in  throwing  water,  Ac,  from  tho  win- 
dows in  Edinburgh.  Walt.  S-ott. 

GaR'LAND,  n.  [aid.]  Among  seamen,  a  gromet 
or  ring  of  rope  for  hoisting  spars,  masts,  Ac. 

ToUen. 

GaR'MENT-ED,  a.    Having  on  a  garment 

GAR-NET-lF'ER-OfS,  a.     Prmlucing  garnets. 

GA-KOOK'L'H,  n*  A  vessel  met  with  in  tlio  Per- 
eian  Gulf,  and  trading  often  an  far  as  the  M.ilabar 
coast.  In  length  it  varies  from  fifty  to  a  hundred 
feet,  and  is  remarkable  in  that  the  keel  is  only  ono 
thin!  the  length  of  the  boat.  *It  is  better  fitted  for 
fishing  than  trading  purposes.  Ogilcie. 

GAR'-PlKE,  n.  A  name  given  to  a  sea-fish  of  the 
Jisox  family,  genus  Belone;  also  to  species  of  Sau- 
roid  fishes  of  the  genus  I^pi'losteus.  Dana. 

GAK-EETTING,  n.  Small  sidinters  of  stone  inserted 
in  the  joints  of  coarse  masonry.  Weale. 

GAR-ROTE',  r.  t  To  strangle  with  tho  garrote;  a 
Spanish  mode  of  punishment;  hence,  to  seize  by 
the  throat  from  behind  with  a  view  to  strangle  and 
rob.    _ 

G.A.R-ROT'ER,  n.  One  who  strangles  with  a  view  to 
rob. 

GAR-RoTT:N'G,  n.  Strangling;  nctof  seizing  by  the 
throat  with  a  view  to  strangle  and  rob. 

G.\RT*U-LOU3-NES3,  n.    Talkativeness. 

GAS'-BtJRN'ER,  «.  A  tube  for  the  escape  of  gas 
while  burning.  Simmond'i. 

GAS-E'I-TY,  n.    State  of  being  gaseous. 

G.VS'-FITTER,  n.  One  who  puts  up  tnbos.  <fcc.,  for 
the  burning  of  gas.  Shnmniu/n. 

G.XS'-FITTING.  rt.  The  act  of  patting  up  tubes, 
Ac.,  for  the  burning  of  gas. 

G.XS'-FLAME,  ft.  A  flam©  madesfmply  of  burning 
gaa. 

GAS'-GOTTIRN-OR,  ft.  An  apparatus  in  gas  works 
for  equalizing  the  pressure  of  gas  previous  to  its  is- 
suing from  the  gasometer.  Tomlin^on. 

G.\S'-*JAE,  n.    A  glass  jar  for  holding  gases  used  in 

1        chemical  experiments.  Francis. 

,    GAy-MAlNS,  n.pl.    The  principal  pipes  forconvey- 

j        ing  gas  from  the  works,  to  which  the  service  pipes 

are  c<mnectod.  Tomlinaon. 

6A3'-PTPE,  n.    A  pipo  for  conveying  gT*. 

Tumlinson. 


GAS'-RE-TOHT',  n.  A  retort  for  the  coal,  Ac,  in 
making  gas.  Tomlirwon. 

GAS'-:^fi'RVaCE,  n.  The  pipes,  burners,  &c.,  for 
using  gas. 

GAS'SING,  ft.  A  process  of  singeing  off  the  hairy 
filaments  from  cotton  goods  by  passing  the  material 
between  two  rollers  and  exposing  it  to  the  action  of 
numerous  minute  jots  of  gas.  Simmonds. 

GAS'-TAR.    See  Coal  Tar. 

GASTEE-O-POD.    See  Gastropod. 

GAS-TEK-OP'0-DOUS,  (/.  In  zoVd.,  noting  mollusks 
of  the  Gasteropod  division,  as  snails  and  related 
species.  Dana. 

GAS'-WATER,  n.  "Waaler  through  which  coal-gas 
has  been  passed  to  pnrify  it ;  called  also  gas-Uquor 
and  ammoniacal  latter^  and  used  for  the  manufac- 
ture of  sal-ammoniac,  carbonate  of  ammonia,  and 
Prussian  blue.  Tomlintton. 

GArC/lt:(s:iJshe\a.  [Fr.]  Z^Y.,  left  hand.'d;  hence. 
Jig.,  awkward,  unhanuv.  Be-'tcherelle. 

(^AUCIFER-IE  (gosh'er-i),  n.  A  ridiculously  awk- 
ward act.  C.  Kingsley. 

GAU6^NG,  «.  [add.]  In  fT«)!ron.,an  estimating  of 
the  size,  number,  «&c.,  of  visible  stars  in  any  given 
field  of  view,  for  the  purpose  of  comparing  any  rela- 
tive number  of  stars  in  diflferent  portions  of  the 
heavens.  ITerschel. 

GAUN'TEEE,  I  ft.    A  frame  for  supporting  barrels 

GAUNTRY,      1     in  a  cellar  or  elsewhere. 

Walt.  Scott. 

GXV'EL.  n.  Tho  mallet  of  a  chairman  in  a  public 
assembly. 

GAY'-DI'AXG,  ft.  A  vcsscd  of  Annm,  generally 
with  two,  but  in  fine  weather  v.itli  three  masts,  fifty 
to  sixty-five  feet  long,  with  lofty  triangular  sails. 
It  has  a  curved  deck,  in  construction  somewhat  re- 
sembling a  Chinese  jimk.  Imp.  Add. 

GAZE,  ft.  [add.]  In  hentldry,  an  anim.il  borne  in  coat 
armor,  lUli-faced,  is  said  to  be  at  gaze.      Brtnide. 

GEAR,  Ift.     [add-]     To  throw  madiin-ery  into 

GE  AR'ING,  )  or  out  of  gear,  is  to  connect  or  discon- 
nect wheel-work  or  couplings.  Ogilcie. 

6eL-A-TI(VE-N0US,  a.  [Gelatine,  and  Gr.  •yei'i'dw, 
to  produce.] 

Producing  or  yielding  gelatine.        Dtmglison. 

G£M'I-NATE,  a.  In  pairs  or  twains  ;  ns  geminate 
flowers.  ^-  Gray. 

GEM-MA.'CE0U3  (jem-ma'sbus),  a.  Pertaining  to 
pems  or  leaf-buds  ;  of  tho  nature  of  gems ;  resem- 
bling gems. 

6EM'MA-TED,  a.     Adorned  with  gems  orjewels. 

(jEM-MA'TION,  n.  [add]  In  sooZ,  reproduction  by 
buds,  nsinnolvps.  See  Gemmipaiuty.  Carpenter. 

6EM.MI-PAR'i-TY,  n.  [L.  gemiiia,  a  bud,  and7>a- 
Ho,  to  produce] 

In  sodl.,  the  faculty  of  reproducing  by  buds,  ns  in 
polyps  and  somo  other  animals.  The  buds  iii.iy 
either  remain  nttaclied  to  Ihe  parent  animal,  or  may 
separate  into  distinct  animals.  Dana. 

6EN-E-A-GEX''E-SIS,  ft.    See  Paetueno-Genesis. 

GEN-E-A-LCXj'ie-AL,  rt.  [aid.]  Genealogical  tree, 
a  faTuily  lineage  or  genealogy  drawn  out  under  tho 
form  ul"  a  tree  and  its  bnanches. 

GEN'E-RALE,  ft.  [Fr.]  An  alarm  for  troops  by  drum 
beat.  CLirke. 

^EX-ER-ATRIX.  n.  [I..]  That  which  by  its  mo- 
tion generates  aline,  surface,  or  solid. 

Darien"  3fafh.  Did. 

^E-NI'AN,  a.     [add.]     [Gr.  y4v€ioi\  tho  chin.] 

Of  or  pertaining  to  the  chin;  as,  the  genianpro- 
cjisses.  Dunglison. 

fi-E-NETie-AL-LY,  adv.     In  reference  to  origin. 

Dana. 

fi-ENTlE  (jlin're).  n.  [Fr.]  Aterni  applied  to  a  class 
of  paintings  and  sculptures  which  represent  every 
day  life  and  manners.  FairhoU, 

6-EN-TEEL'Isn.  a.    Rather  genteel. 

GEN'TLE-CRAFT,  «.  An  old  name  for  shoemak- 
jn<T.  Wright- H  Prov.  Diet. 

(jE:!?'TLE-MAN, — Gentleman  Farmer,  one  who 
farms  his  own  estate.  Gentleman  Usher,  oqq  who 
ushers  visitors  into  the  presence  of  a  sovereign,  &c. 
Gentlemen  at  arms,  a  band  of  forty  gentlemen 
who  attend  the  sovereign  on  occasions  of  solemnity, 
ns  to  chapel,  &c.,  formerly  called  gentlemen  peh' 
/doners.  Clarke. 

6E-0-CEN'TEI€-AL-LY,  adv.  In  a  geocentric 
manner. 

6-E-0-C1l'€'LI€,  a.     Circling  the  earth  periodically. 

Craig. 

6E-0-DETT€,  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  geodesy ;  as, 
geodetic  observers.  Klchnl. 

('rE-O-DET'IC-AL-LY.  adv.    In  a  geodetic  manner. 

6E-0-DET'I€3,  ft.     See  Geodesy.  Nicliol. 

GE-6l'0-GER.    See  Geologist. 

GE-0-LO(VI<3-AL-LY,  adr.  In  a  geological  manner. 

6E-0PU'A-6-ISM,  n.  Tlio  act  or  habit  of  eating 
earth.    See  Diet-Eating.  Danglimii. 


GE-OPH'A-GIST,  ft.  [Gr.  y^,  earth,  and  ^iyw, 
to  eat.] 

One  who  has  a  diseased  appetite  for  eating  clny, 
chalk,  &c. 

(jrEOll'Gl-AN,  rt.    Belonging  or  relating  to  Georgia. 
2.  Belonging  or  relating  to  the  reigns  of  the  four 
Georges,  kings  of  Great  Britain ;    as,  the   Geor- 
gian cTa. 

6eR-MAIX',  (rt.     Lit.,  near  akin;   hence,  closely 

GER-MANE',  j  allied;  as,  ''*■  germaUt  to  the  mat- 
ter." Shakes. 

6-fiR'Ml-XA-TiVE,  rt.     Pertaining  to  germination. 

Dunglison. 

GEE'EY-MAN-DER,  d.  t.  In  America,  to  divide 
(as  a  state,  &c.)  into  local  districts  for  the  choice 
of  representatives  in  a  way  which  is  unnatural  and 
unfair,  with  a  view  to  give  a  political  party  an  ad-  i 
vantage  over  its  opponent.  This  was  done  in  Mas- 
sachusetts at  a  time  when  Elbridge  Gerry  was  gov- 
ernor, and  hence  the  name;  though  it  is  now 
known  that  he  was  opposed  to  the  measure.  Tho 
term  gerrymandering  is  sometimes  used. 

Bartleft. 

6E-RUND'IVE,  n.  The  future  passive  i>articiple  in 
Latin.  Andrews. 

6ES'TANT,  rt.    [E.  gero,  to  carry.] 

Bearing  within ;  burdened;  as,  "clouds  geMant 
with  heat."  Mrs.  Browning. 

6EST'rE-ING  [jest'yur-ing),  n.  Tho  act  of  making 
gestures. 

GllET^TO,  ft.     [It.]    The  Jews'  quarter  in  Rome. 

Heyse. 

Gtn,  V.  t.    To  secure  or  fasten  with  a  gib,  or  gibs. 

GIB.  ft.  A  piece  of  metal  or  wedgo  in  connecti<ni 
with  a  key  or  screw  for  holding  parts  of  machinery 
together.  Weale. 

GIFF'-GAFF,  ft.  Mutual  accommodation;  an  old 
phrase  used  by  Hugh  Latimer,  and  revived  by 
Walter  Srott. 

GT-OANTie^AL-LY,  adv.    In  a  gigantic  manner. 

GIM'LET-EYE,  n.    Asquint-eye. 

WrigJifa  Prov.  Diet. 

GIN'GAL,  V.     See  Jisgall. 

GIN'-PAL'ACE,  ft.    A  splendid  dram  shop. 

Diclcenff. 

(jIP'SEY-HAT,  n.  A  lady's  straw  hat  with  broad 
bi'ims. 

G1M)'LING,  ppr.  [add.]    Cutting  away  the  bark  in 
a  ring  around  a  tree  for  the  purpose  of  killing  it. 
Gardner's  Farm.  Encyc. 

GLA'BRATE,  rt.     [L.  glaher,  smooth.] 

Smooth  or  glabrous  from  age.  A.  Gray. 

GL.A'CIAL(gliVshal),  a.  [add.]  Of  or  i)eitaitiin-.r  to 
ghiciers  ;  as.  f//rtcirt^  phenomena.  Lyell. 

GL.V'CIAL-IST,  ft.  One  who  attributes  the  phe- 
nomena of  the  drift  in  geology  to  glaciers. 

GLAD-I-A'TOR-SIIIP,  ft.  Conduct  or  state  of  a 
gladiator. 

GLaIR'INE,  ft.  A  kind  of  substance  which  forma 
on  tho  surface  of  some  thermal  waters.      Ogilvie. 

GLASS-€EAB,  ft.  A  name  given  to  one  species  of 
crustaceans  of  the  genus  Phyllosoma,  which  is  trans- 
parent almost  ns  glass.  Dana. 

GLASS'-CUTTEPr,  n.    One  who  cuts  gla-ss. 

Sinimonds. 

GL.lSS'-PAIXT'iyG,  ft.  A  mode  of  staining  glass 
so  as  to  represent  painting.  Wright. 

GLASS'-PA'PER,  ft.  Paper  covered  with  finely  , 
pounded  glass,  nnd  used  like  sand-paper  for  abra^i  vo  | 
purposes.  Simmonds. 

GLASS'-SOAP,  ft.  A  name  given  to  the  black  oxyd  j 
of  manganese,  bv  glass-blowers.  Fra7ici-s. 

GLAU-CES'CENT,  J  rt.    Having  something  of  a  blu- 

GLiU'ClNE,  i"     ish  hoary  ai»pea/ance. 

Loudon. 

GLAIT'CTJS.  ft.  The  scientific  name  given  by  Forster 
to'a  genus  of  nudibranchiato  mollusks,  found  in  the 
warmer  latitudes,  floating  in  the  open  sea,  beauti- 
fully colored  with  blue ;  they  swim  on  their  back 
vow  swiftlv.  Dana. 

GLAVE.  ft.  [add.]  A  curved  cutting  weapon  having 
its  edge  on  the  outer  curve.  nn<l  fasti^neil  to  the  end 
of  a  pole.    Also  spelt  Glaive.  Fonhroke. 

GLAZED,  a.  Noting  a  dull  glassy  appearance ;  as, 
glazed  eyes.  De  Quincey. 

GLEBE'-LAXD,  ft.    Land  belonging  to  n  church. 

GLE-BOS'I-TY,  ft.     Fullness  of  clods.  Wright. 

GLEN-LtV'ET,  «.  A  superior  Scotch  whiskey,  so 
called  from  the  district  in  which  it  is  made. 

J.  Wilson. 

GLTNT,  v.  i.  To  glance  ;  to  peep  forth,  as  a  flower 
from  the  bud.  Burns. 

GLINT,  n.     A  glance  or  flash. 

GLOB-r-LART-TY,     1  n.    The  state  of  being  glob- 

GL'^B'ir-LOrS-NESS,  f      ular. 

GLO-CHID'I-ATE.  rt.  In  hoi.-,  having  barbs;  as, 
gJo.'hi>Uatj^.hr\s\XQ%.  A.  Gray. 

GLOM'ER-ULE,  71.  A  bead  or  dense  cluster  of  flow- 
f-Yi  ITensloiD. 


A,   E,    Ac,   lono.-\,    £,    Ac,   «.'«./-<.-CAUE,   FIE,   LAST,    FA.LL,    Wn4.T;   THfiEE,    TfiKM;    MARINE,    BlED;    MOVE, 


+  See  Talle  ofS'jnonyma. 


1483 


GRA 


GRE 


GUM 


[Gr.  vAiuTTa,  a  tongue,  and 


GLOT-T')L'0-GT,  n. 

Aovoi,  clisciiurse.] 
the  science  "f  tongues  or  language.      _ 

OT  oVE'-STRETCH'EK  (gluV-),  n-    An  instrument 

''I;°luetching  gloves  belbre  first  P"ttm|.  them^o^. 

GLOW'EE  CgloLir),  v.  i.    To  stare  '"'S"^;,,^,,.^,,„,^ 
GLOW'EE-ING  (glou'er-ing),  ppr.  or  a.     Staring 

GLtf'«5SE,'"«.  A  kind  of  potato  starch  nse.l  in  the 
arts  for  stiffening  goods,  &c.  '^,1    \'T  n,^ 

GLUE'ING,  «.  The  act  of  cementingwith  glue  ,  the 
state  of  being  thus  cemented. 

GLU'M  AL,  a.    In  hot,  characterized  by  a  glume. 

GLU-MELLE',  n.  [Fr.]  The  inner  husks  of  the 
flowcra  of  grasses.  ,  ,        ,V       !„ 

firfT'TlNE  n  A  substance  obtained  from  the  glu- 
ten of  grain,  ami  nearly  identical  with  albumen. 

GLTPII'O-GRAPH,  n.    A  plate  made  by  glyphog- 

GLYPn-0-GEXPirI€,  a.    Of  or  belonging  to  gly- 

phography. 
GLY-PnOG'RA-PIIY,  II.    [Gr.  vAilif>i.>,  to  engrave, 
and  vpa<i)J7,  a  drawing.]  ,     *  . 

A  process  of  etching  by  means  of  voltme  electri- 
city by  which  a  raised  copy  of  a  drawing  is  made, 
so  tiiat  it  can  he  used  as  a  block  to  print  from  as  m 
common  tyimgraphy.  The  surface  of  a  metallic 
plate  is  bl.a'kc^ned  and  covered  with  a  varnish  or 
comimsition  which  will  resist  the  action  of  the 
a-ents  use  1  in  the  battery;  through  this  varnish, 
&c.,  the  design  or  .Irawing  is  traced  with  a  needle 
or  other  tool,  the  varnish,  &c.,  is  suitably  hardened, 
and  the  plate  is  exposed  to  the  electrotype  process. 
The  effect  is  to  produce  a  plate  with  a  raised  device, 
differing  in  this  from  the  result  in  the  case  of  iin 
electro-"tint  which  has  a  sunken  device,  or  one  in 
intaglio.  P^™V  <■>■ 

GNARR,  'i.    A  knot  in  wood.  Chaucer. 

GNARL,  n.    A  knot  in  wood.  Gurke. 

GO,  Ji.    The  fashion  or  mode ;  as,  quite  the  go ;  noisy 
merriment;  as,  a  high  go.     ['W';]  „  .  ,, 

2.  A  slang  term  for  a  glass  of  spirits.       fright. 
GOAT-EE',  h.    A  small  tuft  of  hair  under  the  chin. 

[Si>ortite.'\ 
GO  \T'-M5TH,  n.     A  large  moth  {Coxnui  ligniper- 
(hi).  the  caterpillar  of  which  lives  upon  the  wood  of 
the  oak,  and  the  wilhnv.  ^';"-'';'- 

GOB'E-LIN,  «.  [add.]  A  printed  worsted  cloth  for 
covering  chairs,  sofa.s  &c.,  in  imitation  of  tapoj.try. 

GO'-e  VRT,   n.      A  small  machine  or  frame-work 
without  a  bottom  ami  moving  on  castors,  designed 
to  support  children  while  learning  to  walk.        ^ 
' '  Cnng. 

OOF'FEE,  V.  t.    To  plait  or  flute,  as  lace,  &c. 

Ctnrh'e. 
G'jF'FEE,  n.  An  old  word  for  rnfae.  JTiitliiceU. 
Gr)F'FEE-I"sG,  a.  Noting  the  operation  of  crimping 

„r  fluting  linen,  lace,  &c.  JTalhwell. 

GOF'FER^D-UOCcnE,  n.  A  kind  of  plaited  trim- 
ming or  quilling  for  the  caps  and  bonnets  of  elderly 
1-  (li"s  Siinmouds. 

criLD'-^LOTII,  Jt.    Clotli  -woven  with  threads  of 

gold. 
GOLD'ffN-PnEAS'ANT,  ».       A    species   of  bird 
( r/uinKimw  nlctii.i),  a  native  of  China,  and  esteemed 
the  most  beautiful  of  its  genus  from  the  nehnes'S  and 
miiltiplidtyoftlietintsofitspluuMge.      Ogitvie. 
oriLn'-FGIL,  n.    Thin  sheets  of  gold  used  by  dent- 
ists and  others.  Simmoml.'t 
GOLD'-LXT'TEN,  «.     Thin  plates  of  gold;    thin 

plates  of  other  metal  covered  with  gold. 
GO.M'EE-IL,  n.     A  blockhead.    [Scotch^^^^     ^^^^ 

GOOSE'-FLESII,  11.     Flesh  roughened  with  cold. 

GOOSE'-PIE,  n.    A  pie  made  of  goose  and  pastry. 

GOS'S^N  ("oz'zan),  n.  Decomposed  roek,  usually 
reddish  or 'ferruginous,  forming  the  u|)rier  part  of  a 
metallic  vein,  -ind  owing  its  reddish  color  mainly  to 
decomposed  pyrites.  Dana. 

G0$-$-AN-IF'EE-0US,  a.  Containing  or  producing 
gossan.  ■''"""• 

GriS'91P-T,  a.    Full  of  gossip. 

GOURDE,  71.     [9p.  (;or(?o,  large.] 

A  terra  used  in  Cuba,  Hayti,  &c.,  for  the  coloni.al 
dollar.  /- 

GRXB'BER,  n.     One  who  seizes  or  grabs. 

GU.^C'BIXG,  n.    The  net  of  seizing  or  gr.abbing. 

GRXD'A-TO-RT,  a.  [add.]  Adapted  for  ijrogres- 
s'ion  or  forward  m<ivement.  Crriig. 

GE  V-DINES  (gra-d.-en?.l,  n.  pi.     [Fr.]    Seats  raised 
over  each  other  ;  as,  "  the  gradineD  of  the  amphi- 
1         theater."  Lavard. 


GEllL,  n.  (Derived  by  Heyse,  through  the  old  Fr. 
arenl  or  nraalz.  from  the  Latin  of  the  middle  ages, 
ar<ididis\  The  Holy  Grail,  according  to  the  le- 
gends ..f  the  middle  ages,  was  the  cup  used  by  our 
Savior  in  dispensing  the  wine  at  the  last  supper.  By 
some  it  was  said  to  have  been  preserved  by  Joseph 
of  Arimathea,  who  received  into  it  the  blood  which 
flowed  from  the  Redeemer's  wounds  as  he  hung  on 
the  cross.  By  others  it  was  said  to  have  been 
brou"ht  down  from  heaven  by  angels,  and  commit- 
ted to  the  charge  of  a  body  of  knights,  who  guarded 
it  on  the  top  of.a  lofty  mountain.  Tliis  cup,  accoiiling 
to  the  legend,  if  approached  by  any  but  a  perfectly 
pure  and  holy  person,  would  be  borne  away  anil  van- 
ish from  their  sight.  This  led  to  the  qiie'it  of  the  Holy 
Grail,  which  was  to  be  sought  for  on  every  side  by 
a  knight  who  was  perfectly  chaste  in  thought  word, 
and  !ict.  It  is  to  this  tlint  some  of  the  later  inglifh 
poet.-i  have  referred,  especially  Tennyson  in  his  bir 
Galahad : 

'•  Sometimes  on  lonely  mountain  merea 
1  find  a  maftic  Lark  -, 
I  leap  on  bi.ard  ;  no  helmsman  flteers ; 
^at  till  all  i^  darlx 


A  Kentlo  aonnd,  an  awful  light  I 

Three  angels  bear  theHoly  Gi.... 
With  folded  feet,  in  stoles  of  white 


angels  bear  the  Holy  Grnil ; 
d  feet,  in  stoles  of  wb'"- 
■ping  wings  they  sail.' 


GRAIN,  n.  Against  the  grain,  against  the  fibers 
of  wood;  hence,  unwillingly. 

GR-llX'AGE,  n.     Duties  on  gr.ain. 

GE.VIN'ING,  n.  [add.]  A  process  in  tanning  by 
which  a  granular  appearance  is  given  to  leather. 

Tomhnson. 

GRAINS,  n»;.  [add.]  Akindof  harpoon  with  sev- 
eral barbe.l  points.  Simmonds. 

GEAIP,  n.     A  dun_g-fork.     [Scotch.-]  Burns. 

GEXL'-LA-TO'-RKS,  n.  pi:  [L.  grallator,  one  who 
walks  on  stilts.] 

A  group  of  birds  wliich  are  long  legged  waders, 
including  cranes,  herons,  plovers,  snipes,  &c. 

Iconog.  Encyc. 

GRAM-MXT'I-€0  niS-TQR'I€-AL,  a.  "Havingref- 
crence  at  once  to  grainm.atical  usage  and  historical 
modes  of  interpretation ;  as,  the  g rammatien-his- 
iorical  sense  of  a  passage.  Bihllotheca  Sac. 

GEAND'I-OSE,  a.    [L.]    Swelling  in  style  or  nian- 

GUAND-I-DS'I-TY,  n.    Swell  of  style  or  manner; 

one  who  is  grand. 
GRAN-U-LIF'EP.-OCS,  a.    Full  of  granulations. 

Craig. 
GRAN-tJ'LI-FORM,  a.    In  min.,  having  an  irregu- 
lar granular  structure.  Craig. 
GE.KPE'-SUG'.\E,  n.    X  kind  of  sngar  called  by 
chemists  'glucose,  which  has  only  one  third   the 
sweetening  effect  of  cane  sugar.     It  does  not  exist 
(as  the  name  would  imply)  in  the  juice  of  grapes, 
but  is  formed  therefrom  in  small  incrustatitms  on 
raisins  &c      Itgives  honey  its  sweetness,  and  may 
be  obtained  from  starcli.                             Gregory. 
GR.X.PII'1-TOID,  a.    [From  graphite,  and  Gr.  e!5o!, 
resemblance.] 

Resembling  gr.aphite  or  plumbago.  Dana. 

GRXP'PLING,  n.     A  layingfast  hold  of;  also,  that  by 

which  any  thing  is  seized  and  held. 
GR  \P-TO-LIT'ie,  a.    Containing  graptoUtes  ;  .as,  a 

(7n(/)«u;i«c  slate.  Dana. 

GEASP'ING,  n.     A  seizing  strongly  with  the  hands. 

GEASS'-CLOTII,  n.    A  fine,  light  quality  of  cloth 

resemblino-  linen,  made  from  the  Urtica  ninea  and 

other  plants.  >S  Wells  Williams. 

GE.VSS'-OIL,  n.    A  name  given  to  some  essential 

oils  obtained  from  scented  grasses  in  India. 

Simmonas. 
GRXVEL-GXE,  n.     A  car  for  transporting  gravel. 
GE.W'EL-PIT,  n.     A  pit  from  which  gravel  is  dug. 
GRAV'ING-DOCK,  n.     A  dock  into  which  ships  are 
taken  to  have  their  bottoms  examined,  cleaned,  sfec. 

Simnionds, 
GEXV'I-TA-TIVE,  a.   Causing  to  gravitate  ;  tending 

to  a  center.  Coleridge. 

GR.I'VY-DlSn,  n.     A  large  table-dish  for  a  piece  of 
meat,  with  a  well  or  depression  at  one  end  for  gravy. 

Simmonds. 
GEAZ'INQ,  n.    [add.]     Tho  act  of  feeding  on  gmvi. 
GPvE  AVE,  V.  t.    To  bream  a  ship's  bottom,  or  cleanse 
it  by  burning  off  the  adhering  grass,  sediment,  itc. 

Sintmonds. 
GRECQUE(!^^k\n.  [Fr.]  A  contrivance  for  hold- 
in"  coffee-grounils,  being  a  metallic  vessel  minutely 
perforated  at  the  bottom,  tlirough  whicli  boiling 
water  is  poured.  Tlie  name  is  also  given  to  a  coffee- 
pot having  this  contrivance. 
GREEK  CfltTRCII,  n.  The  eastern  church;  that 
part  of  Christendom  which  sep.arated  from  the  Ro- 
man or  western  church  in  the  ninth  century.  _  It 
comprises  the  great  hulk  of  the  Christian  population 
of  Russia,  Greece,  Moldavia,  and  'Wallachia,  and  is 
governed  by  patriarchs.  Mnsheim. 


I  GEEEN'IIEART,  n.  A  name  given  to  several  vari- 
eties of  wcmd  found  in  the  West  Indies  and  in  S..uth 
America,  bearing  a  resemblance  to  cocoa-wood, and 
used  for  ship  building  or  turnery  purposes,  aceord- 
ino-  to  the  quality.  The  Green-heart  of  Jamaica 
and  Guiana  is  the  Laurus  Chlorari/lon  of  botanists ; 
it  is  also  Cogwood  in  the  former,  anil  Sipieri  in  the 
latter  locality.  Appjlelon's  Mech.  Diet. 

GRE'GREE,  n.     An  African  talisman  or  ch.ann. 

S.  P.  Mill.i. 
GEEN-A-DIL'LO,  «.   A  cabinet  wood  from  the  West 
Indies,  called  also  Grenada  Cocus,  being  a  lighter 
species  of  the  common  cocoa.  . 

Appleton\'i  Mech.  Diet. 
GKEN' A-DINE,  n.  A  thin  silk  used  for  ladies'  dresses, 

shawls.  &e. 
SRpE'?6ME.'f  "'    Usly;WgMf-.I.  CKingsley. 
GEID'I-EON,  «..     [add.]     A  frame  used  for  drawing 
vessels  out  of  water  to  be  docked  ami  repaired. 

Simmonds. 

GEIEVE,  In.     [Sax.    gerefa,  or  Gael.  graf.\     In 
GEEEVE,  (      Scotland,  a  manager  of  a  farm  or  over- 
seer of  any  work  ;  a  reeve  ;  a  manorial  bailiff. 

Ogih'ie. 
GEILO-ING,  n.    The  act  of  broiling  over  coals. 
GRILSE  n.    A  young  salmon  on  its  first  return  from 

gg^  John  Wilson. 

GRIPPE  (grip1,    n.     [Fr]     A  French  name  for  the 

indueuza'or  epidemic  catarrh.  Dungllson. 

GRIT  n      [add.]     Firmness  and  sharpness  of  mind. 

[.-!»;.  ]■  Barllett. 

GEOG'GI-NESS,  n.   The  .state  of  being  groggy,  hence, 
Bta'-oering ;  tenderness  or  stiffne-ss  in  the  foot  of  a 
horse,  which  causes  him  to  move  in  an  uneasy,  hob- 
bling manner.  White's  let.  Diet. 
GROG'GT,  a.    Tipsynrovercome  with  grog,  causing 
a  man- to  stagger  or  stumble;  hence,  applied  by 
vnallists  to  one  weakened  in  a  fight  so  as  to  stag- 
ger     So  a  horse  is  said  to  be  groggy  when  ho 
inoves  in  an  nneasy,  hobbling  manner,  owing  to  a 
tenderness  about  the  feet.  White .s  Vet.  Dirt. 
GROIN    n     [.adil.]    In  coa.'d-engtne.ermg,  a  Irame 
of  wo(')d-work  across  a  beach  to  accumulate  and  re- 
tain shingle.  ^"^S"'*- 
GROOVING,  71.  The  act  of  making  grooves  |  grooves 

thus  made. 
GEOUND'ING,  n.    Act  of  touching  the  ground ;  as, 
of  a  ship.  ,  7 

2.  Thorough  instruction ;  as,  to  have  a  ground- 
ing in  some  branch  of  knowledge. 
GROUND'-LINE,  7t.     Indescriptire  geometry,  the 
line  '>(  intersection  of  the  horizontal  and  vertical 
plane  or  projection. 
GEOUND'-PLXN,    n.     The  surface  representation 

of  the  divisions  of  a  building.  Simmonds. 

GEOUND'-PLANE,   7!.     In  pers}>ective,  the  hori- 
zontal plane  of  projection. 
GEOUND'-SQUiR'EEL,    7i.        A    variety    of    the 
squirrel  family,  of  a  reddish  color,  with  bhickisb 
stripes  on  its  sides.  Ogilrie. 

GEOUND'-TIER  (-tcer),    7r.      Tho  lowest  tier   of 
casks  in  a  vessel's  h.dd.  Totten. 

2    The  lowest  range  of  boxes  in  a  theater. 

Simmonds. 


GROUP'ER,  1  71.    A  'West-Indian  name  for  several 

GEOOP'EE  (  species  of  Serranus,  a  fl^h  of  tho 
perch  family.  Simmmyls. 

GEOUT,  !'.  (.  To  fill  up  with  thin  coarse  mortar,  as 
the  joints  between  stones. 

GEOWN'-t'P,  pp.  or  a.    Of  full  size  or  age. 

GEOYNE.    SeeGnoiN. 

GEC'MOSE,  7!.     [L.  grumiis,  a  little  heap.] 

In  hot.,  clustered  in  grains  at  intervals  ;  grnmous. 

Craig. 

GEtrMPa-LT,  adv.  In  a  surly,  dissatisfied  manner  ; 
as,  to  answer  grumpily. 

GIJF'FAW,  !t.     A  loud  burst  of  laughter.      Wilson. 

GUIL'LE-MOT,  7i.  [Fr.]  Another  name  for  DoVE- 
KiE,  which  see.  A<i«e. 

GUIN'EA-GE.\SS,  71.  A  tall  strong  forage  crass 
iPanicnm  maximum  of  Jacqiiin)  introduced  from 
the  West  coast  of  Africa  into  tho  West-Indies  and 
Southern  States  of  America.  Simmonds. 

GUI' PURE  n  [Fr.]  An  imitation  of  antique  lace 
which  is  .liirable,  le»3  expensive,  and  equally  beau- 
tiful.   The  name  is  also  applied  to  a  kind  ot  gimp. 

Simmonds.  ^ 

GCLCII  n.  A  ravine,  or  dry  water  course  in  Cali- 
fornia and  Australia,  "f;'"- 

GtrLF'-STREAM,  7».  A  current  in  the  Atlantic 
ocean  running  from  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  off  the 
United  States,  and  continuing  over  the  north-east- 
ern Atlantic.    It  is  characterized  by  the  warinth  ot 

to  waters.  '^^  ^'ZV"'   r 

Gti'M'-'WOOD,  re.  A  wood  of  New  South  Wales,  ot 
a 'dark  mahogany  color  with  a  blue  or  ptirplish- 
graycast.  AppletoiVi  Mech.  Diet. 


D(3VE,    WOLF,    BOOK;    ROLE,    BULL;    Yi"CI0US.-e   as   K;    G   as   J;    S   as   Z;    SH    as   SH;   THIS. 


1484 


t  See  Table  of  Synonyms. 


HAD 


HAN 


GtTI'-MET'AL,  «.  An  alloy  of  9  parts  of  copper  ami 
1  part  of  tin,  useil  fur  cauiion,  &c. 

Appleton^s  Mei-h,  Dii^t. 
GrN'JAH,  n.     A  name  in  India  for  the  dried  hemp- 
p\^nt  (Ctcnnahi.i  .satint)  from  which  the  resinous  i 
juice  has  not  been  removed ;  it  is  smoked  for  its 
narcotic  effects.  Johnston. 

GCX'-POKT,  n.     An  opening  in  a  ship  for  a  cannon. 
Gl'S'POVV-DEE  TliA,  n.     A  species  of  fine  green 
tea,  each  leaf  of  whicla  is  rolled  roimd. 

S.  Wells  WilUams. 
GCE'GLE,  n.    A  gush  or  flow  of  liquid. 

Thomp>ion. 
GCK'GLET,  n,     A  porous  earthen  jar  for  cooling 

water  by  evaporation.  Oijlli>ie. 

GCR'GLING-LY,  li.    In  a  gurgling  manner. 
GIT.'GOTLE.     See  G-vnooTLE. 
GCE'KV,  n.    A  small  fort  in  Indi.a.  Crntg. 

Gf  T.  n.  [add.]  The  substance  made  by  pulling  in 
two  a  silkworm  when  ready  to  spin  its  cocoon,  and 
drawin:;  it  out  into  a  thread.  This  when  dry  is  ex- 
ceedingly strong,  and  is  used  as  part  of  a  fisU-line. 

TotnlinAon. 
GCTTA  PfiK'CriA  (pSr'tcha),  «.    [From  the  MaLiy 
guU*t.,  gum.  and  percha^  the  particular  tree  from 
which  it  is  procured.] 

A  substance  exuding  from  a  tree  of  the  East- 
Indies,  and  use<l,  when  hardened,  for  the  same  pur- 
pose-i  as  caoutchouc  Tomliiiaoti. 

GCTTATE,  a.    [L.  gutta,  a  drop.] 

Notinga  spotted  appearance,  as  if  by  something 
dropped.  .4.  Gray. 

GtJTTER-lNG,  n.  [add.]  Gutters  or  channels  for 
carrying  off  water  from  tne  roofs  of  houses. 

Ogilrie. 
GC"^.  n.  .\  person  of  qncer  looks  or  dress;  a  term 
derived  from  grotesque  elBgies  of  Guj^  Fawkes, 
which  are  <lressetl  up  by  boys  and  exhibited  in  the 
streets  on  the  5th  of  November,  being  the  d.ay  of 
the  Gunpowder  Plot 

Dulens.     Wrights  Prov.  Diet. 
fiy-N^-d'CM,  n.    [Gr.  ymaiKeiov,  women's  resi- 
dence.] 

1.  That  part  of  a  large  house  among  the  ancients 
appropriated  to  femalci.    Foahroke.     Tenniison. 
•i.  The  united  pistils  of  a  flower  taken  together. 

A.  Gray. 
6TM-X0-€AR'P0CS,  a.    [Gr.  Tvfiw,  naked,  and 
IEOPTC?.  friiil.J 

In  hot.,  naked  fruited;  having  no  pubescence 
about  the  fruit.  lleiutlmc. 

6T-P.01D'AL,  a.  Spiral  in  arrangement  or  action. 
In  cry=itaHogr(tphy.  havingcertain  i)lancs  arranged 
spirally,  so  that  they  incline  all  to  the  right,  or  all 
to  the  left  ofa  vertical  line.  In  optic*,  turning  the 
plane  of  [wlarization  circularly  or  spirally  to  the 
risht  or  left.  Dana. 

6T'R0-S€0PE,  n.  [Gr.  yu(jo«>,  to  bend,  and  cricoireu, 
to  observe.] 

An  instrument  in  various  forms,  invented  by 
Prof.  W.  K.  .Johnson  (by  whom  it  was  called  Ro- 
TASCOPK)  for  illustrating  the  phenomena  of  rota- 
tion and  the  composition  of  rotations,  particularly 
as  affected  by  inertia  and  gravity.  It  consists  prin- 
cipally of  a  heavy  rotating  wheel  variously  sus- 
-  n-led  in  rings,  &c.  With  an  instrument  of  this 
'■  .1,  very  delicately  constructed,  Mons.  Foucault 
L.io  succeeded  in  rendering  visible  the  effect  of  the 
roLition  of  the  earth.  C.  &.  Lyman. 

6?TF.,  n.  Delirious;  senselessly  extravagant;  as, 
the  man  is  clean  gyte.  Walt.  Scott. 


[Gr.  alfia,  blood,  and  Aoyo?, 


H. 

nABT-T.lXT.n.;  pJ.,nAB'I-TAXS.  [Fr.]  [add.] 
Name  regained  by  the  lower  class  of  Canadians  ot 
French  origin.  OgiMf. 

HA-BirV-E  (a-bit'u-S),  m.  One  h.ibitnated  to  a 
certain  place,  employment,  &c. ;  as,  an  hahitue  ofa 
theater  Beficherdle. 

nXCn'URE,  n.  [Fr.]  A  term  applied  to  the  short 
lines  of  the  m.ap-cngniver,  used  in  delineating  sur- 
faces, especially  mountains. 

H.XCII'TEE,  v.  t.  In  map-engrar.ing,  to  cover  with 
hachures.  Silliman'n  Journal. 

nXCK.  I».    [add.]    In   Eiig.,   a  family  horse 

HS.CK'NET.  (  used  in  all  kinds  of  work,  as  distin- 
guished from  hunting  and  carriage  horses. 

Wel'fitf.r^n  Dora.  Enryc. 

H.VCKaNG  €OrGn,  ».    a  slight  teazinL'c,i.ii.'h. 

\V'-!fiht. 

HXCKT-ING,  n.  The  act  or  process  of  separating 
the  coarse  part  of  hemp  from  the  fine. 

ApplHon's  Mech.  Diet. 

HXn.T't.  n.     [Ar.  ha'Jj.  pilgrimase] 

A  Mohammedan  pilgrim  to  Mecca;  hence,  in  a 
wider  sense,  a  title  of  honor.  G.  W.  Curtu. 


H^-MA-Tt5L'0-(5-Y,  n. 
discourse.] 
The  science  of  the  blood.  t  raig. 

HiG,  «.     [add.]     A  division  or  enclosure  of  wood  to 

be  cut ;  a  quagmire.  Wright.      Walt.  Scott. 

HXG'BUT,  n.  [bid  Fr.  hacqmhute.'\  A  name  given 
to  the  h.irquebus  when  its  butt  was  bent  down  or 
hooked  to  hohl  it  more  readily  ;  from  the  German 
word  hakf.  hook.  Fosbrokc. 

HAG-1-(5€'RA-CY,  re.    [Gr.  oiyiot,  holy,  and  «paTe(j, 
to  govern.] 
The  government  of  tho  priesthood  ;  hierarchy. 

Ogilvie. 

HAIL,  V.  i.     [.add.]    To  hailfrom,  is  familiarly  used 

in  England  and  America  for  to  assign  one's  place 

of  abode. 

HAIL'-STOEM,  n.    A  storm  accompanied  with  hail. 

HaIE'-DEESS'EK,   re.     One  who  dresses  or  cuts 

hair. 
nAlE'-GLdTES,   n.  2>l.    Gloves  of  horio  hair  used 

for  rubbing  the  skin.  Sijnmonds. 

nllE'-LlNE,  n.     [add.]     A  very  slender  line. 
HaIE-SEAT'ING,  n.    Hair-cloth  for  tho  seats  of 

chairs,  v\;c.  Simmond-s. 

nAlE'-SniET,  n.     A  shirt  made  of  hair,  worn  to 

mortify  the  body. 
HAIE'-SPEING,  n.     A  Bne  wire  in  a  w.atch  which 

gives  niotiiin  to  the  balance-wheel. 
IIAIE'-STEOKE,  re.    A  delicate  stroke  in  writing. 
HA'KIM   (hii'keem),  n.     [Ar.]     Lit.,  a  wise  man; 
hence,  a  physician,  and  sometimes  a  ruler. 

Deyse. 
HALF,  re.    Consisting  of  a  moiety  or  half.   Wright. 
HALF'-nTND'ING,  re,    A  style  of  book-binding  in 
which  the  backs  and  corners  are  in  leather,  and  the 
sides  in  paper  or  cloth, 
HALF'-BOAED'EE,  «,    One  that  takes  dinner  only, 
IIALF'-BOUND,  a.  Having  only  the  back  in  leather, 

as  a  book, 
HALF'-BEEED,  re,  A  person  descended  from  parents 

of  different  races;  as,  a  Canadian  hnlf-hrecil. 
HALF'-BEED,    a.    [ad<l.]     Imperfectly  acquainted 
with  tho  rules  of  good-breeding.     Also,  a  race  horse 
not  full  blooded;   a  coursing  dog  not  completely 
trained.  Simmonds. 

HXLF'  elP,  re.  [add.]    A  slight  salutation  with  the 

cap.  Sliakes. 

IIALF'-IIEAET'ED,  a.    'Wanting  in  affection ;  un- 
generous. 
IIALF'-LENGTH,  a.    Of  half  the  ordinary  length, 

as  a  picture. 
HALF'-MEASITEE    (mCzh'ur),    «.     An  imperfect 

plan  or  effort. 
nALF'-PEICE,  re.    Half  the  ordin.ary  price ;   a  re- 
duced charge  at  a  theater,  .S:c.,  for  admission  late  in 
the  evening.  Dickens. 

HALF'-TE-EETE',  a.    Terete,  but  flattened  on  one 

g[,jp  Ihnsiow, 

HALF'-TIDE,  re.    Expiration  of  half  the  tide  or  six 

hours. 
HALF'-TINT,  re.    In  tho,;!;i«  arts,  a  middle  or  inter  ■ 

mediate  tint.    See  Ti.nt. 
HALF'-YEAE,  re.    Space  of  si.x  months. 
n.\L-I-riG'E A-PHY,  n.     [Gr.  oAs,  sea,  and  ypi'?'",  to 
describe.] 

A  description  of  the  sea.  Lraig. 

HALL/ AGE,  re.    Toll  paid  for  goods  sold  in  a  hall. 

Craig. 
HALL'-MAEK,  re.    The  official  stamp  of  the  Gold- 
smiths' Company  and  otiier  assay  ollices  to  gold  and 
silver  articles,  as  showing  their  purity.     [Eng.] 

Simniojuis. 
HA'LOSD  (bfilode),  a.    Surrounded  with  a  halo. 
1I\M'MEU  FISH,  «.    A  rapacious  flsh  of  the  shark 
famiiv,  called  also  the  hammer-headed  shark,  from 
the  shape  of  its  head,  tho  sides  of  which  extend 
into  transverse  processes,  so  as  to  afford  a  resem- 
blance to  the  head  of  a  hammer.  Ciivier. 
HAM'Sn.\CK-LE  (-shakHil),  v.  t.    To  fasten  by  a 
rope  bindinz  tho  head  to  ono  of  the  fore  legs ;  as,  to 
haimluickle  a  horse  or  cow.    Hence,  to  bin.l  or  re- 
strain. Wnght. 
HA.Mir-LOSE,  re.    [L.  hamun,  a  hook.] 
In  hot,  bearing  at  tho  end  a  small  hook. 

A.  Gray. 
HXN'AP,  re.    A  rich  goblet  or  tank.ard  of  silver  or 

gold,  used  on  state  occasions.  Wright. 

hXnD'BILL,  re.  A  loose  printed  sheet  to  bo  circu- 
lated or  stuck  up  for  some  public  announcement ;  a 
small  bill  or  pruning  hook.  SimmoiulK. 

HXNB'-OrrfDE,  n.  An  in^tr^ment  for  giving  a  good 
position  to  the  hands  in  playing  on  the  pianoforte. 

Simmonds. 
HANDI-fi  AP,  re.     A  race  in  which  the  horses,  umler 
the  direction  of  an  umpire,  carry  different  weights 


HAT 


according  to  their  age  and  character  for  speed,  &c., 
with  a  view  to  equalize  tlieeliances  as  much  as  pos- 
sible. The  term  is  also  applied  to  foot  raee.s,  iMtat 
races,  and  other  contests,  in  which  some  of  the  com- 
petitors are  plaeetl  in  advance  of  others  at  starting, 
with  a  view  to  equalize  the  chances. 

Sporting  Diet. 
nXND'I-€AP-PEE,  re.     Tho  umjiire  of  a  handicap 

race. 
HAND'LING,  re.  [add.]     Amon^  pal niers.  the  mode 

of  using  one's  pencil ;  mcde  of  touch.  Fairholt. 
n.lND'-OE'GAN,  71..  A  barrel-organ  turned  by  hand. 
lliND'SEL,  re.  [add.]  The  word  handsel  or  han- 
sel is  much  used  .as  a  familiar  term  both  in  England 
and  Scotland  to  denote  not  merely  the  first  use  of 
a  thing,  but  any  thing  given  in  hand,  as  earnest 
money,  some  gift  or  purchase  at  a  particular  season, 
the  first  money  received  for  the  sale  ofgnoiisin  the 
morning,  the  "first  money  taken  at  a  shop  newly 
opened,' the  first  present  sent  to  a  young  woman  on 
her  wedding  day,  <5;c.  Craig. 

HiND'SEL,  «.  «.  [add]  To  7(ff«f?srf  a  person  is  to 
present  him  with  some  gift,  or  with  something 
purchased  at  a  particular  time  or  place ;  also  to 
give  him  earnest  money.  Craig. 

IlAND'SELiTD  (hand'seld),  pp.     [add.]     Endowed 

with  hand.scl. 
II.XND'SEL  M6?J'D.iY,  re.    The  Monday  after  New 
Year  when  httndsels  or  presents  are  given  to  serv- 
ants, children,  &a.  Hone's  Every  Day  Book. 
IIXNK'EE,    v.  i.     [add.]     To  hang  about;    as,   to 

hanker  about  a  door.  Thackeray. 

H.\N'SA1{D,  re.  [add.]  A  title  given  to  the  reports 
of  proceedings  in  the  British  Parliament,  from  the 
name  of  the  publisher.  Simmonds. 

HXN'SEL.    See  Handsel. 

HAN'SOM-t;AB,    n.    [From   tho  name  of  the  in- 
ventor.]    A  two-wheeled  cab,   having  the  driver 
perched  on  an  elevated  seat  behind.     Simmonds, 
IIAED,  re.     .\  kind  of  piev  or  landing  place  for  boats 

on  a  river.  Jlarryat. 

HAED'-BAiCE,  re.    A  sweetmeat  of  baked  sugar  or 

treacle  spread  out  thin.     {Eng.]  Thackeray. 

HAED  BY,  adv.     Very  near;  as,  "Aa/'d  hy.  a  cot- 
tage chimn  ;y  smokes,"  Milton. 
HXRD'-HSCK,  re.     Popular  n.ame  of  a  very  astring- 
ent plant  (Soirea  tomentosa),  common  in  pastures. 

Bartlett. 
HAED'ISH,  a.    Somewhat  hard. 
HAED'-MONEY  (muu'ny),re.  Coin  as  distinguished 

from  paper  money. 
HAED'-PEESSA'D'  (-prest),  a.    Pressed  very  hard. 
1I.\  ED-rrSlI^T  ■  (pjisht),  a.    Urged  by  difficulties. 
IIXED'-EI'X, /v.     Greatly  pressed  ;  as,  he  was  Atxrrf- 

rtui  for  time,  money,  ^tc. 
IIXED'-TACK.    Among  seamen,  sea-bread. 

Kane. 
HXeD'-'WOOD,  re.    A  'ommon  name  for  wood  of  a 
solid  texture,  as  birch,  ash,  &e.,  in  opposition  to 
[line,  &c.  Bartlett. 

HAED'-'WOODS,  re.  pi.  A  term  applied  to  woods 
of  a  very  "close  texture,  as  box,  &c..  used  by 
turners.  Aj^pjleion's  Mech.  Diet. 

HAE'LE-QUIN-DUCK.  n.  A  species  of  duck  (CTwre- 
gula  hi.-<trionicii)  liiund  in  Hudson's  Bay,  of  an 
jisli-color,  tho  male  being  fantastically  streeked 
with  gray.  Curler. 

HAE-MO-NI-Z.'i'TION,  re,.    The  bringing  or  being 

brought  into  a  state  of  accordance. 
IIAE'NESS-€ASK,    re.      A  tnb  on  a  vessel's  desk 
for  receiving  the  daily  allowance  of  salted  provi- 
sions; called  also  Aa/'re(:8s-/;i&.  Simmonds. 
HAE'NESS-MAK'EE,  re.     A  manufacturer  of  h.ar- 

nesses,  and  horse  trapi>ings.  Booth, 

HAE'PY-EA'GLE.  re.  An  accipitrine  bird  of  Mex- 
ico and  South  America.  [Ilarpyia,  destructor  of 
Linn.,  or  Tlirasaetus  harpyia  of  modern  zoologists. 
It  is  noted  for  its  formidable  claws  and  great 
strength.  Icon.  Encyc. 

IlXSH'EESII,  I  n.  A  prep.aration  much  used  in  the 
H\SII'Isn,  i  Ea,st  as  a  n.nrcotic,  made  by  boiling 
the  leaves  and  flowers  of  the  hemp-phint  with  the 
addition  of  a  little  fresh  butter;  its  effect  in  small 
doses  is  moderately  exhilarating,  but  by  increasing 
the  dose  an  intoxication  is  produced  attended  with 
an  intense  feeling  of  happiness.  If  taken  too  freely 
death  has  sometimes  resulted.  Johnston. 


HAT'-BXND  «.     [add.]     Aband  of  cr.ape,  Ac,  worn 

on  the  hat  bv  persons  in  mourning,      Tlnickeray. 

nXT'TI-SllEE'IF.  n.     [subs.]     [Ar,  chuti,  writing, 

and  scherif,  noble  or  imperial.]  .    ~    ,       , 

Jit    imperial  liand-writmg;  a  term  in  Turkey  for 
ft  decree  countersigned  by  the  Sultan  willi  these 
words'  "Let  it  be  done  accordindy,"  thus  invest- 
ing- the  decree  with  the  highest  possible  authority. 
"  Ellas  Iliggs. 


A,   E.    &c. 


;<,re(7.-X.  E,    *c„  skoH.-C!.V.F.,  FAR,  L.-.5T,  FALL.-WH.^T;    THfiEE,  TfeEM;    MAPJNE,  BtED;    MOVE, 


+  See  Table  of  Synoiiyms. 


1485 


HEM 


HIG 


IlX.T'TING  n      The  business  of  making  hats. 
IIAUL'ACHS,  ».     Act  of  hauling  ;  charge  for  hauling. 

11  illL'EE  n.  One  who  hauls,  as  a  fisherman  who 
nulls  in  a  cast-net,  Ac.  Craig. 

HAUT'BOY-IST  (ho'boy-ist),  n.  A  player  on  the 
hautboy. 

IIAV'-fi'N-AGE, ».     Harbor  dues. 

]IAWK'-OWL,  n.  A  large  species  of  owl  (^Stnjx  nijc- 
t'ea  of  Linnaeus),  called  also  Snuwy-Owl.  It  inhabits 
the  north  of  both  continents,  builds  on  hl^li  rocts, 
and  pursues  hares,  grouse,  &c.  <-  I'lner. 

IIAY'-BiND,  n.     A  band  or  rope  of  twisted  hay 

Simmoiioi*. 

11  AT'TI-AN,  a.     Belonging  to  the  island  of  Hayti. 

II.XZ'  \RD  TA'BLE,  n.  A  table  for  playing  at  cames 
of  chance.  Clarke. 

IIAZ'ING,  n.    The  act  of  harassing  or  annoying. 

Il£AD-ING-DOWN,    n.      In    liortk:,    the    cutting 
down  of  the  branches  or  head  of  trees  or  vegetables. 
The  head  orchief  of  a  school, 

Cotiijlieare. 
That  heals  or  assuages ;  the 


HEAD'  MAS'TEK,  n. 

kv. 
HKAL'ING,  a.    [add.] 

heiditig  art,  medicine. 
HEaLTH'-OF'FI-CEK,  n.     One  charged  with  the 

protection  of  a  place  against  ial'eetious  diseases. 
HEAETH'-EtJG,  n.    A  rug  in  front  of  the  hearth. 

HE.iTTNG-LT,  nrfii.     [add.]    In  a  he.ating  manner. 
HE  WE    n.     [afhl]     A   horizontal   dislocation   in   a 
metallic  lode,  taking  place  at  an  intersection  with 
another  lode.  ^        ^,  i>">'j'- 

Ileae^  of  the  sen,  an  impulse  from  the  .swell  ol  tne 
sea  advancing,  retarding,  or  altering  the  course  ol 
a  vessel.  Ogilae. 

HEAVY-BUILT',  a.    So  built  as  to  have  a  cumber- 
some movement;  clumsy.  Clarke. 
HE  AV'Y-GAIT'ED,  (I.     Moving  heavily  an(l  .slowly  ; 

as,  "  heaviz-O'tited  toads."  ,'^/iake.s. 

IIEAV'Y-HUAltT'ED,  a.    Borne  down  with  sorrow. 
HEAVY  MET'AL.  n.     Guns  of  a  large  caliber  ;  as, 

to  carry  heari/  metal.  Tutten. 

HEAVY-WEIGH  FED  (-w.i'ted),  a.  Havmg  a  heavy 

weight  put  on  ;  as.  a  race  horse. 
HEB'U-TATE,  .1.    [L]    Obtuse;  dull. 
HEe-TO-eOT'Y-LIZfi'D  (-kot'e-lizd),   a.     Changed 
into  a  hectocotylus;  as  happens  to  one  of  the  arms 
of  the  male  of  a  kind  of  cuttle-fl.ih.  Da7ia. 

HEe- rO-€<3T'Y-LU3,  n.     [Gr.  e/tTos,  out  of  or  sepa- 
rate from,  and  kotuAjj,  a  small  cup.] 

The  arm  of  a  kind  of  cuttle-flsh,  which  takes  on  a 
moilifled  form  and  bears  the  male  generative  or- 
gans ;  and  which  separates  from  the  male  so  as  to 
swim  free,  in  which  state  it  performs  its  appointed 
funotlmis.  Xiinm. 

HED'E-EOSE,  a.    [L.  hedera,  ivy.] 

Pertaining  to  ivy;  full  of  ivy.  ^s/i. 

HEDfiE'-SeilOOL,  n.    An  open  air  school  beside  a 

hedge,  in  Ireland.  Kokl. 

HEEL'-TiPS,  n.  pi.     Wine  or  liquor  at  the  bottom 

of  a  glass.  Ilalliwell.     Dickens. 

HE-LI'Ae-AL.  a.  [add.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  helix  ; 

as,  a  heliacal  current  of  electricity.         Lardiier. 
HEL'I-€i)1D,         )a.  [add.]  Spiral;  spirally  curved 
HEL-I-€OID'AL,  f     like  the  spire   of  a    univalve 

.shell.  Dana. 

HE'LI-0€HE0.\IE,   n.      [Gr.  ^Aios,   the    sun,   and 
Xpuj.io,  color.] 

A  colored  photograph.  U-  ITttnt. 

HE-LI-0-eiIllOM'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  heliochromy. 
HE'LI-O-eilKO-MY,  ».       [Gr.  ^Aios,  the  sun,  and 
XP'i''jLa,  color.] 

_  The  art  of  producing  colored  photographs. 
HE'Ll-O-GEAPH,  n.    A  picture  taken  by  beliogra- 

phy.  V?.  Hunt. 

HE-LI-OG'EA-PHY,  n.  [sub.]  Photography;  the 
taking  of  pictures  on  any  prepared  inaterial  by 
means  of  the  sun  and  a  camera  obscura.  R.  Hunt. 
HE'Ll-0-TEOPE,  n.  [add.]  An  instrument  used  in 
geodeAtt.  for  making  signah  to  an  observer  at  a  dis- 
tance, by  means  of  the  sun's  rays  thrown  off  from  a 
mirror.  Nichol. 

HB'Ll-0-TEOP-ER,  n.     The  person  at  a  geodetic 

statitm  who  lias  charge  of  the  heliotrope. 
HEL'0T-A6E,  n.    The  st-ite  of  being  a  helot. 
HEM'1-€ARP,  n.     [Gr.  ijiu,  half,  and  xapTros,  fruit.] 
One  portion  of  a  fruit  which  spontaneously  di- 
vides into  two  halves,  as  in  the  Umbellifer{v. 

A.  Qraif. 
HEM-I-HE'DRAL,  a.     [sub.]     [Gr.    rim,  half,  'and 
eSpri,  face.] 

In  crystallography,  having  half  of  the  similar 
edges  or  angles  similarly  replaced  ;  formed  by  a  re- 
placement of  half  the  similar  parts  in  a  crystal,  in- 
stead of  .all;  consisting  of  half  the  planes  which  a 
full  symmetry  would  require;  as,  when  a  cube  has 
planes  only  on  one  half  of  its  eight  soli,]  angles,  or 
one  plane  out  of  a  pair  on  each  of  its  edges;  as,  in 


the  case  of  a  tetrahedon  which  is  hemihedral  to  an 
octahedron,  it  being  contained  under  four  of  the 
planes  of  an  octahedron.  Dana. 

HEM-I-HE'DKAL-LY,  adv.    In  a  hemihedral  man- 
ner.       _ 

HEM-I-1IK'DEI$M,   n.     In    cnjstallography,   the 
property  of  crystallizing  hemihedrally.        Dana. 

HEM-I-llE'DEON,  n.     [Gr.  iiixi,  half,  and  cSixi,  face] 

In  cnj-itatloffraph;/, asoWd  hemihedrally  derived. 

Tlius  the  tetrahedron  is  in  fact  a  hemihedron,  it 

being  derived  from  a  cube  by  replacing  half  of  its 

solid  angles.  Dana. 

IIEM-I-MOEPn'I€,   a.    [Gr.  V.  liiilC  and  i^o/yti'r}, 
form.] 

In  cry.itallograpltij,  having  the  two  ends  of  a 
crystal  modified  with  unlike  planes.  Dana. 

HEM-1-PK1S-MS.T'I€,  a.     [tidd.]     In  crystallogra- 
phy, noting  a  hemiprism.  Dana. 

HEM'l-PElSM,  n.  [Gr.  rjMi.  half,  and  irpiV/xn,  prism.] 
In  the  monoclinic  and  triclinic  systems  of  crys- 
talline forms,  a  form  that  comprises  but  one  face  of 
a  prism  and  its  opposite.  Dana. 

HEM-I-SPHE-EOID'AL,    a.     Appro.aching  to    the 
figure  of  a  hemisphere.  Wright. 

HE-MIT'EO-PAL,    la.     In   lot.,   h.ilf  inverted  or 

HE-MIT'RO-POUS,  f     turned  around.     A.  Gray. 

llEM'l-TKOPE,  n.  [add.]    [Gr.  ijfii,  half,  and  Tpeiriu, 
to  turn.] 

A  twin  crystal;  a  form  which  maybe  imitated 
artificially  by  cutting  a  crystal  into  two  halves,  and 
then  inverting  one  half  and  uniting  the  seiiarateil 
faces.  Dana. 

HE-MIT'EO-PT,  n.    Twin-composition  in  crystals. 

Daua. 

nEN'-ntJ$'$T,  n.    A  cotquean;  a  man  who  inter- 
meddles with  women's  coucerns.  Wright. 

HEN'NEH-Y,  V.    An  inclosed  place  for  hens.  [Am.] 

lllF:i:?0S;S:^?!'^1-    [Gr.W,tholiver.] 
A  description  or  account  of  the  liver. 

Dunglison. 
HEP-TXifEE-OUS,  a.     [Gr.  inra,  seven,   and  ns- 
pos,  part.] 
Consisting  of  seven  parts.  A.  Gray. 

Ilf;RB'AL-I$M,  71.     The  knowledge  of  herbs. 
HE-RED-I-TA-BlL'I-TY,  n.  State  of  being  heredit- 

able.  Brydges. 

IIE'EO-WOE'SHIP,  n.    Admiration  and  reverence 

for  heroic  men.  CarlyU. 

HET-E-U0-€AE'P0US,    a.      [Gr.   Irepos,    another, 
and  KapTTo?.  fruit.] 

In  hot.,  bearing  fruit  of  two  kinds  or  forms,  as  in 
the  genus  Aniphicariiffi.  A.  Gray. 

HET-E-RO-GANi^'GLI-ATE,   a.     [Gr.    eVtpo?,    an- 
other, and  -va-yyAioi'.  ganglion.] 

Having  the  ganglions  of  the  nervons  system  un- 
symmetrically  arranged,  applied  to  Invertebrates. 

Dana. 
HET-E-RO-GB'NE-OnS-LT,  adv.     In  a  heterogen- 
eous manner. 
HET-E-EOG'E-NT,    n.    [Gr.  erepos,    another,  and 
■yei-o?,  race.] 
The  production  of  different  kinds  of  youni. 

Dana. 
IIET-E-EOM'EE-OIIS,  a.     [Gr.  erepos,  another,  and 
fi-ipo^,  part.] 

In  rhem.,  unrelated  as  to  chemical  composition, 
as  in  coses  u( heterojiierous  icomorphism.     Danti. 
HET-E-l!0-MORPn'I€,  a.  [Gr.  eTepoi,  another,  and 
^top0i?,  form.] 

In  insect  jnetanwrphosis,  having  a  wide  differ- 
ence of  form  between  the  larve  and  the  adnlt. 

Dana. 
nET-E-R0-Mi^EPH'0T;9,  a.    [Gr.  erepoi,  another, 
and  fiofxitri,  form.] 

Of  an  irregular  or  unusual  form ;  oi  two  or  more 
shapes. 
HEX-XG'ON-AL-LY,  adv.     In  a  hexagonal  manner. 
HEX-AMTSE-OUS,  a.     [Gr.  ef,  six,  and  (iipos.  part.] 

In  six  parts;  in  sixes.  Dana. 

HEX-XP'TEE-OUS,  a.     [Gr.  ef,    six,  and    irrepoi', 
wing.] 
Having  six  wing-Iiko  processes.  A.  Gray. 

IIT-BER-NI-ZA'TION.     See  IIvBEKNA-noN. 
HI-E-ROL'A-TEY,  n.     [Gr.  iepos,   sacred,  and  Xa- 
Tpfiia,,  to  worship.] 
The  worship  of  saints  or  sacred  things. 

Coleridge. 
HTGH,  a.     [add.]    Strong-scented  as  tending  toward 
putrefaction;  as,  venison  or  game  should  never  bo 
cooked  before  it  is  high.  Book  of  Cookery. 

HIGIl'-AL'TAE,  n.     The  altar  for  celebrating  high 

mass.  "  Oxford  Oloai.of  Arch. 

HIGH  JINKS',  n.  An  old  Scottish  pastime  played 
in  different  w.ays.  Commonly  a  person  was  se- 
lected by  lot  to  sustain  some  fictitious  idiaracter 
or  to  repeat  verses  in  a  particular  order  ;  and  if  he 


HOM 

departed  from  the  character  assigned  or  failed  in 
reneating  the  verses,  he  incurred  certain  forfeits. 

W.  Scott. 
IIIGH'-LOWS,   n.  pi.    A  familiar  name  for  ankle 
boots;    hence,   sometimes  a  cant  name  given  to 
those  who  wear  them.  Thackeray. 

HIGH'-STEFNG,  a.  Strung  to  a  full  tone,  or  high 
pitch ;  spirited  or  obstinate ;  as,  a  high-strung 
horse.  Ogilvie. 

nlGH'-TREA'SON,  v.  Treason  against  the  state, 
being  the  highest  civil  offense.     See  Treason. 

Tfallam. 
to  the   hilum   of  a 
A.  Gray. 
want  of  spirit;   cowardly; 


In  lot.,  belonging 


III'LAE, 

Bee<l,  &c. 
HILD'ING,  n.    ISTotini, 

as,  "such  a  hilding  foe."  Shakes. 

IIlM-A-LAY'.iN,  a.  Beloni'ing  to  the  Himalaya 
mountains  in  India,  the  highest  in  the  world. 

Craig. 
nIND'LEY'S-S€REW,  n.    ~  A  screw  cut  on  a  solid 
whose  sides  are  arcs  of  the  pitcli-circle  of  a  wheel 
into  which  the  screw  works  ;  it  is  named  from  the 
person  who  first  used  the  form.  Imp.  Add. 

HINGED  (hiiijd),  a.    Furnished  -with  hinges. 
HINGE'— lOlNT'  n.     In  anat.,  a  joint  in  which  the 
bones  move  upon  each  other  like  hinges  ;  as,  in  the 
elbow,  knee,  &c.  Paley. 

H1P-P0-€AM'PUS,  n.  [Gr.]  In  ))i)/(7t.,  a  fabulous 
monster,  composed  of  the  head  and  fore-quarters  of 
a  horse  attached  to  the  tail  of  a  dolphin  or  other 
fish  ;  it  is  seen  in  Pompeian  paintings,  attached  to 
the  marine  chariot  of  Neptune.  Fairholt. 

II1P-P0-€EEP'I-F0RM,  a.    [Gr,  Iirrro?,  horse,  and 
«pTjiTi9,  a  boot  or  shoe.] 
Shaped  like  a  horse-shoe.  A.  Gray. 

IliR'ClNE,  a.     [L.  lilrcus,  a  groat] 

Goatljke;  of  a  strong,  go.atish  smell.  Booth. 

HIS-PlD'U-LOUS,  «.  In!(o(.,  havingshort,  stiff  hairs. 

A.  Gray, 
HIS-T5(J'E-NT,  1!.    [Gr.  io-rds,  a  tissue,  and  ytvvia, 
to  produce.] 
The  production  of  organic  tissues.     Dunglison. 
HIS-TOG'RA-PHY,  «.     [Gr.    laroi,    a    tissue,  and 
ypa.'iiut,  to  describe.] 
A  description  of  organic  tissues.  Wright. 

IIIS-TO-L0g'I€-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  histology. 
niS-TO-L06'I€-AL-LY,  adv.      With  reference  to 

histological^  facts. 
HIS-TOL'O-GY,  n.    [Gr.  iards,  a  tissue,  and  Adyos,  dis- 
course.] 

The  science  which  treats  of  the  minute  struclnro 
of  the  tissues.  Dunglison. 

HIT'TER,  71.     Among  hoxers,  he  who  deals  forth  Aits 

or  successful  and  effective  blows. 
nO'CUS,  l\  t.    To  deceive  or  cheat.    Liquor  is  .said  to 
be  hocused  when  laudanum  has  been  juit  into  it. 

iralliwell. 
HOIST,  n.    A  machine  for  elevating  goods,  etc. 
HOLD'ING-Ci'VER,  n.     A  remaining  in  possession, 

ofliee,  &e.,  after  the  regular  time  has  expired. 
HOLD'-O'VEE,  V.  7.    To  remain  in  office,  possession, 

&e.,  beyond  the  regular  term. 
HOL'O-STOME,  71.      [Gr.  oAos,    whole,  and  aroinx, 
mouth.] 

A  univalve  mollusk  having  the  aperture  of  the 
shell  entire,  or  without  a  terminating  canal. 

Dana. 
HO'LY-GRAIL.    See  Geail. 

no'LY  OE'DERS,  «.  pi.     Term  applied  to  the  cleri- 
cal office  in  the  Episcooal  and  some  other  churches. 
Hook's  Ch  urch  Diet. 
HO-MO-CfiE'CAL,  o.<       [Gr.  6/^os,  common,  and  mp- 
Kos,  a  tail.] 

In  fishes,  having  the  tail  symmetrical,  the  verte- 
bral column  terminating  at  its  commencement;  op- 
posed to  hetero-cercal  in  which  the  vertebral  col- 
umn extends  to  the  extremity  of  the  upper  lobe. 

Agas&iz. 
HO-MOE-O-MfiRPn'ISM,    ».     [Gr.    onoios,   similar, 
and  ^op»t>j,  form  ] 

A  near  similarity  of  crystalline  forms  between  un- 
like chemical  compounds  or  inorganic  species;  iso- 
morphism. Da7ia. 
HO-MCE-O-MORPH'OUS,  a.  Approximately  simi- 
lar in  crystalline  form.  Dana. 
H0M-CE-0-Z0'I€,  a.  [Gr.  o/noio!,  similar,  and  ^curj, 
life.] 

A  term  denoting  similarity  in  kinds  of  life ;  as, 
homoiozoic  belts  on  the  earth's  surface. 

E.  Forhe.i. 
nO-JIO-G.\N'"LI-.\TE,   a.      [Gr.    ondt,    like,    and 
yivY^'oe,  a  ganglion.] 

Having  the  nervous  ganglions  symmetrically  nr- 
rangeil ;  as,  in  the  Invertebrates.  Dana. 

nO-MO-LrtG'ie-AL.  a.     [add.]     Proceeding  from,  or 
based  upon,  that  kind  of  relation  termed  homology. 

Dana. 


DOVE,  -WOLF,  BOOK ;    RtLE,  BUTX  ;    Vl"CIOITS.— €  as  K  ;    6  a,';  J;    S  mZ;    CH  as  8H  ;    THIS. 


1486 


+  See  Table  of  Synonyms 


HOU 


n0M-O-LOtVl€-AL-LT,  adv.  In  &  homological  sonso 
or  manner.  Ihina. 

HO-MOL'O-t^tZE,  r.  *.  To  determine  the  homo- 
logies or  structural  relations  of  any  organ.    I><tmt. 

HO-MOL'0-GOL'S,  ff.  [atld]  Bi'ins  of  the  siimo 
typical  structure,  as  ia  Iho  examples  mentiuiiud 
nmler  Homology  ;  havingliko  relations  to  a  fuinla- 
mental  typo  of  structure;  as,  tlioso  bones  ia  the 
band  of  man  and  tho  fore-fo<it  of  a  hor?c  nro  homol- 
ogoiM  that  correspond  in  their  structural  relations, 
that  is  in  their  relations  to  tho  type-structure  of  tho 
fore-limb  in  Vertebrates.  Dana. 

Hi^M'O-LOGt'E,  n.  That  which  is  homologous  with 
any  given  part  in  a  related  structure;  as,  this  or 
that  bono  in  the  hand  of  m.-\n  is  the  komologu^  of 
that  in  the  paddle  of  a  whale. 

S.  That  organ  or  structure  which  is  homologous 
vith  another;  a.s  the  p.idit!e  of  a  whale  is  the  hom- 
ologu^  of  the  wing  of  a  bird  or  of  the  arm  of  man. 

Diina. 

HO-MOL'0-CtY.  n.  [add.]  [Gr.  0^6?,  similar,  and 
Ao>07,  di5COurso.] 

In  organic  beings,  correspondence  or  relation  In 
type  of  structure  ;  as,  the  relation  in  structure  be- 
tween the  leg  and  arm  of  man  ;  or  that  between  the 
arm  of  a  man.  fore-leg  of  a  horse,  wing  of  a  bird,  aud 
fin  of  a  fish,  the  structures  of  all  these  organs  being 
due  to  mollifications  of  one  type  of  structure.  It 
differs  from  analogy,  which  is  a  relation  or  corres- 
pondence in  functions;  there  is  aniiloiry  between 
the  wing  of  a  bird  and  that  of  a  bat,  but  not  homol- 
ogv.  Dana. 

nO-NlO-MALXOUS,  a.  [Gr.  6jud«»  similar,  and 
aA.v^^a^  to  leap  or  rise.] 

In  bot.,  noting  a  similarity  in  bending  or  curving 
to  one  side,  of  leaves,  iScc.,  originating  all  round  a 
stem.  A.  Grat/. 

HO-M0-M5PvPn'0CS,  a.  [Gr.  o/wiy,  simihir,  and 
ftofiiri,  shape.] 

Noting  similarity  in  shape.  A.  Gray. 

HOM'O-TT'PE,  n.  [Gr.  6^6?, similar, and tvito^. type.] 

That  which  has  the  same  fundamental  type  01 

s»ructnre  with  something  else;  thus  tho  right  arm 

Is  the  hornott/im  of  the  right  leg;  one  arm  is  tho 

homoiype  of  tne  other,  Ac  R.  Owen. 

noN'EY  BEK,  H.  The  common  beo  which  makes 
honev. 

nOX'r-TON  lace;  «.  The  finest  of  English  thread 
lace  made  on  pillows  or  cushions,  at  Ilo'niton,  Eng. 

^immonds. 

H99I>'-€XP,  n.  A  kind  of  seal  (the  SUmimttopu* 
cri9tatus\  having  a  piece  of  loose  skin,  like  a  hootl, 
over  its  bead,  which  the  animal  inflates  when  men- 
aced. Cuviei: 

nOOP'-I-n<?N,  n.  Iron  in  thin  strips  for  making 
hoops. 

nop,  r.  t.     [add.]    To  hop  the  (wig,  is  to  die.    [Etig.] 

Wright. 

HO-BATIAN,  a.  Of  or  resembling  Horace,  tiic  L:itin 
poet. 

HORN'-TTPS.  n.  pi.  The  solid  tips  of  horn?,  which 
are  used  for  knife  handles.  Himmonds. 

H5U'0-SCO-PEU,  (n.    Ono  employed  in  horoscopy 

H0R'O-SeO-P15T,  J     or  prediction  bv  the  stars. 

UOfiSE,  n.  [add.]  In  mining,  earthy  matter  be- 
tween the  upper  and  lower  parts  of  a  bed  of  coal ; 
slaty  or  other  barren  rock  occurring  somewhat  iso- 
lated within  a  mineral  lode.  T&mlinson. 

HORSE'-BIR'EACKS,  n.  pi.    Barracks  for  cavalry. 

llLiR5E'-B{5X,  n.  A  closed  carriage  or  vehicle  for 
transporting  horses.     [^«£7.]  C  KingsUy. 

nOP^E'-€AR,  n.    A  railroad  car  drawn  by  horses. 

UOR3E'-DO€'TOB,  n.    One  who  cures  horses. 

Booth. 

nORSE'-FBRTlT,  n.  A  ferry  which  is  passe«l  by  a 
horse-boat.     [Am.'^ 

nORSE'-FOOT,  i^re.     [a^ia.]     A  familiar  name  given 

HORSE'-^IIOE,  J  to  a  large  crustacean  (a  species  of 
Limulus),  from  its  resemblance  in  shape  to  tho  foot 
of  a  horse;  called  also  King-ckab. 

UORSE'  MXCK'ER-EL,  n.  A  kind  of  fi^h  (.Scomber 
plumheuA)  oCthe  American  coast  Mit<:hiU. 

n&T'  BL^VST,  n.  In  iVon  worX.'*',  a  stream  of  heated 
air  thrown  into  a  furnace  bv  means  of  a  blowing 
machine.    It  savea  fuel  greatly. 

AppUtoiCs  Mech.  Diet. 

irO-TEfy  DS  nLLE(p-te\Vd''vee\),n.  [Fr.]  City 
hall  or  town-house.  Bescherelle. 

nOT'-Sn^RT,  a.  More  or  less  brittle  when  heated  ; 
a^  hot-Hkort  iron.  Beits  Tech.  Dut. 

ni5T'-WELT^  n.  In  Imc-pre^tture  or  condensing 
Jiieam-en^iyieJi^n  receptacle  for  the  hot  water  drawn 
frora  the  condenser  bv  tho  air-pump.  This  water 
Is  returned  to  the  boiler,  being  drawn  from  the  hot- 
well  by  the  plunger  pnmp. 

Applfton'a  .tfgch.  Diet. 

nOUND,  «.  [add-l  This  term  is  often  applied  In 
contempt  to  mean  and  rapacious  persons ;  as.  a  sly 
hound.  Ogilvie. 


HUR 


HOUSE,  n.  [add.]  To  bring  dmc7i  the  whole  house, 
is  to  draw  forth  a  burst  of  applause  from  the  entire 
audience  in  a  theater,  Ac. 

UOL'SE  OF  CALL,  n.  A  public  house  where  jour- 
neymen connected  with  a  particular  trade  assciiihio 
when  out  of  work,  ready  for  the  call  of  cuiployers. 
[En(j.'\  Sinimonds. 

HorSE'  PAINT'ER.  n.    One  who  paints  houses. 

IIOrSE'  KENT,  n.     Rent  for  the  use  of  a  house. 

HOL'SE'  TAX,  n.   A  tax  on  dwelling-houses.  [Eng.] 

Sitnmonds. 

UOUS'ING,  ft.  [add.]  A  covering  or  protection 
to  any  thing;  as,  to  a  vessel  laid  "up  in  harbor  or 
dock;  tho  act  of  putting  uniler  shelter.        Kanf. 

II0V'£'N  (ho'vn),  a.  Swelled  or  puffed  out;  applied 
mostly  to  cattle  when  swelled  with  wind  from  eat- 
ing too  much  green  food.  Gardner's  Farm.  Diet. 

HOW-ADJa  (hou-aj'y),  «.  [Ar.]  IM.,  a  traveler ; 
hence  in  the  East  a  name  for  merchants  who  were 
formerly  the  chief  travelers :  this  name  is  now  used 
to  denote  a  traveler. 

nOW'DAII,  «.  In  India,  a  carriage  body;  a  small 
car  or  p.ivilioa,  with  trappings,  on  tho  hack  of  an 
elephant.  Malcom. 

HOWEL,  n.  A  cooper's  tool  for  smoothing  the  in- 
side of  a  cask.    Used  also  as  a  'verb. 

HU-A-NA'€0,  n.  The  lama,  a  South  .\meriean  ani- 
mal of  about  tho  size  of  tlie  horse  {Aitchenia  lanut 
ov  huanaco.)  It  is  found  in  herds  on  tho  Cordilleras, 
and  hunted  for  the  sake  of  its  lleece,  from  which 
articles  of  clothing  are  made.    Same  as  Guanaco. 

Pre-tcott. 

Ilt^B,  n.  [add.]  An  obstruction  in  any  thing;  hence, 
a  rnughnessjn  a  road.  M'rii/'tfs  Prov.  Diet. 

IIL'B'BLE-BUB'BLE,  n.  A  common  name  in  India 
for  a  tobacco  pipe  so  arranged  that  the  smoke  passes 
through  water,  making  a  bubbling  noise;  heuce  the 
name^  The  natives  use  a  cocoa-nut  shell  partly 
filled  with  water,  having  a  mouth  piece  inserted  at 
one  part  and  a  pipe-bowl  nt  another.    Imp.  Add. 

nX'B'BY,  a.  A  term  applied  to  rough  roads,  espe- 
cially when  frozen.     [Anj.}  Bartlett. 

nVD'DLING,  «.    A  crowding  together  in  disorder. 

llt'G,  V.  i.  To  crowd  together;  to  cuddle;  as,  to 
hug  with  swine.  Shah. 

nUG'GER,  n.    One  who  hugs  or  embraces. 

HtXLTNG,  «.  The  process  of  removing  the  hulls 
from  seeds,  frrain,  &c. 

nU-MAN-I-TA'EI-AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  humani- 
tarians. J-  L.  Motley. 

IIU'MAN-TZ-ER,  n.     Ono  who  renders  humane. 

nUM'BLE-PlE,  n.  To  eat  humble-pie,  is  to  tako 
up  with  mean  fare,  and  hence,  to  eiidiiro  mortifica- 
tion. Said  to  be  derived  from  a  pio  made  of  tho 
entrails  or  humbles  of  n  deer. 

IlaUiicell.      Tliackeray. 

Ilf'M'BUG-GER,  n.    Ono  who  humbugs. 

HC'MI-FUSE,  a.  [L.  7tumw5,  ground, and^uKfM,  to 
spread.] 

Spread  over  the  surface  of  the  ground ;  procum- 
bent. A.  Gray. 

HCM'MEL,  v.  t.  A  term  applied  to  tho  separating 
of  barley  from  its  awns. 

nC'M'MEL-ER,  n.  An  implement  for  separating 
barley  from  it3  awns;  one  who  thus  separates. 

Gardner's  Farm.  Diet. 

IIUM'MEL-ING,  ft.  Tho  process  of  separating  bar- 
ley from  its  awns.  Gardner's  Farm.  Did. 

IIU.M'.MER,  ft.  [add.]  An  abridgment  of  ?ium- 
ming-bird. 

HUil'MOCK,  ft.     [add.]    A  mass  of  ico  piled  np. 

Fane. 

IIUM'MOCK-ING,  «.  The  process  of  forming'  hum- 
mocks in  the  c»'llision  of  Arctic  ice.  Kane. 

nr^M'MOCK-Y,  a.    Abounding  in  hummocks. 

HtS'MP'BXCKS,  ft.  pi.  A  kind  of  whale  having  a 
hump  or  buncli  on  their  back.  .Simmonda. 

ntJ.MP£'I>  (hiimpt),  a.  Having  a  hump  on  the 
back. 

nUNG-G5.TJ-AN,  a.    Pertaining  to  Hungary. 

HtJNK'ER,  ft-  One  opposed  to  progress  in  prditics; 
afoirv.     [AmA  Bartlett. 

nt^NK'ER-ISM,  ft.  Hostility  to  progress ;  fogyism. 
[Am.] 

Ht'NT.  To  hunt  fnrce,  is  to  run  tho  game  down 
with  dogs  instead  of  shooting  it.  Hounils  are  said 
to  hunt' change  when  they  take  a  fresh  scent  ami 
follow  another  chase.  A  hound  is  said  to  hunt 
counter,  when  he  hunts  the  wrong  way,  or  traces 
tho  scent  backward;  also  when  he  takes  a  false 
trail.  Imp.  Add. 

HUNT'ER-TRAIN,  n.     A  band  of  sportsmen. 

IldNTaNG-SIliET,  n.  A  hunter's  loose  over-shirt. 

F.  Cooper. 

ni?NTTNG-"WAT€n,  n.     A  watch  having  a  metal- 
lic case  or  cover  over  the  crystal. 
HU-ROOJI-AN,  a.     [Named  from  Lake  Huron.]    In 
geoL,  a  term  appli*-'d   to  certain   uon-fossiliferous 


HYP 

rocks  on  the  borders  of  Lake  Huron,  which  arc  sup- 
posed to  correspond  in  time  to  the  latter  part  of 
the  Azoic  age.  Dana. 

HUS'BAND-AG-E,  ft.  Allowance  to  the  managing 
owner  of  a  vessel  for  acting  as  ship's  husband,  or 
attunding  to  her  concerns.  Simmonds. 

HUS'WTFE-LT,  a.  and  adv.     Like  a  huswife. 

HUT-TO'NI-AN.  a.  Relating  to  what  is  now  called 
tho  Plutonic  Theory  of  tho  earth,  first  advanced 
by  Dr.  Ilutton.  lyelf. 

HV'A-LINE,  ft.  [Gr.  vd\Lvo<;,  glassy  or  transpa- 
rent.] 

In  embryogeny,  the  pellucid  substance  in  cells 
in  |)roccs3  of  development.  Dana. 

HT^A-LINE,  a.  [add.]  Crystalline  or  transparent; 
as,  hyaline  spaces.  Carpenter. 

IIY-AL'0-TVPE,  ft.  [Gr.  voAoj,  glass,  and  tvjto^, 
representation.] 

A  photographic  positive  picture  on  glass,  copied 
from  neg.itives.  li.  Ilunt. 

nt'-BEID-I-ZA'TION,  ft.    The  act  of  hybridizing. 
Edward  Everett. 

IIT'BRID-IZE,  v.t.    To  render  hybrid;  to  produce 
by  tho  union  or  mixture  of  two  ditfercut  stocks. 
Gardner's  Farm.  Diet. 

HY'DRO-BA-EOM'E-TER,  n.  An  instrument  for 
determining  the  depth  of  tho  sea  water  by  its 
pressure.  Waljerclin,. 

HY'DR0-E-LE€^RI€,  a.  Noting  the  evolutions 
of  electricity  by  means  of  a  battery  in  which  liquids 
are  used,  or  by  means  of  steam.  Baehe. 

HY'DRO-EX-TRACT'OR,  n.  An  apparatus  for  re- 
moving moisture  from  yarns  or  cloths  in  process  of 
manuii^cture.  Appleton's  Mech.  Diet. 

HY'DRO-GAL-V-\Na€,  n.  A  term  applied  to  gal- 
vanic currents  produced  by  liquids,  and  not  by  tho 
dry  pile.  Dana. 

HY-DROL'O-GIST,  ft.    One  skilled  in  hydrology. 

HY'DRO-MET'AL-LUR-GY,  ft.  A  term  applied  to 
an  assaying  or  reduction  of  ores  in  the  zvet  way.  or 
by  means  of  liquid  re-agents.  «/.  C.  Booth. 

HTDRO-ME-TE-OR-0-L(5G'I€-AL,  a.  Pertain-- 
ing  to  rnin,  clouds,  storms,  &-C. 

HY-DR0-ME-TE-0R-0L'0-6Y,  ft.  That  branch  of 
meteorology  which  relates  to  water  in  the  atmos- 
phere, as  rain,  clouds,  &o. 

HY-DR0-ME'TE-0R$,  ft.  pi.  A  name  nsed  to  de- 
note the  whole  aqueous  phenomena  of  the  atmos- 
phere ;  ns,  rain,  snow,  hail,  &c.  Nichvl. 

H7-DR0-MET'R0-GRAPH,  ft.  [Gr.  ufiwp,  water, 
/xerpoi',  measure,  and  ypa^w,  to  describe.] 

An  instrument  for  determining  and  recording 
the  quantity  of  water  discharged  from  n  pipe,  eri- 
fice,  Ac,  in  a  given  time.  W.  A.  Norton. 

IIY'DROUS.  a.    Containing  water.  Craig. 

IIY-DRO-ZO'A,   ft.     [Gr.  ii5ujp,  water,  and  ^woi-,  a 
living  animal.] 
A  term  applied  to  the  Medusaj,  or  jelly-fishes. 

Dana. 

IIY'E-TAL,  o.     [Gr.  icro?,  rain.] 

Pertaining  to  rain  ;  descriptive  of  the  distribution 
of  rain,  or  of  rain  regions.  -i.  A'.  Johnston. 

HY'E-TO-GRAPII,  n.  A  chart  or  graphic  represen- 
tation of  tho  average  distribution  of  rain  over  the 
surface  of  the  earth.  Nichol. 

HY-E-TO-GRAPIFIC,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  science 
of  the  geoirraphical  distribution  of  rain. 

HY-E-T("5G'RA-PIIY,  n.  [Gr.  uerd?,  rain,  and  ypa- 
(/)w,  to  describe.] 

The  science  of  the  geographical  distribution  of 
rain.  A.  K.  Johii^iton. 

HY-^ETA  (hi-je'ya),  ft..  [L.]  In  myth.,  the  god- 
dess of  health,  daughter  of  Escnlapins. 

IIY-GI-E'NIST,  ft.  One  versed  in  the  science  of 
health.  Dunglison. 

nY-L<lP'A-THI£M,  ft.  [Gr.  uAt/,  matter,  and  7ra0os, 
feeling.] 
The  doctrine  that  matter  is  sentient. 

HY-L(5P'A-TinST,  n.  Ono  who  believes  in  hylop- 
athism. 

HYM-NOG'RA-PHEE,  ft.  One  who  writes  on  tho 
subject  of  hvnms.  North.  Brit.  Bev. 

HYM-NOG'RA-PnT,  «.    The  science  of  hymns. 

IIY'OID,  (  o.  [add.]     [From  the  Gr.  letter  v 

HY-OID'E-AN,  f     and  etdo?,  form.] 

Arched  ;  a  term  applied  to  the  arch  in  the  skull 
of  fishes  which  supports  the  branchial  arches  and 
gills.  -K.  Owen. 

Ht'P'NO-TISM,  ft.  [Gr.  vnv(K,  sleep.] 

A  name  given  to  a  kind  of  sleep  or  somnambul- 
ism said  to  be  produced  by  means  of  animal  mag- 
netism. Dunglison. 

HYP'NO-TTZE,  v.  t.    To  afi'ect  with  hypnotism. 

Hl'-PO-^-^'-VN  (-jG'an),  a.  [Gr.  utto,  under,  and 
777,  the  earth.] 

In  bot.,  growing  under  the  earth;  ripening  Ita 
fruit  under  ground.  A.  Gray. 


A.  B,  Ac,  ^!?.-X,  fi,  Ac.  short.-^kKE,   FAR,  LAST,   FALL.   WHAT;    THfiEE,  TfeRM;    MARINE,   EtRD ;    MOVE. 


t  See  Table  0/  Synonyms. 


1487 


IIYP-tiO-AlET'KI6-AL,  a.     Pertaiuing  to   hypsom- 
eti'V-  Giii/ot. 

HYPS-OM'E-TRY,   n.     [Gr.  ui^os,  height,  and  Mf- 
Tpoi',  measure.] 

A  term  applied  to  the  science  which  treats  of  the 
nieaaureuient  of  heights  in  any  otiier  manner  than 
by  Lriunsulation,  ashy  means  of  the  barometer,  or 
by  boilin.1*  water.  Guyot. 

H?-PO-ZO'I€,    a.      [Gr.  v;rb,    under,  and  ^aw,  to 
live.] 

In  <jeol.,  anterior  in  a^ce  tp  the  lowest  rocks -which 
cuiitain  organic  remains.  Lyell. 


\a.     [Or.  iarptKo?,  healing.] 
,  J      Relating  to  medicine,  or  medical 


I-A'TRIG, 
I-AT'K1€-AL,  . 

men.  Bijron 

iCE'-XNeH'OE,  11.  A  grapnel  for  holding  ships  to  a 
field  <)f  ice.  Kane. 

ICE'-BEAM$,  n.  Planks  or  beams  at  the  stem  and 
bows  of  ships  as  a  guard  against  the  pressure  of  ice. 

Ogilvie. 

ICE'-BKOOK,  71.  A  frozen  brook  or  stream ;  as,  "  the 
■ire-brodA^s  temper.'"  Shakes. 

ICE'-BELT,  n.  A  belt  of  ice  along  the  shore  in  Arc- 
tic regions.  Kane. 

ICE'-CR5P,  n.   The  ice  collected  for  nse  in  a  season. 

IGSD  (Tst),  pp.  or  a.     Covered  with  ice ;  chilled  with 
ice;  a.s,  iced  water. 
2.  Covered  with  concreted  sugar;  as,  ieed  cake. 

SCE'-FIELD,  n.  A  sheet  ol'  ice  of  such  extent  tliat 
its  limits  cannot  be  seen  from  the  mast-head  of  a 
ship.  Kane. 

TOE'-FOOT,  n.    The  same  as  Ice-Belt.         Kane. 

IOE'-IIOOK,  n.  A  hook  on  the  end  of  a  pole,  used 
to  catch*  and  move  blocks  of  ice. 

Appleton's  Mech.  I>ict. 

lOE'-MAS'TER,  n.  One  who  has  charge  of  a  whaler 
ill  the  ice.  Clarke. 

ICE'-PA.CK,  n.  A  body  of  separate  pieces  of  drift-ice. 

Kane. 

TCE'-PLOW,        »?i.     An  instrument  in  the  form  of  a 

TCE'-PLOUGTI,  (  plough,  with  several  sharp  teeth, 
fur  cuj.tin^  ice.  Appleton's  Mech.  Diet. 

TCE'-SAFE,  u.  A  bos,  &;c.,  for  keeping  ice  from 
ineltin;;. 

lOE'-SAW,  n.     A  saw  used  for  cutting  through  ice. 
Ajjpletdii's  Jlech.Di--t. 

ICE'-TRADE,  n.  The  business  of  cutting  and  ship- 
pinir  ice.  This  began  in  a.  d.  1S05.  by  a  merchant 
of  Bo->t(>n,  Mr.  Frederick  Tudor,  who  shipped  tlio 
first  cargo  to  Martinique;  and  the  first  to  Calcutta 
in  1S33.    The  business  is  now  large. 

Appleton''s  Mecli.  Diet 

TOE'-WA'TER.  n.     "Water  from  Tiielted  ice. 

ICH-NO-L0ir'l€-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  iehnology. 

E.  Hitchcock. 

ieU-N(5L'0-Gir,  n.   [Gr.  r^^o^  a  footstep,  andAdyos.] 
The  science  which,  treats  of  the  footprints  of  aui- 
mal.s.  E.  Hitchcock. 

leilTIIIN  (ik'thin),  n.     [Gr.  i^^Js,  a  fish.] 

An  albuuiinous  substance  chaiacteri.stic  of  the 
vnlk  of  fishes'  eggs.  SUlinwuv'fs  Joavnal. 

1€U'THY-1€  (ik'thc-ik),  a.     Pertaining  to  fishes. 

R.  Owen. 

le-To'RI-A,  n.  [L.]  The  .'Scientific  name  of  a  genus 
ii\'  birds  belonging  to  the  fimily  Merulidya  including 
the  chattering  fly-cateher  (/.  ciridis).  It  abounds 
in  North  America  during  the  summer  months,  and 
mnnics  ahno.st  every  noise  it  hears.      Imp.  Add. 

T-DE'AL,  n.  A  conception  of  a  thing  in  its  most  per- 
fect state;  a  model  of  perfection ;  as,  the  ideal  of 
beauty.  Fairholt. 

I-DE-AL-I3T'I€,  a.    Belonging  to  idealists. 

I-DE'AL-TZ-EU,  n.    One  who  idealizes;  an  idealist. 

_     ^  -      _  Colci'idge. 

I-DEN'TI-FI-A-BLE,  a.    That  can  be  identified. 
„  For.  Ouai't. 

ID-E-0-GRlPn'I€-AL-LY,  adv.  la  an  ideographic 
manner. 

ID-E-0-GRXPH'I€S.  7i.  ;j?.  The  system  of  represent- 
ing ideas  independently  of  sound.         For.  Quar, 

ID-E-OG'RA-PHY,  n.  [L.  idea,  and  Gr.  ypa,^u>,'to 
write.] 

The  science  of  representing  ideas  independently 
of  sound,  thus  formiug  a  kind  of  universal  lau'^ua'e 
Shovt-hand  writing  is  of  this  nature.  Clal^/.-i\ 

T'DLEIiS,  n.  2)1.  Among  seamen,,  those  on  board  a 
vessel  of  war,  who  have  coniitant  day-duties,  and 
kee(»  no  regular  watch.  Totten. 

I'DLK-WIIEEL,  n.  In  mech..,  a  term  applied  to  a 
wheel  placed  between  two  others,  to  transfer  motion 
from  one  to  the  other  without  changing  the  direc- 
tion  of  revolution.  Imp.  Add. 

t'DOI^WOR'SIIIP,  n.    The  worship  of  idols. 

Milton. 

I-DYL'L1€,  a.    Of  or  belonging  to  idyls.      Clarke. 


IG-Nl€'0-LIST,  ?i.     [L.  ignis,  fire,  and  colo,  to  wor- 

I     ship.] 

A_worshiper  of  fire.  Ogilvie. 

IG-NORE',  V.  t.  [sul>.]  To  declare  ignorance  of;  to 
treat  as  of  no  account ;  to  pass  by  as  unreal  or  un- 
known. 

[Derived  from  the  doings  of  a  grand  jury,  who  ig- 
nore a  bill  when  they  refuse  to  present  it,  indorsing 
thereon  ignoramns,  we  arc  ignorant  as  to  the  true 
merits  of  the  case.] 

I.  H.  S.  [L,]  Jesus  Iloininmn  Salvator,  Jesus  the 
Savior  ot  men. 

IL-LAPSE',  v.  t.     [L.  illahor,  to  slip  or  glide  into.] 
To  i;ill,  p;iss.  or  glide  into.  RicJtardson. 

IL-LE-GIT'I-MA-TIZE,  v.  t.  To  render  spurious  or 
illegitimate.  Ogilvie. 

IL-LIM'tT-A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
boundless.  Channing. 

IL-LI-QUA'TION,  n.     [From  L.  in,  and  liquo,  to 
melt.] 
The  melting  of  one  thing  into  another.  Wright. 

IL-LIS'ION  (liz'yun),  n.  The  act  of  dashing  or 
striking  against.  Brown, 

IL-LIT'ER-ATE-LY,  adv.     In  an  illiterate  manner. 

Savage. 

ILL'-LITCK',  n.  Misfortune;  bad  luck;  as,  "other 
men  have  ill-luck  too."  Shakes. 

IL-LU'MI-NER,  n.    One  who  illuminates. 

iLL'-WiSII'ER,  n.     One  who  wishes  evil. 

Addison. 

IM-AG'IN-A-BLE-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  imagin- 
able. Ash. 

IM-AG'INE,  v.  i.     [add.]    To  suppose  or  fancy. 

Ogilvie. 

i-MA'GO,  n,  [L.]  The  last  and  perfected  state  of  in- 
sect life,  when  the  puj)a-casc,  or  mask  which  covered 
it,  is  dropped,  and  the  inclosed  image  or  being 
comes  forth.  Carpenter. 

IM-BLAZE'.     See  Emblaze. 

IM'I-TA-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  be- 
ing imitablo.  Ash. 

IM-I-TA'TION-AL,  a.  Noting  imitation  ;  as,  imita- 
tional  propensities.  Ogilvie. 

iM'I-TA-TlVE-NESS,?i.    Quality  of  beingimitative. 

Clarke. 

IM'MA-NENT,  a.  [add.]  An  immanent  volition, 
is  a  settU-ii,  peiiii-Tnt-nt  choice  or  state  of  the  will ; 
as,  distinguitshed  fioni  an  emanent,  eo'ecutivGorim- 
2)erativ6  volition,  which  denotes  a  particular  act  of 
choice  which  carries  out  the  iwimanent  volition. 
N.  W.  Taylor. 

IM-MXR'^-IN-ATE,  a.  In  hot.,  without  a  rim  or 
border.  _  A.  Gray. 

IM-MA-TE'RI-AL-TZE,  v.  t.  To  make  void  of  mat- 
ter ;_to  render  incorporeal.  A.<:?i,. 

IM-ME'DI-A-CY,  «.  A  power  of  acting  without  do- 
penik-nee  on  others;  supreniaev.  Shakes. 

IM-ME'DI-A-TI$M,  n.  Quality  of  being  immedi- 
ate. Dugald  Sti^wart. 

IM-MfiRS.E'D'  (im-merstO,  a.  Wholly  under  water; 
imbedded  coin[detely  in  another  part  or  oiiran. 

Uenslow. 

IM-MfiR'SI-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  merged  ;  that 
niaj''  be  immersed.  Ogilvie. 

IM-MER'SION-IST.  n.  One  who  holds  that  immer- 
sionjs  essential  to  Christian  baptism.        /Tinton. 

IM-MURE'MENT,  n.    The  state  of  being  immured. 

"  Ed.  Rev. 

IMP,  n.  [add.]  A  term  applied  to  any  small  animal, 
in  contempt  or  abhorrence.  Ogilvie. 

IM-PACK'MENT,  n.  State  of  being  closeW  sur- 
rounded by  ice.  Kane. 

IM-PAR-I-DI&T-TATE,  a.  [L.  impar,  unequal, 
and  digitufi,  finder.] 

iVving  an  odd  number  of  fincrers  or  toes,  cither  1, 
3  m'  5,  as  in  the  horse,  tapir,  rhinoceros.       Lt'idy. 

IM-PAR-I-PIN'NATE,  a.  [L.  inij^ar,  unequal,  and 
pinn<tf)ts,  winged.] 

In  hot.,  pinnate  with  a  single  terminate  leaflet. 

Craig. 

IM-PASTl5rG,  n.  In  painting,  the  laying  on  of 
colors  thickly.  In  engraving,  an  intermixture  of 
points  and  lines  ;  the  kind  of  work  thus  produced. 

Ileyse. 

ni-PAS'TO,  n.  [It.]  A  term  applied  to  the  thick- 
ness of  the  layer  or  body  of  pigment  applied  by  the 
painter  t_o  his  canvas.  Fairholt. 

IM-PE-eU-NI-OST-TY,  n.    The  want  of  money. 

Walt  Scott 

nr-PE-RA'TOR,  n.  [L.]  A  title  of  honor  confer- 
red on  Roman  generals,  in  connection  with  great 
military  achievements;  it  was  often  given  by  sol- 
diers who  saluted  their  victorious  general  by  this 
title ;  but  it  must  be  specially  conferred  by  a  law 
passed  in  the  assembly  of  the  Curiae,  that  "the  au- 
thority and  privileges  belonging  to  the  title  should 
be  possessed.  SmitfCs  Diet.  Antiq. 


IM-PER-A-TO'Kl-AL,  a,  [add.]  Of  or  pertaining 
to  the  title  or  otfiee  of  imperator;  as,  *'imperato- 
rial  laurels."  C.   Merrivale. 

IM-PEK-C£P'TION,  n.  Want  of  perception  ;  as, 
"the  silence  of  i/nperception.''^  Mure. 

IM-PER-CEPTiVE,  a.  Unable  to  perceive;  as, 
*'the  i inpe rceptive  part  of  the  soul.  More. 

IM-PE'RI-AL,  71.  A  case  for  lugg:^e,  carried  on  a 
coach-top.  Siminonds. 

2.  A  fine  quality  of  green  tea. 

8.  Wells  William.^. 

IM-PER'IL-MENT,  n.  Peril  or  the  state  of  being  in 
danscr.  Carlyle. 

IM-PER'SON-AL.  n.  In  gram.,  that  which  wants 
personality;  an  impersonal  verb.  Andrews. 

IM-PER'SON-A-TOR,  n.     One  who  impersonates. 

IM-PER-SUAD'A-BLE,  a.     Not  to  be  persuaded. 

Ed.  Rev. 

IM-PER-TITR-BA-BIL'I-TY,  n.  State  of  being  im- 
perturbable. Clarke. 

IM'PIIEE,  n.  The  African  sugar  cane  {IIolcus  sac- 
cltaratus).  resembling  the  Sorghum  or  Chinese 
sugar  cane. 

IMP'ISII-LY,  adv.     In  the  manner  of  an  imp. 

Allen. 

IM-PIN'GENT,  a.    Striking  against  or  upon. 

Ogilvie. 

IM-PLA-CEN'TAL,  n.  A  mammal  having  no  pla- 
centa. 

IM-PLA-C£N'TAL,  a.    "Without  a  placenta. 

Dungli.wn. 

IM-PLT'A-BLE.  a.     Not  pliable.  aarke. 

IM-PON'DER-A-BLES,  n.  pi.  Substances  without 
weiffiit;  heat,  li^ht,  electricity,  &c.  Craig. 

IM-PREG-NA-GA-BILT-TY,  (?i.      State    of   being 

IM-PREG'NA-BLE-NESS,        J     impregnable. 


Clarke.    Ash. 
In  an  imprescriptible 

Ogilvie. 
Having  the  quality  of 
Al  I  e7i. 


IM-PRE-S€EIP'TI-ELY,  a 

manner. 
IM-PRESS'I-BLE-NESS,  a. 

being  impressible. 
IM-PRES'SION-LESS,  a^    Having  thequality  of  not 

beinff  impressed.  Buhcer. 

IM-PROV'I-SATE,  v.  L  or  i.    To  compose  and  utter 

exteinporaneously;  to  improvise.  Ogilvie. 

IM-PU'BER-TY,  n.     [L.  i)i  priv.  tii^d  pid>ertas.] 
Want  of  age  at  which  the  marriage  contract  can 
be  legally  entered  into.  Paley. 

IM-PUGN'A-BLE,  a.    That  can  be  impugned. 
IM-PUGN'MENT  (im-pune'ment),   n.     Act  of  im- 
pugning. Ed.  Rev. 
LM-PtJL'SIYE-NESS,  n.    The  quality  of  being  im- 
pulsive. Aah. 
IM-prrN€'TATE,  a.       [L.   in,    not,  and   punctas, 
punctured.] 
Not  punctate  or  dotted.                               Dana. 
IN-A€-C0RD'ANT,  a.     Not  in  a  state  of  accord- 
ance. 
IN-AN'I-MATE-NESS,    n.      State   of   being  inani- 
mate ;  as,  *'  the  deadness  and  iiianimateness  of  the 
subject."                                                  Jfountague. 
IN-AP-PE  AL'A-ELE,  a.    Not  admitting  of  appeal. 

Coleridge. 
IN-BREEn'ING,  n.     See  Breeding  in  and  in. 
IN-BURN'ING,   a.     Burning  or  acting  powerfully 
within  ;  as,  "her  in-huming  wrath  she  gan  abate." 

Spen.'^er. 
IN-BURNT,  a.    Burning  or  acting  within;  as,  "her 

7Jt-&i!i/';j? .shame-faced  thoughts."  Fletcher. 

IN-CA'NOUS,  a.     [L.  in  and  caneo,  to  be  gray,  or 
hoary.] 

In  hot.  hoary  with  white  pubescence.    A.  Gray. 
IN-€AV£'D'  (in-kavdO.  «■    Inclosed  in  a  cave. 

Savage. 
IN-€AV'ERN£'P(in-kav'ernd),  a.    Inclosed  or  shut 
up  as  in  a  cavern;  as,  "  and  so  incaverned  goes." 

Drayton. 
IN-CE-LEB'RI-TY,   n.      The  absence  or    want    of 

l>einir  celebrated.  Coleridge. 

IN-CEP'TOR,  n.     [.add.]     One  who  is  on  the  point 
of  taking  the  degree  of  A.  M.,  at  an  English  Uni- 
versity. Walton. 
INCH,  n.    [add.]    Inch  of  candle,  a  mode  of  sale  by 
auction  once  jji-evalent  in   England.     An  inch  of 
wax  candle  was  liL'hted   when  the  bidding  com- 
menced, and  when  this  was  burnt  out  the  lot  fell  to 
the  last  bidder.  Craig. 
IN-€LTNE',  n.    The  slope  upon  a  railway;  an  in- 
clined plane.                                                    Clarke. 
IN-CiN'ER-A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  burned,  as  in- 
cine  rahle  substances.                                 Broicne. 
IN-€0-A-LES'CENCE.  n.     State  of  not  coalescing. 
IN-€0-TIER'ENT-NESS,    n.     Inconsistency ;   want 

of  coherence.  Ash. 

IN'€6M-EU,  n.     One  who  comes  in  or  sncceeds  an- 
other, as  a  tenant  of  land,  houses,  &c.     [Eng."] 

Clarke. 
IN'COME-TAX,  n.    A  tax  upon  all  a  person's  in- 
comes,   emoluments,    profits,    &c.,  beyond  a  cer- 
tain amount.  Simmonds. 


DOVE,    WOLF,    BOOK;    ROlE.    BULL;    Vt"CIOUS.— €    as    K ;    6    .as    J ;    $    as   Z;    5n    as    SH  ;    THIS. 


1488 


t  See  Table  of  Synonyms. 


IXP 


IN'€OM'rSG,  a.  Coming  in;  taking  possession; 
as,  an  iiu'-^minff  tenant.  Craig. 

IN-€OM-P.\T'I-IlLfS.  n.  :>L  Things  that  can  not 
coexisL  In  cA<;m.,  ;hinf  i  that  can  not  be  united 
in  solution.  Craig. 

IX-€ON-CIN*'XOrS,  a.     I'nsuitable.     Ctulicorth. 

IN-€0N-S0L'A-BLE-XEi5,  «.  Suite  of  boin?  in- 
consolable. Sc"U. 

IX-f  ON-TEST- A-BIL'I-TY,    in.   State  of  bein- in- 

IN-€0N-T£3T'A-BLE-NESS,  i     contestable, 

CUirke.    Ash. 

IN-€ON-TEO-TfiET-I-BlL'I-Tr,  n.  State  of  being 
incontrovertible.  OgilvU. 

IN-COR-POTIE-AL-ISM,  n.  Immateriality;  state 
of  spiritual  existence.  Cud'icorth. 

IX-€OR-r.rPTXT,  aCv.  Without  corraption  ;  as, 
"to  demean  themselves  iraoorru^tfy.*'      jlilton. 

IX-€EE-ilI.TION^,  n.    Act  of  burning  a  dead  body. 

T.  Campbell. 

IN-€RES'CENT,  o.      |T^  increxco,  to  trrnw.] 

In  heraldry,  a  term  noting  increase ;  as  of  the 
moon.  Ogiivie. 

IS-€f'BA-TO-ET,  a.    Serring  for  incubation. 

Dana. 

IN-€rL-€ATOR,  n.  One  who  inculcates  or  en- 
forces; as.  "the  example  and  inculcator.'"  Boyle. 

I^-€t^'BEE-MENT,  n.    State  of  being  incumbent. 

aari-e. 

IN-er-NlB'T-tA,  n.pl.  [L.  cradle.l  In  bibliog- 
raphy, a  term  applied  to  imprints  of  bnoks  prii)tc<l 
during;  the  early  period  of  the  art.  generally  confined 
to  these  which  were  printed  before  the  year  1500. 

'  Brande. 

IN-DE-€UN'A-BLE,  n.  A  word  that  is  not  declined. 

IN-DE-FAT-I-GA-BXL'I-TY,  n.  State  of  being  in- 
defatigable. Craig. 

IN-Dfin'I  BLE-NESS,  n.  Stato  or  quality  of  being 
in'ielible._  A'<h. 

IN'DEX-FIN^'GEK  (fing'ger),  n.  The  fore  finger 
of  the  hanil,  so  called  f^om  its  use  in  puinting  out. 

DungliAon. 

iN'BEX-HAND.  n.  The  movable  pointer  or  hand 
of  A  clock,  watch  or  other  registering  machine;  a 
band  that  points  to  something.  Simmonds. 

iNT>lA-MAT'TlXG,  n.  Grass  or  reed  mats  m.ide  in 
the  East  from  iti'o  papyrus  corymb&siis,  Ac. 

Simmonds, 

IX'DIAN  FILE.  n.  A  row  of  persons  one  after  an- 
other, the  usual  way  among  Indians  of  traversing 
woods,  ic. 

IN-DI€'A-TIVE,  n.     In  gram,.,  the  indieatiromoo<1. 

Andreict. 

AV-/)7"C/--l(in-dish'e-a),n.i);.  [L.]  Discriminating 
marks. 

IN-DIFTER-ENT-IST,  n.  One  governed  by  indif- 
fe  re  n  t  i  s  m .  B<  txte  r. 

IN-DI-GF-ST-I-BII/I-TT.    in.    State  or  quality  of 

IN-DI-<>fi3Ta-BLE-KESS,  f     being  indigestible. 

Ash. 

IN-DI3-€EEET'NES3,  n.    Want  of  discretion. 

Ash. 

IN-DI-VID'C'-AL-IZ-ER,  n.  One  who  individualizes. 

Coleridge. 

IN-DuRSiTD'  (-<lorst).  pp.  or  a.    Covered  on  the 
back.    "And  elephants  indorsed  with  towers." 
_  Milton's  Par.  Beg. 

fN'-DOOR,  a.  Being  within  doors ;  as,  in-door  work. 

IN'DRI,  n.  Species  of  the  Lemur  family  of  monk- 
eys, fotind  only  in  Madagascar ;  one  species  is  tamed 
and  trained  like  a  dog  for  the  chase.     Imp.  Add. 

IX-Dt'STRt-.\T^  a.  [add.]  Pert-lining  to  the  arts 
of  industry  ;  as,  manulactures,  agriculture,  &c. 

Siynmon^s. 

IN-DC-SO-RI-AL  EX-m-BT'TIOX.n.  Apnblicex- 
bibition  of  the  various  industrial  products  of  a  coun- 
try. Tomlinxon. 

IN-DCSTRI-AL-I$M,  n.  That  which  embraces  in- 
dustrial pursuits.  Carbjle. 

IN-DC'3TRI-AL  SeilOOL.  n.  A  school  for  teach- 
ing one  or  more  branches  of  industry;  also  a  school  for 
educating  neglected  ciiildren,  and  training  them  to 
habits  of  industry.  Sim.moni?s. 

IN-DC'VI-^  n.  pi.  [U]  In  hot,  the  withered 
leaves  that  remain  on  the  stems  of  some  plants. 

Uenalow. 

IX-ES-eCTCH'EOX,  n.  In  heraldry,  a  small  es- 
cutcheon borne  within  a  shield.  Craig. 

IN-EX-HAUST-l-BlLa-TT,  n.  State  of  being  in- 
exhauatifile.  Beeder. 

iN'FAlE.  n.     [Ger.  ein,  and  /<Mr«n,  to  bring  in.] 
An  entertainment  at  the  bringing  homo  of  a  new 
married  couple. 

lN'FANT-3€ilOOI/,  n.  A  school  for  the  care  and 
training  of  very  young  children,  especially  among 
the  poor. 

IXTELT,  n.     Felt  within  or  deeply.  Dodd. 

IN-FILTEE,  V.  t.  or  t.  i.    To  filter  or  sift  In. 

Clarke. 

IN-FlI/TEA-TfVE,  a.    Connected  with  iilffltration. 

Kane, 


INT 

IN-FILM'ING,  «.  The  act  or  process  of  enverini; 
with  a  film,  or  the  film  itself;  as,  the  infilming  of 
one  metal  by  another  in  the  process  of  ek-ctro-u'ild- 
ins.  Appleton's  Jfec/i.  Vict. 

IX-FLE€TIOX-AJL,  a.     Relating  to  inflection. 

IX-FRA-AX'IL-LA-RY,  a.     [L.  in/ra,  beneath,  and 
aJciilii,  an  axil.] 
Situated^ below  the  axil.  A.  Gray. 

IN-FRA-ME'DI-AN',  a.  In  zoological  geog.,  per- 
taining to  the  interval  or  zone  along  the  sea  bottom, 
between  50  and  100  fathoms  in  depth.    E.  Forbes. 

IN-FRA-PO-Si'TION  (.-po-zish'un),  n,  A  situation 
or  position  beneath.  Kane. 

IN-FU-MA'TION,  n.    The  act  of  drying  in  smoke. 

Craig. 

IN-FlTR-eAmON,  n.  A  forked  expansion  or  di- 
ver^ence.  Craig. 

IN'GATE,  n.  [add.]  The  aperture  in  a  mold  for 
pouring  in  metal.  Sii7imonds. 

IN"-GLO'B.VTE,  a.  In  the  form  of  a  globe  or  sphere  ; 
applied  to  nebulous  matter  collected  into  a  sphere 
by  the  force  of  gravitation. 

IX-GLtTTl-ES  un-gluVc-eez),  n.  [L.]  The  crop  or 
dilatation  of  the  cesuphagns  in  birds ;  also  the  stom- 
ach or  paunch  of  ruminant  animals.     I>unffli.soH: 

IX-HAL'EXT,  rt.  Used  for  inhaling;  as,  the  inha- 
Unt  end  of  a  duct  Dana. 

IX-nAR-MO'NI-OUS-NESS,  n.    Want  of  harmony. 

Richtirdfion. 

IX-r'TIATE(ish'ate),  r.  i.  [add.]  To  intro.Iuee  or 
bring  into  action  or  existence;  as,  to  initiate  a  now 
order  of  things.  //.  Btc9hneU. 

IX-JEC'TIOX,  n.  [add.]  Injection  pipft  in  a  con- 
densing steam-engine,  the  i>ipo  by  which  cold  wa- 
ter is  thrown  into  "the  condenser, 

Appleton's  Meek.  Diet. 

INK'-Fisn,  n.    Popular  name  uf  the  cuttlc-flsh. 

INK'IXG,  n.  The  act  of  covering  with  ink  ;  the  act 
of  spreading  over  or  supplying  with  ink;  as,  the 
inking  of  typos.  Hansard's  Typ. 

IX-MESH',  c.  t.    To  bring  within  mcslics,  as  of  a  net. 

IN'XATE  or  IX-XATE',  a.  [add.]  In  hot,  joined 
by  a  base  to  the  very  tip  of  a  filament ;  as,  an  innate 
anther.  A.  Gray. 

IN-XO-VATIOX-IST,  n.  One  who  favors  innova- 
tion. Ogiivie. 

IN-Oe-er-PATION,  n.    Want  of  employment. 

Clarke. 

IX-OX-TD-TZ'A-BLE,  a.    Tliat  cannot  bo  oxydizod. 

IN-SAL-I-VATION.rt.  The  mingling  of  saliva  with 
food  in  the  act  of  eating.  Diingf/.ioit. 

IN-SATIATE-NESS,  n.    State  of  being  insatiate. 

A-ih. 

IX'SEeT,  a.  [add.]  Pertaining  to  or  noting  insects; 
as,  "the  insect  youth  are  on  the  wing."        Gray. 

IX-SEM-I-XATIOX,  «.  [add.]  Introduction  of  se- 
men in  the  act  of  coition.  Dunglison. 

IN-SIIEATIIE  (-sheeth),  v.  t.  To  hide  or  cover  in  a 
shejith.  Ilii'jhi'a. 

iX'SIDE,  a.    Noting  th.at  which  is  within  ;  iuU'iior. 

IX'SIDES,  ft.  pi.  Passengers  in  the  interior  of  a  stage, 
ifcc.     [  En  q.^  Simmonds. 

IN-SlP'I-EXT,  a.    Unwise;  foolish.  Craig. 

IX-SO-CIA-BIL'I-TT,  n.     Want  of  sociability. 

_  Warburton. 

IN-SOLOT-BLE-XESS,  ft.    state  of  being  insoluble. 

Ash. 

IN-SPE€T'0R-ATE,  ft.  [add.]  The  residence  of  an 
inspector;  the  district  embraced  by  an  inspector's 
jurisdiction.  Craig. 

rX-SPI-RATIOX-IST,  ft.  One  who  holds  to  inspi- 
ration. 

IN-STAMP.    See  Esstamp. 

IX'ST  AXT,  n.  [add.]  The  present  or  current  month ; 
as.  the  sixth  ijitiUnit. 

IN-STUr-MENT\\L-IST,  n.  One  who  plays  upon 
an  instrument  of  music.  Ogiivie. 

IN-STRU-MEX-TATION,  ft.  Manner  of  perform- 
ing on  a  musical  instrument. 

IN-SUB-MtRGT-BLE,  a.  That  cannot bcsubmerged. 

Ogiivie. 

IX-SUP-POS'A-BLE,  a.    That  cannot  be  supposed, 

IN-Sl'R'GEX-CT,  n.     State  of  Insurrection. 

IX'TAKE,  n.  The  point  whore  water  is  taken  into  a 
pipe  or  conduit;  as,  opposed  to  outlet.  Also,  the 
fceginning  of  a  contraction  in  a  tube,  &c. 

iNTAK-EKS.  ft.  pi.  Those  who  receive  stolen 
goods.     [Eng.] 

IN  -TEG-tJ-MEN-TA'TION,  n.  Act  of  covering  with 
integuments;  state  of  being  thus  covered. 

Clarke. 

IN-TEL-LEeTaVE-LY,  adv.  With  intellection; 
as.  '•  not  intellectively  to  \vrite."  Warner. 

IN-TEXD'ED,  n.  One  with  whom  marriage  is  de- 
signed. 

IN-tEN'SlVE-NESS,  ft.  The  quality  of  being  In- 
tensive. 


IITT 


IX'TEU-BREED'ING,  «.  A  crossing  of  breeds  be- 
tween anim.ils. 

IN-TER'€A-LA-TED,  pp.  or  a.  [add.]  In  geol..  in- 
serted out  of  the  regular  order  ;  as,  an  intercalated 
bed  in  any  stratum  or  formation.  Dana. 

IX-TER-€A-LA'T10N,  n.  [add.]  In  geol.,  inser- 
tion out  of  tlie  regular  order. 

IN-TER-€0-LO'NI-AL,  a.  Between  different  colo- 
nies; as,  trade.  Occ. 

IN-TER-€0-LG'NI-AL-LT,  adv.  As  between  col- 
onies. _ 

IX-TER-COM-MUNE',  v.  i.  To  have  mutual  com- 
niniiinsr. 

IX-TEli-€Kf5SS',  V.  U    To  cross  e.ach  other,  as  lines, 

IX-TER-DE-PEXD'EN-CT,ft.  Mutual  dependence;: 
as,  interde pendency  of  interests.  De  Quincey. 

IN-TER-DIG'I-TAL,    a.      [L.  inter,  between,  and 
digitus,  a  finger.] 
Noting  the  "spaces  between  the  fingers. 

Dunglison. 

IN-TER-Dl(^-t-TA'TION,  n.  The  .'=pace  between 
fingers  or  between  fingei-liko  processes. 

B.  Owen. 

IX'TER-EST-ING-LT,  adv.     With  interest 

IX-TER-FIT'SION  (-fu'zhun),  n.  A  pouiing  or 
sproadinij  out  bLtwcen.  Coleridge. 

IN-TE-R1-0R'I-TY,  n.  State  of  being  interior  or 
within. 

IX-TER-LAID',  pp.  Interspersed  with  things 
laid  in. 

IX-TER-LAM-I-NATION,  ft.  The  state  of  being 
interlaniinatcd. 

IX-TER-LT'BEL,  v.  t.    Mutually  to  libel  or  charge. 

iX-TER-LIX'E-.\L.  a.     Sec  Interlinrar. 

iX-TKR-MlX'ED-LY.  adv.   In  the  w.iy  of  mixture. 

IX-TER-MO-BIL'I-TY,  w.  Capacity  of  things  to 
move  among  themselves;  as,  the  inierviobility  ot 
the  paiticj^es  of  matter. 

IX-TER  XB'CIA-RY,  j  a.    Mutually  destructive. 

IX-TKU-XE'CI-N.\L,  i  Markiydosh. 

JN-TER-NEU'RAL,  a.  In  os^^oZ.,  situated  between 
the  neural  processes  or  spines.  B.  Otcen. 

IN-TER-NtJN'CIAL  (-nun'shal),  a.  [L.  inter,  be- 
tween, and  nunciu'i,  a  lues^enEer.] 

In  p/tysiol.,  noting  the  function  of  the  nervous 
system  as  communicating  between  different  parts 
of  the  body,  *fcc.  Carpenter. 

IN-TER-0-CE-AN'I€  (-O-she-an'ikl,  a.  Rtdating  to 
cornninnication  between  different  oce.ins. 

IN-TEU-0€'U-LAR,    a.     [L.   i7iter,    between,  and 
ocalu^,  eye.] 
Between  the  eves;  m,  the  interoctdar  iWstance. 

IN-TER-(53'€a-L'ANT.  a.     See  Osculant. 

IN-TER-PEX-E-TRA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  pene- 
trating within  or  between  other  substances. 

Tapjian. 

IN-TER-PEN'E-TRA-TIVE,  a.  Penetrating  among 
or  between  other  substances. 

IN-TER-PLXX'"'ET-A-RY,  a.  Between  the  planets; 
a«.  the  interplanetary  spaces.  Boyle. 

IN-TEE- PCNENT,  ft.  He  or  that  which  inter- 
noses.        _  Ileyxcood. 

IN-TER-RA'DI-AL,  a.     Between  the  radii  or  ravs. 

IN-TER-RL'PT'ED-LY.  adv.  [add.]  Interrupted- 
ly jdiinate,  in  hot.,  pinnate  with  small  Ie:iflets  in- 
termixed jvith  larjre  ones.  A.  Grav. 

IN-TER-RVPT'IVE,  a.  Breaking  in  upon;  in'ter- 
riiiitin<r;  as  interruptive  forces.       77.  Bushnell. 

IN-TER-SE€'TION-AX,  a.  Pertaining  to  inter- 
sections. 

IN-TER-SPI'NAL,  a.  Lying  between  the  processes 
of  tlie  spine. 

IX-TER-STRAT-I-ri-eATIOX.  n.  The  state  of 
being  stratified  among  or  between  other  layers  or 
strata.      _  Dana. 

IX-TER-TTT^BU-LAR,  a.  Between  tubes;  as  the 
intertiibidf(rc€\U.  B.  Owen. 

IN-TER-VO-Lir^ION,  ft.  State  of  being  inter- 
volved.  Ogiivie, 

IN-Ti_Ma-DA-TO-RY,  a.    Tendins;  to  intimidate. 

IN-TONE',  v.t.oTv.i.  [add.]  To  n-.i.l  with  n  pro- 
longed and  somewhat  musical  utterance  ;  as,  to  tn-- 
to7i^tlie  church  service. 

IN-TOX'ING.  ft.  Reading  with  a  prolonged  and 
musical  utterance. 

IN-TOR'TION,  n.     [L.  intortus,  twisted.] 
A  twistimr. 

IN-TRA-MfN'DANE.    a.     [L.   intra,  within,   .ind 
mnnflu-s,  tho  world.] 
Bein^  Avitbin  the  world. 

IX-TRA-.\ItT'RAL,  a.  [L.  intra,  within,  and  murtis, 
a  wail] 

Within  the  walls  of  a  c^ty,  &c. ;  as,  intramural 
disease. 

IN-TRA-PET'I-O-LAR,  a.  [L.  intra,  and  petiolua, 
a  petiole] 

In  hot,  a  term  applied  when  the  pair  of  .'itipules  at 
tho  base  of  a  petiole  unite  by  those  inaruMns  next 
the  petiole;  and  thus  seems  to  form  a  .-ingle  stip- 


A,  E,   Ac,  lo7ig.—X,  t,  &c.,   sTiort.—CkKE,   FXe,  LAST,   FALL,  WHAT;    TIlfiRE,   TERM;    MARINE,   BIRD;    MOYE. 


187 


t  See  Table  of  Synonyms. 


]489 


ISO 


JAO 


JOH 


ule  between  the  petiole  nnd  the  stem  or  branch. 
It  is  often  confuunded  with  interpetiolar,  but  is 
quite  different  io  meaning.  Imp.  Add, 

IN-TRA-TR0P'1€-AL,  a.     Within  the  tropics. 
IN-TRIGU'ER-Y,  n.    Arts  or  practice  ofintrigue. 
IN-TRO-MIT'TENT,    a.      [L.   intro,    within,    and 
milio,  to  st;nd.] 
Throwing  or  conveying  into  or  within. 
IN-TRORSE',  a.     [L.  introrsiis,  inward.] 

Turning  or  facing  inward  or  toward  the  axis  of 
the  part  to  which  it  belongs.  A.  Gray. 

IN-TRC'SION-AL,  a.     Pertaining  to  intrusion. 
IN-TRO'SIOX-IST,  71,     One  who  intrudes  into  the 
place  of  another  or  who  favors  such  intrusion. 

Ogilvi&. 
IN-TWTNE'MENT,  «..    The  act  of  intwining. 
IN-tT-EN'DO.      See   In-nukndo,    which  is  the  true 
spelling,   the  word  being  derived  from  the  Latin 
innuo. 
IN-VA6^'I-NA-TED,  (I.    In  anat.^  a  term  applied  to 
some  part  which  is  received  into  another,  as  into 
a  sheath.  Dunglimn. 

IN-VAL-I-DA'TION,  «.    Act  of  making  invalid  ;  as 

invaUdntions  of  right.  Bnrlce. 

iN'V.\L-ID-ED,  pp.     Placed  on  the  invalid  list. 
IX-VEIG'LING  (in-ve'gUng),  n.   The  art  of  drawing 

in  by  art  or  flattery. 
IN-VfiRT'.  H^      In  arch..,  an  inverted  arch,  or  one 
with  its  intrados  below  the  axis  or  springing  lino, 
andof  which  the  lowest  stone  is  the  keybt(tne. 
IN-VI'0-LA-CY,  71.  The  state  of  being  inviolate;  as, 

the  inriohidi  of  an  oath.  Btihcer. 

IN-VI'0-LATE-NES3,  n.    The  quality  of  being  in- 
violate. 'tTer.  Taylor. 
IN-VEST'EE,  n.    One  who  mates  an  investment 

Baxter. 
iN'VO-€A-TO-RY,  o.     Making  invocation. 
IN'VOICE  BOOK,  n.  A  bookforpreservinginroices. 

Simmonds. 
IN'VOIC-IKG,  «.    The  making  of  an  invoice. 
IN-VOLV'ED-NESS,  n.     State  of  being  involved. 

]lirount(fr/ue. 
IN-VtJI/NER-ATE,  <7.    That  cannot  be  woundecL 

Butler. 
I'O-DiZE,  u  t    To  treat  or  prepare  with  iodine  or  an 
iodine:  as,  to  iodize  a  plate  for  photograpliv. 

li.FTunt. 
VO-VftLED  (i'o-dizd),  pp.  or  a.  Prepared  with  iodine. 

R.  mint. 
T'O-DlZ-ER,  71.     He  or  that  which  iodizes. 
T'0-DIZ-ING,  ppr.  Preparing  with  iodine.  7?.  Hunt 
VO-iyiL-\'SG,  n.     Act  of  preparing  with  iodine. 
I-0'NI-AN,  a.     Beloning  to  Ionia,  in  Asia  Minor,  or 

the  islands  on  its  coast. 
T-OX'I€,  n.    An  Ionic  foot,  ■which  see. 
IR'I-DAL,  a.     [Gr.  Tpi?,  the  rainbow.] 

Belonging  to  the  Iris  ;  as,  the  iridal  colors. 
I'RISH-MOS3,  n.    See  Carhageen. 
IR-I'TIS,  n.     An  inflammation  on  the  iris  of  the  eye. 

D 11 II  g/iso  71. 
I'R(7N-MAS'TER,  n.   Amanufacturerof  ironorlargo 

dealer  therein.  Dickens. 

IR-RA'DI-ANT,  a.    Sending  outlays  of  light;   as, 

the  irradiant  moon.  Boyxe. 

IR-RE-CEP'TiVE,  a.    Not  receiving  or  not  capable 

of  receiving.  Trench. 

IR-RE-COG'NI-ZA-BLE,  a-    Not  recognizable. 

Carlyle. 
IR-RE-JE€'TA-BLE,  a.    Not  to  bo  rejected. 
IR-RE-PROV'A-BLE-NESS,  n.    That  cannot  be  re- 
proved. Ash. 
IR-RE-$0LV'A-BLE,  a.    TrretsolvahU  nehulee,  no- 
bulai  of  a  cloud-like  appearance  which  have  not  yet 
been  resolved  by  the  telescope  into  stars. 

JlerscJiel. 
IRTJ-TA-BLE-NESS,  n.    The  quality  of  being  irri- 
table. 
IR-RC'BRI€-AL,  a.     Contrary  to  the  rubric. 
IR'V1NG-!TE,  n.     A  follower  of  Edward  Irving. 
ISlI-MA-EL-lT'ISn.  a.    Like  Ishmael,  the  son  of 

Abraliam,  "whose  hand  w;is  against  every  man." 
I'SI-A€,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  goddess  Isis;  as,  Isiac 
mysteries.  The  Isiac  Table  at  Turin,  is  a  plate  of 
copper  or  brass  having  a  figure  of  the  goddess  in  the 
center,  surrounded  by  copartmentson  which  are  en- 
graven numerous  hieroglyphics  and  various  sceni-s 
relating  to  the  mysteries"  of  Isis.  It  was  found  at 
Rome  in  1525.  Wright. 

I'SIS,  n.  One  of  the  chief  deities  of  the  ancient  Egyp- 
tians, being  considered  as  the  mother  and  nurse  of 
all  things. 
iS'LAM-TZE,  V.  t.  or  v.  i.    To  conform  to  the  religion 

of  Islam.  Salisbury. 

I-SO-B.\R-0-MET'RI€,  a.     [Gr.  lo-cw,  equal,  /3apos, 
weight,  and  iieTan-;  measure.] 

A  term  indicating  equal  barometric  pressure,  em- 
ployed to  denote  lines  on  the  surface  of  the  globe 
connecting  places  that  present  the  same  mean  bar- 


ometrical pressure,  as  determined  by  means  of  the 
monthly  extremes  of  the  barometer.  Nichol. 

I-SOt'11'RO-NlSM    (i-sok'ro-nizm),    n.      [Gr.    Itros, 
equal,  and  \fi6i'o<;y  time.] 
The  state  or  quality  of  being  isochronous. 

mchol. 
T-SOC'LI-NAL,  a.     [Gr.  Icto?,  equal,  and  kAh-o),  to  in- 
cline.] 

Noting  equality  of  inclination  or  dip.  In  terres- 
trial magnetism,  alike  in  the  inclination  or  dip  of 
the  magnetic  needle;  marking  similarity  of  mag- 
netic dip.  Xichol. 
I-SO-Dl-MORPn'ISM,  71.  [Gr.  Ttros,  equal,  Sis,  dou- 
ble, and  fxop<i)ri,  form.] 

Isomorphism  between  the  two  forms  severally  of 
two  dimorphous  substances.  Dana. 

T-SO-DI-MORP1I'OUS,  a.    Having  the  quality  of  iso- 

dimorphism. 
I-S0-DY-NlMa€,  a.     [Gr.  lo-o?,  equal,  and  5ufa/it9i 
force.] 

AUkein  force.  In  terrestrial  magnetism,  having 
the  same  masnetic  intensity  ;  markingsimilarity  of 
magnetic  intensity  ;  as  an  isodynamic  curve. 

Kichol. 
T-SO-DTN'A-MOUS,  a.     Of  equal  force  or  size. 
I-S0-6E-O-THfiR'MAL,   a.       [Gr.  laos,  equal,  yn, 
earth,  and  O^pfJiV*  heat.] 

N'tting  the  same  mean  temperature  beneath  the 
earth's  suriace.  Kichol. 

I-SO-G0Na€,  a.  [Gr.  lo-os,  equal,  and  ywn'o,  an 
angle.] 

Uaving  equal  angles;  a  term  applied  to  lines 
traced  on  the  surface  of  the  gIol)e  connectingplaces 
at  which  the  deviations  of  the  magnet  from  the  me- 
ridian_or  true  north  are  equal.  Kichol. 

IS'O-LA-TED-LY,  adv.     In  an  isolated  manner. 
I-SO-MER-0-MORPII'ISM,7?,  [Gr.  Icros,  equal,  fiepo9, 
jiart,  and  y-op^ri,  form.] 

Isomorphism  betwcL-n  substances  that  are  alike 
in  their  atomic  proportion.  Dana. 

I-S0-MET'R1€,  [a.     [Gr.  7(ro9, equal,  and  /xerpov, 

I-SO-MET'RI€-AL,  ("     measure.] 

Noting  equality  of  measure.  In  crystallography, 
isometric,  this  word  has  tho  same  meaning  as  7no- 
nometric ;  tessular.  Dana. 

In  draxoing,  isometrical  projection,  is  a  species 
of  orthographic  projection,  in  which  but  a  single 
plane  of  projection  is  used.  It  is  so  named  from  the 
fact  that  the  projections  of  three  cquallines  parallel 
respectively  to  three  rectangular  axes,  are  equal  to 
one  another.    This  kind  of  projection  is  principallv 
used  in  delineating  buildings  or  machinery,  in  which 
the  principal  lines  are  parallel  to  three  rectangular 
axes,  and  tho  principal  planes  are  parallel  to  tbree 
rectangular  pbnes  passing  through  the  three  axes. 
Danes'  Math.  Diet 
I-S0-N(5M'ie,  a.     [Gr.  lo-os,  equal,  and  co/xos,  law.] 
The  same  or  equal  in  law  or  right ;  one  in  kind  or 
origin.  _  ^  Dana. 

I'SO-TIIERE,  n.  An  isothcral  line,  or  one  passing 
on  a  chart  through  places  which  have  the  same 
mean  summer  temperature.  Kichol. 

I'SO-TIlfiRM,         in.     An  isothermal  line,  or  line 
I-S0-TII£R'MAL,  (       pas^iti::  on    a    chart  through 
places  having  the  same  mean  temperature. 

Kichol. 
X-S0-TRI-M(5RPH'ISM,  n.      [Gr.  Ttros,  equal,  rpt'?, 
three,  and  iJ.op<f>^,  form.] 

Isomorphism  between  the  three  forms  severally, 
of  two  trimorphous  substances.  Dana. 

I-SO-TRI-MORPH'OU3,  a.     Uaving  tho  quality  of 

isotrimorphism. 
iS'SU-ANT  (ish'shQ-ant),  a.      Issuing  or  coming  up  ; 
a  term  api)lied  in  herahlry,  to  express  a  charge  or 
bearins:,  rising  or  coming  out  of  another.     Craig. 
ITH-A-CEN'SIAN,  a.     Of  or  pertaining  to  Ithaca. 

Tennyson. 
T'VO-RY  PALM,  n.    The  tree  which  bears  the  ivory 
nut,  (the  PhyteUphas  macrocarpa.) 


J. 

JX€'A-NA,  n.  A  grallatorial  tropical  bird  having 
four  long  and  slender  toes,  and  very  long  nails,  en- 
abling them  to  walk  over  floating  plants,  nnd  thus 
to  seek  their  food,  which  consists  mainly  of  insects. 

Curier. 

JXCK,  n.  [add.]  A  wooden  wedgo  used  by  miners 
to  separate  rocks  after  blasting.  Jack  at  a  pinch, 
a  sudden,  unexpected  call  to  do  anything;  also  a 
poor,  hackney  parson.  Ilaliiicell. 

JACK'  FRCIT ,  7i.  FruitoftheJiici  wood;  a  species 
of  the  bread-fruit  tree.  Stewart. 

Ji€K'MAN,  n.    One  wearing  a  mailed  jacket. 

TT  .^rott. 

jXCK'-SeREW  (-skrft),  n.     A  portable  maciiine  for 
raising  heavy  weights  through  a  small  distance. 
Appleton^s  Mech.  Diet 


JXCK'-WOOD.     See  Jak-Wood. 

JAe-0-Bit'l€-AL-LY,  adv.  After  the  manner  of  a 
Jacobite. 

JAG'GER,  n.    [add.]     A  peddler.  Walt.  Scott. 

JAK'-WOOD,  «.  A  species  of  the  bread-fruit  tree 
{Artocarpus  integn/olia),  much  used  in  India  for 
house  carpentry  and  furniture.  Tho  wood  isycllow 
when  first  cut,  but  changes  to  a  dull  red  or  mahog- 
any color.  Appleton's  Mech.  Diet 

J.\L'0U-SIE,  n.  [Fr.]  A  name  given,  especially  in 
the  West  Indies,  to  slatted  or  Venetian  window- 
blinds.  Siinvionds. 

JAm,  n.     [add.]     A  crowd  or  press.        Simmonds. 

JAMBj5'S  (j3mz\  n.pt.      [Vr.jambe,  the  leg.] 

Armor  lor  the  legs,  made  of  waxed    leather  or 
metal,  much  used  in  the  middle  ages.      FairhoU. 

JAM'MING,  n.     A  violent  pressing  or  squeezing. 

JAN,  n.  [Ar.]  In  Moham^medan  myth.,  nn  inferioi" 
demon.  E.  W.  Lane. 

JAN-GA'DA,  «.  [Sp.]  A  raft-boat  used  in  Peru 
and  the  northern  parts  of  Brazil.  Simmonds. 

JA-PXN'  L.\€'QrER(lak'er),«.  A  kind  of  varnish 
or  lacquer  used  in  japanning. 

JA-PANN£'D'  LEATn'ER  (ja-piind'  leth-cr),  n.  A 
sort  of  enameled  or  varnished  leather  prepared  with 
several  coatings  of  a  kind  of  japan  rubbed  in  with 
the  hand  and  then  dried  in  a  stove.      Simmonds. 

JAR'GON-ING,  71.  A  confused  sound  of  voices  ;  as, 
_tlie  swcQtjirgojiing  of  birds.  Tennyson. 

jXUNT'I-tY,  adt.    In  a  jaunty  manner. 

Walt.  Scott 

jlUNT'ING  €AR,  )  «.  A  kind  of  omnibus  or  public 

JAl'NT'Y  CAR,  i"  carriage  used  in  Ireland  in 
which  tlie  passengers  ride  sideways,  sitting  back 
to  back  with  their  feet  reaching  nearly  to  the  ground. 

Tfiackei'ay. 

JAW, «.-  [add.]  The  inner  end  of  a  boom  or  gaff 
'which  is  Lollowed  in  a  half-circle  to  move  freely  on 
a  mast.  Totten. 

JEAL'OU-SIES,  n.  pi  [Fr.]  Slatted  window  blinds 
for  hot.  climates.     See  Jalousie. 

JEL'LY  FISH,  n.  A  popular  name  of  the  Acalephs 
or  marine  species  of  Radiate  animals  which  have  a 
jelly-liko  appearance.  Dana. 

JEM'MY,  71.  A  term  applied  to  certain  tools  used  by 
housebreakers.  Simmonds. 

JfeR-FAL'€OX  (fawTwnor  lal'kon),  l7i.      A  variety 

6£R-FAL'€0N,  (       of     Falcon, 

{Hiero-falco  of  Cuvier),  one  fourth  larger  than  the 
true  Falcon,  and  highly  esteemed  by  falconers.  It 
is  a  native  of  northern  regions.  Booth. 

JfeU'QUER  (jt'i'ker).  72.  A  custom-house  officer  who 
searches  ships  after  they  are  unloaded,  for  unentered 
goods.     [Eng.]  Simmonds. 

JfeR'QUING  ( jfrTiing).  n.  The  searching  of  a  ship 
for  unentered  goods.     [Eng.'\  SiTJmtonds. 

JES'SANT,  n.  In  heraldry,  shooting  forth  or  spring- 
ing up.  Craig. 

JET'-Lt^STER,  \n.     A  kind  of  black  lead  of  a  su- 

JET'-LUS-TRE,  J  perior  quality  for  polishing  grates, 
&c.  SinimoJids. 

JETTI-NESS,  ».  The  stato  of  being  jetty;  blackness. 

Ogiltie. 

JIBB,  V.  i.  [Connected  with/ii<r.]  To  move  restively 
sidfiways  or  backwards ;  as,  the  horse  is  apt  to  jibb  ; 
a  jibbing  horse.  IfalliiceU.      Walt.  Scott. 

JiBOJER,  n.     A  horse  that  jibbs.  Ilaliiicell 

JIG'GIXG,  71.  Among  miners,  the  sorting  of  ore  by 
passing  it  through  a  wire-bottomed  sieve.     Pryce. 

JlG'GLl^.  V.  i.  To  move  in  an  affected  or  awkward 
manner.  Ogilrie. 

JIG'-JOG,  n.     A  jolting  motion  ;  a  push.     Smart. 

JIG'-JOG,  a.     Noting  ajolting  motion. 

JiN'NEE,  «.,  })l.  JINN.  [Ar.]  In  Mohammedan 
myth.,  a  name  of  genii,  angels  or  demons,  supposed 
to  have  transparent  bodies  with  the  power  of  as- 
suming various  forms.  E.  W.  Lane. 

JO,  n.  pL,  JDE$.    a  sweetheart.  [Scotch.]     Burns. 

JCB,  p.  t.  [add.]  To  hire  by  the  job,  or  period  of 
use  and  service ;  as,  to  job  a,  carriage. 

Tliackeray. 

J(5B'BING  HOUSE,  n.  A  mercantile  establishment 
which  purchases  from  importers  and  sells  to  retail- 
ers.    [.■!»(.] 

JOCK'EY-€LUB,  n.  A  club  for  promoting  horse 
races. 

JOG'-TROT,  n.  [add.]  An  habitual  mode  of  action 
regularly  carriecl  on.  Walt.  Scott. 

JOUN-A-DREAMS,  n.     A  dreaming  stupid  fellow. 

Shakes. 

JQHN-A-NOKES,  n.  [John  at  the  Oaks.]  A  ficti- 
tious name  in  law  proceedings.  IlaUiicell. 

JOIIN  doe,  71.  In  laic  proceedings,  a  fictitious 
name  for  a  plaintiff;  used  with  Bichard  Roe  for 
defendant.  IlalUwell 

J^IIN-Dp'RY.     Seo  Dory. 

JOIIN-SU'NI.AN-I$M,  «.  A  peculiarity  of  Dr.  lohn- 
60U.  jEd.  Review. 


D6VE,  -wolf,  BOOK;  P.CLE,  BULL;  YI"CI0U3.— €  as  K;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z;  CH  .is  SH  ;  THIS. 


1490 


t  S66  Tabic  0/ Synonymy 


KAY 

JOiXT,  n.  [add.]  la  geol^  one  of  a  system  of  regu- 
lar and  exiensiro  cracks  or  »caius  tra'nsTerse  to  the 
strati  flcatioa.  Pan<t. 

Joint- univet'tnil,  aa  arransement  in  me<:h.  whi<;h 
allows  oue  part  of  a  machine  to  move  freely  iu  all 
directions,  in  relation  to  another.  Franci-t. 

JOINT,  V.  L  To  ftt  perfectly ;  to  coalesce  as  joints  do ; 
as  tiie  %\oTiis  Joint  into  each  other  exactly. 

'OgiJvi^. 
JOINT'IXG  PLAXE,  tu  The  jointer  or  largest  plane 
used  bv  joiners  in  smoothing  boards.  «&c 

BeiVi  Tech.  Diet. 
JOSEPH,  n.    [Fr.l    Thin  tissno  paper  often  used  for 

blotting  paper;  thin  silvered  paper.   BeAch^ereil^ 

JOCH'XAL,  n.     [add.]     In  »/io.A.,  that  part  of  a  rc- 

Tolvin*  shaft  by  which  it  is  held  in  its  place;  another 

name  fur  a  bearing.  AppUton'a  Metih.  I>ivt. 

JOCK'XAL-BOX,  n.    A  box  in  which  tho  Jou/mul 

of  a  shaft  revolves. 
JT-DE'AN,  n.    A  native  of  Jndea. 
JC'GAL,  a.     [L.  juyum^  a  yoko.] 

Pertainin-i^^tt*  the  cheek-bone.  jynngliion. 

JVGGED  Hake  (jusni' hare),  n.  A  name  given 
to  hare  cut  into  pieces  and  stewed  with  wine  and 
other  flavorings.     [£'rt(7.]  Siinmojids. 

JCG'GER-XACT,  n.  [Uind.  jaganathay  lord  of 
the  world.] 

An  idol  among  the  Hindoos  whoso  templo  is 
situated  in  O.-i&sa  and  has  a  kind  of  pyramidal 
tower  on  wheels  2l>t)  feet  hijh.  Pilgrims  throw 
tbemselres  between  its  wheels  when  in  motion. 

Craig. 
JUMP,  r.  t     Among  icestem  settlers,  to  jump  a 
cltiim^  is  to  seize  upon  land  in  tho  absence  of  one 
who   has  the  prior  claim  under  tho  pre-emption 
laws,  and  in  disre-rard  of  his  rights. 
JtJ'MP'KR,  n.     [add.]     A  long  iron  chisel  or  borer 
used  by  masons  ana  miners.     Mining  Journal. 
2.  A  rude  kind  of  sleigh.     [Jm.]  Barthtt. 

8.  A  fur  nnder-jacket.  Kane. 

JCXK,  n.     [add.]     Among Mam«n^  hard  salted  beef 

supplied  to  shipi.  Simtnondft. 

JU-R.\S'JI€,  a.     In  geol.,  of  the  age  of  the  middle 
secott'lary,  or  the  oolite  and  lias;  named  from  cer- 
tain rocks  of  tho  Jura  mountains.  Dana. 
JC'ROR,  n.  [add-]     One  of  a  committeo  chosen  to 

adjudge  prizes  at  a  public  exhibition.    [Sng.l 
JC'R  V.  n.   [add.]     A  committeo  for  adjudging  prizes 

nX.  a  public  exhibition.     [£!'^g.\  Tomlins&n. 

JL''R\-B0X,  n.    Tiio  place  whcro  a  jury  sits. 
Jr"'RY-RIGG.*D',  a.    Rigged  in  a  temporary  man- 
ner. Ogilvie. 
JT'ET-RLDDER,  tk    A  temporary  rudder  in  case 

of  accident. 
jC"3'SI.  n.  A  delicate  fiber  produced  in  M.anilla  from 
an  andescribed  plant,  of  which  dresses  are  made. 

SiintnoTid-9. 
jtSTI-FT",  V.  t  [add.]    To  prove  by  evidence;  as, 
XajuJitifij  one  a  traitor.  Shaken. 

a,  In  printing,  to  form  even  or  true  lines  of  type 
by  proper  spacing.  llan-'^ard's  Tt/p. 

jCST'irr-lXG,  n.  [aild.]  In  printing,  the  pro- 
cess of  forming  an  even  or  true  line  of  type  by 
proper  spacing.  Hawiarirs  T'jp. 

JCd-TlXT-AX,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  institutes  or 

laws  of  tho  Roman  emperor  Justinian.      Gibbon. 
JTTE,  n.     A  subsunco  resembling  hemp,  being  the 
fiber  of  the  Corchoru-t  ofitoriii»,  used  for  making 
gunny  cloth,  and  also  in  the  manufactnro  of  mats, 
coarw  carpets,  Ac.  SinDnondJi. 

JCTE-NILE,  n.  A  young  person  or  youth.    [Spoi't- 


ire.\ 

rtrx-TA- 


JTTX-TA-P^SIT,  r.  t.    To  place  in  close  connection 
or  contiguity.  Durham. 


K. 

KXFI-LATI,  fl.  [.iJ-]  A  caravan  or  company  of 
travelers  or  merchants.  Simnuynda. 

K  AIM,  n.    A  low  crest  or  hill :  a  camp.     [ScotrhA 

WaU.  Scot/, 

KAK'O-DT'LE.  ft.    See  Cacodtle. 

KA-LEI-D0-S€UP'I€,  a.  PerUining  to  or  formed 
by  a  kaleidoscope ;  variegated  in  appearance. 

Ogilvie. 

KX.l/50-MiXE.  The  original  and  more  correct  spell- 
inz  is  Calcimine,  which  see. 

KA'RA-ITE,  n.  [Heb.  from  kara^  written  in  the 
Scriptares.] 

A  sect  of  Jews  who  hold  to  tho  Hebrew  Script- 
ures alone  without  admitting  the  interpretations  of 
the  Talmud,  Ac.  Encyc.  Am. 

K.VTH-E-TOMt-TER,  n.    See  Cathetouetee. 

KaY'.\K,  n.  A  li^ht  boat  used  by  fishermen  in 
Greenland,  made  of  seal-sklqs  stretched  upon  a 
frame  and  coming  close  round  the  body  of  the  oars- 
man. Kant, 


KIT 


KAY'AK-ER,  n.    One  who  uses  tho  kayak  in  fish- 
ing, ^c. 
KEEL,  n.     [add.]    In  luii.  hist,  a  projecting  ridge 
along  the  middlo  of  a  flat  or  curving  surface. 

IIen$l4>w. 
KEEL'I-VTXE,  \a.    A  pencil  of  black  or  red 

KEEL'V-ViXE-PEN,  f     load.     [ScotcJU 

Waif.  Scott. 
KEEP'ER,  n.  [add.]    The  keeper  of  a  magnet,  is 
the  same  as  the  annaiure,  being  a  piece  of  iron 
which  connects  the  two  poles,  for  tho  purpose  of 
keeping  the  magnetic  power  undiminished. 

J^Tichol. 
KEESn,  ft.    Name  given  to  flakes  of  carburet  of 

iron  on  the  surtice  of  jkig-iron,  &c  Craig. 

KEEV'ER,  n.     The  same  as  Keeve. 
KfiX'SPECK-LE  (U^'n'spokh,  a.     Having  so  marked 
or  singular  an  appearance  as  easily  to  b  j  recognized. 
[Sc-oft-^.]  Wali.  Scott. 

KENT'-Bt'GLE,  »  n.  A  buglo  curved  in  form 
KEYiTD'-Bir'GLE.  f  and  having  six  finger  keys  or 
.    stops,  by  means  of  which  the  performer  canplay 

upon  every  key  in  the  musical  scale.  Moore. 

KEXT'ISH'R.\G,  «.  A  rough  limestone  of  the  cre- 
taceous formation,  found  in  Kent  and  elsewhere  in 
the  Southeast  of  England.  P.ina. 

K£R'0-5EXE,  n.    A  liquid  hydro-carbon,  or  oil  ex- 
tracted from  bituminous  coal,  used  for  iUumination 
and  other  purposes. 
KETTLE-II.\T,  n.    A  cap  of  iron  worn  by  knights 

in  the  middle  .oses.  Fairholt.      \ 

KECPER  (koy'per).  «,     [Ger.]     In  geol,,  tho  npper 
division  of  tho  Triassic  formation;  new  red  sand- 
stone. Lyell. 
KEY  (ke),  -c.  t.    To  fasten  or  secure  firmly;  to  fasten 
with  keys  or  wedge-shaped  pieces  of  wood  or  iron. 

Francis. 
KEY'-BUTtLE.    See  Kext-Bugle. 
KEY£'D  (keed),  pp.   or  a.    Fastened  by  keys  or 

wedges^ 
KEY'-XOTE,  n.  In  music,  tho  fundsmentai  note 
to  which  the  whole  of  a  series  of  accompanjing 
notes  has  a  distinct  relation  and  bearing,  to  which 
all  the  modulations  of  the  movement  are  referred, 
and  in  wbicli,  if  the  movement  is  regnlar,  it  both 
begins  and  ends.  Moore's  Mies.  Cyc. 

KI-.V-BOO'€A-WOOD,  n.  An  ornamenUl  wood 
called  also  Ami>oyna^coo(i,  from  Singapore.  It 
seems  to  be  tho  excrescence  or  burr  of  some  tree  ; 
is  in  color  from  an  orango  to  a  deep  brown,  and 
is  full  of  small  curls  or  knots. 

AppleUm's  Mech.  Diet. 
KiB'BLE,  ft.    A  largo  bucket  for  raising  oro  out  of 

mines.  Tomiinson. 

KIB'IiLIXGS.  71.  /)/.     Portions  of  small  fish  used  for 

bait  on  tho  banks  of  Xewfoundland.        BartUtt. 
KiD'XEY-SnAP^D  (-shapte),  a.      [add.]     In  hot., 
a  kidney -shaped  lenf  is  one  which  has  tho  breadth 
greater  than  the  length,  an-.l  a  wide  sinus  or  hollow 
at  the  base.  Craig. 

KTXD-HEART'ED-XESS,  n.     Kindness  of  heart 
ivlXTDLE,  V.  i.  [ndd.]     To  grow  warm  or  animated; 
to  glow  ;  as,  his  fancy  kindles  at  tho  prospect. 

Tfiomson. 
KtX'DLERS,     In.  pi.    Small  pieces  of  wood,  &c,, 
KiX'DLlXGS,  (     for  kindling  a  fire. 

Bdrthti.    Mrs.  Stmoe. 
Kr-XE-M-\T'I€.         {a.     Pertaining  to  kinematics. 
KI-NE-M,\T'I€-AL,  |     Kinematic  curves  are  thoso 
produced    by    macliinery   as    distinguished  from 
mathematical  curves. 
KT-XE-MAT'I€3,  )  „    ^j     rr  -      ♦«  ™        ^ 

The  science  which  treats  of  motions,  without 
concerning  itself  (as  in  the  case  of  mech.'inics)  with 
the  causes  tliereof.  It  is  properly  an  introduction 
to  mechanics,  as  involving  the  mathematical  prin- 
ciples which  are  to  be  applied  to  its  data  of  forces. 

yichol. 

KIXG'WOOT),  n.  A  wood  from  Brazil,  called  also 
xiolet'w'ood,  beautifully  streaked  in  violet  tints, 
used  in  turning  and  small  cabinet-work. 

Appleton's  Mech.  Diet. 

KINGSHIP,  fl.    Relationship  BtUwer. 

Kiss,  P.  i.  To  salute  with  tho  lips;  as,  ki^ts  and 
make  friends.  Shakes. 

KiTCH'EX.  a.     Of  or  belongin:;  to  a  kitchen.    Ash. 

KITCH'EX-ER,  n.  A  name  often  given  to  a  kitchen 
or  cooking  range. 

KITE'  FLYaXG,  \n.    A  term  applied  to  a  variety 

KlT'IXG,  (     of  fictitious  modes  of  raising 

money  or  snstainins  ono's  credit,  as  by  the  use  of 
paper  which  is  merely  nominal,  &c 

Thackeray.    Bartlett. 

KITTXG,  a.  A  term  describing  fictitions  or  fraud- 
ulent means  of  raising  money ;  as,  kiting  trans- 
actions. Banker'^fi  Journal. 

KiT'TLE  (kit'tl),  a.  Easily  tickled;  nut  easily 
managed;  troublesome  ;  as,  ^^ kittle  cattle  to  shoe 
behind."    [Scotch.]  Walt.  ScoU. 


.XG,  \n.    A  name  given  bv  whale-fishers  to  the 
XG,  S     fleshy  part  of  tho  whale  alter  the  blub- 


LAD 

KLiCK'ER,  n.     Ho  or  that  which  klicks.     Ogilcie. 
KN.\G'GI-X.ESS,  «.  State  of  beinir  knagtry.  Scott. 
KXlGirr'.\GE,  n.    The  body  of  knightsT  Ogilvie. 
ICXOB,  71.     [add.]     A  rounded  hill  or  mountain  ;  as, 

the  Pilot  Knob.     [Am.]  Barthtt 

KXOCK'DOWX,  n,    A  blow  which  strikes  a  person 

to  the  ground. 
KXOCK'STOXE,  n.     A  block  of  Btone  or  iron  used 

for  breaking  things  upon.  Mining  Journal. 

KNOT,  n.     [add.]     In  mech.,  the  point  where  cords, 
rope.%  &c.,  meet  from  angular  directions  iu  funicu- 
lar machines  ;  called  more  properly  Xode. 
_  W.  B.  Johnaon. 

KXOWE  (no),  «.     [Scottish  for  knoll.]     A  hillock. 

Widt.  Srott. 
KOHL'-RA'BI,  n.    [Said  to  bo  a  corruption  of  canio- 
7'apa.]     A  singular  variety  of  cabbage  {Bra^sica 
caulo-rapa  of  Bauhin  ;  now  considere^l  by  De  Can- 
dollo  to  bo  a  variety  of  Brassica  campest/'is  ) 

Simmonds. 
KOO-DOO,   7K      The  striped  antelope  (Strepsiceros 
capensifi)  of  South  Africa,  having  gracefully  spiral 
horns.  Livingston. 

KOORD.  11.     See  Kurd. 
KOORD'ISH,  a.    See  Kukdish. 
KRXXG, 
KREXG 

ber  has  been  remoVetl.  Simmonds. 

KRIS.  n.     A  Malay  dagger.     Same  as  Crease. 
KROO'MAX.  n.     Name  of  a  race  of  negroes  in  asmall 
section  of  Western  Africa,  who  serve  much  on  ship- 
hoard.  Ogilvie. 
KURD,  n.    A  native  of  the  Assyrian  mountains  be- 
tween Persia  and  Turkey.                          Layard. 
K'PRD'ISn.  a.    Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Kurds. 
KY''AX-IZ£'D  (ki'an-izd),  pp.  or  a.     Steeped  in  cor- 
rosive sublimato  to  prevent  rotting;  as,  kyanized 
wood.                                                             Francis. 
KT'.\X-TZ-IXG.  n.    The  process  of  steeping  in  cor- 
rorsive  sublimate  as  a  preservative  against  the  dry 
r.ot._                                              BeiVs^Tech.  Did. 
KY'LO_£"S  (klloze),  n.  pi.    A  name  given  to  tho  cat- 
tle of  tho  Hebrides.            Gardner's  Farm.  Diet. 


L. 

L.V'BI-ATE,       ta.   [subs.]     In  hot,  having  the  limb 

LA'BI-A-TED,  |  of  a  tubular  corolla  or  calyx  divid- 
ed into  two  unequal  parts,  one  projecting  over  the 
other  like  tho  lipj  of  a  mouth,  as  in  the  mints. 

A.  Gray. 

LATSI-UM,  ft.    [L.]     The  lower  lip  of  insects. 

Craig. 

LA'BOR-IXG,  a.  [add.]  Laboring-force,  in  mech., 
the  power  applied  to  machinery,  &c.,  in  distinction 
from  the  power  actually  transmitted  to  the  point  of 
03*001,  the  difference  being  made  by  the  expenditure 
of  part  of  the  laboring  force  iu  overcoming  friction, 
&c.,  before  it  becomes  a  working  force. 

Imp.  Add. 

LX'BOR-SOME,  a.  [add.]  Likely  or  inclined  to  roll 
and  pitch  ;  as,  a_ship  in  a  heavy  sea. 

LABTIA-DOR-TEA,  n.  A  pl.int  of  two  species  (Ze- 
dum  palustre,  and  L.  kitifolia),  possessing  narcotic 
properties,  used  for  a  drink,  and  to  render  beer 
heady.  Juhnston. 

LA'BViXTSL    See  LABitTM. 

LAB-Y-RINTII'AL,  a.     Pertaining  to  a  labyrinth. 

LAB-Y-RINTH'O-DOX,  n.  [Gr.  \a^vpn'0os,  a  laby- 
rinth, and  oSou;,  a  tooth.] 

A  genus  of  estinct  reptiles,  so  named  from  the 
labyrinthine  texture  of  its  tooth,  supposcil  to  be  re- 
lated to  the  Batrachians.  B.  Oicen. 

LAB- Y-RiXTirO-DOXT,  n.  A  reptile  of  the  genus 
Labyrinthodon.  Silliman's  Journal. 

LACE'-BOOT,  71.  A  boot  which  laces  up  at  the  side 
or  in  front. 

LleUTlY-MAL,  rt.  [add.]  Xoting  a  variety  of  parts 
connected  with  the  secretion  or  emission  of  tears; 
as,  the  lachrymal  duct,  lachrymal  gland,  lachry- 
inal  passages.  »tc.  Dunglison. 

L.\€'TA-REXE,  ft.     [L.  lac,  milk.] 

A  preparation  of  curds  from  milk,  used  by  calico- 
printers.  Simmonds. 

lA€'TI-FUGrE.  n.  [L.  lac,  milk,  and/«go,  to  expel] 
A  medicino  to  check  the  secretion  of  milk, 

Dunglison. 

LA€-TiF'I€,  a.    Breeding  or  producing  milk. 

Seoit, 

L.\-€TT'XAL,   \a.     [add.]     Characterized  by  open 

LA--(5IT'XAU,  \  spaces  at  intervals;  as.  a  lacunar 
circulation,  where  open  sp.aces  exist  in  the  circulat- 
ing system,  or  take  the  place  of  vessels. 

Carpeiiter. 

LXD'DEE,  n.  [add.]  Accommodation  ladder,  a 
wooden  staircase  a'-  the  gangway  on  a  ship's  side. 
Sida  ladder,  stern-ladder^  a  rope  ladder  hanging 
from  either  the  side  or  stern  of  a  vessel.      Totten. 


i,    E,   Ac,    long^X,    fi,    Ac,   MoW.— C.iRE,    FAR,    LAST,    FALL,    WHAT;    THfiRE,   TfiRM;    MARINE,    BIRD;    MOVE, 


i  See  Table  of  Synonyms. 


1491 


LAN 


LAT 


LA'DT-eoL'ilT,  n.    The  court  held  by  a  lajly^of  the 

T  A'DT-FfiRN  n.  The  familiar  n.ime  of  a  variety  of 
fern  {AHpulium.    thelypteris)   common ^m^jjrcat 

LVOrS-H  llK    «.     A  familiar  name  for  a  species 

"( Briza  meiiin)o( quaking  grass.  Loudon. 

L  E V'l-G ATE.    The  same  as  Levigate. 
lIeV'O-GY'EATE,  a.    See  LEvo-iiTR.vTE. 
L.V'OAN.    A  spelling  sometimes  given  to  Liga:?, 

wliiob  see.  „    i  , 

L'i'GER-BEEE,  n.     A  mild  German  beer,  calloil  l(t- 

'ger  from  its  being  laid  up  or  stored  some  months 

before  usinff  it. 

L'v'GErL-WINE    n.     Old  bottled  wine  which   has 

beeii'liept  in  the  cellar.  Simmomlx. 

LVID'-Pl'PEK,  n.  A  term  applied  to  writing  paper 
"hivin"  a  ribbed  surface,  as  if  inlaid  with  Imes. 
TlicseVere  originally  produced  by  the  wires  of  the 
frames  uscil  in  maliinK  hand-paper,  the  first  kind  in 
use-  and  are  now  imitated  in  some  machine  paper. 
Paper  of  this  kind  is  called  c/-<i(»n  laid,  blue  laid  &c., 
according  to  the  color  given  it.  Simmonds. 

LAK'EE,  n.    One  who  admires  or  frequents  lakes. 

2>6  Quincey. 
LX'M  V    n      Lit.,  superior  ;  the  name  of  a  Boodhish 
priest' in  Thibet,  Mongolia.  &c.    The  Grand  La- 
ma   or  Ddai-Lama,   is  the   Boodhish   pontiff  of 
Thibet  and  is  supreme  ruler  in  ecclesiastical  and 
secular  affairs.     He  is  considered  by  bis  followers 
as  a  divine  being  dwelling  in  the  tlosh,  and  wor- 
shiped accordingly.  n"c-    Iltyse. 
LA'M  \-ISM,  «.    The  relidcm  of  the  Boodhish  in- 
habitants of  Thibet,  Mongolia,  &c.,  who  worship 
the  Grand  Lama.  ■"'^.'/W- 
L\'M  \-IST,  I  n.    A  worshiper  of  the  Grand  Lama. 
Li'MA-ITE,  f  "'r';^ 
LA'M.^-StiR-Y.  n.     A  convent  of  Lamas  or  Lciodh- 

ist  priests  in  Thibet,  Mongolia,  &c.  Uno. 

LAM'BOTS,  ".  pi.  [Er.  lamheau:\  In  nnc.  armor, 
the  name  of  folded  drapery  hanging  in  front  over 
the  thighs,  often  imitated  in  steel-work. 

Fairholt. 

L.\M'BEE-Q11IN  (lam'ber-kin),   n.     A  name  for  a 

kind  of  pendent  scarf  or  covering  attached  to  the 

helmet,  to  protect  it  from  wet  or  heat;  called  also 

coinU.se  or  (jiiintise.  Fairholt. 

LXMB'S'-WOOL,  a.    Made  of  lambs'  wool,  as  stock- 

L.Sl-EL-LI-P.EANen'I-ATE,  n.  [L.  lamella,  a 
thin  plate,  and /'/■<'. ■if'iia',  gills.] 

In  zoiil.  a  mollusk  of  the  tribe  including  the 
oyster  and  clam,  characterized  by  having  lamellar 
„llls  Carpenter. 

L.tM-EL-LI-BEXN€irl-ATE,  a.  Noting  a  mol- 
lusk  of  the  tribe  including  the  oyster,  &c.,  having 
lamellar  gills.  Carpenter. 

L.\M'ENT-A-BLE-NESS,    «.      The  state  of  being 

lamentable. 
LX.M'EL-L0SE,    a.     Composed  of,    or  having  tho 

form  of  plates.  O'jilne. 

L,\M-1-NA-BIL'I-TT,  n.     The  capability  of  being 

formed  or  extended  into  thin  plates. 
LA.M-1-NA'EI-AN,  a.  [L.]  Pertaining  to  sea- 
weeds of  the  genus  Laminaria ;  belonging  in 
depth  to  that  zone  of  the  sea  characterized  by  the 
growth  of  these  weeds,  being  from  two  to  ten  f.ith- 
oms  iu  depth.  E.  Forbes. 

LX.M'1-NA-Ey,  a.    Composed  of  plates  or  layers. 

Imp.  Add. 
LXM'I-MA-TIN6.  a.    Forming  or  separating  into 

scales,  or  thin  layers. 
L.\M  P'- WICK,  n.    Threads  of  cotton,  &c.,  for  burn- 

ing  in  a  lamp. 
L.lN'eAS-TEE-GtJN,    n.    A  cannon  with  a  very 
long  range,  named  after  its  inventor;  its  bore  is 
slightly  oval  and  the  ball  is  conoidal  in  shape. 

Simtnonds. 
L.\NCE'-COR'PO-EAL.     Sec  Lance-pesade. 
L.V\CE'-HEAD,  71.    Tbe  head  of  a  lance. 
LANCE'-EfiST,  71..    A  projection  like  a  bracket  on 
the  right  side  of  a  breast-plate  in  armor,  to  aid  in 
bearing  a  lance.  Fairholt. 

LANCE'-WOOD,  «.  A  light,  tough,  clastic  wood 
(Guatteridvirffata)  foumiin  the  West-Indies,  and 
used  for  the  shafts  of  gigs,  archery  bows,  &c. 

App>leion\^  Mech.  Dirt 
LAN-CIF'EE-OUS,  a.  Bearing  a  lance.  Craig. 
L.\ND'-€.\E'EtAGE,  71.    Transportation  by  l.ind. 

Addiaon. 
L.\ND'-CHAIX.    See  GtryxEK's-cnAiK. 
LAND'-CE-'iB,  71.     A  name  given  familiarly  to  any 
crab  which  lives  much  on  the  land,  and  resorts  to 
the  sea  chieliy  for  the  purpose  of  breeding. 
LiND'ER.  n.     In  mining,  a  person  who  waits  at 
the  mouth  of  the  shaft  to  receive  the  bucket  of 
ore  Simrnonds. 

LAND'GEA-VINE,  n.    The  wife  of  a  landgrave. 


LANU'-ICE,  n.  A  field  of  ico  adhering  to  the_ coast, 
or  between  two  headlands.  Aa7ie. 

LAND'ING,  a.  [add.]  Connected  with  the  un- 
loading of  a  vessel ;  as,  landing  charges. 

LlND'fXG-WAIT'EE,  n.  A  custom-house  officer 
who  oversees  the  lauding  of  goods,  &c.,  from  vessels. 

Simnt07id.*t. 

L.\ND'LODP-ING  [landloop-ing),  a.  Wandering 
about ;  vagrant. 

LAND'-PI'EATE,  n.  One  who  robs  on  shore,  and 
not  on  the  seas  alone. 

L.lND'-RAIL,  n.  A  bird  iRolltt-t  crex)  also  called 
corn-crake,  of  a  reddish  brown  color,  about  nine  or 
ten  inches  long ;  it  has  its  name  crake  (creak)  from 
its  creaking  note.  Booth. 

LAND'-EOLL,  71.  A  heavy  roller  used  to  crush 
down  clods,  &c.  Simmoyids. 

LiND'SC^^P-IST,  «.  One  who  occupies  himself  in 
painting  landscapes  or  is  interested  tlicrein. 

LX  N  D'S'-END,  n.  The  extreme  south-west  point  of 
England. 

LiXD'-WAE-EANT,  n.  A  title  from  the  land-offica 
to  a  lot  of  public  land. 

LANE,  71.     [add.]    A  navigable  opening  in  ice 


Kane. 
LANE,  a.   Alone.   Lfis  lane,  himself  alone.   [SeoU-h.] 

Jamie-son. 
;peech ;  ns,  "  he 


Shakes. 


L.AN<"G1Ta6E-LESS,  a.    'Without 

has  grown  languageless.^^ 
LA-NI-XET-FOEM,    a.      [L.    lanio,   to   tear,    and 
forma,  shalie.] 
Notin"  teeth  of  the  canine  form  in  quadrupeds. 

H.  Oircn. 
LAOJI-EES,  ».?)?.     [Fr.]    The  name  of  two  narrow 
straps  of  leather  on  a  shield  for  holding  it  on  the 
arm;  arm-straps.  Fairholt. 

L.W'TERN-PINTON  (pin'yun),  \n.       In  7?!ec/i.,  a 
LAN'TEKN-WHEEL,  I      kind  of  pinion 

or  wheel  having  bars  or  spindles,  instead  of  teeth, 
inserted  in  two'parallel  boards  or  plates  ;  so  called 
as  resembling  a  lantern  in  shape.  Brande. 

LAP-I-DA'El-AN,  a.    Inscribed  on  stone  ;  as  a  lap- 

idarian  record.  Clarke. 

LAP'-JOINT'ED,  a.  Describing  tte  manner  in 
which  the  plates  of  iron  over-lap  each  other,  as  in 
boilers,  ship-building,  &c.  Ogilcie. 

LAP'PING.  7!.     A  kind  of  machine-blanket  or  wrap- 
ping material  used  by  calico-printers.  Si-vinonds. 
LAP9TNG,  71.    The  act  of  sliding  or  falUng  off;  also, 
of  falling  away  from  a  person  through  some  failure 
or  neglect ;  as,  the  lapsing  of  a  legacy.      Clarke. 
LAR'CE-NEE,  I        Qjjg  .„]jo  commits  larceny. 
LAE'CE-NIST,  ( 

LAE'CE-NOUS,  a.     Having  the  character  of  larceny. 
LAEGE'-A'€E£'D  (-a'kerd),   a.      Possessing  much 

land.  Pope. 

LAEK'-Bt5NT'ING,  n.  A  name  for  the  snow-bunt- 
ing, a  bird  of  the  group  Plectrophanes  (P.  nicalis), 
having  the  nail  of  the  thumb  elongated  like  that 
of  the  lark,  otherwise  like  the  buntings.  It  is  a 
northern  bird,  and  becomes  nearly  all  white  in 
winter.  Ogilvie. 

LAE-VIP'A-EOUS,  a.    Eroducingyoung  in  the  form 

of  larves,  as  some  insects  do.  Imp.  Add. 

L.VR-YN-GIS'ML'S,  n.  A  sp.asmodlo  state  of  the 
glottis,  giving  rise  to  contraction  or  closure  of  the 
opening:  Dimglison. 

LiS'CAB,  n.  [add.]  A  name  given  to  menials  em- 
ployed about  arsenals  and  cannon  in  India. 

Simrnonds. 
LASn'EE,  7t.     [add.]     A  wear  in  a  river.     [Eng.] 

Ualliwcll. 
LXS'SO,  v.  t.    To  capture  with  a  lasso. 
LAST,  V.  t.    To  shape  with  a  last. 
LAST'AGE,  7i.    [add.]    Eoom  for  stowing  goods,  &C. 

Lnp.  Add. 
L\T-A-Ki'A  (-ke'a),  m.    [Turk.]    The  name  of  a  lino 
quality  of  Turkish  smoking  tobacco,  so  called  from 
the  place  where  produced,  the  ancient  Laodicea. 

Johnston. 
LA'TENT,  a.   [add.]     In  bot,  a  term  applied  to  buds 
that  have  p.assed  the  season  of  expansion  without 
development.  ITmslow. 

LAT'EE-ITE,  71.     An  argillaceous  sandstone'in  Inilia 

tif  a  red  color  and  much  seamed.  Dana. 

LA'TEX,  n.  [L.]  The  proper  .iuice  of  plants.  Henslow. 
LATII'EE,  r.  (.  [add.]  To  beat  severely.  [  Vulgar.'] 
LATiriNG,  71.     A  covering  of  laths  on  a  wall ;  the 

act  or  process  of  covering  with  laths.        Ogitrie. 
LATII'-EENDTNG.  71.  The  business  oflath-making. 
LATH'- WORK,  71.    Thin  battened  work;  as,  at  the 

sides  of  a  room  to  receive  [ilaster. 
LAT-I-CIF'ER-OUS,    a.      Cross   barred,   with    the 
spaces  open  and  approaching  to  rectangular  ;  lattice- 
like,  Dana. 
LA-TI-FO'LI-ATE,  a.     [L.]    In  bot.,  having  broad 
leaves.                                                             Wright. 


LEA 

LAT'TICE-PLANT,  n.  A  recently  discovered  aqua- 
tic plant  of  Madagascar  {Ouvirandra  fenestralis), 
whose  leaves  have  interstices  between  their  riba 
and  cross-beams,  so  as  to  resemble  lattice-work. 

Ellis. 

LAUGH,  «. -J.  [add.]  The  term  is  often  applied  to  a 
merry  expression  of  countenance  wben  there  is  no 
audible  sound  of  the  Yoico;  as,  a  laughing  lip. 

Walt.  Scott. 

LAT-IN-I-ZA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  turning  into 
Latin. 

LAUGII'TEE,  71.  [add.]  The  term  is  often  applied 
to  a  merry  expression  of  tbe  eyes  or  countenance, 
when  there  is  no  audible  sound  of  the  voice. 

A;cbly  the  mniden  did  cnlile,  onJ  witU  cyea 

Ovcrmiming  wiU)  la't.jkttr.  LongfeUms. 

LAU-EEN'TIAN,  a.    [From  the  name  of  the  river 
St.  Lawrence.]     In  geol.,  a  term  applied  by  sumo 
geologi.st3  to  the  portion  of  the  azoic  rocks  of  Can- 
ada aiiterior  to  the  lluronian.  Dana. 
LA'VA  MILL'STONES,  71.  i*?.    Hard  and  coarse  ba- 
saltic millstones  used  iu  England,  and  brought  from 
the  banks  of  the  Ehine.                          Simrnonds. 
LA'VA-WAEE,  77.    Name  given  to  a  kind  of  cheap 
pottery  made  of  iron  slag  cast  into  tiles,   urns, 
table-tops,  &c. 
LA'VIC,         la.    Like  or  composed  of  lava. 
LA-VAT'I€,  f                                               Slannder. 
LAV'A-TO-EY,  a.  Washing  or  cleansing  by  washing. 

Imp.  Add. 
LXVEN-DEE,  a.  Having  the  qualities  of  lavender; 
as,  lavender  water ;  having  the  color  of  lavender 
flower.s  being  nearly  a  grayish-blue. 
LAW,  n.  [add.]  Bode's  laic,  is  an  expression  of  a 
curious  relation  among  the  distances  of  the  sevcr.al 
planets  of  our  solar  system  from  tbe  sun,  and  of  tlie 
satellitis  from  their  primaries.  It  is  wholly  empir- 
ical, i.  e.  no  pbysiciil  origin  or  cause  for  it  is 
known  ;  nevertheless,  and  notwithstanding  the  ex- 
istence of  exceptions  or  irregularities,  it  points  to 
some  conditioned  arrangement  in  our  planet. 

Kepler's  laws,  are  three  important  laws  or  ex- 
pressions of  the  order  of  the  planetary  motions,  dis- 
covered by  John  Kepler.     They  are  these: — 

1.  The  orbit  of  every  planetary  body  is  an  ellipse, 
in  one  of  whose  foci  the  sun  is  situated. 

2.  The  radius  i;ei.tor  of  each  planet,  sweeps  in 
equal  times  over  equal  areas. 

3.  The  square.^  of  the  times  of  revolution  of  two 
planets,  are  in  the  ratio  of  the  cu'es  of  their  mean 
distances  from  the  suu,  or  f.oui  the  foci  of  the  ellipse 
in  which  they  move. 

Mari'iotte's  law,  is  an  expression  of  the  fact,  that 
in  an  elastic  fluid  subjected  to  comiiression,  and 
kept  at  constant  temperature,  tho  product  of  the 
pressure  and  volume  is  a  constant  quantity,  or  the 
volume  is  inversely  proportioned  to  the  pressure. 
This  law  is  the  foundation  of  the  whole  theory  of 
clastic  fluids.  Nichol. 

LA  W'-BIND'ING,  1  71.    The  name  of  a  plain  style  of 
LAW'-€ALF,  f     leather  binding,  used  almost 

exclusively  for  law-books. 
LAWE,  v.  t.    To  cut  off  the  claws  and  balls  of  a  dog's 

'torefeet.  Wright's  Prov.  Diet. 

LAW'-LATTN,  n.    The  corrupt  Latin  used  in  legal 

■(locumentj.  &c.  Bliickntane. 

LAWN'-ROBffD,  a.    Eobed  in  lawn  ;   as,  the  Anrre- 

robed  prelate  Blair. 

LAWN'-SLEEVE,  71.    A  sleeve  of  lawn;  part  of  the 

■(Tress  of  a  bishop.  Ogilvie. 

LAY,  7J.  [add.]  This  name  is  given  colloquially  to 
a  portion  of  the  proceeds  of  labor,  tte.,  undertaken 
on  shares;  as,  when  a  man  ships  for  a  whflling- 
voy.ogc  he  agrees  for  a  certain  lay.  i.  e.  a  sh.iTe  of 
the  proceeds  "of  the  voyage.     [.!/».]  Burtlett. 

LAY  (lii),  71.  In  tcearing,  a  swinging  frame  in  a 
loom,  called  also  the  batten  or  lathe,  by  the  move- 
ments of  which  the  weft-threads  are  laid  parallel 
to  each  other,  against  the  cloth  previously  woven. 

Tomlinsoti. 
LAY'-DAYS,  71.  pi.     In  commerce,  a  term  denoting 
the  number  of  days  that  a  vessel  may  remain  in  port 
without  charging  her  charterers  with  demurriige. 
S.   Wells  Williams. 
LAY'-EACE,  71.    That  part  of  a  lay  on  which  the 
shuttle  traverses  in  weaving,  called  also  shuttle- 
race. 
LEACH.    See  Leecd. 

LEAD,  n.    A  navigable  opening  in  ice.  Kane. 

LE.VD,  11.    In  7»7'iu'7i(7,  the  same  as  LooE. 
LE.\D'ER,  n.     Iu  mining,  a  branch  or  small  vein 

connecting  with  the  main  liule.  Mining  Journal. 
LEADS'MAN  (IJdz'manI,  71.     In  naval  affairs,  tho 

man  who  heaves  the  lead.  Totten. 

LBAK'1-NESS.  n.  The  state  of  oozing  out  or  leaking. 
LEAST'WAYS,  larfo.    Atleast, 
LEAST' WISE,    (  Wright.    Dicken.i. 

LE  A  VES  (leevz),  n.  pi.    In  wheel-tAirk,  a  name  often 
given  to  the  teeth  or  a  pinion,  especially  wben  small. 
Beifs  Tech.  Diet. 


DOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK;  EOLE,  BITLL;  VI"CI0H3.— €  as  K;  G  as  J;  S  as  Z;  CH  as  SH ;  THIS. 


1492 


t  See  Tabu  of  Synonymi. 


LEV 

LfiB'AN",  n.    A  fermented  liquoror  milk-beer  resem- 

bliu^Jhe  koomls  oftlie  Calmucks,       Simmonds. 
LfieTTKE-  ROOM,  n.     A  room  for  lectures,  Ac. 
LEE,  ((.    Lyiag  oa  the  lee-side  of  a  ship ;  ns,  a  7^e- 

shore.  Totten. 

LEER.  n.     Aa  auiDealiiig  furnace  in  a  zlAs5-nianiif;\c- 

tory  BeWs  Te<k.  Diet. 

LEEE'ING,  n.    The  act  of  casting  a  look  askance. 
Beaumont  <S:  Fltitcher. 
LEFT,  n.    The  opposite  side  to  the  right ;  as,  on  the 

left, 
LEFT'H.\XD   a.    Pertaining  to  the  left  hand. 
LEFT-OFF,  a.    Noting  what  is  laid  aside ;  as,  Ufi-qf 

clothing. 
L£G'A-C Y  -  Ht^n"ING,  n.    The  seeking  arter  lega- 
cies. Ogilrie. 
LK'GAL,  a.     [add.!    Legal-tender^  that  which  the 
law  authorizes  to  DC  tendereil  in  payment  of  debts. 
This  differs  in  different  countries.        Simmonds. 
LE'GAL-ISM    n.     Strictness  in  adhering  to  law,  or 
trusting  to  conformity  to  law;  as.  the  spirit  of  le- 
gahsm.                                                     Jmp.  Add. 
LE-GAL-I  ZA'TION,  «     The  act  of  rendering  lo-al. 
LE-G-\'TION-.  n.     [add.]    The  dwelling-house  ofen- 
\oys  at  loreii;n  courts;  also,  in  the  Roman  States,  a 
province  called  likewise  a  delegation. 
LEG-ER-DEMAIN'IST,  n.  One  who  uses  sleight  of 

hand. 
LEG'UORN.  #1.    The  name  of  a  city  in  Tuscany; 
hence,  the  name  given  to  a  quality  "of  straw-goods 
made  there  originally,  bat  now  made  elsewhere. 
_.  _      _  Enc}/c.  Am, 

LEG'IS-LA-TIVE-LY.   adv.    In  a  IcgUlativo  man- 
ner. _ 
LfiG-lSLATOTtl-AL,  a.    Of  or  pertaining  lo  a  leg- 
islature. Ed.  Rev. 
LE-OIT'I-MTZE,  v.  t    Sec  Legitiuate. 
LE-GC'MI-NOUS,   a      [add.]     In  hot.,   bearing  le- 
gumes as  seed-vessels;   related  to  plants  bearing 
legumes,  as  peas.  Craig. 
LEM'OX,  a.    Of  or  resembling  the  lemon;  as,  a  Um- 

on  color. 
LEXGTU'WATS.    See  Lesgtuwise. 
LE'NI-ENCE,  n.    The  quality  of  mildness;  lenity. 
,     _  Clari-'e. 

LEX-TI€'U-LAR.  a.    [add.]     In  nnat.,  a  term  ap- 
plied to  parts  resembling  in  size  a  lentil  seed. 

Duiif/liJton. 
LE-ONTO-DON,  n.     [Gr.  Aeoti',   a  lion,  and  Woi/s, 
a  tooth.] 

The  scientific  name  of  the  plant  commonly  called 
dandelion:  it  is  also  called  lion's  tooth.     Loudon. 
LEP-I-DO'SIS.  n.     [Gr.  Actti?.  a  scilej 

A  disease  of  the  skin  in  tho  form  ofscales. 

_,  DungliAon. 

LEP-I-DOSTE-US.  n.     [Gr.  Aeiris,  scale,  and  <xrril- 
tcK.  bony.] 

A  genus  of  Ganoid  fishes  with  hard  enameled 
scales  and  conical  or  sauroid  teeth ;  the  Gar. 

^  R.  Owen. 

LEP'I-DOTE,  a.     [Gr.  AfinV,  a  scale.] 

lubot.^  having  a  coat  of  scurfy  scales;  leprous. 

A.  Gray. 
LESE-MiJ'ES-TT  (laze-),  «-  See  Leze  Majibty. 
LfiSTRIS.  n.      [Gr.  ATjtfTptV,  piratical] 

The  scientific  name  ffiven  oy  Illiger  to  a  variety 
of  gull  characterized  by  large  membranous  nos- 
trils which  open  nearer  to  the  point  and  ed^e  of  the 
beak  than  those  of  tho  common  gull.  It  pursues 
the  smaller  imlls  with  great  ferocity  to  rob  them  of 
their  food,  hence  the  name.  Cuvier. 

LETII'AK-GIZE,  v.  t.    To  make  lethargic. 

SoiUhev. 
LETTER-BOX,  n,     A  post-office  bo.T  for  receiving 
letters. 
2.  A  boi  in  a  street  door  for  depositing  letters. 
Simmo7uls. 
Tho  follrtwins  componnds  explain    themselves, 
Lkttek-Carkiee.  Lettek-Office,  Lf.ttep.-Papek. 
LETOII    n.     Strong  desire,  pasvsion.     De  Quin<:efj. 
LEt"'CI  TOID.  n.     In  crifxtjilH,  the  trapezohodron, 

being  the  form  of  the  mineral  leucite.  Dana. 

LEr-€A-DENT)RON,   n.     [Gr.  AevKw,  white,  and 
&evZ(>ovt  tree.] 

A  ^enas  of  evergreen  shrubs  from  the  Cape  of 
Good  Utipe.  having  a  handsome  foli:^;e.     Loitdon. 
LEC-GCMA,  n.     [Gr.  Aei/Kot/i-a.]    A  white  opacity 

in  the  cornea  of  the  eye.  I>u7igli.so^. 

LEtT-CoP-A-THY,  n.    [Gr.  Aevw,  white,  and  jro- 
0oi,  Atate.] 

The  state  of  an  albino,  or  a  white  child  of  black 
parents  Craig. 

LE-VANT',  t.  i.    To  nm  away  disgracefully. 
LE-VEE'.  71.    [add.]     Reception  of  company  at  the 
honse  of  a  public  man  :  as,  the  President's  iC'vee. 
Encijc.  Am. 
LEVEE,  t».  t.    To  keep  within  a  channel  by  raising  , 
embankments ;  as,  to  lecea  a  river. 


Lia 


LIS 


Lt.V'EE-I2JG,  n.    The  act  or  process  of  milking  a 

levee.  A.  Brown. 

LSV'EL,  n.    [add.]    In  mining^  a  horizontal  ?al- 

lery.^  usually  below  the  adit.  Tomlinsoii. 

LEV'EL-I$M.  n.    The  tilsposition  or    endeavor  to 
level  all  distinctions  of  rank  in  society.    J.  Korton. 
LEV'EL-LY,  {irfy.    In  an  even  or  level  manner. 
LEVEN,    «.    An  open  space,  as   between   woods. 

IScotvh.]  Willi.  ScoU. 

LE'TEPw-WATCn,  «.    A  -watch  havins  a  lover  bal- 
^  nnee.  t<im?>wna.-i. 

LEV'I-GA-BLE,  a.    That  may  bo  rubbed  or  around 

into  fine  powder.  '  Crut(/. 

LEV-l-KA'TION,  n.  Among  the  ancient  Jews,  the 
act  of  a  man  in  marrying  the  widow  of  a  brother 
wholell  no  children.  Ogilvie. 

LE-yiT'I-€.\L.  a.  [add.]  Levitical  degrees,  de- 
grees of  relationship  named  in  Leviticus,  within 
which  marriage  is  forbidden.  Bush. 

LE'VO-GY'RATE.  a.  [L.  laevum,  the  left,  and 
gi/mtit.^  turning  round.] 

Turning  to  the  left,  as  in  levo-gijrate  circular 
polarization.  Oaiui. 

LEWIS  (lu'is),  H.      An  iron  clamp  dove-tailed  into 

a  large  stone  to  lift  it  by.  Tomlirison. 

LEX-irUAU'Mle.    See  ALExipnAKMio. 
LI-ARD'  (le-iirO.  it.  [Fr.]  A  French  piece  of  money 
made  of  copper,  four  of  which  equal  a  sons. 
_  Bescherdle. 

LI'AS,  n.  [add.]  In  geoL,  strata  of  the  middle  sec- 
ondary ago  lying  beneath  tho  oolite;  a  species  of 
limestone  occurring  in  horizontal  strata,  belonging 
to  the  liiis  formation.  Dana. 

LT-.\S'Sie,  a.    Of  tho  age  of  tho  lias ;  pertaining  to 

the  lias  formation. 
LI-BEETTO,  n.     fit.]     Lit,  a  little  book  ;  hence,  a 
name  for  a  small  book  containing  the  words  of  an 
opera  or  cttended  |)ieco  of  music.  Beyse. 

LieU'ENffD  (li'kend  or  lik'end),  a.    Belonging  to 

or  covered  with  lichens. 
LI-t'nEN-OL'0-Gy,   n.    [Gr.    ktixw,  lichen,    and 
Aoyo?,  discourse.] 
Tho  science  which  treats  of  lichen*. 
LICn'-G.VTE,  n.      Lit.,  dead-gate;    a  chnrch-yard 
g.ite,  often  with  a  porch  under  which  a  bier  may 
.stand.  IlalHwell. 

LICII%  «.  A  fruit  native  to  China  (Diniocarptis 
lichi)  resembling  a  large  strawberry  in  color  and 
form.    The  di-ied  fruit  Is  exported. 

.<>•.  ire/As  Wmiams. 
LlCH'-W.iKE.  n.    The  watching  with  a  corpse  be- 
fore its  burial ;  spelt  also  Lyk- Waik, 

Chaucer.    Jamie.ton. 
LICH'-WAr,  n.    The  path  by  which  tho  dead  are 

carried  to  the  grave. 
LIC-I-TATION,    n.    [L.    liceo,  to  fix  a  price  for 
sale.] 
The  act  of  offering  for  sale  to  tho  highest  bidder. 

Ogilme. 
LICK'-PeX'XY,    n.      A    miserly   greedy   person. 

[Scotch.'] 
LIFE'-BELT,    n.    A  strap  or  belt,  either  inflated 
with  air  or  furnished  with  cork,  to  sustain  a  person 
in  the  water.  Simmonds. 

LIFE'-DEOP,  n.     A  vital  particle.  Byron. 

LIFE'- LIKE,    a.     Eesembling  life;    as,  a  Ufe-Uke 

_bust. 
HFE'-LIJTES,  «.  pi.     In  ship!:,  lines  along  any  part 

of  a  vessel  Cor  tlie  security  of  s.aiIors.  Totten. 

LIFE'-T.Y'BLES  (laTjlzX  n.  pi.  Tables  recor.ling 
tho  probability  of  life  at  ditferent  ages. 

Unmau^s  Comm.  Diet. 
LIFT,  V.  i.    To  rise,  i.  e.,  lift  itself;  as,  the  fog  UjIh; 
to  seem  to  rise ;  as,  the  land  lift.'i  to  a  shi|>  ajiproach- 
jng  it.  Marryatt. 

LIFT,  n.     An  apparatus  for  lifting  or  hoisting. 

SiinmoniLt. 
LIFT'ER,  n.  [add,]     Any  contrivance  for  raising. 
LIFT'ING-BRIDGE,  n.     A  draw-bridge  which  rises 
to  give  passage  to  vessels,  as  at  a  dock  entrance, 
_canal,  &c.  Simmonds. 

LIFT'- WALL,  n.    The  cross  wall  in  a  lock  chamber 

of  a  canaf.  Ji*/'«Hc/.s. 

LIGHT,  n.     [add.]     An  illustrious  person;   ,as,   the 

li^htJt  of  antiquity.  Ogilvie. 

LIGIIT'-BALLS,  Vi.  pi.  In  milit.  affiiir.^,  balls  of 
combustible  materials  used  to  afford  liglit  on  ^'ari- 
ous  occasi[>ns.  CamphelVsMU.  Diet. 

LIGnT'-Bt)AT,  In.    A  vessel  havingalarge  lightand 
LIGIIT'-SUIP,   I     anchored  (.11  shore,  to  guide  sea- 
men. Simmonds. 
LiGHT'-DtTES  (duze),  n.  pi.    Tolls  levied  on  ships 
navigating  certain  waters,  for  tho  maintenance  of 
light-houses                                             Simvwnds. 
LlGHT'-flXND'ED,  a.     Not  having  a  filll  comple- 
ment of  men ;  as,  a  vessel  is  light-handed. 

Ogilrie. 
LlGHT-njON'  (-i'urn),  n.    An  iron  candlestick. 


The  foUowinge-^phiin  themselves,  Light- Bodied, 

LlGlIT-COLOKED.      LiGHT-CoMPLEXIONED,        LlGUT- 

Uaireu,  Light-less,  Ligut-Wlxged. 
LIGN-AL'OHS  (lig-nal'ozo  or  Iln-al'Oze),  n.     Tho 

aloes-wood  or  ag.allochum,   a  sweet  scented  tree 
_allied_to  sandal  wood.  Kitio. 

LIG'NOSE,  (/.    The  same  as  Ligneous. 
LIKE'-WAKE,    )n.     See   Licu-Wake,  in  this  Ap- 
LYKE'-W.VKE,  f     pe.ndix. 
Ll'LA€,_n.    Like  lilac  in  color,  &c. 
LIL'A-CINE,  11.    Tho  bitter  principle  of  tho  lilac. 

Llsi^F''f  ^^rp  (l«el'lace),  i"-    A  transparent"  fine, 
Li;;.l,b'-L.\(.  L  ''  f     white,  thread  lace,  de- 

riving Its  name  from  the  town  in  France  where  it 
rT'f'T^^il'-  Simmonds. 

LIL-LI.Bia,'LE-RO,  n.    The  name  of  a  popularsong 
m  England  dunng  and  after  the  reign  of  James  II. 
T-T-T-  Macaulay. 

LIiyT,  71.     [add.]     Lily  encrinite,  a  fossil  zoophyte 
{Encriiiites  moniliformis),  of  the  crinoidean  fam- 
ily;   whose  arms  when  folded  have  some  resem- 
blance to  a  lily-head.  Dana 
LIME'-LIGHT.    See  Dp.iT.MMoND-LlGnT. 
LIM'IT-A-EY,  a.     [.add.]     Limited  in  power  or  au- 
thority; as,  "a  limitary  king."  Pitt. 
LiM'IT-ING,  piir.  or  a.    Acting  or  serving  as  limits. 
LIMP,  a.    Lacking  stiffness  ;  fleiibk  ;  liniijsy. 

IlalliicelZ.. 
LIN-DEN.  a.     Pertaining  to  the  linden-tree. 
LINE,  n.     [ad<l.]     Ltiie  of  packets,  a  succession  of 

vessels  trading  regularly  between  ports.    Clarke. 
LINE,  r.  t.  [add.]     To  line  hees.  is  to  track  wild  bees 

to  their  hives  In  the  woiids,     {Am.]  Bartlett. 

LJNE'-MAN,  n.    One  wlio  carries  a  line  in  survey- 
ing, &c. 
LlN'E-0  LATE,  a.     In  lot.,  marked  longitudinally 

with  fine  lines.  A.  Gray, 

LIN='GU.\L  (liug'gwal),  n.  A  letter  pronounced  with 

the  tongue. 
LI-NIG'ER-OUS,  a.     [L.  linum,  Ba';,  and  gero,  to 
bear.] 
Bearing  fla.^  ;  producing  linen.  Ogilcie. 

Lpl'iao.  ppr.     [add.]     Marking  lines. 
LIN'ING,_H.    The  act  or  process  of  marking  lines, 
LiNK'-MO'TION,  n.     In  locomotive  engines,  an  ap- 
paratus for  reversing  tho  I'ugine,  used  instead  of  the 
j-oversing  fork  or  gear.  Beit's  Tech.  Diet. 

LINKS,  n.  pi.    Tho  windings  of  a   river,  and  tho 

ground  lying  along  them.    [.Scotch.]      Walt.  Scott. 
LINK'-WOEK,  n.     In  meek.,  a  mode  of  transmitting 
motion  by  links,  in  jdace  of  wheels,  bands,   &.cr, 
called  also  chain-work. 
LIN'SEY-WOOL'SE  Y,  a.  Made  of  linen  and  woolen ; 
of  mixed  and  unsuitable  jiart ;  moan ;  vile. 

Wright.     Butler. 

LI'ON,  n.  Lion's  share,  a  phrase  derived  from  Esop*s 

fable  of  the  lion,  fox,  &c.,  hunting  in  company;  and 

applied  to  cases  where  most  of  what  is  gained  by 

parties  acting  together,  is  taken  by  the  strongest. 

LI'ON-DOG,  n.    A  variety  of  dog  with  a  flowing 

mane. 
LI'ON-ISM,  n.     An  attractingof  attention,  or  pursuit 

of  curious  things. 
LrON-SlIIP,  n.    Tho  state  or  qu.ality  of  a  lion. 
LI'ON'S-TOOTII,  K.    Seo  Leo.ntodon. 
LI'ON-TOOTlIffD  (-tootht),  a.    Having  teeth  like 

those  of  a  lion.  Smitli. 

LIPP,  11  A  name  given  to  a  delicate  fish  (Labrus  of 
Linn.),  several  species  of  which  aro  found  about  the 
Crimea.  Simmonds. 

LI'QUATE,  V.  i.  [add.]  To  separate  a  more  fusible 
from  a  less  fusible  material,  by  regulating  the  tem- 
perature so  that  the  former  may  bo  run  off  from  the 
Jatter.  Woodward. 

LT'QiJ.\-TED,  7?;?.  ora.  Having  undergiine  liquation. 
LIQ-UE-FA'CIENTS    (lik'wo-m'shents),   n.  pi.     In 
med.,  agents  which  seem  to  have  the  power  of  liqui- 
fying solid  depositions,  as  mercury,  iodine,  &c. 

Dunglison. 
LI-QITEUE'-STAND,  n.    A  frame  or  stand  for  hold- 
ing bottles  of  liqueur.  Art  Journal. 
LlQ'UID-IZE  (Uk'wid-Ize),  v.  t    To  render  liquid. 
LiQ't'ID  (lik'wid),  a.     [add.]     Liquid  manure,  is  a 
fertilizer,  as  guano,  &c.,  applied  to  land  in  a  liquiil 
form;  also  urine  in  distinction  from  dung;  a.s  **  to 
save  liquid  manure."      Gardners  Farm.  Diet. 
LiEI-0  DEN'DEON,  n.    [Or.  Aeipioi-,  a  lily,   and 

StcSpoi',  a  tree.] 

A  genus  of  trees  (.V(/f7no?^Veflp),  of  which  the  tulip- 
tree  is  one,  having  largo  lobed  leaves  and  a  tulip- 
like flower.  Loudon. 

LISLE'-GLOVES  (leel'gliivz),  n.  pi.  Fine  thread 
gloves  for  summer  wear.  Simmonds. 

LlS'SiiME,  a.  Same  as  lithe  or  lithesome ;  flexible ; 
supple.  C.  Kingdey. 


A,    E,   &c,   long.—X,    %    &c.,  «/ior«.— CAP.E,    FaR,   LAST,    FALL,    WHAT;    TUfiEE,    TfiEM ;    MARINE,    BIRD;    MOVE, 


t  See  Table  of  Synonyms. 


U93 


LOG 


LOR 


LUN 


LIS'SOME-NESS,  «.  Stata  of  being  lithesome  ;  flcx- 
ibilitv  ;  siipiileness.  C.  Jiingsley. 

LITCli'I.    See  Lic-iir. 

LIT'EE-AL,  a.  [add.]    Noting  alphabetic  cbaractevs- 

LIT'EU-AL-IZE,  V.  t.  To  adhere  to  the  letter  of  a 
Ihintx  ;  opposed  to  Rpirittt'dUe. 

LTT'EUATE,  n.  One  not  having  taken  a  university 
degree.    {Enq.]  Clarke. 

LI  TIlOPirAQI,  n.  pi.  [Or.  Ai'flos,  stone,  and  <i:a.- 
yiiv  to  eat,] 

A  name  applied  to  nil  mollusks,  radiata,  »fcc., 
■which  penetrate  stone,  coral,  &c„  forming  a  cavity 
for  themselves.  Lyell. 

LlTII-0-GRAPII'ie.  a.  [add.]  Lithographic-stone, 
a  Imiestone  oi'  fine  grain  and  3'ellowish  color. — 
LitliograpUc-paper,  gelatinized  01  sized  paper, 
tinted  with  gamboge  and  i  oiled  very  smooth. 

Siramonda. 

LlTirO  TINT.  11.  A  picture  produced  in  colors 
from  a  lithographic  stone.  Simmonds. 

LtT'I-GA-BLE.  a.    That  can  be  litigated. 

LIT'.MUS-I'.VPEK,  n.  Unsized  ijaper  colored 
with  litmus,  and  used  ns  a  delicate  test  of  acidity 
in  chemical  experiments  Gregory. 

LITRE  (IC-'tr),  n.  [Fr.J  The  unit  of  measures  of 
capacity  in  the  French  metrical  system,  holding 
about  1^  pint  Bescherelle.  " 

Li-TDR'al€3,  n.  pi.  The  doctrine  or  theory  of 
liturgies 

LlT'tTE-alST,  n.  One  skilled  in  or  attached  to 
liturgies. 

LlT'TO-R.\L.  a.  \a  zoological  and  vegetable  geo- 
graphy, pertaining  to  the  interval  or  zone  on  a 
sea-coast,  between  high  and  low  water  mark. 

E.  Forbes. 

LITH'O  T^'PE.  n.  A  peculiar  kind  of  stereotype 
plate.    See  Litiiottping. 

LITIIOTYPE,  I'.  (.  To  prepare  for  printing  by 
plates  mai'c  as  dcscilbcd  under  LiTnoTYFlNfi. 

LiTirO  TY'P'ING.  \  '!.    [Gr  \i8os,  stone,  and  Tiiirot, 

LITII'OTVP  Y,       f     tyiie.] 

The  act  or  process  of  making  a  pecali.ar  kind  of 
stereotype  plates,  which  may  bo  thus  described. 
When  a  page  has  been  set  up  and  a  mold  taken, 
there  is  pressed  into  this  mold  a  composition  of  gum- 
shellac  and  sand  of  a  fine  quality  together  with  a 
little  tar  and  linseed  oil— all  In  a  heated  state.  A 
plate  is  thus  formed,  which,  though  soft  at  first,  be- 
comes, when  thrown  into  cold  water,  as  hard  as 
stone,  and  having  irom  the  sand  which  it  contains 
a  stony  texture.     Ilence  tlie  name. 

LIVE'-B5X.  «.  A  contrivance  to  contain  living 
objects  for  microscopical  e.s'amination.  Go.'lse, 

LIV'ER-SPiTiTS.  n.  pt.  The  popular  name  of  a  dis- 
ease of  the  skin  characterized  by  yellowish  brown 
patches  or  spots.  Dunglison. 

LLOYD'S'- A'GENTS,  n.  ]il.  Persons  employed  in 
various  parts  of  the  woiid,  by  the  association  of 
underwriters  called  Lloyds,  to  transmit  commer- 
cial news,  render  assistance  to  masters  of  merchant 
vessels,  and  to  perform  other  duties  as  may  be  ne- 
cessary. Simmonds. 

LLOYD'S'-LIST,  »!.  A  publication  of  the  latest 
news  respecting  shipping  matters,  with  lists  of  ves- 
sels, Ac.,  made  under  direction  of  Lloyds. 

Brande. 

LLOYD'S'- EEG'13-TER,  n.  A  register  of  vessels 
according  to  their  quality,  published  yearly. 

Simmond'S. 

LOAD'INO-TURN,  n.     The  successive  rotation  or 
order  in  which  vessels  take  in  their  cargoes. 
^  Simmonds. 

LO AD'-LlNE.  1 ,1.    Tlie  line  to  which  the 

LOAD'-WA'TEPv-LTNE.  f  water  rises  on  tho  sides 
_of  a  loaded  sliip. 

LOAF.  V.  i.    To  spend  time  in  idleness;  to  lounge. 

Bartlttt. 

LOAN'A  BLE,  a.     That  may  bo  loaned. 

LOAN'-SO-CT'E-TIES,  n.  pi.  Institutions  which 
loan  money,  receiving  it  again  by  installments  with 
interest.     [Eag.]  Ogiltie. 

LOB'BY,  v.  ».  To  address  01  solicit  members  of  a 
legislative  body  m  the  lobby,  or  elsewhere  away 
from  the  House,  with  a  view  to  influence  tlieir 
votes.  This  kind  of  intriguo  is  practiced  by  per- 
sons not  belonging  to  tho  legislature.     [^»i.]' 

Barllett. 

LOB'B'5'  INO,  n.  The  action  of  outsiders  on  the 
nieuihers  of  a  legislative  body  with  a  view  to  in- 
fluence the'r  votes.     [.-!/».] 

LQB'BY-.MEMBER.  71.  An  outsider  who  attends 
the  meeting  of  a  legislative  body  for  the  purpose  of 
inliuenemg  measures  by  intrigue.   [.4m.]    Bartlett. 

L^B'U-L.\-TED.  a.     Having  small  lobed  divisions. 

LO-€ALE'.  n.     [Fr.]     A  place  or  location. 

LO'eAL-LtM  n.  |add.]  A  word,  Ac,  pecnliar  to  a 
place;  a  local  interest.  CUirke. 


LO'€ATE,  V.  i.  To  make  a  location ;  to  fix  a  resi- 
dence. Bosicorth. 

LOCK.  71.  [add.]  Lock,  stock,  and  barrel,  a  sports- 
man's phrase  lor  the  whole  of  a  thing.      Bartlttt. 

LOCK'-CHAM'BER,  n.  The  enclosed  space  between 
lock-gates,  into  which  boats  enter  in  a  canal,  itc. 

Wright. 

LOCK'-PICK'EK,  n.  Ono  who  opens  locks  without 
a  key,  by  means  of  a  pointed  tool. 

LOCK'-PICK'ING,  n.  The  act  or  process  of  opening 
a  lock  without  a  key.  Tomlinson. 

LOCK'-STEP.  n.  A'mode  of  marching  by  a  body  of 
men.  in  which  the  leg  of  each  locks  into  that  of  the 
person  directly  before  him. 

LOCK'-STITCII,  n.  A  stitch  formed  by  tho  locking 
of  two  threads  together,  as  In  some  sowing  ma- 
chili_e3. 

L(5€'U-LAK,  a.    In  hot.,  of  or  pertaining  to  cells. 

A.  Gray. 

LQe'tf-LOUa,  a.    Having  cells. 

LODE'-  MAN  'AGE,  «.    Tho  pay  of  a  pilot. 

nalliwell. 

LODE'-SniP,  n.    A  small  fishing  vessel. 

IlalliweU. 

LODE'$'-MAN,  11.    A  pilot.  Ualliwell. 

I.ODGfi'D,  a..    In  7i£)'uW;v/,  lying  down.    Craig. 

LODUE'-GATE,  «.  .\.  p.ark-gate,  or  entrance-gate, 
situated  near  the  lodge. 

LODG'ING-HOrSE,  n.  A  house  whose  apartments 
are  let  to  lodgers.  Dicken.i. 

LODG'MENT,  n.    [add.]    A  lodging-plac  ;  room. 

Pope. 

LOG,  n.  A  log-book  ;  as,  tho  rough-log  or  first 
draught,  and  \\Mi , 'smooth-log,  a  copj^  of  the 'preced- 
ing, which  is  forwarded  affer  a  cruise  to  tho  N.avy 
Department.  Toiten. 

l6g,  v.  i.    To  cut  and  get  out  logs.    \.Am.\ 

BartleU. 

LOG'AN,     (  n.    A  largo  stone  that  is  so  balanced  as 

LOG'GAN.  f     to  be  moved  easily.  GwiU. 

L0G-A-1:1TH-M£T'1€-AL  LY,  I  <Tt7o.     By  the  use 

LOG-A-KITlI'.Mie-AL-LY,         f     of  log.arithms. 

LOG'-CHiP,  «.  A  thin  triangular  piece  of  board  at- 
tached to  the  log-line,  which  floats  erect  on  the 
water  and  draws  o  t  the  line.  Totten. 

LOG'GER.  n.    One  engaged  in  getting  timber. 

LOG'GER-HEAD,  n.  [add.]  A  piece  of  round  timber 
in  a  whale-boat  over  which  the  lino  Is  passed,  to 
make  it  run  more  slowly.        Fennimore  Cooper. 

LOG'GIA  (Idd'sha),  n.  lit.]  A  g.illery  or  portico 
ornamented  with  paintings,  vfec.  Ueyse. 

LOG'GING,  n.    The  act  or  process  of  getting  logs. 

LOG'-GL.ASS,  n.  A  small  sand-glass,  used  at  sea  to 
measure  the  rate  at  which  tho  log-lino  runs. 

Totten. 

LO'GY,  a.  [From  Butch  log.^  Heavy  or  dull  in 
respect  to  motion  ;  as,  a  logy  horse.    [Xm.] 

Bartlett. 

L0L'LAR1)-I$M,  n.    The  principles  of  tho  Lollards. 

LOM'B.VKD-STREET,  n.  The  namo  of  a  street  in 
London  occupied  by  banks,  and  the  money  market; 
hence,  tho  monied  interest  of  London. 

Simmonds. 

LONG'-BOW,  n.  A  bow  of  tho  height  of  the  archer, 
formerly  used  in  England  for  war  and  sport 

Fosbroke. 
To  shoot  ct  long-hoiD,  to  tell  large  stories. 

L5NG''-€L0TiI.  n.    A  name  given  to  cotton  cloth. 

LONG'-KANSe,  n.  A  long  distanco  between  a  gun 
and  an  object  shot  at  Clarke. 

LONG-SIIORE'MAN,  n.  Ono  who  works  along 
wharves,  docks,  &c..  in  loading  or  unloading  ves- 
sels. 

L5NG'-ST(5P.  n.  In  cricket,  one  who  is  set  to  stop 
balls  sent  along  distance.  Conybeare. 

LONG'-STOP.  v.  i.    To  stop  a  distant  ball  at  cricket 

l6nG'-'VA-€.\'TI0N.  n.  In  Ihc  Engli-^h  courts,  a 
recess  in  the  autumn  of  more  than  two  months,  be- 
tween Trinity  and  Michaelmas  terms. 

Dickens.    Simmonds. 

L^NG.  a.  The  following  compounds  explain  them- 
selves. LoX<'.-EAUF.D,LONG-nANOED,Loxr.-HoRXF.D, 

LoxG-P.vTrn,    Long-Sought,    Loxg-Tail,    Long- 
TosotTEn.  Loxg -Winded,  Long-V^isaged. 

LOOK'OCT,  n.  The  act  of  observing  orw.itching; 
the  place  from  which  such  observation  is  maile  ; 
also,  the  person  set  to  watch.  Marryatt. 

LOOT,  n.  t'l'i-L  A  name  in  India  for  theft  or 
plunder;— 11.  I.  To  plunder,  &c. 

LO'RATE.  n.    [L.  lorum,  a  strap.] 

8h.aped  like  a  straj)  or  thong ;  ligulate.    Craig. 

LORCII'A  (lortch'a").   v.    [Said  to  bo  from  the  For- 

tiigtie^e.\     A  kind  of  light  vessel  used  on  tho  coast 

of  China,   having  the  hull  built  on   a   European 

model,  and  the  rigging  like  that  of  a  Chinese  junk. 

A.  n.  Foote. 


LOE-DO'SIS,  n.  [Gr.  AopSios,  bent  forward.] 

A  bending  forward  of  the  head  and  shoulders. 
Dnnylison. 

LOED'-LIEP-TEN'ANT,  n.  The  ^^ceroy  of  Ire- 
land; also,  the  chief  military  magistrate  ofasliiro. 

Booth. 

LOR-GNETTE'  (lorn-yCf),  n.  [Fr.]  An  opera- 
I,  iss. 

LO  ^F-€A,  n.  [L.]  In  ancient  armor,  a  cuirass 
of  leather  set  with  metal  plates.  Fosbroke. 

LOWl-e.WE,  a.  [L.  ?o<-i'c«,  ncoatof  mail.] 

Covered  with  a  shell  or  hard  exterior  made  of 
plates  somewhat  like  a  coat  of  mail,  as  in  the  ar- 
madillo. Dana. 

LOR'I-CATES,  n.  pi.  An  order  of  reptiles  with 
scale-armor,  as  the  armadillo,  i&c.  Dana. 

LOR'I-KEETS,  7).  pi.  Birds  of  the  parrot  tribe, 
having  an  extensile  tongue  which  sucks  up  flower- 
iuices.  Ogilrie. 

LOT,  n.  i  pi.  LOTS.  a  quantity  or  great  number, 
I  Vulg:\  Bartlett. 

LO'TL'S.  n.  [add.]  Lotus-eating,  eating  the  lotus- 
berry  which,  as  the  ancients  fabled,  caused  strangers 
to  forget  their  native  country;  hence,  giving  one's 
self  up  to  forgetfulness  of  all  e.\eo[it  cnioyment  and 
pleasure-seeking.  6.  W.  Curtis. 

Lotus-eater,  one  who  gives  himself  up  to  pleas- 
ure-seeking. 

LOV IS-QUA-TORZE'  (loo'e-ka-torzeO,  a.       [Fr.] 
A  term   used  to  describe  a  meretricious  stylo  of 
ornamentation  used  in  France  under  Louis  XIV. 
Edicard  Everett. 

LOUNGE,  «.    [add.]     A  kind  of  sofa. 

LOUNG'ING,  »!.  Tho  net  of  passing  time  in  idle- 
ness; '  rt  lessness  of  manner  or  gait. 

LOU'VEE-WORK,  n.    Slatted  work.    See  LotrvER. 

LdVL'-BtED,  71.  The  nam?  given  to  a  group  of 
birds  ITelonging  to  the  Psittacid.a^,  or  parrot-tribe, 
and  given  from  the  gieat  at'achment  of  these  birds 
to  each  other.  Ogilvie. 

LOVE'-GR.ASS,  n.  A  name  given  to  plants  of  tho 
genus  Eragrosiis,UoTn  the  beautiful  dancing  spike- 
lets.  Loudon, 

LOW'WINES,  n.  pi.  The  weak  spirit  produced 
from  the  first  distillation  of  alcohol.         Francis. 

LOX-OD'EO-MY.  71.    The  science  of  Ijxodromics. 

LOY.  n.  In  agric.,  a  long  narrow  spiide  used  in 
stony  lands.  Ogilvie. 

LUB'BER'S-HOLE,  n.  In  ships,  ahoU  In  the  top 
of  a  vessel,  next  the  mast,  through  which  sailors 
may  mount  without  going  over  the  rim  by  the  fut- 
tocii -shrouds.  It  is  consider.-  '  ■  seamen  ns  only 
fit  to  be  u^ed  by  lubbers  Totten. 

LU'BRI-€AL.  a.    See  LrnRlc. 

LU-CER'NAL,  o.     [L.  /«ifrn«,  a  lamp.] 

Noting  or  pertaining  to  a  lamp.  C7'aig. 

LU-CER-NA'El-A,  n.  [h.  lucertia.]  >  genus  of 
phosphorescent  polyps-like  Medusie.  C>'aig. 

LU'eU-BU.ATOE.  11.  [L.]  One  who  studies  by 
night ;  also,  one  who  proiluces  lucubrations. 

LU'CULE.  H.     [L.  /iit-eo.  to  shine.] 

A  namo  sometimes  given  to  luminous  spots  on  the 
sun. 

LU-SU'M.l,  n.  A  genus  of  plants,  nat.  order  Sapo- 
taco?.  Tho  species  are  trees  yielding  milky  juices. 
The  fruit  of  L.  /nimo-ta  is  large,  covered  with  a 
brown  skin,  under  which  is  a  soft  pulp,  very  lus- 
cious, ^mp.  Add. 

LlfD'LOW-ROCKS,  n.  pi  In  En g.  r/eoA.  a  division 
of  the  upper  silurian  rocks.  Mu7'chison. 

LtJF'FER.  «.    Seo  LotrvER. 

LtJG,  n.  Lit.,  nn  ear;  a  projection  in  machinery  for 
causing  uiotion. 

Lr&'GA^E,  a.  Relating  to,  containing,  or  convey- 
ing luggage;  as,  &  luggage-trai7i.    iEng.'] 

LIJ'&'-MAEK.  n.     [From  lug,  an  ear.] 

A  mark  cut  into  the  car  of  an  animal  to  Identify  it. 
Simmonds. 

L'UG,  \n.    A  kind  of  sea-worm  found  in  tho 

LUG'-'WOEM,  j  sand  on  the  sea-coast,  and  used  for 
bait.  Ualliwell.      Wright. 

LL''NAR,  a.  Lunar  di-ftance,  is  the  angular  dis- 
tance of  the  moon  from  certain  fixed  stars  or  other 
celestial  bodies,  and  Is  used  for  determining  longi- 
tude at  sea  Soicditch. 

LC'NATE.  o.    Crescent  shaped.  A.Gray. 

LU-NETTE',  «.  [add.]  A  concavo-convex  spectacle 
glass.  Craig. 

LtT'NI-etTE'EENT,  a.  Relating  to  phases  in  cur- 
rents that  depenil  on  the  moon's  changes.  Bache. 

LU'NI-TTD'AL.  a.  Pertaining  to  tidal  movements 
dependent  on  tho  moon.  Bache. 

L'ff'NU-LATE,  n.     Somewhat  crescent-shaped. 

..4.  Gray. 

LtX'Ntf-LET,  «.  A  small  spot  on  insects,  shaped  like 
a  half  moon,  and  differing  in  color  from  the  rest  of 
tho  body.  Craig. 


DOVE,  WOLF.  BOOK  :   RULE,  BULL  ;  Vl"CIOUS.— S  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ,  S  as  Z  ;  CU  as  SII ;  THIS. 


1494 


t  See  Table  ot  Synoni/7ns. 


MAG 

LCPOUS,  a.     Besembling  a  wolf;  wolfish. 

Jla  under. 
L'-PC-lXS^€,  a.    Pertaining  to  Inpaliu. 

Johnsion. 
Lr-TES'CEXT,  a.  Of  a  vellow  color.  Ileitalow. 
LUTOSE,  o.     [L.  ?a(UHi."clay.] 

_  Co»"ered  with  cla^- ;  mirv.  Craig. 

LrTC-LESCE,  n.  the  state  of  being  mndilr;  nmd- 

(liness.  Bluc£-ico<xl. 

LY-eAN'THEOPE,  n.    One  who  in  a  kind  of  mad- 
ness imagines  himself  a  wolf,  l>ungli8on. 
Lt€n'XO-BlTE    (lik'no-bite),   n.      [Gr.  Mxvk,  a 
lanip,  and  ^iO«.  life.] 
One  who  labors  at  night,  and  sleeps  in  the  day. 

Craig. 

M. 

MAC-AD- AM.T-Z.\mON,  n.    Tho  process  or  act  of 

covering  ro;ids  with  broken  stone.  Clarke. 

ilAfe'-.lD'A.M-IZ-lNCr,   n.     Tlie   covering  of  road.'s 
with  broken  stone  so  as  to  form  a  smooth  hard  sur- 
face. Craig. 
MA-€.\S'SAR-OIL,  n.    A  preparation  for  promoting 
the  growth  of  hair,  so  called  as  s.nid  to  have  come 
originally  from  Macassar  in  the  island  of  Celebes. 
_                                                         Offiirtf. 
MAC-E-DOOJl-AN,  n.  and  n.     A  native  of  Mace- 
donia; belonging  to  Macedonia.    The  Macedonian^ 
Alexander  the  Great. 
MACER  (ma'ser),  n.    A  mace-benrer. 

Piem Ploughman.  Walt.  Scott. 
3rA-CirE'TE(mi%-tebi'ta\  n.  [Sp.]  A  l.irge  heavy 
knife  resembling  a  broa<Iswont  (often  two  or  three 
feet  in  length).  use<l  by  the  inhabitants  of  Spanisii 
America  as  a  hatchet  to  cut  their  way  through 
thickets,  and  for  various  other  purposes. 

^  J.  L.  Slerens. 

MAe-RO-CEPU'AL-OUS,  a.  [Gr.  juucpix,  long,  and 
K*'6i-v^.  the  hcail.j 

II  r.  ;n;  a  large  head.  In  hot.,  nsed  when  tho  co- 
••;.;.  ;n^  of  a  dicotyledonous  embryo  arc  confluent 
and  form  a  largo  mass  compared  with  the  rest  of 
the  body.  J/enj*lotc. 

M.\€'E0-DOME,  n.  [Gr.  luuixx!,  long,  and  Somi, 
structure  or  dome.] 

In  rryntiUlography.  adome  parallel  to  the  longer 
lat«Tal  a.vis  in  the  trimetric  .svstcm.  Dana. 

MA-t"K0P'O-DAL,  a.  [Gr.  i^/xk,  large,  and  uovi, 
foot.] 

Large-footed;  in  2^,  noting  an  unusual  protu- 
t^erance  of  the  radicle  of  some  plants,  as  wheat. 

IIen*ilov:. 
M.XC'T-L.f;,  n.  pi.    [L.]    A  term  applied  to  dark 
spots  on  the  sun,  moon,  and  somo  of  the  i»lanets. 
_  Craig. 

MaC'C-LOSE,  o.    Spotted;  of  or  pertaining  to  spots 

over  a  sur&ce.  CUirke. 

M.XD'.JOCN,  n.    A  preparation  from  the  hemp-plant. 

used  as  an  intoxicating  drug  by  the  Turk.s  Hindoos 

and  others.  Johnston. 

M.\D'EI-P0-EAL,  a.    Of  or  belonging  to  the  mad- 

ripore.    _  Dana. 

M.\.G-A-^XE',  r.  t.  To  store  up  or  accumulate  for 
future  use  ;  as,  paper  which  has  been  exposed  to  the 
sun  for  a  time  retains  or  magazines  the  sun's  influ- 
ence, so  that  it  may  bo  used  in  tne  dark  for  making 
photographs.  Silliman'/i  Jotirnal. 

MAG-A-ZISE'-D.\T.  n.  The  publication  day  of 
monthlies  and  serials,  when  they  are  delivered  tu 
the  trade.  Simmondn. 

MAG-NET'IC,  a.    [add]     Pertaining  to  the  earth's 
magnetism ;  as,  the  magnetic  north,  the  point  to 
whi'-h  the  needle  is  directed  at  any  place;   the 
'■•  m/rM/wrn,  the  nieri>Iian  in  whose  plane 
-.  in  any  place  lies;  the  nuigne^ic  ampU- 
..rc  l>etween  the  sun  at  rising  or  .setting 
a:iil  ino  magnetic  east  or  west.  Crai^. 

MACNET-IST,  n.    One  skilled  In  magnetism. 

Coleridge. 
MAG'XET-lZ-EP.,  n.    One  who  magnetizes. 

Mouiatl. 
MACXET-IZ-IXG,  n.    The  act  of  rendering  mag- 

nc-tic. 
MAG-SB'T0-€nY5-TXL'Lie,     la.     .K   term  ap- 
MAG-N'ETO-€P.T'STAULIXE,  f    plied     to     tho 
effects  of  the  influence  of  magnetism  on  crystals. 

HiOwl. 
MAG-NET0-METT.I€,  a.    Of  or  pertaining  to  or 
by  means  of  the  magnetrometer ;  as,  tmign^o-met- 
ric  observations.  Sir  J.  RoH9. 

MAG-SlI/O-QUOUS,  a.    Speaking  loftily  or  pomp- 
ously. Smart. 
M.XG'NCM,     _              )n.      A  donblo  sized   bottle 
MAGOTUM  BOOTCM,  t     boiling  nearly  two  quarts. 
Walt.  Svntt.    Dickens. 


MAN 


MAE 


M.iCi'TAP.  (mSd^ar),  n.  One  of  the  prevailing  r.-.cc 
in  Hungary  which  came  from  the  Ural  and  con- 
quered that  country. 

M.V-IIOL'T',  n.  In  the  East  Indies,  tho  keeper  and 
driver  of  an  elephant. 

M.\IL'-RorTE  (-root),  n.  A  road  over  which  the 
mail  is  regularly  conveyed. 

M.VIX,  li,  [add.]  The  cast-iron  conduit  pipe  which 
conveys  gas  or  water  from  the  works  to  the  place 
where  it  is  diffused  by  small  pi'[)es.— Hydraulic 
main,  a  large  pipe  in  gas-works,  used  to  conduct 
the  gas  from  tho  retorts  to  the  condensers,  &c.,  to 
be  purified.  Appleton'a  Mech.  Diet. 

MA-J(5L'I-€A,  n.  A  kind  of  fine  pottery  or  earthen 
ware  with  jiainted  fiaures,  first  made  in  Itiilv  in 
the  16th  century.  The  term  is  s,iid  to  bo  der'iveil 
from  Majorca,  which  was  an  early  scat  of  this  manu- 
facture. Jleyse. 

MA.J'OCN.    See  M.iDJOrx. 

-MAKE'-BE-LIfclVE',  n.    A  mere  pretense. 

xrTt-f/  cTi-r.  Loml.  Qitari. 

MAKE'-SUIFT,  n.  A  temporary  expedient;  as, 
"makeflnftti  preferred."  Dickens. 

M.\L'A-BAU,  a.  and  n.  A  term  applied  to  tho  West- 
ern coast  of  Hindostnn  and  its  inhabitants. 

.MAL'A-DP.OIT,  H.  [Fr.]  Wanting  .address  or  tact ; 
awkward;  unskilUul.  Hescherelle.    Clarke. 

MAL'A-DROIT-LT,  adv.  In  an  awkward,  unskill- 
ful manner.  E-jlec.  Ilee. 

MAL'.\-Pi:KT,  n.    A  pert,  saucy  fellow. 

M.V-L.\'UI-AN,  a.  pertaining  to  the  malari.a,  as 
mal<irian  diseases.  Clarke. 

M.l-LAT',  a.  and  n.  Noting  the  inhabitants  of  Ma- 
lacca and  tho  adjacent  islands. 

M.\-LAY'AS  (ma-lii'an),  a.    Belonging  to  Malacca. 

M.VLE'-SYSTEM.  n.  In  hot.,  M  that  part  of  a 
flower  which  belongs  to  tho  stamens.        Ogilvie. 

MALO-E-MOKE.      See  MOLLEMOKE. 

-MAL-TESE',  a.  and  n.    Koting  the  inhabitants  of 

Malta. 
MALT'-noCSE,  II.   A  house  in  which  malt  is  made. 

_.  Clarke. 

MAL-THL 'SI-AX,  a.  Pertaining  to  Prof  Malthus, 
who  taught  that  population,  when  unchecketl,  in- 
creases more  rai>idly  than  the  means  of  subsistence 
can  bo  made  to  increase.  Hence,  he  would  dis- 
courage _hastv  and  early  marriage.  Craig. 
MAL-THU'SI-AN,  n.    A  follower  of  Malthus. 

Craig. 
MALT'-MILL,  n.  A  mill  for  grinding  malt.    Clarke. 
MAM'MIL-OID,    a.     Shaped  like  a  pap  or  nipple. 

M.  Oicen. 
MaM'MOX-ISM,  n.     Devotion    to  tho  pursuit  of 

wealth.  Carlyle. 

MA.M'MOSE,  a.    [L.  mamma,  breast.] 

Havin::  the  form  of  tho  breast  A.  Gray, 

M.\M'.yoTH,  a.    Ofa  huge  size;  as,  a ma7ninotli  ox 
.MAN-AGE-A-BtL'I-TY,  ji.    State  of  being  manage- 
able, 
M.\X'AG-IXG,  n.    Tho  act  of  directing  or  carrying 

on. 
MAN-A-G-E'RI-AL,  a.    Of  or  pertaining  tor  manage- 
ment or  a  manager  ;  as,  'managerial  qualities. 

Moieait. 
MAX-D.i-ElN'(m3n-da-reen'),  "•  Pertainingto  man- 
darins or  officers  of  rank  in  China;  hence  denoting 
cxctdlcnce  or  superiority.  Mandaj-in  dialect,  the 
generally  spoken  language  of  China,  called  .ilsii  the 
Court  dialect,  to  distinguish  it  from  the  local  dia- 
lects. Mandarin  duck,  a  bcautirid  kind  of  duck 
{Anas galericulutn),  regarded  by  ilie  Chinese  as  aji 
emblem  of  conjugal  affection.  M nirlarin  orange, 
a  kind  of  orange  {Citrus  nohilis)  which  is  loose- 
skinned_and  flattened  in  form.  S.  Wells  Williams. 
M.\X'-IIOI>E.  71.  In  steam  hollers,  an  aperture  on 
or  near  the  top,  for  admitting  a  man  to  its  interior 
to  cleanse  or  repair  it.  BeiVs  Tech.  Diet. 

MAX-I-FEST'A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  manifested  ; 

.IS,  Tijnnnifcstahle  way.  Jfore. 

M  A-NIP'T-LA-TOE,  n.    One  who  practices  manipu- 
lation.   _  Jl,  Owen. 
MA-XIPTJ-LA-TO-P.Y,  a.    Of  or  pertaining  to  ma- 
nipulation. 
MAXKS.  a.    Noting  the  language  or  people  of  the 

isle  of  Man  ;  spelt  also  Manx. 
MA-N6S'€0-PY,  n.     [Gr.  ,j.ay6^,  thin  of  substance, 
and  (jKOT<(o,  to  examine.] 

The  science  of  the  determination  of  the  density 
of  vapors  and  g.ases. 
MXN'NA-CROrP,  ».  A  nime  given  to  large  hard 
grains  of  wheat  flour  whicii  remain  in  the  bolting 
machine  when  the  flnc  flour  has  been  sifted  out ; 
used  for  making  pudding,  soups,  &c.  Simmoiuls. 
MAS''NEE.ffD  (man'nerd),  a.  Noting  manners  or 
behavior;  as,  well-mannered,  truest  m«nn«reA 

Shxikes. 
%  Among  painters,  characterized  by  mannerism  ; 
as,  the  painting  has  a  mannered  air.        Fairholt. 


M.\N'-EOPES,  n.  pi.  Side  ropes  to  the  gangway  of 
^iiiiis.  Totten 

MA-N'SARD-ROOF,  n.  [add.]  A  name  given  'in 
arch.,  to  a  kind  of  roof  invented  by  Francois  Man- 
sard, formed  with  an  upper  and  under  set  of  rafters, 
tho  upper  set  more  inclined  to  the  horizon  than  tho 
underset;  it  is  also  called  curj-roof.  Weale. 

w't'SilS^'      -        i  "•    1'''°  "'"'■'^  «"■<?>■  a  flre-place 

-MAN'TEL-PIECE,  f  in  front  of  the  chimney.  [This 
spelling  is  now  prevalent  instead  of  mantle,  in  or- 
der to  distinguish  between  this  word  and  mantle  a 
garment.]  Weale. 

^•V/'^'^I''^'  "•  P^-  b'ii-l  Manners  hit,  a  portion 
of  food  left  in  a  dish  for  the  sake  of  eood  maimers, 
so  that  tho  host  may  not  feel  himself-reproached  as 
if  he  had  not  made  sufScient  preparation  for  euests. 

-,.„__,_  ITaUiictU. 

MAN-TlL'LA,  n.  [3p.]  A  lady's  cloak  of  silk  or 
velvet.  In  Spam,  Mexico,  &c.,  a  kind  of  vail  cov- 
ering tho  head  and  falling  down  upon  the  shoulders. 

,,Y^- -,  Simmonds. 

MANTIS,  n.     [Gr.  /iin-t;,  a  prophet] 

The  name  given  by  Linn.-eus  to  a  genus  of  vora- 
cious insects  remarkable  for  their  slender  grotesque 
forms.  One  species  (Mantis  religiosa),  has  a  pair 
of  legs  in  front  resembling  a  person's  hands  when 
folded  in  prayer,  and  is  often  called  the  praving 
mantis.  Cut:ier. 

MAN'-TE.AP,  n.  A  machine  for  catching  trespassers. 

.,Yx,.T=-  .T  Dickens. 

MAXTj-AL,}!.  [add.]  The  keyboard  of  an  organ,  &c. 
^Tf=  i,t.  Moore's  Mus.  Cyc. 

-UA-Ji  L 'BET- AL.  a.     [L.  manuhrium,  handle.] 

ILavingtho  shape  of  a  handle;  pertaining  to  tho 
manubrium  or  uppermost  part  of  the  breast-bone. 

M-V-NC'EI- AL,  a.     Eclating  to  manures ;   as,  '■  the 

™«« !"-"'' value."  S.  W.Johnson. 

-MA'PLE-IION'EY  (-hun'y),  n.    The  unervstallized 

portion  of  sap  from  sugar-maples,  used  in' the  form 

of  molasses.  Simmonds. 

M.\E'A-BOU,  n.    The  name  of  two  species  of  storks 

which  produce  delicate  white  feathers  much  used 

ns  ornaments  by  ladies.  Simmonds. 

.MAE'A-BOITT  (-boot),  n.    [Ar.]    A  Moorish  saint,  or 

combatant  against  the  Inhdel.s.  Clarke. 

MA-KAUD',  n.    An  excursion  for  plundering. 

W  Irvinff. 
MARTBLEE,  «.    One  who  paints  or  stains  iu  imita- 
tion of  marble. 
M.\R'BLE-IZE,  V.  t.    To  stain  or  paint  in  imitation 

of  marble. 
.MAU'CEL-INE,  »!.     [Fr]    A  thin  silk  tissue  used 

lor  linings,  &c.,  in  ladies'  dresses.         Simmonds. 
M.VRCn,  n.    As  mad  as  a  MarcJi  hare,  is  an  old 
English  saying  derived  from  the  fact  that  March  is 
the  rutting  time  of  hares,  when  they  are  excitable 
and  violent.  Wright. 

M.\RCn'ING,  a.     [add.]    A  marching  regiment,  is 

one  in  active  service. 
MAECH-MAD',  a.    Eash  to  an  extreme;  fool-hardy 

See  Maecu.  Walt.  Scott. 

M.\ECn'WARD,  V.  A  warden  of  the  Marches-  same 

as  .M.»_p.ruEK.  Clarke. 

MAE-CID'I-TY,  n.    State  of  great  leanness. 
.   ..  „  -  Craig. 

MaR-GA-EI-TA'CE-^  n.  pi.  [Gr.  ^apy<ip.T>i5,  a 
pearl.] 

..  The  pearl  oyster  tribe. 
MAUGE,  n.    A  poetic  term  for  margin;  as,  "the 

windin'is  of  the  marge."  Tennyson. 

M.i.-I!INE',  a.  A  marine  barometer,  is  one  sus- 
pended liy  gimbals  so  as  to  preserve  its  perpendicu- 
lar position  and  prevent  the  oscillations  of  the  mer- 
cury. Francis. 

In  geol.,  formed  by  the  action  of  the  currents  or 
waves  of  the  sea;  ns,  marine  deposits.        Dana. 

A  marine  engine,is  a  form  of  steam-engine  com- 
monly used  in  sea-going  steamers,  known  as  the 
side-lever  engine,  or  that  in  which  the  working 
beam  and  other  heavy  parts  of  the  machinery  are 
placed  below  the  shaft.      Appleton's  Mech.  Diet. 

Marine  soap,  soap  suited  for  w.ashing  with  sea- 
water,  and  made  chiefly  with  cocoa-nut  oil. 

Simmonds. 
Marine  glue,  a  composition  of  tar  and  shellac, 
which  strongly  unites  substances. 

£eirs  Tech.  Diet. 
MA-EI-OL'A-TEY,  7!.    [L.  Maria,  the  Virgin  Mary, 
and  Gr.  Aarpcta,  worship.] 
.,  Tlie  worship  of  the  Virgin  Mary. 
M.\EK.  n.     [add.]     Marked  distinction  or  ability; 

as,  a  man  of  inark. 
.MAE'KET-GAE'DiEN-EE,  n.  One  who  raises  vege- 
tables, fruit.  &c.,  for  sale.  Simmonds. 
MARKSOI.VX-SniP,  n.    The  skill  ofa  marksman. 
MAR-MO-EA'TUM,  7i,     [L.  marmor.]     A  cement 
made  of  iiowdered  marble  and  lime  beaten  toscther, 
used  by  the  ancients.  Gwilt. 


A,  E,  ..tc,  long.—X.  E,  &c.,  «/K>rf.— cArE,  FAR,  L.VST,   FALL,  -sniAT;    THgRE,  TfiRM;    MARINE.    BIRD :    MOVE, 


t  See  Table  of  Synonyms, 


1495 


MED 


MES 


MID 


MA-ROON'IN<T,  a.  In  the  Southern  States,  a.  ma- 
rootling  purLy  differs  froia  ft  pic-nic  only  as  bein? 
ft  party  of  pleasure  to  spend  some  days  on  the 
sliore  or  some  retired  place,  instead  of  a  single  day. 

Miirtlett 

MAR-QUTSEy  (-keezO,  «•  [Fr.]  TUg  wife  of  a 
marquis.  Bescherelle. 

MAiyKIA(jE-A-ELE-NES9,  n.  State  of  beinii  mar- 
riasceahle.  A>ih. 

MXR'ROW-PTJD'DING,  n.  A  pudding  made  with 
the  marrow  oV  beef.  Dickena. 

mXE-SU'PI-ANS.  Samo  as  Maksupialia,  which 
see. 

MAR'TIAL-TZE  (mar'shal-Tze),u  i.  To  render  -war- 
like; as,  to  niartialize  a  people.       Lond.  Times. 

MAR'TIAL-NESS,  n.    The  quality  of  feeing  warlike. 

Lr'i{fh  lliiiit. 

MAR'TYR-LY,  adv.     In  the  manner  of  a  martyr. 

Btffon. 

MAR'VER,  n.  In  glass-making,  a  stone,  marble  or 
cast-iron  plate,  with  round  concavities  for  shaping 
work  when  blown.  AppUton's  Mech.  Diet. 

MASK'IN-ONGE.    Sec  Mi:skallonge. 

MAST,  V.  t.  To  furnish  with  a  mast  or  masts;  as, 
to  mast  a  ship. 

MAS'TER,  a.  Having  the  mastery  or  control ;  as,  a 
master  passion,  a  master  mind,  the  master  spring, 
&c.  Bnrki'. 

MAS'TER-FITL-LY,  ado.  In  the  manner  of  a  mas- 
ter; imperiously. 

MAS'TER-SPIR'IT,  n.  A  commanding  or  control- 
ling mind;  as,  the  tJiaster-spirit  of  an  enterprize. 

Burke. 

MAST-ITEAD',  u.  f.  In  the  navy,  to  mast-head  a 
person,  is  to  order  him  into  the  mast-head,  to  re- 
main there  for  a  time  by  way  of  punishment. 

Marryatt'. 

MAST'-TIOUSE,  n.  A.  large  roofed  building  in 
which  masts  are  shaped,  fitted,  &c.      Si7nmon.ds. 

MAS-TO-DON'TI€,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  resembling 
a  maitodon  ;  as,  mastodontic  dimensions. 

Edward  Everett. 

M\T,     1  n.     [Contracted  perhaps  from  7natter.'\     A 

MATT,  (  term  applied  by  copper-smiths  to  an  alloy 
of  copper,  tin,  iron,  •kc,  usually  called  white  metal. 

Tomlinsoii. 

MXT,  v.  i.  To  grow  thick  together;  to  become 
interwoven  like  a  mat;  as,  his  hair  was  closely 
matted.  Ash. 

MATCII'-TUB.  }i.  In  war-vessels,  a,  tub  in  which 
matches  are  kept  near  guns,  provided  with  water 
to  extinguish  sparks  that  may  fall  from  the  burning 
match.  Toiteii. 

3fA- TE'  (ma.h-tay%  n.  Name  of  the  Paraguay  tea, 
being  the  dried  leaf  of  the  Brazilian  holly  {IleJ"-  Pa- 
ragiiai/ensis).  The  infusion  has  a  pK-asant  oilor 
with  an  agreeable  bitter  taste.  JohiiMon. 

MA-TE''RI-AL,  a.  Shakespeare's  expression,  a  ma- 
terial tool,  denotes  a  fool  that  has  matter  in  him. 

MA-TE-RI-AL-IST'1€,  a.  Belonging  to  material- 
ism. Lond.  Quart. 

MA-TURE',  v.  i.  [add.]  To  reach  the  time  of  ma- 
turity or  payment;  as,  tho  note  "matxtres  on  the 
1st  oJ[  January. 

MA-TUR'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Near  to  maturity;  as, 
maturing  fruits,  maturing  notes  of  hand. 

MAUD,  n.     A  wrapping  plaid  or  shawl  made  of  un- 
dyed  wool;  also,  a  gray  striped  plaid  in  Scotland. 
Ihtgh  Miller. 

MATJL'ING,  n.    A  severe  beating  with  a  stick,  cud- 

gL'l,  &C. 

MAUN'DER,  V.  i.  [add.]  To  wander  in  talking;  to 
talk  incoherently  or  idly.  [This  is  now  tlio  most 
common  sense  ofthe  word.]  Ilalliwell. 

MAUN'DER-jNG.  n.     Incoherent  or  idle  talk. 

mXx-IM-T-ZA'T10N,  71.  The  act  or  process  of  in- 
creasing to  the  highest  degree.  B.  Owen. 

MAX'IM-TZE,  i\  t.    [L.  -jnaximus,  greatest.] 
_  To  incre:ise  to  the  liighest  degree.       Benthnm, 

MAY,  n.  [aiUl.]  In  Eng.,  a  familiar  name  for  the 
flowers  of  the  hawthorn  {Craticgus  oxyacantha); 
so  called  because  they  bloom  in  the  last  of  May, 
old  style.  Mayhem. 

MAY'IIAP,  adv.    It  may  happen;  perhaps. 

MEAT'-BIS'€UIT,  n.  An  extract  of  the  most  nutri- 
tive parts  of  meat  boiled  down  and  thinkened  with 
flour,  and  then  formed  into  the  shape  of  biscuit  for 
hmg  voyages,  travels,  vtc.  Stmmonds. 

ME'DI-AN,  a.     [L.  medianus,  in  the  middle.] 

1.  Running  through  the  middle;  as,  a  median 
groove. 

2.  In  nnat.,  the  median  line  is  an  ideal  line  di- 
viding the  body  longitudinally  into  two  parts;  the 
one  on  the  right,  and  the  other  on  the  left. 

DtingHson. 
8.  In  zoologictil  geog.,  pertaining  to  the  interval 
or  zone  alont?  the  sea-bottom  between  ii)  and  100 
fathoms  in  depth.  E.  Forbes. 


MSDT-eO-LE'GAL,  a.  Portnining  to  law  as  affected 

by  medical  facts.  Bimglison. 

ME-DI-E'VAL-IST,  n.     One  versed  in  the  history 

ofthe  Middle  Ages. 
M£D'I-TA-TiVE-LY,  adv.  In  a  meditative  manner. 
ME-DOG',  «.    A  superior  French  wine.     Simmonds. 
ME-DRiS'3A,  ?J.   [Ar.]   A  Mohammedan  high  school 

for  the  instruction  of  youth.  Jleyse. 

MEG-A-P0'DI-U3,  n.  [Gr.  /leyas,  great,  and  ttouc, 
foot.] 

Mound-bird;  a  genus  of  grftHatorial  birds  with 
very  large  feet.  One  species  is  found  in  Australia, 
and  is  peculiar  in  erecting  largo  mounds  instead  of 
nests  for  its  eggs.  Icon.  Encyc. 

ME-GASSE'.    See  Bagasse. 

ME-LA'DA,  n.  [Sp.]  A  mixture  of  sugar  and  mo- 
lasses; crude  sugar  as  it  comes  from  the  pans  with- 
out being  drained. 
MKL'A-MINE,  n.  [From  mellone  and  ammonia.'] 
In  organic.  rhemiMry,  a  base  corresponding  in 
composition  to  one  part  of  mellone  and  two  of  am- 
monia. Gregory. 
MEL'A-NISM,  n.     [Gr.  jueAay,  black.] 

A  term  used  to  denote  a  change  of  coloration  in 
the  skin  of  the  Caucasian  race,  in  which  the  pig- 
ment is  of  a  deeper  hue  and  in  greater  quatitity 
than  natural.  This  term  was  first  used  by  M.  St. 
llilaire  in  the  French  form  Melanisme. 

Brit.  Quart. 
MEL'IOE-A-TOR,  71.     One  who  meliorates. 
MEL-iPII'A-GA,  n.      [Gr.  fj^i^i,  honey,  and  i}>ay€lv, 
to  eat.] 

A  gi-nus  of  birds  commonly  called  honey-eaters, 
because  they  live  chiefly  on  the  nectar  and  sweet 
juices  of  flowers.  Ogilcie. 

MEL-LlT't€,  a.     [L.  met,  honey.] 

Containing  saccharine  matter;  marked  by  sac- 
charine secretions;  as,  7ne^//(/o  diabetes. 

__  Gregory. 

MEL'LONE,  n.  [L.  mel."]  In  organic  chemistry,  a 
base  consisting  of  nine  parts  of  cyanogen,  and  four 
of  hydrogen,  having  a  yellow  color.  Gregory. 
ME-LO'DE-ON,  n.  A  reed  orsran,  whose  keys  open 
valves  through  which  the  wind  from  bellow's  work- 
ed by  the  feet  of  the  performer,  is  allowed  to  act  on 
the  reeds.  Simmonds. 

2.  A  name  for  a  music-hall. 
MEL-0-DRA'MA,  n.    See  Melodrame. 
MEL-0-DRA-MATa€,    a.     [add.]     Noting   a  fan- 
tastic or  extravagant   mode  of   representing  the 
natural  emotitms.  C.  Kingiiley. 

MEL'O-DRAME,  n.  [add.]  The  melodrame  has 
now  sunk  into  the  lowest  form  of  dramatic  per- 
formances, involving  a  confusion  of  all  the  natural 
emotions  of  the  mind  and  the  introduction  of  ex- 
travagances and  phantoms  which  renders  it  fan- 
tastic and  often  absurd.  Bescherelle. 
MEM-URA-NIF'ER-OUS,  n.     Having  or  producing 

membranes. 
MEM'0R-A-BLE-NE3S,  n.    The  state  or  quality  of 

being  memorable.  Ash. 

ME-NiS'60ID,  a.  [Gr.  /x-qvia-Ko^,  a  crescent,  and 
€l6os,  form.] 

Noting  a  concavo-convex  form,  resembling  a  me- 
niscus lens. 
MEN'STRU-ATE,  v.  i.    To  discharge  the  menses. 
MEN-STRU-A'TION,  n.    The  discharge  of  the  men- 
ses. Dungli^'ui. 
M£N'SU-RA-ELE-NESS,  n.    The  quality  of  being 

measurable.  A.-<h. 

ME-NUTvA,  «.  A  remarkable  genus  of  birds  be- 
longing according  to  Cuvier  to  the  Passerina?.  But 
one  species  is  known,  J/,  superba,  or  lyre-tail,  a 
name  derived  from  the  peculiar  form  of  the  tail  in 
the  male  bird,  resembling  that  of  the  ancient  lyre. 
It  inhabits  New  South  Wales,  preferring  the  woods 
toward  the  scacoast.  Shaw. 

MfiP/CriANT,  a.     Pertaining  to  or    employed    in 

trade  or  merchandize ;  as,  the  merchant  service. 
MfiR'CIIANT-RY.  n.   The  body  of  merchants  taken 
collectively  ;  as,  the  merchantnj  of  a  country. 

Walpole. 
MER'I-€ARP,  71.      [Gr.  ^Lipo^,  a  part,  and  xapn-d?, 
fruit.] 

In  hot.,  a  name  son^etimea  given  to  one  half  of 
the  seeds  or  fruit  of  umbelliferous  plants. 

A.  Gray. 
MER-IS-MATa€.  a.     [Gr.  ^l.€pl.<T^J.6<;,  division.] 

In  hot.,  disjoining  into  divisions  by  the  formation 
of  partitions  within.  A.  Gray. 

MEP/MAN,  n.    The  male  of  the  mermaid. 
MES'MER-IZ-ER,  n.    One  who  practices  mesmer- 
ism. 
MES'0-€ARP,  7J.     [Gr.  y.icQ';,  middle,  and  KapTo?, 
fruit.] 

In  lot.  the  middle  division  of  a  pericarp  which 
has  three  layers.  -1.  Gray. 


MES'O-PIILCE-UM  (-fle'um),  n.     [Gr.  /xeo-os.  middle, 
and  *1>Kql6<;,  bark.] 
The  middle  bark  of  a  tree.  A.  Gray. 

MES-0-ZO'I€,  a.     [Gr.  /^etro?.  middle,  and  ^wij,  life] 
In  geid.,  belonging  to  or  noting  the  secondary 
ajro  or  the  era  between  the  Palaeozoic  and  C.tno- 
zoic.  Dana. 

MKS-QUITE'  (mcs-keetO,    )  n.     [Said  to  be  an    In- 

MES-QUi'TE  (mes-kC-'ta),  (  dian  word.]  A  shrub 
or  small  tree  growing  in  Texas  and  Mexico,  not  un- 
like ft  Mimosa,  bearing  largo  edible  pods.  {Alga- 
robia  glandulosa  of  Gray.) 

2.  The  name  of  a  rich  native  grass  in  Western 
Texas  (a  species  of  Aristida),  so  called  from  its 
growing  in  company  with  the  tree.  The  natives 
make  it  a  word  of  three  syllables,  as  above. 

D.  C.  Eaton. 

MET-A-G-EN'I€,  a.  [Gr.  fxerd,  beyond,  and  veceais, 
prodiictitm.] 

Pertaining  to  metagenesis,  or  the  production  of 
changes  in  a  species  after  its  first  origin,  as  it  goes 
on  to  a  more  perfect  state.  B.  Owen. 

MET'AL,  71.  [add.]  The  effective  power  or  caliber 
of  guns  carried  by  a  vessel  of  war.  Totten. 

MET'AL,  v.  t.    To  cover  roads  with  broken  stone. 

Ilowitt. 

MET'A-LEP-SY,  n.  [Gr.  ftera,  beyond,  and  Kafx^d- 
vu),  to  take.] 

In  chem.,  change  or  variation  in  a  series  of  com- 
pounds under  a  type,  by  substitutions  of  different 
elements  or  substances  for  an  equivalent  in  tho 
type  ;  as,  when  a  stibstance  contains  hydrogen,  and 
when  subjected  to  change  takes  up  an  equivak-nfc 
for  each  atom  of  liydro^en  it  loses.  It  is  also  caUcV 
the  Theory  ofSuh.sdtuiione. 

ME-TAL'LIC,  (/.  Metallic  paper,  paper  whose  sur- 
face'is  covered  with  a  thin  solution  uf  lime,  whitiuif 
and  size.  When  written  upon  with  a  pewter  pen- 
cil, the  linos  can  hardly  be  effaced. 

MET'AL-ING,  n.  The  putting  on  of  broken  stnno 
for  covering  macadamized  roatb*;  also,  the  stonu 
itself.     [Eng.']  Wright. 

MET'AL-LOID,  a.  Like  metal;  pertaining  to  tho 
metalloids.  Brande. 

MET-A-MERa€,  a.  [Gr.  mcto,  with  or  among,  and 
fiipoq,  ft  part.] 

In  chem.,  containing  related  parts  in  the  samo 
propurtiiin,  or  under  a  common  eeneral  formula. 

MET-A-MORPII'OSE.     Same  as  METAMOEPnosis. 

ME'TER-AGE,  /;.    The  act  of  measuring. 

METII-OD-OL'0-GY,  7i.     [Gr.  |ae9o5oy,  method,  and 
Advo?,  discourse] 
The  science  of  method  or  arranging  in  due  order. 

Coleridge. 

METIPTLE  (math'il),  n.  [Gr.  iieOv,  wine,  and  uAtj, 
wood.] 

.  A  gas  of  an  ethereal  smoU,  consistingof  two  equiv- 
nlcnts  of  carbon  and  three  of  hydrt)gen.  It  is  con- 
tained in  oil  of  winter-green  combined  with  oxygcu 
ftnil  salicylic  acid.  Gregory. 

METII-i'L'I€,  rt.  Ofor  pertaining  to  methyle.  Mc(7i- 
ylic  alcohol,  is  one  of  the  chief  products  of  the 
destructive  distillation  of  wood.  Gregory. 

MET-0-POS'€0-PI€,  a.    Relating  to  metoposcopy. 

Scott. 

MET'RI€,  a.  Noting  a  measurement  of  volumes;  as, 
the  metric  method  of  aualy5is. 

MEX'I-€AN.  7i.  anda.  A  native  of  Mexico ;  belong- 
ing to  Mexico. 

MEZ'ZO-TINT-ER  (med'zo-),  n.  One  who  engraves 
in  mezzotint.  Walpole. 

MI-A$'MA-TIST.  n.     One  skilled  in  miasmata. 

Ml-€A'rE-0-€AL-€A'RE-OUS,  a.  In  geol.,  a  term 
applied  to  a  mica  schist  contftining  carbonate  of  lime. 

Dana. 

Mr€RO-GE-0-LOGa€-AL,  a.  A  term  applied  to  a 
class  of  facts  in  Geology,  made  known  by  micro- 
scopic investigations. 

MT'€R0-i>E-(5L'0-GY,  «.  The  part  of  geologicnl 
facts  ascertained  by  means  of  the  microscope,  espe- 
cially that  relating  to  microscopic  organisms. 

Ehre7iherg. 

Mt-€RO-GRAPH'I€,  a.    Pertaining  to  micrography. 

Ml-<f:RO-MET'Rie-AL-LY,  adv.  By  means  of  a  mi- 
cvometor. 

MI-€R<'^M'E-TRY,  n.  The  art  of  measuring  minute 
objects  or  small  angular  distances  with  a  microm- 
eter. Dana. 

MID'- Air.  n.  The  middle  of  the  air;  as.  '*in  mid- 
air to  council  summons  all  his  mighty  peers." 

MiHo7i. 

MlB'DLE,  a.  [add.]  The  middle  passage  in  the 
slave  trade,  is  that  part  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean  be- 
tween .Vfrica  and  the  West  Indies. 

MID'-LINE,  n.  The  middle  or  medianlinc  of  any- 
thing. 

MiD'-NOON,  n.    The  middle  ofthe  day. 

Wordsicorth. 


DOVE,    WOLF,    BOOK;    rOlE,    BTJLL ;    VT"CIOUS.— €   as   K;    6    as    J;    S    as  Z;    ClI   as    SII  ;    THIS. 


1496 


t  See  Table  of  Syno7ii/m^. 


Mon 


MOK 


MiD'-TIMIi,  n.  The  middle  time;  as,  "the  mhl- 
time  of  the  night."  Dittytoii. 

MiD'-WIXTEK,  n.    The  middle  of  the  winter. 

MIGKANT,  n.  An  aaimil  or  bird  which  is  migra- 
tory. 

MILK'-Mr>'LAK,  a.  Xotin;  the  molar  teeth  in  yoiing 
ni;iumial;S  which  are  early  shed  aud  give  way  to 
others.  B-  Oicen. 

JIILK'-rf'NCn,  n.     Punch  prepared  with  milk. 

MiLL'-BOAKD,  li.    A  stout  pasteboard. 

Simmonds. 

MIL-Ti5N'I€,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  liko  Milton,  or  his 
poetry. 

MI-Mi3'SA,  ».    [Gr.  tiliLtKr  an  imitator.] 

A  genus  of  punts.  The  scnc-itire  plant  belongs  to 
this  genus,  and  was  called  mimojta  from  its  imital- 
ingthesensibility  of  animal  life.  The  term  m//»'>.^a 
is  also  applieil  in  commerce  to  tho  bark  of  different 
spi^cies  of  mimo.nt  imported  from  Australia,  and 
used  in  tannini;;  also  called  Watiio  biirt, 

MiN'I-ATE,  «.    [L]    Of  or  pertaining  to  the  color 

of  vermilion. 
MIN-IE'-EI'FLE,  n.  (Trom  tho  name  of  the  in- 
ventor.] The  peculiarity  of  this  firearm  onsists  in 
the  bullet  or  slus.  which  is  cast  hollow  for  two  thirds 
of  its  length.  Into  this  internal  cylinder  there  is 
introduced  a  small  concave  piece  of  iron,  which  the 
powder  (at  the  moment  of  tiring},  forces  into  tho 
slui,  spreaJing  it  open  and  causing  it  to  fit  perfectly 
to  the  barrel,  llenco  a  great  increase  in  the  pre- 
cision of  its  aim  ami  the  extent  of  its  range. 
Mi>i'NE-SiX»i'EES,  H.  7)i:  [Ger.  mi»«e,  love,  and 
singen,  to  sing.] 

Lit.,  love-singers  •  ft  name  given  to  a  class  of  poets 
and  musicians  wh*»  flourished  between  the  twelfth 
and  fi>urtecnth  centuries.  They  were  chiefly  of 
noble  birth,  and  made  love  and  beauty  the  subjects 
of  their  verses.  Bis:htrette.    Sindiug. 

MDi-IS-TE'El-AL-IST,  n.  A  supporter  of  ministers, 

or  a  party  in  i»o\ver.     [Eng.']  Clurke. 

MIST'-S.Vt'CE,  n.     Mint  chopped  up  \vith  vinegar 

and  sugar,  as  a  flavoring  for  lamb.       Simmond9, 
MIS-DIVIDE',  c.  (.    To  divide  wrongly. 
MlS-FiT'.  n.    A  bad  mode  of  fitting. 
MiS'-LlK-UfG,  n.     Dislike  ;   dissatisfaction. 

mow. 
MIS-PEP.-CEPTION.  n.    Erroneous  perception. 
MlS-KEe-OL-LEeTIO]?,  ».    Act  of  remembering 

wrong. 

JflS'T/!AL,   II.      [Fr.]      A  violent  northwest  wind 

experienced   In   the   Mediterranean    provinces    of 

France  Betd'ereUe. 

MlTER-SHAPffD  (-shiiptc),  \n.    Ilarins  the  form 

MlTnE-Sn.\PA'D,  1     of  a  peaked  cap; 

conical  with  the  base  somewhat  dilated. 
MtTEIt-WIlEELS.  I  n.      In  mecli.,  a  pair  of  bcvel- 
MITRE- 'WHEELS,  (     wheels    of   equal    diameter, 
working  into  each  other  and  employed  for  convey- 
ing the  motion  of  one  shaft  to  another  at  right  an- 
gles to  the  first.  BeiTK  Tech.  Diet. 
MiT'IOA-TO-ET,  a.    Tending  to  mitigate;  alien- 
ating. Ogilvie. 
.MiT'P.I-FORM,  a.    Havini  tho  form  of  a  miter. 

Clarke. 
In  lot,  conical  and  somewhat  dilated  at  tho  base. 

I/enJtf/yiD. 
MiZ'ZLE  (miz'zl).  r.  i.     A  tenn  familiarly  used  in 
England  and  Americi,  for  to  take  one's  self  off". 

"  \i  I'jnx  aa  Georpij  the  Foartli  couM  relffn  he  rei^nied, 

A&dtbenha  muzled."  WViyAl'j  Pr^:  Diet. 

MOBIL-I-ZATION,  a.  [Fr.]  The  calling  into  ac- 
tive service,  troops  not  previously  on  the  war 
establishment. 

MOB'IL-IZE,  «.  t.  [Fr.l  To  call  into  active  service ; 
applied  to  troops  which,  though  enrolled,  were  not 
previously  on  the  war  establishment. 

BenrherfU(^. 

M0B-6€'K.\-CT.  «.  The  rule,  government  or  as- 
cendency of  the  mob  or  lower  classes. 

M0B-0-€P.aT'1€,  a.    Of  or  relating  to  mobocracy. 

Mf5CK'-lIE-R0'I€,  a.  Burlesquing  a  story  or  poem 
on  heroi.'^m.  Adilvion. 

MOD-I-FI-.V-BILI-TT.  n.  Capahilityof  being  mod- 
ified or  of  being  essentially  altered  in  form  or 
structure  by  growth.  Dana. 

il&DISTE.n.     [Kr.J    A  fishionable  milliner. 

MOD-EEN'-T-Z.\TION',  n.  Tho  act  of  rendering 
modern  in  stylo  of  architecture,  &c. 

Edward  Everett. 

MO-FC'3'SIL.  n.  A  Tliniloostanco  word  for  country 
or  interior,  as  distmguishcd  from  the  metropolis. 

MtVrom. 

MO-F'CS'SI'L-TTE,  n.  In  Ilindoortan,  one  living  in 
the  interior. 

MO-HCU'RUM.  n.  A  Mohammedan  festival  in  mem- 
ory of  llossein    and    Houssein,    nephews  of   tho 


Piopuet.    It  is  celebrated  by  tho  Shcah  sect  in 
Iliadoostan  with  great  pomp  and  splendor. 

Malcoin. 

JfOIEE  AS-TIQCE'  (mv.-uT  an-teck'X  11.     [Fr.]    A 

thick  and  richly  watered  silk  of  a  fornu'r  stylo 

revived.  mmmotidis. 

MOLD'-BOARD,      I  «.    That  part  of  a  plow  back  of 

MOULD'-BOAED,  (     the  share,  whieli  turns  over 

the  earth  in  plowing.  Simmomh. 

MOLE'-SKlN,  n.    A  kind  of  silk  goods  having  a 

thick  soft  shag  like  the  fur  of  a  molo  ;  also,  a  kind 

of  shaggy  cotton  gooils.  Himmoiida. 

M(^L'LE-MOKE,  n.     A  kind  of  petrel  (the  Prncel- 

iaria  (/^ttu'a//*),  in  the  Arctic  regions.  luinc. 
MO'LO€n  (maaok),  n.  A  genus  of  lizards  fonnil  in 
Australia.  M.  korridu.%  the  moloch  lizard,  in  its 
external  appearance  is  one  of  the  most  ferocious  of 
reiJtiles,  the  horns  on  the  head  and  numerous  spines 
in  the  body  giving  it  a  mo.st  formidable  appe.aranec. 
Its  name  is  civen'to  it  from  part  of  a  lino  in  Milton, 
"  Moloch,  horrid  king."  J.  E.  Gray. 

MO-NAEeil'ie-AL-LY,  adv.  In  a  monarchical  man- 
ner. 
MON'ET-OR'DEE,  11.  A  mode  of  transmitting  small 
sums  of  money  by  depositing  them  at  one  Post- 
Ollice,  and  receivi'ng  an  order  on  some  other  office 
where  the  paymentis  to  be  made.    [Eng.] 

Simmonds. 
MdXK'E'i'-ISM  (munk'y-izm),  n.    The  conduct  of 

a  monkey. 
M6NK'EY  rail,  fi.  A.  second  and  lighter  rail  raised 
about  si-t  inches  above  the  quarter-rail  of  a  ship. 

E.  Oregortj. 
MOSK'EY-T.'VIL  (inrmk'y-lale),  ».     A  short  round 

iron  bar  used  in  naval  gunnery.  Tolteii. 

MOXK'ET-WRENCII  (munk'5--rench),n.  A  wrench 

or  spanner  having  a  movable  jaw.  Weale. 

M0N-0-BA'3I€,  n.  [Gr.  iiovo^,  single,  and  pitns, 
base.] 
Having  only  one  part  of  base  to  one  of  acid. 
MON-0-€IIRO-M.\T'I€.  If.  [add.]  UnnnrJiromatio 
lamp,  a  lamp  whoso  flame  yiolds  rays  of  some  one 
homosencous  light.  It  is  of  tho  greatest  imiinrtanoo 
in  optical  e.Kperimeuts.  Xic/toi. 

MOX-0-GEX'E-SIS,  n.    [Or.  jioi'ot.  single,  and  yiys- 
o-i!,  origin.] 
Oneness  of  origin.  Daiut, 

MON-O-MY'A-RY,  a.    [Gr. /loi-os,  single,  and  (iuau, 
to  close  the  lips.] 

In  conchologij,  having  but  one  muscle  for  closing 
tho  shell,  as  in  the  oyster.  Dana. 

MON-0-MY'A-RY,  n.     [See  aHj.]     .A.  bivalve  (as  an 
oyster),   having   but  ono    musclo  for   closing  tho 
shell. 
MON-0-TES'S-\-ROM.  n.     [idi-o?,  single,  and  Tc<r- 
trapes.  four.] 

A  single  narrative  framcil  from  tho  statements  of 
tho  four  evangelists;  a  gospel  harmony. 
MON'O-TRKME,  «.     [Gr.  fuifo?,  ono  only,  and  rp^- 
/io,  a  hole.] 

An  animal  having  only  one  external  opening  for 
the  fiEces  and  urine,  as  the  duckbill  of  Austrnli:!,  &c. 

Dana. 
M0N-0-T5T'I€,  a.     [Gr.  /idi-os,  single,  and  tuttos, 
type.] 

Containing  but  one  roprcsentativo;  as,  anwno- 
iypic  genu3,"which  contains  but  one  species. 

Dana. 
MOIT-O-OnS'I-AX,  a.    [Gr.  liovoi,  single,  and  oijo-ia, 
essence.] 
Having  tho  same  nature  or  essence. 
MON'TE  (inon't."i),    n.    [Sp.]     A  favorite  game  of 
chance  among  the  Spanish,  played  either  with  dice 
on  a  board  or  a  table  marked  with  lines  for  the  pur- 
pose, or  with  cards. 
MOO' Dili,  n.    [Turkish.]    The  governor  of  a  city  or 

a  large  surrounding  territory.  IleyM. 

MOOL'AU.    See  Mollau. 
MOON'ER,  n.    Ono  who   gazes    idly   about,   as  if 

moon-struck.  DicJcem^. 

MOONTNG,  a.    'Wandering  or  gazing  idly  about,  as 

if  moon-struck.  C.  King-iley. 

MO'EA  n     A  vaUiablo  South  American  wood  used 

for  ship-buildinz.  Simmnnd.i. 

MO-BALE',  n.  [Fr.]   Tho  qu.alitie3  of  mind  or  spirit 

as  opposed  to  physical  qualities,  as  in  an    army, 

fleet  ic.  Bescherelle. 

M<3R'M0N-ISM,  n.    The  doctrine  of  Mormons. 

MOR'MON-ITE,  n.    A  Mormon  or  adherent  of  Mor- 

monism.  .  .        ,„   ,        „ 

M0R-PII0-L5o'Te-AL-LY,  adr.     With  refereneo 

to  tlie  facts  or  principles  of  morphology. 
M0R-Pn5L'0-GY,  n.    [Gr.  /xop*i,  form,  and  K6y^, 
discourse.]  „  .  ^, 

The  science  which  describes  the  forms  of  the 
partsor  organs  in  the  .structure  of  plants  .and  ani- 
mals, trcitling  of  their  varieties,  homologies,  and 
metamorphoses.  Carpenter. 


JJUM 

MORSE,  n.     [L.  mordeo,  to  bite  or  clasp.] 

A  chisp  or  fastening  for  garments  in  front,  nsnal- 
ly  made  of  the  precious  metals.  Eairhult. 

MOU'TISE-'WlIliEL,  71.  A  wheel  having  wooden 
teeth  set  into  the  mortises  of  an  iron  rim. 

A[)pieion\i  Meek,  Did. 

MOR'TIS-ING,  n.    Tho  act  of  making  a  mortise. 
Beifs  Teclt.  Did. 

MO-$A'ie-AL-LY,  adi'.  After  the  manner  of  mo- 
saic work. 

MOSS'-AG'.VTE,  n.  A  variety  of  atrate.  h.aving  in- 
ternally a  moss-like  appearance ;  called  also  mocha- 
stone.  Dana. 

MOSS'-Bt'NK'EE,  ?l.  A  fish  {Alosa  Menhaden)  re- 
lated to_thc  shad.  De  Kay. 

MOSS'-ROSIC,  n.  .\  variety  of  rose  having  a  moss- 
like  piibcseenco  or  growth  on  tlio  calyx  or  envelop 
of  the  flower.  London. 

MOTU'ER-LIQ'UOR,  n.    Seo  Motuek-watee. 

MO'TILE,  o.  [Fi-.]  Having  powers  of  self-motion, 
thouirh  unconscious;  as,  the  motile  spores  of  cer- 
tain sea-weeds.  Dana. 

MO-TIL'I-TY,  «.  [Fr]  Tho  faculty  of  moving; 
contractility.  Dungbson. 

MO'TOR,  n.  [L.]  That  which  produces  motion; 
motive  power. 

MOUFF'LON,  II,  An  animal  of  the  sheep  kind 
(r?«es  mibfiimon  of  Pallas),  inhabiting  the  mount- 
ains of  Sardinia,  Crete,  &c.  Its  horns  are  very 
large  with  a  triangular  base,  and  rounded  angles. 

Cuvier, 

MO'W'EE  (nio'er'),  n.  [add]  A  machine  for  mow- 
ing by  horse-iiuwcr. 

M'-ROOF,  n.  In  arch.,  a  kind  of  roof  formed  by 
the  junction  of  two  couimon  roofs  with  a  valley 
between  them,  so  that  the  front  view  resembles  the 
letter  M.  Gwilt. 

MU-€OS'I  TY,  n.    State  of  being  slimy.     Clarke. 

2.  A  fluid  resembling  or  containing  mucus. 

DinigJifton. 

Mrr-eRONT'-L.VTE,  a.  Delicately  tapeiing  to  an 
abrupt  point.  I/enskiw. 

MUD,  a.    Consistingoforiiortaining  to  mud;  slimy. 

MUn'-IlEN.  n.  Afaniili.irnameforaspecies(/i;uZiKS 
degans)  of  aquatic  bird,  common  in  America. 

Icon.  Ennje. 

MCD'-HOLE,  «.  In  a  steam-hoilcr,  an  aperture 
near  tho  bottom  through  which  the  sediment  is 
withdrawn.  BeiVs  Ttch.  Diet. 

MUD'-STONE,  71.  A  rock  having  tho  aspect  of  in- 
durated mud,  and  probably  of  a  mud  origin. 

Dana. 

MUD'-TCiR'TLE,  )1.  a  common  name  in  America 
for  a  small  kind  of  tortoise. 

MUFF,  n.  [add.l  \  term  used  in  contempt  of  a 
Iicrson  ;  a  stupid  fellow.      IlaUiwell.     Conybcare. 

MtlF'FLE,  71..  [add.]  The  naked  portion  of  the 
upper  lip  .and  nose  of  animals  belonging  to  tlu>  ox 
or  doer  kind.  Barrow. 

MUF'Ti,  71.  [.add.]  A  sportive  term  amonir  EnL'lish 
troops,  for  a  citizen's  dress  as  distinguished  from 
tlie  military  unil'orni.  Clarice. 

MU-LAT'TEESS,  n.    A  femalo  mulatto. 

MULCH,  7>.  t.  To  cover  with  half-rotten  straw  or 
light  manure.  Loudon. 

Ml'LCII'ING,  71.    Tho  act  of  covering  with  mulch. 

mOL'LAH.    See  Moi.lau. 

^fj-l^X;-.  1(7.     In  cow_^70si(it?ll,  signifying  manifold. 

Ml'L-Tl'-eSRT-NATE,  a.     [L.  multus,  m.any,  and 
carina,  a  keel.] 
In  conchology,  many-keeled.  Craig. 

Mt"L-TI-CIP'I-TAL,  a.  [L.  muUus,  many,  and  ca- 
put, head.] 

In  hot,,  having  many  beads.  A.  Gray. 

MUL-TI-eUS'PI-DATE,  «.     [L.  multus,  mauy,  and 
cuspi.%  point.] 
Having  many  or  sevenal  cusps  or  points.     Craig. 
M'UL'TI-PLE,   a.     [add.]      CimUaining   more    than 
one;  many. 

2  In  hot,  muiiiple  or  coUectivefruit^i  are  an  ng- 
greg.ation  of  fruits  springing  I'loin  several  distinct 
blossoms  united  into  one'body.  -I.  Gray. 

3.  In  antron.,  mtiUiple  stars,  arc  several^stars  in 
close  proximity.  Xichol. 

M'fJL'TI-PLl-EE,  n.  An  instrument  for  measuring 
the  intensity  of  galvanic  current.!,  strong  or  feeblo  ; 
same  as  rheomeier.  Kicltol. 

MUL-TI-E.\'M03E,  a.  [L.  miiUus,  many,  and  7'a- 
7nus,  a  branch.] 

Havin-.r  many  branches. 

MtlL-TI-TlT'tJ-LAR,   a.     [L.    multus,    many,   and 
tituJns.  a  title.] 
Having  many  titles. 

MIT.M,  «.  [From  the  name  of  its  inventor.]  A 
strong,  sweet  beer  made  of  wheaten  malt,  mol.asses, 
and  spruce  or  other  ai  omatic  herbs.    Simmonds. 


A,   E.  &C.,    7«n<r.-X,  E,    ic.,  ,hort.-CXr.E,  FaE,  L.VST,  FALL,   WHAT;    THfiEE,  T£EM;    MARIXE,  BIRD;    MOVE, 


188 


t  See  Table  of  Synonyms. 


1497 


KAM 

MCMP'ISH-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
sullen.  ^*''- 

MUN'i'GO,  ti.  A  fibrous  material  obtained  by  "devil- 
ing" the  nigs  or  reuiiwuts  of  Jin  c  woolen  goods,  as 
bioadclotbs,  *fee.  In  this  respect  alone  does  it  dif- 
fer from  "shoddy";  and  like  it  is  spun  into  yarn  for 
making  cloth,  but  of  a  nicer  quality. 

MU-NiC'1-PAL-ISM,  n.    Tbo  municipal  condition. 

For.  Quart. 

MU'NI-MENT,  n.  A  tnunim<^nt  Iiouse  or  room  in 
cathetlrals,  castles,  and  other  public  buildings  is 
one  fur  keeping  the  records,  charters,  seals,  deeds, 
^tc.  Otcilt. 

Ml'NTZ'S'-MET'AL,  n.  An  alloy  for  sheathing  and 
other  purposes,  consisting  of  Jirty  percent  of  cup- 
per, forty-une  of  zinc,  and  about  four  of  lead; 
named  from  the  inventor.  Tomli7ison. 

MUS'eAE-DiNE,  ».  [Fr.]  A  disease  which  attacks 
tbe  silk-worm,  aud  is  owing  to  the  growth  of  a 
fungus,  a  species  of  Botrijtia.  Bescherelle. 

MUS'CL£'D  (mus'sl'd),  n.  Provided  with  muscles; 
as,  a  wcW-muscUd  body. 

MUS-€i'5L'0-Grr.  n.     [L.  iniiiiCn-%  moss.] 

In  bot.,  the  science  of  niossLS.  A.  Grarj. 

MCS'KAL-LONGE,  n.  }  A  large  kind  of  pike  {Emx 

MAS'KAL-LONG-E,  (  estor  of  Lesueur) found  in 
the  Northern  bikes  and  the  St.  Lawrence  and  Ohio 
rivers.  The  spelling  maskinonge  is  sometimes 
used.  Storer. 

MUS-KIT'        ,,„„^  t^,.t^    i  "■  ^^^  MESQriTF,  whlcb 

MUS-QIJITE'  '•"^"^'^^^''  •''  f  is  now  the  most  com- 
mon spelling. 

MUSTANG,  n.  The  wild  horse  of  the  prairies  in 
Mexico,  California,  &c.  It  is  small,  hardy,  and 
easily  sustained.  Fremont. 

MUS'TARD-POT,  n.     A  ves^^el  for  holding  mustard. 

MUS'TAUD-SEED.  n.     The  seed  ofmusLard. 

MC''TI-€0US,  rt.     [L.  muticns,  beardless.] 
In  hot.^  without  a  point  or  beard ;  unarmed. 

Ilendotc. 

MIJZ'ZI-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  muzzy  or  be- 
wildered. Beckford. 

MY-CE'Ll-UM,  n.     [Gr.  ^ukjj?,  a  nmshroom.] 

The  tilatnentous  body  from  which  a  mushroom 
or  fungus  is  developed.  I/ensloic. 

Mt'C'K-LOID,   a.      [Gr.  ju.vk7]s,  a  fungus,  and  cISos, 
form.] 
Fungus-like. 

MT'-CK'TES  (.mi-se'teez),  n.  [Gr.  /xyxTjTrj?,  a  hel- 
lo we  r.] 

A  scientific  name  given  to  the  bowling  monkey, 
n  variety  of  tiie  qnadrumana«»f  America  having  an 
arrani;e[nent  of  the  hyoirl  bono  which  gives  their 
voice  astonishing  power  and  a  frightful  sound. 

Ouvier. 

M?-€0-L<56-a€,  a.  Relating  to  mycology,  or  tho 
fungi. 

MV-€(5L'0-GrIST,  n.     One  versed  in  mycology. 

M  \'-€OL'0-GrY,  7i.     [Gr.  /jiuktjj,  fungus,  and  Aoyos, 
discourse.] 
The  science  of  Fun-ri  or  Mushrooms.       I>a7t(i. 

MT^'K-LON,  11.     [Gr.  /iveAb?.  marrow.] 

Tlie  spinal  marrow  or  grout  nervous  cord  of  the 
spine.  li.  Oxceii. 

MT'-O-LEM'MA,  n.  [Gr.  juvwi-.a  muscle,  and  At>/Aa, 
a  case  or  receptacle  ] 

The  dL-licate  slieuth  that  envelops  the  fiber  of  a 
musel'?.  Dumjlison. 

MY'0-LTNE,  71.    The  essential  material  of  muscle. 

Dun(!?iftoji. 

MY-O-P.lTH'IC,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  diseased  condi- 
tion of_tIic  muscles. 
MYU-TA'CEOUS  (mir-ta'shus),  a,     [L.  myrtm,  the 
myrtle.] 

Pertaining  to  the  myrtle  tribe  of  plants. 


N. 


NaCK'EE.    See  Knaokee. 

NAIL,  n.  [add.]  From  an  early  period  naih  of  dif- 
ferent sizes  or  classes  received  tlieir  name  from  tlie 
price  they  bore  by  llic  pound.  Thus,  ihero  were 
two-penny,  tbree-penny.  &c.,  up  to  twelve-penny. 
Then  tliero  were  twenty-penny  (or  double  tL-ns), 
thirty-penny,  &c.  Although  the  price  has  been 
greatly  reduced,  these  varinus  names  are  still  used 
to  (K'scribe  tho  various  sizes  of  nails. 

NAIS'SANT,  a.  In  heraldry,  rising  or  coming 
forth,  as  an  animal  from  tho  midst  of  an  ordinary 
or  common  charge.  Craig, 

NA'KER,  n.     A  cornet  or  horn  of  brass 

Walt  Scott 

NAME'-PLATE,  n.  A  plate  of  metal.  Ac,  having 
on  it  the  nauie  of  a  person.  Si!7i7no7id3. 


NEU 

NANT£'S  (nfmts),  n.  A  name  for  brandy,  given  from  a 
town  of  this  name  in  France,  whence  it  is  exported. 

Walt.  Scott. 
NA-PO'LE-ON,  rt.    A  French  gold  coin  of  20  francs, 

or  $-3.S7.  Si77imonds. 

NAR'€OT-TZE,  v.  t.    To  imbue  with  some  narcotic. 

NAR'GI-LEII  (niir'ge-la),  n..     [Pars.]     A  smoking 

apparatus  in  which  the  smoke  is  passed  through 

water  to  cool  it.  Beyse. 

NA'SO-PAL'A-TINE,  a.    Belonging  to  the  palate 

and  nose ;  as,  the  naso-palatine  nerve. 

Du7igliso7i. 
NA'TANT,  a.       [L.  iiato,  to  swim.] 

In  heraldry^  a  ter-m  applicable  to  all  sorts  of  fish 
(except  flying-fiah  and  sljell-fish),  when  placed  hor- 
izontally across  the  fltid  as  if  swimming. 
NX-TIOX-AL-1-ZA'TION  (nash-un-),  «.     Tho  act 

uf  nationalizing. 
N.\T'r-RAL-lSM,  n.    [add.]    This  theory  has  been 
extended  by  some  of  its  adherents  so  as  to  result 
cither  in  pantheism,  or  in  reducing  all  that  exists  in 
tbe  universe  to  a  mere  succession  of  phenomena. 
NAT-t'-RAL-lST'ie,  a.    Belonging  to  tho  doctrines 

uf  naturalism. 
NAT'TJ-KAL-IST,  w.    One  who  maintains  tho  doc- 
trines of  naturali.sm.  //.  Bushnell. 
NATI^RE,  n.     Nature-pruiiing^  is  printing  from 
metallic  or  other  plates  ^usually  of  zinc),  which 
have  received  an  impression  uf  an  object  (a  leaf, 
plant,  &c.),  by  heavy  pressure,  or  from  electrotypes 
of  such  plates.    Colored  inks  may  be  used  for  dif- 
ferent parts  of  the  impression;  and  in  this  way  a 
picture  in  colors  is  obtained  by  a  single  pull  of  tbe 
press. 
NAUTCH,  «.    In  the  Ea^t  Indies,  an  entertainment 
consisting  uf  dances  performed  by  nautch  gi/'ls, 
who  are  usually  courtesans. 
NAV'W,  n.     [Abridged  from  navigator.]    A  term 
in  England,  applied  first  to  laborers  on  canals  for 
internal  navigation,  aud  hence  to  laborers  on  rail- 
roads. &c.  Si7amo7ids. 
NAWAB,  71.     [Ar.  iiawyh,  a  deputy.] 
"  The  original  word  (ov  nabob.    It  is  now  beginning 
to  be  used  for  that  term. 
N£E(na),  p7^.  [Fr.  naitrtj.}    Lit.,  hovn;  a  term  used 
to  denote  the  family  name  of  a  female  before  her 
marriage;  as,  Madame  Dc  Stuel  nee  Ncckar. 
NEE'DLE-GUN,  n.    A  firearm  loaded  at  the  breech 
by  a  cartridge  containing  a  small  adililion  of  deton- 
ating powder,  wliich  is  exploded  by  the  friction  of  a 
needle  thrust  in  through  the  touch-hole. 
NEG'A-TiVE,  71.     In  photog.,  a  picture  unon  glass  in 
which  the  light  portions  of  the  original  are  repre- 
sented in  some  opaque  material  (usually  reduced  sil- 
ver), and  the  dark  portions  by  the  uncovered  and 
semi-transparent  ground  of  the  picture.     A  nega- 
tive is  chiefly  used  for  producing  "photographs'"  by 
means  of  the  sun's  light  passing  through  it  and  act- 
ins  upon  sensitized  paper,  thus  producing  on  the 
paper  a  positive  jiicture.                     J.  A.  Po7-ter. 
NE'GRO-UEAD,  n.     A  commerci.il  name  for  tobacco 
pre[»ared  by  softening  with  molasses  and  then  press- 
ing it  into  cakes ;  also  called  Cave7idish. 

Si7n77ionds. 
NEM'A-TOID,  n.     [Gr.  i^/ia,  a  thread,  and  cUo?, 
form.] 

A  name  given  to  a  slender,  thread-like,  intestinal 
worm.  Carpe7it€7\ 

NE-0-€U'MI-AN,  n.  [From  KeocnmiiiTn,  tbe  Latin 
name  of  Noufchatel  in  Switzerland,  where  these 
rocks  occur.]  In  geol.,a.  term  applied  to  the  lowest 
depositsof  the  Cretaceous  or  Q\ii\,\k.  foundation  being 
the  loirer  g/'eeyi  sand.  Dana. 

NE-0-€0'MI-AN,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  lower  gi'een 

sand.  _ 
NE-0-L0'6l-AN,  n.    Same  as  Neologtst. 
NE-0-PLX'TO-NISM.     See  New  Platonhsm. 
NE-0-Z0'I€,  a.     [Gr.  i-eo;.  new,  and  ^u.^,  life.] 

In  geol,  more  recent  than  tho  Paleozoic,  i.  e.  in- 
cluding the  Mesozoic  (Secondary)  and  Ca?nozoic 
(Tertiary  and  Post-Tertiary).  Da7ia. 

NE'RE-ID,  n.    r.idd.]     In  zo">l.^  slender  sea-worms  or 
annelidans,  whose  sei-ments  bear  short  tufted  ap- 
pendages.   Some  of  them  are  phosphorescent. 
_  Dana. 

NES-TOTJ-AN-ISM,  n.    Tho  principles  of  the  Nes- 
tor ians. 
NET'-PR0-CEED$',  7i.27l.  The  amount  or  sum  which 
goods  produce  after  every  charge  is  paid. 

Si/nmonds, 
NETTING,  ppr.  or  a.     Performing  or  relating  to 
network. 
'2.  Producing  as  profit. 
NEIT'RAL,  a.     [Gr.  vcvpov,  a  nerve.] 

Pertaining  to  tho  nerves  or  nervous  system. 
_  Dunglison. 

NEu'RlNE,  n.    [Gr.  vevpov,  a  nerve.] 

A  term  applied  to  the  substance  of  which  nerves 
are  compose(l.  Dunglison. 


NOS 

NEf'-RI'TIS.  71.     Inflammation  of  a  nerve. 
NEU'RO  SKEL'E-TAL,  <;.    Pertaining  to  the  neuro- 

sk_eleton.  li.  Owen. 

NEU'RO  SK£l/E-TON,  n.  The  main  part  of  the 
skeleton  which  is  connected  with  the  nerves  and 
with  locomotion.  li.  Oice7i. 

NE'  r^(nil'vii),  n.  [Fr.]  In  geol..,  tho  upper  part  of 
a  glacier,  above  the  limit  of  perpetual  snow. 

Da7ia. 
NEW-PLATO-Nie,  a.     Of  or  pertaining  to  New- 

Platonisra. 
NEW-PLA'TO-NISM,  \  n.  A  pantheistic  eclectic 
NE'0-PLA'T0-NI$M.  i"  school  of  philosophy  of 
which  Plotinus  was  the  chief  (a.  d.  205-270) ;  which 
sought  to  reconcile  tho  Platonic  and  Aristotelian 
systems  with  Oriental  theosophy;  it  tended  to  mys- 
ticism and  theurgy,  and  was  the  last  product  of  tho 
Greek  philosoi>bv.  Tori'ey. 

NEW-PLA'TO-NIST,  n.     One  who  held  and  advo- 
cated New-Piatonism. 
NEWS-ROOM  (nuze'-),  n.     A  room  for  the  reading 

of  magazines,  newspapers,  &c. 
NICK-EL-iF'ER-OUS,  a.     Containing  nickel;    as, 

nickel iferoim  iron. 
NID-A-MEN'TAL,  a.    [L.  nidus,  a  nest] 

Pertaining  to  nests  of  birds  or  the  protectioo  of 
the   eggs  and  young;    applied  also  to  tho  organs 
which  furnish  the  materials  out  of  which  some  ani- 
mals make  their  nests.  R.  Owen. 
NiDG'ER-Y,  n.    A  trifle;  foolery. 

W/'i^hfs  Prov.  Diet. 
NlGIIT'-eXP,  n.     [add.]    A  cant  term  for  a  glass 
of  warm  liquor  belore  going  to  bed. 

Wrighfa  Prov.  Diet. 
NIGIIT'-CXRT,  n.    A  cart  used  to  remove  the  con- 
tents of  privies  by  night.  Si77imo7uls. 
NIGIIT'-GLASS,  n.     A    spy-glass    constructed    to 
concentrate  a  large  amount  of  light,  so  as  to  see  ob- 
jects distinctly  at  night.  Tottc7i. 
NI'O-BE,  n.      In  myth.,  tho  daughter  of  Tantalus 
aud  wife  of  Amphitm  king  of  Thebes.     Her  i)ride 
in  her  children  provoked  Apollo  and  Diana  who 
slew  them  all.    This  fable  has  furnished  a  .'itriking 
subject  for  art,  as  in  the  beautiful  marble  group  at 
Florence. 
NIP'PLE,  «.    [add.]    Tho  projection  at  the  breech  of 
a  gun-barrel  to  receive  a  percussion  cap. 

BeiVs  TecJi.  Diet. 
Nl'TRA-TED,  o.    [add.]    In  7>Ao?0(7/-rtpA)/,  prepared 

with  nitrate  of  silver.  li.  Hunt. 

NI'TRO-BEN'ZOLE.  «..  A  liquid  formed  by  treat- 
ing benzole  with  nitric  acid,  and  used  as  a  substi- 
tute for  the  essence  of  bitter  almonds  in  perfumery. 

Gi-egort/. 
NI-TRriG'E-NTZE,  -v.  t.    To  imbue  with  nitrogen. 
NI-TROG'E-NIZ^D,   ppr.  or  a.      Containing    ni- 
trogen. 
NOB'BLER,  «.    A  wine-glass  of  spirits.     [Eng.'] 

ITincitt. 
NO'DAL,  a.    Of  or  relating  to  a  node;  as,  a  nodal 

jioint 

NODE,  n.     [add.]    The  point  at  which  the  lines  of  a 

funicular  machine    meet    from    different    angular 

directions.  W.  R.  Johnson. 

N0D'I-€AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  nodes ;   as,  tbe 

nodical  revolutions  of  tho  moon. 
NOD'C'-LOSE,  a.     Having  small  knots  or  irregular 

prominences.  IlenUoic. 

NOI-ffiETTE',  n.  A  species  of  rose  deriving  its  name 
from  Louis  Noisette  of  France.  It  is  chiefly  a  run- 
ning rose  and  has  in  its  original  type  a  pink  flower 
an(i  is  without  scent;  by  being  hybridized  with  the 
tea-rose,  it  produces  a  yellow  flower  having  the 
fragrance  of  the  tea-rose.  Veitch.  C.  Kingsley. 
NO-MEN-€LA.T'fR-lST,  ».  One  skilled  in  no- 
menclature. 
NOM-I-NAL-iST'I€,   a.     Pertaining  to  tho  nomi 

nalists. 
NON-€ON-FORMTN6,  n.      Not   adhering  to  tho 

established  church. 
NO'RI-A,  n.  An  hydraulic  machine  used  in  Spain 
to  raise  water  for  the  jturposeof  irri.gation.  It  con- 
sists of  a  water-wheel  with  revolving  buckets  or 
earthen  pitchers  like  the  Persian  wheel.  Francis. 
N(5RM,  n.     [L.  norma,  a  rule.] 

A  rule  or  authoritative  standard.    IT.  B.  xStyiUh. 
NOR-MAL-T-Z.l'TION,  n.     Reduction  to  a  standard 

or  normal  state. 
Nr)IiTirER,  n.    The  name  given  around  the  gulf  of 

Mexico  to  a  violent  north  wind.  Maury. 

NURTII'NESS.  71.  A  tendency  in  the  end  of  a  mag- 
netic needle  to  point  to  the  north.  Faraday. 
NOS'TOe,  n.  The  name  given  to  a  greenish  jelly- 
like substance  frequently  found  in  sandy  soils,  and 
csperially  after  rain  in  summer,  flimiliarly  called 
witches-hutier,  fallen-fitars,  &c.  It  is  in  some 
cases,  at  least,  of  a  vegetable  nature.        Loudon. 


DOVE,   \V0LF,   BOOK;    RCLE,  BTTLL  ;    Yl"CIOUS.— €  as  K ;    G  as  J;    S  asZ;     TFI  as  SH;    TIIIS. 


1498 


t  See  TabU.  of  Sy/wnyma. 


OCH 

NO-TA-BiL'I-TY,  n.  Ho  or  that  which  is  well- 
known.  Applietl  particularly  to  the  distin^ished 
persona  of  a  place.  Spraffue, 

N5TAL,  a.     [Gr.  v^t<k,  the  back.] 

Belonsing  to  the  bact.  J)wigllson, 

NOO'ITE^  <i.     [L.  notatii.%  markea.] 

Marked  with  colored  5[»ots  or  line«.     ffen^loic, 

N0T-i5R'NIS,  ».  [Gr.  roroc,  tho  south,  or  south- 
west, an' I  6p;i5,  bint-l 

A  genua  of  grallatorial  binls  allied  t;>  tho  Aptc- 
ryx,  orieinally  de5cribed  from  fossil  boiicitrougbt 
ft-oin  New  Zealand.  li.  Owen. 

KOV-EL-ETTE'.  n.     [Fr.]     A  small  novel. 

UOW'EL,  n.  [add.]  The  name  sriven  in  foundries 
to  the  core^  or  inner  wall  of  a  mold  for  casting  largo 
cylinden.  Appletori't  J/lrcA.  Di<:L 

NU-€A-MEX-TA'CE0C9  (-tii'shus\  a.  Of  or  per- 
taining to  a  nut.  A.  Gray, 

KiT'CI  FORM.  a.    Nat-shaped;  nut-like.   A.  Grmj. 

NC'€LE-AR.  a.  Pertaining  to  a  nucleus;  as,  nu- 
cUar  particles.  Carpenter, 

Nr'€LE-A-TED,  a.    [L  nucUus,  a  kernel.] 
Havin:^  a  nucleus.  • 

Nr'€LE-0-L.\.-TED,  a.  Having  a  nuclcolo  or  sec- 
ond inner  nucleus. 

NC'CLE-OLE,  n.    Tho  nucleus  within  a  nucleus. 

Puna. 

NC'€CX.E,  n.    [L.  nu^,  a  nut] 

A  small  nut;  a  minut*  nut-like  growth  in  some 
pLints.  Hen^loio. 

NuDE,  /».  A  naked  figure  in  painting  or  sculpture  ; 
tho  undraped  human  body.  Fairholt. 

NU-DI-BKX€iri-ATE,  a.  [L.  nudus^  naked,  and 
brachiuni^  an  arm.] 

Zi7..  having  naked  arms;  having  arms  without 
Tibratile  cilia,  as  certain  polyps.  Carpenter. 

Ntr'Dl-€AL'L,  CI.    In  bot^  having  the  stems  leafless. 

Henslaic 

NCG'GET,  fi.  A  lump  of  metal  or  ore ;  as,  a  nugget 
of  gold.  P'his,  according  to  Trench,  is  a  revival  of 
the  old  word  nigot^  whtui  was  simjdy  an  inversion 
of  ingot, \ 

NCLT-ATI,  t».  [Tlin]  In  India,  an  arm  of  tho  sea; 
also,  a  stream  or  water-course.  Jfal<:om. 

NC-MiDT-AX-€R.\XE,  n.  A  namo  given  to  one 
variety  of  crane  (Grtia  rirgo),  which  i.^  ash-colored, 
having  a  black  neck  with  two  beautiful  whitish 
aigroUes  formed  by  the  proloneation  of  tlie  feathers 
covering  the  ears.  It  is  a  native  of  many  parts  of 
Asia.nnd  Africa.  Curier. 

NL'-MiS'MA-TIST.  n.  One  skilled  in  coins  and 
medaU.  Simmonds. 

NCX'-Bri^T,  n.  A  buoy  large  in  the^  middle  ami 
tapering  to  each  end.  Simmondg. 

NCTTET,  ft.     A  small  nut.  A.  Gray. 

Nt^^'MEO-^V0OD.     Sce  Palmtra-Wood. 

JTCT'-PTNE,  n.*  A  sjiecies  of  pine  (^Pinus  mono- 
pkyUuM)  found  in  tho  Rocky  Mountain\  bearing  in 
Its  cones  nutritious  seeds.  SimmondA. 

NC-TKI'mAI.  (nu-trish'al),  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
connected  with  outritioo. 


0. 


OAR'-WEET),  n.  A  familiar  namo  fo/  tho  tea-weed 
called  tangU.  C.  KingnUy. 

OB-€OM.P!:£S>^D'  (-prCstO,  <t.  Compressed  or 
(lattened  in  a  way  oppo*iio  to  the  usual  one. 

A.  Gray. 

Or>-lM'BRI-€ATE,  a.  In  lot.  having  the  imbrica- 
ti'»n  directed  downwards.  Ilenslow. 

OD-.lB€T'iVF-,  n.  A  namo  o/len  given  to  tho  object 
class  of  the  microscope.  Grunoxc. 

0B'JE€T-I3T,  n.  One  skilled  in  the  objective  phil 
osophy  Ed.  JRec. 

OB-LXN'CE-0-L.\TE,  a.  In  hot,  lanceolate  in  the 
reversed  order,  t.  e.  narrowing  toward  the  attach- 
ment. -4.  Gray. 

OB'LI-GA-TO-RI-LY,  adv.  Under  obligation  or  by 
constraint.  EichnrdHon. 

5BXI-GA-T5-RI-NES5.  n.  The  quality  of  binding 
or  coercmg:  as,  tho  obligatoriness  of  a  duty. 

Tapjjan. 

0B-LIVT-0T:S-NE3S,  n.  The  state  of  being  obliv- 
ions or  forgetful. 

0-GEL'LA-ET,  a.     Pertaining  to  ocelli.    Seo  Ocel- 

LOCS. 

0-C£l/LT'9.  n.  .■  pi.  0-CELXT.  [L.]  A  little  eye ; 
aminuto  simple  eye  found  in  many  articulate  and 
other  inferior  animals.  Carpenter. 

Oefl-LO-CRXTie.  a.  Pertaining  to  ochlocracy,  or 
a  form  of  government  In  which  the  people  have  the 
chief  fKJwer.  Clarice. 

0'€HEE-ATE.  a.  In  lot,  provided  with  ochrem,  or 
sheath-formed  stipules.  -A-  Gray. 


ORD 

0€II-UO-LEtT'eOU3  (ok-ro-hVkus),  a.  [Gr.  •i.xP'^. 
ocher,  anil  Acvko?,  white.] 

Yellowish-white;  having  a  faint  tint  of  dingy 
vellow.  Ileiislow.    . 

0€-TXM'ER-01:S,  a.  [Gr.  oktw,  eight,  and  /xepo?, 
part.] 

Having  its  parts  in  eighths.  A.  Gray. 

O-DONTO-GRAPH,  «..  [Gr.  63oy?,  a  tooth,  and 
Ypaijw,  to  describe.] 

A  contrivance  for  calculating  the  sizo  or  shape  of 
teeth  for  wheels  in  machinery. 

Appleioyi's  Jfech.  Diet 
0-D0N-T(5G'KA-PITY,  «.     [Gr.  oSoiis,  a  tooth,  and 
ypdi!>fji>t  to  dcscribf.] 

A  description  of  teeth.    Ji.  Owen.    Dunfjlison^ 
iynl^E  (o'dil),  n.     [Gr.  o5o?,  p-issage,  and  vAtj,  mat- 
ter or  material.] 

A  terra  applied  by  Reichenbach  and  others  to 
some  supposed  natural  power  or  influence  alleged 
to  produce  the  phenomena  of  mesmerism.     This  in- 
fluence, also  callcil  odylic  force,  is  supposed  to  bo 
analogous  to  magnetic  and  other  forces.      Dana. 
0-Dt'L'I€,  a.     Of  or  pertaining  to  odyle^  which  see. 
CE-S<5PirA-GrS.    See  .Esopuagcs. 
OFF'-IIAND,  a.  [add.]    In  dHving,  the  right  hand ; 

also  sometimes  orr'-fiae,  SinnnondA. 

OFF'ISH,  a.    Shy  or  distant  in  manner.     [*■!'«■] 

BartUtt 
OFF-SIDE,  n.  In  driving,  the  right  side  or  one  most 

remote  from  the  driver,  when  ho  walks. 
(5FF-SID'ED,  a.    Of  a  contrary  or  perverse  spirit. 

2.  On  the  right  hand  side  iii  drivintr. 
0-ID1-UM,  n.   "[Gr.  otScw,  to  swell  up^] 

The  name  of  a  kind  of  fungus  growth  occurring 
principally  on  dead  plants;  one  species  is  t!ie  causo 
of  the  vine-disease.  Dana. 

OIL'-SKIN,  n.    Cloth  rendered  water-proof. 
OIL'-STONE,  n.    A  variety  of  hone  slate. 

i^immoiids. 
OL-FX€'TO-RY,  n^    The  power  or  sense  of  smell. 

Ash. 
OL'LA,  n.    [Tlin.]    A  palm-leaf  prep.ared  for  writing 
on  with  a  pointed  pieco  of  wood,  metal,  <fec. 

Sim-.non.dx. 
ON-GO'ING,  n.     Act  of  going  forward.     Melville. 
0-XEI-ROS'€0-PY,  n.     [Gr,  oi/eipo?,  a  dream,  and 
o-KOTTcto,  to  consider.] 
The  interpretation  nf  dreams.  Ogilvie. 

OX-LOOK'ER,  n.     A  looker  on. 
O-O-Li-TiF'ER-OL'S,  a.     Producing  oolite  or  roe- 
stone. 
O-oL'0-GY,   n.     [Gr.  ciof,  an  egg,  and  k6yo<;,  dis- 
course.] 
Tho  science  of  eirg;.;  a  treatise  on  eggs.     Craig. 

OuaONO;  }"•     ['^h''»«'«^'  ereen  dragon.] 

A  variety  of  black-tea  possessing  the  flavor  of 
green-tea.  S.  Wells  Williams. 

0'PAL-TZ£'D  (-izd),  a.  Converted  into  opal ;  as, 
opali^ed  wood.  Lyell. 

OP'E-RA-nXT,  n.  A  hat  which  folds  u\t  into  a  nar- 
row space.  SimmoJids. 

0-PfiR'€L'-LAR,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  operculum. 
In  Jishes,  pert;unin;;i  to  the  gill  cover,  which  con- 
sists usually  of  for.r  pieces,  the  anterior  being  ar- 
ticulated with  the  head  is  called  the  j>re-opercnlar, 
while  the  other  three  countinij  downward  arc  c.illcd 
the  opercular,  the  sub-opercular,  and  the  infer- 
opercular.  Agassis. 

OP'EE-USE-LY,  adv.    In  a  laborious  manner. 

K  Jrving. 

O-PiSTirO-CCE'LI-AN  (-sC-lc-an),  a,  [Gr.  o7r«70e, 
behind,  and  »cotAc?,  hollow.] 

In  offteology,  having  the  hinder  surface  concave, 
as  in  the  vertebra?  of  some  Saurians.       R.  OweJi. 

OP'PO-SITE,  a.  [add.]  In  hot.,  when  sinlil.^r  parts 
or  organs  are  so  arranged  ia  pairs,  thnt  one  of  them 
is  immediately  on  t!ie  opposite  siile  of  some  inter- 
posed body  or  of  tho  axis  about  which  they  are  dis- 
posed. ITeiislow. 

OR-CHES-TRATION,  n.  The  arrangements,  qual- 
ities, &c.,  of  an  orchestra. 

OR-eilESTRie  (or-kes'trik),  a.  Belonging  to  an 
orchestra;  as,  the  orcheatrir.  accompaniments. 

5R'€HID  (orTcid).  n.  A  species  of  orchis;  any  or- 
chidaceous plant.  -4-  Gray. 

0R-€niD-OL'0-6TST.  n.  One  versed  In  the  science 
of  orchidaceous  plants. 

OR-€HID-OL'0-GY,  n.     [Gr.  op^t?,  tho  orchi.s,  and 
Aoyo?,  discourse-.] 
The  science  of  orchidaceous  plants. 

OR'DER,  ■?(.  [add.]  A  free  p.ass  to  a  place  of  public 
amusement.  O.  Lamb. 

OR'DER-LI-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
onlcrly.  Wteicell. 

0ET>ER-LY,  n.  An  inferior  officer  who  receives  and 
executes  orders.  Campbell's  Mil.  Did. 


03A 

OU'DERS,  n.  pi.  In  the  Episcopal  and  Roman 
Catholic  Churches,  the  office  cf  the  christian  min- 
istry ;  as,  to  take  orders.      Hook's  Church  Diet. 

ORD'NANCE-MXP.  71.  A  map  made  from  a  survey 
conducted  under  direction  of  the  British  Ordnance 
office,  Simmoiids. 

OR'GAN-ISM.  n.  [add.]  A  being  endowed  with  an 
organic  structure.  Carpenter. 

OR-GAN-TZ'A-BLE,  a.  Capable  of  being  organized; 
as,  the  organizahle  quality  of  fibrin.     Dunglison. 

OR-GAX-0-GENTe,  (i.  [Gr.  opyai-oi',  an  organ,  and 
^eiToiw,  to  produce.] 

Pertaining  to  the  development  of  organs  in  plants 
and  animals.  Dana. 

OR-GAN-0-LfiP'TI€,  a.  [Gr.  opyavov,  an  organ 
or  instrument,  and  Ka.tJ.^a.vui,  to  lay  hold  of.] 

A  term  used  to  denote  tho  eftect  or  impression 
prodnccil  by  any  substance  on  the  organs  of  touch, 
smell  and  taste,  and  also  on  living  organisms.  It 
was  first  used  by  M.  Chevreul.       S.  W.  Johnson. 

OR-GAN-O-PLXSTie,  a.  [Gr.  hpyavof,  an  organ, 
and  jrAatro-w,  to  form.] 

Having  the  property  of  producing  the  tissues  or 
organs  of  living  beings;  as,  the  orgdnoplastic  Qe\\%. 

Dana. 

O-RI-ENTAL-TZE,  •p.  /.  To  render  oriental ;  to  con- 
form to  oriental  nianners. 

O-RI-EN'TATE,  V.  t.    To  place  toward  the  east. 

O-RI-EN-T.VTIOX.  n.  The  process  of  determining 
tho  points  of  the  compass,  or  the  east  point,  in  taking 
bearings. 

2.  The  tendency  of  a  revolving  body,  when  sus- 
pended in  a  certain  way,  to  bring  the  axis  of  rotation 
into  parallelism  with  tho  earth's  axis. 

H.  A.  Ketcton. 

3.  An  aspect  or  fronting  to  the  east;  the  placing 
of  a  church  so  as  to  have  its  chancel  point  to  tho 
east.  Ogilrie. 

O-RIGT-NA-TIYE,  a.     Having  power  to  originate 

or  brin*;  into  existence.  11.  Bushnell. 

OR-NA-MEN-TA'TION,  n.    The  act  or  art  of  orna- 
menting ;  the  ornament  thus  produced.     Ruskin. 
5U'XA-MEN-TIST,  n.     Ono  employed  in  ornamen- 
tation. Art  Journal. 
OR-N!Tn'I€,  a.     [Gr.  5p.'t?.  a  bird.] 

Of  or  pertaininir  to  birds;  as,  ornithic  fossils. 

R,  Owen. 
OR-0-GRXPn'I€.  a.     Pertaining  to  orography;  de- 
scriptive of  mountains. 
0-R<5G'EA-PHY,  n.     [Gr.  opos,  mountain,  and  ypo- 
0(u,  to  describe.] 

A  description  of  mountains.  Dana. 

OR-THO-DI-XG'0-NAL,  n.  [Gr.  op^d^,  straight,  Uol, 
through,  and  -yuH'ta.  an  angle.] 

In  cj'yitallography,  the  diagonal  or  lateral  axis 
in  a  monoclinic  solid  which  is  at  right  angles  with 
the  vertical  axis.  'Dana. 

OR-THOP'E-DIST.  71.    One  who  cures  or  remedies 

deformities  of  the  feet  Dunglison. 

OR-TllOP'E-DY,  «.  [Gr.  opCd?,  straight,  and  L.  pes, 
a  foot] 

The  art  or  practice  of  curing  the  deformities  of 
tho  feet. 
0R-TII0-RIIi5M'BI€,  a.     [Gr.  6p5d?,  straight,  and 
p6,'x,8o?,  a  rhombus.] 

In  crystallography,  the  same  as  triTnetric. 

Dana. 
OR-TH5T'0-MOr3,   a.      [Gr.   6p06^,   straight,    and 
TE^i'w,  to  cleave.] 

Havini;  the  two  cleavages  at  right  angles  with 
ono  anuther.  Dana. 

OR-THOT'RO-POI'S,  a.  [Gr.  ip^ds.  straight,  and 
TpoJTOc,  direction.] 

In  bot,  noting  growth  in  a  straight  direction  ;  as, 
an  ort?iotropous  6vii]c.  A.  Gray, 

OR'TYX,  n.      [Gr.  op-n^,  a  quail.] 

A  2onus  ot  birds  containing  the  common  par- 
tridge and  some  other  species  of  North  America. 

Imp.  Add. 
0-IiY€-T£R'0-PUS,  n.      [Gr.  6pu«T>ip,  a  digger,  and 
TToi?.  a  foot.] 

A  genus  of  insectivorous  animals  having  a  head 
similar  to  that  nf  the  ant-eater,  and  the  tongue 
somewhat  extensile,  but  distinguished  from  the 
latter  by  bavins  grinders,  and  by  having  flat  nails 
formed  for  digging.  Tho  only  species  {O.  capensis) 
is  found  at  the  Cape  of  Good-Hope,  and  is  called 
tho  Cape  ground-hog.  l>on.  Encyc. 

O'RYX,  n.  A  variety  of  South  African  antelope 
called  also  gemsbok;  it  h.as  tho  mane  and  tail  of 
the  horse,  tfie  head  and  coloring  of  the  ass.  ami  tho 
legs  anrl  feet  of  the  antelope.  Its  horns  are  about 
three  feet  in  length,  slightly  curved  backward. 
rin2c<l  at  the  base,  and  of  a  shining  black  color.  It 
is  gresarious  in  its  habits,  and  very  swift  of  foot. 
C'.  J.  Anderrson. 
S'.^AR.  7^  In  geology,  a  namo  given  to  a  low  ridge 
of  stone  or  gravel  in  Scandinavia,  supposed  to  he  a 
moraine  formed  by  glaciers;  also  to  similar  ridges 


A,  %  Ac.  l<mg.-X,  E,  &o.,   .Wt-ClEE,  FAR,  LAST,  FALL,  WHAT;    TlIfiKE,   TfcKM ;    MAPgNE.   BIRD;    MorE, 


t  &«  Table  of  Synonymit, 


1J99 


OUT 


supposed  to  bo  of  monune  origin  in  other  coun- 
tries. JJana. 
OS'OIL-LAN-CY,  n.  The  state  of  oscillating  or  wav- 
eiiiii;  bauliward  and  forward;  a  sec-saw  liind  of 
motion.  _  Asli. 
{5s'CIL-LAT-ING-EN'GiNE,  «.  A  steam-ensine 
who5c  cylinder  vibrates  on  trunnions. 

Simmonds. 
OS'€LT-LANT,  a.  [add.]  In  classification,  inter- 
inediate  in  character,  or  on  the  border  between  two 
groups;  as,  tbo  scenera  by  which  two  families  ap- 
proxiniato  are  called  oscuknit  genera.  The  term 
inter-oscuhiiit  is  sometimes  employed  with  the 
same  meaning.  Dana. 

0S'€U-LA-TO-ET,rt.  [add.]  Ofor  pertaining  to  kiss- 
ing ;  as,  "  tlie  two  ladies  went  through  tlie  osculatonj 
ccromony."  Thackeray. 

O'SIEU  (O'zher),  a.    Made  of  or  like  osiers. 
O'SIEll-T,  n.     A  place  where  osiers  are  grown. 

Pict.  Nisi,  r  ng. 
0-Sl'EI3, 11.  [Gr.]  Ono  of  the  principal  Egyptian 
deities,  venerated  under  tho  forms  of  the  sacred 
bidls,  or  as  a  litiman  figtiro  with  a  bull's  head.  He 
ju'esidcd,  in  connection  with  his  sister  Isis,  over  the 
world  below.  Wilkinson. 

OS'MAN-Lt,  n.  A  native  Turk,  so  called  from  Os- 
tnan.,  who  fotindcd  thii  Ottoman  empire  in  Asia. 

Divifjht. 
OS-Mr>M'E-TEri,  n.  [Gr.  totr/xd?,  impulse,  and  ixcrpou, 
a  measure.] 

An  insti-iiment  for  measuring  tbo  amount  of  os- 
mot^^c  action  iu  progress.  Jiichol. 

OS'MOSE,  ?!..     [Gr.  ato-/xrJ?,  an  impulse.] 

The  tendency  of  liquids  or  ga-es  of  different  densi- 
ties, when  separated  by  a  porous  membratio  or  parii- 
tiftn,  to  nungle;  tbo  lessdenso  in  most  eases  flowing 
into  the  more  dense,  and  rai^ing  the  latter,  when  a 
liquid,  above  the  level  of  the  former.  When  ono  of 
the  liquids  is  put  in  a  membranous  or  porous  vessel 
and  this  vessel  is  inserted  iu  the  other,  there  is  a 
current  either  into  the  inner  or  out  from  it;  tlie 
former  has  been  called  endoamoffe,  and  tbe  latter 
exosmose;  they  are  special  actions  under  the  gen- 
eral principle  ol  osinoNe.  Nidwl. 
OS-MiiT'IC,  a.     Pertaining  to  or  having  the  property 

of  osmose;  as,  osmotic  furQ^.  J^ichol. 

OS-Sie'U-LA-TED,  a.     Having  small  bones. 
OS'TE-0-DENT'INE,  n.     [Gr.  ba-rdov,  a  bone,  and  L, 
deiis,  a  tnoUi.] 

In  odontoltir/tj^ihe  name  given  by  Owen  to  a  por- 
tion of  the  strueturo  of  teeth  whieli  is  distinct  from 
the  cement  and  resembles  in  part  bone,  and  iu  part 
dentine. 
OS'TE-iNE  (os'te-in).  n.    [L.  o.%  bone.] 

Tbo  earthy  material  wlueli  constitutes  bone. 

I)iin{fUson. 
OS-T£N'SiVE-L^    adi\     In  the  way  of  exhibiting 

openly. 
0-TAL'G-I€,  n.     Gr.  ovs,  wrds,  the  ear,  and  aAyo?, 
pain.] 
In  med.,  a  remedy  for  iiain  in  the  ear, 
_  Dungllson. 

O'TIOSE  (o'shose),  a.     [L.  oilmn,  ease.] 

Ueing  at  rest  or  case ;  unemployed;  indolent;  as, 
an  otiose  assent.  ralcij. 

0-Tl'TIS,  «.     [Gr.  o<>%,  cirds,  the  ear.] 

In  7)ied.,  inflammation  of  tbo  ear  attended  with 
_  severe  pain.  Dunglisoit. 

O'TO-LlTi:,    \n.     [Gr.  oii?,  tirds,  the  ear,  and  At^d?, 
O'TO-LITII,  i"     a  stone. 

A  name  given  to  small  calcareous  substances  or 
particles  contained  in  the  ear-cavity  of  some  animals. 

Dimglison. 
0-TO-LlT'I€,  a.     Of  or  pertaining  to  otolites. 

Danglimn. 
OUT.  Out-and-out.,  completely ;  witbout  reserva- 
tion. Out  of  sorta,  out  of  order;  unwell.  Out  of 
trim,  not  proi>erly  prepared ;  applied  to  a  ship  when 
not  properly  stowed  or  balanced  for  sailing.  Out  of 
all  cesft,  excessively. 

Out  of  all  whooping^  beyond  all  measure. 

Rhakes. 
OUT-BRTBE',  -p.  t.     To  surpass  in  bribing. 
OUT-eROP'PING,  n.     In  j/t'o;.,  the  coming  out  of 

strata  to  the  surface. 
OUT'FIT-TER,  n.     Ono  who  furnishes  outdts  for  a 

voyage  or  journey.  Uoioiit. 

OUT'LOOK,  n.     Act  of  looking  out,  or  au  opening  or 

place  from  which  this  is  done. 
OV TRANCE  {oo'\.\'m\(iq\  n.  [Fr.]  The  utmost  ex- 
tremity. A  combat  «  Vontrance,  is  a  desperate  flght, 
often  a  duel  in  which  it  is  understooil  that  one  of 
tiio  combatants  must  be  killed  before  the  combat 
ceases.  Be-sch^reUe.     Prescoit. 

OUT-SID'ER,  n.     One  not  briondns  to  the  concern, 
party,  &c.,  spoken  of;  one  disconnected  in  interest 
or  feeling. 
O'VAL-0.     See  Ovolo. 


PAC 


O'VEIl,  pr,-p.  [add.]  "  (fi'tr  is  sometimes,  by  Am- 
erican writers.  bart)arously  put  for  under;  as,  he 
wrote  orer  tbe  siirnature  of  Junius,  for  he  wrote 

.    tuuler  the  signature  of  Junius."  Jmf).  Diet. 

It  has  always  been  English  usage  to  say  "  under 
one's  signature  or  name,"  as  we  say  "  under  one's 
hand,"  "  under  one's  seal."  The  reason  is,  that  the 
paper  containing  tbe  instrument  or  writing  to  be 
verified,  is  under  tlie  hand  in  signing,  as  it  i&under 
the  seal  when  affixed.  No  one  woufd  think  of  say- 
ing, "  given  over  my  hand  and  seal ;"  but  it  is  equal- 
ly contrary  to  all  past  and  present  usage  in  England 

__  to  say,  '^'■over  one's  signature,"  '■'■over  one's  name." 

0'VEIl-€OAT,  n.    A  great  c«iat  or  top-coat. 

0-VER-DEL'I-€ATE,  a.    Nice  or  dainty  to  excess  ; 

_  as,  "  we  should  not  be  overdelicaie.''''  Hall. 

O'VER-DUE,  a.  Past  the  time  when  due ;  a.s,  an 
o-verdite  note. 

O'VER-HAUL-ING,  n.  A  strict  examination  with 
a  view  to  coi-rectionor  repairs.  Overhaul,  is  some- 
times used  in  tlie  same  sense. 

O'VER-LAP-PING.  a.  Noting  tbo  reaching  or  ex- 
tension of  tbe  edi;e  of  one  tiling  over  that  of  an- 
other;  as,  overlapping  i)\sXiis.  Smith. 

O-VER-RIDE',  V.  t.  [add.]  To  trample  down  and 
hence  to  set  aside  or  annul ;  as,  this  law  overrides 
qU  previous  acts.  Shakespeare  also  uses  tie  word 
for  outride. 

O-VER-SEER'-SIIIP,  n.      The  ollieo  of  an  ovcr- 

_  seer. 

O-VER-SnXNE', -y.  ^.    To  outshine.   \_Ohs.-\    Shakes. 

O'VER-SLAUGII,  v.  t.     [Dutch  overdaan.'] 

To  pass  over,  skip,  or  supersede;  as,  to  over- 
slaugh a  military  oJficer,  i.  e.,  to  raise  an  inferior 
above  him.    {Neio  York.'] 

Overslaugh  is  applied  as  a  noun  to  a  bar  in  the 
IIu<Ison  river,  which  crosses,  or  passes  over,  the 
bed  of  tbe  river  a  little  below  Albany.     Burtlett. 

0-VER-STATE'MENT,  n.  An  exaggerated  state- 
ment or  aeccumt. 

0-VER-STRAIN£'I)',  pp.  or  a.    Strained  or  carried 

_  to  an  excess. 

O'VER-TlME,  -n.      Time    emi.loyed  in  over-work, 

_  which  see. 

O'VER-VIEW,  n.  An  inspection  or  overlooking. 
{Ohs.]  Shakes. 

O'VER-WORK,  «.  Extra  labor  done  beyond  the 
regular  hours  of  business.  Simmonds. 

U'VU-LA-RY,  a.     Pertaining  to  ovules. 

O-VU-LIF'EK-OUS,  a.     Producing  ovules. 

OTU-LUM,  n.;  pi.  O'VU-LA.  [L.]  Lit.,  a  little 
02^;  hence,  applied  to  small  vesicles,  like  those 
found  in  the  ovary    i  mammiferous  animals. 

I)u)iglisni}. 

OWL,  V. /.  In  Eng.,  to  carry  on  a  confrahaud  or 
unlawful  trade;  so  called  from  its  being  practiced 
cliielly  iu  the  night.  Ogilcie. 

OX'-GOAD,  n.  An  instrument  with  a  sharp  iron 
point  for  goading  on  oxen. 

OX'-IIIDE,  72.  The  skin  of  an  ox,  which  when 
tanned  makes  a  thick  quality  of  leather  used  for  ar- 
ticles requiring  gre.it  strength. 

OX-T'DOT-LI-TED,  a.  Noting  tbo  presence  of  an 
oxyd  in  the  state  of  protoxyd  ;  as,  oxi/dulated  iron. 

Dana. 

O-ZO-NA'TION,  n.  The  act  or  process  of  treating 
with  ozone.  Faradai/. 

O'ZOXE,  n.  [Gr.  o^oj,  to  smell,  because  the  presence 
(.tf  this  agent  is  supposed  to  bo  sometimes  attended 
by  a  peculiar  smell.] 

Oxygen  in  an  activo  or  highly  electro-negativo 
state.  ~  Faradaij. 

0-ZO-NI-FI-€A'T[ON,  n.      The  act  of  producing 

_  oznne._  Hare. 

0'20-NIZE,  v.  t.    To  change  into  ozone.    Faraday. 

0'ZO-NTZ£'D  (r/zo-nlzd),  pp.  Changed  into  ozone; 
as,  the  oxygen  of  the  atmosphere  is  ozonised  by 
certain  operations. 

U'ZO-NIZ-ING,  ppr.    Changing  into  ozone. 

0-ZO-Ni'>M'E-TER,  n.  [From  ozone,  and  Gr.  ^e- 
Tpoi',  measure.] 

An  instrument  for  ascertaining  tlie  ainonnt  of 
ozone  in  tlie  atmosphere.  Fantdoij. 

0-ZO-NO-MET'RI€,  a.  Relating  to  ozonometry ; 
as,  ozonnmetric  observations. 

O-ZO-NOM'E-TRY,  7i.  The  determination  of  the 
amount  of  ozoue  iu  the  atmosphere. 


PAAS  (paus),  M,     [D.  paasch.l    The  name  of  Eas- 
ter among  the  Dutch  settlers  of  America. 

Bartlett. 
PA€ri''.\-€AM'A€,  n.    Tbo  name  given  by  the  an- 
cient Peruvians  to  the  creator  of  all  things. 

Prescott. 


PAL 

. i 

PA-CIIA'LI6  (pa-sbawPik),  n.     The  jurisdiction  of    [ 
apacb'a;  same  as  Pasu.vwlic. 

PA€H-Y-DfiRM'AL,  a.  Of  or  relating  to  tbe  pachy- 
derms; as, /)f/L:/;vf/e/'m(f^  dentition.         li.  Oicen. 

PAeil-Y-DfiiiM'OID,  n.  Related  to  the  pachy- 
derms or  thieU-skinned  mammals. 

PA-€Ilt'P'TI-LA,  n.  [Gr.  Tra^ii^,  thick,  and  nriAoi', 
a  soft  feather.] 

The  scientific  name  given  by  llliger  to  a  genus  of 
palmiped  birds,  similar  in  most  respects  to  the  pe- 
trels, but  having  separate  nostrils  like  a  puffin.  It 
is  found  chiefly  in  the  antarctic  seas.  C.uvier. 

PA-CiF'I-€AL-LT,  adv.     In  a  pacific  manner. 

PACING  (pa'sing),  n.  The  act  of  measuring  by 
steps;  ambling. 

PXCK,  n.  t.     [add.]    To  render  impervious  to  air, 
water,  or  steam,  by  surrounding  with  suitable  ma- 
teri.als;  as,  to  j^ctck  the  piston  of  a  steam-engine. 
Appleton's  Mech.  Diet 

PXCK.     See  Pack-Ick. 

PXcK'-DUCK,  ;i.    A  coarse  linen  for  pack-cloths. 

Oi/ilrie. 

PACIC-ICE,  n.  In  the  arrtie  regions,  a  eulleiiion 
of  largo  ideces  of  floating-ice.  Kane. 

PXCKaNG-PUESS,  7i.  A  powerful  press  used  to 
pack  goods  in  a  small  compass. 

Beirs  Tech.  Diet. 

PACKaXG-SHEET,  n.  A  largo  cloth  for  packing  or 
covering  goods.  Claj-ke. 

PXD'DING,  ppr.  or  a.  Stuffing  or  furnishing  with 
some  soft  substance. 

PAD'DLE,  n.  [add.]  A  small  gate  in  sluices  or 
lock-gates  to  admit  or  let  off  water. 

BeiVs  Tech.  Diet. 

PAD'DLE-REAMS,  n.  pi  Two  large  timbers  be- 
tween which  the  paddle-wheels  of  a  steamer  re- 
volve. -  BeiVs  Teeh.Dict. 

PAD'DLE-BOARDS,  n.  pi.  The  floats  on  the  cir- 
cumference of  a  steamer's  paddle-wheel. 

BeiVs  Tech.  Diet 

PXD'DLE-SIIAFT,  n.  The  axle  of  a  steamer's 
wheels,  with  which  the  crank  is  connected. 

BeiVs  Tech.  Diet 

PAD'DLE-WOOD,  n.  A  light,  elastic  and  strong 
wood  from  G'ulana,  which  is  preferred  to  any  other 
for  cotton-gin  rollers.  Part  of  the  trunk  is  used  by 
the  natives  for  paddles.  Simmonds. 

PJi;D(^T'R0-PIIY.     See  PEnoTROPnT. 

PAGE'-€0RD,  n.  AmortQ  printers,  a  name  for  the 
twine  used  to  tie  together  pages  or  columns  of  type 
set  up  for  printing.  Ifansaj'd's  Typ. 

PACj-'I-NA,  v.  [L.]  In  hot.,  a  term  applied  to  the 
surface  of  a  leaf.  Henslow. 

PA6-I-NA'TI0N,  n.  The  act  of  paging;  the  figures, 
&c.,_iised  in  paging.  Lowndes. 

PA-GU'RI-ANS,"?!,  pi.  The  name  of  a  tribe  of  ano- 
moural  decapod  crustaceans,  of  which  the  Piigurus 
or  Hermit  crab  is  the  type.  Most  of  tbe  species 
inbabit_the  deserted  .".hells  of  univalves.     Cuvier. 

PAI-DEU'TI€S,  n.  pt     [Gr.  TraiSeiJw,  to  teach.] 
The  science  or  theory  of  instruction. 

PAI'DLE,  r.  i.     Scottish  for  P^vddle.  Burns. 

PAIL'-URUSII,  n.     A  brush  furinshed  with  bristles 
at  the  ends  to  clean  the  angles  of  pails. 
_^  Simmonds. 

PAlNT'ER,  71.  [add.]  A  popular  name  in  America 
for  the  cougar  or  panther  {Fells  coneolor.) 

F.  Cooper. 

PAINT'-STRAKE,  n.  In  sJiips,  the  uppermost 
strake  of  plank  next  below  the  plank-sheer. 

PAIR,  }f.  The  phrase  rt  pair  (for  a  flight)  of  stairs, 
has  been  often  supposed  to  be  an  Americanism.  On 
the  contrary  it  is  a  true  English  expression  found 
in  the  early  lexicographers,  such  as  Howell,  &c., 
and  is  given  by  Wright  and  Halliwell.  Originally, 
jyair  was  not  confined  to  two  things,  but  was  ap- 
[died  to  any  number  of  pares,  or  equal  things,  tliat 
g(»  together.  Ben  Johnson  speaks  of  (t  pair  (set) 
of  chessmen.  Both  be  and  Lord  Bacon  also  speak 
of  a  pair  (pack)  of  cards. 

PA-L.E-0-TIlE'RI-UM,  n.  [Gr.  jroAatdy,  ancient, 
and  Orjpioi;  beast.] 

The  scientific  name  of  a  genus  of  extinct  Pachy- 
derms, related  to  the  Tapir.  It  is  of  tbo  earliest 
epoch  of  the  tertiary.  Its  bones  were  found  by 
Cuvier  in  the  vicinity  of  Paris.  Curier. 

PA-LjE-ON-TO-GRAPIPI€-AL.  See  Paleonto- 
*;RAPnic\L. 

PA-L.E-ON-TOG'RA-PIIY.   See  Paleontograpiiy. 

PAL-A-ME'DE-A,  71.  A  genus  of  wading  birds, 
called  also  screamers.  The  P.  cornuta,  or  horned 
screamer,  is  a  South  American  bird  larger  than  a 
common  goose,  having  a  long  spear-shaped  horn 
projecting  from  the  forehead.  It  lives  in  marshy 
or  inundated  places,  which  it  makes  to  resound 
with  its  cries.  Cuvier. 

PAL'A-TINE,  a.    Of  or  pertaining  to  the  palate. 

Dnnglison. 


DO  YE,  WOLF,  BOOK;  ROlE,  BULL;  Yl"CI0U3.— €  as  K;  6-  as  J;  S  as  Z;  CH  as  SH;  THIS. 


1500 


t  See  Table  of  Synonyms, 


PAN 


PAR 


PAT 


PA-LA'VV:K-IXG,  «.  The  using  of  iUle  or  deceitful 
talk ,  also,  the  holding  of  a  conrereneo.  as  in  Afric;u 

PA-LA'VEU-ING.  a.  Talking  idly  or  aeceitfully  ; 
conferring. 

Pale.  h.  UhW]  Tho  limit  or  territorv  -within 
which  the  English  conquerors  of  Irolaml  lived. 

PAXE-A.  «.  [L.]  Chaff;  in  hot.,  a  name  for  the 
interior  husk,  as  of  g:-asses  *fcc.  -4.  Gratj. 

PALE'-ALE.  n,  A  light-colored,  pleasant,  bitter 
ale.  much  esteemed  by  the  English.     Thackentij. 

PA-LE-0^i'KA-PUIST»  ».  Ono  skilled  in  paleog- 
raphv. 

PA-LE-ON-TO-GRXPme-AL.  <t.  Pertaining  to 
the  description  of  fossil  remains;  tho  narao  of  a 
scientific  society  in  England. 

PA-LE-0NT(5G'KA-PiiY,    n.      [Gr.    raAato?,    an- 
cient, oiTo,  existences,  and  ypajxa^  to  describe.] 
The  description  oi  fossil  remains.  Uet/se, 

PAL-ES-TIX'E-AX,  a.    Pertaining  to  Palestine. 

PALE'-TOT  (paPto),  rt.     [Fr.]    A  loose  overcoat 

PALE'-WTSE.     Sois  Palt. 

PAL'IXG-UoAKDS,  ft.  pi.  Tho  outride  parts  or 
slabs,  sawisl  tVo:a  tho  four  sides  of  a  tree  to  s»juare 
tho  log  an<l  Hi  iC  to  bo  sawed  into  deals. 

PAL'ING-M.\X,  «.  Ono  born  within  that  pait  of 
Ireland  c:illed  tho  English  PttU, 

PAL-I-Xa'DI-AU  «.    Kelatlng  to  a  palinode. 

X  Q.  Ailam3. 

PAL'KEE,  n.    Tho  Bengal  name  for  a  palanquin. 

Mitlcom. 

PAL-LA'DI-t'M-lZ-lNG,  a.  Coating  with  palla- 
dium; as,  \\\o  paUadiuinhing  process. 

ApjAttotCs  Jlech.  DU-L 

P.XL'LATT,  n.  K  species  of  antelopo  (Antilops  wic- 
lumpus)  in  South  AfrioL  Livingstone. 

PAL'LET-KXIFE,  «.  Aknifj  used  by  painters  to 
scrape  up  paint.  iiimmojids, 

P.\L'LI-0-BIi.\X€U'I-ATE,  n,  [L.  pallium,  a 
cloak,  and  branchiiB^  gills.] 

In  niollusks,  having  tho  pallitim  or  mantio  act- 
ing as  Rills ;  as,  in  brachiopod  mollusks.      Paiu*. 

PAL-MA'CE0U3  (pal-raa'shus),  a.  Belonging  to 
the  p.ilm-tribo. 

PXL'MATE,  n.  [a<Ul.]  In  7)fyt.,  noting  tho  spread- 
ing of  the  divisions  of  a  leaf  from  the  top  of  tho 
petiole,  in  tho  form  of  a  hand  with  outspread  fin- 
ite rs.  A.  Gray. 

P.\L'.M.\TE-LT,  ad'O.    In  a  palmato  manner. 

PAL-MA-TI-SEeT'ED,  a.  Notinir,  in  hot.,  tho  di- 
vbion  of  a  palmato  leaf  down  to  the  midrih.  when 
the  pareocliyina  is  interrnpted.  Ogilvte. 

PAL-MAT'I-FID.  rt.  Palmate,  but  tho  divisions 
only  half  way  through,  ffenslow. 

PALM'-f^An'BA!>E.    Sco  Cabbage-Tbee. 

PAL'MER  (paw'nicrX  v.  i.  To  go  about  feebly. 
]Scotch,] 

PALM'-II0U3E,  n.  A  glass-houso  for  raising -cairns 
and  other  tropicd  productions. 

PALM'-SV'G'AK.    Sec  Jaggery. 

PAL-M?'KA-WOOD,  n.  The  name  given  to  ono 
species  of  palm  {^orassiis^tfabelliformi^),  tho  wood 
of  which  Is  largely  ustvl  for  building  purposes,  its 
fruit  and  roots  serve  for  food,  its  sap  for  making 
toddy,  and  its  leaves  for  thatching  huts. 

Appleton'A  MecK  Diet, 

PA-Ltj"'DI-NOUS,  n.    [add.]    Pertaining  to  marshes. 

PaM'PER-ER,  n.     A  person  who  pampers. 

PAM-PE'KO  (-pa'ro),  n.  [Sn.]  Name  of  violent 
wiuils  which  sweep  over  tho  pampas  of  South 
America,  often  doing  immense  damage. 

Par-inh. 

VSS,  n.    See  Pawx. 

PAN'-aHIIF/  (pan-K.shO,  «.  ["r.]  A  plumo  or 
bunch  of  feathers  worn  on  the  helmet. 

FairltoU. 
2.  In  rtrf^.,.tho  name  given  to  a  portion  of  a 
domical  vault  having  tho  form  of  a  spherical  tri- 
angle. OgUoie. 

P.\N'A-MA-HXT.  n.  A  finely  plaited,  broad-brim- 
m-1  bar.  made  from  the  leaves  <»f  a  spi^cies  of  gra;.s 
{C<irlttdaeiea  palmttta)  foanil  in  Central  America. 

Simmotulji. 

PaN'DA,  n.  A  quailruped  of  the  bear  family  and 
genns  Ailurus  (A.  refulgtiiM).  It  is  a  native  of 
of  the  ni'iuntiins  in  Northern  India.  Ogilcie. 

PAN-DOWDY,  n.  A  baked  pudding  ma^le  of  sliced 
l»rca<land  apples  in  alternate  layers.     Simmnnds. 

Pane,  ».  [a<ld.l  The  narrow  ed«o  of  a  hammcr- 
hca-I-  Appleton's  Mech.  Did. 

PAN^D  (pand),  a.  Having  panes  or  small  squares 
of  silk,  <fec. ;  as,  paned  hose. 

nnlVmtU.     Walt.  Scott. 

PXN'EL-IIOUSE.  n.  A  house  of  ill-fame  to  which 
persons  are  entice*!  by  a  v/oman  sent  out  for  the 


purpose;  after  which  a  man  (usually  pretending 
to  be  tho  woman's  husband)  suddenlV  t-uters  tho 
room  by  sonio  secret  passage  (as  of  a  sliding  iianel) 
and  extorts  money  by  threats  of  violence. 

Police  l^ep. 

PAN'EL-ING,  «.  Tho  laying  out  in  panels ;  panel- 
work. 

PXX'EL-SAW,  n.  A  saw  having  very  fine  teeth,  for 
cutting  out  pjinels.  Tomlinsou. 

P.\N'EL-TIIIKF,  rt.  Ono  who  e.^torts  money  by 
threats  of  violence  iu  Apani:l-hoii.\-e,  which  mee. 

PAXES,  n.  pi.  In  ancient  costume,  openings  in  a 
dress  to  show  the  under-clothing,  or  to  insert  dif- 
ferent colored  pieces  of  silk.  Sec.  FairhoU. 

PAX-lIEL-LSN'If,  a.     Pertaining  to  all  Greece. 

PAX-llEL'LEN-ISM,  n.  A  scheme  of  forming  one 
political  bodv  of  all  the  Greeks. 

PAX-Il£L'LEX.leT,  n.  Ono  in  favor  of  Pan-hel- 
lenisra. 

P.\X'I-€L£'D  (p5n'e-kld),  a,  [add.]  Arranged  in 
panicles.  llensloio. 

PAX^IEU,      \n,    [L.  pamtainii9.']    One  who  waits 

PAX'XIEK,  f  at  tiblo  in  tho  society  of  the  Temple, 
London.  Cntiij. 

P.\X'IERS  (pan'yerz),  n.  pi.  Basket-work  shields 
formerljr  used  by  archers,  who  stuck  them  in  tho 
ffitiund  in  front.  FairhoU. 

P.^N-'Xr-KIX,  H.     K  small  pan  or  cup.    Marrf/att. 

PAN-XO'NI-AN,  n.  A  native  of  Westcva  Hungary, 
or  Panuonia.    rt.  Belonging  to  Paiinonia. 

PAX-OP'TI-COX,  n.  [Gr.  nav,  all,  and  otttlko^,  per- 
taining to  sight.] 

A  name  proposed  by  Bcntham  for  a  form  of  prison 
in  which  all  tho  cells  were  within  si^cht  of  an  in- 
spector at  the  same  time;  it  has  been  commonly 
applied  to  an  eshibitiou  room  of  novelties. 

Craig.    Art  Journal. 

PAX-0-RA'MA.  71.  [add.]  Tho  building  in  which 
a  panorauilc  picture  is  exliibited. 

PAX'-SL.WI€,  a.     Pertaining    to    all    the    Slavic 

PAX'SLA-VO'NI-AX.    Tho  same  as  Pan-Slavio. 

PXN'-SLA'VISM,  n.  A  sehemo  of  uniting  all  the 
Slavic  races  into  one  confederacy. 

PAX'-?LA'VIST,  n.    Ono  who  favors  Panslavism. 

PAX-PIlAU'MA-eOX,  rt.  [Gr.  nay,  all,  and  4>dp- 
u.axov,  a  medicine.]    A  medieino  for  nil  diseases. 

117;^/.  S  otl. 

PAN-TA-GRf'EL-ISM,  n.  A  burles.iue  term  used 
of  the  medical  profession.  Southey. 

PXX'TUEU-iXE,  rt.  Liko  or  pertaining  to  tlie  pan- 
ther. Ogilcie. 

P.XX-TOTJLE.     See  Pantofle. 

PA'PETl-Y,  rt.  Having  abont  the  consistence  of  or- 
dinary letter  paper.  A,  Gray. 

PA-PIL'LATE,  rt.  In  hot.,  having  soft  tubercles  or 
papilla?.  A.  Gray. 

PA-PiLXI-FOUM.  a.  Shaped  liko  a  nipple ;  as,  a 
papilli/orm  matrix.  72.  Owen. 

PA-PIST'I€-AL-LY,  adv.  In  tho  manner  or  for  tho 
benefit  of  papists.  3f array. 

pXp'U-AX,  n.  A  native  of  Papaa  or  New  Guinea 
and  other  islands  to  tho  eastward,  havniir  a  brown- 
ish black  color  and  frizzled  hair.  Prltchard. 

PXPTT-LAP..    Sco  Papilosr. 

PAR-A-BO-LOID'AL,  a.  Liko  or  pertaining  to  a 
paroboloid. 

PAPv'A-DT-SAL,  rt.  Of  or  relating  to  paradise;  par- 
adisaical, ieo'. 

PAU'A-DOX-Y,  n.     A  paradoxical  statement. 

Coleridge. 

PAIv-A-GEN''I€,  rt.  An  epithet  applied  to  a  com- 
posite or  other  structure,  oriLrinatini;  in  tho  charac- 
ter of  ttio  germ  or  at  tho  first  com  encement  of  an 
individual.  Dana. 

PAPv'AL-LEL-TZE,  v.  t  To  render  parallel.  Stuart. 

PAlt'AL-LEL  MU'TIOX,  n.  In  .'.team-engines,  a 
contrivance  for  connecting  the  piston  and  pump- 
rods  with  the  working  beam  so  n3  to  convert  the 
circular  motion  <d'tlio  bi.-am  into  tho  rcctiline.ar  mo- 
tion of  the  rods,  and  preserve  the  parallelism  of  the 
rods  with  tho  axis  of  their  cylinders. 

Appleton''8  MecTi,  Dirt. 

PXB'.VL-LELS,  rt.  2^1.  In  militanj  of  aim,  deep 
trenches  formed  to  connect  the  several  approaches 
before  a  besieged  place.        CamphelVs  Mil.  Dirt. 

P.\rv-A-LT-Z.VTIOX,  rt.  The  act  or  process  of  par- 
alyzing, or  of  beincr  paralyzed. 

PAK-A-MAG-N£T'ie,  rt.  Magnetic  03  oppo.sed  to 
diamagnctic.  Faraday. 

PAR-A-MXG'NET-ISM,  n.  Magnetism  as  opposed 
to  diamairnctism.  Faraday. 

PAR-A-MaT'T.\.  7}.  A  fabric  of  worsted  and  cotton 
rcscmblinic  merino  in  appea:auce.        Simmond<i. 

PXR'A-MOUXT-LY,  ado.  In  a  superior  manner  or 
decree. 

PXR'A-PET-ED,  rt.     Having  a  p.irapct 


PAU'A-PIU'SKS,  71.  pi.  [Gr.  irapa,  by,  and  ^u*u, 
to  grow.] 

In  hot,  jointed  filamenta  mixed  with  the  nnthe- 
ridia  of  mosses.  Ilettslow. 

PAR'BUCK-LIXG.  n.  Among  seamen,  tho  lowering 
or  hoisting  ofaiiything  by  aparbackle. 

PAIl'CEL-BOOK,  n.  A  merchant's  register-book 
for  the  dispatch  of  parcels.  Slninwndx. 

PA'RI-AH,  n.  [add.]  Pariah  dogs,  in  the  East 
Indies,  native  (\n'^s  without  masters  or  homes. 

PA'RI-AN,  11.  The  name  given  to  a  fine  quality  of 
porcelain  clay  used  for  making  statuetts,  &c. 

Art  Joarntil. 

PAR-I-I>iG'I-TATE,  a.     [L.  par,  equal,  and  digitus, 
fin<;cr.] 
Having  an  even  number  of  fingers  or  toes. 

P.  Owen. 

PA-Rl'E-TES.  n.  pi.  [L.  paTies.'\  In  anat,  the 
walls  of  a  cavity;  as,  the  parities  of  the  cranium, 
&e.  Ditnglifion. 

In  hot.,  tho  sides  of  an  ovary  or  capsule.  Craig. 

PAR-I-PIXC-;ATE,  «.     in  hot,  equally  pinnate. 

PARK-PHA'E-TON,  n.  A  small  low  carriage  for  use 
in  parks,  &c. 

PAR'LOR,  n.  [add.]  Parlor-hoarder,  a  scholar  who 
takes  meals  with  the  teacher's  familv. 

PA-R0^€HI-AL-TZE,  v.  t.  To  form'  into  parishes. 
{Eng.'\  Ogilvie. 

PA-R0L'~AR-R£ST',  rt.  An  arrest  in  pursuance  of 
a  verbal  order  from  a  magistrate.  Craig. 

PAR-0-MOL'O-GY,  7^      [Gr.  fTapOfj-oXoyeui,  to  giant] 
A  concession  to  an  adversary  with   a  view  to 
strengthen  one's  own  argumeut.  Crahb. 

PAR-QUET(piir-ketO,  )n.     [Fr,]     A  body  of  scats 

PAR-QUETTE',  (      on  the   floor  of  a  music 

hall  or  theater  nearest  the  orchestra;  behind  is  tho 
parterre  or  pit.  Simmonds. 

PAR'TIIE-NO-GEN'E-SIS,  rt.  [Gr.  Trapeei-os,  a  vir- 
gin, and  7eVeo-t9,  i)roduction.] 

The  successive  production  of  procreating  individ- 
uals from  a  single  ovum,  without  any  renewal  of 
fertilization.  R.  Owen. 

%  The  production  of  young  in  some  species  of 
plants  and  inferior  animals,  without  previous  inter- 
course with  the  male,  regarded  by  some  as  a  species 
of  budding,  and  doubted  by  others.  Dana. 

PAU-TI-CiPa-AL-TZE,  v.  t  To  form  into  participles. 

Richardison. 

PAU'TFvIDGE-BER'RY,  «.  The  berry  of  a  North 
American  plant  {Oaultlieria  procumbens),  aio- 
matic  and  astringent  in  cliaracter  ;  it  is  also  called 
Ckecker-herry  and   Winter-green.  A.  Gray. 

PAII-TU-RI-FA'CIEXT  (-lu'shent),  n.  [L.  jmr- 
tario,  to  bring  forth,  and  facia,  to  make.] 

A  medicine  tending  to  cause  uterine  action,  or 
render  child-bearing  easy.  Dunglison. 

PAR'TY  PER  PALE,  rt.  In /ie/Y/Wr/,/,  parted  or 
divided,  in  application  to  all  divisions  of  the  field. 

PAR'TY-VfiR'DICT,  n.  A  joint  verdict    Shakes. 

PAR'VE-ytT.  rt.     [Fr.]    An  upstart 

PXSCIP-FLOW'ER.     Sec  Parqitf-Flower. 

PA-SHAW''LI€,  rt.     The  jurisdiction  of  a  pashaw. 

Wright 

PAS-I-GRXPH'IC,  rt.     Pertaining  to  pasisraphy. 

PAS'SAXT,  a.  [Fr.]  In  heraldry,  a  term  applied 
to  any  animal  on  a  shield,  which  appears  to  walk 
leisurely.  Brande. 

PASS-CHECK,  rt.  A  ticket  of  admission  to  a  place 
of  public  amiiseraent,  and  of  re-admissiun  for  ono 
who  withdraws  in  expectation  of  returning. 

Siminovdn. 

Passed  (p:ist),  a.  [add.]  Passed  midshipman,  o. 
midshipman  who  has  jtaHfied  his  examination  and 
is  received  as  a  candidate  for  the  office  of  lieuten- 
ant.       ^^  Totien. 

PASSE'GXRDES,  v.  pi.  In  aiic.  armor,  ridges  on 
the  shoulder  pieces  to  turn  tho  blow  of  a  hmcc. 

FairhoU. 

PXS'SION-ISTS,  n.  jA.  A  religious  order  among  the 
Roman  Catholics. 

PAS-SiV'I-TY,  rt.  [add.]  In  cliem.,  tho  condition 
of  a  substance  in  which  it  lias  no  disposition  to  en- 
ter into  chemical  combinations.  Hence  a  substance 
or  element  may  exist  in  the  two  states  of  activity 
and  passivity.  Dana. 

PAS'T0-RA6-E,  rt.    Tho  ofiico  or  duty  of  a  pastor. 

Ch.  Obs. 

PAS'TOR-AL-LY,  adv.     In  the  manner  of  a  pastor. 

PA^T'trRK-GROliXD,  n.  Ground  used  for  pastur- 
ing aninials.  />*>. 

PAT-A-GO'XI-AN,  71.  A  native  of  Patagonia;  a. 
pertainini;  to  P.atagonia. 

PATCH'-TCE.  n.  Ice  in  pieces  that  jnin  or  overlap 
each  other,  extending;  no  great  distance. 

PAT-CHOU'LY  (pa-choo^^),  «.  A  kind  of  perfume 
from  the  esisential  oil  of  an  Eastern  plant  of  this 
name  (the  PogosteiTwn  patchouli.)      .sifnmonda. 


A,    E,  Ac.    long.~X,   %   &c.,  short.— CX?.E,   FAR,    LAST,    FALL,    WHAT;    THfiRE,    TfiRM;    MARINE,    BtRD ;    MOVE, 


t  See  Talle  of  Synonyms. 


ir.oi 


n=^ 


PEA 


PEO 


PES 


PATCII'Y,  n.     AboundiniT  in  patches. 

PAT'KNT-LEATri'EU  (Tcth'er).  n.  A  quality  of 
loatlier  pr<Ji>art;»l  by  a  process  c»f  japanninEC  so  as  to 
bear  a  peruianeat  polish,  used  for  shoes  and  other 
purposes. 

pA-T'ENT-HTGIIT,  n.  An  exclusive  right  to  an  in- 
Tention  for  a  certain  number  of  years. 

PATER-NOSTEU-UOW.  n.  A  street  in  London 
occupied  chiefly  by  hdoksillers.  Si)n7notnis. 

PAT'ILE,  11.  A  brnaii  fl;it  bottomed  boat  used  for 
transporting  tlie  products  of  L'pper  Bengal  down 
tlie  Ganges  ;  from  forty  to  sixty-five  fee-t  Ion?,  lightly 
maile,  and  capable  of  conveying  a  heavy  cargo.  It 
is  surmounted  by  a  large  shod,  as  long  as  the  boat, 
and  carries  a  single  square  srdl.  OgilvU. 

PATRI-JlR€II-D6-M,  n.  The  jurisdiction  of  a  pa- 
triarch. 

PA-TUi"CIAN-I$M  (pa-trish'an-izm),  lU  The  rank 
or  character  of  patricians. 

PXT'RI-CI-DAL,  a.  Relating  to  the  munlor  of  a 
father.  Booth. 

PlT^RI-CTDE,  n.      [L.  pater^  father,  and  cccdo,  to 
kill.] 
The  murder  or  murderer  of  a  father.        Booth. 

PA-TRI-0T'I€-AL-LY.  ado.     In  a  patriotic  manner. 

PA-TUI-PAS'SIAN-ISM,  71.  The  doctrine  of  those 
who  tauiclit  tbat  God  tbo  Father  suffered  with  the 
Son  in  making  the  at()ncment. 

PA-TROL',  V.  t.  To  pass  round  as  a  sentry ;  as,  to 
patrol  the  city. 

PA'TRON,  a.  Giving  aid  or  exercising  guardianship ; 
as,  :i patron  god.  Dryden. 

PXT'RON-ATE,  n.    The  right  or  duty  of  a  patron. 

Westm.  Rev. 

PAT-RO-NtMT€,         \a.    Derived  from  ancestors, 

PAT-RO-Ni'M'I€-AL,  (  as  a  name;  expressing  the 
name  of  ancestors  ;  as,  a  patronymic  denomina- 
tion. 

Pj\T^TEM-AR,  n.  A  Malabar  trading  boat;  its  pe- 
culiarity is  a  curved  keel,  whoso  curve  is  greater  as 
tlie  bottom  of  the  b<iat  is  flatter.  The  stern  is  also 
remarkable  for  being  placed  at  a  much  smaller  angle 
of  inclination  to  the  keel  than  is  usual  in  other  ves- 
sels. Ogilvie. 

PiT'TEKN-eARD,  n.  A  set  of  samples  on  a  card, 
as  of  muslins,  &.c.  Simmonds. 

PAV'A6E,  71.    Money  paid  for  paving. 

PA-  VE'  (pa-vuOi  't-     [f"*"-]     Pavement 

PA-VISE'  (pa-veezO,  i  «.     [Pr.  pavois,  old  Fr.  pave, 

PA-VAIS'  (■     a  covering.] 

In  mil.  antiq..,  a  lai'ge  shield  covering  tlio  whole 
body,  having  an  inward  curve,  managed  by  a  pa- 
visor,  who  with  it  screened  an  archer.    jFairholt. 

PA-VIS'OR  (pa-v6'zor),  n.  A  soldier  who  manages 
a  paviso. 

PA'VOX,  n.  An  ancient  military  flag,  shaped  like  a 
right-angled  triangle.  I^airholt. 

PAWL,  n.  [add.]  A  detent  or  click  to  check  the 
IJackward  motion  of  a  wheel,  as  a  capstan. 

Totten. 

PAWN",  n.  A  name  of  the  Betel-pepper  ((_V^((i'ica 
itetle),  the  leaf  of  which  is  always  chewed,  in  E.ist- 
crn  countries,  with  tlio  Betel-nut  {Areca  cnteehit.) 
See  Betel-Nut.  The  name  jmivn  is  sometimes 
given  to  the  nut  as  prepared  with  the  leaf  and  limo 
for  use.  Johnston. 

PAW-PAW,  n.  A  shrub  of  the  "Western  Stiites  and 
Us  fruit.    The  same  as  Pai»aw.  Flint. 

PKACII,  V.  i.  [From  impeach.']  To  inform  ag.iinst 
a  confederate  ;  to  betray  secrets.  llalUwcll. 

PEACIIT,  a.    Like  or  containing  peaches. 

PE'AGE,  n.    See  Pedagr. 

PBA'-€R.\B,  71.  A  small  species  of  crab,  not  much 
lar<;er  than  a  bean,  of  tho  genus  Pinnotheres, 
which  lives  in  muscles,  oysters,  and  other  living 
shells.  Dana. 

PEAKED  (peektl,  pp.  or  a.  Thin  and  sickly  look- 
i^ng  ;  as,  t\  peaked  countenance.  ^Shakes. 

PEA-Rl'FLE,  n.  A  rifle  of  small  bore  c.irrving  a 
ball  of  the  size  of  a  pc.i.  Athin'^on. 

PEAR'SHAPf-D  (pare'shapte),  a.  Ravin^i  the  form 
of  a  pear,  ovate  beneath  and  conical  above. 

IhnsUno. 

P6ARL  (piirl),  a.    Made  of  or  pertaining  to  jiearl. 

P£ARL'-EDGE,  n.  A  projection  on  the  side  of 
some  qualities  of  ribbon;  aiso,  a  narrow  kind  of 
thread  edging  to  be  sewn  on  to  lace.    Simmonds. 

PfeARL'-El'E  (peril),  n.  \n  old  name  for  cataract 
of  the  eye. 

PfiARL'IXS,     In.  pi.     A  kind  of  lace  of  silk   or 

PEARL'INGS.  (      thread.    Jumieson.     Walt.  Scott. 

P£ARL'-MOsS.     See  Carrageen. 

PfiARL'-POW'DER,  «.  A  powder  (pearl  ichite) 
made  from  nitrate  of  bismuth,  and  sometimes  used 
as  a  cosmetic.  Simmonds. 


PEART,  \a.     [Samo  .is  pert  in  the  primary  i^en^e  ot 
PEEUT,  (      that  term.]     Active  in  a  high  degree; 
livelv;  brisk;  often  applied  to  persons  recovering 
from"  sickness.  WHght. 

Thcra  was  a  iricksio  giilc,  I  wo^,  nlbeit  c\aA  in  grav, 
Asrcti'l  aa  bird,  as  ttraUe  B.&  boulf,  n.i  frtishe  aa  SoworaiaMay. 
Warwr'a  Engtan-I,  \m. 

This  old  En£rlish  word  h.rs  always  continued  to  be 
used  among  the  ctiuimon  people  in  America. 

PEA'-SIIOOT'ER,  n.  A  small  metal  tube  for  blow^- 
mg  peas  through.  Simmonds. 

PEAT'-REEK,  n.  Peat  smoke;  hence  applied  to 
the  peculiar  flavor  given  to  whisky  by  being  dis- 
tilled with  peat  as  fuel.     [Scottish.] 

PE€'€0.    See  Pekoe. 

PE€'T0-RAL-LY,  adv.  As  connected  with  tho 
breast. 

PE€'rL.     See  Piccl. 

PE-€U'L1-UM.  n.  [add.]  In  the  civil  laic,  ex- 
clusive prn[ierty.  Kane. 

PED'A6E,  n.     [L.  pe.%  a  foot.] 

A  toll  or  tax  paid  by  passengers  entitling  them 
to  safe-conduct  and  protection.  Richar(2son. 

PED-A-G(5G'I€3,  «.  pi.  The  theory  or  doctrine  of 
teach  intj. 

PE-DA'Ll-AN,  a.    Relating  to  feet ;  pedal. 

Maunder. 

PE'DLAL.  n.  Pcrt.aining  to  tho  feet  or  any  organ 
calleil  a  foot.  l)ana. 

PED'I-CELL^D.     Same  as  Pedicillate. 

PE-DiM'A-N0U3,  a.  [L.  pes,  o.  foot,  and  maiius, 
the  hand.] 

Having  tlie  feet  in  the  shape  of  hands,  its  the 
monkeys.  Dana* 

PE-DOT'RO-PHT,  n,    [Gr.  iraU,  a  child,  and  Tp<f<^a*, 
to  nourish.] 
The  doctrine  of  tho  nourishment  of  children. 
I)unffli.son. 

PEEK'Y,  a.  A  term  used  for  timber  when  si^ns  of 
decay  first  appear,     [.iin.]  Bartlett. 

PEEL,  n.     A  small  tower  or  fort.  Walt.  Scott. 

PEEL'ER,  n.  [add  ]  A  name  for  a  policeman,  from 
Sir  R.  Peel  who  reformed  the  police-laws.     [£""£7.] 

Mayiew. 

PEERT,  a.     See  Peart. 

PEG'GING.  n.    The  act  of  securing  with  pegs. 

P£G'~TAXK'ARD,  71.  A  tankard  marketl  inside  by 
pins  or  pegs  dividing  tho  liquor  into  equal  portions, 
so  that  they  who  drauk  from  it  should  share  alike. 

Foahroke. 

PEL'E-€0ID,  \n.     [Gr.  7T€A«us,  ah.atchet,  andetSo?, 

PEL'I-€OID,  j     form.] 

In  geom.,  a  hatchet  shaped  figure. 

Davis'  Math.  Did. 

PfiL'LAGE,  n.    Duty  paid  on  skins  of  leather. 

Craig. 

PEL-Li€'L'-LAE,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  pellicle. 

Ilendoic^ 

PELTI-FORM.  a.  Shield-like,  with  the  outline 
nearly  circular.  U^nslrnc. 

PE'NAL,  a.  [add.]  Penal  code,  a  code  of  laws  con- 
cerning the  punishment  of  crimes. — Penal  latcs^ 
laws  prohil)iting  au  act  and  imposing  a  penalty  for 
committing  it. 

PEN-AN'NU-LAR,  a.    [L.  pene,  almost,  and  annu- 
lariic-%  round  like  a  ring.] 
Nearly  annular. 

PEND'ANT,  n.     [add.]     A  hanging  gas-burner. 

Simmond.^. 

PEND'ANT,  n.  In  medieval  arcJi,.,  a  short  post 
placed  against  the  wall,  having  its  lower  end  sup- 
ported on  a  capital,  and  its  upper  end  supported  by 
a  tie-beam;  called  ai&o  j}e}idant-po.<t. 

Oxford  Gloss,  of  Arch. 

PEND'ING,  prep.  During  the  continuance  of;  as, 
pending  tho  negotiation.   See  Pending,  ppr, 

PEND'C-LOCS-LT,  adv.    In  a  swinging  manner. 

PE-XEL'0-PE,  ti.  A  name  given  by  Merrem  to  a 
genus  of  gallinaceous  birds  in  South  America.  They 
are  called  Guan,  and  Yacou  in  Guiana  and  Brazil. 

Cnvier, 

PEN'-FOLD,  n.  A  fold  or  enclosure  of  hurdles,  .fee. 
for  cattle.  Simmonds. 

PEN-XtP'0-TENT,  a.     [L.  penna,  feather,  and^jo- 
tens,  strong.] 
Stnmg  of  wiuff. 

PEN'NY-WED'DING,  n.  A  wedding  where  tho 
guests  contribute  to  tho  household  outfit. 

PEX'TA-€LE  (pen'ta-kl),  n.  A  figure  of  throe  in- 
tersecting triangles  made  of  five  lines,  formerly 
worn  as  a  talisman.  Ogilvie. 

PEN-TXM'ER-OUS,  a.  In  hot.,  noting  a  division 
into  fives.    _  A.  Gray. 

PEN-TA-TEU€II'AL  (pen-ta-tu'kal),  a.  Pertain- 
nig  to  the  Pentateuch.  Williams. 

PE'ON.  n.  In  .V«rico,  a  debtor  who  is  bound  by 
law  to  labor  for  his  creditor  until  the  debt  is  paid ; 


Tre.ison. 


Clarke. 


hence,  in  practice  he  is  held  in  a  form  of  qualified 
servitude. 
2.  In  India,  a  native  constable.  Malcom. 

■3.  An  East-Indian  wood  used  in  ship-building. 
See  PooN-WooD.  Appleton^s  Mech.  Diet. 

PE^^N-AGE,  n.    The  state  or  condition  of  a  peon. 

PEP'O,  n.  [L.]  In  hot ,  a  name  given  to  the  fruit 
of  the  gourd  family,  which  has  a  hard  rind  filled 
with  a  softer  portion;  as,  the  pumpkin,  squash, 
cucumber,  ic.  Ilendoxc. 

PEP'PER-POT,  n.  A  mucilaginous  soup  or  stew  of 
vegetables  and  caasareep,  much  esteemed  in  tho 
West  Indies.  Simmorids. 

PEP'PER-Y,  a.  [add.]  Quick-tempered;  hasty; 
as,  a  peppery  little  fellow. 

PEP^TI€,  «'.     An  agent  that  promotes  digestion. 

Dunglhioix. 

PEP'TI-cS,  n.  pi.    The  doctrine  of  digestion. 

PER-AM'BU-LA-TOR,  n.  [add.]  A  low  carriage 
for  a  child,  propelled  from  behind.      Simmonds. 

PERCIIj  n.     [add.]     A  bracket. 

PER'DUEL-ISM,     | 

PER'DUEL-LION,  f^ 

PEP/EE€T,  a.  [add.]  In  bot.,  a  term  used  to  de- 
scribe a  flower  which  has  both  stamens  and  pistils. 

A.  Gray. 

PER'E-GRI-NATE,  a.    Having  traveled ;  foreign. 

ShaA-es. 

PER-EN-NI-BRAN€Ha-A-TA,   |    n.  pi.      [L.  pe- 

PER-EN-NI-BRAN6HT-ATE3,  f  r«nrtw, perpet- 
ual, and  bronchia;  gills.] 

Amphibious  animals  which  retain  their  branchiia 
througli  life,  as  the  proteus,  A:c.  Carpenter, 

PER-FE€T-I-BIL'I-AN,  a.  One  who  hol.is  to  per- 
fectibility. Fd.  Beo. 

PEU'FO-RATE,  a.  In  &o(.,  pierced  with  holes,  or 
having  transparent  dots  resembling  holes. 

JlenHloio. 

PER-FU'M'ING,  fl.  The  act  of  impregnating  with 
perfume  ;  making  perfumes. 

PER-I-€AR'DI€,       )  „,..., 

PFR  T  f  XP'DT  \f  i^'     ^<^l'it>nS  to  ,tl»®  pencar- 

1  ii-i.-i-t  Ai.  Di-At,  >     j;^^jy_  Dunalison. 

PER-I-€AR'DI-AL,  > 

PER-I-eARP'I€,  a.    Of  or  pertaining  to  a  pericarp. 

A.  Gray. 

PER'I-CU.ETII.    P.'imc  as  PEKiCHixuirM. 

PER-I-UE'AN,  a.  Pertrdning  to  the  moon's  perigee; 
as,  periijean  tides  which  occur  soon  after  the  moon 
passes  i^s  perigee. 

PER-I-GCNI-UM.    Same  as  PERiAXTn. 

PER'I-GORD-PIE,  n.  A  pio  made  of  truffles,  much 
esteemed  by  epicures. 

PE-RI-oD'l€-AL-NES3,  n.  The  state  of  being  pe- 
riodical. -4.s/i. 

PER'I-STOME,  n.  [Gr.  ircpl,  around,  and  o-tojuo,  the 
mouth.] 

The  rim  which  surrounds  the  orifice  of  the  theca 
of  mob-s.  Loudon. 

PER'M.\-XENT,  a.  [add.]  Permaneut-icay,  the 
name  in  Endand  of  tue  finished  and  ballasted  road- 
way of  a  railway.  Simmonds. 

PER'MI-AN,  n.  "The  period  and  formation  next  fol- 
lowing the  carboniferous,  and  regardeil  as  closing 
the  carboniferous  age  antl  palaezoic  era.      Dana. 

PER'M1-AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  age,  itc,  called 
Permian. 

PERN,  n.  A  common  name  for  the  honey-buzzard 
(Pernis  apivorus),  a  bird  that  feeds  on  bees,  wasps, 
&c.  Ogilvie. 

PER-0-NE'AL,  a.     [Gr.  wepoi^,  the  fibula.] 

Pertaining  to  the  fibula,  or  small  bone  of  the  leg. 
Diingliso7i. 

PfeR'SE-€C'-TRIX,  n.     A  female  who  persecutes. 

PER-SE-POL'I-TAN,  a.  Relating  to  Persepolis,  in 
Persi.a. 

PEU'SL€0T,  n.  A  cordial  made  of  the  kernels  of 
apricots,  necLirines,  &c,      Webster's  Dom.  Encyc. 

PER-SiST'ENT,  a.  [add.]  Continuing  firm  and  un- 
broken; constant;  as,  a  ^fr.s/«^e7i/ endeavor. 

PER-SiST'ENT-LY,  adv.     In  a  persistent  manner. 

P6R'S0N-AL,  a.  [add.]  Personal-eqiutfion,  a  term 
used  in  astron.,  to  denote  the  personal  difference  be- 
tween particular  individuals  as  to  exactness  in  obser- 
vations with  astrononucal  instruments.     Loomis. 

PER'S0N-AL-I$M,  n.  Tho  quality  of  being  personal. 

PER-SPI-€A'CI0DS-LY,  adv.  In  a  perspicacious 
manner. 

PER-TURB'ANCE.    See  PERTrRB\TiON. 

PER'CLE,  n.     [L.  perula,  a  little  bag.] 

In  hot.,  the  cover  of  a  seed.  Henslow. 

PER'VERT,  n.  One  who  has  turned  from  a  right 
way  to  that  which  is  wrong.  Conybeare. 

PES'A*jE,  n.     [Fr.  peser,  to  weigh.] 

A  sum  paid  for  the  weighing  of  merchandise. 

Craig. 

PES'ANE,  n.    See  PrSAXE. 


D6YE,  wolf,  BOOK;  RtJLE,  BTJLL;  Vi"CI0U3.-€  as  K;  G  as  J;  S  as  Z;  Cn  as  SH ;  THIS. 


1502 


t  See  Table  of  Syjionym^. 


PHI 


PIC 


PKSK.'1-LY,  adr.    Exceedingly. 
PfiSKT,  <i.    Yerv;  great;  cxceeUing. 
PES-Tl-XS 


[Am.  amt  Viilg] 
BartlM. 
[Am.  <md 
Judd. 
,£\TIAL-LT.  arfr.    By  pestilence;  io  & 
contasii'US  manner ;  mischievou.-ly. 
PET,  re."  [add]    A  term  uf  fondness  used  of  or  toward 

a  favorite  person  or  object.  Dlckeni. 

PETALIF'EK-OCS,  <i.    Bearing  petals.     Diina. 
rET-AUDEEU',  I  n.     [Fr.]    One  who  manaffos  pet- 
PET  AUDlEl:',  \     ards.  Cniig. 

PtTEl'.-FrNK,  ti.    A  person  employed  to  bid  at 
auctions  for  the  sake  of  raising  the  price  of  things. 

Bnrthtt. 
PETI-OXr-lATE,  a.    Describing  a  leanet,  when 

raised  on  its  own  stalk  or  petiolnle.        A.  Gray. 
PETIIINE  UK-'trinV  n.    Of  or  relating  to  Peter;  as, 

the  Pelrirte  epistles. 
PE-TK0G'KAP1IT,  n.     [Gr.  irtrpo?,  a  rock,  and 
yji^ino.  to  describe.] 
The  description  of  rocks.  Dana. 

PE-TEDL'O-GV,  n,    [Gr.  jrerpcK,  a  rock,  and  Xoyoj, 
a  discourse.] 

A  treatise  on  the  subject  of  rocks. 
rET'K()-S.VL,  «.     [Or.  iztirpoq,  a  rock  or  stone.] 

Having  the  hardness  of  stone ;   relating  to  the 
petrous  portion  of  the  temporal  bone. 

Dunglt^on. 
PET'EO-SAL,  n.    The  car-capsulo  bone  in  a  fish. 

Dana. 
PET'TY-€6X'ST.\-BLE,  n.    A  constable  subordi- 

nLite  to  the  high-constable. 
PETCL'eOL'S,  a.  [U  petulcjis.]  Wanton  or  frisky; 

luslfuL 
PE-TC'XIA,  n.     A  flowering    plant  from    South 
America  connected  with  the  night-shade.     Craig. 
PEW-O'PA'NEK  (pu'o'pn-er),  »i.     An  attendant  in 

a  church.     [En//.]  Dicieni. 

PEW-TEr.  (pii'ter),  a.    Pertaining  to,  or  composed 

of  pewter. 
PFENS'IG   (!cn'nig\  n.      [Gcr.]     A  small  copper 
coin  of  Germanv,  worth  about  two  mills  of  our 
money.  '  Wrig/U. 

PII.E-NO-G.V'MI-A.    Sec  Pur.soGAMiA. 
riI.£-N0G'A-MOUS.    See  ruE.voc.iMous. 
PlIA-L.\S'(il-.VN.  <i.     Pertainios  to  a  plialani ;  be- 
longing to  the  small  bones  of  the  fingers  and  toes. 

Duitglisoit. 
PlI-XLT-ie,  a.    [Gr.  ^>aAAd?,  the  m.alo  organ] 

Pertaining  to  or  noting  certain  indecencies  in  the 
orgies  of  Bacchus,  Jce. ;  as,  phailia  symbols,  &c. 
PII.VN.TAS-MA.G0E'1€.    See  PiiiXTASMAOOliiAU 
PUAE-YN-ilTIS,  n.  InOammation  of  the  pharynx. 

Duttgti«oii . 
PIIAR-YN-G<"5G'UA-PnY,  I  n.  In  anat,  a  descrip- 
PIlAK-YN'-GOL'O-CrY,         f     tion  of  Ihe  pharyn.i. 

DtcngliJton. 
PnA-RTN''<iE-ALS  (fa-rinlc-ali),  «.  j>t.   The  parts 

aroun.l  the  pharyni.  DunglUon. 

PHAS-t;OUAU€TOS,it,     [Gr.  ■Jiff.euXoi',  a  f.onch, 
and  apxrrK.  ft  bear.] 

A  marsupial  animal  closely  allied  to  the  phalan- 
p-rs,  common  in  New  South  Wales.  Its  generic 
name  is  derived  from  its  having  some  resemblance 
lo  a  bear.  I'np.  Add. 

PHEEiE,  n.    A  state  of  an-Xloos  or  fretful  excite- 
ment.   [Am.]  Forbij. 
PIIEE'SY,  n.     Fretful :  qnemlons ;  cross.    Forhij. 
PllEX'A-KISM.  n.     [nr.  cje^ixicrncx,  a  deceit.] 

The  systematic  sayinir  of  something    different 
from  what  is  inwardly  intended.       I^rd  Bacon. 
PlIE-Nl"fIAN  (fe-nish'an),  a.    Belonging  to  Phc- 

nicia. 
PI1F--NI"C10US  (fe-nish'us),  a.    [Gr.  ^otVif,  pnrple- 
red.j 
in  a  red  color  with  a  slight  mlxtnro  of  gray. 

Dana. 
PIlEVO-GA.M,  n.  In  60'.,  aplant  of  the  class  Phcno- 

gajnia. 
PIIEN-O-GA'MI-A,  n.  pi.    [Gr.  ^a^va,  to  appear, 
and  70^0?,  nuptials.] 

In  hot.,  a  name  given  to  plants  furnished  with 
visible  sexual  organs.  Loudon. 

PHI  L.VN'DEl:,  c.  i.    [Gr.  .^.Aa^pov.]    To  dirt  or 

make  love.  n<iUiicdl. 

PIlt-LAN'DER-IXG,  n.     Flirtation;  niakins  love. 

Also  used  as  udj.  Dickeni.     C.  Kingsley. 

PHIL'AITTY,  n.     [Gr.    <j,iAos,  loving,   and  ovtm, 
self.) 
Self-love ;  as.  "  eTCr-swclling  phUauUi. 

Beaumont. 
PIIIL-IIEL-LES'I€.  a.    Noting  a  love  for  Greece. 
PillL-IlEL'LEN'-IS.M.  n.    Love  of  Greece. 
Pill-LISTEK.   n.     [Ger.  for  Philistine.]     A  name 
given  to  townsmen  by  the  students  inGennan  uni- 
versities. JJtyte. 
PUl-LISTlNE,  n.  A  cant  name  for  a  bailiff.  \Eng:\ 

Wrinld. 


PIIIL-OS-TOP.'UY,  n.     [Gr.  <(>iAos,  and  o-ro?y.i.] 
Natui-al  affection;  as,  of  parents  for  children. 

Craig. 
PHLOX  cooks'), «.    An  elegant  American  flowering 
Plant  mat.  ofder  roUmoniacca:),  havmg  white,  red 
or  purple  flowers.  ^        .  .       .     „  U,ndon- 

PUO'tWL  (ir.'kal),  a.     Portaimng  to  the  genus  of 

mammals  called  seals.  Dana. 

PlI(E.Ni"C10rS.    See  PuENTCiors. 
PIIO'XO-GE.VPII,  n.    A  distinct  letter  or  symbol 

to  represent  a  sound  in  writing. 
PIIO-XOG'E\-PI1ER,  "•    A  person  skilled  in  ))ho- 
no^raphv    or  a  mode  of  writing  which  represents 
eich  sound  hv  a  distinctive  letter  or  symbol. 
PIIO-NO-Gi:-\"PlI'If-AL-LY,    adv.     In   a   phono- 
graphic way. 
PHO'XO-TYPE,  n.  A  typo  or  character  used  m  idio- 

notvpv.    ^  „»       ,    ,       .      i       1 

PUO-'NO-TfP'It".         i".    Of  or  belongmg  to  plio- 

PHO-NO-TVP'ie-.VL,  !     notypy  or  a  phonotype. 

PIIOS.  PlI  \T'l6.  a.  Of  or  relatiii;  to  the  phosphates ; 

containing  some  phosphate,  usually  phosphate  of 

limo  ;  v&,phoKi*atU-  nodules.  ,^''"''.-  , 

A  pho-iphath:  diat!ie>si.%  is  a  habit  of  body  which 

leads  to  the  deposition  of  phosphates  from  the  urine. 

DnngUnon. 
PIl5S'PlI0R.TZ£'r>.  <•■    Containing  or  impregnated 

with  phosphorus.  ...    .P'"l''' 

PIIOTO-eilE.M'ie-AL,  a.    Pert.ammg  to  the  chem- 
ical action  of  light.  .0((K,(. 
PllO'TO-GKAPU,  n.    [add.]    This  term  is  now  re- 
stricted to  sun-pictures  t;iken  on  prepared  paper, 
and  does  not  embrace  d.-iguerreotypes,&c.,as  nuylit 
bo  supposed  from  the  wider  sense  of  the  word  plio- 
tosraphv.                                                      ^-  ">"'*■ 
PIIO-TO-'lI-THOG'EA-PHY,  n,    A  mode  of  litho- 
craphing  in  which  the  prepared  stone  is  first  ren- 
dered sensitive  to  light,  and  tho  picture  is  then 
taken  upon  it  by  means  of  photography.     D.tiui. 
PlIE.\G'MO-€'dXE,  n.     [Gr.  -iioaytia,  an  inclosure, 
and  jcwfos,  a  cone.] 
The  chambered  cone  of  the  belcmnlte.     Dana. 
PUU  \-SE-6l'0-61ST,  «.    A  collector  of  phrases. 

Giiiirditni. 
VXl  P.ES'$Y,  V.  t.    To  render  frantic ;  to  madilen. 

Byron. 
PnP.EN'SIffD  (frCn'zid),  pj>.  or  a.    Frenzied;   af- 
fected with  matlness. 
PUYL-LO-TAeTie,  a.    I'ertaining  to  pliyllotaxy. 
PlliX'LO-TAX-Y,  in.      [Gr.    (JJAXoi-,  a    leaf,  and 
PIITL'LO-TAX-IS,  f     T<i|.?,  order.] 

The  orderor  arrangement  ofleaves  on  .stems;  tuo 
science  of  tho  relativo  position  of  leaves.  Ihnnloto. 
PllVS'I-CIST,  n.  One  versed  in  the  idiysical  sciences. 

Diin(lU>ion. 
P^?S'I-€0-MATII-E-MXT^€S,n.;)^.  Mixed  math- 
ematics. _        ,  .        ,        , 
PIIYS'I-O-PHI-LOS'O-PUY,  n.    The  philosophy  of 

nature.  „,  ,     „,    '''''""•  , 

rilY-SlQVE'    (fe-zCkeO,    n.      [It]      The    natural 

constitution  or  physical  structure  of  a  person. 

Bc^chereUe. 
PIXTTO-eilEMTe-AX,  a.   Eclating  to  phyto-chem- 

istry.  .     ?«"'•, 

PUiT'TO-CIlEM'IST-EY,  n.    Chemistry  in  its  rela- 
tion to  vegetable  bodies.  irmil. 
PH?-T0-GLYPirit;,  a.    Pvclating  to  phytoglyphy. 
PHT-ToG'LV-PilY,  «.     [Gr.  ^vrov,  a  plant,  and 
vAu*>i,  engravin:;.]                                  ,        ,  .       , 

The  art  of  printing  from  nature,  by  taking  Im- 
pressions from  plants,  &c.,  on  solt  metil  or  otlier 
substances,  and   fiom  these  taking  an  cUetrotypo 
plate  byme.ansofwliich  impressionsare  multiplied  ; 
it  is  also  called  Nature-printing. 
ptiYTO-LI-THOL'O-GT,  n.    [Gr.  ^mtov,  Ai«o!,  a 
stone,  and  Aoyo?,  a  discourse.] 
An  account  of  fossil  plants. 
PHY'TOX,  n.    [Gr.  *vToe,  a  plant.l  ,     ,,    ,. 

A  single  developed  plant,  plant  bud  or  plant  Indi- 
vidual in  a  tree;  thetree  being  reg.arded  as  a  compound 
individual  made  up  of  many  phytoiis.    A.  Gray. 
PHY-TOX'T-MY,  n.     [Gr.  (Jiiior,  and  wajt-a,  name.] 
A  description  of  the  organs  or  parts  of  rdants. 

UeTUil<yw. 
Pn7'T0-PA.Tll5L'0-<'iY.    n.    (Gr.    <i,v7ov,   iroSot, 
disease,  an.l  Ao-,o«.  discourse.]  ,     ,     ,     ^  ,.  , , 

An  account  of  disea.ses  to  which  plants  are  liable. 
PT-.\C'A-BA,  I  ;>        [Port.]    The  name  under  which 
PI-,\S'A-BA,  I      a  fibrous  product   of  the  palm-tree 
(AUtileafimifera).  is  imported  from  Brazil  into  this 
conntry.    The  fibers  are  derived  from  tho  base  of 
the  leaf-stalks,  and  used  in  making  brooms,  &c. 

Bdlfnitr. 
PI€'A-l)OR,  n.     [.Sp.]    A  horseman   armed  with  a 

lanee  in  a bull-fiirht.  Mehmqufz. 

PIC'€A-LIL-Ll,  n.    An  imitation  East-Indian  pickle 
of  v.irious  vegetables  with  pungent  spices. 

Simmonds. 


PIN 


Ple'€0-LO,  n,     [It.]     Small ;  as,  I'Jo/iJio  ;;u-i-oZi),  a 
sniiill  violin ;  a  piccolo  flute.    Tlie  word  is  some- 
times used  as  a  noun.  Moore's  Cyc.  MttJ*. 
PiCE,  n.     A  small  copper  coin  in  the  East  Indies, 

worth  less  than  a  cent,  Malcom. 

PiC'E-OUS  (pis'e-us),  a.     [L.  pix.  pitch.] 
Of  or  belonging  to  pitch  ;  black  as  pitch. 

Dana. 
PICK'A-XIX-XY,  71       [Probably  from  Sp.  7)U'rtrf« 
«i.'7o.]    A  small  child;  particularly  a  negro  or  mu- 
latto  infant.  BartlM. 

PICK^'D  (i)ikt),  pp.  and  a.     [add.]     Picked  out,  or- 
namented or  relieved  with   stripes  of  a  different 
color ;  as,  n  barffe  of  white  picked  oJtt  with  gold  ;  a 
green  carriage  picked  out  with  red.  C.  Kingsley. 
PICK'LE,  n.     [add.]    A  troublesome  child  :  as,  a  lit- 
tle pickle.  Clarke. 
PICK'LE,!'./.  [add.]    To  get  up  imitations  of  paint- 
ings by  old  masters,  and  sell  them  as  genuine  works. 
Art  Journal. 
2.  To  subject  pins  and  needles  to  the  action  of 
certain  ehomieal  agents  in  tho  process  of  manufac- 
ture.                                                       Encyc.  Brit. 
PICK'-LOCK,  11.     [add.]     A  term  used  in  the  wool- 
trade  for  a  superior  description  of  selected  wool. 

HimmOTlds. 
Pi€'NI€,  V.  i.  To  go  on  a  picnic.  C.  Kingdey. 
PT'€ni€  XC'ID,  11.    The  same  as  Cakbazotic  Acid, 

which  see. 
PI'CUS,  n.  [L.]  The  scientific  name  ^iven  by  Lin- 
niPUS  to  the  wood-pecker;  a  genus  ot  yoke-footed 
birds,  bavins  a  long,  strai^-ht,  and  angular  beak 
well  fitted  for  splitting  the  bark  of  trees,  a  tongue 
armed  with  bristles  that  curve  backward,  and  a  tail 
of  stiff  (,uills  which  acts  as  a  prop  iu  6iipi)(iiting 
them  when  climbing.  Ciivier. 

PIECE'-GOODS,  n.  pi.     Dry-goods  usually  sold  by 
the  piece';" as,  gray  cottons,  mulls,  jaconets,  shirt- 
ings, long  cloths,  sheetings,  &e,  Simmonds. 
PlEC'ING  (pe'sing),  Ji.    tho  act  or  process  of  join- 
ing or  patching.  Simmoads. 
PIECE'XEK,  71.     A  workman  who  supplies  rolls  of 
wool  to  the  sUll'bing  machine  or  that  which  spins  a 
coarse  yarn  in  woolen-mills,  Ogilvie. 
PIECE'-'WOEK,  n.    Work  paid  for  by  the  piece  or 

jQb.  Simmonds. 

PTE'-MXX,    v.      One  who   carries  pies  ^about  the 

streets  for  sale.     [Eng.] 
PIG,  n.     [add.]     An  earthen  vessel. 


Pl6'E0N-Tr)j?D    (pij'nn-tode),    ( 

turned  in 
PIG'.MEXT-A-EY,  a.     Pertaining 

with  iiigments  or  coloring  matter 


Mai/hew. 
[.^.-otcll] 
Jamieson. 
Having  toes 


to  or  furnished 
pigmental. 
Dunglison. 

PTKE'-STAFF,  n.  [add.]  A  staff  having  a  sharp 
met.al  spike  at  the  bottom,  to  guard  against  slip- 
,,j,j,r.  Walt.  Scott. 

PI'LAGE,  n.    The  natural  coat  of  hair  on  animals. 

Bacon. 
PILED  (pTld),  pp.  or  a.     [add.]     Heated  anew  ;  as, 

piled  iron.  Appleton')-  Jlech.  Diet. 

PI'LE-US,  «.    [L.]    In  Iml.,  a  term  applied  to  tho 

expanded  disk  of  many  of  the  fungi.      Ilcnslmo. 
PIL'GEIM,  a.    Of  or  belonsing  to  pilgrims. 
I'TL'ING,  «.    The  act  of  heaping  up  ;  the  driving  of 

2.  the  .act  of  re-heating  iron  blooms  or  slabs,  for 
further  working.  Appleton's  Jlecli.  Diet. 

PIL'LOW,  71.  [add.]  In  mech.,  a  piece  of  metal  or 
wood  introduceil  into  machinery  with  a  view  to 
support  some  part  of  it  to  equalize  the  pressure. 
Appleton'f  Mech.  Diet. 
PIL'LOW-BLliCK,  7!.  In  mecA.,  a  block  or  stan- 
dard for  supporting  the  end  of  a  shaft.  It  is  usually 
bolted  to  the  frame  or  fmindation  of  a  machine,  and 
is  furnished  with  bearings  of  brass  or  wood  for  di- 
minishing the  frielion  of  the  shaft,  and  a  movable 
cover  for  tightening  the  bearings  by  means  of 
screws.     It  is  also  called  plumlier-lox. 

Appleton's  Jfech.  Diet. 

PiLL'-TTLE,  71.    A  plate  of  earthen-ware  for  r(.lling 

pills  having  diWsions  marked  on  it  to  regulate  the 

iizc  of  the  pills.  Simmonds. 

PT'LOT-B\L-I.OOX',  n.     A  sm.all  balloon  sent  up 

to  le.arn  the  direction  in  which  the  wind  blows. 
PT'LOT-CLriTII,  7!.    A  coarse  stout  kind  of  cloth 

for  overcoats.                                           Simmonds. 
PI'LOT-EX'GINE,  71.      .\  locomotive  sent  before  to 
clear  tlie  wav  of  a  train  on  a  railroad  or  attend 
upon  it.          ■                                          Sinunonds. 
PTX'A-CLf^TlI     11.     A  material  for  larlies  dresses, 
&c    made  from  the  fibers  of  the  pine-apple  leaf;  it 
is  delicate,  soft  and  transparent  in  texture,  with  a 
slight  tinge  of  pale  yellow.                    S.mmonds. 
PiXCII,  n.     [add.]     -"in  iron  bar  used  as  a  lever. 
PTX'EU-Y,    71.     [add.]     A    pine    forest.    [Western 
States.]  


1.  E,  Ac,    long.-X.  E,    &c.,  skort.-CkV.E,  FAR,  LAST,  FALL.  WHAT;    TIieRE,  TfeUM^  MAJtiXF. 


BlRD;    MiJYE, 


t  Sec  Talile  of  Synonyms. 


1503 


PL  A 


PLA 


PrN"-F(10T'ED,  a.  Noting  the  borck-iln^  of  the 
ties  bv  i  skin.  ^    Ogilvie. 

PiNIv'-'EYES,  n.  pi.     Little  eyes.        Tluickeraij. 

I'iNK'-STfiKNfi'D  (-stirnd),  a.  A  term  apiilied  to 
vessels  liavin-  very  narrow  sterns.  J","'"',- 

riN'NA,  n.  In  liot.,  one  leaflet  of  a  pinnate  le.af,  or 
bninch  of  a  compound  pinnate  leaf.  Ilendow. 

2  In  zouL.  a  moUusk  of  great  size  having  two 
caual  valves  closely  united  by  a  ligament  along 
one  of  their  si.les.  The  byssus  of  several  species 
of  Pinna  ii  as  ftne  and  brilliant  as  silk  and  has  been 
u<e.l  in  manufacturing  precious  stiitTs.  It  ancbors 
itself  t.i  the  rocks  by  its  byssus.  <-  '"""C. 

I'lN'N.VTE-LY,  (idv.     In  a  jiinnato  manner. 

rlN'Nl-FOUM,  u.    Shaped  like  a  fln  or  feather. 

riN'NI-GRS-DE,  a.  [L.  pinna,  a  fin,  and  graJior, 
to  move.]  .      ,       ,      1  ^    i. 

All  animal  of  the  seal  tribe,  moving  by  short  feet 
that  servo  as  padalr.s  I"'""- 

PiX'N  Y-WINK'LES  (-wink'klz),  n.  pi.  An  ancient 
instrument  of  torture,  consisting  of  a  board  with 
holes  into  which  tlic  fingers  were  pressed  and 
fastened  with  pegs.     [Scotch.]  Ogilvie. 

PIN'TLE,  n.  [add.]  A  hook  on  which  a  rudder 
hangs  to  its  post  Totten. 

2."A  pin  to  prevent  the  recoil  of  cannon,     traig. 
PINT'-STOUP   (-stooii),    n.       A  Scottish  drinking 

vessel.  Burns. 

Pl-O-NEER',  V.  i.    To  prepare  the  way  for  others. 

PlPE'-L.^Y-'lNG,  n.    The  laying  down  of  pipes,  as 

for  gas  water,  &c.  Simmuild^. 

■2.'  Finiii'iitirclii,  political  trickery.     [ylw.J 

prP-E-RA'CEOI'S  (-ra'thus),  a.     Pertaining  to  the 

pepper  tribe  of  jilants. 
PI-PETTE'.  n.     [Fr.]     A  small   class  tube  with  a 
bulb  in  the  middle,  used  in  chemistry  for  transfer- 
ring liquids.  Gregory 
PIP'ING    71      A  kind  of  cord  trimming  or  fluting  for 

ladies'  dresses.  Shnmond-s. 

PIRN    !i      A  quill  or  bobbin   on  which   thread  or 

vain  is  wound  in  spinning  or  weaving;  also,  the 

Jeel  of  a  fishing  r.id.  ,^/«».C50l^. 

PIlt-dU-ETTE'  (pir-oo-ef),  r.   i.     [Fr.]    To  whirl 

or  turn  about  on  the  toes,  as  in  dancing. 
PIR-OU-ETT'ISU,   It.    The  act  of  turning  about  on 

the  toes. 
PIR-OU  ETT'ING,    a.     Whirling  or  turning  about 

on  the  toes.   _  .     . 

PIS'CI-t'tTLT-URE  (pls'se-kiilt-yur),  -n.  [L. piscm, 
a  fish,  and  r««Mr,i,  culture.]  .    ,     »., 

The  hatching  and  rearing  of  fish  as  an  industrial 
j^^j  Silliman's  Journal. 

PIS-bietrLT'tTR-IST,  n.  One  who  rears  young  ttsli.^ 
PIS-CI'NA,  Ti  [L.]'  A  nicho  on  the  south  side  ot 
the  altar  in  Roman  Catholic  churches,  containing  a 
small  basin  and  waterdrain  through  which  the 
priest  empties  the  water  in  which  the  chalice  has 
been  rinsed.  Oxford  Gloss,  of  Arch. 

PIS-TIL-LID'I-UM.  11.   [L.]    An  organ  in  the  higher 
crVDto^amia,  having  female  sexual  functions. 
■"^    ^  A.  Gray. 

PIT'-DOOR,  n.  The  entrance  to  the  pit  of  a  theater. 
PIT'-FRAME,  n.    Tho  frame-work  of  a  coal-pit. 
PIT'-MAN,  n.    [add.]    One  who  works  in  amine; 
a  collier. 

2.  In  pit-minng,  a  name  given  to  tho  man  who 
stands  in  tlie  pit  and  works  the  lower  end  of  the 
saw.  Hence,  the  name  is  applied  to  the  connecting 
rod  in  a  saw-mill,  and  .also  sometimes  to  the  con- 
necting rod  jjfa  steam-engine. 
PI-TOT'S'-TUBE  (pe-to  .0-),  n.  In  hydraulics,  a 
bent  tube  used  to  determine  the  velocity  of  run- 
ning water  by  placing  the  curved  end  unrler  water, 
and  observing  the  height  to  which  the  fluid  rises  on 
a  graduated  scale.        -  Ogilrie. 

PTT'-P.\N.  11.  A  long  flat-bottomed  canoe  used  for 
the  navigation  of  rivers  and  lagoo  is  in  Central 
America.  Sjiiier. 

PIVOT,  V.  1.    To  place  on  a  pivot.  Cl^rA-n. 

PiV'OT-AL,  rt.    Belouging  to  or  turning  on  a  pivot. 
PiV'CiT-ED.  pp.  or  a     Placed  on  a  pivot. 
PiV'OT-GtTN,  n.     A  cannon  which  turns  on  a  pivot 

in  any  direction.  Simrnonds. 

PiV'OT-M.\N,  n.  In  mil.  ajfair.i,  tho  oflicer  or  sol- 
dier at  tho  flank  on  which  a  company  wheels. 

Camphcll's  Mil.  Diet. 
PLA-CEN'TAL,  n.     A  mammal  having  a  placenta, 
as  all  mammals  except  tho  Marsupials  and  Mono- 
tremes.  ■«■  Owen 

PLA-CEN'TAL,  a.  [add.]  Belonging  to  the  pla- 
centa- having  a  placenta,  as  a  placental  mammal. 

Carpenter. 
PL.V-CENTA-RY,  a.    Having  reference  to  the  pla- 
centa; as,  the  ni«c«i(u)'i/ system  of  classification. 

Dana. 
PLA-CEN'TI-FORM,  a.     In  hot.,  having  the  sh.apo 
of  a  placenta  or  circular  thii-kened  disk._deprossed 
on  both  sides  about  tho  middle. 


I'LA'CER  (pronounced  plli'cer  or  pla'cer  by  Atner- 
Icans,  and  plii'thare  by  Spaniards),  7i.  [sp.]  ihe 
name  given  to  gravelly  places  where  gold  is  found 
especially  by  tho  sides  of  rivers,  or  in  the  bed  ot 
mountain  torrents.  Velasquez. 

PLiCK,  n.  A  small  copper  coin  formerly  used  in 
Scotland,  worth  less  than  a  cent.  Walt.  Scott, 

PLA-Gl-IIE'DRAL,  a.  [Gr.  nMym,  oblique,  and 
tSpa,  a  side.]  ,  , 

In  crystal,  noting  an  oblique  spiral  arrangement 
of  planes,  which  includes  levogyrate  an.l  dextro- 
gyrate crystals.  Dana. 

PLAGUE'-SPOT,  n.  A  mark  or  token  of  pestilen- 
ti.il  disease;  a  token  of  something  incurable. 

PLXID  (pliid),  u.     Striped  or  variegated  in  pattern. 

PLilD'ED  (plad'ded),  a.    Wearing  plaids. 

T.  Camphcll. 

PL.\ID'ING,  n.    Plaid  cloth.  Simmonds. 

PLA-NA'RI-AN,  n.     [L.  TJ/nniis,  flat.] 

A  thin,  flat,  fleshy  animal  of  the  Planaria  family, 
related  to  the  wrfi'in.s,  found  often  on  plants  in  moist 
places.  Dana. 

PLA-NA'KI-OID,  a.    Like  a  planariain  form. 


PL.\N-CEER',  I  11. 
ER,   i      ' 


Uensloic. 


In  arch',  the  under  side  of  a 
PLAN'CIIER,' j"     cornice;  a  soflit.  Gwilt. 

PLAN'ER,  n.  A  wooden  block  used  by  printers  for 
forcing  down  tho  type  in  a  form,  and  making  the 
surface  even.  "  Ilan-mrd  s  Typ. 

2.     A    name    sometimes    given     to    a   plauing- 
maehine. 
PL\N'ET-0IU,  ji.      A  small  planet-like  body;    an 

.asteroid.  Lardner. 

PL\N-ET-OID'AL,  a.     RiLiting  to  a  planetoid. 

Whewell. 
PLAN'ET- WHEEL,  n.      A  wheel  revolving  around 
or  witbiu  the  circumference  of  another  wheel  by 
wbk-h  it  is  driven.  Appleton's  ilcch.  Diet. 

PLA-Nl-FO'LI-OUS,  a.  [L.  phmus,  a.ni\  foil mn, 
leaf.)  „     . 

lu  hot.,  fl.at-leavcd.  traig. 

PLA-NIi\1'E-TER,  n.  [From  plane,  and  ttirpor, 
measure.] 

An  instrument  designed  to  measure  by  mechan- 
ical means  and  at  once,  tho  area  of  any  plane  figure 
drawn  on  pajier.  Nichol. 

PLAN-  I-P£T'AL-0[JS,  a.    Having  flat  petals. 

Craig. 
PLXN'ISII-ER,  «.    He  or  that  which  smooths  met- 
allic surfaces  by  gentle  pounding,  lleofe 
PLANK'ING,   n.    Tho  act  of  laying  planks;    also, 

plank-stufl'  in  general. 
PLANK'-ROAD,  n.    A  road -way  of  planks.  {Am.] 

Simmoiias. 
PLXNK'-SIIEEK,  II.     In  ship  building,  a  plank 

covering  the  timber-heads.  neale. 

PLJIN'NINO,  n.    The  act  of  making  plans. 
PLANT'ED,  a.      [add.]     In  joinery,   a  projecting 
member  is  .<;aid  to  be  planted,  when  having  been 
first  wrought  on  a  separate  piece  of  stnfl',  it  is  after- 
■ivards  fixed  in  its  place ;  as,  aplanted  molilinir. 

OgtU'te. 
PLASM,       1)1,.  [add.]  [Gr.  n-Aio-^ia,  anything  formed 
PLAS'MA,  f     or  molded.] 

In  physiology,  the  viscous  material  of  a  cell  from 
which  the  new  developments  take  pl.aco  ;  also,  the 
colorless  fluid  of  the  blood.  R.  Omn. 

PLAS-MAT'I€.  a.  [add.]  Pertaining  to  the  plas- 
ma; contaiuiu- or  conveying  plasma;  as,  the 7;/./.s- 
malic  mud.  ''■'""■:".■,, 

PL.AS'TRON  --      [.add.]    The  sternal  or  under  shield 

of  the  tortoise.  Carpenter. 

PLATE'-WIIEEL,  II.  In  mech.,  a  wheel  whose  riin 
and  teeth  are  connected  with  tho  axle  by  a  thin 
platcof  metal  instead  of  arms. 

Appleton  s  Mech.  Diet. 
PT  XT'I-NIZE  f  (     To  cover  or  combine  with  plat- 

Tnum.  ■  ^    Gregory. 

PL.AT'I-NTZ/iT)  (i>lat'e-nud),  pp.  and  a     Covered 

or  combined  with  platinum.  Gregory. 

PLAT'I-NriDE     See  Cathode. 
PLAT'I-XOID.  a.    Resembling  platinum. 
PLAT'I-TrrilE,  n.     [.add.]     A  flat,  stupid  remark. 
PL.\-Ti')M'E-TER.    See  Plasimetf.k. 
PLA-TON'I€,  n.  One  who  adopts  tho  views  of  Pl.ito. 

PL,\T'Y,  a.     Like  plates;  consisting  of  pl.ates. 

PLAT.Y  CEPII'A-LOCS,  a.   [Gr.  77At.Tus,  broad,  and 

Kt^a\-fi.  bead.]  rt.,,;„ 

Broad- bended.  Ciuig. 

PL.\T-Y-€Rt'NlTES,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  itXotvs,  and  Kpii/o-.. 

'  Xkind  of  encrinite.  the  body  of  which  is  stout 
and  ma<lo  up  of  a  few  Inrge  plates,  confined  mostly 
to  the  sub-carboniferous  limestone  in  geology. 

Dana. 


PLU 

PLAT-Y-CCE'LI-AN,  n.     [Gr.  n-Xarii?,  and    jcolAo?, 
hollow.] 

Flat  at  tho  front  end  and  concave  at  tho  hinder; 
as,  the  vertebra-  of  tho  extinct  Cetiosaurs.   Dana. 

PLEACHED  (pleecht),  )   pp.  or  a.     Interwoven  ;  as 

PLE.VCHT  f        a    ^^  pleached     bower," 

"p'leac/tt  'arms."  Shakes. 

PLEAS'ANT,  (I.     [add.]    Promoting  Laughter,  or  ridi- 
cule, as  tipleasant}okc.  Wash.  Irmng. 

PLEAS'DR-ING,  n.     Tho  going  out  for  pleasure. 

C.  Lamb. 

PLEA'P.    See  Plait. 

PLE-BE'IAN-lZE    (plc-be'yan-Ize),  v.  t.    To   make 
common  or  vulgar.  Ogilcie. 

PLE-BE'I.\N-IZ-ING,  ppr.  or  a.     Making  vulgar. 

PLEB-I-FI-€A'TION,  n.    Tho  act  of  rendering  com- 
mon. Coleridge. 

PLE-BI€'0-LIST,  n.     One  who  flatters  the  common 
people.  Clarke. 

PLEDGE'LESS,  a.    Without  a  pledge.    Quar.Hev. 

PLEI'O-CENE.    See  Pliocene. 

PLEl-0-SAUTlUS,  n.    See  PLiosArntJs. 

PLEIS'TO-^OBNE,  n.     [Gr.  TrAeioros,  most,  uaivis, 
new.] 

In  geol.,  the  period  or  epoch  followingthe  Plioceno 
tertiary  ;  _the  post_-tertiary  ;  the  quaternary.     Lyell. 

PLEN-I-TU-pi-N.VRI-AN.     See  Plexist. 

PLE'0-€HRO'I€,      la.      Having   the  property  of 

PLE'O-eilRO'OrS,  J      pleochroism.  Dana. 

PLE'O-fc'IIRO'lSM,  \n.     [Gr.  TrAeiaii-,  more  or 

PLE'0-€HR0'MA-TISM,  f     many,    and     xP""'  <"^ 
XP'aua,  color  of  the  surface  ' 


Tho  property  possessed  liy  some  bodies,  especially 
crystals,  of  pi-escntin<r  different  colors,  when  viewed 
in  the  direction  of  diifercut  axes.  llaidinger. 

PLE'0-6HRO'M.\-TI€,  a.     Having  pleo-chroism. 
PLB'O-MORPH'ISM,  II.  [Gr.  irAeioii-,  more  or  many, 
and  /xoptfiij,  form.] 

The  property  of  crysl.alliziug  under  two  or  more 
distinct  fundamental  forms,  embracing  dimorph- 
ism when  there  are  two  forms,  and  trimorph- 
ism  when  there  are  three  forms ;  as  carbon,  which 
occurs  in  octahedral  .and  related  forms  in  the  dia- 
mond, and  in  hexagonal  prisms  in  graphite. 

Dana. 
PLE'O-MORPII'OUS,  a.    Il.aving  tho  property  of 

pleo-morphism. 
PLETH-OR'I€-AL-LY',  adv.    After  a  plethoric  man- 
ner. Ed.  liev. 
PLEU'RAL,  a.     Pertaining  to  the  ribs  or    the  side 

of  tlie  body  where  they  lie.  Dunglison. 

PLEU-R.\L'GI-.\.  11.     [Gr.  irAfvpc,  and  iA-yos,  pain.] 
Pain  in  the  side  or  region  of  tho  ribs. 

Dungliso7i. 

PLEtJ-Rl'TIS,  It.     [Gr.  irXeupa,  side.] 

Iiiflainniatiou_of  the  pleura.  Dunglison. 

PLEtJ'RO-PNEU-MO'NI-.V  (-nu-mo'ni-a),  n.     [Gr. 
n-AEuoa,  and  Tri-ey/xoi  es,  the  lungs.] 
Inflammatory  disease  of  the  pleura  and  lungs. 
Dunglison. 

PLfiX'PRE  (pleks'yur),  -n.     Tlie  act  or  process  of 

weaving  together ;  that  which  is  woven  together. 
PLI'O-SAU'P.CS,  n.     [Gr.  irAnoii',  great,  and  o-iupoj, 
a  lizard.]  ,    . 

A  swimming  saurian  allied  to  the  plesiosaurus, 
whose  fossil  remains  are  found  in  the  oiilite. 

li.  Owen. 
PLOT'TIE,  n.    A  Scottish  name  for  a  kind  of  mulled 

,yjne.  Simmonds. 

PI.tfCK.,  V.  t.    In  Eng.  universities,  to  reject  at  an 

examination  for  honors  or  degrees.       Conyheare. 
PLrCK'1-LY,  adv.     In  a  bold,  resolute  m.anner. 
PLtJCK'I-NESS,  11.    The  quality  of  pluck. 

Tliackeray. 

PLtJCK'LESS,  a.    Without  pluck. 

PL'C'CK'Y  «   Having  resolute  and  enduring  courage. 

Tliuck.eniy. 

PLTJFF,  n.  A  puff;  an  escape  of  smoke;  an  ex- 
plosion of  gunpowder.    [Scotch.]  Ogilrie. 

PLUGGED  (plugd),  2>P.  <"■  "■  Closed  or  fastened 
with  a  plug. 

PH.;-MAS'S.\-RT.  n.  [Fr.]  A  plume  or  collection 
of  ornam-nlai  feathers.  Clarke. 

I'LV-MAS'.'^I-ER  (plu-mas'e-a),  ».  [Fr.]  One  who 
Di-enares  and  deals  lu  plumes  or  feathers  fur  orna- 
ment. Bescherelle. 

P'.UMB'ER-BLOCK,  II.       A  metal  box  or  case  con- 
taining tho    pillows    on    which    the    journals  of 
shafts,"  &c.,  revolve  ;  tho  same  as /iiV/^'ic-J';'"'';-. 
Appleton  s  Jlech.  Diet. 

PLti.MP,  V.  i.     [add.]    To  cause  to  drop  heavily. 

PLt'NTiER,  7i-t  [add.]  A  n.ame  given  in  the  West- 
ern Stale.i'to  bagg.ase  or  luggage;  it  seems  to  have 
como  from  the  German  plUndern,  to  bear  or  carry 

Bai'tlett. 


off. 


DOVE,    WOLF,    BOOK;    ROLE,    BIJLL;    YI"CIOtlS.-€    as 


K;    & 


J;    S    as  Z;    CU    as    SH 


1504 


t  See  Table  of  Synonyms. 


POL 


POP 


PLC'RAL-ISM,  n.  State  or  conilitUin  of  being  in 
the  plm-nl ;  the  holdins:  of  more  than  one  ecciesiiis- 
tical  livins  ai  a  time.    [£'«<7.]  Oitilcie. 

PLrRAL  IZE,  r.  i.    To  hold  mora  than  one  bene- 
fice at  a  time. 
PLr'i:.\L-TZ-EE.    See  Pluraust. 
PLr'R.\L-IZ-ING,   n.     Tlie  act   of  hoWing  more 

th.in  one  benefice  at  a  time. 
PLU-Rt-FO'Ll-0-LATE,  a.     [L.  plti,   many,  and 
folium^  leaf] 
Having  many  small  leaves.  A.  Gray. 

PLr-RI-LrSe'C-L.^K,  a.  [L.  plus,  and  loculus,  a 
u;irtitton.] 

In  bot..   noting  fruits  h.ivini:  several  divisions 
containing  seeds,  as  the  lemon,  Ac. 
PLl'-VI-liM'E-TER.     See  Plivia-METek. 
rLT,   r.  i.     [a.M.]     To    make    regular  trips;   as,  a 

vessel  plus  between  the  two  pLices.  Ci-aig. 

PLT'ING,  «.     [add.]    The  mating  regular  trips  be- 
tween two  places. 
PXEC-.M.iT'le  (nu-matlk),  a.     [add.]     Adapted  to 
or  lused  for  experiments  with  gases;  as,  a  pneu- 
matu-  cistern.  Franuis. 

2.  Fitted  to  contain  air;  as,  pneumatic  cells. 

li.  Otctn. 
PNTX  (nix\  n.     [Gr.]     In  Athene,  the  place  where 
the  people  held  their  public  assemblies. 

SiniVit  Diet.  Antiq. 
POAKE,  n.     Waste  matter  from  the  preparation  of 
skiiu ;  it  consists  of  hair,  limo,  oil,  &c 

Sijnmonda. 
POCK'ET,  n.     [add.]     In  mining,  a.  tmM  cavity  in 
a  rock  or  in  the  surface  of  a  rock,  containing  gold. 

Ifmcitt. 
POCK'ET-FL.XP,  n.    A  flap  or  piece  of  cloth  that 

ci>vers  the  pocket-hole  of  a  coat,  &c  Ash. 

POCK'ET-PIECE,  n.    A  piece  of  money  to  be  kept 

in  the  pocket  and  not  spent.  Clarke. 

POCK'ET-PISTOLs  n.     A  pistol  to  be  carried  in 
the  i>ocket;  a  pocket-flask  of  liquor.    [f<im.] 
'  John  Wilmn. 

POCK'-Pp)'T)IXG,  n.  .\  name  of  rcpro.ich  or  ridi- 
cule given  by  the  Scotch  to  the  English. 

Wiilt.  Scott. 


P0D(»T  (padj'y),  n.  Fat  and  short;  puilg/;  as,  a 
polQi)  hand.  DicktM.     Wrigkt. 

POD-OP1I-THXL'MI€,  a.  [Gr.  iroJ?,  a  foot,  and 
o^ftzAMoc,  an  eye.] 

1.  Having  the  eyeson  movable  footstalks  or  pedi- 
cels. 

2.  Of  the  order  Podophthalmia  in  Crostaceans, 
which  includes  crabs,  lobsters,  and  shrimps,  the 
eyes  of  which  are  on  movable  pedicels.        Zfana. 

ViyE.  n.  .\n  article  of  food  in  Hawaii  and  other 
Islands  of  the  Pacific  Ocean,  made  from  the  pound- 
ed baked  roots  of  the  taro  plant,  Thurston. 

PO'E-BIBD,  n  A  bird  of  New  Zealand,  greatly 
valued  for  lU  glossy  plumage,  which  is  used  in 
making  feather  mantles  for  the  chiefs.       Ofiilvie. 

PO-EU-.XX'Ife',  a.    Pertaining  to  a  poem. 

Coleri^Iffe. 

POIND'F.R.  n.  One  who  seizes  ordistrains  ciittle  for 
rcnL     [.'i-ntch.]  "'""■  *""• 

PolSD'fNG,  H.  The  act  or  process  of  distraining. 
f.*»fcA.] 

POINT,  n.  [add.]  A  name  given  in  Eng.  to  a  rail- 
way switch.  Simmonda. 

POINT'ERS,  n.  pi.  Two  stars  in  the  Great  Bear 
(Mcrak  and  Dubhe),  the  line  between  which  points 
nearly  to  the  North  Star.  Craig. 

2.  ficcesof  timber,  in  nhi p-huiUling,  connecting 
the  stern-frame  with  the  after-body.    Imp.  Add. 

POINTS'M  AN,  n.  In  Eng..  a  name  given  to  the  man 
who  has  charge  of  railway  switches.    SimmoTuU. 

POKE'-BfiN'NET,  n.  A  bonnet  of  a  long,  straight, 
projecting  form.     [Am.]  Bartlett. 

PoKE'LO-KSN  (-loTin),  n.  An  Indian  name  for 
marshy  places,  still  used  in  M.aino.  Barttett. 

POK'ER  n.  A  favorite  game  of  cards  in  the  South- 
ern States.     [.-Im.]  liarUett. 

POK'ER-ISII,  n.  Calculated  to  eicite  fear;  as,  a 
poterwA  place.  BartUtt. 

PcVLAR,   n.     [add]     Limiting  the  polar  or  frigid 
zone;  a.s,  the />(//«'■  circle ;  measured  from  the  p.de  ; 
as,  poL:r  distance ;  constructed  with  reference  to 
the  pole  of  the  earth ;  as,  a  polar  projection. 
■^  Craig. 

PO-LAR-IM'E-TER,  n.  [Polar,  and  Gr.  iLiTfov, 
measure.]  ,     ^. 

An  initmmcnt  for  discovering  and  estimating  po- 
larizedlight;  a  polariscope.  Nichol. 

PO-LAR-IMTi-TUY,  n.    The  art  or  process  of  meas- 
uring the  polai-ization  ol*light. 
POt.VR-IZ-ER,  n.  Tlie  objcet-gl.asa  of  a  polariscope ; 

the  plate  or  crystal  useil  for  polarizing.      Nichol. 
rO-r.IT'lfJ-AL-ISM,  n.    Earnestness  or  party  spirit 
in  political  matters. 


PoL'LKN-M.\SS,  w.  In  hot.,  a  term  used  to  describe 
the  pollen  of  a  plant,  when  its  grains  unite  into  a 
lu.'iss;  as,  in  milk-weed.  A.  Gray. 

PO-LU'Ny,n.  [l'rob;il)ly  abridged  from  Bologna- 
sausage.]  A  kind  of  dry  sausage  made  of  meat 
partly  cooked.  Thackerny. 

POL-TKOON'ISII,  a.    Of  or  resembling  a  poltroon  ; 

cowardly.  Clarke. 

POL-Y-BA'Sie,  a.  [Or.  iroAvs,  many,  and  /Sao-i!,  a 
base.] 

lla\ing,  or  couibincd  with,  several  bases, 
POL-Y-eJiU'POUS,  a.  [Gr.  tvoAvc,  and  Ka?-6<;,  Iruit.] 
In  hot.,  denoting  a   plant  which  bears  fruit  in 
several  successive  years. 
POL-Y-€ON'I€,   a.     In  map-projection,  projected 
as  if  on  conical  surfaces  which  are  afterwards  opened 
out;    as,  ^'polyeonic  development  of  the  earth's 
surface."  T.  .S.  Coast  Survey. 

P0L-Y-EM-BRY-(5N'I€,  a.    [Gr.  iroAei,  and  I^Ppoor, 
an  embryo.] 
Consisting  of  several  embryos.  Dana. 

P(5L'Y-F0IL,  n.    [Gr.  woAui,  and  1,.  folium,  a  leal'.] 
In  arch.,  a  leaf-shaped  ornament  of  more  than 
five  divisions  made  by  foils  or  segiiicnts  of  circles. 

Weale. 
PO-Lt'M'EE-I€,  a.    Relating  to  polymerism. 

Gregory. 
PO-LY M'ER-ISM,  n.    [Gr.  iroAv's,  and  (icpos,  a  part.] 
In  chem.,  the  principle  according  to  which  a  di- 
versity of  compounds  exists  under  a  coniin<m  for- 
mula;  as,  for  example,  the  compounds  that  may 
exist  under  the  general  formula  i.Ci  Ih  )n(94  con- 
stitute an  example  of  polymerism.  Gregory. 
PO-LYM'ER-OUS,  a.    In  hot.,  baviug  many  parts  in 
each  set.                                                       A.  Gray. 

In  cAe;?!.,  having  the  kind  of  relation  called  po- 
lymerism ;  characterized  by  polymerism. 

Gregory. 
POL-Y-MC)EPn'I€,     1  «.     [Gr.   iroWs,   and  nop*i), 
POL-Y-MORPII'OUS,  )      f.nin.] 

Of  several  dilferent  forms. 
POL-Y-MCir.Piri*M,  I!.     In  crystallography,  same 
as  pleomorphism,  which  see;   in  zolil.,  the  capa- 
bility of  assuming  diiferent  forms;    in  hoi.,  tlio 
capability  of  widely  varying  form.  Dana. 

P0-L?N'I-A,  n.     A  name  given  by  the  Russjans  to 

the  iceless  sea  around  the  North  Pole.  Kane. 

POL'Y-PID,  n.    The  corallum  of  apolyp.     Dana. 
POL-Y-PIP'A-UOUS,  a.    [Polyp,  and  L.  pario,  to 
produce.] 

Producing  polyps. 
p5L'Y-P0ID,  a.    Like  a  polyp  or  a  polypus. 

Dunglison. 
PO-LYP'O-ROUS,  a.     [Gr.  ttoAui,  and  Trdpos,  a  p.is- 
sage  or  pore.] 

Noting  numerous  passages  or  pores.    «.  A  genus 
of  parasitical  fungi  having'numerous  pores. 

'  Wriglit. 

P0I.-Y-SP0'R0US,  a.     Containing  many  spores. 
P0L-Y-SYN-TIIET'I€,  a.    [Gr.  iroAOs,  and  aiifSeai^, 
a  uniting,  or  compo>ilion.] 
Making  a  manUbld  compoun:'. 
POL-Y-TII A-L.V'MI-A,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  jtoAvs,  many,  and 
CdAa/io?,  a  chamber.] 

Minute  animals  occupying  clinniberod  calcareous 
shells  of  microscopic  size.    Sec  Kiiizoi'ODS.    Dana. 
P0L-Y-Z0'AN$,  n.pl.  [Gr.  ttoAvs,  and  j'iioi',  a  living 
cre-ature.] 

In  soof.,  compound  groups  among  the  Bryozoa, 
the  lowest  order  of  the  mollusUs.  Dana. 

PON'CHO  (pon'cho).  n.  [Sp]  .V  kind  of  clo.ik  worn 
by  the  Spanish  Americans,  having  the  form  of  a 
blanket  with  a  slit  in  the  middle  for  the  heail  to  jkiss 
through.  Simrnonds. 

priN'DER-A-BLE-NESS,  n.    The  condition  of  being 

ponderable.  Allen. 

POXE,  71.    A  kind  of  bread,  made,  p.articularly  in  the 
Southern  States,  of  corn-meal,  often  with  eggs  and 
milk.     [Am.] 
PON-GIIEE',  n.    In  Burmah,  a  p  i.'st  of  the  higher 

orders.  J/alcam. 

PO'NY,  «.     [add.]    A  cant  term  for  the  sum  of  fifty 

pounds  sterling,  used  among  gamblers  and  betters  in 

Emrland.  Wright's  Pror.  Diet.     Viackeray. 

PONT'AGE,  n.    A  duty  or  tax  for  crossing  bridges. 

Craig. 
POON'-WOOD,  n.     An  East-Indian  wood  of  a  light 
porous  te'xfnrc,  and  light  grayish  cedar  color,  iniich 
prized  for  ship-building.    Appleton's  Mech.  Diet. 
POOR'-BOX,  71.    A  contribution-box  for  the  poor. 
Mi.fs  Edgercnrth. 
P5P'IN-IAY,  n.     A  mark  In  the  form  of  a  bird,  put 
on  a  pole  to  be  shot  at. 

StrutCs  Sports.     Walt.  Scott. 
PDP'PETS,  n.  pi.    In  ship-huilding.  upright  tim- 
bers on  the  bilge-ways,  used  to  support  a  vesstd 
while  being  launched.  Tolten. 

POP'PLE,  ».  1.    To  bubble  up.     [North  of  Eng.] 

Ifalliioell. 


POS 

POP'PLING,  ppr.  or  a.  Noting  a  bubbling  sound, 
or  like  that  of  rain  falling  oa  water;  used  also  as  a 
noun.  Hugh  Miller. 

POP-tJ-LAR-I-ZA'TION,    n.     The  act  of   making 
popular,  or  of  introducing  among  a  people.   Clarke. 
POR'CE-LAIN,  a.    Composed  of  or  relating  to  por- 
celain. 
P(5R'CE-L.\-N0TT.'1,  a.     Pertaining  to  or  like  porce- 
lain; porcelaneous.  AppUion's  Mech.  Diet. 
PO-EIF'E-RA,       1 71.   pi.    [Pore,  and  L.  fcro,  to 
PO-KIF'E-RAN$,  f     be.ir] 

In  zo'ul.,  the  species  of  the  group  comprising  the 
sponges.  ~  Carpenter. 

Port,  77.  [.add.]  In  mechanics,  an  opening  through 
which  steam,  air,  or  water  may  pass  respectively  to 
the  Y.alve3  of  a  steam-engine. 

AjipUton's  Mech.  Diet. 
P0RT'A6E,  71.     [.add.]     A  sailor's  w,ages  when  in 
port;  also,  the  amount  of  a  sailor's  wages  for  a 
voyage.  Simrnonds. 

PORT'LAND-VASE,  7).      A  celebrated  cineivary  nrn 
or  vase  found  in  tho  tomb  of  the  emperor  Alexan- 
der Severus  now  owned  by  the  Duke  of  Portland. 
/'0.'27'£''-.Vf^.V-.Y.d/£' (port'-mun-na),  71.     [Fr.]     A 

small  pocket-book  or  wallet  for  carrying  money. 
POR-TENT'IVE,    a.      Showing  beforehand ;    pre- 
saging. Ogilcie. 
PuP.'TI-€o£D  (por'te-kode),  a.    Furnished  with  a 

portico. 
pr)RT'S0-K.BN,  a.  [L.  porta,  a  gate,  and  Sueo-Goth- 
ic  Sokn,  jurisdiction.] 

Having  the  circuit  or  liberties  of  the  gate  ;  that 
is,  being  within  the  city  gates  in  point  nf  privileges, 
though  without  it  in  point  of  liiet.  One  ward  in 
London  has  now  this  name.  Craig. 

P0U-TD-LA€'€A,  7!.     In  hot.,  a  genus  of  plants  em- 
br.aeing  the  common  purslane,  and  also  species  hav- 
ing beautiful  flowers.  Loudon. 
POR'TU-GCESE,  7i.    An  iidi.abitant  of  Portug.al ;  a. 

pertaining  to  Portugal  .and  its  inhabitants. 
PO.f-A'DA  (pos-sUh'dah),  n.     [Sp.]    A  Spanish  inn 

or  lodging-house.  Telasqnez. 

POSE  (poze),  7!,.  In  painting  or  sculpture,  the  atti- 
tude, or  position  of  a  figure.  Art  Journal. 
POS'I-TIVE,  (7.  [add.]  Noting  a  photographic  pic- 
ture whose  lights  and  shades  correspond  to  those 
of  the  original.  B.  Hunt. 
Po$'I-TlVE,  fl.  In  photog..  a  picture  corresponding 
in  its  lights  an  1  sh.adcs  with  the  original,  Instead  of 
being  reversed  like  a  negative.  B.  Hunt. 
P5$'I-TIV-I$M,  71.  A  term  applied  to  the  philoso- 
phy of  M.  Aucruste  Comte,  who  professes  to  deal 
only  with  positives  ;  and  excludes  from  philosophy 
every  thing  but  the  bare  natural  phenomena  or 
properties  of  knowable  things,  together  with  their 
invariable  relations  of  eo-existencb  and  succession, 
as  occurring  in  time  and  space.  Such  relations  he 
denominates  laur.t,  which  are  to  be  discovered  by 
observation,  experiment,  and  comparison.  This  phi- 
losophy holds  all  Inquiry  into  cau-^es.  both  efficient 
and  final,  to  be  useless  and  unprofitable,  and  re- 
duces all  that  man  can  know,  to  a  bare  succession 
of  phenomena  as  presented  to  the  mind.  Ogilvie. 
POS-SES'SION-.\.-EY(pos-5esh'un-  or  poz-zesh'un-), 

a.    Noting  possession. 

POST,  a.     Employed  in  traveling  post ;    as,  post- 

horses  ;  noting  great  speed,  as,  post-hxito.    Smart. 

POST,  arte.     With  post-horses;  .as,  to  travel  post. 

2.  With  great  rapidity ;  as,  "sent  from  Media  post  to 

Egypt."  MiU07i. 

POST'AL,  a.    Belonging  to  the  post-ofllce  or  mail 

service  ;  as,  postal  .arrangements. 
POST'-CAP'TAIN,  71.      A  common   nnofTicial   title 
given  to  captains  in  tho  British  navy  to  distinguish 
them  from  eommand.rs  to  whom  the  title  of  rap- 
tain  is  often  given  by  courtesy.  Sinmionds. 
PoST'ED,   pp.   or   a.     [add.]     Placed  in  the  post- 
office;  as,  my  letter  is  posted. 
PoST'-IIOUE,  71.    Tho  time  for  posting  letters. 

DickenrS. 
POST'ING,  71.     [add.]     The  act  of  putting  letters 

into  the  post-ofliee. 
POST'-'MiLL,  II.   A  form  of  wlnd-miU  so  constructed 
that  tiie  whole  fal.ile  rests  on  a  vertical  axis  firmly 
fastened  to  the  irrouml.  and  can  be  turned  by  a 
lever  as  tho  direction  of  the  wind  varies. 

Bell's  Tech.  Diet. 
POST'-OF'FICE,    71.     [add.]     Post-office   order,   in 
Eng.,   an  order  for  money  made  payable   at  any 
desired  post-office.  Simrnonds. 

POST-PON'ING,  71.    The  act  of  deferring  to  a  future 

time. 
POST'-PE.\N'DI-AL,  o.    [Tj.post,  after,  and  pra7t- 
dium,  dinner.] 
Occurring  subsequent  to  dinner.  Bulieer. 

POST'-TfeR'TIA-RY,  a.     In  geol.,  tbe  period^follow- 
ing  the  tertiary  ;  pleistocene. 


Dana. 


A,    E,    &c. 


lony.-\,    t,    &c.,  short.^kV.^,    FAR,    LAST,     F.U-I-,    WHAT;    THfiRE.    TfeRM;    MARINE.    BtRD ;    MOYE, 


189 


t  See  Table  of  Synonyms. 


150.5 


PRE 


PRE 


PRO 


PUST-KOAD,  n.    A  rond  over  which  tlio   mail   i:. 

carried.  Clarke. 

POT-A-MOG'RA-PHT,  n.     [Gr.  irorajud?,  river,  and 

ypdiiuj,  to  describe.] 
An  account  of  rivers. 
rO-TIIKEN'.     ^ee  Potefk. 
P(5Tri'KR-ING,  7?.     Thoftct  of  bustling  about  in  a 

perplexed  manner;  pudderini;. 
PO-TI-CflO-^fA'yr-E,  n.   [Fr.]    The  art  or  process 

ofcoatinu'  the  Jnsidoofgla-ss  vessels  with  engravings 

or  paintings,  so  as  to  give  them  the  appearance  of 

painted  ware.  ^immonds. 

POT'-LID   VXLVE,  n.       A  kind  of  bucket  valve, 

consisting  of  .1  circular  plate  with  an  eye  in  the 

ccntei",  through  which  tho  piston-md  passes  freely. 
Heir-s  Tech,  Diet. 
POT-POUn'RT,   (po-poor'e)  n.       (Fr.^      A  ragout 

composed  of  diff^-rent  sorts  of  meats,  vegetables,  «S:c., 

seasoned  and  cooked  tngeUier. 

2.  A  vase  or  packet  of  odoriferous  flower  leaves, 
used  to  peifumo  a  room. 

3.  A  pieco  of  music  made  up  of  dilTcrent  airs. 

4.  A  literary  prorhiction,  made  up  of  parts  brought 
together  without  order,  or  bond  of  connection. 

Be^t'hcrAIe. 

POT'TEK-ING,  n.  Aimless  and  confused  bustle; 
pother. 

POUCHED  (powcht),  pp.  [add.]  Having  a  poach 
for  the  young,  as  the  opossum. 

POUL'DKON.    See  Powlduon. 

PoLTL'TIC-ING  (pOl'tis-ing),  n.  Tho  act  of  covering 
with  a  poultice. 

POUIi'ING,  71.    Tho  act  of  flowing  in  a  stream. 

POUR-POINT,  n.  [Fr.]  An  old  kind  of  stufi'ed 
and  t]uilted  doublet,  used  down  to  the  time  of 
Charles  II.  Fairhult. 

POQT  (poot),  n.  Tho  young  of  some  birds  or  fisli,  as 
of   the    grouse    kind;   a   young    fowl.       ]Scotdi.'\ 

J,  WlUon. 

POUT  (pool),  t).  i.  To  shoot  young  birds,  as  grouse, 
vfec.     [.SVoicA.] 

POUT'Kii,  n.  Odo  who  pouts;  a  variety  of  the  do- 
mestic pi:xeon,  with  an  inflated  breast. 

POW'DER,  y.  i.  [add.]  To  separate  into  minuto 
particles;  to  become  liko  powder;  as,  somo  salts 
liOwdQV  easily. 

POWDER-MONK'FT"  (-miink'y),  n.  A  boy  who 
carries  cartridges  from  the  magazine  to  the  guns  in 
ships  of  war.  Wriijld. 

POWWOW,  V.  i.  To  use  conjuration  with  noise  and 
confusitm,  as  among  the  American  Indians.     [--1'".] 

Barilcit. 

POYND'ING.    See  Poinding. 

POVNT'ELL,  n.  In  arch.,  a  modo  of  paving  or 
iiooi'ing  in  small  squares  or  lozenges.  Weal^ 

PK.E-FLO-PvA'TION.     See  Prkfloiiation. 

PU^-FO-LI-ATION,     /  ^,,  v-o^...... 

PliE-FO-Ll-A'TlON.      ^^^  \ eenation. 

PR.E-MiJR^E'.     61V  Phemorse. 

PKAG-MXT'IG,  n.  A  solemn  ordinance  or  decreo 
issued  by  the  hL-ad  of  a  State;  as  "a  royal  prag- 
matic was  pa.sseil  interdicting^  tho  use  of  African 
slaves  by  the  Moslems  of  Granada."         Prescott. 

PRArUIE-IlEN.  n.     The  popular  name  of  a  species 
of  grouse  {THrao  cupido)  in  the  Western  States. 
Icon.  Encyc. 

PRAN'DI-AL,a.  [L.^ramZiiim,  a  repast.]  Relating 
to_a  repast. 

PR.AS'OID,  a.     Resembling  prase.  Dana. 

I*I1.\T'TLIXG.  n.  The  act  of  talking  much  on  trifles. 

PRAY'ER  (prii'er),  ti.     [add.]     One  wlio  prays. 
_  Sjnart 

PRAYTNG,  n.  Tho  act  of  making  a  prayer ;  as,  he 
w:i3  eni:ra2ed  \\\  praying. 

PRE-AN-NOUNCE',V.  t.    To  announce  beforehand. 

PliE-CES'SIOX-AL,  a.  Belondncr  to  [irecession  ;  as, 
l)^&  precefixiomd  movement  of  the  equinoxes. 

PRE-CISTAN-IST  (pre-sizh'an-i>t),  n.  A  very  pre- 
cise person.  OgilDie. 

PRK^ON-FORMa-TT.  n.     Previous  conformity. 
_  Coleridge. 

PRE-eON-SENT',  n.     A  previous  conso:it. 

_,„_  _  Southet/. 

PRE-DE-CEASE',  n.  Death  previous  to  something 
e'j:<?-  ^  Brougham. 

PRE-DE-TfiRMaN-A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  de- 
termined beforehand.  Co'leridge. 

PRE-Di2S'TI-NA-TiVE,rt.  Determining befnreliand. 

Coleridge. 

PRED'I-eA-TlVE,  n.  That  affirms  or  predicates; 
as,  :i  predicative  term.  Gibhs. 

PRE-DieT'iVE-LY,  adv.  In  tho  manner  of  pre- 
dii'tion.       .  Ogilvie. 

PRE-DIS-€OV'ER-Y,  n.  A  discovery  previously 
iiiade.  Dana. 

PRE-EM-PT.OY',  V.  t.  Tn  employ  beforehand ;  as, 
'•'■p'-e-c}!} ployed  by  him."'  Shakes. 

PEE-B.\IPT^  y.  t.  or  v.  i.    To  take  up  (as  land)  with 


a  right  of  pre-emption  under  the  laws  of  the  United 
States,    [vim.] 

PRE-EMPT'ING.  ppr.  or  a.  Taking  up  land  with 
the  privilege  of  pre-emption. 

PRE-EMPT'OR,  n.  One  who  takes  upland  with  the 
privilege  of  pre-emption. 

PREF-A-TO'RI-AL,  a.  That  introduces  or  nrefaces; 
as,  prepitorial  remarks.  Gilpin. 

PREF'ER-ENCE.  n.  [add.]  Preference  stock,  a 
name  in  England  for  preferred  stock.  Simmojids. 

PREF-ER-tN'TIAL  (-shal),  a.  Having  a  preference; 
as,  a  prefereiitial  share-holder.  Clarke. 

PRE-FfiRPv-ffD'  (pre-ferd'),  pp.  [add.]  Preferred 
siOi-k,  is  stock  which  takes  a  dividend  before  other 
capital  stock,  called  in  England  preferential  stock. 

Sirnmonfl.-f. 

PRE-GLA'CIAL  (-gla'shal),  a.  Prior  to  the  glacial 
or_drift  period.  Dana. 

PRE-FlG'tJ'RE-MENT,  n.  The  act  of  prefitruring; 
also,  that  which  i.'^  preiigured.  Ogilrif. 

PRE-FO-LI-A'TION,  n.     [L.  pre,  and  folia,  a  le.af.] 
In  hot,  tho  arrangement  of  leaf-buds  before  ex- 
panding. Ilenslow. 

PRE-inS-TOR'I€.  a.  Relating  to  a  time  before  that 
described  iu  written  history  ;  as,  tho  prehistoric 
age. 

PRE-JU'DI-€ATE-LY,  adv.  After  a  prejudiced 
manner. 

PREL'A-TESS,  n.  A  fom.'de  prelate;  as,  an  old 
preltitesft.  Milton. 

PKEL'vV-TIZE,  v.  i.  To  exercise  tho  office  or  duties 
of  prelacy;  as,  "an  episcopacy  that  began  io  prela- 
tize.''^  Milton. 

PRE-MA-T^'RI-TY.  ft.  Maturity  at  an  earlyperiod. 
or  before  the  usual  time;  as,  tho  prenutturitij  oi 
genius.  Thackeray. 

PRE-MXX'IL-LA-RY,  a.  Noting  a  bono  of  the  up- 
per jaw,  forming  its  margin,  anterior  to  tho  true 
mjixillary  bone.  P.  Oicen. 

PRE-MON'I-TOR,  ft.  Tie  or  that  which  gives  warn- 
inir  beforehand;  as.  "some  such  liko  premonitory, 
tojaw.iken  our  security."  Bis/top  Hall. 

PRE-MO'LAR,  a.  Noting  one  of  tho  three  or  four 
anterior  molars,  successors  of  the  deciduous  or  milk 
molars.  P.  Oicen. 

PRE-MO-$AT€.rt.  Relating  to  the  time  before  that 
of  Moses  ;  as,  pre -mosaic  history. 

PRE-MtT'NI-TO-RY,  a.  Of  or  belonging  to  a  pre- 
niunire  ;  as.  aj^femunitorj/  process.         Ogilvie. 

PRE-PXL'A-TAL,  a.  Just  anterior  to  the  palate; 
as,  the  prepahUal  aperture. 

PRE-PAR'A-TOE,  «.  One  who  prepares  beforehand, 
as  subjects  for  dissection,  specimens  for  preserva- 
tion in  collections. <tc.  Agasslz. 

PRE-PENSE'LY,  adv.    In  a  premeditated  manner. 

PRE-RA'PHA-EL-I$M,  n.  A  theory  in  painting 
which  gives  preference  to  a  stylo  that  pievailed  bc- 
foro  the  days  of  Raphael,  which  though  more  hard 
is  considered  mnrc  true  to  nature ;  while  Raphael 
is  ch.arged  with  introducing  too  much  of  ideal  beau- 
ty into  his  pictures.  Pm-kin. 

PRE-RAT'IIA-EL-ITE,  a.  Pertaining  to  tho  stylo 
of  art  before  the  time  of  Raphael;  11.  One  who 
favors  or  practices  art  as  it  was  before  Raphael. 

_  C.  Kingdctj. 

PRES'BYTE,  ft.     [Gr.  Trpe^iSv'rT]?.  an  old  man.] 

One  whose  vision  (like  that  of  many  old  persons) 
is  confused  as  to  near  objects,  whilst  those  at  a 
greater  distance  are  clearly  distinguished.  This 
state  is  called  preshtjtia,  Dttnglisan. 

PRE-SE-LEeT'ED,  a.  Selected  beforehand ;  as, 
stars  preselected  Tot  simultaneous  observation. 

E.  a  Herrick. 

PRE-S6RV'ING,  n.  The  net  of  saving  from  injury, 
decay,  &c. ;  the  process  of  making  sweetmeats. 

PPE-Sl'DI-0  (pra-seMo-o),  n.  [Sp.]  A  place  of 
defense ;  a  garri.-ion  or  guard-house.       Velasquez, 

PRESS.E'D'-GLASS  (prcst'glass),  n.  Glass  shaped 
into  various  forms,  by  the  pressure  of  a  mold. 

Si7n7nondit. 

PRESS' tP-A&E,  n.     [Fr.]    Tho  juico  of  thogi-ape, 
extracted  by  tho  press. 
2.  A  fee  paid  for  tho  use  of  a  wine-press. 

Bescherelle.    Simmond^. 

PRES'TON-SALTS.  ft.  pi.    Smelling  salts. 

PRE-TEN'TIOrS  (pre-ten'shus),  a.  Making  great 
pretentious;  as,  a  pretentious  fvixwd. 

n.  Bmhiiell. 

PRE-TENSE'FUL,  a.     Abounding  in  preb-nses. 
_  "  Bhickwood. 

PRE-TER'I-ENT,  a.     Past  through;  previous. 

liirhat'dto*!. 

PRET'TY-ISTT,  ti.    Somewhat  pretty.       Walpole. 

PRET'TY-ISM  (prlt'ty-),  «.  Affectation  of  a  pretty 
stvle.  manner,  ite.  Ed.  Pev. 

PPErX-CfTEV-A-LIER^  (pred-sbev-a-leerO,  n. 
[Fr.]     A  gallant  knight  or  lady's  adnnrer. 

Beftcherelle. 


PRE-VENT'A-TiVE.  Incorrectly  used  for  Pre- 
ventive, which  see. 

PREY'ING  (priVing),  ft.  Tho  act  of  seizing  or  feed- 
ing upon  by  violence. 

PRiCE'-LiST,  n.  A  list  of  shares,  stocks,  &c..  with 
the  prices  at  which  sold  or  oflered.      Simmond.s. 

PRICING  (pri'sinir),  n.  Tho  act  of  setting  a  price 
on,  or  inquiring  the  price  of  articles. 

PPIE-DIEU{-pr\Q'-([Q-\\'\  n.  [Fr.]  A  kind  of  desk 
at  which  to  kneel  for  prayer.  Besche/'eUe. 

PRIEST'ISM  {preest'izm)i  ?i.  Tho  influence.  Sec., 
of_prie5t5.  Ogilvie. 

PRE-TYM-PXN'I€,  n.    See  Tymp.\nic. 

PRIESTT.ESS,  a.     Without  a  priest.  Pope. 

PRIG'GISII-NESS,  ft.    The  sbite  of  being  priggish. 

Cla/ke. 

PRIL,  n.  A  solid  pieco  of  virgin  metal  in  a  mine  ; 
tho  button  of  metal  from  an  assay. 

Mining  Journal. 

PETME,  v.  i.  [add.]  To  carry  over  hot  water  with 
tlio  steam  frotii  the  boiler  into  the  cylinder  of  a 
steam-engine ;  as,  the  engine  pri77ief!. 

AppletoH^s  Mech.  Diet. 

PRTME,  a.  [add.]  Pri ine-me rid ia 71,  the  meridian 
from  which  lonsitudo  is  reckoned;  as,  from  Green- 
wich, or  Washington. 

PRIN-CiPa-AL,  a.     Initial;  elementary.    Bacon. 

PRI-5N'0-D0N,  n.       [Gr.  Trptun/,  a  saw,  and  ofiouy,  a 
tooth.] 
A  genus  of  quadrupeds  related  to  the  weasels. 
I7np.  Add. 

PRTS-MXT'I€,  a.  [add.]  In  cr>jstallographi/,  per- 
taining to  the  trimetric  system,  or  right-prismatic 
forms.  Dana. 

PRIVY-PURSE,  ft.  In  E/ig.,  a  namo  given  to 
monies  set  npart  for  the  personal  use  of  the  mon- 
arch; al3o  tho  title  of  tho  person  having  charge  of 
these  moneys.  Macaidey. 

PRlZE'-€oURT,  «.  A  court  to  decide  on  matters 
relating  to  prizes  taken  by  vessels  of  war. 

PRIZE'-MAS'TER,  «.  One  put  in  charge  of  a  ves- 
sel captured  or  sent  in  for  adjudication. 

Si>n}no7ids. 

PRIZE '-MED'AL,  ft.    A  medal  given  as  a  prize. 

PRO'BATE,  a.  Of  or  belonging  to  a  probate  court, 
&c. ;  as,  a  p/'obate  record. 

PROB'ING,  n.  The  act  of  examining  with  a  probe  J 
hence,  fig.,  act  ofsearching  deeply. 

PRO-r.0"S-ClDT-AL,  a.  Furnished  with  a  proboscis. 

PRO-BOS-CID'I-AN,  n.  A  pachyderm  liaving  a 
proboscis,  as  the  elephant  or  mastodon.       Cuvier. 

PRO-BOS-ClDa-FORM,  a.  Having  the  form  or 
uses  of  a  proboscis;  as,  a.  prohoscidiform  mouth. 

Carpenter. 

PRO-CEED'INGS,  n.  pi.  The  published  bulletin 
ofscientifle  and  other  societies. 

PRO-CCE'LI-AN,  a,  [Gr.  irpos,  before,  and  koIAo?, 
hollow.] 

Having  tho  anterior  side  concave  ;  as,  tho  verte- 
bra; of  the  crocudilians.  Dana. 

PR0-€t3N'SI'-LA-RY.     See  Proconsulai:, 

PR0-€RXS'TI-NA-T0-RY,  adv.  In  a  procrasti- 
nating manner. 

PRO-eRUS'TE-AN-IZE.  v.  t.  To  stretch  or  con- 
tract according  to  somo  rule,  Ac.  Ogilvie. 

PR5d.  v.  t.     [From  prod,  a  goad.] 

To  prick  with  some  sharp  instrument,  as  a  goad, 
bayonet,  &.c.  IlalUtrell. 

PRO-DU€-TiVa-TY,  n.      Cap.icity    of   production. 

Coleridge. 

PRO-DUe'TRESS,  n.    A  fomalo  who  produces. 

PRO-FEe-Tr'TIOUS,  a.  Proceeding  from,  sc.  a 
parent;  as,  "tho  three-fold  distinction  of  jtrofer- 
titioiif*,  adventitious,  and  professional  was  ascer- 
tained." Gihhon. 

PROG-NA'TflOUS,  a.     [Gr.  tt?6,  before,  and  vi-dPoc. 
the  jaw.] 
Having  projecting  jaws,  as  a  negro.  Diingliaon. 

PRO-GRES'SION-IST,  n.  Ono  who  h(dds  to  tho 
proL'resshm  of  soeictv  toward  perfection. 

PPO-LE-  TAIRE'  (tare'),  n.  [Fr.]  Ono  of  the  com- 
mon ixsople;  a  low  person.  Bescherelle. 

PRO-ME'TIIE-AN,  «.  [add.]  A  kind  of  lucifor 
match. 

PRO-ME'ROPS,  ft.  Aspecies  of  the  genus  Upupaof 
Linn.,  remarkable  for  tho  beauty  of  its  plnniaso 
and  its  singular  nirangemont.  It  h.is  a  longish  bill, 
and  extendible  tongue,  and  feeds  on  insects,  soft 
fruit,  and  saccharine  juices.  Imp.  Add. 

PRO'NATE,  a.     In  hot.,  prono  or  declining.   Kane. 

PRO-NON-CE  (pro-non-saO,  a.  [Fr.]  Stron-ly 
marked,  decided,  as  in  manners,  ttc.    Beschevtll,:. 

PRO-NOirNC£'D'  (pro-nounstO,  «.  [Fr."]  Strongly 
marked,  decided;  as,  "our  friend's  views  became 
every  d.iv  inoTo p>'07iounced.^^  TVtackerau. 

PRO-'NTN-CI-A'MlEN'TO,  n,  [Sp.]  A  procla- 
mation or  manifesto.  Velasquez. 


DO  YE,  WOLF,  BOOK  ;  PvOLE,  BULL  j  Tl"CIOUS.— €  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  THIS. 


1506 


t  See  Table,  0/  Synonyms* 


PRO 


PUB 


PUT 


PKO-Nt'N'CIA-TO-Er,rt<?r.    Portainingto  proniin- 

PKOOF.rt.  Having  ^towar  to  reshU  us  proof  a  j'lttor; 
taken  by  way  of  ^nal,  or  early,  as  a  proof  iinpre.'i' 
iionot  an  engraviu?;  noting  a  degree  of  strength, 
SiS  proQf-^piriti  ;  ii^^eil  to  prove  or  try,  as  a  ^/-(xy^ 
Aou-4(9  for  guns  or  powder. 

PROP'A-Gi-TiVE,  a.     Producing  propagation. 

PROP'ER-ATE,  r.  t.  [L.  propero^  to  do  quickly.] 
To  press  forward  or  hasten.  Coi^. 

PR5P'ER-Tr,  n.  [adtt.]  In  ^Ays.  scUnce^  the  prop- 
erties of  matter  are  distinguished  into  the  folluw- 
ia^  three  classes. 

1.  The  p'lyxicai  properties  ct  matter  aro  those 
which  result  from  the  relations  of  bodies  to  tho 
physical  agonU  light,  heat,  electricity,  gravitation, 
cohesion,  adhesic)n,  &c.;  and  wliieh  arc  exhibited 
without  a  change  in  tho  composition  or  kind  of 
matter  acted  on.  They  are  color,  luster,  opacity, 
transparency,  hardness, 'sonorousness,  density,  crys- 
talline form,  solubility,  osmotic  diffusion,  'vapori- 
zation, boiling,  fusion,  tfec 

3.  The  chemical  propeHies  of  matter  are  those 
which  originate  or  terminate  In  the  exercise  of 
chemical  affinity;  thus,  the  explosiun  ofgnn-pow- 
der,  the  combustion  of  wood,  the  solubility  of 
metals  in  acids,  are  chemical  properties;. 

8.  The  organoleptic  propertifji  of  m.ittcr  form  a 
class  which  can  not  be  included  in  cither  of  tho 
other  two  divisions.  They  manifest  tiiomselves  in 
the  contact  of  substances  with  the  organs  of  taste, 
touch,  and  smell,  or  otherwise  affect  the  living 
organism,  as  in  the  manner  of  me<licines  and  poisons. 
The  term  organoU'Dttc  has  been  appropriately 
applied  to  these  by  M.  Cherreul.    ^  ir.  Joknuon. 

PKO-Pll£T'l€-AL-NES3,  n.  The  quality  of  fore- 
telling. Ash. 

PEO-PINE',  n,     A  plodgo  in  drinking  ■  a  gift 

Wall.  S:oU. 

PRO-PL.XS'Tie,  a.  Forming  a  mold  or  cast.  See 
pROPL.vsM.  Offilcie. 

PRO-POUTIOX-MENT,  n.  The  process  or  act  of 
dividing  out  proportionally.  Clarke, 

PRU-REeTOR,  n.  An  assistant  of  tho  rector  in  a 
high  school ;  nn  officer  who  presides  over  the  aca- 
demic senate  of  a  German  university.         Ueyse. 

PRO-S.X'I€-AL-XESS,  n.  Tho  stal»  or  quality  of 
being  prosaic  or  dull.  Leigh  Hunt, 

PROSE,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  composed  of  jiro^o ; 
as,  prote  composition.  Addison. 

2.  Noting  plain,  dull,  nnpoetical  characteristics; 
as,  the  prose  duties  of  life.  Tfmckeray. 

PRO-SiECrOP^  n.     [L.  pro.  and  seco,  to  cut] 

A  pcrsfm  who  prepares  the  subjects  for  lectures 
on  anatomy.  Dungli«on. 

PROSiL'I-EN-CT,  n,  [T*  prosUio,  to  leap  forward.] 
The  act  of  leaping  forward.  Coleridge. 

PR5^I-NE3S,  n.  Tho  quality  or  state  of  being 
prosy.  Clarke. 

PR0S-0-DT'A€-AL.    See  Pcosodical. 

PR03-0-Dl'A€-AL,  a.  Noting  a  prosodiacfU  man- 
ner. Smart, 

PRi53TE€T,  r.  t.  or  t.  To  search  or  examine  :  as.  to 
pfoapect  a  tVistrictioT^oW  or  other  metals.    I/oicitt. 

PRr)3'PE€T-IN'G,  n.  The  act  or  process  of  search- 
ing f 'r  gold  or  other  metals.  Jlowitt. 

pn(53'PE€T-IXG,  ppr.  or  a.  Making  a  search,  as 
for  gold  or  other  metals. 

PR03-TAT'I€,  a.    Pertaining  to  tho  prostate  gland. 

Dxinglison. 

PE0-T.\G'0-NIST,  n.  [Gr.  B-ptoro?,  first,  and  ayta- 
j-KTrrj?,  an  actor.] 

lie  who  fills  the  loading  part  in  a  drama;  hence, 
he  who  takes  tho  lead  in  some  great  scene,  enter- 
prise, conflict,  A^.    .Smith's  Diet.  Antiq.    Dryden. 

PUOTE-.^N.  n.  A  name  given  to  a  preparation  of 
caoutchouc  for  various  uses. 

PROTE-.VN-LV,  adv.  Like  Proteus,  or  that  which 
rcaiily  chancres  shajje.  Cudworth. 

PRO'TE-GEI^  (pro-ta-zhaO,  «.  [Fr.l  A  female 
nnder  tho  protection  of  another.         Be^cherdle. 

PROTETwES,  n.  The  scientific  name  given  to  a 
cimivorous  animal  found  in  South  Africa,  and  called 
at  the  Cape  of  Gowl  Hope,  the  aiird-wolf  (earth 
wolf);  it  is  intermedi.ite  between  tho  hyena  and 
civet.     It  is  very  destructive  to  lambs. 

Cu>Xiier. 

PRO-TriA-LA'MI-ON,  n.     [Gr.  n-pd,  bciorc,  and  «a- 
Aojioc,  marriae*.] 
An  address  in  celebration  of  a  marriage. 

Drayton. 

PROTO-COL.  «.  f.    To  reduce  ion  protocol. 

PBOTO-PIITTE,  n.     [Gr.  irpiro?,  first,  and  <^ur6i/, 


The  simplest  of  plants,  mostly  microscopic  and 
nniceilnlar;  as,  the  infusorial  species  like  tho  Dia- 
toms, Desmids,  Protococcus  of  the  snow.  &c. 

Carpenter. 


PEO-TO-rnT-Tt5L'0-6T,   n.     [Gr.  Trpiro?,  •f.uroi', 
and  Aoyo?,  an  account  ] 
The  science  of  protophytes. 

PRO'TO-PLASM,  H.  [Gr.  Trpiros,  and  TrAaajuo, 
form.] 

The  viscid  material  within  cells,  or  lining  thorn, 
from  which  the  process  of  nutrition  and  growth 
goi.s  forward.  Dana. 

PRO-T0-PLXS'MI€,  a.    Pertaining  to  protoplasm. 

PRO-TO-Z0'I€,  a.  In  eoy/.,  pertaining  to  the  proto- 
zoa. 

2.  In  geol.y  containing  remainfi  of  tho  etirliest  life 
of  the  globe,  which  included  mollusks,  radiates,  and 
some  articulates.  Dana. 

PRO-TRX€T'ED  MEETING,  n.  A  religious  meet- 
ins  continued  for  a  number  of  successive  days. 
[.4m.]  Bartlctt. 

PROL'D'ISII.  a.    Somewhat  proud.  Ash. 

PnoV'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  Tho  capacity  or  state  of 
being  proved. 

PRO-VEX'I-TY,  n.    [L.  provcJio,  to  advance.] 
Great  advance  in  age.  Clarke. 

PROX'IES,  71.  pi.  In  Eng.,  sums  paid  yearly  to  a 
bishop,  &c.,  by  the  parochial  cleigv.  Ash. 

PRC'I-NATE.    See  pRriNors. 

PS.lL'MO-DlZE,  V.  t.  To  practice  psalmody;  as, 
"  the  psalmodizing  art."  Cooper. 

PSE'PHISM  (se'fizm),  71.     [Gr.  ^Tj^ttrjua,  a  decree.] 
A  statute  enacted  by  vote  of  the  Athenian  people. 
/Smith's  Diet.  Antiq. 

PSEU"'D0-E-TXN'GE-LISM  (su'do-),  n.  An  erro- 
neous exhibition  of  evangelical  truth.        Ogih'ie. 

PSEC'DO-MAR'TYR.  n.  A  counterfeit  martyr,  or 
one  falsely  regarded  as  a  martyr.  Ash. 

PSEt'DO-MORPU  (su'do-morf),  n.  An  irregular  or 
deceptive  form.  Tennyson. 

In  cryst^illograpky,  a  psoudomorphous  crystal; 
as  a  crystal  consisting  of  quartz  but  having  the 
cubic  form  of  tluor  spar,  tho  flnor  crystal  bavins 
been  changed  by  a  process  of  substitution  to  quartz'. 

PSEt'D0-M5i:Pn'ISM  (su'do-mr.rf'izm),  n.     The 

state  or  qualitv  of  being  psoudo-mori)hous. 
PSEC'DO-NtM  (su'do-nim),  ii.     [Gr.  .//eiiSos,  false, 
and  bvofitL,  name.] 

A  fictitittus  name  assumed  for  the  time,  as  by  an 
author;    s^elt  also  Psel'doxy.me.  Disraeli. 

PSEU'DO-PO'DI-.\,  n.pl  [Gr.  ^evSo^,  and  woi)?,  a 
foot.] 

Fleshy  processes  formed  at  will  by  tho  simplest 
animals,  as  some  protozoa.  Dana. 

PST-CIIE'  (sl-keO,  «.     [Fr.l     A  name  sometimes 

given  to  a  ctievrd  dressing  class.  Beftcherelle. 

P3IT.TAC'I-D.E,  n.  pi.      The  parrot-tribe. 

Cuvier. 
PSY-€nT'A-TRV    (sl-ki'a-try),  n.     [Gr.  i/zux'?*  the 
mind,  and  tirpcyti-,  to  heal.] 

The  application  of  the  healing  art  to  mental 
dUeases.  DungliHon. 

PSY'€11I€-AL  (si'kik-.il),  rt.  [add.]  This  term  was 
formerly  use<l  to  express  the  same  idea  as  psycho- 
logical. Recent  metaphysicians  however,  have  em- 
fdoyed  it  to  mark  the  difForenoe  between  ^^xri,  the 
iving  principle  in  man,  and  Trvevfj^a,  tho  rational  or 
spiritual  part  of  liis  nature.  In  this  use,  tho  word 
describes  the  human  soul  in  its  relation  to  sense, 
appetite,  and  the  outer  visible  world,  as  distin- 
guished from  spiritual  or  rational  faculties  which 
have  to  do  vrith  the  supersensible  world.  Jleyse. 
PST-€nRO-PIlO'BI-A,  n.  [Gr.  i/zi-xpo^.  cold,  and 
<^d3o?,  fear.] 

Fear  of  cold,  especially  cold  water.  Dtinglison. 
PTAR'MieS  (tlir'miks),  n.  pi  [Gr.  TToipw,  to  sneeze.] 
Medicines  intended  to  promote  sneezing. 

Dunglison. 
PTE-RICHTHYS  (te-rik'this),  n.      [Gr.  Trrepdi',  a 
wing,  and  ix^u?,  a  lish.] 

In  geolf  a  genus  of  fossil  fish  with  wing-liko 
appendages,  found  in  the  Devonian  rocks. 

Agassis. 
PTEP/0-MYS,  n.      [Gr.  TTTepdi-,  a  wing,  and  juD?,  a 
mouse.] 

The  scientific  name  of  the  flying  squirrel,  a  genus 
of  rodent  animals  in  which  tho  skin  of  tho  flank  ex- 
tending between  the  fore  and  hind  legs,  enables 
them  to  support  themselves  for  a  moment  in  the 
air,  and  make  great  leaps.  Cwvier. 

PTER'YG-OID  (ter'ig-oid),  a.  [Gr.  Trrtpv^,  a  wing, 
and  et5o«,  shape.] 

Like  a  bird's  wing  in  form.  Dana. 

PTT-EER^-LENT.  a.     Covered  with  down,  so  short 

and  fine  as  hardly  to  be  pen-eptible.        A.  Gray. 
P€''BI€,  a.      Of  or  pertaining  to  the  pubis,  as  the 

pubic  arch.  DungUson. 

PUB'LI€-LTNE,  n.    The  business  of  keeping  an  inn 

or  house  of  entertainment.     \,Eng.'\  Dickens. 

PL'E'LISn-A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  published. 


PUCK'ER-Y,  a.  Producing  or  tending  to  produce  a 
pucker,  as  apuckery  taste.  Lowell. 

Pt'D'DER-ING,  w.  The  aet  of  bustling  about  in  a 
confused  or  perplexed  manner.         Miss  Kemhle. 

PUDG'Y,  a.   Short  and  fat ;  pod:;y  ;  as,  a  pudgy  man. 
Wright's  I'rov.  Die. 

PUD'DL^-ROLL?,  n.  pJ,  TTeavy  rollers  with  grooved 
surfaces  between  which  puddled  Iron  is  passed  to 
convert  it  to  bars.  Simmonds. 

PUF'FER-Y,  n.  Tho  act  of  praising  extravagantly, 
as  the  art  o'i pujTcry.  Bryant. 

Pl'G'GING,  a.    Grinding  up  clay.  &c.,  in  a  pug-mill. 

PU'GIN-I$M,  n.  Strict  adherence  to  medieval  archi- 
tecture, as  advocateti  by  Pugiu,  an  English  archi- 
tect. Clarke. 

PL'G'-MILL,  n.  A  kind  of  mill  for  grinding  clay, 
either  for  brick-making  or  the  fine  arts. 

Appleto/i's  Jfech.  Diet. 

PUG'-NO$£'D.  n.  TTaving  a  short  and  thick  nose; 
as,  &  pug-nosed  boy. 

PU'LI-CEXE,  a.    Port.Mning  to  fleas.  Ogilvie. 

PULOIO-NATE,  {a.     Having  organs  acting 

PUL-MO-NIF'ER-OUS,  J  as  lungs,  as  in  pnhno- 
nate  tnoUusks.  Carpenter. 

PtJL'MO-GRADE,  a.  [L.  pidmo,  the  lung,  and 
gradior,  to  walk.] 

Moving  by  the  expansion  and  contraction,  or 
lung-like  movement,  of  the  body,  especially  of  tho 
disc;  as  in  the  case  of  the  Mcdasis.  Dana. 

PtJL'VI-NATE,  a.    [L.  ptdvinar,  a  pillow.] 

In  hot.,  shaped  like  a  pillow,  A.  Gray. 

PUMP'-BOX.  n.  A  cap  or  case  covering  tlie  top  of 
a  water-pump.  Dell's  Tech.  Dirt. 

Pl^MP'-RO0^I,  n.  A  place  or  room  at  a  mineral 
spring  (particularly  at  Bath,  Eng.)  for  drinking  the 
waters.  iSim  mo?i  ds. 

PtJN,  V.  t.  [add.]  To  pound;  as,  "  he  would  pun 
thee  into  shivers  with  his  list."  Shakes. 

PLrN€T'ir-A-TOR,  n.  One  who  punctuates;  as,  in 
writing,  &c. 

PUNT,  n.  [add.]  A  flat-bottomed  pleasure  boat 
used  for  fishing  and  shouting.  Simmonds. 

PUNT,  r.  t.  To  propel,  as  a  boat,  by  pushing  with  a 
pole  against  the  bottom  of  a  river,  &c. 

Wright's  Prov.  Diet.     Living&ione. 

PCNT'ING,  n.    The  act  of  propelling  by  pu.-hing. 

LiviugRtone. 

PU-PE'LO,  n.    A  narao  for  cider-brandy.     [Am.] 

Burtlett. 

PUP'PET,  n.  [add.]  The  upright  support  of  a  man- 
drel in  a  lathe.  Appleton^s  Mech.  Diet. 

PUR'eilASE-BLDCKJ^,  «.  pi.  In  naval  afairs, 
the  blocks  connected  with  a  purchase  for  raising 
very  lieavy  weights.  Ogilvie. 

PU-REE'  (pu-riiO,  n.  [Fr.]  A  soup  made  of  peas, 
&C.,  or  other  leguminous  plants.  Bescherelle 

PIIR-GA-TO'UI-AN,  n.  One  who  holds  to  the  doc- 
trine of  purgatory.  Richardson. 

PIJR'GER-Y,  n.  A  bleaching  or  refining  room  for 
sugar. 

PTJ'RISM,  71.  Undue  solicitude  as  to  purity  in  stylo 
or  language.  Edin.  Ret. 

PUR-KTN'JE-AN,  a.  Noting  a  vesicle  or  cell  in  tho 
germinant  portion  of  an  egg,  ol'ten  called  tlte  germi- 
nal vrsiole.  R.  Owen. 

PUP/P0RT-LES9,  a.     Without  meaning  or  design. 

Southey. 

PlfRTOS-lVE,  a.  Designed  for  an  end;  as,  a 
'■'^ purposive  modification  of  structure." 

R.  Owen. 

PUE'PU-RA,  n.  [L.]  A  disease  consisting  in  livid 
spots  on  the  skin  from  extra vasated  blood,  with 
loss  of  muscular  strength,  and  pain  in  the  limbs. 

DungUson. 

PTTR-PU'RE-.\L,  a.    Noting  the  color  of  purjde. 

PUR'PU-RIC,  a.    Of  or  pertaining  to  purpura. 

DungUson. 

PURSE'FULL,  n.    All  that  is  contained  in  a  nurse. 

Dryden, 

PURS'EU-SHIP,  n.    The  oflice  of  purser  to  a  ship. 

Totten. 

PIT'RC-LENT-LY.  adv.     In  a  purulent  manner. 

PtJ'3ANE,  n.  In  anc.  armory  the  gorget  or  some- 
thing used  in  its  place.  Fairhvlt. 

PUT,  n.  t.  or  v.  i.  To  throw  backward  over  the 
head;  as,  to  put  the  stone.     [Scotch.'] 

PUT,  n.  [add.]  The  act  of  throwing  with  the  hand 
over  the  head  ;  hence,  the  act  of  attempting  some 
task.     {Scotch.'\ 

PU-TAOIEN,  n.  [L,]  The  shell  of  a  nut;  the 
stone  of  a  <lrupe  fruit.  A.  Gray. 

PU-TRES'CI-BLE,  n.  A  body  generally,  if  not  al- 
ways, nitrosenized,  which  undergoes  decomposition 
at  certain  temperatures,  when  in  contact  with  air 
and  moisture. 


A,  E.  &c,  long.-X,  %  Ac,  «^W.-CARE,  FAR,  LAST,   FALL,   WHAT;    TOfiRE,  TfeRM;    MVRINE,   EIRD:    MOVE, 


+  See  Table  of  Synonyms. 


1507 


QUA 

rtTTnl-LAGE,  «.  Tbo  slough  formed  in  ulcers  and 
tliroH-n  iilK  Unnglimn. 

PUT'TY-FAC£'D  (-lastc),  a.  White-faccil.  [In  con- 
tem/it.]  Clarke. 

PUT'TY-IXG,  n.  Tlie  net  or  proeess  of  liUing  with 
putty. 

PUT'TIi'D  (put'tid),  pp.  or  ii.  Filled  or  secured 
Willi  pLiLty. 

Pr-0-G£N'I€,   a.      [Gr.  ttvov,  pus,  and  yawaui,  to 
pnKl;ice.] 
Protlucing  or  generating  pns.  Ditnglison. 

PT-PlIM'ID-AL-LY,  adr.    Like  a  pyramid. 

Pii'-llEN'E'.  n.     [Gr.  Truprj)-,  the  stone  of  fruit.] 

A  nutlet  resembling  a  seed,  or  the  kernel  of  a 
drupe.  A.  Gray. 

PtK'I-TOID,  )n.     [Gr.  TTvp.-n)!.]     In  erj/s- 

PYU-I-TO-llE'DEON,  i  tallograph!/,  the  pentag- 
onal dodec.ibedron,  a  common  form  vipijrite^. 

Dttna. 

PYU-I-TO-HE'DP.AL,  a.  In  rriixUdlogrdphy,  like 
]iyrite.s  in  liemiliedral  modifications,  having  tlie  op- 
posite pianos  i)araUel.  D'tna. 

PT'KO-E-LEC'  rPje,  H.  That  which  hecomes  elec- 
trically polar  when  heated;  theiino-electrie. 

Py'UO-E-LE€'TRI€,  II.  Pertaining  to  or  dependent 
on  pvro-electrieity ;  receiving  electric  polarity  when 
heated. 

PY'l:t)-E-LE€-TEIC'I-TT  (-tris'e-ty),  «.  Electric- 
ity develope<l  by  means  of  heat;  the  science  whicli 
treats  of  electricity  thus  developed ;  thermo-elec- 
tricity. 

PYR-0-MO.\I'1€S,  n.  pt.     [Gr.  TrOj),  and  ►oiuiKdj,  be- 
longing to  laws.] 
Tlie^science  ot  heat.  Dana. 

PYR-0-PHOK'I€.    See  Pyp.opiioeous. 

PY'THON-ISM.  u.  The  art  of  predicting  future 
events  by  divination.  Cole. 


Q. 


QI'AD-EST'I€,  a.  [add.]  In  crynMlngrnphy,  dl- 
metrie ;  applied  to  the  system  of  crystallization 
which  includes  the  square  prism  and  related  forms. 

Dana. 

QCAD'EI-BA-Sie,  a.  In  chem.,  having  four  parts 
of  base  to  one  of  acid. 

QUAD'EI-FUK'€.A.-TED,  a.  [L.  quadra  or  qua- 
iiior,  four.  a.t\i\  furca,  a  fork.] 

Having  four  fork;*.  Ogilvie. 

QUAD-EI-NOM'I-NAL,  a.  Having  four  terms; 
quadrinoniial.  H'  Ii.  Hamilton. 

QUAD'KI-PHrL'LOUS,  17.     [L.  quadra,  and  Gr. 

i^i'AAoi',  a  leaf.] 

In  hot.,  having  four  leaves.  Craig. 

QUAD'EI-SEe'TION,  n.    A  subdivision  into  four 

parts. 
QUAD-EC'PE-DAL,  a.    Having  four  feet ;  going  on 

four  feet.  A'^h. 

QUAICH.  In.     [G.lel.  eKacA.]    A  small  sli.al- 

Qtl.VIGH,  (quay),  y     low  cup  or  drinking  vessel,  with 

QUEGH,  )      two  ears  for  handles  ;  generally 

of  wood,  but  sometimes  of  silver.     \_Scotch.^ 

Jamie.fon.     Walt.  Scott. 
QUAK'EE-ISH  (kwii'ker-ish),  a.    [add.]    Pertaining 

to  Quakers.  C.  Lamb. 

QUAIi'I-NESS,  n.    The  state  of  quaking  or  shaking; 

as,  the  quakiness  of  a  bog. 
QUAK'ING-LY,  adv.     In  a  shaking  or  trembling 
way;  as,  "never  pen  did  more  quakinghj  perform 
his  office."  Philip  Sidney. 

QUAK'Y  (kH-a'kj-),  a.    Shaky  or  tremulous. 

Clarke. 
QUAL'I-FI£'D-LY,  adr.  In  the  way  of  qn.aliflcation. 

//,  BuJthvell. 
QUAL'I-TY-BIND'ING.  n.     A  kind  of  worsted  tape 

used  for  binding  carpets.  &c.  Simmonds. 

QUAR'EEL  (kwor'rel),  n.     [add.]    A  gl.azier's  dla- 

oiond.  _  Simmonds. 

QUAE'TEE-GUN'NER,    n.      In  numl  iffair.i,    a 

petty  officer  who  assists  the  gunner.  Totten. 

QUAIt'TEE-ING,  a.    Sailing  large,  but  not  before 

the  wind.  Totten. 

QUAE'TEE-IXG-BLOCK,  n.      A  block  on  which 

tlie  body  of  one  condemned  to  be  quartered  was 

cut  in  pieces.  Macaulay. 

QPAR'TEEiB,  n.  pi.   [add.]   In  the  Southern  State.^, 

a  collection  of  cabins  or  huts  for  negroes.     [^;n.] 
QUAR'TEU-SE€'TION.  n.     A  piece  of  the  public 

lands,  containing  IGO  acres.     [.4??i.] 
QUAR-TETTE'.   n.     [add.]     A  name  given  to  the 
four  person.5  who  perform  the  piece  of  music  called 
a  quartette :  also,  a  small  sofa. 
QUARTZ'OID,  n.     {Quartz  and  Gr.  flSo?.  form.] 
In  cry.^ta/log.,  a  double  si.x-sided  pyramid,  a  form 
which  may  be  imitateil  by  uniting  two  regular  six- 
sided  pyramids  base  to  base.  Dana. 


RAB 

QUASU'EE,  ti.  A  n:uiie  givt^n  to  neirruL-s,  said  to 
bo*  deriveil  tVoui  Qii.issy,  a  ne.i^ro  who  first  made 
known  the  mediciual  virtues  of  one  species  of  tbo 
quassia  [ilant.  Carlyle. 

QrA-TEROfATE,  a.  In  fours.  In  hot.,  when  the 
verticillate  appendages  are  arranged  by  fours. 

Ueiisloic. 

QUA-TfeR'NI-ON,  n.  [add.]  A  system  of  four 
parts;  as,  "elements  that  in  qxtaternion  run." 

Milton. 

2.  Anything  divided  into  four  parts,  as  a  word  of 
four  syllables;  as,  to  load  bcntcuces  with  quater- 
nions' Walt,  ticott.. 

3.  In  math.,  the  quotient  of  two  vectors,  or  of 
two  directed  right  lines  in  space,  considered  as  de- 
pending on  four  geometrical  elements;  and  as  ex- 
jSressible  by  an  algebraic  symbol  of  qi.adrinouiinal 
form.  The  science  or  calculus  of  Quaternions  is  a 
new  mathematical  rncthoil  in  which  the  C')nception 
of  a  quaternion  is  unf<dded  and  symbolically  e.\- 
prcssed;  and  is  applied  to  various  "classes  of  alge- 
braical, geometrical,  ami  physical  questions,  so  as 
to  discover  theorems,  and  to  arrive  at  the  solution 
of  problems.  Sir  W.  E.  Hamilton. 

QUAT'UE-FOIL  (kat'er-),  j-     ^L^  ornament  of 

frequent  occurrence  in  the  Gothic  style,  formed  by 
a  molding  disponed  in  four  seirinents  of  circles. 

Wriffht.     W'llt.  ScoU. 

QUEEN,  n.  [add.]  In  i'Jiess,  tlio  most  important 
piece  in  a  set  of  chess-men.  Simmonds. 

QUEEN'-eON^SORT,  n.  The  wife  of  a  reigning 
king.  BlacLstone. 

QUEEN'-RE'^ENT,      )n.     A  queen    reigning    in 

QUEEN'-EfiG'JMANT,  f     her  own  right. 

Blackstone. 

QUEEN'S-eOUN'SEL,  n.  A  counsel  who  assists 
the  attorney-general  in  cases  on  behalf  of  the 
crown,  and  is  not  allowed  to  appear  on  behalf  of 
cases  adverse  to  State  interests.  Simmonds. 

QUEEN'S-MET'AL,  n.  An  alloy  imitating  silver, 
composed  of  nine  parts  of  tin  and  one  part  each  of 
lead,  antimony,  and  bismuth.  Craig. 

QUES'TION-A-RY  (kwest'yun-a-ry),  «-  One  who 
carries  about  relics  for  sale.  *       Walt.  Scott. 

QU£S'TION-ING,  n.  The  act  or  process  of  asking 
questions. 

QUEY  (kwa),  n.    A  young  heifer.     [Scottish.] 

Burns. 

QUICK'SIL-VER-ING,  n.  The  mercury  and  foil 
on  the  back  of  a  looking-g!as3.  Clarke. 

QUILL'DRTV-ER,  n.  One  who  works  with  a  pen  ; 
particularly,  a  clerk.  Wright. 

QUlLLT)RlV-ING,  n.     "Working  with  a  pen. 

QUILL'ING,  n.  A  narrow  border  or  plaiting  of 
lace,  tfcc.  Siimnonds. 

QUILT'ER,  «.     One  who  quilts. 

QUILT'ING.  71.  [add.]  A  figured  materi.il  for  bed- 
quilts,  tniltt-covers,  &c.  Simmonds. 

QVIX-QUEX'XI-UM,  n.  [L.]  A  period  of  five 
years.  Ogilvie. 

QUINT' AN,  a.  Occurring  by  fires ;  as.  a  quintan 
fever,  or  one  rising  every  fifth  day.     Dungliaon. 

QUiRK'ING,  n.  The  use  of  quirks  or  artful  eva- 
sions. Clarke. 

QUIRK'ING,  a.    Practicing  quirks  or  evasions. 

QUIX-(3T'I€-AL-LY,  adv.  In  a  mad  or  romantic 
manner. 

QUIZ,  V.  t.  [add.]  Tii  ridicule  or  make  sport  of; 
as,  "  he  quizzed  unmercifully  all  the  men  in  the 
room."  Thackeray. 

QUOIT'JNG  (kwoit'ing),  n.     Playing  at  quoits. 

QUO-TA'TION-IST,  «.  A  person  who  makes  quo- 
tations ;  as,  "the  narrow  intellectuals  of  onotu- 
tioJii^U.'"'  Milton. 


B. 


RXB'BIT-BtTRT^OW,  n.  A  hnlo  in  the  earth  made 
by  rabbits  for  their  sleeping-place.  Clarke. 

E.\H'BIT-HU"TCH,  n.  A  box  or  cage  in  which  rab- 
bits are  kept.  ~     Simmonds. 

E.\B'BIT-WAU'KEN,  71.  A  piece  of  ground  appro- 
priated to  tlie  breeding  and  preservation  of  rabbits. 

Wright. 

RAB'BLE,  71.  A  tool  shaped  like  a  rake,  used  in 
skimming  off  slag,  Ac,  in  the  process  of  calcining 
metals.  Prt/ce's  Mineral.  Corn. 

RAB'BLE,  r.  t  To  insult  or  drive  away  by  a  mob ; 
as,  to  rahhle  a  curate.  Macaulay. 

RAB-DOID'AL.    See  Rhajdoidal. 

EA'BI-ES  (r.-i'be-eez),  n.  [L.]  Madness,  as  that  of 
do^s;  the  condition  produced,  by  the  bite  of  mad 
animals.  Craig. 


RAI 


RAOE.  7/.  [add.]  The  Afri'-an,  American,  Cati- 
casian,  &c.,  are  varieties  of  the  human  race. 

RACE,  n.  [add.]  In  lot.,  a  variety  of  any  species 
of  which  the  individuals,  for  the  most  part,  retain  a 
marked  peculiarity  of  character  whe::  raised  from 
seed.  I/ensloic. 

RACE'-€OURSE,  n.  l.The  path,  generally  circular, 
over  which  a  race  is  run.  Dickens. 

2.  The  canal  along  which  water  is  conveyed  to  or 
from  a  mill  wiieel.  Wright. 

RACE'-€UP,  n.    A  prize-cup  run   for    at    a    race. 
_  Simmonds. 

RA-CE'MOSE^    Same  as  RArEMous. 

RA-CiiM'tJ-LOSE,  a.    Bearing  very  small  racemes. 

Ifensloic. 

RA-eill'TIS  (ra-ki'tis"),  7i.  [add.]  In  lot.,  a  disease 
producing  abortion  in  the  fruit.  Ilenslow. 

RA'CI-LY,  adv.     In  a  racy  manner. 

RACING,  71.    The  act  of  running  a  race. 

RAC'1NG-€AL'EN-DAR,  n.     A   list  of  races,   &c. 

Clarke. 

RACING-PLATE,  n.  A  prize  of  gold  or  silver 
plate,  run  for  at  a  race.  Clarke. 

RXCK'ING,  n.  In  mining,  a  process  of  separating 
the  broken  ore  from  earthy  matters  by  shaking  on 
a  wooden  frame  or  rack.  Weale. 

RXCK'-PUNCII,  71.  Punch  made  with  arrack,  a 
strong  East  India  spirit.  Thackeray. 

RA'DI-AL,  a.     [add.]     Having  the  quality  or  aptiear- 
ance  of  a  ray,  a  radius  or  a  rod;  shooting  out  as 
from  a  center ;  as,  a  radial  slot,  a  radial  tlower. 
Wright.     I/inalow. 

EAIDI-AL-LY,  adv.  In  the  manner  of  a  radius,  or 
of  rays;  as  bars  arranged  radially. 

Appleto?i's  Mech.  Did. 

RA'BI-ANT.  a.  [add.]  In  bot,  arranged  like  rays 
spreading  from  a  common  center.  Hennlou). 

R.VDI-ATE-LY,  adv.     In  a  radiate  manner. 

RiD'I-€ANT,  n.     [L.  radix,  a  root.] 

In  hot.,  producing  roots  from  the  stem,  as  some 
creeping  plants.  Loudon. 

RXD'I-CEL,  n.    In  lot,  a  little  root,  or  rootlet. 

A.  Gray. 

R.\DT-€ULE,  v.  In  hot.,  that  end  of  the  embryo 
which  is  opposite  to  the  cotyledons.  Loudon. 

RAD'U-LA,  71.  [L.]  In  zoijl.,  the  rasp-like  organ  in 
the  mouth  of  imivalve  mollusks.  Dana. 

RA-DU'LI-FORM,  a.  Rasp-like,  as  raduli/orm 
teeth.  Dana. 

RAFF,  n.     [add.]    A  low  fellow.  Tennyson. 

RAF'FA-EL-ISM.    See  RAPnAEUSM. 

RAF'FA-EL-ITE.     See  Rapiiaelite. 

RAF'FLING.  71.  The  act  of  disposing  of  an  article 
by  lottery  or  according  to  the  tlirow  of  dice. 

R.\G,  71.  [adil.]  In  geol.,  a  coarse  kind  of  rock,  some- 
what cellular  in  texture.  Dana. 

RXG'-DUST,  n.  Fine  particles  of  rags  when  torn 
thoroughly  to  pieces,  used  in  making  papier  ma  che. 

Bielfeld. 

RXG'-FAiR,  71.     A  market  for  old  clothes,  rags,  &c 

TTiackeray. 

BXG'GED,  a.  [add.]  Hogged  School,  a  free  school 
for  poor  children,  wnere  they  are  taught  and  in  part 
fed  ;  the  name  was  given  at  first  because  they  came 
in  their  common  clothing.  Simmonds. 

RXG'GED-LY,  adv.    In  a  ragged  state. 

RAG'LAN,  n.  A  name  for  a  loose  overcoat  with 
large  sleeves,  said  to  be  so  called  from  Lord  Raglan. 

RAG'WIIEEL,  n.  In  ynech.,  a  wheel  furnished  with 
projecting  pins  or  cogs  on  the  rim.  which  fit  into 
the  links  of  a  chain  by  whose  motion  the  wheel  is 
turned  round-  Francis, 

RXG'-WORK  (-wurk),  n.     A  kind  of  rubble-work 
formed  of  rag-stones  about  the  thickness  of  a  brick. 
BeiVs  Tech.  Diet. 

UAIL'-f  AR,  71.    A  car  used  on  railways. 

RA1L'R0.A.D,  \a.  Pertaining  to  railroads;  as.  a  »*aj7- 

RAIL'WAY,    f     road  guide,  a  railiray  official. 

RAIL'^VAY-BLANK'ET,  n.  A  blanket  or  wrapper 
used  in  railway  traveling.  Simmonds. 

RAIL'WAY-PLANT,  n.  Tbo  tools,  machinery,  loco- 
motive, trucks,  *tc.,  for  building  and  working  rail- 
ways.    [Eng.]  Sinwionds. 

RAIN'LESS,  a.    "Without  rain. 

RAIN'-MAK'ER,  n.  In  S.  Africa,  one  who  pre- 
tends by  magical  arts  to  procure  rain. 

Livingstone. 

R.VIS'A-BLE,  a.     Capable  of  being  raised. 

RAT$£'D'-PTE  (razd'pi),  n.  A  solid  meat  pie  baked 
without  a  dish,  Simmonds. 

RAI'$IN-WTNE,  n.  A  sweet  wine  made  from  raisins. 

Siinvionds. 

RAI-SON'yE  (ra-zon'il),  a.  [Fr.]  Havinir  proofs, 
illustrations  or  notices;  arranged  analytically  or 
systeraaticftlly  ;  as,  a  Catalogue  raisoiine. 


DOVE,   "WOLF,   BQOK;   RtLE,  BULL;    Vl"CIOUS.~€  as  K ;    G  as  J;    S  as  Z ;    CH  as  STI ;    THIS. 


1508 


t  ^a  "nii^e  of  Synonyms. 


RAK'KK.  n.  A  machine  for  raking  craio,  ic,  by 
horse-power. 

2.  A  rake-Uke  organ,  as  the  pharyngeal  bones  of 
some  fiibes.  I>an<i. 

RAKE,  In.    In  mininff^  a  name  given  to  a 

RAKE'  VEIN,  f     mineral  rein  traversing  the  strata 
verticaUv,  or  nearlv  so,  and  of  the  same  thickness. 
EiH-yc,  Brit. 
RA-KEE',  n.    A  common  Russian  brandy. 

Simmonds. 
RlLT-T-lXG,  n.    The  act  of  sathering  together. 

9.  The  act  of  attacking  with  raillery. 
R-\M,  n.    [add.]    The  hammer  of  a  machine  for  driv- 

in^jpiles,  Beits  Tech,  Pict. 

RA'ME-AL,  rt.    In  ?«?<.,  of  or  pertaining  tj  a  branch. 

A.  Gray. 
RXin-FORM,  a.    Resemblinjr  a  branch. 

Eenslow. 
R.t'MlST,      )  ft.    A  follower  of  Pierre  Kamo,  better 
KA'M,E-AX,  (     fcnuwo  as  Kamus,  a  celebrated  French 
scholar,  who  was  profos&or  of  rhetoric  and  philos- 
ophy at  Paris  in  the  reign  of  llcnry  IL 

Brande, 
R.\M'MIXG,  n.    The  act  of  driving  with  force  or 

violence. 
R.\MP'.A.KT,  a.     [add.]    In  an-Jt.^  applied  to  an  arch 
whose  abutments  or  &pringiiigs  are  not  on  the  samo 
leveL  Gitilt. 

R-lMP'AXT,  (T.  In  heraUiry.a.  term  nsed  to  do- 
scribe  antuiaKas  Ivons  bears  At'.,  when  represented 
as  standing  erect  nn  their  hind  legs.  Brande. 

RAM-PII.lS'TOS,  n.       [Gr.  p<iM<iK>?.  a  crooke<l  beak.] 
Tbe  scientidc  name  given  by  Linna?as  to  the 
toQcans  a  genus  of  scansorial  birds,  characterized 
by  an  enormous  beak.  Ontier. 

RXM'Sn.VCK-LE(-shak'kl\<7.  Loose;  old;  falUngto 
pieces;  as,  a  rawuthackl^  spinet;  also  used  as  a  verb. 
ilulliiceU.     Tliacktray. 
R.lXCU  (rintsb),  n.  A  plantation  orXarm  ;  a  rancho. 

RA-NEE',  I  5*.      [Hind.  ra)ni:\      In    Uindost-in^    a 
EiN'NY,  J      qacen  or  princess;  the  wife  rf  a  rajah, 

Malcom. 
RA'NTXE,  a.     [L  rcnrt,  afrog] 

1.  Pertaining  to  frocs.  WHght. 

2.  In  amit.,  a  term  applied  to  tho  lingual  artery, 
and  to  a  vein  following  the  samo  course  as  the  ar- 
tery, I>unglison. 

R.\X'30M-ING,  n.  The  act  of  redeeming  from  bond- 

&:rc  or  punishment. 
EXNT'I-POLE,  n.    A  wild  romping  child. 

JTalliwell. 
EA-XrX-€L*-LA'CE0r3  (-ll'shus),  a.    [L.  ra/tun- 


cuiut,  a  bntttr-cup.l 
Belonging  to  tbe  bi 


Qttcr-cnp  family  of  flowers. 
Ogilcie. 


E.VPE,  n,  [add.]  Tho  rcfuso  stalks  and  skins  of 
raisins  used  in  making  wine.  Simmond'*. 

R.\PE'-VrTN"E.  n.  A  poor  thin  wine  made  from  tho 
last  dregs  of  pressed  rai>in3.  Simmonds. 

EA'PITA-EL-ISM,  n.  The  principles  of  painting 
introduced  by  Raphael,  the  distinguished  Italian 
painter. 

E.V'Pn.\-EL-XTE,  n.  One  who  adopts  the  principles 
of  Raphael. 

E.^P'PING,  n.  The  act  of  striking  with  quick  short 
blows. 

EAP-Se.U/LIOX,  n.    A  low  rascal.  Wright. 

EASP'IXG,  n.    The  act  of  rubbing  with  a  rasp. 

E.\T.  n,  [add.]  One  who  deserts  his  p.irty  or  asso- 
ciates; hence  among  printers,  ono  who  works  at 
less  than  the  established  prices. 

Clarke.    BartUtt. 

RAT-A-BILI-TT,  ».    The  quality  of  being  rated. 

Ogiltie. 

R.lTE.  n.  [a'M.]  The  change  In  the  error  of  a 
clock  in  24  hours:  or  the  amount  of  its  daily  devia- 
tion in  seconds  from  the  number  of  seconds  in  21 
hours  of  true  time.  A  clock  which  gains  or  loses 
two  seconds  in  a  day  is  said  to  have  a  gaining  or 
losing  rate  of  two  seconds,  whatever  may  be  its 
actTial  error.  Sfichol. 

EA-TEI/LU3,  n.  The  ratel ;  a  cimivorous  animal 
of  the  weasel  family,  fonnd  in  India  and  at  the  Cape 
of  Good  Hope.  The  Jl.  mMirorus  of  the  Cape  is 
celebrated  for  the  destruction  it  makes  among  the 
nests  of  the  wild  bees,  in  digging  np  tbe  earth  when 
searcbing  for  their  honey  combs.       /con.  Sncyf. 

EATE'-P.A.T'EB,  n.  Ono  who  is  assessed  and  pays 
a  rat*>  or  tax.  Clark/!. 

R.1T'ING.  n.  The  act  or  process  of  ascertaining  the 
rate  ;  as.  tho  rating  of  a  chronometer.      KichoL 

2.  The  a^lvancement  or  promotion  of  seamen  to  a 
hfzher  rate  or  position.  Totten. 

3.  A  scolding  or  chiding;  as,  to  get  a  go«>d  rat- 
ing. Craig. 

R.XTION^-AL-TZ-ING  (rash'nn-).  n.  The  act  or 
habit  of  rtrlyiiig  unduly  on  the  decisions  of  reason. 


RXTION-AL-IZ-ING,  a.    Relying  unduly  on   the 
decisions  of  reason  :  as,  rationali^ng  processes. 
IT.  Bu.sh7ieU. 

E.\TION-A-RY  (rash'un-),  a.  Belonging  to  ac- 
counts. "    t'Utrl'e. 

EA-TOOX',  r.  t.  To  sprout  or  spring  up  from  the 
root,  as  in  tho  sugar-cane  from  the  root  of  the  hist 
year's  planting.     [.1t«.]  WeU.s. 

RA-TOOX'IXG,  n,  Tho  act  of  sprouting  from  the 
root  Wdl^. 

R.VV'£'L-IXG  (rav'vl-ing).  ».  The  act  of  untwist- 
ing; a  piece  of  thread  when  untwisted. 

R.W'EL-ER,  ru    One  who  ravels  or  untwists. 

BailUe. 

RA'VZ'N  (ra'vn),  a.  Resembling  a  raven,  black; 
as,  raren  locks.  Ogilcie. 

R.\Z'ZI-A  (rat'se-a),  n.  [Ar.  rgasia.l  A  plunder- 
ing and  destructive  incursion.  Ifeyss. 

EEACH'A-BLE,  o.    AVithin  reach.  Ogilrie. 

REACiriXG.  7*.  Tho  act  of  stretching  forth;  also 
vomiting,  or  the  attempt  to  vomit  Clarke. 

EE.VCH'IXG-POST,  «.  In  rope-walks^  a  post  at 
^ho  lower  end.  Wrig/it. 

EKACH'LESS,  a.  Beyond  reach;  as,  a.  ^' reachless 
I)itch  of  praises."  Hall. 

nE-.\€TION-A-RY.  a.  Noting  or  implying  re- 
action; as  reactionary  movements.  Ogilvii. 

RE-AD-DRESS',  r.t.  To  addrc^  a  second  time; 
as  "  he  re-addressed  himself  to  her."  Boyle. 

REAB'IXG-BOY,  n.  A  boy  who  reads  proofs  to  the 
corrector  of  the  press.  Simmonda. 

REaD'IXG-DESK,  n.  A  dc?k  used  for  reading  the 
service  in  a  church.  Hook's  Church  Did. 

EEaD'Y-MON'EY  (-mun'ny).  n.  Money  in  haad; 
as,  "  'T  is  all  the  ready-jnoney  fato  can  give." 

Coicley. 

REAB'Y-RECK'OX-ER,  n.  A  book  of  tables  and 
ligures  giving  prices  of  articles  and  quantities. 

t<iinmonds. 

RE'AL-IZE,  r.  i.  To  convert  into  money,  or  get  the 
value  of;  as.  to  realize  on  stocks,  »fcc 

RE'AL-IZ-ER,  «.    A  person  who  realizes. 

Coleridge. 

RE'AL-XESS,  «.     The  condition  of  being  real. 

Ri:AR'-FR6NT  (frunt),  «.  Tho  rear  rank  of  a  body 
of  troops  when  faced  about  and  standing  in  that 
position.  Imp.  Add. 

RE'-BLOOM,  IT.  i.  To  bloom  anew;  as,  *' health 
neain  resumed  its  former  seat,  I  must  not  say  re- 
hloomed."  Crabbe. 

RE-BT*1v'ING,  n.    Tho  act  of  chiding  severely. 

EE-€.\L'CI-TRAXT,  a.    [U  re  and  calcitro,  to  kick.] 
Noting  the  act  of  kicking  back,  or  again. 

Edin.  Rev. 

r,E-€XL'CI-TEATE,  v.  i.    To  kick  back,  or  arain. 

Bailey. 

RE-€.\L'CI-TR.V-TIXG,  ppr.  or  a.  Kicking  back 
or  a:::ain. 

EE-€.\R'B0N-IZE.  r.  t.  To  restore  carbon  to  that 
from  which  it  has  been  extracted;  as,  to  re-car- 
bonize steeL  Appleion's  Mech.  Diet. 

EE-CEIPT'ED  (re-s^'ted),2J/).  and  a.  Acknowledged 
as  received. 

RE-CEIPT'ING  (re-se'ting),  n.  Tho  act  of  giving  a 
receipt  for ;  as  for  goods. 

EE-CElVE'  (re-sccv'),  t.  t.  To  open  one's  house  for 
the  reception  of  friends;  as,  a  Lidy  receives  on  cer- 
tain days. 

EE-CEIVIXG-SniP,  n.  A  ship  on  board  which 
newly  engaged  sailors  are  received  and  kept  till 
drafted  for  service.  Ogilvie. 

RE-CEN'SION  (-sen'shun),  n.  [ad<L]  A  revision  or 
revised  edition  of  a  book.  In  sacre/i  criticism,  a 
class  or  family  of  manuscripts  supposed  by  bome 
critics  to  be  characterized  by  a  common  test 

G.  E.  Day. 

RE-CEPTION.  n.  [add.]  A  special  occasion  for 
receivinc  visit?.  Thackeray. 

RE-CEPTION-ROOM,  n.  A  room  for  holdingrecep- 
tions  or  receiving  company.  Ed.  Everett, 

RE-C£3S£X>',  a.     Having  a  recess. 

RE-CIP-R0-€0R'NOr5,  a.  [L.  reciprociia  and 
comu.'\  Noting  horns  that  turn  backward  and  fur- 
ward,  like  rams  horns.  Ash. 

EE-€LIN'EPh  n.    He  or  that  which  reclines. 

RE€'0M-PEN9-EE.  n.  One  who  gives  a  recom- 
pense; as,  "a  thankful  recom2}ens€r  of  the  benefits 
received."  E&x. 

RK-€0M-PTLE'.  r.  /.    To  compile  anew. 

RE-eOM-PI-LlTION,  n.     A  new  compilation. 

IiE--eO  rP'  (re-koop'),       ir.  t.     [Fr.]     Zit.,  to  cut 

^£'--^Oi^/'^{re-koo'p;T».  f  again;  hence,  to  redi- 
vide  or  redistribute.  In /aw.' to  make  a  set-off  or 
discount;  to  hold  back  something  due. 

BoitneCs  Law  Diet. 

BE-^JOCPE  (re-'koo'p^),  n.  [Fr.]  The  act  of  re- 
taining something  due  ;  discount  or  deduction. 


RE-<^uUP'EU  (rc-koop'er),  n.    One  who  recoups. 

Story. 

RE-Col'P'MENT,  n.    Same  as  Eecoitp. 

RE-€0V'EK-ER,  «.     One  who  recovers.     Ogilvie. 

RE€TAL,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  rectum. 

Dnnglison, 

RE€-T-\N'''GU-L.\P/I-TY,  :(.  The  quality  or  state 
of  being  right-angled.  Ash, 

RE€'TI-FT'-ING,  «.  Tho  actor  process  of  correct- 
ing or  refining. 

REe-TI-LIN-E-XR'I-TY,  n.  Tho  quality  or  state 
of  beinir  rizht-lincd.  Clarke. 

PwE-eiTi'SANT.  a.  EagU  recnrsant,  said  of  an 
eagle  lUsplayed  with  tho  back  toward  the  specta- 
tor's face.  Ogiltie. 

RE-€t'S'SION  (rc-kiish'un),  n.    [L.  recutio,  to  beat 
back.] 
The  act  of  beating  or  striking  back.  Ash. 

R£D,  t.  t.  To  put  in  order,  generally  with  vp ;  as, 
to  red  or  red  up  a  house.     [AorCA  oy  En^.] 

IfatliiceU. 

RED'€RQSS,  n.  Tho  cross  of  St.  Geoigc,  the  em- 
blem of  the  English.  Walt.  Scott. 

RED'-DEEE,  n.  The  common  stag  {Cerrus  ela- 
phiis),  a  native  of  the  forests  of  Europe  and  Asia 
where  the  climate  i3  temperate.         Jco7t.  Encye. 

RED'Ofi-N-ING  (red'dn-ins),  n.  Tho  act  or  state 
of  making  or  becoming  red. 

RE-DED-I-€A.TION,  «.  A  second  or  renewed  dedi- 
c.ition;  OS,  tho  re-dtdicatioji  of  one's  self  to  the 
service  of  God.  Huntington. 

EE-DEMP'TI-BLE,  a.    That  can  bo  redeemed. 

Judd. 

RE'-DI-YIDE',  V.  t.    To  divide  anew.         Ogilvie. 

RGD'-MAX,    \n.  A  name  given  to  the  North  Amer- 

RED'-SIvlN,  (      ican  Indians.  F.  Cooper. 

EED'-RE-PL'B'Lie-AN,  n.  In  France,  one  bent 
on  maintaining  extreme  republican  doctrines,  even 
at  the  cxi)cnse  of  blood. 

RED'-EIB'BON,  w.  The  ribbon  of  the  order  of  the 
Bath. 

RED'-TAPE,  7!.  The  tape  used  in  public  offices  for 
tying  up  documents,  ttc. ;  hence  official  formality; 
a.  Pertaining  to  official  formality.  Duff. 

RED'-TAPaSM,  n.  Strict  adherence  to  official 
formalities.  Diif. 

RED'-TAP'IST,  n.  One  who  is  tenacious  of  a  strict 
adherence  to  official  formalities.  Quart.  Rev. 

RE-DUe'TION,  n.  [add.]  In  astron..  the  correc- 
tion of  observations  for  known  errors  of  instru- 
ments, &c. ;  also  the  collection  of  observations  to 
obtain  a  general  result 

EE-Dr'PLI-€ATE,  a.  [add.]  In  hot,  noting  in 
estivation,  a  variation  of  the  valvate  form  in  which 
the  niaririns  of  the  leaves  project  outward  instead 
of  inward.  A.  Gray. 

EED'-AVOOD.  n.  The  popular  name  of  a  coniferous 
treo  in'  'California,  the  Stguoia  semperrirena 
{Taxodium  sempcrrirens  of  Don).  The  mam- 
moth trees  of  California  are  of  another  species  of 
Sequoia  (5.  gigantea).  A.  Gray. 

REE'BOK,  71.  A  South  African  species  of  antelope 
{Antilope  capreolus),  so  called  by  the  Dutch. 

REEF'EE,  n.  One  who  reefs;  a  name  often  eiven 
to  midshipmen.  Marryatt. 

REEF-'ING,  n.  The  operation  of  reducing  a  sftil  by 
taking  in  one  or  more  reefs.  Wright. 

REEK'IE  (rcek'v"),  ji.  A  popular  name  of  Edin- 
burgh; as,  Aid>7. Reekie.  Walt  ScoU. 

REEL'ING,  n.  The  net  of  staggering;  as,  -'drunken 
7'eehngs  have  an  awkward  look."  Cmcper. 

REEL'ING,  /)/"•.  or  a.  Noting  a  stagserine  move- 
ment; as,  *'thi3wayand  that  they  bend  his  reel- 
ing trunk.*'  Waller. 

EEEM'ING-T'EON  (rum),  n.  An  Iron  chisel  used 
to  open  the  seams  of  planks  in  calking  sbifis. 

Offilvie. 

ES-EN-DO"^',  v.  i.    To  endow  anew. 

EE-EN-F(5EC'ING,  n.  Tho  act  of  strengthening 
wi  a  fresh  help. 

EE-EN-GAGE'MENT,  «.  An  engagement  th.it  is 
renewed.  Ash. 

EE-EN-GEAV^',  r.  t.    To  engrave  anew. 

RE-KX-C!IAXGE',  v.  t.    To  exchange  anew. 

EEF'ER-EXCE,  a.  [add.]  One  to  whom  a  person 
refvrs  for  information  as  to  his  character. 

EEF-En-EX'TlAL-LY,<7rfp.  In  the  way  of  reference. 

Ogilvie. 

EE-FTN'EE-T,  7T.  [add.]  A  place  where  sug-ir,  &c., 
is  clarified  and  prepared  for  use. 

EE-FLE€T'IXG,  a.  [add.]  A  term  applied  to  cer- 
tain in-truments  whose  use  depends  on  some  ar- 
rangement for  reflecting  light.  Thus,  a  reflecting 
telc.''Cope  is  one  in  which  a  mirror  is  used  instead  of 
nu  object  glass  ;  a  reflectiv(/  circle  is  an  instrument 
for  measuring  angles  by  means  of  reflection,  <kc. 

A'ichol. 


A,    E,  Ac,    lovg.—Ti,  %   Ac,  ahort.-CkV.T^   FAE,    LAST,    F^LL,   WHAT;    THfiEE,   TfiRM;    MARINE,   BIED;    MOVE, 


i  See  Table  of  Synonyma, 


1509 


KEI 


EEP 


EEV 


EE-FLE€T'IVE-NKSS,  7i.  Tho  state  or  quality  of 
beins  rctLrtivL'.  Lond.  Quart 

Ri:-KLEX'iVE-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of 
being  rctli-xive.  Culverwell. 

RE'FLQX,  a.  Ileturning  or  flowing  bade ;  as,  i-e/iux 
actinn. 

PvE-F(5RM'A-T0-UY,  11.  An  institution  for  promot- 
ing the  lefurmaLion  of  ofFtntlers.  Oyilvie. 

EE-FRA€T'ING,  (/.  Bepcmlcnt  in  construction  and 
use  on  the  refaction  of  light;  &s,a.ref/'actiiia  tele- 
scope, &c.  Nichol. 

KE-FRA€-T5M'E-TER,  «.  A  contrivance  for  es- 
bibiting  and  xueasuring  the  refraction  of  light. 

RE-FEESirii'IJL,  a.     Full  of  power  to  refresh  ;  as, 

"Thoy  sjiresd  fhoir  breathing  hni-vcst.  to  the  sun, 
That  llirows  vej'rtshfal  rotuid  aruial  aniell," 

77:  iimnn. 

RE-FRIG'ER-ANT,  71.  [add.]  i^/{7.,  that  which  tends 
tt>  allay  excited  feeling;  as,  tho  application  of  rc- 
frigeranifi.  Wiseman. 

liE-FRlN'G-EN-CY,  n.  Id  nat.  p7i.il.,  the  power  pos- 
sessed by  a  suiist:i!ice  to  retract  a  ray;  as,  <Iifferent 
substances  liavc  diilorcut  t-e/Hngencies.    J^ichol. 

EE-FRlN'GrENT,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  possessing 
refringency  ;  as,  a  refringesit  prism  of  spar. 

KicJiol. 

EE-FtoD'ING,  n.     Tho  act  of  paying  back. 

EK-FtJiyNlSTI,  V.  t.  To  furnish  again  ;  to  supply  or 
l)n>vidG  anew;  a-s  "■  Ucnry  7th  refurnished  his 
<iuuiinioiis."  oiV  T.  ElyoU 

EE-FT'SION  (-fu'zhun),  n.  Eestoration ;  as,  tho  re- 
Jamim  (»f  the  soul.  Warhurton. 

2.  _New  or  repeated  molting,  as  of  metals. 

EE-GA'LI-A,  n.  pi.  [add.]  Ornamental  clothing  or 
jewels  worn  by  officers  or  members  of  societies,  as 
'free- masons,  &c.  Slmmonds. 

EE-GARD',  V.  i.  To  consider  or  care  ;  as,  "  She  does 
not  regard  that  she  is  my  child."  Shal-es. 

EE-GARD$',  7i.  p!.     Good  wishes,  <fec.         S/ial'es, 

EK-GEN'EII-A-T!VE,  a.  Of  ov  belonging  to  regen- 
eration;  as,  regenerative  influences. 

IT.  J^uAlmeU. 

EE-GRN'ER-A-TIVE-LY,  adv.  In  tho  way  of  re- 
geneiatiiin. 

EK'GEXT-BiUD,  a.  A  namo  given  to  a  beautiful 
Australian  oriole  (^Serirulus  chrysocephalus  of 
Swaiuson),  having  a  plumage  of  a  golden  yellow  and 
deep  velvety  black.  T)io  name  was  given  in  honor 
of  George  IV.,  iu  whoso  regency  this  bird  was  dis- 
covered. Jynp.  Add. 

EE^-I-CI'DAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  regicide,  or  its 
author.  Warbicrion. 

EEG'IS-TEE,  11.  [add.]  In  imisie,  compass  or  capa- 
city ;  as,  a  voice  full  in  its  lowest  register ;  also  an 
organ-stop.  Jfoore\s  Encyc.  Muft. 

In  mecji.,  a  contrivance  for  noting  down  or  calcu- 
lating the  performance  of  a  machine  or  the  rapidity 
of  a  process.  Francis. 

PvE^'IS-TER-ING,  n.  The  act  of  making  a  register 
or  of  recording. 

2.  The  act  of  twisting  yarns  iuto  a  strand,  in  rope- 
making. 

EEG'NANT.    Sec  Queen -REGNANT. 

EK-GRfiT',  n.  [add.]  Sorrow  felt  in  looking  back 
on  something  lost,  which  Lad  once  been  a  source 
of  enjoyment;  a-*,  to  dwell  with  regret  ou  tho 
sportive  scenes  of  childhood. 

From  its  penceful  bosom  [tlii  grave]  spring  none  but  fond  re- 
gre'i  and  tender  recollections.  IVaah.  Irving. 

EE-GRET',  r.  t.  [aid.]  This  verb  is  also  used,  in 
coincidence  with  the  nmin,  to  express  the  sorrow 
we  feel  at  tho  loss  of  something  from  which  wo  liad 
once  derived  enjoyment. 

They  [the  new  Scollish  rccniils]  aoi 
wCirh  they  hud  been  taken. 

Iu  a  few  hours,  thpy  [I he  larnclUes]  bcjjantorf^r^dheirB'aTen-, 
ftud  lo  mmmur  aRn'mst  their  k'ad',!-  vlio  hiad  decoyed  ih.-m 
from  the  savory  fare  of  tho  huuso  of  bondage, 

EE-GRET'TI-BLE,  a.  That  may  or  ought  to  be  re- 
gretted. 

REG'U-LAR,  a.  [add.]  In  hot.,  noting  uniformity 
in  structure  or  condition ;  as,  where  subr.rdinate 
parts  of  the  same  kind  closely  resemble  each  other, 
and  an'  svmmetricallv  arranged.  IL^m^loio. 

i:E-lli:Ai:S'ING  (-herVing),  n.  Tho  act  of  reciting 
in  prepiivation  for  a  public  performance. 

EE-IM-POSE',  0.  t.     To  impose  anew,  as  a  tax. 

.•^niitJi. 

EKIMS  (recmz),  «.  pi.     In  South  A/Hca,  6tri[.8  of 
OS-hide  used  for  ropes,  reins,  &c. 
_  Gordon  Cummings. 

EE-IN-FORM',  v.  t.     To  infiirm  anew.  Srott. 

EK-IN-FUND',  V.  i.    To  flow  in  anew.  Suiff. 

EE-IN-STRtJ€T',  V.  t.  To  instruct  anew;  as.  to  rc- 
itiMruct  in  the  faith.  Waterland. 

EE-IN-VOLVE',  v.  t.  To  involve  anew;  as.  "to  re- 
involve  us  in  the  pitchy  cloud  of  infernal  darkness." 

Milton. 


rcgretlad  tho  plow  from 


EE-LAPS'ING,  11.    The  act  of  falling  back. 

EEL-A-TIV'I-TT,  n.  The  state  of  being  relative; 
as,  the  relativity  of  a  subject.  Coleridge. 

RE-LAX',  'i\  i.  To  loosen  or  become  feeble ;  as.  "his 
knees  relax  with  toil."  J^ojje 

RE-LEAS'LNG,  n.  The  act  of  discharging  or  of 
remitting. 

KE-LIEF'  (re-leefO ,  a.  Giving  or  promoting  relief; 
a;i  a  i-e lief- fund;  a  relief-valve,  in  a  steam-engine, 
is  one  through  which  the  water  escapes  iuto  the  hot- 
well,  when  shut  off  from  the  boiler.  Weale. 

EE-LlEF'.  n.  [add.]  In  phyt*.  geog.,  the  elevations 
ami  surface  undulations  of  a  country.  Guf/ot. 

EE-LIEVING,  a.  [a-ld.]  In  naut.  affairs,  the 
name  relieving  iarkles  is  applied  to  temporary 
tackles  attached  to  the  tiller  of  a  vessel  duringgales 
or  an  action,  in  case  of  accident  to  the  tiller  ropes; 
also,  to  strong  tiickles  from  a  whai'f  to  a  careened 
vessel,  to  prevent  her  from  oversetting  entirely, 
and  to  assist  in  righting  her.  Totten.     Craig. 

EEL'ISn-ING,  p^jr.  or  a.  Giving  a  reli-sh,  rendering 
agreeable, 

EE-LOAD',  v.  t.     To  load  anew,  as  a  gun.        Cook. 

EE-AIaND'.  v.  t.  In  lew,  to  send  back  for  further 
investigation;  as  to  remand  a  case  for  trial,  or  a 
criminal  to  prison.  Bouvier^s  Laic  Diet. 

EE-MXEK',  x\  i.  To  say  or  observe;  as,  "I  shall  only 
remarlc.''''  Wat^erland. 

EE-MEa)I-AL-LT,  adv.  In  a  way  suited  to  afford 
relief  Ogilvie. 

EE-MiS'SiVE,  a,  [add.]  Noting  relaxation:  abat- 
ing; as,  *^  remissive  of  his  might.'' ^  Pope. 

EEM'NANTS,  n.pl.  Ends  of  pieces  of  linen,  cot- 
ton, ribbon,  &c.  Simmonds. 

EE-MOUNT',  «.  A  fresh  horso;  as,  to  give  a  re- 
mount. Clarke. 

UE  XAIS'SAITCE  (ra-nii'slince),  [Fr.]  Lit,  a  re- 
newal ;  hence  a  style  of  the  fine  arts  originating  in 
the  sixteenth  century,  about  the  timo  of  the  revival 
of  letters.  Art  Journal. 

PvEN-€r)NTEE  (riin-kun'tr").  n.  [Fr.]  A  meeting 
or  rencounter  ;  as  when  one  comes  upon  a  person  or 
thing  suddenly.  Mesckerellc. 

EEN'DEE,  v.  i.  In  naval  affairs,  a  term  to  describe 
the  passage  of  a  rope  through  a  block,  &c. ;  as,  a  mpo 
renders  well,  i.  e.,  pa:iscs  freely.  Totten. 

El^N'DEE,  ?'.  t  [add.]  To  set  forth  or  bring  out 
into  full  and  appropriate  expression,  an  extension 
of  tho  word  when  used  in  the  sense  of  translate. 
Thus,  an  actor  is  said  to  render  his  part  with  much 
truth  and  accuracy;  a  singer  is  said  to  render  a 
passage  of  music  with  groat  effect;  a  painter  is  said 
to  render  a  scene  in  a  felicitous  manner. 

Art  Jonrrial. 

EfiN'DER-ING,  n.  [add.]  Tho  act  of  setting  forth 
or  bringing  out  into  full  nn<l  appropriate  expres- 
sion ;  aj;,  t.n  actor's  moiie  of  rendering  the  charac- 
ter he  represents,  a  singer's  mode  uf  rendering  a 
p.asbage  of  music. 

EEXD'IXG,  71.    The  act  of  violently  separating. 

EE-NKW-A-BIL'I-TY,  n.  Capacity  of  being  re- 
newed. 

EfiN'I-FOEM,  a.  [add.]  In  hoi.,  having  the  form  of 
a  section  of  a  kidney.  Ilenslow. 

RENTE  (riint),  n.  [Fr.]  Lit,  an  annual  payment 
or  revenue;  hence,  tho  annual  payment  of  interest 
on  tlie  government  stock,  and  in  tho  plural  (rentes) 
the  funds  themselves.  Bescherelle. 

nEX'TI-ER  (riin'te-a),  n.  [Fr.]  One  who  derives 
his  income  from  invested  capital.         Beschei'eUe. 

EE-PAIXT',  r.  t  To  paint  over  again  ;  as,  to  re- 
paint the  ground  of  a  picture.  Reynolds. 

EE-Px\E-Tra'10N  (tish'un),  n.  A  new  separation 
into_smallcr  parts.  Ogilvie. 

EE-PEAT',  n.  [add.]  That  which  is  to  be  repeated  ; 
as,  the  repeat  of  a  pattern  is  the  engraved  figure  on 
a  printing  rrdlcr  by  which  an  impression  is  pro- 
duci^l  on  goods,  &c.  Wells. 

EK-PEAT'KR,  11.  [add.]  A  fire-arm  that  may  bo 
dibehar:-'ed  man^  times  in  quick  succession  ;  particu- 
larly a  form  of  iire-avm  so  constructed  that  loaded 
balls  are  successively  introduced,  by  an  aetion  of 
the  lock,  from  a  chamber  containing  them  into  the 
breech,  and  there  discharged  in  the  manner  of  a 
nce»lle-gun.    See  Kcedlk-Gun. 

EEP'LI-€ANT,  n.    One  who  replies.  Clarke. 

EEP^LUiM,  n.     [L.  rej^lum,  a  door-case.] 

Ill  hot.,  a  term  describing  the  framc-wovk  of  some 
pods,  as  tliC  cress,  Ac,  -which  remains  after  the 
valves  drop  off.  A.  Gray. 

EE-POET'ING,  11.  The  act  or  art  of  giving  reports 
of  ])ublic  meetings,  events,  *fec.  Dickens. 

EE-PoSa-TO-RY.  n.  A  namo  applied  to  various 
kinds  of  pl.ices  for  keeping  or  stowing  things;  as, 
horse  I'epositories,  carriage  repositoriefi,  &c. 

Simmonds. 

liEP-EE-SENT'ANT,  a.  Appearing  or  acting^  for 
another ;  representing.  Ogilvie. 


KE-PROACH'LESS,  a.    Without  reproach. 

Stearns. 

EEP'TA-TO-RY,  a.  Creeping;  as,  reptatory  ani- 
mals. Dana. 

RE-PtJB'Lie-AN.TZS'D,  pp.  and  a.  Converted  to 
republican  principles. 

REQ-UI-$i"TION-IST,  n.  One  who  makes  a  requi- 
sition. London  Quart.  Rev, 

EERE'DOS,  n.  [Fr.  arriere^ios.]  In  arch.^  a 
screen  or  partition  wall  behind  an  altar;  au  altar- 
piece;  the  back,  of  a  fire-place. 

JTolinshed.      Wcale. 

EE-SCiND'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  rescinded;  as, 
a  law.  Story. 

EE*'I-DEN-CY,  v.  [add.]  Tho  dwelling  of  a  gov- 
ernment official,  as  iu  Intlia.  Malcom. 

EE$-IN-A'CEOUS,  a.     Having  tho  quality  of  resin. 

EES-0-Lr'TION.  «.  [add]  In  a^tron.,  the  sepa- 
ration of  a  nebula  into  distinct  stars.  Nichol. 

EE-SOLY-A-BIL'I-TY,  it.  The  capability  of  being 
separated  into  parts.  Nichol. 

EE-$C)LV'A-BLE,  a.  [add.]  Admitting  of  separa- 
tit)n  into  parts ;  as,  resolvable  n<:h\i\{L\      Nichol. 

EE-SOLVE',  v.  t.  [add.]  To  bring  out  to  view  so 
as  to  separate  and  distinguish;  as,  to  resolve  a  ne- 
bula into  stars  by  means  of  the  telescope;  to  r«- 
sofve  the  minute  markings  of  an  animalcule  by  the 
microscope.  Nichol. 

EE-$0LY'ED-LY,  adv.  [add.]  In  a  manner  to 
clear  up  difficulties;  as,  ^' reaoloedly  u\ove  leisure 
shall  express."  Shakes. 

EE-SPE€T'ANT,  a.  In  heraldry,  o.u  epithet  ap- 
l*licd  to  animals  when  so  placed  as  to  face  one  an- 
other. Ogilvie. 

EES-PI-E.\'TION-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  respira- 
tion, as.  resj>iratiunal  dilTiculties.  Clarke. 

RESTITE-LESS,  rt.     Without  respite  or  relief. 
_  Baxter. 

EE-STiP'tJ-LATE,  v.  i.    To  stipulate  anew. 

EEST,  n.    See  Lance-rest. 

EEST'LESS,  a.  [add.]  That  does  not  give  rest; 
as,  "a  reistjens  chair."  Cmcper. 

EES-TO-EA'TION-IST,  n.  One  who  believes  in  a 
temporary  future  punishment,  but  holds  to  a  final 
restoration  of  all  to  the  favor  of  God.    JIayicood. 

EE-St'LT'LESS,  a.  Without  result;  as,  7-esnWe88 
investigations.  W.  Hamilton. 

liE-SV-ME^  (ra-zu-maO.  ".     [Fr.]     An  abridgment  ^ 
or  brief  recapitulation  ;  as,  a  resume  of  the  history 
of  France.  Bescherelle. 

EE-StJE'GENT,  a.     [L.  re,  and  surgo,  to  rise.] 
Eising  again,  as  from  tho  dead.  Coleridge. 

EE-StJS'CI-TA-BLE.  a.  Capable  of  resuscitation ; 
as,  resuseitahle  plants.  Boyle. 

EET,  v.  t.  [Connected  with  rot.}  To  soak  or  mace- 
rate ;  as,  to  ret  flax  in  preparing  it  for  use. 

Ogilvie. 

EETCII'ING,  n.  The  act  of  striving  to  throw  some- 
thing from  the  stomach.  Ash. 

EE-TEP'0-EA,  11.  [L.  rete,  a  net,  and  poi'us,  a 
passage  or  pore.] 

The  scientific  name  given  by  Lamarck  to  a  genus 
of  delicate  reticulated  corals  of  the  tribe  of  liryo- 
zoa,  one  of  the  subdivisions  of  mollusks.      Dana. 

EE-TIEE',  V.  t  [add.]  To  pav  up  and  withdraw 
from  circulation  ;  as,  to  retire  the  bonds  of  a  railway 
company. 

EE-TOUf',  7?,  [add.]  In  gas-^corks,  an  iron  cylin- 
der in  which  coal  is  phiced  for  making  gas. 

Appleton's  Meek.  Diet. 

EE-TOUCniNG  (-tiich'ing),  n.  The  act  of  touching 
anew,  or  of  improving  by  new  touches.     Clarke. 

EE-TEA'CING,  71.    The  act  of  tracing  back  or  anew. 

El-:-TREAT'IXG,  ??.  The  act  of  moving  back  for 
safety,  &c. 

EE-TRENCII'IXG,  n.  The  act  of  diminishing  or 
curtailing.  Wright 

EE-TEIEV'EE  (re-treev'er),  n.  One  who  retrieves. 
Among  sports^nen,  a  dog  trained  to  find  and  bring 
in  birds  that  are  shot.  Craig. 

EE'TE0-FLEX£7D  (rC-'tro-flekst).  a.    Same  as  li£- 

TROFLEX. 

EE-TtJEN'-CIIAUE  (-shiizc),  n.  A  chaise  going 
back  empty  from  a  post-station. 

EE-TCEX'-TICK'ET,  n.  A  ticket  for  a  journey  out 
and  back,  usually  at  a  reduced  price. 

EE-VEAL-A-BIL^I-TY,  n.  The  possibiHtv  or  capa- 
city of  being_  revealed.  Coleridge. 

EE-YECr'E-TATE.  t.  i.  To  vegetate  again  after  the 
growth  has  apparently  ceased.  Booth. 

EE-VEL',«.   See  Rkveal. 

EEY'E-NUE-€UT'TEE.  n.  An  armed  vessel  in  tlie 
custom-house  service,  employed  lo  prevent  smug- 
gling. Totfen. 

EE-VEESE',  v.  t.  [add.]  A  steam-engine  is  said  to 
be  reversed,  when  the  ordinary  action  of  its  ma-* 
chinery  is  changed  to  its  direct  opposite,  with  a 


D6VE,    WOLF,    BOOK;    ROLE,    BULL;    YF'CIOUS.— €    as-K;    6    .as    J; 


Z;    Cn    as    Sn  ;    THIS. 


1510 


i  See  Table  of  Synonyms. 


RHY 


RIS 


ROM 


view  ti»  s-tup  tho  entire  movement,  or  to  move 
backwani.  AppM&n's  M^cA,  Diet. 

EE-VIK\V'IXG,  n.    The  act  of  making  a  roviow. 
liK-Vl6'INVj,  li.    The  act  of  re-esam^ming  ami  cor- 
recting. 
KE-VI'VAL-ISM.  n.    The  spirit  of  rclisrious  awaken- 
iu^  or  revivals.    [Used  chielly  in  America.] 

Off  il  vie. 
EE-Vi5LVE'Mi:NT,  n.    Tho  act  orprtKCSSof  flvoIv- 
iog  or  retlectin?  on  a  subject ;  as  after  long  recolce- 
ment  he  ilecitU-3.  Leigh  Hunt. 

EE-VOLV'ER,  n.     Ho  or  that  which  revolves. 

a.  A  lire-ariu  with  several  loading-chambers  so 
armngc«l  as  to  revolve  on  an  axis  and'bo  (iiscliargoil 
in  succe^ion,  thromrh  the  same  barrel,  bv  one  lo"ck; 
BeiCs  Te>-h.  Diet. 
EE-VOLVIXG.  a.    [add.]     n^rolHng  light,  that  ar- 
rangement in  a  light-house  by  which  its  lamp  alter- 
nately appears  and  disappears  at  fixed  intervals. 
Appiiioii'^t  J/c!cA.  Diet, 
Elll'eniS.    See  RAcnis. 
nnXPIIE.     See  K.vpuK. 
KU.\Piri-DE*.    See  Rapiiides. 
KIIE-aME-TER  (rc-om'e-ter),  n.     [Or.  pew,  to  flow, 
and  ft-trpov,  measure.] 

A  contrivance  for  measuring  the  forco  or  velocity 
of  current*,  as  nf  elcctrieity,  galvanism,  ttc ;  it  Is 
also  called  G-VLVAXosiin^EE.  A'ic/toi. 

EHE-0-MET'R1€,  ti.    Pertaining  to  a  rheometeror 

its  use.  lAirdneA 

EHE-OM'E-TRY,  n.    In  nut.  phrjsics,  tho  measure- 
ment of  the  forco  and  velocity  ol'currcnts. 
KIlE'O-SeOPE,  n.    [Gr.  p«w,  to  flow,  and  oxo-ew,  to 
perceive.] 

A  contrivance  for  detecting  tho  movement  of  cur- 
rents, as  of  galvanism,  tkc  lAinintf. 
EIIE'O-STAT,  n.     [Gr.  p«*i*,  and  <rT<iTo?,  standing 
fitill.] 

A  contrivance  for  regulating  the  velocity  of  cur- 
rents, as  uf  galvanism,  &c  Wheatstone, 
lUlT'X.VL  ^ri'nal),  d.     [Gr.  ptV,  the  nose.] 

Pertaining  to  tho  nose. 
RIIT\K-LXND,  n.    The  country  along  tho  Ehine. 
ElIIXE  (.rincX  n.     A  water-courso  or  ditch. 

Macautaj/. 
[Wright  spells  tho  wonl  renn.l 
EinXE'GRlVE,  ».     A  Uhenisli  prince. 
EIII-N'O-LO-PIII'J^.E,  n.  2>t.      [Gr.  ptV,  tho  nose, 
and  A(k6o^,  a  crest.] 

A  name  idvcn  to  the  Ilorse-shoe  Bats,  which  have 
the  nose  famished  with  a  crested  meuibrano  of  a 
horse-shoe  firm.  Cutier. 

ElirXO-PLAS-TY,  n.  Tho  process  of  forming  an 
nrtidcial  nose  by  mean^of  surgery,  sometimes  called 
the  Talicotian  <i[»enitinn.  It  c*tnsists  in  bringing 
down  a  piece  of  llesb  from  tho  fureheail  and  causing 
It  to  adhere  to  the  anterior  ]>art  uf  tho  remain:3  of 
the  no30-  Dunglixmi. 

EIItZ'0-DONT,  n,  [Gr.  pi^'j,  a  root,  and  oSoy?,  a 
tooth.] 

A  reptile  whose  teeth  are  planted  fn  sockets,  as 
tho  crocodile.  Dumi. 

EIliZ-OPII'0-EA,  n.  [Gr.  pt'^a,  a  root,  and  ^?>»,  to 
bear.] 

A  genus  of  plants  of  which  tho  mangrove  is  an 
exaniplo.  Thc-y  are  tropical ;  they  root  in  tiLO  mml 
and  form  a  denso  thicket  down  to  tho  verge  of  tho 
water.  Icon.  Knryc. 

EUIZ'0-POD  (riz'o-po<l),  n.  [Gr.  pi^o,  a  root,  and 
»oJv,  a  fooL] 

A  microscnpie  animal  of  tho  lowest  type,  or  tho 
Protozoa,  having  no  mouth,  and  without  append- 
ages excepting  minute  slender  processes  wlilch  it 
forms  at  will,  ^^ost  of  the  species  occupy  minute 
multicellular  calcareous  .shells,  and  thcso  are  also 
called  Polythalaiuia  and  Foraininif^Ta.  Dana, 
Enoxeri-!3'0-XANT(ronk-U'so-nant),  a.  [L.rAon- 
ci«,  a  snoriinir,  and  «on/>,  to  sound.] 
Notins  a  snorting  noi^e.  0.aj'ke. 

EHOM-BO-IIK'ORAL,  fl.  [aid.]  Relating  to  a  sys- 
tem of  forms  including  tho  rhombohcdnia  and  he.\- 
agonal  prism;  related  to  tho  rhombohedron. 

Dana. 
EHCMBS  (rtimz),  n.  pi.    Tlic  thirty-two  points  of 
the  horizon  as  marked  on  tho  mariner's  compass. 

Wriglit. 
niI?M'IXG(rrining),  n.    The  making  of  rhymes; 

a.     Making  rhymes. 
En1fN'-€lOPII'0-nA  (rin-koFo-ra),  n.      [Gr.  p^V 
X05,  snout,  and  'it^pu?,  to  cirry.] 

Tho  srif  ntific  name  of  a  family  of  coleopterons 
Insects,  distinguished  by  the  prolongation  of  tho 
head  into  the  form  of  a  snout  or  proboscis;  the 
ciircnli</s  or  weevils,  Cuvier. 

EHTTIIM,  n.  .^  [afld.]  In  miiMi',  movement  in  mu- 
sical time,  or  the  perifwiical  recurrence  of  accent; 
the  measured  beat  which  marks  the  character  and 
live  expression  of  tho  mu.sic.  Moore'a  Encyv.  Jfit-i. 
RnirTTI'.MI€-AL-LY.  adv.  In  tho  manner  of 
rhythm.  Clarke. 


RHVTII'MIt'S.  n.  pi.    The  science  uf  rhythm. 
Kiltl'IlM'LESS,  a.    Without  rhythm. 

Coleridffe. 
EUYTH-MOM'E-TER,  «.    [Gr.  p«d;u(k,  rhythm,  and 
fterpor,  measure.] 

An    instrument  for    marking   timo  in  musical 
jnovemenis.    See  Metronomr.  Ogilvle. 

RIB,  «.  [add.]  In  fto^,  any  marked  nerve  or  vein 
of  a  leaf;  but  especially 'the  central  longitudinal 
one.  neii$low. 

RIBB£T>  (rlbd\  a.  [add  ]  In  lot.^  having  strongly 
marked  nerves,  proceeding  from  the  base  to  the 
apes  ofaleaf.  Jleiidmr. 

RIE'BIXG,  n,  [add.]  An  arrangement  of  rib.s  as 
on  some  leaves  of  plants,  scales  of  butterflies  Ac. 

Dana. 
EIB'B0X-I$M,  n.    The  principles  of  n  secret  asso- 
ciation of  tho  Irish  for  purposes  of  violence. 

Clarl-e. 
RiB'BON-M.\X,    n.      One  who  is  n  member  of  a 

secret  association  of  the  Irish  for  violent  ends. 
RiB'I-BLE,  ».    4-  small  three  stringed  viol. 

Jfoore's  Encyc.  JIus. 
EiCn,  a.     [add.]    Full  of  fun;   as,  the  sceuo  was 

truly  Hch;  a  rich  character.  Thackeratj. 

Ri-CIN'I^,  a.    [L.  riciniis,  the  castor-oil  plant.] 

Of  or  pertainmg  to  castor-oil.  Craig. 

EiCK,  V.  t.    To  heap  up  in  stacks,  as,  hay,  Ac 

Ash. 
RiCK'-BrRNING,  n.     Setting  firo  to  ricks,  as  of 

grain,  &:q.  Clarke. 

RICK'-CLOTIT,  n.    A  tarpaulin  or  canvas  cloth  to 

defend  ricks  from  rain,  &c.  Siiunonds. 

ElCK'-STiXD.    See  Stack-stakp. 
RiCK'IXG,  «.    The  act  of  making  ricks,  as  of  hay, 

&.C.  AsJi. ' 

Rie-0-CnET'TIXG   (rik-0-shet'ting),   n.     Tho  act 

of  ricochet  firing.  Cliirke. 

RID'DLING,  71.     [add.]    T!ie  act  of  separating  with 

a  riddle  or  coarse  sieve.  Ask. 

2.  Tho  act  of  perforating  with  shoL 

ETD'EE,  «.     [add.]    A  ma.s3  of  rock-material  in  a 

vein,  dividing  it.  Mining  Journal. 

ETDGE'-BaXD,  n.    Tho  strap  in  a  harness  which 

crosses  tho  back-bone  of  the  horoC.  Afih, 

RIDGE'-ROPES,  «.  pi.  Ropes  in  ffhipa  alon.^  tho 
bulwarks  or  bowsprit  to  secure  men  from  falling, 
or  for  securing  an  awning.  Toiten. 

RlDCr'rXG,  71.     In  agric,  tho  net  of  forming  ridges ; 
also,  coliectivelf/^  tho  whole  series  of  ridges  formed. 
Gardner's  Farm.  Diet. 
RTD'I-€CX-IXG,  n.    The  act  of  turning  into  ridi- 
cule. Clarke. 
ElD'IXG,  a.     [add.]    Suitable  for  ricling;  as,  a  rid- 
ing horse. 
RTn'IXG-D.\YS  (-<luzo).  «v  pi.    Days  when  hostile 

attacks  are  made  l>y  horsemen.  Walt.  Scott, 

RIFFLE  (ri'fl),  V.  t.  [add.]  To  groove  internally 
witli  spiral  channels ;  as,  to  rijla  a  gun-barrel. 

Appleton'tt  Mech.  Dit-t. 
2,  To  sharpen  a  scythe  with  a  whetstone  called  a 
rijh. 
EI'FLE-PTT,  n.  A  hole  dug  for  tho  shelter  of  sharp- 
shooters during  a  siege.  Land.  Quart. 
RlTLfiS  (ri'flz),  n.  pi.     A  regiment  or  company  of 

men  armed  with  rifles. 
RT'ELIXG,  n.    The  act  or  process  of  grooving  the 
interior  of  a  gun-barrel ;   tho  st;ite  of  being  thus 
grooved.  Appletim's  Jlecft.  Diet. 

ElGITT'IXG  (ri'tlng),  n.    The  act  of  setting  right; 

as,  the  righting  oi'an  injury.  Clarke. 

RIG'OR-ISM,  n.    Rigidity  in  principle  or  practice. 

Ooilrie. 
2.  Severity  of  style,  &c.  Jejemon. 

ETLE.    Sec  R'aiL. 
RiM'MING,  :i.    Tho  act  of  furnishing  with  a  rim  ; 

also  used  as  an  ad}. 
RTND'LESS,  a.    Without  a  rind.  Clarke. 

RlND'Y,  a.    Having  a  thin  rind  or  thick  skin. 

A/ih. 
RING,  V.  t.    [add.]    To  repeat  often  in  a  loud  tone; 

as,  to  ring  advice  in  one's  ears.  Ogilcie. 

RING'-ARM'OE,  n.    Armor  composed  of  rings  of 

metal.  Foshroke. 

EiNG'-CnfrCK,  n.  A  form  of  chuck  for  lathes, 
having  a  slidiui:  ring  to  render  it  tight  or  loose,  as 
occasion  requires.  Francift. 

RiXG£T>  (ringd),/>/?.  or  ff.  Having  a  ring.  Inhot.^ 
encircled  by  lines  or  bands  above  or  below  tho  sur- 
&ce  of  the  bark. 
EING'-STAXD,  n.  An  upright  stand  or  frame  with 
[)rojecting  pins,  or  other  arrangement,  for  holding 
finsjer-rings,  used  on  a  toilet  table.  Siriimondn. 
RIPTLET,  n.     A  small  ripple.  Ogiltie. 

RISING,  a.    [add.]     More  than,  exceeding;   a^  a 

Jiorse  riving  six  years.  Walt.  Scott. 

RisK'T,  a.  Attended  with  danger;  ns,  a  risky  en- 
terprise.   [Am.]  Bartlett. 


Kl-SO'Jil-AL,  a.     [L.  1-imts^  laughter.] 

Pertaining  to  or    producing    laughter:   as,   the 
intiorial  muscles.  Ogilvie. 

RI'VAL-ING,  71.    The  act  or  state  of  being  in  rivalry. 

RiV'ERED,  rt.  Supplied  with  rivers;  as.  a  welt- 
rivered  country.  Wtlxon. 

RiV'ER-DRlV'ER,  «.  A  lumber-man  who  drives 
or  conducts  logs  down  rivers,     [vim.]       Bartlett. 

RIVER- Y,  a.     Having  rivers;  as,  a  rivery  country. 

Drayton. 

RIV'ET-IXG,  n.  The  act  of  joining  with  rivets. 
2.  The  whole  sot  of  rivets  collectively.     Tomlinson. 

ElVIXG,  ti.    Tho  act  of  splitting  forcibly  lu-under. 

RiZ'ZER£T),  a.  Half  dried  or  salted;  as,  rizzered 
haddock.  Walt.  Scoit. 

RO A  D-COOK,  n.    A  guide-book  for  roads. 

77iackeray. 

ROAD'-DROP'PIXGS,      \n.pl.    The  dung,  &c.  of 

ROAD-SWEEP'IXGS,       f     roads. 

ROAD'-MET'AL,  71.  Tho  broken  stono  used  in  mac- 
adamizing roads.  Beirs  Tech.  Diet. 

ROAN,  «.    A  kind  of  leather  for  book-binding,  made 
from  sheepskin,  in  imitation  of  morocco. 
_  Tomlinson. 

ROBE,  77.  [add.]  A  buffalo-skin  dressed  and  pre- 
pared for  u_se.    [Am.]  Bartlett. 

RODE-DE-CIIAM'BRE,  n.  [Fr.]  A  dressing- 
gown,  or  morning  gown.  Bescherelle. 

ROG'IXG,  71.     The  act  of  putting  on  a  robe. 

ROB'IXG-ROOM.  h.  A  room  where  noblemen  or 
lawyers  put  on  their  robes.     [Ewr.]  Wright. 

R0€UE'-LIME  (roke-),  71.  Lime  after  it  is  burned  ; 
quicklime.     [Fng.]  Ogihie. 

EOCK'E-LAY,  in.      A   short    cloak;     roquelaiir. 

ROK'E-LAY,     S      {ScoMi.]  Walt.  Scatty 

ROCE'ER-Y,  n.    See  Rock-woek. 

ROCK'ER,  n.  [add.]  Any  thing  which  sways  back- 
ward aud  forward  ;  in  gold-ica^king,  a  machine  for 
separating  tho  particles  of  gold-dustfrom  the  gravel, 
«kc,  by  alternate  agitation.  Iloidtt. 

EOcK'IXG,  n.  Tho  act  or  state  of  moving  from  sido 
to  si_de.  AsK 

RO-eO'60,  a.  and  n.  fOf  uncertain  etymology.] 
Tho  narao  given  to  a  style  of  ovnamental  art  which 
prevailed,  more  especially  in  France,  at  the  close  of 
the  eighteenth  and  the  beginning  of  the  nineteenth 
centuries.  It  consisted  chiefly  in  reviving,  and 
ol'ten  carrying  to  a  greater  extent,  the  style  of  tlio 
ago  of  Louis  XIV.,  in  respect  to  architecture,  land- 
scape ganlening,  furniture,  utensil?,  and  the  interior 
decorations  of  bnildings.  By  some  it  has  been 
thouglit  to  bo  rich,  tliough  luxuriant ;  and  by  others 
it  is  condemned  as  a  weak  attemj)!  to  n-tine  and 
improve  upon  the  purest  models  of  nrt,  producing 
capricious,  fantastical,  or  childish  results.  The  term 
h;is  been  sotnetimcs  e.vtended  so  as  to  embrace  a 
taste  for  the  ornaments  of  China  and  Japan ;  and  is 
generally  used,  as  stated  by  Beschcrclle,  to  denote 
what  is  outre  or  fantastic  iu  decorative  art. 

Ifey»e.     Bescherelle. 

ROD-O-MOXT-ADTXG,  n.     The  act  of  vaunting. 

RGE  (ro),  n.  [add.]  A  term  applied  by  cabinet- 
makers^ to  the  streak  of  light  and  shade  in  mahog- 
any. Ogilvie. 

ROG'uE'S'-MARCII,  n.  Derisive  music  performed 
in  driving  away  a  person  uiuler  popular  indigna- 
tion ;  or  when  a  soldier  is  drummed  out  of  a  regi- 


ment, 
RoKI-yAGE, 
ROK'EE, 


;,  }  n.    Parched  Indian-corn, 
J     and  mixed  with  sugar. 


That  may  be  rolled. 


Wright. 
pounded  up 
lUn.] 
Bartlett. 
Atih. 


RyLL'A-BLE,  a. 

EoLL'~€ALL,  n.    Tho  timo  or  act  of  calling  over 
hst  of  names,  as  among  soldiers.  Craig. 

ROLL'EY,  n.  A  carri:^e  for  tho  undergroimd  work 
of  a  mine.  Thiidinson. 

ROL'LICK-IXG,  v.  Tho  act  of  moving  about  in  a 
careless  swaggering  manner.  Mrs.  Butler. 

ROLL'IXG-MILL,  n.  A  mill  furnished  with  heavy 
rollers  through  which  heated  metal  is  passed. 

ROLL'IXG-STOCK,  71.  Tho  cars,  locomotives, 
U'ucks,  ttc,  of  a  rail-way. 

RO'LY-PO'LY,  7i.    A  pudding   made  of  sheets  of 
paste  spread  with  sweetmeats,  &c.,  rolled  up. 
_  Simmands. 

RO'MAX,    n.      Tho  ordinary  uprisht   character  of 
printing-type,  in  distinction  from  tfie  Italic  form. 
ITansard's  Typ. 

EO'MAX-eXX'DLE,  n.  A  kind  of  firework  (gen- 
erally held  in  the  hand)  characterized  by  the  con- 
tinued emission  of  a  multitude  of  sparks,  and  the 
ejection  at  regular  intervals  of  brilliant  stars  which 
are  thrown  upward  as  they  become  ignited. 

Craig. 

RO-MXX'CIXG,  n.  Indulgence  in  romantic  or  ox- 
travasrant  notions  or  conduct.  Clarke. 

RO-MXX'CIST,  n.  One  given  to  romance;  a  writer 
of  romances.  Ogilvie. 


A,  E,  &C.,    long.~l,  £,    Ac,  «7iO/^.— CARE,  FAR,  LAST,  FALL,   WHAT;    THfiRE,  TfeRM;    MARIXE,  BtRT);    MOVE, 


t  Se6  Tul/U  of  Syno/iyms. 


loll 


ROT 


RUS 


RO-MAN'ie    a.     An  epithet  ajiplied  to  various  lan- 

"uWes  wjiicli,  (liiriii:;  the  Middle  Ages,  sprung  "ut 

Sf  tTie  "hi  Roman,  as  the  Itahan,  Spanish,  Portu- 

snese.  French,  Provencal,  &c,  Ileyse. 

e5'MAN-ISU,  a.    Pertaining  to  P.omanism. 

Ogilvie. 
EO'MAN-IZ-EE,  n.     One  who  conforms  to  the  P.o- 

man  Catholic  luith. 
KO'MAN-IZ-IXG,  n.    Tlio  act  of  conforming  to  the 

Roman  Catholic  faith. 
ROM-BOWLINE,  ?i.    Old  condemned  canvas,  rope, 

&c,,  unflt  for  use  except  in  cliaflng-gear.     Totten. 
EO.MP'ING,  n.    Rude,  boisterous  pl.ay. 
E5MP'ING-LT,  ade.    In  a  romping  or  rudo  man- 
ner; rompishly.  Coleridge. 
ROOF'EE,  n.     One  -who  puts  on  roofs.        Ogilvie. 
Kl'OF'ING,  pi^.  or  II.    Covering  with  a  roof;  used 

for  mailing  roofs ;  as,  roujing-tlle.  Ash. 

ROOF'-TREE,  n.  Primarihj,  the  timber  of  a  roof 
and  hence  the  roof  itself;  as,  "Now  for  m;'  the 
woods  may  wither,  now  for  mo  the  roqi-lree  fall. 

Tennijson. 
ROOM'FITL,  n.    As  much  as  a  room  will  liold ;  as,  a 

roomfnttii  persons.  Clark'e. 

EOOM'LESS,  o.    Without  room  or  rooms ;  as,^"iiar- 

row  and  room/e-ss."  Ldal.^ 

EOOE'BACn,  n,    A  popular  name  given  to  a  polit- 
ical lie  or  trick,  said  to  he  derived  from  the  name 
of  a  person  by  whom  a  great  story  in  relation  to 
some  political  atfair  was  told,    [^m.] 
EOOT'-€EOP,  n,     A  crop  of  turnips,  beets,  &;c. 

Gardner's  Furm.  Diet. 
ROOT'-IlllES,  n.  pi.    In  liot.,  a  name  for  the  slen- 
der, hair-lilie  fibers  founil  on  the  surface  of  fresh 
roots.    Tbev  are  prolongations  of  the  surface  of  the 
root  into  minute  tubes.  A.  (rruy. 

EOOT'LESS,  a.  Without  roots;  as,  "a  rootless  tree." 

T.  Moore. 
EOPE,  t'.  t.  [add.]  To  rope  in,  to  draw  in  collect- 
ively and  by  force,  a  phra«o  derived  from  the  prac- 
tice of  winding  a  rope  round  large  masses  of  hay 
beaped  up  in  the  fleid,  and  then  drawing  them  to 
some  point.    \_Am.]  Bartlett. 

■ROPE'-M.^T,  71.    A  mat  made  of  oakum,  or  cord.age. 

Webster's  Dom.  Encyc. 
RDPE'-PCMP,  n.    A  machine  for  raising  water  by 
means  of  an  endless  rope  wliich  passes  through  tlio 
well  or  fountain,  and  brings  up  the  water  by  the 
momentum  it  acquires  when  put  in  motion. 

Francis. 
EOP'EE,  ».    A  maker  of  ropes ;  a  packer.     Wright. 
EOPE'S'-END,  V.  t.    To  beat  with  the  end  of  a  rope. 
ROP'I-LY,  adv.     In  a  viscous  or  glutinous  manner. 
EOP'ING  IN,  n.     A  cant  term  for  cheating.  [.Im,] 

Bartktt. 
ROP'Isn,  n.    Somewhat  viscous  or  glutinous. 

Ash. 
EO'RU-LENT,  a.    [L.  i-o.«,  dew.] 

Full  of  dew.  CUlrke. 

EO'RY,  a.    Dewy.    See  Ro.\rt.  Smart. 

ROSU'-etJT,  n.    Noting  a  manner  of  cutting  jewels 
with  a  smooth,  rountl  surface,  as  distinguished  from 
^hose  which  have  numerous  facets.       "  Francis. 
EOSE'-DI'A-MOND,  11.     A  diamond  nearly  hemi- 
spherical, cut  into  twenty-four  triangular  planes. 

Craig.      I 
E0$E'-EN'(jINE,  n.     An  appendage  to  the  turning 
lathe,  by  which  a  surface  of  wood,  metal,  &e.,  is  en- 
graved witli  a  variety  of  curved  lines.  Craig. 
RO$E'-KNOT,  n.     A  bunch  of  ribbons  or  other  plia- 
ble substance,  plaited  so  as  to  represent  a  rose  ;  a 
rosette._  Booth. 
ROSE'-PINK,  n.    A  pigment  of  a  rose-color,  made 
by  dyeing  chalk  or  whiting  with  a  decoction  of  Bra- 
zil wood  and  alum.                                      Francis. 
RO-SET'TA-STOXE,  v.    A  stone  found  .at  Eosetta 
in  Egypt,  bearing  a  tri-lingual  inscription  by  aid  of 
which  a  key  was  obtained  to  the  hieroglyphics  of 
ancient  Egypt.                                              B'rande. 
R0£'I£'D  (ro'zid),  a.    Decorated  with  roses,  or  their 

color.  Ogilvie. 

EQS'INj^D  (roz'ind),  a.    Treated  or  prepared  with 

rosin. 
RO'TAL,  a.    Relating  to  rotary  motion. 
EO'TA-SeOPE.    See  Gykascope. 
ROTATE,  1'.  t.    To  cause  to  revolve.    In  optics,  to 
cause  the  plane  of  polarization  to  revolve. 

A^ichol. 
RO-TATO-PLANE,  a.    Wheel-shaped  and  Hat 

Wright. 
EO'T.V-TO-RT,  n.     [add.]     In  opttcs,  producing  ro- 
tation of  the  plane  of  polarization  j  as,  the  rotatory 
power  of  bodies  on  liglit  Nichoh 

EO'TI-FOEM,  a.  Wheel-shaped;  as,  roti/orm  ap- 
pendages. In  hot.,  noting  the  shape  of  a  monopet- 
alous  corolla  which  has  a  very  short  tube,  and 
spreading  limb.  JTenslow. 


EiiUCnE(roosli),  (."■     tFr.]     A  goffered  quilling  for 
POCIIF  )      ladies'  bonnets,  &c.,  of   lace, 

'rihbon',  &c.  Simmonds. 

EOUGE-DE.\G'ON  (roozh-),  n.     [Fr.]     In  Eng    an 

officer  of  the  college  of  heralds.  Goldsmith. 

EOUGE'ING  (roozh'ing),  n.    The  act  or  habit  of 

using  rouge.  »    ,  <• 

EOUGH  (nif ),  a.  Rough-customer,  a  cant  phrase  for 

a  troublesome  antagonist.  . 

ROUGII'ING  (ruffing),  a.     Making  rough;   doing 

coarse  work;  having  or  pursuing  a  rough  course. 

Koughing-rollers,  rollers  for  reducing  a  bloom  of 

iron  to  bars. 
no  V- LETTS'  (roo-lef^,  n.     [add.]     A  small  toothed 

wheel  used  by  engravers  to  roU  over  the  surface  of 

a  plate  to  produce  dots. 
ROUND,  n.     [.add.]    A  circular  dance  ;  as, 
"  Kjiit  your  liandn  and  beat  the  ground, 
In  &  light  ihutaslic  roum^" 

Made  round 


SAL 


ErS'SO-OREEK,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Russian 
branch  of  the  Greek  Catholic  Church. 

RtJST',  71.  [add.]  A  composition  of  iron-filings  and 
sal-ammoniac  mixed  with  water,  used  to  fill  up 
joints  in  iron-work,  &c.    Appleton's  Mech.  Diet. 

RtrST'-JOINT,  71.  In  mech..  a  joint  made  tight  by 
the  application  of  a  composition  called  rust. 

Appleton's  Mech.  Diet. 

ErS'TI€-LT,  adv.  In  a  rustic  manner;  as,  'Tus- 
tidy  Aiax  said."  Chapman. 

RUS'TLE.    See  Ecstlin-o. 

EUT'TING,  7!.  The  .act  or  time  of  copulation,  espe- 
cially among  ileer,  hares,  &c.     Beauni.  d-  Ftetch. 

RtJT'tY,  a.    Full  of  deep  cuts ;  as,  a  rutty  road. 

Ogilvie. 


become  cir- 


EOUNDTD,  pp.  or  a 

cular.         _  .        ,  .  ,_  ^  , 

EOUND'-GAME,  n.    A  game  in  phjch  many  take 

part.  Dickens. 

ROUND'-Ti^P,  71.     Sec  RocSDS. 
ROUXD'-TURN,  n.    One  turn  of  a  rope  round  a  tim- 
ber Totten. 
EOUS'ANT  (row'zant),  a.      In  heraldry,  a  term  ap- 
plied to  a  bird  in  the  attitude  of  rising  ;  as,  a  swan 
rousant.                                                         Wright. 
EOUS'ING,  n.    The  act  of  stirring  up  or  exciting. 
ROUT,  V.  t.  [add.]  To  rout  out,  to  search  thoroughly  ; 

to  turn  out 
ROW'-Ct'LTaniE  (-kulfyurl,  n.     In  agnc.,  the 

practice  of  cultivating  crops  in  drills.   Imp.  Add. 
EOW'DY-Isn,  a.    Noting  the  manners  of  a  rowdy, 

as  rowdyish  boys.  Jitdd. 

EOW'DY-ISM,  n.    The  conduct  o'  a  rowdy ;  noisy 

blackguardism.     [Am.'] 
ROYS'TER-ER.     See  EoisTERnn. 
EUB'BI3U-Y,  a.    Of  or  pertaining  to  rubbisb. 

Carlyle. 
rC'BEI€- AL.  o.  [add.]    Of  or  pertaining  to  rubrics ; 

as,  "  rabricid  eccentricities."  C.  Kingsley. 

EU-BRi"CI.\N,  In.     One  skilled  in  or  tenaciously 
Rf 'BRI-CIST.     f     adhering  to  the  rubric.  Ogilvie. 
liCD'DER-IIiS  AD,  71.    The  upper  end  of  the  rudder- 
post,  into  which  the  tiller  is  inserted. 
EUD'DEE-LESS,  a.    Without  a  rudder,  as  a  rud- 
derless ship.  Coleridge. 
RtrD'DEE-STSCK,  n.  The  main  part  of  the  rudder, 
which  is  connected  by  irons  with  the  stern-post  of 

Rn-DI-MENT'.\-RY,  a,    [add.]    In  an  early  stage  of 

development ;  imperfectly  developed.     Uenslow. 
RU-ELL'-BUNES.  71.  pi.     In  anc.   costume,  smtiU 
ring's  or  studs  of  bones,  &c.,  alHxed  to  the  girdle  or 
head-dress.  Fairlwlt. 

Rt?-GU-LOSE',  a.    [L.  ruga,  a  wrinkle.] 

.'Somewhat  wrinkled.  Henslow. 

RC'IN-.V-BLE,  a.    Capable  of  being  ruined. 

Clarke. 
Rt'ING,  n.    The  act  of  lamenting;  as,  'Ljuake  this 

sudden  joy,  a  long  ruing."  Sir  T.  Smith. 

ElJLE'LfiSS,  a.    Destitute  of  rule;  as,  "a  ruleless 

rout  of  young  men."  Spenser. 

EtTL'ING  71     The  act  of  drawing  lines  by  a  ruler. 
•2.  The  act  of  deciding  or  establishing  rules,  as  the 
ruling  of  a  court 
RL'M'M.V-GEE,  K.    One  who  rummages.  AsJu 

RtJM'MA-GING,  71.     The  act  of  making  a  thorough 

search,  or  tumbling  things  about.  Ash. 

EtJM'PLlNG,  7!.    The  act  of  making  uneven. 

Clarke. 
EtTMP'-STEAK  (stakel,  71.    A  nice  quality  of  beef- 
steak, cut  from  the  thigh  near  the  rump. 

Goldsmith.    Simmonds. 
EtJN,  71.     [add.]     A  range  or  extent  of  ground  for 

feeding  stock,  as  a  sheep-run.  Hewitt. 

EUN'A-WAY,  a.     Noting  flight  from  restraint,  as  a 
runaivay  horse;  accomplished  by  flight,  as  a  7'!in- 
nwai/  marriage, 
EtJNG,  «..    [add.]    The  round  of  a  ladder;   a  cart- 
stake.  Bartlett. 
RUNG-A-M.\T'TA,  7i.    In  tho  East  Iiidie.^,  a  red- 
colored  earth.  Ogilvie. 
EU-PI€'0-LA,  n.      [L.  rupus,  a  rock,  and  colo,  to 
inhabit.] 

Tho  scientificname  given  by  Brisson  to  a  genus  of 
birds  commonly  known  as  the  Cocks  of  the  Rock, 
which  are  large  birds  anil  have  a  double  vertical 
crest  on  the  head,  formed  bv  feathers  arranged  like 
a  fan.    The  adult  males  of  two  South  American 
species  are  of  a  splendid  orange  color.      Brisson. 
RtiPTa'R-ING,  71.    The  act  of  breaking. 
RC'R.\L-ISM.  71.    The  state  of  being  runil. 
RC'R.VE-IZ-ING,  pp.  or  7i.    Leading  a  country-life. 
EUsn'-CtE.lSS,  71.    A  coarse  kind  of  grass,  of  the 
'     genus  Villa.  A.  Gray. 


SaB'BATH.   71.    [add.]    Sabbath-day's  journey,  a 
distance  of  neariv  a  mile,  which  tho  Jews  were  al- 
lowed to  travel  on  the  Sabbath.  Kitto. 
S.l'BLE,  V.  t.    To  render  sable  or  dark  in  color;  as, 
'■  and  sabled  all  in  black  the  shady  sky." 

Fletcher. 
SA'BLE-I'RON   (sa'hl-I'urn),  n.      A  very  superior 
quality  of  Russian  iron,  so  called  because  originally 
stamped  with  the  figure  of  a  sable. 

Emnn's  Siberia. 
S.\€'€nA-RIZE  (sakTia-rize),  v.  t.    To  convert  into 

sugar.  Ogilme. 

SX€'€I-FORM,  a.   Having  tho  general  form  of  a  sac. 

Ilenslow. 
SX€'€U-LAR,  (7.    Like  a  sac  Z>i!7in. 

SA€'€U-LA-TED,  a.    Furnished  with  little  sacs. 

Dana. 
SA-OEL'LUM,   n.     [L.]     In  arch.,  an  ornamental 

chapel  within  a  church.  &wiU. 

SA'CHEM-SIIIP.     See  Saohem-dom. 
SiCQUE  (sak),  ti..    An  appendage  of  loose  silk  for- 
merly affixed  to  the  shoulders  of  a  lady  behind,  and 
thence  falling  to  the  ground.  Fairhoit. 

SA.'€EED,  11. "[.add.]  Accursed,  appointed  by  God 
in  the  way  of  punishment ;  as,  a  sacred  thirst  of 
gold.  Milton.    Dryden,  tic. 

S.\€'RI-FIC-ING,  7!.    The  act  of  making  sacrifice. 
SiD'DA.     See  Sadder. 
SAD-DU-CA'I€,  a.     Pertaining  to  or  like  the  Sad- 

ducees  ;  as,  Sadducaic  reasonings  or  objections. 
SA.FE'-PLED6E,  fi.    In  laic,  a  surety  for  the  ap- 
pearance of  a  person  at  a  given  time.      Bracton. 
SAG,  n.    State  ofsinking  or  bending;  sagging. 

Francis. 
SXGE'-CnEESE,  n.   Cheese  colored  green  by  leaves 
of  saga  and  other  plants  which  are  ailded  to  tho 
ini]\^,  Simmonds. 

SAG-tJ-ii'EUS.  71,  A  scientific  name  for  a  genus  of 
palms  including  a  species  which  is  also  ctilled  Go- 
muto  by  tho  Malays,  Sagueiro  by  the  Portuguese, 
and  scientifically  Arenga.  It  inhabits  tropical 
Asia,  and  yields  a  saccharine  fluid,  sago,  and  palm 
wine.  /?7i;).  Add. 

SAIIIB  (.sib),  71.    [Ilin.]     iif.,  lord  or  ma.ster  ;  hence 

a  title  of  respect  in  India.  Malcom. 

SAIL,  ».  [add.]  Shoulder-of-muttnn  sail,  a  tri- 
angular sail,  so  called  from  the  peculiarity  of  its 
foKm.    It  is  chiefly  used  to  set  on  a  boat's  mast 

Totten. 
SAIL'nOOK,  n.    A  small  hook  used  in  sail-making 

to  hohf  the  seams  square.  Craig. 

SAINT'ISM,  7t.    The  character  or  quality  of  saints. 

Tennyson. 
SAINT'LI-NESS,  71.    The  state  or  quality  of  being 

saintly.  C.  Kingsley. 

SA'Ki,  n.  The  American  name  of  monkeys  of  tho 
genus  Pithecia  of  Desmarest  and  llliger.  They 
have  for  the  most  part,  long  and  liu>hy  tails,  and 
have  thus  obtained  the  name  of  fox-tailed  monkeys. 

Curler. 
SAL-A-M-lNTJEOlD,  a.    Ecscmlding  sal.imanders. 

Dana. 
S.X.L'A-RY,  s.  t.    To  fix  or  pay  »  salary  to  one ;  as, 

to  salary  a  clerk.  Ogdvte. 

SA'LI-ENT,  a.  [add]  Prominent;  striking;  as, 
"tho  salient  features  of  an  examination." 

Conybeare. 
SAL-I-NOMTJ-TER,  77.    [L.  sal  or  salina,  and  Gr. 
fiirpoi;  a  measure.]  . 

A  salt  gauge,  for  indicating  the  strength  of  brine 
or  salt  water,  .as  in  marine  engines,  &c. 

Simmonds. 

SiLTLY-ING.  71.    The  act  of  issuing  or  rnshing  out 

S.XL'LY  Lf'NN,  77.     [From  tho  inventor.]     A  kind 

of  bun  or  sweet  tea-cako  which  is  Highly  esteemed 

in  England.  Simmonds.    I/one. 

SAL' MI.  n.    [Fr.]     A r.agout  of  roasted  game  cooked 

with  wine,  bread  and  condiments  suileil  to  [irovoke 


appetite. 


BtScherelle. 


D6VE,  ■WOLF,  BOOK  ;  ECLE,  BpiX  ;  VI"CIOUS.— €  as  K  ;  6  as  J ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  THIS. 


1512 


t  See  Table  of  Synonyms. 


SAR 

SA-LOON',  n.     [atld.]    A  place  where  refivshments, 

liquor,  Jtc,  are  sold.     [Jm.] 
SAL^'HS.    n.   pi.     Mud-eruptioiis,  being    vents   of 
vapor,  an-J  heat,  wbero  there  is  no  true  voIimqo. 

LKina. 

SAL-S0-LA'CE0U3  (5hus\  a.     ReliUea  to  the  family 
Salsola,  which  incIaUes  certain  satt-marjh  planted. 
_  Siilimati^s  Joufiud, 

SXL-SCVDA,  n.  A  commercial  name  for  c:irboQate 
of  soda.  Sim  monds. 

SAL-TA-TCvTII-AL,  a.  Having  reference  to  le.np- 
in;;  a5,  a  aaltatoruil  moiUflcation  of  the  limbs; 
having  the  power  of  leaping,  as  taitatoHal  ani- 
mals.    _  £><niit. 

SALT'-€AKE,  n.  A  commercial  name  for  sulphate 
"of  sodx  A  product  of  the  action  of  muriatic  acid 
un  »oda,_used  by  soap  makers,  ic.        Tomliiu^oJi. 

SALT'-GAUGE,  n.  An  instrument  used  to  test  the 
strength  of  brine  or  talt-water. 

ApnUtorCs  Jfech,  Diet 

S.U.TIEK-WISE.    SeeSALTiEK. 

SALT'-J^CKK,  n.    Hard  salt  beef  for  use  at  sea. 

_  Jfarryatf. 

SA-LU-TA-TtKEI-AX,  n.  A  student  in  a  college 
who  pronounces  the  salutatory  oration  at  com- 
mencement, ic.     [vim.] 

S.XM'Ar.E.    SeeSniABBR. 

6AM.'A-U0ID,  o,  [L.  fitmara,  and  Gr.  el&K.]  Re- 
sembling a  samara  or  winged  seed-vessel. 

A  Gray. 

SiM'BOK,  n.  In  South  A/ricit^  a  lidiog-whip  of 
jii.Ie.  Simmonaa. 

^  V'MI-AX.  a.     Belonging  to  Samos.  Byron. 

sX'.\IOID,  li.    ^totlng  a  Siberiiin  tribe. 

SAM'PLE,  r.  t.  To  take  flamplca  of;  as,  to  mmpU 
wool,  sugar,  »fcc. 

SAM'PLER,  n.  One  who  distribntcs  things  into 
samples  for  inspection ;  as,  a  wool-«am^/e  r. 

isimmonda. 

SA.MPXIXG,  n.  The  act  of  preparing  samples  for 
inspection.  Simmond^. 

SA.M'SUOO,  I  n.     [Chinese,  thrice   fired.]      A  spirit- 

SAM'SIir,  S  nous  liquor  distilled  from  the  yeasty 
liquor  in  which  boiled  rice  has  fermented  under 
pressure  many  days.  S.  WilU  Williams. 

SAN*€TL'M,  n.  [L.]  Lit.,  a  sacred  place;  hence,  a 
retreat  for  privacy;  as,  an  editors  sanctum. 

S.\XD'€RACK,  n.  A  perpendicular  crack  in  a 
horse's  hoo(  which  admits  particles  nf  sand,  and 
lames  bim.  White's  Vet.  Die 

^AXD'-KLEA,  \n.      Name   of  small   sli^ndcr 

SAXD'-TlOP'PER,  f  ampliipod  crustaceans  of 
the  T<ilitru4  group,  fount  in  sand  and  sca-wced  on 
the  sea-sbore,  and  moving  with  sudden  leaps  when 
disturbed,  Dana. 

S.\ND'-FLT,  n.  An  insect  common  to  sandy  places, 
Inllicting  a  sharp  bite.  O'jitcie. 

S.VXD'-GL.VSS,  n.  An  instrument  for  measuring 
time  by  the  raonlng  of  sand.  Tomlinson. 

S.vXD'IllLL,  n.  A  bill  composed  of,  or  covered 
with  sin'L  C.  Kingshy. 

S.\XD'IN'G,  n.    The  act  of  sprinkling  with  sand. 

aXXD'-MARTIX,  n.  A  species  of  swallow,  (/?*>- 
undo  ripariii\  which  makes  holes  for  it.**  nest 
".I'inrt  the  banks  of  rivers.  Citpier. 

S.\ND'5T0R.M,  n.    A  storm  of  drifting  sand. 

Goldamiih. 

SAN'^'GRE-VL.    SeoGRAii. 

SAX"-GCkVE-XOL"S  (5an:;-^rwij'c-nus),  a.     f L.  «on- 
(7«jj*.  blond,  and  j/e/io,  or  gi'jno,  to  produce.) 
Producing  blood;    as,  ajnguigenoua  food. 

Gregory. 

SAX-OCIX'0-LEN-CT,  n.  Tho  state  of  being 
bloodv.  Ogilrie, 

S.\XT.\  CXAUS,  n.    A  corruption  of  St  Nicholas. 

?.\P'Fl'L,  a.     Abounding  in  sap.  Clarke. 

^XP'^'kCLI     }"•    A  •'"W'l  *"c"ow-         naUiwell. 

SA-PI-EXt1aL-LT,  adv.  la  a  sapient  or  wis© 
manner.  Bd^ter. 

S.^-POXT-FT-.V-BLE,  (T.  Capable  of  conversion 
into  soap ;  as  a  «.7pon//£f/W<  substance.   Gregory. 

SAP'Pnie  (sarfifc),  n.  A  verso  In  tho  Sapphic 
meter. 

S.XP'PIITRE  (saf-flrcX  a.  Of  or  resembling  sap- 
phire; as,  '^tho  sapphire  hhiZQ."  Gray, 

SiPTING,  n.     Tho  act  or  process  of  ondcnnining. 

Clarke. 

SiP'-RuT,  n.    Tho  dry  rot,  a  disease  of  tlmticr. 

Ogllvie. 

SAR'CEL,  rt.    The  pinion  of  a  hawk's  wing.    Ash. 

SAR'eODE,  71.     [Gr.  o-af.  flesh.] 

Soft,  nnor^anized.  or  structureless  animal  mate- 
rial ;  it  ia  the  fleshy  material  of  ilio  Uhizopod  and 
other  Infusoria,  the  simplest  formative  material  of 
animal  structures,  without  distinct  tissue.  Dajui. 

3AR'€0ID.  n.     fGr.  o-apf,  and  e'5o?,  form.] 

lie^emblinz  flesh.  Dana. 


SCA 

I  SA1:-<^OL'0-G1ST,  «.    Ono  skilled  in  sarcoloirv. 

SAR-€0PII'A-GAXS  (siir-kGfVganz).  n.  //.^'[Gr. 
aapf,  and  «>(iyeii',  to  eat] 

I    ^^  Flesh-cuiing  animals;  zoiiphagans.        Ogilvie, 

SAR-GAS'SO,  «.    [Sp.  sargazo^  sea-weed.] 

The  floating  sea-weed  of  tho  Xoitb-Athmtic. 

SAR-GAS'SO,  a.  Containin;:  floating  sea-wood ;  as, 
the  Sargasso  sea  of  the  Xorth-Atlautic 

SAR-MEX-TA'CEOUS  (-tfi'shus),  a.  In  bat.  bearing 
sarments  or  runuers,  as  those  of  the  strawberry, 

A.  Gray. 

SA'ROS.  n.  A  name  given  by  the  Chaldeans  to  an 
astronomical  period  <ir  cycle,  the  e.vact  length  <»f 
which  has  been  greatly  tlij-puted.  It  lias  been  vari- 
ously estimated  from  SGOO  years  to  a  little  short;  of 
10  years.  Brandc. 

SAR-SA-PA-RIL'LA.  a.  Relating  to  or  ma.le  from 
tho  plant  of  this  name,  as  saraaput^illa  syrup. 

SASII^D  (sasht\  a.  Provided  with  sashes;  as,  a 
aashed  window. 

SXSII'-VTlX'DOW,  n.  A  window  composed  of  a 
frame  in  which  panes  of  glass  aro  set.  Ash. 

SA-TAX'I€-AL-XESS,  n.  Tho  quality  of  being 
fiendishly  malicious,  or  wicked.  *        A^k. 

SAT'IX,  a.  Of  or  resembling  satin;  as,  afia(mclo.ak, 
Ac. 

SAT'IX-T2-IXG.  «.  Tho  act  of  giving  a  luster  like 
that  of  s:itin  to  some  surface,  as  that  *>(  wall-paper. 

SAT'IX-Y.  a.  Like  or  composed  ff  satin,  as  to  bavo 
a  natiny  ai'pearanco,  a  satiny  texture.       Ogilcie. 

S.V-TiR'I€-AL-XE3S,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of 
being  satirical;  as,  "an  illnatured  wit,  brassed  to 
saiiricalncss.''''  Fuller. 

SlT'lU-TZ-IXG,  n.    The  act  of  subjecting  to  satire. 

SlT'ti'-RATE.  a.  Filled  to  repletion  ;  as,  "feathers 
saturate  with  dew."  Cowper. 

SAUCE,  «.  [atld  ]  Sauciness;  impertinence;  as, 
"let  me  have  none  of  your  sauce"    [  Vnr.  dial.] 

ITalUwcIL 

SAU'LIE,  V.  A  hired  attendant  or  mourner  at  a  fu- 
neral. Walt.  Scott. 

SA  CLT(soo%  n.     [Old  French  for  saut.  a  leaii.] 

A  name  of  tho  rapids  in  some  rivers,  as  tho  Saidt 
do  St.  Marie.  Bavtldt. 

S.VL'L,  n.    The  name  of  an  East  Indian  timber  tree 

(S/iorea  rohmta)^  much  used  for buihlin-.; purposes; 

it  is  close  grained  and  heavy,  of  a  light  brown  color, 

not  HO  durable,  but  stronger  and  tougher  than  teak. 

"  Appleton's  Mech.  Diet, 

SAVE-LOT,  n.    A  kind  of  dried  sausage. 

Simmonda.     Tiiackeray. 
[Truly  a  participK-.]     With  tho 
lavor  uf ;  as,  ^^  saving  your  rever 
Shakes. 
An  inhabitant  (TSavoy  in  Italy. 
To  pl.ay  upon  or  hoa.\.     [Ain.\ 


SAVING,  prep. 

exception  of;  in 

once." 
SA-VOVAnD^n. 
SAW,  V,  t.     [ad.l.] 


Bartlttt. 

SAW'-FR.VME,  n.  In  a  saw-mill,  the  fratn©  In 
which  the  saw  is  set  for  moving  up  and  down. 

Tomlinion. 

SAW'-TOOTII,  a.  In  hot,  having  teeth  shape<l  like 
those  of  a  saw;  serrate.  ^4.  Gray. 

S.\X-iF'RA-GAXT,  7t.    [L.  saxum,  and /ran go,  to 
break.] 
Tliat  which  breaks  or  destroys  stones.         Cole. 

S€^B'LIXGS,  n.  pi.  Fragments  or  cbippinjisof  stono; 
spelt  by  llalliwell,  Scablines, 

AppUtan's  Mech.  Diet 

S€ALE,  «.  t  [add.]  To  spread  abroad,  as  to  scale  a 
story.  ShakeH. 

SCALE.  V.  i.  To  give  tho  means  of  ascent ;  as,  "  the 
stair  that  scaled  by  steps  of  God  to  heaven's  gate." 

Jlilton. 

SCALE'-BEAM,  n.    The  lever  or  beam  of  a  balance. 

Clarke. 

SCALE'-PXX,  n.  The  pan  for  holding  articles  to  be 
weiij'hed  by  aweishin^-scale.  To//diii.\on. 

S€A-LK'X0-HE-0U0X,  71.  In  c7^y8t.illo(fntphy,  a 
pyramidal  form  under  tho  rhombnhcdral  system, 
in  which  the  pyramids  aro  six-sided  and  the  faces 
aro  scalene  triangles.  Dana. 

SCAL'LOP^D  (sk^l'inpt),  p.  a.  [add.]  Scalloped 
oysters,  in  cookery,  aro  opened  oysters  t)aked  with 
crumbs  of  bread  .strewcil  over  the  surface.  This 
was,  at  first,  literally  done  in  distinct  A(V/^/oj;>  shells, 
and  afterw^ard  in  a  di.sh  for  tiio  purpose  called  a 
scallop,  whence  the  name.  Mias  Leslie. 

SCXLP,  n.  [add.]  In  Scotland,  a  term  applied  to  a 
bed  of  oysters  or  muscles.  Ilttgh  Miller. 

S€iLP'RI-FORM.  a.     [L.  scalprum,  a  chisel.] 

Having  the  form  of  a  chisel ;  as,  scalpriform  in- 
cisors. Ji.  'Owen. 

SC.'iM'PER,  fl.    Act  of  hasty  rnnnins;  flight. 

SCAMP'ISIT,  a.  Of  or  like  a  scamp;  as,  scampish 
conduct.  Jlarlhnt. 

SeAX-DI-XATI-AN,  a.  Belonsing  to  Scandinavia, 
or  ancient  Sweden  and  Norway.  Used  also  -is  a 
noun.  Sindiiifj. 


SCO 

j  Se.Vri-FORM,  rt.    Resembling  a  scape,  or  flowcr- 
I     stem.  A.  Gray. 

SCAR,     \n.     A  bare  and  broken  place  on  a  sicU-  of  a 
SCAUR,  ^    mountain,  or  in  the  high  bank  of  a  river ; 
a  precipitous  bank  of  earth. 

Halliwell.    Jamieson. 

"  O  sweet  and  fur,  from  cliff  nnd  imf, 
The  horna  of  Elflaad  (aiutly  blowing,"        TunnKson. 

"  .She  Is  won,  we  are  i^one  river  bank,  bni&b  and  »ra»r. 
They'll  have  fleet  6teed»  thut  follow,  quoih  joung  LocLinvar." 

It'a.t.  Scott. 

SCAR'LESS,   a.      Without  scars,   unwoundod;    as, 
"  safe  and  scarless  yet  remains  my  mind." 

Drummond. 
SCARP,  V.  i.    To  cut  dowu  like  the  scarp  of  a  forti- 

fic.ition. 
SCAR'RY,  a.    Bearing  sc.irs;  pertaining  to  scars. 

Wright 
2.  Noting,  or  full  i.>t,  precipices.    [Craven  Gloss.] 

Ilallitcell. 
SCEL'I-DO-THERE.  n.      [Gr.   <7*ceAt9,   i5o?,  crook- 
legijed,  and  OTjpior,  beast.] 

A  fossil  quadruped  of  the  eenns  Sceledotherium, 
related  to  the  sloth,  of  which  several  species  are 
known.  Dajia. 

SCENICFTTL,  t/.  Having  much  of  scenery  or  imagery. 

_  Collins. 

SCENE'-SIIIFT'ER,  n.    One  who  moves  the  scenes, 

Aic.,  in  a  theater. 
SCENE'-SIIIFT'IXG,  n.     Tho  act  of  changing  the 

scenes,  &c..  in  theaters. 
SClI^IL    Sec  SnAU. 
SCHEME'FUL,  rt.    Abounding  in  schemes  or  plans. 

.,    ^  Allen. 

SCneXK'-BEER  (shenk-),  n.    A  mild  German  beer, 
so  called  from  Ger.  si^henken,  tr>  pour  out,  because 
put  on  draft  soon  after  it  is  made. 
SeilET'IC,  rt.     [Gr.  aKL^L^,  the  habit  of  the  bodv.] 
Pertaining  to  the  habit  of  the  body;   consiitu- 
tional.  A.'<h. 

SCHi'E-DAM'  (ske-dam').  n.     IToIlnnd  gin,  so  called 
from  a  town  where  much  of  it  is  made. 

Slmmondn. 
SCniZ'O-PODS,   n.   pi.     [Gr.  trx^^w,   to  split,  and 
jToiJ?.  a  foot.] 

Tlio  name  given  by  Latreille  to  macroural  crusta- 
ceans, whoso  legs  have  each  an  accessory  jointed 
branch,  so  as  to  appear  double.  Dana. 

SCnX.lPS  (shnaps),  n.     [Dutch.]     Holland  dn. 
SeilO-LAS'TICo.  [add.]    Oforbelou-in^toaj^chool 
or  school  education  ;  as,  "it  is  not  our  intention  to 
follow  tho  youth  iu  his  scholastic  career." 

Conybeare.     Thackeray. 
SCHOOL,  rt.     Pertaining   to  a  school;  taught  in  a 
school;  as,  "books  of  metaphysics,  fic/ioo^-divinity, 
_and  natural  philosoi)hy.'"  Locke. 

SCHORL'OUS  (shorl'us),  a.  Pertaining  to  or  contain- 
ing schorl ;  as,  schorlous  beryl.  Dana. 
SCn5T'TlSCriE(shot'teesh).  n.     [Fr.]    A   kind  of 

dunce  and  the  music  appropriate  to  it. 
SCIIOR'LY  (sbor'ly),  rt.     Pertaining  to  or  containing 

schorl ;  as  shorly  granite. 
SeimODE,  n.    See  Escrode. 
SCI'EX-TI3T,  n.    One  learned  in  science ;  a  savant; 

as,  an  enthusiastic  scientist  Gould. 

SCIX-TIL-L.VTIOX,  n.     [add.]     The  twinkling  or 

tremulousuess  of  light;  as,  of  the  fixed  stars. 

Nichol. 
SCl$'SOR-TAIL  (stz'znr-tiile),  n.  A  name  trivcn  to 
a  South  American  bird  (MHvulus  forjicaius),  be- 
longing to  the  family  of  tly-catchers.  It  lias  a 
forked  tail,  which  it  oi>ens  and  shuts  like  a  pair  of 
scissors,  whun  turning  swiftly  on  the  wing. 

Ogilvie. 
SCLE'RO-SKEL'E-TON.  n.    Xame  given  u.  parts  of 
the  bony  material  of  the  skeleton,  developt-d  in  ten- 
duns,  ligaments,  ifcc.  B.  Oaen. 
SCLE-RO'TAL,  n.     In  osteol.,  the  eye-capsule  lone 

of  a  fish.  li.  Owen. 

SCLE'ROUS  (sklc'rus),  rt.    Hard,  bony;  as,  sclerous 

structure.  Dana. 

Se^M'BKR,  n.     [Gr.  (Tico*x0pos.]     The  mackerel,  a 
genus  of  acanthopterygious  fishes,  type  of  tiio  fa- 
mily Sconiberid<jc.  Cuzier. 
SCOMTISH,  y.  t  or  v.  i.    To  suffocate  or  stifle. 

TF.  Scott     WHght 
SCORE,  v.  t     [add.]    To  cut  as  with  a  whip,  to  cas- 
tigate or  chastise.  Burke. 

2.  In  geoL,  to  mark  with  parallel  lines  or 
scratches;  as,  the  rocks  of  Xew  Eiiirland  and  the 
states  West,  were  scored  in  tho  Drift  Epoch. 

Dana. 
SCOR'ER,  n.     Ho  or  that  which  cuts  or  pcores;  one 
who  keeps  tally,  as  in  cricket  or  other  games. 
_  "  Ogilcie. 

SCOR'IXG.  ft.     A  whipping;  a  castigation,  &c.     In 
geoL,  drift  scratches. 


A,    E,    &C.,    ?07i^.— X,    E,    &c.,  «/«>r^.— C.lRE,    FAR,    LAST,     FALL,    WHAT;    TIlfiRE,    TERM;    MARIXE,    BIRD;    MuTE, 


190 


t  Se»  Table  of  Synonyms. 


1513 


SCR 


SEA 


SEQ 


Sei5iyFI-0ID,  I  ft.     Scorpion-like.     In  hot.  hav- 

S€OK-PI-OlD'AL,  f  ins:  the  main  axis  of  nn  inllo 
rescence  curveil  or  concinnate  at  the  end,  like  the 
tail  of  a  scorpion.  Uensluic. 

SeOURG'IXG  (skur'jine),  n.  A  severe  lashing; 
pimiihrneut  with  stripes.  liichardson. 

S€0ljP/IXO,  a.  [a<Ul.]  S-oiiring-power,  the  power 
of  a  stream  of  water  to  clear  away  rubbish,  as 
from  tlu-  mouth  of  a  river,  &.C.      App.  Jfech.  Diet. 

S€OWL'ING,  71.  The  act  of  contracting  the  brows 
in  suilenness  or  displeasure.  As?t. 

S€RAB'BLIXG,  n.  The  net  of  scraping  or  scratch- 
ing; the  act  of  seizing  and  struggling  for  any  thing. 

SeU.\G,  n.     [add.]    The  neck  of  mutton.    Wright. 

S€UXG'-N£CK£'D  (-nukt),  «.  Having  a  long  thin 
neck. 

S€R.lM'BL£'D,  7?.  a.  Scrambled  eggs,  in  cookery, 
are  e^gs  broki-n  into  a  dish  and  sauimbleff,  or 
mixed  confusedly  into  a  mass,  which  is  then  cooked 
brown  with  butter  in  a  heated  iron  vessel. 

Cookery  Bool'. 

SGRXNK'Y,  n.    Thin.     \Scotch:\       John  Wilson. 

S€IiAP-rR6*N,  n.  A  collective  term  for  pieces  of 
AsTought  iron  to  be  re-manufacturecl.        Francis. 

SeRA.P-I'IiC>N,  a.     Of  or  pertaining  to  scrap-iron. 

SeRXTCil,  V.  t.  [add.]  To  mark  with  scratches  or 
erasures;  as,  to  scratch  a  ballot.     [-4m.] 

SeU-lTCiriNG,  n.  1.  The  act  of  marking  or  tear- 
ing with  something  shaip,  as  the  nails. 

2.   The  art  of  writing  awkwardly;   had  chirog- 
raphy.  More.    Eichardsoit. 

SeRA.TOII'-BRU'SIT,  n.  A  cylindrical  bundle  of  fine 
stetd  or  brass  wires,  bound  tii-'htly  in  the  center 
with  tlie  emls  projecting  on  each  side,  so  as  to  form 
a  stitf  brush  for  scratching  and  cleaning  metals  pre- 
paratory to  gilding  or  silvering.  Tomlinmn. 

SeRAWL'ING,  n.  The  act  of  writing  or  marking  in 
a  ciitmsy  or  unskillful  manner.  Clarke. 

SeREAK'IXG,  n.    A  shrill  or  grating  noise. 

S€REE,  ».    A  precipice  or  scar;  as,  scre?^  of  granite. 
IlaUiwell.     C.  Kiiigsleij. 

S€REECII'ING,  n.  The  act  of  crying  ou^  as  in 
terror  or  anguish.  Afih. 

2.  A  shrill  or  sharp  cry ;   as,  the  screeching  of 
an  owl. 

S€UEED,  n.  [Jamieson  connects  it  with  A.  S.  acrea- 
(lian,  to  separate  or  break  off,  and  hence  with  the 
Gaelic  scread,  an  outcry.] 

A  breach  or  rent;  a  breaking  fortli  into  a  loud 
shrill  sound;  a:S,  martial  screeds. 

Bunifi.     Jtev.  J.  jiiehol^, 
2.  A  harangue  ;  a  long  tirade  on  any  subject. 

The  oM  --nrle  pae  them  ft  xTee'J  of  doctrine;  yo  might  have 
heard  him  a  mile  down  tlie  wind.  Wa/C  ScM. 

SeUEEN,  n.  [add.]  Fire-screens,  in  ruival  i{fair.% 
are  partitions  of  baize,  flannel,  &c.,  placed  for- 
ward of  the  after  magazine  passage  in  action,  or 
when  the  magazine  is  opened.  Totten. 

SeREEN'ING,  n..  The  act  of  sifting  or  passi;ig 
things  through  a  sieve.  Ask. 

2.  The  act  of  protecting  from  danger. 

SeREEN'INGS,  7^./;^.  The  refuse  matter  left  after 
siftint;  coal,  ashes,  Ac. 

SCREW  (skru),  n.  [add.]  A  form  of  wheel  for  pro- 
pelling steam  vessels,  furnished  with  a  curved  or 
spiral  blade  to  act  on  the  water  in  the  manner  of  a 
screw.  Tomliufion. 

2.  An  extortioner  or  usurer.  Ilalliicell. 

Z.  A  small  pnp'^r  packet  of  tobacco.      JfaJjhew. 
4.  A  blemished  horse,  one  which  though  useful 
as  a  hack  is  unsalable  to  pers(ms  who  study  the 
perfect  appearance  of  the  animal,         iSimmonds. 

SeREW'-D5CK,  71.  A  kind  of  gr.aving-docfc  in 
which  large  screws  form  an  imporUint  part  of  tbo 
machinery  for  raising  and  lowering  vessels. 

Appletoiis  Meek.  Diet. 

S€REW-D RIVER,  7i.  An  implement  for  turning 
screws.  Wright. 

S€KEW-JACK,  n.  A  contrivance  for  raising  great 
weights  through  short  lifts  by  means  of  a  combined 
rack  anil  pinions  enclosed  in  a  stock  or  frame,  and 
moved  by  a  winch  or  handle.  Tomlin.son. 

SeREW'-PTLES,  n.  pi.  Piles  used  to  support  light- 
liouses,  &c.,  forced  into  the  ground  and  held  firmly 
there  by  a  peculiar  kind  of  screw  at  the  lower  ex- 
tremity. Ogihne. 

SeREW-PRO-PEryLEE,  )  7i.     A  steam-vessel  pro- 

SeREW-STEAM'ER,         f     pelled  by  a  screw. 

SCRIB'BLE-MENT,  n.     Hasty  or  careless  writing. 

Foster. 

S€RiG'GLE,  V.  i.    To  twist  around,  to  writhe. 

IlaUifcell. 

S€RlM'Mx\.GrE,     \n.      [Probably    a    corruption     of 

SeRUM'MAGE,  f  skiriyiiJih.]  Forinerh/,  a  skir- 
mish ;   now,  a  general  row  or  fight.     [TVr;-,  dial. 

HalHwell. 

Pryni-e  Ouff^r  nt  thU  trn/jm^*  for  all  his  pryde, 
Fli.'d  full  fkst,  and  soueht  do  gyde; 

Lans/i'-teue  313.  as  quoted  by  IJallitceV. 


S6RIMP'1NG,  pp.  and  a.  Noting  a  niggardly  man- 
ner ;  scanting. 

SeRIMP'ING,  n.  The  act  of  saving  in  a  niggardly 
man  n  e  r._  Cla  rke. 

S€RIPT^rR-AL-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of 
being  scriptural.  J?-  Breckinridge. 

S€RiPT'L''RE  (skrTpt'yur),  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
Bible  ;  as,  the  S-ripture  history.  Milton. 

SeRoLLfi'D  (skrold),  a.  Formed  lite  a  scroll ;  con- 
tained in  a  scroll.  Ogilvie. 

SCEVB,  It.  Thick  short  bushes ;  as.  the  Australian 
scrub .  Ilo  ic  itt.     Gosse . 

S€RUB'BING,  n.  The  act  of  rubbing  with  a  view  to 
oJeanse.  Ask. 

S€Rt'FF,  n.  [Qn.  connected  with  rough?]  The 
nape  or  long  part  of  the  neck  behind ;  as,  to  take  a 
person  by  the  scruf  of  his  neck.  Wright. 

SfiEU-TI-NEEE',  n.  [add.]  One  who  examines 
votes  at  elections,  as  of  certain  societies,  &c. 

S€RY,  71.  [From  sciy  or  descr)/.1  A  flock  of  wild 
fowl.  milliicell. 

S€irF''FLTNG,  n.  Confused  contention  with  the 
hands ;  as,  *'  nor  had  this  scuffiing  an  end,  till  night 
was  begun."  Holland. 

SeUL'PlN",  71.  A  small  sea-fish  {Coitics  octodec-im- 
sninosus)  common  on  the  American  coast. 

Mitehill. 

SetXPT'RESS,  71.  A  female  who  practices  the  art  of 
sculpture. 

SeC'LPT'U-EESQUE  (skulpt'yn-resk),  a.  After  the 
manner  of  sculpture  ;  resembling  sculpture. 

Art  Journal. 

S€U.M-MT,  a.    Covered  with  scum. 

S€UP,  ".  [D.  sehop.]  A  name  for  s-totng,  still  re- 
tained among  the  Dutch  settlers  of  New  York. 
[Am.]  BartlM. 

2.  A  name  given  to  a  small  fish,  also  calkd  porgy. 
[.•Im.]  Bartlctt. 

S€^EF,  n.  [add.]  Scnrf-like  membranous  minute 
scales  on  the  surface  of  some  leaves.        Ilenslow. 

SeUTCIPING,  n.  The  act  or  process  of  dressing 
flax ;  also  used  as  adj. 

SCU-TEL'LATE,  \a.     [L.  scicteUa,  a  platter.] 

SCU-TEL'LI-FORM,  j"  In  hot.,  shaped  like  a  plat- 
_ter.  A.  Gray. 

SEA'-XD'DER,  n.  A  fish  {Gasterosi^iis  sjnnachia) 
of  the  British  seas,  of  an  elongated  and  slender  form 
with  fifteen  short  dorsal  spines,  and  the  cntii-c  late- 
ral line  covered  with  carinated  scales. 

Ogilvie.     Cin-ier. 

SEA'-BXP/EOW,  )  n.    The  esg-case  of  certain 

SEA'-PiN'CUSn-ION,  f  fish,  as  the  skate  or  thorn- 
back,  whicli  is  often  thrown  upon  the  shore. 

Imp.  Add. 

SEA'-BEACH,  n.  A  beach  lying  along  the  sea;  as, 
_^'the  bleak  sea-heacJi.''''  Long/elloic. 

SEA'-BLVB'BER,  7!.     A  marine  insect.      Ogilvie, 

SEA'-BRED,  a.    Brought  up  on  or  for  the  sea. 

Clarke. 

SEA'-BRIEF.     Sec  SEA-LETTF.n. 

SE  A'-€LiFF,  71.     A  cliff  over  tho  sea.  Lyell. 

SEA'-€U'eUM-BEE,  ii.  A  marine  animal  of  the 
tribe  of  Ilolothuria,  a  division  of  Echinoderms; 
called  also  Blicho  de  mer.  It  is  common  in  tropical 
seas,  and  is  salted,  dried  and  carried  to  China  where 
it  is  used  as  an  edible  delicacy  under  the  name  of 
trepang.  Dayia. 

SEA'-DYKE,  n,  A  dyke  or  wall  built  to  guard 
_against  the  sea. 

SEA'-GO'ING,  a.  Moving  or  sailing  by  sea;  lis,  sea- 
going steamers. 

SEA'-HAeE,  n.    A  moUusk  of  the  group  Aplysia. 

Dana. 

SEA'-KING.  71  The  same  as  Viking ;  one  of  the  lead- 
ers of  piraticji.  squadrons  among  the  Danes  or  Nor- 
mans, who  passed  tlieir  lives  in  roving  the  seas  in 
_search  of  plunder  and  adventures.     Encye.  Am. 

SEA'-LXN^'GUAGE,  71.  The  terms  used  by  seamen. 

SEAM'-BLAST,  n.  A  blast  made  by  putting  the 
powder  into  seams  or  cracks  of  rocks.        Ogilvie. 

SEAM'-LACE,  n.  A  lace  used  by  carriage -makers  to 
_cover  seams  and  edges.  Simmonds. 

SEAMTiESS,  a.  "Without  a  seam;  as,  "Christ's 
,«^<imZ^6's  coat  all  of  a  piece.''  Bishop  Taylor. 

SExVM'-PRESS'EE,  71.  In  agric,  a  heavy  roller  to 
press  down  newly  ploughed  furrows.    Siminoyids. 

SEAN'NA-€HIE,  I  n.   A  bard  amonc  the  Ilighland- 

SEN'NA-CflY,  \  ers  of  Scotland,  who  preserved 
_and  repeated  the  traditions  of  the  tribes. 

SE.V'-PEN,  71.  A  radiate  zoophyte  {Pennatula phos- 
phorea),  bearing  some  resemblance  to  a  quill. 

C.  Kingsl^y. 

SEA'-PINK,  n.  A  sea-plant  (Cerastium  repens  of 
_Linna>us.)  Ogilvie. 

.  SEA'-Pf5R'CU-PTNE,  7?.  A  fish  of  the  genus  Diodon 
'     whose  body  is  set  tliickly  with  spines.         Dana. 


SEAE'ING.  7^.    The  act  of  burning  on  tho  surface. 

SEA'-SALT,  n.  Salt  made  by  the  evaporation  of 
sea-water.  ! 

SEA'-SLTJG.    See  SEA-ctrcrMBER. 

SBA'-SPT'DEE,  n.  A  name  given  to  crabs  of  the 
Maia  tribe,  having  the  body  nearly  triangular,  and 
the  legs  rather  slender  and  sometimes  quite  long. 

Datia. 

SE  AT'ING,  n.    Tlie  act  of  making  or  giving  a  seat. 
2.  The  material  for  making  seats ;  as,  horse-hair 
or  cane  seating. 

SEA'-TUEN,  n.    A  breezo  or  gale  from  the  sea. 

Ask. 

SEA'-TVALL,  n.  A  wall  to  resist  encroachments  of 
the  sea;  as,  "what  a  sea-wall  they  are.  these 
jiillsr'  ^  C.  Kingsley. 

SEA''-WaRE,  n.  A  name  given  to  the  sea-weed, 
&c.,  thrown  up  on  the  shore,  and  used  as  manure 
and  for  other  purposes. 

Gardner''s  Farjner''s  Dictionary. 

SE-EA'CEOrs  (se-bfi'shus).  a.  [add.]  In  hot.,  look- 
ing like  wax,  tallow,  or  grease ;  as,  the  seJjaceoua 
secretions  of  some  ]dants.  ITensloic. 

2.  In  physiol.,  affording  fatty  secretions;  as,  se- 
6a«oz«  follicles.  Curpjenter. 

SE-BlF'ER-OUS.  a.  [L.  aebwn,  tallow  or  wax,  and 
/e/'o,  to  produce.] 

Producing  vegetable  wax.  Een^low. 

SECOND-HAND,  w.  The  hand  marking  the  sec- 
onds in  a  clock  or  w.atch. 

SEC'OND-STO'RY,  n.  In  America^  the  second 
range  of  rooms  from  the  street-level.  This,  iu  En- 
gland,  is  called  the  ,;?/■«*  Jloor^  the  one  beneath, 
being  the  ground  Jioor,  Tliackeray. 

SEC-EE-TATvI-AT,  n.  [Fr.]  The  office  of  a  secre- 
tary ;  tlje  place  where  a  secretary  transacts  busi- 
ness, keeps  records,  &c. 

ney.-ie.    S.  Wells  Williams. 

S£€TIE-TA-RT,  n.     [add.]     A  writing  desk. 

SE€'RE-TA-RY,  n.  A  bird  of  South  Africa  {Serpen- 
tarius),  with  an  aquiline  head  and  beak,  the  legs  of 
a  crane,  and  a  lengthened  crest  and  tail.  It  Uvea 
almost  exclusively  on  the  larger  snakes,  which  it 
captures  with  much  skill,  and  from  hence  it  is  called 
the  snake  eater.  loon.  Eneyc. 

SE-€PvETiVE,  a.  Tending  to  concealment;  as,  a 
secretive  disposition. 

SE€'TION-AL-ISM,  n.  A  feeling  of  peculiar  interest 
in  some  one  section  of  a  country,  &c.    [^m.] 

SECTOR-AL.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  sector;  as,  a 
sectoral  circle. 

SE€-TO'RI-AL,  a.     [L.  seeto,  to  cut] 

Noting  a  form  of  cutting  teeth,  called  also  scis- 
sors teeth  because  the  correspt)n<ling  pair  in  the 
upper  and  lower  jaw,  play  against  each  other  like 
scissors  blades.  -^-  Owen. 

SEC^-L.VE,  a.  [add.]  In  science,  pertaining  to  tho 
progress  of  ages,  or  to  time  in  its  whole  duration  ; 
appearing  or  accomplished  in  the  progress  of  time; 
as,  the  seciiiar  refrigeration  of  the  globe. 

Dana. 

SE-€t^'RI-TY,  n.  [add.]  A  person  who  becomes 
surety  for  another. 

SE-Cr'RI-TIES  (se-ku're-tiz),  n.  pi.  Evidences  of 
debt,  as  bonds,  certificates  of  stocks,  &c. 

^4.  FTamilton. 

SE-DS'I?FyT,n.  [h.  sedto.]  Z/7.,  they  sat ;  hence 
used  to  denote  a  sitting,  as  ofa  court  or  other  body. 
[Scotch.] 

SEED,  V.  t.  [add.]  To  seed  dortn,  to  sow  with  grass- 
seed.  Ogihne. 

SEEDLING,  n.    The  act  of  sowingwith  seed.    Ash. 

SEED'-WOOL,  71.  Cotton-wool  not  yet  cleansed  of 
its  seeds.'  '[Southei'n  States.] 

SEEL'ING,  7(..  In  falconry,  the  closingof  the  eyelids 
ofa  hawk  by  passing  a  fine  thread  through  them. 

Craig. 

SEEMXI-LY,  adv.  In  a  becoming  or  seemly  man- 
ner. 

SEER'SIIIP,  n.    The  office  of  a  seer. 

SEE'SAW,  a.  Up  and  down  with  regular  alterna- 
tion ;"as,  a  see-satc  tone.  Lloyd. 

SEETH'ING,  n.    The  state  of  ebuIHtion  or  boiling. 

Ash, 

SEG-MENT'AL,  a.    Relating  to  a  segment. 

SEG-MEN-TA'TION.  n.  The  act  or  process  of  di- 
viding into  segments;  a  self-division  into  segments 
a.s  a  result  of  growth.  Dana. 

SEG'RE-GATE,  v.  i.  To  separate  from  a  mass  and 
collect  together  about  centers  or  along  lines  of  frac- 
ture, as  in  the  process  of  crvstallization  or  solidifi- 
cation. Dana. 

SEG-EE-GATION.  n.  [add.]  Separation  from  a 
mass  .and  <rathering  about  centers  or  into  cavities  at 
hand  through  cohesive  attraction  or  the  crystallizing 
process,  and  due  to  the  natural  tendency  of  matter 
of  a  kind  to  collect  together.  Dana. 


DOVE,   WOLF    BOOK;    RtJEE,  BULL;    Vl^'CIOCS.— €  as  K ;    6-  as  J;    S   asZ;     CH  as  SH ;    THIS. 


1514 


t  See  Table  of  Synonyms. 


SEN 


SET 


SHE 


SEID,  n.  [Ar.  pnnce.]  Name  of  tlio  descendants 
of  Muhammed  througn  his  daughter  Fatinia  and 
his  nephew  Ali.  Jf<t!com. 

SETS'MI€    (size'mikX    a.      [Gr.  o-cttr^o;,  au  earth- 
quake.] 
Periiunin?  to  earthquakes.  Dana. 

SE-LE'NO-CEXTRI€,  ti.  As  seen  or  estimated 
from  the  center  of  the  moon.  Dana. 

SEL-E-NOa'KA-PHER,  n.  One  skilled  in  i^elenog- 
raphy,  or  a  description  of  the  moou "s  surface. 

Wright. 

SELF'-€OM-MAXiy,  n.  Control  over  one's  own 
feelings^  temper,  &c,  Ckanniiifj. 

SELF'-eOM-PLA'CEX-CT.  n.  Satisfaction  in  one's 
own  character,  nerformance^  *tc.  Foster. 

SEJJ'-CON-TKOL',  ».    Kestraint  over  one's  self. 

Murtinfait. 

SfiLF'-DEG-EA-BlTION,  n.  Tho  act  or  effect  of 
lowering  or  debasing  one's  selil  SU<irn4, 

SELF'-DTS'CI-PLIXE.  «.  Correction  or  govern- 
ment of  one's  self  for  the  sake  of  improvemeut. 

IlaU. 

SfiLF'-DIS-TEtST',  n.  Wont  of  confidence  in  one's 
self.  Jluntington. 

SELF'-EX-POSTRE  (cks-po'zhur),  n.  Tho  act  of 
laying  one's  self  open,  as  to  danger,  ic. 

Channing. 

SELr'-IM-POS^D'(-im-pozdO,<7.  Voluntarily  taken 
on  one's  sell^  as  ne/f-imjHtsed  tasks.       ^/uppard. 

SELF'-IN-DCL'GENCE,  n.  Free  allowance  of  one's 
appetites,  passions,  A&  Channing. 

SELF'-O-RiG'I-XA-TING.  a.  Beginning  with  or 
springing  from  one's  selil  Foater, 

SELF'-PLEASrO  (pleczd),  a.  Noting  satisfaction 
with  one's  self;  as,  a  ielf-pleased  man. 

J.  Jf.  JIa«on. 

SELF'-POS-SESSJn>'  (pos-sestO,  a.  Noting  com- 
posure of  mind,  manner,  &.c;  undisturbed. 

SELF'-REG'T-LA-TIVT;  a.  Tending  or  serving  to 
regulate  one's  self  W/tetcell. 

SELF'-RE-NrN-CI-ATION(-she-a'shun),  n.  The 
act  of  renouncing  or  setting  aside  one's  own  wishes, 
claims.  <kc. 

SELF'-RE-PEOACn'.  n.  The  act  of  condemning 
one's  self.  Chirke. 

SELF'-RE-PROT'ING-LY,  adc.  In  a  manner  to 
reprove  or  censure  one's  self.  Shelley. 

SELF'-RE-VEaI/IXG,  a.  Serving  to  reveal  one's 
self;  as,  edf-r^realing  actions.  //.  BitshnelL 

SELF'-S.\€'ni-FTCE,  n.  Tho  act  of  yield  Jg  up 
one's  per>on._interc-st3,  ic  Channing, 

SELF'-SrS-TAIN'ING.  a.  na\-ing  power  to  sustain 
itself;  as,  a  ^e^r'-ttt^aining  business. 

SELF'-TORTT'RE.  n.  The  act  of  inflicting  pain  on 
one's  self;  as,  the  ee2/-torture  of  the  heathen. 

Land.  Quart.  Her. 

SELL,  r.  f.  {add.1  To  impose  upon  or  betray;  as, 
he  found  himself  «o^.  Divk'enft. 

SELL',  n.  An  imposition,  as  In  a  case  where  con- 
fidence has  been  reimsed,  or  expectation  excited. 

Ilatliicell. 

SELLING,  ppr.  or  a.  Relating  to  a  sale ;  as,  the 
94Uing  price. 

2.  Imposing  on  by  a  trick ;  as,  selling  a  country- 
man. 

SEM'I-BAR-BXRie,  a.  Half  barbarous  or  un- 
civilized ;  as,  semi-barbaric  display. 

\Va^^  Irving. 

SEMI-BAR'BAR-ISM,  n.  A  state  of  being  half 
barbarous  or  uncivilized.  Greeley. 

SEND'ING,  n.    The  act  of  transmitting.    Shakes. 

SEN'NET,  71.  A  particular  time  or  mode  of  martial 
music  Johnson  on  Shakes, 

SEN-SiTION-AL,  a.  Of  or  belonging  to  sensa- 
tionalism ;  as,  sensational  metaphysics.    MoreU. 

SEN-SATION-AL-TSM,  n.  The  doctrine  held  by 
Coodiliac  and  falsely  ascribed  to  Locke,  that  our 
ide.id  originate  solely  in  sensation.         X.  Porter. 

SEN'3I-TTVE.  a.  [add.]  In  science  and  the  arts 
this  term  is  applied  to  inanimate  objects,  to  express 
a  capaeity  of  being  very  easily  wrought  upon  and 
changed  by  certain  appropriate  agents;  as  iodized 
silver  is  extremely  sensUi'te  to  the  sun's  light; 
photographs  are  taken  on  sensitive  paper.    Klehol. 

SEN-SI-TiVa-TT,  n.  The  .-^tate  or  condition  of 
being  sensitive,  used  chiefly  in  science  and  the 
arts ;  as,  the  seTisititity  of  iodized  silver. 

J.  A.  Porter. 

SEN'3I-TTZJ?D,  a.  In  photog.,  to  render  sensitive, 
or  snsceptible  of  being  easily  acted  on  by  tho  eun's 
rays ;  as  sensitized  paper ;  a  *e;i*»//5e^  plate. 

JfouUhrop. 
[Thifl  word,  though  not  r^gnlarly  formed,  is  the 
one  uniformly  used  by  photographers.] 

SEN^O-RT,  a.  Of  or  connected  with  sensation  ;  as, 
«cn»ory  nerves.  Dunglison. 


SEN'SC-OrS-LT,  adv.    In  a  sensuous  manner. 

SEN'SC-OrS-NESS,  n.  Tho  quality  of  beins  sen- 
suous. '  We-stm.  R'ev. 

SEN'TEN-CING,  «.  The  act  of  pronouncing  sen- 
tence. 

SEN-TEN-TIOS'I-TT  (-shos'i-ty),  n.  [add.]  Tho 
qualitv  of  boins  sententious.  A^h. 

SEN-TEX'TIAL"-LY,  adv.  In  tho  form  of  or  by 
means  of  sentences.  Clarke. 

SENTI-EN-CT,  «.  The  faculty  of  perception ;  feel- 
ing. Ogilvie. 

SEN'TI-NEL.  ?i. /.  To  watch  over  like  a  sentinel; 
_as,  "  to  sentinel  enchanted  ground."     Walt.  Scott. 

SE'PAL£'D  (se'pald),  a.    Having  a  sepal.     Clarke. 

SEP'AL-INE,  a.     Relating  to  sepals.        A.  Gray. 

SEP'AL-OUS,  a.     Having  or  relating  to  sepals. 

SEP'A-KA-TED,  a.  [add.]  Separated  ^fioicers,  m 
hot.,  are  those  which  have  stamens  and  pistils  in 
separate  flowers,  one  kind  having  only  stamens,  the 
other  only  pistils,  or  imperfect  stamens.  They  are 
also  called  imperfect  flowers.  A.  Gray. 

SSP'A-RA-TIVE,  <7.  Belonging  to  or  promoting  sep- 
aration ;  as,  tho  ^^  separative  virtue  of  extreme 
_cold."  Doyle. 

SE'PECK,  n.  The  current  coin  of  Cochin-China 
made  of  tutenag  and  worth  about  a  mill  of  our  cur- 
rency. .Sintmonds. 

SEPT'-Xng'GLE,  71.  A  figure  with  seven  sides  and 
seven  angles.  Ash. 

SEPT'ATE,  a.      [L.  septum,  a  pnrtition.] 

In  bot.,  noting  divibion  by  partitions.    A.  Gray. 

SEP-  TEM'  VIRS,  n.  pi.  [L.]  A  board  of  seven 
men  associated  in  some  office;  as,  tho  septenieir 
epulones,  who  had  charge,  among  the  Romans,  of 
feasts  in  honor  of  the  gods.  Craig. 

SEP-TE.M'VI-RATE,  7i.    Tho  office  of  septemvir. 

SEPTEN-ATE,  a.    Having  parts  in  sevens. 

A.  Gray, 

SEPTr-LATE,  a.  Having  imperfect  ov  spurious 
septa.  Uensloic. 

SEPTU-PL£'D,  a.     Multiplied  by  seven. 

ITerschel. 

SE-QUENTIAL  (-shal),  a.  That  succeeds  or  follows 
in  fuder.  Clarke. 

SE-QUESTRA-TED.     See  Sequktered. 

SE-QUESTRA'TING.    See  Seqcestebing, 

SEliE.  n.  An  old  term  for  an  aifection  of  tho  throat 
producing  irritation  of  the  lungs;  as,  "whose  lungs 
are  tickled  o'  the  fife."  Shakev. 

SER-E-NAD'ING,  n.  The  act  of  performing  a  sere- 
nade, pp.  and  a.  Performing  a  sereuad«i;  us  a 
serenading  party. 

iluF-mi?'    ["-    SeoSEKrpoM. 

SE'RI-AL,  a.  [add.]  In  lot,  of  or  pertaining  to 
jows.  A.  Gray. 

SE'RI-ATE,  a.    The  same  as  Serial. 

SK'RI-AL-LY,  adv.  In  a  series  or  regular  order;  as, 
arranged  serially,  or  published  serially. 

SE-ROT'I-NOCS,  a.     [L.  senis,  late] 

In  bot.,  happening  later  in  a  season  than  is  custom- 
ary with  allied  species.  A.  Gray. 

SER-PENTI-NOU-S,  a.  Relating  to  or  like  serpen- 
tine; s^,serpentinou,s'\nchi\rQ.ct<iT.  DeLaBeche. 

SER-Rt^-LATION,  7i.  The  state  of  being  notched 
minutely  like  a  fine  saw.  Wright, 

SfiRV'A-BLE,  d.   That  can  bo  served.  Mackintosh. 
2.  That  can  be  preserved.  Ash. 

SERVEU,  n.    One  who  serves;  as,  an  \m:\^e'Seri^er. 

Tyndall. 
2.  A  waiter  for  carrying  things  on  ;  a  salver. 

SER'VI-AN,  a.  Belonging  to^  Servia,  a  part  of 
Turkey,    n.  An  inhabitant  of  Servia.  Craig. 

SERVICE-BEP/RT,  k.  A  wild  fruit  of  North  Ame- 
rica, often  used  for  food,  and  described  as  a  cross  be- 
tween the  cranberry  and  black  currant. 

Sir  Geo.  Simpson. 

SER VICE-PIPE,  n.  A  pipe  connecting  mains  with 
a  dwelling,  as  in  gas-pipes,  &c.  TomWuon. 

SERVING,  rt.  The  process  of  winding  or  casing  a 
rope  with  canvas  or  yarn  to  guard  against  frictiim. 

Si7nmonds. 

SES-TETTO,  n.  [Fr.]  A  piece  of  music  designed  for 
six  voices  or  instruments.     Jfoore's  Encyc.  JIus. 

SET,  n.  [add.]  Direction  or  course,  as  the  set  of  a 
current  Totten. 

SETA,  «.  [L.]  In  bot,  a  bristle  or  slender  body 
like  a  bristle.  A.  Gray. 

SET'-BOLT,  w.  In  ship-building,  an  iron  pin  or 
bolt  for  fitting  planks  closely  together.        Craig. 

SE-TIG'ER-OCS,  a.    [L.  seta,  a  bristle,  and  gero,  to 
bear.] 
In  not  hist.,  covered  with  bristles.  Dana. 

SET'-OTTT.  77.    A  display,  as  of  plate,  &c.     Clarke. 

SETTING-POLE,  77.  An  iron-pointed  pole  for  push- 
ing boats  alongin  shallow  w.iter.   [A;7i.]   Bartleti. 


SET'TING-Rf  LE,  n.  Among  printers,  tho  same  as 
conntosing-ride.  IIan.sard''s  Ti/p. 

SET'TLING-DAr,  n.  A  day  for  settHng  -xcconnt^; 
_as,  HI  the  stock-market.  Simmondn. 

SE'TULE,  77.     A  small  short  hair  or  bristle.  Dana. 

SET'U-LOSE,  a.    Bearing  setules.  Dana. 

SEWAGE  (su'aje),  77.  The  matter  carried  off  by 
sewers ;  also  sometimes  used  for  sewerage. 

Tomlinson.     C.  Kingsley. 

SE"WING-MA-CniNE'  (-sheen),  n.  A  machine  for 
performing  sewing  with  great  rapiditv  and  exact- 
ness. Apj'letmi's  Mech.  Diet. 

SEX'-DIG'I-TISM,  77.  The  state  of  having  six 
fingers  on  a  hand,  or  six  toes  on  a  foot.      Ogilvie. 

SEX'TO,  n.  [L.]  A  size  of  book  made  by  folding 
each  sheet  into  six  leaves.  Clarke. 

SIIAB'BLE,  77.    A  kind  of  crooked  sword  or  hanirer. 

Walt.  Scott 

SH.LFT'-HORSE,  fj.  The  horse  that  works  between 
the  shafts  of  a  carriage ;  called  also  shafter. 

Craig.     Uoiritt. 

SHAFT'ING,  71.  A  term  applied  to  the  whole  body 
of  shafts  iu  .1  mill,  ic.,  taken  collectively. 

SILVCBARK,  77.  A  name  in  New  England  for  a 
kind  of  walnut-tree  and  its  fruit  ~ BartltU. 

SIlAG'-KARiTD  (eord),  a.  Having  shaggy  ears; 
as,  "  a  shag-eared  villain."  Shakes. 

SHAKES,  n.  pi.  A  familiar  term  in  Aynerira  for  tho 
fL^er  and  ague.  BartUtt. 

SliAKES-PE'EE-AN,  a.  Like  or  pertaining  to 
Shakespeare. 

SIIAK'I-NESS,  fl.    The  state  of  being  shaky. 

SIIAKT,  a.  [.-idd.]  Shaking  or  trembling;  as,  a 
shaky  spot  in  a  marsh  ;  a  shaky  hand. 

Tliaekerat/, 

SUAL'LO'W-PA'TED,  a.  Weak  in  intellect:  foolish. 

OgiUie. 

SHAME,  77.  [add.]  Decency  or  decorum  ;  as,  "have 
you  no  maiden  shaine.'^  Shakes, 

SIIAM'SHOO.    See  Samshoo. 

SllAN'NT,  n.  A  familiar  name  for  a  small  fish  {Pho- 
lis  suhfarcaius),  which  lurks  under  stones  and 
weeils.  Storer.     C.  Kingsley. 

SHANK'-BEER,  )  e      c  t, 

SHENK'-BEER,  P^°  Scoenk-Beee. 

SIlANK'INlr,  a.  In  vineries,  becoming  diseased 
with  a  uioiit  gangi-ene,  which  attacks  the  footstalks 
of  grapes.  _  Dana. 

SIIARE'-BEAM,  «.  The  part  of  the  plow  to  which 
the  share  is  attached.  Ogilvie. 

SIIXRP'-SHOOT'ING,  77.  [add.]  Fig.,  a  keen  con- 
test of  wit  or  argument. 

SHAEPaE  (shlir-'py).  n.  A  long,  sharp,  flat-bot- 
tomed sail-boat     '[-Jm.] 

SII.\T1I'M0NT,  77.  A  measure  of  length,  said  to  be 
six  inches.  Jamieson.      Walt.  Scott. 

SnAVE,  v.  i.  To  use  a  razor  for  removing  the  beard; 
to  cut  closely  ;  to  be  hard  and  severe  in  a  bargain. 

SUAVE,  77..     A  thin  slice.         Wright's  Pror.  Diet 

2.  A  cutting  of  the  beard.  Ogilvie. 

3.  An  exorbitant  cutting  down  or  discount  on  a 
note,  &c.,  for  cash  iu  hand.     [.^Ij;?.] 

SHAVING,  77,  [rtdrl.]  Tho  act  of  dealing  closely  in 
a  bargain ;  fleering. 

SHAWL,  x\  t.  To  wrap  in  a  shawl ;  as,  to  skatcL  a 
lady. 

SIIAWS  (shanz),  n.  pi.  Tho  leaves  and  tops  of  vege- 
tables, as  of  potatoes,  turnips,  &c. 

Wrighfs  Prov.  Diet. 

SIIEEL'ING,  I  77.    A  hut  or  small  cottage  ;  especially 

SHIELDING,  j  for  shepherds,  or  for  tliose  who  carry 
on  the  dairy-business  at  points  remote  from  the 
farm-house,  during  llie  summer.        John  Wilson. 

SHEEP'-FAC^'D  (faste),  a.  Excessively  bashful; 
sheepish.  Clarke. 

SlIEEP'-RUN.     See  Sueep-walk. 

SHEEP'  TICK,  77.  An  insect  of  the  family  Hippo- 
boscida;,  common  in  pasture  groun<ls  in  early  sum- 
mer. It  fixes  its  head  in  the  skin  of  the  sheep,  ex- 
tracting tlio  blood,  and  leaving  a  large  tumor. 

77777).  --i'^'f?- 

SHEER,  V.  i.  [add.]  To  start  aside ;  as,  the  horse 
sheers  badly. 

SIIEET'-LTGHT'NING,  77.  Lightning  that  flashes 
iu  broad  gleams. 

SHKET'-ZiNC.  77.     Zinc  rolled  into  sheets. 

SHELL,  V.  t.  To  attack  with  bomb-shells;  as,  to 
shell  a  fortification.  Lond.  Times. 

SHELL'-JACK'ET,  71.    An  undress  military  jacket 
Siinmonds.     Thackeray, 

SHELL'ING.  n.  The  act  of  attacking  with  shells; 
as,  tho  shelling  of  a  city. 

2.  The  act  or  process  of  removing  shells;  as,  tho 
shelling  of  oysters. 

3.  Tlie  act  or  process  of  covering  with  shells ;  as, 
the  shelling  of  a  road-way. 

I  SIIELL'-LIME.  77.  Lime  obtained  by  burning  the 
shells  of  oysters,  &c. 


A,    E,  &C..   long.— A,   E,   &o.,  sAori.— CIEE,   FAE,   LAST,    FALL,    WHAT;    THERE,   TEEM;    MARINE,    BtED ;    MOVE, 


i  See  Table  0/  Synonyms, 


1515 


SIIELL'-PEOOF,   a.     Capuble  of  resisting  bomb- 

sliulls.  ,    , 

SHELVE,  v.  t.    [add.]    To  furnisU  with  shelves;  as, 
to  «/ieic«  a  library.  .''''!'';»■ 

2.  Fig.,  to  lay  on  the  slielf  or  put  aside  with  a 
view  to  prevent  re-appearanco ;  as,  to  shelve  a 
claim.  ,     Oodme. 

SHELVING,  n.     The  act  of  laying  on  the  shelf. 
2.    The  shelves  of  a  room,  &c.,  collectively. 
SnEE'UY-€i5B'BLEE,  n.  A  beverage  prepared  with 

shiTry-wine,  &c.  Simmonds.    Dickens. 

SIIET'LAND-PO'NT,  n.     A  small  species  of  pony, 

originally  from  the  Shetland  Isles.  Booth. 

SlIEV'TAN  (shi'tan),  n.     In  Jfoham.  myihol.,  a  de- 
mon or  jinne.  £'■  ^^  Lane. 
SIIIFT'.V-BLE,  a.     That  may  be  shifted.  Ash. 
SlIiFTT,  «.     Alert;    readv  with  shifts  and  expe- 
dients; as,  "  shift  1/  and  thriftv,  as  any  old  Greek." 
C.  Kingslei/.      Wrights  Pi-ov.  Did. 
SHTM'MEE-ING.  n.    A  gleam;  as,  "a  little  .s/iiwi- 

mering  of  light."  Chaucer. 

BIIIM'-\IEU-ING,  a.     Noting  a  gleaming  or  glisten- 
ing; as,  "the  8/ii7nOTe/'27ii7  glimpses  of  a  stream."' 

Tennyson. 
SniN,  V.  i.    To  run  about  borrowing  money  hastily 
and  temporarily  for  the  payment  of  one's  notes  at 
t'le  bank,  &c.   '{Am.'\  Bartlett. 

SIIIN'DY,  n.     An  uproar  or  disturbance  ;  a  spree. 

Thackeray. 
SniN''"QLEE.  n.    A  machine  for  shingling  puddled 
iron,  or  making  it  into  blooms. 

Appleton's  Mech.  Diet. 
SI1TN°'GLING,  n.     A  process  in  making  wrought 
iron,  which  consists  in  squeezing  or  hammering  the 
iron  after  it  has  been  through  the  puddling  furnace, 
to  make  it  into  blooms.     Appleton's  Mech.  Diet. 
SIIIN'NEE,    n.      One  who   runs  about  borrowing 
money  temporarily,  to  meet  pressing  exigencies. 
iAm.\ 
sniN'NET,  n.    A  bov's  game  called  also  hockey  or 
bandy,  played  with 'knobbed  or  curved  sticks,  .and 
a  knvir  or  ball.    The  object  of  the  contending  par- 
ties is  to  drive  the  knur  over  a  line  agreed  on.  The 
name  is  gi  veu  because  of  the  liability  of  the  players 
to  receive  blows  on  the  shin.  Ualliicell. 

SlIIX'XING,  n.    A  running  about  borrowing  money 

teaiporarily  to  meet  pressing  demands.     [A»i.] 
SIIIN'-PL.VS'TEE,  n.     A  name  originally  given  dur- 
ing a  sus|)ension  of  specie  i)ayments  to  notes  under 
one  dollar,   desisned  to  take   the  place  of  small 
change  which  had  disappeared.    [.!)«.]     Dartlett. 
SlII.N'tr,    II.      A  v.ariety  of  golf,  a  Scotch  game; 

also  the  club  used  in  the  game.  Jamieson. 

SIllP'-BRE.lK'EE,  n.    One  who  breaks  up  vessels 

wlien  unfit  for  turther  use.  Ogilvie. 

Snil"-€A-NAL',  n.  A  canal  for  the  passage  of  ships. 
81IIPVLET-TEE,  n.    A  letter  conveyed  by  a  ship, 

not  a  uiail-packet.  Clarke. 

SHIP'-TAED,  n.    A  yard  where  ships  are  built  or 

rejiaired. 
STllPJl  (shir),  n.     An  insertion  of  cord  (usually  elas- 
tic) between  two  pieces  of  cloth.  Simmonds. 
SllillKS'D  (shird),  a.     A  term  applied  to  articles 
having  a  cord  (usually  elastic)  inserted  between 
two  pieces  of  cloth  ;  as',  shirred  suspenders. 

'  Wright. 

SIIO.VD'ING,  Ire.     The  methoil  of  tracing  veins  of 
SlIOD'ING,     i     metal,  by  shoads,  or  otherwise. 

Pryce.     Liefchild. 
SHOAL  (shole),  v.  t.     Among  seamen,   vessels  are 
said  to  shmil  their  water,  as  they  advance  into  that 
which  is  less  deep.  Marryatt. 

SIlOCK,  J!,  [add.]  A  thick  mass  of  short  hair. 
SII^D'DY,  71.  A  fibrous  material  obtained  by  "dev- 
iliu'j"  refuse  woolen  goods,  old  stockings,-  rags, 
druirsets,  ,tc.  It  ditFers  from  inungo  in  being  of  an 
inferior  quality  ;  and  is  spun  into  yarn  with  a  little 
fresh  wool  and  made  into  coarse  cloth. 

Simttionds. 
S1I00T'IXG-B5X,  re.   A  small  house  in  the  country 
for  use  in  the  shooting-se.ason. 

'John  WiUon.     Simmonds. 
SHOOT'ING-STICK',  n.    A  tapering  piece  of  wood 
or  i  rem  used  by  letter-press  printers  to  drive  u|i  the 
quoins  in  the  chase.  JlansardTs  Tup. 

S!Ii'3P'-KEEP-ING,  re.    The  act  or  business  of  keep- 

iugashop.  A.-ih. 

SllOE'AGE,  re.    Duties  on  goods  when  landed. 

OgUvie. 
SHORE' W.\ED,  adv.     Toward  the  shore;    as,   to 

sail  shoreward.  Coleridge. 

SIIOT'-TOW-EE,  re.  A  lofty  tower  for  making  shot 
by  droppini:  from  its  summit  melted  lead,  which 
cools  in  the  descent  and  is  received  into  water. 

Tomli  nson.. 


SIIOT'-WIN-DOW,  re.  A  window  projecting  from 
tile  wall.  Wright's  J*rov.  Diet. 

liit-ion,  quoted  by  Halliwell,  exi)l:iins  it  as  a  win- 
dow that  opens  and  shuts;  and  irorfcow  describes 
it  as  a  window  of  shutters  made  of  timber  and  a  lew 
inches  of  glass  above  them. 

SnoUL'DEU-BLOCK,  n.  Among  ship-wrights,  a 
large  single  block  left  almost  square  at  the  upiier 
end,  and  cut  sloping  in  the  direction  of  the  sheave. 

Totten. 

Sn6V'.SX-FTIL  (shuv'vl-),  a.  As  much  as  a  shovel 
will  hold.    "  Ogilvie. 

SII6VE'-GR0AT  (srrawt),  re.   A  kind  of  g.ame  played 
by  shoving  or'sliding  pieces  of  monev  on  a  board. 
Str'utt.    Shakes. 

SHOVi'I^nXT,  re.  A  broad-brimmed  hat  turned 
up  at  the  sides  and  projecting  in  front  like  a  shovel; 
worn  by  clergymen  of  the  English  Church. 

Thackeray. 

SnoT'^'L'ING  (shuv'vl-ing),  re.  The  act  of  throwing 
with  a  shovel. 

Slllj  VINO  (shuv'ing),  pp.  and  a.     Pushing  forward. 

SHOVING  (shuv'ing),  re.  The  act  of  pushing  for- 
ward. 

SHOWMAN,  re.    One  who  exhibits  shows. 

T/iackeray. 

SHEED'DT,  a.    Composed  of  shreds. 

SHEEWD'LY  (shriide'l}-),  adv.  Sharply;  "the  air 
bites  shrewdly.'"  .Shakes. 

SintEWISH  (shru'ish),  n.  Having  the  temper  of  a 
shrew,  or  peevish,  turbulent  woman.       Melville. 

SHElLL'ING,  a.  Having  an  acute,  piercing  effect ; 
as,  •'shrilling  shafts  of  subtle  wit."        Tennyson. 

SnRiLL'-TONGC^'D  (-tungd),  a.  Having  a  shrill 
voice ;  as,  "  thy  cheek  pays  shame  when  shrill- 
tongued  Fulvia  scolds."  Shakes. 

SIIEIMP'EE,  re.  A  fisherman  who  catches  shrimps 
with  a  dredge-net  on  the  shore.  Simmonds. 

SlIEIMP'ING,  re.    The  act  of  catching  shrimp.?. 

SHElNE,  V.  t.  To  place  iu  a  shrine  ;  to  enshrine  ;  as, 
"  Sith  it  is  shrined  iu  my  sovereign's  breast." 

Spenser. 

SHEIV.FN  (shriv'vn),  pp.  [From  Sukive.]  Having 
been  confessed. 

SIIEOUD'LESS,  a.  'Withoat  a  shroud;  as,  "where 
a  mangled  corpse  lies  shroudless,  uneutombed." 

Dodsley. 

SHUN'NING,  re.    The  act  of  avoiding. 

SIIfNT,  re.  [.Vbridgedfrom  «7(Hre  i7.]  Inraihcays, 
a  turn  off  to  a  side  or  short  rail  that  the  principal 
rail  may  bo  left  free.  Wright. 

SHUT,  )'.  t.  [add.]    To  shut  off,  to  exclude,  as  to  shut 
o/steam.     To  get  shut  of  a  thing,  is  to  get  rid  of  it, 
to  get  it  thrown  or  cast  clear  away.   Richardson. 
By  some  it  is  written  to  get  shot  of, 

SHPTE,  re.  [Fr.  chide.]  A  pass.Tge  for  sending  or 
shooting  things  down;  also  a  place  in  a  river  so 
contracted  as  to  deepen  the  water,  throush  which 
rafts,  &c.,  are  sent  or  shot.     [Am.]  Bartletl. . 

SHtTT'TEE-LESS,  a.    Without  a  shutter. 

Beckford. 

SIIT,  v.  t.  To  throw  sideways  or  with  a  careles.s 
jerk;  to  fling  ;  as,  to  shy  a  stone.     {Var.  dial.] 

BallixceU, 

snT,  re.    A  side-throw ;  a  fling ;  as, — 

If  Lnrd  Broughani  ^t3  ft  stone  in  his  hand,  he  mnst.  It  eeem.^, 
have  a  jAy  at  some  body.  Puneh. 

SHY'ING,  a.  Apt  to  start  aside  or  sheer ;  as,  a  shy- 
ing horse.  Wright. 

SI-.VM-ESE',  a.  Pertaining  to  Siam  ;  re.  pi.  the  peo- 
ple of  Siaui. 

SIB,  re.    A  blood  relation.  Craig. 

SiB,  a.    Eclated  by  blood.  Walt.  Scott. 

He  ii  n'>  fiiery  bom,  ne  t'.b  at  ah 

To  elfes.  Spfnser. 

SI-BE'EI-AN,  <j.  [add.]  Siberian  gog,  a  variety 
of  dos  distinguished  by  liaving  its  ears  erect,  and 
the  hair  of  its  body  and  tail  very  long '  it  is  also 
distinguished  for  its  steadiness,  docility  and  endur- 
ance of  fatigue  when  used  for  the  purpose  of  draUL'lit. 

Imp.  Add. 

SIB'I-LANCE,  re.    A  hissing  sound.  Clarke. 

SiB'I-LOUS,  a.   Noting  a  hissing  sound.     Ogilvie. 

SI-C  [L.]  Thus  ;  this  word  is  now  sometimes  used 
iu  quoting  from  others  with  a  view  to  call  atten- 
tion ;  as,  the  auth<u'  states  "  that  there  are  4000  dif- 
ferent words  (.«c)  in  Arabic  for  the  word  camel." 
The  word  sic  is  here  introduced  to  show  the  quota- 
tion has  been  riirhtly  given. 

Sie'eA,  a.  [Hin.]  A  term  formerly  much  applieil 
to  the  rupee,  an  East-Indian  coin,  dnrini:  the  year 
after  its  coinage  ;  after  this  it  was  called  ronavt  or 
sunat.  Simmond.-<. 

3ICK'^N-ING-LY,  adv.  In  a  manner  to  sicken  or 
.lissnst.  Willis. 

SiCK'ESI-INGS,  re.  pi  Attacks  of  sickness  or  faint- 
ness.  John  Wil.wii. 


SIDE'-AEMS,  re.  pi.   Weapons  worn  on  the  left  side, 

as  sword,  bayonet,  &c.  Simmonds. 

SiDE'-LE'VEE  or  LEVEE,  re.  In  marine  steam- 
engines,  a  lever  or  beam  working  at  the  side  of  an 
engine  (usually  one  on  each  side,  forming  a  pair) 
for  transferring  motion  from  the  piston  to  the 
crank.  Tomlinson. 

SI-DE'EE-AL,  a.  [add.]  Measured  by  the  apparent 
motion  of  the  fixed  stars;  as,  a  sidereal  year; 
measuring  or  relating  to  sidereal  time,  as  a  sidereal 
clock.  IJerschtl. 

SID'EE-0-MAN-CY,  re.  [Gr.  <Tt67)po5,  iron,  and  ixai- 
rein,  divination.] 

Divination  by  burning  straws  on  red-hot  iron, 
and  forming  conjectures  from  the  manner  of  their 
burning.  Craig. 

SIDE'-SLEETES,  re.  pi    Large,  long  sleeves. 

Shakes. 
SIDE'-VIEW  (-vu),  n.    A  view  on  or  from  one  side; 

an  oblique  view.  Ogilvie. 

SIDE'- WIND,  re.  A  wind  from  one  side ;  hence, 
metaphorically^  an  indirect  attack,  or  indirect 
means.  Wright.     Ogilvie. 

SI'DLING,  ppr.  or  a.    Approaching  sidewaj-s. 

Dickeris. 
SIEGE'-TE.llN  (seej'triine),  re.     The  apparatus,  con- 
sisting of  cannon,  mortars,  &c.,   for  conducting  a 
siege. 
SIFT.  V.  t.     [add.]    To  -nft  out,  to  search  or  find  out 

with  care,  as  if  by  sifting. 
SiFT'ING,  re.    Tiie  act  of  separating  by   a  sieve ; 

hence,  strict  search  or  scrutiny.  Ash. 

SIGHT  (site),  T.  i.     Among  seamen,  to  obtain  a  view 

of;  as,  to  sight  the  laud.  Kane. 

SIGHT,  re.     [add.]     A  great  number;  as,  a  sight  of 

money.  -  [( tnce  in  good  use,  but  now  vultrar  in  Eng. 

and  Am.]  IlallitceU. 

SIGHT'-SEE.ING,  re.     The  -visiting  of  objects  of 

curiosity. 
SIG'LA,  re.  pi    [L]    A  term  used  to  denote  the 
signs,  abbreviations,  letters,  or  characters  standing 
fir  words,  &c.,  such  .as  are  found  in  ancient  manu- 
scripts, or  on  coins,  medals.  i.tc. 

Savage's  Diet,  of  Print. 
SIG'NAL,  r.  i.    To  communicate  by  signals ;  .as,  to 
signal  the  intelligence.    This  wonl  is  better  than 
signalize,  because  the  latter  h;is  the  distinctive 
meaning  of  making  illustrious. 
SIG'NAL-ING,  ppr.  or  a.     M.aking  signals:    com- 
municating l)y  signals ; — n.    The  act  of  m.aking  sig- 
nals. 
SIG'NAL-IZE,  r.  t.    This  word  has  been  somewhat 
used  to  denote  makin*;  signals  by  fl.ags,  &c-,  but 
signal,  as  a  verb,  is  preferable. 
SIG-MOII)'AL-LT,  a'lv.     In  a  sigmoidal  manner. 
SIG'NET-EING,  n.    A  ring  containing  a  signet  or 

private  seal.  Ilalleck. 

SIG-NiF1-€.VNT,  n.    That  which  has  sisniflcance  ; 

a  token;   as,  "dumb  significants  proclaim   your 

thoughts."  Shak'es. 

SIG-NIF'I-€ATE.  re.    In  logic,  one  of  sever.al  things 

si^'nifled  by  a  common  tern].  Whately. 

.?IKIIS  (siks),  re.  pi.    A  warlike  tribe  in  Northern 

India. 
SI'LEN-CING,  n.    The  act  of  putting  to  silence. 
SILK'-GOWN,  re.    The  dress  and  badge  of  one  who 
has  been  appointed  king's  or  queen's  counsel.   Such 
a  one  has  certain  rights  of  precedence  over  the  jun- 
ior barristers  who  wear  stuff-gowns. 

Lord  Campbell 
SILT'ING,  re.    The  process  of  fillini  up  with    mud, 

&.C.;  the  silt  or  mud,  &,c.,  which  fills  in. 
SIL'VEi;-Gll.\Y,    a.      Noting  a  bluish-£rray  color 

with  a  silvery  luster;  as,  silver-gray  hair. 
SIL'VEE-STICK.    See  Stick. 

SiL'VEE-GE.YIN.  a.  A  name  given  by  workmen 
to  the  lines  (called  by  botanists  medullary  rays) 
which,  in  a  horizontal  section  tif  the  trunk  of  a  tree, 
may  be  seen  radiating  from  the  central  pith  to  the 
bark.  Craig. 

SiL'VEE-IZE,  ('.  t.    To  cover  or  plate  with  silver. 

J^ichnl. 
[This  wortl  and  its  derivatives  are  much  used  by 
pliotocraidiers  in  reference  to  dat-'uerreotype  plates ; 
as,  a  silverized  plate,  the  silvering  of  a  plate,  &c.] 
SIL'VFE-Y.  a,     [add.]     In  lot.,  white  tinged  with 
bluish  gray,  and  possessing  a  metallic  luster. 

Hensloio. 
SI-MAEKE'.    See  SiM.iR. 
SIM'.MEE-ING,  re.    The  act  of  boiling  gently. 
SIM'0-SIST,  n.     One  who  practices  or  defends  sim- 
ony. Craig. 
SiM'PF.E-EE.  re.    One  who  smiles  in  a  silly  manner; 

as,  "  a  kimperjr  that  a  court  affords."       Nerille. 
SI-MUL-TA-NE'I-TY.     See  SlMrLTAXFOUSXEss. 


d6YE,  wolf,  B(50K;  EtfLE,  BULL;  Vi"CIOUS.— €  as  K;  G  as  J ;  $  as  Z;  Cn  as  SH;  THIS. 


1516 


t  See  Table  ofSytionym^. 


SLA 


SLU 


SNO 


SI-MUL-TX'NE-OL'S,  a.  [add.]  In  math,  eqiui- 
tions,  having  the  same  values  for  the  unknown 
quantities  of  two  or  more  equations  at  the  sume 
tuno,  Viicit^'  JIath.  Diet. 

Sl'XE-ettRE.  c.  t.    To  put  in  a  sinecure.   OgiJrie, 

SIX-CIP'I-TAL.  n.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  sinciput; 
a-S  "the  parietal  bones  have  been  called  sinci^utoi.'''' 

Dunglitton. 

SIN'EW-I-NESS,  ».  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
sinewy.  AsJi, 

?iN*"GLING-OrT,  n.    The  act  of  selecting. 

SiX^'GC-LAR,  IK  [add.]  lu  gram.^  the  singular 
number.  Giohs. 

SiN'IS-TEORSE,  a.  [L.  sinistrorsus.  toward  the 
lert.] 

In  bot.^  turning  to  the  left.  A.  Gray. 

SIN  'X I XG,  n.  The  act  of  coinmitting  sin ;  pp>\  *and 
a.    Couiuiitting  sin. 

SI'XL'S,  a,  [add]  In  boLy  a  hollow  between  two 
projecting  lobes,  A.  Gray. 

Sl'PUOX*,  n.  [add.]  In  eool.,  a  tube  of  a  membra- 
nous or  calcareous  nature,  traversing  the  septa  of 
a  chamberetl  shell;  siphuncle.  Duna. 

Sl'PllOX-AL  (si'fon-a!X  ((.     Pertaining  to  a  siphon. 

6l-PaoX-IF'EK-Or^.  a.  Siphon-bearing,  as  the 
ch.i!iiberetl  shells  of  ihe  Xautili,  ic.  Dana. 

SIS-MOM'E-TER     See  Seismometer. 

SIS-SOO',  n.  [Uind.]  A  valuaMe  timber-tree  of 
India  (Da.Mbergi(t  sijsgo)^  use<l  for  ship-building; 
its  color  is  a  light  grayish  brown  with  darker 
colored  veins.  In  structure  it  si)mcwhat  resembles 
the  finer  species  of  teak,  but  it  is  tougher  and  more 
elastic.  Appl€t-i>n's  Jlech.  Diet. 

SIS-Y-PHK'AX  (5is-e-f^'an\  ((.  Relating  to  ^.sy- 
phus;  incossiintly  recurring;  as  «r.sy/>^*(/7i  labors. 

SITZ'-BATII,  n.  [Ger.]  A  tub  for  bathing  in  a  sit- 
ting posture ;  also  the  act  of  bathing  thus. 

Dunglisotu 

Si'ZAE-SniP.  n.  The  station  of  a  sizar  at  Cam- 
bridge I'nivcrsity,  Eng.  Clarke. 

SIZE'-R5LL,  n.  A  small  piece  of  parchment  added 
to  a  mil.  Ogilvie. 

STZ'IXG,  n.  [add.]  The  act  of  applying  or  covering 
with  size.  "  Atth. 

SiZ'ZLE  (siz'zlX  V.  i.  To  make  a  hissing  sound;  to 
dry  and  shrivel  up  with  a  hissing  sound.    Forby. 

SiZ'ZLIXO,  n.  A  hissing  sound,  as  of  something 
fryin*  over  a  fire. 

SKEL'E-TAL,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  skeleton. 

R.  Oicen. 

SKETCm-LT,  adr.  In  a  sketchy  or  incnmplete 
uiiinner;  :\s.  "ite^e/ij/y  descriptive."       D.trtlett. 

SKETCH'IXG.  n.  The  act  of  making  sketchcsorof 
civing  in  outline.  Axh. 

SKiD,  r.  <.  To  check  with  a  skid,  as  wheels  In 
piling  down  hill.  Dtt-kens. 

SKlLXING,  n.  A  money  of  arconnt  In  Sweden, 
Xitrway,  and  Denmark,  worth  about  one  cent. 

Simmondf>. 

SKlM'MING,  n.  The  act  of  taking  from  the  surface. 
2.  TUo  act  of  gliding  along  the  surface. 

Richardson. 

SKIX'F^JL,  n.  All  that  can  bo  held  by  the  skin;  as, 
a  Mkiit/'tl  of  liquor.  Ogilcif. 

6KiX'XlXG,  n.    The  act  of  stripping  off  the  skin. 

AfiJi. 
2.  The  new  caticle  growinirovera  wound.   Axh. 
S.  A  severe  whipping;  as,  to  get  a  good  skin- 
ning. Clarke. 

SKIP.  n.     Name  of  a  waiter  at  Oxford.    Conyhenrt. 

SKtRL'ING,  n.  Ashrillcry;  as,  the  *A-t;7/nff  of  the 
women.  WttH.  Scott. 

SKlRT'lNG.  n.  [a<ld.]  Skirts  taken  collectively; 
material  for  skirts. 

5KREED,  n.    Floating  ice  in  small  fragments. 

Kane. 

SKRIM'MA<>E,  n.    See  Scrimmage. 

SKC'LK'IXG,  n.    The  act  of  lurking  or  avoiding. 

SLABT.ER,  n.  Moisture  let  fall  from  the  mouth  in 
a  careless  manner;  slaver.  Richardson. 

SLXSFI'ES,  n.  pi.  A  name  given  to  places  in  woods, 
which  have  been  slashed  or  cut  over,    [.-li«.] 

SLXSII'T,  a.     Wet  and  dirty;  slushy.      UaUlwdl. 

SlXtTIXG,  n.    Slats  taken  collectively. 

SLAl^GHTEE-lXG,  n.  The  act  of  killing  Hke  a 
butcher. 

SLA  VE.  n.    One  belonging  to  the  Slavonic  race. 

8LAVE'-BREED-EPs  n.  One  who  makes  a  business 
of  rai-Mnz  slaves  for  sale-  Greeley. 

SLAVE'-f:OAST,  71.  A  part  of  the  western  coast  of 
Afric.i  from  which  slaves  are  carried. 

SL\VE'-€ATriI-ER,  n.  One  who  attempts  to  cateh 
and  bring  a  fugitive  slave  back  to  his  master. 

Greeley. 

Sr.AVE'-€\TCH-IXO,  ru  The  businc53  of  search- 
ins  oat  and  arresting  fugitive  slaves,  to  return  them 
to  their  masters. 


SLAVE'-IIUNT,  71.  A  search  after  persons  to  make 
slaves  of.  JBftrth. 

2.  A  search  after  fugitive  slaves,  often  conducted 
with  blood-^iounds.  Greeley. 

SLAVE'-TRAD-ER,  n.    One  who  traffics  in  slaves. 

SLA'VISM.  71.  The  common  feeling  and  interest  of 
the  Slavonic  race. 

SLAY.    See  Slaie. 

SLEDGE  (slej),  v.  t.  or  v.  t.  To  travel  or  convey  in 
sledges.  I/owitt. 

SLEDGE  (sluj),  71.  [add.]  A  huvdio  on  which,  for- 
merly, traitors  wcro  drawn  to  e.vecution. 

Walt.  Scott.    Blackstone, 
2.  A  sleigh  for  riding  upon  snow. 
_     .  Golds7tiith.     Hmoitt. 

SLEDG'IXG.  n.    Traveling  in  sledges.        Ilmcitt. 

SLEEVE,  n,  [add.]  A  name  sometimes  used  to 
denote  the  metallic  cylinder  in  the  nave  of  a  wheel, 
which  turns  upon  the  axle;  as,  the  sleero  of  a  car- 
wheel.  Scientif.  Amer. 

SLEITII  (sluthe),  n.  The  track  of  man  or  beast,  as 
followed  bv  the  scent.     [Scotch.]  JIaHitcell. 

SLErTIF-IIOUND  (sIutheMumnd\  n.  A  hound 
that  tracks  its  prey  by  the  scent ;  a  blood-lionnd. 

IlaUiicell. 

SLEW^-D  (slude),  a.    Somewhat  drunk.     [Used  in 
Yorkshire  and  by  the  vulgar  in  Ameiica.] 
_     ^  Barthtt 

SLICK'NESS,  n.  State  or  quality  of  smoothness; 
sleekness.  Ash. 

SLIDE,  »,  A  small  dislocation  in  beds  of  rock, 
along  a  line  of  fissure.  Dana. 

SLIDE'-REST,  n.  In  turning  lathes,  a  rest  or  tool- 
support  made  to  slide  on  fixed  ways  or  K-arings  by 
screws  or  otherwise.  Francis. 

SLTME.  11.  [add.]  In  mining,  mud  containing 
metallic  ore,  obtained  in  the  preparatory  dressing.^ 

Pryce'. 

SLIM'SY,  a.     Noting  flimsiness  or  frailness. 

SLIP,  fl.  Clay  mixed  v.-ith  w.iter  to  a  creamy  con- 
sistence, converted  by  heat  into  bisque,  &c. 

Art  Journal. 

SLIP'-LIXK,  n.  In  machinery,  a  connecting  link 
so  arranged  as  to  allow  some  play  of  the  parts,  to 
avoid  concussion. 

SLIY'RE,  n.  A  light  ribbon  of  cotton.  Ac,  to  be 
formed  into  a  thread.         Appleion's  Xeck.  Diet. 

SLOKE,  n.  An  edible  sea-weed  occuriing  in  mem- 
branous fri>nds  {Porphyra  vulgaris,  and  P.  lad- 
niata),  also  written  Sloak,  and  Slokann.     Dana. 

SLOO,  n.  A  slough  or  mudhole.  This  form  of  the 
word,  as  generally  prevalent  in  the  Western  State.s, 
is  shown  to  have  been  one  of  the  earliest  by  the 
following  lines  in  a  Cambritlgo  MS.  quoted  by 
Halliwell. 

Ami  moche  sliAmo  wo  hyt  do, 
And  cast  hyt  la  a  Cowlo  a'.oa, 

SL(^PS,  n.  pi.     [add.]    Dirty  water,  &c. 

SLOT.  n.  [add.]  In  met;h.,  a  depression  in  a  plate 
of  metal,  or  a  slit  or  aperture  throuiih  it,  for  the 
reception  of  some  part  of  aniachine,  either  JiJ'ed  as 
a  key-bolt,  or  niooable  as  a  sliding  adjustment. 

Appleton's  Jlech.  Diet. 

SLoT-IIOL'XD.    See  Slectu-IIound. 

SLOT'TED,  a.    Having  a  slot. 

SLOUGH'ING  (sliif'ing),  n.  The  act  pf  casting  off 
or  separating. 

SLOW,  a.  [add.]  Wearisome;  dull;  exciting  con- 
tempt on  account  of  dullness. 

Dickens.     Thackeray. 

SLOW'-LE'MTJR,  n.  A  species  of  monkey,  called 
also  the  lazy  monkey  (Lemur  tardigradun  of 
Linn.)  It  is  an  animal  of  the  Eat-t  Inilies  of  small 
size,  scarcely  as  large  as  a  cat,  and  is  named  fiom 
the  slowness  of  its  gait.  Imp.  Add.     Cttvi-  r. 

SLOW'-MXTCU,  n.  A  contrivance  to  retain  fire  for 
the  service  of  artillery,  mines  and  firc-wovks.  It 
u.'iually  consists  of  a  cord  steeped  in  a  combustible 
preparation,  and  consumes  very  slowly,  so  that  a 
single  yard  burns  often  as  many  as  eiicht  hours. 
Campbell's  Mil.  Diet. 

SLL'B,  )  n..     A  roll  of  wool  slightly  twisted! 

SLUB'BING,  f     same  as  Roving. 

Beits  Tech.  Diet. 

SLtlB,  V.  i.  To  draw  out  and  slightly  twist  wool; 
the  machine  which  docs  this  is  called  a  SurnniNG- 
MACUiSE.  AppUton's  Mech.  Diet. 

SLUDGE,  n.  [add.]  Small  floating  pieces  of  ice  or 
snow.  Kane. 

SLtTDijE'-TIOLE.  n.  Another  name  for  the  mud- 
hole  in  boilers  of  steam-engines  by  means  of  which 
the  sediment,  Ac.,  can  be  removed.  Ogilvie. 

SLUG.  v.  t.  [add.]  To  load  with  a  slug;  as,  to  slug 
a  gun. 

SLtTlCE  (sluceV  '6.  t.  [.add.]  ^o  wet  copiously,  as 
to  sluice  meadows;  to  overwhelm.  ITowitt. 


.  dial.] 
//a 


SLLMP,  ;;.     A  boggy  place.     [Var. 

f!(dlitceU. 

SLL.MP'Y,  a.  Boggy  ;  easily  broken  through.  [Prov. 
in  Eng.]  Bartlett. 

SLUMS,  n.  pi.  A  term  used  to  describe  the  buck- 
streets  of  a  city,  especially  those  filled  with  a  poor, 
dirty  and  vicious  population. 

Thackeray.     C.  Kingsley. 

SLL  XG'-SHOT,  n.  A  metal  ball  of  email  size  with  a 
string  attached,  used  for  striking. 

SLUSH,  n.  [add.]  The  refuse  gi-ease  of  cooking, 
particularly  on  ship  board.  Simmonds. 

SMXCK'ING,  n.  A  shnrp  quick  noise;  a  smack;  as. 
•Mike  the  faint  smacking  olan  after  kiss." 

Di-vdcn. 

SMACK'ING,  a.  Making  a  sharp,  brisk  sound  ;  as,  a 
tiuiarking  breeze. 

SMALL'-WARES,  w.  A  name  given  in  England  to 
tL'Xtile  articles  of  the  tape  kind,  narrow  bindings  of 
all  sorts,  plaited  sash-cord,  braid,  fiinge,  &c. 

Jfayhew. 

SM.\3H,  n.  A  breaking  to  pieces;  utter  destruction. 
Hence,  bankruptcy.     [Coll.]  Ualliicell. 

SMASH'ER,  n.  A  cant  term  for  any  thing  very  large 
or  extraordinary.  Also,  for  one  who  passes  counter- 
feit coin.  Halliwell. 

SMElli,  n.  A  kiml  of  semi-glaze  on  pottery,  made 
b^  adding  common  salt  to  carthen-waro  glazes. 

SMERK'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Smiling  affectedly;  as,  a 
smerking  look.  Spenser. 

SM(3CK'-MiLL,  n.  X  kind  of  windmill  of  which  only 
the  cap  turns  roiin.l.  in  distinction  from  a. pot^i-mill 
whose  whole  building  turns  on  a  post. 
_  Simmonds. 

SMOKE'-BALL,  n.  In  jnilitary  affairs,  abnll  <ir  case 
containing' a  composition  which,  when  it  burns, 
sejids  forth  thick  smoke.      Campbell's  Mil.  Diet. 

SMOKE'-BOX,  n.  Partof  a. steam-engine  where  the 
smoke,  &.Q.,  from  the  furnace  is  collected  before  pass- 
ing out  at  the  cliimney.     Appleion's  Mech.  Diet. 

SMOOTiriNG,  ".    The  act  of  making  smooth. 

SMtJLD'ER,     \n.     Smothered  burnins- 

SMOrLOaOR,  f  Richardson. 

SM0LD'ER-ING-NES9,     Mi.    The  state  of  smoth- 

SMOULD'ER-ING-NESS,  ]     ered  burning 

Lowell. 

SMUT,  11.  [add.]  Bad  soft  coal,  containing  much 
earthy  matter,  found  in  the  immediate  locality  of 
faults.  Mining  Joitrnal. 

SML'TCH,  71.    Statu ;  dirty  spot.  Ben.  Jonson. 

SNAIL,  71.  [add.]  A  spiral  or  snail-shaped  piece  of 
metal  forming  part  of  the  striking  works  of  a  clock; 
any  similar  piece  in  other  machinery. 

SNAIL'-PAC^D  (snale'paste),  a.  Slow-moving, 
like  a  snail;  as,  "bid  the  snail-paced  Aiax  arm 
for  shame.*'  Shakes. 

SNAP.  ?i.  l^add.]  A  cold  snap,  a  sudden  and  severe 
interval  ot  cold  weather.     [Am.] 

SNAP'-LOCK,  «.    A  lock  shutting 
snap. 

SN.lPS,  n.  pi.  A  familiar  name  for  a  crisp  kind  of 
ginc;eibrcad  nuts  or  cakes. 

SNARE  DRtTM,  n.     [Ger.  schnur,  n  string] 

The  common  military  drum  as  distinsuished  from 
the  Intfis-drum  ;  so  called  because  (in  order  to  ren- 
der it  more  resonant)  there  is  stretched  across  its 
lower  head  a  catgut  string  or  collectinn  of  strings, 
which,  as  Halliwtll  states,  is  provinci;illy  calK-d' a 
snare  (Ger.  schnur.)  BeiCs  Tech.  Di<t. 

SNATCH'IXG,  «.    The  act  of  .seizing  hastily.   A.'ih. 

SNECK,  «.    A  door-Iateh.     [Scotch,]       Halliwell. 

SNECK'-DRAW'ING,  n.  Lifting  the  latch  of  a 
door.  Burns. 

SNELL,  n.  A  short  line  of  horse-hair,  gut,  Ac,  by 
which  a  fish-hook  is  attarhed  to  a  longer  line. 

SNiP'PER  SNXPTER.  v.  A  term  of  contempt  for 
a  small  iusignificant  Il-llnw.     IlaUiwell.     Wrir/ht. 

SNOB'BISH-XESS,  71.  The  character  or  habits  of  a 
snob.  Tharkerai/. 

SNOB-Oe'RA-CY,  n.  The  body  of  snobs  collectively. 
[Lmc]  i\  Kiugsky. 

SNOOD,  u.  t.    To  bind  up  the  hair  with  a  filk-t. 

Walt.  Scott. 

SNOOZE,  r.  i.     To  sleep ;   as,  he  snooscd  awhile. 

[P"!/] 
SNOE'ING,  n.    The  act  of  broatliing  in  sleep  with  a 

harsh  noise. 
SNOET,  r.  i.     [adr1.]     To  lansh  out  loudly.     {Pro- 

vincialin  En(/.]     \  Vtd(/ar  iti  Am.'}     IliillhceU. 
SNOW-BALL,  n.     [add.]    A  term  applied  jeeringly 

to_a  nesro.  Marri/aU. 

SMnW-HBUTlT,  n.    An  ornamental  plant,  {Si/m- 

phdrirarpus    rueemosue,)     having    small    white 

berries. 
SXOW'-BLTND'NESS,  n.     A  term  nsed  to  denote 

the  injurious  effect  on  the  eyes  of  li^lit  reflected 

from  snow,  Dunglimji. 


Bartlett. 
with  a  catch  or 


A.  E.  ic.,   long.-\,  E,    Ac.,  .iori.— CAP.K,  FAR,  L.VST,  FALL,   WHAT;    TneKE,  TfiP.M;    MAniNK.  RinP;    MOVE, 


t  See  Tahiti  of  S^nonyuiii. 


1517 


sou 


SPA 


BlLCOTl. 

[L.  sdboles,  a  slioot,  and 


SNOW-GOOSK,  n.  A  bird  (Anncr  hyperhoreKis)  of 
the  arctic  rosions  wcb-footcd,  of  a  white  color,  with 
red  feet  and  bill;  the  tops  of  the  wing-q.uills  are 
black,  <-''"'"='■• 

SNOW-LINE,  n.  The  lino  which  marks  the  limit 
of  perpetual  snow,  Dana. 

SNOW-PLOW,       )  71.  A  machine  for  clearing  snow 

SNOW-rLOUGH,  i    from  railway  trades  and  paths. 

SlmmoAils. 

SNtfB'BING,  «.  The  act  of  checking  abruptly; 
hence  apidicd  to  a  sudden  check  siven  to  a  rupe 
when  running'  out,  and  to  the  use  of  tart  language 
designed  to  stop  a  person  from  .speaking, 

ToUcn,    Coityheare. 

SOAK'ING,  n.  The  state  of  being  soaked  or 
thoroughly  wet;  act  of  steeping.  Coak. 

60.\P'-PLXNT,  ".  A  common  name  for  several 
plants  used  in  tlie  place  of  soap;  one  such  is  com- 
mon in  California  (Plialanginm  pomai-irlianum), 
the  bulb  of  which,  when  stripped  of  its  husk  and 
rubbed  on  wet  clotlies,  makes  a  thick  latlier,  and 
smells  not  unlike  new  brown  soap.  Called  also 
soap  apple  and  soap  tree. 

SC5B'BING,  71.    The  act  of  crying  with  a  heaving  of 
the  chest ;  as,  "  sohbing  is  the  same  thing^as  sigl 
ing],  but  stronger," 

SOB-O-LIF'EU-OUS,  a. 
/ero,  to  bear.]  1 

Producing  shoots  from  ne.ar  the  ground. 

A.  Gray. 

BO'CIAL,  a.  [add.]  In  hot,  naturally  growing  to- 
gether, nendoio. 

RO-CIAL-IST'Ifi,  a.     Relating  to  socialism.    [Am.']      \ 

S0CK-D6L'A-GER,  n.  A  patent  fish-hook  having 
two  hooks  which  close  upon  each  other  by  means 
of  a  spring,  as  soon  as  the  fish  bites,    [,4)h,] 

BariUti. 

BOD'D^'N  (sSd'dn),  pp.  or  a.  [add.]  Soaked  and 
softened  in  water,  not  necessarily  hot;  as^  "the 
lichens  were  sodden."  Kane. 

So,  •'  sodden  eyes."  De  Quincey. 

SOL-A-NA'CEO'.ts  (sol-a-na'shu.-'),  a.  Pertaining  to 
plants  of  the  gei-us  Solanum,  or  Nightshade  family. 

SU'L.VE,  a.  [adil.]  Produced  by  the  sun,  as  .9olar 
salt,  &.C.  Sular-ajicr,  the  point  in  space  toward 
which  the  sun  is  moving.  Dana. 

SO-LAK-I-ZA'TION,  n.  In  photoff.,  a  term  used  to 
den<tte  the  action  of  the  sun's  rays  in  destroying 
ttie  image  on  the  plate  in  the  process  of  taking  a 
^picture.  Jl.  lltmt. 

SO'LAE-IZE,  r.  t.     [L.  .50?,  the  sun.] 

A  term  applied  in  phoiofjraphy,  to  an  action  of 
the  sun's  rays  by  which  the  imago  in  the  camera  is 
burnt  out. 

Sold,  pp.    [add.]    Imposed  on  or  deceived. 

Dickens. 

SOL'DAN-EIE,  »,  A  poetical  name  for  the  country 
juled  by  a  Soldan.  Wall.  Scott. 

SOL'DlEPvING,  n.    The  occupation  of  a  soldier. 

SO-LEM'NI-TV,  n.  [add.]  Awe  or  reverence  in- 
spired by  outward  ciicumstances  ;  as,  the  solemnity 
of  Westminster  Abbey.  Addison. 

S0-LIC'IT-ING(50-Iis'it-ing),  n.  The  act  of  prompting 
or  incitinz;  as,  "suiJevnatural.so/teiiz/tf/."  Shakes. 

80L-I-DAE'I-TY,  ».   [Fr.  from  L.  .lolidiis.]     An  en- 
tire union  or  consolitlation  of  interests  anfl  respon- 
sibilities, as  attempted  in  communities  formed  on 
the  plan  of  Fourier, 
S.!iilarilif.  a  word  wliich  wo  owe  to  the  French  commnnisla, 
and  which  signifioa  ft  ciimmunity  in  gain  and  lo3s,  in  honor 
and  dishonor,  a  being  (^o  to  speak)  all  in  the  same  bottom 
— is  so  convenient  tliat  it  \viU  be  ia  vain  to  struggle  against 
its  reception.  Trench. 

Si^L'ID-I$M,  n.  In  pailiol..  the  doctrine  that  refers 
all  diseases  to  alterations  of  the  solid  parts  of  the 
body.  It  rests  on  the  view  that  the  solids  alone  are 
eniibwod  with  vital  properties  and  can  receive  the 
Impression  of  agents  tending  to  produce  disease. 

Dun^jli.fon. 

SO-LIL'0-QDIZ-ING,  n.  The  act  of  speaking  a  so- 
lilo.iuv. 

SOil-B'RE'RO  (som-brayr'o),  n.    [Sp.]    A  hat. 

Vda.^quez.      Marrtfatt.- 

SOM-NTL'O-QCENCE,  n.  The  act  of  talking  in  sleep, 

SONG'-€IlAFT,  71..  The  art  of  making  songs  or  ver- 
ses ;  as, 

*'  A  half  effaced  inscription. 
Written  with  little  skill  of  s..r,y.cr,(/t."        Lortt^feUn^.. 

SONG'LESS,  a.  Destitute  of  the  power  of  song; 
without  song;  as,  «07ij7/e.ts  birds.  Wilson. 

SON'NITES.    See  Sdnnitkb. 

S0-N0'U0U3,  a.  [add.]  Sonorous  Jiqnres,tir\^\n(i 
given  to  figures  formed  by  the  vibrations  produeetl 
by  suuntl,  as  when  the  bow  of  a  violin  is  drawn 
along  the  edge  of  a  piece  of  glass  or  metal  on  which 
sand  is  strewed,  and  the  .sand  arranges  itself  in  fig- 
ures according  to  the  musical  tone.  Ogilcic. 

SOO'-IEE.  I  „      „ 

SOU'JEE.r"^^'"'"'*' 


SOOT'ED,  a.  Covered  or  stained  with  soot;  as, 
''^'sooted  over  with  noisome  smote."      Chapman. 

SOP'O-UOSE.     See  SoPonous, 

SO'PJiA,  n.  [It]  In  music,  a  term  denoting  the 
upper  or  liigher  part.  Moore's  Mus.  Encyc. 

SORG'UUM,  n.  [Name  in  the  East,  Sorghi.]  A 
genus  of  the  Graminea;,  having  five  species,  as  S. 
vulgare,  or  Indian  millet ;  .S.  sinense,  a  variety  cul- 
tivated in  China;  5.  ■'iaccharatum,OT  sweet  sorgho. 
From  the  juice  of  this  [dant,  sugar  has  been  made 
in  China,  in  Italy,  and  of  late  in  the  United  States. 
Loudon.    Icon.  Encyc. 

SORN,  v.  i.  To  obtrude  one's  self  on  friends  for  food 
and  lodging.  Craig. 

SOEN'EE,  «.  One  who  obtrudes  himself  on  another 
for  food  and  lotlging.  Pe  Quincey. 

SOEN'ING,  ppr.  Obtruding  one's  self  on  another  for 
food  and  lodrin;.  Watt.  Scott. 

S5R'TBS-nO-MER'I-€^,       1  ti.  [L.l  Zrt.,  Homeric 

SOETES-VIR-i^IL-I-A'N^,  (  or  Virgilian  lots  ;  a 
form  of  divination  used  bv  the  .ancients,  who  opened 
the  works  of  Homer  or  Virgil  at  random  and  took 
the  first  line  or  passage  on  which  the  eye  fell  .as  in- 
dicating future  events,  or  marking  out  a  course  of 
action  to  be  pursued.  This  practice  was  also  coni- 
mon  among  the  early  christians,  who  used  their 
sacred  books  in  the  same  manner,      De  Quincey. 

SORT'ING,  a.    Tlie  act  of  selecting  and  arranging. 

SO-TER-I-OL'O-GT,  n.  [Gr.  cruriip,  a  saviour,  and 
Aoyos,  an  account.] 

In  syst.  iheol.,  the  doctrine  of  salvation  bv  Jesus 
Christ.  .  Schaf. 

SOU'BAH-DAE.    See  SuBinDAB. 

SOtJGH  (suff ),  n.    [add.]    A  rumor  or  flying  report. 

Walt.  Scott. 

SOUND,  71.  [add.]  Sound  dues,  tolls  imposed  by 
Denmark  on  vessels  passing  through  tire  Baltic 
Sound,  which  forms  part  of  her  waters.  Their 
origin  is  unknown,  but  they-are  presumed  toberel- 
ics'of  the  exactions  made  by  the  Norman  pirates  of 
the  dark  ages.  They  are  now  abolished  in  consider- 
ation of  a  gross  sum  to  be  paid  to  Denmark  as  an 
indemnity  by  the  nations  whose  commerce  is  af- 
fected. Jlomans'  Comm.  Diet. 

SOrPE  Jl'AFGI{E(sonp-ma.'gr),n.  [Fr.]  Z?'«.,  thin 
soup;  mitde  ehiefly  from  vegetables  with  a  little 
butter  aud  few  condiments. 

Welister's  Dom.  Encyc. 

SOfS'ING,  n.    The  act  of  pickling  in  souse. 
2.  The  act  of  plunsing  into  water. 
8.  The  act  of  falling  suddenly  on,  as  a  hawk  on  its 
prey. 

SOUTH'EE-LI-NESS  (suth'er-),  7i.  The  stato  or 
qnalitv  of  being  southerly.  Ash. 

SOCTII'NESS,  n.  A  tendency  in  the  south  end  of  a 
m^^netic  needle  to  point  tow.ard  tlie  south  pole. 

Faradaij. 

SODTH'-'WEST'ER,  n.  A  painted  canvas  hat  wi'th  a 
flap  over  the  neck,  for  wet  weather,    Simmonds. 

SOZ'ZLE,  v.  t.  To  spill  or  wet  through  carelessness; 
to  be  sluttish.  '  BartleU. 

2.  To  intermingle  in  a  confused  heap.     Forby. 

SPACE'-LTNE,  n.  A  thin  piece  of  metal  used  by 
printers  to  open  the  lines  of  type  to  a  regular  dis- 
tance from  each  other,  and  for  other  purposes. 

I/a7tsard's  Typ, 

SPAD'ING,  n.    The  act  of  digging  with  a  spade. 

SPAL'LING,  m.  In  mining,  the  act  of  breaking  up 
into  small  pieces  for  the  s.ak6  of  separating  ore  from 
rook.  Pryce.    Jfiner's  Journal. 

SPiNG,  «.    Abound  or  spring. 

Jaiiiie.'^on.    John  Wilson. 

SPANG,  e.  i.    To  spring  with  clastic  force. 

Jamieson. 

Bnt  v.hon  they  ipanj  o'er  reason's  fence 

We  smart  fur't  at  our  own  expense.  Jiamaay. 

SPXNK'ING,  71.  A  whipping  on  the  buttocks  with 
the  open  hand ;  as,  to  give  a  child  a  spanking. 

SPAN'NEE,  71.  [add.]  A  name  sometimes  given  to 
certain  levers  of  steam-entrines,  as  those  for  moving 
the  v.alves  to  admit  or  shut  off  steam.         Craig. 

SPAN'-WORM,  71.  A  popular  name  for  the  canker- 
worm,  so  called  from  its  movement  in  walking  as 
if  measuring  the  ground  by  span.i;  sometimes  called 
surveyor.  Ogilvie. 

SPAR,  n.  [add.]  A  feigned  blow ;  as,  to  make  a 
spar  at  a  person.  Dickens. 

SPAR'-DECK,  71.    The  upper  deck  of  all  vessels. 

Totten. 

SPARK'ING,  n.  Playing  tho  spark  or  lover;  court 
ins.  Wash.  Irving. 

SP.ArK'LE  (spiirk^vl),  V.  t.  [add.]  Fig.,  to  flash  as 
with  sparks  ;  as,  "eyes  that  sparkle  fire." 

Dryden. 

SPAR'TER-IE,  7!,     [Sp.  esparto.  gr.a.ss-hcmp.] 

A  kin.l  of  woiren  work  made  of    tlie  blades  of 
the    Lygcum  Spartum,   a  swamp  grtiss   nsed  in 


SPI 

Spain,   Provence  and  other  countries  for  making 
ropes,  mats,  baskets,  nets,  and  mattrasses. 

Bescherelle.    Loudon. 

SPA$-M0D'I€-AL.    See  Spasmodic. 

SPAS-.VIOL'O-GT,  71.    [Gr.  o-n-atr/ios,  and  Xoym,  ac- 
count.] 
A  discourse  on  spasms.  Dunglison. 

SPA'TIIAL,  a.  Furnished  with  a  spathe;  as,  spa- 
thai  flowers.  I/utcitt. 

SPATIIffD  (spatht),  a.  Having  a  spathe  or  calyx 
like  a  sheath. 

SPAWN'ING,  71.  The  act  of  depositing  spawn  ;— 
a'.'   Depositing  spawn.  Ash. 

SPEAK'ING,  a.  Animated  or  life-like ;  as,  a  speak- 
ing portrait.    _ 

SPEAK'ING-TrBE,  77.  A  tube  within  the  walls  of 
a  building  for  communicating  from  one  room  to 
another.  Webster's  Dom.  Encyc. 

SPE"CI.\L-IST  (spesh'al-ist),  n.  One  who  devotes 
himself  toa  .-specialty.  Dunglison. 

SP£"C1AL-IZE  (spesii'al-ize'),  r.  t.  ['add.]  To  ap- 
ply to  some  specialty  or  limited  object;  as,  spe- 
cialised knowledge. 

SPE"CIAL-TT  (spesh'al-ty),  n.  [add.]  Some  ob- 
ject or  employment  to  which  a  person  is  specially 
devoted;  as," "men  of  boundless  knowledge  like 
Humboldt,  must  have  had  once  their  specialty, 
their  pet  subject."  C.  Kingsley. 

SPE-CIF'I€-AL-NESS,  ti.  Tho  state  or  quality  of 
being  specific.  Ash. 

SPECK,  n.  [add.]  A  name  given  to  the  blubber  of 
whales  and  other  mammals.  Ogilvie. 

SPECK-AND-SPAN.     See  Spick-an-d-span. 

SPECK-SION-EEE',  7i.  Among  ichalc- fishers,  the 
man  who  directs  in  cutting  up  the  speck  or  blub- 
ber. _  Ogilvie. 

SPECU-IUM,  n.  [add.]  Speculum  metal,  an  alloy 
used  for  making  too  reflectors  of  telescopes,  usually 
consisting  of  thirty-two  parts  of  copper,  and  fifteen 
of  tin,  with  sometimes  a  small  jiroportion  of  arsenic 
addetl  to  improve  the  whiteness.  Tomlinson. 

SPEECH-I-FI-€ATION,  7>.  Act  of  speechifying. 
[/;i  ridicule.']  Ogilvie. 

SPEED'ER,  71.  One  who  hastes ;  a  kind  of  machine 
for  forwarding  things  in  manufacture. 

Koi-th  Am,  Pev. 

SPELLTTJL,  71.    Abounding  in  spells  or  charms ;  as, 

"  Here  while  his  ej-es  tho  learned  leaves  peruse. 
Each  apeUfnt  mystery  explained  he  views."        Sootc. 

SPfiEM-A-CE'TI,  a.  Made  of  or  pertaining  to  sperm- 
aceti, as  caudles. 

SPftRM'A-RT,  71.  The  spermatic  gland  or  glands  of 
the  male.  Dana. 

SPERM-A-TnE'€A.  n.  [Gr.  tmipixa,  seed,  and  erJKij, 
a  case  or  receptacle.] 

A  cavit.v  in  female  insects  for  receiving  the  sperm 
from  the  male.  Carpenter. 

SPEEM'A-TOID,  a.  [Gr.  oTrepjio,  and  eMos.]  Sperm- 
like. 

SP£EM-A-T5L'0-GT,  71.  [Gr.  o-rrepina,  and  Xdyos.] 
A  discourse  on  sperm  or  the  fecundating  fluid. 

Dunglison. 

SP6EM'A-TO-PnORE,  ti.  [Gr.  tr-rriffLa,  and  .(lepu), 
to  carry  or  bear.] 

A  filament  of  the  spermatic  glands  containing 
tho  spermatozoa,  especially  in  the  Cephalai)ods. 

Dana. 

SP£RM-A-T0-Z0'A,  «.  pi.  [Gr.  <rrtij>ij.a,  sperm, 
and  iCooi;  animal.] 

Motile  particles  detected  b.y  the  microscope  in 
the  spermatic  fluid,  by  which  'the  ovum  is  impreg- 
nated. In  the  singular,  srjermatosoum  and  sper- 
matozoid  are  used.         Dunglison.     Carpenter, 

SPHAC'E-LATE,  a.    See  Spuacelated. 

SPHE'NOID  (sfe'noid),  7l.  In  crystall.,  a  wedge- 
shaped  crystal  contained  under  four  equal  isosceles 
triangles.  Dana. 

2.  in  osteology,  a  wedge-shaped  compound  bone. 
Dunglison. 

SPH'tG'Mie  (sfig'mik),  a.  [Gr.  cr^tvyno:;,  the  pulse.] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  the  pulse.  Dunglison. 

SPHt'G'MO-GRAPH  (sfig'-),  71.  [Gr.  a^vyit-a^;,  tho 
pulse,  and  vpatfiw,  to  describe.] 

In  path.,  a  contrivance  for  indicating  the  char.ac- 
ter  of  the  pulse  as  to  force  and  extent  of  undura- 
lions.  Dunglison. 

SPIC^'D  (spist),  pp.  or  a.  Havins:  a  flavor  or  relish ; 
hence,  nice,  delicate,  or  scrupulous;  as,  a  spiced 
conscience.  Cliaucer. 

SPICE'-NITT,  n.    A  gingerbread  nut    [Eng.'] 

SPI'€I-FOi{M,  a.    Spike-shaped.  A.  Gray. 

SPl'CIjLT,  adv.    In  a  spicy  manner. 

SPl€'U-LATE,  a.  In  bot.,  covered  with  minute 
points,  as  pointed  Ueshy  appendages ;  divided  into 
small  spikelets.  rr.„.j„,. 


I/enslow. 


DOVE,    -WOLF,    BipOK;    ECLE,    BULL;    Vl"CIOUS.— €    as    K;    6   .as   J;    S    as   Z;    5H    as    SH  ;    THIS. 


1518 


t  See  Table  o/  Synonyms. 


SPL 

SPT'€OSE,  (  a.      Having  spikes  or  ears  Hko  corn 
SPl'COrs, )     spikes.  WH^ht 

SPIKE,  r.  t.     [add.]    To  fix  on  a  spike.       Offilriif. 
SPIK'IXG,  n.    The  act  of  using  spikes. 
SPIKT,  a,    [add.]   Having  spikes;  as,  spil'i/  wheels. 

^  _  Pope. 

SPILE'-HOLE,  fi.    A  small  hole  in  a  cask,  for  air. 

Oiriltie. 
SPILl-KIXS,  n.  pi.    Small  pieces  of  wood,  ivory, 
bone,  Ac,  for  playing  games;  the  game  itself. 

AiL<.-i  Edgeicorth. 
SPilX,  n.    [add.]    A  small  roll  of  paper  or  slip  of 
wood  for  lighting  lamps,  *fcc. 

Stmmond^    UaliiictU, 
SPIN'DLE-LEGG£'D    (spii/dl-lcgd),    a.      Noting 

slender  and  long  less. 
SPI'XI-FOKM,  a.    Shaped  like  a  spine  or  thorn. 
SPT'XI-XESS,  ».    The  state  or  quality  of  having 

spines. 
SPiN'XT,  )n.     [Fro-n  -"ine.']    A  small  thicket  or 

SPINT.     f      grove    undei^owth.      In    this 

sense,  IlalUwell  says  it  occurs  in  l)omes«lay  Book. 
C.  Kingaley. 
SPI'EAL,  n.  [.idiL]  In  geom^  a  curve  described  by 
a  point  called  the  generatrtjr,  moving  along  a 
strsight  line  acconUn:^  to  a  mathematical  law  while 
the  line  is  revolving  about  a  fixed  point  called  the 
pole.  Vticies'  Jfnth.  Du-t, 

SPT'RAL-WITEELS.  n.  pK  In  mill'icori;  a  species 
of  irearing  which  answers  the  purpose  of  beveled 
wheels  (and  is  better  ailapted  to  liirlit  iiiacUinery). 
The  teeth  of  spiraf  tchetl*  are  formed  upon  Uie 
circumference  of  cylin^Iers  of  tiie  rj(]i:i-ed  diame- 
ter, at  an  angle  of  45^  with  their  reispcctivo  axes, 
when  the  *iirection  of  the  motion  is  to  be  chaniieil 
from  I'ue  horizontal  to  the  vertical.  By  tliis  con- 
strnction  the  teeth  become  in  fact  small  portions  of 
screws  or  t^pirab  winding  round  the  cylinders, 
whence  the  name.  dgilcie. 

SPIRE,  n.  [add.]  In  geom.,  that  portion  of  a  spiral 
which  is  generated  during  one  revolution  of  the 
straight  lino  revolving  about  the  pole. 

Dttvi^jt'  Math.  Diet. 
SPTR'IT-LXMP,   n.     A  Ump  in  which  alcohol  is 

osetl  for  srivincr  liaht  or  heat. 
SPlR'IT-t-AL-ISM,  n.  [adiL]  This  term  is  now 
often  applied  to  the  doctrine  that  a  direct  inter- 
course can  be  maintained  with  departed  sj*irit3 
through  the  agency  of  persons  called  mediumn, 
who  are  supposed  to  have  a  peculiar  susct-ptibtlity 
for  such  communications.  Gordon, 

SPIR'IT-C-AL-IST,  n.  [add.]  A  term  often  ap- 
pHcl  to  one  who  believes  that  direct  intercourse 
can  be  held  with  departed  spirits  through  the  a::en- 
cy  of  persons  called  m^^fhtrnJi;  ono  wlio  attempts 
to  maintain  such  intercourse. 
SPIR-IT-t-AL-IST'ie,  a.     Relating  to  or  connected 

with  spiritualism.  Merc.  Rev. 

SPIR'IT-C-AL-N'ESS,   n.    The  state  or  miality  of 

being  spiritual.  Jlooker. 

SPiR'lT  W6RLD,  n.    The  world  of  spiritual  beings- 

Longfellow. 
SPTRT,  a.     [ad(L]      Furnished  or  abonnding  with 

spires;  as,  ^*Mpiri/  towns."  Thompson. 

SPtRK'ET-lXG,  n.  In  slnp-huilding,  the  plank- 
ing from  the  water-ways  up  to  the  port-sills. 

TotUn. 
SPTS'SA-TED,  a.     Rendered  dcnS43  or  compact ;  as, 

"the  npinn'ited  '}Vi\Q<ii  of  the  p^ppy.'*    Warburton. 
SPITTING,  n.    The  act  of  putting  on  a  spit. 
2.  The  act  of  ejecting  saliva  from  tho  mouth. 

Ash. 
SPL.XXen'Nie  (splank'nik).     a.      [Gr.  oTrAiyx*^ 
the  inward  parts  of  the  body.] 

Pertaining  to  the  viscera  or  inward  parts  of  the 
body,  Dunglison. 

SPL.Weil'XO-SKEL'E-TONCsplank-),  n.  The  part 
of  the  skeleton  or  bones,  connected  with  the  viscera. 

R.  Owen. 
SPLANeC-NOaT.A-P£IY  (splank-).  See  SPLA>-cn- 

SOLWiY. 

SPLaSU'ER,  n.     He  or  that  which  splashes, 

2.  A  eaarl  over  the  wheels  of  carriages  to  pre- 
vent splashing.  WeaU. 
SPLXSII'ING,  n.    The  act  of  spattering  with  mad, 

water,  ic.  Ash. 

SPLEN'DID-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
splendid;  as,  "liveries  whose  gaudiness evinces  not 
the  fontman's  deserts,  bat  bis  lord's  splendid n em.''' 

Boijli. 
SPLEN-I-Z.VTION.  n.  A  state  of  the  lung  produced 
by  inflammation,  in  which  its  tissne  is  like  that  of 
the  spleen.  Dunglifton. 

SPLEN'O-CELE.  n.    [Gr.  crTrA^f,  and  ^Vtj,  a  tumor.] 

Hernia  fo-med  bv  the  spleen.  DungliAon. 

SPLE-NOG'RA-PHY,  \n.    A  description  of  or  trea- 
SPLE-NOI/O-GT,         (     tise  on  the  spleen. 

I>ungll':<m. 


SPR 

SPLINT'-ARM'OR,  n.    A  kind  of  armor  made  of 
plates  of  met;d  overlapping  each  other,  described  by 
Meyricke  ia  his  treatise  on  ancient  armor. 
SPLINTS,  n.  pi.     In  anc.  armor,  small  overlapping 
plates  of  metal  for  the  defense  of  tho  bend  of  tho 
arm  above  the  elbow,  and  which  allowed  of  free  mo- 
tion. Fairlioli, 
SPLtXT'ER-ING,  n.  Theactofshiveringinto fibrous 
pieces. 
2.  The  act  of  securing  by  splints, 
SPLIT,  \\  i.    To  lay  open  or  divulge  a  secret ;  to  be- 
tray confidence  ;  as,  to  split  upon  one.     [Zoir.] 
Wrifjht.     TTiackeray. 

SPIxr,  a._  Noting  a  division  or  fracture. 

SPIjET-PEASE,  n.  Husked  peas  split  for  making 
soup,  Ac.  Simmonds. 

SPLURGE,  n.  A  blustering  demonstration  or  irrcat 
effort,     {Am.,  low.\  Bartl<U. 

SPLCT'TKR-ER,  11.  One  who  speaks  hastily  and 
conlusedlr. 

SPOD'O-MAN-CT,  n.  [Gr.  (nro^o?,  ashes,  and  iiav- 
Tet'o,  divination.] 

Divination  by  means  of  ashes.  Craig. 

SPOD-O-MlNTie,  a.  Relating  to  divination  by 
means  of  ashes.  C.  Kiugsley. 

SPOFTISH,  a.     [Probably  from  spoffli;  to  be  over 
busy  about  little  or  nothing.  Forbtjs East  Anglia.\ 
Earnest  and  active  in  matters  of  no  moment;  as, 
"a  spoj^-sk  little  man.*'  IHvkens. 

SPOIL'A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  spoiled.     Clarke. 

SPOKE,  T.  t.  To  furnish  with  spokes;  as,  to  spoke  a 
wheel.  Ogilvie. 

SPO-LI-ATOR,  n.    One  who  plunders. 

SP6n6^ING  (spun'jing),  7j.  The  act  of  wiping  with 
a  wet  sponge. 

2,  The  act  of  drawing  from  others  by  mean  arts, 
&C.  A$h. 

SP6X'GI-0-UTES  (spunge-o-lltes),  n.  pi.  [Sponge, 
and  Gr.  \i$o^,  a  stone.] 

The  microscopic  siliceous  spicul.-p  which  occur 
abundantly  in  the  texture  of  sponges,  and  are  some- 
times found  to  be  fossil,  as  in  llint^.  Dana. 

SPON'SION-AL  (spOn'shun-an,  a.  Noting  a  pledge 
or  agreement;  as,  '"be  is  riirhtcous  even  in  that  rep- 
resentative and  spon-nonal  person  he  put  on."' 

Leightmi. 

SPOON'EY,  fl.    A  term  of  contempt  for  one  who  is 
half-witted  or  foolish,    a.  "Weak-minded;  silly. 
TTiackeray.     C.  Kingsley. 

SPOON'I-LY,  adv.  In  a  weak  or  foolish  manner ;  as, 
to  behave  spoojiily. 

SPOOR,  n.  A  Dutch  word  for  track  or  trail,  in  gen- 
eral use  at  the  Capo  of  Good  Hope  ;  as,  the  spoor  ot 
an  elephant  An/lerrson.     G.  Cummings. 

SPO-R.\D'I€-AL-LY,  adv.  In  an  irregular  or  scat- 
tered manner.  Ogilcie. 

SP<5R'RAN,  71,  [Gael,  spornn.']  A  leathern  pouch 
worn  in  front  of  tho  kilt  by  Highlanders  when  in 
full  dress.  Walt.  Scott 

SPORT'ING,  n.    The  act  of  engaging  in  sports. 

Ash. 

SPORTING-BOOK,  n.  A  book  gi\ing  an  account 
of  bets,  &c.      '  *  C  Kingsley. 

SPOUT'lNG-IIOrSE.  V.  A  house  frequented  by 
sportsmen,  gamblers,  &c.  Clarke. 

SPORT'ING-LY,  adv.  In  sport;  sportively;  as, 
"the  question  you  put,  you  do  it,  I  suppose,  but 
%poHinghj."  Ilamrnond. 

SPORT'ING-MXN,  n.  One  who  practices  field- 
sports;  also,  a  horse-racer,  a  pugilist,  &c. 

SPORTT.ING,  n.  A  little  person  or  creature  engaged 
in  sports ;  a.s — 


"  when  fl^in  the  Incibkin?  plfty. 


Pretty  sp-'rtlingi  fall  of  May."''  P&i'Upi, 

SPOR-t^-LlF'ER-OUS,  a.    [Sporide,  and  Jj.  fero,  to 
bear.] 
Producing  sporules.  Craig. 

SPOT.  P.  t.     [add.]    To  spot  a  person,  in  the  dialect 
of  the  police,  is  to  note  sornetliing  which  peculiarly 
marks  his  appearance,  and  by  means  of  which  he 
may  afterwards  bo  identified.        Police  Reports. 
SPOT'LESS-LY,  adv.    In  a  spotless  manner. 

Leighion. 
SPOUT,  71.     [add.]    To  p}it  any  tiling  up  the  spout, 
is  a  cant  term  for  pawning  it.    [  Va.i\  dial.'] 

__  Haltiicell. 

SPOUT'-HOLE,  n.    A  hole  for  the  passage  of  water. 

Clarke. 
SPOUT'LESS,  a.    Having  no  spout ;  as,— 

"  There  ihe  pitcher  sfands, 
A  fragment,  and  the  spojtle^s  tea-pot  there."        Cowper. 

SFRAY'-DRAIN  (sprii'drune),  n.  In  agric,  a  drain 
made  by  laying  under  earth  the  spray  or  small 
branches  of  trees,  which  keep  passages  open. 

SPRIGGED  (sprigd),  a.  Growing  in  sprigs:  as, 
sprigged  rosemary.  Imp,  Add. 


STA 

SPRtN'G'-r>XiyANCE,  «.  A  contrivance  for  meas- 
uring weight  or  force  by  the  elasticity  of  a  spiral 
spring  of  steeL  Simmonds.     Weale. 

SPRINC-GUN,  n.  A  fire-arm  discharged  by  a 
spring,  when  this  is  trodden  upon,  or  otherwise 
moved.  Dickens. 

SPRlNG'-LlTCH,  n.  A  latch  that  fastens  with  a 
spring. 

SPRING'-LOCK,  n,  A  lock  that  fastens  with  a 
spring.  Rogers. 

SPtj'D,  n,  [add.]  In  cookery,  a  piece  of  dough 
boiled  in  fat,  so  called  from  its  being  short  and 
thick.    [Am-I 

SPUL'ZIE,      )  71.     [L.  spoliare,  to  spoil.]    Plunder 

SPOL'ZIE,    s     or  booty.  Walt.  Scott. 

SPU-M£S'CENT,  g.    Resembling  froth  or  foam. 

SPUM'I-NESS,  n.    The  quality  of  being  frothy. 

_  Ash,        , 

SPUR'-GEAE-ING,  n.  Gearing  consisting  of  spur- 
wheels.  Craig.        ] 

SPITR'LESS,  a.  Without  spurs;  as,  "thou  shalt: 
ride  spurle-sa.'"  Ritson, 

SPURN'ING,  n.  Tho  act  of  rejecting  with  con- 
tempt. Ash. 

SPUR'-WHEELS,  n.  pi.  In  mech.,  wheels  ia 
which  the  teeth  are  perpendicular  to  the  axis.  and. 
in  tho  direction  of  radii.  Craig. 

SQUAB  (skwob),  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  youni:  birds 
not  fdllv  feathered;  as,  a  squab  pie.  King. 

SQUAB'BLING,  n.    The  act  of  scuffline. 

SQUA-MA'CEOUS  )  ^      c 
^    -      -  '  j-bee  Sqcamose. 


Furnished  or  covered  witU 
little  scales.  A.  Gray. 


SQUA'MATE 

SQUA-MEL'LATE, 

SQUXM'U-LATE, 

SQUXMa^-LOSE. 

SQUAN  'DER-iNG,  n.    The  act  of  spending  lavishly, 
,  Ash. 

SQUARE,  \v.  i.    To  take  a  boxing  attitude. 

SQUARE  UP,  S  Dickens. 

SQUARE,  n.  [add.]  All  squares,  all  settled,  all 
ri^t.  Dickens. 

To  break  squares,  to  depart  from  an  accustomed 
order.  To  break  no  squares,  to  give  no  offense,  to 
make  no  difference.  To  deal  or  play  ttpon  the 
square,  to  deal  or  play  honestly  or  upon  honor. 

Wright. 

SQUARE'-T0£'D  (-tode),  a.  Havingthe  toe  square; 
as,  "  obsolete  as  fardingales,  ruffs,  and  square-toed 
shoes."  Knox. 

SQUAEE'-TOES  (t5ze),  n.  A  contemptuous  name 
for  a  precise  person. 

SQUXR'RtJ-LOSE,  a.     Somewhat  squarrose. 

^  A.  Gray. 

SQUAR'RO-SO-DEN'TATE,  a.  In  lot,  having  the 
teeth  bent  out  of  the  plane  of  lamination. 

Henslmc, 

SQUASH'EE  (skwosh'er),  n.  He  or  that  which 
sq  u'ashes,  Jiich  a  rdson. 

SQUASH'I-NESS  (skwosh'e-ness),  n.  The  state  of 
being  squashy  or  soft, 

SQUAT'TING  (sfcwot'ting).  n.  The  act  of  sitting 
down  on  the  hams  anvl  heels. 

2.  The  act  of  settling  on  new  land  without  per- 
mission.    Used  also  as  adj.  Wright. 

SQUEAK'ING,  71.  The  act  of  making  a  sharp  shrill 
sound;  as,  "  the  55«e«A.-/Hi7  and  roaring  of  tortured 
beasts."  More. 

SQUEAK'ING-LY,  adv.    In  a  sqneaking  manner. 

SQUEAL  (skweel),  n.    A  shrill  cry.    Richai^dson. 

SQUEAL'ING,  n.    The  act  of  nttering  a  shrill  cry. 

Ash. 

SQUEEZ'A-ELE,  a.     That  may  be  squeezed. 

Willis. 

SQUEEZ'ERS,  n.jyl.  A  contrivance  like  a  large  pair 
of  pliers,  for  shingling  or  squeezing  the  balls  of  metal 
when  puddled.  Appleton's  Mech.  Diet 

SQUE-TEAGUE'  (skwe-teegO.  «•  A  fish  {Labrus 
squeteaque)  found  in  Long  IsLind  Sound,  calh-d  also 
iceak-fah.  Storer. 

SQUID,  K.    A  common  name  of  the  cuttle-fish, 

SQUINT,  n.  [add.]  In  arch.,  nn  opening  in  the 
wall  of  a  church,  in  an  oblique  direction,  to  enable 
persons  in  the  transept  to  see  the  high  altar, 

Oar/ord  Gloss,  of  Arch. 

SQUTRE'XR€n-Y,  n.  A  term  sometimes  applied  to 
English  country  gentlemen  collectively. 

Wright     Godicin. 

SQUIR'EEN,  n.  A  sportive  name  in  England  for  one 
who  is  "■  half  squire  and  half  farmer." 

Conyheare.     C.  Kingsley. 

ST.XCK'ING,  n.  The  process  of  heaping  up  hay, 
irain.  itc.  into  a  stick.  Ash. 

STACK'-STlND.  n.      A  basement  of  timber.  &c., 
raised  on  props  for  supportintra.'^tack  of  hay  or  grain. 
Gardner's  Farnu  Diet. 


A,    E,    &C.,    long.—X,    E,    &c.,  «^or/.— cARE,    FAR,    LAST,     FALL,    WHAT;    THllRE,    TfiRM;    MARINE,    BIRD;    MOTE, 


t  See  Table  of  Synonym9. 


1519 


STA 


STE 


STaDE'-DUES  (dfize),  I  re.  pi.    Duties  ov  tnlls  f"V- 

STADE'-TOLLS,  f     mevly  levied  on  sliips  en- 

terin;^:  tiie  river  Elbe ;  so  called  from  the  name  of  a 
towrrwliere  vessels  were  obliLced  to  stop  that  the 
duties  mi^lit  be  assessed,  after  whieb  these  were  paid 
at  IJambui-g.  . 

Slmmondn.    Ilomanti'  Comm..  Did. 

STAFF,  n.  [add.]  To  have  or  keep  the  stuff  in  one's 
own  hands,  is  to  keep  possession  of  one's  property, 
and  hence  to  retain  authority  and  control. 

Ualliwell. 

STAFP,  !i.  [add.]  A  corps  of  executive  officers  con- 
nected with  some  larae  establishment,  who  act  (lil;o 
the  military  staff  of  ah  armv)  in  carryini:  out  its  de- 
sisns.  Thus,  the  London  Times  has  its  editorial  and 
reVortiui:  litaf;  the  Woolwich  arsenal  has  its  f^taff 
of  cL'rks^  p.ay'masters,  &c.  Quart.  Rev. 

ST.XG,  re.    [aid.]    An  outside,  irrcsular  dealer  in 

st(»cUs;  api>liett  also  to  one  who  takes  shares  under 

fictitious  names  in  new  projects  with  a  view  to  sell 

immediately  at  a  premium,  and  not  t<)  liold  the  stock. 

Wright.     Banker'fi  Journal. 

STXO'-D.iNCE,  fl.  A  rough  kind  of  dance  bv  men 
only.     {Am.']  Barihtt. 

ST.YliE'-BiJX,  re.  A  box  close  to  the  staije  in  a 
theater.  Simmondn. 

ST.\6E'-LIGnTS  (-lites),  «.  pi.  Tlic  lights  in  front 
of  the  stage  in  a  tljeater ;  called  ahofoot-li(/lU.t. 

('.  Laynh. 

STAG'ING,  ».  [add.]  The  business  of  running  stage- 
coaches. 

STXIIL'I  AN-I$M  (stiirl'ynn-izm'),  n.  The  theory  i>f 
a  German  pliysician  naTued  Stabl,  that  every  vital 
action  is  under  tlie  direction  and  presidency  (»f  the 
s<uil.  Danglison. 

STAID'LY,  adv.    In  a  sober,  grave  manner. 

Ogilvie. 

STAIN'IXG,  re.    The  act  of  discoloring,  or  sullying. 
2.  The  act  of  giving  a  different  color,  as  to  wood- 
work ;  the  color  laid  on  or  given.  Atuh. 

STAIN'LE3S-LY,  adv.   In  a  manner  free  from  stain. 

aarke. 

STAiR'-WAT.    See  St,mr-case. 

STALK  (stauk),  v.  t.  [add.]  To  appro.ach  by  stealth ; 
as,  to  Midk  deer.  ILdtitcell.    Kane. 

STALK'ING,  re.    The  act  of  appri>aching  waril.v. 

STALLS' D  (stauld),  7)/).  or  rt.  [add.]  Stuck  in  the 
mud:  also  tired  out.  Wrighf.'^  Prov.  Diet. 

STALL'-IIEAD-ER,  re.  One  who  reads  or  looks  over 
b'»')oks  at  a  stall  where  they  are  exposed  for  sale ; 
as, — 

"  Cries  the  ataff-readtr,  bless  us,  wLnt  a  worj  on 
A  title  pa^o  i^  this  !  nud  some  ia  tUe 
Stand  spelling  false."  .Y,.'(..n. 

STAM-I-NO'DI-UM,  re.  [L.  stamen,  and  Gr.  ei6os, 
shape.] 

An  .abortive  stamen,  or  an  organ  resembling  an 
abortive  stamen.  I/enslow. 

ST.\MP,  re.    [add.]    An  engraved  device  for  showing 

t'lo  prepayment  of  postage. 
ST.\MP'IN'G,  re.    The  act  of  striking  the  foot  on  the 
ground  ;  as,  the  .stamping/  of  a  liorse. 

2.  The  act  of  impressing  with  a  figure,  &c.,  by 
means  of  a  stamp  ;  as,  the  stamping  of  a  medal. 

Ash. 
ST.\MP'-0F'FICE,  n.    An  office  for  tlie  issue  of 
stamps,  and  the  reception  of  stamp-duties.    [Eng.] 

Clarke. 
STXND,  re.     [.add.]     A  station  in  a  city  for  carriages, 

oabs,  &c.  Dicken.-i. 

ST.VND'ARD,  a.     Of  or  pertaining  to  a  flag;  as,  a 

standard-hearer.  Chapman. 

2.  Having  a  fixed    or  permanent  value;    as,   a 
standard  work  on  history,  &c. 
ST.\ND'-STiLL,  71.     An  entire  stop.  Craig. 

ST.\ND'-UP,  a.    \  stand-up  fight  is  one  where  the 

parties  stand  erect  and  meet  blows  fairly. 
STA-PB'DI-AL,  a.    [L.  stapes,  a  stirrup'.] 

Shaped  lilte  a  stirrup ;  as,  the  stapedial  bones  of 
the  ear.  Dana. 

STA-PE'LI-A,  re.  An  extensive  and  curious  order 
of  plants,  nat.  order  Asclepiadacetie  (Milk-weed 
family).  'They  are  succulent  plants  without  leaves, 
frequently  covered  over  with  dark  tubercles  giving 
them  a  very  grotesque  appearance.  The  oilor  of 
the  blossoms  is  like  that  of  rotten  flesh.  Loudon. 
STAR,  n.  [add.]  In  flreicorhs,  an  intlammablo 
composition  which,  thrown  from  a  rocket,  &C,,  ex- 
plodes in  the  air  and  resembles  a  star. 
STAR,  V.  i.  [add.]  [From  the  theatrical  nso  of  the 
noun.]  To  act  as  a  s^rt;' or  lea<ling  performer  on 
the  stage  ;  as,  be  has  been  etarrijig  \n  the  provincial 
theaters.  Wash.  Irving. 

STAR'-BLIMD,  a.    Seeing  obscurely  ;  half  blind. 

Ash. 
STARCH'ING,  re.    The  act  of  stiffening  with  starch ; 
the  starch  iiut  into  clothes  to  make  them  stiff. 

Ash. 


STAR'-CnfiSS^D  (-krilsf),  a.     Unfortunate  or  ill- 
fated  ;  as,  "star-crossed  lovers."  Sliakes. 
STAP.'-GAZ'ING,  a.    X-ookiug  much  at  stars. 

Ash. 
STAK'EI-XESS,  11.    The  state  of  being  starry;  as, 

the  starriness  of  the  heavens.  Nichol. 

STAR'RT,  a.     [add.]     In  hot,  arranged  in  rays  like 

those  of  a  star  ;  stellate.  ITenslow. 

START,  r.  t.  [add.]  Among  seamen,  to  st'irt  the 
men  is  to  hasten  them  up  from  below  ;  to  start  an 
anchor  is  to  loosen  its  bold ;  to  sUirt  a  tack  or  sheet 
is  to  slack  it  off  a  little  ;  to  start  a  cask  is  to  broach 
it.  Totlen. 

START'ING-POINT,  re.     The  point    from  which 

motion  begins. 
STA'TANT,  o.       [L.  s(o,  to  stand.] 

In  herttldry,  noting  the  standing  position  ;  as,  a 
lion  statant.  Brunde. 

ST.\TE'€F.AFT,  re.     The  art  of  conducting  .state 

affairs;  state-maiiageraent.  Macuulay. 

ST.lTE'-€RI.M'I-N.\L.   n.     One  who  commits  an 
offense  against  the  dignity  or  well-being  of  a  State, 
as  treason,  &c. 
ST.\TES'.MAX-LT,  arfc.    In  a  manner  becoming  a 

statesman.  _ 
STATE'-SWORD.  re.    A  sword  used  on  state-occa- 
sions, beini  borne  before  a  sovereign  by  an  attend- 
ant of  higli  rank.  Encyc.  Brit. 
ST.\'TION,  re.     [aild.]     In  zoological  geog.,  the  par- 
ticular place  or  kind  of  situation  in  which  a  siiecies 
naturallv  occurs.  Dana. 
STA'TION.  re.    Station-master,  ono  who  has  charge 
of  a  railway  station.                                Simjnoiuh. 

Station-pointer,  an  instrument  used  in  mari- 
time surveying,  for  expeditiously  laying  down  on  a 
chart  the  position  of  a  place  from  wliich  tho  angles 
subtended  by  three  distant  objects  wliosc  [lositions 
are  known,  liavc  been  observe. I.  Station-staff,  an 
iiistrumeut  for  taking  angles  in  surveying. 

Craig.    Davie.t. 
STA'TION-.V-EI-NESS,  n.    Tho  state  or  quality  of 

biing  stationary.  R-  W.  Emersuii. 

STA'TION-A-RT,  a.  [.add.]  Appearing  to  be  at 
rest,  because  moving  in  the  line  of  vision,  as  a 
planet  wheu  stationary.  Dtina. 

STA'TIO>rS  (sta'slmnz),  n.  pi.  The  places  where 
ecclesiastical  processitms  rest  for  the  performance 
of  any  act  of  devotion,  as  at  the  tombs  of  distin- 
guished saints.  In  modern  times,  however,  the 
term  is  especially  used  to  denote  those  representa- 
tions of  the  successive  stages  of  our  Lord's  Passion, 
which  are  often  placed  rounil  tho  naves  of  large 
cliurches,  and  by  tho  side  of  the  way  leading  to 
sacred  edifices,  and  are  visited  in  succession. 

Fairholt. 

STA-TIST'I€-.'iL-LT,  adv.    In  the  way  of  statistics. 

STAT'IJ^'D  (stat'vude),  pj-i.  or  a.     Having  statues  ; 

fortned  into  a  stattie  ;  .as,  '■  the  whole  man  becomes 

as  \istatued  into  stone  and  earth."  FeWiain. 

STATOr-ESQDE  (-esk),  a.    Resembling  a  statue. 

Art  Journal. 
STAT-'iJ-ETTE',  re.    [Fr.]    A  small  statue. 

Art  Jou-nial. 
STA'TCS,n.    [L.]    State,  condition. 
ST.\T'UTE,  re.     [add.]     Statute  o/  limitations,  one 
assigning  a  ccrtdn  time  witliin  wliicli  an  action 
must  be  commenced.  Craig. 

STiT'tjTES,  J!,  pt.  In  Eng.,  assemblages  of  farm- 
ing servants  (held  possibly  by  statute)  c.irly  in  May 
at  various  places  in  the  country,  where  employers 
attend  to  hire  servants  for  the  ensuing  year.  Each 
class  of  servants  wears  some  token  of  his  business; 
as  the  groom  has  a  few  straws  in  his  hat  the  wag- 
oner a'piece  of  whip-cord,  tho  shepherd  a  lock  of 
wool.jtc.  Ualliwell. 

ST.\T'UTE-BOOK,  re.     A  record  of  laws  or  legis- 
lative acts.     ■  ■  Blachxtone. 
STAVE,  r.  (.    [add.]    To  vender  solid  by  compres- 
sion;  as,  to  stave  the  joints  of  pipes  into  which 
leail  has  been  run.  Ogilvie. 
STAVING,  re.    The  act  of  breaking  to  pieces. 

2.  Act  of  furnishing  with  st.aves,  Ac.  Ash. 

STA'V'ING,  p.  a.     Breaking  in  pieces,  as  a  cask. 

2.  Furnishing  with  staves.  Ash. 

ST.lY'-IIOLE.  n.  A  hole  in  a  stay-sail  through 
wliich  the  hanks  pass  which  join  it  to  tho  stay. 

Ogilvie. 
STEAD'T  (sted'dy).  inter).    Be  steady  or  unmoved  ; 
properly  the  imperative  mood  of  the  verb.     It  is 
used  as  a  command;  as,  "stearfy,  men.  steady  !" 
STE.^D'T,  r. !.     [add.]    To  move  steadily;  as,  "she 

.steadies  witli  an  upright  keel."  Coleridge. 

STEAL,  !'.  t.    [add.]    "To  do  something  in  a  way  to 

avoid  notice,  as  to  steal  a  look.  Ogilvie. 

STEAM.  V.  i.  [add.]  To  move  or  travel  by  steam ; 
as,  "the  vessel  steamed  out  of  port." 

J^.  P.  Willis. 


STE 


STEAM'-€AS-1NG,  n.    A  space  filled  with   steam 
surrounding  any  vessel,  pipe,  Ac,  to  preserve  heat 
Appleton's  Meeh.  Dii-t. 
STKA.M'-€IIEST,  re.   In  sieam-engine.%  a  bos  through 
wliich  the  steam  passes  from  the  boiler  into  tiie 
cylinder.  Appleton's  Jlech.  Did. 

STEAM'-GAUGE,  re.  An  instrument  for  indicating 
the  pressure  within  a  steam-boiler,  by  means  of  a 
bent  tube  partially  filled  with  mercury,  one  end  of 
which  springs  from  the  boiler,  while  the  other  is 
exposed  to  the  air  ;  so  that  the  steam  by  its  pressure 
raises  tlie  mcrcur.v  in  the  straight  limfi  of  the  tube 
to  a  height  above  the  common  level  proportioned 
to  that  pressure.  An  iron  float  and  index  are  com- 
monly added  for  convenience  of  obscrv.ation. 

Appleton's  Merh.  Dirt. 
STEAM'-II.XM-MER,  n.      A  form  of  tilt  or  f.)r::c- 
hammer,  consisting  of  a  steam-cylinder  and  pi>toii 
placed  vertically  over  an  anvil,  the  hammer  us- 
ing and  falling  by  the  power  of  steam. 

Appleton's  Jfech.  Did. 
STBAM'ING,  re.    The  .act  of  employing  steam. 
STE.m'-J.\CK-ET.     See  Stea.\i-Casixo. 
STEA.M'-PLOW,        1  ,     ,  J  ,       . 

STEAM'-PLOUGH,  (""         P        uioved  by  steam. 
STEAM'-PORT,  re.    An  opening  for  steam  to  pass 
through,  as  from  the  steam-chest  into  the  cylinder. 
Appleton's  Jlech.  Did. 
STEAM'-PO'W-ER,  re.    The  force  or  energy  of  steam 

aiiplied  to  produce  results. 
STEAM'-PRO-PEL'LER,  re..    See  Pkopeller. 
STEAM'-TUG,  n.     A  small  steam-boat  for  towing 

vessels,  Simmonds, 

STEAM'ING,  a.  Of  or  resembling  steam. 
STE'.\-RONE,  re.  A  substance  obtained  by  the  par- 
tial decomposition  of  stearic  acid  with  a  fourth  part 
of  quicklime;  it  is  sparingly  soluble  in  ether  and 
alcoliol,  concrete  at  common  temperatures,  but 
fusible  at  ISO".  Francis. 

STEEK.  r.  i.    To  shut  or  close ;  as,  to  stetk  the  door. 

[.s'ooW/.]  Burns.     Walt.  Scott. 

STEEL'-WINE,)!.    'Wine  with  steel-filinss  in  it  used 

as  a  medicine.  Simmonds. 

STEEN,  U:  t.    In  arch.,  to  line  with  brick,  stone,  &c. 
STE.\N'  f  Wright's  Prov.  Did. 

STEEN'BOK  1  re.     [Dutch.]     A  variety  of  nntelopo 
STEIN'BOK,   f     of  a  li.gbt  and  graceful  form  (^lre(i'- 
lope  ^•"j7(i^iw,-),  abounding  in  Smith  Africa;  found 
chiefly  in  stony  places,  whence  its  name,  stone-buck. 
Cummings.    Anderrson. 
STEEP'-DOWN,  re.      Deep    and    precipitous;    as, 

'' stcep-doicn  gulls  of  liquid  fire."  Shakes. 

STEEP'ING,  re.  The  act  of  soaking  or  infusing ;  as. 
"  the  steeping  of  the  seed  in  some  liquor,  whereia 
tho  medicine  is  infused."  Bacon. 

STEEE'LING,  a.     A  young  steer. 
STEEVE.    See  Steevixg. 
STEL'LU-LATE,  a.    In  lot.,  resembling  little  stars. 

Loudon. 
STEM-MXT'O-PUS,  re.      [Gr.  ariixiia,  a  garland,  and 
oi//,  the  eve  or  face.] 

.\  name  given  by  F.  Cuvier  to  a  genus  of  seal". 
Such  is  the  hooded  seal  {Phoca  cristata  of  Omelin). 
from  the  Arctic  ocean.  It  is  seven  or  oiglit  feet 
long,  and  has  a  piece  of  loose  inflatable  skin  on  tlj.? 
liead,  which  is  drawn  over  the  eyes  when  the  ani- 
mal is  menaced.  Cuvier. 
STENCII'-TR.XP,  re.  A  contrivance  to  prevent 
stench  from  rising  from  the  openings  of  sewers.  &c- 

Weale. 
STEN'CIL,  re.     [add.]     A  thin  plate  of  metal,  &c, 
having  letters  cut  out,  used  for  markins. 

Simmonds. 
STEN'CIL-INO,  71.    The  act  of  using  a  stencil. 
STEN-T0E-ON'I€,  o.    Noting  a  loud  sound;  sten- 
torian; as,  "he  measures  out  his  u\;n  sientoronic 
voice."  WarhurtoJX. 

STE'EE-0-eiIROM'I€-AL-LY,   adv.    In  a  stereo- 
chromic  manner. 
STE'EE-0-enEOM'I6, 

stereoclirouiy. 
STE'EE-O-fillEOM-Y, 
xpii/xa,  color.] 

A  style  of  fresco-painting  on  plastered  walls  or 
stone,  in  which  the  colors  are  rendered  permanent 
by  means  of  soluble  glass  (a  soluble  silicate  of  pot- 
ash or  soda).  Craig. 
STE'RE-0-E-LE€'TRI€.  See  Tiiebmo-electric— 
A  stereo-electric  current  is  one  obtained  by  means 
of  solids,  without  anv  liquid.  Dana. 
STE'RE-0-MON'0-S€OPE,  re.  [Gr.  artpw,  solid, 
^di'o?,  one  onlv,  and  o-Kon-eu),  to  see.] 

An  instrument  with  two  lenses  by  which  a  ste- 
reoscopic effect  may  be  obtained  from  a  sinirle  juc- 
ture.  Dana. 


Pertaining  to  the  art  of 
[Gr.  (TTepcdc,  bard,  and 


DOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK  ;   KCLE,  BULL  ;   Vl"CIOUS.— 6  asK;   6a3J;  SasZ;   SHasSH;  THIS. 


15-20 


t  Se»  Table  of  Synonyms. 


STI 


STO 


STR 


STK'KK-0-S€0PE»7i.  [Gr.  trrepeck,  solitl,  ami  vko-  I 
ir«i»,  to  see.]  I 

An  opiical  contrivance  for  givins:  to  pictures  tho 
apl>earance  of  solid  forms,  as  scth  in  nature.     It  1 
ileponvls  for  its  operation  ou  the  fullowins:  fuct.    An  * 
*>itject  vitf\ved  by  b*>tli  eyes  does,  not  appear  to  each  l 
under  the  same  an.^le ;  henc<.-,  whatever  we  look 
uiH>n  is  appn-hcnde*iby  the  sense  of  vision  thnmirb  | 
the  me. limn  of  two  distinct  images,  which  unite  iu 
the  two  rettu;e  and  give  us  the  idea  of  substiincc 
and  soliility.     Tho  stereoscope  is  intended  to  ac-  , 
compUsh  the  same  end.     It  consists  of  a  close  box 
and  two  eye-pii*ces.     Into  this  bos  are  put  two  [ 
photographic  pictures  of  tho  same  object  (i>no  for 
each  eye-piece)  tafcon  under  a  small  diffei*enco  of 
angular  view.     £:ich  eye   therefore  looks  on  one  ! 
picture  only;  but  by  a  bending  of  the  rays  of  light,  i 
through  refraction  or  reflection,  the  two  pietures  [ 
are  superimposed  and  united  so  as  to  appear  but 
one  to  the  observer.    Tboa  the  sauic  ctFtct  is  pro-  | 
duced  as  in  natuml  vision,  and  the  objects  pre-  ' 
rented  in  the  picture  have  all  the  appearance  of  j 
solid  forms;  hence  tho  name.  Breic^Ur, 

STB-RE-0-5€OP'I€.  a.    Pertaining  to  the  stereo- 
scope, as  in  the  ^^reosopic  function  of  tho  two 
eye-glasses ;  adapted  to  the  stereoscope,  as  stereo- 
scopic pictures;   seen  through  it,  as  stereoscopic 
views. 
STSTIE-O-S^O-PT,  n.    The  art  or  science  of  tho 
stereoscope;  as  of  constructing  tho  instrument,  or 
the  views  used  with  it,  or  of  using  it. 
STK'BE-0-TTP-ING.  h.    Tlie  act  of  making  stereo- 
type plates  : — a.     M;iking  stereotype  plates. 
STE'EE-O-TTP-IST,  n.    One  who  makes  stereotype 

pbica. 
STK'RE-0-TTP-T,  n.    The  art  or  employment  of 

iiakin^  stereotype  plates.  Hurt, 

STfeRN'SON,   n.'    Tho  end  of  a  ship's  keelson,  to 

which  the  stem-post  is  bolted.  Oyilvie. 

STEW  (slu»,  n.  [a*ld.]  A  heated  state  of  worry  and 
SJ5[>ense;  as,  **we  were  in  a  great  ^eic.""  {I'oUo- 
quutt.]  IlaUitcell. 

STICK,  n.  [ad'il  GoM-stick^  a  title  of  the  colonels 
of  tho  two  rcinments  of  Life  Guards  iu  Englanil, 
whose  duty  it  is  to  attend  the  sovereign  on  all  state 
occasions.  Thc-y  act  alternately  for  a  month,  antl 
the  one  on  duty  at  the  palace  i^ called  goVl-HtU-h  in 
ic.titi'ig.  The  name  originated  in  tho  cn:?tom  of 
the  sovereign  in  presenting  a  goUI'Stii^t  to  tho  co- 
lonel of  the  Life  Guards  on  his  receiving  ccimniand 
of  the  regim^-nt. — SUrer-Htick^  a  title  given  to  tho 
field-officer  of  the  Life  Guards  when  on  duty  at  the 
palace.  Reports  arc  made  throush  him  to  the  gol'f- 
'du:k,  and  orders  from  the  latter  to  tho  regiment 
pa-i*  through  him.  Craig.     TTuickerat/, 

STiCK'ER.  n.  A  colloquial  term  for  a  sharp  remark, 
very  noiote»l!y  made  and  calculated  to  put  a  person 
completely  dow  n.  Tlmckeray. 

2.  An  article  of  merchandise  which  sticks  by  the 
dealer  an  I  dt>cs  not  find  a  rea<ly  sale.       Surtlett. 
PTlCK'ING-PL.VSTEP^   n.      An  adhesive  plaster 

fur  closing  woun'ls,  ic. 
STiCiC'IT.  pp.  or  a.     Stuck;  spoiled  in  making. 
A  sti'.-kit-minisfer  is  a  candid.-ite  f>r  the  cler- 
ical office  who  is  dis<inalifled  for  it  by  incompetency 
or  immonlity.     [Scotch.]  Ogiivie. 

STiG'MA-TlZ-ING,  n.    The  act  of  branding  with 

infamy. 
STiG'MA-ToSE,  a.  In  lot.^  belonsring  to  the  stigma. 
STlLL'-BlRTFl.  ti.    The  state  of  being  born  without 

life;  a  thing  born  without  life.  Ogilcie. 

STILL'-IIOL'SE,  n.    A  house  in  which  distillation  is 

cirried  on.  Auk. 

STiL'Ll-FOBM,  a.    Having  the  form  of  a  drop. 

R.  Owen. 
STiLTT,  a.    Unreasonably  elevated ;  pompons;  as, 

a  ^iiUy  style. 
STi.SG,  n-     [add.]    A  sensation  both  pleasing  and 

painful ;  as,  the  sting  of  love.  Ogilcie. 

sriNG'ING, /?pr.  or  a.    Inflicting  pain ;  as,  :k  sting- 

i-ig  remark. 
STlNGO',  a.     Having  power  to  sting  or  produce 
pain;  as,  a  stingy  review  of  a  book,  &.c 

LonO.  Quart.  Het. 
3TlXK'-TR.\P.    See  Stkxch-trap. 
STTNT,   p.  i.    To  stop:   to  restrain  one's  self;   as, 

"and  fAint  thou  too,  I  pray  thee."  S^uikes. 

STT'PEL,  TI.     In  hot.^  a  name  given  to  a  stipule  of  a 

leaflet.  A.  Gray. 

STI-PEI/LATE,  n.    In  hot,  having  stipels. 

A.  Gray. 
STT-PEND-.ITJ-AN,    a.    Acting  from   mercenary 

considerati«in^;  hired.  OgiUie. 

STTTEXD-LESS,  a.    Without  a  stipend  or  compen- 
sation, i^clec.  Rev. 
STiR'RUP-I'RON   (stSr'mp-  or  ster'rup-I'urn).  n. 
The  ring  of  steel  or  iron  attached  to  a  sttrmp-Ioather 
to  receive  the  frmt.  Booth, 


STITII'T,  *(.    [ad.l.]     A  smith's  bhop;  as,  "Vulcan's 

Hithi/,'"'  Shakefi. 

STOe-€AD'IXG,  n.  The  act  of  fortifying  with  point- 
ed stakes. 

STOCK,  n.  [add.]  To  t>ae  stock,  to  make  an  in- 
ventory of  goods  on  hand.  Dickens. 

STOCK -CHARGE,  n.  A  standing  charge  or  accusa- 
tion ;  one  often  repeated;  as,  "a  stork-charge 
against  Raleigh."  C.  Kingsley. 

ST0CK£'D  (stSkt),  7>/).  or  a.  Furnished  with  a  stock 
or  supply.  Ask. 

2.   Confined  in  the  instrument  of  punishment 
called  stocks.  Cka  ucer.     /loiin.shed, 

STOCK'-FARM-ER.  «.  A  farmer  who  makes  it  his 
business  to  rear  live-stock,  as  cattle,  &c. 

STOCKING,  n.  [add.]  The  act  of  supplying  with 
stuck  ;  as,  tho  stocking  of  a  larm.  Ash. 

STOCK'-LIST,  «,  A  list  or  account  of  the  price  of 
funds  invested  in  stocks,  ^i/nmonds. 

STOCK'-Pt'RSE,  n.  A  common  purse;  in  iniliiary 
affairs^  monies  saved  out  «>t'  the  expenses  of  a  com- 
piny  or  regiment,  and  applied  to  objects  of  common 
mterest.     "  Clarke.     Walt.  Scott. 

STOCK'-TXCK-LE,  n.  In  M/ps  a  tackle  used  when 
the  anchor  is  hoisted  and  secured,  to  keep  its  .stock 
clear  of  tho  ship's  sides.  Totten. 

STOCK'M  AN,  n.  A  herdsman  ;  one  having  the  charge 
of  stuck.     [Australia.]  Ilowitt. 

STOCK'-STA-TION,  n.  A  place  or  district  for  rear- 
ing stock.     [Atistralia.]  Ilowitt. 

STOCK'-TAK-IXG,  n.  A  periodical  examination  and 
inventory  made  of  goods  or  stock  in  a  sliop  or  ware- 
house. Simmonds. 

ST(E€IM-0-MET'RI€-AL,  }  a.  Pertaining  tostcech- 

ST0ieH-I-O-MET'Ul€-AL,  f     iumetry. 

STCECII-I-OM'E-TRT,  (n.     [Gr.  <no>.x^lov,  a  first 

STOI€H-I-0y'E-TRV,  ]  principle  or  element,  and 
tt.€Tpoi'.  measure.] 

In  chem,,  tho  science  of  atomic  proportions,  or 
chemical  equivalents.  S,  W.  John^m, 

STOKE,  V.  t  A.  term  applied  to  tho  stirring  and 
tondin^^of  a  fire  in  fumaces.asof  slenm-enirines.  &c 
[Var.  dial]  UaUiiceU. 

STOKE'-UOLE,  n.  The  mouth  to  the  grate  of  a  fur- 
nace; also  the  space  in  front  of  the  furnace  where 
the  stokers  stanti.  BtiV'i  Teeh.  Diet. 

STOK'ING,  n.  The  act  or  business  of  tending  a  fur- 
nace. 

STOLE,  n.  [add.]  A  long  loose  garment  reaching  to 
the  feet,  worn  by  ladies.  Spenser. 

'2.  In  hot.,  a  lax  trailing  stem  given  ofFut  tho  sum- 
mit of  the  root,  and  t;ikiug  root  at  intervals. 

I/ensloic. 

STOL^'D  (stold),  a.  Having  or  wearing  a  long  robe ; 
as,  "prophets  brightly  stoled  in  shinin?  lawn." 

G.  Fletcher, 

STO^.\TE,  «. ;  j>l.  STO-MA'TA.  [Gr.  oro^a,  the 
mouth. 1 

In  sooV.,  tho  breathing  hole  of  air-breathing  artic- 
ulates. Dana. 

ST0-MAT'I€,  n.  A  remedy  for  diseases  of  the  mouth. 

Dungll-ion, 

STOXE'-BRXSU,  n.  In  agric,  a  soil  made  up  of 
small  stones  or  finely  broken  rock.  Clarke. 

STON  E'-BIJCK.     See  Steisbok. 

STONE'-€OLD,  a.    Cold  as  a  stone  ;  as,— 

**  At  last  as  marble  roo^n  ho  standeth  slUl. 
Stont-co/d  without;  within  burnt  with  iovo'a  Qame," 

Fairfar. 

ST(5NE'-€0R-AL,  n.  A  name  sometimes  given  to 
coral  which  is  in  masses  in  distinction  from  that 
which  is  in  tho  form  of  branches.  Lyell. 

STOXE'-HXM-MER,  n.  A  hammer  for  breaking 
stone,  as  for  making  roads. 

STONE'-QCAE-RY,  n,  A  place  wliere  stones  are 
djig  out. 

STOXES'FIELD-SLATE,  n.  In  gco?.,  a  slaty  lime- 
stone of  the  oolitic  formation,  abounding  in  fossil 
remains.  Lyell. 

STOOL'-PIG-EOX,  n.  [OriginaUy^  stale  (a  decoy) 
or  staU-pigeon.]  A  pigeon  used  as  adecoy  to  ilraw 
others  within  a  not ;  keTice,  a  person  used  as  a  decoy 
for  others. 

STOOP'ING,  n.  The  act  of  bending  down  or  forward. 

Ask. 

STOP,  v.  i.  [add.]  To  stay  or  lodge ;  as,  to  stop  at 
one's  house.    [Coll.]  Bartlett.     Ogilvie. 

STOPE,  n.  A  mining  term  for  a  horizontal  bed  or 
layer;  to  stope  is  to  excavate  horizontally  layer 
after  layer.  Pryce.     Mining  Journal. 

STOPPING,  n.  Cutting  or  breaking  awav  mineral 
ground  by  layers.  Pryce.    Mining  Journal. 

STOP'PER-BOLT,  n.  A  large  ring-bolt  in  a  ship's 
deck,  to  which  the  deck  stoppers  are  hooked. 

Totten. 

STOPTER-ING,  n.  Tlie  act  of  securing  with  a 
stopper. 


SToP'PlNG,  n.    The  act  of  ceasing  to  move. 

2.  The  act  of  closing  or  obstructing.  A/^h. 

STOP'PLE  (stop'pl),  V.  t.    To  close  the  mouth  of  any 

thing  with  a  stopple.  Ogilvie. 

STOP'-WATCII  (vvotch),  «.  A  w.atch  whose  bands 
can  be  stopped  in  order  to  calculate  the  time  that 
has  passed  ;  as,  in  timing  a  race,  &c. 

Simmond.^. 

ST5RE'-PAT,  n.     Payment  for  goods  or  wi.rk  in 

articles  from  a  store  instead  of  money;  a  common 

u^acre  in  manufacturing  towns,  and  country  stores. 

[Am.]  Bartlett. 

STOUE'-SIIIP,  n.    A  vessel  used  to  transport  naval 

stores  to  a  fleet,  garrison,  &c.  Siinmonds. 

STi'^RM'TNG.  «.     The  net  of  attacking  with  violence ; 

violent  expression  of  pa^sion.  Ask. 

STi5RM'IN'G-PAR'Ty.  w.     A  party  assigned  to  tho 
duty  of  first  entering  the  breach  in  storminz  a  for- 
tress. CamphelVs  Mil.  Diet. 
STOR.M'LESS,  a.    "Without  storms. 
STO'RY-BOOK,  n.     A  book  containing  pleasins  nar- 
ratives, eilh'er  true  or  false.  JoJui  Wdson, 
STO'RY-TELL'ING,  n.    Tho  act  of  narratins  short 

histories,  true  or  false.  Ogilvie. 

STorr  (stoop\  n.  [aihl.]  A  b.tsin  for  holy  water 
at  tho  entruncG  of  Ronmn  Catholic  Churches,  into 
which  all  who  enter  dip  tlieir  finirers  and  cross 
tliemselves.  Oxford  Gloss,  of  Arch. 

STOVE,  «.     [add.]    In  kortic,  a  structure  in  which 
plants  are  cultivated  that  require  a  hisher  tempera- 
ture than  that  of  tho  open  air  in  England  and  simi- 
lar climates.  Brande.    Loudon. 
STRSD'DLE  (stradMl),  n.    The  act  of  standing  or 

walking  with  the  feet  wider  than  usual.  Ask. 

STRAD-0-MET'RI-€AL,  a.      [It.   strada,  a  street 
or  road,  and  Gr.  p.eTpoi',  measure.] 
Eclating  to  the  measuring  of  streets  or  roads. 

Ogilvie. 
STRAG'GLIXG,   a.      [add.]      In    hot.,   divaricately 

spreail,  as.  a  st'-agfjUng  hv.~\\.  ITensloic. 

STR.\G'GLING-LY,  n.     In  a  straggling  manner. 
STRAIGHT,  (str-ite),  a.     [.vld.]      In  hot.,   nppro?:i- 
mately  strai'jht;  as,  straight-rihhetl,  when  the  ribs 
pass  from  the  base  of  a  leaf  to  the  ap^x,  with  a 
small  curve.  Tlcn-dow. 

STRAIGTIT'-AECH,  «.  In  arck.,  a  form  of  arch 
in  which  the  intrados  is  straight,  but  with  its  joints 
drawn  concentrically,  as  iu  a  common  arch. 

Brande. 
STR.\N'*'GU-LA-TED,  a.     [add.]    In  hot,  noting  a 
contraction  and  expansion  in  an  irregular  manner. 

Hen&low. 
STRXP'PING,  n.    The  act  of  drawing  on  a  strap;  as, 
the  strapping  of  a  razor. 

2.  A  beating  with  a  strap,  as  to  get  a  good  strap- 
ping. Clarke. 
STRAT-E-GET'I€3.     See  Strategy. 
STRA-TE'GI€-AL-LY.  a.     In  a  strategic  manner. 
STR.\-TI-GR.\Piri€-AL.  a.     [sub.l     Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  strata;  as,  "e(/'a(i£?rapAicrtf  evidence." 

Uugk  Miller. 
STRATH'SPEY,  n.     [add.]     A   lively  tune  written 
usually  in  common   time,  originally  used  in   the 
dance  "so  calleil.  Moore's  Encyc.  Mus. 

STRAW,  n.  [add.]  Man  of  strmc,  an  image  of 
straw,  &c.,  resembling  a  man,  hence  an  im.aginary 
person  ;  as,  to  contend  with  a.mano/'strazc.  Straw 
hail,  worthless  bail,  as  being  given  by  irresponsible 
persons. 
STRAWBER-RY-PEAR,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Cactus  {C.  triangularis)  which  prows  in  the  West 
Indies,  and  bears  a  fruit  whose  flavor  is  sweetish, 
slightly  acid,  pleasant  and  cooling.  Lou'lon. 

STRAW-PLAIT,    n.      Strips    formed    by    plaiting 
wheat-straw,  and  used  for  making  hats  and  bonnets 
and  other  kin<l3  of  work. 
STRAW'-ROPE,  n.     A  rope  of  twisted  straw. 
STREAM'-ANCH-OR,  n.      An  anchor  in  size  be- 
tween tho  bower  and  kedge.  Totten. 
STREAMTUL,  a.    Abounding  in  streams,  or  in  wa- 
ter.            "                                                  Drayton. 
STRENGTHTFL.  n.     Abounding  in  strength. 
STREPS-iPTEE-OUS,  a.  [Gr.  <npe<^w,  to  twist,  and 
TTTcpoi',  a  wing.] 

Havins  twisted  wings;  as  certain  insects  in  which 
the  first  pair  of  wings  is  represented  by  twisted  ru- 
diments. Dana. 
STRETCHIER,  n.     [add.]     A  frame  or  bier  for  car- 
rying sick  or  wounded  persons.            Conyheare. 
2.  An  instrument  for  easing  gloves,  &c. 

Simmonds. 
S.  An  overstretching  of  the  truth;  a  iie.     [Local 
in  Eng.]  IlalliweU. 

STREW  (stra  or  etro).  v.  t.  [add.]  To  spread  abroad ; 
as.  "she  may  strew  dangerous  conjectures." 

Skal-es. 


A,  E,  Ac,  Um^.-A,  t,  &c.,   akort.-CkRV.,   FAR.  LAST.   F.\LL,   WHAT;    THERE.   TERM:    MARINE,    BIRD;    MoVF^ 


191 


t  See  Table  of  Synonyms. 


1521 


STU 


SUB 


SUN 


A  stria  or  channel  of  a 
liana. 


STRI'ATE,  V.  t.    To  mark  with  grooves  ov  channels 
as,  "  striated  longitudinally ."  ^-  Owen. 

STUl'A-TriiE,  n.     [sub.] 
striated  .surface. 

STRieT'UUli,  rt.  [add.]  Strictness;  as,  "a  man 
ut'itrieture  and  firm  abstinence."  Shaken. 

STRI€T'irE£'U,  ".  Affected  with  stricture ;  as,  a 
strictured  duct. 

STEID.  n.  [From  etHde.'\  A  local  name  in  parts 
of  Kniiland  for  a  narrow  passage  (which  appears  as  if 
it  miiht  be  crossed  at  a  stride)  torn  by  a  river 
through  hish  prccii>itous  banks,  between  which  tiie 
water  rushes  with  great  violence  and  a  stunning 
jjuise  Ilowitt.    Kingsley. 


"  The  pair  hflth  reached  that  fearful  chasm, 
lempliiic  to  bestride  ; 
For  liTdty  Wharf  is  there  peotin. 


e  pair 


With  rocks  ou  either  side. 

This  striding-place  is  called  the  Strid, 

A  name  it  look  of  yore ; 
A  thousand  years  hath  it  borne  that  name, 

Ajid  sbiill  a  thousand  more."  Wordsici'rih . 

STRIDE,  r.  t.     [.add.]    To  sit  astride  upon;  as  "I 

mean  to  stride  your  steed."  Shakes. 

STRID'ING,  fpr.     [add.]    Sitting  astride  of  or  up- 
on ;  as,  '^■striaing  tlie  blast."  Shakes. 
STEI'DENT,  a.     [L.  stridor.]     Noting  harshness; 
as,  "  a  xtrident  voice."                          Tliackeray. 

STRI-GIL'LOSE.     See  Stiugoits. 

STEIK'ING,  n.     The  act  of  hitting  with  a  blow. 

AsJi. 

BTRIK'IXG,  ppr.  or  a.  [add.]  Striking  distance 
the  distance  at  whicli  any  thing  can  be  reached 
■with  a  blow.  In  elect.,  the  distance  to  which  a 
spark  will  pass.  Francis. 

BTEIN'GEN-CY,  ra.  Severe  pressure ;  as,  the  «(«»- 
getiL-y  of  the  money  market. 

8TRIN'GENT-LY,  adv.  In  a  stringent  manner  ;  as, 
"by  proving  s<W«(7e«%."  More. 

BTRING'ERS.  n.  pi.  In  sliip-lullding,  strakes  of 
planliin-;  carried  round  the  inside  of  a  vessel  on  the 
under-side  of  the  beams.  Ogilcie. 

STRING'-PIECE,  n.  In  n reft.,  that  part  of  a  flight 
of  stairs  which  forms  its  ceiling  or  soflit.      Gwilt. 

BTROB-I-LA'CEOUS  (-la'shus),  a.  [L.  strohilus.] 
Bearing  strobils;  relating  to  strobils  or  strobil- 
bearing  plants,  ^.  Graij. 

BTROB'IL-ITES,  n.  pi.  A  genus  of  fossil  cones 
found  in  the  cretaceous  and  oiilitio  formations  of 
England. 

STUSK'INGS.    See  Strippisgs. 

STEOLL'ING,  a.  [add.)  Strolling-playei;  an  in- 
ferior stage-actor  wlio  wanders  about,  and  perforins 
wberevef  an  audienue  can  be  got.         Goklsmith. 

STRONG,  a.  [add.]  Strong  escape  an  escajie  ac- 
c.uni.lished  by  strength.  Shakes. 

STRU'I'lUe,  rt.    Pertaining  to  strophes.     Ogilvie. 

STRO'PIII-OLE,  n.  In  6o«.,  a  caruncle;  a  swollen 
fungus-like  excrescence  on  the  surface  of  some 
seeds,  about  the  hilum.  Hen.'iloiD. 

STRUeTTIRE,  n.  [add.]  In  geol.,  the  arrangement 
of  tlie  parts  of  rocks  viewed  on  a  larger  scale  than 


Ogilvie. 
To  play  on  an  instrument  of 
noisy  way  ;    to  thrum  ;  as,  to 


that  of  texture. 
STRtJ.M,  V.  t.  or  V.  i. 
music  in  n  coarse, 
strum  a  piano. 
STRP'.M.X,  «.    [add.]     In  lot.,  the  swelling  or  pro- 
tuberance of  any  organ.  A.  Gray. 
STRtj'MOUS-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being 

strumous. 
STRU.M'MING,  n.   The  act  of  striking  the  strings  of 

a  musical  instrument  in  a  coarse  noisy  way. 
STRUM'STRUM,  n.    A  noisy  musical  instrument; 
as,  "  the  struinstrum  is  made  somewhat  like  a  cit- 
tern." Dampier. 
STtJIS'BI-NESS.     See  Stubbedness. 
STUB'BLfi'D  (stub'bld),  o.     Covered  with  stubble ; 
as,  "a  crow  was  strutting  o'er  the  stiibhled  plain." 

Gay. 
STtT€'€0-ING,  n.    The  act  of  overlaying  with  stuc- 
co; the  stucco  thus  overl.aid. 
STUD'V-ING,  n.    The  act  of  closely  applying  the 

mind  to  obtain  knowledge.  Ash. 

STUFF,  V.  t.    [add.]     To  stuff  a  iallot  Vox,  is  to 

crowd  it  with  Irauduleut  votes,     [^j/i.] 
STtjFF'ER.  II.     One  whostuffs,  particularly  one  who 

puts  fraudulent  votes  into  a  ballot  box.     [-ijH.] 
STUFF'-GOWN,  71.     A  gown  made  of  a  woolen  fab- 
ric ;  hence  applied  in  England  to  a  junior  barrister, 
or  one  not  entitled  to  wear  a  silk  gown  like  the 
King's  or  Queen's  counsel.  Lord  Camphell. 

STtJFF'ING-B<')X,  n.  An  arrangement  for  render- 
ins  a  joint  tight  where  a  movable  rod  passes  into  a 
vessel  of  some  kind,  as  the  cylinder  of  a  steam- 
engine,  &c.  It  consists  of  a  close  box  cast  round  the 
hole  through  which  the  rod  passes,  in  which  is  laid 
round  the  rod  and  in  contact  with  it  a  quantity  of 


hemp-packing   lubricated  with    oily    matter,  and 
piesseil  closely  down  by  a  ring  on  top.    Francis. 
STtJFF'I-NESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  sulky  or  ob- 
stinate. 
STtJFFT,  a.     In  Scotland,  stout;  mettlesome  ;  reso- 
lute. Jamieson. 
In  America,  angry  and  obstinate.         Btn-tlett. 
STTJL'Tl-FI-EE,  71.    One  who  stultifles. 
STUL-TIL'O-QUENT-LT,  adv.    In  the  way  of  fool- 
ish talk.  Phillips. 
STUM'ELING,  n.    The  act  of  tripping,  blundering, 

puzzling,  or  offending.  Ash. 

STtjMP,  n.     [add.]    A  rod  or  frame  of  rods  used  in 

the  game  of  cricket.  Conybeai-e. 

2.  A  short,  thick  roll  of  leather  or  paper  used  to 
smear  a  crayon  or  pencil  drawing,  for  shading  it. 

Craig. 
STUMP,  T.  i.    To  walk  heavilv,  as  if  on  stumps. 

Wright. 
To  stump  wp,  to  pay  cash.  HaUiicell. 

STUMP,  71.  f.     [add.]     To  stump  oid,\Ticnc\iet,\sto 
bowl  out  by  knocking  down  the  stump  or  wicket. 

Clarke. 
STtJMP'EE,  n.    One  who  stumps.  Ogilrie. 

2.  A  boastful  person.  Bailey. 

3.  A  story  that  puzzles,  or  creates  incredulity. 
[CoHoguial  and  lowA  Burtlett. 

S'TUMP'l-NESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  stumpy. 

Clarke. 
STUN'NER,  n.    He  or  that  which  stuns ;  often  ap- 
plied to  whatever  overpowers  by  astonishment ;  as, 
"  that  story  is  a  stunner.'^    [Coll.  and  Uujn.} 
STCN'NING,  ppr.  or  a.    Striking  or  overpowering 
with  astonishment;  as,  "stunning  poetrv." 

Thackeray.     C.  Kingsley. 
BTU-PE-F.l'CIENT  (-K'shent),  11.    Any  thing  pro- 
moting stupefaction;  a  narcotic.  I>ungli.son. 
STU-PE-FA'CIENT,  a.     Promoting  stupefaction. 
STU'POSE,  a.     [L.  slupa.  the  coarse  part  of  fl.ax,  &c.] 

Composed  of  matted  filaments,  Uenslow. 

STY'LAIt.    See  Stilae. 

STYL'ISII-LY,  adv.     In  a  fashionable  manner. 
BT  YL'ISH-NESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  fashionable. 

Foster. 
BT'T-LO-PO'DI-UII,  n.     [Gr.  o-riXos,  a  style,  and 
TToitt;,  .a  foot.] 

A  fleshy  disk  at  the  base  of  tho  style,  in  some 

plants,  as  the  umbellilerw,  Ilenslow. 

SUA-VIL'O-QUENT  (swa-),  a.     Sweetly  speakinj 

using  soft  and  agreeable  speech.  Cole. 

SUB-XC'E-TATE,  n.    An  acetate  having  an  excess 

oftliebase;  as,  swi-flct^/^e  of  lead.         Gregory. 
8UB-.\'GENT,  n.    An  under  agent. 
SUB-A'GEN-CT,  7!.    A  subordinate  agency. 
SUB-XL'PINE,  a.   Approximately  alpine;  belonging 
to  a  region  on  any  high  mountain  next  below  alpino ; 
as,  SM^-rt/^i7ie  plants.  Dana. 

SUB-AECTie,  (I.     Approximately  arctic;   belong- 
ing to  a  region  just  below  tho  arctic. 
8UB-€(5N'TRA-RY,  71.      A  proposition  Inferior  or 

contrary  in  a  lower  degree.  Watts. 

SUB-ED'I-TOE,  n.    An  assistant  editor. 

_  Bl-acktcood. 

SU'BER-OSE.  _Same  as  St-BERors. 
SUB-ES-O-PHA'GE- AL,  a.     Beneath  tho  esophagus. 
SUB-J.\'CENT-LY,  adv.    In  a  subjacent  manner  or 

position.  LT.  BuihneU. 

6UB-.JE€-TIT'I-TIES,  n.Z'l  Topics  treated  in  their 

subjective  bearings.  C.  Kingsley. 

9DB-JIC'I-BLE,  a.    That  can  be  subjected. 

Jer.  Taylor. 
StJB'LI-MA-TO-RY,  a.    Used  for  sublimation;   as, 

suhlimatory  vessels.  Boyle. 

BUB-MENT'AL,  a.    [L.  ««&,  under,  and  mentum, 
the  chin.] 

In  anat.,  situated  under  the  chin;  as,  the  sub- 
mental artery.  Vunglison. 
SUB-ME-TiL'LIt',  a.    Imperfectly  metallic;  as,  a 

suh-meiaUic  luster. 
8DB-0B-TUSE',  a.    Partially  obtuse. 
SUB-PO'LAE,  a.     Below  tho  poles;   on  the  lower 

meridia_n. 
8UB-PRB'FEeT,  71.    An  assistant  prefect, 
SUB-SfiL'LI-A,  n.  pi.      [L.]     In  eccles.  arch.,  the 
small  shelving  seats  in  the  stalls  of  churches  or 
cathedrals,  used  either  as  seats  or  forms  to  kneel  on. 
They  were  also  called  Misereres. 

Ogilvie.    Fosbrokc. 
SCB-SID'I-A-EI-LY.  adv.    In  a  manner  to  a,ssist. 
SUB-SID'ING,  71.    The  act  of  settling  down  or  sink- 
ing; as, '■  tho  SK^sWiTif;  of  the  mercury."   Boyle. 
SUB-SID'ING,  ^pr.  or  f7.    Settling  down  into  calm- 
ness or  (piietness  ;  sinking  to  the  bottom  ;  as,  "  the 
sea  suttsiding,  and  the  tempest  o'er."  Pitt 

SCB-SlST'ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Continning  to  exist ;  as, 

suit-listing  relations.  Locke. 

St'B'SOIL,  ?!.  t.    To  plow  very  deeply. 
StTB'SOIL-ING,  n.    The  act  of  plowing  deeply. 

Garaner^s  Farm.  'Diet. 


The  act  of  i)roving  o 
Ash. 
The  fact  of 


SUB-ST.\N'TI.\-TING, 
making  to  exisj. 

8UB-STAN-TI-A'TI0N  (-she-a'shun), 
proving. 

SUB-STI-TU'TION-AL-LT,  adv.  In  the  way  of  sub- 
stitution. 

BUB-STl-TtJTION-A-EY,  a.    Noting  substitution. 

J.  P.  Smith. 

SUB-SUMP'TION,  71.  That  which  is  assumed  as  a 
consequence  of  something  else ;  as, — 

"  When  we  are  able  to  comprehend  how  or  why  a  thing  Is,  the 
belief  of  (he  existence  of  that  thing  is  not  a  primary  dnmm 
of  consciousness,  but  a  t'lfii'iiiipCK-ii  under  the  cognition  or 
belief  which  affords  its  reason.''  Sir  If.  Haiuilton. 

SUB-SUIIP'TIYE,  a.    Kelating  to  a  subsiimption. 
_  Coleridge. 

SUB-TRI-IIE'DEAL,  a.  Approaching  the  form  of  a 
tliree-sided  p}-ramid ;  as,  the  sub-trihedral  crown 
of  a  tooth.  Li.  Owen. 

SBB-TECDE',  v.  i.    To  place  under  ;  to  insert. 

Ogilrie. 
SUB-VENE',  v.  i.    [L.  s-ub,  and  venio,  to  come.] 
To  come  under  or  hai)pen ;  as,  "  a  future  state 
must  needs  subvene  to  prevent  the  whole  edifice 
from  falling  into  ruin."  Warburton. 

StjB-YER'SION-A-EY,  a.    Fromotin"  destruction. 
SU€'€'ADES.  7i.  pi.     [L.  succus,  juice.] 

Canilied  fruits  or  those  preserved  in  syrup  ;  sweet- 
meats. L)e  Foe. 
SU€-CEED'ANT,  a.    In  heraldry,  succeeding  imo 

another.  Ogilrie. 

SU€-CES'SION-AL,  a.  [add.]  Existing  in_  succes- 
sion ;  consecutive ;  as, "  successional  teeth." 

P.  Oicen. 
SU€-CES'SION-IST,  71,    A  person  who  holds  to  a. 
regular  succession,  as  apostolical  succession,  &c. 

Clarke. 
SU€'CU-LOUS.    See  Srcctn-ENT. 
8U€-€US'SIVE,  a.  [add.]    Noting  a  sh.aking  motion, 
especially  an   up  and   down    movement    and   not 
merely   trenuilous  oscillation;    as,  the  surrussiva 
motion  in  earthquakes.  Dana. 

SUCK'ING,  71,  The  act  of  drawing  in  with  the  mouth ; 

imbibing.  Ash. 

Sr-DOR-lF'EE-OrS,    a.      Producing  or  secreting 

perspiration. 
StTF'FEA-GAN-SniP,  71.    Tho  office  of  a  suffragan. 

Ogilvie. 
SUG'AE,  a.    Of  or  pertaining  to  sugar.  Ash. 

SUG'AE-I-NES3,  71.    The  state  or  quality  of  being 

sugary,  or  sweet  Lotcell. 

SUGr'AE-ING,  77.    The  act  of  covering  or  sweetening 

'with  sugar  ;  also,  the  sugar  thus  used.  Ash. 

2.  The  process  of  makinir  sugar. 

SUG-GEST'IYE-LY,  adv.  "By  way  of  suggestion. 

SUG-GEST'IVE-NESS,  «,    The  state  or  quality  of 

being  suggestive,  Allen. 

StJ'I-D^,  n.  pi.      [L.  sus,  a  hog.] 

Swine ;  a  family  of  pachydermatous  mammalia, 
of  high  importance  to  man  for  economical  purposes- 
Ogilvie.     Cuvier, 
SU'IL-LINE,  a.    [L.  sus,  a  hog.] 

Pertaining  to  tne  family  of  the  hog.  as  the  suil- 
Une  quadrupetls.  Dana. 

SUIT-A-BIL'I-TT,  7>.  Theqnality  of  fitness.  Cogan- 
SUITE  (sweat),  n.  [Fr.]  [add.]  A  connected  suc- 
cession or  series;  as,  a  suite  of  rooms. 
BUL-TA'NA,  77.  A  species  of  marsh  bird  (.Por- 
phyrio  martiiiica),  having  long  toes;  it  is  found  in 
the  West  Indies  and  the  southern  part  of  the  United 
States.  Lmp.  Add.     Cuvier. 

SUL-TAN'ie,  a.     Pertaining  to  a  sultan. 
StJM'MER-Y,  a.    Of  or  pertaining  to  summer. 

Judd. 
SUMP'TER,  a.  Noting  an  animal  that  carries  bur- 
dens; as,  a  sumpter  horse, 
StJN,  71.  [add.]  57i7i  «7itf^?a7ie/ iM^e/^,  an  ingen- 
ious co'ntrivance  in  inedi.,  to  convert  the  recipro- 
cating motion  of  a  beam  into  rotatory  motion.  It 
consists  of  a  toothed  wheel  (called  the  sun-icheel), 
firmly  secured  to  the  axis  of  a  large  wheel  it  is  de- 
sired to  drive,  and  another  wheel  (called  ih,: planeU 
icheef)  is  secured  to  the  end  of  the  connecting  rod. 
By  the  motion  of  the  connecting  rod,  the  planet- 
wheel  is  made  to  circulate  round  tho  wheel  on  tho 
axis  of  the  larger,  communicating  to  this  latter  a 
velocity  double' of  its  own.  Francis. 

S'fTN'-BiRD,  7?,  A  species  of  bird  (Neciarinina), 
found  chiefly  in  the  tropical  p.arts  of  Africa  and 
Asia;  they  live  on  the  juices  of  flowers,  their  nature 
is  eay  and  their  sons  atrreeable  ;  the  color  of  their 
plumage  usually  metallic  and  very  .showy. 

Leon.  Encyc. 
SUN'-BLiNK,  71.    A  glimpse  or  flash  of  the  sun. 

Walt.  Scott. 
StTN'DRIES,  77.  pi.    Many  small  thinss. 
S'C'N'Nl-NESS,  71,     The  state  or  quality   of  being 

sunny.  Melville. 

StTN'WARD.  adv.    Toward  the  sun,  as  to  inarch  suit' 

ward.  Quar.  Pen. 


DOVE,  VTOLF,   BOOK;    EtfLE,  BULL;    VI"CIOCS.— 6  as  K;    6-  as  J;    S  as  Z;    CH  ns  SH ;    THIS. 


1522 


t  Sea  Table  0/ Synonyms. 


SWA 

SC-PAWX',  n.     An  Intlian  name  fi«r  iho  Ix'tletl  meal 

of  niaizf,  or  basiy  pudding.     [Jm.]  Sttrtiett. 

S^-P£KB'-NE:^S.  n.    The  state  of  being  superb,  or 

pruuiUy  masniticeut 
SCTER-eUAUtiE,   n.      In  A«r.,    one    bearins  or 

fiiTure  placed  u(Kjn  another.  Oi/iicie. 

Sr-PF.a-Fi"CIAL-lST,  n.    One  who  attends  to  any 

thing  superiacially.  AsA. 

SU-PEE-Ji'CHlNT^a.  Lylngabove;  us,  superjacent 

rocks. 
Sr  rER-NAT-tT-KAL-IST'ie,    a.      Pertaining   to 

sapern.itnr.ilTsm. 
Sr-PK  -    HATE,  n.    A  common  abbreviation 

of.>  '    of  lime.     This  in  commerce^  is  n 

fert;.  I  by  treating  CTOund  bones,  bone- 

bl:ick.  cr  pUL^;.liorite^  with  sulphuric  acid,  whereby 
a  portion  of  the  insoluble  phosphoric  acid  is  rendered 
soluble  in  water. 

In  cAem.^  superjthosphate  of  lime  is  a  soluble  salt, 
composed  of  one  eq'iivalent  of  phosphoric  acid,  one 
of  lime,  and  ten  of  wat^r;  it  is  tne  characteristic  in- 
gredient of  commercial  superphosphate. 

^  IT  John«on. 
Sr-PER-VO'LrrE;  a.      In   hot,  navins;  a  plaited 
and  convolute  arrangement  in  the  bud. 

A.  Grm/. 
SCP'PLE-IXCK,  IK     A   name  given   to  n  tlcxiblc 
kind  of  walkini^-cano  made  from  a  plant  (^i^imnu^ 
xolubUUy,  of  :3ouch  America. 

Sinimondi.     Jliftx  Edgetcorth. 
SC■P'PLI-€A^'T-LY,  adc.     In  tho  manner  of  a  sup- 
plicant. 
SLP-PLI-€.\TION,  n-      [add.]     Supplications  in 

quill,  are  writtt-n  requests.  S^uikeJt, 

Sr.PKA-€i5STAL,  a.     Being  above  or  upon  the 

ribs. 

SU-PRA-€KE-TX'CEOrS  (tii'shus),  a.      In    geol., 

Dottnir  any  deposits  lying  above  the  chalk  ;    tertiary 

dep*»sits.  De  La  BecJie. 

Sr-PKA-E-SOPH'A-GAL,  a.    Above  the  es*>pha-us. 

SU-PRA-LAP-S.\'Ri-AN-lSM,  n.    The  doctrine  ol 

the  snpralapsarians.  AmA, 

Sr-PRA-SPFNAl-,  a.    Above  tho  spino  or  ridge  of 

the  scapula.  Daiui. 

SCE'CC-LOSE,  a.     In  loL,  producing  suckcrn  or 

shoots  resembling  them.  A.  Gray. 

St'Ii'FA-CING.  n.  The  act  of  working  on  the  sur- 
face; as,  in  seeking  gold.  Clarke. 
SrRF'-BOAT.  n.  A  boat  capable  of  passing  easily 
aO'l  safely  through  heavrsurf.  It  must  be  buoyant 
so  as  to  tloat,  even  if  hlled  with  water,  and  also 
strong  to  resist  the  shock  of  striking  the  beach,  .fee. 

Putntim, 
SURGETUXi,  a.     Abounding  in  siinres;  as,  "upon 
her  spacious  bed,  tossing  the  surge/ul  tides'' 
*t^ .  Drat/ton. 

SURtr'ING,  n.     A  swelling  or  rising  high,    as  of 
Waves.  .'Ifl^. 

'2    A  letlinc-so  suddenlv,  as  of  ropes,       Clari'f. 
-"      M'trN'T'lNO.  n.    The  act  of  rising  above,  or 

■ming.  as  a  difflcutty.  Asli. 

-'.  l:  ut'NAL,  a.     [L,  auper^  and  ren,  renis,  the 
ki.iney.] 
Noting  what  is  above  the  kidney.     Dunglison. 
SrK-R£N'DEE-I>JG,  n.    Tho  act  of  yielding  up  to 

another.  Clarke. 

SUR'RO-GATE-SniP.  n.  The  office  of  a  surrogate. 

Ogilvie. 
Srs-CEPTIVE-KE53.    See  SrscEprrviTT. 
SU-SCR'RIXG-LY,  n.    [L  fwmrro,  to  whisper] 
In  the  manner  of  a  whisper  or  soft  murmur. 
^  _  Wilson. 

St  'ZE-RAIN,  n.    A  superior  lord  to  whom  fealty  is 

fine.  Het/sg. 

SWABTJIXG,  n.    The  act  of  cleaning  with  a  mop  or 

sVab.  AsA. 

SWAfjEl,   n.     [adj.]     A  molding  or  forming  tool 
used  by  blacksmiths  and  other  workers  in  metal. 
AppUton's  JfecJi.  Diet. 
SW.lG'GER,  n.    Boastfulnes^  or  insolence  of  man- 
ner ;  a*.  "^  ho  gave  a  ha\(-^wagger,  half  leer,  as  he 
stepped  forth  to  receive  us."  Wtufh,  Irving. 

SW.XG'GER-ING,  n.    The  act  of  being  boastful  or 

in-ok-nt.  A^h. 

SWA'(rISG,  n.    The  act  or  pEOccss  of  shaping  with 
a  swage. 

The  condition  of  a  swain. 

BfiiJlie. 
The  act  of  plunging  or  whelming, 


SYL 


TAG 


SWilN'SHIP,  n. 

SW.^MP^XG,  n. 

as  of  a  tK)3t. 
SWAN'KIE, 


An  active  joang  fellow. 

Willi.  Scott. 
SWAXTAN.  n.    The  Chinese  abacns.  or  calculating 

instmmcnt.  S.  W.  WUtiiirmi, 

SWARM'INO,  n.    The  act  of  collecUnz  in  crowds. 
i.  The  act  of  learinz  a  Live  in  a  swam),  as  bees 
do.  "  Ash. 

3.  The  act  of  climbio^  a  mast  or  tree  by  pressing 
op  with  tbe  l^nees.  MamjtUt. 


SWASil'lSO,  ppr.  or  a.  Morinj  or  (lashing  with 
violence;  blustering;  as,  "  a  stcasldng  and  mar- 
tial  ouLsiile."  S/uikes. 

sWASH'INtt,  11.    The  act  of  moving  or  dashing  vio- 
lently ;  as,  '•  the  eicaAing  of  water  on  rocks." 
^xc-*a  -  Richardson. 

feWASH'-WAT,  n.      A  narrow  channel  of  water 

among  sands,  tfcc.  Ogtlvii. 

SWATU'ING,  n-.    The  act  of  wrapping  np,  as  in 

bandages,  rollers,  ic  Ash. 

SWEAT'ING,  n.    The  act  of  emitting  or  producing 

s^feit  Arbuthnot. 

3.  Tho  act  of  reducing  by  small  quantities,  as 
tho  mceating  of  coin  bv  shaicina  it  in  a  bag, so  that 
tho  friction  wears  off  a  portion  of  metal. 

„,„ _„      ,  Stm77iond3. 

SWE-Di?N-B(5E'(il-AN,  a.    Pertaining  to  Swedcn- 

borg  or  his  views.  Oniltie. 

S WEDGE.    See  Swage. 

SWEEP,  v.t.  [add.]  To  pass  rapidly  over  in  suc- 
cession ;  a-s  to  su:eep  the  heavens  with  a  telescope. 

„,„ .  JleracheK 

SWEEP'ING-NESS.  n.  Tho  quality  of  being  sweep- 
ing; as,  tho  stceepiiiyntis  of  a  charge. 
^  __,„„_,  Leigh  Hunt. 

SWEET,  a.  [add.]  To  be  stciet  upon,  to  treat  with 
such  marked  interest  or  attention,  as  to  inilicate  an 
incipient  affection.  T/iackeiaif. 

SWELL,  n.   A  showy,  dashy  young  fellow.  Dickens. 
SWELL'-MOB,  n.     Well  dressed'  thieves  taken  col- 
lectively :  as,  '•  one  of  the  swell-mob."    Dickens. 
SWINGING,  «.  The  act  of  drinking  large  dran^-hts. 

atirke. 
Sh  IN'DLE,  fl.    The  act  or  process  of  defrauding  by 

systematic  imposition.  Ci'aig. 

SWI.\'Isn-XESS,  n.    The  state  or  quality  of  being 

swinbb.  Ogilvie.  " 

SWLXKffD   (swinkt),    pp.   or   a.      Overlabored; 

weary  ;  a.s,  *•  tho  tttcinkea  Klborer."  Milton. 

SWIPES.  J!.  ;;?.     Poor  weak  beer.  ITnUiweU. 

2.  Ollen  applied  in  Scotland  to  a  kind  of  home- 
brewed beer.  Craig. 
SWjRI<,  c.  t.   [Ico.  ncirra-l   To  whirl  like  a  vortex. 

Jamie-ion. 
SWIRL,  n.    A  whirling  motion;  an  eddy  of  water, 

wind,  or  snow.  Jiimieson. 

SWiTCII.  c.  t.    [add]    To  turn  from  one  railway 
track  to  another,  generally  with  q^;  as,  to  ewitcK- 
Q^a  train. 
SWiTcn'IXG,  n.    .\  beating  with  a  switch.    Ash. 
2.  The  act  of  tnrning  cars  off  one  track  to  an- 
other ;^/?/i;-.  or  a.    Turning  off  from  one  track  to 
another. 
SWITCII'MAN,  n.    Ono  who  tends  a  switch  on  a 

railway.  Simmonds. 

SWlV'i'I^Ef.ffD  (swiv'vl-Idc),  a.     Squint-cyeiL 
WrighCs  Prof.  Diet. 
SWIZZLE  (swiz'zll,  n.     A  drink  of  nlo  and  beer 

nii.xe.l.     [Isle  of  Wight.]  Ifalliicell. 

SWIZ'ZLE,  r.  t.     To  drink  or  swill.        /Tallijcell. 
SWiZ'ZLIXG.  n.    Tho  act  of  drinking;— </.  Noting 

the  act  of  drinking. 
SWOON'ING-LV,  adv.    In  a  swooning  manner. 
SWOOP'ING,  n.    The  act  of  coming  down  or  pounc- 
ing on,  as  a  bird  of  prey. 
SWOOP'IXG,  a.    Coming  down  or  pouncing  upon. 
SWOED'-AP.M,  n.    The  right  arm. 
SW(3P.D'-B.\T'0-\ET,  n.    A  b.nyonet  shaped  like 
a  sword,  commonly  attatdicd  to  rifles. 

Jlcifs  Tech.  Diet. 
SWORD'-€.\XE.  n.    A  cane  containing  a  sword. 
Sl^'A-RI-TI$M,  n.    The  habit  of  extreme  lu.iury. 
ST€II-XO-€AR'POrs.  n,     [Gr.  (rvx^K,  much  or 
frequent,  anri  KapTro^,  fruit] 

Noting  the  cap.acity  of  bearing  frequent  crops  of 
fruit  without  perishing,  as  syclinocar pints  plants. 

flensloic. 
9T€-0-PH.XXT'I€-AL,  a.    Meanly  or  obsequiously 
fliittering:  as,   "to  bo  cheated  and  mined  by  a 
sycophantical  parasite.**  South. 

Sre-O-PHAXT'ISII,  a.    Resembling  a  sycophant; 

flattering. 
St'e'<)-PII.\XT-I$M.  n.  Me.in  flattery;  sycophancy; 
as,  '' stiTvW^  sycopluintism  ixn<[  artful  bigotry." 

'Knox. 
ST-E-XrT'I€,  a.      Pertaining  to  Syeno  in  Upper 
Egypt,  as  si/enitie  inscriptions. 
2.  Related  to  the  rock  named  syenite. 
STT^'LA-BA-RY,  n.     A  table  of  syllables;  more  par- 
ticularly the  indivisible  syllabic  sytiibols  of   the 
J.apanese  and  Cherokee  Langnage ;  these  are   tho 
only  two  people  who  use  a  syllabic  alphabet  instead 
of  letters.       _  *'■  Wells  Williams. 

STL^LXB'T-fl,^^'  \  "•  '■    "^^  ^""^  '"'"  ^y"''"^'- 
Sli'L'LA-BIST,  n.    One  who  forms  words  into  syl- 
lables or  is  skilled  in  doing  this.  Ogilvie. 


SYL-LEP'TI-€AL,  a.    Eelatin 


Sti/LO-GlZ-ING,  n. 

losisms. 
SYL-VES'TKI-AN 


to  syllepsis. 

Ogilvie. 
The  act  of  reasoning  by  syl- 


a.    Inhabiting  woods;  sylvan. 
SYM'BOL-ISM.  n.     [add.]    A  system  of  symbols  or 
representations. 
2.  Tho  science  of  symbols  or  creeds. 

ST'M'B0L-5gT-€AL,  a.    Versed  in  symbofogy,  *or 

the  art  of  expressing  by  symbols, 
ST'M'PA-TUI-ZEE,  n.    Ono  who  sympathizes. 

„  Melville. 

STM-PIIYS'E-AL,  a.    Relating  to  symphysis. 

Ogilvie. 
SYM-PO'SI-AST,  n.    One  engaged  with  others  at  a 

banquet  or  merry-making.    "  Ash. 

SYX-XN'TIIER-OUS,  a.     In  hot.,  having  the  sta- 
mens united  bv  their  anthers.  l/en^low. 
SYN-€HR(5Xa€-AL-LY,  adv.     In  a  syncbronical 
manner  ;  as,  "either 8y7icA/'07iicaWyorsuccessively, 
according  to  tbe  order  of  impression.''    BeUham. 
SYX-€HR0-NI3TI€,  a.     Relating  to  agreement  as 

tu  time  ;  as,  ^}jnchronistic  tables.  Ogilvie. 

SYN-€nRO-N0L'O-GY,  7i.    [Gr.  <niv,  xpo^-os,  time 
and  A670C,  an  accotmt.] 
Contemporaneous  chronology.  Clarke. 

Slr'N'6E-XESE,  n.      A  plant  whose    stamens    are 

jmited  by  the  anthers.  Craig, 

ST'N'OD-IST,  n.    One  who  adheres  to  a  synod. 

Ogilvie. 
SYPn-I-LIT'I€-AL-LY,   adv.    With  venereal  dis- 
ease. 
StPII'I-LlZE,  V.  t.    To  Inoculate  with  tbe  venereal 

disease. 
SYPII-I-LT-Z.VTION,  n.    Saturation  of  the  system 
by  inoculation  with  the  venereal  disease. 

Dunglison. 
ST'-PH0N'I€.    See  Sipnoyic. 
StPv'ING-ING,  n.    The  act  of  washing  with  a  syr- 

iu:;c  ;  a.  Pertaining  to  the  use  of  a  syringe. 
St'R'IXX,  n.    [Gr.  o-Opc-y|,  a  pipe.] 

In  mti^ic^  a  wind  instrument  made  of  reeds  tied 
together,  sometimes  ctiX\Q({  jiandean-pipes. 

Moore's  Etict/c.  Mits. 
S  YETie  (sir'tik),  a.    Eclating  to  a  syrt  or  quicksand. 

Ed.  Rev. 
SYS-T.lLTie,  a.     [Gr.  ctvo-tAAw.  to  draw  together.] 
Capable  of  alternate  contraction  and  dilatation  ; 
as,  the  ><i/staHic  action  of  the  heart.     Dungli^son. 
STSTEM-A-TI$M,  n.     A  method  accordingto  which 
every  fact  of  a  science  is  collected  round  an  opinion 
true  or  false.  Dunglijion. 

SYS-TEMT€.  a.     Relating  to  a  system.    Fleming. 
2.  In  patkol.,  belonging  to  the  genenal  system; 
as,  s>/stei7iic  circulation.  Dunglison. 

SYS-TEM-A-TDI/O-GY,  n.    The  doctrine  or  a  trea- 
tise of  systems.  Dunglison, 


To  lay  on  the  table ;  as,  to 
as,  table 


T.VlJLE,  r.  t     [add.] 
taOle  a  bill. 

TA'BLE,  a.    Of  or  pertaining  to  a  table; 
beer. 

2,  Having  a  flat  or  level  surface ;  as,  a  iithle- 
diamond,  t<thlc.  land.  Ct'uig. 

TA'BLE-LiX'EN,  n.  Linen  table-cloths,  napkins,  &c. 

Ogilvie. 

TA'BLE-MON'EY  (mun'y).  n.  In  the  ^uivfj,  an  al- 
low.-ince  to  flag-officers  in  addition  to  their  pay,  as  a 
compensation  for  the  expenses  they  are  put  to  in 
furnishing  their  table.  Ogilvie. 

TA'BLE-SHORE,  n.    A  low,  level  shore.     ToUen. 

TA'BLE-SPOON,  n.    A  large  spoon  used  at  table. 

Afih-. 

TABTETS,  n.  pi.  A  form  of  pocket  memorandum 
book.  Simmonds. 

T A-BOO^D'  (ta-boodO,  PP-  or  a.  Interdicted  or  pro- 
hibited. Wright. 

TA-BOO'ING,  n.  The  act  of  prohibiting  or  inter- 
dicting; ppr.  or  a.  Interdicting. 

TXB'P-LAR,  a.  [add.]  Performed  or  computed  by 
the  use  of  tables ;  as,  tahuhtr  right  ascension. 

2.  Computed  for  the  purpose  of  tables;  as,  tabu- 
lar statistics. 

TAB'tT-lA  RA'SA,  n.  [L.  a  smoothed  tablet.]  A 
term  applit^d  figuratively  to  the  mind  in  its  earliest 
state,  before  receiving  impres5ions  from  without. 

TXBIJ-LA-TED.  pp.  or  a.  [add.]  Reduced  to  ta- 
bles; an.  tabulated  tcsmW-s,. 

TAB-U-LA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  forming  tables ;  as, 
the  tabulation  of  statistics. 

TACII-Y-DI-DAX'Y,  n.     [Gr.  raxv?,  quick,  and  fii- 
6afi?,  teaching:.] 
A  short  method  of  instructing.  Ogilvie. 


A,   K.  Ac,    long.—\,   £,    Ac.,  nhort.—CkVS.,   FAR,  LAST,  FALL,   WHAT;    THfiEE,  TfiUM;    MARINE,  BtRD;     MOVK, 


t  See  Table  of  Sf/nonym3. 


1523 


TAN 

T.XCK'ING,  71.  The  act  of  changing  a  ship's  course, 
by  abil'ting  the  tacks  and  position  uf  the  sails. 

Totten. 
TA€'TA-BLE,  a.     That  maybe  touched;  as,  "they 
[women]  being  created  to  be  both  tractable  and  tac- 
tabled  Masiiiuger. 

TA€'TI€-AL-LT,  adv.    In  a  way  described  by  tac- 
tics. 
TJ3'NI-0ID  (te'ne-oid),  a.    [L.  tonia,  a  ribbon,  and 
Gr.  «;5os,  shaped.] 
Kihhon-like  or  shaped. 

2.  lielated  to  the  taenia  or  tape-worm.      Dana. 
TaF'KU,   n.      [Chinese,    iafoo.]     A  fertilizer  com- 
posed of  night-soil  and  guano.  Hhiunorids. 
TAf 'FY,  71.     A  cant  name  for  a  Welshman. 

2.  A  kind  of  c.andp  made  of  molasses  boiled  down 

and  poured  out  in  shallow  pans.     Also  spelt  tnjfi/  in 

Enghmd.  Tliockeray.     Wright. 

TXG'GER,  h.  TTe  or  that  which  appends  or  joins  one 

thing  to  another;  as,  a  ^(f7^e;*  of  verses.   [Ftimil.^ 

Ogilrie. 
2.  That  which  is  pointed  like  a  tag;  as,  "hedge- 
hogs' or  porcupines'  small  taggers."  Cotton. 
TAIL'-BLOCK,  n.     A  single  block  strappr^d  with  a 
tail  by  which  it  may  be  applied  to  any  thing. 

Totten. 

T.llL'INGS,  >n.  pi.     In  mining,  the,  refuse  part  of 

TAILS,  f     stamped  ore,  tlirown  behind  the  tail 

of  tile  huddle  or  washing  apparatus,  which  is  dressed 

over  again  to  secure  whatever  metal  may  exist  in  it. 

Pnjce. 
TAIL'OR-BtUD,   n.      A  name  given   to  an  East- 
Indian  binl,  allied  to  the  warblers,  from  its  habit 
of  constructing  nests   by  stitching    together    the 
leaves  of  plants.  Imp.  Add. 

TAIL'-SrOCK,  n.  In  a  ^a^/te,  the  sliding  block  or 
siiijport  which  carries  the  tail-screw  and  adjustable 
center,  the  head-stock  being  that  which  supports 
the  mandrel,  C  S.  Lyman. 

TAKE.  n.    Xmows.  fishermen,  the  quantity  offish 

captured  at  one  haul  or  catch.  Clarke. 

TAKE'-IX.  n.     An  imposition  or  fraud.       lioicitt. 
TAKE'-OFF,  n.     An  imitation,  particularly  in  the 

way  of  caricature.  Miss  Md/ord. 

TXL'ENT-LESS,  rt.    Destitute  of  talent. 

O'Connel. 
TAL-I$-MXN'I€-AL,  a.     Of  or  pertaining  to  talis- 
mans; magical.  Ash. 
TALK,  V.  t."  To  express  in  speech;  to  utter;  as,  to 

'talk  nonsense.     [Familiar.'] 
TXL'LY-ING,  n.    The  act  of  fitting  or  suiting. 

Ash. 
_  2.  The  act  of  keeping  tally. 
TAM-A-BiL'I-TY,;i.   The  quality  of  being  tamable  ; 

taiuableness.  "  "ogilvie. 

TAM'A-RIND-FISn,  n.     A  preparation  of  a  variety 
of  East-Indian  fish,  with  the  acid  pulp  nf  the  tama- 
rind fruit.  Simmondfi. 
TAM'I-NY,  n.     [add.]     A  thin  woolen  stuff  highly 

glazed;  also  spelt  tammy.  Craig. 

TAM'ING,  n.   The  act  of  subduing;  as,  "the  taming 

and  appeasing  of  the  soul."  IJoUand. 

TAMP,  V.  t.     [add.]     To  pound  down;  ns,  the  floors 

were  of  mud  tamped.  J.  W.  Deforest. 

TAMP'ER,  n.  One  who  prepares  a  place  for  blast- 
ing, by  filling  the  hole  in  which  the  charge  is 
placed. 
TAMPTNG-Y'RON",  n.  An  iron  rod  used  for  beat- 
ing down  the  earthy  substance  in  the  charge  used 
for  blasting.  Ualliwell. 

TAN,  n.     [atUl]     A  color  like  that  of  oak-bark. 

2.  A  browning  of  the  skin  by  the  sun. 
TAN-GHIN'I-A,  n.  The  name  of  a  genus  of  plants 
belonging  to  the  uat.  order  Apocynaceie,  contain- 
ing asingle  species  (7*.  I'^enenifera)  found  in  Mada- 
gascar, where  it  is  called  Tanghing.  It  producci  a 
ccdehrated  poison  called  Tanghin.  Imp.  Adl. 
TAN'^'GLE,  71..     A   leathery  sea-weed   {Laminaria 

digitafa)  common  on  rocky  coasts.   Hugh  Miller. 
TAN'-'GLER,  n.     One  who  tansies. 
TANG'GLING,    71.     The  act  of   interlocking    con- 
fusedly. 
2.  The  stato  of  being  confusedly  interlocked. 

Asli. 
TAN'^'GLY,  rt.     In  a  tangle;  intertwined;  intricate. 

Ogih-ie. 
2.  Covered  with  the  sea-weed  called  tangle;  as, 

*'  Prone,  helpleas,  oo  the  tamjUj  beach  he  lay."        Falconer. 

TANK'I-A,  )  n.     A  kind  of  boat  at  Canton  about  25 

TANIv'A.  f  feet  long,  rowed  by  women  for  a  live- 
lihood while  their  husbands  work  on  shore. 

S.  Wells  Willi amJt. 

TXN"K'-SX-GiNE,  n.  A  combined  engine  an<J  tender 
for  supplying  water  to  locomotives.    Simmnnds. 

TAN'XIC,  n.  Pertaining  to  or  derived  from  tan ;  as, 
tamiic  acid.  Tomlinson. 


TEA 

TANTA-LL'S,  71.  A  scientific  name  given  by  Lin- 
n«us  to  a  genus  of  wading  birds,  including  the 
wood-pelican  or  ibis,  a  bird  of  the  size  of  a  stork 
but  more  slender,  inhabiting  marshes  and  feeding 
on  reptiles.  Cutyiei: 

TAN'TRUMS,  n.  pi  "Whims,  bursts  of  ill-humor; 
affected  airs.     [Colloquial.']  Forby.  Thackeray. 

TAP,  V.  t.  [add.]  To  put  new  soles  or  heels  on 
shoes,  &c.  Halliwell. 

TA'PER-IXG,  n.  The  act  of  making  taper  or  of 
diminishing  towani  a  point.  Afih. 

TA'PIR-OID,  a.  Allied  to  the  tapir  or  the  tapir 
family. 

TAP'-LASII,  n.  Bad  small  beer.  \_Var.  Dial.] 
Also  the  refuse  or  dregs  of  liquor ;  as, 

**  The   tap-.'uah  of  strong  ale  and  wine."  SalliwfU. 

TAP'PET,  n.  A  small  lever  or  projection  in  machin- 
ery, intended  to  tap,  or  touch  lightly,  something 
else,  with  a  view  to  change  or  regulate  motion. 

Francis. 

TaP'PING,  w.  The  act  of  knocking  with  a  slight 
blow  ;  act  of  broaching,  as  a  cask,  »tc.  As^. 

TAP'PIT-IIfiN.  n.  A  colloquial  Scotch  name  for  a 
quart  drinking-cup,  so  called  from  the  knob  on  the 
lid  supposed  to  resemble  a  crested  hen. 

Walt.  Scott, 

TAP'-ROOM,  n.    A  bar-room,  sometimes  called  tap. 

Dickenft. 

TARL'A-TAN.  n.  A  kind  of  thin  transparent  mus- 
lin used  for  ladies'  dresses,  &c.  Claiki. 

TAR-B5G'GIN,  n.  A  name  given  in  Canada  to  a 
light  sleigh  or  sledge.  Bartlett. 

TAU'NISli-ER,  H.     He  or  that  which  tarnishes. 

TAR'XISH-ING,  n.  The  act  of  diminishing  or  de- 
stroying luster  or  purity,  A-^ih, 

TAR-PE'IAN-ROCK,  71.  [From  Tarpeia,  a  maid 
wlio  treacherously  gave  up  the  Capitoline  hill  to 
Sabines,]  A  steep  cliff  on  tlie  side  of  the  Capitoline 
hill  at  Rome,  from  which,  by  the  laws  of  the  twelve 
tables,  certain  criminals  were  precipitated. 

Encyc.  Am. 

TART'LET,  n.  A  small  tart;  as,  "they  may  be 
compared  to  the  puffs  and  tartlets  of  the  pastry- 
cook, which  arc  only  good  immediately  after  they 
are  drawn  from  the  oven."  Knox. 

TASK'ING,  n.     The  act  of  imposing  a  task.     Ash. 

TASK'-WORK,  «.  Piece-work;  work  done  by  the 
job.  Simmon  ds. 

TAS'LETS,  n.  pi.  Pieces  of  armor  worn  on  the  thigh ; 
tosses;  as,  "  t««iei*  should  be  made  ball-proof." 

Walt.  Srott. 

TAS-MAOJI-AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  Tjusmania  or  Van 
Diemen'sland;  n.  A  native  of  Tasmania. 

Iloicitt. 

TASSE,  n.     [Ft.]     A  cup  or  bowl.  Kane. 

TAS'SEL,  n.     [add.]     The  flower  or  head  of  some 
'ants,  as  of  maize  ;  as, — 

'■  And  the  maize-Reld  grew  and  ripened, 
Till  it  stood  in  all  the  splendor 
Of  ilsgarmcQts  green  and  yellow, 
Of  its  ru«i7j  and  its  pluuiage." 

LnnpfellotP. 

TAS'SEL,  v.  i.    To  put  forth  a  tassel  or  flower;  as, 

maize  tassels. 
TAS'SEL-ING.  n.    The  coming  forth  of  tassels,  or 

tassels  collectively;  j^pr.  or  a.  Sending  out  tassels, 

or  furnishing  wit&  tassels. 
TAT'TLING,  n.     Idle  talk  ;  tale  bearing. 

liirhardson. 
TAUNT'LN'G,  n.    The  act  of  insulting ;  as,— 

"  The  shimfless  fair,  to  taunlin-j  ever  prone, 
Nil  more  the  Temmi  of  her  toneiie  snopressed, 
Bm  gave  full  veat  to  many  nsooraful  jest." 

TAU-R(5M'A-€nY,  n.    [Gr.  raOpo?,  a  bull,  and  /leixi, 

a  fight.] 
Bull  fighting.  Clarke. 

TAU-RO-MA'CIII-AN",  n.  One  who  engages  in  buU- 

"fights;  a.  Relating  to  bull-fights.  Clarke. 

TAU-T0-L06-'I€-AL-LY,   ado.     In  &  tautological 

manner.  Ash. 

TAW5.  n.  pi.     A  whip  or  instrument  of  punishment 

Vised  by  a  schoolm.oster ;  aa,  "never  use  the  taws 

when  a  gloom  can  do  the  turn."    [A'o^fA.] 

Jamieson.    Raynsay. 
TAX''-€ART,  n.     A  spring-cart  on  which  a  low  rate 

of  duty  is  paid.     [Eng.]  Simmonds. 

TAZ'ZA,  71.     [It]    An  ornamental  cup  or  va-se  with 

a  large  flat  top.  Art  Journal. 

TEA'-CAn-DY,  n.  A  small  ornamental  box  for  hold- 
ing tea  to  supply  a  tea-pot.  Simmonds. 
TEA -GAR-DfX,  n.    A  public-house  garden  where 

refreshments  are  served.  Simmo7ids. 

TE.VR  (tare),  v.  i.     [add.]     To  rush  violently  ;  as,  a 

horse  tears  along  furiously.  Dickens. 

TKAR'Fl'L-LY.  adv.     In  a  tearful  manner. 
TEAR'LESS-LY,  adv.     Without  tears. 


TER 

TEAS'ING,  n.    The  act  of  vexing  or  ii  ritating ;  as,— 

"Sir  Robert  wearied  by  Will  Pullney'a  trrctiingtj 

Who  iulerrupt^d  him  In  all  his  leadings."  Swift. 

TEA'SSX,  r.  i.     [add.]    To  raise  a  nap  on  cloth  by 

means  uf  teasels.  Tomlinson. 

TEA'S^L-ING,  H.    The  act  of  gathering  teasels. 
2.  The  act  of  r.aising  a  nap  on  cloth  by  teasels. 
_  Tomlinson. 

TEA'-SfiRY-iCE,  n.  The  appurtenances  or  utensils 
required  for  a  tea-table;  when  of  silver,  confined  to 
the  tea-pot,  milk  cup,  and  sugar-dish. 

Sim7nonds. 
TEAZE'-IIOLE,  n.     [Fr.  tisard,  a  fire  door.] 

-V  name  coTumonly  used  in  glasis-trorks  for  the 
oi)ening  in  the  furnaces  through  which  fuel  is  intro- 
duced.   It  is  a  corruption  of  the  French  name. 

Si»iinv)ids. 
TEAZ'ER.  n.     [Fr.  User,  to  feed  a  fire.] 

The  stoker  of  a  furnace,  as  in  glass-works.  The 
name  is  corrupted  from  the  French  word. 

Tftrnlinson.     Bescherelle. 
TEeil'XI-CIST,  n.  One  skilled  in  the  practical  arts. 

Daiia. 
TEeH'NISM,  n.    Technicality  in  art,  &c. 
TEE,  n.     An  ornament  surmounting  Buddhist  pago- 
das, in  the  form  of  an  umbrella,  ordinarily  of  sheet 
iron  wrought  in  open-work  and  gilded.    Malcom. 
TEE-TO'TAL,  a.     Entire;  total.     [Famil.] 
TEE-TO'TAL-ISM,  n.    The  principle  or  practice  of 
entire  abstinence,  as  from  intoxicating  drinks.  [Coll.] 

Ogilvie. 
TEE-TOTAL- LY,  arfp.    Entirely;  totallv-     [C(M.] 

'  Baithtt. 
TEL-E-DlJ',  77.       A  Javanese  qnadruped   {Mydans 
7nelieeps  of  F.  Cuvier),  allied  to  the  skunk,  and  not 
surpassed  by  it  in  capacity  of  diS'iising  stench. 

Cuvier. 
TEL'E-GRAM,  n.     [Gr.  r^Ae,  far,  and  ypdfifia,  that 
which  is  written.] 
A  message  sent  by  telegraph. 

Londo7i  Times.    Si77imond8. 
TE-LSG'RA-PHIST,  «.  One  who  operates  on  a  tele- 
graph. 
TEL-E-0-LOG'I€-AL-LT,  adv.      In  a  teleological 

manner.  _  Edward  Eve7'ett. 

TEL-E-STE'RE-O-SeoPE.  n.  [Gr.  r^Ae,  far,  trrepeo^, 
solid,  and  o-toTr/to,  to  .see.] 

A  stereoscope  adapted  to  view  distant  natural  ob- 
jects or  landscapes;  a  telescopic  stereoscope. 

B.  Sil/ima7i,  Jr. 
TELL'ING.  ppr.  or  a.     [add.]    Operating  with  great 

effect:  highly  effective,  as,  a  telling  speech. 
TELL'ING-LY,   adv.     In  a  telling  manner;   effec- 
tively. 
TEM-PE'AN,  a.    Lit.,  resembling  or  relating  to  the 
vale  of  Tempe  in  Greece,  a  beautiful  place  ;  hence, 
beautiful,  delightful.  Clarke. 

T£M'PER-ING,  n.  The  process  of  giving  to  iion  or 
steel  the  requisite  degree  of  hardness  for  necessary 
uses.  Francis.     Tomlinson. 

TEN'E-BROSE,  a.    Noting  darkness  or  gloom;  ten- 
ebrous. Ash. 
TEN'ON,  7\  t.    To  fit  the  end  of  a  piece  of  timber  for 

insertion  into  a  mortise. 
TEX'ON:£rD, /)/?.  or  (/,     Fitted  for  insertion  into  a 

mortise. 
TEN'PEN-NT,  a.  Valued  or  sold  at  ten  pence.    See 

Penny.  Ogilrie. 

TEN-SiLa-TT,  TO.  The  quality  of  being  capable  of 
extension  ;  as,  the  te7isility  of  the  muscles. 

More. 
TEX'SI-TY,  n.    The  state  of  being  strained  to  .stiff- 
ness. _  '  Clarke, 
TEN-TA-CL'^LI-FORM,  a.     Shaped  like  a  tentacle. 

Dajia. 
TENTA-TiVE-LY,  adv.     In  an  experimental  way. 
TENT'FUL,  a.     As  much  or  many  as  a  tent  will 

hold. 
TEN-TnRET>0,  n.  The  scientific  name  given  by 
Linnaeus  to  an  insect,  commonly  called  stnc-fiy,  be- 
cause the  female  uses  her  ovipositor  which  is  ser- 
rated, to  cut  out  spaces  in  the  bark  of  trees  in  or- 
der to  deposit  her  eggs.  Cuvier. 
TENT'ING,  n.    The  .act  of  keeping  open  by  a  tent 

or  of  probing  a  wound  so  kept  open.  Ash. 

TE-PIIRO'SI-A,  71.       [Gr.  re^po.-,  ash-colored.] 

A  genus  of  papilionaceous  i>lants,  nat  order  Le- 
guminosfe.  One  species  (  T.  toxica/Hti)  is  a  native 
of  the  AVest  Indies  and  Cayenne  ;  its  leaves  and 
branches  when  pounded  and  thrown  into  a  river  or 
pond,  affect  the  fish  as  if  intoxicated.  Loudon. 
TE-RAT'I-€AL,  a.  [Gr.  rtpa?,  a  &\zn  or  wonder.] 
Noting  any  thing  wonderful  or  omino\is. 

Bftilei/. 
TER-E-BRA-TIT'LI-FORM,  a.     Having  the  ct-neral 

form  of  a  terebratula.  Dana. 

TER'G  AL,  a.     Pertaining  to  the  back  ;  dorsal. 

Dunglison. 


DOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK;  RtLE,  BULL;  VI"CIOUS.— €  as  K;  6  as  J;  $  as  Z;  CH  as  SH;  THIS. 


1024 


t  See  Table  of  Svnonv7n». 


THE 


THK 


TIG 


TfeF.'fiAXT.     (<i.     In  A«niWr;/,  showing  tho  back ; 
T£u<iI-ANT.  (     a,  aa  esi^ia  lergant.        OgilcU. 
TKK-iil-VEE-SATOE,   n.      One  who  shuffles   or 

evaiies.  Aali^ 

TfiRM'IX-AL,  «,    [add.]    Pertaining  to  the  end  or 

extre:jiily  ;  as,  a  lerminat  edge.  Ditmt. 

TfiRM'lX-A-TO-KY,  a.    Limiting,  bounding. 

TfiR'MlTE,  ir.     Tertaining  to  or  made  by  tUe  white 

ant,  or  termites  ;  as,  iermiie  fortresses.       Dana. 
T£nN'ATE-LY,  adv.    In  a  ternate  manner. 

A.  Gray. 
TEK'RA-CIXG,   n.     The  act  of  making  terraces; 

terraces  taken  collectively. 
TEl;-RE3TKl-Al,  n.    An  inhabitant  of  the  earth. 

R  roicell. 
TER-RESTRI- AL-XE5S,  n.  The  state  or  qimlitv  of 

beini  terrestrial.  A^. 

TEK-RI-TO'EI-AL-IZE,  f.  i.     To  enlarge  by  exten- 
sion of  territory. 
3.  To  reduce  to  the  state  of  a  territory. 

Offitcif. 
TESTI-eOND,  a.    [L.  Usiu.  and  condo.  to  hide.] 
Having  the  testes  naturally  concealed,  as  in  the 
case  of  the  cetacca.  Dana. 

TES-Ti€'C-LAE,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  testicles. 

Dangliaon. 
TEST-TCBE,  n.  In  chem..  a  small  gliiss  tube  closed 
at  the  lower  end  and  rather  widened  at  top;    its 
use  is  to  hold  small  quantities  of  any  solution  to  be 
tested.  FrancU. 

TET'A  NOID,  «.    Resembling  tetanus. 
TET-.KR-TO-llE'nE.\L,<i.    [Gr.  «>opro?,  a  fourth, 
and  <3px,  a  base.] 

In  cfijataltO'j.^  having  one  fourth  the  number  of 
planes  requisite  to  complete  sytiuiietry,     JJiina. 
TeT-.VR-TOIIE'DRISM,    n.      In    cri/atnllog..    the 
propertv  of  being  tetartohedrally  modified.     Dana. 
TETH'ER-IXO,  n.     Conflnement  by  a  tether.    Ash. 
TET-R.V-€(3e'€C3,  a.    [Gr.  rtrpo,  four,  and  kokkk, 
a  kernel.] 
Having  four  cocci,  or  carpels.  A.  Gray. 

TET-U.\-HE'DR.\U(7.    [add.]    In  orysinWo-/.,  bav- 
in.': the  form  of  the  regular  tetrahedron. 

i.  PerL-iining  or  related  to  a  tetrahedron,  or  to 
the  system  of  forms  to  which  the  tetrahedron  be- 
longs. Dana. 
TET-R.V-nE'DRAL-LT,  adr.  In  a  tetrahcdral  m.in- 

ner,  or  with  totrahedral  planes.  Dana. 

TET-RXX£'ER-0C3,  a.    [Gr.  Wrpa,  four,  and  »»«>«. 

P»''tl  .    „ 

Noting  a  division  Into  four  parts.        A.  Cray. 
TET'R.V-SPOKE,    ».     In  $ta-iceeil,  a  collection   of 

spores,  generally  four  in  number.  Dana. 

TE.X'AS,  a.     Eclating  to  Texas. 
TIIA-LI'-VN'.  a.    Pertaining  to  Thalia,  the  muse  of 

pastoral  poetry. 
TIIAN--\-TOL'0-6T,  n.     [Or.  OiimTo?,  death,  and 
Aoyo?,  discourse.] 
A  description  of  or  the  doctrine  of  death. 

DttnglUon. 
TIIAN-A-TOP'SIS,   n.      [Or.   Sorarix,  and   iii^w,  n 

A  view  of  or  meditation  on  death.  Bryant. 

XHAL'-MA-TCE'dlt'S,  n.pl.    Featjs  of  legerdemain, 

of'magical  performances.  Ogllcie. 

TII-VW'IXG,    n.      The   act  of  melting  something 

frojen.  Dry/en. 

THE-AX-THRoMC-ALh    a.      Partaking    of  both 

divinity  and  humanity.  Clarke, 

TIIE'B.VN,  n.    A  native  of  Thebes;  also  a  wise  m.an. 

a.  Pertaining  to  Thebes.  lihilkea. 

TIlE'€AL,  a.    Relating  to  a  theca,  or  cavity. 

[i.  Owen. 
THE-0-PniL-AN-THEOPT€,  a.    Uniting  love  to 

God  with  tliat  to  man.  Ogilcie. 

THE-O-PllI-LXNTUEO-PIS.Vf,  n.     Love  to  both 
God  anil  man.  Ogiltie. 

I    T1IE-0P.'BI:'T,  n.    One  who  plays  a  theorbo. 
I    THE-O-EBT'ies,  n.pl.    The  speculative  part  of  a 
I        science.  Affh. 

THE'0-EIZ-IXG,  n.    The  formation  of  theories. 
TIIE-O-SO-PHlST'ie-AL.    See  Tueosopiiical. 
THER-.MET'0-ORAPH,  «.      [Gr.    SepjiTj,  heat, and 
ypariw.  to  write.] 
A  self-registering  thermometer.  Nichol. 

THER'.Mie.  a.    [Gr.  eif^-tj,  heat.] 

Pertaining  to,  or  due  to,  heat;  S9,  thermic  lines. 

^'ichol. 
TnER'MO-BA-P.oM'E-TEP..  n.     A  barometric  in- 
strument graduated  for  giving  attitudes  by  the  boil- 
ing point  of  water.  Dana, 
THER-Mi'^€n'RO-ST,  n.     [Or.  flspjir),  heat,  and  x/>"- 
lyi?,  a  coloring] 

In  that  part  of  pht/tic^  relating  toheat,  a  property 
of  being  comiK>3ed,  like  light,  of  rays  of  different  de- 


grees of  refrangibility,  which  arc  unequal  in  rate 
or  degree  of  transmission  through  diatliermic  sub- 
stances. B.  Silliman.  Jr. 
TUfiE'.MO-DY-N.\M'ie.  a.    Caused  or  operated  by 

force  due  to  the  application  of  heat.  Xichol. 

TUEE'M0-DT-N.XM'I€S,  n.  pi.    The  science  which 

treats  of  the  mechanical  action  or  relations  of  heat. 

Tn6E'.\I0-E-LE€'TEI€,  a.     Of  or  pertaining  to 

electricity  developed  by  heat ;  as,  thermo-electric 

currents.  yichol. 

TIIER-MOL'O-GY,  n.     A  discourse  or  account  of 

heat.  W'lercell. 

TIlER-MO-MET'Rie.  a.  Pertaining  to  or  made  by 
means  of  a  thermometer,  as  thermometrir  observa- 
tions. Siiliman's  Journal. 
THEE'M0-M?LTI-PLT-EE,  «.  In  physics,  an  in- 
strument of  estrenic  sensibility,  used  to  determine 
slight  difTeronces  and  degrees  of  heat ;  it  is  com- 
posed of  alternate  bars  of  antimony  and  bismuth. 

Gregory. 
THER-MOT'ies,  «i.  pi.    The  science  of  he.at, 

WheiceU. 
TnfiE'.MO-TTPE,  iu  .V  picture  (as  of  a  slice  of 
wood),  oiitained  by  first  wettinixslightly  withcbloro- 
hydric  or  sulphuric  dilute  ncid,  then  t.iking  an  im- 
pression with  a  press,  and  next  strongly  heating  this 
impression.  Dana. 

TlIER-Mf^T'Y-Pr,  n.    The  art  of  obtaining  ther- 

motypes. 
THER-SITES.  n.    A  noted  blackguard  in  Ilomer; 

hence  applied  to  one  distinguished  for  scurrility. 
TIIE-SAl''El"*.  "•     [L]    J-'t..  a  treasury  or  store- 
house'; hence,  a  full  lexicon  or  storehouse  of  literary 
information.  Andrews. 

THI-BETIAN,  a.     Pertaining  to  Thibet,    n.    An 

inhabitant  of  Thibet. 
THICK'-SlvINN^D,  a.    Having  a  thick  skin. 

2^  Not  si'nsiiive.  De  Cliford. 

THIEVING,  lu    Tbonctor  practice  of  taking  felo- 

nittuslv.  A'ih. 

TIllEVE$"'-ViN'E-GAU,  n.  A  kind  of  nroni.atio 
vinegar  for  the  sick-room,  taking  its  name  from  tlio 
story,  that  thieves  by  using  it  were  enabled  to 
plunder  with  impunity  to  health  in  the  great  plague 
at  London.     [Eng.]  Simmonds. 

TUlM'BLE-BER'RY,  n.  A  name  given  in  America 
to  a  black  raspberry  {Bnhus  occid'entalis). 

A.  Grat/. 
THIM'BLE-FfL,  a.    As  much  as  a  thimble  will 

hold  ;  a  small"  quantity.  Goldsmith. 

THIM'BLE-RIG,  r.  t.  To  cheat  by  tricks  of  leger- 
demain, especially  by  means  of  small  cups  or  thim- 
bles, and  a  pea  placed  under  one  of  the  thimbles  and 
quickly  sbilxed  to  another.  Dickens. 

TUlM'BLK-RlG'GER,  n.    One  who  cheats  by  tricks 

of  legerdemain. 
TlliM'BLE-RIG'GINO,  «.    The  act  of  cheating  by 

tricks. 
TIlINrNISII,  a.    Somewhat  thin. 
THiN'-SKlNNiTD,  a.    Having  a  thin  skin. 

2.  Sensitive  ;  Irritable.  Clarke. 

Tn6R'0UGU-FAEE,  n,    A  passage  or  frequented 

street.  Si7nmonds. 

THOS.     {n.       A  name  of  a  variety  of  the  j.iekal 
TIIOUS,  1     (Canis  aureus  n{  Linn.),  called  thns  by 

Pliny  and  tltoes  by  Aristotle.  Dann. 

TIIE.\'CIAN  (shan),  n.   A  native  of  Thrace  ;  a.  Per 

taining  to  Thrace. 
THRAW,  n.    [Eng.  Ihroe.]    A  wrench  or  distortion. 
[Sciitcli.]    The  (leath-tltraio,  the  final  struggles  of  a 
dying  person.  W.dt.  .Scott. 

TIIEEAD'I-NESS.  v.    The  state  of  being  tlire.id-liko 

or  drawn  out  into  threa^ls.  Clarke. 

THREAD'-LACE,  n.    I-aco  made  of  linen  thread. 

iSiinrnonds. 
THREAD'-PA-PER,  n.    Thin  strips  of   paper  for 

wrapping  up  skeins  of  thread.  Miss  Mit/ord. 

THRON'ING,  n.    The  act  of  seating  on  a  throne. 

Ash. 

THRi^T'TLE-YXLVE,  n.  In  steam-engines,  a  valve 
by  which  the  passage  of  steam  to  the  cylinder  is  reg- 
ulated ;  when  cormccted  with  a  governor,  it  is 
self-acting.  Francis. 

THROOGII'-STANE,  n.  A  name  given  in  Scotland 
to  a  flat  grave. stone. 

THROroiI'-TiCK-ET,  n.     _ 
journey.  .Sunmonds. 

THROCGn'-TR.VIN,  n.  A  train  which  goes  the 
whole  length  of  a  railway,  or  of  a  long  route. 

Simmonds. 

throw-Off,  n.  a  term  used  in  England  for  a 
stirt  in  a  hunt  or  race.  Clarke. 

TlIP.f'M'MING,  n.    The  act  of  playing  co.ar.sely  on 
an  instrument;  as,  the  (ArMmminsr  of  a  fiddle. 
2  The  act  of  weaving  or  inserting  thrums. 
1  "  Beaum.  d-  Fletch. 


Walt.  Scott. 
A  ticket    for  a  whole 


THIG-GEE',  (  ;),,    The  practice  of  secret  murder  by 
TIIUG'GISM,  1     Thugs  in  India.  Smart. 

Thugg<:r>/  is  also  used. 
THtJMB'-MARK,  n.     A  stain  niado  by  the  thumb. 

Lonpjellow. 
TIIl'MB'-MAEKi'D,  ppr.  or  a.     Soiled  with  the 

thuQib. 
TUU.\IB'-S€EEW,  n.    [add.]    A  screw  with  a  flat 

thumb-pieco  by  which  it  is  turned.  Ogilsie. 

THir.UB'S'-BKEADTlI,  n.    The  width  of  a  thumb; 

something  narrow.  Ash. 

TIIUMP'ING,  .n.    A  beating  with  something  thick 

and  blunt.      '  Ash. 

TIUIN'DER-ING-LY,  ade.    Loudly  like  thunder. 
TIIUN'DER-OU.S,  a.   [add.]    Loud  like  thunder:  as, 

thunderous  waves.     [Poetical.1  Ogilvie. 

TIir-niN'(il-AN,    (I.     Pertaining  to  Thuringia,  a 

country  in  Germany;  n.  A  native  of  Tluuingia. 
TlIWlCK'ING,  n.    The  act  of  striking  with'lienvy 

blows.  Ash. 

TU^YAET'LY,  adv.    Crosswise;  with  opposition. 

Ogilvie. 
TIIYL-.V.-CT'XIIS,«.      [Gr.  SDAo^,  a  sack  or  pouch, 

and  Kvoif,  a  dog.] 

A  genus  of  marsupial  animals,  including  the  dog- 
faced  opossum  (/*.  cynocephalus),  the  only  known 

living  species.    It  is  a  native  of  Van  Dieraen's  land. 
Ic07i.  Encyc. 
THY-EOID'E-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  thyroid  car- 

tiLoge  or  gland.  Dunglison. 

TI-BlC'I-N.ATE,  !'.  J.    To  play  on  a  pipe.         Ash. 
TIC-AL',  n.     A  coin  of  Siam,  shaped  like  a  bean, 

worth  about  sixty  cents ;   also  a  Burman  weight 

equal  to  252  grains  trov.  Jfalcom. 

TICK'ET,   71.     [add.]     Ticket  of  leave,  a  license  or 

permit  given  to  a  prisoner  or  convict,  to  bo  at  large 

and  labor  for  himself.  Simmonds. 

TICK'ET,  !'.  <.    To  furnish  with    ticket ;  as,  to  «(*e« 

passengers  to  California.     [.!»;.] 
TICK'ET-ED,  pp.  or  a.     [add.]    Furnished  with  a 

ticket;  as,  ^/cif/erf  through.    [-47H.] 
TICK'ET-ING,    «.      The  act  of  distinguishing  by 

tickets. 

2.  Tickets  taken  collectively. 

TiCK'LEE,  71.  A  name  among  bankers  and  mer- 
chants for  a  book  containing  a  register  of  notes  and 
debts.     [Am.]  Bartlett. 

TICK'TXCK,  ado.  With  a  ticking  noise,  like  that  of 
a  watch.  Ash. 

TIDE'-DJVY,  n.  The  interval  between  the  occur- 
rences of  two  consecutive  ma.xima  of  the  resultant 
wave  at  the  same  place;  the  length  varies  .as  the 
component  of  sun  and  moon  waves  approach  to  or 
recede  from  one  another;  a  retardation  from  this 
cause  is  called  the  lagging  of  the  tide.«,  while  the 
acceleration  of  the  recurrence  of  high  water  is 
termed  thQp/-i7ning  of  the  tide. 

TIDE'-DI-AL,  n.  A  dial  to  exhibit  the  state  of  the 
tides  at_any  time. 

TIDE'-T.\-BLE,  I!.  A  table  giving  the  time  of  high 
water  at  anv  place.  Wright. 

TIDE'-WA-TER,  «.  Water  affeeted  by  the  flow  of 
the  tide  ;' an  expression  used  to  denote  the  sea-board. 

Everett. 

TIDE'-WAYE,  n.  The  swell  of  water  as  the  tide 
moves.  That  of  the  ocean  is  called  the  ;>ri»)i7iy^, 
and  that  of  bays  or  channels  the  derivative. 

WheireU. 

TT'DY,  n.  A  cover,  often  of  ornamental  work,  for  tho 
back  of  a  chair,  tiie  arms  of  a  sofa,  &c. 

3.  A  cliiltl's  pinafore.  W/'ight. 
TIE,  n.     Name  given  to  the  sleepers  across  a  railway, 

to  which  the  rails  aro  securetl ;  called  also  c/-oss-tie. 
Appfeton^s  Mech.  Diet. 

TTE'-EOD,  n.  A  wrought-iron  bar  or  rod  used  to 
brace  parts  of  structures  together. 

TiFTISlI,  ".     Inclined  to  petulance. 

Ti-GEL'L.\,  n.  [Latinized  from  Fr.  tige,  stem  or 
stock.] 

That  part  of  an  embryo  between  the  radicle  and 
the  cotyledons.  Ilensloic. 

TI'GEE,  71.  [add.]  A  sort  of  screech  after  cheering; 
as,  "  three  cheers  and  a  tiger.''     [-4»i.] 

TI'GEE-MOTH,  7i.  A  moth  with  h.iiry  variegated 
covering  like  the  fur  of  a  tiger. 

TIGHT  (tite),  (7.  [add.]  Stringent  or  pressing;  as, 
the  money  market  is  tight.     [Am.]  Bartlett. 

2.  A  cant  term  for  partially  intoxicated.     [-In?.] 

TIGIIT'£N-ING  (ti'tn-ing),  ii.  The  act  of  making 
or  becoming  tight.  Asli. 

TIGHTS  (tites),  n.  pi.     Close-fitting  pantaloons. 

Si/n}nonds. 

TIO-EI-SO'MA,  n.  A  sub-genus  of  herons  institut- 
ed by  Swainson  for  the  Ardea  tigrina  of  Gniclin; 
it  is  found  in  South  .\merica,  and  so  named  fi-om 
the  color  being  a  dark  reddish  brown  barred  and 
marked  with  black  somewhat  like  a  tiger. 

Imp.  Add.     Craig. 


X,    E,   &c,    Umg.-X.  %   Ac,   .h^rt.-CKVS.,   FAR,   L.^ST,    FALL,    WHAT:    THERE.   TfiRM:    MARINE.    BtRD ;    MgYE, 


t  See  Table  of  Synont/m  s. 


152.5 


TIT 


TOP 


TOW 


TiLE'-DIiAiN,  «.  In  agric,  a  draiu  made  nf  tiles; 
r.  (.  To  drain  by  means  of  tiles.  Ogilrie. 

TILE'-STONK,  n.  A  name,  in  Great  Britain,  of 
some  layers  of  the  l'i)per  Silurian.  JJuna. 

TILE'-TEA.     See  Brick-tea. 

TILL,  n.  A  deposit  of  clay,  sand  and  ffravel,  with- 
out Iamin:ition,  formed  in  a  glacier  valley  by  moans 
of  the  waters  derived  from  the  melting  glaciers: 
also  sometimes  applied  to  alluvium  of  an  upper 
river  terrace  when  not  laminated  and  appearing  as 
if  fonned  in  the  same  manner.  Dana. 

TIL'LOW,  r.  i.  To  send  up  shoots  from  the  root; 
the  same  as  iilUr. 

TiLT'INC.-IlELM'ET,  n.  A  helmet  of  largo  size 
often  worn  over  another  at  tili^.  FtiirhoU. 

TrLT'-VAHD,  77.  A  yard  or  place  for  tilting;  as, 
"  thf  iilt-j/ard  ofTemplestowc."  Walt.  Scott. 

TIM'BER-ING,  n.    The  act  of  furnishing  with  tim- 
ber. 
2.  Timhcrs  taken  collectively.  As?i. 

TIM'BRE  (timbr),  n.  [Fr.]  In  ^nusie,  the  quality 
of  tone  distinguishing  voices  or  instruments;  as, 
the  timbre  of  tho  voice,  the  timbre  of  a  violin. 

Bescherelle. 

TIME'-BALL,  n,  A  ball  arranged  to  drop  from  the 
summit'of  a  pole  to  indicate  true  mid-day  time,  a.s 
at  Greenwich  Observatory,  Eng.  Nichol. 

TIME'-BOOK.  n.  A  book  in  which  is  kept  a  record 
of  the  time  persons  have  worked.  Ogilvie. 

TTME'-TA-BLR,  n.  A  table  giving  the  times  of 
st;irting  for  railroad  trains  and  other  conveyances, 
called  time-bill  in  -£"»{/.  iSfmmonds. 

2.  In  music,  a  table  showing  tho  notation  lengths 
or  duration  of  the  several  notes. 

Moore's  Encyc.  Mii-t. 

TT.ME-'OUS  (tlm'us"),  a.  In  good  timo ;  seasonable; 
as,  timcous  action.  Duff. 

TIM'OK-SOME,  a.    Easily  frightened.     {Scotch.] 

Walt.  Scott. 

TiM'O-TIIY,  n.  A  common  name  in  America  for 
herds'  grass  {Phleiim  praieiiKc),  said  to  be  derived 
from  Timothy  Hanson,  one  of  its  early  propagators. 

Bi(jelow. 
It  13  now  used  under  that  name  in  Enzland. 

Simmonds. 

TlX'A-MU3,  n.  The  scientific  name  of  a  genus  of 
South  American  birds  relate-l  to  the  grouse  an<l 
partridge,  and  characterized  by  a  slender  bill.  Their 
size  varies  from  that  of  a  pheasant  lo  that  of  a  quail 
or  even  smaller.  Tho  larger  siiccios  is  tho  Tina- 
vius  major.  Ctivier. 

TiN'DAL,  «.  A  petty  officer  among  lascars,  or  na- 
tive East  Indian  sailors.  Malcom. 

TINK'LE,  fl.    See  TiN-KUN(3. 

TIN'-LIQ-COR  (-lik'ur),  n.  A  solution  of  tin  used 
by  dyers.  Simmonds. 

TiN'SEL-LT,  atfy.  In  a  gaudy  manner  ;  a.  Gaudy 
in  style. 

TIN-TIN-NAB-f-LA'TION,  n.  The  rin-ing  of  a 
bell  or  bells.  E.  A.  Poe. 

TIP,  y.  /.  [add.]  One  Idea  implied  in  this  word 
is  that  of  doing  a  thing  lighthj  or  by  an  easy  mo- 
tion; as,  to  tip  a  person  by  tho  elbow;  to  tip  one 
the  wink.  Ilenco  it  denotes  to  present  a  person 
with  a  niece  of  money  in  a  light,  off-hand  manner ; 
as,  to  tip  a  school-boy,  to  tip  &  servant  with  a  shil- 
ling, lliis,  as  stated  by  Ilalliwell,  has  long  been  a 
prevalent  use  of  tho  word  in  various  dialects,  and 
is  now  passing  into  general  literature. 

Dickens.     Tliackeray. 

TlP'-€A.T,  n.  A  game  in  wliicli  a  small  piece  of 
wood  called  a  cat  is  tipped  or  struck  with  a  club  or 
bat.  £ii7i}/an.    Macanlay. 

TIP'ST-NESS,  n.     A  state  of  p.artial  intoxication. 

TiP/RA-LlR'RA,  n.  A  word  describing  a  musical 
sound,  as  of  the  note  of  tho  lark,  a  horn,  &c. 

Shakes. 

TiR'ING,  n.     Tho  act  of  dressing  or  attiring. 

2.  Tho  securing  of  a  tiro  to  a  wheel. 

3.  The  act  of  wearying. 

TT-TS-Nae,  a.     radd.]     Primarily,  relating  to  tho 
Titans,    or    fabled    giants   of   ancient   mythology; 
lience,  enormous  in  size  or  strength;  as,   Titanic 
structures. 
TIT  FOR  TXT.     Blow  for  blow;  an  equivalent. 

Grove. 
TT-TIIO-NOM'E-TER,  n.     An  instrument  for  meas- 
uring the  tithonic  effects  of  light.  Dana. 
TITLE-DEED,  n.      Tho    lecal    instrument   which 
gives  evidence  of  right  or  title  to  property. 

Bouvier''s  Law  Diet. 
TlT'LING,n.    Tho  hedge-sparrow.    WrigliVs  Gloss. 
2.  An  old  custom-house  name  for  stock-fish. 

Sim7no7ids. 
TT'TRATE,^.^.  [Fr.  //^r^.  a  Btand.ard.] 

In  <nial.  chem.,  to  analyze  by  means  of  standard 
.solutions.  S.  W.  Johnson. 

TT-TKA'TION,  n.    The  process  of  analysis  by  means 


of  standard  solutions,  called  also  volumetric  anal- 
ysis. S.  W.  Jolui-^oji. 

TOAD'Y,  V.  t.    To  fawn  upon  with  mean  sycophancy. 

TOAD'Y-ING,  n.  Act  of  playing  the  toady,  a.  Syc- 
_ofdiautic. 

TOAD'Y-I$M,  n.  The  practice  of  meanly  fawning  on 
another;  base  sycophancy.  Wright. 

TUASTaNG,  n.    Tho  net  of  scorching  with  heat. 

Ash. 
2.  The  act  of  drinking  in  honor  of  another, 

(^mybeare. 

TOAST'ING-FORK,  n.  A  long  handled  fork,  often 
with  sliding  joints,  lor  toasiing  bread,  &c.,  before 
the  fire.  Simmonds. 

TOAST'-MAS-TER,  n.  A  person  who,  at  public 
dinners,  announces  the  toasts  and  directs  or  times 
the  cheering.  Clarke. 

TOAST'-RACK,  «.  A  stand  for  a  table,  having  par- 
titions for  slices  of  dry-toast.  Simmonds. 

TOCII'ER,  n.  Dowry  brought  by  a  bride  to  her 
husband.      {Scotch.}  "  Burns. 

TOD'DLING,  ppr.  or  a.  "Walking  with  short  steps 
like  a  child,  n.  Tho  act  of  walking  with  short 
steps. 

TOE,  V.  t.    To  come  fully  up  to,  as  to  toe  the  mark. 

TOIL'FIJL  a.     Producing  much  toil. 

TOIL'ING,  n.  Tho  act  of  performing  labor  attended 
with  fatigue  and  iiain.  Ash. 

TCvK^'N-LESS  (to'kn-lcss),  a.     Without  a  token. 

TOLL'A-BLE.  a.  Subject  to  the  payment  of  toll,  as 
tollable  soods.  Wright. 

ToLL'-€ORN,  n.  Corn  taken  ns  pay  for  grinding  at 
a  mill.  Wright. 

TOLL'ING,  n.    The  slow  sound  of  a  hell. 

2.  The  act  of  sounding  a  bell  slowly.    Dickens. 

TOL'MEN.    Sco  CnoMLECK. 

TO-MAN',  n.  A  conventional  money  of  account  in 
Persia,  whoso  value  varies  greatly  at  different  times 
ami  places;  it  may  be  valued  at  about  three  dol- 
lars. Simjuonds. 

TOM'-COD,  n.  A  small  fish  (Jforrhna  j^f'uinosa) 
which  is  abundant  on  the  American  (■n;i-^t  soon  after 
frost  commences;  henco  often  called  tho  froit  Jish. 

Storer. 

TON'S,  v.t.  [add.]  To  tone  down  a  picture,  is  to 
bring  the  colors  into  harmonious  relations,  as  to 
light  and  shade.  Ogilvie. 

TO^ED  (tond>,  p.  a.  Tlaving  the  colors  (as  In  a 
picture),  brought  into  harmonious  relations  as  to 
light  and  shade  ;  as,  "its  thousand  hues  toned  down 
harmoniously."  ("*.  King&hy. 

TONGUE  (tiing),  t).  t.  [add.]  To  touch  with  the 
tongue;  as,  a  flute.  Clarke. 

2.  To  insert  a  narrow  slip  into  a  cleft  or  groove,  as 
to  tsngne  boards  together. 

TONGUE'ING  (tiing-'inL'),  n.  The  act  of  touching 
with  tho  tongue,  as  a  flute.  Clarke. 

2.  The  act  of  inserting  a  thin,  Jttrip  into  a  groove 
or  cleft.  Ash. 

TONGUE'LET  (tunglet),  n.  A  little  tongue,  or 
tongue-like  process.  Dana. 

TONGUEHT  (tiing'y),  n.  Ready  or  voluble  in  speak- 
ing ;  as,  a  tonguey  speaker.    [  Valg.] 

TO-NtC'T-TY  (to-nis'e-t5').  n.  That  projierty  of  the 
living  parts  of  tho  human  system  which  keeps  them 
in  tone,  or  in  tho  healthy  "and  vigorous  exercise  of 
Mieir  functions.  Dunglison. 

TON'ING,  «.  \\\  painting,  fhQ  art  of  bringing  the 
colors  of  a  picture  into  harmonious  relations  as  to 
Hght  and  shade. 

TON'OUS.  a.   Abounding  in  tone  or  sound.    Ogilvie. 

TON-QUIN-KSE',  n.     A  native  of  Touquin. 

TOX'SOR,  n.     [L.]     A  barber.  Walt.  Scott. 

TOOTII'-ERUSII.  n.     A  brush  for  cleaning  teeth. 

TOOTII'-POW-DER,  n.  A  powder  for  cleaning  the 
teeth. 

TOOT'ING,  n.    Tho  act  of  sounding  a  horn.     Ash. 

TOP'-BOOTS,  «.  pi.  Boots  with  an  ornamental 
band  of  white  leather,  Slc,  around  tho  upper  part 

Dickc7is. 

T(3P'-€0AT,  n.     An  outer  or  upper  coat. 

TOP'-DRESS,  v.  t.  To  apply  a  dressing  of  manure  to 
_the  surface  of  land.  Barrow. 

TOPE,  n.  [Sanscrit,  thupa.]  A  monument  erected 
over  a  Buddhist  relic;  some  resemble  patrodas. 

S.  W.  Williams. 
2.  A  grove  or  clump  of  trees.  ^falcom. 

T0P'-IIA.M-PER,  n.  Tho  light  upper  rigging,  spars, 
&c.,  of  a  ship,  which  is  scut  down  in  stormy  weather. 

F.  Gregory. 

To'PING,  77.    The  act  of  drinking  to  excess.    Ash. 
Tt'JP'-LXN-TERN,  \n.      A  lantern  or  light  in  the 

TOP'-LIGIIT,  f     top  of  a  vessel. 

Craig.     Totten. 


TOP'PING,  n.    The  act  of  cutting  off  tho  top,  as  of 
trees. 
2.  The  act  of  rising  above.  Ash. 

TOPS-AND-BOT'TOMS.  n.  pi.  A  name  given  in 
England  to  small  rolls  of  dough,  baked,"  cut  in 
halves  and  then  browned  in  an  oven,  used  as  food 
for  infants.  -  Simmonds. 


'  'Tia  said  that  her  lcp3-and-hott"ms  were  gilt." 


Hoixl. 


TuP'-SnAP^D  (-shapte),  a.  Cone-shaped,  with 
the  apes  downward.  Ilenslotc. 

TOR-MENT'RESS,  n.  A  female  who  torments; 
as,  "fortune  ordinarily  conieth  after  to  whip  and 
punish  them,  as  the  scourge  and  tormentress  of 
honor."  Holland. 

TORQUE  (tork),  n.  [L.  torques,  a  twisted  neck- 
chain.] 

An  ornament  worn  by  tho  ancient  Britons  on  the 
neck,  consisting  of  a  chain  formed  of  small  inter- 
lacing nngs.  Fairholt. 

Tr)R'QUA-TED  (tur'kwii-ted),  a.  Having  or  wear- 
ing a  torque  or  collar.  Ash. 

TORQa^rD  (torkt),  a.       [L.  torgueo,  to  twist.] 

AVreathed  ;  used  in  heraldry,  of  a  dolphin  hau- 
rient,  which  forms  a  figure  like  S.  Craig. 

TOR-RfiN'TIAL  (-shal),  a.  Having  the  character 
of  a  torrent;  caused  by  a  torrent.  Dana. 

TOR'SION-AL,  a.  Relating  to  torsion,  or  the  force 
with  which  a  thread  or  wire  returns  to  a  state  of 
rest  after  having  been  twisted  round  Its  axis;  as, 
torsional  force. 

TORSK,  n.  A  species  of  the  cod  (Brosviius  viilgari-^) 
found  among  the  North  British  islands. 

Walt.  Scott. 

TOR-TIL'I-TY,  n.  [L.  tortilis.]  The  state  of  being 
twisted-or  wreathed.  Ogilvie. 

TOR-TlL'LA  (tor-til'yah),  n.  [Sp.]  A  thin*un- 
leavened  cake  of  maixe  flour,  baked,  on  a  heated 
iron  or  stone.  Velasques. 

T5R'TI0US-LT  (tor'shus-Iy),  adv.     Injuriously. 

TORT'ITR-ING,  n.    The  act  of  inflicting  torture. 

Ash. 

TOSS'ING,  n.  A  process  which  consists  in  suspending 
ores  by  violent  agitation  in  water,  in  order  to  sep- 
arate the  liehter  or  earthy  particles;  called  also 
iosing,  and  treloohing,  in  Cornwall. 

Pryce.     Mining  Joui-nal. 

TOT,  n.     Any  thing  small. 

2.  A  drinking  cui>  of  small  size.     [Eng-I 

Ilalliwell. 

TO'TEM,  n.  A  rude  picture,  as  of  a  bird,  bea«t,  &c., 
used  by  the  North  Aincric;m  Indians  as  a  symbolic 
name  or  designation  of  a  family,  &c.    Schoolcraft, 

"And  they  painted  on  ihe  pruTe-poata 
Of  the  iri'i^'Ca  yet  imforpotten, 
Each  hia  own  «iipe3ii[il  T'trm, 
Eaih  the  tymbol  of  hb  hoiiseliuld  ; 
Figures  of  the  Benr  niul  Reindeer, 
Of  the  Tartic,  Craue  tind  licaver."  LongftVnui. 

T5T'TER-ING,  n.  The  state  of  shaking,  as  if  about 
to  fall.  Ash. 

T(5Ta'LE.     See  Toadle. 

TOtJCII'A-BLE  (tuch'a-bl),  a.  That  may  be  touched. 

Ogilrie. 

TOIJCH'-BOX  (tuch'-"),  n.  A  box  containing  lighted 
tinder,  formerly  carried  by  soldiers  who  used 
match-locks  to  kinille  the  match.  Fairholt. 

T0l?Cn'-PA-PER,  n.  Paper  steeped  in  saltpeter, 
that  ignites  slowly,  burning  with  sparks. 

Simmonds. 

TOtJGTI'^'N-ING  (tarfn-ing),  n.  The  act  of  render- 
ing tough  or  hardy.  Ash. 

TOH-RA'CO,  «..  A  name  given  to  a  genus  of  birds 
(Corythaiifi  of  Illiger)  having  an  erectile  tuft  on  the 
head.     It  is  an  African  bird.  Cnvie?\ 

TOUS'LING,  ft.  Tho  act  of  pulling  about  or  rump- 
ling. Dickens. 

rOCT-Ey-SESPBLE  (toot-iing-samn)!),  «.  [Fr.] 
Lit.,  all  tocrether;  hence,  in  the  ^/ine  arts,  the  gen- 
eral effect  of  the  parts  or  eharacteristics  of  a  work, 
without  regard  to  the  merit  of  the  separate  parts. 

Bescherelle. 

TOUT'ER  (toot'er),  n.  One  who  solicits  custom  for 
a  shop,  public  conveyances,  &c. ;  hence  sometimes 
applied  in  Eng.  to  an  obtrusive  candidate  for  office. 

Wright. 

TOUT'ING  (toot'ing),  n.  The  act  of  seeking  custom 
for  shops,  &c. 

TOWTNG  (to'inc),  n.  Tho  act  or  business  of  draw- 
ing throu!.'h  water,  as  a  boat.  Falconer. 

TOWN'LET,  77.     A  small  town.    JYor^i  Brit.  Rev. 

TOWN'WARD,  adv.     Toward  a  town. 

Longfellow. 

TOWY  (to'y),  a.  Composed  of,  like,  or  containing 
tow. 


DOTE,  "WOLF,  BOOK  ;  Rt?LE,  BULL  ;  VI"CI0U3.— €  asK;  ^asJ;  SosZ;  CllasSn;  THIS. 


1526 


t  Se&  Table  of  Synonyms. 


TRA 


TRE 


TEI 


TOX'O-TES,  fi.       [Gp.  To^oni?.  a  bowman  or  archer.] 
Tho  scientific  name  given  by  Cuvicr  to  a  genus  of 
acanthoptery^ous  fiihe*.     Tiie  only  species  known 
{T.jacuiator)  is  remarkable  lor  it;;  power  of  spurt- 
ing water  so  as  to  bring  down  insects  from  aquatic 
lants,  within  its  reach.  They  are  also  called  archers. 

Ctirier. 
TOY'ING,  n.    The  act  of  playing  in  a  t-ifling  way. 
TOY'ING-LT,  rt<?c.     In  a  playful  or  toying  manner. 
TOY'ISH-LV,  lulv.     la  a  toyi'sh  manner.     Suxt^r. 
TKA'BE-A-TED,  a.    Furnished  with  an  entablature. 

TRA-€AS'SAR-ISitn-ii&s'ssa^jXn.  An unfortnn.ito 
incident  or  difficulty;  a  trick  or  piece  of  mischief. 
BMcherelU.     C.  A7«v7.<t.Vy. 

TRA-eHlTIS,  «,  In  mtd^  inflammation  of  the  tra- 
chea or  wind-pipe.  DunglUon. 

TRA'CING,  n,  [add.]  Tho  act  of  copying  by  mark- 
ing on  thin  paper  the  liajs  of  a  pattern,  Aa,  placed 
beneath. 

TR  X'CIXG-P.l'PER,  n.  Thin  paper  used  for  tracing 
the  outline  of  a  tiiuro  seen  through  it ;  sometimes 
made  of  low  or  flax,  and  sometimes  oiled. 

BeiCn  Tech.  Diet. 

TRXCKTXG.  n.    Tho  act  of  following  by  observing 
footsteps  or  other  tracks. 
2.  The  act  of  drawing  a  boat  through  water. 

TRAeT-lTH-AN-ISXr.  n.     Tho  principles  of  tho 

Tractarians  or  Puseyites.  <TarXv. 

TRADE'-PETCE,  n.  A  lower  price  allowed  to  mem- 
bers of  the  same  trade,  or  by  wholesale  dealers  to 
retailers.  .Simmont.ls. 

TRADES,  n.  pi.     A  common  abbroTialion  of  Tbade- 

wiND*,  whicu  s«.  Maury. 

TR-lDES'-rX-IOX,  n.     A  combination  among  work- 
men respecting  work,  wages,  Jkc         Simmontis. 
TR  A-Di'TION-AL-ISM,  n.    A  system  of  faith  found- 
ed on  tradition.  SurtMt. 
TR.lFTICK-ING,  n.    The  act  or  boaincss  of  buying 

and  selling  irooJji.  Asft. 

TRAi^E'DI-ESyE,  n,     [Fr.]     A  female  actor  of 

tragedy.  BiScherelU. 

T'-RAIL,  n.    Tho  solid  rail  chiefly  used  for  ^a^lway^ 

shaped  at  the  end  like  tho  letter  T. 

BeiVii  Tech,  Diet. 
TR.\n/-NET,  n,    A  net  trailed  or  drawn  behind  a 

boat.  Wright. 

TKAIN'-B.IND,    a.    Of  or  pertaining  to  a  military 

company  ;  as,  '*a  train-hand  captain."     Cotcper. 
TR.VIX'EK,  n.     [add.]     A  militia-man  when  called 

out  for  exercise  or  discipline.  BartUtt. 

TRAL-A-TITION',  n.    A  change,  na  In  the  use  of 

word:* ;  a  metaphor.  Ogileis. 

TR.\M'MEL-Ei:,  n.    He  or  that  which  restrains. 
TRaMP,  n.     Afoot-journey;  a  foot  traveler  or  va- 
grant. TTright. 
TR.VMP'ING,  n.    The  act  of  treading,  or  wandering. 
TR.\M'-PLATE,  n.    A  flat  piece  of  iron  laid  down  as 

a  rail.  Simmonds. 

TK.XMP'LING,  n.    Tho  act  of  treading  down,  or 

proatrating ;  treating  with  contempt,  AnK 

TRANS-eAT-EN-CY,  n.    Tho  stato  of  being  trans- 

cali?nt  Clarke. 

TR.VNS-€A'LENT,  a.  [L  fraM,  through,  and  calto, 

to  erow  warm.  J 
Permitting  ttio  passage  of  heat  Clarke. 

TRAN'S-€RiP'Tl\*E,  a.    Done  as  from  a  copy. 

■    Afth. 
TR.\N3'FER,  r.  t.    To  remove  from  one  substance  to 

an'.tther  ;  as  to  transfer  drawings  or  engravings  to 

a  lithographic  stone.  Tomiin-'ion. 

TRANS-FER-A-BlLa-TY,  n.    Tho  quality  of  being 

transferable.  Ogilvie. 

TR.XNr^'FER-BOOK,  n.    A  register  of  the  change  of 

ownership  in  stocks,  bonds,  «tc.  iSimmonds. 

TR.\NSTER-oF'FrCE,  n.    An  omce  or  department 

where  transfers  uf  stocks,  Ac,  arc  made 
TE.\N3TEP^P.\'PER,  n.     A  prepared  paper  used 

In  lithography  or  copying-presses,  for  transferring 

impressions.  Simmondn. 

TKAN'3-F6RT.ING,  n.    The  act  of  removing  from 

one  |tl;ice  or  substinco  to  another;  a3,  the  tnirtJi- 

/erring  of  drawing.^  or  prints,  &c,  from  paper  to 

stone  or  some  other  material.  Franr.in. 

2.  The  actof  conveying  or  making  over  to  another 

person  ;  as,  the  transferring  of  property. 
TEANS-FIX'ION  (-fik'shun),  n.  Tho  act  of  piercing 

tbroQzh.  Afih. 

2,  The  state  of  beini;  pierced;  as,  "Christ  shed 

blood  in  his  scoarging,  his  nffi.^ion,  his  tran^xion,"' 

Bp.  IT'in. 
TRAN3-F5P.M'A-BLE,  n.    Capable  of  change  into 

some  other  form. 
TRXN'3IEN-CY  (tran'sben-cy),  n.    The  qnality  of 

being  transient  Ogilrie, 


TRSN'SIT,  n.  [add.]  A  transit  inAtrument,  used 
in  itstron.,  is  so  moimted  as  to  move  in  the  plane  of 
the  meridian  ;  it  consists  of  a  telescope  with  certain 
nice  adjustments  for  accurate  observation,  and  is 
used  to  tlctermine  the  exact  moment  when  a  heav- 
enly body  passes  tho  meridian  of  a  place.  Jt'ichol. 

TRXN'SIT,  h.  [add.]  A  line  of  passage  or  travel 
through  a  country ;  as,  the  Nicaragua  transit. 

„    ^  .  K  G.  Squier. 

TKAN'sIT-CIR'CLE,  «.  A  transit  instrument  with 
a  graduated  circle  attached,  used  for  observing  both 
transits  and  declinations.  Kichol. 

TKAX'SIT-€6M'PAS3,  n.  A  surveyor's  compass 
with  a  telescope  mounted  so  as  to  revolve  like  that 
of  a  transit  instrument.  C.  S.  Lyman. 

TRAX-Si'TION  (tran-sizh'un),  a.  Of  or  pertaining 
to  a  change  from  one  st;ito  to  another;  interme- 
diate in  character.  Dana. 

TU.YX'S IT-TRADE,  n.  In  comn.,  the  business  con- 
nected with  the  passage  of  goods  through  a  country, 
to  their  destination.  Cla?'ke. 

TRAN3-LC'NA-RY,  a.     \^..  trans,  and  luna,  the 
moon.] 
Being  or  lying  beyond  tho  moon ;  as, 

"N'eat  JUrlow  bathed  In  th»  The«pian  springs 
HaJ  in  hiai  th'>90  bravo  tmnj'un.tr '  tbings. 
That  the  tint  po«!ta  bad."— /^rrt;'(i>'i. 

TR  ANS-ME'ATE,  V.  t.     [L.  trans,  and  meo,  to  pa-,s.] 
To  [lass  over  or  bovond.  Cole. 

TRAN3-ME-5.T'A-BLE,  a.  Capablo  of  beiug  passed 
over  or  beyond. 

TRAX3-.MITTAXCE.    Sec  Tkansmirsios. 

TRANS-MOG'RI-FT'.  r.  r     A  ludicrous  term  to  de- 
scribe a  change  into  a  different  shano.      [/,o?c.] 
ITallitctll.    Burmt. 

TRANS-MCTA-BLE-XESS,  n.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing transinulablo  ;  as,  ^' the  cosy  transmutahlirness 
of  water."  Boi//f. 

TRAX3-MtTT'IXG,  n.  Thoactof  changingfrom  one 
substance  to  another;  tnmsniutation.  As/i. 

TRAXS-XA-TXTIOX,  «.  Tho  act  of  swimming 
acros.s  a.-*  of  a  river.  Ogilvie. 

TRAXS-PI'RA-TO-KY,  a.  Relating  to  transpira- 
tion. 

TKAX3-PIANT'ING,  n.  Tho  act  of  removing 
something  from  one  place  to  another.  ^■1.1/^. 

TRAXS-POR-TA-BIL'I-TY,  n.  Tho  capacity  of 
being  transported.  Ogilvie. 

TRAXS-VO-LATIOX,  n.  Tho  act  of  flying  beyond 
or  across;  as,  "extraordinary  egressions  and  (rr/ri_s- 
volaiiont  beyond  tho  ordinary  course  of  an  even 
piety."  Bp   Taylor. 

TRAP,  \a.    Of  or  porLiintng  to  trap-rock; 

TRAPTE-AX.  f     as,  a  trap-i\yko.  Mantell. 

TRA-PAX'XINO,  ;t.    The  act  of  insnaring. 

TRXP'-DGoR,  iu'  [add.]  Trap-door  spider,  a 
name  given  to  a  variety  of  si>i(lers  (Mygale).  from 
their  habit  of  forming  a  habitation  in  tbo  ground, 
consistini:  of  a  cylindriral  tube  closed  at  tlic  top  by 
a  circular  door  juined  by  a  hinge  to  the  tube. 

Cuvier. 

TBAPE,    v.  i.    To  walk  slow  or  sluttishly. 

haUixceU. 

TRAPE'3ING,  pp.  or  a.  Walking  sluttishly  or 
slowly.  [lalliwell. 

TRAP-E-ZO-IIE'DRAL.  In  rrysta/Jog,  pertaining 
to  a  solid  bounded  by  twenty-four  equal  an  I  similar 
trapeziums.  I)ati<i. 

TR.\P'-STAIRS,  n.7>/.  Astair-caso  having  a  trap- 
door at  tho  top. 

TRXPTY,  a.    Like,  or  composed  of,  trap  rock. 

WriaJit. 

TRXSIP-TCE,  n.    Crumbled  ice  mixed  with  water. 

Kane. 

TUiSIIT-LY,  aiv.     In  a  trashy  manner. 

TRXSIPI-XE3a,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
trashy.  Clarke. 

TRA.V'EL-ER,  n.  [add.]  A  CJmmcrcial  agent  who 
travels  for  the  purpose  of  receiving  orders  f  >r  mer- 
chants, making  collections,  ic.  Si/nm&ndn. 

TRAVERS-EK,  rt.  [aJ  1]  He  or  that  which  trav- 
erses or  moves;  as,  an  inde.t  on  a  scale,  &.c. 

TRAV'ERS-ING,  n.  The  act  of  crossing,  thwarting 
or  cpnosing.  Ash. 

TEAWX,  «.    A  net  that  is  trailed  behind  a  boat. 

C.  KingsJ^.y. 

TRAWL,  V.  i.     To  fish  with  a  drag-net.        Ogilrie. 

TRAWI/IXO,n.  The  act  of  nshing  with  a  trawl- 
net  ;  ppr.  and  a.     Fishing  with  a  drag-net. 

TRAY,  n.  [.add,]  A  flat  broad  vessel  on  which 
(li.ihes,  itc.,  aro  carried  ;  a  waiter  or  server.  Craig. 

TRAYTTTL,  n.     As  much  as  a  tray  will  hold. 

TRKA'€LY  (truOcly),  «.  Like,  or  composed  of, 
treacle. 

TREaD'-WIIEEL,  «.  A  horizontal  wheel  furnished 
on  its  exterior  .surface  with  foot-hoards  on  which 
persons  may  tread,  and  sa  cause  the  wheel  to 
revolve.        '  Ogilvie. 


TR£aS'UU-IXG  (trezh'ur-ing),  «.  The  act  of  Inying 
up  in  store.  A^h. 

TR£AS'UIi-Y-BENCn  (trezh'ur-y-).  n.  In  Eng.,  the 
first  rowof  soat^  on  the  right  hand  of  the  speaker  in 
the  Ilouso  of  Commons,  so  called  because  occupied 
by  the  First  Lord  of  the  Treasury  and  chief  minister 
of  the  crown.     ^  Ogilvie. 

TREaS'UR- Y-LoRD,  n.  A  lord-commissioner  of  the 
treasury.  Ogilvie. 

TREAT'IXG,  n.     The  act  of  handling,  managing,  &c 
2.  The  act  of  entertaining  with  food  or  drink. 

Atik. 

TREB'LET,  n.    Same  as  Tbiblet. 

TREB'LIXG,  «.    The  act  of  three -folding.        Ash. 

TREB'U-CUET  (treb'yu-shet),  n.  [add.]  A  machine 
of  the  middle  ages,  for  throwing  stone.s  &c.,  acting 
by  means  of  a  great  weight  fastened  to  the  short 
arm  of  a  lever  which  being  let  fall  raised  tlie  end  of 
the  long  arm  with  great  velocity,  and  hurled  the 
stones  with  much  force.  '  Grose. 

TEE-DILLE',  n.    A  game  at  cards  for  three  persons. 

_^  Waif.  ^cctt. 

TREE'FlTI^w.    As  many  as  a  tree  %vill  hold. 

TREM'A-TODE,  n.     [Gr.  rp^^o,  a  hole.] 

An  intestinal  worm  of  the  tribe  of  Trematoda, 
having  organs  of  imbibition  and  adhesion  in  the 
foj-m  of  suckers.  Dana. 

TREMTJLE,  7!.  An  involuntary  shaking  or  quiver- 
ing ;  as,  to  be  all  in  a  tremble.  Dirkens. 

TREXD,  11.  [add.]  In  a  ship  swinging  at  anchor,  tho 
angle  made  by  the  line  of  her  keel  and  the  direction 
ofjhe  anchor  is  the  trend  of  the  anchor. 

TEE'PAXG,  n.  The  driod  sea-shig  {Bolothuria 
oinii^s)  esteemed  a-i  a  great  delicacy  by  the  Chinese ; 
called  also  beclie  de  me/-.  S.  WeUs  Williams. 

TRES'PASS-ING,  n.  The  act  of  encroaching  unlaw- 
fully upon  the  property  or  rights  of  another.  Ash. 

TRESS'1:R£'D  (tresh'urd),  a.  Provided  or  bound 
with  a  treasure  or  border  ;  as, 

"  Th(j  trftsur-^-l  flciir  de  luni?  ho  cloims 
To  wreathe  his  ebield,  siuca  royal  James."    Wa!l.  Scoll. 

TRESS'Y,  a.     Abounding  in  tresses.  Baillie. 

TREWS  (trize),  n.  pi.    A  Scottish  name  for  trous- 
ers. Walt  ScoU. 
TRI'A-DELPU'OUS,  a.     [Gr.  rpcr?,  three,  and  <i6eA- 
<^6s,  brotherho(Ml.] 

In  hot.,  having  stamens  joined  by  their  filaments 
into  three  bundles.  A.  Gray. 

TRI'AL,  a.     Done  or  made  by  way  of  trial ;  as,  a 

trial-tr\\i.  Lond.  Tim  s. 

TRI'A-LOGUE,  72,  [Gr.  rpet?,  and  Adyo?,  a  discourse.] 
A  discourse  or  colloquy  by  three  persons. 

Ogilvie. 
TRT-AX'^-GU-LXR'I-TY,  n.    The  quality  of  being 

triangular. 
TRT-.=i.X«'GU-LATE,  v.  i.    To  divi.le  into  triangles ; 
to  survey  by  means  of  a  series  or  net-work  of  tri- 
angles properly  laid  down  and  rae.asured. 

C.  S.  Lyman. 
TRT-.\X°'GU-LA-TIXG,  «.    Tho  process  of  laying 
down  a  net-work  of  triangles  in  surveyintr. 

Sasfiler. 
TRl-BA'SIf,  a.    Containing  throo  portions  of  base 

t  J  one  of  acid;  as,  tribasi^.  salts.  Gregory. 

TRIE'TI'-AL.    See  Tkibat.. 

TRID-ir-Xi'TIAN  (-nish'an),  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
a  tribune;  as,  tAhunitian  authority. 

C.  Jferirale. 
TRIB'LET,  n.    [add.]    A  s<eel  cylinder  round  which 
uietal  is  J)cnt  in  the  process  of  forming  tubes. 

_  Tamlinson. 

TRIB'UTE,  7U  [add.]  In  mining,  a  certain  propor- 
tion of  tiao  ore  laisoi,  or  its  value,  given  to  the 
miner  as  his  rcoompeit=e.    \^Bng.'\ 

Dryce.     Tomlinson. 
TRlBOT-TER,  n.    In  mining,  one  who  works  for  a' 

certain  portion  of  the  ore,  or  its  value.        Pryce. 
TRieiM-U'EUS,  li.       [Gr.  0^;^,  a  hair,  and  ovp6.,  a 
tail.] 

A  name  given  by  Linnreus  to  a  eenus  of  acan- 
thipterygioua  fishes,  called  also  hnir-'tails,  from  the 
elongated  hair-lika  filament  that  terminates  the 
tail.  Cuvicr. 

TRI'^nO-CYST,  n.  [Gr,  flplf,  hair,  and  kuo-tis,  a 
bag] 

A  cell  containing  a  coiled  thread,   existing  in 
many  radiates,  the  lasso-cell  of  Agnssiz.      Dana. 
TRI'CIXG,  n.    The  act  of  liauling  up  by  a  rope  or 

tying  close.  Totten. 

TEICK'Y,  rt.    Practising  deception;  knavish. 

Ilalliicell. 
TRI€T:.I-NI€.    See  Tf.iclisate. 
TRT-Ct'S'PTD,   a.     [add.]     Having  three  cusps  or 

])rominences;  as,  ?/"i'-cwr/>iVZ  molars. 
TRl-DENT-iF'ER-0U3,  a.     Bearing  a  trident. 

Clarke. 


i,    E,    U^    long.^X    £.    &c.,  »/«»r/._cARE,    FAR,    LAST,     FALL,    WHAT;    THfiEE,    TfeRM ;    MARINE,    BIRD;    MOVE, 


t  S«6  I'ubU  of  Synony>nn. 


1527 


TRO 


TUB 


TWA 


TUI^'D  (tiulc),  pp.  and  a.     Having  been  proved; 

as,  a  tried  friend. 
TUT'-FO'LI-A-TED.     Seo  Tri-foliate. 
TUT-Fi5UM'I-TY,  n.     The  state  of  having:  ft  three- 
fold shape.  WHi/ht. 
TRIG,  n.     A  stone,  block  of  wood,  or  any  thinjc  else 
])Iiced  under  a  wheel  or  barrel  to  prevent  motion. 
[Eng  ]                                                              ^Vright. 
TKILL'IXG,  n.     The  act  of  uttering  a  quavGiins  or 

sbakini;  noise;  vibration  of  voice.  Ash. 

TKI-LO  BiT'l€,  a.     Pertaining  to  trilobites. 

Dcnia. 
TrJ-ME'UOUS,  a.     [Gr.  rpeU,  and  /xepo?,  part.] 

In  bot.,  having  iu  parts  iu  threes.        A.  Gray. 
TUiM'MING,  n.     [add.]      The  act  of  reprimanding 

or  chastising;  as,  to  give  a  boy  a  trimming. 
TUl-M<5llPnT$M.  n.     [Gr.  Tpe^s,  and  (j.op4>n^  form.] 
The  property  of  crystallizing  in  three  forms  fun- 
damcntally  distin'^t,  as  with  titanic  acid.     Dana. 
TRT-MUR'TI,  «.      In  nindoo  myth.,  the  triad  or 
trinity  of  the  Vedas,  consisting  of  Brahma  the  crea- 
tor, Vishnu  the  preserver,  and  Siva  tiie  destroyer. 

Colemiin. 
TRI-CE'CIOCS   (-e'shus),    a.     [Gr.  TptU,  and  ol«o5, 
house.] 

Having  three  sorts  of  flowers  on  one  plant,  as  in 
tho  red  mai)le.  A.  Gray. 

TUtP'AR-TED,  a.       In  heraldry,  parted  in  three 

pi«.-ees;  as,  a  cross  iriparted.  Ogilvie. 

TRT-PART'I-BLE,  a.    Divisible  into  three  parts  or 

pieces.  Ilensluio. 

TRT-PAS'€IIAL,  a.     Including  three  passovers. 

Ogilvie. 
TRT-P6R'S0N-AL-T5T,  «.     One  who  holds  to  three 

persons  in  the  Gtidhcad.  Clarke. 

TRT'PKR-Y,  71.     A  place  where  tri|)e  is  prepared, 

kept  or  sold.  Lond.  Qiiar.  liev. 

TKT-PIX-N.\T'I-FID,n.     [L.  tri, pinna,  plume,  and 
Jindo,  to  divide.] 

K  tri-compnund  pinnatifid.  A.  Gray. 

TRIP'LE  STARS,  n.  pi.      Three  stars  inclose  ap- 

l)arent  proximity.  Kichol. 

TRIP'0-DY,  11.     [Gr.  rpeW,  and  iroO?,  foot] 

In  pronodi/y  a  series  of  three  feet.  Wright. 

TRIP'PING,  ppr.  or  a.  In  heraldry,  notin:;  tho  rep- 
resentation of  an  animal  with  one  foot  lifted,  the 
others  remaining  on  the  ground,  as  if  he  were  trot- 
tins.  Ogilvie. 
TRiP'TYGH.  n.  [Gr.  rpetV,  and  irri,^,  a  fold  or  leaf] 
A  writing  tibh^t  in  three  parts,  two  of  which 
folded  over  on  ttie  middle  part.                Foshroke. 

2.  An  altar  piece  in  three  compartments,  tho  mid- 
dle one  aflixed  to  the  wall,  and  the  other  two  folding 
on  this.  Ogih'ie.     Atlueiieum. 

TRT-SE'RT-AL,     la.     [L.  tri,  and  serieJi,  a  row  or 
TRI-SE'RI-ATE.  f     order.] 

In  hot.,  arranged  in  three  rows  beneath  each  other. 

.-1.  Gray. 
TRT-STieirOrS,  n.     [Gr.  rpeU,  and  (m\6<;,  a  row.] 
In  hot.,  tviserial  in  three  longitudinal  or  jicrpeu- 
dicular  rank?.  A.  Gray. 

TRT-STIG-MAT'ie,     la.      [L.  tri.%  and    stigma.'] 
TRI-STIG'MA-TOSE,  (      Noting  three  sti^niav 

A.  Gray. 
TRPYALVE,  n.    A  shell,  &c.,  having  three  valves. 

Wright. 
TRIV'ET-TA'BLE,  n.    A  tablo  supported  by  three 
legs ;  as,  "  tho  ^Wref-table  of  a  foot  was  lame." 

Dryden. 
TPvi'-VTEEK'LY,  a.  Performed,  ocenrring  or  ap- 
pearing three  times  a  week  ;  as,  a  tri-iceekly  news- 
paper. [A  convenient  word,  but  not  legitimately 
formed;  it  should,  accordiuu  to  its  formation,  mean 
once  in  three  weeks,  as  triennial  means  onre  in 
three  veavs.]  Ogilvie. 

TRO-eUIL'I-DIST,  n.    One  who  studies  huiimunEC- 
-   birds,  or  the  TrochUida:.  Gould. 

TPwOeU'LE-AR,  a.     [L.  t-oc7dea,  a  block  or  pulley.] 
In  physiol.,  shaped  liko  a  pulley;  as,  the  troch- 
lear muscle  of  the  eye.  Ji.  Oicen. 
Used  also  in  botany.  A.  Gray. 
TRO-€IIOM'E-TER,  n.     [Gr.  rpox^s.  ft  wheel,  and 
fieTpov,  a  measure.] 

A  contrivance  for  computinjj  tho  revolutions  of  n 
wh  eel.  Cra  ig,    Sim  m  o  n  ds. 

TR(5G-L0-Dt'T'I€,  a.    Eelating  to  a  troglodyte  or 

dweller  in  caves.  Cla'rke. 

TRO'GON,  71.  The  scientific  name  given  by  Linnicus 
to  a  genus  of  scansorial  birds.  They  have  richly 
colored  pltnnage,  some  part  of  it  usually  having  a 
metallic  luster  like  that  of  humming-birds.  The 
T.  viridijt,  and  the  Cnrucui  or  T.  cnrucui  arc  com- 
nutn  in  collections.  Cnrier. 

TROLLTNG,  n.     The  act  of  rolling,  turning,  &c. 
2.  The  act  of  fishin.;  by  dr-awing  tho  bait  through 
the  water,  as  by  a  reel,  &c.  Ash. 

TROL'LOP-ISII,  a.    Liko  a  slattern  ;  dirtv. 

Ifalliicell. 


TROOP'ING,  11.  The  act  of  moving  together  in  a 
crowd,  or  of  marching  together.  Ash. 

TRDT'TING,  n.    The  act  of  moving  on  a  trot. 

Clarke. 

TROITT'LIMG,  n.     A  little  trout  [Coll.]     Ogilvie. 

TRCCE'LESS,  a.  Without  a  truce ;  unforbearing ; 
as, — 

"Two  minds  in  one,  and  eacli  a  tnift'eit  crneit. 
Rending  the  spliere  of  our  dUtrncted  breast." 

Broo/iif. 

TRt'CK'LER,  n.  One  who  jields  servilely  to  the  will 
of  anotlier.  Tucker. 

TliUCK'LING,  n.  A  servile  compliance  with  the 
will  of  another.  Ash. 

TRUCK'MAN,  n.  One  who  drives,  or  conveys  goods 
on,  a  truck.     [/!;«,]  Hartlett. 

TRtJDGTNG,  «.  The  act  of  traveling  on  foot,  slowly 
or  laboriously  ;  ppr.  or  a.    Traveling  laboriously. 

Ash 

TRCF'FL£'D.  a.  Provided  or  cooked  with  trufllos ; 
as,  a  truffled  turkey.  Ogilvie. 

TRUMP'ER-Y,  a.  Worthless  or  deceptive  in  charac- 
ter; as,  "  a  trumpery  little  ring."         Tliackeray. 

TRtJM'PET-MA'JOR,  n.  The  chief  trumpeter  of  a 
band  or  regiment.  Clarke. 

TRtJM'PET-SlIAP^D,  a.  Tubular  with  one  end 
dilated,  as  the  flower  of  the  Trumpet-creeper. 

I.'ejisloiv. 

TRt"N'CIIEON£'D  (-shund),  a.  Furnished  with  n 
truncheon. 

TliUND'LING,  71.  The  act  of  rolling,  as  on  little 
wlieels.  Asli. 

TRt^NK'FUL,  a.    As  much  as  a  trunk  will  hold. 

TRUNK'-LINE,  n.  The  main  line  of  a  railway,  canal, 
or  other  mode  of  couvevance.  Simmonds. 

TRUX'NEL.    See  Tf.ee-'Xail. 

TEUNNTONffD  (trun'yundX  a.  Provided  with 
trunnions;  as,  tho  cylinder  of  an  oscillating steam- 
enirine  is  trunnioned. 

TRUS'SEL.    See  Tkestle. 

TRUSSTXG,  n.  In  arcA.,  the  timbers,  &c,  which 
form  a  truss,  taken  collectively.  Weale. 

2.  Tlio  act  of  a  hawk  in  seizing  its  prey,  and  soar- 
ing with  it  into  the  air.  Craig. 

TRV.ST,  n.  Held  in  trust;  as,  iri^i-property,  iriM^ 
money. 

TRUST'-DEED,  n.  A  deed  conveying  property  to  a 
trustee,  for  some  fpeciflc  use.  Clarke. 

TUL'ST-EE'SUIP,  n.   Tho  office  or  duty  of  a  trustee. 

Ogilvie. 

TSETZE  (.sutz),  n.  The  name  given  in  Africa  to  a 
fly  (^Glossina  inorsitans)  whose  bite  results  in  cer- 
tain death  to  the  horse,  ox.  and  dog,  but  is  harm- 
less to  man  and  wild  animals. 

Living.9to7ie.    Barth. 

TRT'ING.  n.    The  art  of  bringing  to  trial.      Ash. 
2.  Tlie  act  of  melting  down  crude  tallow,  whales' 
blubber,  &c. 

TRT'ST,  n.  [Connected  with  tru-'it ;  from  iryicnan, 
to  give  one's  faith.]  An  appointment  to  meet;  an 
appointed  place  ot  meeting;  as,  to  keep  tryst,  to 
break  tryst.     [.Scotch.]     Walt.  Scott.    Jajuieaon. 

TR1l"3T,  v.  i.  or  v.  t.  To  agree  to  meet,  or  agree  with 
to  meet.     [Scotch.]  Barns. 

TRYSTTNG,  a.  Of  or  connected  with  a  tryst,  or  ap- 
pointment toraeet;  as,  a  trysting  place.     [.^oo/cA.] 

Jamieson. 

TtJB'BING,  n.  Lit.,  tho  forming  of  a  tub.  Hence, 
a  lining  of  timber  or  metal  around  the  shaft  of  a 
mine,  particularly  a  series  of  cast  iron  cylinders 
bolted  together,  used  to  enable  those  who  sink  a 
shaft  to  penetrate  quicksand,  water,  itc.,  with  safety. 
Mining  Journal. 

Tr'BER-A-TED,  a.  In  heraldry,  knotted  or  swell- 
ed out  Ogilvie. 

TU'EER-eL^D  (tu'ber-kld),  a.  Having  tubercles; 
ns,  a  tubccled  lung.  Ogilvie. 

Ta-BfeR'€U-LATE.  a.  Having  small  tubercles  or 
knobs;  as,  a  tuherculate  plant.  A.  Gray. 

TU-B£R-€U-LI-ZATI0N.  71.  The  development  of 
tubercles  ;  the  becoming  aflFected  with  tubereles. 

Dunglisoji. 

TU-BfeR'€U-LOSE,  a.  Having,  or  being  affected  by 
tubercles.  Clarke, 

TTJ'B'Fyi^  71.     As  much  as  a  tub  will  hold. 

TtT'BI-FORM,  a.  Having  the  form  of  a  tube;  as, 
'■'iubi/onn  cells."  Carpenter. 

TITB'ING,  n.  A  series  of  tubes;  a  length  or  piece  of 
a  tube  ;  as,  leather  tubing. 

_  2.  The  act  of  making  tubes.  Clurke. 

TIT'BU-LAR,  ft.  [add.]  Tubular  bridge,  an  iron 
bridge  made  in  the  form  of  a  hollow  tube  or  trunk, 
ns  tlmt  over  the  Mcnai  Straits  in  Wales.  Weale. 
TU-BIT-LA'RI-AN,  H.  A  polypoid  acalcph,  having 
a  simple  or  branched  horny  tube  and  termin.itini: 
above  in  a  polyp-like  extremity.  The  Tubularians 
grow  usually  in  delicate  tufts.  ' 
2.  Au  auiiiiul  of  the  tubularian  familv,     Pana. 


TU-BU-LA'RI-A]Sr,«.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  tiibu- 
larians.  _  Dana. 

TU-Bi^-L.V'TION,  n.  The  act  of  making  hollow  ;  a 
swelling  out;  the  formation  of  a  tube.        Bailey. 

TtJ^BU-LOSE,  a.    Kesembling  a  tube  or  pipe. 

Ogilvie. 

TU'BU-LURE,  n.    A  short  tabular  opening. 

Silli}nan'.<t  Journal. 

TCCK'-NET,  a.  A  small  n^t  used  to  take  out  fish 
from  a  larger  one.  Simmonds. 

TU'DOR-STTLE,  71.  In  nrrh.^  a  name  given  to  the 
latest  Gothic  style  in  England,  under  the  Tudors; 
characterized  by  a  fiat  arch,  shallow  moldinss,  and 
a  profusion  of  panelinir  on  tlie  walls.  Gicilt. 

rVFJ-VRO'S,  n.    SeeTwEER. 

Tt'FTMIUNT-lNG,  n.  The  practice  of  seeking 
after  and  banging  on  to  noblemen  or  persons  of 
quality,  in  English  universities.  Clarke. 

TUM'BLER,  n.  [add.]  That  part  of  a  lock  which 
detains  the  shot-bolt  in  its  place,  until  a  key  lifts  it 
and  leaves  the  bolt  r.t  liberty.  Tomlin^on. 

TUM'BLER-FIX,  n.  As  much  as  a  tumbler  will 
contain. 

Tr-MIDT-TY,  71.  The  state  of  being  swelled  or 
pulfed  up;  tumidness.  Ogilvie. 

TU'''NI€-.\.TE,  a.  In  zo'ol.,  noting  an  acephalous 
mollusk,  having  a  leathery  or  meinbranous  bag-like 
envelop  instead  of  a  shell.  Dana. 

2.  In  ^o(.,  covered  or  coated  with  layers;  a.s  a 
Utnicaie  bulb.  A.  Gray. 

TITN'ING.  71.    The  operation  of  adjusting  the  various 
sounds  of  a  musical  in  -trument  or  of  several  instru- 
ments so  as  to  bring  them  into  agreement. 
_  Moore's  Encyc.  Mus. 

TCX'ING-KEY  (-kc),  n.    See  Tuning  Hammer. 

TL'N'NEL-ING.  n.  The  operation  of  cutting  an 
arched  siibterranean  passage.  Tomlinson. 

TIT-PA'I-A,  n.  pi.  The  banxrin^,  a  genus  of  insec- 
tivora  living  in  tho  Indian  archipelago. 

Imp.  Add. 

TUR-BIDT-TY,  n.    The  state  of  being  turbid. 

Ogilvie. 

TUR-EI-NA'CEOUS  (-na'shus),  a.  Relating  to  j.eat 
or  turf.  Walt.  Scott. 

TUK'BI-XAL,  71.     [L.  ttirho  or  iurben,  a  top.] 
The  nose  cajjsulo  in  tho  head  of  a  Q^h. 

i?.  Oiceii. 

TUR'EIXE,  n.  [Fr.]  A  horizontal  water  wheel  at 
the  center  of  which  the  water  rushes  in,  diverging 
in  every  direction  to  a  series  of  curved  wings  or 
floats,  and  passing  out  at  the  circumference.  Thus 
is  produced  a  great  force  of  revolution  at  a  very  small 
expense  of  water.  Appleton's  Mech.  Diet. 

TUR'€0-MAX,  71.  An  inhabitant  of  Turcomania  or 
Turkestan. 

TU-REEX'Fl*L,  n.    As  much  as  a  tureen  holds. 

TURF'ITE,  n.     A  votary  of  the  turf  or  race-course. 

Clarke. 

TURF'LESS,  a.     Destitute  of  turf. 

TtT'Iil-O,  n.  [L.]  A  shoot  or  sprout  from  the  ground. 

A.  Gray. 

TTJRK'ISM,  n.  A  peculiarity  in  the  religion,  man- 
ners, &c.,  of  the  Turks. 

TURN,  n.  [add.]  In  tnrn,\n  duo  order  of  succes- 
sion. Turn  and  turn  about,  an  alternate  share  of 
duty.     In  cookery,  done  to  a  titrn,  done  exactly. 

TXJUX'ER,  n.  [add.]  A  name  given  among  the  Ger- 
mans to  one  who  practises  athletic  or  gymnastic 
exercises. 

Tt'RX'lNG-LATHE,  n.  A  lathe  used  by  turners  to 
shai)e  their  work.  Simmonds. 

TV RX'-O-YER,  n.    A  small  p.ostry  puff. 

Simynonds. 
2.  The  act  or  re.r.ult  of  turning-over;  as,  a  bad 
iurn-over  in  a  carriage;  a.  That  folds  over ;  as,  a 
t7irn-orer  collar  or  table.  Craig. 

TURTLING,  n.    Tho  act  of  catching  turtles. 

Marryait. 

TrS'€AN,  a.  [add.]  Tuscan  capit<tl.  the  cap  of  a 
column  of  the  Tiisean  order;  it  is  a  pl.iin  unorna- 
mented  capital,  much  liko  that  used  in  Doric  archi- 
tecture. Gwilt. 

TUSS'LING,  n.    The  act  of  struggling. 

Tl'S'SOCK-Y,  a.  Noting  tho  form  of  tussocks,  or 
tufts  <if  grass. 

TUYERE'  (tweev),  n.  [Fr.]  The  aperture  in  the 
side  of  blast-furnaces  to  admit  the  nozzle  of  the  blast 
pipe  ;  also  the  nozzle  itself;  spelt  also  ticeer. 

Appleton's  Mech.  Diet. 

TWADT>LING,  n.  The  act  of  tilking  in  a  foolish. 
imLecilc  manner;  ppr.  ov  a.  Talking  in  a  foolish 
manner. 

TWANGTNG,  n.  Tho  net  of  making  a  sharp,  shrill 
sound;  the  sound  made;  as,  tho  ticartging  of  a 
stretched  cord. 

TWXNG'LING,  ppf.  or  a.  Giving  a  sharp  sound; 
as.  "  the  ticangling  violin  struck  up."  Tennyson. 


DOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK;    KtTLE,  BULL;   Ti"CIOUS.— €  as  K;    G  as  J;    S  asZ;    CH  as  SH ;    THIS. 


1528 


*  Sc6  Table  of  Synonym-t. 


ULT 

TWAXK'ISG,    p.    n.      Same    as    TwAMiiso;    as, 

"  tWiiHjcing  heatUess  arrows.^  Tennyson, 

TWEaK.  n.    A  sharp  pinch  or  jerk;  l«,  a  ticeiik  of 

the  nos*.  Sicifi. 

TWEED,  n.     A  liaht  cotton  or  wm)lon  stuff,  used  for 
summer  coat^  Ac.     Abo  used  as  an  a^ijective. 

^immonds. 
TWELFTH'-XIGHT,  n.    The  evening  of  the  twelfth 
dav  after  Cljristmas.  or  Epipliauy,  observed  as  a 
festival  by  the  Church  of  Uouie  and  others. 
TWID'DLE,  n.    A  slight  twist  with  the  fingers. 
TWlD'DLE,  c.  t.    Totouch  lightly  or  play  with;  to 
twirl  with  the  fingers ;  as,  to  iwiddU  a  watch-key. 

Thackirai/. 
TTVIIKDLE,  r.  t".    To  be  busy  about  trifles. 

naUiwelL 
TWIiyDLIXG,  n.     Tho  act  of  twirling  with  the 

fingers. 
TWIG.  V.  t.    To  beat  with  twiss. 

2.  To  understand  ono's  nivaning;  as,  "Do  yon 
ticigmeY'  ^Var.  dittl.]  UUlitcilL  Mnrryatt. 
TWILL,  n.  A  name  given  to  the  effect  of  a  v.iriety 
of  weaving  which  prmluces  diagonal  lines  or  ribs  in 
the  texture  of  the  cloth.  It  is  maile  bv  causing  the 
weft  thread  not  to  pass  over  and  under  the  warp- 
tbrcads  in  regular  succession  (as  usual  in  plain 
weaving)  but  to  pass  over  one  anil  under  two,  or 
overone  and  under  three,  Ac,  according  to  the  style 
of  twiU  to  be  formed.  OgilvU. 

2.  A  name  given  to  twilled  cloth. 
Ticillf  is  a  commercial  term  for  twilled  goods 
tiken  collectively.  Simmonds. 

TWILL'ING.   n.      Tho  act  or  process  of  weaving 

giHMls  so  as  to  produce  a  twill. 
TWlRL'IXG,   n     Tho  act  of  turning  round  with 

velocity  or  whirling.  Ash, 

TWlST'ISG,  n.    The  act  of  winding,  or  of  forming 

a  twisL  Ash. 

Tr'BL'E>f,  n,    Tho  name  of  a  place  in  London  for- 
merly used  for  the  execution  of  criminals;    a.  Per- 
taining 10  Tyburn ;  as,  the    Tj/l/arn  tree,  the  gal- 
lows. Jfirto. 
TT'LER,  n,    [Fr.  taOltur,  a  cntter.J 

In  free-manonrtj,  one  who  standJs  as  door-keeper 
or  guard  of  a  lodge  with  a  drawn  sword.    Ogitcie, 
T?MP,  71.    A  partition  or  space  in  tho  lower  part  of 
a  blast-furnace,  adjoining  the  crncible,  for  cleaning 
out  the  hearth.  Appleton'K  iftch.  Diet, 

TrM-P.\NT€,  a.      Pertaining  to  tho  tympanum; 
as,  the  ti/mpanir.  canal.  DunglUion. 

2.  Like  a  tympanum.  Clarke. 

TTMP.\N'ie,  n.      In  ofteclngij,  the  bono  of  the 
heail  which  serves  to  support  tho  drum  of  the  ear. 

J)ana, 
T?M'PAS-IST,  n.  One  who  beats  a  drum.  CoU. 
T  fX  E,  n.     .\  branch  of  the  antlers  of  a  stag,  Ac  ;  as, 

a  stag  of  ten  li/net,  H'l/t  Scnlt. 

TTP'.VL.  n.    Serving  as  tho  type  or  representative 

of  a  s|M;cies  or  class.  Jt.  Oicen, 

TTPE'-FOCMD-IXG,  n.   Tho  act  or  process  of  m.ak- 

ing  type  for  printing.  BeW'  Tech.  Diet. 

TrPE'-FOCSD-ET,n.  A  place  for  the  manufacture 

of  type.  BeiCs  Tech.  Dut, 

TTP-I-FI-€ATIO>f.  n.      The  act  of  typifying  or 

representing  by  a  figure.  Ogilcie. 

TT-P6L'0-6r,  II.    [Gr.  nnrot,  a  type,  and  Aoyos,  a 
discourse.] 

1.  .\  treatise  on  types. 

2.  The  doctrine  of  tjrpes.  Ogilrie, 
Tf -EAN-SI-CI'DAL,  a,    Eelating  to  the  murder  of 

a  tyrant.  Booth, 

7^R'AN-SIZ-ISG,  n.    Tho  act  of  ruling  with  ex- 
cessive severity ;  despotism.  Ash. 

■'■fR'AN-XOCS-LT,  nrfr.    In  a  despotic  manner; 
as,  "shed  their  blood  Igrannousl;/." 

Joye.     Spender, 

T? E'0L-E3E,  n.    An  inhabiUnt  of  tho  Tyrol ;  a.  Of 
or  belonging  to  the  Tyrol ;  a?.  Tyroltue  music. 

T?R'0-M.\N-CT,  n.  [Gr.  wpo?,  cheese,  and  iLoyriia, 
divination.] 
Soothsaying  by  means  of  cheese 

T?'RO-SISM,  ».    The  atotc  of  being  a  <yrff  or  be- 
ginner. 

TYE-TE'AN,  a.    Like  or  pertaining  to  Tyrta-ns,  an 
ancient  poet  who  wrote  warlike  songs.      Clarke. 


u. 

tSX/CEE-A-ELE,  a,    Capabl*  of  becoming  nlcerated. 

Ogi^vie. 
tfl/CEE-A-TtVE,  a.     Of  or  relating  to  nlcers ;  as, 

an  ulceratire  process.  Dunglison, 

UL-TETIT-OE-LT,  adv.      In  an  ulterior  m.inner; 

remotely.  WeMtm.  Tlev. 


Not  abashed ;  as,  nmlhash- 
iroicitt. 
Without  diminution  of 


UNO 

ULTION,  fi.    [L.  vltio.1    P.evengc.  .1  <h. 

t'L'TKA-AB-OLI'TlON-lSM  (-lish'un-izm),  n. 
Abolitionism  carried  to  an  extreme.  Reest. 

rLTRA-AB-O-LI'TION-IST  (lish'un-ist),  n.  An 
extreme  abolitionist.  Reese. 

'C'LTR.\-€OS-Sf:EV'A-TIVE,  a.  Conservative  to 
an  extreme.  Clnrke. 

tJXTEA-EE-PUB'LI€-.\N,  a.  Pushing  republican 
principles  to  an  extreme.  Clarke. 

C'LTEA-ZO-DI'Ae-AL,  a.    Beyond  the  zodiac. 

Ilerschel. 

"TM^BEE-Y,  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  umber;  like  um- 
ber: as,  umhery  ^o\ii,  ArtJourjull, 

■f  M'BLE-PiE.    See  ntrMBLK-prE. 

ti'.M'BUE,  ft.  A  name  given  to  tho  African  crow 
iScopus  umhretta')  i\  grallatorial  bird,  of  an  umber 
color,  with  a  tufl  on  its  crown.  Curier, 

UM-BEEL'LA,  n.  Md.]  In  aool,  the  umbrella- 
like  part  of  ajellv-fish  or  medusa.  Dana. 

CMT.EOSE,  a.     [L.  uinhra.  shade.]    Shady. 

P.MTIEE-SHIP,  n.    The  office  of  an  umpire. 

fM'QnilLE  (I'lm'kwil),  cKfc.  Sometime  ago;  for- 
merly ;  a.  Former.  Walt.  Scott. 

rS-A-B.Xsn'A-BLE,  a, 
able  humbug. 

trX-A-BAT'Eb-LT,    adv. 
strength  or  violence. 

CN-Ae-CEPT-A-BILT-TT,  n.    Unacceptablencss. 

Ash. 

rN-.\€-€OL'XT-A-BILT-Tr.  SeeUMAccocNTAELE- 

KESS. 

UN-A€-€OU'TEK£'D  (-koo'terd),  n.    Not  being  ac- 

coutered.  Ash, 

tJN-Ae-QUlR'A-BLE,  a.    Not  to  be  acquired. 
UN-X€T'A-BLE,  a.    Not  capable  of  being  actcil. 

Loud.  Quar. 
tJN-AD-DP.ESS'A-BLE,  a.    Not  to  be  addressed. 
UN-AD-MIS'SI-BLE,    ia.    Not  to  be  admitted. 
CX-AD-MITTA-BLE,  )  AsK 

UN'-AD-MlTTED,  a.    Not  admitted.  Ask. 

1'N-A-DCL'TER-.\-TED-LY,   adv.     In    a    manner 

free  from  adulteration. 
UN-AF-FI'ANC£D  (fi'anst),  a.    Not  betrothed  or 

pledged.  Aslt. 

rN-.\IM£'D'  (-.'imd),  a.    Not  aimei  Ogilvie. 

UX-AL-LOTTEU,  a.    Not  allotted  Ash. 

UN-A-MEr.'I-eAN.  a.     Nut  American. 
L'N-.\N-A-LTZ\V-DLE,  a.    Not  to  bo  ana.yzod. 
l"N-.\N€II'Y-LOSA'D  (-ank'e-loste),  a.    Not  ancby- 

losed. 
UN-AP-OS-TOLae,         \a.    Not  apostolic. 
UN-AP-OS-TOL'ie-AL,  I  ^  Tai/lor. 

nN-AP-POE'TION£'D,  a.  Not  apportioned.    Ash. 
L'N-AP-PEE'CIA-TING,  a.    Not  apprcci.itinc. 

Allen, 
TJN-AS-SAULT'A-BLE,  a.  Not  assauUable  ;  as,  "the 

rock  is  unaseaultable,^^  llnkbjt, 

rN-AS.SRSS'.\-BLE,  a.    Not  to  be  assessed. 
l'N-n.\UG£'D'  (-badj(l),  a.     Not  having  a  badge. 
rX.B.\IL'A-BLE,  rt.     Not  admitting  of  b.iil.   Ash, 
UN.B.\ILJ?D',  «.    Not  bailed.  Ash, 

L'N-BXNK',  r.  t.    To  remove  a  bank  from  ;  as,  to 

unhank  a  house. 
UN-B.\NK£'D'  (-bankt),  a.    Not  embanked.  Ash. 
UN-BE-€LOUD'ED,  a.    Not  clouded  ;  seeing  clear- 
ly ;  a.s,  "  with  unheclouded  eyes."  M'att,i. 
UN-BE-DECKJTD'  (.<Wkt),  a.    Not  bedecked  or  or- 
namented, -^l^- 
UN-BEI.T'ED,  a.    Not  belted  ;  nngirded  ;   as,     and 
snatcherl  in  startled  haste  unbelted  brands." 

Bt/ron. 
UN-BEND'ING,  n.    The  act  of  relaxing  or  of  taking 

relaxation.,  „     ,     .       , 

t7N-BE-?lEG£'D'  (-soejd),  a.    Not  besieged. 
CN-BE-TE5TH£'D'  (-trotht),  a.    Not  betrothed. 

Ash. 
CN-BE-WIL'DEr.£'D,  «.    Not  bewildered.    Ash. 
L'N-BID',  <l.    Sec  Bid.    Not  called  for ;  spont.aneous, 
as.  "  hung  himself  unbid,  unblesU"    [Obs.] 
'  Spenser. 

CN-Bl-O-GE.XPme-AL,  a.    Not  biographic-il. 

Ogtlvie. 
UN-BL.\Z'ONJ5'D  (-bhi'znd),  a.    Not  blazoned. 

Ash. 
TTN-BOAED'ED,  a.    Not  boarded. 
UN-BULT'.  V.  i.    To  explain  or  open ;  as, "  I  will  un- 
bolt to  you."  Shakes, 
UN-BON^D',  a.    Not  boned;  deprived  of  bones. 

Ogilvie. 
UN-BC'ET  (-bJr'ry),  "■  <•  To  disinter.  Ogilvie. 
UN-Bt?SK'IN.ffD   (-biisk'ind),    o.     Not  wearing  a 

buskin.  -^*^- 

UN-€iL'CI-rI.ff  D,  a.  Not  calcified  ;  as,  uncalcijSed 

teeth.  ^-  Owen. 

UN-€AN'NY,  a.  Wanting  skill  or  tact ;  inopportune  ; 

out  of  the  way.  Watt,  Scott, 


UND 

U^-CII.\U'I-OT,  r.  t.    To  deprive,  or  throve  o;it,  of  a 

chariot  Ogilvie. 

UN-CI-ATIM  (un-she-S'tim),  adv.    [L.]    Ounce  by 

ounce.  Ogilvie. 

DN-CiL'I-.\^ED,  a,    'Without  cilia.  Dana, 

UN-CIN€TaTK.£'D,  a.     Not  cinctured. 
UN-CIT'ED,  a.    Not  cited  or  summoned.  Ogilvie. 
UN-€LEn'I€-.\L,  a.    Not  befitting  tho  cleriry ;  as, 

^^unclerical  occupation."  Knox, 

UN-CLOAK',  V.  t.  and  v,  i.    To  take  off  a  cloak  or 

cover.  Ogilvie. 

UN-€OCK',  V.  t.  To  let  down  a  cock,  .-.s  of  a  gun.  Jzc 

2,  To  open  a  cock  or  heap,  as  of  hay.  As/i. 

UN-€0-IIE'SIVE.  a.    Without  cohcsivencss.  Ash, 
UN-C6M'F0P.T-ED,  n.  Not  comforted  ;  as,  "awake 
your  love  to  my  uncomforted  brother." 

Beaumont  tfc  Fletcher, 
CN-€OM-PLI'ANT,  a.    Not  complying  or  yielding. 

Ogih^ie, 
0N-€5M'PLI-MEXT-ED,  a.    Not  complimented. 

Ash, 
PN-€5M'PE0-MTS/:d  (-mizd),  a.      Not  compro- 
mised or  committed.  Ash, 
UN-COM'PP.O-^IIS-ING-LY,  adv.     In  an  uncom- 
promising manner. 
UN-€ON-€Lr0'ED_,  a.    Not  concluded.    Ogilvie. 
CN-€0N-FED'EE-A-TED,  a.    Not  joined  in  a  con- 
federacy. Ash. 
UN-€ON-FfiEP.£'D'  (-ferd),  a.    Not  conferred. 

Ash. 
UN-€ON-FOr.M-A-BIL'I-TY.  n,    St.ito  of  not  being 
conform.ablc  ;  in  geol.,  not  having  the  planes  of  one 
set  of  strata  parallel  with  those  of  another. 

Dana, 
UN-eON-GE-NI-ilVI-TY,  «.      Want  of  congenial- 
ity. I.ond.  Quarterly. 
UN-e5N'QlTER-A-BLE-NESS,  n.     The  quality  of 

not  being  conriueraMe.  Ash. 

UN-€0N-S1GN£D'  (-slndO,  a.    Not  consisned. 

Ash. 
UN-€ON-StrM'IXG^  a.    Not  consuming.   Ogilvie. 
UN-COX-TXM'I-NA-TED,  a.     Not  contaminated; 
as,  "  uncontaminated  by  the  vices  of  tho  world." 

Knox. 
Cr!J-€ON-TE,\ST'EP,  a.    Not  contrasted.       Ash. 
UN-€OX-TnO-Vtr.TT,D-LY,  n.    Without  dispute; 
as,    "  iincontrovertedtg    written    by   the   apostles 
themselves."  Clarke, 

L'N-€ON-VEN.E'D',  a.    Not  assembled.  Ash. 

i:N-€ON-YfiR'SI0N  (vcr'shun),  ft.      The  state  of 

being  unconverted.  Ogilvie. 

tT:N'-€OX-YEY£'D'  (-viide),  a.    Not  conveyed. 

Ash. 
UN-eOX'-VieX'ED,  <i.  Not  convicted.  Ogilvie. 
UN-€OOK-ff  D' (-kookt),  a.    Not  cooked;  raw. 

•  ■  Ash^ 

UN-eOPT.FD  (-kop'id),  a.    Not  copied.     Clarke.. 
UN-€(5P.K'ING,  ft.    Tho  act  of  drawing  corks. 
UN-€OE-EOD'ED,  n.     Not  corroded.  AsK^ 

UN-eOUN-TER-.\€T'ED,  a.    Not  counteracted. 
UN-enUN-TEP.-M.\ND'A-BLE,  a.    That  can  not  Be 

countermanded.  J*-  TIale.. 

IJN-€0UET'ED,  a.     Not  courted  ;  as, 

*'  Poorly  providcil,  poorly  followed, 

CnffiurU'f,  unrespected,  unobeyed."  BanitT. 

UN-€OfTS'IN-LT  (kuz'zn-lj-'),  a,    Utilike  a  cousin. 

IfN€T'tJ-OUS-LT,  adv.  In  an  unctuous  or  oily- 
manner. 

irN-€tTR£'D',  a.  Not  healed  ;  as,  "  thy  wounds  are 
yet  unenrcd."  Walt.  Scott. 

0N-6trS'TOM-A-BLE,  a.  Not  liable  to  custom- 
house duties.  Ash. 

CTN-DE-BILT-TA-TED,  a.    Not  weakened.    Ash. 

UN-DE-€EEED',  «.    No  longer  decreed ;  as, 

"  Bs  if  eternsl  doom 
Could  be  revoraed  and  tirtdtcrctd  for  m«."  Drytten. 

UN-DE-DtT'CI-BLE,  a.    Not  deducible.  Ash. 

UN-DE-FEAT'A-BLE,  a.    That  can  not  be  defeated. 

IT,  More, 
UN-DE-FEAT'ED,  a.    Not  defeated.  Clarke, 

CN-DK-FEUR^;^!!'  (-fC-rd),  a.    Not  delayed. 
UN-DE-LIN'E-A-TED,  rt.    Not  delineated.    Ash. 
UN-DELOfG^D,  a.     Not   deluged,    saturated,    or 
overwhelmed;  as, 
"  Peace,  O  yo  men  of  Ithaca  I  while  yet 
Tlio  field  remains  w/i i^/uy^rf  wilh  yourblo<rd."        Coicptr. 

(TN-DEM-0-€EATa€.  a.    Not  democratic. 

UN-DE-M0.V'STE.\-TIYE,  a.  Not  giving  any  out- 
ward indications  of  feeling.  Greeley. 

LTN-DE-NT£'D'  (-nide),  a.    Not  denied. 

UN-DE-POSSD'  (-pozd),  a.  Not  removed  from 
offlco.  ■^^''■ 

I'N-DE-Ptrr'ED,  a.    Not  deputed  or  sent. 

tJN'DEE-X€T-Or.,  ft.    An  inferior  actor.  Ogilvie, 


.V,  B,  Ac,  long,—X,  %  *c.. 


,;«,r<.-CAEE,  FAE,  LAST,  FALL,  WHAT;    THEEE,  TERM:    MARINE,    BlED;    MOYE. 


192 


t  Set  Table  of  Synemyms, 


1529 


UNI) 


UNI 


To  bind  beneath  ;  as, 


UN-DEE-BiND',  c 

<*  But  Ihe  good  princ?  his  hand  iirnre  fit  fur  blows, 
Wilii  hii  huge  wcit,-ut  tho  l-ftguu  uiiJerb.unJ.  _ 

tfN'DEK-BE.i-NCH,  n.    A  lower  branch  ;  as, 

•'  It  cannot  sialt  into  niv  mind 
That  uri'!':r:'n'f>  h   .  e'er  can  bo 
Of  worth  and  value  as  the  tree."  Bptntir. 

TJN-nER-CnAEG£'D'  (-ehiirjd),  a.     CharKcd   too 

little  _  Clarice. 

U\'DER-€LIFF,  n.    A  subordinate  cliff  on  a  shore, 

iiiade  of  iiiaterial  that  has  fallen  from  the  higher 

cliff  above^        '  Duna. 

tTN'DEK-€OAT,  n.    A  coat  worn  under  another. 

tJN'DEE-t'LOTHES,  n.  2>l-     Clothes  worn  under 

others. 
t?N'l)ER-€EUST,  n.    Tho  lower  crust ;  .ns,  tho  «»- 
der  crust  of  a  pie ;  hencc,^£?.,  the  lower  classes ;  as, 
tho  under  crust  of  society.     [Sportive.'] 
UN-DER-DRESSffJ)',  a.    Not  dressed  enough. 
UX-DEE-ES'TI-MATE,  D.  t.    To  set  too  low  a  value 

fin.  Clarke. 

tJN'DEE-FARil'EE,  n.    A  subordinate  farmer. 

Ogilvie. 
UX-DEE-FED'.  a.    Not  fed  enough. 
UN-DER-H.1M"G'ING,  a.     Hanging  below. 
UN-DER-HON'EST,  f(.  Not  entirely  honest ;  as,  "we 

tliinkhim  uuderhotiest.'^  Shakes. 

fTN'DEU-,JAW,  n.    The  lower  jaw;  as,  "the  retired 

nnder-jaio  of  a  swine."  Paley. 

TJN'DEE-LIP,  11.    Tho  lower  lip.  Clarke. 

UN-DER-PAT',  V.  t.    To  pay  too  little.       Clarke. 
UN-DEE-PEO'PL£'D(-pe'i)ld),a.  Not  fully  peopled. 

Ofjiii'ie. 
UN-DER-Rt^N',  V.  t.  To  pass  under,  as  a  rope  under 
n  cable  with  a  view  to  rni^'  it  in  order  to  examine 
if  it  is  clear,  or  if  it  is  chafed  or  damaged. 

Tolten. 
UN-DEE-EtN'NINfi,  »i.  Tlio  act  or  process  of  pass- 
ing a  rope_uniier  a  cable  to  raise  it. 
CX'DEE-SAIL.  adr.     A  term  rightly  applied  to  a 
vessel  when  her  anchor  is  up  and  she  is  under  the 
influence  of  her  sails;  sometimes  a  vessel  is  said  to 
be  under-sail  when  her  sails  are  set,  though  the 
_  anchor  is  down.  Totien. 

ITN'DER-SHEtJB,  n.    A  very  low  shrub  ;  a.  Partly 

.shrub-like.  -A-  Graij. 

tJN'DEE-SKINK'ER,  n.    An  inferior  tapster. 

Sltakes. 
rX'DER-STE.lP'PER,  n.  An  inferior  agent ;  a  potty 

f.dlow.  Craiti- 

UN-DEE-TAK'ING,  71.     [add.]    Tho  business  of  an 
undertaker,  as  tho  man.agement  of  funerals. 

Clarke. 
UN-DEE-TXXSD  (-tiikst),  a.    Tajcd  too  little,  or  at 

a  lower  rate  tlian  others. 
UN'DEE-TONE,  «.    A  low  tone  or  utterance, 

Ogilvie. 
tiN'DEE-'W.lT,  adn.     A  term  applied  to  a  vessel 
when  in  motion,  whether  impelled  by  sails  or  other- 
.\yi.^e.  TotteJt. 

CX'DEE-WOELD,  n.    Tho  lower  or  inferior  world ; 
as,  '■  that  overspreads  this  under-world.'^ 

Daniel. 
DN-DE-TIS7?D',  a.    Not  contrived  or  planned. 

2.  Not  dven  by  will.  O'jilvie. 

UN-DI-LAT'ED,  a.    Not  dilated  or  expanded. 

Ash. 
UN-DI-LtJT'ED,  a.    Not  thinned  or  weakened;  as, 

"  iia.l  quaffed  much  undiluted  milk."      Coicper. 
UN-DiMiI£'D'  (-dimd),  a.  Not  dimmed  or  obscured. 

Clarke. 
UN-DIS-CfiRN'ING-LT,  adv.  'Without  discern- 
ment. 
UN-DIS'CI-PLIN-A-BLE,  a.  Not  to  bo  disciplined; 
as,  "  we  see  boys  such  as  are  undi-^ciplinable,  after 
some  years  of  probation,  sent  away  to  mechanical 
employment."  Hale. 

UN-DIS-E.\S£'D'  (-diz-eezdO,  a.    Free  from  disease. 
UN-DIS-IN'TE-GEA-TED,  a.     Not  separated  into 

integral  jiarts.  Clarke. 

DN-DIS-PAR'.lGiTD.  a.  Not  dispar.aged.  Ash. 
UN-DIS-rELL^D'  (-dis-pul.lO,  a.  Not  dispelled. 
UN-niS-SE.M'I-NA-TED,  <i.    Not  scattered  abroad 

or  propagated.  Ash. 

UN-DI-VEST'ED,  a.    Not  divested. 
UN-DI-VIN'A-BLE,  a.    Not  to  bo  divined  or  dis- 
covered. Scott. 
tIN-DOOMffD',  (7.    Not  doomed.  Ash. 
UN-DOtTB'LE  (.-dilb'bl),  t>.  t.    To  unfold  or  render 

sinsle.  A.'<h. 

UN-DtfBB^D'  (-dubd),   a.    Not  dubbed  ;    not  re- 
warded with  the  honor  of  knighthood;  as, 


UN-EDGE', 


To  deprive  of  the  edge ; 

"Our  weapons 


•as,- 


UN-EM-BEAC£'D'  (-brasto),  a. 


And  b.idics  that  were  made  for  Bhining  brass, 

Are  bL.lh  unfj^fd  with  ease."  Bcaum.  &  ITfUh. 

UN-EL'E-V.V-TED,  a.    Not  elevated.  Ash. 

UN-E-M.i'Cl.V-Ti:D,  a.     Not  emaciated. 
UN-EM-BO \V'£E£'I),  a.    Not  embowered. 

^YordSloorth. 
Not  embraced. 
A'!h. 
UN-EMPTIJ^D  (-cm'tid),  a.    Not  emptied  ;  :ts,— 

"  With  iti  Mnfir.f'lfi  eloud  of  gentle  rain, 
I^  nn  denial  April  to  the  pround. 
Making  it  all  one  emerald."  B.ran. 

UN-EN-.l'BLSD,  a.    Not  enabled.  Southey. 

UN-EN-.\M'OR£'D,  a.    Not  enamored.  Ash. 

UN-EN-DAN'OEEffD,  a.    Free  from  danger. 

Coleridge. 

UN-EN-RiriI£'D'  (-rlcht),  a.    Not  enriched. 

UN-E-NVMER-A-TED,  a.     Not  enumerated. 

UN-E'QrAL-LY,  adv.  [add.]  In  hot.,  unequally 
pinnate  ii  pinnate,  but  with  an  odd  number  of  leaf- 
lets. A.  Gray. 

TJN-E-P.iD'I-6 A-BLE,  a.    Not  to  be  eradicated ;  .as, 


'  What  made  his  valor  unduhhtd ! 


D^nt, 


UN-Tir-E-lTION-IST,  n.    One  who  advocates  the 
uiitliilatory  theory  of  light.  Ogilvie. 


"Thi»  hard  decree. 
This  untra'ti^attU  taint  of  tin." — Byron. 

UX-ES'TI-M.V-TED,  a.    Not  estimated.  Ash. 

UN-EX-C£LL£D'  (-sold),  a.    Not  excelled  ;  as, 

"Thv  bow,  thy  shafts,  thy  fame. 
Unrivalled  hero,  in  Lycia  w.mf.Ud, 
Where  are  they  now!" — Cfitper. 

UN-EX-€P$£'D',  a.    Not  excused.  Clarke. 

UN-EX-PELL^1)',  a.    Not  expelled.  Ash. 

UN-EX-PEN'.SIVE-NESS,  a.      Tho  quality  of  not 

being  expensive.  Hume. 

UN-EX-PL.lINED'.  n.    Not  explained.       Smart. 
UN-EX-T£R'.MIN-A-TED,  a.    Not  exterminated. 

Ash. 
UN-FL.X'VORffD,  n.  Without  flavor.  Oarke. 
XJN-FRAUGIIT'  (-frawt\   a.    Not  fraught  or  filled 

with  aload  or  biu'den  ;  freed  from  ft  burden. 

liichardaon. 
UN-FtJE'EOW£'D,  a.    Not  furrowed ;  as, 

*'  But  the  unseeded  and  vn/urrfnred  soil 
Year  after  year  a  wilderness  by  man 
Untrodden',  food  for  blatant  gjats  supplies."— Coie/icr. 

UN-GAR'BLTTD,  (7.     Not  picked  out ;  separated  im- 

perfeetly ;  cuiiiplcte.  A.ih. 

TN-iTENT-TrR^D,  rj.    'Without  genitals.  Shakes. 
■tJN°'GU-LATE,  «.     [L.]    A  hoofed  quadruped. 

Dana. 
UN-IlAlR',t".  ^.    To  deprive  of  hair;  as^^'rUunhair 

thy  head."  Shakes. 

UN-IIEALFD  (-hoeld),  a.     Not  healed. 
UN-IlITCir,  r.  i.    To  1  io.sen  or  set  free.  Ash. 

UN-llOOD',  V.  t.    To  remove  a  hood  or  disguise. 

Quiir.  liev. 
■0-NI-€EL'Lr-LAE,  <i.    Consisting  of  but  one  cell ; 
as,  a  unicellular  animal,  like  some  infusoria. 

Dana. 
U'NI-FI-L.\R,  n.   [L.  unus,  on^,  uni  filum ,  n  thread.] 
Having  only  one  thread:  as,  a  unifilar  m.agnet- 
ometer,  which  consists  of  a  magnetic  "bar  suspentled 
at  its  center  of  gravity  by  a  long  thread,  used  for  nicely 
determining  declina'tious  of  the  magnetic  needle. 
Kane.    Nichol. 
■p-NI-FO'LI-ATE,  a.    n.aving  one  leaf.    A.  Gray. 
■p-NI-FO'LI-O-LATE,  a.    Having  one  leaflet. 

A.  Gray. 
UN-IM-P'D'GN£'D'  (-im-pund').      Not  contrailicted 

or  assailed.  Ash. 

UN-IN-ni€T'ED  (-di'ted),  a.     Not  made  the  sub- 
ject of  inilictmcnt.  Clarke. 
tIN-iN'STI-G.\-TED,  a.    Not  incited  or  urged. 
CN-IN-TIM'I-DA-TED,  a.    Not  rendered  fearful  or 

abashetl.  Ash. 

'C-NI-JIJ'GATE,  a.    Noting  one  p.air.       A.  Gray. 
rN'ION-JXCK,  n.    The  national  flag  of  the  British 
navy,  bearing  the  throe  crosses  united. 

Simmonds. 
ITN'ION-JOINT,  n.    A  joint  in  tho  form  of  T  fof 

uniting  pipes  of  iron,  Ac,  Simmimas. 

'tTN'ION-IS'r,  «.    One  who  advocates  or  ptomotoa 

union.  Clarkti. 

■r-Nl-0''VTJ-LATE,  a.    Containing  ono  ovule. 

/lensloip. 
'C'NI-PED,  a.    Having  only  ono  foot.  Wright. 

tf-NI-SE'EI-AL,  a.     liaving  only  one  row  or  series. 

li.'Otcen.     A.  Gray. 

■^'NI-SON,  a.    [adil.]    Sounded  together,  as  unison 

passages  in  m«^^■(^  in  which  twoormore  parts  unite 

in  coincident  sonud.  Moore's  Encyc.  Mus. 

UN-IS'StTED,  a.    Not  issued. 

XT-NIT'.\-BLE,  a.    Capable  of  union  by  growth  or 

otherwise.  ' B.  Oicen. 

■iT-NI-TA'EI- AN-TZE,  V.  i.  and  v  i.    To  cause  to  con- 
form or  to  conform  to  Unitarian  views.     Ogilvie, 


UNS 

C'N1-VALV£'D  (-valvd),  a.  In  bot.,  having  one  valve 
or  itiece,  after  dehiscence.  A.  Gray. 

tJ-NIV'0-€AL.  n.  In  the  Aristotelian  logic,  a  gen- 
eric term  ai»plic:ible  in  the  same  sense  to  all  the 
siteeies  it  embraces;  also  a  word  having  but  one 
meaning.  Braiide. 

UN-JOIN',  i\^    To  separate  or  disjoin.       Ogilvie. 

UN.KIN'DL.SD  (-kin'dld),  a.  Not  set  od  fire,  not 
inflamed. 

UN-LASir,  V.  t.  In  natal  affairs,  to  loose  what  is 
lied  down.  Ash. 

UN-LASII£'D'  (-lashf),  p.  a.  loosed  from  being  tied. 
2.  Unwhipped.  -■is''- 

UN-LAY',  ti.  t.  In  seamen''s  lang.,  to  untwist;  as,  to 
unlay  the  strands  of  a  rope.  Simmonds. 

UN-LIN j^D',  a.    Not  liaving  lines  or  lining ;  as, 

"In  a  thin  silken  cassock  colored  green, 
That  was  'jn  iurt  all  to  be  more  light."— .9/><njcr. 

UN-M.\G'NET-IZ£'D,  a.    Not  magnetized. 

Lardner. 
UN-M.\N'TLE,  v.t.     To  remove  or  divest  of;   as, 
"Nay,  she  s.aid,  but  I  will  unmantle  you." 

WaU.  Scott. 
UN-MXE'KET- A-BLE,  a.    Not  suitiiblo  for  sale;  as, 

unmarketable  vegetables. 
UN-MiS'TI-€A-TED,  a.    Not  thoroughly  chewed. 

aarke. 
L'N-MER'CE-NA-ET,  a.    Not  selBsh  or  venal;  as. 
"praise  is  a  generous  and  unmercenary  principle." 

Atterhury. 
UN-MIS-TRUST'ED,  a.    Not  suspected. 
UN--MiiTirER-LY  (-miith'er-ly),  a.    Not  motherly  ; 

as,  unmoiherly  treatment.  Clarke. 

UN-Mt'3WN' (-inone),  n.    Not  mown  or  cut.     Ash. 
UN-N0rR'191I£'D(-nur'ri.shti,  a.  Not  supplied  witli 
nourishment;  not  cherished  or  fostered;  as, 


"For  having-not  this  sitill  how  to  eontsnd, 

Tb'  unrt'yuriilici  strifo  would  quietly  make  an  end."— Danwfr. 

UN-OB-TECD'ED,  a.  Not  thrust  in  by  force  or 
without  solicitation.  Ash. 

UN-i3X'YD-.V-BLE,  a.  Not  capable  of  being  con- 
verted into  an  oxyd. 

UN-PAIR£'D',  n.  Not  given  in  couples ;  not  suiteil 
or  adapted ;  as. 


"  This  wilt  thon  need  who  art  to  thinking  prone, 
And  minds  unpaired  had  butter  think  alone," 


Crabtjir, 


UN-r.\-RENT'AL,  a.    Not  like  a  p.arcnt. 
UN-PER-FC.M£D',  o.     Not  perfumed.  Ash. 

UN-PIN'IUN   (-pin'yun),   v.  t.    To  loose  from  re- 

stltiiut.  Clarke. 

UN-PO'L.\R,  a.    Not  polar.  Tyndall. 

UN-PEEF'AC£'D  (-pref'aste),  a.  Not  having  a  [iref- 

ace  or  introduction.  Ogilvie. 

UN-PRO-DtJCSD',  a.    Not  produced.  Ash. 

UN-PEi'5S'E-€C'-TED,  a.   Nirt  prosecuted  or  carried 

out;  as,  schemes  left  unprosecuted  by  reason  of 

death.  Ash, 

UN-PEO-TP.'CD'ED,  a.    Not  thrust  out  or  forward. 

Clarke. 
UN-QU-A-RTERffD,  a.    Not  divitlcd  in  fours. 

2.  N^ot  loilgod  or  st.itioned.  Ash, 

UN-QUOT'ED,  II.    Not  cited  or  named.     Ogilvie. 
UN-RAT'ED,  a.    Not  rated.  Clinks. 

UN-REA'SON,  n.      [add.]      AJfhot  of  unrea.snn,  a 

mock  abbot  in  old  English  sports.         Walt,  ."icoti. 
UN-RE'GAL,  a.    Not  like  a  king.  Ogilvie. 

UN-REIN' C-rane'),  «.  t.    To  loosen  a  rein;  to  re- 
move restraint.  Clarke. 
UN-EE-LI' A-BLE,  a.    Not  to  bo  depended  on. 

Jfrs.  Butler. 
UN-EE-M'P'NER-A-TED,  a.   Not  rewarded  or  com- 

pensatetl.  _  Ash. 

UN-EE-MC'NEE-A-TIVE,  a.    Not  giving  or  secur- 
ing reward.  Clarke. 
UN-RE-PEOACH'FUL.  n.  Not  expressing  reproach; 

as,  an  unreproachful  look.  Hume. 

UH-RE-SClND'ED,  a.    Not  rescinded  ;   continuing 

in  force.  Ash. 

JIN-EE-TXED'ED,  a.  Not  hindered  or  del.ayed ; 
as,  "Go  on  in  your  virtuous  progress,  unretarded 
by  those  who  say  that  our  fears  are  groundless." 

KnoX: 
UN-RE-YIEW£'D'  (-viide),  a.    Not  re-examined; 

nt»t  critically  analyzed.  AsK 

UN-RtT'IN^FD,  a.  Not  ruined  ;  as,  "  it  h.as  outstood 
so  many  blustering  blasts,  thus  long,  utterly  un- 
ruinal."  Bishop  Nail, 

UN-SCALE',  V.  t.     To  divest  of  scales;  as,  "purgine 
anil  unicaling  her  Itmg  abuscil  sight  at  the  fount- 
ain itself  of  heavenly  radiance."  Milton, 
UN-S€AL'A-BLE.  <7.    That  cannot  be  mounted  ;  as, 
"  unscalahU  rocks ;"  "  oaks  unscalable." 

IToUnshed. 
UN-S€AL'ING,  n.    The  act  of  divesting  of  scales. 

Ash. 


DO  YE,  WOLF,  BOOK;  P.tTLE,  BULL;  Vi"CI0U9.— €  as  K  ,  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z;  5n  as  SH  ;  THIS. 


1530 


•  /Se«  Table  oj  Synonyms. 


IJXV 


I    UX-SenCTI-NlZ^D,  a.    Hot  closely  watched  or 
j  I        observed.  t'tarke. 

I    UN-seuCTI-XIZ-IXG,  rt.    XotsMrchinscloselv. 

VtitiHe. 
rX-SE-LE€T',  «7.    Xot  choice,  or  tiken  by  prefer- 
ence. 
US-S£LF'ISII-XESS,  n.    Absence  of  selfishness. 

VSSnXPF.'LY,  a.    Not  well  forrae.1. 

UmiL  Quart  Rev. 
tTN-SH.\TTEKffD.  <l.    Xot  broken  t.>  pieces;  not 
disoritercii ;  :i5,  "  where  bmss  iru-^-Uii  with  clay,  how 
can  that  brittle  stuflf  escape  unshutifrntS 

BMop  null. 
UN-SI'LEJiCffD  (-si'Ionst),  a.    Not  put  to  silence. 

rS-SlM'PLE,  a.     Wanting  simplicity.       BaiUie. 
rXSUlL'lNG,  a.     Not  smiling.  Biilictr. 

VX-SO-LI(."lT-OL'5-NE5S,  n.    The  state  or  <iiiality 

of  being  without  solicitude.  Foster. 

UN-6PECK'L£'D,  «.    Not  speckled ;  not  blemished. 

Ajih. 
UN-STXCKLE'D'  (-stakt),  a.    Not  put  into  stacks. 

Cluike. 
UN-STlLI.',  o.     Restless;  unqoiet.  Ogilvie. 

UX-STlt.X.S"GU-L.V-BLE,    <i.      That    cannot    bo 

straQ::Ied.  C.  Lamb. 

UN-Sl'B-STXNTI.V-TED,  a.     Not  established  by 

suitible  evt<lence.  -i*^. 

UN-SC€'€OK£"D,  a.  Not  assisted  or  relieved  ;  as, — 

"lEai  wTvtchid  thrall  into  libil^tzi^oa  brought, 
Wliera  hJ  reauuus  uf  all  M..t.i<e'feJ  mod  xunous'aL" 

tipffUtr, 

t7N-SCG-6£ST'JVE,  a.    Not  making  soggcstions. 

Lamh. 
UN-SCG-GEST'IVE-LT,  adv.    Without  snsscslion. 
UN-SC.MMJ?D'  (-siimd),  a.   Not  summed  or  counted 

up.  lltif/li  Miller. 

UN-bCvi'MOSifD,  a.  Not  called  on  to  appear ;  as,— 

"Tb^nbiJ 
P«n*!op«  wi:h  her  altccidsii:,  down, 
Nor  IcaTo  u.uii,Miw\fd  ooe  o.'all  tkj  train.    CvtgjMr. 

CN-St^EfflV,  a.    Not  made  snrc.      '  iHiaken. 

UN-StfK'FEfT-ED  (-siir'fit-cd),  a.    Not  sarcharjed 

or  eloyeiJ,  as  with  food,  &c.  Atth. 

UN-SL'k-.yTSiFD'  (-sur-mizd'),  a.    Not  suspected. 

Ogitrie. 
UN-Sl'K-ROLTND'ED,  a.    Not  encompassed  or  beset 

on  all  sides ;  aa, — 


"Stni  h4  combated  tmwonnded, 
Tbougb  retreating  unijrr.n.Itd.*^ 


B^r«H. 


rN-«WTTCITffl>'  (-switchf),  a.    Not  switched. 
UN-SWf'XtV,  <i.    Not  swung.  Ogilvie. 

UN-T.\L'ENT-En.  a.  Without  talent.  Oarke. 
CN-T.\N"'GI-BLE.  <7.  Not  to  bo  touched  Anh. 
CN-TER-RESTUI-AL,  a.     Not  pcrtiinini  to  the 

earth  or  world.  Clarke. 

UN-TBTH'ERJTD,  a.    Not  Uthered  or  restrained. 

Aiih.. 
UN-THE-0-T,i')}'I€-AL,  a.    Not  pertaining  to  or 

becoming  theology  ;  as, — 

**  TeM  that  qMatloaUl,  that  to  ar^a  from  ■rrlptare  nefratlvely, 
ia  thio^  of  thit  Daluro  la  somewhat  unlkf-lojiea  .^' 

tTN-THICK'ENirD,  a.    Not  rendered  thick. 

<^rke. 

CN-TlME'Ors,  a.    Untimely.  ITiirt.  Scott. 

CN-TI.ViE'OCS-LV,  adr.    Untimely;  too  soon. 

Walt.  Scott. 

UN-T[)I/ER-A-TED.  a.    Not  allowed.  Ath. 

UN-TOHN',  a.    Not  torn  or  rent;  a.^  "  And  still  un~ 
torn^  though  dragged,  he  might  remain." 

Coicper. 

UN-TR.XN'QUIL,  n.    Not  calm  ;  agitated. 

UX-TRANS-MCT'ED,  a.    Not  changed  in  form  or 
substxnce.  Ask, 

UN-TRANS-PL.XN'T'ED,  a.  Not  removed  and  plant- 
ed in  another  place.  Ogitrie. 

CN-TIIICKA'D'  (  triktl,  a.    Not  adorned;  as.  un- 
iricked  trM«cs.     [PoetUMl.]  Sout/tetj. 

UN'-TU-MCLTT-OUS,  a.    Not  noisy  or  turbulent ; 
not  malting  tumult  or  disorder;  as, — 

"  Vor  lej*  admire 
Thit  tomalt  vfUiimuIlu'jiu ;  all  oo  wlag.'*  Toutty. 

UN-TtTN^D',  a.    Lacking  music  or  harmony;   as, 
^  untutud  ilmms.^  Shakej). 

L'N-TCNE'FJJL,  a.    Not  musical  or  harmonions. 
_  Tennmon. 

UN-TijNE'FI-I.-LT,  a.    Without  h.irmony. 

UN-CT'TEIi^n.  a.     Not  spoken  or  expressed;  as. 
*■  the  ttnuUered  pangs  th,at  rentl  his  righteous  lieart.'' 
Bui'iop  ITorfteleu. 

UN-VaMP^D'  (-vamt),  a.    Not  pieced  or  repnired ; 
not  vam[ied  up.  Anh. 


UPP 

i;N-VAN'TAU.ffb,  «,  ^ot  acting  to  ailvaatagc,  or 
under  favor.-ible  circumstauces ;  iis, — 

"  Yet  oven  thus,  rtnvantd'ii-  i  and  on  foot, 
Superiur  hoaurs  I  that  day  acquired."  Coaiper, 

tTN-TAS'€U-LAR,  a.  Xot  v.iscular  in  strncture  ;  as, 
tinvasvulttr  ileutine.  li.  Oiccn. 

UN-VfiXD'I-BLE,  rt.    Not  Rilablc.  Ogilvie. 

UN-V£N'KU-A-TED,  a.  Not  treated  with  honor  and 
respect.  AhK 

TJN-A  fc.U'I-FLfi'D,  a.  Not  confirmed  by  competent 
evidLMice,  jisk. 

UN-VI .-T(5'RI-0rS,  a.    Not  victorious.     Bai.d. 

tTN-VlU'I-LANT,  a.    Not  viiril.ant.  Ogilvie. 

UN-VIN-DienlVE,  a-    No t\e vengeful.  Ash, 

UN-VO'€AL,  rt.    Not  havinir  a  voice. 

2.  Not  uttered  or  modulated  by  tUo  voice. 
.  Ogilv^ie. 

UN-WAFT-TED,  a.  Not  borne  or  conveved  by  air  or 
w'ater.  '      Jfoore. 

XTS-Vf^XKETi^,  a.  Not  roused  from  sleep ;  not  chilled 
up  to  actiun  ;  as,  ''she  unwaked  a-bed  lay." 

Gmcer. 

UN--WASTE'FyL-LY,  a.  Without  waste;  econom- 
ically. Ogihne. 

UN- WAVING,  a.    Not  waving.  Btihcor. 

UN-WEAR'A-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  bo  worn ;  unfit 
to  bo  worn.  Ash. 

UN-WELD'ED,  a.  Not  forged  into  union  at  an  in- 
tense heat ;  not  joined.  Clarke. 

UN-WIELD'I-NESS,  n.  Tho  state  or  quality  of  being 
unwieldv.  Lond.  Quar.  Jiev. 

UN-WTFEXY.      K     V  » K  r 

T^_^'|[>|,vj  YicF  i'"'     -'**^  beconnng  a  wife. 

UN-WlTli-DUAWN', «.  Notwitluh-awn;  continued. 

UN-WoM'AN-LI-NESS,  n.  Conduct  unbecoming  a 
woman.  Alien. 

UN-WUECK/TD'  (-riikt),  a.  Not  wrecked;  not  af- 
flicted ;  as, — 

"L«t  ihsm  for  her  sake. 
Who  lo  thv  MfogiiarJ  doih  hcreolf  betaio. 
Escape  uadrovnMd,  unwrteixJ."  Prayton. 

UN-WRTTE',  V.  t    To  cancel  wh.at  is  written;   to 

cmsc.  Ogilvie. 

UN-WRT7II'ING,  a.    Not  writhin- 

John  Wilson. 
tJP'-BEAR'IXG,  ppr.  or  <i.    Bearing  or  raisin;?  aloft. 
t?P'-BREED,  r.  t.     To  rear  or  brins  up;  to  nurso; 
as,  "both  born  and  upbred  in  a  foreign  country." 

lloliiiHh'ed. 
UP'€AST.  7J.    [add.]   The  ventilating  shaft  of  a  mino 
out  of  which  the  air  passes  after  having  circulated 
through  tbo  mine;  called  also  vpcaM  pit. 

Mining  Journal. 
tJP'-eAUGUT  (-kawt),  a.    Seized  or  caught  ui) ;  as, 

"  None  efer  bo»«tod  yot,  th.'it  h"  Iim!  fi«i*L>il 
llerc^ivcm  NXfi^'ly  "for  wi!!»  ceary  iiio'itlt, 
Sbo  bear*  uptttu-jkt  a  marinor  nn-ny."  Cowper. 

tTP'-€6MTNG,  n.  The  act  of  coming  up  or  ascend- 
ing; a.  Coming  np  or  ascending.  Clarke. 

tr-GAZE',  V.  i.    To  look  steadily  upward. 

t'P'-GAZ'ING,  fi.  The  act  of  looking  steadily  up- 
ward ;  ppr.  or  a.  Looking  up  with  fixed  attention  ; 
as, 

"Tired  of  vp-fyiziny  6i\\\,  the  wearied  cyo 
R4!^iie«  ftlollly  0:1  na  *.mooih  n,  vrIp 
As  ever  spring  yclad  in  grassy  dye."  TJvrofi. 

UP-HAUD',  p.  t.  or  v.  i.     To  uphold  or  maintain. 

Wait.  St.-ott. 

tJP'-nEAP.^ D'  (-hcept),  a.  Piled  up,  accumulated  ; 
as,  "Such  manner  of  losso  of  substance  is  a  great 
gain  with  God,  who  shall  repay  all  with  tipkeaped 
measure."  Udal. 

C'PH'IIOE  (uv'ro),  n.  A  long  piece  of  wood  havinii 
a  number  of  holes  tlirough  which  pass  the  lines  to 

^  suspeml  an  awning  by.  Totten. 

UT'LINE,  n.  The  track  of  a  rail-way,  loading  toward 
the  main  terminus,     [/i^ng.]  Clarke. 

C'P'PER-eRr'ST,  n.    Tlie  top-crust,  a.^  of  a  pie. 

2.  A  cant  term  api>Iied  to  the  higher  class   of 
societv.     [Anier.]  "    Bartlett. 

tJP'PER-WoRLD,  n.    The  atmo.-^phere. 

2.  Heaven. 

3.  Tliis  world  in  distinction    from    the   under 
world. 

tP'-P7LE,  t\  t.    To  heap  up.  Ogihne. 

OP'riSn-LY,  adv.    In  a  proud  or  arrogant  wav. 

"     Clarke. 
t'P'PISn-NESS,  n.    Pride  or  arrogance  of  manner. 

Ash. 
UP-PRTCK^D'  (-prlkt),  a.     Set  up  pointedly   or 
sharply ;  as, 

"  Oft  too  the  coward  hare  then  onJy  bold 
Whi'n  mischief  prompts  or  wintry  famine  pines, 
Will  (juit  her  nub-grown  furm  nnd  fileal  with  ear 
Up},rteiel,  to  i^naw  ihe  toils."  Matnn. 


VAC 


UP-UEAR'ING,  n.  The  act  of  rearing  or  raising  up; 
as,  "  tlu'  overthrow  of  princely  authority,  and  w^- 
rearing  of  Antichrist's  tyranny."  Bale. 

UP-UtDG/i^O'  (-rijd),  a.  Raised  up  in  ridges,  or  ex- 
tended lines;  as, 

*'  Slany  a  billow  then 
Upriilijet  rides  turbulent  the  sounding  flood^ 
Foam-cresti.'d  billow  aS'iiex  billow  driven."  Coaptr, 

tlP-ROAR'I-OaS-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  noisy 
or  riotous.     \_Loio.']  Clarke. 

UP-ROOT'ING,  n.  The  act  of  tearing  up  by  the 
roots.  Ash. 

UP-SET',  V.  t.  [add.]  To  thicken  and  shorten  (as  a 
heate<l  iiieoe  of  iron)  by  hammering  on  the  end, 
when  it  is  set  ttp  end-wise. 

Appleton's  Jfech.  I>ict. 

VP'SET,  a.  A  Scotch  terra  for  set  up  ;  thus,  the  up- 
set pri^-o  at  a  public  .sale  is  the  price  at  whiclt  the 
goods,  »tc.,  are  offered.  Walt.  Scott.     Uoicitt. 

UP-SKT'TING,  71.     The  act  of  overturning. 

Ogilrie. 
2.    The  act  of  thickening  and  shortening  a  piece 
of  heated  iron. 

UP-SET'TING,  a.    Turning  over. 

2.  Thickening  and  sliortenine-,  as  a  piece  of  heated 
iron  by  hammering  it  on  one  end. 

UP~SOAR',  V.  t.    To  mount  up.  Ogilvie. 

ITP-STAiR$',  rt.  Noting  an  upper  story;  adv.  In 
or  toward  the  upper  story.  Foster. 

UP-SWELL',  v.  i.    To  swell  or  rise  up.        Clarke. 

UP-SWELL'IXG,  n.  The  act  of  swelling  or  rising 
up;  a.  Swelling  up,  riMng.  Clarke. 

UP-TOWN',  (/.  lichiting  to  the  upper  part  of  a 
towu5_«f/y.  To  or  in  the  u[iper  part  of  a  town. 

tJP'TRAIN,  n.  In  English  usaire,  a  train  on  rail- 
ways, which  goes  toward  the  m.nin  terminus. 

2.  In  American  nvage,  a  train  going  toward  the 
upper  terminus,  or  in  the  direction  conventionally 
denoted  by  up. 

tl'PU-PA,  71.  Tho  scientific  name  given  by  Lin- 
naeus to  the  Hoopoe  family,  the  individuals  of  which 
have  an  ornament  on  the  head  formed  of  a  double 
range  of  long  feathers,  erected  at  will.        Cnvier. 

U-RA'LI-AN,  a.     Relatinir  to  the  Ural  Mountains. 

Xr-RA-NO-Gn.\Pn'I€-AL,  (/.      Pertaining  lo  a  de- 

_  scription  of  tho  heavens.  Ogilvie. 

C'R'CE-0-LA,  n.  A  genus  of  plants;  nat.  order, 
Apocynacca*,  inhabitin:^  the  Malayan  peninsula. 
Tlie  most  important  species  is  the  77.  elastica,  or 

^  caoutchouc  vine.     Ogilvie.    Iconograph.  Encyc. 

uR'CIIIN,  a.  [add.]  A  mischievous  elf  supptised 
sometimes  to  take  tlie  form  of  a  hedgehog ;  as,  "  like 
urchin-^,  ouphe.^,  and  fairies."  Shakes. 

U-RSTT«.    See  Diuretic. 

■C'RiVlNG,!!.    The  act  of  earnestly  soliciting.  Ash, 

U'-RIN-IF'ER-OUS,  a.    Conveying  urine. 

Dunglisoii. 

tT-RIN-OM'E-TER,  n.  A  contrivance  for  measur- 
ing the  sjiccific  gravity  of  urine.  Dunglison. 

U'TJ-NOSE.     Sec  Unisors. 

XIUN'AL,  a.    Like  or  belonging  to  an  urn. 

Wright 

L'RN'FUL,  a.     As  much  as  an  urn  will  hold. 

UR-TI-€A'CEOUS  (-ka'shus),  a.     [L.  urtiea,  a  net- 
tle.] 
Pertaining  to  nettles  or  the  nettle  familv.  Dana. 

fR'TI-€A-TING,  a.  Nettling  or  stinging  like  a 
nettle.  "     Dana. 

UR-TI-eATION-rt.  The  process  of  stinging  with 
nettles,  sometimes  used  in  treatintr  paralysis. 

Craig.     Dii/tglison. 

"CS'ING,  71.    The  state  of  being  used  or  employed. 

Clarke. 

tTS'TU-L.lTE,  a.     [L.]     Blackened  as  if  burned. 
„  Wright. 

U-SURPTNG.  ;(.  Tho  act  of  seizing  or  occupying 
thi^  property  of  another  without  risht.  A.^h. 

tJ'-TRie'U-LATE,  a.    Swollen  bladder-like ;  inflated. 
_  Dana. 

r'-TUf€'lT-LOID,  a.    Bladder-like.  Dana. 

ti'VATE,  n.     [L.  uva,  a  grape.] 

A  conserve  made  of  grapes.  5"Hmonrf5. 

^'ZE-NA,  n.    A  Burman  measure  of  twelve  miles. 

Malcom. 


V. 


VX€'tT-O.LJ-TED,a.  Full  of  vacuoles  or  small  air- 
cavities.  Dana. 

"VAe-^-O-LA'TFON.  n.  The  multiplication  of  vac- 
uoles or  air-cells,  which  takes  place  in  the  course 
of  germ  development.  Dana. 

VAC'U-OLE,  n.     [L.  vacuo,  to  empty.] 

A  small  air-cell  or  globular  space  in  the  interior 
of  organic  cells,  either  containing  air  or  a  pellucid 
liquid.  Dana. 


A,   E.  Ac.,    long.—X,   E.    <tc.,  thoH.—CkUF.,   FAR,   LAST.   FALL,   WHAT;    THfiRE.   TtRM;     MARINE.   P.tRD:     MOVE, 


t  Se6  Table  uf  Synonyms, 


1531. 


VAS 


VER 


YIJR 


VAK  i  II.     ill  tho  Orkney  Islands,  an  inlet  of  the  sea. 
yf3jj;    f  Wait.  Scott. 

VAtr'I-NATE.    Sco  Vaginated. 
VA'GRANT-NESS,  n.    The  state  of  a  vagrant. 

VAGUE'LY,  adv.  In  an  uncertain  or  unsettled  man- 
nm-.  Richardson. 

VAGUE'NESS,  n.  Tho  state  of  being  indefinite  or 
uncertain.  Craig. 

VAILS,  n.  pi.     Griituities  to  servants. 

Craig,    Simmonds. 

VAIL'ING,  n.    The  act  of  coveriu><  Irom  si;,'ht. 
VA-KEiCL',  n.    In  the  Eaut-Indies,  a  native  attorney 
or  agent;  an  embabsador.  3Ialconi. 

VA-LEN''CIA  (-she-a),  n.  A  kind  of  poods  for  waist- 
coats, having  the  weft  of  wool  and  the  warp  of  silk 
or  cotton.  Webster's  Dom.  A'nctjc. 

VAL-E:S'-Cr-EN'N'ES',  n.  [Fr.]  A  name  of  a  rich 
kind  of  Kice  made  at  Valenciennes  in  France  ;  it  has 
ft  six-sided  mesh  formed  of  two  threads  partly 
twisted  and  plaited,  the  pattern  being  worked  in  the 
not.  iSiiiimonds. 

VAL-H.\L'L.\,  n.  The  paradise  of  Scandinavian 
mythology,  bein;,'  the  dwelling  place  of  heroes  who 
ha'd  fiilk'n  in  battle.  Eiicyc.  Am. 

VAL-KVU'I-A.  n.  In  Scand.  mythol.,  the  name  of 
awful  and  beautiful  beings  in  a  female  form,  who 
presided  over  battle  aud  maiked  out  those  who  were 
to  be  slain;  they  also  ministered  at  the  feasts  of 
heroes  in  Valha'Ua.  Enctjc.  Am. 

VAL-KVE'I-AN,  a.  Of  or  connected  with  the  Val- 
kyrias,  and  hence  relating  to  battle;  as,  "  Vul- 
^yrian  hymns."  TeiLn>j,s(in. 

VALES.    See  Vails. 

VA-LO'NI-A,  n.  A  commercial  name  for  the  acorn- 
cups  of  an  <».ik  (^Quercua  teffilops),  iirowing  in  Tur- 
key and  the  Morea.  It  contains  abundance  of  tiin- 
niti,  and  is  much  used  by  tanners  in  England. 

Vre. 

VAiyiT-A-ELJ?*,  n.  pi  Things  of  value,  as  choice 
articles  of  personal  pro]>erty,  &c.  Offileie. 

VA-MOSK',  V.  i.  A  cant  term  in  Texas  and  other 
parts  bordering  on  the  Spanish  territories,  for  to  de- 
part or  go  off  quickly,  from  the  Spanish  vinr:on,  let 
us  CO.  Bartktt. 

VAMP'ER,  v.  i.    To  swagger.  IlalliweU. 

VAM'PLAT,  n.  [Fr.  avani-phit.]  An  irun  guard 
for  tho  hand  on  tne  staff  of  a  tilting-spear. 

F<:ir?wH. 

VAN,  V.  t.  To  wash  or  cleanse  a  small  portion  of  oro 
on  a  shovel.  Pr>/ce. 

VANE,  n.     [add.]     A  thin  plate  of  wood  or  metal 
winch  by  revolving  puts  machinery  in  mution  ;  as, 
the  vajie  of  a  wind-mill,  the  vane-  of  a  propellL-r. 
Appfeton's  Mech.  Diet. 

VAN'NING,  n.  The  actof  removitigimpuritiesfrom 
ore  by  a  rocking  motion  with  a  shovel,       Pryre. 

VAN'QUISII-ING,  n.  The  act  of  overcoming  or  sub- 
duing. Aah, 

VAN'QUISII-MENT,  n.  Tho  state  of  being  van- 
quished or  subdued.  Blshopj  Hall. 

VATOR-ING,  n.  The  act  of  boasting;  ostentatious 
boasting.  Ask. 

VA'POR-ING-LY,  adv.  In  an  ostentatiously  boast- 
ful manner. 

VA'PO-RlZ-ER,  71.  He  or  that  which  converts  into 
vapor.  Ogilvie, 

VA'P0R-03E.    Seo  Vaporous. 

VA'UI-A-ELFiS,  71.  pi.  In  sea  language^  a  term  de- 
noting shifting  trade  winds.  Maury. 

VA-RI-ATION,  a.  Noting  variations  or  changes. 
Variatio/i-compass,  a  very  delicate  compass  for 
makliiL;  observations  on  tho  daily  variation  of  tho 
magnetic  needle. 

yA-Rii"l-FOUM,  71.  [L.  rnria-.]  In  pathol.y  re- 
soin!)ling  the  uneven  dilatation  of  a  vein.     Craig. 

VA-RI-OL'i€^'  [     ^^"^  Variolocs. 

VA'RI-0-LOID.  a.    Resembling  small-por. 

Dunglison. 

VA-RU'NA,  71.  In  ni/idoo  myth.,  the  god  of  tho 
waters,  tho  Indian  Neptune,  an-l  regent  of  the  west 
division  of  tho  earth.  He  is  represented  as  a  white 
man,  four-armed,  riding  on  a  sea-auimal,  with  a 
rope  in  oni^  hand  and  a  club  in  another.     Ogilvie. 

VAH'VEL£'D,  a.  Having  varvels  or  rings;  in  her- 
aldry, when  the  leather  thongs  which  tie  on  the 
bells  to  the  legs  of  hawks,  are  borne  flotant  with 
rincs  at  the  end.  the  bearing  is  termed  jessed, 
belled,  and  varvii^d.  Craig. 

VA'RV-ING,  n.    The  act  of  deviating  or  chandng. 

VASE'-S!IAP£D  (-shapte),  a.  Formed  like  a  vase 
or  flower-pot.  //ensloic. 

VAS'I-FORM.  a.  Ir>  hot ,  noting  a  variety  of  vas- 
cuhir  tis-kiie  like  that  of  ducts.  Hemloio. 

VAS'SAL-UY.  n.    The  body  of  vassals.       Clarke. 


VAT,  V.  t.     To  put  into  a  vat.  Ogilvie. 

VAT'FUL,  a.     As  mueh  as  a  vat  will  hold. 

VAT'TEU,  pp.  or  a.     Put  into  a  vat. 

VAT'TING,  71.  The  actofputtingiutoa  vat;  a.  Per- 
taining to  this  act. 

VA  U-DOIS'  (vo-dwaO,  n.  [Fr.]  Tho  name  of  the 
inhabitants  of  the  Swiss  canton  ofVaud.  It  haa 
also  been  applied  to  the  Waldenses, 

VAULT'ING,  n.  The  act  of  making  an  arch  or  vault. 
"  '2.  A  roof  or  roofs  of  the  kind  taken  collectively. 
8.  The  act  or  art  of  leaping  or  tumbling. 

Ogilme. 

VAUyT'-MVRE,  71.  [Fr.  avant-mur.'\  A  wall 
raised  before  or  In  front  of  tin-,  main  wall.      Afih. 

VEAL,  a.  Relating  to  or  made  of  veal;  as,  veal- 
tea.  Dunglvion. 

VEAL'-€UT'LET.  n.  A  small  slice  of  veal  cut  off 
for  frying  or  brt>iling.  Ash. 

VEG-E-TA'PJ-AN,  n.  One  who  holds  that  vege- 
tables constitute  the  only  proper  food  fnr  man,  and 
who  lives  solely  upon  them.  Dungli-ion. 

VEC^-E-TA'RI-AN,  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  vegeta- 
rianism._ 

VEG-E-TA'RI-AN-I$M,  71.  Tho  theory  and  practice 
of  living  solely  on  vegetables.  Dunglison. 

V£G'E-TA-TING,  n.  Tho  act  of  growing  or  sprout- 
ing. 

VEIL'LESS  (valeacas),  a.    Not  having  a  veil. 

JTiinian. 

VEIN'AL  (vane-),  a.     Relating  to  veins.    Ogilvie. 

VEIN'ING,  71.  The  act  or  process  of  foniiing  vi;ins, 
as  in  mualin-woik,  *fcc.  A-^k. 

VEIN'LET,  7i.  In  hot.,  a  small  vein,  branching  out 
from  a  larger  ono.  Ileiislow. 

VE'L.\TE,  a.     Having  a  veil;  veiled.       A.  Gray. 

VE-LU'TI-NOIJS,  a.  [It]   Feeling  like  velvet ;  soft. 

A.  Gray. 

VE'NAL-LY,  adv.    In  a  venal  manner. 

VEN-A-TO'RI-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  hunting. 

Ogilvie. 

VENDING,  n.    The  act  of  selling.  Ai<h. 

VEN'E-NATE,  a.    Infected  with  poison.     Ogilvie. 

VEN'ER-A-BLE,  71.  A  title  given  to  arch-ileacons 
in  the  English  established  church.  Clarke. 

YE-NE'TIAN,  n.    An  inhabitant  of  Venice. 

VE-NI-AL'I-TY.  «.  The  quality  of  beiuL'  pardon- 
able or  excusable;  as,  "they  palliate  wickedness 
with  the  fair  pretense  of  veniality.'''' 

Bishop  nail. 

VEN'OSE,  a.  In  hot..,  veiny ;  having  conspicuous 
veins.  A.  Gray. 

VEK'TA,  n.  [Sp.]  A  way-sido  tavern  of  a  low  or- 
der. Velasquez, 

VENT'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Allowed  to  escape ;  uttered ; 
let  out.  Vented  up,  lifted  uji,  as  the  umbriere  or 
visor  of  a  helmet.  Sjjenser,     F.  Q. 

VSNT'-IIOLE,  71.  A  small  hole  for  the  passage  of 
air,  as  in  a  cask.  Ogilvie. 

2.  In  casting,  a  hole  pierced  through  a  mol  1  for 
the  escape  of  air  and  gas.  BeiVa'  Tech,  Die, 

VfiNT'-PiN,  n.    A  pin  to  stop  a  vent-hole. 

Simmond-8. 

VEN'TOSE,  a.     Windy;  flatulent.      Eiclutrdnon. 

VEN-T5S'I-TY,  n.     [add.]    Vain-glory  ;  pride. 

Imp.  Add. 

VEN'TRAL,  a.  [add.]  In  lot,,  of  or  pertaining  to 
that  side  of  an  organ,  &c.,  which  faces  toward  tho 
center  of  a  flower.  A.  Gray, 

VEN-TRIL'0-QUTZE,  v.  i.  To  practice  ventrilo- 
quism. Phreti.  Journal. 

VfiNa^LOSE.  a.     [L.  vcnida,  a  small  vein.] 

In  hot.,  full  of  small  veins.  -I.  Gray. 

VfeR'DAN-CY,  n.     [add.]     Rawness;  foolishness. 

Ogilvie, 

VfiR'DANT,  a.  [add.]  Green  in  knowledge ;  easily 
overrciiched,  as  a  verdant  youth.    [Famil.] 

VERD'URE-LESS,  a.     Destitute  of  verdure. 

VERGE,  n.     [add.]     The  spindle  of  a  watch-balance. 

Simmomls. 

VfiRG'ING,  n.    Tho  act  of  bending  or  inclining. 

ClaHu\ 

VER-Mt€'tr-LATE,a.  Worm-liko  in  shape;  covered 
with  worm-like  elevations,  ITentihyw. 

VfiR'Nl-€OSE,  a.     [L.  vernix,  varnish.] 

In  hoi.^  appearing  as  if  varnished,  as  soma  leaves. 

A.  Gray. 

VfiR'REL,  \n.    The  ring  at  tho  end  of  a  cane,  rara- 

VfiRL,         f     road,  &c.        Ogilvie.     Livingstone. 

VER-RC'CI-FORM,  a.     Having  the  shape  of  a  wart. 

VfePw'SION-IST,  n.  One  who  makes  or  fixvors  a 
version.  Ogilvie. 

VfiR'TE-BRATE.  a.  [add.]  In  ?yoi.,  contracted  at 
interval*,  like  the  spine  of  animals.  ffenalow. 

VER-TI-eAl/I-TY,  n.  Tlie  quality  or  state  of  being 
vertical;  as,  "the  different  points  of  verCiVa^jV^." 

Broicii. 


VER-TIC'IL-LA-TED,  a.    In  &o(., arranged  in  aring 

or  whorl;  vcrticillate.  Loiid.  Quar.  Rev, 

VEU-TIG'I-NATE,  a.    Turned  round,  giddy. 

Coleridge. 
VES'I-€A-TO-KY,  a.     Having  a  power  to  blister. 

VE-Sl€'tr-LOSE,  a.     Full  of  vesicles.  Kirhlj. 

VES'PER,  (/.  Pertaining  to  the  evening,  or  to  the 
service  uf  vespers;  as,  a  vesper  hymn.       Ogilvie. 

VES'SEL-FUL,  a.     As  much  as  a  vessel  will  hold. 

VES'TA,  11.  [add.]  A  name  given  to  a  kind  of  wax- 
match.  Siinmonda. 

VEST'UR^'D,  a.  Covered  with  garments;  a5,  '-wo 
be  vestured  with  pure  cloth."  Berners. 

VE'TO,  a.     Pertaining  to  the  veto,  as  veto-\i(>v;er. 

VE'TO-ING,  n.  The  act  of  exercising  a  power  to  In- 
terpose a  veto.  Clarke. 

VE'TO-IST,  71.    One  who  sustains  the  use  of  the  veto. 

VEX^D,  7J/>  or  rt.  Vea-ed  gue>ition,  an  inquiry  car- 
ried on  to  a  wearisome  length,  or  with  great  per- 
tinacity of  discussion.  Ogilvie. 

VEX'IL-LAR,        »rt.  In  &o^,  of  or  pertaining  to  the 

VEX'IL-L.V-RY,  i"  vexillum  or  upper  petal  of 
p:il)ilionaceou3  flowers.  A.  Gray. 

VtA~LA€'  TE-A,  n.  [L.]  The  milky  way,  a  name 
applied  to  the  galaxy,  q.  v. 

VI-A-BIL'I-TY,  n.  Capacity  of  distribution  over 
wide  geographical  limits,  as  tho  riati/i«y  of  a  species. 

Dana. 

Vl-CEN'NI-AL,  «.  [L.  viceni^  twenty,  and  anni, 
years.]  Ogilvie, 

Vl-CIS-SI-Te'DI-NOUS,  a.  Full  of  changes.  2. 
Noting  a  regular  series  or  succession  of  chimfres. 

Ogilvie. 

VI€'TIM-IZ-ING.  n.  The  act  of  making  a  victim  of; 
tho  act  of  swindling  another.     {Collug^ 

VICTOR,"  a.  Successful;  gaining  the  victory;  as, 
"  tho  victor  Greeks."  Pope. 

Viy-TO'RI-A,  n.  A  genus  of  aquatic  plants  named 
in  honor  of  her  Majesty  Queen  Victoria;  njit.  order 
Nymphacere.  The  V.  rcgia.  is  a  native  of  Guiana 
and  Brazil ;  its  largo  spreading  leaves  are  from  three 
to  five  feet  inWIiameter,  and  have  a  rim  from  three 
to  five  inches  high;  and  its  innnense  rose-white 
flowers  sometimes,  when  fully  expanded,  attain  a 
diameter  of  twenty -three  inches. 

Imp.  Add,     Icon.  Encyc. 

Vi€-T0R-INE'  (eenO,  n.     A  lady's  fur  tippet. 

Si^nmonds, 
2.  The  name  of  a  fruit  aUied  to  the  peach. 

llug't  Miller. 

ViCT'tlAL-ING  (vit'tl-),  n.  The  act  of  si-.i-i^Iying 
with  provisions.  A>ih. 

VI-CCGN'A   (ve-koon'yah,   ) «.        [Sp.]      A    ruini- 

Vi-€tjN'A.  f  nant  mammal  {^Auche- 

nia    vicugna),    of    tho    family    Camelidic.      It  is 
closely  allied  to   the  llama,  tlie   guanaco,  and   pace, 
in  size  exceeding  tho  latter  two.     Its  wool  is  .Hhort 
and  curly,  and  used  for  nmking  delicate  fabrics. 
Siinmonda.    Pre^cott. 

VI-DETTE'.    See  Ve-dette. 

ViD'U-AljE,  n.  The  state  of  widows  or  widowhood  ; 
widows  taken  collectively.  Ogilvie. 

VT-EN-NESE',  7t.it>^  Inhabitants  of  Vienna;  a.  Per- 
taining to  Viennese. 

VIF'DA,  Ml.     In  tho  Orkney  and  Shetland  I.-^lands 

\'^iV'DA,  f  beef  aud  mutton  hung  and  dried,  but 
not  salted.  Jamieson.      Walt.  Scott. 

Vl-6ES'I-MAL,  a.    [L.  viginti.]    Twentieth.  Ash. 

VI-GO'NI-A,  71.  See  VicrNA.  Vigonin  wool,  is  a 
name  given  to  tho  wool  of  the  vicuna,  derived  fiitm 
tho  spelling  vicugna,  or  vigogne.  Prescott, 

ViK'ING,  n.;  pi.  Vikingr.  A  name  given  to  pirate 
chiefs  fi-om  amonu  tho  Northmen,  who  plundered 
tho  coasts  of  Europe  in  the  eighth  and  nintli  cen- 
turies. Encyc.  Am. 

VtL'LI-FORM,  a.  Velvet-like;  like  close-set  fibers, 
either  hard  or  soft;  as,  the  teeth  of  perch  are  villi- 
form.  Dana. 

ViL'LOSE.     See  Vii.loct. 

VIL-LOS'I-TY,  n.  In  hot.,  a  coVoring  of  long  weak 
Jiairs.  l/ensknv. 

VT-MIN'E-OIjS,  a.  [add.]  Producing  twigs  or 
shoots.  A.  Gray. 

VIN'E-GAR-YXRT>,  ji.  a  yard  where  vinegar  is 
made  and  kept.  Sitnmonds. 

VT'NOSE,  a.     Pertaining  to  wine  ;  vinous.       As/i. 

VINT'.V-GING,  n.  The  act  of  gathering  in  a  crop  of 
grapes. 

VT-O-LAS'CENT,  a.  Tending  to  a  violet  color;  vio- 
lescent.  Smart. 

VIR-6lL'I-AN-I$M,  n.     A  peculiarity  of  Virgil. 

ViE'CxIN-BfiRN,  a.  Born  of  a  virgin;  as,  the  Lord 
Jesii^  Christ.  ^  MUtnn. 

VIR-I-DES'CENT,  a.  In  hot,  slightly  green  ;  irreen- 
ish.  A.  Gray. 


DOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK  ;  KOLE,  BULL  ;   VI"CI0U3.— €  as  K  ;    ti  as  J  ;   S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SII ;  THIS. 


1532 


+  See  TabU  of  Synonyms. 


VUL 


WAR 


W  A  T 


VI-RtP'O-TEMT,  rt.  [L.  ri/-,  &  man»  and  potens, 
fit  fur.] 

Fit  lor  a  husbantl;  marriageable;  as  '*■  being  not 
of  ripe  years,  nor  viripvUtU^  nur  marriablc." 

ilolinih^d. 
VlS'IOX,  P.  i.    To  see  in  vision ;  to  dream. 
AlS'IOX-IST,  ft.    One  who  sivcs  himself  up  to  im- 
practicable schemes ;  a  visionary.      Richardson. 
TI-SlTE'.  «.     [Fr-l     A  lislit  cape  or  short  cloak  of 
silk  or  lace  worn  by  ladios  in  summer. 

Siminondi, 
YIS'lT-ING-€AKr>,  n,     A  card  with  one's  name  or 

a.Miess,  to  leave  iu  calling. 
VTS'Oii,  n.    [add.]    The  front-piece  of  a  cap. 
YiTTA,  n.     [L.]     A  name  piven  to  certain  tubes  in 

the  fruit  of  umbelliferous  plants.  A.  Gt'ixy. 

ViT'EL-LlNE,  <i.    [L.  viUUit.%  the  yolk  of  an  egg.] 
Of  or  belonging  to  the  yt»lk  of  ejKS.  OtrpenUr. 
YI-TEL'H'S.  n.     [L.]     In  sor,r,  tho'^yolk  of  an  eg-z. 
2.  In  f>ot.,  any  portion  attached  to  the  embryo, 
not  distinctly   referable   to  radicle,  cotyledon, 'or 
plumule.  J/eti'^lotc. 

Vrr'i:E-tVE-LE€TKI€,  a.     Containing  the  elec- 
tricity excited  I-y  robbing  glasa.  Smart, 
YIT-RI-F.^tT'TRE,  n.    [L  ciVv-wm,  glass,  and /b- 
cio,  to  make.] 
The  mauufactare  of  glass  and  pottery. 

Offilcis. 
YIT'KI-Ft-ING,  n.     The  act  of  converting  into 

ela^.  As/i. 

VI-TUC'YI-AX,  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  Vitruvias. 
an  ancient  Koman  architect.  Vitrtirian  scroll,  a 
peculiar  pattern  4»f  scmll-work.  consisting  of  con- 
volved undulations,  used  ia  classical  architecture. 

WeaU. 
TTTTATE,  a.    [L.  ritta,  a  ribbon.] 

Striped.  like  a  ribbon.  OQiltie. 

YT-V.\'RI-U.\I,  n.    [U]    A  place  for  keeping  living 

animals. 
Vl'YEES  (vee'vera),  n.  pL    [Fr.l     Provisions. 

Walt.  Scott. 
VTX'EX-ISII,  a.    Like  or  pcrtoiniug  to  a  viica ;  as, 

a  rixenu/i  temper. 
Yi-ZUi'I-AL.  rt.    Of  or  p>ertaining  to  a  vizier;  as  a 

Tizirial  letter.  Layard. 

Y{y€AL-I$M,  n.    The  exercise  of  the  vocal  organs. 
YO-CAL-I-ZATION,   n.     The    formation  of  vocal 

sounds.  WeMin,  Hev. 

YOE.    See  Yae. 
VO-f^y'TE.  n.    [^p.]    A  largo  heavy  carriage  with 

two  wheels  UMid  in  Cuba.  Vda^qites. 

Y^L'tT-BLF^  (f.  [a.ld.l  In  hot.,  noting  the  act  of 
twining  ;  as,  the  xoluble  stem  of  hop-i>Iants. 

-■I.  Gray, 
YOL-tT-M£T'EI€,  a.     [Yolumc,  and  tt-irpov^  a  meas- 
ure.] 

In  chemical  analyH^,  performed  by  measured 
volumes  of  standard  solutions  of  re-agentd ;  as  In 
volumgtri'-  analysia.  Dariri. 

YOL-r-M£T'KI€-AL-LY,    adv.     In    a  volumetric 

manner. 
YOL'UN-TA-RY-ISM,  v.    The  principle  of  support- 
ing religion,  &c.,  by  voluntary  contributions. 

ChalT7ifrs. 
YO-Lt^PT'tT-A-ET,  a.  Addicted  to  pleasure ;  volup- 

t^joujL  Ogilvie. 

Y<->'MEE,  ti.     [L.]     a  slender,  thin  bono  separatine 

the  nostrils  r.oai  each  other,  consisting  of  two  united 

platen.  R.  (hceii. 

YO'MEE-INE,  a.    Of  or  pertaining  to  the  vomer. 

R.  Owen. 
V0E-Ttfrl-N0L*3.  a.    Moving  rapidly  round  ;  os,— 

-  H«  •aid,  and  Uftisf  hiifh  hl>  anffrr  lid* 

Roarii>;,  th«  fi^am,  Ihe  Urdie*  and  the  blood.**  Covptr, 

Yij'TlYE-N'ESS,  n.    The  quality  of  being  votive. 

YOCCH'INO.  n.    The  act  of  attesting,  Ac.        A»h. 

YOW'EL-ISH.  a.  Of  the  nature  of  a  vowel ;  as,  "the 
power  [of  W]  is  always  vowelUh,  even  where  it 
leads  the  vowel  injiny  syllable."  B.  Jolinson. 

YOW'KL-ISM,  n.    The  use  of  vowels.         Ofjiltie. 

YOY'AGE-A-BLE,  a.  Capable  of  being  sailed  over ; 
navigable.  Clarke. 

YO  Y'AG-ING,  n.    The  act  of  making  a  voyage. 

Ogilme. 

F/?i/'.<J?.V-5Z-X.YCJ5'(vra'ftan-blance),fl.  [Fr.]  The 
a[i(>earance  of  truth.  BescherelU. 

V^GG  (voog),  /  n.    A  cavity  In  a  lode. 

YuGH,  I  Aft  ning  Journal. 

VlIL-€AN-I-ZATIOX,  n.  The  process  of  rendering 
inilia-rubber  mor.;  workable  by  boiling  it  in  sulphur 
at  a  proper  temperature.  This  may  be  so  done  as 
to  leave  the  rubber  clastic,  or  to  harden  it  into  a 
substance  like  horn.  BeWs  Tech.  l>U:t. 

Vt'L'CAN-TZE,  r.  t.  A  term  used  to  denot**  the  pro. 
cess  of  nndfr-in^  india-nibber  more  workable  by 
boiling  In  sulphuc        ReiTa  Tech.  Diet.     Craig. 


YCL'€AN-IZ^D,p/>.  ova.    Subjected  to  the  process 

of  vulcanisation. 
YtL'^AN-lZ-ING.   «.     The  aet  of  treating  iodia- 

rubbe£  with  heated  sulphur. 
Vl'L'NOSE,         (  ^      T-  11    »•  I 

VUL'NEli-OSE,  f  ^-    ^"''  "'^  ^^''""^'• 

Vi'L  XlK'lf  \T    \        Causing  wounds.      wrigJiU 
VULT'tTii-iNE,  a.    Like  a  vulture;  as,  rulturine 

instincts,  C.  Kingsley. 

VUL'VI-FOUM,  a.     [L.  vulva,  the  womb.] 
In  hvt.^  like  a  cleft  with  projecting  edges. 

Craig. 


W. 


"WATi'liLING,  IU  An  irregular  motion  from  side  to 
si«le.  Ash. 

WAD,  r.  t.  To  stuff  or  line  with  some  soft  substance 
like  cotton,  Ac;  as,  to  wad  a  pelisse.         Wright. 

WAO'DINO,  a.  Suitable  for  stuHin;;  or  lining  gar- 
ments, &c. ;  as,  wadding  materials.  ' 

WAD'-IIOOK.  H.  A  screw  or  hook  to  draw  wadding 
out  from  a  iruu,  &c.  BeiVs  Tech.  Did. 

WAD'DLING,  H,  The  act  of  walking  with  a  motion 
iVom  side  to  side,  like  that  of  a  dufk,  As/t. 

WAD'ING,  n.    The  act  of  moving  through  shallow 
water. 
2.    Bifticult  or  laborious  motion.  Ash. 

WAD'MAL,     in.    A  coarse^  hairy,  woolly  cloth  used 

WAD'MOLL,  J     in  tho  10th  century. 

Stnitt     Walt.  Scott. 

WA'FER-IXG.  n.  The  act  of  uniting  with  a  wafer; 
tho  union  thus  made.  Clarke. 

WAG'NEIMTE,  71.  A  phosphate  of  magucbia.  resem- 
bling the  Brazilian  topaz.  Ditiia. 

W.^G'ON-FIJ^L.  n.    As  much  as  a  wagon  will  hold. 

■WXG'ON'-MaSTEK.  n.  An  omcer  in  cliarge  of  a 
bagtcage-train.     \_Eng.'\  Simmoiids. 

WiG'OX-\Yi;lGUT,  n.    A  maker  of  wagons. 

Simmonds. 

WAIX'\YRTGnT.  n.    Same  as  'VYagox-wrigut. 

^V.\I^*'S€OT-ING,  «.  TUc  material  used  to  wain- 
scot a  house,  or  the  wainscot  ns  a  whole,  Burnet. 

2.  The  act  of  covering  or  lining  with  boards  in 
panel.  Ogilvie. 

WAL-IIAL'LA.    See  Yaliialla. 

WALK,  v.t.  [add.]  To  walk  the  plank,ifi  an  ex- 
pression derived  from  tho  i>ractico  of  pirates  who 
extended  a  plank  fiom  tho  side  of  a  ship  and  com- 
pelled those  wliom  they  would  drown,  to  walk  olT 
it  into  thi!  w.iter.  Bartleit. 

^YALKa^'G-BEA^f.     See  Working-beam. 

WALK'ING-STiCKS.  «.  pi.  The  various  species  of 
insects  of  tho  orthopterous  family  Pbasmadin  are  so 
called  from  an  external  resemblance  of  mn.st  of 
them  to  pieces  of  stick.  One  species  frotn  the  Mo- 
luccas is  ten  inches  long.        Iconograph.  Encijc. 

WAL-L.\'€in-AN,  n.  An  inhabitant  of  Walbcliia 
in  northern  Turkey ;  a.  Pertaining  to  Wallachia. 

Craig. 

WAL-LET-EER', «.  One  who  carries  a  wallet;  a 
tfamiier.     [TrlviaL']  Wright. 

WAL-LOON',  n.  An  inhabitint  of  that  part  of  Flan- 
ders between  tho  Scheldt  aud  tho  Lys ;  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  tho  Walloons.  Wright. 

WALTIiOP,  f .  t    To  beat  soundly.    [  Var.  Dinlerts.'[ 

Halliicen. 

WAL'LOP-ING,  n.  The  act  of  boiling  with  a  rolling 
motion  of  the  water  and  bubbling, 

2.  Motion  in  a  rolling  cumbersome  manner. 

3.  A  beating. 

WALXOW-ING.  n.  Tho  act  of  rolling  the  body  in 
n'lire  or  some  other  substance.  Ash, 

WALL'-PA-PER.    See  Paper-hangings. 

WALL'-PlECE,  n.    A  gun  planted  on  a  wall. 

Walt.  Scott. 

WALL'-STD-ED,  a.  In  naval  mntterfi,  a  term  used 
to  describe  the  sirlcs  of  a  vessel  when  they  aro 
nearly  perpendicular.  Toiten. 


WALT,       \a.  [From  walte7\to  roll, i^or&y.]  Crank; 

'  ' '  walty  ship. 

Longfellow. 


wAlt 


■'r,P 


liable  to  roll  over;  as,  a  tcalty  ship. 


WALTZ'ING,  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  waltz;  as,  a 
waltzing  career.  Thackeray. 

WAN,  r.  i.    To  turn  pale  or  wan.  Tennyson. 

WAX'ING,  n.  Tho  act  of  decreasing  or  falling 
away ;  as, 

*'  This  *artbljr  moon,  lh»  Church,  hath  hor  fulli  and  wnnm^i, 
and  soinoUiuei  li«r  eelipaei."  £i»hop  Hall. 

WAR'-€RY',  n.  A  cry  or  sigual  used  in  war ;  as,  the 
fiVlian  war-cry.  Schoulcraft. 

WAR'-DANCE,  n.  A  dance  among  savages  prelim- 
inary to  fjoing  to  war.  Among  the  North  Amer- 
ican  Indians,  it  is  begun  by  some  distinguished 


chief,  and  whosoever  joins  in  it  thereby  enlist.^  as 

oue  of  the  party  engaged  iu  a  warlike  excursion. 

Schoolcraft. 
\s  \l\^,  a.    A  cant  term  denoting  rich,  or  in  "j:ood 

circumstances.  Ilalliicell.     GoUhmith. 

WARN'ING-LV,  adv.     In  a  manner  to  warn. 

Clarke. 
WAE'-PAINT,  n.     Paint  put  on  the  face  and  other 

parts  of  the  body  by  savages,  as  a  token  of  going  to 

war;  as, 

"  Wnsli  the  irnr-paint  from  your  faces, 
Wash  the  bloDd-^uiias  fn/m  your  fingeri, 
Bury  your  war-clubs  and  your  weapous." 

UngfcVu  V. 

WAR'-PXTIT,  n.  The  route  taken  by  a  party  going 
on  a  warlike  expedition.  Schvolci'oft. 

WAR'-SONG,  n.  A  song  at  the  war-dance,  full  of 
incitements  to  military  ardor.  Schoolcraft 

WARP'ING,  n.  Tho  act  of  twisting  or  turning,  as 
wood  in  seasoning,  steel  in  hardeniuL',  »!tc. 

Beiri  Tech.  Diet. 

2.  The  art  or  occupation  of  preparing  the  warj*  of 
webs  for  the  weaver.  C'oig. 

3.  The  process  of  enriching  land  by  producing 
a  dep<>sitiiin  of  the  cai-tliy  matter  suspended  in 
rivers,  which  is  accoinplishcd  by  inundating  fields 
for  a  short  time.  Gardn'or's  Farm.  Diet 

4.  The  act  of  moving  a  vessel  by  a  warp  or  line 
made  fast  to  some  object.  Ogilvie. 

Warping  bunk,  a  bank  of  earth  raised  round  a 
field  t.»  retain  water  let  iu  for  the  purpose  of  en- 
riching land.  Craig. 

WART'-IIOG,  n.  A  name  given  to  pachyderms  of 
the  genus  Pbacocho;ri:s,  ha\  ing  large  heads,  tusks 
of  remarkable  size  inclinintr  laterally  upward,  and 
a  tliick  fleshy  lobe  on  each  cheek,  resembling  a 
large  wart,  from  which  comes  the  name. 

Jcoiiog.  Encyc. 

WASn'A-BLE.  a.     Capable  of  being  washed. 

WASIPI-NESS,  n.  The  stato  of  being  watery  or 
weak.  Clarke. 

WAS'SAIL,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  used  in  revelry;  as, 
*|_a  wassail  candle,  uiy  Lord."  Sliakea. 

WAST' AGE,  n.     Loss  by  use,  decay,  &c. ;  waste. 

WASTE,  n.     [add.]     Refuse  cotton,  silk.  &.c. 

Si7n7noiids. 

WlST'ING,  n.    The  act  of  lavishing;  prodigality. 
2.  Diminution  by  slow  degrees.  Clarke. 

WATCri'-CAR-REL,  n.  The  brass  box  in  a  watch, 
cintaining  the  main  spring.  Simmonds. 

WATOIP-BELL.  71.  Among  seamen.,  a  bell  struck 
when  the  half-hour  glass  is  run  out.  Craig. 

WATCII'-CiLL.  n.  A  list  of  tho  officers  nnd  crew 
of  a  ship,  with  their  stations.  Toiten. 

WATCri'-GlTN.  n.  The  gun  fired  on  shi[i-board 
wiien  the  watch  is  set  at  night  and  relieved  in  the 
morning.  Ogilvie. 

WATCir-Pl-PER,  «.  An  old-fnshioned  fancy  or- 
nament or  thin  tissue  lining  for  the  inside  of  a 
watch-easc.  Si/nmojids. 

WATER-AGE,  n.  Mnney  paid  for  transportntion 
oi' goods,  &c.,  by  water.     [Eng.]  ASinunoiids. 

WA'TER-BOARDS,  n.  pi.  Boards  set  up  in  a  boot 
to  keep  out  water.  Beil's  Tech.  Diet. 

WA'TER-BUTT,  n.  A  largo  open-headed  cask  set 
lip  on  end,  to  contain  water.  Dickeris. 

WA'TER-COL'OR-IST,  n.  Quo  who  paints  in 
ihatcr-color.'i.  Art  Journid. 

WA'TEK-DOG,  n.     A  dog  accustomed  to  the  water. 

Wright 
2,  A  small  floating  cloud  supposed  to  indicate 
rain.  _  Forhy. 

WA'TER~GA6-E,  n.    An  instrument  to  measure  tho 
depth  or  quantity  of  water. 
2.  A  wall  to  restrain  or  hold  back  water. 

Craig. 

WA'TER-GUARD,  n.  A  police  or  custom-house 
puard  stationed  near  or  on  water.        Simmonds 

WA'TER-LEV'EL,  n.  [add.l  A  leveling  instru- 
ment in  which  water  is  employed  (commonly  in  a 
trough  or  curved  tube)  for  dctcruiininc  the  hori- 
zontal line.  Belts  Tech.  Diet. 

WA'TER-MAX,  v.  [ad,!.]  An  attendant  on  cab- 
stands, &c.,  who  supi)lies  w.^er  to  the  horses. 

Simmonds.     Diekens. 

WA'TER-MARK,  «.  [add.]  A  letter,  device,  Ac. 
wrought  into  jiaper  during  the  process  of  manu- 
factnre.        _  Tondinson. 

WATER-ME'TER,  f?.  A  contrivance  for  measur- 
ing tho  supply  of  water  to  a  house,  i,c. 

Siynmonds. 
2.    An  instrument  to  determioe  the  amount  of 
water  evaporated  in  a  given  time,  as  from  a  steam- 
boiler  during  a  voyage.      Appleton's  Jfech.  Diet. 

WA'TER-POW'ER.  n.  The  power  of  wat<>r  em- 
ployed to  move  machinery,  &c.  Ogilvie. 

WA'TER-PRlYa-LEGE,  n.  The  right  to  use  wa- 
ter for  mills,  ic.     [Am  ] 


A,    E,    &c.»    ton/?.— X,    fi,    &c.,  </ior«.— cARE,    FAR,    LAST,     FALL,    WHAT;    THfiRE,    TfiRM ;    MARINE,    BIRD;    MOVE, 


t  Se^  TabU  c/  Synonyms, 


1533 


AVEE 


■WHE 


WA'TEK-PUOOF'INO,  n.     The  act  or  process  of 

reuileriu^  iiii|nM-vious  to  water.  Simmonds. 

WA'TEU-QUiNT'AIN,  n.    A  tilt  on  tlie  water.   See 


0'uiNTAI>     „ 

WA'TEU-UATE,  n. 

water. 
WA'TER-SITREW. 
WA'TEU-TAIVBY. 
WATEft-TANK, 


St/'uft's  G(t>ne>i. 
A  rate  or  tax  fur  a  supiily  of 

See  SiiKEw. 
See  Tabby. 
A  lari?e  cistern   of  wooil   or 


liictal  for  lit)l<liny:  supplies  of  water.     Simmomlf. 
WA'TER-TIIIEF,  n.     Oue  who  robs  on  water;  a 

pirate.  Ogilvie. 

WAT'LlNG  STREET,  n.       A  terra  used  to  denote 

the  galaxy  or  DiilUy-way.     I/<iI/i>ce/l.   Jamiemn. 
2."  A  name  given  to  o'neof  the  great  Roman  roads 

in  England.  CturJce.     Walt.  Scott. 

WAT'TLINO,  n.    The  act  or  process  of  binding  or 

p'lattin^'  with  twius;  the  platting  itself;  as,  "made 

with  a  mittl'mu  of  canes  or  sticks."        Dampier. 
WAUCIIT  (waut),  \n.     [Sax.  veaht.'] 
WAL'GilT,  J      A  large  draught  of  any  liquid. 

"WAUR,  a.  "Worse ;  as,  "  murder  and  icaiu'  than 
I'liurdev."    \_Scotch.'\  Walt.  Scott. 

WAVE'LET,  n.    A  little  wave;  a  ripple. 

For.  Quart.  Rev. 

WAVE'-LTNE,  n.  In  geol.,  the  faint  outline  left  by 
a  wave  or  wavelet,  where  it  dies  out  on  a  beach. 

Dana. 

WA'VER-ING,  n.  A  state  of  irresolution  or  fluc- 
tnatiun;  an  irrefcular  motion.  Craig, 

WAVING,  n.    TIio  act  of  moving  loosely  to  and  fro. 

WrUiht. 

WXX'-€L5TII,  n.  Cloth  covered  with  a  coatint;  of 
wax,  used  as  a  cover  of  tables,  &c.  Ogilrle. 

"WAX'-FLOW-ER,  n.  A  flower  made  of  wax,  or 
resorubliug  wax. 

WAX'I-NESS,  11.    A  state  of  being  waxy. 

WAX'ING,  7i.  The  act  or  process  of  treating  with 
wax.  Wright. 

WAX'-PAINT-ING,  n.  A  kind  of  painting  prac- 
ticed by  tlie  ancients  under  the  name  of  Encaustic. 
The  pigments  are  giound  with  wax  and  diluted 
with  oif  of  turpentine  and  other  materials. 

Fairholt. 

"WAX'-PA-PER,  n.  Paper  prepared  with  a  coating 
of  white  wax,  and  other  ingredients.  Ogilvie. 

■U'AY'MENT,  n.     [Sax.  icis.'\    Grief.  Spenser. 

WAY'WTSE,  a.     Skillfid  in  finding  the  way.   A.sh. 

WE.VK'^'N-ING  (wu'kn-ing),  «.  The  act  of  render- 
ing weak.  Ash, 

WEAL,  i\  t.     To  mark  with  stripes;  to  wale. 

WEAN'ING,  n.  The  act  of  reconciling  to  the  loss  of 
some  object  of  desire,  as  of  a  child  from  the  breast. 

Craig. 

"VVEAP'OX-RY  (\vep'pn-ry),  "•  Weapons  taken  col- 
lectively; as  an  array  oUveapourfj.     [Poet] 

WEATII'ER-BIT'TEN  (weth'er-bit'tn),  a.  Be- 
faeed  or  worn  by  exposure  to  the  weather. 

Coleridge. 

WE.VTIT'ER-BREED'ER,  n.  A  fine  day  which  is 
supposed  to  indicate  rain. 

UaUiioell.     WaaJi.  Irving. 

WEATIT'ER-IIOUSE,  «.  A  mechanical  contrivance 
in  the  form  of  a  house,  to  show  the  state  of  the 
weather ;  a.'*, 

"  Peace  to  the  nrlist  whose  ingenious  thoncht 
Devised  tli'.'  uritt/ter-huitsi ,  titat  useful  loy."—Cowpf<'. 

WEATIPER-LY  (weth'er-ly),  a.    A  term  applied  to 

a  ship  when  she  works  well  to  the  windward. 

F.  Coojyer. 
WEATIPER-MOLD-ING,     \n.     A  canopy  or  cor- 
WEATIPEU-MOLTLD-ING,  f     nice    over  doors    or 

windows,  to  thn)W  off  the  rain.   BeiVs  Tech.  Diet 
WEATiPER-SllORE,  n.     The  shore  to  the  wind- 
ward of  a  ship.  Totten. 
WEI5.  n.     [add.]     Web  and  pin,  a  film  or  disease  of 

the  eye,  blindness.  Skai:e8. 

WEB'BY,  a.     Pertaining  to, or  like,  a  web;  as,  "bats 

on  their  2tfa&Z>y  wings  in  darkness  move."  C/'abbe. 
WED'DER.     See  Wetjieu. 
WED'DING-FiVV01l,«.     A  bunch  or  knot  of  whit' 

ribbon,  »tc.,  worn  at  weddings. 

Dickena.    SiTumoiidfi. 
WEDGr'ING,  n.     The  act  of  cleaving  or  fastening 

with  a  wedge. 
2.  Tlie  act  of  compressing  closely. 
WIilED,  71.     [adil.l     A  cant  name  for  tobacco. 

Barilett. 
WEEK'-TEN-ANT,   n.      Ono   paying    rent  by   the 

week,  and  liable  to  removal  on  a  week's  warning. 

Simmoiidf^. 
WEEK'LY,  n.     A  paper,  &c.,  published  once  in  a 

\\eck, 
AVEEP.  r.  i.     To  flowin  drops;  as,  "the  blood  iceeps 

from  my  heart."  Shakes. 

WEE'YILfi'l)  (wC-'vld),  a.     Infested  by  weevils. 

Clarke. 


WEIIR'-WOLF.     See  Were-wolk. 
WEIGIP-cUiDGE  (wa),  n.      A  weighing  machine 

on  which  caits  and  their  loads  are  driven  to  be 

weighed.  Belts  Tech.  Diet. 

WEIGii'-LOCK,  n.    See  Weigiiing-hoube. 
WEIGIIT'ED    (wu'ted),  a.      Rendered  heavy,  as  a 

icii'jhted  whip;    a   iceighted  horse,  one  carrying 

weights  in  a  race. 
WEIGIIT'ING,  w.    The  putting  on  or  carrying  of 

weights,  as  in  races. 
WElED  (weerd),  a.     [add]     Springing  from  or  con- 
nected with  witchcraft,  or  something  superluiman; 

as,  "  locirt^  visions."  Tennyson. 

WEL'€6M-ING,  n.    The  act  of  saluting  or  greeting 

with  kindness.  -^s/i. 

WELD,  n.     [add.]    The  act  or  state  of  being  welded. 

or  joined  by  heat.  Appleton's  Mech.  Diet. 

WELL'ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Flowing  forth,  as  from  a 

spring  or  fountain;  as, 

"From  hU  two  springs  in  Gojam'ssunny  realm 
Pure  u-eliiu.j  out,  lie  throua;li  the  lucid  lake 
Of  fftii'  Dambea  rolls  his  infant  streams.'*         Thomson. 

WELL'-ROOM,  n.     [add.]     A  room  where  a  well  or 
spring  is  situated,  as  of  a  mineral  spring,  &c. 

Simnionds. 
WELL'-STAIP/-€ASE,    11.      A  winding  stair-way 

enclosed  within  walls.  Craig. 

WELL'-VOWELi?D,  a.     Noting  a  suitable  inter- 
mixture of  vowels.  Ogilvie. 
WELSIP-GLAIVE,  \n.     Weapons  of  war  used  In 
WELSIP-HOOK.       (      former  times  by  the  Welsh, 
commonly  regarded  as  a  kind  of  polo-axe. 

Craig.    Fairholt. 
WELSII'-WIG,  n.    A  worsted  cap. 

Sim  mondfi.     Conyheare. 
WELT''ING,  n.    A  sewed  border  or  edge,  or  the  act  of 

putting  such  a  border  on  something.  Wright. 

WENCIPING,  n.    The  practice  of  frequenting  wo- 
men of  ill-fame.  Craig. 
WEND'ING,  n.    The  act  of  going;  a.  Going  to  or 

from  a  place. 
WEXT'LE-TRXP,  n.    [Ger.  wendcl-treppe,  a  wind- 
ing; stair-case.] 

A  name  given  to  moUusks  of  tho  species  Scala- 
ria  pretiosa.  Dana. 

WERE'-WOLF,  71.  [Ang.  Sax.  wcr,  a  man.]  Man- 
wolf;  a  person  fabulously  regarded  as  capable  of 
becoming  a  wolf  at  pleasure;  as,  *-thcy  be  clcped 
[called]  werewolves  for  men  shotdd  be  war  [ware] 
of  them."  Bosworth.  MS.  Bodl.  UalliweU. 
WERST.    See  Yekst. 

WEST'-END,  ".    The  fashionable  part  of  London 
commencing  from  the  East,  at  Charing-cross. 

Thackeray. 
WST'-DOCK,  11.    A   dock  into  which  a  vessel  is 
iloated  antl  lies  in  order  to  discharge  her  cargo. 

Wright. 
WET'TING,  «.    A  moistening  or  filling  with  water, 

&c.  Ash. 

WllXCK,  v.i.    To  strike  with  a  smart  blow.      To 
whack  away,  to  continue  striking  heavy  blows; 
as,  to  lohack  away  at  a  log. 
WllXCK,  7i.    A  smart  blow.  Ogilvie. 

WIIACK'ER,  7?..    Anything  very  large;  a  great  lie. 
Samci  as  Wuoppek.     [Prov.  and  eolloq.] 

llalllwell. 
WII.XCK'ING,  n.    The  act  of  striking  heavy  blows. 

2.  A  beatmg. 
WIIALE,  V.  t.    To  thrash ;  to  lash  with  stripes. 

Haiti  well. 
Also  spelt  wale. 
WIIAL'ING,  n.  A  thrashing  or  lashing  with  stripes; 

also  sijclt  waling. 
WIIAL'ING,   a.     Connected  with   tho  pursuit   of 

whales;  as,  a  whaling  voyage.  Clarke. 

WIIAN-GEE.     See  Wangee. 

WIIAP    (hwop),    V.  i.      [Connected  with  Scottish 
wap,  to  throw  quickly.    See  Jamieson.'] 

To  throw  one's  self  quickly,  or  by  an  abrupt  mo- 
tion; as,  "she  whapped  down  on  the  floor;  the 
fish  tohapped  over."  Clarke.    Bartleti. 

WIIAP  (hwop),  n.    A  blow,  or  quick,  smart  stroke. 
Jamiesoii.     Wright. 
ITence  the  word  is  used  in  the  north  of  England, 
as  in  America,  when  any  thing  vanishes,  or  is"  gone 
suddenly;    as,  whap  went  tho   cigar  out  of  my 
mouth.  Bartleit.    UalliweU. 

WIIAP'PING,  n.    A  term  colloquially  applied  to 

any  thing  very  large.  Bartleit. 

WltAT'-NOT,  n.    xV  whimsical  name  for  a  conven- 
ient stand  or  piece  of  household  furniture,  having 
slielves  for  books,  i^c.        Webster's  Dom.  Encyc. 
WIIEEL'-€PT-TING,  n.    The  operation  of  cutting 
teoth  in  wheels,  as  for  clocks,  &c. 

BeiVs  Tech.  Diet. 


WHO 

Wni':EL^D   (.h^'t^i'l'O,    ff-      Having   wheels;    used 
chiefly  in  composition  ;  as,  ajbur-wheeltd  carriage. 

Wright. 
WHEEL' -HORSE,  )ii.     The  hindmost  horse  in  a 
WIIEKL'EK,  f    carriage,  or  tlie  one  nearest  to 

tho  wheels,  as  opposed  to  the  leaders  or  foiward 
horses.  Bell's  Tech.  Diet. 

WHEEL'-HOITSE,  «.  In  vessels,  ii  small  hou.^e  or 
shelter  on  deck,  which  contains  the  steering-wheel. 
This  name  is  also  given,  sometimes,  to  the  paddle- 
boxes  of  steam -vessels. 
WIIEEL'-ROPE,  n.  In  sJiips,  a  rope  which  connects 
the  steering  wheel  and  the  rudder. 

BeiVs  Tech.  Dirt. 
WHEEL'-WORN,  a.   Worn  by  the  action  of  wheels. 

Ogilvie. 
WHELM'ING,  7?.     A  sinking  or  immersion  into  that 

wbicli  covers  on  all  sides.  Ash. 

WHERE'- A-BOUTS.  n.     A  term  sometimes  used  for 
situation  or  present  residence.    [^Colloquial.] 

Dickens. 
WIIEY'ISTI-NESS  (hwa'ish-ness),  n.    The  st.ite  of 

being  wheyey.  Ogilvie. 

WlliF'FING,  n.    The  act  of  throwing  out  in  pufis  or 

whiffs.  Clarke. 

WIIiFF'LING,   «..     [add.]     The  act  of  shifting  or 

changing  from  one  thing  to  another. 
WIIiG'A-MORE.  11.  A  contemptuous  name  formerly 
applied  to  the  Scotch  Presbyterians.      Walt.  Scott. 
WHIG'GISH-LY',  adv.    After  the  manner  of  whigs. 

Ogilvie. 
WHTL'ING,  n.  The  act  of  causing  time  to  pass 
away  agreeably;  as,  busy  in  whiling  away  the 
afternoon. 
WIliM'LING,  n.  A  person  full  of  whims  or  ca- 
prices ;  as,  "Go,  wJiimling,  and  fetch  two  or  three 
loaves  out  of  the  kitchen." 

Beaumont  tG  Fletcher. 
WniM'-SHAFT.  n.    The  part  of  a  principal  shaft  in 
a  mine,  used  for  raising  ores  to  the  surface. 

Tomlinson. 
WIliNG'ER,  n.    A  kind  of  sword  ;  a  whinyard. 

Wright. 
WHIN'ING,  n.    The  act  of  complaining  in  a  plaint- 
ive or  nasal  tone  ;  as  "it  [i*ant]  has  been  understood 
in  a  larger  sense,  and  signifies  all  sudden  exclama- 
tions, whinlngs,  and  unusual  tones."    Spectator. 
WIliN'NT-IXG,  n.    The  neighing  of  ahorse. 

Ash. 
WHIP,  V.  t.     [add.]    To  7o7iip  in.  to  drive  in  or  keep 
from  Bcattermg,  as  hounds  in  a  hunt;  hence,  to  col- 
lect in  and  keep  fiom  scattering  members  of  a  legis- 
lative body,  of  a  party,  &.c.  Wright. 

To  whip  a  stream,  to  fish  with  a  rod  and  line 
along  its  course.  Thackeray. 

WlliP'PER,  7).     A  porter  who  raises  coal  with  a 

tackle  from  a  ship's  hold.  Sinirnnnds. 

WIltRL'-A-BOl'T.  71.    Something  that  turns  about 

in  a  rapid  manner;  a  wliirligig.  Clarke. 

WIliRL'-i-GIG,  a.    Tickle,  giddy.  Clarke. 

WHITE,  n.    [add.]    One  of  the  white  race  of  men.    * 

Ogilvie. 
WnlTE'-€SP,  n.    A  wave  crested  with  white  foam. 
WIITTE'-HOUSE,  n.    A  familiar  name  for  the  oflScial 
residence  of  tho  President  of  the  United  States. 
[Am.] 
WIIITE'-LTGIIT,  «..    A  term  commonly  applied  in 
j^hysics,  to  the  light  coming  directly  from  the  sun, 
without    having    been     decomposed     by    pa^^in^ 
through  piisms',  &c.      White-lights  are  made  arti- 
ficially, to  be  used  as  signals.  &c.  Ogilvie. 
WHITE'-SMITII,  n.    A  worker  in  tin,  &c. 
WHITE'-SQUALT-'''  "•     Among  seamen,  a  sudden 
gust  of  wind  which  comes  up  without  being  marked 
in  its  approach  by  the  clouds,  and  is  attended  witli 
white  broken  water  on  the  surface  of  the  sea. 

Totten .     Tfutckeray. 
WHITE'-STAFF,  n.    Tho  badge  of  the  Lord  liigh 

Treasurer  of  England.  Macattlay. 

WHITE'-WASII,  r.^.     [add.]    Fig.,  to  clear  an  in- 
solvent or  bankrupt  of  debts  he  owes;  to  clear  a 
character  fruui  imi)Utations.         Ogilvie.    Clarke. 
WHIT'TLE.   «.     [add.]      A  coarso  double  blanket 
worn  as  a  shawl.     [Kng.] 

Ilalliiccll.     C.  Kingsley. 
WniZ'ZING,  n.     A  humming  or  hissing  sound,  like 

that  of  bulU't  or  arrow.  Wright. 

WHOLE'-LENGTH,  a.     At  full  length;  n.  A  portrait 

in  wliioh  the  wliole  figure  is  drawn.  Art  Journal. 
WHOOP'ING,  n.    The  act  of  shouting  in  the  way  of 
insult  or  of  triumph.  Ash. 

2.  The  cry  of  an  owl ;  as, 

"  V.'li.'n  nftiijilil  wft3  hoard  but  now  and  then  the  howl 
Of  some  vile  cui'  yr  ukoofiinj  of  iho  owl."— Ziroicnc. 


WnoP,  T.  t.     To  boat  severely. 
IVidg-] 


Spelt  also  WnAP. 
Forhy. 


DOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK;    RCLE,  BTTLL  ;    Yi"ClOUS.— €  as  K ;    G-  as  J;    S  asZ;    CH  as  SH ;    THIS. 


1534 


t  See  Table  of  Synonyms. 


WIN 


WOR 


XAN 


"WlCK'ED^  a,  [adil.]  Ludicrously  mischievous,  or 
Jisp^ised  to  niischiof;  as,  "Pen.  looked  unootu- 
luonly  icicked ;''^  "'a  «?*cA'(;</ captiousncss." 

Aiih.     Thackeray. 

W'lCK'EKED,  a.  Made  of  wickers  or  tvvia:s;  ns, 
'•their  ships  of  light  timber,  wickered  with  osier 
between,  and  covered  over  with  leather."  Milton, 

TVIDE'-A-WAKE;  a.  Koady;  ou  the  alert;  ear- 
nest. IMlhcdL 

^VTDE'-A-WXKE',  n.  A  name  given  to  a  broad- 
brimmed,  low  crowned,  felt  haL 

_  Siimnonds.     C.  Kitif^sUi/. 

Wip'OW-LT,  adc.     Like  a  widow.  Cla  -.'.e, 

\V[ELD'A-BLE,rt.  That  m:iy  bo  wielded.    Oi/Ucie. 

W'IFE'LY.  a.  Beconiins:  a  wife;  as,  **  with  all  the 
tenderness  of  icijiii/  love."  Drydefu 

WILD'-KICE,  Jt.  The  f;in>iliar  name  of  a  gramineous 
plant  \^Zizania  aqnatU\i\  which  jriows  spontane- 
ously alon'^  the  northern  rivers  ami  lakes  of  North 
America:  it  is  also  called  Canada  rice,  and  Indian 
rice,  as  used  for  food  by  Indian  tribes.    Loiuion, 

**  Til  the  mooD  wh«Q  leaves  are  fiklHa-, 

All  ihe  ici  'i  'ice  h(u  beeo  pathcrvJ, 

Ani  Lh«  aulse  i>  ripe  and  Ti:aAi\.'^~L7n^f<U<ne. 

TVlLI/IXG,  »-    The  act  of  choosing,  decidinc;,  &c 
._       _  ^  ^  -Is't- 

VILXO  W,  )  n,    A  machine  for  separating  and  clean- 

WtL'LY,  J  in?  woo),  consisting  of  a  revolving 
cone  with  rows  of  iron-spikes.  Tomlinson. 

WIL'LOW-ING,  (  a.    The  process  of  cleaning  wool 

WiL'LY-ING.      S     ^y  means  otawmote. 

WlLTON-eAR'PET,  n.  A  Brussels  carpet  with 
the  yarn  cut  Simmond.si. 

AVIM'BLE,  r.t.  To  bore  or  picrce,as  w^itU  a  witnble; 
a*,  "and  winibUd  a  hole  through  said  coffin." 

Wood, 

WIM'PLE.  n,  A  tippet  or  linen  cloth  worn  by  nun.'j 
around  the  neck.  Spenser. 

W'lM'PLEl.  r.t.  [add.]  To  meander  or  run  irregu- 
larly; spelt  originally  Wympiu     [Scotcft.] 

Burns.    Jumieson. 

VTIM'PLING,  p.  a.  Meandering  or  running  in  a 
winding  course;  as, 

"  ^VlIh  nie  through  howrru  and  mciulown  «traT, 
Wbera  «iiHp  tn-j  w«U:n  mako  tht-ir  way."— fljmidy. 

WTN'CING,  n.    The  act  of  shrinking,  as  from  nain; 

flinching.  AnJi. 

\ViNiy-BU(5-K^N  (-broTvu),  ff.  Diseased  in  the 
power  of  breathing ;  as,  a  wind-hroken  horse. 

Clurke. 
WTND'ER,  n.     [add.]     In  arch.,  tho  step  of  a  wind- 
ing sttir,  radiating  from  a  center. 

^eiTj?  Tech.  Diet. 
TVlN'DoW-BoLE,  n.     Part  of  n  window  filled  by  a 

shutter  which  can  bo  ojwned  at  will.    \V<ilt.  S.-ott. 
WiN'' DOW-SKAT,    n.       A    scat    in   and   ondcr    a 

windiiw. 
■W'iN'nOW-SnrTTER.  n.    A  frame  of  wood,  Ac, 

to  cli>se  windows  lightly. 
WiN'DOW-TAX,  n.    A  tax  or  duty  formerly  levied 
on  all  windows  or  openings  forlight  above  the  num- 
ber of  eighty  in  bouses  standing  in  cities  or  towns. 
[£'nj7.]  Brande. 

Wl>'0'-EOSE,  n,    A  table  of  tho  points  of  the  com- 
pass, living  the  .st-ites  of  the  barometer,  Ac,  con- 
nected with  winds  from  the  different  directions. 
_  Dana. 

WTND'ROW,  v.  t.    To  arrange  In  lines  or  windrows, 

as  hay  when  newly  made.  Forhy. 

WiND'SOP.-euAlIl,  n.     A  kind  of  strong,  plain 

wooden  chair.  Simmondft. 

\VINE'-€OOL-ER,  n.  A  vessel  of  porous  earthcn- 
w.ire  used  to  cool  wine  by  the  evaporation  of  water 
which  takes  place  round  the  bottle  or  decanter;  or 
a  stand  for  wine-bottles  contiining  ice. 

WtAiHUr'i  Dom.  Encyc. 
WTNE'-GROW-ER.  n.    Ona  who  cultivates  a  vine- 
yard and  makes  wine.  SimmondH. 
\TTNE'- VAULTS,  «.   pi.      Vaulta  where  wine  is 
stored. 
2.  Dram-shops.  Dickenft. 
WING,  n,-     [add.l     A  fan  or  vane  for  winnowing, 
Ac.  as  of  a  windmill.  Ogiltie. 
2.  The  side  of  the  stage,  in  a  theater. 

Simmond^. 
"WlNK'INO,  n.   The  act  of  shotting  tho  eye  quickly. 

Aah. 
2.  The  act  of  conniving  at  or  overlooking. 
WTNOflNG-POST,  n.    The  post  or  goal  at  tho  end 

of  a  race.  Clarke. 

WINTER,  r.  t    To  keep  throagh  the  winter ;  as,  to 

winter  cattle.  Ogiltie. 

WiXTER-ING,  n.    The  act  of  passing  or  keeping 

throngh  winter.  Aak. 

WiNTEE-LT, /7<Zp.    Suitable  for  winter;  like  win 


WIN'TER-PUOUD,  a.    Noting  too  rank  or  forward 

a  growiU  for  winter;   as,   "when  corn  is  tctnter- 

proudor  other  plants  put  forth  and  bud  too  early." 

Ilollii  n  d.    Fa  nn .  Diet. 

WIP'ING,  -n.    The  act  of  rubbing  with  something 

soft  in  order  to  cleanse.  Ash. 

WIRE'-BKIDGE.  7i.    A  bridge  suspended  on  wires 

or  bundles  uf  wires.  Clarke. 

WIUE'-DRAW-IXG,    n.      The  act    or   process    of 

drawing  out  into  wires.  Beirn  Tech.  J>ict. 

2.  Tlie  act  of  drawing  out  speculations,  Ac,  to 
groat  tonuily  or  length.  "  Wright, 

WiRE'-ROPE,  n,    A  rope  made  of  twisted  wires. 

Simmonds. 
WIR'I-XESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  wiry. 
WiR'IXG,  a.    Securing  with  wire ;  n.  1.  The  wire- 
f;istenings  of  any  thing  ;  as,  tho  wiring  of  corks. 

2.  The  act  or  business  of  securing  with  wires,  or 
of  drawing  wire.  Clarke. 

WlR'Y,  a.     [a-Ul.]     Tough,  capable  of  endurance; 

as,  a  tciry  frame  or  constitution. 
WiS'DOM-TOOTn,  n.    A  liirailiar  name  given  to  a 

laigo  back  double  tooth.  A*.  Oicen. 

WiSll'FlTL-NESS,  n.    Tho  state  of  showing  desire. 

Ash. 
WiSII'ING,  n.     The  act  of  forming  a  desire;  as, 
'•Her  longings,  wi^ldnga,  hopes  all  finishe<l." 

Dtivii'ft. 
WlSIPING-e-XP,  n.   A  cap  fabled  to  give  its  wearer 

whatever  ho  desired. 
WiSU'-WASII,  n.    Any  weak,  thin  drink. 

Ogilvie. 
WISHT-WASII'Y,   a.      Thin  and    pale;    without 
force  or  solidity;  also,  very  weak,  when  said  of 
liquor.  Ifalliwell. 

WISP,  V.  t.    To  brush  or  dre      as  with  a  zci-tp, 

(hirke. 
2.  To  rumple.  JIalliicell. 

■WITH.    SeeWiTnE. 
WITHE,  V.  t.    To  bind  with  withes  or  twigs ;  as, 

*'  Yon   ehall  s?e  him 
bailed  lu  dculb." 


cilhed,  and  li&ltercd,  and  staked,  and 
i!iih:'i,  Ilait. 


The  act  of  f:iding 


or  wast  ins 
Ash.  " 


WITH'ER-ING: 

away. 

WIT'NESS-ING,  «.  Tho  act  of  seeing  any  thing; 
tho  aet  of  bearing  testimony  ;  as, 

"The  wifneastn(i  of  ihe  truth  wns  thftn  so  penornlly  attended 
with  ihia  event  [:iiartjrdoiii]  llir.t  miinyrdom  now  aigni- 
fietti  not  only  to  witness,  but  to  witness  to  death." 

Soulh. 

WIZ'ARD-EY,  «.    Tho  practices  of  wizards. 

WiZ'ENi^D  (wiz'znd),  pp.  or  a.  Dried  up  ;  with- 
ered. 

WIZ'£'N-FACJS"D  (wiz'zn-fti.'^te),  a.  Having  a 
shriveled  face  ;  thin;  withered. 

WOM'AN-ISII-LT,  adv.  In  the  manner  of  a  wom- 
an; as,  "his  hair  curled  and  womanishly  dLshcv- 
clod."  Cojnuient  on  Chancer.    (IGGo.) 

WoM'.VN-ISn-NESS.  n.  The  state  or  quality  of 
being  womanish;  as,  "effeminacy  and  womanish' 
nes-tof  heart."  TTammnnd. 

WOM'AN-LI-NESS,  n.  Tho  quality  of  being  wom- 
anly ;  as,  '•  There  is  nothing  wherein  their  woman- 
linens  is  more  honestly  garnished  than  with  si- 
lence." Vdal 

WON'DROUS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  won- 
ilniu?.  C.  B.  Brown. 

WOOD'-.\C-ID.     See  ■Woon-ViNEG.\r.. 

WOOD'l-N'ESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  woody. 

Ash. 

WOODING,  «.  Tho  act  of  taking  in  wood  ;  as,  tho 
wooding  of  steamboats. 

WOOD'-SPiR-TT,  «..  A  kind  of  alcohol  obtained  in 
the  dry  distillation  of  wood  ;  called  also  pyro.\ylic 
acid.  Gregorij. 

WOOD'-TAR.  71.  A  product  of  the  dry  distillation 
o'f  wood  ;  it  is  a  mixture  of  various  oils  and  vol.ttilo 
crystalline  solids,  composed  principally  of  carbon 
and  hydrogen.  J-  A.  Porter. 

WOOD'-ViN'E-GAR,  n.  An  acid  product  obtained 
in  "the  dry  distillation  of  wood,  containing  acetic 
acid,  wood-spirit  and  kroosote.  J.  A.  Porter. 

WOO'ING,  «,  The  act  of  courting  or  soliciting;  the 
act  of  making  love.  Wright. 

WOOL'-DY£'b  (-dide").  a.  Dyed  in  the  form  of 
yarn  before  making  up  into  cloth  ;  not  piece-dyed. 

Simmonds. 

WpOL^D  (woold),  a.  Having  wool ;  as,  a  fne- 
wooled  sheep.  "  Ogdrie. 

WOOL'-STOCK,  n.  A  heavy  wooden  hammer  for 
nulling  cloth.  Simmoitds. 

WOOR'A-Li.    See  Woup.ali. 

WORD'-BOOEZ,  n.  A  collection  of  words ;  a  vocab- 
ulary.      '  '  darks. 


ter;  as,  "  the  air  growing  more  tcint^'rly  in  the  I  WORKING-BEAM,  n.     In  steam-engines,  a  heavy 
month  of  April.''  Camd&n.      '     iron  beam  moving  freely  on  a  central  axis,  having 


one  end  connected  with  tho  piston-rod  from  which 
it  rt-ceives  motion;  and  the  other  with  the  crank 
of  the  wheel-shaft.  I'omlinnoii. 

W6rK'ING-DR AWING,  n.  In  engineering,  Ac, 
a  drawing  on  a  large  scale  for  the  directii>n  of  work- 
men, or  of  contractors;  called  also  working-plati. 

II  eale. 

W0ULD"$'-END,  n.    The  remotest  regions. 

WORLD'-WTDE,  a.  Extended  throughout  tho  world ; 
as.  world-wide  fame.  Tennysen. 

WORM  (wurm).  a.  Relating  to  worms;  good  as  a 
remedy  for  worms,  as  worifi  powder.         Ogilvie. 

W6RM£'D.  pp.  or  a.  [add.]  Penetrated  by  worms, 
nsworyned  timber. 

WORM'-WHEEL,  n.  A  \vhcel  having  teeth  formed 
to  fit  into  the  .spiral  spaces  of  a  screw,  so  that  the 
wheel  may  be  turned  by  the  screw.  Weale. 

WOR'RY  (wur'ry).  v.i.  To  express  undue  care  and 
anxiety;  to  manifest  disquietude  or  pain,  as  the 
child  worHen;  to  suffer  from  undue  exertion,  as 
the  cattle  worry. 

WOR'RY,  n.  A  state  of  undue  solicitude ;  a  state  of 
disturbance  from  caro  and  anxiety ;  as,  to  be  in  a 
worry. 

WOR'RY-ING,  n.  The  act  of  teasing  or  harassing; 
the  act  of  tcarin'j,  as  I'V  the  teeth  of  a  dos. 

WOR'SHIP-rrL-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  wor- 
shipful.      *  Scott. 

WOR'SHIP-ING,  n.  The  act  of  adoring  or  reveren- 
cing. Ash. 

WOl'XD'-BE  (wood'be),  a.  Desiring  or  professing 
to  be,  as  a  would-he  poet.  T.  Camphell, 

WOUR'A-Li.  n.  A  virulent  poison  made  in  Guiana 
frntn  several  plants.  Simmonds. 

WOWF,  a.    Wayward;  disordered  in  intellect. 

WaU.  Scntf. 

WR.\X<"GLER-SHIP,  7?,.  The  honor  of  being  a 
wranirler  at  Cambridirc. 

WRAP'PING,?i.  Tho^act  of  rollingup  orinvolving; 
nn  envelope.  Asli. 

Vi'RXJ*^.  n.^yl.  Blankets,  shawls,  furs,  Ac.  for  per- 
sons to  wrap  themselves  iu  when  exposed  in  travel- 
ing. Melville. 

WRECK'AG-E,  7;..    Tho  act  of  wrecking. 

2.  That  which  has  been  wrecked.  Carlyle. 

WRSNCTiaNG,  n.    Tho  act  of  twisting  or  straining. 
2.  A  strain  by  a  sudden  twist ;  a  wrench. 

Aah.     Richardson. 

WREST'ING,  n.    The  act  of  pidlinir  with  violence. 
2.  Tho  act  of  perverlincr;  as,  "all  possible  7rre«f- 
ings  and  misconstructions."  Afterhury. 

WRfiST'LING-MATCII,  n.  A  contest  of  skill  be- 
tween wrestlers. 

WRIG'GLING,  n.  Tho  act  of  moving  the  body  to 
and  fro  with  a  short  irregular  motion  ;  the  motion 
thus  made.  .^1.9^. 

WRTN'KLE,  n.  [add.]  A  notion  or  fancy,  as  to  have 
a  new  wrinkle.     [Colloa.] 

WRiN'KLING,  «.     The'state  of  being  corrugated 
into  ci'eases  or  furrows. 
2.  Tlio  aet  of  corrugating  into  folds.  A-^ih. 

WRIN'KLY,  a.  Somewhat  wrinkled;  liable  to  be 
wrinkled.  Ogilvie. 

WRTT'ER,  n.  [add.]  A  name  given,  in  tho  Fast 
Jndifi  Co77}pa7i}/  fiervire,  to  clerks  who  serve  for  a 
certain  time  and  then  become /fictors. 

Siminonds. 

WRIT'ER-SHTP,  n.    The  office  of  a  writer. 

WRITU'ING.  n.  The  act  of  twisting  the  body,  as  in 
(tain;  as,  "a  writhing  or  turning  away  of  the  body." 

J2ollaiid. 

WRONG'ING,  n.  Tho  act  of  treating  wrongfully ; 
as,  "even  with  loroTif/iwY/ of  his  brother."  Udal. 

WUONG'OUS,  a.  Not  right;  illegal;  as  wi'ongous 
impiisonmeut.  Craig. 

WRY'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Deviating,  turning  aside ;  as, 
"  r(»r  wrying  but  a  little."  S/iakes. 

W.  S.  An  abbreviation  for  Writer  to  the  Signet,  a 
class  of  lawyers  in  Scotland. 

John  Wilmn.     Walt.  Scott. 

WYES  (wize),  n.  pi.  Tho  supports  of  the  pivots  of  a 
transit  instrumcntwiiich  restin  notches  resembling 
the  letter  Y  or  V.    See  Y.      I>avies'  Math.  Diet. 

WYTE,  n.    See  Wite. 


XAN'THie,  a.  [add.]  Xanthic-ffmcers,  are  those 
which  have  yellow  for  their  type,  but  can  pass  into 
red  or  white  though  not  into  blue.       Jjnp.  Add. 

XAN'THO-PHYLL,  n.  [Gr.  ^ai'06s,  yellow,  and 
<f)rAAoj',  a  leaf.] 

Yellow  coloring  matter  contained  in  tho  leaves 
of  trees  in  autumn.  Uenslow. 


A,  %  Ac,  fcnt/.-X,  fi.  Ac.,  8hoH.-CkV.E.  FAR,  LAST,   FALL.  WHAT;    THfiRE.  TfiRM;    MARINE,   BIRD;    MOVE. 


+  See  TaOU  of  Synonyms. 


1535 


XXN'TIIOUS  (zan'thiisX  a.  A  term  appliea  by 
rriteliai-d  to  that  variety  of  rnankind  which  has 
hair  ol'ii  yellow,  brown,  auburn,  or  red  color. 

SEU't^ri,  n.  [Sp.]  A  name  for  sherry  from  tho  dis- 
trict of  Spain  whore  it  is  made.  Simmonds. 

XY-LOe'0-FA,  n.  [Gr.  $o\ov,  wood,  and  Koirrj,  a 
cuttini;.]  ,  ,  .  , 

Tbe'scientific  nnmo  of  tho  carpenter  bee,  which 
bores  holes  in  wood.  ^''071-  Eiicyc. 

Xl'-LOID'iNE,  «,  [Gr.  f^Ao--,  wood,  and  ciSo?, 
like.]  ,     . 

A  name  given  to  a  white  csphisive  compound 
made  by  the  action  of  strung  nitric  acid  in  starch, 
or  woo.ly  fiber.  ■  It  is  related  to  gun-cotton,  but  ex- 
plodes with  less  violence.  Gregory. 

Xi'L'O-PlIAGE.    See  Xylopbagous. 


T  [add.]  The  letter  T  is  used  to  designato  the 
forked  i»ieei-s  which  support  the  pivots  of  a  transit 
iustrunient,  of  tho  telescope  of  a  theodolite,  &c., 
from  their  resemblance  to  it  in  form.  Tho  term 
Wyks  is  also  used. 

TA€'€A-W00D,  «..  An  ornamental  wood  from 
Jamaica,  of  'a  palo  brown  color  witli  streaks  of 
hazel  brown.  Appletoii's  Mech.  Did. 

YACIIT'ING  (y5t'ing\  a.  Relating  to  yachts  and 
tlieir  use;  as,  a  yachting  excursion.  Oyilvie. 

YA'llOO-lSM,  n.    Tho  state  or  conduct  of  a  yaboo. 

TAM'A,  «.      In  JJlmloo  mytli.,  the  Pluto,  nr  rt^Lient 
of  the  south  or  lower  divisions  of  tlie  world,  c:dled 
PaUUa,  or  the  infernal  rcfjions.     He  is  described  as 
being  of  a  green  color,  with  red  garments,  having 
a  crown  on  his  bead,  his  eyes  inflamed,  and  sitting 
on  a  buftalo,  with  a  club  in  one  hand.    Imp.  Add. 
YAOUliT  (yoort),  n.     A  feniionted  drink  or  milk- 
beer  made  by  the  Turks.    Johnston.   Simmonds. 
TAUD'FUL,  n.     As  ranch  as  a  yard  will  contain. 
YAW.  n"  A   movement  of  a  vessel  by  which  she 

temporarily  alters  her  course.  Totien. 

YKAST'I-NKSS,  7i.    Tho  state  of  being  yeasty  or 

fiothy.  Clarke. 

YEL'LOW-FLXG,  n.     A  flag  designating  a  qnaran- 

tino-station,  or  vessel  in  quarantine. 
YEL'LOW-JACK,  n.    A  colloquial  name  for  yellow 

ft.ver.  Marryutl. 

YEL'LOW-MET'AL,  n.  An  alloy  composed  of  two 
thirds  copper  and  one  third  zinc,  for  sheathing  ves- 
g(,]s_  Simmondn. 

YELP'ING,  71.  A  short,  broken,  repeated  cry  of  a 
dog.  Hence  used  as  a  term  of  contempt  for  an  out- 
cry of  complaint  or  reproach.  Afih. 
YEZ-DK-GfcP/DI-AN,  a.  Noting  an  era  formerly 
adapted  in  Persia,  and  fstiil  used  by  Parsees  and 
Arabs  in  certain  computations.  It  began  on  tho 
16th  of  June,  A.  D.  C32.  Encyc.  Am. 
YO'KEL,  n.     A  contemptuous  name  for  a  com. try 

bumpkin.     [Eng.^  ILiinioell.     C.  Kingsley. 

YOK'ING,  «.    Thii  act  of  iinitins  by  a  yoke.   AaK 


YORK'SIITRE-PTTD'DING,  71. 
baked  under  meat. 


A  batter  pudding 
Sim/iiondfi. 


Y'PRES-LACE  (ee'pr-)  n.  The  finest  quality  of 
Valenciennes  lace.  Simmonds. 

YUe'CA,  n.  A  genus  of  American  plants  (nat,  order 
Lili'wece),  familiarly  called  Adam's  needle,  and 
highly  esteemecl  for  their  beauty.  The  term  has 
also  been  applied  to  the  manioc,  from  the  roots  of 
which  cassava  is  prepared.  Loudon. 

YULE'BLOCK,  \n.    A  large  log  of  wood  formerly 

YITLE'-LOG,  1  put  on  the  hearth  on  Christmas 
eve,  as  the  foundation  of  the  fire.  It  was  brought 
in  with  much  ceremony.  W<i.^h.  Irving. 

YULE'6L0G,  71.    The  same  as  yule-log. 

Tennyaon,. 

YtjLE'-TlDE,  n.    Christmas  time.  Clarke. 


ZfiAL'OT-ISM  (zePot-izm),  n.  The  character  or  con- 
duct of  a  zealot.  Clarke. 
ZEAL'OT-RY    (zOPot-ry),    n.      The    behavior  of  a 

zealot.  Coleridge. 

ZE'BEC.     See  Xedrc. 

ZB'BRA-WOOD.  n.  A  kind  of  wood  from  South 
America,  used  in  cabinet-making,  having  stripes  of 
brown  and  black  on  a  white  ground,  resembling 
those  of  a  zebra.  Appleton's  Mech.  Diet. 

ZE-N A'NA.  n.  [Per.  cen,  woman ;  eenanak,  belong- 
ing to  women.] 

The  part  of  a  dwelling  appropriated  to  women  in 
JTindostan,  <i;c.  Burke. 

ZWSVfU,  a.  [add.]  Zenith  distance,  is,  in  astron.^ 
tho  distance  of  the  sun  or  a  star  from  tho  zenith; 
the  complement  of  tlie  altitude. 

Zenith  Telescope,  a  telescope  turning  on  a  ver- 
tical as  well  as  a  horizontal  axis,  furnished  with  a 
micrometer  for  accurately  measuring  the  difference 
of  the  zenith-distances  of  two  stars  on  opposite  sides 
of  t!ie  zenith,  in  order  to  determine  the  latitude. 
ZE'RO.  [add.]  Zero-Point,  tho  point  indicating 
zero,  or  tlie  commencement  of  a  scale  or  reckoning. 
ZE-TET'I€.  n.     [Gr.  C^Tfi^,  to  seek.] 

A  seeker;  a  name  adopted  by  some  Pyrrhonists. 

Ogilcie. 
Zno  (zo),  n.     A  domestic  animal  common  in   tho 

Himmuinyas.  7m/).  Add. 

ZINC-OG'RA-PHER,  71.    An  engraver  on  zinc. 

Sim)nonds. 
ZINC-riO'RA-PnY,  n.    Engraving  on   zinc  in   tho 

stylo  tif  wood-euts.  Dann. 

ZIN€'-WUTTE,  n,  Tho  oxido  of  zinc,  a  pigment 
largely  used  in  tho  placo  of  white-lead,  being  free 
froirn  poisonous  qualities.  Simmonds. 

ZiTH'ER,  n.  The  guitar  or  cithern;  ati  instrument 
of  music  used  in  Austria  and  Germany. 

Moore'x  Encyc.  3Fus. 
ZO'I-LITS,  n.    A  term  applied  to  a  bitter,  envious, 
unjust  critic,  from  .i  Greek  writer  of  tliis  character 
wlio  lived  about  '270  before  Chrii^t.  Ihyfte. 

ZO-iVii-AN,  a.    Having  the  characteriatic  of  ZoUus. 


ZO'I-LI$M,  71.   A  characteristic  of  Zoiliis.  Sro^cne. 

ZOLL'VfeR-EiN  (-Tne>,  n.  [Ger.  soil,  duty,  and 
verein,  union.]  An  agreement  or  union  among  the 
German  States,  for  the  collection  of  custom-house 
duties.  Befscherelle. 

ZONE,  n.  [add.]  In  crystaliog.,  a  series  of  planes  on 
a  crystal  are  said  to  be  in  a  zoJte  when  their  mutual 
intersections  aie  parallel;  such  planes  lie  in  a  com- 
mim  direction  around  the  crystal,  which  direction 
may  be  horizontal,  vertical,  or  oblique,  so  that  there 
are  horizontal,  vertical,  and  oblique  zones. 

2.  In  nat.  hist,  a  band  or  area  encircling  any 
thing,  as  the  sane  of  evergreens  on  a  mountain,  or 
the  30716  of  animal  or  vegetable  life  in  the  ocean 
around  an  island  or  continent.  Pana. 

ZONE'LESS,  71.     [ad.l.]     Ungirded  ;  as, 

"  CloBcd  was  hor  oyc,  nnd  fcom  her  heaving  breast. 
In  cnreleaa  foldu  (ooso  fell  her  zoneleit  veat." — Jf.iion. 

ZON-TT-LAR,  a.  Zone-shaped,  as  tho  zonular  pla- 
centa. 

2.  Having  reference  to  a  zone  or  ring,  as  the 
zonular  type  of  jilacenta.  Dana. 

ZON'tJLE,  n.     A  little  zone  or  girdle.  Ogilvie. 

ZO'0-€U£M'I€-AL,  a.  Relating  to  animal  chemis- 
try. Dunglison. 

ZO'O-GEN'IC,  71.  [Gr.  C,Ciov,  a  living  being,  and 
7ci'i'a(u,  to  beget.] 

Pertaining  to  animal  production.  Dana. 

ZO-OG'0-NY,  «..  Tho  doctrine  of  the  formaWou  of 
living  beings.  Dunglimn. 

ZO-O'ID,  n.  An  organic  cell  having  locomotion  like 
a  true  aiiimal,  as  a  spermatic  cell  or  spermatozooid. 

2.  An  animal  in  one  of  its  inferior  stages  of  de- 
'    velopment. 

3.  One  of  the  individual  animals  in  a  composite 
group,  as  of  Zoophytes  or  Bryozoa. 

Dana.     Carpenter. 

Zn'O-PHT-TOID,  a.     Like  a  zoophyte.         Dana. 

ZU'0-SPERM,  71.  One  of  tho  spermatic  particles,  or 
spermatozoa,  of  an  animal.  Dttna. 

Zu'0-SPORE,  n.  A  spore  or  gemma  of  certain  sea- 
weeds, which  have  locomotion  through  vibratile 
cilia.  Carpenter. 

Z(>S'TE-R.\,  n.  [L.]  In  hot.^  the  scientific  name  of 
a  genus  of  the  Pond-weed  family,  or  Naiadacea?. 
Z.  marina  is  commonly  known  as  sea-wrack. 

Icon.  Cyc. 

ZOUAVE  (zwiire),  [From  tho  Arabic  Zotiaoita,  a 
confederacy  of  the  Kabyle  tribe,  who  live  on  the 
mountains  back  of  Algiers.] 

The  name  of  an  active  and  hardy  body  of  soldiers 
in  the  French  service,  originally  Arabs,  tint  now 
composed  of  Frenchmen  who  wear  the  Arab  dre.«5. 

Bescherelle. 
ZT'-M0MT*;-TER,  n.      A    contrivance    to    measure 

tho  degree  of  fermentation.  Simmonds. 

ZT-M0T'I€,  a.     [Gr.  <u^l6w,  to  ferment.] 

Of  or  pertainmg  to  fermentation.  A  zymotic 
diaea.'^e  is  any  epidemic,  endemic,  contagious  or 
sporadic  affection  which  is  produced  by  some  mor- 
bific principle  acting  on  tUo  system  like  a  ferment. 

Dunglieon. 


T)6Vi:.  "Oi.K.  nOOK  ;   UL'LI^,  BULT.;  Vl'CIO".-^.— f. 


r.-.  .1  ; 


Z;  ril  -.  SIT;  TIII-^ 


1536 


t  See  Table  qf  Synonyms. 


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